PMID- 2904066
TI  - Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody assay in diagnosis of recurrent subglottic
      stenosis.

PMID- 2904067
TI  - Prolonged breastfeeding.

PMID- 2904068
TI  - Immunosuppression for membranous nephropathy.

PMID- 2904069
TI  - Antenatal screening for Down syndrome.

PMID- 2904070
TI  - Coronary care: the next step.

PMID- 2904071
TI  - Parenteral citric acid for aluminium intoxication.

PMID- 2904072
TI  - Fetal obstructive uropathy [corrected].

PMID- 2904073
TI  - HIV and orogenital transmission.

PMID- 2904074
TI  - AIDS: who to treat?

PMID- 2904075
TI  - Blastocystis hominis infection during AIDS.

PMID- 2904076
TI  - Tumour necrosis factor and HIV: a note of caution.

PMID- 2904077
TI  - Two births after microsurgical sperm aspiration in congenital absence of vas
      deferens.

PMID- 2904078
TI  - Reversible limb-girdle muscular dystrophy.

PMID- 2904079
TI  - Surgery for epilepsy.

PMID- 2904080
TI  - Early predictors of prognosis in Guillain-Barre syndrome.

PMID- 2904081
TI  - Indigenised pharmaceuticals.

PMID- 2904082
TI  - The Bamako initiative.

PMID- 2904083
TI  - Floods and resistant malaria.

PMID- 2904084
TI  - Angiostrongylus cantonensis and eosinophilic meningitis.

PMID- 2904085
TI  - Papillomavirus screening of cervical lavages by polymerase chain reaction.

PMID- 2904086
TI  - All-terrain vehicles: hazard in Britain.

PMID- 2904087
TI  - Antitumour activity of histamine plus H2-receptor antagonist.

PMID- 2904088
TI  - Beneficial effects of maprotiline on irritative urinary symptoms in multiple
      sclerosis.

PMID- 2904089
TI  - Patients' rights and clinical research.

PMID- 2904090
TI  - Mental disorder in primary care.

PMID- 2904091
TI  - Prison, mental illness, and identity.

PMID- 2904092
TI  - Editorial freedom.

PMID- 2904093
TI  - Dexamethasone-induced bradycardia.

PMID- 2904094
TI  - Igor and Inna Uspensky.

PMID- 2904095
TI  - Thromboembolic events and germ cell malignancy.

PMID- 2904096
TI  - Carboplatin versus cisplatin.

PMID- 2904097
TI  - Increased kynurenic acid levels in Huntington's disease.

PMID- 2904098
TI  - Brain damage and hyponatraemia.

PMID- 2904099
TI  - Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine: what coverage to block transmission?

PMID- 2904100
TI  - Hyperammonaemia and parenteral nutrition in infancy.

PMID- 2904101
TI  - Teaching vaginal examination.

PMID- 2904103
TI  - AIDS in the UK.

PMID- 2904102
TI  - Sterilisation and mental handicap.

PMID- 2904104
TI  - Training initiatives on drugs and HIV.

PMID- 2904105
TI  - Further studies on opioids and hibernation: delta opioid receptor ligand
      selectively induced hibernation in summer-active ground squirrels.
AB  - To examine the possible involvement of multiple opioid receptors in animal
      hibernation, we infused opioids selective for mu, kappa, and delta opioid
      receptors into summer-active ground squirrels (Citellus tridecemlineatus). The
      effects of those opioid treatments on the hibernation induced by HIT (Hibernation
      Induction Trigger) were also examined. Mu opioids morphine (1.50 mg/kg/day) and
      morphiceptin (0.82 mg/kg/day) and kappa opioid peptide dynorphin A (0.82
      mg/kg/day) did not induce hibernation. On the contrary, morphine, morphiceptin
      and dynorphin A antagonized HIT-induced hibernation in summer-active ground
      squirrels. Infusion of delta opioid DADLE (D-Ala2-D-Leu5 enkephalin; 1.50
      mg/kg/day), however, induced summer hibernation in a manner comparable to that
      induced by HIT. It is concluded therefore that delta opioid receptor and its
      ligand may be intimately involved in animal hibernation. In view of the fact that
      HIT was obtained from winter hibernating animals and might therefore be
      responsible for natural hibernation, our results also suggest that naturally
      occurring mu and kappa opioids may play an important role in the arousal state of
      hibernation.

PMID- 2904106
TI  - The effect of bombesin on basal, alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, haloperidol, morphine,
      bremazocine and stress-induced prolactin secretion.
AB  - Intravenously administered bombesin lowered basal PRL levels in conscious male
      rats and prevented the morphine, bremazocine and stress-induced PRL secretion.
      The same dose of bombesin had no effect on PRL levels in alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine
      pretreated rats and did not affect haloperidol-stimulated PRL release. These
      results show that bombesin given intravenously acts as an inhibitor of PRL
      secretion and suggests that it does not act on the lactotrope itself but rather
      by an increase of the inhibitory dopaminergic tone.

PMID- 2904107
TI  - [Biological aspects of suicidal behavior].

PMID- 2904108
TI  - The effect of antihypertensive medications on exercise performance: a review.
AB  - This review describes the effects of antihypertensive drugs on the performance of
      aerobic exercise. All available antihypertensive drugs lower blood pressure both
      at rest and decrease the rate of increase during exercise. However, they differ
      in their effects on exercise performance. The ideal antihypertensive agent should
      not have significant depressant effects on the myocardium, should not promote
      arrhythmias, should preserve the distribution of blood flow to exercising muscle,
      and should not interfere with substrate utilization. Diuretics, one of the most
      commonly prescribed class of antihypertensives, have few deleterious effects on
      exercise performance but have adverse metabolic effects; beta blockers have many
      adverse effects on exercise performance. Agents which have the least potential
      for adverse effects on exercise performance and metabolic effects are the
      converting enzyme inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and alpha blockers, and
      central alpha agonists. The literature concerning each of these drugs is reviewed
      and recommendations are made for prescribing for the hypertensive who wishes to
      engage in vigorous exercise.

PMID- 2904109
TI  - Analysis of the primary structure of P-fimbrillins of uropathogenic Escherichia
      coli.

PMID- 2904110
TI  - Development of inflammation and augmented chemotactic responsiveness of murine
      peritoneal macrophages following treatment with Entamoeba histolytica
      trophozoites.
AB  - The accumulation of inflammatory cells in the peritoneal cavity of C57BL/6 mice
      was examined following intraperitoneal injection of Entamoeba histolytica
      trophozoites. Two different strains of E. histolytica were used: a virulent
      strain (IP:0682:1) and a non-virulent strain (DKB). Injection of 10(6)
      trophozoites of either strain resulted in significant increases in the numbers of
      total peritoneal cells, macrophages and polymorphonuclear cells as compared to
      either saline-injected control mice or mice injected with 10-fold lower doses of
      trophozoites. The in vitro chemotactic response of macrophages from amoebae
      induced exudates was also examined. Macrophages from mice treated with strain
      IP:0682:1 or DKB strain trophozoites were more responsive to complement-derived
      chemotactic factors than macrophages from saline-injected mice. This increase was
      significant on day 2 and persisted at enhanced levels until day 20 when the
      experiment was terminated. In addition, it was found that trophozoites activated
      normal mouse serum resulting in the production of serum-derived chemotactic
      activity.

PMID- 2904111
TI  - Investigation of minor components of Escherichia coli type 1 fimbriae: protein
      chemical and immunological aspects.
AB  - Three minor components of type 1 fimbriae, FimF, FimG and FimH have been
      characterized. These proteins are integrated in the fimbrial structure; are
      responsible for the adhesive properties of the fimbriae but are not necessary for
      the production of fimbriae. Fimbriae were purified from different clones
      harbouring various combinations of the fimF, fimG and fimH genes in addition to
      the fimA gene. The FimF, FimG and FimH proteins were identified by two
      dimentional gel electrophoresis. They were found to have molecular weights of
      18.0 kDa, 17.0 kDa and 30 kDa, respectively. The ratio of FimF, FimG and FimH
      components to the major subunit was less than 1:100. The fimH protein especially
      was present in very small quantities. Sera raised against fimbriae from two of
      the clones (HB101/pPKL5 and HB101/pPKL4) were found by immunoblotting to be
      specific respectively for the major structural protein only (FimA), and for all
      components.

PMID- 2904112
TI  - The rabbit alpha-like globin gene cluster is polymorphic both in the sizes of
      BamHI fragments and in the numbers of duplicated sets of genes.
AB  - The alpha-like globin gene cluster in rabbits contains embryonic zeta-globin
      genes, an adult alpha-globin gene, and theta-globin genes of undetermined
      function. The basic arrangement of genes, deduced from analysis of cloned DNA
      fragments, is 5'-zeta 0-zeta 1-alpha 1-theta 1-zeta 2-zeta 3-theta 2-3'. However,
      the pattern of restriction fragments containing zeta- and theta-globin genes
      varies among individual rabbits. Analysis of BamHI fragments of genomic DNA from
      24 New Zealand white rabbits revealed eight different patterns of fragments
      containing zeta-globin genes. The large BamHI fragments containing genes zeta 0
      and zeta 1 are polymorphic in length, whereas a 1.9-kb fragment containing the
      zeta 2 gene and the 3.5-kb fragment containing the zeta 3 gene do not vary in
      size. In contrast to this constancy in the size of the restriction fragments, the
      copy number of the zeta 2 and zeta 3 genes does vary among different rabbits. No
      length polymorphism was detected in the BamHI fragments containing the theta
      globin genes, but again the copy number varies for restriction fragments
      containing the theta 2 gene. The alpha 1- and theta 1-globin genes are located in
      a nonpolymorphic 7.2-kb BamHI fragment. The combined data from hybridization with
      both zeta and theta probes shows that the BamHI cleavage pattern does not vary
      within the region 5'-alpha 1-theta 1-zeta 2-zeta 3-theta 2-3', but the pattern
      genomic blot-hybridization patterns for the progeny of parental rabbits with
      different zeta-globin gene patterns shows that the polymorphic patterns are
      inherited in a Mendelian fashion. Two different haplotypes have been mapped based
      on the genomic blot-hybridization data. The variation in the alpha-like globin
      gene cluster in the rabbit population results both from differences in the copy
      number of the duplication block containing the zeta-zeta-theta gene set and from
      the presence or absence of polymorphic BamHI sites.

PMID- 2904113
TI  - Excessive urinary excretion of methionine in mutant mice lacking D-amino-acid
      oxidase activity.
AB  - Thin-layer chromatography and amino acid analysis showed that mutant (ddY/DAO-)
      mice lacking D-amino-acid oxidase activity excreted about 3.5 times more
      methionine in urine than did normal (ddY/DAO+) mice. High-performance liquid
      chromatography using a chiral column showed that approximately 82% of urinary
      methionine of the ddY/DAO- mice had the D-configuration. Analysis revealed that
      the mouse diet used contained 0.04% free methionine and that approximately 46% of
      methionine was the D-isomer. When the ddY/DAO- mice were given a diet containing
      a low level of supplementary DL-methionine or a diet without D-methionine, they
      excreted the normal levels of methionine. These results indicate that the ddY/DAO
      mice were unable to metabolize D-methionine and excrete it in urine.

PMID- 2904114
TI  - [Vectors of malaria in rice paddies].

PMID- 2904115
TI  - Iodination of [Tyr11]somatostatin yields a super high affinity ligand for
      somatostatin receptors in GH4C1 pituitary cells.
AB  - GH4C1 cells are a clonal strain of rat pituitary tumor cells which contain high
      affinity receptors for the inhibitory neuropeptide somatostatin (SRIF). In
      contrast to other peptides that bind to specific receptors on these cells,
      receptor-bound [125I-Tyr1]SRIF does not undergo rapid endocytosis. Rather,
      partial degradation to 125I-tyrosine occurs concomitantly with the dissociation
      of [125I-Tyr1]SRIF from cell surface receptors. In this study we characterize the
      binding, biological activity and receptor-mediated degradation of [125I
      Tyr11]SRIF, a SRIF analog that is radiolabeled in the center of the molecule. The
      binding of trace concentrations of [125I-Tyr11]SRIF (less than 50 pM) required 6
      hr to reach equilibrium at 37 degrees compared with the 60 min required for [125I
      Tyr1]SRIF. Analysis of the kinetics of [125I- Tyr11]SRIF binding showed that the
      rate constant for association (kon = 1.7 x 10(8) M-8min-1) was similar to that
      for [125I-Tyr1]SRIF (0.8 x 10(8) M-1min-1). However, the two radioligands
      exhibited markedly different dissociation kinetics; the koff for [125I-Tyr11]SRIF
      was 0.002 min-1 compared with the value of 0.02 min-1 for [125I-Tyr1] SRIF. In
      agreement with its much slower rate of dissociation, [125I-Tyr11]SRIF bound to
      the SRIF receptor with higher affinity (Kd = 70 pM) than did [125I-Tyr1]SRIF (Kd
      = 350 pM). However, the apparent ED50 for [I-Tyr11]SRIF to inhibit cAMP
      accumulation (1.9 +/- 0.4 nM) was greater than the ED50 for SRIF (0.19 +/- 0.04
      nM). The low potency of [I-Tyr11]SRIF probably resulted from the fact that
      subsaturating concentrations of this peptide did not achieve equilibrium binding
      during the 30-min incubation used to assay biological activity. As previously
      reported for [125I-Tyr1]SRIF, receptor-bound [125I-Tyr11]SRIF was not
      internalized and was released from the cells as a mixture of intact [125I
      Tyr11]SRIF (30%) and the degradation product 125I-tyrosine (65%). Only
      approximately 5% of receptor-bound [125I-Tyr11]SRIF was released as a different
      degradation product. Our data demonstrate that [125I-Tyr11]SRIF is a better
      radioanalog than [125I-Tyr1]SRIF for binding studies with intact cells because of
      its higher affinity for the SRIF receptor. In addition, inasmuch as receptor
      mediated degradation of bound ligand releases iodotyrosine from both position 1
      and position 11 substituted analogs, aminopeptidases are unlikely to be entirely
      responsible for SRIF degradation. The superior binding properties of [125I
      Tyr11]SRIF should facilitate the detection of SRIF receptors in other cell types.

PMID- 2904116
TI  - Opioid responsiveness in patients with neuroleptic-induced akathisia.
AB  - Five patients with either acute or tardive neuroleptic-induced akathisia (5 weeks
      to 1 1/2 years duration) were videotaped before, during, and after a 2-week trial
      of propoxyphene (Darvon), 100 mg q.i.d., or acetaminophen (Tylenol) with 30 mg
      codeine, two tabs, q.i.d. Three "blinded" observers, experienced in movement
      disorders, rated the involuntary movements shown on the videotapes and agreed
      that, on opioids, all patients showed substantial to complete improvement of
      their stereotyped restless akathitic movements. Matching placebo was not
      beneficial. One patient who had improved on opioids was challenged with naloxone
      while on the opioids. There was a brief but severe reactivation of the akathisia.
      Our results suggest that opioids offer a selective therapy for patients with
      neuroleptic-induced akathisia and further suggest that the endogenous opiate
      system may be involved in patients with neuroleptic-induced akathisia.

PMID- 2904117
TI  - The relative selectivity of anticholinergic drugs for the M1 and M2 muscarinic
      receptor subtypes.
AB  - Anticholinergic drugs are used to treat a number of neurologic disorders,
      including parkinsonism, vestibular disturbances, and dystonia. Traditionally,
      these drugs have been thought to act in similar fashion, as competitive
      antagonists at a single class of muscarinic receptors, and not to differ
      significantly in their therapeutic efficacy. Recently, however, pharmacologic
      studies have shown that the novel antagonist pirenzepine is capable of
      recognizing heterogeneity among muscarinic receptors; high-affinity pirenzepine
      sites have been classified as M1 sites and low-affinity sites as M2. This study
      examined whether the anticholinergics currently available for treatment of
      neurologic symptoms have selectivity for these subtypes and whether they differ
      in their degree of selectivity; the study showed that these drugs do demonstrate
      selectivity. All had greater affinity for the M1 site, indicated by higher
      affinity for rat forebrain membranes, where M1 predominates, than hindbrain
      preparations, where M2 predominates. The degree of selectivity varied greatly;
      some compounds, such as ethopropazine, had little M1 selectivity, whereas others,
      such as scopolamine, trihexyphenidyl, and biperiden, were quite selective, like
      pirenzepine. It is unknown whether these differences in selectivity have any
      immediate therapeutic implications. However, these results support the emerging
      concept of muscarinic receptor subtypes and the prospect of developing more
      selective agents, with enhanced therapeutic efficacy.

PMID- 2904118
TI  - Natural history and treatment of tardive dystonia.
AB  - We retrospectively reviewed the clinical course and response to treatment of 67
      patients with tardive dystonia. The age at onset ranged from 13 to 72 years
      without predilection to any particular age group or sex. Patients developed
      tardive dystonia even after relatively short duration of exposure to dopamine
      antagonists (21% within one year). Five of 42 patients withdrawn from these drugs
      remitted. Overall clinical improvement occurred in 52% of patients. Tetrabenazine
      and reserpine were most effective (greater than 50% response rate) in controlling
      dystonia. Anticholinergic drugs diminished dystonia in 46% of patients.

PMID- 2904119
TI  - Antiparkinsonian activity of (+)-PHNO in the MPTP-treated common marmoset.
AB  - Administration of MPTP (1-4 mg/kg ip daily for 5-7 days) to common marmosets
      induced persistent parkinsonian motor deficits. The subcutaneous administration
      of (+)-PHNO [(+)-4-propyl-9-hydroxynaphthoxazine; 1-4 micrograms/kg] caused a
      dose-dependent reversal of the akinesia and incoordination of movement.
      Similarly, oral administration of (+)-PHNO (5-20 micrograms/kg) caused an
      equivalent reversal of the motor abnormalities. No dyskinetic phenomena were
      induced by (+)-PHNO on oral or subcutaneous administration. Oral or subcutaneous
      administration of (+)-PHNO to normal control marmosets also increased the usual
      repetoire of motor behaviour, but this was not as marked as in MPTP-treated
      animals. (+)-PHNO is a potent dopamine agonist drug of potential use in the
      treatment of Parkinson's disease.

PMID- 2904120
TI  - Antiparkinsonian activity of a single oral dose of PHNO.
AB  - PHNO, a new D-2 agonist, was investigated in five patients with Parkinson's
      disease. In an acute, open, oral, dose-ranging study comparing benefit from
      single doses, 4 mg of PHNO was found to be equivalent to one tablet of Sinemet
      25/250 mg. Adverse reactions were those anticipated for a dopaminomimetic agent.
      Because of its novel structure and apparent transcutaneous penetration, further
      studies on PHNO are desirable.

PMID- 2904121
TI  - The autonomic nervous system in Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome.
AB  - Twenty-three patients with Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome (GTS) underwent
      noninvasive investigation of autonomic nervous system (ANS) function, as did 23
      age-matched controls. ANS function in GTS patients was no different from that of
      controls, and patients receiving neuroleptic drugs had the same ANS function as
      untreated patients. All 23 patients later received clonidine and were retested.
      The ANS values before administration of clonidine were compared with those while
      patients were taking clonidine. The only significant change (p less than 0.01)
      with clonidine was a reduced resting pulse rate. The combination of clonidine and
      neuroleptic drugs did not induce significant autonomic changes compared with
      neuroleptic therapy alone. These results indicate that the ANS in GTS patients is
      normal and that the drugs used to abate tics do not produce clinically
      significant changes in ANS when chronically given. The findings suggest that the
      pathophysiology and treatment of GTS do not directly involve the nuclei or tracts
      of autonomic regulation.

PMID- 2904122
TI  - Tardive dystonia in patients with Tourette's syndrome.
AB  - We describe two patients with Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome (TS) who developed
      tardive dystonia after treatment with neuroleptics. The dystonic movements
      persisted after the offending drugs were stopped and improved with tetrabenazine.
      Tardive dystonia in TS has not been documented previously.

PMID- 2904123
TI  - A copia-like transposable element family in Arabidopsis thaliana.
AB  - The fast generation time, small genome size and extensive genetic map of the
      crucifer Arabidopsis thaliana have made it the subject of an increasing number of
      studies in plant molecular genetics. As transposable elements have greatly
      facilitated genetic analysis in a variety of species, we have attempted to
      identify an endogenous A. thaliana transposable element. We report here the
      discovery of a family of such elements, which we refer to as Ta1 elements.
      Sequence analysis of one such element shows that it is closely related to
      retrotransposons and integrated retroviral proviruses, being bound by a direct
      sequence repeat and having an open reading frame with clear sequence similarity
      to the polyprotein of the Drosophila melanogaster retrotransposon copia. The
      sequence of an empty target site of a Ta1 element shows that insertion is
      accompanied by a five-base-pair target-site duplication and that Ta1 has
      transposed in the period of time since divergence of two races of A. thaliana.

PMID- 2904124
TI  - Transient association of newly synthesized unfolded proteins with the heat-shock
      GroEL protein.
AB  - It has been suggested that newly synthesized proteins are maintained in their
      unfolded state by cellular ATP-driven factors which may prevent or reverse the
      formation of misfolded structures or promote the correct assembly of oligomeric
      proteins or post-translational secretion. Using a photocross-linking approach, we
      have identified the 20S heat-shock GroEL protein as the major cytosolic component
      which forms a complex with the unfolded newly synthesized pre-beta-lactamase or
      chloramphenicol acetyltransferase in Escherichia coli. Dissociation of these
      complexes is ATP-dependent. The unfolded state of pre-beta-lactamase, maintained
      by the transient interaction with GroEL, may be essential for the secretion of
      this protein.

PMID- 2904125
TI  - Endothelium-derived relaxing factor release on activation of NMDA receptors
      suggests role as intercellular messenger in the brain.
AB  - In the vascular system, endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) is the name of
      the local hormone released from endothelial cells in response to vasodilators
      such as acetylcholine, bradykinin and histamine. It diffuses into underlying
      smooth muscle where it causes relaxation by activating guanylate cyclase, so
      producing a rise in cyclic GMP levels. It has been known for many years that in
      the central nervous system (CNS) the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate can
      elicit large increases in cGMP levels, particularly in the cerebellum where the
      turnover rate of cGMP is low. Recent evidence indicates that cell-cell
      interactions are involved in this response. We report here that by acting on NMDA
      (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptors on cerebellar cells, glutamate induces the
      release of a diffusible messenger with strikingly similar properties to EDRF.
      This messenger is released in a Ca2+-dependent manner and its activity accounts
      for the cGMP responses that take place following NMDA receptor activation. In the
      CNS, EDRF may link activation of postsynaptic NMDA receptors to functional
      modifications in neighbouring presynaptic terminals and glial cells.

PMID- 2904126
TI  - Fibrils from brains of cows with new cattle disease contain scrapie-associated
      protein.
AB  - During the past two years, more than 1,000 cases of a neurological disorder of
      cattle, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), have been confirmed from farms
      throughout Great Britain. The neurological signs and brain pathology of BSE
      resemble those produced in other species by the pathogens of scrapie and related
      disorders. The discovery of fibrils similar to scrapie-associated fibrils in
      detergent extracts o BSE-affected brain supported the clinical and pathological
      diagnosis of the disease, but has been controversial. Scrapie-associated fibrils
      are found in brain extracts of all species affected by scrapie and diseases
      caused by related pathogens. They are pathological aggregates of a neuronal
      membrane protein termed PrP and a protease-resistant form of PrP is a molecular
      marker of scrapie-associated fibrils. In this report, we show the major protein
      of BSE fibrils is the bovine homologue of PrP as judged by its size, protease
      resistance, immunoreactivity, lectin binding and partial N-terminal protein
      sequence. This confirms that BSE is a scrapie-like disease.

PMID- 2904127
TI  - DNA transformation leads to pilin antigenic variation in Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
AB  - Many pathogenic bacteria express pili (fimbriae) on their cell surfaces. These
      structures mediate binding of bacteria to host tissues, and may also be involved
      in other aspects of pathogenesis. Neisseria gonorrhoeae pili are mainly composed
      of a single protein, pilin, whose expression is controlled at chromosomal
      expression loci (pilE). An intact pilin gene and promoter sequences are only
      found at pilE. Strain MS11 contains two expression sites (pilE1 and pilE2),
      whereas several of its derivatives and other clinical isolates contain only one.
      Silent pilin loci (pilS1-pilS7) contain truncated variant pilin genes lacking the
      promoter and conserved pilin gene sequences. Pilin antigenic variation in N.
      gonorrhoeae occurs by DNA recombination between one of he silent partial variant
      gene segments in pilS and an expressed pilin gene in pilE. The recombination
      reactions are nonreciprocal, and therefore the mechanism has been classified as
      gene conversion. We report that much of the recombination between pilin loci
      actually occurs after transformation of living piliated cells by DNA liberated
      from lysed cells within a population. This constitutes a new molecular mechanism
      for an antigenic variation system, as well as the first specific function for a
      DNA transformation system.

PMID- 2904128
TI  - Abdominal segmentation of the Drosophila embryo requires a hormone receptor-like
      protein encoded by the gap gene knirps.
AB  - The body pattern along the anterior-posterior axis of the insect embryo is
      thought to be established by two organizing centres localized at the ends of the
      egg. Genetic analysis of the polarity-organizing centres in Drosophila has
      identified three distinct classes of maternal effect genes that organize the
      anterior, posterior and terminal pattern elements of the embryo. The factors
      provided by these gene classes specify the patterns of expression of the
      segmentation genes at defined positions along the longitudinal axis of the
      embryo. The system responsible for organizing the posterior segment pattern is a
      group of at least seven maternal genes and the zygotic gap gene knirps (kni).
      Their mutant phenotype has adjacent segments in the abdominal region of the
      embryo deleted. Genetic analysis and cytoplasmic transplantation experiments
      suggested that these maternal genes are required to generate a 'posterior
      activity' that is thought to activate the expression of kni (reviewed in ref. 2).
      The molecular nature of the members of the posterior group is still unknown. Here
      we report the molecular characterization of the kni gene that codes for a member
      of the steroid/thyroid receptor superfamily of proteins which in vertebrates act
      as ligand-dependent DNA-binding transcription regulators.

PMID- 2904129
TI  - Pronounced facilitation of endogenous noradrenaline release by presynaptic beta 2
      adrenoceptors in the vasculature of freely moving rats.
AB  - The facilitation of the noradrenaline (NA) overflow by stimulation of the
      presynaptic beta-adrenoceptor of the rat portal vein was investigated, using the
      freely moving unanesthetized permanently cannulated rat as a model. The beta 2
      selective agonist fenoterol caused a maximal enhancement of about 300% of the
      basal NA level at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg. Following administration of cocaine (2.5
      mg/kg plus 0.05 mg/kg/min) basal NA levels increased to 150% whereas combination
      of cocaine and fenoterol results in a dose dependant rise up to over 560% of the
      basal level (at a fenoterol dosage of 0.5 mg/kg). Blockade of the alpha 2
      adrenoceptors with yohimbine (0.5 mg/kg) which enhances the NA level to 486%,
      followed by 0.125 mg/kg fenoterol results in a further 2.53-fold rise to more
      than 1,200% of the basal level, indicating the pronounced counterregulatory role
      of the presynaptic alpha 2-adrenoceptor. After ganglionic blockade with
      hexamethonium (3 mg/kg plus 6 mg/kg/h) the effect of yohimbine (0.5 mg/kg) alone
      was diminished to 162%, but the additional facilitatory effect of 0.125 mg/kg
      fenoterol still was 1.82-fold, to 294% of the basal level. Combination of cocaine
      (2.5 mg/kg plus 0.05 mg/kg/min), yohimbine (0.5 mg/kg) and fenoterol (0.125
      mg/kg) induced a rise to over 9,000 pg/ml NA (about 40-fold of the basal NA
      level). During electrical stimulation (2 Hz, 3 ms, 5 mA) of the local portal vein
      nervous plexus, the role of the inhibitory alpha 2-adrenoceptor becomes even more
      pronounced.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2904130
TI  - Loss of selectivity of so-called selective alpha 1-adrenoceptor agonists after
      phenoxybenzamine.
AB  - This study examined the nature of alpha-adrenoceptor subtype involved in pressor
      responses to so-called selective alpha 1-adrenoceptor agonists after treatment
      with phenoxybenzamine in vivo. The influence of prazosin (0.1 mg/kg) and of
      yohimbine (1 mg/kg) on the dose-response curves for cirazoline in the pithed rat,
      and for phenylephrine in the anaesthetized dog were compared, after various doses
      of phenoxybenzamine. In the pithed rat, after 0.05 mg/kg phenoxybenzamine,
      prazosin caused a displacement of the dose-response curve of cirazoline to the
      right which was much larger than that caused by yohimbine; after 0.3 mg/kg
      phenoxybenzamine, prazosin and yohimbine caused about equal displacements; after
      1 mg/kg phenoxybenzamine, yohimbine caused a marked displacement, while prazosin
      was without effect. In the anaesthetized dog, after 1 mg/kg phenoxybenzamine,
      prazosin and yohimbine produced about equal rightward shifts of the dose-response
      curve for phenylephrine. However, after 3 mg/kg phenoxybenzamine the rightward
      shift of the dose-response curve for phenylephrine was much larger after
      yohimbine than after prazosin. In the anaesthetized dog, verapamil (1 mg/kg)
      caused a small and parallel rightward shift of the dose-response curve for
      phenylephrine before phenoxybenzmine and a large and nonparallel one after
      phenoxybenzamine (3 mg/kg); the effect of verapamil on responses to the selective
      alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist UK-14,304 (before and after phenoxybenzamine) were
      similar to those on responses to phenylephrine after phenoxybenzamine.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2904131
TI  - Neurobehavioral effects of intrathecal somatostatinergic treatment in subhuman
      primates.
AB  - We infused somatostatin and its long-acting analogue (SMS 201-995) into the
      intracranial subarachnoid space of eight monkeys. Chronic infusions of SMS 201
      995 produced marked neurotoxic effects characterized by truncal ataxia,
      dysmetria, and severe bradykinesia, with normal level of consciousness.
      Subcutaneous injection of apomorphine, a dopaminergic agonist, promptly reversed
      these effects. Further studies are required before intrathecal somatostatin
      replacement therapy can be offered to patients with Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 2904132
TI  - [The role of the amyl nitrite inhalation test in the detection of ischemic heart
      diseases].

PMID- 2904133
TI  - Pig Hox-2.4 has accumulated a frameshift mutation relative to mouse Hox-2.4.

PMID- 2904134
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of chloroplast CF1-ATPase epsilon-subunit and elongator
      tRNAMet genes from Arabidopsis thaliana.

PMID- 2904135
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (pHHH208) on chromosome 14
      [D14S19].

PMID- 2904136
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (pMHZ17) on chromosome 13
      [D13S51].

PMID- 2904137
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (pYNH20) on chromosome 13
      [D13S50].

PMID- 2904138
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (pEFD70.2) on chromosome 10
      [D10S26].

PMID- 2904139
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (pKKA40) on chromosome 9q
      [D9S31].

PMID- 2904140
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (pMHZ21) on chromosome 9q
      [D9S30].

PMID- 2904141
TI  - Subdural empyemas in children.
AB  - Subdural empyema is a neurosurgical emergency which is rapidly fatal if not
      recognized and managed promptly. Most series report a 30-40% mortality, and
      recommend a craniotomy along with aggressive medical therapy. Between 1978 and
      1986, 8 children (2 months to 13 years) with subdural empyemas were diagnosed and
      treated at our institution, and form the basis for this study. Burr hole and
      catheter drainage was the treatment of choice in 5 children, while craniotomy was
      required in 1 case of sinusitis with osteomyelitis. Three infants received
      multiple subdural taps via the anterior fontanel. All patients responded to
      surgical intervention and antibiotic therapy. The average follow-up period was 29
      months, and 5 children had no developmental delay, decrease in school
      performance, or impairment of intellectual function. There were no deaths in our
      series. Although the surgical management of subdural empyemas remains
      controversial, it appears that burr hole and catheter drainage is sufficient in
      most cases. With earlier diagnosis, aggressive antibiotic therapy, and timely
      surgical intervention, the morbidity and mortality of subdural empyemas have
      significantly diminished in recent years.

PMID- 2904142
TI  - Kidney stones. How new technology has improved management.
AB  - In the past decade, techniques allowing noninvasive or relatively noninvasive
      treatment of kidney stones have replaced standard surgical management for most
      patients. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy is suitable for the majority of
      patients with calculi in the upper or mid urinary tract. Ultrasonic lithotripsy
      can be used to fragment large staghorn or cystine calculi and is suitable for
      morbidly obese patients. The tunable pulsed dye laser is also gaining a role in
      the treatment of selected patients. All three techniques require only a short
      hospital stay.

PMID- 2904143
TI  - Antagonistic properties of RU 24969, a preferential 5-HT1 receptor agonist, at
      presynaptic alpha 2-adrenoceptors of central and peripheral neurones.
AB  - The effect of RU 24969 (5-methoxy-3(1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)-1 H-indole)
      on the electrically evoked 3H overflow was studied in superfused rat brain cortex
      slices preincubated with 3H-noradrenaline or 3H-serotonin and in superfused
      segments of the rat vena cava preincubated with 3H-noradrenaline. In cortex
      slices preincubated with 3H-noradrenaline, RU 24969 facilitated the electrically
      (3 Hz) evoked 3H overflow. This effect was abolished by phentolamine but was not
      affected by desipramine or the 5-HT3 receptor antagonist ICS 205-930. The
      concentration-response curve of noradrenaline for its inhibitory effect on the
      evoked overflow (determined in the presence of desipramine) was shifted to the
      right by RU 24969 32 and 100 mumol/l. In this respect, RU 24969 was about 500
      times less potent than phentolamine. In cortex slices preincubated with 3H
      serotonin, the inhibitory effect of 3.2 mumol/l RU 24969 on the electrically
      evoked 3H overflow was increased by phentolamine. In segments of the vena cava,
      RU 24969 inhibited the electrically (0.66 Hz) evoked 3H overflow. The
      concentration-response curve of RU 24969 was U-shaped, since at concentrations
      higher than 0.1 mumol/l the extent of inhibition decreased with increasing
      concentrations of RU 24969. In the presence of phentolamine, the concentration
      dependent attenuation of the RU 24969-induced inhibition of overflow was no
      longer detectable. The present results suggest that RU 24969 is a weak antagonist
      at presynaptic alpha 2-adrenoceptors (by more than 2.5 log units less potent than
      as an agonist at presynaptic 5-HT1B auto- and heteroreceptors).

PMID- 2904144
TI  - [Psychotropic properties of ovarian estrogens].

PMID- 2904145
TI  - Effect of dl-demethylcoclaurine on alpha and beta-adrenergic receptors.

PMID- 2904146
TI  - Cloning and nucleotide sequence of human gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase.
AB  - We have identified the gene for human gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase [GGT;
      glutamine:D-glutamyl-peptide 5-glutamyltransferase (also called gamma
      glutamyltransferase), EC 2.3.2.2] in a BCR gene-related region located in band
      q11----qter of chromosome 22. Two cDNAs complementary to the GGT mRNA have been
      isolated from a human placental library constructed in phage lambda gt11. The
      largest cDNA has a size of 2535 base pairs (bp) and an open reading frame of 1707
      nucleotides encoding 569 amino acids. By using a probe corresponding to this
      cDNA, a mRNA of approximately 2.4 kilobases was detected by RNA blot
      hybridization analysis in mouse kidney RNA. The GGT precursor encoded by the
      coding sequence would have an estimated Mr of 61,400. We compared our nucleotide
      and deduced amino acid sequences with the published results of rat kidney cDNAs.
      The human and rat amino acid sequences are similar; however, a considerable
      discrepancy in nucleotide sequence was found within a 180-bp fragment of the
      heavy chain, resulting in a completely different amino acid sequence for this
      region. In addition, the 5' untranslated sequence of the human cDNA (669 bp) is
      substantially larger than that determined in the rat cDNA (227 bp). Our results
      may be valuable for further studies on the protein structure of human GGT as well
      as studies on the regulation of the enzyme.

PMID- 2904147
TI  - Probing the Escherichia coli glnALG upstream activation mechanism in vivo.
AB  - In vivo "footprints" of the glnA regulatory region under activating conditions
      demonstrate that the three most upstream activator sequences bind the protein NRI
      in the cell. Together, protections at these sites span six of seven consecutive
      major grooves and lie on the same helix face. E sigma 54 protects two major
      grooves of DNA approximately 60 base pairs downstream at the glnAp2 promoter and
      primarily on the opposite helix face. Experiments using potassium permanganate to
      probe open complex formation in vivo demonstrate that NRI is absolutely required
      for E sigma 54 to open the promoter DNA. Together, the dimethyl sulfate and
      permanganate studies verify [Reitzer, L. J., Bueno, R., Cheng, W. D., Abrams, S.
      A., Rothstein, D. M., Hunt, T. P., Tyler, B. & Magasanik, B. (1987) J. Bacteriol.
      169, 4279-4284] that E sigma 54 occupies the glnAp2 promoter in a closed complex
      in vivo even in the presence of excess nitrogen and the absence of NRI.
      Furthermore, the slow step in transcriptional activation is shown to be an NRI
      dependent conformational change in the downstream promoter DNA, which results in
      DNA melting. These observations place interesting restrictions on models
      describing the mechanism by which NRI activates transcription from glnAp2 at a
      distance.

PMID- 2904148
TI  - Inhibition of H+-transporting ATPase by formation of a tight nucleoside
      diphosphate-fluoroaluminate complex at the catalytic site.
AB  - Inhibition of the mitochondrial and bacterial F1-type ATPases [of ATP
      phosphohydrolase (H+-transporting), EC 3.6.1.34] by fluoride was found to depend
      on the presence of aluminum and ADP at the catalytic site(s) of F1-type ATPase.
      AIF-4 was demonstrated to be the active fluoroaluminate species. The identical
      pattern of inhibition of F1-type ATPase activity obtained in the presence of ADP
      and NaF with beryllium, a metal that forms fluoride complexes strictly
      tetracoordinated, suggests that aluminum acts through a tetrahedral complex.
      Inhibition of isolated F1-type ATPase by AIF-4 in the presence of ADP cannot be
      reversed by ADP, ATP, or chelators of aluminum. However, the inhibition of the
      ATPase activity of the F1 sector in submitochondrial particles caused by AIF-4
      and ADP was reversed upon addition of an oxidizable substrate. Uncouplers
      prevented the reversal of inhibition, suggesting that the protonmotive force
      generated by respiration was responsible for the relief of inhibition. Because of
      structural similarities between AIF4- and , AIF4- is postulated to mimic the
      phosphate group of ATP and form an abortive complex with ADP at the active
      site(s) of F1-type ATPase.

PMID- 2904149
TI  - Evidence that a point mutation in dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase
      confers resistance to pyrimethamine in falciparum malaria.
AB  - Analysis of a genetic cross of Plasmodium falciparum and of independent parasite
      isolates from Southeast Asia, Africa, and South America indicates that resistance
      to pyrimethamine, an antifolate used in the treatment of malaria, results from
      point mutations in the gene encoding dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase
      (EC 1.5.1.3 and EC 2.1.1.45, respectively). Parasites having a mutation from Thr
      108/Ser-108 to Asn-108 in DHFR-TS are resistant to the drug. The Asn-108 mutation
      occurs in a region analogous to the C alpha-helix bordering the active site
      cavity of bacterial, avian, and mammalian enzymes. Additional point mutations
      (Asn-51 to Ile-51 and Cys-59 to Arg-59) are associated with increased
      pyrimethamine resistance and also occur at sites expected to border the active
      site cavity. Analogies with known inhibitor/enzyme structures from other
      organisms suggest that the point mutations occur where pyrimethamine contacts the
      enzyme and may act by inhibiting binding of the drug.

PMID- 2904150
TI  - Long-term potentiation differentially affects two components of synaptic
      responses in hippocampus.
AB  - We have used low magnesium concentrations and the specific antagonist D-2-amino-5
      phosphonopentanoate (D-AP5) to estimate the effects of long-term potentiation
      (LTP) on the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and non-NMDA receptor-mediated
      components of postsynaptic responses. LTP induction resulted in a considerably
      larger potentiation of non-NMDA as opposed to NMDA receptor-related currents.
      Increasing the size of postsynaptic potentials with greater stimulation currents
      or with paired-pulse facilitation produced opposite effects; i.e., those aspects
      of the response dependent on NMDA receptors increased to a greater degree than
      did those components mediated by non-NMDA receptors. These results pose new
      constraints on hypotheses about the locus and nature of LTP and strongly suggest
      that postsynaptic modifications are part of the effect.

PMID- 2904152
TI  - Effects of growth hormone-releasing factor and somatostatin on growth hormone
      secretion in hypophysial stalk-transected beef calves.
AB  - The effects of growth hormone-releasing factor (GHRF) on growth hormone (GH)
      secretion were studied in beef calves after hypophysial stalk transection (HST).
      Peripheral GH concentration during surgery was elevated for 60 min after the
      initiation of anesthesia to 15 ng/ml, which was greater than plasma levels after
      HST and during the recovery period (0-30 hr mean, 3 ng/ml; P less than 0.05).
      Episodic GH secretion normally seen in sham-operated controls (SOC) was abolished
      after HST. Before HST, calves responded to 80% of the GHRF challenges, whereas
      after HST calves responded to every challenge of GHRF with an increase in plasma
      GH. A dose of 0.067 microgram human pancreatic (hp) hpGHRF(1-40)OH/kg body wt 3
      days after HST increased plasma GH to 55 ng/ml from a control period mean of 5
      ng/ml (P less than 0.04). On Day 8, HST calves received two injections of 0.067
      microgram hpGHRF/kg body wt at 3-hr intervals, with feeding 70 min after the
      first injection. During two preinjection control periods, basal GH averaged less
      than 4 ng/ml and increased to 17 (P less than 0.02) and 9 (P less than 0.04)
      ng/ml immediately after the first and second injection of hpGHRF, but the
      response declined over the 8-day period after surgery. On Days 19 and 20, the HST
      calves were infused iv with 0.033 and 0.067 microgram somatostatin(SS)-14
      (SRIH)/kg body wt, during which a pulse injection of 0.067 microgram hpGHRF/kg
      body wt was administered. GH increased to 9 and 5 ng/ml during the 0.033- and
      0.067-microgram SRIH infusions after GHRF; no somatotropic rebound was observed
      after the SRIH was discontinued as was seen in the animals while the hypothalamic
      hypophysial connections were intact. Five and six months after HST the responses
      to two analogs of rat hypothalamic GHRF were similar to those in SOC calves.
      These results indicate that HST calves responded to exogenous GHRF with an abrupt
      increase in plasma GH, but GH response to GHRF during SRIH infusion was greatly
      inhibited.

PMID- 2904151
TI  - Antiserum raised against residues 159-168 of the guanine nucleotide-binding
      protein Gi3-alpha reacts with ependymal cells and some neurons in the rat brain
      containing cholecystokinin- or cholecystokinin- and tyrosine 3-hydroxylase-like
      immunoreactivities.
AB  - Antibodies raised against a synthetic deca-peptide corresponding to a specific
      sequence of Gi3-alpha protein (an inhibitory guanine nucleotide-binding protein)
      were used to analyze Gi3-alpha-like immunoreactivity in brain sections from
      colchicine-treated rats by indirect immunofluorescence histochemistry. Gi3-alpha
      peptide-positive cell bodies were found in the ventral tegmental area and
      substantia nigra, and these cells were also cholecystokinin (CCK)- and tyrosine 3
      hydroxylase-positive. Gi3-alpha-peptide staining was observed in perikarya in the
      hippocampus and in fibers in the nucleus accumbens, tuberculum olfactorium, bed
      nucleus of stria terminalis, and a spino-thalamic tract, where it coexisted with
      CCK-like immunoreactivity as well. No coexistence with CCK occurred in Gi3-alpha
      peptide-positive ependymal cells outlining the aqueduct and ventricles.
      Preadsorption of Gi3-alpha antibodies with CCK-8 or CCK-33 did not alter Gi3
      alpha-peptide staining. The occurrence of Gi3-alpha-peptide-like immunoreactivity
      in CCK-containing neurons may indicate the presence of Gi3-alpha protein and in
      CCK/dopamine neurons may indicate an association of this Gi protein with dopamine
      autoreceptors.

PMID- 2904153
TI  - Dual effect of dihydroergotamine at vascular 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors in
      pithed rats.
AB  - Dihydroergotamine (DHE), administered intravenously to pithed normotensive rats,
      increased the mean arterial blood pressure dose-dependently. This pressor effect
      was noncompetitively inhibited by the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptor
      antagonists pizotifen and cyproheptadine (0.1 mg/kg each). The alpha 1
      adrenoceptor blocker prazosin (1 mg/kg) had no influence on the DHE effect
      whereas the alpha 2-adrenoceptor blocker yohimbine, at the same dose, proved to
      be a noncompetitive inhibitor of this pressor effect. The results indicate that
      both the 5-HT receptors and alpha 2-adrenoceptors are involved in the DHE-induced
      vasoconstriction. On the other hand, in pithed normotensive rats, DHE proved to
      be a potent inhibitor of the pressor response to 5-HT but it did not inhibit that
      to noradrenaline. The results obtained characterize DHE as a noncompetitive
      dualist at vascular 5-HT receptors.

PMID- 2904154
TI  - Novel autonomic neurotransmitters and upper gastrointestinal function.
AB  - The evidence for, and possible roles of, inhibitory and excitatory non
      adrenergic, non-cholinergic (NANC) nerves supplying smooth muscle, and the
      effects of putative transmitter candidates are considered for each of three main
      regions of the upper gastrointestinal tract: (A) the smooth muscle portion of the
      oesophagus and the oesophagogastric junction, (B) the stomach (fundus, body and
      antrum) and gastroduodenal junction and (C) the biliary tract and
      choledochoduodenal junction. The major points from human tissues are as follows:
      1. Inhibitory (NANCI) nerves appear to be present in the muscularis externa of
      oesophagus, stomach and duodenum, with greater density in the circular than in
      the longitudinal muscle. 2. NANCI nerves are present in high density at the
      oesophagogastric and choledochoduodenal junctions. They may also be present at
      the gastroduodenal junction. The gall-bladder may have a very sparse NANCI
      innervation. 3. Excitatory (NANCE) nerves appear to be present throughout the
      upper gastrointestinal tract. 4. Many candidates need at present to be considered
      for the role of NANCE transmitter(s) in the human upper gastrointestinal tract
      but substance P still seems a likely contender for this role. 5. Fewer candidates
      are at present generally available for the role of NANCI transmitter(s), with VIP
      and ATP being leading contenders. However, in the human upper gastrointestinal
      tract the evidence for ATP is not good, and VIP still remains the favourite
      candidate except in the gall-bladder, where its role remains to be elucidated.

PMID- 2904155
TI  - Alpha 2-adrenoceptor blockade attenuates feeding behavior induced by neuropeptide
      Y and epinephrine.
AB  - Neuropeptide Y (NPY, 0.47 nmol) and epinephrine (28.9 nmol) evoked robust, and
      quantitatively similar, increments in food intake and local eating rate following
      administration into the third cerebral ventricle (IIIV). Whereas IIIV
      pretreatment with phentolamine (71 nmol), a nonselective alpha-adrenoceptor
      antagonist, or prazosin (9.5 nmol), a selective alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonist,
      was without effect on NPY-induced feeding behavior, pretreatment with the alpha 2
      adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine (15 nmol) dramatically attenuated the
      stimulatory effects of NPY or epinephrine on both food intake (by over 50%) and
      local eating rate. Additionally, yohimbine administered alone was associated with
      a stimulatory effect on food intake for the periods of 80-110, and 110-140
      minutes posttreatment. These data demonstrate that feeding behavior induced by
      IIIV administration of NPY or epinephrine is attenuated by prior blockade of
      alpha 2-adrenoceptors and suggest that, as in other systems innervated by neurons
      displaying NPY and adrenergic transmitter colocalization, the effects of NPY on
      feeding behavior may, at least in part, be mediated via alpha 2-adrenoceptors.

PMID- 2904156
TI  - [Early effects of the influence of ionizing radiation in relatively small doses
      on the neuromediator systems responding to the central regulation of the
      hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal cortex system].
AB  - In experiments with mature Wistar male rats changes of mediator interrelations in
      different brain parts, responsible for the central regulation of the hypothalamo
      pituitary-adrenocortical system, were detected at early times after whole-body X
      irradiation with a dose of 12.9 mC/kg. These changes represent one of the major
      mechanisms leading, at later times after irradiation, to the development of
      syndromes related to diencephalic disturbances.

PMID- 2904157
TI  - Differential metabolic pattern of muscle and liver after the administration of a
      beta-adrenergic agonist.

PMID- 2904158
TI  - Effect of Eimeria tenella infection on the caecal population of lincomycin
      resistant Clostridium perfringens introduced into chickens.
AB  - The effect of Eimeria tenella infection on the caecal population of lincomycin
      resistant Clostridium perfringens (KGW 851) newly introduced into chickens was
      studied. Four groups of chickens consisted of: (1) Uninoculated controls; (2)
      inoculated with C perfringens (KGW 851); (3) inoculated with E tenella; and (4)
      inoculated with C perfringens (KGW 851) followed by E tenella. Five chickens in
      each group were necropsied on each of days 0, 3, 5, 7, 10 and 14 after the E
      tenella inoculation. The mean total C perfringens counts in the caecal contents
      increased at five days after E tenella inoculation and reached maximum counts at
      seven days after the inoculation. Also lincomycin-resistant C perfringens readily
      established itself at approximately one 10th of the total C perfringens
      population in the presence or absence of E tenella infection.

PMID- 2904159
TI  - [Current findings in the pathogenesis and treatment of urinary infections].

PMID- 2904160
TI  - [The current posture on radioisotope exploration in chronic diffuse
      hepatopathies].

PMID- 2904161
TI  - [Lipids and joint inflammation].

PMID- 2904162
TI  - [Serum level of tumor markers (antigen Ca 19-9, CEA, ferritin) in digestive
      tumors. Their diagnostic usefulness].

PMID- 2904163
TI  - [Colorectal cancer, a complication of ulcerohemorrhagic rectocolitis].

PMID- 2904164
TI  - [Lectin receptors--markers of colorectal adenomatous dysplasia].

PMID- 2904165
TI  - [The prevention of accidents during proximal digestive endoscopy].

PMID- 2904166
TI  - [The place for a method of demonstrating native anti-DNA antibodies in the
      diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus using an indirect immunofluorescence
      technic].

PMID- 2904167
TI  - [Hairy cell leukemia: its clinical evolution, prognostic factors and therapeutic
      results. A prospective study].

PMID- 2904168
TI  - [Cryoglobulin study in glomerular nephropathies].

PMID- 2904169
TI  - [Evian, the force of balance].

PMID- 2904170
TI  - [Premedications].

PMID- 2904171
TI  - Low degree of DNA polymorphism in the HLA-linked lymphotoxin (tumour necrosis
      factor beta) gene.
AB  - Tumour necrosis factors (TNF) alpha (cachectin) and beta (lymphotoxin) are
      lymphokines with many biological activities. For example, the molecules regulate
      the immune system, which is of special interest since the genes for the TNF are
      located within the human major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The MHC encodes
      HLA-molecules that play a critical role in the cellular interactions of the
      immune response. To test whether genetic polymorphism in the TNF genes may be
      involved in the associations between HLA and autoimmune diseases, we here
      describe an analysis of DNA polymorphism in the human TNF-beta gene. The results
      show that the TNF-beta gene has only a low degree of DNA polymorphism, and that
      this is not associated with HLA antigens showing a strong association with
      autoimmune-like diseases.

PMID- 2904172
TI  - Induction of interleukin-2 production in CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell subsets after
      activation via CD3 and CD2.
AB  - The activation signals necessary for interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor induction, IL
      2 production, and DNA synthesis in resting T cells were investigated. IL-2
      receptors were induced after activation via CD2 or CD3 alone, while IL-2
      production in both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells required activation via both CD3 and
      CD2. The sequence of activation signals via CD3 and CD2 was shown to be important
      since DNA synthesis was induced when the primary activation signal was delivered
      via CD3, and the CD2 signal within 8 h. In contrast, no DNA synthesis was
      demonstrated when the primary activation signal was delivered via CD2 and the CD3
      signal later. Ciclosporin A (CyA) inhibited T-cell DNA synthesis after activation
      via CD2 and CD3. The inhibition seemed to be due to the prevention of IL-2
      synthesis.

PMID- 2904173
TI  - Homeobox linked to gene control.

PMID- 2904174
TI  - Carving up the human genome.

PMID- 2904175
TI  - [Antacids and gastroduodenal topical drugs].

PMID- 2904176
TI  - [Private practice. A developing practice].

PMID- 2904177
TI  - Fingerprinting cell lines: use of human hypervariable DNA probes to characterize
      mammalian cell cultures.
AB  - Hypervariable DNA sequences may be used as probes to derive DNA "finger-prints"
      for individuals. To assess the use of the human 33.15 and 33.6 probes (isolated
      by Jeffreys and coworkers) for characterizing cell lines of nonhuman origin, DNA
      from different stocks of Chinese hamster (CH) cells was screened. All CHO (ovary)
      sublines could be readily distinguished from CH-V79 sublines by their
      fingerprints, but where two stocks had been derived recently from the same line,
      their fingerprints were nearly identical. Similarly fingerprints of HPRT
      deficient mutants derived from one cell stock were identical. A V79 x CHO fusion
      hybrid showed equal fingerprint band-sharing with each parent line, while early
      passage diploid CH cells had a fingerprint closer to CHO than to V79. Thus these
      data introduce a simple means of typing cell lines to avoid cross-contamination,
      of checking cell hybrids, and of assessing the divergence of cell stocks from one
      another.

PMID- 2904178
TI  - Further characterization of a somatic cell mutant defective in regulation of 3
      hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase.
AB  - Two enzymes of mammalian cellular mevalonate biosynthesis, 3-hydroxy-3
      methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) synthase and HMG-CoA reductase, have been
      shown to be regulated by exogenous sterols. It has been demonstrated that these
      enzymes are regulated, at least in part, by transcriptional control of their
      synthesis. We have previously described a somatic cell mutant (CR1) of the CHO-K1
      cell line that is defective in regulation of the activity of these enzymes in
      response to exogenous sterols. In this report, we demonstrate that this mutant is
      defective in regulation of the mRNA levels for HMG-CoA reductase and HMG-CoA
      synthase by 25-hydroxycholesterol and mevinolin. In the case of HMG-CoA
      reductase, this loss of apparent transcriptional control is not accompanied by a
      comparable loss in regulation of synthesis of this enzyme. This observation is
      consistent with prior studies suggesting that HMG-CoA reductase can be regulated
      translationally. We also show that CR1 cells exhibit a constitutively rapid rate
      of degradation of HMG-CoA reductase.

PMID- 2904179
TI  - Influence of a habitual high egg intake on serum lipid levels in a rural coloured
      population.
AB  - The effect of a habitual high cholesterol intake on serum cholesterol and other
      lipid levels against the background of a moderate fat intake was investigated in
      30 rural coloured volunteers (16 men, 14 women) working on an egg farm. Protein
      contributed approximately 11%, fat 31%, carbohydrate 58% (sucrose 21%) of energy
      intake. Daily cholesterol intake averaged 575 mg. In men, although not in women,
      cholesterol intake correlated negatively with serum cholesterol and low-density
      lipoprotein cholesterol levels, indicating that a high consumption of eggs in the
      study population did not prejudice lipid homeostasis. The population exhibited a
      high profile of coronary heart disease risk factors.

PMID- 2904180
TI  - Islet cell carcinomas of the pancreas: a twenty-year experience.
AB  - Unlike its lethal exocrine counterpart, islet cell carcinoma of the pancreas is
      an indolent neuroendocrine neoplasm. The majority of these tumors are hormonally
      active. When functioning, a number of clinical syndromes (for example,
      hyperinsulinism, Zollinger-Ellison and Cushing's syndromes) may be evident. Fifty
      eight patients surgically treated between 1965 and 1984 were retrospectively
      analyzed. The purpose of this study was to determine the distribution of
      functioning versus nonfunctioning tumors and the response to type of therapy.
      Mean postoperative follow-up was 7.4 years. Survival and prognostic indices were
      calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method and compared with log-rank tests. Of the
      group, 54% had functioning and 46% nonfunctioning tumors. Gastrinomas were the
      most common functioning tumors encountered (19%). Of interest was the finding
      that nonfunctioning tumors increased steadily during the last 15 years of the
      study (25% to 65%). Curative resections were performed in 15 (26%) and
      noncurative procedures in 43 patients (74%), with an overall operative mortality
      rate of 3%. Symptomatic improvement was achieved in 90% (curative) and 51%
      (noncurative). Survival at 3 years was 87% and 66% for the curative and
      noncurative groups, respectively (p less than 0.1), with an overall 5-year
      survival of 42%. The absence of hepatic metastases was a major predictor of
      survival at 3 years (82% vs 56%, p less than 0.05). Survival was statistically
      better at 3 years in those patients with gastrinomas compared with patients with
      nonfunctioning tumors (91% vs 58%, p less than 0.05). Although surgical cure is
      rare, significant long-term palliation may be achieved in a large percentage of
      patients with an aggressive surgical approach, occasional total gastrectomy,
      combination chemotherapy, H2 blockade, when indicated, and, most recently, with
      the new long-acting analogue of somatostatin.

PMID- 2904181
TI  - Pancreastatin: a novel peptide inhibitor of parietal cell secretion.
AB  - Pancreastatin is a recently identified 49-amino-acid peptide found in
      gastrointestinal tract and gastric mucosa. Its biologic effects on gastric
      function are unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of
      pancreastatin [33-49] (the synthetic C-terminal fragment) on acid secretion and
      somatostatin release in vitro. Isolated rabbit gastric glands were prepared by
      means of collagenase digestion. Acid secretion was assessed indirectly with use
      of 14C-aminopyrine (AP) uptake by glands, and somatostatin release from D cells
      was measured with radioimmunoassay. Pancreastatin alone (10(-10) to 10(-6) mol/L)
      had no effect on 14C-AP uptake compared with unstimulated glands. In contrast,
      pancreastatin inhibited with histamine-(10(-6), 10(-5) mol/L; p less than 0.005)
      and carbachol-(10(-5), 10(-4) mol/L; p less than 0.001) stimulated 14C-AP uptake
      in a dose-dependent manner. Neither forskolin-(10(-6), 10(-4) mol/L; p greater
      than 0.50) or 8-Br-cAMP-(10(-5), 10(-4) mol/L; p greater than 0.30) stimulated
      14C-AP uptake were influenced by pancreastatin. Pancreastatin had no effect on
      somatostatin release from glands. These data suggest that pancreastatin probably
      acts at receptor or membrane level, inhibiting both histamine- and carbachol
      stimulated 14C-AP uptake. These effects are not mediated by D cell somatostatin
      release. It is possible that pancreastatin acts as a paracrine or endocrine
      inhibitory regulator of parietal cell secretion.

PMID- 2904182
TI  - A prospective study of perioperative and postoperative control of acid
      hypersecretion in patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome undergoing gastrinoma
      resection.
AB  - Fifty-five consecutive patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome who underwent
      exploratory laparotomies for gastrinoma resection were evaluated prospectively to
      determine the effect of gastrinoma resection on acid secretion and to establish
      criteria for safe and effective perioperative management of gastric acid
      hypersecretion. In 15 patients (27%) no tumor was found and postoperative serum
      gastrin, basal acid output (BAO), and maximal acid output (MAO) were unchanged.
      Twenty-one patients (38%) had gastrinomas resected and were biochemically cured.
      Median fasting gastrin, median delta secretin, mean BAO, and mean MAO decreased
      89%, 94%, 80%, and 43%, respectively, at 3-month follow-up in these patients. In
      19 patients gastrinomas were resected, but patients were not cured, and median
      fasting gastrin, median delta secretin, mean BAO, and mean MAO decreased 47%,
      10%, 26%, and 25%, respectively. Forty percent of patients with gastrinoma
      resected and cured and 81% of patients with gastrinoma resected but not cured
      continued to hypersecrete acid (BAO greater than 10 mEq/hr) at 3- to 6-month
      follow-up. Acid control was managed perioperatively during gastrinoma resection
      by continuous intravenous infusion of H2 receptor antagonists at a dose
      established by preoperative titration to decrease acid output to less than 10
      mEq/hr. Thirty patients were treated with cimetidine at a mean dose of 3.2
      mg/kg/hr for a mean of 13.8 days. Twenty-one patients were treated with
      ranitidine at a mean dose of 1.1 mg/kg/hr for a mean of 8 days. No patients
      suffered any complications related to acid hypersecretion or side effects of the
      H2 antagonists. Patients undergoing gastrinoma resection can be managed safely by
      continuous infusion of H2 antagonists. Successful gastrinoma resection can reduce
      acid output, but even 40% of biochemically cured patients will continue to
      hypersecrete acid at short-term follow-up and will require continuation of
      antisecretory medication.

PMID- 2904183
TI  - Salmeterol, a new long acting inhaled beta 2 adrenoceptor agonist: comparison
      with salbutamol in adult asthmatic patients.
AB  - Salmeterol is a new inhaled beta 2 adrenoceptor agonist, which has been shown in
      animal experiments to produce a more prolonged bronchodilator effect than
      currently available beta 2 adrenoceptor agonists. It was studied in eight adult
      asthmatic patients. Each patient received on separate test days salbutamol 200
      micrograms and salmeterol 50, 100, and 200 micrograms according to a randomised,
      double blind, crossover design. FEV1, peak expiratory flow (PEF), heart rate,
      blood pressure, and tremor were recorded in the clinic for six hours after drug
      inhalation; PEF was recorded for a further six hours at home. All three doses of
      salmeterol produced peak increases in FEV1 (mean 0.5-0.8 l) and PEF (71-100
      l/min) similar to those produced by salbutamol 200 micrograms (0.5 l and 74
      l/min). After salbutamol FEV1 and PEF had returned to baseline within six hours,
      but after all three doses of salmeterol more than half of the maximum
      bronchodilator effect remained after 12 hours. The effects of salbutamol and the
      two lower doses of salmeterol (50 and 100 micrograms) on cardiovascular
      measurements and on tremor were similar, whereas after salmeterol 200 micrograms
      there was a small decrease in diastolic blood pressure and an increase in heart
      rate and tremor. Thus inhaled salmeterol has a long acting bronchodilator action
      in asthmatic patients. This effect may be of value in the treatment of asthma,
      particularly in patients with nocturnal symptoms.

PMID- 2904184
TI  - Segregation of HLA-DR, -DQ and -DP phenotypes and restriction fragment length
      polymorphic fragments in two recombinant families.
AB  - Members of two families were typed for HLA-DR, -DQ and -DP specificities by means
      of sera and local PLT bulk reagents. One B:C and one DR:DP cross-over were
      identified in both families. The restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)
      was analyzed by southern blotting and the use of DR beta, DR alpha, DQ beta, DQ
      alpha, DP beta and DP alpha probes. Previous observations concerning typical RFLP
      patterns for serological DR/DQ- and cellular DP-specificities were confirmed.
      With respect to recombinant haplotypes, RFLP was informative in both families.
      All polymorphic fragments-(DRB, DQA and B as well as DPA and B)-segregated
      together in the HLA-B:DR cross-overs. In the DR:DP recombinant children, the DR
      and DQ fragments were separated from DP fragments, demonstrating that DP-types as
      defined by PLT and RFLP map close together. No cross-hybridization between the
      segregating fragments was detected with the various probes.

PMID- 2904185
TI  - Effect of T cell supplementation to fetal liver cells transplanted into isogeneic
      mice.

PMID- 2904186
TI  - Radiation sensitivity of transplanted bone marrow cells.

PMID- 2904187
TI  - Foot trauma due to rodents in Sierra Leone.

PMID- 2904188
TI  - Fully automated TV-image analysis of the cell-cycle: comparison of the PLM method
      with determinations of the percentage and the DNA content of labelled cells.
AB  - A cell-cycle analysis based on a fully automated TV-image scanning system is
      proposed to replace the laborious PLM method. To compare the efficiency of the
      two procedures, cell-cycle parameters were assessed in Ehrlich (diploid and
      hyperdiploid), L-1210, and JB-1 mouse ascites tumours and in rat jejunal crypts.
      The percentages of labelled mitoses (PLM) were counted visually on Feulgen
      stained autoradiographs obtained at various times after a single 3H-thymidine
      pulse. The fraction of labelled cells (P) and the DNA ratio of labelled and
      unlabelled cells were measured by TV-image analysis in the same slides and
      plotted against time. Within practical limits, TV-image analysis using the P
      curve gives the same results as the PLM method. Using the P-curve has the
      important advantage that its first part, beginning at the time of 3H-thymidine
      injection and ending at the first maximum, furnishes more information about the
      cell cycle than the corresponding part of the PLM curve. It can be used to
      compute tG2M tS and the ratio of the growth faction index to the cell-cycle time
      (IP/tC) whereas the first part of the PLM-curve reveals only the length of the S
      phase (tS). The IP/tC ratio is a readily accessible measure of growth and
      increases when the cells divide more frequently. Cell death rates may be
      neglected since the ratio is determined within less than the duration of one cell
      cycle. Moreover, the data from the first part of the P curve indicate whether
      there is a large non-growth fraction. If the non-growth fraction is small, i.e.
      if IP approximately 1, the P curve need only be measured until the first maximum
      is reached so that fewer samples and animals are required. If the non-growth
      fraction is large or unknown, the cell-cycle parameters are calculated by
      reference to the position and size not only of the first minimum and the first
      maximum, but also of the second minimum of the P curve.

PMID- 2904189
TI  - Modulating influence of dehydroepiandrosterone administration on the morphology
      and enzyme phenotype of dimethylaminoazobenzene-induced hepatocellular foci and
      nodules.
AB  - The effect o 4 weeks dietary administration of the hormone dehydroepiandrosterone
      (DHEA) on enzyme and morphological phenotype of focal lesions previously induced
      by dimethylaminoazobenzene (DAB) treatment was investigated in Sprague-Dawley
      rats. In contrast to the DAB-alone livers where large numbers of glycogen
      storing, mixed cell nodules homogeneously positive for glutathione S-transferase
      P form (GST-P) were apparent, DHEA treated animals were characterized by
      significantly fewer, more heterogeneous lesions, in some cases demonstrating
      increased amphophilia and structured basophilia. The enhanced heterogeneity, in
      some ways reminiscent of that reported earlier for 'reversibility' or
      'remodelling' of rapidly induced nodular lesions, was associated with increased
      catalase (CAT), acid phosphatase (AP) and glucose-6- phosphatase (G6Pase) and
      decreased glycogen contents and phosphorylase (PHO) activity in both nodules and
      background parenchyma. Glucose-6-phosphatase (G6PD) activity was elevated
      irregularly focal lesions also demonstrating a heterogeneous reaction. The
      experimental data suggest two separate effects of the hormone treatment the first
      involving modulation of the usual altered phenotype of preneoplastic lesions with
      a shift towards 'tigroid' cell character and the second, similar to that reported
      earlier for rapidly induced nodules, involving enhanced phenotypic instability
      and leading to reduction in numbers.

PMID- 2904190
TI  - Collagen degradation in the rabbit skin during short-term tissue culture.
AB  - Full thickness rabbit skin explants were cultured on plastic dish for 1 week and
      the sequential morphological changes were examined daily by light and electron
      microscopy. During the cultured period, bundles of dermal collagen fibres
      gradually loosened and were removed from the upper dermis and from the cut margin
      of the explant, which was covered by a sheet of migrating epidermal cells. In
      these areas, cells containing phagocytosed collagen fibrils were observed from
      the 3rd day to the end of the culture period. These cells containing phagocytosed
      collagen fibrils included dermal fibroblasts and macrophages, epidermal
      keratinocytes and endothelial cells lining blood vessels. The presence of acid
      phosphatase activity in vacuoles containing the collagen fibrils suggested that
      intracellular degradation of collagen was occurring. In addition, extracellular
      collagen degradation was recognized around fibroblasts and beneath the migrating
      epidermis by the high collagenolytic activity at these sites. These findings
      suggest that both intra- and extracellular collagen degradation may participate
      in collagen removal from dermal connective tissue in cultured skin explants.

PMID- 2904191
TI  - Oncogene expression in endocrine pancreatic tumors.
AB  - The mRNA expression of the (proto)oncogenes Ha-ras, Ki-ras, fos, c-myc, N-myc,
      and sis was studied in five pancreatic endocrine tumors and two non-neoplastic
      pancreatic tissues. Compared with non-tumorous pancreatic tissue, Ha-ras and Ki
      ras mRNA was overexpressed up to 42-fold in all the tumors; metastasizing tumors
      showed 2-6 times higher Ha-ras mRNA levels than benign neoplasias. In contrast, c
      myc mRNA levels were higher in normal tissue than n tumors and fos mRNA levels
      did not differ significantly between tumors and normal tissue. The activities of
      Ki-ras, fos and c-myc mRNA expression did not correlate with any of the
      histological or biological properties of the tumors, nor with the clinical course
      of disease. Our results, although based on a limited number of cases, suggest tha
      Ha-ras and Ki-ras mRNA overexpression is associated with the development of
      pancreatic endocrine tumors. The measurement of Ha-ras mRNA levels may contribute
      to the assessment of tumor prognosis.

PMID- 2904192
TI  - Regulation of protein turnover versus growth state. III. Growth cessation is
      associated with activation of autophagy in Yoshida ascites hepatoma AH-340.
AB  - Yoshida AH-130 ascites hepatoma cells were grown in rats and were examined by
      quantitative electron microscopy 4 days (exponential growth phase) and 10 days
      (stationary phase) after intraperitoneal inoculation. No significant differences
      between growing and growth-inhibited tumors were found in the composition of the
      cytoplasm, except for a slight increase in the cytoplasm, except for a slight
      increase in the volume fraction of mitochondria (from 9.6 to 12.1%) and, in
      particular, a prominent (4.2-fold) increase in the volume fraction of early stage
      of autophagic vacuoles (from 0.31 x 10(-4) at day 4 to 1.37 x 10(-4) at day 10; P
      less than 0.001). At the same time, the rate of cell protein degradation was
      increased twofold, namely from 0.67%/h at day 4 to 1.37%/h at day 10, as measured
      in vitro after labeling cells with 3H-leucine in vivo. Such elevated proteolytic
      activity was entirely suppressed by ammonia, which inhibits the lysosomal pathway
      for protein degradation. The data show that: (i) the regulation of autophagic
      degradation of cytoplasmic constituents depending on the growth state was
      maintained in these tumor cells, and (ii) the increase in autophagy measured by
      morphometric analysis contributed to, yet did not quantitatively explain, the
      acceleration of protein degradation characterizing the transition from the
      logarithmic growth phase to the growth-inhibited state.

PMID- 2904193
TI  - Immunohistochemical studies in human thymomas. Localization of thymosin and
      various cell marker.
AB  - Forty five human thymomas were studied immunohistochemically using antibodies to
      thymosin x-1, thymosin beta-3, cortical epithelium of human thymus (UH-1), mouse
      thymic nurse cells (Th-3) and Leu-7. Most thymomas were found to contain thymosin
      x-1 (80%) and thymosin beta-3 (89%). Also used in the study were a new monoclonal
      antibody (UH-1), which reacts with the epithelial cells forming a meshwork in the
      cortex of the normal newborn thymus and Leu 7, which reacts with subcapsular
      epithelial cells in the outer thymic cortex. The combined use of UH-1 and Leu-7
      was found to identify neoplastic epithelial cells of thymic cortical origin in
      thymomas. Approximately 80% (37/45) of the thymomas in the present study reacted
      with Leu-7, UH-1 or both antibodies, and were thus considered to be derived from
      cortical thymic epithelium. Of the eight thymomas which were negative with both
      Leu-7 and UH-1, four were histologically of mixed type characterized by the
      formation of epithelial cell islands. All four of these thymomas were positive
      with thymosin and were therefore considered to be of medullary origin. Ten of the
      thymoma were associated with myasthenia gravis; all were positive with UH-1 and
      were consider to be of cortical origin.

PMID- 2904194
TI  - [Suppressive action of the influenza virus on the bone marrow stem cells of
      mice].
AB  - The effect of pathogenic and noninfectious influenza viruses with different
      surface antigens on colony-forming stem cells of (CBA X C57BL/6)F1 mice was
      studied. Bone marrow cells were infected with A/PR8/34 (H1N1)/A/Krasnodar/101/59
      (H2N2) viruses, a recombinant A/PK-6-3 (H2N1) strain thereof, A/Khabarovsk/933/77
      (H1N1) strain; then they were inoculated intravenously to irradiated (820 rad)
      syngeneic recipients, and colony-forming units (CFU) were determined in the
      spleens 9 days after injection. Inoculation of bone marrow cells (2 X 10(5) per
      mouse) to the irradiated recipients immediately after mixing with a live
      A/Krasnodar virus heated at 56 degrees C, live A/PK-6-3, and A/Khabarovsk viruses
      resulted in suppression of formation of CFU and marked atrophy of the recipients'
      spleens. There was no suppression after the use in these experiments of the
      pathogenic A/PR/8/34 strain. Inhibition of CFU production in the spleen was
      observed after inoculation of the recipients with bone marrow cells incubated for
      1 hour at 37 degrees C with A/PR/8/34, A/Krasnodar/101/59 viruses and the
      recombinant strain. Possible mechanisms of the suppressive effect of influenza A
      virus on CFU production in mice are discussed.

PMID- 2904195
TI  - [Integration mechanisms and morphogenesis (the problem of the evolution of
      ontogeny)].

PMID- 2904196
TI  - Bacteriophages of Bordetella sp.: features of lysogeny and conversion.
AB  - It has been the purpose of this paper to study molecular-biological features of
      the Bordetella bacteriophage interaction with the host cell during lysogeny and
      conversion as well as to determine the degree of homology between genomes of
      homologous and heterologous bacteriophages. Genomes of bacteriophages from B.
      pertussis 134, 41405 and B. bronchiseptica 214 were studied. Heteroduplex and
      restriction analyses revealed a heterogeneity of bacteriophage populations, and
      their DNAs were found to differ in size and position of inserts. As shown by blot
      hybridization, the bacteriophage genome is not inserted into the chromosome of
      the lysogenic cell but apparently exists as an autonomous plasmid replicon. It
      has been established that during conversion only a part of the phage genome is
      inserted into the chromosome of the recipient cell.

PMID- 2904197
TI  - All species of the genus Bordetella contain genes for pertussis toxin of
      Bordetella pertussis.
AB  - A molecular probe for the PT-operon of B. pertussis hybridized with 4.7 Kb EcoRI
      fragments of chromosomal DNAs of B. pertussis strain 475 phase I, phase IV, B.
      parapertussis strains 504 and 17903, B. bronchiseptica strain 214, B.
      parapertussis strain 17903-convertant of B. pertussis phage 134 but not with
      phage 134 DNA under stringent conditions of DNA-DNA hybridization. This fact
      indicates the presence of PT-genes in all Bordetella species. Since there is no
      production of PT in B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica, a presence of
      regulatory mutations in the PT-operon or absence of the functionally active vir
      gene product in these species is suggested.

PMID- 2904198
TI  - Relative cell surface hydrophobicity of Escherichia coli strains with various
      recognized fimbrial antigens and without recognized fimbriae.
AB  - Bacterial surface hydrophobicity as well as mannose-sensitive haemagglutinating
      (MSHA) and mannose-resistant haemagglutinating (MRHA) activities were studied in
      Escherichia coli strains with and without recognized fimbrial antigens grown
      under different conditions. Relative bacterial surface hydrophobicity was
      measured by the salt aggregation test. Four kinds of bacterial aggregations
      depending on fimbrial antigens were observed: bacteria with CFA/I, CFA/II,
      CFA/III and K88 aggregated in a particulated form, bacteria with type 1 pilus in
      a granular form, and bacteria with K99 in a tiny granular form. Some strains,
      mainly when grown under non-optimal conditions at 18 degrees C or when heated at
      80 degrees C, aggregated in a non-typical filamentous form. Among MRHA- MSHA+
      (type 1 pilus positive), two classes of bacteria were detected: hydrophobic
      bacteria aggregating in 0.2-0.4 M ammonium sulphate, and non-hydrophobic bacteria
      aggregating in 2.0 to 1.6 M ammonium sulphate. The hydrophobicity levels in
      strains possessing different recognized fimbrial antigens, when grown under
      optimal conditions to express fimbriae and their typical haemagglutination
      pattern, were of a decreasing order, viz. CFA/III = CFA/I greater than CFA/II
      greater than MRHA-MSHA+ hydrophobic = MRHA+ greater than P987 greater than K99
      F41 = K88 greater than MRHA- MSHA+ non-hydrophobic greater than MRHA- MSHA-
      without recognized fimbriae.

PMID- 2904199
TI  - [Effect of histamine on the rosette-forming capacity of T-lymphocytes in
      immunization with ADPT vaccine and its components].
AB  - The results obtained in the study of the influence of histamine on the capacity
      of T-lymphocytes of guinea pigs immunized with DPT-vaccine and its components for
      spontaneous rosette formation are presented. Histamine at a concentration of 10(
      3) M has been found to inhibit the capacity of blood and splenic lymphocytes of
      guinea pigs immunized with adsorbed DPT vaccine for spontaneous rosette
      formation. The inhibitory effect is more pronounced after the immunization of the
      animals with adsorbed DPT vaccine and Bordetella pertussis suspension.

PMID- 2904200
TI  - [Pili (fimbriae) of the causative agents of plague and pseudotuberculosis: their
      detection in the hemagglutination reaction, the passive hemagglutination reaction
      and in an immunoenzyme analysis system].
AB  - Newly developed serological methods for the detection of pili in the passive
      hemagglutination (PHA) test with the use of immunoglobulin erythrocytic
      diagnosticum and in the enzyme immunoassay (EIA) with the use of specific
      immunoglobulins labeled with horse radish peroxidase have been found to exceed
      the method of detecting pili, based on the determination of their
      hemagglutinating activity, in sensitivity and specificity. Besides, the PHA test
      and EIA have proved to be capable of detecting low molecular fragments of pili,
      obtained by sonication and having lost their hemagglutinating activity.

PMID- 2904201
TI  - [Physicochemical and biological characteristics of preparations of an antigenic
      complex isolated from the cultivation medium of Bordetella pertussis].
AB  - The physicochemical and biological properties of antigenic complexes isolated
      from the supernatant fluid of the culture medium of B. pertussis, strains 305 and
      475, were studied. The preparations obtained from both strains contained
      proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids and lipids. Electrophoresis in
      polyacrylamide gel revealed the presence of filamentous hemagglutinin, 4 subunits
      of B. pertussis toxin and agglutinogens in the antigenic complexes of both
      strains. The preparations of both strains possessed similar toxic properties and,
      after their detoxification, produced a pronounced protective effect.

PMID- 2904202
TI  - Nerve fibers showing immunoreactivities for thyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine
      beta-hydroxylase re-appear in the guinea pig uvea after sympathectomy.
AB  - After sympathectomy we have studied the re-appearance of nerve fibers showing
      catecholaminergic characteristics in the uvea of the guinea pig.
      Immunoreactivities for two catecholamine symthetizing enzymes, tyrosine
      hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH), were used as markers. Both
      TH-like and DBH-like immunoreactive nerve fibers disappeared after the
      extirpation of ipsilateral superior cervical ganglion. In the choroid the TH-like
      and DBH-like immunoreactive nerve fibers re-appeared within 2 weeks. In the iris
      and the ciliary body both of these types of immunoreactive nerve fibers re
      appeared 10 weeks after the denervation. The morphological appearance of these re
      appearing nerve fibers was not similar to those in the non-denervated uvea.

PMID- 2904203
TI  - Comparison of topical timolol vs betaxolol on cardiopulmonary exercise
      performance in healthy volunteers.
AB  - The effects of topical timolol vs betaxolol on cardiopulmonary exercise
      performance were studied in a randomised double-masked fashion in 12 healthy male
      volunteers. Cardiopulmonary parameters were evaluated at the anaerobic threshold
      and at peak exercise. Intraocular pressure was determined before and after
      treatment by applanation tonometry. No differences were found in aerobic or peak
      exercise capacity. Maximal heart rate was slightly lower (P less than 0.05)
      following treatment with timolol compared with betaxolol. However, a
      correspondingly higher oxygen pulse (oxygen uptake/heart rate) compensated for
      this reduction and resulted in no difference in peak performance. At
      physiological work levels, it was not possible to demonstrate any influence of
      topical, selective or non-selective, beta-adrenergic blockade on cardiopulmonary
      exercise performance in these healthy volunteers.

PMID- 2904204
TI  - The role of hypothalamic hormones in the control of growth hormone secretion and
      of growth.
AB  - GHRH and somatostatin have major integrative roles in the control of GH
      secretion. Alterations in the secretion of each hypothalamic hormone have
      profound effects on GH secretion. On the basis of current information, it appears
      that disturbances in GHRH secretion provide a most convincing argument for the
      pathophysiological role of this hypothalamic hormone in clinically recognized
      disorders of GH secretion. Thus, the potential use of GHRH and its agonists and
      antagonists in the treatment of patients with both deficient and excessive GH
      secretion is based on a solid framework of physiological and pathophysiological
      studies.

PMID- 2904205
TI  - [Effects of methyl-4-ethyl-6,7-dimethoxy-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate on the
      release of monoamine neurotransmitters from rat brain slices].

PMID- 2904206
TI  - Selective alpha-adrenoceptor blocking action of melperone.

PMID- 2904207
TI  - Acupuncture treatment for duodenal ulcer.
AB  - The effect of acupuncture therapy for duodenal ulcer was investigated in 21 male
      and female patients. The diagnosis and healing were verified by gastroscopy. It
      was found that the needle therapy for 3 weeks led to complete recovery in 76
      percent of the patients. Diet, alcohol and cigarette abstinency were necessary
      for healing. Cuti-visceral reflex activation eliciting the improvement of the
      secretory and motor function of the gastrointestinal tract and effects in the CNS
      leading to analgesia and tranquilization may play a role in the mechanism of
      action. Our conclusion is that acupuncture can be satisfactory method to cure
      duodenal ulcer.

PMID- 2904208
TI  - Laser photobiostimulation-induced hypoalgesia in rats is not naloxone reversible.
AB  - Laser photobiostimulation (LPBS) at the pulsing frequency of 4 Hz applied to the
      low resistance point located at the base of the tail of the rat, (Governing
      Vessel Meridian 1), produced a hypoalgesic effect, measured by tail-flick and hot
      plate techniques. Pre-treatment with low dose naloxone (2 mg/kg) did not reverse
      the hypoalgesic effect of LPBS. High dose naloxone (20 mg/kg) reversed only
      partially, but significantly, the hypoalgesic effect of LPBS measured by hot
      plate, but not that measured by the tail-flick technique. These data suggest that
      mechanisms other than endogenous opioids may be involved in LPBS-induced
      hypoalgesia.

PMID- 2904209
TI  - Quantitative analysis of bioelectrical potentials for the diagnosis of internal
      organ pathology and theoretical speculations concerning electrical circulation in
      the organism.
AB  - Over 900 experiments on dogs and 135 clinical investigations of healthy people
      and patients of psychiatric and cardiological departments were performed. With
      the aid of a 8-channel biopotential amplifier and integrator, bioelectrical
      potential (BEP) directly from internal organs or from various skin zones were
      recorded. The quantitative parameters of the BEP--their square values and the sum
      of the square values of BEP recorded simultaneously from several points of the
      organism--were measured. The effect of low (1 Hz) and high (28 GHz) frequency
      electrical stimulation was studied. The stimulation of spleen, liver, stomach,
      small intestine and corresponding acupuncture points had the greatest effect on
      the quantitative parameters of the BEP in stomach and small intestine. During
      patient investigation, the most remarkable changes of the studied parameters were
      noticed in the BEP recorded from the acupuncture points of the affected internal
      organ meridians. The existence of the common points between Eastern medicine and
      Western science are discussed. The analysis of the BEP quantitative parameters
      proves the existence of electrophysiological equilibrium parameters in the
      organism--bioelectrical homeostasis. The possible theories of electrical
      circulation in the organism and their relations with traditional acupuncture
      theoretical concepts are also discussed.

PMID- 2904210
TI  - Microbial infection or trauma at cardiovascular representation area of medulla
      oblongata as some of the possible causes of hypertension or hypotension.
AB  - The author found that the onset of hypertension or hypotension is relatively
      often associated with infections or development of so-called "sneezing due to
      allergy to pollen or dust," with or without headache, or due to trauma to the
      occipital area of the head. Using the "Bi-Digital O-ring Test," it was possible
      to demonstrate that, among bacterial and viral infections, the most common cause
      of infection associated with the appearance of hypertension is chlamydia, herpes
      simplex virus, cytomegalovirus, or Epstein-Barr virus. Particularly chlamydia
      and/or herpes simplex virus, with or without coexistence of other microbes, is
      usually present at the heart representation area of the medulla oblongata,
      especially at the left ventricular representation area, often accompanied by
      upper respiratory infection, cephalic, cervical or facial pain, with or without
      coexisting genito-urinary infection. The left ventricular representation area of
      the medulla oblongata is usually located at the right side. In most hypertensive
      patients, the left ventricular representation area of the medulla oblongata is
      enlarged up to 3 or 4 times normal size. Sufficient antibiotic treatment of
      chlamydia with erythromycin sometimes eliminated severe hypertension which
      appeared after chlamydia infection. In the presence of viral infections, such as
      herpes simplex, which is also causing severe pain in the head or neck, oral
      administration of acyclovir, erythromycin, or EPA (Eicosa Pentaenoic acid)-DHA
      (docosa hexaenoic acid) Omega 3 fish oil often reduced associated intractable
      pain and hypertension toward the normal level. Thus, the author is proposing new
      possible mechanisms as among the causes of so-called essential hypertension as a
      result of microbial infection or trauma of the cardiovascular representation
      area, particularly that of the left ventricular representation area at the right
      side of the medulla oblongata.

PMID- 2904211
TI  - The role of trigeminal nerve in acupuncture.
AB  - The purpose of this work is to expose the topographoanatomical and functional
      aspects of trigeminal nerve (TN) on the view of somatotopic representation of
      acupuncture microsystems, the interaction among the central nervous system, the
      endocrine system and the immune system via the endorphins and enkephalins. In
      order to establish the structural and functional relationships between the TN,
      acupuncture points and zones on the head and neck regions; the following has been
      done: 1) Identification of number of acupuncture points and zones, comparing with
      other localization; 2) the analysis of volume of diagnostic and therapeutic
      indications of about 20,000 patients treating and 662 patients operated by
      acupuncture; and 3) the analysis of sensory somatotopic cortical representation
      of the TN. Our research confirmed the role of TN in acupuncture microsystems and
      we expect it to play this role in the future also.

PMID- 2904212
TI  - Relationship between acupuncture-induced immunity and the regulation of central
      neurotransmitters in the rabbit: I. Effect of central catecholaminergic neurons
      in regulating acupuncture-induced immune function.
AB  - The central catecholaminergic neurons play an important role in the promotion of
      the T-lymphocyte transformation and the regulation of the positive rate of acid a
      naphthylacetate esterase (ANAE) activity with acupuncture. The mechanism by which
      acupuncture promotes the T-lymphocyte transformation function may be principally
      by promoting the anabolism of the T-lymphocyte and speeding up the anabolism of
      the DNA. Judging from the fact that acupuncture increases the positive rate of
      ANAE, it can be assumed that the quantity of T-lymphocyte was increased markedly.
      It remains to be clarified what links exist through which the central
      catecholaminergic neurons can influence the acupuncture induced immunity, and
      what the effect of other transmitter neurons of the central nervous system are on
      acupuncture induced immunity.

PMID- 2904213
TI  - Studies on the enhanced effect of acupuncture analgesia and acupuncture
      anesthesia by D-phenylalanine (first report)--effect on pain threshold and
      inhibition by naloxone.
AB  - It has been claimed that the mechanism of acupuncture analgesia can be explained
      in part by endogenous opioids. If so, it might be possible to enhance the
      analgesic effect of acupuncture by the administration of endorphins. If D
      phenylalanine (DPA), an inhibitor of the endorphin degrading enzyme, is
      administered, the analgesic effect of acupuncture should be prolonged due to the
      increased level of endorphins. From the changes of the pain threshold (PT), we
      investigated whether or not the pre-administration of DPA can enhance the
      analgesic effect of acupuncture in humans. In addition, we examined the
      inhibitory effect of naloxone. 1) In all five subjects whose PT was raised after
      acupuncture anesthesia (respondents), the rise in PT was significantly prolonged
      by DPA. 2) Out of 10 subjects whose PT remained almost unchanged after
      acupuncture anesthesia (non-respondents), the PT was increased by DPA in 5 cases.
      3) The rise in PT was most prominent when DPA was administered 30 minutes before
      the start of acupuncture anesthesia. 4) In all 4 respondents in whom the rise in
      PT persisted after DPA and acupuncture anesthesia, their raised PT dropped after
      the intravenous injection of naloxone (10 mg). 5) These findings show that DPA
      enhances the analgesic effect of acupuncture by the "endorphin mechanism."

PMID- 2904215
TI  - When not to use ipecac.

PMID- 2904214
TI  - Effect of low power laser irradiation on nociceptive cells in Hirudo medicinalis.
AB  - The effect of low power Helium-Neon (He-Ne) and Gallium-Arsenide (Ga-As) laser on
      the nociceptors in Hirudo medicinalis was studied. The results show that low
      power laser irradiation does not: affect the membrane potential or the
      excitability of the nociceptive neurons, affect the mechanical pressure required
      to activate the nociceptors or their action potentials. The results indicate that
      the analgesic effects reported in humans with "laser-acupuncture" with similar
      modes of low power laser are likely not explained by effects on nervous tissue.

PMID- 2904216
TI  - Systemic and coronary hemodynamic and neurohumoral effects of levodopa in chronic
      congestive heart failure.
AB  - Systemic and neurohumoral effects of oral levodopa were evaluated in 17 patients
      with severe chronic heart failure. The maximum mean dopamine level achieved after
      1.5 g of oral levodopa was 19.6 +/- 16.4 ng/ml. At peak dopamine level, cardiac
      index increased by 14% from baseline (1.95 +/- 0.55 to 2.27 +/- 0.45
      liters/min/m2, p less than 0.05), stroke volume index increased by 14% (22.4 +/-
      6.0 to 25.9 +/- 5.8 ml/min/m2, p less than 0.01). There was a trend toward
      reduced systemic vascular resistance of 13% (1,773 +/- 769 to 1,535 +/- 432
      dynes.s.cm-5, p = 0.08). There was no significant change from baseline in heart
      rate, mean arterial pressure, right atrial pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge
      pressure, pulmonary vascular resistance and rate-pressure product. In addition,
      as the arterial dopamine level increased there was a concomitant decrease in
      plasma norepinephrine level that was sustained for the period of observation. In
      a subgroup of 8 patients, there was no change in coronary sinus blood flow,
      myocardial oxygen consumption, myocardial oxygen extraction, lactate extraction
      and transmyocardial release of catecholamines after levodopa. These findings
      suggest that oral levodopa, 1.5 g, can improve left ventricular function without
      adversely affecting myocardial energetics and catecholamine balance.

PMID- 2904217
TI  - Increased cytosol aminopeptidase and lactate dehydrogenase in serum originating
      from lymphocytes in measles and rubella infection.
AB  - We determined cytosol aminopeptidase (c-AP; EC 3.4.11.1) and lactate
      dehydrogenase (LDH) levels in serum; these enzymes are known to originate from
      lymphocytes in patients with measles and rubella. In patients with measles (n =
      19), both enzyme levels increased markedly with the onset of rash: mean (+/- SD)
      c-AP was 269.7 +/- 103.5 U/L and LDH was 1149.5 +/- 255.2 U/L. In patients with
      rubella, activities of both enzymes increased mildly: c-AP (n = 18) was 81.6 +/-
      24.4 U/L and LDH (n = 13) was 674.0 +/- 168.8 U/L. Increased c-AP and LDH levels
      in patients with measles and rubella presumably originate from the destruction of
      infected, activated lymphocytes, especially T lymphocytes.

PMID- 2904218
TI  - Do anticholinergics interact with histamine H2 receptor antagonists on night
      intragastric acidity in active duodenal ulcer patients?
AB  - The effect of administering low doses of famotidine or ranitidine alone or in
      combination with an M1-receptor-selective antagonist, pirenzepine, on night
      intragastric acidity was evaluated in 16 active duodenal ulcer patients to verify
      1) whether anticholinergics and H2-antagonists have a synergic effect on
      inhibition of night gastric acidity, and 2) whether patients with vagal hypertone
      are more sensitive to anticholinergics than the remainder of the duodenal ulcer
      population. The endogastric pH was continuously recorded for 12 h (8 PM-8 AM)
      after random, single-blind administration of one of the following drug regimens:
      20 mg famotidine, 150 mg ranitidine, 50 mg pirenzepine, 20 mg famotidine plus 50
      mg pirenzepine, and 150 mg ranitidine plus 50 mg pirenzepine. Six patients with a
      basal acid output:peak acid output BAO:PAO greater than 0.3 were considered
      "vagal hypertone" subjects. Night gastric acidity inhibition was -39.6% with
      pirenzepine (p less than 0.001) and -73.7% and -71.5% with famotidine or
      ranitidine (p less than 0.001 vs. pirenzepine). The simultaneous administration
      of pirenzepine with famotidine or ranitidine provoked only a slight,
      insignificant increase in percent suppression, 5.1% and 6.3%, respectively, and
      did not modify either the time lag to onset of anti-H2 action or the duration of
      action. Patients with a BAO:PAO greater than 0.3 were not more sensitive to
      anticholinergic treatment than other duodenal ulcer patients. Our study furnishes
      evidence that combined administration of anti-H2 and anticholinergics is not
      significantly better than anti-H2 alone, in active duodenal ulcer patients.

PMID- 2904219
TI  - Response to "H2-receptor antagonists and duodenal ulcer recurrence".

PMID- 2904220
TI  - New approach for isolation of VNTR markers.
AB  - Elsewhere we have reported an efficient method for isolating VNTR (Variable
      Number of Tandem Repeats) markers. Several of the VNTR markers isolated in those
      experiments were sequenced, and a DNA sequence of 9 bp (GNNGTGGG) emerged as an
      apparent consensus sequence for VNTR markers. To confirm this result and to
      develop more VNTR markers, we synthesized nine different 18-base-long
      oligonucleotides whose sequences each included GNNGTGGG. When 102 cosmid clones
      selected by these oligonucleotides were tested for polymorphism, 34 (33%) of them
      showed multiallelic VNTR polymorphisms (average heterozygosity 68%). This
      procedure represents a new and efficient approach for isolating additional VNTR
      markers and supports the idea that the GNNGTGGG sequence may play an important
      role in the generation of the multiallelic systems within the human genome.

PMID- 2904221
TI  - Clinical and molecular heterogeneity of phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiencies in
      France.
AB  - RFLPs of 68 normal and 74 mutant alleles at the phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH)
      locus were determined in 37 French kindreds. A total of 23 haplotypes, including
      18 normal and 16 mutant alleles, were observed. Two-thirds of all mutant alleles
      were confined within only four haplotypes, while the last third was accounted for
      by 12 haplotypes, including eight haplotypes absent from Caucasian pedigrees
      reported thus far. Several mutant haplotypes were present in typical
      phenylketonuria only, others were present in variants only, and some were present
      in both. In addition, a particular mutant haplotype (haplotype 2) was found to
      harbor different mutations in our series, resulting in either typical
      phenylketonuria or in mild hyperphenylalaninemias. The diploid combination of so
      many mutant haplotypes in PAH-deficient patients and of compound heterozygosity
      at the PAH locus in southern Europe might account for the broad spectrum of
      individual phenotypes observed in France.

PMID- 2904222
TI  - HLA-DR typing "at the DNA level": RFLPs and subtypes detected with a DR beta cDNA
      probe.
AB  - The HLA-DR beta gene, used as a hybridization probe, detects RFLPs that correlate
      with HLA-DR specificities. Using genomic DNA from more than 200 individuals, we
      have carried out a population study with a cDNA probe for the DR beta chain,
      which, under appropriate conditions, does not cross-hybridize with genes from
      other HLA-D subregions (e.g., DP and DQ). We first assessed the correspondence
      between serologically defined HLA-DR types and DNA patterns obtained after
      digestion with TaqI and found that DNA patterns allowed us to identify most
      specificities. Only two pairs of antigens are not distinguishable: with the DR
      beta probe alone we cannot distinguish DR3 from DRw6 or DR7 from DRw9. However,
      the correct assignment can always be made for the first pair by hybridizing the
      same digests with a DQ alpha or DQ beta probe. Thus DR typing from the DNA
      patterns is practical and accurate. We also looked for serologically undetectable
      subtypes. RFLPs revealed high-frequency subtypes for the specificities DR 2, 3,
      5, w6, 7, and w9. Some of these are more accurately viewed as variant haplotypes,
      since the relevant variation is probably not at the DR beta locus that determines
      the serological specificities but rather at other closely linked and highly
      homologous DR beta loci such as DR beta-III. Nevertheless, the existence of
      variant haplotypes for so many specificities indicates a wealth of polymorphic
      variation beyond that detected serologically and provides more specific markers
      for studies of various diseases associated with HLA-DR specificities.

PMID- 2904223
TI  - DNA haplotyping of PI Z and M alleles within the German population.

PMID- 2904224
TI  - Impotence in diabetic men.
AB  - Studies relating to pathogenetic mechanisms resulting in impotence in diabetic
      subjects have been reviewed. Erectile dysfunction was reported to occur in 50 to
      75 percent of diabetic patients and the prevalence appeared to increase with age.
      Contributions of vascular, endocrine, and neurologic system alterations result in
      this disturbing condition, but a detailed analysis of all the parameters was not
      found in any individual study. In our review of 301 veterans presenting to a
      sexual dysfunction clinic, the clinical and hormonal alterations in the diabetic
      patients closely resemble those seen in nondiabetic impotent subjects.
      Atherosclerotic vascular changes play an important predisposing role in the
      development of impotence. A difference exists between the prevalences of
      associated medical conditions in diabetic patients taking insulin, compared with
      those receiving oral agents or receiving dietary management. The high prevalence
      of impotence in diabetic patients seems to be due to the high prevalence of its
      vascular complications. Considering the availability of useful therapeutic
      approaches, it is mandatory to evaluate all diabetic men for the presence of
      impotence.

PMID- 2904225
TI  - Adult T-cell leukemia associated with HTLV-I and simultaneous infection by human
      immunodeficiency virus type 2 and human herpesvirus 6 in an African woman: a
      clinical, virologic, and familial serologic study.

PMID- 2904226
TI  - Protracted neuroleptic malignant syndrome complicating long-acting neuroleptic
      administration.

PMID- 2904228
TI  - Issues of treatment efficacy in legal proceedings.

PMID- 2904227
TI  - Critical review of liability for benzodiazepine abuse among alcoholics.
AB  - The authors critically reviewed the literature on benzodiazepine use among
      alcoholics, psychiatric patients, and the general population to determine whether
      alcoholics have a greater liability for benzodiazepine abuse. Data suggest that
      the prevalence of benzodiazepine use among alcoholics is greater than in the
      general population but comparable to the prevalence in psychiatric patients. The
      liability for abuse may also be greater for alcoholics, but the substantial
      methodologic deficiencies of existing studies preclude such a conclusion. Given
      the frequency of anxiety disorders and benzodiazepine use among alcoholics, their
      potential for benzodiazepine abuse is an important issue. The authors discuss
      clinical guidelines and strategies for future research.

PMID- 2904229
TI  - Amebic liver abscess and circulating immune complexes of Entamoeba histolytica
      proteins.
AB  - An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been developed to detect amebic
      antigen in polyethylene-glycol-precipitable circulating immune complexes. Seventy
      nine percent of 191 patients with amebic liver abscesses and 46% of 26 Entamoeba
      histolytica cyst passers had positive tests. None of the samples from 43
      apparently healthy controls, 8 patients with past amebic liver abscesses or 31
      patients with Giardia lamblia infections were positive. One patient out of 32
      with viral hepatitis and 1 patient out of 27 with intestinal tuberculosis had
      positive tests.

PMID- 2904230
TI  - [2 forms of antigamete immunity in infertility of inflammatory origin and the
      level of regulatory T-lymphocytes].

PMID- 2904231
TI  - Hormonal regulation of rat testicular gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase "in vivo" and
      "in vitro".
AB  - The hormonal regulation of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GTP), an enzyme
      marker of Sertoli cells, was studied in immature rats that received 50
      micrograms/day of testosterone propionate (TP) during 6 days to suppress
      pituitary LH and FSH. Suppression of LH was monitored indirectly by the
      determination of intratesticular levels of testosterone and suppression of FSH by
      radioimmunoassay of serum FSH. Enzyme activity in the testis decreased in
      parallel to intratesticular testosterone suppression, and it did recover up to
      control values when animals received 500 micrograms/day of TP, a dose that was
      able to maintain intratesticular testosterone at normal levels. beta
      glucuronidase, another enzyme marker of Sertoli cells, was not affected by these
      treatments. A significant decrease in gamma-GTP was detected 24h after
      significant suppression of intratesticular testosterone and it returned to
      control levels 2 days after increasing the dose of TP to 500 micrograms/day.
      Administration of FSH to rats with depletion of intratesticular testosterone was
      able to maintain testicular gamma-GTP at control levels. An stimulatory action of
      FSH could also be demonstrated in primary Sertoli cell cultures. It is concluded
      that testicular gamma-GTP is under the regulation of both androgens and FSH while
      beta-glucuronidase is not. Eventhough the function of gamma-GTP in the testis is
      not known, the key role that it plays in other tissues suggests that it might be
      important in the regulation of Sertoli cell-germ cell interactions.

PMID- 2904232
TI  - Pharmacodynamics of vecuronium and atracurium in the obese surgical patient.
AB  - The effect of obesity on the duration of action of the nondepolarizing muscle
      relaxants atracurium and vecuronium was studied in 28 neurosurgical patients. In
      obese patients given vecuronium (0.1 mg/kg), the time to go from 5 to 25% of
      recovery of twitch response was statistically significantly longer (14.6 +/- 7
      minutes, mean +/- SD) than it was in nonobese control patients (6.9 +/- 2
      minutes). Similarly, with vecuronium times for recovery from 25 to 75% were
      longer (33 +/- 15 minutes) in obese patients than in control patients (13.2 +/- 2
      minutes), as was time to 75% recovery, 82 +/- 30 minutes in obese patients, 50 +/
      9 minutes in controls. In contrast, obese patients given atracurium (0.5 mg/kg)
      exhibited no difference in recovery indexes or recovery times when compared to
      control patients of normal weight. The prolonged duration of action of vecuronium
      in obese patients is most likely related to impaired hepatic clearance and/or an
      overdose effect with recovery occurring during the distribution phase. That the
      duration of action of atracurium is not prolonged in the obese is believed due to
      this relaxant's not depending on organ function for elimination.

PMID- 2904233
TI  - The effect of maintenance dose vecuronium on pre-established metocurine- or
      vecuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade.

PMID- 2904234
TI  - An alternative method of paralysis for rapid-sequence induction.

PMID- 2904235
TI  - Periarteritis with intra-abdominal bleeding.

PMID- 2904236
TI  - Effect of nipradilol, a new beta-blocker, on leukotriene D4-induced contraction
      in guinea pig tracheal smooth muscle.
AB  - The relaxant effect on smooth muscle of nitro compounds is suggested to be linked
      with the increase in the tissue level of cyclic GMP by activating guanylate
      cyclase. In this study, we investigated the effects of nipradilol, a new beta
      blocker, which has NO2 residue in the molecular structure, and isosorbide
      dinitrate (ISDN) on guinea pig tracheal smooth muscle in comparison with the
      effect of propranolol. Nipradilol and ISDN showed dose-dependent relaxant effects
      on leukotriene (LT) D4-induced contraction of tracheal smooth muscle, though
      propranolol had no effect. 8-Bromo-cyclic GMP also showed a relaxant effect dose
      dependently. Nipradilol and ISDN elevated cyclic GMP levels in tracheal tissue
      dose dependently; however, propranolol caused no change in cyclic GMP levels.
      From these results, it is suggested that nipradilol relaxes LTD4-induced
      contraction of tracheal smooth muscle by increasing the tissue level of cyclic
      GMP.

PMID- 2904237
TI  - Five-year follow-up of a clinical trial of three 6-month regimens of chemotherapy
      given intermittently in the continuation phase in the treatment of pulmonary
      tuberculosis. Singapore Tuberculosis Service/British Medical Research Council.
AB  - In a study in Singapore, patients of Chinese, Malay, and Indian ethnic origin
      with sputum-smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis were allocated at random to
      daily treatment with streptomycin, isoniazid, rifampin, and pyrazinamide for 2
      months (2SHRZ), for 1 month (1SHRZ), or for 2 months without streptomycin (2HRZ),
      followed, for all patients, by 3-times-weekly isoniazid and rifampin (H3 R3) up
      to 6 months. As previously reported, all except 1 of 319 patients with drug
      susceptible tubercle bacilli pretreatment had a favorable bacteriologic status at
      the end of chemotherapy, and among the 300 patients assessed up to 30 months (24
      months after the end of chemotherapy), there was only 1 bacteriologic relapse in
      each series, giving an overall therapeutic failure rate of only 1.3%. Follow-up
      has been continued at 6-month intervals up to 5 yr. During the 5 yr, the total
      relapse rate for patients with drug-susceptible strains pretreatment was 2.4% of
      297 patients (95% confidence limits, 1.0 to 4.8%). Among the 31 patients with
      strains resistant to isoniazid, streptomycin, or both drugs pretreatment, there
      were no failures during chemotherapy and 4 (13%) subsequent relapses.

PMID- 2904238
TI  - [The inhibition of action. Interdisciplinary approach of its mechanisms and
      physiopathology].
AB  - The author recalls his group's work during the three past decades and how,
      starting from the study of traumatic states, he established the distinction
      between shock and stress, physiologically and biologically speaking. According to
      him, stress supposes a memory process, i.e. the learning of the inefficiency of
      action in controlling the environmental characteristics. This learning involves
      cerebral areas and nerve tracks which, as behavioural consequences produce action
      inhibition. In the neurophysiological field, he underlines the importance, for
      these mechanisms, of the cortex, dorsal Ammon's horn, lateral tonsil and
      subthalamic nucleus. He shows why it seems obvious that the mediators of the
      action inhibiting system are acetylcholine and serotonin. He also recalls the
      many experimental facts which allow to say that the action inhibiting system is
      responsible for the release of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal-adrenocortical
      reaction and of the peripheric sympathetic adrenergic reaction to aggression. He
      finally shows the function of these two systems where the main pathological
      accidents originate. He also stresses the discovery and the introduction in the
      therapeutical paraphernalia of a new molecule minaprine, which he considers as
      inhibiting action inhibition, and as such, as an indirect anti-depressive drug.
      The pathology, which is said psychosomatic, thus becomes a pathology of action
      inhibition, where unconscious memory of past interdictions and failures, relates
      the subject and his present reaction to environment, to his whole psycho-social
      past.

PMID- 2904239
TI  - [Digital necroses induced by beta-blockers].

PMID- 2904240
TI  - In vivo metabolism of nitrogen precursors for urea synthesis in the postprandial
      rat.
AB  - (1) Adult postprandial rats were given a continuous, intravenous infusion of 15N
      labelled glutamate, alanine, ammonium chloride and glutamine amide for 6 h. The
      enrichment in the free hepatic pool was measured for ammonia, glutamine amide,
      urea, aspartate, glutamate and alanine. (2) Glutamine and glutamate supplied
      significantly more nitrogen to urea than ammonium chloride or alanine. (3)
      Glutamate was not a significant source of hepatic ammonia, hence in this
      situation it is not necessary to impute a major role to glutamate dehydrogenase
      in hepatic ammoniagenesis for urea synthesis. (4) Glutamine and ammonia, mostly
      of intestinal origin in the postprandial state, were major precursors of hepatic
      ammonia. (5) The nitrogen of glutamate and alanine moved to urea primarily
      through aspartic acid.

PMID- 2904241
TI  - Reduction of side effects of specific immunotherapy by premedication with
      antihistaminics and reduction of maximal dosage to 50.000 SQ-U/ml.

PMID- 2904242
TI  - Physiological regulation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase gene expression: effects of
      diet, diabetes, and lactation on acetyl-CoA carboxylase mRNA.
AB  - We measured acetyl-CoA carboxylase mRNA levels in various tissues of the rat
      under different nutritional and hormonal states using a cDNA probe. We surveyed
      physiological conditions which are known to alter carboxylase activity, and thus
      fatty acid synthesis, to determine whether changes in the levels of carboxylase
      mRNA are involved. The present studies include the effects of fasting and
      refeeding, diabetes and insulin, and lactation on carboxylase mRNA levels.
      Northern blot analysis of liver RNA revealed that fasting followed by refeeding
      animals a fat-free (high carbohydrate) diet dramatically increased the amount of
      carboxylase mRNA compared to the fasted condition. These changes in the level of
      mRNA correspond to changes in the activity and amount of acetyl-CoA carboxylase.
      Acetyl-CoA carboxylase mRNA levels in epididymal fat tissue decreased upon
      fasting and increased to virtually normal levels after 72 h of refeeding, closely
      resembling the liver response. The amount of acetyl-CoA carboxylase mRNA
      decreased markedly in epididymal fat tissue of diabetic rats as compared to
      nondiabetic animals. However, 6 h after injection of insulin the mRNA level
      returned to that of the nondiabetic animals. Gestation and lactation also
      affected the levels of carboxylase mRNA in both liver and mammary gland. Maximum
      induction in both tissues occurred 5 days postpartum. These studies suggest that
      these diverse physiological conditions affect fatty acid synthesis in part by
      altering acetyl-CoA carboxylase gene expression.

PMID- 2904243
TI  - [Recent progress in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma study in Japan].
AB  - Great progress has been made in clinical research on non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
      during the last 15 years. Surface marker and DNA analyses of immunoglobulin and T
      cell receptor genes are essential for new classification of the disease according
      to the cellular origin of tumor cells. This approach resulted in the
      establishment of new disease entities such as adult T-cell
      leukemia/lymphoma(ATL), immunoblastic lymphoadenopathy (IBL)-like T-cell
      lymphoma, and the pleural B-lymphoma occurring in long-standing pyothorax. New
      retrovirus, HTLV-I, was found during studies on ATL. Prevention of HTLV-I
      infection is an important project. HTLV-I negative ATL was also found and is of
      particular interest in understanding leukemogenesis of ATL. An oncogen such as
      bcl-2 is important for characterization of follicular lymphoma. Prognostic
      factors of patients with T-lymphoma are completely different from those of B
      lymphoma. Risk grouping by combination of major prognostic factors is useful for
      the selection of the best treatment modality and the accurate estimation of
      prognosis of patients at initial presentation. The effect of combination
      chemotherapy should be evaluated separately between T- and B-lymphomas because of
      the difference in response rate and prognostic factors.

PMID- 2904244
TI  - Plasma testosterone in preterm infants with cryptorchidism.
AB  - Cryptorchidism is common in infants born preterm, yet the mechanism for its
      occurrence is still debated. In a study of 21 premature babies with
      cryptorchidism at 18 months post-term and 21 case matched controls, cryptorchid
      preterm infants failed to show the normal rise in plasma testosterone in the
      first postnatal week. This rise is thought to relate to residual maternal human
      chorionic gonadotrophin in the neonatal circulation. Infants with cryptorchidism
      also failed to show the later testosterone surge in the second month which has
      been related to endogenous gonadotrophin release. We speculate that inadequate
      stimulation of testosterone release by human chorionic gonadotrophin in the fetus
      might contribute to the pathogenesis of cryptorchidism in preterm infants. Our
      findings have implications for the medical treatment or possible prophylaxis of
      undescended testes in premature babies.

PMID- 2904245
TI  - Plasma concentrations of gastrin and somatostatin after breast feeding in 4 day
      old infants.
AB  - The plasma concentrations of gastrin and somatostatin were measured by
      radioimmunoassay before and after breast feeding in healthy 4 day old infants who
      had been born at full term. The mean (SD) concentrations of gastrin and
      somatostatin before breast feeding were 120 (30) pmol/l and 35 (12) pmol/l,
      respectively. Breast feeding in these infants was not followed by increased
      concentrations of gastrin and somatostatin in peripheral blood. High preprandial
      peptide concentrations, as seen during the neonatal period may limit the further
      release of peptide after feeding.

PMID- 2904246
TI  - Reticulospinal neurons in lamprey: transmitters, synaptic interactions and their
      role during locomotion.

PMID- 2904247
TI  - [2 benzoylquinoxaline metabolites of chlordiazepoxide (Librium)].

PMID- 2904248
TI  - Prescribing of psychotropic medication by primary care physicians and
      psychiatrists.
AB  - This study investigates the prescribing of psychotropic medications by primary
      care physicians and psychiatrists using the National Ambulatory Medical Care
      Survey database. Results indicate that primary care practitioners provide a
      larger percentage of psychotropic drug visits than psychiatrists in every
      psychotropic class except for those patients prescribed lithium. In addition, the
      two provider groups differed in the relative proportions of the classes of
      psychotropic drugs prescribed. Primary care physicians prescribed anxiolytics
      most frequently, while psychiatrists prescribed antidepressants most often.
      Finally, in all therapeutic classes, when a psychotropic medication was
      prescribed, psychiatrists typically provided a mental health diagnosis, while
      primary care physicians did not.

PMID- 2904249
TI  - Ferrihaemoglobin formation by amyl nitrite and sodium nitrite in different
      species in vivo and in vitro.
AB  - The ferrihaemoglobin (HbFe3+) formation by amyl nitrite (AN) or sodium nitrite
      (NaNO2) was studied in different species including man, in vivo and in vitro. In
      in vivo studies AN was administered intravenously (i.v.), intramuscularly (i.m.),
      by inhalation, or orally. NaNO2 was injected i.v.. AN i.v. produced HbFe3+ much
      more rapidly than NaNO2 in dogs, cats, rabbits, and rats. In dogs, i.m. injection
      of AN was followed by a very slow linear increase in the HbFe3+ content.
      Inhalation of AN did not lead to HbFe3+ formation in dogs unless it was
      rebreathed in a closed (bag) or not completely open (gas mask) system. HbFe3+ was
      produced by oral AN in dogs, the effect being enhanced by addition of DMSO.
      Inhalation of AN by human volunteers in a gas mask and from ampoules crushed
      close to the nose did not induce haemoglobin oxidation to a practically
      significant extent, but it was associated with headache, tiredness, dizziness,
      and a fall in blood pressure. In in vitro studies, in contrast to NaNO2, AN
      produced HbFe3+ instantaneously in erythrocytes of various species and in
      purified human haemoglobin. AN 1 mol yielded 2 mol Fe3+. Only 20% of the oxygen
      released during the oxidation of haemoglobin by AN or NaNO2 was recovered. In 0.2
      M phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, 0.01 mol O2/mol AN was consumed. CO2 was released in
      the presence of AN, but not of NaNO2, from blood, plasma, and 0.02 M NaHCO3
      solution. The ratio (lactate)/(pyruvate) decreased when HbFe3+ was formed by AN
      or NaNO2.

PMID- 2904250
TI  - Effects of amyl nitrite on circulation, respiration and blood homoeostasis in
      cyanide poisoning.
AB  - The effects of intravenously (i.v.) administered or inhaled amyl nitrite (AN)
      were followed under chloralose anaesthesia in intact and cyanide-poisoned,
      spontaneously breathing beagles. The i.v. doses of AN were 0.03 and 0.15 mmol/kg
      and the i.v. dose of KCN was 0.06 mmol/kg. AN was inhaled in a closed system at
      0.15 mmol/kg without previous poisoning and, in addition, at 0.074 mmol/kg (two
      ampoules at 0.3 ml AN) during artificial ventilation after poisoning with 0.045
      mmol KCN/kg i.v.. Mean arterial pressure decreased by 15 and 40 mmHg,
      respectively, after i.v. injection of AN, associated with bradycardia and lowered
      peripheral blood flow. Respiratory minute volume rose by 65% with the higher
      dose. Arterial pO2 decreased by 20 mmHg while pCO2 rose by 6 mmHg. Within 30 min
      of injection, these changes were only partially reversible. Similar results were
      obtained following inhalation of AN in a closed system. Lactic acidosis and
      lowering of pH were produced by the i.v. route, but not by inhalation. Total
      haemoglobin increased. The lethality of KCN was abolished with AN doses that
      produced 10-30% ferrihaemoglobin. Artificial ventilation and simultaneous
      inhalation of AN after poisoning with lethal doses of KCN turned out to be
      ineffective therapeutic measures. The findings are compared with those of other
      papers dealing with cyanide poisoning and AN. It is pointed out that, for the
      present, there is no experimental proof for another antidotal mechanism of action
      of AN than ferrihaemoglobin formation.

PMID- 2904251
TI  - Identification of phenothiazine antihistamines and their metabolites in urine.
AB  - Identification of the phenothiazine antihistamines alimemazine, dimetotiazine,
      isothipendyl, mequitazine, oxomemazine, promethazine, thiethylperazine,
      triflupromazine and their metabolites in urine is described. After acid
      hydrolysis of the conjugates, extraction and acetylation the urine samples were
      analysed by computerized gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Using ion
      chromatography with the selective ions m/z 58, 72, 100, 114, 124, 128, 141, and
      199 the possible presence of phenothiazine antihistamines and/or their
      metabolites was indicated. The identity of positive signals in the reconstructed
      ion chromatograms was confirmed by a visual or computerized comparison of the
      stored full mass spectra with the reference spectra. The ion chromatograms,
      reference mass spectra and gas chromatographic retention indices (OV-101) are
      documented. The procedure presented is integrated in a general screening
      procedure (general unknown analysis) for several groups of drugs.

PMID- 2904252
TI  - Virus-specific proteins and RNAs from cells infected with hemorrhagic fever with
      renal syndrome (HFRS) viruses derived from endemic areas of the U.S.S.R.
AB  - Cell-associated proteins of rodent (CG-1820 strain) and human (K-27 and 360
      strains) hantaviruses isolated in the European endemic areas of the U.S.S.R. are
      antigenically similar as revealed by immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting
      assays. Nucleocapsid-associated RNAs of representative hantaviruses of four
      antigenic groups [Sugiyama et al. (1987) J Gen Virol 68: 979-987] have unique
      PAGE patterns. "Electropherotyping" of the RNAs isolated from infected cells
      might be used for identifying and distinguishing hantaviruses.

PMID- 2904253
TI  - Entry of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) into MT-2, human T cell leukemia
      virus carrier cell line.
AB  - The ultrastructural features of early events in human immunodeficiency virus
      (HIV) infection of HTLV-I-carrying MT-2 lymphocytes were investigated by electron
      microscopy. Within 10 min after virus inoculation at 37 degrees C, the virus
      entered the cell in two ways; (1) the virus attached to the lymphocyte membrane
      and the viral core entered the cell after fusion of the viral envelope with the
      cell membrane, and (2) part of the cell membrane to which the virus was attached
      became invaginated, the virus became trapped in a phagosome and the viral core
      entered after the fusion of viral membrane with the vacuolar membrane.
      Thereafter, some cells were observed to form syncytia with multiple nuclei. When
      the proportion of anti-HIV antibody-reactive cells present exceeded 90%, virus
      production was strongly activated, and budding on the cell membrane was
      frequently observed.

PMID- 2904254
TI  - Comparison by restriction fragment pattern analysis and molecular
      characterization of some European isolates of Suid herpesvirus 1: a contribution
      to strain differentiation of European isolates.
AB  - Eleven European isolates of Suid herpesvirus type 1 (SHV-1) were compared by
      restriction fragment pattern analyses and Southern blot hybridization using
      different genomic probes. The presence of strain discriminative 4 major genome
      types and several subtypes as well as the molecular distinctions between these
      were demonstrated. Evolutionary relationships between the different types are
      suggested on the basis of homologous restriction fragment length polymorphisms.

PMID- 2904255
TI  - Pvu II polymorphism of low density lipoprotein receptor gene and familial
      hypercholesterolemia. Study of Italians.
AB  - Familial hypercholesterolemia is a metabolic disorder inherited as an autosomal
      dominant trait characterized by an increased plasma low density lipoprotein (LDL)
      level. It has been demonstrated that the disease is caused by several different
      mutations in the LDL receptor gene. Although early identification of individuals
      carrying the defective gene could be useful in reducing the risk of
      atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction, the available techniques for
      determining the number of the functional LDL receptor molecules are not
      sufficiently accurate. The recent isolation of the LDL receptor gene now makes it
      possible to use restriction fragment length polymorphisms to study the
      inheritance of the defective allele in families with familial
      hypercholesterolemia. In the present study, we report the use of a Pvu II
      restriction fragment length polymorphism to follow the inheritance of familial
      hypercholesterolemia in a total of 79 patients from 37 different families. This
      restriction fragment length polymorphism allowed unequivocal diagnosis in 32.5%
      of the cases. Furthermore, in the Italians studied, the absence of a polymorphic
      Pvu II cutting site (P1 allele) was found to be strongly associated with familial
      hypercholesterolemia.

PMID- 2904256
TI  - Infectivity and virulence of Australian strains of Moraxella bovis for the murine
      and bovine eye in relation to pilus serogroup sub-unit size and degree of
      piliation.
AB  - The degree of piliation of 29 haemolytic and 4 non-haemolytic Australian strains
      of Moraxella bovis representing 7 different pilus antigen groups was determined.
      The infectivity and virulence for the eye was measured in steroid-treated mice
      and in cattle. Non-piliated strains failed to infect the murine eye. Most
      moderately or heavily piliated strains reproducibly produced the highest
      infectivity and virulence scores in mice when compared with lightly or very
      lightly piliated strains (p less than 0.05). Non-haemolytic, piliated strains
      were infective and in one instance virulent for mice. Almost similar levels of
      infectivity and virulence were observed for 7 representative haemolytic strains
      tested in both cattle and mice. The relative molecular weight of pilin sub-units
      was compared using sodium dodecyl-sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
      Three classes of pili, alpha, beta and gamma of ascending sub-unit size were
      identified among the 7 pilus antigen serogroups. Pilin sub-unit size bore no
      relationship to the degree of piliation but most strains that were highly
      virulent in mice and cattle expressed alpha and gamma sub-units. Some strains
      appeared capable of switching from alpha to beta or form beta to gamma sub-unit
      production.

PMID- 2904257
TI  - Vaccination against infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis: protective efficacy
      and antibody response induced by pili of homologous and heterologous strains of
      Moraxella bovis.
AB  - The protective effect of 2 Moraxella bovis pili vaccines against infectious
      bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) experimentally induced by homologous or
      heterologous strain challenge with virulent, haemolytic M. bovis strain, Dal 2d,
      was measured in trials using weaned calves aged 3 to 7 months. Purified pili
      vaccines were prepared from haemolytic strain Dal 2d, (pilus serogroup IV), and
      haemolytic strain Epp 63, (pilus serogroup III). Calves were challenged by
      conjunctival instillation of 1 x 10(9) colony forming units of virulent M. bovis
      strain Dal 2d 14 days after the second of 2 subcutaneous doses of vaccine. Each
      consisted of 200 micrograms of pili in alum-oil adjuvant administered at an
      interval of 21 days. In trial 1 the level of protection against challenge with
      the homologous strain was 46.7% (p less than 0.01). Small, rapidly resolving
      lesions of IBK occurred in some vaccinates compared with a larger proportion of
      severe lesions that required treatment in non-vaccinated calves (p less than
      0.025). In trial 2, the level of protection against IBK after exposure of
      vaccinates to the homologous Dal 2d strain was 72.7%, but no significant level of
      protection or reduction in the size and duration of lesions was apparent in
      similarly challenged calves vaccinated with Epp 63 pili when contrasted with
      susceptible, non-vaccinated controls. No marked reduction in the duration of
      infection with M. bovis Dal 2d following challenge resulted from vaccination with
      pili of either of the serogroups III or IV. Rising homologous serum IgG antibody
      titres to serogroups III and IV pili were recorded in response to vaccination
      with each antigen.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2904258
TI  - Enterotoxaemia in a foal due to Clostridium perfringens type A.

PMID- 2904259
TI  - Molecular characterization of the solubilized receptor of somatostatin from rat
      pancreatic acinar membranes.
AB  - The somatostatin receptors on rat pancreatic acinar membranes were demonstrated
      by use of a radioiodinated (125I-) analogue of somatostatin (SMS 204-090 or
      [Tyr3]SMS). The tracer was found to bind to the receptor with a Kd of 58 pM. The
      number of sites detected by this tracer (4.7 pmol/mg of protein) was 5-10 times
      higher than the number of sites previously found with other tracers. Since the
      level of non-specific binding was also very low as compared with findings with
      other tracers, 125I-204-090 might be of interest in future attempts to
      characterize the somatostatin receptors in the pancreas. The prelabelled
      membranes were solubilized with 1% CHAPS, and the solubilized complexes were
      found to adsorb to wheat-germ-agglutinin-coupled agarose, from which they could
      be eluted with 4 mM-triacetylchitotriose. The complexes within this eluate were
      shown by gel filtration on Trisacryl GF-2000 to have an Mr of about 400,000. The
      dissociation of the complexes was augmented both within the membranes as well as
      in the solubilized state by incubation with the GTP analogue guanosine 5'-[gamma
      thio]triphosphate, indicating that the complexes are probably functionally linked
      to a guanine-nucleotide-binding regulatory protein. After SDS/slab-gel
      electrophoresis and autoradiography of cross-linked complexes after treatment
      with the heterobifunctional reagent N-5-azido-2-nitrobenzoyloxysuccinimide, a
      broad band occurred at approximately Mr 90,000 both in the membranes and in the
      eluates of complexes after lectin-adsorption chromatography. We conclude that the
      augmentation of the number of detectable sites for binding of somatostatin, as
      well as the very low level of non-specific binding obtained by the use of 125I
      [Tyr3]SMS as tracer, has made it possible for us to demonstrate the
      solubilization of the somatostatin receptor in conjunction with its ligand and a
      GTP-binding regulatory protein, and we have succeeded in cross-linking 125I
      [Tyr3]SMS to a binding subunit of Mr 90,000 in the membranes and in demonstrating
      the presence of the same labelled binding subunit within complexes solubilized
      and chromatographed on a lectin column before cross-linking.

PMID- 2904260
TI  - Purification and characterization of CS2, a sialic acid-specific haemagglutinin
      of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli.
AB  - CS2 fimbriae of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli were purified and characterized.
      The surface haemagglutinins (fimbriae) were detached by sonication from a strain
      producing only the CS2 fimbriae. Isolation was carried out by gel filtration on a
      Sepharose 4B column. After depolymerization, the fimbriae subunits were purified
      on a Sephacryl S-300 column in 8.0 M-guanidinium chloride. From 1 litre of
      medium, 4-6 mg of purified fimbriae was obtained. We found that CS2 fimbriae were
      completely dissociated by saturated guanidinium chloride into subunits with a
      molecular mass of 16.5 kDa. CS2 fimbriae was sialic acid-specific, since sialic
      acids were the most potent inhibitors, and neuraminidase treatment of
      erythrocytes abolished haemagglutination. Both fimbriae and fimbrial subunits
      were found to bind to bovine erythrocytes. The binding of subunits to
      erythrocytes could be inhibited with low concentrations of sialyl-lactose.

PMID- 2904261
TI  - The effect of ketone bodies on alanine and glutamine metabolism in isolated
      skeletal muscle from the fasted chick.
AB  - The effects of ketone bodies on the metabolism of alanine and glutamine were
      studied in isolated extensor digitorum communis (EDC) muscles from 24 h-fasted
      chicks. (1) Acetoacetate and DL-beta-hydroxybutyrate (4 mM) markedly inhibit
      branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) transamination and alanine formation. (2) Ketone
      bodies (1 and 4 mM) increase the intracellular concentration and release of
      glutamate and glutamine, suggesting that inhibition of BCAA transamination does
      not limit intracellular availability of glutamate for alanine synthesis. (3)
      Ketone bodies (1 and 4 mM) do not affect glucose uptake by muscles, but decrease
      the rate of glycolysis as well as the intracellular concentration and release of
      pyruvate in muscles. (4) Addition of 12 mM-glucose increases the formation of
      alanine in muscles incubated in the absence of ketone bodies, but has no effect
      in muscles incubated in the presence of 4 mM ketone bodies. (5) Addition of 5 mM
      pyruvate to the media prevents the inhibiting effect of ketone bodies on BCAA
      transamination and alanine synthesis. These results suggest that ketone bodies
      decrease alanine synthesis by limiting the intracellular availability of
      pyruvate, owing to inhibition of glycolysis, and inhibit BCAA transamination by
      decreasing the intracellular concentration of amino-group acceptors such as
      pyruvate in EDC muscles from fasted chicks.

PMID- 2904263
TI  - Modeling of the homoeo domain suggests similar structure to repressors.
AB  - The sequences of the homoeo domain containing the three alpha-helices were
      modeled based on secondary structure prediction, sequence homologies and
      coordinates of known helix-turn-helix motif containing DNA-binding proteins. The
      model reveals very similar three dimensional structure to repressors and suggest
      binding to DNA with its helix 3.

PMID- 2904262
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding the GMP reductase of Escherichia coli
      K12.
AB  - (1) The nucleotide sequence of a 1991 bp segment of DNA that expresses the GMP
      reductase (guaC) gene of Escherichia coli K12 was determined. (2) This gene
      comprises 1038 bp, 346 codons (including the initiation codon but excluding the
      termination codon), and it encodes a polypeptide of Mr 37,437 which is in good
      agreement with previous maxicell studies. (3) The sequence contains a putative
      promoter 102 bp upstream of the translational start codon, and this is
      immediately followed by a (G + C)-rich discriminator sequence suggesting that
      guaC expression may be under stringent control (4) The GMP reductase exhibits a
      high degree of sequence identity (34%) with IMP dehydrogenase (the guaB gene
      product) indicative of a close evolutionary relationship between the salvage
      pathway and the biosynthetic enzymes, GMP reductase and IMP dehydrogenase,
      respectively. (5) A single conserved cysteine residue, possibly involved in IMP
      binding to IMP dehydrogenase, was located within a region that possesses some of
      the features of a nucleotide binding site. (6) The IMP dehydrogenase polypeptide
      contains an internal segment of 123 amino acid residues that has no counterpart
      in GMP reductase and may represent an independent folding domain flanked by
      (alanine + glycine)-rich interdomain linkers.

PMID- 2904264
TI  - Centrilobular expression of ethanol-inducible cytochrome P-450 (IIE1) in rat
      liver.
AB  - Western blot analysis of digitonin eluates as well as immunohistochemical
      analysis revealed a 30-fold higher concentration of cytochrome P-450IIE1 in the
      centrilobular than in the periportal regions of the rat liver. Ethanol treatment
      caused a selective centrilobular induction of P-450IIE1, whereas phenobarbital
      induced P-450IIB1/2 in both liver lobule regions. The heterogeneous distribution
      pattern of P-450IIE1 was also observed in cells isolated from either region and
      correlated to the relative content of P-450IIE1 mRNA in the two cell types. The
      regiospecific expression and induction of P-450IIE1 may explain why several
      hepatotoxins, known to be metabolized by this isozyme, primarily damage the
      centrilobular region in the liver.

PMID- 2904265
TI  - Increased 3H-thymidine incorporation into DNA of organ-cultured adrenal explants
      from rats injected with corticotropin and/or cysteamine.
AB  - The effect of a single injection of cysteamine /CySH/ - a sulfhydryl substance,
      known to deplete tissue content of somatostatin /SS/ - on 3H-thymidine
      incorporation into DNA of rat adrenal explants incubated in vitro was
      investigated. It was shown that: 1/ Single in vivo injection of ACTH or of CySH
      increased 3H-thymidine incorporation into DNA of the organ-cultured adrenals, 2/
      Dexamethasone reduced the 3H-thymidine uptake, but that decrease did not attain
      statistical significance versus controls.

PMID- 2904266
TI  - Selective inhibition of excitatory amino acid-stimulated phosphoinositide
      hydrolysis in the rat hippocampus by activation of protein kinase C.
AB  - The relative roles of protein kinase C in regulating excitatory amino acid-,
      cholinoceptor-, and adrenoceptor-stimulated phosphoinositide hydrolysis were
      studied. Slices of rat hippocampus were prelabeled with [3H]-myo-inositol, and
      agonist-induced [3H]-phosphoinositide hydrolysis was measured by the formation of
      [3H]-inositol monophosphate ([3H]-IP) in the presence of lithium ion. Activation
      of protein kinase C with phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDB) (10(-6) M) completely
      inhibited ibotenate (IBO) (10(-3) M)-induced [3H]-phosphoinositide hydrolysis.
      Half-maximal inhibition was observed at about 10(-7) M PDB. Higher concentrations
      of PDB were required to inhibit stimulation of [3H]-IP by either carbachol (CARB)
      (10(-3) M) or norepinephrine (NE) (10(-4) M, and only partial inhibition could be
      attained. Preincubation with staurosporine (STAURO) (10(-5) M) or 1-(5
      isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine (H-7) (10(-4) M), inhibitors of protein
      kinase C, potentiated IBO- but not CARB- or NE-induced stimulation of [3H]-IP.
      PDB inhibition of IBO- or NE-stimulated [3H]-phosphoinositide hydrolysis was
      reversed by co-addition of STAURO or H-7. In the case of IBO + STAURO, this
      reversal was to the potentiated level observed with STAURO alone. Enhanced
      agonist stimulation and reversal of PDB inhibition were also produced by STAURO
      when [3H]-phosphoinositide hydrolysis was stimulated by either L-glutamate or
      quisqualate. These experiments show that direct activation of protein kinase C by
      PDB leads to inhibition of phosphoinositide hydrolysis mediated by excitatory
      amino acid receptors, cholinoceptors, or adrenoceptors. However, the enhanced
      agonist-stimulated phosphoinositide hydrolysis elicited by inhibitors of protein
      kinase C suggests that, when protein kinase C is indirectly activated, only
      excitatory amino acids rapidly inhibit further receptor-coupling.

PMID- 2904267
TI  - Structure of T cell antigen receptor beta chain in synovial fluid cells from
      patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - We attempted to identify a clonal proliferation of T cells from synovial fluid
      samples from patients with rheumatoid arthritis, using techniques of restriction
      fragment length polymorphism. We used probes for the beta chain of the T cell
      receptor to analyze restriction fragments prepared from the genomic DNA of
      synovial fluid mononuclear cells from 10 patients and synovial fluid T cell
      preparations from 5 additional patients. The results demonstrated unarranged
      (germline) T cell receptor gene fragments of DNA in all cell preparations,
      indicating the lack of clonality of rheumatoid arthritis synovial fluid T cells.

PMID- 2904268
TI  - New approach in bioavailability study of two formulations of ethyl loflazepate.
AB  - The disposition of ethyl loflazepate (Victan) was studied on 12 healthy male
      volunteers after administration of the two oral formulations of the drug: one 4
      mg tablet and two 2-mg tablets according to an open crossover single dose
      comparison. A model-independent analysis and a model-dependent approach were used
      to treat experimental data. Appropriate statistical tests (ANOVA, Wilcoxon test,
      Westlake test for model-independent parameters; principal components analysis,
      Hotelling T2 test for model-dependent parameters) demonstrated the bioequivalence
      of the two formulations.

PMID- 2904269
TI  - Special pharmacology of the new sulfonylurea glimepiride.
AB  - Glimepiride (Hoe 490) is a new sulfonylurea. After oral administration of Hoe 490
      to rabbits, blood glucose was lowered 3.5 times more than after glibenclamide (HB
      419) and after intravenous administration, 2.5 times more. This superiority in
      efficacy was demonstrated by onset, maximum and duration of action. In rats,
      intravenous and oral Hoe 490 has a much shorter effect on blood glucose than HB
      419, but the initial effect of Hoe 490 orally was up to 6 times and i.v. up to 2
      times stronger than that of HB 419. In dogs, oral and intravenous Hoe 490 had a
      considerably longer blood glucose-lowering effect than HB 419. However, the
      effect of intravenous Hoe 490 was only half as intense as that of HB 419 in the
      first hours after treatment and the effect of oral Hoe 490 was initially stronger
      and thereafter temporarily distinctly weaker than that of HB 419. The more rapid
      decrease in blood glucose in the dog after oral administration of Hoe 490 was
      accompanied by a correspondingly earlier and higher plasma insulin increase. In
      accordance with the less intense initial blood glucose decrease in the dog after
      intravenous Hoe 490 there was a weaker and slower rise and faster drop of plasma
      insulin. The long action of oral and intravenous Hoe 490 in the dog can, however,
      not be sufficiently explained by the plasma insulin values. In the isolated rat
      pancreas perfused with glucose-free medium, HB 419 released glucagon beside
      insulin and somatostatin. The threshold concentration for the glucagon secretion
      was lower as those for the insulin and somatostatin release.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2904270
TI  - Clinical pharmacokinetics of ibopamine on different diseases and conditions.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of ibopamine was studied after single dose and after single
      and multiple dosing. The studies after single dose were conducted in normal
      subjects (NS) and in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) of NYHA
      functional classes II, III and IV, in patients with chronic renal impairment
      (CRI), with hepatic cirrhosis (HC) and in elderly patients. Furthermore,
      ibopamine-quinidine pharmacokinetic interaction and the effects of food on plasma
      kinetics were evaluated in NS. The studies after single and multiple dosing were
      conducted in CHF patients. The effects were also studied of chronic oral
      ibopamine treatment on the pharmacokinetics of digoxin after chronic oral dosing
      and of treatment with digoxin on ibopamine pharmacokinetics. Ibopamine appears to
      be rapidly and extensively absorbed, quickly hydrolyzed to epinine and then
      excreted mainly through the kidneys either after being sulpho-conjugated or
      oxidized to homovanillic acid and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid. Epinine is
      thought to be the therapeutically active moiety of the drug. In patients with CHF
      epinine pharmacokinetics does not depend on the NYHA functional class, and it
      falls within the same area as that in NS; the pharmacokinetics of epinine does
      not vary during the repeated administration of the drug for one month. In
      patients with CHF the pharmacokinetic data do not suggest the need to adjust the
      dose according to the NYHA functional class. In patients with CRI the
      pharmacokinetics of epinine does not vary with the degree of renal impairment. In
      HC patients AUC and Cmax of epinine seem to be higher than in NS; in these
      patients a higher amount of epinine is excreted into urine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2904271
TI  - The catalepsy test: its ups and downs.
AB  - The typical catalepsy test consists of placing an animal into an unusual posture
      and recording the time taken to correct this posture. This time is regarded as an
      index of the intensity of catalepsy. Catalepsy is a robust behavior, and the lack
      of standardization does not usually hinder its actual detection. However, the
      intensity of the cataleptic effect is influenced by minor methodological
      differences, and thus interpretation and comparison of results across
      laboratories are difficult. The behavioral catalepsy test can use any of several
      different apparatus, including wire grids, parallel bars, platforms, or pegs, to
      situate the animals in unusual positions. The most common, however, is the "bar
      test," and despite its wide use in psychopharmacological research, even
      parameters of this test are not standardized. The present article reviews the
      wide variety of parameters chosen by investigators that measure catalepsy. The
      methodological issues of repeated testing, scaling of scores, apparatus, animal
      weight, maximal test duration, behavioral criteria, and other influences are
      discussed. In addition, a brief review of the neuropharmacological basis of
      catalepsy is also included. Finally, it is argued that a universal, standardized
      bar test be adopted by researchers. New data on a novel automated bar test in the
      Digiscan Activity Monitoring System is presented.

PMID- 2904272
TI  - Prophylaxis of whole season hay fever symptomatology: a comparison of terfenadine
      with chlorpheniramine.

PMID- 2904273
TI  - Angiographically-induced infection of the aorta.
AB  - We present three cases of infection of the native aorta following angiography.
      The infection was an incidental finding at operation in two patients, while a
      third presented with fulminant sepsis. All had debridement of the retroperitoneum
      and underwent successful extraanatomic bypass. We feel caution is warranted in
      placing a retroperitoneal graft even in suspected aortic sepsis. Prophylactic
      antibiotics may be advisable to protect against infection of atherosclerotic
      plaque during angiography.

PMID- 2904274
TI  - In vivo and in vitro expression of porcine D-amino acid oxidase: in vitro system
      for the synthesis of a functional enzyme.
AB  - In vivo expression of D-amino acid oxidase (EC 1.4.3.3, DAO), one of the
      principal and characteristic enzymes of the peroxisomes of porcine kidney, was
      examined by use of cloned complementary DNA [Fukui, K., Watanabe, F., Shibata,
      T., & Miyake, Y. (1987) Biochemistry 26, 3612-3618]. RNA blot hybridization
      analysis revealed that DAO is expressed abundantly in kidney and liver, is
      expressed significantly in brain, but is not expressed in lung of pig. Three mRNA
      species were expressed in kidney and liver, but only one was detected in brain.
      These results show the presence of tissue-specific regulation of DAO gene
      expression. In vitro expression of a functional enzyme was achieved through the
      construction of a recombinant plasmid containing an SP6 promoter and a
      restriction enzyme fragment of cDNA to generate a DAO-specific RNA transcript.
      The in vitro translation product of the capped RNA transcript showed significant
      catalytic activity, which was inhibited strongly by benzoate, a potent inhibitor
      of DAO. The kinetic properties of the in vitro synthesized enzyme were comparable
      to those of the purified enzyme from porcine kidney. It is now possible to
      synthesize a functional D-amino acid oxidase in vitro and to investigate its
      structure-function relationships.

PMID- 2904275
TI  - Effect of hydrostatic pressure on the mitochondrial ATP synthase.
AB  - The effects of hydrostatic pressure on three different preparations of
      mitochondrial H+-ATPase were investigated by studies of the hydrolytic activity,
      of the spectral shift and quantum yield of the intrinsic protein fluorescence,
      and of filtration chromatography. Both membrane-bound and detergent-solubilized
      forms of the mitochondrial F0-F1 complex were reversibly inactivated in the
      pressure range of 600-1800 bar, whereas with soluble F1-ATPase the inactivation
      was irreversible. Pressure inactivation of soluble F1-ATPase was facilitated by
      decreasing the protein concentration, indicating that dissociation is an
      important factor. In the presence of 30% glycerol, soluble F1-ATPase becomes
      inactivated by pressure in a reversible fashion, recovering the original
      activity. ATPase activity measured in an aqueous medium returns to the original
      values when incubated under high pressure in a glycerol-containing medium without
      substrate and is even enhanced when Mg-ATP is present. ATP hydrolysis returns to
      80% of its original value in the case of the F0-F1 complex. Fluorescence studies
      under pressure revealed a red shift in the spectral distribution of the emission
      of tyrosine fluorescence of soluble F1-ATPase. A decrease in the quantum yield of
      intrinsic fluorescence was also observed upon subjection to pressure. The
      fluorescence intensity decreased monotonically as a function of pressure when the
      sample was in an aqueous medium, whereas it presented a biphasic behavior in a
      30% glycerol medium. Gel filtration studies demonstrated that the hydrodynamic
      properties of the F1-ATPase are preserved if the enzyme is subjected to pressure
      in the presence of glycerol but they are modified when the same procedure is
      performed in an aqueous medium.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2904276
TI  - Biochemical and functional characterization of three types of coated vesicles in
      bovine adrenocortical cells: implication in the intracellular traffic.
AB  - Three populations of pure coated vesicles from adrenocortical cells, differing in
      their density, i.e., 1.125-1.155, 1.155-1.175, and 1.175-1.210 g/cm3, are
      obtained after separation on two successive sucrose-2H2O gradients. They are
      involved in LDL internalization and in the receptor cycle as confirmed by the
      presence, in each population, of the LDL receptor. Electron micrographs confirm
      the existence of three homogeneous populations exhibiting the typical polygonal
      structure of the clathrin coat. They differ in their size distribution (small,
      congruent to 70-nm diameter; medium, congruent to 90-nm diameter; large,
      congruent to 110-nm diameter) and in the organization of clathrin and of the coat
      proteins as evidenced on electrophoreses carried out under nondenaturing and
      denaturing conditions. Activity measurements of marker enzymes, phosphodiesterase
      and galactosyltransferase, suggest that medium coated vesicles might originate
      from plasma membranes and small ones from the Golgi complex. Large coated
      vesicles exhibit phosphokinase enzyme and substrate polypeptides different from
      those of the two other populations, tubulins being the preferred kinase
      substrates for the small and medium coated vesicles. These kinases are
      autophosphorylating enzymes and are revealed, by nondenaturing electrophoreses,
      as different high molecular mass complexes in the three populations. Clathrin and
      coat proteins are not part of these complexes.

PMID- 2904277
TI  - Assessment of the number of nucleotide binding sites on chloroplast coupling
      factor 1 by the continuous variation method.
AB  - The method of continuous variation (Job plot analysis) and difference absorbance
      spectroscopy were used to investigate the binding of 2'(3')-(trinitrophenyl)-ADP
      and -ATP to chloroplast coupling factor 1 (CF1). Experiments performed at a low
      total concentration (30 microM) of nucleotide and enzyme binding sites (assuming
      three or four binding sites per CF1) could be interpreted in terms of
      approximately three nucleotide binding sites per CF1. At higher total
      concentrations (100 and 400 microM), the number of apparent binding sites
      increased to almost four. Computer-generated Job plots, using a protein-ligand
      complex formation scheme of n independent, nonequivalent binding sites, gave good
      fits to the experimental data at all concentrations when four binding sites were
      modeled. The dissociation constant of the fourth site was estimated to be
      approximately 20 microM. Additional nucleotide binding sites were not directly
      observed by this method and, if they exist, have very weak binding affinities
      (dissociation constants greater than approximately 1 mM).

PMID- 2904278
TI  - Substrate specificity of mammalian folylpoly-gamma-glutamate synthetase for 5,8
      dideazafolates and 5,8-dideaza analogues of aminopterin.
AB  - The substrate specificity of pig liver folylpolyglutamate synthetase
      (tetrahydrofolate:L-glutamate gamma-ligase (ADP-forming), EC 6.3.2.17) for
      classical 5,8-dideaza analogues of folic acid, isofolic acid aminopterin and
      isoaminopterin has been investigated. 5,8-Dideazafolate and 5,8
      dideazaaminopterin are very effective substrates with activities approaching
      those of the best reduced folate substrates. The analogous isofolate analogues
      are less effective substrates, but still better than folic acid. The 5-chloro
      substituent is the only modification that consistently increases the on rate,
      with 5-chloro-5,8-dideazaaminopterin being the most effective substrate found,
      thus far, for the enzyme. Methylation at positions 9 or 10 generally decreases
      binding, while 5-methylation increases the binding of 4-oxoquinazolines, but
      decreases the binding of their 4-amino counterparts. The presence of a formyl
      group at N9 or N10 has the opposite effect, decreasing the binding of 4-oxo
      analogues while increasing the rate for 4-amino derivatives. Increases in on rate
      with methyl, formyl or 4-amino substitutions are only significant when the parent
      compound is a poor substrate, suggesting that these groups do not interact
      directly with the enzyme but cause conformational changes in the structure of the
      substrate that influence binding to the enzyme.

PMID- 2904279
TI  - Lack of D-amino-acid oxidase activity causes a specific renal aminoaciduria in
      the mouse.
AB  - Thin-layer chromatography and amino acid analysis showed that urine of mutant
      ddY/DAO- mice lacking D-amino-acid oxidase activity contained more serine,
      proline, alanine and methionine than that of normal ddY/DAO+ mice. Among these
      four, an increase in alanine was conspicuous. However, the urinary levels of 11
      other amino acids and glucose were not different between the ddY/DAO- and
      ddY/DAO+ mice. Amino acid analysis showed that the plasma levels of serine,
      proline and methionine were not elevated in the ddY/DAO- mice, though a slight
      increase in alanine was observed. Genetic crosses showed that aminoaciduria and
      lack of D-amino-acid oxidase activity were concomitantly transmitted as a set
      through generations. These results indicated that the lack of enzyme activity
      caused a specific renal aminoaciduria. Whether this enzyme merely diminishes the
      D-amino acid load presented for reabsorption, or actually participates
      catalytically in the reabsorption process, remains undetermined.

PMID- 2904280
TI  - Dimorphism-associated changes in intracellular pH of Candida albicans.
AB  - Intracellular pH (pHi) was monitored during pH-regulated dimorphism of Candida
      albicans using two different methods: (1) by steady-state distribution of
      propionic acid and (2) by use of polyene antibiotic, nystatin. There was no
      significant change in pHi during the first 120 min in either bud- or germ tube
      forming populations. However, there was a rapid increase around 135 min which
      also coincided with the time of evagination. The magnitude of increase in pHi was
      different in the two populations; being 0.44 and 0.14 pH units in bud- and germ
      tube-forming populations, respectively. In the two diverging populations, the
      transient increase in pHi was followed by a rapid drop. The sharp rise in pHi of
      the population destined to form buds was sensitive to orthovanadate and to the
      depletion of K+ from the medium while this was not the case with germ tube
      forming cells. The results suggest that pHi may play an important role in the
      phenotypic divergence of C. albicans.

PMID- 2904281
TI  - [The action of sodium and potassium ions on the H+-ATPase activity of Escherichia
      coli K12 (lambda) membranes].
AB  - The dependence of activity of H+-ATPase membranes of Escherichia coli K12
      (lambda) grown anaerobically of potassium and sodium ions has been studied. The
      addition of K+ or Na+ to the reaction mixture causes an increase of H+-ATPase
      activity. The effect depended on conditions and keeping time of the preparation
      of membranes. The sensitivity of enzyme to potassium and sodium decreased with
      the rise of temperature from -20 degrees C to -4 degrees C and an increase of
      keeping time.

PMID- 2904283
TI  - Disruption of spermatogenesis is associated with decreased concentration of
      immunoreactive arginine vasopressin in testicular fluid.
AB  - We have previously shown that testicular fluid contains factors that can inhibit
      luteinizing hormone (LH)-stimulated androgen production by Leydig cells, and
      others have reported the presence of immunoreactive vasopressin (iAVP) in the
      testes as well as in vitro inhibition by vasopressin of Leydig cell-androgen
      production. In the current report, we have used an established radioimmunoassay
      (RIA) to measure the concentration of iAVP in testicular fluid and have related
      changes in iAVP concentration to disruption of the seminiferous tubules.
      Spermatogenesis was disrupted in adult rats by surgically establishing bilateral
      cryptorchidism. The concentration of iAVP decreased progressively from 349 +/- 52
      to 61 +/- 5 pg/ml during 4 wk. When cryptorchidism was unilaterally established,
      the concentration of iAVP in fluid from that testis decreased to 116 +/- 19 pg/ml
      while the concentration of iAVP in the contralateral scrotal testis remained
      unaffected. Unilateral ligation of the ductuli efferentes also caused an
      equivalent unilateral decrease in iAVP to 110 +/- 15 pg/ml. The osmotic pressure
      of the testicular fluid was not altered by disruption of gametogenesis, and the
      extracellular "albumin space" was not increased. Therefore, the decrease in
      concentration of iAVP was probably not due to dilution with increased amounts of
      interstitial fluid. We conclude that the disruption of spermatogenesis is
      associated with a decrease in the concentration of iAVP in testicular fluid and
      suggest that AVP or a similar peptide may be involved in the intratesticular
      mechanisms associated with increased production of androgen by Leydig cells after
      disruption of spermatogenesis.

PMID- 2904282
TI  - Differences in aromatase activity between Leydig cells from the scrotal and
      abdominal testis in the naturally unilateral-cryptorchid boar.
AB  - In an earlier study, estrogen production was much lower in Leydig cells from the
      abdominal than from the scrotal testis in naturally occurring unilateral
      cryptorchidism in the boar. A more direct assessment of aromatase activity was
      made in thirty-two mature male pigs to examine this observation further, using
      nonradioactive androstenedione (delta 4A 1.0 x 10(-6) M - 1.5 x 10(-5) M) and [1
      beta, 2 beta-3H] delta 4A as substrates. Purified Leydig cells were prepared from
      normal boars and from unilaterally and bilaterally cryptorchid animals. Combined
      estrone sulfate (E1S) and estrone (E1) formation from delta 4A were measured by
      radioimmunoassay. Little or no estrogen secretion was seen with cells from the
      abdominal testis in unilaterally cryptorchid boars (n = 7), and E1S formation
      from delta 4A was 6- to 14-fold higher for scrotal cells (n = 6). Aromatase
      activity as reflected in percent conversion of substrate to [3H]-labeled water
      was clearly lower in cells from the abdominal testis (1.10 +/- 0.08 and 11.22 +/-
      0.7%, respectively, p less than 0.01, n = 6). No marked reduction was noted for
      unilaterally cryptorchid boars with an inguinally located testis (10.18 +/- 0.27
      and 13.09 +/- 0.58% for inguinal and scrotal testes, respectively, n = 3).
      Concentrations of E1S in testicular arterial and venous blood (n = 9) gave
      additional evidence of lower estrogen production by the undescended testis of the
      cryptorchid boar. It was concluded that lower aromatase activity is present in
      Leydig cells of the abdominal testis.

PMID- 2904284
TI  - Receptor-mediated activation of detergent-solubilized guanylate cyclase.
AB  - Here for the first time we report the successful detergent-solubilization of the
      speract (Gly-Phe-Asp-Leu-Asn-Gly-Gly-Gly-Val-Gly) receptor and the subsequent
      activation of guanylate cyclase in response to receptor occupation. Sea urchin
      sperm membranes treated with a solution containing 0.5% LubrolR PX and 0.5%
      EmulphogeneR in the presence of MgCl2 and NaF released both the speract receptor
      and guanylate cyclase activity into solution. The solubilized apparent receptor
      was not sedimented at 400,000 x g x 15 min and was not retained by glass
      microfiber filters. In the presence of 125I-GGG(Y2)speract and dissuccinimidyl
      suberate, a major radioactive band at about Mr = 77,000 and minor bands at Mr =
      35,000 and 150,000 were cross-linked. Speract but not resact (Cys-Val-Thr-Gly-Ala
      Pro-Gly-Cys-Val-Gly-Gly-Gly-Arg-LeuNH2) competed in the cross-linking reaction.
      The amount of 125I-GGG(Y2)speract bound to solubilized receptor did not increase
      in a linear manner as a function of added protein but instead was concave upward.
      The addition of speract but not resact to the solubilized preparation resulted in
      the activation of the enzyme guanylate cyclase; the extent of stimulation was
      dependent on the amount of enzyme protein added and also was concave upward.
      Approximately 900 nM speract half-maximally activated guanylate cyclase. These
      data suggest that the speract receptor and guanylate cyclase are closely apposed,
      even in detergent, or that they are the same molecule.

PMID- 2904285
TI  - [Effect of tranquilizers of the 1,4-benzodiazepine series on the xanthine oxidase
      activity of the rat brain].
AB  - Experiments in vivo and in vitro on 90 rats were made to study the influence of
      1,4-benzodiazepine tranquilizers (phenazepam, nitrazepam and diazepam) on
      cerebral xanthine oxidase activity. Phenazepam, nitrazepam and diazepam in the
      dose of 5 mg per 200 g bw were shown to reduce xanthine oxidase activity by
      80.4%, 64.3% and 55.8%, respectively 2 h after intraperitoneal injection. 6 h
      after the injection of benzodiazepines the enzyme activity grows, but control
      values are achieved only after nitrazepam injection. In vitro experiments
      revealed direct influence of the tranquilizers on xanthine oxidase. Phenazepam
      inhibits xanthine oxidase activity in concentration as long as 10(-10) M (to
      36.6%), and practically completely in 10(-6) M concentration. Nitrazepam and
      diazepam inhibit xanthine oxidase activity within concentration range between 10(
      8) M (to 51.5% and 33.2%, respectively), and 10(-4) M (practically completely).
      The inhibition of xanthine oxidase activity is shown to be caused by the
      competition between hypoxanthine, the reaction substrate, and tranquilizer, to
      bind with the active site of the enzyme.

PMID- 2904286
TI  - [Monoclonal antibodies to alpha-endorphin effective in immunohistochemistry and
      immunoblotting].
AB  - Four mouse monoclonal antibodies (E11, A8, F8, H5) to alpha-endorphin have been
      produced. The antibodies bind 12.5, 20.6, 9.6, 6.6% of 125I-beta-endorphin and
      35.5, 15.1, 12.8, 12.2% of 125I-gamma-endorphin; the binding of 125I-alpha
      endorphin being taken for 100%. The binding of antibodies E11, A8, F8 and H5 to
      125I-alpha-endorphin was 50% inhibited by unlabeled ligand in concentrations 5,
      50, 30 and 35 nM respectively. Using tissue sections of rat pituitary it was
      shown that antibody E11 can be used for the localization of endorphin producing
      cells by immunofluorescence. The antibodies F8 and H5 effectively detected
      endorphin precursor proopiomelanocortin by immunoblotting.

PMID- 2904287
TI  - [The action of hypothalamic hormone on athymic mice with transplantable strains
      of human tumors].
AB  - The sensitivity of human melanoma and lung cancer strains transplanted to nude
      mice to the synthetic hormone of hypothalamus--melanostatin has been defined.
      Correlation has been noted between the rate of melanoma growth inhibition,
      decrease in the rate of Na-fluorescent accumulation in the tumor and the tendency
      towards depression of the activity of energetic metabolism enzymes (SDH and alpha
      GPDH) in the treated tumors as compared to control. Moderate lymphopenia and
      absence of effect on the same enzymes of the lymphocytes was also observed.
      Fluorescent probes can be used in the estimation of the drug action on the tumor
      and organs.

PMID- 2904288
TI  - [Postradiation death and recovery of duodenal APUD cells in rats].
AB  - Electron microscopy has revealed death of some of the apudocytes and recovery of
      the other ones in small intestine of rats after single total body irradiation in
      sublethal dose (5 Gy) and local fractionated irradiation (35 Gy, 7 Gy X 5) of the
      abdomen. The ability of EC-cells to form the autophagosomes was found. An absence
      of uniform reaction of different types of apudocytes to radiation is discussed.

PMID- 2904289
TI  - Hereditary X-linked thrombocytopenia maps to the same chromosomal region as the
      Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome.
AB  - Hereditary X-linked thrombocytopenia occurs either as isolated thrombocytopenia
      or as a part of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS). We studied X-linked
      thrombocytopenia in a family with eight affected male members, none of whom
      exhibited the increased susceptibility to infection that occurs in WAS. We found
      a significant linkage between thrombocytopenia and DXS 146, a marker on the
      proximal part of the short arm of the X-chromosome. WAS has previously been
      mapped to the same chromosomal region. The present findings indicate that X
      linked thrombocytopenia and WAS are closely related and may even be caused by
      different mutations of the same gene. This view is supported by our findings of
      atopic symptoms and minor deviations in immunologic variables among some of the
      affected subjects.

PMID- 2904290
TI  - The effect of cyclosporine A on infection of susceptible cells by human
      immunodeficiency virus type 1.
AB  - The effect of cyclosporine A (CyA) on the ability of the human immunodeficiency
      virus type 1 (HIV-1) to infect the H-9 T-cell leukemic line, as well as
      interleukin-2 (IL-2)-grown human peripheral blood-derived lymphocytes, has been
      studied. Pretreatment of H-9 cells and human lymphocytes with CyA over 24 hours
      completely prevented viral infection over a 21-day period, whereas the addition
      of drug at two hours postinfection with HIV-1 had a significant inhibitory effect
      on viral replication and expression of the virus-specific antigens p17 and p24.
      However, if CyA was added at later times to these lymphocytic cells, this
      inhibitory effect was lost. Indeed, the removal of CyA from cultures that had
      been treated from two hours after infection led to the rapid production of
      progeny virus. HIV-1 was able to infect peripheral blood lymphocytes obtained
      from each of four kidney allograft recipients on long-term CyA antirejection
      therapy, as long as drug was not included in the culture medium. In addition, we
      asked what effect pretreatment with CyA of cells of the U-937 monocytic line and
      primary cultures of human monocytes/macrophages might have on infection by HIV-1.
      CyA had no demonstrable effect on the ability of HIV-1 to infect cells of either
      type.

PMID- 2904291
TI  - Polyclonal reconstitution of human marrow after allogeneic bone marrow
      transplantation.
AB  - Clonal dominance suggestive of reconstitution of marrow from small numbers of
      pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells has been noted in different experimental and
      clinical situations. Recipients of human allogeneic marrow transplants have not
      been previously studied to determine if clonal dominance occurs in this clinical
      setting. Clonal analysis of 20 allogeneic marrow transplant recipients was
      performed on DNA from peripheral blood neutrophils using restriction fragment
      length polymorphisms on the X chromosome. Similar studies were performed on 16 of
      the donors. To analyze the results further, recipients were paired with their
      respective donors. There was no evidence of shifts in cell populations
      contributing to the X chromosome inactivation patterns in recipient marrow grafts
      when compared with their respective donors. A mathematical model based on
      binomial statistics was adapted to estimate the numbers of reconstituting
      pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells. There was no evidence of clonal dominance
      suggestive of oligoclonal reconstitution in marrow grafts after allogeneic marrow
      transplantation. This does not preclude the possibility of oligoclonal
      reconstitution in other marrow transplant settings such as autologous
      transplantation.

PMID- 2904292
TI  - Hypomethylation of ornithine decarboxylase gene and erb-A1 oncogene in human
      chronic lymphatic leukemia.
AB  - The methylation state of CCGG sites in and around the human ornithine
      decarboxylase gene, oncogenes c-myc and erb-A1, and actin genes were determined
      in human malignant leucocytes from patients with acute and chronic myeloid
      leukemia, chronic lymphatic leukemia, polycythemia vera, and multiple myeloma by
      means of isoschizomeric restriction endonuclease analysis. When compared with DNA
      from leucocytes of healthy controls, the ornithine decarboxylase and erb-A1 genes
      were substantially hypomethylated in all samples obtained from patients with
      chronic lymphatic leukemia. Hypomethylation of genes, particularly growth-related
      sequences, might be a crucial fact in the malignant transformation of human
      leucocytes. Its relatively simple detection from blood samples may prove
      clinically applicable in monitoring patients with chronic lymphatic leukemia.

PMID- 2904293
TI  - Role of the ventromedial hypothalamus in the regulation of adenohypophyseal
      immunoreactive dynorphin in the rat.
AB  - In this study, we have examined the role of the dorsomedial (DMH), ventromedial
      (VMH) and arcuate (ARH) nuclei of the hypothalamus in the control of hypothalamic
      and pituitary immunoreactive (ir) dynorphin (Dyn) A and ir-Dyn B in the rat, by
      evaluating the effect of discrete, bilateral radiofrequency lesions in these
      structures. Lesions limited to the VMH reduced the content of ir-Dyn in the
      anterior pituitary but not in the neurointermediate lobe or in the hypothalamus.
      Gel chromatographic analysis of anterior pituitary extracts confirmed that ir-Dyn
      is mainly associated with high molecular weight forms containing Dyn A and Dyn B
      in their sequence. Anterior pituitary extracts of VMH-lesioned rats displayed a
      clearly lower proportion of these forms. Destruction of the DMH affected only the
      hypothalamic content of ir-Dyn; ablation of the ARH did not cause any significant
      change. Our results suggest that ablation of the VMH may disrupt critical
      neuronal connections to the median eminence originating in this nucleus or
      crossing it and participating in control of the adenohypophyseal pool of ir-Dyn.

PMID- 2904294
TI  - APV, an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, blocks the hippocampal theta
      rhythm in behaving rats.
AB  - 2-Aminophosphonovaleric acid (APV), an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor
      antagonist, was infused into the lateral ventricles of behaving rats. A 10 or 20
      microgram dose of APV attenuated the hippocampal theta rhythm and the theta phase
      shift at the apical dendrites of hippocampal CA1 region. A selective suppression
      of the atropine-sensitive theta rhythm was suggested.

PMID- 2904295
TI  - [Long-term consumption of a diet with moderate medium chain triglyceride content
      does not inhibit the activity of enzymes involved in hepatic lipogenesis in the
      rat].
AB  - The activities of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49), malic enzyme
      (EC 1.1.1.40), ATP-citrate lyase (EC 4.1.3.8), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (EC
      6.4.1.2) and fatty acid synthetase were lower (-25 to -60%) in liver of rats fed
      during 45 days with a moderate long-chain triglycerides (LCT) content diet (32%
      of metabolizable energy, ME), than in control rats fed with a low fat diet (LCT,
      10% of ME). However, the fall in malic enzyme activity was not significant. In
      contrast, these activities were higher (+40 to +160%) in rats fed with a diet
      with a moderate medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) content (32% of ME), than in
      control rats. Nevertheless, the increase in activity of malic enzyme and ATP
      citrate lyase was more important. Contrary to LCTs, MCTs had no inhibitory effect
      on the activity of enzymes involved in hepatic lipogenesis.

PMID- 2904296
TI  - Taxol reveals cortical sites of microtubule assembly in Xenopus oocytes. Role of
      the nucleus.
AB  - A binding colchicine assay together with an immunostaining study with an anti
      tubulin antibody showed that taxol, when added to the incubation medium, induces
      the formation of new microtubules in the Xenopus oocyte cortex. The capacity of
      the tubulin assembly in the submembranous cytoplasm decreases in progesterone
      matured oocytes. In contrast, in enucleated matured oocytes this change does not
      occur. Altogether, these results show that taxol provokes tubulin assembly
      exclusively in the cortex of prophase oocyte, whereas in normal matured oocytes
      both cortical and cytoplasmic cytaster microtubules can be induced by taxol. The
      swelling of the oocyte nucleus therefore controls the spatial distribution of
      nucleation centers for tubulin assembly during meiotic maturation.

PMID- 2904297
TI  - Heat-shock response in Legionella pneumophila.
AB  - The heat-shock response of Legionella pneumophila was examined by radiolabelling
      bacterial cell proteins with [35S]methionine following a temperature shift from
      30 to 42 degrees C. Five heat-shock proteins were identified as having molecular
      masses of 17, 60, 70, 78, and 85 kilodaltons (kDa). The 85- and 60-kDa proteins
      were equally distributed between supernatant and pellet fractions following
      ultracentrifugation at 100,000 x g, the 70- and 78-kDa proteins were found
      primarily in the supernatant, and the 17-kDa protein was found primarily in the
      pellet. Synthesis of subsets of the heat-shock proteins could be stimulated by
      novobiocin, patulin, or puromycin. Ethanol, an effector of the heat-shock
      response in other microorganisms, had little effect on L. pneumophila, even at
      the highest concentration tolerated by the bacterial cells (1.9%). Finally, the
      60-kDa heat-shock protein of L. pneumophila was immunologically cross-reactive
      with a polyclonal antibody prepared to the Escherichia coli groEL protein.
      However, a mouse monoclonal antibody reactive with the 60-kDa protein of all
      legionellae tested did not cross-react with the E. coli groEL protein, suggesting
      that the Legionella 60-kDa protein contains common and unique epitopes.

PMID- 2904298
TI  - Antagonistic effects of alpha-adrenoceptor blocking agents on reticuloruminal
      hypomotility induced by xylazine in cattle.
AB  - The intravenous injection of a standard dose (0.05 mg/kg) of xylazine inhibited
      reticuloruminal motility in cattle. Pretreatment with adrenoceptor antagonists
      showing alpha 2-blocking activity, tolazoline (0.5 mg/kg) and yohimbine (0.2
      mg/kg), antagonized the xylazine-induced reticuloruminal amotility. Tolazoline
      was more effective than yohimbine, since an antagonistic effect was not seen at
      0.5 mg/kg yohimbine, and yohimbine at 0.2 mg/kg was less effective than
      tolazoline at 0.5 mg/kg. An adrenoceptor antagonist showing alpha 1-blocking
      activity, prazosin, did not prevent the inhibition of reticuloruminal motility by
      xylazine. The xylazine-induced reticuloruminal amotility was also not prevented
      by either a dopamine receptor antagonist, domperidone, or an opiate receptor
      antagonist, naloxone. These results suggest that xylazine inhibits bovine
      reticuloruminal motility through its activation of alpha 2-adrenoceptors, and
      show that tolazoline can be used as a specific antagonist of xylazine in studies
      of the alpha-adrenergic influence on reticuloruminal motility in cattle.

PMID- 2904300
TI  - A lesson in professional development.

PMID- 2904299
TI  - [Tardive dyskinesia: a current review].
AB  - Tardive Dyskinesia (TD) is a neurological syndrome associated with long-term use
      of antipsychotic drug treatment (APD). Its significant prevalence (estimated 15
      20%) and potential irreversibility are a major concern in psychiatry. The
      clinical picture is characterized by involuntary repetitive movements of
      choreoathetotic and dystonic nature varying in location and intensity. The
      individual outcome of TD is unpredictable but recent long-term studies give
      reason for prudent optimism. All neuroleptics are involved in the disorder,
      numerous risk factors have been suggested; advancing age is the only one which
      has a clearly definite role. Even though several hypotheses have been suggested,
      the pathophysiology of the disorder remains a mystery. Informed consent is
      discussed in this update with regard to the legal implications of the disorder.
      Because of lack of effective treatment, prevention of TD is essential. The
      present treatment of choice is gradual reduction (and ideally discontinuance) of
      APD treatment when possible.

PMID- 2904301
TI  - [New inotropic drugs].

PMID- 2904302
TI  - Ultrastructural studies on calcitonin gene-related peptide-, tachykinins- and
      somatostatin-immunoreactive neurones in rat dorsal root ganglia: evidence for the
      colocalization of different peptides in single secretory granules.
AB  - Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-, tachykinins- and somatostatin
      immunoreactive neurones in rat dorsal root ganglia have been studied by means of
      single and double immunogold labelling techniques. Peptide-immunoreactive
      neurones are generally B- or C-type cells of small size, with well developed
      rough endoplasmic reticulum and scanty neurofilaments. In neurones classifiable
      as A2-type cells, i.e. larger neurones with a lighter cytoplasm due to the
      presence of poorly developed Nissl bodies and numerous neurofilaments, only CGRP
      immunoreactivity was detected. Immunolabelled structures were identified as large
      (60-100 nm diameter), electron-dense, membrane-bounded p-type granules. They were
      observed only in neuronal cell bodies or in the intraganglionic portions of the
      axons. No granules immunoreactive to the antisera applied in this study were
      observed in non-neuronal cells. Immuno-staining experiments with different
      combinations of the antisera revealed, in some cells, the presence of double
      immunolabelled granules; in particular localization of CGRP and tachykinins, CGRP
      and somatostatin, and tachykinins and somatostatin to single secretory granules
      was demonstrated. The finding that more than one peptide is localized to the same
      secretory granule supports the postulate that peptides are co-released upon nerve
      stimulation providing morphological support for physiological and pharmacological
      data demonstrating an interaction between different peptides in the modulation of
      synaptic activity.

PMID- 2904303
TI  - Layer-specific innervation of the dopamine-deficient frontal cortex in weaver
      mutant mice by grafted mesencephalic dopaminergic neurones.
AB  - The dopamine innervation of the frontal cortex originates in the A9 and A10
      mesencephalic dopamine cell groups. In weaver mutant mice, there is a 77%
      frontocortical dopamine deficiency associated with losses of dopamine neurones in
      areas A9 and A10. The dopamine-depleted cortical areas of weaver mutant mice are
      receptive to reinnervation by afferent fibres originating in dopamine-containing
      mesencephalic grafts from normal donor embryos. In the anteromedial frontal lobe,
      reinnervation by tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive fibres is largely confined
      to the basal cortical layers whereas in the anterior cingulate cortex, tyrosine
      hydroxylase immunoreactive fibres also occupy superficial layers, including the
      molecular layer. Normally, the dopaminergic innervation of the anteromedial
      frontal lobe is distributed among the basal cortical layers (IV-VI), and the
      dopaminergic innervation of the cingulate cortex occupies both basal and
      superficial cortical layers. The pattern of innervation following transplantation
      indicates that, in repopulating dopamine-deficient cortical areas of recipient
      weaver mutants, graft-derived dopamine fibres show a preference for those layers
      which are normally invested by dopamine afferents.

PMID- 2904305
TI  - [Determination of desacetylmetipranolol in blood using high performance liquid
      chromatography with electrochemical detection].

PMID- 2904304
TI  - Somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in non-pyramidal neurons of the human
      entorhinal region.
AB  - The distribution of somatostatin-immunoreactive cells and processes throughout
      the human entorhinal region and subjacent white matter was examined either by the
      unlabelled antibody-enzyme method or by the avidin-biotin method. The brain
      slices were obtained at autopsy with a short post-mortem delay. The majority of
      somatostatin immunoreactive nerve cells was found in the inner principal layer
      and subjacent white matter. In addition, individually scattered immunoreactive
      neurons were observed in both the outer principal layer and lamina dissecans. The
      immunoreactive perikarya varied in shape and ranged in size from 10 to 30 micron.
      Without exception the neurons could be classified as belonging to the group of
      non-pyramidal neurons. Each neuron gave rise to a few thick dendrites and a thin
      axon with a beaded appearance. In the adult human brain, the pattern formed by
      lipofuscin granules deposited in the nerve cells can be considered characteristic
      for the type of the neuron. Therefore, immunoreactive perikarya were documented,
      destained of chromogen and restained to demonstrate lipofuscin pigment and
      basophilic substance. It became evident from these studies that the previously
      immunoreactive cells were characterized by a large rounded and eccentrically
      located nucleus, sparse basophilic substance and, in most cases, a lack of
      lipofuscin granules. A few of the immunoreactive cells were laden with coarse
      pigment granules. The findings permit classification of entorhinal somatostatin
      immunoreactive neurons as either non-pigmented or pigment-laden non-pyramidal
      neurons.

PMID- 2904306
TI  - [Frequency of electroacupuncture as a cardinal factor determining the potency of
      analgesia and its vulnerability to naloxone blockade in rabbits].

PMID- 2904307
TI  - Enzyme analysis of amniotic fluid for prenatal diagnosis of cystic fibrosis in
      high-risk pregnancies.
AB  - We determined the activity concentrations of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), ALP
      isoenzymes, gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), and alpha-glucosidase (AGL) in 1200
      unselected amniotic fluids and in amniotic fluids from 40 pregnancies at high
      risk for cystic fibrosis (CF). From the results we established the normal range
      and CF-predictive cutoff values for these enzymes in the second trimester of
      pregnancy. In all predicted normal pregnancies that went to term, normal children
      were born. Among the predicted affected pregnancies, 14 were terminated and two
      went to term, one resulting in a CF-affected child and the other in a healthy
      child. Evidence for CF was found in all 13 aborted fetuses examined (the parents
      of one refused to allow autopsy). We noted no differences in the amniotic fluid
      enzyme activities for the Arab and various Jewish ethnic groups living in Israel.
      We conclude that prenatal diagnosis of CF among the Israeli population at risk
      for CF is feasible by means of a reliable, fast, and economic test in the second
      trimester of pregnancy.

PMID- 2904308
TI  - Activity of dipeptidyl peptidase IV and post-proline cleaving enzyme in sera from
      osteoporotic patients.
AB  - The activity of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (EC 3.4.14.5) in human sera from normal
      controls and osteoporotic patients was assayed with Gly-Pro-4-methylcoumaryl-7
      amide (Gly-Pro-MCA) as substrate, at pH 8.7. The mean normal value for the
      activity in serum of 120 healthy subjects (ages 20-86 y) was 54.0 (SE 0.9, range
      34.3-81.6) U/L at 37 degrees C and differed slightly but significantly between
      the younger group (less than 50 y old) and those older than 50 y. Values for the
      younger men were slightly but significantly higher than for the older men.
      Overall, however, the enzyme activities in serum were above normal in patients
      with osteoporosis. In contrast, the activity of post-proline cleaving enzyme
      (PPCE) was not increased in serum from patients with osteoporosis, as determined
      with succinyl-Gly-Pro-4-methylcoumaryl-7-amide (Suc-Gly-Pro-MCA) as substrate.
      These results suggest that high activities of dipeptidyl peptidase IV in serum of
      patients with osteoporosis are probably related to its severity.

PMID- 2904309
TI  - Reference intervals for plasma alanine aminopeptidase in the Hitachi 737
      analyzer, derived from patients with normal biochemical liver profiles.

PMID- 2904310
TI  - Esmolol for the control of hypertension after neurologic surgery.
AB  - We sought to evaluate the effectiveness of esmolol vs placebo in 40 patients
      emerging from general anesthesia for neurosurgery. Efficacy was defined as a
      decrease in systolic blood pressure to within 20% above average ward pressure.
      The need for additional antihypertensive agents to control blood pressure was
      also used to define efficacy. During the infusion period 20 of 21 (95%) of the
      esmolol-treated patients and two of 19 (11%) of the patients receiving placebo
      had return of systolic blood pressure to within 20% of average ward pressure (p
      less than 0.001). One out of 21 (5%) esmolol-treated patients and 14 of 19 (74%)
      of the placebo group required intervention with additional antihypertensive
      medications (p less than 0.001). Esmolol was found to be effective in controlling
      hypertension that develops on emergence from general anesthesia in patients
      undergoing neurosurgery.

PMID- 2904311
TI  - Plasma famotidine concentration versus intragastric pH in patients with upper
      gastrointestinal bleeding and in healthy subjects.
AB  - To study the concentration-response relationship of famotidine, we serially
      monitored intragastric pH and measured plasma drug concentrations simultaneously
      after an intravenous injection of this H2-receptor antagonist (0.1 mg/kg) in
      eight patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding and in six healthy subjects.
      By applying the sigmoidal Emax model the mean (+/- SD) plasma famotidine
      concentrations associated with an intragastric pH of 4.0 in patients and healthy
      subjects were estimated to be 17.7 +/- 10.7 and 24.8 +/- 10.3 ng/ml, respectively
      (not significantly different). No significant differences were observed in the
      mean pharmacokinetic parameters between the two study groups. Multiple regression
      analysis revealed that not only a pharmacokinetic factor (i.e., elimination t1/2)
      but also a pharmacodynamic (or sensitivity) factor (i.e., a drug concentration
      associated with an intragastric pH of 4.0) contributed significantly (p less than
      0.01) to the overall variability in the duration of antisecretory effect in our
      study subjects, with standardized partial regression coefficients of 0.54 and 
      0.63, respectively. Based on these data, we predict that around-the-clock control
      of a fasting intragastric pH above 4.0 can be attained by a continuous infusion
      of famotidine at rates ranging from 6 to 25 mg/day (mean +/- SD, 11 +/- 7 mg/day)
      in a 70 kg patient whose pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics are
      similar to those of our patients.

PMID- 2904312
TI  - Alpha-adrenergic blockade makes minimal contribution to ketanserin's hypotensive
      effect.
AB  - Ketanserin is a selective (S2) serotonin receptor antagonist currently under
      investigation as an antihypertensive. It has been suggested that the
      antihypertensive action of ketanserin might be principally due to alpha
      adrenergic receptor antagonism rather than its effect on serotonin receptors. We
      therefore determined the contribution of alpha-adrenergic blockade to the
      hypotensive effects of ketanserin in six patients with hypertension and compared
      that with the alpha-adrenergic blockade produced by prazosin, a known alpha 1
      adrenergic antagonist. Each patient received placebo, ketanserin (40 mg every 8
      hours), and prazosin (5 mg every 8 hours). Each agent was administered for 4
      weeks in random order. Both ketanserin and prazosin lowered blood pressure
      significantly and to a similar extent. The extent of alpha-adrenergic blockade
      was determined from the ability to inhibit the hypertensive effect of
      phenylephrine infusions. The dose of phenylephrine required to raise the blood
      pressure by 20 mm Hg was significantly higher during both ketanserin (1.41 +/-
      0.27 micrograms/kg/min; p less than 0.05) and prazosin (4.99 +/- 0.77
      micrograms/kg/min; p less than 0.01) administration compared with placebo (0.85
      +/- 0.15 micrograms/kg/min). However, the dose ratio was more than fourfold
      higher during prazosin treatment (7.38 +/- 1.99; p less than 0.05) than during
      ketanserin (1.69 +/- 0.21). Thus at equipotent hypotensive doses the extent of
      alpha-blockade produced by ketanserin was more than fourfold lower than that of
      prazosin, implying that mechanisms other than alpha-blockade must contribute to
      the antihypertensive actions of ketanserin.

PMID- 2904313
TI  - Effect of metoclopramide on dopamine-induced changes in renal function in healthy
      controls and in patients with renal disease.
AB  - 1. The effects of intravenous metoclopramide on baseline values and dopamine dose
      response curves for renal haemodynamics and natriuresis were investigated in
      healthy volunteers and patients with renal disease. 2. Dopamine infusion alone,
      in doses ranging from 0.25 to 8 micrograms min-1 kg-1, resulted in a dose
      dependent increase in effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and glomerular
      filtration rate (GFR) with a fall in filtration fraction (FF) in eight hydrated
      healthy volunteers and, to a lesser degree, in 12 patients with renal disease. An
      increase in natriuresis (urinary excretion of sodium, UNa+V), fractional
      excretion of sodium (FENa+) and diuresis (urine flow rate, UV) was found in both
      groups for doses of 2 micrograms min-1 kg-1 and higher. 3. Metoclopramide
      infusion did not alter baseline values of GFR, ERPF or FF, but shifted the
      dopamine dose-response curve for ERPF and FF in the healthy volunteers.
      Metoclopramide induced a fall in UNa+V and FENa+ in both groups (fall in baseline
      FENa+ from 1.52 to 0.71 during metoclopramide in healthy volunteers and from 1.23
      to 0.56 in patients; P less than 0.01) and blunted the natriuretic response to
      subsequent dopamine infusion. The fall in UNa+V during metoclopramide infusion
      showed a strong correlation with baseline GFR (r = -0.944). In the patients, the
      response for the fractional excretions of beta 2-microglobulin and gamma
      glutamyltransferase was comparable with that of FENa+. 4. Dopamine infusion
      induced a fall, and metoclopramide led to rise, in plasma aldosterone
      concentration. 5. We conclude that metoclopramide acts as a dopamine antagonist
      at the renal level in man.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2904314
TI  - 1988 report of the Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and
      Treatment of High Blood Pressure: a commentary.

PMID- 2904315
TI  - [Abuse of licit drugs in heroin addicts].

PMID- 2904316
TI  - [Therapy of heart failure].

PMID- 2904317
TI  - [Famotidine treatment of patients with gastric and duodenal ulcers. A comparative
      study with once or twice-a-day administration].

PMID- 2904318
TI  - [Benzodiazepine interactions with other drugs].

PMID- 2904319
TI  - [Beta blocking agents in arterial hypertension: 20-year experience].

PMID- 2904320
TI  - [Arterial hypertension: therapeutic trends].

PMID- 2904321
TI  - [Adverse reactions to food. Notes on physiopathology, clinical features and
      therapy].

PMID- 2904322
TI  - Physiology of the dik-dik antelope.
AB  - 1. The East African dik-dik antelope represents a miniature model ruminant for
      comparative studies. 2. Dik-diks are browsers, consuming a diet consistently high
      in fermentable and digestable plant material. 3. Their foregut structure is
      designed for a relatively rapid passage of food and effective absorption of
      fermentative products. 4. Dik-dik antelopes are very economical in their use of
      water, having a low daily water exchange and excreting a highly concentrated
      urine. 5. Dik-diks have been observed to employ three thermoregulatory
      mechanisms; thermopanting, active sweating and a labile body temperature. 6.
      Their reproductive cycle is polyestrous with peak breeding in June and December,
      having a gestation period of between 170 and 174 days.

PMID- 2904323
TI  - Effect of vitamin K3 on macrophage functions and intracellular calcium.
AB  - 1. The effect of vitamin(vit) K3 on guinea-pig macrophage functions was studied.
      2. Vit K3 inhibited macrophage locomotion, phagocytosis and lysosomal enzyme
      release. 3. Vit K3 inhibited the rise in the intracellular free calcium level
      induced by stimuli at the concentration at which vit K3 suppressed functions. 4.
      These results suggest that vit K3 inhibits macrophage functions through the
      interference with the mobilization of intracellular calcium.

PMID- 2904324
TI  - Thermoregulatory circadian rhythms in the pouched mouse (Saccostomus campestris).
AB  - 1. Circadian rhythms of body temperature (Tb), oxygen consumption (VO2), and
      minimal thermal conductance (C) were studied in the pouched mouse, Saccostomus
      campestris under natural photoperiod during February at a constant ambient
      temperature of 28 degrees C. 2. Circadian rhythms of body temperature were also
      studied under natural photoperiod and laboratory temperatures (Max: 28.1 degrees
      C; Min: 23.2 degrees C) during February. 3. The results of the present study
      suggest that changes in ambient temperature are not the main "zeitgeber" for body
      temperature rhythm, and it seems that photoperiod plays a major role in this
      species. 4. The relationship between the rhythms of Tb, VO2, and C are further
      discussed.

PMID- 2904325
TI  - Changes in serum potassium concentration with exercise in Hereford calves:
      effects of adrenalectomy.
AB  - 1. Serum potassium concentration [K+] was measured pre- and postadrenalectomy in
      three Hereford steer calves before, during and following 3.5 min exercise at
      their maximal speed capability. 2. Both before and after adrenalectomy, serum
      [K+] increased an average of 2.4 mEq.1(-1) during exercise and was at control
      levels 10 min postexercise. 3. Hormones from neither the adrenal cortex nor the
      adrenal medulla influence serum [K+] dynamics during acute exercise.

PMID- 2904326
TI  - In vitro study of adrenergic stimulation of 32P incorporation into phospholipids
      of brown adipose tissue of control and cold-acclimated rats.
AB  - 1. 32P-labelled inorganic phosphate incorporation into total and mitochondrial
      phospholipids was studied, in vitro, on brown adipose tissue (BAT) of control and
      cold-acclimated rats. 2. It was found that norepinephrine acts as in vivo, on BAT
      phospholipid metabolism via alpha 1 adrenergic receptors specifically increasing
      phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylinositol turnover with the same magnitude in
      both groups. 3. Cold-induced alpha 1 adrenergic desensitization is not as
      important as cold-induced beta adrenergic desensitization. 4. No specific effect
      of norepinephrine was seen in mitochondrial phospholipid turnover.

PMID- 2904327
TI  - Reduced 125I-hGH binding by serum of dwarf pigs but not by serum of dwarfed
      poodles.
AB  - 1. Normal and growth-deficient poodle and swine strains were characterized for
      serum growth hormone-binding protein (GH-BP) content as well as other growth
      related hormones, and the relationship between these factors and body size was
      examined. 2. GH-BPs were found in all strains of pigs and poodles. Concentrations
      of GH-BPs (as expressed by specific bindings) did not vary among the poodle
      breeds, but did correlate with body size in pigs. 3. Insulin-like growth factors
      (IGFs) I and II were decreased 71 and 44% respectively in miniature compared to
      standard size poodles. 4. Only the Yucatan micro pig strain had reduced serum IGF
      I concentrations compared to normal controls. 5. Growth hormone concentrations
      however were normal to elevated in all micro and miniature pig strains. 6. Serum
      triiodothyronine concentrations were reduced in Yucatan mini and micro pigs in
      spite of normal circulating levels of thyroxine. 7. Body size reductions in the
      swine and dog strains are probably attributable to different primary defects of
      various growth related hormones or hormone receptors. 8. Each species breed
      therefore could serve as a model for a different human growth-deficient
      condition.

PMID- 2904328
TI  - Fat body involvement in vitellogenin fate in the green frog, Rana esculenta.
AB  - 1. Since, in Rana esculenta, fat bodies contain vitellogenin, the present study
      was performed in order to determine whether or not fat bodies are involved in the
      fate of vitellogenin. 2. The experiment of November shows that fat body excision
      provokes plasma vitellogenin increase even in animals treated with estradion-17
      beta + pituitary crude homogenate (as compared with relative control). The same
      picture has been shown in the April experiment. 3. The result on protein-bound
      phosphate in ovaries from the April experiment has shown that fat body
      extirpation causes a decrease of protein-bound phosphate in the ovary. 4. This
      results indicates that fat bodies play an important role in sequestrating
      circulating vitellogenin by the ovary.

PMID- 2904329
TI  - Cholecystokinin (CCK) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in the cerebral
      cortex of the non-hibernating and hibernating golden mantled ground squirrel.
AB  - 1. The effect of hibernation on cerebral cortical concentrations of
      cholecystokinin and vasoactive intestinal peptide was investigated in the golden
      mantled ground squirrel (Citellus lateralis). 2. During hibernation, cortical
      brain weight decreased to 83% of the non-hibernating weight. 3. The concentration
      of the small form of CCK was significantly reduced. The concentration of the
      large forms of immunoreactive CCK did not significantly change during
      hibernation. The molecular forms of CCK appeared the same both before and during
      hibernation. 4. Of note, the concentration of vasoactive intestinal peptide
      significantly increased during hibernation. 5. Since there was a three-fold
      reduction in the ratio of large to small forms of CCK during hibernation, this
      suggests that post-translational processing of the precursor peptides are
      markedly reduced during hibernation.

PMID- 2904330
TI  - Comparative energetics of South American cricetid rodents.
AB  - 1. The effects of body size, food habits and limits of endothermy on the
      energetics of seventeen species of South American cricetid rodents were examined.
      The combination of mixed diets, together with close to the expected basal rates
      of heat production, allows most cricetids studied to maintain effective
      endothermy; but those that have low basal metabolic rates and small sizes show a
      state of torpor. 2. Our observations do not support the hypothesis that the
      absence of torpor in South American cricetid rodents is due to phylogenetic
      characteristics. 3. The high ecological diversity, as well as the variety of life
      modes of these rodents, is explained on an energetic basis.

PMID- 2904331
TI  - Mammary blood flow and cardiac output during initiated involution of the mammary
      gland in the rabbit.
AB  - 1. Cardiac output and its distribution to the mammary gland, kidneys, heart,
      liver and gastrointestinal tract were measured in conscious rabbits at day 1, day
      3 and day 6 after removal of the young at day 0. 2. There was no change in
      cardiac output, proportion of cardiac output delivered to the mammary gland or
      mammary blood flow 24 hr after the last suckling period. After a further 48 hr
      there was a significant reduction in the cardiac output, proportion of the
      cardiac output and blood flow to the mammary gland compared to the values
      measured in lactating animals. 3. There was no significant difference in blood
      flow to the other organs although there were changes in the proportion of the
      cardiac output delivered to the heart, kidney and liver during this period. 4.
      The change in uptake of glucose, acetate, non-esterified fatty acids and
      triacylglycerols by the mammary gland are discussed in relation to the
      reabsorption of milk components.

PMID- 2904332
TI  - Taurine transport across the small intestine of adult and suckling rats.
AB  - 1. Taurine accumulation in intestinal cells of adult and suckling rats reached
      steady-state after 60 min with an In/Out ratio of 1.46 and 4.66 in the adult and
      suckling rats respectively. 2. The accumulative capacity of the intestinal strips
      isolated from suckling rats is almost four times higher than that of adult rats.
      3. The steady-state uptake of taurine by the adult and suckling rats intestinal
      cells is saturable, sodium-dependent and inhibited by ouabain. 4. The calculated
      Vmax of the mediated component of the steady-state uptake in the suckling rats is
      three times greater than that of the adult rats, and the affinity is seven fold
      greater in the suckling as compared to the adult. 5. Taurine influx across the
      mucosal membrane in the suckling rat is significantly greater than that of the
      control adult.

PMID- 2904333
TI  - Role of sodium on H+ excretion in the integument of the leopard frog Rana
      pipiens.
AB  - 1. The northern leopard frog, Rana pipiens, pipiens, in contrast to the southern
      leopard frog, Rana pipiens, berlandieri, did not demonstrate any significant H+
      excretion across its integument even during a challenge of chronic metabolic
      acidosis. Likewise, no increase in the number of H+ secreting mitochondria-rich
      cells were observed in the northern frogs. 2. Under normal acid-base conditions
      in the southern frogs, H+ excretion was found to be dependent on mucosal sodium
      concentrations, whereas during chronic metabolic acidosis, H+ excretion was
      independent of mucosal sodium concentrations, but was amiloride sensitive. 3.
      High salinity adapted southern frogs, under normal and acidotic conditions, had
      enhanced H+ excretion rates as compared to the control non-salt adapted frogs. 4.
      Blood analyses demonstrated that significant acid-base changes were the result of
      systemic acidosis and not due to salt adaptations. Blood Na+ and K+
      concentrations were also efficiently maintained during salt adaptations or
      chronic metabolic acidosis. 5. The results suggest that H+ excretion in epithelia
      can be influenced by the sodium transport state of the cell and the systemic acid
      base profile. Models are proposed explaining these relationships.

PMID- 2904334
TI  - Effect of early feed restriction in male broiler chicks on plasma metabolic
      hormones during feed restriction and accelerated growth.
AB  - 1. Plasma GH was greater (P less than 0.05) on day 12 in ad libitum-fed birds
      compared to restricted chicks. Conversely, maximum GH levels were found to occur
      in the nutrient restricted chicks during the period of accelerated growth (day
      42). 2. A significant decline in circulating insulin concentrations with
      advancing age was evident in both ad libitum-fed and restricted chicks. 3. Feed
      restriction significantly suppressed circulating T3 in restricted chicks, with
      concentrations returning to control levels upon refeeding. 4. A significant
      increase in T4 with advancing age was evident in both treatment groups, with T4
      being significantly greater in controls compared to restricted chicks at 54 days
      of age.

PMID- 2904336
TI  - Prevention of cancer: restriction of nutritional energy intake (joules).
AB  - 1. The reduction of nutritional energy intake (joules) often reduces the
      incidence of both spontaneous and induced cancers in humans and experimental
      animals in an approximately dose-dependent manner. 2. To achieve the best
      preventive effect, the reduction of dietary intake should begin well before the
      carcinogen insult, should be intense enough (lowering the intake of joules by at
      least approx. 25-30%) and should last a long time, preferably even life-long. 3.
      This preventive effect depends upon the strain, sex and age of animals, the kind
      of carcinogenic insult and also the susceptibility of the target tissue. 4. The
      mechanism by which the dietary restriction may exert its protective action may
      involve changes in the hormonal equilibria, influences upon the immuno
      surveillance, changes of activities of enzymes involved in carcinogen metabolism
      and other factors. 5. Since over-eating and the resulting obesity constitutes a
      pronounced risk factor for the incidence of cancer and other diseases, lowering
      the nutritional energy intake represents today the simplest, cheapest and most
      effective way to prevent cancer in the general population.

PMID- 2904335
TI  - The role of aldosterone in water and electrolyte transport across the colonic
      epithelium of the lizard, Gallotia galloti.
AB  - 1. The effects of D-aldosterone on the electrical properties and ionic transport
      have been analysed (in vitro) in the colonic epithelium of the lizard, Gallotia
      galloti. 2. The injection of 30 g of D-aldosterone induced a significant rise of
      plasma aldosterone concentration, sustained for 4 hr after administration. 3.
      Intraperitoneal injections of D-aldosterone caused a slight reduction of
      transmural potential difference (PD) and short-circuit current (Isc). 4. Net
      absorption of Na+ across the colon from aldosterone-treated lizards did not
      increase when compared to colon from normal lizards. Cl- absorption was increased
      in treated lizards. 5. Addition of mucosal barium to treated tissues brought
      about a sustained increase of PD and Isc. 6. The absorption of fluid in normal
      lizards was reversed to fluid secretion in treated lizards. 7. The effects of D
      aldosterone on lizard colon are compared with those reported for the colon of
      mammals and birds.

PMID- 2904337
TI  - Oxygen toxicity is not related to mammalian body size.
AB  - 1. Small mammals have been used to study the effects of O2 toxicity. The aim of
      the present study was to investigate whether body size should be considered when
      applying the results of these studies to man. 2. Oxygen toxicity is enhanced as
      perfusion and metabolism increase: specific animal tissues of high perfusion are
      more susceptible to O2 toxicity. Exercise, high metabolic rate, and increased
      brain blood flow enhance O2 toxicity. 3. Increased specific O2 consumption and
      perfusion as body mass decreases may enhance O2 toxicity in small mammals. 4.
      Survival time in normobaric hyperoxia (1 atm O2) and the time to first appearance
      of convulsions in hyperbaric oxygen (4-5 atm) were collected from the literature
      and showed no relation to body size. 5. Known difference in antioxidant enzyme
      activity cannot explain the findings. 6. Independence of tissue PO2 on body size,
      or equal rates of free radical formation and degradation, are suggested as
      possible mechanisms. 7. Small mammals can serve as a good model for O2 toxicity
      in man.

PMID- 2904338
TI  - Low-sodium contractures indicating sarcolemmal Na/Ca-exchange in the frog heart.
AB  - 1. In the frog heart, Ca2+ enters the cell by the slow inward current (Isi) and
      by an electrogenic, carrier-mediated, and passive Na-out/Ca-in-exchange. 2. The
      latter reverses to Na-in/Ca-out-exchange during depolarization and thereby
      controls relaxation. 3. The exchange ratio is 3 Na+ for 1 Ca2+. 4. The Na/Ca
      exchange is not inhibited by organic Ca-antagonists in frog myocardium,
      indicating that the initiation of the heart beat may mainly depend on Isi. 5.
      This is not necessarily in contradiction with the Na-Ca-antagonism, since there
      also exists an antagonism between Na+ and Ca2+ in the slow channel. 6. However,
      the contractures caused by a decrease of NaO+ are mediated by the Na/Ca-exchange.

PMID- 2904340
TI  - A long term survey of plasma and tissue ferritin in mice fed on iron deficient
      diets.
AB  - 1. Changes in plasma and tissue ferritin concentrations were surveyed in mice fed
      on iron deficient diets (Fe, 2.4 micrograms/g) from the age of 8 to 30 weeks by
      an enzyme-immunoassay for mouse ferritin. Values were compared with those in mice
      on control diets (Fe, 110 micrograms/g) and mice with blood loss. 2. In mice on
      iron deficient diets, while plasma ferritin remained at normal level, ferritin in
      the spleen and kidney decreased, but that in the liver increased as much as twice
      of that in the control. 3. Mice with blood loss revealed a drastic reduction of
      ferritin in every tissue and plasma examined.

PMID- 2904339
TI  - Mitotic activity of stomach epithelium in the ground squirrel, Citellus
      erythrogenys Brandt.
AB  - 1. During hibernation the epithelial cells of the stomach in ground squirrels
      divide upon spontaneous emergence from hibernation. In torpor periods, mitoses
      are blocked up. 2. In animals which have come out of hibernation in spring, one
      peak of mitosis has been recorded in the first few hours after emergence, and
      another 3 or 4 days later. 3. In summer the mitotic index is low.

PMID- 2904341
TI  - Regulation of energy economy in raccoon dogs and blue foxes: a process of dynamic
      interactions.
AB  - 1. Seasonal regulation of energy economy was studied in farm-raised blue foxes
      (Alopex lagopus) and raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides; Gray, 1834). 2. Both
      species exhibited marked seasonal changes in body weight, body energy content,
      food intake and locomotor activity. Seasonal changes in food efficiency were also
      evident. 3. The results emphasize the important role of both energy intake and
      energy expenditure in the regulation process. 4. It can be concluded that
      regulation of seasonal energy balance is a dynamic process with various
      interactions between different factors.

PMID- 2904342
TI  - Interactive effects of live weight, basal diet and fat supply on essential fatty
      acid status and blood concentrations of glucose, insulin and thyroxine measured
      postprandially in pigs.
AB  - 1. The composition of the basal diet (purified vs complete feed ingredients
      provided as a cassava and a barley based diet, respectively), type of dietary fat
      [saturated fatty acids (18:0) supplied as fully hydrogenated soya bean oil vs
      unsaturated fatty acids (18:2) supplied in the form of soya bean oil] and the
      live wt of the animals (40 vs 80 kg) highly influenced the EFA status of the body
      and postprandial blood concentrations of glucose, insulin and thyroxine. 2.
      Interactive effects of live wt, type of basal diet and fat supply on EFA status
      and postprandial blood levels are discussed.

PMID- 2904343
TI  - Use of fibre-optic endoscopes in studies of gastric digestion in carnivorous
      vertebrates.
AB  - 1. Two methods of assessing gastric digestion rates of three prey types fed to
      Sooty albatrosses Phoebetria fusca were compared: removal of stomach contents,
      using a water-flushing stomach pump (a technique used commonly in diet studies),
      and inspection using a fibre-optic gastroscope (a previously unused technique).
      2. The stomach pump yielded quantitative information, but proved stressful and
      resulted in incomplete recovery of meals ingested 3-6 hr before pumping. Gastric
      morphology of the animals studied and digestion state of their stomach contents
      may influence the effectiveness of this technique. 3. Inspection using the
      gastroscope yielded qualitative information only but permitted serial inspection
      of the same animal, and was less stressful than the stomach pump. Times for total
      evacuation of the stomach were 6-12 hr less when estimated using the gastroscope
      than when using the stomach pump. 4. The specifications of endoscopes relevant to
      their use by biologists are given. 5. Previous non-medical biological uses of
      endoscopes are given. Potential uses include underwater observations, sampling of
      digestive juices and stomach linings for enzyme analyses, observations of
      ingested prey, and assessment of parasite infestation.

PMID- 2904344
TI  - Calcium and olfactory transduction.
AB  - 1. Inorganic cations, organic calcium antagonists, and calmodulin antagonists
      were applied to olfactory epithelia of frogs (Rana pipiens) while recording
      electroolfactogram (EOG) responses. 2. Inorganic cations inhibited EOGs in a rank
      order, reflecting their calcium channel blocking potency: La3+ greater than Zn2+
      greater than Cd2+ greater than Al3+ greater than Ca2+ greater than Sr2+ greater
      than Co2+ greater than Ba2+ greater than Mg2+. Barium ion significantly enhanced
      EOGs immediately following application. 3. Diltiazem and verapamil produced dose
      dependent EOG inhibition. 4. Calmodulin antagonists inhibited EOGs without
      correlation to their anti-calmodulin potency.

PMID- 2904345
TI  - Serum alpha-tocopherol, all-trans retinol, total lipids and cholesterol in the
      black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis).
AB  - 1. Mean concentration of serum alpha-tocopherol (Vitamin E) in 28 free-living
      black rhinoceroses sedated during translocation in Zimbabwe was 1.92 (SD, 0.43)
      mg/l. 2. Alpha-tocopherol was not detectable (less than 0.15 mg/l) in five
      captive black rhinoceroses held at London Zoo. 3. Circulating levels of all-trans
      retinol (Vitamin A) were not different between the two groups. 4. The low level
      of alpha-tocopherol in captive rhinoceroses suggests a risk of acute haemolytic
      anaemia.

PMID- 2904346
TI  - Fiber type composition of the plantarflexors of giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis)
      at different postnatal stages of development.
AB  - 1. A sample of fibers from deep (close to the bone) and superficial (away from
      the bone) regions of the plantaris (PLT) and medial (MG) and lateral (LG)
      gastrocnemius muscles of a neonatal, a 17-day-old and an adult giraffe were typed
      qualitatively as dark or light based on alkaline preincubation myosin ATPase
      staining properties and then sized. 2. Each muscle at all ages showed a higher
      percentage and a larger cross-sectional area (CSA) or light ATPase fibers in the
      deep than the superficial region. This relationship was qualitatively, although
      not quantitatively, similar to that reported in hindlimb muscles of other
      mammals. 3. At all ages, the PLT, the deepest muscle in the synergistic group,
      had the highest relative total CSA of light ATPase fibers among the muscles
      sampled. 4. At birth, the PLT had an unusually high percentage of light ATPase
      fibers in comparison to that found in the same muscle of other mammals. With age,
      the total CSA of light ATPase fibers increased dramatically in the PLT and
      decreased slightly in the MG and LG. 5. These data suggest that the PLT,
      especially the deep portion, may functionally replace the soleus muscle which is
      absent in the giraffe. In addition, the fiber type results demonstrate that the
      changes in the fiber type composition of individual muscles observed at different
      postnatal ages in the giraffe are relatively similar to that reported in smaller
      mammals, suggesting the existence of similar regulatory mechanisms.

PMID- 2904347
TI  - Regulation of glucose uptake in rat slow and fast skeletal muscles.
AB  - 1. Regulation of glucose uptake was compared between extensor digitorum longus
      (EDL) and soleus (Sol) muscles in rats. 2. Insulin stimulated glucose uptake more
      in EDL than in Sol. 3. Under high concentrations of insulin, the glucose uptake
      was higher in EDL than Sol. 4. Inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation by anoxia
      or an uncoupler stimulated glucose uptake more in EDL than in Sol. 5. Anoxia
      abolished the effect of insulin on glucose uptake in both EDL and Sol. 6. The
      blocker to glucose transport system reduced glucose uptake more in Sol than in
      EDL.

PMID- 2904348
TI  - Effect of propranolol in combination with TSH and ovine prolactin on plasma
      thyroid hormone levels and in vitro hepatic monodeiodination of thyroxine in
      brook charr, Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill).
AB  - 1. Ovine TSH stimulated an increase in plasma T4 levels in brook charr, but
      plasma T3 levels, hepatic T3 content and hepatic T4-monodeiodination to T3 were
      unaffected. TSH-induced plasma T4 levels were further enhanced in propranolol
      pretreated fish. 2. Fish treated with ovine prolactin + TSH had elevated plasma
      T3 levels, hepatic T3 content and hepatic T4-monodeiodination rates compared with
      TSH-treated animals. Propranolol-pretreatment further enhanced hepatic T4
      monodeiodination in these fish. 3. Propranolol, a beta-adrenoceptor blocker,
      appears to enhance peripheral T4 to T3 conversion in physiological situations
      when plasma thyroid hormone levels and T4-monodeiodination rates are high.

PMID- 2904349
TI  - Deletions in human chromosome arms 11p and 13q in primary hepatocellular
      carcinomas.
AB  - Normal liver and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) genotypes were compared at loci
      on most of the human chromosomes with probes that detect restriction fragment
      length polymorphisms. Six of fourteen tumors exhibited loss of heterozygosity of
      one or more markers on 11p. Ten patients were informative for loci on 13q, and 5
      of these 10 exhibited loss of heterozygosity for one or more of the 13q markers.
      Altogether, 9 of the 14 patients showed loss of a polymorphic allele for one or
      more loci on either 11p or 13q. A survey of loci on 16 additional chromosomes
      indicated that the deletions were not due to a general loss of heterozygosity in
      HCCs. Quantitative densitometry showed that each of the 10 deletions resulted in
      hemizygosity (no reduplication) of the remaining allele in tumor tissue. In
      contrast to hereditary embryonal tumors, in which reduplication of the remaining
      chromosome is the rule, simple deletion appears to be the primary mechanism
      responsible for the loss of heterozygosity in these adult, nonhereditary HCCs.
      These data show that HCCs arising in hepatitis B virus carriers are a genetically
      heterogeneous group of tumors, some of which may arise through 13q alterations,
      some through 11p alterations, some with both chromosomes altered, and some with
      both intact.

PMID- 2904350
TI  - [Humoral substances in peripheral and portal veins in cirrhotic patients].

PMID- 2904351
TI  - [Micro-surgical anatomical study and clinical use of the scapular flap with
      nerves].

PMID- 2904352
TI  - Gastric luminal somatostatin secretion of normals and patients with pernicious
      anemia and with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.
AB  - We studied the release of gastric luminal somatostatin-like immunoreactivity
      (SLI) in response to a pentagastrin infusion (0.9 microgram/kg/hr, intravenous)
      in five normal volunteers, five patients with pernicious anemia, and two patients
      with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. In addition, we studied the gastric luminal SLI
      secretion in response to a gastric luminal acid perfusion in two patients with
      pernicious anemia. Our results have shown that: (1) pentagastrin caused a
      parallel increase in luminal hydrogen ions and SLI release in normal volunteers;
      (2) Zollinger-Ellison patients had elevated basal acid and SLI levels that did
      not increase further with pentagastrin; (3) pentagastrin did not increase gastric
      acid or luminal SLI secretion in pernicious anemia patients; and (4) in
      pernicious anemia patients, a gastric luminal acid perfusion caused a significant
      increase in gastric luminal SLI over baseline values. In conclusion, gastric
      luminal hydrochloric acid appears to be a factor which stimulates the secretion
      of luminal SLI in human beings.

PMID- 2904354
TI  - Mouse homeobox gene transcripts occupy different but overlapping domains in
      embryonic germ layers and organs: a comparison of Hox-3.1 and Hox-1.5.
AB  - By use of in situ hybridization experiments, the mouse homeobox genes Hox-3.1 and
      Hox-1.5 are compared in the temporal and spatial patterns of their embryonic
      transcripts. Transcripts of both genes are first detected at about 7 1/2 days,
      although the appearance of Hox-3.1 transcripts apparently follows Hox-1.5 after a
      small delay. Hox-3.1 and Hox-1.5 transcripts occupy domains which are different,
      although overlapping, along the anteroposterior axis of the embryo. The domains
      are first established within the ectoderm and mesoderm germ layers at 7 1/2-8
      days, but subsequently they persist within the nervous system, the prevertebral
      column and within at least some of the organs (the thyroid, lung, stomach,
      mesonephric and metanephric kidneys) at 12 1/2 days. In discussion, two different
      mechanisms are considered by which positional information might first be
      generated within the germ layers.

PMID- 2904355
TI  - [A scale for evaluating withdrawal symptoms induced by anxiolytic agents].
AB  - A scale to evaluate the withdrawal syndrome induced by tranquilizers (TWS) is
      proposed to distinguish between anxiety induced symptoms and withdrawal induced
      symptoms. This scale was established and validated by Lader, the french
      translation was performed by the author. The most frequently observed symptoms
      during a withdrawal syndrome are physical tiredness, headache, vertigo and tremor
      but other symptoms are evaluated by this tranquilizers withdrawal scale.

PMID- 2904353
TI  - Clinical use of serum enzymes in liver disease.
AB  - Some of the many enzymes found in hepatocytes can be measured in the serum and
      are used as tests of liver function. We now review the current knowledge of their
      physiology and pathophysiology and outline their clinical usefulness. We divide
      them into two categories: enzymes that primarily reflect cholestasis, such as the
      alkaline phosphatase, the 5'-nucleotidase, and the gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase,
      and those that primarily reflect hepatocellular necrosis, such as the
      aminotransferases. We also briefly discuss several enzymes of more limited
      usefulness.

PMID- 2904356
TI  - [Retrospective comparative study of treatment with delayed-action neuroleptics
      and neuroleptics administrated orally in long-term psychosis].
AB  - Through a retrospective study, we have tried to compare the indication spectrum
      and efficacy of depot neuroleptics versus oral neuroleptics on two hundred
      patients suffering from long term psychosis. For each group, we selected one
      hundred patients who met the following requirements: the minimal duration of
      chemotherapy was of 3 years, the patients were aged 16 to 60. Patients receiving
      depot neuroleptics, although their original prognosis were worse than those of
      patients receiving oral neuroleptics, obtained the same good results concerning
      most semiological, chemotherapeutic and institutional criteria. However, good
      results for patients receiving depot neuroleptics must be qualified because of a
      more important number of chronic and defect states and a lack of autonomy.

PMID- 2904357
TI  - Antipeptide antibodies recognize c-erbA and a related protein in human A431
      carcinoma cells.
AB  - Peptides corresponding to the deduced amino acid residues 15-29 of the amino
      terminal region and 445-456 of the carboxyl-terminal region of the human
      placental c-erbA protein (hc-erbA-beta) were synthesized and used to produce site
      specific rabbit polyclonal antipeptide sera. Antibodies to the carboxyl-terminal
      peptide (C-91) and the amino-terminal peptide (N-98) specifically
      immunoprecipitated the hc-erbA-beta proteins synthesized in vitro. Furthermore,
      68% and 48% of the T3-binding activity of the hc-erbA-beta protein were
      immunoabsorbed by antibodies C-91 and N-98, respectively. These results indicate
      that C-91 and N-98 recognized hc-erbA-beta proteins. These antibodies were used
      to study the subcellular distribution of hc-erbA-beta protein in human cultured
      cells. Nuclear extracts were prepared from human A431 carcinoma cells; C-91
      immunoabsorbed 50% of the specific T3-binding activity in these extracts. These
      results provide structural evidence to confirming that hc-erbA-beta is the T3
      nuclear receptor. Cells were metabolically labeled with [35S]methionine, and the
      cytosolic extracts were immunoprecipitated by C-91 or N-98. A protein with a mol
      wt of 58,000 (Cp58) was specifically immunoprecipitated by N-98 or C-91. Peptide
      mapping by V8 digestion and cyanogen bromide cleavage showed that the Cp58
      molecules immunoprecipitated by N-98 or C-91 was identical. Indirect
      immunofluorescence using N-98 or C-91 indicated that Cp58 is present exclusively
      in the cytoplasm. Other human cultured cells, HepG2, MCF-7, IM-9, and KB, were
      also evaluated, and similar results were found. These results raised the
      possibility that a precursor of hc-erbA-beta may be present in the cytosol. The
      functional significance of the hc-erbA-beta-related cytosolic Cp58 remains to be
      established.

PMID- 2904358
TI  - Somatostatin-28 does not regulate islet function in the dog.
AB  - Somatostatin-28 (S-28) is a naturally occurring N-terminally extended form of the
      tetradecapeptide somatostatin (S-14). The concept has arisen that S-28 is a gut
      hormone that regulates insulin secretion. This concept is based on 1) reports
      that S-28 is a more potent inhibitor of insulin secretion than S-14; 2) the
      finding that S-28 is present in D-cells of the intestine and is released after a
      meal; and 3) the demonstration of selective binding of S-28 to B-cells of the rat
      islet. To critically test this hypothesis we have 1) measured the circulating
      levels of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) during infusions of S-28 and S
      14 to accurately compare their potencies to inhibit insulin and glucagon
      secretion from the in vivo dog pancreas, and 2) measured the circulating levels
      of endogenous SLI released after a meal and compared these to the circulating
      levels of infused S-28 needed to inhibit insulin secretion. Infusion of S-28 at
      rates of 170 and 500 pmol/min raised arterial SLI levels by 282 +/- 26 and 885 +/
      98 fmol/ml, respectively. Immunoreactive insulin (IRI) output was inhibited by
      20 +/- 11% (P less than 0.05) and 52 +/- 7% (P less than 0.0005), respectively.
      Immunoreactive glucagon (IRG) output was not significantly altered by either
      dose. Pancreatic SLI output was inhibited by 32 +/- 5% (P less than 0.0005) by
      the 500 pmol/min infusion. Infusion of S-28 at 50 pmol/min increased arterial SLI
      by 108 +/- 17 fmol/ml, but did not alter IRI output (+4 +/- 20%). In comparison,
      infusion of S-14 (100 pmol/min) raised arterial SLI levels by a similar amount
      (110 +/- 21 fmol/ml), but, unlike S-28, inhibited both IRI (-50 +/- 6%, P less
      than 0.0005) and IRG output (-17 +/- 8%; P less than 0.05). Thus, comparable
      increments in arterial S-28 failed to reproduce the inhibition of IRI secretion
      seen during the S-14 infusion, while similar inhibition was seen with an 8-fold
      increment. This suggests that S-28 is significantly less potent than S-14 in the
      dog. After a mixed meal, endogenous SLI levels increased by 35 +/- 3 fmol/ml in
      arterial plasma.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2904359
TI  - Attenuation of anterior pituitary phosphoinositide phosphorylase activity by the
      D2 dopamine receptor.
AB  - We have examined the influences of dopamine and the D2 receptor agonist
      bromocriptine on phosphoinositide metabolism in primary cultures of rat anterior
      pituitary cells, monitoring changes in the levels of phosphatidylinositol
      (PtdIns), phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate [PtdIns(4)P], and phosphatidylinositol
      4,5-bisphosphate [PtdIns(4,5)P2]. Basal incorporation of [3H]inositol ([3H]Ins)
      into phosphoinositides was progressive, and radioisotopic equilibrium was
      attained in all three species within 48 h. The inclusion of dopamine or
      bromocriptine in the incubation medium promoted concentration-dependent
      reductions in the rate, but not the magnitude, of phosphoinositide radiolabeling.
      The onset of this effect was rapid; inhibition of [3H]Ins incorporation by
      dopamine (500 nM) and bromocriptine (100 nM) could be detected within 2 h. This
      treatment also produced a comparable reduction in the incorporation of
      [32P]orthophosphate into PtdIns(4,5)P2. In extended time-course studies,
      bromocriptine dramatically retarded the radiolabeling of PtdIns(4)P and
      PtdIns(4,5)P2, and apparent equilibria in these species were attained only after
      96 h. We also assessed the ability of dopamine to modify the concentration
      response characteristics of [3H]Ins-labeled inositol phosphate ([3H]InsPx)
      production by TRH, angiotensin II (AII), neurotensin (NTS), bombesin (BBS), and
      vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). Neither dopamine nor bromocriptine
      altered the rate or magnitude of TRH-, AII-, NTS-, or BBS-related InsPx
      generation. VIP was completely ineffective in stimulating InsPx generation. PRL
      release was significantly reduced in all dopamine-treated groups. That the InsPx
      concentration-response relationships for each of these peptides remained
      unimpaired by exposure to dopamine or bromocriptine extends our previous
      observation that the phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase-C is insensitive to
      dopaminergic tone. Consistent with our earlier findings, these data indicate that
      activation of the D2 dopamine receptor attenuates the activity of mechanisms
      associated with the serial phosphorylations of PtdIns and PtdIns(4)P, reactions
      that give rise to PtdIns(4)P and PtdIns(4,5)P2, respectively. It is our
      conclusion that dopamine, in addition to its other actions, attenuates the
      phosphorylation, rather than the hydrolysis, of anterior pituitary
      phosphoinositide. This attenuation appears to be mediated by an inhibitory
      coupling of the D2 receptor with the phosphoryltransferase activities that
      catalyze PtdIns(4)P and PtdIns(4,5)P2 formation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2904360
TI  - Testosterone restores testicular inhibin content in cryptorchid rats.
AB  - The effects of testosterone administration on testicular inhibin content and
      histology were studied in bilaterally cryptorchid rats, in which a marked
      decrease in testicular inhibin content had been observed. Mature male Wistar rats
      weighing approximately 300 g were made bilaterally cryptorchid by placing the
      testes in the abdominal cavity. Testosterone in oil, 0.1, 1.0 or 10 mg, was given
      i.m. each week. Testicular inhibin and testosterone content, histology and plasma
      LH, FSH and testosterone were studied 2 weeks later. Abnormally decreased
      testicular inhibin in cryptorchidism was restored toward normal by testosterone
      in a dose dependent manner in 2 weeks after surgery. Sertoli cell structure also
      recovered toward normal with increasing amount of testosterone. Decreased
      testicular testosterone content and Leydig cell atrophy were observed with
      suppressed plasma LH and FSH after testosterone. These results showed that the
      increased plasma concentration of testosterone had a stimulatory effect on the
      Sertoli cell function in cryptorchidism, in which compensated Leydig cell failure
      was demonstrated.

PMID- 2904361
TI  - Epileptiform activity induced by lowering extracellular [Mg2+] in combined
      hippocampal-entorhinal cortex slices: modulation by receptors for norepinephrine
      and N-methyl-D-aspartate.
AB  - Reduction of extracellular Mg2+ concentration induced spontaneous and evoked
      epileptiform activity in the entorhinal cortex (EC) and dentate gyrus (DG) of
      combined hippocampus (HC)-EC slices. Extracellular field potentials, as well as
      changes in extracellular Ca2+ and K+ concentrations, were measured in EC and DG
      with ion-selective/reference electrodes during both repetitive and single
      stimuli. In the EC, lowering extracellular [Mg2+] induces both spontaneous and
      single stimulus evoked ictal events consisting of extracellular negative
      potential shifts (up to 5 mV, 30 sec), decreases in [Ca2+]0 and increases in
      [K+]0. In the DG, spontaneous events were much shorter, but similar changes in
      [Ca2+]0, [K+]0 and field potentials (FPs) could be evoked by brief high-frequency
      stimulation. In both areas, the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist 2
      aminophosphonovalerate (2-APV) completely blocked spontaneous as well as stimulus
      evoked epileptiform events. The neurotransmitter norepinephrine (NE), which has
      previously been shown to modulate long-term potentiation in the DG, was found to
      exhibit differential modulation of epileptiform activity in the EC and DG. In the
      EC, NE, acting via alpha 1-receptors, completely blocked low Mg2+-induced
      epileptiform activity. In contrast, in the DG, NE exhibited a beta-receptor
      mediated prolongation of the low Mg2+-induced ictal events, and enhanced the
      stimulus-induced ionic and field potential changes. From these results, we
      conclude that lowering extracellular [Mg2+], acting in large part through the
      removal of the Mg2+ voltage-dependent blockade of NMDA receptors, leads to
      induction of epileptiform activity in both the EC and DG.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2904362
TI  - Differences between seizure-prone and non-seizure-prone mice with regard to
      glutamate and GABA receptor binding in the hippocampus and other regions of the
      brain.
AB  - Quisqualate-preferring glutamate receptors were determined in membranes from
      frontal cortex, occipital cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum, from seizure-prone
      DBA/2J BOM and seizure-resistant C57/BL mice. The animals were studied 21, 27 and
      40 days postnatally, i.e., before, during and after the age at which DBA mice are
      most susceptible to seizures. Radio-binding assays were performed using [3H]AMPA
      in the presence of 100 nM glutamate. Except for the occipital cortex, where no
      significant differences between the two strains were observed, all areas of the
      brain of DBA mice exhibited significantly (P less than 0.001, t test) higher AMPA
      binding than the corresponding areas of C57/BL mice at 27 days of age. At pre-
      and post-susceptible ages, the two strains showed no significant differences in
      the hippocampus and occipital cortex. A significant difference was observed,
      however, in the frontal cortex and cerebellum at the ages of 21 and 40 days,
      respectively, although this difference was considerably less than at 27 days. In
      addition to determination of glutamate receptors, GABA-receptor binding was also
      studied in membranes from the same cerebral areas and at the above-mentioned
      ages. Binding characteristics, using [3H]GABA as the ligand, were essentially
      identical in the two strains at all ages investigated, i.e., both low and high
      affinity GABA receptors could be identified with KD values of 6-16 nM and 100-800
      nM, respectively.

PMID- 2904363
TI  - Effect of cortical kindling on [3H]D-aspartate uptake and glutamate metabolism in
      rats.
AB  - The effects of cortical kindling in rats on [3H]D-aspartate uptake and on
      glutaminase and glutamine synthetase activities has been studied. The high
      affinity uptake of [3H]D-aspartate in control cortical tissue (Km approximately 2
      microM) was undetectable in the kindled tissue, whilst the enzyme activities were
      unchanged. A loss of the high-affinity uptake sites for excitatory amino acids
      may be a contributing factor to the kindling phenomenon.

PMID- 2904364
TI  - Increased levels of amino acid neurotransmitters in the inferior colliculus of
      the genetically epilepsy-prone rat.
AB  - Previous studies have shown an increase in the number of GABAergic and total
      neurons in the inferior colliculus (IC) of the genetically epilepsy-prone rat
      (GEPR). Amino acid analysis of the central nucleus of the IC, as well as
      cerebellum, sensorimotor, temporal, and occipital cerebral cortices of GEPRs with
      high pressure liquid chromatography showed significant increases in the levels of
      GABA, taurine and glutamate. The IC of GEPR displayed a 2.3-fold increase in GABA
      as compared to that of non-epileptic rats, a 2.4-fold increase of taurine, and a
      1.9-fold increase of glutamate. In addition, taurine and glutamate were increased
      in the sensorimotor and temporal cortex, respectively. These results are
      consistent with previous anatomical data on the GABAergic system in the IC and
      provide additional information. The increase in taurine and glutamate in the IC
      indicates that other neurotransmitters could be involved in the mechanism of
      seizure activity.

PMID- 2904365
TI  - Suppression of ictal-like activity by kynurenic acid does not correlate with its
      efficacy as an NMDA receptor antagonist.
AB  - The involvement of excitatory amino acid (EAA) receptors in ictal-like activity
      was investigated using hippocampal slices from immature rats. Bath application of
      kynurenic acid (KYN) suppressed penicillin-induced synchronized afterdischarges.
      An identical concentration of D(-)2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (D(-)AP5)
      spared the afterdischarges. Intracellular recordings confirmed D(-)AP5 to be the
      more potent N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist. KYN's suppression of afterdischarges
      could not be clearly attributed to blockade of either kainate or quisqualate
      receptors. Thus, a novel kynurenate-preferring EAA receptor may play an important
      role in seizure generation in immature hippocampus.

PMID- 2904366
TI  - The role of neurotransmitters and opioids in polycystic ovarian syndrome.
AB  - In this article, the characteristic gonadotropin dysfunction of PCOD is
      discussed. The potential role of modulators such as the neurotransmitters
      dopamine and norepinephrine as well as the role of endogenous opiates are
      considered. A review of the effect of these neuromodulators is followed by
      speculation as to whether disordered secretion of these substances may be
      operative in the pathophysiology of PCOD.

PMID- 2904367
TI  - Administration of vecuronium, atracurium and pancuronium in divided doses: effect
      on onset and duration of action.
AB  - The time to onset of neuromuscular block (as assessed by single twitch
      stimulation at 0.1 Hz) and the duration to 25% recovery of twitch height were
      measured after administration of vecuronium 0.1 mg kg-1, atracurium 0.5 mg kg-1
      or pancuronium 0.1 mg kg-1, administered either as a single bolus or in divided
      doses, 10% being administered 4 min prior to the remaining 90%. The patients were
      anaesthetized with thiopentone, nitrous oxide in oxygen and i.v. fentanyl. There
      was no significant difference between the single- and divided-dose groups, either
      in the onset times (2.8 and 2.9 min for vecuronium, 2.7 and 2.4 min for
      atracurium and 3.3 min each for pancuronium for single- and divided-dose groups,
      respectively) or the duration to 25% recovery of twitch height (35 and 29 min for
      vecuronium, 45 and 39 min for atracurium and 87 and 93 min for pancuronium for
      single- and divided-dose groups, respectively).

PMID- 2904368
TI  - Hormone-sensitive adenylate cyclase of prolactin-producing rat pituitary adenoma
      (GH4C1) cells: molecular organization.
AB  - Hormonal activation and inhibition of the GH4Cl1 cell adenylate cyclase complex
      is delineated. In the presence of the guanyl nucleotide GTP, enzyme activity was
      enhanced twofold by thyroliberin, sixfold by vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP),
      twofold by prostaglandin E2 and twofold by isoproterenol. The diterpene,
      forskolin, increased, the activity 14-fold. In the presence of high GTP (400
      microM) and NaCl (150 mM) concentrations, somatostatin inhibited (ED50 = 0.5
      microM) the cyclase activity by 40%. In the presence of 10 microM somatostatin,
      the ED50 values (5 nM) for thyroliberin- and VIP-stimulated adenylate cyclase
      activities were shifted to 20 nM. Forskolin-elicited activation was, however, not
      affected by somatostatin. Cholera-toxin and pertussis-toxin pretreatment of the
      enzyme brought about some 20-fold and twofold activation, respectively.
      Inhibition by somatostatin was abolished upon pre-exposure to pertussis toxin.
      Mild alkylation by N-ethylmaleimide increased basal and hormone-activated
      adenylate cyclase while somatostatin again failed to express its inhibitory
      potential. Further alkylation caused a gradual decline and convergence of hormone
      modulated cyclase activities towards zero. The N-ethylmaleimide-induced
      attenuation of thyroliberin-elicited activity was paralleled by a decrease in
      [3H]thyroliberin binding. Trifluoperazine and an anti-calmodulin serum reduced
      basal and net thyroliberin-, VIP- and forskolin-enhanced cyclase activities by
      some 30%, 100%, 70% and 80%, respectively. The Vmax of basal and thyroliberin
      stimulated adenylate cyclase was diminished by 65%, leaving the apparent Km
      values (7.2 mM and 2.6 mM, respectively) for Mg2+ unaltered. Finally, the phorbol
      ester 12-O-tetra-decanoyl-phorbol 13-acetate (TPA) doubled the activity. This
      effect was counteracted by the protein kinase C inhibitor, polymyxin B, while
      thyroliberin-enhanced adenylate cyclase remained unaffected. In summary, we have
      described an adenylate cyclase with stimulatory (Rs) and inhibitory (Ri)
      receptors coupled to a calmodulin-sensitive holoenzyme through the Gs and Gi type
      of GTP-binding proteins. The ratio of the Gs to Gi is high. It appears that the
      GH4C1 cell adenylate cyclase is also activated by protein kinase C by
      interference with Gi. Apparently, thyroliberin activates the cyclase both
      directly through Gs and indirectly via protein kinase C stimulation.

PMID- 2904369
TI  - Unencapsulated Haemophilus influenzae--what kind of pathogen?
AB  - Haemophilus influenzae are small, gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria. Because of
      their special growth requirements, they do not grow on usual blood agar media,
      but flourish on the mucosal membranes of the human respiratory tract where they
      adhere to the epithelial cells by fimbriae (a potential vaccine component).
      Nasopharyngeal carriage of Haemophilus influenzae is very common, and in healthy
      carriers the bacteria are usually unencapsulated. The outer membrane of
      Haemophilus influenzae contains lipopolysaccharide (of so called R form, without
      O antigen) and major outer membrane proteins. The lipopolysaccharide is a
      virulence determinant. An extracellular enzyme, IgA protease, is another
      potential virulence determinant. The outer membrane of Haemophilus influenzae is
      a rather ineffective barrier towards antibiotics, and thus the major determinants
      of antibacterial resistance in Haemophilus influenzae are plasmid-coded enzymes
      that inactivate the antibiotic, and changes in the target molecules.

PMID- 2904370
TI  - Incidence of aerobactin-positive Escherichia coli strains in patients with
      symptomatic urinary tract infection.
AB  - A total of 323 Escherichia coli strains from children with primary acute non
      obstructive pyelonephritis (n = 144) or cystitis (n = 56) and from adults with
      acute non-obstructive pyelonephritis (n = 66) or cystitis (n = 57) were examined
      for presence of the aerobactin-mediated iron uptake system and expression of P
      fimbriae. Overall, pyelonephritogenic Escherichia coli strains were significantly
      more often aerobactin-positive (72%) than cystitis strains (42%) (p less than
      0.001). Seventy-three percent of the isolates from children with acute
      pyelonephritis were aerobactin-positive compared to 54% of the cystitis strains
      (p less than 0.05). Pyelonephritogenic Escherichia coli strains from adults were
      also significantly more often aerobactin-positive (70%) than cystitis strains
      (30%) (p less than 0.001). The cystitis strains from children were more often
      aerobactin-positive than cystitis strains from adult patients (p less than 0.05).
      There was a significant correlation between presence of the aerobactin-mediated
      iron uptake system and expression of P-fimbriae in all strains (p less than
      0.001).

PMID- 2904371
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of a new sublingual formulation of temazepam.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of a new 10 mg sublingual tablet formulation of temazepam
      and those of a currently marketed 10 mg oral capsule formulation were evaluated
      in a group of ten healthy volunteers. No significant differences were observed
      between the two formulations with respect to any of the pharmacokinetic
      parameters assessed. Lethargy and somnolence were reported on both capsule and
      tablet by several subjects at a time which corresponded with the maximum
      concentration of drug in plasma. The data indicate that the sublingual tablet and
      orally administered capsule have a similar pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic
      profile.

PMID- 2904372
TI  - Bovine non-pigmented and pigmented ciliary epithelial cells in culture:
      comparison of catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase
      activities.
AB  - Non-pigmented epithelial (NPE) cells and pigmented epithelial (PE) cells were
      dissociated from bovine ciliary processes by brief digestion with pronase and
      grown in a culture medium containing high fetal bovine serum for at least 25
      generations. Both types of cells grown to confluence showed the presence of
      intermediate junctions with associated tonofilaments. PE cells were distinguished
      from NPE cells by pigmentation during the early passages. Gamma-glutamyl
      transpeptidase activity was associated almost exclusively with NPE cells and
      proved to be a useful enzymatic marker to distinguish NPE from PE. A comparison
      was made between NPE and PE cells as to the levels of enzymes involved in the
      detoxification of active oxygen species. Catalase, Se-dependent glutathione
      peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities were significantly higher in NPE
      than in PE cells. The results suggest that NPE cells play the major role in
      detoxification of active oxygen species during aqueous humor formation.

PMID- 2904373
TI  - Effects of selective dopamine-1 receptor activation on intraocular pressure in
      man.
AB  - The lack of specific agonists and antagonists has, until recently, precluded
      investigation of a role for dopamine receptors in the control of intraocular
      pressure. In the present study, we have examined the effects of fenoldopam, a
      novel selective dopamine1 (DA1) receptor agonist, on intraocular pressure, in
      eight healthy human volunteers. Fenoldopam, infused intravenously at 0.5
      micrograms kg-1 min-1, increased intraocular pressure from 14.6 +/- 0.9 to 17.6
      +/- 1.4 mmHg (P less than 0.05) while a control saline infusion had no effect.
      Pupil diameter and blood pressure did not change. In the same subjects, i.v.
      norepinephrine or angiotensin II both increased intraocular pressure--from 13.8
      +/- 1.4- to 17.6 +/- 1.4 mmHg and from 13.4 +/- 1.3- to 17.5 +/- 1.7 mmHg
      respectively (P less than 0.05), and mean arterial pressure by about 20 mmHg.
      These data suggest that: (1) DA1 receptor activation can modulate intraocular
      pressure; (2) the intraocular pressure effects of the DA1 receptor agonist,
      fenoldopam, are independent of changes in systemic blood pressure, in contrast to
      those of norepinephrine or angiotensin II where intraocular and systemic blood
      pressures increase in parallel; (3) the ability of a DA1 receptor antagonist to
      lower intraocular pressure merits investigation.

PMID- 2904374
TI  - Cellular and molecular correlates of aging in the nervous system.
AB  - Three characteristic features of aging in the nervous system are reviewed:
      deficits in the regulation of nerve-cell calcium levels, increased leakage of
      synaptic transmitters and changes in neuronal arborization. In hippocampal cells
      and motor nerve terminals, the rate of calcium clearance from the immediate
      vicinity of the membrane decreases with age. There is further evidence of
      decreased rates of transmembrane Ca2+ flux in synaptosomal preparations from aged
      animals. Stimulation-evoked transmitter release, which is calcium dependent,
      appears to increase at some neuromuscular junctions during aging; in contrast,
      high-K+-induced release in brain tissue appears to decline. A much more
      consistent age-related increase in "basal" transmitter efflux, under
      nonstimulated conditions, has been observed in both the peripheral and the
      central nervous system. This may be related to increased nerve-terminal
      arborization, which occurs in actively used muscles during aging. Likewise,
      dendritic branching becomes more extensive with moderate age; at advanced age,
      though, branching decreases. Furthermore, motor nerve terminal branching also
      decreases with age in muscles subject to disuse. This variability among
      morphologic features during aging illustrates the need to standardize ages and
      preparations when comparing these types of data.

PMID- 2904375
TI  - Pharmacologic consequences of the vascular permeability of chromaffin cell
      transplants in CNS pain modulatory regions.
AB  - The transplantation of peripheral neural tissue into the CNS has been shown to
      alter blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability to intravascularly injected proteins
      such as horseradish peroxidase. The pharmacological consequences of such BBB
      alterations following the transplantation of adrenal medullary tissue, isolated
      bovine chromaffin cell suspensions, or PC12 cell suspensions into the pain
      modulatory regions of the periaqueductal gray (PAG) or subarachnoid space of the
      lumbar spinal cord were studied using agents that normally do or do not readily
      pass the BBB. The injection of nicotine in animals with adrenal medullary or
      chromaffin cell transplants produces potent analgesia, most likely due to the
      stimulated release of opioid peptides and catecholamines from the transplanted
      cells. This analgesia could be blocked by nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine,
      which normally passes the BBB, but not by nicotinic antagonist hexamethonium,
      which normally does not readily pass the BBB. Furthermore, quaternary nicotinic
      agonists tetramethylammonium and 1,1-dimethyl-phenyl-piperazinium had no effect
      on pain sensitivity in animals with adrenal medullary implants. The Met
      enkephalin peptide analog, D-Ala-Met-enkephalinamide, which normally does not
      alter pain sensitivity when injected systemically due to limited penetration to
      the CNS, produced analgesia in animals with adrenal medullary, bovine chromaffin
      cell, and PC12 cell implants in the PAG, but not in control gelfoam-implanted
      animals. This analgesia, as well as analgesia induced by nicotine, was completely
      blocked by naloxone pretreatment, but not by naloxone methobromide, a quaternary
      derivative of naloxone that does not normally pass the BBB.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2904376
TI  - Kynurenic acid and AP5 distinguish between NMDA receptor agonists.
AB  - Quantitative analysis of responses to amino acids in mouse cortical slices has
      indicated that the antagonists kynurenate and 2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid
      distinguish between ibotenate and both N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and
      quinolinate. This result is consistent with the existence of NMDA-receptor
      subtypes.

PMID- 2904377
TI  - Opioids and cytosolic calcium in rat anterior pituitary: dynorphin preparation
      showed LHRH-like action due to contamination.
AB  - The effect of dynorphin A-(1-13) (Dyn A-(1-13] and other opioids on the cytosolic
      free calcium concentration [(Ca2+]i) in rat anterior pituitary cells was examined
      using the fluorescent indicator fura-2. A commercial synthetic Dyn A-(1-13)
      preparation elevated [Ca2+]i. Results, which were obtained with receptor
      antagonists, and in LHRH receptor radioligand binding studies as well as by HPLC
      combined with LHRH radioimmunoassay, strongly suggest that this effect of the
      dynorphin preparation was due to contamination with a LHRH-like compound. Dyn A
      (1-13), purified by HPLC, as well as Dyn A-(2-13), [Leu5]enkephalin, beta
      endorphin, morphine, or U50,488H had no effect on [Ca2+]i. LHRH caused a rapid
      increase in [Ca2+]i by about 50 nM which was blocked by the LHRH antagonist, [D
      pGlu1,D-Phe2,D-Trp3,6] LHRH.

PMID- 2904378
TI  - Azelastine inhibits bronchial hyperreactivity to acetylcholine in guinea pigs.
AB  - Contractile responses to acetylcholine were measured using isolated tracheae
      obtained from actively sensitized guinea pigs 0.5, 1, 5, 20, 24, 48 and 72 h
      after antigen challenge. Tracheal contractions to acetylcholine and to histamine
      were significantly increased 20 h but not 0.5, 1, 5, 24, 48 and 72 h after
      antigen challenge indicating bronchial hyperreactivity. When animals were
      pretreated with azelastine and then exposed to antigen challenge, concentration
      response curve to acetylcholine did not differ from that obtained in control (non
      challenged) tracheae. It is likely that azelastine is able to inhibit bronchial
      hyperresponsiveness to chemical mediators of bronchial asthma.

PMID- 2904379
TI  - Eosinophilic spleen colonies are produced in rat-marrow-transplanted but not in
      murine-marrow-transplanted mice.
AB  - Differential counts of about 5000 splenic clusters and colonies developing in
      whole-body-irradiated mice and rats were made, using semi-serial histological
      sections prepared 9 to 12 d after transplantation with bone marrow haemopoietic
      cells. The investigated mouse and rat spleens were from syngeneically,
      allogeneically, or xenogeneically transplanted recipients. Splenic eosinophil
      clusters were always found when rat eosinophil-producing progenitors were present
      in the inoculum, whereas murine inocula failed to produce splenic eosinophilic
      clusters even in the syngeneic mouse. The limiting factor in the production of
      splenic eosinophilic clusters was the appropriate donor progenitor/committed stem
      cell itself. Changes in the percentages of eosinophil clusters with the number of
      injected cells and with increased doses of irradiation, as well as formation of
      rat eosinophil colonies in mice, as against mainly clusters in rats, themselves
      show that regulatory mechanisms of the recipients also play a role. These
      regulatory mechanisms cannot be attributed to the splenic microenvironment.

PMID- 2904380
TI  - Heterogeneous expression of glutamine synthetase mRNA in rat liver parenchyma
      revealed by in situ hybridization and Northern blot analysis of RNA from
      periportal and perivenous hepatocytes.
AB  - Using radiolabeled specific cDNA glutamine synthetase mRNA could be detected by
      in situ hybridization exclusively within those few perivenous hepatocytes which
      stained immunocytochemically for glutamine synthetase. This localization of
      glutamine synthetase mRNA was recently reported by Moorman et al. [(1988) J.
      Histochem. Cytochem. 36, 751-755]. Biotinylated cDNA was not suitable for mRNA
      detection because of a very high background staining under the conditions of in
      situ hybridization. Dot blot and Northern blot analysis of RNA isolated from
      periportal and perivenous subfractions of hepatocytes also demonstrated the
      exclusive perivenous localization of two hybridizable glutamine synthetase mRNAs
      of length 2.8 and 1.6 kilobases. These results indicate that the unique
      heterogeneity of glutamine synthetase in rat liver parenchyma is controlled at
      the pretranslational level.

PMID- 2904381
TI  - The amyloid percursor protein of Alzheimer disease is expressed as a 130 kDa
      polypeptide in various cultured cell types.
AB  - The vascular and parenchymal amyloid deposits in Alzheimer disease (AD), normal
      aging and Down syndrome are mainly composed of a 4 kDa polypeptide (A4), which
      derives from a larger precursor protein (APP). There is evidence that APP is a
      transmembrane glycoprotein present in most tissues, but the characteristics of
      APP in intact cells are not yet known. In order to investigate this issue, we
      examined the immunoreactivity of fibroblasts of human and nonhuman cell lines
      with antisera raised to synthetic peptides corresponding to A4 and to two other
      domains of the APP. All three antisera recognized a 130 kDa polypeptide (APP-130)
      in immunoblots from all cell lines. In fibroblasts, an additional polypeptide of
      228 kDa (APP-228) was recognized by the antiserum to A4. In immunoblots of two
      dimensional gels, APP-130 showed a pI of 6.2, while APP-228 failed to focus in
      the pH range of 4.7-7.0. Sequential extractions of cells with buffer and with
      Triton X-100 indicate that APP-130 is extractable with nonionic detergents at
      high ionic strength, whereas 228 kDa APP is a cystolic component.
      Immunofluorescence staining is consistent with an intracellular perinuclear and
      plasma membrane localization. It is concluded that APP-130 and APP-228 are two
      forms of the APP which result from extensive posttranslational modifications of a
      smaller original gene product. It is likely that APP undergoes similar
      posttranslational modifications in different cell types.

PMID- 2904382
TI  - [Neurochemical mechanisms of regulation in cataleptiform states in animals].
AB  - Influence of serotonin- and GABA-ergic systems on cataleptic responses to
      electrical stimulation of the medial parabrachial nucleus, cuneiform nucleus,
      median and magnus raphe nuclei, was investigated in chronic experiments on rats.
      The brainstem structures seem to form a morphofunctional inhibitory system
      participating in catalepsy.

PMID- 2904383
TI  - Interaction of F1-ATPase and its inhibitor peptide. Effect of pH.
AB  - 1. The inhibition of F1-ATPase by its natural peptide inhibitor is mixed non
      competitive with two pH optimum values (5.5 and 8.2). 2. A two-step model for the
      interaction is suggested in which two enzyme conformations would exhibit
      different affinities for the peptide. 3. At low pH, interaction would be
      favoured. At high pH, a conformation (not susceptible to inhibition) changes into
      another (susceptible to inhibition) through the hydrolytic reaction stimulation,
      due to high pH.

PMID- 2904384
TI  - Interaction of F1-ATPase and its inhibitor peptide. Effect of dinitrophenol,
      nucleotides and anions.
AB  - 1. ATPase natural inhibitor interacted in a mixed non-competitive manner with
      compounds affecting hydrolytic activity. 2. Ka's for DNP, HCO3- and free ATP, and
      Ki's for SCN- and ADP became smaller as inhibitor peptide concentration
      increased, reflecting an increase in affinity of F1-ATPase for these compounds
      induced by the peptide. 3. Activators increased the peptide inhibitory effect,
      whereas inhibitors decreased it. 4. A two-step model for the peptide-enzyme
      interaction is suggested in which ATP hydrolysis is a key factor.

PMID- 2904385
TI  - The beta-subunit of the bovine mitochondrial F1 ATPase specifically binds the
      amino terminal domain of parathyroid hormone.
AB  - A protein which specifically binds the amino terminal domain of parathyroid
      hormone (PTH) on nitrocellulose blots of polyacrylamide gels was fragmented with
      cyanogen bromide (CNBr), and two fragments were sequenced through 20 residues.
      The sequence obtained was 100% homologous with the beta-subunit of bovine F1
      mitochondrial ATPase. Purified F1 ATPase from bovine heart and Escherichia coli
      were obtained and the binding of PTH examined on the blots. The beta-subunit of
      the bovine enzyme bound PTH specifically through its amino terminal domain.
      However, both the alpha- and beta-subunit of the E. coli enzyme were found to
      bind the hormone. This binding was also specific for the amino terminal domain of
      the hormone. The subcellular distribution of the PTH-binding protein from bovine
      kidney was also examined further. While the mitochondria and plasma membrane
      appear to possess similar PTH-binding capability, submitochondrial particles
      enriched in F1 ATPase were also enriched in PTH-binding activity.

PMID- 2904386
TI  - Transforming growth factor-beta: multiple effects on cell differentiation and
      extracellular matrices.

PMID- 2904387
TI  - Murine glutamine synthetase: cloning, developmental regulation, and
      glucocorticoid inducibility.
AB  - We have cloned the murine glutamine synthetase (GS) gene and measured GS enzyme
      activity and mRNA in five tissues (retina, brain, liver, kidney, and skeletal
      muscle) during perinatal development. Retinal GS enzyme activity increases 200
      fold between Day 1 and Day 21 and is accompanied by an increase in the level of
      GS mRNA; developmental regulation in other tissues is much less dramatic. Based
      on Southern blotting analysis, a single GS gene gives rise to the tissue-specific
      patterns of GS mRNA expression. The increase in murine retinal GS observed during
      perinatal development is similar in magnitude to that observed in the chicken
      retina just prior to hatching. In the embryonic chicken retina, glucocorticoid
      hormones mediate a large increase in the level of GS mRNA. However, although
      glucocorticoids induce a 12-fold increase in GS mRNA in murine skeletal muscle,
      expression of the retinal enzyme and mRNA is only modestly glucocorticoid
      inducible in the mouse. Therefore, despite the hormonal responsiveness of the
      murine GS gene, it is not likely that glucocorticoids are important physiological
      modulators of the developmental rise in murine retinal GS.

PMID- 2904388
TI  - Changes in myosin and C-protein isoforms proceed independently of the conversion
      to singly innervated neuromuscular junctions in developing pectoral muscle.
AB  - Changes in contractile protein expression during myogenesis are usually
      categorized as developmentally programmed or neuronally dependent. Studies on
      aneurogenic chick embryos indicated that the neuronally dependent phase begins at
      about Embryonic Day 15, immediately prior to the fetal transition in myosin and C
      protein expression. The prime candidate for the neuronal event that induces the
      fetal transition is the conversion to the adult form of singly innervated
      neuromuscular junctions (NMJs), which occurs contemporaneously with the fetal
      transition. Using curare to inhibit the conversion to focal innervation, we find
      that the fetal transition proceeds unimpaired, demonstrating that there is no
      causal link between the fetal transition and the conversion to focal innervation.
      Furthermore, because the doses of curare used inhibit motor activity by more than
      80%, the fetal transition can occur in the absence of normal levels of motor
      activity. These observations show that the fetal transition in ovo is not induced
      by either a specific change in innervation or use. Rather, the dependence on
      innervation seems to be a consequence of the need for muscle activity to prevent
      atrophy, and the fetal transition appears to have characteristics more like the
      preprogrammed contractile protein transitions that precede it.

PMID- 2904389
TI  - Membrane voltage and neurotransmitter regulation of neuronal growth cone
      motility.
AB  - The neurotransmitters serotonin and dopamine inhibit growth cone motility and
      neurite elongation of specific identified neurons of the pond snail Helisoma.
      Similarly, experimentally evoked action potentials inhibit motility of these
      growth cones. Here we explore the possibility that the motility- and elongation
      inhibiting actions of serotonin and dopamine derive from the electrophysiological
      responses of the respective neurons. Evidence of three types in support of this
      hypothesis is presented: (1) Only those identified neurons for which motility is
      inhibited by serotonin or dopamine respond to the transmitter with sustained
      electrical excitation. (2) The magnitude of the electrical excitation response
      correlates with the degree of inhibition of growth cone motility. (3) The
      injection of hyperpolarizing current enables motility to continue as in the
      absence of transmitters. We conclude that membrane voltage is an important level
      of control of growth cone motility, at which neurotransmitters exert a regulatory
      influence.

PMID- 2904390
TI  - Peptidergic innervation of the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)- and growth
      hormone (GH)-producing cells in the pars distalis of the sea bass (Dicentrarchus
      labrax).
AB  - Due to its unique organization, the teleost pituitary is an ideal model in which
      to investigate the relationship of the nervous system with the pituitary
      endocrine cells. A light microscope immunocytochemical study of the sea bass
      pituitary revealed six different neuropeptides in nerve fibers which projected
      into the pituitary neurohypophysis and bordered the adenohypophysial cells.
      Double staining showed separate nerve fibers immunoreactive for corticotropin
      releasing factor (CRF), vasotocin (VT), somatostatin (SRIF), growth hormone
      releasing factor (GRF), and neurotensin (NT) in the vicinity of the
      adrenocorticotropic hormone-releasing cells (ACTH-cells) in the rostral pars
      distalis (PD). In the proximal PD cholecystokinin (CCK)-, SRIF-, GRF-, and VT
      immunoreactive fibers penetrated between the growth hormone-releasing cells (GH
      cells). These results suggest a possible role for CCK, GRF, SRIF, and VT in the
      modulation of GH-cell activity, while the synthesis and/or secretion of the ACTH
      cells might be affected by the release of VT, CRF, SRIF, GRF, and NT.

PMID- 2904391
TI  - Somatostatin-related and glucagon-related peptides with unusual structural
      features from the European eel (Anguilla anguilla).
AB  - Peptides derived from prosomatostatins I and II and from two distinct
      proglucagons have been isolated from the pancreas of a teleost fish, the European
      eel (Anguilla anguilla). The product of prosomatostatin I processing,
      somatostatin-14, is identical to mammalian somatostatin-14. A 25-amino-acid
      residue peptide (Ser-Val-Asp-Asn-Gln5-Gln-Gly-Arg-Glu-Arg10-Lys-Ala-Gly-Cys-
      Lys15-Asn-Phe-Tyr- Trp-Lys20-Gly-Pro-Thr-Ser-Cys25) is derived from
      prosomatostatin II. Compared with the corresponding peptides from other teleost
      fish, the eel somatostatin-25 contains the unusual substitution Pro for Phe at
      position 22. This peptide was also isolated in a form containing a hydroxylsyl
      residue at position 20. A 29-amino-acid-residue eel glucagon contains four
      substitutions relative to human glucagon Asn for Ser8, Glu for Asp15, Thr for
      Ser16, and Ser for Thr29). In common with mammalian and avian glucagons but
      unlike most other fish glucagons, the eel peptide possesses a glutamine residue
      at position 3. A peptide derived from a second proglucagon comprises 36 amino
      acid residues. A 7-residue C-terminal extension to the glucagon sequence shows
      structural similarity to the corresponding extension in ratfish (Hydrolagus
      colliei) glucagon and mammalian oxyntomodulin.

PMID- 2904392
TI  - Use of colonic eicosanoid concentrations as predictors of relapse in ulcerative
      colitis: double blind placebo controlled study on sulphasalazine maintenance
      treatment.
AB  - To establish whether concentrations of eicosanoids determined by equilibrium in
      vivo dialysis of faeces and equilibrium in vivo dialysis of rectum might predict
      a relapse in ulcerative colitis, 23 patients with completely inactive disease,
      maintained on sulphasalazine, stopped treatment and entered a prospective study.
      Concentrations of prostaglandin E2 were determined by radioimmunoassay on
      purified faecal and rectal dialysates at entry, at two weeks, and at two, six,
      and 12 months. If the above concentrations exceeded control concentrations (0.5
      ng/ml and 1.0 ng/ml in faecal and rectal fluid, respectively) at any study day,
      the patient was allocated at random to double blind treatment with sulphasalazine
      2 g/day, or placebo for six months. A relapse, defined as recurrence of symptoms
      accompanied by endoscopic inflammation occurred in none of six and in four of
      five patients allocated to sulphasalazine and placebo, respectively (p less than
      0.05). In no case a normal rectal prostaglandin E2 concentration was associated
      with a relapse in the short term, but only two of 12 patients observed passively
      remained in remission. In retrospect, leukotriene B4 was a less sensitive
      predictor of relapse than prostaglandin E2. We conclude that raised
      concentrations of prostaglandin E2 in rectal dialysis fluid identify patients
      with a substantial risk of relapse.

PMID- 2904393
TI  - Gastrin cell function in familial multiple endocrine neoplasia type I.
AB  - Recent studies have suggested that patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia
      type I (MEN I) may have abnormal serum gastrin secretion in the absence of
      gastrin producing tumours. G-(gastrin) cell function by three provocation tests
      in 20 patients with hyperparathyroidism from six MEN I-families were studied:
      each patient was an obligate carrier of the MEN I-gene. The serum gastrin
      response to secretin was used to identify the presence of gastrinoma, that to a
      test meal of G-cell hyperfunction of the antral and/or duodenal mucosa, and that
      to bombesin to differentiate antral from duodenal G-cell hyperfunction. Seven
      patients had basal hypergastrinaemia and hyperchlorhydria. These patients had
      increased serum gastrin responses to secretin (p less than 0.01) and to bombesin
      (p less than 0.02), but normal postprandial responses. In the 13
      normogastrinaemic patients the responses to the three stimuli were normal. In
      families with MEN-I gastrinoma is the only endocrine disorder accounting for
      abnormal gastrin secretion. G-cell function is normal in obligate carriers of the
      MEN I-gene.

PMID- 2904394
TI  - Twenty four hour intragastric acidity and plasma gastrin concentration in healthy
      volunteers taking nizatidine 150 mg, nizatidine 300 mg, ranitidine 300 mg, or
      placebo at 21:00 h.
AB  - Nine healthy volunteers were studied on the seventh day of dosing at 21:00 h with
      nizatidine 150 mg (N 150), nizatidine 300 mg (N 300), ranitidine 300 mg (R 300),
      or placebo, given in a predetermined random order. The double-blind 24 hour
      studies, using the Royal Free Hospital standard protocol, simultaneously measured
      intragastric acidity and plasma gastrin concentration. Compared with placebo,
      subjects responded to dosing with each H2-antagonist by a significant decrease of
      24 hour intragastric acidity (N 150-45%; N 300-49% R 300-56%; p less than 0.01)
      and a significant rise of plasma gastrin concentration (N 150 + 20%; N 300 + 27%;
      R 300 + 58%; p less than 0.01). All three drug regimens caused similar
      significant decreases of nocturnal acidity (N 150-72%; N 300-79%; R 300-85%; p
      less than 0.01) and increases of nocturnal plasma gastrin concentration (N 150 +
      41%; N300 + 52%; R 300 + 80%; p less than 0.01). Dosing with ranitidine 300 mg at
      21:00 h also caused a simultaneous significant decrease of morning acidity (-32%;
      p less than 0.05) with a significant increase of plasma gastrin concentration
      (+36%; p less than 0.05), but the antisecretory effects of nizatidine 150 or 300
      mg at 21:00 h were only observed during the night, with no effect during the
      morning. No drug regimen had any effect on acidity or plasma gastrin in the
      afternoon or early evening.

PMID- 2904395
TI  - Somatostatin on intravariceal pressure.

PMID- 2904396
TI  - [New momentum in cardiovascular therapy. Further development of ACE inhibitors:
      from captopril to lisinopril].

PMID- 2904397
TI  - [Cardioprotection through ACE inhibition. Satellite symposium of the 12th
      scientific meeting of the International Society of Hypertension. 26 May 1988,
      Kyoto, Japan].

PMID- 2904398
TI  - Sympatho-endocrine and metabolic responses to exercise under post-ganglionic
      blockade in rats.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to further document the role of locally released
      norepinephrine (NE) in the control of metabolic and endocrine responses to
      exercise in rats. Post-ganglionic blockade with bretylium (20 mg.kg-1, i.v.)
      reduced NE release from sympathetic nerve endings and triggered a compensatory
      increase in epinephrine (E) release from the adrenal medulla, as reflected by
      plasma NE and E concentrations at rest and exercise (E/NE ratio = 2.92 +/- 0.53
      and 2.48 +/- 0.51 vs 0.62 +/- 0.15 and 1.48 +/- 0.18 in control rats; mean +/-
      SE). Following bretylium administration a reduction in running time to exhaustion
      (28 m.min-1, 8% slope: 33 +/- 2 min vs 74 +/- 10 min) was associated with 1) a
      faster decrease in blood glucose concentration (3.58 +/- 0.80 mM vs 8.09 +/- 0.38
      mM in control rats exercised for 33 min); and 2) an increased glycogen store
      utilization in fast-twitch muscles (superficial vastus lateralis and
      gastrocnemius lateralis). Glycogen utilization was not modified in soleus muscle
      and in the liver. Taken together these results suggest that post-ganglionic
      blockade increased carbohydrate store and peripheral blood glucose utilization.
      This could reflect an impairment in fat mobilization and utilization which might
      be secondary to a reduction of NE release in the adipose tissue and/or in the
      endocrine pancreas.

PMID- 2904399
TI  - Human mitochondrial DNA types in Finland.
AB  - Variation in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in a sample of 110 Finns was analyzed with
      six restriction enzymes, AvaII, BamHI, HaeII, HindII, HpaI, and MspI, by using
      total blood cell DNA probed with mouse mtDNA. Two new enzyme morphs were
      observed, one for HaeII and one for HindII. Double-digestion experiments
      indicated that the BamHI morphs 2 and 3 result from base changes leading to AvaII
      morphs 3 and 9, respectively. Of the ten different mtDNA types observed, defined
      by restriction fragment patterns, seven have been previously described in
      Caucasoid populations. The three new "Finnish" mtDNA types can be derived from
      Caucasoid lineages by single restriction site changes. The results were used to
      reconstruct a phylogenetic tree for Caucasoid mtDNA types defined by the enzymes
      used. The frequencies of mtDNA types were used to compute genetic distances
      between Finns, Italians, and Israeli Jews. The frequencies of both enzyme morphs
      and mtDNA types show that the Finnish population is highly homogeneous.

PMID- 2904400
TI  - The gene for X-linked progressive mixed deafness with perilymphatic gusher during
      stapes surgery (DFN3) is linked to PGK.
AB  - A linkage analysis has been performed in a large Dutch kindred with progressive
      mixed deafness with perilymphatic gusher during stapes surgery (DFN3) using a
      panel of X-chromosomal RFLPs. Tight linkage (zmax = 3.07 at 0 = theta = 0.00) was
      demonstrated with the locus for phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK), which is located
      at Xq13. Tight linkage was excluded for DXS9 (probe RC8) and DXS41 (probe 99.6)
      on Xp and for blood clotting factor 9 (FIX) on distal Xq. Deafness is one of the
      predominant clinical features in males with deletions of the Xq21 band. Our
      results suggest that this association may be due to involvement of the DFN3 gene.

PMID- 2904401
TI  - Use of restriction fragment length polymorphic probes in the analysis of Down's
      syndrome trisomy.
AB  - Restriction fragment length polymorphic probes are being used more frequently in
      the molecular analysis of Down's syndrome and in the origin of nondisjunction in
      the syndrome. The type of information gained from RFLPs overlaps but differs from
      the information from cytogenetic heteromorphisms. From the allele frequencies of
      commonly available probes we have derived the expected frequencies of all matings
      in the population. Each mating has been defined and partitioned to show the
      genotypes and phenotypes expected, with numerical values based on studies with
      heteromorphisms. From this we show how the various phenotypes can be used to
      calculate the origin of nondisjunctions and their expected frequencies. Further,
      an alternative method is outlined for mapping the distance between a probe and
      its centromere based on the distortion, caused by crossing-over, of the expected
      1st to 2nd division nondisjunction ratio. Finally, we discuss prospects for
      various uses of probes in the analysis of Down's syndrome.

PMID- 2904402
TI  - Dissociation between mental retardation and fragile site expression in a family
      with fragile X-linked mental retardation.
AB  - We report an extended family in which two brothers with a fragile X chromosome
      are mentally retarded while a third brother with the fragile site is both
      phenotypically and mentally normal. The study of six probes detecting restriction
      fragment length polymorphisms on either sides of the fragile site Xq27 confirmed
      that the fragile X regions inherited by these three brothers were identical from
      DXS102 to the telomere. These data highlight the heterogeneity of the fragile X
      syndrome, which is discussed in the framework of the different hypotheses
      previously proposed.

PMID- 2904403
TI  - A highly conserved sequence on the short arm of chromosome 7 detects multiple
      polymorphisms.
AB  - We have isolated a human DNA fragment (laboratory acronym G98) that detects
      related sequences in mammals, chicken and Drosophila DNAs. This sequence has been
      mapped to human chromosome 7 p14-p15 by in situ hybridization. Probe G98
      recognizes an insertion-deletion type polymorphism, with allelic frequencies of
      about 0.5, which can be detected with at least six different restriction enzymes.
      A second polymorphism, which can be detected in human DNA digested with TaqI, is
      in non-complete linkage disequilibrium with the first polymorphism. About 70% of
      the individuals analysed have been found to be heterozygous at this locus.

PMID- 2904404
TI  - Lesch-Nyhan syndrome: molecular investigation of three French Canadian families
      using a hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase cDNA probe.
AB  - Using human hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) cDNA and an
      anonymous probe 36B-2, we examined the segregation of restriction fragment length
      polymorphism (RFLP) alleles with the Lesch-Nyhan phenotype in three affected
      families. Two families were informative. Five carriers of the mutation in one
      family and two potential carriers in the second were heterozygous for either one
      or both polymorphisms allowing for prenatal diagnosis. Southern blot patterns in
      patients from these three families indicated the absence of major structural
      alterations in the defective gene. Northern analysis using HPRT cDNA as a probe
      revealed no hybridizing RNA in one patient, whereas normal size mRNA was
      expressed at a very low level in the second and at a level comparable to normal
      in the third. These data are consistent with heterogeneity of Lesch-Nyhan genetic
      lesions resulting from point mutations or small DNA deletions or rearrangements,
      which may affect transcription, stability, or integrity of the HPRT message.

PMID- 2904405
TI  - Cystic fibrosis: typing 89 German families with linked DNA probes.
AB  - Three hundred and ninety-two subjects from 89 German families were typed for
      restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) detected by the probes pmetH,
      pmetD, pJ3.11, KM19, and XV2c known to be tightly linked to the cystic fibrosis
      (CF) gene. The analysis of the predictive value of this typing in individual CF
      families indicates that the combined use of these probes provides a powerful
      diagnostic system for both carrier detection and prenatal diagnosis. In 45
      families the complete haplotype including all RFLPs was available. Of them 41
      (91.1%) were fully informative and 4 were partly informative.

PMID- 2904406
TI  - DNA haplotypes of the human apoprotein B gene in coronary atherosclerosis.
AB  - Haplotypes of the apoprotein B gene, localised to chromosome 2, were identified
      using restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) for the enzymes XbaI and
      EcoRI. Four haplotypes were identified at this locus, X1R1 (H1), X1R2 (H2), X2R1
      (H3) and X2R2 (H4); where the X1 and X2 alleles were characterised by gene
      related fragments of 5.0 and 8.6 kb respectively and the R1 and R2 alleles by
      fragments of 13.0 and 11.0 kb respectively. Although the polymorphic sites are
      less than 10 kb apart, they were found to be in linkage equilibrium. The value of
      the disequilibrium parameter (D) was 0.0042, approximately 7.5% of the
      theoretical maximum (Dmax = 0.054). No disease association could be demonstrated
      between either apoB RFLP, or haplotype, and coronary athersclerosis in our
      population from south-east England. This was in accordance with a study of apoB
      RFLPs for a population from the West Coast of the United States, but in contrast
      to a study of an East-Coast population. There are no previous data for the
      association between apoB haplotypes and coronary atherosclerosis.

PMID- 2904408
TI  - A new method for FXIIIA genetic variants determination using isoelectric focusing
      in 1 M urea. Evidence for three structural gene loci, FXIIIA1, FXIIIA2, and
      FXIIIA3.
AB  - A new method for separating genetic variants of the A subunit of human
      coagulation factor XIII using ultrathin layer polyacrylamide gel isoelectric
      focusing in 1 M urea followed by immunoblotting is described. The pattern
      obtained by this method differs from that reported previously: Three sets of
      unrelated band patterns are observed and can be explained by the existence of two
      additional gene loci, designated FXIIIA2 and FXIIIA3, besides the previously
      reported FXIIIA locus, now renamed FXIIIA1. The FXIIIA2 locus is polymorphic and
      shows three commonly occurring phenotypes, FXIIIA2 1, FXIIIA2 2-I, and FXIIIA2 2.
      These are determined by two common alleles, FXIIIA2*1 and FXIIIA2*2, with
      respective frequencies of 0.7965 and 0.2035 in the Japanese population. The
      studied population conforms to a Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and family data
      confirmed autosomal codominant transmission. The FXIIIA3 locus is monomorphic.

PMID- 2904407
TI  - Linkage studies in X-linked Alport's syndrome.
AB  - Four kindreds segregating for Alport's syndrome (ASLN) compatible with a X-linked
      inheritance were studied for linkage with polymorphic markers of the human X
      chromosome. No recombinant was observed between the ASLN locus and the DXS101 and
      DXS94 loci, the maximum lod scores were z = 3.93 and 3.50 respectively. Linkage
      data between the ASLN locus and the other genetic markers used in the present
      study are in keeping with the assignment of the mutation to the proximal Xq arm.

PMID- 2904409
TI  - Examination of the differential characteristics of amplifier and contrasuppressor
      T cells.
AB  - Vicia villosa lectin-adherent Lyt-1+ spleen cells, obtained 4 days after
      immunization with an optimally immunogenic dose (0.5 micrograms) of Type III
      pneumococcal polysaccharide (SSS-III), increased the magnitude of the antibody
      response of mice to SSS-III upon transfer to recipients also immunized with the
      same antigen; however, the ability to demonstrate such enhancement depended
      greatly upon when such cells were transferred relative to immunization of
      recipients. Lectin-adherent cells augmented the antibody response of athymic nude
      (nu/nu) mice to SSS-III, and abrogated the expression - but not the induction -
      of low-dose immunological paralysis, a form of unresponsiveness mediated by
      suppressor T cells. These findings are consistent with effects usually attributed
      to the action of amplifier, rather than contrasuppressor, T cells.

PMID- 2904410
TI  - On the convulsant action of DMCM and Ro 5-4864 in mice.

PMID- 2904411
TI  - Effect of hormones on the development of various brush border enzymes across
      crypt-villus axis in rat intestine.

PMID- 2904412
TI  - A simple & rapid Dot-ELISA dipstick technique for detection of antibodies to
      Entamoeba histolytica in amoebic liver abscess.

PMID- 2904413
TI  - Reversal of metabolic & electrocardiographic changes induced by Indian red
      scorpion (Buthus tamulus) venom by administration of insulin, alpha blocker &
      sodium bicarbonate.

PMID- 2904414
TI  - DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of human bronchogenic
      carcinoma.
AB  - DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis has been
      successfully applied both to evaluate possible human susceptibility factors as
      well as to identify genes involved in malignant transformation of human cells. In
      this report we review previous applications of RFLP analysis to evaluation of
      human malignancies and discuss our RFLP studies of human bronchogenic carcinoma,
      which are in progress. Preliminary results of our analysis of the RFLP associated
      with the cHa ras variable tandem repeat (VTR) indicate that rare alleles of this
      VTR are more frequent in patients with bronchogenic carcinoma than in controls.

PMID- 2904415
TI  - Opioids.

PMID- 2904416
TI  - Modern approaches to the diagnosis and management of anovulation.

PMID- 2904417
TI  - Treatment of hydrosalpinx using a single incision eversion procedure.
AB  - Between January 1981 and December 1986, 93 patients underwent microsurgery for
      hydrosalpinx. A single incision was used to open the hydrosalpinx. The edges were
      rolled back and imbricated with 7-0 and 8-0 polyglactin sutures. A 94% patency
      rate was obtained, with an overall pregnancy rate of 53%. The full-term pregnancy
      rate was 40% in tubes with normal-appearing fimbria, and 28% in tubes with absent
      fimbria. The presence or absence of fimbria appeared to have the best predictive
      value for successful pregnancy following microsurgical treatment of distal tubal
      obstruction.

PMID- 2904418
TI  - Microscopic evidence of silent inflammation in grossly normal fallopian tubes
      with ectopic pregnancy.
AB  - A normal laparoscopic examination of the pelvis in an infertile patient is
      usually considered sufficient evidence of normal tubal function. Twelve of 27
      tubal ectopic pregnancies which occurred over a 4-year period in patients
      attending an infertility clinic were in patients with a previously "normal"
      laparoscopy. In eight patients, salpingectomy was performed, and the whole tube
      was available for examination by a single pathologist. The eight fallopian tubes,
      thoroughly examined histologically, all had evidence of ongoing, low-grade
      salpingitis or postinflammatory endosalpingeal disorganization in areas away from
      the ectopic pregnancy. These findings suggest that laparoscopy does not exclude
      significant microscopic tubal disease in at least some women with an apparently
      normal pelvis, and that this may be a cause of ectopic pregnancy and perhaps
      "idiopathic" infertility.

PMID- 2904419
TI  - Endometrial biopsies during treatment with subcutaneous pulsatile gonadotropin
      releasing hormone and luteal-phase human chorionic gonadotropin.
AB  - A high incidence of luteal phase defect (LPD) has been reported using
      subcutaneous pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone for induction of ovulation.
      We reviewed all patients treated with the combination of subcutaneous pulsatile
      gonadotropin-releasing hormone during the follicular phase and human chorionic
      gonadotropin during the luteal phase (GnRH-hCG) who underwent endometrial biopsy
      during a treatment cycle. All of these patients had biopsy-proven LPD which
      persisted despite traditional therapy with progesterone vaginal suppositories
      and/or clomiphene citrate. The mean number of biopsies out of phase per patient
      prior to GnRH-hCG treatment was 2.8 +/- 0.2 (+/- SEM). When treated with GnRH
      hCG, 15/16 patients (94%) showed a normal endometrial biopsy. The probability of
      this result occurring by chance alone allowing for a 50% treatment independent
      correction rate is less than .001. These results show that the combination of
      subcutaneous pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone and luteal-phase human
      chorionic gonadotropin can result in normal endometrial maturation in a high
      percentage of cycles when administered as described. It appears to be an
      effective alternative to traditional treatment modalities for luteal phase defect
      should one be needed.

PMID- 2904420
TI  - Effect of the mode of clomiphene citrate administration on ovarian response in an
      in vitro fertilization program.
AB  - To increase oocyte recovery for in vitro fertilization, superovulation treatment
      combining clomiphene citrate (CC) and human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) is
      often used. However, CC may also have undesirable effects, e.g., on the
      endometrium, and therefore, high CC doses should be avoided. We studied the
      effects of three different modes of CC administration on ovarian estradiol (E2)
      responses and additive follicular diameters developed during 42 stimulated
      cycles. The treatments were (1) 150 mg CC on cycle days 5 to 9, (2) 50 mg CC on
      cycle days 3 to 7, or (3) 50 mg CC on cycle days 5 to 9. On the seventh cycle
      day, 300 IU hMG was given to all patients and this was continued for 3 to 4 days
      in decreasing doses depending on the ovarian responses, followed by daily E2
      analyses and ultrasound measurements. The peripheral E2 concentrations during the
      different modes of CC administration were identical on cycle days 7 to 12. In
      addition, the additive follicular diameters on the day of hCG administration and
      the total hMG doses used did not differ significantly between the three CC
      administration groups. Thus, a dose of 50 mg CC daily seems to be large enough to
      lead to maximal ovarian response in combination with hMG, and a treatment period
      of cycle days 3 to 7 appears to be suitable. In this way the interval between the
      cessation of CC and embryo transfer is maximal, and possible deleterious effects
      on the endometrium are minimized.

PMID- 2904421
TI  - Proximal tubal occlusion: microsurgery versus IVF--a review.
AB  - The success of IVF has established it as a viable alternative to microsurgery in
      the treatment of infertility associated with certain types of tubal occlusion.
      The authors have recently reported on the success rates of microsurgery versus
      IVF in cases of distal tubal occlusion. The present study summarizes the results
      reported in the world literature for microsurgery in cases of proximal tubal
      occlusion secondary to surgical sterilization, previous infection, or
      endometriosis, and compares them with the results reported for IVF. Based on what
      has been published to date, it appears that microsurgical tubocornual anastomosis
      remains the procedure of choice for proximal tubal occlusion.

PMID- 2904422
TI  - A pelvic scoring system for infertility surgery.
AB  - A pelvic scoring system for infertility surgery was devised in which pelvic
      pathology is assessed for comparative and prognostic purposes. Pelvic pathology
      was divided into three areas: adhesions (ADH), salpingitis (SPG), and tubal
      occlusion (TOC). The extent of pathology was scored as mild (1), moderate (2),
      severe (3), or extensive (4). The maximum scores for adhesions, salpingitis, and
      tubal occlusion were 48, 24, and 28, respectively--various weightings were
      applied and subareas accounted for. The pelvic score (PLV#) was simply the sum of
      the adhesions (ADH#), salpingitis (SPG#), and tubal occlusion (TOC#) scores. The
      stage of pelvic pathology was arbitrarily assigned as stage 0, I, II, III, and IV
      with PVL#'s of 0, 1-25, 26-50, 51-75, and 76-100, respectively. A close
      correlation (r = .960-.990) of PLV# was noted between different observers using
      this system. Poorer reproductive potential was observed in the patients with
      higher scores and stages. This scoring system properly reflects clinical
      experience and can be relied on for patient counseling via prediction of
      prognosis. This system can be utilized to compare objectively the results of
      infertility surgery between surgeons as well as among institutions.

PMID- 2904423
TI  - Fertility studies in sickle cell disease: semen analysis in adult male patients.
AB  - Semen analysis was done on 50 subjects (25 patients with sickle cell anemia and
      25 control subjects with normal hemoglobin genotype). The ejaculate volume, sperm
      motility, sperm density, and normal sperm morphology were significantly reduced
      in the patients when compared with the control subjects. A significant increase
      was also observed in the percentage of spermatids and in abnormal spermatozoa
      with amorphous and tapered heads in the patients' semen. These findings clearly
      show that there are definite abnormalities associated with semen in sickle cell
      anemia. Furthermore, they suggest that in addition to testicular dysfunction,
      there may be abnormalities in the accessory sex organs, such as the seminal
      vesicles and the prostate gland, particularly in view of the marked decrease in
      ejaculate volume of the patients.

PMID- 2904424
TI  - Failure of hysteroscopic insemination of the fallopian tube in synchronized
      cycles.
AB  - The study consisted of a randomized, controlled trial of synchronized
      hysteroscopic insemination of the fallopian tube (SHIFT), in which selected
      infertile couples underwent hormonal delay of menstruation, ovulation induction,
      and insemination of a selected motile sperm population into the tubal isthmus
      above the utero-tubal junction. Of 40 couples recruited, only 2 became pregnant,
      both during a nonsynchronized control cycle. No conceptions were reported in
      either the 72 SHIFT or 73 non-SHIFT synchronized cycles. Hysteroscopic
      insemination was found to be a relatively easy procedure with a low rate of
      technical failure. There was low morbidity with no major clinical complications.
      However, 57% of tracked synchronized cycles showed a failed response to the
      follicular stimulation protocol; and 91% showed failure of follicular rupture
      greater than or equal to 52 hours after hCG induction. These failures of the
      ovulation synchronization/induction regimen were probably due to the use of
      medroxyprogesterone acetate for cycle synchronization, and should not preclude
      further evaluation of the technique of hysteroscopic insemination.

PMID- 2904425
TI  - Reproductive endocrine function in gossypol-treated male rats.
AB  - The mode and sites of antifertility action of gossypol were explored in Long
      Evans rats for the purpose of clarifying effects on endocrine function. Mature
      male rats were treated every five days with gossypol acetic acid (10 mg/kg of
      body weight, given subcutaneously). Although no conspicuous loss in sperm
      motility and breeding performance occurred with this dosing regimen, even after
      prolonged treatment, a statistically significant reduction in serum testosterone
      (T) and decreases in accessory organ weights were observed after only 3 weeks.
      Testosterone propionate (500 micrograms daily, subcutaneously) administered
      concurrently with gossypol to gonadectomized rats prevented the decrease in
      accessory organ weight, indicating that gossypol probably affects these organs
      indirectly by altering circulating androgen levels. In another experiment, serum
      T was measured in gossypol-treated (10 mg/kg/day for 100 days, subcutaneously)
      and control rats before and after a single challenge dose of 20 IU of hCG. Even
      though prechallenge serum T levels were suppressed in gossypol-treated rats,
      postchallenge levels were similar to controls, indicating the absence of
      significant impairment in interstitial cell response to gonadotropin stimulation.
      There was also no evidence that the anterior pituitary gland was directly
      affected by gossypol treatment.

PMID- 2904426
TI  - Adhesion re-formation in the rabbit uterine horn model: I. Reduction with
      carboxymethylcellulose.
AB  - Adhesion re-formation frequently complicates the performance of adhesiolysis in
      reproductive pelvic surgery. To assess the ability of carboxymethylcellulose
      (CMC) to reduce adhesion re-formation, a rabbit uterine horn model was employed.
      Adhesions were created at laparotomy by scraping a 5-cm segment of each uterine
      horn. This injury reproducibly creates adhesions. Two weeks later, repeat
      laparotomy was performed, at which time all adhesions were lysed by sharp
      dissection. Animals were then randomly assigned to the control or CMC (20 mL of
      2% solution) group. Necropsy was performed 2 weeks later. At both the second
      operative procedure and the time of necropsy, adhesions were graded in a blind
      fashion for severity and tenacity. There was no difference in adhesion score in
      the control and CMC-treated rabbits at the time of adhesiolysis. Subsequently, at
      the time of necropsy, the mean adhesion reformation score in the control group
      was 3.96 (median = 4.0). In contrast, adhesion re-formation in the CMC-treated
      group was significantly less (mean score = 2.15; median = 2.0; sign test, P less
      than .01). In summary, CMC significantly reduced adhesion re-formation in the
      rabbit uterine horn model. The mechanism by which CMC was able to reduce adhesion
      reformation is uncertain, but may be related to "hydroflotation" or
      "siliconizing" effects.

PMID- 2904427
TI  - Cellular and tissue distribution of MRK20 murine monoclonal antibody-defined 85
      kDa protein in adriamycin-resistant cancer cell lines.
AB  - A murine monoclonal antibody (MAb) specific to adriamycin-resistant K-562 (K
      562/ADM) cells, MRK20, was found to react strongly with an 85-kDa protein present
      in K-562/ADM and adriamycin-resistant ovarian cancer (2780AD) cells. This protein
      was present at only very low levels in parental cells (K-562 and A2780),
      methotrexate-resistant K-562 cells (K-562/MTX3, K-562/MTX4 and K-562/MTX5) and
      cisplatin-resistant ovarian cells (KFr). Immunoelectron microscopically, the
      protein was found to be located on the cell membrane of K-562/ADM and 2780AD
      cells. Furthermore, the presence of the protein in various cell lines, normal
      tissues and surgical materials from patients given no anti-cancer agents was
      examined by immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry. MRK20 reacted with
      granulocytes, monocytes and endothelial cells in various tissues, but did not
      react with tissue macrophages. This 85-kDa protein recognized by MRK20 seems to
      be the second multidrug-resistance gene-encoded product appearing in adriamycin
      resistant cancer cells, following the characterization of 170-180-kDa
      glycoprotein, and may be important for elucidating the multidrug-resistance
      mechanism relevant to adrimycin and Vinca alkaloids.

PMID- 2904428
TI  - Psychosocial and medical histories of stimulant-treated children.

PMID- 2904429
TI  - Emerging treatment options in the alcohol withdrawal syndrome.
AB  - Severe alcohol withdrawal has a mortality rate of 5% to 10%. Uncontrolled bouts
      may sensitize the patient, making future episodes more frequent and severe. Thus,
      aggressive treatment that produces rapid control of alcohol withdrawal is
      essential. The author briefly discusses some of the neuropharmacological aspects
      of alcohol's actions and alcohol withdrawal. Drug treatment options are also
      considered. Benzodiazepines offer the highest margin of safety. Lorazepam is an
      excellent first choice because of its intermediate half-life, absence of active
      metabolites, and high bioavailability that can be achieved with a number of
      routes of administration. Combination therapy with clonidine, beta-adrenergic
      blocking agents, and haloperidol is becoming increasingly attractive because it
      results in decreased sedation, better control of delirium, less respiratory
      depression, and improved outcome. The availability of shorter half-life, rapid
      acting drugs like esmolol and midazolam, administered by continuous infusion,
      makes dose titration more precise in the critically ill patient.

PMID- 2904430
TI  - Rapid tranquilization: antipsychotics or benzodiazepines?
AB  - With the advent of rapid tranquilization (RT), psychiatrists were able to
      intervene quickly and effectively with psychotic, agitated, and potentially
      assaultive patients. As RT often obviated the need for physical restraints, it
      became a mainstay in emergency psychiatry. While studies have repeatedly
      demonstrated the safety and efficacy of antipsychotic medication to achieve RT,
      there has been some concern about potential untoward side effects, such as
      neuroleptic malignant syndrome, tardive dyskinesia, and extrapyramidal symptoms.
      As a result, many investigators have begun exploring alternatives to the use of
      antipsychotics for RT. Benzodiazepines are among the classes of drugs most often
      discussed. The author reviews the current literature on both antipsychotics and
      benzodiazepines and summarizes the results of several extensive reviews of RT
      that have appeared in the past few years. The author also critically examines the
      literature on the use of benzodiazepines for RT, with emphasis on lorazepam and
      clonazepam. Finally, the author proposes tentative guidelines for RT and
      directions for future clinical research.

PMID- 2904431
TI  - Somatostatin-immunoreactive concentrations in human saliva and in the
      submandibular salivary glands of the rat. Possible sexual dependence in the
      human.
AB  - Many biologically active polypeptides have been detected either in the
      submandibular salivary glands (SSG) of the rat, and in the saliva of rats and
      humans. The present work has investigated the case of somatostatin (SRIF), since
      salivary data concerning the presence of this peptide are scarce and
      contradictory. In a group of healthy volunteers, SRIF-immunoreactivity (SRIF-IR)
      was tested in samples of mixed saliva. Not all the subjects revealed presence of
      SRIF-IR in saliva. For men, 5 out of 9 were positive (x = 26.40 +/- 10.03 pg/ml),
      whereas for women only one out of 10 was positive (x = 96.40 pg/ml). SRIF-IR was
      also determined in male rat submandibular glands from control animals (26.1 +/-
      6.3 pg/mg protein, n = 18) and from animals injected one hour before with an
      alpha 1-adrenergic secretagogue, phenylephrine (27.9 +/- 7.1 pg/mg protein, n =
      6). The results show that SRIF-IR is not constantly present in human saliva
      obtained from a young population, and that its presence apparently seems to
      differ between the sexes. On the other hand, the fact that SRIF-IR, unlike other
      peptides, is not modified when the animals are injected with phenylephrine, may
      simply indicate that the control mechanism of SRIF-IR release is not the same as
      that affecting other salivary peptides. Further studies must be carried out in
      order to elucidate the origin and role of salivary SRIF-IR.

PMID- 2904432
TI  - Resonance Raman studies on the blue-green-colored bovine adrenal tyrosine 3
      monooxygenase (tyrosine hydroxylase). Evidence that the feedback inhibitors
      adrenaline and noradrenaline are coordinated to iron.
AB  - Tyrosine 3-monooxygenase (tyrosine hydroxylase) is a non-heme iron,
      tetrahydropterin-dependent enzyme which catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the
      biosynthesis of catecholamines. The highly purified bovine adrenal enzyme
      contains an unusual blue-green chromophore with lambda max at around 700 nm
      (epsilon = 1.3 (mM subunit enzyme)-1 cm-1). On excitation at 605.2 nm, resonance
      enhanced Raman vibrations are observed at 454, 494, 527, 604, 635, 835, 1130,
      1271, 1320, 1426, and 1476 cm-1. The excitation profiles of the modes of 1276 and
      1476 cm-1 (from 488 to 620 nm) follow the contour of the 700 nm absorption band.
      The vibrations observed strongly indicate the presence of a bidentate
      catecholamine-Fe(III) complex in the enzyme as isolated which gives rise to the
      characteristic charge-transfer transitions. This is further supported by the
      release of 0.11 +/- 0.04 mol of noradrenaline and 0.25 +/- 0.06 mol of adrenaline
      per mol of enzyme subunit on denaturation of the enzyme. The energies of the
      catecholate to Fe(III) charge-transfer transitions indicate a mixture of
      histidines and carboxylate(s) coordinated to the iron center in tyrosine
      hydroxylase. At neutral pH, the enzymatic activity was inhibited more than 50% by
      10 microM dopamine, noradrenaline, and adrenaline. The high affinity of the
      catecholamines to the nonphosphorylated form of tyrosine hydroxylase may have
      significance in vivo since catecholamines are potent feedback inhibitors of the
      enzyme.

PMID- 2904433
TI  - ATP synthase complex from beef heart mitochondria. Role of the thiol group of the
      25-kDa subunit of Fo in the coupling mechanism between Fo and F1.
AB  - In order to assess the role of thiol groups in the Fo part of the ATP synthase in
      the coupling mechanism of ATP synthase, we have treated isolated Fo, extracted
      from beef heart Complex V with urea, with thiol reagents, primarily with
      diazenedicarboxylic acid bis-(dimethylamide) (diamide) but also with Cd2+ and N
      ethylmaleimide. FoF1 ATP synthase was reconstituted by adding isolated F1 and the
      oligomycin-sensitivity-conferring-protein (OSCP) to Fo. The efficiency of
      reconstitution was assessed by determining the sensitivity to oligomycin of the
      ATP hydrolytic activity of the reconstituted enzyme. Contrary to Cd2+, incubation
      of diamide with Fo, before the addition of F1 and OSCP, induced a severe loss of
      oligomycin sensitivity, due to an inhibited binding of F1 to Fo. This effect was
      reversed by dithiothreitol. Conversely, if F1 and OSCP were added to Fo before
      diamide, no effect could be detected. These results show that F1 (and/or OSCP)
      protects Fo thiols from diamide and are substantiated by the finding that the
      oligomycin sensitivity of ATP hydrolysis activity of isolated Complex V was also
      unaltered by diamide. Gel electrophoresis of FoF1 ATP synthase, reconstituted
      with diamide-treated Fo, revealed that the loss of oligomycin sensitivity was
      directly correlated with diminution of band Fo 1 (or subunit b). Concomitantly a
      band appeared of approximately twice the molecular weight of subunit Fo 1. As
      this protein contains only 1 cysteine residue (Walker, J. E., Runswick, M. J.,
      and Poulter, L. (1987) J. Mol. Biol. 197, 89-100), the effect of diamide is
      attributed to the formation of a disulfide bridge between two of these subunits.
      These results offer further evidence for the proposal, based on aminoacid
      sequence and structural analysis, that subunit Fo 1 of mammalian Fo is involved
      in the binding with F1 (Walker et al. (1987]. N-Ethylmaleimide affects oligomycin
      sensitivity to a lesser extent than diamide, suggesting that the mode of action
      of these reagents (and the structural changes induced in Fo) is different.

PMID- 2904434
TI  - The fluorescein isothiocyanate-binding site of the plasma-membrane H+-ATPase of
      Neurospora crassa.
AB  - The mammalian (Na+,K+), Ca2+-, and (H+,K+)-ATPases contain a well-characterized
      lysine residue that reacts with fluorescein 5'-isothiocyanate (FITC); enzymatic
      activity is protected by ATP, suggesting that the residue is located in or near
      the nucleotide-binding domain. In this study, the plasma-membrane H+-ATPase of
      Neurospora crassa is also shown to be sensitive to FITC. The reaction occurs with
      pseudo first-order kinetics, has a pKa of 8.0, and is stimulated by Mg2+.
      Enzymatic activity is protected by MgADP with a Kd of 0.2-0.3 mM, close to the Ki
      with which MgADP serves as a competitive inhibitor of ATP hydrolysis. A tryptic
      peptide labeled with FITC in the absence, but not in the presence, of MgADP has
      been isolated and sequenced. The FITC-sensitive residue is Lys474, located in a
      region that exhibits significant homology with the mammalian cation-transporting
      ATPases.

PMID- 2904435
TI  - Catalytic site occupancy during ATP hydrolysis by MF1-ATPase. Evidence for
      alternating high affinity sites during steady-state turnover.
AB  - The mechanism of ATP hydrolysis by the solubilized mitochondrial ATPase (MF1) has
      been studied under conditions where catalytic turnover occurs at one site, uni
      site catalysis (obtained when enzyme is in excess of substrate), or at two sites,
      bi-site catalysis (obtained when substrate is in excess of enzyme). Pulse-chase
      experiments support the conclusion that the sites which participate in bi-site
      catalysis are the same as those which participate in uni-site catalysis. Upon
      addition of ATP in molar excess to MF1, label that was bound under uni-site
      conditions dissociates at a rate equal to the rate of bi-site catalysis.
      Similarly, when medium ATP is removed, label that was bound under bi-site
      conditions dissociates at a rate equal to the rate of uni-site catalysis.
      Evidence that a high affinity catalytic site equivalent to the one observed under
      uni-site conditions participates as an intermediate in bi-site catalysis includes
      the demonstration of full occupancy of a catalytically competent site during
      steady-state turnover at nanomolar concentrations of ATP. Improved measurements
      of the interaction of ADP at a high affinity catalytic site have lead to the
      revision of several of the rate constants that define uni-site catalysis. The
      rate constant for unpromoted dissociation of ADP is equal to that for Pi (4 X 10(
      3) s-1). The rate of binding ADP at a high affinity chaseable site (Kd = 1 nM) is
      equal to the rate of binding ATP (4 X 10(6) M-1 s-1). The rate of catalysis
      obtained when substrate binding at one site promotes product release from an
      adjacent site (bi-site catalysis) is up to 100,000-fold faster than unpromoted
      product release (uni-site catalysis).

PMID- 2904436
TI  - cDNA sequence and predicted primary structure of the gamma subunit from the ATP
      synthase from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.
AB  - The 1701-base nucleotide sequence (not including the poly(A) tail) of a cDNA for
      the gamma subunit of the ATP synthase from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was
      determined. A start translation sequence, 23 bases in from the 5' end, initiates
      an 1074-base-long open reading frame. The sequence of the first 21 amino acids at
      the amino-terminal end of the mature gamma subunit from C. reinhardtii was
      determined and compared to the deduced amino acid sequence of the open reading
      frame. From this it was determined that the mature protein contains 323 amino
      acids, with the first 35 amino acids probably being part of the transit peptide.
      The length of the mature protein is the same as that for the mature gamma subunit
      from spinach, for which only a few of the amino acids of the transit peptide are
      known. The similarity of the two mature proteins at the nucleotide level is 56%
      while at the amino acid level it is 77%. In addition, the 3 cysteines, which in
      spinach are involved in the energy-linked catalytic functions of the ATP
      synthase, are conserved in the predicted amino acid sequence for the gamma
      subunit from C. reinhardtii. In contrast, the mature C. reinhardtii gamma subunit
      contains 3 additional cysteine residues not found in the spinach gamma subunit.

PMID- 2904437
TI  - A second transport ATPase gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - A second transport ATPase gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been identified
      by hybridization to a PMA1 probe and sequenced. The gene called PMA2 encodes a
      polypeptide of Mr = 102,157, which, with the exception of the 144 amino-terminal
      residues, is highly homologous to the structural gene PMA1 for the H+-ATPase. It
      is localized on the chromosome XVI at 16.7 centimorgan from gal4 and is not
      essential for haploid growth. Comparison between the upstream, noncoding DNA
      regions of PMA1 and PMA2 indicates that the two genes are controlled differently.
      The extensive amino acid sequence homology with the fungal H+-ATPases described
      so far indicates that the PMA2-encoded protein is also able to function as a H+
      pump. This is supported by the observation that in pma1 mutants with reduced
      plasma membrane ATPase activity, disruption of the PMA2 gene confers the ability
      to grow under alkaline pH conditions. Slower development of diploids is also
      observed on normal minimal medium after bilateral disruption of PMA2 in the two
      parents.

PMID- 2904438
TI  - High resolution deuterium NMR studies of bacterial metabolism.
AB  - High resolution deuterium NMR spectra were obtained from suspensions of five
      bacterial strains: Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens, Klebsiella
      pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, and Staphylococcus aureus. Deuterium-labeled D
      glucose at C-1, C-2, and C-6 was used to monitor dynamically anaerobic
      metabolism. The flux of glucose through the various bacterial metabolic pathways
      could be determined by following the disappearance of glucose and the appearance
      of the major end products in the 2H NMR spectrum. The presence of both labeled
      and unlabeled metabolites could be detected using 1H NMR spectroscopy since the
      proton resonances in the labeled species are shifted upfield due to an isotopic
      chemical shift effect. The 1H-1H scalar coupling observed in both the 2H and 1H
      NMR spectra was used to assign definitively the resonances of labeled species. An
      increase in the intensity of natural abundance deuterium signal of water can be
      used to monitor pathways in which a deuteron is lost from the labeled metabolite.
      The steps in which label loss can occur are outlined, and the influence these
      processes have on the ability of 2H NMR spectroscopy to monitor metabolism are
      assessed.

PMID- 2904439
TI  - Cytoplasmic pH regulation in macrophages by an ATP-dependent and N,N'
      dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-sensitive mechanism. Possible involvement of a plasma
      membrane proton pump.
AB  - Cytoplasmic pH (pHi) regulation was studied in thioglycolate-elicited murine
      macrophages using fluorescent probes. Acid-loaded macrophages regained normal pHi
      by extrusion of H+ equivalents across the plasma membrane. A fraction of this
      recovery was due to Na+/H+ exchange, as evidenced by its partial Na+ dependence
      and amiloride sensitivity. The residual, Na+-independent pHi recovery
      (approximately 50% of the total) persisted in the nominal absence of HCO3- and
      was insensitive to disulfonic stilbenes, ruling out mediation by anion exchange.
      In contrast, intracellular alkalinization and H+ extrusion from the cells were
      inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide, by N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide or by prior
      depletion of intracellular ATP. These observations are consistent with the
      existence of a H+-pumping ATPase in the plasma membrane of macrophages. The
      mechanism of activation of the ATP-dependent H+ extrusion process was also
      investigated. In other systems, Ca2+ mobilization has been suggested to signal an
      exocytic insertion of H+ pumps into the plasma membrane. Acid loading of
      macrophages was accompanied by an elevation of the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration
      ([Ca2+]i), measured using indo-1. These results are consistent with a role for
      Ca2+ mobilization in the activation of H+ extrusion.

PMID- 2904440
TI  - Directed mutagenesis of the strongly conserved aspartate 242 in the beta-subunit
      of Escherichia coli proton-ATPase.
AB  - Oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis was used to substitute Asn or Val for
      residue Asp-242 in the beta-subunit of Escherichia coli F1-ATPase. Asp-242 is
      strongly conserved in beta-subunits of F1-ATPase enzymes, in a region of sequence
      which shows homology with numerous nucleotide-binding proteins. By analogy with
      adenylate kinase (Fry, D.C., Kuby, S.A., and Mildvan, A.S. (1986) Proc. Natl.
      Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 83, 907-911), beta-Asp-242 of F1-ATPase might participate in
      catalysis through electrostatic effects on the substrate Mg2+ or through hydrogen
      bonding to the substrate(s); an acid-base catalytic role is also plausible. The
      substitutions Asn and Val were chosen to affect the charge, hydrogen-bonding
      ability, and hydrophobicity of residue beta-Asp-242. Both mutations significantly
      impaired oxidative phosphorylation rates in vivo and membrane ATPase and ATP
      driven proton-pumping activities in vitro. Asn-242 was more detrimental than Val
      242. Purified soluble mutant F1-ATPases had normal molecular size and subunit
      composition, and displayed 7% (beta-Asn-242) and 17% (beta-Val-242) of normal
      specific Mg-ATPase activity. The relative MgATPase activities of both mutant
      enzymes showed similar pH dependence to normal. Relative MgATPase and CaATPase
      activities of normal and mutant enzymes were compared at widely varied pMg and
      pCa. The mutations had little effect on KM MgATP, but KM CaATP was reduced. The
      data showed that the carboxyl side-chain of beta-Asp-242 is not involved in
      catalysis either as a general acid-base catalyst or through direct involvement in
      any protonation/deprotonation-linked mechanism, nor is it likely to be directly
      involved in liganding to substrate Mg2+ during the reaction. Specificity
      constants (kcat/KM) for MgATP and CaATP were reduced in both mutant enzymes,
      showing that the mutations destabilized interactions between the catalytic
      nucleotide-binding domain and the transition state.

PMID- 2904441
TI  - Complete kinetic and thermodynamic characterization of the unisite catalytic
      pathway of Escherichia coli F1-ATPase. Comparison with mitochondrial F1-ATPase
      and application to the study of mutant enzymes.
AB  - A complete analysis is presented of the component rate constants of the "unisite"
      reaction pathway in normal Escherichia coli F1-ATPase. Gibbs free energy profiles
      of the unisite reaction pathway were constructed for both normal E. coli F1 and
      bovine-heart mitochondrial F1, and comparison indicated that E. coli F1 is an
      ancestral form of the mitochondrial enzyme. Similar kinetic and thermodynamic
      analyses of the unisite reaction pathway were done for mutant beta-Asn-242 and
      beta-Val-242 E. coli F1-ATPases. Both mutations affected unisite binding and
      hydrolysis of MgATP but had little effect on release of products or binding of
      MgADP. It was apparent that a primary effect of the mutations was on the
      interaction between the catalytic nucleotide-binding domain and the substrate
      MgATP. The catalytic transition state [F1-ATP]++ was the most destabilized step
      in the reaction sequence. Measurements of delta delta G[F1.ATP]++ and linear free
      energy plots for the catalytic step were consistent with the view that, in normal
      enzyme, residue beta-Asp-242 accepts an H-bond from the transition-state
      substrate in order to facilitate catalysis. Both mutations impaired positive
      catalytic cooperativity. This was caused by energetic destabilization of the
      catalytic transition state and was an indirect effect, not a direct effect on
      signal transmission per se between catalytic nucleotide-binding domains on beta
      subunits. Therefore, impairment of unisite catalysis and of positive catalytic
      cooperativity appeared to be linked. This may provide a unifying explanation as
      to why a series of other, widely separated mis-sense mutations within the
      catalytic nucleotide-binding domain on F1-beta-subunit, which have been reported
      to affect unisite catalysis, also impair positive catalytic cooperativity. Linear
      free energy plots for the ATP-binding step of unisite catalysis demonstrated that
      beta-Asn-242 and beta-Val-242 mutant enzymes did not suffer any gross disruptive
      change in structure of the catalytic nucleotide-binding domain, reinforcing the
      view that impairment of catalysis was due to a localized effect. Such analyses
      confirmed that six other F1-beta-subunit mutants, previously generated and
      characterized in this laboratory and thought to have inhibitory side-chain
      substitutions in the catalytic nucleotide-binding domain, are also devoid of
      gross structural disruption.

PMID- 2904442
TI  - Lipopolysaccharides in a traditional pertussis vaccine.
AB  - Analysis of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin) in cell sonicates of four
      Danish vaccine strains of Bordetella pertussis (3803, 3825, 3843 and 3860) and of
      purified strain 3803 LPS in sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis by silver staining, showed identical profiles. The LPS profile
      revealed a dominant, brownish LPS II band and a minor, faster-migrating, black
      stained LPS I band. However, the ratio of LPS I to LPS II in the preparation of
      purified LPS differed slightly from the cell sonicates. Using marker LPS, the
      molecular weights of LPS I and LPS II were estimated at 5.4 and 6.0 kD,
      respectively. Seven different lots of whole cell pertussis vaccine were assayed
      for LPS in the Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate test and were found to contain 0.9-2.8
      micrograms LPS/ml. No significant difference in the content of LPS in similar
      dilutions of the individual strains was observed. In addition, the distribution
      of free and cell-bound LPS in four pertussis vaccines was investigated. Most of
      the LPS was found to exist as free LPS. During several months, the course of both
      LPS and pertussis toxin (Pt) release in freshly killed B. pertussis preparations
      was followed. In the first few weeks, 35-50% of the LPS was released and after 5
      6 months of storage 60-80% had been released. In contrast, less than 10% of the
      biologically active pertussis toxin was released during the experimental period.
      The possibility of producing a safer whole cell pertussis vaccine by reducing the
      amount of free LPS without reducing the protective value correspondingly is
      discussed.

PMID- 2904443
TI  - The isolated rat portal vein as a model for studying beta-adrenoreceptor agonists
      and antagonists.
AB  - 1. The isolated rat portal vein was employed for essaying beta-agonists and beta
      antagonists. beta-agonists elicit a log-dose dependent reduction of force of the
      spontaneous, rhythmic, myogenic contractions of the vein. The ID50 dose for
      isoprenaline was 8.40 +/- 0.04 SEM (negative log. of the molar concentration).
      Isoprenaline was the most potent of the beta-agonists. If given the value 100,
      then fenoterol is 75; salbutamol 10; terbutaline 6.75 and during alpha-blockade,
      adrenaline 28.80 and noradrenaline 0.27. The ratio of potency is thus ISOP
      greater than FENOT greater than ADR greater than SALB greater than TERB greater
      than NOR. This suggests that the predominant beta-receptors are beta 2. 2. The
      duration of effects was shortest for isoprenaline and largest for fenoterol and
      terbutaline. 3. With the highly potent, specific, competitive beta 2-blocker ICI
      118551, a pA2 against isoprenaline of 9.30 (+/- SEM 0.03; C.L. 95% 9.22-9.38) was
      found. The pA2 against fenoterol, terbutaline, adrenaline and noradrenaline were
      included in these confidence-limits. With propranolol, a pA2 against isoprenaline
      of 8.82 (+/- SEM 0.02) was obtained. 4. The high pA2 found against non-selective
      (isoprenaline, adrenaline) and selective (fenoterol, terbutaline) beta 2-agonists
      is, as said, practically the same. This, together with the potency ratio ISOP
      greater than ADR greater than NOR, markedly suggest that the population of beta
      receptors in the smooth muscle of the rat portal vein is homogeneously beta 2. 5.
      The method is very useful to essay beta-agonists and beta-antagonists. As
      straight regression lines with very high correlation coefficients are obtained,
      the potency and efficacy of agonists may be relatively easily obtained.

PMID- 2904444
TI  - Alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoreceptor antagonists produce opposing mydriatic
      effects by a central action.
AB  - 1. In anaesthetized rats, intravenous administration of alpha 2-adrenoreceptor
      antagonists yohimbine (0.3-3.0 mg kg-1), idazoxan (0.03-0.3 mg kg-1) and
      raulwolscine (0.3-3.0 mg kg-1) produced a dose-related inhibition of sciatic
      nerve-(ScN) mediated reflex pupillary dilation (parasympatho-inhibition). The
      rank order of potency was idazoxan greater than yohimbine greater than
      rauwolscine. 2. Under similar experimental conditions, intravenous administration
      of alpha 1-adrenoreceptor antagonists prazosin (0.03-1.0 mg kg-1),
      phenoxybenzamine (0.3-3.0 mg kg-1) and corynanthine (0.03-1.0 mg kg-1) produced a
      dose-dependent potentiation of the reflex mydriasis with the potency order being
      prazosin greater than corynanthine greater than phenoxybenzamine. Intravenous
      yohimbine (1.5 mg kg-1) reversed the potentiation caused by the alpha 1
      adrenoreceptor antagonists and blocked the reflex mydriasis. 3. Parasympatho
      inhibition and mydriasis elicited by hypothalamic stimulation was not affected by
      the alpha 2-adrenoreceptor antagonists yohimbine (0.3-3.0 mg kg-1), idazoxan
      (0.03-0.3 mg kg-1) or the alpha 1-adrenoreceptor antagonist prazosin (0.3-1.0 mg
      kg-1). 4. Microinjection of prazosin (3-30 ng) into the oculomotor nuclear
      complex (IIIn), produced a dose-related potentiation, whereas microinjection of
      yohimbine (0.3-3.0 micrograms) produced a dose-related blockade of reflex
      mydriasis. 5. The above findings support the hypothesis that ascending mechanisms
      (e.g. afferent ScN) produce inhibition of parasympathetic oculomotor tone to the
      iris by activation of central postsynaptic alpha 2-adrenoreceptors. Furthermore,
      these studies demonstrate that alpha 2-adrenoreceptor antagonists block and alpha
      1-adrenoreceptor antagonists potentiate the reflex mydriasis. These actions
      appear to be localized within the pupilloconstrictor regions of the brain
      (oculomotor nuclear complex).

PMID- 2904445
TI  - A chimeric mitochondrial precursor protein with internal disulfide bridges blocks
      import of authentic precursors into mitochondria and allows quantitation of
      import sites.
AB  - Bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (which contains three intramolecular
      disulfide bridges) was chemically coupled to the COOH terminus of a purified
      artificial mitochondrial precursor protein. When the resulting chimeric precursor
      was presented to energized isolated yeast mitochondria, its trypsin inhibitor
      moiety prevented the protein from completely entering the organelle; the protein
      remained stuck across both mitochondrial membranes, with its NH2 terminus in the
      matrix and its trypsin inhibitor moiety still exposed on the mitochondrial
      surface. The incompletely imported protein appeared to "jam" mitochondrial
      protein import sites since it blocked import of three authentic mitochondrial
      precursor proteins; it did not collapse the potential across the mitochondrial
      inner membrane. Quantification of the inhibition indicated that each isolated
      mitochondrial particle contains between 10(2) and 10(3) protein import sites.

PMID- 2904447
TI  - Retrovirus-mediated expression of preprosomatostatin: posttranslational
      processing, intracellular storage, and secretion in GH3 pituitary cells.
AB  - Somatostatin (SRIF) is a 14-amino acid peptide hormone that is synthesized as
      part of a larger precursor, preproSRIF, consisting of a signal peptide and a
      proregion of 80-90 amino acids. The mature hormone, which is located at the
      carboxyl terminus of the precursor, is preceded by a single pair of basic amino
      acids. We are studying preproSRIF to investigate intracellular sorting,
      proteolytic processing, and storage of peptide hormone precursors in the
      secretory pathway. We used a retroviral expression vector to achieve the high
      levels of precursor synthesis which are necessary for detailed characterization
      of processing intermediates and mature somatostatin. Recombinant retroviruses
      containing RNA transcripts encoding anglerfish preproSRIF I were used to infect
      rat pituitary GH3 cells which secrete growth hormone and prolactin, neither of
      which are substrates for endoproteolytic cleavage. In these cells preproSRIF was
      accurately processed to the mature hormone with an efficiency of approximately
      75%. Of the newly synthesized mature SRIF, 55% was sorted into the regulated
      secretory pathway and released in response to the secretagogue 8-Br-cAMP. The
      remaining 45% of mature SRIF and residual unprocessed precursor was rapidly
      secreted. In contrast to SRIF, only 5% of newly synthesized endogenous growth
      hormone was stored intracellularly, whereas 95% was sorted to the constitutive
      pathway and secreted rapidly with kinetics identical to proSRIF. Our results show
      that proSRIF processing is not necessarily dependent on a specific protease found
      only in SRIF-producing cells and suggest that proteolytic cleavage is not
      restricted to cells that process endogenous hormones. Moreover, these results
      demonstrate that GH3 cells have the capacity to discriminate between endogenous
      and foreign hormones and target the foreign molecule significantly more
      efficiently to the regulated secretory pathway.

PMID- 2904446
TI  - Alphavirus RNA replicase is located on the cytoplasmic surface of endosomes and
      lysosomes.
AB  - Using morphological and cell biological techniques, we have shown that the RNA
      replicase of Semliki Forest and Sindbis virus (two closely related alphaviruses)
      is located in complex ribonucleoprotein structures associated with the
      cytoplasmic surface of modified secondary lysosomes and endosomes. These
      nucleoprotein complexes often form a bridge between the membrane of the endocytic
      vacuole and the rough endoplasmic reticulum where the synthesis of the structural
      proteins of these viruses occurs. The results suggest that these cytopathic
      vacuoles constitute sites not only for viral RNA synthesis, but also for
      translation of structural proteins, and for the assembly of nucleocapsids.

PMID- 2904448
TI  - Hierarchies of protein cross-linking in the extracellular matrix: involvement of
      an egg surface transglutaminase in early stages of fertilization envelope
      assembly.
AB  - The involvement of transglutaminase activity in fertilization envelope (FE)
      formation was investigated using eggs from the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus
      purpuratus. Eggs fertilized in the presence of the transglutaminase inhibitors,
      putrescine and cadaverine, had disorganized and expanded FEs with inhibition of
      the characteristic I-T transition. The permeability of the FE was increased by
      these agents, as revealed by the loss of proteins from the perivitelline space
      and the appearance of ovoperoxidase activity in supernates from putrescine
      treated eggs. [3H]putrescine was incorporated into the FE during fertilization in
      a reaction catalyzed by an egg surface transglutaminase that could also use
      dimethylcasein as a substrate in vitelline layer-denuded eggs. Egg secretory
      products alone had no transglutaminase activity. The cell surface
      transglutaminase activity was transient and maximal within 4 min of activation.
      The enzyme was Ca2+ dependent and was inhibited by Zn2+. We conclude that sea
      urchin egg surface transglutaminase catalyzes an early step in a hierarchy of
      cross-linking events during FE assembly, one that occurs before ovoperoxidase
      mediated dityrosine formation (Foerder, C. A., and B. M. Shapiro. 1977. Proc.
      Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 74:4214-4218). Thus it provides a graphic example of the
      physiological function of a cell surface transglutaminase.

PMID- 2904449
TI  - Cytoskeletal involvement in the sequential capping of rat thymocyte surface
      glycoproteins.
AB  - The independent capping of the three major rat thymocyte glycoproteins, the
      leucocyte-common (L-C) antigen, the leucocyte sialoglycoprotein (LSGP) and Thy-1,
      was investigated using specific monoclonal antibodies. The capping of each
      antigen did not require redistribution of the other major surface glycoproteins,
      and was accompanied by a partial co-capping of the cytoskeletal proteins fodrin
      and actin, but not of tubulin. A study of the ability of a cell that already
      possesses one glycoprotein cap to cap a second different glycoprotein showed that
      this was possible in all cases to varying degrees, the second cap always forming
      at the same position on the cell surface as the first. Colchicine failed to
      perturb this observed sequential capping polarity, indicating that microtubules
      did not direct this second capping event.

PMID- 2904450
TI  - L-428 nodular sclerosing Hodgkin's cell secretes a unique transforming growth
      factor-beta active at physiologic pH.
AB  - Nodular sclerosing Hodgkin's disease is characterized by dense collagen fibrosis.
      Although transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is an important bifunctional
      growth factor for fibroblasts and is stored and released by many cells, it
      requires acidification to pH 2.0-3.0 before it becomes a biologically active
      growth factor. We show here that the L-428 Hodgkin's cell releases a high
      molecular weight TGF that competes for the TGF-beta cell membrane receptor but
      not the TGF-alpha receptor. This growth factor is most active at physiologic pH
      and is 97% inactivated by acidification. Hodgkin's TGF is also inactivated by
      proteases and can be preserved by protease inhibitors. The Hodgkin's TGF can be
      separated from an autocrine growth factor using either column chromatography or
      electroelution from gels and is shown to have a molecular weight of approximately
      350,000. Incubation of the Hodgkin's TGF in SDS releases a 25,000-D protein with
      reduced biological activity but which cross-reacts with anti-TGF-beta IgG. We
      propose that L-428 nodular sclerosing Hodgkin's disease fibrosis is mediated by a
      potent high molecular weight TGF-beta which, unlike TGF-beta characterized to
      date, is secreted in a form most active at physiologic pH.

PMID- 2904451
TI  - Localization of a proton-pumping ATPase in rat kidney.
AB  - The distribution of vacuolar H+ATPase in rat kidney was examined by
      immunocytochemistry using affinity-purified antibodies against the 31-, 56-, and
      70-kD subunits of the bovine kidney proton pump. Proximal convoluted tubules were
      labeled over apical plasma membrane invaginations, and in the initial part of the
      thin descending limb, apical and basolateral plasma membranes were moderately
      stained. Thick ascending limbs and distal convoluted tubules were apically
      stained although the intensity was greater in the distal convoluted tubule.
      Collecting duct principal cells were virtually unlabeled, but intercalated cells
      had intense staining with an apical, basolateral or diffuse pattern in the
      cortex, and exclusively apical staining in the medulla. These results (a) show
      the presence of an H+ATPase in the apical plasma membrane of the proximal tubule
      that may contribute to H+ transport in this segment; (b) provide direct evidence
      that the intercalated cell contains most of the H+ATPase detectable in the
      collecting duct, supporting its proposed role in H+ transport; (c) demonstrate
      that subpopulations of cortical intercalated cells have opposite polarities of an
      H+ATPase, consistent with the presence of both proton- and bicarbonate-secreting
      cells; and (d) suggest a role for the H+ATPase in acid/base regulation or H+
      transport in segments other than the collecting duct and the proximal tubule.

PMID- 2904452
TI  - Immunocytochemical demonstration of dynorphin(PH-8P)-like immunoreactive elements
      in the human hypothalamus.
AB  - PH-8P (dynorphin[1-8])-like immunoreactive neuronal perikarya, processes, and
      terminals located within the human hypothalamus were investigated by the avidin
      biotin peroxidase complex (ABC) immunocytochemical procedure. Immunopositive
      neurons were distributed throughout the hypothalamus. The distributional pattern
      was found to be similar to that in other mammalian species by the use of antisera
      against dynorphin. A large number of immunoreactive neuronal perikarya were
      detected in the supraoptic nucleus (SON) and the magnocellular portion of the
      paraventricular nucleus (PVN). Their processes appeared to project to the
      posterior pituitary via the internal layer of the median eminence and their
      distribution seemed to be less dense than in other mammalian species. PH-8P and
      vasopressin were colocalized in the neuronal perikarya in the human SON unlike
      the colocalization of these peptides in the rat SON and PVN. There were a few
      immunoreactive terminals in the external layer of the median eminence; their
      immunoreactive substances may be released into the portal veins to act on
      anterior pituitary cells. In addition, PH-8P-like immunoreactive neurons in the
      human hypothalamus may project to the extrahypothalamic area.

PMID- 2904453
TI  - Behavioral and anatomical correlates of immunologically induced rejection of
      nigral xenografts.
AB  - Cell suspensions derived from the ventral mesencephalon of CD-1 mice were
      unilaterally transplanted into the striatum of neonatal Sprague-Dawley rats that
      had been bilaterally dopamine depleted. Thirty-eight percent of the grafts
      survived. Tyrosine-hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons within the transplant
      innervated the host striatum with a dense fiber plexus. The grafts appeared to
      exert some degree of functional control over motor behavior in that these animals
      made contralateral rotations in response to amphetamine and tail pinch. In order
      to provide additional evidence that the motor behavior is associated with the
      transplant itself, the graft was removed. This was achieved by using a mouse skin
      graft to provoke an immunological response against the transplanted neural
      tissue. The immunological response resulted in the specific loss of the
      transplant with little or no damage to the surrounding neural tissue. The amount
      of rotation observed after tail pinch and amphetamine injection was severely
      affected by neural graft rejection. The loss of turning was associated most
      directly with the loss of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity within the
      transplant rather than with the massive reduction of tyrosine-hydroxylase
      positive fibers in the ipsilateral host striatum. These data suggest that
      dopamine cells in mouse nigral grafts play an essential role in eliciting
      rotational behavior in neonatally dopamine depleted rats. They also show the
      value of skin grafting as a technique for specifically removing neural
      xenografts.

PMID- 2904454
TI  - Virus diarrhoea in hospital.

PMID- 2904455
TI  - Colonization priority among Staphylococcus aureus strains--correlation with phage
      type.
AB  - We have studied the distribution of phage-type patterns among strains of
      Staphylococcus aureus isolated from patients in a burns unit. From 51 patients
      the same phage-type was isolated from succeeding swabs during the observation
      period. In 20 patients new types were introduced, but the original strain
      remained. In 23 patients the first strain was replaced by one other strain, in
      eight patients two or more. Strains of type 95 seemed to have a high colonization
      priority, whereas strains of group III had a low one. In 1986 phage-typing was
      performed on two or more S. aureus strains from the same patient, in 4561
      instances. Recurrence of strains of the same phage-type pattern was demonstrated
      in 70% of the patients when the first and the fourth sample were compared. The
      "newer epidemic" strains of phage-type 95 and of the 94,96 complex had the
      highest percentage of recurrence (more than 80%) when adjacent samples were
      compared, and 68-69% when the first and the fourth sample were compared. The good
      colonization capacity of these strains might be one of the explanations why they
      occur frequently today although they are resistant only to penicillin.

PMID- 2904456
TI  - A laboratory model for testing agents for hygienic hand disinfection: handwashing
      and chlorhexidine for the removal of klebsiella.
AB  - A model for the laboratory assessment of hygienic hand disinfection is described
      which closely reproduces handwashing in a ward setting. The model uses a
      clinically relevant test organism and takes into account the natural
      antibacterial action of the skin. It also provides a means of measuring any
      residual antibacterial action after hand disinfection. Using an epidemic multiply
      resistant strain of Klebsiella aerogenes K21, 0.5% chlorhexidine in iso-propyl
      alcohol yielded sterile post-disinfection finger washings more often than 4%
      chlorhexidine digluconate. Both preparations were more effective than soap and
      water, and with each residual action was demonstrable. The model is applicable to
      the laboratory evaluation of hygienic hand procedures and for agents of potential
      use in defined clinical settings.

PMID- 2904457
TI  - Screening for enteropathogenic Escherichia coli.
AB  - In an attempt to identify the prevalence of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli
      (EPEC) carriage and to minimize the chances of admitting a baby to the neonatal
      wards with unsuspected EPEC infection, 27,174 maternity patients admitted in
      labour and 4049 neonates admitted to the Special Care Baby Unit (SCBU) were
      screened for intestinal carriage of common EPEC serotypes. Two hundred and sixty
      five (1%) maternity patients were positive, of whom 8 (3%) had diarrhoea. Of the
      babies born to these mothers, 10 (3.8%) were infected with EPEC and in each the
      serotype was the same as the mother's. Nine neonates (0.2%) admitted to the SCBU
      were also found to be infected with EPEC. Seven of the 19 babies (37%) had
      diarrhoea. Symptomatic mothers or babies were nursed in isolation. During the 8
      year period under study no incidents of cross-infection with EPEC occurred.

PMID- 2904458
TI  - The use of a monoclonal antibody serotyping system in the study of the
      epidemiology of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
AB  - A monoclonal antibody method was used as a primary O serotyping method for 1084
      isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, using commercially available antibody
      reagents in slide agglutination tests with whole-cell antigen. Differences in
      distribution of serogroups were found between various hospitals in the district.
      Serotyping provided useful information in the investigation of suspected
      incidents of cross-infection. Colonization at multiple sites, or over periods of
      time, in a single patient usually involved only a single serogroup.

PMID- 2904459
TI  - Predictive value of surveillance skin and hub cultures in central venous
      catheters sepsis.
AB  - In a prospective study of septic complications of central venous catheters used
      for total parenteral nutrition, daily surveillance catheter hub cultures and
      twice weekly skin cultures at the catheter entry site were evaluated for their
      predictive value for catheter sepsis, i.e. bacteraemia with an identical species
      as that recovered from the catheter tip, or catheters which grew greater than or
      equal to 15 cfus by a semiquantitative method and/or greater than or equal to
      10(3) cfus by a quantitative method. Of 142 catheters studied, 29 were identified
      to have catheter sepsis. For these the sensitivity of the surveillance hub
      culture was 34.5% and the sensitivity of the skin culture was 37.9%. When either
      the hub or the skin culture result was considered as an indication of catheter
      sepsis, the sensitivity increased to 79.3%. The positive and negative predictive
      value of the combined result was 44.2% and 93.3% respectively. This study
      suggests that simultaneous hub and skin cultures are required for a satisfactory
      surveillance.

PMID- 2904460
TI  - Urethral and prostatic colonization and infection in patients undergoing
      prostatectomy.
AB  - We conducted a prospective trial to identify organisms colonizing the urethra and
      prostate and their role in the aetiology of infection after prostatectomy. Twenty
      five patients were studied of whom six developed postoperative infection. The
      causative organisms were previously recovered from the urethra but not the
      prostate. There was a high rate of urethral colonization by streptococci (14/25)
      and a low incidence of prostatic colonization. We describe a novel method of
      sampling the prostate.

PMID- 2904461
TI  - A trial of mezlocillin versus cefuroxime with or without metronidazole for the
      prevention of wound sepsis after biliary and gastrointestinal surgery.
AB  - A randomized controlled trial was undertaken to compare the role of mezlocillin,
      as the sole prophylactic agent, with a combination of cefuroxime and
      metronidazole in patients undergoing biliary and gastrointestinal surgery. No
      difference in wound infection rates was seen in patients following
      appendicectomy, biliary or gastro-oesophageal surgery. A significantly higher
      wound infection rate was seen in patients undergoing colorectal surgery who
      received mezlocillin alone (30.2%) compared with those receiving cefuroxime and
      metronidazole (11.5%): this rate was similar to that of historical placebo
      controls in other units. The wound infections seen in patients receiving
      mezlocillin alone were polymicrobial involving organisms of faecal origin,
      including non-sporing anaerobes which were predominantly sensitive to
      mezlocillin. Infections due to Staphylococcus aureus, resistant to mezlocillin,
      were more frequent in patients receiving mezlocillin and usually secondary in
      nature. We conclude that mezlocillin may be an effective sole prophylactic agent
      in appendicectomy but not in colorectal surgery; the possible reasons for failure
      to adequately prevent infection, following colorectal surgery, are discussed.

PMID- 2904462
TI  - A prospective randomized trial to compare triple dose mezlocillin with triple
      dose cefuroxime plus metronidazole as prophylaxis in colorectal surgery.
AB  - The results of a prospective randomized clinical trial to compare three dose
      regimens of mezlocillin with cefuroxime plus metronidazole for prophylaxis in
      emergency and elective colorectal surgery are reported. Severe wound infection
      occurred in five patients (10%) receiving mezlocillin and in four patients (7%)
      receiving cefuroxime and metronidazole. There were two episodes of septicaemia,
      each in the mezlocillin group. The total number of surgically related infections
      was less with cefuroxime plus metronidazole (n = 10) compared with mezlocillin (n
      = 17), but this was not statistically significant (P greater than 0.1).

PMID- 2904463
TI  - Enterobius vermicularis infection in a children's ward.
AB  - Following the discovery that two patients on a children's orthopaedic ward were
      excreting Enterobius, all patients and staff on the ward were screened for the
      presence of pinworms. None of the staff was infected but 11 (55%) of 20 patients
      either had Enterobius ova on the anal margin or excreted worms following
      piperazine treatment. Epidemiological investigations indicated that this was
      unlikely to be a ward outbreak because four of the infected children had been on
      the ward for under 3 days, i.e., less than the prepatent period for Enterobius.
      Although none of the children was symptomatic, all children and staff on the ward
      were treated with piperazine. Faecal samples were collected from nine children
      and the majority of their worm load was shed within 32 h of starting therapy.
      Microscopic examination of the adult male worms showed that each patient was
      excreting both Enterobius vermicularis and E. gregorii.

PMID- 2904464
TI  - Simple peroperative antimicrobial chemoprophylaxis in elective neurosurgical
      operations.
AB  - From August 1981 to February 1982 postoperative infections due to different
      strains of penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus occurred in 20 of 467
      patients (4.3%) undergoing elective cranial and spinal operations. These
      infections were not attributable to defects in procedures or the theatre
      environment, therefore chemoprophylaxis was instituted. In the following 8
      months, when patients were given penicillin G and sulphadiazine for 5 days
      commencing immediately postoperatively, S. aureus infections occurred in five of
      579 patients (0.9%). In a subsequent randomized uncontrolled study, infections
      occurred in six of 265 patients receiving penicillin (2.3%), three of 270
      receiving penicillin and sulphadiazine (1.1%) and one of 45 receiving
      erythromycin (2.2%) immediately postoperatively for 5 days. In a further study in
      which 587 patients received penicillin for 5 days commencing immediately
      preoperatively, infections due to S. aureus occurred in six (1.1%). Infections
      due to gram-negative organisms were seen in five (0.4%) of 1167 patients in the
      two uncontrolled studies.

PMID- 2904465
TI  - Efficacy of the antiseptic solution 'TCP' against Staphylococcus aureus and
      Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

PMID- 2904466
TI  - Spore tests for low temperature steam with formaldehyde sterilizers.

PMID- 2904467
TI  - A marker of personal hygiene?

PMID- 2904468
TI  - Pseudobacteriuria with Serratia marcescens.

PMID- 2904469
TI  - Two populations of methicillin- and gentamicin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
      strains in a regional hospital in Hong Kong: epidemiology and plasmid profile
      studies.

PMID- 2904470
TI  - Interstrain restriction fragment length polymorphism of c-fos and c-src oncogene
      loci in spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive rats.
AB  - Interstrain restriction fragment length polymorphism was detected after Southern
      blot hybridization of spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and control (WKY) rat DNA
      digested by Bam HI restrictase with a v-fos probe. The SHR genome was
      characterized by an additional minor band of 4.0 kb. Other restriction fragment
      length polymorphism was revealed in the c-src locus by Eco RI, Hind III and Pst I
      restrictases. The major characteristic bands were 1.6 kb (SHR) and 2.4 kb (WKY)
      after Eco RI restriction; 3.4 kb (SHR) and 4.1 kb (WKY) after Hind III
      restriction and 4.0 kb (SHR) and 4.6 kb (WKY) after Pst I restriction. This
      restriction fragment length polymorphism can be used as Mendelian traits in
      linkage studies on the distribution of blood pressure and other quantitative
      physiological traits in (SHR x WKY)F2 hybrids.

PMID- 2904471
TI  - Expression of the beta-subunit of the human leukocyte adherence receptor depends
      upon cell type and stage of differentiation.
AB  - Using a cDNA clone for the beta-subunit of the receptor on human leukocytes that
      mediates cellular adherence (CD18), we investigated the lineage specificity of
      beta-subunit mRNA expression in human hematopoietic cells. Relatively high levels
      of the beta-subunit mRNA transcript were detected in mature peripheral blood
      leukocytes, including granulocytes and both resting and PHA-activated T
      lymphocytes. In contrast, relatively low levels of this transcript were observed
      in EBV-transformed B cells, in the immature Jurkat T cell line, and in chronic
      myelogenous leukemia myeloblasts and lymphoblasts. The beta-transcript was
      undetectable in the K562 chronic myelogenous leukemia blast crisis cell line with
      erythroblastic characteristics and in cultured skin fibroblasts. Two acute
      myeloid leukemia samples displayed unusually high levels of this transcript,
      comparable to levels observed in mature PBL. beta-subunit mRNA expression
      appeared to be primarily confined to leukocytes. In all cells examined the levels
      of surface beta-Ag expression paralleled levels of beta-mRNA.

PMID- 2904472
TI  - Purification and partial characterization of the normal cellular homologue of the
      scrapie agent protein.
AB  - The scrapie agent protein (Sp33-37) is a degradation-resistant protein that
      aggregates into fibrils and amyloid plaques. This protein is derived from a
      normal cellular protein (Cp33-37). Understanding the mechanism responsible for
      the conversion of Cp33-37 to Sp33-37 may explain scrapie agent replication. Cp33
      37 was extracted from normal hamster brain and purified 2700-fold by an
      immunoaffinity method. Both Cp33-37 purified from normal hamster brain and Sp33
      37 purified from scrapie-affected hamster brain had apparent masses of 33-37
      kilodaltons and displayed microheterogeneity characteristic of glycoproteins.
      Cp33-37 was completely digested by proteinase K under conditions that resulted in
      conversion of Sp33-37 to the protease-resistant fragment PrP27-30. Cp33-37 did
      not cause scrapie when inoculated intracerebrally into hamsters. Fractions
      containing purified Sp33-37 had average titers of greater than 10(11) LD50 of the
      scrapie agent/mg of protein; these titers were not diminished by proteinase K.
      These results indicate that altered sensitivity to proteolysis in vitro reflects
      an intrinsic difference between Sp33-37 and Cp33-37.

PMID- 2904473
TI  - Alpha 1-adrenoceptors in the albino rabbit ciliary process.
AB  - 3H-Prazosin and 3H-rauwolscine binding sites were identified in a membrane
      suspension prepared from albino rabbit iris + ciliary body. Scatchard analysis of
      saturation binding experiments demonstrated that both 3H-prazosin and 3H
      rauwolscine bind to a single population of binding sites with KD values of 0.87
      nM and 5.33 nM, respectively. Bmax values of 65.7 and 198 fmol/mg protein were
      obtained for 3H-prazosin and 3H-rauwolscine, respectively. Displacement studies
      by several adrenergic agonists and antagonists indicated that 3H-prazosin and 3H
      rauwolscine labelled alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptors, respectively, in the
      iris + ciliary body. Epinephrine, norepinephrine and phenylephrine were able to
      stimulate the synthesis of 3H-inositol phosphates in ciliary processes labelled
      with 3H-inositol, with EC50 values of 2.4, 12 and 10 microM, respectively. The
      corresponding maximum stimulations of basal activity were 433, 430 and 283%,
      respectively. Phenylephrine behaved like a partial agonist in this assay. The
      norepinephrine response could be potently antagonized by prazosin (Ki = 27 nM),
      with rauwolscine being 285-fold less potent. An epithelial cell suspension was
      prepared from the ciliary process. Stimulation of phosphatidylinositol turnover
      by norepinephrine (0.1 mM) was observed, and this could be blocked by prazosin
      (10 microM), thus, indicating the presence of alpha 1-adrenoceptors, coupled to
      phosphatidylinositol turnover, in epithelial cells of the rabbit ciliary process.

PMID- 2904474
TI  - Effect of different antiglaucomatous drugs on ocular perfusion pressures.
AB  - In an attempt to elucidate whether antiglaucomatous drugs, especially beta
      blockers, affect systemic and/or ocular blood flow, we measured ocular perfusion
      pressures (PP), systemic blood pressure (BP) and heart rate in 50 healthy
      subjects before and after topical instillation of the following eye drops:
      timolol 0.5% (n = 10), betaxolol 0.5% (n = 10), carteolol 2% (n = 10),
      pilocarpine 2% (n = 10) and acetazolamide 750 mg per os (n = 10). The ocular
      perfusion pressures were measured by OODG as described by Ulrich. By means of
      this method--retinal and ciliary perfusion pressure can be recorded separately
      and simultaneously. Our results indicated that, in spite of a statistically
      significant decrease in IOP in all 5 groups, there was no change in retinal or
      ciliary perfusion pressure, heart rate or blood pressure in any of the groups
      except the carteolol subjects. The ocular perfusion pressures should be increased
      with reduction of the IOP when the systemic parameters remain unchanged. This was
      not the case in our experiments and therefore it can be suggested that a relative
      reduction in ocular perfusion pressure occurs with all agents and, in this
      respect, timolol and betaxolol did not affect ocular perfusion pressure more than
      pilocarpine and acetazolamide. Carteolol, however, produced a slight decrease
      (alpha less than 0.02) in ocular perfusion pressure, in spite of lowering of the
      IOP.

PMID- 2904475
TI  - Growth hormone (GH) secretion in the conscious rat: negative feedback of GH on
      its own release.
AB  - The negative-feedback effects of GH on its own secretion were studied in
      conscious male and female rats bearing indwelling double-bore venous cannulae.
      Intravenous infusions of human GH (hGH; 20-60 micrograms/h) or somatostatin (SS;
      10 micrograms/h) were given while frequent serial microsamples of blood were
      withdrawn using an automatic blood-sampling system. In both sexes, i.v. infusions
      of hGH for 6 h inhibited endogenous GH secretory pulses, with a slow onset of the
      inhibition. There was no rebound GH secretion immediately following the removal
      of the hGH infusion, but spontaneous GH secretion gradually returned to normal.
      Infusions of hGH did not inhibit the pituitary GH response to repeated GH
      releasing factor (GRF) injections (1 microgram) given i.v. every 40 min to female
      rats. By contrast, infusions of SS, which also blocked spontaneous GH release,
      dramatically reduced the GH responses to serial GRF injections. When SS Infusions
      were stopped, the subsequent GRF-induced GH secretory responses were enhanced.
      These results show that GH can inhibit its own release when given by i.v.
      infusion to conscious male and female rats. Since GH responses to GRF are
      maintained during a GH infusion, the feedback effect of GH is unlikely to be
      exerted directly on the pituitary or by increasing SS release. Our results are
      consistent with the idea that GH feedback in the conscious rat involves an
      inhibition of GRF release.

PMID- 2904476
TI  - L3T4 effector cells in multiple organ-localized autoimmune disease in nude mice
      grafted with embryonic rat thymus.
AB  - Rat thymic grafts reconstituted T cell functions of BALB/c nude (nu/nu) mice to a
      considerable degree, but multiple organ-localized autoimmune diseases such as
      oophoritis and thyroiditis generally developed. The effector cell population in
      this autoimmune model was studied by adoptive transfer of the lesions into
      syngeneic nude mice. The transfer activity was not diminished when spleen cells
      were incubated with antiserum against rat cell antigen and C, but the activity
      was completely vanished by incubation with anti-Thy-1.2 plus C, indicating that
      the effector cells are T cells of mouse origin. Elimination of the L3T4+ subset
      virtually abolished the transfer activity, whereas that of the Lyt-2+ subset did
      not, indicating that the effector cells are L3T4+. Positive selection experiments
      by FACS also demonstrated that L3T4+ cells, but not Lyt-2+ cells, were capable of
      inducing the lesion, confirming the results with depletion experiments described
      above.

PMID- 2904477
TI  - A complicated nail puncture wound.

PMID- 2904478
TI  - Effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine on glucose release from chinook salmon
      (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) liver incubated in vitro.
AB  - The effects of two catecholamines, epinephrine (EP) and norepinephrine (NE), on
      carbohydrate metabolism were studied by incubating chinook salmon liver in vitro.
      Basal release of glucose over the course of a 5-h incubation was 7.93 +/- 1.70
      mumol/g dry weight. Both EP and NE (2 X 10(-7) M) stimulated glucose release
      rapidly during the first hour. After 5 h, EP and NE significantly increased
      glucose release over basal levels to 43.55 +/- 9.01 and 32.75 +/- 6.17 mumol/g
      dry weight, respectively. Epinephrine- and NE-stimulated glucose release was dose
      dependent, with a minimum effective dose of 10(-9) M. ED50 for both agents was
      approximately 2 X 10(-7) M; maximal stimulation occurred at 10(-5) M. No
      difference in potency between the two catecholamines was found. The effects of
      adrenergic agonists and antagonists were also studied. Alpha-agonists,
      methoxamine and phenylephrine, had no effect on glucose release. Isoproterenol, a
      beta-agonist, stimulated glucose release in a manner similar to EP. The beta
      antagonist, propranolol, inhibited both catecholamine- and isoproterenol
      stimulated glucose release. Alpha-antagonists (phentolamine, prazosin, and
      yohimbine) had no effect on either catecholamine- or isoproterenol-stimulated
      glucose release. Epinephrine and NE stimulate glycogen phosphorylase activity;
      propranolol inhibits catecholamine-stimulated phosphorylase activity. These
      results indicate that catecholamines stimulate glucose mobilization in salmon
      liver by promoting glycogenolysis mediated through beta-adrenergic receptors.

PMID- 2904479
TI  - Glutathione formation in Penicillium chrysogenum: stimulatory effect of ammonium.
AB  - Penicillium chrysogenum produced glutathione after growth in a defined medium
      containing 10 mM-NH4Cl as the sole source of nitrogen. The use of higher ammonium
      concentrations (100 mM) resulted in stimulation of growth and glutathione
      formation. In addition, increases in the intracellular pools of glutamate,
      alanine and glutamine, proportional to the amount of ammonium present in the
      medium were observed. Resting cell systems, prepared from cells previously grown
      with ammonium, were able to produce glutathione when incubated with ammonium or
      the amino acids glutamate, alanine and glutamine. A mutant lacking NADP-dependent
      glutamate dehydrogenase activity (which has a leaky phenotype on ammonium as sole
      nitrogen source) required glutamate to synthesize glutathione. Resting cell
      systems of this mutant, prepared from cells previously grown with ammonium, did
      not produce glutathione even when incubated with glutamate or glutamine. On the
      other hand, resting cell systems of this mutant produced glutathione if prepared
      from cells previously grown with glutamate. The addition of glutamate to resting
      cell systems of the wild-type strain stimulated the synthesis of gamma
      glutamylcysteine synthetase, the first enzyme of glutathione biosynthesis.

PMID- 2904480
TI  - Field bioassays of permethrin-treated uniforms and a new extended duration
      repellent against mosquitoes in Pakistan.
AB  - Field bioassays were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of different
      treatment combinations of permethrin-impregnated clothing and a new extended
      duration repellent formulation of deet against natural populations of mosquitoes
      in Islamabad, Pakistan. Tests were initiated 2-2 1/2 hours prior to sunset and
      volunteers who wore the topical repellent applied it 8 hours earlier. The most
      effective treatment was a combination of wearing both the permethrin-impregnated
      clothing and the repellent on exposed skin. This combination provided 100%
      protection from bites whereas volunteers wearing only treated clothing received
      57% protection. Those wearing only repellent received 89% protection, but, under
      the biting pressure observed, this was not significantly different from the
      treated clothing-repellent combination.

PMID- 2904481
TI  - Mosquitoes, medicine and memories.

PMID- 2904482
TI  - Techniques for mitochondrial and ribosomal DNA analysis of anopheline mosquitoes.
AB  - Methods are described for the isolation of mitochondrial and total cellular DNA
      from mosquitoes. The mitochondrial and ribosomal DNA restriction patterns could
      be detected in the total DNA of an individual mosquito by the use of cloned
      probes. DNA restriction analysis may prove to be a useful alternative to isozyme
      electrophoresis for the study of insect population genetics.

PMID- 2904483
TI  - A dynamic life table model of Psorophora columbiae in the southern Louisiana rice
      agroecosystem with supporting hydrologic submodel. Part 1. Analysis of literature
      and model development.
AB  - During the past decade, the rice agroecosystem and its associated mosquitoes have
      been the subject of an extensive research effort directed toward the development
      and implementation of integrated pest management (IPM) strategies. The objective
      of this work was to synthesize the literature and unpublished data on the rice
      agroecosystem into a comprehensive simulation model of the key elements of the
      system known to influence the population dynamics of Psorophora columbiae.
      Subsequent companion papers will present a validation of these models, provide an
      in-depth analysis of the population dynamics of Ps. columbiae, and evaluate
      current and proposed IPM strategies for this mosquito. This paper describes the
      development of 2 models: WaterMod: Because spatial and temporal distributions of
      surface water and soil moisture play a decisive role in the dynamics of Ps.
      columbiae, an essentially hydrological simulator was developed. Its purpose is to
      provide environmental inputs for a second model (PcSim) which simulates the
      population dynamics of Ps. columbiae. WaterMod utilizes data on weather,
      agricultural practices, and soil characteristics for a particular region to
      generate a data set containing daily estimates of soil moisture and depth of
      water table for 12 representative areas comprising the rice agroecosystem. This
      model could be used to provide hydrologic inputs for additional simulation models
      of other riceland mosquito species. PcSim: This model simulates the population
      dynamics of Ps. columbiae by using the computer to maintain a daily accounting of
      the absolute number of mosquitoes within each daily age class for each life
      stage. The model creates estimates of the number of eggs, larvae, pupae, and
      adults for a representative l-ha area of a rice agroecosystem.

PMID- 2904484
TI  - A dynamic life table model of Psorophora columbiae in the southern Louisiana rice
      agroecosystem with supporting hydrologic submodel. Part 2. Model validation and
      population dynamics.
AB  - In an earlier paper, the development of 2 simulation models designed to describe
      the interaction between key elements of the rice agroecosystem and the population
      dynamics of Psorophora columbiae were presented (Focks et al. 1988a). The
      objective of the work reported herein was to validate these models with field
      data. The first model (WaterMod) predicts soil hydrology conditions as a function
      of weather, agricultural practices, and soil characteristics for a variety of
      habitats found within the rice agroecosystem which are utilized by Ps. columbiae.
      Using a continuous series of hydrologic data collected in southwestern Louisiana
      during 1984 and 1985, WaterMod was demonstrated capable of adequately predicting
      runoff rates and the temporal timing of soil moisture and surface water. The
      second model (PcSim) simulates the population dynamics of Ps. columbiae based
      upon a host of variables including the output from WaterMod. This model was
      validated by comparisons made with density estimates from the literature on the
      temporal and spatial distribution of various life stages and by correspondence
      with light trap data gathered during the same time and location as the hydrologic
      data. PcSim was seen to respond appropriately to host animal densities and
      unusual meterological events occurring during 1984 and 1985 in southern
      Louisiana. A discussion is presented of the interaction between agricultural
      practices and certain key factors of the life history strategy of Ps. columbiae
      which permit the unusually successful exploitation of the rice agroecosystem by
      this species. A subsequent paper will use these models to evaluate current and
      proposed IPM strategies for this mosquito (Focks et al. 1988b).

PMID- 2904485
TI  - Trial of a quantified mass rearing method for Toxorhynchites splendens.

PMID- 2904486
TI  - Quantification of a nuisance mosquito problem in Florida.

PMID- 2904487
TI  - Clostridium perfringens infection in a total knee arthroplasty. A case report.
AB  - A 66-year-old woman with a painful total knee arthroplasty and turbid fluid
      aspirates had her prosthesis removed for a presumed diagnosis of infection. The
      intraoperative cultures were positive for Clostridium perfringens, and the
      patient did well after a course of intravenous antibiotics prior to
      reimplantation. Clostridium perfringens is a rare cause of pyarthrosis in both
      nonoperative and prosthetic joints. This report details the first case of
      clostridial infection involving a patient with a total knee arthroplasty.

PMID- 2904488
TI  - Modulation of a subthreshold calcium current by the neuropeptide FMRFamide in
      Aplysia neuron R15.
AB  - 1. The effect of the endogenous neuropeptide FMRFamide (Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-amide) on
      the Aplysia bursting pacemaker neuron R15 was studied. Brief local applications
      of FMRFamide, both on R15 somata in situ, and on R15 somata that were isolated
      and maintained in primary cell culture, cause a hyperpolarization of the membrane
      potential and a suppression of spontaneous bursting or beating pacemaker
      activity. 2. Two-electrode voltage-clamp experiments revealed that FMRFamide
      decreases the amplitude of an inward current, which activates with depolarization
      starting at a membrane potential less depolarized than the threshold for action
      potentials. Previous studies have established that this subthreshold inward
      current is carried by calcium and is essential for the generation of bursting
      pacemaker activity in Aplysia neurons. The effect of FMRFamide on the
      subthreshold inward current of R15 is blocked by divalent cation calcium channel
      blockers, such as cobalt and manganese, and is unaffected by changing the
      external concentration of potassium or chloride ions, or addition of blockers of
      the calcium-activated potassium current, such as external tetraethylammonium or
      internal EGTA. 3. The subthreshold calcium current of R15 is also decreased by
      dopamine and by an unidentified synaptic neurotransmitter. These substances mimic
      and occlude the action of FMRFamide on the subthreshold calcium current,
      suggesting that all three transmitters converge to affect the same population of
      calcium channels in neuron R15. 4. The subthreshold calcium current is enhanced
      by neurotransmitters that elevate cyclic AMP in R15, including serotonin, and the
      Aplysia neuropeptide egg-laying hormone (ELH). Likewise, the effect of FMRFamide
      on the subthreshold calcium current is enhanced by serotonin, ELH, and a cyclic
      AMP analog, suggesting that FMRFamide and cyclic AMP have antagonistic actions on
      the same population of calcium channels in neuron R15. 5. We conclude that the
      suppression of spontaneous bursting or beating pacemaker activity in neuron R15
      by FMRFamide is due to a decrease in the subthreshold calcium current. The
      subthreshold calcium current in R15 is a common target for modulation by many
      different transmitters, acting via several distinct molecular mechanisms.

PMID- 2904489
TI  - Dual effects of theophylline on spontaneous transmitter release from frog motor
      nerve terminals.
AB  - Alkylxanthine drugs, such as theophylline, block adenosine receptors, inhibit
      phosphodiesterases and other enzymes, and cause the release of calcium from
      intracellular stores. Adenosine receptor blockade occurs at low micromolar
      concentrations of the drugs, while other effects occur in the millimolar
      concentration range. The effects of theophylline were tested on spontaneous
      transmitter release at the frog cutaneous-pectoris neuromuscular junction (NMJ).
      A change in the frequency, but not the amplitude, of miniature endplate
      potentials (mepps) was interpreted as a change in spontaneous transmitter
      release. In normal Ringer's, theophylline, at concentrations of 100 microM and 1
      mM, theophylline had no consistent effect on spontaneous release. In contrast,
      theophylline produced dual effects on mepp frequency in hyperosmotic Ringer's. At
      10 microM, theophylline depressed mepp frequency, while, at 100 microM and 1 mM,
      theophylline increased mepp rate. Since low micromolar concentrations of
      theophylline depressed spontaneous transmitter release, this action may result
      from adenosine receptor blockade and inhibition of a tonic, stimulatory effect of
      adenosine. This hypothesis was supported by the following experimental results:
      (1) Micromolar concentrations of theophylline reversed the effects of applied
      adenosine on neuromuscular transmission. (2) The inhibitory effect of
      theophylline was mimicked by 2 other alkylxanthines, 8-phenyltheophylline and 8-p
      sulfophenyltheophylline. These drugs may be more specific adenosine receptor
      antagonists than theophylline. (3) The inhibitory effect of theophylline was
      mimicked by adenosine deaminase, an enzyme that breaks down and inactivates
      adenosine. (4) The depressant action of theophylline was masked by the addition
      of adenosine deaminase to the hyperosmotic Ringer's. Application of adenosine to
      the frog NMJ reduces spontaneous transmitter output.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2904490
TI  - Presynaptic long-term facilitation at the crayfish neuromuscular junction:
      voltage-dependent and ion-dependent phases.
AB  - Long-term facilitation (LTF) of synaptic transmission was investigated in the
      crayfish opener muscle to determine the factors necessary for its induction and
      expression. LTF was induced without action potentials by intracellular
      depolarization of presynaptic nerve terminals. Following induction, the synaptic
      transmission was enhanced by about 80% for a period of several hours.
      Intracellular recordings from pre- and postsynaptic cells, combined with ionic
      and pharmacological tests, permitted dissection of LTF into 2 phases: an initial
      tetanic phase that depended on the presence of both sodium and calcium ions and a
      subsequent long-lasting phase. This latter long-lasting enhancement of synaptic
      transmission was induced by repeated depolarizations of synaptic terminals but
      did not depend on the influx of sodium or calcium ions or on intracellular
      release of calcium ions. Both tetanic and long-lasting phases of LTF are
      attributable to activity of a single neuron, i.e., they are homosynaptic
      phenomena. Furthermore, LTF is associated with an increase of quantal release,
      whereas the size of quanta remains unchanged. During the long-lasting phase of
      LTF, the nerve terminal releases more transmitter for a given depolarization than
      before induction of LTF. Thus, the locus of LTF is presynaptic. Our findings
      suggest the presence of a voltage-dependent mechanism in the presynaptic membrane
      different from voltage-gating of Na or Ca channels. Such a mechanism may be
      important in the establishment of long-lasting synaptic changes at the crayfish
      neuromuscular junction and perhaps in other neural systems.

PMID- 2904491
TI  - Characterization of antinociception produced by glutamate microinjection in the
      nucleus tractus solitarius and the nucleus reticularis ventralis.
AB  - Four experiments examined the role of the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) and
      subjacent nucleus reticularis ventralis (NRV) in the production of
      antinociception. Experiment 1 showed that microinjection of glutamate (50 nmol)
      into the caudal NTS resulted in inhibition of the tail-flick reflex, hypotension,
      and mild bradycardia, whereas microinjection of glutamate into the rostral NTS
      resulted only in hypotension and mild bradycardia. Microinjections of glutamate
      into the NRV resulted in inhibition of the tail-flick reflex, hypertension, and
      mild bradycardia. Experiment 2 demonstrated that the magnitude of the
      antinociceptive and cardiovascular responses resulting from glutamate
      microinjections into both the depressor and pressor regions were dose dependent.
      Experiment 3 showed that the antinociceptive effects resulting from
      microinjections of glutamate into either the depressor or pressor regions could
      not be antagonized by phentolamine (30 micrograms), methysergide (30 micrograms),
      or naloxone (30 micrograms) alone, but the combined intrathecal administration of
      phentolamine and methysergide (7.5, 15, or 30 micrograms of each) attenuated the
      antinociception resulting from microinjection of glutamate into either depressor
      or pressor regions in a dose-dependent fashion. Experiment 4 showed that systemic
      administration of hexamethonium blocked the pressor response produced by
      microinjection of glutamate into the NRV but did not reduce the antinociceptive
      effect of the microinjection. These findings are consistent with a role for the
      NTS and NRV in the production of antinociception.

PMID- 2904492
TI  - Do N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors mediate synaptic responses in the mudpuppy
      retina?
AB  - Whole-cell recordings of amacrine and ganglion cells in the superfused retina
      eyecup preparation of the mudpuppy were obtained in order to determine which
      excitatory amino acid receptor (EAAR) subtype mediates the synaptic responses of
      these neurons. All third-order retinal neurons tested were depolarized by kainic
      acid (KA, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), and quisqualate (QQ). The responses evoked
      by NMDA were blocked by the addition of D-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (D-AP5)
      and D-2-amino-7 phosphonoheptonoic acid (D-AP7) to the perfusate. When the
      actions of exogenously applied NMDA were completely blocked by D-AP5 and D-AP7,
      the light-evoked responses of inner retinal neurons persisted without any
      apparent reduction or, alternatively, a slight enhancement of the response was
      observed. Light-evoked responses of bipolar, amacrine, and ganglion cells
      associated with the On pathway were attenuated by L-AP5 in a manner similar to
      its lower-order homolog L-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate (AP4); nevertheless, L-AP5
      was not an effective NMDA antagonist. Although synaptic transmission between
      retinal second- and third-order neurons appears to be mediated by EAARs, the NMDA
      receptor does not appear to play a prominent role under our experimental
      conditions. Nevertheless, our results suggest that the racemic mixture of AP5
      should not be used as an NMDA antagonist in retinal research, due to the AP4-like
      actions of its L-enantiomer.

PMID- 2904493
TI  - Neuroprotective effects of MK-801 in vivo: selectivity and evidence for delayed
      degeneration mediated by NMDA receptor activation.
AB  - The ability of the noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist
      MK-801 to prevent neuronal degeneration in the rat striatum and hippocampus
      caused by intracerebral injection of excitotoxins has been examined. Excitotoxic
      damage was assessed after 7 d, using histological and biochemical [choline
      acetyltransferase (ChAT) glutamate decarboxylase (GAD)] measurements.
      Systemically administered MK-801 was found to protect against neurodegeneration
      caused by NMDA (200 nmol) and the naturally occurring NMDA receptor agonist
      quinolinate (120-600 nmol) but not against that induced by kainate (5 nmol) or
      alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate (AMPA; 50 nmol), indicating
      a selectivity for NMDA receptor-mediated neuronal loss. Neurotoxicity caused by
      NMDA (200 nmol) or quinolinate (200 nmol) was prevented by MK-801 (1-10 mg/kg,
      i.p.) administered in a single dose after excitotoxin injection. In the striatum,
      significant protection of cholinergic neurons (assessed by ChAT measurements) was
      observed when MK-801 was given up to 5 hr after injection of NMDA or quinolinate,
      whereas protection of GABAergic neurons (assessed by GAD measurements) was
      obtained up to 2 hr. The results suggest that GABAergic neurons degenerate more
      rapidly than cholinergic neurons. The competitive NMDA receptor antagonist 3-[(+/
      )-2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl]-propyl-1-phosphonate (100 mg/kg, i.p.) gave partial
      protection of striatal neurons when administered 1 hr after quinolinate
      injection. In the rat hippocampus, administration of 10 mg/kg MK-801 i.p. 1 hr
      after quinolinate injection caused almost complete protection of pyramidal and
      granule neurons, whereas the degeneration of CA3/CA4 pyramidal neurons caused by
      kainate injection was unaffected. These observations indicate that neurons in rat
      striatum and hippocampus do not die as an immediate consequence of exposure to
      high concentrations of NMDA agonists but that a delayed process is involved that
      requires NMDA receptor activation. In this respect, intracerebral injections of
      NMDA agonists may mimic the pathological changes that are thought to occur in the
      brain following periods of cerebral ischemia, where delayed neuronal degeneration
      occurs.

PMID- 2904494
TI  - Differential expression of preproenkephalin and preprodynorphin mRNAs in striatal
      neurons: high levels of preproenkephalin expression depend on cerebral cortical
      afferents.
AB  - Preproenkephalin and preprodynorphin mRNAs can be detected by in situ
      hybridization in medium-sized striatal neurons in normal rats and in rats with
      unilateral cerebral cortical lesions. Hybridization of 35S-labeled
      oligonucleotide cDNAs complementary to specific regions of each mRNA reveals that
      preproenkephalin-expressing neurons are more numerous than cells expressing
      preprodynorphin. Hybridization densities above enkephalin-positive neurons are
      also more than twice those noted above preprodynorphin-expressing cells. Northern
      analyses of mRNA extracted from the striatum are consistent with these
      relationships. The striatal preproenkephalin hybridization densities are
      decreased ipsilateral to cerebral cortical lesions; this change evolves largely
      between 1 and 5 d following the lesion. Striatal preproenkephalin mRNA is thus
      more prominent than preprodynorphin mRNA and depends on cerebral cortical inputs
      for its full expression.

PMID- 2904495
TI  - Medullary regions mediating atonia.
AB  - Electrical stimulation studies have implicated the medial medulla in the
      inhibition of muscle tone. In the present report we present evidence for
      suppression of muscle tone by chemical activation of the medial medulla. We find
      2 distinct zones within the classically defined medial medullary inhibitory area.
      A rostral region corresponding to the nucleus magnocellularis (NMC) is sensitive
      to glutamate. Atonia produced by activation of this region is mediated by non
      NMDA receptors. A caudal region, corresponding to the nucleus paramedianus (NPM)
      is sensitive to ACh. Atonia produced by activation of this region is mediated by
      muscarinic receptors. Activation of these regions both in acute decerebrate and
      intact cats suppresses muscle tone. We find that the cholinoceptive dorsolateral
      pontine region, previously implicated in atonia control, can be activated by
      glutamate-sensitive non-NMDA receptors. Microinjection of atropine into the NPM
      or of glutamylglycine into the NMC blocks atonia elicited by pontine carbachol
      injection. The medullary regions identified here are hypothesized to mediate the
      suppression of muscle tone that occurs in rapid eye movement sleep and in
      cataplexy and may have a role in postural control in waking.

PMID- 2904496
TI  - Genetic characterization and use of a restriction fragment length variant in the
      hypotrichous ciliate Euplotes crassus.
AB  - Two forms of a macronuclear DNA molecule differing in the presence or absence of
      a restriction endonuclease recognition site have been detected in the
      hypotrichous ciliate Euplotes crassus. Through a series of genetic crosses the
      two forms were shown to be allelic, being derived from a single micronuclear
      genetic locus. This restriction fragment length variant (RFLV) was used as a
      genetic marker to determine that the migratory and stationary pronuclei generated
      during mating can be genetically non-identical. In addition, the RFLV was used to
      investigate the efficiency of processing of the alternate alleles during
      macronuclear development and their subsequent transmission during vegetative
      growth. Little or no bias in the processing and/or amplification of the two
      alleles was observed during macronuclear development. During vegetative growth,
      however, changes in the relative amounts of the two alleles were observed.

PMID- 2904497
TI  - Maintenance of integrity, viability, and adhesion of Entamoeba histolytica
      trophozoites in different incubation media.
AB  - We have determined the integrity, viability and adhesion of Entamoeba histolytica
      HK9 and HM1 trophozoites during their incubation in two basal culture media (TP
      and TYI) and three saline media ("maintenance medium" MM-1 and two others
      buffered with HEPES). In basal culture media, more than 70% of the trophozoites
      maintained their integrity and adhesion to human red blood cells (RBC) for up to
      4 h, and the proportion of those excluding Trypan blue decreased slowly after 2
      h. In saline media, the number of ameba-RBC complexes reached a maximum after 20
      30 min and then decreased rapidly (and fastest in MM-1), less than 10% of the
      amebae were intact after 3-4 h, and dye exclusion fell abruptly from the start of
      incubation. The number of ameba-RBC complexes formed and the rate of adhesion
      were highest in basal TP medium. Normal nonvacuolated refringent (NVR)
      trophozoites deteriorated progressively in all media--although much faster in the
      saline ones--to vacuolated refringent (VR), nonrefringent, and disrupted. Trypan
      blue was excluded by all NVR and a fraction of the VR trophozoites. Horse serum
      helped to maintain ameba integrity and viability, but inhibited adhesion in a
      concentration-dependent manner. We conclude that E. histolytica trophozoite
      integrity and adhesion are adequately preserved and should be characterized only
      in basal culture media, that refringence without vacuolization is a more
      stringent characteristic of ameba quality than Trypan blue exclusion, and that
      some serum component inhibits ameba adhesion.

PMID- 2904498
TI  - Successful replantation of a foot with satisfactory recovery: a case report.
AB  - A severed foot in a 51-year-old man was successfully replanted. One year after
      operation, two-point discrimination was 15 mm on the plantar aspect and 25 mm on
      the dorsal side. The patient can walk long distances and go up and down stairs
      without and supportive aids.

PMID- 2904499
TI  - Effect of administration of an alpha 2-adrenergic agonist, xylazine, on pulsatile
      gonadotrophin secretion in anoestrous horse mares.
AB  - Two experiments were performed to test the hypothesis that the seasonal
      suppression of gonadotrophin pulse frequency in anoestrous horse mares reflects
      inhibitory neural mechanisms. In a preliminary experiment (Exp. 1) conducted in
      February, 4 anoestrous mares were sedated by repeated intravenous injections of
      xylazine, an alpha 2-adrenergic receptor agonist. On the day of treatment, 1-2 LH
      pulses were observed in xylazine-treated mares. In contrast, during a 12-h period
      only 1/8 untreated control mares exhibited a LH pulse. In Exp. 2, the effect of
      xylazine-induced sedation on pulsatile gonadotrophin release was examined in 4
      anoestrous mares on two occasions before (18 November and 9 December) and after
      (23 December and 6 January) an abrupt, artificial increase in day length.
      Treatment with xylazine was associated with an overall increased FSH (P less than
      0.01) and LH (P less than 0.05) pulse frequency, compared with that observed
      during 12-h pretreatment periods. To evaluate an effect of treatment at the
      various time during the experimental period, the change in FSH pulse frequency
      was analysed, since occasionally FSH pulses were unaccompanied by a change in
      serum LH values indicative of a LH pulse. On two occasions before increased
      daylength only 1/4 and 3/4 mares exhibited an increase in FSH pulses; in
      contrast, 14 days after increased daylength (23 December), 4/4 mares exhibited
      increased FSH pulse frequency associated with treatment. After 27 days of
      increased daylength (6 January), endogenous FSH pulse frequency was greater than
      before increased daylength and treatment with xylazine was unaccompanied by a
      further increase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2904500
TI  - Cyclosporin-mediated increase in kidney glutathione and effects on gamma-glutamyl
      cycle enzymes.
AB  - The unprecedented ability of cyclosporin A, when given for six days at a dose of
      25 mg/kg/d or 50 mg/kg/d, to cause a marked and sustained increase in renal
      glutathione (GSH) concentration in rat kidney is described. This response was
      particular to the kidney insofar as the GSH concentration in the liver was not
      increased in response to a lower dose of cyclosporin and was decreased in the
      liver of animals treated with the higher dose of the drug. The increase in kidney
      GSH concentration did not appear to be due to an increased rate of production or
      to an inhibition of the degradation of the tripeptide. This suggestion is based
      on the finding that the activities of the GSH synthesis pathways, GSSG-reductase
      and gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase, were unchanged or decreased, respectively,
      and those of the catabolic enzymes, GSH-peroxidase and gamma
      glutamyltranspeptidase, were unchanged or increased, respectively. It is
      suggested that the elevation of renal GSH content in the face of diminished
      synthetic capacity and an apparent increased utilization may result from an
      enhanced uptake of GSH as the result of alterations caused by cyclosporin in the
      renal transport system.

PMID- 2904501
TI  - Whooping cough diagnosis: a clinical evaluation of complementing culture and
      immunofluorescence with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of pertussis
      immunoglobulin A in nasopharyngeal secretions.
AB  - Pernasal aspirate (PNA) was obtained from 543 children during a 6-month period
      when whooping cough was prevalent. Three tests for diagnosing pertussis were
      performed on the PNA: (a) examination of direct smears by immunofluorescence (IF)
      for Bordetella pertussis; (b) culture; and (c) estimation of B. pertussis
      specific immunoglobulin-A antibody (P-IgA) by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent
      assay (ELISA). On clinical review, 395 children were assessed to have had
      pertussis (P children) and 148 children not to have had pertussis (non-P
      children). The non-P children comprised 66 admitted to hospital for acute
      respiratory infections and 82 outpatients suspected of having pertussis. Analysis
      of the results of the tests on the PNAs of the non-P children helped to assess
      the P-IgA test. The analysis showed that artificial immunisation against
      pertussis did not affect the antibody results, but that non-specific positive
      results occur requiring the labelling of many P-IgA results as "doubtful". Among
      the 395 P children, 36% yielded positive cultures and more than half of these
      also had positive IF tests. The ELISA for P-IgA was positive in 24% of all the P
      children, equivalent to nearly 40% of the culture-negative P children. For the
      148 non-P children, IF and culture-negative by definition, the P-IgA test was
      positive in 9%. The antibody test result was doubtful in 28% of the P children
      and in 40% of the non-P children. Estimation of P-IgA antibodies in PNA is a
      useful and economic complement to culture and IF in the diagnosis of
      pertussis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2904502
TI  - [The effect of bunazosin on hypertension during anesthesia; effectiveness of
      nasal instillation].

PMID- 2904503
TI  - Comparison of inhibitory effects of calcium channel blockers and that of a
      calmodulin antagonist in strips of mesenteric arteries from spontaneously
      hypertensive and normotensive rats.
AB  - Effects of calcium channel blockers and of calmodulin antagonist on the
      contractile responses to norepinephrine (NE) were compared between strips of
      mesenteric arteries from 6- and 14-week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR)
      and age-matched, normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). The ratio of the maximum
      contraction developed by NE to that by 60 mM KCl was significantly increased in
      strips from 14-week-old SHR. Niludipine, verapamil and diltiazem antagonized the
      maximum NE contraction to a greater extent in strips from 14-week-old SHR than in
      those from the WKY. However, the antagonism by niludipine of the KCl- or caffeine
      induced contraction was not significantly different between the strips from 14
      week-old SHR and those from WKY. In strips from 6-week-old rats, there was no
      difference in the antagonism by niludipine of the maximum NE contraction. On the
      other hand, the effect of W-7 on the maximum NE contraction was not significantly
      different between the strips from 14-week-old SHR and those from WKY. Schild plot
      analyses demonstrated that alpha 1-adrenoceptors were the same for the strips
      from SHR and WKY. These results suggest that the enhanced maximum NE contraction
      in the mesenteric artery from 14-week-old SHR reflects the increased
      transmembrane influx of calcium, and the activity of calmodulin seems to be the
      same for the two strains.

PMID- 2904504
TI  - The organization of the cholinergic synapse.

PMID- 2904505
TI  - [Selective alpha-adrenoblockaders in the treatment of stenocardia patients].

PMID- 2904506
TI  - [Adrenergic regulation and problems of cardiovascular pathology].

PMID- 2904508
TI  - [1. European nursing conference. With combined effort into the future].

PMID- 2904507
TI  - Renin secretion responsiveness: understanding the efficacy of renin-angiotensin
      inhibition.

PMID- 2904509
TI  - [European Conference on Nursing, Vienna, 21-24 June 1988. The objectives have
      been met].

PMID- 2904510
TI  - A sensitive method for immunocytochemical detection of P-glycoprotein in
      multidrug-resistant human ovarian carcinoma cell lines.
AB  - P-glycoprotein, a molecular weight 170 kilodalton membrane component can be
      accurately detected in a series of human ovarian carcinoma cells with increasing
      degrees of multidrug resistance by using a modified immunoperoxidase "sandwich"
      method. Drug-resistant derivatives were selected from a drug-sensitive parent
      ovarian carcinoma cell line, SKOV3, by continuous exposure to increasing
      concentrations of the cytotoxic drug vincristine. These cells had corresponding
      overexpression of P-glycoprotein demonstrable at both protein and mRNA levels.
      Monoclonal antibodies against P-glycoprotein localized staining for P
      glycoprotein to the plasma membrane and the Golgi region in individual drug
      resistant cells, in proportion to their P-glycoprotein expression. P-glycoprotein
      was not demonstrable in drug-sensitive SKOV3 cells by either immunoblotting or
      immunocytochemical staining methods. The immunocytochemical staining method
      allowed detection of P-glycoprotein in the least drug-resistant cell line with as
      low as 8-fold relative resistance to vincristine. This method is as sensitive as
      Northern blot, and more sensitive than standard Western blot in detection of P
      glycoprotein. We conclude that this highly sensitive immunocytochemical staining
      method for P-glycoprotein can be suitable for determination of P-glycoprotein
      expression in biopsy samples of tumors, and it can be a powerful diagnostic and
      prognostic tool in the study of the natural history of drug resistance. This may
      have important applications in the clinical management of cancer chemotherapy.

PMID- 2904511
TI  - Description and analysis of differential sensitivity to glucocorticoids in Fao
      cells.
AB  - This study shows that the derived hepatoma cell line Fao displays different
      sensitivities for glucocorticoid induction of tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT),
      alanine aminotransferase (AAT) and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT). This was seen
      in the different behaviors of nine steroids with respect to these three effects:
      (1) in the presence of full agonists (dexamethasone or deacylcortivazol), half
      maximal induction of GGT occurred at approx 5- to 6-fold higher agonist
      concentrations than those required for half-maximal induction of AAT and TAT; (2)
      in the presence of full antagonists (RU 486, R5020, or progesterone) the GGT
      response induced by an equal agonist concentration was inhibited at
      concentrations approx 4- to 5-fold lower than those required for an equivalent
      inhibition of TAT response; (3) in the presence of cortexolone,
      deoxycorticosterone, 11 beta-hydroxyprogesterone and dexamethasone-3'-oxetanone,
      there was a partial agonistic effect (30-50%) on TAT and AAT responses, whereas
      there was a mainly antagonistic effect (very weak agonistic effect: 0-10%) on GGT
      response; (4) regardless of the steroid or its full or partial agonist activity,
      a given TAT induction level (50%, for example) always corresponded to the same
      AAT and GGT induction levels (50 and 10% respectively). We provide evidence
      showing that the three above-mentioned biological responses are mediated via the
      same type of glucocorticoid receptor binding site. Consequently, this
      differential behavior probably originates from a phenomenon occurring after the
      common steps (activation, translocation) that follow the formation of the steroid
      receptor complex. This leads us to propose a model in which this phenomenon is
      assumed to originate from a difference in the affinities of the activated
      receptor for the nuclear acceptor sites of the TAT and GGT genes.

PMID- 2904512
TI  - Quantitative immunocytochemistry using an image analyzer. II. Concentration
      standards for transmitter immunocytochemistry.
AB  - Image analyzers can measure both the optical density and geometry of
      immunocytochemically labeled cells and fibers, as reviewed in a companion paper
      (Mize et al., 1988). In this paper, we report a procedure which allows us to
      estimate the concentration of a neurotransmitter based upon the optical density
      of antibody labeling produced by immunocytochemistry. To accomplish this, we
      developed a standard which binds conjugated neurotransmitters. Several artificial
      media for the standard were compared, including agar, gelatin, and agar-gelatin.
      A 3% agar matrix was found to be most suitable because it cut well and was nearly
      transparent. The agar sections were activated with cyanogen bromide/acetonitrile
      to promote coupling to the antigen. To test the standard, we used gamma
      aminobutyric acid (GABA) conjugated to bovine serum albumin (BSA) as the antigen.
      The antibody was directed against this conjugate. Activated agar sections were
      incubated in serial dilutions of the tritium-labeled GABA/BSA conjugate. The
      radioactivity of some of these sections was measured to estimate the amount of
      coupled antigen. The remaining sections were incubated in the GABA antibody and
      processed for immunocytochemistry. The optical density of these sections was
      measured with an image analyzer. A linear relationship was found between GABA
      concentration and optical density over a range of at least 0.01 to 1 nmol/mg of
      agar. These results show that the concentration of bound GABA can be estimated
      from the optical density of sections labeled by antibody immunocytochemistry. The
      applicability of this technique to fixed brain tissue is discussed.

PMID- 2904513
TI  - Cluster formation in PHA-stimulated mononuclear cells from peripheral blood:
      effects of colcemid and taxol.
AB  - Mononuclear cells from peripheral blood were incubated with phytohemagglutinin
      (PHA) for 24-72 hours. The cells formed dense cell clusters with firm cell-to
      cell attachment and signs of cell communication, proliferation and
      differentiation. At the end of a 72-hour period of incubation, the test
      preparations were treated for 90 minutes with the classical microtubule
      antagonist Colcemid and the new microtubule antagonist taxol. Taxol produced
      approximately twice as many mitoses as Colcemid. Chromosomes in taxol-blocked
      mitoses appeared to be more contracted than chromosomes in Colcemid-blocked
      mitoses. It is suggested that one beneficial side effect of Colcemid preparation
      of chromosomes is stretching due to microtubule disassembly.

PMID- 2904514
TI  - Retroviruses: leukemia and immunosuppression. The Yohei Ito memorial lecture.

PMID- 2904515
TI  - Modulation of hemopoiesis by novel stromal cell factors.
AB  - The microenvironment of the bone marrow in mammals is a crucial site for the
      maintenance of a pluripotent hemopoietic stem cell pool. Our previous studies and
      present findings support the notion that both this function and the fine
      architecture of hemopoietic organs, i.e., the spatial arrangement of blood cells
      within the tissue, may be directed by stromal cells. Despite the ability of
      cloned stromal cells to support prolonged hempoiesis and maintenance in vitro of
      stem cells with high radioprotective ability, they are a poor source of colony
      stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) and do not secrete the other species of CSF.
      Furthermore, cultured stromal cells antagonize the activity of CSF. It is
      proposed that stromal cell factors distinct from known CSFs, regulate stem cell
      renewal. An additional phenomenon that is mediated by stromal cells and can not
      be attributed to CSF, is their ability to specifically inhibit the accumulation
      of cells of particular lineage and stage of differentiation. A glycoprotein that
      inhibits the growth of plasmacytomas but not a variety of other cell types was
      isolated from one type of cloned stromal cells. Such specific inhibitors may
      account for the control of cell localization in the hemopoietic system.

PMID- 2904516
TI  - [Study of immunologic parameters in parenteral drug addicts (PDA) with
      condylomata acuminata].
AB  - A study is made of the state of cell and humoral immunity in parenteral drug
      addicts both with and without genital warts. The results reveal alterations in
      the lymphocyte subpopulations, with a decrease in the T-helper/T-suppressor
      (T4+/T8+) ratio of both groups of patients. These alterations were more
      pronounced in those patients with genital warts (p less than 0.05). The
      alterations in humoral immunity, expressed as a hypergammaglobulinemia IgG and
      IgM, were similar in both groups. None of the immunological parameters were
      affected by the extension of the lesions, though the T4+/T8+ ratio was found to
      decrease with increasing length evolution of the lesions. It would be convenient
      to perform longitudinal studies of these preliminary data to evaluate the effect
      of human papilloma virus (HPV) on the immune system.

PMID- 2904517
TI  - [Treatment with beta-blockaders after infarction--selection of patients, time and
      economics].

PMID- 2904518
TI  - [Therapeutic alternatives in hypertension: beta-blockaders for the poor and
      psychotherapy for the rich?].

PMID- 2904520
TI  - [A symposium of the Swedish Medical Society's ethical delegation: Ethical
      questions and transplantation].

PMID- 2904519
TI  - [Identification of genetic carriers in familial amyloidosis with polyneuropathy
      is possible with the DNA technic].

PMID- 2904521
TI  - Ocular fundus lesions in divers.
AB  - Retinal fluorescein angiography was used to examine the ocular fundi of 84
      divers. The retinal capillary density at the fovea was low and microaneurysms and
      small areas of capillary nonperfusion were seen. The divers had significantly
      more abnormalities of the retinal pigment epithelium than a comparison group of
      non-divers. Furthermore, the prevalence of fundus abnormality was related to
      length of diving history. All observed changes were consistent with the
      obstruction of the retinal and choroidal circulations. Such obstruction could be
      due either to intravascular bubble formation during decompression, or to altered
      behaviour of blood constituents and blood vessels in hyperbaric conditions.

PMID- 2904522
TI  - Allele loss on short arm of chromosome 17 in breast cancers.
AB  - Tumour and blood leucocyte DNA from a consecutive series of patients with primary
      breast cancer was probed to detect deletions at six polymorphic loci in tumour
      tissue. The highest frequency of allele loss (61%) was found with the probe
      YNZ22, which detects a sequence on the short arm of chromosome 17 (at p13.3). The
      previously reported loss of alleles at the Harvey ras locus (11p14) in about 20%
      of breast tumours was confirmed. The putative breast tumour suppressor gene on
      17p may be the same as that already noted for colon and lung cancers and it is
      suggested that deletion of this gene is one of a cumulative series of lesions
      involving genetic changes in the evolution of breast cancer. The findings
      identify chromosome 17p as a candidate region for linkage studies in breast
      cancer families.

PMID- 2904523
TI  - Support for adrenaline-hypertension hypothesis: 18 hour pressor effect after 6
      hours adrenaline infusion.
AB  - In a double blind, crossover study 6 h infusions of adrenaline (15 ng/kg/min; 1
      ng = 5.458 pmol), noradrenaline (30 ng/kg/min; 1 ng = 5.911 pmol), and a 5%
      dextrose solution (5.4 ml/h), were given to ten healthy volunteers in random
      order 2 weeks apart. By means of intra-arterial ambulatory monitoring the
      haemodynamic effects were followed for 18 h after the infusions were stopped.
      Adrenaline, but not noradrenaline, caused a delayed and protracted pressor
      effect. Over the total postinfusion period systolic and diastolic arterial
      pressure were 6 (SEM 2)% and 7 (2)%, respectively, higher than after dextrose
      infusion (ANOVA, p less than 0.001). Thus, "stress" levels of adrenaline (230
      pg/ml) for 6 h cause a delayed and protracted pressor effect. These findings are
      strong support for the adrenaline-hypertension hypothesis in man.

PMID- 2904524
TI  - Simultaneous isolation of HIV-1 and HIV-2 from an AIDS patient.
AB  - Two distinct human immunodeficiency viruses, HIV-1SF480 and HIV-2UC2 were
      isolated simultaneously from the blood of an Ivory Coast patient with AIDS. The
      HIV subtypes were segregated by their differential ability to infect established
      human cell lines and by the cell surface expression of type-specific viral
      antigens. The viruses could be distinguished by both immunoblot and Southern blot
      analyses. The results indicate that an individual can be infected by both HIV
      subtypes.

PMID- 2904525
TI  - Improvement of hepatic encephalopathy treated with flumazenil.
AB  - The effects of the benzodiazepine antagonist flumazenil were studied in 20
      episodes of hepatic encephalopathy (HE) in 17 patients with acute (n = 9) or
      chronic (n = 8) liver failure who had not responded to conventional therapy.
      Patients with a history of benzodiazepine intake were excluded. Changes in HE
      stage, in Glasgow coma scale, and in somatosensory evoked potentials were
      measured. In 12 of 20 episodes HE stage improved. The response to treatment
      occurred rapidly (within 3-60 min). In 8 of these 12 episodes HE worsened 0.5-4 h
      after treatment. In 5 of the 8 episodes that did not respond to flumazenil
      patients had clinical evidence of brain oedema. Flumazenil may be valuable in the
      treatment of HE in acute and chronic liver failure.

PMID- 2904526
TI  - Remission induction in non-Hodgkin lymphoma with reshaped human monoclonal
      antibody CAMPATH-1H.
AB  - A genetically reshaped human IgG1 monoclonal antibody (CAMPATH-1H) was used to
      treat two patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Doses of 1-20 mg daily were given
      intravenously for up to 43 days. In both patients lymphoma cells were cleared
      from the blood and bone marrow and splenomegaly resolved. One patient had
      lymphadenopathy which also resolved. These effects were achieved without
      myelosuppression, and normal haemopoeisis was restored during the course of
      treatment, partially in one patient and completely in the other. No antiglobulin
      response was detected in either patient. CAMPATH-1H is a potent lympholytic
      antibody which might have an important use in the treatment of
      lymphoproliferative disorders and additionally as an immunosuppressive agent.

PMID- 2904527
TI  - Xamoterol: stabilising the cardiac beta receptor?

PMID- 2904528
TI  - Shackled, shameful, and shoddy.

PMID- 2904529
TI  - Valproate, spina bifida, and birth defect registries.

PMID- 2904530
TI  - Diurnal variation in platelet aggregation responses.

PMID- 2904531
TI  - Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis.

PMID- 2904532
TI  - Evaluation of a structured treatment and teaching programme on non-insulin
      dependent diabetes.
AB  - A structured treatment and teaching programme for non-insulin-treated non-insulin
      dependent (type 2) diabetes was evaluated prospectively in general practice. The
      four group sessions were mainly conducted by paramedical personnel. 65 patients
      from five general practices were assessed at the start of the programme and 50
      (mean age 65 years, diabetes duration 7 years) completed the 1 year follow-up
      (intervention group). The control group consisted of 49 patients (mean age 63
      years, diabetes duration 7 years) from three other general practices without the
      programme. In the intervention group the percentage of patients receiving
      sulfonylureas fell from 68% at the start of the study to 38% after 1 year (mean
      difference 30%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 16-44%); the mean weight loss was
      2.7 kg (95% CI 1.6-3.8 kg), and non-fasting triglycerides were reduced by 0.77
      mmol/1 (95% CI 0.35-1.19 mmol/l); and glycosylated haemoglobin remained unchanged
      (7.1% of total haemoglobin). In the control group none of these indices was
      changed during the study year, and 10% of patients started insulin treatment. The
      structured treatment and teaching programme improved the overall quality of
      patient care in elderly non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients treated by
      general practitioners.

PMID- 2904533
TI  - Reversible ceftriaxone-associated biliary pseudolithiasis in children.
AB  - Serial abdominal ultrasonography was performed in 37 children being treated with
      ceftriaxone for serious infections. Biliary concrements developed in 16 patients,
      causing symptoms in 3, one of whom also had urolithiasis with renal colic and
      obstructive ureteropyelectasia. After cessation of ceftriaxone treatment,
      ultrasound abnormalities and symptoms gradually disappeared, with complete
      sonographic resolution after 2 to 63 days.

PMID- 2904534
TI  - Nasal continuous positive airway pressure in Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.
AB  - 10 cm H2O of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) was applied in nine
      subjects with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and the acquired immunodeficiency
      syndrome, all of whom had presented with bilateral pulmonary infiltrates and
      hypoxaemia. The procedure was tolerated well by eight patients and none of the
      nine had complications. 20 minutes of nasal CPAP without supplemental oxygen
      increased mean PaO2 from 55.9 to 68.4 mm Hg and decreased the calculated alveolar
      arterial oxygen gradient from 48.3 to 34.3 mm Hg. In one patient who was
      breathing oxygen at 4 litres per minute, PaO2 increased by 35 mm Hg. Nasal CPAP
      could be a useful method for augmenting oxygenation in P carinii pneumonia.

PMID- 2904535
TI  - Reversed polarity of vasculocutaneous potential and neonatal necrotising
      enterocolitis.

PMID- 2904536
TI  - Haemodilution in renal transplantation in patients on erythropoietin.

PMID- 2904537
TI  - Treatments for neurotic disorders.

PMID- 2904538
TI  - Licensing synthetic intracervical tents.

PMID- 2904539
TI  - Birthweight and neonatal mortality.

PMID- 2904540
TI  - Food intolerance and rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 2904541
TI  - Changes in body weight between consecutive pregnancies.

PMID- 2904542
TI  - Cholinergic side-effects of tetrahydroaminoacridine.

PMID- 2904543
TI  - Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 and hens' eggs.

PMID- 2904544
TI  - Peripheral facial paralysis indicating HIV infection.

PMID- 2904545
TI  - HIV, glue ear, and adenoidal hypertrophy.

PMID- 2904546
TI  - Cat scratch disease, bartonellosis, and Kaposi sarcoma.

PMID- 2904547
TI  - Home intravenous immunoglobulin therapy.

PMID- 2904548
TI  - Inhibition of cholinesterases by pentamidine.

PMID- 2904549
TI  - Italian epidemic of waterborne tularaemia.

PMID- 2904550
TI  - Is inactivated poliovaccine more expensive?

PMID- 2904551
TI  - Heat-stable versus heat-labile vaccines.

PMID- 2904552
TI  - Management of dysentery by community health workers.

PMID- 2904553
TI  - Antibody responses to human herpesvirus 6 and other herpesviruses.

PMID- 2904554
TI  - Parvovirus-associated thrombocytopenic purpura.

PMID- 2904555
TI  - Clinical trial numbers and confidence intervals of pre-specified size.

PMID- 2904556
TI  - Danish experience of statutory right of patients to access hospital records.

PMID- 2904557
TI  - Better surgeons get better results.

PMID- 2904558
TI  - Graves' disease: the thyroid not the pancreas.

PMID- 2904559
TI  - ICRF appeals.

PMID- 2904560
TI  - Paying for extended Medicare.

PMID- 2904561
TI  - Specific detection of Taenia saginata eggs by DNA hybridisation.

PMID- 2904562
TI  - Non-surgical left-atrial aortic bypass.

PMID- 2904563
TI  - Screening for aortic aneurysm.

PMID- 2904564
TI  - Pelvic irradiation and tamoxifen as risk factors for carcinoma of corpus uteri.

PMID- 2904565
TI  - Erythromycin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae.

PMID- 2904566
TI  - Cosmetic surgery: greater duty to warn of risks.

PMID- 2904567
TI  - Training courses for HIV/AIDS counsellors.

PMID- 2904569
TI  - Variation of apolipoprotein-B gene is associated with obesity, high blood
      cholesterol levels, and increased risk of coronary heart disease.
AB  - A random sample of 290 white men was examined for association between restriction
      fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) haplotypes (closely linked RFLPs on a single
      chromosome) of the apolipoprotein-B gene and serum levels of cholesterol,
      triglyceride, and high-density lipoprotein, obesity, smoking, alcohol
      consumption, and coronary heart disease. Haplotype or single RFLP frequencies
      differed significantly for obesity (p less than 0.005), serum cholesterol (p less
      than 0.005), and coronary heart disease (p less than 0.05), but for no other
      variable. Obesity was associated with haplotypes involving minimum PvuII and XbaI
      RFLPs are likely to be in linkage disequilibrium with nearby functional variation
      predisposing to obesity. Significant variation in serum cholesterol levels was
      associated with three functional alleles defined by MspI and EcoRI RFLP pairs (p
      less than 0.03). These RFLPs correspond to charged aminoacid variants at
      positions 3611 (arginine to glutamine) and 4154 (glutamic acid to lysine), which
      lie near the low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) receptor binding region of
      apolipoprotein-B. The three alleles showed stratification of serum cholesterol
      between low, normal, and high levels. Coronary heart disease was associated with
      minimum haplotypes involving XbaI and MspI RFLPs. Together these results suggest
      that inherited variations of the apolipoprotein-B gene, probably in the form of
      charged aminoacid substitutions, influence circulating cholesterol concentration,
      and that these and other functional variants of the apolipoprotein-B gene affect
      susceptibility to coronary heart disease and obesity.

PMID- 2904568
TI  - Prospective double-blind trial of duodenal ulcer relapse after eradication of
      Campylobacter pylori.
AB  - 100 consecutive patients with both duodenal ulcer and Campylobacter pylori
      infection were followed up to see whether eradication of C pylori affected ulcer
      healing or relapse. Patients were randomly assigned to 8 weeks of treatment with
      cimetidine or colloidal bismuth subcitrate (CBS), with tinidazole or placebo
      being given concurrently from days 1 to 10, inclusive. Endoscopy, biopsy, and
      culture were done at entry, in weeks 10, 22, 34, and 62, and whenever symptoms
      recurred. There was no maintenance therapy. C pylori persisted in all of the
      cimetidine-treated patients and in 95% of those treated with
      cimetidine/tinidazole, but was eradicated in 27% of the CBS/placebo group and 70%
      of the CBS/tinidazole group. When C pylori persisted, 61% of duodenal ulcers
      healed and 84% relapsed. When C pylori was cleared 92% of ulcers healed (p less
      than 0.001) and only 21% relapsed during the 12 month follow-up period (p less
      than 0.0001).

PMID- 2904570
TI  - Photochemical decontamination of blood components containing hepatitis B and non
      A, non-B virus.
AB  - Diluted plasma samples containing 10(2), 10(3), 10(4), and 10(5) chimpanzee
      infectious doses (CID) of a human non-A, non-B hepatitis virus (NANBV) were
      treated with a combination of two psoralen compounds, 4'-aminomethyl-4,5',8
      trimethylpsoralen and 4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen, and exposed to long wavelength
      ultraviolet. Each dilution was then transfused into one of four chimpanzees. In a
      second experiment, three samples containing 10(4.5) CID of hepatitis B virus
      (HBV) and two samples containing 10(4) CID of NANBV were treated with 8
      methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) and ultraviolet irradiation. Two chimpanzees were each
      transfused with both a treated HBV and a treated NANBV sample. The third
      chimpanzee was inoculated with a treated HBV sample alone. In the six months
      after inoculation none of the animals showed biochemical or histological evidence
      of hepatitis. In experiments involving NANBV inocula, the susceptibility of the
      animals was confirmed by subsequent challenge with untreated NANBV. Factor VIII
      concentrate containing virus and photochemically treated as in the first
      experiment retained an average of 91% of its activity while that in the second
      experiment retained 94% of its activity.

PMID- 2904571
TI  - Role of subcutaneous apomorphine in parkinsonian voiding dysfunction.
AB  - Ten patients with Parkinson's disease and urinary symptoms underwent urodynamic
      assessments before and after subcutaneous administration of the dopamine receptor
      agonist apomorphine. Voiding efficiency improved after apomorphine injection,
      with an increase in mean and maximum flow rates in nine patients and reduction in
      post-micturition residual volume in six. Although the effect on detrusor
      behaviour was variable, subcutaneous apomorphine may be of use in both the
      assessment and treatment of voiding dysfunction in patients with Parkinson's
      disease.

PMID- 2904572
TI  - Caffeinated beverages and decreased fertility.
AB  - 104 healthy women who had been attempting to become pregnant for three months
      were interviewed about their use of caffeinated beverages, alcohol, and
      cigarettes. In their subsequent cycles, women who consumed more than the
      equivalent of one cup of coffee per day were half as likely to become pregnant,
      per cycle, as women who drank less. A dose-response effect was present.

PMID- 2904573
TI  - Immunocytochemistry of neurofibrillary tangles in dementia pugilistica and
      Alzheimer's disease: evidence for common genesis.
AB  - A battery of antisera that specifically stained the tangles of Alzheimer's
      disease also stained the tangles in all of 8 cases of dementia pugilistica (punch
      drunk syndrome). Since the paired helical filament antigens found in Alzheimer
      type neurofibrillary degeneration are present in the tangles of dementia
      pugilistica the pathogenesis of tangle formation in these conditions is likely to
      be the same; thus head injury may be a predisposing factor or environmental
      trigger for Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 2904574
TI  - Treatment of narcolepsy with L-tyrosine.
AB  - 8 patients with narcolepsy were treated with oral tyrosine. Within six months all
      were free from daytime sleep attacks and cataplexy.

PMID- 2904575
TI  - Coronary artery disease in hypertension.

PMID- 2904576
TI  - Mr Ridley's sewers.

PMID- 2904577
TI  - Complement activation in plasma exchange.

PMID- 2904578
TI  - Chronic liver disease and haemophilia.

PMID- 2904579
TI  - Complications of anaesthesia in infants and children.

PMID- 2904580
TI  - Duodenal ulcer, Campylobacter pylori, and the "leaking roof" concept.

PMID- 2904581
TI  - Effect of information campaign by the mass media on hysterectomy rates.
AB  - The annual frequency of hysterectomy was monitored in the Canton Ticino,
      Switzerland, from 1977 to 1986. From February to October, 1984, there was a
      public information campaign in the mass media about rates of and need for
      hysterectomy. After the start of the campaign and during the following year the
      annual rate of operations per 100,000 women of all ages dropped by 25.8%, whereas
      in the reference area (Canton Bern), where no information was given to the
      public, hysterectomy rates increased by 1%. In the same period the hysterectomy
      rate per 100,000 women aged 35-49 declined by 33.2%, and the number of
      hysterectomies performed annually per gynaecologist decreased by 33.3%. In Canton
      Bern these rates were unchanged. The decline began 2 months after the start of
      the information campaign. The reduction in the number of hysterectomies was
      greater (p less than 0.001) in non-teaching hospitals (31.9%) than in teaching
      hospitals (18.1%). Information on regional rates and on the need for hysterectomy
      given through the mass media to the general population can change professional
      practices.

PMID- 2904582
TI  - Clinical trial of intensive muscle training for chronic low back pain.
AB  - 105 patients who had chronic low back pain without clinical signs of lumbar nerve
      root compression or radiological evidence of spondylolysis or osteomalacia were
      randomised to three treatments: 30 sessions of intensive dynamic back extensor
      exercises over three months; a similar programme at one-fifth the exercise
      intensity; or one month of thermotherapy, massage, and mild exercises. The
      results consistently favoured intensive exercise, which had no adverse effects.
      Since these exercises can be conducted in groups, the intensive programme is no
      more costly than conventional strategies that require individual attention.

PMID- 2904583
TI  - Need for albumin adjustments of urgent total serum calcium.
AB  - In specimens sent for urgent total calcium measurement, failure to adjust for
      serum albumin concentration led to errors of diagnosis and treatment. Albumin
      adjustment is necessary, when measuring total serum calcium, for assessment of
      true calcium status.

PMID- 2904584
TI  - Cosmas and Damian, patron saints of doctors.

PMID- 2904585
TI  - Glucose tolerance in pregnancy.

PMID- 2904586
TI  - Insulin changeover.

PMID- 2904587
TI  - Fetal dopamine-rich mesencephalic grafts in Parkinson's disease.

PMID- 2904588
TI  - Waterborne outbreak of cryptosporidiosis.

PMID- 2904589
TI  - Misoprostol and ulcer prophylaxis.

PMID- 2904590
TI  - Motoneuron disease and past poliomyelitis.

PMID- 2904591
TI  - Outbreak of Dengue fever in Delhi.

PMID- 2904592
TI  - Clinical isolates of Vibrio cholerae O1 not producing cholera toxin.

PMID- 2904593
TI  - Platelet-activating factor.

PMID- 2904594
TI  - Breastfeeding and transmission of HIV.

PMID- 2904595
TI  - Low condom breakage rate in commercial sex.

PMID- 2904596
TI  - Bronchial bleeding with nebulised pentamidine.

PMID- 2904597
TI  - AIDS and neuroleptic malignant syndrome.

PMID- 2904598
TI  - Aspirin and myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2904599
TI  - Congenital hypothyroidism and growth hormone deficiency.

PMID- 2904600
TI  - Intrafallopian egg replacement without IVF back-up.

PMID- 2904601
TI  - Lessons from nomifensine.

PMID- 2904602
TI  - ACE inhibitors.

PMID- 2904603
TI  - Unethical trials of dipyrone in Thailand.

PMID- 2904604
TI  - Medical care for the newborn.

PMID- 2904605
TI  - London Hospital helicopter emergency medical service.

PMID- 2904606
TI  - Computers, epidemiology, and general practice.

PMID- 2904607
TI  - Academic boycotts and South Africa.

PMID- 2904608
TI  - Cancer risk estimate for radiation, 1988.

PMID- 2904609
TI  - Energy needs of infants.

PMID- 2904610
TI  - Physicians and peace prospects.

PMID- 2904611
TI  - Intraperitoneal erythropoietin.

PMID- 2904612
TI  - Urology and the TNM classification.

PMID- 2904613
TI  - Vascular access for chronic haemodialysis.

PMID- 2904614
TI  - Treatment of systemic capillary leak syndrome.

PMID- 2904615
TI  - Endothelin and cyclosporin nephrotoxicity.

PMID- 2904617
TI  - Phosphorus-32, an unexpected treatment for rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 2904616
TI  - Moles in Australian and British school children.

PMID- 2904618
TI  - Hyperphenylalanaemia in parenterally fed newborn infants.

PMID- 2904620
TI  - Of pancreas, pain, and papilla.

PMID- 2904619
TI  - Acute hepatitis after treatment of acromegaly with octreotide.

PMID- 2904621
TI  - Thrombolysis "update".

PMID- 2904622
TI  - Neuroleptic malignant-like syndrome and lithium.

PMID- 2904623
TI  - Glove perforation during sternotomy closure.

PMID- 2904624
TI  - Neuroleptic malignant syndrome after clozapine plus carbamazepine.

PMID- 2904625
TI  - Cardiopulmonary resuscitation in cases of malignant disease.

PMID- 2904626
TI  - Thromboembolism and air travel.

PMID- 2904627
TI  - Ganciclovir for severe cytomegalovirus infection in transplant recipients.

PMID- 2904628
TI  - Campylobacter gastritis and vomiting.

PMID- 2904629
TI  - Hypovitaminosis A of follicular duct as cause of acne vulgaris.

PMID- 2904630
TI  - A psychiatrist's duty of confidentiality.

PMID- 2904631
TI  - Small-cell lung cancer after retinoblastoma.

PMID- 2904632
TI  - Back calculation of alcohol: the "hip-flask defence".

PMID- 2904633
TI  - Interaction between clozapine and a lipophilic alpha 1-adrenergic agonist.
AB  - Acute intraperitoneal injection of clozapine produced marked hypothermia and
      ataxia in Swiss-Webster mice. These two effects were almost completely blocked by
      the lipophilic alpha 1-adrenergic agonist, St 587, but not by the peripherally
      acting alpha 1 agonist methoxamine. It was inferred that these effects of
      clozapine are central in origin and probably resulted from alpha 1 adrenergic
      blockade. However, since prazosin, a selective alpha 1-adrenergic antagonist did
      not elicit either hypothermia or ataxia in mice it became clear that the alpha 1
      adrenergic blocking effect of clozapine is not entirely responsible for these
      effects, but has a major contributory role in their production. Both clozapine
      and prazosin inhibited the d-amphetamine-induced locomotor stimulation in mice.
      St 587 did not significantly reduce this amphetamine-blocking effect of
      clozapine. It was inferred that this response to d-amphetamine involving the
      release of mesolimbic dopamine is distinct from the other two St 587-sensitive
      responses. The hypothermic and ataxic effects of clozapine developed complete
      tolerance after just four days of treatment, but ten days of such treatment was
      required for the development of tolerance to the amphetamine-blocking effect of
      clozapine. The possible relationships between St 587-sensitive and insensitive
      effects of clozapine and its antipsychotic property are discussed.

PMID- 2904634
TI  - Specific [3H]UK 14,304 binding in human cortex occurs at multiple high affinity
      states with alpha 2-adrenergic selectivity and differing affinities for GTP.
AB  - [3H]UK 14,034 is a full agonist at alpha 2-adrenergic receptors. Although the
      characteristics of the binding of the partial alpha 2-adrenergic agonists in
      postmortem human brain were known, the binding of [3H]UK 14,304 had not been
      studied in this tissue. Multi-site binding of this radiolabel had been reported
      in other tissues and guanosine triphosphate (GTP) had been shown to reduce [3H]UK
      14,304 binding. We now report that [3H]UK 14,304 labels at least 2 specific
      binding sites in human brain that both have the characteristics of an alpha 2
      adrenergic binding site. GTP decreases agonist binding at both of these sites,
      but with different potencies at each site.

PMID- 2904635
TI  - Serotonergic component of SCH 23390: in vitro and in vivo binding analyses.
AB  - A series of benzazepines related to SCH 23390 were tested for binding to the 5HT
      2 receptor. The compounds tested inhibited the binding of 3H-ketanserin with KI
      values generally greater than those observed for the D-1 receptor, but less than
      those for the D-2 receptor. When this serotonergic activity was correlated to the
      D-1 activity, the resulting coefficient was 0.84, indicating a strong correlation
      between the two activities. Conversely, the 5HT-2 activity did not show a good
      correlation with the D-2 activity. To further test the significance of the 5HT-2
      binding of the SCH 23390, in vivo binding studies were performed using 125I-SCH
      38840 in the frontal cortex, an area containing both D-1 and 5HT-2 receptors. The
      in vivo binding of 125I-SCH 38840 to frontal cortex exhibited peak levels one
      hour following subcutaneous administration, similar to the time course previously
      observed in striatum. The binding was both D-1 and tissue specific. Competition
      studies with selected standards demonstrated that inhibition of the binding to
      frontal cortex, in contrast to the inhibition observed in the striatum, exhibited
      a Hill coefficient less than unity, implying interaction at more than one
      receptor subtype. When SCH 23390 and ketanserin were administered simultaneously,
      the inhibition of the in vivo binding of 125I-SCH 38840 to striatum was not
      different than that observed with SCH 23390, alone. However, the inhibition of
      binding to frontal cortex was significantly greater than that demonstrated with
      either SCH 23390 or ketanserin, alone, suggesting that 125I-SCH 38840 was binding
      to both D-1 and 5HT-2 receptors, in vivo.

PMID- 2904636
TI  - Docosahexaenoic acid and other dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids suppress
      leukotriene synthesis by mouse peritoneal macrophages.
AB  - The efficacy of individual omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in altering
      eicosanoid synthesis in peritoneal macrophages was studied by feeding mice for 10
      days a diet containing 2 wt % fat, which included 0.5 wt % ethyl esters of
      eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or linolenic acid (LNA).
      Upon stimulation with calcium ionophore A23187, macrophages from these animals
      produced significantly lower amounts of leukotriene C4, leukotriene B4 and 12
      hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, prostaglandin E2 and 6-keto prostaglandin F1 alpha
      compared with those obtained from animals on the diets containing olive oil or
      safflower oil. The decrease in leukotriene synthesis was similar in the animals
      fed DHA, EPA or LNA diets. This depression of eicosanoids by DHA and EPA was
      associated with decreased levels of arachidonic acid (AA); however, LA that
      altered eicosanoids did not have the same effect on AA levels.

PMID- 2904637
TI  - The O75X adhesin of uropathogenic Escherichia coli: receptor-active domains in
      the canine urinary tract and in-vitro interaction with laminin.
AB  - The complementary binding sites for the purified O75X adhesin of uropathogenic
      Escherichia coli in canine urinary tract were determined by indirect
      immunofluorescence. The adhesin bound to the vascular basement membranes in the
      canine kidney, ureter, bladder and urethra. In the kidney, the adhesin bound also
      to the tubular basement membranes and to the Bowman's capsule and mesangium of
      the glomeruli. In the bladder and ureter, but not in the urethra, the O75X
      adhesin bound to the basal lamina of smooth muscle cells. Connective tissue was
      negative for the adhesin. Interestingly, considerable intraepithelial
      heterogeneity was revealed as the O75X adhesin bound to epithelium of the ureter
      but not to that of the kidney, bladder or urethra. The purified O75X adhesin
      bound specifically to laminin, a basement membrane glycoprotein, immobilized on
      nitrocellulose or polystyrene, suggesting that laminin is involved in the binding
      of the O75X adhesin to basement membranes.

PMID- 2904638
TI  - Characterization of fimbriae from Bacteroides fragilis.
AB  - Fimbriae derived from Bacteroides fragilis strain BE1 (BE1 fimbriae) appeared to
      be composed of subunits with a molecular weight of 40,000. Under the electron
      microscope the fimbriae could be visualized as straight filaments with a diameter
      of 4 nm. It appeared that production of the BE1 fimbriae is repressed under
      conditions of iron limitation, and at a growth temperature of 20 degrees C.
      Antibodies raised against the 40,000 dalton polypeptide, purified by means of
      preparative SDS-polyacrylamide gelelectrophoresis, recognized the native
      fimbriae, as was shown by immunogold labelling of intact bacterial cells, and by
      immunoprecipitation. Immunoblot experiments showed that other strains of B
      fragilis tested produced polypeptides, ranging in molecular weight from 40,000 to
      42,000, that are antigenically related to the BE1 fimbrial subunit. No
      haemagglutination activity could be associated with the BE1 fimbriae.

PMID- 2904639
TI  - Nucleotide sequence analysis of a P fimbrial regulatory element of the
      uropathogenic Escherichia coli strain KS71 (04:K12).
AB  - The nucleotide sequence of a trans-acting P-fimbrial regulatory element obtained
      from the uropathogenic Escherichia coli strain KS71 (04:K12) was determined. The
      regulatory element was found to contain an open reading frame of 231 nucleotide
      residues that showed 95.2% homology with papl, a functionally analogous
      regulatory gene of E. coli strain J 96.

PMID- 2904640
TI  - Expression and secretion of pertussis toxin subunit S1 in Bacillus subtilis.
AB  - Pertussis toxin (PT) is an important virulence determinant of Bordetella
      pertussis and one of the major protective antigens against whooping cough. The
      genes coding for PT have recently been cloned, but attempts to express them in
      Escherichia coli have been unsuccessful. We therefore explored the possibility of
      expressing these genes in Bacilius subtilis for which efficient vectors are
      available. The lack of endotoxin in the Gram-positive Bacillus might be an
      additional advantage for the production of a vaccine component. A DNA fragment
      coding for S1, one of the subunits of pertussis toxin, was inserted into an alpha
      amylase secretion vector and the recombinant plasmid was introduced into B.
      subtilis. This resulted in high expression of S1, most of which was secreted and
      therefore found in the culture supernatant. This supernatant had ADP-ribosylating
      activity similar to that of PT. Western blot with antiserum to B. pertussis
      holotoxin showed several proteins ranging in size from 28 kDa to 20 kDa reacting
      in specific manner. About 10% of the protein recognized by the antiserum was of
      the size expected for native-size S1. The total amount of S1 proteins (full size
      and truncated) in the culture supernatant was about 100 mg/l. S1 protein made in
      B. subtilis was partially purified using chromatography with P-cellulose and Blue
      Sepharose. This preparation was used to immunize rabbits; the immune serum thus
      obtained recognized subunit S1 of native pertussis toxin.

PMID- 2904641
TI  - Carboxyl groups in Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin.
AB  - The maximal number of norleucine methyl ester (NME) incorporated into carboxyl
      groups in epsilon toxin of Clostridium perfringens by the carbodiimide
      nucleophile procedure was 7 and 17 in the absence and presence of 8 M urea,
      respectively. The introduction of 3-4 nucleophilic modifying agents such as NME,
      glycine methyl ester or taurine into carboxyl groups of the toxin reduced the
      lethality to approximately 10% of the original activity. The incorporation of 6-7
      of these agents resulted in complete loss of the activity. On the other hand,
      circular dichroism spectra and the reaction between the toxin or the NME
      incorporated toxin and antiepsilon toxin reaction showed no difference between
      the intact toxin and the NME-incorporated toxin. The data suggested that at least
      4 out of 7 carboxyl groups on the surface of the toxin are important in
      maintaining the lethal activity of toxin.

PMID- 2904642
TI  - Morphological studies on fimbriae expressed by Vibrio cholerae 01.
AB  - Colonization of the small intestine is an essential step in the pathogenesis of
      Vibrio cholerae diarrhea. At least one type of fimbriae, known as TcpA are
      required for the colonization process. This paper reports electron microscopic
      evidence that V. cholerae strains can express at least two other fimbrial types.
      Classical strains express three types: TcpA fimbriae are 5-6 nm in diameter and
      form bundles of parallel undulating filaments up to 15 micron long; Type B are 3
      nm wide and of wavy morphology, and Type C are rigid, isolated filaments 5-6 nm
      wide and 180-800 nm long. El Tor strains express fimbriae resembling Types B and
      C. Types B and C were also found on a tcpA- isogenic mutant of V. cholerae 395
      N1, and are thus encoded by genetically distinct loci. TcpA fimbriae, but not
      Types B or C, were labeled with gold-conjugated anti-TcpA antibody. Four El Tor
      strains, including two environmental isolates that poorly colonize humans,
      expressed fimbriae resembling Types B and C, but did not express TcpA. Multiple
      types of fimbriae may represent colonization factors for surfaces present in the
      environment and in the human gut. Characterization of the role of fimbriae in
      immunogen presentation and immunity could facilitate the improvement of cholera
      vaccines.

PMID- 2904643
TI  - Purification of fimbriae from Pasteurella haemolytica A-1.
AB  - Pasteurella haemolytica A-1 produces large, rigid fimbriae with a diameter of 12
      nm and a denisty of 1.32. Their subunit molecular weight was 35,000 as determined
      by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting with monoclonal
      antibodies raised against native fimbriae. The isoelectric point of the purified
      fimbriae was 4.8. While Pasteurella haemolytica whole cells plus a crude shear
      fraction were capable of agglutinating bovine erythrocytes, purified fimbriae
      exhibited no such activity.

PMID- 2904644
TI  - Bicycle-spoke and "doubling" injuries.
AB  - A "doubling" injury is the result of two persons, usually two children, but often
      an adult and a child, riding on a bicycle. The most-common variety is the
      "bicycle-spoke injury" which is sustained when the passenger's foot is caught in
      the spokes of the wheel. Between August 1, 1986 and July 31, 1987, 43 children
      (mean age, 55 months) attended the Emergency Department of Princess Margaret
      Hospital for Children with such an injury. None of the bicycles had spoke-guards.
      Sixteen children were admitted to hospital: eight children required skin grafts
      and four children required repair by sutures. Nineteen (44%) of the children had
      bare feet when they were injured. The healing time ranged from seven to 365 days
      with an average of 56 days, which was long enough to ruin a child's holiday. This
      injury can be prevented. "Doubling" is dangerous and should be prohibited where
      seats and spoke-guards are not available. The attention of parents and the
      community should be drawn to the potentially-serious nature of these injuries.

PMID- 2904645
TI  - Healing our planet: a global prescription.

PMID- 2904646
TI  - Acute regional vascular insufficiency after jellyfish envenomation.
AB  - Three cases of jellyfish envenomation which occurred in the Indian Ocean and the
      Andaman Sea are reported. In each instance the stinging occurred on the upper
      extremities, and impaired the circulation to the stung limb(s), with absent
      distal arterial pulses, regional cyanosis, and the threat of distal gangrene. One
      of the patients is seriously and permanently handicapped, with bilateral upper
      limb numbness and paresis; another patient has permanent sensory loss; the third
      patient, who also had brachial-artery narrowing that was demonstrated by
      angiography, made an uneventful recovery. The first two patients underwent
      surgical fasciotomy, whereas surgical exploration was performed on the third
      patient. Reduced blood flow in the major arteries of the limbs was observed
      directly in each case. Further, the arterial segment that primarily was affected,
      in each case, appeared to be that which underlay the actual site of the sting.
      All patients were young persons with no previous history of vascular disease.
      These cases corroborate the vascular and neurogenic injury, which previously have
      been reported in experimental animals and in human patients, that may result from
      jellyfish venoms.

PMID- 2904647
TI  - Inhibition of adenylate cyclase is mediated by the high affinity conformation of
      the alpha 2-adrenergic receptor.
AB  - The functional significance of high affinity agonist binding to receptors that
      interact with guanine nucleotide regulatory proteins has remained controversial.
      Preincubation of human platelet membranes with the full alpha 2-agonist UK 14,304
      in the absence of GTP increases the potency of the agonist to inhibit adenylate
      cyclase in a pre-steady state (15-sec) assay. The EC50 after preincubation (6 +/-
      1 nM) is within a factor of 2 of the high affinity Kd for [3H]UK 14,304 binding
      determined under identical conditions (2.7 +/- 0.1 nM). In contrast, in the usual
      steady state measurements (15 min) or in pre-steady state measurements without
      agonist preincubation, the EC50 values (74 +/- 1 and 207 +/- 8 nM, respectively)
      are near the low affinity Kd for [3H]UK 14,304 binding. Reduction of the GTP
      concentration in steady state adenylate cyclase assays also decreases the EC50
      for UK 14,304 from 40 +/- 5 nM at 10 microM GTP to 14 +/- 5 nM with no added GTP.
      Both sets of experimental observations are accommodated by a complete kinetic
      model of inhibition in which the high affinity ternary complex of drug, receptor,
      and G protein leads to the response. Explicit rate parameters are included for
      agonist binding, receptor-G protein interactions, GTP binding, and hydrolysis.
      Despite the functional role of the high affinity state of the alpha 2-receptor in
      this model, the steady state EC50 for agonist-mediated inhibition correlates best
      with the Kd of low affinity agonist binding in the presence of high levels of
      GTP. Under conditions in which formation of the high affinity ternary complex is
      favored, the EC50 for responses approaches the high affinity Kd.

PMID- 2904648
TI  - Continuous intracerebroventricular infusion of dopamine and dopamine agonists
      through a totally implanted drug delivery system in animal models of Parkinson's
      disease.
AB  - We studied the effect of intracerebroventricular infusion of dopamine and
      dopamine agonists in rat and primate models of Parkinson's disease as an
      experimental approach to the treatment of levodopa-induced fluctuations. The
      infusion of dopamine, lisuride, and pergolide into the ventricle ipsilateral to
      the lesion, by 6-hydroxydopamine, of the nigrostriatal pathway induced a
      contralateral rotation which was maximal 24-48 h after infusion and whose
      intensity progressively decreased over the period of 1 week. [3H]Spiperone
      binding was decreased by the infusion of dopamine but the responses to
      subcutaneous apomomorphine were unchanged. The infusion of dopamine also restored
      the levels of monoamines in the rat brain. In chronic reserpized rats, the
      infusion of dopamine restored brain levels of dopamine but did not reverse
      akinesia unless monoamine oxidase inhibitors were simultaneously administered,
      either systemically or intracerebroventricularly. Lisuride and pergolide proved
      much weaker than dopamine in reversing the effects of reserpine.
      Intracerebroventricular infusion of dopamine plus deprenyl reversed MPTP induced
      akinesia in monkeys but the pump used for the delivery was not well tolerated,
      because of its size, by the animals.

PMID- 2904649
TI  - PHNO, a novel dopamine agonist, in animal models of parkinsonism.
AB  - PHNO, a naphthoxazine compound, was investigated in animal models of central
      dopaminergic activity. The drug in doses of 5-300 micrograms/kg when administered
      subcutaneously, or transdermally, induced stereotypic behavior in rats which was
      blocked by haloperidol but not by reserpine pretreatment. In rats with unilateral
      6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the substantia nigra PHNO induced dose-dependent
      contralateral turnings. The drug caused emesis in dogs and hypothermia in mice.
      PHNO bound to D-2 dopamine receptors in the rat striatum. Chronic injection with
      PHNO did not induce behavioral supersensitivity or increase dopamine receptor
      density. These data indicate that PHNO is a direct acting dopamine agonist that
      is highly potent. PHNO differs from other dopaminergic drugs and may be useful in
      the treatment of Parkinson's disease.

PMID- 2904650
TI  - The effect of intracerebroventricular infusion of (+)-4-propyl-9
      hydroxynapthoxacine (PHNO) through a totally implanted drug delivery system in
      rats with dopamine deficiency.
AB  - Rats with experimentally induced DA deficiency were treated with
      intracerebroventricular administration of (+)-4-propyl-9-hydroxynaphthoxacine
      (PHNO) through a totally implanted chronic delivery system which delivered PHNO,
      0.9 microgram/h, continuously for up to 2 weeks. Rats with 6-OH-DA induced
      unilateral nigrostriatal lesion showed, after PHNO infusion, a potent and
      persistent contralateral turning behavior (8-11 turns/min) which was not present
      in vehicle-infused animals. The intensity of spontaneous and apomorphine-induced
      rotation did not decrease after 2 weeks of continuous infusion, suggesting that
      tolerance to PHNO or to other dopamine agonists did not develop. The magnitude of
      the spontaneous turning behavior in PHNO-infused animals correlated well with the
      baseline response to apomorphine (r = 0.505, p less than 0.025). Rats implanted
      with pumps delivering PHNO or vehicle were treated with reserpine, 0.5 mg/kg/day
      for 14 days. Vehicle-infused, reserpinized animals had a severe akinesia and
      weight loss during the experimental period (motor activity, measured in counts
      per minute was reduced to 5-10% of baseline levels, and body weight to 50% of
      baseline levels). PHNO-infusion partially restored activity to 60% of baseline
      counts and reduced the severity of weight loss. PHNO effects were observed for as
      long as the infusion was maintained. No side effects were observed.
      Intracerebroventricular infusion of PHNO may be an alternative experimental
      approach to untreatable motor fluctuations in Parkinson's disease.

PMID- 2904651
TI  - Cushing's syndrome due to ectopic ACTH secretion by bilateral pheochromocytomas
      in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A.

PMID- 2904652
TI  - Homoeo boxes, POU proteins and the limits to promiscuity.

PMID- 2904653
TI  - A cloned octamer transcription factor stimulates transcription from lymphoid
      specific promoters in non-B cells.
AB  - The complementary DNA coding for a lymphocyte-specific transcription factor
      binding to the DNA 'octamer' sequence TNATTTGCAT has been cloned. The nucleotide
      sequence shows homology to the homoeobox domain. Expression of this cDNA in HeLa
      cells is sufficient for a strong transcriptional activation of B-cell-specific
      promoters.

PMID- 2904654
TI  - A human lymphoid-specific transcription factor that activates immunoglobulin
      genes is a homoeobox protein.
AB  - The human lymphoid-specific transcription factor OTF-2 contains a homoeodomain
      that is required for DNA binding and binds specifically to DNA elements that are
      recognized by Drosophila homoeodomain proteins, suggesting coevolutionary
      relationships between mammalian and invertebrate homoeodomain proteins and their
      DNA recognition elements.

PMID- 2904655
TI  - Drosophila homoeotic genes encode transcriptional activators similar to mammalian
      OTF-2.
AB  - Homoeotic genes in Drosophila melanogaster are active in spatially restricted
      metameric domains and control the morphogenesis of segment-specific features such
      as legs or wings within these domains. They exert their function, according to
      the 'selector gene' hypothesis, by regulating the expression of subordinate
      genes. Homoeotic genes also control their own expression and the expression of
      each other. The proteins encoded by these genes contain a domain, called a
      homoeodomain, that is strongly conserved, and that shows homologies to proteins
      that bind DNA and regulate transcription. Homoeoproteins have been shown to bind
      specific DNA sequences. We show here that the Drosophila homoeotic genes
      Ultrabithorax (Ubx) and Abdominal-B (Abd-B) code for proteins that are capable of
      activating transcription of reporter genes linked to specific cis-regulatory
      target sequences in transfected mammalian cells. Their activity, as well as their
      target specificity, is similar to that of a mammalian lymphoid-specific octamer
      transcription factor, OTF-2, which was recently found to contain a homoeodomain.

PMID- 2904656
TI  - The POU domain is a bipartite DNA-binding structure.
AB  - The POU domain (pronounced 'pow') is a highly charged 155-162-amino-acid (aa)
      region of sequence similarity contained within three mammalian transcription
      factors. Pt-1 (ref. 2), Oct-1 (ref. 3) and Oct-2 (ref. 4), and the product of the
      nematode gene unc-86 (ref. 5) which is involved in determining neural cell
      lineage. This domain consists of two subdomains, a C-terminal homoeo domain and
      an N-terminal POU-specific region separated by a short nonconserved linker; the
      sequence relationship shows that the POU homoeo domains form a distinct POU
      related family. In the ubiquitous and lymphoid-specific octamer-motif binding
      proteins Oct-1 and Oct-2, the POU domain is sufficient for sequence-specific DNA
      binding. Homoeobox domains contain a helix-turn-helix DNA-binding motif, first
      identified in bacterial repressors. The helix-turn-helix region of the POU domain
      is important for DNA binding and, in other classes of homoeo-containing proteins,
      the entire homoeo domain is sufficient for DNA binding; thus the new POU-specific
      region could be involved in other functions such as protein-protein interactions.
      Nevertheless, we show here that in fact the POU domain is a novel bipartite DNA
      binding structure in which the POU homoeo and POU-specific regions form two
      subdomains that are both required for DNA binding but are held together by a
      flexible linker.

PMID- 2904657
TI  - Conservation of the D-mannose-adhesion protein among type 1 fimbriated members of
      the family Enterobacteriaceae.
AB  - A variety of genera and species of the family Enterobacteriaceae bear surface
      fimbriae that enable them to bind to D-mannose residues on eukaryotic cells.
      Until recently, it was thought that the D-mannose binding site was located in the
      major structural subunit (FimA), of relative molecular mass (Mr) 17,000 (17 K),
      of these organelles in Escherichia coli. New evidence indicates that this binding
      site resides instead in a minor protein Mr 28-31 K (FimH) located at the tips and
      at long intervals along the length of the fimbriae, and is reminiscent of the
      minor tip adhesion proteins of pyelonephritis-associated pili (Pap) and S
      fimbriae. In contrast to the antigenic heterogeneity of the major FimA subunit,
      the antigenic structure of FimH is conserved among different strains of E. coli.
      Here, we report an even broader conservation of this minor adhesion protein
      extending to other genera and species of type 1 fimbriated Enterobacteriaceae.
      Our results may have implications for the development of broadly protective
      vaccines against Gram-negative bacillary infections in animals and perhaps in
      man.

PMID- 2904658
TI  - Fair dinkum koala kuisine--eucalyptus oil poisoning.

PMID- 2904659
TI  - [Effect of antagonists of excitatory amino acids on synaptic transmission in the
      electroreceptors (Lorenzini's ampullae) in skates].
AB  - Ampullae of Lorenzini isolated from the skate (Raja clavata) have been
      investigated in vitro electrophysiologically to determine the nature of the
      transmitter at the synapse between the electroreceptor cells and afferent fibres.
      Glutamic acid diethyl ester (GDEE), glutamic acid dimethyl ester (GDME),
      kynurenic acid (KENYA), cis-2,3-piperidine dicarboxylic acid (PDA) reversibly
      decreased the resting and stimulus-induced activity. These antagonists also
      blocked postsynaptic responses induced by glutamate and aspartate. D-alpha
      aminoadipic acid (DAA) had no effect on the afferent activity. These findings
      suggest that glutamate, aspartate or a related compound may be a transmitter at
      this synapse. An important physiological role of quisqualate receptors in
      ampullae of Lorenzini is also inferred from these experiments.

PMID- 2904660
TI  - Effects of piracetam on single central neurons.
AB  - Piracetam, when applied microiontophoretically and/or by hydropneumatic pump on
      the somatosensory cortex and hippocampus of the rat, affected neuronal activity
      by depressing or facilitating the spontaneous firing rate, depending on the area
      studied. Its effect were either additive or counteracting the actions of
      glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid and acetylcholine, when administered together
      on the same neuron, thus supporting the assumption that its action is directed
      towards specific membrane elements, presumably the synaptic sites.

PMID- 2904661
TI  - Neurotransmitter systems and personality measurements: a study in psychosomatic
      patients and healthy subjects.
AB  - A comparative study performed in psychosomatic patients (PG) and healthy subjects
      (HG) reveals several correlations between personality measurements (Minnesota
      Multiphasic Personality Inventory, Sensation Seeking Scale, Susceptibility to
      Punishment), and biochemical variables (in serum: MHPG, acetylcholinesterase,
      calcium, melatonin; and in platelets: monoamine oxidase B, serotonin, calcium
      proteins). The relationship between some Sensation Seeking subscales and the
      enzymatic activities evaluated (negative with MAO and positive with AChase) and
      the opposite sign relationship between serotonin and some scales of MMPI in both
      groups studied (negative in the PG and positive in the HG) are noteworthy.

PMID- 2904662
TI  - Topographic immunocytochemical mapping of monoamine oxidase-A, monoamine oxidase
      B and tyrosine hydroxylase in human post mortem brain stem.
AB  - Immunocytochemical demonstration of monoamine oxidase-A, monoamine oxidase-B and
      tyrosine hydroxylase was performed in the human brain stem using monoclonal
      antibodies to monoamine oxidase-A and monoamine oxidase-B and polyclonal
      antibodies to tyrosine hydroxylase. In most of the brain areas examined, except
      the serotonergic dorsal nucleus of raphe, the noradrenergic locus coeruleus and
      the dorsal efferent nucleus of vagus, tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons were
      in greater number than monoamine oxidase-A-stained or monoamine oxidase-B-stained
      neurons. The dorsal nucleus of raphe showed no tyrosine hydroxylase
      immunoreactivity, but reacted positively to serotonin- and monoamine oxidase-B
      antibodies, while monoamine oxidase-A staining was moderate. In none of the
      investigated brain areas did neurons exclusively react with monoamine oxidase-B
      antibodies without expressing monoamine oxidase-A in a few neurons, while in some
      areas neurons expressed both monoamine oxidase-A and tyrosine hydroxylase (locus
      coeruleus; dorsal efferent nucleus of vagus). The oculomotor nucleus stained only
      with monoamine oxidase-A antibodies, substantia nigra neurons reacted only with
      tyrosine hydroxylase antibodies. Glial staining in most of the brain areas
      examined seemed, with slight differences, to have the same intensity with
      monoamine oxidase-A and monoamine oxidase-B antibodies used. No glial staining
      was obtained with tyrosine hydroxylase antibodies.

PMID- 2904663
TI  - Endogenous dopamine and dopaminergic agonists modulate synaptic excitation in
      neostriatum: intracellular studies from naive and catecholamine-depleted rats.
AB  - Intracellular recordings from slices of rat neostriatum were utilized to study
      the effects of endogenous dopamine and of exogenous dopaminergic agonists on the
      excitatory synaptic potentials evoked by the local stimulation of the slice. D
      Amphetamine (0.1-5 microM), as well as dopamine, produced a dose-dependent
      decrease of the excitatory synaptic potentials. This effect was blocked by
      membrane hyperpolarization. The blockade of potassium channels by intracellular
      cesium or by extracellular 4-aminopyridine (0.5-1 mM) did not block the voltage
      dependent effect of dopamine. The effects of D-amphetamine were antagonized by
      (R)-(+)-8-chloro-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-methyl-5-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine-7 -ol (SCH
      23390) (0.1-1 microM), an antagonist for D1 dopaminergic receptors, but not by
      sulpiride (0.1-1 microM), an antagonist for D2 receptors. Pretreatment of the
      animals with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (200 mg/kg) or with reserpine (5 mg/kg)
      blocked the amphetamine-induced effect on the synaptic potentials. In
      reserpinized animals, the hyperpolarization of the membrane potential did not
      block the dopamine-induced decrease of the synaptic excitation. After reserpine
      pretreatment bromocryptine and lysuride, D2 agonists which in control conditions
      were ineffective, also mimicked the effects of dopamine. In reserpinized rats,
      the inhibitory effects of the dopaminergic agonists were antagonized by
      sulpiride, but not by SCH 23390. We conclude that in naive animals endogenous
      dopamine mimics the voltage-dependent reduction of synaptic excitation produced
      by D1 activation, while in catecholamine-depleted rats dopamine lacks its voltage
      dependent effect and interacts with "supersensitive" D2 receptors.

PMID- 2904664
TI  - Ca2+-dependent and Ca2+-independent glutamate release, energy status and
      cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration in isolated nerve terminals following metabolic
      inhibition: possible relevance to hypoglycaemia and anoxia.
AB  - Hypoglycaemia and anoxia both cause massive release of glutamate from the brain
      in vivo, and the nature of this release was investigated using guinea-pig
      cerebral-cortical synaptosomes and iodoacetate and rotenone to simulate the
      energetic consequences of these conditions. Glutamate release (by continuous
      fluorimetry), cytoplasmic free Ca2+ (by fura-2), membrane potentials, ATP, ADP
      and creatine phosphate were determined in parallel, following the addition of
      iodoacetate or rotenone, alone or in combination. Ca2+-dependent glutamate
      release had a high energy requirement which could only be satisfied by aerobic
      glycolysis. Respiration using endogenous substrates, or anaerobic glycolysis
      following rotenone, caused a progressive inhibition of Ca2+-dependent release,
      correlating with a decline in the total ATP/ADP ratio and creatine phosphate.
      With rotenone, an increase in Ca2+-independent glutamate release was observed,
      correlating with a decline in plasma membrane potential. Only a slight increase
      in free Ca2+ was seen. Rotenone plus iodoacetate caused an almost immediate
      collapse of ATP/ADP ratio and a parallel loss of Ca2+-dependent glutamate release
      before free Ca2+ had risen to a level sufficient for exocytosis. In contrast,
      Ca2+-independent glutamate release increased. The Ca2+-dependent release of L
      glutamate had the characteristics of an exocytotic transmitter release mechanism,
      being energy-dependent and triggered by elevated cytoplasmic free Ca2+
      concentration. A distinct Ca2+-independent release of cytoplasmic glutamate
      occurred by reversal of the Na+-coupled uptake carrier, which was accelerated by
      a decline in the Na+ gradient. It is concluded that the Ca2+-independent release
      of cytoplasmic glutamate may make the major contribution to the excitotoxic
      release of glutamate in hypoglycaemic and anoxic conditions.

PMID- 2904665
TI  - Synapse-competence of LA-N-2 human neuroblastoma cells in coculture with rat
      striated muscle cells.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine whether cells of the human
      neuroblastoma line, LA-N-2, are capable of establishing functional synapses in
      culture. We used a coculture system in which striated muscle cells from the rat
      served as postsynaptic targets for the cholinergic LA-N-2 cells. By recording
      postsynaptic responses from muscle cells, differentiated LA-N-2 cells were found
      to innervate muscle cells, releasing acetylcholine spontaneously at LA-N-2-muscle
      synapses. A subpopulation of the LA-N-2 cells forming synapses with the muscle
      cells also developed the ability to release acetylcholine in response to
      stimulation. This, coupled with results obtained from experiments examining the
      time course of synapse formation, led us to propose that the extent to which LA-N
      2 cells in our coculture system are differentiated may vary and that this
      variation may underlie the degree to which they express neuron-like transmission
      properties.

PMID- 2904666
TI  - [Clinical significance of urinary enzyme loss after extracorporeal circulation.
      Enzymuria is a predictive index of early renal damage].

PMID- 2904667
TI  - [First aid and treatment of bites by snakes of the genus Vipera].
AB  - The amount of injected snake venom, the seriousness of the poisoning, the local
      and general clinical manifestations are influenced by several causes, which are
      analysed here. The most recent discoveries suggest the tight binding the bitten
      limb, extending the bandages as high as possible and applying a splint to the
      limb, in the first aid. The main steps of treatment, the laboratory tests, which
      may help the physician to follow the course of the poisoning, are then reported.

PMID- 2904668
TI  - Neuropathological evaluation by combined immunohistochemistry and degeneration
      specific methods: application to methylenedioxymethamphetamine.
AB  - To best interpret the significance of neurological alterations produced by
      chemicals, the changes in morphological as well as neurochemical parameters must
      be measured and compared to each other. We have devised an approach to readily
      label microscopic sections for multiple antigens (neurotransmitters, enzymes,
      peptides, etc.) as well as for the demonstration of degenerating structures by
      silver impregnation. Here, we applied silver-staining together with
      immunolabelling of 5-HT and tyrosine hydroxylase (the rate-limiting enzyme for
      dopamine synthesis) to study neurohistological alterations produced by
      methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), a hallucinogenic stimulant previously used
      as an adjunct to psychotherapy and now a popular recreational drug ("Ecstasy").
      Single oral doses of 40 or 80 mg/kg MDMA doubled the density of silver
      impregnated (degenerating) fiber terminals in the caudate nucleus compared to
      controls, when rats were sacrificed 18 hours after treatment. Four months after
      two 40 mg/kg oral doses per day for four days, rats had a reduced neurochemical
      content of 5-HT in the hippocampus, and fewer immunostainable 5-HT axons per unit
      area in the hippocampal stratum lacunosum but no change in brain-stem
      neurochemical 5-HT content or in the numeric density of 5-HT-positive cell bodies
      in the dorsal raphe nucleus. The neurohistology suggests interpreting the changes
      in neurochemical content of serotonin produced by MDMA as due to degeneration
      followed by subsequent loss of 5-HT axons, rather than a decrease in the rate of
      neuronal 5-HT synthesis or a toxicity directed toward 5-HT cell bodies. The
      combination of neurohistological and neurochemical evaluation will continue to
      prove useful in comprehensive evaluation of the neurological effects of chemical
      exposure.

PMID- 2904669
TI  - Neurochemical evaluation of rats prenatally exposed to the adrenergic agonists
      clonidine and lofexidine.
AB  - Clonidine (CLON), an alpha-2 adrenergic agonist, is widely used to reduce
      hypertension; it is also recommended for blocking acute opiate withdrawal.
      Lofexidine (LOF), a CLON analog, is an investigational compound being readied for
      the marketplace. Since exposure to both drugs is likely to occur in the last two
      trimesters of human pregnancy, it is important to determine whether such exposure
      can have effects upon brain or behavior of offspring. Pregnant CD rat dams were
      given daily subcutaneous injections of saline, CLON, or LOF on days 8 through 20
      of gestation. Maternal weight during gestation, neonatal weight and neurochemical
      measures were monitored. Maternal body weight was reduced in a dose dependent
      manner. At PND 1 brain ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity was reduced in LOF-
      but not CLON-exposed pups of both sexes. At this age no alteration was seen in
      whole brain catecholamine levels or in whole brain alpha-2-adrenergic binding.

PMID- 2904670
TI  - [Preliminary study of the apical reactions following experimental trauma (of
      concussion type) on dog's immature teeth].

PMID- 2904671
TI  - Distinguishable effects of intrathecal dynorphins, somatostatin, neurotensin and
      s-calcitonin on nociception and motor function in the rat.
AB  - We determined the effects on nociceptive threshold and motor function of
      dynorphin-gene products, dynorphin A-(1-32) (DYN A-(1-32), DYN A-(1-8), DYN B and
      DYN B-29 and the non-opioid peptides somatostatin, neurotensin and salmon
      calcitonin (s-CT) after intrathecal administration in the rat. DYN A-(1-32) (25
      nmol) produced maximal elevation of tail-flick latency accompanied by severe hind
      limb paralysis and tail flaccidity lasting 6 h and still present at 24 h in
      several animals. Antinociception evaluated by the vocalization test wore off
      within 2 h. A lower dose of the peptide (6.25 nmol) did not alter the tail-flick
      reflex and motor function but significantly elevated the vocalization threshold.
      The other dynorphins showed weaker, short-lasting activity on the nociceptive
      threshold, the order of potency being as follows: DYN B-29 greater than DYN B
      greater than DYN A-(1-8). On the other hand, at the high doses DYN B (100 nmol)
      and DYN B-29 (50 and 100 nmol) caused moderately severe hind limb paralysis
      whereas DYN A-(1-8) did not cause any motor impairment up to the dose of 100
      nmol. MR 1452, a relatively preferential antagonist of the kappa opioid receptor,
      prevented both the antinociceptive and motor effects of dynorphins. Intrathecal
      somatostatin (25 nmol) had a profile of activity superimposable on that of DYN A
      (1-32): long-lasting (up to 24 h) elevation of tail-flick latency with hind limb
      paralysis, and a shorter (4 h) elevation of the vocalization threshold. MR 1452
      did not modify these effects. Intrathecal neurotensin (25 nmol) and s-CT (0.5
      nmol) did not alter tail-flick latency or vocalization threshold. However,
      adopting the hot plate as the analgesimetric test, both peptides elevated the
      time of hind paw licking, taken as an index of nociception. No signs of motor
      dysfunction were observed at the doses employed.

PMID- 2904672
TI  - [Oncogenes: risk and prognostic factors in cancer of the breast].

PMID- 2904673
TI  - [Hemodynamic correlates of selective beta 1 adrenergic receptor blockade by
      cordanum during hemiton monotherapy in children with primary arterial
      hypertension].

PMID- 2904674
TI  - [Nephrotic syndrome after a medusa sting].
AB  - A steroid-responsive nephrotic syndrome after medusa prick is not common. It
      occurred in a 15 year-old girl: this case allows to discuss the role of allergy
      in such a situation.

PMID- 2904675
TI  - Resistant duodenal ulcer: when, why and what to do?

PMID- 2904676
TI  - An inhibitor of the in vitro elongation reaction of simian virus 40 DNA
      replication is overcome by proliferating-cell nuclear antigen.
AB  - The replication of simian virus 40 (SV40) origin-containing DNA has been
      reconstituted by using SV40 large tumor (T) antigen and cellular proteins
      purified from HeLa cells. This replication reaction is unaffected by
      proliferating-cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). In contrast, PCNA has been reported to
      stimulate SV40 DNA synthesis carried out with crude fractions [Prelich, G.,
      Kostura, M., Marshak, D. R., Mathews, M. B. & Stillman, B. (1987) Nature (London)
      326, 471-475]. This difference is caused by the presence of a protein in crude
      fractions that inhibits the elongation of nascent DNA chains during replication.
      In the presence of PCNA, crude fractions containing this elongation inhibition
      factor can extend DNA chains. We describe the partial purification of this
      inhibitor and show that its addition limited SV40 DNA replication to the
      synthesis of short chains, an effect reversed by the addition of PCNA. However,
      the reversal of the inhibition by PCNA in the SV40 system required additional
      protein fractions distinct from PCNA and the enzymes constituting the purified
      system. These results suggest that the PCNA-mediated effect on SV40 DNA
      replication may be indirect. Such an interplay between negative and positive
      regulatory functions including PCNA may contribute to the control of DNA
      synthesis characteristic of the eukaryotic cell cycle.

PMID- 2904677
TI  - Purification and reconstitution of the proton-translocating ATPase of Golgi
      enriched membranes.
AB  - Kidney cortex microsomes enriched in Golgi markers and probably also containing
      endosomes were isolated by cell fractionation and found to contain a proton
      translocating ATPase that was inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide (NEM). This NEM
      sensitive ATPase was solubilized with n-octyl glucoside and purified using anion
      exchange sievorptive chromatography on sequential DEAE-Sephadex and QAE-Sephadex
      columns followed by a final hydroxyapatite HPLC column. The purified enzyme, with
      a specific activity of 4.4 mumol.mg-1.min-1 was completely inhibited by NEM.
      Addition of asolectin and removal of the detergent by dialysis resulted in
      reconstitution of NEM-sensitive electrogenic proton transport. This vacuolar
      ATPase is composed of five polypeptides with apparent molecular masses of 68, 58,
      40, 37, and 16 kDa.

PMID- 2904678
TI  - Isolation and characterization of a Xenopus laevis C protein cDNA: structure and
      expression of a heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein core protein.
AB  - The C proteins are major components of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein
      complexes in nuclei of vertebrate cells. To begin to describe their structure,
      expression, and function we isolated and determined the DNA sequence of Xenopus
      laevis C protein cDNA clones. The protein predicted from the DNA sequence has a
      molecular mass of 30,916 kDa and is very similar to its human counterpart.
      Although mammalian genomes contain many copies of C protein sequence, the Xenopus
      genome contains few copies. When C protein RNA was synthesized in vitro and
      microinjected into stage-VI Xenopus oocytes, newly synthesized C proteins were
      efficiently localized in the nucleus. In vitro rabbit reticulocyte lysate and in
      vivo Xenopus oocyte translation systems both produce from a single mRNA two
      discrete polypeptide species that accumulate in a ratio similar to that of
      mammalian C1 and C2 proteins in vivo.

PMID- 2904679
TI  - Nerve growth factor increases mRNA levels for the prion protein and the beta
      amyloid protein precursor in developing hamster brain.
AB  - Deposition of amyloid filaments serves as a pathologic hallmark for some
      neurodegenerative disorders. The prion protein (PrP) is found in amyloid of
      animals with scrapie and humans with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease; the beta protein
      is present in amyloid deposits in Alzheimer disease and Down syndrome patients.
      These two proteins are derived from precursors that in the brain are expressed
      primarily in neurons and are membrane bound. We found that gene expression for
      PrP and the beta-protein precursor (beta-PP) is regulated in developing hamster
      brain. Specific brain regions showed distinct patterns of ontogenesis for PrP and
      beta-PP mRNAs. The increases in PrP and beta-PP mRNAs in developing basal
      forebrain coincided with an increase in choline acetyltransferase activity,
      raising the possibility that these markers might be coordinately controlled in
      cholinergic neurons and regulated by nerve growth factor (NGF). Injections of NGF
      into the brains of neonatal hamsters increased both PrP and beta-PP mRNA levels.
      Increased PrP and beta-PP mRNA levels induced by NGF were confined to regions
      that contain NGF-responsive cholinergic neurons and were accompanied by
      elevations in choline acetyltransferase. It remains to be established whether or
      not exogenous NGF acts to increase PrP and beta-PP gene expression selectively in
      forebrain cholinergic neurons in the developing hamster and endogenous NGF
      regulates expression of these genes.

PMID- 2904680
TI  - Two classes of N-methyl-D-aspartate recognition sites: differential distribution
      and differential regulation by glycine.
AB  - The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, a subtype of excitatory amino acid
      receptor, mediates synaptic responses in many regions of the central nervous
      system. This receptor plays a critical role in the mechanisms of both synaptic
      plasticity and excitotoxicity. Although these receptors were generally thought to
      be a single homogeneous receptor population, we report observations indicating
      that two anatomically distinct forms of the NMDA-receptor complex exist. (i) The
      distribution of NMDA receptors, as labeled by the NMDA agonist L-[3H]glutamate,
      differs from that obtained with the radiolabeled antagonist 3H-labeled 3-[(+/-)2
      carboxypiperazine-4-yl]propyl-1-phosphonic acid [( 3H]CPP). Relative to L
      [3H]glutamate, [3H]CPP binding is low in the striatum and septum and high in the
      thalamus and inner cerebral cortex. (ii) NMDA antagonists are relatively more
      potent than agonists at displacing L-[3H]glutamate binding in the thalamus and
      cerebral cortex; agonists are relatively more potent in the striatum and
      cerebellum. (iii) Glycine, which potentiates NMDA-receptor responses to
      glutamate, causes a greater percentage increase in L-[3H]glutamate binding to
      NMDA receptors in the thalamus and cerebral cortex than in the striatum, septum,
      and cerebellum. Radiolabeled NMDA-antagonist binding, in contrast, is inhibited
      by glycine. Thus, as observed for gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors, NMDA
      receptors have an agonist-preferring binding-site population and an antagonist
      preferring binding site population. These may represent two distinct receptors
      and/or two interconverting forms. It could be of significant clinical importance
      if these two sites differ in their response to NMDA.

PMID- 2904681
TI  - Expression of neurotransmitter transport from rat brain mRNA in Xenopus laevis
      oocytes.
AB  - To permit a molecular characterization of neurotransmitter transporter proteins,
      we have studied uptake activities induced in Xenopus laevis oocytes after
      injection of adult rat forebrain, cerebellum, brainstem, and spinal cord poly(A)+
      RNA. L-Glutamate uptake could be observed as early as 24 hr after injection, was
      linearly related to the quantity of mRNA injected, and could be induced after
      injection of as little as 1 ng of cerebellar mRNA. Transport of radiolabeled L
      glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid, glycine, dopamine, serotonin, and choline
      could be measured in single microinjected oocytes with a regional profile
      consistent with the anatomical distribution of particular neurotransmitter
      synthesizing soma. Forebrain L-glutamate and dopamine uptake, as well as
      cerebellar L-glutamate transport, were found to be Na+-dependent. Cerebellar mRNA
      induced L-glutamate transport was both time and temperature-dependent, was
      saturable by substrate, suggesting a single activity with an apparent transport
      Km of 14.2 microM and a Vmax of 15.2 pmol/hr per oocyte, and was sensitive to
      inhibitors of brain L-glutamate transport. Thus, the oocyte L-glutamate transport
      induced by injection of adult rat cerebellar mRNA appears essentially identical
      to the high-affinity, Na+-dependent L-glutamate uptake found in brain slices and
      nerve terminals. Experiments with size-fractionated cerebellar mRNA reveal
      single, comigrating peaks for cerebellar L-glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid
      transport, with peak activity obtained in fractions of approximately 2.7
      kilobases, suggesting the presence of single or similarly sized mRNAs encoding
      each of these activities.

PMID- 2904682
TI  - Hypoglycaemic agents which do not release insulin.

PMID- 2904683
TI  - Immunology of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus.

PMID- 2904684
TI  - [Hypersensitivity reaction to sulfasalazine with a clinical picture similar to
      mononucleosis].

PMID- 2904685
TI  - Early clinical experience in reversing benzodiazepine sedation with flumazenil
      after short procedures.
AB  - Flumazenil (Flu) (Ro 15-1788, Anexate) is a newly synthetized specific
      benzodiazepine (BZD) antagonist which was recently introduced for clinical study.
      The drug was intravenously injected, in titrated doses, to patients undergoing
      diagnostic or therapeutic procedures in order to reverse the sedative effects of
      BZDs. A total of 63 patients undergoing hand surgery under i.v. regional block,
      lower abdominal surgery under epidural anesthesia, cardiac catheterization,
      intracardiac catheter ablation, cardioversion, gastroscopy and bronchoscopy were
      studied. Flu in a dose ranging from 0.1 to 0.42 mg effectively reversed BZD
      induced sedation in all patients 1-2 min following i.v. injection. Patients were
      fully awake and oriented yet calm and in good mood. Flu was well tolerated even
      in the high risk cardiac patients, with no significant changes in vital signs nor
      any sign of local irritation at the site of Flu injection. No significant
      resedation was observed. Thus Flu was very useful in reversing BZD-induced
      sedation or unconsciousness in a variety of clinical situations.

PMID- 2904686
TI  - The use of flumazenil in the treatment of 34 intoxicated patients.
AB  - The efficacy and safety of the newly available benzodiazepine (BDZ) antagonist
      flumazenil (Ro 15-1788, Anexate) was prospectively evaluated in the treatment of
      34 intoxicated patients. Twenty-three patients had attempted suicide with various
      drugs, and 11 suffered iatrogenic BDZ overdose. Following 0.2 mg i.v. flumazenil
      (Flu) injection, 22 patients intoxicated mainly with BDZ (11 iatrogenic and 11
      intentional) regained full consciousness within two minutes, enabling even
      extubation of two. Eight patients required repeated boluses or continuous
      infusion of Flu to maintain alertness. Five patients with mixed drug intoxication
      awakened only briefly and relapsed into unconsciousness. In spite of Flu doses of
      up to 20 mg, no effect on consciousness was observed in 7 patients, intoxicated
      mainly with non-BDZ drugs. No significant side effects were noted attributable to
      Flu which has proved to be a safe and effective drug. It may be employed to
      achieve complete reversal of pure BDZ overdose, or for 'unmasking' the relative
      action of BDZ in mixed drug overdose. The danger of complications from drug
      overdose may thus be lessened, obviating the need for invasive interventions such
      as mechanical ventilation and invasive hemodynamic monitoring, at the same time
      decreasing risk and expense.

PMID- 2904687
TI  - Clinical experiences with Ro 15-1788 (anexate) in benzodiazepine and mixed-drug
      overdoses.
AB  - Benzodiazepine overdose is the most common of admission to the Toxicological Unit
      of the University of Florence. The aim of this study has been to evaluate the
      efficiency of Ro 15-1788 in benzodiazepine and mixed drug overdoses. The
      administration of Ro 15-1788 was followed by a quick reversal of central nervous
      system depression and was more effective in benzodiazepine overdoses than in
      mixed drug overdoses. The dose was titrated individually and the range 2-10 mg
      was effective according to the conditions of the patient. In some cases, the
      comatose state relapsed; further administration of Ro 15-1788 again promptly
      reversed the condition. On awakening, two patients displayed anxiety and
      restlessness.

PMID- 2904688
TI  - Controlled sedation in ventilated intensive care patients.

PMID- 2904689
TI  - The use of anexate (Ro 15-1788) in acute self-poisoning with benzodiazepines
      alone or combined with other drugs--preliminary results.

PMID- 2904690
TI  - Drug treatment of mild hypertension to reduce the risk of CHD: is it worth-while?
AB  - Although hypertension is regarded as a causal factor for coronary heart disease
      (CHD) a reduction in the risk of CHD as a result of lowering blood pressure in
      mild hypertension could not be demonstrated. This conclusion is based on an
      overview analysis of all published randomized trials in mild hypertension,
      including more than 25,000 subjects contributing over 125,000 person years of
      observation. There is evidence that treatment reduces the risk of CHD in moderate
      to severe hypertension. In addition the pooling of four clinical trials with
      treated control groups indicates a reduction in the risk of CHD of borderline
      significance with beta-blockers or aggressive treatment when compared with
      standard treatment (mostly diuretics). The failure of drug treatment to reduce
      the risk of CHD in mild hypertension is consistent with the results from
      epidemiological studies because of derangement of the lipid profile induced by
      diuretics and beta-blockers.

PMID- 2904691
TI  - [Predictive signs of development of AIDS after the analysis of a cohort of
      seropositive individuals followed for two years].

PMID- 2904692
TI  - [Techniques of DNA polymorphisms revealed by probes for the Y chromosome applied
      to questions of father-son line in analyses of paternity].
AB  - The Y specific probe (two 49f and 49a sub-clones) is a polymorphic one for the A
      (5 alleles), C (2 alleles), D (3 alleles), F (2 alleles) and I (2 alleles). We
      show that the corresponding allelic combinations, or haplotypes, are transmitted
      father-to-son in eleven random chosen families. Utilisation of these
      polymorphisms in other eleven father-son paternitity cases, studied for a panel
      of erythrocytic and seric markers, shows a good correlation between the two
      approaches, most of the paternies excluded by the Y probes being also excluded
      with other allotypic markers. Utilisation of this sort of polymorphism does not
      necessitate the knowledge of maternal genotype in families studied.

PMID- 2904693
TI  - Event-related brain potentials: a window on information processing in
      schizophrenia.
AB  - The application of the P300 component of the event-related brain potential to the
      study of attentional impairment in schizophrenia is discussed, and two recent
      studies are described. In one, the relative effects on P300 of stimulus modality
      and probability were evaluated. The data showed that the P300 is smaller in
      schizophrenic patients relative to normal controls for low-probability auditory
      stimuli. Next is described a preliminary report that evaluated whether this P300
      reduction reflects a core deficit (trait marker) or clinical symptomatology
      (state marker). To pursue this question, a group of schizophrenic patients was
      studied on and off neuroleptic medication. The data showed that improvement in
      clinical state was highly correlated with increased visual P300 but was
      uncorrelated with auditory P300. These findings suggest that P300 elicited in the
      visual modality has the characteristics of a state marker of schizophrenia. In
      contrast, auditory P300 remains a candidate for a vulnerability trait marker of
      schizophrenia. The core deficit in schizophrenia thus appears to involve the
      auditory information-processing system, whereas fluctuations in clinical state
      may be reflected in the visual processing system.

PMID- 2904694
TI  - Perspectives on a time-dependent model of neuroleptic action.
AB  - The best support for the hypothesized involvement of central nervous system
      dopamine systems in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia is the association
      between the affinity of neuroleptic drugs for the D2 dopamine receptor and their
      potency as antipsychotics. Discrepancy between the time course of receptor
      binding and the development of antipsychotic effects, however, limits this model.
      Preclinical studies have now shown that activation of presynaptic nigrostriatal
      and mesolimbic dopamine neurons by acute neuroleptic administration is reversed
      during chronic administration. Clinically, neuroleptic-induced time-dependent
      reductions in plasma levels of the dopamine metabolite, homovanillic acid (HVA),
      have been linked to the antipsychotic response in schizophrenic patients. These
      data support the notion that slowly developing alterations in presynaptic
      dopamine activity play a role in the mechanism of action of neuroleptic drugs.
      Differences between plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) HVA responses to
      neuroleptic treatment, although not fully explained, may be related to prominent
      contributions of mesocortical metabolism to CSF levels of HVA. A time-dependent
      dopaminergic model of neuroleptic action with implications for the
      pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia is presented.

PMID- 2904695
TI  - The therapeutic latency of neuroleptic drugs and nonspecific postjunctional
      supersensitivity.
AB  - It is suggested that the antidopaminergic effects of neuroleptics are not
      directly responsible for the antipsychotic effect but, rather, that the
      antipsychotic effect is related to secondary changes in the efficacy of
      transmission at corticostriatal excitatory synapses. Arguments are presented in
      support of the following: (1) acute dopaminergic antagonism produces a relatively
      nonspecific sedation or deactivation, but most of the amelioration of psychosis
      develops slowly; (2) the development of dopaminergic supersensitivity is
      responsible for tolerance to the sedative effects of neuroleptics; and (3)
      excitatory synapses of the corticostriatal pathway, mediated by glutamic acid,
      are located on the same dendritic spines as the striatal dopaminergic synapses.
      Concomitant with the development of dopaminergic supersensitivity, these
      glutamate synapses become subsensitive. The glutamatergic subsensitivity is a
      result of the nonspecific nature of postsynaptic denervation supersensitivity. It
      is suggested that subsensitivity of striatal glutamate-mediated synapses is
      directly responsible for the antipsychotic effect of neuroleptic drugs. In
      support of this hypothesis, chronic neuroleptic administration was found to
      decrease the behavioral responsivity of mice to the glutamate agonist, quisqualic
      acid, and to the the antagonist, glutamic acid diethyl ester.

PMID- 2904696
TI  - Vitamin E in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia: the possible involvement of
      free radical mechanisms.
AB  - One of the major problems associated with long-term neuroleptic treatment is
      persistent tardive dyskinesia (TD), for which there is no satisfactory treatment.
      We have recently proposed that some cases of TD are associated with neuronal
      dysfunction resulting from excess free radical production occurring during
      catecholamine metabolism. We therefore decided to assess the efficacy of a
      powerful free radical scavenging agent, alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E), on the
      clinical signs of TD. We treated 15 patients with persistent TD with alpha
      tocopherol and matched placebo in a randomized crossover design. Patients
      demonstrated a significant overall reduction in scores on the Abnormal
      Involuntary Movements Scale (AIMS) after treatment with alpha-tocopherol, but not
      after placebo. The mean reduction in the AIMS score with alpha-tocopherol was 43
      percent, with seven patients showing a greater than 50 percent reduction in their
      dyskinesia. There was also a trend for a decrease in scores on the Brief
      Psychiatric Rating Scale, but no change was observed in scores on the Simpson
      Angus Scale for Extrapyramidal Side Effects. Our findings are consistent with the
      possibility that alpha-tocopherol is beneficial in the treatment of some patients
      with TD, but further research is necessary to establish the efficacy of this
      agent.

PMID- 2904697
TI  - Mitochondrial DNA polymorphism in Chinese.
AB  - Human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) restriction endonuclease fragment patterns were
      analyzed using placenta DNA isolated from 273 individuals representing four
      different nationalities, the Han, the Uygur, the Kazakh and the Hui populations.
      Thirty-eight fragment patterns (morphs) were observed with the enzyme ApaI,
      BamHI, EcoRI, HindIII, HinfI, HhaI, HapII, KpnI, Mbol, PstI, PvuII, SacI, ScaL
      and XhoI. Fourteen new morphs, including some only existing in individual racial
      and national populations were observed, which indicates that there is a
      significant difference in the distribution of mtDNA morphs among various national
      and racial populations. By comparison with the mtDNA sequences in primate
      species, some mtDNA ancestral morphs were found to be retained in Oriental
      population today. This result provided indirect evidence that Asia may be one of
      the human original sources. Genetic distances among four national populations
      computed and employed in construction of an average linkage tree suggested that
      the Uygur and the Kazakh populations combined to form a branch at first, then the
      Han and the Hui came together to form another one, and at last, these two
      branches converged into a stem. Again, it was found that the internal variation
      within the Uygur and the Kazakh populations was greater than that within the Han
      and the Hui populations. These results showed a relationship among the four
      different national populations in China based on the molecular level.

PMID- 2904698
TI  - Living with clathrin: its role in intracellular membrane traffic.
AB  - Clathrin polymerization at the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane forms
      coated pits and vesicles that mediate uptake of cell surface receptors. Clathrin
      coated vesicles have also been implicated in protein export but definition of
      their precise role has been controversial. Recent advances in characterization of
      the clathrin subunits and additional coated vesicle components have identified
      molecular interactions involved in clathrin polymerization and coated vesicle
      formation, and have provided new approaches to investigating its function. These
      studies suggest that clathrin's role, in both inward and outward membrane
      traffic, is to facilitate receptor transport by a concentration and sorting
      process that initiates targeting to specific intracellular compartments.

PMID- 2904699
TI  - Metabolic correction of defects in the lipid anchoring of Thy-1 in lymphoma
      mutants.
AB  - Many plasma membrane proteins, including Thy-1, are anchored by a carboxyl
      terminal glycophospholipid. This unit is absent from the Thy-1 of several
      lymphoma mutants that synthesize the Thy-1 polypeptide but fail to express it at
      the cell surface. Recessive mutants of complementation groups A to C, E, and F
      contain Thy-1 mRNA of normal size, which suggests that their Thy-1 polypeptide is
      normal. To identify possible metabolic lesions, each mutant was grown with
      various supplements. The class F and B mutants exhibited a reversible induction
      of surface lipid anchored Thy-1 when grown with the aminoglycoside G418. Other
      aminoglycosides, sugars, and ethanolamine were inactive. These unexpected
      observations are discussed in the context of lipid anchor biosynthesis.

PMID- 2904700
TI  - More dimensions for glutamate toxicity.

PMID- 2904701
TI  - Contributions of quisqualate and NMDA receptors to the induction and expression
      of LTP.
AB  - The contributions of two subclasses of excitatory amino acid transmitter
      receptors to the induction and expression of long-term potentiation (LTP) were
      analyzed in hippocampal slices. The quisqualate/kainate receptor antagonist DNQX
      (6,7-dinitro-quinoxaline-2,3-dione) blocked 85% of the evoked field potential,
      leaving a small response that was sensitive to D-AP5 (D-2-amino-5
      phosphonopentanoate), an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor blocker. This
      residual D-AP5-sensitive response was of comparable size in control and
      previously potentiated inputs. High-frequency stimulation in the presence of DNQX
      did not result in the development of robust LTP. Washout of the drug, however,
      revealed the potentiation effect. Thus NMDA-mediated responses can induce, but
      are not greatly affected by, LTP; non-NMDA receptors, conversely, mediate
      responses that are not needed to elicit LTP but that are required for its
      expression.

PMID- 2904702
TI  - Repair of the secretion defect in the Z form of alpha 1-antitrypsin by addition
      of a second mutation.
AB  - Homozygous inheritance of the Z-type mutant form of the alpha 1-antitrypsin
      (alpha 1AT) gene results in the most common form of alpha 1AT deficiency, a human
      hereditary disease associated with a high risk for the development of emphysema
      and an increased incidence of neonatal hepatitis. The alpha 1AT-synthesizing
      cells of individuals with the Z gene have normal alpha 1AT messenger RNA levels,
      but alpha 1AT secretion is markedly reduced secondary to accumulation of newly
      synthesized alpha 1AT in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Crystallographic
      analysis of alpha 1AT predicts that in normal alpha 1AT, a negatively charged
      Glu342 is adjacent to positively charged Lys290. Thus the Glu342----Lys342 Z
      mutation caused the loss of a normal salt bridge, resulting in the intracellular
      aggregation of the Z molecule. The prediction was made that a second mutation in
      the alpha 1AT genet that changed the positively charged Lys290 to a negatively
      charged Glu290 would correct the secretion defect. When the second mutation was
      added to the Z-type complementary DNA, the resulting gene directed the synthesis
      and secretion of amounts of alpha 1AT similar to that directed by the normal
      alpha 1AT complementary DNA in an in vitro eukaryotic expression system. This
      suggests the possibility that a human hereditary disease can be corrected by
      inserting an additional mutation in the same gene.

PMID- 2904703
TI  - Engraftment of immune-deficient mice with human hematopoietic stem cells.
AB  - A system in which immune-deficient mice are repopulated with cells from the human
      myeloid lineage, and that provides an in vivo stem cell assay for human
      hematopoietic cells is described. Generation of the chimeric human/immune
      deficient (HID) mice was dependent on the use of immune-deficient bg/nu/xid mice.
      Infusion of these mice with human bone marrow gave rise to increases in human
      macrophage progenitors during more than 5 weeks of in vivo growth, indicating the
      seeding, proliferation, and differentiation of human stem cells. The human
      identity of the progenitors was confirmed by sequence analysis and their
      dependence on human growth factors. The creation of HID mice lays the foundation
      for establishing animal models for a wide variety of human hemopathies, from
      leukemia to infectious disease.

PMID- 2904704
TI  - [Kidney involvement in the severe form of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome].

PMID- 2904705
TI  - [Dopamine receptor stimulants in the treatment of alcoholism].

PMID- 2904706
TI  - Direct comparison of the effects of nitroprusside, SIN 1, and various nitrates on
      platelet aggregation and soluble guanylate cyclase activity.
AB  - We have directly compared the effects of the nitrates isosorbide-5-mononitrate,
      nitroglycerin and isosorbide dinitrate and of the nitric oxide-containing sodium
      nitroprusside and 3-morpholino-sydnonimine (SIN 1) as well as of the bioinactive
      precursor of SIN 1, molsidomine, on platelet activating factor-induced platelet
      aggregation and activation of soluble guanylate cyclase. The effects of these
      agents on the aggregation and on soluble guanylate cyclase activity of human
      platelets were closely correlated. Whereas nitroprusside and SIN 1 were very
      potent inhibitors of aggregation and activators of soluble guanylate cyclase in
      micromolar concentrations, the other drugs were effective only at millimolar
      concentrations. Preincubation of platelets with cysteine did not or only slightly
      increase the ability of isosorbide-5'-mononitrate and isosorbide dinitrate to
      inhibit aggregation, but a clear increase was observed after preincubation with
      nitroglycerin. These data support the concept that cyclic GMP is the mediator of
      nitric oxide-induced inhibition of platelet aggregation and indicate that
      nitrates cannot directly inhibit aggregation or be converted to nitric oxide
      containing agents by a specific mechanism in platelets. The data also suggest
      that SIN 1 and nitroprusside, but not or only to a certain degree the nitrates,
      can be considered as exogenous endothelium-derived relaxing factors.

PMID- 2904708
TI  - [Health. A challenge to physicians?].

PMID- 2904707
TI  - Effects of taxol and colchicine on platelet membrane properties.
AB  - The effects of the assembly-disassembly of microtubule on the membrane lipid
      fluidity, the fragmental motion of sulfhydryl groups of membrane proteins, and
      the functions of shape change and hypotonic shock response (shrinkage ratio) in
      human platelets were studied. We have employed electron spin resonance (ESR)
      utilizing spin labels for bilayer lipids or membrane proteins and microtubule
      reactive reagents to change microtubule assembly. Both, taxol, a microtubule
      stabilizing agent, and colchicine, a microtubule disrupting agent, did not affect
      the platelet membrane lipid fluidity detected by 5- or 16-doxylstearate. On the
      other hand, the mobility of sulfhydryl groups detected by 4-maleimide-tempo
      increased by taxol treatment and decreased by colchicine. Moreover, the
      temperature sensitivity of platelets below 20 degrees C decreased by taxol
      treatment, but unchanged by colchicine treatment. This behavior was similar to
      the shape change ability or the shrinkage ratio of platelets pre-treated with
      taxol, in which microtubule disassembly was inhibited due to taxol binding to
      microtubule. Therefore, it is confirmed that the assembly-disassembly state of
      microtubule which may control the ability of platelets to change shape,
      influences the mobility of sulfhydryl groups in platelet membrane proteins and
      its temperature sensitivity.

PMID- 2904709
TI  - [Drug therapy of paranoid conditions].

PMID- 2904710
TI  - [Symptoms in a normal population].

PMID- 2904711
TI  - Examination of the interaction of decis and dithane in rats.
AB  - Acute (LD50) and short-term (14 days) toxicological examinations were performed
      in animal experiments on the interaction of a synthetic pyrethroid Decis 2,5 EC
      (25 g deltamethrin/l) and of ethylene-bisdithiocarbamate/Dithane M-45 (80%
      mancozeb), using a 1:5 deltamethrin/mancozeb mixture. LD50 value of the mixture
      was similar to that of the more toxic Decis. In the short-term examination, some
      pathologically high AST and ALT values were observed in the treated groups and
      the deltamethrin content of fatty tissue samples increased parallel with the
      increase of Decis consumption. The chymotrypsin and lipase activities in the
      small intestinal mucosa and gamma-GT and LAP activities in the content of the
      bowels were reduced in several treated groups. The administration of Dithane in a
      dose in accordance with 20% of the LD50 value (3125 mg/kg b.m.) proved to be more
      toxic than expected and caused the death of the animals.

PMID- 2904712
TI  - Palytoxin induces a relatively non-selective cation permeability in frog sciatic
      nerve which can be inhibited by cardiac glycosides.
AB  - The effect of palytoxin (PTX) on compound resting potential and compound action
      potential of frog sciatic nerve was studied using the sucrose-gap technique. PTX
      irreversibly depolarized the compound resting potential and reduced the amplitude
      of the compound action potential. PTX evoked a marked depolarization when
      extracellular Na+ was replaced by Li+, Cs+ and the organic cations
      methylammonium, hydroxylammonium, and methylhydroxylammonium but not by
      tetramethylammonium, tetraethylammonium, choline or the divalent cations, Ca2+
      and Ba2+. The maintained depolarization was not sensitive to inhibition by
      saxitoxin (300 nM) or procaine (10 mM). The depolarization was inhibited by
      ouabain or cymarin but not by the aglycon, strophanthidin. However,
      strophanthidin did antagonize the inhibitory action of cymarin which suggests
      that PTX and cardiac glycosides do not share an identical binding site but there
      may be some overlap. We conclude that in frog sciatic nerve, PTX interacts with
      the (Na+-K+) pump to induce the opening or formation of a relatively non
      selective cation pore within or near the pump protein.

PMID- 2904713
TI  - Analytical problems encountered during high-performance liquid chromatographic
      separation and coulometric detection of bopindolol metabolites in human plasma.
AB  - Good clinical control of hypertension is achieved with low doses of the potent
      beta-blocker bopindolol. Pharmacokinetic evaluations therefore require an
      analytical technique of high sensitivity. Analysis of plasma by high-performance
      liquid chromatography (HPLC) using electrochemical detection provides this
      sensitivity. This article describes the development of an analytical procedure
      and presents a reversed-phase HPLC method with coulometric detection suitable for
      plasma analyses during pharmacokinetic investigations of bopindolol therapy.

PMID- 2904714
TI  - Abrogation or exacerbation of graft-versus-host disease by transfusing
      hematopoietic stem cell donors with recipient-specific blood.

PMID- 2904715
TI  - [An open debate with people about AIDS].

PMID- 2904716
TI  - Klinefelter's syndrome with hypospadias and bilateral cryptorchidism.
AB  - A 3-year-old boy was found to have abnormality of the external genitalia at
      birth. Physical examination revealed hypospadias penis and bilateral
      cryptorchidism. Chromosomal analysis of peripheral blood showed the karyotype of
      47,XXY, and the diagnosis of Klinefelter's syndrome associated with hypospadias
      and cryptorchidism was made. Klinefelter's syndrome is rare in infancy.

PMID- 2904717
TI  - [HIV-1 infection: pathogenesis of immune suppression].
AB  - Although, in the course of HIV-1-infection, the functional capacities of
      virtually all immune cells are greatly impaired, only CD4+ cells (antigen
      presenting cells, helper T cells) are directly infected by the virus. CD4+ T
      cells are involved, to a greater or lesser degree, in the induction of virtually
      all immunologic phenomena, either directly or indirectly. Thus, it is clear that
      the HIV-1-induced depletion and functional impairment of this critical T cell
      subset will result in a dysfunction/deficiency of the entire immune system and,
      finally, in the development of opportunistic infections and neoplasms.

PMID- 2904718
TI  - [The significance of inflammatory vascular diseases].
AB  - Out of the from angiological points of view most important inflammatory vascular
      diseases (obliterating endangiitis, giant cell arteriitis, Takayasu's disease)
      epidemiological data are compiled. Remarkable is the increasing part of female
      patients in endangiitis. Furthermore it is referred to the particular functional
      situation in these vascular diseases, which results from the localisation of a
      peripheral occlusion, insufficient formation of collaterals or disturbed
      rheology.

PMID- 2904719
TI  - [Clinical aspects and functional diagnostic findings of Takayasu disease].
AB  - Aetiopathogenesis, clinical picture, laboratorical and functional diagnostic
      methods of ten patients suffering from Takayasu's arteritis out of 1164 patients
      suspicious of cerebrovascular insufficiency are described. The combined use of
      Dopplersonography, ophthalmodynamometry and ophthalmodynamography permit in all
      cases the assessment of vascular pathology in supraaortic arteries. The specific
      diagnosis was made in connection which clinical, anamnestical and paraclinical
      findings. There are some characteristic functional diagnostic results in
      Takayasu's arteritis. The noninvasive diagnostic methods are useful tools to
      estimate the progredience of this disease in his chronical course.

PMID- 2904720
TI  - Nutrient transport in Candida albicans, a pathogenic yeast.

PMID- 2904721
TI  - Factors affecting the outcome of orchiopexy for undescended testis.
AB  - Orchiopexy was performed on 135 testes in 121 patients aged up to 15 (median 6)
      years who had no previous inguinal surgery or hormonal treatment. Hypoplasia at
      the time of orchiopexy (34/135) was significantly less common when the testis was
      in or peripheral to the superficial inguinal ring than when it was
      intracanalicular. The position did not influence the outcome of surgery or the
      risk of postoperative hypoplasia (9 cases). At follow-up 87% of the testes were
      in the scrotum. Reoperation was required for four of nine which were anchored to
      the femoral skin or with suture through testis and scrotal wall. Tension on the
      spermatic cord significantly increased the failure risk. Simultaneous herniotomy
      was associated with 15%, and dissection only (including excision of the vaginal
      process remnant) with 6% orchiopexy failure. Retroperitoneal dissection to avoid
      tension on the cord significantly reduced the failure rate without increasing the
      risk of postoperative hypoplasia. Orchiopexy performed with optimal technique by
      experienced surgeons is a safe and effective alternative to hormonal treatment.

PMID- 2904722
TI  - Further evidence that brain histamine H2 receptors are stimulatory in the control
      of prolactin in the rat.
AB  - The effects of administration into the brain ventricle of H2 receptor agonists (4
      methylhistamine, 0.8 mumol/rat; dimaprit, 0.4-0.8 mumol/rat), H2 antagonists
      (cimetidine, 0.8 mumol/rat; ranitidine, 0.4-0.8 mumol/rat; famotidine, 0.03
      mumol/rat) and of the dimaprit chemical analogue SK&F 91487 (0.4 mumol/rat) on
      unstimulated and histamine-stimulated prolactin secretion in normal male rats
      were studied. The H2 agonist 4-methylhistamine caused a significant increase in
      unstimulated blood PRL, whereas dimaprit, SK&F 91487, and the H2 antagonists
      tested did not change PRL levels. 4-Methylhistamine significantly enhanced the
      stimulatory effects of histamine on prolactin, whereas all the H2 antagonists
      inhibited histamine-induced prolactin release. The inhibition of histamine
      induced prolactin secretion by the H2 agonist dimaprit is nonspecific, since its
      chemical analogue SK&F 91487, which has no H2 agonist activity, also inhibits it.
      These results indicate that stimulation of the H2 receptors in the central
      nervous system is facilitatory for PRL secretion, suggesting that the activation
      of H2 receptors may contribute to the PRL-releasing effects of histamine.

PMID- 2904723
TI  - Impaired ability of T4+ lymphocytes in the active stage of congenital hypoplastic
      anemia to promote in vitro growth of blood erythroid burst-forming units (BFU-E).

PMID- 2904724
TI  - Expression of Thy-1 antigen on hematopoietic progenitors during murine
      development.

PMID- 2904725
TI  - Alternating hyper- and hypothyroidism with thyroid-stimulating and TSH-binding
      inhibition immunoglobulins.

PMID- 2904726
TI  - Age-dependent variation in the sensitivity of rat brain glutamine synthetase to L
      methionine-DL-sulfoximine.
AB  - Effects of a subacute dose (150 mg/kg body wt) of methionine sulfoximine was
      studied on the behavioural changes and glutamine synthetase activity in cerebral
      cortex, cerebellum and brain stem of rats of four different age groups. Animals
      of 10 days and 90 days age groups were less vulnerable to the toxic effects of
      methionine sulfoximine. Rats of 180 days age exhibited various behavioural
      changes upon the administration of methionine sulfoximine and entered into
      convulsions at the end of 17 hr. In rats of 360 days age group these changes
      appeared quite early and the animals convulsed at the end of 13 hr. Animals of
      these two age groups failed to recover from toxic effects of methionine
      sulfoximine. Methionine sulfoximine inhibited glutamine synthetase activity in
      the brains of rats of all age groups. Maximum inhibition of activity was noticed
      at the end of 12 hr in 10-day-old rats while in the animals of other age groups
      it was seen at the end of 3 hr. In animals of all age groups the enzyme activity
      was inhibited by 60-70% except in 360-day-old rats where the inhibition was 95%.
      Behavioural changes and inhibition of glutamine synthetase were out of phase with
      each other. It is suggested that the toxicity of methionine sulfoximine may not
      be due to its effect on glutamine synthetase alone. Further, these results also
      suggest that the toxic effects of methionine sulfoximine vary with the age of the
      animal.

PMID- 2904727
TI  - Studies on glutamine and asparagine synthetases from mixed rumen bacterial flora
      of buffaloes and cattle.

PMID- 2904728
TI  - Cardiovascular and pulmonary effects of a new sedative/analgesic (medetomidine)
      as a preanaesthetic drug in the dog.

PMID- 2904729
TI  - The DC-recorded dog electroretinogram in ketamine-medetomidine anaesthesia.

PMID- 2904730
TI  - Genetic relatedness of the Kemerovo serogroup viruses: I. RNA-RNA blot
      hybridization and gene reassortment in vitro of the Kemerovo serocomplex.
AB  - The dsRNA profiles of the Czechoslovakian and Siberian serotypes of the Kemerovo
      serocomplex viruses examined were similar in agarose, while their dsRNA profiles
      were distinct in polyacrylamide gel. Blot hybridization studies of the Kemerovo
      serocomplex viruses demonstrated that the genes were highly conserved among the
      members within each type, but not between types. Gene reassortment in vitro was
      demonstrated among selected pairs of the Kemerovo serocomplex viruses by intra-
      and inter-typic crosses. The majority of the reassortant progeny from inter-typic
      crosses were single gene replacements, whereas the majority of the reassortant
      progeny from intra-typic crosses were multiple gene replacements suggesting that
      certain gene combinations were restrictive under conditions of the experiment.

PMID- 2904731
TI  - Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) HSZP interferes also heat inactivated with
      early shutoff of host protein synthesis induced by HSV-1 KOS.
AB  - The ability of two strains of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSZP and KOS) to shut
      off the host protein synthesis in the presence of Actinomycin D was investigated.
      The HSZP strain proved to be defective with respect to the so-called early
      shutoff function. In superinfection experiments, the HSZP was effective at
      interfering with the early shutoff function of the KOS strain provided that the
      HSZP infection preceded KOS superinfection. Heat inactivation of the HSZP did not
      lead to the loss of its interfering ability. Evidence was given that this
      interference was neither due to the hindrance of the KOS by HSZP at adsorption
      nor due its exclusion during penetration.

PMID- 2904732
TI  - Inhibitory effect of sulphur-containing purine nucleoside analogues on
      replication of RNA viruses: selective antiviral activity against influenza
      viruses.
AB  - Four sulphur-containing purine nucleoside analogues: 6MP, 6-thioinosine, 6
      methylthioinosine and 6-ethylthioinosine, were examined for antiviral activity
      against some RNA viruses. All compounds extensively inhibited the replication of
      influenza viruses but had no inhibitory effect on other RNA viruses: Sendai, RS,
      vesicular stomatitis and western equine encephalitis viruses.

PMID- 2904733
TI  - Characterization of monoclonal antibodies to adenovirus type 35 hexon.
AB  - Twenty three monoclonal antibody-rich ascitic fluids (MIAFs) to human adenovirus
      (AV) type 35 hexon were studied by indirect ELISA using various tracer systems,
      passive haemagglutination (HA) as well as gel diffusion techniques. Eleven
      different human heterologous hexon types in addition to the homologous one, and
      two animal adenovirus (AV) hexons were used to determine the reactivity patterns
      (RPs) of the monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs). Based on the cross-reactivity with
      the different hexon types, the MoAbs exhibited genus, subgenus and type
      specificities; furthermore, a variety of intersubgenus and intertype
      specificities could be found. Fifteen of the MoAbs reacted in ELISA, but not in
      passive HA, suggesting that certain epitopes on the hexons bound to red blood
      cells were not available for the MoAbs in question. Four MoAbs were able to form
      a precipitin line with the hexon antigen in gel diffusion. Two of the four (MoAbs
      35H10 and 35H51) formed with the homologous AV35 hexon a single confluent
      precipitin line only. In spite of the origin of these MoAbs from different hybrid
      cells (clones) their specificity was probably identical when recognizing the type
      specific epitope of the AV35 hexon. The other two MoAbs (35H15 and 35H26) with a
      broad RPs were able to precipitate not only the homologous but also different
      heterologous hexon types.

PMID- 2904734
TI  - Interaction between anti-influenza viral polymerase antibodies and RNP particles
      using the in vitro transcription process and an immunogold labelling technique.
AB  - Immunogold labelling and in vitro transcription of influenza virus vRNA have been
      used to analyse the interaction of anti-influenza polymerase antibodies with
      influenza-ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes. The polymerase proteins (P proteins)
      were localized exclusively at one end of the RNP segments. In the course of
      transcription the amount of P protein decreased significantly. The in vitro
      transcriptase activity y of influenza A virus RNP complexes in the presence of
      anti-polymerase antibodies to the strain A/PR/8/34 was inhibited by 60%. In
      contrast, RNP transcriptase activity of influenza B virus was not inhibited by
      these antibodies.

PMID- 2904735
TI  - Antigenic properties of vaccinia virus and of the virus recombinant strains
      expressing heterologous genes.
AB  - Immunologic properties of vaccinia virus (VV), strain LIPV, and VV recombinant
      strains containing the gene of hepatitis B virus surface antigen and the TK gene
      of herpes simplex virus (HSV) have been studied. Production of antibodies against
      the majority of VV structural proteins, including nucleocapsid internal proteins
      was demonstrated in rabbits. Insertion of heterologous genes into the VV genome
      was without effect on the spectrum of antibodies produced against VV virion
      proteins. The data obtained in volunteers indicate that not only virus
      neutralizing antibodies but also antibodies against most VV structural proteins
      are preserved in humans over many years. Reimmunization of volunteers with VV
      recombinant stimulates synthesis of antibodies against virion proteins whereas
      the spectrum of antibodies remains unchanged. Humans and rabbits did not differ
      in the spectrum of antibodies to VV virion proteins.

PMID- 2904736
TI  - Effects of cis-dichloro-diammine-platinum (II) (cis-DDP) on Epstein-Barr virus
      induction and cell differentiation.
AB  - Morphological changes were induced by cis-dichlorodiammine platinum (II) (cis
      DDP) in two Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) transformed cell lines: the productive P3HR
      1 and the nonproductive Raji cell line. In P3HR-1 cells cis-DDP induced synthesis
      of viral antigens, viral particles and morphological changes characteristic for
      virus replication. In Raji cells, the virus replicative cycle was not induced and
      virus-specific morphological changes were limited to the sporadic appereance of
      some very early alterations in cell morphology. However, in Raji cells, but not
      in P3HR-1 cells, up to 20 per cent of the cell population exhibited
      differentiation-related changes towards plasma cell morphology. The most advances
      stage of cell differentiation detected was classified as plasmablast. Cis-DDP
      also induced some changes associated with the cytostatic effect of the drug. In
      the treated cell population cytokinesis was inhibited and frequently multinuclear
      cells appeared; moreover, extensive degenerative changes were observed.

PMID- 2904737
TI  - Accumulation dynamics of the agent of amyotrophic leukospongiosis and the
      development of degenerative changes in the central nervous system of guinea pigs.
AB  - After retrobulbar inoculation into guinea pigs, the agent of amyotrophic
      leukospongiosis was detected in the central nervous system (CNS) as early as 7
      days post-infection (p.i.), whereas specific morphological changes appeared since
      days 14 to 21 p.i. Virological and morphological findings suggested that
      motoneurons of the spinal cord were first damaged in the course of the pathologic
      process which then proceeded upwards.

PMID- 2904738
TI  - Attempts at the detection of antibodies to Newcastle disease virus by haemofusion
      inhibition test.
AB  - Two modifications of a haemofusion-inhibition test (HFI-1 and HFI-2) were applied
      for the titration of antibodies to Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in chicken sera.
      Statistical analysis revealed a positive correlation of the HFI-1 antibody titres
      with those measured by the standard haemagglutination-inhibition (HI), virus
      neutralization (VN) and haemolysis-inhibition (HLI) tests. The same appeared true
      when the HFI-2 antibody titres were compared with the HI, VN, and HLI tests.
      Except for the several sera collected from birds immunized with formalin
      inactivated vaccine, the HFI-2 antibody titres of individual serum samples were
      usually lower than those determined by HFI-1. The interpretation of these
      differences as well as some advantages and disadvantages of the proposed test are
      discussed.

PMID- 2904739
TI  - Use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the determination of serological
      relationship between two comoviruses.
AB  - ELISA was used to determine the degree of serological relationship between red
      clover mottle (RCMV) and broad bean stain (BBSV) viruses and the optimal
      conditions for the differentiation of the two viruses by ELISA were established.
      The titres of homologous and heterologous antibodies determined by ELISA were 100
      to 200-fold higher as compared with the ring precipitin test. Antigen
      concentrations of 0.15 and 0.075 ng/ml, respectively, could be detected. The
      reactions in ELISA depended on the concentration of antigen, of IgG used for
      coating and of conjugated IgG. In anti-RCMV IgG, the ratio of group-specific to
      species-specific antibody as determined by ELISA was from 1:1 to 1:2, while in
      anti-BBSV IgG this ratio was from 1:4--1:8. The differences between homologous
      and heterologous reactions in ELISA suggested a similar ratio of antigenic
      determinants in the two viruses.

PMID- 2904740
TI  - Herpes simplex virus DNA in the brain of psychotic patients.
AB  - Herpes simplex virus (HSV) DNA was found by spot blot hybridization in the right
      nc. amygdalae of 3 out 10 patients who underwent curative stereotactic surgery
      for severe mental retardation with aggressive behavior and/or paranoic
      schizophrenia. Of these, 6 were also tested for the presence of CMV DNA sequences
      with negative results. Biopsy specimens from nc. amygdalae of another 7 psychotic
      patients were cultured in vitro but no virus was isolated.

PMID- 2904741
TI  - Kinetics of phospholipid extraction from Coxiella burnetii.
AB  - Kinetics of phospholipid extraction from purified suspensions of Coxiella
      burnetii in phase I by various chloroform--methanol mixtures at various
      temperatures were evaluated based on the amount of phosphorus extracted.
      Extraction by a boiling (53 degrees C) 2:1 chloroform:methanol mixture proved to
      be the most efficient.

PMID- 2904742
TI  - Participation of reticuloendothelial system in the pathogenesis of experimental
      amyotrophic leukospongiosis.
AB  - Spleen and peripheral blood lymphocytes were found to play an important role in
      the pathogenesis of amyotrophic leukospongiosis (AL). At early stage of AL they
      are the sites of reproduction and accumulation of an unconventional virus; they
      also provide its dissemination in the body of infected animals. In lymph nodes
      and visceral organs the AL pathogen was detected in much lower quantities and
      only in the period of clinically manifest disease. The level of the complement
      was significantly decreased in the serum of animals with experimental AL. This
      decrease correlated with the development of clinico-morphological lesions and
      reached its maximum at the terminal stage of disease.

PMID- 2904743
TI  - Antigenic classification and taxonomy of flaviviruses (family Flaviviridae)
      emphasizing a universal system for the taxonomy of viruses causing tick-borne
      encephalitis.
AB  - For many years the expression "tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus" has been used
      to denote viruses causing the clinical entity TBE. No virus with the name "TBE
      virus" has been registered in the International Catalogue of Arboviruses, the
      generally accepted reference for naming arthropod-borne viruses, and no formal
      agreement has been reached within the scientific community to use the expression
      "TBE virus"; this term is inaccurate for indicating the etiologic agent of the
      disease TBE and confuses students and others regarding virus ecology,
      transmission, and disease severity. This paper suggests alternative names for
      viruses of the antigenic complex of flaviviruses (family Flaviviridae) to which
      viruses causing TBE belong. A classification scheme and system of taxonomy for
      flaviviruses is also proposed. It is suggested that universal acceptance of the
      term Central European encephalitis virus would improve the dialogue between
      laboratory virologists and clinicians and improve the understanding of the
      epidemiology of the tick-borne flaviviruses.

PMID- 2904744
TI  - Pharmacotherapeutic stature of doxazosin and its role in coronary risk reduction.
AB  - In hypertension the primary pathophysiologic abnormality is a generalized
      increase in the peripheral vascular resistance as a result of concentric
      narrowing of the systemic arterioles, as a result of alpha 1-receptor
      stimulation. Such stimulation is attenuated by the selective alpha 1-inhibitor
      doxazosin. The pharmacologic attributes of doxazosin are translated into direct
      relaxation of the peripheral arteriolar resistance vessels and venous capacitance
      system, particularly those with a high alpha-adrenoceptor population. The direct
      effects of such vascular dilatation are immediately beneficial to the heart in
      reducing systemic and pulmonary vascular pressures that reduce left ventricular
      wall stress and myocardial oxygen consumption. In clinical studies doxazosin has
      been found to have a plasma half-life of 19 to 22 hours, of which a single daily
      dose is sufficient to control hypertension. The antiatherogenic changes in the
      blood lipid profile resulting from long-term treatment with doxazosin can also be
      expected to advance its primary prevention potential in hypertensive patients,
      which is in marked contrast to the potentially disadvantageous changes in the
      blood lipid profile that follow treatment with beta-blockers and thiazide
      diuretics. The therapeutic efficacy of doxazosin has been confirmed, irrespective
      of hypertension severity, age and race of the patient, or the presence of renal
      impairment or diabetes mellitus. Its side-effect profile is not substantially
      different from that of placebo or other antihypertensive drug treatment. Given
      its unique actions regarding antihypertensive efficacy, together with favorable
      effects on blood lipids, doxazosin probably holds more promise for the prevention
      of precocious coronary heart disease in hypertensive patients than any other
      currently available antihypertensive agent.

PMID- 2904745
TI  - Clinical experience with doxazosin in general medical practice.
AB  - The antihypertensive efficacy, lipid effects, and safety of doxazosin, a
      selective alpha 1-inhibitor for the reduction of coronary heart disease (CHD)
      risk in hypertensive patients, was assessed in a general medical practice
      setting. Seven hundred seventy-one patients were entered into the study, which
      involved three phases: (1) a 2-week baseline period, (2) an 8-week period in
      which patients received doxazosin, 1 to 8 mg once daily, and (3) a 4-week
      maintenance period. From baseline to final visit there was a highly significant
      27% reduction (p less than 0.001) in calculated CHD risk based on the Framingham
      equation as a consequence of doxazosin's favorable effects on both blood pressure
      and serum lipid levels. Efficacy and toleration of doxazosin therapy were good to
      excellent in most patients. The investigators' global assessment of efficacy of
      once-daily doxazosin therapy was excellent or good for 82% of patients and fair
      or poor for only 18% of patients. After 12 weeks, 83% of the patients were
      considered therapy successes (sitting diastolic blood pressure either less than
      or equal to 90 mm Hg or greater than or equal to 10 mm Hg reduction not reaching
      less than or equal to 90 mm Hg) at a mean daily dose of 3.5 mg. Seventy-one
      percent achieved "normalized" blood pressure control (sitting diastolic less than
      or equal to 90 mm Hg with a decrease of greater than or equal to 5 mm Hg) at a
      mean dose of 3.1 mg once daily. By the final treatment visit, systolic/diastolic
      blood pressures of efficacy evaluable patients were reduced by 20.6/15.3 and
      21.0/15.4 mm Hg from a mean baseline of 166/104 and 165/104 mm Hg in the sitting
      and standing positions, respectively (p less than 0.05). Total cholesterol was
      significantly decreased (p less than 0.01). Most side effects were mild or
      moderate and disappeared with or were tolerated on continued therapy. The
      investigators' global assessment of patient toleration of doxazosin treatment was
      excellent or good for 89% of the 763 patients evaluated and fair or poor for only
      11% of patients. The most commonly reported side effects were headache (8%) and
      dizziness (7%). No clinically significant laboratory changes were apparent, and
      no trends were observed with regard to organ systems or correlations with dose or
      duration of treatment.

PMID- 2904746
TI  - Doxazosin in the treatment of mild and moderate essential hypertension in general
      medical practice.
AB  - Doxazosin, a selective alpha 1-inhibitor, was assessed in 34 patients with mild
      and moderate hypertension. This study involved three phases: (1) a 2-week
      baseline period, (2) an 8-week period in which patients received 1 to 8 mg of
      doxazosin once daily, and (3) a 4-week maintenance period. After 12 weeks, 77% of
      the efficacy evaluable patients were considered therapy successes (sitting
      diastolic blood pressure either less than or equal to 90 mm Hg with greater than
      or equal to 5 mm Hg reduction or greater than or equal to 10 mm Hg reduction) at
      a mean daily dose of 4.3 mg. Sixty-one percent achieved blood pressure control
      (sitting diastolic blood pressure less than or equal to 90 mm Hg) at a mean dose
      of 3.7 mg once daily. By the final treatment visit, systolic/diastolic blood
      pressures of efficacy evaluable patients were reduced by 17/12 and 17/11 mm Hg
      from a mean baseline of 160/100 and 156/101 mm Hg in the sitting and standing
      positions, respectively (p less than 0.05). Of the 34 patients, nine (26%)
      reported 12 adverse experiences, of which only one was severe. No clinically
      significant laboratory changes were apparent, and no trends were observed with
      regard to organ systems or correlations with dose or duration of treatment. The
      investigator's global assessment of efficacy of once-daily doxazosin therapy was
      excellent or good for 85% of patients and fair for 15% of patients. The
      investigator's global assessment of toleration was excellent or good for 91% of
      patients and fair for 9% of patients. The overall lipid profile indicated a
      decrease in total cholesterol and triglycerides.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2904747
TI  - Control of coronary heart disease risk factors with doxazosin as monotherapy and
      in combination therapy.
AB  - Although the pathology of essential hypertension is still unclear, studies have
      shown that doxazosin, a selective alpha 1-inhibitor, is able to effectively
      control mild-to-moderate hypertension. The aim of these two, noncomparative
      studies was to evaluate the efficacy and toleration of doxazosin when used as
      monotherapy and in combination with other antihypertensive agents. In study I,
      154 patients with standing and sitting diastolic blood pressures (DBPs) ranging
      from 95 to 115 mm Hg were treated with once-daily doxazosin (1 to 8 mg) as
      monotherapy for 12 weeks. Both sitting and standing blood pressures were
      significantly reduced by doxazosin monotherapy. Target DBP of less than or equal
      to 90 mm Hg was achieved in 86% of patients after 12 weeks of therapy with
      doxazosin, and there was no change in heart rate. Cholesterol and triglyceride
      levels were significantly decreased by doxazosin, but there was no change in
      glucose levels. Minor side effects were seen in 17.5% of patients, and 2.6%
      discontinued therapy. In study II, 65 patients with DBPs ranging from 95 to 115
      mm Hg on existing antihypertensive therapies were concomitantly treated with
      doxazosin (1 to 8 mg) once daily for 12 weeks. Target DBPs of less than or equal
      to 90 mm Hg was achieved in 71% of patients after 12 weeks of therapy with
      doxazosin. There was no change in heart rate throughout the treatment period, and
      plasma cholesterol, triglyceride, and glucose levels remained essentially
      unchanged. Three patients, each receiving a beta-blocker, a diuretic, and
      doxazosin, were withdrawn because of side effects. Minor side effects, which were
      considered drug related were seen in 21% of patients. Doxazosin is a drug with
      good antihypertensive efficacy and is well tolerated as monotherapy and in
      combination with beta-blockers, thiazide diuretics, angiotensin converting enzyme
      inhibitors, and various combinations of these drugs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2904748
TI  - A multicenter study of doxazosin in the treatment of severe essential
      hypertension.
AB  - The antihypertensive efficacy and safety of doxazosin, a selective alpha 1
      inhibitor, were assessed in 33 severely hypertensive patients. The study involved
      three phases: a 1-day baseline period, a 32-day period in which patients received
      doxazosin, 1 to 16 mg, once daily, and a 4-week maintenance period. All patients
      were considered therapy successes (sitting diastolic blood pressure either less
      than or equal to 90 mm Hg or greater than or equal to 10 mm Hg reduction) at a
      mean daily dose of 8.1 mg. Twenty-seven patients (82%) achieved good blood
      pressure control (sitting diastolic blood pressure less than or equal to 90 mm
      Hg) at a mean dose of 6.7 mg once daily. By the final treatment visit, mean
      systolic/diastolic blood pressures in the sitting and supine positions were
      significantly reduced by 40/29 and 37/28 mm Hg from a mean baseline of 180/121
      and 181/121 mm Hg to final visit values of 140/91 and 144/92 mm Hg, respectively
      (p less than 0.05). Eleven patients experienced one or more side effects that
      were mild or moderate and disappeared or were tolerated with continued therapy.
      During the study no abnormal laboratory test findings were identified by the
      investigators. The investigators' global assessment of the efficacy and
      toleration of once-daily doxazosin therapy was excellent or good for 31 (94%)
      patients and fair for the remaining two patients.

PMID- 2904749
TI  - Doxazosin in the treatment of patients with mild or moderate hypertension and
      mild or moderate renal insufficiency.
AB  - The antihypertensive efficacy and safety of doxazosin, a selective alpha 1
      inhibitor, were assessed in 23 hypertensive patients with renal insufficiency.
      The study involved three phases: (1) a 2-week baseline period, (2) a 10-week
      period during which patients received doxazosin, 1 to 16 mg, once daily, and (3)
      a 4-week maintenance period. After 14 weeks of active treatment,
      systolic/diastolic blood pressures of efficacy evaluable patients were reduced by
      8.9/9.2 and 4.6/9.1 mm Hg to final values of 153/90 and 149/91 mm Hg in the
      supine and standing positions, respectively. The mean dose of the efficacy
      evaluable patients was 9.8 mg/day. Eleven patients experienced one or more side
      effects, most of which were mild or moderate and disappeared or were tolerated
      with continued therapy. No clinically significant laboratory changes were
      apparent, and no trends were observed with regard to organ systems or
      correlations with dose or duration of treatment. There were no significant
      differences in serum creatinine levels between baseline and final visits. The
      overall lipid profile indicated a decrease in total cholesterol with increases in
      high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and the high-density lipoprotein/total
      cholesterol ratio. From baseline to final visit there was a highly significant
      reduction of 19% (p less than 0.05) in calculated risk scores for coronary heart
      disease on the basis of the Framingham equation.

PMID- 2904750
TI  - A single-blind study of doxazosin in the treatment of mild-to-moderate essential
      hypertensive patients with concomitant noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
AB  - Doxazosin, a selective alpha 1-inhibitor, was assessed for antihypertensive
      efficacy, effect on lipid parameters, and safety profile in 21 hypertensive
      patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The study involved a 2- to
      4-week baseline period, a 10-week period in which patients received doxazosin, 1
      to 8 mg, once daily, and a 4-week maintenance period. All 16 of the efficacy
      evaluable patients (100%) had their blood pressure controlled (sitting diastolic
      blood pressure less than or equal to 90 mm Hg) at a mean dose of 3.6 mg once
      daily. For efficacy evaluable patients mean sitting blood pressure was
      significantly (p less than 0.05) reduced by 26/17 mm Hg at the final visit. Five
      patients each reported a single side effect and none was severe. No patients
      required dose reduction or discontinuation of therapy because of side effects. No
      clinically significant laboratory changes were apparent, and no trends were
      observed with regard to organ systems or correlations with dose or duration of
      treatment. The investigators' global assessment of efficacy of once-daily
      doxazosin therapy was excellent or good for 15 patients and fair for six
      patients. The overall assessment of patient toleration was excellent or good for
      19 patients, fair for one, and not reported for one. High-density lipoprotein
      cholesterol was significantly increased (p = 0.03). From baseline to final visit,
      there was a highly significant reduction of 30% (p less than 0.005) in calculated
      coronary heart disease risk score on the basis of the Framingham equation.

PMID- 2904751
TI  - Doxazosin: a newly developed, selective alpha 1-inhibitor in the management of
      patients with pheochromocytoma.
AB  - Although surgical removal is the therapy of choice in patients with
      pheochromocytoma, medical management is necessary in the preoperative preparation
      of these patients and in inoperable cases. An alpha-adrenoceptor-blocking agent
      is routinely used as initial therapy to control hypertension, with a beta-blocker
      used as a second-step agent to control tachycardia when indicated. Doxazosin, a
      selective alpha 1-inhibitor used as an antihypertensive agent for the reduction
      of coronary heart disease risk in hypertensive patients, appears to be a good
      agent to control blood pressure with minimal changes in heart rate. The aim of
      this study was to assess the antihypertensive efficacy and safety of doxazosin
      when used alone or in conjunction with a beta-blocker in 24 patients with
      pheochromocytoma. Overall excellent or good antihypertensive efficacy was
      assessed by physicians in 19 of 24 patients (79.2%) enrolled in the study.
      Doxazosin monotherapy was effective in eight of 12 patients (66.7%), and combined
      therapy with a beta-blocker was effective in 11 of 12 patients (91.7%). The mean
      pulse rate remained constant throughout therapy. Adverse reactions were minor and
      transient and occurred in only three patients. Urinary and plasma catecholamine
      levels tended to decrease or remained unchanged during doxazosin therapy. There
      were no clinically hazardous abnormalities or problems in hematologic and
      biochemical laboratory data. Overall, doxazosin was considered very useful or
      useful in 83.3% of patients. In conclusion, doxazosin appears to be an excellent
      agent for the management of hypertension associated with pheochromocytoma.

PMID- 2904752
TI  - Comparison of the effects of doxazosin and atenolol on blood pressure and blood
      lipids: a one-year, double-blind study in 228 hypertensive patients.
AB  - The efficacy and toleration of doxazosin and atenolol were compared over a 52
      week period in a double-blind, multicenter study of 228 patients with mild-to
      moderate hypertension. Over the treatment period, both drugs significantly
      reduced blood pressure, and there were no clinically or statistically significant
      differences between treatment groups for reductions in standing systolic and
      diastolic blood pressures or in sitting diastolic blood pressure. However,
      atenolol treatment caused significantly greater reductions in sitting systolic
      blood pressure and heart rate. Neither drug significantly affected total serum
      cholesterol concentrations. Doxazosin treatment lowered serum triglycerides,
      whereas atenolol treatment produced an increase in serum triglycerides (p less
      than 0.001, week 30; p less than 0.01, week 50, between treatment groups).
      Increases in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein to
      total cholesterol ratio were obtained with doxazosin treatment, whereas atenolol
      treatment decreased these lipid fractions (p less than 0.0001, weeks 30 and 50,
      between treatment groups). Using the Framingham equation, it was calculated that
      at week 50 the risk of developing coronary heart disease was reduced by 22% for
      the group taking doxazosin (p less than 0.001 vs baseline) and by 4% (not
      significant) for patients taking atenolol (p = 0.01, between treatment groups).
      It is concluded that doxazosin is a well-tolerated and effective antihypertensive
      drug with a favorable effect on blood lipids. Doxazosin provides an attractive,
      new alternative first-line drug for the treatment of mild-to-moderate
      hypertension.

PMID- 2904753
TI  - Doxazosin versus atenolol: a randomized comparison of calculated coronary heart
      disease risk reduction.
AB  - Doxazosin is a selective alpha 1-inhibitor for the reduction of calculated
      coronary heart disease (CHD) risk in hypertensive patients. Atenolol, although a
      widely used beta-blocker, appears to adversely affect blood lipids by increasing
      triglycerides and decreasing high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. The aim
      of our study was to compare doxazosin and atenolol for their therapeutic efficacy
      in reducing CHD risk (decrease in blood pressure and effect on lipid
      distribution) and toleration. Patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension were
      randomized into two groups of 20 patients to receive once-daily atenolol (100 mg)
      or doxazosin (2 to 8 mg) for 8 weeks. Doxazosin was as effective as atenolol in
      reducing supine and standing blood pressure. Unlike atenolol, doxazosin did not
      produce a marked bradycardia. Doxazosin therapy produced favorable modifications
      in plasma lipid profiles by decreasing triglycerides and total cholesterol and by
      increasing HDL cholesterol and HDL/total cholesterol ratio. A reverse in this
      lipid profile was seen with atenolol. Therefore doxazosin may reduce calculated
      CHD risk more effectively than atenolol, based on the Framingham equation.

PMID- 2904754
TI  - A comparative study of doxazosin versus atenolol in mild-to-moderate
      hypertension.
AB  - Doxazosin, a quinazoline derivative, is a selective alpha 1-inhibitor that
      reduces calculated coronary heart disease risk by lowering blood pressure while
      favorably affecting blood lipid levels. The aim of this study was to compare the
      efficacy and toleration of doxazosin with atenolol, one of the most frequently
      used cardioselective beta-blockers in Italy. Forty patients with mild-to-moderate
      hypertension were treated with either atenolol (100 mg) or doxazosin (mean dose,
      3.3 mg) once daily for 8 weeks. Both drugs significantly reduced supine and
      standing systolic and diastolic blood pressures. Atenolol induced marked
      bradycardia, whereas doxazosin had very little effect on heart rate. Doxazosin
      produced a favorable effect on blood lipid levels by decreasing triglyceride and
      total cholesterol levels and increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and
      high-density lipoprotein total cholesterol ratio. Atenolol had exactly the
      opposite effect on blood lipid levels. Both drugs had equivalent toleration
      profiles. It was concluded that doxazosin was as effective as atenolol in
      reducing elevated supine and standing blood pressures. In addition, doxazosin had
      a beneficial effect on lipid profiles and minimal effect on heart rate. Therefore
      doxazosin may reduce calculated coronary heart disease risk in hypertensive
      patients.

PMID- 2904755
TI  - A double-blind comparative study of doxazosin and nitrendipine in patients with
      mild-to-moderate essential hypertension.
AB  - The antihypertensive efficacy and safety of doxazosin, a selective alpha 1
      inhibitor, were compared with nitrendipine. Seventy-two hypertensive patients
      were entered into the 18-week, double-blind parallel group study, which involved
      three phases: a 4-week baseline period, a 10-week period in which patients
      received 1 to 8 mg of doxazosin or 10 and 20 mg of nitrendipine once daily, and a
      4-week maintenance period. For all patients, the mean final daily doses were 2.5
      mg for doxazosin and 13.9 mg for nitrendipine. In efficacy evaluable patients the
      percentages of therapy successes (standing diastolic blood pressure less than or
      equal to 90 mm Hg with greater than or equal to 5 mm Hg reduction or greater than
      or equal to 10 mm Hg decrease) were comparable for doxazosin (94%) and
      nitrendipine (91%), as was the proportion in whom blood pressure was "normalized"
      (standing diastolic blood pressure less than or equal to 90 mm Hg), 91% and 85,
      respectively. Blood pressures (diastolic and systolic in supine and standing
      positions) were significantly reduced (p less than 0.05) at all visits in both
      treatment groups. Ten patients (28%) in each treatment group experienced at least
      one adverse event. No clinically significant laboratory changes were apparent in
      either the doxazosin or nitrendipine groups, and no trends were observed with
      regard to organ systems or correlations with dose or duration of treatments. The
      investigators' global assessment of efficacy was rated excellent or good for all
      doxazosin-treated patients and excellent or good for 32 and fair for four in the
      nitrendipine group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2904756
TI  - The addition of doxazosin to the treatment regimen of hypertensive patients not
      responsive to nifedipine.
AB  - The efficacy and safety of doxazosin, a selective alpha 1-inhibitor, were
      assessed in hypertensive patients who failed to respond to nifedipine. Fifty
      patients were entered into a study that involved three phases: (1) a 2-week
      baseline period, (2) a 10-week period in which patients received doxazosin, 1 to
      8 mg, once daily, and (3) a 4-week maintenance period. After 14 weeks, all 43
      efficacy evaluable patients were considered therapy successes (sitting diastolic
      blood pressure either less than or equal to 90 mm Hg or greater than or equal to
      10 mm Hg reduction) at a mean daily dose of 3.1 mg. Ninety-three percent achieved
      blood pressure control (sitting diastolic blood pressure less than or equal to 90
      mm Hg) at a mean dose of 3.1 mg once daily. By the final treatment visit, sitting
      systolic and diastolic blood pressures of efficacy evaluable patients were
      reduced (p less than 0.05) by 16/18 mm Hg from a mean baseline of 157/103 mm Hg
      to a final value of 141/85 mm Hg. The most prevalent side effect was vertigo (six
      patients). Most side effects were mild or moderate and disappeared or were
      tolerated with continued therapy. No clinically significant laboratory changes
      were apparent, and no trends were observed with regard to organ systems or
      correlations with dose or duration of treatment. The investigators' global
      assessment was excellent or good for 98% of patients for both efficacy and
      toleration. From baseline to final visit there was a highly significant reduction
      of 17% (p less than 0.001) in the calculated coronary heart disease risk score,
      which was based on the Framingham equation.

PMID- 2904757
TI  - A comparison of doxazosin and enalapril in the treatment of mild and moderate
      essential hypertension.
AB  - The antihypertensive efficacy and safety of doxazosin, a selective alpha 1
      adrenoceptor antagonist, were compared with that of the angiotensin-converting
      enzyme inhibitor enalapril in an 18-week double-blind, parallel-group trial.
      Sixty-seven hypertensive patients entered the three-phase study, which involved a
      4-week placebo washout period, a 10-week titration period with doxazosin, 1 to 16
      mg, or enalapril, 10 to 40 mg once daily followed by a 4-week maintenance period.
      The target response was a standing diastolic blood pressure less than or equal to
      90 mm Hg. In the 62 efficacy evaluable patients the mean final daily dose of
      doxazosin was 5.6 mg and 25.5 mg for enalapril. The percentages of therapeutic
      successes were 74% in the doxazosin- and 81% in the enalapril-treated groups; the
      proportions in whom standing diastolic blood pressure less than or equal to 90 mm
      Hg were 55% and 61%, respectively. Both sitting and standing blood pressures were
      significantly reduced at all visits during the 14-week treatment period in both
      groups. Twelve patients receiving doxazosin reported 14 adverse events and nine
      patients administered enalapril reported 19 adverse events; therapy was stopped
      in three patients in each group because of side effects. The overall assessment
      of efficacy was excellent or good for 71% of the doxazosin-treated and 67% of the
      enalapril-treated patients, respectively. Toleration of therapy was excellent or
      good for 91% of the doxazosin-treated and 88% of the enalapril-treated patients,
      respectively. No clinically significant changes were observed in the serum
      lipids, plasma biochemistry, or hematologic profiles.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2904758
TI  - A single-blind study of doxazosin in the treatment of essential hypertension when
      added to nonresponders to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy.
AB  - Doxazosin, a selective alpha 1-inhibitor, was assessed in hypertensive patients
      with sitting diastolic blood pressures (DBPs) of 95 to 114 mm Hg while receiving
      a stable dose of captopril or enalapril. Fifty-six patients were entered into the
      study that involved three phases: (1) a 2-week baseline period, (2) a 10-week
      period in which patients received doxazosin, 1 to 8 mg, once daily, and (3) a 4
      week maintenance period. After 14 weeks of doxazosin treatment, 95% of the
      patients were therapy successes (sitting DBP either less than or equal to 90 mm
      Hg with greater than or equal to 5 mm Hg reduction or greater than or equal to 10
      mm Hg reduction) at a mean daily dose of 2.4 mg. Ninety-three percent achieved
      blood pressure control (sitting DBP less than or equal to 90 mm Hg) at a mean
      dose of 2.3 mg once daily. By the final treatment visit, systolic/diastolic
      sitting blood pressures for efficacy evaluable patients were reduced by 16/17 mm
      Hg from a mean baseline of 158/101 mm Hg to a final value of 143/84 mm Hg.
      Throughout the study (2 to 14 weeks), all blood pressure reductions from baseline
      were significant (p less than 0.05). There was only one side effect (vertigo)
      that warranted dose reduction, and only one patient was withdrawn from therapy
      (nausea). Most side effects were mild or moderate and disappeared or were
      tolerated with continued therapy. No clinically significant laboratory changes
      were apparent, and no trends were observed with regard to organ systems or
      correlations with dose or duration of treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2904759
TI  - Implications of doxazosin therapy on risk of coronary heart disease.
AB  - Antihypertensive treatment is known to reduce mortality in severe hypertension
      and cardiovascular morbidity in mild and moderately severe hypertension, for
      example, from stroke and left ventricular failure. However, treated hypertensive
      patients still have significantly higher mortality and morbidity than matched
      control subjects. In particular, risk of coronary heart disease is affected
      little by antihypertensive treatment. There may be several explanations for these
      less than optimal results. For example, blood pressure may not have been brought
      down to strictly normotensive levels or an antihypertensive agent, which
      adversely affects serum lipoproteins, may have been used, thereby offsetting the
      intended therapeutic effect. Doxazosin, a new selective alpha 1-inhibitor, offers
      both effective antihypertensive action and a favorable lipid effect. Both of
      these effects could have a positive impact on risk of coronary heart disease and
      therefore may prove to be more effective than previously used antihypertensive
      treatments.

PMID- 2904760
TI  - Class II human leukocyte antigen genes and T cell receptor polymorphisms in
      patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing was performed in 174 patients with
      rheumatoid arthritis and 222 white control subjects. Increases in HLA-DR4 and HLA
      DR1 were observed as in previous studies. Each of these appeared to be inherited
      as dominant risk factors. Southern blotting with a DR-beta probe after digestion
      of genomic DNA with the restriction enzyme Bam HI showed seven bands. Three of
      them correlated with DR4 and were increased in rheumatoid arthritis patients.
      Subsets of DR4 were determined by polymerase chain reaction amplification
      followed by hybridization with oligonucleotide probes. Dw4 was increased in
      rheumatoid arthritis patients, and the frequency of the other subsets appeared to
      be similar in rheumatoid arthritis patients and control subjects. A polymorphism
      associated with the T cell receptor V-beta-8 gene family was significantly
      increased in rheumatoid arthritis patients.

PMID- 2904761
TI  - Molecular genetic studies of rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - Bam HI DR-beta and DQ-beta restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) were
      found with increased frequency in white persons with seropositive rheumatoid
      arthritis as compared with control subjects. DR-beta 4.8-, 5.2-, and 7.0-kilobase
      (kb) RFLPs were observed in 86.5 percent of rheumatoid arthritis patients and in
      56 percent of control subjects (p = 0.001, relative risk [RR] = 5.0). The 6.0-kb
      RFLP was present in 79 percent of rheumatoid arthritis patients and 32 percent of
      control subjects (p = 0.0002, RR = 8.0). The 4.8-, 5.2-, and 7.0-kb RFLPs
      correlated with DR4, -7, -9, and -w53 phenotypes and the 6.0-kb RFLP correlated
      only with DR4. Thus, these RFLPs do not appear to be disease-specific. A DQ-beta
      3.2-kb RFLP was found in 63.5 percent of rheumatoid arthritis patients and in
      38.0 percent of control subjects (p = 0.01, RR = 2.8). This fragment was
      frequently found in persons expressing DR1 and DQw1 phenotypes. Probes consisting
      of the first exon of the DR-beta-I and DR-beta-IV genes, respectively, only
      hybridized with the 5.2- and 6.0-kb RFLPs. These data suggest that more than one
      gene within the major histocompatibility complex contributes to susceptibility to
      seropositive rheumatoid arthritis in white persons.

PMID- 2904762
TI  - Major histocompatibility complex associations with systemic lupus erythematosus.
AB  - This study focused on clinical subsets within systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
      in order to identify more homogeneous patient groups in which to define disease
      susceptibility gene(s). Analysis of the major histocompatibility complex gene
      products and genes with major histocompatibility complex class II and class III
      locus-specific probes and oligonucleotide probes for selected human leukocyte
      antigen DQ-beta alleles showed significant increases of human leukocyte antigen
      DR2 and the rare DQ-beta allele DR2-DQw1.AZH in the lupus nephritis patients
      compared with lupus patients without renal disease (relative risk = 8.3). C4A
      null was detected in one third of all of the SLE patients. In two thirds of the
      C4A null patients this was due to a DR3-associated C4A gene deletion. The
      remaining third may have a regulatory defect and this was DR2-associated. DR4 was
      significantly decreased in the nephritis patients in comparison with the non
      renal SLE patients (relative risk = 0.3). A novel DQ-beta gene has been sequenced
      from two SLE patients that has not been observed in the normal population.
      Potential implications of these findings are discussed.

PMID- 2904763
TI  - Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis in ankylosing spondylitis.
AB  - We utilized the technique of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)
      analysis in order to examine class I major histocompatibility complex genes in 52
      Alabama ankylosing spondylitis patients and 107 local control subjects. A 9.2
      kilobase PvuII RFLP was identified using the class I-specific B7 cDNA probe
      pDP001 that was closely associated with ankylosing spondylitis, most specifically
      with peripheral joint (including shoulder and hip) involvement. This fragment is
      associated with human leukocyte antigen A3 and A9 alleles, and segregation
      analysis in 11 multiplex families showed the RFLP to frequently segregate
      independently of B27 haplotypes. Two more recent studies have not confirmed the
      association of the 9.2-kilobase PvuII RFLP with ankylosing spondylitis per se,
      believed to be due to clinical and possibly genetic differences between the
      patient groups studied. These data strongly suggest at least one other major
      histocompatibility complex class I gene to be operative in predisposition to or
      modification of ankylosing spondylitis.

PMID- 2904764
TI  - Studies of HLA-B27-associated disease.
AB  - Several rheumatic diseases were first shown to be associated with human
      leukocytic antigen (HLA)-B27 in 1973. Recent developments in understanding this
      association include the finding that there are at least six variants of HLA-B27
      at the molecular level, with no one variant preferentially associated with
      disease. Detailed studies of the structure of the HLA-B27 molecular family are in
      progress in several laboratories. Mice expressing HLA-B27 and transmitting it to
      their offspring (transgenic mice) have been produced and are being studied for
      their response to bacteria that are known to trigger reactive arthritis in B27+
      humans. A particular restriction fragment length polymorphism was recently
      claimed to be a genetic marker for an additional risk factor in ankylosing
      spondylitis, but two other laboratories have failed to confirm this finding.

PMID- 2904765
TI  - Nonadrenergic sympathetic neural influences on basal pancreatic hormone
      secretion.
AB  - Evidence for peptidergic innervation of the islets of Langerhans is increasing,
      yet the role of neuropeptides in mediating neurally induced changes of islet
      function is not clear. To determine if nonadrenergic transmitters make an
      important contribution to sympathetic neural effects on basal pancreatic hormone
      secretion, we examined the effect of local sympathetic nerve stimulation (SNS) on
      the output of immunoreactive insulin (IRI), immunoreactive glucagon (IRG), and
      somatostatin (SLI) from the duodenal lobe of the pancreas in situ in halothane
      anesthetized dogs, under conditions where the actions of the classical
      transmitter norepinephrine (NE) should be blocked by propranolol (PROP) and
      yohimbine (YO). In the absence of adrenergic antagonists, SNS rapidly reduced the
      output of IRI (delta = -1.34 +/- 0.91 mU/min) and SLI (delta = -600 +/- 350
      fmol/min) and stimulated that of IRG (delta = +1.39 +/- 0.57 ng/min). In the
      presence of PROP and YO, SNS induced similar changes of hormone secretion: delta
      IRI, -1.30 +/- 0.53 mU/min; delta SLI, -480 +/- 180 fmol/min; delta IRG = +1.89
      +/- 0.63 ng/min. Because PROP and YO abolished the pancreatic effects of high
      dose infusions of NE (1 microgram.kg-1.min-1 iv), we suggest that the antagonists
      produced sufficient, combined adrenergic blockade at the level of the islet, and
      we conclude that a nonadrenergic neurotransmitter or modulator plays a major role
      in mediating sympathetic neural effects on basal islet hormone secretion.

PMID- 2904766
TI  - GHRF causes biphasic stimulation of SRIF secretion from rat hypothalamic cells.
AB  - The complex interactions of the hypothalamic releasing peptides somatostatin
      (SRIF) and growth hormone (GH)-releasing hormone (GHRF), which regulate GH
      secretion, are still incompletely understood. To further scrutinize these
      interactions, we have studied the effects of GHRF on SRIF secretion from
      dispersed adult rat hypothalamic cells. Rat GHRF caused calcium- and dose
      dependent stimulation of SRIF release in static 1-h incubations. SRIF release was
      stimulated by GHRF in a concentration range of 1-100 nM. However, the extended
      dose-response curve was biphasic in nature, with a significantly lower SRIF
      response in the presence of 1 microM GHRF vs. 100 nM GHRF. SRIF release,
      stimulated by another secretagogue (10 microM veratridine), was not affected by
      the presence or absence of 1 microM GHRF, suggesting the lack of toxic impairment
      of hypothalamic cell function by GHRF at this concentration. In conclusion, a
      biphasic stimulatory pattern of SRIF secretion in response to GHRF was observed
      in experiments employing dispersed rat hypothalamic cells. The biphasic SRIF
      response pattern to GHRF may be relevant in the physiological regulation of GH
      secretion.

PMID- 2904767
TI  - Relative contributions of the nervous system and hormones to CNS-mediated
      hyperglycemia.
AB  - We quantitatively determined the relative contributions of hormonal factors and
      the nervous system to the total glucose response after stimulation of the
      cholinergic neurons in the central nervous system of fed rats. Hepatic venous
      plasma glucose, glucagon, insulin, epinephrine, and norepinephrine were measured
      during 120 min after injection of neostigmine (5 X 10(-8) mol) into the third
      cerebral ventricle in rats subjected to bilateral adrenodemedullation (ADMX) to
      prevent epinephrine secretion (observed insulin secretion), with and without
      intravenous infusion of somatostatin to prevent glucagon and insulin secretion.
      Injection of neostigmine in intact rats resulted in increases in glucose,
      glucagon, epinephrine, and norepinephrine. Comparison of glucose areas suggests
      that 22% of the hyperglycemic response is due to the glucagon effect, that 29% is
      due to the epinephrine effect, and that an unknown factor other than epinephrine
      or glucagon, which may include activation through direct neural innervation of
      the liver via alpha-adrenergic receptor, contributes 49%. The suppressive effect
      of epinephrine on insulin secretion, which is potentially stimulated by direct
      neural activation of the pancreas, contributes 18% of the net hyperglycemia.

PMID- 2904768
TI  - Time-dependent involvement of autonomic nervous system in hyperglycemia due to 2
      deoxy-D-glucose.
AB  - To determine the mechanism of time-dependent hyperglycemia due to intracranial
      injection of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG), we examined the effects of various blockers
      of the autonomic nervous system on the hyperglycemia and hyperglucagonemia
      induced by intracranial injection of 2DG in male Wistar rats in light and dark
      periods. Hexamethonium inhibited the hyperglycemia in both light and dark periods
      but did not block the hyperglucagonemia in either period. Intracranial injection
      of 2DG did not affect the plasma insulin concentration in saline-treated control
      rats, but hexamethonium caused an increase in the basal plasma insulin
      concentration and further increase in the plasma concentration after 2DG
      injection in the light period. Phenoxybenzamine, an alpha-adrenergic blocker,
      inhibited the hyperglycemia only in the light period and the hyperglucagonemia
      only in the dark period and slightly stimulated the basal concentrations of
      insulin and glucagon only in the light period. Propranolol, a beta-adrenergic
      blocker, blocked the hyperglycemia and hyperglucagonemia and also lowered the
      basal plasma glucagon concentration in both periods. Atropine sulfate and
      atropine methyl nitrate, muscarinic blockers, inhibited hyperglycemia only in the
      light and dark period, respectively. In contrast, both drugs blocked the
      hyperglucagonemia in both periods. These findings suggest that the autonomic
      nervous system is involved time dependently in the hyperglycemia and
      hyperglucagonemia due to intracranial 2DG injection.

PMID- 2904769
TI  - Patterns of fast synaptic cholinergic activation of neurons in the celiac ganglia
      of cats.
AB  - Fast nicotinic transmission was studied in vitro in neurons of isolated cat
      celiac ganglia. In the absence of nerve stimulation, neurons could be classified
      into three types: silent neurons, synaptically activated neurons, and
      spontaneously discharging neurons. In all three types, fast synaptic activation
      could be obtained in single neurons by stimulating with a single pulse both the
      splanchnic nerves or one of the peripheral nerves connected to the ganglia.
      During repetitive nerve stimulation, a gradual depression of the central and
      peripheral fast nicotinic activation occurred, which was not affected by
      phentolamine plus propranolol, domperidone, atropine, or naloxone. Repetitive
      nerve stimulation was followed by a long lasting discharge of excitatory
      postsynaptic potentials and action potentials that decreased gradually with time.
      This discharge, which was probably due to presynaptic or prejunctional
      facilitation of acetylcholine release from cholinergic terminals, was reduced by
      the application of phentolamine plus propranolol, domperidone, or atropine and
      increased with naloxone. The existence of the mechanisms described in this study
      reflects the complexity of the integrative processes at work in neurons of the
      cat celiac ganglia that involve fast synaptic cholinergic activation.

PMID- 2904770
TI  - Effect of prostaglandin E2 on rabbit colonic smooth muscle cell contraction.
AB  - Isolated circular smooth muscle cells from the rabbit distal colon were used to
      study the effect of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) on bethanechol-stimulated smooth
      muscle cell contraction. Contraction was expressed as the percentage decrease in
      mean cell length compared with unstimulated cells. Incubation with different
      concentrations of PGE2 (10(-10)-10(-6) M) did not cause contraction or relaxation
      of unstimulated smooth muscle cells. Bethanechol stimulated a dose-dependent
      contraction that was maximal at 30 s. The threshold for bethanechol-stimulated
      contraction was 10(-11) M; the ED50 was 10(-10) M; and the maximum contraction
      (23.0 +/- 1.8%) occurred at 10(-8) M. Preincubation with PGE2 reduced both the
      efficacy and potency of bethanechol-stimulated contraction. Preincubation with 8
      bromoadenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-BrcAMP) or dibutyryl-cAMP reduced
      the efficacy of bethanechol-stimulated contraction without affecting potency.
      Increasing concentrations of PGE2 stimulated a dose-dependent increase in the
      production of intracellular cAMP (P less than 0.05). These studies show that PGE2
      inhibits bethanechol-stimulated contraction of isolated colonic circular myocytes
      and is associated with increased production of intracellular cAMP. There is also
      a cAMP-independent effect of PGE2 on the potency of bethanechol stimulation.

PMID- 2904771
TI  - Tonic inhibition of renal response to vasopressin by a pertussis toxin substrate.
AB  - The putative role of the inhibitory guanine nucleotide binding protein (Gi) in
      modulating the renal response to vasopressin was investigated using islet
      activating protein (IAP). IAP treatment in rats in vivo abolished the capacity of
      alpha 2-adrenoceptors to reverse vasopressin-induced adenosine 3',5'-cyclic
      monophosphate (cAMP) accumulation in microdissected cortical collecting tubule
      (CCT) segments. IAP pretreatment also caused a marked upward shift in the dose
      response curve of vasopressin (10(-10) to 10(-4) M)-induced cAMP accumulation.
      Augmentation of the response to vasopressin in rat CCT was dependent on the in
      vivo dose of IAP and paralleled the loss in alpha 2-adrenoceptor responsiveness.
      In the isolated perfused kidney the antinatriuretic and antidiuretic effects of
      the V2-receptor agonist desamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP) (1 pM) were
      enhanced following IAP pretreatment. alpha 2-Adrenoceptor stimulation (30 nM
      epinephrine) inhibited the renal effects of DDAVP (1 pM) in kidneys from control
      but not IAP-pretreated rats. Interestingly, IAP pretreatment alone caused
      increased urine flow rate and enhanced excretion of sodium and chloride without
      affecting potassium excretion or renal hemodynamics in vitro. Our results suggest
      that an IAP substrate, probably Gi, 1) is required for signal transduction by
      renal alpha 2-adrenoceptors, 2) may tonically modulate the response to
      vasopressin in the CCT but not of parathyroid hormone in the proximal convoluted
      tubule, and 3) participates in renal water and electrolyte reabsorption
      independent of exogenous adenylate cyclase stimulation.

PMID- 2904772
TI  - Alpha-adrenergic vasoconstriction and receptor subtypes in large coronary
      arteries of calves.
AB  - We investigated alpha-adrenoceptor subtype distribution in large coronary
      arteries from both functional and biochemical perspectives. The effects of
      intracoronary administration of the selective alpha 1-adrenoceptor agonist
      phenylephrine (0.1-5.0 micrograms/kg ic), of the selective alpha 2-adrenoceptor
      agonist B-HT 920 (0.1-5.0 micrograms/kg ic), and of the mixed alpha 1 + 2
      adrenoceptor agonist norepinephrine (0.01-0.5 micrograms/kg ic) were examined on
      measurements of left circumflex coronary artery diameter in conscious calves.
      After beta-adrenergic blockade, equivalent reductions in large coronary artery
      diameter were observed with phenylephrine (-6.9 +/- 0.7%), B-HT (-5.9 +/- 0.5%),
      and norepinephrine (-6.0 +/- 0.4%). Phenylephrine-induced constrictions were
      abolished by prazosin, an alpha 1-selective antagonist, but unaffected by
      rauwolscine, an alpha 2-selective antagonist. Conversely, the B-HT-induced
      constriction was abolished by rauwolscine but unaffected by prazosin. Coronary
      constriction with norepinephrine was attenuated with either prazosin or
      rauwolscine and abolished by the two antagonists combined. Ligand-binding studies
      in which [3H]prazosin and [3H]rauwolscine and sarcolemmal membranes were used
      revealed an alpha 1-adrenoceptor density of 15 +/- 3.1 fmol/mg protein with a
      dissociation constant (KD) of 0.7 +/- 0.2 nM and an alpha 2-adrenoceptor density
      of 68 +/- 5.1 fmol/mg protein, with a KD of 7.4 +/- 1.2 nM. Thus large coronary
      arteries of the calf contain both alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptor subtypes,
      each of which elicits constriction of the large coronary artery in the conscious
      animal.

PMID- 2904774
TI  - Blockade of spinal pathways decreases pre- and postganglionic discharge
      differentially.
AB  - Although discharge of many sympathetic nerves decreases substantially on
      transection of the spinal cord in cats, firing of splenic and mesenteric
      postganglionic nerves continues unabated (R. L. Meckler and L. C. Weaver, Brain
      Res. 338: 123-135, 1985; R. D. Stein and L. C. Weaver. J. Physiol. Lond. 396: 155
      172, 1988). Therefore, ongoing sympathetic outflow directed to the splanchnic
      circulation was proposed to be less dependent on supraspinal excitatory drive
      than that directed to other vascular beds. Blockade or transection of cervical
      spinal pathways in chloralose-anesthetized cats significantly decreased firing of
      gastric, hepatic, adrenal, and lumbar chain sympathetic nerves. Discharge of
      gastric and hepatic nerves decreased as much as that of adrenal and lumbar chain
      nerves; therefore, sustained discharge in the absence of bulbospinal excitation
      is not a characteristic of all sympathetic nerves innervating the splanchnic
      circulation. In contrast, discharge of the preganglionic greater splanchnic
      nerves was not decreased after spinal transection, although it changed from a
      rhythmic to an asynchronous pattern. This provocative finding suggests that
      rhythmicity of preganglionic discharge may be important for effective synaptic
      transmission to some postganglionic neurons, since postganglionic gastric,
      hepatic, and adrenal nerve firing decreased in the presence of sustained but
      asynchronous preganglionic input.

PMID- 2904773
TI  - Regulation of [3H]GABA release from strips of guinea pig urinary bladder.
AB  - The presence of receptors that regulate the release of gamma-aminobutyric acid
      (GABA) was studied in strips of the guinea pig urinary bladder. GABA (10(-8)-10(
      5) M) and muscimol (10(-8)-10(-5) M), but not baclofen (10(-5) M), reduced the
      Ca2+-dependent, tetrodotoxin-resistant release of [3H]GABA evoked by high K+ from
      the urinary bladder strips preloaded with [3H]GABA. The inhibitory effect of
      muscimol was antagonized by bicuculline and potentiated by diazepam, clonazepam,
      and pentobarbital sodium. The potentiating effect of clonazepam was antagonized
      by Ro 15-1788. Acetylcholine (ACh) inhibited the high K+-evoked release of
      [3H]GABA. The inhibitory effect of ACh was antagonized by atropine sulfate and
      pirenzepine but not by hexamethonium. Norepinephrine (NE) inhibited the evoked
      release of [3H]GABA. The inhibitory effect of NE was mimicked by clonidine, but
      not by phenylephrine, and was antagonized by yohimbine but not by prazosin. These
      results provide evidence that the release of GABA from strips of guinea pig
      urinary bladder is regulated via the bicuculline-sensitive GABAA receptor, M1
      muscarinic, and alpha 2-adrenergic receptors.

PMID- 2904776
TI  - Double-blind comparison of loratadine (SCH 29851), astemizole, and placebo in hay
      fever with special regard to onset of action.
AB  - In this double-blind study, 65 patients with hay fever were treated for 14 days
      with either loratadine 10 mg once daily, astemizole 10 mg once daily, or placebo.
      On the third day of treatment loratadine was statistically superior to placebo,
      but astemizole and placebo showed no significant differences according to the
      ratings for symptomatology, efficacy, and individual symptoms. Adverse effects
      were minimal and did not differ between the three groups. Loratadine had a
      significantly earlier onset of action than astemizole with comparable efficacy
      and safety.

PMID- 2904775
TI  - Effects of cimaterol, a beta-adrenergic agonist, on energy metabolism in ob/ob
      mice.
AB  - Cimaterol when added to the diets for 3 or 9 wk stimulated whole animal energy
      expenditure and brown adipose tissue thermogenic activity comparably in
      genetically obese (ob/ob) and lean mice; however, ob/ob mice fed diets containing
      140 or 280 micrograms cimaterol/kcal failed to increase energy intake as much as
      lean mice. Consequently, the efficiency of energy retention was actually lower in
      ob/ob mice fed diets containing cimaterol than in similarly treated lean mice.
      Cimaterol stimulated skeletal muscle gain in ob/ob mice, although at no point did
      final hindlimb muscle weight of ob/ob mice equal that of lean mice.
      Hyperinsulinemia was abolished in ob/ob mice fed diets containing cimaterol even
      though plasma corticosterone concentrations remained elevated. We conclude that
      cimaterol has greater effects on energy balance and plasma insulin, but not on
      skeletal muscle accretion, in ob/ob mice than in lean mice.

PMID- 2904777
TI  - Controversies in pulmonary medicine. Patients with COPD should be started
      initially on anticholinergic bronchodilators.

PMID- 2904778
TI  - Attenuation of bronchofiberscopy-induced cough by an inhaled beta 2-adrenergic
      agonist, fenoterol.
AB  - We investigated the antitussive effect of fenoterol in 40 patients (34 males)
      undergoing bronchofiberscopy for diagnostic purposes. The patients were randomly
      allocated into two groups, one receiving two puffs (400 micrograms) of fenoterol
      and the other two puffs of placebo, from a metered-dose inhaler in a double-blind
      fashion. The following procedure was used: premedication with 0.5 mg atropine
      sulfate and 100 mg hydroxyzine administered intramuscularly; 50 min later,
      aerosol administration; 10 min after aerosol administration, a standardized
      topical anesthesia was performed. As soon as the bronchofiberscope had entered
      the trachea, sounds were recorded for a 5-min period, while the tracheobronchial
      tree was systematically inspected. Additional lidocaine (2% solution, 2 ml
      boluses) was injected into the airways if troublesome cough occurred. The two
      groups did not differ significantly in terms of age, sex ratio, and smoking
      history. In contrast, both the number of coughs and the volume (ml) of additional
      lidocaine were significantly smaller in the fenoterol group than in the placebo
      group: m +/- SEM: 35.0 +/- 5.5 versus 51.6 +/- 6.5, p less than 0.01 and 1.9 +/-
      0.5 versus 3.3 +/- 0.4, p less than 0.01, respectively. Thus, fenoterol exhibits
      antitussive properties and can usefully be administered before bronchofiberscopy.

PMID- 2904779
TI  - Bacterial adherence. Adhesin receptor-mediated attachment of pathogenic bacteria
      to mucosal surfaces.
AB  - Pathogenic bacteria adhere to and colonize mucosal surfaces of the susceptible
      host in a highly selective manner. After the organisms penetrate the nonspecific
      mechanical and cleansing forces, ligands (or adhesins) on the surface of the
      bacteria interact in a lock-and-key fashion with complementary receptors on
      mucosal surfaces of the host. The adhesins are usually composed of proteins in
      the form of fimbriae or fibrillae and the receptors of glycolipids or
      glycoproteins. At the epithelial cell surfaces, two classic examples of bacterial
      adherence are the lipoteichoic acid-mediated attachments of group A streptococcal
      and the type 1 fimbriae-mediated attachment of Escherichia coli. In group A
      streptococci, the adhesin, lipoteichoic acid (LTA), is anchored to a protein(s)
      on the surface of the bacterial cells and interacts through its lipid moiety with
      fibronectin molecules deposited on and bound to the epithelial cells. In type 1
      fimbriated E. coli, a minor 29-kDa protein located at the tip of the fimbriae
      interacts with D-mannose residues of glycoprotein receptors on host cells.
      Similar adhesin-receptor interactions have now been described for a number of
      pathogenic microbial agents, and undoubtedly play a central role in the early
      steps of the infectious process.

PMID- 2904780
TI  - [Vesical neuropathy in systemic vasculitis: 3 cases].
AB  - Bladder neuropathy was diagnosed in 3 patients with systemic vasculitis (temporal
      arteritis: 1 case; periarteritis nodosa: 2 cases). Clinical characteristics were:
      dysuria, diminished or abolished bladder sensation leading to indolent bladder
      retention. Urodynamic investigation showed hypotonic and underactive detrusor,
      increased detrusor compliance, hyposensitive bladder, and/or overactive urethral
      closure. Needle electrode examination showed signs of denervation of periurethral
      muscles; sacral evoked latencies were increased, favouring pudenal nerve
      alterations. Symptoms and urodynamic abnormalities resolved following
      corticosteroid therapy. Clinical and therapeutic implications of bladder
      neuropathy in necrotizing vasculitis are emphasized.

PMID- 2904781
TI  - [The role of infection in the precipitation of periarteritis nodosa].
AB  - Circulating immune complexes are thought to play an essential part in the
      pathogenesis of necrosing angiitis. This theory also allows a role to be
      attributed to certain infectious agents (viral, bacterial, parasitic) in the
      development of periarteritis nodosa (PAN). An infectious syndrome was found in
      all our 9 patients, aged 26 to 69 years, with histologically confirmed PAN:
      previous infection (over 15 days before hospital admission): otitis, hepatitis B,
      tonsillitis, ascaris (Case n.7), pulmonary tuberculosis, brucellosis,
      seropositivity for Chlamydia trachomatis (Case n.9), paratyphoid (Case n.5),
      seropositivity for Yersiniosis pseudo-tuberculosis (Case n.2), seropositivity for
      Chlamydia trachomatis (Cases 3 and 4), seropositivity for toxoplasmosis (Cases 4
      and 6), seropositivity for rubella (Case n.8). Recent infection (less than 15
      days before hospital admission): staphylococcus aureus septicaemia (Case n.1);
      Group A betahemolytic streptococcal urinary infection (Case n.2); Group A
      betahemolytic streptococcal otitis media; pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella
      septicaemia; enterococcal cystitis (Case n.4); progressive pulmonary tuberculosis
      (Case n.6), acinetobacter pneumonia (Case n.9). The HBs antigen was only found in
      one patient (Case n.6), who had an active hepatitis.

PMID- 2904782
TI  - Cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization and kindling: implications for the
      emergence of psychopathology and seizures.

PMID- 2904783
TI  - Plasma homovanillic acid as an index of central dopaminergic activity: studies in
      schizophrenic patients.
AB  - Despite the limitations of the dopamine hypothesis, compelling evidence remains
      that implicates dysfunction of CNS dopamine systems in the pathophysiology of
      schizophrenia. The longitudinal measurement of levels of plasma HVA has proved a
      useful tool in studying neuroleptic effects and has highlighted time-dependent
      effects as a potentially important facet of the mechanism of antipsychotic action
      of these drugs. Despite the good clinical correlates of plasma HVA levels,
      caution is needed in interpreting plasma levels of HVA with regard to CNS
      dopamine activity. The peripheral nervous system significantly contributes to
      levels of HVA that circulate in plasma. This issue is underscored by the fact
      that CSF HVA shows different neuroleptic response patterns than that seen in
      plasma. The administration of a peripherally acting MAO inhibitor to enhance the
      CNS "signal" in circulating levels of HVA does not resolve the "problem" of
      different CSF-plasma HVA neuroleptic response patterns. The possibility that
      mesocortical dopamine activity is reflected by CSF HVA is suggested by indirect
      evidence from clinical and preclinical studies. Future studies in which attempts
      are made at using both plasma and CSF HVA to enhance neurochemical and clinical
      correlates may help to advance our understanding of the contributions of specific
      CNS dopamine systems to schizophrenia.

PMID- 2904784
TI  - Neuroleptic binding to human brain receptors: relation to clinical effects.
AB  - Table 2 summarizes the potential clinical consequences of neurotransmitter
      receptor blockade by neuroleptics. These pharmacological effects of neuroleptics
      at receptors in brain and elsewhere in the body are likely responsible for
      therapeutic and certain adverse effects as well as some drug-drug interactions.
      Data presented here should allow the physician a rational basis for selecting
      neuroleptics to minimize these unwanted effects in patients.

PMID- 2904785
TI  - Dopamine neuronal tracts in schizophrenia: their pharmacology and in vivo glucose
      metabolism.

PMID- 2904786
TI  - Effects of acute and chronic neuroleptic treatment on the activity of midbrain
      dopamine neurons.
AB  - The preceding data suggest that the primary effect of repeated AD administration
      on most midbrain DA neurons is inactivation. This depolarization-induced
      cessation of spontaneous activity would appear to have a marked effect on both
      basal and stimulated DA release from nerve terminals in that several studies,
      using voltametric techniques, have now demonstrated DA release to be diminished
      under these conditions. These findings stand in marked contrast to the acute
      effects of ADs where biochemical techniques have been used to demonstrate a
      marked increase in the release of DA into projection areas. The combined effects
      of acute and repeated AD administration on midbrain DA cell activity may explain
      the delay in onset of both their therapeutic and neurological side effects.

PMID- 2904787
TI  - [Management of a subject with HIV positive serology].

PMID- 2904788
TI  - [Skin diseases caused by cold].

PMID- 2904789
TI  - [Selective control of different hypophysial secretions by long-lasting
      pharmacodynamic agents. Analogs of somatostatin and LHRH and long-lasting
      bromocriptine].
AB  - The biological activity of the natural somatostatin can be quantitatively and
      qualitatively altered by the substitution and/or the exclusion of some of its
      amino-acids. The most used synthetic analog, SMS 201-995, has a potent inhibiting
      effect on GH secretion, but is less effective on insulin and glucagon secretions.
      It is mainly used in Endocrinology for the treatment of acromegaly. It is also
      useful for inhibiting the inappropriate TSH secretion from a thyrotroph adenoma.
      The LH-RH agonists ast essentially by desensitizing the gonadotroph from the
      endogenous LH-RH. By sub-cutaneous, intra-muscular or nasal route, they allow to
      inhibit the gonadal functions in some hormone-dependent cancers and in true
      precocious puberty. More recently, they have been tested for the treatment of
      gonadotropic adenomas, where they may have sometimes a paradoxical effect. In
      combination with exogenous gonadotropins, they enhance the control of ovulation
      and are new valuable tools for IVF programs. Clinical studies with the LH-RH
      antagonists are just beginning. The long-acting bromocriptine affords a new
      alternative to the oral treatment of hyperprolactinaemia. Its suppressive effects
      lasts at least 35 days in normal subjects and 21 days in patients with
      macroprolactinomas.

PMID- 2904790
TI  - [Urinate more, with less alpha blockaders].

PMID- 2904791
TI  - [Neurotransmission and the lower urinary tract].
AB  - The neurotransmitter activity in the lower urinary tract is very complex. This
      paper reviews the main substances, known today, their agonists, antagonists,
      metabolic pathways and their action and discusses the site of action of
      neuropharmacological substances. The existence of a non-adrenergic, non
      cholinergic pathway, in parallel with the sympathetic adrenergic and the
      parasympathetic cholinergic pathways is thus clearly admitted.

PMID- 2904792
TI  - Selective sparing of NADPH-diaphorase neurons in neonatal hypoxia-ischemia.
AB  - Excitatory amino acids have been implicated in ischemic neuronal injury. To test
      this hypothesis in neonatal hypoxia-ischemia, lesions of the cortex and striatum
      were induced in 7-day-old rats by unilaterally ligating their carotid arteries
      and subjecting them to hypoxic conditions for 2 hours. Brains examined 1 week
      later demonstrated, within the regions of ischemic damage, a striking
      preservation of neurons that stained histochemically for nicotinamide adenine
      dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-d) activity. Concentrations of the
      neuropeptides somatostatin and neuropeptide Y, which colocalize in neurons
      containing NADPH-d, were unaffected in the areas of ischemic damage. The same
      pattern of injury with sparing of NADPH-d-reactive neurons was reproduced by
      focal microinfusion of the excitotoxin quinolinic acid, an endogenous N-methyl-d
      aspartate (NMDA) agonist, into the striatum. These results support the hypothesis
      that neonatal hypoxic-ischemic injury is mediated through excitatory transmitters
      acting at the NMDA receptor and that the NADPH-d-reactive neurons in the neonate
      are resistant to excitotoxic damage. This pattern of cell vulnerability is unique
      to the developing striatum and may relate to the distinct pathological appearance
      of the basal ganglia that follows neonatal asphyxia.

PMID- 2904793
TI  - Biochemical analysis of caudate nucleus biopsy samples from parkinsonian
      patients.
AB  - Biochemical analyses of caudate nucleus biopsy samples from patients with
      Parkinson's disease undergoing autologous adrenal transplantation were performed.
      Activity of the dopamine biosynthetic enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase, and
      concentrations of dopamine and its primary metabolite homovanillic acid were
      significantly greater than anticipated on the basis of previously published
      postmortem values. These data suggest that postmortem changes in various
      biochemical parameters of dopamine function are more rapid than has been
      generally appreciated. Further analysis of striatal biopsy samples may reveal
      predictive relationships between striatal indices of dopamine function and
      therapeutic response to adrenal transplantation.

PMID- 2904794
TI  - Dementia, parkinsonism, and motor neuron disease: neurochemical and
      neuropathological correlates.
AB  - The neurochemical markers for the major neurotransmitter systems were measured in
      the brain of a patient who died with a dementia-parkinsonism-motor neuron disease
      (DPMN) syndrome complex. Moderate neuronal loss in the substantia nigra,
      spongiform changes in the frontal cortex, and moderate anterior horn cell loss
      throughout the spinal cord were observed. A severe nigrostriatal dopamine
      deficiency provides the basis for the observed parkinsonian features. The
      dementia is unexplained.

PMID- 2904795
TI  - The overshoot effect of intracerebral transplants.

PMID- 2904797
TI  - Biogenesis of pili adhesins associated with urinary tract infectious Escherichia
      coli.

PMID- 2904796
TI  - The pathogenesis and immunology of Vibrio cholerae and Bordetella pertussis.

PMID- 2904798
TI  - Tissue interactions of Escherichia coli adhesins.

PMID- 2904799
TI  - Virulence functions and antigen variation in pathogenic Neisseriae.

PMID- 2904800
TI  - Virulence factors of Bordetella pertussis.
AB  - Clearly, B. pertussis has evolved very elaborate mechanisms to maintain itself in
      the human host. Three different proteins (FHA, pertussis toxin and fimbriae) have
      been implicated in adherence. Furthermore, a number of toxins are produced
      (pertussis toxin, adenylate cyclase, dermonecrotic toxin, and tracheal cytotoxin)
      which destroy the clearance mechanisms of the respiratory tract, or suppress the
      immune response. There is evidence that B. pertussis may survive intracellularly,
      and the possibility that it is a facultative intracellular parasite should
      certainly be explored. The availability of a large number of cloned virulence
      genes, and a system to construct well defined mutants by allelic exchange
      (Stibbitz et al. 1986) will greatly facilitate the study of Bordetella virulence
      factors at the molecular level. It opens the possibility to construct avirulent
      strains, which are still able to colonize and stimulate the local immune
      response. Such strains may be used as live, oral vaccines, to present
      (heterologous) antigens to the mucosal immune system of the respiratory tract.

PMID- 2904801
TI  - Nitrogen inhibition of mycotoxin production by Alternaria alternata.
AB  - Alternaria alternata produces the polyketides alternariol (AOH) and alternariol
      monomethyl ether (AME) during the stationary growth phase. Addition of 12 mM
      NaNO3 to the cultures before initiation of polyketide production reduced the AOH
      and AME content to 5 to 10% of that of controls. Glutamate and urea also reduced
      AOH and AME accumulation, whereas increasing the ionic strength did not affect
      the polyketide content. Adding NaNO3 after polyketide production had started did
      not inhibit further AOH accumulation, although over 90% of the added NO3-
      disappeared from the medium within 24 h. Activity of an AME-synthesizing enzyme,
      alternariol-O-methyltransferase (AOH-MT), appeared in control mycelia during the
      early stationary growth phase. No AOH-MT activity appeared in mycelia blocked in
      polyketide synthesis by addition of NaNO3. Later addition of NaNO3 reduced the
      AOH-MT specific activity to 50% of that of the control, whereas the total of
      activity per mycelium was the same. The AOH-MT activity in vitro was not affected
      by 100 mM NaNO3. The results suggest that nitrogen in some way inhibited the
      formation of active enzymes in the polyketide-synthesizing pathway in A.
      alternata when it was added before these enzymes were formed.

PMID- 2904802
TI  - New records of mosquito species (Diptera: Culicidae) in Romania.

PMID- 2904803
TI  - [Content of endocrine cells of the APUD-system of the lungs in cancer of that
      organ].
AB  - Pulmonary tissue samples were obtained from 17 patients operated on for cancer of
      the lungs. The samples were subjected to Grimelius argyrophil reaction to detect
      apud cells. These occurred in clusters and solitary cells in lung tissue adjacent
      to that involved with cancer. Numerous apud cells were found in 4 out of 12
      patients with squamous cell carcinoma and in 1 out of 5 patients with
      adenocarcinoma. Apud cell hyperplasia occurred more frequently in large tumors
      with metastases to the lymph nodes of the root of the lung.

PMID- 2904804
TI  - Systematic gene mapping in man: data management considerations.
AB  - The application of recombinant DNA technology to linkage analysis is
      revolutionizing the gene mapping field through the availability of an increasing
      number of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP). The successful
      mapping of the human genome will lead to a new era of research in human genetics
      with implications for carrier detection and prenatal diagnosis in any number of
      disorders. In addition, the development of RFLP tightly linked to a disease is
      critical for the potential identification of the genetic defect. A systematic
      approach to human gene mapping whereby it is possible to simultaneously screen
      several disorders for linkage is discussed. Guidelines for the database
      management, field studies, DNA and lymphoblast cell transformation, family
      history and laboratory data are included. This methodology represents the
      integration and application of statistical and molecular genetic, clinical and
      tissue culture expertise to human gene mapping.

PMID- 2904805
TI  - Protection of turkey poults from Bordetella avium infection and disease by pili
      and bacterins.
AB  - The role of pili in protection against Bordetella avium infection in turkey
      poults was studied. An isolate that produced the largest number of pili under
      growth conditions developed in our laboratory was used for preparation of pili
      and bacterin and for challenge. The pili were isolated, purified, examined by
      electron microscopy, and tested for purity by gel electrophoresis. Poults were
      vaccinated with oil-adjuvant pili, formaldehyde- or merthiolate-inactivated
      bacterins, or a commercial bacterin. Poults were vaccinated once or twice
      subcutaneously at different ages and challenged intranasally with a pathogenic B.
      avium isolate 5 days following the last vaccination. A few vaccinated birds had
      very mild clinical signs. B. avium was isolated from the sinuses of a few
      vaccinated birds, and growth was scanty. The mean colony counts from tracheal
      sections was significantly higher (P less than 0.1) in unvaccinated challenged
      poults than in vaccinated challenged poults. It is postulated that B. avium pili
      are important immunogens in turkey poults.

PMID- 2904806
TI  - Diversity of pilus subunits of Escherichia coli isolated from avian species.
AB  - Pili from 69 avian isolates of Escherichia coli from six diagnostic laboratories
      in the United States were characterized. Three new pilus types were identified in
      addition to the three types previously described. A majority of the E. coli
      isolates (53.6%) examined expressed the classical type 1 pili.

PMID- 2904807
TI  - Relationship between prostaglandin synthesis and release of acidic amino acid
      neurotransmitters.
AB  - The importance of glutamate as an excitatory neurotransmitter in the central
      nervous system has become increasingly clear. However, the presynaptic mechanism
      of amino acid neurotransmitter release does not appear to be consistent with
      existing models. A major source of controversy has been the finding that a
      significant amount of the amino acid release evoked by membrane depolarization is
      calcium-independent. It is often implied that this component of release is of
      cytosolic origin and subserves no neurotransmitter function. In this report, an
      alternative model is presented which suggests that the depolarization-induced
      movement of calcium ions into the nerve terminal acts, simultaneously, to
      stimulate the release of acidic amino acid neurotransmitters from both a
      vesicular and cytosolic compartment. According to this model, the influx of
      calcium may indirectly stimulate the biosynthesis of prostaglandins which lower
      the plasma membrane potential and reverse the electrogenic transport of amino
      acids to cause a net efflux. Such a mechanism could explain how the vesicular and
      cytosolic neurotransmitter pools of release are functionally related.

PMID- 2904808
TI  - Synthesis and nucleophilic reactivity of a series of glutathione analogues,
      modified at the gamma-glutamyl moiety.
AB  - A series of GSH analogues with modifications at the gamma-glutamyl moiety was
      synthesized and purified by following peptide chemistry methodology. Benzyl,
      benzyloxycarbonyl and t-butyloxycarbonyl protective groups were used to protect
      individual amino acid functional groups. The formation of peptide bonds was
      accomplished through coupling of free amino groups with active esters, generated
      by reaction of the carboxylate functions with dicyclohexylcarbodi-imide and 1
      hydroxybenzotriazole. The protecting groups in the tripeptides were removed in a
      single step by using Na in liquid NH3. Precautions were taken in order to prevent
      oxidation of the thiol function in the cysteine residue. Thus GSH analogues
      containing both L- and D-glutamic acid and L- and D-aspartic acid, coupled to
      cysteinylglycine through both the alpha- and the omega-carboxylate group, were
      synthesized. Also, decarboxy-GSH and deamino-GSH, lacking one functional group in
      the glutamate moiety, were prepared. The spontaneous non-enzyme-catalysed
      nucleophilic reaction of these GSH analogues with the electrophilic model
      substrate 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene showed appreciable rate differences,
      indicating the importance of intramolecular interactions in determining the
      nucleophilic reactivity of the thiol function in the cysteine residue. In
      particular, the free amino group in the gamma-L-glutamic acid residue appears to
      play a crucial role in activating the thiol group in GSH. In an adjacent paper
      [Adang, Brussee, Meyer, Coles, Ketterer, van der Gen & Mulder (1988) Biochem. J.
      255, 721-724] these results are compared with those obtained in a study on the
      ability of these GSH analogues to act as a co-substrate in the glutathione S
      transferase-catalysed conjugation reaction with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene.

PMID- 2904809
TI  - Substrate specificity of rat liver glutathione S-transferase isoenzymes for a
      series of glutathione analogues, modified at the gamma-glutamyl moiety.
AB  - The substrate specificity of purified rat liver glutathione S-transferases (GSTs)
      for a series of gamma-glutamyl-modified GSH analogues was investigated. GST
      isoenzyme 3-3 catalysed the conjugation of 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene with six
      out of the nine analogues. alpha-L-Glu-L-Cys-Gly and alpha-D-Glu-L-Cys-Gly showed
      catalytic efficiencies of 40% and 130% that of GSH respectively. The GSH analogue
      with an alpha-D-glutamyl moiety appeared to be a highly isoenzyme-3-3-specific co
      substrate: kcat./Km with GST isoenzyme 4-4 was only about 5% that with GST
      isoenzyme 3-3, and no enzymic activity was detectable with GST isoenzymes 1-1 and
      2-2. GST isoenzyme 4-4 showed some resemblance to GST 3-3: five out of nine co
      substrate analogues were accepted by this second isoenzyme of the Mu multigene
      family. Isoenzymes 1-1 and 2-2, of the Alpha multigene family, accepted only two
      alternative co-substrates, which indicates that their GSH-binding site is much
      more specific.

PMID- 2904810
TI  - In situ hybridization patterns of zebrafish homeobox genes homologous to Hox-2.1
      and En-2 of mouse.
AB  - Vertebrate homeobox genes have been identified on the basis of sequence homology
      to Drosophila segmentation and homeotic genes. We have analyzed the spatial
      distribution patterns in hatching larvae of transcripts from two different types
      of zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio) homeobox genes. Tritiated DNA fragments from one
      zebrafish gene (ZF-21) of the Antennapedia-class and one (ZF-EN) of the engrailed
      type were used as probes to detect transcripts in larval tissue sections. Both
      zebrafish genes are expressed mainly in spatially restricted regions of the
      central nervous system. The transcripts from ZF-21 was detected in the posterior
      part of the hindbrain, and ZF-EN was found to be most intensively expressed in a
      restricted domain located in the region of the junction between the mid- and
      hindbrain. These neural expression patterns are very similar to those of the
      homologous murine genes Hox-2.1 and En-2 and clearly suggest a strong functional
      conservation.

PMID- 2904811
TI  - H2O2 activates CD11b/CD18-dependent cell adhesion.
AB  - Treatment of monoblastoid U-937 cells with low concentrations of H2O2 caused
      adhesion of the cells to plastic. The H2O2 induced adhesion was rapid with a t1/2
      of congruent to 6 min and was optimally stimulated by 100 microM H2O2 with an
      ED50 of congruent to 50 microM. The response to H2O2 closely resembled the
      adhesive response of U-937 cells to phorbol esters in its time dependency,
      requirement for extracellular Mg2+ and inhibition by cytochalasin B as well as
      inhibition by monoclonal antibodies against the leucocyte adhesion molecules
      CD11b and CD18. Phorbol ester treatment of U-937 cells stimulated the
      phosphorylation of at least three endogenous substrates, pp28, pp34 and pp43, of
      which pp28 and pp43 also responded to H2O2-treatment with increased 32P
      incorporation. The results suggest that H2O2 might be a physiological modulator
      of leucocyte adhesion, possibly operating by activating protein kinase C.

PMID- 2904812
TI  - Reduction of enzyme activity of tyrosine hydroxylase and aromatic L-aminoacid
      decarboxylase in clonal pheochromocytoma PC12h cells by carcinogenic heterocyclic
      amines.
AB  - Out of carcinogenic heterocyclic amines, which are produced by pyrolysis of
      tryptophan in food, 3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole (Trp-P-1) and 3
      amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole (Trp-P-2) were found to reduce the activity
      of enzymes related to catecholamine metabolism in clonal rat pheochromocytoma
      PC12h cells. By 6 days' culture in the presence of 10 nM to 10 microM Typ-P-1 and
      -2, these heterocyclic amines were accumulated in the cells, and activity of
      tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and aromatic L-aminoacid decarboxylase (AADC) were
      reduced markedly. Reduction of these enzyme activity was observed with Trp-P-1
      and -2 at the concentrations lower than 1 microM, while cell protein and enzyme
      activity of a non-specific enzyme, beta-galactosidase were reduced only with 10
      microM Trp-P-1. These results show that these heterocyclic amines are neurotoxins
      specific for dopaminergic neurons.

PMID- 2904814
TI  - Characterization and regulation by protein kinase C of renal glomerular atrial
      natriuretic peptide receptor-coupled guanylate cyclase.
AB  - The nature and regulation of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)-sensitive guanylate
      cyclase in rat renal glomerular membranes was examined. By affinity crosslinking
      techniques, three bands with apparent molecular masses of 180, 130 and 64 kDa
      were specifically labeled with [125I]ANP. A specific antibody to the 180 kDa
      membrane guanylate cyclase of rat adrenocortical carcinoma recognized a 180 kDa
      band on Western blot analysis of solubilized, GTP-affinity purified glomerular
      membrane proteins. The same antibody completely inhibited ANP-stimulated
      guanylate cyclase activity in glomerular membrane fractions. Partially purified
      protein kinase C inhibited ANP-stimulated guanylate cyclase activity in
      glomerular membrane fractions. It is concluded that a 180 kDa ANP-sensitive
      guanylate cyclase is present in glomerular membranes, and that this enzyme is
      inhibited directly by protein kinase C.

PMID- 2904813
TI  - Mass measurements of inositol(1,4,5)trisphosphate in rat cerebral cortex slices
      using a radioreceptor assay: effects of neurotransmitters and depolarization.
AB  - The specific binding of [3H] and [32P]Ins(1,4,5)P3 to a particulate preparation
      of bovine adrenal cortex has been used as a radioreceptor assay to determine the
      concentration of Ins(1,4,5)P3 in agonist- and depolarization-stimulated rat
      cerebral cortex slices. The resting concentration of Ins(1,4,5)P3 in slices that
      had been preincubated in a physiological medium was 18.8 +/- 2.6 pmol/mg prot.
      Carbachol evoked a rapid and dose-related increase in the concentration of
      Ins(1,4,5)P3. Maximal stimulation (80%) was already seen at the earliest point
      (10 sec) examined and was maintained for at least 5 min. The EC50 for carbachol
      was 75 +/- 17 microM and the response was totally suppressed by the muscarinic
      antagonist atropine. A direct comparison in the same slices was made between mass
      determinations and [3H]Ins(1,4,5)P3 and [3H]Ins(1,3,4)P3 accumulation determined
      by h.p.l.c. Although an identical time course was observed for cold and
      radiolabelled Ins(1,4,5)P3, the greater stimulation of [3H]Ins(1,4,5)P3 may
      indicate changes in specific radioactivity. Of a variety of other receptor
      agonists studied, only the glutamate receptor agonist quisqualate, and
      noradrenaline significantly increased the mass of Ins(1,4,5)P3 in cerebral
      cortical slices. However, depolarizing concentrations of K+ were as effective as
      carbachol at elevating this second messenger.

PMID- 2904815
TI  - 3-Deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate-8-phosphate synthase catalyzes the C-O bond cleavage
      of phosphoenolpyruvate.
AB  - The mechanism of 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate-8-phosphate (KDO8P) synthase was
      investigated. When [18O]-PEP specifically labeled in the enolic oxygen is a
      substrate for KDO8P synthase, the 18O is recovered in Pi. This indicates that the
      KDO8P synthase reaction proceeds with C-O bond cleavage of PEP similar to that
      observed in the 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate synthase catalyzed
      condensation of PEP and erythrose-4-phosphate (1). No evidence for a covalent
      enzyme-PEP intermediate could be obtained. No [32P]-Pi exchange into PEP nor
      scrambling of bridge 18O to non-bridging positions in [18O]-PEP was observed in
      the presence or absence of arabinose-5-phosphate or its analog ribose-5
      phosphate. Bromopyruvate inactivated KDO8P synthase in a time dependent process.
      It is likely that bromopyruvate reacts with a functional group at the PEP binding
      site since PEP, but not arabinose-5-phosphate, protects against inactivation.

PMID- 2904816
TI  - Inhibitory action of tumor-promoting phorbol esters upon beta-adrenergic agonist
      stimulation of cyclic AMP accumulation in rat prostatic epithelial cells.
AB  - The pretreatment of rat prostatic epithelial cells with 4 beta-phorbol 12
      myristate 13-acetate resulted in an attenuation of beta-adrenergic stimulated
      cyclic AMP accumulation. The effect was dependent on time and concentration. The
      maximal extent of isoproterenol stimulation of cyclic AMP production was reduced
      by 35% after 15-min pretreatment with the phorbol ester at 25 degrees C. Since a
      similar action was exerted by other protein kinase C stimulators, present results
      suggest the involvement of this enzyme in a process of desensitization to beta
      adrenergic agonists of the adenylate cyclase system in rat prostatic epithelium.

PMID- 2904817
TI  - Effect of styrene and other alkyl benzene derivatives on oxidation of FAD- and
      NAD-linked substrates in rat liver mitochondria.
AB  - The effect on energetic metabolism of rat liver mitochondria (RLM) of styrene and
      other aliphatic benzene derivatives, i.e. toluene, ethylbenzene, alpha
      methylstyrene and butylbenzene, is studied. It is shown that these compounds
      uncouple oxidative phosphorylation and this effect is connected with the
      stimulation of passive entry of protons into mitochondria. The relationship
      between hydrophobicity of these compounds and their biological activity and
      mechanism of uncoupling effect are discussed.

PMID- 2904818
TI  - Effects of pharmacological manipulations on basal and newly synthesized levels of
      GABA, glutamate, aspartate and glutamine in mouse brain cortex.
AB  - Concentrations of basal and newly synthesized inhibitory (gamma-aminobutyric
      acid, GABA) and excitatory (glutamate and aspartate) neurotransmitter amino acids
      and glutamine were determined in mouse brain cortex. Isotopic enrichment
      following an intravenous infusion of a stable-labeled precursor, [13C6]D-glucose,
      was used to estimate the newly synthesized amino acid content. Effects of various
      pharmacological agents (valproate, aminooxyacetic acid, 3-mercaptopropionic acid,
      N-methyl-D-aspartate, and 2-amino-7-phosphonohepatanoic acid) were evaluated. The
      effects of 3-mercaptopropionic acid (an inhibitor of glutamate decarboxylase, a
      GABA-synthesizing enzyme) were restricted to the GABAergic system. On the other
      hand, N-methyl-D-aspartate (an agonist of a glutamate receptor subtype) was
      selective for the glutamate-glutamine system, and its effects were prevented by
      its selective antagonist, 2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid. In some cases,
      divergent effects were observed on basal and new amino acids. This suggested that
      basal and new amino acids may represent different compartments. The
      anticonvulsant drug valproate caused an increase in basal but a decrease in newly
      synthesized GABA. Aminooxyacetic acid caused a dramatic increase in basal GABA
      without affecting the newly synthesized GABA. This approach may be useful in
      studying compartmentation and fluxes of neurotransmitters.

PMID- 2904819
TI  - A 31P-NMR study of the acute effects of altered beta-adrenoceptor stimulation on
      the bioenergetics of skeletal muscle during contraction.
AB  - The effects of acute administration of a beta-adrenoceptor agonist (isoprenaline)
      or antagonist (propranolol) on skeletal muscle contraction and metabolism in the
      rat have been studied in vivo using 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
      and conventional metabolite analysis. In resting muscle, isoprenaline caused a
      three-fold increase in cyclic AMP concentration, whereas propranolol decreased
      cyclic AMP concentration by 40%. Isometric contraction of gastrocnemius muscle at
      a frequency of 4 Hz was caused by supramaximal sciatic nerve stimulation. Altered
      beta-adrenoceptor stimulation had no effect on contractile performance at any
      time during the 30 min stimulation period. During the initial stimulation period
      (0-4 min) intracellular pH decreased to significantly lower values in the
      isoprenaline-treated animals (6.24 +/- 0.03) compared to either the control (6.44
      +/- 0.08) or propranolol-treated (6.42 +/- 0.08) groups. During the subsequent
      stimulation period (after 15-30 min stimulation at 4 Hz), pH recovered in all
      experimental groups to values greater than 6.90 and phosphocreatine concentration
      achieved a constant level at 35-40% of resting values. Calculation of free ADP
      concentrations using 31P-NMR determined metabolite concentrations and the
      creatine phosphokinase equilibrium showed that at similar tension development,
      [ADP]free varied between the three experimental groups; with the lowest (47 +/- 4
      microM) and highest (73 +/- 4 microM) values being calculated for the beta
      adrenoceptor agonist- and antagonist-treated groups respectively. Upon
      termination of stimulation, recovery of phosphocreatine concentration to pre
      stimulation values was rapid and similar in all experimental groups. However,
      gastrocnemius muscle ATP concentration, determined by 31P-NMR and analysis of
      freeze-clamped muscle, was lower in the isoprenaline-treated group. This study
      has shown that although altered beta-adrenoceptor stimulation had no effect on
      contractile performance, significant changes in muscle metabolism were observed
      in vivo; these effects are discussed with respect to the role of beta
      adrenoceptors in skeletal muscle.

PMID- 2904820
TI  - The effect of chronic ethanol feeding on body and plasma composition and rates of
      skeletal muscle protein turnover in the rat.
AB  - (1) Sexually immature and mature rats were fed a nutritionally-complete liquid
      diet or isovolumetric quantities of the same diet in which 36% of the calories as
      glucose were substituted by isocaloric ethanol. (2) After 6 weeks ethanol
      feeding, significant reductions in body weight (approx. 15%) occurred in both
      groups of rats. In immature rats there were significant reductions (7-21%) in
      bone, gastrocnemius, liver, and skin weights. The total skeletal muscle mass was
      reduced by 20%. Lung and kidney weights were not significantly altered. In mature
      rats smaller decreases in organ weights were found, which were only significant
      for skeletal muscle and skin. The gastrocnemius protein content was significantly
      reduced in immature but not in mature rats. Plasma protein concentrations were
      unaltered in both groups. (3) Plasma aspartate aminotransaminase, gamma glutamyl
      transferase and creatine kinase activities in immature and mature rats were not
      significantly altered by ethanol feeding, but there were increases in plasma
      alkaline phosphatase activities in immature, but not in mature, rats. Plasma
      glucose was slightly raised by ethanol feeding in immature but not mature rats.
      Plasma triglycerides and insulin were unaltered in both groups of rats. (4)
      Protein synthesis was measured with a flooding dose of L[4(3)H]-phenylalanine.
      Rates of protein breakdown were calculated from the difference between synthesis
      and growth. Fractional and absolute rates of skeletal muscle protein synthesis
      were reduced by 13-30% by ethanol treatment, in immature and mature rats.
      Fractional rates of protein breakdown were also reduced by ethanol, by 13 and 19%
      in immature and mature rats, respectively.

PMID- 2904821
TI  - Constipation: etiologies and management.

PMID- 2904822
TI  - Regulation of biotin enzymes.

PMID- 2904823
TI  - Vasoactive responses of a human cystic artery: adrenoceptor characterization.
AB  - 1. The pharmacology of various agonists and antagonists was studied in the human
      isolated cystic artery. 2. The estimated pA2s for the alpha 1-adrenoceptor
      antagonist prazosin against the alpha-adrenoceptor agonists phenylephrine, alpha
      methylnoradrenaline and noradrenaline were not significantly different. Similar
      results were seen for estimated pA2s of the alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist
      yohimbine against these same agonists. Equivalent responses to exogenous
      noradrenaline and to transmural electrical stimulation were blocked to the same
      degree by an antagonist with alpha 1-adrenoceptor blocking properties (prazosin).
      Responses to transmural electrical stimulation, however, tended to be more
      resistant than equivalent responses to exogenous noradrenaline to blockade by
      antagonists with alpha 2-adrenoceptor blocking properties (phentolamine,
      yohimbine). 3. Relaxation to isoprenaline was observed in partially contracted
      arterial strips using isoprenaline concentrations of up to 10(-6) M, but
      cumulative addition of higher concentrations of isoprenaline sometimes then
      evoked a contraction from the relaxation nadir. The relaxation effect of
      isoprenaline was antagonized by propranolol (10(-5) M). 4. These findings suggest
      the human cystic artery has almost exclusively alpha 1-adrenoceptors
      postjunctionally, although prejunctional alpha 2-adrenoceptors may be present;
      and, it also has some postjunctional beta-adrenoceptors which mediate relaxation.

PMID- 2904824
TI  - Blocking of histamine-induced conjunctivitis by the oral antihistamine,
      astemizole.
AB  - When histamine is applied topically to the eye it produces stinging and
      inflammation of the caruncle and bulbar and palpebral conjunctiva. This model has
      been employed in the present study to assess the ability of an oral
      antihistamine, astemizole, to attenuate the irritation and inflammatory signs.
      Astemizole 30 mg, taken orally once daily for 1 week, considerably lessened the
      stinging and significantly lowered the signs of inflammation caused by topically
      applied histamines.

PMID- 2904825
TI  - A comparison of bisoprolol and atenolol in the treatment of mild to moderate
      hypertension.
AB  - 1. Fourteen patients (mean age 56.0, range 37-61 years; eight females) with mild
      essential hypertension (DBP greater than 90 mm Hg on placebo) completed a
      randomised, double-blind placebo controlled crossover study comparing the
      hypotensive effects of bisoprolol (10-20 mg) and atenolol (50-100 mg) each taken
      once daily. 2. Bisoprolol had a significantly greater antihypertensive effect
      than atenolol, reducing sitting blood pressures by 15.9 mm Hg (diastolic) and
      21.9 mm Hg (systolic) compared with placebo. Corresponding figures for atenolol
      were 10.7 and 5.7 mm Hg respectively. Bisoprolol reduced standing blood pressures
      by 15.9 mm Hg (diastolic) and 22.8 mm Hg (systolic) compared with 7.3 and 8.6 mm
      Hg respectively for atenolol. 3. Examination of the pharmacokinetic data showed
      that bisoprolol had a median elimination half-life of 11.2 h during chronic
      dosing, compared with 6.4 h for atenolol. For bisoprolol, the median clearance
      fell from 264 ml min-1 after a single dose to 212 ml min-1 during chronic dosing,
      although clinically significant accumulation would not be expected during chronic
      administration. 4. Overall, the results suggest that bisoprolol may be a more
      effective antihypertensive agent than atenolol but larger studies are necessary
      to confirm these findings.

PMID- 2904826
TI  - Effect of cicloprolol in intraocular pressure in healthy volunteers.
AB  - Two oral doses of cicloprolol (50 mg and 100 mg), a beta 1-adrenoceptor partial
      agonist, were administered to nine healthy volunteers in a double-blind placebo
      controlled study. Intraocular pressure (IOP) and exercise heart rate were reduced
      while the resting heart rate and blood pressure remained unchanged. The responses
      to the two different doses of cicloprolol were similar.

PMID- 2904828
TI  - [Conditions of activation of guanylate cyclase from human platelets].
AB  - Preincubation (50 min, 0 degree C) with nitroprusside increases 12-fold the
      activity of human platelet guanylate cyclase. The stimulating effect of
      nitroprusside is enhanced two-fold by dithiothreitol (2 mM) and by 60% by
      hemoglobin (20 micrograms/ml). Storage of guanylate cyclase preparations (105000
      g supernatant) for 2-3 days at 4 degrees C causes a progressive increase of the
      enzyme activity and diminishes the stimulating effect of nitroprusside. After
      storage of guanylate cyclase preparations for 3 days, hemoglobin (20
      micrograms/ml) augments the stimulating effect of nitroprusside by 130%. It is
      concluded that the degree of activation of guanylate cyclase by nitroprusside
      reflects the functional state of the enzyme.

PMID- 2904827
TI  - Effects of H2-receptor antagonists on ethanol metabolism in Japanese volunteers.
AB  - The effects of H2-receptor antagonists (cimetidine, ranitidine, and famotidine)
      on ethanol metabolism were investigated. Neither in aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH)
      1 deficient subjects nor in those with normal ALDH-1, did the three H2-receptor
      antagonists and placebo differ in their effects on the pharmacokinetic parameters
      of ethanol (i.e. peak time (tmax), metabolic rate (k0), peak serum concentration
      (Cmax), volume of distribution (V) and area under the concentration-time curve
      (AUC). The AUC of acetaldehyde was slightly but significantly (P less than 0.05)
      larger only after treatment with cimetidine. Cmax and tmax of acetaldehyde were
      unchanged.

PMID- 2904829
TI  - Development and functions of the cytoskeleton during ciliogenesis in metazoa.
AB  - The different steps of ciliogenesis occurring in quail oviduct were compared to
      the ciliogenesis pattern described in other metazoan species. Centrioles are
      generated according to pathways that are found within the same cell: the
      centriolar and the acentriolar pathways. In the acentriolar pathway, centrioles
      are generated in the Golgi area, without contact with the preexisting centrioles
      of the centrosomes, and they migrate toward the apical membrane. The control of
      this polarized migration was studied by means of several drugs (colchicine,
      nocodazol, taxol, cytochalasin D, benzodiazepines) and immunocytochemistry. It
      was suggested that an actin-myosin system was involved in the migration of
      centrioles, whereas labile microtubules were not necessary. Basal bodies must
      dock with plasma membrane or cytoplasmic vesicles for the initiation of axonemal
      microtubule polymerization. This signal is necessary even in the presence of
      taxol.

PMID- 2904830
TI  - Leucopenia in rheumatoid arthritis: relationship to gold or sulphasalazine
      therapy.
AB  - Leucopenia is one of the most worrying of the many toxic effects of second-line
      drug therapy for rheumatoid arthritis, and much time and energy is expended in
      screening for it. Sulphasalazine (SASP) is generally claimed to be safer than
      some alternative second-line drugs but the reported incidence of leucopenia has
      varied widely. We have examined, retrospectively, all records of blood counts
      before, during and after treatment in 326 SASP treated patients and in 213 on
      gold. Leucopenia on at least one occasion occurred in up to 10% of patients on
      both drugs but usually recovered spontaneously in spite of continued therapy.
      'Serious' leucopenia leading directly to drug withdrawal was a rare event
      occurring in only one SASP patient and in two patients receiving gold treatment.
      Most episodes of leucopenia do not require drug withdrawal and may not be drug
      related.

PMID- 2904831
TI  - Are slow-acting antirheumatic drugs being given earlier in rheumatoid arthritis?

PMID- 2904832
TI  - [Use of DNA analysis in the prevention of progressive muscular dystrophies].

PMID- 2904833
TI  - [Electron microscopy study of relations between prolongations of dopaminergic
      amacrine cells and blood vessels in the rat retina].
AB  - This immunohistochemical study by electron microscopy has shown the presence of
      tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive processes in more or less close contact with
      capillaries located in the two plexiform layers of the rat retina. These results,
      as compared to the literature on the innervation of small blood vessels in the
      brain, suggest that a dopaminergic innervation is modulating the retinal
      capillaries' vasomotricity.

PMID- 2904834
TI  - Human antibody response to outer membrane proteins and fimbriae of Haemophilus
      influenzae type b.
AB  - We investigated the prevalence of antibodies in childrens' sera directed against
      outer membrane proteins (OMP) and fimbriae of Haemophilus influenzae type b.
      Invasive isolates of H. influenzae type b were enriched for fimbriae production;
      OMP and fimbriae were resolved by SDS-PAGE. After blotting to nitrocellulose, the
      proteins were incubated with homologous patient sera or with sera from healthy
      children. IgG antibodies bound to OMP were detected by immunoperoxidase staining.
      Immunoblotting was also performed using purified, nondenatured fimbriae as
      antigen. Nine of the 10 patients studied had antibodies in the acute serum
      directed against one or more of the OMP. Neither the acute nor the convalescent
      serum of the remaining patient contained antibodies against OMP. Antibodies
      against a greater number of OMP were present in the convalescent serum, in
      comparison to the acute serum, in 4 of the 10 patients. Five of 10 patients had
      antibodies against the purified fimbriae of an unrelated invasive isolate in
      either the acute or the convalescent serum. Acute sera from patients more
      frequently contained antibodies directed against OMP 60K (p less than or equal to
      0.01) and OMP 51K (p less than or equal to 0.003) compared with the sera of
      healthy controls. In contrast, the sera of healthy children more frequently
      contained antibodies directed against OMP 40K (p less than or equal to 0.04).
      Sera from both patients and controls contained antibodies against commensal
      Haemophilus. We conclude that although antibodies against OMP are commonly
      present in healthy children, antibodies against certain OMP may be markers for
      susceptibility or protection.

PMID- 2904835
TI  - Quantitative morphometric comparison between the expression of two different
      "marker enzymes" in preneoplastic liver lesions induced in rats with low doses of
      N-nitrosodiethanolamine.
AB  - Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with low doses of N-nitrosodiethanolamine
      (NDELA) (0.2, 0.63, 1.5, 6 and 25 mg/kg body wt per day). Foci of altered
      hepatocytes developed at all dose levels. The extent of foci positive for gamma
      glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GT), as demonstrated histochemically in frozen
      sections, was quantitated morphometrically and compared with the data obtained
      earlier in the same livers by measuring the extent of foci positive for glucose-6
      phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH). The area density of foci positive for gamma-GT
      was much smaller than that of foci positive for G6PDH at all dose levels and time
      points studied. However, there was an increase in the area density of both gamma
      GT- and G6PDH-positive foci proportionally to the time of treatment and the total
      dose of the carcinogen administered. The dose-time relation for the induction of
      0.5% gamma-GT positive liver tissue assessed as a double logarithmic plot gives a
      straight line. The same holds true for the induction of 1% G6PDH-positive liver
      tissue. The slopes of these straight lines are identical, and they have the same
      characteristics as the line indicating the time when 50% of the animals developed
      liver tumors at higher doses. Thus, a close statistical correlation of enzyme
      altered hepatic foci and the development of hepatocellular tumor exists
      irrespective of the absolute amount of the area density of the respective foci.

PMID- 2904836
TI  - Human renal carcinoma: asparagine independence with asparaginase susceptibility
      in culture.
AB  - A human renal carcinoma cell line (Caki-1) was examined for asparagine (Asn)
      dependence and susceptibility to Escherichia coli asparaginase. Because this
      enzyme hydrolyzes glutamine (Gln) as well as Asn, even though at only 2-3% the
      rate, Asn- Gln+ and Asn- Gln- media were prepared. Only the former supported Caki
      growth. The Asn- Gln- medium was then repleted with Asn, Gln, or both. Although
      Asn repletion failed to promote growth, addition of Gln alone or the combination
      supported growth as well as complete medium. With [3H]leucine and [3H]mannose
      incorporation to indicate protein and glycoprotein synthesis, respectively, the
      Gln repleted medium supported these processes as well as complete medium.
      Asparaginase added to complete medium was highly toxic to the Caki cells, but
      this is a reflection of Gln depletion rather than Asn depletion.

PMID- 2904837
TI  - A gradient of homeodomain protein in developing forelimbs of Xenopus and mouse
      embryos.
AB  - The expression of the homeodomain protein XIHbox 1 in developing Xenopus limbs
      was analyzed using specific antibodies. In the forelimb bud mesoderm XIHbox 1
      shows a clear antero-posterior gradient that is strongest in the anterior and
      proximal region of the forelimb. Hindlimb bud mesoderm is devoid of XIHbox 1,
      indicating an early molecular difference between arm and leg. The innermost
      ectodermal cell layer is positive throughout the forelimb and hindlimb bud
      ectoderm, but no other areas of the skin. Similar results are obtained in
      developing mouse limbs, suggesting that XIHbox 1 participates in forelimb
      development in a variety of tetrapods. In early tadpoles analyzed at stages
      preceding limb bud formation, the lateral plate mesoderm is positive in the
      region corresponding to the earliest "field" of forelimb information, but not in
      the hindlimb field. These results suggest a molecular link between morphogenetic
      fields, gradients, and homeobox genes in vertebrate development.

PMID- 2904838
TI  - An Ultrabithorax protein binds sequences near its own and the Antennapedia P1
      promoters.
AB  - The homeotic gene Ultrabithorax (Ubx), located in the bithorax complex of
      Drosophila, encodes a family of closely related proteins that direct the
      developmental fates of posterior thoracic and anterior abdominal metameres. We
      have purified a member of the Ubx protein family from an overproducing E. coli
      strain and have shown that it is sequence-specific DNA binding protein. The
      protein binds tightly to sequences near its own promoter and near the P1 promoter
      of Antenna-pedia (Antp), a homeotic gene Ubx is known to repress from genetic
      studies. The binding sites occur in clusters downstream of the transcription
      start sites, and far upstream at Antp P1. They range in size from 40 to 90 bp,
      and contain tandem repeats of the trinucleotide TAA or the related hexanucleotide
      TAA-TCG. These results suggest that the regulatory activities of Ubx are direct
      and are mediated by binding of Ubx proteins to promoter region sequences.

PMID- 2904839
TI  - Gastric fluid volume, pH, and emptying in elective inpatients. Influences of
      narcotic-atropine premedication, oral fluid, and ranitidine.
AB  - One hundred and twenty healthy, elective surgical inpatients were randomly
      assigned to one of four groups. Between two and three hours before the scheduled
      time of surgery all patients ingested a marker dye, phenol red, 50 mg in 10 ml
      water, with placebo tablet alone (Groups 1 and 2), placebo tablet with 150 ml
      oral fluid (Group 3), or oral ranitidine 150 mg with oral fluid 150 ml (Group 4).
      Patients in Group 1 received oral diazepam or no premedication, while those in
      Groups 2, 3, and 4 received IM narcotic and atropine one hour preoperatively.
      Following induction of anaesthesia the residual gastric fluid was aspirated
      through a Salem sump tube and its volume, pH, and phenol red content measured.
      Mean volumes were Group 1: 24 ml; Group 2: 13 ml; Group 3: 17 ml; Group 4: 14 ml.
      Mean pH values were Group 1: 2.99; Group 2: 3.03; Group 3: 3.44; Group 4: 5.28.
      The amount of phenol red in the samples indicated at least 90 per cent gastric
      emptying had occurred in 90 per cent of patients. We conclude that, in healthy
      patients, 150 ml oral fluid is almost completely emptied from the stomach within
      two hours of ingestion, even when followed one hour later by narcotic-atropine
      premedication.

PMID- 2904840
TI  - The onset of ablation of the evoked adductor pollicis muscle twitch in children:
      a clinical perspective.
AB  - The time to loss of the adductor pollicis muscle response to ulnar nerve
      stimulation at 1 Hz (twitch) after succinylcholine, 1.5 mg.kg-1 intravenously
      (IV), or vecuronium, 0.1 mg.kg-1 (IV), administration was assessed visually in
      134 children, age 2-13 yr, during clinically determined, deep halothane,
      enflurane and isoflurane anaesthesia. The overall time to twitch ablation and
      duration of succinylcholine's action is in agreement with published times
      obtained under controlled experimental conditions; the onset time following
      vecuronium is comparable to those observed during a similar anaesthetic
      background measured under controlled experimental conditions. Twitch ablation
      after succinylcholine was achieved in half the time needed following vecuronium
      regardless of anaesthetic agent. Succinylcholine's and vecuronium's onset time as
      well as succinylcholine's duration is adequately assessed by the outlined, simple
      clinical means. The choice of inhalation agent does not affect the time to
      visible twitch ablation in a clinically relevant manner; nor does it make an
      appreciable difference, in clinical terms, in succinylcholine's duration of
      action.

PMID- 2904841
TI  - Epidural opioids as anaesthesia for extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy in two
      patients with cardiac disease.
AB  - Two patients with cardiac disease underwent Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy
      (ESWL) in the Dornier HM3 machine. In order to minimize cardiovascular changes,
      epidural opioids (fentanyl 100 micrograms in 10 ml saline was used in one patient
      and meperidine 50 mg in 10 ml saline in the other patient) were used as an
      alternative to either general anaesthesia or epidural local anaesthesia. Both
      patients displayed haemodynamic stability, remained pain-free and experienced no
      complications. Epidural opioids proved a suitable form of anaesthesia for ESWL in
      these patients.

PMID- 2904842
TI  - "Tooth be or not tooth be".

PMID- 2904843
TI  - The use of antihistamines with a low sedative potential in the treatment of the
      itching of atopic eczema.

PMID- 2904844
TI  - [An Italian multicenter study on spasmophilia. Clinical, laboratory and
      therapeutic evaluation].

PMID- 2904845
TI  - [Drug-induced hyperglycemia as a possible cardiovascular risk factor].

PMID- 2904846
TI  - [Cardiovascular response to isometric exercise test during beta blocker and
      diuretic treatment in essential arterial hypertension].

PMID- 2904847
TI  - [Problems of psychopharmacological therapy in pregnancy].

PMID- 2904848
TI  - [Notes on AIDS].

PMID- 2904849
TI  - [New views on the role of ascorbic acid in the central nervous system].

PMID- 2904850
TI  - The biochemistry of the mode of action of drugs and the detoxication mechanisms
      in Trypanosoma cruzi.

PMID- 2904851
TI  - Cadmium sensitivity differences between liver microsomal drug metabolizing enzyme
      systems of guinea-pig and rat.
AB  - 1. Male guinea-pigs (400-500 g) and rats (225-275 g) were given a single dose of
      cadmium chloride (CdCl2) (2 mg Cd2+/kg i.p.) and 72 hr later the liver microsomal
      drug metabolizing enzyme activities and Cd levels of tissues and microsomes were
      determined. 2. No significant differences were noted between Cd treated and
      control animal tissue weights of microsomal protein contents in either guinea
      pigs or rats. 3. Cd treatment exhibited significant inhibition of the activities
      of aniline 4-hydroxylase and ethylmorphine N-demethylase and on the levels of
      cytochrome P-450 and cytochrome b5 of liver of both species but the degree of
      inhibition were not the same in the species; they were 23, 34, 16 and 10% in
      guinea-pigs and 58, 57, 25 and 13% in rats, respectively. 4. No activity changes
      were observed in liver NADPH-cytochrome c reductase of the species by Cd
      treatment. 5. The duration of hexobarbital sleeping time was significantly
      prolonged in both species. However, the prolongation was 1.6 fold in guinea-pigs
      but 3.4 fold in rats. 6. No significant differences were found between either
      tissue or microsomal Cd levels of guinea-pigs and rats.

PMID- 2904852
TI  - The effects of malotilate on hepatic drug metabolizing systems in different
      strains of rats.
AB  - 1. In Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats treated for 7 days with malotilate (MAL:250 mg/kg,
      p.o.), cytochrome P-450 and b5 contents, aminopyrine N-demethylase and heme
      oxygenase activities were significantly increased. In Wistar rats, cytochrome b5
      content and heme oxygenase and delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase activities
      were found to be significantly increased. 2. Among the antipyrine metabolites
      excreted in urine during the 24 hr after antipyrine (100 mg/kg, i.p.)
      administration, norantipyrine increased significantly in Sprague-Dawley rats,
      while a significant increase of 4-hydroxyantipyrine was observed in Wistar rats.
      3. The serum dimethadione/trimethadione ratio was only found to be significantly
      increased in Sprague-Dawley rats. 4. These results indicate that malotilate may
      have inducible effects on hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes, and that it affects
      the various cytochrome P-450 isozymes from different strains of rat in different
      ways.

PMID- 2904853
TI  - Effects of glucocorticoids and catecholamines on maturing rat heart.
AB  - 1. The negative force-frequency response of normal rat heart was accentuated when
      the animals were adrenalectomized. Treatment of adrenalectomized animals with
      dexamethasone restored the normal force-frequency response. 2. Total
      adrenalectomy increased the sensitivity of rat heart to calcium. 3.
      Adrenalectomized-dexamethasone-treated hearts were more responsive to epinephrine
      and ouabain. 4. Total adrenalectomy caused independent myocardial disturbances in
      calcium handling elements (glucocorticoid effect) and beta receptors
      (catecholamine effect).

PMID- 2904854
TI  - Microassay of acetylcholinesterase activity in small portions of single mosquito
      homogenates.
AB  - 1. A simple, rapid microassay method is described for measuring
      acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity accurately and precisely in small portions
      of single mosquito homogenates. 2. Up to 30 microassay replicates were possible
      for individual insects. 3. Microassay data on individual mosquitoes were compared
      with conventional enzyme assay data acquired using pools of the same homogenates.
      4. Under the optimum reaction conditions established, an average Vmax of 7.1
      nmol/l/min/mosquito and an average Km of 1.3 x 10(-4) M were observed with
      acetylthiocholine iodide as substrate. 5. Variability in AChE activity within a
      sample population of Anopheles albimanus was observed using measurements from
      individual insects. 6. Such information is fundamental to comparative studies of
      pesticide physiology (in particular, the resistance phenomenon) in the individual
      mosquitoes in a population pool; this technique forms the basis for a recently
      developed resistance microassay.

PMID- 2904855
TI  - The effect of benzodiazepine on the increase of oxygen consumption in cold
      exposed rats.
AB  - 1. Oxygen consumption and rectal temperature of warm and cold acclimated rats
      were measured after chronic and acute injections of saline or benzodiazepine
      (diazepam). 2. Benzodiazepine has blocked the increase in oxygen consumption of
      warm acclimated rats on exposure to cold. 3. After cold acclimation, the
      benzodiazepine did not affect the increase in oxygen consumption. 4.
      Benzodiazepine caused a slight hypothermia when injected chronically, but did not
      affect rectal temperature over a short period of time.

PMID- 2904856
TI  - Cholinergic binding in the hippocampus of the aging male rat.
AB  - 1. M1 muscarinic (3H-pirenzepine) and 3H-L-nicotine binding were measured in the
      hippocampus of male Wistar rats aged 3-4, 10-11 and 24-25 months. 2. The maximal
      number of M1 binding sites did not differ between age groups. 3. The dissociation
      constant of M1 binding was higher in old rats than in young rats. 4. The binding
      of 3H-L-nicotine did not differ between age groups. 5. The number of postsynaptic
      muscarinic receptors may be preserved, but the conformation of these receptors in
      the rat hippocampus may be altered during aging.

PMID- 2904857
TI  - Prediction of the effect of ofloxacine on intestinal absorption: effect of the
      body weight and substrate concentration.
AB  - 1. The effect of body weight and initial concentration on the rat small
      intestinal absorption of DL-8280 (ofloxacine) is studied using a recirculating
      perfusion technique and an improved HPLC method. 2. A prediction equation is
      developed under statistical and physiological considerations which correlates
      both factors with the intestinal absorption rate parameter Kapp.

PMID- 2904859
TI  - Effects of angiotensin II on isolated toad (Bufo arenarum) aortic rings.
AB  - 1. The vascular response to Asn1-Val5 angiotensin II (A II) in aortic rings from
      Bufo arenarum toad was studied. 2. Tachyphylaxis in response to A II could be
      abolished after incubation with norepinephrine (NE). 3. Phentolamine treatment
      partially inhibited the pressor effects to A II. 4. Sar1-Ile8 A II and Sar1-Ala8
      A II significantly attenuated the vascular effects of A II and did not affect the
      NE response. 5. We conclude that the pressor response to A II has a direct
      contractile effect and a catecholamine dependent component in aortic rings of
      Bufo arenarum toad.

PMID- 2904858
TI  - Tonic and rhythmic contractions induced by dopamine and related amines in rat
      vasa deferentia are pharmacologically separable.
AB  - 1. Exogenous dopamine (DA), octopamine (OA), noradrenaline (NA), and the alpha 1
      agonist methoxamine (MX), all induce tonic and rhythmic contractions in the rat
      vas deferens. 2. Tonic and rhythmic contractions can be separated by use of
      different concentrations of alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonists, verapamil,
      pyrogallol (a COMT-inhibitor) and lowering bath temperature (greater than 20
      degrees C). 3. The two types of contraction could not be distinguished by beta
      adrenoceptor antagonists, cocaine (uptake 1 blocker) or metanephrine (uptake 2
      blocker). 4. It is suggested that the tonic and rhythmic contractions induced by
      amines are mediated by different alpha-adrenoceptors.

PMID- 2904860
TI  - The prophylactic effect of diphenylhidantoin in the kindling effect on reptiles
      (Gallotia galloti).
AB  - 1. Lizards Gallotia galloti received daily 3 mg/kg body wt of diphenylhidantoin
      (DPH) over a period of 15 days and at the same time the animals were kindled. 2.
      The progression of the kindling effect was evaluated by counting the number of
      spontaneous epileptiform potentials, the duration of afterdischarges and the
      duration of electroencephalographic spontaneous seizures. 3. The
      diphenylhidantoin treated group, relative to controls presented: (a) significant
      reduction in the duration of afterdischarges and spontaneous
      electroencephalographic seizures; and (b) increased frequency of the spontaneous
      epileptiform potentials.

PMID- 2904861
TI  - An investigation of the in vitro inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by the
      carbamate inhibitor eserine sulphate in eserine resistant strains of Drosophila
      melanogaster.
AB  - 1. The kinetics of inhibition of AChE by the carbamate inhibitor eserine sulphate
      were investigated in five resistant strains of Drosophila melanogaster. 2. The
      dissociation constant (Kd) was higher and the carbamylation constant was lower
      relative to the control in four of these. 3. No change was observed in the
      decarbamylation constants (k3) of the five strains. 4. The Vmax of AChE was
      higher in the five resistant stocks than in the Canton-S/TM2 controls but no
      change in the Km of AChE for acetylthiocholine was observed. No electrophoretic
      variants of AChE were detected. 5. No increase in the activity of nonspecific
      esterases was detected in the resistant lines. 6. These results indicate that
      resistance to eserine sulphate may occur in D. melanogaster by a reduction in
      affinity of AChE for the inhibitor.

PMID- 2904862
TI  - Insecticide-insensitive acetylcholinesterase from a laboratory selected and a
      field strain of housefly (Musca domestica) (L.).
AB  - 1. Acetylcholinesterase from the heads of a strain of houseflies selected for
      resistance to the carbamate insecticide methomyl, and from a methomyl-resistant
      field strain was found to be less sensitive to inhibition by methomyl than that
      from a susceptible strain. 2. The enzyme from resistant insects was also more
      tolerant to malaoxon, dichlorvos and bomyl but not to azamethiphos. 3. The
      decrease in sensitivity to inhibition appeared to be due to an increase in
      affinity for substrate.

PMID- 2904863
TI  - Enhancement of the response of hen granulosa cells to LH with norepinephrine in
      vitro.
AB  - 1. The effect of norepinephrine (NE) on progesterone production in hen granulosa
      cells was examined. After 4 days of the culture, the progesterone production was
      stimulated by chicken LH but not by NE during a 4 hr incubation. 2. The LH
      stimulation progesterone production was not affected by the presence of NE when
      given together with LH, but was significantly increased when the cells were
      precultured with NE for 2 days. 3. The effect of NE was inhibited by
      phentolamine, but not by propranolol. 4. The results indicate that NE may enhance
      the responsiveness of the hen granulosa cell to LH through alpha-adrenergic
      receptors.

PMID- 2904864
TI  - Purification and the partial amino acid sequence of an insect neurotoxin from the
      venom of scorpion Buthus martensi Karsch.
AB  - 1. A neurotoxic peptide was isolated from the venom of the scorpion Buthus
      martensi Karsch collected in Henan Province, China. 2. This toxin showed the
      highest neurotoxic potency to crickets amongst all components in the venom
      examined. 3. The amino acid composition of the toxin was similar to that of
      insect toxin 1 of Leiurus quinquestriatus quinquestriatus. 4. The partial primary
      sequence of the toxin at the N-terminal was very similar to that of an insect
      toxin of Androctonus australis Hector. 5. We conclude that the neurotoxin we
      isolated is indeed an insect toxin and thus named it as BmK IT.

PMID- 2904865
TI  - Effect of cadmium on pulmonary and renal microsomal drug metabolizing enzymes of
      the guinea-pig.
AB  - 1. The effect of acute cadmium (Cd) treatment on pulmonary and renal microsomal
      aniline 4-hydroxylase and ethylmorphine N-demethylase enzyme activities of adult
      male guinea-pigs were assessed 72 hr following a single dose of Cd ion (2 mg
      Cd2+/kg i.p.). Tissue and microsomal Cd levels were also determined. 2. There
      were no significant differences between either lung or kidney tissue weights,
      microsomal protein contents or enzyme activities of Cd treated and control
      animals. 3. The tissues and microsomes of Cd-treated animals were found to have
      significantly higher levels of Cd than those of control animals. In Cd treated
      animals, tissue and microsomal Cd levels of kidney were found to be higher than
      that of lung. 4. In vitro addition of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) to incubation
      mixtures produced concentration related inhibitions of microsomal drug
      metabolizing enzymes in each tissue. However, in vitro effect of CdCl2 was found
      to be stronger on drug metabolizing enzymes of kidney than those of lung. In
      addition, while the strength of Cd effect was more pronounced on the activity of
      ethylmorphine N-demethylase than that of aniline 4-hydroxylase in the lung, the
      opposite was observed in the kidney.

PMID- 2904866
TI  - Cholinergic enzyme activities and muscarinic binding in the cerebral cortex of
      rats of different age and sex.
AB  - 1. The choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase activities in the
      cerebral cortex and hippocampus and muscarinic binding in the cerebral cortex did
      not differ significantly between male and female Wistar rats. 2. Choline
      acetyltransferase activities in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of rats were
      not altered during ageing. 3. Acetylcholinesterase activities in these same brain
      areas were markedly decreased during ageing, possibly reflecting a loss of
      postsynaptic enzyme activity. 4. When measured using 3H-pirenzepine, binding to
      the postsynaptic muscarinic receptors was slightly higher in 26-month-old rats
      than in 12-month-old rats; total muscarinic binding measured using 3H
      quinuclidinyl benzilate did not alter during ageing. 5. The present study does
      not support the hypothesis that in the rat brain the number of postsynaptic
      muscarinic binding sites decreases during ageing.

PMID- 2904867
TI  - The relaxation induced by indole and nonindole 5-HT agonists in the molluscan
      smooth muscle.
AB  - 1. The abilities of two indole agonists and some nonindole agonists to induce
      relaxation of catch contraction and the influence of the agonists on cyclic AMP
      (cAMP) levels in the anterior byssus retractor muscle (ABRM) of Mytilus were
      investigated. 2. 5-MeOT (5-methoxytryptamine) and 5-MeODMT (5-methoxy-N,N
      dimethyltryptamine) dose-dependently relaxed the contraction. 3. TFMPP (m
      trifluoromethylphenyl piperazine), PAPP (p-amino-phenyl TFMPP) and mCPP (1-(3
      chlorophenyl)piperazine dose-dependently relaxed the contraction, but 2MPP (1-(2
      methylphenyl) piperazine and quipazine did not. 4. 5-MeOT (10(-6)M), 5-MeODMT
      (10(-6)M), TFMPP (10(-4)M), 2MPP (10(-4)M), quipazine (10(-4)M) and 8-OH-DPAT (3
      x 10(-5) M) significantly reduced the cAMP levels, but PAPP (3 x 10(-4)M) and
      mCPP (10(-4)M) did not have any effect on cAMP levels. 5. These findings indicate
      that the pharmacological properties of 5-HT1-like receptors in the ABRM are
      similar to those of 5-HT1A receptors in mammalian tissues, and that the changes
      in cAMP levels induced by the agonists used are unlikely to be directly linked to
      the relaxation induced by them.

PMID- 2904868
TI  - The effect of isoprenaline on the phospholipid content of the compact and
      spongious musculature of the carp ventricular myocardium.
AB  - 1. After a single injection of 40 mg kg-1 of isoprenaline to the carp,
      lysophospholipids appear in the tissue of the heart ventricle, ethanolamine
      plasmalogens increase and choline plasmalogens decrease; phosphatidylinositol is
      lowered in the spongious layer only. 2. Daily administration of 5 mg kg-1 of the
      drug leads, after 5 doses, to a dramatic decrease of the diphosphatidylglycerol
      content; during the subsequent 5 and 10 doses a return to normal values occurs.
      Shifts in plasmalogens are similar to those found after a single high dose. Some
      other phospholipids change significantly. 3. All changes reveal that the
      spongious musculature is more sensitive to the drug than the compact one.

PMID- 2904869
TI  - Further assessment of a pharmacological effect of Tris buffer.
AB  - 1. Data are presented confirming that Tris buffer can potentiate teleost
      melanophore responses to noradrenalin, as recently reported for the first time in
      Poecilia reticulata (Visconti and Castrucci, 1985). 2. In vitro melanophore
      responses of Pseudopleuronectes americanus were compared in Tris- and bicarbonate
      buffered physiological saline solutions. 3. Dose-response curves demonstrate that
      Tris significantly potentiates melanophore responses to noradrenalin doses
      between 10(-6) and 10(-5)M in this species. 4. Time-response curves further
      characterized this effect of Tris on melanophore activity, quantifying the
      enhancement of the melanosome aggregation rate as well as the dose-related
      equilibrium levels.

PMID- 2904870
TI  - Actions of cholecystokinin-related peptides on the gallbladder of bony fishes in
      vitro.
AB  - 1. Cholecystokinin (CCK) family peptides elicited dose-related gallbladder
      contractions in vitro for bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus), killifish (Fundulus
      heteroclitus), and bowfin (Amia calva). 2. Effects measured by increases in
      isometric contractions indicated equipotency for nonsulfated forms of CCK and
      caerulein (CRL; bluegill) and for sulfated CCK and CRL (bluegill, fundulus).
      Sulfation increased potency. 3. Responses to CCK-related peptides were
      insensitive to atropine, a muscarinic antagonist, which blocked acetylcholine
      induced contractions, used for calibration of preparations. 4. Activity of
      sulfated CCK8 in bowfin, a holostean fish, suggests sensitivity of gallbladder to
      CCK-related intestinal hormones may be a general feature of osteichthyeans.

PMID- 2904871
TI  - The pharmacological characteristics of two types of cholinoreceptors in the
      membrane of dialyzed neurons.
AB  - 1. The ramped voltage clamp technique was developed as a rapid means of studying
      the effects of certain nicotinic and muscarinic agents on ionic involvement and
      conductance changes during acetylcholine (ACh) responses of Helix pomatia
      neurons. 2. Atropine was found to be a potent cholinolytic on A-type neurons, ACh
      responses of which are blocked by ouabain and mediated by Na+ and Cl-
      permeabilities, while d-tubocurarine blocked B-type ACh responses which are
      insensitive to ouabain and mediated by Na+ and K+ permeabilities. 3. Nicotinic
      agent butyrylcholine was found to be a potent cholinomimetric on B-type cells. 4.
      The results suggest that ACh receptors on A-type cells are more "muscarinic"
      while those on B-type cells are more "nicotinic". 5. It was also suggested that
      both muscarinic and nicotinic ACh receptors may coexist in the Helix neuronal
      membrane and the possibility of ACh interacting with one of them is determined by
      the level of phosphorylation of the membrane proteins.

PMID- 2904872
TI  - Role of gastrin/pentagastrin in regulation of intestinal cytochrome P-450.
AB  - 1. In the absence of intraluminal inducers, low "basal" levels of cytochrome P
      450 and its dependent MFO activities are detected in the rat intestinal mucosa,
      and may be regulated by endogenous hormones. 2. Rats were nutritionally
      maintained by either short term (48 hr) intravenous glucose infusion or chronic
      (8 days) intravenous hyperalimentation, and were treated with various doses of
      pentagastrin in the infusate. 3. Regardless of the dose (6-90 micrograms/kg/hr)
      or duration of infusion (2-8 days), pentagastrin had no effect on small
      intestinal cytochrome P-450, its dependent MFO activity, or the activity of delta
      aminolevulinic acid synthetase. 4. The intestinal trophic peptide hormone,
      gastrin, apparently does not regulate the cytochrome P-450-dependent MFO system
      of the small intestine.

PMID- 2904873
TI  - Comparative study of GABA-T from glial cells, neuronal perikarya cells and
      synaptosomes.
AB  - 1. This paper presents a fast method of brain cell separation and a comparative
      study of GABA-T from different cellular compartments (glial cells, neuronal
      perikarya cells and synaptosomes). 2. The method of cellular separation offers
      the advantages of rapidity, ease and reproducibility. 3. The GABA-T from the
      three studied compartments had similar kinetic characteristics in respect of
      their Kms and Vmaxs. 4. The GABA-T needs PLP to reach its maximum activity; this
      dependence is related to the enzyme localization.

PMID- 2904874
TI  - Comparative study on cerebrovascular injuries by three chlorophenoxyacetic acids
      (2,4-D, 2,4,5-T and MCPA).
AB  - At toxic doses in rats, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2-methyl-4
      chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) caused injuries in blood vessels in the brain. 2.
      2,4-D caused extravasations of the circulating Evans blue-albumin complex also in
      the spinal cord. 3. By contrast, potency in damaging cerebral vessels was almost
      non-existent with 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T). 4. None of the
      three chlorophenoxyacetic acids caused such cerebrovascular injuries in mice,
      guinea pigs, Syrian hamsters, rabbits and chickens.

PMID- 2904875
TI  - Effects of metal ions on the antioxidant enzyme activities, protein contents and
      lipid peroxidation of carp tissues.
AB  - 1. Studies were performed regarding the effects of CuSO4 in concentrations of 5,
      10, 25 and 50 ppm and ZnSO4 in concentrations of 10 and 100 ppm on the
      antioxidant enzyme activities, lipid peroxidation and protein contents of tissues
      of common carp (Cyprinus carpio morpha L.) exposed to these pollutants for 24 hr.
      2. The results demonstrated that CuSO4 was more toxic than ZnSO4 and that both
      treatments brought about significant changes in these parameters in carp
      hepatopancreas (liver), gill and white muscle. 3. An increase of the CuSO4
      concentration led to significant decreases in the antioxidant enzyme activities,
      except that of glutathione peroxidase, which was increased significantly, and
      significant increases in the lipid peroxidation and protein contents. 4. An
      increase of the ZnSO4 concentration led to slight changes in the antioxidant
      enzyme activities, lipid peroxidation and protein contents of carp tissues.

PMID- 2904876
TI  - Diurnal changes in succinate and D-3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase activities of
      rat liver mitochondria after chronic alcohol consumption and withdrawal.
AB  - 1. The succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and D-3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HBDH)
      activities were measured over a 24-hr period in rat liver mitochondria after
      chronic alcohol ingestion and withdrawal. 2. The diurnal patterns of both the
      enzyme activities were shown to change after alcohol consumption, with 64-66%
      decrease in the daily mean levels. 3. The diurnal rhythms of the SDH and HBDH
      activities are partially restored 24-72 hr after alcohol withdrawal. 4. There was
      no correlation between changes in both the enzyme activities and the NAD+/NADH
      ratio of liver mitochondria from control, ethanol-fed and withdrawn rats over the
      day.

PMID- 2904877
TI  - Evidence for dopaminergic and opioid involvement in the regulation of locomotor
      activity in the land crab Gecarcinus lateralis.
AB  - 1. Computerized analysis of the crabs locomotor behavior revealed an initial
      increase in activity followed by a gradual decrease over a 12 min observation
      period. 2. Dopamine, in a dose-dependent manner, inhibits locomotor activity. The
      effect can be antagonized with the dopamine antagonist, haloperidol. This
      suggests that dopaminergic influences are involved with locomotor mechanisms. 3.
      FK 33,824, a stable opioid analog, significantly enhances the initial excitatory
      locomotor activity. Naloxone, a potent opiate antagonist, can block the
      excitatory action induced by FK 33 824. This suggests the presence of an opioid
      modulation mechanism in the regulation of locomotor activity. 4. Concomitant
      administration of the various agents results in the behavioral characteristics of
      the agonist appearing when the appropriate antagonist is not present. Thus,
      administration of dopamine + FK 33,824 + haloperidol results in enhanced
      locomotor activity. 5. Concomitant dopamine and FK 33,824 administration results
      in enhanced locomotor activity. This suggests that the opioid mechanism is closer
      to the last step in affecting the organism's locomotion or in initiating
      activity.

PMID- 2904878
TI  - Effects of cooling on alpha-1-adrenoceptor mechanisms in rat aorta.
AB  - 1. The effects of cooling from 37 degrees C to 25 degrees C on alpha-1
      adrenoceptor mechanisms in isolated rat aortic strips were studied. 2. The
      dissociation constant and the maximum binding for [3H]-prazosin, and the pA2
      values (negative logarithm of dissociation constant) of clonidine and prazosin
      against noradrenaline were not influenced by cooling. 3. These results indicate
      that cooling did not influence the affinity of a competitive antagonist and
      receptor concentration. 4. Cooling increased the dissociation constant of
      noradrenaline but decreased its efficacy. 5. A receptor occupancy-response curve
      for noradrenaline was a rectangular hyperbola at 37 degrees C but linear at 25
      degrees C, suggesting that a relationship between the contractile response and
      receptor occupancy was changed by cooling.

PMID- 2904879
TI  - Report of the committee on the genetic constitution of the X chromosome.

PMID- 2904880
TI  - Report of the committee on human gene mapping by recombinant DNA techniques.

PMID- 2904881
TI  - Weight gain associated with intensive therapy in the diabetes control and
      complications trial. The DCCT Research Group.
AB  - Identifiable risks such as increased frequency of hypoglycemia accompany the
      treatment of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) with intensive insulin
      therapy. During yr 1 of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT),
      weight gain was identified as a sequela of intensive insulin therapy. The DCCT is
      a multicenter controlled clinical trial designed to determine the long-term
      effects of two different diabetes treatment regimens on the early vascular and
      neurologic complications of IDDM. Subjects randomized to the intensive treatment
      regimen gained significantly more weight (5.1 +/- 4.6 kg) than the standard
      treatment subjects (2.4 +/- 3.7 kg, P less than .0001) during the 1st yr of
      therapy. Higher baseline HbA1c levels and greater decrements in HbA1c during
      intensive therapy were both associated with greater weight gain. In addition,
      intensively treated subjects with one or more severe hypoglycemic episodes gained
      more weight than the intensively treated subjects with no severe episodes. There
      was no relationship between reported caloric intake or exercise level and the
      weight changes. These data suggest that improved utilization of calories through
      a decrease in glycosuria and perhaps other mechanisms led to the weight gain in
      the intensively treated subjects. The results from the 1st yr of experience in
      the DCCT indicate that weight gain accompanies efforts to lower blood glucose
      levels with intensive insulin therapy. Because of the potential adverse
      consequences of undesirable weight gain, including diminished long-term
      compliance with therapy and an adverse effect on blood pressure and lipid status,
      efforts to prevent undesirable weight gain in the intensively treated group of
      the DCCT are being pursued.

PMID- 2904882
TI  - Regulation of glycogen metabolism in rat respiratory muscles during exercise.
AB  - The effect of prolonged exercise on the glycogen level in the respiratory muscles
      (diaphragm--D, external intercostal--IE and internal--II) has been studied in
      four groups of rats: 1-control, 2-fasted for 24 h, 3-treated with nicotinic acid
      and 4-treated with propranolol. There was a sharp reduction in glycogen level in
      each muscle after 30 min exercise in the control and fasted groups. Exercise till
      exhaustion further lowered the glycogen level in D in the control group and in IE
      and II in the fasted group. In the fasted group, the level of glycogen in each
      muscle, at rest, and after 30 min exercise, and in IE and II muscles after
      exercise till exhaustion was lower than in the control group. Nicotinic acid did
      not affect the glycogen level either at rest or during exercise as compared with
      the control group. Propranolol increased the glycogen level in the muscles at
      rest and during 30 min exercise. It partially prevented glycogen mobilization in
      D and IE and fully in II during exercise till exhaustion. In the control group,
      24 and 48 h after exercise till exhaustion, the level of glycogen in each muscle
      exceeded the resting control value. It is concluded that exercise-induced
      glycogen metabolism in the respiratory muscles differs in some respects from that
      in the limb or heart muscles.

PMID- 2904883
TI  - Effect of calcium channel blockade and beta-adrenoceptor blockade on short graded
      and single-level endurance exercises in normal men.
AB  - The effect of verapamil (240 mg) on exercise capacity was studied during a short
      graded and a single-level endurance exercise test in 12 normal volunteers; it was
      compared to the effects of atenolol (100 mg x day-1). Intake of verapamil,
      atenolol and placebo, administered according to a randomized, double-blind cross
      over design, was started 3 days before the exercise tests. Compared to placebo,
      verapamil did not affect peak oxygen uptake in the graded test or exercise
      duration in the endurance test. Heart rate, systolic blood pressure, rating of
      perceived exertion and respiratory data at submaximal and peak exercise were
      unaffected in either test. On the other hand atenolol reduced maximal oxygen
      uptake by 5% (p less than 0.001) and endurance exercise duration by 17% (p less
      than 0.05). Besides marked decreases in heart rate and systolic blood pressure
      during the two types of exercise, atenolol also reduced oxygen uptake at
      submaximal exercise levels and it increased the rating of perceived exertion (p
      less than 0.05), the latter only during the endurance exercise test.

PMID- 2904884
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of xamoterol after intravenous and oral administration to
      volunteers.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of xamoterol, a beta-adrenoceptor partial agonist under
      clinical evaluation for the treatment of mild to moderate heart failure, have
      been studied in 12 healthy male subjects. They received 14 mg i.v. and oral doses
      of 50 and 200 mg as a tablet and 200 mg as a solution in a 4 way cross-over
      design. After i.v. dosing the elimination half-life was 7.7 h, the total body
      clearance was 224 ml.min-1 and the volume of distribution at steady-state (Vss)
      was 48 l. Sixty-two percent of the dose was recovered unchanged in urine. After
      oral doses, the absolute bioavailability of xamoterol was shown to be 5%
      irrespective of whether the dose was administered as a tablet or solution. Peak
      plasma concentrations occurred at about 2 h for the tablet dose and slightly
      earlier (1.4 h) for the solution. Peak plasma concentration, AUC and urinary
      recovery of unchanged drug increased in proportion to dose. The apparent
      elimination half-life after oral doses (16 h) was significantly longer than that
      observed after an intravenous dose. Despite the low bioavailability, the degree
      of inter-subject variability of oral bioavailability was small probably
      indicating that the controlling factor is the hydrophilic nature of the molecule
      rather than extensive first pass metabolism or poor dissolution of xamoterol from
      the tablet formulation.

PMID- 2904885
TI  - In vitro T cell responses to a candidate Epstein-Barr virus vaccine: human CD4+ T
      cell clones specific for the major envelope glycoprotein gp340.
AB  - Specific T cell proliferation was observed in short-term blood mononuclear cell
      cultures set up from Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-immune individuals and challenged
      either with UV-irradiated EB virions or with a candidate subunit vaccine
      preparation, the purified envelope glycoprotein gp340 incorporated into immune
      stimulating complexes (gp340 iscoms). Limiting dilution culture of the activated
      T lymphoblasts in interleukin 2-containing medium generated stable CD3+CD4+CD8- T
      cell clones. Particular clones showing virus-specific proliferation in
      preliminary screening assays were selected for more detailed study. Three gp340
      iscoms-induced clones from EBV-immune donor CG responded specifically to
      restimulation either with UV-EBV or with purified gp340 iscoms in the presence of
      autologous antigen-presenting cells (APC). Both T cell-depleted blood mononuclear
      cells and the EBV-transformed B cell line (treated with Acyclovir to block
      endogenous gp340 production) could be used for presentation, the latter being the
      more efficient when gp340 iscoms was the source of antigen. Blocking studies with
      monoclonal antibodies to HLA class II antigens and experiments using HLA-typed
      allogeneic APC indicated that all three gp340-specific CG clones were restricted
      through the HLA-DR2 antigen. One gp340 iscoms-induced clone from another EBV
      immune donor, MR, likewise showed gp340-specific proliferation, in this case
      restricted through a HLA-DR4 antigen. Using HLA-DR-homozygous B cell lines
      representing the five known DR4 subtypes, efficient presentation of gp340 to this
      T cell clone was observed with both DR4 Dw4 and DR4 Dw14 antigens. Parallel
      experiments on one UV-EBV-induced T cell clone from donor MR gave a different
      pattern of results; these cells appeared to be specific for a virus structural
      component other than gp340 and to be restricted through an HLA-DP determinant.

PMID- 2904887
TI  - [Synthesis and antiparasitic activity of arylproprenones in the nitro-5-imidazole
      series].
AB  - The synthesis of new arylpropenones derived from 1-methyl-5-nitro imidazole is
      described. The investigation of some antiprotozoal properties has shown that
      compounds with the groups 4-hydroxyphenyl, 4-chlorophenyl or thiophenyl have
      trichomonacidal activity similar to that of metronidazole.

PMID- 2904886
TI  - Concomitant infection of HTLV-I and HIV-1: prevalence of IgG and IgM antibodies
      in Washington, D.C. area.
AB  - Serum samples collected from four groups of individuals in the Washington, D.C.
      area were examined for the presence of IgG and IgM classes of antibody reacting
      against HTLV-I and HIV-1. These four groups were: (1) healthy adults with
      negative premarital VDRL test for syphilis (n = 113), (2) miscellaneous common
      disease patients (n = 155), (3) drug abusers (n = 130), and (4) homosexual men (n
      = 187). The former two groups are considered to be low-risk groups, and the
      latter two, high-risk groups. The prevalence of IgG antibody on ELISA/Western
      blot tests for these groups were respectively: (1) 5.3%/1.8%, (2) 5.2%/1.9%, (3)
      13.9%/4.6%, and (4) 4.3%/1.6% for HTLV-I, and (1) 2.7%/0.9%, (2) 4.5%/0%, (3)
      12.3%/5.4%, and (4) 8.0%/5.9% for HIV-1. Instances of possible concomitant
      infection as shown by the presence of antibodies against both HTLV-I and HIV-1
      were found only in the latter two high-risk groups, i.e. two (1.5%) in group (3),
      and three (1.6%) in group (4) as confirmed by both Western blot and
      immunofluorescence tests. Out of 97 sera collected from drug abusers in 1985-86
      which had IgG antibody by Western blot test against HIV-1, 23 (23.7%) were HTLV-I
      antibody positive by ELISA test (Group 5), and 8 of these were confirmed by
      Western blot test. Among these 8 persons, IgM antibody against HTLV-I was found
      in 2, while that against HIV-1 was positive in 7 persons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2904888
TI  - 1H-NMR studies on nucleotide binding to the catalytic sites of bovine
      mitochondrial F1-ATPase.
AB  - The conformation of adenine nucleotides bound to bovine mitochondrial F1-ATPase
      was investigated using transfer nuclear Overhauser enhancement measurements. It
      is shown that all nucleotides investigated adopt a predominantly anti
      conformation when bound to the catalytic sites. Furthermore, the experiment
      suggests that 8-azido-ADP and 8-azido-ATP, which are predominantly in the syn
      conformation in solution, are in the anti conformation when bound to F1 catalytic
      sites.

PMID- 2904889
TI  - Somatostatin activates glibenclamide-sensitive and ATP-regulated K+ channels in
      insulinoma cells via a G-protein.
AB  - Somatostatin, an hyperglycemia-inducing hormone, was studied in rat insulinoma
      (RINm5F) cells using 86Rb+ efflux techniques. 86Rb+ efflux is stimulated by
      somatostatin in a dose-dependent manner. The half-maximum value of activation is
      0.7 nM. Somatostatin-induced 86Rb+ efflux is abolished by the hypoglycemia
      inducing sulfonylurea, glibenclamide, a known blocker of ATP-regulated K+
      channels. Somatostatin activation is prevented by pretreatment of insulinoma
      cells with pertussis toxin. 86Rb+ efflux studies show that somatostatin activates
      an ATP-dependent K+ channel.

PMID- 2904890
TI  - Bone density and reproductive hormones in patients with neuroleptic-induced
      hyperprolactinemia.
AB  - To study the prevalence of osteoporosis and hyperandrogenism in neuroleptic
      induced hyperprolactinemia, the authors evaluated 10 patients. Three were
      amenorrheic, while seven had oligomenorrhea. Nine patients had galactorrhea. The
      Ferriman-Gallway hirsutism score was 12 +/- 2. Vaginal smear maturation value was
      53 +/- 8. Bone density, measured by dual photon absorptionometry in the spine,
      femoral neck, Ward's triangle, and trochanteric region, was 98 +/- 1.5, 92.7 +/-
      3, 88.5 +/- 4.2, and 92.6 +/- 3.3 percentile of controls matched for age, sex,
      weight, and ethnicity, respectively. Serum prolactin, follicle-stimulating
      hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS),
      total testosterone, and free testosterone were 82 +/- 10 ng/ml, 8.5 +/- 1.1
      mIU/ml, 11.1 +/- 2.6 mIU/ml, 4695 +/- 594 ng/ml, 90 +/- 17 ng%, and 2.36% +/-
      0.3%, respectively. Serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine
      index were normal. Bone density strongly correlated with vaginal maturation value
      (r = 0.904, P less than 0.01). It is concluded that (1) neuroleptic-induced
      hyperprolactinemia is associated with hirsutism and androgen excess primarily of
      adrenal origin and (2) a subset of these patients is at an increased risk of
      developing osteoporosis. It may be possible to identify patients at risk of
      osteoporosis by examining vaginal smears for maturation value. Early detection
      and management are imperative in this group of patients.

PMID- 2904891
TI  - [Effect os alpha-adrenoblockaders on the system of hemostasis].

PMID- 2904892
TI  - Pelvic assessment and cephalo-pelvic disproportion in Central Tanzania.
AB  - Among 201 primigravidae, pelvic assessment was analyzed prospectively during the
      third trimester to detect patients likely to suffer from cephalo-pelvic
      disproportion (CPD). If the sacral promontory (SP) was reached by the index
      finger (9.0-9.5 cm true conjugate) the pelvis was regarded as "suspect". All
      patients who later developed CPD were in this group. Of the screened
      primigravidas, 22% were advised to deliver in the hospital. Pelvic assessment is
      an important screening tool during antenatal care to detect high-risk
      primigravidas.

PMID- 2904893
TI  - The relationship of increased amniotic fluid volume to perinatal outcome.
AB  - We studied a group of 135 patients with polyhydramnios diagnosed on the basis of
      ultrasonic findings (greatest vertical diameter of the liquor column greater than
      or equal to 8.0 cm) between 32 and 36 weeks gestation (study group). We compared
      the obstetric characteristics and perinatal outcome of the study group with a
      similar number who constituted our control group. The incidence of women aged 20
      years or less was higher in the study group (8.9%) compared with 4.5% in the
      control group. Of the 135 patients who were diagnosed to have polyhydramnios
      ultrasonically, the clinical diagnoses prior to referral for ultrasonic scanning,
      were, suspected large for date fetuses in 34 patients (25.2%), clinically
      suspected polyhydramnios in 28 (20.7%), gestational diabetes in 21 (15.6%) and
      insulin dependent diabetes in 6 (4.4%) compared with 13.3%, 5.2%, 3.0% and 0.7%,
      respectively in the control group (P less than 0.05). Preterm delivery occurred
      in 11.1% in the study group compared with the incidence of 6.7% in the control
      group. The incidence of fetal distress, low Apgar Score, macrosomic infants,
      major fetal anomalies, gross and corrected perinatal mortality rate and admission
      to special/intensive care nursery was significantly higher in the study group
      compared with that of the control (P less than 0.01). We found ultrasonic
      examination is a reliable technique to assess the amount of amniotic fluid volume
      and it alerts the clinician to possible future problems in pregnancy, labor and
      neonatal period.

PMID- 2904894
TI  - Eclampsia and placental abruption: basic patterns, management and morbidity.
AB  - The clinical analysis of 46 cases of abruptio placentae complicating eclampsia
      showed that, (1) the severity of the eclamptic symptoms influenced the extension
      of the placental separation, (2) older and multiparous women had more
      complications, larger placental separations and higher mortality, (3) there were
      ten maternal deaths due to the additive effects of various complications, (4)
      total perinatal mortality was 44.7% and it was 40.5% for fetuses above 1000 g,
      (5) optimum timing of delivery by cesarean operation offered slightly better
      prognosis, even in cases with antepartum fetal death, (6) the dominant factor for
      morbidity was the stage reached by the combined pathology before receiving
      qualified medical care, and (7) the wide variability of these cases suggested
      that the basis for the complete management should be a series of sound and
      individually tailored decisions to be carried out in a reasonably short time.

PMID- 2904895
TI  - The incidence, sociobiological factors and obstetric complications associated
      with large infants at Ilorin, Nigeria.
AB  - The study examined the incidence, sociobiological factors and obstetric
      complications related to the deliveries of 351 large infants, weighing 4000 g and
      above, and compared them to the findings among controls, comprising of 6563 full
      size term infants; all deliveries took place at the University of Ilorin Teaching
      Hospital, June-December, 1983. Large infants constituted 4.7% of singleton
      deliveries and the male/female ratio among large infants was significantly higher
      than among controls. Significant associations were found in the occurrence of
      large infants with increasing age, parity and weight, but not with height. Large
      infants occurred more frequently among the high social class women who could pay
      for health services. Rate of cesarean section and postpartum hemorrhage increased
      four-fold with deliveries of large infants. Shoulder dystocia complicated six
      deliveries resulting in four stillbirths and two cases of Erb's palsy. It is
      advocated that prenatal screening for gestational diabetes be performed on
      mothers with advanced maternal age, high parity, overweight and particularly of
      high social class.

PMID- 2904896
TI  - Comparative study of single layer and conventional closure of uterine incision in
      cesarean section.
AB  - Single layer interrupted suture closure of uterine wound incisions represent a
      viable choice over conventional closure since the operation not only has benefits
      in case of performance but also possesses a rational basis for the avoidance of
      ischemia of the wound, infection and hematoma formation. There is a distinct
      advantage of single interrupted suture closure over conventional closure because
      there is a substantially higher number of normal hysterograms in this group
      showing good integrity of the scar in the uterus.

PMID- 2904897
TI  - The kick chart in high-risk pregnancies: a two-year experience in Zimbabwe.
AB  - A kick chart has been recorded by 200 high-risk pregnancies during their
      antepartum hospitalization. Except for 19 mothers who presented with an
      unreliable count, this study suggests a good correlation between an abnormal kick
      chart and an increased risk of intrauterine death. The obstetrical outcome was
      much better among the patients with a normal kick chart compared to those with an
      abnormal count. This easy, cheap, low-technology test could be useful in
      developing countries when monitoring of fetal well-being is required.

PMID- 2904898
TI  - Complications associated with genital colonization in pregnancies with and
      without cerclage.
AB  - Cultures from the cervical milieu were taken from 24 antibiotic-treated patients
      (group A) and from 25 patients with no antibiotic treatment (group B). Both
      groups had undergone cerclage and were compared to 30 randomly chosen pregnant
      patients without cerclage (group C). Positive cultures were obtained in 70.8% and
      48% before cerclage and in 66.7% and 68% after cerclage in groups A and B,
      respectively. These were not significantly different from group C (56.7%).
      Escherichia coli was found in over 75% of positive cultures. The rate of
      premature deliveries and premature rupture of the membranes were significantly
      higher in the cerclage groups. Maternal morbidity was significantly higher in
      group A compared to B and C. Our data suggest that bacterial colonization of the
      cervix and the vagina is not influenced by cerclage and antibiotics. It is
      concluded that cervical cerclage is associated with increased morbidity,
      therefore it is indicated only for definite anatomic and/or functional defects.

PMID- 2904899
TI  - Maternal mortality in Anambra State of Nigeria.
AB  - The maternal mortality rate (MMR) in 10 hospitals scattered all over Anambra
      State in a 5-year period was studied. The hospitals covered urban, semi-urban and
      rural areas. The MMR varied from 1.8 to 13 per thousand with a mean of 4.97 per
      thousand. The causes of and various factors influencing this high mortality rate
      are examined as well as the avoidable factors. Suggestions are made for its
      reduction based on accurate data collection, improved health facilities, improved
      socio-economic status and basic education.

PMID- 2904900
TI  - Ectopic pregnancy: analysis of 100 cases.
AB  - This study of 100 consecutive ectopic pregnancies in Zulu patients emphasises the
      role of less sophisticated diagnostic methods such as colpopuncture when beta
      human chorionic gonadotrophin (beta HCG) assay is not available. Infertility
      (61%) and previous pelvic infection (32%) were associated factors. The ectopic
      gestation was ruptured in 93% of cases.

PMID- 2904901
TI  - Serologic diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis infections.
AB  - The serology of various infections often caused by Chlamydia trachomatis
      including complications such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and infertility
      was investigated comprehensively among diverse patient groups in a developing
      country using initially an indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (IFA). Any
      positives detected were further examined by a micro-immunofluorescence (MIF)
      method for the presence of type specific anti-chlamydial IgG/IgM antibodies.
      Conventional cell culture was carried out concurrently to compare culture results
      with serologic results. Among 416 patients (107 males and 309 females) C.
      trachomatis D-K antibodies to IgG were identified in 87 (20.9%) and to type
      specific IgM were identified in 11(2.6%) patients. Cell culture identified C.
      trachomatis in 60 patients (14.4%). C. trachomatis IgG antibodies were detectable
      in 6.4% of chlamydia culture negative patients.

PMID- 2904903
TI  - Histopathology of tubal pregnancy.
AB  - The histopathological examination of several sections of tubal ectopic
      pregnancies shows that the growth of the trophoblast usually takes place in an
      extraluminal subperitoneal site and dilation of the tube is caused by coagulated
      blood and not by the trophoblast. For conservative surgery of the tube it is
      necessary to keep in mind the histopathological findings of tubal pregnancies.

PMID- 2904902
TI  - The incidence of urogenital Chlamydia trachomatis infections among patients in
      Kumasi, Ghana.
AB  - The incidence of urogenital chlamydia infections among selected patients in
      Kumasi, Ghana was evaluated using an immunofluorescent monoclonal antibody
      technique. Chlamydia trachomatis was identified in 4 of 110 patients presenting
      for prenatal care, 2 of 55 female patients with infertility and 6 of 15 males
      with acute urethritis. The findings demonstrate that C. trachomatis is a
      frequently identified pathogen among male patients presenting with symptoms of
      acute urethritis; however, the incidence of chlamydia infections among
      asymptomatic patients is relatively low.

PMID- 2904904
TI  - Cervical encerclage--a stitch in time: analysis of 23 cases.
AB  - Cervical incompetency has been recognized as a cause of repeated reproductive
      loss. Currently many surgeons cast doubt on the existence of cervical
      insufficiency and the efficiency of encerclage to salvage the situation. Over a
      period of 3 years we did cervical encerclage for 23 patients with recurrent
      pregnancy loss in whom all other causes were ruled out. Twenty-one patients
      benefitted by the procedure, only one ended in missed abortion and one patient
      had preterm delivery with early neonatal loss. We had a fetal salvage of 91.3%.
      Birth weights of the babies were above 2500 g in 65.2%. In our experience, with
      proper selection, patients benefitted from encerclage performed at the
      appropriate time.

PMID- 2904905
TI  - Differential rates of carcinoma of cervix uteri among the Chagga and Pares of
      Kilimanjaro region, Tanzania.
AB  - Cervical cancer is the commonest cancer among females in Northern Tanzania.
      Female Pares showed a higher age specific incidence rate especially in the older
      age groups (50-65 years) compared to Chagga females. The incidence per year per
      100,000 women, corrected to the standard African population was 5.0 in Moshi and
      9.6 in Pare, during the study period. Both of these ethnic groups live in a
      limited geographic region and are culturally similar. The higher rate of cervical
      cancer among the Pares seems to be due to their increased sexual activity which
      is usually with several male partners.

PMID- 2904906
TI  - Serum lipids and lipoproteins in women with polycystic ovarian disease with
      different body mass index.
AB  - A study to determine serum lipids and lipoproteins in 54 women with polycystic
      ovarian disease (PCOD) who had varying body mass index (BMI) compared to the
      normal regular menstruating women was carried out. All patients had similar
      hormonal profiles of PCOD and differed from the control group. The significant
      observations were high level of triglyceride and low percentage of alpha
      lipoprotein in obese PCOD. The BMI was positively correlated with serum
      triglyceride level, beta and prebeta lipoproteins but inversely correlated with
      high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, the low density lipoprotein (LDL)
      cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio and alpha lipoprotein. No significant
      correlation between lipids, lipoproteins and testosterone levels was observed. It
      appeared that the alteration of serum lipids and lipoproteins in PCOD is due to
      the effect of obesity.

PMID- 2904907
TI  - Sonographic study of the endometrial responses to ovarian hormones in patients
      receiving ovarian stimulation.
AB  - A total of 486 endometrial sonograms from 60 cases were reviewed to study the
      endometrial responses. There was a significant change in the proportion of each
      sonographic criterion between the pre- and post-ovulatory phases. After ovulation
      endometrial image showed distinct changes, and its thickness increased. These
      results suggest that classification of endometrial sonograms according to
      criteria and thickness measurements provides useful information.

PMID- 2904908
TI  - Family planning practice among Nigerian student midwives.
AB  - An analysis of the various contraceptive methods practiced by a total of 462
      student midwives from the Northern and Southern parts of Nigeria over a 3-years
      period is presented. The differences in age distribution, the type of
      contraceptive agents used, the reasons for using them, and the side effects in
      the two groups are statistically significant. The need to provide acceptable
      contraceptive advice to the rural communities by the midwives is discussed.

PMID- 2904909
TI  - Serum methotrexate and human chorionic gonadotropin concentrations during five
      day chemotherapy for low-risk metastatic gestational trophoblastic neoplasia.
AB  - A recent report of serum methotrexate (MTX) levels measured during treatment of
      gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) led us to determine MTX and human
      chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG) levels in a patient with low-risk metastatic
      GTN with a pulmonary metastasis. Peak MTX concentrations exceeded 10(-6) mol/l
      considered by many investigators to be within the therapeutic range against many
      human tumors. Serum beta-hCG levels did not decline during MTX administration;
      however, after 5 days of MTX a steep dose-response curve was observed which
      continued during 5 courses of chemotherapy.

PMID- 2904910
TI  - Primary hepatic pregnancy.
AB  - Abdominal pregnancies are a small fraction of ectopic pregnancies. They usually
      implant on the peritoneal surface after partial disruption of the initial
      implantation site in the tubes. The pelvic cavity is the preferential site, but
      they have been reported from all over the peritoneal cavity. In the present case
      the pregnancy was situated on the surface of the right liver lobe. Abdominal
      pregnancies usually present with acute hemoperitoneum and the pre-operative
      diagnosis is extremely difficult. The possible role of IUDs as an etiological
      factor is briefly discussed.

PMID- 2904911
TI  - Unexpected dystocia secondary to a fetal sacrococcygeal teratoma: a successful
      outcome.
AB  - Sacrococcygeal teratoma is a rare cause of dystocia. With recent advances in
      perinatal care, particularly the increasing use of maternal ultrasound, it is
      unlikely that unexpected dystocia secondary to this tumor will be seen by many
      physicians. Recent reports of this type of dystocia are rare and infant mortality
      secondary to it is high. However, if and when encountered, such dystocia need not
      imply a bad prognosis for either mother or infant. This is a report of successful
      management of one case as well as a presentation of recently reported cases and
      recommendations for management.

PMID- 2904912
TI  - Massive ascites associated with endometriosis in a Nigerian African.
AB  - A case of endometriosis with massive ascites in a 19-year-old Nigerian African is
      reported. This is an unusual combination and it is likely that most gynecologists
      and general physicians would never see such a case. The presentation and
      management of this entity is discussed.

PMID- 2904913
TI  - Virilization due to a rare ovarian tumor in a postmenopausal woman.
AB  - A 60-year-old postmenopausal woman presented with evidence of hirsutism, alopecia
      and mild virilization. Clinical examination and biochemical abnormalities
      suggested that the source of androgen excess was ovarian, and an ovarian tumor
      was confirmed and removed at laparotomy followed by normal endocrine profile in
      the postoperative period.

PMID- 2904914
TI  - Endoscopic suspension of vaginal prolapse.
AB  - A new alternative for the surgical treatment of vaginal prolapse is presented in
      which the prolapse vagina is brought towards the abdominal wall using an
      extraperitoneal abdomino perineal approach with endoscopic control. The technique
      consists of a small suprapubic transverse incision to expose the abdominis rectus
      muscle aponeurosis. A Stamey needle is passed retropubically to the vagina and
      the extremity of a helicoidal suture previously made in the vaginal wall is
      introduced in the eye of the needle. It is then withdrawn to bring the thread to
      the suprapubic region. The maneuver is repeated on the other side and the threads
      are tied up over the aponeurosis of the rectus abdominis muscles, bringing the
      vagina to its original position. Endoscopic control is important to avoid bladder
      perforation.

PMID- 2904915
TI  - Brenner tumor as encountered in a southern Nigerian Hospital.
AB  - Brenner tumor is an uncommon ovarian tumor whose etiology and hormonal activity
      have aroused controversies. The salient features of three cases of this tumor
      seen at the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Nigeria, between March
      1981 and March 1987 are discussed. In one case, the tumor was bilateral and was
      associated with secondary polycythemia. Another case was associated with a full
      term pregnancy and here the tumor contained luteinized stromal cells. Although
      such cells are usually associated with estrogenic activity, the full term
      pregnancy in this case will suggest at best a low level of hormonal activity. The
      last case was an incidental microscopic lesion in a postmenopausal woman.

PMID- 2904916
TI  - Serum lactic dehydrogenase and its isoenzymes in patients with ovarian
      dysgerminoma.
AB  - Lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) is a glycolytic enzyme that may be elevated in the
      serum of patients with gonadal and extragonadal germinomas. In this report, a
      case of unilateral ovarian pure dysgerminoma with remarkably elevated levels of
      serum LDH is presented. After complete excision of the tumor, serum LDH levels
      promptly returned to normal levels. Although an electrophoretic pattern of serum
      LDH isoenzymes was within normal limits pre-operatively, an increase in LDH-1 and
      2 was found 1 week after operation. Seventeen additional examples of ovarian
      dysgerminomas with elevated serum LDH levels have been reported in the English
      literature including five cases who had high levels of two fast fractions of LDH.
      These data suggest that serum LDH levels and its isoenzymes pattern are useful
      tumor markers for diagnosis and post-therapy surveillance in patients with
      ovarian dysgerminomas.

PMID- 2904917
TI  - Pelveo-peritoneal schistosomiasis as a cause of primary infertility.
AB  - An unusual case of bilharziosis apparently leading to anatomic infertility in a
      Kuwaiti woman is reported.

PMID- 2904918
TI  - Antipsychotic withdrawal phenomena in the medical-surgical setting.
AB  - The literature describing nondyskinetic antipsychotic withdrawal symptoms is
      reviewed. The withdrawal of antipsychotic agents can result in nausea, emesis,
      anorexia, diarrhea, rhinorrhea, diaphoresis, myalgias, paresthesias, anxiety,
      agitation, restlessness, and insomnia. Psychotic relapse is often presaged by
      increased anxiety, agitation, restlessness, and insomnia. However, the temporal
      relationship of these prodromal symptoms to reduction in the dosage or
      discontinuation of neuroleptics distinguishes them from the effects of abrupt
      withdrawal.

PMID- 2904919
TI  - [Hygienic problems of using computers in the learning process in secondary
      schools].

PMID- 2904921
TI  - [Alzheimer dementia: new knowledge and the road to therapy. International
      workshop. Konstanz, 27 April-1 May 1988. Abstracts].

PMID- 2904920
TI  - Energy efficiency of different mechanistic models for potassium ion uptake in
      lower eukaryotic cells.
AB  - Different mechanistic models for potassium ion uptake are analyzed by an
      equilibrium-thermodynamic formalism in terms of their comparative efficiency in
      setting chemical potential differences of the potassium ion of different
      magnitudes across the plasma membrane of lower eukaryotic cells. The possible
      adaptive advantages for a multimode mechanism(s) operating in alternative modes
      depending on the physiological and/or environmental conditions of the cells are
      discussed.

PMID- 2904922
TI  - [Reinduction of GGT-positive foci in the hamster cheek pouch by a resumption of
      DMBA application].

PMID- 2904923
TI  - Narcotic usage in renal failure.

PMID- 2904924
TI  - Leachability of a new plasticizer tri-(2-ethylhexyl)-trimellitate from
      haemodialysis tubing.
AB  - In two groups of patients on chronic haemodialysis treatment, the common PVC-DEHP
      blood tubing was replaced with tubing containing tri-(2-ethylhexyl)-trimellate
      (TOTM) as plasticizer. The aim of the present study was to measure the amount of
      TOTM and/or its metabolites (TAE s) in plasma, resulting from TOTM that might
      leach from the dialysis tubes. The arterial levels of TAE s at the start of the
      dialysis sessions were monitored by Selected Ion Monitoring (SIM) analysis once a
      week for a period of 42 days. A gradual decrease in TAE was observed during the
      first 21 days of the haemodialysis treatment with the PVC-TOTM tubes. After three
      weeks, the TAE levels remained constant until the end of the study. On day 120 of
      the haemodialysis treatment, the plasma TAE concentrations from the inflow and
      outflow tubes of the dialyzer were monitored during a single haemodialysis
      session at different times after starting dialysis. At the beginning of the
      dialysis session, the mean concentration of TAE was 55.81 +/- 14.98 ng/ml (mean
      +/- standard error), while at the end the levels were 73.34 +/- 17.05 ng/ml.
      There were no significant differences between venous and arterial sampling points
      in the trimellitic ester concentrations. Less TOTM is apparently leached from
      haemodialysis than DEHP. TOTM can be recommended as an alternative plasticizer to
      DEHP, but its possible toxicity in humans should be investigated before it can be
      used routinely.

PMID- 2904925
TI  - Renal tolerance of fleroxacin in healthy volunteers.
AB  - In order to evaluate kidney tolerance of fleroxacin, a new fluoroquinolone, we
      performed a volunteer study with 16 healthy males, 20-27 years old. On three
      consecutive days 800 mg of fleroxacin was administered orally. Alanine
      aminopeptidase and distal- and pan-tubular antigens were determined in 24 h urine
      collections with specific monoclonal antibodies. Routine haematological and
      biochemical parameters were determined daily and were in the normal range during
      the follow-up. No significant changes in excretion of alanine-aminopeptidase and
      of the urinary antigens were observed during the three days of fleroxacin
      administration and on the following three days. The results obtained in this
      volunteer study indicate that fleroxacin has no nephrotoxic side effects.

PMID- 2904926
TI  - Current status of internal mammary artery as a conduit for myocardial
      revascularisation.

PMID- 2904927
TI  - Fibrous papule: a tumor of fibrohistiocytic cells that contain factor XIIIa.
AB  - Factor XIIIa, a blood coagulation factor, has been found in a variety of cell
      types, including dendritic reticulum cells and fibroblast-like mesenchymal cells.
      We hypothesized that fibrous papule, a lesion of uncertain histogenesis, was
      composed of dermal stellate cells and in this report demonstrate that this
      neoplasm consists of cells that contain this factor. Nevus cells do not contain
      factor XIIIa.

PMID- 2904928
TI  - Treatment of nonphobic anxiety disorders: a comparison of nondirective,
      cognitive, and coping desensitization therapy.

PMID- 2904929
TI  - Lymphocyte subclasses and depression.

PMID- 2904930
TI  - Lack of subsensitivity to terfenadine during long-term terfenadine treatment.
AB  - Eleven healthy male volunteers ingested terfenadine, 60 mg, every 12 hours for 56
      days. Compliance was monitored strictly throughout the study. Before the first
      terfenadine dose on day 0, and 12 hours after the evening terfenadine dose every
      seventh day and on randomly selected "unscheduled" days, wheal-and-flare areas
      were measured after intradermal injections of 0.01 ml of histamine phosphate (1.0
      mg/ml and 0.1 mg/ml). On days 0, 28, and 56, six volunteers had skin tests hourly
      for 12 hours after the morning terfenadine dose. On all study days, serum
      terfenadine metabolite I concentrations were measured each time histamine skin
      tests were performed. On days 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, and 56, the mean areas
      of the histamine-induced wheals did not differ significantly from each other but
      were significantly decreased compared to the mean wheal area on day 0 (p less
      than 0.01). On these days, the mean areas of the histamine-induced flares also
      did not differ significantly from each other but remained significantly
      suppressed compared to the mean flare areas on day 0 (p less than 0.01). Wheal
      and-flare suppression was noted in all unscheduled histamine skin tests performed
      12 hours after the evening terfenadine dose. In the subgroup of volunteers who
      had hourly tests, on day 0, the mean wheal-and-flare areas were significantly
      suppressed from 2 to 12 hours after the dose, with maximal wheal suppression
      occurring at 5 hours (p less than 0.05) and maximal flare suppression occurring
      from 3 to 9 hours (p less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2904932
TI  - Hantaviruses are here in Scotland.

PMID- 2904931
TI  - The in vivo potency and selectivity of azelastine as an H1 histamine-receptor
      antagonist in human airways and skin.
AB  - Azelastine is a novel histamine H1 antagonist with putative antileukotriene
      activity in guinea pigs. With three different doses of oral azelastine, we have
      performed a dose-response study to determine its protective effect on the airways
      against histamine-induced bronchoconstriction in 12 patients with mild, atopic
      asthma. On 4 separate days, patients undertook standardized inhalation-challenge
      tests with increasing concentrations of histamine (0.03 to 32 mg/ml) 4 hours
      after placebo or azelastine, 4.4, 8.8, and 17.6 mg, administered double blind and
      in random order. On 2 additional days, patients underwent methacholine challenge
      tests after placebo or azelastine, 17.6 mg. Baseline FEV1 between treatment days
      and 4 hours after placebo and azelastine did not change significantly. The three
      doses of azelastine, 4.4, 8.8, and 17.6 mg, increased the concentration of
      histamine required to cause a 20% fall in FEV1 (PC20) from 0.16 mg/ml geometric
      mean (GM) after placebo to 1.98 (p less than 0.01), 8.8 (p less than 0.01), and
      8.1 (p less than 0.01) mg/ml, respectively. GM potency ratios derived from the
      PC20 values obtained for each patient indicated that the three increasing doses
      of azelastine displaced the histamine dose-response curve to the right by factors
      of 12.8, 54.4, and 50.2. Azelastine had no effect on the airway response to
      methacholine with GM PC20 values of 0.16 and 0.19 after placebo and azelastine,
      17.6 mg. Azelastine is a potent H1 histamine-receptor antagonist on human airways
      in vivo without demonstrable anticholinergic effect.

PMID- 2904933
TI  - The actions of L-glutamate at the postsynaptic membrane of the squid giant
      synapse.
AB  - The actions of L-glutamate on the postsynaptic membrane of the squid giant
      synapse were investigated using two methods of application: ionophoresis and bath
      perfusion. Bath perfusion of 10 mmoll-1 sodium glutamate did not produce an
      appreciable depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane but reversibly blocked
      the neurally evoked postsynaptic potential (PSP). The postsynaptic membrane
      depolarized when L-glutamate was applied ionophoretically. The sensitivity to
      glutamate application was not uniform, but sharply localized to sites which may
      correspond to synaptic contacts made by branching colaterals from the
      postsynaptic axon. The relationship between membrane potential and amplitude of
      the glutamate-activated postsynaptic potential (PSP) examined under current-clamp
      conditions was linear over the voltage range studied (-110 to -60 mV) with an
      extrapolated reversal potential of -36 mV. The amplitude of the glutamate
      activated PSP was reduced either by replacing Na+ in the external solution with
      Tris+ (Na+-free) or by raising the extracellular K+ concentration to 20 mmoll-1
      and was abolished by removing both Na+ and Ca2+ from the bath solution. The PSP
      amplitude was insensitive to changes in the extracellular Mg2+ concentration. The
      extrapolated reversal potential of the glutamate PSP was shifted to more positive
      potentials in both Na+-free and raised-K+ bathing solutions and was unchanged by
      anion substitution. The depolarization induced by L-glutamate increased with
      increasing ionophoretic current and reached a maximum with large pulses. Double
      logarithmic plots of the coulomb dose-response relationship gave a limiting slope
      in the range 1.7-2.2, suggesting that two glutamate molecules are required for
      receptor activation. The time course of desensitization of the glutamate response
      was studied using a double-pulse method. The initial decrease in the ratio,
      PSP2/PSP1, is followed by a slower time-dependent recovery of the postsynaptic
      response with a time constant of 8.5 s. Prolonged perfusion of the squid giant
      synapse with concanavalin A failed to abolish desensitization of the glutamate
      evoked PSP.

PMID- 2904934
TI  - The public's view of mosquito problems in an organized control district.
AB  - Mosquito control programs provide abatement services to residents of urban,
      suburban and rural areas. The differing perceptions of these programs by
      residents of the Jefferson County Mosquito Control District (Texas) are examined
      using a mail survey. Mosquito problems start occurring earlier in the year for
      urban residents. The average number of bites per hour per night was 11. Rural
      residents used more self-administered control methods and incurred greater
      expenditures for these efforts than other residents. A majority of respondents
      recognized the effectiveness of the mosquito control district's current abatement
      efforts, but 56% supported greater use of nonchemical control methods. The study
      methods are expected to be useful in other areas to address similar problems.

PMID- 2904935
TI  - Oral transmission of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus by a northern Indiana
      strain of Coquillettidia perturbans.

PMID- 2904936
TI  - The potential of mosquito-indigestible phytoplankton for mosquito control.

PMID- 2904937
TI  - Selected literature references to mosquitoes and mosquito-borne diseases. Part 1.

PMID- 2904938
TI  - Ground and aerial application of the asexual stage of Lagenidium giganteum for
      control of mosquitoes associated with rice culture in the Central Valley of
      California.
AB  - A series of ground and aerial applications of Lagenidium giganteum, a facultative
      fungal parasite of mosquito larvae, was made in rice fields and associated
      habitats in the Sacramento Valley, CA. Initial trials using ground applications
      of the fungus in 400 m2 plots indicated that asexually competent mycelium from 30
      liters of fermentation beer per hectare was sufficient to control Culex tarsalis
      in rice field habitats. Two multi-hectare applications using a Micronair Atomizer
      were made at rates of mycelium from either 20 or 30 liters of fermentation beer
      per hectare. The lower application rate resulted in 40% confirmed infection of
      Cx. tarsalis and Anopheles freeborni sentinel larvae, while the higher
      application rate resulted in greater than 90% initial mortality of sentinel Cx.
      tarsalis and An. freeborni and 65% Aedes melanimon sentinel mortality. This was
      accompanied by a 10-fold decrease in indigenous populations of the 2 former
      species.

PMID- 2904939
TI  - Mosquito surveillance employing New Jersey light traps on Indian reservations in
      Iowa, Nebraska and South Dakota in 1984 and 1985.
AB  - A mosquito surveillance program was established in 1983 on Indian reservations in
      Iowa, Nebraska and South Dakota. Standard New Jersey light traps were operated on
      12 reservations throughout the summer seasons in 1984 and 1985. Rainfall levels
      in general were higher than normal at all sites in 1984 but were lower than
      normal at most sites in 1985. Aedes vexans was the most abundant species
      collected on all reservations and Culex tarsalis second in abundance. Man-biting
      collections of mosquitoes near Brookings in 1984 reached 35 mosquitoes/5 minutes
      in early July and were largely composed of Ae. vexans, Ae. dorsalis and Ae.
      nigromaculis while numbers of Cx. tarsalis and An. quadrimaculatus were minor.
      During the same period in 1985, man biting collections averaged less than 5/5
      minutes.

PMID- 2904940
TI  - Mosquito production and hydrological capacity of southeast Florida impoundments
      used for wastewater retention.
AB  - In Indian River County, Florida mosquito control impoundments, larval mosquito
      sampling and hydrological measurements demonstrated the importance of careful
      consideration of these factors when developing management plans for impoundments
      used for wastewater retention. Discharging secondarily treated wastewater into an
      impoundment resulted in only minor mosquito production. However, a treatment
      plant failure produced extremely high Culex densities in the impoundment. Average
      water loss rates in impoundments studied were due to evapotranspiration (0.25
      cm/day) and percolation (0.38 cm/day). Greatest percolation (0.68 cm/day) was
      measured when the impoundments were maximally flooded. Under the conditions of
      this study, the impoundments can assimilate approximately 124 cm/year of
      wastewater (1.52 million liters/day) over a 50 ha area without overflows.

PMID- 2904941
TI  - Swarming and mating of the univoltine Aedes mosquitoes in the laboratory.

PMID- 2904942
TI  - Measurement of the effect of microsporidian pathogens on mosquito larval
      mortality under artificial field conditions.

PMID- 2904943
TI  - Efficacy of sustained-release formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis var.
      Israelensis and methoprene for control of Coquillettidia perturbans in Indiana.

PMID- 2904944
TI  - Habitat characteristics of Coquillettidia perturbans in central Florida.
AB  - Habitat characteristics were examined in two marshes and the littoral zones of
      two lakes in central Florida to determine their effect on the density and
      distribution of Coquillettidia perturbans. Larval and water samples were
      collected and habitat characteristics were recorded at monthly intervals for one
      year. Several significantly different physicochemical parameters were found
      between the marshes and lakeshores. Sites with dissolved oxygen less than 1.5
      mg/liter (from October through May), pH less than 5.2, total alkalinity less than
      6.0 mg CaCO3/liter, and orthophosphate less than 0.25 mg/liter were associated
      with significantly higher concentrations of Cq. perturbans. Arrow-arum, caric
      sedge, and maidencane were also associated with higher numbers of Coquillettidia.

PMID- 2904945
TI  - The host preferences of Culiseta inornata in southwestern Manitoba.
AB  - The capillary tube precipitin test was used to determine the host utilization
      patterns of Culiseta inornata in southwestern Manitoba. Ruminant blood was
      identified in 83.3% and equine blood in 15.8% of 1,036 positively reacting blood
      meals. Human, swine and avian blood accounted for 0.9% of these blood-meals and
      mixed blood-meals accounted for 1.5% of the total. Culiseta inornata
      preferentially fed on large mammals, and selection between cattle and horses
      reflected the relative abundance of these two hosts rather than a specific
      preference for either one.

PMID- 2904946
TI  - Field incidence of mosquito pathogens and parasites in central Alberta.
AB  - Ten pools and ponds were monitored on a weekly basis for presence of mosquito
      pathogens and parasites over a three year period near Edmonton, Alberta. Acari,
      fungi, Microsporidia and Peritrichida were found associated with mosquitoes.
      Percentage of collections with pathogens and parasites (prevalence) followed by
      the mean percentage infection within the samples, in parentheses (estimated %
      incidence) for the three year period were as follows: Coelomomyces psorophorae
      var. psorophorae 0.9(0.01-0.02), Culicinomyces clavisporus 1.2(0.09-0.2),
      Saprolegniales 50.1(15), Smittium sp. 23.0(4), Microsporidia 10.9(0.6-1.4),
      Peritrichida 43.4(30) and Acari 3.2(0.04). The high incidence of Saprolegniales
      may be a result of attack on stressed individuals under laboratory conditions.
      Several host and country records are reported. It is concluded that pathogens and
      parasites generally had little effect on the mosquito populations.

PMID- 2904947
TI  - Preliminary field trials with the entomopathogenic hyphomycete Tolypocladium
      cylindrosporum in central Alberta.
AB  - Conidia and blastoconidia of the pathogenic hyphomycete Tolypocladium
      cylindrosporum were applied to temporary and semi-permanent pools in central
      Alberta on 6 occasions. Infections were detected in the field only following
      application of blastoconidia; indications were that infections did not occur in
      the field following application of conidia. Most infections were detected only
      after holding field-collected immatures under laboratory conditions for up to 24
      days. Five species of mosquitoes were found infected. Infections occurred in
      collections up to 29 days post-application with most mosquitoes dying as 4th
      instars. No infections were detected during subsequent years. Infection rates of
      up to 33% for blastoconidia and 55% for conidia were estimated. It is speculated
      that field-collected mosquitoes succumbed to the fungus as a result of the stress
      of transfer to laboratory conditions.

PMID- 2904948
TI  - Polycyclic aromatic compounds as phototoxic mosquito larvicides.
AB  - The phototoxicity of 2-acetylnaphthalene, 1-acetylnaphthalene, 1
      naphthalenecarboxaldehyde, 9-xanthenone, 9-thioxanthenone, 9-methylanthracene,
      anthracene, alpha-terthienyl, pyrene and fluoranthene was tested with larvae of
      Aedes aegypti, Ae. taeniorhynchus and Culex quinquefasciatus. The larvae were
      exposed to the chemicals in the presence of sunlight for intervals from 1 to 6 hr
      and the corresponding LC50 values calculated. The LC50 values determined when the
      6-hr exposure was followed by 18 hr in the dark range from over 10 ppm to below
      0.001 ppm. Naphthalene derivatives were the least active while alpha-terthienyl,
      anthracene, 9-methylanthracene, pyrene and fluoranthene were the most phototoxic.

PMID- 2904949
TI  - Oviposition habitats of Psorophora columbiae in soybean fields of a Texas
      riceland agroecosystem.
AB  - Soil samples were collected over a 21/2-year period from microhabitats in fields
      planted to soybeans in Chambers County, TX, to study the oviposition behavior of
      Psorophora columbiae. An analysis of egg collection data gathered from the
      processing of 1,098 soil samples suggested that, during wet years, Ps. columbiae
      eggs tend to be scattered throughout soybean fields. During dry years, a greater
      abundance of eggs occur in the low areas of these types of fields. The data also
      suggested that oviposition by Ps. columbiae is concentrated in soil near the base
      of soybean plants rather than in open furrows between the rows of plants.

PMID- 2904950
TI  - The isolation of spiroplasmas from mosquitoes in Macon County, Alabama.
AB  - During the summer months of 1985, 1,298 adult mosquitoes comprising 21 species
      and 7 genera were collected in Macon County, Alabama. Mosquitoes were collected
      from four sections of the county with CO2-baited light traps. Spiroplasma
      cultures were isolated from two pools of 24 and 25 Aedes fulvus pallens, one pool
      of 22 Anopheles punctipennis and one pool of 7 Culex nigripalpus. Electron
      microscopic studies of the isolates revealed helical, wall-less cells.

PMID- 2904951
TI  - Recent pathogen and mosquito host records from Penang Island, Malaysia.

PMID- 2904952
TI  - Laboratory toxicity of a new benzoylphenylurea insect growth regulator (UC-84572)
      against mosquitoes and chironomid midges.

PMID- 2904953
TI  - Additional collection records for mosquitoes of Michigan.

PMID- 2904954
TI  - Vertical distribution of ovipositing Toxorhynchites moctezuma in Trinidad.

PMID- 2904955
TI  - An electrically heated membrane blood-feeding device for mosquito colony
      maintenance.

PMID- 2904956
TI  - Selected literature references to mosquitoes and mosquito-borne diseases. Part 2.

PMID- 2904957
TI  - The distribution of female mosquitoes about a flight barrier.
AB  - A 6.1 m long suction trap, with multiple air inlets located on its upwind, top,
      ends and downwind sides, was placed on a freely pivoting raft moored in a large
      borrow pit. Air inlets on the downwind side made larger captures than those on
      the upwind side. Inlets near the top edge of the trap captured larger numbers
      than those at the bottom. Larger proportions of Culex nigripalpus and Cx.
      erraticus accumulated behind the horizontal and vertical edges of the trap than
      did other species. Mosquitoes near the ends of the trap could choose whether to
      fly over or around the trap; most Cx. nigripalpus and Cx. erraticus flew over the
      trap while only Cx. pilosus favored going around the ends. Other species appeared
      to fly over and around the trap in approximately equal numbers. No evidence was
      found that flight patterns changed with differing wind velocities.

PMID- 2904958
TI  - Marking adult mosquitoes using an aerially applied fluorescent pigment.
AB  - A water soluble, fluorescent pigment was aerially applied to caged Culex
      quinquefasciatus adults in a south Louisiana marshland pasture. Mosquitoes held
      in cages on 1 m stakes were greater than 90% marked. This number was
      significantly greater (P less than 0.01) than the number of marked mosquitoes
      held in cages that were placed in dense vegetation (greater than or equal to 0.5
      m high) near the ground surface (70% marked). In a second aerial test with caged
      Aedes sollicitans in an open, grassy area of the marshland pasture, the pigment
      marked 100% of the adult mosquitoes held in cages 1 m above the ground and 98% of
      the caged mosquitoes on the ground surface. Greater than 96% of the adults
      collected from an emerging population of Ae. sollicitans within the test area
      were marked as well as 100% of wild caught deer fly adults, Chrysops flavidus
      complex, in the test area.

PMID- 2904959
TI  - Dose-mortality responses of crawfish and mosquitoes to selected pesticides.
AB  - A study was conducted to determine the toxicities (LC50S) of several pesticides
      on the commercially important red swamp crawfish, Procambarus clarkii, and 3
      mosquito species common in Louisiana ricelands--Anopheles quadrimaculatus, Culex
      salinarius and Psorophora columbiae. Pesticides tested in laboratory bioassays
      included Bacillus sphaericus, B. thuringiensis var. israelensis, bendiocarb,
      glyphosate, isostearyl alcohol, malathion, propoxur, resmethrin synergized with
      piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and thiobencarb. Isostearyl alcohol was the least toxic
      compound to crawfish, with a LC50 of greater than 10,000 ppm, while resmethrin +
      PBO (1:3 ratio) was the most toxic with a LC50 of 0.00082 ppm. The herbicides
      glyphosate and thiobencarb were the least toxic compounds for the mosquito
      species tested, while B. t. var. israelensis and resmethrin + PBO were the most
      toxic.

PMID- 2904960
TI  - A prospective field evaluation of an enzyme immunoassay: detection of eastern
      equine encephalomyelitis virus antigen in pools of Culiseta melanura.
AB  - A prospective field study was conducted to determine the sensitivity and
      specificity of an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) compared to virus isolation in cell
      culture for the detection of eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) virus in
      naturally infected mosquitoes. A total of 10,811 adult female Culiseta melanura
      were collected in light traps during 1985 from four locations in Maryland.
      Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus was isolated from 5 of 495 mosquito pools
      in African green monkey kidney and baby hamster kidney cell cultures. All five
      virus-infected pools were detected by the EIA, and all 490 uninfected pools were
      correctly scored as not containing virus. The EIA did not produce false positive
      or false negative results. Results support the assertion of previous researchers
      that the antigen detection EIA is a rapid, sensitive, specific, and simple
      alternative to traditional bioassays for the detection of EEE virus in
      mosquitoes.

PMID- 2904961
TI  - The sequential sampling of Psorophora columbiae larvae in rice fields.
AB  - Sequential sampling plans were developed for larval populations of Psorophora
      columbiae developing in rice fields during the growth of rice for a 2nd crop in
      southwestern Louisiana. Two types of plans were developed: 1) sequential counting
      plans to estimate the true mean of a population with a prespecified coefficient
      of variation and 2) sequential decision plans to assist in deciding whether the
      mean larval count/dip lies outside preselected upper or lower levels. The
      procedure by which the plans were developed consisted of: 1) conventional larval
      sampling by dipping along rice field levees that divided each field into pans; 2)
      counting the number of 2nd through 4th instar larvae observed in two dips taken
      at each sampling location; and 3) determination of the appropriate statistical
      parameters from which probability curves, number of samples required, and
      cumulative larval totals for specific sampling plans could be derived. Both
      sequential sampling plans are based upon distributions attendant to naturally
      occurring populations.

PMID- 2904962
TI  - Encapsulation of the mosquito fungal pathogen Lagenidium giganteum
      (Oomycetes:Lagenidiales) in calcium alginate.
AB  - The asexual stages (presporangial mycelia) of Lagenidium giganteum cultured on
      sunflower seed extract were encapsulated in calcium alginate and remained
      infective to mosquito larvae, Culex quinquefasciatus, after storage at 15 degrees
      C for up to 75 days. Survival and zoospore release from the encapsulated mycelia
      persisted for up to 24 days after immersion in water. Encapsulated sexual stages
      (oospores), held at 23-26 degrees C for up to 35 days or frozen for 8-10 days,
      were infective to mosquito larvae for up to 48 days after immersion in water and
      during that time over 50% of the oospores germinated. In outdoor pools,
      encapsulated mycelia gave 100% control of Cx. quinquefasciatus at 6-7 days after
      treatment while encapsulated oospores gave 100% control at 11 days posttreatment.

PMID- 2904963
TI  - The used tire trade: a mechanism for the worldwide dispersal of container
      breeding mosquitoes.
AB  - Modern transportation methods have facilitated an extensive trade in used tires
      at the national and international level. The history and reasons for this trade
      are described. Comprehensive data on United States imports and United States,
      Japanese, and Korean exports of used tires for the period 1978-85 reveal an
      unprecedented potential for the worldwide dispersal of important vector
      mosquitoes such as Aedes albopictus and Ae. aegypti. Other articles of commerce
      with similar potential may await recognition.

PMID- 2904964
TI  - A small habitat, larval mosquito sampler.

PMID- 2904965
TI  - Effectiveness of controlled-release personal-use arthropod repellents and
      permethrin-impregnated clothing in the field.
AB  - Two topical controlled-release personal-use arthropod repellent formulations of
      diethyl methylbenzamide (deet) and permethrin-impregnated clothing were tested on
      human volunteers in a tropical rain forest near Innisfail, Queensland, Australia.
      The field trials were arranged in a four-way factorial design which compared
      fabric types, permethrin treatment and repellent treatments over a 14-hour test
      period. An analysis of variance with each factor treated as a fixed effect
      indicated that treatment of the clothing with permethrin and use of topical
      repellents were effective in preventing bites. The controlled release
      formulations were not significantly better than the current U.S. Army formulation
      of deet under field conditions. The repellent formulations and the permethrin
      treated clothing used as one system provided better protection than the repellent
      formulations or permethrin-treated clothing used separately.

PMID- 2904966
TI  - Studies on bioassay of the entomopathogenic hyphomycete fungus Tolypocladium
      cylindrosporum in mosquitoes.
AB  - Larvae of Aedes aegypti, Ae. vexans and Culiseta inornata were used to study the
      pathogenicity of the hyphomycete fungus Tolypocladium cylindrosporum. Experiments
      consisted of continuous exposure of second-instar larvae to 5 concentrations of
      conidia at 10, 15, 20 and 25 degrees C. The 3 test species were susceptible at
      all temperatures tested. There was generally a direct relationship between dosage
      and pathogenicity in the host population, however linear relationships between
      probit mortality at 10 days and log dosage occurred in only 11 of 37 assays
      performed. In these 11 assays, median lethal concentrations were in the order of
      10(4)-10(5) conidia/ml. Median lethal times were between 3 and 14 days. It was
      concluded that the present bioassay method for T. cylindrosporum is inadequate
      and needs major improvement.

PMID- 2904967
TI  - The distribution and larval habitat characteristics of Iranian Culicinae.
AB  - The distribution of the Iranian Culicinae is updated and reported by province.
      Larval habitat characteristics of each species, based on the information gathered
      throughout its range in Iran and at different times during the breeding season,
      are also presented.

PMID- 2904968
TI  - Habitat associations of mosquito and copepod species.
AB  - Copepods and mosquitoes were collected and identified over a 12-month period from
      three woodland ponds, discarded tires and a salt marsh. The species distribution
      of both mosquitoes and copepods varied among habitats and seasonally.
      Acanthocyclops vernalis was the predominant copepod in all of the habitats except
      the discarded tires, where Thermocyclops dybowskii was the predominant species.
      Amblyospora sp.-infected mosquitoes and copepods were found on several occasions
      in one of the woodland ponds and in the salt marsh. The results indicate that
      several copepod species have the potential to influence larval mosquito
      populations either directly as predators or indirectly as intermediate hosts of
      parasites.

PMID- 2904969
TI  - Efficacy of fenoxycarb (Pictyl) against Psorophora columbiae in Arkansas
      ricefields.
AB  - The IGR, fenoxycarb was effective against mosquitoes in both small rice plots and
      commercial ricefields in southeast Arkansas at the rate of 10 g AI/ha. It
      adequately controlled Psorophora columbiae populations. This compound shows
      excellent promise as a tool in effective IPM schemes against Ps. columbiae larvae
      in Arkansas rice fields by acting as a direct control, and possibly by indirectly
      increasing their vulnerability to natural controls.

PMID- 2904970
TI  - An evaluation of the mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis, and the inland silverside,
      Menidia beryllina, as mosquito control agents in California wild rice fields.
AB  - The mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis, and the inland silverside, Menidia beryllina,
      were evaluated in experimental, one-tenth hectare wild rice plots in Lake County,
      California, for their impact on densities of Culex tarsalis, Anopheles freeborni
      and Anopheles franciscanus. Gambusia affinis were tested at 0.6 and 1.7 kg/ha and
      the silversides at ca. 0.9 kg/ha. The silversides did not survive well in the
      rice field system and none of the silverside guts examined contained mosquito
      larvae. The mosquitofish increased steadily throughout the season and mosquito
      larvae were found in 9% of the fish dissected. Analysis of variance did not
      reveal significant differences among the mosquito populations in the 3 fish
      treatments and controls on any sampling date. More than 40 species of aquatic
      insects were collected and population densities of selected aquatic insects were
      similar among the 4 treatments.

PMID- 2904971
TI  - Psorophora columbiae larval density in southwestern Louisiana rice fields as a
      function of cattle density.

PMID- 2904972
TI  - Inheritance of orange pupa and phosphoglucomutase in the mosquito Armigeres
      subalbatus.

PMID- 2904973
TI  - Effectiveness of deet and permethrin, alone, and in a soap formulation as skin
      and clothing protectants against mosquitoes in Australia.

PMID- 2904974
TI  - Oviposition of Toxorhynchites theobaldi in different types of artificial
      containers in Mexico.

PMID- 2904975
TI  - In vitro study of the anticholinergic and antihistaminic activities of protopine
      and some derivatives.

PMID- 2904976
TI  - Neuroleptic malignant syndrome in a patient with Wilson's disease.

PMID- 2904977
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging in an HTLV-I antibody positive patient with tropical
      spastic paraparesis.

PMID- 2904978
TI  - Synaptic connectivity of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive nerve terminals in
      the striatum of normal, heterozygous and homozygous weaver mutant mice.
AB  - Striatal dopamine deficiency in weaver mutant mice is associated with loss of
      mesencephalic dopamine neurons. The maximum dopamine concentration in the
      striatum of weaver mutants is found on postnatal day 20, when it represents 50%
      of the control value. By day 180, it declines to 25% of the control value.
      Correspondingly, the number of nigral dopamine neurons is 58% of the normal
      number on day 20 and becomes 31% of the normal value by day 90. The aim of the
      present study was to examine whether dopamine axon terminals in the weaver
      striatum establish synaptic connections with postsynaptic neurons at the time
      when striatal dopamine concentration is at its peak value (i.e. on postnatal day
      20), and if so, to compare the profile of synaptic connectivity of dopamine axon
      terminals found in the striatum of normal mice with that of heterozygous and
      homozygous weaver mutants. To that end, 20-day-old weaver homozygotes, along with
      age-matched weaver heterozygotes and wild-type mice were studied by electron
      microscopy after immunocytochemical labelling for tyrosine hydroxylase. A single
      micrograph of each of 1543 dopamine axon terminals was examined in total in the
      three genotypes; quantitative analyses of the relations of tyrosine hydroxylase
      immunoreactive nerve terminals were carried out in the dorsolateral striatum,
      which receives the dopamine projection from the substantia nigra proper. In all
      three genotypes, junctional contacts formed by tyrosine hydroxylase
      immunoreactive nerve terminals in the striatum were predominantly of the
      symmetrical type. In wild-type and heterozygous mice, the majority of contacts
      (92% and 91% respectively) were formed with dendrites and spines. In weaver
      mutant mice, the majority of contacts (87%) were also with dendrites and spines,
      but the proportion of axosomatic contacts was double that found in normal
      animals. The proportions of contacts that displayed junctional membrane
      specializations in single sections were 27% in wild-type mice, 29% in weaver
      heterozygotes, and 17% in homozygous weaver mutants. Taking into consideration
      that the plane of the section might not always have included the synaptic
      specialization, a stereological formula was applied. It was estimated that 85-89%
      of the contacts may be truly junctional in the striatum of normal and
      heterozygous mice, whereas only 53% may be junctional in the striatum of weaver
      homozygotes. The reduced incidence of junctional synapses in weaver homozygotes
      may suggest either inadequate synaptogenesis, or an early loss of synapses after
      their formation, or both.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2904979
TI  - Reinstatement of synaptic connectivity in the striatum of weaver mutant mice
      following transplantation of ventral mesencephalic anlagen.
AB  - Ventral mesencephalic anlagen survive following grafting to the striatum of
      weaver mutant mice and reinnervate the dopamine-depleted basal ganglia of the
      recipients. The aim of the present study was to examine the pattern of
      connectivity established by graft-deriving dopamine afferents in the host
      striatum. Grafts were obtained from normal embryos at a gestational age of 14-15
      days and implanted into a surgical cavity overlying the dorsal striatum of adult
      weaver recipients. Tissue was processed for electron microscopic
      immunocytochemistry using a primary antiserum against tyrosine hydroxylase. At
      the time of examination, recipient weaver mutants were 8.5 months old and the
      grafts had survived for 4.5 months. Grafts were found to contain an estimated 100
      1000 tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive neurons. Tyrosine hydroxylase
      immunoreactive fibres, displaying characteristic varicosities, innervated the
      dorsal striatum to a depth of 1000 micron. In the non-grafted striatum, 8% of the
      contacts of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive nerve terminals were junctional.
      That proportion contrasted with the corresponding value of normal animals, which
      is 27%. In the grafted striatum, 29% of the contacts were junctional. That
      percentage approximated the value found in normal animals. By applying a
      stereological correction, it can be estimated from those numbers that the true
      proportion of junctional contacts in the non-grafted striatum of 8.5-month-old
      mutants may be 26%, whereas that in the grafted side may be 91%, which is close
      to the normal situation. The majority of contacts in the reinnervated striatum
      (84%) were made with dendrites and spines. However, the proportion of total
      axosomatic contacts in the reinnervated striatum was twice as high as that found
      in the striatum of normal animals, and the proportion of junctional synapses was
      three times higher than that found normally. We conclude that: (1) in spite of a
      genetically determined degenerative process, the dorsal neostriatum of weaver
      mutant mice is receptive to synaptic investment by dopamine afferents originating
      in normal donor tissue. (2) In repopulating the denervated weaver striatum, graft
      deriving dopamine afferents display a connectional selectivity, i.e. they
      establish synaptic relations preferentially with those cellular domains that are
      normally innervated by dopamine nerve terminals. In this context, it is possible
      that dopamine fibres originating in the grafts invest postsynaptic sites that had
      either been vacated from the intrinsic dopamine input or had never received such
      an input. (3) The striatal connectivity following transplantation may retain
      features of immaturity as suggested by t

PMID- 2904980
TI  - Immunohistochemical characterization of osteoclasts and osteoclast-like cells
      with monoclonal antibody MB1 on paraffin-embedded tissues.
AB  - In this study we provide evidence that MB1, a newly developed monoclonal antibody
      which reacts with B lymphocytes and a proportion of T cells and monocytes, can be
      successfully used for the direct immunohistochemical identification of
      osteoclasts on paraffin-embedded surgical specimens. The antigen(s) recognized by
      MB1 is present at high density in the cytoplasm of osteoclasts of fetal bone and
      in the multinucleated cells of human giant cell tumour of bone (osteoclastoma),
      but is weakly expressed or absent in the giant cells of granulomas. MB1 is thus
      proposed as a new immunohistochemical marker for osteoclasts on paraffin-embedded
      material.

PMID- 2904981
TI  - Crossed testicular ectopia with bilateral duplication of the vasa deferentia: an
      unusual finding in cryptorchism.
AB  - A very unusual association of crossed testicular ectopia, with bilaterally
      duplicated vasa deferentia, was encountered in an otherwise normal 10-year-old
      boy who presented with bilateral cryptorchism. The left testis was palpable in
      the groin; the right was nonpalpable. Because of ductal fusion, both testes were
      brought down on the same side to avoid damage during separation, with placement
      of the testes in either hemiscrotum through a transseptal incision.

PMID- 2904982
TI  - Influence of relative humidity on the adhesive properties of a model interactive
      system.
AB  - The influence of relative humidity on the adhesive properties of model drug
      carrier interactive systems was investigated using the centrifuge method. The
      degree of adhesion was quantified by determining the S50 from the adhesion
      profile. High ambient humidity (greater than 40% r.h.) decreased the degree of
      interaction of three sulphonamide powders with model hydroxypropyl
      methylcellulose phthalate-coated glass bead carriers during blending. All drug
      carrier interactive systems displayed decreases in the degree of adhesion during
      storage. The extent and rate of the decreases increased with relative humidity
      and was interactive system-dependent. Preconditioning the powders to varying
      moisture contents produced contrasting results during blending, with one system
      showing a decrease in adhesion as the relative humidity increased, while the
      other's interactive capability increased. This increase was attributed to the
      enhancement of charging sites on the drug's powders surface by the adsorbed
      moisture.

PMID- 2904983
TI  - Buffer and pH effects on propranolol binding by human albumin and alpha 1-acid
      glycoprotein.
AB  - Propranolol binding to isolated human alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) and human
      albumin (HSA) was studied by equilibrium dialysis at 37 degrees C. With AGP
      (0.067%) and HSA (4%), total propranolol concentration was varied from 0.7 to
      93,000 ng mL-1. Over this concentration range the percentage drug bound to HSA
      declined from 49 to 39% while that to AGP declined from 68 to 4%. Two classes of
      sites were identified on AGP with n1k1 = 8.50 X 10(4) M-1 and n2k2 = 3.12 X 10(4)
      M-1. With a pH 7.4 phosphate buffer, propranolol binding to AGP was greatest when
      the protein was initially dissolved in pH 7.4 water compared with pH 7.2 water or
      the phosphate buffer. Thus, the method of AGP solution preparation affected
      propranolol binding by this protein. For both AGP and HSA, greater drug binding
      was noted with phosphate buffers in comparison with a physiological buffer. With
      phosphate buffers, decreasing pH from 7.4 to 7.0 decreased propranolol binding by
      AGP, while decreasing pH from 7.7 to 7.4 had little effect. With HSA, the percent
      propranolol bound consistently decreased on lowering pH from 7.7 to 7.0.

PMID- 2904984
TI  - Retention and distribution of liposome-entrapped [3H]methotrexate injected into
      normal or arthritic rabbit joints.
AB  - Normal or arthritic rabbits were injected intra-articularly (i.a.) with free
      [3H]methotrexate ([3H]MTX) or liposomes containing [3H]MTX with [14C]cholesteryl
      oleate as a lipid marker. The distribution of 3H and 14C in the injected joint
      and other tissues was determined. Free [3H]MTX was rapidly cleared from the
      joint, 79% being excreted in the urine within 24 h of injection. Liposome
      entrapment retarded [3H]MTX clearance from the joint (P less than 0.001), 45.5%
      being recovered from the joint 24 h after injection. Uptake of liposomes by the
      inflamed synovium was lower than expected, 4% liposomal [3H]MTX injected being
      associated with the synovium after 24 h. Nevertheless, this was 40-fold greater
      than when free [3H]MTX was injected. Liposome entrapment should improve the
      efficacy and reduce the side effects of drugs injected directly into the joint
      cavity.

PMID- 2904985
TI  - The effects of salicylate concentration on the uptake of salicylate and
      cefmetazole into rat isolated small intestinal epithelial cells.
AB  - The uptake of salicylate into rat isolated small intestinal epithelial cells
      reached an equilibrium within 15 min, but that of cefmetazole alone did not. The
      presence of salicylate at concentrations greater than 50 mM accelerated the
      uptake of cefmetazole, which reached equilibrium within 5 min. At equilibrium,
      the uptake clearance of salicylate (mumol (g protein)-1 M-1 initial salicylate
      concn) was greater than that of cefmetazole. The uptake clearance of salicylate
      during the first several minutes was concentration-dependent, and a 'super
      uptake' clearance of salicylate, greater than equilibrium values, was observed
      when 100 mM salicylate was present. This indicates that some mechanism, other
      than a simple diffusion process, may be involved in salicylate uptake into these
      cells.

PMID- 2904986
TI  - Influence of 5-tridecylpyrazole-3-carboxylic acid, a new hypolipidaemic agent, on
      cholesteryl ester formation in rabbit intestinal mucosa.
AB  - The comparative effects of 5-tridecylpyrazole-3-carboxylic acid (TDPC), beta
      sitosterol and melinamide on the esterification of cholesterol (CH) have been
      investigated in rabbit intestinal microsomes and cytosol in-vitro. The three
      agents did not show an effect on cholesteryl ester formation by cholesterol
      esterase (CEase). TDPC and beta-sitosterol did not affect cholesteryl oleate
      formation from oleoyl CoA by microsomal acyl CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase
      (ACAT), whereas melinamide significantly inhibited cholesteryl oleate formation.
      TDPC significantly inhibited the incorporation of oleic acid into cholesteryl
      oleate, which is associated with acyl CoA synthetase (ACS) plus ACAT in mucosal
      microsomes, at a concentration of 20-100 microM. On the other hand, 5
      tridecylpyrazole-3-carbinol (TDPC-OH) a congener of TDPC, and beta-sitosterol did
      not show any effect. From these results, it is demonstrated that carboxylic
      moiety of TDPC is necessary to inhibit ACS in-vitro. According to the kinetic
      analytical results, it is suggested that TDPC acts as a competitive inhibitor of
      ACS. These results suggest that the inhibitory effect of TDPC on cholesteryl
      ester formation may be mediated by an inhibition of ACS activity. It is apparent
      from the data presented that there are substantial differences between TDPC, beta
      sitosterol and melinamide with respect to their action on cholesteryl ester
      formation in rabbit intestinal mucosa.

PMID- 2904987
TI  - Paracetamol confers resistance to ethanol-induced gastric mucosal damage in rats.
AB  - Paracetamol given orally or subcutaneously did not produce any observable gastric
      mucosal damage, nor did it change the acidity of the residual secretion in rat
      stomachs. However, it delayed the gastric emptying rate and increased the
      residual volume of gastric secretion. Pretreatment with paracetamol 250 mg kg-1
      significantly prevented ethanol-induced gastric ulceration. Although it did not
      influence ethanol-stimulated acid secretion, it increased the mucosal mucus
      content in the ethanol-treated animals. The findings suggest that the protective
      mechanism of paracetamol against ethanol-induced damage is likely to be due to
      improved gastric mucosal integrity, through an increase in the adherent mucosal
      mucus which protects the underlying delicate cellular structures.

PMID- 2904988
TI  - The biphasic effects of centrally and peripherally administered caffeine on
      ethanol-induced motor incoordination in mice.
AB  - The possible biphasic effect of caffeine on acute ethanol-induced motor
      incoordination by rotorod evaluation was investigated in mice. Caffeine in
      various doses was administered intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) to mice
      implanted with permanent indwelling stainless steel guide cannulae and
      intraperitoneally (i.p.) to non-cannulated animals. A motor incoordinating test
      dose of ethanol, 2 g kg-1, was given i.p. in both cases. Caffeine less than 25
      micrograms administered i.c.v., dose-dependently attenuated while 75 micrograms
      i.c.v. potentiated ethanol (i.p.)-induced motor incoordination. Similarly,
      caffeine less than 20 mg kg-1 given i.p., dose-dependently attenuated while 62.5
      mg kg-1 potentiated ethanol (i.p.)-induced motor incoordination. The data
      obtained demonstrated that caffeine given either i.c.v. or i.p. exerted biphasic
      effects on ethanol-induced motor incoordination. The data also suggested that
      caffeine antagonized ethanol-induced motor micrograms i.c.v.; less than 20 mg kg
      1 i.p.) caffeine is well known to display high affinity for adenosine binding
      sites. Therefore, the present investigation lends further support to our earlier
      suggestion that adenosine may be involved in the motor impairing effect of
      ethanol.

PMID- 2904989
TI  - Inhibition of the multiplication of enveloped and non-enveloped viruses by
      glucosamine.
AB  - Glucosamine can inhibit the development of viral cytopathogenic effect and the
      production of infective viral particles of both enveloped and non-enveloped
      viruses. The extent of antiviral activity is dependent on drug concentration,
      composition of the culture medium and type of cell host.

PMID- 2904990
TI  - Actions of buspirone in a putative model of anxiety in the mouse.
AB  - In a two-compartment box divided into a dark area and a brightly illuminated
      white area, mice taken from a dark environment showed aversion to the light and
      exhibited preference for exploratory rearings and line crossings in the black
      area. The peripheral administration of buspirone, and its injection into the
      dorsal raphe nucleus, lead to an increased time spent in the white area
      associated with enhanced exploratory behaviour with a decreased incidence of
      rearings and line crossings in the black section. In contrast, the injection of 5
      hydroxytryptamine and 2-methyl-5-hydroxytryptamine into the dorsal raphe nucleus
      increased exploratory behaviour in the black section with decreased activity in
      the white area: the effects of 2-methyl-5-hydroxytryptamine were antagonized by
      buspirone administered peripherally. Ritanserin, methysergide, metergoline and
      cyproheptadine failed, in non-sedative doses, to influence exploratory behaviour
      in the two-compartment system and ritanserin and methysergide also failed to
      antagonize the effects caused by 2-methyl-5-hydroxytryptamine. It is concluded
      that in the mouse model the ability of buspirone to reduce the aversive response
      to a brightly illuminated area may reflect an anxiolytic action, that the dorsal
      raphe nucleus may be an important locus of action, and that the effects of
      buspirone may reflect an interaction at 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors.

PMID- 2904991
TI  - Effects of an extract of feverfew on endothelial cell integrity and on cAMP in
      rabbit perfused aorta.
AB  - Extracts of feverfew inhibit platelet aggregation and secretion of granular
      contents from platelets and other cells. They also modify the interaction of
      platelets with collagen substrates: feverfew extracts inhibit both platelet
      spreading and formation of thrombus-like platelet aggregates on the collagen
      surface. We have now investigated the effect of an extract of feverfew on the
      vessel wall using rabbit aortas that were perfused with a physiological salt
      solution in-situ. Addition of feverfew extract to the perfusion medium protected
      the endothelial cell monolayer from perfusion-induced injury and led to a
      reversible increase in the cAMP content of aorta segments. The results indicate
      that feverfew may have a vasoprotective effect in addition to its effects on
      platelets.

PMID- 2904992
TI  - Characterization of the sphericity of particles by the one plane critical
      stability.
AB  - A method has been developed to characterize the roundness of particles in terms
      of the angle necessary to tilt a plane such that the particles would roll, the
      'one plane critical stability'. The method is based on determination of the
      centre of gravity of the particle from a digitized image of the coordinates of
      its outline and computing the angle necessary to incline a plane such that the
      centre of gravity moves outside the boundary of the particle. The method is
      particularly applicable to differentiate between the various shapes formed during
      the production of spherical granules by extrusion/spheronization.

PMID- 2904993
TI  - Facile plasma-catalysed degradation of penicillin alkyl esters but with no
      liberation of the parent penicillin.
AB  - The methyl ester and some glycolamide esters of benzylpenicillin and ampicillin
      were shown to be rapidly degraded by human plasma at 37 degrees C with no parent
      penicillin being produced. The plasma-catalysed degradation which was also
      observed in rat plasma proceeds most likely through hydrolytic cleavage of the
      beta-lactam bonds of the penicillin esters and is suggested to be due to the
      presence of an ester-specific beta-lactamase in plasma. The results show that the
      failure of simple alkyl esters of penicillins to function as prodrugs is not due
      to a high enzymatic stability of the esters, as widely believed, but rather to a
      pronounced susceptibility to undergo hydrolytic cleavage of their beta-lactam
      ring in-vivo. Since double ester prodrugs of penicillins, such as the
      pivaloyloxymethyl ester of ampicillin, are readily hydrolysed in plasma to yield
      the parent penicillin although at a rate lower than e.g. that of inactivation of
      a simple methyl ester, the plasma enzyme apparently attacking the beta-lactam
      bond of penicillin esters appears to have a high degree of specificity for the
      ester structure.

PMID- 2904994
TI  - Sustained anti-adherence activity of taurolidine (Taurolin) and noxythiolin
      (Noxyflex S) solutions.
AB  - Taurolidine (2% w/v) and noxythiolin (1% w/v and 2.5% w/v) solutions inhibit the
      adherence in-vitro of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus to human
      epithelial and fibroblast cells. This effect, demonstrable after 30 min exposure
      of cells to test drugs, persists after removal of the active compound.
      Significantly reduced adherence of bacteria is apparent for 5 h after taurolidine
      treatment and for 6 h after treatment with 2.5% noxythiolin. Anti-adherence
      activity of taurolidine and noxythiolin may contribute to the observed clinical
      efficacy of these agents.

PMID- 2904995
TI  - The effect of ciprofibrate on gastric secretion in the rat.
AB  - The potential of ciprofibrate to inhibit gastric secretion has been investigated
      in the rat. A significant gastric antisecretory effect was observed following a
      single oral administration of 300 and 500 mg kg-1 and following a single
      intraduodenal dose of 100, 300 and 500 mg kg-1. The toxicological significance of
      this finding is discussed in the light of a spate of recent publications linking
      changes in gastric morphology with hypergastrinaemia produced as a secondary
      effect of inhibition of acid secretion.

PMID- 2904996
TI  - Verapamil and nifedipine effects on gastric acid secretion and ulcer formation in
      rats.
AB  - The calcium channel antagonists verapamil and nifedipine were examined for their
      effects on conscious basal gastric acid output, stress ulcer formation and on
      ethanol-induced ulcers. Both compounds significantly reduced gastric acid
      secretion, however verapamil did so in a dose-related manner. Both verapamil and
      nifedipine significantly attenuated stress gastric ulcer formation. Nifedipine,
      at a dose of 32.0 mg kg-1, virtually abolished stress ulcers. Verapamil
      exacerbated, while nifedipine, at 32.0 mg kg-1, attenuated ethanol-induced
      gastric ulcers. The differential gastrointestinal effects of these calcium
      channel antagonists support the existence of multiple classes of calcium channels
      in the gut and suggest an important role for intracellular calcium and hence, its
      blockade, in gastric pathophysiology.

PMID- 2904997
TI  - Protective effect of salicylate against 2,4-dinitrophenol-induced protein thiol
      loss in the small intestine of rats.
AB  - The effect of the content of protein thiols and non-protein thiols in the tissue
      of the rat small intestinal loop on the absorption of cefmetazole has been
      investigated. 2,4-Dinitrophenol (DNP), at a concentration of 500 microM, caused
      rapid protein thiol loss, followed by non-protein thiol loss, along with a
      decrease of cefmetazole absorption by the intestine. The coadministration of 75
      mM salicylate with DNP inhibited the effect of DNP on protein thiols and
      cefmetazole absorption but not on non-protein thiol loss by DNP.

PMID- 2904998
TI  - Brain monoamines during carrageenan-induced acute paw inflammation in rats.
AB  - Paw inflammation was induced in rats by sub-plantar administration of
      carrageenan. Significant inflammatory oedema was observed 1 h later and the peak
      effect was noted between 3-4 h. The oedema was markedly reduced after 12-24 h.
      Steady state levels of whole brain and hypothalamic monoamines were estimated
      spectrofluorometrically during the course of the carrageenan-induced paw
      inflammation. In addition, the rate of accumulation of the brain 5
      hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and noradrenaline (NA) was assessed in clorgyline
      pretreated rats during the inflammation. The whole brain and hypothalamic
      concentrations of 5-HT and NA were augmented during the early phase of the
      inflammation, but fell below control values when peak inflammation was achieved.
      Thereafter, the monoamine levels tended to normalize by 24 h when the
      inflammation had virtually subsided. On the contrary, whole brain and
      hypothalamic dopamine levels remained largely unaffected. The rate of
      accumulation of brain 5-HT and NA were enhanced during carrageenan inflammation,
      indicating that the turnover of these monoamines is augmented during the
      inflammatory process. The results suggest that acute peripheral inflammation may
      significantly affect central 5-HT and noradrenergic activity in rats.

PMID- 2904999
TI  - Actions of amrinone and milrinone on the guinea-pig ileum.
AB  - The pharmacological activity of the cardiotonic agents amrinone and milrinone has
      been examined on the isolated guinea-pig ileum. Both compounds antagonised the
      presynaptic inhibitory action of adenosine on electrically evoked contractions,
      milrinone being the more potent. Higher concentrations of amrinone or milrinone
      produced contractions of the ileum which were prevented by atropine. Contractile
      responses to adenosine 5'-monophosphate were not inhibited by atropine. It is
      concluded that amrinone and milrinone can antagonise some effects of purines but
      this does not represent their only pharmacological action.

PMID- 2905000
TI  - Dopamine-mediated behaviour following chronic treatment with B-HT 920.
AB  - Following subchronic (5-day) dosing with B-HT 920 (2-amino-6-allyl-5,6,7,8
      tetrahydro-4H-thiazolo(4,5-d)azepine (1 mg kg-1 day-1 i.p.) in rats there was a
      significant increase in both apomorphine-induced motor activity and stereotypy.
      On continued B-HT 920 treatment, however, the enhancement of apomorphine motor
      activity faded into insignificance but the increase in stereotypy persisted
      beyond 15 days. The results are discussed in terms of dopamine autoreceptor
      tolerance, postsynaptic D2 supersensitivity and possible differential effects in
      different brain loci on the above two receptor sub-classes.

PMID- 2905001
TI  - McN-5652: a highly potent inhibitor of serotonin uptake.
AB  - McN-5652 is one of a series of substituted pyrrolo-isoquinolines that, as a
      group, potently inhibit the uptake of one or more of the monoamines,
      norepinephrine, serotonin and dopamine. McN-5652 is characterized by
      exceptionally high potency as an inhibitor of the uptake of serotonin by rat
      brain synaptosomes in vitro (Ki approximately 0.6 nM) and ex vivo (ED50
      approximately 2 mg/kg p.o.). The high potency of McN-5652 as a serotonin uptake
      inhibitor in vivo is indicated further by the low doses required to potentiate L
      5-hydroxytryptophan-induced head twitches in mice (ED50 = 0.4 mg/kg 2 hr after
      p.o. dosing) and the serotonin syndrome in rats (ED50 = 1.5 mg/kg 2 hr after p.o.
      dosing). McN-5652 also potently inhibited the synaptosomal uptake of
      norepinephrine (Ki approximately 3 nM) and was a moderately potent inhibitor of
      the synaptosomal uptake of dopamine (Ki approximately 40 nM). McN-5652 inhibited
      tetrabenazine-induced ptosis in rats and mice but was much less effective in
      blocking the sedation caused by tetrabenazine. In rats, McN-5652 did not induce
      the stereotyped behavior often caused by dopamine agonists and inhibitors of
      dopamine uptake. Receptor binding experiments indicated that McN-5652 has a weak
      affinity for serotonin 5-HT2 and alpha-1 adrenergic receptors (apparent Ki
      approximately 200 nM) and a very low affinity for dopamine D1 and D2 receptors,
      serotonin 5-HT1, alpha-2 adrenergic, muscarinic and gamma-aminobutyric acid-A
      receptors. Experiments using the guinea pig ileum indicate that McN-5652 is a
      weak, noncompetitive antagonist of histamine.

PMID- 2905002
TI  - Pharmacological profile of SCH39166: a dopamine D1 selective benzonaphthazepine
      with potential antipsychotic activity.
AB  - SCH39166 [(-)-trans-6,7,7a,8,9,13b-hexahydro-3-chloro-2-hydroxy-N-methyl- 5H
      benzo[d]naptho-(2,1-b)azepine] is a benzonaphthazepine that has been evaluated as
      a selective D1 dopamine receptor antagonist. In vitro, SCH39166 (Ki = 3.6 nM)
      inhibited the binding of [3H]SCH23390 (a D1 specific compound) and blocked
      dopamine-stimulated adenylate cyclase (Ki = 9.1 nM); in contrast the Ki for
      SCH39166 to displace [3H]spiperone (D2) was greater than 1 microM and its Ki vs.
      [3H]-ketanserin (5-hydroxytryptamine2) binding was greater than 300 nM. In vivo,
      SCH39166 inhibited both rat and squirrel monkey conditioned avoidance responding
      (minimal effective dose = 10 and 1.78 mg/kg p.o., respectively) and had a
      duration of at least 6 hr in both species. In addition, SCH39166 antagonized
      apomorphine-induced stereotypy in rats (minimal effective dose = 10 mg/kg p.o.).
      These in vivo actions of SCH39166 are similar to the activity of typical dopamine
      antagonists. However, in contrast to D2-selective antagonists, SCH39166 failed to
      increase plasma prolactin levels, did not block apomorphine-induced emesis in the
      dog and had minimal effects on the striatal levels of homovanillic acid or
      dihydroxyphenylacetic acid. Furthermore, although immobility was seen after p.o.
      administration of SCH39166 using the inclined screen test, the drug did not cause
      catalepsy at doses up to 10 times its minimal effective dose in the rat
      conditioned avoidance response test. Additionally, SCH39166 inhibited apomorphine
      induced climbing at lower doses than it inhibited apomorphine-induced sniffing in
      mice. The results from these latter two tests suggest that SCH39166 may have a
      reduced liability to produce extrapyramidal side effects. Therefore, based on
      this profile of activity, SCH39166 is a selective D1 dopamine receptor antagonist
      both in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, because this compound is longer acting
      in the primate than previously available D1 antagonists, it has potential utility
      as a clinically useful drug.

PMID- 2905003
TI  - Mechanism of the lipid-mobilizing effect of alpha-2 adrenergic antagonists in the
      dog.
AB  - Alpha-2 adrenergic antagonists may constitute putative antiobesity agents. These
      drugs may act: 1) by blockade of the antilipolytic alpha-2 adrenoceptor on fat
      cell membranes and 2) by activation of the sympathetic adrenergic system
      (blockade of central and presynaptic alpha-2 adrenoceptors). Studies were
      undertaken in the dog, a species possessing fat cell alpha-2 and beta
      adrenoceptors in order: 1) to define and compare the metabolic and
      endocrinological impacts of recently discovered alpha-2 antagonists [idazoxan and
      SK&F 86,466 (6-chloro-N-methyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine)] and of an
      older one (yohimbine) and 2) to dissociate the contribution of the noradrenergic
      activation from a postsynaptic action on fat cell and endocrine pancreas alpha-2
      adrenoceptors. Binding studies showed that the three compounds have similar
      affinities for the alpha-2 adrenoceptor on both cerebrocortical and fat cell
      membranes. Their ability to suppress the antilipolytic effect of an alpha-2
      agonist [UK-14,304 (5-bromo-6-(2-imidazolin-2-ylamino)-quinoxaline)] on isolated
      fat cells was equivalent. Yohimbine perfusion induced a dose-dependent increase
      in plasma nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) and immunoreactive insulin
      concentrations. At equivalent doses, the three alpha-2 adrenergic antagonists
      induced NEFA mobilization, increase in immunoreactive insulin and norepinephrine
      plasma levels with an order of potency: yohimbine much greater than idazoxan
      greater than or equal to SK&F 86,466. The weakest effect on sympathetic
      activation was with SK&F 86,466. The effects of yohimbine were suppressed
      completely by pretreatment with propranolol. Clonidine infusion reduced NEFA
      levels in dogs. Yohimbine but not SK&F 86,466 abolished completely this lowering
      effect of clonidine on NEFA and glycerol levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2905004
TI  - Intraseptal microinjection of adrenocorticotropic hormone1-24 antagonizes
      pentobarbital-induced narcosis and depression of hippocampal cholinergic
      activity.
AB  - Intracerebroventricular or intraseptal microinjection of adrenocorticotropic
      hormone1-24 (ACTH1-24) to pentobarbital-anesthetized rats and rabbits produced
      shortening of the duration of narcosis. This analeptic effect was blocked by
      atropine, indicating the central cholinergic nature of the response. ACTH1-24
      also increased hippocampal sodium-dependent high affinity choline uptake activity
      that had been depressed by the barbiturate. Naloxone-pretreatment also blocked
      the analeptic and cholinergic activating properties of ACTH1-24. These results
      suggest that intraseptal ACTH1-24 produces its analeptic effect by activating a
      hippocampal cholinergic arousal system.

PMID- 2905006
TI  - Modification of the repair of potentially lethal damage in plateau-phase Chinese
      hamster cells by 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine.

PMID- 2905005
TI  - Alpha adrenoceptor subtypes and receptor reserve in human versus canine saphenous
      vein: sensitivity to blockade by nitroglycerin.
AB  - The purpose of this investigation was to determine the subtypes of alpha
      adrenoceptors present in human saphenous vein and to determine if there is a
      large receptor reserve for phenylephrine as has been demonstrated in canine
      saphenous vein. The subtypes of alpha adrenoceptors found in isolated human
      saphenous vein were determined using selective alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenoceptor
      agonists and antagonists. Prazosin, a selective alpha-1 antagonist, produced a
      parallel shift of the concentration response curve to phenylephrine, a selective
      alpha-1 agonist, with no significant reduction in the maximal response.
      Yohimbine, a selective alpha-2 antagonist, produced a parallel shift of the
      concentration response curve to B-HT 920, a selective alpha-2 agonist, with no
      reduction in the maximal response. The pA2 values obtained for prazosin and
      yohimbine in human saphenous vein agreed closely with corresponding values
      obtained in canine saphenous vein. These results demonstrate that both alpha-1
      and alpha-2 adrenoceptors exist in human saphenous vein. Phenoxybenzamine (10(-7)
      M), an irreversible alpha-1 adrenoceptor antagonist, markedly reduced the maximal
      response produced by phenylephrine, an agonist with high intrinsic activity, with
      no significant shift in the concentration response curve in human saphenous vein,
      suggesting that there was little or no alpha-1 receptor reserve for
      phenylephrine. The sensitivity of alpha-1 versus alpha-2 adrenoceptor-mediated
      vasoconstrictor responses to nitroglycerin were compared in human and canine
      saphenous veins. In both species, nitroglycerin blocked the vasoconstrictor
      response produced by stimulation of alpha-2 adrenoceptors to the same
      degree.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2905007
TI  - Clinically important interactions of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs with
      other medications.
AB  - While many interactions between nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAID) and
      other drugs are reported, only a limited number of them are clinically important.
      These interactions can be divided into those explainable on mainly
      pharmacokinetic grounds, those explainable on interactions between
      pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, and those that remain unexplained. Among
      those explainable on primarily kinetic grounds are interactions of NSAID with
      antacids, anticoagulants, hypoglycemics, methotrexate, lithium, probenecid, and
      phenytoin. More complex interactions between dynamics and kinetics are those
      relating NSAID interactions with diuretics, beta-blockers, other NSAID, and some
      anticoagulants. Finally important interactions whose causes are not understood
      include those between aspirin and corticosteroid, indomethacin and triamterene,
      and flurbiprofen with certain anticoagulants.

PMID- 2905008
TI  - Passage of host immunoglobulin G from blood meal into hemolymph of selected
      mosquito species (Diptera: Culicidae).

PMID- 2905009
TI  - Effectiveness of personal protection against mosquitoes in Alaska.

PMID- 2905010
TI  - Epizootiology of eastern equine encephalitis virus in upstate New York, USA. VII.
      Virus surveillance 1978-85, description of 1983 outbreak, and series conclusions.

PMID- 2905011
TI  - Gut content analysis of mosquito larvae (Diptera: Culicidae) using DAPI stain and
      epifluorescence microscopy.

PMID- 2905012
TI  - Clinical, microbiological and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of diarrhoea in
      Korem, Ethiopia.
AB  - Two hundred patients with diarrhoea in a rehabilitation camp in Ethiopia were
      studied in October 1985 to determine the presence of pathogens in the stool and
      their susceptibility to antibiotics. A total of 42 (21.1%) patients had a
      positive culture with enterobacteriaceae, the isolation rate was 15.6% for
      Escherichia coli, 3.5% for Shigella spp. and 2.01% for Salmonella spp. In-vitro
      antibiotic resistance was frequent among the 42 isolates: 53% of E. coli strains
      were found to be resistant to ampicillin, 47% to chloramphenicol, 30% to co
      trimoxazole and 67% to tetracycline. Of the seven Shigella, three were resistant
      to chloramphenicol and four to tetracycline. Multidrug resistance (two or more
      antibiotics) was observed in 52.3% of the 42 isolates. The protocols used for the
      screening of dysenteric patients for Shigella spp. or Salmonella spp. were found
      to be specific but poorly sensitive. The opposite was observed for amoebiasis and
      giardiasis. The responsibility of widespread use of common oral antibiotics is
      discussed as one of the major factors of antibiotic resistance occurrence at
      Korem.

PMID- 2905013
TI  - Sequence heterogeneity of human liver arginase cDNAs and restriction fragment
      length polymorphism of the gene locus.

PMID- 2905014
TI  - Restriction fragment length polymorphisms on the short arm of X chromosome among
      the Japanese population.

PMID- 2905015
TI  - [Education and training of assistants in ophthalmic microsurgery].

PMID- 2905016
TI  - [On terminal care. Trials at holding terminal care conferences superseding the
      ward distinction at the Kitasato Hospital].

PMID- 2905017
TI  - [Hemodynamic disorders in acute poisoning by a mixture of psychopharmacological
      preparations and their treatment].

PMID- 2905018
TI  - Dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate inhibits pulmonary vasoconstriction.
AB  - The effects of the cell-permeable dibutyryl derivative of cyclic AMP on the
      vascular reactivity of isolated perfused rat lungs were examined. In lungs
      perfused with homologous blood, pulmonary arterial infusion of db-cAMP (30
      micrograms/min) inhibited hypoxia-induced vasoconstriction (IC50 = 6.3 X 10(-5)
      M) and vasoconstriction due to bolus injection of angiotensin II (IC50 = 8.2 X
      10(-5) M). Cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase inhibition by aminophylline acted
      synergistically with db-cAMP in the reduction of hypoxia-induced
      vasoconstriction. Somatostatin, an inhibitor of adenylate cyclase, prevented the
      decay of hypoxic vasoconstriction typically observed in isolated lungs,
      suggesting that a rise in intracellular cAMP may occur during hypoxic
      vasoconstriction as a consequence of activation of the adenylate cyclase. In
      lungs perfused with cell and protein-free salt solution, db-cAMP inhibited both
      initial and prolonged vasoconstriction following bolus injection of 2 microgram
      leukotriene C4. Thus, db-cAMP inhibited pulmonary vascular reactivity
      nonspecifically.

PMID- 2905019
TI  - [Immunology and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus--a review].

PMID- 2905020
TI  - [Beta blockade after myocardial infarction or not?].

PMID- 2905021
TI  - [A congress on Fallot's tetralogy].

PMID- 2905022
TI  - Effect of captopril on ventricular dilatation after anterior myocardial
      infarction.

PMID- 2905024
TI  - [Neuroleptics as anxiolytic and antidepressive agents].

PMID- 2905025
TI  - [The effect of inhalation treatment with corticosteroids and beta
      sympathomimetics on bronchial sensitivity in children with asthma].

PMID- 2905023
TI  - Activation and repression of transcription by homoeodomain-containing proteins
      that bind a common site.
AB  - The product of the fushi tarazu (ftz) gene is shown to be a site-dependent
      activator of transcription. In vitro-defined binding sites act as ftz-dependent
      enhancers in cultured cells. Another homoeodomain-containing protein, the
      engrailed gene product, competes for homoeodomain-binding sites and counteracts
      ftz activation.

PMID- 2905026
TI  - [Selective augmenting effect of oxy-Hb on the contractions of cerebral arteries
      elicited by various vasoactive substances].
AB  - Serotonin (5-HT), histamine (HA), angiotensin II (ATII), prostaglandin F2 alpha
      (PGF2 alpha) and thromboxane A2 (TxA2) are known as vasoactive substances, each
      producing a characteristic contraction of cerebral arteries. These contractions
      are considered to be mediated by their specific receptors. Recent studies suggest
      that the activations of these receptors primarily stimulate the phospholipase C
      and/or phospholipase A2 localized within the same membrane. Stimulation of these
      enzymes consequently induces production of the second or third messengers such as
      inositol triphosphate (IP3), diacylglyceride (DAG), arachidonic acid (AA), and
      ultimately various prostaglandins. The present study is to examine how
      oxyhemoglobin (Oxy-Hb), another vasoactive substance, can modify these receptor
      mediated contractions, and to compare the effects on high K+-, caffeine-and 1
      oleoyl-2-acetyl-rac-glycerol (OAG)-induced contractions which are not mediated by
      the receptors on the cytoplasmic membrane. Helical strips of the bovine middle
      cerebral arteries (M2) were mainly used in this experiment, and the changes in
      muscular tensions during isometric contractions were recorded on the polygraph. 5
      HT, HA, ATII, PGF2 alpha and cTxA2 (carbocyclic thromboxane A2) were used for
      each receptor activation. Indomethacin (IDM), a cyclooxygenase inhibitor and 2
      nitro-4-carboxyphenyl-n, n-diphenyl-carbamate (NCDC), a phospholipase C inhibitor
      were used to analyze a possible acting site of Oxy-Hb in modifying these reseptor
      mediated enzyme reactions. The results obtained are summarized as follows. (1)
      All contractions induced by either 5-HT, PGF2 alpha, cTxA2, HA or ATII
      (concentrations less than 10(-6) M) were markedly augmented as much as 4-8 times
      the normal, when they were examined in the presence of 10(-5)M Oxy-Hb.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2905027
TI  - Evidence that there is no direct correlation between alpha 2-adrenoceptor
      antagonism and inhibition of voltage-dependent sodium channels.
AB  - Electrophysiological and biochemical evidence suggests that the voltage-dependent
      sodium channel is the site of local anesthetic action, and that there is
      pharmacological similarity between alpha-adrenoceptors and Na+-channels.
      Yohimbine, a non-selective alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist, with a structure
      similar to that of cocaine affects the sodium channel by a mechanism different
      from that of other local anesthetics including cocaine. Some structural analogues
      of yohimbine -berbane compounds- were found to be potent and selective alpha 2
      adrenoceptor antagonists. In this work the local anesthetic properties of two
      berbane compounds (6c and 6d (CH-38083) from the paper of Vizi, Toth, Somogyi,
      Szabo, Harsing and Szantay, 1987) were examined and compared to those of
      yohimbine in vitro on scorpion venom-enhanced specific binding of
      [3H]batrachotoxinin A 20-alpha-benzoate [( 3H]BTX-B) to the voltage-sensitive
      sodium channel and on the veratridine-induced depolarization measured by the
      uptake of [3H]trimethylphenylphosphonium ion [( 3H]TPMP+) in mouse brain cortex.
      Both of the compounds inhibited the [3H]BTX-B binding with an IC50 of
      (approximately) 150 microM, which is more than four orders of magnitude higher
      than the concentration required for antagonism of a presynaptic alpha 2
      adrenoceptor (7 nM). They are 15 times less potent in inhibiting [3H]BTX-B
      binding and 2.5 times less potent in inhibiting veratridine-induced
      depolarization than yohimbine.

PMID- 2905028
TI  - [Use of somatostatin in the therapy of acute pancreatitis].

PMID- 2905029
TI  - Increased blood flow enhances axon regeneration after spinal transection.
AB  - It is not known whether increasing the amount of blood flow to axotomized fibers
      in mammalian CNS can result in more robust sprouting. To find out, an intact
      pedicled omentum was surgically transposed to cover a collagen matrix gel used to
      bridge the transected cat spinal cord stumps. Control animals were similarly
      treated but did not receive the pedicled omentum. Twelve weeks after cord
      transection, animals receiving the pedicled omentum showed a 66% spinal cord
      blood flow increase over animals that did not. Moreover, treatment with the
      pedicled omentum increased the density of regenerating adrenergic axons 10-fold
      over the control group. These findings indicate that boosting flow with an
      omental graft to the collagen bridge site results in robust axonal outgrowth of
      spinal transected nerve fibers.

PMID- 2905031
TI  - Abstracts of the third meeting of the Italian Society of Neuroscience. Bologna,
      Italy, November 27-30, 1988.

PMID- 2905030
TI  - Glutamate induces a depolarization of adult rat dorsal root ganglion neurons that
      is mediated predominantly by NMDA receptors.
AB  - The effects of glutamate, glutamate receptor agonists and substances that affect
      glutamate responses were studied, using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique, on
      neurons isolated from adult rat dorsal root ganglia. In current-clamp, glutamate
      (100 microM) or the excitatory amino acid receptor agonist N-methyl-D-aspartate
      (NMDA; 10 or 100 microM) induced membrane depolarization. Under voltage-clamp,
      these compounds induced an inward current that was voltage-dependent in the
      presence of Mg2+. The NMDA-induced current was inhibited by the NMDA receptor
      antagonist D,L-2-amino-5-phosphono-valerate (APV; 100 microM), and potentiated by
      100 nM glycine. Few neurons responded to the receptor agonists kainate (100
      microM), or quisqualate (1-10 microM). These observations suggest that glutamate
      induced depolarization of primary sensory neurons is mediated predominantly by
      NMDA receptors.

PMID- 2905032
TI  - Reimbursement for dental injury under workers compensation.

PMID- 2905033
TI  - Overexpression of either c-myc or c-erbB-2/neu proto-oncogenes in human breast
      carcinomas: correlation with poor prognosis.
AB  - Tumor specimens from 116 untreated patients with primary breast carcinoma at
      different clinical stages were analyzed for the structure and/or the expression
      of c-myc and c-erbB-2/neu proto-oncogenes. An amplification of the c-myc proto
      oncogene (3 to greater than 50 fold) was detected only in 6% of carcinomas, with
      no evidence of locus rearrangement. High c-myc RNA levels detected in 45% of
      tumors were found significantly (p less than 0.01) correlated with lymph node
      involvement. Amplification (3 to greater than 30 fold) of the c-erbB-2/neu gene
      was observed in 20% of cancers. A 5 kb c-erbB-2/neu gene transcript was detected
      in the 103 cancer specimens analyzed. High levels of transcripts were observed in
      36% of tumors. Overexpression did not depend only on amplification since found in
      14 tumor samples with a single gene copy. The gene amplification and
      overexpression were found significantly associated with cancers of poor
      prognosis. Moreover our data show that both proto-oncogenes are overexpressed
      only in 12.5% of tumor samples and suggest that each gene might play a different
      role in tumor progression.

PMID- 2905034
TI  - DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms at either end of the c-raf-1 locus
      at 3p25.
AB  - We report the identification and characterization of two restriction fragment
      polymorphisms (RFLPs) associated with the human c-raf-1 protooncogene located on
      chromosome 3 (3p25). EcoRI digestion produces an RFLP derived from the 5'flanking
      sequences with a heterozygosity of 28%, and TaqI produces an RFLP representing
      the 3' flanking sequences with a heterozygosity of 25%. The finding of RFLPs
      associated with a potential oncogene may provide a method of analysis for
      determining genetic susceptibilities to certain cancers.

PMID- 2905036
TI  - [Social support, social network--health and disease].

PMID- 2905035
TI  - Nutritional influences on adrenal chromaffin cell development: comparison with
      central neurons.
AB  - Neurotransmitter systems in the developing brain are generally protected from
      growth retardation associated with nutritional deprivation. To investigate if
      such protective mechanisms extend to similar tissues in the peripheral
      sympathetic system, maturation of the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla and
      development of their centrally derived splanchnic innervation were evaluated in
      rats whose nutritional status had been altered during the neonatal period by
      increasing (16-17 pups/litter) or decreasing (five to six pups/litter) the litter
      size from the standard (11-12 pups/litter). Ontogeny of adrenal catecholamine
      stores and activities of catecholamine-biosynthetic enzymes tyrosine hydroxylase
      and phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase were monitored, along with activity of
      choline acetyltransferase, a marker enzyme for the preganglionic neurons
      innervating the chromaffin cells. Neonatal nutritional deprivation slowed body
      weight gain and retarded development of the chromaffin cells, as evidenced by
      subnormal catecholamine stores, tyrosine hydroxylase and phenylethanolamine N
      methyltransferase activities. The effects persisted despite the complete recovery
      of body weights postweaning. The developmental alterations were not caused by
      overcrowding stress, as plasma corticosterone levels were not elevated in the
      large litter group. Neonatal nutritional enrichment promoted body weight gain but
      failed to enhance development of adrenal catecholamines; tyrosine hydroxylase and
      phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase activities were elevated only in the
      preweaning period. In contrast to effects on the chromaffin cells, altered
      neonatal nutritional status had only minor, transient effects on the development
      of the centrally derived cholinergic innervation of the adrenal and produced only
      small changes (less than 10%) in brain tyrosine hydroxylase activity.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2905037
TI  - Impairment of yeast pre-mRNA splicing by potential secondary structure-forming
      sequences near the conserved branchpoint sequence.
AB  - The absolutely conserved TACTAAC box within introns of RNA polymerase II
      transcribed genes of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae serves an indispensable
      role in lariat formation. We show in this report that rather short palindromic
      sequences inserted into the yeast actin gene intron immediately 3' to the TACTAAC
      box block the second but not the first splicing step. In contrast, a palindromic
      sequence inserted some 23 bp 3' of the TACTAAC box did not affect correct and
      efficient splicing. The data suggest that hairpin structures that might form
      adjacent to the branchsite sequence interfere with some necessary alteration of
      the spliceosome required for 3' intron cleavage and exon ligation.

PMID- 2905038
TI  - Isolation, characterization and evolutionary relatedness of three members from
      the soybean multigene family encoding chlorophyll a/b binding proteins.
AB  - The soybean light-harvesting complex II (LHC II) was composed of one major and
      three minor chlorophyll a/b (Cab) binding proteins. This study demonstrated that
      the soybean genome contained at least 11 genes that code for these Cab proteins.
      Three members of the soybean Cab gene family were characterized. Cab 3 coded for
      a 25.7 kD mature apoprotein with a 32 amino acid transit peptide. Comparisons
      with previously published Cab protein sequences indicated that Cab 3 coded for
      the major Cab protein of LHC II. Cab 2 coded for a novel Cab protein with an
      apparent molecular weight of 24.6 kD. Cab 2 retained a high degree of similarity
      with Cab 3, but distinguished itself from previously reported minor photosystem
      II type II Cab genes and products. Finally, Cab 1 was determined to be a
      pseudogene that had two deletions relative to Cab 2 and Cab 3.

PMID- 2905039
TI  - Differential premature termination of transcription as a proposed mechanism for
      the regulation of coronavirus gene expression.
AB  - We propose that the different subgenomic mRNA levels of coronaviruses are
      controlled through differential premature termination of transcription, and are
      modulated by the relative strength of transcriptional initiation/blockage events.
      We present the complete set of sequences covering the leader encoding and
      intergenic regions of the MHV-A59 strain. A computer-assisted analysis of the two
      now complete sets of these sequences of strain IBV-M42 and MHV-A59 shows that, in
      contrast to the previous theory, differences amongst stabilities of
      intermolecular base-pairings between the leader and the intergenic regions are
      not sufficient to determine the mRNA gradients in both MHV and IBV infected
      cells. Neither can the accessibility of the interacting regions on the leader and
      the negative stranded genome, as revealed by secondary structure analysis,
      explain the mRNA levels. The nested gene organisation itself, on the other hand,
      could be responsible for observed mRNA levels gradually increasing with gene
      order. Relatively slow new initiation events at intergenic regions are proposed
      to block elongation of passing transcripts which, via temporary pausing, can
      cause premature termination of transcription. This effects longer transcripts
      more than shorter ones.

PMID- 2905040
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (pEFD52.1) on chromosome 15.

PMID- 2905041
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (pTHH55) on chromosome.

PMID- 2905042
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (pEFZ33) on chromosome 15.

PMID- 2905043
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (pEFD64.1) on chromosome 3.

PMID- 2905044
TI  - DraI and ScaI RFLPs at human tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) gene locus.

PMID- 2905045
TI  - BclI RFLP at the DXS16 locus.

PMID- 2905046
TI  - Xba I polymorphisms in the 5' region of human erythrocyte alpha spectrin gene
      (Spna).

PMID- 2905049
TI  - 5'-flanking sequence of a glutamine synthetase gene specifying the beta subunit
      of the cytosolic enzyme from Phaseolus vulgaris L.

PMID- 2905047
TI  - Identification of two novel members of erbA superfamily by molecular cloning: the
      gene products of the two are highly related to each other.
AB  - Two v-erbA-related genes, named ear-2 and ear-3, have been identified in the
      human genome and characterized by cDNA cloning. These genes are predicted to
      encode proteins that are very similar in primary structure to receptors for
      steroid hormones or thyroid hormone (T3). In addition, amino acid sequences of
      the ear-2 and ear-3 gene products are very similar each other especially at the
      DNA binding domain (86% homology) and at the putative ligand binding domain (76%
      homology). Northern hybridization with ear DNA probes of RNAs from various
      tissues of a human fetus reveals that the expression of ear-2 is high in the
      liver whereas the expression of ear-3 is relatively ubiquitous. Hybridization
      analysis of DNAs from sorted chromosomes shows that the ear-2 gene is located on
      chromosome 19 and ear-3 on chromosome 5, indicating that the two genes are
      clearly different from each other.

PMID- 2905048
TI  - A large deletion encompassing the entire alpha-like globin gene cluster in a
      family of northern European extraction.
AB  - We describe a new deletional form of alpha thalassemia segregating in three
      generations of a family of northern European origin. A full-term female girl had
      hypochromic, microcytic anemia since early infancy associated with delayed
      language development, slow growth and weight gain. Hematologic studies suggested
      the presence of alpha thalassemia. Gene-blotting studies showed no abnormal alpha
      like globin gene fragments; however, studies of inheritance of informative
      polymorphic restriction fragments using zeta, alpha and 3'-alpha-hypervariable
      region (3'-HVR) probes showed evidence for an extensive deletion encompassing the
      entire alpha-like globin gene cluster. The 3' breakpoint of this deletion maps
      beyond the 3'-HVR, a region implicated as a hot spot for the generation of other
      large deletional events within the alpha-like cluster. The 5' breakpoint maps at
      least 10 kilobases (kb) 5' to the zeta-globin gene. The minimum size estimate for
      this deletion is greater than 47 kilobases.

PMID- 2905050
TI  - A human minisatellite probe reveals RFLPs among individuals of two angiosperms.

PMID- 2905051
TI  - A BglI polymorphism in the type VI (alpha 3) procollagen gene [COL6A3].

PMID- 2905052
TI  - A TaqI polymorphism at human homeo box gene locus on chromosome 12.

PMID- 2905053
TI  - A TaqI RFLP for the human fibronectin (FN1) gene.

PMID- 2905054
TI  - TaqI RFLP identified by probe VK17A (DXS294) at Xq26.

PMID- 2905055
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (cTB14.16) on chromosome 10
      [D10S33].

PMID- 2905056
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (cTB14.15) on chromosome 10
      [D10S32].

PMID- 2905057
TI  - Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic DNA sequence (cTBQ12) on chromosome 10
      [D10S29].

PMID- 2905058
TI  - Administering and monitoring epidural analgesia. The use of newer epidural
      narcotics: fentanyl and sufentanyl.

PMID- 2905059
TI  - Prenatal diagnosis of cystic fibrosis using linked DNA probes.
AB  - This paper presents data collected in Europe on 107 prenatal diagnoses of cystic
      fibrosis (CF) using linked DNA markers. To date, 38 children have been born
      without CF, as predicted, demonstrating the present rapid move from research to
      clinical genetic service.

PMID- 2905060
TI  - [Fatal septicemia caused by intra-uterine device in aplasia of acute leukemia].

PMID- 2905061
TI  - Inhibition of gastric acid secretion by peptide YY is independent of gastric
      somatostatin release in the rat.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine whether the inhibitory action of
      peptide YY (PYY) on gastric acid secretion is attributable to the release of
      gastric somatostatin in rats. Two groups of rats (six rats/group) were
      anesthetized with urethane and prepared with gastric fistulas and jugular
      catheters. Pentagastrin (18 micrograms/kg-h) was given intravenously for 150 min
      to stimulate gastric acid secretion. Intravenous PYY (130 micrograms/kg-h)
      inhibited pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion significantly (P less
      than 0.05). Administration of iv PYY resulted in a 41% reduction (P less than
      0.05) in pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion. In another group of
      anesthetized rats, administration of PYY (10(-7), 10(-8) M) failed to stimulate a
      release of somatostatin from the isolated-perfused rat stomach. Our findings
      indicate that PYY can inhibit gastric acid secretion independently of release of
      gastric somatostatin in the rat.

PMID- 2905062
TI  - Inhibition of growth hormone-stimulated lipolysis by somatostatin, insulin, and
      insulin-like growth factors (somatomedins) in vitro.
AB  - The effects of somatostatin, insulin, insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), and
      insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II)/MSA on growth hormone (GH) (1
      microgram/ml)-induced lipolysis were examined employing chicken adipose tissue in
      vitro. Basal and GH-stimulated glycerol release were inhibited by somatostatin (1
      ng/ml) and by IGF-II/MSA (10 and 100 ng/ml). Insulin and IGF-I (10 and 100 ng/ml)
      completely inhibited the lipolytic response to GH without affecting basal
      glycerol release. Insulin and IGF-I were equipotent in inhibiting GH-induced
      lipolysis while IGF-II is only 16% as potent as insulin.

PMID- 2905063
TI  - Differential effects of anxiolytics and beta-receptor blocking drugs on novelty
      oriented ("neophobic") behavior in the rat.
AB  - The effects of diazepam, I-propranolol and isamoltane (CGP 361 A) (I
      isopropylamino-3[2-(I-pyrrolyl)-phenoxy]-2-propranol), a drug with beta-receptor
      blocking and anxiolytic-like properties, on behavioral responses in rats
      encountering either a novel object or a drinking bottle in an unfamiliar open
      field ("neophobic" behavior) were evaluated. Diazepam (1-5 mg/kg p.o.) and
      isamoltane (0.5-1.0 mg/kg p.o.) showed a similar pattern of effects in both test
      paradigms used. They counteracted the fear-induced suppression of behavioral
      responses in the presence of novelty: they shortened the approach latencies,
      increased the exploration-oriented activities and reduced grooming. Propranolol,
      however, in comparison with isamoltane (1.0 and 2.5 mg/kg i.p.) at equivalent
      doses, failed to significantly change any of the parameters measured in either of
      the two test situations. The results therefore indicate that neophobic behavioral
      responses discriminate between central anxiolytic and peripheral beta-blocking
      actions of drugs and further validate neophobic behavior as an animal model of
      anxiety.

PMID- 2905064
TI  - Suspension of neuroleptic therapy in acute schizophrenia.
AB  - What are the effects of the abrupt discontinuation of neuroleptics (suspension
      therapy) in acutely schizophrenic patients with unsatisfactory remission under
      standard neuroleptic therapy? This question was investigated in a prospective
      study of 159 patients. In addition to the psychopathologic results of the AMDP
      system, the self rating (VAMS) and nurses' rating (NGI) of psychopathologic
      parameters were assessed. Indication for suspension of the neuroleptic treatment
      was established in 21 patients (13%) following definite criteria. Suspension
      therapy brings about a rapid improvement in psychopathologic results. The
      paranoid-hallucinatory syndrome also undergoes remission; this is to be
      understood as an immediate effect of suspension of therapy. In one-third of the
      cases complete suspension effects, in another third partial suspension effects,
      and in the remaining third failure occur. Further advantages of suspension
      therapy are the reduction in neuroleptic drug requirements and a favorable
      influence on the entire treatment course. The investigation does not permit any
      statement as regards prediction of the suspension effect or concerning the
      mechanism underlying the suspension therapy.

PMID- 2905065
TI  - [Tardive dystonia--a case report on therapy and metaphylaxis].
AB  - The article deals with a case of tardive dystonia describing grave complications
      as result of long-term recidive-fluphenacindepot-treatment; therapy and
      metaphylaxy-problematic are being discussed as well.

PMID- 2905066
TI  - Family screening in medullary thyroid carcinoma presenting without a family
      history.
AB  - Systematic screening of the families of a series of 39 patients with apparently
      sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma detected seven new cases in four families. A
      negative family history in a patient presenting with medullary thyroid carcinoma
      is not reliable in excluding familial disease, and family screening should be
      considered for new patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma.

PMID- 2905067
TI  - [Secondary prevention of coronary disease using drugs].

PMID- 2905068
TI  - [Astemizole in the treatment of acute rhinopharyngitis (common cold). A double
      blind study in pediatrics].

PMID- 2905069
TI  - Altitude insomnia: studies during an expedition to the Himalayas.
AB  - During an expedition to the Himalayas, we studied the sleep and respiration of
      six climbers. Three ingested acetazolamide (500 mg) daily throughout the climb
      and the other three ingested placebo. At high altitude (4,150-4,846 m), each
      subject ingested temazepam (10 mg) for one night and placebo for another.
      Acetazolamide improved sleep above 2,750 m, but it is uncertain whether this was
      due to sedation or to improvements in arterial oxygen saturation. Sleep was
      markedly disturbed in all subjects above 4,000 m. Temazepam improved sleep, and
      in subjects taking acetazolamide, it reduced sleep-onset latencies and increased
      sleep efficiency close to that of sea level values. These observations suggest
      that the prophylactic use of acetazolamide is likely to improve sleep in climbers
      and that a low dose of a benzodiazepine such as temazepam (10 mg) may be
      beneficial at high altitude. Studies are now needed to exclude any possibility of
      respiratory impairment at altitude before a firm recommendation can be made
      regarding the routine use of this hypnotic.

PMID- 2905070
TI  - [AIDS Stockholm, 6 nurses].

PMID- 2905071
TI  - [Gastroduodenal ulcers].

PMID- 2905072
TI  - [Inhibition of cytochrome P-450 and cytochrome b5 induced by Clostridium
      perfringens alpha toxin].

PMID- 2905073
TI  - The anatomy of gubernaculum testis and processus vaginalis in cryptorchidism.
AB  - The macroscopic anatomy of gubernaculum testis and processus vaginalis has been
      carefully studied during 150 consecutive orchiopexies. In subcutaneous and
      canalicular testes a well defined gubernaculum was found representing a
      morphologic continuity from the testis to the bottom of the scrotum. The
      gubernaculum was detectable in only one of four abdominal testicles. In 75% of
      the patients the serous communication between the testis and the abdominal cavity
      was lost. 43% of the patients still had a detectable rest of the processus
      vaginalis of which one third presented with a clinical hernia.

PMID- 2905074
TI  - Histological studies of gubernaculum testis taken during orchiopexies.
AB  - Twenty-five gubernacula were removed for histological examination. All were
      routinely stained and some were additionally stained for elastic fibres and
      content of hyaluronic acid. The gubernaculum consisted of moderately vascular,
      fibrofatty tissue with a core of essentially longitudinally oriented collagenous
      fibres surrounded by mature fatty tissue. No contractile elements were seen in
      the gubernaculum. It did not differ from subcutaneous fascia concerning content
      of elastic fibres and hyaluronic acid.

PMID- 2905075
TI  - The role of commercial sources in the adoption of a new drug.
AB  - The goal of this study was to focus on the adoption process for a specific new
      drug upon its introduction to the marketplace. The reception of temazepam by
      doctors was investigated in interviews with 124 specialists and general
      practitioners. Their response to this new drug at different stages of the
      adoption process was related to contact with drug information sources and to
      characteristics of the doctor and practice. Within about 13 months after its
      release, 71% were familiar with temazepam, 48% had prescribed it, and 27% now
      preferred it to the alternatives. Contact with the detailman regarding this drug
      was the most consistent predictor of favourable reception. Results suggest that
      the adoption of the new drug was related to commercial forces rather than to a
      doctor's professional involvements.

PMID- 2905076
TI  - [A case of late diagnosis of analgesic nephropathy].

PMID- 2905077
TI  - [A case of aortoarteritis simulating Bechterew's disease].

PMID- 2905078
TI  - [Blood lipids and the indicators of lipid peroxidation in patients with
      hemorrhagic fever with nephrotic syndrome].
AB  - Lipid peroxidation (LPO) was studied in 66 patients suffering from hemorrhagic
      fever with the renal syndrome (HFRS) by the results of determination of the
      content of malonic dialdehyde and acyl hydroperoxides in plasma. LPO intensity
      rose considerably, being the highest in a severe course of disease. LPO disorder
      developed against a background of considerable shifts in the level of total blood
      lipids and their fractions: cholesterol, total beta- and pre-beta-lipoproteins,
      total phospholipids and triglycerides. The author discussed the importance of LPO
      disorders revealed in HFRS pathogenesis and determination of the severity of
      disease and its prognosis.

PMID- 2905079
TI  - Effect of duration of exposure to benzo(a)pyrene diol-epoxide on neoplastic
      transformation, mutagenesis, cytotoxicity, and total covalent binding to DNA of
      rodent cells.
AB  - We examined the effect of different durations of exposure (20 sec to 24 hr) to
      (+/-) 7-beta,8 alpha-dihydroxy-9 alpha, 10 alpha -epoxy-7,8,9,10
      tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene (BPDE I) on the induction of transformation in C3H/10T
      1/2 cells and of mutations to 6-thioguanine resistance in Chinese hamster ovary
      cells (CHO), as well as on BPDE I-DNA binding in these two cell lines. A 20-sec
      exposure of the cells to BPDE I was sufficient to induce mutations and
      morphological transformation in vitro. However, the transformation frequency in
      CH3 mouse-embryo-derived 10T 1/2 cells increased twofold and the frequency of
      mutations in CHO cells sixfold when the exposure time to BPDE I was increased
      from 20 sec to 8 h. Cytotoxicity increased under similar conditions. A large
      number of BPDE I-DNA adducts were formed in both cell lines within the first 15
      min of exposure of the cells to this ultimate carcinogen. The total covalent
      binding did not increase with longer than 15-min incubation times. These results
      suggest that in addition to its covalent binding to DNA, BPDE I may influence
      other cellular mechanism(s) that are responsible for the initiation of
      transformation and mutagenesis.

PMID- 2905080
TI  - Quantitative risk assessment: qualms and questions.
AB  - Within the past ten years, quantitative risk assessment has come to play a
      central role in the federal regulation of carcinogens. Federal agencies use
      quantitative risk both to set priorities and to establish exposure levels. The
      use of quantitative risk assessment is mandated by Executive Orders requiring
      performance of cost-benefit analysis, although performance of assessments has
      often been ascribed to the Supreme Court decision in the 1980 "benzene" case.
      Quantitative risk assessment is a deeply flawed methodology with results that
      give a false sense of certainty and objectivity. Also, the nature of quantitative
      risk assessment methodologies currently in use makes it difficult for members of
      the public to scrutinize and assess regulatory actions. Quantitative risk
      assessment should not be used for regulation of carcinogens, especially not for
      establishing exposure levels. Instead, alternative methodologies should be
      utilized, which are appropriately reflective of uncertainty and which are more
      readily accessible to public scrutiny and participation.

PMID- 2905081
TI  - Comparison of behaviors for detection of heritable mutations.
AB  - Groups of five male HA (ICR) mice were injected intraperitoneally with 60, 150,
      300, or 600 mg/kg body weight of ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) or with saline
      vehicle. Each male was mated to two untreated females at 2 and 5 weeks after
      treatment. The two successive matings utilized sperm derived from post- and pre
      meiotic germ cells, respectively. Progeny were evaluated for litter size, body
      weight, negative geotactic response, swimming patterns, limb use while swimming,
      water escape time, and open-field motor coordination activity. Body weight,
      geotactic response, limb use, and open-field behavior test results demonstrated
      that EMS causes heritable behavior mutations in both post- and pre-meiotic germ
      cells. Among the tests that showed inherited differences between control and
      treated groups, the computer-monitored open-field behavior test was the most
      definitive.

PMID- 2905082
TI  - Effect of heat shock on the mutagenicity of mutagens and carcinogens in Euglena
      gracilis.
AB  - The effect of heat-shock treatment (42 degrees C for 15 min) on the ability of
      four mutagens and carcinogens to induce hereditary bleaching in Euglena gracilis
      cells was investigated. All four mutagens (treatment time: 1-24 h) tested after
      heat shock increased the frequency of bleached mutants of Euglena gracilis.

PMID- 2905083
TI  - Induction of sister chromatid exchanges by ergot compounds in Chinese hamster
      ovary cells in vitro.
AB  - Five ergot alkaloids, d-lysergic acid derivatives, were tested for the induction
      of sister chromatid exchange (SCE) frequencies in cultured Chinese hamster ovary
      cells. The concentrations of the test substances ranged between 10(-5) and 10(-8)
      M. Ergotamine, ergonovine, and methylergonovine induced a significantly high
      number of SCEs at all the concentrations used, while with ergocristine this
      occurred only at the highest concentration. alpha-Ergocryptine failed to induce
      SCEs at any concentration. It is therefore surmised that ergotamine, ergonovine,
      and methylergonovine are effective inducers, ergocristine is a weak inducer, and
      alpha-ergocryptine is a noninducer in Chinese hamster ovary cells in vitro.

PMID- 2905084
TI  - [The polyposis project].

PMID- 2905085
TI  - [Retrospective diagnosis of epidemic nephropathy].

PMID- 2905086
TI  - In vivo suppression of stearyl CoA desaturase activity by griseofulvin: evidence
      against the involvement of lipid peroxidation.
AB  - Administration of a diet containing 2.5% (w/w) griseofulvin (GF) resulted in a
      significant decrease in hepatic microsomal stearyl CoA desaturase activity
      compared to desaturase activity in microsomes from animals fed a normal rat chow
      diet. Desaturase activities were 0.66 +/- 0.18 vs 0.16 +/- 0.09 nmoles oleyl CoA
      formed/min/mg protein for control and GF-fed animals, respectively. Examination
      of lipid peroxides in microsomes from control and GF-treated rats showed an
      approximate fivefold higher concentration of lipid peroxides in microsomes from
      GF-treated rats compared to that from controls. However, when rats were fed a
      diet containing GF and diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine an inhibitor of lipid
      peroxidation, stearyl CoA desaturase activity was still similar to that observed
      with GF alone, even though microsomal lipid peroxides were reduced to
      nondetectable levels. In vitro stimulation of microsomal lipid peroxidation using
      ADP-Fe and EDTA-Fe did not result in a significant decrease in desaturase
      activity. Results of our experiments show that dietary administration of GF
      results in a marked decrease in stearyl CoA desaturase activity in hepatic
      microsomes. Although GF feeding stimulates microsomal lipid peroxidation,
      increase in microsomal peroxidation does not appear to be the mechanism by which
      GF feeding decreases desaturase activity. GF appears to act by decreasing the
      terminal desaturase activity.

PMID- 2905087
TI  - Recovery of human fetal pancreas after one year of implantation in the diabetic
      patient.
AB  - Between one and six cultured human fetal pancreata were allografted into five
      insulin-dependent diabetic recipients and their progress monitored for a year on
      each occasion. To prevent rejection the tissue was cultured for 1-3 weeks before
      transplantation, the HLA-DR antigens of the donor tissue were matched with those
      of the recipient when a single pancreas was used, and four of the recipients were
      immunosuppressed, three because of coexisting renal grafts. Graft function was
      observed transiently in one of the recipients. In three others human fetal
      pancreas was recovered 9-14 months after transplantation, although it was being
      slowly rejected during this time. Beta cells were present in the graft but did
      not function adequately to enable immunoreactive C-peptide to be measured in
      peripheral blood. The issues of rejection and immaturity of the human fetal
      pancreas will need to be surmounted if the potential of the human fetal pancreas
      to normalize blood glucose levels in diabetic man is ever to be realized.

PMID- 2905088
TI  - Adoptive immunity in immune-deficient scid/scid mice. I. Differential
      requirements of naive and primed lymphocytes for CD4+ T cells during rejection of
      minor histocompatibility antigen-disparate skin grafts.
AB  - Using a model system in which mature lymphocytes were adoptively transferred into
      immunodeficient C.B17-scid/scid recipients, the requirement for CD4+ T cells in
      rejection of previously healed-in multiple minor-H-antigen-disparate skin grafts
      was investigated. Depletion of functional CD4+ cells was accomplished by anti-CD4
      antibody + complement treatment prior to adoptive transfer followed by chronic
      anti-CD4 serotherapy in vivo. Homozygous scid mice harboring nondepleted naive
      donor cells effectively rejected minor-H-antigen-disparate grafts, whereas
      scid/scid mice harboring CD4+ T-cell-depleted naive cells did not. Homozygous
      scid mice harboring minor-H-antigen-primed cells rejected the minor-H-antigen
      disparate allografts regardless of whether or not the animals had received anti
      CD4 treatment, although rejection by the mice receiving anti-CD4 treatment was
      retarded compared to mice not receiving anti-CD4 treatment. All the mice that
      received viable donor cells rejected minor + H-2 disparate allografts,
      demonstrating effective immunity in this case was not dependent upon the activity
      of CD4+ T cells. These data suggest that in responses against multiple minor-H
      antigen-disparate tissue, primary allograft rejection is absolutely dependent
      upon CD4+ cells, and secondary allograft rejection is not. The implications of
      these findings in understanding interactions of T cell subsets in vivo and of the
      utility of using homozygous scid mice as recipients for exploring the function of
      transferred lymphoid cell populations are discussed.

PMID- 2905089
TI  - [Acute renal insufficiency due to intentional glafenine poisoning].

PMID- 2905090
TI  - [Almitrine bismesylate. A peripheral chemoreceptor agonist].

PMID- 2905091
TI  - [Ambulatory orchiopexy in children].

PMID- 2905092
TI  - The relationship between the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of spinal
      opioids. Minireview based on a doctoral thesis.
AB  - Spinal opioids have been used clinically since the late seventies to treat acute,
      traumatic, obstetric and chronic pain. In this article the influence of the
      pharmacokinetics on the dynamics of intrathecal and epidural opioid
      administration are discussed with reference to current knowledge.

PMID- 2905093
TI  - [Individualization of the surgical treatment of cryptorchism].

PMID- 2905094
TI  - [Pediatric surgical one-day hospital].
AB  - 670 sick children were operated upon under conditions of a one-day surgical
      hospital. Selection of the patients and preoperative preparing was fulfilled at
      the polyclinic. The selected children had the following diseases: inguinal (119)
      and umbilical (87) hernias, hernias of the linea alba (14), hydrocele (68),
      cryptorchidism (81), benign tumours of soft tissues (43), phimosis (258).
      Complications in the nearest postoperative period made up 0.3%. The economic
      effect of the treatment of 670 children with surgical diseases at the surgical
      one-day hospital was more than 50,000 rubles.

PMID- 2905095
TI  - [Tranquilizers in the combined treatment of patients with arterial hypertension].

PMID- 2905096
TI  - [Prevention of stress ulcer and nosocomial pneumonia].

PMID- 2905097
TI  - [Endoscopic removal of bile duct calculi (papillotomy, mechanical lithotripsy,
      laser-induced lithotripsy].

PMID- 2905098
TI  - [New developments and trends in the drug therapy of chronic inflammatory bowel
      diseases].

PMID- 2905099
TI  - [Therapy of chronic inflammatory bowel diseases. Clinical aspects and therapy of
      drug-induced side effects].

PMID- 2905100
TI  - [Structural and functional changes in the brain caused by aging].

PMID- 2905101
TI  - [Therapy of peptic ulcer. H2 receptor blockers].

PMID- 2905102
TI  - [Inflammatory mediators in the pathogenesis of obstructive bronchial diseases:
      consequences for therapy].

PMID- 2905103
TI  - [The significance of chronopharmacology for drug therapy].

PMID- 2905104
TI  - Monocyte-macrophages increase in the bursal follicular medulla following
      bacterial intracloacal inoculation of Bordetella pertussis in chicks.

PMID- 2905105
TI  - [Brain tyrosine hydroxylase activity in behavior-selected silver foxes].
AB  - In two groups of silver foxes--i.e. selected by the domestic type of behaviour
      and aggressive ones--studies have been made on the activity of the key enzyme in
      biosynthesis of catecholamines--i.e. tyrosine hydroxylase from the brain.
      Domesticated animals exhibited higher enzymic activity in the locus coeruleus,
      hypothalamus and cortex. Animals from both groups did not differ with respect to
      the level of tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the corpus striatum. The enzymic
      reactions of homogenates from locus coeruleus region of the brain in both groups
      of animals, as well as homogenates from the corpus striatum of the brain of
      aggressive animals exhibited low and approximately equal values of Michaelis
      constant for tyrosine. The value of KM was 3 times higher in the hypothalamus in
      both groups of foxes and in the corpus striatum of tame animals. Presumably,
      selection of silver foxes for the domestic type of behaviour resulted in the
      increase of biosynthesis of catecholamines in the brain due to the increase in
      the number of enzyme molecules. The increase in the activity of tyrosine
      hydroxylase in noradrenaline system of the brain may be associated with changes
      in the behavioural pattern of animals resulting from selection.

PMID- 2905106
TI  - Drugs recently released in Belgium. Recombinant DNA tissue plasminogen activator
      (rt-PA) famotidine-sultamicillin.

PMID- 2905107
TI  - Gastric cytoprotection induced by prostaglandin-dopaminergic mechanism.
AB  - The cytoprotective effects on the gastric mucosa of the Bromocriptine, a
      peripheral dopaminergic receptor agonist compared with Misoprostol against
      ethanol-induced injury were studied. Pretreatment with SCH 23390 (a DA1 receptor
      antagonist) and Domperidone (a DA2 receptor antagonist), showed that Misoprostol
      was peripheral dopaminergic receptor dependent in the gastric cytoprotective
      mechanism, and that Bromocriptine was a selective peripheral DA2 receptor agonist
      in the gastric cytoprotection mechanism; as well as, indomethacin pretreatment,
      showed that peripheral DA2 receptors were endogenous prostaglandin dependent. In
      conclusion, a prostaglandin-dopaminergic mechanism was postulated in gastric
      cytoprotection.

PMID- 2905108
TI  - The natural history of liver disease in alpha 1-antitrypsin deficient children.
AB  - During 1972-1974, 200,000 Swedish infants were screened for alpha 1-antitrypsin
      deficiency. Of 127 PiZ (Protease inhibitor) children followed from infancy to 12
      years of age, four PiZ children with neonatal liver disease have died; two of
      liver cirrhosis, one was found to have liver cirrhosis at autopsy, having died of
      aplastic anemia and the fourth died in an accident. Liver microscopy showed a
      mild increase of periportal fibrous tissue. Another PiZ child died of
      anaphylactic shock. At 12 years of age, none of the PiZ children have clinical
      symptoms of liver disease. No PiZ-, PiSZ, PiS- or PiFZ child has had any clinical
      symptom of liver disease. One PiSZ child died of sudden infant death syndrome.
      Laboratory analyses from birth through 12 years of age have shown increased S
      Bilirubin levels in 11% of the PiZ infants, which normalized within the first
      half year of life. S-GT was abnormal in about half of the infants, but had
      normalized when checked at 8 and 12 years of age in all but 6-3% of the PiZ
      children. The percentage of abnormal S-ALAT test results have decreased from 73%
      during the first year of life, to about 15% at the age of 12. The range of the
      abnormal levels also decreased considerably. Abnormal S-GT or S-ALAT levels were
      found in about 20% of the PiSZ infants, the proportion decreasing to 2% at the
      age of 12.

PMID- 2905109
TI  - [Assessment of the clinical activity of fluoxetin (Prozac) according of the
      "Stars of Liege" model].
AB  - Ten psychiatrists have independently rated the clinical profile of fluoxetin
      (Prozac) at the daily dose of 20 mg according to a "Stars of Liege" model
      comprising three parameters of therapeutic activity (antidepressant,
      psychostimulant and anxiolytic) and three parameters of side-effects
      (anticholinergic, sedative and hypotensive). Each parameter, graduated from 0 to
      5 (no, very weak, weak, moderate, potent, very potent effect) was rated by each
      investigator according to his personal experience with at least 10 patients. Mean
      ratings given to fluoxetine show a moderate antidepressant effect, equal to
      amitriptyline (Redomex, Tryptizol 75 mg/d, clomipramine (Anafranil 75 mg/d and
      nialamide (Niamide 100 mg/d, weak psychostimulating and anxiolytic effects, a
      very weak sedative effect and a lack of anticholinergic and hypotensive effects.
      Digestive side-effects of moderate intensity were also noted as well as a very
      weak anorexia. The important variability between investigators in the rating of
      the clinical profile of fluoxetine suggests that more experience is needed in
      order to define better its physiognomy.

PMID- 2905110
TI  - [Stimulation of somatotropin hormone by piribedil, a dopaminergic agonist, in
      endogenous depression. Preliminary study].
AB  - Piribedil, a dopaminergic agonist, was administered intravenously (0.5 mg over 10
      minutes) to two unipolar endogenous depressed. The two patients, a 38-year-old
      man and a 60-year-old woman, were matched for age and sex with two volunteers
      without any mental illness. Effects of piribedil on plasma levels of growth
      hormone and on blood pressure were studied. The two volunteers evaluated their
      "feelings" of anxiety and of physical comfort using visual analogue scales. The
      experimentation was repeated in a double blind fashion with a placebo. Piribedil
      induced an elevation of GH in the normal man but not in the depressed man. In
      contrast, no increase was noted in women. No elevation of GH was observed after
      placebo. Importance of factors such as depression, sexual steroid environment and
      influence of stress are discussed.

PMID- 2905111
TI  - Anaesthesia for reconstructive urethral surgery.

PMID- 2905112
TI  - Management of alcohol withdrawal: treatment controversies.

PMID- 2905113
TI  - Duration of the inhibitory activity on histamine-induced skin weals of sedative
      and non-sedative antihistamines.
AB  - The inhibitory effect of orally administered dexchlorfeniramine (4 mg/day),
      cyproheptadine (8 mg/day), astemizole (20 mg/day), loratadine (40 mg/day) and
      terfenadine (120 mg/day) on the size of histamine-induced weals was tested by
      skin prick test with histamine in an open study including 23 healthy individuals.
      The antihistamines were administered for 2 days in the nationally recommended
      therapeutic doses. For all drugs the maximal weal suppression with the dosage
      chosen was recorded the day after the last dosage, being 29% (for
      dexchlorfeniramine), 72% (for cyproheptadine), 50% (for astemizole), 62% (for
      loratadine), and 56% (for terfenadine) of the baseline value. For the drugs in
      the same order the duration of the inhibitory effect of the drugs after the last
      dose administered was between 3-4, 7-11, 17-28, 4-7, and 4-7 days, respectively.

PMID- 2905114
TI  - Fine structure of boundary tissue of the seminiferous tubules in the scrotal and
      abdominal testes of naturally unilateral cryptorchid West African dwarf goats.
AB  - The boundary tissue of the seminiferous tubules in the scrotal and abdominal
      testes of naturally unilateral cryptorchid West African dwarf goats comprised an
      inner non-cellular, a middle cellular and peripheral cellular lamellae. In the
      scrotal testes, these components were compact and their arrangement conformed to
      that described for other domestic ruminants except that here, the basal lamina
      associated with the seminiferous epithelium was homogeneous and in tact.
      Alterations due to cryptorchidism as observed in the contralateral abdominal
      testes include general loss of compactness due to depletion and disorganization
      of structural extracellular materials like basal lamina coat of myoid cells and
      collagen fibrils, the splitting of the basal lamina of the seminiferous
      epithelium into 8-12 thin layers, poor differentiation of the myoid cells and the
      accumulation of lipid droplets within their cytoplasm. It is concluded that the
      normal caprine boundary tissue conforms entirely to the characteristics of 'Type
      C' category in the existing classification. The ultrastructural alterations due
      to abdominal retention of the testis resemble the testicular changes ascribed to
      the disturbance of pituitary-testicular hormonal axis.

PMID- 2905115
TI  - Identification of genetic variation in the bovine major histocompatibility
      complex DR beta-like genes using sequenced bovine genomic probes.
AB  - Two bovine genomic clones that crosshybridize with HLA-DR beta cDNA have been
      isolated. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the beta 1, beta 2 and transmembrane
      (TM) exon regions for one of these clones revealed 70, 89 and 86% identity with
      the corresponding HLA-DR beta exons. Stop codons are present in the beta 1 and TM
      exons and a single base deletion toward the 3' end of the TM exon negates the
      consensus sequence for exon/intron splicing. Therefore, we conclude this is a
      bovine DR beta-like pseudogene, BoDR beta I. Exon-containing regions have been
      used as probes in Southern blot analyses of bovine genomic DNA digested with
      EcoRI. The beta 2 exon of BoDR beta I results in prominent bands of 18.9, 7.8,
      7.2, 6.4, 5.6, 3.6, 3.0 and 2.7 kb. Polymorphisms were observed for all but the
      18.9 kb band and at least three of these bands were identified in each of the 185
      animals sampled. A probe containing the TM exon of BoDR beta I hybridizes only to
      the 5.6- and 3.6-kb bands, suggesting that these are allelic bands corresponding
      to this pseudogene. Results from hybridizations of a TM exon-containing probe of
      the second bovine DR beta-like clone (BoDR beta II) suggest that the 6.4- and 2.7
      kb bands correspond to this second bovine gene. A nonpolymorphic 8.1-kb band
      results from a probe containing the BoDR beta I beta 1 exon. Major differences in
      frequency for the 6.4/2.7 alleles were found for the four breeds sampled.

PMID- 2905116
TI  - Close association between DNA polymorphism of bovine major histocompatibility
      complex class I genes and serological BoLA-A specificities.
AB  - Class I genes of the bovine major histocompatibility complex (MHC) were
      investigated by Southern blot hybridization and by serological analysis. A large
      number of class I restriction fragments and an extensive polymorphism were
      revealed when genomic DNA samples, digested with the restriction enzyme PvuII,
      were hybridized with a human cDNA probe. The result indicated the presence of
      multiple class I genes in cattle. The extensive restriction fragment length
      polymorphism (RFLP) was interpreted genetically by analysing five paternal half
      sib families comprising, besides the bulls, 50 offspring and their dams. No less
      than 21 RFLP types were distinguished in this limited sample. The class I
      polymorphism was also analysed using a serological test with sera corresponding
      to four workshop specificities (w2, w6, w10 and w16) and three locally defined
      specificities (SRB1, SRB2 and SRB3). There was an excellent agreement between the
      two typing methods since no RFLP type was associated with more than one
      specificity and five of the seven specificities were associated with a single
      RFLP type. Evidence for close genetic linkage between class I and DQ class II
      genes was obtained since no recombinant was found among 45 informative offspring.
      Linkage disequilibrium among class I, DQ class II and C4 genes was also observed.
      The blood group specificity M' was completely associated with the w16 class I
      specificity and with the haplotype I1DQ1BC4(2) in this material.

PMID- 2905117
TI  - Narcolepsy and HLA in the Japanese.
AB  - Narcolepsy is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and cataplexy. It had
      been reported that 100% of Japanese and Caucasian narcoleptic patients are HLA
      DR2 and HLA-DQw1 positive; last year, however, exceptionally rare cases of DR2
      negative narcolepsy were reported. Conversely, we tested 190 Japanese narcoleptic
      patients, and all were still DR2 and DQw1 positive. Among several symptoms in
      narcoleptic patients, HLA-DR2 showed the strongest association with cataplexy.
      Exclusive association has been demonstrated between narcolepsy and a specific
      band of EcoRI-digested DQ beta fragments. In this paper Taq I-digested genomic
      DNAs were hybridized with a DQ alpha probe, and five specific bands were observed
      to associate strongly with particular HLA-DR or D specificities. Interestingly,
      the 6.0-kb band was found in 100% of 28 narcoleptic patients and in 54% of DR2
      positive normal control subjects. For the time being, HLA-Dw2 is the better
      marker of the HLA-associating narcoleptic gene than is DR2, DQw1, 2.4-kb band of
      EcoRI-digested DQ beta, and 6.0-kb band of Taq I digested DQ alpha, because the
      frequency of DW2 is the lowest in normal control subjects.

PMID- 2905118
TI  - Associations of the autoimmune myasthenias with genetic markers in the
      immunoglobulin heavy chain region.

PMID- 2905119
TI  - Determination of RFLPs linked to multiple sclerosis susceptibility.

PMID- 2905120
TI  - Molecular genotypes of the T-cell receptor beta chain in families with multiple
      sclerosis.

PMID- 2905121
TI  - Immunohistochemical analysis of suppressor-inducer and helper-inducer T cells in
      multiple sclerosis brain tissue.

PMID- 2905122
TI  - Loss of functional suppression is linked to decreases in circulating suppressor
      inducer (CD4+ 2H4+) T cells in multiple sclerosis.

PMID- 2905123
TI  - Recognition of intracellular measles virus antigens by HLA class II restricted
      measles virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes.

PMID- 2905124
TI  - Immunoregulation in rapidly progressive multiple sclerosis.

PMID- 2905125
TI  - Anti-CD4 and anti-CD2 monoclonal antibody infusions in subjects with multiple
      sclerosis. Immunosuppressive effects and human antimouse responses.

PMID- 2905126
TI  - Relationships between the calmodulin-dependent adenylate cyclases produced by
      Bacillus anthracis and Bordetella pertussis.
AB  - The nucleotide sequences for the calmodulin-dependent adenylate cyclases produced
      by Bordetella pertussis and Bacillus anthracis have recently been determined. The
      GC% for the B. pertussis and B. anthracis cyclase genes are about 65% and 29%,
      respectively. Despite this difference in nucleotide composition, these cyclases
      possess three highly conserved amino acid domains and share some nucleotide
      sequence homology. One of these conserved domains appears to be involved in ATP
      binding and is related to the consensus amino acid sequences present in many
      eukaryotic and prokaryotic ATP and GTP binding proteins. The possible
      relationship between these cyclases and eukaryotic calmodulin-dependent adenylate
      cyclases is discussed.

PMID- 2905127
TI  - Induction of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity by all-trans retinoic acid in
      cultured rat liver epithelial cells.
AB  - The induction of activity of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) by all-trans
      retinoic acid in a chemically transformed rat liver epithelial cell line has been
      investigated. Retinoic acid increased the level of the GGT mRNA and this
      enhancement was progressive, depending on the duration of exposure and on the
      concentration of retinoic acid in the culture medium. When retinoic acid was
      removed from cultures which had been exposed to it for 4 days, the induced GGT
      activity remained unchanged. In contrast to transformed cell lines, retinoic acid
      did not induce the activity of GGT in normal/non-transformed rat liver epithelial
      cells.

PMID- 2905128
TI  - Molecular cloning of a cDNA coding for 70 kilodalton subunit of soluble guanylate
      cyclase from rat lung.
AB  - A complementary DNA clone corresponding to the 70 kDa subunit of soluble
      guanylate cyclase (EC 4.6.1.2) of rat lung has been isolated. The primary
      structure of the cDNA consisted of 3063 nucleotides including a 1857-nucleotide
      coding region for 619 amino acids, and the calculated molecular weight was 70476.
      Blot hybridization of total poly(A)+RNAs from rat tissues detected a mRNA of
      about 3.4 kilobases. The amount of mRNA was abundant in lung, cerebrum and
      cerebellum, moderate in heart and kidney, and low in liver and muscle. Southern
      blot analysis of high molecular weight genomic DNA from rat liver indicated the
      presence of one gene in the rat haploid genome. The amino acid sequence of the 70
      kDa subunit has partial homology with particulate guanylate cyclase from sea
      urchin sperm, and protein phosphatase inhibitor I.

PMID- 2905129
TI  - Characterization of rat and human tyrosine hydroxylase genes: functional
      expression of both promoters in neuronal and non-neuronal cell types.
AB  - We describe the structure of the promoter and intron 1 of the human and rat
      tyrosine hydroxylase genes. The 5' flanking region of the two genes are 74%
      identical (+1 to -380) and contain a completely conserved cAMP response element.
      Although both genes are single copy, multiple splicing events of the human
      transcript lead to multiple mRNAs. Based on several lines of evidence alternative
      forms of mRNA of rat TH analogous to those in the human are not present. Both rat
      and human promoters direct the transcription of reporter genes when introduced
      into rat pheochromocytoma and fibroblast cells.

PMID- 2905130
TI  - Antimicrobial properties of methdilazine and its synergism with antibiotics and
      some chemotherapeutic agents.
AB  - The antihistamine methdilazine (Md) was found to possess a significantly high
      antibacterial action when tested against 367 strains of bacteria belonging to
      both Gram-positive and Gram-negative genera. Different groups of bacteria could
      be arranged in order of their decreasing sensitivity towards Md as follows: S.
      aureus, V. cholerae, E. coli and Shigella. The range of minimum inhibitory
      concentration (micrograms/ml) varied between 25 and 200 in most cases, although
      few strains were sensitive even at 10 micrograms/ml level of Md. 10 different
      bacteria sensitive to Md and a number of antibiotics when tested for their
      interaction with Md on one hand and any of the antibiotics of chemotherapeutic
      agents on the other, it was found that Md in combination with aminoglycosides and
      several chemotherapeutics showed enhancement of antibacterial effects resulting
      in synergism. The chemotherapeutic agents bromodiphenhydramine (Bn),
      diphenhydramine and methyldopa showed distinct synergism when tested in
      combination with Md. Determination of the area of inhibition zones for the degree
      of synergism with Md and streptomycin (Sm) produced statistically significant
      result (p less than 0.01) in comparison with their individual effect. This could
      also be corroborated by the fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index which
      was 0.49 for Sm-Md and 0.5 for Bn-Md combinations. The synergism of Sm-Md
      combination was confirmed by in vivo studies.

PMID- 2905131
TI  - Interaction of two barbiturates and an antihistamine on body temperature and
      motor performance of mice.
AB  - As an example for a drug combination used as a sedative (Vesparax) the actions of
      secobarbital (S), brallobarbital (B) and the antihistamine etodroxizine (E) were
      studied in mice after single and concomitant oral application. S and B caused a
      dose-dependent increase of exploratory locomotor performance enclosing a short
      period of locomotor depression. Such excitatory effect was suppressed by
      concomitant application. E produced a decrease in locomotion and--when added to S
      and B--enhanced their sedative effects. Explorative rearing was suppressed by low
      doses of S and B, by B, by E, and by all the combinations, whereas high single
      doses of S and B (20 mg/kg and 25 mg/kg, resp.) caused a triphasic temporal
      pattern. Motor coordination was investigated by means of fixed-bar and rotarod
      procedures. Increasing doses of S and B impaired motor performance within a small
      dose range. In concomitant applications rotarod performance revealed a dose
      additive synergism whereas the effect was moderately superadditive in the fixed
      bar test. Neither in single applications nor in combinations E showed any
      effects. Rectal temperature was poorly affected by the single drugs, but
      hypothermia was strongly enhanced by concomitant application of S and B and
      further potentiated by addition of E. The results suggest that responses to
      combinations of drugs even belonging to the same category cannot sufficiently be
      deduced from the single components alone.

PMID- 2905132
TI  - Soft drug derivatives related to perhexiline. Part I: In vitro studies.
AB  - A series of cyclohexylaralkylamines derived from perhexiline was synthesized
      according to the "soft drug" concept. An amide function was introduced as a
      labile centre to give non-toxic moieties in vivo after the "soft drugs" had
      attained their therapeutic aims. Compounds were evaluated for their alpha
      adrenolytic, calcium antagonist and vasodilator activities in vitro. Some of
      them, 2, 3, 7 and 15 on rat aorta had alpha-adrenolytic effects comparable to
      that of perhexiline. Most of them were about 10 times more active calcium
      antagonists on depolarized pig coronary artery than perhexiline. All derivatives
      produced concentration-related coronary dilation in the perfused guinea pig
      heart. Compound 2 was equipotent to perhexiline. The decrease in coronary
      resistance might, at least partly, be attributable to the alpha-blocking
      properties of the molecules. In conclusion, the introduction of an amide function
      into the perhexiline skeleton does not markedly alter the in vitro
      pharmacological properties.

PMID- 2905133
TI  - [The effect of temazepam on the functional capacity and metabolic and
      cardiocirculatory parameters in consideration of the "jet lag" syndrome].
AB  - In a double-blind placebo controlled study, 14 male healthy volunteers were
      examined the morning after they had received an evening dose of 20 mg temazepam
      (Planum) with regard to functional capacity, cardial, cardiovascular and
      respiratory regulation as well as neuromuscular excitability and metabolic
      changes. After being exposed to the bicycle ergometer load, oxygen uptake, carbon
      dioxide output, glucose and lactate concentration were determined; furthermore
      the neuromuscular excitability of the musculus vastus medialis, musculus rectus
      femoris and musculus quadrizeps femoris was estimated. Despite unimportant
      capacity reductions (p greater than 0.05) concerning the maximum capacity (2.2%)
      as well as the maximum oxygen uptake (4.3%) under treatment with temazepam, there
      could not be proved any significant changes regarding cardiopulmonary and
      metabolic functions. On eastern and western flights, top athletes showed a very
      fast adaptation to the day-night rhythm without hang-over.

PMID- 2905134
TI  - [Plasma digoxin levels following treatment with metaclazepam].
AB  - Nine cardiac patients treated with digitalis participated in a 3-week study with
      the aim to investigate whether digoxin (beta-acetyldigoxin) interacts with the
      new 1,4-benzodiazepine metaclazepam. Comparison of the plasma digoxin levels
      under placebo and metaclazepam treatment showed no statistically significant
      differences, i.e. no interactions between digoxin and metaclazepam were found.

PMID- 2905135
TI  - [The H1 and H2 histamine receptors].
AB  - Histamine is a major mediator of the allergic reactions. Histamine have different
      actions: contraction of smooth muscles, vascular action, increase in gastric and
      adrenal medulla secretion. Effects on central or peripheral nervous system are
      discussed. The specific H1 or H2 activity explains the different configurations
      of histamine. The specificity of H1 receptors agonists is now well known: H1
      activities have a positive charge on the side chain with an imidazole ring able
      to rotate around the axis of side chain. The contraction of smooth muscles is due
      to the action of H1 receptors agonists. Many doubts remain about the exact
      structures of the H2 receptors, and their agonists. Trough the H2 receptors occur
      dilatation of small arteries and capillaries, as well as an increase in gastric
      secretion. Subdivisions of H2 receptors have been, suggested. Recently H3
      receptors have been described in the brain and in some peripheral tissues.
      Interrelations between H1 and H2 histamine receptors have been described as well
      as a feedback of synthesis and of histamine release.

PMID- 2905136
TI  - Histamine-induced regulation of IL-2 synthesis in man: characterization of two
      pathways of inhibition.
AB  - Histamine at molar concentrations ranging from 10(-5) to 10(-7) exerted an
      inhibitory effect upon IL-2 synthesis by peripheral blood mononuclear cells in
      normal man; two pathways of inhibition are described. The first pathway was found
      to alter the T4 lymphocytes which, in the system used in this study, synthesized
      nearly 90% of the total IL-2 production and had no suppressive activity. This
      suggests that histamine can act at the level of IL-2-producing cells. The second
      pathway of inhibition was related to induction of suppressor cells. Peripheral
      blood lymphocytes pre-incubated for 1 h with histamine 10(-5)-10(-7) M inhibited
      the IL-2 synthesis of normal autologous lymphocytes in a co-culture system. This
      activity was radio-resistant (1200 r) and mediated by T8 lymphocytes. These two
      pathways of inhibition were mediated by the specific interaction of histamine
      with H1- and H2-receptor-bearing mononuclear cells.

PMID- 2905137
TI  - [Lymphocyte system and relative resistance of inbred mice to Trypanosoma brucei
      brucei].
AB  - The distribution of B-(Ig+) and T-(Thy1.2+, Lyt1+, Lyt2+) lymphocyte subsets in
      murine lymphoid organs was analysed by immunofluorescence (FACS) on cell
      suspensions throughout a primary infection of C3H/He (susceptible) and CBA/Ca
      (subtolerant) inbred mice with metacyclic Trypanosoma brucei brucei EATRO 1125. A
      direct correlation was observed between (1) the level of first-peak parasitaemia,
      (2) its subsequent control by the host and (3) survival time. In the course of
      the infection, the overall population of spleen and lymph node lymphocytes was
      subject to polyclonal activation whilst the proportion of differentiated B and T
      subsets decreased accordingly. No correlation was found between modulation of the
      lymphocyte system and susceptibility to trypanosomiasis.

PMID- 2905138
TI  - Structure and function of a thymic peptide is mimicked by Plasmodium falciparum
      peptides.
AB  - Numerous Plasmodium falciparum antigens contain repetitive amino acid sequences.
      Two blood stage antigens, Pf11-1 and Pf332, were characterized in our
      laboratories and present high cross-reactivities, defining a family of cross
      reacting antigens. In this report, we show that amino acid sequence homologies
      might explain these cross-reactivities, but that they extend to polypeptides from
      the host, namely thymosin-alpha 1 (T alpha 1). An antiserum raised in chickens
      and Saimiri monkeys against the synthetic Pf11-1 peptide cross-reacts with
      synthetic T alpha 1. Synthetic Pf11-1 and Pf332 peptides share some of the
      biological activities of T alpha 1. These results are discussed with respect to
      the mechanisms devised by malaria parasites for escape from the host immune
      response.

PMID- 2905139
TI  - Effect of plasma amino acid and hormone concentrations on renal plasma flow and
      glomerular filtration rate.
AB  - The effect of amino acid infusion on renal hemodynamics was examined in 13
      healthy subjects. Seven subjects participated in the first experimental protocol:
      study 1 - amino acids were infused for 3 h to increase plasma amino acid levels 2
      to 3-fold above baseline; study 2 - amino acids were infused with somatostatin
      and peripheral replacement of insulin, glucagon and growth hormone; and study 3 -
      somatostatin and hormones were infused as in study 2, but no amino acids were
      infused. During study 1 both glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal plasma
      flow (RPF) increased by 20%. In contrast, when amino acids were infused with
      somatostatin (study 2), neither GFR nor RPF changed from baseline. In study 3,
      somatostatin alone had no effect on GFR and RPF. In a second experimental
      protocol, 6 subjects were maintained for 7 days on a low protein diet (40 g/day);
      amino acids were infused as in study 1 before and after the protein restriction.
      Baseline GFR and RPF both decreased significantly after protein restriction. The
      response to amino acid infusion was not changed. These results indicate that: (1)
      hyperaminoacidemia causes a rise in both GFR and RPF; (2) the increase is likely
      to be mediated by some hormones whose secretion is inhibited by somatostatin, and
      (3) protein restriction causes a decline in GFR and RPF but fails to alter the
      renal hemodynamic response to amino acid infusion.

PMID- 2905140
TI  - Clinical and histopathological aspects of Kaposi's sarcoma in Africa:
      relationship with HIV serology.
AB  - From 1983 to 1987, 45 Kaposi's sarcomas (KS) were diagnosed at the University
      Hospital in Bangui; 37 cases were easily classified as either endemic or AIDS
      related KS on clinical grounds and HIV serology. Moreover, probably due to the
      stage at which patients consulted and lesions were sampled, noticeable
      histopathological differences were observed between the two clinical
      presentations. But for 8/45 which we classified as "borderline KS", strong
      discrepancies occurred between clinical aspects, patient evolution, HIV serology
      and histopathology. In two cases, HIV-positive patients had typical endemic non
      evolutive KS and have survived 15 and 36 months.

PMID- 2905141
TI  - Dementia as the primary manifestation of HIV2 infection in a Central African
      patient.

PMID- 2905142
TI  - Status of Hantavirus in the Central African Republic.

PMID- 2905143
TI  - Clinical pharmacology of mivacurium chloride (BW B1090U) infusion: comparison
      with vecuronium and atracurium.
AB  - Mivacurium chloride (BW B1090U) is a new, short-acting non-depolarizing
      neuromuscular blocking agent. It is a synthetic bis-benzylisoquinolinium diester,
      which is hydrolysed rapidly by plasma cholinesterase. This study compares
      mivacurium, atracurium and vecuronium by continuous i.v. infusion. The duration
      of mivacurium infusion ranged from 29.5 to 286 min. The steady state infusion
      rates necessary to maintain 95 (SEM 4)% twitch suppression were: mivacurium 8.3
      (0.7) micrograms kg-1 min-1; atracurium 7.9 (0.4) micrograms kg-1 min-1;
      vecuronium 1.2 (0.3) micrograms kg-1 min-1. Following infusions of mivacurium,
      various recovery times (for example: 25-75%, 6.9 (0.3) min; 25-95%, 11.0 (0.4)
      min; 5-95% 14.5 (0.4) min) did not differ significantly from those following
      single bolus doses. Recovery times following cessation of mivacarium infusions
      were approximately 50% of those for equivalent durations of infusion of
      atracurium (10.9 (0.3) min for 25-75% recovery and 26.6 (0.4) min for 5-95%
      recovery). For vecuronium, corresponding recovery times were 13.8 (0.9) and 32.0
      (1.2) min, respectively. Comparative recovery times for mivacurium were 40-50% of
      those for vecuronium. There was a significant correlation between the infusion
      rate of mivacurium required to maintain 95% twitch depression and the plasma
      cholinesterase activity of individual subjects.

PMID- 2905144
TI  - Post-tetanic count and intense neuromuscular blockade with vecuronium in
      children.
AB  - Sixty children undergoing surgery were allocated, according to weight, to three
      equal groups. Each child received a loading dose of vecuronium 80 micrograms kg-1
      followed immediately by an infusion set initially at 1.4 micrograms kg-1 min-1.
      The subsequent intense neuromuscular blockade was assessed using the post-tetanic
      count (PTC). Maintaining the PTC between 5 and 15 ensured adequate paralysis
      which was antagonized easily 6-18 min after stopping the infusion. However, the
      duration of the initial intense block was unpredictable and the use of a
      peripheral nerve stimulator is advisable, particularly in smaller infants (less
      than 5 kg). The results suggest that vecuronium accumulated after 3 h infusion
      and that has less presynaptic effect than atracurium.

PMID- 2905145
TI  - Comparison of atracurium and vecuronium during anaesthesia for laparoscopy.
AB  - Atracurium 0.3 mg kg-1 and vecuronium 0.06 mg kg-1 were compared directly in a
      double-blind randomized trial during anaesthesia for laparoscopy in 57 healthy
      young women. The effects of the drugs were monitored using a portable
      electromyograph. Both drugs provided adequate intubating conditions at 3 min, and
      prompt antagonism of paralysis after administration of neostigmine, but recovery
      was significantly faster with vecuronium (mean time to 20% recovery of control
      electromyographic response: vecuronium 15.1 min; atracurium 20.6 min (P less than
      0.001)). Atracurium caused a higher frequency of clinically observed allergoid
      reactions (21%) compared with vecuronium (3%).

PMID- 2905146
TI  - Antagonism of blockade produced by atracurium or vecuronium with low doses of
      neostigmine.
AB  - Neostigmine 1.25 mg or 0.625 mg was used to antagonize neuromuscular blockade
      produced by either atracurium 0.5 mg kg-1 or vecuronium 0.1 mg kg-1 in four
      groups of patients (n = 45) when the first EMG response of the train-of-four (A')
      had recovered to 10% of control (A). The time for A'/A and the train-of-four
      ratio (D'/A') to reach 70% was recorded. It was found that, after both atracurium
      and vecuronium, neostigmine 1.25 mg considerably accelerated recovery and, when
      compared with previous results, differed little from neostigmine 5.0 mg or 2.5
      mg. Neostigmine 0.625 mg also significantly accelerated recovery after atracurium
      and was comparable to neostigmine 1.25 mg. However, with neostigmine 0.625 mg
      after vecuronium, recovery of D'/A' (but not A'/A) was little faster than
      spontaneous. Neostigmine 1.25 mg appears to be almost as effective as neostigmine
      5.0 mg or 2.5 mg in antagonizing considerable block (90% depression of twitch
      height) produced by either atracurium or vecuronium, but neostigmine 0.625 mg is
      not sufficient, especially after vecuronium.

PMID- 2905147
TI  - Benzodiazepine premedication in minor day-case surgery: comparison of oral
      midazolam and temazepam with placebo.
AB  - Ninety day-case or short stay patients were allocated to three groups in a double
      blind study. The groups received oral midazolam 15 mg, oral temazepam 20 mg or
      placebo approximately 1 h before surgery. Midazolam was superior to temazepam
      regarding anxiolysis, sedation and amnesia, but temazepam was superior to
      placebo. However, delay in immediate and late recovery occurred significantly
      more often in the patients receiving midazolam than in those receiving temazepam
      or placebo.

PMID- 2905148
TI  - Central effects of beta-adrenoceptor antagonists. I--Performance and subjective
      assessments of mood.
AB  - 1. Central effects of the beta-adrenoceptor antagonists, propranolol (40, 80 and
      160 mg) and atenolol (50 and 100 mg) were studied in 12 healthy male subjects.
      Two placebo ingestions and an active control (oxazepam 15 mg) were included.
      Single doses were administered double-blind at 11.00 h, and assessments of
      performance and subjective feelings were made before, 2 h and 4 h after
      ingestion. 2. Performance was measured using letter cancellation, digit symbol
      substitution, continuous attention, choice reaction time, finger tapping, short
      term and immediate memory, critical flicker fusion and two flash fusion.
      Subjective feelings were assessed using twelve visual-analogue scales. 3.
      Oxazepam impaired performance at letter cancellation (P less than 0.001), digit
      symbol substitution (P less than 0.05), continuous attention (P less than 0.001),
      immediate recall (P less than 0.05) and finger tapping (P less than 0.05), but
      neither of the beta-adrenoceptor antagonists affected these measures. Propranolol
      (40 and 160 mg) also impaired short term memory (P less than 0.05), though it was
      not possible to establish this effect with atenolol. 4. Subjective alertness was
      reduced by oxazepam (P less than 0.01) and atenolol (P less than 0.05), while
      propranolol (40 mg) reduced anxiety (P less than 0.01) and propranolol (80 mg)
      impaired ability to concentrate (P less than 0.05). 5. The results suggest that
      both lipophilic and hydrophilic antagonists modify the central nervous system,
      though impairment may be difficult to establish with conventional tests. The
      observations on memory and alertness suggest that the central effect of beta
      adrenoceptor antagonists may be subtle.

PMID- 2905149
TI  - Central effects of beta-adrenoceptor antagonists. II--Electroencephalogram and
      body sway.
AB  - 1. Effects of the beta-adrenoceptor antagonists, propranolol (40, 80 and 160 mg)
      and atenolol (50 and 100 mg) on the electroencephalogram and on body sway, were
      studied in 12 healthy male subjects. The study was double-blind, and included two
      placebos and an active control, oxazepam (15 mg). Medication was ingested at
      11.00 h, and assessments were made before, and at 2 h and 4 h after ingestion. 2.
      All doses of both beta-adrenoceptor antagonists modified the
      electroencephalogram, and the changes reported were statistically significant at
      probability levels of less than 5%. The circadian rise in alpha activity was
      reduced by both beta-adrenoceptor antagonists as well as by oxazepam. Atenolol
      also decreased beta activity. 3. Body sway was modified by atenolol and oxazepam
      (P less than 0.05). The increase with oxazepam was most marked in the low
      frequency component (0.05-2.25 Hz) of the spectrum, while atenolol modified only
      the component of higher frequency (2.25-4.0 Hz). 4. These observations suggest
      that propranolol and atenolol have a sedative effect, and that hydrophilic
      antagonists are unlikely to be free of central activity. The changes in body sway
      could imply that peripheral mechanisms may be modified at least with atenolol.

PMID- 2905150
TI  - The pharmacokinetics, antihistamine and concentration-effect relationship of
      ebastine in healthy subjects.
AB  - 1. The kinetics and effects of ebastine 10 and 50 mg were studied after oral
      dosing in healthy subjects. 2. The parent drug was extensively metabolised during
      the first pass to its carboxylic acid derivative, carebastine. 3. The
      pharmacokinetics of carebastine were linear over the dose range studied and the
      terminal elimination half-life was 10.6 +/- 2.6 and 12.5 +/- 1.9 h respectively
      after 10 and 50 mg of ebastine. 4. Antihistamine (H1-receptor) activity was
      examined with intradermal histamine (2 micrograms). Oral ebastine reduced the
      histamine wheal area for up to 24 h and also reduced subjective local pain. 5.
      Antihistamine activity correlated well with plasma levels of carebastine in
      individual subjects. 6. Ebastine appears to have potential as an antihistamine
      for once a day dosing.

PMID- 2905151
TI  - Ebastine: the effect of a new antihistamine on psychomotor performance and
      autonomic responses in healthy subjects.
AB  - 1. Ebastine, through its carboxylic acid metabolite has antihistamine (H1
      receptor) activity in man. 2. We have examined in a single blind placebo
      controlled study the effects of 10 mg and 50 mg of ebastine on cardiovascular,
      autonomic and psychomotor function in healthy subjects. 3. Ebastine had no effect
      on blood pressure or heart rate and there was no evidence of any anticholinergic
      activity on circulatory reflexes or salivation. 4. Ebastine did not impair
      psychomotor performance as assessed by critical flicker fusion at either dose. 5.
      Ebastine 10 mg had no effect on sedation measured by visual analogue scale or
      direct questioning, however ebastine 50 mg did cause a modest increase in indices
      of sedation. 6. Ebastine did not have detectable sedative properties at the 10 mg
      dose where long-lasting antihistamine effects can be demonstrated.

PMID- 2905152
TI  - Reversal of histamine-induced bronchoconstriction by the H1-receptor antagonist
      levocabastine: a potential model for efficacy in anaphylaxis.
AB  - 1. The rate of onset and magnitude of the effect of levocabastine, a potent H1
      receptor antagonist, in reversing histamine-induced bronchoconstriction were
      determined in a double-blind cross-over trial against saline placebo. Histamine
      was administered by nebuliser so that forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1)
      was reduced to 80-75% of baseline FEV1 in 10 men with mildly or moderately
      responsive airways and the effects of intravenous injection of saline or saline +
      200 micrograms levocabastine were studied. 2. The maximum rate of recovery of
      FEV1 was 7[2-10]% min-1 (median [range]) in the first 5 min after levocabastine
      injection, but only 4[1-7]% min-1 after saline alone (P less than 0.05). 3. The
      median area under the recovery curve of FEV1 from 0 to 30 min after injection was
      405 [228-498]% basal FEV1 X min after levocabastine and 301[98-502]% basal FEV1 X
      min after saline alone (P less than 0.002). 4. FEV1 returned to 90% of baseline
      within 30 min in all subjects after levocabastine, but not after saline alone (P
      less than 0.002). 5. Histamine-induced bronchoconstriction was relieved more
      quickly by levocabastine than saline alone. This model may have application to
      the study of drugs used in the treatment of anaphylaxis.

PMID- 2905153
TI  - A study of the clinical efficacy of azelastine in patients with extrinsic asthma,
      and its effect on airway responsiveness.
AB  - 1. The effect of 4.4 mg azelastine administered orally on airway responsiveness,
      skin prick testing, daily peak expiratory flow rates and symptoms of asthma was
      compared with placebo in a 7 week double-blind, parallel group study of 24
      patients with extrinsic asthma. The study was in two parts: a 2 week assessment
      period, during which all patients received placebo tablets but recorded daily
      peak flow rates (PEFRs) and symptoms, preceding the 7 week double-blind
      comparison. 2. Azelastine, 4.4 mg, significantly decreased airway responsiveness
      to histamine compared with placebo both after a single dose (P less than 0.001),
      and following 7 weeks continuous treatment (P less than 0.02). Airway
      responsiveness to methacholine was not altered by administration of azelastine
      compared with placebo. 3. Skin prick test weal diameters to both allergen and
      histamine were significantly reduced after both a single dose and following 7
      weeks continuous therapy treatment with azelastine. 4. There was a significant
      improvement in both the mean of the morning and the evening peak flow rates
      recorded during the last week compared with the first week of the study in the
      group receiving 4.4 mg of azelastine twice daily compared with placebo. Scores
      for wheeze were significantly reduced during the final 3 weeks of the study in
      patients receiving azelastine compared both with those receiving placebo and with
      the first week of the study (P less than 0.05, P less than 0.01). Consumption of
      inhaled bronchodilators fell significantly during the study in the group
      receiving azelastine therapy (P less than 0.05); no such fall occurred in the
      placebo treated patients. 5. A bitter metallic taste was reported by 58% of
      patients who received azelastine therapy.

PMID- 2905154
TI  - Antihypertensive efficacy of the calcium-antagonist felodipine in patients with
      persisting hypertension on beta-adrenoceptor blocker therapy. The Canadian
      Felodipine Study Group.
AB  - 1. The antihypertensive efficacy of two different doses of the calcium antagonist
      felodipine was evaluated in patients with hypertension persisting despite beta
      adrenoceptor blocker therapy. Following a single-blind placebo period of 4 weeks,
      patients were randomized to placebo (n = 36), felodipine 5 mg twice daily (n =
      39) and felodipine 10 mg twice daily (n = 35) for another 4 weeks. beta
      adrenoceptor blocker therapy remained unchanged throughout the study. 2. Effects
      on blood pressure (BP) were evaluated after the first dose and after chronic
      dosing at 2 h after dosing and the end of the dosing interval (12 h). 3.
      Felodipine decreased systolic and diastolic BP by 30-35/20-25 mm Hg at 2 h. These
      decreases were similar after acute and chronic treatment. Twelve hours after
      dosing, decreases of 15-20/10-15 mm Hg were observed compared to 10/5 mm Hg on
      placebo, and half of the patients still had a controlled BP (supine diastolic BP
      less than 90 mm Hg). BP responses were rather similar for both doses of
      felodipine at 2 and 12 h. 4. Multiple regression analysis showed that both
      initial BP level and plasma felodipine concentrations were significant predictors
      of the BP response to felodipine, but age was not. 5. Adverse effects attributed
      to felodipine were mainly related to vascular symptoms (primarily flushing and
      ankle swelling); these occurred in about 30% of patients, and were pronounced in
      three patients (4%). 6. Felodipine is therefore highly effective in lowering BP
      of hypertensive patients on chronic beta-adrenoceptor blocker therapy, with no
      evidence for a gradual lowering of the BP or for development of tolerance. Both
      initial BP level and plasma concentrations are better indicators of
      antihypertensive efficacy of this calcium antagonist than age.

PMID- 2905155
TI  - A pilot study of terfenadine as adjunctive therapy in rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 2905156
TI  - Torsade de pointes ventricular tachycardia associated with astemizole overdose.

PMID- 2905157
TI  - First European review of terazosin. Proceedings of a symposium. Reykjavik,
      Iceland, 29th-31st May 1987.

PMID- 2905158
TI  - Review of central haemodynamic effects of alpha-blockers and their future use in
      hypertension.

PMID- 2905159
TI  - Comparison of the haemodynamic effects of alpha- and beta-blockade in essential
      hypertension.

PMID- 2905160
TI  - Terazosin in mild hypertension: experience in open trials.

PMID- 2905161
TI  - A review of the effects of antihypertensive treatment with alpha 1-adrenoceptor
      antagonists on plasma lipid profiles.

PMID- 2905162
TI  - Terazosin (Hytrin): cumulative experience of clinical trials in the USA for the
      treatment of mild to moderate essential hypertension.

PMID- 2905163
TI  - Glutathione and related enzyme activity in human lung cancer cell lines.
AB  - Glutathione levels were measured in 30 human lung cancer lines. Lower levels were
      detected in cell lines derived from small cell lung cancer specimens compared to
      non-small cell lines (mean 42 vs. 130 nmol mg-1 protein, P = 0.005). However, no
      difference were detected between cell lines derived from previously untreated
      patients, compared to those derived from patients who had received chemotherapy.
      Non-small cell lines were found to have increased activity of 4 detoxification
      enzymes compared to small cell lines, although these differences did not reach
      statistical significance: glutathione transferase activity (69 vs. 36 units, P =
      0.137), glutathione reductase (139 vs. 82 units, P = 0.05), gamma-glutamyl
      transpeptidase (9.39 vs. 3.03 units, P = 0.072) and superoxide dismutase (20 vs.
      13.6 units, P = 0.137). As the cell lines exhibit a similar chemosensitivity
      pattern to that observed in clinical practice, these differences in glutathione
      and detoxification enzyme levels may prove to be important indicators of
      intrinsic drug resistance often seen in patients with non-small cell lung cancer.

PMID- 2905164
TI  - A study of local immunity in psoriasis.
AB  - We have studied biopsies of lesional skin with monoclonal and polyclonal
      antibodies to determine the nature of the infiltrate in different forms of
      psoriasis. In guttate psoriasis the number of Langerhans cells (LC) was not
      increased and CD8+ cells predominated, however, most CD4+ cells were activated.
      In erythrodermal psoriasis some CDI+ cells were found in the dermis although CD8+
      cells predominated and were activated. In palmo-plantar psoriasis LC were found
      in the epidermis and superficial dermis and CD4+ cells were more numerous than
      CD8+ cells, some in turn expressing HLA-DR. In flexural psoriasis the LC formed
      clusters in the epidermis, and activated CD4+ cells predominated. In psoriasis
      vulgaris CD4+ cells predominated over CD8+ although the latter were activated.
      Our observations tend to support Valdimarsson's hypothesis on the immune basis of
      psoriasis, but we believe that two cycles coexist in psoriasis--one inflammatory
      and the other immunological--and that interaction between these leads to
      epidermal hyperproliferation.

PMID- 2905165
TI  - Carrier detection strategy in haemophilia A: the benefits of combined DNA marker
      analysis and coagulation testing in sporadic haemophilic families.
AB  - A province wide study of carrier detection methods in haemophilia A is reported.
      The principal objective of this project was to compare the relative merits of
      coagulation testing and DNA marker analysis in carrier diagnosis for a large
      unselected haemophilic population. Factor VIII:C (F.VIII:C) and von Willebrand
      factor antigen (vWf:Ag) were measured on plasma samples sent to a central
      laboratory. Coagulation results were analysed by a logistic regression model of
      discrimination. Of 91 potential carriers tested, 15% had indeterminate
      coagulation test carrier probabilities. Two restriction fragment length
      polymorphisms were analysed in 123 women (42 obligate carriers and 81 potential
      carriers). The BcII polymorphism within the F.VIII gene and the locus DXS 52,
      approximately 5 cM (centimorgan) from F.VIII were used as DNA markers. Of the 81
      potential carriers tested with RFLP analysis, a carrier diagnosis was achieved in
      52%. Studies with the F.VIII intragenic BgII polymorphism in 23 of these families
      gave no additional information. Thirty-nine potential carriers remained
      undiagnosed after DNA marker analysis. Twenty-seven of these women were from
      families with a sporadic case of haemophilia. In this group of 27 women, 14 were
      found to have high probability carrier estimates derived from their coagulation
      tests. Combined coagulation and RFLP data was available in 42 potential carriers.
      Disagreement between DNA and coagulation carrier diagnoses was found in four
      instances. In each case, the coagulation data resulted in a carrier probability
      of indeterminate value. This study emphasizes some of the limitations associated
      with DNA marker linkage analysis as it pertains to haemophilia A carrier
      detection. Where a previous family history exists and appropriate females are
      informative for the DNA markers, this type of analysis is very productive.
      However, large numbers of potential carriers from 'sporadic' haemophilia families
      were a factor in this project. With this in mind, an optimal service for
      haemophilia A carrier diagnosis must continue to offer reliable coagulation test
      probabilities in addition to DNA marker studies.

PMID- 2905166
TI  - Identification of aspartate-184 as an essential residue in the catalytic subunit
      of cAMP-dependent protein kinase.
AB  - The hydrophobic carbodiimide dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD) was previously shown
      to be an irreversible inhibitor of the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent
      protein kinase, and MgATP protected against inactivation [Toner-Webb, J., &
      Taylor, S. S. (1987) Biochemistry 26, 7371]. This inhibition by DCCD indicated
      that an essential carboxyl group was present at the active site of the enzyme
      even though identification of that carboxyl group was not possible. This
      presumably was because a nucleophile on the protein cross-linked to the
      electrophilic intermediate formed when the carbodiimide reacted with the carboxyl
      group. To circumvent this problem, the catalytic subunit first was treated with
      acetic anhydride to block accessible lysine residues, thus preventing
      intramolecular cross-linking. The DCCD reaction then was carried out in the
      presence of [14C]glycine ethyl ester in order to trap any electrophilic
      intermediates that were generated by DCCD. The modified protein was treated with
      trypsin, and the resulting peptides were separated by HPLC. Two major radioactive
      peptides were isolated as well as one minor peptide. MgATP protected all three
      peptides from covalent modification. The two major peaks contained the same
      modified carboxyl group, which corresponded to Asp-184. The minor peak contained
      a modified glutamic acid, Glu-91. Both of these acidic residues are conserved in
      all protein kinases, which is consistent with their playing essential roles. The
      positions of Asp-184 and Glu-91 have been correlated with the overall domain
      structure of the molecule. Asp-184 may participate as a general base catalyst at
      the active site. A third carboxyl group, Glu-230, also was identified.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2905167
TI  - Characterization of the ATP synthase of Propionigenium modestum as a primary
      sodium pump.
AB  - The ATP synthase (F1F0) of Propionigenium modestum has been purified to a
      specific ATPase activity of 5.5 units/mg of protein, which is about 6 times
      higher than that of the bacterial membranes. Analysis by SDS gel electrophoresis
      indicated that in addition to the five subunits of the F1 ATPase, subunits of Mr
      26,000 (a), 23,000 (b), and 7500 (c) have been purified. The ATPase activity of
      F1F0 was specifically activated about 10-fold by Na+ions. The enzyme was strongly
      inhibited by dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, venturicidin, tributyltin chloride, and
      azide. After incubation with [14C]dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, about 3-4 mol of the
      inhibitor was bound per 500,000 g of the enzyme. The radioactive label was
      specifically bound to submit c. These subunits form stable aggregates which
      resist dissociation by SDS at 100 degrees C. The monomer is formed upon heating
      with SDS to 121 degrees C or by extraction of the membranes with
      chloroform/methanol. The ATP synthase was incorporated into liposomes by a freeze
      thaw-sonication procedure. The reconstituted proteoliposomes catalyzed the
      transport of Na+ions upon ATP hydrolysis. The transport was completely abolished
      by dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. Whereas monensin prevented the accumulation of
      Na+ions, the uptake rate was stimulated 4-5-fold in the presence of valinomycin
      or carbonyl cyanide m=chlorophenylhydrazone. These results indicate an
      electrogenic Na+ transport and also that it is a primary event and not
      accomplished by a H+-translocating ATP synthase in combination with a Na+/H+
      antiporter.

PMID- 2905169
TI  - Stability and covalent modification of P-glycoprotein in multidrug-resistant KB
      cells.
AB  - An antipeptide antibody (P7) to P-glycoprotein has been produced by immunizing
      rabbits with a synthetic peptide. Antibody P7 is directed against the amino
      terminal region of P170 (residues 28-35). The antibody immunoprecipitates a 170
      kDa P-glycoprotein from extracts of drug-resistant KB-V1 cells that is not
      present in the drug-sensitive cell line KB-3-1. Antibody P7 was used to
      quantitate the amount of P-glycoprotein present in drug-resistant KB lines at
      various levels of resistance and to demonstrate the presence of P-glycoprotein in
      NIH 3T3 cells transfected with a cloned MDR1 cDNA or human genomic DNA encoding
      MDR1. Pulse-chase labeling experiments demonstrated that P-glycoprotein is
      synthesized as a 140-kDa precursor which is slowly converted over 2-4 h to a 170
      kDa glycoprotein. Tunicamycin treatment blocks the conversion of the precursor to
      the mature form, and removal of N-linked oligosaccharides with Endo F reduces the
      relative molecular weight of P-glycoprotein to 140K. The mobility of mature P
      glycoprotein is unaffected by treatment with neuraminidase and Endo H. These data
      indicate that P-glycoprotein is N-glycosylated and contains little or no
      neuraminic acid. P-Glycoprotein is also phosphorylated, and the extent of
      phosphate incorporated is proportional to the amount of protein present in drug
      resistant cells.

PMID- 2905168
TI  - Energy-induced modulation of the kinetics of oxidative phosphorylation and
      reverse electron transfer.
AB  - The kinetics of ATP synthesis by bovine heart submitochondrial particles (SMP)
      are modulated by the rate of energy production by the respiratory chain between
      two fixed limits characterized by apparent KmADP = 2-4 microM and Vmax
      approximately 200 nmol of ATP min-1 (mg of SMP protein)-1 at low energy levels
      and apparent KmADP = 120-160 microM and Vmax = 11,000 nmol of ATP min-1 (mg of
      SMP protein)-1 at high energy levels. These data indicate that KmADP and Vmax
      increase approximately 50-fold each; therefore, there is essentially no change in
      the catalytic efficiency of the ATP synthase complex in going from one extreme to
      the other. At intermediate rates of energy production, the kinetic data required
      introduction of a third, intermediate KmADP. A KmADP of 10-15 microM fitted all
      the data reported here and previously [Matsuno-Yagi, A., & Hatefi, Y. (1986) J.
      Biol. Chem. 261, 14031-14038]. However, this is not meant to suggest that there
      is a fixed intermediate KmADP, as the transition from one fixed limit to the
      other may be fluid or involve more than one intermediate state. In addition, it
      has been shown that kinetic plots of SMP-catalyzed and ATP-driven reverse
      electron transfer from succinate to NAD are curvilinear and resolvable into a
      minimum of two apparent KmNAD values of about 20-30 and 200-300 microM. These
      results have been discussed in relation to the three potentially active catalytic
      sites of F1-ATPase and the structure of the NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase
      complex, the curvilinear kinetics of ATP hydrolysis, and changes in KmADP and
      KmPi in photophosphorylation as affected by the duration and intensity of light.

PMID- 2905170
TI  - Kinetic characterization of the carbon monoxide-acetyl-CoA (carbonyl group)
      exchange activity of the acetyl-CoA synthesizing CO dehydrogenase from
      Clostridium thermoaceticum.
AB  - CO dehydrogenase from Clostridium thermoaceticum is a nickel-containing enzyme
      that catalyzes both the reversible conversion of CO2 to CO (for incorporation
      into the carbonyl group of acetate) and the synthesis of acetyl-CoA from methyl
      corrinoid, CO, and CoASH. The latter activity is conveniently assayed by
      monitoring the exchange of [1-14C]acetyl-CoA (carbonyl group) with 12CO. Kinetic
      parameters for the highly oxygen sensitive exchange activity have been
      determined: Km (acetyl-CoA) = 600 microM; Vmax = 440 min-1. In addition, coenzyme
      A analogues have been tested as inhibitors of the exchange to probe the active
      site of the enzyme; each has no effect on the CO2 in equilibrium CO activity of
      CO dehydrogenase. Coenzyme A, the substrate for acetate biosynthesis, is a potent
      competitive inhibitor, KI = 7 microM. Comparison of this value with that for
      desulfo-CoA (KI = 6000 microM) suggests that a key mode of binding is through the
      sulfur atom, possibly to a metal site on the enzyme. The relatively high affinity
      of the enzyme for CoASH relative to acetyl-CoA is consistent with its proposed
      operation in the acetogenic direction. The differential sensitivity to oxygen and
      storage of the two activities of CO dehydrogenase as well as the contrasting
      effect of coenzyme A inhibitors suggests that acetate assemblage occurs at a site
      distinct from that for CO dehydrogenation.

PMID- 2905171
TI  - Protein-protein interactions of yeast DNA polymerase III with mammalian and yeast
      proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)/cyclin.
AB  - We have previously reported the purification of yeast analogs to mammalian DNA
      polymerase delta and proliferating-cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)/cyclin: DNA
      polymerase III and yeast PCNA, respectively. Through the use of gel-filtration
      chromatography, we have studied the interaction of the model template-primer
      system poly(dA).(dT)16 (40:1) with yeast DNA polymerase III and with PCNAs. Yeast
      DNA polymerase III binds to the DNA in the absence of yeast PCNA/cyclin, but
      comigration of either yeast or calf thymus PCNA/cyclin with the DNA requires the
      additional presence of yeast DNA polymerase III. We could also isolate a DNA-calf
      thymus DNA polymerase delta-calf thymus PCNA/cyclin complex. From these data, we
      propose that PCNA/cyclin is involved not in the binding step of the polymerase to
      the template-primer, but in the elongation step. The 3'----5' exonuclease
      associated with yeast DNA polymerase III acts in a distributive manner on
      poly(dA).(pT)16, and dissociates from the DNA when addition of dTTP allows
      switching from the exonuclease to the polymerase mode. Addition of PCNA/cyclin
      had no effect on these activities.

PMID- 2905172
TI  - Identification of cellular components required for SV40 DNA replication in vitro.
AB  - To investigate the cellular proteins involved in simian virus 40 (SV40)
      replication, extracts derived from human 293 cells have been fractionated into
      multiple components. When such fractions are combined with the virus-encoded T
      antigen (TAg) and SV40 origin containing plasmid DNA, efficient and complete
      replication is achieved, while each fraction alone is inactive. At present, a
      minimum of eight such cellular components have been identified. Previous
      experiments have demonstrated one of these to be the cell-cycle-regulated
      proliferating-cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). As PCNA has been identified as a
      processivity factor for DNA polymerase delta, we suggest that both polymerases
      alpha and delta are involved in this system. Three further fractions have been
      identified. One is a partially purified fraction which, under certain conditions,
      is required with TAg for the formation of a pre-synthesis complex of proteins at
      the replication origin. The second of these factors, RF-A, is a complex of three
      polypeptides which may function as a eucaryotic SSB. The third, RF-C, is a factor
      which is required, with PCNA, for coordinated leading- and lagging-strand
      synthesis at the replication fork. Complete synthesis and segregation of the
      daughter molecules also requires the presence of topoisomerases I and II. These
      results suggest a model for DNA synthesis which involves multiple stages prior to
      and during replicative DNA synthesis.

PMID- 2905173
TI  - The enhancer in an MHC class II gene, in vitro and in mouso.
AB  - The E alpha class II gene of the major histocompatibility complex is expressed in
      a variety of immunocompetent cells. Part of the control of tissue-specific
      expression is mediated by a block of sequences found far upstream of the
      transcriptional startsite; this stretch is necessary for expression in the B
      lymphocytes of transgenic mice, but largely dispensable elsewhere. We review the
      evidence for the role of this region in E alpha transcription in transgenic
      animals, as well as data from transfections into tissue-culture cells, which
      indicate that this region has non-specific enhancer activity. We discuss possible
      models to explain how a non-specific enhancer can participate in cell-specific
      control.

PMID- 2905174
TI  - Genetic variability of proto-oncogenes for breast cancer risk and prognosis.
AB  - This paper summarizes the results of a study on human breast cancers performed
      mainly at the Centre Rene Huguenin in collaboration with other American and
      French groups, and supported in part by a Grant from the Association pour la
      Recherche sur le Cancer (ARC) Villejuif. During this work, the following
      conclusions emerged: c-myc proto-oncogene amplification is a common alteration in
      ductal invasive tumors, more frequently found in recurrent and metastatic tumors,
      suggesting a role for c-myc in tumor progression. However, in the current state
      of our study, it does not appear to be linked to prognosis; parts of the short
      arm of chromosome 11 are deleted in 20% of tumors resulting in hemizygosity for
      several genes (c-ha-ras, beta globin, pTH, calcitonin, catalase). These deletions
      seem to be linked with aggressiveness of tumors; a restriction fragment length
      polymorphism (RFLP) study of c-ha-ras has shown a significant association of the
      frequency of rare ha-ras alleles in cancer patients compared to that of normal
      individuals. Although this result is currently a matter of controversy, further
      studies must be independently repeated to be conclusive; -- another RFLP was
      found in c-mos proto-oncogene, which is detected only in patients with breast
      cancers or other types of tumors. The molecular basis for this RFLP has been
      elucidated. The significance of this association is unknown.

PMID- 2905175
TI  - Evidence for the regulation of fatty acid utilization in human sperm by
      docosahexaenoic acid.
AB  - The effects of stearic (18:0), linolenic (18:3), and docosahexaenoic (22:6) acids
      on palmitoyl coenzyme A (CoA) formation by a long-chain fatty acid:CoASH ligase
      (adenosine monophosphate) (E. C. 6.2.1.3-enriched fraction from human spermatozoa
      were studied. Both 18:0 and 18:3 were competitive inhibitors for palmitic (16:0)
      acid activation with Kis of 17.7 and 5.7 microM, respectively. In contrast, 22:6
      was a noncompetitive inhibitor demonstrating a Ki of 9.5 microM. These data
      coupled with previous studies support the conclusion that 16:0, 18:0, and 18:3
      and other saturated and unsaturated fatty acids are activated by the same ligase
      enzyme in sperm. Although the kinetics and interactions of 22:6 are unique
      compared to the other fatty acids found in sperm phospholipids, we cannot discern
      from our data if it is activated by a separate enzyme. We propose that 22:6, or a
      metabolite of 22:6, may regulate free fatty acid utilization in human sperm and
      that this hypothesis may provide an enzymatic explanation for the changes
      observed in phospholipid-bound fatty acids during the epididymal maturation of
      sperm.

PMID- 2905176
TI  - Effects of pH and temperature on cardioactive polypeptides from sea anemones: a
      1H-NMR study.

PMID- 2905177
TI  - Effects of alloxan-induced diabetes on somatostatin binding to cytosolic
      components of rabbit gastric fundic mucosa.
AB  - Diabetes was induced by administration of alloxan (150 mg/Kg) to 24 h-fasted
      rabbits. Somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) and cytosolic binding sites for
      somatostatin in gastric fundic mucosa were studied using radiolabelled Tyr11
      somatostatin. Three months after the onset of the disease, the specific binding
      of somatostatin to these sites was seen to be significantly lower, due to a
      reduction in the number (but not the affinity) of specific somatostatin binding
      sites of high-affinity and a disappearance of the specific somatostatin binding
      sites of low-affinity. These changes were associated with an increase in the SLI
      concentration in both gastric fundic mucosa and plasma.

PMID- 2905178
TI  - [The proliferative potential of hematopoietic stem cells (CFUs) during serial
      passage in irradiated mice as foci of ectopic hematopoiesis].
AB  - During serial passages of hemopoietic tissue as a whole ectopic hemopoietic site
      under renal capsule of irradiated mice gradual decrease of proliferative
      potential of CFUs has been observed. The results suggest that the most probable
      cause of such decline is random loss of precursor cells with high but limited
      proliferative potential during serial passages of hemopoietic tissue.

PMID- 2905179
TI  - [Genes of hereditary diseases that predispose to tumors].
AB  - Ten genes responsible for the increase of specific tumor incidence in affected
      families have been localized on the human genetic map. This knowledge not only
      provides the mean of a precise genetic counselling but also opens a way for
      further investigating the genetic mechanisms of these disorders. Usually, it is
      admitted that dominantly inherited familial predisposition to tumors is due to a
      defective tumor suppressor gene. This hypothesis is almost certain for familial
      retinoblastoma, highly probable for hereditary nephroblastoma and possible for
      neurofibromatosis type II. In contrast, the gene for familial polyposis coli
      shows some characteristics of activated oncogenes.

PMID- 2905180
TI  - Human retroviruses.
AB  - After many unsuccessful years of searching, the first pathogenic human
      retrovirus, the human T-cell leukaemia lymphoma virus (HTLV-I), was reported as
      recently as 1980 and since that time has been causally linked to the adult T-cell
      leukaemia lymphoma syndrome. A second HTLV (HTLV-II) isolated shortly afterwards
      is less clearly linked to some leukaemic and chronic lymphoid malignancies. The
      second major family of human retroviruses are the human immunodeficiency viruses
      (HIV) the first group of isolates (HIV-I) of which cause the acquired deficiency
      syndrome (AIDS). A second group of these viruses (HIV-II), have recently been
      identified in West Africa. They appear to be less clearly associated with disease
      and more similar in molecular structure to the Simian immunodeficiency viruses.
      AIDS has now become a major global pandemic, and vaccine and therapeutic
      strategies are urgently being investigated in an effort to control the disease.
      Unfortunately, current results are not very encouraging. In the meantime,
      preventative and educational measures are of utmost priority in order to prevent
      further spread. It is not unlikely that new human retroviruses will be discovered
      over the next few years.

PMID- 2905181
TI  - Controlling the carcinoid syndrome.

PMID- 2905182
TI  - Evidence that the population of postjunctional-adrenoceptors mediating
      contraction of smooth muscle in the rabbit isolated ear vein is predominantly
      alpha 2.
AB  - 1. Noradrenaline (NA), phenylephrine and UK-14304 elicited concentration
      dependent contractions of the rabbit isolated ear vein of similar maximal
      magnitude. The rank order of potency, UK-14304 greater than noradrenaline greater
      than phenylephrine, is consistent with that of an effect mediated through an
      alpha 2-subtype. 2. The potent and highly selective alpha 1-adrenoceptor
      antagonists prazosin and YM-12617, at concentrations as high as 1 microM,
      produced less than a 4 fold rightward displacement of the NA concentration
      response curve. 3. The selective alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonists rauwolscine, Wy
      26703 and CH-38083 antagonized responses to noradrenaline in a competitive
      manner. For all three antagonists, the pA2 values were consistent with an effect
      at alpha 2-adrenoceptors. However, 0.1 microM YM-12617 increased the potency of
      rauwolscine 2 fold indicating the presence of a small population of
      postjunctional alpha 1-adrenoceptors. 4. The relative antagonist potency of the
      yohimbine diastereoisomers rauwolscine and corynanthine against noradrenaline
      (rauwolscine 30 fold greater than corynanthine) is also consistent with an effect
      at alpha 2-adrenoceptors. 5. Contractions elicited by noradrenaline in the rabbit
      isolated ear vein appear to be mediated predominantly by postjunctional alpha 2
      adrenoceptors.

PMID- 2905183
TI  - The beta 1-adrenoceptor antagonist, betaxolol, is not released from the heart of
      the anaesthetized dog during sympathetic nerve stimulation.
AB  - 1. We investigated the hypothesis that the beta 1-adrenoceptor antagonist,
      betaxolol, can be accumulated by cardiac sympathetic nerve endings and then
      released together with noradrenaline during accelerans nerve stimulation. 2. Dogs
      were chronically treated with betaxolol (1 mg kg-1 daily, s.c.) for 7 days.
      Twenty four hours after the last dose, there was a significant retention of
      betaxolol in the heart of these dogs treated chronically with the beta 1
      adrenoceptor antagonist. However, during in vivo accelerans nerve stimulation,
      the concentration of betaxolol in the coronary sinus was not modified, whereas
      the noradrenaline concentration increased significantly. 3. Chronic betaxolol
      treatment antagonized the tachycardia induced by electrical stimulation of the
      cardiac accelerator nerves or by intravenous isoprenaline. However, the
      tachycardia induced by nerve stimulation was not antagonized to a greater extent
      than that induced by isoprenaline. 4. These findings are discussed in relation to
      a similar in vivo study in dogs treated with propranolol, in which the drug was
      found to be released into the coronary circulation during stimulation of the
      accelerans nerve.

PMID- 2905184
TI  - Agonist and antagonist characterization of a putative adrenoceptor with distinct
      pharmacological properties from the alpha- and beta-subtypes.
AB  - 1. Experiments were done to characterize a putative adrenoceptor which functions
      to inhibit longitudinal muscle tension development in the guinea-pig ileum.
      Several phenylethylamine based agonists were investigated: BRL 37344, (-)
      isoprenaline, (+)-isoprenaline, noradrenaline, adrenaline, and fenoterol.
      Propranolol and nadolol were tested as antagonists. Agonist-induced inhibition of
      the contractile response to histamine was measured under equilibrium conditions
      with alpha-adrenoceptors and muscarinic cholinoceptors inhibited. 2. Inhibitory
      responses were obtained to (-)-isoprenaline and BRL 37344 that were resistant to
      beta-adrenoceptor blockage with propranolol (5 microM) and nadolol (10 microM).
      These resistant responses were antagonized by much higher concentrations of
      nadolol (30 to 1000 microM) yielding apparent pA2 values for nadolol of 4.31 with
      (-)-isoprenaline as the agonist, and 4.68 with BRL 37344 as the agonist. Similar
      apparent pA2 values for nadolol at the putative adrenoceptor were obtained with
      noradrenaline (4.79), adrenaline (4.68), and fenoterol (4.38). 3. The order and
      relative potency of agonists at the putative adrenoceptor was: BRL 37344 (20)
      greater than (-)-isoprenaline (8) greater than noradrenaline (1) greater than
      adrenaline (0.5) greater than fenoterol (0.35) greater than (+)-isoprenaline
      (0.27). 4. The resistance to blockade by propranolol (5 microM), the low affinity
      of nadolol, and the order and relative potency of agonists, suggest the presence
      of an adrenoceptor with distinct pharmacological characteristics from currently
      defined alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors.

PMID- 2905185
TI  - Amino acid pharmacology in neocortical slices: evidence for bimolecular actions
      from an extension of the Hill and Gaddum-Schild equations.
AB  - 1. The equivalent circuit of the cortical slice preparation has been analysed to
      show that the measured d.c. voltages can be used to estimate the Hill coefficient
      for ligands acting on the pyramidal cell bodies. 2. The Gaddum-Schild equation
      for agonist-antagonist interactions has been modified for applications in which
      the Hill coefficient is not equal to 1. 3. The equations obtained have been
      applied to recent data of Burton et al. (1988). The results provide evidence for
      a bimolecular action of the agonists N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and quinolinic
      acid and the antagonists kynurenic acid and 2-amino-5-phosphono-pentanoic acid at
      NMDA receptors on mouse neocortical pyramidal cells.

PMID- 2905186
TI  - A comparison between the in vivo and in vitro activity of five potent and
      competitive NMDA antagonists.
AB  - 1. Phosphonate analogues of glutamate have been tested and compared as N-methyl-D
      aspartate (NMDA) antagonists in electrophysiological and binding experiments. The
      compounds tested were three established NMDA antagonists: D-2-amino-5
      phosphonopentanoate (D-AP5), DL-2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoate (DL-AP7), 3-(2
      carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonate (CPP), and two novel putative NMDA
      antagonists: 3-(2-carboxypiperidin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonate (CPPP) and 3-(2
      carboxy-piperidin-4-yl)methyl-1-phosphonate (CPMP). 2. When administered
      electrophoretically to rat spinal neurones in vivo, these compounds were found to
      be selective NMDA antagonists with little effect on excitations evoked by
      quisqualate and kainate. CPMP and CPPP were approximately equipotent with CPP and
      about 5 times more potent than D-AP5. 3. Following systemic administration, 2-5
      mg kg-1 i.v. of CPP, CPMP and CPPP reduced NMDA-evoked excitations by 70-100%
      whereas 50-100 mg kg-1 of D-AP5 and DL-AP7 produced a similar effect. The onset
      of the effects required 20-30 min and lasted more than six hours. 4. On bath
      application to cortical wedges, the IC50 values (microM) for antagonism of 40
      microM NMDA were: CPP, 0.64 +/- 0.06 (mean +/- s.e.mean; n greater than 4); CPMP,
      1.65 +/- 0.13; CPPP 0.89 +/- 0.09; D-AP5, 3.7 +/- 0.32; DL-AP7, 11.1 +/- 2.1; and
      DL-AP4 and DL-AP6 were inactive at 100 microM. 5. In binding studies with [3H]
      CPP, the Ki values (nM) were: CPP, 446 + 150 (mean + s.e.mean; n > 3); CPMP, 183
      + 74 and CPPP, 179 +/- 13 whereas against NMDA (lO microM)-stimulated [3H]- TCP
      (thienylcyclohexylpiperidine) binding the ICjo values (microM) for CPMP and CPPP
      respectively were 5.6 + 2.7 and 4.5 + 2.2. 6. Systemic administration of CPPP and
      CPMP, at doses sufficient to antagonize NMDA, also reduced cardiovascular
      responses to 5-hydroxytryptamine (Bezold-Jarisch reflex). This illustrates a role
      for NMDA receptors in central cardiovascular control. 7. The results indicate the
      systemic doses of piperidine and piperazine analogues of D-AP5 which may be used
      for assessing the role ofNMDA receptors in central synaptic function.

PMID- 2905187
TI  - Comparison of a low molecular weight heparin and unfractionated heparin for the
      prevention of deep vein thrombosis in patients undergoing abdominal surgery. The
      European Fraxiparin Study (EFS) Group.
AB  - In a prospective, randomized multicentre trial the efficacy and safety of the low
      molecular weight heparin (LMWH) fraction Fraxiparin and unfractionated calcium
      heparin (Calciparin) were compared for the prevention of postoperative deep vein
      thrombosis. Of 1909 patients included in the trial 1896 underwent abdominal
      surgery and received either one daily subcutaneous injection of 7500 anti-Xa
      units Fraxiparin or 5000 units calcium heparin three times a day subcutaneously.
      Elastic compression stockings were worn by both groups of patients in the
      postoperative period. Before randomization the patients were stratified in two
      subgroups with or without malignant disease. To assess the rate of deep vein
      thrombosis (DVT), 125I-labelled fibrinogen leg scanning was performed daily for 7
      postoperative days. Positive results were confirmed by phlebography whenever
      possible. Venous thrombosis occurred in 27 of 960 patients (2.8 per cent) given
      Fraxiparin and in 42 of 936 patients (4.5 per cent) given calcium heparin (P =
      0.034). The rates of proximal vein thrombosis were 0.4 per cent (4 patients) and
      1.4 per cent (13 patients) respectively (P less than 0.05). Pulmonary embolism
      occurred in 2 of 960 patients (0.2 per cent) treated with Fraxiparin and in 5 of
      936 patients (0.5 per cent) treated with calcium heparin. The two treatments were
      equally well tolerated. Intra- and postoperative blood loss, the number of wound
      haematomas as well as frequency and volume of transfusions were similar in both
      groups. The present trial demonstrates that a single daily subcutaneous injection
      of Fraxiparin is more effective than the established low dose subcutaneous
      heparin prophylaxis with 5000 units three times per day in preventing
      postoperative DVT after abdominal surgery in patients wearing compression
      stockings.

PMID- 2905188
TI  - Adjuvant treatments following curative resection for gastric cancer. The Italian
      Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group.
AB  - The results of a prospective randomized trial of adjuvant treatment after
      curative resection for gastric cancer are reported. The study consisted of three
      arms: (1) surgery only; (2) chemotherapy (5-fluorouracil (FU) and 1-(2
      chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexil)-1-nitrosourea (Me-CCNU] after surgery; (3)
      chemo-immunotherapy (FU, Me-CCNU and levamisole) after surgery. Between March
      1977 and June 1981, 235 patients were included in the study by 18 co-operating
      institutions. Thirteen per cent of patients in arm 2 and thirteen per cent in arm
      3 suffered major toxicity, necessitating interruption of treatment. Two of these
      patients died of marrow aplasia. Statistical analysis of survival showed that
      prognosis was influenced by the well-known prognostic variables, invasion of the
      wall, nodal status and site of tumour. The different treatments in the three
      arms, however, did not show any impact on prognosis, even when adjustments were
      made for the most relevant prognostic variables. Given the lack of effect on
      survival and the presence of clinically important toxicity, FU and Me-CCNU +/-
      levamisole cannot be recommended as adjuvant therapy for resected gastric cancer.

PMID- 2905189
TI  - Sex differences in nuclear androgen receptors in guinea pig brain and the effects
      of an alpha 2 noradrenergic blocker on androgen receptors.
AB  - The binding of the synthetic androgen, [3H]methyltrienolone (R1881) to nuclear
      androgen receptors (NAR) was studied in various brain areas of gonadectomized
      male and female guinea pigs treated for 3 days with 2 mg testosterone propionate.
      The Scatchard analysis of salt-extracted NAR showed a single, high-affinity
      receptor with a Kd of 0.152 nM and maximum binding sites (Bmax) of 161.9 fmol/mg
      DNA. The concentration of NAR was highest in the hypothalamus (HYPO) and preoptic
      area (POA) in both males and females. Lower receptor levels were detected in the
      amygdala and cortex. NAR levels were significantly lower in the POA of females
      than in males. Systemic injection of prazosin, an alpha 1-adrenergic antagonist
      had no effect on NAR concentrations, but an alpha 2-antagonist, idazoxan,
      significantly reduced the binding of [3H]R1881 to NAR in both HYPO and POA. The
      reduction in binding of the ligand to receptor was not due to alterations in
      affinity of NAR, but rather to the decline in the number of receptors.

PMID- 2905190
TI  - Evidence that adenosine A2 and dopamine autoreceptors antagonistically regulate
      tyrosine hydroxylase activity in rat striatal synaptosomes.
AB  - Incubation of rat striatal synaptosomes with the adenosine receptor agonist 2
      chloroadenosine (2-CADO) produced a concentration-dependent increase of dopamine
      (DA) synthesis (about 50% of control value). The effect was not additive with the
      stimulation produced by either 10 microM forskolin or 2 mM dibutyryl cyclic AMP.
      Pretreatment of striatal synaptosomes with 2-CADO produced an activation of
      tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) which withstood washing and lysing of the tissue. This
      activation was largely independent of the presence of Ca2+ ion in the
      preincubation medium and, when analyzed as a function of different concentrations
      of the pterin cofactor 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterin (0.08-0.4 mM), it was
      associated with an apparent increase in the Vmax of the enzyme. Quinpirole, a
      selective D2 DA receptor agonist, reduced control synaptosomal DA synthesis and
      caused a persistent inhibition of TH activity. When added together with 2-CADO,
      quinpirole depressed the stimulation of DA synthesis and TH activity produced by
      the adenosine analog. The effect of quinpirole was stereospecifically antagonized
      by the D2 DA antagonist sulpiride. Quinpirole also inhibited the activation of TH
      elicited by a submaximal concentration of forskolin, but not that produced by
      dibutyryl cyclic AMP. The inhibitory effect of quinpirole on basal and 2-CADO
      stimulated TH activities was mimicked by DA. These results indicate that
      presynaptic DA autoreceptors and adenosine A2 receptors interact antagonistically
      in controlling DA synthesis in rat striatal synaptosomes presumably by exerting
      opposite inputs on a presynaptic adenylate cyclase system.

PMID- 2905191
TI  - Excitatory amino acid receptors intrinsic to synaptic transmission in nucleus
      tractus solitarii.
AB  - Excitatory amino acid (EAA) receptors are present in the nucleus tractus
      solitarii (NTS), and there is growing evidence that L-glutamate (L-Glu) may
      activate neurons in this region to precipitate changes in autonomic discharge. To
      evaluate the potential role of EAA agonists in synaptic transmission in NTS, we
      studied the responses of single units in an in vitro brain slice preparation of
      NTS to electrical stimulation of one or both solitary tracts (TS) before, during
      and after superfusion with selected EAA antagonists. Dose-response studies
      demonstrated that the synaptic input to NTS units was substantially blocked by 2
      amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (APV) at perfusion concentrations of 1 mM, by
      kynurenic acid (KYN) at 10 mM, and glutamate diethylester (GDEE) at 10 mM. Using
      these concentrations, we examined the responses of single NTS neurons to afferent
      input from ipsilateral and contralateral TS stimulation before, during and after
      perfusion with each antagonist. KYN inhibited afferent input from one TS but not
      the other in 7 of 13 cells tested, inhibited both inputs in 4, and caused
      differential augmentation of input in two. APV caused differential inhibition of
      the two inputs in 4 of 9 cells tested, differential excitation in 1 and
      inhibition of both inputs in one. GDEE caused differential inhibition in 4 of 9
      cells tested, differential excitation in 3 and inhibition of both inputs in one.
      When inputs from a single TS were examined, those blocked by APV were always
      blocked by KYN (5 of 16 inputs tested); there was overlap between the blocking
      effects of KYN and GDEE (4 of 12 inputs tested) and occasionally of APV and GDEE
      (one of 12 inputs tested). We also observed differential blocking effects of
      these agents on single inputs to the same neuron. Evoked responses were reduced
      or enhanced by only one of the two agents for 5 of 16 inputs tested with KYN and
      APV, 4 of 12 tested with KYN and GDEE, and 7 of 12 tested with APV and GDEE. The
      average reduction in synaptically evoked responses caused by blocking doses of
      antagonist was 85 +/- 6% for KYN, 63 +/- 28% for APV and 68 +/- 10% for GDEE.
      These data indicate that all 3 major EAA antagonists can selectively inhibit
      electrically evoked afferent input to NTS neurons and suggest a role for specific
      EAA receptors in mediating input to these neurons over different afferent
      pathways.

PMID- 2905192
TI  - NMDA receptor blockade prevents the increase in protein kinase C substrate
      (protein F1) phosphorylation produced by long-term potentiation.
AB  - Recent evidence has implicated activation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)
      class of glutamate receptor in the initiation of hippocampal long-term
      potentiation (LTP), an electrophysiological model of information storage in the
      brain. A separate line of evidence has suggested that activation of protein
      kinase C (PKC) and the consequent phosphorylation of its substrates is necessary
      for the maintenance of the LTP response. To determine if PKC activation is a
      consequence of NMDA receptor activation during LTP, we applied the NMDA receptor
      antagonist drug, DL-aminophosphonovalerate (APV) both immediately prior to and
      following high frequency stimulation, resulting in successful and unsuccessful
      blockade of LTP initiation, respectively. We then measured the phosphorylation of
      a PKC substrate (protein F1) in hippocampal tissue dissected from these animals.
      Only successful blockade of LTP initiation by prior application of APV was seen
      to block the LTP-associated increase in protein F1 phosphorylation measured in
      vitro (P less than 0.001 by ANOVA). This suggests that NMDA receptor-mediated
      initiation triggers maintenance processes that are, at least in part, mediated by
      protein F1 phosphorylation. These data provide the first evidence linking two
      mechanisms associated with LTP, NMDA receptor activation and PKC substrate
      phosphorylation.

PMID- 2905193
TI  - The effect of an uptake inhibitor (dihydrokainate) on endogenous excitatory amino
      acids in the lamprey spinal cord as revealed by microdialysis.
AB  - Microdialysis was utilized to test the effects of the uptake inhibitor
      dihydrokainate (DHK) on endogenous amino acid levels in the lamprey spinal cord
      in vitro. The level of L-glutamate increased markedly (165%) in the presence of
      DHK, whereas the level of the glutamate precursor L-glutamine decreased (53%).
      Since DHK can potentiate or evoke fictive locomotion in the lamprey spinal cord,
      it is suggested that L-glutamate is released by neurons which take part in the
      activation of the spinal locomotor network.

PMID- 2905194
TI  - Stretch-induced release of proctolin from the dendrites of a lobster sense organ.
AB  - Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a sensitive
      bioassay was used to quantify the content of proctolin in the peripheral sensory
      endings of a crustacean mechanoreceptor, the oval organ, and to examine for its
      release in response to the physiological stimulus of stretch. Material co-eluting
      with proctolin and showing proctolin-like bioactivity was present in the oval
      organ and in the nerve trunks containing the 3 sensory axons. Repetitive stretch
      stimulation, in which the dendrites were exposed to physiological stretch
      amplitudes, resulted in a significant increase in the release of proctolin from
      the oval organ in vitro. Approximately 11.7% of the total proctolin stored in the
      oval organ was released during a 5 min stimulation period. The stretch-evoked
      release of proctolin was calcium dependent. Since a previous study has shown that
      proctolin has excitatory effects upon these primary afferents, the present
      results imply that endogenous proctolin may function to self-modulate the sensory
      transduction mechanism of these sensory terminals.

PMID- 2905195
TI  - L-glutamate stimulation of the zona incerta in the rat decreases heart rate and
      blood pressure.
AB  - Microinjections of L-glutamate into the zona incerta of pentobarbital
      anesthetized rats caused decreases in blood pressure and heart rate. The
      bradycardic response was reduced by approximately 70% after i.v. administration
      of atropine methyl nitrate. After combined muscarinic and beta-adrenergic
      blockade the bradycardic response was reduced to 90% of the control value. This
      suggests that the bradycardia was mediated primarily by activating the vagal
      outflow. Blood pressure decreases elicited after pharmacological blockade of the
      heart with both atropine and timolol were approximately 50% of the control
      values. This indicates that the zona incerta is also capable of altering stroke
      volume and/or inhibiting the sympathetic outflow controlling the peripheral blood
      vessels. By using an injectate containing L-glutamate mixed with [3H]L-glutamate
      and subsequent analysis of autoradiographic tissue sections, we have determined
      that the most reactive site is the region of the ventral zona incerta.

PMID- 2905196
TI  - Diazepam attenuation of somatostatin-induced motor disturbances and
      neurotoxicity.
AB  - Intracerebroventricular somatostatin administration to conscious rats results in
      a characteristic motor abnormality (barrel rotation), convulsions that are
      frequently fatal and destruction of cerebellar Purkinje cells. This study
      demonstrates that each of these manifestations of this neuropeptide can be
      attenuated by pretreatment with diazepam (Valium, 5 mg/kg, i.p.) but not in
      vehicle-pretreated controls. Specifically, the incidence of mortality was reduced
      from 5/12 controls to 2/20 diazepam-treated rats, the incidence of barrel
      rotation was reduced from 6/12 controls to 2/20 diazepam-treated rats and the
      incidence of Purkinje cell death was reduced from 4/4 examined controls to 4/13
      diazepam-treated animals. Vehicle pretreated rats did not differ from untreated
      rats. Thus, in addition to blocking somatostatin-induced motor dysfunction and
      mortality, diazepam offers significant protection from central neuronal cell
      death in the cerebellar cortex.

PMID- 2905197
TI  - Neurotoxic lesions of the dorsolateral pontomesencephalic tegmentum-cholinergic
      cell area in the cat. II. Effects upon sleep-waking states.
AB  - Kainic acid was injected bilaterally (4.8 micrograms in 1.2 microliters each
      side) into the dorsolateral pontomesencephalic tegmentum of cats in order to
      destroy the cholinergic neurons located in that region and thus to study the
      effects of their destruction upon sleep-waking states. The kainic acid produced a
      large area of nerve cell loss and/or gliosis centered in the dorsolateral
      tegmentum-cholinergic cell area, that includes the pedunculopontine tegmental
      (PPT) and laterodorsal tegmental (LDT) nuclei rostrally (A1-P2), and the
      parabrachial (PB) and locus coeruleus (LC) nuclei caudally (P3-P5). The mean loss
      of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-immunoreactive neurons within this area was
      60% with a range from 25% to 85% across 11 cats. The mean loss of tyrosine
      hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive neurons, differentially distributed through the
      same region, was 35% with a range of 0-50%. Whereas the kainic acid lesions
      appeared to have only slight effects upon wakefulness and slow-wave sleep, they
      had marked effects upon paradoxical sleep (PS), which varied in degree across
      animals. In cats with the most extensive destruction of cholinergic neurons, PS
      was eliminated in the first few weeks following the lesion and then reappeared as
      isolated episodes characterized by sparse, low amplitude PGO spikes in
      association with few eye movements and an activated cortex, though in absence of
      neck muscle atonia. Although these PS-like episodes varied in amount, they were
      significantly less than baseline PS in percent and in duration for the group of
      11 animals over one month recording. The PGO spike rate was significantly
      reduced; the EMG amplitude was significantly increased, marking a loss of neck
      muscle atonia. The percent of PS-like epochs, the rate of PGO spiking and the EMG
      amplitude on postlesion day 28 were found to be significantly correlated with the
      volume of the lesion within the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum-cholinergic cell
      area. The percent PS-like episodes and PGO spike rate were significantly
      correlated with the number of remaining ChAT-immunoreactive neurons, but not with
      the number of remaining TH-immunoreactive neurons within this region. These
      results suggest that cholinergic pontomesencephalic neurons may be critically
      involved in the generation of paradoxical sleep and its phasic events.

PMID- 2905198
TI  - Effects of chronic experimental streptozotocin-induced diabetes on the
      noradrenergic and peptidergic innervation of the rat alimentary tract.
AB  - Immunohistologic localization of tyrosine hydroxylase (TOH), dopamine-beta
      hydroxylase (DBH) and selected neuropeptides (vasoactive intestinal polypeptide,
      gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP)/bombesin, substance P, Leu-enkephalin, Met
      enkephalin, dynorphin B, neuropeptide Y (NPY), somatostatin) was used to
      investigate the innervation of the small bowel in a rat model of diabetic
      autonomic neuropathy. Paravascular mesenteric nerves (extrinsic) and intramural
      nerves of chronically (12-18 month) diabetic rats were characterized by the
      presence of numerous, markedly swollen dystrophic axons which stained intensely
      for TOH and DBH. The peptidergic complement of axons, however, showed no evidence
      of comparable dystrophic axonopathy.

PMID- 2905199
TI  - Immunocytochemical analysis of somatostatin in the hypothalamus of obese and non
      obese Zucker rats.
AB  - Levels of growth hormone (GH) are reduced in the genetically obese Zucker rat,
      fa/fa, in comparison to lean littermates. In normal rats, GH release is regulated
      by stimulatory and inhibitory factors of hypothalamic origin. The present
      experiment focuses on hypothalamic somatostatin (SOM; growth hormone release
      inhibiting factor) in order to determine if abnormal hypothalamic SOM may be a
      correlate of depressed GH secretion in fa/fa rats. We compared immunocytochemical
      localization of hypothalamic SOM between 5 obese (fa/fa) Zucker rats and 5 non
      obese littermates. Brain sections from pairs of animals were processed
      simultaneously. The distribution of SOM immunoreactive cell bodies in the
      hypothalamus agreed with previous reports. SOM-containing neurons in the
      periventricular area were counted and analyzed at 4 hypothalamic levels: (1)
      anterior to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN); (2) through SCN; (3) between SCN
      and the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH); and (4) through VMH. The
      greatest number of SOM-immunoreactive cell bodies was observed at levels (2) and
      (3). The numbers of SOM-containing cells did not differ significantly between
      obese and lean animals. No apparent difference in density of fiber staining was
      observed in the median eminence.

PMID- 2905200
TI  - Neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive neurons receive synaptic inputs from dopaminergic
      axon terminals in the rat neostriatum.
AB  - Double immunocytochemistry using peroxidase-antiperoxidase and protein A-gold was
      performed to determine whether neuropeptide Y (NPY) immunoreactive neurons
      receive synaptic inputs from catecholaminergic axon terminals in the rat
      neostriatum. Tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive axons were found to be in
      synaptic contact with the somas and proximal dendrites of NPY-immunoreactive
      neostriatal neurons. These latter neurons were medium-sized and had indented
      nuclei, and thus were thought to be medium aspiny interneurons. Thus
      nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons may monosynaptically influence striatal NPY
      neurons.

PMID- 2905201
TI  - Activation of protein kinase C induces a long-term depression of glutamate
      sensitivity of cerebellar Purkinje cells. An in vitro study.
AB  - In immature rat cerebellar slices in vitro, a long term depression (LTD) of the
      responses of Purkinje cells (PCs) to L-glutamate (Glu) was achieved in 30% of the
      recorded cells by simultaneous stimulation of the neurones by Glu and by climbing
      fibres (CFs). This effect was not observed for L-aspartate (Asp)-induced
      responses. Similarly, selective LTD of Glu-induced responses was obtained in 22%
      of the cells by pairing Glu applications with direct stimulation of the cells
      which elicited calcium spikes in these neurones. Finally, bath application of
      phorbol esters also induced a selective LTD of Glu-induced responses in all cells
      tested. These results suggest that protein kinase C is involved in cerebellar
      synaptic plasticity.

PMID- 2905202
TI  - Long-term potentiation in the dentate gyrus of the anaesthetized rat is
      accompanied by an increase in protein efflux into push-pull cannula perfusates.
AB  - Changes in protein content of push-pull cannula perfusates from the dentate gyrus
      of anaesthetized rats were analyzed before and after the induction of long-term
      potentiation (LTP). LTP, induced by either high-frequency stimulation of the
      perforant path or raising the extracellular calcium concentration, was associated
      with increases in the protein content of the perfusates. Tetanically induced LTP
      was accompanied with a large but delayed increase (apparent in the second hour
      after the stimulation) in protein efflux. In contrast, when LTP was induced by
      the elevation of extracellular calcium concentration, a smaller but more
      immediate increase in protein efflux was observed. When 5-D
      aminophosphonovalerate was used to block the induction of LTP, no increase was
      observed in either case. These results indicate that LTP in the dentate gyrus is
      accompanied by an increase in the efflux of proteins into push-pull cannula
      perfusates. The possible origins of these proteins and their role in LTP are
      discussed.

PMID- 2905203
TI  - MPTP produces a pattern of nigrostriatal degeneration which coincides with the
      mosaic organization of the caudate nucleus.
AB  - In the normal dog we have found that cholinesterase and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)
      histochemistry define a mosaic structure of the caudate nucleus that is similar
      to that described in other species. To determine if nigrostriatal afferents
      interlocked with this mosaic we injected dogs with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6
      tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), a toxin specific to dopaminergic nigrostriatal cells.
      Alternate sections in the caudate nucleus stained for acetylcholinesterase, TH,
      and terminal degeneration revealed that the areas of densest degeneration were
      localized to the matrix, thereby outlining areas of much lighter degeneration
      which were coincident with the patches. This pattern of terminal degeneration
      suggests the existence of subcomponents of the dopaminergic nigrostriatal
      pathway, at least one of which might be selectively vulnerable to MPTP.

PMID- 2905204
TI  - Expression of the homeobox gene, Hox 2.1, during mouse embryogenesis.
AB  - This article reviews recent studies on the expression of the homeobox gene, Hox
      2.1, during mouse embryogenesis, using the technique of in situ hybridization.
      Differential hybridization of radiolabelled antisense versus sense strand RNA is
      first clearly detected in sections of 8.5 day post coitum (p.c.) early somite
      embryos. At 12.5 days p.c., higher levels of Hox 2.1 expression are seen in the
      spinal cord, extending into the base of the hind brain. Hybridization of
      antisense Hox 2.1 RNA is also seen in the spinal ganglia, in the nodose ganglia
      of the Xth cranial nerve (which contains derivatives of the neural crest arising
      from the posterior hind brain), and in the myenteric plexus. Mesodermal cells of
      certain visceral organs also express Hox 2.1 RNA, in particular the mesoderm of
      the lung, stomach and meso- and meta-nephric kidney. Comparison of the spatial
      domains of expression of mouse homeobox genes reveals a pattern consistent with
      the idea that they play a role in anteroposterior positional specification during
      embryogenesis.

PMID- 2905205
TI  - Normal and cryptorchid castration.
AB  - Surgical exploration of the horse that has presumably had a normal castration or
      a previously successful cryptorchid surgery remains a distinct challenge. No hard
      and fast rules dictate a proper course of action for each case. If a horse was
      anesthetized for routine castration, discovered to have only one scrotal testis,
      had a brief exploratory on the nondescended side and was recovered, trauma to the
      inguinal region would probably be sufficiently minimal that an inguinal approach
      could be used at subsequent exploratory surgery. If the inguinal canal was
      extensively manipulated and the tail of the epididymis was inadvertently removed,
      however, one of the alternate approaches would be advisable. Where previous
      history is unknown, external and rectal palpation, hormonal assays, and careful
      evaluation of the scrotal/inguinal scars under anesthesia are advisable prior to
      proceeding with a specific course of action. As previously cited, "one hopes for
      the best but prepares for the worst." Where inguinal canals are being explored in
      the supposedly previously castrated horse that still has aggressive male
      behavior, the surgeon is searching for vaginal process and contents or the stump
      of the spermatic cord. If the stump is identified to suggest complete previous
      castration, the stump should contain cremaster muscle, parietal vaginal tunic,
      testicular vessels, and ductus deferens. If a second nonvascular tubular
      structure is found but no testicular vessels are found, the tail of the
      epididymis was inadvertently removed and assumed to be hypoplastic testis. This
      determination can be difficult to make on gross observation of the stump. Again,
      a thorough case workup helps one plan in advance for what should be found at
      surgery.

PMID- 2905206
TI  - Production of pili on Vibrio parahaemolyticus.
AB  - Electron microscopic examination showed that all strains of Vibrio
      parahaemolyticus examined had pili on their surface when the organism was grown
      on marine agar at 28 degrees C for 6-12 h. The pili were morphologically stable
      on heat treatment at 60 degrees C for 10 min, but both the lateral and polar
      flagella possessed by this organism were labile. No immunological cross
      reactivity between pili of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae
      non-01 and those of V. parahaemolyticus was observed.

PMID- 2905207
TI  - Successful propranolol therapy for neuroleptic-induced akathisia resistant to
      anticholinergic and benzodiazepine drugs.

PMID- 2905208
TI  - Neuroleptic malignant syndrome. The results of a 6-month prospective study of
      incidence in a state psychiatric hospital.

PMID- 2905209
TI  - Characterization of gliding motility in Flexibacter polymorphus.
AB  - Motility of the marine gliding bacterium Flexibacter polymorphus was studied by
      using microcinematographic techniques. Following adhesion to a glass surface,
      multicellular filaments and individual cells usually began to glide within a few
      seconds at a speed of approximately 12 micron per second (at 23 degrees C).
      Adhesion to the glass surface was evidently mediated by multitudes of extremely
      fine extracellular fibrils. Gliding velocity was independent of filament length
      but directly related to electron-transport activity and substratum temperature in
      the range 3-35 degrees C. The rate of gliding was inversely related to medium
      viscosity, suggesting that the locomotor apparatus functions at constant torque.
      Forward motion was occasionally interrupted by direction reversals, somersaults
      (observed primarily in single cells of short filaments), or spinning of filaments
      tethered by one pole. The frequency of direction reversal was found to be an
      inverse function of filament length. Translational motility was invariably
      accompanied by sinistral revolution about the longitudinal axis of a filament.
      The sense and pitch of revolution were constant among filaments of different
      length. Polystyrene microspheres or India ink particles adsorbed to gliding cells
      were actively displaced in either direction, their movement tracing either a
      regular zigzag or helical path along the filament surface. Because microspheres
      were also observed to move on nonmotile filaments, particle translocation was
      evidently not obligatorily linked to gliding locomotion. Multiple particles
      adsorbed to a single filament often moved independently. The data are consistent
      with a motility mechanism involving limited motion in numerous mechanically
      independent (yet functionally coordinated) domains on the cell surface.

PMID- 2905210
TI  - [DNA analysis as a method for the prevention of cystic fibrosis].

PMID- 2905211
TI  - [Effect of a tablet to prevent epidemic hemorrhagic fever on immunologic function
      and plasma cyclic nucleotides].

PMID- 2905212
TI  - Analogs of unusual sponge phospholipids. Synthesis and thermotropic properties of
      1,2-di-(6Z,9Z)-6,9-hexacosadienoyl phosphatidylcholine and
      phosphatidylethanolamine.
AB  - The major marine sponge phospholipids 1,2-di-(5Z,9Z)-5,9-hexacosadienoyl
      phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidyl-ethanolamine (PE) hardly incorporate
      cholesterol into their liposomal bilayers, as reported earlier. Our previous
      studies indicated that their synthetic short chain (C18-C24) analogs with the
      same double bond pattern readily incorporated cholesterol, thus demonstrating the
      importance of the chain length. In order to investigate the possible role of the
      unusual delta 5,9 diunsaturation 1,2-di-(6Z,9Z)-6,9-hexacosadienoyl
      phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine were synthesized and their
      thermotropic behavior studied. Both analogs shows a transition endoterm at 45
      degrees C, while the natural 1,2-di-(5Z,9Z)-5,9-hexacosadienoyl PC and its PE
      counterpart exhibited it at 42 degrees C. A partial incorporation of cholesterol
      into liposomal bilayers of 1,2-di-(6Z,9Z)-6,9-hexacosadienoyl PC was observed.
      Our results suggest that while the chain length is the predominant factor in the
      interactions of these phospholipids with sterols, the double bond location may
      also play a contributing role.

PMID- 2905213
TI  - Influence of hyperglycemia on glucose uptake and hepatic glucose production in
      non-dialyzed uremic patients.
AB  - To determine whether the deranged glucose metabolism in uremia, in addition to
      insulin resistance can be attributed also to reduced glucose-induced glucose
      uptake, a two-step sequential hyperglycemic clamp (plasma glucose: 120 and 300
      mg/dl) was performed in 6 non-dialyzed uremic and 8 healthy subjects. A constant
      infusion of somatostatin (300 micrograms/h) and soluble insulin (0.2 mU/kg/min)
      resulted in peripheral serum insulin slightly higher than basal in both uremics
      (16 +/- 3 and 22 +/- 3 microU/ml; step 1 and 2, respectively) and controls (20 +/
      2 and 22 +/- 1 microU/ml). The glucose-induced glucose uptake (3-3H-glucose)
      assessed as the difference between step 2 and 1 glucose disposal at the final 30
      min of each step was markedly reduced in uremics (3.2 +/- 0.5 mg/kg/min) compared
      to healthy subjects (5.7 +/- 0.8 mg/kg/min; p less than 0.03). However, the
      percentage increment in glucose uptake from step 1 to step 2 hyperglycemia was
      comparable in the two groups (134 +/- 27 and 148 +/- 17%). Modest hyperglycemia
      (120 mg/dl) and slightly raised insulinemia resulted in comparable suppression of
      the endogenous (hepatic) glucose production (EGP) in healthy (1.6 +/- 0.2
      mg/kg/min) and uremic subjects (1.5 +/- 0.3 mg/kg/min). In controls, pronounced
      hyperglycemia (300 mg/dl) further reduced EGP (0.6 +/- 0.3 mg/kg/min; p less than
      0.01) while EGP in uremics on the contrary tended to rise (2.0 +/- 0.4 mg/kg/min;
      p = 0.09), thus indicating an abnormal reaction of the liver.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2905214
TI  - Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type II b: report of a case observed at
      autopsy with immunohistochemical study of mucosal neuromas.
AB  - A case of multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) II b syndrome was studied in a 28
      year-old Colombian woman. The patient presented initially with medullary
      carcinoma of the thyroid (MTC), an unusual habitus, numerous mucosal neuromas,
      and intestinal ganglioneuromatosis. Recurrent medullary carcinoma in the
      mediastinum produced compression. The tumor mass could not be removed surgically,
      and the patient died of post-operative complications. At autopsy metastatic MTC
      was present in the liver, lymph nodes, and lungs. In addition, multiple mucosal
      neuromas were present in the mouth, nasopharynx, larynx, digestive tract, peri
      adrenal fat, and hepatic portal spaces. There was no evidence of
      pheochromocytoma. Immunofluorescence study of mucosal neuromas showed hyperplasia
      and hypertrophy of nerves, without evidence of tumor. Kindred screening was
      negative.

PMID- 2905215
TI  - Treatment of acute agitation in the elderly.

PMID- 2905216
TI  - Immunoglobulin heavy chain switch region polymorphisms are not associated with
      type 1 diabetes.
AB  - In order to ascertain whether the immunoglobulin heavy chain genes are important
      in the aetiology of Type 1 diabetes, we have used restriction fragment length
      polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of genomic DNA to study 148 Caucasoid subjects with
      Type 1 diabetes and 146 normal Caucasoid subjects. A DNA probe homologous to the
      switch regions for the IgM (S mu) and IgA1 (S alpha 1) genes when used in
      conjunction with the restriction endonuclease Sst I detects RFLPs at both these
      loci. There were no significant differences in phenotype or gene frequencies for
      the alleles of S mu or S alpha 1 in the patients when compared with control
      subjects; nor were there significant associations of S mu or S alpha 1 with HLA
      DR type or gender.

PMID- 2905217
TI  - HLA-D region RFLP and type 1 diabetes.

PMID- 2905218
TI  - Special issue dedicated to John H. Welsh on the occasion of his 85th birthday.

PMID- 2905219
TI  - Special cellular and synaptic mechanisms in motor pattern generation.

PMID- 2905220
TI  - Photobehavior of marine invertebrates: extraocular photoreception.

PMID- 2905222
TI  - Serotonin: history of a discovery.

PMID- 2905221
TI  - Studies on the crustacean cardiac ganglion.
AB  - 1. An overview of studies on the decapod crustacean cardiac ganglion is given
      emphasizing contributions to questions of general interest in cellular
      neurophysiology. 2. John Welsh, in 1951, introduced this 9-celled, semi
      autonomous ganglion as a preparation offering physiologists unique experimental
      possibilities. 3. It exhibits remarkable reliability and stability in rhythmic
      pattern generation. The neurons show endogenous burst-forming capability mediated
      by "driver potentials". 4. These regenerative, Ca-mediated potentials are
      restricted to the soma, while impulse-generating membrane is segregated to the
      distal axon. 5. Thus, voltage-clamp analysis of the ionic currents underlying the
      burst-forming potentials is possible by isolating the soma with a ligature. 6.
      The isolated ganglion is spontaneously active, but the normal mechanism of
      pacemaking remains to be clarified, including the possible contribution of
      stretch-sensitive dendrites. 7. The activity of the ganglion is subject to
      modulation by neurohumors. These include the transmitter at intraganglionic
      synapses, transmitters of the pair of inhibitory and the two pairs of
      acceleratory fibers, and neurohormones released from the pericardial organs. The
      transmitters are not established. 8. Effects on the ganglion of substances
      isolated from the pericardial organs have been described. 9. These include 5
      hydroxytryptamine, dopamine, octopamine, and two peptides. 10. One of these,
      proctolin, produces a long-lasting sequence of effects. 11. The work continues to
      raise new questions for which the ganglion offers excellent research material.

PMID- 2905223
TI  - Acetylcholine suppresses calcium current in neurons of Aplysia californica.
AB  - 1. The left upper quadrant neurons L2-L6 in the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia
      californica were voltage clamped in order to examine effects of acetylcholine on
      voltage-dependent Ca and Ca-dependent K currents. 2. "Puffed" application of 10
      100 microM acetylcholine reduced both the early inward and late outward phases of
      the current elicited by depolarizing voltage steps. An identical effect of the
      peptide FMRFamide was previously found to result from a suppression of the Ca and
      Ca-dependent K currents. 3. This effect of acetylcholine was obscured by the
      simultaneous activation of a previously described K current resembling the "S"
      current. Extracellular tetraethylammonium (TEA) and 4-aminopyridine could not be
      used to eliminate this current, because both compounds also appeared to block the
      acetylcholine receptor mediating the putative suppression of Ca and Ca-dependent
      K currents. 4. The acetylcholine-induced "S"-like and other K currents could,
      however, be reduced or eliminated by injection of TEA+ or Cs+ into the cell,
      replacement of extracellular Ca2+ with Ba2+, and by shifting the K+ equilibrium
      potential so as to null K currents at the potential used to record Ca current,
      revealing in each case a partial (10-40%) suppression of the Ca (or Ba) current
      by acetylcholine. 5. The reduction of the outward phase of depolarization
      activated current was confirmed to represent suppression of the Ca-dependent K
      current by acetylcholine. This effect was indirect, secondary to the suppression
      of Ca current, since acetylcholine had no effect on Ca-dependent K current
      elicited by direct injection of Ca2+ into the cell. 6. Activation of the "S"-like
      K current and suppression of the Ca current by FMRFamide are likely to be
      important in its proposed role as an agent of presynaptic inhibition in Aplysia.
      Since acetylcholine has identical effects, it too may have such a function.

PMID- 2905224
TI  - Circadian rhythms in adaptation to light of Limulus photoreception.
AB  - 1. The lateral eye of Limulus responds differently to light-adaptation depending
      upon whether the eye is tested during the day, or at night when a central
      circadian clock is known to activate efferent fibers that terminate in the
      retina. 2. At night, the decrement in retinal sensitivity due to light-adaptation
      is less pronounced immediately following a light-flash but is greater at longer
      times after the flash when compared with responses recorded during the day. 3. In
      our quantitative description of dark adaptation we find that at least two time
      constants are needed to describe the time course, and that the two decaying
      exponentials are differentially altered by circadian clock action. 4. We relate
      these day-to-night alterations in light-adaptive properties to circadian changes
      in physiology and morphology studied previously in Limulus photoreceptors.

PMID- 2905225
TI  - Postsynaptic modulation of cholinergic transmission by endogenous substances.
AB  - 1. Recent concept of postsynaptic modulation is reviewed on the basis of
      literature data and the results of our investigation using conventional
      intracellular and voltage-clamp recording methods, in vitro. 2. Experimental
      evidence provided that the sensitivity of nicotinic ACh receptors endowed on the
      postsynaptic membrane of the bullfrog sympathetic ganglia and of the frog
      skeletal muscle end-plate is either facilitated or inhibited by other
      neurotransmitters or neurohormones. 3. We propose that one neurotransmitter not
      only initiates its own postsynaptic potential but also regulates the efficacy of
      synaptic transmission mediated by a distinct neurotransmitter, as an endogenous
      "antagonist" or "sensitizer".

PMID- 2905226
TI  - Cephalopods, memory, neurofilaments, mammalian hibernation, the vertebrate
      retina: an autobiographical research note for John H. Welsh in his 85th year.

PMID- 2905227
TI  - Serotonin as a neurotransmitter: a review.

PMID- 2905228
TI  - New perspectives on catch.

PMID- 2905229
TI  - Russell's viper venom proteins: molecular probes for neurotransmitter receptors:
      a review.

PMID- 2905230
TI  - John Henry Welsh: his years, works and flock.
AB  - John H. Welsh came down from Boothbay, Maine in the late twenties and landed at
      Harvard. There he launched his academic career, raised a family, raised an
      additional family of graduate students and postdoctoral associates, and (with
      them all) shaped and cultivated diurnal rhythmicity, the biology of
      neurosecretion, and comparative neuropharmacology. After about 45 yr in the
      vineyards of Cambridge, he returned to Boothbay and his garden, tree-farm,
      grandchildren, writings and other good works.

PMID- 2905231
TI  - Serological diagnosis of jellyfish envenomations.
AB  - 1. A good correlation between the clinical and serological identification of
      envenomating jellyfish could be made on 30 healthy individuals and 74 patients
      stung by known species. 2. Six patients and one previous case were known to be
      false positive reactors. 3. Two of these individuals had dermatitis, one was
      asthmatic, three had previous significant hymenoptera envenomations and one was
      apparently normal. 4. Specific anti-jellyfish IgG serum concentrations would
      appear a few days after envenomation and persist for many months, even at high
      concentrations. 5. Significant numbers of patients exhibited cross reacting
      antibodies to other jellyfish, but no consistent pattern could be detected. 6.
      Significant titers were defined as those whose sera was positive after being be
      diluted 50-fold or greater. 7. Species specific IgM concentrations were regarded
      as significant only if their sera could be adsorbed against the homologous
      jellyfish antigen and the difference between adsorbed and non-adsorbed sera which
      were still positive was 50-fold. 8. Elevated persistent specific anti-jellyfish
      serum IgG concentrations which were still reactive if diluted 3000-fold were not
      protective against the cutaneous pain resulting from a natural sting.

PMID- 2905232
TI  - Mathematical model of cardiac mechanogram rhythmicity (based on mollusc heart).
AB  - 1. The time course of force development by the heart is modelled by Gompertz
      kinetics from the product of two terms: a cumulative increase in relative number
      of activated "contractile units", and an exponential decrease in contractile
      force. 2. For each beat, an "initial condition" is specified by an "intrinsic
      tension" parameter, and a specific rate of change of tension; cardioactive agents
      change these specifications. 3. Depending on parameter values, heartbeats are
      predicted that are constant, or in which the frequency, amplitude and baseline
      tension are appropriate to inhibited or augmented cardiac activity.

PMID- 2905233
TI  - [Evaluation of digital subtraction angiography (DSA) in the diagnosis of aorto
      arteritis].

PMID- 2905234
TI  - [Peripheral neuropathy associated with polyarteritis nodosa: report of the
      clinical manifestations and pathologic findings of sural nerve biopsy in 21
      cases].

PMID- 2905236
TI  - Symposium on roxatidine acetate. Rottach-Egern, 3-5 June 1987. Proceedings.

PMID- 2905235
TI  - Effects of antibiotics on RNA polymerase III transcription.
AB  - We investigated the effects of six drugs on an RNA polymerase III in vitro
      transcription system. Adriamycin, daunorubicin, heparin, rifamycin AF/013,
      streptolydigin, and streptovaricin all inhibit RNA synthesis from a tRNA gene or
      the adenovirus 2 (AD2) VA1 RNA gene. The completed RNA polymerase III
      transcription complex is formed by the sequential, ordered addition of protein
      factors. Although both genes reportedly use the same transcription fractions for
      in vitro RNA synthesis, some of these drugs interfere differentially with these
      genes. A drug concentration that inhibits transcription from one gene may not
      inhibit transcription from the other gene. Adriamycin seems to block
      transcription if added between the binding of the individual transcription
      fractions. Daunorubicin appears to inhibit VA transcription only if added prior
      to both transcription fractions, but inhibits tRNA synthesis before and during
      transcription factor binding. Heparin blocks both genes between factors binding
      to DNA and after factor binding. Rifamycin blocks VA synthesis more effectively
      than tRNA synthesis. Streptolydigin blocks transcription of both genes.
      Streptovaricin probably blocks transcription by inhibiting early transcription
      complex assembly events. These drugs appear useful as appropriate probes to
      investigate transcription complexes since several discriminate between complexes
      formed on different genes during the assembly process.

PMID- 2905237
TI  - Prostaglandins, H2-receptor antagonists and peptic ulcer disease.
AB  - Peptic ulcer develops when offensive factors overwhelm defensive processes in the
      gastroduodenal mucosa. Offensive factors include NSAIDs, hydrochloric acid-peptic
      activity, bile reflux, and some products of the lipoxygenase pathway such as
      leukotriene B4; whereas defensive processes are largely mediated by
      prostaglandins through poorly understood mechanisms uniformly termed
      cytoprotection. Cytoprotection, a physiological process working through the
      products of arachidonic acid metabolism, may result from the net effect of the
      protective actions of prostaglandins versus the damaging actions of leukotrienes.
      Some prostaglandins also have antisecretory effects. Therefore the peptic ulcer
      healing effects of prostaglandin analogues, all of which have significant
      antisecretory activity, may be more due to their antisecretory effects than
      primarily to their effects on mucosal defences. Certain drug-induced
      gastroduodenal lesions, e.g. NSAID-induced ulcers, which are often unresponsive
      to H2-receptor antagonists, have been healed and their recurrence prevented by
      the use of PGE1 and PGE2 analogues. All the prostaglandin analogues investigated
      to date in humans have the potential for inducing abortion, an important side
      effect which may limit their worldwide use. The optimal prostaglandin analogue
      for ulcer healing should not induce abortion and should be potently
      cytoprotective. The predominant damaging agent in the development of peptic ulcer
      disease is gastric hydrochloric acid. Thus, the worldwide established efficacy
      and safety of H2-receptor antagonists such as cimetidine, ranitidine, famotidine
      and most recently of roxatidine acetate suggest that these agents have become the
      standard by which other forms of anti-ulcer therapy should be judged.

PMID- 2905238
TI  - Roxatidine acetate in the long term maintenance of duodenal ulcers.
AB  - A non-comparative multicentre study of 105 patients with healed duodenal ulcers
      was conducted to determine the effect on ulcer recurrence of 6 months'
      maintenance treatment with roxatidine acetate 75 mg daily. All patients had
      previously received roxatidine acetate treatment. 31 patients out of 89 had 32
      relapsed ulcers after 6 months of treatment, which represents an overall relapse
      rate of around 30%; the relapse rate in smokers was double that of non-smokers.
      The overall incidence of epigastric pain did not increase significantly over the
      period of the trial, although some patients complained of mild pain when they
      entered the study despite having endoscopically confirmed healed ulcers. At the
      end of the study continuous poor appetite and pyrosis were reported by 17% and 6%
      of patients, respectively. Side effects, which included constipation and
      diarrhoea, were reported by 4 patients, 1 of whom withdrew from therapy. There
      were no clinically significant changes in laboratory values. Thus, maintenance
      treatment with roxatidine acetate 75 mg daily proved a safe and effective method
      of preventing symptomatic duodenal ulcer relapse.

PMID- 2905239
TI  - Clinical studies on the use of roxatidine acetate for the treatment of peptic
      ulcer in Japan.
AB  - Roxatidine acetate is a novel H2-receptor antagonist with a chemical structure
      different to the earlier drugs of this type. It is a potent inhibitor of
      histamine-mediated gastric acid secretion and in animal models is 4 to 6 times as
      potent as cimetidine. In a multicentre double-blind clinical trial of over 700
      patients with gastric or duodenal ulcers roxatidine acetate 75 mg twice daily and
      cimetidine 200mg four times daily produced endoscopically confirmed and
      subjective and objective healing rates in excess of 90% for both types of ulcer,
      with no significant difference between the treatments. Roxatidine acetate's
      efficacy in stomal ulcer (marginal ulcer) and reflux oesophagitis has been
      confirmed in non-comparative studies of up to 8 weeks' duration. The overall
      incidence of adverse reactions in 1623 patients treated with roxatidine acetate
      75 mg twice daily was 1.7%, with skin rashes and constipation the most frequently
      reported side effects.

PMID- 2905240
TI  - A comparison of roxatidine acetate and ranitidine in gastric ulcer healing.
AB  - A randomised multicentre double-blind study was conducted to compare the efficacy
      and safety of roxatidine acetate 75 mg twice daily and ranitidine 150 mg twice
      daily in 295 patients with endoscopically confirmed gastric ulcers. Substantial
      reductions in ulcer diameters and healing rates of 85.6 and 88.2% for roxatidine
      acetate and ranitidine, respectively, were obtained after 8 weeks of treatment.
      There was no difference in healing rates between smokers and non-smokers in
      either group. The relief of day and night-time epigastric pain was comparable for
      both treatment groups, as was antacid tablet consumption, with the majority of
      patients pain-free at the end of the study. The incidence of side effects was
      low, with 3 patients treated with roxatidine acetate, compared with 4 ranitidine
      treated patients, reporting adverse reactions. There were no clinically
      significant changes in laboratory values. The present study suggests that 8 weeks
      of treatment with roxatidine acetate 75 mg twice a day produces effective and
      safe acute management of gastric ulcers which is comparable to that seen with
      ranitidine.

PMID- 2905241
TI  - A comparison of roxatidine acetate 150 mg once daily and 75 mg twice daily in
      gastric ulcer healing.
AB  - In 363 outpatients with endoscopically confirmed gastric ulcers the efficacy and
      safety of roxatidine acetate 150 mg at night was compared to 75 mg twice daily.
      After 8 weeks' treatment substantial reductions in gastric ulcer diameter were
      obtained in addition to healing rates of 83.7 and 86% for the twice daily and
      night-time dosing, respectively. Daily reductions in day and night-time
      epigastric pain were obtained with no significant differences between treatment
      groups for pain scores or antacid tablet consumption. Furthermore, cigarette
      smoking did not influence the healing rates produced by either treatment
      schedule. 26 patients reported 32 adverse reactions and 5 patients discontinued
      treatment because of side effects, although only 1 of these was a severe
      reaction. The present data suggest that a single night-time dose of roxatidine
      acetate 150 mg is as safe and effective as the twice daily dose regimen for the
      management of acute gastric ulceration.

PMID- 2905243
TI  - Appendix 1. Therapeutic resistance of peptic ulcers.

PMID- 2905242
TI  - Roxatidine acetate in the long term maintenance of gastric ulcers.
AB  - A non-comparative multicentre study of 78 patients with healed gastric ulcers who
      had received roxatidine acetate was conducted to determine the ulcer recurrence
      rates during 6 months' maintenance therapy with roxatidine acetate 75 mg at
      night. Gastric ulcer relapses occurred in 35% of patients, representing a worst
      possible outcome estimate, with no significant differences between smokers and
      non-smokers although heavy smoking appeared to increase the rate of relapse. The
      incidence of epigastric pain did not significantly increase over the duration of
      therapy and while some patients complained of mild pain at the start of the trial
      all subjects had endoscopically confirmed healed ulcers. The consumption of
      antacids for symptom relief was low, reaching an average of 0.75 tablets a day
      which was insufficient to influence intragastric pH. Continuous poor appetite and
      pyrosis were reported by about 5% of subjects. Of 2 patients who complained of
      mild to moderate side effects, 1 discontinued treatment. In addition, there were
      no clinically significant changes in haematological and biochemical variables.
      Thus, maintenance therapy with roxatidine acetate 75 mg at night is safe and
      generally effective in preventing symptomatic relapse.

PMID- 2905244
TI  - Antisecretory drugs. Safe and effective?
AB  - Surveillance of takers of the antisecretory drug cimetidine has failed to reveal
      any disturbing trends. This pattern is reassuring but the difficulties of
      detecting drug-induced disease mimicking ordinary community complaints deserve
      emphasis. Experience since the surveillance study began has not revealed any
      disturbing trends. Observed mortality rates have fallen to match population
      expectation, both for ordinary disease and for cancer. The pattern is generally
      reassuring and suggests that significant drug-induced disease is not being
      missed. Nevertheless the ability of this or any other surveillance study to
      detect drug-induced illness mimicking ordinary disease is likely to be low.

PMID- 2905245
TI  - The use of roxatidine acetate in fasting patients prior to induction of
      anaesthesia as prophylaxis against the acid aspiration syndrome.
AB  - Aspiration pneumonitis is one of the major causes of anaesthesia related deaths.
      H2-receptor antagonists are effective drugs for the prevention of the acid
      aspiration syndrome (Mendelson's syndrome). The new long-acting H2-receptor
      antagonist roxatidine acetate may be the first H2-receptor antagonist which could
      effectively reduce acid secretion following a single bedtime premedication on the
      evening before an operation. A prospective controlled randomised double-blind
      study was conducted in 60 elective patients undergoing gynaecological operations
      requiring tracheal intubation. 30 patients received oral roxatidine acetate 150
      mg at 10 pm, the other 30 patients received placebo. Immediately after
      intubation, at 15 minutes and at the end of the operation gastric pH and the
      volume of the aspirate were measured. In the placebo group, 13 patients (43%) had
      gastric pH values below the critical value of 2.5, while in the roxatidine
      acetate group gastric pH values were raised above 2.5 in all but 3 patients (10%)
      [p less than 0.05]. In the roxatidine acetate group pH values were significantly
      higher than in the placebo group (p less than 0.01). The mean gastric volume in
      the placebo group was 23.3 +/- 27.1 ml, compared to 14.5 +/- 9.4 ml for
      roxatidine acetate. The 5 highest gastric volumes were observed in the placebo
      group (max 146 ml). A single bedtime oral premedication with roxatidine acetate
      150 mg ensures a gastric pH above 2.5 until 11 am the following day.

PMID- 2905246
TI  - Comparative pharmacology of histamine H2-receptor antagonists.
AB  - There was no significant difference between the concentration-dependent
      inhibitory effects produced by roxatidine acetate, roxatidine and ranitidine on
      adenylate cyclase derived from isolated and enriched guinea-pig parietal cells.
      All the compounds shifted the concentration-response curve of histamine to the
      right and transformation of this data to Schild-plots produced straight lines
      with slopes greater than 1 but not significantly different from each other. The
      pA2 values characterising the potencies were roxatidine acetate 6.85 +/- 0.86,
      roxatidine 7.14 +/- 0.04, and ranitidine 6.92 +/- 0.01. Histamine-stimulated acid
      production from isolated guinea-pig parietal cells, measured by the 14C
      aminopyrine accumulation technique, was similarly affected by the 3 compounds.
      Schild-plot slopes of roxatidine acetate and ranitidine were not significantly
      different from unity and pA2 values were similar to those of the adenylate
      cyclase inhibition, roxatidine acetate 7.15 +/- 0.09, roxatidine 7.03 +/- 0.02,
      and ranitidine 6.83 +/- 0.10. In conclusion, roxatidine acetate and its major
      metabolite roxatidine behave like competitive antagonists with potencies similar
      to ranitidine on H2-receptors on the guinea-pig parietal cell.

PMID- 2905247
TI  - A review of the animal pharmacology of roxatidine acetate.
AB  - Roxatidine acetate (TZU 0460/HOE 760) [N-(3-[3-(1-piperidinylmethyl)-phenoxy]
      propyl)acetoxyacetamide hydrochloride] is a specific and competitive H2-receptor
      antagonist with a chemical structure different from those of cimetidine,
      ranitidine and famotidine. Roxatidine acetate and its main metabolite roxatidine
      inhibit histamine-induced gastric acid secretion in vitro with a potency greater
      than that of cimetidine, and in the range of that produced by ranitidine. Gastric
      acid secretion following stimulation with dibutyryl cyclic adenosine
      monophosphate remains unaffected by roxatidine acetate. In vivo experiments in
      rats and dogs confirm these in vitro findings. Thus, in rats roxatidine acetate
      inhibits gastric acid secretion with similar values following intraduodenal or
      intraperitoneal injection, indicating excellent absorption of the drug from the
      gastrointestinal tract. In all studies it was shown that roxatidine acetate was
      more potent than cimetidine. In rats single or repeated dosing with roxatidine
      acetate did not influence drug metabolising enzymes in the liver nor did the drug
      show antiandrogenic activity in long term animal studies. Extensive general
      pharmacological studies with roxatidine acetate demonstrate the lack of effects
      on the central nervous system, on gastrointestinal motility, the autonomic
      nervous system and the cardiovascular and urogenital systems. Studies on the
      pharmacokinetics and metabolism of roxatidine acetate demonstrate that there is a
      presystemic deacetylation producing the main metabolite roxatidine, which is
      responsible for the in vivo effects of the drug.

PMID- 2905248
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of roxatidine in healthy volunteers.
AB  - This paper reviews those studies which investigated the absorption, distribution,
      metabolism and elimination of roxatidine acetate (formerly HOE 760) following its
      single and multiple oral administration to healthy male and female volunteers.
      Roxatidine acetate is almost completely (greater than 95%) absorbed after oral
      administration and is rapidly converted to roxatidine, its major active plasma
      and urinary metabolite. In common with many other prodrugs, the parent substance
      is not detectable in either plasma or urine and therefore all pharmacokinetic
      studies have been evaluated using measurements of roxatidine. A powder capsule
      formulation of the drug showed rapid absorption (tmax = 1 hour) and linear
      pharmacokinetics across the dose range 25 to 100mg, but produced some
      gastrointestinal intolerance. However, a granulated capsule formulation showed a
      much slower release (tmax = 3 hours) and was well tolerated. There was no
      evidence of any food interaction or interaction with other drugs such as
      antipyrine and propranolol. The plasma terminal half-life of the granulated
      capsule averaged 6 hours and between 55 and 60% of the dose was recovered in the
      urine as roxatidine. Following repeated daily administration of the prodrug,
      steady state plasma levels of roxatidine were reached on average by the fourth
      dose.

PMID- 2905249
TI  - A pharmacokinetic study of roxatidine acetate in chronic renal failure.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of a single oral dose of roxatidine acetate 150 mg were
      studied in 31 patients with varying degrees of chronic renal failure. The
      patients were divided into 5 groups according to their creatinine clearance
      (Clcr): controls (Clcr 94.5 +/- 13.9 ml/min; n = 6); mild chronic renal failure
      (Clcr 47 +/- 6 ml/min; n = 4); moderate chronic renal failure (Clcr 27.3 +/- 3.1
      ml/min; n = 4); severe chronic renal failure (Clcr 12.8 +/- 1.4 ml/min; n = 5)
      and uraemia (Clcr 6.6 +/- 0.6 ml/min; n = 12). Serum and urine samples were
      analysed with capillary gas chromatography to measure the salt of the desacetyl
      metabolite of roxatidine acetate (roxatidine). The terminal half-life was 6.02 +/
      0.31 hours in controls and 7.35 +/- 0.57, 9.3 +/- 0.83, 14.6 +/- 3.7 and 18.10
      +/- 2.77 hours, respectively, in the 4 other groups, with progressively
      decreasing creatinine clearance. Maximum serum concentration and time to maximum
      serum concentration rose from 816 +/- 75 ng/ml and 2.08 +/- 0.22 hours,
      respectively, in controls to 1364.7 +/- 156 ng/ml and 4.05 +/- 0.47 hours,
      respectively, in uraemic patients. Relative total clearance progressively
      decreased with decreasing glomerular filtration rate (GFR) [from 353.6 +/- 26
      ml/min in controls to 90.31 +/- 12.2 ml/min in patients with uraemia]. Renal
      clearance decreased from a control of 243.9 +/- 56 ml/min to 12.32 +/- 0.18
      ml/min in uraemic patients. A linear correlation between creatinine clearance and
      both relative total clearance and renal drug clearance was noted.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2905250
TI  - The pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of multiple doses of the new H2
      receptor antagonist, roxatidine acetate, in healthy men.
AB  - Roxatidine acetate (HOE 760, TZU 0460) is a new H2-receptor antagonist which is
      more potent than cimetidine and ranitidine. A randomised, double-blind, placebo
      controlled study was conducted in healthy men to determine the effects of
      multiple oral doses of roxatidine acetate on unstimulated gastric acid secretion,
      and to assess the preliminary multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of its active
      desacetyl metabolite. The subjects were randomised to receive either roxatidine
      acetate 150 mg or placebo daily at 9 pm for 14 days. Gastric secretions were
      collected by aspiration using a nasogastric tube placed in the distal part of the
      stomach. Gastric fluid volume, pH, and acid concentrations were determined for 2
      hours before drug administration and over 24 hours after administration on days
      1, 7, 14 (the last day of dosing), and 17 (3 days after the last dose). Plasma
      and urine samples were collected throughout the study for the pharmacokinetic
      assessment. All subjects completed the study without side effects or clinically
      significant changes in any of the safety variables. Subjects receiving roxatidine
      acetate had substantial increases in gastric pH and decreases in acid secretion
      compared to baseline and to placebo-treated subjects. The duration of effect was
      approximately 12 hours. Nocturnal pH was greater than or equal to 6.0 in 80% of
      the roxatidine acetate-treated subjects. When sampled 3 days after the last dose
      (day 17) no differences in pH, acid secretion, or gastric volume were observed
      between the roxatidine acetate- and placebo-treated groups. The gastric pH
      increased with the mean plasma concentrations of the desacetyl metabolite. Mean
      plasma levels at steady state were attained between the 4th and 7th days after
      which there was no evidence of appreciable accumulation of the desacetyl
      metabolite. Roxatidine acetate 150 mg administered orally at 9 pm for 14 days to
      healthy men was safe, well tolerated, and produced clinically relevant increases
      in gastric pH, and decreases in gastric acid concentration, without affecting
      gastric fluid volume.

PMID- 2905251
TI  - Effect of roxatidine acetate on daytime and night-time peptone-stimulated gastric
      acid secretion.
AB  - A double-blind, randomised, crossover study in 12 healthy volunteers was
      performed to assess the effects of roxatidine acetate 75 mg or placebo
      administered at 8 am and 9 pm on peptone-stimulated hydrochloric acid secretion.
      In comparison to placebo, roxatidine acetate produced an average reduction of
      daytime hydrochloric acid output of 86% and 32%, respectively, for the 4- to 6
      hour and 10- to 12-hour post-drug administration phases. In addition, roxatidine
      acetate produced reductions in nocturnal hydrochloric acid output of 75 to 92%
      with an associated rise in intragastric pH of around 2 units compared to placebo.
      No side effects or clinically significant alterations in haematological or
      biochemical values were reported following roxatidine acetate administration.
      These results suggest that roxatidine acetate is a potent and effective inhibitor
      of day and night-time intragastric acid secretion.

PMID- 2905252
TI  - The effects of roxatidine acetate on 24-hour intragastric acidity. Investigations
      in healthy volunteers and comparison with ranitidine and placebo.
AB  - In a series of double-blind randomised studies in normal volunteers with
      continuous intragastric pH monitoring, the effects of different dosage regimens
      of roxatidine acetate, a new H2-receptor antagonist, were compared with placebo
      and ranitidine. Roxatidine acetate 75 mg twice daily decreased median 24-hour
      gastric acidity from pH 1.6 to 3.2 and median nocturnal acidity from 1.5 to 3.0.
      Roxatidine acetate 150 mg at bedtime raised median 24-hour pH in the same 17
      subjects to 2.4 and nocturnal pH to 5.9. In the second experiment, in 14
      volunteers, roxatidine acetate 150 mg at bedtime was as effective as ranitidine
      300 mg at night, raising median nocturnal pH from 1.4 to 6.65 compared to 6.7 for
      ranitidine. However, when drugs were taken after the evening meal (post cenam
      nocte; PCN) roxatidine acetate 150 mg was less potent than ranitidine 300 mg,
      with median night-time pH rising from 1.3 to 3.2 and 4.0, respectively, in 28
      volunteers. Roxatidine acetate 300 mg PCN produced the greatest rise of pH, to
      4.9, suggesting that the true potency ratio of the 2 drugs is between 1 and 2.

PMID- 2905253
TI  - Effects of roxatidine acetate on 24-hour gastric acidity. Early evening versus
      bedtime administration in healthy subjects.
AB  - The gastric antisecretory activity of roxatidine acetate was studied on 24-hour
      intragastric pH in 12 healthy male volunteers. The study was randomised, double
      blind and double-dummy where either roxatidine acetate 150 mg as a slow release
      granulated formulation or placebo were administered at 7.30 pm or 10 pm.
      Roxatidine acetate 150 mg produced a significant decrease in the number of hours
      during which gastric acidity ranged between pH 1.5 and 4.0 which was consistent
      with the pharmacokinetic profile of the drug. There was no significant difference
      between the median intragastric pH values for early evening and bedtime
      administration of roxatidine acetate. The present data confirm that roxatidine
      acetate 150 mg inhibits gastric acid secretion but while a single evening dose is
      effective in controlling intragastric pH the results suggest there is no clear
      advantage in an early evening dose compared with a bedtime dose.

PMID- 2905254
TI  - Interaction of roxatidine acetate with antacids, food and other drugs.
AB  - The inhibition of hepatic mixed-function oxidase microsomal enzymes by cimetidine
      can lead to clinically important drug interactions. The metabolism of antipyrine
      is used as an index of hepatic enzymatic activity. The pharmacokinetic profiles
      of salivary antipyrine obtained following treatment with roxatidine acetate 75 mg
      or placebo twice a day for 7 days showed similar characteristics with no
      difference in the areas under the plasma concentration-time curves. In addition,
      roxatidine acetate 75 mg daily did not modify the clearance of propranolol,
      diazepam, desmethyldiazepam or controlled release theophylline preparations.
      Furthermore, there was no interference in the bioavailability of roxatidine
      acetate 150 mg daily when administered alone or in combination with a meal or
      antacids.

PMID- 2905255
TI  - A comparison of roxatidine acetate and ranitidine in duodenal ulcer healing.
AB  - A randomised double-blind study was conducted to compare the efficacy of
      roxatidine acetate 75 mg twice daily with ranitidine 150 mg twice daily in 308
      patients with endoscopically confirmed uncomplicated duodenal ulcers. After 6
      weeks of treatment ulcer healing was found in 93.5% of the roxatidine acetate
      group and 89.2% of the ranitidine group, with no significant differences between
      treatment groups. The relief of day and night-time epigastric pain assessed at
      clinic visits or on diary cards by patients was comparable for both treatment
      groups, as was the consumption of antacid tablets for relief of symptoms of
      dyspepsia. There were no significant differences in the healing rates of smokers
      and non-smokers for either roxatidine acetate or ranitidine treatment, and no
      clinically significant alterations in laboratory values. Eight patients in the
      roxatidine acetate group and 1 in the ranitidine group complained of mild side
      effects, which included diarrhoea, constipation and headache. One patient on
      roxatidine acetate withdrew from treatment because of a mild skin rash. The
      results confirm that roxatidine acetate is a safe and effective treatment for
      duodenal ulcer disease.

PMID- 2905256
TI  - A comparison of roxatidine acetate 150 mg once daily and 75 mg twice daily in
      duodenal ulcer healing.
AB  - A randomised multicentre, double-blind study of the efficacy and safety of
      roxatidine acetate 150 mg at bedtime or 75 mg twice a day was conducted in 300
      outpatients with endoscopically confirmed duodenal ulcers. After 14 days'
      treatment with roxatidine acetate substantial reductions in ulcer sizes had been
      obtained, in addition to healing rates of 87 to 89%, with no significant
      differences between the dosage regimens. There were graded reductions in day and
      night-time assessment of epigastric pain for both treatment groups and no
      differences in the mean numbers of antacid tablets consumed. In addition,
      cigarette smoking did not influence the healing rates produced by either
      treatment schedule. 11 patients reported 12 mild adverse reactions, with
      gastrointestinal symptoms the most frequent, and no clinically significant
      alterations in laboratory values. The present data suggests that a single bedtime
      dose of roxatidine acetate 150 mg produces effective duodenal ulcer healing and
      pain relief equivalent to that produced by a twice daily dosage regimen.

PMID- 2905257
TI  - [Changes in sensitivity of lymphocyte cholinergic receptors in patients with
      breast cancer].
AB  - Alteration of the cholinoreceptor sensitivity of peripheral blood lymphocytes in
      patients with breast cancer was studied by the lymphocyte adhesion inhibition
      test (LAI-test). It has been shown that acetylcholine stimulates the LAI-reaction
      in optimal concentrations of 10(-7)-10(-8) M. Specific antagonists (m
      cholinoblocker of atropin and n-cholinoblocker of hexonium) being used, it is
      demonstrated that the revealed cholinergic enhancement of the lymphocyte
      adherence inhibition is mediated through the stimulating influence of
      acetylcholine on m-cholinoreceptors. It is established that the lymphocyte
      cholinoreceptor sensitivity of the patients with breast cancer at the advanced
      stages is significantly lower than in patients with breast cancer at early
      stages.

PMID- 2905258
TI  - Characterization and comparison of the role of beta-agonists on in vivo and in
      vitro surfactant-related phospholipid synthesis and secretion by fetal rabbit
      lung and isolated type II alveolar cells.
AB  - The role of beta-adrenergic stimulation in surfactant synthesis and secretion was
      investigated in the fetal lung. Fetuses were treated with isoxsuprine or saline
      on gestational day 24 by ip injection. Three days later the fetal lungs were
      lavaged and intracellular surfactant was isolated on a sucrose gradient.
      Concurrently undifferentiated type II alveolar cells were isolated from 24-day
      fetal rabbit lung and grown in vitro. In the in vivo portion of the study,
      examination of surfactant pool sizes revealed that only saline treatment produced
      a significant elevation in tissue-stored or secreted surfactant compared to
      untreated controls. Isoxsuprine appeared to inhibit the saline-induced increase.
      In the case of the intracellular surfactant, the phosphatidylcholine content per
      gram of lung was significantly increased after saline treatment. In vitro
      response of isolated type II alveolar cells to isoxsuprine was dependent on prior
      incubation of the cells for 24 h with conditioned medium. Isoxsuprine stimulated
      a dose-dependent decrease in the intracellular stores of radioactively labeled
      DSPC after 24 h of exposure to the drug. A corresponding increase in labeled DSPC
      in the culture medium was observed. Forth-eight hours after exposure to the drug,
      those cells that had secreted the highest level of DSPC displayed the highest
      levels of renewed synthesis of DSPC. This study indicates that the immature fetal
      lung can be induced to synthesize surfactant-related phospholipid by the stress
      of laparotomy and/or drug administration. Short-term exposure to beta-agonists is
      insufficient to stimulate secretion of surfactant stores. In contrast, isolated
      type II alveolar cells exposed to isoxsuprine respond by secreting DSPC.

PMID- 2905259
TI  - Protein deficiency potentiates oxygen toxicity.
AB  - Male rats (Charles River COBS-CD derived) fed protein-deficient diets showed
      enhanced toxicity with failure of elevation of lung glutathione levels with
      exposure to greater than 98% O2. Replenishment of S-containing amino acids in the
      protein-deficient diets allowed elevation of lung glutathione and prevention of
      enhanced toxicity. Studies with endothelial cell cultures exposed to hyperoxia
      showed elevation of cellular glutathione coupled with enhanced uptake of amino
      acid precursors of glutathione. We postulate that hyperoxia causes an enhancement
      of uptake of S-containing amino acids necessary for glutathione synthesis,
      overriding glutathione feedback of its own synthesis. Limitation of available S
      containing amino acids prevents elevation of glutathione synthesis and is
      detrimental to the cell exposed to hyperoxia.

PMID- 2905260
TI  - A new locus (NIA 1) in Arabidopsis thaliana encoding nitrate reductase.
AB  - We have isolated two nitrate reductase genes and their corresponding cDNAs from
      Arabidopsis thaliana. Sequences of the two cDNAs, when compared to a sequence of
      a barley cDNA clone, confirm their identity as nitrate reductase clones and show
      that they are closely related. The two genes have been mapped using restriction
      fragment length polymorphisms; gNR2 is close to the previously identified chl-3
      locus and is probably identical to it, while gNR1 maps to a new locus (NIA1) on
      chromosome 1, near gl-2.

PMID- 2905261
TI  - Receptors compete for adaptors found in plasma membrane coated pits.
AB  - An affinity matrix of LDL receptor cytoplasmic tails binds the HA-II 100/50/16 kd
      complexes found in plasma membrane coated pits. Other receptors (or their
      cytoplasmic domains), which are localized in coated pits during endocytosis,
      inhibit this binding. This includes an 8 residue peptide containing tyrosine,
      corresponding to the cytoplasmic portion of a mutant influenza haemagglutinin. In
      contrast, the equivalent peptide lacking tyrosine (like the tail of the native
      haemagglutinin, a protein excluded from coated pits) does not compete. These
      results imply that the HA-II complex has a recognition site for a common signal,
      probably involving a tyrosine residue, carried by the LDL receptor and competing
      receptors also found in plasma membrane coated pits. The HA-II complex therefore
      fulfils the role of an 'adaptor', the name proposed for the structural units
      which mediate the binding of clathrin to receptors in coated vesicles. Another
      related complex, the HA-I adaptor, which is restricted to Golgi coated pits,
      probably does not recognize the 'tyrosine signal' on the LDL receptor tail. The
      HA-I adaptor is likely to contain a recognition site for a different signal
      carried by receptors, e.g. the mannose-6-phosphate receptor, which are found in
      Golgi coated pits.

PMID- 2905262
TI  - Combinatorial expression of a ftz-zen fusion promoter suggests the occurrence of
      cis interactions between genes of the ANT-C.
AB  - The nine homeobox genes contained within the Antennapedia gene complex (ANT-C)
      are precisely regulated during embryonic development. It is not known to what
      extent the physical linkage of these genes contributes to their normal patterns
      of expression. Here we show that cis regulatory elements associated with one
      homeobox gene can act over a long distance (approximately 20 kb) to influence the
      expression of another homeobox gene. Specifically, fushi tarazu (ftz) promoter
      elements can direct the periodic expression of the z2 gene, which normally shows
      a simple 'dorsal on/ventral off' pattern of expression. An 80 kb deletion within
      the ANT-C [Df(3R)LIN] juxtaposes the z2 and ftz promoters, resulting in a hybrid
      expression pattern whereby z2 transcripts are distributed within periodic stripes
      that are confined to dorsal and lateral tissues and not observed in the ventral
      mesoderm. This observation suggests that separate promoter elements of different
      genes can function in a combinatorial manner, and that the patterns of ANT-C gene
      expression might depend on cis regulatory interactions.

PMID- 2905263
TI  - Increased turnover of the messenger RNA encoding tyrosine aminotransferase can
      account for the desensitization and de-induction of tyrosine aminotransferase by
      8-bromo-cyclic AMP treatment and removal.
AB  - Treatment of H-4 rat hepatoma cells with 8-bromo-cyclic AMP (8-Br-cAMP) resulted
      in a transient induction of the gluconeogenic enzyme tyrosine aminotransferase.
      Synthesis of tyrosine aminotransferase and the level of its corresponding mRNA
      peaked 2 h after the addition of the cyclic nucleotide and declined thereafter.
      Tyrosine aminotransferase synthesis and mRNA failed to respond to the readdition
      of fresh 8-Br-cAMP, a process which we defined as desensitization. Removal of 8
      Br-cAMP resulted in a decrease in tyrosine aminotransferase synthesis and mRNA, a
      process defined as de-induction. The relative transcription rate of the tyrosine
      aminotransferase gene and the turnover of its mRNA were determined by labeling
      intact cells with [3H]uridine. 8-Br-cAMP led to an increase in the rate of
      tyrosine aminotransferase transcription which was sustained for at least 4 h. The
      transcription rate declined upon de-induction. In addition, 8-Br-cAMP increased
      the turnover rate of tyrosine aminotransferase mRNA, but only after a 1.5-3 h
      time lag. This increased degradation rate persisted for at least 1.5 h after the
      removal of 8-Br-cAMP. These two contrasting and temporally distinct processes
      could account for the observed changes in tyrosine aminotransferase mRNA levels
      in response to 8-Br-cAMP treatment and removal.

PMID- 2905264
TI  - Import of proteins into yeast mitochondria: the purified matrix processing
      protease contains two subunits which are encoded by the nuclear MAS1 and MAS2
      genes.
AB  - We have purified the metalloprotease which is localized in the soluble matrix
      space of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondria and cleaves the amino-terminal
      matrix-targeting sequences from imported mitochondrial precursor proteins. The
      enzyme consists of two loosely associated non-identical subunits of mol. wt
      48,000 and 51,000, respectively. Attempts to separate the two subunits from each
      other caused loss of activity. The smaller subunit had been identified as the
      product of the nuclear MAS1 gene (Witte et al., 1988). The larger subunit is now
      identified as the product of the nuclear MAS2 gene.

PMID- 2905265
TI  - Secretion of cyclolysin, the calmodulin-sensitive adenylate cyclase-haemolysin
      bifunctional protein of Bordetella pertussis.
AB  - The calmodulin-sensitive adenylate cyclase of Bordetella pertussis, a 45 kd
      secreted protein, is synthesized as a 1706 amino acid precursor. We have shown
      that this precursor is a bifunctional protein, carrying both adenylate cyclase
      and haemolytic activities. The 1250 carboxy-terminal amino acids of the precursor
      showed 25% similarity with Escherichia coli alpha-haemolysin (HlyA) and 22%
      similarity with Pasteurella haemolytica leucotoxin. Three open reading frames
      were identified downstream from the cyaA gene: cyaB, cyaD and cyaE, coding for
      polypeptides of 712, 440 and 474 amino acid residues, respectively. As for E.
      coli alpha-haemolysin, secretion of B.pertussis adenylate cyclase and haemolysin
      requires the expression of additional genes. The gene products of cyaB and cyaD
      are highly similar to HlyB and HlyD, known to be necessary for the transport of
      HlyA across the cell envelope and for its release into the external medium.
      Complementation and functional studies indicate that the B.pertussis adenylate
      cyclase-haemolysin bifunctional protein is secreted by a mechanism similar to
      that described for E.coli alpha-haemolysin, requiring, in addition to the cyaB
      and cyaD gene products, the presence of a third gene product specified by the
      cyaE gene.

PMID- 2905266
TI  - One-year follow-up of panic disorder. Outcome and prognostic factors.
AB  - A 1-year follow-up study was carried out in 77 patients with panic attacks (panic
      disorder). Of these patients 43% were remitted; avoidance behaviour and chronic
      anxiety were more persistent than panic attacks within the 1-year period. The
      main predictor for features of anxiety in the follow-up was avoidance behaviour.
      The most prominent prognostic factor for features of depression was the history
      of previous depressive episodes. Female patients had a poorer outcome than male
      patients.

PMID- 2905267
TI  - Differential effects of EEDQ on the dopamine D-1 receptor in vivo and in vitro.
AB  - As measured in vitro by means of [3H]SCH 23390 saturation analysis, 5 and 10
      mg/kg (i.p., 24 h) of EEDQ caused a 70% reduction and 20 mg/kg and 80% reduction
      in the numbers of D-1 receptors. In vivo, also measured by [3H]SCH 23390
      saturation analysis, 5 mg/kg of EEDQ caused no significant reduction in the D-1
      receptor number whereas 10 and 20 mg/kg caused a 40 and 70% reduction,
      respectively. This difference in sensitivity to EEDQ in vivo as compared to in
      vitro suggests that EEDQ only destabilizes the D-1 receptor, whereas the
      inactivation occurs during preparation of the tissue for in vitro binding. Thus,
      caution should be exercised when animals depleted of D-1 receptors by EEDQ are
      used for behavioral studies.

PMID- 2905268
TI  - Disparate effects of neuropeptide Y and clonidine on the excretion of sodium and
      water in the rat.
AB  - Previous studies have demonstrated a similarity between the ability of
      neuropeptide Y (NPY) and clonidine to inhibit renin release and inhibit cAMP
      production. We therefore compared the effects of clonidine and NPY on the
      excretion of sodium and water in anesthetized rats which were unilaterally
      nephrectomized (right kidney) 10 days prior to the experiment. On the
      experimental day, rats were anesthetized (nembutal) and the left kidney exposed
      for the intrarenal infusion of the study drugs. The lowest dose of NPY (0.3
      microgram/kg per min) investigated failed to alter renal function. Clonidine (0.3
      microgram/kg per min) and NPY (1 microgram/kg per min) produced a similar
      increase in urine volume. Only NPY increased sodium excretion and osmolar
      clearance. Free water clearance was only increased by clonidine. Blood pressure
      and creatinine clearance were similar in all groups investigated. These effects
      were attenuated by pretreatment with pertussis toxin (5 days). The ability of
      pertussis toxin to block these effects suggests that the renal effects of NPY and
      clonidine are coupled to a G protein, conceivably the inhibitory Gi protein of
      the adenylate cyclase system. The disparate effects on sodium excretion and on
      free water and osmolar clearance indicate that the effects of these compounds may
      be mediated through the inhibition of different pools of hormonally stimulated
      cAMP.

PMID- 2905269
TI  - Peripheral and central antinociceptive actions of ethylketocyclazocine in the
      formalin test.
AB  - The antinociceptive actions of ethylketocyclazocine and morphine were examined in
      rats in a thermal nociceptive test (tail-immersion) and a test involving minor
      tissue injury (formalin). In the formalin test, the antinociceptive effects of
      high doses of ethylketocyclazocine, but not morphine, were attenuated by the
      peripherally acting antagonist naloxone methylbromide. Naloxone methylbromide had
      no effect on antinociception produced by ethylketocyclazocine in the tail
      immersion test. When ethylketocyclazocine was injected intraventricularly, only
      partial antinociception was observed in the formalin test. Conversely, naloxone
      given intraventricularly only partially attenuated the antinociception produced
      by ethylketocyclazocine given systemically. The data indicate that the
      antinociceptive effects of ethylketocyclazocine in the tissue injury-induced
      nociception are a result of summation of central and peripheral actions. Morphine
      antinociception reaches ceiling at doses that are devoid of such peripheral
      actions. The data imply that it may be possible to develop a new class of
      peripherally acting analgesics that are effective in acute inflammatory pain.

PMID- 2905270
TI  - Increased grooming behaviour is induced by apomorphine in mice treated with
      discriminant benzamide derivatives.
AB  - Grooming behaviour in mice was dose dependently increased by SK&F 38393 (1.87-30
      mg/kg), whereas it was dose dependently decreased by RU 24926 (2.5-10 mg/kg) or
      LY 171555 (0.4-1.6 mg/kg) alone or combined with SK&F 38393 or apomorphine (0.39
      6 mg/kg). The inhibitory effect of 0.75 mg/kg apomorphine on grooming behaviour
      was not modified by SCH 23390, chlorpromazine, clozapine and thioridazine. In
      contrast, it was antagonized by eight other dopamine antagonists: a partial
      restoration to grooming scores lower or similar to those determined in control
      mice was obtained with flupentixol, haloperidol, metoclopramide, thioproperazine
      and tiapride, whereas a reversal to grooming scores higher than those determined
      in control mice was obtained with mice treated with (+/-)-sulpiride, amisulpride
      or RIV 2093. Furthermore, only SCH 23390, chlorpromazine and clozapine
      antagonized SK&F 38393 (1.87 mg/kg)-induced grooming behaviour, whereas the
      effects of flupentixol, thioridazine, metoclopramide, haloperidol and amisulpride
      in SK&F 38393-treated mice were parallel to those of control mice. Finally, SCH
      23390 (20 micrograms/kg) antagonized the apomorphine-induced grooming in mice
      treated with amisulpride, (+/-)-sulpiride or tiapride. These data confirm the
      potential role of D-1 dopamine receptors in the expression of grooming behaviour
      and indicate that the dopamine receptors involved in the inhibition of grooming
      could be of the D-4 subtype. Our results also reveal that chlorpromazine and
      clozapine have D-1 antagonist properties and suggest that the modulation of
      apomorphine-induced grooming behaviour by dopamine antagonists in mice could be
      used as a test for their classification according to their activity at the
      different dopamine receptor subtypes.

PMID- 2905271
TI  - 6,7-Dinitro-quinoxaline-2,3-dion and 6-nitro,7-cyano-quinoxaline-2,3-dion
      antagonise responses to NMDA in the rat spinal cord via an action at the
      strychnine-insensitive glycine receptor.
AB  - 6,7-Dinitro-quinoxaline-2,3-dion (DNQX) and 6-nitro,7-cyano-quinoxaline-2,3-dion
      (CNQX) produce an unsurmountable antagonism of responses to N-methyl-D-aspartate
      (NMDA) in the baby rat hemisected spinal cord. These effects of DNQX and CNQX can
      be prevented in a dose-dependent manner by co-superfusion with D-serine or
      glycine (in the presence of strychnine). The results suggest that the
      unsurmountable blockade of NMDA responses by DNQX and CNQX reflects an antagonist
      effect mediated at the allosterically linked strychnine-insensitive glycine
      receptor.

PMID- 2905272
TI  - Improving palatal attachments.

PMID- 2905273
TI  - Intra-ventricular infusion of the NMDA antagonist AP5 impairs performance on a
      non-spatial operant DRL task in the rat.
AB  - Rats were trained to lever press on a differential reinforcement of low rates
      (DRL-18 s) schedule. They were then allocated to four treatment groups. These
      were: hippocampal aspiration lesions [HIPP]; implantation of osmotic minipumps
      for intraventricular infusion of either (a) the NMDA receptor antagonist 30 mM D,
      L-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid [AP5] or (b) vehicle [VEH]; and an unoperated
      control group [UNOP]. In subsequent DRL testing, the HIPP group showed a profound
      and enduring loss of efficiency, resulting from an increased tendency to respond
      too early; the AP5 group showed a qualitatively similar, but less severe,
      impairment followed by full recovery once the minipumps had expired; the VEH and
      UNOP groups both maintained their pre-operative levels of efficiency. We conclude
      that AP5 infusion disrupts temporary memory storage in the hippocampus, and that
      the hippocampus is concerned with the retention of memories outside the purely
      spatial domain.

PMID- 2905274
TI  - HIV-serology and lymphocyte subsets in relation to therapy and clinical
      development in haemophiliacs.
AB  - 389 Swedish patients with haemophilia A, B or von Willebrand's disease were
      examined for HIV-1 antibodies. T-cell subsets were measured in 260 of them. HIV-1
      antibodies were found in 98 of these patients. Of the 199 patients with severe or
      moderate haemophilia A, 44% were seropositive. They had seroconverted between
      1979 and 1983. HIV-1-seropositive patients had significantly decreased numbers of
      CD4 cells and increased numbers of CD8 cells. The seronegative haemophilia A
      patients had significantly increased numbers of CD8 cells. The T-cell subsets
      were followed for a median of 40 months in 73 seropositive patients. All groups
      of patients, at different clinical stages, showed decreasing numbers of CD4
      cells. The most pronounced decrease was seen in the patients who developed AIDS,
      followed by the group which developed HIV-related signs or symptoms. HIV antigen
      in serum and antibody pattern in Western blot and ELISA were followed in 89
      patients. HIV-1 antigen was present and p24 antibodies were lacking in 11% and
      13% of asymptomatic subjects, in 13% and 20% of patients with persistent
      generalized lymphadenopathy, in 33% and 38% of patients with other HIV-related
      signs or symptoms and in 5/6 of the AIDS patients, respectively. In conclusion,
      the decrease of CD4 cells and the presence of HIV antigen and/or absence of p24
      antibodies were found to be prognostic markers for HIV disease.

PMID- 2905275
TI  - [Neurotropic effects of tranquilizers administered intrathecally].
AB  - The effects of intrathecally administered benzodiazepines diazepam, flurazepam
      and flunitrazepam on the pain thresholds in rats were studied by using
      chronically implanted catheters. Despite benzodiazepine-induced marked muscle
      relaxation and sedative effect, benzodiazepines produced no significant changes
      in the thresholds during tests of tail flick and paw compression whereas morphine
      was effective in both tests. Experiments with 14C-diazepam and 3H-flunitrazepam
      showed that after intrathecal administration these substances rapidly enter the
      brain. It was found that 10-15 minutes after intrathecal administration 3H
      flunitrazepam concentration in the frontal parts of the brain is 1/4 of its
      concentration in the lumbar spinal cord. The data suggest that these
      benzodiazepines possess no antinociceptive activity at intrathecal administration
      to rats and that way of administration fails to prevent their action on the
      brain.

PMID- 2905276
TI  - [Mechanisms of the thrombocytic effects of beta-adrenoblockaders].
AB  - Beta-adrenoblockers were found to be able of suppressing platelet aggregation
      through beta 2-subtype of adrenoreceptors. This is due to the membrane
      stabilizing action of beta-adrenoblockers which by binding to the receptors
      decrease microviscosity of the membranes and prevent the opposite shift under the
      influence of aggregation inductors.

PMID- 2905277
TI  - [The protective effect of pantothenic acid derivatives and changes in the system
      of acetyl CoA metabolism in acute ethanol poisoning].
AB  - Calcium pantothenate (CaP), calcium 4'-phosphopantothenate (CaPP), pantethine,
      panthenol, sulfopantetheine and CoA decrease acute toxicity of acetaldehyde in
      mice. All studied compounds diminish duration of the narcotic action of ethanol-
      ET (3.5 g/kg intraperitoneally) in mice and rats. In the latter this effect is
      realized at the expense of "long sleeping" and "middle sleeping" animals. CaP
      (150 mg/kg subcutaneously) and CaPP (100 mg/kg subcutaneously) prevent
      hypothermia and a decrease of oxygen consumption in rats induced by ET
      administration. Combined administration of ET, CaP and CaPP leads to a
      characteristic increase of acid-soluble CoA fractions in the rat liver and a
      relative decrease of acetyl CoA synthetase and N-acetyltransferase reactions. The
      antitoxic effect of preparations of pantothenic acid is not mediated by CoA
      dependent reactions of detoxication, but most probably is due to intensification
      of ET oxidation and perhaps to its elimination from the organism.

PMID- 2905278
TI  - [The organization of ambulatory care at feldsher-midwife centers].

PMID- 2905279
TI  - [Professional violations of the law by paramedical personnel and their prevention
      (2)].

PMID- 2905280
TI  - Ultrastructure of the APUD-like cells of the frog thymus gland.
AB  - Within the thymus gland of the European common frog, Rana temporaria, cells with
      endocrine- like appearance have been found. At the ultrastructural level the most
      characteristic feature of their cytoplasm is the presence of secretory granules.
      Some cells possess irregular electron lucent granules with an eccentrically
      located dense core while others possess smaller electron dense granules. The
      cytoplasm contains also cisterns of rough endoplasmic reticulum, free ribosomes,
      and small mitochondria. The cells possess irregular nuclei with the pronounced
      nucleoli. These endocrine-like cells are connected by desmosomes with
      neighbouring non-granulated epithelial cells. Ultrastructural features of the
      cells described here resemble those seen in polypeptide hormone-secreting cells
      belonging to the family of cells of the APUD (Amine Precursor Uptake and
      Decarboxylation) series.

PMID- 2905281
TI  - [Effect of islet activating protein on somatostatin-induced inhibition of
      cellular cyclic AMP content in isolated rat pancreatic acini].
AB  - Our previous study concerning guanine nucleotides regulation of labeled
      somatostatin binding has suggested that somatostatin receptors on pancreatic
      acinar cell membranes probably couple with the inhibitory guanine nucleotide
      regulatory protein (Ni). In order to clarify the possible role of Ni in mediating
      signal transduction of somatostatin in the pancreas, we further examined the
      effect of pretreatment with islet activating protein (IAP) on the inhibition of
      VIP-stimulated cellular cyclic AMP content by somatostatin in isolated rat
      pancreatic acini. Increasing concentrations of somatostatin decreased VIP
      stimulated cellular content of cyclic AMP in the acini, with a maximal inhibition
      at 10(-8) M somatostatin. When pancreatic acini were pretreated with varying
      concentrations of IAP for 4 hours, the somatostatin-induced inhibition of cyclic
      AMP content was attenuated in a dose dependent manner by IAP pretreatment.
      Incubation of pancreatic acinar membrane with preactivated IAP and [32P] NAD
      resulted in labeling of a Mr = 41,000 protein band, consistent with alpha-subunit
      of Ni in many other cell types previously reported. On the other hand, a Mr =
      41,000 protein band on SDS gel was reduced in a dose dependent fashion by IAP
      pretreatment, when acini were pretreated with increasing concentrations of IAP.
      These results suggest that only the Mr = 41,000 protein is a specific substrate
      in pancreatic acinar membranes for IAP-induced ADP-ribosylation. Furthermore, the
      reduction of 32P incorporation to Mr = 41,000 protein by IAP pretreatment
      occurred in parallel to decreases in somatostatin-induced inhibition of cellular
      cyclic AMP contents in pancreatic acini.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2905282
TI  - Ultrasound measurement of fetal abdominal circumference and the ratio of
      biparietal diameter to transverse abdominal diameter in a mixed Nigerian
      population.
AB  - The fetal abdominal circumference (FAC) and biparietal diameter to transverse
      abdominal diameter ratio (BPD/TAD) were measured by ultrasound in 219 normal
      pregnant Nigerian women from 20 weeks until term using the cross-sectional
      method. There was a progressive linear growth of the FAC and a consistent
      standard deviation throughout the study period. When compared to caucasian growth
      curves, the curve shapes were identical but the FAC values were consistently less
      for each week of gestation in our Nigerian sample. The BPD/TAD ratio showed a
      progressive fall from 20 weeks until term similar to that previously noted for
      fetal head circumference to abdominal circumference ratio, indicating that this
      parameter may also be useful for predicting abnormal fetal growth.

PMID- 2905283
TI  - Postmenopausal endometrial patterns and serum estradiol concentrations.
AB  - Eighty postmenopausal women were subjected to endometrial biopsy. Inadequate
      biopsy was recorded in 30 cases. In the remaining cases (n = 50) the correlation
      between endometrial patterns and serum estradiol (E2) was performed. These cases
      were presenting with uterine bleeding (n = 38) or minor gynecological symptoms (n
      = 12). Proliferative endometrium was the predominant endometrial pattern whereas
      endometrial malignancy was only present in 15.8% of the bleeding cases. Serum E2
      was significantly elevated in cases having malignant endometrium or adenomatous
      hyperplasia compared to cases having other endometrial patterns. Serum E2
      measurement is recommended as a simple screening test for the detection of
      postmenopausal endometrial hyperplasia and/or malignancy.

PMID- 2905284
TI  - Urinary estrone glucuronide, pregnanediol glucuronide and human chorionic
      gonadotrophin in threatened abortion.
AB  - Estimations of urinary estrone glucuronide, pregnanediol glucuronide and human
      chorionic gonadotrophin were carried out by ELISA to see their potential in
      predicting an abnormal outcome in cases with vaginal bleeding in early pregnancy.
      Reference values were set up with samples from women without bleeding in present
      or past pregnancies and with normal ultrasonic findings. None of the parameters
      were found to be sensitive enough to predict an abnormal outcome. However,
      predictability of an abnormal value was found to be 95% for estrone-3-glucuronide
      (E1G), 93% for pregnanediol glucuronide (PdG) and 87% for human chorionic
      gonadotrophin (hCG).

PMID- 2905285
TI  - Breech births in twin pregnancy: an analysis of Apgar score and perinatal
      mortality from a Nigerian sample.
AB  - Perinatal mortality (PNM) rates are reported for 146 twin-1 and 192 twin-2 breech
      births among 622 consecutive twin pairs delivered at the University of Ilorin
      Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria. Stillbirths and infants with severe asphyxia
      (Apgar score 1-3) were recorded in significant proportions of both first and
      second twin breech infants. PNM rates were 13.7% twin-1, 18.8% twin-2; corrected
      PNM for infants weighing 2.0 kg or more, were 9.3% and 12.4% for twin-1 and twin
      2, respectively. Twin specific breech PNM decreased with increasing birthweight
      of first and second twin to a low optimum in the weight group 2.5-2.9 kg, and
      thereafter rose for both first and second twin with birthweight 3.0 kg and above.
      Factors such as low birthweight, breech/breech presentation, breech extraction
      and retained second twin breech contributed significantly to the high PNM rates.
      More favorable PNM rates were recorded among a limited number of breech infants
      delivered by primary cesarean section for breech/breech or first twin breech
      presentations. A liberal approach to cesarean section delivery for breech twin
      births, and particularly for paired breech/breech presentations is strongly
      advocated.

PMID- 2905286
TI  - Resurfacing the vulva and vagina.
AB  - Thirteen patients are described where split thickness skin grafts, cutaneous or
      myocutaneous flaps were used to cover large defects on the vulva and vagina. For
      defects over the pubic groin areas, the tensor fascia lata flaps are most
      suitable. Defects of the vulva are best covered by split thickness skin grafts or
      gracilis flaps, and vaginal defects by split thickness skin grafts or vulvar
      flaps.

PMID- 2905287
TI  - Intracervical administration of prostaglandin E2-gel prior to therapeutic
      abortion: a prospective randomized double-blind study.
AB  - Forty primigravid women due to undergo first trimester termination of pregnancy
      were randomly selected for intracervical application of 1 mg prostaglandin E2 in
      gel or gel only as placebo. In the PGE2-gel group, a marked dilatation of the
      cervical canal was obtained, with post-gel treatment mean Hegar dilatation of
      11.18 mm in that group, compared to 4.4 mm in the control group (P 0.001).
      Moreover, 16 (80%) patients in the PGE2-gel group had a complete abortion, one
      (5%) patient had an incomplete abortion and in the remaining three (15%)
      patients, fetal demise was observed. The mean induction-abortion interval in this
      group was 7.5 h. In the placebo group, none of the above effects were observed.
      The only side effect noted was vomiting, which occurred in five (25%) of the
      patients in the PGE2-gel group. Termination of pregnancy was found to be easier
      in the PGE2-gel group, compared to the placebo group.

PMID- 2905288
TI  - Clinical experiences with the Spring Coil intrauterine device: a ten-year follow
      up study.
AB  - In a ten-year follow-up study analysing 1080 cases and 29,138 cumulative woman
      months of use, the clinical experiences of the Spring Coil IUD are evaluated
      using the life table technique, the net cumulative pertinent termination rates
      calculated for 100 women at the end of the 10th year, were as follows: pregnancy
      1.2; expulsion 32.5; bleeding/pain removal 31.6; removal for other medical
      reasons 6.2. The results support the concept that in problem- and symptom-free
      cases, routine IUD removal is not necessary.

PMID- 2905289
TI  - Mitral valve prolapse and thromboembolic disease in pregnancy: a case report.
AB  - Mitral valve prolapse is usually a benign condition, however, serious
      complications have been reported to be associated with it. A report of retinal
      artery occlusion associated with mitral valve prolapse and pregnancy is
      presented.

PMID- 2905290
TI  - Cervico-vaginal fistula and spontaneous mid-trimester abortion.
AB  - An unusual complication of spontaneous second trimester abortion which was
      unaided by external agents is presented. We found no similar case in the
      literature.

PMID- 2905291
TI  - Inguinal ovary and fallopian tube--an unusual hernia.
AB  - A case of indirect inguinal hernia with an ovary and fallopian tube in the
      hernial sac is described. Additional evidence for developmental abnormality as a
      cause of this condition is advanced.

PMID- 2905292
TI  - AIDS and travel.

PMID- 2905293
TI  - Breech delivery: a critical evaluation of the mode of delivery and outcome of
      labor.
AB  - This is a retrospective study of 213 term, singleton, uncomplicated pregnancies
      presenting as breech. Thirty-two percent had elective cesarean section and 61% of
      those selected for vaginal delivery actually did so. Events in labor and fetal
      outcome suggest that vaginal delivery of a breech infant, after careful feto
      maternal assessment, continuous fetal monitoring, adequate progress in labor and
      delivery by an experienced "midwife", provides comparable fetal outcome to
      delivery by elective cesarean section.

PMID- 2905294
TI  - Plasma antithrombin III levels in pre-eclampsia and chronic hypertension.
AB  - Plasma levels of antithrombin III were tested during pregnancy in a control group
      of normal patients and in a study group that included patients with moderate and
      severe pre-eclampsia and chronic hypertension. The control group showed mean
      antithrombin III activity of 97.9 +/- 20.9%, the severe pre-eclamptic patients
      22.33 +/- 18.22%, the moderate pre-eclamptic patients 56.0 +/- 7.56%, and the
      chronic hypertensive patients 77.5 +/- 6.69%. The difference between normal
      pregnancy and moderate pre-eclampsia was significant at P less than 0.002, normal
      pregnancy and severe pre-eclampsia P less than 0.002, moderate and severe pre
      eclampsia P less than 0.002, chronic hypertension and normal pregnancy P less
      than 0.1, and chronic hypertension and severe pre-eclampsia P less than 0.002.
      All the severe pre-eclamptic patients and 2 out of 6 of the moderate pre
      eclamptic women were below 55.7% (mean - 2S.D.) of normal antithrombin III
      activity. Patients with heavy proteinuria had depressed antithrombin III
      activity. However, chronic hypertensive pregnancies, although rather a small
      group, had almost normal values of plasma antithrombin III activity. The plasma
      antithrombin III value may thus help to distinguish between chronic hypertension
      and severe pre-eclamptic disease.

PMID- 2905295
TI  - Birth patterns: are the Chinese in Guangzhou City different?
AB  - Diurnal birth patterns in the City of Guangzhou, China and the City of Calgary in
      Canada were compared. Chinese data were abstracted from the labor room log book
      of one large general hospital located in the Hai Zhu district of Guangzhou.
      Calgary birth data were abstracted from birth notification forms submitted to
      Calgary Health Services. Information included day of birth, time of delivery,
      type of delivery and parity. Calgary births are concentrated on Tuesdays to
      Fridays whereas in Guangzhou weekly patterns varied tremendously according to
      whether it was assisted or unassisted. Calgary births are below average at night
      and during evening shift. The time of birth in Guangzhou varied substantially
      with above average rates for non-assisted births noted at 0800-2400 h, and above
      average rates for assisted births noted at 0800-1700 h. Differences in hour of
      birth appeared to be related to obstetric intervention practices. Knowledge of
      birthing patterns are useful for effective hospital management.

PMID- 2905296
TI  - Apgar scores and umbilical cord arterial pH in the breech neonate.
AB  - Apgar scores and umbilical cord arterial pH measurements of 449 singleton breech
      deliveries are compared retrospectively to those of 1425 singleton vertex
      neonates. In the vaginal deliveries the Apgar scores and umbilical arterial pH
      were higher for the vertex neonates. There were no differences in either Apgar
      scores or umbilical arterial pH between the breech and vertex neonates delivered
      by cesarean section. Whereas Apgar scores in the less than 1000 g and greater
      than or equal to 2500 g weight groups were lower in the breech neonates delivered
      vaginally compared to cesarean section, umbilical arterial pH measurements were
      similar. The data suggest that liberal use of cesarean section may improve the
      Apgar scores but will probably not appreciably improve the acid-base status of
      the breech neonate.

PMID- 2905297
TI  - Long term follow-up of women with hypertension in pregnancy.
AB  - The reproductive history and the present health status of 66 patients who had had
      a pregnancy complicated by hypertension during the period 1972-1982 were
      retrospectively studied. Hypertension in pregnancy is a poor prognostic factor
      not only for the future development of hypertension but, also, as it is
      associated to a very poor reproductive history. Such complications are more
      frequent in pregnant women with very high blood pressure (greater than 160/100).
      In fact, in the case of a previous pregnancy, this group of patients had
      experienced a high rate of abortions (31.7%), premature deliveries (17.8%) and
      perinatal mortality (21.4%). Moreover, these women are subject to a higher risk
      (56.5%) of developing hypertension in successive pregnancies. Risk factors for
      determining the future development of hypertension are: familiar hypertension,
      the severity of hypertension during pregnancy and pluriparity.

PMID- 2905298
TI  - The effect of maternal age on primary cesarean section rate.
AB  - A retrospective analysis of computerized data from 11,815 patients with no
      history of previous cesarean section revealed an increasing primary cesarean
      section rate with increasing maternal age. This increase occurred over the entire
      reproductive age span. Fetal distress as an indication for primary cesarean
      section may account for this increase.

PMID- 2905299
TI  - Nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy.
AB  - To study the problem of nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy an epidemiological
      survey was undertaken, obtaining information from 500 consecutive antenatal
      patients. Seventy-six percent of women complained of symptoms during the first
      trimester, and in only 27% had the symptoms resolved by the twelfth week. Job
      efficiency was markedly impaired. Women who suffered nausea premenstrually, or on
      the oral contraceptive pill, were much more likely to develop symptoms, lending
      credence to a hormonal etiology for the condition.

PMID- 2905300
TI  - Contribution of congenital malformation to perinatal mortality in Lagos, Nigeria.
AB  - Over a 17-month period we prospectively recorded identifiable congenital
      malformations at delivery in singleton births in our hospital. Despite the
      prevailing religious and cultural belief we carried out autopsies in 41% of the
      perinatal deaths that occurred during the study period. Out of a total of 63
      (21/1000 singleton births) congenital malformations discovered, 21 (33%) were
      identified at autopsy only. About 16% of total perinatal deaths were due to
      congenital malformation. Cardiovascular malformations accounted for about 40% of
      perinatal deaths from congenital malformations followed by central nervous system
      malformation (23.3%), gastrointestinal malformations (20%), musculo-skeletal
      malformations (6.7%); renal malformations (3.3%) and others (6.7%). No
      relationship between maternal age, parity and congenital malformation was found.
      The results from this study suggest that with the use of autopsy, teratology may
      contribute significantly to the prevailing high perinatal mortality in Lagos more
      than was previously thought.

PMID- 2905301
TI  - Coupling of uterine contractions during labor: a pilot study.
AB  - A review of 2167 cardiotocograms revealed 53 (2.5%) with coupling of
      contractions. The data of these patients was compared to the data of 53 patients
      with cardiotocograms without coupling. In the coupling group there were more
      primigravidas (45 vs. 18), and a lower incidence of normal vaginal deliveries
      (11.3% vs. 83.0%). Vacuum and forceps deliveries occurred in 49.1% in the
      coupling group and cesarean births in 39.6%. The corresponding figures in the
      control group were 9.4% and 7.5%, respectively. Coupling seems to be a sign of
      dysfunctional labor associated with a high incidence of abnormal deliveries, but
      several confounding variables could not be ruled out.

PMID- 2905302
TI  - Assessment of the glucose tolerance test in unselected pregnancy using 75 g
      glucose load.
AB  - A 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed in 618 unselected
      pregnant Chinese women between 24 and 28 weeks gestation. The glucose response at
      fasting, 1, 2 and 3 h were studied. At 2 h the glucose level at 2-standard
      deviation and 4-standard deviation above the mean came very close to the criteria
      of abnormality suggested by the World Health Organization (WHO): 8.3 mmol/l vs.
      8.0 mmol/l for impaired glucose tolerance and 10.8 mmol/l vs. 11.0 mmol/l for
      gestational diabetes mellitus. The area under the glucose response curve also
      correlates best with the glucose levels at 2 h during the OGTT (y = 2.1x + 4.6, r
      = 0.885). The 75-g OGTT interpreted with the WHO criteria seems appropriate for
      pregnant Chinese women. The 75-g test has the added advantages of reducing
      administration cost and discomfort of the patients.

PMID- 2905303
TI  - The implications of childbearing in postpubertal girls in Sokoto, Nigeria.
AB  - A retrospective analysis of 337 young postpubertal delivered mothers was compared
      with other parturient women in Sokoto University Teaching Hospital (S.U.T.H.)
      during a 1-year period. In this analysis, late booking was identified as the most
      important factor that directly affects the perinatal outcome in young
      postpubertal pregnant mothers. The problems of postpubertal pregnancy were
      highlighted in order to motivate individuals towards family planning.

PMID- 2905304
TI  - Ovarian tumors in pregnancy.
AB  - Thirty-eight women were operated for an ovarian tumor diagnosed during pregnancy,
      with an incidence of 1/2328 deliveries. The diameter of all tumors was above 5
      cm. Of the 31 women operated before delivery, seven were untreated and 24
      received supportive progestational therapy. The rate of abortions was 85.7% in
      the untreated group and 10% in the hydroxy-progesterone-caproate group (HPC) (P
      less than 0.02). When the women received a total dose of HPC of more than 300 mg,
      9 of 10 pregnancies reached term with a live child. Two ovarian malignancies were
      found, 5.3% of all cases. In 42.9% of the women there were fertility problems
      later in life. Ovarian tumors during pregnancy should be removed as soon as
      possible, irrespective of the age of the pregnancy. If fully progesterone therapy
      is given, the danger of abortions is reduced to a minimum. Prophylactic
      antibiotic treatment should also be administered.

PMID- 2905305
TI  - Criteria for the oral glucose tolerance test in pregnant and non-pregnant
      Nigerian women.
AB  - In order to establish diagnostic criteria for detection of abnormal oral glucose
      tolerance test (OGTT) in pregnant and non-pregnant Nigerian women, the test was
      performed in 25 non-pregnant and 60 pregnant non-diabetic women at various
      trimesters of pregnancy. The upper limit of normal plasma glucose was the same as
      that from caucasian populations with respect to the fasting values but much less
      at 60 and 120 min. When compared to the non-pregnant controls, fasting plasma
      glucose was significantly lower during pregnancy, however, there was no change in
      glucose tolerance during pregnancy. The possible reasons for these observations
      are discussed and it would appear that our criteria would be the ideal ones to
      use for clinical purposes in Nigerian women.

PMID- 2905306
TI  - Serum lactic dehydrogenase isoenzymes alteration in carcinoma cervix uteri.
AB  - Serum LDH-isoenzyme studies revealed that in carcinoma cervix, the principal
      activity was confined to LDH-2 and LDH-3 with a significant rise in LDH-2
      fraction when compared with the control values (P less than 0.001). Radiotherapy
      caused significant lowering of LDH-2 and LDH-3 (P less than 0.001 in each case).
      There was no relation of LDH-isoenzyme distribution in different clinical stages
      and morphological distribution within the tumor. Further, LDH-2 and LDH-3 were
      found to be lowered significantly in good and moderate clinical radiation
      response (CRR) groups (P less than 0.001 in each case) but in poor CRR group no
      significant change in LDH-2 and LDH-3 was observed following radiotherapy. LDH
      isoenzyme determination in carcinoma cervix is very helpful in assessing the
      treatment response following radiotherapy and thus may be an important prognostic
      parameter.

PMID- 2905307
TI  - Experience with a new flexible hysteroscope.
AB  - This is a report of our experience with a new flexible fibroscope, the CHF P 10.
      We performed more than 50 diagnostic endoscopies and 28 operative procedures. It
      is extremely practical to perform diagnostic and operative procedures at the same
      time if necessary. The major advantages of the new fibroscope are its diameter
      (4.9 mm), flexibility and bendable tip (260 degrees range). This permits a
      substantial decrease in cervical dilatation and use of anesthesia. Because of
      this, hospitalization costs decrease and the safety of surgical procedures is
      increased.

PMID- 2905308
TI  - Expression of receptors, linked to cyclic AMP formation by cultures of human
      fetal astrocytes.

PMID- 2905309
TI  - Are post-mortem biochemical studies of human brain worthwhile?

PMID- 2905310
TI  - The use of renal cortical slices from the Fischer 344 rat as an in vitro model to
      evaluate nephrotoxicity.
AB  - The toxicity of several classical acute nephrotoxicants was evaluated in an in
      vitro system using renal cortical slices prepared from adult male Fischer 344
      rats. Gentamicin, cephaloridine, 4-ipomeanol, potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7),
      mercuric chloride (HgCl2), carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), and hexachlorobutadiene
      (HCBD) were preincubated with slices for 2 hr at 37 degrees C at concentrations
      ranging from 1 x 10(-6) to 1 x 10(-1) M. Following preincubation, slices were
      removed, rinsed in medium lacking the nephrotoxicant, and subsequently incubated
      for 90 min at 25 degrees C for physiological assessment of proximal tubular
      functions. Using a single preparation, slices were monitored for organic ion
      accumulation, gluconeogenesis, lipid peroxidation, and total glutathione (reduced
      and oxidized) concentrations. In addition, preincubation and incubation media
      were assessed for the presence of renal enzymes originating from brush border,
      cytosol, and lysosomes. The relative degree of toxicity in this model was
      consistent with nephrotoxic potency in vivo where HgCl2, K2Cr2O7 greater than
      HCBD greater than CCl4, cephaloridine greater than gentamicin greater than 4
      ipomeanol. Effects on organic ion accumulation, gluconeogenesis, and glutathione
      concentrations occurred simultaneously for each toxicant. Toxicants produced
      different effects on enzyme release and malondialdehyde formation. These results
      suggest that toxicity produced in vitro is representative of in vivo
      nephrotoxicity and support the further use of this model to evaluate mechanisms
      of nephrotoxicity.

PMID- 2905311
TI  - Neuromuscular effects of chronic exposure to fenthion in dogs and predictive
      value of electromyography.
AB  - Chronic exposure to organophosphates (OP) can result in nonspecific neurologic
      signs in both man and animals. Improved methods are needed to predict toxicity
      and to better characterize neuromuscular effects. In this study, dogs were
      exposed to an OP (fenthion) by weekly dermal application of a 20% solution at a
      dosage of 44 mg/kg. This dosage does not produce signs of acute OP toxicity in
      dogs, although plasma cholinesterase (ChE) levels are significantly decreased.
      Electromyograms (EMG) were used to monitor motor unit potential (MUP) activity at
      minimal and submaximal contractile effort in four different muscles. At 1-month
      intervals, muscle biopsies were obtained and plasma ChE levels were determined.
      At 3 months, hyperreflexia and/or mild proprioceptive deficits were observed. The
      dosage was reduced to 22 mg/kg for the remaining 3 months of the study. At the
      end of this 6-month study, nerve and muscle biopsies were obtained. Mean plasma
      ChE levels were decreased (preexposure value of 1775 IU/liter to low of 310
      IU/liter) and correlated with duration of exposure and change in dosage level.
      Fourier analysis of EMG indicated some increase in higher frequency components of
      the power spectrum with time, and analysis of individual MUPs revealed a
      significant (p less than 0.05) increase in the product of the amplitude times the
      duration of the potentials in all muscles examined. Biopsy results were
      supportive of EMG findings of altered neuromuscular function and loss of small
      motor units. The EMG changes were most consistent in the gastrocnemius muscle and
      were detected prior to development of clinical signs. These results indicate that
      EMG can be useful in monitoring OP exposure and predicting toxicity.

PMID- 2905312
TI  - [Medical treatment of hyperprolactinemic states using lisuride, a prolonged
      action dopaminergic].

PMID- 2905313
TI  - [Mexican contributions to vaccines].

PMID- 2905314
TI  - Partial linkage map of chromosome 13q in the region of the Wilson disease and
      retinoblastoma genes.
AB  - Genetic linkage maps are useful tools for defining the location of disease genes.
      Previously published maps of human chromosome 13 have been incomplete and have
      had ambiguities of order in the vicinity of the Wilson disease (WND) and
      retinoblastoma (RB1) genes. We have defined a six-locus map of this region using
      a large reference pedigree from Venezuela. Our map provides landmarks which will
      aid in the localization of WND, in determining the extent of deletions in
      retinoblastoma, and in the mapping of other marker loci.

PMID- 2905315
TI  - Expression of homeo box genes during mouse development: a review.

PMID- 2905316
TI  - polyhomeotic: a gene required for the embryonic development of axon pathways in
      the central nervous system of Drosophila.
AB  - Hypomorphic alleles of the locus polyhomeotic (ph) produce multiple, homeotic
      like transformations in adult flies that mimic dominant mutations in the
      Antennapedia and Bithorax complexes. Analysis of null alleles of ph has revealed
      a complex, embryonically lethal phenotype that includes cell death of the ventral
      epidermis and abnormalities in the patterns of expression of homeotic and
      segmentation genes. There is also a dramatic alteration in the pattern of axon
      pathways in the central nervous system, such that the wild-type array of
      segmentally repeated commissures and connectives is replaced by bundles of axons
      confined to the hemiganglia of origin. It is possible that this axonal phenotype
      is the result of loss of neuronal identity caused by abnormal homeotic and
      segmentation gene expression.

PMID- 2905317
TI  - Heat shock protein GroE of Escherichia coli: key protective roles against thermal
      stress.
AB  - An Escherichia coli mutant lacking the heat shock sigma-factor (sigma 32) is
      defective in transcription from heat shock promoters and cannot grow at
      temperatures above 20 degrees C. To assess physiological roles of sigma 32 and
      heat shock proteins, we isolated and characterized a set of temperature-resistant
      revertants from this deletion (delta rpoH) mutant. Most of them were found to
      carry a DNA insertion in the groE upstream region, resulting in high-level
      synthesis of major heat shock proteins GroE (GroES and GroEL). The levels of GroE
      produced varied in different revertants and correlated well with the maximum
      permissive temperatures; the highest GroE producers (approximately 10% of total
      protein) grew up to 40 degrees C but not at 42 degrees C. An additional mutation
      causing hyperproduction of DnaK (hsp70 homolog) was required for growth at 42
      degrees C. Such effects of GroE and DnaK on the sigma 32-deletion strains were
      also confirmed by using multicopy plasmids carrying groE or dnaK. Thus, GroE
      plays a key protective role in supporting growth at normal physiological
      temperatures (20-40 degrees C), whereas high levels of DnaK are required
      primarily at higher temperature.

PMID- 2905318
TI  - 7-[125I]iodoclonazepam: purification by high-performance liquid chromatography
      for use in a very sensitive benzodiazepine radioimmunoassay of broad specificity.
AB  - The purification of 7-[125I]iodoclonazepam by high-performance liquid
      chromatography (HPLC) for use in a very sensitive benzodiazepine radioimmunoassay
      is described. A silica column is used with a non-aqueous eluent and sequential
      ultra-violet and gamma-ray detection. A commercially available antiserum is used
      at a dilution of 1:1000. Blood samples are diluted 10-fold with buffer before
      analysis and only 25 microliters of diluted sample are required per assay tube.
      Benzodiazepines, but not the radiolabel, appear to be bound by blood proteins in
      competition with the antiserum and so, if undiluted blood is assayed, erroneously
      low results are obtained. The minimal sample requirement and the high sensitivity
      of the assay described here largely avoid this problem while maintaining
      acceptable detection limits. For diazepam, the detection limit is 2.5 ng/ml in
      blood or urine (after correction for the initial 10-fold dilution) and
      therapeutic or sub-therapeutic levels of many other benzodiazepines can be
      detected. In practice, the assay is reliable, simple to perform and extremely
      economical.

PMID- 2905319
TI  - Postmortem stability of DNA.
AB  - High-molecular-weight DNA was recovered postmortem in sufficient quantities from
      various human organ tissues as well as from blood, although not all organs were
      equally well suitable. Good DNA stability was found in brain cortex, lymph nodes
      and psoas muscle over a period of three weeks postmortem. Spleen and kidney
      showed good DNA stability up to five days postmortem but after longer periods,
      rapid degradation was observed. Yields of DNA from blood were not consistent
      because of the non homogeneity of samples. Blood clots were rich with DNA.
      Generally, the amount of degraded DNA correlated directly with the duration of
      the postmortem period. However in some cases, DNA degradation was already
      prominent after a short period. However in some cases, DNA degradation was
      already prominent after a short period. Case histories showed that high
      environmental temperature at the site of death and/or infectious diseases prior
      to death were the main factors for rapid autolysis. Gradual disappearance to
      complete loss of the long fragments (15-23 kb) was observed in DNA fingerprinting
      using the minisatellite probe 33.15. No extra-bands were noted, thus excluding
      erroneous conclusions. However, evidentiary value of older samples was lower.

PMID- 2905320
TI  - [Effect of beta receptor blockers on the pressure tolerance of the optic nerve
      head].

PMID- 2905322
TI  - [AIDS. Excessive decrease in T4 lymphocytes].

PMID- 2905321
TI  - [Timolol, betaxolol and befunolol in the treatment of glaucoma. Study of their
      bronchopulmonary effects].

PMID- 2905323
TI  - [Relinquishing reticence with regard to beta blockers].

PMID- 2905324
TI  - [Guidelines for lipid-lowering therapy. Results of the 2d Consensus Conference of
      the European Atherosclerosis Society. Press conference. London, 6 May 1988].

PMID- 2905325
TI  - [Lipid-lowering drugs].

PMID- 2905326
TI  - [Diabetes and hyperlipidemia. Increased coronary risk can be prevented].

PMID- 2905327
TI  - [Catalog of possibilities for decreasing coronary risk? Is the effort worth it?].

PMID- 2905328
TI  - [What should lipid-lowering nutrition include?].

PMID- 2905329
TI  - [Determine the cholesterol level early. Interview with Prof. G. Assmann,
      Munster].

PMID- 2905330
TI  - [Guidelines for lipid-lowering therapy. Concrete references for diagnosis and
      therapy. Recommendations of the European Atherosclerosis Society expanded and
      defined].

PMID- 2905331
TI  - [Stepwise diagnosis and therapy of hyperlipidemias].

PMID- 2905332
TI  - [New trends in hypertension therapy. Scientific workshop. Munich, 4 March 1988].

PMID- 2905333
TI  - [Effective combination in the therapy of hypertension. Prof. Dr. H. Brunner,
      Lausanne, elaborates on the advantages of a combination ACE inhibitor].

PMID- 2905334
TI  - [Therapeutic breakthrough often only with combination therapy. An ACE inhibitor
      plus diuretics in the therapy of hypertension].

PMID- 2905335
TI  - [Pharmacologic portrait of enalapril].

PMID- 2905336
TI  - [Kidney protection by an ACE inhibitor].

PMID- 2905337
TI  - [Tailoring therapy to the patient].

PMID- 2905338
TI  - [Lowering blood pressure effectively. Enalapril and hydrochlorothiazide in fixed
      combination and mild and moderate hypertension--results of a multicenter study].

PMID- 2905339
TI  - Integrating research projects into clinical service settings.

PMID- 2905340
TI  - Beta-blockade in acute myocardial infarction--a clinical perspective.

PMID- 2905341
TI  - Effects of different beta-blockers on lipid metabolism in chronic therapy of
      hypertension.
AB  - The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible time-related effects of long
      term monotherapy with different beta-blockers on plasma lipids in patients with
      essential hypertension. We studied 69 mild-moderate hypertensives, all males,
      aged 35-56 years belonging to the same working community. After 1-month placebo
      period, patients were assigned to receive propranolol 160 mg/day or atenolol 100
      mg/day or bisoprolol 10 mg/day or mepindolol 10 mg/day. They were followed-up for
      2 years. Blood pressure (BP), heart rate and blood samples for evaluation of
      total cholesterol (TC), LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides (TG) and HDL
      cholesterol (HDL-C) were taken before and after placebo period and every 6 months
      from the beginning of the active treatment. All beta-blockers caused similar
      reduction in BP values which persisted throughout the study. None of the beta
      blockers significantly affected TC and LDL-C. Propranolol caused the most
      pronounced changes in TG (+35-43%) and in HDL-C (-36-44%). Atenolol had the same
      qualitative effects but to a lesser extent (TG: +26-30%; HDL: -15-25%).
      Bisoprolol has more beta 1-selective than atenolol, and mepindolol, non-selective
      with ISA, increased TG (+15-28% and +13-23%) but did not significantly affect HDL
      C. Consequently, HDL-C and TG changes appeared to be related to the ancillary
      properties of the different beta-blockers and, in a lesser degree, to the
      duration of therapy.

PMID- 2905342
TI  - X-ray studies on crystalline complexes involving amino acids and peptides. XV.
      Crystal structures of L-lysine D-glutamate and L-lysine D-aspartate monohydrate
      and the effect of chirality on molecular aggregation.
AB  - L-Lysine D-glutamate crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2(1) with a =
      4.902, b = 30.719, c = 9.679 A, beta = 90 degrees and Z = 4. The crystals of L
      lysine D-aspartate monohydrate belong to the orthorhombic space group
      P2(1)2(1)2(1) with a = 5.458, b = 7.152, c = 36.022 A and Z = 4. The structures
      were solved by the direct methods and refined to R values of 0.125 and 0.040
      respectively for 1412 and 1503 observed reflections. The glutamate complex is
      highly pseudosymmetric. The lysine molecules in it assume a conformation with the
      side chain staggered between the alpha-amino and the alpha-carboxylate groups.
      The interactions of the side chain amino groups of lysine in the two complexes
      are such that they form infinite sequences containing alternating amino and
      carboxylate groups. The molecular aggregation in the glutamate complex is very
      similar to that observed in L-arginine D-aspartate and L-arginine D-glutamate
      trihydrate, with the formation of double layers consisting of both types of
      molecules. In contrast to the situation in the other three LD complexes, the
      unlike molecules in L-lysine D-aspartate monohydrate aggregate into alternating
      layers as in the case of most LL complexes. The arrangement of molecules in the
      lysine layer is nearly the same as in L-lysine L-aspartate, with head-to-tail
      sequences as the central feature. The arrangement of aspartate ions in the layers
      containing them is, however, somewhat unusual. Thus the comparison between the LL
      and the LD complexes analyzed so far indicates that the reversal of chirality of
      one of the components in a complex leads to profound changes in molecular
      aggregation, but these changes could be of more than one type.

PMID- 2905343
TI  - L-tryptophan in neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia.
AB  - Administration of the serotonin precursor L-tryptophan in a patient with
      neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia, produced a dramatic reduction in the
      severity of the abnormal movements within 24 hours. This report supports our
      hypothesis that alterations in the function of serotoninergic neurotransmission
      are implicated in the pathophysiology of neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia.

PMID- 2905344
TI  - Compound narcolepsy: development of biochemical imbalance.
AB  - In a review of existing literature, compound narcolepsy is shown to involve not
      only problems of sleep regulation, but also autonomic, hormonal, emotional, and
      possibly motor and cognitive dysfunctions, strongly implicating the hypothalamus,
      limbic system, and possibly the striatum and cortex in the disorder.
      Neurochemical studies and the pattern of narcoleptic symptoms support the idea of
      a dynamic imbalance between dopamine and acetylcholine in the etiology of the
      disorder. What is known about the natural history of compound narcolepsy suggests
      a developmental course beginning with fluctuations in dopamine release, followed
      by supersensitivity of dopamine autoreceptors, and later followed by a pattern of
      intrinsic oscillations and reciprocal "overshoots" in release of dopamine and
      acetylcholine to account for the typical sequence of appearance of narcoleptic
      symptoms.

PMID- 2905345
TI  - Population genetics of the globin genes in Polynesians.
AB  - Globin gene mapping data enable Polynesians to be divided into three distinct
      groups: (i) Maoris, Cook Islanders, (ii) Tongans, Samoans, (iii) Niue Islanders.
      Unusual RFLPs detected by the restriction enzymes Apa I and Bgl II are found in
      Polynesians. A high frequency of alpha-thalassemia in this population is
      explained by genetic drift and a founder effect.

PMID- 2905346
TI  - Homozygous beta zero-39 mutation with thalassemia intermedia in northern
      Sardinia: clinical, hematological and molecular analysis.
AB  - In this study, we investigated the clinical and hematological features and
      carried out alpha- and beta-globin gene analyses in 11 Sardinian adult beta zero
      thalassemia homozygotes from Northern Sardinia who were not transfusion
      dependent. Oligonucleotide analysis revealed in nine out of 11 patients the
      nonsense mutation at codon 39, which was associated either with haplotype II or
      IX (14/16 and 2/16 chromosomes, respectively). Haplotype II was linked to the A
      gamma T mutation. The G gamma globin level ranged from 50 to 70%. Four out of
      nine patients (44%) were heterozygous and 3/9 (33%) homozygous for the rightward
      deletional type of alpha-thalassemia; two (22%) had the normal alpha-gene
      complement. Patients who were alpha-thalassemia homozygotes (-alpha/-alpha)
      showed a more balanced globin chain synthesis ratio. This study confirms that
      alpha-thalassemia may ameliorate the clinical picture of homozygous beta zero
      thalassemia.

PMID- 2905347
TI  - The use of restriction fragment length polymorphisms for prenatal diagnosis: the
      estimation of diagnosable rate of multiple genetic markers and its use in
      detecting beta-thalassemia in a Chinese population.
AB  - As a codominant genetic marker, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)
      has been widely applied to the prenatal diagnosis of some genetic diseases. To
      evaluate the usefulness of the genetic markers in prenatal diagnosis, a
      parameter, the diagnosable rate or the proportion of diagnosable matings, is
      estimated when two or more genetic markers are used. The assessment is based on
      the distribution of haplotypes. By using the data of the distribution of
      haplotypes of beta-A (normal) and beta-T (beta-thalassemia) chromosomes in a
      Chinese population and the formula given, it is easy to calculate the different
      diagnosable rates of all the combinations of seven given genetic markers. The
      results could help us to find an appropriate combination of genetic markers in
      prenatal diagnosis and, therefore, makes it possible to obtain a sufficiently
      high diagnosable value with a limited number of genetic markers.

PMID- 2905348
TI  - Prenatal diagnosis of thalassemia: experiences at the Shanghai Children's
      Hospital.
AB  - Using DNA dot-blot hybridization, restriction endonuclease gene mapping with
      oligonucleotide probes, restriction fragment length polymorphism linkage
      analysis, and hybridization, prenatal diagnosis was performed for 32 pregnancies
      at risk for alpha-thalassemia and for 10 pregnancies at risk for beta
      thalassemia. The DNA samples were prepared from chorion villi or amniotic fluid
      cells.

PMID- 2905349
TI  - Cytogenetical investigations in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism and
      multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1.

PMID- 2905350
TI  - Amplification and overexpression of the P-glycoprotein genes and differential
      amplification of three other genes in SEWA murine multidrug-resistant cells.

PMID- 2905353
TI  - Temporomandibular joint evaluation and reconstruction.

PMID- 2905351
TI  - Histochemistry of nucleotidyl cyclases and cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases.

PMID- 2905354
TI  - Primary large B-cell malignant lymphoma.

PMID- 2905352
TI  - Organization of the guinea-pig uterine innervation. Distribution of
      immunoreactivities for different neuronal markers. Effects of chemical- and
      pregnancy-induced sympathectomy.
AB  - The structural organization of the guinea-pig uterine innervation was
      investigated by an immunofluorescence method using neurofibrillary protein (NF)
      and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) as general neuronal markers. NF- and NSE
      immunoreactive nerve trunks and non-varicose nerves formed continuous networks
      similar to nerves with analogue morphology and with immunoreactivities for
      tyrosine hydroxylase (TH; adrenergic nerves) and neuropeptide Y (NPY). NF- and
      NSE-immunoreactive non-varicose nerves occurred in the myometrium and along
      vessels, where TH- and NPY-immunoreactive varicose nerves were also comparatively
      frequent. After chemical sympathectomy all TH- and NPY-immunoreactive varicose
      nerves and most NF- and NSE-immunoreactive non-varicose nerves disappeared,
      suggesting colocalization of TH, NPY, NF and NSE immunoreactivities. During
      pregnancy all NF-, NSE-, TH- and NPY-immunoreactive nerve structures disappeared
      in the foetus-bearing uterine horns whereas in the cervix and non-foetus-bearing
      uterine horns only the myometrial TH- and NPY-immunoreactive varicose nerves
      disappeared. After parturition there was a complete structural restoration of all
      types of immunoreactive nerves in previously non-foetus-related tissue. The
      reinnervation of this tissue followed a similar time-course to that after
      chemical sympathectomy. In contrast, the reinnervation of previously foetus
      related tissue was much slower and incomplete. In conclusion, the whole autonomic
      uterine innervation undergoes overt structural changes during pregnancy and these
      changes are related to the foetus-bearing regions.

PMID- 2905355
TI  - Masquerading as coronary artery disease: idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic
      stenosis.

PMID- 2905356
TI  - A perspective on health benefits. Hypertension therapy.

PMID- 2905357
TI  - Intrabiliary rupture of hydatid liver cysts.

PMID- 2905358
TI  - Cough induced by enalapril and captopril.

PMID- 2905359
TI  - Effect of spider venom on cochlear nerve activity consistent with glutamatergic
      transmission at hair cell-afferent dendrite synapse.
AB  - Venom from the spider Argiope trifasciata, a highly specific blocker of the ionic
      channels associated with invertebrate glutamatergic receptors, was perfused
      through scala tympani of the basal turn of the pig cochlea. Its effect on
      spontaneous and driven activity of single afferent neurons was studied. 0.1 U/ml
      spider venom altered the maximum driven activity without an effect on spontaneous
      activity. 1 U/ml spider venom suppressed both spontaneous and driven activity.
      These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that L-glutamate is the
      neurotransmitter of the synapse between inner hair cells and primary auditory
      afferent neurons. The results also suggest that the differences in spontaneous
      activity between neurons may originate in variations in neurotransmitter release.

PMID- 2905360
TI  - Rhythmic discharge properties of caudal cochlear nucleus neurons during postnatal
      development in cats.
AB  - Action potentials recorded extracellularly from neurons within the caudal
      cochlear nuclei of developing cats exhibited distinctive temporal characteristics
      (i.e., rhythmic responses) in response to long-duration acoustic stimuli
      including both tone and noise bursts. Unlike the homogeneous response
      characteristics of auditory nerve fibers, cochlear nucleus neurons exhibited many
      variations in rhythmic discharge patterns. The majority of neurons within the
      caudal CN of kittens younger than 10 days of age responded rhythmically to long
      duration acoustic stimuli, however, the percentage of neurons responding
      rhythmically steadily decreased thereafter, and by the end of the second
      postnatal week most tonically-responding neurons maintained sustained steady
      state discharge rates throughout stimulation. Discharges of neurons recorded
      during the transitional ages (around 13 days) were rhythmic at low sensation
      levels and exhibited adultlike sustained patterns at higher levels. Using
      constant sensation level stimuli (re individual neuron thresholds), burst
      frequencies remained essentially constant during the period of development in
      which rhythmic responses were observed. Intervals separating discharge bursts
      decreased as stimulus intensities increased for all neurons studied during the
      relevant period, but were not related in an orderly way to stimulus frequency.
      The effects of intensity on response periodicity were not mimicked by altering
      the amount of neurotransmitter present at the postsynaptic cell through
      microiontophoresis of excitatory amino acids and their antagonists onto the
      surface of neurons within the caudal CN. In addition, some immature neurons which
      responded phasically to acoustic stimuli responded rhythmically during the
      simultaneous presentation of acoustic stimuli and neuroexcitatory agents (i.e.,
      glutamate). These results suggest that the source of the rhythmicity is not
      intrinsic to neurons in the caudal CN. Based on these and other observations we
      conclude that the most probable source of response periodicity observed early in
      development is the domination of inner hair cell output by efferent projections
      of the olivocochlear bundle, the temporal discharge patterns of which are also
      periodic.

PMID- 2905361
TI  - Central nervous system control of airway tone in guinea pigs: the role of
      histamine.
AB  - The central nervous system (CNS) plays an important role in the reflex control of
      bronchomotor tone, but the relevant neurotransmitters and neuromodulators have
      not been identified. In this study we have investigated the effect of histamine.
      Anesthetized male guinea pigs were prepared with a chronically implanted
      intracerebroventricular (icv) cannula and instrumented for the measurement of
      pulmonary resistance (RL), dynamic lung compliance (Cdyn), tidal volume (VT),
      respiratory rate (f), blood pressure (BP), and heart rate (HR). Administration of
      histamine (2-30 micrograms) icv caused a significant (P less than 0.05) reduction
      of Cdyn with no change in RL, VT, and f. At a dose of 100 micrograms icv,
      histamine caused an increase in RL (202 +/- 78%), a reduction of Cdyn (77 +/-
      9%), an increase in f (181 +/- 64%), and a reduction of VT (53 +/- 18%). There
      were no changes in BP and HR after 100 micrograms of icv histamine. In contrast,
      intravenous administration of histamine (0.1-2 micrograms/kg) caused a dose
      dependent decrease in Cdyn and increase in RL that was associated with tachypnea
      at each bronchoconstrictor dose. Intravenous histamine (2 micrograms/kg) produced
      a fall in BP and an increase in HR. The bronchoconstrictor responses to icv
      histamine were completely blocked by vagotomy and significantly reduced by
      atropine (0.1 mg/kg iv), whereas vagotomy and atropine did not block the
      bronchospasm due to intravenous histamine. Additional studies indicated that the
      pulmonary responses due to icv histamine (100 micrograms) were blocked by
      pretreatment with the H1-antagonist chlorpheniramine (1 and 10 micrograms, icv).
      These data indicate that histamine may serve a CNS neurotransmitter function in
      reflex bronchoconstriction in guinea pigs.

PMID- 2905362
TI  - Propranolol in the treatment of tardive akathisia: a report of two cases.
AB  - The authors present two patients suffering from tardive akathisia. They also
      review the available literature on the subject. Propranolol was found to be an
      effective treatment of tardive akathisia in both patients. The implications of
      this finding are discussed.

PMID- 2905363
TI  - Buspirone in the treatment of panic disorder: a controlled pilot comparison with
      clorazepate.

PMID- 2905364
TI  - Distribution of monoamine-synthesizing neurons in the human medulla oblongata.
AB  - We have employed immunohistochemical and morphometric procedures to study the
      distribution of monoamine-synthesizing neurons in the medulla oblongata of the
      adult human, utilizing antibodies to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH),
      phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT), and phenylalanine hydroxylase
      (PH8). In the human brain, the antigen with which PH8 reacts occurs within
      neurons that presumably synthesize serotonin (Haan et al., '87). Neurons
      containing these antigens were mapped and counted in successive coronal sections
      with the aid of a computer-assisted procedure. The results indicate that
      monoamine-synthesizing neurons are distributed in the human brain in patterns
      broadly similar to those described for other species. TH-immunoreactive cells
      extended caudorostrally for approximately 32 mm commencing at the spinomedullary
      junction and ending 8 mm caudal to the pontomedullary junction. In coronal
      sections these TH-immunoreactive neurons were seen in the lateral medulla dorsal
      to the inferior olive extending in a continuous band to the dorsomedial medulla.
      Above the obex the majority of these cells apparently synthesize adrenaline since
      many PNMT-immunoreactive cells were also found in this region. There were few or
      no PNMT-immunoreactive cells caudal to the obex, indicating that the TH
      immunoreactive cells in this region synthesize either noradrenaline or dopamine.
      Approximately 65% of these TH-immunoreactive neurons contained melanin pigment,
      whereas few or no PNMT-immunoreactive cells contained melanin pigment. PH8
      immunoreactive cells extended throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the medulla
      oblongata (approximately 40 mm). In coronal sections the majority were found in
      the medullary raphe nuclei. However, many cells throughout the rostrocaudal
      extent of the medulla were found laterally intermingled with catecholamine
      synthesizing neurons. Occasional neurons in the lateral medulla appeared to
      contain both PH8- and TH-immunoreactivity.

PMID- 2905365
TI  - Neuronal localization of prosomatostatin mRNA in the rat brain with in situ
      hybridization histochemistry.
AB  - Individual neurons containing prosomatostatin mRNA were identified with in situ
      hybridization histochemistry. Our results demonstrate a widespread distribution
      of prosomatostatin mRNA in several regions of the rat central nervous system.
      Neurons containing this transcript were most abundant in the anterior olfactory
      nucleus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala as well as in all regions of the
      cerebral cortex. Moreover, the distribution of mRNA-containing perikarya was
      coextensive with the location of neurons containing somatostatin-like
      immunoreactivity in all areas of the brain examined. Somatostatin neurons varied
      in their morphology and amount of hybridization signal from region to region. The
      widespread distribution and regional variations in neuronal morphology and the
      amount of hybridization signal are consistent with a neurotransmitter and/or a
      neuromodulator role for somatostatin in addition to its well-established
      neuroendocrine role. These results demonstrate that both the peptide and its mRNA
      are found in perikarya in the same areas and that they are therefore the sites of
      synthesis for somatostatin.

PMID- 2905366
TI  - Tissue activities of enzymes of diagnostic interest in the marmoset and rat.
AB  - The activities of enzymes of diagnostic interest were investigated in the liver,
      heart, kidney and muscle of the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) and the rat.
      Methods of tissue extraction which gave maximal enzyme activity were used and
      comparison between the species showed some major differences. AST, LDH and GDH
      showed a similar distribution in both species but ICDH activity was much higher
      in the rat heart than in any other rat or marmoset organ. ALP, LAP and GGT were
      present in much higher activities in the rat kidney than in the marmoset kidney,
      a finding which was reversed in the liver of these animals. The major ALT
      containing organ in the rat was the liver but, in the marmoset, this enzyme was
      found in relatively large quantities in the heart and muscle also. These
      differences can be of importance when plasma enzyme activities are measured
      following tissue damage.

PMID- 2905368
TI  - Outbreak of infection with Achromobacter xylosoxidans from contaminated
      intravascular pressure transducers.
AB  - Achromobacter xylosoxidans contaminating transducers caused 15 cases of hospital
      infection. In the eight patients with bacteraemia the interval from inoculation
      to fever was an average of 6.6 days. All the infected patients recovered.
      Computerization of laboratory records allowed retrieval of previous isolates, and
      review of clinical records focused the problem on patients with cardiac and
      aortic diseases. The problem arose from the re-use of disposable equipment after
      disinfection with a benzalcone.

PMID- 2905369
TI  - Experience with Nocardia asteroides in renal transplant recipients.
AB  - Six cases of Nocardia asteroides infection in renal transplant recipients are
      described. Respiratory symptoms predominated, complicated in one case by cerebral
      abscess. General dissemination did not occur in any patient. Environmental
      testing failed to show source(s) of the organism. Nocardiosis patients should be
      isolated to prevent airborne spread to renal transplant recipients, who are prone
      to infection and from whom specimens for culture should be incubated for at least
      7 days to exclude Nocardia spp.

PMID- 2905367
TI  - Neuroendocrine regulation of human growth hormone secretion. Diagnostic and
      clinical applications.

PMID- 2905370
TI  - Drug resistance and plasmid profiles in Staphylococcus epidermidis in 1964 and
      1986.
AB  - An examination has been made of drug resistance and plasmid content of
      Staphylococcus epidermidis isolated from hospital patients in 1964 and 1986. Drug
      resistance was much more prevalent in isolates from 1986 than in isolates from
      1964. Plasmids were demonstrated in 50 of 52 strains from 1964 and in 102 of 111
      strains from 1986. The majority of both drug-sensitive and drug-resistant strains
      harboured more than one plasmid. Of five plasmids obtained from a multiply-drug
      resistant S. epidermidis, four were shown to mediate drug resistance.

PMID- 2905371
TI  - Cross-infection between animals and man: possible feline transmission of
      Staphylococcus aureus infection in humans?
AB  - An outbreak of epidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus occurred on a
      rehabilitation geriatric ward. Intensive screening of patients and staff revealed
      an unusually high carriage rate in the nursing staff (38%), thought to be related
      to a ward cat which was heavily colonized from the environment. Infection control
      measures and removal of the cat led to rapid resolution of the outbreak.

PMID- 2905372
TI  - Contamination of blood during cardiopulmonary bypass: the effect of antibiotic
      prophylaxis.
AB  - Despite antibiotic prophylaxis in cardiac surgery, gram-positive bacteria can be
      isolated in up to 10% of intraoperative blood cultures. During a prospective
      randomized trial, blood was collected from the oxygenator at the end of bypass in
      58 patients given teicoplanin and in 60 others given flucloxacillin and
      tobramycin. Coagulase-negative staphylococci were cultured from 16 patients given
      teicoplanin but in only four cases after flucloxacillin and tobramycin (Fisher's
      exact test, P = 0.005). In contrast, Propionibacterium spp. or coryneforms were
      isolated from 22 patients given flucloxacillin and tobramycin and from only one
      patient in the teicoplanin group. There were no cases of prosthetic valve
      endocarditis. After 3 h exposure to 4 x MIC of teicoplanin there was only a 10-60
      fold reduction in cfus of Staphylococcus epidermidis, which may partly explain
      the excess of these organisms.

PMID- 2905373
TI  - The effects of antiperspirant on the perineal skin flora of patients with spinal
      cord injury.
AB  - The relationship of pH and moisture to Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella
      pneumoniae colonization of the perineal skin was studied in male patients with
      spinal cord injury. The increased pH of the perineal skin was significantly
      associated with the presence of P. aeruginosa but not other bacterial species. No
      correlation between colonization and moisture or pH and moisture was found. An
      antiperspirant produced a significant reduction in the number of total aerobic
      bacteria, total gram-negative bacilli, P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae over a 24
      h period. Long-term use of the antiperspirant for 10 days did not alter the
      persistence of P. aeruginosa of the same serotypes on the perineum.

PMID- 2905374
TI  - Low-temperature washing of patients' clothing; effects of detergent with
      disinfectant and a tunnel drier on bacterial survival.
AB  - Patients' dresses were washed at 40 degrees C using an ordinary detergent for 1
      week and a novel detergent with added 'Triclosan' for the following 2 weeks. The
      bacterial load on the finished laundry was acceptably low using either detergent.
      The killing of residual bacteria on washed clothing by drying in a tunnel
      finisher was demonstrated. This preliminary study did not show any benefits to be
      gained from the addition of 'Triclosan' to detergent for the low-temperature
      laundering of patients' clothing.

PMID- 2905375
TI  - A comparison of two bactericidal handwashing agents containing chlorhexidine.
AB  - The skin disinfectant properties of two handwashing agents containing
      chlorhexidine, 'Uniscrub' and 'Hibiscrub', have been compared. The two products
      were assessed according to their ability to remove both transient organisms and
      natural or resident bacteria from the skin. They were found to be equally
      effective as antibacterial hand disinfection agents.

PMID- 2905376
TI  - Re-usable ECG electrodes--a vehicle for cross-infection?

PMID- 2905377
TI  - Value of bacteriological screening specimens in the diagnosis and management of
      neonatal infection.

PMID- 2905378
TI  - Septic complications following endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography:
      the experience in Tel Aviv Medical Center.
AB  - At the Tel-Aviv Medical Center, five of 720 (0.69%) patients undergoing
      endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) subsequently developed
      septicaemia. One of these patients (0.14%) died as a direct result and three
      other septicaemic patients died from other complications. The most important risk
      factor associated with infectious complications was obstructive jaundice.
      Retrospective analysis of our data revealed that no cases of septicaemia
      developed in patients given prophylactic antibiotics, whereas 4.3% of patients
      who received no prophylactics developed infectious complications. Prophylactic
      antibiotics are therefore recommended for patients undergoing ERCP who have
      biliary obstruction.

PMID- 2905379
TI  - The somatotrope: an endocrine cell with functional calcium transients.
AB  - Growth hormone (GH) secretion by the somatotrope is under dual regulation by the
      hypothalamic peptides, somatostatin (SS) and GH-releasing hormone (GHRH).
      Cytosolic free calcium concentration and cumulative GH release were measured
      simultaneously in anterior pituitary cells from adult male rats. This was made
      possible using a combination of digital imaging video microscopy with the
      fluorescent calcium indicator Fura-2 and the reverse haemolytic plaque assay
      (RHPA) to identify the cell type and measure hormone secretion from the cells
      under study. This technique allows calcium measurements to be made at very short
      time intervals (less than 150 ms) in single cells. Spontaneous calcium transients
      were demonstrated in 85% of GH plaque-forming cells. These occurred at a
      frequency of 2-13 min-1 and had an amplitude of 50-500 nmoll-1. The somatotropes
      with the largest calcium fluctuations produced the largest plaques; thus, the
      calcium transients appeared to correlate with hormone release. Since the
      somatotrope alone shows these fluctuations, the mean intracellular calcium
      concentration is 238 +/- 18 nmoll-1 in somatotropes and 113 +/- 8 nmoll-1 in non
      somatotropes. Upon exposure to SS (1 nmoll-1) intracellular calcium fell from 200
      250 nmoll-1 to 50-100 nmoll-1 with an apparent reduction in oscillations.
      Withdrawal of SS increased the intracellular calcium level. GHRH increased
      intracellular calcium but 10 nmoll-1 GHRH given simultaneously with 1 nmoll-1 SS
      reduced intracellular calcium to that level observed during SS alone. Thus, the
      SS effect on intracellular calcium predominates. The effects of SS can be
      mimicked by removal of extracellular calcium, or by the addition of CoCl2 (2
      nmoll-1) or by verapamil (100 mumoll-1), two agents which block calcium channels.
      The hormone secretion index (indicated by the area of the plaque formed in RHPA)
      enables us to demonstrate that GHRH in this system increases GH secretion, and SS
      inhibits it. In combination, GHRH and SS oppose one another. Spontaneous calcium
      oscillations are characteristic for normal somatotropes. These oscillations are
      related to spontaneous hormone secretion and due to influx of calcium through ion
      channels in the membrane. Intracellular signalling information may be encoded in
      both frequency and amplitude of calcium oscillations. The actions of GHRH and SS
      on regulation of GH secretion are proposed to be mediated, at least in part, by
      regulation of intracellular cytosolic free calcium. This modulation is dependent
      on extracellular calcium concentrations. We are now investigating the molecular
      mechanisms involved in this process.

PMID- 2905380
TI  - Systemic phenoxybenzamine but not beta-adrenergic antagonists block noradrenergic
      inhibition of cerebellar Purkinje and hippocampal pyramidal neurons.
AB  - Previous pharmacological characterization of central noradrenergic receptors has
      been interpreted as favoring beta-type receptors on cerebellar Purkinje neurons
      and hippocampal pyramidal neurons. However, the recent development of additional
      noradrenergic antagonists suitable for single neuron analysis, prompted an
      initial re-evaluation of alpha and beta adrenergic receptors in these two cell
      populations. In contrast with earlier data based on local antagonism of
      iontophoretric or synaptically released norepinephrine (NE), we now find that
      systemic phenoxybenzamine, the alpha antagonist, was effective in blocking
      responses to NE in cerebellum and hippocampus, whereas systemic beta antagonists
      metoprolol, ICI 118.551 [correction of ICI 181.551], or proprandol did not
      interfere with local NE responses at systemic doses that altered spontaneous
      discharge rates. These preliminary data suggest that a more complete re
      evaluation of the nature of central noradrenergic response mechanisms may be
      warranted.

PMID- 2905381
TI  - Effect of benzodiazepines on the proliferation of mouse spleen lymphocytes in
      vitro.
AB  - The effect of several benzodiazepines (clonazepam, diazepam, Ro 5-4864, Ro 15
      1788) and two pineal gland indoleamines (N-acetylserotonin, melatonin) on the
      spontaneous proliferation of mouse spleen lymphocytes was estimated in vitro by
      the 3 H-thymidine uptake assay. It was found that diazepam and Ro 5-4864 (a
      selective peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor ligand) produced the
      concentration-dependent inhibition of 3 H-thymidine incorporation into the DNA of
      these cells. Ro 15-1788, a specific central-type receptor ligand, evoked a slight
      inhibitory effect in a high concentration (10(-4) M), whereas clonazepam did not
      produce any significant inhibition. When Ro 5-4864 was tested in combination with
      diazepam, the inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation did not exceed the effect of
      diazepam given alone. Ro 15-1788 was unable to reverse the inhibitory action of
      diazepam in the same experimental conditions. Melatonin and its precursor N
      acetylserotonin tested in the concentration range of 10(-4)-10(-8) M had no
      significant influence on the spleen lymphocyte DNA replication in our assay
      system. These data suggest that diazepam inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation
      is mediated by peripheral-type sites. Additionally, the fact that melatonin and N
      acetylserotonin were unable to affect 3 h-thymidine incorporation argues against
      any benzodiazepine receptor mediated effect of pineal indoleamines on a cellular
      proliferation.

PMID- 2905382
TI  - Adrenergic, serotoninergic, histaminergic, and imipramine binding sites in post
      mortal human cerebral microvessel preparations.
AB  - Cerebral microvessels were prepared from fresh and frozen human brain samples
      obtained from autopsy cases. Structural integrity and purity of the microvessels
      were confirmed by light and electron microscopy, and by measurement of the
      enzymatic marker gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase. Similar morphological and
      enzymatic characteristics were found for the microvessels prepared from fresh and
      frozen brain samples. Radioligand binding experiments indicated the presence both
      in the "fresh" and "frozen" microvessel preparations of specific alpha 1-, alpha
      2-, and beta-adrenergic, histamine H1, serotonin S1 and imipramine binding sites,
      although the density of beta-adrenergic and histamine H1 specific binding sites
      were lower in the frozen samples than in the fresh samples. Low levels of
      specific binding to muscarinic, GABAergic and serotonin S2 sites (with respect to
      the specific binding densities in the crude homogenates) were found in the
      microvessel preparations.

PMID- 2905383
TI  - Effect of clonidine on ultrasonic vocalization in preweaning rats.
AB  - The present study was undertaken to investigate the involvement of the
      noradrenergic neurotransmission system in the ultra sonic callings emitted by rat
      pups separated from their mother and exposed to cold stimulation. The
      investigation was primarily performed by help of agents selectively affecting the
      alpha-adrenoceptors: the alpha 2-agonist clonidine, the alpha 1-antagonist
      prazosin and the alpha 2-antagonist idazoxan. Clonidine dose-dependently
      stimulated the amount of ultra sonic vocalization, an effect not solely dependent
      upon the effect of clonidine on body temperature. In a developmental study it was
      found that clonidine uniformly stimulated crying at all ages from 4 days of age
      up to 18 days of age, that is during the whole preweaning period. Clonidine
      stimulated ultrasonic crying in rat pups, devoid of presynaptic catecholamine
      (CA) neurons by combined pretreatment with the monoamine depletor, reserpine, and
      the inhibitor of CA-synthesis, alpha-methyl-tyrosine. This finding suggested that
      the stimulating effect of clonidine on ultrasonic vocalization was mediated by
      postsynaptic adrenoceptors. In pups, 12 days of age, idazoxan blocked the effect
      of cold stimulation on ultra sonic crying, suggesting that alpha 2-adrenoceptors,
      presumably postsynaptic ones, mediated this kind of stimulation. Idazoxan also
      antagonized the effect of clonidine, but only at a dose effective also in control
      pups. Prazosin had no effect on cold-stimulated crying, but antagonized the
      effect of clonidine, suggesting that the effect of clonidine was also mediated by
      alpha 1-receptors. At 18 days of age, prazosin no longer antagonized the effect
      of clonidine, whereas the antagonizing action of idazoxan was reinforced. The age
      dependent variation in responsiveness to the adrenergic drugs suggest
      maturational changes in the function of the CA-system occurring between 12-16
      days of age.

PMID- 2905384
TI  - An adult onset metachromatic leukodystrophy with dominant inheritance and normal
      arylsulphatase A levels.
AB  - A family with a variant of adult onset metachromatic leukodystrophy is presented.
      Clinical details from three affected members are given. The neurophysiological
      and neuroradiological data on the two brothers who have been recently studied are
      included. One of these died and the post-mortem findings are discussed along with
      those from a cousin who died some years ago. Arylsulphatase A levels were normal
      in both brothers yet the histological findings in the one who died are of a
      metachromatic leukodystrophy and thin-layer chromatography confirms an excess of
      sulphatides in the white matter of his brain. Disabling hypotension was a
      striking feature in both brothers but adrenal function was shown to be intact and
      autonomic neuropathy seemed the likely cause. Study of the family suggests a
      dominant mode of inheritance.

PMID- 2905385
TI  - Somatostatin concentrations and binding sites in human frontal cortex are
      differentially affected in Parkinson's disease associated dementia and in
      progressive supranuclear palsy.
AB  - Somatostatin (SRIF) binding sites were characterized in membrane preparations
      from post mortem human brain tissues using 125I-Tyr0-D-Trp8-SRIF as a ligand.
      Density of binding sites were high in subiculum and cortex, moderate in temporal
      cortex, hippocampal formation and hypothalamus and low in putamen. No correlation
      was observed with the regional distribution of SRIF levels as measured by RIA.
      Pharmacological characterization, in frontal cortex preparations, revealed that
      125I-Tyr0-D-Trp8-SRIF binding was heterogenous and fitted best with a two sites
      model. 125I-Tyr0-D-Trp8-SRIF binding was guanine nucleotide dependent. Cortical
      125I-Tyr0-D-Trp-8-SRIF binding was not different from controls in non-demented or
      demented parkinsonians and in patients with progressive supranuclear palsy. On
      the contrary, SRIF levels were significantly decreased in demented parkinsonians.

PMID- 2905386
TI  - In situ hybridization of mRNA for beta-preprotachykinin and preprosomatostatin in
      adult rat dorsal root ganglia: comparison with immunocytochemical localization.
AB  - In situ hybridization histochemistry was used to identify neurons in rat dorsal
      root ganglia that contained mRNAs encoding beta-preprotachykinin and
      preprosomatostatin. The distribution of these neurons was compared with the
      distribution of neurons containing tachykinins or somatostatin, identified using
      immunocytochemical techniques. Neurons labelled for beta-preprotachykinin mRNA
      constituted 20% of the total neuronal population and belonged to the small cell
      class. Neurons labelled for preprosomatostatin mRNA with either RNA or DNA
      hybridization probes constituted approximately 10% of the total cells and
      comprised a small cell group that differed in average size from the beta
      preprotachykinin labelled population. The distribution of cells containing
      tachykinin- or somatostatin-like immunoreactive material was identical to the
      distribution of cells containing the respective mRNAs and, in addition,
      individual somata in adjacent sections contained both the mRNA precursor and the
      peptide. These results suggest that for these neuropeptides the sensitivity of
      the two methods is equivalent and the respective mRNAs and peptides are co
      localized in the same neurons.

PMID- 2905387
TI  - Rationale and design of a randomized clinical trial on prevention of stroke in
      isolated systolic hypertension. The Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program
      (SHEP) Cooperative Research Group.
AB  - Isolated systolic hypertension (ISH)--i.e. high systolic pressure with
      nonhypertensive (less than 90 mmHg) diastolic pressure--is a recognized risk
      factor for cardiovascular disease among individuals in the age group 60 years and
      above. This observation suggests that antihypertensive treatment might be
      beneficial. Results of the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program Pilot
      Study (SHEP-PS) indicated the feasibility of a full-scale clinical trial on the
      efficacy of drug treatment of ISH. The Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly
      Program (SHEP) is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial
      with the primary objective of assessing the effect of drug treatment of ISH-
      systolic pressure 160-219 mmHg and diastolic pressure less than 90--on occurrence
      of fatal and nonfatal stroke. This multicenter clinical trial has a sample size
      of 4736 participants, with high statistical power to detect a reduction of 32% or
      more in the study's primary end point during the 4-6 year period of treatment and
      follow-up. Low dosage chlorthalidone is the main study drug. Further features of
      the design of SHEP and the trial's organization are described.

PMID- 2905388
TI  - Cyclic nucleotide metabolism in pineal homogenates.
AB  - Adenylate cyclase (AC) in pineal particulate fractions from rabbit, rat, cow, and
      the vole Microtus montanus was stimulated by L-norepinephrine (NE) and L
      isoproterenol (ISO). NE stimulation of rabbit and bovine pineal AC was biphasic,
      with a plateau between 0.01 microM and 1.0 microM and additional stimulation by
      NE above 1.0 microM. Stimulation by different ISO concentrations gave a typical
      hyperbolic curve, and optimal stimulation by ISO exceeded that by NE. Melatonin
      decreased ISO and NE stimulation of AC 10-20%. Although, alpha-adrenergic
      agonists increase beta-agonist-mediated adenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate
      (cyclic AMP) accumulation in intact pinealocytes, similar amplification of AC
      stimulation was not seen with broken-cell preparations. Most (60-70%) pineal
      guanylate cyclase (GC) was recovered in supernatant fractions after
      centrifugation of homogenates at 110,000 x g; this soluble GC was unaffected by
      potential agonists. Low concentrations (0.01-1 nM) of NE, ISO, and phenylephrine
      (PE) stimulated GC in impure and purified membrane fractions, but each inhibited
      at concentrations above 10 microM. All concentrations of ISO and NE inhibited GC
      in the presence of the alpha-agonist PE. Melatonin alone did not affect
      particulate GC, but L-ISO stimulation was not seen in the presence of equivalent
      concentrations of melatonin. The in vitro data are consistent with both alpha-
      and beta-receptor regulation of cyclic nucleotide metabolism in pinealocytes.
      Endogenous NE may differentially regulate cyclic AMP and guanosine-3',5'-cyclic
      monophosphate (cyclic GMP) in pineal; low NE concentrations that stimulate GC
      have only a slight effect on AC, but higher NE concentrations that inhibit GC
      maximally stimulate AC. Particulate GC and AC also were resolved by equilibrium
      centrifugation, to give several discrete peaks of enzyme activity. The results
      support the existence of several forms of AC and GC, which have different
      responses to adrenergic agonists.

PMID- 2905389
TI  - Identification by heteroduplex analysis of an invertible element (Min) common
      among IncM group plasmids.
AB  - The analysis of heteroduplexes between EcoRI digested DNA derived from IncM
      plasmids in the transfer-off and in the transfer-on state revealed an internal
      loop of about 1 kbp on a distinct large EcoRI fragment. The presence of an
      invertible element (Min) is suggested which enables the formation of conjugative
      pili at 30 degrees C, but switches off the pilus formation at 37 degrees C
      incubation temperature.

PMID- 2905390
TI  - Guanylate cyclase activation by organic nitrates is not mediated via nitrite.
AB  - Nitrovasodilators relax vascular smooth muscle by stimulating guanylate cyclase.
      Ignarro et al. (1981) proposed a mechanistic scheme according to which organic
      nitrates release nitrite in the presence of thiols. The corresponding nitrous
      acid would decay leading to nitric oxide, which then would react with another
      thiol to nitrosothiol. Dose-response relations with regard to guanylate cyclase
      stimulation of organic nitrates and sodium nitrite were compared in the presence
      of cysteine and its closely related methylester. Nitrite formation from ED95
      concentrations of organic nitrates was also measured and compared with that
      present under an equi-effective concentration of sodium nitrite. In addition, the
      proposed formation of nitrosothiol from nitric oxide was re-examined. In the
      presence of cysteine, organic nitrates as well as sodium nitrite stimulated
      guanylate cyclase, but nitrite formation under ED95 concentrations of organic
      nitrates was 1000-fold smaller than that present under an equi-effective
      concentration of sodium nitrite. In the presence of cysteinemethylester,
      liberation of nitrite from organic nitrates was similar but no stimulation of
      guanylate cyclase was obtained. Sodium nitrite, however, showed a stimulating
      activity similar to that in the presence of cysteine. These results clearly
      demonstrate that guanylate cyclase stimulation by organic nitrates is not
      mediated by nitrite and subsequent formation of nitrosothiol. Since nitrous acid
      did not decay to nitric oxide in the pH range studied, the formation of
      nitrosothiol is apparently due to a direct reaction of nitrous acid with thiol.

PMID- 2905391
TI  - Gizzard ulceration in chicks fed cysteamine alone or in combination with a
      histamine H2-receptor antagonist.
AB  - A study was carried out to evaluate the effect of cysteamine-HCl administration
      on gizzard ulceration and growth performance in broiler chicks. The effectiveness
      of the histamine H2-receptor antagonist, SKF 93479, in preventing gizzard
      ulcerations when given in combination with cysteamine-HCl was also examined. In
      the initial experiment cysteamine-HCl at the level of 2400 mg/kg of the diet
      caused severe gizzard ulceration and mortality and decreased feed intake and
      growth in chicks. The effect was not seen when cysteamine-HCl was administered at
      600 or 1200 mg/kg of the diet. In Experiment 2 broiler chicks administered
      cysteamine-HCl at 1800 mg/kg of the diet had an increased incidence of gizzard
      ulceration and decreased growth performance. The severity of gizzard lesions and
      the depression of growth performance were not as great as in the group in
      Experiment 1 which received the 2400 mg/kg level of cysteamine-HCl. Addition of
      the H2 antagonist SKF 93479 at 54 mg/kg of the diet had no effect on improving
      gizzard ulcer score or growth performance in chicks which received cysteamine-HCl
      at the 1800 mg/kg of the diet level. From these data it appears that the
      administration of ulcerogenic levels of cysteamine-HCl in the chicken may involve
      a more complex pathogenesis in which factors other than acid hypersecretion are
      involved.

PMID- 2905392
TI  - Effects of selective alpha 1-adrenoceptor blockade in dogs with hypoxic pulmonary
      vasoconstriction.
AB  - The acute effects of the selective alpha 1-blocker, E-643 (Bunazosine), on
      experimental pulmonary hypertension (PH) caused by hypoxic pulmonary
      vasoconstriction (HPV) in mongrel dogs were examined. Ninety second ventilation
      with 5% O2 and 95% N2 was used for hypoxic stimulation. The effects of E-643 were
      evaluated at doses of 1, 5, 10, 20 and 50 micrograms/kg in this order until the
      systemic arterial mean pressure (SAm) had decreased by 20 mmHg when compared with
      the control value during room air ventilation. PaO2 and PaCO2 decreased by 64.6
      +/- 11.0 Torr and 2.4 +/- 2.5 Torr, respectively, and the pH increased by 0.031
      +/- 0.012 during hypoxic ventilation. These blood gas changes affected during
      hypoxic stimulation were almost the same before E-643 administration. Progression
      of arterial blood hypoxemia due to E-643 administration during room air
      ventilation was not observed. SAm decreased by 8.0 +/- 11.9 mmHg after E-643
      administration, while left atrial mean pressure (LAm) and cardiac output (CO) did
      not change significantly. Prior to E-643 administration, mean pulmonary arterial
      pressure (PAm) and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) increased by 6.4 +/- 3.3
      mmHg and 6.2 +/- 3.8 HRU, respectively, during the 90 sec hypoxic ventilation
      period. After E-643 administration, the increases in PAm and PVR were 3.9 +/- 1.7
      mmHg and 3.3 +/- 2.3 HRU, respectively. The suppression of increases in PAm and
      PVR was significant. The conclusion is that E-643, a selective alpha 1-blocker,
      is effective at restraining HPV in the dog model.

PMID- 2905393
TI  - A comparative study of the effects of four choline esters on the secretion of
      fluid and glycoprotein from rat submandibular glands.
AB  - The actions of four choline esters, acetylcholine (ACH), methacholine (MET),
      carbachol (CAR) and bethanechol (BET), on the secretion of saliva and the
      specific glycoprotein (GP) contained in the secretory cells of the submandibular
      gland (SMG) of the rat were compared under conditions with and without
      physostigmine (PHY). The ED50 values with respect to salivation were 17 mg/kg for
      ACH, 1060 micrograms/kg for BET, 810 micrograms/kg for MET and 75 micrograms/kg
      for CAR, whereas after pretreatment with PHY, ED50 values were lowered to 7.5
      mg/kg for ACH and 212 micrograms/kg for MET, but remained unchanged for CAR and
      BET. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis demonstrated that the saliva from the
      SMG elicited by the four choline esters contained GP I (130 KDa) and GP IV (21.5
      KDa), characteristic of the acinus, and a band of GP III (31 KDa), which
      originates from the granular tubules. The order of intensity of these bands was
      band I much greater than band III = band IV. Among these bands, band I increased
      in intensity in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that the four
      choline esters act mainly on the acinar cells, but exert some effects on the
      granular tubules of the rat SMG.

PMID- 2905395
TI  - Spermatogenic function and fertility in unilateral cryptorchid dogs after
      orchiopexy and contralateral castration.

PMID- 2905394
TI  - Investigations into the mechanism of the antihypertensive effect of SGB-1534, a
      novel alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonist, in rats.
AB  - Experiments in vitro and in vivo were undertaken to examine possible involvement
      of a central effect in the hypotensive mechanism of SGB-1534. SGB-1534
      selectively antagonized the contraction of isolated rat aortae to phenylephrine
      with a pA2 value of 10.57, 3.9 times higher than prazosin, and markedly displaced
      the alpha 1-adrenoceptor ligand 3H-prazosin (pKi: 8.81) in rat brain. In
      anesthetized spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs), SGB-1534 (0.3-3
      micrograms/kg) and prazosin (3-30 micrograms/kg) given intravenously (i.v.) and
      intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) produced a dose-dependent and long-lasting
      depressor response associated with no change in heart rate (HR). The two drugs
      (i.c.v.), however, significantly attenuated the pressor response to i.v.
      noradrenaline. Single i.v. injections of SGB-1534, prazosin and yohimbine dose
      dependently inhibited the St 587 (a highly specific and centrally acting alpha 1
      adrenoceptor agonist) enhanced flexor reflex and the pressor response to i.v.
      phenylephrine in pithed rats. However, the activities of SGB-1534 and prazosin in
      inhibiting the St 587-enhanced flexor reflex were 16,000 and 660 times,
      respectively, less than those in attenuating the pressor response to i.v.
      phenylephrine. It seems that the hypotensive action of SGB-1534 is due to the
      peripheral alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonistic mechanism rather than the central
      one.

PMID- 2905396
TI  - Isolation of fecal Clostridium perfringens from broiler chickens and their
      susceptibility to eight antimicrobial agents for growth promotion.

PMID- 2905397
TI  - Virulence of wild-type E. coli uroisolates in experimental pyelonephritis.
AB  - This study was designed to analyze the colonizing and invasive properties of wild
      type bacteriuric E. coli possessing a variety of phenotypic characteristics in
      experimental nonobstructive pyelonephritis (P and Type 1 [T] fimbriae, hemolysin
      [Hly], presence of K capsules, flagella [H], serotype, biotype, human and mouse
      serumcidal resistance). Special emphasis was on the role of Gal-Gal adhesin (P
      fimbriae) of non-genetically engineered uroisolates. It was shown that organisms
      that are P+ or T+ or Hly+ are more likely to colonize bladders than strains
      negative for those parameters (P less than 0.001). Additionally, P+ strains were
      more often associated with kidney histopathology than P- E. coli (P less than
      0.05). However, the data also indicated that fimbriae (P and Type 1) were not
      sole determinants of virulence since two strains devoid of fimbriae, hemolysin, K
      capsules and sensitive to human serumcidal activity caused incipient and acute
      pyelonephritis. Even among identical serotypes and biotypes, the presence/absence
      of fimbriae did not appear to be the critical factor in urovirulence, nor did the
      presence of several positive characteristics (hemolysin, K capsule, flagella,
      serum resistance) in a given strain enhance uropathogenicity. Therefore, these
      properties do not need to work together to render an E. coli urovirulent. These
      phenotypic characters may simply represent associated or serologic markers with
      the host serving as the dominant determinant of susceptibility to urinary
      infection. The findings emphasize the inherent limitations in relating and
      extrapolating colonizing and invasive properties of genetically engineered
      strains to those of naturally occurring, wild-type E. coli human uroisolates
      causing pyelonephritis.

PMID- 2905398
TI  - [European nursing conference of the WHO in Vienna].

PMID- 2905399
TI  - [Annual meeting of the European Nursing Students Group 1988 in Berne,
      Switzerland].

PMID- 2905400
TI  - DNA technology in diagnosis and treatment.

PMID- 2905401
TI  - [Effects of intravenous administration of fenoldopam on blood pressure and renal
      function in severe arterial hypertension].

PMID- 2905402
TI  - [Treatment of acromegaly].

PMID- 2905403
TI  - [Glafenine hepatotoxicity].

PMID- 2905405
TI  - [Hazards of iodinated contrast media and their prevention].

PMID- 2905404
TI  - [Glafenine hepatotoxicity or acute cardiac liver?].

PMID- 2905406
TI  - Demonstration of beta 1-adrenoceptor mediating relaxation of porcine coronary
      artery by radioligand binding and pharmacological methods.
AB  - beta-adrenoceptors in the porcine coronary artery were characterized by a
      radioligand binding assay using (-)-[3H]dihydroalprenolol (DHA) and also by
      measuring the relaxant response of isolated coronary artery to norepinephrine.
      Specific (-)-[3H]DHA binding in the porcine coronary artery was saturable,
      reversible and of high affinity (Kd = 1.6 nM) with a maximal number of binding
      sites of 63 fmol/mg protein, and it showed a pharmacological specificity as well
      as stereoselectivity which characterized beta-adrenoceptors. The Hofstee analysis
      of inhibition of (-)-[3H]DHA binding by atenolol, practolol and ICI 118551 has
      shown that the averaged concentration of beta 1 and beta 2-adrenoceptors in this
      tissue was 68% and 32% respectively. The relaxant response of isolated coronary
      artery to norepinephrine was competitively antagonized by (-)propranolol,
      (+)propranolol, atenolol, practolol and ICI 118551. The pA2 values of these
      adrenoceptor antagonists were significantly correlated with the Ki values for
      beta 1 but not beta 2-adrenoceptors determined by the (-)-[3H]DHA binding assay.
      Thus, the present study demonstrates that the relaxant response of porcine
      coronary artery to norepinephrine is predominantly mediated through the
      stimulation of beta 1-adrenoceptors on vascular smooth muscles.

PMID- 2905407
TI  - The differential effects of alpha 2-adrenergic stimulation on the myocardium and
      coronary vessels in the isolated rat heart.
AB  - The differential effects of alpha 2-adrenoceptor stimulation on myocardial
      contractility and coronary circulation were examined in the isolated perfused rat
      heart. We studied 20 Sprague-Dawley rats of similar age (26-28 weeks) and body
      weight (500-550 gm). Myocardial contractility (LV +dp/dt and developed pressure,
      LVP) and coronary flow resistance (CFR) were tested in the isolated isovolumic
      hearts using Langendorff preparation at a constant perfusion rate (2.5 ml/min/100
      g BW) of Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate solution. Group I (N-7) received B-HT 920
      (specific alpha 2-adrenergic agonist, 0.6 to 58 micrograms/min), Group II (N-7)
      received B-HT 920+Yohimbine (300 nM in the perfusate). Group III (N-6) received
      vehicle only. Baseline LVP, LV +dP/dt and CFR were not significantly different
      among the 3 groups. During drug or vehicle administration, LVP and LV +dP/dt
      remained unchanged in all the groups. Coronary flow resistance increased in a
      dose-response fashion with a maximum increase of 22.7 +/- 3.6 (SE) mmHg/ml/min/g
      LV in Group I, and 10.5 +/- 2.0 mmHg/ml/min/g LV in Group II (p less than 0.02).
      We conclude that in the Sprague-Dawley rat heart, the physiologic effects of
      alpha 2-adrenoceptors are predominant in the coronary circulation but not in the
      myocardium itself possibly because of absence of post-synaptic alpha 2-adrenergic
      receptors in the rat myocardium.

PMID- 2905408
TI  - Effect of dietary alpha-linolenate/linoleate balance on mean survival time,
      incidence of stroke and blood pressure of spontaneously hypertensive rats.
AB  - Following the suckling period, stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR
      SP) were fed semi-purified diets supplemented either with safflower seed oil
      (rich in linoleic acid) or with perilla seed oil (rich in alpha-linolenic acid).
      The mean survival time of male SHR-SP fed the perilla diet was longer than that
      fed the safflower diet by 17% (p less than 0.001) while the difference was 15% in
      female SHR-SP (p less than 0.05). The mean survival times of female SHR-SP were
      more than 40% longer than those of male SHR-SP in both dietary groups. Post
      mortem examinations of brains revealed apoplexy-related symptoms as the major
      cause of the death in both dietary groups. The systolic blood pressure was lower
      by ca. 10% (21 mmHg) in the perilla group than in both the safflower group and
      conventional diet group. The eicosapentaenoate (20:5 n-3)/arachidonate (20:4 n-6)
      ratio of platelet phospholipids in spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR), a
      measure of platelet aggregability, was much higher in the perilla group than in
      the safflower group. Thus, increasing the dietary alpha-linolenate/linoleate
      ratio resulted in an increased mean survival time of SHR-SP rats, possibly by
      lowering blood pressure and platelet aggregability.

PMID- 2905409
TI  - Different effects of intracerebral and systemic administration of buspirone in
      the forced swimming test: involvement of a metabolite.
AB  - Buspirone, a drug with high affinity for serotonin1A receptors, was studied for
      its ability to reduce rats' immobility in the forced swimming test when injected
      systemically or into the nucleus raphe dorsalis (DR). Between 0.1 and 10 mg/kg
      buspirone had no effect on rats' immobility when injected systemically as a
      single dose or as a 3-injection course during 24 hours. Direct injection of 1 and
      5 mu/0.5 microliter buspirone in the DR significantly reduced the duration of
      immobility without changing rats' activity in an open field. The anti-immobility
      effect of 1 microgram/0.5 microliter buspirone in the DR was completely prevented
      by injecting 2.5 micrograms (-)-propranolol in the same area. Oral administration
      of 0.3-1.0 mg/kg 1-(2-pyrimidinyl)piperazine (1-PP), one of the main metabolites
      of buspirone, and 0.3-3.0 mg/kg s.c. idazoxan, two substances with alpha 2
      adrenergic blocking properties, completely antagonized the effect of 0.25 mg/kg
      s.c. 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)-tetralin (8-OH-DPAT), an agent with selective
      affinity for serotonin1A receptors. The anti-immobility effect of an infusion of
      1 microgram/0.5 microliter buspirone or 8-OH-DPAT in the DR was also antagonized
      by 1 mg/kg p.o. 1-PP. The results suggest that buspirone possesses potential
      antidepressant properties but its effects may be masked in certain tests by its
      metabolite, 1PP, through its alpha 2 adrenergic blocking activity.

PMID- 2905410
TI  - Factors modifying the effect of diazepam on plasma corticosterone levels in rats.
AB  - We have examined factors that alter the effect of diazepam (DZ) on plasma
      corticosterone (CS) in rats. DZ had a biphasic effect on plasma CS levels: CS
      decreased with doses below 5 mg/kg and increased with higher doses. Peak response
      occurred 90 minutes post injection in both sexes. Plasma DZ levels were
      significantly higher in females than in males and peak at 10 and 30 minutes post
      injection in males and females, respectively. There was also a sex difference in
      the pattern of DZ metabolites. An acute stressor (30 minutes of immobilization)
      did not affect plasma CS levels in rats injected with a 5 mg/kg dose of DZ.
      Prenatally stressed animals did not differ in basal CS levels or in their
      response to 5 mg/kg of DZ compared to prenatally non-stressed animals. These two
      groups of animals also did not differ in plasma levels of DZ or of its
      metabolites. By contrast, the 5 mg/kg dose of DZ had no effect on plasma
      testosterone levels in control animals, but increased it in prenatally stressed
      animals. Furthermore, compared to non-stressed controls, prenatally stressed
      animals had lower baseline plasma testosterone levels. These results indicate
      that the effect of DZ on plasma CS is influenced by endogenous as well as
      exogenous factors and that these effects vary with the particular biochemical
      parameter under examination.

PMID- 2905411
TI  - Receptor regulation of ion transport in the intestinal epithelium.
AB  - The active transport of ions by the intestinal epithelium is regulated by a
      number of enteric neurotransmitters, hormones and other substances. Our knowledge
      of the receptors mediating the actions of these substances is generally
      fragmentary. This review summarizes current knowledge on the location and
      functional characteristics of transmitter receptors regulating transport function
      in the small intestine, highlighting recent research on cholinergic and
      bradykinin receptors.

PMID- 2905412
TI  - A possible role for MRI in polyarteritis nodosa: the "creeping fat" sign.
AB  - We describe a case of polyarteritis nodosa with diffuse abnormalities in
      subcutaneous fat by magnetic resonance imaging. These abnormalities returned to
      normal following treatment. Magnetic resonance imaging may have a role in the
      identification and diagnosis of systemic vasculitis.

PMID- 2905413
TI  - Possible tumour-initiating and -promoting activities of 3-diazo-N-nitrosobamethan
      in rat stomach mucosa.
AB  - 3-Diazo-N-nitrosobamethan (DNB), a mutagen produced by nitrite treatment of
      bamethan, a cardiovascular drug, induced unscheduled DNA synthesis in the pyloric
      mucosa of the stomach of male F344 rats 2 h after its administration by gastric
      tube at doses of 75 to 225 mg/kg body wt. DNB at a dose of 225 mg/kg body wt
      induced up to a 13-fold increase in replicative DNA synthesis with a maximum at
      16 h after its administration. Moreover at doses of 75 to 225 mg/kg body wt, it
      induced up to a 12-fold increase in ornithine decarboxylase activity with a
      maximum after 16 h. The present results suggest that DNB has possible tumour
      initiating and -promoting activities in the pyloric mucosa of the rat stomach.
      However, the possible risks to patients posed by clinical use of bamethan cannot
      be evaluated until further work is completed.

PMID- 2905414
TI  - Seroepidemiologic study of adult T-cell leukemia virus (ATLV) and hepatitis B
      virus infection in Okinawa, Japan.
AB  - A total of 2,283 serum samples were collected from healthy subjects in three
      islands of the Yaeyama district of Okinawa, Japan. These sera were tested for the
      presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), for antibody to hepatitis B core
      antigen (anti-HBc), and for antibody to adult T-cell leukemia-associated antigen
      (anti-ATLA). Correlation between hepatitis B virus infection and adult T-cell
      leukemia virus (ATLV) infection was determined by using the prevalence rates for
      three virus markers. Overall prevalence of HBsAg, anti-HBc and anti-ATLA was
      6.5%, 57.4%, and 17.9%, respectively. Age-specific prevalence of anti-HBc and
      anti-ATLA increased with age, but that of HBsAg did not. Sex-specific prevalence
      of HBsAg was significantly higher in males than in females, but that of anti-ATLA
      was significantly higher in females than in males. Statistical analysis revealed
      that prevalence of anti-ATLA was significantly higher in HBsAg-positive persons
      and HBsAg-negative/anti-HBc-positive persons than in those negative for HBsAg and
      anti-HBc. These data suggest that hepatitis B virus-infected persons have a
      significantly higher chance of adult T-cell leukemia virus infection than those
      without hepatitis B virus infection in the area studied.

PMID- 2905415
TI  - Suppressive effect of macrophages on interferon-gamma production by human
      peripheral lymphocytes stimulated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae.
AB  - Production of interferon (IFN)-gamma was investigated in human peripheral
      lymphocytes stimulated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Lymphocytes obtained from non
      immune individuals produced no IFN. IFN-gamma was produced by T cells obtained
      from immune individuals, and the helper/inducer T cells produced two- to sixfold
      higher titer of IFN-gamma than the suppressor/cytotoxic T cells. The addition of
      macrophages in T cell cultures suppressed the production of IFN-gamma; this
      differs from the previous result wherein the addition of macrophages enhanced the
      production of IFN-gamma, when stimulated with mumps virus or measles virus.

PMID- 2905416
TI  - [Effect of the activity of primary proton pumps on the growth of Escherichia coli
      in the presence of acetate].
AB  - Escherichia coli batch cultures were grown under aerobic and anaerobic conditions
      on glucose with the substrate addition at pH 7.0. The cultures accumulated
      acetate in the medium at concentrations sufficient to inhibit the growth. This
      inhibitory effect of acetate was mediated apparently via its action on the
      intracellular pH. The inhibition of E. coli growth by acetate increased when the
      redox proton pump was switched off in the course of transition from aerobiosis to
      anaerobiosis and when the regulation of K+ fluxes was disordered in the presence
      of valinomycin. H+-ATPase was not essentially involved in maintaining the high
      rate of E. coli growth in the presence of acetate under aerobic conditions. If
      the activity of H+-ATPase was inhibited under anaerobic conditions at pH 7.0, the
      growth ceased after the dissipation of ionic gradients on the membrane. When CCCP
      was added under aerobic conditions, the growth did not stop at once if the medium
      had a pH of 7.6, but ceased immediately at pHout 7.0 in the glucose-salt medium.

PMID- 2905417
TI  - Pre-eclampsia: a hypothesis for its etiology.
AB  - A hypothesis is presented according to which the etiology of pregnancy-induced
      hypertension can be attributed to increased number of active uterine and
      arteriolar alpha-adrenergic myometrial receptors from pre-eclamptic patients in
      comparison with the alpha-adrenergic myometrial and arteriolar receptors from non
      pre-eclamptic patients. This condition could result in the increased uterine wall
      irritability and the decreased uteroplacental blood flow in pre-eclampsia. It is
      suggested that progesterone fails to induce a reduction in alpha 1-adrenergic
      receptors in the pre-eclamptic patient. This will require pre-eclamptic patients
      and matched controls to test the hypothesis.

PMID- 2905418
TI  - Pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy.

PMID- 2905419
TI  - Activities of neuronal and astrocytic marker enzymes in autopsied brain tissue
      from patients with hepatic encephalopathy.
AB  - Activities of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and cholinergic nerve-terminal
      marker enzymes glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and choline acetyltransferase
      (CAT) as well as the astrocytic enzyme glutamine synthetase (GS) were measured in
      homogenates of dissected brain tissue obtained at autopsy from nine cirrhotic
      patients dying in hepatic encephalopathy and an equal number of control subjects
      matched for age, agonal status, and time interval from death to freezing of
      autopsied material. GAD activities varied as a function of agonal status in
      control samples, confirming a previous report, but were unchanged in brain tissue
      from cirrhotic patients, suggesting no loss of integrity of presynaptic GABA
      nerve terminals in this disease. On the other hand, GS activities were
      selectively decreased by 25% (P less than 0.01) in caudate nuclei of cirrhotic
      patients, reflecting, no doubt, the severe astrocytosis consistently observed in
      this brain structure. CAT activities, expressed per milligram of protein, were
      found to be increased by 30% (P less than 0.01) in the prefrontal cortex of
      cirrhotic patients. Whether such changes result from a relative increase in CAT
      as a consequence of losses of astrocytic protein or reflect altered cholinergic
      function in hepatic encephalopathy associated with chronic liver disease awaits
      further study.

PMID- 2905420
TI  - DNA-binding activities of the Drosophila melanogaster even-skipped protein are
      mediated by its homeo domain and influenced by protein context.
AB  - The homeo box gene even-skipped (eve) encodes a 376-amino-acid protein that binds
      with high affinity to sequences located near the 5' termini of the eve and en
      genes. The 5' en sites are A + T rich and contain copies of the 10-base-pair (bp)
      consensus sequence T-C-A-A-T-T-A-A-A-T. In contrast, the 5' eve sites are G + C
      rich and contain the 9-bp sequence T-C-A-G-C-A-C-C-G. Among the five different
      homeo box proteins that have been tested for binding, eve is unique in that it
      shows virtually equal preference for the A + T-rich 5' en binding sites and the G
      + C-rich 5' eve sites. Most of the other proteins bind with a relatively higher
      affinity to the en sites than to the eve sites. In an effort to identify the
      regions of the eve protein that are responsible for its efficient binding to both
      classes of recognition sequences, we analyzed the DNA-binding properties of
      various mutant eve proteins. These studies suggest that the homeo domain of the
      eve protein is responsible for both binding activities. However, mutations in
      distant regions of the protein influenced the binding behavior of the eve homeo
      domain and caused a reduction in binding to the G + C class of recognition sites.
      We propose that the protein context of the homeo domain can influence its DNA
      binding properties.

PMID- 2905421
TI  - Extensive movement of LINES ONE sequences in beta-globin loci of Mus caroli and
      Mus domesticus.
AB  - LINES ONE (L1) is a family of movable DNA sequences found in mammals. To measure
      the rate of their movement, we have compared the positions of L1 elements within
      homologous genetic loci that are separated by known divergence times. Two models
      that predict different outcomes of this analysis have been proposed for the
      behavior of L1 sequences. (i) Previous theoretical studies of concerted evolution
      in L1 have indicated that the majority of the 100,000 extant L1 elements may have
      inserted as recently as within the last 3 million years. (ii) Gene conversion has
      been proposed as an alternative to a history of prolific recent insertions. To
      distinguish between these two models, we cloned and characterized two embryonic
      beta-globin haplotypes from Mus caroli and compared them with those of M.
      domesticus. In 9 of 10 instances, we observed an L1 element to be present in one
      chromosome and absent at the same site in a homologous chromosome. This frequency
      is quantitatively consistent with the known rate of concerted evolution.
      Therefore, we conclude that gene conversion is not required for concerted
      evolution of the L1 family in the mouse. Furthermore, we show that the extensive
      movement of L1 sequences contributes to restriction fragment length polymorphism.
      L1 insertions may be the predominant cause of restriction fragment length
      polymorphisms in closely related haplotypes.

PMID- 2905422
TI  - Positional and developmental regulation of glutamine synthetase expression in
      mouse liver.
AB  - In situ hybridization showed that all fetal hepatocytes contain glutamine
      synthetase (GS) mRNA but that in adult mouse liver, only a single cell layer
      surrounding the central veins contains GS mRNA. A shift from the fetal to the
      adult pattern begins within a few days of birth and is complete within 12 days of
      birth. Since the total GS mRNA and the transcription rate of the single GS gene
      are similar at birth and in adults, we conclude that there is a generalized
      reduction in GS transcription for most hepatocytes and a sharp rise in GS
      transcription for the immediate pericentral cells. This may be a case of
      positional regulation of specific gene transcription in apparently a single cell
      lineage.

PMID- 2905423
TI  - A dominant trifluoperazine resistance gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae has
      homology with F0F1 ATP synthase and confers calcium-sensitive growth.
AB  - The antipsychotic drug trifluoperazine has been long considered a calmodulin
      inhibitor from in vitro studies but may function in vivo as a more general
      inhibitor by disturbing ion fluxes and altering the membrane potential.
      Resistance to trifluoperazine can arise in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells by
      alterations in at least three distinct genetic loci. One locus, defined by a
      spontaneous dominant trifluoperazine resistance mutation (TFP1-408), was isolated
      and sequenced. The sequence of the TFP1-408 gene revealed a large open reading
      frame coding for a large protein of 1,031 amino acids with predicted hydrophobic
      transmembrane domains. A search of existing amino acid sequences revealed a
      significant homology with F0F1 ATP synthase. Mutant TFP1-408 cells did not grow
      efficiently in the presence of 50 mM CaCl2, whereas wild-type cells did. Wild
      type cells became resistant to trifluoperazine in the presence of 50 mM CaCl2 or
      50 mM MgCl2. Mutant cells showed a higher rate of calcium transport relative to
      wild-type cells. These data suggest that the TFP1 gene product codes for a
      transmembrane ATPase-like enzyme possibly involved in Ca2+ transport or in
      generating a transmembrane ion gradient between two cellular compartments.

PMID- 2905424
TI  - Genetic analysis of small nuclear RNAs in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: viable
      sextuple mutant.
AB  - Saccharomyces cerevisiae contains at least 24 distinct small nuclear RNAs
      (snRNAs), several of which are known to be essential for viability and to
      participate in the splicing of pre-mRNAs; the RNAs in this subset contain binding
      sites for the Sm antigen, a hallmark of metazoan snRNAs involved in mRNA
      processing. In contrast, we showed previously that the single-copy genes for
      three other snRNAs (snR3, snR4, and snR10) are not required for viability,
      although cells lacking snR10 are growth impaired at low temperature. None of
      these RNAs associates with the Sm antigen. To assess this apparent correlation,
      we cloned and sequenced the genes encoding three additional non-Sm snRNAs.
      Comparison of these genes with nine additional yeast snRNA genes revealed a
      highly conserved TATA box located 92 +/- 8 nucleotides 5' of the transcriptional
      start site. By using the technique of gene replacement with null alleles, each of
      these three single copy genes was shown to be completely dispensable. We
      constructed multiple mutants to test the hypothesis that, individually, each of
      these snRNAs is nonessential because the snRNAs play functionally overlapping
      roles. A mutant lacking five snRNAs (snR3, snR4, snR5, snR8, snR9) was
      indistinguishable from the wild type, and growth of the sextuple mutant was no
      more impaired than that in strains lacking only snR10. This widespread
      dispensability of snRNAs was completely unexpected and forces us to reconsider
      the possible roles of these ubiquitous RNAs.

PMID- 2905425
TI  - TATA box-dependent protein-DNA interactions are detected on heat shock and
      histone gene promoters in nuclear extracts derived from Drosophila melanogaster
      embryos.
AB  - We monitored protein-DNA interactions that occur on the hsp26, hsp70, histone H3,
      and histone H4 promoters in nuclear extracts derived from frozen Drosophila
      melanogaster embryos. All four of these promoters were found to be transcribed in
      vitro at comparable levels by extracts from both heat-shocked and non-heat
      shocked embryos. Factors were detected in both types of extracts that block
      exonuclease digestion from a downstream site at ca. +35 and -20 base pairs from
      the start of transcription of all four of these promoters. In addition, factors
      in extracts from heat-shocked embryos blocked exonuclease digestion at sites
      flanking the heat shock consensus sequences of hsp26 and hsp70. Competition
      experiments indicated that common factors cause the +35 and -20 barriers on all
      four promoters in both extracts. The formation of the barriers at +35 and -20
      required a TATA box but did not appear to require specific sequences downstream
      of +7. We suggest that the factors responsible for the +35 and -20 barriers are
      components whose association with the promoter precedes transcriptional
      activation.

PMID- 2905426
TI  - Identification and characterization of multiple erythroid cell proteins that
      interact with the promoter of the murine alpha-globin gene.
AB  - The proteins responsible for erythroid-specific footprints extending to -180 on
      the mouse alpha-globin gene were identified, enriched, and characterized from
      extracts of murine erythroleukemia (MEL) cells. Three proteins accounted for most
      aspects of the footprints. The binding sites of two proteins, termed alpha-CP1
      and alpha-CP2, overlapped in the CCAAT box. Further characterization of these two
      CCAAT binding proteins showed that neither interacted with the adenovirus origin
      of replication, a strong CCAAT transcription factor-nuclear factor 1 binding
      site. A third protein, termed alpha-IRP, interacted with two sequences that
      formed an inverted repeat (IR) between the CCAAT and TATAA boxes. Interestingly,
      the binding domain of one of the CCAAT factors, alpha-CP1, overlapped one alpha
      IRP binding site. alpha-CP1 thus overlapped the binding domains of both alpha-CP2
      and alpha-IRP. The IRs included GC-rich sequences reminiscent of SP1-binding
      sites. Indeed, alpha-IRP bound as well to the alpha-promoter as it did to SP1
      sites in the simian virus 40 early promoter. These results suggest that alpha-IRP
      may be related to the transcription factor Sp1. We determined the level of each
      alpha-globin-binding activity before and after induced erythroid differentiation
      of MEL cells. We found that differentiation caused alpha-CP1 activity to drop
      three- to fivefold, while alpha-IRP activity decreased slightly and alpha-CP2
      activity increased two- to threefold.

PMID- 2905428
TI  - Intracranial cocaine self-administration.

PMID- 2905427
TI  - Neurochemical findings in neuroacanthocytosis.
AB  - We performed a neurochemical study of the brain of two unrelated patients, living
      in different continents, with neuroacanthocytosis. The levels of monoamines and
      their metabolites, gamma-aminobutyric acid and substance P, were measured in
      several brain areas and the monoamine metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid. The
      binding of 3H-spiperone to striatal membranes and to lymphocytes was also
      measured. Both patients had a progressive neurological disorder with onset in the
      third decade of life and characterized by a complex movement disorder, epilepsy,
      muscular wasting, and changes in behavior. The movement disorder initially
      manifested with oromandibular dystonia and limb chorea, but at the time of death
      was characterized by a severe dystonic syndrome. The chemical changes were
      similar in the two patients. The most important neurochemical findings were a
      depletion of dopamine and its metabolites in most brain areas, most notably in
      the striatum, and elevation of norepinephrine levels in the putamen and globus
      pallidus. Substance P was markedly reduced in the striatum and substantia nigra.
      Our findings may provide clues to the neurochemical mechanisms underlying
      dystonia.

PMID- 2905429
TI  - Psychomotor stimulant vs. local anesthetic effects of cocaine: role of behavioral
      sensitization and kindling.

PMID- 2905430
TI  - Specific neurochemical systems and memory.
AB  - This commentary addresses issues raised in common by the various authors of
      papers in this section: the role of different chemical systems in memory, new
      approaches for assessing the effects of drugs, and issues for the future in
      evaluating animal models of human disorders of memory.

PMID- 2905431
TI  - Amnesia and Alzheimer's disease: which neurotransmitter system is responsible?
AB  - The cholinergic, noradrenergic, and serotonergic neurotransmitter systems show a
      consistent pattern of degeneration associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and,
      to a lesser extent, normal aging. The review articles in this section draw a
      relation between degeneration of one or more of these systems and impairments in
      learning and memory. Cholinergic hypofunction may underlie the amnesia associated
      with AD but not that associated with normal aging. The relevance of impaired
      serotonergic or noradrenergic function to any cognitive impairment associated
      with aging or AD remains undetermined.

PMID- 2905432
TI  - Specific and nonspecific components of the neurohumoral link of food refusal
      conditioned response in the snail.

PMID- 2905433
TI  - [Coronary disease of the aneurysmal type in a young patient: a possible
      expression of panarteritis nodosa].

PMID- 2905434
TI  - [A case of giant hepatic hydatid cyst].

PMID- 2905435
TI  - [Alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Effects of short-term treatment with dapiprazole].
AB  - A study on dapiprazole, a new psychotropic agent, in the treatment of patients
      during the alcohol withdrawal syndrome, is reported. On the basis of evaluations
      made on the severity of the physical and psychic symptoms of withdrawal, the
      conclusion is drawn that the new psychotropic agent, administered at gradually
      increasing doses of 40 to 90 mg/kg for 7 days, completely controls the clinical
      symptomatology at least in 70% of the cases treated.

PMID- 2905436
TI  - Immunohistochemical demonstration of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive but
      dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH)-negative neuron-like cells in the pineal gland of
      golden hamsters.
AB  - Double immunostaining for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine beta-hydroxylase
      (DBH) in the pineal gland revealed many TH-positive but DBH-negative, neuron-like
      cells in golden hamsters, but not in rats and gerbils. They were scattered in the
      meshwork of TH- and DBH-positive nerve fibers throughout the parenchyma. Their
      cell bodies were oval or spindle-shaped (maximum diameter: 15-20 micron). They
      had sometimes one or two short cell processes. Bilateral superior cervical
      ganglionectomy diminished strikingly the number of TH- and DBH-positive nerve
      fibers, but did not affect the number of TH-positive cells.

PMID- 2905437
TI  - Direct demonstration of an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor mediated component of
      excitatory synaptic transmission in area CA1 of the rat hippocampus.
AB  - The action of a new non-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, 6-cyano
      7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX), on synaptic transmission in area CA1 of the
      rat hippocampus has been examined. Intracellular and extracellular recordings
      showed CNQX to be a potent antagonist of synaptic potentials evoked by
      stimulation of the Schaffer collateral-commissural fibre system. One to 2 microM
      CNQX was sufficient to reduce the excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) by
      50%. CNQX is therefore about 100 times more potent than previously available non
      NMDA receptor antagonists. In the presence of CNQX, a small depolarizing
      potential could still be evoked. This potential was sensitive to the NMDA
      receptor blocker, 2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (APV), increased in size on
      depolarizing the neurone and also increased in size on removing Mg2+ from the
      perfusing medium. This residual EPSP therefore has characteristics which are
      consistent with its mediation via the NMDA receptor-coupled ionophore. These
      results indicate a dual composition of the monosynaptic excitatory potential in
      area CA1.

PMID- 2905438
TI  - Inhibition of spinal nociceptive neurons by excitation of cell bodies or fibers
      of passage at various brainstem sites in the cat.
AB  - The relative contribution of cells of origin and fibers of passage to the
      inhibition of spinal nociceptive neurons from various brainstem sites is not
      known. The present study therefore quantitatively compares the descending
      inhibition produced by focal electrical stimulation which indiscriminatively
      excites all neuronal elements with the inhibition evoked by glutamate
      microinjections which selectively excite cell bodies at the same sites within the
      midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) and neighboring lateral reticular formation
      (LRF) and within the medullary nucleus raphe magnus (NRM). In pentobarbital
      anesthetized cats extracellular recordings were made from 22 lumbar dorsal horn
      neurons responding to innocuous mechanical skin stimuli and to noxious radiant
      heating of the glabrous skin at the ipsilateral hindpaw. Glutamate
      microinjections (1 microliter, 0.5 M) into 6 of 10 sites within the NRM reduced
      heat-evoked responses in 6 different cats to 69.2 +/- 3.8% of control. Electrical
      stimulation (180-600 microA) at the same sites and two additional sites in the
      NRM reduced responses to 50.0 +/- 8.7% of control. At 4 of 10 sites within the
      PAG glutamate reduced spinal neuronal responses to heat in 4 different cats to
      69.4 +/- 6.1% of control. Electrical stimulation at 3 of the same sites and 6
      additional sites within the PAG reduced heat-evoked responses to 52.7 +/- 3.5% of
      control. Microinjections of glutamate into the LRF failed to affect heat-evoked
      responses in any of the 8 experiments tested, while electrical stimulation at 6
      of the same sites in the LRF reduced neuronal responses to heat to 52.4 +/- 7.1%
      of control.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2905439
TI  - The development of encapsulated filtering blebs.
AB  - The development of an encapsulated filtering bleb (Tenon's cyst) complicated 56
      of 409 consecutive filtering operations (13.7%) performed during a 40-month
      period after January 1983. Fifteen eyes (27.8% of encapsulated blebs) required
      surgical revision. The recognition of bleb encapsulation occurred 20.4 +/- 12.7
      days (mean +/- standard deviation) postoperatively. Prolonged duration of beta
      adrenergic antagonist therapy was associated with an increased frequency of bleb
      encapsulation (180.6 +/- 128.5 weeks without encapsulation, 229.0 +/- 129.3 weeks
      with encapsulation, P less than 0.009). Bleb encapsulation occurred in 42 of 272
      eyes with previous argon laser trabeculoplasty, but in only 4 of 85 eyes without
      any previous anterior segment laser (P less than 0.01). Encapsulated filtering
      blebs developed in 4 of 12 (33.3%) eyes with congenital glaucoma and 4 of 9
      (44.4%) eyes with juvenile glaucoma (P less than 0.0002). The intraocular
      pressures (IOPs) in the eyes with encapsulated filtering blebs were significantly
      elevated at 1, 2, and 3 postoperative weeks, and at final follow-up compared with
      eyes without bleb encapsulation.

PMID- 2905440
TI  - [Closed dislocation of the 1st cuneiform bone of the foot].

PMID- 2905441
TI  - [The neuroendocrinology of puberty].

PMID- 2905442
TI  - Identification of the binding sites for potential regulatory proteins in the
      upstream enhancer element of the Drosophila fushi tarazu gene.
AB  - With a view to identifying proteins that regulate the expression of the
      Drosophila ftz gene we have sequenced its enhancer-like upstream element (USE)
      and determined the binding sites for embryonic nuclear proteins within this
      region by in vitro DNAaseI footprinting. We find that greater than 50% of this
      element is bound by nuclear protein. By footprinting and gel-retardation studies
      in embryonic extracts from different developmental stages, we have characterised
      a number of USE/protein complexes whose nature alters in concert with changes in
      the ftz expression pattern, suggesting that these USE-binding proteins may be
      involved in the regulation of gene activity. In some cases this suggestion is
      substantiated by the observation that the protected DNA sequences show homology
      to the binding sites for ftz regulating DNA-binding proteins such as the pair
      rule gene product even-skipped.

PMID- 2905444
TI  - Mapping of D4S98/S114/S113 confines the Huntington's defect to a reduced physical
      region at the telomere of chromosome 4.
AB  - The dominant gene defect in Huntington's disease (HD) is linked to the DNA marker
      D4S10, near the telomere of the chromosome 4 short arm. Two other markers, D4S43
      and D4S95, are closer, but still proximal to the HD gene in 4p16.3. We have
      characterized a new locus, D4S114, identified by cloning the end of a NotI
      fragment resolved by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. D4S114 was localized
      distal to D4S43 and D4S95 by both physical and genetic mapping techniques. The
      "end"-clone overlaps a previously isolated NotI "linking" clone, and is within
      150 kb of a second "linking" clone defining D4S113. Restriction fragment length
      polymorphisms for D4S113 and D4S114, one of which is identical to a SacI
      polymorphism detected by the anonymous probe pBS731B-C (D4S98), were typed for
      key crossovers in HD and reference pedigrees. The data support the locus order
      D4S10-(D4S43, D4S95)-D4S98/S114/S113-HD-telomere. The D4S98/S114/S113 cluster
      therefore represents the nearest cloned sequences to HD, and provides a valuable
      new point for launching directional cloning strategies to isolate and
      characterize this disease gene.

PMID- 2905443
TI  - Stage- and tissue-specific expression of two homeo box genes in sea urchin
      embryos and adults.
AB  - We report the isolation of two different homeo box genes, HB3 and HB4, from the
      Hawaiian sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla. DNA sequencing revealed a definitive
      Antennapedia (Antp) class homeo box in each gene. Southern transfer
      hybridizations showed the genes to be single-copy. A 5.7-kb transcript of the HB3
      gene was found in ovary, testis, small intestine and gastrula poly(A)+ RNA. The
      HB4 gene produces three transcripts. A 3.7-kb and a 4.4-kb transcript are
      expressed during embryogenesis. A 3.5-kb transcript appears in each of the adult
      tissues studied. The HB4 gene appears to be the sea urchin cognate of the
      Drosophila infrabdominal-7 (iab-7) gene, the mouse Hox 1.7 and Hox 3.2 genes and
      the Xenopus X1Hbox 6 gene. An examination of Antp class homeo box genes in
      deuterostomes indicates that a chromosomal duplication has taken place in the
      evolutionary line leading to the vertebrates after the divergence of the
      echinoderms. Thus, the sea urchin represents the primitive condition.

PMID- 2905445
TI  - Gamma-glutamyl transferase locus (GGT) displays a PvuII polymorphism.

PMID- 2905446
TI  - Two RFLPS approximately 7 kb 5' of the human protein C gene.

PMID- 2905447
TI  - A polymorphic HindIII site within the human multidrug resistance gene 1 (MDR1).

PMID- 2905448
TI  - A new TaqI polymorphism of the complement factor B gene.

PMID- 2905449
TI  - An Eco RI restriction length polymorphism at the murine L-myc locus.

PMID- 2905450
TI  - A HindIII polymorphism identified by the human early growth response gene 2
      (EGR2) on chromosome 10.

PMID- 2905451
TI  - Bst-1 RFLP at the human lipoprotein lipase (LPL) gene locus.

PMID- 2905452
TI  - A Pvu II RFLP in the human ADH3 gene.

PMID- 2905453
TI  - Psychopharmacology and the management of violent patients.
AB  - Human aggression is a complex behavior with multiple determinants for which there
      are as yet no specific drug treatments. This article reviews case reports and
      clinical studies of the use of various classes of medication in aggressive
      individuals. In addition, pharmacologic approaches to the acutely agitated
      patient are described. Recent studies of the beta-blockers and carbamazepine
      suggest that these agents may be of benefit in certain aggressive individuals.
      Methodologic limitations of extant clinical studies of the pharmacologic
      management of the violent patient are described as well.

PMID- 2905454
TI  - First trimester prenatal diagnosis of haemophilia A: two years' experience.
AB  - We evaluated the feasibility, reliability, and acceptability of prenatal
      diagnosis of haemophilia A by DNA analysis of chorionic villi. Twenty-two women
      at risk to transmit the abnormal gene were referred for prenatal diagnosis, two
      of them twice. Two of the 22 women appeared to be non-carriers by DNA analysis.
      In one of these women, the results were known only after chorionic villus
      sampling had been carried out. Thirteen of the twenty carriers were heterozygous
      for an intragenic (Bc1I or XbaI) marker; six women were only heterozygous for the
      extragenic DXS52 (St14) locus. One of the women was homozygous for all the
      presently known DNA markers within or closely linked with the factor VIII locus.
      Twelve of the 22 fetuses at risk were male, ten were female. Seven of the 12 male
      fetuses were shown to be affected and were subsequently aborted. Four male
      fetuses appeared to be not affected. In one case, the diagnosis was made by use
      of an extragenic marker. The woman rejected fetal blood sampling to confirm the
      diagnosis. After birth, a normal factor VIII level was found in three of the four
      cases. The fourth pregnancy is still continuing. In one of the 12 male fetuses,
      no diagnosis at the gene level was possible. DNA analysis is expected to provide
      maximum certainty as to the phenotype of the fetus for approximately 60 per cent
      of the women; for another 37 per cent a rate of misdiagnosis of 4-5 per cent
      applies. In only 3 per cent of the cases will no diagnosis at the gene level be
      possible as yet. The new possibility of a prenatal diagnosis in the first
      trimester of pregnancy enabled some of these women to have a family of their own
      and was appreciated in particular by the women who underwent fetoscopy in an
      earlier pregnancy.

PMID- 2905455
TI  - [Clinical evaluation of drug interactions of cyclosporin].
AB  - Cyclosporin is a nephrotoxic immunosuppressant metabolized in the liver and
      requiring drug monitoring. Numerous pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug
      interactions have occurred with this compound. Some of them are well
      substantiated while others are merely suspected. The major interactions must
      definitely be prevented of corrected, whereas the others need no more than
      careful drug monitoring.

PMID- 2905456
TI  - [Exercise-induced asthma].
AB  - Exercise-induced asthma only differs from common asthma in its causative factor.
      It is a typical asthmatic attack which follows a strenuous and continuous
      physical exercise lasting 5 to 10 minutes, most often in cold and dry weather.
      The prevalence of exercise-induced asthma has not yet been firmly established;
      its pathophysiological mechanisms are still debated, and the respective roles of
      heat and water losses by the airways are not clearly defined. However, the
      influence of the type of exercise as a precipitating factor of exercise-induced
      asthma is now well-known. All things being equal, swimming generates less asthma
      than running and cycling. This enables the subjects to be directed towards the
      most suitable sports and encouraged to improve their physical fitness. Drug
      treatment of exercise-induced asthma must preferentially be preventive; it relies
      on cromoglycate and beta-2 adrenergic agonists, the latter being also capable of
      treating acute exercise-induced bronchial obstruction. Education of the patients
      and their family is also important.

PMID- 2905457
TI  - Protein phosphorylation and hormone action.
AB  - Many key regulatory proteins exist in cells as either a phosphorylated or a
      dephosphorylated form, their steady-state levels of phosphorylation reflecting
      the relative activities of the protein kinases and protein phosphatases that
      catalyse the interconversion process. Phosphorylation of seryl or threonyl (and
      occasionally tyrosyl) residues triggers small conformational changes in these
      proteins that alter their biological properties. Hormones and other extracellular
      signals transmit information to the interior of the cell by activating
      transmembrane signalling systems that control the production of a relatively
      small number of chemical mediators, termed 'second messengers'. These substances
      regulate the activities of protein kinases and phosphatases, and so alter the
      phosphorylation states of many intracellular proteins, accounting for the
      diversity of action of hormones. In this lecture I review recent work which
      demonstrates that a wide variety of cellular processes are controlled by
      relatively few protein kinases and protein phosphatases with pleiotropic actions.
      These enzymes provide the basis of an interlocking network that allows
      extracellular signals to coordinate biochemical functions.

PMID- 2905458
TI  - Response characteristics of neurons in chick forebrain slices.
AB  - Coronal sections were taken from the forebrains of domestic chicks, aged 1-20
      days, and maintained in vitro. Extracellular recordings of neural activity were
      made from the intermediate part of the medial hyperstriatum ventrale (IMHV).
      Spontaneous activity was rarely recorded, but neuronal responses could be evoked
      by stimulation of various sites. Each recording point was surrounded by an arc of
      sites which, when stimulated, typically elicited a short-latency field potential.
      These 'local responses' could be recorded in slices from chicks of any age.
      Stimulation of more distant sites failed to evoke field potentials from the IMHV.
      Instead, trains of large, unit action potentials appeared on an undisturbed
      baseline. Such 'unit' responses could only be evoked by stimuli delivered at
      specific frequencies. They required facilitation, were of variable latency, and
      often finally decayed. The number of sites capable of evoking a 'unit' response
      from the IMHV fell dramatically in slices taken from chicks older than 4 days.

PMID- 2905459
TI  - Expression of GABA and glycine receptors by messenger RNAs from the developing
      rat cerebral cortex.
AB  - The ontogenesis of mRNAs coding for GABA and glycine receptors in the cerebral
      cortex of the rat was examined by extracting poly(A)+ mRNA from the brains of
      embryonic, postnatal or adult rats and injecting it into Xenopus oocytes. The
      ability of a messenger to express functional receptors was then assayed by
      measuring the membrane currents elicited by the agonists. The size of the GABA
      induced current increased progressively with age, being undetectable in oocytes
      injected with mRNA from embryonic day 15 and reaching a maximum in oocytes
      injected with mRNA from postnatal day 30. In contrast, the glycine-induced
      response was negligible in oocytes injected with mRNA from the cerebral
      hemispheres of embryos 15 days old; it increased sharply to a maximum with
      newborn animals and then decreased with age to become very small with mRNA from
      adult cortex. GABA and glycine receptors induced by mRNA from the cerebral cortex
      of all ages are associated with chloride channels.

PMID- 2905460
TI  - The effect of photoreceptor coupling and synapse nonlinearity on signal:noise
      ratio in early visual processing.
AB  - Electrical coupling of vertebrate photoreceptors is well known to improve the
      signal: noise ratio in the photoreceptor layer for large-area stimuli. For
      example, if N photoreceptors are perfectly coupled to each other, the signal:
      noise ratio is improved for stimuli illuminating more than a number M = square
      root of N of the receptors but is made worse for small-area stimuli illuminating
      less than M of the N receptors. Using the model of Lamb & Simon (J. Physiol.,
      Lond. 263, 257 (1976], which treats the photoreceptor layer as a square array of
      cells, each coupled through a resistive gap junction to the four cells around it,
      we show that the signal:noise ratio for small-area stimuli is much greater than
      would be expected from a model in which receptors are assumed to be perfectly
      coupled. Contrary to predictions made assuming perfect coupling, receptor
      coupling should not prevent rods from detecting single photons, but whether the
      single photon signal can be detected at the bipolar cell level depends on how
      signals are read out of the receptor layer. The signal:noise ratio in bipolar
      cells postsynaptic to the photo-receptor layer is determined partly by synaptic
      convergence and nonlinearity in synaptic transmission from receptors. If the
      synaptic gain decreases with light-induced receptor hyperpolarization, as is
      found experimentally, then receptor coupling can improve the postsynaptic
      signal:noise ratio for stimuli illuminating only one receptor, even though
      coupling decreases the presynaptic signal:noise ratio for such stimuli. Moreover,
      increasing the number of coupled receptors projecting to a bipolar cell can
      improve the signal:noise ratio for localized stimuli if the synapse is
      sufficiently nonlinear (although, for the degree of nonlinearity seen in lower
      vertebrates, synaptic convergence makes the ratio worse for the single photon
      event). The fact that receptor coupling and synaptic convergence can, under some
      circumstances, improve the signal:noise ratio in bipolar cells suggests a
      principle of retinal design that may compete with the requirements of high
      spatial resolution.

PMID- 2905461
TI  - Development of ionic conductances in neurons of the inferior olive in the rat: an
      in vitro study.
AB  - Neurons of the inferior olive of the rat were studied at different stages of
      their postnatal (PN) development by using the current clamp technique in slices
      maintained in vitro. Antidromic and synaptic activation of inferior olivary
      neurons could be achieved in preparations as young as PN day 2. Neurons at this
      age already exhibited a variety of ionic conductances which included fast sodium
      dependent spikes, high-threshold and low-threshold calcium spikes, potassium
      dependent currents, Ca-dependent after-hyperpolarizing potentials (AHPS), and
      both instantaneous and time-dependent inward rectification at hyperpolarized
      levels of membrane potential. The two types of Ca-dependent responses recorded in
      olivary neurons during the first postnatal week were graded with the magnitude of
      the depolarization imposed on the cells. Furthermore, the high-threshold Ca
      spikes were only clearly observed during this early period when K conductances
      were depressed by the injection of caesium into the cells or by bath application
      of 4-aminopyridine. In contrast, the high-threshold Ca spikes could be obtained
      without suppression of K currents and were all-or-none in character in some
      neurons after PN day 8 and in all neurons after PN day 11. The observations
      suggest that the balance between K and Ca currents changes throughout maturation
      and is largely in favour of the K current until about the end of the first PN
      week. At all ages studied, the low-threshold Ca spikes were much less sensitive
      to the Ca channel blocker cadmium than were the high-threshold Ca spikes.
      Finally, spontaneous, regular oscillations of the membrane potential were
      observed for the first time at PN day 16 and were only commonly observed after PN
      day 19, suggesting a late development of electrotonic coupling between olivary
      neurons.

PMID- 2905462
TI  - The effect of Escherichia coli STa enterotoxin and other secretagogues on mucosal
      surface pH of rat small intestine in vivo.
AB  - The mucosal surface pH of rat small intestine was measured in vivo. The surface
      pH in the normal jejunum was 6.20 +/- 0.02 (67) and 7.00 +/- 0.05 (5) in the
      ileum. Escherichia coli STa toxin induced a rapid and reversible alkalinization
      of both jejunal and ileal mucosae to a pH of 6.91 +/- 0.08 (10) and 7.67 +/- 0.06
      (5) respectively. The synthetic ST analogue, STh-(6-19), had an effect identical
      to native STa toxin on jejunal surface pH. Theophylline (20 mM) maintained the
      STa-elevated jejunal surface pH after toxin removal but had no effect on
      untreated tissue. 8-Bromo cyclic GMP resembled STa by causing similar mucosal
      alkalinization in the jejunum; 8-bromo cyclic AMP, forskolin and cholera toxin
      individually had considerably smaller effects on surface pH, although combining
      forskolin or cholera toxin with theophylline resulted in alkalinization of the
      jejunal mucosa to a pH of 6.92 +/- 0.03 (5) and 6.76 +/- 0.04 (4). These results
      indicate that cyclic-GMP-dependent secretory processes are more capable of
      inducing surface pH changes than those dependent on cyclic AMP. The ability of
      STa to alter mucosal surface pH makes it a useful tool to investigate the
      microclimate hypothesis for weak electrolyte absorption.

PMID- 2905463
TI  - The influence of dietary protein on the experimental epidemiology of
      Heligmosomoides polygyrus (Nematoda) in the laboratory mouse.
AB  - The influence of dietary protein on the epidemiology of an intestinal helminth
      infection was investigated with an experimental system that allowed transmission
      of the nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus to occur naturally between laboratory
      mice. Mortality of mice was greatly increased in infected populations that were
      fed ad libitum on synthetic diets containing 2% compared with 16% protein. Larger
      numbers of larval and adult H. polygyrus were found to infect mice in the low
      protein cage compared with the high-protein cage. No evidence for density
      dependence in the fecundity of female worms was detected; on average the daily
      egg output per female worm was greater for parasites infecting mice in the low
      protein cage. The rate at which naive mice acquired infection was also higher in
      the low-protein cage. Pinworm (Aspiculuris tetraptera) became established in each
      cage, and average worm burdens were again greater in the low-protein cage. The
      acquisition of resistance to reinfection was not found to be an important factor
      influencing the survival of parasites infecting mice in either cage. The
      epidemiology of H. polygyrus and A. tetraptera was therefore characterized by low
      average worm burdens and high host survival in a well-nourished population of
      mice, and by a high intensity of infection and severe parasite-induced host
      mortality in a malnourished colony of mice. This reflects differences in the
      survival and fecundity of adult parasites between mice in the two cages, and
      suggests that malnourished mice are predisposed to acquire large numbers of
      several species of intestinal worm.

PMID- 2905464
TI  - Identification of beta adrenoceptor subtype in human coronary artery.

PMID- 2905465
TI  - Is 2-bromo-D-lysergic acid diethylamide (BOL) an allosteric antagonist of
      serotonergic receptors in rabbit atria?

PMID- 2905466
TI  - High affinity neurotransmitter and drug receptors in human lung preparations.

PMID- 2905467
TI  - Highly selective mu opioid antagonist peptides block spinal mu opioid inhibition
      of gastrointestinal transit.

PMID- 2905468
TI  - Synergistic renal effects of RS-10085, an ace inhibitor, and fenoldopam, a DA1
      agonist, in the rat.

PMID- 2905469
TI  - Effects of clozapine on fixed-consecutive-number responding in rats: a comparison
      to other neuroleptic drugs.
AB  - The effects of clozapine and several other neuroleptic drugs were examined in
      rats responding under fixed-consecutive-number (FCN) schedules with minimum
      response requirements of 4 and 8. Under these schedules, rats were trained to
      respond either 8 or more times or 4 or more times on one lever, and then respond
      once on a second lever. In one component of these schedules, an external
      discriminative stimulus was presented following the completion of the response
      requirement on the first lever, whereas no stimulus change was programmed under
      the other. Under the FCN 8 schedule without the external discriminative stimulus,
      clozapine produced large dose-dependent decreases in accuracy (percent of
      reinforced response runs), whereas molindone produced small decreases in
      accuracy. Neither clozapine or molindone, however, altered accuracy under the FCN
      4 without the external discriminative stimulus. Under these same schedules,
      loxapine, chlorpromazine, haloperidol and thioridazine produced small increases
      in accuracy at intermediate doses without affecting accuracy at the low and high
      doses. None of the neuroleptics evaluated produced accuracy-altering effects
      under the FCN schedules with the external discriminative stimulus. In general,
      all of these drugs decreased response rates in a dose-dependent fashion. The
      order of potency for the rate-decreasing effects of these drugs was loxapine
      greater than haloperidol greater than molindone greater than clozapine =
      chlorpromazine greater than thioridazine. Thus, the effects of clozapine on
      accuracy under the FCN schedules without the external discriminative stimulus
      differed qualitatively from those of other neuroleptic agents.

PMID- 2905470
TI  - Effects of buspirone differ from those of gepirone and 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n
      propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) on unpunished responding of pigeons.
AB  - Under several behavioral procedures, such as punished responding and drug
      discrimination, the effects of the atypical anxiolytic buspirone are similar to
      those of its analogue gepirone, and to those of the 5-HT1A receptor agonist 8-OH
      DPAT. Similarities in the effects of these compounds occur despite the fact that
      buspirone produces strong dopaminergic actions, whereas both gepirone and 8-OH
      DPAT effects mainly appear to be serotonergically mediated. When keypeck
      responding of pigeons was maintained under a multiple 3-min fixed-interval, 30
      response fixed ratio schedule of food presentation, responding under both the
      fixed-interval and fixed-ratio schedules was decreased over a range of buspirone
      doses (0.3-5.6 mg/kg). As has been reported with many antipsychotic compounds,
      performance under the fixed-interval schedule was more sensitive to the rate
      decreasing effects of buspirone. In contrast, both gepirone (0.03-3.0 mg/kg) and
      8-OH-DPAT (0.03-1.0 mg/kg) increased responding under the two schedules.
      Differences in the effects of buspirone from the other compounds in this study,
      compared to the similar effects of these drugs obtained using other procedures,
      emphasize the importance of the specific behavior as a determinant of drug
      action. The multiple fixed-interval, fixed-ratio schedule may be useful for
      delineating the relative balance of dopaminergic and serotonergic effects
      produced by drugs that are less apparent using other behavioral
      procedures.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2905471
TI  - The role of central- and peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptors in anxiolytic
      agent augmentation of NaCl solution intake: effects of clonazepam and Ro 5-4864.
AB  - Two 1,4 benzodiazepines bind preferentially to the central- and peripheral-type
      benzodiazepine receptor in the brain, clonazepam and Ro 5-4864, respectively.
      They were administered to rats to determine if the relation between known
      anxiolytic action and efficacy in augmenting NaCl solution ingestion in
      rehydrating rats would remain the case for these prototypic agents. Clonazepam
      (0.062-32.0 mg/kg, PO) was highly potent and efficacious and increased 1.5% NaCl
      solution intake in a dose-related fashion. Water intake could also be increased,
      but to a relatively minor degree. Ro 5-4864 (4-8 mg/kg, IP) did not affect 1.5%
      NaCl solution ingestion, nor did this dose range suppress the augmenting effect
      of clonazepam (0.5-2.0 mg/kg, PO) on the solution intake. Since clonazepam does,
      and Ro 5-4864 does not, possess punishment-attenuation properties in other tests,
      drug augmentation of NaCl solution ingestion by rehydrating rats continues to
      correlate well with known anxiolytic action.

PMID- 2905472
TI  - Conditioned defensive burying as a model for identifying anxiolytics.
AB  - Rats exposed to a presumably aversive stimulus such as electric shock respond by
      heaping litter on the source, a behavior known as conditioned defensive burying
      (CDB). Because some anxiolytics suppress this behavior, CDB has been proposed as
      a screening method for anxiolytics. We tested the effects of the conventional
      anxiolytics chlordiazepoxide (4-32 mg/kg) and meprobamate (75-125 mg/kg), the
      novel anxiolytic buspirone (8-64 mg/kg), the antidepressant imipramine (4-16
      mg/kg), the opiate analgesic morphine (2-8 mg/kg), and the antipsychotic
      chlorpromazine (1-16 mg/kg) on CDB. Chlordiazepoxide, meprobamate, imipramine,
      and morphine significantly suppressed CDB, but chlordiazepoxide did so only at a
      dose that reduced general activity. Buspirone and chlorpromazine did not suppress
      CDB at doses that reduced activity. There were some methodological differences
      from previous studies. We conclude that the test as constituted in this study
      lacks drug-class specificity. The necessity of distinguishing between specific
      reduction of burying and general reduction of activity is emphasized.

PMID- 2905473
TI  - H2-receptor-mediated stress-induced analgesia is dependent on neither pituitary
      nor adrenal activation.
AB  - The effects of hypophysectomy and adrenalectomy were studied on the analgesia
      elicited by a 3 min exposure to 3.5 mA of continuous inescapable footshock, a
      response previously shown to be resistant to high doses of the opiate antagonist,
      naloxone, but inhibited by antagonists of histamine H2-receptors. Neither
      treatment significantly attenuated the response, and the brain-penetrating H2
      receptor antagonist zolantidine inhibited the response in all surgical treatment
      groups. These results add further support for our hypothesis that brain histamine
      and brain H2-receptors mediate nonopiate analgesia.

PMID- 2905474
TI  - Neuro-endocrine changes as new targets in the drug treatment of congestive heart
      failure.
AB  - The classical therapy of congestive heart failure (CHF) with inotropic agents
      (digitalis and newer inotropics) and diuretic agents remains unsatisfactory in
      many cases. More recently it is recognized, that some of the neuro-endocrine
      compensatory processes associated with CHF are detrimental in the long run, and
      therefore potentially targets for drug treatment. This holds for the following
      neuro-endocrine mechanisms: 1) increased activity of the sympathetic nervous
      system and high plasma catecholamines, accompanied by down-regulation of beta 1-
      but not beta 2-receptors in the heart; 2) stimulation of the renin-angiotensin
      aldosterone system (RAAS), causing higher levels of renin, A II and aldosterone.
      The detrimental sequelae of both processes are even enhanced by their complex
      mutual interactions. Drug treatment aiming to reduce or suppress these processes
      and their negative results is potentially offered by: vasodilators, counteracting
      vasoconstriction, low dose selective beta 1-adrenoceptor blockers, which will not
      only impair tachycardia but also up-regulate cardiac beta 1-receptors and hence
      improve the inotropic response to catecholamines; aldosterone antagonists and ACE
      inhibitors counteracting the activated RAAS. The beneficial effect of the ACE
      inhibitors in CHF is well established and superior to that of classical
      vasodilators, since it additionally counteracts the enhanced RAAS activity.

PMID- 2905475
TI  - Dopamine D-2 receptors in the ventral tegmental area mediate behavioural and
      electrocortical sleep of dopaminergic drugs in rats.

PMID- 2905476
TI  - Receptor-mediated activation of tyrosine hydroxylase by corticotropin-releasing
      factor in striatal synaptosomes.

PMID- 2905477
TI  - Involvement of the Na+-H+ antiporter on the effect of protein kinase-C activation
      on dopamine synthesis in rat corpus striatum.

PMID- 2905479
TI  - Are D1 dopamine receptor agonists potential antidepressants?

PMID- 2905478
TI  - Debrisoquine oxidation in schizophrenic patients treated with neuroleptics.

PMID- 2905480
TI  - Head-twitch and forepaw-shake responses after single and repeated treatment with
      rolipram: interaction with noradrenergic and dopaminergic agonists and
      antagonists.

PMID- 2905481
TI  - Central and peripheral inhibition of exocrine pancreatic secretion by alpha-2
      adrenergic agonists in the rat.
AB  - The effect of ST91, a clonidine derivative crossing poorly the blood-brain
      barrier, was compared to that of clonidine on exocrine pancreatic secretion in
      rats. The experiments were performed in anaesthetized rats after stimulation by a
      maximal dose of 2-deoxy-D-glucose, and in conscious rats under basal
      interdigestive conditions. In anaesthetized rats, the 2-deoxy-D-glucose-induced
      stimulation of pancreatic secretion was suppressed by clonidine but not by ST91,
      both injected subcutaneously. This effect of clonidine was not antagonized by
      prazosin, but was decreased by 70-100% (according to the variables measured) by
      yohimbine. The alpha-2 antagonists rauwolscine and corynanthine were less
      efficient than yohimbine, while idazoxan suppressed totally the effect of
      clonidine. In conscious rats, the basal interdigestive secretion was inhibited by
      ST91 and by clonidine. After sc injections, the potency of ST91 was about ten
      times smaller than that of clonidine, whereas after injections in the cerebral
      ventricles, ST91 was as potent as clonidine to inhibit pancreatic secretion. Most
      (70-90%) of the inhibition induced by sc ST91 and clonidine in conscious rats was
      suppressed by yohimbine or by prazosin. It is concluded that both ST91 and
      clonidine inhibit pancreatic secretion in rats, and that this effect has probably
      both central and peripheral components. The central effect involves alpha-2
      receptors, while the peripheral effect may involve alpha-1 and alpha-2 receptors.

PMID- 2905482
TI  - Embryotoxicity of L-prolyl-L-leucyl-glycinamide, cyclo(1-amino
      cyclopentanecarbonyl-alanyl) and cyclo(glycyl-leucyl), new potential
      neuropeptides in chick embryos.
AB  - With the use of the method Chick Embryotoxicity Screening Test II (CHEST II), the
      potential neuropeptides L-prolyl-L-leucyl-glycinamide (MIF), cyclo(1-aminocyclo
      pentanecarbonyl-L-alanyl)[cyclo(Acp-Ala)] and cyclo(glycyl-L-leucyl)[Cyclo(Gly
      Leu)] were tested in the critical developmental periods of d 1.5 to 4 of chick
      embryogenesis in order to objectively examine their undesirable interactions with
      the developing morphogenetic systems of the brain, eye, face, body wall, limbs,
      trunk and heart. All compounds tested showed positive dose- and stage-response
      relationships. The body wall defects are the prevailing type of malformations.

PMID- 2905483
TI  - Effect of restraint stress and anxiolytics on 5-HT turnover in rat brain.
AB  - In male Tuck AHA rats, restraint stress had no effect on 5-hydroxytryptamine (5
      HT) levels in the frontal cortex, amygdala, hypothalamus and hippocampus, but
      produced a significant increase in 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) levels in
      the amygdala after 120 and 180 min, and in the hypothalamus after 180 min. This
      apparent increase in turnover was not paralleled by a concomitant increase in the
      rate of 5-HT synthesis, as determined by measuring the accumulation of 5
      hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) following inhibition of amino acid decarboxylase with m
      hydroxybenzylhydrazine (NSD-1015). 5-HTP accumulation was, however, increased in
      the frontal cortex after 180 min. In naive rats, buspirone (0.1-2.5 mg/kg, s.c.)
      produced a dose-dependent decrease in 5-HTP accumulation in all four brain
      regions, while chlordiazepoxide, in doses up to 10 mg/kg (s.c.) had no effect.
      The increase in 5-HT synthesis in the frontal cortex following 180 min restraint
      stress was inhibited by pretreatment with buspirone, when administered at 2.5
      mg/kg (s.c.) 30 min prior to the stress period, but not by chlordiazepoxide at 10
      mg/kg (s.c.).

PMID- 2905484
TI  - Influence of alpha 1-adrenergic receptor stimulation and phorbol esters on
      hepatic Na+/K+-ATPase activity.
AB  - The effects of the alpha 1-adrenergic agonist phenylephrine (PE) and the phorbol
      ester 4 beta-phorbolmyristate-acetate (PMA) on sodium pump function were studied
      in the rat liver. In order to distinguish between direct and indirect influences,
      ouabain-sensitive 86Rb uptake by intact liver slices was compared with ouabain
      sensitive Na+/K+-ATPase activity in plasma membranes isolated from PE and PMA
      perfused livers. At a buffer Ca2+ level of 2.5 mmol/l, PE (10 mumol/l) caused an
      initial stimulation of both 86Rb uptake and Na+/K+-ATPase activity followed at 5
      min by a decrease in both activities. Both actions were blocked by the alpha 1
      antagonist prazosin. The decrease in ouabain-sensitive Na+/K+-ATPase was
      paralleled by an increase in Mg2+ ATPase activity. At a Ca2+ level of 1.5 mmol/l,
      PE stimulation of 86Rb uptake and Na+/K+-ATPase was sustained, and the inhibitory
      component was not expressed. PMA (4 mumol/l) reduced 86Rb uptake and Na+/K+
      ATPase and similar to PE, this inhibition was paralleled by an increase of Mg2+
      ATPase activity. 4 alpha-PMA, which does not activate protein kinase C, failed to
      influence 86Rb uptake or Na+/K+-ATPase. These results demonstrate that PE and PMA
      effects on ouabain-sensitive 86Rb uptake are preserved in isolated membranes,
      indicating a direct influence on the Na+/K+-ATPase. A role for protein kinase C
      in modulating sodium pump activity is suggested.

PMID- 2905485
TI  - The structure of 2Zn pig insulin crystals at 1.5 A resolution.
AB  - The paper describes the arrangement of the atoms within rhombohedral crystals of
      2Zn pig insulin as seen in electron density maps calculated from X-ray data
      extending to 1.5 A (1 A = 10(-10) m = 10(-1) nm) at room temperature and refined
      to R = 0.153. The unit cell contains 2 zinc ions, 6 insulin molecules and about 3
      x 283 water molecules. The atoms in the protein molecules appear well defined, 7
      of the 102 side chains in the asymmetric unit have been assigned alternative
      disordered positions. The electron density over the water molecules has been
      interpreted in terms of 349 sites, 217 weighted 1.0, 126 weighted 0.5, 5 at 0.33
      and 1 at 0.25 giving ca. 282 molecules. The positions and contacts of all the
      residues belonging to the two A and B chains of the asymmetric unit are shown
      first and then details of their arrangement in the two insulin molecules, 1 and
      2, which are different. The formation from these molecules of a compact dimer and
      the further aggregation of three dimers to form a hexamer around two zinc ions,
      follows. It appears that in the packing of the hexamers in the crystal there are
      conflicting influences; too-close contacts between histidine B5 residues in
      neighbouring hexamers are probably responsible for movements of atoms at the
      beginning of the A chain of one of the two molecules of the dimer that initiate
      movements in other parts, particularly near the end of the B chain. At every
      stage of the building of the protein structure, residues to chains of definite
      conformation, molecules, dimers, hexamers and crystals, we can trace the effect
      of the packing of like groups to like, aliphatic groups together, aromatic groups
      together, hydrogen-bonded structures, positive and negative ions. Between the
      protein molecules, the water is distributed in cavities and channels that are
      continuous throughout the crystals. More than half the water molecules appear
      directly hydrogen bonded to protein atoms. These are generally in contact with
      other water molecules in chains and rings of increasing disorder, corresponding
      with their movement through the crystals. Within the established crystal
      structure we survey next the distribution of hydrogen bonds within the protein
      molecules and between water and protein and water and water; all but eight of the
      active atoms in the protein form at least one hydrogen bond.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2905486
TI  - Frequency-dependent selection. A discussion. 24 and 25 June 1987.

PMID- 2905487
TI  - Frequency-dependent selection in bacterial populations.
AB  - There are many situations in which the direction and intensity of natural
      selection in bacterial populations will depend on the relative frequencies of
      genotypes. In some cases, this selection will favour rare genotypes and result in
      the maintenance of genetic variability; this is termed stabilizing frequency
      dependent selection. In other cases, selection will only favour genotypes when
      they are common. Rare types cannot invade and genetic variability will not be
      maintained; this is known as disruptive frequency-dependent selection. Phage
      mediated selection for bacteria with novel restriction-modification systems is
      frequency-dependent and stabilizing. In mass culture, selection for the
      production of toxins and allelopathic agents is likely to be frequency-dependent
      but disruptive. This also occurs in selection favouring genes and transposable
      elements that cause mutations. Here I review the results of theoretical and
      experimental studies of stabilizing and disruptive frequency-dependent selection
      in bacterial populations, and speculate on the importance of this kind of
      selection in the adaptation and evolution of these organisms and their accessory
      elements (plasmid, phage and transposons).

PMID- 2905488
TI  - Frequency-dependent selection by predators.
AB  - Sometimes predators tend to concentrate on common varieties of prey and overlook
      rare ones. Within prey species, this could result in the fitness of each variety
      being inversely related to its frequency in the population. Such frequency
      dependent or 'apostatic' selection by predators hunting by sight could maintain
      polymorphism for colour pattern, and much of the supporting evidence for this
      idea has come from work on birds and artificial prey. These and other studies
      have shown that the strength of the observed selection is affected by prey
      density, palatability, coloration and conspicuousness. When the prey density is
      very high, selection becomes 'anti-apostatic': predators preferentially remove
      rare prey. There is still much to be learned about frequency-dependent selection
      by predators on artificial prey: work on natural polymorphic prey has hardly
      begun.

PMID- 2905489
TI  - Frequency-dependent predation, crypsis and aposematic coloration.
AB  - Frequency-dependent predation may maintain or prevent colour pattern
      polymorphisms in prey, and can be caused by a variety of biological phenomena,
      including perceptual processes (search images), optimal foraging and learning.
      Most species are preyed upon by more than one predator species, which are likely
      to differ in foraging styles, perceptual and learning abilities. Depending upon
      the interaction between predator vision, background and colour pattern
      parameters, certain morphs may be actively maintained in some conditions and not
      in others, even with the same predators. More than one kind of predator will also
      affect stability, and only slight changes in conditions can cause a transition
      between polymorphism and monomorphism. Frequency-dependent selection is not a
      panacea for the explanation of variation in animal colour patterns, although it
      may be important in some systems.

PMID- 2905490
TI  - The rare-male effect: what is its evolutionary significance?
AB  - Negatively frequency-dependent male mating success, the rare-male effect (RME),
      has been reported from many laboratory experiments, particularly with Drosophila
      spp. Problems with observer bias, lack of repeatability, with experimental design
      and with the analysis of data may indicate that the RME is considerably less well
      documented than has been supposed, even in the laboratory. Male competition is
      unlikely to be a common cause of the RME, except where there are behavioural
      differences between competing strains that result in lower competition between
      them than within them. A mixture of fixed female preferences seems the most
      likely cause, and further behavioural studies are required to investigate this
      mechanism. There is no convincing evidence that the RME is a consequence of
      frequency-dependent female preferences. An RME in the absence of negative
      assortment is not in general expected to lead to the avoidance of inbreeding
      because matings between relatives will not be reduced. Nor is it likely to
      contribute to the high levels of genetic polymorphism found in nature, because
      females would be required to base their mating preferences on genotypes at all or
      most loci, to show individual variation in respect of their preferences and to
      sum the information into an index of genomic rarity. Given the levels of
      polymorphism involved, all males are likely to be rare by some criterion. A
      varying direction of female preference, required for a two-sided RME and for the
      maintenance of genetic polymorphism, has yet to be reported from wild
      populations. The RME is therefore probably of limited evolutionary significance.
      Disassortative mating with respect to self-incompatibility alleles in plants, and
      possibly major histocompatibility complex (MHC) alleles in vertebrates, results
      in an RME, inbreeding avoidance and high levels of genetic polymorphism at these
      loci.

PMID- 2905491
TI  - Dynamics of some simple host-parasite models with more than two genotypes in each
      species.
AB  - A two-species genetic model of host-parasite interaction is used to study the
      dynamical consequences of varying the number of genotypes in each species, and
      the recombination rate in the host. With two genotypes in each species, the
      model's behaviour is very simple; there is either a stable interior equilibrium,
      a stable cycle or a smooth outward spiral toward the boundaries. But with three
      or more genotypes, complex cycles and apparently chaotic behaviour may arise over
      wide ranges of parameter values. Increasing the number of genotypes also tends to
      slow the rate of gene-frequency change. Recombination in the host does not affect
      the stability of the interior fixed point, but intermediate rates of
      recombination may give dynamic stability to an otherwise dynamically unstable
      pattern of cycling. Intermediate rates of recombination also tend to decrease the
      amplitudes of gene-frequency cycles in the host, which implies that they could
      promote the accumulation of genetic variation involved in complementary,
      antagonistic interactions with parasites.

PMID- 2905492
TI  - The evolution of aggression: can selection generate variability?
AB  - Three models--the war of attrition, the size game and the badges of dominance
      game--are described, in which natural selection can maintain genetic variability
      for aggression. The models differ in whether or not the traits that settle
      contests are costly in contexts other than fighting, and also in whether signals
      are used. It is concluded that contests will be settled by non-costly traits only
      if the value of the contested resource is small relative to the cost of fighting,
      and that 'honest' signalling of aggressiveness is stable only if individuals
      giving signals that are inconsistent with their behaviour suffer costs. The
      literature on 'badges of dominance' in birds is reviewed. New data on great tits,
      greenfinches and corn buntings show that there is plumage variability within age
      and sex that sometimes serves to settle contests, and that, in the first two
      species but not the third, the badges are uncorrelated with size, and settle
      contests only over trivial resources.

PMID- 2905493
TI  - Frequency-dependent sexual selection.
AB  - Sexual selection by female choice is expected to give rise to a frequency
      dependent sexual advantage in favour of preferred male phenotypes: the rarer the
      preferred phenotypes, the more often they are chosen as mates. This 'rare-male
      advantage' can maintain a polymorphism when two or more phenotypes are mated
      preferentially: each phenotype gains an advantage when it is rarer than the
      others; no preferred phenotype can then be lost from the population. Expression
      of preference may be complete or partial. In models of complete preference,
      females with a preference always mate preferentially. Models of partial
      preference are more realistic: in these models, the probability that a female
      mates preferentially depends on the frequency with which she encounters the males
      she prefers. Two different 'encounter models' of partial preference have been
      derived: the O'Donald model and the Charlesworth model. The encounter models
      contain the complete preference model as a limiting case. In this paper, the
      Charlesworth model is generalized to allow for female preference of more than one
      male phenotype. Levels of frequency dependence can then be compared in the
      O'Donald and Charlesworth models. The complete preference model and both
      encounter models are formulated in the same genetical terms of preferences for
      dominant and recessive male phenotypes. Polymorphic equilibria and conditions for
      stability are derived for each of the three models. The models are then fitted to
      data of frequencies of matings observed in experiments with the two-spot
      ladybird. The complete preference model gives as good a fit as the encounter
      models to the data of these and other experiments. The O'Donald and Charlesworth
      encounter models are shown to produce a very similar frequency-dependent
      relation. Generally, as females become less choosy, they express their preference
      with more dependence on male frequency, whereas the resulting selection of the
      males becomes less frequency dependent. More choosy females are more constant in
      expressing their preference, producing greater frequency dependence in the
      selection of the males.

PMID- 2905494
TI  - Frequency dependence and competition.
AB  - Intraspecific competition implies interaction among the individuals of a
      population, so natural selection on genotypic variation in characters related to
      the competition will necessarily be frequency dependent. Intraspecific
      antagonistic competition exhibits properties similar to other behavioural
      interactions between individuals. In exploitative intraspecific competition the
      interactions among individuals are less direct. Exploitation modifies the
      abundance of the various limiting resources according to the use of these
      resources by the individual members of the population. The amount of resource
      available to an individual is therefore a function of the phenotypes present in
      the population, through their density and frequency.

PMID- 2905495
TI  - Frequency-dependent selection and competition: empirical approaches.
AB  - When Darwin and Wallace first formulated the theory of evolution by natural
      selection, they were greatly influenced by the idea that populations tend to
      increase geometrically and rapidly outgrow the resources available to them. They
      argued that the ensuing competition among individuals would be a major agent of
      natural selection. Since their day, competition has become almost synonymous with
      the idea of natural selection or survival of the fittest. In this paper we
      examine the relation between competition and selection by using simple
      competition models, consider the interaction of density and frequency in
      determining competitive outcome, and review the literature on frequency-dependent
      competitive interactions among genotypes within populations.

PMID- 2905496
TI  - Relative roles of mutation and selection in the maintenance of genetic
      variability.
AB  - The extent and pattern of protein and DNA polymorphisms are discussed with
      emphasis on the mechanism of maintenance of the polymorphisms. Statistical
      studies suggest that a large proportion of genetic variability at the molecular
      level is maintained by a mutation-drift balance. At some loci, such as those for
      histocompatibility in mammals, however, a form of overdominant selection seems to
      be involved. In the presence of overdominant selection, polymorphic alleles may
      be maintained for tens of millions of years, so that the number of nucleotide
      differences between alleles is often very large, as in the case of self
      incompatibility alleles in plants. There are also an increasing number of
      examples in which an adaptive change of a morphological or physiological
      character is caused by a single nucleotide substitution. Nevertheless, these
      mutations seem to be a small proportion of the total nucleotide changes that
      contribute to genetic variability and evolution. Although there are many examples
      of frequency-dependent selection, this form of selection is apparently
      unimportant for the maintenance of genetic variability except in some special
      cases. Observations on the evolutionary change of DNA suggest that the driving
      force of evolution is mutation rather than selection.

PMID- 2905497
TI  - Frequency-dependent selection, metrical characters and molecular evolution.
AB  - Computer models of selection acting on a quantitative character show that a
      combination of frequency-dependent and stabilizing selection can maintain many
      polymorphisms among the genes that determine the character. The models also show
      that the random order of mutations can give rise to selectively driven stochastic
      effects that are sometimes more important than random genetic drift. They suggest
      simple explanations for patterns of divergence between populations and species,
      and for apparent discrepancies between the rates of morphological and molecular
      evolution. They point towards a selective theory of 'molecular clocks'.

PMID- 2905498
TI  - Effect of inhibitors of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase on the uptake of glutamate
      and aspartate into cultured astroglial cells from the glycogen body and cerebral
      hemispheres of the embryonic chick.
AB  - Astroglial-like cells from the glycogen body and astroglia from the cerebral
      hemispheres of chick embryos cultured 6 days in vitro exhibit comparable values
      of L-glutamate and L-aspartate uptake. The uptake is significantly reduced by
      inhibitors of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase.

PMID- 2905499
TI  - Dose-response curves of homovanillic acid in pre-frontal cortex and caudate
      following antipsychotic drugs: relation to clinical potencies.
AB  - Dose-response curves for the elevation of homovanillic acid (HVA) levels,
      determined by high performance liquid chromatography using electrochemical
      detection, in the pre-frontal cortex and caudate of rats after acute treatment
      with 12 antipsychotic drugs are presented. The order of potency in both brain
      regions was: haloperidol greater than or equal to fluphenazine greater than
      loxapine greater than trifluoperazine greater than thiothixene greater than
      molindone greater than clopenthixol greater than chlorpromazine greater than
      metoclopramide greater than thioridazine greater than clozapine greater than
      sulpiride. This ranking is roughly correlated with that based on clinical
      potencies. The relative elevation of the content of HVA was weaker in the pre
      frontal cortex than in the caudate for all drugs tested, except clozapine at a
      high dose.

PMID- 2905501
TI  - Benzodiazepine antagonist RO 15-1788 partly reverses some anxiolytic effects of
      ethanol in the mouse.
AB  - The effects of the benzodiazepine (BZD) receptor antagonist RO 15-1788 (3 mg/kg)
      on the anxiolytic properties of ethanol in mice confronted with a light/dark
      choice procedure and with the staircase test were investigated. RO 15-1788
      reversed the effects of ethanol on some of the behavioural parameters without
      eliciting intrinsic effects when given alone. These data closely resemble those
      we previously obtained with several BZD receptor inverse agonists such as RO 15
      3505, RO 15-4513 or beta-CCM. Since anxiogenic-like properties of low doses of RO
      15-1788 have been identified by other authors, it is suggested that the
      antagonistic action of this drug against some of the behavioural effects of
      ethanol could be due to its being a partial BZD inverse agonist.

PMID- 2905500
TI  - Human studies on the benzodiazepine receptor antagonist beta-carboline ZK 93 426:
      antagonism of lormetazepam's psychotropic effects.
AB  - The effects of lormetazepam (0.03 mg/kg IV) a benzodiazepine (BZ) derivative in
      combination with ZK 93 426 (0.04 mg/kg IV) a beta-carboline, benzodiazepine
      receptor antagonist were evaluated in humans. Independently, the effects of ZK 93
      426 on its own were investigated. A psychometric test battery to evaluate
      sedation (visual analog scales (VAS), anxiolysis (state-trait-anxiety inventory
      scale (STAIG X1) and cognitive functions [logical reasoning test (LR), letter
      detection test (LD)] was applied before and several hours after initiation of
      treatment. Multiple sleep latency test (MSLT), which measures day time
      sleepiness, was also applied. Vigilosomnograms analysed from standard EEG
      recordings were evaluated shortly before and for 1 h after treatment. Treatment
      started with an intravenous injection of either lormetazepam (LMZ) or placebo
      (PLA), which was followed 30 min later by administration of either ZK 93 426 or
      placebo; thus four treatment groups were created (PLA + PLA, LMZ + PLA, LMZ + ZK
      93 426 and PLA + ZK 93 426). ZK 93 426 antagonized the sedative and hypnotic
      effect of LMZ as estimated by MSLT and vigilosomnograms, respectively. Impairment
      of cognitive functions (LR and LD) induced by LMZ was also antagonized by ZK 93
      426. ZK 93 426 had no effect on the changes in the time estimation seen in the
      LMZ group. Furthermore, ZK 93 426 on its own increased vigilance (alertness) as
      measured by the vigilosomnogram. A competitive antagonism at the benzodiazepine
      binding site between ZK 93 426 and LMZ is suggested by their combination effects;
      the intrinsic activity of ZK 93 426 seems to be due to its weak partial inverse
      agonist component.

PMID- 2905502
TI  - The effects of haloperidol on the partial reinforcement extinction effect (PREE):
      implications for neuroleptic drug action on reinforcement and nonreinforcement.
AB  - The effects of haloperidol 0.1 mg/kg on the partial reinforcement extinction
      effect (PREE) paradigm at one trial a day, were examined. Two groups of rats were
      trained to run in a straight alley. The continuously reinforced (CRF) group
      received food reward on every trial. The partially reinforced (PRF) group was
      rewarded on a quasi-random 50% schedule. All animals were then tested in
      extinction. Haloperidol 0.1 mg/kg was administered in a 2 x 2 design, i.e., drug
      no drug in acquisition and drug-no drug in extinction. The PREE, i.e., increased
      resistance to extinction of partially reinforced as compared to continuously
      reinforced animals, was obtained in all four drug conditions. The administration
      of haloperidol in acquisition increased markedly resistance to extinction in CRF
      animals. The administration of the drug in extinction decreased resistance to
      extinction in both CRF and PRF animals. The results are explained in terms of two
      independent actions of haloperidol: the well-known effect of reduction in the
      effectiveness of reinforcement as well as enhancement of the effectiveness of
      nonreinforcement.

PMID- 2905503
TI  - Chronic administration of a selective dopamine D-2 agonist: factors determining
      behavioral tolerance and sensitization.
AB  - The locomotor stimulant effects of sustained administration of a potent and
      selective dopamine (DA) D-2 receptor agonist, [+]-4-propyl-9-hydroxynaphthoxazine
      (PHNO), in rats were assessed 24 h a day during 12 h light-dark cycles. PHNO was
      administered continuously with subcutaneous implants of Alzet osmotic minipumps
      (5 micrograms/h), for 12 h a day with modified osmotic minipumps (5
      micrograms/h), or by daily injections (15 micrograms, SC). Tolerance was observed
      to occur only with 24 h continuous infusions and only during the light period.
      The other treatment regimens produced sensitization of the locomotor response.
      Daytime tolerance to continuous infusions of PHNO was reversed following reversal
      of the light-dark cycle. A normally 'arousing' stimulus also reversed
      (temporarily) daytime tolerance. The present results indicate that the temporal
      pattern of administration of DA agonists, the phase of the circadian cycle and
      environmental stimuli associated with arousal are important determinants of the
      behavioral consequences of long-term treatment.

PMID- 2905504
TI  - Behavioural influences on benzodiazepine tolerance: when do they occur and what
      do they mean?

PMID- 2905505
TI  - CNS effects of beta blockade: a comparative study.

PMID- 2905506
TI  - Information processing and maintenance dose requirements in schizophrenia.

PMID- 2905507
TI  - Psychotropic management of behavioral disorders after head trauma.
AB  - A rational basis for the psychopharmacologic management of behavioral
      disturbances after head trauma has been presented that is predicated on research
      in neurotransmitter changes that evolve subsequent to head trauma. The paucity of
      human studies in this area mandates the use of experimental models and evidence
      garnered from provocative challenges to suggest the underlying neurotransmitter
      profile in various behavioral abnormalities. Multiple neurotransmitter circuits
      exist that provide parallel, duplicate, and redundant systems for these
      behaviors. Certainly, alternative explanations could be offered for the examples
      cited above. Furthermore, measurement of neurotransmitter metabolite
      concentration in cerebrospinal fluid does not allow specific inferences to be
      made regarding topographic correlation and neurotransmitter function. Nor does it
      afford assessment of regional differences in psychotropic influence on
      neurotransmitter receptors. New imaging techniques (eg, positron emission
      tomography) will certainly aid in this determination. Current investigations,
      however, support the concept that neurotransmitter changes do occur after head
      injury, that these alterations exist during the time that "recovery" occurs, and
      that psychotropic agents influence this recovery process. Further research is
      needed to clarify neurotransmitter changes after head injury and to identify
      psychotropic intervention strategies that facilitate the recovery process.

PMID- 2905508
TI  - Psychobiologic aspects of the treatment of primary mania.

PMID- 2905509
TI  - In vitro lecithinase activity and sensitivity to 22 antimicrobial agents of
      Clostridium perfringens isolated from necrotic enteritis of broiler chickens.
AB  - Viable Clostridium perfringens ranging from 10(5) to 10(8) g-1 was detected in
      all of 88 intestinal content specimens of necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens.
      In vitro lecithinase activity and sensitivity to 22 antimicrobial agents were
      determined for the 88 isolates. The activities of lecithinase in the culture
      filtrate of isolates were estimated to be 0.5 to 4.0 AE ml-1 as alpha-antitoxin
      equivalent. With reference to antimicrobial activity penicillins and cephazolin
      showed excellent activity and no resistance; peptides, of the agents used as
      growth promoters, showed that all except bacitracin had low minimum inhibitory
      concentration levels (1.6 micrograms ml-1 or less) against this organism;
      polyethers of monensin, salinomycin and lasalocid were generally adequate in low
      concentrations while there was a high level of resistance to three tetracyclines
      in 90 per cent of the strains and all isolates were insusceptible to streptomycin
      of the aminoglycoside antibiotics.

PMID- 2905510
TI  - Fimbria-like adhesive factor (EAF 44) from verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli of
      bovine origin.
AB  - An adhesin with fimbria-like properties was present in four strains of
      verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolated from diarrhoeic calves in Brazil.

PMID- 2905511
TI  - [Secondary prevention of ischemic cardiopathy. Current problems and outlook].

PMID- 2905512
TI  - [Clinical and prognostic correlations of clinically manifest ischemic cardiopathy
      and transient asymptomatic ischemia].

PMID- 2905513
TI  - [Diagnostic criteria in left anterior bundle-branch block (hemiblock)].

PMID- 2905514
TI  - [The significance of changes in the QRS complex in the severity of ventricular
      arrhythmia].

PMID- 2905515
TI  - [Electrocardiographic aspects in patients with implanted cardiac pacemakers].

PMID- 2905516
TI  - [Etiological classification of chronic hepatitis].

PMID- 2905517
TI  - [Morphology and variation of the Berg bodies in chronic liver disease].

PMID- 2905518
TI  - [Upper digestive hemorrhage in portal hypertension].

PMID- 2905519
TI  - [Comparative study of the efficacy of De-Nol and ranitidine in treating duodenal
      ulcer].

PMID- 2905520
TI  - [Vienna, the hard challenges of WHO].

PMID- 2905521
TI  - Lithium therapy and prophylaxis in unipolar manic-depressive illness.

PMID- 2905522
TI  - [Dermatoglyphics in cryptorchism].

PMID- 2905523
TI  - Clinical phenomenology.

PMID- 2905524
TI  - Genetics, immunology, and virology.

PMID- 2905525
TI  - Neurochemistry and neuropharmacology.

PMID- 2905526
TI  - Developmental dialectics.

PMID- 2905527
TI  - [Beta2-microglobulin in the blood serum in hemorrhagic fever with the renal
      syndrome].

PMID- 2905528
TI  - The GABAA receptor: new insights from single-channel recording.
AB  - The GABAA receptor of mammalian neurons exists as a macromolecular complex
      incorporating several interacting components. These include a chloride-permeable
      ion channel and a recognition site for GABA. The binding of GABA molecules at the
      latter site triggers the transient opening of the chloride ion channel, resulting
      in a flow of charge which inhibits the generation of action potentials in the
      cell. The precise amount of charge passed during this event is modulated by
      ligand binding at at least three regulatory sites. These sites act as receptors
      for barbiturates, benzodiazepines, and certain convulsants. The extracellular
      patch clamp method has now been used to study the gating of chloride channels by
      GABA and the modulation of this process by drugs. Even in the absence of drugs,
      GABAA channels exhibit complex gating behavior, indicating the presence of
      multiple open and closed states and of substate conductance levels. GABAA
      channels from different preparations show considerable diversity in their
      detailed gating characteristics. In the presence of the barbiturate
      pentobarbital, GABAA channels open in prolonged bursts, consistent with the
      potentiating effect of this drug on macroscopic GABA responses. In contrast, the
      convulsant penicillin decreases charge transfer through open GABAA channels by
      shortening the average duration of the open state. Benzodiazepine receptor
      ligands exert complex effects on the GABAA channel. A general model of
      barbiturate and benzodiazepine potentiation of GABAA receptor responses is
      proposed.

PMID- 2905529
TI  - Dopamine receptors and the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia.
AB  - The discovery of neuroleptic drugs in 1952 provided a new strategy for seeking a
      biological basis of schizophrenia. This entailed a search for a primary site of
      neuroleptic action. The Parkinsonian effects caused by neuroleptics suggested
      that dopamine transmission may be disrupted by these drugs. In 1963 it was
      proposed that neuroleptics blocked "monoamine receptors" or impeded the release
      of monoamine metabolites. The neuroleptic concentration in plasma water or
      cerebrospinal fluid was of the order of 2 nM for haloperidol in clinical therapy.
      A systematic research was made between 1963 and 1974 for a primary site of
      neuroleptic action which would be sensitive to 2 nM haloperidol and
      stereoselective for (+)-butaclamol. Direct evidence that neuroleptics selectively
      blocked dopamine receptors occurred in 1974 with the finding that nanomolar
      concentrations of these drugs stereoselectively inhibited the binding of [3H]
      dopamine or [3H]-haloperidol. These binding sites, now termed D2 dopamine
      receptors (which inhibit adenylate cyclase), are blocked by neuroleptics in
      direct relation to the antipsychotic potencies of the neuroleptics. No such
      correlation exists for D1 receptors (which stimulate adenylate cyclase). Based on
      the fact that dopamine-mimetic drugs elicited hallucinations, and that
      neuroleptics caused rigidity, Van Rossum in 1966 had suggested a hypothesis that
      dopamine pathways may be overactive in schizophrenia. The D2-selective blockade
      by all neuroleptics (except the monoamine-depleting reserpine) provided strong
      support for the dopamine hypothesis. Further support now comes from postmortem
      data and in vivo positron tomographic data, both of which indicate that the
      density of D2 receptors are elevated in the schizophrenic brain. The postmortem
      data indicate a bimodal pattern with half the schizophrenics having striatal D2
      densities of 14 pmol/g (control is 13 pmol/g) and the other half having 26
      pmol/g. Current positron tomographic data indicate D2 densities of 14 pmol/g in
      control subjects, but values of 34 pmol/g in drug-naive schizophrenics. Future
      tests of the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia may entail an examination of
      the amino acid composition and genes for D2 receptors in schizophrenic tissue, an
      examination of the ability of the D2 receptor to become phosphorylated and to
      desensitize into the low-affinity state, and an examination of the interaction of
      D2 receptors with D1 receptors or other neurotransmitters.

PMID- 2905530
TI  - Epinephrine and norepinephrine modulate neuronal responses to excitatory amino
      acids and agonists in frog spinal cord.
AB  - The interaction of the catecholamines epinephrine (E) and norepinephrine (NE)
      (1.0-100 microM) and excitatory amino acids on motoneurons of the isolated
      superfused frog spinal cord was investigated by sucrose gap recordings from
      ventral roots. Exposure of the cord to E or NE 30 sec prior to application of L
      aspartate or L-glutamate reduced the motoneuron depolarizations produced by the
      amino acids. The reduction of responses to the mixed receptor agonists L
      glutamate and L-aspartate may be the result of opposite actions of the
      catecholamines on the activation of specific excitatory receptors by the amino
      acids. Thus, E and NE facilitated depolarizations caused by application of N
      methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and depressed those produced by quisqualate. The effect
      on NMDA responses appeared to be beta-adrenoceptor mediated because it was
      mimicked by the beta-agonist isoproterenol and blocked by propranolol. The effect
      on quisqualate depolarizations appeared to require activation of alpha 2
      adrenoceptors; it was mimicked by the alpha 2-agonists clonidine and alpha
      methylnorepinephrine and antagonized by yohimbine and piperoxan. These results
      are important in understanding the actions of catecholamines on reflex
      transmission in spinal pathways which use excitatory amino acids as transmitters.

PMID- 2905531
TI  - Reversible shifts in the Ca2+-dependent release of aspartate and glutamate from
      hippocampal slices with changing glucose concentrations.
AB  - It is known that low glucose concentrations increase the aspartate and decrease
      the glutamate content of brain tissue both in vivo and in vitro. To see whether
      these changes occur in the transmitter compartment or not, the release of
      aspartate and glutamate evoked by electrical-field stimulation or by high K+ was
      followed in slices of rat hippocampus superfused with 5 or 0.2 mM glucose.
      Superfusion with 0.2 mM glucose increased the evoked release of aspartate about
      ten times and that of glutamate about threefold. This shift in the ratio of
      aspartate to glutamate released was accompanied by a similar increase in the
      relative amount of aspartate contained in the slices. The high evoked release of
      aspartate and glutamate was well maintained, provided 0.5 mM glutamine was added
      to the medium. Changing the concentration of glucose after the first period of
      stimulation rapidly altered the relative amounts of aspartate and glutamate
      released but not the enhanced release of glutamate. The large evoked release of
      both aspartate and glutamate in 0.2 mM glucose was almost entirely Ca2+
      dependent. The relative amounts of aspartate and glutamate released by 50 mM K+
      also changed when the glucose concentration was reduced. Results suggest two
      effects of low glucose concentrations: an increase in the overflow of
      synaptically released glutamate due to a decreased uptake and an increase in the
      proportion of aspartate to glutamate formed and released from the transmitter
      pool. These observations are consistent with the interpretation that these two
      transmitters can be released in different proportions from the same terminals.

PMID- 2905532
TI  - Localization of serotonin 5-HT2 receptors in living human brain by positron
      emission tomography using N1-([11C]-methyl)-2-Br-LSD.
AB  - N1-([11C]-Methyl)-2-Br-LSD ([11C]-MBL) has been developed as a positron emission
      tomography (PET) imaging agent for serotonin 5-HT2 receptors. In vitro receptor
      binding assays with nonradioactive MBL show high-affinity binding to serotonin 5
      HT2 receptors (Ki = 0.5 nM), a secondary interaction of 8-fold lower affinity
      with dopamine D2 receptors, and low-affinity interactions with alpha 1-adrenergic
      as well as serotonin 5-HT1 receptors. Intravenous injection of [11C]-MBL in a
      baboon led to selective labeling of cortical regions that was markedly blocked by
      prior administration of ketanserin, a selective 5-HT2 receptor antagonist.
      Clinical trials with [11C]-MBL have been conducted in seven normal human
      volunteers, and the regional distribution of radioactivity in the brain was
      distinctly serotonergic. Labeling was highest in frontal, temporal, and parietal
      cortex with lower levels observed in caudate and putamen. The tracer rapidly
      washed from the cerebellum and the low levels of activity in this brain region
      were used to define nonspecific binding. The maximum specificity was reached
      between 30 and 60 minutes postinjection when frontal cortex to cerebellum ratios
      ranged from 1.7 for a 52-year-old male to 2.7 for a 30-year-old male. In
      agreement with previous studies, a trend towards lower ratios (lower serotonin 5
      HT2 receptor levels) was observed in older volunteers. These studies indicate
      that [11C]-MBL is a selective radioligand that can be used to monitor serotonin 5
      HT2 receptor densities in vivo in most regions of the human brain.

PMID- 2905533
TI  - Modification of 5-HT neuron properties by sustained administration of the 5-HT1A
      agonist gepirone: electrophysiological studies in the rat brain.
AB  - The sustained administration of the 5-HT1A agonist gepirone (15 mg/kg/day, s.c.)
      in the rat produced an initial decrease of the firing activity of dorsal raphe 5
      HT neurons which was followed by a progressive recovery to normal after 14 days
      of treatment. At this point in time, the effect of intravenous lysergic acid
      diethylamide (LSD) on the firing activity of 5-HT neurons was markedly reduced,
      whereas those of 8-hydroxy-2-N,N-propylamino-tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) and of gepirone
      were unchanged; however, the responsiveness of 5-HT neurons to direct
      microiontophoretic application of 5-HT, LSD, 8-OH-DPAT, and gepirone, but not of
      GABA, was reduced. The responsiveness of postsynaptic dorsal hippocampus
      pyramidal neurons to 5-HT, 8-OH-DPAT, and gepirone was not altered by the 14-day
      gepirone treatment. The effectiveness of the electrical stimulation of the
      ascending 5-HT pathway in reducing pyramidal neuron firing activity was not
      significantly modified in rats treated with gepirone for 14 days. Furthermore,
      this treatment did not alter the function of the terminal 5-HT autoreceptor. It
      is concluded that the progressive restoration of the firing activity of 5-HT
      neurons, due to a desensitization of the somatodendritic 5-HT autoreceptor,
      combined with the direct activation of normosensitive postsynaptic 5-HT1A
      receptor by gepirone, should result in an augmented tonic activation of
      postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptors. The progressive appearance of this phenomenon
      would be consistent with the time course of the clinical anxiolytic, and possibly
      antidepressant, effects of gepirone.

PMID- 2905534
TI  - Hormonal regulation of somatostatin messenger RNA.
AB  - The ability of gonadal steroids to regulate the expression of the somatostatin
      gene in several regions of the CNS was investigated with in situ hybridization
      histochemistry. The amount of somatostatin mRNA was found to be significantly
      decreased 2-3 weeks after ovariectomy or orchidectomy in the periventricular
      hypothalamus, the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus, and the medial and
      central nuclei of the amygdala. Treatment of gonadectomized rats with estradiol
      benzoate or testosterone enanthate reversed this decrease in somatostatin mRNA.
      No significant effect was noted in the cerebral cortex or bed nucleus of the
      stria terminalis. In some regions, there was a high degree of convergence between
      the distribution of neurons containing estrogen/androgen receptors and
      somatostatin neurons that were responsive to gonadectomy. These results suggest
      that sex steroids regulate the expression of somatostatin through an action at
      the level of transcription.

PMID- 2905535
TI  - Effects of alpha 1 adrenoceptor activation on the excitability of primary
      afferent terminals of the sural nerve in the spinal cord of the cat.

PMID- 2905536
TI  - Peptide- and transmitter-containing neurons in the mediobasal hypothalamus and
      their relation to GABAergic systems: possible roles in control of prolactin and
      growth hormone secretion.
AB  - Indirect immunofluorescence histochemistry was used to study the relation among
      GABAergic, catecholaminergic, cholinergic, and peptidergic neurons in the rat
      mediobasal hypothalamus. By employing a direct double-labelling procedure using
      sheep antiserum against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), mouse monoclonal and
      rabbit antibodies to neurotensin (NT) and rabbit antisera to tyrosine hydroxylase
      (TH), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), galanin (GAL), growth hormone-releasing
      factor (GRF), or somatostatin (SOM), it was demonstrated that GAD-positive fibers
      and terminals in the external part of the median eminence co-contained
      immunoreactivity for TH, NT, GAL or GRF, but not for SOM. In the internal part of
      the median eminence-infundibular stalk, GAD-positive/NT-, GAL-, and GRF-negative
      and GAD-positive/TH-positive fiber plexa were shown. When a recently developed
      direct triple-labelling procedure with biotin-conjugated mouse secondary
      antibodies in conjunction with diethylaminocoumarin (DAMC)-conjugated avidin was
      employed, presence of GAD/GAL/NT- as well as GAD/GRF/NT-containing varicosities
      could be demonstrated close to hypophysial portal vessels. In colchicine
      pretreated animals, GAD was shown to coexist with TH, NT, or GAL in cell bodies
      in both the dorsomedial and ventrolateral domains of the arcuate nucleus, but
      with GRF only in the ventrolateral division. ChAT-positive neurons in the
      ventrolateral region were also TH-positive. In the ventrolateral arcuate nucleus,
      triple-labelling followed by elution-restaining showed GAD/NT/GAL/TH
      immunoreactivities in the same cells. Similarly, double-labelling with two
      following elution-restaining steps showed several NT/GAL/GRF/TH-containing cell
      bodies in this part of the arcuate nucleus. GAD-positive cells in the anterior
      hypothalamic periventricular area and fibers in the pituitary neurointermediate
      lobe were also TH-positive. The results demonstrate complex patterns of storage
      of chemical messengers in neurons of the arcuate nucleus-median eminence complex.
      Possible neuroendocrine interactions of these systems in the control of prolactin
      and growth hormone secretion are discussed.

PMID- 2905537
TI  - Three-dimensional structure of bidirectional, excitatory chemical synapses in the
      jellyfish Cyanea capillata.
AB  - Neurons in the ectoderm of the perirhopalial tissue of the jellyfish Cyanea
      capillata were exposed and fixed for electron microscopy under conditions
      designed to minimize exocytosis of synaptic vesicles. The structure of the
      bidirectional chemical synapses that connect neurons was examined and the three
      dimensional organization of these synapses was determined from reconstructions of
      serial sections. Synapses were characterized by the accumulation of a relatively
      few, large synaptic vesicles. These lie in a single layer against the terminal
      membrane of each terminal. The cytoplasmic side of the vesicles in any one
      terminal was covered by a single, large, perforated cisternal sheet. In addition,
      there were numerous smaller, bulbous cisternae that intermingled with the
      vesicles in the terminal. The structure of any one terminal was mirrored by that
      of the opposite terminal of the pair. The organization of these synapses is
      discussed from the viewpoint of cnidarian synapses in general.

PMID- 2905538
TI  - Reciprocal zones of excitation and inhibition in the neostriatum.
AB  - Single-unit activity was recorded in the rat neostriatum at different distances
      from the point of an infusion of either glutamate or serotonin. In each case,
      firing rate at the distant site (0.8-1.5 mm) was the mirror image of that at the
      near site (0.1-0.3 mm). These reciprocal changes were blocked by a subsequent
      injection of haloperidol, a dopamine antagonist. It appears that a lateral
      inhibitory network, intrinsic to the neostriatum and possibly modulated by
      dopamine, plays an important role in the operation of the neostriatum.

PMID- 2905539
TI  - Properties of two classes of rat brain acidic amino acid receptors induced by
      distinct mRNA populations in Xenopus oocytes.
AB  - The Xenopus laevis oocyte expression system was used to study the molecular
      composition of mRNAs encoding acidic amino acid (AA) receptors from rat brain.
      Xenopus oocytes injected with poly(A) mRNA express two general classes of AA
      receptors. One class consists of AA-gated cation channels. Responses are evoked
      by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), by kainate, and to a lesser extent by L-glutamate
      or quisqualate. The second class of receptor is coupled to an intracellular
      second messenger pathway activating an oocyte-encoded Ca2+-activated Cl-
      conductance. This second messenger-coupled AA receptor can be activated by L
      glutamate or quisqualate. DL-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid and D-alpha
      aminohexanedioic acid inhibit the AA-gated cation conductances activated by NMDA
      or kainate with different potencies but do not inhibit the second messenger
      coupled AA receptor. Responses to NMDA are enhanced by micromolar level of
      glycine and are inhibited by Mg2+, Zn2+, or MK-801. Dose-response analysis
      reveals that the AA-gated cation conductance activated by kainate requires the
      binding of two agonist molecules. To study the molecular composition, the mRNAs
      were size-fractionated by denaturing agarose gel electrophoresis. About 20-fold
      purification in specific activity (nA/ng of mRNA injected) of mRNAs encoding the
      second messenger-coupled AA receptor was achieved. In contrast, only a slight
      enrichment of the mRNAs encoding the AA-gated channel was observed. This suggests
      that the second messenger-coupled AA receptor is encoded by a single size class
      of mRNA, whereas the AA-gated cation channel(s) is encoded by multiple species of
      mRNAs or by mRNAs whose size distribution is heterogeneous.

PMID- 2905540
TI  - N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated component of synaptic responses to single
      pulse stimulation in rat hippocampal slices.

PMID- 2905541
TI  - [Immunoregulatory disorders and activation of the immune system in dilated
      cardiomyopathy].
AB  - The level of immunoregulatory lymphocytic subpopulations (CD3-, CD4-, CD8-cells,
      CD4/SD8 ratio, IaDr-positive cells, SD16-cells), lymphocyte natural cytotoxicity
      (NCT), the concentration of serum interferon (IF), beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2
      M) and neopterin were investigated in 30 patients with dilatative cardiomyopathy
      (DCMP). Immunoregulatory lymphocytic subpopulations were defined by indirect
      immunofluorescence using monoclonal antibodies to differentiating markers of BMA
      and OKT series. A decrease in SD4/SD8 ratio less than 1 was observed in 10
      patients, an increase in SD4/SD8 ratio over 2.3 was observed in 5 patients. A
      significant rise of IaDr-positive cells, a decrease in NCT, an increase in the
      concentration of IF, beta 2-M and neopterin were observed. There was correlation
      of an increase in IF concentration, the number of IaDr-positive cells and an
      increase in the level of neopterin and beta 2-M. Signs of activation of the
      immune system were more frequently noted in patients with a decreased (less than
      1) or increased CD4/CD8 ratio. The role of disorders of immunoregulation and
      activation of the immune system in DCMP pathogenesis was discussed.

PMID- 2905542
TI  - [Evaluation of pump function of the heart in patients with occlusive diseases of
      the abdominal aorta and ischemic heart disease based on radionuclide
      ventriculography].
AB  - Altogether 56 patients with occlusive abdominal aortic lesions and concomitant
      CHD were examined by radionuclide ventriculography on a nuclear stethoscope.
      Suppression of left ventricular systolic and diastolic function was noted in the
      patients with CHD and arterial hypertension. Investigations of cardiohemodynamics
      using the above method made it possible to identify patients with limited
      functional cardiac reserve, to predict possible myocardial complications, and to
      take preventive measures before, during and after reconstructive interventions on
      the abdominal aorta.

PMID- 2905543
TI  - Effects of exposing rat embryos in utero to physical or chemical teratogens are
      expressed later as enhanced induction of heat-shock proteins when embryonic
      hearts are cultured in vitro.
AB  - In order to get more insight into the effects of teratogens on developing
      embryos, we investigated the protein synthesis patterns of the target organs
      isolated from teratogen-treated embryos. Rat embryos were either irradiated in
      utero with either 252Cf fission neutrons or 60Co gamma rays on day 8 of gestation
      or treated in utero with a bis(dichloroacetyl)diamine (a chemical teratogen) on
      days 9 and 10. Hearts were removed from the embryos on day 12 and were incubated
      in vitro at 37 degrees C in the presence of [35S]methionine for up to 8 hr. The
      newly synthesized labeled proteins were then analyzed qualitatively by two
      dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Enhanced and prolonged induction
      of a family of heat-shock (stress) proteins with a molecular weight of about
      70,000 (SP70s) was observed as compared with those of controls. Among the
      teratogen-treated hearts, those with gross malformations already detectable at
      this early stage showed especially higher inductions of SP70s than did the
      others. The abnormal expression of SP70s observed in the present study appears to
      be a reflection of persisting cellular (tissue) damage inflicted by the
      teratogens, and the extent of the induction may be indicative of the degree
      and/or type of the damage. Such persisting defects in surviving cells, manifested
      by abnormal induction of SP70s in the present study, might be related to
      malformation of embryonic hearts.

PMID- 2905544
TI  - Evaluation of the developmental toxicity of nicotine and cotinine with frog
      embryo teratogenesis assay: Xenopus.
AB  - The teratogenic potential of nicotine and a primary metabolite, cotinine, was
      examined with FETAX (Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay: Xenopus). Early embryos of
      Xenopus laevis were exposed for 96 hr to nicotine or cotinine in two separate
      static renewal tests of each compound without addition of the metabolic
      activation system (MAS). Two static renewal tests of nicotine with the MAS were
      also conducted. Addition of the MAS to nicotine reduced the LC50 from an average
      of 136 to 20 mg/L. However, the EC50 (malformation) was increased from 0.4 to 5.8
      mg/L upon activation. The LC50 and EC50 values for cotinine averaged 4,340 and
      720 mg/L, respectively. Based on mortality/malformation index values, growth end
      points, and the types and severity of the induced malformations, nicotine and
      cotinine scored as potential teratogens. Metabolism of nicotine to more polar
      metabolites increased the nicotine concentration required to induce terata. The
      results are indicative of the versatility of FETAX in developmental toxicity
      testing.

PMID- 2905545
TI  - Sister chromatid exchange in human lymphocytes exposed to ascorbic acid and the
      cancer chemotherapeutic agent 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea.
AB  - This study examines sister chromatid exchange (SCE) induction by ascorbate, a
      weak in vitro SCE inducer which acts through free radical intermediates, and low
      doses of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU), a potent SCE
      inducer which acts primarily through DNA interstrand cross-links. A small dose
      dependent increase in SCE was observed in human peripheral lymphocytes exposed to
      ascorbate in the 0.5-10 mM dose range for 59 hours, with significant slowing of
      cell cycle kinetics at concentrations at and above 5 mM. CCNU concentration was
      selected to approximate the maximal increase in SCE induced by ascorbate. SCE
      frequencies in cells exposed sequentially to both agents were not significantly
      different from expectations under an additivity-of-effect model based on SCE
      response to each agent individually. Despite clear differences in the types of
      lesions induced, ascorbate and CCNU appear to act independently to induce SCE in
      a manner consistent with, though not exclusive to, Painter's replicon cluster
      model.

PMID- 2905546
TI  - Induction of estrogen receptor, peroxidase activity, and epithelial abnormalities
      in the mouse uterovaginal epithelium after neonatal treatment with
      diethylstilbestrol.
AB  - Neonatal female NMRI mice were treated with daily doses of 10(-2) or 5 micrograms
      diethylstilbestrol (DES) on one or more of days 1-5 after birth. Using
      immunohistochemical techniques and a monoclonal antibody to the estrogen
      receptor, we demonstrated an estrogen-induced precocious appearance of receptor
      protein in the nuclei of the uterovaginal epithelium. High levels of peroxidase
      activity and a pronounced stromal infiltration with peroxidase positive cells
      occurred in the uterine cervix and upper vagina after estrogen treatment. This
      regional restriction in peroxidase activity was similar to the regional
      restriction for estrogen-induced epithelial abnormalities (heterotopic columnar
      epithelium, adenosis). A combined treatment with DES and corticosterone depressed
      peroxidase activity but not to the control level. The distribution of abnormal
      epithelium was similar in DES- and DES-corticosterone-treated females. The
      conclusion is that neonatal estrogen treatment induces an epithelial receptor for
      estrogen and a high level of cervical peroxidase activity, but the relationship
      between these parameters and the appearance of abnormal cervicovaginal epithelial
      changes could not be settled in the present study.

PMID- 2905547
TI  - Effects of sodium azide on sea urchin embryos and gametes.
AB  - Sodium azide (SA) was tested on sea urchin embryos and gametes (Paracentrotus
      lividus). Developing embryos were exposed to SA (10(-6) to 10(-3) M) up to
      pluteus larval stage, or for shorter intervals before or after hatching.
      Developmental defects in SA-exposed embryos consisted mainly of gut
      abnormalities, without any detectable differences between pre- or post-hatch
      exposed embryos. SA-induced damage to gut was exerted during gastrulation, as
      evident by lectin binding of extracellular matrix. No mitotic damage was observed
      in SA-exposed embryos, nor could pH-related variations be detected in SA-induced
      embryotoxicity at pH's ranging from 8 to 6. Concurrently, no effect ensued in the
      exposure of unfertilized eggs to SA (10(-5) to 10(-2) M) both in terms of
      fertilization success and of offspring quality. When sperm were suspended in
      filtered seawater at pH's ranging from 8 to 6, and SA levels ranging from 10(-5)
      to 10(-2) M, fertilization success of SA-exposed sperm appeared to be modulated
      by pH, by displaying three distinct dose-response trends at pH 8, 7, or 6. The
      consequences of sperm pretreatment on offspring quality failed to show any
      significant SA-induced changes on larval malformations or mortality, while
      confirming the previously reported pH-induced increase of developmental defects
      in the offspring of acid-exposed sperm (Pagano et al.: Teratogenesis Carcinogen
      Mutagen 5:113-121, 1985).

PMID- 2905548
TI  - Relationship of periventricular overgrowth to hydrocephalus in brains of fetal
      rats exposed to benomyl.
AB  - Benomyl, a benzimidazole fungicide, was administered by gavage to pregnant
      Sprague-Dawley rats in a daily dose of 62.5 mg/kg of maternal body weight
      beginning at gestational day (GD) 7. Fetuses examined histologically at GD16 or
      GD20 revealed a high incidence of craniocerebral anomalies--82.6% of those
      examined at GD16 and 100% of those examined at GD20. Hydrocephalus occurred in
      65.2% of fetuses examined at GD16 and in 58.8% at GD20 but was more severe in the
      GD20 fetuses. A second common anomaly, termed periventricular "overgrowth" (PVO),
      consisted of subependymal cell masses that in some fetuses obliterated normal
      subcortical structures. PVO occurred in 34.8% of fetuses examined at GD16 and
      76.5% at GD20. The size of the subependymal masses and the regions involved were
      considerably greater in the GD20 than the GD16 fetuses. Less common anomalies in
      the GD20 fetuses were periventricular necrosis (41.2%), a single fetus with
      exencephaly and another with porencephaly. In the majority of malformed fetuses,
      the severity of hydrocephalus did not parallel the severity of PVO around the
      lateral and third ventricles. PVO involved tissues surrounding the cerebral
      aqueduct in 17.4% of GD16 fetuses and 38.2% of GD20 fetuses. This "overgrowth"
      distorted the cerebral aqueduct in a large number of fetuses with
      ventriculomegaly, and at GD20 moderate and severe ventriculomegaly was in every
      instance associated with a narrow or completely occluded cerebral aqueduct. These
      relationships suggest that PVO in the midbrain may play a role in the production
      of aqueductal stenosis and hydrocephalus in this experimental model.

PMID- 2905549
TI  - [European Community Workshop on the Perinatal and Heterosexual Transmission of
      HIV. London, 19-21 September 1988].

PMID- 2905550
TI  - [Use of insulin and neuroleptics in treating schizophrenics].

PMID- 2905551
TI  - [Gamma-glutamyltransferase activity in the serum and the mean-cell erythrocyte
      volume of patients with chronic ethylism and chronic liver diseases (preliminary
      report)].
AB  - The dynamics of the enzyme gamma-glutamyltransferase (gamma GT) was followed up
      in 34 patients: 17 patients with liver cirrhosis, 9 patients with chronic
      hepatitis and 8 patients with liver steatosis. In the patients with alcoholic
      cirrhosis the activity of gamma GT rapidly fell in hospital conditions which is
      related to the forced abstinence. In the cirrhotic patients with nonalcoholic
      etiology no changes in gamma GT activity were found. In the patients with chronic
      hepatitis and liver steatosis with alcoholic etiology the gamma GT activity
      resembled that of alcoholic cirrhotic patients. The gamma GT activity fell most
      sharply in the patients with liver steatosis which is explained by the mild and
      reversible liver lesions characteristic for this disease. The mean erythrocyte
      volume determined by electronic blood cell counter shows a tendency toward
      macrocytosis in all chronic alcoholic patients. Macrocytosis is also found by
      ordinary microscopic examination of the blood cells.

PMID- 2905552
TI  - [Molecular genetic analysis of autoantibody production in systemic lupus
      erythematosus].
AB  - This review summarizes studies from our and other laboratories attempting to
      define the molecular and clonotypic origin of autoantibodies that typify systemic
      autoimmune diseases such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis. Comparative
      restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) studies investigating the
      immunoglobulin (Ig) germline gene organization in lupus-prone strains of mice
      suggested that the disease can develop in different Ig heavy (H) and light (L)
      chain haplotypes, and that the Ig germline genes in lupus mice are probably
      normal. Analysis of the Ig gene segments expressed in monoclonal autoantibodies
      from autoimmune mice revealed that similar, and in some instances even identical,
      gene segments are expressed in autoantibodies and in antibodies to exogenous
      antigens, and that anti-self and anti-non-self responses are encoded by the same,
      or at least an overlapping germline gene repertoire. A large variety of Ig
      variable (V), diversity (D), and joining (J) gene segments can encode
      autoantibodies with different specificities, and both germline genes and
      somatically-mutated genes can be expressed in such antibodies.

PMID- 2905553
TI  - [Allergy to topical antihistamines--discrepancy between the literature and
      clinical practice].
AB  - In a prospective study, 100 patients suffering from allergic contact dermatitis
      were tested for allergy to antihistamines. Diphenhydramine was chosen as test
      substance because it is the most widely used topical antihistamine in Europe and
      is, moreover, prescribed for several indications. Not one of the 100 patients
      proved to react positively on patch testing. The bad reputation among allergists
      of topically administered antihistamines, which is based on reports in the
      American literature claiming a high risk of epicutaneous sensitization, thus
      appears unjustified on the basis of our own data and the lack of European reports
      of this problem. The adverse findings in the USA may be due to their frequent use
      of a particularly potent contact sensitizer as emulsifier in topical preparations
      in general and antihistamines in particular.

PMID- 2905554
TI  - [Therapeutic possibilities in terminal heart failure].
AB  - The severe and terminal cardiac insufficiency with myogenic failure and severe
      neurohumoral dysregulation means a problem situation in the chronically
      progressive or acute form of the course. The medicamentous treatment in form of
      the basis therapy with glycosides and saluretics may be improved by vasodilators
      or/and adrenergic agonists. In most cases we succeed in stabilizing the
      cardiovascular situation once to several times. As a rule the maximum stress only
      little increases. The neurohumoral dysregulation remains in different form apart
      from the basic disease which is no more to be corrected. Thus, in principle the
      vicious circle is closed. Whether the group of the so-called new inotropic and
      vasodilating pharmaca may essentially change the prognosis due to better
      influences on cardial and vascular and neurohumoral, respectively, dysfunctions,
      is not yet to be answered. A distinct alternative from the aspect of the
      cardiovascular function gives only the cardiac transplantation. The artificial
      heart and ventricular assist-systems, respectively, are accepted for the bridging
      over up to the cardiac transplantation. The hitherto existing state of
      development does not yet correspond to the imaginations of a pump regulated
      according to the needs, disregarding material, coagulation and energy problems.

PMID- 2905555
TI  - [Interaction of chronic inhibition of the angiotensin-converting enzyme and the
      sympathetic system: effect of added sodium chloride load].

PMID- 2905556
TI  - [An attempt to optimize the diagnosis of rejection after allogeneic kidney
      transplantation using urinary enzymes and multivariate statistics].

PMID- 2905558
TI  - [Lab technicians had a congress in Japan--Ulla-Britt will be Chairperson in
      1990].

PMID- 2905557
TI  - [Intracellular signalization: biological and medical aspects of the problem].

PMID- 2905559
TI  - [The drug addict in prison: Medical response and its limitations].
AB  - Over the past twenty years, the proportion of drug dependent inmates has risen
      dramatically in the prisons of Western Europe. In the Geneva romand prison, where
      about 30% of entries present problems of opiate abuse and dependence, treatment
      of withdrawal symptoms with decreasing doses of methadone over a period of 5-10
      days has been available since 1974. The rational of this treatment policy is to
      limit immediately disabling symptoms during the stressful period following
      imprisonment, when the prisoner has to make important decisions concerning the
      criminal proceedings in which he is involved. On the other hand, methadone
      maintenance treatment is not provided within the prison, even for patients on
      methadone maintenance programs prior to imprisonment. This paper traces the
      evolution of withdrawal treatments with methadone over the period 1974-1987 in
      relation to the total number of entries, the age and sex distribution. During the
      three year period 1985-1987, we found that 6% of prisoners had received at least
      one course of withdrawal treatment. Many drug dependent individuals have repeated
      arrests: we found that 27% of those receiving withdrawal treatment in a three
      year period had more than one treatment. The frequency of suicidal gestures
      (including wrist slashing) and suicide was not greater during the withdrawal
      phase than at other times. A number of therapeutic approaches to opiate
      withdrawal now exist. No method seems clearly to be the treatment of choice
      within the prison environment. Arrest and imprisonment imply enforced withdrawal
      in a context of conflict and stress without the possibility of close medical
      supervision or psychological support.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2905560
TI  - [Neurobiologic aspects of coping behavior].
AB  - Psychosomatic thinking in medicine is emphasized by progressive integration of
      neurobiologic and psychologic (psychoanalytic) results. In recent years data
      pertaining to the interface between neurosciences and behavioral sciences had
      been presented. Some of the results in the fields of neuroanatomy,
      neurobiochemistry, endocrinology and psychoneuroimmunology corresponding to
      coping-processes are presented.

PMID- 2905561
TI  - [Toward the 8th All-Union Congress of Neuropathologists, Psychiatrists and Drug
      Abuse Specialists].

PMID- 2905562
TI  - [The compensatory function of a GABA shunt in brain energy metabolism in measured
      craniocerebral trauma in rats].
AB  - A severe compression craniocerebral trauma was induced in rats under short-term
      halothane anesthesia. The activity of pyruvate and 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase
      complexes reduced significantly in the tissue of the damaged hemisphere, ALT
      activity increased sharply, AST activity grew slowly, the production of GABA in
      the glutamate decarboxylase reaction was slightly inhibited and its utilization
      in the GABA transaminase reaction was clearly accelerated. The GABA level in the
      nerve tissue showed a tendency to reduce, while the glutamate level had a
      tendency to increase. The observed changes are evidence that the inclusion of the
      GABA skeleton in the reaction of further oxidation intensifies, which may be of
      significance in compensation of the transport of the energetically oxidizing
      succinate and, possibly, in the formation of endogenous GABA possessing a stress
      relieving effect.

PMID- 2905563
TI  - [Surgical therapy of sporadic and familial pheochromocytoma].
AB  - From 1975 through 1987, 54 patients underwent operations for pheochromocytoma
      (PCC): 37 patients for sporadic unilateral adrenal PCC, 9 for bilateral and
      familial PCC, and 4 patients for paraganglioma. In 4 additional patients,
      laparotomy failed to discover the reason for hypercatecholaminemia. There were no
      operative mortality and a low morbidity for unilateral (n = 43) as well as for
      bilateral adrenalectomy (n = 6). To avoid hormone replacement therapy after
      bilateral total adrenalectomy at least for some years, unilateral instead of
      bilateral adrenalectomy was preferred to be the initial surgical procedure of
      choice for familial and MEN-IIA-associated unilateral adrenal PCC. Autologous
      transplantation of the adrenal cortex were performed in 2 patients after
      bilateral adrenalectomy. 6 months postoperatively, the transplants were vital as
      proved by light-microscopy, but sufficiently functioning only in 1 patient.

PMID- 2905564
TI  - Morphology of the adrenal medulla indicating multiple neuroectodermal
      abnormalities in pheochromocytoma patients.
AB  - 25 of 85 (29.4%) consecutive patients operated on for pheochromocytoma had other
      neuroectodermal abnormalities. Medullary thyroid carcinoma was the most common
      associated neuroectodermal abnormality followed by von Recklinghausen's
      neurofibromatosis. Other abnormalities were intracranial tumors, parathyroid
      hyperplasia and midgut carcinoid. The adrenal medulla was studied to find out
      morphological characteristics in patients with associated neuroectodermal
      abnormalities. All patients with multiple pheochromocytomas (n = 7) and all
      patients with hyperplasia of the extratumoral adrenal medulla (n = 13) had other
      neuroectodermal abnormalities. It is important to detect the associated
      neuroectodermal abnormalities because they can be lethal. Patients with
      associated neuroectodermal abnormalities often have hereditary syndromes.

PMID- 2905565
TI  - Experience with vecuronium during long-lasting surgery.
AB  - Our knowledge of the possible cumulative properties of vecuronium is limited.
      Previous studies have shown a tendency towards an increased duration of effect, a
      slightly prolonged recovery time, as well as an increased variation in duration
      of effect. We have studied 15 patients scheduled for middle-ear surgery. During
      i.v. N2O-O2 anaesthesia the twitch response of the adductor pollicis muscle was
      recorded after supramaximal stimulation of the ulnar nerve at the wrist. Prior to
      tracheal intubation a bolus dose of vecuronium was given (0.08 mg/kg body
      weight). During surgery supplementary doses of 0.02 mg/kg body weight were given
      at a train-of-four (TOF) ratio of 0.25. The duration of effect (DUR-IT-25) and
      recovery time from a TOF ratio of 0.10 to 0.25 (Recovery-IT-10-25) were recorded.
      When comparing 10 iteration doses, the mean DUR-IT-25 in the 15 patients studied
      showed only minor variations (n.s.). Each patient had a near constant interval
      between the iteration doses; however, a noteworthy variation between individuals
      was found. Recovery-IT-10-25 was 250 +/- 80 (mean +/- s.d.) 240 +/- 80 and 260 +/
      80 s comparing the second, sixth and tenth iteration doses, respectively. In
      conclusion, the duration of effect varied considerably between patients. Each
      patient showed, however, a near constant iteration interval and a recovery time
      with only small variations. This indicates that cumulation is unlikely to exist
      following repetitive administration of vecuronium of 0.02 mg/kg body weight.

PMID- 2905566
TI  - QT interval of the ECG, heart rate and arterial pressure using five non
      depolarizing muscle relaxants for intubation.
AB  - The QT interval, heart rate and arterial pressure were measured during
      anaesthetic induction in 186 patients without cardiovascular diseases or any
      preoperative drugs. The study was randomized and double-blind. The patients were
      premedicated with either pethidine 1 mg/kg + atropine 0.01 mg/kg or with only
      pethidine 1 mg/kg i.m. Anaesthesia was induced with thiopental. After both types
      of premedication, either d-tubocurarine 0.5 mg/kg, alcuronium 0.3 mg/kg,
      pancuronium 0.1 mg/kg, vecuronium 0.1 mg/kg or atracurium 0.5 mg/kg was injected
      after thiopental. Laryngoscopy was performed 4 min after the relaxant. The
      control values of the QT intervals (mean value 433 ms, range of the mean values
      422-453 ms), were comparable. After thiopental, the mean values in the groups
      were no longer in the normal range (less than 440 ms). After atropine, the values
      at 3 min were statistically significantly prolonged in the pancuronium,
      atracurium and alcuronium groups, but not in the other groups, when compared with
      the values after thiopental. In the absence of atropine, no statistically
      significant prolongation of the QT interval occurred. After intubation in the
      absence of atropine, the values were statistically significantly prolonged in the
      alcuronium, pancuronium, vecuronium and atracurium groups and in the presence of
      atropine in the atracurium group when compared with the preceding values. The QT
      intervals were prolonged only in relation to the increased heart rate. At 6.5
      min, the values in all groups were decreased to about the same level as before
      intubation. The mean control values of the heart rate were between 80 and 90
      b.p.m. in the atropine-treated groups and between 70 and 80 b.p.m. in the other
      groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2905567
TI  - Multiple nonfunctional pancreatic islet cell tumor in multiple endocrine
      neoplasia type I. A case report.
AB  - A case of multiple nonfunctional pancreatic islet cell tumor in multiple
      endocrine neoplasia type I (MEN I) is reported. The patient was a 41-year-old
      woman who had a past history of thyroid cancer (papillary carcinoma) and
      hyperparathyroidism due to parathyroid adenoma. Later, a nonfunctional pituitary
      tumor and five nonfunctional pancreatic tumors were found simultaneously and the
      patient was finally diagnosed as having MEN I. Following surgical enucleation,
      the pancreatic tumors were histopathologically diagnosed as benign islet cell
      tumors. One of them (tumor 3) exhibited a solid nodular pattern while the others
      showed gyriform patterns. They were divided histochemically and
      immunohistochemically into three types: two (tumors 1 and 2) produced a single
      hormone (glucagon), one (tumor 3) produced five (insulin, glucagon, somatostatin,
      gastrin and pancreatic polypeptide) and the remaining two (tumors 4 and 5)
      produced two (glucagon and pancreatic polypeptide). Electron microscopically,
      three types of endosecretory granules were found in the tumor cells of tumor 3
      but only one type was found in tumor 4. However, in the tumor 4 extract,
      glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide, C-peptide, somatostatin, vasoactive intestinal
      peptide and growth hormone releasing factor were detected by radioimmunoassay.
      These findings suggest that these pancreatic tumors were both multicellular and
      multihormonal.

PMID- 2905568
TI  - [The formal total synthesis of securinine].

PMID- 2905569
TI  - [Effect of monoamine transmitters on 3-acetylaconitine analgesia].

PMID- 2905570
TI  - Synapse formation and development of neurotransmitter functions in neuronal cells
      from chick brain cultured in a serum-free, defined medium.
AB  - Cells dissociated from cerebral hemispheres of 8-day-old chick embryos were
      seeded on poly-L-lysine coated Petri dishes in serum-containing medium. After 24
      hr the culture medium was switched to a serum-free, chemically defined medium.
      These cultures contain mainly neuronal cells until day 14, characterized by the
      presence of acetylcholinesterase activity and neurofilament proteins. After 2
      weeks glial cells progressively contaminated the neuronal culture. Cultures were
      maintained for a period of 4 weeks. From day 6 on numerous synapses with clear
      vesicles were observed. The activity of choline acetyltransferase remained low
      throughout the culture period, while GABA levels increased in parallel with
      synaptogenesis. Our observations indicate that chick cerebral hemisphere neuronal
      cultures grown in serum-free, chemically defined medium contain GABAergic neurons
      that undergo maturation.

PMID- 2905571
TI  - Neurochemical development of the striatum in a precocial (guinea pig) and an
      altricial (rat) species.
AB  - In this study, the developmental patterns of key neurotransmitter marker enzymes,
      namely choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), and
      tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the corpus striatum were compared between the guinea
      pig and rat. In an attempt to assess cell acquisition and differentiation,
      striatal DNA and protein content were also determined during development in the
      two species. The most outstanding feature apparent from these investigations was
      a sequential maturation of the three neurotransmitter-synthesizing enzymes: TH
      and GAD first, followed by ChAT in striata of both species. The developmental
      increase in DNA content suggests that cell acquisition in the rat striatum is
      approximately 50% at birth, whereas in the guinea pig, the total population is
      present before birth, and thereafter cell numbers decline. The accretion of
      protein, reflecting the increase in region size, continued into adulthood in both
      species. With emphasis on cholinergic neurons, the neurochemical findings are
      assessed in relation to the morphological descriptions of cellular changes during
      pre- and postnatal development of the striatum.

PMID- 2905572
TI  - Age-dependent beta-adrenergic response of neuronal discharge in the raphe
      dorsalis: evidence of a transient regulation.
AB  - Extracellular recordings from raphe dorsalis neurons in rats during development
      were performed, and the response to iontophoretically applied beta-antagonists
      was analysed. In pups younger than 2 weeks, raphe dorsalis firing was totally or
      partially inhibited by application of beta-antagonists, while after 2 weeks of
      age the neurons were insensitive to the same application. The beta-receptors
      appeared to be involved in the control of raphe firing during a transient period
      of ontogenesis and thus the disappearance of beta-regulation at older ages may
      reflect the regression of this population of neurotransmitter receptors.

PMID- 2905573
TI  - The effects of transplantation of granulocyte-macrophage progenitors on bone
      resorption in osteopetrotic rats.
AB  - Osteopetrosis in the ia (incisors absent) rat is the result of reduced bone
      resorption due to abnormal osteoclasts. This mutant and others have been used to
      determine the precursor(s) to osteoclasts. Hemopoietic stem cells, isolated from
      bone marrow of normal littermates, cure the skeletal sclerosis and result in the
      formation of normal osteoclasts when transplanted into ia rats. These studies
      were conducted to define further the precursor to the osteoclast by evaluating
      the effects of the transplantation of granulocyte-macrophage progenitors on bone
      resorption in the ia rat. Granulocyte-colony forming cells (G-CFC), granulocyte
      macrophage-colony forming cells (GM-CFC), and macrophage-colony forming cells (M
      CFC) were isolated from normal bone marrow using an FITC-labeled monoclonal
      antibody directed against rat Thy-1.1 and fluorescence-activated cell sorting.
      The isolates were evaluated in soft agar culture; granulocyte isolates generated
      71% G-CFC of all colonies formed and were enhanced 27 times over unfractionated
      cells. Mixed isolates generated 57% GM-CFC of all colonies formed and were 15
      times enhanced, while macrophage isolates were 75% M-CFC with an enhancement
      factor of 18. The isolated populations were injected into 3-week-old ia
      recipients and evaluated for the ability of these cellular isolates to correct
      the bone resorption defect by measuring the size of the tibial marrow cavity and
      by identifying morphologically normal osteoclasts. In addition, isolated
      populations of cells were labeled with FITC and injected into ia donors to
      determine if labeled osteoclasts developed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2905574
TI  - The evolution of the World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies.
AB  - To summarize this report, it seems that the neurosurgical family has grown up.
      The children have gone their several ways to elaborate upon the teachings of
      their mentors and the old folks are being put on the shelf out of the way of the
      hustling young nut crackers anxious to get to the operating room. If you doubt
      this conclusion, note that at the Toronto Congress, only 4 of the 37 officers-
      the old guard--were listed to present papers on the scientific program. One
      wonders if the experience and wisdom of the older members is not being lost. Is
      there not a place on the broadening program for invited presentations by senior
      members? Finally to those who have so unselfishly given of their services to
      lighten my task in the past dozen years, I extend my thanks and gratitude. To
      those members, credit is due for any service which the historian may have been
      able to render to the World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies.

PMID- 2905575
TI  - Intracellular recordings from neurones in rat cerebral cortex during hypoxia.
AB  - Neurones in rat hippocampal cortex were exposed to hypoxia while their membrane
      properties and responses to different kinds of stimuli were recorded with an
      intracellular electrode. The initial changes consisted of a small depolarization
      followed by a hyperpolarization. Following these early events the neurones lost
      their membrane potential through a large depolarization. Similar changes were
      observed in neurones where the Na/K-ATPase was blocked by ouabain. Responses to
      direct application of the transmitters GABA and glutamate, which was lost at this
      point, were restored by passive reestablishment of the membrane potential with
      current through the intracellular electrode.

PMID- 2905576
TI  - [The unstable elbow joint following dislocation. Diagnosis and therapy].
AB  - The meaning of instability after elbow dislocation (unstable dislocation) is
      pointed out. We support the trend to surgical treatment in cases of obvious
      instability and emphasize a differentiated concept in diagnosis and therapy. 32
      patients after elbow dislocation were treated and followed up after an average
      period of 7.5 months. Good to very good results could be achieved in 24/32
      patients (75%).

PMID- 2905577
TI  - [Costoclavicular syndrome--a rare complication of clavicular fracture].
AB  - Neurological or vascular complications in clavicle fractures as a primary lesion
      are rare. More often these complications develop later caused by large callus
      formation to encroach the costoclavicular space. That is due sometimes to an
      additional fracture of the clavicle, which healed under shortening. The prognosis
      of the costoclavicular syndrome can be improved by early resection of the callus
      formation and--in special cases--by reconstruction of the original length of the
      clavicle combined with a stable plate osteosynthesis.

PMID- 2905578
TI  - [Talus necrosis and its treatment].
AB  - Aetiopathogenesis of the necrosis of the talus has not yet been definitely
      clarified, and neither has that of the other aseptic necroses. We were able to
      study the aetiopathogenesis, course of the disease and therapy in 20 of our own
      patients by follow-up; two of these developed necrosis of the talus in both feet.
      We definitely excluded patients suffering from osteochondrosis dissecans. Even
      though fracture of the talus is on the whole relatively rare, it remains the most
      frequent cause of necrosis of the talus. We also found talonecrosis after
      surgical correction of clubfoot, after Sudeck's disease (Sudeck-Leriche syndrome,
      Sudeck's atrophy or dystrophy), suppurative arthritis of the ankle joint,
      subtalar luxation and haematogenic osteomyelitis. Only few patients required
      surgery. In most cases a special boot constructed for arthrodesis patients proved
      sufficient. Each patient developed arthrodesis to a different degree. Depending
      upon the complaints and stiffening of the ankle joint or of the talo
      calcanonavicular joint, the capacity of the patients to be gainfully employed was
      reduced by an amount between 20 and 30 per cent.

PMID- 2905579
TI  - [Therapy of joint infections].
AB  - The therapy of septic arthritis should lead to control of infection and a good
      joint function as well. So it is necessary to combine the classic methods
      (revision, immobilisation, antibiotic therapy) with functional treatment. The
      possibilities, aims and limits of early CPM or replacement of an infected
      prosthesis (in one or two steps) are discussed.

PMID- 2905580
TI  - [Arthrotomy--a prearthrotic factor?].
AB  - Light-microscopic and electron microscopic findings of the synovial membrane and
      cartilage were compared, of rabbit knee joints on which arthrotomy and surgical
      induced instabilisation operation were performed. The joint opening was followed
      by an inflammation of the synovial membrane, and cartilage changes were similar
      in joints of arthrotomy and surgically induced instability. CLINICAL RELEVANCE:
      To prevent joints from further damage after arthrotomy or arthroscopy, joints
      should be spared from weight bearing during the time of synovial inflammation.

PMID- 2905581
TI  - [Pediatric traumatic hip joint dislocation--overview of the topic based on 9
      personal, previously unpublished cases].
AB  - We report on 8 patients with 9 traumatic hip dislocations in childhood. The
      follow-up period was between 1 and 21 years. The majority of these rare injuries
      were caused by major, sometimes, however, by minor trauma. The best prognosis is
      given by an immediately performed closed reduction in the absence of bony
      injuries. Five of our patients had associated bony injuries (fractures of the
      femoral shaft, acetabular fractures). Two of our patients developed an avascular
      necrosis of the femoral head which needed further surgery; in one case we found a
      premature closure of the proximal femoral epiphyseal plate, a fourth patient
      developed premature osteoarthritis due to a concomitant acetabular fracture.
      Clinical and radiological examination of all other patients showed no residues of
      the former injury.

PMID- 2905582
TI  - [Treatment of femur shaft fractures in children with Ender nails].
AB  - Ender-nailing is a proved method in the treatment of sub- and pertrochanteric
      fractures in old people. In special cases Ender-nailing can be useful in the
      treatment of other types of fractures. 3 cases of Ender-nailing of femoral shaft
      fractures in childhood are reported.

PMID- 2905583
TI  - [Plastic reconstruction of the acetabulum with a form-matching spongiosa
      transplant].

PMID- 2905584
TI  - Gain regulation of the vestibulospinal reflex following microinjection of a beta
      adrenergic agonist or antagonist into the locus coeruleus and the dorsal pontine
      reticular formation.

PMID- 2905585
TI  - Mammalian macular organization: a model information network.

PMID- 2905586
TI  - [Possible mechanism of the ocular hypotensive effect of clonidine in the
      pigmented eye rabbit].

PMID- 2905588
TI  - [Clinical experiences with alfentanil for balanced anesthesia in upper abdominal
      surgery].
AB  - METHODS: Three randomized groups of patients scheduled for upper abdominal
      surgery received either an initial large bolus of alfentanil combined with low
      concentrations of isoflurane (group 1), an initial small bolus of alfentanil
      combined with 50% higher isoflurane concentrations than group 1 (group 2), or
      isoflurane without opioids (group 3). Blood pressure, heart rates, and anesthetic
      consumptions were measured and recorded, as were side-effects such as thoracic
      rigidity, bradycardia, and nausea, and postoperative recovery time. RESULTS: The
      mean isoflurane concentration in group 1 was 0.8 vol% combined with an average
      alfentanil bolus of 6.8 mg and three additional doses of 1.1-1.4 mg. Group 2
      received a mean isoflurane concentration of 1.3 vol% combined with four
      additional doses of 1.3-1.7 mg alfentanil. Group 3 needed an average isoflurane
      concentration of 1.5 vol%. Side effects of alfentanil were prevented by atropine
      administration; severe complications were not observed. Postoperative recovery
      time showed significant differences between groups 1 und 2: group 1 patients were
      awake within 7.5 min and group 2 within 17 min after the operation. No
      respiratory depression was detected. CONCLUSIONS: Alfentanil combined with
      volatile anesthetics produced no severe side-effects in patients scheduled for
      upper abdominal operations. The pharmacokinetics of alfentanil are advantageous
      with regard to the postoperative period.

PMID- 2905587
TI  - Alterations in cholinergic muscarinic and somatostatin binding sites in a patient
      with idiopathic intestinal pseudo-obstruction.
AB  - We present a comparative study of cholinergic muscarinic and somatostatin binding
      sites on isolated membranes from mucosa and tunica muscularis of normal and
      dilated parts of the proximal jejunum obtained at surgery from a patient with
      idiopathic intestinal pseudo-obstruction (IIP) syndrome. We found a statistically
      significant diminution of cholinergic muscarinic and somatostatin binding sites
      in mucosa taken from the dilated part of the jejunum, compared with those taken
      from the normal part. Tunica muscularis of the dilated part of the jejunum
      contained a significantly higher concentration of peripheral cholinergic
      muscarinic binding sites (M2) than the normal part did, whereas concentration of
      M1 cholinergic muscarinic and somatostatin binding sites was similar in both
      examined parts. These results indicate that IIP-syndrome may be related to
      alterations in cholinergic muscarinic binding sites in the tunica muscularis of
      the intestine.

PMID- 2905589
TI  - [The effect of neuroleptics and neuroleptic/analgesic combinations on the
      sensitivity to seizures in mice].
AB  - Combinations of neuroleptic and morphine-like analgesic drugs are used alone for
      minor surgery or as anesthetic premedication. While morphine-like analgesics
      given in the therapeutic dose range show anticonvulsant properties, there is
      evidence indicating that neuroleptics are rather proconvulsant. This study was
      performed to investigate the influence of the most widely used combinations
      pethidine/promethazine and fentanyl/droperidol on seizure susceptibility.
      METHODS: Thresholds for convulsions induced by electroshock and pentetrazole
      infusion were used as models for seizure susceptibility. The drugs tested were
      injected s.c. 20-30 min before determination of the seizure threshold. RESULTS:
      Pethidine/promethazine and fentanyl/droperidol reduced the susceptibility to
      seizures induced by electroshock. Promethazine and droperidol alone elevated the
      threshold only at the highest doses used (2 mg/kg and 2.5 mg/kg respectively).
      Promethazine, whether given alone or in combination with pethidine, showed no
      effect on the threshold for pentetrazole-induced convulsions. Droperidol alone
      lowered the threshold for pentetrazole-induced clonic convulsions only at the
      lowest dose used (0.625 mg/kg), but lowered that for tonic convulsions at all
      doses studied (0.625, 1.25 and 2.5 mg/kg). The combination of fentanyl and
      droperidol lowered the threshold for both clonic and tonic convulsions at the two
      lower doses (12.5 micrograms/kg fentanyl + 0.625 mg/kg droperidol and 25
      micrograms/kg fentanyl + 1.25 mg/kg droperidol). Only the highest dose studied
      (50 micrograms/kg fentanyl + 2.5 mg/kg droperidol) showed no significant effect.
      CONCLUSION: Pethidine and fentanyl show anticonvulsant properties in mice, but it
      is evident from our results that there is some interaction between their
      combinations with neuroleptics and seizure susceptibility. This is more
      pronounced with the combination fentanyl/droperidol in the model of pentetrazole
      induced convulsions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2905590
TI  - [Benefits and risks of H2 antagonists in anesthesia and intensive medicine].

PMID- 2905591
TI  - AIDS 1988. The science and the limits of science.

PMID- 2905592
TI  - [Synthesis and anti-allergic properties of N-arylnitrones with furo-pyran
      structure].

PMID- 2905593
TI  - [Sequential mammary graft: indications, operative technic, functional and
      angiographic control at 6 months. Apropos of 170 patients].

PMID- 2905594
TI  - Changes in the activities of various lipid and carbohydrate biosynthetic enzymes
      in the diatom Cyclotella cryptica in response to silicon deficiency.
AB  - The effects of silicon deficiency on the activities of several enzymes involved
      in lipid and storage carbohydrate synthesis in the diatom Cyclotella cryptica
      were determined. The activity of UDPglucose pyrophosphorylase was not affected
      after 4 h of silicon-deficient growth, but the activity of UDPglucose: beta-(1---
      3)-glucan-beta-3-glucosyltransferase (chrysolaminarin synthase) was reduced by
      31% during this period. Acetyl-CoA synthetase, acetyl-CoA hydrolase, and citrate
      synthase activities were present in cell-free extracts of C. cryptica, but did
      not change in response to 4 h of silicon deficiency. However, the activity of
      acetyl-CoA carboxylase increased approximately two- and fourfold after 4 and 15 h
      of silicon-deficient growth, respectively. This induction could be blocked by
      cycloheximide (20 micrograms/ml) and actinomycin D (10 micrograms/ml), suggesting
      that silicon deficiency may induce an increase in the rate of acetyl-CoA
      carboxylase synthesis. These changes in enzymatic activity may be partially
      responsible for the accumulation of lipids that has been observed in C. cryptica
      and other diatoms in response to silicon deficiency.

PMID- 2905595
TI  - Effects of ethanol feeding on hepatic lipid synthesis.
AB  - Rats were fed a high-fat, liquid diet containing either 36% of total calories as
      ethanol or an isocaloric amount of sucrose, for a period up to 35 days. At
      different time intervals we measured the effects of ethanol administration on the
      activities of a number of key enzymes involved in hepatic lipid synthesis. At the
      start of the experimental period the activities of acetyl-CoA carboxylase and
      fatty acid synthase, measured in liver homogenates, increased in the control as
      well as in the ethanol-fed group. After 35 days these enzyme activities were
      still elevated but there were no significant differences between the two groups.
      In hepatocytes isolated from controls as well as from ethanol-fed rats, short
      term incubations with ethanol induced an increase in the rate of fatty acid
      synthesis and in the activities of acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid
      synthase. However, no alterations in the regulation of these enzymes by short
      term modulators of lipogenesis were apparent in hepatocytes isolated from alcohol
      treated animals. The results do not indicate a major role for the enzymes of de
      novo fatty acid synthesis in the development of the alcoholic fatty liver. The
      amount of liver triacylglycerols increased in ethanol-fed rats during the entire
      treatment period, whereas the hepatic levels of phosphatidylcholine and
      phosphatidylethanolamine were not affected by ethanol ingestion. Ethanol
      administration for less than 2 weeks increased the activities of phosphatidate
      phosphohydrolase, diacylglycerol acyltransferase, and microsomal phosphocholine
      cytidylyltransferase, whereas the cytosolic activity of phosphocholine
      cytidylyltransferase was slightly decreased. Upon prolonged ethanol
      administration the activities of these enzymes were slowly restored to control
      values after 35 days, suggesting development of some kind of adaptation. It is
      interesting that, although the activities of phosphatidate phosphohydrolase and
      diacylglycerol acyltransferase were restored to the levels found in the control
      rats, this effect was not accompanied by a stabilization or decrease of the
      concentration of hepatic triacylglycerols.

PMID- 2905596
TI  - Role of maternal antibody in protection from hemorrhagic fever with renal
      syndrome virus infection in rats.
AB  - The effect of maternal antibody on the protection of newborn rats from infection
      of HFRS virus strain SR-11 was examined. Antibody to HFRS virus was transferred
      from immune dams to their offspring prenatally as well as postnatally. IgG
      antibody was detected in the sera of fetuses by IFA test (titers from 1:64 to
      1:256) and in fetal fluids (1:32) obtained from the uteri of immune dams at 20
      days after mating. In the sera of the newborn, IgG titers of maternal antibody
      ranged from 1:64 to 1:256 just after birth, reached a peak titer around 1:2,048
      at 2 weeks after birth, then declined and disappeared at about 8 weeks of age. No
      IgA and IgM antibodies were detected in the sera of fetuses and newborns. After
      intraperitoneal challenge by strain SR-11 (10(2.2) LD50), death and infection of
      2-day-old rats from immune dams were prevented by the presence of maternal
      antibody. The protective effect of maternal antibody remained in 8-week-old rats
      having an IFA titer of maternal antibody as low as 1:16, and even in some 10-week
      old rats with negative tests for maternal antibody.

PMID- 2905597
TI  - [The structures in the immunological circuits--the role of CD4+ T cells].

PMID- 2905598
TI  - Structural interpretation of the binding of 9-azidoacridine to D-amino acid
      oxidase.
AB  - D-Amino acid oxidase (EC 1.4.3.3) forms an inhibited complex with the nucleotide-
      and aromatic-binding-site affinity reagent 9-azido[3H]acridine. Tryptic digestion
      of the photolysed complex yielded two radioactive peptides, 222-265 (T23) and 298
      328 (T29), which core and secondary structure analysis revealed to be exposed,
      but which also comprised the propargylglycine-binding residues. This suggests
      that at least parts of the peptides containing these residues are in the active
      centre and that they are spatially close to the flavin-binding site.

PMID- 2905599
TI  - Stereoselective blockade of alpha-adrenoceptors by berbine derivatives.
AB  - The effects of the two enantiomers of berbine (5,6,13,13a-tetrahydro-8H
      dibenzo[a,g]quinolizine) and of derivatives obtained by introducing various
      substitutions on aromatic rings were investigated on alpha 1- or alpha 2
      adrenoceptor subtypes. Binding studies carried out on rat cerebral cortex
      membranes using [3H]prazosin or [3H]yohimbine showed that the affinities of the
      (+) and (-)enantiomers for alpha 1 and alpha 2 binding sites were different and
      were differently modified by substitutions added to the berbine nucleus, leading
      to alpha 1- and alpha 2-selective compounds. Experiments performed on the
      isolated rat aorta and in pithed rats in vivo demonstrated the alpha-blocking
      property of berbine derivatives and confirmed the stereoselectivity of the
      effects of the (+) and (-)enantiomers on alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptor
      subtypes.

PMID- 2905600
TI  - A study of DNA polymorphism in the apolipoprotein B gene in a Japanese
      population.
AB  - A Japanese group comprising 53 hyperlipidemic and 54 normolipidemic subjects was
      genotyped for DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) at the apo B
      gene locus. The polymorphisms with XbaI and PvuII were present at allelic
      frequencies of 0.04 (X1 allele) and 0.96 (X2 allele), 0.94 (P1 allele) and 0.06
      (P2 allele), respectively. Unlike the previous reported association of the X1
      allele with hypercholesterolemia found in Caucasians there was no difference in
      the frequency of the X1 allele between normolipidemic and hypercholesterolemic
      Japanese. Among the Japanese, two RFLPs appear to be in linkage equilibrium and
      can be used in conjunction as a haplotype. There is no strong population
      association in our patient group between any allele of the RFLPs studied and
      hyperlipidemia.

PMID- 2905601
TI  - XbaI and c/g polymorphisms of the apolipoprotein B gene locus are associated with
      serum cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels in Finland.
AB  - Several restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) have been identified
      within or adjacent to the gene locus for apolipoprotein B (apo B), the major
      protein component of serum low density lipoprotein (LDL). One of these, detected
      with the restriction enzyme XbaI, has been suggested to be involved in the
      determination of serum lipid levels in some but not all populations. We
      determined the XbaI genotypes and serum lipoprotein levels of 176 apparently
      healthy unrelated Finns. Subjects homozygous (genotype X2X2) or heterozygous
      (genotype X1X2) for the presence of the XbaI restriction site within the
      apolipoprotein B gene (n = 113) had, on the average, an 11% higher serum total
      cholesterol (P = 0.01) level than those homozygous for the absence of this site
      (genotype X1X1, n = 63). In addition, the X2 allele was significantly associated
      with apo B(c), another allele reportedly associated with elevated serum
      cholesterol levels. The combined genotype (both X2 and apo B(c) alleles present)
      resulted in a greater elevation of total cholesterol (P = 0.004, when compared to
      subjects with neither allele) and LDL-cholesterol (P = 0.02) than the presence of
      either allele alone. The results suggest that both the XbaI and apo B(c/g) sites
      are in linkage disequilibrium with a functionally important DNA alteration within
      or adjacent to the apo B gene but the XbaI locus may be in stronger linkage
      disequilibrium.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2905602
TI  - [Hyperplasia of antral "G" cells. Quantitative evaluation in endoscopic
      biopsies].
AB  - The number of gastrin cells (G cells) and somatostatin cells (D cells) per
      surface unit, and the G/D cell ratio were estimated in biopsy specimens of the
      antrum from normal subjects without hypergastrinemia, and from patients with
      hypergastrinemia not induced by gastrinoma or supra selective vagotomy. Compared
      with normal subjects, antral G cell density and G/D cell ratio were significantly
      increased in patients with hypergastrinemia. A significant correlation was found
      between G cell density or G/D cell ratio and the integrated gastrin output
      values. A quantitative estimation appears therefore possible in biopsy specimens.

PMID- 2905603
TI  - [Bibliographic review of antihistaminics H2 in the treatment of chronic (or
      recurrent) idiopathic urticaria].
AB  - Cimetidine alone has not been shown conclusively to be effective in the treatment
      of urticaria. Cimetidine in combination with an H1 antihistamine has been shown
      to be effective in studies of patients who could not be controlled by H1
      antihistamine alone. In that section of the patient population with "untreatable"
      chronic urticaria, the use of an H2 antagonist in conjunction with an H1
      antagonist should be considered as a possible treatment.

PMID- 2905604
TI  - Biosynthesis of the cancer-associated sialyl-Lex determinant in human amniotic
      fluid.
AB  - Biosynthesis of the sialyl-Lex determinant (NeuAc alpha 2-3Gal beta 1-4(Fuc alpha
      1-3)-GlcNAc beta 1-3-R) in human amniotic fluid has been shown to proceed via the
      same sequence of glycosylation steps established previously for lung carcinoma PC
      9 cells (Holmes, E. H., Ostrander, G.K. & Hakomori, S. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261,
      3737-3743): sialylation of type-2-chain-precursor substrates (paragloboside) by
      an amniotic alpha 2-3-sialyltransferase precedes fucosylation of sialylated
      intermediates (sialosyl paragloboside) by an organ-characteristic alpha 1-3-L
      fucosyltransferase.

PMID- 2905605
TI  - Antihypertensive drugs and lipid profiles.
AB  - The large clinical trials of the treatment of hypertension, in which diuretics
      were used as initial drug therapy, have demonstrated a major reduction in stroke
      but little benefit in the incidence of coronary heart disease. The limited effect
      of treatment on coronary disease is surprising given the strong risk factor
      relationship to pre-existing hypertension. This may mean that the risk factor
      relationship is not a causal one. Alternatively, the drug therapy may have subtle
      toxicity that in the long term offsets the benefit of lowering blood pressure.
      This review explores the latter possibility by reviewing the evidence that the
      antihypertensive drugs used preferentially heretofore have adverse effects on the
      lipid profile. Diuretics increase triglycerides (average of 30%), total
      cholesterol (average of 6-8%), and LDL or VLDL cholesterol. beta-1 selective and
      nonselective beta-blockers increase triglycerides (average of 30%) and lower HDL
      cholesterol (average of 5-15%). Whereas the adverse modifications of the lipid
      profile appear small and inconsequential, the increase in total cholesterol
      during diuretic therapy is of the same magnitude as observed in the Lipid
      Research Clinic trial (although opposite in direction) that significantly
      affected coronary events. The persistence of the lipid changes during long-term
      treatment is unresolved due to fragmentary and poorly controlled observations.
      Nevertheless, considerable data suggest that it continues during extended
      therapy. Selective alpha-1 adrenoceptor blocking drugs and perhaps calcium
      antagonists and beta-blockers with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity have a
      favorable influence on the lipid profile.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2905606
TI  - Critical comments on recent literature. SCRAAPHY about MAPHY from HAPPHY.

PMID- 2905607
TI  - Properties of European eel (Anguilla anguilla) liver cell sap acetyl-CoA
      carboxylase.

PMID- 2905608
TI  - Regulation of eel (Anguilla anguilla) liver acetyl-CoA carboxylase by changes in
      the polymeric state of the enzyme.

PMID- 2905609
TI  - A negative human serosurvey of haemorrhagic fever viruses in Djibouti.

PMID- 2905610
TI  - Interaction of HIV infection with nervous tissue may play a crucial role in the
      development of AIDS.
AB  - In this note, we first review some of the immunopathogenic mechanisms of HIV
      infection and discuss the possible role of the idiotypic network in producing
      immunodeficiency; we then propose that the interaction of HIV with the nervous
      system is such as to generate signals which are misinterpreted by the nervous
      system: the feedback reaction of the nervous system may play a crucial role in
      the development of AIDS. We conclude by studying a very simple model for the
      dynamics of AIDS.

PMID- 2905611
TI  - 'Dental sedation'.

PMID- 2905612
TI  - A survey of hypokalaemia in patients of general practitioners.

PMID- 2905613
TI  - The kinetics of immunologic and hematologic recovery in mice after lethal total
      body irradiation and reconstitution with syngeneic bone marrow cells treated or
      untreated with mafosfamide (ASTA Z 7654).
AB  - The immunohematopoietic reconstitution of mice lethally irradiated (TBI) and
      reconstituted with syngeneic bone marrow cells untreated or treated with
      mafosfamide (ASTA Z 7654) [TBI + SBMT or TBI + SBMT-Maf mice, respectively] was
      examined. The number of CFU-S was greatly reduced in TBI + SBMT-Maf mice compared
      with those in TBI + SBMT mice. The recovery of blood parameters (hematocrit,
      reticulocytes, erythrocytes, white blood cells, granulocytes, platelets) and of
      bone marrow and spleen cells, but not of peritoneal exudate cells, was slightly
      delayed in TBI + SBMT-Maf mice compared with those in TBI + SBMT mice. The time
      for immune system regeneration was, however, considerably longer in TBI + SBMT
      Maf than in TBI + SBMT mice, as measured by the incidence of Ig+, Thy-1.2+,
      L3T4+, Lyt-2+, and IL-2R+ cells in the spleens. The appearance of Mac-1+ and
      asialo-GM 1+ cells was only slightly prolonged or unchanged, respectively.

PMID- 2905614
TI  - Autologous bone marrow transplantation in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma:
      comparison of different parameters in predicting the kinetics of haematological
      recovery.
AB  - We analysed the kinetics of haematological recovery after autologous bone marrow
      transplantation (ABMT) in 31 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, of whom 14 had
      received chemotherapy and 17 had received no chemotherapy before marrow
      harvesting. The time for recovery of polymorph (PMN) and platelet numbers was
      assessed in relation to patient's sex, age, the numbers of mononuclear cells
      (MNC) and of granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming cells (CFU-GM) reinfused, the
      therapy before harvesting and the conditioning regimens. The results showed that
      the most important factor influencing the speed of haematological recovery was
      therapy before marrow collection; recovery was faster in patients not treated
      before harvesting than in those treated. The mean day for PMN recovery to 0.5 x
      10(9)/l was 14.6 vs 21.8 (p less than 0.001); the mean day for platelet recovery
      to 50 x 10(9)/l was 16.5 vs 44.4 (p less than 0.00002). The other parameters
      assessed did not correlate with the kinetics of haemopoietic recovery. We
      conclude that NHL patients who undergo ABMT without chemotherapy prior to marrow
      harvest have rapid haematological recovery, which suggests that better timing of
      the harvest could be of value in the management of NHL patients for whom
      'reinforcement' with ABMT is scheduled.

PMID- 2905615
TI  - Modality-specific antinociception produced by intrathecal injection of anti
      somatostatin antiserum in rats.
AB  - An intrathecal injection of antiserum against somatostatin significantly
      inhibited the nociceptive response to thermal but not mechanical stimulation in
      non-arthritic and adjuvant arthritic rats. The thermal antinociception induced by
      intrathecally injected anti-somatostatin antiserum was more remarkable in
      adjuvant arthritic rats than in non-arthritic ones. These results suggest that
      endogenous somatostatin participates in transmission of thermal nociception in
      the rat spinal dorsal horn in non-arthritic and arthritic conditions.

PMID- 2905616
TI  - Antagonism of spontaneous and evoked bursts by 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3
      dione (CNQX) in the CA3 region of the in vitro hippocampus.
AB  - Superfusion of hippocampal slices with 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione
      (CNQX) antagonized kainate-induced bursts and bursts of unknown origin in the CA3
      region. CNQX also increased the latency of and eventually blocked evoked bursts
      which persist following kainate washout. In contrast, D-(-)-2-amino-7
      phosphonoheptanoic acid did not alter burst latency or block bursts unless
      applied subsequent to CNQX. We conclude that the quisqualate type receptor has a
      prominent role in burst generation with a smaller contribution from N-methyl-D
      aspartate receptors.

PMID- 2905617
TI  - Met5-enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8 immunoreactivity in rat and human cerebrospinal
      fluid: influence of neuroleptic drugs and electroconvulsive shock.
AB  - Met5-Enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8 immunoreactivity was quantitated in both rat and
      human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) by radioimmunoassay with a carboxy-terminal
      directed antiserum. The immunoreactivity in CSF was chromatographically
      characterized in both species and was found to consist almost exclusively of high
      molecular weight forms. In human CSF there was approximately 300 fmol/ml and in
      the rat 1,500 fmol/ml of immunoreactivity. The possibility of a rostro-caudal
      gradient was examined in the human by analyzing the first and the twenty-fifth ml
      of CSF drawn during a lumbar puncture: none was found. The immunoreactivity was
      fairly stable; no loss of immunoreactivity was observed after 24 h of incubation
      of rat CSF at 37 degrees C. Electroconvulsive shock (ECS) produced a significant
      elevation in CSF content but only after a course of chronic administration; a
      single acute ECS produced no increase. Human subjects with schizophrenia who were
      being treated with antipsychotic drugs had elevated levels of immunoreactivity in
      comparison to non-mediated patients and normals. The high levels of this
      immunoreactivity in CSF, its stability and the evidence that the content can
      change with physiological and pharmacological manipulation indicate that Met5
      Enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8 immunoreactivity can serve as a new and useful CSF
      marker for investigating the CNS enkephalin system in neurological or psychiatric
      disorders.

PMID- 2905618
TI  - Calcium-dependent release of N-acetylaspartylglutamate from retinal neurons upon
      depolarization.
AB  - N-Acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG) is present in high concentrations specifically
      in the nervous system. Its neuronal distribution, presence in synaptic vesicles
      and its excitatory actions support the hypothesis that this dipeptide
      participates in communication between neurons. Following the incorporation of
      [3H]glutamate by frog retinal cells in vivo, the release of radiolabeled
      glutamate, GABA and NAAG was studied during acute incubation of the retina in
      vitro. Release of the radiolabeled amino acids and dipeptide was stimulated by
      elevated extracellular potassium. The release required the presence of
      extracellular calcium. These data are the first which demonstrate the release of
      NAAG following biosynthesis from a radiolabeled precursor and are consistent with
      synaptic release of this dipeptide.

PMID- 2905619
TI  - A monoclonal antibody to a parasympathetic neurotrophic factor causes
      immunoparasympathectomy in mice.
AB  - A monoclonal antibody capable of blocking the biological activity of the ciliary
      neurotrophic factor purified from bovine cardiac muscle has been produced. This
      antibody, when administered perinatally to mice, causes a failure of the normal
      development of the parasympathetic innervation of the iris as determined by assay
      for the activity of the cholinergic marker enzyme choline acetyltransferase. The
      same treatment has no effect on the adrenergic neuronal marker, tyrosine
      hydroxylase. This immunoparasympathectomy suggests that the ciliary neurotrophic
      factor has an essential role in regulating the development of the mammalian
      parasympathetic nervous system.

PMID- 2905621
TI  - Isolation of pyroGlu-Leu-Leu-Gly-Gly-Arg-Phe-NH2 (Pol-RFamide), a novel
      neuropeptide from hydromedusae.
AB  - The hydromedusa Polyorchis penicillatus is a good model system to study
      neurotransmission in coelenterates. Using a radioimmunoassay for the peptide
      sequence Arg-Phe-NH2 (RFamide), two peptides have now been purified from acetic
      acid extracts of this medusa. The structure of one of these peptides was
      established as pyroGlu-Leu-Leu-Gly-Gly-Arg-Phe-NH2, and was named Pol-RFamide.
      This peptide belongs to the same peptide family as a recently isolated
      neuropeptide from sea anemones (pyroGlu-Gly-Arg-Phe-NH2). Using antisera to Pol
      RFamide, the peptide was found to be exclusively localized in neurones of
      Polyorchis, among them neurones associated with smooth-muscle fibres. This
      suggests that Pol-RFamide might be a transmitter or modulator at neuromuscular
      junctions.

PMID- 2905620
TI  - Demonstration of calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactive axons contacting
      dynorphin A(1-8) immunoreactive spinal neurons in a rat model of peripheral
      inflammation and hyperalgesia.
AB  - In a rat model of peripheral inflammation and hyperalgesia, dynorphin A(1-8)-like
      immunoreactive (DYN-LIr) spinal neurons were examined for contacts from
      calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactive (CGRP-LIr) varicosities using
      a double-label PAP method. Ipsilateral to the inflammation, CGRP-LIr varicosities
      contacted both dendrites and somata of DYN-LIr neurons in lumbar laminae I, II
      and V. Few such contacts were found on the contralateral side. The results
      suggest that opioid neurons which exhibit a dynamic change in dynorphin
      associated with inflammation, represent a subpopulation of neurons that receive
      contacts from presumptive nociceptive primary afferents.

PMID- 2905622
TI  - Electrophysiological characterization of adrenoceptors in the rat dorsal
      hippocampus. I. Receptors mediating the effect of microiontophoretically applied
      norepinephrine.
AB  - The rat hippocampus receives a dense noradrenergic innervation originating
      exclusively from the locus coeruleus. The present electrophysiological study was
      undertaken to characterize the adrenoceptor mediating the suppressant effect of
      microiontophoretically applied norepinephrine (NE) on CA1 and CA3 dorsal
      hippocampus pyramidal neurons of the rat. The rank order of potency of
      microiontophoretically applied agonists, in suppressing the firing rate of
      hippocampus pyramidal neurons was: oxymetazoline greater than NE greater than
      phenylephrine greater than isoproterenol greater than clonidine. In the
      hippocampus, oxymetazoline was more potent than NE, whereas it was ineffective in
      the lateral geniculate nucleus where the effect of NE is mediated by an alpha 1
      adrenoceptor. Low currents of clonidine antagonized the effect of NE suggesting
      that clonidine may exert a partial agonistic effect. The rank order of potency of
      i.v. administered adrenergic antagonists in blocking the suppressant effect of
      microiontophoretically applied NE was: idazoxan much greater than prazosin much
      greater than propranolol. Idazoxan also blocked the effect of oxymetazoline,
      phenylephrine, and isoproterenol but did not modify the effect of
      microiontophoretically applied gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). In addition,
      idazoxan, applied by microiontophoresis, readily blocked the suppressant effect
      of NE without affecting that of GABA. These results suggest that the suppressant
      effect of microiontophoretically applied NE on rat dorsal hippocampus pyramidal
      neurons is primarily mediated by alpha 2-adrenoceptors.

PMID- 2905623
TI  - Locally applied estrogens potentiate glutamate-evoked excitation of cerebellar
      Purkinje cells.
AB  - Ongoing studies in our laboratory have demonstrated that systemically
      administered sex steroids 17 beta-estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P) alter
      cerebellar Purkinje cell responses to the amino acid neurotransmitter glutamate
      (Glu) in the urethane-anesthetized, ovariectomized adult rat. In the present
      study, we have examined the effects of locally pressure ejected E2 (0.5 microM)
      on Purkinje cell responsiveness to microiontophoretically applied Glu. The
      inactive stereoisomer of E2, 17 alpha-E2 (0.5 microM), estradiol benzoate (EB,
      0.5 microM), and estrone (E1, 0.5 microM) were also tested (vehicle: 0.01%
      propylene glycol-saline, pH 7.4). Extracellular activity of single Purkinje
      neurons was recorded using multibarrel glass micropipets. Spontaneous firing rate
      and neuronal responses to microiontophoretic pulses (10 s every 40 s at 10-50 nA)
      of Glu were examined before, during and after continuous local pressure
      application of the steroids (1-5 psi, 10-15 min). Local E2 administration
      increased Glu response by 86% within 2-3 min after the onset of steroid
      application, with no recovery apparent by 30 min after termination of steroid
      administration. As such, local E2 application mimicked the effect of systemic
      injection of this steroid. The inactive estrogen isomer, 17 alpha-E2, failed to
      significantly enhance Glu responsiveness. Both EB and E1, however, significantly
      potentiated Glu responsiveness in a manner similar to locally applied E2. In
      addition, EB administration produced long-lasting increases in background
      discharge, unlike E2, and eventual recovery of Glu responses to control pre
      steroid levels. In summary, this study provides a demonstration of local sex
      steroid actions on neuronal responsiveness in a model extrahypothalamic CNS area.
      These effects were specific, as the inactive 17 alpha-E2 isomer did not alter
      neuronal physiology. The results presented here suggest that the neuronal effects
      of systemic estrogen may be mediated by local actions of E2 or E1.

PMID- 2905625
TI  - Neurotransmitter abnormalities in Borna disease.
AB  - Borna disease (BD) agent is an infectious pathogen that causes progressive
      central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction in a wide range of vertebrate hosts. The
      course of BD in adult rats is biphasic. The acute phase is characterized by
      aggressive behavior and inflammatory cell infiltrates in brain. With chronic
      infection animals become listless and inflammation resolves. BD antigens are
      similarly distributed in neurons in hippocampus, neocortex, cerebellum and
      brainstem in acutely and chronically infected animals. We have recently examined
      brain levels of neuronal transcripts in rats with acute and chronic BD. Levels
      for 3 of these mRNAs, cholecystokinin, glutamic acid decarboxylase and
      somatostatin, were decreased in acutely infected rats and increased toward
      control values in chronically infected rats. A fourth transcript, MuBr8,
      correlated in distribution with BD antigen, was persistently decreased throughout
      the course of infection. These data may have implications for understanding the
      pathogenesis of neurologic disturbances in BD and other inflammatory CNS
      diseases.

PMID- 2905624
TI  - Quisqualate, kainate and NMDA can initiate spreading depression in the turtle
      cerebellum.
AB  - This study evaluated the role of excitatory amino acid (EAA) receptor activation
      in spreading depression (SD), using the in vitro turtle cerebellum as a model
      system. SD was triggered by electrical stimulation or by elevated K+ after the
      cerebellum had been conditioned for at least 30 min with physiological saline in
      which most of the chloride had been replaced by propionate. SD was recognized as
      a transient (1-3 min) negative shift of extracellular potential accompanied by
      depression of evoked potentials (15-30 min) and an increase of extracellular K+
      up to 60 mM, which spread across the cerebellum at rates of 1-7 mm/min. SD
      usually commenced in the granular layer, which apparently contains the 3 major
      EAA receptor subtypes, quisqualate, kainate and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), then
      subsequently spread to the molecular layer, which is largely free of NMDA
      receptors. Glutamate, aspartate, NMDA, kainate and quisqualate all triggered SD.
      Kynurenic acid and 2-aminophosphonovaleric acid (APV) inhibited SD under certain
      conditions further suggesting involvement of EAA receptors. The initiation of SD
      was blocked by high Mg2+ and facilitated in low extracellular Mg2+, which also
      eliminated the delay in molecular layer SD onset. Our data suggest that no one
      EAA receptor subtype is singly responsible for SD.

PMID- 2905626
TI  - Enhancement of dopamine metabolism in rat brain frontal cortex: a common effect
      of chronically administered antipsychotic drugs.
AB  - Administration of 4 antipsychotic drugs, haloperidol, chlorpromazine,
      thioridazine and clozapine, for 21 days elicited increased dopamine metabolism in
      frontal cortex of rat brain. Only clozapine failed to decrease the apparent
      firing rate of dopamine neurons in the striatum, as indexed by [homovanillic
      acid]/[dopamine]. These data support the hypotheses that frontal cortex dopamine
      neurons may be a common site for antipsychotic action while decreased release of
      dopamine in the striatum may be associated with the development of extrapyramidal
      side effects.

PMID- 2905627
TI  - Glutamate and dynorphin release from a subcellular fraction enriched in
      hippocampal mossy fiber synaptosomes.
AB  - A procedure is described for the isolation of intact hippocampal mossy fiber
      synaptosomes. Electron microscopic examination revealed numerous synaptosomal
      profiles which are clearly of mossy fiber origin, indicated by their large size
      (2-6 micron diameter) and characteristic morphology. Furthermore, this fraction
      is enriched in zinc and dynorphin B which appear to be concentrated in mossy
      fiber terminals in vivo. Synaptosomes isolated by this procedure accumulated 2
      deoxyglucose and retained 88% of total lactate dehydrogenase activity after
      incubation at 30 degrees C for 60 minutes, indicating a high degree of membrane
      integrity. Oxygen consumption was stimulated 4-fold by veratridine (0.1 mM) and
      inhibited 90% by ouabain (1 mM), suggesting that synaptosomal metabolism remained
      tightly coupled to ouabain-sensitive ATPase activity. Potassium-stimulated (45
      mM) release of dynorphin B was completely dependent upon the presence of
      extrasynaptosomal calcium, while only 30% of the evoked release of glutamate was
      calcium-dependent. D-aspartate, which exchanges glutamate out of the cytoplasmic
      pool, virtually eliminated the calcium-independent component of glutamate
      release. This synaptosomal preparation will be useful in identifying the factors
      that modulate the release of amino acid and opioid neurotransmitters from
      hippocampal nerve terminals and in the investigation of their presynaptic
      mechanisms of action.

PMID- 2905628
TI  - Measurement of intracellular Ca2+ in cerebellar Purkinje neurons in culture:
      resting distribution and response to glutamate.
AB  - Ca ion levels in cerebellar Purkinje neurons, in culture, have been measured
      using the fluorescent indicator, fura-2, and digital imaging. Cells were loaded
      with the indicator both by injecting the free acid form and by allowing the
      membrane permeant form (/AM) become deesterified and trapped. The two methods
      gave significantly different results in that the /AM loaded cells showed
      localized regions of high Ca2+ in the soma whereas the injected cells did not.
      Resting levels in the remainder of the cytoplasm were similar however, as were
      the excursions in Ca2+ induced by electrical or chemical stimulation. Comparison
      of the data from the two methods suggests that qualitative measures of Ca in
      intracellular stores can be derived from the /AM loading method. Injected cells
      showed high Ca2+ levels in the soma that persisted for 3-8 minutes following
      removal of the injection electrode. The dendrites of these cells however
      maintained low Ca2+ levels and differences of several hundred nM in Ca2+ were
      maintained between the soma and initial dendrite segment, demonstrating directly
      the large Ca pumping capacity of the dendrites. Localized regions of high Ca2+ in
      dendrites could be generated by applying glutamate from a microelectrode in TTX
      Krebs saline. When studied in culture media with 4.7 mM K, the Purkinje neurons
      showed a biomodal distribution of Ca2+ with 35 to 40% showing stable Ca2+ levels
      between 250 and 350 nM, and the remainder 80 to 130 nM Ca2+. Granule neurons on
      the same coverslips had Ca2+ level in the lower range in greater than 95% of the
      examples observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2905630
TI  - Montreal to host V International Conference on AIDS in June 1989.

PMID- 2905629
TI  - [Postoperative agitation. A new cause].
AB  - Thirty-three patients, operated on between 1981 and 1986, and presenting post
      operative confusion and restlessness are analyzed. Two groups are identified:
      group 1 are patients who regularly received BZD before their present
      hospitalization; in group 2 patients were given high-dose BZD in the early
      postoperative period. Symptoms were anxiousness in 15 patients, restlessness in
      14, myoclonia in 14, delirium in 3, coma and seizures in 1. BZD withdrawal
      syndrome was considered after the other causes of post-operative agitation were
      eliminated and the diagnosis was confirmed by the administration of BZD that
      relieved the symptoms and by the plasmatic concentration of BZD. This syndrome
      appears 1 to 5 days after BZD withdrawal and severity of symptoms seems to be
      directly proportional to the doses and duration of BZD therapy. Propranolol was
      proposed to reduce the intensity of the symptoms. Nevertheless, progressive
      withdrawal of BZD remains the best way for managing such patients.

PMID- 2905631
TI  - Binding of [3H]befunolol to beta-adrenoceptors in cardiac muscles of fetal and
      neonatal rat.
AB  - Characterization of beta-adrenoceptors was studied in heart muscles of rat fetus
      and neonate. The results of binding assay with [3H]befunolol, a beta-adrenergic
      partial agonist, to membrane fractions from rat heart muscles indicate that beta
      adrenoceptors contain two different affinity sites. In the presence of 5'
      guanylylimidodiphosphate, the low affinity site was reduced, while the high
      affinity site was not affected. The dissociation constants for both sites did not
      change during pre- and post-natal development. But the maximum binding sites for
      both sites decreased slightly but significantly (p less than 0.05) during
      development. A 10-fold decrease in norepinephrine sensitivity and isoprenaline
      sensitivity during pre- and post-natal development was not explained by the
      slight decrease in the maximum binding sites.

PMID- 2905632
TI  - Relationship of adverse drug reactions to length of hospital-stay in genetically
      subgrouped schizophrenics.
AB  - The emergence of depression, parkinsonism, and akathisia after neuroleptic
      therapy was associated with increased length of hospital-stay in schizophrenics
      with affective heredity only. In schizophrenics with schizophrenic heredity,
      increased length of hospital-stay was associated with residual hallucinations and
      apathy. In the former patients, findings were theoretically attributed to a
      putative biogenetic abnormality sensitive to the effects of neuroleptic drugs.

PMID- 2905633
TI  - Depolarization induced by bethanechol in hamster submandibular ganglion cells.

PMID- 2905634
TI  - The electrogenesis mechanism of inhibitory muscarinic response induced by
      bethanechol in hamster submandibular ganglion cells.

PMID- 2905635
TI  - Effects of alpha l- and alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonists on noradrenaline
      responses of hamster submandibular cells.

PMID- 2905637
TI  - [Monitoring trace organic components of human expired air and observation of
      their variability].

PMID- 2905636
TI  - Comparative analgesic efficacy and tolerability of ketorolac tromethamine and
      glafenine in patients with post-operative pain.
AB  - In a randomized, single-dose, double-blind, parallel comparative trial of
      analgesic efficacy, 96 adult patients received either 10 mg ketorolac
      tromethamine or 400 mg glafenine orally the morning after surgery if they
      requested pain relief medication. Each patient provided a baseline pain
      assessment and then received the assigned medication. Patients assessed pain
      intensity and pain relief and reported any adverse events in interviews held 30
      minutes after drug administration and then hourly for 6 hours. The demographic
      characteristics, baseline pain intensity, and surgical categories of the 47
      patients who received ketorolac tromethamine and the 49 who received glafenine
      were similar. Both drugs provided prompt, sustained pain relief throughout the 6
      hour observation period, and there were no statistically significant differences
      between the two groups in any of the efficacy measures analyzed. The global
      assessment recorded by patients suggested a slight clinical advantage for
      ketorolac tromethamine (32.6% of 'excellent' responses) as compared to glafenine
      (12.5% 'excellent'). The differences in overall response were statistically
      significant (p = 0.017). Fourteen (30%) patients who received ketorolac
      tromethamine and 17 (35%) who received glafenine reported adverse experiences
      that began or seemed to worsen after administration of the study drugs. The most
      prominent were drowsiness and sleeping, both of which are common in post-surgical
      patients.

PMID- 2905638
TI  - HPLC reveals famotidine in the urine up to five days after a single 20 mg oral
      dose.
AB  - Using a simple method for the HPLC determination of famotidine (FMTD), a new
      inhibitor of histamine H2-receptors, it is possible to evaluate the urine levels
      of the drug in patients undergoing treatment. FMTD is excreted mostly in the
      urine, in the unmetabolized form. The authors evaluated the endpoint of FMTD
      levels in the urine in five patients given a single oral dose of 20 mg and found
      measurable levels of the drug up to 106 h (5 days) after the patients began the
      medication. This method may be useful for assessing patient compliance in taking
      the drug: this will allow the gastroenterologist to distinguish patients with
      true relapses of peptic ulcer disease from false relapses, in clinical trials
      using this histamine H2-inhibitor.

PMID- 2905639
TI  - Comment: peptic ulcer H2-receptor antagonist therapy.

PMID- 2905641
TI  - Ocular metipranolol. A preliminary review of its pharmacodynamic and
      pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic efficacy in glaucoma and ocular
      hypertension.
AB  - Metipranolol is a non-selective beta-adrenoceptor blocking agent used for the
      topical treatment of elevated intraocular pressure in patients with chronic open
      angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension. In double-blind comparative studies of up
      to 4 months duration, metipranolol 0.1 to 0.6% produced comparable reductions in
      intraocular pressure to timolol 0.25 to 0.5% and levobunolol 0.5%, lowering
      pressure by about 20 to 29% from baseline. Metipranolol has been well tolerated
      by most patients, producing only minor changes in objective measurements of
      ophthalmic status and systemic parameters. Similarly, subjective ophthalmic
      complaints have been minimal although reports of initial stinging or burning upon
      instillation have occurred. Further published reports, in which larger numbers of
      patients are treated over extended periods, are needed to confirm the drug's
      apparent long term comparative efficacy. Studies of ocular metipranolol to date
      are encouraging, and the drug demonstrates a lasting intraocular pressure
      reducing effect with good tolerability. Thus, ocular metipranolol provides a
      viable alternative to ocular timolol and levobunolol in the topical treatment of
      chronic open angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension.

PMID- 2905640
TI  - Nizatidine. A preliminary review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic
      properties, and its therapeutic use in peptic ulcer disease.
AB  - Nizatidine is an H2-receptor antagonist which in animal studies was more active
      on a weight-for-weight basis than cimetidine in inhibiting basal and stimulated
      gastric acid secretion. Similarly, studies in humans have confirmed that
      nizatidine is a potent inhibitor of basal, nocturnal and stimulated gastric acid
      secretion. As might be expected at this stage of its development, published
      therapeutic experience with nizatidine is limited. Nevertheless, multicentre
      therapeutic trials have shown that nizatidine 300mg at bedtime or 150mg twice
      daily is significantly more effective than placebo for healing active duodenal
      ulcer, and is apparently as effective as standard doses of ranitidine in
      increasing the rate of healing of both duodenal and gastric ulcers, and as
      effective as a standard dose of cimetidine in active duodenal ulcer. When used
      prophylactically a single 150mg dose of nizatidine at night produces a decrease
      in the incidence of ulcer recurrence compared with placebo, and a similar rate of
      decrease to that achieved with ranitidine 150mg. Nizatidine is well tolerated.
      Unlike cimetidine it does not have any antiandrogenic effects or alter the
      hepatic metabolism of drugs. However, only wider clinical experience with
      nizatidine can accurately determine its relative efficacy and tolerability
      compared with other antiulcer therapy. Thus, early clinical experience suggests
      that nizatidine is a useful alternative to the histamine H2-receptor antagonists
      presently in clinical use.

PMID- 2905642
TI  - [Tardive dyskinesia and affective disorders].
AB  - The authors analyse the relations between tardive dyskinesias and affective
      disorders on the basis of epidemiological, clinical and biological arguments.
      They review the principal data in the literature and develop some hypotheses
      concerning the explanation of these relations.

PMID- 2905643
TI  - [Dopaminergic modifications caused by neuroleptics. Functional and therapeutic
      hypotheses on tardive dyskinesias].
AB  - While neuroleptic action cannot be reduced to a single effect, the fact that
      their clinical consequences may be linked to dopaminergic receptor binding (DA)
      has now gained widespread acceptance. There are at least two types of DA
      receptors (D1 and D2), each of which is a different molecular entity. D1
      receptors activate adenylate cyclase via the intermediary of a Gs protein whereas
      D2 receptors may either inhibit adenylate cyclase when bound to Gi or Go proteins
      or play a role in opening the ion channel or in the phosphatidylinositol cycle
      via the intermediary of a G translating protein, the existence of which has
      recently been demonstrated. In the short run, DA receptor blockade induces
      depolarization of DA neurons together with an increase in DA synthesis and
      release followed, in the case of nigro-striatal neurons, by "hyper
      depolarization" inducing a drop in DA synthesis and release. This phenomenon,
      mistakenly called "tolerance", also exists in meso-limbic neurons but not in meso
      cortical neurons. In the longer run, chronic blockade of DA receptors by
      neuroleptics induces hypersensitivity linked to an increase in the number of
      receptor sites. This hypersensitivity, detected by behavioural,
      electrophysiological and biochemical methods, is evident for sub-cortical
      structures but has not yet been firmly established for the cortex. The nature of
      this hypersensitivity could be identical to that observed in denervation
      experiments. Nonetheless, in certain already controversial studies, the mechanism
      involved in denervation hypersensitivity and that induced by repeated dosing with
      neuroleptics are distinct, a cumulation of effects having been observed.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2905644
TI  - [Animal models of tardive dyskinesia].
AB  - It is possible to induce in monkeys abnormal movements of the mouth and tongue
      resembling strikingly tardive dyskinesia. Such movements can be induced by
      chronic treatment with neuroleptics or by lesions placed in the habenular
      interpeduncular tract or nucleus parafascicularis thalami. Dopaminergic D1 and D2
      receptors are involved in the modulation of such movements.

PMID- 2905645
TI  - [The electrophysiological approach to tardive dyskinesias].
AB  - Electrological study of TD is of value on two counts: it facilitates diagnosis in
      cases where the origin of the dyskinesia is not known, it enables objective
      monitoring of therapeutic studies. TD electromyographic recordings are highly
      specific. The recording shows: either, continuous activity of irregular amplitude
      corresponding to that which is called "tardive dystonia" in a clinical context,
      or, discontinuous irregular activity sometimes grouped into bursts of activity of
      relatively long duration, with a rhythm of 0.5 to 2 Hz during the temporal
      sequences, which are of variable duration. This type of activity is the same as
      that found in movements induced by L-dopa (L-dopa IM). In both cases, these
      involuntary movements only occur after several months' or years' treatment. They
      predominate in the oro-facial region. However, reactions to various
      pharmacological agents are not identical. While activity is decreased by
      neuroleptics and increased by L-dopa, anticholinergics have no effect on L-dopa
      IM whereas they exacerbate TD. GABA decreases TD but is ineffective against L
      dopa IM. The reaction of these movements to L-dopa and neuroleptics, suggests
      that both reflect hypersensitivity to dopamine. Their different reactions to GABA
      lead one to suppose that GABA modulation of the dopaminergic system is defective
      in TD.

PMID- 2905646
TI  - [Neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesias in France].
AB  - In France chlorpromazine was used as soon as 1952, and TD were described very
      early (Ey et al., 1956; Sigwald et al., 1959). Nevertheless there is very little
      interest in this complication of neuroleptic treatment. The mild oral syndrome is
      neglected and severe TD considered as very rare, due to lower dosage of
      neuroleptics in France. We summarize several inquiries: Maurel et al. (1966;
      prevalence = 49%), Bourgeois (1976-1977; 8.1%), Bourgeois et al. in a sample of
      270 elderly (prevalence = 42.4% with neuroleptics; 18% in patients who never
      received neuroleptics), Delance (1985 = 16%), Fanget et al. (1986; 3.8%).

PMID- 2905647
TI  - [Epidemiology of tardive dyskinesias in the Maghreb].
AB  - The most prescribed type of psychotropic medication in maghrebian psychiatry is
      neuroleptics. It is therefore legitimate to study the epidemiology of the most
      frequent side-effect of long-term treatment with neuroleptics: Tardive Dyskinesia
      (TD). At the moment, a collaborative study is under way on epidemiology of TD
      within the framework of the Maghrebian Association of Biological Psychiatry;
      several studies have also been conducted on this topic in the University
      Psychiatric Centre Ibn Rochd, Casablanca, Morocco in 1984, 1986 and 1987. For the
      maghrebian study, only preliminary results from Tunis will be presented. These
      studies have been interested in two epidemiological aspects: prevalence of TD in
      hospitalized and out-patients treated with neuroleptics; prevalence of TD-like
      movements among never treated schizophrenics. The assessment tool used for all
      the studies was the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS). Main results of
      these studies are: 1) General prevalence of TD and risk factors in neuroleptized
      patients: In Tunis, Douki and Benamor in their on-going study, found a general
      prevalence of 20.50% (N = 200 in patients). A multi-factor analysis showed that
      risk factors are (in decreasing order): female gender, age above 60, associated
      depression, total duration of neuroleptic treatment above 20 years, a frequently
      discontinued treatment, shock therapies in antecedents or associated, a diagnosis
      of non schizophrenic psychosis, haloperidol intake below 25 mg and fluphenazine
      depot above 100 mg daily. In Casablanca, in 1984, Chorfi found a general
      prevalence of 10% (N = 50 out-patients). In 1986, Bentounsi found a 14.50%
      prevalence in Casablanca (N = 400 out-patients) and 63.97% in the oldest
      psychiatric hospital in Morocco in Berreshid (N = 605 in-patients).(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2905648
TI  - [Clinical aspects of tardive dyskinesias induced by neuroleptics].
AB  - Initially, the reality of the existence of tardive dyskinesia raised some
      controversy, but rapidly this syndrome was recognized as a complication arising
      from usually long-term administration of neuroleptics. These extrapyramidal
      abnormal movements represent an important problem due to their prevalence, their
      potential irreversibility, their complex and still disputed physiopathologic
      mechanism, the absence of specific and generally effective treatment, and more
      recently the medico-legal problems entailed. At first, it was believed that these
      dyskinetic movements, of various intensity, were localized only at the oro-facial
      area (face, tongue, maxillary), or consisted of limited or generalized choreo
      athetosic movements, or were a mixture of both types of movements. However,
      digestive and respiratory tardive dyskinesia also occur. Tardive dyskinesia can
      develop insidiously during neuroleptic treatment, or appear when this medication
      is decreased or ceased. It can coexist with parkinsonian signs. Age (over 50) and
      gender (female) appear to be risk factors. Other types of tardive syndromes
      associated with neuroleptic administration have been reported, such as tardive
      akathisia, tardive dystonia and a tardive Tourette-like syndrome. Involuntary
      movements resembling tardive dyskinesia can be observed in elderly individuals
      who never received neuroleptic medication. With respect to the rabbit syndrome, a
      rapid tremor of the perioral area, with a rhythmicity similar to the parkinsonian
      tremor, it is clearly different from tardive dyskinesia. It is essential to
      detect as precociously as possible tardive dyskinesia. The diagnosis is sometimes
      difficult and even if the clinical features seem pathognomonic of tardive
      dyskinesia, it is nevertheless important to establish a differential
      diagnosis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2905649
TI  - [Senile dyskinesias and tardive dyskinesias].
AB  - Correct recognition of spontaneous linguobucco-facial dyskinesia is at least of
      interest in that it enables accurate evaluation of the impact of neuroleptic
      medication on the occurrence of similar neurological disorders. Since 1963, first
      anecdotal evidence and then series of cases of spontaneous dyskinesia have been
      reported. This has enabled evaluation of the prevalence of these disorders in
      subjects aged over 60 to be determined as 10% whereas incidence is over 50% in
      subjects of the same age receiving neuroleptics. Nonetheless, a number of
      uncertainties persist. Epidemiological studies produce very variable results
      suggesting that the concept of tardive dyskinesia is not always adequately
      defined and that certain disorders of a different type are sometimes confused
      with that condition. Dyskinetic movements involve the face and trunk, like those
      of chorea, but do not share the latters' abrupt rapid and unpredictable nature.
      Dyskinetic movements on the contrary, tend toward a degree of reproducibility, if
      not stereotypy, in the manner of ballistic movements which may be distinguished
      by their rotary character and the fact that they are generally localized in one
      half of the body. Lastly dyskinetic movements frequently have the creeping
      appearance of athetoid movements from which they may be distinguished by case
      history. The various characteristics confer a highly specific appearance on
      dyskinetic movements which was well described by Sigwald back in 1959. It should
      be stressed that author, who had already studied bucco-lingual dyskinesia in
      epidemic encephalitis in 1953, discovered, with surprise, the existence of such
      disorders in an infectious context.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2905650
TI  - Affective disorders and tardive dyskinesia.
AB  - Evidence from multiple lines of study indicate that mood disorders, particularly
      depression, are a risk factor for developing tardive dyskinesia (TD). Important
      patient and treatment factors include: 1) frequent retrospective rediagnosis of
      affective disorders instead of schizophrenia when the long-term course of illness
      and response is evaluated, and 2) TD onset after relatively brief (few months to
      few years) exposure to low to moderate neuroleptic doses. Mechanisms underlying
      this increased sensitivity to TD are unknown. It has been hypothesized that the
      cyclic mono- and catecholamine activity during mood changes makes the brain more
      vulnerable to the direct neuroleptic effects or the compensatory processes
      initiated by these drugs. There may also be an interaction between neuroleptic
      drugs and antidepressant agents which produce greater vulnerability to TD.
      Additionally, neuroleptic drug use may be different in affective disorders, such
      as high doses for short time periods with mania. Treating TD in patients with
      mood disorders is often difficult. The psychiatric diagnosis should be the first
      priority in treatment regimens. Then, strategies for addressing TD should be
      considered. Occasionally lithium and/or antidepressants may be effective in
      treating both affective disorders and TD in some patients. Specific drug
      therapies for TD have not been consistently effective. Therefore, the passage of
      time may be the best treatment approach. Preventing TD should receive the highest
      priority. In the short term, neuroleptic drugs should be limited to managing
      acute psychotic symptoms in patients with mood disorders. In the long term,
      neuroleptics should be reserved for manic or depressive symptoms that do not
      respond to standard therapy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2905651
TI  - Tardive dyskinesia. Pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical trials.
AB  - Recent observations from human and animal studies indicate that the traditional
      dopamine supersensitivity theory in tardive dyskinesia (TD) is insufficient.
      Instead, a new hypothesis is proposed: TD may be due to an increased D-1 receptor
      function or an increased ratio between D-1/D-2 receptor functions in the brain,
      maybe associated with a diminished activity in certain striatofugal GABA neurons.
      This hypothesis is based on experiments with selective D-1 and D-2 drugs in
      rodents and monkeys, but has not yet been tested clinically due to lack of D-1
      agonists and antagonists for human use. In a Nordic multicenter study, various
      neuroleptics (haloperidol, perphenazine, chlorprothixene) were given to 33
      elderly psychiatric patients with TD. The main result of this study was the
      demonstration of 1) an inverse relationship between parkinsonism and TD, and 2)
      an inconsistent response to withdrawal of various neuroleptics. Following
      withdrawal, 38% of the patients had a TD aggravation, 27% a TD reduction, and 35%
      no TD change, all compared with the TD level before the neuroleptic test period
      and independent of the neuroleptic given. This observation speaks against the
      dopamine hypersensitivity theory and is more in accordance with the new
      hypothesis proposed above. The GABA part of the TD hypothesis has been tested
      with different GABA agonists such as gamma-acetylenic GABA, gamma-vinyl GABA and
      THIP, but most studies suggest that the therapeutic effect of these drugs in TD
      is limited and maybe secondary to parkinsonism and sedation. Clinicians are
      eagerly awaiting new GABA agonists with selective affinity to subgroups of GABA
      receptors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2905652
TI  - Preventing neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia in adults and children.
AB  - Neuroleptics remain useful in the treatment of schizophrenia, but tardive
      dyskinesia (TD) is a recognized serious side effect of long-term neuroleptic use
      in adults and children. Lack of proven effective treatment for TD makes
      prevention of TD a focus of clinical attention. In order to provide guidelines
      for the clinician, the literature regarding epidemiological risk factors for TD
      is reviewed. Clinical strategies for prevention of TD are discussed based on
      principles of: 1) being aware of risk factors for TD; 2) evaluating neuroleptic
      treatment; and 3) detecting early TD. The importance of patient participation in
      the clinical decision for long-term neuroleptic therapy cannot be overstressed.

PMID- 2905653
TI  - Legal aspects of tardive dyskinesia.
AB  - While the therapeutic value of neuroleptics in the treatment of schizophrenia and
      psychoses is universally recognized, the risk of tardive dyskinesia linked to the
      use of these drugs raises ethical and legal problems for the physician. The
      authors discuss the basic principles linked to these legal aspects of the
      question: inappropriate indication of neuroleptic treatment, inadequate treatment
      monitoring, error in diagnosis of tardive dyskinesia and misconduct with regard
      to informed consent. The various aspects are illustrated by specific cases.

PMID- 2905654
TI  - A summary of current knowledge of tardive dyskinesia.
AB  - Tardive dyskinesia (TD); abnormal involuntary movements appearing late in
      neuroleptic treatment) was described shortly after introduction of chlorpromazine
      and other antipsychotic agents in the 1950s. Consideration of this disorder as a
      common, progressive, and relentless problem of major public-health and
      medicolegal concern in the 1970s now appears to have been somewhat exaggerated.
      Several symptom patterns associated with neuroleptic treatment may or may not
      appropriately be lumped with the concept of TD (acute and withdrawal-emergent
      dyskinesias, dystonias, and akathisia, in particular); parkinsonism (with
      bradykinesia, rigidity, and tremor, including perioral tremor of the "rabbit
      syndrome") should be differentiated from TD, even though elements of both may
      occur together. Dyskinesias, more or less similar to TD, can occur in chronically
      ill neuropsychiatric patients not exposed to neuroleptics. Some may represent
      stereotyped behaviors of schizophrenia or undiagnosed neurological disorders, but
      a risk of spontaneous dyskinesias indistinguishable from TD averages about 5%
      (probably less in young patients). Mean prevalence rates for TD, corrected for
      spontaneous dyskinesias, average about 15-20% with higher risks at advancing
      ages. Incidence rates are less certain, but estimates average about 5% a year for
      at least several years in young patients, with higher rates within the first two
      years of treatment of elderly patients. Risk factors most clearly defined are
      advancing age, use of neuroleptic agents at relatively high daily doses for more
      than six months, and perhaps the diagnosis of a major affective disorder. Female
      gender and relatively high plasma levels of neuroleptic agents are less
      significant risk factors and other metabolic or neuroradiological indicators of
      risk remain unproved. The etiology of TD remains obscure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2905655
TI  - [Hepatic encephalopathy].

PMID- 2905656
TI  - Prenatal DNA analysis in four embryos/fetuses at risk of 21-hydroxylase
      deficiency.
AB  - Prenatal diagnosis of 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21-OHD) in two unrelated embryos
      and two fetuses was attempted with the Southern hybridization method using the 21
      hydroxylase (21-OHase) complementary DNA as a probe. The two embryos whose
      genomic DNA was extracted from their chorionic villi both had four TaqI fragments
      (3.7 kb, 3.2 kb, 2.4 kb and 2.3 kb) identical to those of their respective
      parents and normal controls, while the DNA from each proband of these two
      families lacked with the 3.7 kb and the 2.3 kb fragments corresponding to the
      functional 21-OHase gene (21-OHase B gene). These findings indicated that none of
      the embryos examined were deletion homozygotes for the 21-OHase B gene. In the
      two fetuses, only amniotic fluid cells were available for prenatal diagnosis. The
      results of Southern hybridization analysis were uninformative since all family
      members, including the probands and fetuses, had all four TaqI fragments. Linkage
      studies between 21-OHD and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) haplotypes and those
      between the disease and restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the 4th
      complement gene revealed that the fetus of one family was normal. The other fetus
      could not be diagnosed because a recombination between the class I HLA and the 21
      OHD loci had occurred in this family.

PMID- 2905657
TI  - Spontaneous kidney rupture in polyarteritis nodosa. Report of four cases.
AB  - Spontaneous kidney rupture as the initial manifestation of polyarteritis nodosa
      is rare. We present 4 such patients who underwent nephrectomy. We suggest primary
      nephrectomy in patients with spontaneous kidney rupture and resultant
      retroperitoneal hematoma in whom no preoperative diagnosis is available.

PMID- 2905658
TI  - The alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity of ipsapirone and gepirone is
      mediated by their common metabolite 1-(2-pyrimidinyl)-piperazine (PmP).
AB  - Ipsapirone and gepirone, analogs of buspirone, a newly developed antianxiety
      agent, form 1-(2-pyrimidinyl)-piperazine (PmP) during their biotransformation in
      rats. After oral administration (10 mg/kg) of a parent drug, e.g. ipsapirone or
      gepirone, the metabolite appears in significant amounts in plasma, with maximal
      concentrations of 0.9 and 1.4 nmol/ml respectively. The metabolite half-life
      ranged from about 140 to 200 min. Ipsapirone is eliminated more slowly than
      gepirone, with a half-life of about 100 and 30 min, respectively. The metabolite
      to parent drug ratios for the areas under the plasma concentration-time curve
      (AUC) were 1 for ipsapirone and 14 for gepirone. PmP (0.5-2 mg/kg p.o),
      ipsapirone, gepirone and buspirone (5-20 mg/kg p.o.) dose dependently antagonized
      the slowing of gastrointestinal transit induced by clonidine 0.1 mg/kg s.c. The
      doses inhibiting the antitransit effect of clonidine by 50% were 0.8 mg/kg for
      PmP, 14 mg/kg for ipsapirone and 9 mg/kg for both gepirone and buspirone.
      Analysis of small intestinal longitudinal muscle of rats given the ED50 of PmP,
      ipsapirone, gepirone, buspirone showed that PmP concentrations in the
      longitudinal muscle (with attached myenteric plexus) fell within a relatively
      narrow range and were consistent with the appropriate transit scores. The plasma
      was also tested for anticlonidine activity. These data indicate that PmP
      formation is a pharmacologically significant metabolic process for the buspirone
      related drugs, ipsapirone and gepirone, and that this metabolite is responsible
      for the alpha 2-adrenoceptor blocking activity exerted by these drugs in vivo in
      the rat.

PMID- 2905659
TI  - Somatostatin and SMS 201-995 reverse the impairment of cognitive functions
      induced by cysteamine depletion of brain somatostatin.
AB  - The involvement of somatostatin in the organization of cognitive functions was
      studied. We assessed changes in learning and memory processes by studying the
      effects of cysteamine, a compound that decreases somatostatin-like
      immunoreactivity in the brain, somatostatin and the potent somatostatin analogue,
      SMS 201-995, on active avoidance behaviour, assessed with a shuttle box
      apparatus, or on passive avoidance behaviour. Cysteamine induced a loss of the
      conditioned active avoidance response acquired after 3 weeks of daily trials. The
      effect was observed 2 h (-29%) and 4 h (-51%) after cysteamine treatment (300
      mg/kg s.c.) and disappeared after 24 h. Intracerebroventricular administration of
      somatostatin or SMS 201-995 to cysteamine-treated rats significantly reversed the
      cysteamine effects on the conditioned avoidance responses. Similar results were
      obtained on passive avoidance behaviour. We also investigated the effect of
      cysteamine treatment on brain somatostatin-sensitive adenylate cyclase. We
      observed that adenylate cyclase activity in the frontal cortex of cysteamine
      pretreated animals was more sensitive to inhibition by the SRIF analogue, SMS 201
      995, than it was in control animals. This effect was observed at concentrations
      of SMS 201-995 that were ineffective in control tissue. These results show that
      disruption of somatostatinergic transmission affects cognitive functions of rats.

PMID- 2905660
TI  - Characterization of kappa opioid receptors in the rabbit ear artery.
AB  - Quantitative characterization of the kappa opioid receptor in the rabbit ear
      artery was carried out using three kappa-selective agonist compounds, dynorphin
      (1-13), U-69593 and ethylketocyclazocine. Kinetic analysis was performed using
      the antagonist, MR 2266. Two other in vitro preparations were studied for
      comparison: the mouse was deferens and rabbit was deferens. To avoid mu receptor
      action in the mouse was deferens the irreversible mu receptor antagonist, beta
      funaltrexamine, was used. It was demonstrated that, using the highly selective
      kappa agonist compound U-69593, Ke values for MR 2266 obtained in the three assay
      systems were not significantly different. These results suggest that kappa
      receptors present in these three tissues share identical properties.

PMID- 2905661
TI  - Antagonism of serotonin receptor mediated neuroendocrine and temperature
      responses by atypical neuroleptics in the rat.
AB  - The ability of atypical and typical antipsychotics to antagonize serotonin (5-HT)
      receptor-mediated temperature and neuroendocrine responses was tested in rats.
      Clozapine, melperone and setoperone, three atypical neuroleptics, blocked in a
      dose-dependent manner, the hyperthermic response to the 5-HT agonist, MK-212,
      whereas chlorpromazine and haloperidol were ineffective. The hypothermic response
      to the 5-HT1A agonist, 8-OH-DPAT, was unaltered by any of the atypical
      neuroleptics tested. Similarly, MK-212-induced corticosterone secretion was
      blocked in a dose-related manner by clozapine, melperone and setoperone but was
      relatively unaffected by either haloperidol or chlorpromazine. The increase in
      corticosterone secretion observed following 8-OH-DPAT administration was not
      attenuated by pretreatment with the atypical or typical antipsychotics tested.
      These data indicate that atypical neuroleptics are effective 5-HT2 but not 5-HT1A
      antagonists in vivo. Conversely, the typical neuroleptics, haloperidol and
      chlorpromazine do not block the 5-HT receptors involved in activation of the
      hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis or thermoregulation.

PMID- 2905662
TI  - Changes in the limbic neurotensin systems induced by dopaminergic drugs.
AB  - Single or multiple high doses of the dopamine-releasing drug, methamphetamine,
      induced 100-150% increases in the content of neurotensin-like immunoreactivity
      (NTLI) in the nucleus accumbens, but was without effect on the NTLI level in the
      ventral tegmental area. The increases in NTLI content in the nucleus accumbens
      were selectively blocked by the dopamine D-1 receptor antagonist, SCH 23390,
      which failed to exert any significant effect of its own in the same area. In
      contrast, haloperidol or the selective dopamine D-2 antagonist, sulpiride, when
      administered alone, significantly raised the NTLI level in the nucleus accumbens
      and when given concomitantly with methamphetamine, their effects on the amount of
      NTLI appeared to be additive. Very different patterns of response were observed
      in neurotensin systems associated with the mesocortical dopaminergic terminal
      fields of the frontal cortex and olfactory bulbs. Changes in NTLI contents
      occurred following only multiple doses of methamphetamine and consisted of
      decreases in levels of this peptide. However, like the nucleus accumbens, these
      methamphetamine-induced alterations were blocked completely by D-1 antagonism,
      while D-2 blockade appeared to be additive with the effects of methamphetamine.

PMID- 2905663
TI  - Antagonism of the responses to isoproterenol in the rat hippocampal slice with
      subtype-selective antagonists.
AB  - The electrophysiological and cAMP responses to the beta-adrenoceptor agonist
      isoproterenol were measured in the in vitro hippocampal slice preparation.
      Subtype-selective antagonists were used to evaluate the specificity of these
      responses. The beta 1-selective antagonist ICI 89,406 was 60-fold more potent
      than was the beta 2-selective antagonist ICI 118,551 at antagonizing the
      electrophysiological response. ICI 89,406 was 200 times more potent in its
      antagonism of the cAMP response. These results suggest that the
      electrophysiological and cAMP responses in this preparation are primarily
      mediated by beta 1-adrenoceptors.

PMID- 2905664
TI  - Benzodiazepine receptors studied in living primates by positron emission
      tomography: antagonist interactions.
AB  - After labelling the brain benzodiazepine receptors of sub-human primates with
      [11C]RO15-1788, the interactions of different benzodiazepine receptor antagonist
      ligands were studied by positron emission tomography (PET). Various doses of
      either RO15-1788, RO15-3505 or propyl beta-carboline-3-carboxylate were injected
      intravenously 20 min after the radiotracer, and induced an immediate and specific
      dose-dependent displacement of the brain radioactivity. However, a comparison of
      the dose-receptor occupancy patterns of these three antagonists established from
      the displacement experiments revealed that only propyl beta-carboline-3
      carboxylate displayed clear biphasic dose-receptor occupancy curves. This
      indicates that, in the living primate brain, there are two different
      benzodiazepine receptor subpopulations (which can be either different
      benzodiazepine receptor subtypes or distinct conformational states of a single
      receptor).

PMID- 2905665
TI  - Hindlimb paralytic effects of prodynorphin-derived peptides following spinal
      subarachnoid injection in rats.
AB  - Dynorphin A-(1-17) acts through non-opioid mechanisms to produce dose-related
      neurological deficits following injection into the lumbar spinal subarachnoid
      space in rats. Hindlimb motor function was examined following subarachnoid
      injection of dynorphin A fragments and other opioid peptides derived from
      prodynorphin to establish: (1) which portion(s) of the dynorphin A molecule cause
      hindlimb motor dysfunction, and (2) whether these paralytic actions are shared by
      other opioids (dynorphin B, alpha-neo-endorphin, and beta-neo-endorphin) derived
      from the same promolecule. To minimize the influence of enzymatic inactivation on
      relative bioactivities, peptides were coinjected with a combination of peptidase
      inhibitors previously shown to enhance the actions of dynorphin A fragments in
      vitro. Dynorphin A-(1-17) and -(2-17) produced dose-related neurological deficits
      with equal potencies and durations. Although without effect when injected alone,
      dynorphin A-(1-8), -(1-7) and -(3-8) caused transient motor dysfunction when co
      injected with peptidase inhibitors. In contrast, dynorphin A-(1-6), -(1-5) and 
      (6-17) did not disrupt hindlimb motor function with or without peptidase
      inhibition. Dynorphin B, alpha-neo-endorphin and beta-neo-endorphin also caused
      hindlimb dysfunction which was potentiated by peptidase inhibition. These
      deficits appeared to result from non-opioid actions of these three peptides,
      since they were not blocked by the opioid antagonist naloxone. Thus, the
      paralytic effects of dynorphin A: (1) result from non-opioid actions involving
      the 3-7 or 3-8 positions of the molecule, and (2) are shared by other
      prodynorphin-derived opioid peptides.

PMID- 2905666
TI  - Specific receptors for bradykinin-induced cardiac sympathetic chemoreflex in the
      dog.
AB  - Bradykinin (BK, 0.03-1 microgram), capsaicin (1 microgram) or potassium chloride
      (KCl, 13 mumol) applied to the epicardium of the left ventricle of anaesthetized,
      open-chest dogs, caused reflex tachycardia and pressor effects, whereas des-Arg9
      BK (1-100 micrograms), a selective bradykinin B1-receptor agonist, failed to
      produce any cardiovascular response. Superfusion of the epicardium with a
      selective B1-receptor antagonist, des-Arg9-[Leu8]BK (50-100 micrograms/min) had
      no effect on reflex responses to epicardial BK (0.03-0.1 microgram). However, the
      selective B2-receptor antagonist, D-Arg-[Hyp3,Thi5,8,D-Phe7]BK (10-25
      micrograms/min) abolished the reflex effects of 0.03 and 0.1 microgram BK and
      reduced by 50 to 70% the responses to 1 microgram BK. Another B2-receptor
      antagonist [Thi6,9,D-Phe8]kallidin (10-50 micrograms/min) also reduced (30-70%)
      responses to 1 microgram BK. The antagonism was reversible and specific for BK
      since reflex responses to epicardial application of either capsaicin or KCl were
      not affected. The results indicate that BK interacts with B2-receptors, probably
      located on terminals and/or axons of sympathetic afferents supplying the dog
      heart, to activate a cardiac sympathetic chemoreflex.

PMID- 2905667
TI  - Evidence for two independent modes of activation of the 'efferent' function of
      capsaicin-sensitive nerves.
AB  - Field stimulation (10 Hz for 10 s, 0.5 ms pulse width, 60 V) of the guinea-pig
      isolated main bronchi (atropine plus indomethacin in the bath) produced
      reproducible contractions which were abolished by tetrodotoxin or in vitro
      capsaicin desensitization. These responses were almost abolished by omega
      conotoxin GVIA (CTX), a peptide modulator of neuronal calcium channels which,
      however, did not affect the bronchial contraction due to neurokinin A or to
      capsaicin. Field stimulation (10 Hz for 2.5 s, 1 ms, 60 V) of the electrically
      driven, isolated guinea-pig left atria excised from reserpine-pretreated animals
      (atropine in the bath) produced a delayed positive inotropic response which was
      abolished by tetrodotoxin or in vitro capsaicin desensitization. This response
      was abolished by CTX, which did not affect the response to exogenous calcitonin
      gene-related peptide nor that to capsaicin. These findings indicate that CTX
      sensitive mechanisms (presumably Ca channels regulating the release of
      transmitters) are activated upon antidromic invasion of sensory terminals and
      consequent production of the 'efferent' response while the activation of sensory
      nerve endings by capsaicin occurs through CTX-resistant mechanisms.

PMID- 2905668
TI  - Effects of locally applied D-1 and D-2 receptor agonists and antagonists studied
      with brain dialysis.
AB  - The effect on dopamine (DA) release of D-1 and D-2 receptor agonists and
      antagonists applied locally in the caudate through a trans-striatal dialysis
      probe was studied in freely moving rats. D-2 agonists (LY 171555 and BHT 920)
      reduced DA release in a concentration-dependent manner. The same local
      application of haloperidol abolished the effect of 10 microM LY 171555 and BHT
      920. A specific D-1 agonist, the catechol benzazepine SKF 38393, reduced DA
      release and this effect was not modified by systemic or local administration of
      the D-1 antagonist, SCH 23390, nor by the D-2 antagonist, haloperidol. In
      contrast, the non-catechol D-1 agonist, CY 208243, failed to modify DA release.
      Local application of the D-1 antagonist, SCH 23390, or of the D-2 antagonist, (-)
      sulpiride, stimulated DA release in a concentration-dependent manner. The D-1
      agonist, CY 20843, reversed the stimulatory effect of SCH 23390 but not that of (
      )-sulpiride. It is concluded that D-1 and D-2 receptors located in the caudate
      control DA release separately in this area.

PMID- 2905669
TI  - Impact of climate on western equine encephalitis in Manitoba, Minnesota and North
      Dakota, 1980-1983.
AB  - Information was collected on confirmed outbreaks of western equine encephalitis
      (WEE) in North America east of the Rockies for 1981 and 1983 (epidemic years) and
      1980 and 1982 (non-epidemic years). The initial pattern of outbreaks in Manitoba,
      Minnesota and North Dakota was determined for each year. Backward (and in some
      instances forward) wind trajectories were computed for each day 4-15 days
      (incubation period) before the initial outbreaks of WEE in a given area of
      province or state. During these years the timing and location of WEE outbreaks in
      horses and man, seroconversion in chickens, the maximum Culex tarsalis counts at
      Winnipeg and first isolation of WEE virus from C. tarsalis could be correlated
      with trajectories of winds from states further south within acceptable intervals.
      It is suggested that C. tarsalis mosquitoes infected with WEE virus are carried
      on the wind from Texas on the Gulf of Mexico, where they continue to breed during
      the northern winter months, to northern Texas and Oklahoma in the spring. In May,
      June and July C. tarsalis are carried north on southerly winds from these states
      through Kansas and Nebraska to North Dakota, Minnesota, Wisconsin and Manitoba.
      Distances of 1250-1350 km are traversed in 18-24 h at heights up to 1.5 km with
      temperatures greater than or equal to 13 degrees C. Landing takes place where the
      warm southerly winds meet cold fronts associated with rain. Convergence leads to
      concentration of C. tarsalis and determines where outbreaks occur. It is possible
      that return of new generations of C. tarsalis to the south may occur later in the
      year. The development of an epidemic of WEE in the northern states and provinces
      would appear to depend on (i) suitable trajectories from the south in June and
      July with temperatures greater than or equal to 13 degrees C meeting cold fronts
      with rain, (ii) sufficient C. tarsalis infected with WEE virus at source, carried
      on the wind and locally, (iii) C. tarsalis biting horses and man, (iv)
      maintenance of local mosquito populations in August and (v) susceptible hosts
      (birds) at source and susceptible hosts (horses and man) locally. Possible
      methods of prediction involving determination of trajectories, identification of
      C. tarsalis blood meals, measuring seroconversion in calves are discussed in
      addition to the methods already in use.

PMID- 2905670
TI  - Food poisoning in hospitals in Scotland, 1978-87.
AB  - During the 10-year period 1978-87 there were 48 outbreaks of food poisoning in
      Scottish hospitals affecting a total of 2287 persons of whom 12 died. This
      compared with 50 outbreaks during the previous 5 years (1973-77) when over 1500
      persons and 7 deaths were recorded. Although the incidence of outbreaks has
      decreased the average number of persons affected in outbreaks has increased. A
      marked reduction was seen in the incidence of outbreaks due to Clostridium
      perfringens, in contrast to foodborne salmonellosis which remains a problem.
      Thirty-four hospitals, of which 10 reported two or more outbreaks, were involved.
      The type of hospitals most frequently affected were general (14), psychiatric
      (13), geriatric (9) and hospitals for the mentally subnormal (7). Meat, including
      poultry meat, was incriminated in over 90% of outbreaks where a food vehicle was
      identified. In modern or re-equipped kitchens cooking in advance with subsequent
      reheating is being progressively discontinued as more food is being cooked on the
      day of consumption, a practice which may readily explain the decreasing incidence
      of outbreaks due to Cl. perfringens. Bacterial cross-contamination from poultry
      meat and other raw foods, compounded by inadequate temperature control, however,
      continues to be a problem in some hospitals. It is too early as yet to determine
      whether the removal of Crown immunity will have any effect on the future
      incidence of hospital 'food poisoning'.

PMID- 2905671
TI  - Peroxisomes in pigment epithelium and Muller cells of amphibian retina possess D
      amino acid oxidase as well as catalase.
AB  - In this paper we identify peroxisomes in Muller cells and retinal pigment
      epithelial cells of Rana pipiens and Xenopus laevis by virtue of their content of
      cytochemically stainable catalase. These organelles have the form of an
      extensive, branched system of tubules in the retinal pigment epithelium and
      appear as discrete ovoid structures in the Muller cells. In both the pigment
      epithelium and the Muller cells a second peroxisomal enzyme, D-amino acid
      oxidase, can be detected in the same structures as catalase by means of a cerium
      based cytochemical staining procedure. This oxidase is active only against
      nonpolar and polar, uncharged D-amino acids.

PMID- 2905672
TI  - An immunocytochemical comparison of Muller cells and astrocytes in the cat
      retina.
AB  - Immunocytochemical localization, at the light and electron microscopic levels, of
      five different known glial proteins was used to compare Muller cells with
      astrocytes in the adult cat retina. Retina from two different areas of the eye
      was examined. A region of retina on the border of the optic nerve was used
      because of its large population of astrocytes, and a region away from the optic
      nerve was used to examine Muller cells (astrocytes are sparse in this region).
      Antibodies to cellular retinaldehyde binding protein and glutamine synthetase
      labeled the Muller cells but not the astrocytes, while labeling with anti
      carbonic anhydrase C, anti-alpha crystallin and anti-glial fibrillary acidic
      protein was found in both Muller cells and astrocytes.

PMID- 2905673
TI  - An immunocytochemical study of cat retinal Muller cells in culture.
AB  - Muller cells, the specialized radial glia found in vertebrate retinas, were
      enzymatically dissociated from adult cat retinas and grown in culture. The cells
      were processed for immunofluorescence microscopy at times ranging from 4 hr to 3
      months in culture. Labeling with antibodies specific to glial fibrillary acidic
      protein, cellular retinaldehyde binding protein, glutamine synthetase, carbonic
      anhydrase C and alpha crystallin, all proteins known to be found in Muller cells,
      was detected in the cultured cells. Immunoblot analysis of the cultured cells
      showed single protein bands corresponding to the appropriate molecular weights of
      the antigens.

PMID- 2905675
TI  - [Effect of the tripeptide melanostatin on the electrical activity of surviving
      slices of the olfactory cortex in the rat brain].
AB  - The effects of melanostatin (MST 10(-5) M) on transmission in the lateral
      olfactory tract--superficial pyramidal neurons synapses, were investigated in
      slices of the rat olfactory cortex. Within 3-6 min after MST addition, the EPSP
      amplitudes were depressed and then increased (within 6-9 to 30 min); spikes and
      IPSPs appeared during the latter period. The recovery of the FPs to control
      values at washing was slow (40-60 min). Possible mechanisms of the MST long-term
      excitatory effect on neural elements of the slices, are discussed.

PMID- 2905674
TI  - Differential distribution of biogenic amines in the hypoglossal nucleus of the
      rat.
AB  - The distribution of biogenic amines in the rat hypoglossal nucleus (nXII) was
      investigated with immunocytochemical methods using antibodies to tyrosine
      hydroxylase (TH) as a marker for catecholamines, and to 5-hydroxytryptamine (5
      HT), the principal indoleamine, at the light microscopic level. TH and 5-HT
      immunoreactivity were found throughout all regions of nXII. Although the
      innervations overlapped, clearly different patterns of distribution were
      observed. TH immunoreactivity was localized primarily in the ventromedial
      quadrant of the caudal half of nXII and appeared largely as perisomatic-like
      profiles. In contrast, 5-HT immunoreactivity was greatest dorsally along the
      caudal half of nXII, although secondary foci of staining were evident
      ventrolaterally and, to a lesser extent, ventromedially. A perisomatic-like
      pattern of termination was observed for 5-HT in both dorsal and ventral regions
      of nXII. Since ventral and dorsal districts of nXII contain motoneurons that
      innervate protrusor and retrusor tongue muscles, respectively, we propose that
      the overlapping, yet differential distributions of catecholamines and
      indoleamines are important in controlling the relationships between functionally
      related groups of nXII motoneurons. These findings are discussed in relation to
      oro-lingual motor dysfunction.

PMID- 2905676
TI  - [Dynamic changes in the heart beat frequency of rabbits to auditory and
      nociceptive signals against the background of neuroleptic action].
AB  - Aminazine and haloperidol exerted different effects upon spontaneous heart rate
      and the reactivity of cardiovascular system in curarized rabbits during
      habituation to nociceptive and sound signals: aminazine (8-10 mg/kg) increased
      the heart rate by 8-12% and completely suppressed the reactivity, whereas
      haloperidol (0.5-1.7 mg/kg) decreased the heart rate by 5.0-8.5% and considerably
      enhanced the reactivity to sound and nociceptive signals, prolonging the
      habituation duration. The biphasic response of the rabbit heart rate reveals a
      working mechanism of the baroreflex control over emotionally significant and
      stressful effects.

PMID- 2905678
TI  - Commonly prescribed drugs.

PMID- 2905677
TI  - [The alpha-adrenergic sensitivity of smooth muscle following sympathectomy].
AB  - The effect of sympathetic nerve stimulation on postsynaptic alpha-adrenoceptors
      of cat's smooth muscle nictitating membrane was studied. L-noradrenaline,
      adrenaline, phenylephrine and clonidine caused a concentration-dependent
      contraction. In denervated tissue, the concentration-response curve for clonidine
      mainly shifted to the left in comparison with the control; in contrast to the
      innervated smooth muscle, there were no reliable differences between the constant
      dissociation Ka and KB for alpha 1- and alpha 2-selective and nonselective
      adrenomimetics and adrenoblockaders. The data obtained suggest alteration of
      pharmacological characteristics of smooth muscle alpha-adrenoceptors after
      interruption of the sympathetic nerve.

PMID- 2905679
TI  - Differential sensitivity of the insulin receptor to proteolysis after beta
      adrenergic stimulation.
AB  - The cellular mechanism by which the specific binding of [125I]insulin to intact
      rat adipocytes is inhibited by isoproterenol has been studied. By exposing
      control and isoproterenol-treated cells to trypsin (0-150 micrograms/ml for 20
      min at 4 degrees C) and measuring the intact insulin receptor pool following
      detergent solubilization, a differential sensitivity to proteolysis of the cell
      membrane receptor was observed. At low trypsin concentration (less than 30
      micrograms/ml), approximately 40% of the specific insulin binding in
      isoproterenol-treated cells was insensitive to proteolysis as compared to control
      cells. At higher levels of trypsin (50-150 micrograms/ml) both groups displayed
      similar levels of trypsin-insensitive receptors which, at the highest trypsin
      concentration, accounted for 10% of the total receptors in intact cells.
      Detergent-solubilized receptors from isoproterenol-treated cells, on the other
      hand, exhibited the same sensitivity to trypsin proteolysis as solubilized
      receptors from control cells. The time course of the onset and reversal of the
      isoproterenol-induced binding alteration in intact adipocytes has been analyzed
      by mild trypsinization (20 micrograms/ml). Results indicated that insulin
      receptors resistant to trypsin under these conditions mediated the decreased
      surface binding and were re-expressed on the cell surface upon removal of
      isoproterenol. Experiments in which adipocytes were fractionated into plasma
      membrane and Golgi-enriched fractions indicated that the loss of surface insulin
      binding was not accompanied by a decrease in the proportion of receptors in the
      adipocyte plasma membrane.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2905680
TI  - [Metabolic and functional basis of correlations between the levels of free
      neuroactive amino acids and cerebrospinal fluid in patients with epilepsy].

PMID- 2905681
TI  - [Anomaloscopy as a method of evaluation of fatigue during work].

PMID- 2905682
TI  - [Periarteritis nodosa complicated by intrapancreatic vascular rupture].
AB  - Clinical pancreatic manifestations are unusual in polyarteritis nodosa. A case of
      intrapancreatic hemorrhage due to vascular rupture occurring during the course of
      histologically proven polyarteritis nodosa is described. The patient presented
      with massive hemoperitoneum requiring emergency laparotomy. Splenopancreatectomy
      was performed to control bleeding. Steroid therapy was continued during the
      postoperative course, with favorable outcome. The mechanism of vascular rupture
      is not clear, but is probably related to focal arteritis with consequent
      infarction. No ruptured microaneurysm was found in this case.

PMID- 2905683
TI  - The influence of atenolol and prazosin on serum lipids and atherosclerosis in
      minipigs fed a hyperlipidemic diet.
AB  - 1. The effect of the adrenergic blockers prazosin and atenolol were tested in
      hypercholesterolemic Gottingen minipigs. 2. After 1 yr there was a significant
      reduction of plasma triglycerides and total cholesterol in the medicated animals
      as compared to untreated ones. 3. No significant difference in atherosclerotic
      lesions was observed.

PMID- 2905684
TI  - The ubiquitous octamer-binding protein Oct-1 contains a POU domain with a homeo
      box subdomain.
AB  - The octamer motif ATGCAAAT is recognized indistinguishably by two mammalian
      transcription factors: one that is expressed ubiquitously and referred to here as
      Oct-1, and another, Oct-2, that is expressed in lymphoid cells. We report the
      cDNA cloning of the human oct-1 gene, which encodes Oct-1, by screening lambda
      gt11 recombinant phage in situ for octamer motif-specific DNA binding. One lambda
      gt11 recombinant expressed a beta-galactosidase-octamer-binding fusion protein
      with a DNA-binding specificity indistinguishable from human HeLa cell Oct-1
      protein. As expected for a ubiquitously expressed protein, Oct-1 mRNA is
      expressed in all five human and two mouse cell lines tested. Polyclonal rabbit
      antiserum raised against the beta-galactosidase fusion protein shows that the DNA
      binding domains of Oct-1 and Oct-2 proteins are related antigenically. Deletion
      analysis of the 743-amino-acid-long oct-1 open reading frame shows that the DNA
      binding activity lies within a central highly charged domain of 160 amino acids.
      Comparison of the Oct-1 and Oct-2 sequences reveals that this domain is nearly
      identical between the two proteins. Highly similar domains are also present in
      the pituitary-specific transcription factor Pit-1 and the Caenorhabditis elegans
      unc-86 cell lineage gene product (see Herr et al. 1988). Within this shared POU
      (Pit-1, Oct-1 and Oct-2, unc-86) domain (pronounced 'pow') lie two subdomains: a
      POU-related homeo box and a POU-specific box. The Oct-1 protein is unique among
      the POU-related proteins and other homeo box proteins because it is expressed
      ubiquitously.

PMID- 2905685
TI  - Control elements of the P2 promoter of the Antennapedia gene.
AB  - Antennapedia (Antp), a homeotic gene of Drosophila required for proper
      differentiation of the thorax of the fly, is expressed in complex spatial
      patterns during development. The gene is greater than 100 kb long and has two
      independently regulated promoters. To characterize cis-acting regulatory elements
      responsible for the expression pattern, fusions of the Antp promoter 2 cap site
      and upstream sequences to an Adh-lacZ gene were introduced into flies. A 10-kb
      sequence directs beta-galactosidase production in a pattern that closely
      resembles the endogenous P2 pattern. Transcription from the 10-kb fusions is
      regulated by three genes that regulate Antp transcription. Control elements,
      including a target of action of homeo-domain-containing proteins, were mapped by
      deleting parts of the 10-kb sequence.

PMID- 2905686
TI  - A mouse gene homologous to the Drosophila gene caudal is expressed in epithelial
      cells from the embryonic intestine.
AB  - A mouse gene, Cdx-1, was isolated from an embryonic cDNA library using a
      Drosophila caudal gene probe. The deduced amino acid sequence of Cdx-1 contains
      conserved sequence domains along the entire gene, as well as a highly conserved
      caudal-type homeo box. A structural comparison suggests a common ancestral origin
      of mouse Cdx-1 and Drosophila caudal. The expression of Cdx-1 during
      embryogenesis was analyzed by Northern blotting and in situ hybridization. Cdx-1
      specific transcripts are localized in the epithelial lining of the intestines
      beginning at 14 days' gestation. The expression of Cdx-1 in the intestine
      continues into adulthood, but cannot be detected in any other tissues. The Cdx-1
      gene is the first homeo-box-containing gene expressed in cells derived from the
      embryonic endoderm.

PMID- 2905687
TI  - Molecular genetics of the apolipoprotein B gene in pigs in relation to
      atherosclerosis.
AB  - Immunologically defined alleles of the pig apolipoprotein B (ApoB) locus (apoB)
      are correlated with different blood cholesterol levels and predisposition towards
      premature coronary heart disease. We show here that these alleles are associated
      with differences in the apoB gene by identifying six restriction fragment length
      polymorphisms at the pig apoB locus. We have sequenced a 2.4-kb fragment
      encompassing exons 11 through 14 of one allele, and 7.1 kb from the 3' one-third
      of exon 26 to about 1 kb past the last exon from another allele. The decoded
      amino acids of the pig and human ApoB proteins are identical at 70% of these
      positions. One region close to the C-terminus of the protein is surprisingly
      different in pigs and humans (57% identity) but the C-terminal region is
      relatively well conserved (74% identity). Neither of the two putative low-density
      lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-binding sites is completely conserved in pigs and
      humans, but identical stretches of amino acids occur near these sites more
      frequently than in the other sequenced regions. We compare the nucleotide
      sequences of the region encompassing the putative LDL receptor-binding sites from
      four pig alleles, including one implicated directly in atherosclerosis. None of
      the differences appears to account for the hypercholesterolemic phenotype. We
      conclude that significant differences in the physiology of LDL particles result
      from changes outside the putative receptor-binding region.

PMID- 2905688
TI  - A variation in the structure of the protein-coding region of the human p53 gene.
AB  - An extensive analysis of genomic DNA preparations from a number of normal and
      malignant tissues revealed BglII site polymorphism of the human p53 gene.
      Approximately 10% of p53 gene alleles were found to contain an additional BglII
      site localized in a region of intron I. This allelic form of p53 gene was also
      responsible for p53 protein having altered electrophoretic mobility. Molecular
      cloning and sequencing of both the alleles of p53 gene revealed a base-pair
      change in codon 72 causing arginine----proline substitution in the allele with
      the additional BglII site. Both variants of the p53 gene may occur in homozygous
      state and are therefore functional.

PMID- 2905689
TI  - Polyadenylation of histone H3 and H4 mRNAs in dicotyledonous plants.
AB  - The histone H3 and H4 genes are shown to be expressed in both Arabidopsis
      plantlets and transitory multicellular suspension. The 5'- and 3'-ends of the H4
      mRNAs have been localized on two H4 genes previously sequenced, H4A748 and
      H4A777. S1-nuclease mapping and reverse-transcriptase-primer-elongation
      experiments revealed the existence of two start points for transcription, located
      31 and 37 nucleotides downstream from the TATA-box. The 3'-end of the mRNA
      corresponding to H4A748 was localized at 177 nt after the stop codon. The other
      gene, H4A777, most probably is not expressed. In addition to a long 3'
      untranslated region, the H4 mRNA was shown to be polyadenylated in both plantlets
      and cell-suspension. This observation was extended to the H3 mRNAs of Arabidopsis
      and of two other dicots, tobacco and sunflower. Previous results on maize H3 and
      H4 mRNAs suggest that polyadenylation is a common feature for histone mRNAs in
      higher plants.

PMID- 2905690
TI  - Prevention of ulcer relapse: rationale.

PMID- 2905691
TI  - Reduced hypothalamic somatostatin and neuropeptide Y concentrations in the
      spontaneously-diabetic Chinese hamster.
AB  - Hypothalamic concentrations of six regulatory peptides having central effects on
      appetite and/or glucoregulation were measured by radioimmunoassay in
      spontaneously-diabetic Chinese hamsters and in age- and sex-matched non-diabetic
      control animals. In the diabetic hamsters, hypothalamic concentrations of
      somatostatin and neuropeptide Y were significantly reduced by 25-30% below
      controls. None of the other four peptides examined (bombesin, galanin,
      neurotensin and vasoactive intestinal peptide) differed significantly between the
      two groups. Disturbances in neuropeptide Y (the most potent central appetite
      stimulant yet discovered) and in somatostatin could be related to hyperphagia, an
      early and possibly primary abnormality of the diabetic syndrome in the Chinese
      hamster.

PMID- 2905692
TI  - The course and treatment of schizophrenia in later life.

PMID- 2905693
TI  - Pathogenesis of urinary tract infections--amoxicillin induces genital Escherichia
      coli colonization.
AB  - The aim of this study was to examine whether a vaginal Escherichia coli
      colonization, mimicking the one seen in UTI-prone females, could be induced by
      amoxicillin administration. In adult cynomolgus monkeys, who carry the alpha-Gal
      1-4-beta-Gal receptor for P-fimbriae, we have investigated the ability of a
      clinical isolate of P-fimbriated E. coli to colonize the mucous membranes of the
      genital tract. When the vagina was washed with a suspension of the P-fimbriated
      strain, a persistent colonization was obtained in only 17% (4/24) of the
      experiments. When such colonization attempts were performed during vaginal
      amoxicillin administration, a persistent and heavy colonization of the vagina
      occurred in 5/5 attempts. The findings do not contradict our hypothesis that
      antibiotics given to UTI-prone females may facilitate the establishment of the
      abnormal colonization of the genital tract.

PMID- 2905694
TI  - Fecal colonization with P-fimbriated Escherichia coli as a predictor of acute
      pyelonephritis in infancy--a prospective study.
AB  - The importance of fecal colonization with P-fimbriated Escherichia coli for the
      later development of pyelonephritis was studied among infants before the age of
      11 months. In contrast to previous studies, the fecal colonization with a P
      fimbriated E. coli strain did not increase the incidence of acute pyelonephritis.

PMID- 2905695
TI  - Investigations of arterio-venous anastomoses in the spermatic cords and blood
      supply, oxygen consumption and testosterone production of scrotal and abdominal
      testes in the pig.
AB  - This study has investigated blood flow from the testicular artery to the
      pampiniform plexus in the spermatic cord of pigs. Testosterone levels, oxygen
      tension and the degree of acidity were measured in arterial and venous blood
      vessels of scrotally and abdominally located testes. Haemoglobin oxygen
      saturation was derived from the oxygen dissociation curve. Blood flow to
      abdominal and scrotal testes and epididymides was measured using the radioactive
      microsphere technique. Average blood flow to the scrotal testes and epididymides
      was 21 and 8 ml/min, respectively, in normal pigs. In unilaterally cryptorchid
      pigs average blood flow to the scrotal testis and epididymis was 23 and 6 ml/min,
      respectively, and to the abdominal testis and epididymis 4.2 and 1 ml/min. In
      pigs with bilateral scrotal testes oxygen consumption was 16 mumol O2/min/100 g.
      In unilaterally cryptorchid pigs oxygen consumption by the scrotal testis was 18
      mumol O2/min/100 g, compared with 10 mumol O2/min/100 g by cryptorchid testes.
      From the percentage oxygen saturation in the various blood vessels it was
      calculated that 29-42% of testicular arterial blood was flowing through
      arteriovenous anastomoses between the testicular artery and the pampiniform
      plexus in the spermatic cord, thus bypassing the capillary net of the abdominal
      testes of unilaterally and bilaterally cryptorchid pigs. These results were
      supported by the testosterone measurements. In the spermatic cord of scrotal
      testes no blood bypassed the capillary net of the testes.

PMID- 2905696
TI  - Sexual side-effects of psychiatric drugs.
AB  - Clinical case reports, clinical series, and a small number of controlled studies
      provide evidence that many commonly prescribed psychiatric drugs may have
      untoward effects on sexual function. Both heterocyclic antidepressants and
      monoamine oxidase inhibitors appear to be associated with ejaculatory impairment.
      Erectile dysfunction and retarded ejaculation have been associated with
      neuroleptics. Several benzodiazepines have been reported to interfere with
      ejaculation. This information has clear significance for the prescribing
      physician.

PMID- 2905697
TI  - Physician/patient relationship prevails.

PMID- 2905698
TI  - Cochlear implants.

PMID- 2905699
TI  - Daniel A. Carrion: 1858-1885.

PMID- 2905701
TI  - One doctor's formula for community outreach. Seizing the moment.

PMID- 2905700
TI  - The Care Center cares.

PMID- 2905702
TI  - Illinois medicine: the best we can be.

PMID- 2905703
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of famotidine in urine.

PMID- 2905704
TI  - Stereoselective analysis of the enantiomers of ethotoin in human serum using
      chiral stationary phase liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass
      spectrometry.

PMID- 2905705
TI  - Gas chromatographic method for the determination of cetirizine in plasma.

PMID- 2905706
TI  - Identification and differentiation of alkylamine antihistamines and their
      metabolites in urine by computerized gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
AB  - A gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric screening procedure is described for the
      identification and differentiation of the following alkylamine antihistamines and
      their metabolites in urine: azatadine, benzquinamide, brompheniramine,
      chlorphenamine, (clofedanol), cyproheptadine, dimetindene, ketotifen,
      mebhydroline, phenindamine, pheniramine, pyrrobutamine, terfenadine and
      tolpropamine. After acid hydrolysis of the conjugates, extraction and
      acetylation, the urine samples were analysed by computerized gas chromatography
      mass spectrometry. Using ion chromatography with the selective ions m/z 58, 169,
      203, 205, 230, 233, 262 and 337, the presence of alkylamine antihistamines and/or
      their metabolites was indicated. The identity of positive signals in the
      reconstructed ion chromatograms was confirmed by a visual or computerized
      comparison of the stored full mass spectra with the reference spectra. The ion
      chromatograms, reference mass spectra and gas chromatographic retention indices
      (OV-101) are documented. The procedure presented is integrated in a general
      screening procedure (general unknown analysis) for several groups of drugs.

PMID- 2905707
TI  - Trace analysis of explosives by capillary supercritical fluid chromatography with
      thermal energy analysis detection.

PMID- 2905708
TI  - Liquid chromatographic determination of halazepam in commercial tablets.

PMID- 2905709
TI  - The effect of histamine-2 receptor antagonists on tocainide pharmacokinetics.
AB  - The effects of cimetidine and ranitidine on tocainide pharmacokinetics were
      assessed in seven healthy subjects, using a randomized, double-blind, placebo
      controlled, cross-over study design. After a 400-mg oral dose of tocainide, the
      area under the concentration-time curve decreased from (mean +/- SD) 31.64 +/-
      14.16 micrograms.hr/mL during placebo, to 23.10 +/- 7.33 micrograms.hr/mL during
      cimetidine (P less than .05). Similarly, the peak tocainide concentrations were
      2.81 +/- 0.89 micrograms/mL and 1.70 +/- 0.44 micrograms/mL with placebo and
      cimetidine, respectively (P less than .05). There was no change in the above
      parameters between ranitidine and placebo. The terminal half-life and renal
      clearance of tocainide were not altered by either H2-receptor antagonists,
      compared with placebo. However, the total amount of tocainide excreted unchanged
      in the urine, decreased from 159.8 +/- 14.7 mg with placebo to 136.8 +/- 26.8 mg
      with cimetidine (P less than .05), whereas there was no change with ranitidine.
      These data indicate that cimetidine, but not ranitidine, causes a decrease in the
      bioavailability of tocainide and that neither agent alters the apparent
      elimination rate of tocainide.

PMID- 2905710
TI  - Efficacy of esmolol in the treatment and transfer of patients with
      supraventricular tachyarrhythmias to alternate oral antiarrhythmic agents.
AB  - The efficacy and safety of esmolol, a titratable intravenous beta-adrenergic
      blocking agent with a short elimination half-life (t 1/2 = 9.0 min) was evaluated
      in a multicenter open-label study for the treatment of supraventricular
      tachyarrhythmias (heart rate greater than 100 bpm). The study also investigated
      the feasibility of transferring patients from esmolol to alternate oral
      antiarrhythmic agents without loss of therapeutic response. Of the 113 patients
      studied, 95 (84%) achieved therapeutic response (reduction in heart rate of 15%
      or more or conversion to sinus rhythm). Most of these patients (93%) achieved the
      therapeutic response at esmolol doses of 200 micrograms/kg/min or lower. Transfer
      from esmolol to an oral antiarrhythmic agent(s) was studied in 76 patients.
      Alternate antiarrhythmic agents used in this study were digoxin (N = 25),
      propranolol (N = 21), verapamil (N = 10), metoprolol (N = 11), quinidine (N = 2),
      and a combination of two antiarrhythmic agents (N = 7). Sixty-seven (88%)
      patients were successfully transferred to oral antiarrhythmic agents without loss
      of the therapeutic response obtained with esmolol. The most frequent adverse
      effect observed during the study was hypotension, which resolved quickly (16 +/-
      14 min) either by decreasing the dose or by discontinuation of esmolol infusion.
      This study supports previous observations concerning the safety and efficacy of
      esmolol in the treatment of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. Furthermore, it
      demonstrates that the majority of patients successfully treated with esmolol can
      be safely and effectively transferred to oral therapy with alternate
      antiarrhythmic agents.

PMID- 2905711
TI  - Effect of cetamolol on epinephrine-induced hypokalemia.
AB  - The effect of cetamolol (an investigational cardioselective beta blocker with
      intrinsic sympathomimetic activity) on the hypokalemic response to epinephrine
      infusions in normal subjects was evaluated and compared with placebo and two
      other beta-adrenergic blocking drugs. After two daily doses of cetamolol 15 mg,
      atenolol (a cardioselective beta blocker) 50 mg; a long-acting propranolol
      preparation (a nonselective beta blocker) 80 mg; or placebo, 12 men (mean age,
      26.7 years) were infused with epinephrine. The resulting average plasma
      epinephrine level was 1123 pg/mL, whereas average baseline serum potassium levels
      for the four treatment groups ranged from 3.94 to 4.07 mEq/L. Epinephrine-induced
      hypokalemia occurred in the placebo group (maximum potassium decrease of 1.00
      mEq/L) and in the atenolol group (maximum potassium decrease of 0.59 mEq/L);
      potassium levels did not decrease but rose slightly in subjects receiving
      cetamolol or propranolol. Subjects treated with placebo or atenolol also
      demonstrated statistically significant prolongation of the QTc interval (0.039
      seconds with placebo; 0.023 seconds with atenolol) and frequently developed T
      wave flattening and U-wave appearance. After pretreatment with cetamolol or
      propranolol, however, the QTc interval was unaffected, T-wave abnormalities did
      not occur, and U waves appeared only rarely. The results of this study indicate
      that cetamolol blocks epinephrine-induced hypokalemia and associated
      electrocardiographic changes.

PMID- 2905712
TI  - Antibiotic resistance of coagulase-negative staphylococci in an orthopaedic
      department.
AB  - Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) were cultured from the anterior nares of
      surgeons, theatre and ward staff, and from patients before and 2 weeks after a
      total hip replacement. The CNS found in ward staff were more resistant to
      antibiotics than those in surgeons and theatre staff. Methicillin resistance of
      CNS in patients increased from 4 to 31% following surgery. Gentamicin-resistant
      CNS were only found postoperatively, in 20% of patients, in most of whom
      gentamicin-loaded acrylic bone cement was used.

PMID- 2905713
TI  - Safety devices to prevent airborne infection from clinical suction apparatus.
AB  - Infection related to clinical suction apparatus has been widely recognized.
      Safety systems available at present include devices to prevent overflow from
      collecting vessels and in-line air filters. The relative efficiency of these
      devices for the containment of aerosols generated within the collecting vessel
      has been evaluated. Although of increased resistance, filter capsules of 0.3
      micron pore size prevented the passage of test aerosols for longer periods than
      the widely used 8-micron fibre filter tubes. Filter life can be prolonged by
      preventing overflow from collecting vessels and protecting against the passage of
      foam and froth.

PMID- 2905714
TI  - Infection control in a skilled nursing facility: a 6-year survey.
AB  - In 1981 an infection control programme was started in a 320-bed skilled nursing
      facility in The Netherlands. The programme consisted of recording the
      antimicrobial drugs prescribed and the site of infection, culture of urine from
      patients admitted from hospital and from residents with suspected symptomatic
      urinary tract infection, restriction of long-term indwelling urethral
      catheterization and restricted use of antimicrobial drugs. At a weekly staff
      meeting, these data were reviewed. As a result of the programme, the number of
      treatments for urinary tract infections decreased by 74% between 1981 and 1986,
      and the number of courses for recurrent urinary tract infections decreased from
      18 to 6% of the total number given. The patients who did not require
      antimicrobial therapy increased from 51% in 1981 to 70% in 1986.

PMID- 2905715
TI  - A microbiological study of absorbent pads.
AB  - A study was carried out of the microbial content of three types of incontinence
      underpads and a clinical absorbent protection pad. Coagulase-negative
      staphylococci and Bacillus spp. were isolated from unused samples of all makes of
      pad examined. Clostridium spp., including C. tetani and C. perfringens, were
      isolated from a proportion of pads containing re-cycled waste material. We
      recommend that incontinence underpads are used solely for the purpose for which
      they were marketed, namely, the containment of excreta.

PMID- 2905716
TI  - Single dose mezlocillin versus three dose cefuroxime plus metronidazole for
      prophylaxis in large bowel surgery.

PMID- 2905717
TI  - Acute hepatitis B following gynaecological surgery.

PMID- 2905718
TI  - Pseudobacteraemia again.

PMID- 2905719
TI  - Chromosomally-encoded aminoglycoside resistance in methicillin-resistant
      Staphylococcus aureus.

PMID- 2905720
TI  - Endemic occurrence of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus biovar anitratus in an
      intensive care unit.

PMID- 2905721
TI  - A placebo-controlled trial of the effect of two preoperative baths or showers
      with chlorhexidine detergent on postoperative wound infection rates.

PMID- 2905722
TI  - The importation of multiple-resistant bacterial pathogens into British hospitals.

PMID- 2905723
TI  - Clostridial hand-carriage and neonatal necrotising enterocolitis.

PMID- 2905724
TI  - Antibiotic prophylaxis in transurethral resection of the prostate with reference
      to the influence of preoperative catheterization.
AB  - The value of prophylactic antibiotics in transurethral resection of the prostate
      (TURP) remains controversial. We have conducted a prospective study in which 308
      patients undergoing TURP have been randomized to receive no antibiotic cover (n =
      150) or 36 h perioperative cover with temocillin. In 62 patients the urine was
      found to be infected at the time of operation. In these patients the incidence of
      postoperative urinary-tract infection (UTI) was 33% in the group who received
      temocillin, and 87% in the control group (P less than 0.001). In patients with
      sterile urine at operation (n = 235), the incidence of postoperative UTI was 13%
      in the temocillin group compared with 24% in the control group (P less than
      0.05). Gram-positive organisms were mainly responsible for infection which
      occurred in patients who had received temocillin. A high incidence of
      postoperative UTI occurred in patients who had required preoperative
      catheterization despite the fact that their preoperative urine specimen was
      sterile. We conclude, (i) prophylactic antibiotics are of benefit in patients
      undergoing TURP, (ii) the antibiotic administered should be active against both
      gram-positive and gram-negative organisms, (iii) patients with an indwelling
      catheter should be considered at a higher risk of infection whether or not
      organisms are cultured from their preoperative urine specimen.

PMID- 2905725
TI  - Serological studies on health care workers caring for patients with human
      immunodeficiency virus.
AB  - Between 1982 and July 1987, more than 1200 patients attending St Stephen's
      Hospital were found to be HIV antibody positive. Four hundred were inpatients and
      most of the outpatients attended the sexually transmitted disease clinic. Two
      hundred and twenty-one patients had AIDS, 480 HIV-related disorders and 500 were
      asymptomatic. Most inpatients had invasive procedures within the operating
      theatres and there were 25 postmortems. Four hundred and five antibody tests from
      220 health care workers from the STD clinic, operating theatres, isolation ward,
      intensive care unit and clinical laboratories were voluntarily tested for HIV
      antibody by an ELISA screening method. All were negative, except one male nurse
      who had other risk factors. Twenty-nine staff suffered needlestick injury with
      blood of HIV antibody positive patients; none has developed serological evidence
      of HIV infection.

PMID- 2905726
TI  - Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia in Hong Kong.
AB  - In the first 22 months of operation at the Prince of Wales Hospital, 26 (46%) of
      56 hospital-acquired Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemias were due to methicillin
      resistant organisms (MRSA). There were 10 plasmid profiles amongst 24 of the MRSA
      strains analysed. MRSA bacteraemias were first seen in the hospital 1 year after
      opening when the isolation rate of MRSA from all sites had risen to about 1% of
      patient admissions. During the last 3 months of the study period, 17 out of 18 S.
      aureus bacteraemias were due to methicillin-resistant strains. Patients with MRSA
      bacteraemia were significantly more likely than those with methicillin-sensitive
      S. aureus bacteraemia to have had a severe underlying disease, a poor clinical
      prognosis, prolonged hospitalization, and prior antimicrobial therapy, especially
      with aminoglycosides. They also had a significantly longer hospital stay after
      infection, a significantly higher cost of antimicrobial therapy and a higher
      mortality rate. The lower mortality rate in MRSA patients treated with vancomycin
      (18%) compared with those treated with other antimicrobials (40%) confirms that,
      at present, vancomycin is the treatment of choice for invasive MRSA infections.

PMID- 2905727
TI  - [An autopsy case of clostridial liver abscess].

PMID- 2905728
TI  - [A case of hypothyroidism with marked hypertrophy of external ocular muscles and
      highly elevated thyroid-stimulating antibody (TSAb)].

PMID- 2905729
TI  - [Haplotypes associated with the cystic fibrosis gene (CF)].
AB  - The linkage relationships between the cystic fibrosis locus and six marker loci
      allowed us to build 122 haplotypes bearing the CF gene and to compare them to the
      122 normal haplotypes. We obtained 13 different marker haplotypes associated with
      the CF chromosomes and 22 with the normals in our population. To examine the
      possibility of a correlation between the clinical and the genetical polymorphism
      of the disease haplotype analysis was carried out taking in account age at
      diagnosis, severity of the disease and a particular clinical subgroup such as
      meconium ileus or pancreatic sufficiency. The results showed that a particular
      haplotype (121) is predominant in the severe form of the disease. This may have
      implication in diagnosis and prognosis of the disease.

PMID- 2905730
TI  - Restriction endonuclease analysis of leukocyte mitochondrial DNA in Leber's optic
      atrophy.
AB  - In order to test the hypothesis that Leber's optic atrophy may be caused by
      mutation of the mitochondrial (mt) genome, restriction fragment length
      polymorphism in leukocyte mt DNA was studied in 16 patients with Leber's optic
      atrophy, 28 of their unaffected matrilineal relatives, and 35 normal control
      subjects. No differences in restriction fragment patterns were observed between
      affected and unaffected individuals in the same maternal line, and there was no
      evidence of major deletion of mt DNA in patients. This study provides no positive
      evidence of mitochondrial inheritance in Leber's optic atrophy but does not
      exclude it.

PMID- 2905731
TI  - Conformation-activity relationships of opiate analgesics.
AB  - Extensive conformational calculations were performed on the potent opiate
      analgesics etorphine, PET, R30490 and etonitazene to determine all of their many
      low-energy conformations. The results were used to characterize four possible
      models for binding of a simple pharmacophore, comprising two phenyl rings plus a
      protonated nitrogen, to opiate analgesic receptors. These four models may define
      the necessary three-dimensional features leading to particular opiate actions.
      The model favoured for mu receptor activity can accommodate a protonated
      nitrogen, an aromatic ring (which may be substituted with an electronegative
      group) and a second lipophilic group. These structural features must be presented
      in a precise three-dimensional arrangement. It appears likely that a hydrophilic
      substituent in a certain region of the analgesic pharmacophore may also interact
      with the receptor as a secondary binding group.

PMID- 2905732
TI  - Potential adverse effects of antihypertensive drugs in the elderly.
AB  - Antihypertensive therapy is effective in elderly patients, at least in those
      under 80 years old. Stepped care may still serve as a therapeutic framework which
      is modified to fit the individual elderly patient, according to the risk: benefit
      ratio. However, there are no risk-free drugs and no antihypertensive agent is
      universally effective. The elderly are probably more sensitive than younger
      patients to the adverse effects of antihypertensive drugs, for various reasons,
      among which are age- and disease-related changes that can lead to altered
      pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. Multiple pathology and multiple drug
      therapy is likely to lead to an increased number of drug-drug and drug-disease
      interactions in the elderly. The elderly are probably most at risk from side
      effects that influence the cardiovascular and the central nervous system.

PMID- 2905733
TI  - What about mosquitoes and saliva? Or, is the human immunodeficiency virus
      transmitted in other ways?

PMID- 2905734
TI  - Stability of famotidine in commonly used nutritional infusion fluids.

PMID- 2905735
TI  - The effects of intracerebroventricular administration of adrenergic agonists and
      antagonists on adrenaline secretion from the adrenal medulla in stressed
      conscious rats.
AB  - The effects of intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of adrenergic
      agonists and antagonists on the increase in serum adrenaline (Ad) induced by
      immobilization stress were examined in unanesthetized, unrestrained rats. The
      serum Ad of rats showed a significant linear increase as time elapsed after the
      induction of immobilization stress. This immobilization stress-induced increase
      was inhibited by the i.c.v. administration of a small amount of noradrenaline
      (NA) and phenylephrine. Isoproterenol and clonidine failed to inhibit the
      immobilization stress-induced increase. The inhibition of the immobilization
      stress-induced increase by i.c.v. administration of NA was antagonized by
      pretreatment with phentolamine and prazosin, but not by pretreatment with
      yohimbine and propranolol. These results suggested that NA administered via an
      i.c.v. route may inhibit the stress-induced increase in adrenomedullary Ad
      secretion by an action on the central alpha 1-adrenoceptor.

PMID- 2905736
TI  - British pharmaceutical conference 1988. Science proceedings. 125th meeting,
      Aberdeen, September 11-17, 1988. Abstracts.

PMID- 2905737
TI  - [Autonomic dysfunction and effect of long-term administration of beta-receptor
      blocking agent in mitral valve prolapse].

PMID- 2905738
TI  - [Pharmacodynamic tests in patients with mitral valve prolapse].

PMID- 2905739
TI  - Prevalence of HIV-1 and HIV-2/HTLV-IV infections in Luanda and Cabinda, Angola.
AB  - A seroepidemiological study of human immune deficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and
      HIV-2/human T-lymphotropic virus type IV (HIV-2/HTLV-IV) infections was performed
      in Angola in October 1986. Until then five cases of acquired immune deficiency
      syndrome (AIDS) had been registered in Angola. During this study, another three
      cases with clinical AIDS were found and confirmed by HIV-1 serology. A total of
      1,215 sera from groups of healthy persons and patients were tested for HIV-1 and
      HIV-2/HTLV-IV antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Sera
      positive by ELISA were also tested by Western blot (WB) analysis. In Luanda, the
      capital, HIV-1 antibodies were demonstrated in 0.4% (2/452) of male blood donors,
      in 0.3% (1/357) of pregnant women, in 1% (1/100) of tuberculosis patients, in 4%
      (4/94) of patients at medical wards, and in none of 22 women hospitalized with
      pelvic infections. In the Cabinda province, 11% (4/38) of postnatal women at a
      maternity ward were found to be HIV-1 seropositive, but only 2% (1/55) of other
      hospitalized patients and none of 32 male blood donors or 59 healthy persons in a
      village on the border to Zaire. Specific antibodies to HIV-2/HTLV-IV were not
      found in any of the sera. However, 16 out of 17 HIV-1 positive sera cross-reacted
      with HIV-2/HTLV-IV core proteins by WB. In October 1987, 280 of the blood donors
      from Luanda were retested for HIV-1 antibodies and one of them was found to have
      seroconverted during the previous year.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2905740
TI  - A randomized placebo-controlled trial of recombinant human interferon alpha 2a in
      patients with AIDS. Interferon Alpha Study Group.
AB  - We performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to assess the
      tolerance and efficacy of recombinant human interferon alpha 2a (Roferon A) in
      patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) without Kaposi's sarcoma.
      A total of 67 patients were enrolled in five medical centers from October 1983
      through April 1986, and received either placebo, 3 million units, or 36 million
      units of interferon alpha three times a week for 12 weeks. There were no
      significant differences in median survival, frequency of development of
      opportunistic infections, median T4-cell counts, or serum p24 antigen levels
      during therapy among the three groups. There was a significant increase in weight
      in the 3-million-unit group compared with 36-million-unit and placebo groups.
      Adverse reactions were common in the two interferon groups, but did not differ
      significantly from the placebo group. Neither significant therapeutic benefit nor
      adverse reaction was demonstrated in this study to be associated with interferon
      alpha administration. This study underlines the value of randomized, double
      blind, placebo-controlled studies to address specific issues of drug efficacy and
      toxicity.

PMID- 2905741
TI  - IV International Conference on AIDS, June 12, 1988. Keynote address.

PMID- 2905742
TI  - Patterns of CD4+ cell changes after HIV-1 infection indicate the existence of a
      codeterminant of AIDS.
AB  - Successive interval slopes of CD4+ cells each constructed from levels at three
      consecutive 6 month visits were compared over 3 years of follow-up among 565
      persistently HIV-1 antibody-positive, 326 persistently antibody-negative, and 51
      seroconverting homosexual men who had at least 500 CD4+ cells/mm3 at baseline and
      completed the first three 6 month visits. "Change" was defined as a difference
      between two successive interval slopes. Sixty-two percent of seroconverters
      meeting these criteria experienced a shift in one or more of their successive
      CD4+ interval slopes, the majority (56%) from a level slope to a negative slope
      (decreasing numbers of CD4+ cells), a significantly greater proportion than that
      observed among seronegatives (30%, p less than 0.0001). Fifty-eight percent of
      the seropositives maintained level interval slopes over the 3 years of follow-up.
      The majority (59%) of those men experiencing a shift went from a level to a
      negative interval slope, a significantly greater proportion than observed among
      seronegatives (30%, p less than 0.0001). The observed patterns of change in
      interval slopes are consistent with the laboratory observation that CD4+ cells
      must be activated to replicate HIV-1. The use of the interval slope strategy
      provides a method to identify a temporal focal point at which to examine possible
      codeterminants that trigger the production of HIV-1 and the subsequent decline in
      CD4+ cells.

PMID- 2905743
TI  - Predictors of decline in CD4 lymphocytes in a cohort of homosexual men infected
      with human immunodeficiency virus.
AB  - Longitudinal data on four visits scheduled at 6 month intervals were available on
      a cohort of 1,827 homosexual men who were human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
      seropositive at entry. To identify predictors of the rate of decline of CD4 T
      lymphocytes, we used an autoregressive model that relates CD4 counts to predictor
      variables, while adjusting for previous CD4 counts. Significant predictors of
      steeper decline of CD4 counts were high CD8 count, low hemoglobin, low platelets,
      high serum IgA, high cytomegalovirus (CMV) antibody, and low HIV antibody. Using
      the fitted model, a subject with an initial deficit of 314 CD4 cells (median
      value of study sample) with respect to seronegative subjects and with average
      values in all other predictors is estimated to lose approximately 53 cells in a 6
      month period (95% C.I. = 45-61 cells). Contrasting this estimate to the one
      obtained with similar methods in intravenous drug users, it is suggested that a
      faster rate of decline is present among i.v. drug users. This analysis provides
      evidence that several covariates in addition to previous number of CD4 counts
      have significant predictive power for estimating the decline in CD4 counts in HIV
      seropositive subjects.

PMID- 2905744
TI  - [Determination of isofloxythepin in biological fluids by high-performance liquid
      chromatography with fluorometric detection].

PMID- 2905745
TI  - Relapse.

PMID- 2905746
TI  - Assessment scales for tardive dyskinesia.

PMID- 2905747
TI  - Benzodiazepines: time to withdraw.

PMID- 2905748
TI  - Phenylketonuria in Greece: 12 years' experience.
AB  - Screening of 1,042,000 Greek newborns for PKU using the Guthrie test, revealed a
      mean incidence 1:10,420 for Hyperphenylalaninaemia (1:24,233 classic PKU and
      1:18,280 benign variants). The mean Phe concentration of the first sample (3-15
      days) was 14.1 mg/dl (6-40) for PKU while, for variants, it was 7.7 mg/dl (4-16).
      Using 4 mg/dl as the limit under which no repeat test was requested, no case of
      PKU has been missed. On the whole, 100 newborns with persistent Hphe have been
      detected: 43 proved to be classical PKU and 57 benign variants. After excluding
      BH4 deficiency, Phe blood level has been kept below 10 mg/dl in all Hphe babies
      during the first 2 years of life, irrespective of the type of Hphe. All treated
      Hphe babies have developed normally. Discrimination between PKU and variants was
      achieved in the 6-18 months of life with protein loading tests. Treated PKU
      children had the lowest Phe concentrations during the first year of life (mean
      5.1 mg/dl). From then on, a steady yearly increase was observed. Their mean IQ in
      the Stanford-Binet L-M dropped from 107.2 in the second year to 95.8 in the sixth
      year. A high negative correlation is not clearly shown, probably due to the small
      number of cases. PKU clinic (supportive and counselling group therapy) along with
      individual consultations have proved to be helpful, as has the promotion of diet
      compliance. The need to individualize each of Hphe before deciding upon ways of
      treatment is stressed and a protocol to be followed for each Hphe is proposed.

PMID- 2905749
TI  - Intracellular messengers in the generation and degeneration of hippocampal
      neuroarchitecture.
AB  - The actions and interactions of the neurotransmitter glutamate and the
      intracellular messengers calcium, cyclic AMP, and protein kinase C (PKC) in the
      regulation of neurite outgrowth and cell survival were examined in hippocampal
      pyramidal-like neurons in isolated cell culture. Low, subtoxic levels of
      glutamate (10-100 microM) caused the regression of dendrites but not axons;
      millimolar levels caused cell death. Calcium ionophore A23187 (50-100 nM) and the
      PKC activator phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA; 10-50 nM) caused the
      regression of both axons and dendrites, whereas the adenylate cyclase activator
      forskolin enhanced outgrowth rates in both axons and dendrites. The effects of
      glutamate, A23187, PMA, and forskolin on outgrowth were mediated locally at the
      growth cones; dendrites were more sensitive than axons to each of these agents.
      High levels of A23187 (1 microM) or PMA (100 nM) significantly reduced cell
      survival. Co2+ and trifluoperazine each significantly reduced glutamate-induced
      dendritic regression and neurotoxicity suggesting that calcium influx and/or PKC
      activation mediated glutamate's actions. Fura-2 measurements showed that
      glutamate caused a rapid rise in intracellular calcium levels; this rise was
      prevented by Co2+. PMA and forskolin did not alter intracellular calcium levels,
      nor did these agents affect glutamate-induced calcium rises. Taken together, the
      results indicate that parallel intracellular messenger pathways that influence
      neurite outgrowth and cell survival are operative in hippocampal neurons; these
      messengers may play roles in the formation and modification of neuronal
      circuitry.

PMID- 2905750
TI  - The relevance to clinical care of recent research in neurobiology.
AB  - Progress continues to be made in clarifying neurobiological factors in alcoholism
      and other chemical dependencies. Research in animal behavioral genetics and human
      genetics has revealed substantial genetic predispositions for some cases of
      alcoholism. Studies of neurotransmitters suggest that some alcoholics may have
      antecedent deficiencies in one or more important neurochemical systems. Cocaine
      dependence is considered to be related to biphasic change in dopaminergic neurons
      and receptor systems. Condensation products such as salsolinol,
      tetrahydropapaveroline, and beta carbolines can alter alcoholic preference and
      motivate heavy ethanol consumption in animals. However, hypothesized theoretical
      mechanisms underlying such increased drinking with infusions of condensation
      products are unclear and may require revision. New pharmacological treatments
      stemming from advances in neurobiological research have been applied successfully
      to treatment of withdrawal states, but none have been demonstrated to be
      appropriate for long-term maintenance of abstinence.

PMID- 2905751
TI  - [Effects of famotidine on plasma pentazocine concentration in surgical patients].

PMID- 2905752
TI  - Renal tubular function in urinary stone disease.

PMID- 2905753
TI  - [Changes in respiratory function during the postoperative period].

PMID- 2905754
TI  - Double pylorus accompanied by gastric ulcer resistant to H2-receptor antagonist-
      a case report and review of the literature.

PMID- 2905756
TI  - Limitations of the technique of pressure microinjection of excitatory amino acids
      for evoking responses from localized regions of the CNS.
AB  - The aim of this study, performed on anaesthetized cats and rabbits, was to test
      the assumption that pressure microinjections of excitatory amino acids cause long
      lasting excitation of neurones located close to the injection site. Unitary
      action potentials or antidromic field potentials were recorded from respiratory
      or 'reticular' neurones in the medulla oblongata and from phrenic motoneurones at
      different distances from the injection site. Injection of 10-150 nl (5-150 nmol)
      of L-glutamate or DL-homocysteic acid into these areas resulted in complex and
      widespread neuronal events. Generally, more distant neurones (500-1300 microns)
      were excited for variable periods of time (3-15 min), while neurones in the
      vicinity of the injection site (0-500 microns) showed, after a brief period of
      excitation time, a long-lasting (up to 30 min) decrease in excitability or
      silencing of discharge, probably due to a depolarizing block and disturbances in
      the ionic composition of the extracellular space. These findings show that
      interpretation of physiological responses following such injections should not be
      based on an assumption of local neuronal excitation. Some recommendations
      regarding the use of this technique are made.

PMID- 2905755
TI  - Inhibition of proliferation of human promyelocytic leukaemia HL60 cells by S-D
      lactoylglutathione in vitro.
AB  - Human promyelocytic leukaemia HL60 cells were incubated with the glyoxalase
      intermediate S-D-lactoylglutathione in culture. The effects on cell
      proliferation, maturation, viability and cell cycle were investigated. When HL60
      cells (5 x 10(4)/ml) were incubated with 50-500 microM S-D-lactoylglutathione for
      two days, the rate of cell proliferation was decreased. This effect was maximal
      at 500 microM S-D-lactoylglutathione where the cell proliferation rate was only
      16% of control levels. There was a concomitant decrease in cell viability but
      little differentiation. During the first day of treatment, there was a
      significant decrease in the percentage of cells in the G2-M phase of the cell
      cycle with a concomitant increase in the G0-G1 phase. In contrast, when HL60
      cells were incubated with 1.0-1.5 mM S-D-lactoylglutathione, the inhibition of
      cell proliferation was progressively lifted, with a concomitant increase in the
      percentage of differentiated cells (27% differentiation with 1.5 mM S-D
      lactoylglutathione). The activities of glyoxalase II and gamma-glutamyl
      transpeptidase were increased in these cells. S-D-Lactoylglutathione slowly
      entered the HL60 cells and was consumed over the period when changes in cell
      cycle distribution, growth arrest and decrease in cell viability were observed.
      The mechanism of inhibition of proliferation of HL60 promyelocytes by S-D
      lactoylglutathione is unknown but it may be related to the ability of S-D
      lactoylglutathione to stimulate the assembly of microtubules.

PMID- 2905757
TI  - [Sulfasalazine-induced megaloblastic anemia in rheumatoid arthritis].

PMID- 2905758
TI  - Modifications of serum hepatic enzymes in thyrotoxic patients with and without
      treatment.

PMID- 2905759
TI  - Haematological adverse effects of histamine H2-receptor antagonists.
AB  - Histamine H2-receptor antagonists are widely used in the treatment of
      gastrointestinal diseases related to gastric acid hypersecretion. Cimetidine was
      introduced into medical practice in 1976 and ranitidine, famotidine and
      nizatidine in 1981, 1985 and 1987, respectively. Haematological adverse effects
      are relatively uncommon and most have been reported in cases of cimetidine
      administration. These adverse effects are reviewed under 4 main headings: (a)
      blood cytopenias and leucocytosis; (b) coagulation disorders related to drug
      interactions with oral anticoagulants; (c) reduction of dietary iron absorption;
      and (d) reduction of dietary cobalamin absorption. 85 reported cases of blood
      cytopenias attributed to these drugs are reviewed, of which 75 (88%) were
      associated with cimetidine therapy. In postmarketing surveillance studies, the
      incidence of cimetidine-associated blood cytopenia has been evaluated at about
      2.3 per 100,000 patients. Neutropenia and agranulocytosis are by far the most
      frequently encountered. Whatever the drug or the type of cytopenia, this adverse
      effect is almost always rapidly reversible when treatment is stopped. Moreover,
      in several cases other factors such as underlying diseases or additional drugs
      could have been responsible, at least partly, for the cytopenia. The
      pathophysiological basis of these adverse effects remains poorly explained.
      Various mechanisms have been proposed, which in some cases are probably
      associated: (a) direct toxicity for haemopoietic stem cells; (b) drug-induced
      immune reactions leading to blood or bone marrow cell damage, and (c) drug
      interactions, with increased and prolonged action of potentially haematotoxic
      drugs. Mechanisms (a) and (c) appear to be of particular clinical importance in
      cases of impaired renal elimination of H2-receptor antagonists. Cimetidine and
      probably to a lesser extent ranitidine potentiate the action of oral
      anticoagulants of both coumarin and indanedione structure. This may result in
      haemorrhagic complications. Such action is a consequence of the reduced hepatic
      metabolism of oral anticoagulants through a dose-dependent, reversible inhibition
      of cytochrome P450. Malabsorption of dietary iron and cobalamin appears to result
      from inhibition of gastric secretion by the H2-receptor antagonists. This is of
      no clinical importance in short term treatment, but long term use of H2-receptor
      antagonists may theoretically contribute to the occurrence of iron or cobalamin
      deficiency anaemia.

PMID- 2905760
TI  - Bacterial genotoxicity of nitrosated famotidine.
AB  - Famotidine, a histamine H2-receptor antagonist, was devoid of mutagenic activity
      in seven his- Salmonella typhimurium strains (TA1535, TA1537, TA1538, TA97, TA98,
      TA100 and TA102) and was equitoxic in repair-proficient (WP2) and repair
      deficient (WP2uvrA, WP67, CM561, CM571, WP100 and CM871) Escherichia coli
      strains, both in the presence and in the absence of S9 mix containing liver S9
      fractions from Aroclor-treated rats. However, after a short pre-incubation step
      with nitrite in an acidic environment, the drug increased, by a direct mechanism,
      the number of his+ revertants in Salmonella strains TA100, TA102 and TA97 (a
      decrease of mutagenicity being conversely observed in TA1535) and of trp+
      revertants in E. coli strains WP2uvrA and WP67. Moreover, it enhanced the
      induction of non-reparable DNA damage in E. coli strains simultaneously lacking
      the uvrA-dependent excision repair and the lexA post-replication repair pathways.
      The mutagenicity of acidified nitrite-famotidine mixtures was related to doses of
      both precursors, with a maximum production of mutagenic derivatives in a slight
      molar excess of nitrite. The optimal pH of the nitrosation reaction (2.0) was
      intermediate between the one required for cimetidine (1.5) and ranitidine (2.5).
      Potency of famotidine as a precursor of mutagenic derivatives was considerably
      lower than the one of the other two H2 blockers. The nitrosation products of all
      three drugs mainly induced base-pair substitutions in Salmonella DNA, to a
      greater extent at sites containing G.C base pairs (strain TA100) in the case of
      famotidine and cimetidine, and at sites containing A.T base pairs (TA102) in the
      case of ranitidine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2905761
TI  - Measurement of active constitutive L-pyrrolidonyl-peptidase from the genera
      Streptococcus and Enterococcus.
AB  - In the family Streptococceae the ability to measure L-pyrrolidonyl-peptidase is
      limited to Lancefield group D Enterococcus and group A Streptococcus pyogenes. A
      number of methods exist to assay this enzyme. All measure pyrrolidonyl-peptidase
      by the ability of the bacterium to cleave L-pyrrolidonyl-beta-naphthylamide to
      form free beta-naphthylamine and L-pyrrolidone-carboxylic acid. Free beta
      naphthylamine is then reacted with N,N-dimethylamino-cinnamaldehyde to form a red
      color complex. These methods are generally expensive and require a 2-4 h
      incubation period before results are available. A method, which employs the
      substrate dried on paper discs and can be easily made, is described herein. It is
      simple to perform, inexpensive, rapid, and has a long storage life. The results
      of this constitutive method are equivalent to those obtained using a commercial
      system.

PMID- 2905763
TI  - Tight linkage between the syndrome of generalized thyroid hormone resistance and
      the human c-erbA beta gene.
AB  - Multiple cDNAs belonging to the c-erbA gene family encode proteins that bind T3
      with high affinity. However, the biological functions of these multiple thyroid
      hormone receptors have not yet been clarified. Generalized thyroid hormone
      resistance (GTHR) refers to a human syndrome characterized by tissue
      refractoriness to the action of thyroid hormones; several studies have suggested
      quantitative or qualitative defects in T3 binding to nuclear receptors in certain
      kindreds. To investigate the biological functions of the c-erbA genes, c-erbA
      alpha and c-erbA beta, we tested the hypothesis that an abnormal c-erbA gene
      product is present in GTHR by examining these genes in members of one kindred.
      Restriction enzyme analysis failed to identify an abnormal pattern in affected
      individuals suggesting no rearrangements or large deletions. However, we
      demonstrated that the gene conferring the GTHR phenotype is tightly linked to the
      c-erbA beta locus on chromosome 3. This linkage strongly suggests that the c-erbA
      beta gene is important in man as a thyroid hormone receptor and identifies a
      putative c-erbA beta mutant phenotype with central nervous system, pituitary,
      liver, metabolic, and growth abnormalities.

PMID- 2905762
TI  - [Early diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy. Significance and clinical usefulness of
      albuminuria and enzymuria].

PMID- 2905764
TI  - A steroid response element can function in the absence of a distal promoter.
AB  - The glucocorticoid-progesterone responsive element (GRE/PRE) of the tyrosine
      aminotransferase (TAT) gene is a steroid-inducible enhancer. We show that the
      GRE/PRE can also work in the absence of a distal promoter element when located 5'
      to the ovalbumin TATA box. The GRE/PRE in this position retains progesterone or
      glucocorticoid receptor and hormone dependency for the induction of gene
      expression. Initiation of transcription occurs correctly, and induction occurs at
      the mRNA level. These data indicate that a steroid-inducible enhancer can
      function without a distal promoter element.

PMID- 2905766
TI  - [Prevention of hemorrhages in esophageal varices].

PMID- 2905767
TI  - [Fertility disorders in man during treatment with sufasalazine].

PMID- 2905765
TI  - Interactions of isamoltane (CGP 361A), an anxiolytic phenoxypropanolamine
      derivative, with 5-HT1 receptor subtypes in the rat brain.
AB  - Isamoltane (CGP 361A; (1-(2-(1-pyrrolyl)-phenoxy)-3-isopropylamino-2-propanol
      hydrochloride), a beta-adrenoceptor ligand (IC50 = 8.4 nmol/l) which has reported
      activity as an anxiolytic in man was found to be a reasonably active inhibitor of
      the binding of [125I]ICYP to 5-HT1B recognition sites in rat brain membranes with
      27-fold selectivity (IC50 = 39 nmol/l) as compared to the inhibition of binding
      of [3H]8-OH-DPAT to 5-HT1A receptors (IC50 = 1070 nmol/l). This selectivity was
      considerably greater than that observed for other beta-adrenoceptor ligands
      including propranolol (5-HT1A/5-HT1B ratio = 2), oxpenolol (3.5) and
      cyanopindolol (8.7). The 5-HT1B activity of the compound resided in the (-)
      enantiomer. (-)-Isamoltane had weak activity (IC50 3-10 mumol/l) at 5-HT2 and
      alpha 1-adrenoceptors. The compound was devoid of activity at a number of other
      central neurotransmitter recognition sites including the 5-HT1C site. Isamoltane
      increased the electrically evoked release of [3H]5-HT from prelabeled rat
      cortical slices in a manner similar to that of cyanopindolol. While both
      compounds were similar in potency to methiothepin, they had lower efficacy.
      Oxprenolol was less potent that both isamoltane and cyanopindolol while
      propranolol was essentially inactive. The effects of the compounds on 5-HT
      release appeared to be correlated with their 5-HT1B rather than 5-HT1A activity.
      In vivo, isamoltane increased 5-HTP accumulation in rat cortex following central
      decarboxylase inhibition at doses of 1 and 3 mg/kg i.p. At higher doses this
      effect was gradually diminished. Similar, but less clearcut results were obtained
      with cyanopindolol and oxprenolol, but propranolol was ineffective. No changes in
      brain tryptophan levels were associated with the isamoltane-evoked changes in
      brain 5-HTP levels. In reserpinized animals, isamoltane reduced 5-HTP
      accumulation even at doses which enhanced accumulation of this metabolite when
      given alone. The effects of the putative 5-HT1B agonist, m
      trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine (TFMPP), the mixed 5-HT autoreceptor
      agonist/antagonist/beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, pindolol, the 5-HT uptake
      inhibitor, CGP 6085A and the MAO-A inhibitor, brofaromine, were not antagonized
      by pretreatment with isamoltane. The possibility that isamoltane and the other
      beta-adrenoceptor antagonists are antagonists at 5-HT1B receptors and that their
      effect on 5-HT synthesis in vivo is the net result of their agonist/antagonist
      effects at 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptors is discussed in relation to the potential
      mechanism of the anxiolytic activity of isamoltane.

PMID- 2905768
TI  - [Sir James Black, Nobel laureate 1988].

PMID- 2905769
TI  - [The malignant neuroleptic syndrome].

PMID- 2905770
TI  - [A differential effect profile of neuroleptic therapy of acute schizophrenic
      patients? Results of a clinico-naturalistic study].

PMID- 2905771
TI  - [Treatment continuity in schizophrenic patients in ambulatory care. A 5-year
      follow-up].
AB  - A hundred schizophrenic patients, who were treated in hospital since 1978,
      referred for out-patient (OP) treatment and consecutively included in a five-year
      follow-up investigation, were examined regarding their consistency of OP
      treatment. 16% were not rehospitalised during these five years, whereas 84% were,
      half of them within thirteen months of hospital discharge. 92% of all the
      patients, discontinued or ended their OP treatment after an average of 16.2
      months. Five years after the beginning of the investigation, 41% were in touch
      with the OP clinic. The choice of depot neuroleptics instead of short-working
      ones had no influence on the occurrence of further hospital admissions but shows
      a correlation with consistency of treatment.

PMID- 2905772
TI  - [Withdrawal phenomena in stepwise withdrawal of benzodiazepines].

PMID- 2905773
TI  - Multiple pertussis toxin substrates as candidates for regulatory G proteins of
      adenylate cyclase coupled to the somatostatin receptor in primary rat astrocytes.
AB  - The involvement of G proteins in receptor mediated astroglial cAMP formation was
      studied. Isoproterenol or prostaglandin E2 stimulated adenylate cyclase of
      primary astroglial cells was inhibited by somatostatin. Preincubation of cells
      with increasing concentrations of islet activating protein (IAP) diminished
      somatostatin inhibition of adenylate cyclase. At an IAP concentration of 50 ng/ml
      somatostatin inhibition was completely abolished. Studies on IAP catalyzed 32P
      ADP-ribosylation of astroglial cell particulate material revealed an
      incorporation of radiolabel into three polypeptides in the molecular weight range
      of 41,000-39,000 Dalton. Pretreatment of intact cells with IAP reduced
      radiolabeling of this molecular species in a concentration dependent manner. No
      further radiolabeling above background level was detectable after pretreatment of
      cultures with 10 ng IAP/ml or more. At present, the occurrence of at least three
      IAP substrates (G proteins) does not permit an identification of the somatostatin
      receptor coupled G protein. Rather, the finding reveals that astrocytes are
      endowed with multiple variants of GTP binding proteins likely to be coupled to
      different receptors.

PMID- 2905774
TI  - Effects of long-term dietary choline and phosphatidylcholine administration on
      muscarinic receptors in aged mouse brain.
AB  - It has been suggested that choline and/or phosphatidylcholine may be beneficial
      in improving the memory deficits associated with aging and Alzheimer's disease.
      The effects of long-term choline or phosphatidylcholine treatment on cholinergic
      receptors in the brain have been investigated. Mice were maintained on one of
      four diets from 50 days of age until sacrificed at 20-24 months. [3H]-QNB binding
      in the cortex, hippocampus and striatum was specific, saturable and of high
      affinity. Animals treated with a phosphatidylcholine-enriched diet displayed a
      down-regulation of muscarinic receptors in the cortex and hippocampus, reflected
      by a decrease in Bmax. There were no significant differences in the binding
      affinities among the treatment groups. Choline levels were unaffected by the
      various diets, however phosphatidylcholine treatment resulted in an increase in
      phosphatidylcholine in the cortex and somewhat in the hippocampus. This study
      indicates that choline and phosphatidylcholine have different effects after long
      term dietary administration. Phosphatidylcholine treatment results in a down
      regulation of muscarinic receptors in certain brain areas which appears to be
      related to an increase in phosphatidylcholine concentration. Any potentially
      beneficial effects derived from chronic phosphatidylcholine treatment must
      overcome the apparent down-regulation of muscarinic receptors which may occur.

PMID- 2905775
TI  - A quantitative morphological assessment of the effect of lidoflazine and
      deferoxamine therapy on global brain ischaemia.
AB  - The effect of the combination of two drugs, i.e. lidoflazine (a calcium
      antagonist), and deferoxamine (an iron chelator) was evaluated following 15 min
      global brain ischaemia (GBI) and reperfusion in dogs in a randomized blind study.
      GBI was produced by complete cardiac arrest of 15 min duration. Histopathological
      analysis performed on in situ fixed brains 40 h post-resuscitation revealed
      diffuse microhaemorrhages in the control group. These were noted rarely in the
      treatment group, the mean value of foci of microhaemorrhages/20 low power fields
      (LPF) being 5.2 in the treatment group versus 28 in the control group (p less
      than 0.001). Diffuse coagulative necrosis of neurons (ischaemic cell change) in
      the cerebral cortex, especially lamina 3, hippocampus, striatum, brain stem and
      cerebellum was present in all cases. Quantitation of the degree of cellular
      damage obtained by counting the number of anoxic neurons (in consistent regions
      of the brain) with the use of an image analysis system, revealed no significant
      difference between the 2 groups. The mean percentages of the ischaemic neurons in
      the control group in the various areas studied were: parietal cortex, 22.25;
      hippocampus, 50.37 and cerebellum (Purkinje cells), 66.75; and in the treatment
      group 25.3, 55.04 and 70.6 respectively. Thus, the lidoflazine-deferoxamine
      regimen significantly reduced the incidence of microhaemorrhages in the brain,
      but it did not have any protective effect against anoxic neuronal injury 40 h
      post-ischaemia in this experimental model of GBI of 15 min duration.

PMID- 2905776
TI  - Polyamine inhibition preserves somatosensory evoked potential activity after
      transient cerebral ischaemia.
AB  - We tested the hypothesis that the increase in polyamines observed after cerebral
      ischaemia is related to deficits in electrocortical function as measured by
      somatosensory evoked potential (SEP). Adult Mongolian gerbils were anaesthetized
      with ketamine and prepared for monitoring SEP, cerebral blood flow (CBF) in
      parietal and frontal regions by H2 clearance, and for bilateral carotid artery
      occlusion (BCO). Seven animals served as controls and received saline. Another 7
      animals were treated with the ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor,
      difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) (100 mg/kg I.P.) just prior to 40 min BCO followed
      by 4 h reperfusion. With BCO, both CBF and SEP declined significantly. In control
      animals, CBF fell from basal 37.8 +/- 4.7 cc/100 g/min to 2.9 +/- 1.2 cc/100
      g/min and recovered to 22.7 +/- 3.5 cc/100 g/h over the 4 h reperfusion period.
      DFMO treatment did not alter this CBF pattern. SEP amplitude declined to 11.3 +/-
      3.2% basal during occlusion. DFMO preserved SEP during ischaemia (35.5 +/- 16.8%
      basal) and remained significantly more preserved during reperfusion (p less than
      0.05). These results suggest that polyamines are involved in the progressive
      decline in neuroelectrical function which occurs during occlusion/reperfusion in
      the Mongolian gerbil. The observation that polyamine inhibition preserves
      electrical function despite not altering blood flow indicates that the effects of
      polyamines are not manifested at the level of the vasculature but perhaps at the
      neuronal membrane.

PMID- 2905777
TI  - Cerebral protective effect of flunarizine in a canine model of cerebral
      ischaemia.
AB  - To test the effect of flunarizine on cerebral ischaemia, 15 dogs were subjected
      to ischaemia, using the 'canine model of the completely ischaemic brain regulated
      with a perfusion method' in which the cerebral blood flow (CBF) can be fully
      regulated. Five animals served as untreated controls, 10 received flunarizine, a
      calcium antagonist (1 mg/kg in 5 dogs and 3 mg/kg in 5 dogs), before the
      ischaemic period. After 1 h CBF was restored and recovery of the electrical
      activity of the brain and the degree of brain swelling were observed for 3 h. At
      the end of the experiments, the degree of extravasation of Evans blue was
      examined. Remarkable recovery of EEG was found in the groups given flunarizine
      when compared with untreated controls. However, no significant difference was
      found between untreated controls and flunarizine treated groups for the degree of
      brain swelling and the degree of extravasation of Evans blue. These results
      suggest that the treatment of flunarizine is of benefit for functional recovery
      against cerebral ischaemia, but does not suppress ischaemic brain oedema.

PMID- 2905778
TI  - Effect of stimulation in three subcortical sites on the thalamocortical
      augmenting response in the cat.
AB  - The thalamocortical augmenting response is a complex multineuronal response which
      can be elicited by repetitive stimulation of the ventrolateral thalamus. A major
      function of the ventrolateral thalamus is known to be a result of its
      participation in central nervous system activity related to motor behaviour. The
      significance of the thalamocortical augmenting response itself is not known.
      Since it would be reasonable to relate that response to motor behaviour, we
      evaluated the effect on the thalamocortical augmenting response of the
      stimulation of two other central nervous system structures which are also thought
      to participate in motor control, the cerebellum and the red nucleus. We conclude
      that at least part of the effect of red nucleus stimulation on the
      thalamocortical augmenting response is exerted through a rubro-olivo-cerebellar
      pathway. We then compared the effects of red nucleus and of cerebellar
      stimulation to the effect of stimulating a non-motor mesencephalic site, the
      periaqueductal gray. The changes induced in the thalamocortical augmenting
      response appear not to be fully explicable solely in terms of changes in motor
      behaviour.

PMID- 2905779
TI  - Anticonvulsive and convulsive effects of lidocaine: comparison with those of
      phenytoin, and implications for mechanism of action concepts.
AB  - The anticonvulsive action of lidocaine was tested in mice against a series of
      convulsants, and its profile of action compared with that of phenytoin. Both
      agents antagonized seizures induced by ouabain or glutamate (injected i.c.b.),
      effects attributable to reduction of the sodium conductance of neuronal
      membranes. Lidocaine and phenytoin were relatively ineffective against
      convulsants that act on synaptic chloride channels via the GABA-ionophore
      receptor complex. At higher dose levels, both lidocaine and phenytoin are
      excitatory within limited ranges. Lidocaine-induced seizures were potentiated by
      phenytoin, and antagonized by chlordiazepoxide, phenobarbital, valproate,
      trimethadione and muscimol, but not by ethosuximide. This profile of action is
      similar to that of bicuculline, suggesting that lidocaine may bind to the GABA
      recognition site and to another site in the GABA-ionophore receptor complex.
      Phenytoin-induced excitation was antagonized by chlordiazepoxide, less
      effectively by phenobarbital or trimethadione, only minimally by valproate, and
      not by trimethadione or muscimol. Phenytoin is known to bind to picrotoxin and
      benzodiazepine receptor sites; these findings suggest that it may be excitatory
      at one or both of these sites.

PMID- 2905780
TI  - Relation of supersensitivity to cerebral vasospasm induced by oxyhaemoglobin.
AB  - There have been reports that superior cervical ganglionectomy (SCG) is effective
      as a treatment for cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH).
      On the other hand, denervation supersensitivity is supposed to play an important
      role in vasospasm. The two accounts contradict each other. To investigate this
      problem, various examinations were performed using the exposed basilar arteries
      of cats. We have accepted that oxyhaemoglobin (Oxy-Hb) is an important
      spasmogenic substance. Therefore, the change in vascular reactivity to Oxy-Hb was
      investigated after various kinds of denervations. It was confirmed that Oxy-Hb
      has no adrenergic receptor agonist properties because the Oxy-Hb inducing
      vasospasm was not suppressed by Prazosin or phenoxybenzamine. As a result of
      this, it is not likely that augmentation of Oxy-Hb inducing vasospasm is caused
      by deviation supersensitivity. Thus, the non-deviation supersensitivity became a
      topic of investigation. The basilar arteries were denervated by chemical
      treatment (reserpine, 6-hydroxydopamine) or bilateral SCG to examine the change
      in the reactivity to noradrenaline or Oxy-Hb. An increase in reactivity to
      noradrenaline was observed with the denervations. In contrast, no change in
      reactivity to Oxy-Hb was found. In conclusion, it was observed that deviation and
      non-deviation supersensitivity do not participate in vasospasm, in so far as
      vasospasm is caused by Oxy-Hb.

PMID- 2905781
TI  - Brain ornithine decarboxylase activity following transient cerebral ischaemia:
      relationship to cerebral oedema development.
AB  - Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity, the first and generally rate-limiting
      enzyme for polyamine synthesis, is stimulated in permanent focal cerebral
      ischaemia in areas of incomplete ischaemia which are developing ischaemic brain
      oedema. As polyamines are ubiquitous ornithine-derived molecules which are
      obligatory in cold-induced vasogenic oedema, we studied the effect of transient
      dense cerebral ischaemia with reperfusion on ischaemic oedema development and ODC
      activity. Fifty-nine Mongolian gerbils were anaesthetized with ketamine
      hydrochloride (160 mg/kg i.p. plus supplementation as needed). Both common
      carotid arteries were isolated and a tracheotomy placed in position. EEG was
      monitored with needle electrodes and temperature maintained at 37-38 degrees C.
      Twenty-nine gerbils underwent 40 min of bilateral carotid artery occlusion
      followed by reperfusion times of 10 min, 1, 2, 4, 6 or 8 h. Non-ischaemic control
      groups were monitored for equal intervals. At sacrifice, the brain was rapidly
      removed and forebrain samples analysed for ODC activity (enzymatic assay) and
      cerebral oedema (gravimetric determination). Marked loss of EEG amplitude was
      noted in all gerbils subjected to bilateral carotid artery occlusion. Ischaemia
      produced significant levels of cortical oedema throughout the reperfusion period
      (maximal decrease in specific gravity at 4 h postischaemia; control: 1.0456 +/-
      0.0013; ischaemia: 1.0355 +/- 0.0021, mean +/- SD; p less than 0.0001).
      Significant subcortical oedema was produced at 10 min, 2 and 4 h postischaemia. A
      biphasic response was observed in brain ODC activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2905782
TI  - Sequential measurement of somatosensory evoked potentials in a canine model of
      hemispheric ischaemia.
AB  - We have previously shown that occlusion of 6 canine intracranial vessels produces
      profound hemispheric ischaemia and abolishes the ipsilateral SSEP. In the present
      study, this work was extended to ascertain the differential contributions of 6
      intracranial vessels to SSEP function. Five dogs underwent craniotomy, brain
      retractions, and ipsilateral arterial microdissection, and were prepared for SSEP
      recordings. Stimulation-recording sequences were performed firstly prior to
      craniotomy, secondly following craniotomy and microdissection and thirdly
      following sequential occlusion of each of 6 vessels: (a) anterior cerebral (A2),
      (b) ethmoidal, (c) ophthalmic, (d) middle cerebral (MCA), (e) posterior
      communicating (PCoA), and (f) posterior cerebral artery. Individual SSEP
      amplitudes and latencies were measured and averaged and values for each wave were
      compared statistically to baseline values and to the immediately preceding value.
      Two thalamocortical potential components were identified: an early wave (6-10 ms)
      and a late wave (10-15 ms). No significant amplitude declines between waves
      occurred with A2, ethmoidal, and ophthalmic occlusions. Following MCA occlusion,
      amplitude decreased to 49.1% and 34.5% of baseline in the early and late waves
      respectively; a significant decrease (p less than 0.05) both from baseline and
      from post-ophthalmic occlusion. Further occlusions (PCoA and posterior cerebral)
      produced progressive declines in amplitude to a nadir of 12.5% (early) and 2.1%
      (late) of baseline. Although latency did increase slightly from baseline with
      each occlusion (5-7% total), no consistent and significant latency changes were
      identified.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2905783
TI  - Patterns of EEG frequency content during experimental transient ischaemia in
      subhuman primates.
AB  - EEGs were recorded with depth electrodes in 8 monkeys undergoing transient middle
      cerebral artery ligation. Electrodes measured EEG, cerebral blood flow (CBF), and
      tissue oxygen simultaneously during and after occlusion. An EEG frequency
      analysis was performed. Electrode sites were examined microscopically, and
      infarction size, tissue vacuolization index, and neuronal morphology were
      described quantitatively. Serial neurological examinations were performed. Two
      patterns of EEG frequency change were delineated, dependent upon degree of
      ischaemia. Mild ischaemia, as indicated by less severe clinical deficits, higher
      CBF during occlusion, and minor pathological changes was associated with large
      increases in slow EEG activity and decreases in fast EEG activity during
      occlusion, with recovery of slow activities to baseline, but continued
      suppression of fast activities 24 h later. Severe ischaemia was associated with
      suppression of both fast and slow frequencies during occlusion, with slow
      activities returning to baseline and fast activities remaining suppressed 24 h
      later. The best quantitative EEG indicator of severity of ischaemia was
      suppression of slow wave activity during occlusion. The best EEG indicator that
      an ischaemic event had occurred 24 h previously was continued suppression of fast
      EEG activities. These data may be helpful in the design of EEG frequency analysis
      studies for monitoring the time course of human cerebral ischaemia and for
      retrospective diagnosis of transient ischaemic attacks (TIAs).

PMID- 2905784
TI  - Reserpine, para-chlorophenylalanine and fenfluramine antagonise cisplatin-induced
      emesis in the ferret.
AB  - The involvement of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) with cisplatin-induced emesis in
      the ferret was investigated using reserpine, para-chlorophenylalanine and
      fenfluramine. Pretreatment with reserpine (5 mg/kg, 24 hr), fenfluramine (5
      mg/kg, 4 days) or para-chlorophenylalanine (100 or 400 mg/kg, 4 days) antagonised
      cisplatin-induced emesis. All treatments reduced the levels of 5-HT in the area
      postrema and at other cerebral sites, but whilst this action was relatively
      selective for small doses of para-chlorophenylalanine [only modest effects on
      noradrenaline (NA) and no change in the content of dopamine (DA) in the area
      postrema], other treatments reduced levels of dopamine and noradrenaline. Data
      are discussed in terms of an involvement of 5-HT/catecholamines in the area
      postrema with the mediation of emesis induced by cisplatin.

PMID- 2905785
TI  - Synchronization of the EEG and sedation induced by neuroleptics depend upon
      blockade of both D1 and D2 dopamine receptors.
AB  - Blockade of dopamine (DA) receptors by neuroleptics tends to produce sedation, as
      shown by increased sleeping time, reduction of the arousal response to sensory
      stimuli and slowing of the electrical (EEG) activity of the brain. The EEG and
      behavioural effects of the selective compounds, SCH 23390 and raclopride, which
      block either D1 or D2 receptor subtypes, respectively were evaluated. Groups of
      rabbits were prepared for the measurement of EEG activity (neocortex and
      hippocampus). The EEG was analyzed visually and by spectral power analysis. Gross
      behaviour was also observed. The D1 antagonist, SCH 23390, by itself (0.03-0.3
      mg/kg i.v.) produced small changes in the EEG and no evidence of sedation.
      Periods of slow waves occurred sporadically. Computerized EEG analysis showed
      moderate increases of total power density. The D2 receptor blocker, raclopride,
      alone (1-3 mg/kg i.v.) produced changes of the activity of the EEG, mostly, short
      periods of slow waves and slight increases of total power. No sedation was noted.
      Although both selective antagonists were studied at larger doses than those
      minimally effective, they produced slight EEG and behavioural changes which were
      not comparable with the marked actions produced by classical neuroleptics, such
      as haloperidol. However, when raclopride (1 mg/kg) was given after treatment with
      SCH 23390 (0.03 mg/kg) there was a marked synchronized activity in the EEG,
      associated with a state of sedation and diminished responsiveness to sensory
      stimuli. The data indicate that EEG synchronization and sedation, classically
      associated with treatment with neuroleptics, do not depend upon the selective
      blockade of either D1 or D2 receptors but, instead, require concurrent blockade
      of both subtypes of receptor.

PMID- 2905786
TI  - Modulation of morphine-induced EEG and behavioral effects by dynorphin A-(1-13)
      in non-tolerant and morphine-tolerant rats.
AB  - The purpose of the present study was to assess effects of dynorphin A-(1-13) on
      morphine-induced changes in electroencephalographic (EEG) spectral power and
      morphine-induced suppression of slow-wave sleep in non-tolerant and morphine
      tolerant rats. Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were implanted with chronic
      cortical EEG electrodes, electromyographic electrodes in the temporalis muscle
      and with intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) cannulae and, in some cases, additional
      intravenous (i.v.) cannulae. Injections of morphine (i.c.v., 20 micrograms/rat)
      produced a biphasic EEG and behavioral response, composed of 2-3 hr of slow-wave
      bursts and increased spectral power (0-4 Hz) in the EEG, associated with
      behavioral stupor, followed by 2-3 hr of EEG and behavioral arousal. Dynorphin
      (i.c.v., 20 micrograms/rat), administered 10 min before injections of morphine in
      non-tolerant rats, antagonized morphine-induced increases in spectral power of
      the EEG and morphine-induced suppression of slow-wave sleep. In addition, EEG
      power spectra obtained after intraventricular administration of morphine from
      rats, treated with dynorphin and morphine intraventricularly 24 hr earlier, were
      qualitatively similar to those previously found after acute administration of
      kappa opioid agonists. In morphine-tolerant rats, pretreatment with dynorphin
      given intraventricularly, 10 min prior to intraventricular administration of
      morphine, restored morphine-induced increases in EEG spectral power and
      suppression of slow-wave sleep. The results suggest that dynorphin may modulate
      the characteristics of opioid receptors.

PMID- 2905787
TI  - N-methyl-D-aspartate promotes the survival of cerebellar granule cells in
      culture.
AB  - Our previous studies on the survival-promoting influence of elevated
      concentrations of extracellular K+ ([K+]e) on cultured cerebellar granule cells
      led to the proposal that depolarization in vitro mimics the effect of the
      earliest afferent inputs received by the granule cells in vivo. This, in turn,
      might be mediated through the stimulation of excitatory amino acid receptors, in
      particular the N-methyl-D-aspartate-preferring subtype gating ion channels which
      are also permeable to Ca2+. Here we report that N-methyl-D-aspartate indeed has a
      dramatic effect on the survival in culture of cells derived from dissociated
      cerebella of 7-8-day-old rats and cultured in media containing 'low' [K+]e (5-15
      mM). In addition to the visual inspection of the cultures, the effect of N-methyl
      D-aspartate was quantitatively evaluated, using estimates related to the number
      of viable cells (determination of DNA and of reduction rate of a tetrazolium
      salt). Furthermore, proteins which are relatively enriched in either nerve cells
      (neuronal cell adhesion molecule, D3-protein and synaptin) or in glia (glutamine
      synthetase) were also measured. The findings showed that the rescue of cells by N
      methyl-D-aspartate involved primarily nerve cells and that the survival
      requirement for N-methyl-D-aspartate, as for high K+, developed between 2 and 4
      days in vitro. The effect depended on both the concentration of N-methyl-D
      aspartate and the degree of depolarization of the cells: both the potency and the
      efficacy of N-methyl-D-aspartate were increased as [K+]e was raised from 5 to 15
      mM, at which range K+ on its own has little if any influence on granule cell
      survival. These characteristics are consistent with the voltage-dependence of ion
      conductance through the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-linked channel. The most
      pronounced effect of N-methyl-D-aspartate was obtained in the presence of 15 mM
      K+, when cell survival approached that obtained in 'control' cultures (grown in
      25 mM K+-containing media without N-methyl-D-aspartate), and the potency of N
      methyl-D-aspartate (half-maximal effective concentration, EC50, about 20 microM)
      was similar to its known affinity in binding to cerebral membranes. The effect of
      N-methyl-D-aspartate was blocked by the specific receptor antagonist 2-amino-5
      phosphonovalerate, which also reduced the limited survival of cells in cultures
      grown in 'low' K+ in the absence of N-methyl-D-aspartate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      400 WORDS)

PMID- 2905788
TI  - In vitro and in vivo release of neurokinin A-like immunoreactivity from rat
      substantia nigra.
AB  - In vivo and in vitro perfusion techniques have been used to study the release of
      neurokinin A-like immunoreactivity from the rat substantia nigra. Potassium
      depolarization and electrical field stimulation evoked calcium-dependent release
      from nigral slices. Potassium depolarization was also effective in vivo.
      Tetrodotoxin (1 microM) completely blocked electrically stimulated release but
      only diminished release in response to depolarizing potassium. Neurokinin A-like
      immunoreactivity release showed frequency dependence and a clear facilitation
      phenomenon between 5 and 25 Hz. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis
      of the immunoreactivity released in vitro revealed the presence of neurokinin A,
      neuropeptide K and neurokinin B, along with their sulphoxide forms. A marked
      depletion of neuropeptide K and neurokinin B content was observed when the
      tachykinin content of the nigral slices was examined before and after
      stimulation. However, the neurokinin A content of the slices was unchanged or
      even increased, suggesting an accelerated processing of neurokinin A precursors
      during the stimulation. The tachykinin peptides were degraded at different rates
      by substantia nigra homogenates; degradation was fastest for neuropeptide K and
      slowest for neurokinin A. The addition of a mixture of peptidases inhibitors
      (thiorphan, phosphoramidon, bestatin and captopril) substantially reduced the
      degradation of all three tachykinins, but did not completely block degradation.
      GABA-A receptor antagonists such as bicuculline and, particularly, picrotoxin
      potentiated the stimulated neurokinin A-like immunoreactivity release in vitro,
      but the GABA-agonist muscimol had no effect. Picrotoxin was even more potent in
      vivo. The results presented in this study demonstrate that neurokinin A,
      neuropeptide K and neurokinin B can be released by depolarizing stimuli from rat
      substantia nigra. Furthermore, the features exhibited by this release suggest
      that these peptides may have a neurotransmitter/neuromodulator role in the rat
      substantia nigra.

PMID- 2905790
TI  - Ba2+-induced ATP release from adrenal medullary chromaffin cells is mediated by
      Ba2+ entry through both voltage- and receptor-gated Ca2+ channels.
AB  - We have measured on-line the exocytotic secretion of ATP from adrenal medullary
      chromaffin cells induced by Ba2+ using a luciferin/luciferase assay. We have
      found that Ba2+-induced ATP release requires the entry of Ba2+ through either
      voltage- or receptor-gated Ca2+ channels. This conclusion is based on the
      observations that short preincubations with low concentrations of either nicotine
      or K+ greatly enhance Ba2+-induced ATP release and that this augmentation can be
      blocked with the nicotinic receptor antagonist, hexamethonium, and the Ca2+
      antagonist, nifedipine, respectively. Moreover, both nicotine and K+ stimulate
      133Ba2+ uptake, which in the case of K+ is inhibited by nifedipine. These results
      support the hypothesis that the cellular events leading to Ba2+-induced secretion
      coincide at least in part with the events leading to Ca2+-dependent exocytosis.

PMID- 2905789
TI  - DARPP-32, a dopamine- and cyclic AMP-regulated phosphoprotein in tanycytes of the
      mediobasal hypothalamus: distribution and relation to dopamine and luteinizing
      hormone-releasing hormone neurons and other glial elements.
AB  - The distribution of a dopamine- and cyclic adenosine-3':5'-monophosphate (cAMP)
      regulated phosphoprotein with an apparent molecular weight of 32,000 (DARPP-32)
      was investigated in the rat diencephalon and monkey hypothalamus by use of
      immunohistochemical techniques. In addition to single cells located peri- and
      paraventricularly in hypothalamus and thalamus in the rat, and ependymal cells,
      DARPP-32-immunoreactivity was found to be present in a subpopulation of ependymal
      tanycytes. These DARPP-32-positive tanycytes lined the walls and floor of the
      third ventricle, sending processes towards the arcuate nucleus, surrounding blood
      vessels in this nucleus, and continuing towards the median eminence, where they
      abutted on portal vessels. A second group of DARPP-32-positive tanycytes with
      cell bodies within the median eminence was also observed. Simultaneous labeling
      with antiserum against tyrosine hydroxylase, a presumptive marker for
      tuberoinfundibular dopamine neurons, revealed a close relation to DARPP-32
      containing tanycytes in several anatomical locations. Thus, in the
      periventricular area DARPP-32-positive tanycytes ensheathed tyrosine hydroxylase
      positive processes. These processes, presumably representing dopaminergic
      dendrites, virtually penetrated between the ependymal cells to the ventricular
      space and thus perhaps established direct contact with the cerebrospinal fluid.
      Tyrosine hydroxylase-terminals were also observed in close association with DARPP
      32-immunoreactive tanycytes in the rat median eminence. However, in view of the
      density of DARPP-32-positive processes in the external layer of the median
      eminence, the DARPP-32 processes may be related to a number of other types of
      nerve endings, including luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, as shown in this
      study. The close association of DARPP-32-immunoreactive processes with tyrosine
      hydroxylase- and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone-immunoreactive nerve
      endings in the rat was directly visualized at the ultrastructural level using
      triple-labeling immunocytochemistry. Both the ultrastructural analysis and
      immunohistochemistry at the light microscopic level, comparing the distribution
      of DARPP-32 and glial fibrillary acidic protein, indicated the presence of two
      types of glial processes in the median eminence. The electron microscopic studies
      also suggested the presence of both DARPP-32-positive and DARPP-32-negative glial
      processes in the external layer of the median eminence.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400
      WORDS)

PMID- 2905791
TI  - Characterization of glutamate receptors induced in Xenopus oocytes after
      injection of rat brain mRNA.
AB  - Xenopus oocytes in which poly(A)+ mRNA isolated from rat brains were previously
      injected, exhibited at least 3 categories of current responses to excitatory
      amino acids. They were oscillatory responses to glutamate (Glu) or quisqualate
      (QA), smooth large responses to kainate (KA), and smooth small responses to Glu
      and QA. Oscillatory responses were mediated by a metabotropic type of Glu
      receptor which is coupled to a G-protein but not directly to an ionic channel.
      Amplitudes of smooth Glu responses and smooth QA responses were similar in size,
      and were not additive to each other, suggesting a common receptor mediating both
      responses. L-Glutamylglycine inhibited KA responses in a competitive manner
      without affecting smooth Glu/QA responses, indicating that KA and smooth Glu/QA
      responses were mediated by separate receptors. From these results, it was
      concluded that the injection of rat brain mRNA induced at least 3 different
      glutamatergic receptors: receptors mediating (a) KA responses and (b) smooth
      Glu/QA responses, and (c) the metabotropic Glu receptor. The former two may most
      likely correspond to Glu receptor subtypes preferring KA and QA, respectively, as
      seen in the brain.

PMID- 2905792
TI  - Simulations of enhanced malaria transmission and host bias induced by modified
      vector blood location behaviour.
AB  - Monte Carlo simulations were developed to assess the potential impact of parasite
      pathology on vector salivary function as well as of host haemostasis on
      transmission. Assuming that a proportion of desisting vectors switch host
      following failure to locate blood, we demonstrate three possible consequences:
      (1) infected vectors contact more hosts than non-infected host, (2) non-infected
      vectors are biased to infected hosts, independently of attraction, and (3) an
      exponential relationship exists between parasite load and transmission. We
      discuss possible epidemiological implications.

PMID- 2905793
TI  - [Developmental abnormalities and disorders in children with hemophilia].

PMID- 2905794
TI  - [Analysis of the poor visualization of the pancreas on ultrasonography].

PMID- 2905795
TI  - Information processing, psychological performance and anxiolytic drugs.
AB  - Clinical anxiety states can be regarded as an exaggerated manifestation of the
      usual psychological and emotional stresses experienced by an individual adjusting
      his affectual, cognative and cognitive systems to cope with the vagaries and
      pressures of everyday life.

PMID- 2905796
TI  - Experiences of a stress clinic.
AB  - The Stress Clinic has been established for the systematic investigation and
      quantification of various stress factors that may produce adverse effects on
      health. Nine areas are investigated: social habits, social relationships, life
      events, psychiatric, sexual, sleep, geriatric, menstrual, and stress and the
      heart. The degree of stress in each area is quantified and a Stress Profile
      constructed for each patient. The Stress Profile can then be used to determine in
      which areas stress is most important and appropriate treatment can then be
      prescribed. In a preliminary analysis, the commonest principal diagnosis was
      depression (47%), followed by anxiety (27%), whilst in 18% the main stress was
      insomnia and in three patients an organic illness (7%). The Stress Profile is
      also used to assess improvement and significant reduction in many of the main
      stress areas has been demonstrated, coincident with response to treatment. In
      particular, we have been using centrally acting beta-blocking drugs in the
      treatment of anxiety and panic attacks with similar results.

PMID- 2905797
TI  - The treatment of tranquilizer dependence by propranolol.
AB  - Forty four subjects were treated for benzodiazepine dependence. The withdrawal
      programme lasted for 10 weeks and included regular group support sessions.
      Patients were also treated with either propranolol, placebo or "no pill" under
      double blind conditions. Twenty three patients complied with the full treatment
      regimen and completed the trial. The outcome of treatment was moderately
      successful, with 8 out of the 23 patients stopping their tranquilizers and a
      further 11 achieving a reduction of 50% or more of their original benzodiazepine
      dose. Tranquilizer dependence is a difficult condition to treat, but preliminary
      results suggest that propranolol is helpful in reducing the symptoms of
      benzodiazepine withdrawal.

PMID- 2905798
TI  - The treatment of anxiety with beta-blocking drugs.
AB  - Evidence supporting the efficacy of beta blockers in anxiety is reviewed.
      Propranolol and oxprenolol are the most clearly established in efficacy. A
      placebo-controlled trial is described, in which propranolol and atenolol were
      both effective in the symptomatic treatment of generalized anxiety in patients
      who had been referred by their family doctors for specialist treatment. If
      initial psychological treatment for chronic anxiety is ineffective, and a drug is
      considered necessary, then a beta blocker or an antidepressant should be
      considered as first choice in preference to a benzodiazepine.

PMID- 2905799
TI  - Progression of ochratoxicosis in broiler chickens.
AB  - The progression of effects induced by administration of ochratoxin A were
      characterized in young male broiler chickens (Hubbard x Hubbard). The
      experimental design consisted of four dietary treatments of ochratoxin A (0, 1.0,
      2.0, and 4.0 micrograms ochratoxin A/g feed) and 11 replicates of 10
      broilers/replicate. Broilers were housed in electrically heated batteries with
      feed and water available ad libitum. Broilers were weighed, bled, killed by
      cervical dislocation, and necropsied at 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, and 21 days of age.
      Toxicity of ochratoxin A to broilers was evident as early as 6 days of age, when
      significant (P less than .05) growth depression occurred at 4.0 micrograms
      dietary ochratoxin A/g feed. Dietary ochratoxin A significantly increased the
      relative weights of the liver, kidney, spleen, pancreas, and gizzard. Anemia,
      characterized by a significant decrease in packed-cell volume and hemoglobin
      levels, was present during ochratoxicosis. Hepatotoxicity of dietary ochratoxin A
      was evident through an observed significant reduction in serum levels of total
      protein, albumin, globulin, cholesterol, triglyceride, and blood urea nitrogen,
      and a significant increase in the serum activities of gamma glutamyl transferase
      and cholinesterase. A significant increase in serum uric acid and creatinine
      levels was indicative of nephrotoxicity. These data provide a description of the
      progression of ochratoxicosis in broilers that should be useful in diagnosis and
      in improved understanding of ochratoxicosis.

PMID- 2905800
TI  - Pseudomonas osteomyelitis can occur in the foot after puncture wounds.

PMID- 2905801
TI  - Benzodiazepine receptor ligands, memory and information processing. Psychometric,
      psychopharmacological and clinical issues. International workshop. Puerto Rico,
      December 1986.

PMID- 2905802
TI  - Clinical relevance of effects of benzodiazepines on learning and memory.
AB  - The effects of benzodiazepines on learning and memory are examined in the various
      clinical situations in which these drugs are used. Alterations in performance
      arising from the conditions for which benzodiazepines are prescribed are also
      considered. Current evidence indicates that, in anxious patients, as in normal
      volunteers, benzodiazepines impair the acquisition of new information (episodic
      memory). Although some tolerance may develop to these impairments, deficits are
      observed even after patients have been taking their medication chronically. Like
      amnesic patients, benzodiazepine-treated subjects may be unaware of their
      impaired ability to learn. The effects of the impairments on behavioral
      psychotherapies are considered.

PMID- 2905803
TI  - The effect of anxiolytic drugs on memory in anxious subjects.
AB  - The benzodiazepines (BZs), represented by diazepam, are the class of drugs used
      most frequently to treat clinical anxiety disorders. Since it is known that acute
      BZ intake impairs memory function, the effects of BZs on memory were evaluated in
      chronic users of BZ medications. In addition, the acute effects of diazepam were
      compared with those of the non-BZ anxiolytic buspirone on memory function in
      anxious subjects. Memory function was evaluated by a free verbal recall procedure
      where subjects recalled a list of 16 noncategorized nouns immediately after the
      word list was read (immediate recall) and again 20 min later (delayed recall).
      When the chronic BZ users were tested for free verbal recall during their first
      visit, 4-14 h after their last dose, they did not differ in immediate or delayed
      recall from an age- and sex-matched group of unmedicated anxious subjects. At a
      subsequent visit, the acute effects of BZ medications were studied 60-90 min
      after the subjects took their usual dose. Although acute BZ administration did
      not alter immediate recall, delayed recall was significantly impaired in the
      chronic BZ users. Thus, complete tolerance does not develop to the acute memory
      impairing effects of BZs after long-term use. Acute administration of the
      anxiolytic drugs diazepam (5 mg) or buspirone (5 or 10 mg) did not alter
      immediate recall in another group of unmedicated anxious subjects. Diazepam
      selectively impaired delayed recall of the word list when compared with placebo.
      In contrast, neither dose of buspirone altered delayed recall. To the extent that
      such effects on verbal recall tests are reflected in a patient's daily
      activities, the failure of buspirone to adversely affect memory function could
      contribute to its usefulness as an alternative antianxiety therapy.

PMID- 2905804
TI  - Benzodiazepine-induced amnesia and anaesthetic practice: a review.
AB  - Anaesthetic practice is the only clinical context in which amnesia is a valued
      property of benzodiazepine drugs, since decreased recall considerably enhances
      patient tolerance and acceptance or surgical and diagnostic procedures. Research
      on the amnesic effects of diazepam, midazolam, lorazepam and flunitrazepam,
      administered via oral, i.v. or i.m. routes to patients undergoing surgical or
      diagnostic procedures is reviewed. The degree of anterograde amnesia is a
      function of the drug, the route of administration and the population of patients
      being assessed. Retrograde amnesia has not been conclusively demonstrated.
      Amnesia is more profound for cutaneous-tactile and auditory than for visual
      stimuli, but actual surgical events, or emotionally laden material, are more
      likely to be recalled than artificial stimuli. Evidence that the benzodiazepines
      prevent affective and cognitive processing under general anaesthesia and decrease
      traumatic postoperative recall of intra-operative events is reviewed. The
      explanatory value of modern theories of memory for research on benzodiazepine
      induced amnesia, and the research potential of the surgical setting are outlined.
      The development of non-sedative anxiolytics and specific benzodiazepine
      antagonists provides the tools for assessing the contribution of sedative and
      anxiolytic properties of drugs to their amnesic effects.

PMID- 2905805
TI  - Lormetazepam, memory and information processing: a review.
AB  - A review was made of the literature exploring the psychopharmacology of
      lormetazepam. Results from studies show that there can be a general hangover the
      morning following nocturnal doses of 2 mg. Findings from more recent work have
      shown that the 1.5 mg dose can disrupt retrieval of information from short-term
      memory. Lormetazepam 1 mg has no residual sedative effects. A daytime
      psychopharmacodynamic study showed lormetazepam 1-2 mg to have no disruptive
      effects 5 h after drug intake.

PMID- 2905806
TI  - Anterograde and retrograde amnesia after lormetazepam and flunitrazepam.
AB  - In a pharmacopsychological study, memory impairments after single oral doses of
      benzodiazepines or placebo were investigated in 40 healthy men aged 20-40 years.
      The study was designed as a double-blind and placebo-controlled trial. Four
      independent groups of 10 subjects randomly received either 1 mg lormetazepam, 2
      mg lormetazepam, 2 mg flunitrazepam, or placebo. The tests consisted of word
      lists, picture tests, and syllable pairs (consonant-vowel-consonant trigrams).
      Tests were performed before drug ingestion, and 1, 2, 3, and 5 h after
      application. Different test versions were used on each occasion. The target
      variables were immediate recall (after presentation and a 10-s distraction task)
      and delayed recall and recognition (after 30 min). Recognition was also tested
      after 24 h for all five versions. A distinction must be made between anterograde
      amnesic effects and retrograde amnesic effects. The greatest anterograde memory
      impairments were observed after 2 mg flunitrazepam (p less than 0.05).
      Lormetazepam 2 mg produced less marked impairments than flunitrazepam. Results
      after 1 mg lormetazepam did not differ from those after placebo. Performance in
      the memory tests was better under benzodiazepines than under placebo as regards
      material learned before drug ingestion, i.e. the benzodiazepines had not negative
      retrograde amnestic effects, but rather "promnesic" effects. The results suggest
      that the extent of the benzodiazepines' amnesic effects--both negative
      (anterograde) and positive (retrograde)--depends on the dosage and type of
      substance.

PMID- 2905807
TI  - Animal model studies of benzodiazepine-induced amnesia.
AB  - The development of a mouse passive avoidance test as a model for amnesia produced
      by benzodiazepines is described. The model appropriately classifies the amnesic
      potential of a wide range of psychoactive drugs as validated by clinical
      findings. Control experiments indicate that the effect is best described as
      anterograde amnesia resulting from a failure of consolidation. gamma-Aminobutyric
      acid (GABA) antagonists had almost no effect on benzodiazepine-induced amnesia,
      whereas the benzodiazepine-receptor antagonist Ro 15-1788 completely and
      specifically reversed it. This clinically confirmed finding suggests that
      benzodiazepine-induced amnesia is mediated through the benzodiazepine-receptor.
      However, in vivo inhibition of benzodiazepine binding does not correlate well
      with amnesia in the mouse, and some benzodiazepine-receptor agonists with potent
      CNS effects in other in vitro models do not produce amnesia. Additional work is
      needed to clarify what aspects of benzodiazepine receptor occupancy mediate
      amnesia.

PMID- 2905808
TI  - Benzodiazepine receptor ligands: tools for memory research in clinical
      pharmacology.
AB  - In order to study the time course of amnesic effects of the benzodiazepine
      hypnotic lormetazepam, and their reversal by the benzodiazepine antagonist Ro 15
      1788, a combined visual and auditory memory test was developed, which was
      designed to allow repeated assessments. Immediate recall as well as delayed free
      recall and recognition (1 h after drug) were investigated before and after
      intravenous lormetazepam (0.02 mg/kg) followed 15 min later by intravenous Ro 15
      1788 (0.03 mg/kg) or placebo. A third group received placebo followed by Ro 15
      1788. Results are based on ten subjects per treatment group and are compared with
      an age-matched control population (n = 20) without treatment. Immediate and
      delayed recall as well as recognition in both visual and auditory tests were
      impaired abruptly after intravenous lormetazepam. These effects were reversed
      instantaneously after Ro 15-1788, which had no marked effect on these parameters
      when given alone. Ratings by visual analog scales (1 h after drug administration)
      indicated concomitant sedation and impaired concentration after lormetazepam,
      which was attenuated by Ro 15-1788. By itself, Ro 15-1788 had no effect on these
      measures. Interestingly, the performance in delayed free recall of the visual
      memory test was significantly enhanced in the lormetazepam group prior to
      administration. Our results suggest that impaired acquisition of new information
      after lormetazepam is benzodiazepine receptor mediated and may be associated with
      a drug-induced enhancement of retrieval of information acquired before
      lormetazepam administration.

PMID- 2905809
TI  - Information processing, critical flicker fusion threshold and benzodiazepines:
      results and speculations.
AB  - There is evidence to suggest that the rate of information processing, as measured
      by the critical flicker fusion threshold (CFFT), is slower following some
      benzodiazepines than others. Changes in CFFT brought about by benzodiazepine
      administration are usually, but not always, correlated with changes in other
      measures of cognitive performance and memory. However, the drug-induced changes
      in information processing and memory cannot be fully explained by simple
      postulates regarding alterations in the overall level of CNS arousal. Results
      from a series of studies of the effect of benzodiazepines on measures of CFFT and
      memory will be reviewed and the utility of CFFT in evaluating the amnesic or
      mnemonic potential of CNS-active drugs will be assessed.

PMID- 2905810
TI  - Individual differences in benzodiazepine-induced changes of memory.
AB  - Antero- and retrograde amnesia are observed as side effects of most types of
      benzodiazepines. They have rarely been investigated with respect to physical and
      personality factors, or to prior experiences, present expectations, and emotional
      states of the subjects, all of which are well known to modify drug response. By
      reviewing research on benzodiazepine-induced changes of memory in preoperative,
      anxious, and depressed patients as well as in healthy subjects, it is
      demonstrated that differences in benzodiazepine-induced amnesic effects may
      depend on: 1. subject variables like predrug level of anxiety, depressive
      symptomatology, memory capacity, experiences with benzodiazepine-type drugs, and
      expectations of treatment outcome, and secondary factors like social environment
      and treatment setting 2. interactions between these subject variables and type of
      schedule (times of acquisition, treatment, and testing), type of learning
      material, and dose of drug. 3. the extent of benzodiazepine-induced changes in
      anxiety or depression, cortical and emotional arousal (alertness and activity) as
      well as physiological effects of benzodiazepines Special emphasis should be
      placed on the investigation of drug-induced changes of covariation between
      psychological measures which may provide valuable information for differential
      prediction and on mechanisms of drug action.

PMID- 2905811
TI  - Study of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase of abrasive balloon collections from
      esophagus in an area with high incidence of esophageal cancer.

PMID- 2905812
TI  - Organization of homeodomain proteins.

PMID- 2905813
TI  - Neurochemical studies on the mechanism of action of pyritinol.
AB  - In investigations carried out in young and old rats with pyritinol (pyrithioxin,
      Encephabol), a substance that is frequently applied in cognitive function
      disturbances, besides effects on general cerebral functions, possible
      interactions with cholinergic transmission were determined. The following results
      were obtained: 1. The adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content of the blood was
      determined as a possible biochemical parameter of erythrocyte flexibility. After
      acute oral administration of 30, 100 and 300 mg/kg pyritinol, the ATP content of
      whole blood increased by 8%, 17% and 20% respectively compared with placebo. 2.
      According to the literature, brain glucose utilisation is considerably reduced at
      higher age. This was confirmed in old rats in the investigation presented here.
      Pyritinol (200 mg/kg p.o.) induced a significant increase in glucose utilisation
      in striatum, cortex, hypothalamus and cerebellum in 24- to 36-month-old rats. 3.
      The high-affinity choline uptake in striatal synaptosomes of old rats was
      significantly lower than that of young ones. Pyritinol (600 mg/kg p.o.) increased
      choline uptake in young rats as well as in old ones. 4. cGMP can serve as a
      postsynaptic marker for the activity of the cholinergic system. Pyritinol (200,
      600, 1000 mg/kg p.o., 16-23 days) increased the cGMP level in the cortex by 25%,
      42% and 71% respectively. Our results are in accordance with the recently
      described (Martin, 1987) elevation of cortical acetylcholine levels and
      facilitation of acetylcholine release under pyritinol and extend the functional
      relevance of these findings to the postsynaptic, cholinergically innervated
      cortical neurons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2905814
TI  - [Possible diagnostic significance of deviations in transmitter metabolism in
      acute neurologic diseases].

PMID- 2905816
TI  - Antipsychotic use in the medically ill.
AB  - Antipsychotics are of use in a variety of medical settings. They can be used to
      treat organic mental disorders resulting from the medical illness and its
      therapy, as well as to control the symptoms of coexisting psychiatric conditions.
      Antipsychotics also have a variety of nonpsychiatric applications. This paper
      will review these uses of antipsychotic agents and how their administration must
      be modified in the medically ill.

PMID- 2905817
TI  - Use of anti-anxiety drugs in the medically ill.
AB  - The Stress Clinic at the Maudsley Hospital investigates anxiety due to stress and
      its pharmacological treatment. Nine stress areas are investigated and their
      relative severities estimated: social habits, social relationships, life events,
      psychiatric morbidity, sexual stresses, sleep, stress in old age, menstrual
      stresses and stress and the heart. From the results a Stress Profile can be
      constructed for each patient to compare the importance of these different
      stresses and this can also be used as a measure of change in response to
      treatment. The benzodiazepine (BZD) anxiolytics can be divided into two groups
      according to duration of action, medium (8-12 h) and long (30-100 h). Short
      acting BZD drugs are particularly useful for situational anxiety, when treatment
      can be interrupted over night and at weekends. To overcome problems of
      dependence, withdrawal effects, and daytime side-effects, new non-BZD anxiolytics
      have been developed: buspirone, alpidem and suriclone. These may be particularly
      useful for long-term treatment of anxiety. Another alternative is the use of
      adrenergic beta-blocking drugs of which propranolol and betaxolol have been used
      in the Clinic, because of their relatively high concentration in the brain when
      taken orally. Anxiety accompanying coronary heart disease and hypertension can be
      controlled with anxiolytic drugs and other illnesses with an anxiety component
      are: sexual disorders, menstrual disorders, asthma, gastro-intestinal conditions,
      dermatological conditions and chronic illnesses such as malignancy and AIDS. Lack
      of sleep is a subtle form of stress exerting an adverse effect in almost every
      illness known to man. BZD hypnotics can be divided into four groups: ultra-short
      acting (3-4 h), short-acting (5-6 h), medium-acting (7-8 h) and long-acting (9-12
      h). Depending on the nature of the insomnia, ultra-short-acting and short-acting
      BZD are particularly convenient with minimal disadvantages. Nevertheless, new non
      BZD hypnotics are also being developed, i.e. zolpidem and zopiclone. These drugs
      are relatively short-acting and of equivalent potency to the BZD without problems
      of dependence etc. Anxiety, as either cause or effect, accompanies many medical
      illnesses and the use of anti-anxiety drugs as concomitant therapy can both
      reduce morbidity and improve prognosis.

PMID- 2905815
TI  - Cellular immunity and the hypothalamic-pituitary axis in major affective
      disorder: a preliminary study.
AB  - To assess cellular immune status and the hypothalamic-pituitary axis in patients
      with major depression, we examined peripheral blood mononuclear cells and
      measured the plasma levels of four neurohormones. Eleven patients with major
      depression had increased % of T4 lymphocytes and decreased concanavalin (Con A)
      stimulated T lymphocyte proliferation when compared with 11 age-, sex-, and race
      matched control subjects. Percent of total lymphocytes labeled as all T
      lymphocytes, all B lymphocytes, and natural killer cells did not differ in the
      two groups, nor did mitogen-induced interleukin-2 production. These findings
      support theories of interaction between depression and immune cell function.

PMID- 2905818
TI  - Neurotransmitters in vestibular pathways.

PMID- 2905819
TI  - In vivo and in vitro release of central neurotransmitters in relation to pain and
      analgesia.

PMID- 2905820
TI  - Peptidergic neurons in the nucleus raphe magnus and the nucleus
      gigantocellularis: their distributions, interrelationships, and projections to
      the spinal cord.

PMID- 2905821
TI  - Behavioral correlates of presynaptic events in the cholinergic neurotransmitter
      system.

PMID- 2905822
TI  - [Treatment of childhood asthma].
AB  - The treatment of childhood asthma should be considered with respect to age,
      severity and aetiology. Treatment should be instituted early from the first
      crisis in order to avoid progression to a more severe form. It consists of two
      aspects: the treatment of the acute episode and the chronic treatment. The
      treatment of the acute episode consists of using bronchodilators (BD) (rapid
      release Theophylline and/or beta agonists) to which one might add corticosteroids
      if the crisis lasts for more than a few hours or seems severe at the outset, an
      antibiotic should also be used as infection is often a trigger factor in infants.
      Maintenance treatment is necessary in asthmatics with frequent exacerbations. It
      should be tailored to the symptomatology and aetiology. The symptomatic treatment
      consists of a bronchodilator (slow release Theophylline or an atropine-like
      pharmacological derivative) to which one may add, in severe cases,
      corticosteroids which may be in the form of aerosol, or as rarely as possible by
      mouth. The second aspect of treatment relating to the aetiology is the most
      difficult to apply as childhood asthma is often multi-factorial: in allergic
      asthma the avoidance of allergens, disodium cromoglycate, ketotifen, and if
      necessary specific desensitization. In non-allergic asthma, physiotherapy,
      treatment of infectious foci, particularly ENT (ORL), and attention to
      psychosomatic features. When asthma is diagnosed and treated early the prognosis
      is transformed and progress towards chronicity is avoided.

PMID- 2905823
TI  - [Joint pain, facial skin eruption].

PMID- 2905824
TI  - Hypnotic residual effects of benzodiazepines with repeated administration.
AB  - Performance measures were compared to the multiple sleep latency test (MSLT) as
      indices to assess tolerance to the residual effects of benzodiazepine hypnotics
      during repeated nightly administration. Twelve healthy, normal sleepers received
      flurazepam 30 mg, temazepam 30 mg, and placebo for nine nights in a repeated
      measures, Latin-square design with 19 nights of recovery separating the
      treatments. As compared to placebo, both drugs altered sleep stage parameters in
      the early (nights 1-2) and late (nights 8-9) phases of the study. Hypnotic
      effects were found for both drugs in the early phase, but diminished for both in
      the late phase. The subjects' performance the next day was disrupted following
      treatment with flurazepam, but not with temazepam, during the early phase. Mean
      sleep latency on the MSLT was reduced by both drugs during the early phase.
      During the late phase, flurazepam did not disrupt performance but still affected
      the MSLT. Temazepam affected neither index the next day during the late phase.

PMID- 2905825
TI  - [Neuroleptics: long-term observations].

PMID- 2905826
TI  - [Enzymuria following administration of contrast media in hypertensive rats].
AB  - Renal complications may occur in risk patients with pre-existing kidney damage if
      x-ray contrast media are administered. Nothing is known of the exact mechanisms
      of these reactions. We examined in rats with long-term renovascular hypertension
      and resulting nephrosclerosis the low osmolar contrast media ioxaglate, iohexol
      and iopamidol in respect of their renal tolerance compared with an osmotically
      equivalent mannite solution. Under the conditions of intravenous pyelography, we
      observed directly after the administration of all substances (3.5 mg/kg body
      weight) an enhanced enzymuria of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and N-acetyl-beta
      D-glucosaminidase. The loss of enzyme is mainly due to the osmotic effect of the
      preparations. The nonionic contrast media iohexol and iopamidol produce a
      slighter enzymuria than the ionic ioxaglate.

PMID- 2905827
TI  - Biting activity of Aedes scapularis (Rondani) and Haemagogus mosquitoes in
      southern Brazil (Diptera: Culicidae).

PMID- 2905828
TI  - Assessment of effects of amino acids and branched chain keto acids on leucine
      oxidation in human lymphocytes.
AB  - Effects of amino acids and branched chain keto acids on leucine transamination
      and oxidation were assessed in peripheral human lymphocytes. Isoleucine (80-200
      mumol/l) and valine (250-500 mumol/l) diminished transamination and oxidation of
      leucine up to 25%, glutamine (50-1000 mumol/l) up to 55%. alpha-Ketoisocaproic
      acid (KIC; 200 mumol/l) augmented the activity state of branched chain keto acid
      dehydrogenase by 40%. It is concluded that in peripheral human lymphocytes (1)
      isoleucine, valine and glutamine are physiological inhibitors of leucine
      catabolism, and (2) leucine can promote its own degradation via KIC.

PMID- 2905829
TI  - The Genain quadruplets.
AB  - The Genain quadruplets are a unique set of monozygous women who are concordant
      for schizophrenia but discordant for the severity of their disorder. They were
      studied by David Rosenthal and colleagues at the National Institute of Mental
      Health in the late 1950's when they were in their twenties and again in 1981 when
      they were 51. They are faring about as well now as they ever have in their adult
      lives. The results of psychological tests, some of which were repeated more than
      20 years apart, are discussed, as are the effects of medication on attention and
      memory. The differential response of the Genains to neuroleptic drugs, as well as
      certain other findings in the 1981 study, leads to a different conclusion about
      the discordant severity of their disorder from that reached in 1963 by Rosenthal
      and Quinn. These observations emphasize the value of long-term followup studies
      in genetically related individuals, with repeated assessments of the same
      functions.

PMID- 2905830
TI  - [Prognostic significance of the T4 lymphocyte count in patients infected with CDC
      Class II and III HIV].
AB  - From 1985 to 1987 101 patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus
      (HIV) were seen at our outpatient clinic and prospectively analyzed in a cohort
      study. We evaluated the follow-up in 41 patients of CDC classes II and III with
      regard to the number of T-helper lymphocytes (T4) and clinical progression. The
      patients consisted of 24 i.v. drug addicts, 11 homosexuals and 6 persons with
      other or multiple risk factors for HIV infection. Patients with a T4 count of
      less than 400/mm3 at the first visit did not differ significantly with regard to
      development of AIDS from those with a count of greater than 400/mm3 after a mean
      follow-up of approximately 1 year. The course of the infection for the individual
      patient was extremely varied and not predictable by the T4 value. We conclude
      that the number of the T4-lymphocytes is of no help in assessment of prognosis in
      the individual patient of CDC classes II and III.

PMID- 2905831
TI  - [Side-effects of frequently administered hypnotics and sedatives as well as of
      anxiolytics. Results from a Comprehensive Hospital Drug Monitoring (CHDM)
      program].
AB  - The occurrence and age distribution of patients with adverse drug reactions (ADR)
      were studied on the basis of a total of 17,653 admissions to the medical
      divisions of the Zieglerspital Bern and the Anna-Seiler-Haus, Inselspital Bern,
      during the period 1976-1982. Among this population 12,424 patients (70.4%)
      happened to have been treated with hypnotics, sedatives or anxiolytics. Results
      are as follows: 1. The occurrence rate of psychic and neurologic symptoms (with
      the exception of somnolence and hangover) is 0.14% of all treatments if the
      casualty category "definitely or probably drug-induced" is considered. For "other
      ADR" (non-psychic, non-neurologic) the rate is 0.16%. For the benzodiazepine
      preparations, the psychic and neurologic ADR occurred at about the same rate as
      for the neuroleptic drugs studied, whereas "other ADR" related to benzodiazepines
      were observed in only 0.04% of treatments. 2. There is a marked difference in ADR
      symptoms between benzodiazepines and neuroleptics. With benzodiazepines the most
      severe reactions were two episodes of shortlived respiratory arrest immediately
      after intravenous administration. With neuroleptic drugs the most severe symptoms
      were choreoathetosis, dyskinesia, hyperkinesia and Parkinson's syndrome. There
      was no fatal reaction. 3. With benzodiazepines there is a slight but significant
      increase in the occurrence of psychic and neurologic symptoms in the older group
      of patients, as compared to the younger patients, whereas with neuroleptics there
      is no age dependence.

PMID- 2905832
TI  - Report from Stockholm.

PMID- 2905833
TI  - [Covering skin defects of the sole of the foot using free sensory flap transfer].

PMID- 2905834
TI  - Development of a metabolic activation system for the frog embryo teratogenesis
      assay: Xenopus (FETAX).
AB  - FETAX (frog embryo teratogenesis assay: Xenopus) is a 96-hr teratogenesis
      screening assay using embryos of the South African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis.
      Since Xenopus embryos have limited xenobiotic metabolism through 96 hr of
      development, we have developed an in vitro metabolic activation system employing
      Aroclor 1254-induced rat liver microsomes. By adding an exogenous source of mixed
      functional oxidase (MFO) activity, we may more accurately assess the teratogenic
      risk of proteratogenic compounds. Xenopus embryos were cocultured with varying
      concentrations of cyclophosphamide (CP), Aroclor 1254-induced microsomal protein,
      an NADPH-generating system, and antibiotics in a static renewal fashion for 96
      hr. Residual Aroclor 1254 remaining in the microsomes was successfully reduced
      during purification to levels that had no significant effect on embryo survival
      and development. The results of three definitive dose-response tests performed
      with CP revealed that activation reduced the 96 hr LC50 from 8.0 to 1.4 mg/ml
      (5.7-fold). The 96-hr EC50 (malformation) was reduced from 6.2 to 0.4 mg/ml (15.5
      fold). Activation also increased the types and severity of malformation and
      reduced embryonic growth. Aroclor 1254-induced rat liver microsomes may be used
      as an acceptable in vitro metabolic activation system for FETAX.

PMID- 2905835
TI  - Human embryonic cell growth assay for teratogens with or without metabolic
      activation system using microplate.
AB  - In vitro microassay for the screening of teratogens was investigated on cancer
      chemotherapeutic agents sterigmatocystins and benzimidazoles using human
      embryonic palatal mesenchymal (HEPM) cells. Five thousand cells were inoculated
      into each well of 96-well microtiter plates, and cultivated for 24 hr, after
      which the media were changed with new ones that contained various amounts of
      chemicals; after cultivation for an additional 72 hr, the media were discarded,
      and cells attached to the tissue plate were fixed and stained with Giemsa's
      solution; the cell number then was counted by colony counter with three readings
      for each well. For the metabolic activation, the liver S9 obtained from rats
      pretreated with phenobarbital and 5,6-benzoflavone and cofactors (S9 mix) were
      added directly to the HEPM cell cultures along with chemicals. After 6 hr, the
      cultures were exchanged with a fresh medium and incubated for a further 72 hr.
      The final IC50 (the concentration that inhibits growth 50%) concentration-finding
      run had 7 to 11 concentration points (mean, three to four wells). Concentrations
      of the cancer chemotherapeutic agents that inhibited growth by 50% ranged from
      0.001 to 10 micrograms/ml. Sterigmatocystins indicated strong inhibition; among
      three derivatives, O-acetyl sterigmatocystin was the most potent inhibitor.
      Benzimidazoles also exhibited an inhibitory action on HEPM cell growth; nitro and
      chloro groups at the 5 position in 2-(2-pyridyl)benzimidazole were found to be
      potent substituents. As for the activation of cyclophosphamide in the HEPM cell
      culture, IC50 was decreased to 1.0 ug/ml by the incubation with S9 mix for 6 hr
      under our experimental conditions, and sterigmatocystin was found to be activated
      by S9 mix.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2905836
TI  - Evaluation of sister chromatid exchange as an indicator of sensitivity to N-ethyl
      N-nitrosourea-induced carcinogenesis in rats.
AB  - Sister chromatid exchange (SCE) frequencies in peripheral lymphocytes are a
      frequently used endpoint to indicate exposures to genotoxins in groups of humans.
      The aim of this study was to ascertain, in an experimental design, whether or not
      SCE rates have any association with the risk of cancer at the individual level in
      rats exposed to a known carcinogen. Individual SCE rates were determined in three
      consecutive analyses in cultured blood lymphocytes of 50 adult male Wistar rats.
      Analyses were done before as well as 24 hr and 7 days after a single
      intraperitoneal administration of 0, 25, 50, or 75 mg/kg of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea
      (ENU). The animals were followed until death; also, the relationship between SCEs
      and carcinogenic outcome, i.e., the presence or absence of tumors, and their
      latency period were examined. ENU significantly decreased the life expectancy of
      the rats. The tumor types most clearly associated with ENU treatment were various
      gliomas and thyroid-gland and testicular tumors. ENU induced a moderate
      (maximally 1.6-fold) increase in the mean frequency of SCEs/cell at both sampling
      times after treatment. The effect was somewhat more pronounced 1 day rather than
      1 week after treatment. The mean SCE rates in rats with ENU-specific cancers or
      in animals with early or multiple tumors did not differ from those in animals
      that survived no less than 65 weeks or longer without developing tumors. In ENU
      treated animals with tumors, no relationship was found between the mean SCE rate
      and survival time. It is concluded that in outbred Wistar rats the SCE response
      in cultured lymphocytes does not indicate individual susceptibility to the
      carcinogenic action of ENU. On a group basis, however, animals with high SCE
      rates were shown to have increased risk of cancer.

PMID- 2905837
TI  - Studies of mutagenesis and neoplastic transformation by bivalent metal ions and
      ionizing radiation.
AB  - We examined the influence of nontoxic concentrations of each of two essential
      (Zn++ and Mn++) and one nonessential (Ni++) bivalent metal ions on spontaneous
      and radiation-induced neoplastic transformation and specific gene mutations in
      mammalian cells. All three metals induced low levels of transformation in mouse
      BALB/3T3 cells but exerted no mutagenic effect in CHO cells (hprt locus) over a
      broad range of concentrations. Continuous incubation for 8 or 15 days with each
      of the metal ions did not enhance the frequency of cell killing, transformation,
      or mutations induced by acute exposure to x-rays. Zn++, however, had a small but
      consistent protective effect on the induction of all three endpoints by x
      irradiation.

PMID- 2905838
TI  - Mutagenicity of topoisomerase-active agents in bacteriophage T4.
AB  - Recently, the antitumor agent 4'-(9-acridinylamino)-methanesulfon-m-anisidide (m
      AMSA) was shown to revert a frameshift mutant of T4 (rFC11), and its mutagenicity
      was shown to be mediated by T4 DNA topoisomerase II [Ripley et al.: J Mol Biol
      200: 665-680, 1988]. Here we report dose-response data on the mutagenicity and
      toxicity of m-AMSA in T4 rFC11. We find that m-AMSA is among the most potent
      frameshift mutagens observed in T4, inducing a 10-fold increase in mutant
      frequency in the absence of toxicity and a 500-fold increase in mutant frequency
      at 31% survival. In addition to m-AMSA, the topoisomerase-active agents
      ellipticine, oxolinic acid, and nalidixic acid also reverted rFC11; however, they
      required concentrations 10-100 times greater than those required by m-AMSA in
      order to be mutagenic, and they did not produce mutant frequencies as high as
      those produced by m-AMSA. Unlike m-AMSA, all three agents were mutagenic only at
      toxic doses. The other agents evaluated--actinomycin D, adriamycin, 9
      aminoellipticine, 9-methoxyellipticine, teniposide (VM-26), and novobiocin--were
      toxic but not mutagenic to T4 rFC11. Thus, m-AMSA appears to be distinctly
      different from the other topoisomerase-active agents in exhibiting such potent
      mutagenic activity in T4 rFC11. Because E. coli DNA gyrase may substitute for T4
      topoisomerase II, we examined the ability of two inhibitors of E. coli DNA
      gyrase, novobiocin and nalidixic acid, to inhibit m-AMSA's mutagenicity. Both
      agents substantially reduced the mutagenicity of m-AMSA in T4 rFC11, further
      suggesting that topoisomerase mediates the mutagenicity of m-AMSA.

PMID- 2905839
TI  - Micronucleus induction in mouse and rat fetuses treated transplacentally during
      histogenesis with mitomycin C and 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene.
AB  - During histogenesis, mouse and rat fetuses were treated transplacentally with
      mitomycin C (MMC) and 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA). The micronucleus
      (MN)-inducing effects of MMC were analysed in mouse fetal blood and liver; the
      effects of DMBA were analysed in mouse fetal and rat fetal blood and in maternal
      bone marrow of both species. Both test substances were clearly clastogenic during
      the period of development in which the embryos were analysed--i.e., MMC from
      gestational day 14 until day 18 in mice and DMBA on days 14 and 17 in mice and
      days 16 and 19 in rats. In mouse fetal liver and blood the MMC-induced MN
      frequencies did not vary significantly during the whole period. MMC was more
      effective in fetal blood than in fetal liver. DMBA-induced MN frequencies in
      maternal bone marrow were slightly higher in rats than in mice. Compared to
      maternal bone marrow, fetal MN frequencies were about four to five times higher
      in rats but less than two times higher in mice. Thus, rat fetuses were far more
      susceptible to the clastogenic action of DMBA than mouse fetuses. These results
      are discussed with respect to fetal development and maternal/fetal metabolism.

PMID- 2905840
TI  - [Arm pain due to vascular causes].

PMID- 2905841
TI  - Carrier detection in severe (type III) von Willebrand disease using two
      intragenic restriction fragment length polymorphisms.
AB  - DNA from a family with a female member affected with severe (type III) vWD was
      analysed using three restriction enzymes and a partial vWF cDNA probe. Two
      restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) detected with the enzymes Bgl
      II and Xba I proved to be informative in this family. A 36.0 Kb allele
      demonstrated with the enzyme Xba I was rare in the general population but very
      important in this family for segregation analysis of the alleles and their
      association with the putative defective chromosome. The propositus was homozygous
      for the 36.0 Kb Xba I polymorphic band and heterozygous for the Bgl II
      polymorphism. She was the only member of the family showing this allelic pattern.
      The linkage of the alleles could be determined because her mother was homozygous
      for the 9.0 Kb Bgl II polymorphism but heterozygous for the Xba I polymorphism.
      The segregation of the alleles could be traced to the proband's son and a niece.
      The genotypic analysis revealed that her niece could be considered as carrying a
      defective gene for severe vWD.

PMID- 2905842
TI  - Further studies on the mechanisms for the antithrombotic effects of sulfated
      polysaccharides in rabbits.
AB  - A recent study (Fernandez et al., Thromb. Haemostas. 1987; 57: 286-93)
      demonstrated that when rabbits were injected with the minimum weight of a variety
      of glycosaminoglycans required to inhibit tissue factor-induced thrombus
      formation by approximately 80%, exogenous thrombin was inactivated approximately
      twice as fast in the post-treatment plasmas as the pre-treatment plasmas. In this
      study, we investigated the relationship between inhibition of thrombus formation
      and the extent of thrombin inhibition ex vivo. We also investigated the
      relationship between inhibition of thrombus formation and inhibition of
      prothrombin activation ex vivo. Four sulfated polysaccharides (SPS) which
      influence coagulation in a variety of ways were used in this study.
      Unfractionated heparin and the fraction of heparin with high affinity to
      antithrombin III potentiate the antiproteinase activity of antithrombin III.
      Pentosan polysulfate potentiates the activity of heparin cofactor II. At less
      than 10 micrograms/ml of plasma, all three SPS also inhibit intrinsic prothrombin
      activation. The fourth agent, dermatan sulfate, potentiates the activity of
      heparin cofactor II but fails to inhibit intrinsic prothrombin activation even at
      concentrations which exceed 60 micrograms/ml of plasma. Inhibition of thrombus
      formation by each sulfated polysaccharides was linearly related to the extent of
      thrombin inhibition achieved ex vivo. These observations confirm the utility of
      catalysis of thrombin inhibition as an index for assessing antithrombotic
      potential of glycosaminoglycans and other sulfated polysaccharides in rabbits.
      With the exception of pentosan polysulfate, there was no clear relationship
      between inhibition of thrombus formation and inhibition of prothrombin activation
      ex vivo.

PMID- 2905843
TI  - Characterization of class II alpha genes and DLA-D region allelic associations in
      the dog.
AB  - Human major histocompatibility complex (HLA) cDNA probes were used to analyze the
      restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of the alpha genes of the DLA-D
      region in dogs. Genomic DNA from peripheral blood leucocytes of 23 unrelated DLA
      D homozygous dogs representing nine DLA-D types (defined by mixed leucocyte
      reaction) was digested with restriction enzymes (BamHI, EcoRI, Hind III, Pvu II,
      Taq I, Rsa I, Msp I, Pst I and Bgl II), separated by agarose gel electrophoresis
      and transferred onto Biotrace membrane. The Southern blots were successively
      hybridized with radiolabelled HLA cDNA probes corresponding to DQ, DP, DZ and DR
      alpha genes. Clear evidence was obtained for the canine homologues of DQ and DR
      alpha genes with simple bi- or tri-allelic polymorphism respectively. Evidence
      for a single, nonpolymorphic DP alpha gene was also obtained. However, the
      presence of a DZ alpha gene could not be clearly demonstrated in canine genomic
      DNA. This report extends our previous RFLP analysis documenting polymorphism of
      DLA class II beta genes in the same panel of homozygous typing cell dogs, and
      provides the basis for DLA-D genotyping at a population level. This study also
      characterizes the RFLP-defined preferential allelic associations across the DLA-D
      region in nine different homozygous typing cell specificities.

PMID- 2905844
TI  - [Medico-social aspects of mass screening of children with cryptorchism].

PMID- 2905845
TI  - An immunogold labelling method for the enumeration of canine T-lymphocytes.
AB  - An immunogold procedure using the monoclonal antibody F3-20-7 to canine Thy-l has
      been used to label T-lymphocytes in peripheral blood samples taken from healthy
      Beagles. By this method, approximately 64% of peripheral blood lymphocytes were
      identified as T-lymphocytes.

PMID- 2905846
TI  - [Effect of therapy with beta-adrenoblockers and vitamin complexes on indices of
      oxyproline excretion in various hereditary connective tissue diseases].
AB  - Excretion of hydroxyproline with urine was studied in 16 children (5-14 years
      old) with Marphan-Like syndrome and Marphan, Ehlers-Dunlos and Larson syndromes
      after therapy involving propranolol and a complex of vitamins (ascorbic acid,
      riboflavin and pyridoxine) and recommended on the basis of echocardiographic
      analyses. The therapeutic course appears to cause quantitative and qualitative
      correction of collagen and apparently of elastin fibrilles development. Depending
      on initial patterns of hydroxyproline excretion and the syndrome form the
      correction could be complete or partial, while positive effect of the treatment
      was stable or provisional. The data obtained suggest that the complex treatment
      developed might be applied as a preoperative therapy of the patients with Marphan
      like syndrome as well as with syndromes of Marphan and Ehlers-Dunlos before
      thoracoplastics caused by hereditary chest deformation and by impairments of
      cardiovascular system.

PMID- 2905847
TI  - [Electron microscopic immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis of human lymphotropic
      viral diseases].
AB  - Immunohistochemistry is finding an ever increasing application for electron
      microscopic diagnosis of human viral diseases. Certain progress has been made in
      the use of peroxidase-DAB/OsO4 as an electron-dense marker, and colloid gold. The
      paper discusses immunohistochemistry application for electron microscopic
      detection of such lymphotropic viruses as VSV (virus of vesicular stomatitis
      cultured in mink's lung cells), HTLV-1 (virus of human T4-cell C91Pl lymphoma
      culture) and HTLV-III/HIV-1 (virus growing in human T4-cell H9 culture).

PMID- 2905848
TI  - [Loading tests in assessing the treatment of patients having had a myocardial
      infarct].

PMID- 2905850
TI  - [Selected contributions on the history of pediatric endocrinology. 4: Congenital
      cryptorchism].

PMID- 2905849
TI  - [Effect of temperature on the infectivity of the iridovirus and densonucleosis
      virus of blood-sucking mosquitoes].
AB  - Mosquito densonucleosis virus and iridovirus were used to study the influence of
      temperature on their infectivity. Biological assays of mosquito densonucleosis
      virus were carried out in larvae of I-II instar of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes,
      those of mosquito iridovirus in larvae of Galleria mellonella. The rate of
      inactivation was found to be directly dependent on the dose of the heat
      treatment. Treatment at 60 degrees C led to complete loss of iridovirus
      infectivity; the virus activity declined considerably after treatment at 50
      degrees and 40 degrees C for 60 min. Mosquito densonucleosis virus infectivity
      was eliminated completely at 65 degrees C. The decline of infectivity of both
      viruses was intermittent.

PMID- 2905851
TI  - [Urinary enzyme diagnosis--a suggestion for the definition of preanalytic
      conditions].

PMID- 2905852
TI  - [Max Wertheimer in Frankfurt--on the origin and development crisis of gestalt
      psychology. III. Further studies of motion perception (1929-1933)].

PMID- 2905854
TI  - Opposing the direct and the indirect theory in explaining the tunnel effect.

PMID- 2905853
TI  - [Wolfgang Kohler, gestalt psychology and the "natural philosophy" of gestalt. On
      the 100th anniversary of the birthday of the co-founder of the Berlin school].

PMID- 2905855
TI  - [The public sectors show themselves].

PMID- 2905856
TI  - [Complex treatment of patients with eczema including acupuncture].

PMID- 2905857
TI  - A new type of fimbriae on Salmonella typhimurium.

PMID- 2905858
TI  - [The cortical layer of the cytoplasm--a possible site of the action of prenervous
      transmitters].
AB  - Specific and opposite effects of some transmitter antagonists (beta
      adrenoblockers, serotonin antagonists) on mechanical properties of the surface of
      fertilized eggs of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus have been demonstrated.
      Possible role of endogenous transmitters in regulation of the properties of
      cytoplasmic cortex is discussed.

PMID- 2905859
TI  - [Mechanisms of the interaction of neurotransmitter systems].
AB  - Interaction between different neurotransmitter systems has been revealed on
      various objects--the myocardium, identified, intact and internally perfused
      isolated neurons of molluscs. In frog myocardium, the inhibitory effect of
      adrenaline on cholinergic response may be simulated by theophylline and cholera
      toxin, i.e. the substances which indirectly increase intracellular content of
      cAMP. Another interaction reaction--inhibition of the response to adrenaline by
      acetylcholine--may be reproduced by imidazole, which decreases cAMP content due
      to activation of phosphodiesterase. Two types of interaction between serotonin
      and acetylcholine were revealed in the identified neurons of the snail Helix
      pomatia. In some of the neurons, serotonin increases acetylcholine
      depolarization, whereas in other ones decreases the latter. Both the increase and
      the decrease of responses to acetylcholine may be reproduced by theophylline. On
      intracellularly perfused neurons of Lymnaea stagnalis, modulation of
      acetylcholine responses of cell by biogenic amines was observed, the effect being
      induced by the drugs added not only to the surface membrane, but to intracellular
      medium as well.

PMID- 2905860
TI  - [Infection caused by the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 in the USSR].
AB  - The serological study of 20 sera, showing atypical reaction with HIV-1 in the
      immunoblotting assay, for the presence of HIV-2 infection revealed some cases of
      this infection among Africans who had arrived to the USSR from Western Africa (5
      cases) and Burundi (1 case); besides, in 1 case HIV-2 infection was detected in a
      Soviet female citizen having had many sexual partners among foreigners.

PMID- 2905861
TI  - [Towards the 4th All-Union congress of neurosurgeons].

PMID- 2905862
TI  - A modified cytochemical method for DAP IV demonstration which enables
      simultaneous visualization of cell surface immunostaining.

PMID- 2905863
TI  - Drug-related dizziness.
AB  - Various causes of drug-related dizziness are reviewed. Several medical agents,
      such as antianxiety drugs, tricyclic antidepressants, antihypertensive drugs,
      antituberculous drugs, polypeptide antibiotics, local anaesthetics and non
      steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, are known to produce dizziness as a side
      effect.

PMID- 2905864
TI  - Bradykinin activates peripheral capsaicin-sensitive fibres via a second messenger
      system.
AB  - A preparation of the neonatal rat spinal cord with attached tail was maintained
      in vitro and was used to study the mechanism of action of bradykinin on
      peripheral nociceptors. Spinal ventral root depolarization was used as an index
      of peripheral fibre activation. Capsaicin-sensitive fibres in the tail were
      activated by bradykinin and a phorbol ester. The protein kinase C inhibitor
      staurosporine attenuated the effect of bradykinin and phorbol. [Des-Arg9]
      bradykinin was inactive but bradykinin responses were reversibly antagonized by D
      Arg0-Hyp2-Thi5,8-D Phe7-bradykinin. These data suggest that bradykinin activates
      nociceptors via a bradykinin B2-receptor coupled to protein kinase C.

PMID- 2905865
TI  - The effect of L-glutamic acid on airway function and reactivity in the rabbit.
AB  - The ingestion of monosodium glutamate in sensitive individuals has been reported
      to cause severe asthma. We therefore studied the effects of L-glu on airway
      function and histamine (H) responsiveness in the rabbit. Histamine dose response
      curves (HDR's) were performed by measuring total lung resistance (RL) after
      inhalation of saline and increasing concentrations of H (1-30 mg/ml). The
      concentration of H producing a 20% increase in RL (PC20H) was obtained by
      interpolation. To assess the effects of L-glu, 8 rabbits were infused with L-glu
      (0.2 g/kg/hr) or saline in random order (14 days apart) for 4 hours followed by
      an HDRC. To look at possible late effects, a repeat HDRC was also performed in 6
      rabbits 12 hours after completion of the L-glu infusion. In order to see whether
      rabbits rendered hyperresponsive responded to L-glu, the above protocol was
      performed in 7 rabbits following the inhalation of 3 micrograms of the activated
      complement fragment C5a des Arg. The L-glu infusions increased the plasma levels
      approx. ten-fold (mean +/- SEM 0.119 +/- 0.012 base-line, 1.272 +/- 0.061 mmol/l
      post infusion). L-glu did not increase the PC20H or baseline RL in either the
      normal rabbits at 4 or 12 hours or in the C5a des Arg treated rabbits at 4 hours.
      It is concluded that L-glu does not cause bronchoconstriction or an increase in
      airway responsiveness to H in the rabbit.

PMID- 2905866
TI  - Histamine H2-receptor blocking activity of ranitidine and lamtidine analogues
      containing aminomethyl-substituted aliphatic systems.
AB  - The possibility that the aromatic component in the classical H2-antagonists might
      not be essential for histamine H2-receptor blockade has been investigated. In the
      ranitidine series the removal of the furan ring is accompanied by a drastic
      decrease in H2-blocking activity, but not by its disappearance (compound HB5:KB
      on guinea pig isolated atria 31.6 microM) whereas in the lamtidine analogues the
      substitution of the phenyl moiety with the more reduced pi-bonded CH3-C = N-area
      generates a compound whose activity is comparable to that of cimetidine (KB on
      atria 1.12 microM; ID50 in the lumen-perfused stomach of the anaesthetized rat
      3.61 mumol/kg i.v.). The results also indicate that the diaminofurazan group
      confers high affinity at the histamine H2-receptor. It is concluded that the
      aromatic portion of H2-antagonists related to ranitidine and lamtidine is not a
      minimal requisite for activity when an appropriate polar group is used as an
      "urea equivalent" moiety.

PMID- 2905868
TI  - Hypnotic desensitization of job-related heat intolerance in recovered burn
      victims.

PMID- 2905867
TI  - The effects of beta-adrenergic receptor agonists on the H2O2 formation in
      alveolar macrophage suspensions are not mediated by beta-receptors.
AB  - In the present study, the effects of beta-adrenergic receptor agonists on the
      hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production in phorbol myristate acetate stimulated
      guinea pig alveolar macrophage suspensions have been investigated. In contrast to
      suggestions described in literature, our results indicate that the H2O2
      production in alveolar macrophage suspensions is not mediated by beta-adrenergic
      receptors. Rather, it is suggested that the inhibitory effect of catecholamines
      in the H2O2 formation which is found after 5 minutes is the result of inhibition
      of the horseradish peroxidase catalysed phenol red oxidation, used as H2O2
      measurement, by the catecholamines.

PMID- 2905869
TI  - Cardiovascular risk factors and antihypertensive therapy.
AB  - Reduction of elevated blood pressure is effective in reducing morbidity and
      mortality from cardiovascular disease in general. Striking decreases in stroke,
      congestive heart failure, and renal impairment have been observed when blood
      pressure is reduced. However, the ability of traditional, diuretic-first, stepped
      care therapeutic algorithms to reduce the occurrence of myocardial infarction or
      angina has been exceedingly difficult to demonstrate. An increased frequency of
      sudden death among hypertensive men with electrocardiographic abnormalities has
      been observed in some diuretic-based treatment trials. The failure of
      conventional therapy to reduce coronary artery disease and death has forced a re
      appraisal of antihypertensive treatment. The risk factors for coronary disease
      are reviewed in detail with an emphasis on the impact of various classes of
      antihypertensive drugs on these factors. The emergence of effective
      antihypertensive agents that lower blood pressure without adversely affecting
      cardiovascular risk factors provides a new opportunity to further extend the
      benefit of treatment by reducing such risk.

PMID- 2905870
TI  - [Changes in the reproductive potentials of rat progeny treated during pregnancy
      with alcohol, diazepam, medazepam and their combinations].

PMID- 2905871
TI  - Prader-Willi syndrome.

PMID- 2905872
TI  - Simultaneous determination of glafenine and floctafenine in human plasma using
      high-performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay has been developed for the
      determination of glafenine and floctafenine in plasma. Drugs are extracted with
      ethyl acetate from alkalinized samples using antipyrine as an internal standard.
      After evaporating the solvent to dryness, the residue is removed and analyzed
      using a microPorasil 10 micron column with a mobile phase of n-hexane and ethanol
      (80/20, v/v). The drugs are detected at 240 nm. The lower detection limits are
      1.993.10(-2) mumol/l and 3.138.10(-2) mumol/l for glafenine and floctafenine,
      respectively. The method is simple, rapid and very sensitive. It is the first
      HPLC method for the determination of floctafenine.

PMID- 2905873
TI  - [Coexistence of acetylcholine and calcitonin gene-related peptides at the frog
      neuromuscular junction: a model for the study of differential secretion of
      classical neurotransmitters and peptides].

PMID- 2905874
TI  - [Prenatal diagnosis of mucoviscidosis using biochemical analysis of the amniotic
      fluid. Evaluation at the University Hospital Center of Rennes].

PMID- 2905875
TI  - Therapeutic applications of drugs acting on alpha-adrenoceptors.
AB  - For over a decade it has been known that clonidine and alpha-methyldopa lower
      blood pressure by activating central and peripheral alpha-2-adrenoceptors and
      prazosin likewise by antagonizing alpha-1-adrenoceptors. During the 1980s, the
      number of therapeutic indications for drugs which act via these classes of alpha
      adrenoceptors has expanded greatly, particularly the non-cardiovascular
      applications of drugs acting on alpha-2-adrenoceptors. Novel alpha-2-agonists
      such as detomidine and medetomidine have been introduced into veterinary medicine
      as sedative/analgesics. It is possible that these and other compounds with better
      alpha-2-adrenoceptor selectivity than clonidine may be used in human medicine to
      ease symptoms of anxiety in drug- and alcohol-related withdrawal syndromes, and
      as preanaesthetic agents. Several novel alpha-2-adrenoceptor antagonists, such as
      idazoxan and atipamezole, have been developed with improved selectivity compared
      to the traditional antagonist at these receptors, yohimbine. At present none of
      these new compounds are registered for use, but several are undergoing clinical
      trials for a variety of therapeutic applications such as depression (idazoxan),
      arousal of animals sedated with alpha-2-agonists (atipamezole), and adult-onset
      diabetes (DG-5128). The established use of yohimbine in the treatment of male
      sexual impotence has been reconfirmed and several of the above compounds may be
      evaluated in the future to treat this disorder.

PMID- 2905876
TI  - Beta-adrenoceptor changes in blood lymphocytes and altered drug responsiveness.

PMID- 2905877
TI  - Differences in betablocking drugs in cardiovascular therapy.
AB  - Clinically significant differences between various beta-adrenoceptor blocking
      drugs exist. Patients with ischaemic heart disease and exertional angina pectoris
      benefit from all types of beta-blockers. Drugs with intrinsic sympathomimetic
      action (ISA) given intravenously may be safer in some patients with acute
      myocardial infarction than those drugs without ISA. In cardiac patients at rest
      they may have a vasodilator action and cause less myocardial depression than beta
      blockers without ISA. When, however, the cardiac sympathetic tone is high
      pindolol and other beta-blockers with ISA act as any other beta-blockers,
      producing haemodynamic impairment. Studies have shown that beta-blockers with ISA
      confer less benefit in secondary prevention after myocardial infarction and they
      are not suitable for the treatment of obstructive cardiomyopathy. Non-selective
      beta-blockers may be advantageous in hypokalaemic arrhythmias. Beta 1-blockers
      may be preferred for patients with bronchoconstriction, diabetes, peripheral
      vascular disease and, theoretically to some extent in theory also in patients
      with hypertension. The extent and nature of side effects may also influence the
      selection of the most suitable beta-blocker in cardiovascular therapy.

PMID- 2905878
TI  - Dopamine receptors and psychiatric drug treatment.
AB  - The established antipsychotic drugs act mainly by antagonizing dopamine mediated
      synaptic transmission in the brain. Increase in the rate of production of
      dopamine metabolites as well as the firing rate of dopamine-containing neurons
      can be interpreted as compensatory responses to an interruption of synaptic
      transmission at dopamine nerve terminals. The demonstration of involvement of
      limbic and cortical mechanisms in the antipsychotic activity of neuroleptic drugs
      is far more difficult than the involvement of nigro-striatal and tubero
      infundibular mechanisms in the neurological and neuroendocrine effects of these
      drugs. Application of radioreceptor techniques to dopamine research has supported
      the findings obtained by other neuropsychopharmacological research techniques,
      providing more direct evidence of dopamine receptor blockade by neuroleptic
      drugs. Further research is needed especially in studying the nature of the time
      dependent adaptive changes at the receptor sites as well as the differences
      between the different dopamine projections and neural systems in the brain. The
      different subtypes of dopamine receptors in the brain, currently called D1 and D2
      dopamine receptors, seem to be parallel, although in many respects independently
      acting regulatory systems. Dopamine D2 receptor-selective antagonists such as
      sulpiride seem to cause selective D2 receptor up-regulation. Prolactin secretion
      seems to be regulated by D2 dopamine receptors. The exact physiological role of
      D1 dopamine receptors as well as the clinical consequences of selective D1
      antagonism is not known. Sulpiride and clozapine are examples of atypical
      neuroleptic compounds that have quite different profile of action, the former
      having strong and selective antidopaminergic action, the latter combining a
      number of non- dopaminergic mechanisms with rather slight effects on dopamine
      receptors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2905879
TI  - Haemodynamic effects of atenolol and bopindolol at rest and during isometric
      exercise. A non-invasive study in healthy volunteers.
AB  - Circulatory effects of bopindolol, a new nonselective beta blocking agent with
      intrinsic sympathomimetic activity and atenolol were compared. After baseline and
      first dose measurements atenolol 25 mg twice daily and bopindolol 1 mg daily were
      given to 10 healthy young subjects. Haemodynamic measurements were made
      noninvasively using echocardiography and systolic time intervals. Clinical and
      circulatory indices were measured at baseline, after initial dose and after one
      week of regular treatment at rest and at isometric handgrip exercise (IE) (HG).
      Atenol reduced the heart rate from 62 bpm to 49 and blunted totally the HR
      increase during IE (p less than 0.01). Bopindolol caused a 10% fall in heart rate
      (NS) at rest and a 15% fall (p less than 0.05) during IE. BP fell by 6% after
      atenol administration and 4% after bopindolol (NS) at rest and similarly during
      IE. In contrast to bopindolol, atenolol caused small increases initially in left
      ventricular end-diastolic dimension (LVEDD) and left ventricular end-systolic
      dimension (LVESD). A 10% increase in FS was seen at rest after bopindolol
      administration (NS). With the fall in heart rate the estimated cardiac output
      (CO) also fell from 3.66 to 3.151/min (P less than 0.05) after atenolol but rose
      from 3.87 to 3.93 after bopindolol (NS) during chronic treatment. Consecutively
      the total peripheral resistance (TPR) was increased to some extent by atenolol,
      whereas bopindolol reduced it at rest and during IE. A similar response was also
      found in systolic time intervals PEP/LVET which were reduced during bopindolol
      administration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2905880
TI  - Duplication of HRAS1, INS, and IGF2 is not a common event in Beckwith-Wiedemann
      syndrome.
AB  - A few cases of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) have in common a duplication of
      11p15. Among the genes located in 11p15, c-Ha-ras 1 (HRAS1), insulin (INS), and
      insulin-like growth factor II (IGF2) may account for the clinical features and
      the increased risk for malignancy. Using eight 11p15 markers including HRAS1, INS
      and IGF2 we have studied eight sporadic and hereditary cases of BWS whether or
      not associated with a nephroblastoma. By gene dosage determination and family
      studies, we have shown the following: the eight patients examined had an apparent
      diploid representation of all of the eight markers studied, thus indicating that
      a microduplication of these markers or of the region characterized by these
      markers is not a common event in BWS; in a family with three affected sibs the
      genes for HRAS1 and INS/IGF2 did not cosegregate with BWS and therefore may not
      participate in the pathogenic processes here observed.

PMID- 2905881
TI  - Effect of H2 antagonists cimetidine and famotidine on the hemotoxicity of
      cyclophosphamide.
AB  - A comparison between the effects of H2 antagonists Cimetidine and Famotidine on
      the hemotoxicity of Cyclophosphamide in vivo in DBA/2NCrBl mice is described.
      Hemotoxicity of anticancer drug was determined by peripheral blood leukocytes,
      bone marrow cells and bone marrow CFU-S, GM-CFC. Results show that Famotidine
      does not increase Cyclophosphamide hemotoxicity while Cimetidine enhances the
      toxicity of the anticancer drug only on normal pluripotent hemopoietic stem
      cells.

PMID- 2905882
TI  - In vivo requirement for asialo GM1 and Thy1 positive leukocytes for antitumor
      effect of rIL-2 +/- rIFN-gamma.
AB  - Localized treatment with recombinant human interleukin-2 (rIL-2) +/- recombinant
      murine interferon-gamma (rIFN-gamma) results in regression of early B16 melanomas
      in normal C57BL/6 (B6) mice, but not in syngeneic beige mice, which have
      defective natural killer (NK) cells. Injection of antibodies to asialo GM1 (a
      AGM1) or Thy1 abolishes the tymoricidal effects of rIL-1 +/- rIFN-gamma. Thus,
      cells activated by these cytokines must be either NK-like cells that are AGM1+
      Thy1+, or NK-like cells (AGM1+) cooperating with T lymphocytes (Thy1+), since
      either antibody (a-AGM1 or a-Thy1) independently abrogates the in vivo antitumor
      effect.

PMID- 2905883
TI  - Inhibition by retinoids of in vitro invasive ability of human lung carcinoma
      cells.
AB  - The effect of retinoid treatment of A549 human lung carcinoma cells on in vitro
      cell invasion using the human amnion basement membrane (BM) was investigated. A 2
      day retinoid pretreatment of the cells resulted in a significant reduction in
      their invasive ability. The most effective retinoid, retinol acetate, inhibited
      cell migration through the BM and degradation of [3H] proline labeled BM
      components by 50% at noncytotoxic concentrations of 0.09, and 3 micrograms/ml,
      respectively. Inhibition by retinol acetate of A549 cell invasive potential was
      accompanied by a significant decrease in type IV collagenase activity and no
      change in transglutaminase activity.

PMID- 2905884
TI  - [Breast-feeding and intestinal parasites].
AB  - The extent of intestinal parasitic infection was determined using 4 methods of
      fecal examination in 400 Gabonese infants aged 0.5 to 24 months (86 exclusively
      and 151 partially breast-fed and 163 artificially fed) and in 170 of their
      mothers in an African urban community. Parasitic prevalence was the same in the
      stools of the mothers from the 3 infant groups, providing evidence for the same
      level of exposure to parasites in all infants. Exclusively and partially breast
      fed infants excreted parasites in numbers significantly lower than artificially
      fed infants of the same ages, during the first and the second years of life. This
      antiparasitic activity of human milk concerned mostly Giardia and ascaris, was
      not exclusively due to a decreased exposure to parasites in breast-fed infants
      and did not seem exclusively antibody-mediated; the role of lipids is possible.

PMID- 2905885
TI  - [Acute cardio-respiratory failure after niaprazine absorption].

PMID- 2905886
TI  - [Positive inotropic acting compounds. II. Synthesis 5- and 6-substituted
      phenanthridines and the mechanism of their positive inotropic action].

PMID- 2905888
TI  - [Myocardial revascularization and internal mammary artery. Current status].

PMID- 2905887
TI  - [Lactones. 19. The structure and pharmacology of gamma-lactone-bridged
      diphenylalkylamine].

PMID- 2905889
TI  - Esophageal candidiasis and immunodeficiency associated with acute HIV infection.

PMID- 2905890
TI  - [Single blind trial with domperidone in orally soluble granulates in patients
      with functional dyspepsia treated with H2 blockers].

PMID- 2905891
TI  - Studies on urinary gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase in nephrotic syndrome patients.
AB  - (1) Variations in the levels of GGT were measured in urine specimens taken in the
      early morning in control and in 20 consecutive adult patients with uncomplicated
      nephrotic syndrome. (2) The urinary GGT activity was increased in all cases of
      nephrotic syndrome patients investigated with different etiology. (3) A
      significant correlation was found between urinary GGT activity and serum albumin
      (r = 0.727) but not with serum cholesterol (r = 0.129). (4) These findings
      suggest that enhanced excretion of urinary GGT may be stimulated by decreased
      albumin concentration or oncotic pressure but does not appear to be due to
      leakage from plasma. (5) A systematic study on urinary GGT showed that GGT
      activity was decreased to the upper limit of normal control values in nephrotic
      syndrome patients after remission.

PMID- 2905892
TI  - Decline in CD4+ cell numbers reflects increase in HIV-1 replication.
AB  - Changes in CD4+ cell numbers were studied in relation to the presence of HIV-1
      antigen (HIV-1-Ag) in serum from homosexual men followed prospectively. During 30
      months of follow-up the mean CD4+ cell number (x 10(9) per liter) was stable in
      134 at entry HIV-1 antibody (HIV-1-Ab) seropositives, who remained HIV-1-Ag
      negative (from 0.59 to 0.62) and declined in 38 at entry HIV-1-Ab seropositives
      who were persistently HIV-1-Ag positive (from 0.43 to 0.34). In sera of 9 of 65
      HIV-1-Ab seroconverters HIV-1-Ag was detected only once, 3 months before or
      concomitantly with antibody seroconversion. Another 11 men became persistently
      HIV-1-Ag positive with antibody seroconversion or 2-6 weeks thereafter. A decline
      in CD4+ cell numbers was seen between 6 months before and the moment of HIV-1-Ab
      seroconversion, independently of duration and level of antigen expression. This
      indicates initial HIV-1 replication in both HIV-1-Ag negatives and positives.
      Following antibody seroconversion, HIV-1-Ag negatives had higher CD4+ cell
      numbers than HIV-1-Ag positives. Similarly to those who were HIV antigenemic from
      entry of the study, the HIV-1-Ab seroconverters who concomitantly with
      seroconversion or shortly thereafter became HIV-1 antigenemic showed a steady and
      significant (p = 0.01) decline in CD4+ cell numbers. In those who remained HIV-1
      Ag negative after antibody seroconversion, CD4+ cell numbers were stable during
      follow-up.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2905893
TI  - Intracerebroventricular infusion of dopamine and its agonists in rodents and
      primates. An experimental approach to the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
AB  - The authors investigated the effects of chronic intracerebroventricular (ICV)
      infusion of dopamine (DA) and DA agonists in animal models of DA deficiency in
      rodents and primates. Rats with unilateral nigrostriatal lesions induced by 6-OH
      DA received infusions of DA, pergolide, lisuride, and (+)-4-propyl-9
      hydroxynaphthoxacine (PHNO) for from 1 to 2 weeks through a catheter implanted
      into the cerebral ventricle ipsilateral to the lesion and connected to an osmotic
      minipump filled with the active substance. The infused animals had persistent
      contralateral rotation during the period of infusion. The DA infusion restored DA
      levels in lesioned animals. In animals treated chronically with reserpine, the
      ICV DA infusion restored DA levels in the brain, but akinesia was not reversed
      unless monoamine oxidase inhibiters were also given, intraperitoneally or ICV,
      with the DA infusion. An ICV infusion of PHNO reversed reserpine-induced
      akinesia. The infusion of DA or PHNO restored normal patterns of behavior in
      monkeys made akinetic by treatment with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6
      tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), but the infusion was complicated by intolerance to the
      pump or frequent disconnection of the catheter. An ICV infusion of PHNO may be an
      alternative experimental approach to the treatment of fluctuations in patients
      with Parkinson's disease.

PMID- 2905894
TI  - Spectral properties of fluorescent derivatives of the oligomycin sensitivity
      conferring protein and analysis of their interaction with the F1 and F0 sectors
      of the mitochondrial ATPase complex.
AB  - In order to study the kinetics and the nature of the interactions between the
      oligomycin sensitivity conferring protein (OSCP) and the F0 and F1 sectors of the
      mitochondrial ATPase complex, fluorescent derivatives of OSCP, which are fully
      biologically active, have been prepared by reaction of OSCP with the following
      fluorescent thiol reagents: 6-acryloyl-2-(dimethylamino)naphthalene (acrylodan),
      2-(4-maleimidylanilino)naphthalene-6-sulfonic acid (Mal-ANS), N-(1
      pyrenyl)maleimide (Mal-pyrene), 7-(diethylamino)-3-(4-maleimidylphenyl)-4
      methylcoumarin (Mal-coumarin), and fluorescein 5-maleimide (Mal-fluorescein). The
      preparation of these derivatives was based on the previous finding that the
      single cysteinyl residue of OSCP, Cys 118, can be covalently modified by
      alkylating reagents without loss of biological activity [Dupuis, A., Issartel, J.
      P., Lunardi, J., Satre, M., & Vignais, P. V. (1985) Biochemistry 24, 728-733].
      For all fluorescent probes used, except Mal-pyrene and Mal-fluorescein, the
      emission spectra of conjugated OSCP were blue-shifted relative to those of the
      corresponding mercaptoethanol adducts, indicating that the fluorophores attached
      to Cys 118 were located in a hydrophobic pocket. These results were consistent
      with the high quantum yields and the increased fluorescence lifetimes of
      conjugated OSCP compared to mercaptoethanol adducts in aqueous buffer. They also
      fit with quenching data obtained with potassium iodide which showed that the
      fluorophore is shielded from the aqueous medium when it is attached to Cys 118 of
      OSCP. Especially noticeable was the wide half-width of the OSCP-acrylodan
      emission peak compared to that of mercaptoethanol-acrylodan.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2905895
TI  - Regulation of growth hormone release in fetal calves.
AB  - Plasma GH and IGF1 concentrations were measured during the last 2 months of
      gestation in 9 chronically catheterized fetal calves under basal conditions or
      following growth-hormone-releasing factor (GRF), thyrotropin-releasing hormone
      (TRH) or SRIF intravenous cotyledonnary injections. Plasma GH concentrations were
      higher in fetuses (1.40 +/- 0.10 nmol/l) than in dams (0.14 +/- 0.01 nmol/l).
      Plasma GH secretory profile was pulsatile. The number of secretory pulses, as
      well as their magnitude and mean baseline values decreased from 220 to 270 days
      of gestation. Synthetic 1-29 GRF or TRH increased fetal plasma GH concentration
      at 250 and 270 days of gestation but was devoid of any significant effect at 220
      days. SRIF injection decreased plasma GH concentration in 270-day-old fetuses.
      Plasma IGF1 concentrations were lower in fetuses than in dams. No treatment had a
      significant effect on fetal and maternal IGF1 levels.

PMID- 2905896
TI  - Beta blockers inhibit fetal thromboxane A2 production in vitro.
AB  - The effects of beta-blocking propranolol, metoprolol, atenolol and labetalol on
      the production of the proaggregatory and vasoconstrictive thromboxane A2 (TxA2)
      by fetal platelets were studied. To this end, umbilical blood samples were
      allowed to clot in the absence or presence of various concentrations of these
      agents, and the release of TxB2 (a metabolite of TxA2) was measured. Propranolol
      and labetalol inhibited TxA2 production in 0.1-mmol concentrations and metoprolol
      and atenolol in 1-mmol concentrations. The required concentration was always
      higher than could be achieved by peroral treatment. Beta blockers may have this
      effect through phospholipase A2 because the conversion of exogenous arachidonic
      acid to TxB2 was not affected except in the case of propranolol, which inhibited
      slightly TxB2 formation from exogenous arachidonic acid.

PMID- 2905897
TI  - Maintenance treatment with H2 receptor antagonists in patients with peptic ulcer
      disease: reduces morbidity in a significant minority of patients.

PMID- 2905898
TI  - Maintenance treatment with H2 receptor antagonists in patients with peptic ulcer
      disease: rarely justified in terms of cost or patient benefit.
AB  - Maintenance treatment reduces the frequency of ulcer relapse. Its routine use is
      unnecessary because the condition is benign and most patients do not relapse
      frequently. Routine maintenance treatment does not reduce the incidence of
      complications of ulcers overall, although it may do so in specific groups
      mentioned above. Routine maintenance treatment for all patients with ulcers would
      be expensive as well as largely unnecessary.

PMID- 2905899
TI  - Misuse of temazepam.

PMID- 2905900
TI  - Effects of non-sedative anxiolytic drugs on responses to GABA and on diazepam
      induced enhancement of these responses on mouse neurones in cell culture.
AB  - 1. Intracellular microelectrode recording techniques were performed on mouse
      spinal cord and cerebral hemisphere neurones grown in primary dissociated cell
      culture. The effects of several anxiolytics applied by local pressure ejection on
      responses to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) evoked by iontophoresis were
      investigated. Responses to GABA were depolarizing since intracellular chloride
      ion concentration was increased by injection from potassium chloride (3M)-filled
      recording micropipettes and neurones were held at large negative membrane
      potentials (-70 to -90 mV). The agents studied were six 'non-sedative
      anxiolytics', CL 218,872 (3-methyl-6-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)1,2,4-triazolo(4,3
      b) pyridazine), PK 8165 (2-phenyl-4-(2-(4-piperidinyl)ethyl)-quinoline), PK 9084
      (2-phenyl-4-(2-(3-piperidinyl)ethyl)-quinoline), CGS 9896 (2-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,5
      dihydropyrazolo(4,3-c)quinoline-3(3H)-one) , ZK 91296 (ethyl 5-benzyloxy-4
      methoxymethyl-beta-carboline-3-beta-carboxylate), buspirone (8-4-[4-(2
      pyrimidinyl)-1-piperazinyl]butyl-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane- 7,9- dione), and two
      sedative anxiolytics, diazepam and zopiclone [( 6-(5-chloro-2-pyridyl)-6,7
      dihydro-7-oxo-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrazin- 5- yl]4-methyl-1-piperazinecarboxylate).
      2. Direct effects on responses to GABA were studied for all drugs applied in
      varying concentrations. For the drugs which significantly altered responses to
      GABA, the effects of the benzodiazepine receptor antagonists Ro 15-1788 (ethyl-8
      fluoro-5,6-dihydro-5-methyl-6-oxo-4H-imidazo(1,5a)-(1,4)benzodi azepine - 3
      carboxylate) and CGS 8216 (2-phenylpyrazolo(4,3-c)-quinolin-3(5H)-one) were
      evaluated. For the drugs devoid of significant direct effect on responses to
      GABA, the influence on diazepam-induced enhancement of responses to GABA was
      evaluated. 3. Diazepam, zopiclone and CL 218,872 concentration-dependently and
      reversibly enhanced responses to GABA. Maximal enhancement was 82% for diazepam
      (500 nM), 64% for zopiclone (10 microM) and 20% for CL 218,872 (10 microM). PK
      8165 effects varied with concentration, enhancing responses to GABA (up to 18%)
      at nM concentrations and reducing responses to GABA (up to 90%) at microM
      concentrations. CGS 9896, ZK 9126, PK 9084 and buspirone, in concentrations
      ranging from 1 nM to 10 microM, lacked significant direct effects on responses to
      GABA. 4. The enhancing effects of diazepam, zopiclone, CL 218,872 and PK 8165
      were antagonized by Ro 15-1788. However, the reducing effect on responses to GABA
      of PK 8165 at microM concentrations was not antagonized by CGS 8216. CGS 9896 and
      ZK 91296 concentration-dependently blocked the diazepam-induced enhancement of
      responses to GABA. However, PK 9084 and buspirone did not antagonize the diazepam
      induced enhancement of responses to GABA. 5. These results indicate that diazepam
      and zopiclone may be full agonists, CL 218,872 and PK 8165 are partial agonists,
      and CGS 9896 and ZK 91296 are pure antagonists at benzodiazepine receptors. On
      the other hand, PK 9084 and buspirone do not interact with benzodiazepine
      receptors.

PMID- 2905901
TI  - Antinociception and physical dependence produced by [D-Arg2] dermorphin
      tetrapeptide analogues and morphine in rats.
AB  - 1. The antinociceptive effects of [D-Arg2] dermorphin tetrapeptide analogues, H
      Tyr-D-Arg-Phe-Gly-NH2 and H-Tyr-D-Arg-Phe-beta-Ala-OH when administered
      subcutaneously (s.c.) in rats were measured by the tail-flick test. In addition,
      the appearance of typical withdrawal signs upon cessation of administration or on
      subsequent treatment with naloxone were measured after chronic administration of
      either peptide or morphine. 2. The dose of peptides and of morphine in the
      physical dependence test was determined from the AD50 to inhibit the tail-flick
      test in rats. Doses from 4 to 64 times the AD50 doses were employed in the s.c.
      administration schedules. 3. The intensity of the antinociception induced by
      either peptide was greater than that produced by morphine. Moreover, the
      antinociception induced by the peptides was of much longer duration than that
      produced by morphine. 4. Abrupt withdrawal after chronic administration of either
      peptide produced only slight loss of body weight. In contrast, morphine
      withdrawal produced sharp loss of body weight. 5. Naloxone precipitated
      withdrawal signs after chronic administration of either peptide were less intense
      than those after chronic morphine. 6. These results suggest that the
      antinociception produced by these peptides is more intense and of longer duration
      than that produced by morphine. It is also interesting to note that the physical
      dependence produced by these peptides is less marked than that produced by
      morphine.

PMID- 2905902
TI  - Possible mechanism of acetaldehyde-induced noradrenaline release from sympathetic
      nerve terminals in isolated blood vessels.
AB  - 1. Vasoconstrictor responses to acetaldehyde were investigated in isolated and
      perfused canine intermediate auricular (ear) arteries. 2. Single injections of
      small doses of acetaldehyde (1-3 mumol) induced vasoconstriction in a dose
      related manner and showed no tachyphylaxis. On the other hand, large doses of
      acetaldehyde (10-30 mumol) frequently caused tachyphylaxis when injected at 10
      min intervals. 3. After tyramine treatment, constrictions induced by a large dose
      of acetaldehyde were consistently restored temporarily. 4. The acetaldehyde
      induced vasoconstriction was inhibited by bunazosin, a potent alpha 1
      adrenoceptor antagonist. 5. A small dose of imipramine blocked tyramine-induced
      vasoconstriction, but had no significant influence on noradrenaline (NA)-induced
      constrictions, and caused slight potentiation of acetaldehyde-induced
      constrictions. 6. Hydrocortisone treatment did not modify tyramine-induced
      vasoconstrictions and slightly suppressed NA- and acetaldehyde-induced
      constrictions but not significantly. 7. It is suggested that acetaldehyde causes
      a release of NA from a NA store of the sympathetic nerve terminals which is
      different from the tyramine-sensitive NA store, and that the acetaldehyde
      sensitive NA store may be readily filled up with NA from the tyramine-sensitive
      store.

PMID- 2905903
TI  - Palytoxin-induced contraction and release of endogenous noradrenaline in rat tail
      artery.
AB  - 1. The mechanism of the contractile effect of a potent marine toxin, palytoxin
      (PTX) on the rat isolated tail artery was examined. 2. PTX (10(-7) M) induced a
      contraction in the tail artery which was dependent on external Ca2+. This
      contraction was inhibited (by 75% or more) by 10(-6) M prazosin, 2.4 x 10(-5) M
      bretylium and 10(-4) M 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), and partially (by 40%) by 10(
      5) M indomethacin. However, this contraction was not affected by 10(-6) M
      tetrodotoxin (TTX), 10(-6) M nifedipine or reserpine treatment. The PTX-induced
      contraction in reserpine-treated artery was partially inhibited by nifedipine and
      indomethacin but not by prazosin. 3. Transmural electrical stimulation induced a
      transient contraction which was dependent on external Ca2+. The contraction
      induced by electrical stimulation was inhibited by TTX, prazosin, bretylium,
      reserpine treatment and 6-OHDA but not by nifedipine or indomethacin. 4. PTX
      increased the release of noradrenaline from this artery. However PTX did not
      release noradrenaline from reserpine-treated arteries. PTX-induced noradrenaline
      release was only partially inhibited by TTX or by Ca2+-free solution. 5. These
      results suggest that PTX has pre- and postsynaptic effects in the rat tail
      artery. PTX may stimulate adrenergic nerves and release noradrenaline mainly by a
      TTX-insensitive and Ca2+-independent mechanism and partially by a TTX-sensitive
      and Ca2+-dependent mechanism. Further, PTX may also release prostaglandins and
      depolarize smooth muscle cell membrane to induce a contraction.

PMID- 2905904
TI  - Evidence for dopaminergic co-transmission in dog mesenteric arterial vessels.
AB  - 1. The overflow of dopamine and noradrenaline (NA) from the main trunk of the dog
      mesenteric artery and its proximal branches during prolonged depolarization (120
      min) by K+ (52 mM) was quantified by high performance liquid chromatography with
      electrochemical detection. 2. K+-induced depolarization resulted in release of
      both dopamine and NA. The amount of NA released from both blood vessels declined
      progressively throughout the experiment. In the main trunk the same pattern of
      release was observed for dopamine, whereas in the proximal branches the overflow
      of dopamine increased throughout the experiment. 3. The addition of phentolamine
      (0.2 microM) to the perifusion fluid increased the overflow of both amines. In
      the presence of sulpiride (1 microM) the overflow of dopamine and NA was found to
      be increased in the proximal branches, but not in the main trunk. The addition of
      phentolamine to sulpiride caused a further increase in amine overflow in proximal
      branches, but not in the main trunk. 4. The addition of alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine
      (50 microM) to the perifusion fluid caused a decrease in the amounts of dopamine
      and NA released from both preparations. In alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine-treated
      preparations phentolamine increased amine overflow to the same extent as in
      experiments without tyrosine hydroxylase inhibition. The increasing effect of
      sulpiride on the overflow of dopamine and NA from the proximal branches was
      completely abolished after alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine. 5. The results presented
      suggest that in the proximal branches of the dog mesenteric artery, dopamine beta
      hydroxylase represents a rate limiting step in the synthesis of NA; dopamine,
      through activation of prejunctional dopamine receptors acts like a prejunctional
      co-transmitter in the control of transmitter release, but only newly-synthesized
      dopamine appears to be responsible for this effect.

PMID- 2905905
TI  - Pre- and post-junctional actions of procaterol, a beta 2-adrenoceptor stimulant,
      on dog tracheal tissue.
AB  - 1. The effects of procaterol, a beta 2-adrenoceptor agonist, on excitatory neuro
      effector transmission in the dog trachea were investigated and the findings were
      compared to those seen with isoprenaline, with microelectrode, double sucrose gap
      and tension recording methods. 2. Procaterol (10(-10)-10(-9) M) and isoprenaline
      (10(-9) M) had no effect on the resting membrane potential or on the input
      resistance of the smooth muscle cells of dog trachea. However with increased
      concentrations (greater than 10(-8) M), these agents hyperpolarized the membrane
      and decreased the input resistance of the membrane. 3. Procaterol (10(-10)-10(-7)
      M) and isoprenaline (10(-9)-10(-7) M) dose-dependently reduced the amplitude of
      the twitch contractions evoked by field stimulation in the combined presence of
      indomethacin (10(-5) M) and guanethidine (10(-6) M). In parallel with actions on
      twitch contractions, procaterol (10(-10)-10(-7) M) and isoprenaline (10(-9)-10(
      7) M) reduced the amplitude of the excitatory junction potentials (e.j.ps),
      evoked by single pulse field stimulation in the dog trachea. 4. Procaterol (10(
      8) M) had no effect on the post-junctional response of smooth muscle cells to
      exogenous acetylcholine (ACh) (10(-7)-10(-6) M). 5. Pretreatment with ICI-118551,
      a beta 2-adrenoceptor blocking agent, reduced the inhibitory action of procaterol
      on the amplitude of twitch contractions evoked by field stimulations in the dog
      trachea. 6. These results indicate that procaterol in low concentrations has a
      prejunctional action inhibiting the excitatory neuro-effector transmission in
      addition to a postsynaptic action, presumably by suppressing transmitter release
      from the vagus nerve terminals through beta 2-adrenoceptors in the dog tracheal
      tissue. The pre- and post-junctional actions of procaterol explain its potent
      bronchodilator effects in clinical use.

PMID- 2905906
TI  - Tricyclic antidepressants block N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors: similarities to
      the action of zinc.
AB  - 1. Using the radioligand [3H]-MK801, we have examined drug interactions with the
      phencyclidine recognition site of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor. 2. The
      tricyclic antidepressants desmethylimipramine and imipramine inhibited [3H]-MK801
      binding with IC50 values of 7.4 and 22.5 microM, respectively. Other related
      tricyclic antidepressants and neuroleptics were also effective but less potent.
      3. Desmethylimipramine, imipramine and chlorimipramine slowed the dissociation
      rate of [3H]-MK801 in a similar manner to Zn2+. Phencyclidine and related
      compounds had no effect on the dissociation rate of [3H]-MK801. 4.
      Desmethylimipramine, imipramine and ketamine also prevented the Ca2+ influx into
      cultured cortical neurones of the rat produced by N-methyl-D-aspartate. 5. As the
      actions of tricyclic antidepressants in this system are not competitive with
      respect to N-methyl-D-aspartate, glycine or MK-801, and as they slow the
      dissociation of [3H]-MK801, we conclude that tricyclic antidepressants may be
      acting at the Zn2+ recognition site on the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor.

PMID- 2905907
TI  - Activation of a bradykinin receptor in peripheral nerve and spinal cord in the
      neonatal rat in vitro.
AB  - In an in vitro preparation of the neonatal rat spinal cord with attached tail,
      administration of bradykinin (Bk) to the spinal cord or to the tail produced
      depolarization of a ventral root (L3-L5). The effect of Bk at each site was
      selectively and reversibly antagonized by D-Arg [Hyp2, Thi5,8 D-Phe7]-Bk but
      could not be mimicked or antagonized by the B1-receptor ligands [des-Arg9]-Bk or
      Leu8[des-Arg9]-Bk, respectively. Peripherally evoked noxious responses produced
      by capsaicin or heat, were unaffected by either antagonist administered to the
      spinal cord. These data suggest that Bk-evoked responses in the spinal cord and
      at peripheral nociceptors were mediated via a receptor which by definition is of
      the B2-type. Additionally Bk is unlikely to be a physiological mediator of acute
      nociception in the spinal cord.

PMID- 2905908
TI  - N,N-diallyl-tyrosyl substitution confers antagonist properties on the kappa
      selective opioid peptide [D-Pro10]dynorphin A(1-11).
AB  - 1. In the search for kappa-opioid antagonists, we have designed two N,N-diallyl
      substituted analogues of the kappa-selective peptide [D-Pro10]dynorphin A (1
      11)(DPDYN). In this study, we have examined (i) the binding properties of N,N
      diallyl-DPDYN (analogue 1) and N,N-diallyl-[Aib2,3]DPDYN (analogue 2) at the
      three main types (mu, delta, kappa) of opioid binding sites, (ii) their binding
      sensitivity to Na+ ions (120 mM NaCl) and guanine nucleotide (50 microM Gpp(NH)p)
      at mu- and kappa-binding sites and (iii) their biological activity in two
      pharmacological bioassays specific for mu- and kappa-(guinea-pig ileum) and kappa
      (rabbit vas deferens) opioid receptors. 2. Steric hindrance resulting from
      incorporation of two bulky allyl groups at the tyrosal nitrogen atom greatly
      altered the binding properties of DPDYN. A dramatic fall in apparent affinity for
      the three types (mu, delta, kappa) of site as well as selectivity for kappa-sites
      was observed for the two N,N-diallyl-substituted peptide analogues. 3. At kappa
      sites of guinea-pig cerebellum and mu-sites of rabbit cerebellum, N,N-diallyl
      substitution led to a complete loss of binding sensitivity to the inhibitory
      effect of 120 mM NaCl + 50 microM Gpp(NH)p compared to the high sensitivity of
      DPDYN. This may therefore suggest that the N,N-diallyl-DPDYN analogues are
      endowed with opioid antagonist properties. 4. No agonist activity of the
      analogues was observed in guinea-pig myenteric plexus and rabbit vas deferens
      organ preparations. In contrast, both of the diallyl-substituted peptides
      displayed similar antagonist properties against the kappa-agonist DPDYN in both
      preparations. In the guinea-pig ileum, the affinities of the antagonist peptides
      against the mu-agonist Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-MePhe- NH(CH2)20H(DAGOL) were approximately
      half that observed against DPDYN. 5. These results show that N,N-diallyl-tyrosyl
      substitution leads to analogues of DPDYN which act in vitro as pure opioid
      antagonists and exhibit a reasonable affinity at, but a weak selectivity for, the
      K-opioid receptors.

PMID- 2905909
TI  - Complex interactions of agonists with alpha 1-adrenoceptors in intact cells.
AB  - 1. The apparent Ki values of (-)-noradrenaline (NA), (+)- and (-)-adrenaline
      (Ad), phenylephrine and the mono-fluorinated NAs (in position 2, 5 or 6) for
      alpha 1-adrenoceptors of intact BC3H1 cells labelled with [3H]-prazosin were
      greatly dependent on the incubation temperature. 2. The EC50 values of these
      compounds for stimulation of the inositol phosphate (IP) accumulation at 37
      degrees C were intermediate between their apparent dissociation constants at 2
      degrees C (Ki2 degrees) and at 37 degrees C (Ki37 degrees). 3. The fact that an
      irreversible blockade of 46% +/- 6% (n = 3) of the [3H]-prazosin binding sites by
      phenoxybenzamine reduced the maximal IP-formation induced by NA by 57% +/- 5% (n
      = 3) shows that there is a direct coupling between alpha 1-adrenoceptors and
      phospholipase C in BC3H1 cells. 4. The Ki37 degrees s of all agonists tested were
      in the same range (0.1 to 1 mM) and showed no simple correlation with their EC50
      values. 5. The Ki2 degrees values for all the agonist correlated linearly with
      their EC50 values but were about 20-100 times lower than the respective EC50
      values (except for the partial agonist methoxamine). In order to explain this
      difference, we propose that the apparent high affinity in the cold could be due
      to an [3H]-prazosin-induced alteration of the active site of the alpha 1
      adrenoceptor, increasing its apparent affinity for catecholamines.

PMID- 2905910
TI  - Beta-adrenoceptor stimulation inhibits histamine-stimulated inositol phospholipid
      hydrolysis in bovine tracheal smooth muscle.
AB  - 1. Histamine and carbachol produced concentration-related increases in the
      accumulation of 3H-inositol phosphates in slices of bovine tracheal smooth
      muscle. 2. Noradrenaline alone produced a small stimulation of 3H-inositol
      phosphate accumulation which was inhibited by the alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist
      phentolamine. In contrast, when noradrenaline (0.1 mM) was added simultaneously
      with histamine it significantly reduced the inositol phosphate response to high
      (greater than or equal to 0.1 mM) concentrations of histamine. However,
      noradrenaline had no inhibitory effect on the carbachol-induced inositol
      phosphate response. 3. The non-selective beta-agonist isoprenaline (IC50 = 0.08
      microM) and the beta 2-selective agonist salbutamol (IC50 = 0.29 microM) both
      produced a dose-related inhibition of the inositol phosphate response to 0.1 mM
      histamine. The inhibitory effect of salbutamol was antagonized by propranolol (KA
      = 2.4 x 10(9) M-1) and the beta 2-selective adrenoceptor antagonist ICI 118551
      (KA = 1.7 x 10(9) M-1). 4. The accumulation of 3H-inositol phosphates induced by
      histamine increased steadily over a 40 min period after an initial lag period of
      3-4 min. Following the simultaneous addition of histamine and salbutamol there
      was a further delay of 3-4 min before the appearance of the inhibitory effect of
      salbutamol. 5. The effect of histamine on inositol phosphate accumulation was
      accompanied by a stimulation of [3H]-inositol incorporation into membrane
      phospholipids which was reduced by the presence of salbutamol. However, when
      histamine was used to stimulate maximally [3H]-inositol incorporation during the
      prelabelling period, salbutamol produced a marked inhibition of histamine
      stimulated 3H-inositol phosphate accumulation under conditions in which there was
      no change in the level of incorporation.

PMID- 2905911
TI  - Interactions between angiotensin II and alpha-adrenoceptor agonists mediating
      pressor responses in the pithed rat.
AB  - 1. The aim of the study was to investigate the interactions between angiotensin
      II (AII) and adrenoceptor-mediated pressor responses in the pithed rat. Emphasis
      was placed on the effects of AII on blood pressure per se and the possibility of
      differential effects on alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptor-mediated pressor
      responses. 2. A low concentration of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)
      inhibitor, teprotide (1 mg kg-1) lowered the resting diastolic blood pressure
      (BP) and attenuated only the second phase components of pressor responses to both
      alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists. Infusion of AII (50 ng kg-1 min-1)
      did not reverse the attenuating effect of teprotide and did not reliably restore
      the basal diastolic BP. 3. Although teprotide (10 mg kg-1) did not produce a
      greater fall in diastolic BP than did the low dose (1 mg kg-1), it attenuated the
      peak and second phase pressor responses to alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptor
      agonists but had no effect on pressor responses to AII or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5
      HT). Infusion of AII reversed the effects of teprotide (10 mg kg-1) provided that
      rats were pretreated with flurbiprofen (5 mg kg-1), confirming that the depressor
      effects of the higher dose of teprotide are AII-dependent but that demonstration
      of this was complicated by products of cyclo-oxygenase. 4. The AII-receptor
      antagonist, saralasin (4 micrograms kg-1 min-1) attenuated alpha 1- and alpha 2
      adrenoceptor-mediated pressor responses in a manner similar to that of teprotide
      (10 mg kg-1), suggesting that in this pithed rat model the alpha-adrenoceptor
      mediated responses were selectively facilitated by endogenous AII. 5. Infusion of
      AII (50 ng kg-1 min-1) over a 60 min period did not produce a pressor response in
      the absence of other drugs but did facilitate pressor responses to alpha
      adrenoceptor agonists. This confirms that AII can modulate alpha-adrenoceptor
      mediated responses independently of basal blood pressure. 6. Overall the results
      indicate a facilitatory role for endogenous AII on alpha-adrenoceptor-mediated
      pressor responses. This is discussed in relation to the failure to demonstrate
      this convincingly under similar conditions on sympathetic nerve-mediated pressor
      responses.

PMID- 2905912
TI  - Effects of the myocardial-selective alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonist UK-52046 and
      atenolol, alone and in combination, on experimental cardiac arrhythmias in dogs.
AB  - 1. Adrenaline-induced arrhythmias in anaesthetized dogs respired with halothane
      were attenuated in 3 groups of 6 dogs by either UK-52046, 3.8 +/- 1.4 micrograms
      kg-1 (mean +/- s.e.mean), atenolol 14.6 +/- 2.1 micrograms kg-1, or a combination
      containing equal amounts of the two drugs of 0.36 +/- 0.1 microgram kg-1. The
      pressor response to adrenaline was reduced (P less than 0.01) by UK-52046 but not
      by atenolol or the combination of both drugs. 2. In a group of 6 dogs with
      multiventricular ectopic beats 24 h after coronary artery ligation (CAL), UK
      52046, 32 micrograms kg-1, increased the number of sinus beats in each 5 min
      period from 137 +/- 47 to 662 +/- 99 (P less than 0.01); this was associated with
      a significant (P less than 0.01) fall in blood pressure. Atenolol in doses of up
      to 800 micrograms kg-1 had no effect. 3. UK-52046, 3.7 +/- 1.4 micrograms kg-1,
      prevented adrenaline-induced arrhythmias 3-4 days after CAL in 6/6 conscious
      dogs; atenolol in doses of up to 100 micrograms kg-1 produced an 84.4 +/- 7.4%
      reduction in the number of ventricular ectopic beats. A combination containing
      3.7 +/- 1.1 micrograms kg-1 of each drug prevented the arrhythmia in 6/6 dogs.
      The pressor response to adrenaline was attenuated (P less than 0.05) by UK-52046,
      but resting blood pressure was unaffected by the different treatments. An
      increase (P less than 0.01) in heart rate was associated with both UK-52046 and
      the combination. 4. Neither UK-52046 (doses up to 64 micrograms kg-1) nor
      atenolol (up to 800 micrograms kg-1) had any effect upon ouabain-induced
      arrhythmias in 2 groups of 6 anaesthetized dogs. 5. In a study of the early
      (1a/1b) arrhythmias of acute myocardial ischaemia, the total number of
      ventricular ectopic beats occurring within 30 min of CAL was not reduced by 4
      micrograms kg-1 UK-52046 but fell (P less than 0.01 compared with placebo) after
      8 micrograms kg-1 [median values with ranges for placebo, 4 micrograms kg-1 and 8
      micrograms kg-1 respectively 190 (4-674), 246 (9-1204) and 12 (1-154)]. Both
      doses of UK-52046 were associated with significant falls in blood pressure. 6.
      The arrhythmias produced by programmed electrical stimulation were studied in 2
      groups of 6 conscious dogs, 7-30 days after CAL. With placebo, 4/6 dogs remained
      unchanged and 2 died: UK-52046 prevented arrhythmias in 2/6, 2 remained unchanged
      and 2 died (P = 0.29). Compared with placebo, blood pressure fell with doses
      greater than 4jg kg- '. 7. These results indicate antiarrhythmic effects of UK
      52046 in a number of experimental models and suggest an enhanced role of alpha
      receptors in the genesis of ischaemia-related arrhythmias. In several of the
      models used, UK-52046 produced haemodynamic changes in keeping with peripheral
      alpha-adrenoceptor antagonism.

PMID- 2905913
TI  - Reversals of the neostigmine-induced tetanic fade and endplate potential run-down
      with respect to the autoregulation of transmitter release.
AB  - 1. In order to shed more light on the role of presynaptic cholinoceptors in the
      modulation of transmitter release, the effects of tubocurarine, choline and
      hexamethonium on neostigmine-induced tetanic fade and run-down of endplate
      potentials (e.p.ps) in response to indirect stimulation with trains of pulses
      were studied in the intact and cut isolated phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparation
      of the mouse, respectively. 2. Tubocurarine, choline and hexamethonium reduced
      both the tetanic fade and e.p.p. run-down caused by neostigmine, despite the fact
      that they themselves also induced these two effects. 3. At a given degree of
      postsynaptic inhibition, choline and hexamethonium caused less e.p.p. run-down
      and reversed the neostigmine-induced tetanic fade and e.p.p. run-down better than
      tubocurarine. Moreover, the e.p.p. run-down caused by choline or hexamethonium,
      but not that induced by tubocurarine, was reciprocally reversed by neostigmine.
      4. Tubocurarine, choline and hexamethonium significantly decreased the endplate
      depolarization induced by repetitive nerve stimulation in the presence of
      neostigmine. The remaining depolarization continued to grow during repetitive
      stimulation in the presence of choline or hexamethonium, but not, however, in the
      presence of tubocurarine; a finding which suggests that choline and hexamethonium
      but not tubocurarine may be displaced from the receptor by the accumulated
      acetylcholine. 5. The mutual reversal by neostigmine and cholinoceptor
      antagonists of e.p.p. run-down may implicate the presence of a positive
      (physiological) and a negative (pharmacological) feedback regulation for evoked
      transmitter release via nicotinic cholinoceptors in the mammalian motor nerve,
      depending on the concentration of acetylcholine within the synaptic cleft.

PMID- 2905915
TI  - Meleney's synergistic gangrene.

PMID- 2905914
TI  - Agonists, antagonists and modulators of excitatory amino acid receptors in the
      guinea-pig myenteric plexus.
AB  - 1. The receptors for glutamic acid (L-Glu) present in the guinea-pig myenteric
      plexus-ileal longitudinal muscle preparation have been studied by measuring the
      muscle contraction induced by numerous putative endogenous agonists acting at
      these receptors. Furthermore, the actions of different concentrations of
      antagonists, glycine, Mg2+ and Ca2+ on the ileal contractions induced by L-Glu
      have been evaluated. 2. The EC50 values of the most common putative endogenous
      agonists of these receptors were: L-Glu 1.9 X 10(-5) M; L-aspartate 8 X 10(-5) M;
      quinolinate 5 X 10(-4) M; L-homocysteate 1.4 X 10(-4) M; the dipeptide aspartyl
      glutamate 8 X 10(-5) M, while N-acetyl-aspartyl-glutamate was inactive. Among the
      molecules used to classify excitatory amino acid receptors, N-methyl-D-aspartate
      (NMDA) was the most potent (EC50 5 X 10(-4) M). Kainic and quisqualic acids were
      almost completely inactive. 3. The responses to L-Glu were competitively
      antagonized by 2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid. They were, also, prevented by
      hyoscine (10(-7) M) and by tetrodotoxin (3 X 10(-7) M), suggesting that the L-Glu
      induced ileal contraction was in some way dependent upon an action on the
      myenteric cholinergic neurones. Kynurenic acid was a non-competitive antagonist,
      gamma-D-glutamyl-taurine (10(-4) M) and aminophosphonobutyric acid (10(-4) M) did
      not modify the L-Glu-induced contractions. 4. Glycine (10(-5) M) significantly
      potentiated the effects of glutamate especially when the ionic composition of the
      superfusion medium contained concentrations of Ca2+ in the range of 0.6-1.2 mM.
      Strychnine 3 X 10(-5) M did not modify the actions of glycine. 5. The data
      presented here confirm the presence of NMDA receptors in the guinea-pig myenteric
      plexus, and show that these receptors, similar to those present in primary
      neuronal cultures may be modulated by glycine.

PMID- 2905916
TI  - Heterogeneity of [3H]neurotensin bindings: studies with dynorphin, L-156,903 and
      levocabastine.
AB  - The binding of [3H]neurotensin (NT) to membranes from rat forebrain was complex,
      exhibiting 'high' affinity (Kd approximately 0.5 nM) and 'low' affinity (Kd
      approximately 5.0 nM) binding components. Dynorphin A(1-13) (DYN A(1-13] and L
      156,903 (N-oxo-3-(10H-phenothiazine-10-yl)propyl-1- arginyl-1-prolyl-1
      phenylalanine) potently inhibited [3H]NT binding to brain with shallow biphasic
      competition curves. Saturation binding studies conducted in the presence or
      absence of DYN A(1-13) or L-156,903 indicated that these compounds, like
      levocabastine, exhibited substantial selectivity for 'low' affinity NT site.
      Structure-activity studies indicated rigid structural requirements for the NT
      binding activity of DYN A(1-13) and L-156,903. In contrast to the results using
      brain tissue, DYN A(1-13), L-156,903 and levocabastine were very weak or inactive
      to inhibit [3H]NT binding to rat uterus. These studies further characterize the
      heterogeneity of [3H]NT binding in vitro and demonstrate clear tissue differences
      in binding within a given species.

PMID- 2905918
TI  - Cardiovascular and respiratory responses to electrical and chemical stimulation
      of the hippocampus in anesthetized and awake rats.
AB  - Electrical (30-60-s trains of 0.25-ms pulses at 25 Hz, currents 10-150 microA)
      and chemical (microinjections of 0.1-0.5 microliters of a 1.0 M glutamate
      solution) stimulation of the hippocampal formation in the anesthetized and the
      awake rat evokes marked decreases in heart rate, blood pressure and slower,
      deeper, more regular respirations. Artificial ventilation (2 ml/breath; 100
      breaths/min) has no effect on the cardiovascular responses, indicating that these
      effects are not secondary to respiratory changes. Administration of methyl
      atropine (0.4 mg/kg) eliminates the bradycardia response and attenuates or
      obliterates the blood pressure response but does not alter the respiratory
      response. This suggests that the cardiovascular responses are mediated partially
      by the vagus nerve and partially by sympathetic influences. Ablation of the
      medial frontal cortex, a visceral motor region which projects directly to the
      nucleus of the solitary tract and which receives a heavy direct projection from
      the CA1 and subicular cell fields of the ventral hippocampus, markedly attenuates
      or eliminates the cardiovascular and respiratory responses to stimulation of the
      ventral but not the dorsal hippocampus. The possibility that the medial frontal
      cortex may be a relay by which the hippocampus influences cardiovascular
      responses, including those observed during stress, is discussed.

PMID- 2905917
TI  - Pressor responses evoked by microinjections of L-glutamate into the caudal
      ventrolateral medulla of the rat.
AB  - The caudal medulla of the rat was mapped for cardiovascular sensitive regions by
      recording changes in mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate evoked by
      microinjections of L-glutamate (1 nmol/50 nl). Using this technique to
      selectively activate cell soma in the brainstem, a new pressor area in the caudal
      ventrolateral medulla has been identified. Several sites located approximately 1
      1.5 mm posterior to the caudal medullary depressor zone were found where L
      glutamate evoked pressor responses of 10-45 mm Hg. The most responsive area was
      located just dorsal to the lateral aspect of the lateral reticular nucleus at the
      level of the pyramidal decussation and the caudalmost pole of the inferior
      olives. Pressor responses at this site averaged 37 +/- 2 mm Hg. Changes in heart
      rate were inconsistent and both tachycardia and bradycardia were observed.
      Increases in arterial pressure elicited from the caudal pressor area (CPA) were
      abolished by ganglionic blockade. Pressor responses evoked from the CPA were also
      eliminated after functional inactivation of vasopressor neurons in the rostral
      ventrolateral medulla (RVM) was produced by microinjections of muscimol.
      Inhibition of CPA neurons by microinjections of GABA had no effect on MAP while
      GABA markedly reduced MAP when injected into the RVM. These studies demonstrate
      that a circumscribed region of the caudal ventrolateral medulla contains a
      population of 'vasopressor' neurons distinct from those located in the rostral
      medulla. No evidence was obtained to suggest that neural activity in the CPA
      contributes to the maintenance of arterial pressure. The precise functional role
      of the CPA in central cardiovascular regulation remains to be determined.

PMID- 2905919
TI  - Excitatory amino acid receptors in piriform cortex do not show receptor
      desensitization.
AB  - We have investigated the proposed role of transmitter receptor desensitization as
      an explanation for the excitotoxicity rank order of several excitatory amino acid
      agonists as compared to kainic acid, using a brain slice of rat piriform cortex.
      Responses to glutamate, aspartate, quisqualate, n-methyl aspartate and kainate
      showed no evidence of receptor desensitization when studied with very long and
      large ionophoretic pulses, repeated ionophoretic pulses or by bath perfusion. At
      least in rat piriform cortex, the suggestion that kainate receptors do not
      desensitize while those to glutamate and quisqualate do, does not apply to nor
      explain the more potent kainate excitotoxicity.

PMID- 2905920
TI  - Is senile dementia of the Alzheimer type associated with hippocampal plasticity?
AB  - The density of binding sites for excitatory amino acids in the hippocampus of
      SDAT (senile dementia of the Alzheimer type) patients has been investigated. This
      was compared to that found in younger and old non-dement cases. In the SDAT
      hippocampi there was a significant decrease in the glutamate and kainate binding.
      This reduction correlated positively with the degree of the severity of
      neurological and pathological disease. In spite of an extensive denervation of
      SDAT hippocampi, there was no sign of sprouting of mossy fibers; this observation
      indicates a loss of plasticity in the hippocampus of SDAT patients.

PMID- 2905921
TI  - Glutamate cytotoxicity in a neuronal cell line is blocked by membrane
      depolarization.
AB  - To understand better the proximate mechanism involved in the excitotoxic response
      to L-glutamate (Glu), we have exploited the Glu receptor present in the N18-RE
      105 neuroblastoma-embryonic retinal hybrid cell line. These cells undergo lysis
      dependent on extracellular Ca2+ when exposed to Glu. We now report that the
      depolarizing action of Glu is not responsible for its cytotoxic effects.
      Furthermore, depolarization of these cells with elevated K+, ouabain or
      veratridine does not cause cytotoxicity but rather protects against the cytotoxic
      effects of Glu. Our results may implicate a role for voltage-sensitive Ca2+
      channels (VSCCs) in cytotoxicity, and depolarization-induced inactivation of
      VSCCs (Nature (Lond.), 316 (1985) 440-443) as a protection against Glu receptor
      agonists. Our findings demonstrate a clear dissociation between depolarization
      and the neuronal degeneration caused by Glu.

PMID- 2905922
TI  - Stimulation of NMDA receptors induces proteolysis of spectrin in hippocampus.
AB  - Stimulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors was found to induce
      proteolysis of brain spectrin in hippocampal slices. The effect was dependent
      upon extracellular calcium, blocked by the antagonist 2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate
      (AP5), and was not reproduced by potassium-induced depolarization. These results
      are consistent with the hypothesis that the involvement of NMDA receptors in
      plasticity and excitotoxicity is at least partially mediated by calcium-activated
      proteolysis of cytoskeletal proteins.

PMID- 2905923
TI  - Electrophysiological and pharmacological properties of neurons within solid basal
      forebrain transplants in the rat brain.
AB  - Electrophysiological and pharmacological properties of neurons within solid basal
      forebrain transplants were studied in adult rats anesthetized with urethane. No
      specific topography of the neurons recorded was observed within the graft. The
      mean spontaneous activity of the grafted neurons (GNs) was relatively low (4.9
      impulses/s) but not unlike that of other central neurons in situ. A large
      proportion of GNs fired with regular discharges, but other modes of discharge
      were also observed. A few rhythmically bursting GNs were recorded having a
      discharge pattern very much like that of the rhythmically bursting medial septal
      neurons. The responses of GNs to glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid,
      acetylcholine, serotonin and norepinephrine was fairly similar to those described
      in other central structures.

PMID- 2905924
TI  - Glutamate receptors and phosphoinositide metabolism: stimulation via quisqualate
      receptors is inhibited by N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor activation.
AB  - Excitatory amino acid receptors in the neonatal rat hippocampus have opposing
      actions on phosphoinositide (PI) metabolism. Quisqualic acid (QA), but not the QA
      receptor agonist AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid),
      potently stimulates inositol phosphate (IP) formation. Activation of NMDA (N
      methyl-D-aspartate) receptors inhibits the QA-induced stimulation by 70% by a
      mechanism which is dependent on extracellular calcium.

PMID- 2905925
TI  - A novel way of removing quiescent astrocytes in a culture of subcortical neurons
      grown in a chemically defined medium.
AB  - A new method has been described for removing a very small number of contaminating
      astrocytes in neuronal cultures (derived from the septal-diagonal band region of
      17-day-old embryonic rat brain) grown in a chemically defined medium. The
      proportion of these glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive cells was
      usually less than 1.5% up to 10 days, but thereafter their number increased
      rapidly reaching 10-15% by 22 days in vitro. A prolonged exposure to normally
      used concentration of cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C; 10 microM) was toxic to both
      astroglial and neuronal cells, while a brief treatment (48 h) with a low level (4
      microM) of Ara-C failed to eliminate these astrocytes, as judged by glutamine
      synthetase activity and GFAP-positive cell count. However, these quiescent
      astroglial cells could be easily eliminated if they were induced to proliferate
      by epidermal growth factor before exposure to Ara-C. The combined treatment with
      these agents had no effect on the number of acetylcholinesterase-positive cells,
      and on the development of cholinergic and GABA-ergic neurons, as measured in
      terms of choline acetyltransferase and glutamate decarboxylase activity,
      respectively.

PMID- 2905926
TI  - Acetyl-CoA carboxylase in rat brain. I. Activities in homogenates and isolated
      fractions.
AB  - Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) catalyzes the rate-limiting and/or first committed
      step in fatty acid biosynthesis. Because fatty acids must be synthesized as
      components of the galactolipids and phospholipids in myelin, high specific
      activities of ACC would be expected in brain during myelination and in the
      myelinating cells, the oligondendroglia, in particular. Under reaction conditions
      where ACC was linear with time and protein concentration, we found specific
      activities of 1.7 and 3.1 nmol/min/mg protein in supernatants from forebrains and
      brainstems, respectively, of 20-day-old rats. In both regions, ACC declined
      during development, particularly after the age of 20 days. To separate forebrain
      into discrete fractions containing cells, membrane vesicles, and other
      components, without destroying the ACC, it was necessary to modify the published
      methods by adding citrate to the isolation medium and by omitting trypsin. A
      fraction which sedimented over 1.2 M sucrose showed the highest specific
      activities and recoveries of ACC. This fraction was rich in small cells, many of
      which immunostained with antibodies against galactocerebroside and carbonic
      anhydrase, both of which are localized in oligodendrocytes and immature glial
      cells. The cells in this fraction also immunostained with antibodies against ACC.
      The results are consistent with the hypothesis that ACC is an oligodendrocyte
      associated enzyme, although it probably is not exclusive to cells of that type.

PMID- 2905927
TI  - Acetyl-CoA carboxylase in rat brain. II. Immunocytochemical localization.
AB  - Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) catalyzes the first and, possibly, the rate-limiting
      step in fatty acid biosynthesis. Because oligodendrocytes must synthesize large
      amounts of lipid during myelination, the hypothesis was proposed that ACC might
      be localized in cells of that type. In sections from the brains of 12-day-old
      rats, ACC immunostaining was observed in glial cells in white matter and gray
      matter. These cells resembled carbonic anhydrase-positive oligodendrocytes at
      mature and immature stages of their development. Cells resembling typical
      oligodendrocytes were also ACC-positive in white matter from the forebrains and
      brainstems of 15-17 day-old-rats. In both the gray matter and the white matter of
      21-day-old rats there were intensely ACC-positive cells that strongly resembled
      oligodendrocytes. Oligodendrocytes in the brains of adult rats also were ACC
      positive. While recognizing that some ACC must be present at lower levels in
      other types of cells and at all ages, it was concluded that the present findings
      are consistent with its primary locus as the oligodendrocytes, particularly
      during myelination. Further, enrichment of ACC and carbonic anhydrase in the same
      type of cell suggested that carbonic anhydrase might serve in providing a
      substrate, bicarbonate, to be utilized by ACC.

PMID- 2905928
TI  - Thy-1 expression in the retinotectal system of the chick.
AB  - Previous investigations into the occurrence of Thy-1 in the chick retina have not
      clearly defined when the antigen first appears and have not adequately described
      its expression during the relatively early phases of retinal ontogeny. We have
      investigated these issues, using improved immunohistochemical procedures and show
      that Thy-1 is associated with the retinal ganglion cells from the time they begin
      to differentiate by extending their axonal projections. In addition, we have
      found that its expression reflects the growth of the optic fibre layer and the
      elaboration of the ganglion cell dendritic processes into the inner plexiform
      layer. For the first time we describe the appearance and the developmental
      expression of Thy-1 in the chick tectum. We have found that Thy-1 is associated
      with retinal axons from the time of their arrival at the tectum and that its
      expression reflects the elaboration of the stratum opticum. Within the tectum
      proper Thy-1 appears first in 3 distinct layers all of which are plexiform in
      nature. By the time that tectal histogenesis is essentially complete the antigen
      is expressed by all the layers of the tectum. The implications of these findings
      are discussed in terms of the development of the individual tissues and with
      respect to the elaboration of the retinotectal pathway.

PMID- 2905929
TI  - Immunohistochemical analysis of the development of somatostatin in the reeler
      neocortex.
AB  - The development of somatostatin (SS) neurons and fibers has been examined in the
      dorsolateral cortex of the mouse mutant reeler. Immunohistochemistry was
      performed using antisera directed primarily against SS28 or SS28(1-12). In the
      normal mouse at postnatal day 5 (P5), somatostatin (SS) neurons are concentrated
      in the ventral half of the cortex, in the developing layers V and VI. In the
      reeler mutant, SS neurons are scattered throughout the radial extent of the
      cortex, being concentrated in the dorsal half of the cortex in the polymorphic
      and large pyramidal cell layers. By P20, when the adult pattern of SS neuron
      distribution is evident in the normal mouse cortex, the distribution of similar
      neurons in the reeler appears inverted: immunoreactive neurons are concentrated
      in the dorsal half of the cortex. Immunoreactive fiber distribution follows a
      developmental pattern similar to that observed for SS neurons. At P5, SS fibers
      are most dense in layer I and V-VI of the normal cortex, while in the reeler,
      fibers are predominant in the polymorphic and large pyramidal cell layers. By
      P10, many fewer immunoreactive fibers can be detected in either normal or reeler
      mice than at P5. Nevertheless, while SS fibers in the normal cortex are most
      dense in layers I and V-VI, the reeler cortex exhibits little laminar
      heterogeneity in the distribution of these fibers. Thus, the SS fiber
      distribution appears less organized in the reeler cortex. These results suggest
      that whatever the nature of the genetic alteration resulting in cortical cellular
      developmental malposition in the reeler, SS cells and fibers, representing a
      completely intrinsic neocortical cellular system, behave as do all other cortical
      elements.

PMID- 2905930
TI  - Somatostatin immunoreactive structures in the developing rat spinal cord.
AB  - Somatostatin immunoreactive (SOM-I) perikarya were first observed in the ventral
      horn at E12, in the presumptive intermediate gray area at E14, and in the alar
      plate of the rostral spinal cord at E14. In general, after their initial
      appearance, their density increased and then decreased during development. A
      moderate density of SOM-I varicosities became obvious in the superficial laminae
      of the E20 dorsal horn. By E12 a few SOM-I perikarya, interpreted to be dorsal
      root ganglia, were observed lateral to the spinal cord, and by E13, SOM
      immunoreactivity was visualized within the central and peripheral processes of
      dorsal root ganglion axons. In the marginal zone, SOM-I fibers were first
      demonstrable in the ventral funiculus at E14, and in the lateral funiculus at
      E15. After their initial appearance, their density increased and then decreased
      with age, with the exception of the dorsal part of the lateral funiculus where it
      increased at the early stages of development to an apparently stable level. The
      early detection of SOM immunoreactivity in specific spinal regions corresponds
      well with the birth dates of cells in those regions. This indicates that the SOM
      I cells are capable of synthesizing the substance at least as early as they have
      entered their final cell division.

PMID- 2905931
TI  - Continuous amphetamine administration induces tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive
      patches in the adult rat neostriatum.
AB  - Continuous 3-day administration of d-amphetamine sulfate via a subcutaneous
      minipump induced the appearance of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive patches in
      the neostriatum of adult Sprague-Dawley and Long-Evans rats at doses (greater
      than 20 mg/kg/day) that also produced axonal terminal degeneration as evidenced
      by Fink-Heimer silver grain deposition. The tyrosine hydroxylase patches
      coincided with striosomes identified by Leu-enkephalin immunoreactivity on
      adjacent sections. Sham-operated control, naive control, low dose amphetamine-
      (less than 15 mg/kg/day) and cocaine- (less than 125 mg/kg/day, IV) treated rats
      did not show tyrosine hydroxylase neostriatal patches nor axonal degeneration.
      These results suggest that the diffuse neostriatal dopamine system may be more
      susceptible to the neurotoxic, degenerative action of continuously administered
      amphetamine than is the islandic dopamine system.

PMID- 2905932
TI  - [Influence of isoflurane on the neuromuscular block induced by vecuronium in the
      child].

PMID- 2905933
TI  - Antiulcerogenic and antisecretory effects of a novel diphenylmethane derivative
      and antiestrogen binding site ligand.
AB  - N,N-Diethyl-2-[4-(phenylmethyl)-phenoxy]-ethanamine hydrochloride (DPPE) is a
      para-diphenylmethane derivative that binds selectively and with high affinity to
      the microsomal antiestrogen binding site (AEBS). Recent studies with DPPE
      indicate that AEBS is closely related to a lower affinity non-H1, non-H2
      histamine site that may be associated with calcium channels; the DPPE-AEBS site
      is different from that which verapamil binds, however, DPPE, but not verapamil,
      demonstrates antiproliferative effects in vitro and is antiestrogenic in vivo. We
      now show that DPPE profoundly inhibits restraint and cold stress and ethanol
      induced gastric ulcer formation, accelerates ulcer healing, attenuates the stress
      induced rise in plasma corticosterone level, and significantly reduces basal and
      H2 agonist (dimaprit)-stimulated and, to a lesser extent, bethanechol-stimulated
      gastric acid output in conscious rats. A nonulcerogenic but prostaglandin
      depleting dose of indomethacin completely blocks the inhibitory effects of DPPE
      on stress ulcer formation. Conversely, verapamil only slightly attenuates
      dimaprit-stimulated gastric acid secretion and exacerbates ethanol-induced
      gastric ulcers; its anti-stress ulcer effects are only partially attenuated by
      indomethacin. These findings support the likelihood that the site of action of
      DPPE is different from that of verapamil, and that an effect on prostaglandins
      may, at least in part, contribute to its antiulcer and apparent cytoprotective
      effects.

PMID- 2905934
TI  - Evidence for the involvement of the benzodiazepine receptor complex in hepatic
      encephalopathy. Implications for treatment with benzodiazepine receptor
      antagonists.

PMID- 2905935
TI  - Biological markers of suicide risk and adolescent suicide.

PMID- 2905936
TI  - Optimal therapeutic regimen of famotidine based on plasma concentrations in
      patients with chronic renal failure.
AB  - An oral therapeutic regimen of famotidine, a histamine H2-receptor antagonist,
      was evaluated in patients with chronic renal failure who were receiving dialysis
      three times a week. Measurements of the half-life, bioavailability, and dialysis
      elimination rate were performed. The half-life of famotidine after oral
      administration in patients with renal failure was 22.5 hours as opposed to 2.5
      hours in control subjects: after intravenous injection, it was 14.6 hours as
      compared with 2.2 hours. The bioavailability after oral administration was 49.4%
      in patients with renal failure and 55.2% in control subjects. The dialysis
      elimination rate was stable and independent of its plasma level, with an average
      of 41.9%. The oral administration of famotidine (20 mg) immediately after
      dialysis (60 mg/week) was found optimal and safe. There were no significant side
      effects with this regimen.

PMID- 2905937
TI  - [30 years of benzodiazepines].

PMID- 2905938
TI  - [Study on the surveillance of house-rat type epidemic haemorrhagic fever].

PMID- 2905939
TI  - [First report of an endemic area of epidemic hemorrhagic fever in boarding
      prefecture].

PMID- 2905940
TI  - Perspectives for the chemotherapy of AIDS.
AB  - Several steps in the replicative cycle of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
      could be envisaged as targets for anti-AIDS drugs. The anionic compound PMEA [9
      (2-phosphonyl-methoxyethyl)adenine], the 2'3'-dideoxynucleoside analogues D4T
      (2',3-deidehydro-2',3'-dideoxythymidine), AzddUrd 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxyuridine),
      FddUrd (3'-fluoro-2',3-dideoxyuridine), AzddDAPR (3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxy-2,6'
      diaminopurine riboside) and the sulfated polysaccharides dextran sulfate and
      pentosan polysulfate are among the most promising candidate anit-AIDS drugs which
      have been recently described. They are targeted at either virus-cell binding
      (dextran sulfate, pentosan polysulfate) or virus-associated reverse transcriptase
      (PMEA, D4T, AzddUrd, FddUrd, AzddDAPR).

PMID- 2905941
TI  - Phenothiazine-induced cholestatic jaundice.
AB  - Proposed mechanisms, clinical features, prevalence, and treatment of
      phenothiazine-induced cholestatic jaundice are reviewed, and interactions between
      phenothiazines and other drugs that could theoretically alter the risk of
      cholestasis are described. Phenothiazine-induced jaundice is classified as a form
      of cholestatic hepatocanalicular hepatotoxicity and as an acute liver disease.
      Occasionally cholestatic jaundice may progress to chronic liver disease. The
      mechanism of hepatotoxicity is not completely understood but may involve a
      combination of physiochemical, immune, and direct toxic effects. Based on
      proposed mechanisms, concomitant use of drugs that alter microsomal hepatic
      enzyme function or have metabolic pathways that interfere with or overlap with
      those of the phenothiazines could be expected to potentiate or reduce the risk of
      cholestasis. The estimated prevalence of jaundice with chlorpromazine is 1-2%.
      The prevalence of jaundice with other phenothiazines is probably similar. The
      onset of jaundice usually occurs during the first one to four weeks of therapy.
      In most cases, discontinuation of the offending drug is the only treatment
      required. Jaundice usually resolves without sequelae two to eight weeks later.
      Pruritus can be relieved by topical corticosteroid or analgesic therapies or by
      oral antihistamines or bile acid sequestrants if topical therapy is ineffective.
      Whenever possible, reinstitution of neuroleptic therapy should be delayed until
      the reaction has resolved. Selection of a nonphenothiazine neuroleptic agent may
      be preferred. Phenothiazine-induced cholestatic jaundice occurs relatively
      infrequently and is usually self-limited; topical agents and oral antihistamines
      can alleviate the discomfort associated with the reaction.

PMID- 2905942
TI  - Marked impairment of the effect of hyperglycaemia on glucose uptake and glucose
      production in insulin-dependent diabetes.
AB  - The effect of hyperglycaemia per se on glucose utilization and glucose production
      was evaluated in 12 patients with insulin-dependent diabetes and in 9 non
      diabetic control subjects. In diabetic patients normoglycaemia was maintained
      during the night preceding the study by a variable intravenous insulin infusion.
      During the study endogenous insulin secretion was suppressed by somatostatin (300
      micrograms h-1) and replaced by infusion of insulin (0.2 mU kg-1 min-1). Glucose
      utilization and hepatic glucose production rates were quantified at two plasma
      glucose concentrations (6.7 and 16.7 mmol l-1) using the two-step sequential
      hyperglycaemic clamp technique in combination with 3-3H-glucose tracer infusion.
      Duration of each step was 120 min. In diabetic patients glucose utilization, at a
      glucose concentration of 6.7 mmol l-1, was not different from normal (mean +/-
      SE: 2.9 +/- 0.2 vs 3.6 +/- 0.3 mg kg-1 min-1, 0.05 less than p less than 0.10),
      but the response to marked hyperglycaemia was significantly reduced (5.4 +/- 0.5
      vs 9.4 +/- 1.0 mg kg-1 min-1, p less than 0.01). Hepatic glucose production was
      also normal at 6.7 mmol l-1 (1.4 +/- 0.1 vs 1.4 +/- 0.1 mg kg-1 min-1, NS), but
      whereas in control subjects glucose production was suppressed during
      hyperglycaemia of 16.7 mmol l-1 (0.3 +/- 0.4 mg kg-1 min-1, p less than 0.01), a
      slight increase was observed in diabetic patients (2.0 +/- 0.2 mg kg-1 min-1, p
      less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2905943
TI  - Biogenic amines and active peptides in the skin of fifty-two African amphibian
      species other than bufonids.
AB  - 1. Extracts prepared from dried or fresh skins of 52 African amphibian species,
      other than bufonids, were subjected to chemical (colour reactions) and biological
      screening, to determine occurrence and contents of aromatic biogenic amines and
      peptides active on smooth muscle preparations and blood pressure. 2. Only
      indolealkylamines were detectable in the skins. They were represented by 5
      hydroxytryptamine, its N-methylated derivatives and tryptamine. The
      indolealkylamines considered included the alkaloid trypargine, a carboline
      derivative resulting from the condensation of tryptamine with arginine. 3. The
      peptide families identified in skin extracts of the African frogs were as
      follows: caeruleins (caerulein, [Asn2, Leu5] caerulein), tachykinins (kassinin,
      [Glu2, Pro5] kassinin, hylambatin), bradykinins [( Hyp3] bradykinin), xenopsin,
      thyrotropin releasing hormone, peptide PYLa and the magainins I and II. The last
      five peptides have been so far identified only in the skin of Xenopus laevis,
      together with their precursors. 4. Since numerous other peptide molecules await
      isolation, elucidation of structure, and definition of possible biological
      activities, the array of peptides occurring in the skin of African amphibians, as
      in that of Australian and American amphibians, is destined to increase.

PMID- 2905944
TI  - Non-desensitizing in vitro anaphylactic reaction of chicken visceral muscle.
AB  - 1. The contractions elicited in pieces of small intestine of actively immunized
      young chickens upon exposure to the specific antigen (Ag), or Schultz-Dale
      reaction, have been compared to similar responses of sensitized guinea-pig
      intestine. 2. Guinea-pig intestine responds, typically, with a large contraction
      to the first application of Ag. This is followed by a spontaneous relaxation of
      the preparation, while still in the presence of the Ag, and a rapid
      desensitization; i.e. further exposures to Ag fail to evoke new contractions. 3.
      In marked contrast, chicken intestine responds to the Ag with a contraction that
      remains at its maximal initial value for ca 5 min and then declines only slowly.
      4. Exposure to the Ag does not desensitize chicken intestine, which relaxes upon
      washing out the antigenic protein but contracts again when this is re-introduced
      in the bath. 5. In addition, consecutive Schultz-Dale reactions of chicken
      intestine showed a consistent potentiation. They reached a maximal amplitude when
      the tissue was exposed to the Ag 5-7 times. Such a potentiation is abolished by
      storing the preparations for 24 hr at 4 degrees C. 6. These observations are
      discussed in terms of the known properties of avian antibodies.

PMID- 2905945
TI  - Comparative properties of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) and blue crab
      (Callinectes sapidus) acetylcholinesterases.
AB  - 1. Acetylcholinesterases (AChEs) from channel catfish and blue crabs were
      examined for substrate preference, KmS, effects of inhibitors, and pH and osmotic
      activity profiles. 2. Similarities were noted for substrate preference along with
      pH and osmotic optima. 3. Crab AChE had a lower Km (9 x 10(-5) vs 2 x 10(-4) M)
      and was more sensitive in terms of KI50S than fish AChE to eserine (2.6 x 10(-7)
      vs 3 x 10(-7) M), malathion (4.5 x 10(-5) vs 1.6 x 10(-4) M) and parathion (6.9 x
      10(-5) vs 7 x 10(-4) M). 4. Fish AChE appeared easier to solubilize using Triton
      X-100.

PMID- 2905946
TI  - A comparative study of copper ion induced lysis of vertebrate red blood cells.
AB  - 1. Erythrocytes from different vertebrate classes were tested for susceptibility
      towards copper ion-induced lysis under identical copper ion concentration and per
      cent cell volumes. 2. The susceptibility towards lysis was found to be correlated
      with the rate of copper ion entry into the erythrocytes. 3. GSH levels decline in
      red blood cells at a rate proportional to the rate of copper ion entry. 4.
      Hemolysis does not seem to be causally related to the level of GSH in the
      erythrocytes.

PMID- 2905947
TI  - Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) turnover in adult female Ascaris suum tissue.
AB  - 1. The 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin) turnover was examined in the tissues
      of adult female Ascaris suum. The 5-HT turnover was highest in the intestine at
      34.7 ng 5-HT produced/mg protein/hr and 13.8 ng 5-HT produced/mg protein/hr in
      muscle tissue. 2. The levels of 5-HT metabolites namely tryptophan, 5
      hydroxytryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid and 5
      hydroxytryptophol were measured in muscle and intestinal tissue of adult A. suum.
      3. Parachlorophenylalanine inhibited 5-HT production in muscle and intestinal
      tissue providing in situ evidence for the presence of tryptophan hydroxylase in
      this tissue. 4. Pargyline increased 5-HT production in muscle and intestinal
      tissue providing in situ evidence for the presence of monoamine oxidase in this
      tissue.

PMID- 2905948
TI  - Modulation of smooth muscle activity by excitatory and inhibitory nerves in the
      guinea-pig stomach.
AB  - 1. In smooth muscle of the guinea-pig stomach, intramural nerve stimulation
      evoked cholinergic excitatory junction potential in the fundus and non-adrenergic
      non-cholinergic inhibitory junction potential in the antrum, yet cholinergic
      contractions in both regions. 2. This dissociation between electrical and
      mechanical responses was mainly due to different sensitivity of the membrane for
      depolarization to acetylcholine.

PMID- 2905949
TI  - The reductive metabolism of nifurtimox and benznidazole in Crithidia fasciculata
      is similar to that in Trypanosoma cruzi.
AB  - 1. Addition of nifurtimox or benznidazole to the NADH-containing mitochondrial
      fraction of Crithidia fasciculata led to the appearance of the characteristic ESR
      spectra corresponding to their nitro anion radicals, suggesting that the nitro
      anion radical is a necessary intermediate in the reduction of both nitro
      compounds. 2. Nifurtimox anion radical generation by the mitochondrial fraction
      was insensitive to rotenone and antimycin A but was enhanced by KCN. 3. The
      nifurtimox anion radical reacted with oxygen under aerobic conditions leading to
      an increase in the cyanide-insensitive respiration of the intact cells and in the
      rate of O2- and H2O2 production by the C. fasciculata mitochondrial fraction. 4.
      In contrast, generation of O2- and H2O2 was not stimulated with pharmacological
      concentrations of benznidazole. Furthermore, benznidazole inhibited the cyanide
      insensitive respiration of the intact cells.

PMID- 2905950
TI  - Alkaloid neurotoxins-dependent sodium transport in insect synaptic nerve-ending
      particles.
AB  - 1. Sodium uptake associated with the activation of voltage-sensitive sodium
      channels by alkaloid activators, batrachotoxin, veratridine, and aconitine in
      presynaptic nerve terminals isolated from the central nervous system of cockroach
      (Periplaneta americana) was investigated. 2. Batrachotoxin (K0.5, 0.2 microM) was
      full agonist as for most effective activator of Na+ uptake; veratridine (K0.5,
      2.5 microM) and aconitine (K0.5, 7.6 microM) produced a maximal stimulation of
      22Na+ uptake that were 71% and 43% respectively of that produced by
      batrachotoxin. 3. Veratridine-dependent 22Na+ uptake was completely inhibited by
      tetrodotoxin (I0.5, 11 nM), a specific inhibitor of the nerve membrane sodium
      channels. 4. The present study describes appropriate conditions for measuring
      neurotoxins--stimulated sodium transport in insect central nervous system
      synaptosomes. The data show that voltage-sensitive sodium channels as defined by
      specific activation by the alkaloid neurotoxins are qualitatively distinct in
      insect synaptosomes than those previously described for vertebrate brain
      synaptosomes, cultured neuronal cell, nerve membrane vesicles and neuroblastoma
      cells.

PMID- 2905951
TI  - Induction of metal binding proteins in striped bass, Morone saxatilis, following
      cadmium treatment.
AB  - 1. The time course of induction of cytosolic metal binding proteins (MBP) was
      observed follow up to three daily intramuscular injections of cadmium chloride
      (0.2 mg cadmium/injection). 2. Low molecular weight binding proteins were
      resolved by gel permeation chromatography on Sephadex G-75. Based on total metal
      binding capacity, the concentration of crude MBP increased 2.6 fold. This level
      of induction of MBP was confirmed by polarographic analysis. 3. Initial binding
      of cadmium to MBP resulted in displacement of zinc, while at later times, zinc
      associated with MBP increased above control levels. 4. Using 35S-cysteine
      incorporation, it was shown that the rate of hepatic MBP synthesis was
      significantly greater than controls and sham injected fish 18 hr after the third
      cadmium injection. 5. Due to interfering proteins of molecular weights similar to
      the metal binding proteins one dimensional PAGE was not capable of verifying
      induction. However, the metal binding proteins were resolved using two
      dimensional gel electrophoresis.

PMID- 2905952
TI  - Pyrethroids and the striatal dopaminergic system in vivo.
AB  - 1. Type I (permethrin and allethrin) or type II (cypermethrin and fenvalerate)
      pyrethroids caused 23-37% increases in the striatal content of the dopamine
      metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC). 2. Toxicity symptoms and
      increases in DOPAC were associated with higher brain concentrations for type I
      (2.6-5.8 micrograms/gm) than type II pyrethroids (0.4-0.6 micrograms/gm). 3. No
      specific difference in the interaction between type I and II pyrethroids and the
      striatal dopaminergic system were recognized.

PMID- 2905953
TI  - Derivatives of epinephrine, norepinephrine, octopamine and histamine formed by
      homogenates of Trichostrongylus colubriformis, a nematode parasite of ruminants.
AB  - 1. Radiolabeled epinephrine, norepinephrine, octopamine and histamine were
      introduced into homogenates of mixed sexes of the nematode Trichostrongylus
      colubriformis and the labeled derivatives formed during incubation were
      identified by HPLC. Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl glycol
      (HMPG) and metanephrine were formed from epinephrine. 2. VMA, HMPG and
      normetanephrine were produced from norepinephrine. 3. Octopamine was converted
      into norepinephrine, synephrine and epinephrine. 4. Imidazole-4-acetic acid, 1,4
      methylimidazole acetic acid and acetylhistamine were formed from histamine. 5.
      Inhibitors of monoamine oxidase, catechol-O-methyltransferase and
      phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase were tested for their effects on the
      formation of certain of these derivatives, and the results suggested that these
      enzymes were active in the homogenate.

PMID- 2905954
TI  - The regulation of the corticomelanotropic cell activity in aves. III--Effect of
      various peptides on the release of MSH from dispersed, perfused duck pituitary
      cells. Cosecretion of ACTH with MSH.
AB  - 1. The melanotropin-releasing activity of arginine-vasopressin (AVP), arginine
      vasotocin (AVT), oxitocin (OT), mesotocin (MT) and corticotropin-releasing factor
      (CRF) was studied in the duck using dispersed, perfused pituitary cells and a
      specific alpha-MSH RIA. 2. Log dose-response curves were obtained for all the
      peptides ranging from 5 to 100 ng/ml. All peptides behaved as partial agonists
      compared to duck median eminence extracts (DME). 3. AVT and MT displayed an alpha
      MSH releasing capacity of 60% relative to DME whereas all other peptides behaved
      as weak agonists with less than 15% capacity relative to DME. 4. AVT and CRF when
      perfused together acted synergistically on alpha-MSH release yielding a dose
      response line whose slope approximated that of DME. 5. ACTH was cosecreted
      together with alpha-MSH in all situations studied with an ACTH to alpha-MSH molar
      ratio of about 10. 6. It is concluded that CRF and neurohypophyseal peptides may
      be physiological stimulators of both alpha-MSH and ACTH release in aves.

PMID- 2905955
TI  - The nuclear binding of dexamethasone-receptor complex from fast and slow skeletal
      muscle in rats.
AB  - 1. The binding to isolated muscle nuclei of the complex of dexamethasone with
      cytosol receptors from rat soleus (Sol) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL)
      muscles was measured. 2. The ratio of bound to total amount of complex was higher
      in Sol. 3. The binding of complex per mg of cytosol protein was also higher in
      Sol. 4. These results suggest that activation and nuclear binding of the steroid
      receptor complex are not the sites of the different sensitivity of the two muscle
      types to glucocorticoid.

PMID- 2905956
TI  - Plasma binding of 1-butanol, phenol, nitrobenzene and pentachlorophenol in the
      rainbow trout and rat: a comparative study.
AB  - 1. The in vitro binding of 1-butanol, phenol, nitrobenzene, and pentachlorophenol
      in trout plasma and rat plasma was determined. 2. Binding to rainbow trout plasma
      proteins agreed within 9% of that observed in rat plasma. 3. Percentage bound to
      rainbow trout (2-99%) or rat (10-99%) plasma proteins increased as the log
      octanol/water partition coefficient of the chemicals increased within the Log P 1
      3 range, and was suggestive of hydrophobic interactions in binding.

PMID- 2905957
TI  - Comparison of hepatic drug metabolizing enzyme activities in several agricultural
      species.
AB  - 1. Several pathways of drug metabolizing enzyme activity were measured in hepatic
      fractions of cattle, sheep, goats, chickens, turkeys, ducks, rabbits and rats.
      The pathways examined included the O-demethylation of p-nitrophenol, microsomal
      ester hydrolysis of procaine and glucuronidation of p-nitrophenol, and the
      cytosolic acetylation of sulfamethazine and sulfation of 2-naphthol. 2. For most
      enzymatic pathways measured, goats were more similar to sheep (wether) than to
      cattle (steers). The exception was UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity, which was
      significantly higher for the goat than for any other species studied. 3. Within
      the avian subset, the chicken and turkey were usually the most similar species.
      4. The activities of arylsulfotransferase isozymes III and IV were particularly
      low for the duck compared to the chicken and turkey. 5. N-acetyltransferase
      activity was very high for rabbits and very low for sheep and goats.

PMID- 2905958
TI  - Constitutive and Aroclor 1254-induced hepatic glutathione S-transferase,
      peroxidase and reductase activities in genetically inbred mice.
AB  - 1. Constitutive and Aroclor 1254-induced hepatic glutathione (GSH) S
      transferases, GSH peroxidase and GSH reductase activities were determined in 12
      strains of 8-10 week-old inbred male mice. 2. The constitutive GSH S-transferase
      activity varied from 2.5 (SJL/JCR) to 8.9 (C57BL/6N) mumol/min/mg protein and the
      corresponding values for the Aroclor 1254-treated mice were in the range of 7.1
      23.0 mumol/min/mg protein. Aroclor 1254 significantly induced GSH S-transferase
      activity in all mice, however, significant interstrain differences were found in
      inducibility. 3. Aroclor 1254-treatment caused a 4.2-fold induction of GSH S
      transferase in NFS/NCR but only a 1.4-fold increase in AKR/NCR mice. Aroclor 1254
      significantly induced GSH reductase in all strains studied while GSH peroxidase
      activity decreased in these mice. 4. The range of hepatic GSH levels in control
      and Aroclor 1254-treated mice was relatively narrow for both groups (6.59-11.25
      microM/g wet tissue).

PMID- 2905959
TI  - Induction of hepatic aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity in rainbow trout
      (Salmo gairdneri) exposed to coal liquids.
AB  - 1. The hepatotoxic response of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) to a middle
      distillate (MD) and heavy distillate (HD) coal liquid was determined following
      administration by injection or in food. Hepatic aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase
      (AHH) activity was compared to the known AHH inducer, benzo(a)pyrene. 2. Acute
      toxicities (LD50) of 1500 and 1410 mg/kg were obtained 120 hr after
      intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) for MD and HD coal liquids, respectively. Only
      the HD induced AHH activity when injected at 5% and 10% of the acute LD50. 3.
      Ingestion of 7 or 70 mg HD/kg body weight for 1 week resulted in AHH induction at
      5-7 times that of control values. Levels of hepatic AHH activity in fish treated
      at 7 mg HD/kg declined to 2.6 times control values 7 days after exposure. Maximum
      induction was observed for the 70 mg HD/kg group that was provided control food
      for 1 week following 2 weeks of exposure. 4. The hepatic index (HI) or liver to
      body weight ratio generally increased along with increased activity in the enzyme
      response system.

PMID- 2905960
TI  - Changes induced by caffeine, theophylline and theobromine on calcium uptake,
      respiration and ATP levels in rat-liver mitochondria.
AB  - 1. The inhibition of calcium uptake and cellular respiration depend on the
      concentration of the compounds as shown by the concentration-effect curves. 2.
      The concentrations at which 50% inhibition of the transport of calcium takes
      place (caffeine 45 mM, theophylline 12 mM, theobromine, 4 mM) do not coincide
      exactly with those that produce the same effect on cellular respiration (caffeine
      60 mM, theophylline 22 mM, theobromine 8 mM). 3. ATP concentrations under
      different conditions were also determined; a decrease in their value induced by
      the drugs was observed. No significant differences were observed, however,
      between the effect produced by the methyl-xanthines. 4. These findings suggest
      that these compounds are able to affect in some way the maintenance of energy
      gradients linked to the effects studied.

PMID- 2905961
TI  - Effects of energy and/or protein restriction on hepatic microsomal mixed function
      oxidase in male broiler chicks.
AB  - 1. Effect of energy and/or protein intake on a mixed function oxidase system
      (MFO) in hepatic microsomes was studied in male broiler chicks. 2. Contents of
      cytochrome P-450 and b5 in 72 hr starvation were larger than those in 12 and 36
      hr starvations. 3. Reduction of energy and protein intake did not change the MFO,
      except cytochrome P-450. 4. Reduction of energy intake under the same protein
      intake increased the cytochrome P-450 content and aminopyrine N-demethylase
      activity. An increase in protein intake under the same energy intake also
      increased the cytochrome P-450 content.

PMID- 2905962
TI  - Ramipril inhibition of rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) small intestinal brush
      border membrane angiotensin converting enzyme.
AB  - 1. Rabbit small intestinal brush border membranes possessed prominent angiotensin
      converting enzyme (ACE) activity. 2. Intestinal ACE was located on the lumen
      surface, as verified by ACE co-enrichment with brush border membrane marker
      enzymes. 3. Hydrolysis kinetics of rabbit intestinal ACE were comparable to the
      lung, utilizing the substrate (N-[3-(2-furyl)acryloyl]-L
      phenylalanylglycylglycine; the Vmax = 543 +/- 51 mumol/min/g and Km = 0.62 +/-
      0.09 mmol/l. 4. Intestinal brush border ACE activity was strongly inhibited by
      the antihypertensive drug Ramipril, which yielded an IC50 value of 5 nmol/l; the
      ACE activity remained completely inhibited during 15 days after a single dose of
      10 mumol/l Ramipril.

PMID- 2905963
TI  - Differences between chick and turkey embryos in sensitivity to 3,3',4,4'
      tetrachloro-biphenyl and in concentration/affinity of the hepatic receptor for
      2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin.
AB  - 1. 3,3',4,4'-Tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCB) was 20-100 times more toxic in chick
      embryos than in turkey embryos when injected into eggs. 2. The ED50-value for
      induction of AHH activity by TCB in the liver of early chick and turkey embryos
      was estimated to be 0.6 and 6 micrograms/kg egg, respectively. 3. In both species
      alpha-naphthoflavone was more effective than metyrapone at inhibiting basal and
      TCB-induced AHH activities. 4. The TCDD receptor was detected in the liver of 7
      day-old chick embryos, while it was not found in 9-day-old turkey embryo liver.

PMID- 2905964
TI  - Pigment migration in fish erythrophores is controlled by alpha 2-adrenoceptors.
AB  - 1. The aggregation of erythrosomes within erythrophores of the squirrel fish
      (Myripristis occidentalis; belonging to the family Holocentridae) was, on
      pharmacological grounds, shown to be mediated by alpha 2-adrenoceptors. 2. The
      erythrophores were shown to be controlled by adrenergic nerves activating the
      alpha 2-adrenoceptors. 3. The erythrophores themselves were found to possess a K+
      sensitive mechanism of aggregation. 4. Some similarities and differences of the
      alpha 2-adrenoceptor-mediated chromatosome aggregation in melanophores and
      erythrophores are also discussed.

PMID- 2905965
TI  - Neuromuscular electrophysiology of the filarial helminth Dipetalonema viteae.
AB  - 1. A body wall preparation is described which permits intracellular recording
      from the somatic muscle cells of the small filarial nematode, Dipetalonema
      viteae. Using this preparation, resting membrane potentials were measured and
      spontaneous muscle depolarizations described. 2. Stimulatory effects noted upon
      the addition of acetylcholine, or the cholinergic agonists suggest the hypothesis
      that acetylcholine is the excitatory neurotransmitter. However, in contrast with
      vertebrate tissues, the cholinergic antagonists, d-tubocurarine, hexamethonium
      and pentolinium do not inhibit somatic muscle activity of the worm. 3. GABA
      inhibited somatic muscle depolarizations, suggesting the possibility that it may
      serve as an inhibitory neurotransmitter. 4. The anthelmintic drug, levamisole,
      produced a depolarizing block. Effects of other pharmacological agents are
      described, discussed and compared with effects on vertebrate muscles.

PMID- 2905966
TI  - Evidence that levamisole, pyrantel, morantel, amidantel, deacylated amidantel and
      hycanthone may act on acetylcholine receptors of central neurones of Helix
      aspersa.
AB  - 1. Intracellular recordings were made from identified neurones in the
      suboesophageal ganglionic mass of the snail, Helix aspersa. Neurones were
      classified as either "H" cells, inhibited by acetylcholine or "D" cells, excited
      by acetylcholine. 2. The actions of levamisole, morantel, pyrantel, amidantel,
      deacylated amidantel and hycanthone were investigated on these neurones and
      compared to that of acetylcholine. 3. Levamisole was 10.85 +/- 0.56 times less
      active than acetylcholine on "H" cells but more than 100 times less active on "D"
      cells. On "H" cells levamisole had a secondary gradual depolarizing effect which
      was irreversible and resulted in the loss of cell activity. 4. Morantel and
      pyrantel were 1.12 +/- 0.13 and 2.56 +/- 0.26 times respectively less active than
      acetylcholine on "D" cells and 5.16 +/- 0.6 and 3.53 +/- 0.63 times respectively
      less active than acetylcholine on "H" cells. 5. Amidantel was more than 100 times
      less active than acetylcholine on both "D" and "H" cells while its deacylated
      derivative was 26.0 +/- 1.0 and 76.0 +/- 3.25 times respectively less active than
      acetylcholine on "D" and "H" cells. 6. Hycanthone possessed weak inhibitory
      effects on "H" cells but also appeared to reduce the duration of acetylcholine
      inhibitory responses when applied immediately after the acetylcholine response
      had reached its maximum.

PMID- 2905967
TI  - Clearer demonstration of calcium/calmodulin-dependent events in synaptosomes by
      use of the differential effects of two calmodulin antagonists, N-(aminohexyl)-5
      chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide and N-(6-aminohexyl)-1-naphthalenesulfonamide.
AB  - 1. In order to demonstrate more clearly calcium/calmodulin-dependent events, the
      differential effects of two calmodulin antagonists, W-7 and W-5, on synapsin I
      phosphorylation and norepinephrine release associated with calcium influx, were
      investigated using 32Pi in synaptosomes derived from rat cerebral cortex. 2. The
      calcium ionophore (A23187)-stimulatory effect on synapsin I phosphorylation and
      norepinephrine release was markedly reduced by W-7 and slightly reduced by W-5;
      whereas neither the strong nor the weak calmodulin antagonist had an effect on
      A23187-stimulated synaptosomal uptake of calcium. 3. Preincubation with H-8
      reduced both W-5- and W-7-inhibited A23187-stimulated synapsin I phosphorylation
      by the same amount but did not affect their inhibitory effect nor the ionophore
      stimulated norepinephrine release, thereby suggesting that W-5 may serve as an
      appropriate control for non-calmodulin-mediated effect of both calmodulin
      antagonists.

PMID- 2905968
TI  - An analysis of the inhibitory responses of dopamine and octopamine on Helix
      central neurons.
AB  - 1. Electrophysiological recordings were made from identified neurons in the
      isolated suboesophageal ganglionic mass of Helix aspersa. Cells were voltage
      clamped at testing membrane potential. 2. Bath addition of 1 microM dibutyryl
      cAMP caused a time dependent enhancement of an evoked IPSP and the dopamine (DA)
      and octopamine (OA) induced outward currents obtained in these neurons.
      Forskolin, 0.1 microM, which enhances and MDL 12,330A, 0.12 microM, which
      depresses adenylate cyclase activity also modified these responses. 3. The DA and
      OA inhibitory responses were both shown to be potassium mediated events. They
      were preferentially antagonised by low micromolar concentrations of 4
      aminopyridine. Two other potassium channel antagonists, tetraethylammonium and
      apamin had little effect on the DA and OA responses. 4. Cell sensitivity to DA
      and OA was greatly enhanced in calcium free/2 mM cobalt Ringer. The reversal
      potential of the DA response was shifted to a more negative value in calcium free
      Ringer. Sodium free Ringer was also found to alter the responses to DA or OA but
      those results were not consistent.

PMID- 2905969
TI  - Further study of effects of synthetic peptides on identifiable giant neurones of
      an African giant snail (Achatina fulica Ferussac).
AB  - 1. Effects of the following peptides at 10(-4) M on identifiable giant neurones
      of Achatina fulica Ferussac were examined: physalaemin, eledoisin, bradykinin,
      neurokinin A, neurokinin B, neuromedin B, gastrin releasing peptide decapeptide
      (neuromedin C), gastrin releasing peptide (14-27), cholecystokinin tetrapeptide,
      cholecystokinin octapeptide, thyrotropin releasing hormone, Arg-vasotocin, gamma
      melanocyte stimulating hormone. 2. The six neurones tested were as follows: PON
      (periodically oscillating neurone), TAN (tonically autoactive neurone), RAPN
      (right anterior pallial neurone), d-RPLN (dorsal-right parietal large neurone),
      VIN (visceral intermittently firing neurone) and d-VLN (dorsal-visceral large
      neurone). 3. Of the peptides examined, only Arg-vasotocin at 10(-4) M produced
      the excitatory effects on PON, VIN and d-VLN. Physalaemin showed slight
      inhibitory effects on TAN; this substance was sometimes almost ineffective on the
      neurone. 4. The other peptides examined were completely ineffective on all of the
      neurones tested.

PMID- 2905970
TI  - Immunocytochemical localization of regulatory peptides in six species of
      trematode parasites.
AB  - 1. Frozen and paraffin sections of six species of trematodes: Schistosoma
      mansoni, S. mattheei, S. japonicum, Schistosomatium douthitti, Echinostoma
      paraensei and Fasciola hepatica have been incubated with antisera against leu
      enkephalin, FMRF-amide, gastrin-17, luteinizing hormone releasing hormone,
      neurotensin, oxytocin, prolactin, substance P, thyroid stimulating hormone and
      cholecystokinin, using indirect immunofluorescence and biotin-avidin horseradish
      peroxidase detection systems. 2. Of the ten antisera tested, six (leu-enkephalin,
      FMRF-amide, gastrin-17, luteinizing hormone releasing hormone, substance P and
      cholecystokinin) showed significant immunoreactivity, primarily in the central
      and peripheral nervous system, and also perhaps in the osmoregulatory system of
      the three species of Schistosoma. 3. Immunopositive nerve fibers extended from
      ganglia to gut wall, uterus and vitelline follicles, and especially from
      subtegumental nerve plexi to sensory receptors on the surface or in dorsal
      nippled tubercles.

PMID- 2905971
TI  - Determination of beta-phenylethylamine in catfish (Parasilurus asotus) tissues by
      gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.
AB  - 1. beta-Phenylethylamine (PEA) was detected and quantitated in tissues of the
      catfish, Parasilurus asotus, by very specific and sensitive gas
      chromatography/mass spectrometry. 2. The selected ion monitoring was made with a
      strong quasi-molecular ion of the pentafluoropropionic derivative of PEA in the
      positive chemical ionization mode. 3. PEA was found in all tissues tested ranging
      from 2.8 to 38.2 ng/g wet wt tissue. It was highest in the spinal cord, followed
      by the skin, brain and intestine.

PMID- 2905972
TI  - Organofluorophosphate-hydrolyzing activity in an estuarine clam, Rangia cuneata.
AB  - 1. The bivalve Rangia cuneata can enzymatically detoxify the organophosphorus
      acetylcholinesterase inhibitors DFP and soman. 2. Digestive gland homogenates
      contained Mazur-type DFPases based on response to Mn2+ ions, and relative rates
      of DFP: soman hydrolysis. Squid-type DFPase contributed little to the total
      organophosphate acid (OPA) anhydrase activity of these preparations. 3. The
      natural substrate(s) and physiological role(s) of OPA anhydrase in R. cuneata has
      yet to be determined; however, DFPase specific activity was pronounced in the
      digestive gland, the primary organ involved in bioconcentration and
      biotransformation of xenobiotics, and in the gills, which are in continuous
      contact with water-borne chemicals.

PMID- 2905973
TI  - The effects of adrenergic agonists and age on lipogenesis in avian hepatocytes.
AB  - 1. Adrenergic inhibition of lipogenesis was examined in vitro using hepatocytes
      isolated from chickens 2-9 weeks old. 2. Lipogenesis was inhibited by beta 1,
      beta 2 and alpha 1 agonists. Greatest inhibition occurred when more than one type
      of receptor was stimulated. 3. Clonidine (alpha 2-agonist) may have stimulated
      lipogenesis. 4. Responsiveness to the agonists decreased as the chickens got
      older.

PMID- 2905974
TI  - Antagonist like action of synthetic alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists on contractile
      response to catecholamines in smooth muscle strips isolated from rainbow trout
      stomach (Salmo gairdneri).
AB  - 1. The effects of some synthetic alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists on the mechanical
      activity and on contractile responses to catecholamines were examined in smooth
      muscle strips isolated from rainbow trout stomach. 2. Contractile responses to
      noradrenaline and adrenaline in the rainbow trout stomach strips were due to
      alpha 2-adrenoceptor activation. 3. Clonidine, p-aminoclonidine, naphazoline and
      guanabenz caused no mechanical response but concentration-dependently inhibited
      the contractile responses to noradrenaline and adrenaline without affecting the
      responses to acetylcholine, carbachol, 5-hydroxytryptamine and methionine
      enkephalin. The order of potency was naphazoline greater than p-aminoclonidine
      greater than clonidine greater than guanabenz. 4. It is suggested that in the
      smooth muscle preparation of the trout stomach, some synthetic compounds
      (clonidine, p-aminoclonidine, naphazoline and guanabenz), which act on mammalian
      preparations as alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists, show an antinoradrenaline (
      adrenaline) effect; those compounds can be classified as alpha 2-adrenoceptor
      antagonists.

PMID- 2905975
TI  - Acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase in the gut mucosal cells of
      various mammal species: distribution along the intestine and molecular forms.
AB  - 1. A cholinesterase activity was shown to be present in the homogenates of the
      gut mucosal cells from seven mammal species examined. 2. The distribution of the
      cholinesterase activity in the mucosal cells along the intestine differs from one
      species to another. This distribution is not correlated with that of the
      aminopeptidase which is a specific marker of the enterocyte plasma membranes. 3.
      Except rabbit, all the other species contain a (G4) globular tetrameric form and
      either a (G1) monomeric form (pig, ox) or a (G2) dimeric form (mouse, rat,
      sheep). Both (G1) and (G2) forms are found with the (G4) form in the mucosal
      cells of kitten and cat. The solubility characteristics of these various forms
      were studied by sucrose gradient centrifugations in the presence and the absence
      of 1% Triton X-100. 4. The mucosal cells from the studied species essentially
      possess either acetylcholinesterase (rabbit, kitten, cat) or
      butyrylcholinesterase (ox, pig, sheep, rat, mouse). These findings indicate that
      both enzymes probably present identical physiological functions in this cell
      type.

PMID- 2905976
TI  - O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase levels in tissues of methionine-cysteine
      deficient subadult and adult mice.
AB  - 1. Subadult and adult mice were fed during 6 days a diet containing a complete
      mixture of amino acids or a mixture low in methionine-cysteine. 2. O6
      methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MT) is the acceptor protein for methyl
      groups present in DNA at the O-6 position of a guanine that has been methylated
      by alkylating carcinogenic agents. 3. Upon methionine-cysteine deficiency O6
      methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase levels decreased significantly in liver, but
      seemed unaffected in kidney, lung, testis and brain. 4. Age associated
      differences were found in liver, with lower values in the subadult than the adult
      mice leaving the young animals more vulnerable to exposure to alkylating agents.
      5. To ensure an efficient repair of DNA lesions both age groups depended on a
      complete amino acid mixture in the diet.

PMID- 2905977
TI  - Toxicity of 2-hydrazinoethanol in turkey poults.
AB  - 1. Toxicity of 2-hydrazinoethanol was investigated in turkey poults 2-6 weeks
      posthatch. 2. Significant depression of body wt was evident at concentrations of
      the drug as low as 10 ppm. 3. Severe anorexia closely paralleled a highly
      significant decrease in water intake. 4. A significant increase in the ratio of
      granulocytes to agranulocytes was seen in poults fed the drug at a dose of 50
      ppm. 5. Under the conditions of this experiment, none of the tissues sampled
      exhibited pathologic changes consistent with drug injury.

PMID- 2905978
TI  - Clenbuterol stimulated increase of plasma free fatty acids in reserpinized pigs.
AB  - 1. Previous studies indicate the beta-adrenergic agonist, clenbuterol, does not
      stimulate porcine adipose tissue lipolysis or cAMP concentration in vitro but
      increases plasma free fatty acid concentrations when infused, implying an
      indirect mechanism in vivo. 2. One indirect mechanism is the release of
      endogenous catecholamines to increase adipose tissue lipolysis and raise plasma
      free fatty acids. 3. In pigs treated with reserpine to deplete endogenous
      catecholamines, clenbuterol infusion increased plasma free fatty acids
      concentration suggesting that this increase in vivo did not result from release
      of endogenous catecholamines.

PMID- 2905979
TI  - [Transluminal catheter angioplasty of the abdominal aorta in Takayasu's
      arteritis].

PMID- 2905980
TI  - Dipeptidyl peptidases of human lymphocytes.
AB  - In human lymphocytes three dipeptidyl peptidases were discovered in our
      laboratory. For a correct demonstration of activities of these enzymes
      discriminating substrates must be used. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV) is
      revealed with Gly-Pro-4-methoxy-2-naphthylamide (Gly-Pro-MNA) and Fast Blue B
      (FBB). It is present in the surface membrane of about 40% lymphocytes of the
      peripheral blood. Only T-lymphocytes bear the reaction. Reacting lymphocytes
      belong predominantly to OKT4+ subset. Some OKT8+ lymphocytes also react. With
      more sensitive substrates (Lys-Pro-MNA, Phe-Pro-MNA and Ala-Pro-MNA) a co
      reaction of DPP II was demonstrated "in situ" and in zymograms. In haemoblastoses
      a positive reaction in cells indicates their derivation from the T-lineage of
      lymphocytes. A negative reaction does not exclude a T-cell malignancy, however. A
      decreased number of DPP IV positive lymphocytes in the peripheral blood indicates
      a diminished immunocompetent potential of T-cells, e.g. immunodeficiency in
      patients with malignant lymphoma, gastric and colocrectal carcinoma, AIDS, etc.
      DPP II demonstrated with Lys-Ala-MNA occurs in about 60% of lymphocytes belonging
      to T and B subsets. It is localized in lysosomes. Although Lys-Pro-MNA is a more
      sensitive substrate a co-reaction of DPP IV must always be considered. Patients
      with chronic B-lymphocytic leukaemia displaying a high number of DPP II+ cells
      usually have a worse prognosis. DPP I assessed with Gly-Pro-MNA and
      nitrosalicylaldehyde occurs in about 20% of T and B lymphocytes. The number of
      positively reacting cells increases after corticosteroid therapy. The influence
      of the treatment on the activity can be shown very well in histograms of DPP I
      activity measured by computer-assisted microfluorometry.

PMID- 2905982
TI  - [The diagnostics of DNA repeat markers].

PMID- 2905981
TI  - Current status of beta-blocking drugs in the treatment of anxiety disorders.
AB  - beta-Adrenoceptor blocking drugs have been used for the treatment of acute stress
      reactions, adjustment disorders, generalised anxiety, panic disorder and
      agoraphobia. In general they are effective in these disorders if somatic or
      autonomic symptoms are prominent but not extreme in degree. Thus, they are of
      more value for the relatively mild tremor of the anxious violinist in public
      performance than in the severe shaking noticed during a panic attack. It is most
      likely that beta-blockers act primarily by blocking peripheral adrenergic beta
      receptors; symptoms that are mediated through beta-stimulation, such as tremor
      and palpitations, are helped most. Improvement is noted within 1 to 2 hours and
      with relatively low doses (e.g. propranolol 40 mg/day). Some recent studies,
      however, have suggested that when longer treatment using higher doses (e.g.
      propranolol 160 mg/day) is given, improvement in other forms of anxiety is noted
      after several weeks of treatment. beta-blocking drugs are useful adjuncts to
      existing treatments for anxiety and are likely to enjoy wider use now that
      benzodiazepines are being avoided due to their dependence risks.

PMID- 2905983
TI  - [DNA diagnosis of muscular dystrophies].

PMID- 2905984
TI  - [Research in HLA-domain genes and its practical significance].

PMID- 2905985
TI  - [Male infertility caused by sulfasalazine].

PMID- 2905986
TI  - Comparison of the effects of dexamethasone 21-acetate and corticosterone on
      glucocorticoid cytosol receptor depletion and induction of TAT in rat liver.
AB  - Rapid fall in the amount of glucocorticoid cytosol receptor in target tissues is
      considered to be a consequence of the receptor translocation to nuclei. The
      effect of single injection of synthetic (dexamethasone 21-acetate) and natural
      (corticosterone) glucocorticoid on the depletion and replenishment of cytoplasmic
      glucocorticoid receptor in rat liver was compared. The effect of 20 micrograms
      dexamethasone 21-acetate on the extent and duration of the decrease of 3H
      dexamethasone binding in cytosol was significantly higher than that of 100
      micrograms corticosterone. A direct relationship between the amount of depleted
      receptor and the kinetics of TAT induction was observed. In conclusion, the
      depletion and replenishment of cytosol receptor closely correlated with the
      biological potency of the steroid administered.

PMID- 2905987
TI  - The role of somatostatin in the regulation of anterior pituitary hormone
      secretion and the use of its analogs in the treatment of human pituitary tumors.

PMID- 2905988
TI  - Comparison between epidural fentanyl, sufentanil, carfentanil, lofentanil and
      alfentanil in the rat: analgesia and other in vivo effects.
AB  - The effects of epidural fentanyl, sufentanil, carfentanil, lofentanil and
      alfentanil were compared in the rat. All five opiates produced analgesia with the
      relative order of potency being lofentanil greater than carfentanil greater than
      sufentanil greater than fentanyl greater than alfentanil, and the relative order
      of duration at comparative doses lofentanil greater than sufentanil greater than
      carfentanil greater than fentanyl greater than alfentanil. Because epidural
      administered opiates still exert some effects within the brain, specificity
      ratios (defined as the ratio between the ED50s for a prolongation of the tail
      withdrawal reaction latency and a blockade of the pinna reflex) were calculated.
      The relative order of specificity between the five opiates was fentanyl greater
      than lofentanil greater than sufentanil greater than carfentanil greater than
      alfentanil. These results are discussed in the context of the search for a safe
      and sufficiently long-acting lipid soluble epidural analgesic. It is concluded
      that of these five opiates, sufentanil appears to be the best drug of choice for
      epidural analgesia.

PMID- 2905989
TI  - Effects of three beta-blockers with different pharmacodynamic properties on
      platelet aggregation and platelet and plasma cyclic AMP.
AB  - The effects of three different types of beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents on
      platelet aggregation and on platelet and plasma cyclic AMP content have been
      studied in 14 patients with mild hypertension given each drug in turn for two
      weeks. The drugs were a non-selective blocking agent with high intrinsic
      sympathomimetic activity, pindolol, the nonspecific blocking agent propranolol,
      and the beta 1-selective metoprolol. The threshold values of ADP and adrenaline
      for irreversible platelet aggregation were significantly higher for pindolol and
      metoprolol than for propranolol. The cyclic AMP content of platelets was higher
      during pindolol and metoprolol than during propranolol treatment. Pindolol
      produced a substantial increase in plasma cyclic AMP relative to the other two
      drugs. Thus, platelet aggregation and cyclic AMP formation are influenced by beta
      adrenoceptor blockade in proportion to intrinsic sympathomimetic activity and
      affinity for different beta-adrenoceptor subtypes.

PMID- 2905990
TI  - Dose-titration study of alfuzosin, a new alpha 1-adrenoceptor blocker, in
      essential hypertension.
AB  - An open, dose-titration study of alfuzosin, a new selective post-synaptic alpha 1
      adrenoceptor antagonist with additional direct vasodilator properties has been
      performed. After a 3-week run-in placebo period, 12 patients with essential
      hypertension received alfuzosin 5 mg oral b.d., and then the dose was doubled
      every week, up to a maximum of 20 mg q.i.d. if the supine diastolic blood
      pressure was greater than 90 mm Hg. The study lasted for 4 weeks. Supine blood
      pressure (SBP) decreased from 160/102 (Day 0) to 148/89 mm Hg and upright blood
      pressure (UBP) from 151/102 (Day 0) to 137/84 mm Hg. Alfuzosin did not cause any
      significant change in supine or upright heart rate. In addition, after the first
      dose of alfuzosin, supine and upright blood pressure and heart rate (SHR and UHR)
      were measured every 30 min for 5 h. The fall in blood pressure was significant
      after 90 min and it lasted up to the 5th hour; the maximum effect was observed
      after 3 h: SBP decreased from 159/103 (time 0) to 137/84 mm Hg and UBP from
      150/102 (time 0) to 123/79 mm Hg. SHR was increased from 72 (time 0) to 81
      beats/min at the 5th hour and UHR from 87 to 101 beats/min at the 4th hour. A
      weak but significant correlation was observed between the hypotensive effect 12 h
      after drug intake and the plasma concentration of the drug at that time. A 10%
      decrease in supine diastolic blood pressure was found at a drug plasma
      concentration higher than 7 ng/ml.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2905991
TI  - Do nizatidine and cimetidine interact with ibuprofen?
AB  - The potential for interaction between ibuprofen and two histamine H2-receptor
      blocking drugs--nizatidine and cimetidine--was investigated in six healthy male
      volunteers aged 20 to 25 years. Each subject received placebo, nizatidine 300 mg
      and cimetidine 800 mg orally at 9.00 p.m. daily for six doses in three randomised
      treatment periods separated by eight days. On the third day of each treatment
      period ibuprofen 400 mg was administered at the same time and venous blood
      samples were taken at intervals throughout the night and subsequently up to 84 h
      after administration. There was no difference in the area under the plasma
      concentration-time curve, rate of absorption or half-life of elimination of
      ibuprofen between the three treatments. The elimination half-life of ibuprofen on
      placebo was 2.04 h. The elimination half-life of nizatidine on ibuprofen was 1.72
      h and that of cimetidine was 3.54 h. The latter is higher than previously
      reported in normal subjects. It is concluded that neither H2-blocker affects the
      kinetics of ibuprofen in man.

PMID- 2905993
TI  - HIV-specific T lymphocyte immunity in mice immunized with a recombinant vaccinia
      virus.
AB  - Infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) induces T cell immunity in
      humans, chimpanzees and macaques. The protective value of this immune response is
      not clear. We have consequently developed a murine experimental system to study
      HIV-specific CD4 and CD8 T lymphocyte immunity in vitro and in vivo. BALB/c,
      DBA/2 and C3H/He mice were immunized with vaccinia virus (VV) recombinant VV
      11.39 which expresses the gp160 glycoprotein of HIV-1. Primary and secondary
      cytotoxic T lymphocyte response to HIV were detected with histocompatible mouse
      target cells transfected with the HIV-1 env gene. Killer cells were positive for
      the Thy-1 and Ly-2 (CD8) T cell markers, and were restricted by class I H-2
      histocompatibility antigens. Immunological memory specific for HIV-1 envelope
      antigens was clearly induced by vaccination with VV-11.39:spleen cells from mice
      vaccinated 4 weeks or more prior to assay generated CD4 and CD8 T lymphocyte
      responses following stimulation in vitro with HIV envelope antigens. The
      intensity of these responses increased with consecutive vaccinations, indicating
      that HIV-specific precursor T cell pools were progressively amplified. Finally,
      DBA/2 mice vaccinated with VV-11.39 developed protective immunity against a
      syngeneic tumor which expresses HIV-1 env antigens, leading to accelerated tumor
      rejection and increased survival.

PMID- 2905992
TI  - Effects of dilevalol, an R, R-isomer of labetalol, on blood pressure and renal
      function in patients with mild-to-moderate essential hypertension.
AB  - The effects of oral dilevalol (an R, R-isomer of labetalol), a new beta
      adrenoceptor blocker with beta 2-receptor stimulating and alpha-recepter blocking
      properties on blood pressure, renal function, plasma renin activity (PRA) and
      plasma aldosterone have been studied in 15 patients with mild-to-moderate
      essential hypertension treated with it for 6 weeks. Two patients with apparent
      treatment failure and one patient who developed muscle pain and cramps, and had
      an elevated creatine phosphokinase level, were excluded from the study. Dilevalol
      monotherapy 100 mg once daily for 6 weeks significantly lowered both the systolic
      and diastolic blood pressure compared to placebo. Total renal vascular resistance
      was significantly reduced, and RBF and GFR remained unchanged. Dilevalol
      significantly decreased PRA. The results suggest that prolonged daily treatment
      with dilevalol preserves renal function and produces a concomitant hypotensive
      action in patients with mild-to-moderate essential hypertension. The ancillary
      pharmacological properties of dilevalol rather than PRA suppression may be
      relevant to its renal effects.

PMID- 2905994
TI  - Regulatory role of the CD8 antigen in both CD3 and CD2 monoclonal antibody
      induced nonspecific cytotoxicity of class I- and class II-allospecific cytotoxic
      T cell clones.
AB  - We investigated the function of the CD8 moiety in antigen-specific and
      alternative activation of HLA class I- and HLA class II-allospecific CD8+
      cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) clones. Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) directed against
      the CD8 structure were only found to inhibit antigen-specific cytotoxicity of
      class I-allospecific CD8+ CTL clones and not of a class II-allospecific CD8+ CTL
      clone. However, cytotoxicity induced by CD3 mAb (used at suboptimal
      concentrations) or CD2 mAb in both types of CTL clone was blocked by CD8 mAb. The
      class II-allospecific CD8+ CTL clone was uniformly more difficult to inhibit than
      the class I-allospecific CD8+ CTL clones and, moreover, also easier to induce to
      exert nonspecific cytotoxicity by CD2 mAb and CD3 mAb. The absence of CD8 mAb
      blocking of antigen-specific cytotoxicity of the class II-specific CD8+ CTL clone
      is, therefore, assumed to result from too strong a triggering signal to be
      overcome by the down-regulatory signal of the CD8 antigen. These combined
      findings suggest a down-regulatory function of CD8 not only in T cell receptor
      (TcR)/CD3 activation, but also in TcR/CD3-controlled alternative activation
      routes such as the CD2 activation pathway.

PMID- 2905995
TI  - Regulatory circuits in autoimmunity: recruitment of counter-regulatory CD8+ T
      cells by encephalitogenic CD4+ T line cells.
AB  - In this study, pretreatment of Lewis rats with a syngeneic encephalitogenic T
      cell line (S1) was found to be able to constantly induce resistance to the
      subsequent induction of transferred experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
      (tEAE). This treatment was capable of protecting recipient animals for at least 2
      4 months. Here we show an enhanced suppressor T(anti-S1) cell activity, which can
      be readily detected in the lymphoid organs of animals which recovered from S1
      induced tEAE, or from rats pretreated with attenuated (irradiated, fixative
      treated or water-lysed) S1 cells. Anti-S1 cells, which uniformly express the CD8
      phenotype, were selectively stimulated to grow and expand into lines by
      confronting primed lymphoid cells with irradiated S1 cells in culture. The
      proliferative response of anti-S1 cells was independent of myelin basic protein
      and antigen-presenting cells, and the responses against unrelated
      encephalitogenic T cell lines were minimal. It was also found that none of the
      monoclonal antibodies tested (including CD8 and MHC class I antigen-specific
      antibodies) was able to block S1/anti-S1 interactions. These cells are
      functionally suppressive to the proliferation of S1 cells in vitro, are
      specifically cytolytic directed against the EAE-inducing S1 cells and are able to
      antagonize encephalitogenic capacity of S1 cells in vivo. In vivo elimination of
      the CD8+ T subset from Lewis rats, using a combined treatment of thymectomy and
      OX-8 antibody injection before the initial cell transfer, totally blocked the
      induction of resistance. Our experiments document that induction of functionally
      active suppressor T cells is responsible for the induced resistance observed in
      tEAE.

PMID- 2905996
TI  - Cross-linking of the T cell antigen receptor interferes with the generation of
      CD4+8+ thymocytes from their immediate CD4-8+ precursors.
AB  - The majority of thymocytes are immature cells co-expressing the surface markers
      CD4 and CD8. About two thirds of these cells also express the T cell antigen
      receptor (TcR), though at a level distinctly lower than found on mature T cells.
      The direct precursors of these "double-positive" thymocytes are cycling cortical
      blast cells of the CD4-8+ phenotype. Using a new monoclonal antibody to a
      constant determinant of the rat TcR alpha/beta, it is shown here that (a) about
      50% of these CD8 "single-positive" committed precursor cells already express the
      TcR alpha/beta, though at very low levels, (b) during short-term suspension
      culture in medium supplemented only with fetal calf serum they not only acquire
      CD4 but also TcR alpha/beta levels characteristic of CD4,8 "double-positive"
      thymocytes, and (c) cross-linking of the TcR during culture inhibits the
      acquisition of the CD4 antigen in the majority of these cells.

PMID- 2905997
TI  - CD4+ lymphocytes are extracted from blood by peripheral lymph nodes at different
      rates from other T cell subsets and B cells.
AB  - The circulation of lymphocyte subsets through prescapular lymph nodes in sheep
      has been quantified using a panel of monoclonal antibodies against sheep
      lymphocyte surface antigens. Differences in the extraction of lymphocyte subsets
      from blood by the lymph node were found with CD4+ lymphocytes being extracted at
      a faster rate (1/2) than CD8+, SBU-T19+, major histocompatibility complex class
      II+ and B cells (1/4 to 1/5). In order to accommodate existing data on organ
      specific adhesion molecules, one subset specific and one tissue specific,
      expressed on vascular endothelium could act jointly to regulate the migration of
      recirculating lymphocytes.

PMID- 2905998
TI  - Reversal by interferon-gamma of inhibition of delayed-type hypersensitivity
      induction by anti-CD4 or anti-interleukin 2 receptor (CD25) monoclonal
      antibodies. Evidence for the physiological role of the CD4+ TH1+ subset in mice.
AB  - In mice, induction of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) and of antibody
      formation to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) was inhibited by the anti-CD4
      monoclonal antibody (mAb) GK1.5. However, anti-interleukin 2 mAb AMT-13 inhibited
      DTH response but not antibody formation. The inhibitory action of the mAb on DTH,
      but not an antibody formation, was reversed by concomitant injection of
      recombinant mouse interferon-gamma. These data provide the first in vivo evidence
      for the postulated physiological role of the CD4+ TH1 lymphocyte subset and
      indicate that the action of anti-interleukin 2 receptor mAb is restricted to this
      T helper subset.

PMID- 2905999
TI  - Dipropylacetate-induced shaking behaviour in the rat: a role of spinal alpha 2
      adrenoceptors.
AB  - The role of spinal adrenoceptors in di-n-propylacetate (DPA)-induced shaking
      behaviour was studied. The alpha 2-agonist p-aminoclonidine in a dose of 5
      micrograms was found to suppress the DPA-induced body shakes when injected
      intrathecally but not when given intraventricularly. There was an enhancement of
      DPA-induced body shakes after the intrathecal injection of idazoxan while only a
      slight decrease was found after the intrathecal injection of prazosin.
      Intrathecal injection of idazoxan but not of prazosin proved to be effective to
      reverse the DPA-induced body shakes suppressed by p-aminoclonidine. Although the
      difference in effectiveness after intrathecal and intravenous injection was less
      than has been described for opiates there are several arguments that indicate an
      effect confined to the spinal cord. The present results further evidence the
      notion that the DPA-induced shaking behaviour shares common mechanisms with some
      of the morphine abstinence symptoms. The data indicate that spinal alpha 2
      adrenoceptors are at least partly involved in the suppressive effect of p
      aminoclonidine on DPA-induced shaking behaviour.

PMID- 2906000
TI  - Differences between rats and mice in MDMA (methylenedioxymethylamphetamine)
      neurotoxicity.
AB  - In both rats and mice a single large dose of methylenedioxymethylamphetamine
      (MDMA; 25 mg/kg i.p.) caused a fall 3 h after injection in the content of 5
      hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in cortex, a
      fall in noradrenaline in hippocampus and cerebellum, and a rise in dopamine (DA)
      but fall in dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in striatum. These effects were
      transient, levels being essentially back to normal by 24 h after injection.
      Repeated large doses (3 x 25 mg/kg in 24 h) of MDMA caused a large long-lasting
      fall in the content of 5-HT and 5-HIAA in cortex in rats but had only a slight
      effect in mice. Increasing the dose to 3 x 50 mg/kg in mice produced a large long
      lasting fall in striatal DA. The analogue MDEA(3,4
      methylenedioxyethylamphetamine) caused a similar slight fall in 5-HT but in
      contrast to MDMA caused a slight rise in DA content in mice. The nature and
      degree of neurotoxicity with methylenedioxyamphetamines appears to be drug and
      species-specific.

PMID- 2906001
TI  - Adrenocortical hormone status affects responses to dopamine receptor agonists.
AB  - The effects of altered adrenocortical hormone status were investigated on
      hypothermic and behavioural responses elicited following systemically
      administered apomorphine or LY171555. Hormonal status was modified by surgical
      adrenalectomy, followed by subsequent replacement therapy with corticosterone,
      and by chronic corticosterone treatment of intact rats, followed by its
      withdrawal. The incidence of stereotyped sniffing produced by both apomorphine
      and LY171555 was increased in the adrenalectomized group and decreased following
      replacement therapy and in intact rats treated with chronic corticosterone,
      compared with sham-operated animals and saline-treated controls, respectively.
      Withdrawal of chronic corticosterone treatment in intact rats reversed the
      effects of the chronic treatment on dopamine-mediated responses. Similar changes
      were observed in hypothermic responses to the two dopamine agonists. Striatal D-1
      and D-2 dopamine receptor concentration and affinity were unaffected by adrenal
      hormone modification suggesting that corticosterone may act at a site distal to
      the dopamine receptor to bring about the observed changes in dopamine-mediated
      behavioural responsiveness.

PMID- 2906002
TI  - The effect of SC-19220, a prostaglandin antagonist, on the micturition reflex in
      rats.
AB  - SC-19220 (5-20 mg/kg i.v.), a competitive receptor antagonist of PGE, increased
      the bladder capacity and reduced the voiding efficiency of micturition (elicited
      by slow transvesical filling) of urethane-anesthetized rats. The effect of SC
      19220 was prevented by indomethacin pretreatment, whereas indomethacin per se
      mimicked the effects of SC-19220. SC-19220 produced a competitive rightward shift
      of the dose-response curve for the contractile effect induced by PGE2 on strips
      of rat detrusor muscle in vitro, whereas the amplitude of nerve-mediated twitches
      was unaffected. These findings support the hypothesis that endogenous PGE2 is
      physiologically involved in the regulation of vesicourethral motility in this
      species by facilitating attainment of the micturition threshold during the
      collection phase of the cystometrogram.

PMID- 2906003
TI  - Acute reduction of dopamine levels alters responses of basal ganglia neurons to
      selective D-1 and D-2 dopamine receptor stimulation.
AB  - Extracellular single unit recording techniques were used to investigate dopamine
      agonist-induced changes in the tonic activity of globus pallidus neurons in
      normal control rats, and in rats in which dopamine levels were acutely reduced by
      alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine (AMPT) pretreatment. Systemic administration of the
      nonselective D-1/D-2 agonist apomorphine consistently induced large increases in
      the firing rates of globus pallidus neurons, as shown previously. The D-1 agonist
      SKF 38393 frequently induced no change in pallidal cell firing rates with doses
      up to 20 mg/kg; however, firing rates of 40% of the cells were stimulated by more
      than 20% of baseline and 14% were partially inhibited after 20 mg/kg SKF 38393.
      Following AMPT pretreatment, SKF 38393 induced only increases and no changes in
      activity; no decreases were observed. The D-2 agonist quinpirole typically
      increased pallidal neuron activity in a dose-dependent manner but was markedly
      less effective at stimulating pallidal neuron activity than apomorphine. In AMPT
      treated rats, quinpirole's effects were significantly attenuated. Consistent with
      previous results, most cells showed large rate increases when SKF 38393 and
      quinpirole were coadministered to normal rats; these increases were similar in
      magnitude to those induced by apomorphine. In contrast to the observation that
      AMPT treatment altered the responses of globus pallidus neurons to individually
      administered quinpirole and SKF 38393, neither the increases in pallidal cell
      activity induced by apomorphine nor those induced by coadministration of SKF
      38393 and quinpirole were significantly attenuated in AMPT-treated rats. The
      results support the idea that stimulation of both D-1 and D-2 receptors appears
      to be required to induce apomorphine-like changes in basal ganglia output.
      Moreover, the effects of individually administered D-1 and D-2 agonists observed
      in normal rats appear to depend upon the degree to which the complementary
      receptor subtype is stimulated by endogenous dopamine.

PMID- 2906004
TI  - Further characterization of the myocardial alpha-adrenoceptors mediating positive
      inotropic effects in the rabbit myocardium.
AB  - [3H]Prazosin bound with high affinity to the membrane fraction derived from the
      rabbit ventricular myocardium. Oxymetazoline displaced [3H]prazosin from its
      binding site, did not elicit a positive inotropic effect but antagonized the
      positive inotropic effect of phenylephrine mediated by alpha-adrenoceptors in the
      presence of a beta-antagonist. Naphazoline was more potent in displacing
      [3H]prazosin and behaved as a weak partial agonist. YM-12617 (5-[2-[[2-(2
      ethoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino]propyl]-2- methoxybenzenesulfonamide HCl), a potent
      selective alpha 1-antagonist, displaced [3H]prazosin and antagonized the alpha
      mediated positive inotropic effect with equal potency. Thus, a good correlation
      was found between the potency of alpha-antagonists to displace [3H]prazosin and
      their ability to antagonize the alpha-mediated positive inotropic effect. On the
      other hand, there was no significant correlation between the Ki and the pD2 value
      of the alpha-agonists (norepinephrine, epinephrine, phenylephrine and
      naphazoline), indicating that there is a non-linear relationship between agonist
      binding to myocardial alpha 1-adrenoceptors and subsequent functional changes.
      Myocardial alpha 1-adrenoceptors showed some pharmacological characteristics
      which appear to be different from those in smooth muscle tissues.

PMID- 2906005
TI  - Specific and non-specific effects of beta-adrenoceptor agonists on guinea pig
      alveolar macrophage function.
AB  - The existence of beta-adrenoceptors on guinea pig alveolar macrophage membranes
      was determined by means of radioligand binding studies. Saturable binding with
      [125I]cyanopindolol demonstrated 38 +/- 6 fmol binding sites per 10(6) alveolar
      macrophages with a Kd of 0.85 +/- 0.15 nM. With timolol, atenolol and ICI 118.551
      for competition of [125I]cyanopindolol binding it became clear that guinea pig
      alveolar macrophages possessed adrenergic binding sites of the beta 2-subtype.
      The cyclic AMP levels of alveolar macrophages could be increased by selective
      beta 2-adrenoceptor agonists but not by selective beta 1-adrenoceptor agonists.
      The influence of non-selective beta- and selective beta 1- and beta 2
      adrenoceptor agonists on the phagocytic and metabolic responsiveness of alveolar
      macrophages was also studied. Addition of beta-adrenoceptor agonists had no
      effect on the uptake of bacteria by alveolar macrophages. Incubation of alveolar
      macrophages with increasing amounts of non-selective and selective beta 1
      agonists resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in the detection of hydrogen
      peroxide released by alveolar macrophages. This effect was due to the scavenging
      properties of these drugs. The selective beta 2-receptor agonists, salbutamol and
      terbutaline, had no effect on the oxidative metabolism of alveolar macrophages.
      We conclude that guinea pig alveolar macrophages possess beta 2-adrenoceptors on
      their cell surface and that these receptors are not involved in the phagocytic
      activity of alveolar macrophages.

PMID- 2906006
TI  - Effects of neurotensin-related peptides on the motility of the guinea pig
      oesophagus.
AB  - Neurotensin, neuromedin N and xenopsin induced a monophasic and concentration
      dependent contraction of the intact guinea pig oesophagus but kinetensin was
      without effect. The responses were completely abolished by tetrodotoxin and
      atropine but were unaffected by hexamethonium. The maximum response induced by
      neurotensin was reduced (20-30%) by somatostatin and by dynorphin-(1-13) in a
      naloxone-reversible manner. Neurotensin did not contract the isolated muscularis
      mucosae. The effects of neurotensin-related peptides on the motility of the
      oesophagus are mediated exclusively through the release of acetylcholine.

PMID- 2906007
TI  - Behavioural and neurochemical effects of medetomidine, a novel veterinary
      sedative.
AB  - The effects of the novel veterinary sedative, medetomidine, were studied in rats.
      In addition to a dose-dependent sedation, which at high doses (greater than 100
      micrograms/kg) included loss of the righting reflex and hypothermia, there was a
      concurrent decrease in the turnover rate of biogenic amines in the brain.
      Noradrenaline turnover was dose dependently decreased as judged by (i) the
      decrease in the brain concentration of its metabolite, MHPG-SO4, (ii) a decrease
      in the ability of alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine methyl ester to deplete brain
      noradrenaline stores and (iii) a dose-dependent decrease in the level of
      unconjugated MHPG in the CSF of freely moving rats. Brain dopamine turnover was
      also inhibited at higher doses as judged by the alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine method
      and by a decrease in the concentration of HVA in the rat brain 4 h after
      medetomidine. Serotonin turnover as estimated by the ratio of biogenic amine to
      its metabolite was also significantly depressed. These changes in brain biogenic
      amine turnover were inhibited by prior or simultaneous administration of alpha 2
      adrenoceptor antagonists, either yohimbine or the more specific, novel alpha 2
      antagonist, atipamezole.

PMID- 2906008
TI  - Phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate potentiates alpha 2-adrenoceptor-mediated contraction in
      the rat saphenous vein.
AB  - The responses of the rat saphenous vein to potassium depolarization,
      noradrenaline and B-HT 920 were potentiated significantly by phorbol 12,13
      dibutyrate (PDBu) (10 nM). In contrast, only the contraction induced by potassium
      depolarization was potentiated by PDBu in the rat tail artery. The responses to
      noradrenaline and methoxamine were slightly inhibited. These results suggest that
      PDBu may have a differential effect on the responses of the two subtypes of alpha
      adrenoceptors-potentiation for the alpha 2-adrenoceptors in the rat saphenous
      vein and inhibition for the alpha 1-adrenoceptors in the rat tail artery.

PMID- 2906009
TI  - GABA pretreatment enhances glutamate mediated phosphoinositide hydrolysis in
      neurons.

PMID- 2906010
TI  - The influence of dopamine agonists and antagonists on indomethacin lesions in
      stomach and small intestine in rats.
AB  - Dopamine agents (saline in control groups) were coadministered with indomethacin
      by either single or repeated application. The ulcerogenic effect (erosions and/or
      ulcers) of repeated given indomethacin on gastric mucosa differed clearly from
      that on intestinal mucosa. The effect on intestinal mucosa was markedly greater
      than after a single dose. The effects of dopamine agents appeared to be more
      consistent. Domperidone and haloperidol, given as single or repeated doses,
      strongly aggravated both the gastric and intestinal lesions. Bromocriptine and
      amantadine had a protective effect. The adverse effects of both dopamine
      antagonists (increased after repeated administration) were strongly inhibited by
      the simultaneous administration of either bromocriptine or amantadine. The
      involvement of the dopamine system (central or peripheral) in the mechanisms that
      maintain gastric (probably related to cytoprotection also) and intestinal mucosa
      integrity is therefore suggested.

PMID- 2906011
TI  - Effects of antimuscarinic agents, H2-blockers and omeprazole on rat chronic
      gastric ulcer after long- and short-term administration.
AB  - Two series of experiments were performed on rat chronic ulcer in order to assess
      the possible curative and mucosal protective properties of 2 week treatments, or
      the preventive properties of 4 week treatments with antisecretory agents, acting
      with different mechanisms of action. At the end of the treatments the gastric
      secretory and motor responsiveness to a gastrin-like stimulus was simultaneously
      evaluated. The results support the view that antimuscarinic agents as well as H2
      blockers cannot be defined as protective and that after a 4 week treatment they
      can induce modifications of gastric functions.

PMID- 2906012
TI  - [Certification of paramedical workers].

PMID- 2906014
TI  - Celiprolol--new clinical perspectives beyond cardioselectivity. Proceedings of a
      symposium. Madrid, Spain, 24 January 1987.

PMID- 2906013
TI  - [Accounting for and analysis of morbidity with temporary loss of work capacity at
      feldsher-midwife centers].

PMID- 2906015
TI  - Celiprolol--overview of 6 years of clinical trials experience.
AB  - The results of an extensive pre-clinical and clinical research programme indicate
      that celiprolol is a safe and effective treatment for both hypertension and
      angina pectoris. Celiprolol is well absorbed, is largely unmetabolized, and is
      excreted equally in the urine and bile. As a result of this pharmacokinetic
      profile celiprolol can be safely administered to the elderly and to patients with
      renal or hepatic impairment. Haemodynamic studies indicate that celiprolol lowers
      arterial blood pressure, and decreases both renal vascular resistance and
      peripheral vascular resistance. Celiprolol does not depress myocardial function,
      neither does it induce bronchoconstriction in asthmatic patients. Weak alpha 2
      adrenoceptor antagonism, combined with beta 2-adrenoceptor agonism are thought to
      contribute to these properties. The antihypertensive efficacy of celiprolol, 200
      mg/day, is comparable to that of propranolol, atenolol and nadolol. Moreover, the
      actions of celiprolol last for 24 h, and are accompanied by less resting
      bradycardia than that seen with other beta-blockers. The anti-anginal efficacy of
      celiprolol is similar to that of atenolol, propranolol and metoprolol. In
      addition, celiprolol decreases the ventricular rate in patients with atrial
      tachyarrhythmias. This effect results from its ability to slow atrioventricular
      conduction. Celiprolol is generally very well tolerated.

PMID- 2906016
TI  - Lipid profile improvement following celiprolol.
AB  - Many beta-blockers adversely affect serum lipid levels. We have, therefore,
      monitored blood pressure and serum lipids in 22 patients (mean age: 42.5 years)
      with essential hypertension (WHO stages I-II) who were treated with celiprolol
      for 4 weeks, and in 12 patients (mean age: 39.8 years) with essential
      hypertension (WHO stages I-II) who received celiprolol for 12 months. Standing
      blood pressure was significantly reduced after 4 weeks and 12 months of
      treatment, and there were slight decreases in serum cholesterol. In addition,
      serum triglyceride levels decreased significantly after 4 weeks, and there was a
      smaller decrease in the patients treated for 12 months. The pathologically
      elevated pre-treatment lipid values were, therefore, reduced to levels within the
      normal range. Analysis by lipid electrophoresis showed an increase in the high
      density lipoprotein (HDL) fraction and a decrease in both the low density
      lipoprotein (LDL) fraction and the LDL/HDL ratio. During the long-term study
      there was also a significant reduction in serum fibrinogen. Our results show that
      celiprolol does not adversely alter serum lipids, and it may even have a
      beneficial effect on these variables.

PMID- 2906017
TI  - Celiprolol and atenolol in angina--effects on left ventricular function.
AB  - Celiprolol, 400 mg once daily, and atenolol, 100 mg once daily, were compared in
      a double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study of 16 patients with stable
      angina. Both drugs reduced angina frequency and delayed the onset of ischaemia
      during exercise, although only celiprolol prolonged exercise time. Celiprolol
      produced less suppression of heart rate than atenolol during exercise, and
      atenolol, but not celiprolol, lowered resting and exercise cardiac output. Thus,
      the ancillary properties of celiprolol, including partial beta 2-adrenoceptor
      agonist activity and direct vasodilating activity, have detectable effects on
      cardiac function that may be beneficial in patients with angina.

PMID- 2906018
TI  - Long-term reduction of peripheral resistance with celiprolol and effects on left
      ventricular mass.
AB  - The antihypertensive efficacy of a new beta-blocker, celiprolol, was compared
      with that of a well established antihypertensive drug, metoprolol. Systemic and
      forearm haemodynamic effects were investigated using echocardiography and two
      dimensional pulsed Doppler flowmetry, respectively. Twenty hypertensive patients
      completed the double-blind crossover randomized study. Each 6-week active
      treatment period was both preceded and followed by 2 weeks of placebo treatment
      such that the total duration of the study was 18 weeks. Despite comparable
      efficacy in reducing systolic and diastolic blood pressures by approximately 10%
      of the basal value, the two drugs differed in their systemic and haemodynamic
      effects. Celiprolol significantly decreased forearm peripheral resistance and
      total peripheral resistance. Cardiac output remained unchanged and forearm blood
      flow was increased. Metoprolol reduced cardiac output through a reduction in
      heart rate, but stroke volume was unaltered. Neither drug significantly modified
      cardiac performance, as evaluated by left ventricular circumferential fibre
      shortening and left ventricular ejection fraction. Differences in the systemic
      and regional haemodynamic effects of the two drugs could account for the
      different blood pressure response seen in some patients. There was no observable
      change in left ventricular wall thickness or left ventricular mass. These results
      confirm previous reports which demonstrate that antihypertensive treatment with
      beta-blockers does not reduce left ventricular mass in patients with a left
      ventricle of normal size. It is generally accepted, however, that the ability of
      beta-blockers to reverse left ventricular hypertrophy is unrelated to the
      individual pharmacological characteristics of each agent.

PMID- 2906019
TI  - Comparison of the antihypertensive effects of celiprolol and enalapril.
AB  - Muscular exercise is the most common stress imposed on the cardiovascular system
      and, in hypertensive patients, it causes an exaggerated increase in the already
      elevated blood pressure. The evaluation of any antihypertensive drug must,
      therefore, include an investigation of its effects on the haemodynamic response
      to exercise. For this reason the effects of celiprolol and enalapril were studied
      in hypertensive patients, both at rest and during an exercise stress test
      performed on a bicycle ergometer. The haemodynamic changes observed were very
      similar at rest: both drugs consistently reduced blood pressure without impairing
      either myocardial geometry or function. The only between drug difference found at
      rest was slight bradycardia with celiprolol, whereas heart rate was unaffected by
      enalapril. By contrast, there was a marked difference in the effect on the blood
      pressure increase caused by muscular exercise: 24 h after dosing, celiprolol
      continued to attenuate the hypertensive response to exercise while enalapril
      failed to show any significant antihypertensive effect possibly because after
      this time there was a reduction in angiotensin converting enzyme inhibiting
      activity. Thus, celiprolol and enalapril are both effective once-a-day
      antihypertensive agents, but celiprolol provides a longer lasting protection from
      hypertensive peaks caused by exercise.

PMID- 2906020
TI  - Pharmacological and therapeutic properties of an ideal beta-blocker.
AB  - With hindsight it is now possible to define some of the additional
      pharmacological characteristics which enhance the pharmacodynamic and therapeutic
      efficacy of a drug whose primary purpose is to antagonize competitively
      sympathetic stimulation of the heart. The ideal pharmacokinetic profile for a
      beta-blocker includes ready and unimpeded absorption; a predominantly hydrophilic
      distribution; a relatively long duration of pharmacological activity and
      alternative routes of elimination. The ideal pharmacodynamic activity of such a
      drug involves a number of factors, including the essential element of beta 1
      adrenoceptor selectivity. In addition, moderate beta 2-adrenoceptor agonist
      activity and mild stimulation of myocardial contractibility afford enhanced
      haemodynamic efficacy. The intrinsic ability to relax vascular and bronchial
      smooth muscle are also highly desirable ancillary pharmacodynamic properties.
      From the therapeutic aspect, a drug administered with the primary objective of
      reducing myocardial ischaemia in patients with a coronary heart disease, or of
      lowering blood pressure in patients with hypertension, should not only prove
      effective in clinical practice, but should also be shown to have beneficial
      haemodynamic properties and a minimum of undesirable pharmacological effects. The
      unique pharmacological profile of celiprolol appears to allow fulfillment of many
      of these desirable objectives.

PMID- 2906021
TI  - Transient insulin resistance following infusion of adrenaline in type 1 (insulin
      dependent) diabetes mellitus.
AB  - Insulin resistance was assessed after an intravenous infusion of adrenaline (50
      ng.kg-1.min-1) or saline (control study) given between 08.00 and 08.30 hours in
      nine patients with Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. The blood
      glucose level during a somatostatin (100 micrograms/h)-insulin (0.4 mU.kg-1.min
      1)-glucose (4.5 mg.kg-1.min-1)-infusion-test performed between 10.30 and 14.30
      hours served as an indicator of the total body insulin resistance. Blood glucose
      was maintained around 7 mmol/l between 08.00 and 10.30 hours by a constant
      infusion of regular insulin (0.57 mU.kg-1.min-1) and a variable infusion of a 20%
      glucose solution. The infusion of adrenaline raised plasma adrenaline to 2.7 +/-
      0.3 nmol/l (mean +/- SEM) at the end of the infusion; thereafter it returned to
      its basal level within 30 min. The plasma levels of free insulin, glucagon,
      cortisol and growth hormone were similar in the adrenaline and the control
      studies from 08.00 to 14.30 hours. In comparison with the control study the
      infusion of adrenaline decreased the need for intravenous glucose significantly
      over the initial 2 h. Furthermore, during the somatostatin-insulin-glucose
      infusion test the blood glucose rose significantly (p less than 0.05) over the
      initial 2 h; thereafter no significant differences between the two studies were
      seen. It is concluded that a short term infusion of adrenaline, resembling the
      adrenergic hormone response to hypoglycaemia, induces a diabetogenic effect which
      subsides within 6 h after omission of the adrenaline infusion.

PMID- 2906022
TI  - The effects of perfluorodecanoic acid on hepatic stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase
      and mixed function oxidase activities in rats.
AB  - Perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) causes a dioxin-like toxic syndrome and alters the
      hepatic oleate/stearate ratio in rats. The acute toxic effects of a single ip
      dose (50 mg/kg) of PFDA on hepatic stearoyl-CoA desaturase and mixed function
      oxidases were studied in male Fischer-344 rats, 14 days after dosing. PFDA causes
      a marked decrease in food intake in rats, resulting in severe body weight loss
      with delayed lethality (2-3 weeks after dosing). To distinguish the effects of
      hypophagia from those caused by PFDA, pair-fed control rats were used in addition
      to ad libitum-fed controls. Stearoyl-CoA desaturase activity, responsible for the
      conversion of stearoyl-CoA to oleoyl-CoA, was absent in both PFDA-dosed rats and
      their pair-fed controls at Day 14. Electron transfer through the desaturase
      system was significantly reduced in PFDA-treated rats only, and in these rats
      there was a significant reduction in microsomal cytochrome b5, an important
      component of this electron transfer system. Pentobarbital sleeping times were
      significantly prolonged in both the PFDA-dosed and pair-fed rats, as compared
      with the ad libitum-fed controls. This effect was more pronounced in PFDA-dosed
      rats. Waking plasma pentobarbital concentration was similar in all treatment
      groups. Hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 content was unaffected. Aminopyrine N
      demethylase activity was greatly reduced in PFDA-dosed rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2906023
TI  - Effect of short-term exposure to hexachlorophene on rat brain cell specific
      marker enzymes.
AB  - Seven cell specific marker enzymes in brain and optic nerve and morphological
      evaluation by light microscopy were used to characterize the neurotoxicity
      associated with exposure of rats to hexachlorophene (HCP; 40 mg/kg/day, po, for 9
      days). In vitro exposure to HCP at concentrations up to 100 microM had no direct
      inhibitory effect on the marker enzymes, validating their use in evaluating brain
      function in vivo. Rats exhibited a reduction in body weight gain, weakness, and
      ataxia of the hind limbs by the ninth day of HCP exposure. At 24 hr following the
      last day of exposure to HCP, the activities of the three neuron specific enzymes,
      glutamic acid decarboxylase, tyrosine hydroxylase, and choline acetyltransferase,
      in rat brain were unchanged from those of the vehicle-treated control group. Of
      the two astroglial enzyme markers measured, a small but significant increase was
      observed in the activity of nonneuronal enolase in the cerebellum and glutamine
      synthetase in the hippocampus of HCP-treated rats. The optic nerve appeared to be
      the most sensitive tissue in that the activity of both the astroglial marker,
      nonneuronal enolase, and the myelin marker, 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide
      phosphohydrolase, was significantly decreased following HCP exposure. This
      decrease in enzyme activity is consistent with the histological observations
      demonstrating extensive vacuolization and edema in the optic nerve after exposure
      to HCP.

PMID- 2906024
TI  - [Cholestasis in pregnancy and normal serum gammaglutamyl transpeptidase
      activity].

PMID- 2906026
TI  - Molecular and phenotypic variation of the white locus region in Drosophila
      melanogaster.
AB  - Restriction site and insertion/deletion polymorphism in a 45-kb region of the
      white locus on the X chromosome in Drosophila melanogaster was investigated for
      64 X chromosome lines with six 6-cutter and ten 4-cutter restriction enzymes. A
      total of 109 polymorphisms were detected (54 restriction sites and 55
      insertions/deletions). Estimated heterozygosity per nucleotide for this region
      (0.004-0.008) was similar to those of the Adh and 87A heat-shock locus regions
      located on the autosomes in D. melanogaster. This is contrary to a simple
      prediction based on the theory of mutation selection-balance of partially
      recessive deleterious mutants which predicts less variation on X chromosomes.
      Large linkage disequilibria between pairs of polymorphisms (including insertions
      and deletions) within the transcriptional unit (especially the 3' end of the 1st
      intron) were observed. As expected from population genetics theory, linkage
      disequilibria between these polymorphisms were greater for those pairs that are
      physically closer on the restriction map. Linkage equilibrium was typically
      observed when the pairs of sites were separated by 2 kb or more. Although
      significant between-line variation in eye pigment was observed (P less than
      0.05), there is little evidence for strong associations between this phenotype
      and the polymorphisms at the DNA level.

PMID- 2906025
TI  - Mapping flagellar genes in Chlamydomonas using restriction fragment length
      polymorphisms.
AB  - To correlate cloned nuclear DNA sequences with previously characterized mutations
      in Chlamydomonas and, to gain insight into the organization of its nuclear
      genome, we have begun to map molecular markers using restriction fragment length
      polymorphisms (RFLPs). A Chlamydomonas reinhardtii strain (CC-29) containing
      phenotypic markers on nine of the 19 linkage groups was crossed to the
      interfertile species Chlamydomonas smithii. DNA from each member of 22 randomly
      selected tetrads was analyzed for the segregation of RFLPs associated with cloned
      genes detected by hybridization with radioactive DNA probes. The current set of
      markers allows the detection of linkage to new molecular markers over
      approximately 54% of the existing genetic map. This study focused on mapping
      cloned flagellar genes and genes whose transcripts accumulate after
      deflagellation. Twelve different molecular clones have been assigned to seven
      linkage groups. The alpha-1 tubulin gene maps to linkage group III and is linked
      to the genomic sequence homologous to pcf6-100, a cDNA clone whose corresponding
      transcript accumulates after deflagellation. The alpha-2 tubulin gene maps to
      linkage group IV. The two beta-tubulin genes are linked, with the beta-1 gene
      being approximately 12 cM more distal from the centromere than the beta-2 gene. A
      clone corresponding to a 73-kD dynein protein maps to the opposite arm of the
      same linkage group. The gene corresponding to the cDNA clone pcf6-187, whose mRNA
      accumulates after deflagellation, maps very close to the tightly linked pf-26 and
      pf-1 mutations on linkage group V.

PMID- 2906027
TI  - Sequence and structure of the nucleolin promoter in rodents: characterization of
      a strikingly conserved CpG island.
AB  - We report the isolation of the complete genes encoding nucleolin from rat and
      hamster. The DNA clones were obtained from partial genomic libraries by probing
      with a genomic DNA fragment containing the leader and promoter regions of the
      mouse nucleolin gene. We have determined the complete nucleotide sequence of the
      5'-terminal region for the three rodent species. The sequenced regions extend
      over 1 kb downstream and upstream from the cap sites and include a conserved CpG
      island 1500 nucleotides (nt) long. The 5' end of the CpG island in each species
      has maintained a long alternating purine-pyrimidine sequence which could adopt a
      Z-DNA conformation. By sequence comparison, 42 blocks of homology are defined in
      the 5'-terminal region, of which 36 appear in the CpG island and contain numerous
      conserved CpG dinucleotides. Two blocks, 110 and 49 nt long, encompassing the cap
      sites and the region immediately upstream, respectively, present features
      characteristic of regulated genes: a possible TATA box (ATTA), two pyrimidine
      rich nucleotide stretches and two inverted juxtaposed CCAAT-like boxes (GGTTGG).
      Furthermore, the adjacent upstream conserved region presents features
      characteristic of housekeeping genes: four G/C boxes, embedded in a high G + C
      content sequence, among them one presenting a perfect consensus Sp 1-binding site
      (GCCCCGCCCC). Among unusual features, we report numerous large G + C-rich
      conserved sequences located in the first intron. One of these sequences contains
      two G/C boxes which border a sequence presenting a dyad symmetry (GCGCACGTGCTC).
      Our findings shed some light on the putative role of the CpG island. We show that
      CpG-rich sequence motifs are under strong selective pressure over the whole 5'
      terminal region and are presumably involved in regulatory mechanisms.

PMID- 2906029
TI  - [The potential co-cataractogenic effects of beta blockers in cataract models in
      the rat].

PMID- 2906028
TI  - [Effect of an H+, K+-ATPase inhibitor, omeprazole (OPZ), on gastric acid
      secretion and gastric or duodenal lesion. Comparison with an H2-receptor
      antagonist, famotidine (FMD)].
AB  - In pylorus ligated rats, OPZ inhibited gastric acid secretion dose-dependently,
      with a potency greater than that of FMD. At the same time, OPZ increased gastric
      K+ secretion and inhibited pepsin and Na+ secretions at the highest dose. In
      Heidenhain pouch dogs, single injection of OPZ inhibited gastric acid secretion
      induced by histamine to a degree almost equal to that by FMD. In the case of
      repeated administration, anti-secretory activity of OPZ was enhanced by up to
      several days and then remained constant. After several days, the inhibitory
      activity of OPZ was more potent and longer than that of FMD, and it still had not
      ceased 22hr after administration. In pylorus ligated rats, OPZ prevented gastric
      ulceration, and the potency was greater than that of FMD. OPZ promoted healing of
      gastric and duodenal ulcers induced by acetic acid in rats. At the same doses,
      FMD failed to promote the healing of both ulcers. In water-immersion stressed
      rats, OPZ prevented formation of gastric erosions, with a potency greater than
      that of FMD. In addition, OPZ prevented formation of gastric erosions induced by
      ethanol in rats. These results indicate that the anti-secretory and anti-ulcer
      activities of OPZ are superior to those of FMD, so that OPZ should have excellent
      therapeutic application for peptic ulcers.

PMID- 2906030
TI  - [With rye pollen micturition is assured. Urologic workshop-discussion "Pollen and
      the Prostate". 5-7 February 1988, Vendig].

PMID- 2906031
TI  - [New aspects of beta-blocker therapy. Pharmacologic data and therapeutic
      relevance. Satellite symposium of the European Cardiology Congress. 3 September
      1988, Budapest].

PMID- 2906032
TI  - [Anticholinergic agents in respiratory tract diseases. Therapeutic chances are
      underestimated. Therapy forum. 28-30 October 1988, Wiesbaden].

PMID- 2906033
TI  - Beta-blocking actions of betaxolol on the isolated rat portal vein.
AB  - The characteristics of the beta-adrenoceptor population mediating the actions of
      noradrenaline and isoproterenol in the rat portal vein were examined in
      comparison with those in the rat atria. In the portal vein, the pA2 values
      obtained for the selective beta 1-adrenoceptor antagonist betaxolol were 100-fold
      lower than those obtained in the atria, suggesting that in the rat portal vein a
      population of beta 2-adrenoceptors is highly predominant.

PMID- 2906034
TI  - Neurotransmitters and intraocular pressure.
AB  - The role of the ocular autonomic nervous system in IOP regulation has been well
      established. Pharmacological and autohistoradiographic studies confirmed the high
      density of beta 2 and alpha 2 receptors on ciliary processes and iris epithelium.
      Their respective pharmacological activation or blockade is discussed. The role of
      other ocular neurotransmitters is also complex, as shown by the paradoxical
      similar action of dopamine agonists and antagonists on IOP. Concerning the
      cholinergic system, ocular muscarinic receptors are pharmacologically not well
      documented. Numerous other neurotransmitters may modulate IOP without necessarily
      leading to the development of new drugs. Drugs of the future will probably
      concentrate on dopaminergic agonists, cAMP-stimulators such as forskolin,
      prostaglandins, and cannabinoids.

PMID- 2906035
TI  - Dopaminergic control of aldosterone secretion. State-of-the-art review.

PMID- 2906036
TI  - Effect of a somatostatin analog (SMS 201-995) in perfusion on basal and
      pentagastrin-stimulated calcitonin levels in medullary thyroid carcinoma.

PMID- 2906037
TI  - Activation of ras oncogenes by chemical carcinogens.

PMID- 2906038
TI  - Simultaneous analysis of multiple polymorphic loci using amplified sequence
      polymorphisms (ASPs).
AB  - In this paper we present a systematic approach to gene mapping and genotyping
      based on the simultaneous analysis of multiple amplified sequence polymorphisms
      (ASPs). These genetic markers measure variation in DNA sequences which have been
      amplified by a polymerase and/or a ligase. The amplified sequence lengths are
      determined by appropriate choice of oligonucleotides used in the amplification
      reaction. We describe three classes of ASPs: restriction site polymorphisms,
      sequence length polymorphisms, and DNA base pair changes not associated with
      restriction sites. Simultaneous analysis of multiple ASPs using a modified
      automated DNA sequencing apparatus should be possible because amplification with
      oligonucleotides provides control over the fragment lengths generated.
      Development of an automated ASP technology is therefore the next logical step for
      efficient gene mapping and genotyping of individuals. With this technology, one
      gel would be sufficient to indicate the most probable locations of a gene and a
      second gel would permit the selection of the correct location while
      simultaneously providing a fine structure map.

PMID- 2906039
TI  - Tyrosine hydroxylase maps to the short arm of chromosome 11 proximal to the
      insulin and HRAS1 loci.
AB  - Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is the rate-limiting enzyme for catecholamine
      biosynthesis and a candidate gene for manic-depressive illness. The TH locus was
      typed for a BglII RFLP using a cDNA clone Ty7 in four large kindreds. Pairwise
      analyses and multipoint analyses were carried out to map the TH locus more
      precisely in the region of the linked markers: D11S12, INS, and HRAS1 on 11p.
      Results confirm the close linkage between TH with these previously mapped markers
      and support a most likely ordering which places TH on the side of INS where the
      centromere lies.

PMID- 2906040
TI  - A primary genetic map of the pericentromeric region of the human X chromosome.
AB  - We report a genetic linkage map of the pericentromeric region of the human X
      chromosome, extending from Xp11 to Xq13. Genetic analysis with five polymorphic
      markers, including centromeric alpha satellite DNA, spanned a distance of
      approximately 38 cM. Significant lod scores were obtained with linkage analysis
      in 26 families from the Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain, establishing
      estimates of genetic distances between these markers and across the centromere.
      Physical mapping experiments, using a panel of somatic cell hybrids segregating
      portions of the X chromosome due to translocations or deletions, are in agreement
      with the multilocus linkage analysis and indicate the order Xp11 . . .
      DXS7(L1.28)-TIMP- DXZ1(alpha satellite, cen)- DXS159(cpX73)-PGK1 . . . Xq13. The
      frequency of recombination in the two approximately 20-cM intervals flanking
      alpha satellite on either chromosome arm was roughly proportional to the
      estimated physical distance between markers; no evidence for a reduced crossover
      frequency was found in the intervals adjacent to the centromere. However,
      significant interfamilial variations in recombination rates were noted in this
      region. This primary map should be useful both as a foundation for a higher
      resolution centromere-based linkage map of the X chromosome and in the
      localization of genes to the pericentromeric region.

PMID- 2906041
TI  - A long-range restriction map encompassing the cystic fibrosis locus and its
      closely linked genetic markers.
AB  - The cystic fibrosis (CF) locus has been localized to the long arm of chromosome 7
      by linkage analysis, and the genetic relationship between CF and the probes
      J3.11, met, and 7C22 has been extensively studied. To extend this genetic
      analysis to higher resolution, to provide information on physical distances
      underlying the genetic relationships, and to set limits to the position of the
      cystic fibrosis mutation, we have constructed a partial restriction map covering
      approximately 5 Mb that defines the physical relationship between these and the
      more recently isolated markers CS.7, XV-2c, Lcn2, and C2/5. Allelic association
      indicates that CS.7 and XV-2c are close to the CF locus, and an expressed
      sequence from this region has been described as a candidate gene for this
      mutation (X. Estivill et al., 1987, Nature (London) 326: 840-845). Using pulsed
      field gel electrophoresis we have determined the physical order of these markers
      to be cen-7C22-Lcn2-met-C2/5-XV-2c-CS.7-J3.11-tel and have localized the CF
      mutation to an interval of less than 1500 kb. A (not unexpected)
      disproportionality was observed between the currently best estimates of genetic
      and physical distances, with the interval J3.11-met showing an approximately
      fourfold higher frequency of recombination than the met-7C22 interval.

PMID- 2906042
TI  - Genetic mapping of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome with two highly-linked
      polymorphic DNA markers.
AB  - The Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is an X-linked recessive genetic disease in
      which the molecular defect is unknown. In 15 families with WAS, seven restriction
      fragment length polymorphic loci from the X chromosome were used to map the
      disease locus. Of the eight intervals studied, the likelihood of the WAS gene
      lying between DXS7 (Xp11.3) and DXS14 (Xp11) was at least 128 times higher than
      that for any other interval. The most likely gene order is DXS84-OTC-DXS7-WAS
      DXS14-DXS1-PGK-DXYS1. Close genetic linkage to DXS7 and DXS14 permits accurate
      prenatal diagnosis and carrier detection with greater than 98% confidence in
      fully informative WAS families.

PMID- 2906043
TI  - Human monoamine oxidase gene (MAOA): chromosome position (Xp21-p11) and DNA
      polymorphism.
AB  - An essentially full-length cDNA clone for the human enzyme monoamine oxidase type
      A (MAO-A) has been used to determine the chromosomal location of a gene encoding
      it. This enzyme is important in the degradative metabolism of biogenic amines
      throughout the body and is located in the outer mitochondrial membrane of many
      cell types. Southern blot analysis of PstI-digested human DNA revealed multiple
      fragments that hybridized to this probe. Using rodent-human somatic cell hybrids
      containing all or part of the human X chromosome, we have mapped these fragments
      to the region Xp21-p11. A restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) for
      this MAOA gene was identified and used to evaluate linkage distances between this
      locus and several other loci on Xp. The MAOA locus lies between DXS14 and OTC,
      about 29 cM from the former.

PMID- 2906044
TI  - A primary map of ten DNA markers and two serological markers for human chromosome
      19.
AB  - We have constructed a primary map of 10 DNA and 2 protein markers for chromosome
      19. Three of the markers define loci with a variable number of tandem repeats
      (VNTRs); 3 define genes--insulin receptor, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
      receptor, and apolipoprotein CII; and 2 are classical markers for blood group
      antigens (Lewis and Secretor). The estimated genetic distance covered by the map
      is 137 cM in males and 189 cM in females. In some regions of the chromosome we
      found significant differences in recombination frequencies according to sex. This
      set of markers will be efficient for linkage studies in families segregating
      genetic defects and will provide anchor points for a high-resolution map of
      chromosome 19.

PMID- 2906045
TI  - A linkage group of five DNA markers on human chromosome 10.
AB  - Five chromosome 10 DNA markers (D10S1, D10S3, D10S4, D10S5, and RBP3) were typed
      in five large pedigrees with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A (MEN-2A) and in
      five non-MEN-2A pedigrees. Linkage analyses showed that these loci and the locus
      for MEN-2A (MEN2A) are in one linkage group spanning at least 70 cM. The order of
      the marker loci is RBP3-D10S5-D10S3-D10S1-D10S4, with interlocus recombination
      frequencies of 7, 13-19, 19, and 19%, respectively, all on the same side of
      MEN2A. Analyses of sex-specific recombination frequencies indicated no
      significant differences between males and females for any of the map intervals
      studied. Previous localization of D10S5 and RBP3 to the proximal region of the
      long arm and the pericentric region, respectively, comparison of results with
      other studies, and our preliminary results with other chromosome 10 markers
      suggest that the D10S4 end of the map extends into the long arm. Our linkage map
      has been constructed using only two- and three-locus analyses. It will be
      possible to combine our results with those of other groups to construct a more
      detailed and accurate genetic map of chromosome 10.

PMID- 2906046
TI  - D10S20, a previously unmapped RFLP (OS-3), is located on 10q near D10S4.
AB  - The locus recognized by the probe OS-3 is assigned to chromosome 10 both by
      Southern blot analysis of a panel of somatic cell hybrid DNAs and by genetic
      linkage to markers already assigned to chromosome 10. In Caucasians this probe
      recognizes a three-allele TaqI RFLP as well as two-allele BanII and RsaI RFLPs
      which are both in strong linkage disequilibrium with each other and with the TaqI
      RFLP. The D10S20 locus defined by this probe maps 5.5 cM distal to D10S4 on the
      long arm of chromosome 10. Because this human clone hybridizes with mouse genomic
      DNA, it will be useful in comparative mapping studies.

PMID- 2906047
TI  - The human "interferon-beta 2/hepatocyte stimulating factor/interleukin-6" gene:
      DNA polymorphism studies and localization to chromosome 7p21.
AB  - The human interferon-beta 2 gene (IFNB2) product is identical to that for the B
      cell stimulation factor-2 (BSF-2), the hybridoma growth factor (HGF)
      ("interleukin-6"), and the hepatocyte stimulating factor (HSF). Proteins derived
      from this gene mediate the plasma protein response to tissue injury (acute-phase
      response) and regulate the growth and differentiation of both B and T cells. By
      using the enzymes MspI, BstNI, and BglI, three polymorphic systems were detected
      with probes for the IFNB2 gene. The MspI and BglI polymorphisms are likely to be
      due to base pair substitutions; the BstNI polymorphism was revealed by nine other
      enzymes and is likely to be due to DNA insertions within 1 kb of the 3' flanking
      region of the gene. This region is rich in AT dinucleotides, and slippage at DNA
      replication may generate the insertions of between 0.07 and 0.23 kb that were
      observed. The polymorphic MspI site also lies within the vicinity of the fifth
      exon. The BglI polymorphic site is likely to lie in 5' flanking DNA. The three
      polymorphisms are separate, and a variety of haplotypes was observed. A low level
      of linkage disequilibrium exists between the MspI and the BglI alleles. MspI and
      BstNI polymorphisms were observed in Caucasoids, CAR Pygmies, Zaire Pygmies,
      Melanesians, and Chinese but at differing frequencies, and not all alleles were
      present in all populations. The BglI polymorphism was observed in Caucasoids and
      Africans only. Linkage studies involving the IFNB2 gene and 27 other chromosome 7
      markers have localized it to between D7S135 and D7S370 at 7p22-p21.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2906048
TI  - Regional localization of mouse Abl and Mos proto-oncogenes by in situ
      hybridization.
AB  - Two proto-oncogenes, Abl and Mos, have been physically localized on their
      respective mouse chromosomes by in situ hybridization. By means of Robertsonian
      translocations to facilitate chromosome identification, Abl was regionally
      assigned to 2B while Mos was assigned to 4A1-A2. Polymorphisms for these genes
      have not been reported in genomic DNA from standard inbred strains, nor were they
      found in this study, thereby prohibiting genetic mapping by meiotic
      recombination. These physical mapping data, however, extend the number of
      homologous genes assigned to chromosomal regions in both man and mouse, and
      better define the segments of conservation on mouse chromosome 2/human chromosome
      9 and mouse chromosome 4/human chromosome 8, respectively.

PMID- 2906049
TI  - Idiotype regulation of thymus autoantibodies.
AB  - Rabbit antisera specific for idiotypic determinants (Id) of monoclonal Thy-1
      autoantibodies were tested for their capacity to elicit Id-bearing thymus
      autoantibodies in mice. Rabbits were immunized with the 20-10-5 monoclonal IgM
      Thy-1 autoantibody, and idiotype-specific antibodies (anti-Id) were obtained by
      affinity chromatography. BALB/c and C3H mice were immunized by repeated i.p.
      injections of the anti-Id reagent. Control mice received repeated injections of
      purified normal rabbit immunoglobulin (NRIg) sheep red blood cells (SRBC) or
      human serum albumin (HSA). The sera of the treated mice were examined for their
      reactivity with anti-Id xenoantisera and for their capacity to react with thymus
      cells. The injection of anti-Id sera into either BALB/c or C3H mice resulted in a
      significant increase in the serum concentration of Id-bearing immunoglobulins,
      while no such change was observed in the sera of mice injected with NRIg. The
      administration of anti-Id, NRIg, SRBC or HSA resulted in a gradual increase in
      the concentration of autoantibodies reactive with thymus cells. Incubation with
      anti-Id sera prevented the binding to thymus cells of autoantibodies induced by
      anti-Id treatment. In contrast, the binding capacity of autoantibodies induced by
      NRIg, SRBC or HSA was unaffected by anti-Id sera. Thus, only the thymus
      autoantibodies induced by anti-Id treatment expressed Id-determinants. These
      results demonstrate the existence of a regulatory network in the formation of
      thymus autoantibodies.

PMID- 2906050
TI  - Increased efficacy and toxicity of lidocaine in patients on beta-blockers.
AB  - The greatest differences in ventricular arrhythmias and adverse effects of
      lidocaine observed in this study were between patients on both lidocaine and a
      beta-adrenoceptor blocking agent and those on neither drug. Although free
      fractions of lidocaine and methylglycylxylidine tended to be higher in patients
      on beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents, this difference was not significant nor
      were any other differences in serum drug levels observed.

PMID- 2906051
TI  - HTLV-V: a new human retrovirus associated with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (mycosis
      fungoides).

PMID- 2906052
TI  - Coral ulcer as a vasculitis.

PMID- 2906053
TI  - Structural requirements for dermorphin opioid receptor binding.
AB  - Structural features influencing binding activity of dermorphin to opioid
      receptors have been investigated in the rat brain through the synthesis and
      evaluation of binding affinity of a series of synthetic dermorphin analogs.
      Tritiated dermorphin was used as primary ligand. The single population of high
      affinity dermorphin binding sites present in the rat brain is clearly of an
      opioid nature since bound radiolabeled dermorphin was fully displaced with high
      affinity either by morphine or naloxone. Displacement of tritiated dermorphin by
      all alkaloid opiates or dermorphin related peptides tested was monophasic,
      consistent with simple competitive inhibition at a single population of binding
      sites. Dermorphin (Tyr-D-Ala-Phe-Gly-Tyr-Pro-Ser-NH2) was the most potent
      competitor in all experiments. The D-configuration of the amino acid residue in
      position 2 was found to be of crucial importance for binding. Replacement of D
      Ala2 with L-Ala led to a deleterious effect, this analog being 1/5000th as potent
      as dermorphin in displacing bound tritiated dermorphin from its receptor. Shorter
      dermorphin homologs, dermorphin-(1-4)-NH2 and dermorphin-(1-3)-NH2, were found to
      be 20 and 40-fold less potent, respectively, than dermorphin. The C-terminal
      carboxamide function is of significant importance for manifestation of the full
      intrinsic binding potency of dermorphin. Deamidated dermorphin had 1/5th the
      potency of the parent peptide. This suggests that while the whole dermorphin
      sequence is required for the expression of the full intrinsic binding activity of
      the molecule, the N-terminal tripeptide is a key structure as it contains the
      features which allow receptor recognition.

PMID- 2906054
TI  - Synthesis of somatostatin analogs resistant to the action of trypsin.
AB  - The synthesis of a series of octapeptides based on the somatostatin analog cyclo(
      Asn-Phe-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Phe-Gaba-) containing the substitutions [Aap9], [D
      Lys9], [L-Trp8, D-Lys9], [L-Orn9] and [D-aThr10] is reported. The analogs were
      designed and have been shown to inhibit proteolysis at the proposed (1) primary
      cleavage site between Lys9-Thr10 and thereby increase their stability to enzymic
      attack.

PMID- 2906055
TI  - Health behaviors and beliefs of four allied health professions regarding health
      promotion and disease prevention.
AB  - Certified nurse midwives, certified physician assistants, registered dental
      hygienists, and registered dietitians were surveyed to determine to what extent
      important health promotion and disease prevention behaviors are a part of their
      lifestyle. Also assessed were beliefs about health promotion and disease
      prevention practices. The study found that the respondents perceive themselves as
      important providers of health promotion and preventive services. Although most of
      the respondents are good health role models, many should consider changes in
      their own behaviors. Additionally, continued learning by many of these
      professionals appears warranted, particularly in recognizing the significance of
      certain health behaviors as they relate to preventing disease and promoting
      health.

PMID- 2906056
TI  - Purification, characterization and antimicrobial spectrum of a bacteriocin
      produced by Pediococcus acidilactici.
AB  - An antimicrobial peptide designated pediocin AcH was isolated from Pediococcus
      acidilactici strain H. The pediocin AcH was purified by ion exchange
      chromatography. The molecular weight of pediocin AcH was determined by SDS-PAGE
      to be about 2700 daltons. Pediocin AcH was sensitive to proteolytic enzymes
      resistant to heat and organic solvents, and active over a wide range of pH.
      Pediocin AcH exhibited inhibition against several food spoilage bacteria and
      foodborne pathogens including Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens and
      Listeria monocytogenes. It was bactericidal to sensitive cells and acted very
      rapidly. The bactericidal effect was not produced by either cell lysis or
      apparent loss of membrane permeability.

PMID- 2906057
TI  - Betablockers in depression with hypertension.

PMID- 2906058
TI  - The number of functional catalytic sites on F1-ATPases and the effects of
      quaternary structural asymmetry on their properties.
AB  - Recent structural and kinetic studies of F1 and F0F1 are reviewed with regard to
      their implications for the binding change mechanism for ATP synthesis by
      oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation. It is concluded that at least
      two and probably all three of the catalytic sites on F1 are functionally
      equivalent despite permanent structural asymmetry in the soluble enzyme. A rotary
      mechanism in which all three catalytic subunits experience all possible
      interactions with the single-copy subunits during turnover is thought not to
      apply to soluble F1 but remains an attractive model for the membrane bound
      enzyme.

PMID- 2906059
TI  - Chemical modification of active sites in relation to the catalytic mechanism of
      F1.
AB  - Recent studies of chemically modified F1-ATPases have provided new information
      that requires a revision of our thinking on their catalytic mechanism. One of the
      beta subunits in F1-ATPase is distinguishable from the other two both
      structurally and functionally. The catalytic site and regulatory site of the same
      beta subunit are probably sufficiently close to each other, and the interaction
      between the various catalytic and regulatory sites are probably sufficiently
      strong to raise the uni-site rate of ATP hydrolysis by several orders of
      magnitude to that of promoted (multi-site) ATP hydrolysis. Although all three
      beta subunits in F1 possess weak uni-site ATPase activity, only one of them
      (beta') catalyzes promoted ATP hydrolysis. But all three beta subunits catalyze
      ATP synthesis driven by the proton flux. Internal rotation of the alpha 3beta 3
      or beta 3 moiety relative to the remainder of the F0F1 complex did not occur
      during oxidative phosphorylation by reconstituted submitochondrial particles.

PMID- 2906061
TI  - Mechanism of F1-ATPase studied by the genetic approach.
AB  - E. coli F1-ATPase has been studied mainly by the genetic approach. Mutations in
      either the alpha or beta subunit modified the kinetics of multisite and uni-site
      hydrolysis of ATP. The mechanism of F1-ATPase and the essential amino acid
      residues of beta subunits are discussed.

PMID- 2906060
TI  - ATP synthases--structure of the F1-moiety and its relationship to function and
      mechanism.
AB  - A great deal of progress has been made in understanding both the structure and
      the mechanism of F1-ATPase. The primary structure is now fully known for at least
      five species. Sequence comparison between chloroplast, photobacteria, aerobic
      bacteria, and mitochondrial representatives allow us to infer more general
      functional relationships and evolutionary trends. Although the F1 moiety is the
      most studied segment of the H+-ATPase complex, there is not a full understanding
      of the mechanism and regulation of its hydrolytic activity. The beta subunit is
      now known to contain one and probably two nucleotide binding domains, one of
      which is believed to be a catalytic site. Recently, two similar models have been
      proposed to attempt to describe the "active" part of the beta subunits. These
      models are mainly an attempt to use the structure of adenylate kinase to
      represent a more general working model for nucleotide binding
      phosphotransferases. Labelling experiments seem to indicate that several critical
      residues outside the region described by the "adenylate kinase" part of this
      model are also actively involved in the ATPase activity. New models will have to
      be introduced to include these regions. Finally, it seems that a consensus has
      been reached with regard to a broad acceptance of the asymmetric structure of the
      F1-moiety. In addition, recent experimental evidence points toward the presence
      of nonequivalent subunits to describe the functional activity of the F1-ATPase. A
      summary diagram of the conformational and binding states of the enzyme including
      the nonequivalent beta subunit is presented. Additional research is essential to
      establish the role of the minor subunits--and of the asymmetry they introduce in
      F1--on the physiological function of the enzyme.

PMID- 2906063
TI  - Determination of roxatidine in human plasma, urine and milk by capillary gas
      chromatography using nitrogen-selective detection.
AB  - An assay is described for the determination of roxatidine in human plasma, urine
      and milk by gas chromatography. Roxatidine is extracted from the basified matrix
      with dichloromethane and esterified with propionic anhydride prior to analysis of
      the extracts by capillary gas chromatography using a nitrogen-specific detector.
      Detection limits are 5 ng/ml for plasma and milk and 1 microgram/ml for urine,
      making the assay suitable for obtaining pharmacokinetic data from volunteer
      trials.

PMID- 2906062
TI  - Role of energy in oxidative phosphorylation.
AB  - This article reviews the current status of information regarding the role of
      energy in the process of oxidative phosphorylation by mitochondria. The available
      data suggest that in submitochondrial particles (SMP) energy is utilized for the
      binding of ADP and Pi and for the release of ATP bound at the catalytic sites of
      F1-ATPase. The process of ATP synthesis on the surface of F1 from F1-bound ADP
      and Pi appears to be associated with negligible free energy change. The rate of
      energy production by the respiratory chain modulates the kinetics of ATP
      synthesis between a low Km (for ADP and Pi)-low Vmax mode and a high Km-high Vmax
      mode. The Km extremes for ADP are 2-3 microM and 120-150 microM, and Vmax for ATP
      synthesis at high rates of energy production by bovine-heart SMP is about 440 S-1
      (mole F1)-1 at 30 degrees C, which corresponds to 11 mumol ATP (min.mg of
      protein)-1. The interaction of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD) or oligomycin at
      the proteolipid (subunit c) of the membrane sector (F0) of the ATP synthase
      complex alters the mode of ATP binding at the catalytic sites of F1, probably to
      one of lower affinity. It has been suggested that protonic energy might be
      conveyed to the catalytic sites of F1 in an analogous manner, i.e., via
      conformation changes in the ATP synthase complex initiated by proton-induced
      alterations in the structure of the DCCD-binding proteolipid. Finally, the
      relationship between the steady-state membrane potential (delta psi) and the
      rates of electron transfer and ATP synthesis has been discussed. It has been
      shown, in agreement with the delocalized chemiosmotic mechanism, that under
      appropriate conditions delta psi is exquisitely sensitive to changes in the rates
      of energy production and consumption.

PMID- 2906064
TI  - Simultaneous determination of floctafenine and its main metabolites, floctafenic
      and hydroxyfloctafenic acid, using high-performance liquid chromatography with
      gradient elution.

PMID- 2906065
TI  - Preparative high-performance liquid chromatography of peptides on a new reversed
      phase packing material, Kromasil C18.
AB  - Preparative reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography has found wide
      use in the production of peptides for pharmaceutical formulations. Purity of the
      substance and overall economy of the chromatographic system are the most
      important criterias. In this sense optimized, silica particles and production
      process with capability to separately control parameters important to
      chromatography, are essential to high-performance chromatography. Kromasil C18
      packing material was tested and evaluated in respect of its selectivity, flow and
      pressure properties, resolution, load capacity, recovery, adsorption effects,
      mechanical strength and chemical degradation.

PMID- 2906066
TI  - Administration of butaperazine and plasma methionine-enkephalin levels in
      schizophrenic and affective disorder patients with tardive dyskinesia.
AB  - The levels of plasma methionine-enkephalin in male chronic schizophrenic and
      affective disorder patients with or without tardive dyskinesia (TD) were in a
      range similar to those of sex-matched adult control volunteers. Administration of
      butaperazine resulted in significant changes (increases) of neuropeptide plasma
      concentration only in the affective disorder with TD subgroup, reaching
      statistical significance over their own baseline at 8, 10.5, and 24 hours, and at
      baseline (0 hr), 8-, and 48-hour intervals when compared with the affective
      disorder patients without TD.

PMID- 2906067
TI  - Tardive dyskinesia, dopamine receptors, and neuroleptic damage to cell membranes.
AB  - The long-term treatment of schizophrenic patients with neuroleptics is associated
      with neuroleptic accumulation in neuromelanin-containing cells with ensuing
      nigral cell damage. Thus, in addition to early or short-term up-regulation of D2
      dopamine receptors, the late stage denervation supersensitivity may result in a
      further proliferation of D2 dopamine receptors in those parts of the human
      striatum controlling mouth-lips-tongue motion. Young individuals, upon reduction
      or removal of the neuroleptic, may have neural sprouting with subsequent D2 down
      regulation and reversal of their dyskinesia. Older individuals may not readily
      exhibit sprouting and D2 down-regulation, possibly accounting for a more
      persistent form of dyskinesia.

PMID- 2906068
TI  - The natural history of tardive dyskinesia.
AB  - Follow-up data from the first 100 patients with early dyskinesia are presented.
      After an average of 40.9 months, the cohort showed statistically significant
      decreases in tardive dyskinesia (TD) ratings. After TD onset, ratings decreased
      for 4 years, then plateaued and rose during the 7th year. Age was not a negative
      prognostic factor in this cohort. Improvement in TD correlated significantly with
      fewer neuroleptic-free periods before and more neuroleptic-free periods after TD
      onset. Neuroleptic dosage correlated negatively with improvement in trunk and
      dystonia ratings. Improvement in TD is the usual finding in longitudinal studies
      of TD cohorts. Follow-up studies of neuroleptic-treated groups with varying
      proportions of patients showing TD, by contrast, tend to show increased TD
      because new TD cases more than offset improvement. A naturalistic study with
      pharmacotherapy tailored to the underlying psychiatric disorder and conducted
      long-term from TD onset is the ideal design for investigating the natural history
      of TD.

PMID- 2906069
TI  - Double-blind carbidopa/levodopa and placebo study in tardive dyskinesia.
AB  - The receptor sensitivity modification theory proposed as a potential treatment
      for tardive dyskinesia states that dopamine sensitivity can be down-regulated by
      temporarily increasing dopamine levels. We present a preliminary report of a
      double-blind carbidopa/levodopa-placebo study based on this hypothesis. Fifteen
      patients completed this 20-week trial. Based on the total tardive dyskinesia
      scores (using the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale) in the beginning and end
      of the study, patients were grouped as improved, same or worse. The six placebo
      treated patients were equally represented in all three groups, but the
      distribution in the carbidopa/levodopa group was bimodal: five improved, four
      worsened, and none remained the same. This observation lends some support to the
      above theory.

PMID- 2906070
TI  - Malpractice and tardive dyskinesia: a conceptual dilemma.
AB  - This discussion focuses on three basic areas relevant to tardive dyskinesia (TD).
      The first area includes an overview of some specific acts of negligence that have
      been the basis for successful malpractice cases involving TD. Some of these acts
      of negligence include inappropriate assessment of the patient, failure to
      properly care for TD, and failure to obtain a proper informed consent. The second
      area involves the problems of uncertainty, which are particularly manifested
      where the only treatment available has a high benefit but a low risk of serious
      adverse effects. The uncertainty rests on the limited information regarding
      detection of the serious consequences, or cure, once the full-blown condition
      develops. The third involves exploring alternatives to the tort system, such as
      an automatic system of compensation, which might be more appropriate for dealing
      with an outcome such as TD. Alternative systems might be more effective in
      combining incentives for quality care with adequate compensation for the injured
      where the condition might have been avoided.

PMID- 2906071
TI  - Somatostatin-like immunoreactivity and glycine high-affinity uptake colocalize to
      an interplexiform cell of the Xenopus laevis retina.
AB  - Antibodies directed against somatostatin have been used to label a population of
      interplexiform cells (IPCs) in the Xenopus laevis retina. These cells have
      spherical soma which lie in the inner nuclear layer (INL), adjacent to or one
      cell distal to the inner plexiform layer (IPL). Processes from these cells
      project throughout the IPL, with a fairly dense accumulation of labeled dendrites
      in the upper two-fifths of the IPL and a dense, narrow band of labeled dendrites
      adjacent to the ganglion cell layer. These cells also have finer processes,
      originating at the cell body, that traverse the INL and ramify in the outer
      plexiform layer (OPL). Double label experiments show that all of the cells that
      contain somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SOM-LI) in the INL are also labeled
      by high-affinity uptake with 3H-glycine. Immunocytochemistry of retinal whole
      mounts shows that these cells are evenly distributed across the retina at a
      density of 542 +/- 65 cells/mm2. On the basis of the colocalization experiments
      and the morphological homogeneity of these cells, we suggest that they represent
      a single cell type. Interplexiform cell processes were further characterized by
      electron microscopy after immunocytochemistry or 3H-glycine autoradiography. In
      the IPL, IPC processes are seen to be postsynaptic at both ribbon and
      conventional synapses. This input is found almost entirely in the distal two
      fifths of the IPL. Interplexiform cell processes are presynaptic to unlabeled
      processes in both the distal and proximal IPL. In the OPL, labeled processes are
      found near or contiguous with photoreceptor bases, and are often presynaptic to
      small-diameter processes. The postsynaptic processes have been identified as
      bipolar cell dendrites in six cases. Interplexiform cell processes may also
      contact horizontal cell processes in the OPL.

PMID- 2906072
TI  - Putative glutamatergic and/or aspartatergic cells in the main and accessory
      olfactory bulbs of the rat.
AB  - The "transmitter-specific" retrograde axonal tracer 3H-D-aspartate has been used
      to demonstrate neurons in the olfactory bulb which putatively utilize aspartate
      and/or glutamate as their neurotransmitter and which send an axon either to the
      piriform cortex or within the bulb itself. Injections of 3H-D-aspartate into
      layer I of the anterior piriform cortex, in the zone of termination of axons from
      the olfactory bulb, labeled only a few cells in the main olfactory bulb, located
      in the mitral and external plexiform layers. Although these cells resembled
      mitral and tufted cells, they tended to have smaller somata than other mitral or
      tufted cells and apparently form a distinct subpopulation of relay cells. In
      contrast, many of the mitral cells of the accessory olfactory bulb were labeled
      by the same injections of 3H-D-aspartate, probably as a result of involvement of
      the accessory olfactory tract or its bed nucleus in the injection site. Similar
      injections of the "nonspecific" tracer HRP into the anterior piriform cortex
      labeled most of the cells in the mitral cell layer of both the main and accessory
      olfactory bulbs, and some tufted cells in the external plexiform layer. It is
      concluded that only a small, distinct subpopulation of the mitral or tufted cells
      of the main olfactory bulb are aspartatergic and/or glutamatergic, while many (at
      least) of the mitral cells of the accessory olfactory bulb use the excitatory
      amino acids as transmitters. Injections of 3H-D-aspartate directly into the main
      olfactory bulb also failed to label the mitral and deeply situated tufted cells.
      However, a few cells were labeled in the periglomerular region, the superficial
      external plexiform layer, and the granule cell layer near the injection site.
      These labeled cells were smaller than mitral and tufted cells but generally
      larger than periglomerular or granule cells. They may represent a population of
      glutamatergic or aspartatergic short axon cells. In addition, small cells of an
      unknown type were labeled in the olfactory nerve layer following injections in
      the deepest part of the bulb. These cells do not correspond to any of the well
      characterized cell types of the olfactory bulb.

PMID- 2906073
TI  - In vitro and in vivo regulation of transglutaminase activity of mouse epidermal
      cells by various vitamin A compounds.

PMID- 2906074
TI  - Scanning electron microscopic appearance of Thy-1 positive dendritic epidermal
      cells in mouse epidermal cell suspension.

PMID- 2906075
TI  - Systemic bone growth factors concentrations in calves during the perinatal
      period.
AB  - Plasma somatostatin (SRIF), growth hormone (GH), somatomedin C (IGF1),
      osteocalcin (BGP), 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25-(OH)2D), calcium and inorganic
      phosphorus were measured in 10 chronically-catheterized fetal calves and in their
      dams during the two last months of gestation. Thus fetal life is associated with
      high levels of GH (1.53 +/- 0.14 nmol.l-1), BGP (64 +/- 4 nmol), Ca (2.90 +/-
      0.06 nmol.l-1) compared to the results obtained in the pregnant cows. The first
      week of postnatal life was associated with a tremendous increase in plasma SRIF
      concentration (from 36 +/- 5 to 106 +/- 15 pmol.l-1; P less than 0.01). These
      results agree with an intense bone growth during the end of fetal life in the
      bovine species. However, IG 1 might not play a major role in the regulation of
      fetal skeletal growth during this period.

PMID- 2906076
TI  - The effect of carbohydrates on the sporogenesis of Clostridium perfringens and
      Bacillus anthracis.
AB  - The authors studied the effect of a number of carbohydrates on the sporogenesis
      of Clostridium perfringens and Bacillus anthracis (vaccine strain STI) as
      probable soil factors capable of influencing the duration of survival of these
      causative agents in the external environment. Differences in the effect of the
      same sugars on the formation of spores by these microorganisms and clearly
      expressed sporogenesis-inhibiting effect of glucose (and also of lactose in
      clostridia) have been demonstrated. The analysis of the peculiarities of
      sporogenesis under unadjusted and stabilized pH values provides a basis for
      regarding the "glucose effect" as repression of sporogenesis in the given
      causative agent, but not as inhibition resulting from considerable acidification
      of the culture medium. This is essential for the soil conditions characterized by
      high buffer capacity. The ecological value of substances of carbohydrate nature
      consists in their important role in the energetics and trophicity of microbial
      coenoses of the soil which cannot fail reflecting on the fate of pathogenic
      microorganisms in the soil.

PMID- 2906077
TI  - Effect of glucocorticoid on prostaglandin E1 mediated cyclic AMP formation by
      vascular smooth muscle cells.
AB  - The effect of glucocorticoid on the prostaglandin E1 (PGE1)-mediated cyclic AMP
      (cAMP) formation by vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) from renal arteries (RA)
      was studied in rats. Dexamethasone (DEX) at concentrations ranging from 10(-10)
      to approximately 10(-8) mol/l dose-dependently potentiates the PGE1-mediated
      response. This facilitation began at 6 h and reached its maximum after 24 h of
      DEX administration. Aldosterone (10(-6) mol/l) did not affect the dose-response
      curve of PGE1. Inhibitors of protein and RNA synthesis blocked this
      glucocorticoid effect. The basal activity of adenylate cyclase in DEX-treated
      cells was twice as high as in control cells. Treatment of VSMC with DEX increased
      cholera toxin- and pertussis toxin-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity. DEX
      treatment also augments forskolin-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity. These
      results suggest that DEX increases PGE1-mediated cAMP formation of VSMC from RA
      through a mechanism that involves the induction of protein synthesis, and that
      the activation of the catalytic unit may play some role in this facilitating
      process.

PMID- 2906079
TI  - Alpha-adrenergic receptors in rabbit eyes.
AB  - The IOP and pupil response to alpha-adrenergic agonists and blockers was studied
      in albino rabbits. Topical ocular application of solutions of methoxamine (alpha
      1) and oxymetazoline (alpha 2) caused dose-related early rises in IOP which were
      inhibited by pretreatment with prazosin, an alpha 1-blocker, or with yohimbine,
      an alpha 2-blocker. Although both prazosin and yohimbine have ocular hypotensive
      activity, the effect on the early IOP rise did not appear to be related to this
      action. Prazosin and yohimbine also inhibited the early IOP rise after treatment
      with clonidine, a second alpha 2-agonist. Surgically sympathectomized rabbits
      showed little or no hypersensitivity to methoxamine or oxymetazoline when
      compared to non-operated normal rabbits. However the treated ipsilateral eyes
      showed a much greater increase in IOP than the treated contralateral eyes. There
      was little difference in the IOP response between clonidine-treated ipsilateral
      and contralateral eyes. Methoxamine and oxymetazoline caused dose-related
      increases in the pupil diameter which were blocked by the nonselective alpha
      blocker phentolamine but not by prazosin (alpha 1) or yohimbine (alpha 2). This
      study suggests: 1) That the early IOP rise after treatment with alpha-agonists is
      due to stimulation of postsynaptic alpha 1-receptors, possibly located in
      superficial blood vessels in the anterior segment of the eye; 2) The mydriatic
      response to alpha-agonists appears to be mediated by alpha-receptors which differ
      from the classical alpha 1 and alpha 2 subtypes.

PMID- 2906078
TI  - Does B-HT 920 lower intraocular pressure in cats by interacting with alpha 2-
      and/or DA2 adrenoceptors?
AB  - Topical administration of B-HT 920 (50 micrograms) to the eyes of normal
      unanesthetized cats produced decreases in intraocular pressure and pupil
      diameter. The ocular hypotensive effect of B-HT 920 was eliminated by
      sympathectomy and pretreatment with sulpiride (2 mg/kg, s.c.). B-HT 920 also
      produced dose-related inhibition of contractions of the cat nictitans elicited by
      stimulating the pre- and postganglionic sympathetic trunks. B-HT 920-induced
      suppression of the contracting nictitans was antagonized more effectively by
      relatively selective DA2 antagonists, sulpiride and domperidone, than by
      rauwolscine, a relatively selective alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist. These data
      suggest that B-HT 920 produces ocular hypotension in the cat by interacting
      predominantly with DA2 receptor on peripheral sympathetic nerves.

PMID- 2906080
TI  - Effects of somatostatin, a somatostatin analog, neurotensin and met-enkephalin in
      the eye with special reference to the irritative response.
AB  - The effects of somatostatin, cyclo(D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Phe-Pro-Phe) acetate, a
      somatostatin analog, neurotensin, and met-enkephalin were studied in the rabbit
      eye by measuring the intraocular pressure (IOP), aqueous humor protein
      concentration, ocular blood flow and the pupil diameter. Somatostatin or the
      analog injected intracamerally (10 micrograms/eye) and infused intra-arterially
      (0.6-4 micrograms/min) had no significant effect on the parameters studied in
      normal eyes. However, somatostatin and, particularly, the analog attenuated the
      miotic response to a standard nociceptive stimulus consisting of topical
      application of 1% neutral formaldehyde. The other component parts of the
      irritative response were not attenuated. Intracameral injection of 1-2 micrograms
      neurotensin caused vasodilation in the anterior segment of the eye, a slight
      increase in aqueous humor protein concentration, and some decrease in IOP.
      Intracameral injection of 1-50 micrograms met-enkephalin had no effect on the
      blood-aqueous barrier, IOP or the pupil diameter. Neither did this dose of met
      enkephalin attenuate the miotic response to exogenous substance P. It seems
      likely that somatostatin and the somatostatin analog attenuate the miotic
      response to nociceptive stimuli by preventing the release of a substance,
      presumably substance P, from sensory nerves.

PMID- 2906081
TI  - Desensitization of beta-adrenergic receptors in corneal endothelium.
AB  - Corneal endothelial cells in primary culture responded to isoproterenol (Iso),
      epinephrine (Epi), nor-epinephrine (NE), Prostaglandins E1 and E2 (PGE1, PGE2)
      and forskolin by increasing cyclic AMP 61, 52, 28, 14, 10, and 176-fold,
      respectively, over control within a 10 minute incubation period. However, when
      cells were preincubated with Iso for one hour, they lost 76% of their
      responsiveness to a subsequent Iso challenge. Iso preincubation also decreased
      the effectiveness of other beta-adrenergic agonists (Epi and NE), but responses
      to PGE1, PGE2 and forskolin remained unchanged. The decreased cyclic AMP response
      was associated with a loss of beta-adrenergic binding sites. The affinity of the
      remaining receptors was unchanged as determined by propranolol displacement of
      [125I] pindolol binding. This study shows that corneal endothelial cells not only
      respond to beta-adrenergic stimuli, but can also regulate the magnitude and
      duration of their response to the hormone.

PMID- 2906082
TI  - Topical anti-inflammatory activity of beta 2-adrenoceptor agonists in the
      conjunctiva.
AB  - Increased microvascular permeability is believed to involve the contraction of
      venular endothelial cells, which results in the formation of leaking gaps in the
      postcapillary segment of the microvasculature. Several reports have suggested
      that interendothelial cell gap formation caused by permeability factors may be
      functionally antagonized by locally administered beta 2-adrenoceptor agonists.
      This represents a potentially novel approach for reducing inflammatory episodes
      in a variety of externally accessible tissues. The studies described herein
      extend these findings to the conjunctiva, where the relatively selective beta 2
      adrenoceptor agonists salbutamol and terbutaline reduced the microvascular
      permeability response to histamine. Similarly, pretreatment with salbutamol or
      terbutaline inhibited the increase in conjunctival microvascular permeability
      associated with experimental immediate hypersensitivity, which indicates
      potential utility for allergic conjunctivitis.

PMID- 2906083
TI  - The rebound release of growth hormone (GH) following somatostatin infusion in
      rats involves hypothalamic GH-releasing factor release.
AB  - We have studied the rebound secretion of GH following short-term somatostatin
      (SS) infusions in conscious rats, using an automatic sampling system for
      withdrawing frequent microsamples of blood. Intravenous infusions of SS (5-50
      micrograms/h per rat) inhibited spontaneous GH secretion, but when SS was
      withdrawn there was a large burst of rebound GH secretion. A sub-anaesthetic dose
      of urethane reduced such rebound bursts of GH, suggesting a hypothalamic
      involvement in rebound GH secretion. Passive immunization with an antibody
      against rat GH-releasing factor (GRF) attenuated the rebound GH secretory
      response to the withdrawal of an SS infusion (GH concentration during rebound
      secretion was 26 +/- 21 micrograms/l vs 475 +/- 127 micrograms/l (mean +/-
      S.E.M.), after 0.5 ml anti-GRF serum or non-immune serum respectively). The
      inhibition of GH rebound secretion was related to the dose of anti-GRF serum
      administered. Intravenous infusions of human GH (20-100 micrograms/h per rat)
      also reduced the size of the rebound GH secretion following SS withdrawal, in
      both male and female rats. We suggest that the rebound GH secretion that follows
      SS withdrawal in vivo is caused mainly by a hypothalamic release of GRF.
      Exogenous GH inhibits SS-induced rebound GH secretion in the conscious rat,
      possibly by inhibiting hypothalamic GRF release.

PMID- 2906084
TI  - In-vitro control of growth hormone secretion by synthetic releasing factors in
      young and adult ducks (Anas platyrhynchos).
AB  - Release of GH from perifused duckling hemipituitaries was stimulated, in a
      biphasic manner, by synthetic TRH and human pancreatic GH-releasing factor (GRF).
      At all effective concentrations, the level of GH release was increased within 5
      min of TRH or GRF perifusion and was maximal after 10 min of TRH perifusion and
      after 20 min of GRF perifusion. Although TRH was perifused for 20 min the level
      of GH release declined during the last 10 min. The most effective dose of TRH
      (1.0 micrograms/ml; 2.7 mumol/l) and GRF (0.5 micrograms/ml; 110 nmol/l) provoked
      similar (250-300%) increases in the level of GH release. However, since the
      effect of TRH was only of short duration, the total release of GH induced by GRF
      was higher than that elicited by TRH, especially with the low dose. The increase
      in release of GH induced by TRH or GRF was blunted when pituitaries from adult
      ducks were used. As in young ducks, the GH response to GRF was higher, whereas
      the response to TRH was very low. The GH response of perifused adult pituitaries
      to GRF was, however, potentiated when TRH was perifused simultaneously. The basal
      release of GH from both young and adult pituitary glands was unaffected by
      perifusion with somatostatin-14 (SRIF-14) at doses of 1 and 2 micrograms/ml. The
      perifusion of hemipituitary glands with similar doses of SRIF-14 was also unable
      to suppress the stimulation of GH release induced by prior perifusion with GRF,
      although when SRIF-14 and TRH were simultaneously perifused TRH-induced GH
      release was markedly suppressed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2906085
TI  - A new Apa LI restriction fragment length polymorphism in the low density
      lipoprotein receptor gene.
AB  - The existence of a new Apa LI restriction fragment length polymorphism in the
      third intron of the low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor gene was described. As
      a gene probe we used a newly constructed derivative of pLDLR 3 which did not
      contain the highly repetitive Alu-sequences in exon 18. This new gene probe
      detected all exon sequences containing restriction fragments, and enabled us to
      demonstrate all described polymorphisms, which might be useful for genetic
      linkage studies. Based on analysis of 72 unrelated normo- and
      hypercholesterolaemic persons, the frequency of the allele A2, which showed the
      additional cutting site, was determined to be 0.05. With the simplified gene
      probe, pLDLR delta, we also studied other polymorphisms. A clear linkage
      disequilibrium between the Pvu II and Msp I polymorphisms was detected. This, and
      the previously described linkage disequilibrium of the two Msp I polymorphisms,
      demonstrate that the LDL receptor gene is apparently less heterogeneous than
      expected from the number of described polymorphisms.

PMID- 2906086
TI  - Infradian biorhythms of enzymuria in man?
AB  - The temporal courses of dipeptidyl peptidase IV gamma-glutamyltransferase and
      alanine aminopeptidase were followed over 70 days in the morning urine of 15
      healthy persons. Subsequent to basic statistical analysis a two-step procedure
      was performed, including spectral analysis and the fit of a cosine function by
      non-linear regression. The excretion of the 3 enzymes followed an infradian
      biorhythm with a mean period length of 10.04 for dipeptidyl peptidase IV, 13.34
      for gamma-glutamyltransferase and 10.17 for alanine aminopeptidase. In addition
      to the basic rhythmic process described by the fitted cosine functions, in most
      of the enzyme patterns steap peaks of very high excretory activity appeared which
      was verified in repeated measurements. These infradian biorhythms with changes in
      the range of 100% and more, as well as their interindividual variations, have to
      be considered in assessing the excretion of enzymes.

PMID- 2906087
TI  - Molecular cloning of a gene affecting the autolysin level and flagellation in
      Bacillus subtilis.
AB  - A 2.8 kb PstI fragment of Bacillus subtilis 168W DNA has been cloned into
      Escherichia coli HB101 and B. subtilis AG5 using pAC3 as a shuttle plasmid. The
      new plasmid (pBRG1), of 10.2 kb, complemented flaD mutations which show reduced
      production of autolysin(s), filamentation and non-motility (deficiency of
      flagella). Deletion experiments showed that the suppressive gene is located
      between the HindIII and XbaI sites (1.0 kb apart) in pBRG1. The integration of a
      plasmid having chloramphenicol resistance closely linked to the flaD gene into
      the B. subtilis AC703 chromosome and its genetic analysis indicated that the
      cloned fragment contained the flaD gene itself. A high-copy-number plasmid
      carrying the cloned gene did not lead to an increase in autolysin production
      above the wild-type level, but it changed the colony morphology from smooth to
      rough. Among several autolysin-deficient mutations, lyt-151 was suppressed only
      by the high-copy-number plasmid carrying the cloned gene.

PMID- 2906088
TI  - Topographic subtypes of tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenic patients aged less
      than 60 years: relationship to demographic, clinical, treatment, and
      neuropsychological variables.
AB  - There are conflicting reports about factors that may be associated with the
      development of involuntary movements in patients exposed to long-term neuroleptic
      treatment. Recent evidence suggests that some of these inconsistencies may relate
      to the practice of regarding these disorders as a unitary syndrome. There is also
      evidence that both the topographic distribution of these involuntary movements
      and the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying them may differ in the young and
      in the old. In this study, demographic, clinical, treatment and
      neuropsychological variables were investigated for association with the presence
      of orofacial and limb-truncal dyskinesias in 57 schizophrenic patients aged less
      than 60 years. Stepwise multiple logistic regression analysis showed that
      orofacial dyskinesia, at different degrees of severity, was negatively associated
      with positive schizophrenic syndrome and with either age at assessment or age at
      onset of illness. None of the indices of schizophrenic deficit (cognitive
      impairment, clinical defect state, behavioural deterioration, or neurological
      dysfunction) was related to orofacial dyskinesia. Limb-truncal involuntary
      movements were negatively related to current daily dosage of neuroleptics. The
      findings indicate that these two types of dyskinesia may involve different
      underlying mechanisms and that, for young schizophrenic patients, current
      pathophysiological or neurochemical theories of involuntary movement disorders
      are inadequate in explaining their origins.

PMID- 2906089
TI  - The effects of antipsychotic drugs and symptomatology on perceptual asymmetry in
      schizophrenia.
AB  - Perceptual asymmetry was measured in acutely psychotic schizophrenic patients and
      normal controls using a dichotic monitoring task. Although the schizophrenic
      group differed from the controls in terms of accuracy and speed of response,
      there were no significant group differences with respect to asymmetries in these
      variables. The pattern of responding in the schizophrenic group was also examined
      in relation to differences in symptomatology and antipsychotic drug
      administration. These variables, in isolation and in interaction with each other,
      were found to have a number of effects on both asymmetry and overall level of
      responding. The results were interpreted in the context of an information
      processing model of functional hemisphere asymmetry in schizophrenia, and the
      implications regarding the nature of schizophrenic symptomatology and the effects
      of antipsychotic drugs were discussed.

PMID- 2906090
TI  - Myotonic dystrophy and hyperparathyroidism: association with neurofibromatosis
      and multiple endocrine adenomatosis type 2A.
AB  - Four patients with hyperparathyroidism associated with myotonic dystrophy have
      been identified. All were females aged between 2 and 45 years. They were from
      three separate families, with two related patients being mother and daughter. In
      addition, one patient had medullary carcinoma of the thyroid and was diagnosed as
      having multiple endocrine adenomatosis, type 2A; another had an unspecified
      thyroid carcinoma; a third patient had neurofibromatosis. Our data suggest that
      myotonic dystrophy may somehow be associated with one or more of these disorders
      of neural crest origin.

PMID- 2906091
TI  - Effect of pentobarbital on gastric acid secretion elicited by secretagogues or
      electrical vagal stimulation in rats under urethane anesthesia.
AB  - The effect of pentobarbital, which stimulates gastric acid secretion in urethane
      anesthetized rats, on secretagogue-stimulated or electrically stimulated acid
      secretion was studied in the rat perfused stomach. 2-Deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG)
      stimulated gastric acid secretion was markedly depressed by intravenous injection
      of pentobarbital, but was definitely increased by lateral cerebroventricular
      injection and was unaffected by injection into the fourth cerebroventricle.
      Bethanechol-stimulated secretion was augmented by intravenous injection of
      pentobarbital. In vagotomized rats, pentobarbital did not affect the bethanechol
      stimulated or electrically vagally stimulated secretion. These findings indicate
      that pentobarbital produces both stimulatory and inhibitory effects on gastric
      acid secretion through a central mechanism, especially in the forebrain. It was
      proposed that the inhibitory response would result from some interaction of
      intravenous 2-DG and pentobarbital in the central regulatory system of gastric
      secretion.

PMID- 2906092
TI  - The D-mannose-specific lectin from Gerardia savaglia blocks binding of human
      immunodeficiency virus type I to H9 cells and human lymphocytes in vitro.
AB  - The new D-mannose-specific lectin from Gerardia savaglia is shown to prevent
      infection of H9 cells with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1; strain
      HTLV-IIIB). At a concentration of 0.2 microM, complete protection was achieved.
      Even at a 50-fold higher concentration, this lectin is not toxic for the cells.
      Moreover, the lectin inhibits syncytium formation in the HTLV-IIIB/H9-Jurkat cell
      system to 100% at 0.2 microM. This effect was abolished by coaddition of D
      mannose at a stoichiometric ratio of lectin to sugar of 1:500. The lectin-caused
      inhibition of syncytia formation was observed also in the HIV-1/human lymphocyte
      system. Perhaps more importantly, it is shown that the lectin reacts with the
      oligosaccharide side chains of the HIV-1 gp120 env molecule, which very likely
      can be classified to the high-mannose oligosaccharides. These data provide the
      basis for a rational screening for compounds interfering with gp120-CD4
      interactions.

PMID- 2906093
TI  - Drug treatment of the hypertensive diabetic.

PMID- 2906094
TI  - [History of the study of Alzheimer disease and changes in the concept and the
      name].

PMID- 2906095
TI  - [Drug therapy of Alzheimer's disease using neurotransmitter-related substances].

PMID- 2906096
TI  - [Drug therapy of Alzheimer's disease. Problems and strategy in development of new
      therapeutic drugs for Alzheimer's disease].

PMID- 2906097
TI  - [Effect of nizatidine on the 14C-aminopyrine accumulation by isolated guinea pig
      parietal cells].

PMID- 2906098
TI  - Pharmacological studies on the selectivity of HV-723, a new alpha-1 adrenoceptor
      antagonist.
AB  - The pharmacological profile of a new alpha-1 adrenoceptor antagonist, alpha-ethyl
      3,4,5-trimethoxy-alpha-(3-((2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)ethyl)amino) propyl) benzene
      acetonitrile fumarate (HV-723), was studied in vitro. In dog mesenteric arteries,
      HV-723, prazosin and yohimbine competitively inhibited noradrenaline-induced
      contraction: the pA2 value of HV-723 (9.37) was apparently larger than that of
      prazosin (8.22) and yohimbine (7.18). However, HV-723 showed no or only a slight
      inhibition on the contractile responses to 5-HT, KCl and prostaglandin F2 alpha.
      HV-723 also showed potent alpha-1 adrenoceptor antagonist activity in the dog
      mesenteric and saphenous veins. However, HV-723 showed little antagonist activity
      on the pre- and postsynaptic alpha-2 adrenoceptors, beta-1 and beta-2
      adrenoceptors and muscarinic receptors. HV-723 also inhibited the sympathetic
      contraction induced by electrical transmural stimulation in the dog mesenteric
      arteries, and the inhibition of HV-723 was about 10 times more potent than that
      of prazosin. However, 3H-noradrenaline release evoked by electrical stimulation
      was not influenced by HV-723. These results clearly show that HV-723 is a potent
      and selective alpha-1 adrenoceptor antagonist.

PMID- 2906099
TI  - Effect of buflomedil [4-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1-(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)-1-butanone
      hydrochloride] on neurotransmitters in the striatum and substantia nigra.
AB  - Effect of buflomedil [4-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1-(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)-1-butanone
      hydrochloride] administration on central monoaminergic systems was investigated
      using male Wistar rats. Single administration of buflomedil (300 mg/kg, p.o.)
      induced a significant increase in the content of homovanillic acid without
      altering the content of dopamine (DA) and also caused a significant decrease in
      choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity in the corpus striatum. In addition,
      both L-glutamic acid decarboxylase activity (GAD) and gamma-aminobutyric acid
      (GABA) content showed a significant decrease in the substantia nigra following a
      single administration of buflomedil. These results indicate that buflomedil
      enhances DA turnover in the nigro-striatal DA pathway, possibly by activating
      nigro-striatal DA neurons, or by suppressing striatal cholinergic interneurons
      and/or striato-nigral GABAergic neurons.

PMID- 2906100
TI  - Effects of dobutamine and terbutaline on the secretion of glycoproteins from the
      acinar cells of the rat submandibular gland.
AB  - The actions of dobutamine (DOB) and terbutaline (TER) on the secretion of marker
      glycoprotein (GP) from the secretory cells of the glands and secretion of fluid
      from rat submandibular gland (SMG) were investigated in combination with two
      antagonists, metoprolol (MET) and ICI-118551 (ICI). The ED50 value of fluid
      secretion was 8.7 mg/kg for DOB and 5.9 mg/kg for TER. MET, administered prior to
      either agonists at a dose of 40 mg/kg, inhibited the fluid secretion. However,
      the blocking effects of ICI were considerably lower than those of MET. The
      electrophoretic profiles of GP in DOB-evoked saliva were similar to those in TER
      evoked saliva, and included two characteristic main bands of GP I (130 KDa) and
      GP IV (21.5 KDa) from the acinar cells and a minor band of GP III (31 KDa) which
      originated in the cells of the granular tubules. When MET was administered at a
      dose of 5 mg/kg prior to DOB, the intensity of band I decreased, whereas that of
      band III did not change. These results showed that the SMG of rats contains both
      beta 1- and beta 2-adrenoceptors and that beta-receptors which mediate the
      secretion of GP from the acinus and fluid from the gland are mainly of the beta 1
      subtype.

PMID- 2906101
TI  - The effect of a selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor, rolipram, on muricide in
      olfactory bulbectomized rats.
AB  - In order to evaluate the potential usefulness of the drug as an antidepressant,
      acute and chronic effects of rolipram, a selective inhibitor of Ca2+- and
      calmodulin-independent cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase were investigated on muricide
      in olfactory bulbectomized (OB) rats. Upon single administration to OB rats,
      rolipram at a dosage of 1 mg/kg body weight suppressed the muricide for 2 hr
      after its administration. As a consequence of daily administration of rolipram,
      however, the incidence of muricide at 24 hr after the administration was
      decreased, and more than 60% of the rats did not exhibit the muricide on the 12th
      day. After the cessation of the administration, the incidence of the muricide
      returned to the initial level. The suppression of the muricide was not
      antagonized by several kinds of neurotransmitter blockers. Administrations of
      phosphodiesterase inhibitors and dibutyryl cyclic AMP as well as desipramine and
      clomipramine also suppressed the muricide dose-dependently. Repeated
      administration of desipramine also gave results similar to those of rolipram:
      repetition of a short suppression on the muricide was followed by the appearance
      of a long-lasting suppression. Differently from rolipram and desipramine,
      dibutyryl cyclic AMP did not cause long-lasting suppression, and even the direct
      effect (75% suppression) observed 30 min after its administration on the first
      day disappeared during its repeated administration for 14 days. From these
      results, rolipram was considered to show an antidepressant effect through the
      inhibition of Ca2+- and calmodulin-independent cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.

PMID- 2906102
TI  - [The effect of nebulized beta-stimulant on the regional ventilation-perfusion
      ratio and blood gas analysis].

PMID- 2906103
TI  - [Aorto-coronary bypass operation with IMA grafts].

PMID- 2906104
TI  - [Adrenergic beta receptor blockaders with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity in
      the treatment of arterial hypertension].

PMID- 2906105
TI  - Method for assessing the activity of drugs at beta 1- and beta 2-adrenoceptors in
      the same animal.
AB  - A method is described for assessing the selectivity of compounds for beta 1- and
      beta 2-adrenoceptors in vivo. The potency of selective beta-adrenoceptor agonists
      to increase heart rate and decrease uterine contractions in pithed rats and in
      isolated tissues was determined. The order of potency both in vivo (i.v. route)
      and in vitro was: isoprenaline greater than noradrenaline greater than salbutamol
      on heart rate, and isoprenaline greater than salbutamol greater than
      noradrenaline on uterine relaxation. Fenoterol, salbutamol, and BRL 26830A/28410,
      but not denopamine, (i.p.) route were more potent stimulants of uterine
      relaxation than of heart rate in pithed rats and in vitro. The abilities of
      atenolol (beta 1-selective), ICI 118551 (beta 2-selective) and propranolol (non
      selective between beta 1- and beta 2-adrenoceptors) to inhibit responses to
      isoprenaline on heart rate and uterine contractions in vivo were also assessed.
      The effects of isoprenaline on heart rate were selectively antagonized by
      atenolol while those on the uterus were selectively antagonized by ICI 118551.
      These results show that beta 1-adrenoceptors mediate increases in heart rate and
      that beta 2-adrenoceptors mediate uterine relaxation in the pithed rat. They
      further show that the activity of compounds at these tissues can be used to
      assess their selectivity for beta 1- or beta 2-adrenoceptors in vivo.

PMID- 2906106
TI  - Clinical analysis and results of treatment of ulcerative colitis in children.

PMID- 2906107
TI  - Somatostatin in the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases in children.

PMID- 2906108
TI  - Regional profiles of steady-state levels of cyclic nucleotides, cyclic AMP
      phosphodiesterase, and guanylate cyclase activities during late stages of
      unilateral ischemia in gerbil forebrain.
AB  - The present study was an extension of earlier work regarding the role of cyclic
      nucleotides and related enzymes during cerebral ischemia in the gerbil. Following
      unilateral carotid occlusion, levels of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP were measured
      in four rapidly inactivated brain regions at 3, 6, and 24 hr after permanent
      occlusion and at 2 hr of occlusion plus 1 hr of reflow. An analysis of variance
      indicated significant minor fluctuations in the steady-state levels of the two
      cyclic nucleotides within the frontal cortex, the hippocampus, the striatum, and
      especially the olfactory tubercle with respect to occlusion time (3 and 24 hr)
      but not when comparing control vs ischemic hemispheres (except at 3 hr). Changes
      occurred only in animals developing neurological symptoms of ischemia. At 24 hr
      postocclusion the specific activity of the low-Km form of cyclic AMP
      phosphodiesterase was elevated especially on the ischemic side when determined in
      homogenates of the four brain regions. Alternatively, the high-Km form of the
      enzyme in the presence or absence of Ca2+-calmodulin was unchanged. Guanylate
      cyclase activity in tissue homogenates was not influenced by the conditions of
      ischemia until 24 hr had elapsed, an event likewise unique to symptomatic
      gerbils. The sensitivity of the enzyme to hematin-catalase was decreased in the
      ischemic hemispheres of the hippocampus, striatum, and olfactory tubercle. In
      addition, further activation of the hematin-catalase response by NaN3 was
      depressed in the ischemic side of the hippocampus and striatum. Taken together
      these and previous studies indicate that fluctuations in the steady-state levels
      of cyclic nucleotides that occur rather prominently during acute and to a lesser
      degree during prolonged ischemia are not correlated with associated changes in
      enzymes responsible for their synthesis and/or degradation.

PMID- 2906109
TI  - Inhibitory neuromodulators do not alter the course of experimental hepatic
      encephalopathy.
AB  - The neuromodulators, adenosine, serotonin, and glycine, did not alter the course
      of hepatic encephalopathy (HE) that followed a portacaval shunt and hepatic
      artery ligation in rats. The substances were instilled into the brain ventricle
      through an intraventricular cannula in doses that affect other aspects of
      behavior in the normal rat (adenosine, suppression of food intake; serotonin,
      loss of muscle strength and ataxia; glycine, leaning and circling). A
      subconvulsive dose of the glycine antagonist, strychnine, also had no effect on
      the course of HE. A large dose of the adenosine antagonist, caffeine, had a
      depressive rather than excitatory effect and shortened the time taken to
      induction of coma. These studies and a similar previous one with gamma
      aminobutyric acid (GABA) suggest that the inhibitory neuromodulators do not have
      a prominent role in the pathogenesis of hepatic coma.

PMID- 2906110
TI  - DNA sequence analysis of point mutations in traA, the F pilin gene, reveal two
      domains involved in F-specific bacteriophage attachment.
AB  - Six missense point mutations in traA (WPFL43,44,45,46,47 and 51), the gene
      encoding F pilin in the transfer region of the F plasmid, have been characterized
      for their effect on the transfer ability, bacteriophage (R17, QB and fl)
      sensitivity and levels of piliation expressed by the plasmid. The sequence
      analysis of the first five of these mutations revealed two domains in the F pilin
      subunit exposed on the surface of the F pilus which mediate phage attachment.
      These two domains include residues 14-17 (approximately) and the last few
      residues at the carboxy-terminus of the pilin protein. One of these mutants had a
      pleiotropic affect on pilus function and was thought to have affected pilus
      assembly. The sixth point mutant (WPFL51), previously thought to be in traA, was
      complemented by chimeric plasmids carrying the traG gene of the F transfer
      region, which may be involved in the acetylation of the pilin subunit. A traA
      nonsense mutant (JCFL1) carried an amber mutation near the amino-terminus which
      is well suppressed in SuI+ (supD) and SuIII+ (supF) strains. Neither the
      antigenicity of the pilin nor the efficiency of plating of F-specific
      bacteriophages were affected when this plasmid was harbored by either suppressor
      strain. A second amber mutant (JCFL25) which is not suppressible, carried its
      mutation in the codon for the single tryptophan in F pilin, suggesting that this
      residue is important in subunit interactions during pilus assembly. Two other
      point mutants (JCFL32 and 44) carried missense mutations in the leader sequence
      (positions 9 and 13) which affected the number of pili per cell presumably by
      altering the processing of propilin to pilin.

PMID- 2906111
TI  - Transcriptional unit of the murine Thy-1 gene: different distribution of
      transcription initiation sites in brain.
AB  - Structural analysis of the mouse Thy-1.2 gene has shown that the major promoter
      of the gene is characterized by a tissue-specific DNase I-hypersensitive site and
      is located within a methylation-free island. The gene is regulated at the
      transcriptional level, and steady-state mRNA analysis reveals that the previously
      reported exon Ib contributes at most 5% of the total mRNA. The major promoter
      uses several transcription initiation sites within a region of 100 base pairs.
      The frequency of usage of these sites in brain is markedly different from that in
      other tissues.

PMID- 2906113
TI  - Unlinked regulation of the sensitivity of primary glucocorticoid-inducible
      responses in mouse mammary tumor virus infected Fu5-5 rat hepatoma cells.
AB  - The enzyme tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) is induced by unusually low
      concentrations of glucocorticoids in Fu5-5 cells. We have isolated clones of Fu5
      5 cells infected with mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) in order to simultaneously
      compare the glucocorticoid regulation of the host cell gene, TAT, with that of
      another primary inducible gene, MMTV. In the two clones that were examined in
      detail, MMTV RNA induction occurred at 4- to 11-fold higher concentrations of
      dexamethasone than those needed for induction of TAT mRNA. Furthermore, the
      amount of agonist activity displayed by the irreversible antiglucocorticoid
      dexamethasone 21-mesylate was greater for the induction of TAT mRNA than for MMTV
      RNA. These results extend our previous observations of unequal sensitivity of
      induction of TAT enzyme activity in two hepatoma cell lines and show that
      differential glucocorticoid regulation of gene induction within the same cell can
      occur at a pretranslational step. The present data also indicate that the unusual
      properties of TAT gene induction are not shared by all primary, glucocorticoid
      inducible responses of the same cell and imply that additional factors mediating
      differential regulation of glucocorticoid-responsive genes are involved.

PMID- 2906112
TI  - Early retinoic acid-induced F9 teratocarcinoma stem cell gene ERA-1: alternate
      splicing creates transcripts for a homeobox-containing protein and one lacking
      the homeobox.
AB  - Retinoic acid (RA), the natural acidic derivative of vitamin A, can modulate the
      expression of specific genes and can induce some cell types, such as the murine
      F9 teratocarcinoma stem cell line, to differentiate in culture. As an initial
      step toward understanding the molecular mechanism(s) by which RA exerts these
      effects, we previously isolated cDNA clones for a gene, ERA-1, which has the
      characteristics of an early, direct target for RA. We demonstrated that RA causes
      a rapid, dose-dependent, and protein synthesis-independent expression of the ERA
      1 gene (G. J. LaRosa and L. J. Gudas, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:329-333,
      1988). We now report the full-length cDNA sequence and the further
      characterization of this gene. The data indicate that the RA-induced 2.2- to 2.4
      kilobase ERA-1 RNA species that we previously detected consists of two
      alternately spliced messages. One mRNA encodes a protein with a predicted mass of
      about 36 kilodaltons (kDa) that possesses the Hox 1.6 homeobox domain. The other
      mRNA encodes a truncated protein of about 15 kDa which is identical to the 36-kDa
      protein for 114 amino acids at the amino-terminal end but which lacks the
      homeobox amino acid sequence. The RA-associated increase in the ERA-1 mRNA level
      does not appear to be due to message stabilization, suggesting that the response
      is at the level of transcription. By Northern (RNA) blot analysis, the usual 2.2-
      to 2.4-kilobase mRNA species was also rapidly expressed in P19 teratocarcinoma
      cells during their differentiation to fibroblastic cells in response to RA and
      was detected in day 10.5 and day 13.5 mouse embryos. This result indicates that
      the expression of this gene is not limited to the endodermal differentiation of
      F9 cells.

PMID- 2906114
TI  - Macrophage precursors as natural killer cells against tumor cells and
      microorganisms.
AB  - Macrophage precursors cells have been isolated from spleen and liver of mice and
      have characterized using F4/80 antibody, their proliferative response to CSF-1
      and their maturation to macrophages. These nonadherent and nonphagocytic cells
      exert strong killing of Yac-1 tumor cells and of various microorganisms.
      Transplantation of these macrophage precursors into lethally irradiated allogenic
      hosts restores natural killer (NK) activity within 14 days. Macrophage precursors
      show enhanced NK activity when activated with interleukin 2. FACS analysis of F
      4/80 presorted macrophage precursors reveals about 30% of the cells coexpressing
      NK 1.1. and F 4/80. These data support the assumption that at least a part of the
      NK cell compartment is derived from the myeloid lineage.

PMID- 2906115
TI  - Prolactin release induced by opiate agonists, effect of glucocorticoid
      pretreatment in intact and adrenalectomized rats.
AB  - Cortisol administered at a dose of 25 mg/kg 24 h before measurements decreased
      the prolactin secretion induced by intraventricularly given opioids (dynorphin,
      beta-endorphin, Met-enkephalin or D-Met-Pro-enkephalinamide). The effect of
      cortisol was depressed by actinomycin D pretreatment. The cortisol-induced
      inhibition of the action of morphine was facilitated in adrenalectomized animals;
      measuring the effects of increasing doses of cortisol a maximal inhibition was
      obtained at a dose of 5 mg/kg. The opioid-induced corticosterone secretion was
      not affected 24 h after a single administration of cortisol. The present results
      show that the cortisol-induced inhibition of opioid-induced prolactin secretion
      is dependent on protein synthesis and independent of changes in drug metabolism,
      and of the type of opiate receptor preferentially affected by the opiate agonists
      employed.

PMID- 2906116
TI  - Tissue-specific regulation of pyroglutamate aminopeptidase II activity by thyroid
      hormones.
AB  - Among the enzymes capable of degrading thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in
      vitro, two pyroglutamate aminopeptidases (PGA) are specific for TRH:
      thyroliberinase, a seric enzyme and PGAII, a membrane-bound peptidase. The effect
      of thyroid hormone status on the activity of these enzymes was evaluated in serum
      and various tissues. Only in adenohypophysis, triiodothyronine treatment
      increased PGAII to 376% of control; hypothyroidism produced the reverse effect
      (decrease to 23% of control). As previously reported, similar changes were
      observed for thyroliberinase. TRH degradation at the adenohypophysis level may
      participate in the negative feedback control of thyroid hormones.

PMID- 2906117
TI  - Beta-adrenergic receptors of lymphocytes in children with allergic respiratory
      diseases.
AB  - The beta-adrenergic receptor binding sites on peripheral lymphocytes in children
      with bronchial asthma (n = 16) and seasonal allergic rhinitis (n = 8) were
      examined in comparison with normal controls (n = 18) by means of 124I
      cyanopindolol. The number of beta-adrenergic receptors was significantly lower in
      the asthmatic group (858 +/- 460/lymphocyte) than in the controls (1564 +/-
      983/lymphocyte). The value (1891 +/- 1502/lymphocyte in children with allergic
      rhinitis was slightly higher than that in healthy controls. Of the 24 patients
      suffering from allergic diseases of the lower or upper airways, the bronchial
      histamine provocation test was performed in 21; 16 gave positive results, while 5
      were negative. No difference in beta-adrenergic receptor count was found between
      the histamine-positive and negative patients. Neither was there any correlation
      between the number of beta-adrenergic receptors and the high (16/24) and low
      (8/24) serum IgE concentrations found in allergic patients. The significant
      decrease in beta-adrenergic receptor count in asthmatic children lends support to
      Szentivanyi's concept. Further qualitative and quantitative analysis of
      lymphocyte beta-adrenergic receptors may provide an individual approach to the
      treatment of bronchial asthma with beta-sympathomimetic drugs.

PMID- 2906118
TI  - CHOP regimen versus intermittent chlorambucil-prednisone in stage B chronic
      lymphocytic leukemia. Short term results from a randomized clinical trial. French
      Cooperative Group on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia.
AB  - In 1985, the French Cooperative Group on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia started a
      protocol based on the (A, B, C) staging system. This paper reports the first
      interim results in stage B patients who were randomized to receive either the
      CHOP regimen or intermittent chlorambucil plus prednisone. Out of the 199 stage B
      patients, randomized on the reference date of May 1 1988, 94 received
      chlorambucil plus prednisone (7 deaths) and 105 the CHOP regimen (6 deaths).
      Among the evaluable patients at the 6-month examination, 53% reached clinical
      remission or stage A in the chlorambucil-prednisone group while 77% died in the
      CHOP group (p = 0.002). This short-term result supports the effectiveness of the
      CHOP regimen previously demonstrated by group in stage C patients. More follow-up
      is needed to assess the benefit from the CHOP regimen in terms of survival in
      stage B patients.

PMID- 2906119
TI  - Allergic contact dermatitis to Bryozoa and photosensitivity.

PMID- 2906120
TI  - The genomics of human homeobox-containing loci.

PMID- 2906121
TI  - Modulation of chondroblast phenotype by transforming growth factor-beta.

PMID- 2906122
TI  - [Significance of pulmonary APUD cells in the morphogenesis of bronchiectasis in
      children].

PMID- 2906123
TI  - Processing and secretion of prosomatostatin by the pig pancreas.
AB  - Antisera and radioimmunoassays against five different regions of prosomatostatin
      (proSS) were used for chromatographical analysis and for immunohistochemical
      mapping of the products of proSS in the pig pancreas. Secreted products of proSS
      were studied by analysis of effluent from isolated perfused pig pancreas obtained
      during isoproterenol stimulation. All cells that were stained with one antiserum
      also stained with the other antisera. Immunoreactive nerves were not observed.
      Isoproterenol increased equally the secretion of proSS 20-36, proSS 65-76, and
      proSS 79-92 immunoreactivity. The major molecular forms identified in pancreatic
      extracts and released from the pancreas were proSS 79-92; proSS 65-76; an N
      terminally extended form of proSS 65-76; and two larger forms comprising the
      proSS 20-36 sequence (but not the 1-13 sequence) with and without the proSS 65-76
      sequence. ProSS 1-10, 1-32 and 65-92 (somatostatin 28) were not identified.

PMID- 2906124
TI  - Identification by immunoblotting of somatostatin proforms in a rat pancreatic
      cell line.
AB  - The immunoblotting technique is applied to the analysis of "somatostatin"
      compounds secreted by R.I.N. T3 cells. We can confirm that two proforms of 15,300
      +/- 750 and 29,000 +/- 1,100 Da accumulate in the extracellular medium. The
      unexpected form of 29 kDa, probably a dimeric form, disappears in reducing
      conditions. However, the 15 kDa peptide is characterized by several antibodies
      directed against either the intramolecular cycle of somatostatin-14 or the N
      terminal extension of somatostatin-28. The 15 kDa form presents the same
      electrophoretic mobility in SDS-PAGE than the prosomatostatin isolated from a
      hypothalamic extract. Furthermore, this compound corresponds to the calculated
      mass of 10,388 Da deduced from the cDNA sequence. The detection of an
      immunoreactive 6 kDa peptide in the gel filtration fractions suggests an
      intermediate step in the prosomatostatin processing in these cells.

PMID- 2906125
TI  - Simultaneous assessment of prohormone transport and processing in four separate
      islet cell types: a combined autoradiographic and biochemical study.
AB  - This study was performed to assess the relationships between prohormone transport
      and processing in separate cell types in pancreatic islet tissue. Anglerfish
      islets were subjected to pulse-chase incubation with [3H]tryptophan and/or
      [35S]cysteine. Tissue and media were removed at specific time points during the
      incubation and prepared for electron microscopic examination or biochemical
      analysis. Specific islet cell types were identified ultrastructurally using
      protein A gold immunocytochemistry. Transport of newly synthesized peptides
      through specific subcellular compartments was monitored using electron
      microscopic autoradiography. Prohormone-product ratios were established by gel
      filtration and high-performance liquid chromatography analyses of tissue
      extracts. Complete analyses were performed on A-cells (source of proglucagon-II,
      glucagon-II, and glucagon-like peptide-II), B-cells (proinsulin and insulin), D
      cells (prosomatostatin-II and somatostatin-28), and S-cells (prosomatostatin-I
      and somatostatin-14). Transport of newly synthesized peptides proceeded from
      rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) to Golgi complex and then to mature secretory
      granules in all cell types. The transport rate was most rapid in A- and B-cells,
      slower in S-cells, and slowest in D-cells. The T1/2 for conversion of prohormone
      to product(s) was shortest in S-cells (150 min), slightly longer in B-cells (155
      min), much longer in D-cells (259 min), and greater than 300 min in A-cells.
      These results demonstrate that the transport/prohormone conversion relationships
      are unique in each of the islet cell types monitored.

PMID- 2906126
TI  - A case of somatostatinoma: responses to food and SMS 201-995 administration.
AB  - Plasma somatostatin response to food and the administration of the long-acting
      somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995, as well as pituitary responses to insulin
      induced hypoglycemia, growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) and thyrotropin
      releasing hormone (TRH), were assessed in a 60-year-old woman with biopsy-proven
      metastatic somatostatinoma. SMS 201-995 alone did not change plasma somatostatin
      like immunoreactivity (SRIF), but levels of low-molecular-weight forms (SRIF-14
      and SRIF-28) more than doubled in response to a standard meal. This postprandial
      response was not affected by pretreatment with SMS 201-995. Although a growth
      hormone response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia and supramaximal GHRH was
      absent, the patient's thyroid-stimulating hormone response to TRH was normal.
      These results suggest that somatostatin analogues may not influence tumor
      autonomy and that a SRIF response to food may contribute to early satiety in
      patients with somatostatinoma. In addition, the long-term use of somatostatin
      analogues to suppress hormone production by other peptide-secreting tumors may
      not have predictable results.

PMID- 2906127
TI  - Evidence for the dependence of arterial haemostasis on ADP.
AB  - The possible involvement of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) in haemostatic platelet
      aggregation was investigated by determining the duration of primary haemorrhage
      as standardized bleeding times from punctures of small mesenteric arteries in
      anaesthetized rats. The bleeding times were highly significantly increased by
      infusing into the mesenteric arterial blood flowing towards the punctures either
      the nucleotide-dephosphorylating enzyme apyrase or the ADP-receptor antagonists
      ATP, adenosine 5'-(beta,gamma-methylene)triphosphonate (AMP-PCP) or 2
      methylthioadenosine 5'-(beta,gamma-methylene)triphosphonate (2-MeS-AMP-PCP). The
      increases in bleeding times could not be accounted for by local vasodilator
      effects of the agents. It is concluded that the presence of ADP through local
      release and/or formation at sites of vascular injury contributes significantly to
      haemostasis, presumably by accelerating platelet aggregation.

PMID- 2906128
TI  - Mathematical analysis of transport and exchange in skeletal muscle.
AB  - A new approach to modelling microcirculatory transport and exchange is introduced
      and developed with specific reference to skeletal muscle. The objective is to
      describe the large-scale interaction of a great number of differently perfused
      capillary groups and to interpret phenomena observed in a whole organ in terms of
      processes occurring within individual capillaries. We consider fluid exchange and
      the associated macromolecular transport, the exchange of small metabolites
      carried in the plasma, and oxygen transport to tissue.

PMID- 2906129
TI  - A mathematical model for the freezing process in biological tissue.
AB  - A mathematical model has been developed to study the process of freezing in
      biological organs. The model consists of a repetitive unit structure comprising a
      cylinder of tissue with an axial blood vessel (Krogh cylinder) and it is analysed
      by the methods of irreversible thermodynamics. The mathematical simulation of the
      freezing process in liver tissue compares remarkably well with experimental data
      on the structure of tissue frozen under controlled thermal conditions and the
      response of liver cells to changes in cooling rate. The study also supports the
      proposal that the damage mechanism responsible for the lack of success in
      attempts to preserve tissue in a frozen state, under conditions in which cells in
      suspension survive freezing, is direct mechanical damage caused by the formation
      of ice in the vascular system.

PMID- 2906130
TI  - The Croonian lecture, 1988. Inositol lipids and calcium signalling.
AB  - The response of cells to many external stimuli requires a decoding process at the
      membrane to transduce information into intracellular messengers. A major decoding
      mechanism employed by a variety of hormones, neurotransmitters and growth factors
      depends on the hydrolysis of a unique inositol lipid to generate two key second
      messengers, diacylglycerol and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (Ins(1,4,5)P3). Here
      I examine the second messenger function of Ins(1,4,5)P3 in controlling the
      mobilization of calcium. We know most about how this messenger releases calcium
      from internal reservoirs but less is known concerning the entry of external
      calcium. One interesting possibility is that Ins(1,4,5)P3 might function in
      conjunction with its metabolic product Ins(1,3,4,5)P4 to control calcium entry
      through a mechanism employing a region of the endoplasmic reticulum as a halfway
      house during the transfer of calcium from outside the cell into the cytoplasm.
      The endoplasmic reticulum interposed between the plasma membrane and the cytosol
      may function as a capacitor to insure against the cell being flooded with
      external calcium. When stimulated, cells often display remarkably uniform
      oscillations in intracellular calcium. At least two oscillatory patterns have
      been recognized suggesting the existence of separate mechanisms both of which may
      depend upon Ins(1,4,5)P3. In one mechanism, oscillations may be driven by
      periodic pulses of Ins(1,4,5)P3 produced by receptors under negative feedback
      control of protein kinase C. The other oscillatory mechanism may depend upon
      Ins(1,4,5)P3 unmasking a process of calcium-induced calcium release from the
      endoplasmic reticulum. The function of these calcium oscillations is still
      unknown. This Ins(1,4,5)P3/calcium signalling system is put to many uses during
      the life history of a cell.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2906131
TI  - Intraindividual tissue-specific variations in organization of genes coding for
      the Na,K-ATPase subunits.

PMID- 2906132
TI  - Interaction between palytoxin and purified Na, K-ATPase.

PMID- 2906133
TI  - Two-sided functional Na,K-ATPase-liposomes for characterizing the permeability
      and side of action of pump inhibitors.

PMID- 2906134
TI  - Synthesis and pharmacological effect of substituted phenyl-4-(2
      chloroethyl)tetrahydro-1,4-oxazine hydrochlorides.
AB  - Substituted phenyl-4-(2-chloroethyl)tetrahydro-1,4-oxazine hydrochlorides were
      prepared by treating the corresponding amino alcohols with thionyl chloride.
      Since these compounds are considered to be monofunctional 2-haloalkylamine type
      agents, they were tested for possible alpha-adrenergic blocking activity using
      the rat anococcygeus muscle. The pharmacological action of this series of
      compounds is discussed.

PMID- 2906135
TI  - Inositol lipids and transmembrane signalling. Papers from a meeting. 2 and 3
      December 1987.

PMID- 2906136
TI  - Inositol lipids: receptor-stimulated hydrolysis and cellular lipid pools.
AB  - Our current knowledge of the process by which receptors stimulate the hydrolysis
      of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P2) has its origin in the
      discovery by Hokin & Hokin (J. biol. Chem. 263, 967 (1953] that some pancreatic
      secretagogues not only elicit exocrine secretion but also stimulate the
      metabolism of membrane phospholipids. Despite the recent elucidation of many
      aspects of this widespread signalling system, there is still little information
      on the control of the supply of its substrate, PtdIns(4,5)P2. In particular, some
      studies have suggested that inositol-lipid-mediated signalling involves much or
      all of the inositol lipid complement of the stimulated cells, whereas other
      observations have equally clearly implicated the receptor-activated hydrolysis of
      an inositol phospholipid pool that comprises only a small fraction of the total
      cellular complement of these lipids. These studies, which have largely employed
      radiochemical analyses using single isotopes, are briefly reviewed. In addition,
      we report the first information obtained by a new procedure for analysing the
      metabolic characteristics of the inositol lipids that are broken down during
      stimulation. This technique employs cells that are doubly labelled in the
      inositol moiety of their lipids (to isotopic equilibrium with 14C and only
      briefly with 3H) to search for functional metabolic heterogeneity among the
      inositol lipids of stimulated cells. Using this method, we have found that the
      inositol phosphates liberated in stimulated cells during brief stimulation of V1a
      vasopressin receptors or prostaglandin F2 alpha receptors come from phospholipid
      that has a turnover rate typical of the bulk of the cellular inositol lipids.

PMID- 2906137
TI  - G-proteins, the inositol lipid signalling pathway, and secretion.
AB  - The formation of the second messenger cyclic AMP (cAMP) is known to be coupled to
      its receptor via a guanine nucleotide regulatory protein, GS. Ca2+-mobilizing
      receptors stimulate the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate
      (PtdIns(4,5)P2), which generates two intracellular signals Ins(1,4,5)P3 and
      diacylglycerol. We review the evidence that this signalling system is also
      composed of three types of proteins: receptor, G-protein and effector. The G
      protein that couples to the effector, polyphosphoinositide phosphodiesterase (PPI
      PDE), is a novel G-protein, GP, which is a substrate for pertussis toxin in some
      cells (e.g. neutrophils and platelets) but not others (e.g. pancreatic acinar
      cells and GH3 cells). This implies that GP is not a single G-protein but
      encompasses a family of proteins that can activate PPI-PDE. We have also
      identified a role for another G-protein, GE, which is involved in the secretory
      process in mast cells and neutrophils. In this case, neither the receptor nor
      effector has been identified and the main evidence for proposing this second G
      protein is based on the ability of guanine nucleotide analogues (e.g. GTP gamma
      S) to stimulate secretion independently of PPI-PDE activation.

PMID- 2906138
TI  - Receptor and G-protein-dependent regulation of turkey erythrocyte
      phosphoinositidase C.
AB  - Several lines of experimental evidence indicate the involvement of a guanine
      nucleotide-dependent protein (G-protein) in the hormone-stimulated hydrolysis of
      phosphatidylinositol(4,5)-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P2). However, the shortcomings
      of available procedures for cell-free assay of hormone-stimulated
      phosphoinositidase C (PIC) have limited our current understanding of the
      molecular and mechanistic details of PIC regulation. We recently have proposed
      that turkey erythrocyte membranes may provide a valuable model system for studies
      of G-protein-dependent PtdIns(4,5)P2 hydrolysis. The membranes can be simply
      prepared from [3H]inositol-labelled erythrocytes and they contain a PIC activity
      that hydrolyses endogenous phosphoinositides and is exquisitively sensitive to
      guanine nucleotides. PtdIns(4,5)P2 is the principal substrate for this enzyme,
      there being relatively little direct hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4
      phosphate and no detectable hydrolysis of PtdIns. The membranes also contain a
      purinoceptor of the P2y subclass that is efficiently coupled to PtdIns(4,5)P2
      hydrolysis both in intact cells and in the isolated membranes. 2
      Methylthioadenosine trisphosphate (2-methyl-S-ATP), a specific P2y receptor
      agonist, has no effect upon PtdIns(4,5)P2 hydrolysis in the absence of guanine
      nucleotides, but greatly enhances both the potency and efficacy of PIC activation
      by guanine nucleotides such as GTP gamma S. GTP gamma S alone stimulates PIC
      activity only after a prolonged time-lag; the effect of increasing doses of 2
      methyl-S-ATP is progressively to shorten this lag phase. These results suggest
      that the mechanism of G-protein activation involves acceleration of a nucleotide
      exchange reaction as has been demonstrated for the activation of adenylate
      cyclase in the same membrane preparation. As well as contributing valuable
      information on the substrate specificity of PIC and its mode of regulation by
      hormones, turkey erythrocytes provide a plentiful source of plasma membranes and
      may be useful for purification of the appropriate G-protein and PIC activities.

PMID- 2906139
TI  - Inositol phosphates: proliferation, metabolism and function.
AB  - After the initial discovery of receptor-linked generation of
      inositol(1,4,5)trisphosphate (Ins(1,4,5)P3) it was generally assumed that
      Ins(1,4,5)P3 and its proposed breakdown products inositol(1,4)bisphosphate
      (Ins(1,4)P2) and Ins1P, along with cyclic inositol monophosphate, were the only
      inositol phosphates found in significant amounts in animal cells. Since then,
      three levels of complexity have been introduced. Firstly, Ins(1,4,5)P3 can be
      phosphorylated to Ins(1,3,4,5)P4, and the subsequent metabolism of these two
      compounds has been found to be intricate and probably different between various
      tissues. The functions of Ins(1,4,5)P3 and Ins(1,3,4,5)P4 are almost certainly to
      regulate cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations, but the reasons for the labyrinth of the
      metabolic pathways after their deactivation by a specific 5-phosphatase remain
      obscure. Secondly, inositol pentakis- and hexakisphosphates have been found in
      many animal cells other than avian erythrocytes. It has been shown that their
      synthesis pathway is entirely separate from the inositol phosphates discussed
      above, both in terms of many of the isomers involved and probably in the
      subcellular localization; some possible functions of InsP5 and InsP6 are
      discussed here. Thirdly, cyclic inositol polyphosphates have been reported in
      stimulated tissues; the evidence for their occurrence in vivo and their possible
      physiological significance are also discussed.

PMID- 2906140
TI  - Regulation of platelet phospholipase C.
AB  - We have investigated factors affecting the activation of phospholipase C in human
      platelets. Prior exposure of platelets to phorbol esters that stimulated protein
      kinase C inhibits the activation of phospholipase C in response to a variety of
      receptor-directed agonists, including alpha- and gamma-thrombin and thromboxane
      A2 analogues. Such activation has been assayed by measurements of accumulated
      InsP3 (including Ins(1,4,5)P3 and Ins(1,3,4)P3) and PtdOH. Inhibition is not
      overcome by Ca2+ ionophores, and substances that block or mimic Na+-H+ exchange
      neither block nor mimic these inhibitory effects. Cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP,
      other agents known to inhibit phospholipase C activation, do not accumulate in
      platelets exposed to phorbol esters. Although a portion of the effects of phorbol
      ester on InsP3 accumulation may be explained by 5-phosphomonoesterase activity,
      it is likely that more direct effects on phospholipase C are being exerted as
      well, and contribute the major inhibitory route. We have examined the
      susceptibility of adenylyl cyclase-associated Gi and 'Gp'-activated phospholipase
      C to inhibitory ADP-ribosylation by pertussis toxin-derived enzyme (S1 protomer)
      administered to saponin-permeabilized platelets. The effects of alpha-thrombin on
      adenylyl cyclase can be inhibited by up to 50% by S1, at which point inhibition
      of phospholipase C is barely detectable. Thromboxane A2 analogues, which do not
      affect adenylyl cyclase (Gi), stimulate phospholipase C; this effect is not
      impaired by S1. We therefore propose that the inhibitory effects of phorbol
      esters on the activation of phospholipase C are not mediated primarily by effects
      on Gi.

PMID- 2906141
TI  - The heterogeneity and differential expression of protein kinase C in nervous
      tissues.
AB  - Protein kinase C exists as a large family of multiple subspecies with subtle
      individual characteristics. This heterogeneity comes from different genes as well
      as from different splicings of a single RNA transcript. The members of this
      family have closely related structures with a high degree of homology.
      Biochemical studies have shown that their mode of activation and kinetic and
      catalytic properties differ slightly from one another. By using a combination of
      biochemical and immunocytochemical techniques, their differential regional and
      cellular expression have been shown in the nervous tissues. Each member of this
      enzyme family may have a specialized function in transducing various
      physiological and pathological signals into different cell types.

PMID- 2906142
TI  - Spatial and temporal aspects of cell signalling.
AB  - As new techniques are developed to measure intracellular messengers it becomes
      increasingly apparent that there is a remarkable spatial and temporal
      organization of cell signalling. Cells possess a small discrete hormone-sensitive
      pool of inositol lipid. In some cells such as Xenopus oocytes and Limulus
      photoreceptors this phosphoinositide signalling system is highly concentrated in
      one region of the cell, so establishing localized calcium gradients. Another
      example is the hydrolysis of inositol lipids in eggs at the point of sperm entry
      resulting in a localized increase in Ins(1,4,5)P3 and calcium which spreads like
      a wave throughout the egg. In hamster eggs this burst of calcium at fertilization
      recurs at 1-3 min intervals for over 100 min, a particularly dramatic example of
      spontaneous activity. Spontaneous oscillations in intracellular calcium exist in
      many different cell types and are often induced by agonists that hydrolyse
      inositol lipids. We have made a distinction between oscillations that are
      approximately sinusoidal and occur at a higher frequency where free calcium is
      probably continuously involved in the oscillatory cycle and those where calcium
      falls to resting levels for many seconds between transients. In the former case,
      the oscillations are thought to be induced through a cytoplasmic oscillator based
      on the phenomenon of calcium-induced calcium release. Such oscillations can be
      induced in Xenopus oocytes after injection with Ins(1,4,5)P3. A receptor
      controlled oscillator based on the periodic formation of Ins(1,4,5)P3 is probably
      responsible for the generation of the widely spaced calcium transients. The
      function of such calcium oscillations is currently unknown. They may be a
      reflection of the feedback interactions that operate to control intracellular
      calcium. Another possibility emerged from observations that in some cells the
      frequency of calcium oscillations varied with agonist concentration, suggesting
      that cells might employ these oscillations as a way of encoding information. One
      advantage of using such a frequency-dependent mechanism may lie in an increase in
      fidelity, especially at low agonist concentrations. Whatever these functions
      might be, it is clear that uncovering the mechanisms responsible for such
      oscillatory activity will greatly enhance our understanding of the relation
      between the phosphoinositides and calcium signalling.

PMID- 2906143
TI  - The function of glycosyl phosphoinositides in hormone action.
AB  - The molecular events involved in the cellular actions of insulin remain
      unexplained. Some of the acute actions of the hormone may be due to the
      intracellular generation of a chemical substance which modulates certain enzyme
      activities. Such an enzyme-modulating substance has been identified as an
      inositol phosphate-glycan, produced by the insulin-sensitive hydrolysis of a
      glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (glycosyl-PtdIns) precursor. This precursor
      glycolipid is structurally similar to the glycosyl-phosphoinositide membrane
      protein anchor. The exposure of fat, liver or muscle cells to insulin results in
      the hydrolysis of glycosyl-PtdIns, giving rise to the inositol phosphate glycan
      and diacylglycerol. This hydrolysis reaction is catalysed by a glycosyl-PtdIns
      specific phospholipase C. This enzyme has been characterized and purified from a
      plasma membrane fraction of liver. This reaction also results in the acute
      release of certain glycosyl-PtdIns-anchored proteins from the cell surface.
      Elucidation of the functional role of glycosyl-phosphoinositides in the
      generation of second messengers or the release of proteins may provide further
      insights into the pleiotropic nature of insulin action.

PMID- 2906144
TI  - The localization of calcium release by inositol trisphosphate in Limulus
      photoreceptors and its control by negative feedback.
AB  - Microvillar photoreceptors of invertebrates exhibit a light-induced rise in the
      intracellular concentration of free calcium (Cai) that results in part from
      release of calcium from an intracellular compartment. This light-induced release
      of calcium appears to result from a cascade of reactions that involve rhodopsin,
      a GTP-binding protein and a phospholipase-C which releases inositol 1,4,5
      trisphosphate (Ins(1,4,5)P3) from the plasma membrane; the Ins(1,4,5)P3 acts to
      release calcium from smooth endoplasmic reticulum. In the ventral photoreceptor
      of the horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus not all of the endoplasmic reticulum is
      subject to calcium release by Ins(1,4,5)P3. Only endoplasmic reticulum in the
      light-sensitive region of the cell is competent to release calcium in response to
      Ins(1,4,5)P3. The release of calcium by Ins(1,4,5)P3 in ventral photoreceptors
      appears to be subject to feedback inhibition through elevated Cai. We suggest
      that this feedback inhibition contributes to sensory adaptation in the
      photoreceptor and may account for oscillatory membrane responses sometimes
      observed with large injections of Ins(1,4,5)P3.

PMID- 2906145
TI  - Neural function: metabolism and actions of inositol metabolites in mammalian
      brain.
AB  - In the nervous system, a variety of cell types respond to external stimuli
      through the inositol lipid signalling pathways. The stimulus-coupled sequence of
      intracellular events has been investigated in a homogeneous model system, the
      cloned mammalian neural cell line NG115-401L. The neural peptide bradykinin
      stimulates a rapid production of identified inositol phosphate isomers and an
      intracellular Ca2+ discharge followed by a persistent plasma membrane influx. The
      temporal sequence suggests that Ins(1,4,5)P3 or Ins(1,3,4,5)P4 or both may
      coordinate these events in a neuronal cell, as has been suggested in other cell
      types. Thapsigargin, an irritant and tumour-promoting plant product, produces
      calcium transients in the absence of inositol phosphate production, and may
      provide a new tool for investigating the interactions between inositol phosphates
      and changes in cellular calcium homeostasis. In the 401L line, high levels of
      radiolabelled InsP5 and InsP6 have been detected, which has led to the evaluation
      of their possible occurrence and actions in normal brain. Both InsP5 and InsP6
      are produced from a radiolabelled myo-inositol precursor in intact mature brain
      in a region-specific manner. This suggests that both inositol polyphosphates may
      be end products of regionally regulated biosynthetic pathways. When microinjected
      into a nucleus of the brainstem, or iontophoretically applied to the dorsal horn
      of the spinal cord, both InsP5 and InsP6, but not Ins(1,3,4,5)P4 isomers, appear
      to be potent neural stimulants. These results suggest that the inositol lipid
      signalling pathways may generate both intracellular and extracellular signals in
      brain.

PMID- 2906146
TI  - Inositol trisphosphate, calcium and muscle contraction.
AB  - The identity of organelles storing intracellular calcium and the role of
      Ins(1,4,5)P3 in muscle have been explored with, respectively, electron probe X
      ray microanalysis (EPMA) and laser photolysis of 'caged' compounds. The
      participation of G-protein(s) in the release of intracellular Ca2+ was determined
      in saponin-permeabilized smooth muscle. The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is
      identified as the major source of activator Ca2+ in both smooth and striated
      muscle; similar (EPMA) studies suggest that the endoplasmic reticulum is the
      major Ca2+ storage site in non-muscle cells. In none of the cell types did
      mitochondria play a significant, physiological role in the regulation of
      cytoplasmic Ca2+. The latency of guinea pig portal vein smooth muscle contraction
      following photolytic release of phenylephrine, an alpha 1-agonist, is 1.5 +/-
      0.26 s at 20 degrees C and 0.6 +/- 0.18 s at 30 degrees C; the latency of
      contraction after photolytic release of Ins(1,4,5)P3 from caged Ins(1,4,5)P3 is
      0.5 +/- 0.12 s at 20 degrees C. The long latency of alpha 1-adrenergic Ca2+
      release and its temperature dependence are consistent with a process mediated by
      G-protein-coupled activation of phosphatidylinositol 4,5 bisphosphate
      (PtdIns(4,5)P2) hydrolysis. GTP gamma S, a non-hydrolysable analogue of GTP,
      causes Ca2+ release and contraction in permeabilized smooth muscle. Ins(1,4,5)P3
      has an additive effect during the late, but not the early, phase of GTP gamma S
      action, and GTP gamma S can cause Ca2+ release and contraction of permeabilized
      smooth muscles refractory to Ins(1,4,5)P3. These results suggest that activation
      of G protein(s) can release Ca2+ by, at least, two G-protein-regulated
      mechanisms: one mediated by Ins(1,4,5)P3 and the other Ins(1,4,5)P3-independent.
      The low Ins(1,4,5)P3 5-phosphatase activity and the slow time-course (seconds) of
      the contractile response to Ins(1,4,5)P3 released with laser flash photolysis
      from caged Ins(1,4,5)P3 in frog skeletal muscle suggest that Ins(1,4,5)P3 is
      unlikely to be the physiological messenger of excitation-contraction coupling of
      striated muscle. In contrast, in smooth muscle the high Ins(1,4,5)P3-5
      phosphatase activity and the rate of force development after photolytic release
      of Ins(1,4,5)P3 are compatible with a physiological role of Ins(1,4,5)P3 as a
      messenger of pharmacomechanical coupling.

PMID- 2906147
TI  - Roles for the phosphatidylinositol cycle in early development.
AB  - Founded on the seminal studies and writings of Hokin, Michell and Berridge, a
      vast body of data now exists documenting the central importance of
      phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) cycle activation in transducing information of many
      types across the plasma membrane. The great majority of these data derive from
      studies of terminally differentiated somatic cells. Nevertheless, the fact that
      many crucial events in animal development also involve transduction of
      information across the plasma membrane has recently led developmental biologists
      to search for regulatory roles for PtdIns cycle activity in such developmental
      processes as oocyte maturation, fertilization, and embryogenesis, with
      encouraging results. In this paper I briefly review the progress of such studies,
      beginning with the event in which the PtdIns cycle's role is best understood
      (fertilization), then progressing both backwards and forwards in developmental
      time to explore more speculative roles for the PtdIns cycle in oocyte maturation
      and pattern formation during embryogenesis.

PMID- 2906148
TI  - Transmembrane signalling pathways initiating cell growth in fibroblasts.
AB  - The mechanisms of growth factor action were studied in a fibroblastic cell line
      capable of reversible growth arrest in G0-G1. This cell line, derived from
      Chinese hamster lung, can be stimulated to divide by a limited set of purified
      growth factors, including EGF, FGF, PDGF, alpha-thrombin (THR), serotonin (5-HT)
      and insulin. THR and 5-HT stimulate, via a G-protein (Gp), a polyphosphoinositide
      specific phospholipase C (PtdIns(4,5)P2-PLC). In contrast, the mitogens EGF, FGF,
      PDGF, and insulin do not stimulate PtdIns(4,5)P2-PLC unless this pathway has been
      preactivated by THR or AlF-4. Finally, from the specific inhibitory action of
      pertussis toxin on THR- and 5-HT-induced DNA synthesis, and from the exploitation
      of the 5-HT pharmacological tools, we conclude that: (i) there are at least two
      distinct G-proteins involved in signalling growth: Gp, coupling receptors to
      PtdIns(4,5)P2-PLC, and Gi, coupling receptors negatively to adenylyl cyclase and
      probably to other unknown effector(s); (ii) activation of receptor-tyrosine
      kinases provides an alternate growth factor signalling pathway, independent of Gp
      and Gi-mediated actions; and (iii) tyrosine kinases positively 'cross
      communicate' with the inositol-lipid pathway (phosphorylation of Gp, PLC, PtdIns
      kinases...?).

PMID- 2906150
TI  - Glutamate-induced K+ flux in the photoreceptor layer of isolated retina of
      cyprinid fish: possible consequences for second-order neurones.
AB  - The effect of L-glutamate on extracellular K+ activity (aK0) in the micro
      environment of the isolated retina of a cyprinid fish was investigated using
      double-barrelled K+-sensitive micro-electrodes. Glutamate was pulsed onto the
      retina from an atomizer, and aK0's recorded at different retinal depths.
      Glutamate induced a concentration-dependent rise in aK0 which was maximal in the
      first 100 microns of the retinal surface. The aK0 change was transient, with a
      time to peak of 20-30 s, and complete reversal within 4 min. However, if the
      retina was pre-treated with dinitrophenol or ouabain, the maximum rise in aK0 was
      greater than normal, and the effect was sustained. Application of equimolar
      glutamate transiently depolarized the membrane potentials of horizontal cells.
      The effects of glutamate on aK0 and horizontal cell membrane potential had some
      common characteristics. It is concluded that glutamate may have non-synaptic
      effects on post-receptoral retinal neurones, and possible mechanisms of this are
      considered.

PMID- 2906149
TI  - Behavioral effects of acute hexamethonium in rats chronically intoxicated with
      nicotine.
AB  - To investigate the effects of chronic nicotine administration on feeding
      behavior, hexamethonium, a nicotinic blocker with mainly peripheral actions, was
      acutely given to rats during and after chronic nicotine administration. Nicotine
      decreased both the time spent investigating the food and the amount of food
      consumed. It also decreased the time spent rearing and grooming and increased the
      time spent resting. These behaviors returned to control levels after nicotine
      withdrawal. During nicotine administration, 10 mg/kg of hexamethonium increased
      the amount of time the nicotine-treated rats spent investigating the food but did
      not change the amount of food actually eaten. These data show that predominantly
      peripheral nicotinic blockade can partially alleviate the effects of chronic
      nicotine administration of feeding behavior, suggesting that at least some of the
      effects of nicotine on feeding are peripheral. The finding that the
      investigational and consummatory aspects of feeding behavior can be
      pharmacologically differentiated implies that some aspects of their neural
      control may be distinct.

PMID- 2906151
TI  - Biosynthesis of peptide neurotransmitters: studies on the formation of peptide
      amides.
AB  - A high proportion of peptide transmitters and peptide hormones terminate their
      peptide chain in a C-terminal amide group which is essential for their biological
      activity. The specificity of an enzyme that catalyses the formation of the amide
      was investigated with the aid of synthetic peptide substrates. With peptides
      containing l-amino acids the enzyme exhibited an essential requirement for
      glycine in the C-terminal position; amidation did not take place with peptides
      that had leucine, alanine, glutamic acid, lysine or N-methylglycine at the C
      terminus and a peptide extended by the attachment of lysine to the C-terminal
      glycine did not act as a substrate. Amidation did occur with a peptide containing
      C-terminal D-alanine but no reaction was detected with peptides having C
      terminal, D-serine or D-leucine. In tripeptides with a neutral amino acid in the
      penultimate position, amidation, took place readily but the reaction was slower
      when this position was occupied by an acidic or a basic residue. A series of
      overlapping peptides with C-terminal glycine, based on partial sequences of
      calcitonin, underwent amidation at similar rates, indicating that the amidating
      enzyme recognizes only a limited sequence at the C-terminus of its substrates.
      The results provide evidence that the amidating enzyme has a highly compact
      substrate binding site.

PMID- 2906152
TI  - Differences in the cataleptogenic actions of SCH23390 and selected classical
      neuroleptics.
AB  - In an attempt to understand the nature of the interactions between D1 and D2
      dopamine subsystems as well as between dopamine and acetylcholine, catalepsy was
      assessed in rats following various drug treatments. The D1-specific antagonist
      SCH23390 (0.1 mg/kg) produced prompt, potent and brief (less than 90 min)
      catalepsy with an ED50 of 0.105 mg (0.3 mumol)/kg. Conversely, fluphenazine (0.1
      mg/kg), spiroperidol (0.1 mg/kg), and haloperidol (0.2 mg/kg) all had comparably
      potent but more slowly rising and prolonged (greater than 240 min) effects. The
      action of SCH23390 was synergistic with spiroperidol, inhibited by apomorphine or
      atropine, unaffected by mecamylamine, and markedly potentiated by pilocarpine.
      However, pilocarpine was unable to significantly potentiate the action of
      fluphenazine or spiroperidol. It is inferred that SCH23390 differs from the
      classical neuroleptics in its mechanism of cataleptogenicity, that there is a
      cholinergic link with the D1 dopamine system, and further, that there may be a
      difference in the nature or impact of the cholinergic interaction with the D1 and
      D2 dopamine systems.

PMID- 2906153
TI  - Neuroendocrine evidence for serotonin receptor hypersensitivity in panic
      disorder.
AB  - Normal controls (NC) (n = 15), patients with panic disorder (PD) (n = 13) and
      patients with major depression (MD) (n = 17) were challenged with a single, oral
      dose (0.25 mg/kg) of the selective 5HT agonist m-chlorophenyl-piperazine (MCPP)
      or placebo. Blood samples were assayed for cortisol and MCPP levels every 30 min.
      The PD group had an augmented cortisol release when compared to the other two
      groups. Finally, a significant correlation was found across all subjects between
      clinical anxiety level and cortisol release on MCPP. These data support the
      hypothesis of 5HT receptor hypersensitivity in PD.

PMID- 2906154
TI  - Role of dopamine D-1 and D-2 receptor subtypes in mediating dopamine agonist
      effects on food consumption in rats.
AB  - The effects of selective D-2 and D-1 dopamine (DA) receptor agonists on food
      consumption were investigated in free-feeding rats. A selective D-2 receptor
      agonist, (+)-4-propyl-9-hydroxynaphthoxazine (PHNO), increased the consumption of
      standard food pellets in the dose range of 7.5-120 micrograms/kg, while SKF 38393
      (5.0 mg/kg), a selective D-1 receptor agonist, decreased food pellet intake. The
      increase in food pellet intake produced by PHNO was blocked by haloperidol (an
      antagonist relatively selective for the D-2 receptor at the dose used, 0.05
      mg/kg) and SCH 23390 (20 micrograms/kg, a D-1 receptor selective antagonist).
      Increasing "arousal" by disturbance associated with repeated food weighing also
      increased food pellet consumption, but did not diminish PHNO-elicited feeding.
      However, the same range of doses of PHNO (7.5-120 micrograms/kg) which increased
      food pellet intake decreased consumption of a liquid diet, and had no overall
      effect on a highly palatable liquid diet. The increase in consumption of solid
      food induced by PHNO appears to be secondary to enhancement of chewing behaviors.
      In contrast, the decrease in food intake induced by SKF 39393 may be due to a
      direct action of the drug on neural feeding mechanisms.

PMID- 2906155
TI  - Acute barbiturate administration increases benzodiazepine receptor binding in
      vivo.
AB  - Barbiturates have been reported to augment benzodiazepine receptor affinity in
      vitro, but their effects in vivo are uncertain. We determined benzodiazepine
      receptor binding in vivo by specific uptake of [3H]Ro15-1788 after barbiturate
      administration. Pentobarbital (30 mg/kg) increased receptor binding in cerebral
      cortex and cerebellum at 30 min after injection, with a peak effect occurring at
      1 h after dosage, and a return to control levels at 2 h. Specific binding was
      increased at 1 h after pentobarbital administration in a dose-dependent fashion
      (7.5-90 mg/kg). Pentobarbital at doses up to 30 mg/kg failed to alter nonspecific
      binding, but at doses of 60 mg/kg increases in nonspecific binding were observed.
      The increases in specific binding observed after barbiturate administration were
      most likely due to a change in apparent receptor affinity, as determined by
      administration of varying doses of clonazepam to pentobarbital-treated (30 mg/kg)
      animals. The order of potency of a series of barbiturates in augmenting
      benzodiazepine receptor binding in cerebral cortex and cerebellum in vivo was:
      secobarbital greater than pentobarbital greater than amobarbital greater than
      phenobarbital greater than barbital. The same relative rank order of potency
      exists for the anesthetic/hypnotic activity of these barbiturates. These data
      suggest that barbiturates increase the apparent affinity of benzodiazepine
      receptors in vivo; unlike their in vitro actions, these alterations can be
      detected with a receptor antagonist.

PMID- 2906156
TI  - Influence of alpha stimulants and beta blockers on yohimbine toxicity.
AB  - 1. Potentiation of yohimbine-induced sublethality has been largely used to
      predict antidepressant action. 2. Several products were tested in order to
      understand the mechanism of this toxicity better: an alpha-1 central stimulant
      (adrafinil); an alpha-2 central stimulant (clonidine); and 4 beta-blockers
      (propranolol, atenolol, penbutolol and metoprolol). 3. It was found that atenolol
      and adrafinil could not antagonize toxicity, whereas clonidine and the other 3
      beta-blockers could. 4. It is suggested that a central beta-origin toxicity
      exists since only beta-blockers which cross the blood-brain barrier are capable
      of antagonizing this activity. 5. The fact that clonidine also antagonized this
      toxicity may be explained by the beta-antagonist action of this substance at the
      high doses used.

PMID- 2906157
TI  - Successful treatment of idiopathic hypersomnia and narcolepsy with modafinil.
AB  - 1. Modafinil, a putative central alpha 1 adrenergic agonist, was tested in
      idiopathic hypersomnia and narcolepsy. 2. Sleep attacks and drowsiness were
      significantly decreased in 83% of 18 hypersomniac subjects and 71% of 24
      narcoleptics. 3. When cataplectic episodes were not totally suppressed the
      association of a low dose of Clomipramine was successful in improving them. 4.
      Modafinil, used for at least 3 years in some patients, produces, in most cases,
      no peripheric sides effects, does not disturb night sleep and is never
      responsible of tolerance of drug dependence.

PMID- 2906158
TI  - Characterization of 3H-2-oxo-quazepam binding in the human brain.
AB  - 1. 2-oxo-quazepam (2oxoquaz) is a novel benzodiazepine (BZD) hypnotic containing
      a trifluoethyl substituent on the ring nitrogen at position 1, which, unlike
      other BZDs, distinguishes two populations of BZD binding sites. In the present
      study we characterized the binding of 3H-2oxoquaz to human brain membrane
      preparations. 2. Self and cross displacement curves for 3H-FNT and 3H-2oxoquaz
      binding in different brain areas indicate that 2oxoquaz binds with different
      affinities to two populations of binding sites in the human brain. 3. Competition
      studies of 3H-2oxoquaz (2 nM) and 3H-FNT (0.5 nM) binding with a series of
      unlabelled ligands indicate that compounds which preferentially bind to Type I
      sites are more potent at displacing 3H-2oxoquaz than 3H-FNT from cerebral cortex
      membrane preparations. 4. The binding of 3H-2oxoquaz is stimulated by gamma
      aminobutyric acid (GABA) and pentobarbital in a concentration-dependent manner.
      5. The results suggest that in the human brain 3H-2oxoquaz binds with high
      affinity to a subpopulation of BZD recognition sites (Type I sites) which are
      functionally linked to the GABA receptor and the chloride ionophore.

PMID- 2906159
TI  - Phase 1 study of a new antipsychotic drug, OPC-4392.
AB  - 1. A phase I study of OPC-4392 (OPC), a quinolinone derivative recently developed
      in Japan and recognized to have an agonistic effect on dopamine autoreceptors,
      was performed in 7 male healthy volunteers in comparison with chlorpromazine
      (CPZ). 2. Clinical pharmacology The main clinical symptoms of OPC were
      sleepiness, weakness, fatigability, heavy headedness, disturbance of
      concentration, nausea, etc. The severity of these symptoms increased dose
      dependently, and the upper limit dosage of OPC was considered to be 5 mg for the
      healthy volunteers. 3. Endocrinological research The serum prolactin level
      decreased dose-dependently in the OPC group, whereas it rose in the CPZ group. A
      significant negative correlation was recognized between the OPC-plasma level and
      serum prolactin level as well. 4. Psychological tests In the Kraepelin test, a
      decrease in the average work quantity was observed in both groups, but it was
      less in the OPC group. 5. Pharmacokinetic study From the pharmacokinetic
      parameters measured, two features were recognized: one was the slowness of Tmax
      (4-6 hours) and the other was the length of its biological half-life (56-88
      hours). It was estimated that the plasma level of OPC-4392 would take 2 weeks to
      reach a steady state.

PMID- 2906160
TI  - Treatment of tardive dyskinesia with ceruletide.
AB  - 1. Seven patients with TD were treated with a single dose of ceruletide 0.8
      microgram/kg i.m. 2. EMG and MV were recorded, and the average power spectrum was
      computed. 3. Effect of ceruletide on TD within 2 hr after injection was varied (3
      cases: inhibitory, 2 cases: facilitatory, 2 cases: no effect). 4. Two patients
      with severe TD, who showed improvement after a single administration, received
      repeated administration of ceruletide (0.6 microgram/kg i.m.) and their TD
      symptoms were recorded on videotape for blind consensus ratings. In both patients
      ceruletide caused a marked decrease in severity of TD, and the effects lasted for
      several weeks. 5. The present findings might contribute to further understanding
      of the role of CCK in the brain and to the treatment of TD.

PMID- 2906162
TI  - Cerebellar vermal size predicts drug response in schizophrenic patients: a
      magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study.
AB  - 1. In schizophrenic patients, a good drug response was associated with a small
      cerebellar vermis brain ratio (CVBR). 2. It was possible to predict drug response
      with a higher statistical significance based on CVBR, especially in nonfamilial
      patients with schizophrenia.

PMID- 2906161
TI  - Serum neuroleptic activities required to inhibit relapse in schizophrenic
      patients--a study by radioreceptor assay.
AB  - 1. The serum levels of antidopaminergic (anti-D2), anti-alpha-adrenergic (anti
      NA) and antiserotonergic (anti-5HT2) activities of neuroleptics were determined
      in schizophrenic patients on maintenance treatment. 2. The patients whose
      conditions remained stable had significantly higher serum levels of anti-D2 and
      anti-5HT2 activities than those who were considered to be in unstable conditions
      after a period of remission. 3. However, the serum levels of anti-5HT2 activity
      in patients whose conditions remained stable varied as much as those of anti-NA
      activities did, so it appeared that from a pharmacological viewpoint anti-D2
      activity of neuroleptics was the most important in preventing a relapse in
      schizophrenic patient. 4. The serum levels of anti-D2 activity required to
      prevent relapses differed for each neuroleptic. 5. The frequency of side effects
      increased concordant with increasing serum levels of anti-D2, anti-NA and anti
      5HT2 activities, and unfortunately even minimum effective serum levels of anti-D2
      activity elicited slight side effects in the majority patients.

PMID- 2906163
TI  - [Effect of carbimazole and dexamethasone on the TSH bond (TBII) inhibiting
      immunoglobulins in Graves-Basedow disease].

PMID- 2906164
TI  - Effect of subinhibitory concentrations of tiamulin on the haemagglutinating
      properties of fimbriated Escherichia coli (K88, K99).
AB  - The haemagglutinating properties (HA) of Escherichia coli possessing the fimbrial
      antigens K88 and K99 were significantly affected by tiamulin. HA for K88-positive
      strains was reduced at 1/10 to 1/40 minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), while
      the corresponding values for the K99 strains were 1/2 to 1/10 MIC. Tiamulin
      concentrations of 3 to 12 micrograms ml-1 increased salt aggregation test values
      from between 1.4 and 1.5, to more than 2.

PMID- 2906165
TI  - The effect of almitrine bismesylate on the steady-state responses of arterial
      chemoreceptors to CO2 and O2 in the cat.
AB  - The interaction between almitrine bismesylate, a pharmacological stimulant of
      peripheral chemoreceptors, and varying levels of oxygen (PO2 50-600 Torr) and
      carbon dioxide (PCO2 10-65 Torr) on steady state carotid chemoreceptor discharge
      was investigated in pentobarbitone-anaesthetised cats. Almitrine was given as
      constant intravenous (50 micrograms/kg per min for 4 min) and intracarotid
      infusions (4-16 micrograms/kg per min) at different levels of alveolar PO2 and
      PCO2. Almitrine always excited discharge. The intracarotid infusions at the lower
      infusion rate (4-8 micrograms/kg per min) and the i.v. infusions increased the
      slope of the isoxic response to CO2. This effect could be reversed by raising PO2
      to high levels. Higher infusion rates of almitrine (16 micrograms/kg per min)
      displaced the CO2 response curve upwards but did not increase its slope above
      that obtained in control conditions at end-tidal PO2 of 50 Torr. However, as
      these higher infusion rates caused levels of discharge greater than those
      achieved during control conditions, their effects on control CO2 sensitivity
      could not be ascertained. Our results suggest that almitrine excites carotid body
      chemoreceptors by a mechanism similar to that of hypoxia and not like that of
      carbon dioxide.

PMID- 2906167
TI  - [Inflammatory arteritis of Takayasu's disease type and retroperitoneal fibrosis].

PMID- 2906166
TI  - [Pneumopathies caused by salazosulfapyridine. A review of the literature apropos
      of a personal case].

PMID- 2906168
TI  - [Takayasu arteritis with secondary hypertension in pregnancy].

PMID- 2906169
TI  - Regulation of blood pressure by central neurotransmitters and neuropeptides.

PMID- 2906170
TI  - The roles of calcium and phosphoinositides in the mechanisms of alpha 1
      adrenergic and other agonists.

PMID- 2906172
TI  - Entamoeba histolytica infection in a rehabilitation center for mentally retarded
      persons in Japan.

PMID- 2906171
TI  - Double-blind comparison of 3-day versus 7-day treatment with norfloxacin in
      symptomatic urinary tract infections. The Inter-Nordic Urinary Tract Infection
      Study Group.
AB  - The therapeutic efficacy and safety of norfloxacin 400 mg twice daily for 3 or 7
      days was compared in a double-blind randomized multiclinic study including 485
      female general practice patients with uncomplicated symptomatic lower urinary
      tract infections. 373 patients were considered valid for efficacy, 193 in the 3
      day treatment group and 180 in the 7-day treatment group. The short-term efficacy
      (elimination of significant bacteriuria 3-13 days post-treatment) was 93.8% and
      96.6% in the 3 and 7-day treatment groups, respectively, and the accumulated
      efficacy (elimination of significant bacteriuria 3 days post-treatment up until
      45 days after the first dose) 81.3% and 91.7%, respectively (p less than 0.004).
      The median time to disappearance of symptoms was 3 days in both groups.
      Norfloxacin was well tolerated in both treatment groups.

PMID- 2906173
TI  - [Nitrate tolerance].
AB  - Nitrate tolerance is defined as an attenuation or even loss of hemodynamic and
      anti-ischemic effects during continuous nitrate medication. The blunted response
      may be due to the development of pseudotolerance and true pharmacologic
      tolerance. Pseudotolerance is the result of volume and salt retention, as well as
      the stimulation of counter-regulatory mechanisms which may alter the baseline
      hemodynamics of a patient during nitrate therapy. Far less important are changes
      in nitrate pharmacokinetics. True pharmacological tolerance may also be of
      practical importance. Diminished uptake of nitrates into the vascular smooth
      muscle cell, a decrease in intracellular SH groups, inhibition of the guanylate
      cyclase, and stimulation of a specific phosphodiesterase may result in a decrease
      of cyclic GMP formation and hence to a decrease in nitrate induced
      vasodilatation. Tolerance development may be prevented by intermittent nitrate
      administration providing intervals with low plasma and tissue nitrate levels. In
      consequence, nitrates should be used predominantly for treatment of ischemic
      episodes, but 24-hour anti-ischemic action for the prevention of ischemia can be
      better achieved by treatment with a beta-blocker and/or a calcium antagonist.
      Nitrates should be added in times of maximum susceptibility to ischemia, while
      allowing nitrate levels to fall at other times.

PMID- 2906174
TI  - [Negative inotropic action of famotidine].
AB  - In a randomized placebo-controlled study, 12 healthy volunteers were treated for
      one week each with nifedipine 10 mg four times daily or the same dose of
      nifedipine concurrently with famotidine 40 mg once daily per os. Famotidine did
      not significantly alter pharmacokinetic parameters of nifedipine. Determination
      of systolic time intervals showed that pre-ejection period (PEPc) and the ratio
      of pre-ejection period over left ventricular ejection time (PEP/LVET) were
      significantly reduced by administration of nifedipine plus placebo.
      Coadministration of famotidine and nifedipine, however, led to a significant
      increase in these parameters. Also, administration of famotidine alone to the
      same subjects led to a significant rise in PEPc and PEP/LVET. In impedance
      cardiography, stroke volume and cardiac output were significantly reduced by
      famotidine, whereas the H2-antagonist did not alter heart rate. This observation
      indicates for the first time that famotidine may exert negative effects on
      cardiac performance. In our opinion this could be of clinical relevance in
      elderly subjects or in patients with heart failure.

PMID- 2906175
TI  - [The role of alpha-adrenergic reception in bronchial asthma].

PMID- 2906177
TI  - Transplacental teratogenesis and mutagenesis in mouse fetuses treated with
      cyclophosphamide.
AB  - We studied transplacental fetotoxicity, teratogenicity, and mutagenicity in Swiss
      Webster mice following different doses of cyclophosphamide (CP; 0, 5, 10, 15, or
      20 mg/kg), a well-known mutagen/teratogen, on day 12 of gestation. The fetal
      survival and weight on day 18 of gestation decreased significantly with
      increasing CP dose (P less than 0.01). The CP-treated fetuses were also
      dysmorphic (e.g., shortened limbs, digital defects, cleft palate, open eyes, and
      hydrocephaly) and the percentage of dysmorphology increased with increasing CP
      doses (P less than 0.01). To evaluate mutagenesis, a separate group of females
      received 5-bromodeoxyuridine tablet (50-mg) implants on day 12 of gestation and a
      CP treatment 8 h later. Fetal liver cells were harvested 24 h post-BrdU implant
      to analyze sister chromatid exchange (SCE) frequency and micronuclei. CP caused a
      significant increase in the SCEs per fetal liver cell from 3.4 +/- 0.02 (control)
      to 90.0 +/- 0.04 (20 mg/kg CP) (P less than 0.01). The increasing CP dose was
      also related to an increase in micronuclei. The data suggest that CP is
      transplacentally toxic, teratogenic, and mutagenic. Further analyses of the data
      suggest that the mutagenic effects of CP may in fact contribute indirectly to the
      CP-related teratogenic effects. Such conclusions are based on path analysis with
      directional causations associated with SCEs per cell and the dysmorphic features
      studied.

PMID- 2906176
TI  - Effects of the antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) on retinal degeneration
      induced transplacentally by a single low dosage of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU).
AB  - A 1 mg/kg dose of the DNA alkylating agent, N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU), when
      administered on day 16 of gestation provokes a progressive retinal degeneration
      in CD-1 albino mice reared under standard fluorescent lighting conditions (12 hr
      light: 12 hr dark); this degeneration begins at about 4 weeks post-natally and
      worsens with age. It is accelerated by constant fluorescent light exposure but is
      retarded greatly by constant darkness, suggesting the importance of secondary
      insults in the post-natal period for development of the degenerative disease. To
      determine whether the secondary photochemical damage might be specifically
      blocked, MNU-exposed and control animals in the present study were fed an
      antioxidant-enriched diet of Purina mouse chow supplemented with 0.75% butylated
      hydroxytoluene (BHT). A second group of MNU-exposed and control animals were fed
      a non-BHT supplemented standard Purina mouse chow diet. Systematic measurements
      of the number of rows of photoreceptor cell nuclei, the thickness of the
      inner/outer segment layer, and the thickness of the whole retina were made, to
      quantify and degenerative changes in animals 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks of age. By 8
      weeks, retinas of BHT-fed, MNU-exposed animals were significantly thicker and had
      more rows of photoreceptor cell nuclei than regular-diet, MNU-exposed animals.
      Moreover, the retinas of BHT-fed animals, both for MNU-exposed and controls,
      demonstrated sporadic morphologic changes in the form of circular configurations
      composed of ganglion cells, arcades of nuclear and plexiform layers, and, in one
      control animal, a hyperplastic nodule. These experiments suggested that MNU
      induced retinal degeneration may be retarded by a BHT-enriched diet; however,
      continuous high doses of this compound pre- and postnatally may induce other
      retinal abnormalities.

PMID- 2906178
TI  - Somatic mutation induced by heliotrine in Drosophila.
AB  - The pyrrolizidine alkaloid heliotrine has been shown to be a powerful mutagen in
      Drosophila. This report has evaluated the teratogenicity of heliotrine in this
      organism. The alkaloid was fed to larvae and its teratogenic effects measured in
      various developmental stages of the insect. The pupal stage is predominantly
      affected. The main consequences of treatment were failed eclosions at higher
      alkaloid concentrations (10(-4) M), while lower concentrations (10(-5) M)
      permitted the eclosion of adults, but these showed abdominal abnormalities
      ranging from severe distortions to reduced numbers of tergite bristles. mei-9
      strains of Drosophila were more sensitive to the production of somatic
      chromosomal changes as well as the teratogenic effects of the alkaloid. These
      strains also showed reduced numbers of cells in histoblast nests of 6-hour-old
      prepupae. It is suggested that reduced numbers of histoblast cells in prepupae
      may be a consequence of genetic damage and this in turn leads to the abdominal
      distortions and reduced bristle numbers observed.

PMID- 2906179
TI  - Comparative antimutagenicity of chlorophyllin and five other agents against
      aflatoxin B1-induced reversion in Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98.
AB  - Chlorophyllin was studied for its antimutagenic activity against aflatoxin B1 in
      Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98 using the plate-incorporation test in the
      presence of S9 activation. Comparative antimutagenicity between chlorophyllin and
      certain commonly studied antimutagens (i.e., vitamins A, C, and E, retinoic acid,
      and beta-carotene) was also examined. A dose-related inhibition of aflatoxin B1
      mutagenicity by chlorophyllin was observed, with the mutagenicity being abolished
      by 860 nmole chlorophyllin per plate. The inhibitory activity of chlorophyllin
      occurred only when cells were treated concurrently with chlorophyllin and
      aflatoxin B1. The antimutagenic potency of chlorophyllin was comparable to that
      of vitamin A and higher than that of retinoic acid and beta-carotene. Vitamins C
      and E had no effect on aflatoxin B1 mutagenicity under the conditions used. The
      results of toxicity tests and a reconstruction experiment showed that inhibition
      of the mutagenicity of aflatoxin B1 by chlorophyllin and the other active agents
      was due to antimutagenicity.

PMID- 2906180
TI  - Living in a chemical world: actions and reactions to industrial carcinogens.
AB  - The synthesis of chemical substances has resulted in technological benefits for
      society and has also caused increased chemical exposures and risks of related
      cancers. Although progress has been made in cancer treatment, there has been
      little improvement in real survival time for people who develop the major forms.
      Therefore, the need to prevent cancer is paramount. The greatest chemical
      exposures and risk of associated preventable cancers are found in the workplace,
      but generally environmental exposures receive greater public attention. Chemical
      causes of cancer have been identified, and in some cases decades have passed
      before controls have been adequately instituted. Some companies show a high
      regard for worker health, while others may minimize or misrepresent the hazards
      to exposed workers. Medical personnel receive relatively little education in the
      recognition of industrially related diseases. Workers are often unaware of their
      risks or are trapped in jobs because of economic necessity, and government has
      been slow to regulate, in part because of lobbying efforts. Experience has shown
      that when chemicals are regulated relatively soon after they are identified as
      hazardous, lives are saved, and the industry is economically healthy; however,
      when regulation is delayed, thousands of people die unnecessarily, and the cost
      to industry and society are phenomenal. Society has the opportunity to apply the
      knowledge learned from these experiences as we address current problems of
      chemical pollution.

PMID- 2906181
TI  - Platelet aggregation induced by equinatoxin.
AB  - Equinatoxin, isolated from Actinia equina, caused aggregation of washed rabbit
      platelets at a concentration as low as 0.01 ng/ml. ATP was released, but no
      formation of thromboxane B2 in challenged platelets. The aggregation was
      resistant to indomethacin or creatine phosphate/creatine phosphokinase or PAF
      antagonist. The aggregation was inhibited by imipramine, sodium nitroprusside,
      mepacrine, theophylline, prostaglandin E1 and EDTA. However, heparin and
      tetracaine were without any inhibitory effect. Verapamil suppressed both the
      aggregation and release reaction caused by equinatoxin in calcium concentrations
      from 0.01 to 15 mM. High concentrations of equinatoxin caused progressive cell
      lysis. It is concluded that equinatoxin-induced platelet aggregation is
      independent of ADP, thromboxane or PAF pathway. Phosphoinositide breakdown by
      phospholipase C is postulated to accomplish this phospholipase A2-independent
      platelet aggregation by equinatoxin.

PMID- 2906183
TI  - [Specialist information and knowledge of radiation protection according to the x
      ray ordinance for physicians and medical assistant personnel].

PMID- 2906182
TI  - HLA class II genes polymorphism in DR4 giant cell arteritis patients.
AB  - We have previously reported a significant increase of HLA-DR4 antigen frequency
      in giant cell arteritis (GCA). This finding suggested an important role of
      immunogenetic factors in this syndrome. Recent data suggest that inherited
      susceptibility to several autoimmune diseases was associated with specific DR4
      associated DQ beta alleles. DNAs from 27 DR4 positive patients with GCA were
      digested with Taq I and Bam HI, analysed on 0.7% agarose gel and hybridized with
      DR beta, DQ alpha and DQ beta probes. DR beta hybridization produced no variant
      detectable within DR4. DQ beta probe confirmed two clusters among DR4 associated
      DQW3 alleles: DQW 3.1 (Bam HI 360 Kb) and DQw 3.2 (Taq I 1.9 Kb and Bam HI 11
      Kb). Among our 27 DR4 positive patients, 34% were DQW 3.1 and 66% were DQW 3.2.
      These frequencies are the same as those observed in healthy controls.

PMID- 2906184
TI  - Sulphasalazine and new related compounds.

PMID- 2906185
TI  - [Current value of gamma-glutamyltransferase levels].

PMID- 2906186
TI  - [The first experience with crural plastic surgery using island composite skin
      flaps].
AB  - An analysis of literature data, topographo-anatomical studies of 23 lower
      extremities and an experience with using 18 island fasciocutaneous flaps of the
      lower leg are presented. The article describes the possibilities of using a new
      donor area for plasty of limited defects of the lower leg and foot after various
      traumas and their sequelae.

PMID- 2906187
TI  - EHS nephropathy. A long-term morphological and immunohistochemical study.
AB  - Rats immunized with an emulsion of Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm (EHS) tumour and
      Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) excreted large amounts of urinary protein from
      the 14th week after the initial immunization. The amount of urinary protein
      increased progressively and, after 1 year, reached over 1 g/day. Kidneys removed
      from immunized rats at 10 weeks, 24 weeks and 1 year after the initial
      immunization were examined by immunofluorescence, light and electron microscopy.
      By immunofluorescence microscopy, granular deposits of rat immunoglobulins (Igs)
      were observed along the glomerular capillary walls from the 10th week until the
      end of the observation period. Glomerular membranous transformation was observed
      from the 24th week by light microscopy. The glomerular capillary walls were
      thickened and argyrophilic spikes and vacuolations were detected. At 1 year the
      severity of these changes was increased. Electron microscopic examination showed
      only a few electron-dense deposits after 10 weeks, but after 24 weeks numerous
      electron-dense deposits were detected in all glomeruli, the glomerular basement
      membrane was thickened and irregular and podocyte foot processes were effaced. At
      1 year, dense deposits were located intramembranously and their density decreased
      from the circumference to the centre. Lesions characteristic of human membranous
      nephritis were observed in this model, the appearances at 10 weeks, 24 weeks and
      1 year corresponding to stages I, II and III, respectively, of the classification
      of Ehrenreich and Churg (1968). Comparison of the immunohistochemical
      abnormalities in this model and in Heymann nephritis revealed antigenic cross
      reactivity; there appears to be common antigenicity between the immune deposits
      in the glomeruli in both models, cell surface antigens in the EHS tumour and
      those located in the cell surface antigens in the brush borders of proximal
      convoluted tubules. Although the antigens responsible have not yet been clearly
      identified, in this paper I describe a new model of membranous nephritis,
      tentatively termed EHS nephropathy.

PMID- 2906188
TI  - Immunohistochemical studies on the tissue localization of collagen types I, III,
      IV, V and VI in schwannomas. Correlation with ultrastructural features of the
      extracellular matrix.
AB  - The distinctive tissue localization of collagen types in typical schwannomas with
      Antoni type A and B areas was demonstrated immunohistochemically using affinity
      purified antibodies against types I, III, IV, V and VI collagen and comparative
      ultrastructural studies were made on the extracellular matrix components. Antoni
      type A tissue, which was composed of tightly packed spindle cells with long
      cytoplasmic processes surrounded by a continuous basement membrane and a few
      fibrillar components of the extracellular matrix, was almost exclusively
      immunoreactive for type IV collagen, presumably representing the basement
      membrane. Verocay bodies, which are organoid structures of Antoni type A tissue,
      had a variety of more abundant extracellular fibrous components, such as banded
      collagen fibrils, fibrous long-spacing fibrils and microfibrils. These were
      positive for type I and III, as well as type IV collagen. In Antoni type B areas,
      where two types to tumor cells designated Schwann cell-like and fibroblast-like
      were scattered in large amounts of amorphous extracellular matrix containing
      microfibrils and thick banded collagen fibrils, type VI collagen as well as types
      I, III and IV collagen were consistently detected. Type V collagen was localized
      in dense fibrous tissue areas and around blood vessels. These findings indicate
      that the differently organized cellular patterns of schwannomas, identified as
      Antoni types A and B, are characterized not only by the ultrastructural features
      of the extracellular matrix, but also by the distinctive collagen types produced
      by neoplastic Schwann cells.

PMID- 2906189
TI  - Renal oncocytoma. I. Cytochrome c oxidase in normal and neoplastic renal tissue
      as detected by immunohistochemistry--a valuable aid to distinguish oncocytomas
      from renal cell carcinomas.
AB  - Using a polyclonal antibody raised against bovine heart cytochrome c oxidase, the
      occurrence of this mitochondrial marker enzyme has been investigated in 63 kidney
      tumors (ten renal oncocytomas, 43 renal cell carcinomas and ten tubulopapillary
      adenomas) as well as in normal renal tissue by an immunoperoxidase method (PAP
      technique). The differentiation between renal oncocytomas and mitochondria-rich
      carcinomas represents a problem of histopathology since these tumors have a
      different prognosis and require different patient managements. The strong
      immunoreactivity in renal oncocytomas contrasted with the much weaker reactivity
      in renal carcinomas and adenomas. Even mitochondria-rich (granular cell type)
      carcinomas exhibited only moderate staining intensity. Furthermore, single
      strongly stained oncocytes or small complexes were sometimes detected in normal
      renal tissue. The demonstration of marked differences in enzyme content between
      renal oncocytomas and granular cell carcinomas renders this method suitable for
      unequivocal distinction between these renal neoplasms. The antibody proved to be
      a valuable marker for detecting "true" oncocytic transformation in renal tumors
      and was useful in defining even single oncocytes or small oncocytic lesions.

PMID- 2906190
TI  - The distribution of endocrine cells along the mouse intestine: a quantitative
      immunocytochemical study.
AB  - The topographical distribution of endocrine cells in the crypt and villus
      epithelium along the length of the mouse intestine was studied. Argyrophil
      reactivity using the Grimelius stain was used to estimate the total endocrine
      population of the intestine. Comparisons were then made with the fraction of
      endocrine cells containing glucagon like material, stained immunocytochemically
      using rabbit anti-glucagon antisera. A highly significant reduction in the
      incidence of endocrine cells (argyrophil reactive) from the proximal to distal
      end of the intestine was noted. However, only 10-30% of these cells contained
      glucagon like material in the crypts of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum, compared
      to 30-60% in the crypts of the colon and rectum. The distribution of endocrine
      cells (argyrophil reactive) was maximal in the lower regions of the proliferative
      zone of the crypts but showed no significant variation along the length of the
      villi. Cells containing glucagon like material were also most frequent in the
      lower regions of the proliferative zone of the crypts, but were not generally
      found above the bottom third of the villi. Each crypt in the small intestine
      contains between 3 and 5 endocrine cells one of which contained glucagon like
      immunoreactive material. In the colon and rectum each crypt contains about 6-8
      endocrine cells, of which 3-4 contained glucagon like immunoreactive material.
      These results indicate that a sub-set of cells containing glucagon like material,
      differentiate early in the lineage of endocrine cells within the proliferative
      zone of the intestinal crypts.

PMID- 2906191
TI  - Unusual mitochondrial reaction in psoriatic keratinocytes.
AB  - Electron microscopic investigation of skin biopsies revealed that keratinocytes
      in clinically uninvolved skin from psoriatic patients show the same mitochondrial
      ring phenomenon after the application of dithranol as has been observed in the
      cutaneous lesions proper. In various other skin diseases no mitochondrial
      reaction was evident after dithranol treatment, nor was it seen in chronic
      dermatitis when dithranol was not applied. It appears, therefore, that this
      morphological phenomenon is specific to psoriasis and may provide information
      concerning functional alterations in the pathogenesis of this disease.

PMID- 2906192
TI  - Disordered development of macrophages in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
AB  - Macrophage development in 20 untreated patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL)
      has been studied and compared with that in 20 normal subjects. Morphometric
      measurements were carried out on ultrastructural features of cell, nucleus and
      mitochondria during 6 days suspension culture of blood monocytes in the presence
      of autologous serum and lymphocytes. The results were subjected to multivariate
      and univariate analysis of variance. Statistically significant differences were
      found between the subject groups with respect to the volumes and surface areas of
      cell, nucleus and mitochondria, to the excess surface membrane of cell and
      nucleus (as compared with equivalent spheres) and to the number of mitochondrial
      profiles per section. It would appear that the patients' cell grew less, showed
      less elaboration of surface features and had reduced nuclear and mitochondrial
      development, the latter affecting mitochondrial numbers rather than individual
      size. The findings provide further evidence that mononuclear phagocytes are
      deranged in NHL.

PMID- 2906193
TI  - [Drug therapy of migraine].
AB  - Out of the knowledge of various headache syndromes the physician has to develop a
      clear diagnostical and therapeutical concept. This is especially true for
      migraine. Relevant pathophysiological hypotheses are presented e.g. the
      neurogenic-vascular model of migraine. Metoclopramide and domperidone in
      combination with mono-analgesics, ergotamine and nonsteroidal-antiinflammatory
      drugs are favoured in the treatment of the acute migraine attack. 2 to 4 mg
      ergotamine for the attack, respectively 16 to 20 mg per month should not be
      exceeded. Mixed compounds, containing ergots, analgesics, codeine, caffeine,
      tranquilizers and barbiturates should be avoided as these drugs may induce
      rebound-headache. A prophylaxis of migraine is indicated if a migraineur suffers
      from at least 2 attacks per month or if a migraine attack lasts longer than 4
      days. In the first place, beta-blockers and flunarizine, in some cases verapamil
      or naproxen, should be used; the effect of dihydroergotamine is questionable.
      Because of its severe side effects, methysergide should only be given if all
      other prophylactic drugs fail. Naproxen is standard medication in the short time
      prophylaxis of menstrual migraine.

PMID- 2906194
TI  - [Bikarfen--a new Soviet antihistaminic and antiserotonin preparation in the
      therapy of allergic dermatoses].

PMID- 2906195
TI  - [The significance of multiple neuromediator activity in supporting integrative
      brain functions].
AB  - Properties were studied of reactions of neural cells of the sensorimotor cortical
      area to locally microionophoretically administered l-glutamate, acetylcholine,
      norepinephrine and gamma-aminobutyric acid. It is shown that neuronal reactions
      to the action of the above-mentioned transmitters differ both in direction of
      change in the impulse activity frequency and in temporal offracteristics (latency
      and duration of after-effect). It is substantiated that due to the specificity of
      temporal ranges of action of the transmitter on neural cells, the possibility of
      effective interaction and temporal coding of heterofunctional information is
      provided.

PMID- 2906196
TI  - [Importance of venous anastomosis in autotransplantation of the testis].
AB  - In the case of autotransplantation of an intraabdominal testis the venous
      anastomosis should performed in order to reduce the atrophy rate after testicular
      transplantation.

PMID- 2906197
TI  - Investigations on the opsonin-dependent interaction of Klebsiella bacteria and
      human polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
AB  - Encapsulated and nonencapsulated Klebsiella strains with different types of
      fimbriation were tested for their opsonin-dependent stimulation of human
      polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). Chemiluminescence (CL) of the PMNs was
      determined since CL-response can be used indirectly to quantitate phagocytosis.
      Apparently, the interaction between Klebsiella bacteria and human PMNs is
      dependent on the type of fimbration and on the presence of capsules. Evaluation
      of the bactericidal capacity of human PMNs against Klebsiella bacteria positively
      correlated with the chemiluminescence response demonstrating the importance of
      fimbriation and capsulation for this process, too.

PMID- 2906198
TI  - Dibromochloropropane (DBCP) effects on the reproductive function of the adult
      male rat.
AB  - In order to evaluate the effect of dipromochloropropane (DBCP) on reproductive
      function, groups of male adult Wistar rats were injected subcutaneously with
      different doses of DBCP. A strictly dose-dependent effect resulting in
      histological alteration principally toward the seminiferous tubules was observed.
      Sperm count and sperm motility showed azoospermia or oligoasthenospermia with a
      significative recovery in the lower dose of DBCP treated rats. Among the
      enzymatic activities evaluated as biochemical markers of testicular function: LDH
      was not appreciably affected by the DBCP treatment while GGT and NADPH-cyt P450
      reductase significantly enhanced suggesting an induction of the detoxification
      processes.

PMID- 2906199
TI  - Calcium accumulation by glutamate receptor activation is involved in hippocampal
      cell damage after ischemia.
AB  - Rats exposed to 10 min of complete cerebral ischemia develop necrosis of the CA-1
      region of the hippocampus after 2-3 days. We studied the involvement of synaptic
      transmission for this process by ablation of the afferent input (which is mainly
      glutamatergic) to CA1 by bilateral destruction of CA-3 neurons (Schafferotomi).
      The deafferentiation completely prevented the ischemic nerve cell destruction as
      revealed by histological studies after 6 days. The role of intracellular Ca++
      overload was assessed by measurement of the interstitial Ca++ concentration. In
      control animals the interstitial Ca++ concentration decreases abruptly to 10% of
      the initial value 1.6 min after the onset of ischemia. The denervated hippocampi,
      however, showed no decrease during the 10 min of ischemia and hippocampi injected
      with 2-amino-5-phosphovalerate (APV), a competitive antagonist of the glutamate N
      methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, displayed a significantly reduced decrease
      (45% of the initial value) during ischemia. It is concluded that calcium influx
      via the glutamate-operated channels during the ischemic period is an important
      link in the development of ischemic brain cell damage.

PMID- 2906200
TI  - Analysis of activation markers on tonsillar T lymphocytes.
AB  - Tonsillar T lymphocytes have several characteristics of activated lymphocytes,
      but the activation antigens are not detected on their surface, except for the Tac
      antigens by means of a sensitive protein A rosette assay. In this study the
      increased ability of tonsillar T lymphocyte to form autologous rosettes is
      presented. These data are in agreement with the hypothesis that tonsillar T
      lymphocytes contain activated T lymphocytes.

PMID- 2906201
TI  - RFLPs of 21-hydroxylase and C4 genes: application to pedigree analysis on 21
      hydroxylase deficiency.

PMID- 2906203
TI  - Clinical forms of congenital adrenal hyperplasia: restriction length
      polypmorphism patterns in the CYP21 gene.

PMID- 2906202
TI  - Clinical applications of measuring thyroid receptor antibodies, thyroid
      stimulating and thyroid stimulation-blocking antibodies.

PMID- 2906204
TI  - [Application of aqueous Eudragit dispersions to the preparation of controlled
      release oral antihistamine dosage forms].

PMID- 2906205
TI  - Determinants of the analgesic action of opiates.
AB  - Nociceptive reactivity (tail-withdrawal reflex at 60 degrees C) during morphine
      administration was investigated in rats of the same population but of different
      batches in animals during restraint stress after their housing under different
      environmental conditions. The variability of the analgesic effects of opiates
      strongly depended on the functional state of animals at the moment of morphine
      administration, on the aversion to the living conditions prior to morphine and on
      some individual peculiarities of the organism with regard to the adaptive changes
      in opiate receptors. The direct action of naloxone, administered periodically, on
      opiate receptors induced an enhancement of the analgesic effects of morphine,
      which might result from the compensatory supersensitivity of opiate receptors
      after their blocking.

PMID- 2906206
TI  - Effects of chronic diazepam and medazepam treatment on the level of biogenic
      monoamines in different rat brain areas.
AB  - Studies were made of the effect of 19-day administration of diazepam (1 mg.kg-1,
      i.p.) and medazepam (5 mg.kg-1, i.p.) on the level of biogenic monoamines in
      different rat brain areas: cerebral cortex, striatum, hippocampus, and
      hypothalamus. The noradrenaline (NA), dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) levels
      were determined. After chronic treatment with diazepam no alterations in the NA
      content in the cortex, striatum and hypothalamus were found. Medazepam increased
      the NA level in the cortex, striatum, and hippocampus without changing it in the
      hypothalamus. Repeated administration of diazepam or medazepam led to an increase
      in the DA level in the striatum. Both benzodiazepines provoked a significant
      increase in the hippocampal 5-HT level, which could be attributed to the
      antianxiety effect of these drugs.

PMID- 2906207
TI  - Participation of cholinergic mechanisms in the realization of the effect of
      bombesin on the migrating myoelectrical complex.
AB  - The experiments were carried out on dogs with chronically implanted bipolar ball
      shaped silver electrodes in the antral part of the stomach and duodenum. The
      effect of bombesin (injected intravenously in a dose of 200 ng/kg) on the
      migrating myoelectrical complex (MMC) was examined after pretreatment with
      hexamethonium (10 mg/kg) or atropin (100 micrograms/kg), or alpha-antagonists
      (phentolamine, 2 mg/kg) and beta-antagonists (propranolol, 2 mg/kg) of the
      adrenergic receptors. Introduced during the second MMC phase, bombesin caused
      inhibition of the spike activity, accompanied by an increase of the slow
      potential frequency. Prolonged intensified spike activity occurred 5-10 min
      later. Early brief appearance of spike potentials was observed after bombesin in
      the presence of hexamethonium, which was not manifested on the background of
      atropin. After hexamethonium or atropin, however, the phase of the late
      activation of the spike activity did not occur and there was no change in the
      effect of bombesin on the frequency of the slow potential. The alpha- and beta
      antagonists of the adrenergic receptors do not change the effect of bombesin on
      the electrical activity of the stomach and the intestines.

PMID- 2906208
TI  - Beta-adrenoblocking activity of a new derivative of 2-aminotetraline based on
      some metabolic responses in cats and rats.
AB  - Previous pharmacological investigations of a newly synthetized derivative of 2
      aminotetraline: trans-2-isopropylamino-3-hydroxy-5,8-dimethoxy 1,2,3,4
      tetrahydronaphthalene (3b) have shown it to possess a beta-adrenergic blocking
      activity. In the present work we studied the influence of 3b on some biochemical
      indices characteristic of beta-adrenergic stimulation: blood levels of glucose,
      lactate and FFA in cats and rats, and phosphorylase "a" activity in rat
      myocardium. The dose used (0.5 mg/kg) in rats was the same as the dose of
      propranolol (0.5 mg/kg). In all experiments on cats and rats compound 3b
      decreased the effects of isoproterenol on the blood levels of glucose, lactate
      and FFA and on the phosphorylase "a" activity of the myocardium and this action
      was comparable with that of propranolol. The similar molecular mass and LD50 of
      3b and propranolol allowed quantitative comparisons of the beta-adrenoblocking
      effects of both drugs in the dose used. The results suggest that compound 3b
      possesses metabolic effects characteristic of beta-adrenoblocking agents.

PMID- 2906209
TI  - Gastrointestinal regulatory peptides during oxytocin infusion in post-term
      pregnancies.
AB  - The plasma concentrations of the gastrointestinal regulatory peptides vasoactive
      intestinal polypeptide (VIP), insulin, secretin, somatostatin, motilin,
      pancreatic polypeptide (PP) and gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), as well as
      blood glucose, were measured in eight healthy women before, during and after
      oxytocin infusion in post-term pregnancies. Plasma VIP increased significantly (P
      less than 0.01) during oxytocin infusion. Plasma secretin showed a significant (P
      less than 0.05) decrease during oxytocin infusion. Plasma somatostatin remained
      unchanged during oxytocin infusion, but thereafter a significant (P less than
      0.05) increase occurred. Both plasma motilin and plasma PP showed a non
      significant increase during oxytocin infusion with sustained levels thereafter.
      No changes were found for plasma insulin, GIP and blood glucose.

PMID- 2906210
TI  - Possible involvement of neuropeptide Y in sympathetic vascular control of canine
      skeletal muscle.
AB  - Sympathetic nerve stimulation (2 min, 2 and 10 Hz) increased perfusion pressure
      in the blood perfused canine gracilis muscle in situ after pretreatment with
      atropine, desipramine and beta-adrenoceptor antagonists. This vasoconstriction
      was accompanied by clear-cut increases in the overflow of endogenous
      noradrenaline (NA) at both frequencies and, at 10 Hz but not at 2 Hz, also of
      neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity (NPY-LI). The irreversible alpha
      adrenoceptor antagonist phenoxybenzamine enhanced the nerve stimulation induced
      overflows of NA and NPY-LI five- to eightfold and threefold, respectively. The
      fractional overflows of NA and NPY-LI per nerve impulse were similar in response
      to the high-frequency stimulation, indicating equimolar release in relation to
      the tissue contents of the respective neurotransmitter. The maximal
      vasoconstrictor response elicited by 10 Hz was reduced by about 50% following a
      dose of phenoxybenzamine which abolished the effect of exogenous NA and the
      remaining response was more long-lasting. Local i.a. infusion of NPY evoked long
      lasting vasoconstriction in the presence of phenoxybenzamine, while the stable
      adenosine 5(1)-triphosphate (ATP) analogue alpha-beta-methylene ATP was without
      vascular effects. Locally infused NPY reduced the nerve stimulation evoked NA
      overflow by 31% (P less than 0.01) at 1 microM in arterial plasma, suggesting
      prejunctional inhibition of NA release. In conclusion, NPY-LI is released from
      the canine gracilis muscle upon sympathetic nerve stimulation at high
      frequencies. There is nerve stimulation evoked vasoconstriction, which is
      resistant to alpha-adrenoceptor blockade. This may in part be mediated by NPY
      released together with NA from the sympathetic vascular nerves.

PMID- 2906211
TI  - Differential vasomotor action of noradrenaline, serotonin, and histamine in
      isolated basilar artery from rat and guinea-pig.
AB  - Vasomotor effects of the amines, serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT),
      noradrenaline (NA) and histamine, were studied in isolated basilar arteries (BA)
      of the rat and guinea-pig in vitro. 5-HT produced marked contraction in rat BA,
      about 70% of that induced by high (124 mM) K+ solution. This response was
      inhibited by the specific 5-HT2 receptor antagonist, ketanserin, with a pA2 value
      of 9.35. In the guinea-pig, 5-HT caused only moderate contraction amounting to
      30% of that produced by K+. Ketanserin at concentrations up to 10(-6) M showed a
      comparatively small, non-surmountable inhibition of the contraction. EC50 values
      for 5-HT in the guinea-pig and rat were 5.65 x 10(-8) M and 3.70 x 10(-7) M,
      respectively. NA had no effect on rat BA, but moderately contracted guinea-pig
      BA. The contraction was not altered by yohimbine but was inhibited by prazosin.
      Histamine contracted guinea-pig BA with a maximum that was 110% of the K+-induced
      contraction. It was not changed by the H2 antagonist, cimetidine. The H1
      antagonist, pyrilamine, caused competitive inhibition with a pA2 of 9.20 at a
      slope of 0.94. In preconstricted rat BA, histamine induced vasodilatation in a
      concentration-dependent manner. The H1 agonist, pyridylethylamine (PEA), and the
      H2 agonist, impromidine, dilated less effectively than histamine. The
      vasodilatation induced by histamine was inhibited by the H2 antagonist,
      cimetidine, and to a smaller extent by the H1-receptor antagonist, pyrilamine.
      Removal of the endothelium abolished the vasodilator effect of PEA but not that
      of impromidine. In vessels with intact endothelium, the vasodilatation caused by
      histamine was slightly reversed by pyrilamine, which did not affect the
      dilatation in endothelium denuded vessels. Cimetidine markedly reversed this
      vasodilator effect in both intact and endothelium denuded preparations; in the
      latter the counteraction was almost complete. In precontracted guinea-pig
      vessels, histamine failed to induce dilatation even in the presence of the H1
      antagonist, pyrilamine. Thus, 5-HT-induced contraction is mediated by 5-HT2
      receptors in the rat and probably by 5-HT1 receptors in the guinea pig. NA failed
      to contract rat BA but contracted guinea-pig BA through alpha 1 receptors.
      Histamine was a potent dilator agent in rat BA through a combination of both H1
      and H2 receptors. The dilatation mediated by the H1 receptors, but not that
      mediated by H2 receptors, was endothelium-dependent. Histamine caused strong
      vasoconstriction in the guinea-pig BA through H1 receptors.

PMID- 2906212
TI  - [Patient non-compliance with medication].
AB  - Many psychiatric treatments are bound to failure when patients do not comply with
      the psychopharmacological schedule they were given, a situation which--quite
      frequently--obliges to forceful drug treatment or institutionalization. This
      paper attempts at displaying a range of strategies to be resorted to, so that
      patients are eventually persuaded to, literally, take their medicines as
      prescribed--provided the professional accepts patients own perspectives on their
      situation. In other words, he or she must start internalizing patients' symbolic
      codes, to be in a position of translating his or her concepts to patients, thus
      enhancing communication. Firstly, patients' primary need has to be definitely
      outlined. Then, the professional will find it easier to explain how the drug is
      going to help. The author proposes some ideas salespersons resort to when
      customer's persuasion is at stake, since he understands these ideas are likely to
      maximize psychiatrists' persuasive ability.

PMID- 2906213
TI  - Neurotransmitters, receptors and neuropeptides in post-mortem brains of chronic
      schizophrenic patients.
AB  - In the analysis of post-mortem brains of 14 chronic schizophrenic patients and 10
      controls, biochemical evidence of a hyperdopaminergic state was found in the
      basal ganglia of schizophrenics; tyrosine hydroxylase activity was increased with
      a concomitant increase of homovanillic acid. Unusually high tyrosine hydroxylase
      activity was noted in 2 schizophrenic cases. The Bmax value of 3H-spiperone
      binding for schizophrenics was higher than the controls. We also found increased
      specific binding of 3H-kainic acid to the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenics. A
      negative correlation existed between 3H-kainic acid binding in the medial frontal
      cortex, and glutamic acid content in various brain areas. Increased
      immunoreactivity of substance P was found in more than ten brain areas.
      Methionine-enkephalin was also increased in three areas of the prefrontal cortex
      of schizophrenics. These results suggest that the hyperdopaminergic state co
      existed with glutamatergic hypofunction and increased neuropeptides in various
      brain areas of chronic schizophrenic patients.

PMID- 2906214
TI  - Brain and CSF somatostatin concentrations in patients with psychiatric or
      neurological illness. An overview.
AB  - Somatostatin was originally isolated as a 14-amino-acid peptide from the ovine
      hypothalamus. The peptide has a widespread regional distribution within the
      central and peripheral nervous systems, as well as in peripheral organs.
      Preservation of the chemical structure over a wide range of vertebral species
      indicates important functional roles of the peptide. Recent results about the
      role of somatostatin and related peptides in different psychiatric (depression,
      schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease) and neurological (Huntington's disease,
      multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease) diseases, and the effects on the
      hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis are summarized. Also, the influence of some
      psychotropic drugs (halo-peridol, carbamazepine) on somatostatin levels in
      cerebrospinal fluid is discussed.

PMID- 2906215
TI  - Why low-dose benzodiazepine-dependent insomniacs can't escape their sleeping
      pills.
AB  - Psychobiological aspects of low-dose benzodiazepine dependence (LBD) and drug
      withdrawal were investigated in 76 middle-aged and elderly chronic insomniacs in
      a sleep laboratory. Comparison with drug-free insomniacs showed that LBD leads to
      a complete loss of hypnotic activity and substantial suppression of delta and REM
      sleep. Only small differences were found between benzodiazepines with different
      half-life time. Upon withdrawal, recovery from this suppression, especially in
      REM sleep, occurred, while insomnia did not increase. The patients, however,
      reported sleeping longer while taking the drug compared with withdrawal. This
      misperception seems to be a specific effect of benzodiazepines, and contrasts
      with the full awareness of insomnia upon withdrawal. It is concluded that these
      effects play a leading role in the patients' inability to escape their sleeping
      pills. The response of REM sleep to withdrawal should make this a useful measure
      to objectively confirm low-dose benzodiazepine dependence.

PMID- 2906217
TI  - Transforming growth factor beta.

PMID- 2906216
TI  - Baseline studies on transmitter substances in cerebrospinal fluid in depression.

PMID- 2906218
TI  - A human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) DNA probe recognizes goat genes.

PMID- 2906219
TI  - Preparation of Hybridomas producing monoclonal antibodies against human
      interferon.
AB  - To prepare hybridomas secreting monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) against human alpha
      interferon (alpha-IFN), BALB/c mice were immunized with IFN produced in Namalwa
      cells. Native alpha-IFN, as well as partially purified or on cellulose adsorbed
      alpha-IFN preparations were used for immunization. Seven hybridomas continuously
      secreting IgG against human alpha-IFN were prepared by fusion of splenocytes from
      immunized donors with the mouse myeloma cells. MoAb reacted in ELISA as well as
      in neutralization test with human lymphoblastoid, leukocytic and recombinant
      alpha-IFN.

PMID- 2906220
TI  - Effect of cellular inhibitors on the infection of various susceptible cells with
      vesicular stomatitis virus.
AB  - The effect of some cellular function inhibitors on adsorption and successive
      events of penetration of vesicular stomatitis virus to phylogenetically unrelated
      permissive cells was investigated. Treatment of HeLa, CER, EPC and Aedes
      albopictus cells with colcemide and cytochalasin D which affect cytoskeleton
      organization indicated that microfilaments but not microtubules were involved in
      the early events of VSV infection. Inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation such
      as dinitrophenol and sodium azide, and the glycolysis inhibitor 2-deoxy-D
      glucose, did not allow multiplication of prebound virions, demonstrating that VSV
      replication is largely energy dependent in either host cells examined.

PMID- 2906221
TI  - Clinico-immunologic and allergologic studies with the inactivated influenza virus
      vaccine purified and concentrated by gradient centrifugation.
AB  - Vaccination activity and safety of inactivated influenza centrifugal divaccine
      have been studied in groups of subjects aged 18 to 22, 15 to 16, and 9 to 14
      years. The vaccine tested contained either a standard dose (6-8 micrograms) or
      double a dose (12-16 micrograms) of the haemagglutinin (HA) of influenza viruses
      A(H1N1) and A(H3N2). The double antigenic load of the vaccine did not enhance its
      reactogenicity for adults or adolescents aged 15 to 16 years. It enhanced,
      however, the production of antihaemagglutinine antibodies to the vaccine strains.
      The range of the antibodies formed and their persistence were independent on the
      virus dose. The increased dose (12-16 micrograms) of HA decreased the humoral
      immune response in school children aged from 11 to 14 years. Neither standard nor
      double dose of the vaccine caused any changes in the biochemical or
      haematological parameters of blood and urine. No allergic response was registered
      by the indirect mast cell degranulation (IMCD) test in rats.

PMID- 2906222
TI  - Contribution to laboratory diagnosis of mumps and parainfluenza.
AB  - Specific IgM and IgG antibodies to mumps virus (MV) were detected in sera of
      mumps-patients by ELISA in agreement with the results obtained by indirect
      immunofluorescence (IF). Of given sera 37.5% contained IgM reacting in indirect
      ELISA also with the antigens of parainfluenza virus (PiV) T3. In all patients
      with respiratory illness over 2 years of age, the significant increase of
      antibodies to PiV in haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test was in good
      correlation with serum IgM and IgG antibody levels to PiV T3 determined by ELISA;
      but, in addition, 30.7% of these sera cross-reacted with MV antigens. The cross
      reactions were eliminated by using MV-nucleocapsid antigen in indirect ELISA, or
      in direct ELISA using the peroxidase-labelled whole virion antigen. In some
      children under two years of age a discrepancy was observed between the
      significant increase of serum antibodies in HI and the inability to detect
      specific IgM antibodies by means of ELISA in their sera. The low-avidity
      antibodies appearing after primary PiV infection were probably washed off during
      the ELISA procedure.

PMID- 2906223
TI  - Action of epsilon-aminocaproic acid on the proteolysis system during experimental
      influenza in mice.
AB  - Proteolysis system was examined in influenza-virus-infected mice after a 5-day
      course of therapeutic or preventive treatments with the proteolysis inhibitor
      epsilon-aminocaproic acid (E-ACA). The mice were infected with nonadapted
      influenza virus A/Hong Kong/1/68 (H3N2). E-ACA was shown to exert a pathogenetic
      action expressed by a marked tendency to normalization of elevated alkaline
      protease activity in damaged lung tissue and in the blood of infected animals. E
      ACA induced a long-lasting high level activity of acidic proteases in the blood
      which correlated with increased protection of animals against influenza virus
      infection. It may be suggested that acidic proteases are involved in the
      preventive action of E-ACA and are a factor of resistance to virus infection.

PMID- 2906224
TI  - Structural basis for antiviral activity of flavonoids-naturally occurring
      compounds.
AB  - The effect of different substituents of quercetin and luteolin on the ability to
      inhibit the herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) replication in RK-13 cells was studied.
      It seems that parent compounds with free hydroxyl groups at C-5, C-7, C-3', C-4'
      and additionally at C-3 have the highest activity. Substitution of those groups
      caused decrease of or completely abolished the antiviral activity of the tested
      compounds.

PMID- 2906225
TI  - Probable metachromatic leukodystrophy/pseudodeficiency compound heterozygote at
      the arylsulfatase A locus with neurological and psychiatric symptomatology.
AB  - Metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) is an autosomal recessive progressive
      demyelination disorder caused by the deficiency of arylsulfatase A (ASA).
      However, there exist individuals with low ASA activity without clinical symptoms.
      This state is described as ASA pseudodeficiency (PD). A number of patients with
      low ASA activity and various neuropsychiatric symptoms have been observed. It is
      controversial to what extent low ASA activity predisposes for neurological and/or
      psychiatric symptomatology. Therefore, persons with low ASA activity who were
      collected from a large-scale screening among neuropsychiatric patients and
      healthy controls are presently being extensively evaluated using biochemical,
      genetic, and clinical methods. Here we present a female patient, who had been
      first hospitalized with the diagnosis encephalomyelitis disseminata. Her ASA
      activity determined in fibroblast extracts is intermediate between adult MLD and
      PD. Sulfatide degradation in cultured fibroblasts is diminished. The subunit
      pattern obtained after SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting
      was determined in the index patient and 2 sibs. It is compatible with a compound
      genotype ASA-/ASAp in the index case. It appears probable that in this patient
      low ASA activity leads to the accumulation of sulfatide and either causes the
      appearance of neuropsychiatric symptoms or at least contributes to the
      demyelination process.

PMID- 2906226
TI  - Congenital adrenal hypoplasia and selective absence of pituitary luteinizing
      hormone: a new autosomal recessive syndrome.
AB  - Congenital hypoplasia of the adrenal glands (CHA) is a rare condition,
      particularly in the absence of a central nervous system (CNS) anomaly. Two major
      types of CHA have been described in the setting of an apparently normal CNS and
      pituitary: a cytomegalic type usually with X-linked recessive inheritance and a
      miniature adult type that, when hereditary, is an autosomal recessive trait.
      Glycerol kinase deficiency (GKD) is an X-linked recessive trait, and it may be
      associated with CHA and adrenal insufficiency, presumably because of deletion of
      adjacent X-linked loci. We report on three sibling infants, one male and two
      females, with normal CNS and lethal CHA of the miniature adult type, selective
      absence of pituitary LH; two of the infants also had glycerol kinase (GK)
      activity that was decreased but not in the GKD range. Restriction fragment length
      polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of X chromosome markers located at Xp21-p22 was
      carried out on the maternal grandfather, both parents, two of three affected
      infants, and a living normal brother. The results excluded the X-linked type of
      this disorder associated with GKD in this family. Autosomal recessive inheritance
      is most likely.

PMID- 2906227
TI  - [Effect of controlled normovolemic hemodilution on the activity of neurohumoral
      adaptive reactions in patients after operations on the abdominal organs].

PMID- 2906228
TI  - [Causes of death in systemic vasculitis of polyarteritis nodosa. Analysis of a
      series of 165 patients].
AB  - The case histories of the 49 patients who died in a series of 165 patients
      admitted to the Medical Unit between 1958 and 1984 with polyarteritis nodosa
      (PAN) were reviewed. The causes of death of the 29 men and 20 women, mean age
      51.44 +/- 7.4 years, were classified into 6 groups. Infection accounted for 26.5%
      (13/49) of deaths, the initial site of infection being pulmonary, complicated by
      septicaemia in 6 cases. Cardiovascular events were responsible for death in 24.4%
      (11/49): terminal cardiac failure (4 cases), myocardial infarction (1 case),
      ventricular tachycardia (1 case), stroke (1 case), pulmonary embolism (2 cases),
      fulminant hemoptysis (1 case). Gastrointestinal complications were the cause of
      death in 16.3% (8/49): ischemic necrosis (5 cases), acute pancreatitis (2 cases),
      oesophageal ulceration (1 case). Renal failure was observed in 10.2% (5/49), all
      occurring before 1972: acute renal failure (3 cases), chronic renal failure (2
      cases). Cancer was the cause of death in 10.2% (5/49): primary bronchial
      carcinoma (2 cases), laryngeal carcinoma (1 case), carcinoma of the vulva (1
      case), bone metastases (1 case). Finally, 14.2% (7/49) could not be classified in
      the preceding groups. Sudden death occurred in 3 patients, shock in 1 patient,
      multivisceral PAN in 2 patients and anaphylactic shock in 1 patient. Three of the
      12 patients who had post-mortem studies had signs of progressive vasculitis. The
      results are compared with other reports in the literature and the pathogenic
      mechanisms are discussed. The infections and cardiovascular deaths occurred early
      or late and were not related to the state of the activity of the vasculitis.
      Immunosuppressive treatment seems to play an important role in their
      pathogenesis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2906229
TI  - [The chlorazepate test in anxiety-depressive states].

PMID- 2906230
TI  - [Tissue effects of pulsed-dye laser lithotripsy. Experimental study on the ureter
      in dogs].
AB  - The tissue effects of pulsed dye laser (Pulsolith) were studied in 10 dog
      ureters. The results show the absence of ureteric perforation or damage to
      adjacent organs by the laser irradiation. The only lesions observed were focal
      hyperplasia of the urothelium and chorion with extremely limited abrasions of the
      urothelium. The absence of tissue damage of the pulsed dye laser allows it to be
      used in human clinical practice.

PMID- 2906231
TI  - Restorative treatment of the extensively traumatized dentition.

PMID- 2906232
TI  - Endodontics following trauma.

PMID- 2906233
TI  - [Hemodynamic effects at rest and exertion of a new partial beta-agonist
      (cicloprolol) in moderated cardiac failure].
AB  - The haemodynamic effects of cicloprolol, a new partial beta 1-adrenoceptor
      agonist, were investigated at rest and during exercise in 10 patients with
      moderate heart failure. At rest, cicloprolol (0.10 mg/kg i.v.) increased heart
      rate by 8 p. 100 (80.6 +/- 5.7 vs 74.7 +/- 11.9 beats/min; p less than 0.05),
      cardiac index by 17 p. 100 (3.74 +/- 0.57 vs 3.20 +/- 0.41 l/min/m2; p less than
      0.001) and stroke index by 6 p. 100 (46.3 +/- 8.3 vs 43.7 +/- 8.8 ml/beat/m2; p
      less than 0.05). Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure was reduced by 35 p. 100
      (9.9 +/- 5.0 vs 15.2 +/- 7.4 mmHg; p less than 0.01). There were no significant
      changes in aortic pressure. Systemic vascular resistance decreased by 15 p. 100
      (1,030.8 +/- 234.6 vs 1,209.6 +/- 319.7 dynes.s.cm-5; p less than 0.01). During
      moderate exercise (114 +/- 13 watts) in supine position, cicloprolol induced a 10
      p. 100 reduction of tachycardia (99.7 +/- 10.2 vs 112.2 +/- 16.5 beats/min; p
      less than 0.01), a 6 p. 100 decrease of mean aortic pressure (112.4 +/- 19.7 vs
      119.5 +/- 19.2 mmHg; p less than 0.01) and an 8 p. 100 decrease of cardiac index
      (5.42 +/- 0.63 vs 5.88 +/- 0.75 l/min/m2; p less than 0.001). There were no
      significant changes in left ventricular filling pressure and stroke index. When
      data obtained at rest and during exercise were pooled, an inverse linear
      relationship (p less than 0.01) was found between heart rate before treatment
      with cicloprolol and cicloprolol-induced variations in heart rate and cardiac
      index.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2906234
TI  - The ultrastructure of somatostatin-immunoreactive cell bodies, nerve fibers and
      terminals in the dorsal horn of rat spinal cord.
AB  - The distribution and ultrastructure of somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons, nerve
      fibers and axon terminals in the dorsal horn of rat thoracic spinal cord were
      studied by immunohistochemistry at both the light and electron microscopic
      levels. Somatostatin-immuno reactive neurons were predominantly observed in Rexed
      laminae I and II of the dorsal horn of spinal cord. Somatostatin-immunoreactive
      electron dense peroxidase material was concentrated in the Golgi apparatus and
      rough endoplasmic reticulum of the somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons, and was
      characteristically sparse in other regions of the cytoplasm. In the somatostatin
      immunoreactive fibers and terminals, immunoreactive electron dense material was
      concentrated in the microtubules and large synaptic vesicles.

PMID- 2906235
TI  - Exocytotic release of neurotransmitter substances from nerve endings in the taste
      buds of rat circumvallate papillae.
AB  - Exocytotic release of neurotransmitters from nerve endings was demonstrated
      ultrastructurally in the taste buds of rat circumvallate papillae by stimulation
      of high K+ and Ca2+ Ringer perfusion and application of tannic acid-Ringer
      incubation (TARI) method. Omega-shaped images of large cored vesicles and small
      clear vesicles, indicating exocytotic release of their contents, were found only
      in the non-synaptic sites. Occasionally exocytosis occurred at sites facing other
      nerve fibers. Many coated pits were also seen, which presumably represent
      membrane retrieval at a later stage of exocytosis. It is likely that the taste
      buds receive more than one type of innervation.

PMID- 2906236
TI  - [Drug analysis with polarographic methods. XXXII. Reasons for the anomalous
      current-voltage curves of quazepam [7-chloro-5-(2-fluoro-phenyl) -1,3-dihydro-1
      (2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-2H-1,4-benzodiazepine-2-thione].

PMID- 2906237
TI  - [Antimycobacterial properties of antihistaminic compounds].

PMID- 2906238
TI  - Modulation of the activity of hepatic gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, adenosine
      triphosphatase, placental glutathione S-transferase and adenylate cyclase by
      acute administration of lead nitrate.
AB  - The effect of a single administration of lead nitrate on the activity of gamma
      glutamyltranspeptidase (gamma-GT), adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), the
      placental form of glutathione S-transferase (GST-P) and adenylate cyclase (AC),
      four enzymes widely used as phenotypic markers for preneoplasia, was investigated
      in the liver of male Wistar rats. The results of the histochemical enzymatic
      staining indicated that an acute treatment with lead nitrate induces the activity
      of gamma-GT, mainly in the hepatocytes located around zone I of the liver acinus,
      with a maximum seen between 72-96 hours. On the other hand, the activity of
      ATPase was found to be severely inhibited at 2-3 days after treatment, as shown
      by a strong decrease in the staining of the bile canaliculi of zones II and III.
      Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that lead nitrate administration also
      resulted in the appearance in most of the hepatocytes of GST-P, an enzyme whose
      activity is almost undetectable in normal rat liver, but is elevated in
      preneoplastic liver lesions. Finally, lead nitrate treatment resulted in an
      inhibition of AC activity which was maximal after 24 hours.

PMID- 2906239
TI  - Identification of a surface membrane proton-translocating ATPase in promastigotes
      of the parasitic protozoan Leishmania donovani.
AB  - ATPase activities were measured in surface membranes and mitochondria isolated
      from promastigotes of the parasitic protozoan Leishmania donovani. The two
      enzymes were differentiated on the basis of pH optima, inhibitor sensitivity and
      by immunochemical methods. The surface-membrane (SM-) ATPase had an activity of
      100 nmol/min per mg of protein, which was optimal at pH 6.5. The enzyme was Mg2+
      dependent, partially inhibited by Ca2+, and unaffected by Na+ or K+. The SM
      ATPase was inhibited by orthovanadate, NN'-dicyclohexylcarbodi-imide, and N
      ethylmaleimide [IC50 (concentration causing half-maximal inhibition) 7.5, 25 and
      520 microM respectively]; however, it was unaffected by ouabain, azide or
      oligomycin. The SM-ATPase demonstrated a Km of 1.05 mM and a Vmax. of 225
      nmol/min per mg of protein. Moreover, fine-structure cytochemical results
      demonstrated that the SM-ATPase was localized to the cytoplasmic lamina of the
      parasite SM. A method was devised for the isolation of SM-derived vesicles. These
      were used to demonstrate the proton-pumping capacity of the SM-ATPase.
      Cumulatively, these results constitute the first demonstration of a surface
      membrane proton-translocating ATPase in a parasitic protozoan.

PMID- 2906240
TI  - Intracellular localization of beta-glucuronidase in fibroblasts after direct
      transfer from macrophages.
AB  - The subcellular distribution of beta-glucuronidase acquired by deficient human
      fibroblasts during co-culture with peritoneal macrophages was compared with that
      taken up by receptor-mediated endocytosis. Labelled enzyme taken up via receptors
      was located initially in a low-density endosomal fraction and was transferred to
      lysosomes within a few minutes. The beta-glucuronidase acquired during 24 h of co
      culture was present almost entirely within lysosomes and had a distribution
      profile identical with that of endogenous beta-hexosaminidase. Monensin prevented
      transfer of radiolabelled enzyme from endosomes to lysosomes and had a similar
      effect on the distribution of enzyme acquired by direct transfer, causing beta
      glucuronidase to accumulate within endosomes. When the temperature was lowered
      from 37 degrees C to 19 degrees C, the rate of transfer of enzyme from endosomes
      to lysosomes was decreased during both direct transfer and indirect receptor
      mediated endocytosis. These results show that a lysosomal enzyme acquired by
      direct transfer during cell-to-cell contact follows a similar intracellular route
      and has a similar distribution to that of enzymes taken up via cell-surface
      receptors.

PMID- 2906241
TI  - Preferential localization of rat liver D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate/1,3,4,5
      tetrakisphosphate 5-phosphatase in bile-canalicular plasma membrane and 'late'
      endosomal vesicles.
AB  - Previous studies have shown that most of the inositol 1,4,5
      trisphosphate/inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate 5-phosphatase activity of rat
      hepatocytes is associated with the plasma membrane [Shears, Parry, Tang, Irvine,
      Michell & Kirk (1987) Biochem. J. 246, 139-147]. We now show that the specific
      activity of this enzyme is highest in the bile-canalicular domain of the plasma
      membrane, at the opposite pole of the hepatocyte from the presumed site of
      receptor-mediated formation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate. In intact
      hepatocytes and in sealed membrane vesicles originating from the bile-canalicular
      domain of the plasma membrane, the 5-phosphatase activity was mostly latent and
      therefore located at the cytoplasmic surface. A substantial amount of 5
      phosphatase was also found in rat liver endosomal fractions, particularly a
      'late' endosomal subfraction, indicating that this enzyme may be transported
      between the sinusoidal plasma membrane and other cellular membranes.

PMID- 2906243
TI  - [Pharmacological characterization of the new highly potent beta-adrenergic
      receptor blocker soquinolol].
AB  - The present pharmacological test results characterize soquinolol (5-[3-tertiary
      butylamino-2-hydroxypropoxy]-2-formyl-1,2,3,4- tetrahydroisoquinoline mucate, We
      704, Sertum) as a highly potent non-subtype-selective beta-adrenergic receptor
      blocker, which is devoid of any intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. Its
      localanaesthetic activity (membrane stabilizing effect) is very weak. It also
      shows good enteral efficacy and long duration of action. In binding studies with
      heart (Ki beta 1 = 3.25 nmol/l) and lung membranes (Ki beta 2 = 0.85 nmol/l) its
      binding profile was found to be similar to that of propranolol. Soquinolol
      inhibits the isoprenaline-induced tachycardia (EC50% = 48 micrograms/l) in the
      guinea-pig Langendorff heart in vitro to the same degree as propranolol. However,
      in the conscious dog soquinolol's beta 1-adrenergic blocking activity (ED 50%) on
      intravenous injection (5.5 micrograms/kg) and oral administration (5.8
      micrograms/kg) is about twice as great as that of pindolol and 19 times (i.v.) or
      138 times (p.o.) greater than that of propranolol. These results suggest 95%
      enteral efficacy for soquinolol (pindolol 88%, propranolol 13%). The differences
      in soquinolol's and propranolol's efficacy detected in vitro and in vivo are
      partially attributable to differences in their kinetic properties namely the
      lower protein binding and the higher distribution volume of soquinolol. In the
      conscious dog, soquinolol inhibits beta 1-(ED 50% = 4.0 micrograms/kg) and beta 2
      receptors (ED 50% = 2.7 micrograms/kg) at dose levels which do not differ
      significantly.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2906242
TI  - Glutamine as a major nitrogen carrier to the liver in suckling rat pups.
AB  - We measured the amino acid concentrations in the afferent and efferent vessels of
      the liver in anaesthetized fed adult rats and in fed suckling rat pups. A much
      higher content of glutamine in the portal vein and the aorta than in hepatic
      veins suggests that this amino acid is actively taken up by the liver of fed
      suckling rat pups, conversely to what is found in adult rats. In an attempt to
      characterize further the mechanism(s) contributing to this enhanced glutamine
      uptake, we monitored the time course of 1 mM-glutamine transport into plasma
      membrane vesicles purified from the livers of either adult or suckling rats. The
      concentrative Na+-dependent uptake of glutamine was lower in those vesicles
      obtained from pups than in those obtained from adult rats. Glutaminase and
      glutamine synthetase activities in livers from both experimental groups were also
      measured. Glutaminase and glutamine synthetase activities in suckling rats were
      about 3-fold higher and 2-fold lower respectively than those in adult rats. It is
      concluded that glutamine is a main nitrogen carrier to the liver in fed suckling
      rats. A high availability of this amino acid and an enzyme imbalance between
      glutamine-synthesizing and -degrading activities may account for the net uptake
      found in vivo.

PMID- 2906244
TI  - Effects of bunitrolol on myocardial contractility and left ventricular myosin
      isoenzyme pattern.
AB  - Effects of long term treatment of hypertension with bunitrolol on myocardial
      contractility and left ventricular myosin isoenzyme pattern were examined. Male
      22-week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats were treated with bunitrolol (30-40
      mg/kg/d, p.o.) for 8-10 weeks. The blood pressure of the bunitrolol-treated group
      did not differ from that of the untreated group, but ratio of ventricular weight
      to body weight was significantly lower in the treated group. There were no
      significant differences in isometric developed tension and dT/dtmax of isolated
      left ventricular papillary muscles between bunitrolol-treated and control groups.
      Myocardial mechanical responses to isoprenaline (isoproterenol) also showed no
      differences between the two groups. Left ventricular myosin isoenzyme pattern
      obtained by pyrophosphate gel electrophoresis was significantly shifted to VM-1
      by bunitrolol treatment.

PMID- 2906245
TI  - Pharmacological properties of the positive inotropic and alpha 1-adrenoceptor
      blocking agent saterinone.
AB  - The pharmacological properties of saterinone [+/-)-1,2-dihydro-5-[4-[2-hydroxy-3
      [4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl] propoxy]phenyl]-6-methyl-2-oxo-3-pyridine
      carbonitrile, BDF 8634) were investigated in isolated organs of the guinea pig
      and in human platelets. Saterinone was found to be a potent antagonist at
      vascular alpha 1-adrenoceptors with a pA2-value of 8.46 +/- 0.12. Besides its
      affinity for alpha 1-adrenoceptors saterinone exerted a positive inotropic effect
      in the isolated papillary muscle at an EC50-value of 3.2 X 10(-6)mol/l indicating
      10-fold greater potency than milrinone. Comparable EC50-values were also found
      for the inotropic, chronotropic and bronchodilatory actions of the drug,
      indicating a common mechanism for these effects. The inotropic effects were not
      mediated by beta-adrenergic or H2-histaminergic receptors, but were shown to
      involve an elevation of myocardial cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) content.
      Saterinone also inhibited crude cAMP phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity in
      homogenates obtained from guinea pig right ventricles. The IC50-value for PDE
      inhibition was 2.3 X 10(-5) mol/l and thus at a higher concentration than the
      inotropic effect. Saterinone was a potent inhibitor of human platelet aggregation
      induced by adenosine diphosphate, collagen and arachidonate. Against the latter
      agonist, saterinone was about 40-fold more effective than acetylsalicylic acid.
      In conclusion, saterinone exhibited a dual mechanism of action--direct inotropic
      effects in the myocardium and alpha 1-receptor blockade in the guinea pig
      vasculature.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2906246
TI  - Electrophysiologic effects of saterinone and milrinone in the isolated guinea pig
      myocardium.
AB  - The positive inotropic agent milrinone and the newly synthesized compound
      saterinone [+/-)-1,2-dihydro-5-[4-[2-hydroxy-3-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1
      piperazinyl] propoxy]phenyl]-6-methyl-2-oxo-3-pyridine-carbonitrile, BDF 8634)
      dose-dependently increased the contractile force of guinea pig left atria. During
      a 90-min exposure, 10(-4) mol/l saterinone caused a continuous increase of the
      functional refractory period (FRP), while the initial positive inotropic effect
      faded gradually. No change of the FRP was observed with milrinone. Saterinone
      (10(-4) mol/l) also increased the action potential duration and the FRP of guinea
      pig papillary muscles, while milrinone had no influence on either parameter. Both
      milrinone and saterinone increased the amplitude, depolarization velocity and
      duration of slow response action potentials in K+-depolarized muscles. These
      effects appeared in the presence of tetrodotoxin or propranolol and could be
      reversed by carbachol. It is concluded that saterinone increases the force of
      contraction and the slow inward current by inhibiting cardiac phosphodiesterase.
      The increase of the FRP may be attributed to a decrease of the membrane K+
      conductance.

PMID- 2906247
TI  - Positive inotropic and vasodilatory actions of saterinone in vivo.
AB  - The cardiovascular actions of the newly developed inotropic and alpha 1-receptor
      blocking agent saterinone [+/-)-1,2-dihydro-5-[4-[2-hydroxy-3-[4-(2
      methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl] propoxy]phenyl]-6-methyl-2-oxo-3-pyridine
      carbonitrile, BDF 8634) was investigated in small laboratory animals in vivo.
      Saterinone caused a direct inotropic effect in pithed guinea pigs without
      affecting heart rate. In the same animal species saterinone competitively
      antagonized the pressor effects of phenylephrine at inotropic doses. In conscious
      rabbits saterinone exerted dose-dependent increase in left ventricular dP/dtmax
      and in heart rate, whilst reducing arterial blood pressure in the same dose
      range. The drug dose-dependently antagonized phenylephrine as evidence of its
      alpha 1-receptor blocking effects in the conscious rabbit. The duration of alpha
      1-receptor blockade was longer than the duration of inotropic effects. The onset
      of inotropic and vascular effects of saterinone was found to be simultaneous,
      when the drug was slowly infused into the femoral vein of anesthetized cats. The
      saterinone dose which caused a significant inhibition of the pressor effects of
      phenylephrine (comparable to prazosin) still caused a reduction of femoral
      perfusion pressure and systemic blood pressure in anesthetized cats pretreated
      with phenoxybenzamine. Thus in contrast to prazosin, which was rendered
      ineffective after phenoxybenzamine, saterinone possesses an additional mechanism
      for vasodilation. Saterinone exhibited good oral efficacy in spontaneously
      hypertensive rats and in conscious cats, in which an oral dose of 10-30 mg/kg
      significantly reduced arterial blood pressure or increased left ventricular
      dP/dtmax, respectively. Thus saterinone exerts in vivo direct positive inotropic
      and vasodilating effects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2906248
TI  - Vasodilating effect of the new beta-blocker tilisolol hydrochloride in humans.
AB  - The effects of a new beta-blocker, (+/-)-4-(3-tert-butylamino-2-hydroxypropoxy)-2
      methyl-1(2H)-isoquinolino ne hydrochloride (tilisolol hydrochloride, N-696), on
      forearm circulation were examined and compared with those of propranolol in
      healthy young males. N-696 (30 mg/d for 7 days) decreased heart rate from 75 +/-
      4 to 56 +/- 2 bpm (p less than 0.01) and decreased mean blood pressure from 86 +/
      2 to 79 +/- 2 mmHg (p less than 0.05) (n = 7). Propranolol (60 mg/d for 7 days)
      decreased heart rate from 62 +/- 1 to 51 +/- 2 (p less than 0.01) and decreased
      mean blood pressure from 83 +/- 3 to 73 +/- 3 mmHg (p less than 0.01) (n = 7).
      Resting forearm blood flow and forearm vascular resistance were not altered by N
      696, whereas propranolol decreased forearm blood flow (p less than 0.05) and
      increased forearm vascular resistance (p less than 0.01). Reflex forearm
      vasoconstriction was examined by measuring forearm vascular resistance with a
      strain gauge plethysmograph during lower body negative pressure (LBNP). The
      regression line relating central venous pressure and forearm vascular resistance
      during LBNP was shifted toward the resistance axis by propranolol but was not
      altered by N-696. Propranolol augmented forearm vascular responses to
      intraarterially infused norepinephrine but N-696 did not alter them. Thus, in
      contrast to propranolol, N-696 lowered blood pressure and heart rate without
      peripheral vasoconstriction and did not augment forearm vasoconstrictive
      responses to norepinephrine.

PMID- 2906249
TI  - [Experimental cerebral vasospasm induced by oxyhemoglobin and the sympathetic
      nervous system (Part 1): Effect of alpha-adrenergic receptor blockers].
AB  - This study was performed as part of a series of investigations into the relation
      between cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage and the sympathetic
      nervous system. We studied the effect of phenoxybenzamine chloride (POB) and
      prazosin hydrochloride (Prazosin) on the cerebral vasoconstriction in the basilar
      arteries of cats induced by application of oxyhemoglobin (Oxy-Hb), noradrenaline
      (Nor) and prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha). Adult cats were anesthetized with
      intramuscular pentobarbital and maintained on a respirator through a
      tracheostomy. By the transclival approach, a bone window was formed in the
      clivus, and the dura was opened, exposing the basilar artery. A cannule was
      inserted into the subarachnoid space, and through it, Oxy-Hb, Nor and PGF2 alpha
      were injected. The sequential changes in caliber of the basilar artery were
      measured using photography. First, we determined the doses of POB and Prazosin
      necessary for decreasing the vasoconstriction induced by Nor, and 20 mg/kg of POB
      and 10 mg/kg of Prazosin were found to decrease the vasoconstriction induced by
      10(-3) M Nor, statistically. Second, we investigated the effect of 20 mg/kg of
      POB and 0.5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg of Prazosin on the cerebral vasoconstriction
      induced by Oxy-Hb or PGF2 alpha. POB (20 mg/kg) was infused for 2 hours before
      the application of Oxy-Hb or PGF2 alpha. Prazosin was given intravenously. In the
      first group, 0.02% Prazosin (0.5 mg/kg) was administered intravenously for 1.5
      hours before the application of Oxy-Hb or PGF2 alpha. In the second group, 1.5
      hours elapsed between the beginning of Prazosin (10mg/kg) infusion and the
      application of Oxy-Hb or PGF2 alpha.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2906250
TI  - Cyclic GMP in cell function.

PMID- 2906251
TI  - Does beta adrenergic blockade influence the prognostic implications of post
      myocardial infarction exercise testing?
AB  - The influence of beta blockade on the ability of ST depression, during pre
      discharge exercise testing, to predict coronary anatomy and subsequent
      complications was studied in 300 consecutive post-infarct patients, 125 of whom
      underwent cardiac catheterisation. At the time of exercise 62 patients were
      taking a beta blocker. The exercise test had a higher sensitivity in predicting
      multivessel disease in patients who were not taking beta blockers than in
      patients who were (95% v 76%). beta Blockade did not, however, influence the
      ability of the test to identify patients at risk of subsequent cardiac events
      (sensitivity 84% and 85% respectively). These results suggest that it is not
      necessary to stop treatment with beta blockers before predischarge exercise
      testing of patients who have had an acute myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2906252
TI  - Immunoreactivity of various peptides in typical and atypical bronchopulmonary
      carcinoid tumours.
AB  - The presence of a number of regulatory peptides (bombesin, gastrin, glucagon,
      somatostatin, calcitonin and ACTH) was compared in 30 typical carcinoid tumours
      and 27 well differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (atypical carcinoids) using
      conventional immunocytochemistry. Strong immunostaining for one or more peptide
      was observed in 97% of the typical carcinoids (29/30) whereas only 67% of the
      neuroendocrine carcinomas showed immunoreactivity. The peptide most frequently
      detected in typical carcinoids was bombesin (67%), while gastrin was more common
      in neuroendocrine carcinomas (44%). Immunoreactivity for more than one peptide
      was present in 33 tumours and in three cases, six different peptides were
      detected. The study shows that immunoreactivity to various peptides is more
      common in typical carcinoids than well differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas.
      The significance of these findings is discussed.

PMID- 2906253
TI  - Genetically homozygous choriocarcinoma following pregnancy with hydatidiform
      mole.
AB  - Genetic studies have been made in two cases of primary choriocarcinoma from
      patients in whom the antecedent pregnancy was a hydatidiform mole. Restriction
      fragment length polymorphisms of the DNA from the tumour, the patient and her
      partner were examined and in both cases the tumours were shown to be androgenetic
      in origin, having only paternal polymorphisms. While one tumour was shown to be
      heterozygous, two different paternal alleles being demonstrated with some probes,
      the other tumour was shown to be homozygous for all informative polymorphisms
      examined. Thus choriocarcinoma can follow complete hydatidiform mole which may be
      either heterozygous or homozygous.

PMID- 2906255
TI  - Clinical pharmacokinetics of etintidine.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of etintidine (E), a potent H2 blocker, were studied in 12
      normal, fasted subjects. The subjects received five ascending doses of E HCl in
      capsules at 72-h intervals. Blood and urine samples were collected and the plasma
      and urine levels of E were determined by HPLC. Following oral administration,
      plasma E levels showed double peaks in half of the subjects. Mean Cmax (0.42,
      2.11, 3.82, 4.50, and 7.15 micrograms ml-1), AUC0-infinity (0.96, 4.94, 11.3,
      17.5, and 24.5 h micrograms ml-1), and the amount of E excreted unchanged in 72 h
      (20, 54.8, 170, 320, and 371 mg) were determined. These parameters indicate the
      amount of E absorbed increased linearly with dose for each individual. Renal
      clearance was independent of the dose and the mean value (16.6 lh-1) was about
      twice that of the creatinine clearance (which did not significantly change as a
      result of E treatment), indicating that E is actively secreted into the renal
      tubules. As E was eliminated rapidly from the body (t1/2 less than 2 h), no
      substantial accumulation of E is expected after multiple dose treatment.

PMID- 2906254
TI  - The value of tumour markers in lung cancer.
AB  - The pre-treatment serum levels of neuron-specific enolase (NSE), phosphohexose
      isomerase (PHI) and circulating immune complexes (CC) as tumour markers were
      compared to measurements of standard haematology and biochemical indices in 73
      patients with lung cancer, as an aid to differentiation of tumour type,
      estimating disease extent, predicting response to therapy and prognosis. Elevated
      NSE greater than or equal to 12.5 ng ml-1, PHI greater than or equal to 55 mgl-1
      levels were observed in 55% of cases for NSE, 90% for PHI and 49% for CC. NSE was
      significantly elevated in 61% (25/41) of patients with SCLC (P less than 0.005)
      compared to 41% (13/32) with NSCLC. CC levels were significantly raised in 72%
      (23/32) of patients with NSCLC (P less than 0.05) compared to 32% with SCLC. The
      levels of NSE and PHI were not related to tumour stage but CC was significantly
      raised in limited compared to extensive disease in SCLC (P less than 0.05). Serum
      albumin was significantly lower in NSCLC compared to SCLC, and median values of
      alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase and aminoaspartate transferase
      were significantly higher in patients with extensive disease. The pre-treatment
      serum values of NSE, PHI, and CC did not predict the response to therapy or
      prognosis in the 73 patients with lung cancer. The most important prognostic
      factor was the number of abnormal routine laboratory parameters (greater than 4)
      in this group of patients.

PMID- 2906256
TI  - The behaviour of activity of selected enzymes in urine and in serum in
      experimental intoxication of animals with sublimate (mercury chloride). Part I.
      Acute intoxication.
AB  - In the work the behaviour of activity of selected enzymes in urine and in serum
      of experimental animals, which were intoxicated in an acute way, is presented. In
      the investigations there was observed the increase of activity of alkaline
      phosphatase in urine, simultaneous with its decrease in serum, the increase of
      GGTP in urine and shift in the composition of LDH isoenzymes in direction of slow
      migrating fractions.

PMID- 2906257
TI  - Hazardous side effects of the phenothiazine drugs.

PMID- 2906258
TI  - Diabetes in patients with hypertension receiving pharmacological treatment.

PMID- 2906259
TI  - Duodenal ulcers that are difficult to heal.

PMID- 2906260
TI  - Intravenous methylprednisolone in the treatment of Graves' ophthalmopathy.
AB  - Eleven euthyroid patients with severe Graves' eye disease were treated with
      intravenous methylprednisolone and followed up for six months or more by
      ophthalmological assessment, orbital computed tomography (CT), photographs, and
      antibody measurements. Papilloedema resolved in the single patient in whom it was
      present; visual acuity was abnormal in seven eyes initially and in only one eye
      after treatment; the intraocular pressure differential, which reflects muscle
      dysfunction, was initially abnormal in 18 eyes but showed a progressive and
      distinct improvement; nine patients showed substantial improvement in
      inflammatory signs. Exophthalmos improved early after treatment, but this
      improvement was not maintained. Orbital CT showed a pronounced reduction in the
      bulk of eye muscles after treatment in eight of nine patients. Autoantibodies to
      the thyroid stimulating hormone receptor declined. Adverse effects were trivial.
      Thus eight patients showed a clear response to intravenous methylprednisolone as
      judged by ophthalmic assessment and CT scan. The two patients who showed little
      response and one who had none all had a long history (more than a year) of
      ophthalmopathy. Results were better than those with oral steroids and adverse
      effects less. Treatment of Graves' eye disease is more likely to be effective if
      given early; patients should be referred promptly to specialist centres, where
      treatment with intravenous methylprednisolone should be considered.

PMID- 2906261
TI  - Long term H2 antagonists in peptic ulcer disease.

PMID- 2906263
TI  - Fatigue and fatigability.

PMID- 2906262
TI  - Cell cycle-related proteins: a flow cytofluorometric study in human tumors.
AB  - We used 2-parameter flow cytometry (FCM) to investigate the relationship between
      the cell cycle phases and 3 proteins whose expression is known to increase in
      proliferating cells: the surface antigen transferrin receptor (Trf-r), the
      "cyclin" (a proliferating cell nuclear antigen, PCNA), and the nuclear antigen
      recognized by the monoclonal antibody (MoAb) Ki-67. FITC-labeled antibodies
      against Trf-r, PCNA, and the Ki-67-reactive antigen, as well as propidium iodide
      DNA distribution, were simultaneously measured on human leukemia HL-60 and K562,
      and breast carcinoma MCF-7 cell lines and on fresh human leukemic and
      glioblastoma cells. The 70% ethanol fixation for Trf-r and PCNA and the 95%
      acetone fixation for Ki-67 plus permeabilization (with 0.1% and 1% Triton X100,
      respectively, for the surface and the nuclear antigens) produced cell suspensions
      with negligible cell clumping, high-quality DNA profiles, and bright specific
      immunofluorescent staining. The investigated proteins have different
      relationships with the proliferative state of the cell. Trf-r is expressed mainly
      at the transition from G0/G1 to S-phase. PCNA expression is prominent in late G1
      and through S-phase and decreases in G2-M. The Ki-67-reactive antigen is widely
      distributed in G1, S, and G2-M phases. Knowledge regarding the relationships
      between proliferation-associated antigens and cell cycle phase in normal and
      neoplastic cells could improve our understanding of the mechanisms underlying
      growth regulation and neoplastic transformation. Bivariate FCM is an easy method
      for obtaining these data from large numbers of cells.

PMID- 2906264
TI  - Fluvoxamine and hepatic function.

PMID- 2906266
TI  - Putative neurotransmitters in the rat cochlea at several ages.
AB  - We have performed a longitudinal study of the content of the putative
      neurotransmitter substances, enkephalin, dynorphin, and acetylcholine (ACh), in
      the cochlea of the Fischer 344 rat. It is the first study of transmitters in the
      rat cochlea over an extended time span. This study also provides biochemical
      verification of the presence of ACh in cochlear tissues. No change was seen in
      the cochlear content of these transmitter candidates up to 24 months of age.

PMID- 2906265
TI  - Differential susceptibility of prevertebral and paravertebral sympathetic ganglia
      to experimental injury.
AB  - To investigate the response of selected sympathetic ganglia to experimental
      injury, neonatal rat pups were treated with either 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA),
      guanethidine, or antiserum to nerve growth factor (anti-NGF). When examined at
      one month of age, each of the treatments resulted in a significantly greater loss
      of neurons and tyrosine hydroxylase activity in paravertebral (superior cervical
      and stellate) versus prevertebral (superior mesenteric and celiac) sympathetic
      ganglia. Guanethidine treatment produced the largest differential in neuron loss
      and tyrosine hydroxylase activity between pre- and paravertebral ganglia.
      Histologically, the acute phase of guanethidine-induced injury in the superior
      cervical, paravertebral, ganglia was characterized by a prominent mononuclear
      cell infiltrate and extensive neuronal degeneration. Minimal histopathologic
      changes were seen in the superior mesenteric, prevertebral, ganglia of the same
      animals. Immunolocalization of tyrosine hydroxylase and neuropeptide Y (NPY) in
      guanethidine-treated animals showed a preferential loss of sympathetic
      innervation of the extramural mesenteric vasculature with relative sparing of the
      noradrenergic innervation of Auerbach's myenteric plexus. Differences in the
      susceptibility of sympathetic ganglia to various insults may underlie the
      selective and heterogeneous involvement of sympathetic ganglia in clinical and
      experimental situations.

PMID- 2906268
TI  - Synapses from bipolar cells onto dopaminergic amacrine cells in cat and rabbit
      retinas.
AB  - Dopaminergic amacrine cells in the vertebrate retina have long been characterized
      as 'interamacrine' as they were only found to be pre- and postsynaptic to other
      amacrine cells. Immunohistochemistry with antibodies directed against tyrosine
      hydroxylase (TH) revealed synapses from bipolar cell axon terminals to TH
      containing neuronal processes at ribbon synapses in the rhesus monkey retina.
      This finding challenged the notion of the dopaminergic amacrine cell phenotype as
      'interamacrine'. In order to determine if the finding of synapses from bipolar
      cells to dopaminergic amacrine cells could be generalized to other species, we
      studied the synaptic organization of dopaminergic amacrine cells in the retinas
      of cats and rabbits with electron microscopy of TH immunoreactivity. In both
      species, TH-immunoreactive processes were found to be postsynaptic to bipolar
      axon terminals at ribbon synapses demonstrating that the original finding in the
      primate may be a significant feature in the retinas of many other vertebrates as
      well.

PMID- 2906267
TI  - Buspirone, 8-OH-DPAT and ipsapirone: effects on hippocampal cerebellar and
      sciatic fiber excitability.
AB  - The effects of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT), and the novel anxiolytics
      buspirone, 8-OH-DPAT (8-hydroxy-2-[N,N-dipropylamino]-tetralin) and ipsapirone
      (TVXQ 7821, 2-[4-[4-[2-pyrimidinyl]-1-piperazinyl] butyl]-1,2-benzisothiazol
      3[2H]one-1,1-dioxide-hydrochloride) on fiber excitability were studied in three
      axon systems; hippocampal Schaffer collateral fibers, cerebellar parallel fibers,
      and sciatic nerves. In the hippocampus, application of buspirone, 8-OH-DPAT and
      ipsapirone resulted in reversible, dose-dependent reductions in the amplitude and
      conduction velocity of action potentials recorded from presynaptic afferent
      fibers. Although these agents bind to 5-HT1A receptors, 5-HT application, even at
      very high (1 mM) concentrations, did not alter axonal responses. This suggests
      that buspirone, 8-OH-DPAT and ipsapirone exert an action independent of a
      serotonergic mechanism. Similar effects were observed on the cerebellar parallel
      fibers although the cerebellum does not have an appreciable number of 5-HT1A
      receptors. To examine the generalized effects of these agents on nerve
      excitability, rat sciatic compound action potentials were studied with sucrose
      gap recordings. Whereas 5-HT, 8-OH-DPAT and ipsapirone had no effects even at
      high concentrations (1 mM), application of buspirone led to reversible decrement
      of the responses without appreciable change in membrane potential. These results
      indicate that buspirone, 8-OH-DPAT and ipsapirone have actions on the
      excitability of hippocampal and cerebellar neurons independent of serotonergic
      mechanisms. Moreover, buspirone, but not 8-OH-DPAT or ipsapirone, produces
      decreased sciatic nerve excitability. NS 20393

PMID- 2906269
TI  - Electrophysiological studies on the spinal effects of dermorphin, an endogenous
      mu-opioid agonist.
AB  - The intrathecal administration of dermorphin, an endogenous heptopeptide first
      discovered in amphibia, produces dose-dependent selective inhibitions of C fibre
      evoked responses in rat dorsal horn nociceptive neurones (ED50 0.11 micrograms).
      Naloxone (10 micrograms) but not ICI 174,864 (125 micrograms) antagonised the
      effects of the peptide. A beta-fibre-evoked activity was relatively unaffected.
      Thus dermorphin can profoundly inhibit nociceptive afferent input in the spinal
      cord, and in this preparation is more potent (approximately 40X) than morphine.

PMID- 2906270
TI  - Dipeptidylpeptidase IV activity in Meissner corpuscles of rhesus monkey and its
      possible function.
AB  - Histochemical investigation by means of light and electron microscopy revealed
      the presence of dipeptidylpeptidase IV activity in Meissner corpuscles of macaque
      glabrous skin. The enzyme activity was found in fibroblast-like cells forming an
      incomplete capsule around the Meissner corpuscle. Distinct electron-dense
      reaction product due to dipeptidylpeptidase IV activity was consistently
      localized in the plasma membrane of specialized Schwann cells enveloping the
      unmyelinated portion of sensory axons. Their axolemma was devoid of
      dipeptidylpeptidase IV reaction product. The membrane-bound dipeptidylpeptidase
      IV activity presented here and the occurrence of substance P-containing nerve
      fibers in primate Meissner corpuscles referred to elsewhere, suggest the possible
      functional involvement of the enzyme in the production of substance P fragments,
      influenced in different ways by the axon proper and its surrounding Schwann
      cells.

PMID- 2906271
TI  - Tyrosine hydroxylase-containing neurons in the supraoptic and paraventricular
      nuclei of the adult human.
AB  - We have studied the distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase-containing neurons in
      the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and supraoptic nucleus (SON) of the adult human
      hypothalamus. Large numbers of these neurons were seen in these hypothalamic
      nuclei; approximately 40% of all the cells within the SON and PVN were
      immunoreactive for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH-ir). Most of these cells were
      magnocellular. Their distribution was compared to that of arginine-vasopressin
      immunoreactive (AVP-ir) cells. In the SON a greater proportion of magnocellular
      TH-ir cells was found caudally compared to AVP-ir cells. In the PVN the
      magnocellular TH-ir cells were larger in mean diameter compared to AVP-ir cells.
      In double-immunofluorescence experiments some TH-ir cells contained oxytocin
      immunoreactivity but none contained AVP-ir. In the adult human a large number of
      PVN and SON magnocellular cells appear to synthesize a catecholamine. A subclass
      of these neurons also synthesize oxytocin but most cells are distinct from the
      classically described neurosecretory neurons.

PMID- 2906272
TI  - Reduced glutamate binding in rat dorsal vagal complex after nodose
      ganglionectomy.
AB  - Quantitative receptor autoradiography with L-[3H]glutamate was employed to
      examine the distribution and properties of glutamate binding sites in the rat
      brain 14 days after excision of the right nodose ganglion. Slide-mounted coronal
      sections of the brain showed reduced L-[3H]glutamate binding in the nucleus
      tractus solitarius/dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus in the ipsilateral relative
      to the sham-operated side. Densitometric and saturation analyses of binding data
      indicated a significant reduction in the density of glutamate binding sites (57%
      decrease relative to sham), while there was a significant increase in receptor
      affinity (40% greater than sham). Binding was unaltered in the inferior olivary
      complex. Glutamate receptors are likely to exist on synaptic nerve terminals of
      vagal afferent fibres within the nucleus tractus solitarius and on vagal
      preganglionic neurones within the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus and/or their
      dendritic processes within the nucleus tractus solitarius. Additionally, our
      receptor autoradiographic studies provide evidence for L-glutamate being a
      transmitter of vagal afferent neurones.

PMID- 2906273
TI  - Evolutionary and comparative aspects of nociception.
AB  - The ability to detect and respond to aversive environmental stimuli is a basic
      feature of animals that is expressed in the term 'nociception.' Nociception and
      nociceptive responses provide an index of the sensitivity of individuals to
      aversive physical stimuli. Measurements of alterations in nociceptive responses
      (antinociception and analgesia) are commonly used to monitor the behavioral and
      physiological status of animals following experimental manipulation that usually,
      but not always, involve exposure to either noxious, stressful or potentially
      stressful physical and/or biological stimuli. This review briefly considers: i)
      the phylogenetic development of nociceptive responses and behaviors ii)
      evolutionary and comparative patterns of the neuromodulation of nociceptive
      behaviors by opioid peptides and other nonopioid peptidal regulatory mechanisms;
      iii) the effects of various biological variables, including; age, development,
      sex, and temporal factors (biological rhythms) on nociception in rodents.

PMID- 2906274
TI  - Pain relief in burns--how we do it.

PMID- 2906275
TI  - Calcium dependent regulation of catecholamine and serotonin metabolism in human
      neuroblastoma cells.
AB  - Three human neuroblastoma cell lines were shown to have markedly different
      contents of catecholamines and serotonin. Two of the cell lines (CHP-134 and IMR
      5) have higher levels of dopamine and its metabolites, while CHP-404 cells have
      higher levels of serotonin and its metabolites. Each cell line responded to the
      addition of D,L-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate, an agent which increases plasma
      membrane permeability to Ca2+ (Pastuszko and Wilson, 1988; with striking changes
      in the metabolism of the neurotransmitters. These changes were dependent on the
      extracellular calcium concentration and include activation of dopamine synthesis
      (tyrosine hydroxylase), increased levels of dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and
      increased formation of N-methylated dopamine derivatives. Catabolism of serotonin
      to 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid was inhibited while that to 5-hydroxytryptophol
      was stimulated. These data clearly identify several important sites for
      regulation of neurotransmitter metabolism by calcium. The mechanisms, direct or
      indirect, by which the enzyme activities are modulated by calcium remain to be
      established.

PMID- 2906276
TI  - Prospects for cancer prevention through genetics: family studies and population
      screening.
AB  - The ultimate goal of all genetic analyses, whether at the statistical or
      molecular level, is to identify individual genes and their function. The
      application of genetic epidemiological tools to common diseases, together with
      the recent implementation of recombinant DNA methodology, makes it feasible to
      identify, characterize, and even isolate genes involved in the major diseases of
      mankind. This paper outlines how the classical epidemiologic approach interfaces
      with the new DNA technologies. We review the progress of restriction fragment
      length polymorphism analyses in family studies and address their current and
      potential use in studies of unrelated individuals. In addition, we briefly
      discuss the role that oncogenes and inherited genetic alterations seem to play in
      the development of human cancers. The use of these techniques provides a
      framework for a better understanding of cancer etiology and may eventually help
      to define strategies for cancer prevention.

PMID- 2906278
TI  - Role of astroglial cell clones in the survival and differentiation of cerebellar
      embryonic neurons.
AB  - To investigate the role of astrocytes in the survival and differentiation of
      cerebellar neurons during development, we have used astroglial cell clones,
      derived from 8-day postnatal cerebellar explants and which might be the in vitro
      equivalents of the 3 main types of cerebellar astrocytes, the Golgi epithelial
      cells and their Bergmann processes, the velate protoplasmic and the fibrous
      astrocytes (F. Alliot and B. Pessac, Brain Res., 306 (1984) 283-291). Nearly all
      single cells, dissociated from 15-day embryonic mouse cerebella and seeded at low
      density, adhered to layers of each of the cerebellar astroglial cell clones as
      well as to other glial lines or artificial substrates. However, the cerebellar
      embryonic neurons survived well only on monolayers of either the 'Golgi-Bergmann'
      like or the 'velate protoplasmic'-like clones. On these layers, 60-80% of the
      neurons were still present after 5 days of co-culture, while only less than 5%
      survived on the other types of substrates. The differentiation pattern of the
      neurons surviving on the 'Golgi-Bergmann' and the 'velate protoplasmic'
      astroglial clones was studied with markers of postmitotic granule cells, the
      major neuronal population in adult cerebellum. The velate protoplasmic-like clone
      was the only one able to support the coordinate acquisition by most surviving
      neurons of the phenotypic characteristics of granule cells, i.e. a distinct
      morphology, a specific epitope binding the monoclonal antibody 7-8 D2 and
      immunoreactivity to glutamate. These data show a broad heterogeneity in the
      capacity of astroglial cell clones to support embryonic cerebellar neurons. In
      addition, they indicate that neuronal survival per se is not sufficient for the
      acquisition of a differentiated neuronal phenotype.

PMID- 2906277
TI  - Further studies of the effects of somatostatin and related peptides in area CA1
      of rabbit hippocampus.
AB  - 1. In slice studies of mature and immature CA1 hippocampal pyramidal cells from
      rabbit, somatostatin 14 (SS14), the related peptide somatostatin 28(1-12) [SS(1
      12)], and the synthetic analogue of somatostatin 14, SMS-201995 (SMS), had
      similar effects. When pressure-ejected onto cell somata, these peptides elicited
      depolarizations, often accompanied by action potential discharge. When applied to
      dendrites, the peptides produced depolarizations or hyperpolarizations. 2. When a
      large amount of one of the three somatostatin-related (SS) peptides was applied
      to the slice at some distance from the impaled cell, hyperpolarizations were
      observed that were not always blocked by tetrodotoxin (TTX) or low Ca2+. Since SS
      peptides were also found to depolarize interneurons in area CA1, it seems likely
      that the hyperpolarizations that were blocked by TTX or low Ca2+ were mediated
      via excitation of interneurons that in turn hyperpolarized pyramidal cells. 3.
      All SS peptides also had long-lasting effects on CA1 pyramidal cells that led to
      spontaneous firing of action potentials and an increase in the number of action
      potentials discharged in response to a given depolarizing current pulse; the
      spontaneous discharge effect was blocked by TTX or low Ca2+ plus Mn2+ and, thus,
      appeared to have a presynaptic mechanism. However, the increase in discharge in
      response to a constant depolarizing current pulse was not dependent on intact
      synaptic transmission and, therefore, was attributable to a direct postsynaptic
      effect of the SS peptides.

PMID- 2906279
TI  - The role of calmodulin in neurotransmitter release and vascular responsiveness in
      spontaneously hypertensive rats.
AB  - This study was designed to investigate the role of calmodulin in adrenergic
      transmission in hypertension. In perfused mesenteric vasculature from
      spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR, 7-9 weeks of age) and age-matched Wistar
      Kyoto rats (WKY), the effects of a specific calmodulin antagonist (W-7) on
      norepinephrine overflow and vascular responsiveness to endogenous and exogenous
      norepinephrine were examined. The vasoconstrictor responses to electrical nerve
      stimulation and exogenous norepinephrine as well as norepinephrine overflow
      during electrical nerve stimulation were significantly enhanced in SHR compared
      with those in age-matched WKY. The calmodulin antagonist, W-7, reduced not only
      vasoconstrictor responses but also norepinephrine overflow during nerve
      stimulation. These inhibitory effects of W-7 were significantly greater in SHR
      than in WKY. The results demonstrate that norepinephrine overflow from the
      sympathetic nerve endings and vascular responsiveness were increased in SHR. The
      marked reduction in norepinephrine overflow and pressor responses by W-7 might
      suggest the greater calmodulin-dependent adrenergic transmission in this model of
      hypertension.

PMID- 2906280
TI  - Dipeptidyl peptidase IV--subcellular localization, activity and kinetics in
      lymphocytes from control subjects, immunodeficient patients and cord blood.
AB  - Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPIV), a T cell enzyme, has been implicated in the
      regulation of lymphocyte proliferation in response to lectins and allogeneic
      cells. A sensitive fluorimetric assay has been established for the enzyme and
      used to investigate DPIV activity, kinetics and the subcellular localization in
      lymphocytes from control subjects, cord blood and patients with common variable
      hypogammaglobulinaemia (CVH) and chronic lymphatic leukaemia (CLL). Using sucrose
      density gradient centrifugation and organelle marker enzyme assays, in
      conjunction with digitonin as a selective plasma membrane perturbant and
      diazotized sulphanilic acid as a non-permeant enzyme inhibitor, DPIV was shown to
      be a plasma membrane ecto-enzyme. A significant decrease in lymphocyte DPIV
      activity was observed in cord blood and in patients with CVH and CLL compared to
      controls. Kinetic analysis showed a marked decrease in the Vmax of lymphocyte
      DPIV from cord blood and patients with CVH and CLL compared to controls. The
      apparent Km for the substrate was unaffected in cord blood and patients with CLL.
      However, in patients with CVH the Km was significantly reduced. Various enzyme
      inhibitors showed no differences between control subjects and CVH lymphocyte
      activities. The decreased Km for DPIV provides further evidence for a stem cell
      defect rather than cell immaturity in CVH.

PMID- 2906282
TI  - The Drosophila homoeotic gene spalt is structurally related to collagen alpha
      1(IV) chain.

PMID- 2906281
TI  - Immunomodulation by methimazole therapy in Graves' disease: rapid changes in
      activation stage of circulating regulatory T cell subsets, B cells and NK cells.
AB  - In patients with Graves' disease, initiation of thyrostatic therapy with
      methimazole causes a selective reduction of thyroid but not other autoantibody
      levels. The mechanism of this immunosuppressive effect is unknown. In the present
      study, methimazole (20 mg daily) induced very rapid changes in the surface
      antigen expression of several circulating lymphocyte subpopulations in six
      patients with Graves' disease. Within 1 to 3 days of therapy, the proportions of
      HLA-DR+ cells within the CD8+(Leu 2+) subset (activated 'suppressor/cytotoxic' T
      cells), CD11+(Leu 15+) cells out of CD8+ cells ('suppressor' T cells), and CD45+R
      (Leu 18+) cells out of CD4+(LEU 3+) cells ('suppressor/inducer' T cells)
      increased significantly from 4.7 +/- 3.9% to 9.5 +/- 6.0%, from 7.5 +/- 1.5% to
      17 +/- 5.8% and from 49 +/- 17% to 73 +/- 19%, respectively. In parallel, the
      percentages of DR+ cells within the CD4+(Leu 3+) subset (activated 'helper' T
      cells), 4F2+ cells out of CD19+(Leu 12+) cells (activated B cells) and 4F2+ cells
      out of CD16+(Leu 11+) cells (activated 'natural killer'-like cells) declined
      significantly from 7.2 +/- 5.6% to 2.8 +/- 2.1%, from 7.2 +/- 1.5% to 4.0 +/-
      2.8% and from 5.5 +/- 3.5% to 2.8 +/- 4.9% at 3 days, respectively. In contrast,
      no consistent phenotypic changes occurred in lymphocytes drawn from six healthy
      subjects during 7 days of methimazole medication. Direct in vitro effects of
      methimazole on lymphocyte markers were not observed when blood mononuclear cells
      from untreated patients were incubated with either the drug (10(-4) and 10(-6)M)
      or with autologous pre/post treatment serum for 1 to 4 days. Methimazole thus
      induces rapid alterations in the subclass and activation marker expression of
      circulating lymphocyte populations in Graves' disease. These alterations are
      compatible with a down-regulation of B cell activity. Indirect evidence suggests
      that the thyroid gland is the source of secondary signals for these changes to
      take place.

PMID- 2906283
TI  - Effects of varying doses of methionine sulfoximine on liver glutamine synthetase
      activity and time courses of blood and urinary nitrogenous compounds in the
      chicken (Gallus domesticus).
AB  - 1. The activity of liver glutamine synthetase was inhibited to 7-12% of the
      control activity by an intracardiac injection with methionine sulfoximine (MSM)
      at dosages of 20, 50, 75 and 100 mg/kg body wt. 2. Plasma glutamine
      concentrations in all the MSM treatments decreased sharply, then reached steady
      state levels within 0.5-2.5 hr, which were almost proportional to a dose of MSM.
      3. Blood ammonia concentration sharply increased to a steady-state level attained
      at 4.5 hr, which was proportional to a dose of MSM. The excretion rate of urinary
      ammonia augmented linearly up to the dose dependent maximum rates within 2-5 hr.
      4. Plasma uric acid concentration dropped linearly by about 6.4 mg/100 ml at
      doses of 50, 75 and 100 mg MSM and by 3.7 mg/100 ml at a dose of 20 mg MSM within
      2.5 hr, then recovered a little. 5. The decreases in excretion rates of urinary
      uric acid for the first 4 hr were almost the same at doses of 50 mg and larger,
      being twice as large as that of the control chicken. 6. Any doses of MSM affected
      neither the time course of excretion rate of total urinary nitrogen nor its total
      amounts for 7 hr after MSM treatment.

PMID- 2906284
TI  - The effect of immunization against somatostatin on growth and concentration of
      somatotropin in plasma of Holstein calves.
AB  - Holstein calves were used to investigate the effects of immunization procedures
      against somatostatin (SRIF) on growth and concentrations of somatotropin in
      plasma. In Trial 1, eight heifers 37 weeks of age were inoculated with cyclic
      SRIF conjugated to human alpha-globulin. Final body weight, average daily gain,
      and measurements of body size were not significantly different between control
      and SRIF-immunized calves. Apparent total tract nutrient digestibilities and
      efficiency of feed utilization also were not significantly different between
      treatments. Plasma concentrations of somatotropin were increased and plasma
      concentrations of urea nitrogen were decreased in calves immunized against SRIF
      compared to controls, but these mean differences were not significant. In Trial
      2, eleven bull calves seven weeks of age were inoculated with cyclic-SRIF
      conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin. Calves immunized against SRIF had larger
      average daily gains (P less than .06) than did control calves. Body size,
      efficiency of feed utilization, and concentrations of somatotropin in plasma were
      not significantly different for SRIF immunized calves and control calves. Urea
      nitrogen in plasma was lower (P less than .04) for calves immunized against
      somatostatin than for control calves. Data indicate that Holstein calves can
      produce auto-antibodies against SRIF; however, additional research will be
      required before such immunization techniques can be effectively used to improve
      weight gains in cattle.

PMID- 2906285
TI  - Prescription of benzodiazepines in general practice in the county of Arhus,
      Denmark.
AB  - During one week in 1985, 227 general practitioners in the County of Arhus,
      Denmark, recorded their prescriptions of benzodiazepines. In all 2,812
      prescriptions were recorded, for 2,574 patients. The sex ratio (male/female) was
      1.0/2.0. The incidence of first-time prescriptions was 26.0 prescriptions/1,000
      inhabitants/year. The prescription rate, calculated as defined daily doses/1,000
      inhabitants/day, was highest for minor tranquillizers in the age group 60-69,
      whereas for hypnotics/sedatives it was highest in the age group 70+. Of minor
      tranquillizers, 83-84% were prescribed as anxiolytics, and of
      hypnotics/sedatives, 98% were prescribed as hypnotics. Only 18-28% of patients
      had a diagnosis of psychiatric illness. Between 62-75% of patients received no
      other treatment than a benzodiazepine prescription. At the time of the first
      prescriptions, 44-57% of the patients were mentally distressed. For about 33% of
      patients, a somatic illness was of essential importance for the prescription.
      Twenty-six percent of the men and 17% of the women taking benzodiazepines were
      recognized as real or potential abusers. Eighty-three percent of repeat
      prescriptions were prescribed through indirect contacts.

PMID- 2906286
TI  - [Traumatic injuries of teeth in children. Injuries to permanent teeth].

PMID- 2906287
TI  - [Traumatic injuries to teeth in children. Complications].

PMID- 2906288
TI  - Morphological, cytochemical and neuropharmacological evidence for the presence of
      catecholamines in hydrozoan planulae.
AB  - Planula larvae of Halocordyle disticha were examined for the presence of
      catecholamines using a multipronged approach. Transmission electron micrographs
      of planular sensory cells and ganglionic cells demonstrated dense-cored vesicles
      and electron-dense droplets in both cell types. These vesicles and droplets were
      similar in morphology to catecholamine-containing granules of vertebrates.
      Planulae processed with the SPG histofluorescence technique, specific only for
      catecholamines, exhibited blue-green fluorophores which were most prominent in
      the anterior ectoderm. Such fluorescence was associated with sensory cells,
      ganglionic cells and the neural plexus. Pretreatment of planulae with
      neuropharmacological agents which prevent reuptake (reserpine) or cause release
      (nicotine, ephedrine) of catecholamines caused a diminution of the fluorophores.
      Pretreatment of animals with 6-hydroxydopamine, which causes destruction of
      catecholamine-containing cells, prevented any fluorescent response.
      Ultrastructural examination of reserpine-treated planulae revealed a dramatic
      reduction in the populations of dense-cored vesicles and electron-dense droplets.
      Furthermore, many of the vesicles and droplets remaining in reserpinized animals
      appeared washed out, i.e. stained faintly. Exposure of planulae to exogenous
      norepinephrine caused premature, rapid metamorphosis and produced polyps with
      slightly stunted tentacles and pitted, irregular hypostomes. Exposure of planulae
      to nicotine caused similar effects. Rearing planulae in sea water containing
      alpha blockers, phentolamine and tolazoline, had no discernible effect on
      behaviour (motility, phototactic response) or gross morphology. However, planulae
      raised in sea water containing propranolol, a beta blocker, ceased all movement,
      became tack-shaped and died within 72 h. These results meet multiple criteria for
      the identification of catecholamines in hydrozoan planulae and suggest that such
      catecholamines may function as neurotransmitters, neurohormones or
      neuromodulators during larval development.

PMID- 2906289
TI  - Role of beta-adrenoreceptors in the inhibition of gastric acid secretion after
      duodenal acidification in dogs.
AB  - The role of the adrenergic system in the duodenal mechanisms that inhibit gastric
      acid secretion (GAS) after duodenal acidification (DA) was studied. In 12 mongrel
      dogs, with gastric and duodenal fistulas, six experiments were carried out
      evaluating pentagastrin-stimulated GAS and serum secretin levels: DA (HCl 2
      ml/min) for 1 h (group A); DA (HCl 2 ml/min) for 1 h plus propranolol (group B);
      DA (HCl 2 ml/min) for 1 h plus phentolamine (group C); duodenal instillation of
      saline (2 ml/min) for 1 h (group D); (duodenal instillation of saline (2 ml/min)
      for 1 h plus propranolol (group E), and duodenal instillation of saline (2
      ml/min) for 1 h plus phentolamine (group F). Significantly (p less than 0.05)
      high percentages of inhibition of GAS (49-70.5%) paralleled with increases of
      serum secretin levels (48.4-84%) were noted in group A and C experiments.
      However, DA did not inhibit GAS nor did it increase the levels of secretin in
      group B and D-F experiments. It is concluded that the inhibition of GAS after DA
      is controlled, at least in part, by the action of the beta-adrenoreceptors.

PMID- 2906290
TI  - Alpha 2-antagonist compounds and lipid mobilization: evidence for a lipid
      mobilizing effect of oral yohimbine in healthy male volunteers.
AB  - Investigations were carried out to analyse the interactions of alpha 2
      antagonists (yohimbine, idazoxan, SK & F-86,466) with human fat cell alpha 2
      adrenoceptors. All the alpha 2-antagonists enhanced the lipolytic potencies of
      epinephrine with an order of potency: yohimbine greater than idazoxan greater
      than SK & F-86,466; the same order was also found in 3H-yohimbine competition
      studies on human fat cell membranes. The most potent agent, yohimbine, was
      administered orally in humans to define the conditions of appearance and the time
      course of a putative lipid-mobilizing action. Oral yohimbine administration (0.2
      mg kg-1) elevated plasma glycerol and non-esterified fatty acids in fasting
      healthy subjects without significant action on heart rate or blood pressure
      during the time-course of the experiment. The lipid-mobilizing action of
      yohimbine was reinforced during physical exercise, completely suppressed after a
      meal and partially blocked by administration of propranolol (0.5 mg kg-1; 60 min
      before yohimbine). Plasma norepinephrine concentrations were increased (40-50%)
      after oral yohimbine administration. The rise in plasma catecholamine
      concentration elicited by yohimbine was not modified by propranolol treatment.
      The lipid-mobilizing effect of yohimbine could be attributable to: (i) the
      increase in synaptic norepinephrine with a resultant increment in lipolysis by
      beta-adrenergic agonism; (ii) a decrease in alpha 2-adrenoceptor stimulation of
      human fat cell alpha 2-adrenoceptors; (iii) a blockade of presynaptic alpha 2
      adrenoceptors. The use of highly selective alpha 2-antagonists will allow
      investigations into alpha 2-adrenoceptors, which may represent a novel locus for
      pharmacological intervention in lipid-mobilization strategies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2906291
TI  - Electrophysiological evidence for a functional differentiation between subtypes
      of the 5-HT1 receptor.
AB  - Serotonin (5-HT) neurons in the dorsal (DRN) and median (MRN) raphe nuclei, and
      dopamine (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) were recorded extracellularly
      in the anesthetized rat. Compounds which have a relatively high affinity for the
      5-HT1A or 5-HT1B subtypes of the 5-HT1 receptor were administered and their
      effect on the firing rate of the monoamine cells was determined. 5-HT1A ligands
      were more potent in inhibiting impulse activity in the DRN than in the MRN, but
      had little effect in the SN. In contrast, 5-HT1B ligands increased the firing
      rate of MRN 5-HT units at low doses, and were also effective inhibitors of DA
      cell firing in the SN. These results could be correlated with recently described
      differences in the distribution of the 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptor subtypes, and
      were interpreted as indicating possible functional differentiation between these
      subtypes. In particular, agonist activity at the 5-HT1B autoreceptor site may
      decrease 5-HT release, suggesting a presynaptic locus for this receptor in the
      somatodendritic region. The site also appears to be implicated in 5-HT modulation
      of nigral DA impulse flow.

PMID- 2906292
TI  - Thiocyanate stabilizes AMPA binding to the quisqualate receptor.
AB  - Calcium and chloride ions stimulated [3H]glutamate binding to quisqualate
      sensitive [3H]glutamate binding sites 4-fold, as measured by quantitative
      autoradiography, whereas 100 mM potassium thiocyanate had no additional effect.
      In contrast, calcium and chloride had little effect on the binding of [3H](RS)
      alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid ([3H]AMPA), but 100 mM
      thiocyanate stimulated binding 4-fold. AMPA displaced little [3H]glutamate
      binding from quisqualate-sensitive binding sites in the molecular layer of the
      cerebellum in the absence of thiocyanate. However, in the presence of thiocyanate
      AMPA became a more effective displacer, but still displaced only 44% of the
      quisqualate-sensitive [3H]glutamate binding. The distribution of [3H]glutamate
      binding to quisqualate-sensitive sites was similar to but not identical with that
      of [3H]AMPA binding. However, the distribution of AMPA-displaceable [3H]glutamate
      binding correlated highly (r = 0.97, P less than 0.0005) with that of [3H]AMPA
      binding. The results suggest that AMPA binds to a subclass of quisqualate
      sensitive [3H]glutamate binding sites that are highly influenced by ionic
      environment and that quisqualate-sensitive binding sites exist in several states.

PMID- 2906293
TI  - Regulation of beta-adrenoceptors by catecholamines in the rabbit skeletal muscle.
AB  - (-)-[125I]Cyanopindolol (ICYP) was used to characterise beta-adrenoceptors in the
      gastrocnemius muscle of the rabbit. The binding of ICYP was saturable. The KI
      value for the selective beta 2-adrenoceptor antagonist, ICI 118551, was 0.16 +/-
      0.01 nM (mean +/- S.E.M) and for the selective beta 1-adrenoceptor antagonist,
      metoprolol, was 300.1 +/- 33.3 nM. Hofstee plots for both antagonists were linear
      indicating the presence of homogeneous beta 2-adrenoceptors in the skeletal
      muscle of the rabbit. In gastrocnemius muscles obtained from rabbits chronically
      pretreated in vivo with vehicle (0.1% ascorbic acid), adrenaline (40-50 nmol.kg
      1.h-1) or noradrenaline (80-100 nmol.kg-1.h-1) via osmotic mini-pumps implanted
      for 10 days, the Bmax values were 44 +/- 3, 25 +/- 4 (P less than 0.05) and 41 +/
      7 (fmol.mg-1 protein) and KD values were 7.3 +/- 0.9, 6.3 +/- 0.8 and 9.3 +/-
      2.5 (pM), respectively. Thus pretreatment with the circulating hormone adrenaline
      but not noradrenaline down-regulated the number of skeletal muscle beta 2
      adrenoceptors but did not influence the affinity.

PMID- 2906294
TI  - Effects of benzylic hydroxyl substitution on the alpha-adrenoceptor blocking
      activity of tolazoline.
AB  - The R(-)- and S(+)-enantiomers of alpha-hydroxytolazoline, the benzylic hydroxy
      substituted derivative of the alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist, tolazoline, were
      evaluated at alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptors in canine saphenous vein.
      Benzylic hydroxyl substitution of tolazoline in either the R(-) or S(+)
      configuration significantly decreased affinity at both alpha 1- and alpha 2
      adrenoceptors. Differences in affinity between the R(-)- and S(+)-enantiomers
      were small, which is characteristic of imidazolines, but in marked contrast to
      phenethylamines where enantiomeric differences are large. The rank order of
      affinities at alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptors is tolazoline greater than S(+)
      alpha-hydroxytolazoline = R(-)-alpha-hydroxytolazoline, which is different from
      that order predicted by the Easson-Stedman hypothesis (i.e., R(-) greater than
      S(+) = desoxy). The findings support our contention that phenethylamines and
      imidazolines interact differently with alpha-adrenoceptors.

PMID- 2906295
TI  - Neuronal death in vitro: parallelism between survivability of hippocampal
      neurones and sustained elevation of cytosolic Ca2+ after exposure to glutamate
      receptor agonist.
AB  - Hippocampal neurones isolated from rat embryos were maintained on glial
      monolayers in a medium containing no L-glutamate (Glu). The administration of Glu
      for a limited period induced a massive death (loss) of neurones. The degree of
      neuronal loss increased with time after exposure to Glu. The extent of neuronal
      loss assessed 24 h after exposure to Glu was dependent upon the concentration Glu
      and on the duration of the exposure. An increase in concentration of external
      Ca2+ during the exposure to Glu enhanced the extent of loss. By contrast, an
      increment in concentration of environmental Mg2+ reduced the loss. The inhibitor
      of spike firing, tetrodotoxin (TTX) and the suppressor of Ca2+ entry,
      nitrendipine, both decreased the extent of loss, when delivered prior to Glu. The
      toxicity of Glu became progressively more apparent with further days of culture.
      The cytosolic concentration of Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) in single hippocampal neurones was
      monitored by microscopic fluorometry under conditions equivalent to those in the
      death assay. The time required for the recovery of [Ca2+]i from the level
      elevated by exposure to Glu to pre-stimulus levels closely paralleled the degree
      of neuronal loss; i.e. high doses of Glu, long periods of exposure, high
      concentrations of external Ca2+, low concentrations of external Mg2+, and
      extended days of culture all retarded [Ca2+]i recovery, while TTX and
      nitrendipine accelerated it. These findings show that neuronal death resulting
      from an extraneous excitation (excitotoxicity) can be analyzed in vitro.
      Furthermore, substantial support has been provided to the hypothesis that
      excitotoxicity has an underlying mechanism, an excess loading of Ca2+ in neuronal
      cytoplasm.

PMID- 2906296
TI  - Structural requirements for activation of excitatory amino acid receptors in the
      rat spinal cord in vitro.
AB  - The conformational requirements for activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and
      quisqualate (QUIS) excitatory amino acid receptors on rat spinal neurones in
      vitro have been examined using a number of conformationally restricted compounds
      related to L-glutamate (L-GLU). The excitants were assigned to a receptor type on
      the basis of their susceptibility to blockade by D (-)-2-amino-5-phosphonvalerate
      (DAPV) and kynurenate (KYNA). When iontophoretically applied to unidentified
      neurones in the dorsal horn of spinal cord slices maintained in vitro, three of
      the isomers of 1-amino-1,3-cyclopentane dicarboxylate (ACPD) evoked excitations
      which were DAPV-sensitive and therefore were probably elicited via NMDA
      receptors. The fourth isomer (D-trans-(1R,3S)-ACPD) resembled quinolinate (QUIN)
      in its actions, and differed from both NMDA and QUIS. Several pyridine
      derivatives in addition to QUIN were tested, and both the 2,5- and 2,6-pyridine
      dicarboxylates evoked excitations which, like those produced by QUIS and L-GLU,
      were largely unaffected by both DAPV and KYNA and thus appeared due to activation
      of the QUIS receptor. 2,4-Pyridine dicarboxylate acted as a weak and unselective
      antagonist of amino acid-induced excitations. The results support an earlier
      conclusion that compounds reacting with the NMDA receptor do so in an extended
      configuration whereas the QUIS receptor has a more folded template. The
      possibility that QUIN reacts with a receptor different from those activated by
      other amino acids is considered.

PMID- 2906297
TI  - Behaviour of several enzymes of fetal chick intestine in tissue culture.
AB  - The behaviour of several enzymes is described of the fetal chick duodenum in
      tissue culture in a defined medium free of serum and hormones. During culture the
      activity of sucrase, maltase, alanine aminopeptidase, and gamma
      glutamyltransferase is raised in tissue explants, whereas the activity of other
      enzymes (dipeptidyl peptidase IV, leucine amino-peptidase, alkaline phosphatase)
      remains constant. After culture, depending on the enzyme, a varying amount of
      activity is found in the medium, a part of which can be sedimented by
      ultracentrifugation. Sucrase is subject to the strongest increase in activity
      during culture and thus should represent a sensitive marker for investigating
      maturation processes in the fetal intestine and their disturbances.

PMID- 2906298
TI  - Byciclic compounds with potential antiulcer and/or antisecretory activity. III--2
      substituted tetrahydrothiazolo-[5,4-c]pyridines.
AB  - As the ultimate result of a long-term search for new bicyclic molecules
      potentially endowed with antiulcer and/or antisecretory activity, simple urea
      derivatives of 2-guanidino-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothiazolo[5,4-c]pyridine [(VIII),
      Fig. 1; X = 0, R = alkyl], displaying a strong inhibition of stress- and ASA
      induced gastric ulcers and of basal gastric secretion, were found. Their potency
      does compare very favourably with that of cimetidine and ranitidine and
      approaches that of famotidine. On spontaneously beating guinea pig atria they
      behaved as inhibitors of the histamine H2-receptor. In contrast with cimetidine
      and ranitidine but like other recently described inhibitors (famotidine
      included), the most active compounds (VIII) caused a surmountable antagonism only
      at low concentrations and an unsurmountable antagonism at higher concentrations.
      The onset of action was slow, while the inhibitory effect was hardly reversed by
      washing. The rational development of the research and the synthetic approach, as
      well as a quantitative assessment of both in vitro and in vivo potencies in
      comparison with the best known, clinically used drugs, are shown in detail.

PMID- 2906299
TI  - Studies on the mechanism of salicylate-induced increase of insulin secretion in
      man.
AB  - Salicylate compounds are known to increase basal and stimulated insulin secretion
      in man. In our studies, infusion of lysine acetylsalicylate (72 mg/min) increased
      basal insulin levels and amplified insulin responses to glucose (5 g i.v.),
      arginine (5 g i.v.) and tolbutamide (1 g i.v.). Verapamil, an organic calcium
      antagonist, did not modify LAS-induced increase of basal insulin levels, but
      reduced the effect of LAS on glucose-induced insulin secretion. Calcitonin and
      somatostatin, two agents that inhibit basal and glucose-stimulated insulin
      secretion, inhibited the insulin response to glucose in presence of LAS infusion.
      The ability of salicylate compounds to augment insulin secretion might be due to
      multiple sites of action in the Beta-cells.

PMID- 2906300
TI  - Interaction of growth hormone-releasing factor and somatostatin on ulcer healing
      and mucosal growth in rats: role of gastrin and epidermal growth factor.
AB  - Growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF) was reported to possess the growth
      promoting action on the gastroduodenal mucosa that can be augmented by removal of
      endogenous somatostatin. Since mucosal proliferation was considered to contribute
      to healing of chronic gastroduodenal ulcerations, we designed the study to
      determine the interaction of GRF and somatostatin on the healing rate of acetic
      acid-induced chronic gastric and duodenal ulcers and on the growth of
      gastroduodenal mucosa in rats. GRF injected subcutaneously twice daily at 100
      micrograms/kg/day for 7 days resulted in a significant enhancement of healing
      rate of both gastric and duodenal ulcerations and this was accompanied by a
      significant increase in the weight of the mucosa and the contents of RNA and DNA.
      GRF also significantly increased serum gastrin levels and the tissue contents of
      epidermal growth factor (EGF) in salivary glands, duodenum and pancreas,
      suggesting that both gastrin and EGF could contribute to mucosal trophic and
      ulcer healing effects of GRF. Somatostatin (100 micrograms/kg/day for 7 days)
      abolished almost completely the ulcer healing and mucosal growth-promoting
      effects of GRF and this was accompanied by the reduction in serum gastrin level
      and the tissue contents of EGF suggesting that the suppression of gastrin and EGF
      release could contribute to the observed effects of somatostatin. We conclude
      that GRF has both the ulcer healing and the mucosal trophic actions which can be
      antagonized by somatostatin and that gastrin and EGF may be implicated in these
      actions.

PMID- 2906301
TI  - Different effects of intraperitoneal or subcutaneous administration of H2
      antagonists on pancreatic response to chronic administration of caerulein in
      rats.
AB  - This study deals with the effect of H2-receptor antagonists on pancreatic
      response to chronic administration of caerulein. Caerulein was administered alone
      or combined with cimetidine, ranitidine or famotidine twice a day in various
      regimes. At the end of treatment, pure pancreatic juice was collected after
      hormonal stimulation. Then, the rats were killed, and growth and composition of
      the pancreatic tissue were determined. Caerulein increased pancreatic weight and
      enzyme content as well as volume and enzyme activity of pancreatic juice. When
      given alone the three H2-receptor antagonists were totally ineffective. Both
      ranitidine and famotidine, but not cimetidine, significantly reduced pancreatic
      response to chronic administration of caerulein only when given intraperitoneally
      together with caerulein. On the contrary, separate applications of caerulein and
      ranitidine (or famotidine) did not influence caerulein-stimulated pancreatic
      growth or enzyme secretion. Moreover, in rats treated both intraperitoneally and
      subcutaneously with caerulein, the H2-antagonists reduced the pancreatic response
      only partially and in proportion to the intraperitoneal dose of caerulein. The
      responsiveness of pancreatic tissue to subcutaneous caerulein was not modified.
      The results suggest that H2-receptor antagonists induce (1) impaired uptake of
      caerulein when given together with peptide, but (2) have no specific inhibitory
      effect on pancreatic response to caerulein.

PMID- 2906302
TI  - [Diet and brain metabolism].

PMID- 2906303
TI  - Effects of amino acid substitutions at the active site in Escherichia coli beta
      galactosidase.
AB  - Forty-nine amino acid substitutions were made at four positions in the
      Escherichia coli enzyme beta-galactosidase; three of the four targeted amino
      acids are thought to be part of the active site. Many of the substitutions were
      made by converting the appropriate codon in lacZ to an amber codon, and using one
      of 12 suppressor strains to introduce the replacement amino acid. Glu-461 and Tyr
      503 were replaced, independently, with 13 amino acids. All 26 of the strains
      containing mutant enzymes are Lac-. Enzyme activity is reduced to less than 10%
      of wild type by substitutions at Glu-461 and to less than 1% of wild type by
      substitutions at Tyr-503. Many of the mutant enzymes have less than 0.1% wild
      type activity. His-464 and Met-3 were replaced with 11 and 12 amino acids,
      respectively. Strains containing any one of these mutant proteins are Lac+. The
      results support previous evidence that Glu-461 and Tyr-503 are essential for
      catalysis, and suggest that His-464 is not part of the active site. Site-directed
      mutagenesis was facilitated by construction of an f1 bacteriophage containing the
      complete lacZ gene on a single EcoRI fragment.

PMID- 2906304
TI  - Recombination within a subclass of restriction fragment length polymorphisms may
      help link classical and molecular genetics.
AB  - Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) are being used to construct
      complete linkage maps for many eukaryotic genomes. These RFLP maps can be used to
      predict the inheritance of important phenotypic loci and will assist in the
      molecular cloning of linked gene(s) which affect phenotypes of scientific,
      medical and agronomic importance. However, genetic linkage implies very little
      about the actual physical distances between loci. An assay is described which
      uses genetic recombinants to measure physical distance from a DNA probe to linked
      phenotypic loci. We have defined the subset of all RFLPs which have polymorphic
      restriction sites at both ends as class II RFLPs. The frequency of class II RFLPs
      is computed as a function of sequence divergence and total RFLP frequency for
      highly divergent genomes. Useful frequencies exist between organisms which differ
      by more than 7% in DNA sequence. Recombination within class II RFLPs will produce
      fragments of novel sizes which can be assayed by pulsed field electrophoresis to
      estimate physical distance in kilobase pairs between linked RFLP and phenotypic
      loci. This proposed assay should have particular applications to crop plants
      where highly divergent and polymorphic species are often genetically compatible
      and thus, where class II RFLPs will be most frequent.

PMID- 2906305
TI  - Chloroplast DNA diversity in populations of wild and cultivated barley.
AB  - Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) diversity was found within and among populations (245
      accessions total) of wild barley, Hordeum vulgare L. ssp. spontaneum Koch from
      Israel and Iran. Three polymorphic restriction sites (HindIII, EcoRI, BclI) which
      define three distinct cpDNA lineages were detected. One lineage is common to
      populations in the Hule Valley and Kinneret of northern Israel, and in Iran. The
      second lineage is found predominantly in the Lower Jordan Valley and Negev. The
      distribution of the third lineage is scattered but widespread throughout Israel.
      Sixty two accessions of cultivated barleys, H. vulgare L., were found, with two
      exceptions, to belong to just one cpDNA lineage of wild barley, indicating that
      the cpDNA of cultivated barley is less variable than its wild ancestor. These
      results demonstrate the need for assessing intraspecific cpDNA variability prior
      to choosing single accessions for phylogenetic constructions at the species level
      and higher.

PMID- 2906306
TI  - Maize glutamine synthetase cDNAs: isolation by direct genetic selection in
      Escherichia coli.
AB  - Maize glutamine synthetase cDNA clones were isolated by genetic selection for
      functional rescue of an Escherichia coli delta glnA mutant growing on medium
      lacking glutamine. The Black Mexican Sweet cDNA library used in this study was
      constructed in pUC13 such that cDNA sense strands were transcribed under the
      control of the lac promoter. E. coli delta glnA cells were transformed with cDNA
      library plasmid DNA, grown briefly in rich medium to allow phenotypic expression
      of the cDNAs and the pUC13 ampr gene, and challenged to grow on agar medium
      lacking glutamine. Large numbers of glutamine synthetase cDNA clones have been
      identified in individual 150-mm Petri dishes; all characterized cDNA clones carry
      complete coding sequences. Two cDNAs identical except for different 5' and 3'
      termini have been sequenced. The major open reading frame predicts a protein with
      an amino acid sequence that exhibits striking similarity to the amino acid
      sequences of the predicted products of previously sequenced eukaryotic glutamine
      synthetase cDNAs and genes. In addition, the maize glutamine synthetase cDNAs
      were shown to contain a 5' mini-ORF of 29 codons separated by 37 nucleotide pairs
      from the major ORF. This mini-ORF was shown not to be essential for the
      functional rescue of the E. coli delta glnA mutant. Expression of the cDNAs in E.
      coli is presumed to be due to the function of a polycistronic hybrid lac
      messenger RNA or translational fusions encoded by the pUC plasmids. Proteins of
      the expected sizes encoded by two different pUC clones were shown to react with
      antibodies to tobacco glutamine synthetase.

PMID- 2906307
TI  - Ribosomal gene structure, variation and inheritance in maize and its ancestors.
AB  - We have examined the structure of nuclear genes coding for ribosomal RNAs in
      maize and its wild relatives, the teosintes and Tripsacum. Digestion of the rDNA
      (genes coding for 18S, 5.8S and 26S RNAs) with 15 restriction endonucleases (with
      six base pair recognition sites) yields essentially a single map for the
      approximately 10,000 repeat units within an individual plant or species. Both
      length and site variation were detected among species and were concentrated in
      the intergenic spacer region of the rDNA repeat unit. This result is in agreement
      with patterns of rDNA change observed among wheat and its relatives (Triticeae),
      and among vertebrate species. Digestion of these nuclear DNAs with BamHI and
      subsequent hybridization with a 5S RNA gene-specific probe allowed determination
      of the size of the 5S gene repeat unit in maize, teosintes, and Tripsacum.
      Groupings in the genus Zea were characterized by distinct repeat unit types five
      Tripsacum species examined shared a 260 base pair major repeat unit type.
      Additionally, several other restriction endonuclease cleavage patterns
      differentiated among the 5S DNAs within the genus Zea. The rDNA and 5S DNA
      restriction site variation among the species can be interpreted phylogenetically
      and agrees with biochemical, karyotypic, and morphological evidence that places
      maize closest to the Mexican teosintes. For both gene arrays, contributions from
      each parental genome can be detected by restriction enzyme analysis of progeny
      from crosses between maize and two distantly related teosintes, Zea luxurians or
      Zea diploperennis, but certain teosinte arrays were underrepresented in some of
      the hybrids.

PMID- 2906308
TI  - Comparison of non-mutant and mutant waxy genes in rice and maize.
AB  - The waxy gene, which is responsible for the synthesis of amylose in endosperm and
      pollen, is genetically well characterized in many grasses including maize and
      rice. Homology between the previously cloned maize waxy gene and the rice gene
      has facilitated our cloning of a 15-kb HindIII fragment that contains the entire
      rice gene. A comparison of the restriction maps of the maize and rice genes
      indicates that many restriction sites within translated exons are conserved. In
      addition, the rice gene encodes a 2.4-kb transcript that programs the in vitro
      synthesis of a 64-kD pre-protein which is efficiently precipitated with maize
      waxy antisera. We demonstrate that these gene products are altered in rice
      strains containing mutant waxy genes. Southern blot analysis of 16 rice strains,
      ten containing waxy mutations, reveals that the waxy gene and flanking
      restriction fragments are virtually identical. These results contrast
      dramatically with the high level of insertions and deletions associated with
      restriction fragment length polymorphism and spontaneous mutations among the waxy
      alleles of maize.

PMID- 2906309
TI  - Genetic analysis of the fungus, Bremia lactucae, using restriction fragment
      length polymorphisms.
AB  - Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) were developed as genetic
      markers for Bremia lactucae, the biotrophic Oomycete fungus which causes lettuce
      downy mildew. By using 55 genomic and cDNA probes, a total of 61 RFLP loci were
      identified among three heterothallic isolates of B. lactucae. Of these 61 RFLP
      loci, 53 were heterozygous in at least one of the three strains and thus were
      informative for linkage analysis in at least one of two F1 crosses that were
      performed. Analysis of the cosegregation of these 53 RFLPs, eight avirulence loci
      and the mating type locus allowed the construction of a preliminary genetic
      linkage map consisting of 13 small linkage groups. Based on the extent of linkage
      detected among probes, the genome of B. lactucae can be estimated to be
      approximately 2000 cM. Linkage was detected between a RFLP locus and an
      avirulence gene, providing a potential starting point for chromosome walking to
      clone an avirulence gene. The high frequency of DNA polymorphism in naturally
      occurring isolates and the proper Mendelian segregation of loci detected by low
      copy number probes indicates that it will be possible to construct a detailed
      genetic map of B. lactucae using RFLPs as markers. The method of analysis
      employed here should be applicable to many other outbreeding, heterozygous
      species for which defined inbred lines are not available.

PMID- 2906310
TI  - Cloning and nucleotide sequence of the Streptomyces coelicolor gene encoding
      glutamine synthetase.
AB  - The Streptomyces coelicolor glutamine synthetase (GS) structural gene (glnA) was
      cloned by complementing the glutamine growth requirement of an Escherichia coli
      strain containing a deletion of its glnALG operon. Expression of the cloned S.
      coelicolor glnA gene in E. coli cells was found to require an E. coli plasmid
      promoter. The nucleotide sequence of an S. coelicolor 2280-bp DNA segment
      containing the glnA gene was determined and the complete glnA amino acid sequence
      deduced. Comparison of the derived S. coelicolor GS protein sequence with the
      amino acid sequences of GS from other bacteria suggests that the S. coelicolor GS
      protein is more similar to the GS proteins from Gram-negative bacteria than it is
      with the GS proteins from two Gram-positive bacteria, Bacillus subtilis and
      Clostridium acetobutylicum.

PMID- 2906311
TI  - Sequence of the Bacillus subtilis glutamine synthetase gene region.
AB  - The nucleotide sequence of the glutamine synthetase (GS) region of Bacillus
      subtilis has been determined and found to contain several unique features. An
      open reading frame (ORF) upstream of the GS structural gene is part of the same
      operon as GS and is involved in regulation. Two downstream ORFs are separated
      from glnA by an apparent Rho-independent termination site. One of the downstream
      ORFs encodes a very hydrophobic polypeptide and contains its own potential RNA
      polymerase and ribosome-binding sites. The derived amino acid (aa) sequence of B.
      subtilis GS is similar to that of several other prokaryotes, especially to the GS
      of Clostridium acetobutylicum. The B. subtilis and C. acetobutylicum enzymes
      differ from the others in the lack of a stretch of about 25 aa as well as the
      presence of extra cysteine residues in a region known to contain regulatory as
      well as catalytic mutations. The region around the tyrosine residue that is
      adenylylated in GS from many species is fairly similar in the B. subtilis GS
      despite its lack of adenylylation.

PMID- 2906312
TI  - Structural homology between virulence-associated bacterial adenylate cyclases.
AB  - The primary structure of the calmodulin-sensitive adenylate cyclase toxin from
      Bacillus anthracis has been determined from the corresponding nucleotide sequence
      and compared to that of the homologous toxin secreted by Bordetella pertussis.
      The cya gene of Bacillus anthracis encodes an 800 amino acid (aa) protein
      beginning with an N-terminal signal peptide. The central part of the B. anthracis
      adenylate cyclase includes a region of striking homology with the N-terminal part
      of the B. pertussis enzyme. In this region a particularly well conserved 24-aa
      peptide and two other less homologous peptides have been identified. These data
      corroborate the immunological relatedness of the two enzymes and suggest that the
      two prokaryotic calmodulin-sensitive adenylate cyclases originate from a common
      ancestor.

PMID- 2906313
TI  - Studies on locus expansion, library representation, and chromosome walking using
      an efficient method to screen cosmid libraries.
AB  - We have developed an efficient screening method to search for clones in cosmid
      libraries prepared from human genomic DNA. Genomic, cDNA, and cosmid probes have
      been used to isolate homologous cosmids from human chromosomes 7, 10, 16, 17 and
      X as part of a search for polymorphic nucleotide sequences. This method has been
      successfully applied to chromosome walking experiments at the interstitial
      retinol-binding protein locus on chromosome 10, and may be a useful tool for
      investigating representation of cloned sequences in cosmid libraries. Our library
      was prepared in the vector c2RB (Bates and Swift, 1983), but the method is
      applicable to any cosmid cloning system in which the inserted DNA can be
      separated from the vector by restriction enzyme digestion. A cosmid library
      containing five human genome equivalents can be rapidly screened using three to
      four Southern hybridization filters. This results in substantial labor saving,
      particularly when screening genomes of high complexity with many different
      probes. Another advantage of the system is that it allows for the long-term
      storage of the cosmids so that they can be screened whenever necessary. As a
      consequence, cosmid screening can be made a routine laboratory procedure.

PMID- 2906314
TI  - Sequence of mdr3 cDNA encoding a human P-glycoprotein.
AB  - We have determined the sequence of the human mdr3 gene using cDNA derived from
      liver RNA. The mdr3 gene codes for a member of a family of membrane proteins, the
      P-glycoproteins, overproduced in many multi-drug-resistant (MDR) cell lines. Like
      its relatives, the protein encoded by mdr3 has a deduced Mr of 140,000, which is
      presumably increased by glycosylation after synthesis. The sequence consists of
      two similar halves, each with a series of six hydrophobic segments that may form
      a membrane channel. The halves also possess nucleotide-binding consensus
      sequences, which presumably act as ATPases and drive drug transport. The presumed
      ATPase domains are all but identical to those of the human mdr1 gene product
      [Chen et al., Cell 47 (1986) 381-389]. We attribute this high level of sequence
      conservation to the repeated gene conversion that is evident from segments in
      which mdr1 and mdr3 differ only in a few silent mutations. Divergence between P
      glycoprotein family members is greatest at the N terminus and in the 60 amino
      acid linker connecting the two halves. In the putative trans-membrane domains
      approx. 80% of the amino acids are conserved between the products of mdr1 and
      mdr3. Although the function of mdr3 is not yet known, its high homology with mdr1
      suggests that it also encodes an efflux pump with broad specificity.

PMID- 2906315
TI  - [Effects of prazosin, SGB-1534, dobutamine and isoproterenol on congestive heart
      failure in dogs].
AB  - Effects of prazosin, dobutamine, isoproterenol and SGB-1534, a new alpha
      blockade, on congestive heart failure (CHF) in dogs were investigated. The model
      was made by protease injection into the left ventricular free wall, saline
      loading, and dextran and methoxamine infusions. By this maneuver, left atrial
      pressure (LAP), systemic vascular resistance (SVR) and left ventricular end
      diastolic pressure (LVEDP) were markedly increased, aortic blood flow (AoBF) was
      decreased, and systemic blood pressure was unchanged. In this model, the
      intravenous administration of prazosin (0.1 approximately 10.0 micrograms/kg,
      i.v.) increased AoBF and decreased LAP in a dose-dependent manner. The
      improvement of the CHF by prazosin was considered to result from its vasodilating
      action. SGB-1534 (0.1 approximately 10.0 micrograms/kg, i.v.) improved the CHF
      mainly through its vasodilating and positive inotropic actions, which is because
      SGB-1534 decreased SVR and increased Vmax. The magnitudes of vasodilation by SGB
      1534 was greater than those by prazosin. These data indicate that SGB-1534 is
      useful in the treatment of CHF. Both dobutamine (5 approximately 100
      micrograms/kg, i.v.) and isoproterenol (0.001 approximately 0.1 micrograms/kg,
      i.v.) improved the CHF through their vasodilating and positive inotropic actions
      in the canine CHF. The ratio of positive inotropism/vasodilation was greater for
      dobutamine than isoproterenol. The vasoconstriction by the large dose of
      dobutamine might participate in this difference between dobutamine and
      isoproterenol.

PMID- 2906316
TI  - [Antiallergic effects of mequitazine. 2. In vivo experiments].
AB  - Antiallergic effects of mequitazine were investigated in vivo and compared with
      those of ketotifen and disodium cromoglycate (DSCG). The results obtained were as
      follows: 1) Mequitazine in doses of 2 and 5 mg/kg given, p.o., 1 hr prior to
      antigen challenge inhibited dose-dependently the 48-hr passive cutaneous
      anaphylaxis in rats. Five mg/kg of mequitazine showed almost the same extent of
      inhibitory activity as that of 1 mg/kg of ketotifen. An i.v. administration of 1
      mg/kg DSCG 1 min before antigen challenge also showed a marked inhibition. 2) The
      experimental asthma induced by challenge with an i.v. injection of antigen in
      passively sensitized guinea pigs was fairly inhibited by the pretreatment with 5
      mg/kg of mequitazine administered p.o., although 2 mg/kg of this drug showed only
      a slight inhibition. 3) The experimental asthma induced by aerosolized antigen
      was also fairly inhibited by the pretreatment with 5 mg/kg of mequitazine given
      p.o.

PMID- 2906317
TI  - Propranolol as a primary treatment of neuroleptic-induced akathisia.
AB  - We conducted a randomized, double-blind clinical trial of propranolol versus
      placebo as a single treatment of neuroleptic-induced akathisia in eleven
      schizophrenic patients. Neither propranolol nor placebo treated patients showed a
      significant improvement in akathisia. While propranolol may be useful as an
      adjunct to anticholinergic medication in the treatment of neuroleptic-induced
      akathisia, propranolol does not appear to be effective within 48 hours as a
      primary treatment in a select group of schizophrenic patients.

PMID- 2906318
TI  - Treatment of the agitated demented elderly patient.

PMID- 2906319
TI  - Recent advances in the psychopharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders.
AB  - The authors review recent progress in the pharmacological treatment of anxiety
      disorders. Most research within the last five years has focused on panic
      disorder; the findings include support for the usefulness of imipramine and
      clomipramine and probably other agents; evidence that the benzodiazepines
      alprazolam, diazepam, lorazepam, and clonazepam are approximately equally
      effective as antipanic agents; and high variability in relapse rates after
      discontinuation of drug treatment. Further work is required to determine whether
      buspirone and other forthcoming serotonin agonist drugs have a role in treating
      panic disorder and other anxiety disorders. For generalized anxiety disorder,
      scientific studies do not support the effectiveness of beta blocker; tricyclics
      may be potentially useful. Psychopharmacological treatments for social phobia,
      obsessive-compulsive disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder are also
      reviewed.

PMID- 2906320
TI  - How to examine patients using the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale.
AB  - The Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) examination has been widely
      recommended for periodic screening for tardive dyskinesia and follow-up of
      patients diagnosed with the disorder. However, few guidelines exist about how to
      use the examination in clinical practice. The authors discuss for whom, when, and
      how the AIMS examination can be used in a multidisciplinary setting; amplify the
      original instructions for the examination; and propose conventions to clarify
      scoring. Noting that the AIMS examination is not specific for tardive dyskinesia,
      they discuss a clinical approach to the patient who is found to have abnormal
      movements. The AIMS examination is best conducted within the context of an
      ongoing treatment program, the authors say, and should be part of the informed
      consent process necessary with patients treated with neuroleptic drugs.

PMID- 2906321
TI  - Neuroleptic dose reduction for schizophrenic outpatients: a three-year follow-up
      study.

PMID- 2906322
TI  - Localization of the FGR protooncogene on the genetic linkage map of human
      chromosome 1p.
AB  - A restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) at the human FGR gene, a member
      of the src family of protooncogenes, has been identified and used to locate FGR
      on the genetic linkage map of human chromosome 1p. Single-copy sequences
      subcloned from a cosmid containing the human FGR gene were used to screen a panel
      of genomic DNAs for RFLPs. One plasmid, designated pB8, detected a high-frequency
      EcoRI RFLP (allele frequencies, 0.57/0.43). Analysis of a panel of somatic cell
      hybrids demonstrated that pB8 maps to the region 1p31-pter. Genetic linkage
      analysis of the 40 families provided by the Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme
      Humain (CEPH) showed that FGR maps to a location 3.1 cM from the Rh blood group
      locus (RH), and falls in the 17.5-cM gap between alpha-fucosidase (FUCA1) and
      D1S57. The relative gene order of RH and FGR could not be determined
      unequivocally, but the most favored gene order was 1pter-PND-ALPL-FUCA1-FGR-RH
      D1S57-MYCL.

PMID- 2906323
TI  - Genetic linkage map of human chromosome 21.
AB  - Two of the most common disorders affecting the human nervous system, Down
      syndrome and Alzheimer's disease, involve genes residing on human chromosome 21.
      A genetic linkage map of human chromosome 21 has been constructed using 13
      anonymous DNA markers and cDNAs encoding the genes for superoxide dismutase 1
      (SOD1) and the precursor of Alzheimer's amyloid beta peptide (APP). Segregation
      of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) for these genes and DNA
      markers was traced in a large Venezuelan kindred established as a "reference"
      pedigree for human linkage analysis. The 15 loci form a single linkage group
      spanning 81 cM on the long arm of chromosome 21, with a markedly increased
      frequency of recombination occurring toward the telomere. Consequently, 40% of
      the genetic length of the long arm corresponds to less than 10% of its
      cytogenetic length, represented by the terminal half of 21q22.3. Females
      displayed greater recombination than males throughout the linkage group, with the
      difference being most striking for markers just below the centromere. Definition
      of the linkage relationships for these chromosome 21 markers will help refine the
      map position of the familial Alzheimer's disease gene and facilitate
      investigation of the role of recombination in nondisjunction associated with Down
      syndrome.

PMID- 2906324
TI  - Construction of a chromosome 15-specific linking library and identification of
      potential gene sequences.
AB  - We have tested a strategy for the construction of a total restriction fragment
      map of a human chromosome and the rapid isolation of a great number of genes from
      a specific chromosome. The strategy is based on the cloning of chromosome
      specific CpG-rich DNA sequences which are present at the 5' end of many genes.
      This approach has two important implications: (i) the clones can be used to probe
      pulsed-field gradient gel blots and link restriction fragments generated by CpG
      restriction endonucleases, and (ii) the finding of tight genetic or physical
      linkage between one of these gene probes and a given hereditary disease would
      make the marker a good candidate gene for this disease. We have constructed a
      chromosome 15-specific linking library and identified potential gene sequences.

PMID- 2906325
TI  - Regional localization of the autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease locus.
AB  - The localization of the autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease locus (PKD1)
      within an array of anonymous polymorphic DNA sequences on chromosome 16 band p13
      was determined by multipoint mapping. Nine polymorphic DNA markers, including two
      hypervariable sequences, were used to study 19 PKD1 and 21 reference families.
      PKD1 was found to lie proximal to the 3' and 5' hypervariable regions of alpha
      globin and distal to the anonymous sequence CRI-0327. Somatic cell hybrid mapping
      places PKD1 within the region 16p13.11-16pter. The availability of an array of
      linked markers which bracket the PKD1 locus provides a framework for further
      attempts to identify the PKD1 gene and offers an improved method of
      presymptomatic diagnosis of the disease.

PMID- 2906327
TI  - Multilocus molecular mapping of the mouse X chromosome.
AB  - Using restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) and enzymatic variants
      between distantly related mouse species, we have assigned three genes to the
      mouse X chromosome and concurrently mapped a total of eight genes spanning an
      estimated 50 cM of the chromosome. Segregation of RFLPs in over 200 male progeny
      from interspecies backcrosses between the inbred strain C57BL/6JRos and either
      wild-derived Mus musculus or Mus spretus was followed for the murine genes Timp
      (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases), Cf-8 (coagulation factor VIII), and
      Rsvp (red-sensitive visual pigment) and the known X-linked markers Otc, Hprt, Cf
      9, G6pd, and Ags. From the centromere, the gene order was defined as Otc, Timp,
      Hprt, Cf-9, (Cf-8/Rsvp/G6pd), Ags, by minimizing the number of multiple
      recombinational events. No significant differences in map order or frequency of
      recombination were observed between the two backcross series studied. The use of
      Southern analysis has allowed us to add new genes to the map in a cumulative
      manner, and as probes become available, additional markers can be mapped, using
      the same set of mice, by utilizing existing blots or resampling the DNAs. The use
      of probes for functional genes has allowed us to directly compare the X
      chromosomes of mouse and man and has provided insight into chromosomal
      rearrangements which have occurred during the evolutionary divergence of these
      species, as well as to define the extent of linkage homologies.

PMID- 2906326
TI  - Two thyroid hormone regulated genes, the beta-subunits of nerve growth factor
      (NGFB) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSHB), are located less than 310 kb apart
      in both human and mouse genomes.
AB  - Two thyroid hormone regulated genes, the beta-subunits of nerve growth factor
      (NGFB) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSHB), have been assigned to mouse
      chromosome 3 and human chromosome 1p22. We have used the techniques of linkage
      analysis and pulsed field gel electrophoresis to determine the proximity of these
      two antithetically regulated genes in this conserved linkage group. Four novel
      restriction fragment length polymorphisms were identified at the human TSHB gene.
      Two-point linkage analysis between TSHB and NGFB in 46 families, including the
      Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain (CEPH) reference panel, demonstrated no
      recombination (theta = 0.00, Z = 42.8). Analysis of this region by pulsed field
      gel electrophoresis showed that the genes for TSHB and NGFB are located less than
      310 kb apart in man and 220 kb in the mouse.

PMID- 2906328
TI  - Gene organization of murine homeobox-containing gene clusters.
AB  - A chromosomal walk which links a previously described and a new homeobox to the
      Hox-2 murine homeobox gene cluster is described, and the nucleotide sequence of
      the new homeobox is presented. With these new data the Hox-2 gene cluster
      contains seven loci on an approximately 100-kb-long physical map. Homology
      comparisons reveal that a significant number of vertebrate homeoboxes are in fact
      analogous. We also find that the linear order of homologous homeoboxes is similar
      in the two murine gene complexes, Hox-1 and Hox-2, and among the human homeobox
      loci on chromosome 17. Conservation of the homeo-domain and the linear gene order
      of homeobox-containing genes in vertebrates is discussed in light of the
      interactions and the anteroposterior linear order of homeotic loci in insects.

PMID- 2906329
TI  - Partial digestion with restriction enzymes of ultraviolet-irradiated human
      genomic DNA: a method for identifying restriction site polymorphisms.
AB  - A method for partial digestion of total human DNA with restriction enzymes has
      been developed on the basis of a principle already utilized by P.A. Whittaker and
      E. Southern (1986, Gene 41: 129-134) for the analysis of phage lambda
      recombinants. Total human DNA irradiated with uv light of 254 nm is partially
      digested by restriction enzymes that recognize sequences containing adjacent
      thymidines because of TT dimer formation. The products resulting from partial
      digestion of specific genomic regions are detected in Southern blots by genomic
      unique DNA probes with high reproducibility. This procedure is rapid and simple
      to perform because the same conditions of uv irradiation are used for different
      enzymes and probes. It is shown that restriction site polymorphisms occurring in
      the genomic regions analyzed are recognized by the "allelic" partial digest
      patterns they determine.

PMID- 2906330
TI  - Drug therapy in childhood hypertension.

PMID- 2906331
TI  - Effects of acidic and basic fibroblast growth factors (aFGF and bFGF) on the
      proliferation and the glutamine synthetase expression of rat astroblasts in
      culture.
AB  - The two fibroblast growth factors called acidic and basic FGF (aFGF and bFGF)
      show a strong homology (55%) of their amino acid sequence (Esch et al.: Proc.
      Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 85:6507-6511, 1985). The effects of these factors on the rate
      of proliferation of rat astroblasts and on the expression of glutamine synthetase
      activity in cells grown in primary culture were investigated and compared under
      various culture conditions. In all the experimental conditions used, both growth
      factors triggered the proliferation of the cells to the same extent and with
      similar dose dependence. The mitogenic activities of aFGF and bFGF were
      potentiated similarly by heparan sulfate and by heparin, with a maximum
      stimulation of about 100% at 100 micrograms/ml heparin. Treatment of the cells
      with either of the two factors resulted in identical enhancement of the activity
      of glutamine synthetase relative to total proteins. These results suggest that
      both factors act either through the same membrane receptors or through different
      receptors that mediate nearly identical effects.

PMID- 2906332
TI  - Alcoholism: scientific basis of a neuropsychogenetic disease.
AB  - Until recently alcoholism was regarded as being an incurable psychological
      problem. During the last decade a chain of research has led to a new insight into
      the causes and potential alleviation of alcohol craving: Recent discoveries
      indicate that the brain has receptor sites for naturally occurring opiate-like
      substances (endorphins and enkephalins) which are produced by the nervous system.
      Opiates such as morphine or heroin, and some of the metabolic products of alcohol
      (tetrahydroisoquinolines), can also attach themselves to these receptors. It has
      been further discovered that the craving for alcohol is related to a deficiency
      of the naturally occurring opiate-like substances as well as other
      neurotransmitter substances. This deficiency can occur genetically or as a result
      of prolonged stress or long-term heavy drinking. The neurochemical imbalance may
      be treated chemically, leading to a possible alleviation of the craving for
      alcohol, especially in conjunction with psychotherapeutic and counseling
      regimens.

PMID- 2906333
TI  - Serological evidence of hantavirus infection in laboratory rats and personnel.
AB  - Laboratory-acquired haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) has been
      reported in many countries. A serological survey of laboratory white rats and of
      laboratory personnel for antibodies to hantaviruses was conducted in Singapore.
      Forty-four per cent (143/329) of rats were seropositive by the indirect
      immunofluorescent antibody test but none had hantaviral antigens in lung tissues.
      Two of 74 laboratory personnel were seropositive but neither had a history of
      clinical illness. The high seropositivity rate among laboratory rats led to their
      replacement with Hantaan virus-free strains. To eliminate the hazard of
      laboratory-acquired HFRS, regular serological screening of laboratory rats and
      replacement of infected animals with seronegative stocks should be implemented.
      High risk techniques with laboratory rats, which are likely to generate aerosols,
      should be performed in biological safety cabinets. Serological surveillance of
      laboratory personnel and reporting of suspected HFRS cases are useful in the
      early detection of hantavirus infection.

PMID- 2906334
TI  - Estrogen replacement therapy. Symposium proceedings. San Francisco, California,
      April 1985.

PMID- 2906335
TI  - Preventing postmenopausal osteoporosis with estrogen replacement therapy.

PMID- 2906336
TI  - Metabolism of oral estrogen.

PMID- 2906337
TI  - Estrogen replacement therapy for atrophic vaginitis.

PMID- 2906338
TI  - Estrone v estradiol: an examination of relative carcinogenic potential.

PMID- 2906339
TI  - Safety and efficacy of Estrace (micronized 17 beta-estradiol).

PMID- 2906340
TI  - Clinical application of estrogen replacement therapy.

PMID- 2906341
TI  - Estrogen replacement therapy: an overview.

PMID- 2906342
TI  - Gestodene: an advance in low-dose contraception. Symposium proceedings.
      Singapore, October 1986.

PMID- 2906343
TI  - Metabolic effects of two low-dose triphasic oral contraceptives containing
      ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel or gestodene.
AB  - A well-known triphasic oral contraceptive (OC) containing ethinyl estradiol (EE)
      plus levonorgestrel (LNG) was compared with a triphasic containing the same dose
      of EE in combination with a 14% smaller dose of a new progestogen gestodene
      (GTD), in a prospective study of 24 and 20 healthy young women, respectively.
      Serial determinations of lipids, lipoproteins, and carrier proteins, and repeated
      standardized oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) were conducted during 12 months
      of OC use. All lipid concentrations recorded before and during both treatments
      were strictly within the normal range. After 12 months, no significant
      fluctuations were observed in levels of total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL
      cholesterol, VLDL-cholesterol, and apolipoprotein A1; concentrations of total
      triglycerides, phospholipids, and apolipoprotein B were slightly but
      significantly increased; the epidemiologically important ratios of HDL
      cholesterol:total cholesterol and apolipoprotein A1:apolipoprotein B were not
      significantly changed, while the ratio of LDL-cholesterol:HDL-cholesterol was
      significantly decreased at 12 months of use of the GTD triphasic. SHBG levels (+
      100% over basal during use of the LNG-OC and + 200% with the GTD-OC) and
      transcortin (+ 100% over basal) increased early and remained stable. During use
      of the LNG-OC, glucose tolerance was strictly unchanged, while insulin response
      to a 75-g glucose load was transiently increased at 6 months (area under the
      curve [AUC] + 29%) before returning to normal at 12 months. During GTD-OC
      treatment, glucose tolerance was slightly impaired (AUC + 14%) at 6 months but
      back to normal at 12 months, while insulin response during OGTT was completely
      unaltered.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2906344
TI  - Blood coagulation with a combination pill containing gestodene and ethinyl
      estradiol.
AB  - The coagulation effects of oral contraceptives are determined by the interaction
      of the estrogen and the progestogen components. Serial studies on the coagulation
      system were carried out in 120 randomly allocated healthy women to compare the
      effects of (1) triphasic gestodene/ethinyl estradiol and triphasic
      levonorgestrel/ethinyl estradiol and (2) monophasic gestodene/ethinyl estradiol
      and monophasic desogestrel/ethinyl estradiol. The triphasic study showed
      significant increases in factor VII, factor X, fibrinogen, plasminogen, and
      fibrinolytic activity. No significant differences were noted between
      levonorgestrel and gestodene except for factor VII, which was higher with
      gestodene. Antithrombin III and anti-Xa were unchanged, and platelet aggregation
      was slightly accelerated with gestodene. The monophasic study is still in
      progress: Significant increases of factor VII, factor X, plasminogen, and
      fibrinolytic activity and no changes in antithrombin III, anti-Xa, and platelet
      aggregation have been found with both monophasic gestodene and desogestrel. The
      results of the triphasic study indicate that the effect of gestodene on the blood
      coagulation system is similar to that of levonorgestrel and that both
      formulations increase fibrinolytic activity. The increased coagulation activity
      would appear to be counteracted by enhanced fibrinolysis, so protecting the
      dynamic balance between coagulation and fibrinolysis. Further data are required
      in the monophasic gestodene and desogestrel study before any conclusions can be
      drawn.

PMID- 2906346
TI  - Oral contraception with a triphasic combination of gestodene and ethinyl
      estradiol: results of a multicenter clinical study.
AB  - The clinical effects of a low-dose triphasic oral contraceptive containing the
      new progestogen gestodene and ethinyl estradiol were investigated in phase II and
      III multicenter studies. The phase II study compared the clinical effects in 377
      women taking this new compound during 2123 cycles with the effects of a low-dose
      triphasic combination of levonorgestrel and ethinyl estradiol in 362 women
      treated in 2088 cycles. The discontinuation rates after 6 months were similar in
      the two groups, and no major differences in side effects were observed. Cycle
      control was better during intake of the gestodene-containing preparation, since
      spotting occurred less frequently (P less than .05). The phase III investigation
      comprised 1921 women representing a total of 27,308 cycles. The Pearl index was
      0.05. During the 24-month trial, 243 women (12.7%) dropped out of the study
      because of side effects, mainly bleeding disturbances (6.0%), headache (2.2%),
      and breast tension (2.0%). The results of these studies indicate that the
      triphasic combination of gestodene and ethinyl estradiol is well tolerated and
      provides high contraceptive efficacy and good cycle control.

PMID- 2906345
TI  - Clinical and metabolic effects of gestodene and levonorgestrel.
AB  - The new low-dose combination oral contraceptive (OC) containing 75 micrograms of
      the new progestogen gestodene (GTD) plus 30 micrograms ethinyl estradiol (EE) was
      clinically tested and compared with a levonorgestrel (LNG) combined pill (150
      micrograms LNG plus 30 micrograms EE). In a randomized clinical comparative study
      (A), 176 women were treated with the GTD-containing pill and 185 with the LNG
      containing pill for six cycles. This study was followed by a second multicenter
      study (B) covering 707 patients taking the GTD-containing pill for up to 24
      cycles (total, 9,947 cycles). In a third study (C), metabolic effects were
      assessed using a randomly organized baseline control trial
      (pretreatment/treatment cycles); 30 patients received the GTD-containing pill and
      30 received the LNG-containing pill. Carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism,
      and blood clotting were investigated, and an interim analysis was performed after
      six OC cycles. No pregnancies and no severe side effects occurred in any of the
      studies. Intermenstrual bleeding decreased as usual during treatment. In the
      total number of gestodene cycles in studies A and B, there was a 6.9% incidence
      of spotting, a 0.8% incidence of breakthrough bleeding, and a 0.7% incidence of
      both spotting and breakthrough bleeding in studies A and B patients taking
      gestodene. Amenorrhea occurred in 0.6% of cycles. Body weight remained unchanged
      (+/- 2 kg) after 24 cycles in 80.5% of study B patients taking gestodene. Blood
      pressure remained normal in about 95% of all study B patients; a normalization
      was observed in greater than 60% of patients with previously elevated blood
      pressure. No clinically relevant changes in carbohydrate metabolism, lipid
      metabolism, or blood clotting were observed in study C. The new GTD-containing
      low-dose combination pill proved to be a safe and reliable contraceptive agent.

PMID- 2906347
TI  - Pharmacological and endocrine profiles of gestodene.
AB  - Efforts to minimize oral contraceptive side effects have focused on the use of
      new dosage schemes and the synthesis of new steroids that can be used in safer,
      low-dose formulations. To determine whether the new progestogen gestodene offers
      an advantage in this regard, we studied its pharmacological and endocrine
      profiles. Gestodene was found to exhibit relative binding affinity and biological
      activity profiles similar to or better than those of progestogens in current use.
      Modulation by gestodene of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH)
      stimulated gonadotropin release in vitro and in vivo in a rat model system
      indicated that gestodene is some three times as biologically active as
      levonorgestrel. The borderline dose for inhibition of ovulation by gestodene was
      estimated in a total of 23 women with normal cycles. Levels of LH-RH, follicle
      stimulating hormone, 17 beta-estradiol, and progesterone were estimated during
      the ingestion of various doses of gestodene. A dose of 30 micrograms of gestodene
      caused inhibition of ovulation in 11 out of 12 subjects, and eight out of 11
      showed follicular maturation. When 40 micrograms of gestodene was taken, six out
      of seven women did not ovulate, and one out of seven had a cycle with luteal
      insufficiency. These data indicate that 40 micrograms of gestodene is the
      borderline dose for inhibition of ovulation. A combination of 75 micrograms
      gestodene with 30 micrograms ethinyl estradiol was found to inhibit ovulation in
      ten subjects, and no follicular maturation was noted.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2906349
TI  - Vincristine-resistant human cancer KB cell line and increased expression of
      multidrug-resistance gene.
AB  - A multidrug-resistant clone of human cancer KB cells was isolated by stepwise
      selection on exposure to increasing doses of vincristine. The final clone, VJ
      300, obtained after ethylmethane sulfonate mutagenesis showed 400-fold higher
      resistance to vincristine than did KB cells. Cellular accumulation of vincristine
      in VJ-300 was decreased to less than one-tenth of that in KB. The cells were also
      cross-resistant to daunomycin, adriamycin, actinomycin D, colchicine and VP-16.
      During continuous culturing in the absence of any drug for several months, a
      different colchicine-resistant and multidrug-resistant clone, KB-C1, reverted
      almost completely to drug sensitivity, whereas drug resistance in VJ-300 was
      stably maintained. Amplification of the multidrug-resistance-1 (mdr-1) gene was
      more than 20-fold in KB-C1, but less than 2-fold in VJ-300. mdr-1 mRNA was,
      however, expressed in VJ-300 at a rate comparable to KB-C1. Acquisition of high
      multidrug resistance in VJ-300 might be correlated with both activated
      transcription of mdr-1 gene and amplification.

PMID- 2906348
TI  - The ageing brain, neuroleptic drugs and the enigma of schizophrenia.

PMID- 2906350
TI  - Use of osmotic pumps for subcutaneous infusion of growth hormone-releasing
      factors in steers and wethers.
AB  - Osmotic pumps were evaluated for 7-d delivery of growth hormone-releasing factor
      (GRF). In Exp. 1, 12 steers weighing 253 kg received hGRF(1-29)NH2 in H2O at
      rates of 0, 3, 30 and 300 pmol.h-1.kg-1. Pumps were implanted s.c. on d 0 and
      removed at 1200 on d 7. Blood samples were drawn at 20-min intervals from 0800 to
      1200 on d -1, 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9. Growth hormone levels were not altered by GRF
      treatment (P greater than .05). Solubility and volume limitations render hGRF(1
      29)NH2 delivery via osmotic pumps problematical. Flow rate and duration of
      release of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO):H2) (1:1) from osmotic pumps incubated in
      vivo and in vitro were found to be consistent with manufacturer's specifications.
      Two hGRF(1-29) analogues, Ro23-7863 and 4SG-29, were dissolved in DMSO:H2O. In
      Exp. 2, six 222-kg steers had pumps implanted and blood samples were taken as in
      Exp. 1. Three steers received each analogue at a rate of 300 pmol.h-1.kg-1.
      Analogues had similar GH-releasing ability and GH levels differed (P less than
      0.001) among days, being approximately fourfold higher on d 3, 5 and 7 than on d 
      1, 1 and 9. Residual analogue solutions retained full bioactivity after 7-d
      implantation, and in vitro biopotencies of Ro23-7863 and 4SG-29 were similar
      (Exp. 3). In Exp. 4, 15 wethers (means = 31.3 kg) received osmotic pumps
      delivering 0, 3, 15, 75 and 300 pmol.h-1.kg-1 Ro23-7863 in DMSO:H2O for 7 d.
      Lambs were bled at 0800 and 1400 from d -1 to 8. The latter two doses increased
      (P less than .01) mean GH levels 2.7- and 4.3-fold over those in control animals
      during the treatment period. Results demonstrate that increased GH secretion can
      be elicited in steers and wethers for 1 wk by continuous s.c. infusion of GRF
      analogues utilizing osmotic pumps.

PMID- 2906351
TI  - Phenotypic analysis of mouse thymus development.

PMID- 2906353
TI  - [Autonomic functions in human T-lymphotropic virus type-I (HTLV-1) associated
      myelopathy].

PMID- 2906352
TI  - Gamma delta antigen receptors of Thy-1+ dendritic epidermal cells: implications
      for thymic differentiation.

PMID- 2906354
TI  - [An autopsy case of glucagonoma associated with production of several hormones].

PMID- 2906355
TI  - Computer simulation of management strategies for Psorophora columbiae in the rice
      agroecosystem.
AB  - Various control strategies were evaluated using a previously-described and
      validated (Focks et al. 1988a, 1988b) simulation model (PcSim) of the population
      dynamics of Psorophora columbiae breeding in the rice agroecosystem. As expected
      from field experience, focally-applied ground or aerial ULV aerosols of
      insecticides were seen to provide local control of peak populations. Similar
      control was predicted for larvicides when also used in and around urban and
      suburban areas. Both of these measures were predicted by simulation to provide
      only short term control of adults as a result of immigration of adults from
      surrounding, untreated provide only short term control of adults as a result of
      immigration of adults from surrounding, untreated areas. Evaluations of the
      effectiveness of diapause egg control or the elimination of early spring broods
      to provide lasting, season-long suppression were not encouraging if only
      conventional methods such as insecticides or tillage were used. This was
      primarily because the ability of Ps. columbiae to recolonize treated areas during
      the course of a breeding season would require the treatment of prohibitively
      large, parish- (i.e., county-) sized areas. Evaluations of host management
      (either removal or residual insecticide treatment of cattle) in and around urban
      and suburban areas were more encouraging. This technique, by providing continuing
      pressure on populations, has the potential to offset the impact of immigration
      and thereby afford long-term suppression in local areas. Finally, evaluations of
      the impact of modifications to irrigation practices indicated that this approach
      warrants consideration as a supplemental control technique. These results suggest
      that field evaluations of model predictions would be useful. They emphasize the
      need to better understand the movement and spatial distribution of Ps. columbiae.
      These factors would bear directly on the cost and therefore, the practicality of
      several of the long-term suppression strategies evaluated as they determine the
      size of the treatment area surrounding population centers needed to offset the
      impact of immigration from surrounding, untreated areas.

PMID- 2906356
TI  - Horse-baited insect trap and mobile insect sorting table used in a disease vector
      identification study.
AB  - A horse-baited trap and a mobile insect sorting table were used to conduct an
      arthropod survey for potential vectors of Potomac Horse Fever in southern
      Maryland and northern Virginia. The trap and table worked effectively for the
      live collection and sorting of haemophagous Diptera such as: Simulium spp.,
      Stomoxys calcitrans, Musca autumnalis, Tabanus spp. and Chrysops spp. during the
      diurnal collections periods, and Culicoides spp. during the crepuscular periods.
      The trap was not as convenient for live collection of mosquito species during the
      nocturnal period. Modifications to the trap design was suggested for mosquito
      live trapping.

PMID- 2906357
TI  - Efficacy and longevity of Bacillus sphaericus 2362 formulations for control of
      mosquito larvae in dairy wastewater lagoons.
AB  - Bacillus sphaericus strain 2362 was evaluated for the control of Culex larvae in
      dairy wastewater lagoons. Both initial and long-term efficacy were studied. Two
      primary powder preparations of ABG-6184 yielded mediocre and short-term control
      at the rates of 0.25 and 0.5 lb/acre (0.26 and 0.56 kg/ha), while level of
      control and persistence greatly increased as the dosages were increased to 1.0,
      2.0 and 4.0 lb/acre (1.12, 2.24 and 4.48 kg/ha). The 1.0 and 2.0 lb/acre rates
      yielded almost 100% control for 4 weeks and the 4.0 lb/acre rate yielded control
      (99%) for 49 days or longer. A flowable concentrate preparation (BSP-2) yielded
      complete initial and persistent control of larvae for 14-21 days at 2.0, 4.0 and
      5.0 lb/acre (2.24, 4.49 and 5.6 kg/ha). Granular formulations of B. sphaericus
      2362 (ABG-6185) were also evaluated at 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0 and 20.0 lb/acre (2.8,
      5.6, 8.4, 11.2 and 22.4 kg/ha) of the granules. Some of the formulations were
      more active than the others, yielding excellent initial and persistent control
      (80% +) for 14-21 days with one treatment.

PMID- 2906358
TI  - An evaluation of Gambusia affinis and Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis as
      mosquito control agents in California wild rice fields.
AB  - The mosquito control potential of the mosquitofish and Bacillus thuringiensis
      var. israelensis (Bti) were evaluated in experimental wild rice fields in Lake
      County, California. Fields were assigned one of six treatment: control, 1.1 kg/ha
      G. affinis, 3.4 kg/ha G. affinis, Bti only (6 kg/ha Vectobac granules), 1.1 kg/ha
      G. affinis plus Bti and 3.4 kg/ha G. affinis plus Bti. Gambusia affinis, at both
      release rates, significantly reduced the mosquito population at densities
      exceeding 100 fish/minnow trap. Treatments with Bti significantly reduced larval
      population; however, the populations in the fields without fish rebounded to
      pretreatment levels within two weeks. In fields stocked with G. affinis and
      treated with Bti, populations remained low after Bti treatment. Nontarget
      populations of arthropods were significantly lower in fields stocked with G.
      affinis than in fields without fish on one or more sampling dates.

PMID- 2906359
TI  - Toxicity, localization and elimination of the phototoxin, alpha-terthienyl, in
      mosquito larvae.
AB  - Mosquito larvae were examined to determine interspecific and interstrain
      differences in susceptibility to the larvicidal effects of the plant-derived
      phototoxin, alpha-terthienyl (alpha-T). The LC50 values were as follows: Aedes
      aegypti, 4 ppb; Ae. epactius, 6 ppb; anopheles stephensi, 14 ppb; malathion
      susceptible Culex tarsalis (S), 12 ppb; malathion-resistant Cx. tarsalis (R), 16
      ppb. Fluorescence studies indicated localization of alpha-T in the midgut
      epithelium and in the lumen of Malpighian tubules. Rates of elimination of
      tritiated alpha-T differed significantly between Ae. aegypti and Cx. tarsalis (S)
      larvae. Rate of 3H-alpha-T elimination was inversely correlated with
      susceptibility to the toxic effects of the compound. The toxicological
      significance of selective alpha-T accumulation and the importance of alpha-T
      elimination in determining sensitivity are discussed.

PMID- 2906360
TI  - Suburban accumulations of discarded tires in northeastern Illinois and their
      associated mosquitoes.
AB  - In response to a growing, human suburban population and an escalating problem of
      used tire disposal, a summer-long survey of discarded tires and their associated
      mosquitoes was conducted in northeastern Illinois in 1985. Within a 291 km2 area,
      a monthly average of 7,823 tires were distributed among 127 sources classified
      into 7 categories: fields/ditches (25% of total sources); salvage yards (7%);
      trucking/construction companies (13%); woodlots (15%); school playgrounds (11%);
      service stations (16%); and tire dealers (11%). Distribution and abundance of
      each source category appeared to reflect local land usage and extent of
      urbanization. Wooded sites surpassed service stations, dealers, and salvage yards
      in the average percentage of flooded tires (86% vs. 25% ea.) and percentage of
      those larval-infested (58% vs. 25% ea.). Overall, 6,398 mosquito larvae among 9
      species were collected with Culex restuans (82%) and Cx. pipiens (13%)
      predominating. Species segregations with respect to the tire source are revealed.
      Possible control strategies of mosquitoes in tires are summarized.

PMID- 2906361
TI  - A method for dispensing planaria (Dugesia dorotocephala) for mosquito control.

PMID- 2906362
TI  - Granulomatous angiitis of the central nervous system: protean manifestations and
      response to treatment.
AB  - Granulomatous angiitis is an uncommon necrotising vasculitis of unknown cause
      restricted to vessels of the central nervous system. Five tissue-proven cases
      emphasise the protean manifestations of this disease and the difficulties
      encountered in reaching a diagnosis. One patient presented with a temporoparietal
      mass, the second, a progressive dementia, the third suggested herpes simplex
      encephalitis, the fourth mimicked multi-infarct state; and the fifth presented
      with a cerebellar mass lesion. In four cases with CSF examination, protein was
      elevated (81-193 gm/l) and three patients had mononuclear pleocytosis (12-800
      WBC/mm3). Cerebral arteriogram suggested vasculitis in only one of four cases.
      Diagnosis was made by brain biopsy in three cases and all three were treated
      successfully. The diagnosis in the two other cases was made at postmortem
      examination.

PMID- 2906363
TI  - CSF gradients for amino acid neurotransmitters.
AB  - Amino acid concentrations were measured in CSF samples obtained by lumbar
      puncture in 51 patients, cervical puncture in 16 patients, spinal drains in nine
      patients, ventricular taps in five patients and from below a spinal block in six
      patients. There was evidence of a rostrocaudal gradient for GABA and taurine and
      a reverse gradient for alanine and asparagine. Lumbar CSF glycine concentrations
      rose with increasing age whilst GABA concentrations fell. Women had significantly
      lower concentrations of asparagine and glutamine and elevated taurine compared to
      men. The influence of biological factors and gradients must be taken into account
      before the interpretation of changes in CSF amino acid concentrations.

PMID- 2906364
TI  - A nursing process approach to epidural analgesia.
AB  - Epidural narcotics are finding increasing favor in management of postcesarean
      birth pain. Effective pain relief coupled with minimal side effects often make
      this technique the method of choice. To provide comprehensive and safe nursing
      care for the mother using epidural narcotics, nurses must be knowledgeable about
      the technique, drugs, and associated patient responses. Nursing management using
      a care plan with nursing diagnosis and expected patient outcomes will help nurses
      plan their care of these patients.

PMID- 2906365
TI  - Minimal internal and external fixation in oblique lower extremity fractures: a
      report of five cases and description of technique.
AB  - Interfragmentary lag screw internal fixation was combined with external fixation
      to treat five difficult oblique lower extremity fractures. Uncomplicated primary
      bone healing was achieved in all five cases in spite of crush injury,
      devascularization, or local infection. This method represents a treatment option
      for the difficult oblique fracture and reconfirms the role of fixation in
      fracture biology.

PMID- 2906366
TI  - Permissive role of calcium in alpha 1-adrenergic stimulation of pineal
      phosphatidylinositol phosphodiesterase (phospholipase C) activity.
AB  - Activation of alpha 1-adrenergic receptors increases [Ca+2]i and
      phosphatidylinositol phosphodiesterase (phospholipase C) activity in the
      pinealocyte. In this report the receptor involved in the stimulation of
      phospholipase C activity was further characterized, and the role of Ca2+ in this
      effect was investigated in some detail. Phospholipase C activity was estimated by
      measuring the production of [3H]inositol phosphates by [3H]inositol-labelled
      dispersed pinealocytes in suspension culture. Norepinephrine stimulated
      [3H]inositol monophosphate production severalfold; this was blocked by alpha 1
      adrenergic antagonists, including prazosin, WB 4101, and phenoxybenzamine, but by
      neither an alpha 2- nor a beta-adrenergic antagonist, confirming that an alpha 1
      adrenoceptor is involved in the regulation of phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis.
      Treatment with the Ca2+ chelator, EGTA, or with inorganic Ca2+ blockers,
      including Co2+, Mn2+, and La3+, reduced the norepinephrine-stimulated response,
      suggesting that the alpha 1-adrenergic stimulation of phospholipase C activity is
      Ca2+ dependent. However, phospholipase C activity was not increased by elevating
      intracellular Ca2+ with either the Ca2+ ionophore A23187 or with depolarizing
      concentrations of K+. These results indicate that although Ca2+ is necessary for
      alpha 1-adrenergic stimulation of phospholipase C activity, an increase in
      [Ca2+]i alone is not sufficient to stimulate the activity of this enzyme, and
      that effects which A23187 and depolarizing concentrations of K+ have on pineal
      function probably do not involve stimulation of phospholipase C activity.

PMID- 2906367
TI  - Absolute bioavailability and dose proportionality of betaxolol in normal healthy
      subjects.
AB  - The absolute bioavailability and dose proportionality of betaxolol [(+/-)-1-(p-[2
      cyclopropylmethoxy)ethyl]phenoxy]-3- (isopropylamino)-2-propanol hydrochloride],
      a cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist effective in the treatment of angina
      and hypertension, was studied in 12 healthy male subjects using a four-way
      crossover Latin Square design. Each subject received a 10-mg iv dose administered
      by constant-rate infusion over a period of 30 min and three oral doses (10, 20,
      and 40 mg). Blood and urine were collected over a 48-h period and analyzed for
      betaxolol using gas-liquid chromatography with electron capture detection.
      Maximum concentrations occurred 3-4 h after the dose. The maximum mean (+/- SD)
      blood concentrations normalized to the 10-mg oral dose were 21.6 +/- 3.7, 21.1 +/
      3.7, and 22.5 +/- 4.0 micrograms/L following the 10-, 20-, and 40-mg doses,
      respectively. A significant lag time of 10-80 min was observed after oral doses
      but was not related to dose size. The terminal slope (ts), absolute
      bioavailability (F), and renal clearance (CLr) were likewise not affected to an
      important degree by dose (ts: 0.043 +/- 0.006, 0.044 +/- 0.005, 0.046 +/- 0.006 h
      1; F: 0.88 +/- 0.08, 0.82 +/- 0.06, 0.84 +/- 0.07; CLr: 0.68 +/- 0.22, 0.69 +/-
      0.19, 0.65 +/- 0.22 mL/min kg). Unlike many beta-adrenergic antagonists,
      betaxolol has a long half-life (13-20 h) and high and consistent bioavailability
      (70-90%), and its disposition is independent of the size of the administered
      dose.

PMID- 2906368
TI  - An investigation of allogeneic pregnancy in multiparous mice subjected to in vivo
      depletion of CD8 (Ly2)-positive lymphocytes by monoclonal antibody treatment.
AB  - Adult thymectomized C57/Bl (H-2b) and DBA/1 (H-2q) female mice were subjected to
      treatment with rat anti-mouse CD8 and mouse anti-rat Ig (kappa) prior to entering
      their third pregnancy with CBA/Ca (H-2k) males. The treatment protocol
      drastically reduced the number of CD8 (Ly2)-carrying lymphocytes (T
      cytotoxic/suppressor phenotype) in the spleen and para-aortic lymph nodes, as
      assessed by immuno-staining. All mice were investigated on day 18 of their third
      gestation. The following data were collected from experimental and control
      groups: (1) resorption frequency, (2) weight of the placenta, fetuses, spleen and
      para-aortic lymph nodes, (3) immunohistochemical analysis of maternal lymphoid
      tissues, (4) level of anti-paternal IgG serum antibodies, (5) content of
      "background" IgM and IgG-secreting cells in spleen and para-aortic lymph nodes.
      Neither the resorption frequency nor placental/fetal weight was affected by anti
      CD8 treatment. However, the formation of anti-paternal antibodies was enhanced in
      anti-CD8 treated C57/Bl mice.

PMID- 2906369
TI  - Reduced levels of T suppressor/cytotoxic lymphocytes in semen from
      vasovasostomized men: relationship to sperm autoantibodies.
AB  - The regulation of lymphocyte populations in semen and their function remains
      unknown. Using monoclonal antibodies and immunohistochemical techniques we
      compared the levels of mononuclear cells in ejaculates obtained from 14 men with
      intact vas deferens and 13 men who had undergone both a vasectomy and a
      microsurgical vasovasostomy. The presence of antisperm antibodies was also
      assessed by the immunobead binding assay. Semen from both groups contained about
      10(3) T and B lymphocytes and monocytes. In men with intact vasa, T
      suppressor/cytotoxic cells predominated. In contrast, in vasovasostomized men the
      levels of T suppressor/cytotoxic cells were significantly reduced (P less than
      0.005) and T helper/inducer cells predominated in their semen. Concentrations of
      seminal T helper/inducer lymphocytes, B lymphocytes and monocytes were similar in
      both groups. Antisperm antibodies were detected on sperm, in seminal fluid and/or
      in serum of all the vasovasovasostomy patients but in none of the controls, T
      suppressor/cytotoxic cells may limit the immune response to sperm within the male
      reproductive tract. Chronic obstruction resulting in damage to the integrity of
      the excurrent ducts may induce alterations in T cell regulation leading to a
      decrease in T suppressor/cytotoxic cells and create conditions permissive for the
      formation of autoantibodies to sperm-specific antigens.

PMID- 2906370
TI  - Risk factor modification in hypertension--success and failure.
AB  - A group of 175 patients have attended for four years a microcomputer based, nurse
      practitioner managed clinic for the long term care of hypertension. Improvement
      in blood pressure (BP) control was seen initially and has been maintained. Drug
      treatment has been with a beta blocker followed if necessary by a diuretic and/or
      a vasodilator. Despite individual dietary and 'stop smoking' advice, there was no
      marked change in body weight while only males reduced smoking. A significant
      increase in non fasting serum cholesterol (6.4 +/- 1.3 to 6.6 +/- 1.3 mmol/l) and
      glucose (5.5 +/- to 6.1 +/- 2.5 mmol/l) was seen overall, but was restricted to
      those patients taking a thiazide diuretic (with or without other drugs). These
      findings indicate the need for a more systematic collection of information on
      effects of long term treatment and for the development of better strategies for
      improving lifestyle.

PMID- 2906371
TI  - Nifedipine substituted for minoxidil in the treatment of refractory hypertension.
AB  - Nifedipine slow release tablets were substituted for minoxidil in the treatment
      of 13 patients with hypertension refractory to conventional therapy. In 12
      patients substitution was associated with continuing control of blood pressure
      (BP), although 11 required maximum dose of 120 mg daily and one 80 mg daily. BP
      control remained satisfactory in nine patients for at least one year after
      substitution and in all, loop diuretics previously required with minoxidil to
      control fluid retention, were discontinued. Three patients (23%) however had to
      be withdrawn because of side effects; one within days of starting therapy and two
      after three months: one patient died after sustaining myocardial infarction.
      There was no evidence of deterioration in renal function in those patients
      continuing on nifedipine. This drug in combination with other antihypertensive
      agents provides an alternative approach to the management of patients with
      refractory hypertension, avoiding the severe side effects of the potent
      vasodilators.

PMID- 2906372
TI  - Four DNA polymorphisms in the LDL receptor gene: their genetic relationship and
      use in the study of variation at the LDL receptor locus.
AB  - We have studied four different restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs)
      for the LDL receptor gene, detected using the restriction enzymes StuI, PvuII,
      ApaLI, and NcoI, in normal subjects and in patients with familial
      hypercholesterolaemia (FH) from London. Significant linkage disequilibrium was
      detected between all four RFLPs. Used together they give a polymorphism
      information content (PIC) of greater than 0.7 which makes them useful for
      studying the inheritance of the LDL receptor gene in more than 70% of families
      with FH. The NcoI and ApaLI RFLPs were found to be the most useful, giving a
      combined PIC value of 0.6. The allele frequencies of all four polymorphisms were
      compared in the normal and FH groups and the frequency of the rarer N2 allele of
      the NcoI RFLP was found to be significantly higher in the FH group. This suggests
      that a mutation has occurred on the rare NcoI N2 allele and that it may be making
      a significant contribution to the defects causing FH in this patient group. We
      have also used these RFLPs to look for evidence that variation at the LDL
      receptor gene locus contributes to the determination of cholesterol levels in the
      normal population. People with different RFLP genotypes do not have significantly
      different levels of serum total or LDL cholesterol. At present we have no
      evidence that variation at this locus may be determining cholesterol levels in
      the non-FH population.

PMID- 2906373
TI  - Mucosal neuromata syndrome (MEN type IIb (III)).

PMID- 2906375
TI  - [An operative case of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN type 1) with
      insulinoma].

PMID- 2906374
TI  - Mechanism of inactivation of single sodium channels after modification by
      chloramine-T, sea anemone toxin and scorpion toxin.
AB  - Single sodium-channel currents were measured in neuroblastoma cells after
      inhibition of inactivation by chloramine-T (CHL-T), sea anemone toxin II (ATX-II)
      and scorpion toxin (SCT). The decaying phase of the averaged single-channel
      currents recorded with 90-msec pulses in cell-attached patches was clearly slower
      than that of the ummodified channels, suggesting inhibition of macroscopic
      inactivation. Each substance caused repetitive openings and a moderate increase
      in the channel open time. At Vm = RP + 20 mV and T = 12 degrees C, the mean
      channel open times were 1.4, 1.6 and 1.8 msec for CHL-T, ATX-II and SCT,
      respectively, as opposed to 1.07 msec for native channels. Open-time histograms
      could be best fitted by the sum of two exponentials. The time constants of the
      fits were similar for histograms constructed from single openings and from
      openings during bursts. This suggests that the population of channels is
      homogeneous and that in bursts the same open conformations of channels occur as
      in single openings. Mean burst durations for bursts consisting of more than one
      opening at Vm = RP + 20 mV were 4.9, 5.8 and 6.1 msec for CHL-T, ATX-II and SCT,
      respectively. Burst open-time histograms constructed from two or three openings
      were fitted by the gamma function. The different time constants of the fits
      obtained for ATX-II and SCT suggested multiple open conformations of channels for
      openings of bursts. However, significantly different open-time histograms
      constructed from the first, second and third openings of bursts could not be
      obtained systematically. A positive correlation was found for the dwell time of
      the first and the second, as well as for the second and the third opening of
      bursts with each substance, but a negative one for the dwell time of an opening
      and the neighboring closing of bursts with ATX-II. The results suggest a model
      with multiple open and inactivated states. In this model the inactivated states
      are weakly absorbing.

PMID- 2906376
TI  - [A method of central electroanalgesia for correcting the functional status of
      pilots during intensive flights].
AB  - Optimal levels of the health status of pilots performing an intensive flight
      program can be maintained by rational work and rest schedules and correction
      methods. The effectiveness of central electroanalgesia as a correction method was
      determined. The course of treatment which consisted of 4-5 sessions, each 40-50
      min long, produced a beneficial effect on the health status and work capacity of
      pilots as measured by direct and indirect methods.

PMID- 2906377
TI  - [Condition of the human skin during a stay in a hermetically closed compartment].
AB  - The skin of healthy men kept in an enclosed environment was examined. It was
      found that exposure resulted in increases of the secretions of the sebaceous
      glands and sebum cutaneum, number and size of comedones, lipolytic activity of
      microorganisms, concentration of comedonogenic acids and skin irritating acids.
      It also caused a greater risk of papular and pustular rashes. Changes in lipid
      metabolism were consistent with the skin clinical state as well as with the
      subjective sensations of dirty skin, desquamation and itching. The severity of
      the above changes was correlated with the pretest physiological and hygienic
      status of the subjects.

PMID- 2906378
TI  - [Habitability and life support systems].
AB  - This paper discusses various aspects of space vehicle habitability and life
      support systems. It describes variations in the chemical and microbial
      composition of an enclosed atmosphere during prolonged real and simulated
      flights. The paper gives a detailed description of life support systems and
      environmental investigations onboard the Mir station. It also outlines the
      development of space vehicle habitability and life support systems as related to
      future flights.

PMID- 2906379
TI  - [Biological life support systems for man].
AB  - This paper discusses theoretical foundations of biological life support systems
      (BLSS), major stages of their development and performance parameters of BLSS
      models developed by the Institute of Biomedical Problems during the past 25
      years. Comparison of the size and structure of these models with the structure of
      natural ecosystems allows the conclusion that BLSS can be operational in an
      environment that does not differ drastically from natural biocenoses in terms of
      living matter and basic ingredients, i.e. oxygen, carbon dioxide, water.

PMID- 2906380
TI  - [Pharmacologic correction of the effect of cold on man].
AB  - The effect of pharmacological stimulants and prescriptions on the thermal status
      of man and their possible use to extend the exposure to the cold environment were
      investigated. The effectiveness of the following drugs and prescriptions was
      assessed: sydnocarb, phenamine, indopan; glutamic acid + lagochilus + ephedrine;
      sydnocarb + glutamic acid (sydnogluton); ephedrine + glutamic acid + strychnine.
      The test subjects were kept in air (in a thermal chamber) at -20 degrees C or in
      water at 0 to 2.5 degrees C (resting or swimming). The most effective treatment
      was provided by sydnocarb (effective doses were 10 mg X 2 or 30 mg X 5 in air or
      water, respectively) and sydnogluton (sydnocarb 30 mg + glutamic acid 0.25 g X 5
      in cold water). When compared to placebo, sydnocarb (or sydnogluton) assured
      better thermal parameters of the body in cold water and longer (by 2-6 hrs)
      exposure which increased to 20 hrs.

PMID- 2906381
TI  - Determination of fentanyl in whole blood at subnanogram concentrations by dual
      capillary column gas chromatography with nitrogen sensitive detectors and gas
      chromatography/mass spectrometry.
AB  - Two methods for the determination of fentanyl at subnanogram concentrations in
      whole blood have been developed and evaluated. The initial screening was by gas
      chromatography with nitrogen sensitive detection (GC/NPD) in a splitless
      injection onto two fused-silica, 0.32-mm i.d. capillary columns (5% and 50%
      phenyl methyl silicone). Confirmation was by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
      (GC/MS) using selected ion monitoring of a splitless injection onto a 0.1-mm
      i.d., 0.34-microns 5% phenyl methyl silicone capillary column. The methods were
      studied at fentanyl concentrations over the range 0.05 to 5.0 ng/mL using 2 mL of
      blood. The detection limits were set at 0.10 ng/mL for GC/NPD and 0.05 ng/mL for
      GC/MS. The overall recovery of fentanyl was found to be greater than 75% over the
      range of 0.25 to 2.5 ng/mL. The within-run precision determined at fentanyl
      concentrations of 0.25 and 1.0 ng/mL showed coefficients of variation ranging
      from 8.7 to 14.8%. The between-run precision determined at concentrations of 0.4
      and 0.8 ng/mL showed coefficients of variation ranging from 3.3 to 11.6%. The
      blood calibration curves in the range of 0.25 to 2.5 ng/mL monitored over a 3
      month period showed a mean correlation coefficient of 0.99 for both the GC/NPD
      and GC/MS methods.

PMID- 2906382
TI  - A novel procedure for the analysis of drugs in whole blood by homogeneous enzyme
      immunoassay (EMIT).
AB  - This paper describes a procedure for the analysis of whole blood by six commonly
      used EMIT d.a.u. assays: barbiturates, benzodiazepines, cocaine metabolite,
      opiates, amphetamines, and the cannabinoid 20 assays using the Syva Autocarousel
      and the COBAS MIRA. The sensitivity of the method rivals that of other
      immunoassay methods, such as RIA, for the detection of drugs in blood. The
      procedure has been successfully applied to the analysis of several hundred
      postmortem forensic blood specimens.

PMID- 2906383
TI  - [Indications for the use of Meuli's total wrist endoprosthesis].

PMID- 2906384
TI  - [Reoperation in complications of surgical treatment of femur neck fractures].

PMID- 2906385
TI  - [Instability of the wist joint (functional anatomy, forms of instability,
      diagnosis)].

PMID- 2906386
TI  - [Surgical treatment of the posterior edge of the acetabulum using a molded
      titanium plate].

PMID- 2906387
TI  - [Surgical treatment of inveterate ruptures of the rotator cuff by creating a
      tendon graft bridging of the defect].

PMID- 2906388
TI  - [Arthroscopic surgery of the knee joint].

PMID- 2906389
TI  - [Possibilities of after-treatment following surgery to mobilize the elbow joint].

PMID- 2906390
TI  - [Importance of teaching catastrophic medicine].

PMID- 2906391
TI  - [Development of the management of hand injuries in Veszprem County].

PMID- 2906392
TI  - [The role of hospital surgical departments in the management of injuries].

PMID- 2906393
TI  - Pharmacodynamic effects of a 2-piperazinotetralin (P-11)--combined alpha- and
      beta-adrenoceptor blocking drug with hypotensive action.
AB  - The piperazinotetralin derivative P-11 at hypotensive doses of 0.25 to 1.00 mg/kg
      i.v. reduced the pressor effects of exogenous noradrenaline (10 micrograms/kg
      i.v.) in reserpine-pretreated rats, but was ineffective in nonreserpinized
      normotensive urethane-anesthetized rats. P-11 (0.25 to 1.00 mg/kg i.v.) decreased
      the positive chronotropic effects of isoprenaline (0.2 micrograms/kg i.v.), but
      potentiated the isoprenaline-induced hypotension in reserpine-pretreated rats. P
      11 (10(-7) to 10(-5)M) did not modify the concentration-effect curves for
      isoprenaline in carbachol-contracted guinea-pig tracheal strips. The pD2 value of
      isoprenaline was 5.94 before and 6.35 after P-11. The combined alpha1
      postsynaptic antagonist/beta1-blocking activity of this compound is discussed.

PMID- 2906394
TI  - Involvement of peripheral dopaminergic mechanisms in the action of a 2
      piperazinotetralin (P-11) with hypotensive activity.
AB  - The piperazinotetralin derivative P-11 applied in increasing concentrations (10(
      12) to 10(-4)M) inhibited field electrical stimulation-induced contractions of
      isolated rabbit ear artery and this effect was not reversed by S-sulpiride (10(
      6)M). This was probably due to the postsynaptic alpha receptor-blocking action of
      P-11. The compound also did not modify PGF2 alpha-induced contractions of
      isolated rabbit renal artery, suggesting the lack of action of P-11 on
      postsynaptic DA1 receptors. The lack of activity of P-11 on DA1 and DA2
      peripheral receptors was associated with the chemical structure of the compound.

PMID- 2906395
TI  - Fatty acids as biological markers for bacterial symbionts in sponges.
AB  - Analyses of fatty acids with carbon numbers between C12 and C22 are reported for
      five Great Barrier Reef sponges. These analyses indicate that phototrophic
      cyanobacterial symbionts (blue-green algae) present in three of the sponges are
      chemically distinct, whereas the other two sponges do not contain cyanobacterial
      symbionts. All the sponges contain other, nonphototrophic bacteria. The fatty
      acid analyses indicate that the non-phototrophic bacterial populations present in
      the different sponges are distinct in both their chemical compositions and their
      abundances. Nonphototrophic bacteria are estimated to account for between 60 and
      350 micrograms/g (extractable fatty acids:tissue wet weight), whereas
      cyanobacteria account for between 10 and 910 micrograms/g. One sponge
      (Pseudaxinyssa sp.) contains a relatively large amount of the isoprenoid acid, 4,
      8, 12-trimethyltridecanoic acid; this acid is presumed to be derived from phytol,
      a degradation product of chlorophyll. This sponge also contains relatively large
      amounts of the nonmethylene interrupted fatty acid, octadeca-5,9-dienoic acid.
      Analyses of interior and cyanobacteria-rich surface tissues of this sponge
      indicate that these two acids are probably not associated with the symbiotic
      cyanobacteria.

PMID- 2906396
TI  - Haplotype analysis of a type I collagen gene and its association with alcoholic
      cirrhosis in man.

PMID- 2906397
TI  - [Nonsurgical treatment of hemorrhage caused by esophageal varices].

PMID- 2906398
TI  - [Refractory duodenal ulcer: an emerging therapeutic problem].

PMID- 2906400
TI  - Neuromodulation of hematopoiesis: a hypothesis.
AB  - The possibility that Hematopoiesis is under CNS control has been discussed in the
      literature; but never been conclusively proved at the molecular level. Evidence
      in the form of antigenic similarity between murine brain and the Stem Cell, and
      the decline in the number of Stem Cells following the lesioning of the Locus
      Coeruleus Nucleus exists. The recent establishment of the CNS control of the
      Immune System which had been previously proposed on similar evidence is
      discussed. It is suggested that the advances in the study of Colony Stimulating
      Factors (CSFs) provide an opportunity to test the role of Neurotransmitters on
      the proliferation/differentiation of Stem Cells. A series of experiments using
      CSF-dependent and CSF-independent cell lines and the biochemical basis of CSF
      activity to detect neurological influences are proposed. A model of a CNS
      regulatory mechanism is proposed, and used to explain many unexplained features
      of the in vivo activity of the CSFs.

PMID- 2906399
TI  - [In vitro effects of morphine and opioid peptides on granulocyte migration].

PMID- 2906401
TI  - Structure of the ARO3 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the genes ARO3 and ARO4 encode isoenzymes of 3-deoxy
      D-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate (DAHP) synthase. Both genes are derepressed
      seven-fold under the general control of amino acid biosynthesis. A previously
      isolated 1.7 kb fragment containing the ARO3 gene and the 5'- and 3'-flanking
      regions was sequenced. The endpoints of the ARO3 transcript coding for a 370
      amino acid protein were mapped by primer extension experiments and S1 nuclease
      digestion. Promoter elements involved in transcription initiation and responsible
      for the strong general control derepression response are discussed.

PMID- 2906402
TI  - Specificity of action on mosquito larvae of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis
      toxins encoded by two different genes.
AB  - A 135 kDa protein gene and two open reading frames (ORF1 and ORF2) have been
      cloned from a large plasmid of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bourgouin et
      al. 1986). The Escherichia coli recombinant clones containing these genes were
      highly toxic to larvae of Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi and Culex pipiens.
      From subcloning experiments it was deduced that the 135 kDa polypeptide alone was
      responsible for the toxic activity on both A. aegypti and An. stephensi larvae.
      In contrast, the presence of two polypeptides, the 135 kDa protein and the ORF1
      product was required for toxicity to C. pipiens larvae. The minimal toxic
      fragment of the 135 kDa polypeptide has been delineated. The results indicate
      that a polypeptide of about 65 kDa, corresponding to an amino-terminal part of
      the 135 kDa protein is sufficient for toxicity. Sequence comparisons indicate
      that the ORF1 product may correspond to an N-terminal part of a rearranged 130
      kDa protein.

PMID- 2906404
TI  - [A technique for fabricating wrought wire clasps with metal rest by the room
      temperature casting method. Part 1: Evaluation of mechanical properties].

PMID- 2906403
TI  - Molecular cloning and characterization of a negative-acting nitrogen regulatory
      gene of Neurospora crassa.
AB  - Expression of the structural genes of the nitrogen control circuit of Neurospora
      crassa is regulated by the positive-acting nit-2 control gene and by the negative
      acting nmr control gene. Nitrate reductase is expressed in a constitutive fashion
      in nmr mutant strains, which appear to be largely insensitive to nitrogen
      catabolite repression. Thus, nmr mutants are sensitive to chlorate in the
      presence of ammonia or glutamine, whereas the wild type is chlorate resistant
      under these conditions. A cosmid library was screened for the presence of the
      nmr+ gene by the sib selection procedure, and a single cosmid was isolated which
      transforms the nmr mutant to chlorate resistance at a high frequency. A
      restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis revealed that the cloned DNA
      segment maps to the precise genomic location of nmr. Northern blot analyses
      revealed that the nmr gene is itself not regulated but is expressed
      constitutively to give a single transcript of approximately 1.8 kb.

PMID- 2906405
TI  - [Dental soldering. Effects of the size of the invested block on adaptability].

PMID- 2906406
TI  - [Dental soldering. Fitness accuracy of the soldering method with electrical
      taking].

PMID- 2906407
TI  - [Dental soldering (Part 7). Effects of the space of the soldering gap on
      adaptability].

PMID- 2906408
TI  - [Basic study on laser welding of Ag-Pd-Cu-Au alloy. Part 2. Mechanical properties
      and heat treatment].

PMID- 2906409
TI  - The activation of phosphatidylinositol turnover is not directly involved in the
      modulation of neurotransmitter release mediated by presynaptic muscarinic
      receptors.
AB  - In the rat cerebral cortex, the comparative effects of various muscarinic
      agonists on the release of [3H]dopamine ([3H]DA), [3H]acetylcholine ([3H]ACh),
      and [3H]5-hydroxytryptamine ([3H]5-HT) from superfused nerve endings and on
      phosphatidylinositol (PI) turnover were studied. Acetylcholine (ACh) was found to
      be the most potent among the agonists tested on all three release systems
      examined, and also on the activation of PI turnover. Oxotremorine and bethanechol
      were very weak agonists when tested as stimulators of PI turnover. However,
      oxotremorine was very effective as a release modulator, while bethanechol was
      completely ineffective. Our data suggest that the activation of PI turnover is
      not directly involved in the modulation of neurotransmitter release mediated by
      presynaptic muscarinic receptors.

PMID- 2906410
TI  - Differentiating the effects of three benzodiazepines on non-REM sleep EEG
      spectra. A neural-network pattern classification analysis.
AB  - Neural-network pattern classifiers were used to study the effects of long half
      life flurazepam (30 mg) and quazepam (15 mg), and short half-life triazolam (0.5
      mg) on non-REM sleep. We measured the magnitude of effect, time course, and EEG
      spectral signature of the three benzodiazepines as a function of third-of-night.
      Of the three benzodiazepines studied, flurazepam had the largest effect and
      quazepam had the most stable time course. The effects of triazolam were similar
      to those of quazepam. These EEG differences may prove to be more clinically
      useful markers than the usual measurement of plasma levels, and may be used to
      guide the therapy of sleep disorders.

PMID- 2906411
TI  - [Which therapy in the acute stage of myocardial infarct is in position to prolong
      survival?].

PMID- 2906412
TI  - [Bopindolol in the treatment of mild and moderate arterial hypertension].

PMID- 2906413
TI  - Use of 3'HVR genomic probe for presymptomatic diagnosis of adult polycystic
      kidney disease in northern Italy: comparison of DNA analysis and renal
      ultrasonographic data.
AB  - A highly polymorphic DNA probe (3'HVR) with genetic linkage to the locus of
      autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease was used for screening. Families
      with subjects at risk were from the Po river delta region (Northern Italy), where
      the disease accounts for 24% of the demands for dialysis. 3'HVR alleles were
      investigated in white blood cell DNA from 142 members of 18 families. The genomic
      marker was found informative in 88% of cases. Two recombinations between the
      marker and the disease locus were observed in 79 meioses. In 42 of the subjects
      at risk the results of DNA analysis and renal ultrasonography were compared. In
      36 subjects the tests confirmed each other (18 were positive). In the other six
      subjects (all under 20 years of age and four under 10) only DNA analysis could
      diagnose the inheritance of cystic disease in the absence of demonstrable cysts.
      The findings indicate that in the population of the Po river delta the
      presymptomatic detection of adult polycystic kidney disease by 3'HVR linkage
      analysis is feasible in 88% of cases with approximately 95% reliability.

PMID- 2906414
TI  - An N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor mediated excitatory postsynaptic potential
      evoked in subthalamic neurons in an in vitro slice preparation of the rat.
AB  - Subthalamic (STH) neurons with slow EPSPs mediated by an N-methyl-D-aspartate
      (NMDA) receptor were studied in rat brain slice preparation. When STH neurons
      were intracellularly recorded with KCl-filled electrodes, stimulation of the
      internal capsule (IC) evoked a short duration depolarization followed by a slow
      excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) lasting 100-200 ms. The amplitude of the
      slow EPSP was increased when the neuron was hyperpolarized by a low intensity
      current injection but was blocked when it was hyperpolarized with strong current.
      The slow EPSP was reversibly suppressed by application of 30-50 microM DL-2-amino
      5-phosphonovareric acid (APV). STH neurons also were recorded, with potassium
      methylsulfate filled electrodes, in the slice preparation obtained from rats that
      received chronic knife cuts of the IC at the level of the entopeduncular nucleus.
      Stimulation of the IC immediately rostral to the STH evoked a fast EPSP followed
      by a slow EPSP, and IPSPs were largely eliminated in this preparation. The slow
      EPSP was augmented in MG-free medium and suppressed by 50 microM APV. These
      results suggest that NMDA receptor mediating slow EPSPs may regulate activities
      of STH neurons.

PMID- 2906415
TI  - Microinjections of glutamate or morphine at coincident midbrain sites have
      different effects on nociceptive dorsal horn neurons in the rat.
AB  - Responses of single lumbar spinal neurons to noxious skin heating (50 degrees C,
      10 s) were electrophysiologically recorded in barbiturate-anesthetized rats.
      Responses of all neurons were suppressed by electrical stimulation in the
      midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) or lateral reticular formation (LRF).
      Microinjection of glutamate (GLU, 0.1-0.3 microliter, 0.5 M) into the PAG rapidly
      (within 15 s) suppressed (to 13-55% of control) the responses of 6/16 neurons
      with recovery within 8 min. The remainder were affected less at even higher doses
      (0.5-1 microliter). Responses of 4/10 neurons were suppressed following GLU
      microinjected into the LRF. We also tested effects of microinjection of morphine
      (MOR, 5 micrograms/0.5 microliter) into GLU-sensitive and insensitive PAG sites.
      Responses of 4 neurons were unaffected, 4 were enhanced (to 130-155%), and 2
      suppressed (to 43 and 57%) following MOR in PAG, with enhancement or suppression
      beginning within 12-20 min and lasting 40 to over 70 min. The differing effects
      of GLU and MOR may reflect different mechanisms for the descending modulation of
      spinal nociceptive transmission.

PMID- 2906416
TI  - Ring-substituted amphetamine interactions with neurotransmitter receptor binding
      sites in human cortex.
AB  - The binding affinities of 3 ring-substituted amphetamine compounds were
      determined at 9 neurotransmitter binding sites in human cortex. (+/-)-3,4
      Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), (+/-)-3,4-methylenedioxyethamphetamine (MDE),
      and (+/-)-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or 'Ecstasy') all display
      highest affinity (approximately 1 microM) for the recently identified 'DOB
      binding site' labeled by [77Br]R(-)4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine [(
      77Br]R(-)DOB). MDA displays moderate affinity (4-5 microM) for the 5
      hydroxytryptamine1A (5-HT1A), 5-HT1D, and alpha 2-adrenergic sites in human
      cortex. MDE and MDMA display lower affinity or are inactive at all other sites
      tested in the present study. These observations are discussed in relation to the
      novel psychoactive effects of the ring-substituted amphetamines.

PMID- 2906417
TI  - Reproductive hormones control striatal tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the male
      rat.
AB  - The effects of castration, hypophysectomy and testosterone treatment on striatal
      tyrosine hydroxylase (TOH) activity were examined in male rats. Enzyme activity
      was measured by means of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
      determination of L-3,4-dihydroxphenylalanine (DOPA) formed. Serum levels of both
      testosterone and luteinizing hormone (LH) were measured by radioimmunoassay
      (RIA). Castration, but not hypophysectomy, reduced TOH activity in the striatum.
      The administration of testosterone propionate (TP) to castrated animals in a dose
      of 10 micrograms/100 g b.wt. during the two days previous to sacrifice,
      completely prevented the castration-induced reduction of striatal TOH activity.
      In orchidectomized rats treated with different doses of testosterone propionate
      (TP) up to 20 micrograms/100 g b.wt., the levels of striatal TOH activity were
      apparently related to either the dose-related increase of serum testosterone or
      the decrease of serum LH. Higher doses of the androgen failed to further modify
      striatal TOH activity, in spite of the dose-related elevation of serum
      testosterone concentration. These results suggest that circulating levels of
      gonadal and/or pituitary hormones partially control dopaminergic synthesis in
      striatal terminals, which in turn may account for some behavioral effects of
      reproductive hormones.

PMID- 2906418
TI  - Comparative topography of dopamine- and tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive
      neurons in the rat arcuate nucleus.
AB  - The distribution of dopamine (DA)-immunoreactive (IR) cells is described in the
      rat arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus and its adjacent areas and compared with
      that of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-IR cells. Small DA-IR cells were seen to be
      aggregated mainly in the dorsomedial part of the nucleus, but were hardly
      detectable in its ventrolateral portion and neighbouring periarcuate region which
      showed many larger TH-IR cells. This study reveals, for the first time, the
      differences in the respective topography of those neurons which actually contain
      detectable DA and those which contain TH, the initial synthesizing enzyme of
      catecholamine.

PMID- 2906419
TI  - Sulfasalazine inhibits folate absorption.

PMID- 2906420
TI  - Dopamine, GABA, cholecystokinin and opioids in neuroleptic-induced tardive
      dyskinesia.
AB  - The long-term administration of neuroleptics causes tardive dyskinesia, which
      closely resembles levodopa-induced dyskinesias, and is brought about through
      complex mechanisms which are ill-defined. It is generally believed that the
      pathogenesis of tardive dyskinesia relates closely to the chronic blockade of
      dopamine receptor sites and that its pathophysiology results from a
      hypersensitivity of dopamine receptor sites. In the therapeutic management of
      neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia, in addition to reserpine and lithium,
      diazepam, baclofen, or gamma-vinyl-gamma-aminobutyric acid have also been
      advocated. However, the reported beneficial effects of diazepam and GABA-mimetic
      agents in ameliorating the symptoms of tardive dyskinesia may occur through a
      mechanism which does not necessarily link transmission involving both dopamine
      and GABA. The presence of high concentrations of both cholecystokinin and opioids
      in the striatum also suggests that these peptides not only may influence
      dopaminergic transmission, but that they may also be relevant to the
      psychopathology of schizophrenia and to the therapeutic effects of neuroleptics.
      Indeed, the acute and chronic administration of neuroleptics alters the levels of
      cholecystokinin and opioids and their receptors in several brain regions
      including the striatum. However, neuroleptics also alter the biochemical
      integrity of neurotensin, neuropeptide Y, substance P and somatostatin, which may
      also play a role in the overall expression of the neuroleptic-induced
      extrapyramidal reactions.

PMID- 2906421
TI  - Tourette syndrome and medical treatment in Canada.
AB  - Self-report data were gathered from a national sample of over two hundred
      Canadian Tourette Syndrome (TS) patients. Included was previous use of stimulant
      medication and prior extended use of antihistamines for allergies or sinus
      condition. Patients were also asked information on Tourette Syndrome-precipitated
      hospitalization or boarding school placement, the type of physician treating them
      and on a five-point scale their level of satisfaction with their medical care.
      Results indicate that over 20% of TS patients have used stimulant medications and
      30% have used antihistamine for extended periods. Many patients have spent time
      in psychiatric settings and most are under the care of psychiatrist or
      neurologist. Approximately 40% of TS patients reported being satisfied to very
      satisfied with the medical care they were receiving, and 20% having mixed
      feelings. Few patients receiving medical care were dissatisfied with their
      treatment.

PMID- 2906422
TI  - Intermittent medication cessation in the treatment of Tourette syndrome.
AB  - Long-term use of neuroleptic medications has been associated with many
      undesirable effects. Intermittent medication cessation may reduce the risk of
      exposure to these side effects. Six school age male Tourette Syndrome (TS)
      patients who were on medication for TS (haloperidol) were monitored closely over
      a six-month period. Four patients withdrew from haloperidol for the middle two
      month period then returned to medication use. Other subjects remained on
      medication throughout the study. Results indicated that withdrawal from
      haloperidol is likely to result in an increase in TS symptoms, particularly
      simple motor tics, which is quite dramatic but rarely lasts more than 4 weeks.
      Physical symptoms of withdrawal from haloperidol include irritability,
      nervousness, moodiness, oppositional behaviours, stomach pains, indigestion, skin
      irritations, diaphoresis, visual acuity problems, oculogyria, and symptom
      instability. Results of psychometric tests also indicated, however, that subjects
      were less depressed, experienced fewer obsessive-compulsive symptoms, and were
      less hyperactive and socially withdrawn when they were medication free as
      compared to on haloperidol.

PMID- 2906423
TI  - A clinical pharmacological approach to treating Tourette syndrome in children and
      adolescents.
AB  - Tourette Syndrome (TS) is a neuropsychiatric movement disorder characterized by
      the presence of multiple motor and phonic tics. Monoamine neurotransmitter
      dysfunction has been implicated in the expression of the condition. Standard as
      well as novel pharmacologic treatments for TS as a sole entity or as a condition
      co-morbid with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and/or obsessive
      compulsive disorder (OCD) target these presumed neurotransmitter abnormalities.
      Choice of a specific medication is also predicated upon an individual patient's
      symptom profile, a cost-benefit analysis of desired effects versus side effects,
      and the impact on co-morbid conditions. Maximum involvement of the patient and
      parent or significant other is encouraged. It is emphasized that pharmacologic
      treatment is primarily symptomatic, usually not affecting the longer term outcome
      of specific syndromes per se. The integration of pharmacologic with
      psychoeducational interventions is encouraged.

PMID- 2906424
TI  - An evaluation of Tourette syndrome and medication use in Canada.
AB  - Self-report data were gathered from a national sample of over 200 Canadian
      Tourette Syndrome (TS) patients. Information regarding symptom severity both on
      and off medication was gathered along with an analysis of different medications
      in use, and patient ratings of effectiveness of those medications. Patients also
      rated their own mental health. Results indicated that approximately 60% of TS
      patients take some form of medication for relief from their symptoms. Of these,
      over 80% reported that symptoms are less severe when medicated. The most commonly
      prescribed medications in order of popularity are haloperidol, pimozide,
      clonidine and benztropine mesylate (Cogentin). Patient ratings of effectiveness
      of these medications places haloperidol first, pimozide second and clonidine
      third although all were found to be "somewhat" to "very" effective. Of those TS
      patients on medications, 50% rated their own mental health as good to excellent
      and 50% rated it as fair to poor.

PMID- 2906425
TI  - Inflammation of the hind limb as a model of unilateral, localized pain: influence
      on multiple opioid systems in the spinal cord of the rat.
AB  - Inoculation of the right hind paw with Mycobacterium butyricum rapidly led to
      swelling and inflammation. The afflicted limb showed an enhanced sensitivity to
      noxious pressure (hyperalgesia) and a reduced sensitivity to noxious heat 24 h
      following treatment. Both naloxone and MR 2266 (which has greater activity at
      kappa-opioid receptors) further increased the sensitivity to pressure (that is,
      potentiated the hyperalgesia) but did not affect the response to heat. They did
      not affect the response of the uninflamed paw. At 1 week, only MR 2266 was
      effective. At both 24 h and 1 week, the inflamed paw showed pronounced
      supersensitivity to the antinociceptive action of morphine against noxious
      pressure. At both 24 h and (to a greater extent) 1 week, a rise in levels of
      immunoreactive (ir)-dynorphin (DYN) was seen in the ipsilateral dorsal horn of
      the lumbar spinal cord. There was no alteration in the contralateral dorsal horn
      or in either ventral horn. Furthermore, levels of ir-met-enkephalin (ME) and ir
      leu-enkephalin (LE) were unaffected. There was no difference in the density of mu
      , delta- or kappa-binding sites in any part of the lumbar cord, at either 24 h or
      1 week, between ipsilateral and contralateral tissue. By 3 and 5 weeks
      postinoculation, the symptoms had spread to the contralateral hind limb and ir
      DYN was elevated in the contralateral dorsal horn and the ipsilateral ventral
      horn. At 5 weeks, levels of ir-ME and ir-LE also were increased in the
      ipsilateral and contralateral dorsal horns, but not in the contralateral ventral
      horn. Furthermore, levels of ir-DYN were increased in the cervico-thoracic spinal
      cord, and rats displayed adrenal hypertrophy and a rise in plasma levels of ir
      beta-endorphin (beta-EP). These data indicate: (1) Peripheral inflammation
      localized to a single limb selectively modifies levels of ir-DYN in ipsilateral
      dorsal horn. The effect is specific to DYN as compared to ME and LE. The density
      of mu-, delta-, or kappa-receptors in the lumbar spinal cord is unmodified. (2)
      The altered response to opioid agonists and antagonists shown by rats with an
      inflamed limb may be selective to the injured tissue. (3) Alterations in opioid
      systems associated with unilateral hind limb inflammation may not be exclusively
      chronic in nature: they appear very rapidly (within 24 h) of the induction of
      pain. With time, the contralateral limb becomes affected and, eventually, the
      effects resemble those seen with generalized polyarthritis.

PMID- 2906426
TI  - Enhancement of dynorphin gene expression in spinal cord following experimental
      inflammation: stimulus specificity, behavioral parameters and opioid receptor
      binding.
AB  - The stimulus specificity for enhancement of dynorphin gene expression in rat
      spinal cord was studied by combined measurements of the peptide dynorphin A 1-8
      and preprodynorphin mRNA levels during peripheral inflammation induced by several
      agents. The density of kappa receptors, the putative receptor for dynorphin
      peptides, was examined using receptor binding with autoradiographic
      visualization. Mu and delta receptor classes were also studied. All inflammatory
      agents tested (carrageenan, phorbol ester, yeast and Freund's adjuvant) rapidly
      induced edema and thermal hyperalgesia. All agents also induced a rapid (within 8
      h) elevation in dynorphin mRNA and, in comparison, a delayed (within 2 days)
      elevation of dynorphin A 1-8 peptide; peak peptide levels were reached at 4 days.
      No alteration of kappa, mu or delta receptor binding was observed at 4 h or 4
      days post inflammation. The rapid development of thermal hyperalgesia and
      elevation of dynorphin mRNA and peptide content indicates that the involvement of
      dynorphin-containing neurons in nociceptive processing does not require a chronic
      abnormality and a dynamic picture of opioid modulation of sensory processing
      emerges. These data also demonstrate that activation of dynorphin biosynthesis in
      spinal cord is a feature common to hyperalgesia and peripheral inflammation and
      is not restricted to any one type of inflammatory agent. The lack of alteration
      in receptors suggests that the physiological effects of an increased biosynthesis
      are not accompanied by a concurrent down-regulation of opiate receptors.

PMID- 2906427
TI  - Studies on essential amino acid residues and functional regions of H+-ATPase
      (F0F1) from Escherichia coli by gene manipulation.
AB  - We discussed application of in vitro mutagenesis on H+-ATPase (F0F1) of
      Escherichia coli. The oligonucleotide-directed site specific mutagenesis and
      construction of a set of truncated subunits were useful for identifying essential
      residues of beta subunit and a functional region of epsilon subunit,
      respectively, of this complicated membrane enzyme.

PMID- 2906428
TI  - A rapid and efficient purification of poly(A)-mRNA by oligo(dT)30-Latex.
AB  - Latex particles were covalently linked to the 5'-proximal region of oligo(dT)30.
      The resultant oligo(dT)30-Latex was tested for its hybridizability to poly(A)
      containing mRNA. Several advantages were noted as compared to the conventional
      oligo(dT)30-cellulose column chromatography; (1) a highly efficient
      (approximately 95%) hybridization occurs in a short reaction period (10min), (2)
      more than 95% of poly(A) mRNA can be recovered from oligo(dT)30-Latex by a simple
      heating followed by brief centrifugation, (3) multiple samples can be handled
      simultaneously and moreover, (4) the poly(A)-mRNA on the oligo(dT)30-Latex can be
      directly transcribed by AMV reverse transcriptase to form the cDNA. These
      properties of oligo(dT)30-Latex promise an excellent reagent for nucleic acid
      technology.

PMID- 2906429
TI  - Neuroleptic-like properties of cholecystokinin analogs: distinctive mechanisms
      underlying similar behavioral profiles depending on the route of administration.
AB  - Rats were trained to discriminate vehicle injections from intraperitoneal
      injections of 3 micrograms/kg caerulein, a cholecystokinin (CCK) neuropeptide
      analog. The reward that reinforced correct choices was an electrical brain
      stimulation self-administered by bar pressing. Dose-response quantitative
      generalization was obtained by using 1 and 2 micrograms/kg caerulein. Qualitative
      generalization to the vehicle occurred after injecting 10, 20 and 200
      micrograms/kg unsulfated CCK-8, 10, 20 and 200 micrograms/kg CCK-4, 5
      micrograms/kg CCK-8 and 1 microgram/kg caerulein, neurotensin or bombesin and 200
      micrograms/kg apomorphine or 320 micrograms/kg amphetamine. Total generalization
      to the caerulein cue was obtained with 20 micrograms/kg sulfated CCK-8 or gastrin
      2-17, 25 micrograms/kg somatostatin, 50 micrograms/kg haloperidol and 2 mg/kg
      chlorpromazine. The previous 5 mg/kg injection of an antiemetic drug such as
      chlorhydrate of trimethobenzamide did not eliminate the discriminative properties
      of a subsequent injection of caerulein. Our data thus tend to show that IP
      injection of caerulein produces effects similar to those of IP neuroleptics.

PMID- 2906431
TI  - Hippocampal kynurenines as etiological factors in seizure disorders.
AB  - Seizure disorders are believed to be frequently linked to an imbalance between
      excitatory and inhibitory processes in the hippocampal formation. Thus, epileptic
      phenomena can probably be caused by a net hyperexcitation of hippocampal
      "pacemaker" neurons, which in turn leads to more generalized excitation and is
      often accompanied by selective neuronal loss. Several transmitter systems have
      been implicated in the etiology of seizures. However, the close mimicry of some
      forms of epilepsy by the actions of neuroexcitatory amino acids (EAA) and the
      anticonvulsant activity of EAA antagonists acting at the N-methyl-D-aspartate
      (NMDA) receptor have focussed recent attention on EAA as trigger factors in
      epilepsy. The heterocyclic metabolite quinolinic acid (QUIN), a NMDA agonist
      present in the brain, has attracted particular interest in this regard because of
      its potent convulsant and neurodegenerative properties, which are especially
      pronounced in the hippocampus. QUIN's metabolic enzymes have been identified in
      the brain and localized by immunohistochemical techniques to glial cells.
      Notably, QUIN biosynthesis seems to take place in cellular entities which are
      distinct from those responsible for QUIN degradation, implying that QUIN can gain
      access to the extracellular space (where it can interact with neuronal NMDA
      receptors) and can subsequently enter different cells to meet its catabolic fate.
      An endogenous compound metabolically related to QUIN, kynurenic acid (KYNA) is a
      potent antagonist of the convulsant and neurodegenerative effects of QUIN. The
      pathogenesis of seizure disorders can therefore now be hypothesized to be a
      problem of KYNA-deficiency as well as (or in addition to) QUIN-hyperfunction. It
      thus seems prudent to carefully examine the relationship between the function of
      QUIN and KYNA in the brain in view of possible implications for the precipitation
      of seizure phenomena.

PMID- 2906430
TI  - Sauvagine: effects on gastric acid secretion in rats.
AB  - Intracerebroventricular (ICV) and subcutaneous (SC) injections of sauvagine
      powerfully inhibited gastric acid secretion stimulated by gastric distension and
      by 2-deoxy-D-glucose, but not by histamine in pylorus-ligated rats. Naloxone
      failed to antagonize the antisecretory effects of SC and ICV sauvagine.
      Intravenous infusion of sauvagine completely suppressed bethanechol-stimulated
      gastric secretion, significantly decreased pentagastrin-stimulated gastric
      secretion and did not modify histamine-stimulated gastric secretion in gastric
      perfused rats. The inhibitory effect of sauvagine on gastric secretory response
      is not mediated through opioid or histamine receptors. It appears to be dependent
      on a vagal mechanism as well as other mechanisms that await further elucidation.

PMID- 2906432
TI  - Enkephalins and the action of psychotropic drugs.
AB  - This paper reviews data concerning the possible role of opioid neuropeptides in
      the central action of psychotropic drugs. The results summarized provide an
      evidence that the long term interruption of the central dopaminergic mechanisms
      by administration of neuroleptics causes specific alterations in the content,
      release and biosynthesis of several opioid peptides. Moreover, the dynamic
      changes of the enkephalin level in brain structures after one year of
      fluphenazine administration were described. The acute and chronic treatment with
      benzodiazepines induced pronounced changes in brain enkephalin concentrations.
      The first evidences are provided that chronic antidepressant treatment changes
      the level of enkephalins in discrete brain areas.

PMID- 2906433
TI  - Benzodiazepines increase tonic component of postdecapitation convulsions in mice.
AB  - The effects of benzodiazepines (BDZs) and GABA system on tonic and clonic
      component of postdecapitation convulsion (PDC) were studied in mice. Mice
      decapitated at the occipito-cervical junction, exerted biphasic convulsions,
      i.e., initially tonic and subsequently clonic convulsions. BDZs such as diazepam
      or clonazepam increased tonic and clonic components of PDC. These effects were
      not antagonized by Ro 15-1788, a benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. The
      increased tonic component was antagonized by the GABA receptor antagonists,
      bicuculline and picrotoxin, whereas the clonic component was augmented by them.
      Aminooxyacetic acid, which increases the endogenous GABA content by inhibiting
      the GABA-transaminase, increased the tonic component significantly; this increase
      was antagonized by both bicuculline and picrotoxin. Muscimol, a GABA agonist,
      however did not affect the tonic components but rather augmented the clonic
      component. Bicuculline and picrotoxin did not antagonize this effect of muscimol.
      These results indicate that endogenous GABA may play a crucial role in mediating
      the tonic component of PDC and the facilitation of this component by BDZs may
      also be due to the activation of GABA in the spinal cord. Furthermore, the
      mechanisms of the tonic component may be different from that of the clonic
      component.

PMID- 2906434
TI  - Effects of isofloxythepin enantiomers on prolactin secretion and postdecapitation
      convulsions in rats.
AB  - Racemic isofloxythepin and its enantiomers (0.05-1.0 mg/kg) administered
      subcutaneously increased serum prolactin levels in a dose-dependent manner in
      rats. The potencies of the drugs were equal for this variable. They (0.05-1.0
      mg/kg, SC) also decreased dose-dependently the incidence and duration of
      postdecapitation convulsions, the convulsions being abolished at 1.0 mg/kg in all
      groups. Although (-)-enantiomer had slightly stronger effects than those of
      raceme and (+)-enantiomer, there were no great differences in their inhibitory
      effects on postdecapitation convulsions. The results indicate that isofloxythepin
      enantiomers in addition to raceme increase serum prolactin levels and inhibit
      postdecapitation convulsions and that they seem to have similar potency in
      blocking of dopamine receptors and alpha 1-adrenoceptors.

PMID- 2906435
TI  - CGS 10746B is able to attenuate the effects of amphetamine: further evidence for
      dopaminergic mediation.
AB  - Previous results indicate that agents which either decreases synthesis or block
      postsynaptic dopamine receptors will attenuate the discriminative stimulus
      produced by d-amphetamine. CGS 10746B has been reported to decrease dopamine
      release without changing its metabolism or occupying its receptors. In the
      present study, rats successfully trained to discriminate intraperitoneally
      administered (0.8 mg/kg) d-amphetamine in a two-lever, food-motivated operant
      task were observed to be unable to discriminate amphetamine when pretreated with
      30 mg/kg CGS 10746B. This antagonism was shown to be dose-responsive and
      constitutes a third mechanism, i.e., dopamine release inhibition, that evidences
      the dopaminergic mediation of amphetamine in the discriminative paradigm. When
      both cathinone (0.8 mg/kg) and cocaine (10.0 mg/kg) were administered to the
      amphetamine-trained rats they each were recognized as amphetamine and are, thus,
      considered to generalize to the amphetamine discriminative stimulus.
      Coadministration of CGS 10746B and cathinone totally antagonized this
      generalization, whereas pretreatment with CGS 10746B prior to cocaine
      significantly reduced cocaine's effects. These results implicate dopamine
      mechanisms in the discriminative stimulus properties of the psychostimulants
      amphetamine, cathinone and cocaine.

PMID- 2906436
TI  - Does RO 15-4513 reverse the anxiolytic effects of ethanol by its intrinsic
      properties?
AB  - In order to better understand the antagonistic effects of the partial inverse
      agonist of benzodiazepine receptors, RO 15-4513, against the disinhibitory action
      of ethanol, we examined the effects of RO 15-4513 at a dose (2.0 mg/kg) that did
      not alter locomotor activity, given alone or in combination with ethanol, on the
      behavior of mice confronted with the light/dark choice procedure and the
      staircase test. At this dose, RO 15-4513 given alone was found to have slight
      anxiogenic properties and when given in combination with ethanol, to completely
      reverse the disinhibitory effects of ethanol. Since we previously observed
      postictal depression after higher doses of RO 15-4513 given alone and
      antagonistic effects of these same doses on the action of ethanol, it can be
      suggested that the antagonistic effects of RO 15-4513 against ethanol are due to
      its anxiogenic or depressive properties depending on doses. However, this
      hypothesis can only be regarded as being in early stages of development at the
      present time since these results do not parallel with those of several other
      studies and the question whether the antagonistic action of RO 15-4513 against
      ethanol is additive or interactive remains open.

PMID- 2906437
TI  - Vascular actions of atrial natriuretic peptide.

PMID- 2906438
TI  - Antibronchoconstrictor activity of the intracellular calcium antagonist HA 1004
      in guinea pigs.
AB  - HA 1004 is a calcium antagonist vasodilator that inhibits contraction in vascular
      smooth muscle and lowers arterial blood pressure. The effects of HA 1004 on
      guinea pig airway smooth muscle contraction were compared to the effects of the
      calcium antagonists, verapamil and nifedipine and the bronchodilator, albuterol.
      In vitro, HA 1004, verapamil, nifedipine and albuterol inhibited Ca2+-induced
      contractions of the depolarized guinea pig trachea. HA 1004 and albuterol also
      relaxed the basal tracheal tone, whereas verapamil and nifedipine were inactive.
      The bronchorelaxant activity of HA 1004 was not blocked by propranolol. In vivo,
      intravenous administration of HA 1004, verapamil, nifedipine and albuterol
      effectively blocked bronchoconstriction induced by intravenous histamine and
      methacholine. HA 1004 also reversed a histamine-induced bronchospasm, as did
      albuterol, verapamil and nifedipine. Intratracheal administration of HA 1004 and
      albuterol inhibited histamine-induced bronchoconstriction without effecting blood
      pressure, whereas intratracheal administration of verapamil and nifedipine caused
      a significant reduction of blood pressure at their pulmonary active doses. These
      results show that HA 1004 has the ability to relax airway smooth muscle, inhibit
      contractile responses in the guinea pig airways, and there is separation of its
      cardiovascular and pulmonary effects when HA 1004 is administered directly to the
      lungs. The results are discussed in terms of the regulatory enzymes and sources
      of calcium that are involved in airway smooth muscle contraction.

PMID- 2906439
TI  - Psychostimulants, analeptics, nootropics: an attempt to differentiate and assess
      drugs designed for the treatment of impaired brain functions.
AB  - The common characteristic properties of psychostimulants, analeptics, and
      nootropics are excitatory and disinhibitory effects on the central nervous
      system. The differences lie in the type of excitatory effect. Psychostimulants
      produce a general, yet nonphysiologic, activation with subsequent sedation. They
      generally act in a destabilising manner, disturbing the homoeostatic functions of
      centrally regulated reactions. Nootropics produce a physiological activation of
      disturbed or reduced adaptation functions. They have a stabilising effect,
      increasing the homoeostatic functions of the centrally regulated reactions that
      have become susceptible to disturbances. Analeptics differ from psychostimulants
      and nootropics. The effects of neuronal excitation or disinhibition are mainly
      restricted to the respiratory and circulatory systems. In high dosages they
      produce convulsions and corresponding motor reactions. No conclusive evidence for
      a general efficacy in the treatment of organic mental disorders has been
      furnished for any of the three drug classes. Yet there is sufficient proof that
      nootropics, unlike psychostimulants and analeptics, can produce therapeutic
      results in at least some patients, even if it is not yet clear under what
      conditions they can be meaningfully applied. There is a fundamental difference
      between the three groups with regard to the potential for abuse. While tolerance
      and extreme physiological dependence can occur rapidly under treatment with
      psychostimulants, such risks are not a typical feature of nootropics or
      analeptics.

PMID- 2906440
TI  - Systemic hormonal and physiological abnormalities in anxiety disorders.
AB  - Among the studies of systemic hormonal and physiological abnormalities associated
      with anxiety disorders, the most consistent and extensive findings suggest (a)
      peripheral adrenergic hyperactivity (including increases in norepinephrine but
      not epinephrine) and functional dysregulation, (b) increased incidence of mitral
      valve prolapse in panic patients, and (c) normal suppressibility of the
      hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal cortical endocrine system with dexamethasone in
      panic patients. Other less-certain findings include (a) increased circulating
      concentrations of plasma ACTH and/or cortisol, and prolactin, in panic patients,
      (b) increased platelet monoamine oxidase activity in generalized anxiety and/or
      panic patients, (c) decreased gonadal axis activity in some anxious individuals,
      (d) decreased nighttime melatonin plasma concentrations in panic patients, and
      (e) peripheral alpha 2 and beta-adrenoreceptor down-regulation, with normal
      serotonin binding parameters. These findings, taken together, provide tentative
      support for dysfunction in adrenergic and GABAergic central nervous system
      mechanisms in people with anxiety disorders. Abnormal anxiety and normal stress
      both show evidence of adrenergic hyperactivity; however, there appear to be
      differences in hormonal profiles, especially the apparent lack of increase of
      epinephrine during panic attacks, as well as differences in the reactivity of the
      system, and in the "trigger" mechanisms which determine when the response occurs.

PMID- 2906441
TI  - Plasma prolactin response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone during benzodiazepine
      treatment.
AB  - Previously we observed that prolactin (PRL) is secreted in response to
      gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in normal women during the periovulatory
      phase of the menstrual cycle. Because sedative drugs affect the neurotransmitters
      involved in the regulation of PRL secretion, we investigated PRL responsiveness
      to GnRH in pre- and postmenopausal female subjects during prolonged treatment
      with benzodiazepines (six-60 months). In both pre-and postmenopausal patients who
      were not on benzodiazepine treatment, GnRH infusion (0.2 micrograms/min for 3 hr)
      was ineffective in eliciting a PRL response. In six premenopausal women treated
      with benzodiazepines, basal PRL concentrations were not influenced by the drug in
      four subjects (range 4.0-15.7 ng/ml) and were slightly elevated in two subjects
      (23 and 30 ng/ml). In six treated postmenopausal women, basal PRL concentrations
      were in the normal range (7.5-11.0 ng/ml). GnRH infusion induced a progressive
      increase in PRL concentrations which reached a peak at 120 min in the
      premenopausal subjects (mean % SEM increase: 64 +/- 30.5%) and at 60-90 min in
      the postmenopausal subjects (mean % increase: 110.6 +/- 34.7%). A saline
      infusion, performed on a separate day during benzodiazepine treatment as a
      control, did not influence PRL.

PMID- 2906442
TI  - Apomorphine anorexia: the role of dopamine receptors in the ventral forebrain.
AB  - The inhibition of feeding following the administration of apomorphine,
      systemically or directly into the nucleus accumbens/ventral striatum, was studied
      using a microstructural analysis paradigm. On systemic administration,
      apomorphine reduced food consumption, eating rate and eating time; the effects
      were blocked by sulpiride but not by SCH-23390. Two doses of apomorphine were
      administered centrally. Both doses reduced total food intake and eating rate;
      only the higher dose also reduced eating time; all of these effects were blocked
      by sulpiride pretreatment. Only the lower dose reduced locomotor activity and
      rearing in the open field. The results suggest that apomorphine reduces eating
      rate by an action on dopamine (DA) axon terminal autoreceptors. We have
      previously demonstrated that apomorphine reduces eating time by an action on DA
      cell body autoreceptors. Therefore, the two populations of DA autoreceptors
      appear to be differentially involved in behaviour.

PMID- 2906443
TI  - The pharmacological characterisation of pilocarpine-induced purposeless chewing
      behaviour in the rat.
AB  - Purposeless chewing in rats was induced by the acute administration of the
      cholinergic agonist pilocarpine or by physostigmine. Pilocarpine-induced chewing
      was antagonised by the centrally acting anticholinergic drugs scopolamine,
      benzhexol and secoverine, but not by the peripherally acting anticholinergic drug
      methylscopolamine. Both benzhexol and secoverine caused dose-dependent inhibition
      of pilocarpine-induced chewing. The D-2 antagonist sulpiride and the D-1
      antagonist SCH 23390 did not inhibit pilocarpine-induced chewing. The non
      selective neuroleptics pimozide, trifluoperazine and thioridazine also were
      inactive. In contrast, clozapine caused a dose-related inhibition of pilocarpine
      induced chewing. The alpha-1 antagonist prazosin, the alpha-2 antagonist
      idazoxan, the beta-antagonists propranolol and metoprolol and the H-1 antagonist
      mepyramine did not reduce pilocarpine-induced chewing. Purposeless chewing
      behaviour induced by pilocarpine was reduced in a dose-related manner by the
      administration of the 5-HT antagonists methiothepin and mianserin, but not by
      spiperone or ketanserin. These data confirm that pilocarpine-induced chewing
      behaviour in the rat is a model of central cholinergic activity, but suggest that
      a serotonergic component may be involved in the mediation of this behaviour.

PMID- 2906444
TI  - Time course of ethanol's effects on locomotor activity, exploration and anxiety
      in mice.
AB  - The time course of the effects of two doses of ethanol on exploration, locomotor
      activity and anxiety were investigated using the holeboard and plus-maze tests.
      In an 8 min holeboard test the lower (1.2 g/kg) dose increased both exploration
      and locomotor activity 0.5 h after ethanol administration whereas the higher (2.4
      g/kg) dose decreased exploration but caused an even greater increase in locomotor
      activity. This activity increase was also seen 1 h post-administration. In the
      plus-maze test both doses showed an increased number of arm-entries 0.5 h and 1 h
      after administration but only the 2.4 g/kg dose caused anxiolytic effects
      persisting for over 2 h. The results add further support to the notion that the
      behavioral effects of ethanol vary with dose, time of administration and the
      behavioral measure taken.

PMID- 2906445
TI  - Is the discriminative stimulus produced by phencyclidine due to an interaction
      with N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors?
AB  - Rats were trained to discriminate phencyclidine (PCP) from saline at doses of 2
      and 4 mg/kg, using a two-lever food reinforced operant technique. +/- N
      allylnormetazocine (+/- SKF 10047), +5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H
      dibenzo[A,D]cyclohepten-5,10-imine MK 801), 3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl) propyl-1
      phosphonic acid (CPP) and ifenprodil, which have been shown to antagonise the
      effects of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), were tested for their ability to give
      rise to PCP-appropriate responding. In rats trained at both doses of PCP, +/- SKF
      10047 (2-12 mg/kg) and MK 801 (0.0125-0.2 mg/kg) produced dose-related responding
      on the lever associated with PCP injection. The relative potency of these two
      compounds was the same in the two groups of animals, but their absolute potencies
      to produce a PCP-like discriminative stimulus were dependent on the training dose
      of PCP. In contrast, neither the competitive NMDA antagonist CPP (4-20 mg/kg) nor
      the non-competitive antagonist ifenprodil (2-12 mg/kg) produced PCP-appropriate
      responding and ifenprodil (4 mg/kg) neither potentiated nor antagonised PCP.
      These findings are discussed in the light of the hypothesis that the behavioural
      effects of PCP are mediated via a reduction of neurotransmission at the NMDA
      subtype of glutamate receptors.

PMID- 2906447
TI  - Recent developments in neurobiology: Part III. Effectors of transmitter action.

PMID- 2906448
TI  - Psychoimmunological dysregulation in multiple sclerosis.

PMID- 2906446
TI  - Evidence that hypophagia induced by mCPP and TFMPP requires 5-HT1C and 5-HT1B
      receptors; hypophagia induced by RU 24969 only requires 5-HT1B receptors.
AB  - Male Sprague-Dawley rats deprived of food for 18 h were injected with the 5-HT
      agonists RU 24969, 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine (mCPP) or 1-[3
      (trifluoromethyl)phenyl)]piperazine (TFMPP) and 20 min later presented with their
      normal diet. Food intake was determined 1, 2 and 4 h later. All three drugs
      reduced intake over 1 and 2 h. Three out of four drugs with high affinity for 5
      HT1C receptors (metergoline, mianserin, and mesulergine but not cyproheptadine)
      opposed hypophagia caused by mCPP. Another drug reported to have high affinity
      for the 5-HT1C site, 1-naphthyl-piperazine (1-NP), also blocked the hypophagic
      response to mCPP at doses which attenuated mCPP-induced hypolocomotion. Only one
      of the above drugs (metergoline) which also has high affinity for other 5-HT
      sites opposed hypophagia caused by RU 24969. Two out of three 5-HT1B receptor
      antagonists [(+/-) cyanopindolol, (-) propranolol, but not (-) pindolol)] which
      oppose hypophagia caused by RU 24969 (Kennett et al. 1987) also opposed
      hypophagia caused by mCPP. The 5-HT2 antagonists ketanserin and ritanserin, the 5
      HT3 antagonist ICS 205-930 and the alpha 2 adrenoceptor antagonist idazoxan did
      not oppose the hypophagic effect of mCPP. In agreement with results for mCPP,
      hypophagia caused by TFMPP was opposed by both, mianserin and (+/-)
      cyanopindolol. Given alone, mianserin 1-NP and cyproheptadine but not ICS 205-930
      increased food consumption of normally fed rats. The results suggest that RU
      24969-induced hypophagia depends on 5-HT1B receptors but not on 5-HT1C receptors,
      while mCPP (and TFMPP)-induced hypophagia may depend on both receptors.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2906449
TI  - [Staff training in tropical medicine ].

PMID- 2906450
TI  - Almitrine enhances in low dose the reactivity of pulmonary vessels to hypoxia.
AB  - Almitrine bismesylate (Alm) has been shown to increase arterial oxygen tension in
      patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. This effect is though to be
      attributable to the enhancement of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV). We
      evaluated the effect of various doses of Alm on HPV in terms of blood flow
      diversion associated with anoxic challenge to the left lower lobe (LLL) in dogs
      with the LLL and the rest of the lung separately ventilated. The stimulus
      response curve shifted to the right with increasing rate of Alm infusion,
      suggesting that Alm enhances the reactivity of the pulmonary vessels to hypoxia.
      Low doses of Alm enhanced HPV, while higher doses attenuated it. This suggests
      that the degree of vasoconstriction in hypoxic and non-hypoxic regions depends on
      the dose of Alm. The same effects of Alm were also observed in peripheral
      chemoreceptor denervated dogs. It is supposed that the vasoconstriction induced
      by Alm may be attributable to a direct effect on pulmonary vessels rather than to
      a nervous reflex effect.

PMID- 2906451
TI  - [Localized Zeek's angiitis of the small intestine. A case with surgical
      recovery].

PMID- 2906452
TI  - Plasma and synovial fluid concentrations of sulphasalazine and two of its
      metabolites in rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - A study was made of plasma and synovial fluid levels of sulphasalazine, one of
      its dissociation products--sulphapyridine and a metabolite of the latter--acetyl
      sulphapyridine in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who were in a steady
      state on sulphasalazine therapy. Combined sulphapyridine levels were
      significantly higher than those of sulphasalazine both in plasma and synovial
      fluid. Synovial fluid levels of both drugs correlated with their plasma levels
      and were generally slightly lower. Some patients accumulated sulphasalazine and
      sulphapyridine in the synovial fluid and the mean concentration of sulphasalazine
      was higher in the fluid than in the plasma. The explanation for this is
      uncertain. The concentration of combined sulphapyridine in synovial fluid was
      related to local joint inflammation and more active systemic disease. No
      consistent association was found between sulphasalazine levels and local or
      systemic activity. The higher sulphapyridine levels in synovial fluid found in
      this study suggest the possibility that this moiety could play a more active role
      in RA than it does in inflammatory bowel disease.

PMID- 2906454
TI  - Acid related disorders: a decade after the introduction of H2- receptor
      antagonists. Proceedings of an international symposium. Amsterdam, The
      Netherlands, 15 and 16 April 1988.

PMID- 2906453
TI  - Gastric acid and pepsin secretion after single oral doses of mifentidine in
      healthy subjects.
AB  - Mifentidine represents a potential improvement in the class of H2-receptor
      antagonists because of its long plasma half-life (10 h). The aim of this study
      was to evaluate the effects of mifentidine on pentagastrin-induced gastric pepsin
      and acid secretion in man. Nine healthy subjects participated in two separate
      sessions in which they were given randomly either a single oral dose of placebo
      or 10 or 20 mg of mifentidine, in accordance with an incomplete balanced block
      design. Basal secretion was measured 30 min before the administration of the
      drug, and 90 min later unstimulated gastric secretion was collected through a
      nasogastric tube for an additional 30 min. Then, 2 micrograms/kg/h pentagastrin
      were infused intravenously for 2 h, and gastric juice collected again in 15-min
      aliquots. Acid output was almost completely blocked by both doses of mifentidine
      during the unstimulated period (-99%). Pentagastrin infusion induced 10 times as
      much acid output as in the unstimulated phase. This dramatic increase was reduced
      by 32% with the low dose of mifentidine and to a major extent (-86%) with the
      high dose. The pepsin output was significantly inhibited by both doses of
      mifentidine during unstimulated (-83% and -82%) and stimulated (-49% and -71%)
      phases. Acid output correlated with the area under the mifentidine plasma levels
      (r = -0.69, p less than 0.05). It is concluded that mifentidine is a potent
      inhibitor of both acid and pepsin secretion in man.

PMID- 2906455
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of histamine (H2)-receptor antagonists, including roxatidine, in
      chronic renal failure.
AB  - In this paper the effects of chronic renal failure on the pharmacokinetics of H2
      antagonists are reviewed and the results obtained with roxatidine presented. In
      normal renal function renal clearance is around 60-80% of total plasma clearance
      of all H2-antagonists. Consequently, prolongation of serum half-life, mainly due
      to a decrease in urinary excretion, is noted in patients with decreasing
      glomerular filtration rate. In chronic renal failure, a dose reduction is
      therefore necessary with all H2-antagonists, including roxatidine. It appears
      that neither haemodialysis nor peritoneal dialysis substantially influences the
      pharmacokinetics of these drugs. Therefore, the same dosage schedule as in
      uraemia may be applied in patients with dialysis. Finally, in the elderly the
      dosage of all H2-antagonists should be adapted to the expected decrease in renal
      function.

PMID- 2906456
TI  - Clinical characteristics of roxatidine acetate: a review.
AB  - Pharmacodynamic studies revealed that 150 mg of roxatidine acetate were optimal
      in suppressing gastric acid secretion, and that a single bedtime dose of 150 mg
      was more effective than a dose of 75 mg twice daily in terms of inhibiting
      nocturnal acid secretion. When administered orally as a capsule containing a
      granule formulation, the drug displayed modified-release properties, which led to
      a sustained suppression of gastric acid secretion. Clinical trials revealed that
      roxatidine acetate, 75 mg twice daily and 150 mg at night, was highly effective
      in healing duodenal and gastric ulcers and in reducing ulcer pain, over 4, 6, and
      8 weeks of therapy. A steady reduction in diameter was observed in those ulcers
      not completely healed during therapy. The single bedtime dose regimen, while
      producing the same degree of healing as the divided daily dose during controlled
      clinical trials, may be of greater value in therapeutic use owing to improved
      patient compliance. In all efficacy criteria (cure, reduction in ulcer size, and
      pain relief) there was no significant difference between roxatidine acetate in a
      total daily dose of 150 mg, ranitidine in a total daily dose of 300 mg, and
      cimetidine in a total daily dose of 800 mg. Prevention of gastric and duodenal
      ulcer relapse was achieved by roxatidine acetate, 75 mg at night for 6 months, in
      about 70% of patients, as determined in open, pilot studies--a rate comparable to
      those reported for cimetidine and ranitidine. Roxatidine acetate shares with
      ranitidine an improved safety profile when compared with cimetidine. Human
      pharmacology studies and short-term and long-term clinical trials have all shown
      that roxatidine acetate is an exceptionally well tolerated compound, without the
      antiandrogenic activity and interference with hepatic drug metabolism which have
      characterized cimetidine treatment. A reason for the improved safety profile of
      roxatidine acetate may be its greater potency than cimetidine (six times less
      potent) and ranitidine (half as potent), so that lower doses of roxatidine
      acetate, representing a lower chemical load, are therapeutically effective. The
      novel structure of roxatidine acetate probably also underlies the improved safety
      of the compound.

PMID- 2906457
TI  - Inhibition of food-stimulated acid secretion (intragastric titration) by
      roxatidine acetate. Dose-response study.
AB  - In 10 healthy male volunteers a dose-response study was carried out with
      roxatidine acetate, 75, 150, 300, and 600 mg, and placebo on food-stimulated
      gastric acid secretion (intragastric titration (IGT]. The design of the study,
      with drug intake 150 min before starting IGT, enabled stable inhibition over the
      90-min observation period of the test. Cumulative secretory results showed a dose
      related acid secretion inhibition (67% for 75 mg; 87.6% for 150 mg; 98.8% for 300
      mg; 99.6% for 600 mg). The results were statistically significantly different
      from placebo and from each other, except for 300 mg versus 600 mg. With a
      Lineweaver-Burk plot, the ED50 was 41 mg and r = 0.98. Peak concentrations of
      roxatidine were observed either at T 150 or T 180. Significant correlation (r =
      0.7; p less than 0.001) was obtained for the percentage inhibition with 75 mg and
      150 mg together versus peak concentrations. Antisecretory potency with the IGT
      model applied to normal subjects appears to be of the same order for roxatidine
      acetate and for ranitidine.

PMID- 2906458
TI  - Assessment of intragastric acidity in man: modern aspects, reproducibility of
      intragastric pH-monitoring, and pharmacodynamic results obtained with H2-receptor
      antagonists.
AB  - Unlike other methods for assessing intragastric pH or total acid output, the
      reproducibility of ambulatory pH-monitoring is excellent but is critically
      dependent on the electrode system and the recording device. In three double-blind
      randomized studies in normal volunteers the effects of different dosage regimens
      of roxatidine acetate were compared with placebo and ranitidine. Roxatidine
      acetate, 75 mg twice daily, raised median 24-h gastric pH from 1.6 to 3.2 and
      median nocturnal pH from 1.5 to 3.0 Roxatidine acetate, 150 mg at bedtime, raised
      median 24-h pH to 2.4 and nocturnal pH to 5.9. Roxatidine acetate, 150 mg at
      bedtime, was as effective as ranitidine, 300 mg at night, in raising median
      nocturnal pH. However, when drugs were taken after the evening meal, 150 mg
      roxatidine acetate was less potent than 300 mg ranitidine or 300 mg roxatidine
      acetate.

PMID- 2906459
TI  - Penetration of roxatidine into the cerebrospinal fluid.
AB  - Central nervous system side effects are occasionally associated with the
      administration of H2-receptor antagonists. There seems to be a direct correlation
      between the occurrence of side effects such as mental confusion and the drug
      concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid. In animal experiments the new H2
      blocker roxatidine did not cross the blood-brain barrier. We therefore
      investigated the penetration of roxatidine into human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
      Nine healthy subjects scheduled for elective spinal anesthesia were premedicated
      with 150 mg roxatidine orally. Blood samples were taken at 30-min intervals for
      up to 6 h. A 2-ml CSF sample was taken from each patient at the time of spinal
      puncture. Small amounts of roxatidine were detectable in the CSF, the CSF to
      plasma ratio ranging from 0 to 0.89.

PMID- 2906460
TI  - Recent developments in peptic ulcer treatment.
AB  - Since peptic ulcer disease is a multifactorial disease, the ideal therapeutic
      approach would be to use different drugs for different ulcers. In the past few
      years some studies have been published suggesting that subgroups of patients with
      peptic ulcer might particularly benefit from specific forms of therapy. In the
      present report the available evidence has been critically reviewed.

PMID- 2906461
TI  - Is chronic long-term inhibition of gastric secretion really dangerous?
AB  - Powerful gastric secretion inhibitors produce cancer in their target organ, the
      stomach, in experimental animals. The possible mechanisms of the carcinogenic
      effect are discussed under the headings of the potential noxious change in the
      gastric luminal contents, as is the possibility that the drugs act as epigenetic
      or genotoxic carcinogens. Whatever the mechanisms of the drug-induced
      carcinogenesis, it is clear that there is a toxicologic hazard, which must be
      assessed rationally and not by means of sophistry. Until the dangers posed by
      powerful gastric secretory inhibitors to man have been better evaluated, these
      drugs must not be used for treatment other than of patients with gastrinomas.

PMID- 2906462
TI  - Future trends in the management of peptic ulcer disease.
AB  - Future trends in the short- and long-term management of peptic ulcer disease are
      considered. The present state of development of pharmacologic agents for the
      short-term healing of duodenal and gastric ulcer is impressive, and high rates of
      healing with rapid symptom relief can be safely achieved with several agents. The
      problem of ulcer recurrence has not been solved, although new work concerning the
      role of Campylobacter pylori holds promise. The mortality of acute
      gastrointestinal haemorrhage remains unacceptably high, especially in the
      elderly. Therapeutic endoscopy may be effective in decreasing the death rate from
      bleeding.

PMID- 2906463
TI  - H2 antagonists in the treatment of upper gastrointestinal bleeding.
AB  - It is plausible that, for pharmacologic and physiologic reasons, antisecretory
      treatment reduces the chances of rebleeding from gastric and duodenal ulcers and
      thereby reduces operation and death rates. Currently available evidence is not
      strong enough to confirm this, in part because trials have been too small to
      detect any differences present, and perhaps in part because drug doses have been
      too low to achieve the desired antisecretory potential.

PMID- 2906464
TI  - Peptic ulcer disease in the elderly.
AB  - The elderly are a growing minority; they comprise approximately 12% of the
      population but consume an increasing proportion of health care resources. Disease
      in the aged is unique in many ways, demanding special attention and study. This
      is particularly evident with regard to peptic ulceration, which is a more serious
      disorder in the elderly than in younger individuals, often presenting in an
      atypical manner and having a greater propensity to complications. Management
      traditionally tends to be conservative, enthusiasm often being tempered by the
      presence of frailty and associated disease. Despite technologic and pharmacologic
      advances, the elderly continue to account for a disproportionate number of deaths
      from this disorder. This paper will review the peculiarities of peptic ulcer
      disease of the elderly and examine currently emerging trends which may influence
      evolving management policies.

PMID- 2906465
TI  - Treatment of reflux oesophagitis with H2-receptor antagonists.
AB  - The important therapeutic value of H2-receptor antagonists for the treatment of
      patients with reflux oesophagitis has been demonstrated beyond doubt. A large
      number of patients have been treated with cimetidine or ranitidine in controlled
      as well as open short-term studies. Mild to moderately severe reflux oesophagitis
      heals effectively when H2-receptor antagonists are prescribed for a sufficient
      time period, preferentially 12 weeks. The more severe forms of oesophagitis,
      however, need more profound acid suppression, with potent H2-receptor
      antagonists, addition of prokinetic agents, or treatment with H+/K+ATP-ase
      antagonists. Omerpazole has proven to be of high efficacy, particularly in the
      management of severe reflux oesophagitis. Data on long-term treatment with H2
      receptor antagonists, to prevent recurrences after healing, are not reassuring:
      long-term low-dose H2-receptor antagonist therapy is not effective, and trials
      should be undertaken with higher doses of H2-receptor antagonists, more potent
      antagonists, or with combinations of antagonists and prokinetics. In these
      studies, 24-h intraoesophageal and intragastric pH measurements should be
      incorporated, to detect more accurately time periods of nonsuppressed acid
      secretion. Such studies will undoubtedly better define the therapeutic place of
      the presently available and forthcoming H2-receptor antagonists.

PMID- 2906466
TI  - Economic assessment of peptic ulcer disease treatments.
AB  - The cost and economic outcomes of peptic ulcer disease (PUD) treatments are
      important but uncommonly assessed by clinical researchers in gastroenterology.
      There is a growing interest in these assessments because of their implications
      for patient management and health care planning. Also, cost assessments offer the
      clinical researcher a powerful method to analyze the socioeconomic impact of
      different therapies in randomized prospective studies. The purposes of this paper
      are 1) to present methods and results of cost and economic assessment of PUD and
      2) to consider the impact of H2 receptor antagonists on PUD cost. As with any
      chronic disease, PUD has direct and indirect costs. Direct costs are for hospital
      and clinic care, physicians' and surgeons' services, pharmacy fees, and nursing
      home care. Indirect costs of PUD affect society and include costs of absenteeism
      from work, disability, and mortality. Direct and indirect costs can be estimated
      prospectively in short-term and maintenance PUD clinical research studies.
      Several cost and economic analyses of PUD have been reported by clinical
      investigators and medical economists of different countries. They report a
      significant change in the direct and indirect costs of peptic ulcer treatment
      after the introduction of the H2 receptor antagonists.

PMID- 2906467
TI  - Regulation of receptors on parietal cells on acid secretion.
AB  - Four types of receptors have so far been identified on the parietal cell:
      receptors for gastrin, acetylcholine, and histamine, whose activation leads to
      stimulation of acid secretion, and receptors for prostaglandins of the E series,
      whose activation leads to inhibition of acid secretion. Postreceptor events
      following drug-receptor interaction include mobilization of calcium ions and cAMP
      formation. Moreover, a number of putative receptors (for somatostatin, CCK,
      adenosine, secretin, etc.) have been hypothesized, even though definite evidence
      is still lacking. Finally, other substances may influence gastric acid secretion
      in a positive or negative way, but no evidence for an involvement of specific
      receptors on the parietal cells is available so far.

PMID- 2906468
TI  - Prostaglandin treatment for peptic ulcer.
AB  - Prostaglandin analogues have been expected to outperform other antisecretory
      drugs as ulcer healing agents. This expectation arises from their ability to
      combine 'cytoprotection' with gastric secretory inhibition. Evidence of the
      existence of these two separate functions abounds in animals and in humans, but a
      clinical advantage has not evolved. Whereas most clinical trials show no
      difference between prostaglandin analogues and H2-receptor antagonists, some
      studies have shown the prostaglandins to be significantly less effective or no
      better than placebo. The role of cytoprotection in ulcer healing (as opposed to
      prevention) may be questioned and the present clinical role for these agents is
      unclear.

PMID- 2906469
TI  - Hormonal regulation of gastric acid in peptic ulcer disease.
AB  - Although the pathogenetic role of gastrin in gastric acid hypersecretion and
      peptic ulcer is well established in a number of uncommon disorders, such as
      Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, antral G-cell hyperfunction, and retained, excluded
      antrum after subtotal gastrectomy, the significance of hormonal abnormalities in
      normogastrinaemic peptic ulcer is less obvious. Most studies have pointed to an
      impaired feedback mechanism between gastric acid and antral gastrin secretion in
      duodenal ulcer disease, possibly due to antral somatostatin deficiency.
      Furthermore, antisecretory drugs may induce abnormalities of gastrointestinal
      hormones. Potent antisecretory drugs, such as omeprazole, increase serum and
      antral gastrin and reduce antral somatostatin, whereas certain prostaglandin E2
      analogues inhibit serum gastrin secretion after feeding.

PMID- 2906470
TI  - Chemical and biologic differences between various H2-receptor antagonists.
AB  - After a brief historical review, the common chemical features of various H2
      receptor antagonists are discussed, demonstrating that an imidazole, furan,
      thiazole, and the piperidinylmethylphenoxy moiety can serve as an aromatic
      nucleus of histamine H2-receptor antagonists. Furthermore, it is paradigmatically
      illustrated that the histamine H2-receptor antagonists in use or under clinical
      investigations inhibit, in a competitive and surmountable manner, parietal cell
      acid secretion and histamine H2-receptor-linked adenylate cyclase. Furthermore,
      toxicologic problems of unsurmountable and/or or long-acting histamine H2
      receptor antagonists (tiotidine, loxtidine, and SK&F 93479) are discussed.

PMID- 2906471
TI  - Chemical and biologic characteristics of roxatidine acetate.
AB  - Roxatidine acetate is a specific and competitive H2-receptor antagonist, as shown
      in isolated rabbit gastric glands or guinea pig atria preparations. The
      antisecretory effect of roxatidine acetate is mediated by its main metabolite,
      roxatidine. In the rat, roxatidine acetate was equipotent after intraduodenal and
      intraperitoneal administration, indicating excellent bioavailability. Roxatidine
      acetate and roxatidine were equipotent in the rat after intravenous
      administration. In the Heidenhain-pouch dog stimulated by food ingestion or
      maximal histamine dosing, roxatidine acetate and roxatidine proved to be 3-6
      times more potent than cimetidine in inhibiting gastric acid secretion. From in
      vitro experiments it can be concluded that roxatidine acetate and ranitidine are
      equipotent. Roxatidine acetate has no antiandrogenic effects and does not
      influence drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver.

PMID- 2906472
TI  - Therapeutic approach in patients with concomitant disease/drug--drug interactions
      (roxatidine acetate).
AB  - Possible mechanisms of drug interactions with H2-antagonists are outlined. The
      mode of action of roxatidine acetate on hepatic microsomal enzymes is contrasted
      with those of cimetidine and ranitidine, and their differing structure-activity
      relationships are discussed. In the light of the mechanisms of drug interactions
      with H2-antagonists, clinical studies with roxatidine acetate are contrasted with
      published interaction data of cimetidine and ranitidine. The therapeutic
      consequences of these data are considered.

PMID- 2906473
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of olsalazine and its metabolites.
AB  - After a single dose of olsalazine, the maximum serum concentration of the intact
      compound is much lower than after an equivalent dose of sulphasalazine. In both
      compounds the diazo bond is largely split by colonic bacteria and comparable
      amounts of the metabolites 5-ASA and acetyl-5-ASA are recovered in the faeces.
      During long-term ingestion of olsalazine, 1-4 weeks are required to reach a
      steady state, and serum concentrations of the parent drug are low. It is
      demonstrated that olsalazine is rapidly sulphated into the metabolite, olsalazine
      O-sulphate, which has a long half-life. Acetyl-5-ASA is more stable and more
      soluble than 5-ASA; however, the therapeutic efficacy of acetyl-5-ASA in
      inflammatory bowel disease is not proven.

PMID- 2906474
TI  - Olsalazine in the treatment of ulcerative colitis among patients intolerant of
      sulphasalazine: a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, dose
      ranging clinical trial.
AB  - Sixty-six outpatients with active ulcerative colitis who were intolerant of
      sulphasalazine were treated in a double-blind randomized trial with placebo or
      olsalazine in daily doses of 0.75, 1.5, or 3 g. Overall, 35% of patients
      receiving olsalazine improved clinically, compared to 16% of patients receiving
      placebo. Statistically significant or nearly significant improvement was
      demonstrated in colitis activity by the end compared to the beginning of the
      study within the combined olsalazine group and within patient groups receiving
      olsalazine at daily doses of 1.5 g and 3 g. There were no differences between the
      treatment and placebo groups for any of the reported adverse effects or
      laboratory variables. The data suggest that olsalazine is effective for the
      treatment of ulcerative colitis and is well tolerated among patients intolerant
      to sulphasalazine.

PMID- 2906475
TI  - Evolution of olsalazine.
AB  - Sulphasalazine was first produced nearly 50 years ago through the inspiration of
      a Swedish doctor, Dr Nanna Svartz. Later, in controlled trials, this compound was
      shown to reduce substantially the frequency of recurrent attacks of ulcerative
      colitis when used as long-term maintenance therapy. Studies into the metabolism
      of sulphasalazine have shown that, when taken orally, most of the ingested dose
      reaches the colon intact, and within the colonic lumen, bacteria split
      sulphasalazine into two breakdown products, sulphapyridine and 5-ASA. 5-ASA was
      shown to be the active therapeutic moiety while sulphapyridine served simply as a
      carrier. Olsalazine was developed to retain the property of sulphasalazine of
      reaching the colon intact, but also to liberate two molecules of 5-ASA with no
      residual carrier.

PMID- 2906476
TI  - Double-blind comparison of olsalazine and sulphasalazine in active ulcerative
      colitis.
AB  - Fifty-six patients with ulcerative colitis of mild to moderate severity were
      entered into a randomized, double-dummy comparison of sulphasalazine, 3 g/day,
      with olsalazine, 3 g/day. Patients were assessed clinically, and by sigmoidoscopy
      and biopsy, on entry and at 5 weeks. Both agents produced a similar reduction in
      stool frequency and in the passage of blood and mucus. Improvements in
      sigmoidoscopic and histological appearances of the rectal mucosa were observed to
      a similar extent in both groups of patients. Two patients treated with olsalazine
      were withdrawn because of increased diarrhoea attributable to the medication. Two
      patients given sulphasalazine for the first time developed a skin rash. Other
      side-effects seen during the trial were mild. In this small short-term study,
      oral olsalazine appeared to be as effective as sulphasalazine in the treatment of
      mild to moderate ulcerative colitis.

PMID- 2906477
TI  - Controlled trial comparing olsalazine and sulphasalazine for maintenance
      treatment of ulcerative colitis.
AB  - Olsalazine and sulphasalazine were compared in a double-blind, double-dummy trial
      in the prevention of relapse of ulcerative colitis over 6 months. The majority
      were taking sulphasalazine. They were randomized to receive either olsalazine,
      500 mg b.d., or sulphasalazine, 1 g b.d. Of 82 patients, 16 relapsed on
      olsalazine compared with 10 of 82 on sulphasalazine. This difference was not
      statistically significant (p = 0.16). Twenty-one patients reported adverse events
      in the olsalazine group, of whom 16 were withdrawn, while 20 patients reported
      adverse events in the sulphasalazine group, with 9 of them being withdrawn. The
      differences were not statistically significant. No major haematological or
      biochemical abnormalities occurred. Thus, olsalazine is similar to sulphasalazine
      for the prevention of relapse of ulcerative colitis.

PMID- 2906478
TI  - Disposition of 5-aminosalicylic acid by 5-aminosalicylic acid-delivering
      compounds.
AB  - Time-related urinary excretion and faecal excretion of 5-ASA and acetyl-5-ASA
      were measured in eight healthy volunteers after a single oral dose of the azo
      compounds sulphasalazine and olsalazine, the slow release compounds Pentasa,
      Asacol and Salofalk, and plain 5-ASA. After ingestion of both azo compounds and
      slow-release compounds, urinary excretion of 5-ASA was markedly delayed and
      reduced, and faecal excretion was enhanced. At all points of time, there was a
      significant, but not very marked difference in urinary excretion of 5-ASA after
      ingestion of the azo compounds and the slow-release compounds, in favour of the
      azo compounds. A significantly larger proportion of the ingested 5-ASA, moreover,
      was excreted in faeces after the intake of azo compounds as compared with slow
      release compounds.

PMID- 2906479
TI  - Treatment of ulcerative colitis with olsalazine and sulphasalazine: efficacy and
      side-effects.
AB  - The effects of olsalazine were studied mainly in patients with ulcerative colitis
      who were intolerant to sulphasalazine, and for relapse prevention. A crossover
      design with sulphasalazine, 3 g/day, and olsalazine, 1.5 g/day, was applied to
      compare the side-effects of each drug and to evaluate their therapeutic efficacy.
      A total of 41 patients with mild or moderately severe left-sided colitis or
      proctitis were assigned to a randomized treatment schedule. Olsalazine and
      sulphasalazine were similar in their therapeutic efficacy. Twelve patients
      complained of adverse effects while on sulphasalazine and 4 patients during
      olsalazine treatment (p less than 0.05). It is concluded that olsalazine is a
      safe and effective drug for the treatment of mild or moderately severe ulcerative
      colitis, and is comparable to sulphasalazine, though with reduced side-effects.

PMID- 2906480
TI  - Different proliferative activity in vitro of periportal and perivenous
      hepatocytes.
AB  - The different growth potentials of hepatocytes from different zones of the liver
      acinus were assessed in vitro by autoradiography with immunocytochemical
      discrimination of periportal and perivenous hepatocytes by the marker enzyme
      glutamine synthetase (GS) or their direct isolation by the digitonin/collagenase
      perfusion technique. All stimuli studied led to much higher labeling indices in
      GS-negative than in GS-positive cells in cultures both of all hepatocytes and of
      the perivenous subfraction. In contrast, the response of GS-negative hepatocytes
      in the periportal and in the perivenous subfractions differed only gradually
      depending of the growth stimulus. It is concluded that GS-positive hepatocytes
      are distinguished from all other hepatocytes by a completely different growth
      characteristics, which may play a dominant role in the regenerative remodelling
      of zone 3. The wave-like spatiotemporal pattern of DNA synthesis during liver
      regeneration, however, seems to be due to gradual changes in growth
      responsiveness of the hepatocytes along the acinus.

PMID- 2906481
TI  - Laser Doppler flowmetry estimating myocardial perfusion after internal mammary
      artery grafting.
AB  - Myocardial perfusion in the anteroapical part of the left ventricle was monitored
      intraoperatively with laser Doppler flowmetry in ten patients after grafting of
      the internal mammary artery to the left anterior descending artery. The
      myocardial perfusion after declamping of only the mammary artery averaged 61% of
      the perfusion found after declamping also the aorta. Laser Doppler flowmetry is
      proposed to offer a means of monitoring regional myocardial perfusion in the
      phase immediately after internal mammary artery grafting.

PMID- 2906482
TI  - A study of bancroftian filariasis on the islands of Batan and Rapu Rapu,
      Philippines.
AB  - The islands of Batan and Rapu Rapu in southeastern Luzon, Philippines, were
      surveyed for filariasis from November 1984 to May 1985. Microfilariae of
      Bancroftian filariasis were detected in 10.5% of the people over one year of age.
      Microfilarial rates and intensity of infection were the same for males and
      females. The highest rates for both sexes were in the 56- to 60-year-old age
      group. Aedes poicilius, which breeds in abaca and banana plants, was found to be
      very anthropophilic, comprising 96.5% of the mosquitoes biting man. This mosquito
      bites most frequently in the middle of the night. Dissections showed that 1.0% of
      Ae. poicilius were infective with third-stage larvae, and each infective mosquito
      contained a mean average of 5.6 larvae.

PMID- 2906483
TI  - A study of dispersal, survival and gonotrophic cycle estimates of Mansonia
      uniformis in an open swamp ecotype.
AB  - Five mark-release-recapture experiments with wild caught Ma. uniformis were
      conducted in an open swamp area at Batang Berjuntai in Selangor, 40 km from Kuala
      Lumpur, Malaysia, between May 1983 and January 1985. A total of 64 (0.14%) from
      the 45,950 females released were recaptured feeding on humans and cattle and
      resting in cattle-sheds. Substantially fewer (0.03% to 0.09%) females were
      recaptured from releases of blood-fed females than from releases of unfed females
      (0.20% to 0.23%). More than 70% of all recaptures were taken within a radius of
      1.5 km around the point of release and the longest detected flight was 3.5 km.
      The mean dispersal distance for blood-fed and unfed females was 1.445 +/- 1.06
      and 1.706 +/- 1.03 km, respectively. However, there was no significant difference
      in the overall mean dispersal of the two groups of females (p greater than 0.05).
      The duration of the gonotrophic cycle in the field was between 3 to 4 days. Daily
      survivorship estimates (0.783-0.867) based on the recapture rates of date
      specific marked females was comparable to that estimated vertically from the
      dissection of unmarked females (0.751-0.795). These experiments revealed the
      remarkable flying ability of Ma. uniformis and the importance of reinvasion must
      be recognized when control operations are restricted to small areas.

PMID- 2906484
TI  - [Neurohumoral regulation of gastric secretion in stomach and duodenal ulcers].

PMID- 2906485
TI  - [Drug therapy and therapeutic tactics in gastroduodenal ulcer].

PMID- 2906486
TI  - [Arrhythmic syndrome and sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy].

PMID- 2906487
TI  - [Importance of urinary enzymes in the monitoring of drug nephrotoxicity].

PMID- 2906488
TI  - [Beta-adrenergic hypertonia in psychosomatic manifestations of anxiety and the
      therapeutic effect of a cardioselective beta-blockader: betaxolol].

PMID- 2906489
TI  - Crystal structure, thermal behaviour, protonation and mass spectroscopic studies
      of racemic 4-[1-(2,3-dimethylphenyl)ethyl]-1H-imidazole hydrochlorides.
AB  - The crystal structure, thermal behaviour, mass spectrum and protonation of 4-[1
      (2,3-dimethylphenyl)ethyl]-1H-imidazole (medetomidine) hydrochloride have been
      investigated. The title compound crystallizes in both hydrated and anhydrous
      forms, and their structures have been determined by three-dimensional X-ray
      structure analysis. The crystals of the anhydrous form are monoclinic and those
      of the hydrated form (containing one hydrate water molecule) are triclinic with
      unit-cell dimensions: a = 23.861(9), b = 7.721(4), c = 22.037(9) A, beta =
      140.20(4) degrees, Z = 8, and space group C2/c, and a = 7.841(4), b = 8.380(3), c
      = 12.743(6) A, alpha = 93.66(3), beta = 102.90(3), gamma = 116.85(3) degrees, Z =
      2, and space group P1, respectively. Thermal decomposition of the title compound
      has been interpreted from the TG, DTG and DSC curves with the help of mass
      spectrometry. Medetomidine hydrochloride monohydrate decomposes in four stages.
      The first is dehydration at 45-100 degrees C, the second is evaporation of HCl
      and medetomidine base at 200-320 degrees C, and the third and fourth are
      decomposition at 340-570 degrees C. The protonation constant is 7.04 in aqueous
      0.1 M NaClO4 (25 degrees C).

PMID- 2906490
TI  - Gastroduodenal physiology in relation to peptic ulcer disease.

PMID- 2906491
TI  - Regulatory peptides and their pathophysiologic role in peptic ulcer disease.

PMID- 2906492
TI  - Treatment of recurrent ulceration after vagotomy for duodenal ulcer.

PMID- 2906493
TI  - Medical treatment of peptic ulcer disease.
AB  - Only a decade ago surgery was the preferred treatment of recurrent peptic ulcer.
      With the introduction of cimetidine in 1976 effective and safe medical treatment
      could be offered to the patient. H2-receptor antagonists are still the basic
      drugs in ulcer healing, but in recent years mucosa protective agents as
      sucralfate and colloidal bismuth have been increasingly used. Complete inhibition
      of acid secretion may be achieved by the new proton pump inhibitor omeprazole. In
      ulcer resistant to treatment with H2-receptor antagonists either a mucosa
      protective agent, as colloidal bismuth or a potent acid inhibitor (omeprazole)
      may be used. In recurrent duodenal ulcer a systematic and prolonged maintenance
      therapy with H2-receptor antagonists is indicated. This treatment is safe and it
      reduces the incidence of a relapse to one third compared with placebo. Surgery is
      no longer indicated in the majority of patients with uncomplicated recurrent
      peptic ulcer. In most patients this disease can now be controlled by effective
      and cheap anti-ulcer drugs. Although medical treatment of peptic ulcer has been
      used for centuries, surgery was still the main treatment of recurrent peptic
      ulcer in the nineteen seventies. Up to that time the surgical management of ulcer
      disease had made major progress, while medical treatment had failed to offer
      effective cure. Thus, as late as in 1975 the medical treatment of peptic ulcer
      consisted of antacids, bed rest and carbenoxolone. With the important side
      effects of carbenoxolone in mind, it is no wonder that medical treatment was no
      alternative to surgery in patients suffering from recurrent peptic
      ulcer.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2906494
TI  - Lymphocytes subset in hyperandrogenic women with polycystic ovarian disease.
AB  - The correlation between the sex steroids and the immune system is already known
      but the relationships between testosterone, progesterone, estradiol, cortisol and
      the immune system are still controversial. The Authors have studied lymphocytes
      subset in ten women with polycystic ovarian disease (PCOD); it was observed: 1) a
      decrease of T8 in 64% and of natural killer activity (NK) in 60% of patients, and
      an increase of T4/T8 ratio in 55%; 2) a significant negative correlation between
      androstenedione and testosterone (P less than 0.05); 3) a significant positive
      correlation between the decreased T8 lymphocytes and NK cells and the increase of
      testosterone and androstenedione serum values. The data suggest that in PCOD a
      correlation between endocrine and immune system exists and the androgens can
      affect the lymphocyte subset.

PMID- 2906495
TI  - Application of immunohistochemistry to the isolated mucosa of the mouse
      gastrointestinal tract, with special reference to somatostatin cells.
AB  - In the present study, in order to easily grasp whole images of somatostatin (D)
      cells, the isolated mucosa of the mouse gastrointestinal tract was
      immunohistochemically treated. The present study revealed that: (1) in the
      stomach, small-intestinal villi and colon, about 20% of the D cells extrude basal
      cytoplasmic processes, showing terminal expansions in many cases; on the other
      hand, in the crypts of the small intestine, few D cells possess basal processes,
      and (2) in the stomach, there is no determined tendency in the direction of the
      basal processes of the D cells; on the other hand, in the small-intestinal villi
      and colon, most D cell basal processes run toward the villus base and colon crypt
      bottoms. The direction of the basal processes of the D cells in the
      gastrointestinal tract seems to be mostly in favor of the migration pattern of
      epithelial cells described previously. It is likely that, if the targets of the D
      cells are near the D cells, the basal process is not necessary for local
      secretion of somatostatin. During migration, however, D cells might extrude basal
      processes to keep relationships with their targets.

PMID- 2906496
TI  - Effects of taxol on endothelial cells of the developing semilunar heart valves in
      the chick embryo.
AB  - Recent ultrastructural studies have revealed that there are differences in
      endothelial cell shape and cytoskeletal architecture between the arterial and
      ventricular faces of developing semilunar valves. In the present work we have
      analyzed valvular endothelial cell response to taxol in the chick embryo.
      Following taxol administration, abnormal mitotic cells appear in the endothelium
      of both faces of the cusps. Interphase cells show few structural alterations. No
      differential response of the valvular endothelium to the drug was observed in the
      arterial or ventricular faces of the cusps.

PMID- 2906497
TI  - Nephropathia epidemica encephalitis.
AB  - A case of serologically proven Nephropathia epidemica (NE) with encephalitis is
      described. Follow up of serum and CSF antibody titres demonstrated NE virus
      antibody production in the CNS concomitantly with clinical encephalitis. Decrease
      of initially high CSF antibody titres was followed by a simultaneous increase of
      serum antibody titres corresponding to the clinical picture shifting from
      encephalitis to nephritis. This suggests that the first replication of NE virus
      may undertake in the CNS.

PMID- 2906498
TI  - Effect of renal venous pressure elevation on tubular sodium and water
      reabsorption in the dog kidney.
AB  - This study was performed in order to quantify the effects of renal venous
      pressure (RVP) elevation on absolute and fractional reabsorption rates of sodium
      and water in proximal and distal segments of the nephron in dog kidneys. Renal
      blood flow (RBF) was measured electromagnetically. Clearance of [51Cr]EDTA was
      used as a measure of the rate of glomerular filtration (GFR). GFR, urinary
      excretion rates of sodium and water, and lithium clearance were used for
      assessing the absolute and fractional reabsorption rates of sodium and water in
      the proximal as well as in more distal segments of the nephron. In the kidneys
      with intact innervation RVP elevation to 19.9 +/- 0.1 mmHg caused significant
      increases in both absolute (APR) and fractional (FPR) proximal reabsorption rates
      from 33.4 +/- 4.2 to 38.7 +/- 2.0 ml min-1 and from 0.62 +/- 0.04 to 0.71 +/-
      0.04, respectively. These responses were unaffected by acute surgical denervation
      of the kidneys. In contrast, chronic renal denervation or infusion of
      phentolamine (5 micrograms kg-1 min-1) into the renal artery eliminated the
      increase in APR and FPR during RVP elevation to 20 mmHg. Chronic, but not acute
      renal denervation depleted renal tissue content of adrenaline and noradrenaline.
      The results suggest that the increase in APR and FPR during RVP elevation is due
      mainly to local sympathetic reflex mechanisms.

PMID- 2906499
TI  - Effects of pancreatic noradrenaline infusion on basal and stimulated islet
      hormone secretion in the dog.
AB  - We investigated the direct pancreatic effects of noradrenaline in vivo on the
      secretion of insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin from the in situ pancreas in
      halothane-anaesthetized dogs. Noradrenaline was infused into the superior
      pancreatic artery at 12 ng min-1, a rate that did not alter systemic glucose or
      noradrenaline levels nor heart rate or blood pressure. This pancreatic infusion
      of noradrenaline did not affect the basal pancreatic output of insulin, yet did
      markedly inhibit arginine-stimulated insulin secretion. The acute insulin
      response (AIR) to an intravenous injection of arginine (2.5 g), which was 4293 +/
      1260 microM min-1 under control conditions, was reduced to 1054 +/- 396 microU
      min-1 by noradrenaline (P less than 0.01). Noradrenaline increased basal
      pancreatic glucagon output from 321 +/- 130 pg min-1 to 876 +/- 309 pg min-1
      after 20 min of infusion (P less than 0.05) and the acute glucagon response (AGR)
      to arginine, being 1033 +/- 203 pg min-1 under control conditions and 1746 +/-
      249 pg min-1 during noradrenaline infusion (P less than 0.05). The basal output
      of somatostatin did not change during noradrenaline infusion, but arginine
      stimulated somatostatin secretion was impaired. The acute somatostatin response
      (ASLIR) to arginine was 473 +/- 124 fmol min-1 under control conditions and was
      decreased to 140 +/- 80 fmol min-1 by noradrenaline (P less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2906500
TI  - Chronic uridine treatment reduces the level of [3H]spiperone-labelled dopamine
      receptors and enhances their turnover rate in striatum of young rats:
      relationship to dopamine-dependent behaviours.
AB  - The effect was studied of chronic uridine treatment on the recovery of striatal D
      2 dopamine (DA) receptors after their irreversible blockade by N-ethoxycarbonyl-2
      ethoxy-I,2-dihydroquinoline (EEDQ) in young (40 days old) and adult (14 months
      old) male rats using [3H]spiperone as radioligand. Chronic uridine treatment (15
      mg kg-1 day-1, i.p., 14 days) causes a reduction of [3H]spiperone binding sites
      in striatum of young rats. This treatment also produces an increase in the rate
      of recovery of striatal [3H]spiperone-labelled DA receptors in young, but not in
      adult rats. Catalepsy and exploratory locomotor activity, two behaviours
      associated with blockade versus activation of DA receptors, were evaluated in the
      same rats. The behavioural recovery from the EEDQ-induced syndrome is more rapid
      in the young rats treated with uridine than in the saline-treated group. The
      behavioural recovery in old rats was not affected by chronic uridine treatment.
      Thus, in young rats the pyrimidine nucleoside uridine may modulate the steady
      state and the turnover rate of striatal D-2 DA receptors.

PMID- 2906501
TI  - Temporal relationship of contractility and myocardial potassium balance following
      beta-adrenergic stimulation of the in situ pig heart.
AB  - Lower intracellular Na+ during beta-adrenergic stimulation provides an increased
      driving force for Na-Ca exchange, which might attenuate the inotropic response.
      Since (1) Na+ reduction is coupled to K+ uptake, and (2) K+ uptake lags behind
      the positive inotropic response to isoproterenol, we could examine the effect of
      Na-Ca exchange by comparing cardiac contractility and K+ balance following
      intracoronary isoproterenol infusion (0.6-0.8 microgram min-1). In 8 open-chest
      pigs, potassium concentrations were continuously measured by PVC-valinomycin mini
      electrodes in arterial blood (a), and in myocardial venous blood in a shunt from
      the coronary sinus (cs) to the right atrium. Shunt flow, aortic flow, a left
      ventricular segment length and left ventricular pressure (LVP) were also
      continuously recorded. 64 (41-85)% (median and 95% confidence interval) of the LV
      dP/dt increase occurred within 1 min; thereafter contractility rose slowly.
      During the first minute of isoproterenol infusion, there was a small net
      myocardial K+ release, which then reversed to K+ accumulation. A maximum a-cs K+
      concentration difference of 0.20 (0.09-0.39) mM occurred at 3.0 (2.0-4.25) min,
      falling to 0.05 (0.01-0.10) mM after 6.5 (3.75-8.75) min, at which point
      accumulated myocardial K+ uptake was 135 (27-219) mumol 100 g-1. Heart rate
      remained unchanged and intramural ECG indicated no sign of ischemia during the
      first 1.5 min of isoproterenol infusion. At 6.25 (5.0-8.0) min after stop of
      isoproterenol, LV dP/dt was 12 (9-24)% lower than before infusion (P less than
      0.02) whereas myocardial K+ content remained higher than control. Thus, the
      monovalent cation shift succeeding the positive inotropic response was not
      associated with reduced contractility, but could explain the undershoot of LV
      dP/dt after stopping isoproterenol.

PMID- 2906502
TI  - Reduction of [3H]nicotine binding by clonidine in membrane preparations of the
      rat cerebral cortex.

PMID- 2906503
TI  - Baroreflex control of jejunal blood flow and fluid transport in cats; effects of
      yohimbine, an alpha 2-adrenergic antagonist.
AB  - The aim of the study was to test the hypothesis that baroreceptor unloading
      increases jejunal fluid absorption rate via an alpha 2-adrenergic effect on
      electrogenic active transport. In 13 chloralose-anaesthetized cats, the carotid
      sinus baroreceptors were isolated and perfused with arterial blood, and we
      studied the effects of a graded decrease in carotid sinus pressure on intestinal
      vascular resistance, net fluid absorption rate and the potential difference
      between the intestinal lumen and the peritoneal cavity (PD). Experiments were
      performed in seven control animals and in six animals pretreated with yohimbine,
      an alpha 2-adrenergic antagonist, at a dose of 0.1 mg kg-1 i.v. Yohimbine per se
      had no significant effects on systemic arterial pressure, intestinal vascular
      resistance, net fluid absorption rate or PD. In the control animals, baroreceptor
      unloading induced an increase in systemic arterial pressure, intestinal vascular
      resistance and net fluid absorption rate, and a decrease in the PD. Yohimbine
      pretreatment did not significantly affect the systemic blood pressure response to
      baroreceptor unloading, but abolished the effect on intestinal vascular
      resistance and PD. After yohimbine treatment, decreases in carotid sinus pressure
      still enhanced net fluid absorption rate, but this response was observed in a
      higher range of carotid sinus pressures than in control animals.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2906504
TI  - Both DA1 and DA2 receptor agonists are necessary to inhibit NaKATPase activity in
      proximal tubules from rat kidney.

PMID- 2906505
TI  - Noradrenaline as a possible mediator in the renal response to vascular expansion
      with blood in the cat.
AB  - In chloralose anaesthetized cats with renal arterial pressure kept constant at
      100 mmHg, vascular expansion with precirculated blood, 20 ml kg b.w.-1, caused
      significant increments in arterial inflow rates of blood to the deep (ARBFD) and
      superficial (ARBFS) renal venous drainage area of 35 +/- (SE)10 and 19 +/- 6%,
      respectively, and in the excretion rates of water and sodium of 73 +/- 24 and 75
      +/- 28%, respectively, while GFR remained essentially unchanged. In acutely
      denervated kidneys the responses to expansion were not significantly different
      from those of innervated kidneys, which indicated largely humoral mediation.
      Arterial plasma concentrations of noradrenaline, adrenalin, and vasopressin fell
      significantly to values of a half to one-third of pre-expansion values, while
      plasma dopamine was not significantly changed by expansion. The response to
      expansion could be (1) reversed by a 'substituting' intraaortic infusion of
      noradrenaline, and (2) imitated, without volume expansion, by an infusion of an
      alpha-adrenergic blocking agent (phentolamine). It is concluded that the renal
      response (excretory and vascular) to volume expansion with blood is largely
      humorally mediated and that circulating noradrenaline may play a causal role in
      the response.

PMID- 2906506
TI  - Brain-gut peptides in sauna-induced hyperthermia.
AB  - The release of brain-gut peptides during sauna bathing was studied in seven
      women. All women underwent a 20 min sauna bath. Their sublingual temperature rose
      from 36.9 +/- 0.1 degrees C to 38.6 +/- 0.2 degrees C (mean +/- SEM). A
      significant increase in circulating plasma vasoactive intestinal polypeptide
      (VIP) was observed during heat exposure, whereas plasma pancreatic polypeptide
      (PP), motilin and blood glucose rose and stayed significantly elevated first
      during the ensuing 60 min (P less than 0.05 in all cases). A similar increase in
      plasma insulin failed to reach statistical significance, whereas the plasma
      levels of somatostatin and cholecystokinin (CCK) remained unchanged. It is
      suggested that the plasma VIP levels are related to compensatory mechanisms
      during heat exposure with vasodilatation and heat loss.

PMID- 2906507
TI  - Intraluminal prostaglandin E2 affects gallbladder function by activation of
      intramural nerves in the anaesthetized cat.
AB  - Gallbladder mucosal net fluid transport and motility were measured in vivo by a
      continuous perfusion technique in the anaesthetized cat. Prostaglandin E2,
      administered to the perfused gallbladder lumen, caused a contraction decreasing
      gallbladder volume capacity, and induced a secretory response by the mucosa.
      These effects by prostaglandin E2 were abolished by the nerve-blocking agent
      tetrodotoxin (administered close intraarterially) and somatostatin (administered
      intravenously), but not by intravenous hexamethonium. Atropine (administered
      intravenously) reduced the order of magnitude of the gallbladder contraction in
      response to prostaglandin E2 but did not affect the secretory response by the
      mucosa. Neither of these drugs significantly affected gallbladder volume capacity
      or mucosal fluid transport during basal conditions. Tetrodotoxin did not abolish
      the gallbladder responses to intravenous cholecystokinin or vasoactive intestinal
      peptide, peptides known to act directly upon smooth muscle and epithelial cell
      receptors, respectively. It is suggested that prostaglandin E2 affects
      gallbladder function in vivo mainly by activation of postganglionic non
      cholinergic intramural nerve cells.

PMID- 2906508
TI  - Somatostatin inhibits prolactin secretion by multiple mechanisms involving a site
      of action distal to increased cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate and elevated
      cytosolic Ca2+ in rat lactotrophs.
AB  - The release of prolactin (PRL) from a clonal cell-line of anterior pituitary
      cells (GH4C1) was inhibited by somatostatin (SRIH) in a dose-dependent manner
      (ED50 nM). The inhibition (20% of control levels) was detectable within 50 s and
      maximal within 90 s. Thyroliberin (TRH) enhancement of PRL secretion was
      biphasic. SRIH inhibited both phases equally. Ionomycin in combination with the
      phorbol ester, TPA, mimics the TRH-elicited PRL release, and SRIH partly
      inhibited this effect. SRIH had no effect on TRH-stimulated formation of inositol
      trisphosphate, and only small effects on TRH-activated adenylate cyclase.
      Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and forskolin stimulated cAMP formation and
      PRL release potently. SRIH inhibited both effects of VIP and forskolin, and there
      was a close correlation between the inhibition of PRL secretion and cAMP
      accumulation. 8-Bromo-cAMP enhanced PRL release, an effect that was also partly
      reduced by SRIH. The Ca2+ channel activator, BAY-K-8644 and high extracellular K+
      increased PRL release, and SRIH caused a partial reduction in the release
      response to both secretagogues. SRIH lowered [Ca2+]i, and markedly reduced the
      rise in [Ca2+]i elicited by TRH, VIP and K+. SRIH did not influence the Ca2+
      spikes recorded in Na+-free solution, and had no effect on the TRH-induced
      membrane potential changes. Our results demonstrate that SRIH may inhibit PRL
      release from GH4C1 cells by (1) inhibiting hormone-sensitive adenylate cyclase,
      (2) blocking the effect of cAMP and (3) lowering [Ca2+]i. None of these effects
      is, however, sufficient to explain all the effects of SRIH, suggesting that SRIH
      also exerts a major action at a step subsequent to cAMP accumulation and [Ca2+]i
      elevation. Since the GH4C1 cells possess one single class of binding sites, this
      implies that the same SRIH receptor is coupled to several cellular signalling
      systems.

PMID- 2906509
TI  - Effects of some calcium antagonists on aggregation by adrenalin and serotonin and
      on alpha-adrenoceptor radioligand binding in human platelets.
AB  - The inhibitory effects of verapamil, nifedipine and diltiazem, representatives of
      different classes of calcium antagonists, were studied on aggregation of human
      platelets induced by adrenalin and serotonin (5-HT). For references, the alpha
      adrenoceptor-antagonists phentolamine (alpha 1 and alpha 2) and rauwolscine
      (alpha 2), and the 5-HT 2-receptor-antagonist ketanserin were included. Verapamil
      in the concentration range 10(-6) 10(-4) M inhibited both adrenalin- and
      serotonin-induced aggregation in a concentration-dependent manner, whereas
      nifedipine and diltiazem had little or no effect. Phentolamine and rauwolscine
      were clearly weaker than verapamil as antagonists of serotonin, and ketanserin
      lacked effect on adrenalin-induced aggregation. Binding studies with [3H]dihydro
      alpha-ergocryptine and [3H]rauwolscine on human platelet membranes showed equal
      numbers of binding sites, suggesting that only alpha 2-adrenoceptors were
      present. In the same concentration range as inhibition of aggregation was
      obtained, verapamil inhibited binding of either radioligand. Nifedipine,
      diltiazem and 5-HT were all poor inhibitors of radioligand binding. The results
      suggest that verapamil at high concentrations not only has alpha-adrenoceptor
      antagonistic properties but also exerts 5-HT-receptor blocking effects. This was
      not found with the other calcium channel blockers examined (nifedipine,
      diltiazem).

PMID- 2906510
TI  - The sympathetic innervation of the internal anal sphincter and rectum in the cat.
AB  - The distribution of the sympathetic innervation to the internal anal sphincter
      (IAS) and rectum and the occurrence of different types of adrenergic receptors in
      the two organs were investigated in anaesthetized cats. Anal pressure and rectal
      motility were recorded by a manometric and a volumetric method respectively.
      Division of both the hypogastric nerves (HGN) and the lumbar colonic nerves (LCN)
      reduced the anal pressure by 46 +/- 6% of the resting pressure (40.9 +/- 6.4
      mmHg) and consistently increased rectal motility. Efferent electrical stimulation
      of the HGN as well as the LCN elicited a contraction in the anus and the rectum,
      which, at maximal stimulation, caused the anal pressure to reach a similar level
      to that recorded before division of these nerves. After injection of phentolamine
      the anal contraction was abolished, whereas the rectal contraction was either
      abolished or converted to a beta-adrenergic relaxation. Propranolol caused
      increased rectal contraction in response to stimulation of the HGN and the LCN,
      whereas the anal contraction was unaffected. The results imply that the
      sympathetic nerves exert a tonic excitatory effect on the IAS and a dual effect
      on the rectum in the cat. The results also indicate that sympathetic fibres to
      the IAS are conveyed in both the HGN and the LCN. Inhibitory beta-adrenergic
      receptors seem to be of minor importance in regulating anal pressure.

PMID- 2906511
TI  - Evidence that alpha 2-agonists may inhibit sympathetic transmitter secretion by
      an effect 'upstream' of varicosities.

PMID- 2906512
TI  - Somatostatin and methionine-enkephalin inhibit cholera toxin-induced jejunal net
      fluid secretion and release of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in the cat in
      vivo.
AB  - A major part of the net fluid secretion that is elicited by cholera toxin in the
      small intestine of the cat has been shown to be mediated by intramural nervous
      reflex(es). The release of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) from the small
      intestine is increased by cholera toxin. We report that close intra-arterial
      infusions of methionine-enkephalin (met-enk) and somatostatin cause a parallel
      reduction in cholera toxin-induced net fluid secretion and in VIP release from
      the small intestine of the cat. Intestinal blood flow was slightly, but
      significantly increased by met-enk and not influenced by somatostatin. These
      results strengthen the hypothesis that VIP is involved as a neurotransmitter in
      the nervous reflex mediating cholera toxin-induced secretion.

PMID- 2906513
TI  - A heterogeneous population of alpha 1-adrenoceptors mediates contraction of the
      isolated follicle wall from the bovine ovary.
AB  - Strips from Graafian follicles of bovine ovaries were tested for their
      contractile response in vitro in order to characterize the type of post
      junctional alpha-adrenoceptor involved. Electrically induced contractions were
      inhibited concentration-dependently by the alpha 1-antagonist, prazosin. Besides
      noradrenaline the alpha 1-selective agonists, methoxamine and phenylephrine,
      caused the strips to contract, whereas the alpha 2-selective agonists clonidine,
      oxymetazoline and B-HT920 were without effect. However, the alpha 1-selective
      antagonist prazosin gave a line with a slope less than unity in the Schild plots
      with noradrenaline and methoxamine. From results obtained with or without the
      presence of two classes of neuronal uptake blockers (desipramine and cocaine) it
      is concluded that the post-junctional alpha 1-receptor population is
      inhomogeneous. The regular appearance of the Schild plot obtained with
      phenylephrine may be due to involvement also of a component of noradrenaline
      release by this agonist. The pA2 value in the test with phenylephrine was 9.27,
      with a corresponding kB of 3.81 +/- 1.15 X 10(-10) M.

PMID- 2906514
TI  - Do alpha 2-agonists inhibit sympathetic transmitter secretion in part by
      depressing a Ca2+ component of the nerve impulse 'upstream' of varicosities?

PMID- 2906515
TI  - The effect of beta 2-adrenoceptor activation on ion-shifts and fatigue in mouse
      soleus muscles stimulated in vitro.
AB  - The resting membrane potential (RMP), the intracellular free Na+ concentration
      ([Na+]i) and the intracellular free K+ concentration ([K+]i), were measured with
      double-barrelled ion-selective microelectrodes in mouse soleus muscles in vitro.
      In addition, the Na+ contents and K+ contents have been measured with the flame
      photometric technique. At rest the beta 2-selective adrenoceptor agonist
      terbutaline (10(-5) M) increased the membrane potential and [K+]i, and decreased
      [Na+]i when compared with control muscles. During a 5 min stimulation period the
      muscles, which were incubated with the beta 2-adrenoceptor agonist, showed a
      smaller depolarization, a smaller decrease in [K+]i and a smaller increase in
      [Na+]i than stimulated control muscles. This difference was probably associated
      with an increased rate of Na-K-pumping in the beta 2-adrenoceptor stimulated
      muscles. The beta 2-agonist treated muscles were more resistant to fatigue than
      control muscles. This effect was significant with 10(-6) M terbutaline (25
      degrees C). A depolarization obtained by increasing [K+]o was shown to reduce the
      maximal tension. It is postulated, that the K+ shifts, which are responsible for
      the depolarization during muscle activity, are one of the mechanisms underlying
      muscle fatigue.

PMID- 2906516
TI  - Do concentrations of neurotransmitters in lumbar CSF reflect cerebral dysfunction
      in depression?
AB  - Concentrations of the amines and amine metabolites dopamine (DA), noradrenaline
      (NA), adrenaline (A), serotonin (5-HT), homovanillic acid (HVA), 3-methoxy-4
      hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and of the
      peptides, vasopressin (AVP), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), thyrotropin
      releasing hormone (TRH) and cholecystokinin (CCK) were measured in lumbar
      cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in patients with depression and compared with that of
      controls. Diagnostic classifications were performed according to ICD-9 and the
      Newcastle Rating Scales for Depression. The severity of depression was measured
      by Bech-Rafaelsen melancholia scale. Significantly decreased concentrations of
      CSF-A and AVP were found in as well endogenous as in non-endogenous depression,
      whereas reduced levels of CSF-VIP were found only in the non-endogenous group.
      CSF-5-HT and DA were significantly increased in endogenously depressed patients.
      In these studies patients with non-endogenous depression were not included. No
      relationship between severity of depression and concentrations of
      neurotransmitters was found. For most of the neurotransmitters no correlation
      between concentrations measured at the lumbar and at the ventricular level seems
      to exist. This finding indicates that measurements on CSF collected from the
      lumbar sack not necessarily are indicative for concentrations measured at more
      central levels. Although several transmitter systems most likely are disturbed in
      depression, results from studies on lumbar CSF should be interpreted with
      precaution, until further information about origin and distribution of
      neurotransmitters in CSF has been obtained.

PMID- 2906517
TI  - N-ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline (EEDQ): a new tool to probe CNS
      receptor function.

PMID- 2906518
TI  - Regulation of rat hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone secretion in
      vitro: potential clinical implications.
AB  - In summary, 5HT, ACh, NE, E and DA appear to stimulate hypothalamic CRH secretion
      whereas activation of the GABA/BZD system seems to decrease the responsivity of
      the CRH neuron to stimulatory neurotransmitters (Fig. 6). Hypothalamic CRH
      released from the hypothalamic neuron not only activates the HPA axis, but also
      stimulates the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system (LC) and the central
      sympathetic system (CSS). CRH also induces secretion of hypothalamic POMC gene
      derived peptides, such as ACTH, beta-EP, alpha-MSH and CLIP. These peptides as
      well as CRH itself, decrease the responsivity of the CRH neuron to stimulatory
      inputs. In addition, glucocorticoids restrain the activity of both the CRH neuron
      and the locus coeruleus and may also inhibit the secretion of POMC gene-derived
      peptides by the POMC neurons of the arcuate nucleus. Hypothalamic CRH secretion
      is regulated also by a number of mediators of the immune response, such as IL-1,
      IL-2, TNF-alpha and PGF2 alpha, PAF and EGF. Although the physiologic
      significance of this regulation is largely unknown, it is tempting to speculate
      that cytokines and mediators of inflammation released in vivo may activate the
      HPA axis to trigger a glucocorticoid-mediated counter-regulatory mechanism to
      restrain the immune system (Fig. 7). (Formula: see text). Fig. 7. Schematic
      representation of the interactions between the HPA axis and the immune system.
      Continuous lines represent stimulatory inputs and interrupted lines represent
      inhibitory inputs. In conclusion, our in vitro hypothalamic organ culture system
      allowed us to examine the regulation of CRH secretion in a direct and specific
      manner. Some of our observations may help with better understanding of the role
      played by CRH in the complex symptomatology of stress. In making extrapolations
      and interpretations from the in vitro data, however, we should try to keep in
      mind the words of Claude Bernard, "... If we break up a living organism by
      isolating its different parts it is only for the sake of ease in analysis and by
      no means in order to consider them separately. Indeed when we wish to ascribe to
      a physiological quality its value and true significance we must always refer it
      to this whole and draw our final conclusions only in relation to the effects in
      the whole".

PMID- 2906519
TI  - Is the benzodiazepine/GABA receptor chloride ionophore complex involved in
      physical and emotional stress?

PMID- 2906520
TI  - Neurochemical and electrophysiological events underlying stress-induced
      depression in an animal model.
AB  - This paper has described an animal (rodent) model of depression in which
      depression-like characteristics are produced by exposure of animals to stressful
      events that they cannot control. This model, called "stress-induced depression,"
      appears to be mediated by stress-induced changes in brain norepinephrine (NE),
      and evidence now indicates that a large depletion of NE in the Locus Coeruleus
      region of the brain stem (LC) is critical for producing the behavioral
      disturbance seen in this model. To explain the functional significance of NE
      depletion in the LC, it has been suggested that this change results in decreased
      stimulation, (i.e., functional blockade) of alpha-2 receptors that normally
      inhibit firing of LC neurons. Consequently, LC neurons should be disinhibited in
      stress-induced depression. The final part of this paper describes findings from
      electrophysiological measurement of LC activity. Prior to measuring changes
      occurring in stress-induced depression, studies examined the basic role played by
      alpha-2 receptors in LC activity. These receptors were found to regulate the
      responsivity of LC neurons to excitatory stimuli, so that pharmacological
      blockade of these receptors increased the firing of LC neurons to excitatory
      input. When LC activity was then measured in stressed animals showing behavioral
      depression, responsivity of LC neurons to excitatory input was elevated in
      comparison to animals not exposed to stress. Also, administration of an alpha-2
      blocking drug could not increase responsivity of LC neurons in stressed animals,
      which further indicated that alpha-2 receptors in the LC region were functionally
      blocked in these animals. Finally, the amount that LC neurons increased their
      firing to an excitatory stimulus (i.e., an index of alpha-2 receptor blockade)
      was highly correlated with the amount of behavioral depression seen in an
      activity test conducted just prior to electrophysiological measurement. These
      electrophysiological findings indicate that LC neurons are disinhibited in stress
      induced depression, and that this disinhibition is particularly characterized by
      increased responsivity of LC neurons to excitatory input, which is indicative of
      alpha-2 receptor blockade. These findings further support the view that the LC is
      involved in stress-induced depression, and are consistent with a proposed
      mechanism that attributes behavioral disturbance in the model to disinhibition of
      LC neurons arising from subnormal activation of inhibitory alpha-2 receptors.

PMID- 2906521
TI  - Implications of behavioral sensitization and kindling for stress-induced
      behavioral change.

PMID- 2906522
TI  - Hypophysiotropic regulation of stress-induced ACTH secretion.

PMID- 2906524
TI  - More on converting i.v. histamine H2 therapy to oral therapy.

PMID- 2906523
TI  - CD4+, CD8+ cells, IgE and prick test in infants allergic to cow's milk.
AB  - Three groups of infants were formed according to the type of feeding: I-breast
      milk from mothers without any kind of elimination diet, II-cow's milk-based
      formula, and III-breast milk till 2 months of age and after that, cow's milk
      formula. CD4 and CD8 were determined by monoclonal antibodies technique, IgE by
      ELISA and prick test with either intact or enzymatically digested cow's milk
      antigens. The average age of onset of the atopic disease in the first group was
      2m 10d +/- 15d, in the second: 3m 4d +/- 14d, and in the third: 2m 11d +/- 1m
      18d. The number of CD4 in group II was the lowest while in group III was the
      highest. CD8 value in the second group was higher than in the others. Ratio
      between CD4 and CD8 in cow's milk-fed infants was the lowest. Total serum IgE
      level in group II was the lowest although the mean values of the three groups
      were significantly increased. Prick tests, with at least one antigen, were
      positive in 75%, 50% and 48% in group I, II and III respectively. It is suggested
      that the behaviour of the parameters studied would be related to the dose of
      cow's milk proteins received through breast milk in breast-fed infants; to the
      relatively great amount of cow's milk antigens and to the lack of breast-feeding
      in infants fed on cow's milk formula; and to the interaction of such factors in
      infants fed with both cow's milk and breast milk.

PMID- 2906525
TI  - Identification of carriers of Duchenne muscular dystrophy: value of molecular
      analysis.
AB  - Currently, molecular methods are the most accurate diagnostic tools for carrier
      detection and prenatal diagnosis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). This
      report illustrates the value of molecular diagnosis as opposed to previous
      diagnostic methods, the need for frequent re-evaluations as new methodologies
      develop, and the necessity for in-depth genetic counseling. In Family 1, the
      proposita was predicted to be a carrier by an indirect assay (abnormal in vitro
      muscle ribosomal protein synthesis). DNA analysis using restriction fragment
      length polymorphisms (RFLPs) indicated that she was not a carrier. She gave birth
      to a predicted non-affected male, who inherited the gene in question. In Family 2
      the proposita, an obligate carrier, was initially evaluated by RFLP analysis. Two
      pregnancies were monitored by first trimester chorionic villous sampling. Re
      evaluation indicated that all affected individuals, including one of the embryos,
      carried a deletion of the dystrophin gene. The identification of an RFLP within
      the region containing the deletion allowed unambiguous determination of the
      carrier status of all individuals.

PMID- 2906526
TI  - Presence and distribution of vimentin in cynomolgus monkey trabecular cells.
AB  - The role of the trabecular meshwork in the ocular outflow tract has made it the
      object of considerable study. Recent work has examined the presence and function
      of microfilaments and microtubules in the cytoskeleton of cultured cynomolgus
      monkey trabecular cells. In this study, we used an indirect immunofluorescence
      technique to investigate the presence and distribution of the intermediate
      filament vimentin in cultured cynomolgus monkey trabecular cells. The
      cytoskeletal active agents cytochalasin B, colchicine, nocodozole, and taxol were
      also employed to investigate the role of vimentin in these cells. Vimentin formed
      a network of filaments that radiated throughout the cytoplasm from the nucleus to
      the cellular projections and cell membrane. The extensiveness of the vimentin
      network, and the cell shape, were observed to vary according to the degree of
      cell confluence, the degree of cell spread, and the degree of cell/cell contact.
      Cells in the less-confluent periphery had extensive vimentin networks and greater
      cell spreading and were polygonal in shape. Cells in the more confluent areas had
      a less-extensive vimentin network, underwent less cell spreading, and were
      primarily fusiform in shape. The change in cellular morphology induced by
      colchicine, nocodozole and taxol was proportional to the extensiveness and the
      degree of change of the vimentin network. Our observations have identified a
      proportional association between the extensiveness of the vimentin network,
      changes in the vimentin organization, and alterations in cellular morphology that
      is suggestive of a role for vimentin in determining cellular structure and
      shape.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2906527
TI  - The increase in number of orchidopexies: rather cause than prevention of male
      infertility.
AB  - Because of the present tendency to operate early on undescended testes, the
      indication for orchidopexy amounts to six-to-seven times the justified number in
      the Netherlands and two-to-three times in Flanders! The tendency to operate early
      has surely caused more fertility damage than prevented it. This critical
      statement asks for consideration and urges everybody concerned to a more accurate
      and repeated physical examination of the genital region and to a conservative
      attitude regarding treatment.

PMID- 2906528
TI  - Liver functions in hepatocytes entrapped within calcium alginate.

PMID- 2906529
TI  - The neuroexcitotoxic amino acids glutamate and aspartate are altered in the
      spinal cord and brain in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
AB  - Because recent studies showed a systemic defect in glutamate metabolism in
      amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), we measured the levels of free amino acids
      in frontal and cerebellar cortex and two areas of spinal cord obtained at autopsy
      from 22 patients who died of this disease. Glutamate levels were significantly
      decreased (by 21 to 40% of control values) in all areas investigated; cervical
      and lumbar spinal cord showed the greatest change. Aspartate levels were also
      significantly reduced (by 32 to 35%) in the spinal cord only. A positive
      correlation was shown between the changes of glutamate and aspartate as well as a
      significant alteration in the glutamate to glutamine ratio in the spinal cord of
      patients with ALS. Although we cannot exclude the possibility that these
      abnormalities may partly result from neuronal cell loss, the data suggest the
      presence of a generalized defect that may affect the neurotransmitter and
      metabolic pool of glutamate. The defect may be expressed more severely in the
      spinal cord than in other central nervous system areas. These results, taken
      together with the previously shown systemic abnormality, raise the possibility
      that distribution of glutamate between the intracellular and extracellular pool
      may be altered in ALS and may mediate the neurodegeneration.

PMID- 2906530
TI  - Brain neurotransmitters in glycine encephalopathy.
AB  - We measured neurotransmitter markers in autopsied brain of infants with glycine
      encephalopathy (GE). Because patients with GE develop intractable seizures,
      special attention was devoted to those neurotransmitter systems implicated in
      human epilepsy. Mean levels of glycine in the frontal cortex of GE patients were
      three times higher than control values. No abnormalities were observed for
      concentrations of gamma-aminobutyric acid (and related receptors), other major
      neurotransmitter amino compounds, or activities of cholineacetyltransferase and
      aspartate aminotransferase. Mean acetylcholinesterase activity was significantly
      elevated by 46%. As experimental data suggest, glycine markedly potentiates the
      action of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamic acid. To the extent that the
      brain seizures in patients with GE can be explained by this mechanism,
      pharmacotherapy with excitatory amino acid antagonists may represent a new
      approach to the treatment of GE.

PMID- 2906531
TI  - Subclinical effects of groundwater contaminants. II. Alteration of regional brain
      monoamine neurotransmitters by benzene in CD-1 mice.

PMID- 2906532
TI  - [Cryptorchidism, orchidopexy and testicular cancer: report of a case showing this
      association].

PMID- 2906533
TI  - [Intracellular location of vacuoles with acid phosphatase activity in
      trophozoites of Entamoeba histolytica adhered to guinea pig cecal epithelium].

PMID- 2906534
TI  - [Azelastine inhibits bronchoconstriction induced by histamine and leukotriene
      C4].

PMID- 2906535
TI  - [Lower epigastric artery as a free graft. A new alternative in direct myocardial
      revascularization].

PMID- 2906536
TI  - The use of bronchodilators in the young infant.

PMID- 2906538
TI  - Behavior completion versus stimulus control in compulsive gambling. Implications
      for behavioral assessment.

PMID- 2906537
TI  - Scopolamine interactions with D1 and D2 antagonists on radial-arm maze
      performance in rats.
AB  - Recent evidence indicates that acetylcholine and dopamine play complementary
      roles in cognitive as well as motor functions. In our previous study, the
      dopamine receptor blocker, haloperidol, was found to attenuate the radial-arm
      maze choice accuracy deficit caused by the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor
      blocker, scopolamine. Haloperidol has activity in blocking both D1 and D2
      dopamine receptor subtypes. The current study was conducted to determine whether
      this dopamine-acetylcholine interaction specifically involved D1 or D2 dopamine
      receptors. The D1 antagonist, SCH 23390, and the D2 antagonist, raclopride, were
      administered with a dose of scopolamine which caused choice accuracy deficits in
      the radial-arm maze. The scopolamine-induced deficit was reversed by SCH 23390,
      the D1 antagonist, indicating that D1 blockade alone is sufficient to reverse the
      amnestic effects of muscarinic blockade. There was no indication in this study
      that the D2 blocker, raclopride, had a similar effect. However, this does not
      mean that such an effect may not be present at other doses of raclopride or with
      other D2 antagonists. The present finding that D1 blockade counteracts
      scopolamine-induced cognitive dysfunction not only furthers the understanding of
      dopamine-acetylcholine relationships in cognitive function, it also suggests a
      promising direction for the development of treatments for cognitive dysfunction
      due to cholinergic loss.

PMID- 2906539
TI  - DNA polymorphisms defined by the Tu108 probe map to the Tla region of mouse
      chromosome 17.

PMID- 2906540
TI  - The leghaemoglobins.

PMID- 2906541
TI  - Disturbances in regulation of catecholamine neuromediation in alcoholism.
AB  - Dopamine content of blood, activity of adenylate- and guanylate cyclases in
      platelets and lymphocytes, catechol-O-methyltransferase in erythrocytes, dopamine
      beta-hydroxylase in blood plasma, monoamine oxidase in platelets, cAMP and cGMP
      content of blood, and the intensity of 3H-DA uptake by platelets have been
      investigated in alcoholic patients at different clinical states. Most of these
      indices have been studied in the brain and blood of rats displaying different
      affinities to alcohol. The results indicate that, in addition to the previously
      described disturbances of DA turnover, changes occur in the functions of enzyme
      and receptor systems involved in the mechanism of catecholamine neuromediation.
      Rats preferring and avoiding alcohol exhibit different DA and cyclic nucleotide
      concentrations in the blood and a trend towards different activity of some
      enzymes in the brain. It is suggested that: (1) the disturbances in the
      regulation of catecholamine neuromediation are involved in the mechanism of
      development of alcohol dependence; (2) the genetically-determined abnormalities
      of catecholamine neuromediation may contribute to an individual's attitude to
      alcohol.

PMID- 2906542
TI  - Increased rate of ethanol elimination and elevated blood acetate in asthmatics on
      corticosteroid, beta-2-sympathicomimetic and theophylline treatment.
AB  - The rate of ethanol elimination and blood acetate concentrations after a peroral
      dose of alcohol were measured in eight asthmatic patients receiving high-dose
      corticosteroid, sustained release theophylline and beta-2-sympathicomimetic
      treatment and in eight nonalcoholic, healthy controls. Mean ethanol elimination
      rate (ER) and mean blood acetate concentration (AC) were significantly (P less
      than 0.01) higher in asthmatics (ER = 134.8 +/- 12.9 mg/kg/hr, AC = 1.13 +/- 0.25
      mM) than in controls (ER = 100.2 +/- 12.3 mg/kg/hr, AC = 0.64 +/- 0.10 mM). In
      the asthmatics there was a significant negative correlation between the age and
      the rate of ethanol elimination (r = -0.890, P less than 0.01); in the control
      group, however, this correlation was of lower degree (r = -0.423) and did not
      achieve statistical significance. Enhanced ethanol metabolism in asthmatics is
      possibly due to the effect of drugs. Our results suggest that ethanol elimination
      rate is increased in asthmatics receiving medication and that the effect is most
      significant in younger age groups.

PMID- 2906543
TI  - A rapidly acquired one-way conditioned avoidance procedure in rats as a primary
      screening test for antipsychotics: influence of shock intensity on avoidance
      performance.
AB  - Antipsychotics selectively disrupt relatively weak responses maintained by
      conditioned stimuli compared with stronger responses maintained by unconditioned
      stimuli. The present study describes an easily taught and rapidly acquired
      (within one 15-trial session) one-way conditioned avoidance procedure for rats
      suitable for screening of drugs for potential antipsychotic activity. This was
      achieved by using an easily acquired response (running, part of the species
      specific defense reaction repertoire), a clearly discriminated conditioned
      stimulus and determination of the appropriate strength of the unconditioned
      stimulus (i.e. shock level) for this procedure. Behavior acquired under these
      described conditions resulted in stable performance over long retest periods. By
      using either a low or high intensity of shock level under which the animals were
      trained and tested, the difference between the dose of haloperidol and
      chlorpromazine able to disrupt avoidance and that which disrupted escape response
      rates was increased. This effect was also observed for morphine, which inhibited
      both avoidance and escape responses at similar dose levels only under low shock
      conditions. At a high shock condition morphine more selectively inhibited
      avoidance responding. Diazepam did not affect avoidance behavior under the
      conditions described here.

PMID- 2906544
TI  - Human trials of experimental AIDS vaccines: recombinant envelope proteins.

PMID- 2906545
TI  - Quantitative analyses of voluntary orofacial motor control in schizophrenia and
      tardive dyskinesia.
AB  - This paper reports the results of an investigation of voluntary control of lip,
      jaw, and tongue movements in schizophrenic patients with and without tardive
      dyskinesia. The aims of the study were to determine if voluntary orofacial motor
      control is disrupted in schizophrenia and to evaluate the relationship between
      voluntary motor control deficits and selected neurological and behavioral
      variables. Twenty-two schizophrenic patients and 13 normal control subjects were
      studied. Of the patients, 11 had moderate to severe TD. Analyses were made of
      performance on pursuit tracking tasks to evaluate differences between TD and non
      TD patients and between medicated and currently unmedicated patients. The results
      indicated significant group differences in voluntary orofacial motor control. The
      finding that many non-TD patients exhibited voluntary motor dyscontrol suggests
      that this may represent a disorder independent of the involuntary dyskinesia. The
      findings indicated that the level of neuroleptic and/or antiparkinsonian
      medication was unrelated to the degree of voluntary motor control impairment. The
      results are discussed in terms of probable neurophysiological mechanisms
      underlying the motor control deficits in schizophrenia.

PMID- 2906546
TI  - Neuroleptics and their metabolites binding to alpha 1 and D2 receptors.

PMID- 2906547
TI  - Propranolol in the treatment of neuroleptic-induced akathisia (NIA) in
      schizophrenics: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study.

PMID- 2906548
TI  - A simple method for the purification of dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV from porcine
      kidney using HPLC.
AB  - Dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV (E.C. 3.4.14.5) has been purified to homogeneity
      using "soft-column" chromatography on Sephadex G-200, DEAE-cellulose, gly-pro-AH
      Sepharose and finally HPLC on TSK G-3000SW. The purification by HPLC is fast and
      gives a better yield of pure enzyme than procedures which have been described
      previously. The enzyme obtained in this manner has a high specific activity (86
      U/mg using a saturating level of gly-pro-4-nitroanilide as substrate) and was
      free of contaminating peptidase activities. Our preparation of DAP IV is suitable
      for peptide sequencing studies by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry.

PMID- 2906549
TI  - Hyperprolactinaemia.

PMID- 2906550
TI  - Isolated cytoskeletons of human blood platelets: dark-field imaging of coiled and
      uncoiled microtubules.
AB  - Detergent extraction of human blood platelets pre-treated with Taxol to stabilize
      microtubules allows isolation of marginal band (MB) cytoskeletons. We studied MB
      cytoskeleton structure using dark-field light microscopy and negative stain
      electron microscopy (EM). Dark-field illumination clearly demonstrated the "hoop"
      shape of MB cytoskeletons in unfixed suspensions where the microtubule coils had
      a mean diameter of 2.87 microns (+/- 0.18 micron, SD). Microtubules were uncoiled
      by brief exposure to trypsin (2 ng/micrograms protein) or by NaCl (154-600 mM)
      but not by DNase I, which removed approximately 40% of total actin, but had no
      effect on dark-field images of microtubule coils. As microtubules uncoiled, a
      single fiber emerged from the hoop and gradually lengthened as the brightness of
      the hoop diminished; these fibers correspond to the single microtubules seen by
      EM. Polypeptides of coiled and uncoiled MB cytoskeletons were analyzed by SDS
      PAGE. When microtubules became uncoiled, no changes in the major components
      (alpha- and beta-tubulin, IEF-51K, or actin) were found. However, a number
      (greater than 10) of minor polypeptides, each less than 5% of total cytoskeletal
      protein and with an Mr ranging from 80,000- greater than 260,000, were decreased
      in "uncoiled" MB cytoskeletons. These results implicate one or more of these
      minor polypeptides in maintenance of hoop integrity. Dark-field light microscopy
      thus provides an approach toward investigating the mechanism(s) involved in
      maintaining the microtubule coil of the platelet marginal band.

PMID- 2906551
TI  - Effect of microtubule reactive drugs on steroid- and centrifugation-induced
      germinal vesicle migration during goldfish oocyte meiosis.
AB  - During the process of progestogen-induced meiotic maturation in the goldfish
      oocyte, the oocyte nucleus (germinal vesicle, GV) migrates to the sperm entry
      site or micropyle at the animal pole. Following GV migration (GVM) to the
      micropyle, the nuclear membrane undergoes dissolution (GVD) and the cell enters
      metaphase I in preparation to generate the first polar body. Microtubule
      destabilizing drugs including colcemid, nocodazole and vinblastine were found to
      elicit GVM, mimicking the process which occurs just prior to the prophase I
      metaphase I transition during steroid induced oocyte meiotic maturation. In
      addition, these drugs enhanced the induction of GVM by 17 alpha, 20 beta
      dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one, a potent, naturally occurring meiotogenic steroid in
      this species. By contrast, taxol, a microtubule stabilizing drug, was found to
      inhibit steroid induced GVM. A new assay for centrifugation induced GVM was
      applied to the goldfish oocyte in order to assess effects of steroids and drugs
      on GVM, without the complication of GVD or the restrictions imposed by the slow
      time course of naturally occurring GVM. The effective centrifugal force (ECF)
      required to elicit GVM in 50% of the oocytes (ECF50) decreased significantly
      after short incubations (1-5 hr) of oocytes with either 17 alpha,20 beta
      dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one or microtubule disrupting drugs (i.e., colcemid,
      nocodazole, or vinblastine). A working hypothesis, modeled after the effects of
      microtubule disrupting agents on intermediate filament arrays in somatic cells,
      is proposed in which a small number of microtubules or other polymeric tubulin
      units are responsible for maintaining a cytoskeletal array.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2906552
TI  - Post-translational modifications of tubulin and the dynamics of microtubules in
      mouse oocytes and zygotes.
AB  - The distribution of post-translationally modified forms of tubulin has been
      studied in mouse oocytes arrested in meiotic metaphase II and in interphase eggs
      after fertilisation. Tyrosinated and acetylated microtubules are present in the
      meiotic spindle but detyrosinated ones are not. Acetylation only occurs in the
      most stable subpopulation of microtubules in the spindles ("pole to
      kinetochore"). After fertilisation, many microtubules of the interphase array
      become acetylated, but detyrosination occurs only at a very low level.

PMID- 2906553
TI  - Catecholamines and plasma potassium.
AB  - There are many circumstances in which disease or its treatment may influence
      potassium homeostasis, and yet serious consequences resulting from potassium
      changes are uncommon. This article explores the mechanisms involved in short-term
      potassium control and describes their clinical implications.

PMID- 2906554
TI  - Effects of naloxone and opioid agonists on gastric excitatory responses to
      stimulation of the vagus nerve in cats.
AB  - 1. An investigation was made into the contribution of endogenous opioids to the
      initial and delayed excitatory response of the stomach induced by stimulation of
      the vagal trunk in cats. 2. Naloxone (100 to 1000 micrograms kg-1) had no effect
      on the initial excitatory response to stimulation of the vagal efferent fibres.
      However, the same treatment dose-dependently enhanced the delayed excitatory
      response to stimulation of the vagal afferent fibres. 3. In comparison with the
      mu-opioid-receptor agonist, [D-Ala2, MePhe4, Gly-ol5]enkephalin and the kappa
      opioid-receptor agonist dynorphin A (1-13), lower doses of methionine enkephalin
      [( Met]enkephalin) markedly inhibited the excitation caused by stimulation of the
      vagal efferent and afferent fibres. The inhibitory effect of [Met]enkephalin was
      antagonized by naloxone. 4. The delta-opioid-receptor selective agonist [D-Pen2,
      D-Pen5]enkephalin mimicked the inhibitory effects of [Met]enkephalin and
      inhibition by [D-Pen2, D-Pen5]enkephalin was antagonized by the delta-opioid
      receptor antagonist, ICI 174,864. 5. It is concluded that the inhibitory effects
      of exogenous opioids on the excitatory response of the stomach to stimulation of
      the vagal efferent and afferent fibres are mediated, at least in part, by delta
      opioid-receptors. Naturally occurring opioids may participate in the inhibition
      of the delayed gastric excitation to stimulation of the vagal afferent fibres.

PMID- 2906555
TI  - Behavioural responses to the selective D1-dopamine receptor agonist R-SK&F 38393
      and the selective D2-agonist RU 24213 in young compared with aged rats.
AB  - 1. In aged male Sprague-Dawley rats (22 months) with a selective loss of D2- but
      not of D1-dopamine receptors, stereotyped behaviour induced by 0.5 mg kg-1
      apomorphine was increased and prolonged in comparison with young (4 month)
      counterparts. This suggested a pharmacokinetic effect rather than a
      pharmacodynamic change. 2. The syndrome of non-stereotyped behavioural responses
      to the selective D1-agonist R-SK&F 38393, 1.25-20.0 mg kg-1, was unchanged in
      aged vs young animals, but the topography of individual behaviours constituting
      this overall syndrome was altered with aging. 3. Neither the overall syndrome of
      low intensity stereotyped behaviour nor the topography of individual behaviours
      induced by the selective D2-agonist RU 24213, 1.25-20.0 mg kg-1, were altered in
      aged vs young animals. 4. Loss of D2- but not D1-receptors with aging was
      therefore found to be associated with no change in responsivity to a D2-receptor
      agonist. The decreased intense grooming and increased vacuous chewing responses
      to the D1-agonist with aging parallel the previously demonstrated effects of
      selective D2-antagonists on these D1-stimulated behaviours. 5. It is suggested
      that age-related decline in D2-receptor activity may have greater functional
      consequences in relation to D1-:D2-interactions than in simply influencing
      responsivity to a D2-agonist. Such interactive effects should be taken into
      account when considering the pathophysiology and treatment of age-related
      extrapyramidal movement disorders.

PMID- 2906556
TI  - Modulation of the actions of tyrosine by alpha 2-adrenoceptor blockade.
AB  - 1. Eight normal subjects were given, in double-blind, random order L-tyrosine 50,
      250 and 500 mg kg-1 and placebo orally. Plasma tyrosine concentrations rose in a
      dose-dependent manner, without affecting the concentrations of the other large
      neutral amino acids. Tyrosine stimulated the secretion of prolactin and
      thyrotrophin (TSH) but had no effect on the plasma concentrations of
      adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, growth hormone or the
      gonadotrophins. 2. The lack of a stimulant effect of tyrosine on ACTH secretion
      was presumed to be due to activation of one of the negative feedback mechanisms
      that control the rate of synthesis and release of the catecholamines, and this
      hypothesis was tested by examining the effects of the alpha 2-adrenoceptor
      antagonist idazoxan on the actions of tyrosine. 3. Seven normal males were given
      on 6 separate occasions tyrosine 250 and 500 mg kg-1 and placebo orally following
      pretreatment with saline and idazoxan (0.1 mg kg-1 i.v.). Following pretreatment
      with idazoxan, tyrosine stimulated the secretion of ACTH and noradrenaline in a
      dose-dependent manner, although neither tyrosine nor idazoxan on their own had
      any effect on the secretion of either substance. 4. The lack of effect of
      tyrosine when given on its own appears to be due, to partly, to activation of
      alpha 2-adrenoceptors, which inhibit the release of noradrenaline. Idazoxan
      caused a small increase in systolic blood pressure, both when given on its own
      and in combination with tyrosine. Neither tyrosine nor idazoxan had any
      significant effect on the state of behavioural arousal, as measured by visual
      analogue scales, or on the secretion of growth hormone or the gonadotrophins.

PMID- 2906557
TI  - Pharmacological analysis of postjunctional alpha-adrenoceptors mediating
      contractions to (-)-noradrenaline in the rabbit isolated lateral saphenous vein
      can be explained by interacting responses to simultaneous activation of alpha 1-
      and alpha 2-adrenoceptors.
AB  - 1. The pharmacological characteristics of the alpha-adrenoceptor population in
      the rabbit isolated saphenous vein has been examined with (-)-noradrenaline (NA),
      as principal agonist, and a number of antagonists with selectivity for either
      alpha 1- or alpha 2-adrenoceptors. 2. The rank order of potency of various
      agonists is consistent with a population of alpha 2-adrenoceptors; UK-14304
      greater than (-)-noradrenaline = (-)-adrenaline greater than B-HT 920 =
      cirazoline greater than phenylephrine greater than amidephrine, but the rank
      order of pA2 values for the antagonists against (-)-noradrenaline: BDF-6143
      greater than rauwolscine = prazosin greater than CH-38083 = YM-12617 greater than
      Wy-26703 = phentolamine greater than corynanthine, is indicative of a mixed
      population of alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptors or, alternatively, a new subtype
      with characteristics of both the alpha 1- and alpha 2-subtypes. 3. Further
      evidence for two discrete populations of alpha-adrenoceptors is provided by, (a)
      the potent but non-competitive effect of prazosin against (-)-noradrenaline, (b)
      the presence of a component of the contractions elicited by NA and phenylephrine
      which is resistant to the selective alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonists rauwolscine
      and CH-38083: these responses were inhibited by the selective alpha 1
      adrenoceptor antagonists prazosin and YM-12617, but not by the selective alpha 2
      adrenoceptor antagonist BDF-6143 and, (c) the relative potency of the yohimbine
      diastereoisomers rauwolscine and corynanthine against NA, phenylephrine and UK
      14304. 4. In spite of the overwhelming evidence for a population of
      postjunctional alpha 2-adrenoceptors, prazosin was similarly effective against
      all agonists and failed to discriminate between those with putative selectivity
      for alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptors. This suggests an interaction of the
      effects of agonists at the two alpha-adrenoceptor subtypes. 5. An attempt has
      been made to reconcile a number of paradoxical observations with regard to the
      identification of postjunctional alpha 2-adrenoceptors in vitro, and it is
      suggested that in many of the isolated blood vessels presently available for
      examination both subtypes reside on the same smooth muscle cell. The
      pharmacological consequences of multiple subtypes of receptors mediating the same
      response is considered.

PMID- 2906558
TI  - An attempt at selective protection from phenoxybenzamine of postjunctional alpha
      adrenoceptor subtypes mediating contractions to noradrenaline in the rabbit
      isolated saphenous vein.
AB  - 1. An attempt has been made, with the irreversible alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist
      phenoxybenzamine, to find the conditions under which postjunctional alpha 1
      adrenoceptors in the rabbit isolated saphenous vein can be inactivated, such that
      postjunctional alpha 2-adrenoceptors can be studied in isolation. 2. Following
      exposure to various concentrations of phenoxybenzamine, no evidence was found for
      a selective inactivation of the postjunctional population of alpha 1
      adrenoceptors: the "rauwolscine-resistant' (alpha 1-) and the "rauwolscine
      sensitive' (alpha 2-) responses to (--)-noradrenaline were similarly affected. 3.
      However, in "receptor protection' experiments following exposure to a combination
      of phenoxybenzamine and the selective alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist
      rauwolscine, the remaining response to (--)-noradrenaline appeared to be mediated
      by a single population of postjunctional alpha 2-adrenoceptors: the response was
      insensitive to prazosin and rauwolscine was more potent than corynanthine. 4.
      Partial isolation of the alpha 1-adrenoceptor population was attempted by pre
      exposure of the preparation to a combination of phenoxybenzamine and a selective
      alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonist, i.e. prazosin or YM-12617. Following receptor
      protection, the inhibition produced by "selective' concentrations of either of
      these alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonists were not significantly different from that
      observed in control preparations (no phenoxybenzamine). However, the selective
      alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonists rauwolscine and CH-38083 were still able to
      inhibit part of the remaining responses to NA. This is interpreted as indicating
      that, in addition to protecting the putative postjunctional alpha 1
      adrenoceptors, these procedures fail to produce complete inactivation of
      postjunctional alpha 2-adrenoceptors. 5. It is concluded that, although
      phenoxybenzamine appeared to be non-selective for the two populations of
      postjunctional alpha-adrenoceptors in the rabbit isolated saphenous vein,
      inclusion of a "selective' concentration of a competitive antagonist during the
      inactivation period results in differing degrees of functional protection of each
      subtype. Pharmacological isolation was possible for alpha 2-adrenoceptors but not
      convincingly for alpha 1-adrenoceptors.

PMID- 2906559
TI  - H1- and H2-receptor characterization in the tracheal circulation of sheep.
AB  - 1. The effects of histamine, the specific H1-agonist SKF 71481-A2 and the H2
      agonist dimaprit were examined on tracheal vascular resistance in sheep
      anaesthetized with pentobarbitone. Tracheal vascular resistance was determined by
      perfusing the cranial tracheal arteries at constant flows and measuring inflow
      pressures. Changes in tracheal smooth muscle tone were also measured. 2.
      Histamine and SKF 71481-A2 contracted the tracheal smooth muscle and this effect
      was blocked by the H1-antagonist mepyramine. Stimulation of H2-receptors with
      dimaprit had no effect on tracheal smooth muscle tone. 3. Histamine had a complex
      action on the tracheal vasculature producing either a triphasic change (early
      dilatation then constriction followed by late dilatation) or just a constriction.
      SKF 71481-A2 always produced a biphasic change in vascular resistance (dilatation
      followed by constriction). Dimaprit dilated the tracheal vasculature. 4. The late
      dilatation produced by histamine in some sheep was blocked by bilateral cervical
      vagotomy but the mechanism for this effect is not known. No other responses to
      histamine, SKF 71481-A2 or dimaprit were affected by vagotomy. 5. The
      vasoconstriction produced by histamine and SKF 71481-A2 was antagonized by
      mepyramine indicating a H1-receptor-mediated effect. Cimetidine had no effect on
      the vasoconstriction to histamine suggesting a lack of involvement of H2
      receptors. 6. The vasodilatation produced by histamine and SKF 71481-A2 was also
      antagonized by mepyramine, again suggesting a H1-receptor-mediated action.
      Cimetidine had no effect on the vasodilator response to histamine indicating no
      involvement of H2-receptors in this response. 7. The dilator effect of dimaprit
      was antagonized by cimetidine suggesting this effect was mediated by H2
      receptors. 8. We conclude that H1-receptors in the various parts of the sheep
      tracheal vasculature can cause increases and decreases in total tracheal vascular
      resistance; that H2-receptors decrease resistance; and that the tracheal smooth
      muscle contracts on activation of H1-receptors but has no response to H2
      agonists.

PMID- 2906560
TI  - Quinoxalinediones selectively block quisqualate and kainate receptors and
      synaptic events in rat neocortex and hippocampus and frog spinal cord in vitro.
AB  - 1. Two quinozalinediones, FG9041 and FG9065, which had previously been shown to
      displace binding to the quisqualate receptor, were tested on rat neocortex and
      frog spinal cord in vitro against depolarizations induced by quisqualate, kainate
      and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA). In both preparations effects of quisqualate were
      reduced the most and those of NMDA the least. 2. The near unitary slopes of the
      Schild plots were consistent with a competitive type of interaction. pA2 values
      for FG9041 were estimated to be 6.6, 6.1 and 5.1 in frog cord and 5.9, 5.3 and
      and about 4 in the rat neocortex for quisqualate, kainate and NMDA antagonism,
      respectively. FG9065 gave equivalent pA2 values of 6.2, 5.6 and 4.5. 3. At
      concentrations, which were without effect on depolarizations induced by NMDA,
      FG9041 and FG9065 reduced or blocked synaptically-evoked field potentials in
      hippocampal and neocortical slices superfused with normal magnesium-containing
      medium. Since these synaptic components are also insensitive to NMDA antagonists,
      these results are consistent with their mediation by postsynaptic receptors of
      the quisqualate (or kainate) type. 4. By contrast, quinoxalinediones had only
      limited effects on spontaneous epileptiform activity seen in both neocortical and
      hippocampal preparations when superfused with magnesium-free medium. These burst
      discharges were, however, abolished by NMDA antagonists. 5. In the frog spinal
      cord the early component of the dorsal root to ventral root reflexes was
      selectively reduced by FG9041 whereas NMDA antagonists reduced the longer latency
      components. 6. Our results suggest that the quinoxalinediones are likely to be
      useful pharmacological probes for elucidating the role of non-NMDA receptors in
      the vertebrate central nervous system.

PMID- 2906561
TI  - Quipazine reduces food intake in the rat by activation of 5-HT2-receptors.
AB  - 1. To determine which subtype(s) of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptor are
      involved in the anorectic action of quipazine, the ability of selective
      antagonists at 5-HT2- and 5-HT3-receptors, and an antagonist at 5-HT1-like
      receptors, to block this response were investigated in non-deprived rats, trained
      to eat a palatable diet. 2. Quipazine (0.5-8 mg kg-1, i.p.) produced a dose
      related reduction in the intake of palatable diet. 3. The anorectic effect of 4
      mg kg-1 quipazine was antagonized by the nonselective 5-HT-receptor antagonist
      methysergide (5 mg kg-1, i.p.) and by the selective 5-HT2-receptor antagonists
      ketanserin (1 mg kg-1 and 2.5 mg kg-1, i.p.) and ritanserin (0.5 mg kg-1 and 1 mg
      kg-1, i.p.). The selective 5-HT3-receptor antagonist GR38032F (1 mg kg-1, i.p.)
      and (-)-pindolol (4 mg kg-1, i.p.), which blocks some of the effects mediated at
      5-HT1-like receptors, did not block the reduction in food intake produced by this
      dose of quipazine. 4. None of the 5-HT-receptor antagonists had any effect on
      food intake when they were administered alone, suggesting that endogenous 5-HT is
      not involved in the tonic control of food intake under the conditions of these
      experiments. 5. It is concluded that the anorectic action of quipazine is
      mediated, at least in part, by activation of 5-HT2-receptors.

PMID- 2906562
TI  - The modulatory role of vascular endothelium in the interaction of agonists and
      antagonists with alpha-adrenoceptors in the rat aorta.
AB  - 1. We have examined the effect of endothelium on the antagonistic action of
      prazosin, doxazosin, yohimbine and phentolamine against phenylephrine, clonidine
      and noradrenaline. 2. The action of prazosin against phenylephrine was similar to
      that earlier reported against noradrenaline, acting as a non-competitive
      antagonist in the presence of endothelium and as a competitive antagonist in the
      absence of endothelium. Prazosin also acted as a non-competitive antagonist
      against clonidine in the absence of endothelium. 3. Doxazosin behaved in a
      similar way to prazosin against noradrenaline, phenylephrine and clonidine acting
      as a non-competitive antagonist in the presence of endothelium and as competitive
      antagonist after removal of endothelium. In contrast, yohimbine and phentolamine
      acted as competitive antagonists both in the presence and in the absence of
      endothelium. 4. Analysis of the concentration-response curves for noradrenaline,
      phenylephrine and clonidine in the presence and in the absence of endothelium
      showed that the affinity for all three agonists was the same but not the efficacy
      and the receptor reserve, both of which were lower in the presence than in the
      absence of endothelium. 5. The rank order of agonist potency in the absence of
      endothelium was noradrenaline greater than phenylephrine greater than clonidine.
      The rank order of antagonist potency was prazosin greater than or equal to
      doxazosin greater than phentolamine greater than yohimbine. 6. The results show
      that vascular endothelium modulates the contractile response to alpha
      adrenoceptor agonists and also modifies the action of the antagonists prazosin
      and doxazosin but not that of yohimbine and phentolamine. This effect of
      endothelium was related to a change in agonist efficacy and receptor reserve.
      These results also suggest that the alpha-adrenoceptors of the isolated aorta of
      the rat are predominantly, if not exclusively of the alpha 1-subtype.

PMID- 2906563
TI  - A comparison of the differential effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide and
      peptide histidine isoleucine on the vascular and capsular smooth muscle of the
      dog spleen.
AB  - 1. The actions of the two peptides, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and
      peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI) have been compared to that of isoprenaline on
      the smooth muscle systems of the isolated blood-perfused dog spleen. 2. Intra
      arterial injections of VIP and PHI caused graded increases in splenic arterial
      blood flow at constant perfusion pressure indicative of splenic arterial
      vasodilatation. 3. VIP was significantly more potent than PHI, with their
      respective molar ED50 values being 9.9 +/- 3.7 and 830 +/- 141 pmol (P less than
      0.002). VIP was approximately 10 and 200 times more potent than isoprenaline and
      PHI respectively. 4. The maximum reduction in splenic arterial vascular
      resistance was the same (P greater than 0.5) in response to intra-arterial VIP
      and PHI, although both peptide maxima were significantly less (P less than 0.05,
      0.01 respectively) than that obtained with isoprenaline. 5. Small increases in
      spleen volume accompanied the splenic vasodilator responses to both peptides.
      They were probably passive in origin, secondary to splenic arterial
      vasodilatation. 6. The selective beta 2-adrenoceptor antagonist, ICI 118,551, did
      not antagonize the splenic arterial vasodilator response to VIP or PHI but
      markedly attenuated the effect of isoprenaline. 7. These observations indicate
      that VIP and PHI, when either co-released locally or present together in the
      systemic circulation, may exert a differential action on different components of
      the circulation.

PMID- 2906564
TI  - [Detection of plasma AT-III and plasminogen in patients with epidemic hemorrhagic
      fever and its clinical significance].

PMID- 2906565
TI  - Sensitivity changes to inotropic agents in rabbit atria after chronic
      experimental diabetes.
AB  - The effect of experimental diabetes on the sensitivity of isolated left atrial
      strips to inotropic agents was investigated in rabbits made diabetic with
      alloxan. After 4 weeks of diabetes no change in sensitivity was detected in
      response to isoproterenol or ouabain. In contrast, 15 weeks of diabetes induced a
      decreased sensitivity to beta-adrenergic stimulation, exhibited as a shift to the
      right in concentration-response curves obtained in response to isoproterenol and
      noradrenaline. In addition, after 15 weeks of diabetes the inotropic response to
      ouabain was depressed, and a small decrease in sensitivity was detected in
      response to forskolin. In contrast, no significant changes in the concentration
      response curves obtained from alpha-adrenergic stimulation by phenylephrine or
      calcium chloride were detected. Unlike the streptozotocin diabetic rat, which
      exhibits low serum thyroid hormone levels, no changes in serum thyroid hormones
      were detected in the alloxan diabetic rabbit. It is suggested that the increased
      inotropic sensitivity to alpha-adrenergic agonists observed in the diabetic rat,
      but not in the rabbit, may be due to low serum thyroid hormone levels. In
      contrast, the deleterious effects of diabetes on beta-adrenergic and ouabain
      sensitivity occur independently of changes in serum thyroid hormones.

PMID- 2906566
TI  - Beta-adrenergic receptor function and oxygen radical production in bovine
      pulmonary alveolar macrophages.
AB  - Reactive oxygen species production by bovine pulmonary alveolar macrophages was
      evaluated by a chemiluminescence assay utilizing luminol and opsonized zymosan.
      Incubation with dobutamine (5 x 10(-8) and 5 x 10(-7) M) or isoproterenol (5 x
      10(-8) and 5 x 10(-7) M) prior to zymosan challenge significantly (p less than
      0.05) increased the time for chemiluminescence to begin, and significantly
      decreased the level of maximum chemiluminescence. The agonists' inhibitory
      effects on maximum chemiluminescence were significantly reduced by pre-incubation
      with the appropriate antagonist (atenolol at 1 x 10(-6) M for dobutamine; and
      propranolol at 1 x 10(-6) M for isoproterenol). Salbutamol at 1 x 10(-6) M
      significantly reduced the level of maximum chemiluminescence only, but did not
      increase the time for chemiluminescence to begin. This effect was significantly
      reduced by the presence of the beta 2-antagonist ICI 118,551 at 1 x 10(-6) M. The
      results reveal the presence of beta 1- and beta 2-adrenoceptors on bovine
      pulmonary alveolar macrophages, and suggest that these receptors are important in
      the regulation of reactive oxygen species production by these cells.

PMID- 2906567
TI  - Characterization of a developmentally transient adrenergic depolarizing response
      in cultured locus coeruleus neurons.
AB  - The effects of iontophoretically applied noradrenaline have been tested on
      intracellularly recorded locus coeruleus neurons grown in explant cultures from
      neonatal mice. In addition to hyperpolarizing responses mediated by alpha 2
      adrenergic receptors, as observed in locus coeruleus neurons in vivo and in brain
      slices from adult animals, alpha 1-mediated depolarizations were observed to
      succeed the initial hyperpolarizations in some cultures. It was shown that the
      depolarizing responses were only present in younger cultures, i.e., less than 26
      days in vitro. In cultures less than 20 days old, all cells displayed the
      biphasic hyperpolarizing-depolarizing responses. Both components of the response
      appear to be direct, since they were present when synaptic transmission was
      blocked by including tetrodotoxin or by altering divalent cations in the
      perfusate. The depolarizing responses were frequently reduced in solutions with
      altered divalent cation content, and this might reflect a calcium dependency of
      this response. The hyperpolarizing and depolarizing components of the responses
      to noradrenaline were progressively blocked by increasing concentrations of the
      selective antagonists yohimbine and prazosin, respectively, in the dose ranges of
      100 mM - 1 microM (yohimbine) and 20-200 nM (prazosin). Recent results from
      electrophysiological studies of locus coeruleus neurons in brain slices suggest
      that similar changes occur in the animal as well as in culture. It is possible
      that the transient depolarizing responses reflect a developmentally important
      enhanced responsiveness of locus coeruleus neurons during the early postnatal
      period.

PMID- 2906568
TI  - [Effects of somatostatin on coronary hemodynamics in man].

PMID- 2906569
TI  - [Seroepidemiological study on amoebiasis].

PMID- 2906570
TI  - [Study of dog as the animal reservoir of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome].

PMID- 2906571
TI  - [Detection of IgG antibody in serum of hemorrhage fever with renal syndrome
      (HFRS) by solid-phase chemiluminescence immunoassay].

PMID- 2906572
TI  - Class I and class II loci of the human major histocompatibility complex.
AB  - The structure of major histocompatibility complex class I (HLA-A, B and Cw) and
      class II (HLA-DP, DQ and DR) genes and their products is now well understood.
      Knowledge of the high degree of polymorphism which occurs at all MHC gene loci,
      primarily derived from serological studies, has largely been confirmed and
      extended by the application of functional, biochemical and molecular techniques.
      The frequencies of class I and class II antigenic products are variable between
      ethnic groups and also between many diseased and healthy populations. In many
      cases the occurrence together of two or more MHC gene products (allelic
      association) provides haplotypic markers specific for diseases. The function of
      MHC products is widely speculated upon but little is known of the precise
      mechanisms whereby class I and class II molecules mediate their prescribed
      functions of co-ordinating cell-cell interactions, their involvement in
      susceptibility to disease or their established role in the artificial situation
      of organ allografting.

PMID- 2906573
TI  - Population genetics and molecular biology of the childhood chronic arthropathies.
AB  - Recent immunogenetic studies of JRA patients have both helped to clarify
      subdivision into distinctive subtypes and identified those subtypes which may be
      related to adult rheumatic disease. Despite the variability of HLA associations
      from different geographic sources, a consensus appears to be emerging as to the
      most important associations. In addition to the HLA-DR locus, distinct
      associations with the HLA-DP and HLA-DQ loci have been described. Family studies
      have suggested an increased risk with certain haplotypes, particularly in the
      EOPA JRA population. Although inheritance patterns remain to be defined, recent
      studies with monoclonal antibodies, alloreactive T cell clones, and DNA have
      identified the existence of specific epitopes encoded by a variety of Ia
      molecules which may be more directly related to disease susceptibility. The
      concept of an epitope dose effect is put forward to account for the variable HLA
      association with disease, particularly with regard to EOPA JRA. Further
      developments in the definition of micropolymorphisms of Ia molecules at the
      genomic level as well as the possible involvement of other genetic loci, in
      particular T cell receptor variable gene products, should help clarify our
      understanding of the role of genetic factors in the aetiology of JRA. The studies
      of the last two decades indicate that inferences made by Carter (1969) on the
      'polygenic, weakly penetrant genetic effect' in autoimmune disease are indeed
      applicable to JRA.

PMID- 2906574
TI  - [Care of patients during feverish period of epidemic hemorrhagic fever].

PMID- 2906575
TI  - [Testicular autotransplantation in children. Apropos of 2 cases].
AB  - The authors presents 2 observations of testicular autotransplantation at 11 and
      13 years age; the 2 boys had bilateral cryptorchism. Analysis of the literature
      allows good conclusions for the liability of this technique with less than 20% of
      secondary atrophies. Particularly interesting to note 2 successful operation on
      children 2 years old. The indications are limited, mainly discussed is bilateral
      abdominal cryptorchism (mostly Prune Belly Syndrome). The autotransplantation is
      reserved for the normal appearance testicles with good hormonal function. The
      operation is preferable using inguino-iliac extra-peritoneal pass; that
      exploration is very important and at last only in 20% of abdominal cryptorchism
      could autotransplantation be considered. The malignancy transformation risk is
      poor if break down is done before 10 years old, however a regular and very long
      follow-up is necessary: Clinic, vascular, biopsies sometimes at a little doubt.
      Preservation of hormonal function and fertility hope represent the expected
      advantages; spermatic analysis are still absent because the too recent
      autotransplantation. As for usual testicular ectopies for sure it would be
      preferable to do early autotransplantation, just after 2 years of age, if this is
      possible.

PMID- 2906576
TI  - Colorimetric method for assay of serum gamma-glutamyltransferase activity with
      some L-gamma-glutamyl-carboxyanilides.
AB  - A simple method for the assay of serum gamma-glutamyltransferase activity with
      soluble L-gamma-glutamyl-carboxyanilides is presented. It is based on
      transformation of aminobenzoic acid liberated by the enzyme into colour complex
      with 4-dimethyl-aminobenzaldehyde or with 4-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde in acid
      medium. Among three carboxyanilides studied the highest enzyme activity was noted
      with L-gamma-glutamyl-3-carboxyanilide and no activity with L-gamma-glutamyl-2
      carboxyanilide. A good correlation was demonstrated for serum gamma
      glutamyltransferase activity determined by the new colorimetric method and by the
      standard one with L-gamma-glutamyl-3-carboxy-4-nitroanilide.

PMID- 2906577
TI  - Normal DNA polymorphism at the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) locus
      associated with serum cholesterol level.
AB  - A restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) at the low density lipoprotein
      receptor (LDLR) locus detectable with the restriction enzyme PvuII exhibits
      association with total serum cholesterol level. People who are homozygous for
      absence of the PvuII restriction site have a significantly higher total
      cholesterol level than heterozygotes (the number of homozygotes for presence of
      the restriction site was too small to permit meaningful comparison). This
      difference is significant at the 2% level. Thus, this study of sex- and age
      adjusted cholesterol levels in a sample of healthy people yields additional
      evidence and sustains our previous proposal that normal alleles at the LDLR locus
      contribute to the population variation in total cholesterol levels. Absence of
      the PvuII site appears to confer an odds ratio of approximately 2.7 for having a
      cholesterol level in the top quartile of the population distribution.

PMID- 2906578
TI  - The effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids on rat adipocyte lipogenesis: the role
      of protein kinase C, calcium and calmodulin.
AB  - Linolenic acid, a polyunsaturated fatty acid, has an insulin synergizing
      stimulatory effect on adipocyte lipogenesis. Since phorbol esters are also known
      to exert a similar effect through the activation of protein kinase C, and since
      they have fatty acid moieties, we investigated whether linolenic acid exerted its
      stimulatory effect through protein kinase C activation and whether calcium was
      involved in this mechanism. Our experiments show that H7, an inhibitor of protein
      kinase C; verapamil, a calcium blocker; and calmodulin inhibitors inhibited
      basal, insulin- and linolenic acid-stimulated lipogenesis. They also negated the
      insulin synergizing effect of linolenic acid. We conclude that linolenic acid,
      and possibly other unsaturated fatty acids, exert their stimulatory effect
      through stimulation of protein kinase C, calcium entry and calmodulin activation.
      These three processes are also important in maintaining basal lipogenesis.

PMID- 2906579
TI  - Treatment of psoriatic arthritis with sulphasalazine: a one year open study.
AB  - Sulphasalazine (SASP) has recently become established as an effective treatment
      for active rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but has not previously been used in
      psoriatic arthritis in which remission-inducing drugs have proved disappointing.
      In this one year open study, 34 patients with active psoriatic arthritis were
      treated with sulphasalazine. An overall favourable clinical response was observed
      in 23 patients (67%). Nine patients (26%) achieved a very good therapeutic
      response and these either had arthritis associated with spondylitis or the
      symmetrical type of joint disease. Evaluation at 3, 6 and 12 months showed a
      significant improvement in inflammatory indices including a reduction in the C
      reactive protein level and ESR. The drug was well-tolerated and side-effects were
      mild. Eight patients (23.5%) stopped the drug because of reactions and one
      patient with a rash was successfully desensitised. Fifty-three percent continued
      the drug into the second year. No apparent exacerbation of the psoriasis was
      observed. These results suggest that sulphasalazine is a safe and potentially
      effective drug in the treatment of psoriatic arthritis. A double-blind placebo
      controlled trial has been set up to determine its true efficacy.

PMID- 2906580
TI  - Treatment of atopic eczema in childhood.

PMID- 2906581
TI  - Betablockers in the treatment of hypertension (with special emphasis on
      betablockers with ISA). A review.

PMID- 2906582
TI  - [Some experience in antiepileptic treatment drugs monitoring in clinic].

PMID- 2906583
TI  - [Neurotransmitters, hormones and portal hypertension].

PMID- 2906584
TI  - [The structure of genome region containing unstable elements of human DNA].

PMID- 2906585
TI  - Bivalent ligand type beta-adrenolytics related to practolol.
AB  - The synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of a number of symmetrical bivalent
      ligand type beta-adrenolytics related to practolol are reported. The best results
      have been observed with N,N'-bis[3-[2-hydroxy-3-[1
      methylethyl)amino]propoxy]phenyl] ethanediamide.

PMID- 2906586
TI  - Induction of monooxygenase activity in the intestine of spot (Leiostomus
      xanthurus), a marine teleost, by dietary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
AB  - The response of intestinal monooxygenases to dietary polycyclic aromatic
      hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure was evaluated in spot (Leiostomus xanthurus), a marine
      teleost fish. Ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) and aryl hydrocarbon
      hydroxylase (AHH) activities were highest in the pyloric caeca and in the
      proximal half of the intestine. Intestinal microsomes from fish given control
      diets had very low levels of EROD and AHH activities relative to those in liver.
      After exposure to a diet containing 10 mg of 3-methylcholanthrene/kg of food, the
      levels of intestinal EROD and AHH activities increased 36-fold and 17-fold,
      respectively, such that intestinal monooxygenase activity exceeded that of the
      liver, which was not induced by this treatment. A significant increase in
      intestinal monooxygenase activity occurred in fish receiving dietary
      benzo[a]pyrene (BP) at concentrations as low as 10 micrograms of BP/kg food. A 5
      fold increase in intestinal AHH and EROD activities was observed within 3 hr
      after administration of dietary BP. A plateau in gut monooxygenase activity
      occurred after approximately 3 days of PAH exposure; these activities decreased
      to control levels within 3 days after replacing the PAH diet with the control
      diet. Starvation resulted in disappearance of detectable monooxygenase activity.
      Monoclonal antibody (MAB 1-12-3) against the major PAH-inducible cytochrome P-450
      (P-450E) in the liver of the marine teleost (Stenotomus chrysops) [Park et al.
      Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 249, 399 (1986)] recognized a single protein band in
      intestinal microsomes, with Mr near 54,000, which we conclude is the spot
      counterpart to cytochrome P-450E.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2906587
TI  - Metabolism of ethane and pentane to carbon dioxide by the rat.
AB  - The pulmonary excretion rates of ethane and pentane have been used as indices of
      lipid peroxidation. This use assumes that exhalation of these hydrocarbons is
      directly related to their formation rate. This is true only if the elimination
      (metabolism plus nonpulmonary excretion) of ethane and pentane are constant in
      the presence of alterations in lipid peroxidation. However, the in vivo metabolic
      elimination profile for pentane is unknown and it has not been established with
      certainty that ethane is metabolized in vivo. Radiolabeled [14C]ethane and
      pentane were used to study the disposition of these hydrocarbons when injected
      into an enclosed chamber system containing a rat. The ethane and pentane
      concentrations in chamber air measured as 14C radioactivity were in general
      agreement with more selective measurements based on GC analysis. Pentane was
      cleared from chamber air at a much faster rate than ethane. Approximately 50 and
      19.8% of the total radioactivity added to the chamber as [14C]pentane or
      [14c]ethane, respectively, was recovered as carbon dioxide at the end of 8 hr.
      The fraction of total radioactivity recovered in urine was 7.6 and 1.0% for the
      pentane and ethane experiments, respectively. These results indicate
      unequivocally that both ethane and pentane are metabolized in the intact rat.

PMID- 2906588
TI  - Comparison of human and mouse liver microsomal metabolism of bromobenzene and
      chlorobenzene to 2- and 4-halophenols.
AB  - Bromobenzene is metabolized by hepatic microsomes to two different epoxide
      intermediates, which then rearrange to form either ortho- or para-bromophenol. A
      rapid and sensitive technique utilizing HPLC with electrochemical detection is
      presented for the quantitation of these primary bromobenzene metabolites. This
      analytical procedure allows selective quantitation of phenolic products of
      microsomal metabolism without prior extraction. Application of this assay method
      to the microsomal metabolism of bromobenzene and chlorobenzene revealed that
      three important differences exist between mice and humans regarding the
      metabolism of these compounds. First, human liver microsomes have a greater
      affinity for halobenzene biotransformation to the hepatotoxic 3,4-epoxide, as
      indicated by the approximately 2-fold lower Km values for para-halophenol
      production compared with mouse liver microsomes. Second, human liver microsomes
      produce the hepatotoxic metabolite at a 2-fold greater rate than mouse liver
      microsomes, relative to the microsomal cytochrome P-450 content. And third, human
      liver microsomes produce less of the nonhepatotoxic ortho-halophenol metabolites
      at Vmax resulting in an average ratio of the hepatotoxic: nonhepatotoxic
      metabolite production that is 3.5 times higher than the ratio for B6C3F1 mice.
      These results indicate humans preferentially metabolize halobenzenes through the
      hepatotoxic 3,4-epoxide pathway, suggesting that humans may be more susceptible
      than mice to halobenzene-induced hepatotoxicity.

PMID- 2906589
TI  - Metabolism of lovastatin by rat and human liver microsomes in vitro.
AB  - The metabolism of lovastatin (Mevacor) was examined using isolated microsomes
      derived from the livers of normal and phenobarbital-treated rats and from human
      liver samples. Incubation of lovastatin with rat liver microsomes resulted in the
      formation of several polar metabolites of lovastatin. The metabolites were
      isolated by HPLC and identified by NMR and mass spectrometry. One fraction
      consisted of a 2:1 mixture of 6-hydroxy-lovastatin and the rearrangement product
      delta 4,5-3-hydroxy lovastatin. Addition of a trace of acid to this mixture
      resulted in the formation of a single aromatized product, the desacyl-delta
      4a,6,8-dehydro analog of lovastatin. Another microsomal metabolite was determined
      to be the delta 4,8a,1-3-hydroxy-lovastatin derivative. The chromatographic
      pattern of metabolites produced from lovastatin by human liver microsomes was
      similar to that obtained with rat liver microsomes. Metabolism of lovastatin by
      rat liver microsomes was both time and concentration dependent; optimal
      microsomal metabolism occurred with 0.1 mM lovastatin, whereas higher lovastatin
      concentrations inhibited the reaction. The open acid form of lovastatin was
      poorly metabolized by both the rat and the human liver microsomes.

PMID- 2906590
TI  - The disposition and toxicology of retinyl methyl ether in rats dosed orally.
AB  - In disposition studies, retinyl methyl ether (RME) was administered to rats in
      oral doses of 10 or 40 mg/kg. For the high dose, RME was eliminated from plasma
      with a terminal half-life of 19.5 hr but for the low dose the terminal phase
      could not be determined. For both doses, the concentrations of RME in the tissues
      examined (liver, spleen, adrenals, and mammary glands) were greater than those in
      plasma. In the adrenals of rats given the low dose, concentrations were as much
      as 10- to 100-fold higher. Concentrations of RME in the mammary gland, a site for
      chemopreventive activity, were also relatively high (about 1000 ng/g for the low
      dose and about 4000 ng/g for the high dose), and there was an elimination phase
      with a half-life of 63-81 hr. After administration of RME, the concentration of
      retinyl esters in the liver did not increase, and no retinyl esters were detected
      in the mammary gland. For toxicology studies, rats were administered 20, 40, and
      80 mg/kg of RME or retinyl acetate (ROAc) daily for 28 days. The toxic effects of
      RME were similar to those of ROAc. At equivalent mg/kg doses, weight gain
      depressions, bone fractures, elevations in serum triglycerides, anemia,
      elevations in cholesterol in females, and reductions in serum albumin were
      similar.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2906591
TI  - Disposition and metabolism of sodium 4-[(3-(4-acetyl-3-hydroxy-2
      propylphenoxy)propyl)sulfonyl]-gamma -oxobenzenebutanoate in rats and dogs.
AB  - The disposition of sodium 4-[(3-(4-acetyl-3-hydroxy-2
      propylphenoxy)propyl)sulfonyl]-gamma-o xo benzenebutanoate (L-648,051) was
      determined in rats and dogs. L-648,051 is a potent receptor antagonist for
      leukotriene D4 and is potentially useful in the treatment of asthma and other
      allergic disorders. After a dosage of 10 mg/kg iv, L-648,051 declined rapidly
      with a half-life of approximately 2 min in rat and dog plasma. Although the
      compound was well absorbed, it exhibited poor bioavailability due to efficient
      first-pass metabolism. In rats receiving 25, 50, and 150 mg/kg po,
      bioavailabilities were 0.5, 4.8, and 38.7%, respectively. In dogs,
      bioavailability of 10 and 50 mg/kg po was 0 and 23%, respectively. Two
      metabolites were identified, 4-[(3-(4-acetyl-3-hydroxy-2
      propylphenoxy)propyl)sulfonyl-gamma- hydroxybenzenebutanoic acid (metabolite I),
      formed by ketoreduction, and 4-[(3-(4-acetyl-3-hydroxy-2
      propylphenoxy)propyl)sulfonyl] benzeneacetic acid (metabolite II) formed by
      catabolic oxidation of the butanoic acid moiety of L-648,051. Ketoreduction
      resulted in the production of a chiral center and two enantiomers of metabolite
      I. In vitro studies suggest that rat erythrocytes formed the (+)-enantiomer
      exclusively. When L-648,051 was administered orally or iv to rats, both the (+)-
      and (-)-enantiomers were observed in the plasma. The data suggest that either two
      L-648,051 ketoreductases were present or that inversion of the hydroxyl
      stereocenter of metabolite I occurred.

PMID- 2906592
TI  - The physiological disposition of aerosolized 4-[(3-(4-acetyl-3-hydroxy-2
      propylphenoxy)propyl)sulfonyl]-gamma -oxobenzenebutanoate (L-648,051) in rats.
AB  - 14C-labeled 4-[(3-(4-acetyl-3-hydroxy-2-propylphenoxy)propyl)-sulfonyl]-gamma-
      oxobenzenebutanoate (L-648,051) was suspended in Freon under pressure and
      injected into rat lungs via a tracheal cannula. The particle size of the drug was
      1 to 5 microns and the mean dose was approximately 0.2 mg/kg. Levels of
      radioactivity in the lung/trachea declined in a monoexponential manner.
      Absorption, estimated from radioactivity remaining in the lung and trachea, was
      73% in 1 hr and 95% in 4 hr. L-648,051 and its pharmacologically active
      metabolite L-657,098 (formed by ketoreduction of the butanoic acid moiety of L
      648,051) accounted for 96% of the radioactivity in the lung at 10 min after the
      dose and 91% after 60 min. The lung:plasma concentration ratio of active drug (L
      648,051 plus L-657,098) was at least 176:1 at 10 min and 17:1 at 60 min (compared
      with 1:1 after 2 mg/kg iv) suggesting that aerosol administration of L-648,051 in
      humans may result in an ideal therapeutic ratio, with high levels of
      pharmacologically active ingredient in the lung and low levels in the plasma.

PMID- 2906593
TI  - Enzymatic conjugation of hexachloro-1,3-butadiene with glutathione. Formation of
      1-(glutathion-S-yl)-1,2,3,4,4-pentachlorobuta-1,3-diene and 1,4-bis(glutathion-S
      yl)-1,2,3,4-tetrachlorobuta-1,3-diene.
AB  - The glutathione-dependent metabolism of the nephrotoxin and nephrocarcinogen
      hexachloro-1,3-butadiene (HCBD) was investigated in subcellular fractions from
      rat liver and kidney. HCBD was metabolized by hepatic glutathione S-transferases
      to (E)- and (Z)-1-(glutathion-S-yl)-pentachlorobuta-1,3-diene (GPCB) in a ratio
      of 20:1, which were identified by secondary ion MS and by GC-MS after acid
      hydrolysis. The formation of GPCB was dependent on time and on protein and
      glutathione concentrations. Microsomal glutathione S-transferases from rat liver
      catalyzed GPCB formation more efficiently than did cytosolic glutathione S
      transferases; very low rates of GPCB formation were observed in kidney
      subcellular fractions. GPCB is also a substrate for glutathione S-transferases
      and is metabolized to a diglutathione conjugate, which was identified by
      secondary ion MS and 13C NMR spectrometry as 1,4-bis(glutathion-S-yl)-1,2,3,4
      tetrachlorobuta-1,3-diene (BTCB). BTCB formation from GPCB was dependent on time
      and on protein, glutathione, and GPCB concentrations. Hepatic cytosol catalyzed
      BTCB formation more efficiently than did hepatic microsomes; significant amounts
      of BTCB were also formed in kidney cytosol. Hepatic formation of glutathione S
      conjugates, translocation of the S-conjugates to the kidney, and renal processing
      to form reactive intermediates may be the cause of HCBD-induced nephrotoxicity
      and, perhaps, nephrocarcinogenicity.

PMID- 2906594
TI  - Metabolism of the prodrug DEGA (N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-4
      [[(diethylamino)acetyl]amino]benzamide) to the potent anticonvulsant LY201116 in
      mice. Effect of bis-(p-nitrophenyl)phosphate.
AB  - In mice, the diethylglycineamide analogue of LY201116, DEGA (N-(2,6
      dimethylphenyl)-4-[[(diethylamino)acetyl]amino]benzamide), is metabolized by
      consecutive N-deethylations for form MEGA and GA; the monoethylglycineamide and
      glycineamide analogues of LY201116, respectively. All of these compounds are in
      turn hydrolyzed to form LY201116 [4-amino-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)benzamide].
      LY201116 is N-acetylated to form the N-acetyl metabolite, NAC. NAC is also
      deacetylated to reform LY201116. All of the above compounds inhibit maximal
      electroshock-induced seizures (MES) in mice. After oral administration, the
      potencies of these compounds were similar at their time of peak anticonvulsant
      effect. However, the MES ED50 values for the above compounds 5 min after iv
      dosing were 43, 13, 2, and 0.5 mg/kg for DEGA, MEGA, GA, and LY201116,
      respectively. Similar plasma levels of LY201116 were produced in mice 5 min after
      iv dosing with the respective ED50 values of the above compounds, which suggested
      that all of the compounds produced their anticonvulsant effects via LY201116. The
      in vivo metabolism of DEGA and MEGA but not GA to LY201116 was inhibited by the
      acylamidase inhibitor bis-(p-nitrophenyl) phosphate (BNPP). Mice predosed with
      BNPP were not protected by DEGA and MEGA from MES-induced seizures and the plasma
      samples contained little or no LY201116. The metabolism of GA to LY201116 was not
      inhibited by BNPP, and GA was an active anticonvulsant in BNPP-pretreated mice.
      The apparent iv potency of DEGA increased dramatically with time after dosing,
      again suggesting time-dependent, metabolically mediated liberation of the more
      potent anticonvulsant LY201116.

PMID- 2906595
TI  - Sulfation of acetaminophen in isolated rat hepatocytes. Relationship to sulfate
      ion concentrations and intracellular levels of 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'
      phosphosulfate.
AB  - The relationships among sulfate ion concentration, rates of acetaminophen (APAP)
      sulfation, and intracellular levels of the cofactor for sulfation, 3'
      phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) were examined in isolated rat
      hepatocytes. APAP sulfation rates increased as the sulfate ion concentration was
      raised to 1.0 mM, after which further increases in sulfate ion concentration
      failed to influence rates of sulfation. Cellular PAPS levels were directly
      related to the sulfate ion concentration both in the presence and absence of
      APAP. However, PAPS levels were reduced by as much as 93% in the presence of
      APAP. At sulfate ion concentrations below 1.0 mM, the dependence of both rates of
      sulfation and levels of PAPS on the availability of sulfate ion indicates that
      rates of sulfation may be limited by the availability of PAPS when sulfate ion
      concentrations are in the physiological range. Because higher sulfate ion
      concentrations (greater than 1.0 mM) increased intracellular concentrations of
      PAPS without producing corresponding increases in APAP sulfation, phenol
      sulfotransferase activity may be rate limiting in the presence of high
      concentrations of sulfate ion.

PMID- 2906596
TI  - Ecdysone catabolism in the white mouse.
AB  - Ecdysone metabolism was investigated in the white mouse Mus musculus. It was
      shown to involve dehydroxylation at C-14, followed by reduction of ring B into a
      6 alpha-hydroxy derivative and epimerization at C-3.

PMID- 2906597
TI  - Disposition of citral in male Fischer rats.
AB  - The disposition of citral, an essential oil occurring in many foods and
      fragrances, was studied in male Fischer rats after iv, po, and dermal treatments.
      The pattern of distribution and elimination was the same after iv or oral
      exposure. Urine was the major route of elimination of citral-derived
      radioactivity, followed by feces, 14CO2, and expired volatiles. However, after
      dermal exposure, relatively less of the material was eliminated in the urine and
      more in the feces, suggesting a role for first-pass metabolism through the skin.
      Citral was almost completely absorbed orally; due to its extreme volatility, much
      of an applied dermal dose was lost. The citral remaining on the skin was fairly
      well absorbed. No effect of oral dose, from 5 to 500 mg/kg, was detected on
      disposition. Although the feces was a minor route of excretion, approximately 25%
      of the administered dose was eliminated via the bile within 4 hr of an iv dose.
      The metabolism of citral was both rapid and extensive. Within 5 min of an iv
      dose, no unmetabolized citral could be detected in the blood. Repeated exposure
      to citral resulted in an increase in biliary elimination, without any significant
      change in the pattern of urinary, fecal, or exhaled excretion. This suggests that
      citral may induce at least one pathway of its own metabolism. The rapid
      metabolism and excretion of this compound suggest that significant
      bioaccumulation of citral would not occur.

PMID- 2906598
TI  - Comparative metabolic disposition of ivermectin in fat tissues of cattle, sheep,
      and rats.
AB  - In the study of the metabolic disposition of ivermectin in cattle, sheep, and
      rats, a group of nonpolar metabolites was detected in the fat tissues of these
      animals. Upon saponification or esterase treatment, these nonpolar metabolites
      gave rise to polar products that were similar to the ivermectin metabolites
      present in the liver. A hypothesis was thus proposed that the polar ivermectin
      metabolites produced in the liver were esterified and stored in the fat as
      nonpolar entities, which can be reconverted back to the polar metabolites
      chemically or enzymatically. To substantiate this hypothesis, the regeneration of
      polar metabolites from the nonpolar metabolites was studied and hydrolysis
      products were characterized to establish the basic structure of the alcohol
      portion of the metabolites. Furthermore, chromatographic comparisons were made
      between radiolabeled in vivo metabolites and synthetic fatty acid ester samples.
      These results established the general structural class of the ivermectin nonpolar
      metabolites and also confirmed the unusual metabolic pathway of ivermectin
      disposition in fat tissue.

PMID- 2906599
TI  - Metabolism of kadsurenone and 9,10-dihydrokadsurenone in rhesus monkeys and rat
      liver microsomes.
AB  - The metabolism of the PAF antagonists kadsurenone and tritium-labeled 9,10
      dihydrokadsurenone was studied in rhesus monkeys and rat liver microsomes. The
      monkey metabolites of the two drugs were isolated as their glucuronide conjugates
      from the urine of iv dosed males. The metabolites from both monkey and microsomal
      metabolism were purified by reverse phase HPLC and identified by spectral (NMR,
      UV, and mass spectrometric) analysis. The principal pathway of biotransformation
      of the tritium-labeled 9,10-dihydrokadsurenone in monkeys was hydroxylation of
      the C-5 propyl side chain to give two metabolites, 10-hydroxy-9,10
      dihydrokadsurenone and 9-hydroxy-9,10-dihydrokadsurenone. These compounds were
      excreted as glucuronides. Microsomal incubation of tritium-labeled 9,10
      dihydrokadsurenone yielded the 10-, 9-, and 8-hydroxy-9,10-dihydrokadsurenone as
      major metabolites. Kadsurenone was also metabolized at the C-5 side chain, an
      allyl group. The monoglucuronide of 9,10-dihydroxykadsurenone was isolated from
      monkey urine. Spectral analysis was not definitive as to the site of conjugation,
      and the structure of the metabolite was assigned as the C-10 conjugate. A major
      metabolite of rat liver microsomal incubation of kadsurenone was 9,10
      dihydroxykadsurenone.

PMID- 2906600
TI  - Phenylbutazone-hydroxycoumarol interactions. Effects on steady state disposition,
      hepatocellular distribution, and biliary excretion of (S)-acenocoumarol in rats.
AB  - The effect of phenylbutazone on the disposition of (S)-acenocoumarol in the rat
      was studied at steady state conditions of distribution and elimination. (S)
      Acenocoumarol was administered by constant rate infusions (1 microgram/min). The
      biliary excretion of 6- and 7-hydroxylated acenocoumarol was followed and the
      intrahepatic distribution was investigated. Phenylbutazone (50 mg/kg) increased
      the plasma unbound fraction about 4-fold. (S)-Acenocoumarol plasma clearance was
      enhanced (2.8 +/- 0.15 vs. 1.54 +/- 0.14 ml/min) but the unbound plasma clearance
      was reduced by 50% (67 +/- 9 vs. 140 +/- 27 ml/min). Phenylbutazone caused an
      intrahepatic redistribution of (S)-acenocoumarol, i.e. the drug shifted from the
      cytosol to the 10,000g pellet. The cytosolic unbound concentration, however, was
      increased. The (S)-acenocoumarol content in the microsomal fraction was not
      affected. The biliary excretion rate of total metabolite (free plus conjugated)
      comprised 50% of the (S)-acenocoumarol infusion rate in controls and was slightly
      stimulated (+20%) by phenylbutazone. The biliary excretion of free metabolites,
      however, was greatly increased (62 +/- 7 vs. 22 +/- 6 ng/min for 6-hydroxy
      acenocoumarol; 337 +/- 38 vs. 141 +/- 32 ng/min for 7-hydroxy-acenocoumarol).
      This effect is probably due to stimulation of a hepatic biliary transport system;
      the rate constant for transport of 7-hydroxy-acenocoumarol was enhanced 5-fold
      (0.107 +/- 0.03 vs. 0.021 +/- 0.007 min-1).

PMID- 2906601
TI  - Cyclosporine pharmacokinetics in rats and interspecies comparison in dogs,
      rabbits, rats, and humans.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine, a potent immunosuppressive agent, are
      described for rats given 5 mg/kg iv, measuring blood concentrations by a specific
      HPLC method. Cyclosporine followed first-order kinetics and blood concentrations
      vs. time data were adequately described by a three-compartment open model system.
      The mean half-life of the lambda 1 phase was 0.11 hr, that of the lambda 2 phase
      was 1.82 hr, and the half-life of the estimated lambda 3 phase was 23.79 hr. The
      mean apparent volume of distribution and Vss were 5.69 and 4.54 liters/kg,
      respectively. The mean blood total body clearance was 3.38 ml/min/kg. The
      literature was reviewed to obtain comparable data from other mammalian species,
      and satisfactory kinetic information was found for humans, dogs, and rabbits.
      Interspecies variants in physiological parameters and cyclosporine
      pharmacokinetics were considered and treated as a property and consequence of
      body size (allometry), nullifying anatomical and physiological differences
      between species. A relationship between pharmacokinetic time (a variable in terms
      of chronological time) and body weight was found. It is suggested that the
      metabolic capacity (based on liver weight) to eliminate cyclosporine is similar
      in humans, rabbits, and rats, whereas the dog showed a potentially double
      capacity to metabolize the drug. However, metabolic and pharmacodynamic studies
      are also needed to predict toxicity accurately among species.

PMID- 2906602
TI  - Comparative study on the disposition of a new orally active dopamine prodrug, N
      (N-acetyl-L-methionyl)-O,O-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)dopamine (TA-870) and dopamine
      hydrochloride in rats and dogs.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of a dopamine derivative, TA-870, and dopamine (DA) after
      oral administration are compared in rats and dogs. The maximum concentrations of
      free DA in plasma after oral administration of TA-870 were 150 ng/ml in the rat
      (30 mg/kg) and 234 ng/ml in the dog (33.5 mg/kg). On the contrary, the maximum
      plasma concentrations after oral administration of DA at an equimolar dose to TA
      870 were 12 ng/ml in the rat (12 mg/kg) and 36 ng/ml in the dog (13.5 mg/kg). The
      AUC values of free DA in plasma after oral administration of TA-870 (30 or 33.5
      mg/kg) were 4-6 times higher than those after DA in both animal species. The peak
      tissue levels of radioactivity in rats after oral administration of [14C]TA-870
      (30 mg/kg) were also 5.5 times higher in the liver and 1-2 times higher in other
      tissues than those after [14C]DA dose (12 mg/kg). In rats, the main excretion
      route of radioactivity after oral administration of [14C]TA-870 or DA was via the
      urine. The total recoveries of radioactivity in the urine and feces were 91-96%
      of the dose within 24 hr for both compounds. Biliary excretion in rats accounted
      for 19.8% of the dose of [14C]TA-870 and 12.6% of the dose of [14C]DA within 24
      hr. These results demonstrate that TA-870 was well absorbed from the digestive
      tract, extensively metabolized to dopamine, and proved to be an orally usable
      dopamine prodrug.

PMID- 2906603
TI  - Bambuterol, a carbamate ester prodrug of terbutaline, as inhibitor of
      cholinesterases in human blood.
AB  - Bambuterol, the bis-dimethyl carbamate prodrug of terbutaline, was tested for its
      potency in inhibiting cholinesterases in human blood. Preincubation of blood with
      bambuterol in the absence of thiocholine ester substrate was essential for
      obtaining maximal inhibition. The inhibition exerted by bambuterol after such
      preincubation was reversible and noncompetitive. Bambuterol was an extremely
      effective inhibitor of cholinesterase when butyrylthiocholine was used as
      substrate (I50 = 1.7 +/- 0.3 x 10(-8) M, N = 10) whereas it was 2400-fold less
      efficient in inhibiting cholinesterase with acetylthiocholine as substrate (I50 =
      4.1 +/- 0.5 x 10(-5) M, N = 10). Because butyrylthiocholine is the preferred
      substrate for cholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8) and acetylthiocholine for
      acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7), these results indicate that bambuterol is a
      remarkably selective and potent inhibitor of cholinesterase.

PMID- 2906604
TI  - Studies on the metabolism of l-menthol in rats.
AB  - Metabolism of l-menthol in rats was investigated both in vivo and in vitro.
      Metabolites isolated and characterized from the urine of rats after oral
      administration (800 mg/kg of body weight/day) of l-menthol were the following: p
      menthane-3,8-diol (II), p-menthane-3,9-diol (III), 3,8-oxy-p-menthane-7
      carboxylic acid (IV), and 3,8-dihyroxy-p-menthane-7-carboxylic acid (V). In vivo,
      the major urinary metabolites were compounds II and V. Repeated oral
      administration (800 mg/kg of body weight/day) of l-menthol to rats for 3 days
      resulted in the increase of both liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 content and
      NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity by nearly 80%. Further treatment (for 7
      days total) reduced their levels considerably, although the levels were still
      higher than the control values. Both cytochrome b5 and NADH-cytochrome c
      reductase levels were not changed during the 7 days of treatment. Rat liver
      microsomes readily converted l-menthol to p-menthane-3,8-diol (II) in the
      presence of NADPH and O2. This activity was significantly higher in microsomes
      obtained from phenobarbital (PB)-induced rats than from control microsomal
      preparations, whereas 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC)-induced microsomes failed to
      convert l-menthol to compound II in the presence of NADPH and O2. l-Menthol
      elicited a type I spectrum with control (Ks = 60.6 microM) and PB-induced (Ks =
      32.3 microM) microsomes whereas with 3MC-induced microsomes it produced a reverse
      type I spectrum.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2906605
TI  - Urinary metabolites of rimantadine in humans.

PMID- 2906606
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

PMID- 2906607
TI  - [Adherence to neuroleptic treatment of schizophrenic patients].
AB  - Non adherence is a topical problem: about 50% of psychiatric patients do not take
      their medication as prescribed. Literature's overview is revealing a lack of
      definition of treatment adherence and the unsatisfactoriness of methods to
      measure it. Reasons for reluctance to take drugs include complex treatment
      regimen, drug presentation, duration of treatment and side-effects, most notably
      akathisia and akinesia. Information exchange with patients and their family about
      medication is also an important factor. The patient-doctor relationship appears
      to be a very sensitive aspect of the problem: attempting to view non adherence
      psychodynamically could lead to improve it.

PMID- 2906608
TI  - Identification of patients at low risk of dying after acute myocardial
      infarction, by simple clinical and submaximal exercise test criteria.
AB  - A consecutive series of 559 hospital survivors of acute myocardial infarction
      aged less than 66 years were studied; 93 were designated prospectively as low
      risk because they were suitable for early submaximal exercise testing and had
      none of the following clinical or exercise test 'risk factors': (1) angina for at
      least one month prior to infarction; (2) symptomatic ventricular arrhythmias, or
      (3) recurrent ischaemic pain, both after the first 24 h of infarction; (4)
      cardiac failure; (5) cardiomegaly; and (6) an abnormal exercise test (angina, ST
      depression or poor blood pressure response). Altogether 301 patients were
      exercised; their mortality over a median follow-up of 2.4 years was 10.2%, versus
      24.6% in the 258 patients not exercised (P = 0.0005). Absence of clinical 'risk
      factors' alone, in the exercised patients, identified 156 with a mortality of
      5.4% versus 15.6% in the 145 with at least one clinical 'risk factor' (P =
      0.004). The fully defined low-risk group comprised 93 of the former patients who
      had neither clinical nor exercise test 'risk factors'. None of these patients
      died compared with 19 of those with at least one 'risk factor' (mortality =
      14.7%; P = 0.002). Their respective rates of non-fatal reinfarction were similar
      and never exceeded 5% per annum. Therefore, simple clinical and exercise test
      criteria can positively identify low-risk patients after infarction in whom
      secondary prevention may be inappropriate.

PMID- 2906609
TI  - Renal alpha 2-adrenoceptor blockade decreases sodium and water excretion in the
      anesthetized rat.
AB  - The reported effects of renal alpha 2-adrenoceptor blockade on sodium and water
      excretion have been inconsistent. We therefore studied the effect of an
      intrarenal infusion of an alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist in rats undergoing two
      distinct levels of diuresis and natriuresis. Renal excretion of sodium and water
      was studied in anesthetized rats that had been unilaterally nephrectomized (right
      kidney) 10 days prior to the experimental day. In the presence of the lower rate
      of saline infusion an intrarenal infusion of the alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist,
      yohimbine, (25.6 nmol/kg per min) resulted in no change in urine volume or sodium
      and potassium excretion. In the presence of the modest diuresis, due to the
      higher level of saline infusion, intrarenal yohimbine resulted in a decrease in
      urine volume, sodium excretion and free water clearance. These effects of
      yohimbine were not found in adrenalectomized rats. The ability to demonstrate an
      effect of renal alpha 2-adrenoceptor blockade was dependent on the baseline level
      of sodium and water excretion. These results suggest that renal alpha 2
      adrenoceptors may mediate the inhibition of the renal action of vasopressin by
      adrenal catecholamines.

PMID- 2906610
TI  - Mu-, delta- and kappa-opioid receptor-mediated inhibition of neurotransmitter
      release and adenylate cyclase activity in rat brain slices: studies with fentanyl
      isothiocyanate.
AB  - We investigated the effects of [D-Ala2,D-Leu5]enkephalin (DADLE). [D
      Ala2,MePhe4,Gly-ol5]enkephalin (DAGO), [D-Pen2,D-Pen5]enkephalin (DPDPE) (0.01-1
      microM) and bremazocine (0.001-0.3 microM) on the electrically evoked release of
      radiolabelled neurotransmitters and on the dopamine (DA)-stimulated cyclic AMP
      efflux from superfused rat brain slices. The differential inhibitory effects of
      these agonists on the evoked neurotransmitter release indicate that the opioid
      receptors mediating presynaptic inhibition of [3H]noradrenaline (NA, cortex),
      [14C]acetylcholine (ACh, striatum) and [3H]DA (striatum) release represent mu,
      delta and kappa receptors, respectively. In agreement with this classification,
      preincubation (60 min) of the slices with the delta-opioid receptor-selective
      irreversible ligand, fentanyl isothiocyanate (FIT, 0.01-1 microM), antagonized
      the inhibitory effects of DADLE and DPDPE on striatal [14C]ACh release only. On
      the other hand, the D-1 DA receptor-stimulated cyclic AMP efflux from striatal
      slices appeared to be inhibited by activation of mu as well as of delta
      receptors. In this case, the reversible mu antagonist, naloxone (0.1 microM),
      fully antagonized the inhibitory effect of the mu agonist, DAGO, without changing
      the effect of the delta agonist DPDPE but was ineffective as an antagonist in
      slices pretreated with FIT (1 microM). The inhibitory effect of DAGO on the
      electrically evoked [3H]NA release was antagonized by naloxone whether the
      receptors were irreversibly blocked by FIT or not. These data not only further
      support the existence of independent presynaptic mu-, delta- and kappa-opioid
      receptors in rat brain but also evidence strongly that mu and delta receptors
      mediating the inhibition of DA-sensitive adenylate cyclase could share a common
      binding site (for naloxone and FIT) and, therefore, may represent constituents of
      a functional opioid receptor complex.

PMID- 2906611
TI  - Acute effects of direct dopamine agonists in the mouse behavioral despair test.
AB  - All the dopamine agonists (apomorphine, dipropylamino-5,6
      dihydroxytetrahydronaphtalene, piribedil, bromocriptine, CBM 36-733) tested in
      the 'behavioral despair' test performed in mice had a dose-dependent anti
      immobility effect, with the exception of the D-1 dopamine agonist, SKF 38393.
      This effect occurred at doses that reduced locomotor activity and decreased
      colonic temperature. A profound hypothermia of the same amplitude resulted from
      the immersion in water of the control and apomorphine (Apo)-treated mice. The
      anti-immobility effect of dopamine agonists depends on the stimulation of central
      dopamine receptors; this effect was antagonized more easily by haloperidol than
      by domperidone, and dipropylamino-5,6-dihydroxytetrahydronaphtalene was more
      effective than amino-5,6-dihydroxytetrahydronaphtalene. Their high sensitivity to
      sulpiride make it likely that the receptors involved correspond to the D-4
      subtype. Blockade of dopamine receptors by haloperidol for about 5 days induced a
      slight hypersensitivity to the Apo effects. In contrast, tolerance to Apo
      occurred after administration of Apo, 5 mg/kg s.c., 24 and 16 h before testing.
      These data might reflect the potential antidepressant activity of direct dopamine
      agonists.

PMID- 2906612
TI  - Adrenergic-induced hyperglycemia in anaesthetized rats: involvement of peripheral
      alpha 2-adrenoceptors.
AB  - The selective alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist, UK 14.304, induces a time- and dose
      dependent hyperglycemic response in the anaesthetized rat. This hyperglycemia
      seems to be mediated through the pancreas because lesions of the pancreatic beta
      cells induced with streptozotocin completely abolished this hyperglycemic
      response to UK 14.304 while ganglionic blockade by chlorisondamine did not affect
      the response. The non-selective agonist, adrenaline, induces a similar
      hyperglycemic response which is antagonized selectivity by the alpha 2
      adrenoceptor antagonist, idazoxan. Combined alpha 1- and beta-adrenoceptor
      blockade resulted in an increase in the alpha 2-adrenoceptor-mediated
      hyperglycemic response to adrenaline. Since adrenaline is known not to cross the
      blood-brain barrier it is concluded that alpha 2-adrenoceptor stimulation induces
      hyperglycemic responses through a peripheral effect that involves postsynaptic
      alpha 2-adrenoceptors in the pancreatic beta-cell which are linked to the
      inhibition of insulin release.

PMID- 2906613
TI  - Evidence for non-adrenergic binding sites for [3H]idazoxan in the smooth muscle
      of rabbit urethra.
AB  - The binding characteristics of [3H]idazoxan and [3H]rauwolscine, two potent alpha
      2-adrenoceptor antagonists, were compared in the rabbit urethral smooth muscle.
      The maximal binding capacity was 6 times higher for [3H]idazoxan than for
      [3H]rauwolscine in male rabbits. No difference was observed for these
      radioligands in female rabbits. There were marked differences in the ability of
      alpha 2-adrenergic compounds to inhibit [3H]idazoxan and [3H]rauwolscine binding.
      These results were consistent with the existence of non-alpha 2-adrenoceptor
      sites for [3H]idazoxan in the rabbit urethral smooth muscle.

PMID- 2906614
TI  - D-aminophosphonovaleric acid-sensitive spontaneous giant EPSPs in immature rat
      hippocampal neurones.

PMID- 2906615
TI  - Necroses of prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas under treatment with dopamine
      agonists: light microscopical and morphometric studies.
AB  - In order to clarify the mechanism by which prolactin-secreting adenomas reduce in
      size during treatment with dopamine agonists (DA), we studied altogether 18
      chromophobe pituitary adenomas by carrying out light microscopical cell counting
      of necrobiotic alterations and necroses in photographs of semi-thin sections.
      Depending on hormonal activity and preoperative treatment of the patients 3
      groups of adenomas were formed: 6 prolactin producing adenomas were treated with
      bromocriptine and lisuride (group 3). 8 cases remained preoperatively without
      medical treatment (group 2). For comparison, we studied 4 cases of clinically
      inactive pituitary adenomas (group 1). All adenomas were immunohistologically
      positive for prolactin. By classifying each tumor cell in one of four stages of
      necrotic alteration (stage 1: intact cell, stage 2: slightly condensed nucleus
      and shrunken cytoplasm, stage 3: necrotic cell with still visible nuclear
      membrane, stage 4: cell debris) we arrived at an index for necrobiotic
      alterations of the 18 adenomas. We found a significantly higher rate of cell
      necroses in DA-treated tumors compared with preoperatively untreated
      prolactinomas and inactive adenomas. Previous investigations in this field have
      revealed that a reduction in cell size may well cause the shrinkage of the
      prolactinomas after DA-therapy. The results presented in this paper indicate,
      however, that the role of necroses now needs to be given much closer attention as
      an additional factor.

PMID- 2906616
TI  - [The participation of the structures of the ventral sections of the medulla
      oblongata in realizing vasomotor pressor reflexes].
AB  - In acute experiments on cats, under constant perfusion of tibial and small
      intestine vessels and after bilateral electrolytic lesion of ventral portions of
      the paragigantocellular nucleus a decrease of initial AP by 30-35%, perfusion
      pressure in tibial vessels by 30% was observed whereas the changes of AP in the
      small intestine vessel were insignificant. The occlusion of the common carotid
      artery or electrical stimulation of afferent fibers of brachial plexus exerted no
      effect, at that. Bilateral administration of L-glutamate into ventral portions of
      reticular nucleus increased the perfusion pressure in tibial vessels by 15% and
      in those of small intestine by 35%. Carotid sinus pressor reflex induced 1.5-fold
      shifts of systemic AP as compared with control values.

PMID- 2906617
TI  - [Hemodynamics in waking rats undergoing testicular exposure to elevated
      temperature].
AB  - Changes of systemic and regional hemodynamic parameters of the rat during heating
      of the lower part of the body in 41 degrees C water and after removing of the
      testis from abdominal cavity, were measured with labeled microsphere technique.
      Experimental cryptorchism reduced the blood pressure due to a decrease in total
      peripheral resistance. Hyperthermia of the testis increased the heart rate.
      Heating of the scrotal region led to an increase in the blood flow that did not,
      however, reach the value of the blood flow in testis of the control unrestrained
      rats, thus suggesting an inadequate blood supply of the testis during heating.
      The inadequate blood supply of the testis under hyperthermia may be one of the
      factors leading to lesions of the testis.

PMID- 2906618
TI  - Advances in the drug management of rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 2906619
TI  - Benign partial epilepsy--treatment with sulthiame.

PMID- 2906620
TI  - Involvement of prostaglandins in the inhibitory response of adrenoceptor agonists
      in the rat isolated uterus.
AB  - 1. The possible involvement of intramurally generated prostaglandins in the
      responses produced by noradrenaline (NA), adrenaline (ADR) and salbutamol (SAL)
      has been investigated in the rat isolated uterus. 2. NA, ADR and SAL produced
      concentration-related inhibition of acetylcholine-induced tone in preparations
      from the proestrus, oestrus, metoestrus and dioestrus phases of the oestrous
      cycle, and from ovariectomized animals. 3. The cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor,
      flurbiprofen (FBF), enhanced uterine inhibitory response to all three agonists
      under the different hormonal conditions. 4. The dual inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase
      and lipoxygenase, 3-amino-l-(m-trifluoromethyl)-phenyl-2-pyrazolone (BW 755C)
      also potentiated uterine response to NA, ADR and SAL, but the effect produced by
      BW 755C was similar to that achieved in the presence of FBF. 5. In contrast, the
      inhibition elicited by histamine and papaverine were unaffected by FBF treatment.
      6. The above results provide pharmacological evidence that adrenoceptor agonists
      may influence prostaglandin production in the rat uterus both in the presence,
      and absence of the ovarian hormones.

PMID- 2906621
TI  - Unrecognized laceration of tibialis anterior tendon: a case report.
AB  - Surgical exploration of the traumatic wound is always important to allow full
      definition of the extent of injury. The authors report a case of a lacerated
      tibialis anterior tendon that was initially overlooked 8 years prior to
      presentation.

PMID- 2906622
TI  - Aberrant MN bloodgroup inheritance in a German family: a 'silent' allele?
AB  - By means of extensive serogenetic testing of a family, RFLP analysis and
      biostatistic evaluation we present evidence for the rare transmittance of a
      'silent' information at the MN blood group locus in a Caucasian family.

PMID- 2906623
TI  - A major secretory protein from rat seminal vesicle binds ejaculated spermatozoa.
AB  - The rat seminal vesicle produces large amounts of a protein-rich fluid that
      greatly contributes to semen volume. RSV IV, a protein abundantly secreted from
      this gland, binds in vitro to rat epididymal spermatozoa. However, there is no
      evidence that this protein may have an in vivo role as a sperm-coating antigen.
      We report in this paper that high-molecular-weight RSV IV immunologically related
      proteins can be detected on ejaculated spermatozoa, but not on epididymal
      spermatozoa. After incubation of purified RSV IV with ejaculated spermatozoa in
      freshly recovered semen or with epididymal spermatozoa in a medium containing the
      coagulating gland secretion, sperm-bound proteins with analogous properties were
      detected. These results support the hypothesis that RSV IV is modified at
      ejaculation to an high-molecular-weight, sperm-coating antigen.

PMID- 2906624
TI  - A scanning electron microscopic study of the common bile duct epithelium in the
      rabbit during experimental biliary tract obstruction.
AB  - Complete biliary obstruction was induced in rabbits by distal ligation of the
      common bile duct (CBD). The epithelial surface of the CBD was studied with
      scanning electron microscopy (SEM) at 1-6 days post-ligation. Concomitant
      biochemical assessments and pressure measurements in the CBD were performed. SEM
      of non-ligated CBD showed that the epithelium is arranged in folds and clefts,
      the latter displaying interdigitating cellular processes. At 2 days post
      ligation, the epithelial clefts were focally distended showing marked dehiscence
      of the cellular processes with exposure of the subepithelial connective tissue
      layer. At 4-6 days post-ligation, extensive defects in the epithelium were
      observed, frequently with a sharp demarcation between intact epithelium and
      exposed connective tissue stroma.

PMID- 2906625
TI  - Determining competency to assent to neuroleptic drug treatment.

PMID- 2906626
TI  - Use of psychotropic drugs in alcoholism treatment: a summary.

PMID- 2906627
TI  - Characteristics of cell mediating spontaneous resistance to bone marrow
      allografts.
AB  - Mice of most strains show a genetically determined ability to reject foreign bone
      marrow grafts even after lethal irradiation. The effector cells mediating this
      resistance are spleen localised, lymphoid in morphology, and rapidly renewing.
      Two additional aspects of these cells were characterized in the present study,
      i.e., their sensitivity to: 1) anti-T cell and -B cell antibodies, and 2) the
      immunoregulator PGE2. T and B cell depleted splenocytes, or splenocytes from PGE2
      pre-treated, highly resistant mice (C57Bl/6J) were transferred into irradiated,
      non-resistant secondary host mice (129/J) to establish whether or not they would
      retain their normally strong ability to spontaneously reject a third party
      (DBA/2) bone marrow allograft. In all cases, bone marrow seeding was assayed by
      enumerating the spleen colonies present in the secondary host 7 days after bone
      marrow grafting. Irradiated 129/J mice injected with low numbers (20 x 10(6) of
      untreated C57Bl/6J spleen cells prior to DBA/2 bone marrow contained 27.8 +/- 1.9
      colonies/spleen, while mice injected with the same number of T and B depleted
      C57Bl/6J spleen cells contained significantly fewer (16.3 +/- 1.7)
      colonies/spleen. On the other hand, when C57Bl/6J spleen cells were incubated
      overnight with PGE2 prior to injection (20 x 10(6) into the 129/J hosts, they
      were unable to prevent the development of numerous colonies upon challenge with
      the DBA/2 bone marrow allograft (31.5 +/- 1.5 colonies/spleen: PGE2 pre-treated
      vs 16.9 +/- 2.1 colonies/spleen: non-pre-treated, control). The results
      demonstrate firstly, that spleen cells depleted of both Thy-1- and Ig-bearing
      cells appear to have concentrated for the effector cells responsible for bone
      marrow allograft rejection, and secondly, such effector cells could be suppressed
      by short-term exposure to PGE2, resulting in successful "take" of the bone marrow
      allograft.

PMID- 2906628
TI  - Murine macrophage cell line AP284 presents antigen to cloned MT4+, Lyt-2- T cells
      in vitro and in vivo.
AB  - A murine macrophage cell line AP284 that appeared to be mature in phenotype was
      isolated. After repeated cloning, the cell line expressed the markers Mac-1, Mac
      2, Mac-3, 2.4G2, F4/80 as well as Ia antigens. Moreover, it was positive for the
      enzymes nonspecific esterase and acid phosphatase, negative for alkaline
      phosphatase and was able to phagocytize latex beads. We studied whether this cell
      line was able to present antigen to cloned MT4+, Lyt-2- T cells specific for
      methylated bovine serum albumin (mBSA) or ovalbumin (OVA). The in vitro
      proliferative response of the cloned T cells specific for mBSA or OVA was found
      to be effectively supported by AP284. This proliferation could be blocked by
      monoclonal antibodies against Ia determinants. AP284 also effectively presented
      antigen in vivo as was shown in a foot swelling assay measuring delayed type
      hypersensitivity (DTH) to mBSA caused by specific cloned T cells with the helper
      phenotype. This offers a unique model system for studying the process of antigen
      presentation in which both the antigen presenting cells and the T cells are
      monoclonal.

PMID- 2906629
TI  - Modulation of pathogenicity of Entamoeba histolytica by histamine.

PMID- 2906630
TI  - Glutamate opens Na+/K+ channels in cultured astrocytes.
AB  - Glial cells from different brain regions and species are depolarized by the
      neurotransmitter glutamate. The depolarization or, if voltage-clamped at the
      resting membrane potential, the inward current induced by glutamate could be due
      either to activation of receptor-coupled ion channels or electrogenic uptake of
      the transmitter. In the present study we applied the patch-clamp technique in the
      whole-cell recording mode to analyze glutamate-induced currents in cultured
      astrocytes from rat cerebral hemispheres. At the resting membrane potential,
      glutamate induced an inward current ranging from 40 to 300 pA. This current
      decreased in size with depolarization and reversed at about 0 mV. The resulting
      current-to-voltage curve was linear and depended strongly on the transmembrane
      Na+ but not on the Ca++ or Cl- gradient. In the presence of glutamate, current
      noise increased at potentials positive or negative from the reversal potential
      indicating that ionic channels are activated by glutamate. Both kainate and
      quisqualate mimicked the effect of glutamate. We conclude that glutamate opens a
      Na+/K+ channel in cultured astrocytes because of activation of a receptor which
      shares many properties with the neuronal kainate/quisqualate receptor.

PMID- 2906631
TI  - Neurons from substantia nigra increase the efficacy and potency of second
      messenger arising from striatal astroglia dopamine receptor.
AB  - Dopamine (D1) receptors were demonstrated to be present on astroglial cells from
      striatum in primary culture. In a cocultivation system, the astrocytes were
      influenced by neurons from one of their natural projection areas (substantia
      nigra) to increase the efficacy and potency of second messenger (cyclic AMP) from
      the dopamine receptor. This provides evidence for a heterogeneity among astroglia
      from the various brain regions with respect to the expression of receptors.

PMID- 2906632
TI  - Jellyfish sting resulting in severe hand ischaemia successfully treated with
      intra-arterial urokinase.

PMID- 2906633
TI  - Myocardial involvement and its response to immunosuppressive therapy in
      nonspecific aortoarteritis (Takayasu's disease)--a study by endomyocardial
      biopsy.
AB  - Myocardial involvement in nonspecific aortoarteritis was evaluated in 16 patients
      (age 7-37 years, 2 males, 14 females) with the help of endomyocardial biopsy
      obtained from the right ventricle using the Cordis bioptome introduced from the
      right femoral vein. Morphological features of myocarditis were present in 8,
      endocardial thickening in 2, mild to moderate myofibre hypertrophy in 11, and a
      normal biopsy in 3 patients. Myocarditis was present in 8/11 cases with active
      disease and in none with inactive disease. Five of the 8 patients with
      myocarditis presented with congestive cardiac failure with 3 of them having no
      associated hypertension or valvar involvement to account for it.
      Immunosuppressive therapy was given to all patients with myocarditis. Serial
      studies (ongoing) showed clinical, haemodynamic and morphological improvement.
      Myocarditis appears to occur commonly in nonspecific aortoarteritis during the
      acute phase of the disease and may precipitate congestive cardiac failure in some
      patients. Immunosuppressive therapy shows promise and merits further evaluation.

PMID- 2906634
TI  - Beta-adrenoceptor antagonist-induced psoriasiform eruption. Clinical and
      pathogenetic aspects.
AB  - A number of beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs have been reported to induce a
      papulosquamous eruption which resembles psoriasis. We report distinctive
      clinical, histopathologic, immunocytochemical, and electron microscopic features
      in beta-blocker-induced psoriasiform eruptions that differentiate this syndrome
      from psoriasis. Preliminary data suggest that biopsy specimens from eruptions
      caused by beta 1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agents (metoprolol and atenolol)
      were characterized by excessive degranulation of the neutrophils in the dermis,
      while the nonselective beta blockers (propranolol, nadolol, and sotalol) were
      marked by excessive release of proteolytic enzymes from macrophages, which are
      thought to possess beta 2-adrenergic receptors. Surprisingly, excessive release
      of enzymes by lymphocytes were noted in both the beta 1-selective and in the
      nonselective induced syndromes. It is believed that excessive lysosomal enzyme
      release by neutrophils, lymphocytes, and macrophages is responsible for the
      presence of basal keratinocyte herniations, which have previously been shown to
      correlate with hyperproliferation and psoriasiform changes, as well as with the
      presence of excessive proteolytic enzymes in the skin. It is postulated that the
      beta-blocker-induced syndrome may result from enhanced proliferation, motility,
      and activity of lymphocytes, neutrophils, and cells of the macrophage-Langerhans
      cell series, stemming from depressed intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate
      levels caused by the beta blockade.

PMID- 2906635
TI  - On the psychopathology of patients with disorders in the descent of the testis.
AB  - The authors deal with disorders in the descent of the testis and analyse the
      causes and manifestations from the point of view of fertility and indications to
      medical treatment or early surgery. Thirty-nine patients were examined and
      diagnosed as unilateral or bilateral cryptorchism and retention of the testis.
      The spermatogenetic functions in individual diagnosis and type of operation are
      described. They wish to ascertain a mutual connection between sexual function and
      neurotic symptoms in operated patients with regard to the 3 diagnostic groups.

PMID- 2906636
TI  - Mitochondrial DNA variability in Drosophila simulans: quasi absence of
      polymorphism within each of the three cytoplasmic races.
AB  - Nucleotide variability of mtDNA extracted from 144 isofemale lines collected in
      the whole range of D. simulans was analysed with 10-15 restriction enzymes and 73
      lines were studied using one or a few enzymes. All clones were distributed into 3
      mitochondrial genomes, siI, siII and siIII. These types are allopatric and can
      define geographic races. Mixed populations occur only in Madagascar and Reunion,
      where siII and siIII are found together. Among 40 sites detected with 10 enzymes,
      the variability of the coding region is extremely low, with one or no polymorphic
      restriction sites depending on the type. The control A + T-rich region is more
      variable in length and in restriction sites, and allows subtypes to be
      designated. Several lines were heteroplasmic for the length of the genome. These
      results are relevant to the evolutionary history of the species, its recent
      worldwide extension and to probable founder effects at the origin of each of the
      three types.

PMID- 2906637
TI  - Localization of L-glutamate decarboxylase immunoreactivity in the major pelvic
      ganglion and in the coeliac-superior mesenteric ganglion complex of the rat.
AB  - The localization of L-glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), the GABA-synthesizing
      enzyme, was studied in the rat major pelvic ganglion and in the coeliac-superior
      mesenteric ganglion complex by indirect immunofluorescence technique with a
      specific antiserum raised in rabbits. GAD immunoreactivity was demonstrated in
      small cells of these ganglia. The GAD-immunoreactive small cells were 10-20
      microns in diameter and formed clusters or occurred as solitary cells. The
      principal neurons were non-reactive but they were surrounded by immunoreactive
      processes. Studies on colocalization of GAD with tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the
      rate-limiting enzyme of the catecholamine synthesis, in the major pelvic ganglion
      and in the coeliac-superior mesenteric ganglion complex indicated that all GAD
      immunoreactive small cells were also labelled with TH. In the major pelvic
      ganglion all TH-immunoreactive SIF cells were also immunoreactive for GAD.
      However, in the coeliac-superior mesenteric ganglion complex there occurred TH
      immunoreactive small cells which showed no immunoreactivity to GAD. It is
      suggested that the small GAD-immunoreactive cells represent small intensely
      fluorescent (SIF) cells.

PMID- 2906638
TI  - Biochemical and developmental effects in rats following in utero exposure to
      acrylonitrile: a preliminary report.

PMID- 2906639
TI  - Genomic analysis identifies class II mismatches in serologically DR-compatible
      human renal allografts.
AB  - Many studies, including those from our own center, have shown that matching the
      donor and recipient for HLA-DR antigens has a beneficial effect on the outcome of
      cadaveric renal transplantation. However, cases of irreversible graft rejection
      are sometimes seen in patients who have received an HLA-DR-compatible kidney,
      suggesting that serologic compatibility for HLA-DR may not always ensure reduced
      alloreactivity toward the graft. We have examined a number of recipients and
      their serologically DR-compatible cadaveric donors by Southern blotting and
      hybridization with locus specific HLA class II probes in order to determine
      whether in these patients there were class II mismatches that had been undetected
      by serology. The results show that the analysis of DR beta restriction fragment
      patterns does little more than complement and confirm the serologic
      identification of HLA-DR. Hybridization with DQ alpha and DQ beta probes,
      however, significantly extends the number of DQ specificities that can be
      detected and suggests that DQ mismatches in DR-compatible donor-recipient pairs
      may be more common than previously supposed, although it is not possible to draw
      any conclusions on the influence of DQ incompatibilities in the presence of DR
      compatibility on graft outcome.

PMID- 2906640
TI  - Cyclin mRNA and protein expression in recombinant interleukin 2-stimulated cloned
      murine T lymphocytes.
AB  - Expression of cyclin, a non-histone nuclear protein, during recombinant
      interleukin 2 (rIL2)-driven cell-cycle progression of cloned T lymphocytes has
      been assessed. We found that expression of cyclin protein, as detected by
      immunofluorescence, is tightly associated with proliferation, and not merely S
      phase, of L2 cells stimulated with rIL2. Cyclin immunofluorescence was detected
      in all cell-cycle phases (G1/S/G2/M, as detected by flow cytometry) of
      proliferating L2 cells. Accumulation of cyclin mRNA levels was induced as early
      as 1 h after stimulation, was maximal at 25-49 h, and remained elevated
      throughout stimulation, as detected by Northern blot analysis. A cDNA-encoding
      murine cyclin was cloned from a cDNA library prepared from IL2-stimulated cloned
      T cells. The sequence of the 5' end of the murine cyclin cDNA was determined and
      found to be 88% and 82% similar to the sequences of cDNA clones encoding rat and
      human cyclin, respectively. The present studies demonstrate that cyclin protein
      and mRNA accumulation are highly regulated during IL2-induced proliferation of a
      cloned T cell. These data provide a framework for addressing the molecular
      mechanisms regulating cyclin gene expression during cellular proliferation.

PMID- 2906641
TI  - Use of supplemented Stainer-Scholte broth for the isolation of Bordetella
      pertussis from clinical material.
AB  - The use of Stainer-Scholte broth supplemented with (2,6-O-dimethyl)beta
      cyclodextrin (heptakis) for the isolation of Bordetella pertussis from clinical
      specimens was evaluated with 3,632 nasal swabs from children and adults with
      suspected whooping cough or from their family contacts. The liquid enrichment
      medium was subcultured on charcoal agar with 10% defibrinated horse blood.
      Charcoal agar and soft charcoal agar served as the standard procedure to detect
      B. pertussis. We isolated 772 strains of B. pertussis (21%). Charcoal agar alone
      detected 87% of all strains (n = 668), soft charcoal agar grew 78% (n = 602), and
      637 strains (83%) were isolated when Stainer-Scholte broth with heptakis was
      used. We detected 590 isolates with all three media. Whereas 65 strains grew only
      on charcoal agar, 27 strains were detected by soft charcoal agar. Supplemented
      Stainer-Scholte broth allowed the isolation of an additional 77 strains which did
      not primarily grow on charcoal media (P less than 0.05). Our data indicate that
      Stainer-Scholte medium supplemented with heptakis can be effectively used as an
      enrichment medium for detection of B. pertussis in clinical specimens.

PMID- 2906642
TI  - Comparison of modified Bordet-Gengou and modified Regan-Lowe media for the
      isolation of Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis.
AB  - Culture and fluorescent-antibody methods for detection of Bordetella species were
      evaluated by two state public health laboratories. Field-inoculated plates of
      Regan-Lowe agar medium were most useful if incubation was initiated on the day of
      collection. Regan-Lowe and Bordet-Gengou media were comparable for subculturing
      nasopharyngeal specimens that were transported and enriched in half-strength
      Regan-Lowe agar. Maximum sensitivity was achieved when the media were used in
      parallel. Fluorescent-antibody-stained smears of nasopharyngeal specimens were
      more sensitive for detection of Bordetella pertussis than for detection of
      Bordetella parapertussis. The fluorescent-antibody method, however, was too
      insensitive for use without culture.

PMID- 2906643
TI  - Desmethyldiazepam pharmacokinetics: studies following intravenous and oral
      desmethyldiazepam, oral clorazepate, and intravenous diazepam.
AB  - After single 10-mg intravenous (IV) doses of desmethyldiazepam (DMDZ) to 12
      healthy human volunteers, (mean age, 62 years) blood samples were obtained over
      the next 14 or more days. Mean kinetic variables were volume of distribution
      (Vd), 90 liters; elimination half-life (t1/2), 93 hours; and clearance, 12.3
      mL/min. Vd was significantly correlated with body weight (r = .73, P less than
      .01) and with percent ideal body weight (r = .91, P less than .001). Eleven of
      the same subjects also received 5- to 15-mg doses of IV diazepam (DZ). Mean
      kinetic variables were Vd, 180 liters; t1/2, 83 hours; and clearance, 28 mL/min.
      Clearances of DZ and DMDZ were significantly correlated (r = .73, P less than
      .02). Based on area analysis, the extent of conversion of DZ to systemic DMDZ
      averaged 53%. After oral administration of DMDZ in tablet form (10 mg), or of
      clorazepate dipotassium in capsule form (15 mg), systemic availability of DMDZ
      from each of the oral dosage forms was not significantly different from 100%.

PMID- 2906644
TI  - [Comparative study of levobunolol and timolol in the treatment of chronic open
      angle glaucoma and chronic ocular hypertension].
AB  - Forty patients with chronic open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension
      participated in this randomized double-masked clinical trial. The patients
      instilled either 0.5% Levobunolol or 0.5% Timolol into each eye twice daily for
      three months. Levobunolol produced an overall decrease in mean intraocular
      pressure of approximately 7 mmHg, while Timolol produced an overall decrease of
      approximately 5 mmHg but no significant difference has been proved. Intraocular
      pressure was inadequately controlled in five patients in each treatment group.
      Both drugs caused heart rate decreases that were judged to be of limited clinical
      significance. Levobunolol was found to be as safe and effective as Timolol for
      the treatment of patients with open-angle glaucoma as for those with chronic
      ocular hypertension.

PMID- 2906645
TI  - Adverse effects with oral 5-aminosalicyclic acid.
AB  - Two patients with ulcerative colitis and a past history of allergic reactions to
      sulfasalazine had similar reactions when treated with 5-aminosalicylic acid. This
      suggests that, at least in some patients, the adverse effects of sulfasalazine
      are due to 5-aminosalicylic acid rather than sulfapyridine. Desensitization to
      sulfasalazine was successfully carried out in one patient but was not attempted
      in a second.

PMID- 2906646
TI  - Human ecology related to urban mosquito-borne diseases in countries of South East
      Asia region.

PMID- 2906647
TI  - Malaria as anthropo-ecosystem. Part I: General concept.

PMID- 2906648
TI  - Limitation of infarct size after acute myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2906649
TI  - [Biochemistry of Parkinson's disease].

PMID- 2906650
TI  - Recommendation for the measurement of "alanine aminopeptidase" in urine.
AB  - A method is recommended for the measurement of the catalytic concentration of
      alanine aminopeptidase in the urine of man, rat, and dog, using L-alanine-4
      nitroanilide as substrate. In currently used methods, substrate concentrations
      between 1.7 and 2.0 mmol/l are used. Kinetic experiments show, however, that the
      reaction is inhibited by substrate concentrations exceeding 0.8 (man), 0.3 (rat)
      and 0.5 mmol/l (dog); these concentrations lie in the range of the Km values.
      Assay conditions were therefore chosen to give the lowest possible Km. The Km
      value depends on the type of buffer, and it increases with pH and temperature.
      The recommended assay conditions are: triethanolamine buffer 70 mmol/l, pH 7.6; L
      alanine-4-nitroanilide concentrations depending on the species; incubation
      temperature 25 degrees C.

PMID- 2906651
TI  - The story of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (B.t.i.).
AB  - The isolation and the characteristics of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis
      is reviewed. Included in the review are full descriptions of the nomenclature,
      mosquito target range of this potent mosquitocidal bacterium, as well as the
      genetics and biochemistry of the toxins.

PMID- 2906652
TI  - Portable, battery-powered aspirators for collecting adult mosquitoes.

PMID- 2906653
TI  - Efficacy of Bay Sir 8514, an insect growth regulator, against Psorophora
      columbiae and Anopheles quadrimaculatus in small plot and field trials.
AB  - Four formulations of an insect growth regulator, Bay Sir 8514 (a benzoylurea
      compound), were tested against 2 species of riceland mosquito larvae, Anopheles
      quadrimaculatus and Psorophora columbiae. Formulations of 25% WP, 0.5% G and 065
      EC (65 g/liter) were tested at dosages of 14, 28, 56, and 84 g ai/ha in small
      plots. The 14 g ai/ha rate was ineffective for all formulations while the 28, 56
      and 84 g ai/ha provided 100% mortality through 48 hr posttreatment. The 84 g
      ai/ha rate gave complete control through 7 days posttreatment. A 4 F formulation
      was applied aerially at rates of 24.9 and 49 g ai/ha to a 9.7 ha rice field. The
      24.5 g ai/ha rate provided marginal control at 24 hr posttreatment but failed to
      control larvae at 48 hr. At 49 g ai/ha, the material provided control through the
      48 hr posttreatment.

PMID- 2906654
TI  - Use of an artificial bromeliad to show the importance of color value in
      restricting colonization of bromeliads by Aedes aegypti and Culex
      quinquefasciatus.
AB  - An artificial bromeliad was developed which, painted and containing an infusion
      water, elicited ovipositional response by caged adult Aedes aegypti, Culex
      quinquefasciatus, Wyeomyia vanduzeei and Wy. mitchellii. Comparison was made of
      the ovipositional response of adults of the four mosquito species to artificial
      bromeliads painted black, white, dark green and deep blue. Adult Ae, aegypti and
      Wy. vanduzeei did not discriminate significantly between white, dark green and
      deep blue, but whereas Ae. aegypti showed a preference for black, Wy. vanduzeei
      showed an aversion to black. Adult Wy. mitchelli responded similarly to Wy.
      vanduzeei except that although deep blue was preferred to black, it elicited a
      significantly weaker response than did dark green and white. Adult Cx.
      quinquefasciatus responded similarly to Ae. aegypti but did not show a
      significant preference for black over dark green. The high color value (i.e.,
      lightness) of natural bromeliad leaves is likely to deter oviposition by adult
      Ae. aegypti and Cx quinquefasciatus in favor of competing oviposition sites of
      lower color value.

PMID- 2906655
TI  - A telescoping collection cup changer for insect traps.
AB  - A description is provided of a time interval insect sampler that has been used in
      suction traps but would also be useful with light traps. The device is capable of
      taking 27 successive samples. Principle of operation involves 2 telescoping
      concentric cylinders. The collection cups, mounted in the motor driven inner
      cylinder, are closed by the wall of the outer cylinder as the inner cylinder
      spirals inward about a helix screw.

PMID- 2906656
TI  - The use of an animal-baited net trap for collecting mosquitoes during western
      equine encephalitis investigations in Argentina.
AB  - A large net trap was used to sample mosquito populations attracted to horses at
      three sites each in Santa Fe and Rio Negro Provinces, Argentina, during the
      austral summer of 1984. These provinces, as well as others in Argentina, were
      affected by a severe epizootic of western equine encephalitis (WEE) during 1982
      83. Totals of 2,752 and 6,929 mosquitoes were collected in Santa Fe and Rio Negro
      Provinces during five and three trap nights, respectively. Culex mosquitoes of
      the subgenus Culex were predominant (45.8% of total) in the Santa Fe collections,
      although Aedes albifasciatus also was prevalent (21.7%). The latter species was
      predominant (95.7% of total) in the Rio Negro collections. The mosquito fauna was
      less complex (minimum of 6 species) in Rio Negro Province as compared to Santa Fe
      Province (minimum of 18 species). The advantages of the net trap indicate that
      this trap can become a useful tool in arbovirus ecology studies in other areas.

PMID- 2906658
TI  - A revised list of the mosquitoes of North Dakota, including new additions to the
      fauna.
AB  - An up-to-date list of the mosquitoes known to occur in North Dakota is given. It
      includes 38 species in 8 genera. Aedes hendersoni, Ae. melanimon, and Culiseta
      minnesotae are being reported for the first time. In addition, 6 other species
      that probably belong to the state's fauna are discussed.

PMID- 2906657
TI  - Mathematical models of the effectiveness and persistence of mosquito repellents.
AB  - Two models of the effectiveness and persistence of mosquito repellents on the
      skin were developed from published functions and data. The probit plane model, Y
      = a + b1X1 + b2X2, relates the response (Y, in probits) of the mosquito test
      population to the log dose (X1) of repellent applied and the test period, or
      elapsed time from the time of application (X2). The exponential decay model, Z =
      X1 + (b2/b1)X2, estimates the repellent residue (log-1 Z) from X1 and X2. The
      models were validated with original data from tests of deet (N,N-diethyl-3
      methylbenzamide) and ethyl hexanediol (2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol) on the forearm
      against the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. The probit plane model was
      evaluated as Y = 8.83 + 1.56 X1-0.69X2 for deet and Y = 8.67 + 1.68X1 - 0.92X2
      for ethyl hexanediol when X1 is in log mg/cm2 and X2 is in hours. The exponential
      decay model was evaluated as Z = X1 - 0.45X2 for deet and Z = X1 - 0.55X2 for
      ethyl hexanediol. The decay constant (lambda) and half-life (t1/2) were estimated
      as 1.03 hr-1 and 0.67 hr for deet and 1.26 hr-1 and 0.55 hr for ethyl hexanediol
      from the slope parameter (b2/b1) of the decay model. Applicable correlation
      coefficients, standard errors and confidence limits are given. The introduction
      of these models of the pharmacodynamics of mosquito repellents is a step toward
      establishing a rational basis for the research, development, testing and
      evaluation of repellents and for their regulation by the government.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2906659
TI  - Density estimation and population growth of mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) in
      rice fields.
AB  - Mark-release-recapture estimation of population density was performed with
      mosquitofish in a rice field habitat. Regression analysis showed a relationship
      between absolute density and mean number of fish per trap. Trap counts were
      converted to density estimates with data from several fields and growth curves
      were calculated to describe seasonal growth of mosquitofish populations at three
      different initial stocking rates. The calculated curves showed a good
      correspondence to field populations of mosquitofish.

PMID- 2906660
TI  - A comparison of female Culiseta melanura captured in New Jersey and CDC light
      traps in southeastern Massachusetts.

PMID- 2906661
TI  - A blood meal analysis of engorged mosquitoes found in Rift Valley fever
      epizootics area in Kenya.

PMID- 2906662
TI  - Habitat selection strategies of mosquitoes inhabiting citrus irrigation furrows.
AB  - The mosquitoes Aedes vexans, Psorophora columbiae and Psorophora howardii have
      recently extended their habitat distribution into citrus irrigation furrows in
      coastal southeastern Florida. Oviposition site selection was examined by
      correlating species abundances with water depths due to rainfall or flood
      irrigation. Psorophora columbiae and Ps. howardii oviposited low in furrows,
      shared similar distributional relationships to water depths and were hatched by
      rainfall or irrigation. Aedes vexans oviposted higher in the citrus furrow,
      showed a different relationship to water depth and were hatched only by flood
      irrigation.

PMID- 2906663
TI  - Species composition and feeding success of mosquitoes attracted to caged dogs in
      Indiana.
AB  - A field study using caged dogs in mosquito bait traps was conducted in
      eastcentral Indiana to determine the species composition of mosquitoes coming to
      feed. Fourteen species of mosquitoes from 5 genera were collected; Aedes
      trivittatus predominated. Feeding success rates were measured as the percentage
      of mosquitoes collected that had a fresh blood meal. The species having the
      highest rates were: Culex erraticus, Aedes stimulans and Ae. trivittatus. Aedes
      vexans and Cx. pipiens/restuans had markedly lower feeding success rates. A New
      Jersey light trap operated at the same site each year yielded a different species
      composition. Because of its propensity for feeding on dogs, Ae. trivittatus may
      be considered as a major potential vector of heartworm disease in dogs, even
      where it is one of several possible vector species present in abundance.

PMID- 2906664
TI  - Laboratory colonization of Mansonia uniformis, Ma. indiana and Ma. bonneae in
      Malaysia.
AB  - Methods are described for the laboratory colonization of Mansonia uniformis, Ma.
      indiana and Ma. bonneae in Malaysia. Gravid females oviposited in 500 ml beakers
      with a layer of water covered with small leaves of Salvinia. Newly hatched larvae
      were set up in a basal medium of guinea pig dung and water or liver powder, yeast
      powder and water. Larvae attached to aquatic plants or 'Keaykolour' ruffia snow
      white paper. The cultures with paper gave better yields than those with plants.
      Production of Ma. uniformis was higher than the other two species. Twelve
      generations of Ma. uniformis and 11 generations of Ma. indiana and Ma. bonneae
      were monitored in the laboratory.

PMID- 2906665
TI  - Man-mosquito contact at Kowanyama, northern Queensland, Australia.
AB  - A method employing ANOVA is presented to quantify man-mosquito contact at
      Kowanyama, based on human bait collections indoors in light, indoors in darkness
      and outdoors in darkness. No shifts in feeding behavior were noted during the
      transitional, dry or wet seasons of 1974-75. Anopheles bancroftii fed in
      significantly greater numbers indoors in darkness; An. amictus, An. annulipes,
      An. farauti, An. meraukensis, Aedes normanensis, Ae. kochi, Ae. lineatopennis,
      Ae. vigilax and Culex annulirostris fed outdoors; Mansonia uniformis fed equally
      well in the 3 situations tested whereas Cx. quinquefasciatus primarily fed
      indoors.

PMID- 2906666
TI  - Tests of ultrasonic emissions on mosquito attraction to hosts in a flight
      chamber.
AB  - Five ultrasonic devices generating fundamental frequencies of 20-70 kHz were
      tested for their efficacy in repelling mosquitoes. Four species (Anopheles
      quadrimaculatus, Aedes aegypti, Ae. triseriatus and Haemagogus equinus), were
      used in a flight chamber in which females must fly upwind against the direction
      of the sound waves and around the ultrasonic devices to reach a trap downwind of
      a source of human breath and skin emanations. Repellency was rated by the number
      of mosquitoes entering the trap during a series of 5 min tests. For all species
      there was no significant difference between the numbers trapped when the devices
      were switched on or off, when all devices were tested simultaneously. Tests of
      individual devices against Ae. aegypti also failed to show a repellent effect.

PMID- 2906667
TI  - Trials with portable screen rooms modified for use as animal-baited net traps for
      mosquito collection.
AB  - Trials in Larimer County, Colorado during July and August 1984, with recreational
      screen rooms modified as large animal-baited mosquito traps are described. The
      two units tested are free-standing, portable and require no external support. In
      all-night trials, 462.5 mosquitoes/trap night were captured with horse bait
      compared with 367/trap night with CDC light traps. In 2-hour evening comparisons,
      mosquitoes collected per trapping period totalled 416 for horse-bait traps, 132
      for light traps, and 93 for human-bait traps. Animal-baited screen rooms offer an
      alternative to existing methods for mosquito surveillance.

PMID- 2906668
TI  - The compatibility of methoprene with the mosquito fungus Culicinomyces
      clavisporus.

PMID- 2906669
TI  - Devices for sampling and sorting immature Coquillettidia perturbans.

PMID- 2906670
TI  - Isolation of California encephalitis serotype from mosquitoes collected in
      Manitoba, Canada.

PMID- 2906671
TI  - Rapid determination of glycogen and sugars in mosquitoes.
AB  - A method is presented for rapid determination of glycogen and sugars in
      individual mosquitoes. It is suitable for large scale field studies of
      correlations between nutritional status and behavior. The method also describes a
      one step procedure for total carbohydrates and the determination of nectar sugars
      and the hemolymph sugar trehalose.

PMID- 2906672
TI  - Rapid determination of total lipids in mosquitoes.
AB  - Total lipids in individual mosquitoes can be determined by extraction with
      chloroform-methanol followed by reaction with sulfuric acid and a vanillin
      phosphoric acid reagent. By subtracting the lipids determined in a starved
      population, the method is suitable to establish variations of lipid reserves in
      field populations.

PMID- 2906674
TI  - The measurement of adult mosquito population changes--some considerations.
AB  - Day-to-day changes in adult mosquito populations are difficult to measure due to
      the interactions between specific mosquito behavior, environmental influences
      upon behavior, and the mode of operation of the sampling technique. Mosquito
      responses to terrain features and various meteorological factors are briefly
      summarized with the object of improving our understanding of the samples provided
      by several classes of sampling techniques. The two major environmental influences
      upon the composition of a sample are the terrain features and several
      meteorological factors. As each sampling site is unique, a sample provides little
      direct information of the numbers of mosquitoes within the much broader area it
      is supposed to represent but it can reflect population changes at the site.
      However, the population changes usually are masked by meteorological effects upon
      flight activity. Data from Florida field studies were utilized to adjust trap
      catches to compensate for meteorological conditions during the catch period to
      provide more standard samples.

PMID- 2906673
TI  - Efficacy and field evaluation of Bacillus thuringiensis (H-14) and B. sphaericus
      against floodwater mosquitoes in California.
AB  - The microbial control agents Bacillus thuringiensis (H-14) and B. sphaericus were
      evaluated in laboratory and field against Psorophora columbiae. Bacillus
      sphaericus strain 2362 was also tested in the field against Aedes melanimon.
      Psorophora columbiae was slightly more susceptible than Culex quinquefasciatus to
      active strains of B. sphaericus. The LC90 for active strains ranged from 0.013 to
      0.069 mg/liter. In field trials, aqueous suspensions of primary powder of B.
      sphaericus 2362 and 1593 yielded 98-99% reduction in larvae at the rates of 0.1
      to 0.25 lb/acre of the primary powder. Granular formulations of Bt (H-14) were
      evaluated against Ps. columbiae, yielding 96-99% control of larvae at rates
      ranging from 1 to 10 lb/acre of the granules, depending on the potency and type
      of the formulations. Aedes melanimon was slightly less susceptible than Ps.
      columbiae to B. sphaericus 2362. In warmer water a rate of 0.25 lb/acre of the
      primary powder yielded 88% control, while this same rate in cool weather yielded
      only 4% reduction. A rate of 0.5 lb/acre of the primary powder was needed to
      obtain 94% control of larvae in cool weather.

PMID- 2906675
TI  - Mortality and survival patterns for the immature stages of Psorophora columbiae.
AB  - To determine the patterns of Psorophora columbiae survival and mortality, methods
      were employed that involved the simultaneous use of laboratory-reared cohorts,
      predator-exclusion cages, and field estimates of larval dynamics. Laboratory
      studies indicated that the maximum daily survival averaged from 0.92 for day-old
      larvae to 1.0 for the older age classes with no significant differences (P
      greater than 0.05) in survival among days. Data from predator-exclusion cages
      indicated that mortality inflicted by factors other than predation was
      significantly (P less than 0.05) more intense in the younger age classes and the
      relatively few individuals that survived to the older age classes had a high
      expectation of successful emergence. A quantitative estimate of the mortality
      inflicted on Ps. columbiae larvae by all indigenous natural enemies indicated
      that mortality rates were higher in the older age classes. This supports the view
      that the predator complex is a major source of irreplaceable mortality for
      immature mosquitoes inhabiting Louisiana rice fields.

PMID- 2906676
TI  - Five new mosquito larvicidal strains of Bacillus sphaericus from non-mosquito
      origins.
AB  - Five new strains of Bacillus sphaericus having larvicidal activity similar to
      that of strains 1593 and 2362 are described. These strains were isolated from
      caterpillars or grasshoppers, but have no insecticidal activity toward these
      insects.

PMID- 2906677
TI  - A dredge sampler for mosquito larvae.

PMID- 2906678
TI  - Toxorhynchites moctezuma, a potential biological control agent in Trinidad and
      Tobago, W. I.

PMID- 2906679
TI  - Factors affecting distribution of Bacillus thuringiensis serotype H-14 during
      flooding of rice fields.

PMID- 2906680
TI  - Activity of an avermectin insecticide, Abamectin (MK-936), against mosquitoes and
      chironomid midges in the laboratory.

PMID- 2906681
TI  - Development of a floating bioassay container for mosquito larvae.

PMID- 2906682
TI  - The future of mosquito-borne diseases in the world.
AB  - The future of mosquito-borne diseases will depend on the improvements and
      implementation of chemotherapy and vaccination, as well as on biological and
      integrated control measures. Bacillus thuringiensis H-14, B. sphaericus,
      Lagenidium giganteum and other fungi are promising biological mosquito control
      agents. Other control measures include parasitoids, nematodes, larvivorous fish,
      Toxorhynchites mosquitoes, insect viruses, growth hormones, sex attractants,
      natural products, sanitation, and water management. Vector control should be
      combined with training of personnel and carried out on an international scale.

PMID- 2906683
TI  - Laboratory bionomics of Tripteroides aranoides.
AB  - Tripteroides aranoides was colonized in the laboratory. Total duration of the
      immature stages was ca. 3 weeks at 28 degrees C, L:D = 15.5:8.5 with an ample
      food supply. Retardation of 4th instar development was observed in larvae fed on
      insufficient food. Females were autogenous for the first clutch of eggs and
      required a blood meal for maturation of the second clutch. Mating was initiated
      in flight and copulation occurred on the cage wall. Gravid females hovered in
      small oblique loops above water in bamboo cups, whereupon a white egg appeared at
      the abdominal tip, which was propelled by the swing of the abdomen towards water
      surface. The females propelled eggs in the same manner into small apertures (11 x
      4 mm) bored in bamboo.

PMID- 2906684
TI  - Effects of sprinkle irrigation on the occurrence and abundance of Psorophora
      columbiae eggs in ricelands.
AB  - Low-pressure sprinkler irrigation was investigated as to its potential influence
      on the frequency of occurrence and relative abundance of Psorophora columbiae
      eggs in Texas ricelands. Analysis of egg sampling data collected from soybean,
      rice and sorghum field sites subjected to either sprinkle or flood irrigation
      practices during 1982-83 indicated no significant differences in either the
      frequency of occurrence or relative abundance of Ps. columbiae eggs in the
      various sites. Data collected during 1984 indicate that the amount of water
      applied to a field by a sprinkler system will have some influence on the numbers
      of Ps. columbiae eggs occurring in the field. The frequency of occurrence and
      relative abundance of Ps. columbiae eggs occurring in field sites sprinkle
      irrigated at full-pan evaporation rates (i.e., all moisture in the soil lost to
      evaporation was replenished via irrigation) were significantly higher than was
      the case in the sites irrigated at half-pan and quarter-pan rates.

PMID- 2906685
TI  - The effects of selected rice and soybean pesticides on the eggs of Psorophora
      columbiae.
AB  - Twenty-five pesticides used in the production of rice and soybeans in Texas were
      tested in the laboratory to determine their toxicity to the eggs of Psorophora
      columbiae. A reduction in hatching rate occurred when eggs were treated with a
      herbicide formulation containing thiobencarb and with one containing a tank
      mixture of propanil and molinate. A carbaryl formulation induced hatching of eggs
      prior to their exposure to the hatching stimulus. Reduced survival to second
      instar of larvae hatching from treated eggs was observed with insecticide
      formulations of acephate, carbofuran, malathion, methyl parathion and toxaphene;
      a fungicide formulation of triphenyltin hydroxide and the tank mixture of the
      herbicides, propanil and molinate.

PMID- 2906686
TI  - Establishment and recycling of Romanomermis culicivorax (Nematoda: Mermithidae)
      in Louisiana ricelands.
AB  - The postparasitic stage of Romanomermis culicivorax, applied at dosage rates of
      0.025 and 0.05 g/m2, was able to establish, recycle and overwinter in a riceland
      habit in southern Louisiana. Percent parasitism ranged from 0 to 54.1% during the
      22-month study. Parasitism of Psorophora columbiae larvae was significantly
      greater (P less than 0.05) along levee ditches than in the central portions of
      the fallow riceland plots on 3 of 4 sampling dates in 1983. As percent parasitism
      increased within the population of Ps. columbiae located in bioassay containers,
      the degree of superparasitism also increased.

PMID- 2906687
TI  - Evaluation of cyfluthrin as a ULV cold aerosol against caged mosquitoes.
AB  - Cyfluthrin was evaluated against caged mosquitoes using a truck-mounted Leco HD
      model ULV cold aerosol generator and the results were compared to the
      effectiveness of malathion. Calculated effective dosages (ED) for 90% and 95%
      control with cyfluthrin against Aedes taenorhynchus were 0.2 and 0.3 g AI/ha and
      against Anopheles quadrimaculatus were 0.09 and 0.1 g AI/ha. Cyfluthrin was about
      106X more effective against An. quadrimaculatus and about 69X more effective
      against Ae. taeniorhynchus at the ED-95 level than malathion.

PMID- 2906688
TI  - Observations on male swarms of Psorophora columbiae in Texas ricelands.
AB  - The evening swarming behavior of newly emerged male Psorophora columbiae was
      studied in eastern Texas ricelands. Near infrared-sensitive video equipment was
      used to record swarming as it occurred in the field during each night of
      observation. Males of Ps. columbiae form either funnel-like or curtain-like
      marker swarms over a variety of objects in a riceland habitat. The sequence of
      events leading to swarm formation is described. Swarming males fly into the wind
      and follow a figure-8 pattern of flight. This flight pattern is modified by other
      insects flying through or near the swarm. Sudden changes in wind velocity or
      direction also modify the position and shape of the swarm relative to the marker
      over which it has formed.

PMID- 2906689
TI  - Species composition and relative abundance of anthropophilic mosquitoes in
      subarctic Quebec.

PMID- 2906690
TI  - Mosquitoes feeding on sheep in southeastern Wyoming.

PMID- 2906691
TI  - An efficient method for transferring adult mosquitoes during field tests.

PMID- 2906692
TI  - Absence of eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) virus in immature Coquillettidia
      perturbans associated with equine cases of EEE.

PMID- 2906693
TI  - Membrane and cytoplasmic structure at synaptic junctions in the mammalian central
      nervous system.
AB  - Application of rapid freezing, freeze substitution fixation, and freeze fracture
      techniques to the study of synaptic junctions in the mammalian central nervous
      system has revealed new aspects of synaptic structure that are consistent with
      and partially explicate advances in synaptic biochemistry and physiology. In the
      axoplasm adjacent to the presynaptic active zone, synaptic vesicles are linked to
      large spectrin-like filamentous proteins by shorter proteins that resemble
      synapsin I in morphology. This mesh of presynaptic filamentous proteins serves to
      concentrate synaptic vesicles in the vicinity of the active zone. The affinity
      with which the vesicles are bound by the mesh is probably modulated by the extent
      of phosphorylation at specific sites on the constituent filamentous proteins, and
      changes in the binding affinity result in changes in transmitter release. The
      structural organization of the postsynaptic density in Purkinje cell dendritic
      spines consists of very fine strands with adherent, heterogeneous globular
      proteins. Some of these globular proteins probably correspond to protein kinases
      and their substrates. The postsynaptic density, positioned at the site of the
      maximal depolarization caused by synaptic currents, apparently serves as a
      supporting framework for a variety of proteins, which respond to and transduce
      postsynaptic depolarization. At least two classes of filamentous protein fill the
      cytoplasm of spines with a complex mesh, which presumably contributes to
      maintenance of the spine shape. Membrane bound cisterns are a ubiquitous feature
      of Purkinje cell dendritic spines. Studies of rapidly frozen tissue with electron
      probe microanalysis and elemental imaging reveal that these cisterns take up and
      sequester calcium, which is derived from the extracellular space, and which
      probably enters the spine as part of the synaptic current.

PMID- 2906694
TI  - Alpha1-blockers with additional antihypertensive mechanisms. Satellite symposium
      of the 12th scientific meeting of the International Society of Hypertension. 28
      May 1988, Kyoto, Japan.

PMID- 2906695
TI  - Clinical pharmacology of urapidil.
AB  - Animal investigations suggest that the mechanism of the antihypertensive effect
      of urapidil may be complex. Suggestions have included an alpha 1-blocking action,
      a weak beta 1-blocking effect, an interaction with a serotonin receptor and a
      central depression of sympathetic tone. Peripheral alpha 1-blocking activity has
      been demonstrated in man, and a shift to the right in the dose-response curve to
      phenylephrine has been found after administration of urapidil, while responses to
      angiotensin are not affected. Evidence for beta 1-blocking activity is marginal,
      but urapidil does not inhibit the exercise-induced increase in the heart rate,
      and there is only some suggestion of a possible inhibition of isoprenaline
      induced tachycardia. Possible central activity may be deduced from the
      observation that while lower single doses reduce blood pressure and increase the
      heart rate, with higher doses the hypotensive effect continues but the
      tachycardia no longer occurs. However, lower doses of urapidil lead to an
      increase in noradrenaline levels, while changes in renin are less constant, but
      there has been a report that a high dose reduced vanillylmandelic acid excretion.
      Urapidil reduces peripheral resistance along with arterial pressure, and cardiac
      output is increased. In spite of a reduced arterial pressure, renal blood flow is
      maintained, presumably due to dilation of renal vessels. Urapidil is well
      absorbed orally with a bioavailability of about 70% and a tmax at about 4 h after
      a sustained release capsule. It is metabolized in the liver with a t1/2 of 4.7 h.
      In conclusion there is evidence that urapidil is an alpha 1-blocking drug in
      man.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2906696
TI  - Alpha-adrenoceptors and the kidney.
AB  - Sympathetic nerves may modify various aspects of renal function including renal
      haemodynamics, renin secretion and sodium output. In a series of experiments we
      found that within the human kidney alpha 2-adrenoceptors are of greater
      importance than alpha 1-receptors in mediating the adrenergic effects. For
      instance, intrarenal infusion of an alpha 1-antagonist has a small effect on
      renal perfusion, whereas blockade of alpha 2-receptors increases renal flow
      profoundly. There is evidence that the relevant receptors are located at a
      postjunctional site. Alpha 2-receptors also play an inhibitory role in renin
      secretion. Recent data suggest that the alpha 2-receptor, which reduces renin
      release, is located presynaptically. Thus, stimulation of this receptor reduces
      noradrenaline overflow, and hence diminishes beta-adrenoceptor mediated increases
      in renin.

PMID- 2906697
TI  - Systemic haemodynamic and humoral changes during urapidil treatment in
      hypertensive patients.
AB  - Urapidil, a new antihypertensive agent exerting a peripheral alpha 1-postsynaptic
      blocking action and an additional action at the central level, has some
      characteristics which may correct the underlying pathophysiological abnormalities
      found in the great majority of hypertensive patients. When administered acutely
      and chronically, urapidil significantly lowers blood pressure in hypertensive
      patients by reducing total peripheral resistance, while cardiac output is
      unchanged or only slightly elevated. The blood pressure reduction can cause a
      decrease in cardiac mass in patients with left ventricular hypertrophy. Urapidil
      has been successfully administered also in patients with congestive heart failure
      and in hypertensive crises during or following surgical procedures; in all these
      conditions urapidil lowers total peripheral resistance, but blood pressure is
      lowered only in patients with hypertensive crises and no clinically relevant
      reduction in blood pressure is found in patients with congestive heart failure.
      The acute administration of urapidil has shown a trend towards a rise in plasma
      renin activity, in plasma aldosterone and in plasma catecholamines; on the whole,
      however, the activation of these systems has been mild.

PMID- 2906698
TI  - Basic pharmacology of alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists and hybrid drugs.
AB  - Selective alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonists, which can be used as
      antihypertensives, cause dilation of both resistance and capacitance vessels, as
      a result of alpha 1-adrenoceptor blockade at postsynaptic sites. Reflex
      tachycardia is weak or absent, owing to the following mechanisms: (1) The absence
      of presynaptic alpha 2-receptor blockade, thus preventing the accelerated release
      of noradrenaline from the nerve endings; and (2) the blockade of central alpha 1
      adrenoceptors, causing a blunting of the reflex tachycardia via the baroreceptor
      mechanism. Prazosin and its successor drugs doxazosin, trimazosin and terazosin
      are the prototypes of selective alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonists. Urapidil,
      labetalol and ketanserin are well-known examples of hybrid drugs, which possess
      additional pharmacological activities besides their alpha 1-adrenoceptor
      antagonistic potency. Labetalol is predominantly a (beta 1 + beta 2)-blocker with
      much weaker alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonistic activity. The compound contains
      four stereoisomers with different pharmacodynamic properties and as such is not a
      true hybrid drug. Ketanserin is a selective 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT2)-receptor
      antagonist, with modest alpha 1-adrenoceptor activity. Urapidil, a selective
      alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonist, simultaneously displays central hypotensive
      activity which, unlike that of clonidine and related drugs, is not mediated by
      alpha 2-adrenoceptors. Urapidil is also a weak beta 1-blocker. It consists of one
      single molecule without stereoisomers and is therefore a true hybrid drug,
      combining two or more activities in the same molecule. Urapidil's obvious central
      hypotensive activity, which is caused by an unusual, so far unknown mechanism, is
      an interesting feature, which may contribute to the absence of reflex
      tachycardia.

PMID- 2906699
TI  - Urapidil in patients with severe hypertension and in long-term treatment.
AB  - In order to evaluate the usefulness of urapidil in the treatment of severe
      hypertension and in the long-term treatment of essential hypertension, two open
      multicentre studies were performed. In one study, 34 outpatients with diastolic
      blood pressure exceeding 105 mmHg following treatment with a combination of a
      diuretic and a sympatholytic or a diuretic and a beta-blocker were additionally
      given 15-60 mg urapidil twice a day for 8 weeks or more. The responder rate was
      73.5%. The pulse rate did not change throughout. Side effects such as dizziness
      and malaise were observed in five patients (14.7%), but they were slight and did
      not require withdrawal of treatment. The other study included 95 outpatients with
      essential hypertension (World Health Organization stages I or II), 15-60 mg
      urapidil twice a day for 1 year or more in monotherapy (n = 48) or in combined
      therapy with a thiazide (n = 47). Under both therapies, diastolic blood pressure
      was reduced significantly at week 4, further reduced at week 12 and remained
      stable until week 52. Responder rates were 82.9% in monotherapy and 78.4% in
      combined therapy. Two patients (4.2%) taking monotherapy and six patients (12.8%)
      taking combined therapy were withdrawn due to inadequate blood pressure control
      or to side effects. These results indicate that urapidil is useful in severe and
      in long-term hypertension.

PMID- 2906700
TI  - The usefulness of alpha-adrenoceptor blockade in the treatment of hypertension.
AB  - The development of selective peripheral alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonists such as
      prazosin has produced a valuable class of antihypertensive agents. Side effects
      of fluid retention and reflex sympathetic stimulation usually limit these agents
      to third-line therapy but their combination with a beta-receptor antagonist and a
      diuretic provides a powerful regimen. Alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists are useful
      in patients with conditions such as gout, diabetes or bronchospasm which preclude
      the use of other agents. Although many new drugs are being developed, little
      information is available yet on the long-term outcome of therapy with this class
      of drugs for patients with hypertension.

PMID- 2906701
TI  - Do hybrid drugs offer an additional benefit over pure alpha 1-blockade for
      hypertensive patients?
AB  - Alpha-blocking drugs, although effective antihypertensive agents, often cause
      tachycardia, faintness and postural hypotension. Hybrid drugs such as labetalol,
      which has beta- as well as alpha-blocking action, ketanserin, which has 5
      hydroxytryptamine (5HT)-blocking as well as alpha-blocking action, and urapidil,
      which appears to have a central effect as well as an alpha-blocking action,
      produce fewer side effects attributable to alpha-blockade. Urapidil appears to be
      an effective antihypertensive drug with a wide spectrum of action and few side
      effects.

PMID- 2906702
TI  - Antihypertensive efficacy and safety of urapidil, alone or in combination with
      beta-blockers, in patients with phaeochromocytoma.
AB  - The clinical efficacy and safety of urapidil, used alone or in conjunction with
      beta-blockers, were evaluated in 14 patients with phaeochromocytoma. Following a
      1-week placebo run-in period, the patients were treated with sustained-release
      capsules of urapidil, initially 30 mg twice a day, followed by dose adjustment
      within 30-270 mg (mean +/- s.d. 144 +/- 73) per day for 7-29 days (21 +/- 8
      days). In six patients, beta-blockers were added to control associated
      tachycardia. Blood pressure and pulse rate were successfully controlled in 11/14
      patients (78.6%) during the therapy. Both the frequency and the severity of
      hypertensive paroxysms were clearly reduced in 7/8 patients, who showed frequent
      paroxysms of hypertension during placebo treatment. A variety of subjective
      symptoms observed in 13 patients during placebo treatment improved during drug
      therapy in nine patients (69.2%). Side effects occurred in five patients but were
      minor and well tolerated except in one patient, who was withdrawn from urapidil
      monotherapy due to facial oedema and finger stiffness which persisted even after
      reducing the daily dose from 306 to 270 mg. Overall, in terms of antihypertensive
      effectiveness, improvement in subjective symptoms and the safety profile,
      urapidil was considered very useful in four patients (28.6%), useful in six
      (42.9%), slightly useful in three and useless in one. Urapidil therefore appears
      to be a worthwhile agent in the treatment of patients with phaeochromocytoma.

PMID- 2906703
TI  - Interaction of urapidil with brain serotonin-1A receptors increases the blood
      pressure reduction due to peripheral alpha-adrenoceptor inhibition.
AB  - The alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist urapidil influences central cardiovascular
      regulation, and this effect is unrelated to alpha-adrenoceptors. Since urapidil
      has appreciable affinity and selectivity for serotonin-1A (5HT1A) receptors, the
      activity of urapidil at these sites may be relevant for the centrally mediated
      component of its antihypertensive action. The latter hypothesis was tested by
      analysing the influence of the 5HT1A receptor antagonist spiroxatrine on the
      hypotensive response to urapidil, in comparison with the influence on the
      hypotensive response to the 5HT1A receptor agonist 8-OH-DPAT (8-hydroxy-2-[di-n
      propylamino]tetralin). Anaesthetized cats were thoracotomized and artificially
      ventilated. Blood pressure was monitored in the descending aorta, and the drugs
      were injected into the vertebral artery. Spiroxatrine (0.1-3.0 nmol/kg) shifted
      the cumulative dose response curve (blood pressure reduction) of urapidil (3-20
      nmol/kg) and of 8-OH-DPAT (0.01-0.1 nmol/kg) to the right, suggesting competitive
      antagonism. The results support the hypothesis that the effects of urapidil on
      central cardiovascular regulation and at least part of the hypotensive effects
      are due to 5HT1A receptor stimulation.

PMID- 2906705
TI  - Ligament healing in podiatric surgery.

PMID- 2906704
TI  - Endoscopic laser Doppler flowmetry in evaluation of human gastric blood flow.

PMID- 2906706
TI  - Needle localization of foreign bodies using computed tomography. A case report.

PMID- 2906707
TI  - Clinical pharmacology of chronic atrial fibrillation.

PMID- 2906708
TI  - Ventricular beta-adrenoceptors in adriamycin-induced cardiomyopathy in the
      rabbit.
AB  - beta-Adrenoceptor concentrations have been measured in ventricles of rabbits with
      adriamycin-induced cardiomyopathy. Despite considerable cardiac hypertrophy (1.6
      +/- 0.7 mean +/- S.E.M. g ventricle/kg body wt, n = 6; to 2.2 +/- 0.1) no change
      in beta-adrenoceptor density was observed (33.8 +/- 2.0 fmol/mg protein in
      membranes from cardiomyopathic rabbits compared with 36.8 +/- 3.0 for controls).
      Furthermore, no alteration in the profiles of high affinity agonist binding was
      observed, and the receptor interaction with the adenylate cyclase stimulatory
      coupling factor was unimpaired. These results indicate that, despite the marked
      changes which occur during the development of this model of low-output heart
      failure, the cardiac beta-adrenoceptor systems are normal.

PMID- 2906709
TI  - [Effects of a new alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor blocking drug (YM-09538) on
      intraoperative hypertension].

PMID- 2906710
TI  - [A case of acute renal failure due to Korean hemorrhagic fever].

PMID- 2906711
TI  - Microsurgery for male infertility.

PMID- 2906712
TI  - New directions in male reproductive microsurgery.
AB  - During the past decade, microsurgery has become a urologic subspecialty.
      Historically, vascular and vasal anastomosis have formed the foundation of
      genitourinary microsurgery. With the advent of improved instrumentation and the
      interest of devoted urologic microsurgeons, a multitude of new applications of
      microsurgery in urology have developed. In this paper, we discuss some of the new
      directions in male reproductive microsurgery.

PMID- 2906714
TI  - [Peptide and aminergic neurotransmitters in arterial hypertension].

PMID- 2906713
TI  - [Molecular epidemiology of infective agents].

PMID- 2906715
TI  - Plasma membrane ATPase from the yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe.

PMID- 2906716
TI  - Plasma membrane ATPase from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

PMID- 2906717
TI  - H+-ATPase from plasma membranes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Avena sativa
      roots: purification and reconstitution.

PMID- 2906718
TI  - Purification of yeast vacuolar membrane H+-ATPase and enzymological
      discrimination of three ATP-driven proton pumps in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

PMID- 2906719
TI  - Purification of vacuolar membranes, mitochondria, and plasma membranes from
      Neurospora crassa and modes of discriminating among the different H+-ATPases.

PMID- 2906720
TI  - Large-scale purification of plasma membrane H+-ATPase from a cell wall-less
      mutant of Neurospora crassa.

PMID- 2906721
TI  - H+-ATPase from vacuolar membranes of higher plants.

PMID- 2906722
TI  - Preparation and acidification activity of lysosomes and lysosomal membranes.

PMID- 2906723
TI  - Analysis of endosome and lysosome acidification in vitro.

PMID- 2906724
TI  - Proton ATPases in Golgi vesicles and endoplasmic reticulum: characterization and
      reconstitution of proton pumping.

PMID- 2906725
TI  - Chromaffin granule proton pump.

PMID- 2906726
TI  - Proton pump of clathrin-coated vesicles.

PMID- 2906727
TI  - Purification of pertussis toxin.

PMID- 2906728
TI  - Assay of hemolytic toxins.

PMID- 2906729
TI  - Assay methods for alpha toxin from Clostridium perfringens: phospholipase C.

PMID- 2906730
TI  - Purification of alpha toxin from Clostridium perfringens: phospholipase C.

PMID- 2906731
TI  - Production, purification, and assay of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin.

PMID- 2906732
TI  - Dual effects of histamine on spontaneous activity in isolated bovine mesenteric
      lymphatics.
AB  - The mode of action of histamine on spontaneous contractions is isolated bovine
      mesenteric lymphatics was investigated by recording isometric tensions. Histamine
      at lower concentrations between about 5 x 10(-8) and 10(-6) M caused a dose
      dependent deceleration of the rhythm of spontaneous contractions. Higher
      concentrations of histamine (more than about 5 x 10(-6) M) produced a dose
      related acceleration of the rhythm in association with a slight elevation of
      basal tone in 115 of 173 preparations. In 58 of 173 lymphatic preparations,
      histamine at concentrations ranging from about 5 x 10(-8) to 10(-5) M caused only
      the positive chronotropic effect. The histamine-induced positive and negative
      chronotropic effects were unaltered by pretreatment with alpha- and beta
      adrenergic antagonists but were dose-dependently antagonized by pretreatment with
      H1- or H2-blockers (diphenhydramine or cimetidine). The specific H1- and H2
      agonists, 2-pyridylethylamine (2PEA) and dimaprit caused dose-related positive
      and negative chronotropic effects, respectively, on spontaneous contractions of
      isolated bovine mesenteric lymphatics. The effect of 2PEA was significantly
      blocked by pretreatment with 10(-6) M diphenhydramine, whereas the effect of
      dimaprit was suppressed by 10(-6) M cimetidine. These results suggest that both
      H1- and H2-receptors are located on the plasma membrane of smooth muscle cells in
      bovine mesenteric lymphatics, and that the excitations of H1- and H2-receptors
      respectively produce an acceleration and a deceleration of the rhythm of
      spontaneous contractions in lymphatic smooth muscles.

PMID- 2906733
TI  - [The effect of ground water table levels on mosquitoes from the Hungry steppe in
      the Uzbeck SSR].

PMID- 2906734
TI  - [The number of blood-sucking mosquito larvae in technogenous bodies of water in
      the Taimyr forest tundra].

PMID- 2906735
TI  - [Mass breeding of Culex pipiens molestus Fors. mosquitos and their attack on
      humans in houses in several towns in the Krasnoiarsk region and Chita district].

PMID- 2906736
TI  - Hepatic microvascular regulatory mechanisms. X. Effects of alpha-one or -two
      adrenoceptor blockade on glucoregulation in normotensive endotoxic rats with
      optimal perfusion and flowrates.
AB  - Circulating-blood glucose, hepatic glycogen distribution, and the glycogen
      contents of liver and skeletal muscle, were determined for 60 min in 31 fed and
      anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats. These rats received an endoportal infusion of
      15 mg per kg b.w. E. coli endotoxin (026:B6) or of sterile saline solution as a
      control. Either substance was given intravenously at 9:30 a.m. following an
      intraperitoneal injection at 9:00 a.m. of 0.1 mg per kg b.w. prazosin or 0.3 mg
      per kg b.w. yohimbine or of the carrier, distilled water. Infused endotoxin
      elevated blood glucose without affecting hepatic glycogen distribution and total
      glycogen contents of liver and skeletal muscle when compared to control. Prazosin
      inhibited endotoxin-induced hyperglycemia, and prazosin plus endotoxin provoked
      centrilobular glycogen depletion and decreased total hepatic glycogen content.
      However, no significant alteration in the glycogen content of skeletal muscle
      accompanied blockade of glucogenesis. Prazosin administered by itself produced no
      changes in hepatic and muscle glycogen. Although yohimbine blocked endotoxin
      induced hyperglycemia, yohimbine, or yohimbine plus endotoxin, produced no
      significant change in the glycogen contents of liver and skeletal muscle.
      Blockade in the latter case was associated with some depletion of glycogen in
      hepatocytes dispersed randomly throughout the unit lobule and in cells located
      centrivenously. These results suggested that endotoxin-induced hyperglycemia is
      evoked by activation of alpha-1 and -2 adrenergic receptors. Since no detectible
      change in hepatic glycogen distribution and in the contents of liver and muscle
      glycogen accompanied glucogenesis, glycogen catabolism and deposition are
      postulated to proceed simultaneously and at equivalent rates by 60 min following
      the experimental induction of endotoxemia. Blockade of alpha (one or two)
      adrenoceptors is hypothesized to inhibit endotoxin-induced hyperglycemia by
      facilitating glucose utilization and not by stimulating glycogenesis or by
      antagonizing glycogenolysis in the liver or skeletal muscle.

PMID- 2906738
TI  - [Galvanic corrosion of dental Ni-Cr alloy by contact with dental solders. Part 3.
      Observation of soldered joints].

PMID- 2906737
TI  - Comparison of the effects of dopamine and fenoldopam, a selective dopamine-1
      agonist, on parathyroid hormone release in man.
AB  - Dopamine has been reported to transiently increase parathyroid hormone (PTH)
      secretion in man; however, the mechanism is unclear. To test the hypothesis that
      selective dopamine-1 receptor (DA1) stimulation increases PTH secretion, we
      compared the effects of fenoldopam, a novel selective DA1 receptor agonist, as
      well as dopamine on serum PTH secretion and total serum calcium concentration in
      seven normal human subjects. Dopamine was infused at 1 and 3 micrograms/kg/min,
      each for 10 minutes, and 5 micrograms/kg/min for 25 min. Fenoldopam was infused
      at 0.1 and 0.3 micrograms/kg/min, each for 10 min. and thereafter at 0.5
      micrograms/kg/min for 25 min. The infusions were given at least 1 week apart.
      Blood samples for PTH, calcium and dopamine or fenoldopam concentrations were
      drawn prior to and at the 25th minute of each drug infusion. PTH concentrations
      increased in all subjects at the 25th minute of dopamine but not fenoldopam
      infusion. Serum calcium was not significantly affected. The plasma concentrations
      of both dopamine (83.6 +/- 7.1 ng/ml) and fenoldopam (13.0 +/- 3.4 ng/ml) were in
      the range known to cause equivalent DA1 receptor stimulation. Since dopamine but
      not fenoldopam increased PTH secretion in man, we conclude that selective DA1
      receptor stimulation alone does not increase PTH release and the effects of
      dopamine must be mediated through some other mechanism.

PMID- 2906739
TI  - Brain chemistry and central nervous system drugs.

PMID- 2906740
TI  - Neurotransmitter systems in the outer plexiform layer of mammalian retina.
AB  - Melatonin represents a second type of chemical signal released from
      photoreceptors in response to increased darkness, one with characteristics which
      are significantly different from those of glutamate. Concise spatial and temporal
      aspects of the photoreceptor signal are conserved through discrete glutamatergic
      synapses. Different classes of post-synaptic neurons each have appropriate
      subclasses of glutamate receptors which transmit sign conserving or sign
      inverting images of the visual mosaic. In contrast, melatonin, because of its
      highly lipophilic nature is not released by stimulus-coupled secretion
      mechanisms, but rather by simple diffusion. Thus control of melatonin "release"
      may be less concise than glutamate. In addition, melatonin may diffuse beyond the
      confines of the synaptic area to target cells throughout the retina. Effects of
      melatonin in retina are not well understood; however, current hypotheses suggest
      that, perhaps via its control of dopamine systems in the inner retina, melatonin
      plays an important role in dark adaptation and in various retinal processes which
      exhibit a circadian rhythm. Melatonin and glutamate may represent "co
      transmitters" which provide the visual pathway with two types of signals, with
      melatonin providing widespread modulatory influences on the discrete visual
      information conveyed via glutamatergic circuits.

PMID- 2906741
TI  - Does noradrenaline behave as a neurotransmitter or hormone in the mammalian
      retina?

PMID- 2906742
TI  - Differences in glutamate-induced response properties between photoreceptors and
      horizontal cells.

PMID- 2906743
TI  - Localization of the X-linked retinitis pigmentosa locus between DXS7 and DXS84 in
      a family showing tapetal reflex in heterozygotes.
AB  - The linkage relationships between the X-linked retinitis pigmentosa (XLRP) locus
      and seven Xp loci: DXS14, DXS7, OTC, DXS141, DXS148, DXS84 and DXS206 were
      analysed in one large family in which the heterozygotes exhibited the tapetal
      reflex. Evidence drawn from two-point and multipoint linkage analysis and a
      number of triply informative crossovers suggests that the XLRP locus in this
      family is between DXS7 and DXS84. The putative order of loci on the short arm of
      the X chromosome is: centromere - DXS14 - DXS7 - OTC - XLRP/DXS141 - DXS148 -
      DXS84 - DXS206 - telemere.

PMID- 2906744
TI  - Intraocular pressure effects of timolol after unilateral instillation.
AB  - Beta-adrenergic antagonists are generally considered to lower intraocular
      pressure (IOP) of both eyes after unilateral instillation. In order to determine
      whether timolol also lowers IOP in the contralateral eye and to what extent,
      pressure curves were established in 14 normal, young subjects. Eye pressure
      curves on both eyes of each subject were measured before and 1 week after timolol
      0.5% instillation twice daily in one eye. All subjects had an IOP decrease in the
      treated eye, but no subjects had a statistically significant IOP decrease in the
      contralateral eye. The mean IOP reduction was 26% in the treated eye, and only 3%
      in the contralateral eye. These results suggest that, in most cases, timolol does
      not lower IOP in the contralateral eye after unilateral instillation in normal
      subjects in contrast to certain glaucoma patients. These results suggest two
      different actions for timolol: (1) a local action in the treated eye, and (2) a
      systemic action where the pressure-lowering effect in the untreated eye is
      significant only in some pathologic conditions.

PMID- 2906745
TI  - [Treatment of hemoptysis and hemorrhage using pyrilen and temechin in patients
      with pulmonary tuberculosis].

PMID- 2906746
TI  - [Pulmonary vasculitis in a patient with periarteritis nodosa].

PMID- 2906747
TI  - Amacrine cells in the retina of a teleost fish, the roach (Rutilus rutilus): a
      Golgi study on differentiation and layering.

PMID- 2906748
TI  - Behavioural effects of the alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonists idazoxan and
      yohimbine in rats: comparisons with amphetamine.
AB  - Although yohimbine has long been known to increase arousal, reactivity and
      anxiety in animals and humans, little is known about the behavioural effects of
      more selective alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonists such as idazoxan. In a recent
      experiment, however, it was found that in rats both yohimbine and idazoxan
      increased low rates of lever pressing, an effect also produced by amphetamine.
      The purpose of the present study was to investigate further the effects of
      yohimbine and idazoxan in comparison with those of d-amphetamine on the operant
      behaviour of rats. In rats trained to press a lever on a FI 60s schedule to
      obtain food both yohimbine and idazoxan increased response rates, although the
      effect of yohimbine was considerably greater than that of idazoxan. Lower doses
      of d-amphetamine had no consistent effect on overall rates of responding whereas
      a higher dose suppressed responding. Characteristically, d-amphetamine increased
      responding during early portions of the intervals and decreased responding during
      the final portions. Idazoxan and yohimbine tended to increase responding
      throughout the intervals except immediately after reinforcement. When idazoxan
      was administered in combination with prazosin FI response rates were markedly
      decreased. Administration of DSP4 did not alter the response rate-increasing
      effects of either yohimbine or idazoxan. In rats trained to discriminate d
      amphetamine from saline both idazoxan and yohimbine gave rise to responding on
      the saline associated lever. Combination of idazoxan with d-amphetamine did not
      antagonise the amphetamine cue but produced substantial reductions in response
      rates, probably due to toxicity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2906750
TI  - Effect of vasopressin on the induction of adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase and
      phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase.
AB  - We have assessed the effect of arginine vasopressin (AVP) on adrenal tyrosine
      hydroxylase (TH) and phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) activities.
      Both enzymes show marked increases after systemic administration of AVP in the
      range of 66 and 100 micrograms/day. To determine whether the pituitary gland
      plays a role in these inductions, the effect of AVP (66 micrograms per day, given
      divided into 3 doses for 4 days) on the adrenal enzymes was studied in
      hypophysectomized rats. These animals showed induction of TH but not PNMT. This
      indicates that a pituitary factor(s) mediates the increase in PNMT caused by AVP.
      Adrenal TH activity was measured after the injection of AVP (1 or 2 micrograms
      per rat) into the lateral ventricle: there was a statistically significant
      increase in TH. TH was not induced in the denervated adrenal gland of rats
      administered AVP systemically. These findings suggest that AVP may act centrally
      to induce the enzyme. The continuous s.c. infusion of AVP by osmotic minipump at
      the rate of 1 microgram/day for 6 days led to a striking increase in adrenal TH
      activity. However, PNMT did not increase significantly. It can be concluded that
      different mechanisms are involved in the induction of adrenal TH and PNMT caused
      by AVP. A neural mechanism is involved in TH induction, whereas PNMT induction
      requires release of a pituitary factor, presumably ACTH, but innervation of the
      adrenal is not needed for it. Moreover, the inductions of these two enzymes are
      differentially sensitive to the concentration of circulating AVP.

PMID- 2906749
TI  - Chronic neuroleptics alter the effects of the D1 agonist SK&F 38393 and the D2
      agonist LY171555 on oral movements in rats.
AB  - Vacuous oral movements (OMs) in rats chronically administered haloperidol (HAL),
      fluphenazine (FLU), or no drug were studied following injections of one of three
      doses of either a D1 agonist (SK&F 38393) or a D2 agonist (LY171555). Oral
      movements were observed via closed-circuit television and simultaneously recorded
      using a computerized video analysis system which measured the distance between
      two fluorescent dots painted above and below the rat's mouth. SK&F 38393 induced
      a dose-dependent increase in tremorous oral movements and repetitive chewing
      movements in the controls; this effect was more pronounced in rats treated with
      chronic HAL or FLU, both during chronic neuroleptic treatment and even more so
      when they were tested after drug withdrawal following 5 or 14 months of chronic
      neuroleptic administration. Conversely, LY171555 produced an inhibition of oral
      activity at all dose levels in controls. This inhibition was attenuated during
      chronic administration of HAL or FLU, but returned to control levels (without any
      signs of supersensitivity) when the animals were retested shortly after
      discontinuation of neuroleptics. These results indicate that heightened oral
      movements in rodents following chronic neuroleptic administration can be more
      clearly induced by D1 than by D2 receptor activation.

PMID- 2906751
TI  - [Somatostatin does not modify 3-oxymethylglucose and leucine uptake by rat
      enterocytes].
AB  - The effects of somatostatin on 3-oxymethylglucose (3-OMG) and leucine uptake by
      rat enterocytes were examined. Somatostatin did not decrease the 3-OMG enterocyte
      uptake. When the 3-OMG active transport was inhibited by phloridzin, Somatostatin
      presented no significant modifications. Somatostatin showed a slight decrease in
      3-OMG release through the basolateral membrane, when such a release was inhibited
      with theophylline. Somatostatin did not modify the intestinal leucine uptake or
      its inhibition by methionine.

PMID- 2906752
TI  - [Chemical neuroanatomy of the human spinal cord].
AB  - Modern neuroanatomical methods, specifically immunocytochemistry and receptor
      autoradiography, have greatly increased our knowledge on the organization of the
      human nervous system. This review, based on the literature and largely on
      personal results, is devoted to the chemical neuroanatomy of the normal human
      spinal cord. It provides a comprehensive overview of the differential
      distribution of various chemical messengers, their metabolizing enzymes and their
      receptors (acetylcholine, amino acids, monoamines, neuropeptides) in the neuronal
      laminae of the spinal gray matter. At the level of the dorsal horn, lamina II,
      i.e. Rolando's substantia gelatinosa, is characterized by a heavy concentration
      of several transmitters and receptors. Within the intermediate gray matter the
      autonomic nuclei receive a dense peptidergic input, e.g. substance P, enkephalin
      and VIP afferents. In the ventral horn close contacts are numerous between
      serotonergic or peptidergic (SP, TRH, enkephalins...) fibers and motoneuronal
      perikarya or dendrites. The present knowledge on the putative role of certain
      neurotransmitters in spinal functions is summarized.

PMID- 2906753
TI  - [Subarachnoid hemorrhage as initial manifestation of polyarteritis nodosa].
AB  - The polyarteritis nodosa (P.A.N.) is frequently responsible of neurological
      disorders, both central and peripheral. However an involvement of the Central
      Nervous System is unusual at the beginning of the disease. Such particular case
      is reported having occurred in a man aged 49, struck by a subarachnoidal
      hemorrhage, which was an initial symptom of P.A.N. The differential diagnosis is
      not always easy in such cases, since the clinical findings could be mistaken for
      those of a subarachnoidal hemorrhage due to a malformed vessel rupture.

PMID- 2906754
TI  - [Neurotransmitters and cerebral aging].

PMID- 2906755
TI  - [Isolation, stress and neurotransmitters].

PMID- 2906756
TI  - [The value of a pursuit in the long run].

PMID- 2906757
TI  - [Neurobiological deficit in individuals over 50 years of age. From
      physiopathology to therapy].

PMID- 2906758
TI  - Phenotypical and functional characterization of the idiotype-positive blood B
      cells in multiple myeloma.
AB  - In this study the idiotype-positive B cells of one patient with smouldering
      multiple myeloma (IgG kappa) and of one patient with multiple myeloma (IgG
      lambda) were analysed phenotypically and functionally. As regards the expression
      of B cell-associated differentiation antigens and size distribution, the idiotype
      positive B cells resembled normal IgG-bearing blood B cells. In functional
      studies the lymphocytes were cultured in vitro with Staphylococcus aureus,
      pokeweed mitogen, T-cell factors, or combinations of these. After culture,
      proliferation and differentiation of the idiotype-positive B cells were measured
      by autoradiography, an idiotype-specific ELISA, and a spot ELISA. The results
      show that idiotype-positive B cells of both patients are able to proliferate
      after stimulation in vitro. In contrast to their normal counterparts, however,
      almost no increase in the amount of secreted idiotype IgG could be induced. This
      suggests that the idiotype-positive blood B cells have lost some of their ability
      to respond to exogenous stimuli.

PMID- 2906759
TI  - [Orthopedic technic in sports injuries of the hindfoot].

PMID- 2906760
TI  - Sulfasalazine in the rheumatic disease.

PMID- 2906761
TI  - Approach to hepatic involvement by endocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal
      tract.
AB  - Endocrine cells of the GI tract derive from stem cells of the neurocrest. They
      belong to the diffuse endocrine system as defined by Feyrter and share common
      features, such as the capacity for APUD cells. From these regulatory peptide
      producing cells, endocrine tumors may develop with specific clinical symptoms. In
      some other endocrine GI tumors, no hormone secretion has yet been found, and for
      some regulatory peptides, no specific clinical entity has yet been identified.
      Diagnosis can be confirmed by hormone measurements and by specific
      immunohistochemistry or electron microscopy of the tumor tissue. Metastases
      synthesize and secrete peptide hormones like those of the primary tumors. The
      principal target organ for metastases is the liver. Several approaches to
      treatment of hepatic tumor deposits may reduce tumor mass with consequent
      reduction of effective plasma hormone levels. There are also systemic treatments
      for neuroendocrine tumors from the GEP system.

PMID- 2906763
TI  - Rx for a healthier practice: professional medical assistants.

PMID- 2906762
TI  - [The Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party fights against alcohol drinking and
      alcoholism].

PMID- 2906764
TI  - Effects of hormonal contraceptives on breast milk composition and infant growth.
      World Health Organization (WHO) Task Force on Oral Contraceptives.
AB  - Breast milk volume and composition and infant growth were measured at three- and
      four-week intervals, up to six months, in a multicenter randomized double-blind
      trial comparing a low-dose combined oral contraceptive (OC) with a progestogen
      only OC. A nonrandom group using nonhormonal methods was also studied in the
      three centers: Szeged, Hungary; Bangkok, Thailand; and Khon Kaen, Thailand. A
      fourth group, users of depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) was included in
      the two Thai centers. Altogether, 341 women were recruited into the study.
      Combined OCs caused a significant decrease in milk output and total energy
      content as well as widespread changes in milk constituents. In the DMPA group, no
      significant changes were observed in milk volume, and only minor shifts occurred
      in milk composition, which varied between centers. No differences were found
      between the progestogen-only pill and DMPA. No hormonal contraceptive was
      associated with any significant difference in infant weight or fat fold, nor in
      the rate of discontinuation for failure to gain weight. This study reiterates the
      need to avoid combined OCs during the first few weeks or months of lactation.
      Both norgestrel and DMPA appear to be safe for use in both developing and
      developed countries, at least when the nutritional status of the mother and
      infant are adequate, but further research is needed on the safety of these
      contraceptives in populations with malnutrition.

PMID- 2906765
TI  - Role of beta-glucuronidase, a lysosomal enzyme, in the pathogenesis of intestinal
      amoebiasis: an experimental study.
AB  - The role of beta-glucuronidase (BG), released by blood monocytes and Kupffer
      cells, in the pathogenesis of intestinal amoebiasis was studied. Guinea-pigs,
      infected intracaecally with Entamoeba histolytica, were killed 0, 3, 7, 14 and 21
      d after infection. Enhanced levels of BG were observed in the cell lysates as
      well as supernatants of both blood monocytes and Kupffer cells in the infected
      animals, from the 3rd day after infection, as compared to those in controls. The
      rise in BG levels was more marked on 7 and 14 d after infection (P less than
      0.001). The animal which survived for 21 d had lower levels of BG, though still
      significantly higher than those in controls (P less than 0.05). The animals with
      grade IV or V caecal scoring and on the verge of death had higher levels of beta
      glucuronidase. A direct correlation was observed between the enzyme levels and
      severity of infection. It is postulated that acid hydrolases have a role in
      causing tissue damage during intestinal amoebiasis.

PMID- 2906766
TI  - Abdominal vein distension in amoebic liver abscess.

PMID- 2906767
TI  - Distribution of pathogenic zymodemes of Entamoeba histolytica.

PMID- 2906768
TI  - A high rate of neurological complications following Semple anti-rabies vaccine.
AB  - A fatal case of encephalitis due to Semple (phenolized sheep-brain) anti-rabies
      vaccine prompted a search for neurological complications among 722 recipients of
      2 vaccine batches administered in Bangkok, Thailand in June and July 1984. A
      review of all patients admitted with neurological symptoms from June through
      August 1984 to the 5 major teaching hospitals in Bangkok found 6 cases (0.83%),
      including the index case, who had received the vaccine. Rabies infection was
      ruled out in all 6 cases. 4 patients had meningitis, and 2 had meningo
      encephalitis. Only the index case was fatal; the other patients recovered without
      neurological sequelae. The rate of neurological complications after receiving
      Semple vaccine was therefore a minimum of 8.31 cases per 1000 persons vaccinated
      (1:120). This complication rate was about 25 times higher than the overall
      complication rate of 0.33 per 1000 (1:3018) determined from 14 previous reports.
      The fatality rate was 1.39 per 1000 (1:722), about 15 times higher than the rate
      of 0.09 per 1000 (1:10805) calculated from the previous studies. It is urgent to
      find economically feasible alternatives to Semple vaccine.

PMID- 2906769
TI  - [Experiences with a total implantable system for the epidural administration of
      opiates].

PMID- 2906770
TI  - Studies on the antigenic relationships of six adherent isolates of Bordetella
      bronchiseptica.
AB  - Six isolates of Bordetella bronchiseptica recovered from swine with atrophic
      rhinitis were studied. All hemagglutinated swine red blood cells,
      autoagglutinated in saline and showed fimbriae by electron microscopy.
      Hyperimmune sera against each were produced in rabbits and the antigenic
      relationships between the isolates were studied by cross-absorption and by the
      determination of the cross-reactivity indices of pairs of sera. Three isolates
      seemed to be identical by both methods, while 2 others showed close antigenic
      relationships. Hemagglutination titers with heterologous antigens and cross
      reactivity indices greater than 0 suggest some degree of cross-immunity among the
      isolates studied, even when antigenic heterogeneity was demonstrated.

PMID- 2906771
TI  - A modified parainguinal approach for cryptorchidectomy in horses. An evaluation
      in 107 horses.
AB  - A modified parainguinal approach was used to castrate 119 abdominal cryptorchid
      horses. The operative time ranged from 10 to 30 minutes. Follow-up information
      was obtained for 107 horses. Swelling, more severe than that expected in routine
      castrations, was reported in six horses. An incisional abscess had to be drained
      in one horse and one horse died of unexplained causes 3 days after the surgery.

PMID- 2906772
TI  - [On the pathogenesis of migraine].

PMID- 2906773
TI  - [Changes in the reference system exemplified by a visual assessment task].

PMID- 2906774
TI  - [Programming of structural properties of movement sequences].

PMID- 2906775
TI  - Factor structure of the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression among depressed
      elderly Finns.

PMID- 2906776
TI  - [Psychosynergetics--new perspectives for neuropsychology? Principles of the
      psychosynergetic theory of emotional and motivational processes].

PMID- 2906777
TI  - Do ranitidine and nizatidine influence pepsin secretion?

PMID- 2906778
TI  - A new lormetazepam galenical formulation for sublingual premedication.
AB  - This study reports a double-blind evaluation of a new formulation of lormetazepam
      for sublingual administration, given as a premedicant in 48 female patients
      undergoing minor gynecological procedures. Both patient's and nurse's assessments
      for anxiety and sedation were recorded at different times. Anxiolysis and
      sedation were present 30 minutes after administration of the drug as reported by
      the patient with a peak effect at 45 minutes. Nurses reported significant
      differences in sedation only, but already present at 30 minutes after
      premedication. The memory test showed no persistent effect of the benzodiazepine
      one day after surgery.

PMID- 2906779
TI  - Effects of maternal phenylalanine or tyrosine hydroxylase inhibition on postnatal
      maturation of catecholamine and amino acid metabolism in rats.

PMID- 2906780
TI  - Neuroleptic medication facilitates the natural occurrence of tardive dyskinesia.
      A critical review.
AB  - The literature concerning the connection between Tardive Dyskinesia (TD) and the
      chronic use of neuroleptics is reviewed. On the average, three times more TD's
      can be observed in a population treated chronically with neuroleptics (about 20%)
      than in untreated groups (5-9%). Various analyses do not justify the contention
      that one neuroleptic or group of neuroleptics would elicit more TD's than another
      one. Questions about the mechanisms by which TD is brought about remain
      unanswered. More attention is now being paid to brain function and age. Possible
      changes in the sensitivity of the dopamine receptor are no longer being regarded
      as a primary mechanism. A working hypothesis is proposed according to which TD
      would be induced by various adaptation mechanisms in the brain, which also points
      to a possible explanation of the reversibility of TD. It is now accepted that TD
      symptoms can disappear or improve greatly in about 60% of patients during the
      course of 2-3 years, which reduces the group of irreversible TD's to the number
      of spontaneously occurring dyskinesias.

PMID- 2906781
TI  - Diagnostic work-up of hyperprolactinemic disorders.
AB  - Substantial advances have been made in the understanding of chronic
      hyperprolactinemia. The diagnostic effort should be directed at excluding
      physiological and pharmacological causes of chronic hyperprolactinemia, both of
      which are reversible and are not likely to be of grave consequence. Subsequently
      further efforts should be made to rule out obvious pathological entities, in
      particular, treatable hypothyroidism. Finally, the diagnosis of prolactinoma must
      be entertained. It relies on the biochemical determination of prolactin as well
      as direct imaging of the pituitary.

PMID- 2906782
TI  - Molecular structure, biology, and genetics of prions.

PMID- 2906783
TI  - Prophylaxis against acid aspiration syndrome. Single oral dose of H2-antagonist
      on the evening before elective surgery.
AB  - We have compared famotidine 40 mg, ranitidine 300 mg and placebo given in a
      single oral dose at 2200 hours as the sole means of prophylaxis in 286 patients
      who underwent elective surgery the following day. Standardised premedication was
      administered and anaesthesia induced. Gastric contents were aspirated by
      nasogastric suction and the pH and volume measured. Median values of pH after
      famotidine, ranitidine and placebo were 6.17, 6.74 and 2.45 respectively; median
      aspirate volumes were 8, 8 and 10 ml respectively. The proportions of patients
      considered 'not at risk' (pH greater than 2.5) were 90% after famotidine, 91%
      after ranitidine and 52% after placebo. We conclude that the administration of a
      potent H2-antagonist in a single oral dose at night offers a convenient routine
      means of providing extensive prophylactic cover in patients scheduled to undergo
      elective surgery the following day.

PMID- 2906784
TI  - The scientific basis of patient-controlled analgesia.
AB  - The current practice of patient-controlled analgesia has grown from empirical
      observations. Although several variants of patient-controlled analgesia, bolus
      doses, infusions, or combinations of both, have been suggested, a scientific
      basis for advocating one variant over the others has been lacking. Most systems
      have been based on the simplest system, bolus demand, although the use of a
      combined bolus and background infusion method has theoretical merit. Similarly, a
      scientific basis for setting the variables of patient-controlled analgesia, drug
      choice, incremental dose, maximum dose and lockout interval, also has been
      lacking. Settings for these variables may be rationalised post hoc on the basis
      of the physicochemical properties and global pharmacokinetic properties of the
      opioids used but knowledge of these properties has not helped in setting the
      variables a priori. Foremost, the drug choice should be based on therapeutic
      index. Knowledge of the regional kinetics of drug (influx and efflux) from brain
      may provide a more logical basis for setting the patient-controlled analgesia
      variables but such information can only come from animal experiments. More
      research is required if patient-controlled analgesia is to become anything but an
      empirical tool in the quest for improved analgesia in patients.

PMID- 2906785
TI  - The development and clinical use of patient-controlled analgesia.
AB  - Patient-controlled analgesia has successfully made the transition from research
      tool to clinical acceptability. Reliable and sophisticated patient-controlled
      analgesia systems are commercially available. The technique has been most used
      for control of postoperative pain but has been successfully used during labour,
      after burns and other trauma and in terminal care. Virtually every opioid has
      been administered by patient-controlled analgesia using almost every route of
      administration. It is more effective than the traditional techniques of pain
      control after surgery but is not automatically so. Choice of opioid and the
      settings chosen for demand dose and lockout interval greatly influence
      effectiveness. Patient-controlled analgesia requires active participation by the
      patient but the psychology of patient-controlled analgesia has generally been
      under-estimated. Patient-controlled analgesia has developed empirically and many
      assumptions have been made; there is a need for fundamental research.

PMID- 2906786
TI  - Education in anaesthesia in Australia: a centenary.
AB  - This year marks the centenary of the beginning of teaching in anaesthesia in
      Australia. Until 1888 there were no appointments in anaesthesia at any hospital,
      but in that year two were made. A brief review of the events leading to this
      change is given, with an even briefer review of the main steps in the
      transformation of education in anaesthesia in Australia on which the present-day
      system is based.

PMID- 2906787
TI  - Spectrophotometric determination of some phenothiazine drugs using 3
      methylbenzothiazolin-2-one hydrazone.

PMID- 2906788
TI  - Somatostatin-14-like immunoreactive neurons and fibres in the human olfactory
      bulb.
AB  - This study describes the morphological features and the distribution pattern of
      neurons in the human olfactory bulb which are immunoreactive for an antiserum
      against the neuropeptide somatostatin-14. Immunoreactive nerve cell bodies were
      mainly found in the white matter surrounding the cell clusters of the anterior
      olfactory nucleus. Some immunoreactive neurons were also found scattered
      throughout the anterior olfactory nucleus and the deeper parts of the inner
      granule cell layer. Only a few immunoreactive neurons were localized in the
      glomerular layer and the outer granule cell layer. Immunoreactive fibres were
      found in all layers of the olfactory bulb. In addition, an impressive number of
      coiled and kinked immunoreactive fibres were localized within the anterior
      olfactory nucleus forming a dense plexus. Accumulations of twisted and coiled
      branches of immunoreactive fibres were rarely found either surrounding or within
      the olfactory glomerula. The characteristics of somatostatin-14 immunoreactive
      neurons as seen in the combined pigment-Nissl preparation were studied after
      decolourizing the chromogen and restaining the preparations with aldehydefuchsin
      in order to demonstrate the lipofuscin pigment and gallocyanin chrome alum for
      Nissl material. About 90% of the immunoreactive neurons studied in this manner
      turned out to be devoid of lipofuscin granules. The remaining 10% displayed
      different patterns of pigmentation. These findings suggest the presence of
      different types of somatostatin-14-like immunoreactive neurons in the olfactory
      bulb of the human adult.

PMID- 2906789
TI  - Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of horse class II MHC genes observed
      using various human alpha- and beta-chain cDNA probes.
AB  - Genomic DNA isolated from 20 horses was digested with up to six restriction
      endonucleases and subjected to southern blot hybridization analysis using various
      human class II alpha- and beta-chain cDNA probes. A high degree of restriction
      fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was found for the DQ alpha, DP beta, DQ beta
      and DR beta probes, about 20 polymorphic bands being detected for each. DR alpha
      showed 2-4 polymorphic bands, whereas no evidence for DP alpha-like genes was
      found. A number of correlations of RFLPs with individual alloantisera were
      apparent.

PMID- 2906790
TI  - Equine disease association studies: a clinician's perspective.
AB  - Diagnostic criteria should be carefully defined and described in disease
      association studies to allow (1) comparison among studies from different
      laboratories evaluating the same disease, (2) critical evaluation of selection
      procedures of patients, and (3) to strengthen genuine associations with any
      genetic marker system. Factors to consider include age at onset of disease,
      specialized diagnostic methods necessary to diagnose or eliminate patients with a
      selected disease, ranges of affectedness and differences in sex expression.

PMID- 2906791
TI  - Association of arytenoid chondritis with equine lymphocyte antigens but no
      association with laryngeal hemiplegia, umbilical hernias and cryptorchidism.
AB  - Associations were sought between ELA A1-A10 and W11 antigens and the presence of
      laryngeal hemiplegia, arytenoid chondritis, umbilical hernias and cryptorchidism
      in Thoroughbreds and/or Quarter Horses. No significant associations were detected
      between laryngeal hemiplegia and any ELA antigen in Thoroughbreds. The
      association between arytenoid chondritis and A9 was significant with a relative
      risk (RR) of 15.6 and aetiologic fraction (EF) of 0.80 in Thoroughbreds. There
      were apparent associations based on RR between A4 and A5 in Quarter Horses with
      umbilical hernias (RR = 7.5 and 6.1 respectively); however, these were not
      statistically significant. No significant associations were detected with
      cryptorchidism in Quarter Horses when the control population included both sexes.
      When only unaffected males were used as the control group, there was an apparent
      increase in relative risk with A6 (from RR = 1.7 to 4.3); however this was not
      statistically significant. Cryptorchidism in Thoroughbreds showed an increased
      relative risk with A5 regardless of whether the control population included males
      and females (RR = 4.1) or only males (RR = 4.7) but the increases were not
      statistically significant.

PMID- 2906792
TI  - [The concept of "genetic marker" (old wine in new wineskins)].

PMID- 2906793
TI  - Closure of a sternal defect with the rectus abdominis muscle after sacrifice of
      both internal mammary arteries.
AB  - Infections of the median sternotomy incision are relatively uncommon. Successful
      treatment of this serious complication consists of adequate surgical debridement
      and obliteration of mediastinal dead space using the pectoralis major muscle, or
      the rectus abdominis muscle or both. The recent use of internal mammary artery
      grafts has created a new problem in closure of defects involving the lower one
      third of the sternum. Under these circumstances the use of the rectus abdominis
      muscle is believed to be contraindicated. To date omental transposition remains
      the only alternative in therapy. A case of sternal dehiscence after coronary
      artery bypass surgery is described. Bilateral internal mammary artery grafts were
      used. A rectus abdominis flap based primarily on the eighth anterior intercostal
      perforator was transposed into the defect. The wound healed uneventfully after
      initial loss of a 3-cm portion of the skin graft. Success of this flap based on
      intercostal perforators is postulated to be secondary to a "delay" phenomenon
      related to prior division of the dominant blood supply.

PMID- 2906794
TI  - Purification and characterisation of glutamine synthetase from Nocardia
      corallina.
AB  - Glutamine synthetase (GS) (EC 6.3.1.2) has been purified 67-fold from Nocardia
      corallina. The apparent Mr of the GS subunit was approximately 56,000. Assuming
      the enzyme is a typical dodecamer this indicates a particle mass for the
      undissociated enzyme of 672,000. The GS is regulated by adenylylation and
      deadenylylation, and subject to feedback inhibition by alanine and glycine. The
      pH profiles assayed by the gamma-glutamyl transferase method were similar for
      NH+4-treated and untreated cell extracts and an isoactivity point was not
      obtained from these curves. GS activity was repressed by (NH4)2SO4 and glutamate.
      Cells grown in the presence of glutamine, alanine, proline and histidine had
      enhanced levels of GS activity. The GS of N. corallina cross-reacted with
      antisera prepared against GS from a Gram-negative Thiobacillus ferrooxidans
      strain but not with antisera raised against GS from a Gram-positive Clostridium
      acetobutylicum strain.

PMID- 2906795
TI  - [Fertility in surgically treated patients for bilateral undescended testes].

PMID- 2906796
TI  - Cytoprotective action of roxatidine acetate HCl.
AB  - The cytoprotective action of roxatidine acetate HCl (roxatidine) was
      investigated. We also studied the involvement of endogenous prostaglandins (PGs)
      in the cytoprotective action of roxatidine and the effect of roxatidine on SRS
      content in pleurisy induced by A23187. Simultaneously, these effects of
      roxatidine were compared with those of other histamine H2-receptor antagonists at
      the same anti-secretory activity level. Roxatidine prevented formation of the
      gastric mucosal lesions induced by abs. ethanol, 0.6 N HCl and 0.2 N NaOH, but it
      failed to prevent 30% NaCl-induced gastric mucosal lesions. Cimetidine,
      ranitidine and famotidine failed to prevent formation of the gastric mucosal
      lesions induced by necrotizing agents. The cytoprotective action of roxatidine
      was not abolished by pretreatment with indomethacin. Roxatidine did not greatly
      influence SRS production. Consequently, it appears that roxatidine has a
      cytoprotective action and that this action is not associated with endogenous PGs
      and SRS.

PMID- 2906797
TI  - Effect of ergolines on neurotransmitter systems in the rat brain.
AB  - The interaction of nicergoline with various monoaminergic receptors and its
      effects on monoamine turnover were studied in specific rat brain areas in
      comparison with those of its metabolites, 10-methoxy-1,6-dimethyl-ergoline-8 beta
      methanol (MMDL) and 10-methoxy-6-methyl-ergoline-8 beta-methanol (MDL).
      Nicergoline showed marked in vitro affinity for alpha 1-noradrenergic receptors
      (IC50 = 0.2 nM), less for alpha 2, S1 and S2 (IC50 about 10(-7) M). Its strong
      interaction with alpha 1-receptors was confirmed in vivo. The affinity of the
      other ergolines for alpha 1-receptors was lower than that of nicergoline. The
      level of monoamine metabolites (HVA and DOPAC for dopamine, MOPEG-SO4 for
      noradrenaline and 5-HIAA for serotonin) was taken as a measure of their turnover
      in the rat brain. A single dose of nicergoline (20 mg/kg, s.c.) strongly enhanced
      noradrenaline turnover, less that of dopamine. These effects, probably due to the
      interaction with alpha-receptors, were more marked after parenteral than oral
      administration. MMDL shared nicergoline's effect on dopamine and MDL that on
      noradrenaline, but they were less active than the parent compound. The most
      interesting results were obtained after chronic treatment (6-7 weeks) with rather
      low doses: 5 mg/kg b.i.d. of nicergoline and equimolar doses of the metabolites.
      Nicergoline and MMDL both enhanced dopamine turnover, especially in mesolimbic
      areas. In conclusion, the present report confirms and extends previous results on
      nicergoline's effects on catecholamine turnover and shows that its metabolite
      MMDL shares its effects on dopamine. Finally, it is particularly interesting that
      both ergolines were more effective in old than in young rats.

PMID- 2906798
TI  - Potentiation of dopamine receptor-mediated responses by B-HT 920 in mice.
AB  - The effect of B-HT 920, an alpha 2-agonist, on postsynaptic dopamine receptor
      mediated stereotypic behaviour, was studied in mice. Apomorphine produced typical
      stereotypic responses in mice such as sniffing, rearing, biting, licking and
      grooming. B-HT 920, when given alone, produced mild stereotypy. Pretreatment with
      B-HT 920 significantly potentiated the stereotypic behaviour of apomorphine. The
      specific alpha 2-blockers, idazoxan and yohimbine, failed to block the
      potentiating effect of B-HT 920. The specific D2-receptor blockers haloperidol
      and molindone, completely blocked the stereotypic responses due to B-HT 920 and
      apomorphine. On reserpinization of animals there was a 5-fold increase in
      stereotypy induced by the combination of apomorphine and B-HT 920. B-HT 920 also
      potentiated amphetamine-induced locomotor responses in mice in a haloperidol
      sensitive way. These data imply an interaction of B-HT 920 with postsynaptic
      dopamine receptors.

PMID- 2906799
TI  - [Disorders of neurohumoral regulatory mechanisms in sudden cardiac death].
AB  - Trophic function of nervous system (NS) can be now defined as NS capacity for
      regulating metabolism at the level specific for age and performance status. It is
      also believed that NS can regulate relevant tissue differentiation employing a
      combined action of the afferent and efferent NS parts and mediators thereof. The
      conceptions of cardiac and vascular neurotropism have been recently enriched with
      evidence gained on quantitative histochemistry of adrenergic and cholinergic
      plexuses. Normal process of early cardiac desympathization occurs as a rule at
      the age of 35-60. Specific changes in different parts of autonomic nervous system
      and adrenal glands proceding sudden cardiac death are elicited. These presented
      with focal myocardial desympathetization, that of coronary vessels and conducting
      system which may produce zones of hypersensitivity to catecholamines prone to
      destabilization of cardiac function.

PMID- 2906800
TI  - [The development of biological concepts of depression].

PMID- 2906801
TI  - Changes in activities of some ammonia-metabolizing enzymes in the rat liver and
      the brain after chronic ethanol administration.
AB  - The changes in the activities of ammonia-metabolizing enzymes in liver and brain
      after ethanol intoxication has been investigated in rats. After administration of
      ethanol 30% (w/v) 6g kg-1 for 4 weeks we found an increase in liver glutamate
      dehydrogenase and glutaminase activity. In brain tissue the glutaminase activity
      was significantly higher and glutamate dehydrogenase was significantly lower.
      Glutamine synthetase activity in liver and brain was practically unchanged. The
      reasons for these changes in the activities of some ammonia-metabolizing enzymes
      in liver and brain after ethanol ingestion have been discussed.

PMID- 2906802
TI  - Amino acid neurotransmitters and their receptors in the brain synaptosomes of
      acute hepatic failure rats.
AB  - Ammonia contents in the brain stem and prosencephalon markedly increased in a rat
      model of acute hepatic failure induced by partial hepatectomy following CCl4
      intoxication. In hepatic failure rats, synaptosomal glutamic acid (excitatory
      amino acid neurotransmitter) contents decreased significantly in the
      prosencephalon, and GABA (inhibitory amino acid neurotransmitter) contents
      decreased significantly in the brain stem. The molar ratio of glutamic acid to
      glutamine significantly diminished in the brain stem. Glutamic acid decarboxylase
      activity in the synaptosomes and the binding of [3H]glutamic acid and [3H]GABA to
      synaptosomal membrane preparations were unchanged in acute hepatic failure rats.
      These results indicate than an insufficiency of both excitatory and inhibitory
      neurotransmitter amino acids is induced by high ammonia contents in the
      synaptosomes of the brain stem during acute hepatic failure.

PMID- 2906803
TI  - Infrared spectroscopic analysis of salt bridge formation between cytochrome b5
      and cytochrome c.
AB  - The infrared spectrum of a solution of a protein contains bands due to both the
      peptide backbone and the amino acid side chains. Generally, the bands due to the
      peptide backbone, between 1700 and 1600 cm-1, are analyzed to determine the
      secondary structure of the protein; the bands due to the amino acid side chains,
      between 1600 and 1500 cm-1, are largely ignored. When cytochrome b5 is mixed with
      cytochrome c, under conditions that favor ionic complex formation, changes are
      seen in protein secondary structure and also in a band at 1562 cm-1. The band at
      1562 cm-1 is due to the side-chain carboxyl of Glu residues, rather than those of
      Asp residues that show a band at 1585 cm-1, and the changes in the band at 1562
      cm-1 indicate that when the two proteins interact, three ionized carboxyl groups
      of Glu become involved in salt bridge formation. This result is identical with
      that obtained by previous theoretical studies and suggests that infrared
      spectroscopy may be a rapid and quantitative method for the study of ionic
      interactions between proteins.

PMID- 2906804
TI  - Fate of nucleotides bound to reconstituted Fo-F1 during adenosine 5'-triphosphate
      synthesis activation or hydrolysis: role of protein inhibitor and hysteretic
      inhibition.
AB  - The protein ATPase inhibitor entraps about five nucleotides in pig heart
      mitochondrial F1, one at least being a triphosphate [Di Pietro, A., Penin, F.,
      Julliard, J.H., Godinot, C., & Gautheron, D.C. (1988) Biochem. Biophys. Res.
      Commun. 152, 1319-1325]. The fate of these nucleotides was studied during ATP
      synthesis driven by NADH oxidation in reconstituted inverted submitochondrial
      particles. Iodinated F1, containing 0.7 mol of endogenous nucleotides/mol, was
      first loaded with tritiated adenine nucleotides in the presence or absence of the
      protein inhibitor and then reassociated with F1-depleted submitochondrial
      particles (ASU particles) to reconstitute an efficient NADH-driven ATP synthesis.
      In the absence of the protein inhibitor, 1.7 mol of labeled nucleotides remained
      bound per mole of reassociated F1, 0.8-0.9 mol being rapidly exchangeable against
      medium ADP or ATP, as measured after rapid filtration through nitrocellulose
      filters. In the presence of the protein inhibitor, as many as 3.25 mol of labeled
      nucleotides remained bound per mole of reassociated F1. Under hydrolysis
      conditions where ATPase activity was highly inhibited, no release of tritiated
      nucleotide occurred. In contrast, under ATP synthesis conditions where the
      protonmotive force was generated by NADH oxidation, the progressive reversal of
      inhibition by the protein inhibitor was correlated to a concomitant release of
      tritiated nucleotide. When ATP synthesis became fully active, about one
      nucleotide was completely exchanged whereas more than three nucleotides remained
      tightly bound and did not appear to be directly involved in ATP
      synthesis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2906805
TI  - Dihydrofolate synthetase and folylpolyglutamate synthetase: direct evidence for
      intervention of acyl phosphate intermediates.
AB  - The transfer of 17O and/or 18O from (COOH-17O or -18O) enriched substrates to
      inorganic phosphate (Pi) has been demonstrated for two enzyme-catalyzed reactions
      involved in folate biosynthesis and glutamylation. COOH-18O-labeled folate,
      methotrexate, and dihydropteroate, in addition to [17O]-glutamate, were
      synthesized and used as substrates for folylpolyglutamate synthetase (FPGS)
      isolated from Escherichia coli, hog liver, and rat liver and for dihydrofolate
      synthetase (DHFS) isolated from E. coli. Pi was purified from the reaction
      mixtures and converted to trimethyl phosphate (TMP), which was then analyzed for
      17O and 18O enrichment by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and/or
      mass spectroscopy. In the reactions catalyzed by the E. coli enzymes, both NMR
      and quantitative mass spectral analyses established that transfer of the oxygen
      isotope from the substrate 18O-enriched carboxyl group to Pi occurred, thereby
      providing strong evidence for an acyl phosphate intermediate in both the FPGS-
      and DHFS-catalyzed reactions. Similar oxygen-transfer experiments were carried
      out by use of two mammalian enzymes. The small amounts of Pi obtained from
      reactions catalyzed by these less abundant FPGS proteins precluded the use of NMR
      techniques. However, mass spectral analysis of the TMP derived from the mammalian
      FPGS-catalyzed reactions showed clearly that 18O transfer had occurred.

PMID- 2906806
TI  - [Interaction of acetyl-CoA-carboxylase from the rat liver with alkylating amides
      of ATP and ADP].
AB  - The interaction of 4-(N-chloroethyl-N-methylamino)-benzyl-gamma-amide ATP (I) and
      the corresponding beta-amide of ADP (II) with rat liver acetyl-CoA carboxylase
      was studied. Both analogs were shown to cause affinity modification of the
      enzyme. ATP and GoAS Ac protected the enzyme against inactivation. HCO3-
      increased the rate of carboxylase inactivation by analogs I and II (2.5- and 1.5
      fold, respectively). The alkylating amides did not influence the rate of the
      bicarbonate-dependent [14C]-ADP-ATP exchange and inhibited the enzyme-catalyzed
      reaction of [14C]-CoAs Ac----CoAS Mal exchange, which testifies to the
      localization of the modified group in the CoAS Ac-binding site of the enzyme
      active center. Based on the affinity modification and analog size, it was found
      that the distance between the ATP- and CoAS Ac-binding sites of the enzyme active
      center can vary from 0.8 to 1.2 nm.

PMID- 2906807
TI  - Neuroleptic malignant syndrome.

PMID- 2906808
TI  - State-dependent movement disorder.

PMID- 2906809
TI  - Analysis of municipal refuse incinerator ashes for asbestos.

PMID- 2906810
TI  - Catecholaminergic innervation of the spinal cord in the North American opossum,
      Didelphis virginiana.
AB  - Axons presumed to contain catecholamines were visualized in the spinal cord of
      the spinal cord of the North American opossum using antibodies to tyrosine
      hydroxylase (TH) by an indirect antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP)
      technique. Axons showing TH-like immunoreactivity (TH-IR) coursed primarily in
      the dorsal part of the lateral funiculus, although they were also present more
      ventrally. An occasional TH-IR axon was seen in the dorsal funiculus. Within the
      gray matter, TH-IR axons were distributed most densely within the
      intermediolateral cell column (ILC). Such axons were more numerous in the
      presumptive sacral parasympathetic nucleus than within the adjacent gray matter,
      but their density was less than that within the ILC. Many TH-IR axons were also
      found within laminae I-V and X, but the density of innervation in the ventral
      horn was relatively low. The brainstem origin of TH-IR axons in the spinal cord
      was studied using a combination of the retrograde transport of fluorescent dyes
      and immunofluorescence as well as the retrograde transport of horseradish
      peroxidase and PAP immunohistochemistry. The injections of retrograde markers
      were made at either cervical, thoracic or lumbar spinal levels. With both
      techniques, spinally projecting TH-IR neurons were located within the nucleus
      periventricularis hypothalami, the nucleus paraventricularis hypothalami
      dorsalis, the area hypothalamica posterior, the ventral part of the nucleus
      coeruleus, the nucleus coeruleus pars alpha, the lateral part of the nucleus
      reticularis pontis, and several nuclei of the ventrolateral medulla. Few or no
      cells within the parabrachial area, the region of the Kolliker-Fuse nucleus or
      the area adjacent to the superior olivary complex (the location of the A5 group
      of rats) provided TH-IR projections to the spinal cord. Our results suggest that
      catecholaminergic projections to the spinal cord of the marsupial opossum are
      similar in termination and origin to those described for rats and other placental
      mammals, but differences do exist.

PMID- 2906811
TI  - Genetic mapping and analysis of somatostatin expression in Snell dwarf mice.
AB  - Mice homozygous for the gene dwarf (dw) have elevated levels of somatostatin (SS)
      in extra-hypothalamic brain regions. By in situ hybridization, increased levels
      of SS mRNA were observed in regions shown previously to contain higher levels of
      the SS peptide. Thus, the rate of transcription and/or the stability of SS mRNA
      are affected by the dw mutation. Since both dw and the gene encoding SS, Smst,
      are located on mouse chromosome 16, two backcrosses segregating dw and Smst were
      used to determine whether dw is an allele of Smst. In one backcross, an inbred
      strain derived from the subspecies Mus musculus molossinus was used to provide a
      high degree of DNA sequence polymorphism. The gene order and map distances
      determined on this backcross were: (centromere) - Prm-1 - 7 - Igl-1 - 3 - Smst -
      29 - dw - 15 - Sod-1 - 4 - Ets-2, demonstrating clearly that Smst and dw are
      distinct genes. Additional evidence against a primary role for SS excess in the
      pathogenesis of dw/dw mice was obtained by injecting normal newborn mice with a
      potent SS analog (cyclo II). In contrast to the pattern of cell loss observed in
      the dwarf anterior pituitary, the pituitaries of injected mice were
      indistinguishable from normal controls, further suggesting that the Smst locus is
      not the primary site of dw gene action.

PMID- 2906812
TI  - The blockage of ponto-geniculo-occipital waves in the cat lateral geniculate
      nucleus by nicotinic antagonists.
AB  - The cholinergic mechanism underlying the genesis of ponto-geniculo-occipital
      (PGO) waves recorded from the lateral geniculate (LG) nucleus was studied in
      reserpinized cats under urethane anesthesia. PGO field potentials and their
      related unit activities occurred spontaneously or were triggered by stimulation
      of the brainstem peribrachial (PB) area. It was found that PGO-related unit
      activities were strongly depressed by systemic or iontophoretic applications of
      nicotinic antagonists such as mecamylamine or hexamethonium but remained intact
      after similar applications of scopolamine. These results suggest that the genesis
      of thalamic PGO waves involves a nicotinic activation of relay neurons by PB
      cholinergic afferents.

PMID- 2906813
TI  - Microbiological and virological analysis of water from two water filtration
      plants and their distribution systems.
AB  - The microbial flora of the water produced by two water filtration plants and
      their drinking water distribution system were evaluated: the Pont-Viau (PV) and
      the Repentigny (RE) water filtration plants. Untreated water entering the plants
      contained 3.6 (PV) and 16.8 most probable number of infectious units (mpniu)/L
      (RE) enteric viruses and total coliform bacteria counts were 300,000 (PV) and
      500,000 cfu/L (RE). Treated water leaving the plant was essentially free of all
      the bacterial indicators measured (total, stressed, and fecal coliforms;
      Aeromonas hydrophila; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Clostridium perfringens;
      enterococci) as well as of human enteric viruses. Heterotrophic plate counts at
      20 and 35 degrees C were low in the freshly treated water leaving the plants, but
      bacterial regrowth was observed in both distribution systems at all sampling
      sites. Average counts for the heterotrophic plate count (20 degrees C) were
      between 10(6) and 10(7) cfu/L and counts were clearly increased with the distance
      from the plant. The most numerous bacterial genera encountered were Bacillus,
      Flavobacterium, and Pseudomonas (nonaeruginosa).

PMID- 2906815
TI  - Clinical pharmacology of aggressive behavior.

PMID- 2906816
TI  - [Evaluation of the effects of acute loading changes on mitral insufficiency in
      patients with mitral valve prolapse. A color Doppler echocardiographic study].

PMID- 2906817
TI  - Elevated levels of histamine metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid of aging, healthy
      humans.
AB  - The metabolites of histamine, tele-methylhistamine (t-MH) and tele
      methylimidazoleacetic acid (t-MIAA), were measured in lumbar cerebrospinal fluid
      of healthy, normal volunteers aged 20-31 (n = 4) and 60-72 (n = 8) by gas
      chromatography-mass spectrometry. Mean levels (pmol/ml) of t-MH, t-MIAA and the
      sum of t-MH and t-MIAA (2.9, 6.4 and 9.4, respectively) were significantly higher
      in CSF from older subjects than from younger subjects (1.1, 4.5 and 5.5,
      respectively). Another older subject had yet higher levels of metabolites (6.7,
      15.1 and 21.8, respectively). The sum of the levels of the known metabolites of
      histamine in brain, i.e. t-MH and t-MIAA, did not overlap between the younger and
      older subjects. The levels of pros-methylimidazoleacetic acid, an endogenous
      isomer of t-MIAA that is not derived from metabolism of histamine, did not differ
      significantly between the two groups. These findings contrast with results of
      similar studies of metabolites of other aminergic transmitters in showing
      elevated levels of metabolites of histamine in cerebrospinal fluid with
      increasing age.

PMID- 2906814
TI  - Pertussis: the disease and new diagnostic methods.
AB  - Bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of whooping cough, produces an acute
      and chronic respiratory infection in infants and young children. B. pertussis is
      still a major health problem of young children throughout the world even though
      effective immunization against whooping cough is available. While predominantly a
      childhood disease, it has been reported also to be a cause of persistent cough in
      adults. This review discusses the numerous bacterial virulence factors that may
      play roles in the pathogenesis of pertussis and in immunity to infection. The
      present problems with pertussis diagnosis, recent advances, and future prospects
      for new and improved rapid diagnostics tests also are explored.

PMID- 2906818
TI  - Relationship between urotensin II- and somatostatin-immunoreactive spinal cord
      neurons of Catostomus commersoni and Oncorhynchus kisutch (Teleostei).
AB  - This immunocytochemical study describes the presence of separate immunoreactive
      (IR)-urotensin II (UII) and IR-somatostatin (SOM) systems in the spinal cord of
      two species of teleost fish. Both systems are arranged in a close spatial
      interrelationship in which IR-SOM fibres apparently innervate cerebrospinal fluid
      (CSF)-contacting IR-UII neurons. Specimens of Oncorhynchus kisutch also display
      CSF-contacting IR-SOM neurons located in the lateral ependymal walls of the
      central canal, in addition to CSF-contacting IR-UII neurons located ventrally. It
      is suggested that, in this species, CSF-contacting IR-SOM and IR-UII neurons
      perceive different stimuli from the CSF and are integrated in such a way that one
      peptidergic system may modulate the function of the other.

PMID- 2906819
TI  - The development of GABA-like immunoreactivity in the thoracic ganglia of the
      locust Schistocerca gregaria.
AB  - The development of GABA-like immunoreactivity was investigated in embryonic and
      juvenile locusts using an antibody raised against GABA-protein conjugates. GABA
      like immunoreactivity was first detectable in the neuropile of embryonic ganglia
      at 55% development, and in neuronal somata at 62% development. The total number
      of immunoreactive somata increased between 62% and 85% embryonic development, and
      followed an anterio-posterior pattern of expression. At 85% development, the
      number of immunoreactive somata reached adult levels and no change in number was
      then seen. In embryonic stages and first and second juvenile instars two dorsal
      and four ventral groups of somata were labeled in all three thoracic ganglia,
      whilst in later juvenile instars one of the dorsal groups was visible as a
      separate entity only in the metathoracic ganglion. These early patterns were
      modified by alterations in the positions of some of the groups during late
      embryogenesis and during juvenile development to produce the adult pattern. The
      results show that the development of GABA expression is similar to that of other
      neurotransmitters. The characteristics of the development of immunoreactivity
      indicate that some of these immunoreactive clusters may be derived from clonally
      related neurones. Finally, we demonstrate the presence of immunoreactive somata
      and processes in embryos, which correspond to those of identified local and
      intersegmental interneurones studied in the adult.

PMID- 2906820
TI  - Developmental changes of neuropeptides and amino acids in baboon cortex.
AB  - The pattern of developmental changes in concentrations of substance P,
      somatostatin and neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity and amino acids was studied in
      baboon cortex. Samples of occipital or frontal neocortex were obtained from
      preterm (100-105 days gestation), near-term (170-176 days gestation), and young
      adult animals. Substance P concentrations were low at preterm, highest at near
      term, and then declined to adult levels. Neuropeptide Y and somatostatin
      immunoreactivity increased steadily across the three age groups. Concentrations
      of aspartate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) also increased progressively from
      preterm to adulthood, whereas glutamate concentrations showed small increases
      that were not statistically significant. Concentrations of taurine and alanine
      were highest preterm and declined progressively to adulthood. Levels of
      neuropeptides and amino acids show distinct patterns of change during development
      of neocortex in the baboon.

PMID- 2906821
TI  - Diagnostic efficiency in discriminating liver malignancies from cirrhosis by
      serum gamma-glutamyltransferase isoforms.
AB  - Total GGT and GGT complexed with low-density-lipoprotein plus very low-density
      lipoprotein (LDL + VLDL) have been evaluated in sera from 53 healthy subjects, 23
      patients with chronic hepatitis, 87 with liver cirrhosis and 50 with liver tumors
      (primary and metastatic). A cut-off of 20 U/l of GGT complexed with LDL + VLDL
      results in a diagnostic sensitivity of 84% for liver tumor patients, and a
      diagnostic specificity of about 80% towards the two groups of patients affected
      by cirrhosis or chronic hepatitis. This test, because of its high diagnostic
      efficiency, is a useful addition to the battery of laboratory tests that serve to
      discriminate cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis from liver malignancies.

PMID- 2906822
TI  - Dipeptidyl peptidase III and alanyl aminopeptidase in the human seminal plasma:
      origin and biochemical properties.
AB  - Human seminal plasma contained two distinct enzyme activities hydrolysing
      ArgArgNA. The enzymes were separated by anion exchange chromatography and further
      purified by gel filtration and/or hydrophobic interaction chromatography. The
      enzyme eluting at the lower NaCl concentration (0.26 mol/l) displayed an optimum
      at pH 5.7-6.0 (enzyme A), while the other enzyme eluted at 0.32 mol/l NaCl and
      showed an optimum at pH 8.5-9.0 (enzyme B). Enzyme A was found to coelute with an
      aminopeptidase which hydrolysed various amino acid derivatives as well as
      dipeptide naphthylamides sequentially. Both enzymes were sensitive to heavy metal
      ions (Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb) and chelating agents (EDTA, o-phenanthroline) and
      moderately sensitive to di-isopropylfluorophosphonate (DFP) or
      phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride (PMSF). After EDTA suppression both activities were
      partially reactivated by divalent metal ions, particularly by Co2+. Enzyme A was
      highly sensitive to amastatin, bestatin and puromycin, while enzyme B was not
      markedly influenced. With different substrates the modifier characteristics of
      enzyme A were equal. High concentrations of some substrates suppressed the
      hydrolysis rates of both enzymes. Enzyme B was much more sensitive to the thermal
      treatment than enzyme A. Tentative molecular masses of 110 kD and 80 kD were
      obtained for enzymes A and B, respectively. Enzyme B was found in all male
      reproductive tissues (testis, epididymis, vas deferens, ampulla, seminal
      vesicles, prostate), while enzyme A was only detected in the prostatic
      homogenate. Thus, ArgArgNA in the human seminal plasma is hydrolysed by
      dipeptidyl peptidase III, which may originate from different reproductive organs,
      while the prostate is responsible for the secretion of an aminopeptidase with a
      wide substrate spectrum including dipeptidyl derivatives.

PMID- 2906823
TI  - Infantile autism, fragile (X) (q27.3) and RFLP analysis in an extended Swedish
      family.
AB  - In an extended family with eight individuals with infantile autism, in
      association with other developmental disorders and fragile (X) (q27.3), DNA
      techniques were used to investigate linkage between X chromosomal probes and the
      disorder. F9 was not informative and recombination was found between fragile X
      and DXS15, DXS51 and DXS52.

PMID- 2906824
TI  - Further evidence for an association between the XbaI polymorphism at the
      apolipoprotein B locus and lipoprotein level.
AB  - Subjects with non-familial hypercholesterolemia who were homozygous for absence
      of an XbaI restriction site in the apolipoprotein B gene (genotype X2X2) had
      significantly lower values of apolipoprotein B than those possessing the site.
      Our data are in agreement with those of Berg (1986) and Law et al. (1986)
      indicating that X2X2 homozygotes have lower levels of apolipoprotein B, total
      serum cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL cholesterol. The mechanism underlying
      this effect is unknown, but could reflect different LDL metabolism between
      subjects with different genotypes.

PMID- 2906825
TI  - The Retzius cells in the leech: a review of their properties and synaptic
      connections.
AB  - 1. The Retzius cells (RCs) project an axonal branch in each anterior, posterior
      and dorsal segmental root. 2. RCs are the only serotonin-containing neurons
      projecting to the periphery. 3. RCs are activated by mechano-sensory neurons, by
      serotonin-containing neurons and by two pairs of subesophageal neurons, Tr 1 and
      Tr 2. 4. RCs also receive an excitatory and an inhibitory input from sensilla. 5.
      These inputs could form two systems, one converging onto RCs of each ganglion and
      one distributing to other ganglia after processing by RCs. 6. RCs play a role in
      muscle tension, in mucous release and in swimming activity.

PMID- 2906826
TI  - Environmental stressors during space flight: potential effects on body
      temperature.
AB  - 1. Organisms may be affected by many environmental factors during space flight,
      e.g., acceleration, weightlessness, decreased pressure, changes in oxygen
      tension, radiofrequency radiation and vibration. 2. Previous studies of change in
      body temperature--one response to these environmental factors--are reviewed. 3.
      Conditions leading to heat stress and hypothermia are discussed.

PMID- 2906827
TI  - Heart rates in the captive, free-ranging beaver.
AB  - 1. Heart rates of beaver (Castor canadensis) under free-ranging captive
      conditions for active behaviors and resting in water (approximately 121
      beats/min) were significantly (P less than 0.01) higher than for resting on land
      (100 beats/min). 2. Although no transient recovery tachycardia was evident in
      swimming heart rates following diving, average swimming heart rates were higher
      (127 beats/min) after diving than after other precursor behaviors (123
      beats/min). 3. Beaver exhibited bradycardia when sleeping (75 beats/min), diving
      (61 beats/min), and when threatened on land (57 beats/min). 4. The respiratory
      sinus arrhythmia indicated a respiratory rate of 15 breaths/min. 5. Cold
      temperatures (approximately 0 degree C) elicited higher heart rates than did
      warmer temperatures (approximately 20 degrees C) in active, non-diving behaviors
      (P less than 0.05).

PMID- 2906828
TI  - Renal excretion of urea in a small east African antelope, the dik-dik
      (Rhynchotragus kirkii).
AB  - 1. A study on the renal handling of urea by the dik-dik antelope (Rhynchotragus
      kirkii) was conducted. 2. Plasma and urine samples were analysed for osmolality,
      urea and creatinine concentrations during dehydration and intra-ruminal loading
      of potassium and sodium solutions. 3. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of the
      dik-dik was found to be 182.6 +/- 11.7 ml/min/100 kg body mass. 4. Dehydration
      was observed to increase tubular urea reabsorption and increase plasma and urine
      osmolalities, but had no effect on the amount of urea filtered at the glomerulus.
      5. Potassium loading increased both GFR and urine flow rate.

PMID- 2906829
TI  - Presence and significance of lithium in the brown shrimp, Crangon crangon (L.).
AB  - 1. In female (non-ovigerous and ovigerous) brown shrimps, Crangon crangon, whole
      animal lithium levels are about 20% higher than in males, which indicates that
      lithium has a special function in the female reproductive system. 2. Decreasing
      lithium levels in larger males suggest that with males a substantial part of the
      lithium present may be passively absorbed to the exoskeleton. 3. At low
      temperatures internal lithium concentrations are strongly increased. In response
      to external salinity the internal lithium concentrations show a typical
      regulation pattern. The effects of temperature and salinity clarify that lithium
      must be involved in metabolic processes. 4. Apart from a special function in the
      reproductive system, lithium can probably replace other ions in their function,
      e.g. in regulating the activity of enzymatic processes.

PMID- 2906830
TI  - Heat production in growing pigs calculated according to the RQ and CN methods.
AB  - 1. Heat production, calculated according to the respiratory quotient methods,
      HE(RQ), and the carbon nitrogen balance method, HE(CN), was compared using the
      results from a total of 326 balance trials with 56 castrated male pigs fed
      different dietary composition and variable feed levels during the live wt range
      20-120 kg. 2. HE(RQ) was generally higher than HE(CN). 3. HE(RQ) depended on feed
      composition and feed level and, consequently, on the synthesis and deposition of
      depot fat. For RQ-values above 1, HE(RQ) was overestimated. 4. HE(CN) was
      generally underestimated, because N- and C-balances in general were overestimated
      due to losses in excreta. 5. The difference between HE(RQ) and HE(CN) was not
      constant. It was smallest when fat synthesis and fat deposition were low (2-3.5%)
      and greatest when fat synthesis and fat deposition were high (7-9%). The presence
      of dietary fatty acids may affect the difference. 6. In pigs receiving a cereal
      based diet, HE(RQ) may be expected to give 3-4% higher values than HE(CN), but in
      case easily available carbohydrates (glucose, sucrose) or high-fibre diets are
      provided, the differences may be larger. 7. Both methods were carried out with
      similar accuracy and precision. The results indicated that both methods are
      equally reliable.

PMID- 2906831
TI  - Temperature-mediated processes in teleost immunity: homeoviscous adaptation by
      channel catfish peripheral blood cells.
AB  - 1. Channel catfish peripheral blood erythrocyte, thrombocyte, T cell and B cell
      membranes were assayed by fluorescence depolarization using the fluorescent probe
      1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5 hexatriene (DPH) to determine the effects of in vivo
      temperature acclimation on membrane viscosity and the kinetics of homeoviscous
      adaptation. 2. Erythrocyte membranes did not undergo homeoviscous adaptation
      during the 8 week time period studied and were more rigid compared with those of
      the other cell types. 3. The kinetics of homeoviscous adaptation exhibited by
      membranes from T cells, B cells and thrombocytes differed: B cells required 1-3
      weeks while T cells and thrombocytes each required 3-5 weeks. Membranes from T
      cells, B cells and thrombocytes from fish acclimated for relatively short times
      (less than or equal to 3 weeks) exhibited similar membrane fluidities. 4. T cells
      from channel catfish appeared not only to be sensitive to temperature but also to
      a factor(s) independent of temperature but correlated to long term in vivo
      acclimation, i.e. T cell membranes underwent additional decreases in membrane
      viscosity between 3 and 5 weeks. 5. In conclusion, it appears that low
      temperature-mediated immunosuppression of T cell functions in channel catfish is
      probably not due to an inherent non-adaptability or rigid nature of the T cell
      membranes.

PMID- 2906832
TI  - Glucose turnover and defense of blood glucose levels in Arctic fox (Alopex
      lagopus).
AB  - 1. Glucose utilization was assessed in fed and fasted arctic fox, maintained on a
      diet similar in composition to food available in the wild. 2. Fasted (24 hr)
      glucose concentration was not significantly different from the fed level (134
      mg/dl). 3. Fasting was associated with a significant reduction in glucose space,
      pool size, total entry rate, and irreversible loss which suggests a decline in
      gluconeogenesis. 4. Glucose recycling was not significantly different between the
      fed and fasted states. 5. We suggest that, in the arctic fox, the mechanism for
      defending blood glucose levels during fasting is based on restricting blood
      glucose to tissues with a high glucose dependency.

PMID- 2906833
TI  - Tannins and digestibility in the steenbok (Raphicerus campestris).
AB  - 1. The influence of tannins on the digestion of a small ruminant was
      investigated. 2. A 1% tannic acid diet was compared with a normal diet. 3. The
      digestion of protein decreased by 7.04%, fibre by 9.77% and energy utilization
      decreased by 7.94%. 4. Tannic acid has a marked depressing effect on the
      digestibility of the steenbok.

PMID- 2906834
TI  - Effects of short-term changes in electrolyte intake on the adrenal steroidogenic
      responses of juvenile mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos).
AB  - 1. Adjusting the Na+ and K+ intake of juvenile mallard ducks caused the plasma
      concentrations of corticosterone (B) and aldosterone (Aldo) to increase
      independently of one another, but none of these changes in electrolyte intake had
      a significant effect on the deoxycorticosterone (DOC) concentration. 2. With the
      exception of DOC in birds consuming the control diet, the plasma concentration of
      each hormone, regardless of diet, increased significantly following exposure to
      stress. 3. Stress-induced increases in Aldo concentration were greatest in birds
      given diets containing low concentrations of Na+. 4. Unlike the mammal and some
      other species of birds, Na+ may be the primary secretagogue responsible for the
      regulation of both corticosterone and aldosterone synthesis in the mallard duck.

PMID- 2906835
TI  - Pineal melatonin content in photoperiodically responsive and non-responsive
      phenotypes of deer mice.
AB  - 1. The pineal melatonin content of photoperiod responsive and photoperiod non
      responsive male deer mice was assessed. 2. Pineal melatonin content did not
      differ between short-day mice with regressed testes or those that maintained
      their reproductive systems. 3. These data suggest that differential phasing of
      melatonin release or post-pineal mechanisms are responsible for the differential
      responsiveness to day length among deer mice.

PMID- 2906836
TI  - Properties of synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction of the squid,
      Loligo opalescens.
AB  - 1. Spontaneous and evoked synaptic activity were recorded from the muscles of
      squid fin and mantle. These spontaneous synaptic potentials were large (up to 30
      mV) and pleomorphic. Their amplitudes were not normally distributed, nor did they
      appear to be clustered in integral multiples of some "unit" event size. 2.
      Electrical stimulation of the nerve resulted in muscle twitches when the bath
      calcium concentration was a third normal or higher. The frequency of spontaneous
      synaptic events was unaffected by low calcium. 3. The large size of spontaneous
      events may mean that the synchronized release of only a few such "quanta" are
      sufficient to cause muscle action potentials and contraction. 4. The shapes of
      spontaneous events correlated poorly with their amplitudes, which is consistent
      with release from multiple synaptic sites with distinct properties.

PMID- 2906837
TI  - Presence of pepsinogens immunoreactive to anti-embryonic chicken pepsinogen
      antiserum in fish stomachs: possible ancestor molecules of chymosin of higher
      vertebrates.
AB  - 1. Stomachs of adult teleosts and elasmobranchs reacted to an anti-embryonic
      chicken pepsinogen antiserum (anti-ECPg) as well as to an anti-adult chicken
      pepsinogen antiserum (anti-ACPg). 2. Zymograms and immunoblots of stomach
      extracts revealed that anti-ECPg- and anti-ACPg-reactive substances possess
      peptic activity. 3. The possible relationship between anti-ECPg-reactive
      pepsinogens in fish and prochymosins in higher vertebrates is discussed.

PMID- 2906838
TI  - Mechanosensory interneurons (MSIs) in the crayfish 6th abdominal ganglion are
      inhibited by activation of other MSIs.
AB  - 1. Identified mechanosensory interneurons (MSIs) in the 6th abdominal ganglion of
      the crayfish Procambarus clarkii have been shown to inhibit other projecting
      MSIs. 2. Interneurons sensitive to water-current stimulation of the tailfan, and
      which inhibited the tactile response of other MSIs when activated by depolarizing
      currents, were identified by iontophoresis of fluorescent dye. 3. Ten inhibitory
      interneurons have been identified, including both non-adapting, directional cells
      and phasic "touch" cells. 4. Inhibition triggered by activation of the identified
      cells was not widespread among fibers in the connectives. 5. Inhibition recorded
      intracellularly was mediated by compound inhibitory postsynaptic potentials of
      long duration (300-400 msec) and latencies of 13-15 msec, and therefore was
      apparently polysynaptic. 6. Depolarization and/or activity in MSIs, which
      modulates the stimulus response characteristics of related cells is a possible
      mechanism for contrast enhancement among directional or frequency-selective
      interneurons.

PMID- 2906839
TI  - Neuroendocrine changes produced by competition stress on the Thoroughbred race
      horse.
AB  - 1. Packed cell volume (PCV) and plasma catecholamines, cortisol and glucose were
      determined in blood samples obtained from race horses, after competition. 2. All
      these parameters were higher than basals but catecholamines increased 6-7 times
      while cortisol was enhanced only by 25%. 3. The increase of glucose and PCV was
      related to the rise of catecholamines. 4. In samples withdrawn after overnight
      stress caused by change of horseshoes, it was not possible to find values from
      basal values significantly different. 5. Influence of nervous temperament was
      observed only in the higher hematocrit found in basal conditions, particularly in
      females.

PMID- 2906840
TI  - Dynamics of FMRFamide immunoreactivity in response to physiologically active
      substances in the central nervous system of the snail, Achatina fulica.
AB  - 1. The changes in FMRFamide (Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2) immunoreactivity in response to
      incubation in dopamine, serotonin, met-enkephalin, oxytocin, arg-vasopressin and
      FMRFamide were examined in the central nervous system of the snail, Achatina
      fulica. 2. When the central nervous system was cultured in medium which contained
      dopamine and in medium which contained serotonin, the number of immunoreactive
      neurons increased in the anterior part of the cerebral ganglion and decreased in
      the sub-esophageal ganglion. 3. When arg-vasopressin was added to the culture
      medium, the number of immunoreactive neurons increased in the pedal ganglion and
      decreased in the other sub-esophageal ganglion. 4. By contrast, when the central
      nervous system was cultured in medium which contained oxytocin, the number of
      immunoreactive neurons did not increase, but rather decreased, in each ganglion.
      5. No changes in immunoreactivity were detected in the central nervous system
      when it was cultured in medium which contained FMRFamide. 6. It appears, from
      these results, that the production and release of FMRFamide from different
      neurons are differentially affected by the physiologically active substances
      tested.

PMID- 2906841
TI  - Coexistence of FMRFamide, met-enkephalin and serotonin in molluscan neurons.
AB  - 1. Coexistence of FMRFamide, met-enkephalin and serotonin immunoreactivities was
      examined in Achatina fulica and Aplysia kurodai. 2. Coexistence of FMRFamide and
      serotonin was found in some neurons of the visceral, right parietal and pedal
      ganglia of Achatina fulica, and in the pedal ganglion of Aplysia kurodai. 3. In
      Achatina fulica, coexistence of FMRFamide and met-enkephalin was found in a
      neuron of the left parietal ganglion and that of met-enkephalin and serotonin was
      found in a giant neuron of the right parietal ganglion. 4. Based on these
      results, the biological significance of coexistence was discussed.

PMID- 2906842
TI  - Glucagon auto-immunization fails to stimulate food intake or growth in young
      rabbits.
AB  - 1. To further investigate the possible role of glucagon in appetite control,
      weaned rabbits were auto-immunized using a glucagon-bovine serum albumin
      conjugate (G-BSA). 2. At weekly intervals, the animals were weighed and blood
      samples collected and subsequently analysed for insulin, glucose and glucagon
      concentrations. Weekly food consumption was also recorded. 3. At the termination
      of the experimental period, each animal was subjected to a glucose tolerance
      test. Following this procedure, the animals were killed and the livers excised
      and frozen for subsequent glycogen determination. 4. No differences between the
      controls and auto-immunized group were found at any time for weekly weight gain,
      food intake, blood glucose or insulin concentrations. 5. Glucagon concentrations
      in the control group remain stable over the 7 week period; however, after the
      third week of the experiment, no glucagon could be detected in the blood of any
      of the auto-immunized animals. 6. The auto-immunized animals had significantly
      different glucose tolerance profiles and also had significantly more liver
      glycogen than the control group.

PMID- 2906843
TI  - D-amino acid oxidase in mouse liver--II.
AB  - 1. Activity of D-amino acid oxidase was detected in tissue extract of mouse liver
      by two sensitive spectrophotometric methods. 2. The activity was also detectable
      in extracts of the heart, but not of lung.

PMID- 2906844
TI  - Characterization of A units released from the poly(A) tract of rabbit globin mRNA
      during protein synthesis: possible role of the released ATP in synthesizing
      protein.
AB  - 1. Rabbit globin mRNA poly(A) was translated in two cell-free synthesizing
      systems, rabbit reticulocyte lysate and wheat germ extract, to characterize the
      product released from the poly(A) tract during globin synthesis. 2. Kinetic
      studies indicate that the size of the cleaved nucleotide proves to be a monomer,
      as revealed by column chromatography on Sephadex G-100 or G-25. 3.
      Characterization of the monomer was accomplished by chromatography on DEAE
      cellulose. Initially, 5 min post-translation, the monomer was ATP only; however,
      at later times ATP, ADP, AMP and adenosine were detected. 4. The two synthesizing
      systems differed in that globin mRNA poly(A) was translated at a faster rate in
      the wheat germ extract as revealed by the appearance of ATP, whereas AMP was
      detected sooner in the rabbit reticulocyte lysate. 5. The results indicate that
      the A unit released from the poly(A) tract during mRNA poly(A) translation is a
      monomer, and that these metabolites may play a role in controlling protein
      initiation via the released ATP.

PMID- 2906845
TI  - Contact dermatitis due to the beta-blocker befunolol [corrected] in eyedrops.

PMID- 2906847
TI  - Enzymuria to detect tubular injury in workers exposed to lead: a 12-month follow
      up.

PMID- 2906846
TI  - Comparison of urinary enzyme pattern in renal transplant recipients receiving two
      different immunosuppressive regimens: azathioprine versus ciclosporin.

PMID- 2906848
TI  - Glomerular and tubular effects of ionic and nonionic contrast media (diatrizoate
      and iopamidol).

PMID- 2906849
TI  - Multiple aspects of the toxicity of fluroxene and its metabolite 2,2,2
      trifluoroethanol.

PMID- 2906850
TI  - Regional mapping of unique DNA sequences from human chromosome 3 derived from a
      flow-sorted chromosome library.
AB  - Eight single-copy DNA probes specific for human chromosome 3 were isolated by
      screening a human chromosome 3-derived genomic library. Southern blot analyses of
      DNAs isolated from a panel of somatic cell hybrids allowed us to regionally
      assign all probes to subregions on chromosome 3. Three clones were localized to
      the short arm of chromosome 3 (3p21----pter), two to the long arm (3q21----qter),
      and three to the 3q21----3p21 subregion. Six of these DNA sequences map to
      regions overlapping a segment of chromosome 3 (3p14----p23) frequently deleted in
      small cell lung cancer cells. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses
      indicate that at least three of the eight single-copy probes studies show MspI or
      BglII polymorphisms. This library is a useful source of chromosome 3-specific
      probes.

PMID- 2906851
TI  - VNTR (variable number of tandem repeats) markers show loss of chromosome 17p
      sequences in human colorectal carcinomas.
AB  - Restriction fragment length polymorphisms at 53 autosomal loci were screened for
      heterozygosity in 40 colorectal cancer patients. The DNA pattern in
      constitutional versus tumor/polyp tissue was compared. More than half of the
      markers tested were of the VNTR (variable number of tandem repeats) type, giving
      the patient panel a higher informational content, since the frequency of
      individuals heterozygous for a particular marker is increased. Loss of alleles
      was revealed in 40% of the tumors from constitutionally heterozygous patients at
      the chromosome 17p loci, identified by the markers YNH37 and YNZ22. Similar
      losses were also detected on other autosomes, but at a significantly lower
      frequency. Our results suggest that hemi/homozygosity of 17p alleles plays a role
      in the development of a major subset of colorectal carcinomas. Similar
      observations regarding other autosomal loci may be interpreted as random losses
      in these tumors, or they may indicate loci important to minor clinical subclasses
      of colon carcinomas.

PMID- 2906852
TI  - Localization of the gene for acetyl-CoA carboxylase to human chromosome 17.
AB  - In situ hybridization was used to localize a cDNA probe of the acetyl-CoA
      carboxylase gene to human metaphase chromosomes. A significant proportion of the
      grains were situated over chromosome band 17q21. In situ hybridization to a
      t(6;17)(p25;q21.33) confirmed the location of the gene proximal to 17q21.33.

PMID- 2906853
TI  - Study of hamsters infected with epidemic hemorrhagic fever virus.

PMID- 2906854
TI  - [Study of the prevalence of tardive dyskinesia among psychiatric inpatients].

PMID- 2906855
TI  - [A clinical analysis of 30 cases of affective disorder with rapid cyclic episodic
      features].

PMID- 2906856
TI  - [An evaluation of the therapeutic safety of anti-psychotic agents: analysis of
      104 mortality cases in the past 30 years].

PMID- 2906857
TI  - [Preliminary study of schizophrenics with brain atrophy treated with
      antipsychotic drugs].

PMID- 2906858
TI  - [Propranolol in the treatment of neuroleptic-induced akathisia].

PMID- 2906859
TI  - [Analysis of the effective psychiatric spectrum of some antipsychotics].

PMID- 2906860
TI  - [Rat family and virus carrying state in hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome].

PMID- 2906861
TI  - [Identification of the site of mediator release in the frog motor nerve ending
      using 3 extracellular microelectrodes].

PMID- 2906862
TI  - [Polymorphic repetitive DNA sequences in genomes of wild and domesticated
      sheeps].

PMID- 2906863
TI  - Contingency management in methadone maintenance: effects of reinforcing and
      aversive consequences on illicit polydrug use.
AB  - Treatment outcomes were compared for an intervention emphasizing reinforcement
      for abstinence from illicit drug use and an alternative intervention which
      combined the same reinforcement contingencies with aversive consequences for
      unauthorized drug use. Sixteen polydrug abusing methadone maintenance patients
      were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups. Both groups received the
      opportunity to take methadone doses away from the clinic (take-home dose) as
      reinforcement for submitting urines testing negative for illicit substances. A
      regular weekly take-home dose of methadone could be earned for every 2 weeks of
      verified abstinence from unauthorized drugs, up to a maximum of three take-home
      doses per week. The combined intervention group had an additional contingency
      which involved a reduction in methadone dose as an aversive consequence for
      submitting urine samples testing positive for illicit substances. Specifically,
      10% of the patient's daily methadone dose was lost for each week in which two of
      three urines tested positive for illicit drugs. An examination of the urinalysis
      results indicated no between group differences. Overall, 8% of the 12-week
      baseline urinalysis results tested negative for illicit substances while 42%
      tested negative for unauthorized substances during the 20 weeks of treatment
      intervention. At the end of the intervention period, nine subjects remained in
      treatment with three patients in each group receiving at least once weekly take
      home privileges. Of the seven subjects no longer in treatment, five were in the
      combined intervention group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2906864
TI  - Influence of age on effects induced by intermittent ethanol treatment on the
      ethanol drinking pattern and related neurochemical changes in the rat.
AB  - Male rats were treated with one ethanol (2.0 g/kg i.p.) or saline injections once
      a week for 50 weeks. During this treatment period the rats had in addition access
      to ethanol (10% in drinking fluid) as a choice against water for 24 h prior to
      the injection. During the following evaluation period, animals had a continuous
      choice between ethanol and water and the concentration of the ethanol solution
      increased every 3rd week from 5 to 10, 15 and 25%, with 10% as a reference tested
      between the other concentrations. The animals were killed after an abstinence of
      4 weeks, whereupon the concentrations of noradrenaline (NA), dopamine (DA),
      serotonin (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA) were determined in the
      frontal cortex. In the remaining cerebral cortex, activity of monoamine oxidase,
      reuptake of NA and stimulated inositol phospholipid (PI) breakdown was also
      determined. Muscarinic binding sites were determined in the striatum. During
      treatment, saline injected rats had a constant voluntary 24 h ethanol intake.
      There was a decrease in the corresponding intake in the animals given the ethanol
      injections. The diminishing of the intake was more marked in rats starting
      treatment at an age of 19.4 weeks when compared to rats starting at an age of 5.4
      weeks. In the evaluation period the ethanol intake was fairly constant for all
      groups. However, the regressions between intake of the reference concentration
      when plotted against the different tested concentrations were most marked in the
      group where ethanol injections started at an early age. In the total material
      there were significant F-values when concentrations of NA, 5-HIAA, 5-HT/5-HIAA in
      the cortex and muscarinic binding sites in the striatum were tested. Age could
      not be excluded as a contributing factor, but for muscarinic binding sites in the
      striatum, concentrations of DA and 5-HIAA in the cortex, and potassium stimulated
      PI breakdown in the cortex significant regressions with voluntary ethanol intake
      as dependent variable could be established. Since these intakes are stable, a
      causal relation with dependence may be involved.

PMID- 2906865
TI  - Xamoterol. A preliminary review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic
      properties, and therapeutic use.
AB  - Xamoterol is a partial agonist at the beta 1-adrenoceptor. Haemodynamic studies
      indicate that xamoterol moderately increases myocardial contractility, improves
      diastolic relaxation and lowers left ventricular filling pressure at rest and
      during moderate exercise. At higher levels of sympathetic activity (e.g.
      strenuous exercise) it produces negative chronotropic responses whilst the
      reduced filling pressure is maintained. Studies in patients with mild to moderate
      chronic heart failure demonstrate an advantage for xamoterol 200mg twice daily
      over placebo and digoxin with respect to improvement in exercise capacity and
      symptoms. In limited trials to date the initial response seems to be maintained
      during periods of up to 12 months. Preliminary small studies suggest that
      xamoterol is useful in the treatment of some patients with angina pectoris,
      sinoatrial disease or postural hypotension, although further studies are needed
      to confirm its clinical role in such patients. Xamoterol appears to be generally
      well tolerated, but deleterious effects in a small number of patients with
      asthma, or severe heart failure due to dilated cardiomyopathy indicate the need
      for cautious use of xamoterol in patients with these diseases. Thus, xamoterol is
      a promising addition to the drugs available to the physician for treating
      patients with mild to moderate heart failure although further controlled studies
      are required to clearly establish its precise role.

PMID- 2906866
TI  - Fetal and maternal plasma levels of gastrin, somatostatin and oxytocin after
      vaginal delivery and elective cesarean section.
AB  - We measured the cord levels of gastrin, somatostatin and oxytocin with
      radioimmunoassay in plasma collected from the umbilical artery after vaginal
      delivery and after elective cesarean section. Maternal venous samples after the
      two labour modalities were also assayed for the same hormones. Fetal gastrin,
      somatostatin and oxytocin levels were significantly higher after vaginal delivery
      than after elective cesarean section. Independently of labour type, the fetal
      gastrin and somatostatin levels were always higher than the maternal levels. We
      suggest that the observed high levels of gastrin, somatostatin and oxytocin could
      be due to a stress-related stimulation of the oxytocin- as well as of the gastric
      gastrin- and somatostatin-producing cells, occurring particularly during vaginal
      delivery. The significant inverse correlation found between fetal pH and the
      recorded hormone levels is consistent with this hypothesis.

PMID- 2906867
TI  - [Effect of the combined use of alcohol and dopaminergic agents during pregnancy
      on the function of the hypophyseo-thyroid system in the progeny of rats].

PMID- 2906868
TI  - Enhancement of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase expression in bone marrow cells by
      colony stimulating factors.
AB  - Studies on blood serum from mammary carcinoma (MC) hosts, which promoted gamma
      glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) expression by normal rat bone marrow cells in
      liquid culture, were extended to various granulocyte-macrophage colony
      stimulating factors (CSFs). GGT concentration per cell was found to increase
      (without change in total cell number) by incubation for 48 h with purified CSF-2
      gamma and CSF-1 (but not interleukin-3), with human giant cell elaborated GM-CSF
      and L-cell conditioned medium, as well as with the 3 MC preparations (host serum,
      MC extract and MC conditioned medium). GGT-inducing ability (per milligram
      protein) ranked the 7 preparations in the same order as did their proliferative
      effect (number of colonies per milligram protein) in the standard mouse bone
      marrow agar culture system. The quantitative correlation between these two kinds
      of activities (linear for their logarithmic values) was highly significant, r =
      0.976, p less than 0.001. The alkaline phosphatase concentration of bone marrow
      cells in liquid culture was also increased in the presence of the same 7
      preparations, and this again was proportional (r = 0.985, p less than 0.001) to
      their colony stimulating potential.

PMID- 2906869
TI  - Induction of gamma-glutamyl transferase by dexamethasone in cultured fetal rat
      hepatocytes.
AB  - Hepatocytes isolated as a relatively pure population from normal fetal rats were
      maintained in primary monolayer culture for 4-10 days. Hepatocytes exhibited a
      small increase in basal gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) activity over time.
      Exposure to dexamethasone (10(-6) mol/l) elicited a rise in GGT activity after a
      lag of 24 h. The presence of the steroid was necessary to maintain induction, and
      its removal resulted in reversal of induction. The maximal response was 2- to 3
      fold, 72 h after exposure to the steroid. After this maximal response, a gradual
      decay in enzyme activity occurred, despite the continuous presence of the
      hormone. Actinomycin D or cycloheximide given prior to/or simultaneously with the
      steroid prevented the induction, thus suggesting that both RNA and protein
      biosynthesis are necessary for induction to occur.

PMID- 2906870
TI  - Effects of beta-adrenergic blockade on left ventricular relaxation and filling
      dynamics in coronary artery disease: a pulsed Doppler echocardiographic study.
AB  - Left ventricular (LV) filling as assessed by Doppler transmitral flow velocity
      measurements was studied in 20 male patients with coronary artery disease (CAD)
      and in 18 normal individuals. Stroke volume, blood pressure and heart rate in the
      two groups were not significantly different. Compared to normals, the ratio
      between early and atrial-induced peak velocities was significantly lower in the
      patients (1.2 +/- 0.3 vs. 1.40 +/- 0.3, P = 0.01), as was the fraction of
      transmitral filling during the first 1/3 of diastole (45 +/- 7% vs. 50 +/- 4%, P
      less than 0.001). Isovolumic relaxation time (IV R) was 96 +/- 13 ms in patients
      vs. 74 +/- 12 ms in normals (P less than 0.001). The CAD patients were treated
      with atenolol for 13-24 days. The velocity ratio increased by 30% (P less than
      0.001) due to a 12% increase in early (P = 0.004) and an 11% decrease in atrial
      induced peak velocities (P = 0.01). Filling fraction and deceleration rate of
      early inflow both increased by 22% (P less than 0.001). IV R decreased by 8% (P =
      0.01). After atenolol treatment, heart rate and blood pressure decreased by 23%
      and 10% (P less than 0.001), respectively, whereas stroke volume increased by 14%
      (P less than 0.001). Thus, CAD was associated with Doppler indices of retarded LV
      filling and myocardial relaxation. After atenolol treatment, significant
      increases in velocity ratio and filling fraction indicated a shift of filling
      from late towards early diastole, suggesting improved diastolic function.
      However, different factors related to beta-adrenergic blockade may have
      contributed to the observed changes.

PMID- 2906871
TI  - The hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemias in infancy: a study of six cases.
AB  - The aim of the present study was to evaluate various functional tests for the
      differentiation of hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia. The pathophysiological and
      histological findings in six infants, aged 2-7 months, with persistent
      hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia are described. Islet cell adenoma was found in
      four infants and pancreatic nesidioblastosis in two others. Circulating levels of
      blood glucose (BG), immunoreactive insulin and C-peptide immunoreactivity were
      measured under basal conditions and during both stimulation and suppression. The
      diagnosis of hyperinsulinaemia was made by estimation of the BG/serum insulin
      ratio, which was the most important diagnostic criterion of hyperinsulinism.
      Control subjects of comparable age showed a ratio of 8.3 +/- 4.4 (range 4.1
      13.3), whereas the six patients had values between 0.3 and 5.1. At least four
      determinations with ratios lower than 2.6 were necessary for confirming the
      diagnosis. Preoperatively we performed oral glucose tolerance, diazoxide
      infusion, somatostatin infusion and C-peptide suppression tests. It is suggested
      that the various function tests, especially the suppression tests, do not
      differentiate hyperinsulinism caused by an adenoma from that caused by diffuse
      pancreatic nesidioblastosis.

PMID- 2906872
TI  - Reversible congenital neutropenia associated with maternal sulphasalazine
      therapy.

PMID- 2906873
TI  - Plasma prolactin, sex steroids and gastrin in human volunteers treated for 2
      weeks with therapeutic doses of cimetidine or the new histamine H2-receptor
      antagonist ramixotidine (CM 57755A).
AB  - Three groups of eight healthy male volunteers received placebo for 2 days, then
      daily morning doses either of cimetidine 800 mg, ramixotidine 750 mg (CM 57755A),
      or placebo, for 14 days, and then were all returned to placebo for one more day.
      Plasma levels of prolactin, testosterone and 17 beta-estradiol were measured on
      Days 2, 3, 16 and 17 in blood samples taken 30 and 15 min before and 0, 60, 120,
      180, 240 and 300 min after treatment. Gastrin was assayed in blood collected on
      the same days 180 min after treatment. Mean pre- and post-treatment areas under
      the time-concentration curves of the first three hormones were not significantly
      different in the three groups on any test day, or within the same group
      throughout the four test days. Mean plasma gastrin levels ranged between 27 and
      42 pg/ml, respectively, in the placebo and cimetidine treated groups on test day
      3, and intermediate values were found in the group receiving CM 57755A. There was
      no statistically significant difference in gastrin level between the groups on
      any test day or within the same group throughout the four test days. No
      subjective side-effects attributable to the treatments were reported, and there
      were no abnormalities in blood pressure, heart rate or standard laboratory tests.

PMID- 2906874
TI  - Ketanserin combined with a beta-blocker or diuretic in essential hypertension. A
      multicentre study.
AB  - The antihypertensive effect of ketanserin 40 mg b.d. in combination with a beta
      adrenergic blocking agent or a diuretic was assessed in an open study in 35
      patients with essential hypertension, who had not responded to treatment with
      beta-blockers, diuretics or their combination. The ketanserin/beta-blocker
      combination decreased mean sitting systolic/diastolic blood pressure (SBP/DBP)
      from 169/107 mmHg to 156/91 mmHg at the end of the 12-week active treatment
      period. The decrease in systolic blood pressure was significant only at Week 8,
      while the decrease in diastolic blood pressure was highly significant at all
      times. A significant reduction in heart rate by 10 beats.min-1 was observed with
      the ketanserin + beta-blocker combination. The ketanserin/diuretic combination
      led to a significant reduction in mean SBP/DBP from 164/106 mmHg to 146/92 mmHg
      after 12 weeks, with no significant change in heart rate. Body weight slightly
      increased in both groups. There were significantly fewer adverse reactions with
      the ketanserin/diuretic combination than with the ketanserin/beta-blocker
      combination. The results indicate a potentially useful therapeutic role for
      ketanserin in combination with beta-blockers or diuretics.

PMID- 2906875
TI  - Penbutolol: pharmacokinetics, effect on exercise tachycardia, and in vitro
      inhibition of radioligand binding.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of penbutolol 40 mg, its reduction in exercise-induced
      tachycardia, and the in vitro inhibition of radioligand binding to beta
      adrenoceptors by plasma have been investigated in 7 healthy volunteers. The peak
      penbutolol concentration of 285 ng/ml was observed 1.2 h after administration,
      and the maximum of 4'-OH-penbutolol of 4.76 ng/ml was found after 1.64 h.
      Penbutolol was detected for up to 48 h, and 4'-OH-penbutolol dropped below the
      limit of detection after about 10 h. The terminal plasma concentration of
      penbutolol declined with an average half-life of 19 h. The maximum reduction in
      exercise-induced tachycardia was 33 beats/min 2.6 h after taking penbutolol.
      There was still a significant reduction of about 7 beats/min after 48 h. This
      effect could be adequately explained by the concentration-time course of
      penbutolol in combination with Clark's model of the concentration-effect
      relationship. Antagonist activity in plasma caused 91% inhibition of radioligand
      binding in vitro to beta 2-adrenoceptors on rat reticulocyte membranes 1.6 h
      after intake of penbutolol. By 48 h after intake, radioligand binding was still
      significantly inhibited (23%). The in vitro inhibition of radioligand binding by
      plasma showed a linear correlation with the reduction in exercise-induced
      tachycardia for all phases of the workload. The time course of the reduction in
      heart rate was completely explained by the in vitro inhibition of radioligand
      binding. However, it was not possible to explain the in vitro inhibition of
      radioligand binding by the concentration-time course of penbutolol using a simple
      competition model, although both variables were based on the same sampling site.
      When the in vitro inhibition of radioligand binding was plotted against the
      penbutolol concentration at the same sampling times (with both variables
      transformed to multiples of the apparent inhibition constant) the discrepancy
      became even more apparent as time-related counterclockwise hysteresis. None of
      the known metabolites of penbutolol can explain the discrepancy between the
      penbutolol concentration and the inhibition of radioligand binding in vitro. It
      appears that an other active metabolite is formed, which contributes to the
      effect in vitro and in vivo and so can explain the observed discrepancy.

PMID- 2906876
TI  - Safety and pharmacokinetics of mifentidine after increasing oral doses in healthy
      subjects.
AB  - Eight healthy men were each given single oral doses of mifentidine 20, 40 and 80
      mg, a new H2-receptor antagonist, in a four-way, double-blind, placebo
      controlled, cross-over, dose-proportionality study. No significant objective or
      subjective effects were noted. Mifentidine showed unusual pharmacokinetic
      behaviour, producing a significant secondary peak in the drug concentration
      profile. The plasma AUC of mifentidine increased linearly with dose (r = 0.983).
      The apparent plasma clearance was 38.1 l.h-1, 31.0 l.h-1, and 47.4 l.h-1 for the
      20, 40 and 80 mg doses, respectively, and the corresponding terminal plasma half
      lives were 10.3 h, 12.0 h, and 8.6 h. About 20% of the parent drug was excreted
      in urine over 24 h. The renal clearance (9.41 l/h for 20 mg, 9.5 l/h for 40 mg,
      and 12.8 l/h for 80 mg mifentidine) indicates that some of the drug was excreted
      by active tubular secretion. The results indicate that mifentidine is safe after
      single oral doses up to 80 mg. The pharmacokinetics of the 20 and 40 mg doses
      were similar, but after 80 mg the total body and renal clearances were
      significantly greater than after the two lower doses. As the terminal plasma half
      life of mifentidine is longer than of other available H2-receptor antagonists, it
      may have clinical implications for once-a-day therapy of peptic ulcer diseases.

PMID- 2906877
TI  - Strychnine seizure potentiation by azaspirodecanedione anxiolytics in rats.
AB  - Buspirone, gepirone and ipsaperone administered intraperitoneally (40 mg/kg) to
      naive rats were found to be proconvulsive for strychnine-induced seizures. The
      dose of strychnine required to induce seizures in 50% of test animals (CD50) was
      2.18 mg/kg in naive rats, while CD50s for rats treated with the
      azaspirodecanediones ipsaperone, gepirone and buspirone were 1.65, 0.97 and 0.70
      mg/kg respectively. Azaspirodecanediones have high affinity for the 5-HT1A
      serotonin receptor, however, the specific 5-HT1A agonist, 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n
      propyl-amino)-tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) had no effect on strychnine seizure in naive
      rats (CD50 = 2.0 mg/kg). The strychnine specific proconvulsive effects of
      inferior olive lesions and buspirone were additive, resulting in a CD50 of 0.1
      mg/kg. This observation indicates that the buspirone-induced decrease in
      strychnine seizure threshold does not require intact inferior olive-climbing
      fiber pathways. Cerebellar sites for possible azaspirodecanedione action are
      discussed.

PMID- 2906878
TI  - Novel antipsychotic drugs share high affinity for sigma receptors.

PMID- 2906879
TI  - Antagonist activity of the cyclic somatostatin analogue CTP at mu- but not delta-
      and kappa-opioid receptors involved in presynaptic inhibition of neurotransmitter
      release.
AB  - In the present study the opioid receptor antagonist properties of the
      conformationally constrained cyclic octapeptide D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Pen
      Thr-NH2 (CTP), which is derived from somatostatin, were investigated, using in
      vitro functional paradigms of central mu-, delta- and kappa-opioid receptors.
      Activation of mu-opioid receptors by the enkephalin analogues DADLE or DAGO
      resulted in a strong inhibition (by 60-70%) of the (electrically evoked) release
      of [3H]noradrenaline (NA) from superfused cortical slices. This inhibitory effect
      was antagonized by CTP in a competitive fashion (pA2 value 7.7-7.9). Activation
      of kappa-opioid receptors by bremazocine selectively inhibited (by 45-50%) the
      release of [3H]dopamine (DA) from striatal slices, whereas activation of delta
      opioid receptors by DADLE caused an inhibition (by 55-60%) of striatal
      [14C]acetylcholine (ACh) release, but neither of these inhibitory effects was
      affected by CTP. By itself, CTP inhibited cortical [3H]NA release (by 35-40%),
      but it did not affect the release of [3H]DA nor that of [14C]ACh from striatal
      slices. The inhibitory effect of CTP was not antagonized by naloxone. The data
      indicate that CTP selectively antagonizes mu-opioid receptors, involved in
      presynaptic inhibition of NA release in the brain. In addition, the peptide by
      itself causes an inhibition of NA release via a non-opioid receptor-mediated
      process.

PMID- 2906880
TI  - Reinnervation of dopamine neurons by regenerating serotonin axons in the rat
      medial zona incerta. A combined radioautographic and immunocytochemical
      ultrastructural study.
AB  - Cellular relationships between serotonin (5-HT) axons and tyrosine hydroxylase
      (TH)-containing neurons were examined by combined (3H)5-HT uptake radioautography
      and TH immunocytochemistry in the medial zona incerta (ZI) of adult rats, 7 and
      50 days after an intracerebral injection of 5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT).
      Seven days post-lesion, only rare, scattered (3H)5-HT-labeled axon terminals were
      apparent in the zone of the medial ZI accessible to intraventricularly injected
      (3H)5-HT. In contrast, in sham-injected animals (3H)5-HT-labeled varicosities
      were numerous and often observed adjacent to TH-immunoreactive perikarya and
      dendrites. Fifty days post 5,7-DHT injection, the density of (3H)5-HT-labeled
      terminals approximated that seen in sham-treated animals. At the ultrastructural
      level, these regenerated 5-HT axons were similar in size, shape and content to
      those observed in sham-operated rats. Also, as in sham, some of the (3H)5-HT
      labeled axons were directly apposed to TH-immunopositive labeled profiles. The
      latter included large dendritic shafts and dendritic spines, but only rare
      perikarya. In both sham- and 5,7-DHT-treated animals a few of the contacts
      between (3H)5-HT-labeled and TH-immunoreactive profiles exhibited an asymmetric
      synaptic differentiation. These results indicate that 5-HT fibers in the medial
      ZI, following regeneration, can reestablish normal relationships and even
      synapses with a given population of chemically identified cells.

PMID- 2906881
TI  - [The action of azepoxole on central alpha 2-adrenoreceptors].
AB  - The effect of adrenomimetics on the central alpha 2-adrenoreceptors responsible
      for mydriasis was studied. It was found that alpha 2-adrenomimetic azepoxole (BHT
      933) exerts no effect on the central alpha 2-adrenoreceptors providing mydriasis.

PMID- 2906883
TI  - [The functional obligations of the feldsher (nurse) dealing with the problems of
      social care for drug abuse patient contingents].

PMID- 2906882
TI  - [The fenazepam demand by rats depending on the degree of alcoholic motivation].
AB  - Phenazepam stimulates the drinking behaviour of rats. Under free-choice
      conditions ethanol-preferring rats drank significantly greater amount of
      phenazepam solution than those not preferring ethanol. Intraperitoneal
      administration of phenazepam and ethanol eliminated differences between the
      animals of the two groups in consumption of each substance but had no cross
      effect.

PMID- 2906884
TI  - Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to the c-erbB-2 proto
      oncogene protein using a synthetic peptide immunogen.

PMID- 2906885
TI  - Mitochondrial protein targeting signals.

PMID- 2906886
TI  - Acrivastine in seasonal allergic rhinitis: two randomized crossover studies to
      evaluate efficacy and safety.
AB  - In two randomized crossover studies, the antihistamine, acrivastine, was
      evaluated for the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. One study on 31
      patients found both 4 and 8 mg acrivastine given three times daily to be
      significantly better than placebo for alleviating hay fever. There were no
      significant differences in symptom scores between the two doses, although more
      patients (63%) favoured 8 mg acrivastine over the 4 mg dose (46%) or placebo
      (35%). The other study found the higher dosage regimen to be similar in efficacy
      to 1 mg clemastine given three times daily. Both dosages were significantly
      better than placebo for reducing symptom scores in all 18 evaluable patients. The
      incidence of adverse experiences was low in both studies; there being no dose
      related effects of acrivastine. In the second study, drowsiness, probably or
      possibly treatment related, occurred on seven occasions during clemastine
      treatment and once with acrivastine. These studies indicate that 8 mg acrivastine
      given three times daily is both well tolerated and of equal efficacy to
      clemastine for the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis.

PMID- 2906887
TI  - A comparative tolerance study of terfenadine-pseudoephedrine combination tablets
      and pseudoephedrine tablets in patients with allergic or vasomotor rhinitis.
AB  - In this multicentre, double-blind, randomized, parallel group study, 315 patients
      with allergic or vasomotor rhinitis were treated on a twice daily dosing schedule
      with either a 60 mg terfenadine-120 mg pseudoephedrine hydrochloride combination
      or 120 mg pseudoephedrine hydrochloride (extended release) for 2 weeks. No
      clinically significant differences between the two groups were noted in body
      weight, temperature, respiration rate or blood pressure following the treatment
      period. An increase in mean heart rate of approximately 5 beats/min from entry to
      the final clinic visit was noted in both treatment groups. No clinically
      significant changes were noted in either treatment group when pre- and post
      treatment electrocardiograms were compared. There were also no clinically
      significant alterations in laboratory values, which included serum chemistry,
      haematology and urinalysis, within or between either group. The adverse events
      profiles for both groups were similar. The most frequent adverse event was
      insomnia, in 40 (25.3%) patients given the terfenadine-pseudoephedrine
      combination and in 42 (26.8%) of those given pseudoephedrine. No unusual or
      unexpected adverse events were reported.

PMID- 2906888
TI  - Prospective, randomized, double-blind comparison of benzalazine and sulfasalazine
      in the treatment of active ulcerative colitis.
AB  - Benzalazine (salicylazobenzoic acid, SAB), a 5-azo derivative of 5-aminosalicylic
      acid, has been designed as a new therapeutic agent for the treatment of
      inflammatory bowel disease which might lack the frequent side effects caused by
      the sulfapyridine moiety of the sulfasalazine molecule (SASP). Here, we report on
      a prospective, randomized, double-blind comparison of SAB and SASP in patients
      with an acute relapse of ulcerative colitis. 43 patients with an acute relapse of
      ulcerative colitis proven by the pertinent endoscopic-macroscopic and histologic
      criteria were randomized to receive a 6-week course of either 1 g SASP (n = 21)
      or the equivalent dose of 0.72 g SAB (n = 22) three times a day. Both groups were
      comparable with respect to demographic data, previous duration and extension of
      the disease as well as clinical, endoscopic and histologic severity of the
      relapse. 1 patient on SASP had to be removed from the study due to side effects,
      while 3 patients on SAB were removed due to rapid worsening of the disease
      requiring either surgery (1 patient with toxic megacolon) or additional steroid
      treatment (2 patients). 2 SAB patients were lost to follow-up after substantial
      improvement had been observed within the first 3 weeks of treatment. In the
      remaining patients (20 SASP, 17 SAB), stool frequency, stool consistency and
      macroscopic appearance as well as histology of the diseased mucosa were improved
      within 6 weeks, with no significant difference between the two groups with
      respect to any of the parameters recorded. Side effects were recorded in 5
      patients on SASP (3 with nausea, 1 with pruritus and 1 with a generalized
      exanthema) and in 3 patients on SAB (all nausea and vomiting; difference not
      statistically significant). We conclude that SAB and SASP in equivalent doses are
      of similar efficacy in the treatment of active ulcerative colitis.

PMID- 2906889
TI  - [Organization and primary nucleotide sequence of 5S rRNA genes in barley Hordeum
      vulgare].
AB  - A BamHI DNA fragment of 301 bp corresponding to the main repeating unit of 5S
      rRNA was isolated from barley genomic DNA. The primary nucleotide sequence of
      this fragment was determined and a high level of homology was found between
      coding sequences of 5S rRNA genes of barley, wheat and rye. At the same time,
      spacer's nucleotide sequences of different species of cereals were changed
      dramatically. At least two types of 5S rRNA tandem repeats of 301 and 450 bp were
      found in barley genome. Polymorphism for restriction fragment length in 5S rRNA
      repeats allowed to discriminate between all barley varieties used in this work.

PMID- 2906890
TI  - Diagnosis and management of rhinitis during pregnancy.
AB  - Chronic nasal symptoms occur commonly in pregnant women. The most frequent causes
      of rhinitis during pregnancy are allergic rhinitis, bacterial rhinosinusitis and
      rhinitis medicamentosa. The appropriate diagnosis in the individual pregnant
      woman can usually be established on the basis of the history, physical
      examination and nasal cytology. Benefit-risk considerations in the management of
      gestational rhinitis are discussed in detail.

PMID- 2906891
TI  - [Status of the blood circulation system in senior secondary school students
      during their studies].

PMID- 2906892
TI  - [Ways of further solving theoretical and practical problems regarding the
      prevention of dust-induced occupational diseases of the respiratory organs (data
      of the 2nd international symposium. Czechoslovakia, September 22-27, 1986)].

PMID- 2906893
TI  - [Collagenous colitis].

PMID- 2906894
TI  - Analysis of soluble Entamoeba histolytica antigen using enzyme-L inked
      electroimmunotransfer blots.
AB  - Soluble antigens of ten strains of E. histolytica were studied by sodium
      dodecylsulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and enzyme-linked
      electroimmunotransfer blots (EITB). No relations of immune replicas to virulence,
      geographical origin and method of cultivation (xenic or axenic culture) were
      found. Antigens of all ten strains tested precipitated with anti-E. histolytica
      human serum in the area of 30-43 kD. Antigen of HK-9 strain created in this area
      a characteristic pattern with all sera containing the specific anti-E.
      histolytica antibodies and, therefore, EITB can be used for excluding false
      positive results in ELISA.

PMID- 2906895
TI  - The effect of tolypin in Tolypocladium niveum crude extract against mosquito and
      blackfly larvae in the laboratory.
AB  - The efficacy of tolypin against mosquito and blackfly larvae was studied under
      laboratory conditions. It was tested against Culex molestus, Aedes aegypti,
      Anopheles maculipennis, Simulium noelleri and Odagmia ornata. A concentration 0.1
      mg/ml caused 100% mortality in all species tested and a concentration 0.001 mg/ml
      caused 100% mortality only in the two species of blackflies used within 24 hours.

PMID- 2906896
TI  - Effects of promethazine on ischemic and reperfusion arrhythmias in rat heart.
AB  - The effects of the H1-receptor antagonists promethazine, mepyramine, and
      chlorpheniramine on ischemic and reperfusion arrhythmias were studied in the
      isolated perfused rat heart. Promethazine reduced both ischemic and reperfusion
      arrhythmias (2 x 10(-6)M-7.5 x 10(-6)M). Mepyramine and chlorpheniramine
      decreased these arrhythmias but at concentrations about 10 times higher. The H2
      blockers cimetidine and ranitidine had no antiarrhythmic effect. Promethazine
      also: (i) increased release of noradrenaline by the heart; and (ii) increased
      coronary flow in the reperfusion period and in some mildly ischemic zones. It is
      proposed that promethazine exerts most of its antiarrhythmic effects by a
      nonspecific mechanism, possibly membrane stabilization; in addition, enhanced
      coronary flow may play a role.

PMID- 2906897
TI  - Bopindolol in the treatment of moderate hypertension: a dose-response study.
AB  - To determine the optimal antihypertensive dose of bopindolol, we performed a
      randomized double-blind study in parallel groups. After 15 days of placebo single
      blind, 115 hypertensive patients received daily for 28 days one of 4 doses: 0 mg
      (placebo), 0.5 mg, 1.0 mg, 2.0 mg. The reduction of supine diastolic blood
      pressure (BP) did not exhibit the pattern of a dose-effect relationship. The
      effect of 0.5 mg belonged to the plateau of the dose-effect curve (P = 0.1,
      analysis of variance). The reduction of heart rate (HR) followed a typical dose
      effect curve, with a plateau beginning with 1 mg (P = 0.02). A trend toward an
      increase in the incidence of side-effects with dosage was observed (P = 0.3).
      Thus, the optimal antihypertensive dose may be 0.5 mg or less. Previous studies
      not using parallel randomized groups suggested an antihypertensive dose ranging
      from 2 to 4 mg. This study confirms that the dose-effect curves of beta blockers
      on HR and BP are dissociated. The dose-effect curve of HR seems unsuitable for
      assessing the optimal antihypertensive dose of a beta blocker.

PMID- 2906898
TI  - Evaluation of the natriuretic and beta-adrenoceptor-blocking effects of
      tienoxolol in normal volunteers.
AB  - The beta-adrenoceptor blocking and diuretic properties of tienoxolol (150 mg and
      300 mg) were investigated and compared to those of a placebo in a double-blind,
      cross-over trial in six healthy volunteers. Heart rate (HR), systolic and
      diastolic blood pressures, peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) at rest and during
      vigorous exercise, plasma renin activity (PRA) and aldosterone levels at rest,
      and diuresis and urinary electrolyte excretion values were measured before and at
      intervals up to 24 h after oral administration of the drugs. In addition, the
      clearances of electrolytes, uric acid, and creatinine were calculated, as well as
      the fractional sodium excretion (Fe Na%) before and 4 h and 24 h after drug
      intake. Finally, tienoxolol plasma levels were measured. Tienoxolol significantly
      and dose-dependently reduced exercise-induced tachycardia. This effect started 1
      h after drug administration, peaked between 4 h and 6 h (-12% and -17% from
      control values at 150 mg and 300 mg, respectively), and lasted at least 12 h.
      Resting HR was decreased at 300 mg (P less than 0.05), PRA was decreased at both
      doses (P less than 0.05), but PEFR was not drug-affected. 24-h cumulative sodium
      excretion was increased (+24% at 150 mg [NS], +38% at 300 mg [P less than 0.01])
      as compared to placebo, and Fe Na% did not change, regardless of the dose
      administered. 24-h cumulative diuresis was moderately increased by tienoxolol
      (NS), whereas creatinine clearance rose after the 300-mg dose, suggesting that
      tienoxolol might increase glomerular filtration rate. Plasma aldosterone levels
      remained unchanged. Finally, the elimination half-life of tienoxolol was 7.5 h.
      Thus, in healthy volunteers, tienoxolol behaves as an early acting and relatively
      long-lasting selective beta 1-adrenoceptor blocking drug endowed with significant
      natriuretic properties.

PMID- 2906899
TI  - Distribution of microtubules during the first meiotic cell division in the mouse
      oocyte: effect of taxol.
AB  - Mouse oocytes were stained by antitubulin antibody and by an anti-MAP1 antibody
      (JA2) during the first meiotic cell division. At germinal vesicle stage, JA2
      antibody exclusively stains the nucleoplasm. When the nuclear envelope breaks
      down (GVBD) (2-3 h of culture), numerous foci of microtubules appear around the
      disrupting nuclear envelope; they are decorated by anti-MAP1 antibody. After 10
      12 h of culture, the antigen component detected with anti-MAP1 antibody is
      present in the meiotic spindle. The antimitotic agent taxol (10 microns) induces
      microtubule formation, mainly at the periphery of the germinal vesicle. At GVBD,
      taxol provokes the formation of a large microtubular array stained with both
      antibodies, which is associated with the condensed chromosomes. Furthermore,
      numerous cytoplasmic asters become visible in the cytoplasm. At metaphases I and
      II, taxol induces an important enlargement of the metaphase spindles and
      increases the number of cytasters.

PMID- 2906900
TI  - Intratesticular injection as a method to assess the potential toxicity of various
      agents and to study mechanisms of normal spermatogenesis.
AB  - To better understand, to optimize, and to validate the technique of
      intratesticular (i.t.) injection, several parameters related to i.t. injection
      were examined. Volumes exceeding 50 microliters could be injected i.t.; however,
      testes frequently became excessively turgid and backflow of injected fluids
      occurred. Thus, a volume of 50 microliters or less was deemed optimal for
      injection. To determine the rate of distribution of substances throughout the
      testis, trypan blue was injected i.t. near the caudal pole of the testis, and the
      movement of dye was monitored. Within 2 min, the dye had spread approximately 1
      cm from the site of injection, and in 5 min it had spread twice that distance. In
      2 h, the dye had become distributed throughout the testis except at its extreme
      cranial pole. Seminiferous tubules did not take up dye, indicating that the
      spread of dye was via peritubular lymphatics. Seminiferous tubule histology
      appeared virtually unaffected by i.t. injection, even at regions adjacent to the
      site of injection, when a sterile 26-gauge or smaller bore needle was utilized.
      To determine disappearance from the testis, radiolabeled inulin was injected i.t.
      Half time for absorption was achieved at 1.75 h. Potential vehicles were explored
      in which compounds with a variety of physical properties could be injected. Gum
      tragacanth, normal saline, ethylene glycol, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) mixed 1:1
      with normal saline, sesame oil, and propylene glycol were found to be suitable
      injection vehicles, whereas ethanol, dissolved in normal saline in concentrations
      as low as 0.5% was found unsuitable. To assess vehicle efficiency, various
      vehicles were utilized with a known testicular toxin (taxol) and injected into
      one testis, and the histology was compared with the contralateral testis injected
      with vehicle alone. All vehicles, found suitable above, allowed dispersion of
      taxol to influence areas distant from the site of injection. Intratesticular
      injection assesses the potential of agents to directly affect the testis, and
      systemic metabolism is avoided. Their rapid spread throughout the lymphatics of
      the testes allows seminiferous tubules to be exposed to agents in innocuous
      vehicles more rapidly and in higher concentration than is often possible when
      using systemic injections.

PMID- 2906901
TI  - Perinatal anti-androgen treatment and genotype affect the mesotelencephalic
      dopamine system and behavior in mice.
AB  - Sex and strain differences in tyrosine hydroxylase activity (TH) of brain
      dopamine systems have been reported for mice. To investigate if there might be a
      causal relationship between perinatal androgen secretion and regional
      mesotelencephalic TH activity, BALB/cJ and C57BL/6ByJ male mice were treated
      perinatally with cyproterone, a steroidal anti-androgen (or vehicle), and
      orchiectomized at 1 month of age. Two-way analysis of variance indicated
      significant treatment and strain effects in the mesencephalon and tuber
      olfactorium: perinatal cyproterone treatment lowered TH activity, and BALB/cJ had
      higher regional TH activities than those of C57BL/6ByJ. The most prominent
      behavioral effects of cyproterone treatment were found in the expression of
      scratching, which was considerably increased in both strains. Possible
      implications of these results are discussed.

PMID- 2906902
TI  - DNA polymorphisms of the insulin receptor gene in Japanese subjects with non
      insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
AB  - Genotypes identified by two restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) of
      the insulin receptor gene (IRG) with the restriction endonuclease Sst-1 were
      determined in a Japanese group comprising 51 patients with non-insulin-dependent
      diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and 50 control subjects. Southern hybridization using a
      probe for the beta subunit of the human IRG identifies 4 alleles, termed S1(+)
      (5.3 kb), S1(-) (5.8 kb), S2(+) (7.0 and 2.4 kb) and S2(-) (9.4 kb). The
      frequencies of genotypes possessing the S1(-) allele in Japanese controls and
      Japanese NIDDM patients were 0.11 and 0.16, respectively. Unlike the previously
      reported association of the S1(-) allele with NIDDM found in Caucasians there was
      no significant difference in the frequency of the S1(-) allele between non
      diabetic and NIDDM Japanese patients. There was a significant difference in the
      frequency of the S2(+) allele between Caucasian control subjects (0.14) and
      Japanese controls (0.0) and NIDDM patients (0.02).

PMID- 2906903
TI  - Rare apolipoprotein E variant cosegregating with a unique APOE-C1-C2 haplotype in
      a normolipidemic family.
AB  - The genes coding for the apolipoproteins E, C1 and C2 are clustered on the long
      arm of chromosome 19 in a region of approximately 45 kilobases (kb). In a
      normolipidemic individual, we detected a new apoE variant with an isoelectric
      point between that of E3 and E4. As this variant lacks cysteine residues and has
      probably arisen from an E*4 allele, it is designated E4*. To gain further insight
      into the origin of the mutation, the haplotypes of the propositus were extended
      by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the family. The
      apoE variant cosegregates with the H2 allele of the HpaI polymorphism visualized
      with an APOE probe and with a new rare 4.5-kb fragment (T3) of the TaqI RFLP
      detectable with an APOC2 probe. As the propositus and the first-degree relatives
      with this unique haplotype are normolipidemic, this apoE variant does not seem to
      be associated with disturbances in the lipoprotein metabolism.

PMID- 2906904
TI  - Familial porphyria cutanea tarda: hybridization analysis of the uroporphyrinogen
      decarboxylase locus.
AB  - Familial porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) results from a deficiency of
      uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase (URO-D) activity. Hybridization analysis of
      genomic DNA from unrelated normal individuals and PCT pedigree members failed to
      detect any major deletions, rearrangements or restriction fragment length
      polymorphisms at the URO-D locus.

PMID- 2906905
TI  - Restriction fragment length polymorphism of the D1S1 locus in Italy.
AB  - Three Italian populations were examined for a restriction fragment length
      polymorphism probing with a DNA sequence of unknown function located on
      chromosome 1. No difference was observed between the samples. The allele
      frequencies in Italy were: D1S1 BS = 0.82, D1S1 BF = 0.18.

PMID- 2906907
TI  - Expression of the Thy-1 gene in human T lymphoid cell lines.
AB  - We have previously shown that three human T cell lines (MOLT-3, HUT-78 and HUT
      102) were able to react with anti-human brain Thy-1 sera by cell surface
      immunofluorescence. However, the possibility that the antisera might cross-react
      with molecules other than Thy-1 could not be entirely excluded. In this report,
      mRNA prepared from these three T cell lines as well as from a murine T cell line
      (EL4) and a human B cell line (Raji) was subjected to Northern blot analysis and
      probed with a murine Thy-1.2 gene fragment. The result confirms our cell surface
      immunofluorescence data and indicates that HUT-78 and HUT-102 cells have
      approximately 20-fold more of the Thy-1 mRNA than MOLT-3 cells do. The Thy-1 mRNA
      was not detectable in the human B cell line Raji. This work is the first
      demonstration that the Thy-1 gene is expressed in human T cell lines. The finding
      is helpful in clarifying the current confusion regarding the expression of Thy-1
      in human lymphoid cells and it also provides a possible model system for
      exploring the function of Thy-1 in cultured human T lymphocytes.

PMID- 2906906
TI  - Detection of Thy-1 on cell surface of human T lymphoid cell lines by a monoclonal
      antibody.
AB  - A mouse IgG2b(kappa) monoclonal antibody (MAb) HB-2S-1 against human brain Thy-1
      was secreted by a hybridoma clone after fusion of mouse myeloma cells with spleen
      cells from a mouse that went through a prolonged immunization procedure before
      fusion. When tested against isolated human Thy-1 by the enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay (ELISA), MAb HB-2S-1 in culture supernatant showed a titer of
      over 100,000, and a titer of over 10 million in ascites of a mouse injected with
      the hybrid clone. By immunoblotting, this antibody was found to bind a doublet of
      protein bands of approximately 25,000 daltons among all proteins solubilized by
      deoxycholate (DOC) from membrane of human brain cells. When tested on human
      lymphoid cell lines by immunofluorescence, MAb HB-2S-1 strongly stained four T
      lymphoma cell lines, C91-Pl, HUT-102, HUT-78, and C5-MJ; and weakly two leukemia
      cell lines, MOLT-3 and Jurkat(clone E6-1). It did not stain a third T leukemia
      cell line, CCRF-CEM; a human B cell line, Raji; a plasmacytoma cell line, HMy2;
      or a myelomonocytic cell line, HL-60. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from ten
      normal human adults and the viable T cells isolated from another normal
      individual were also negative.

PMID- 2906908
TI  - Iron exerts a specific inhibitory effect on CD2 expression of human PBL.
AB  - The effect of in vitro exposure to ferric citrate (Fe-citrate) on the expression
      of human lymphocyte surface markers was studied. The following markers were
      examined: E-rosette formation, CD2, CD3, CD4, CD8, CD1, CD22, CD10 and HLA-DR.
      Pretreatment of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) with Fe-citrate at
      concentrations ranging from 10(-2) M to 10(-5) M resulted in the exclusive
      inhibition of E-rosette formation and CD2 expression. None of the other surface
      antigens examined appeared to be sensitive to the Fe-citrate treatment.
      Competition experiments further indicated that iron interacts specifically with
      CD2 on T lymphocytes.

PMID- 2906909
TI  - Benzodiazepine abuse and management of anxiety in the community.
AB  - Medication is largely inappropriate in the management of anxiety, and
      benzodiazepines are not apparently effective in the minor affective disorders
      commonly seen in general practice (Catalan and Gath, 1985). Enough has been said
      to indicate that other measures are likely to be more helpful and to reduce the
      tendency to prescribe benzodiazepines. The taking of these drugs threatens to
      become epidemic and while medical agencies are by no means the only sources,
      sensible prescribing will go--and may already have gone, as the DHSS (1986)
      figures suggest--some way toward limiting consumption of these drugs. The DHSS
      needs to record more specific data relating to benzodiazepine use and abuse.
      Comparative trials of benzodiazepines and alternative non-benzodiazepine methods
      of anxiety management need to be set up as matter of urgency. The (no doubt)
      false impression that the pharmaceutical industry is dragging its feet in
      planning and sponsoring such trials should be speedily dispelled. Benzodiazepine
      prescribing, if it increases, may well in itself become a major danger to public
      health.

PMID- 2906910
TI  - Improvement of inpatient treatment of the alcoholic as a function of
      neurotransmitter restoration: a pilot study.
AB  - We report results of a double-blind evaluation of the nutritional supplement
      SAAVE for facilitating improvement in a 30-day inpatient alcohol and drug
      rehabilitation center. SAAVE is uniquely designed to elevate levels of
      enkephalin(s), serotonin, catecholamines, and GABA, which are believed to be
      functionally deficient in alcoholics. Twenty-two patients were studied. The SAAVE
      patients, as compared to the control group (a) had a lower BUD (building up to
      drink) score, 1 vs 2; (b) required no PRN benzodiazepines, 0% vs 94%; (c) ceased
      tremoring at 72 h, as compared to 96 h; and (d) had no severe depression on the
      MMPI, in contrast to 24% of control group. These preliminary data suggest that
      SAAVE is a valuable adjunct to therapy by aiding the patient's physical
      adjustment to a detoxified state while facilitating a more positive response to
      behavioral therapy.

PMID- 2906911
TI  - Beta blockers may induce in C57BL/6 mice a polyclonal activation of lymphocytes
      which is not mediated by beta adrenergic receptors.
AB  - The in vivo immune effects of nine beta (beta)-blockers are studied in C5B1/6
      mice after 7 days of treatment. Humoral and cellular studies indicate that
      several beta-blocking agents, particularly pindolol and acebutolol, may induce a
      polyclonal activation of lymphocytes. It may involve all the classes and
      subclasses of immunoglobulins with a preferential effect on IgA and IgG2a.
      Further investigations, conducted using the laevorotatory and dextrorotatory
      forms of pindolol indicate that this immune effect is not mediated by specific
      beta-adrenergic receptors.

PMID- 2906912
TI  - Management of ectopic pregnancy: a shift from laparotomy to pelviscopy.

PMID- 2906913
TI  - Resistant cases of polycystic ovarian disease successfully treated with a
      combination of corticosteroids, clomiphene, and bromocriptine.
AB  - Eight successively examined anovulatory women with polycystic ovarian disease
      (PCOD) who had remained resistant to treatment with clomiphene and dexamethasone
      (DEX) (and some to hMG/hCG) and had mildly elevated prolactin levels were treated
      with a combination of clomiphene, DEX, and bromocriptine. There was a decrease in
      the LH:FSH ratio and androgen and prolactin levels to normal values; within five
      to eleven treatment cycles, all were pregnant. These results were probably
      achieved because of the inhibition of prolactin secretion by the dopamine
      agonist, but may also be due to repletion of a suggested possible functional
      depletion of dopamine within hypothalamic nuclei in PCOD. This combination
      treatment is therefore highly recommended before resorting to hMG/hCG therapy or
      surgery, both of which have intrinsic disadvantages.

PMID- 2906914
TI  - Smoking and cysts of the ovary.
AB  - Endocrinologic and epidemiologic data indicate that cigarette smoking is
      antiestrogenic. We found that cigarette smoking is significantly associated with
      the occurrence of cysts of the ovary among 5,398 college alumnae ranging in age
      from 21 to 80 years. Data on ovarian cysts were obtained in response to the
      question: "Did you ever have ovarian cysts? If yes, age occurred and treatment."
      The prevalence (lifetime occurrence) of cysts of the ovary in the entire sample
      is 10.2%. Never smokers had a lower lifetime occurrence of ovarian cysts in every
      age decade than did former smokers or current smokers. The age-adjusted odds
      ratio (OR) for ever smokers compared to never smokers is 1.5 with 95% CL (1.2,
      1.8), P less than .001. For former smokers compared to never smokers, the OR is
      1.5, 95% CL (1.2, 1.9); for current vs. never smokers, the OR is 1.4, 95% CL
      (1.1, 1.8). Smoking was also associated with the earlier occurrence of cysts of
      the ovary. The 2,622 former college athletes in the sample were at significantly
      lower risk of ovarian cysts than were the 2,776 nonathletes; OR = 0.8, 95% CL
      (0.6, 0.9). Young women need to be made aware of the possible adverse effect of
      cigarette smoking on the ovary.

PMID- 2906915
TI  - Five-year, multicenter study of a triphasic, low-dose, combination oral
      contraceptive.
AB  - A total of 4,342 women received a triphasic oral contraceptive combination
      containing levonorgestrel and ethinyl estradiol (Triphasil in the United States,
      Trinordiol in Europe) over a 5-year period, for a total of 70,282 cycles.
      Medication was begun on day 1 in the first cycle, with no backup contraception,
      and consisted of levonorgestrel (LNg) 50 micrograms + ethinyl estradiol (EE2) 30
      micrograms for 6 days, LNg 75 micrograms + EE2 40 micrograms for 5 days, and LNg
      125 micrograms + EE2 30 micrograms for 10 days. Twelve pregnancies occurred
      during the study, resulting in a Pearl Index of 0.22. Medication was missed in an
      overall total of 5,067 cycles (7.2%), and 9 of the 12 pregnancies were attributed
      by the investigators to misuse of the drug, resulting in a corrected Pearl Index
      of 0.06. Cycle control was excellent, bleeding irregularities were minimal, and
      the incidence of adverse experiences was low (generally less than 1% of total
      cycles). The results indicate that this triphasic combination, given in
      pharmacologic doses that are patterned after normal cycles, is a predictable,
      efficacious, well-tolerated, and accepted means of oral contraception.

PMID- 2906916
TI  - Wish for a child and infertility: study on 116 couples. I. Interview and
      psychodynamic hypotheses.
AB  - The authors wish to stress the importance of the psychosomatic approach in the
      investigation of infertility. Following the hypothesis that infertile patients
      may present emotional conflicts with regard to the wish of having a child,
      psychodynamic interviews were carried out with 116 infertile couples
      concomitantly with their first consultation at the Sterility Department. The
      psychological findings show that severe conflicts with regard to wish of
      parenthood were present in the majority of the female patients and especially in
      those without clinically defined organic infertility factors. The relationship
      between clinical diagnosis and psychological outcome was less evident in the male
      partners. The 11 pregnancies which occurred in the study group are also discussed
      with regard to the motivational quality of the wish of child of these patients. A
      recommendation is made that psychological interviews should be included in any
      infertility investigation as a matter of routine and that therapeutic procedures
      should take into account both the clinical and psychological diagnosis to prevent
      unsuccessful situations.

PMID- 2906917
TI  - Local hydrocortisone treatment of sperm-agglutinating antibodies in infertile
      women.
AB  - Local sperm-agglutinating antibodies (LSAA) in the cervical ovulatory mucus may
      be a cause of primary infertility. A group of 17 infertile women with LSAA
      treated without effect with artificial insemination and then condom therapy were
      studied. After hydrocortisone application to the ectocervix for up to four
      cycles, LSAA disappeared totally in 13 patients; six of them have given birth to
      babies. No side effects of treatment were observed. Hydrocortisone for local
      immunosuppression may become a new method of therapy in cervical immunological
      infertility.

PMID- 2906918
TI  - Effects of the posterior hypophysis and ovary on pheromonal production in normal
      females and in the reproductive behavior of male rats treated with D,L
      propranolol.
AB  - Posterior hypophysis homogenates of female rats stimulated with epinephrine
      subcutaneously contain a pheromonal factor that increments significantly the
      incidence of fertile coitus after having been placed in the oronasal groove of
      rats in proestro (69.2% fertile coitus vs. 36.6% of control). These same
      homogenates obtained from spayed rats increment reproductive activity even more
      (80.0% fertile coitus). The homogenates do not act by an intraperitoneal route.
      Male rats under the effect of high doses of D,L-propranolol reduce reproductive
      activity (21.2% fertile coitus). This effect is counteracted by posterior
      hypophysis homogenates from female rats stimulated with epinephrine, placed in
      the oronasal groove (72.2% fertile coitus). The homogenates of anterior
      hypophysis do not increase the reproductive capacity of rats in proestro, and do
      not modify the propranolol effects in male rats.

PMID- 2906919
TI  - Seminal plasma transferrin concentration in normozoospermic fertile men and
      oligozoospermic men associated with varicocele.
AB  - Seminal plasma transferrin concentration has been reported a useful clinical
      marker for Sertoli cell function. In the present study, to investigate if
      transferrin production in the testis is decreased in oligozoospermic men
      associated with visible varicocele, seminal plasma transferrin concentrations in
      two groups -12 normozoospermic fertile men and 14 oligozoospermic varicocele
      patients--were measured and the values compared. Seminal plasma transferrin
      concentration in the oligozoospermic varicocele group was 29.9 +/- 6.8
      micrograms/mL, and the concentration in the normozoospermic fertile group was
      75.5 +/- 39.3 micrograms/mL. There was a significant difference between the two
      groups (P less than .001). The results indicate that transferrin production in
      the testis of oligozoospermic varicocele patients must be decreased, and also
      suggest that decreased transferrin production may be related to disturbed
      spermatogenesis in varicocele patients.

PMID- 2906921
TI  - DNA polymorphism of the HLA-B35 gene associated to different HLA-C locus alleles.
AB  - Peripheral blood leukocyte DNA from 31 donors, previously typed as HLA-B35, was
      digested with EcoRV and analyzed by Southern transfer and hybridization to an HLA
      class I probe. Out of 31 HLA-B35 positive (+) individuals, 24 showed a 4.6-kb
      band, previously associated with the B35 allele by Cohen et al. (Proc Natl Acad
      Sci USA 80:6289-6292). The HLA-B35 allele has a strong linkage disequilibrium
      (70%) with the Cw4 allele. All samples having the 4.6-kb band corresponded to HLA
      B35+, Cw4+ cells, whereas those lacking the band came from HLA-B35+, Cw4-negative
      (-) cells. Five HLA-B35-, Cw4+ samples were also studied and none showed the
      band. An HLA-B locus-specific probe gave a strong hybridization signal to this
      fragment, whereas an HLA-C locus-specific probe revealed different bands. The
      results suggest that the 4.6-kb fragment contains the B35 gene. Digestion with
      other restriction enzymes, located the polymorphic site to the 3' end of the
      gene. Analysis of 18 additional individuals with other specificities of the "4c"
      antigenic cluster (HLA-B18, B51, B52 and B53) showed that the EcoRV/4.6 kb-band
      was also present in 5/5 B52 cells and 4/4 B53 samples.

PMID- 2906920
TI  - Urinary alanine-aminopeptidase (AAP) excretion in patients with urinary tract
      infection treated with ceftazidime (CAZ) or cefotaxime (CTX) plus tobramycin
      (TOB).
AB  - It is well known that some antibiotics are particularly nephrotoxic. In the
      present study we investigated kidney function and AAP excretion (as an index of
      nephrotoxicity) in patients with urinary tract infection treated with CAZ or CTX
      plus TOB. The main cause of infection was E. coli in both treated groups. After
      10 days of treatment similar beneficial effects were stated in both groups. At
      the end of treatment urinary AAP excretion in both groups was higher than before
      treatment. Despite a significant increase in urinary AAP in only one patient of
      each group, the serum creatinine level rose by more than 45 mumol/l. Monitoring
      of urinary AAP may be useful in early detection of nephrotoxicity caused by
      antibiotics.

PMID- 2906923
TI  - Apparent loss of 2H4+ T cells in peripheral blood lymphocytes of normal donors: a
      2H4-specific artefact unique to T cells.
AB  - The antigenic cluster designated CD45R is recognized by a family of monoclonal
      antibodies. However, one of those most frequently used because of its commercial
      availability is 2H4. In a series of experiments we show that 2H4
      immunofluorescence is almost completely lost from CD4+ or CD8+ T cells of human
      origin if they are fixed after staining with 2H4. Loss of fluorescence intensity
      of the total population of 2H4+ lymphocytes and nearly complete quantitative loss
      of CD45R+ T cells is observed after fixation. This apparent loss of CD45R as
      detected by 2H4 is not seen if other CD45R-specific monoclonal antibodies are
      used. Fixation of B cells previously stained with 2H4 gives rise to slightly
      diminished fluorescence intensity, but no reduction in number of 2H4+ B cells.
      This appears to be due to a lower antigen density on T cells as compared to B
      cells. The effect is unique to 2H4, as other monoclonal antibodies recognizing
      CD45R, while exhibiting a decrease in fluorescence intensity after fixation,
      still unequivocally detect CD45R+ CD4+ or CD8+ T cells. The effect is restricted
      to human T cells, as primate lymphocytes, fixed after staining with 2H4, show no
      loss in fluorescence intensity. We conclude that if it is necessary to fix human
      T cells after fluorescent staining, the use of CD45R-specific antibodies other
      than 2H4 is mandatory.

PMID- 2906924
TI  - Tocainide-induced pulmonary toxicity.

PMID- 2906922
TI  - An HLA-DQ alpha allele identified at DNA and protein level is strongly associated
      with celiac disease.
AB  - An HLA-DQ alpha cDNA probe showed upon hybridization a highly significant
      discrepancy between the RFLP of celiac disease patients and healthy controls. The
      4.0-kb Bgl II restriction fragment was present in 97% of celiac disease patients
      (n = 30), compared to 56% in a healthy control population (n = 72) (RR = 14.9; p
      less than 0.0005). At the product level all celiac disease patients tested to
      date have one DQ alpha chain in common, designated HLA-DQ alpha 2.3, which is
      associated with the 4.0-kb Bgl II fragment. This HLA-DQ alpha allele identified
      at the DNA level and product level seems to be a better marker for genetic
      susceptibility to develop celiac disease than those available to date.

PMID- 2906925
TI  - Malignant fibrous histiocytoma of the lung.

PMID- 2906926
TI  - Synchronous cystic hygromas.

PMID- 2906927
TI  - Myocarditis.

PMID- 2906928
TI  - Hypernephroma.

PMID- 2906929
TI  - Misplacement of the narrow-bore feeding tube.

PMID- 2906930
TI  - A pioneer Illinois physician and scholar. John F. Snyder, M.D.

PMID- 2906931
TI  - Inhibitory effect of ellagic acid on N-2-fluorenylacetamide-induced liver
      carcinogenesis in male ACI/N rats.
AB  - The effect of ellagic acid (EA) on the hepatocarcinogenesis induced by N-2
      fluorenylacetamide (FAA) was investigated in male ACI/N rats. Rats were fed diet
      containing 200 ppm FAA and 400 ppm EA for 16 weeks, and diet containing 400 ppm
      EA alone was fed to the animals for one week before FAA exposure and one week
      after the carcinogen treatment. Animals were killed at intervals up to 20 weeks
      after cessation of the carcinogen. Liver altered foci and neoplasms were
      quantified using gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase reaction as well as conventional
      staining for identification. Exposure to FAA alone induced a substantial number
      of altered foci and at the end of experiment (week 36), the incidence of
      hepatocellular neoplasms was 100%. In the group receiving EA together with FAA,
      the number of altered foci was decreased at all time points and at termination,
      the final incidence of hepatocellular neoplasms (30%) was also reduced. Thus, EA
      inhibited the hepatocarcinogenesis induced by FAA when it was administered
      concurrently with the carcinogen.

PMID- 2906932
TI  - Serological diversity within the species Legionella spiritensis.
AB  - A strain of Legionella isolated from the environment which could not initially be
      identified was shown by restriction fragment length polymorphisms to be a
      Legionella spiritensis. This was confirmed by DNA homology studies, cell wall
      fatty acid composition and isoprenoid quinone analysis. This strain, which is
      only the second reported representative of the species, was shown to be
      serologically distinct from the type strain of L. spiritensis and all other
      serogroups of Legionella.

PMID- 2906933
TI  - Inhibitory effect of DG-5128 on steroid-dependent asthma.
AB  - To study the possible role of alpha-2 receptors in intractable asthmatics, we
      investigated the ameliorative effects of 2-[2-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-1
      phenylthyl]pyridine dihydrochloride sesquihydrate (DG-5128) on 10 steroid
      dependent asthmatic patients. The forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and
      the respiratory resistance (Rrs) were measured 1, 2, and 3 hours after oral
      administration of 200 mg DG-5128 and compared with the premedication
      measurements. Two hours after DG-5128 administration, the FEV1 rose significantly
      (p less than 0.01) and the Rrs decreased significantly (p less than 0.05).
      Asthmatic symptoms (cough, wheezing, dyspnea) also improved in 80% of the
      patients. This finding raises the possibility that alpha-2 adrenoceptors exist in
      human airways, that they play an important role in the pathophysiology of asthma,
      and that the overfunction of these alpha-2 adrenoceptors and/or Gi-protein cause
      intractable asthma.

PMID- 2906934
TI  - Pulmonary involvement in non-specific aorto-arteritis in eastern India.

PMID- 2906935
TI  - Down-regulation of hepatic LDL receptor protein and messenger RNA in fasted
      rabbits.
AB  - Rabbits fasted for 9 and 14 d exhibited 6- and 8-fold increase in plasma
      cholesterol level, respectively. As one of the mechanisms causing
      hypercholesterolemia in fasted rabbits, the decreased activity of hepatic low
      density lipoproteins (LDL) receptor has been reported (Stoudemire, J.B., Renaud,
      G., Shames, D.M., & Havel, R.J. (1984) J. Lipid Res. 25, 33-39). In order to
      demonstrate the down-regulation of hepatic LDL receptor on a molecular basis, we
      carried out immunoblotting of the liver membranes with a specific antibody
      against LDL receptors and blot hybridization of hepatic RNAs with cDNA of LDL
      receptor. Immunoblotting showed that LDL receptors in fasted rabbits were
      markedly decreased, and blot hybridization of RNAs showed a significant decrease
      in mRNA level of hepatic LDL receptor in fasted rabbits. Further, significant
      decreases both in LDL binding to liver membrane and in hepatic 3-hydroxy-3
      methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity in fasted rabbits were demonstrated.
      From these results, we concluded that hypercholesterolemia in fasted rabbits is
      caused by the impaired catabolism of LDL due to down-regulated biosynthesis of
      hepatic LDL receptor.

PMID- 2906936
TI  - Complex formation between anionic semiquinoid form of a flavoenzyme D-amino acid
      oxidase and ligands. Stabilizing mechanism of anionic semiquinoid flavoenzyme.
AB  - Picolinate binds to the anionic semiquinoid form of D-amino acid oxidase (DAO),
      and the complex formed has a broad absorption band in the long-wavelength region
      extending beyond 800 nm, which is reminiscent of a charge transfer interaction.
      The binding has a stoichiometry of 1:1 with respect to the enzyme. The
      dissociation constant at 25 degrees C was 30 microM at pH 7.0. The pH dependence
      (pH 7.0-8.3) of the dissociation constant indicates that one proton is associated
      with the complex formation, and suggests that picolinate able to bind to the
      anionic semiquinoid enzyme is in the cationic form protonated at the nitrogen
      atom. By adding dithionite to the oxidized DAO solution containing pyruvate and
      various amines, a similar anionic semiquinoid DAO complex having a broad long
      wavelength absorption band, appeared. Resonance Raman spectra with excitation at
      623.8 nm of the anionic semiquinoid DAO complex formed in the presence of
      pyruvate and methylamine indicate that the complex consists of the anionic
      semiquinoid DAO and N-methyl-alpha-iminopropionate produced from pyruvate and
      methylamine, and that the imino group must be protonated. This supports the
      proposal that the presence of a positively charged group in the vicinity of
      flavin is required for the stabilization of the anionic semiquinoid flavin. The
      results also suggest that the broad absorption band is derived from the charge
      transfer interaction between the anionic semiquinoid flavin and the imino acid,
      in which the flavin C(4a)-N(5) locus and the locus containing (Formula: see text)
      of the amino acid are important for the interaction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2906937
TI  - Dopamine D2 receptors retain agonist high-affinity form and guanine nucleotide
      sensitivity after removal of sialic acid.
AB  - The ligand binding subunit of the D2 dopamine receptor (Mr approximately equal to
      94,000) can be visualized by autoradiography following photoaffinity labeling
      with [125I]N-azidophenethylspiperone and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide
      gel electrophoresis. Following removal of sialic acids with the exoglycosidase,
      neuraminidase, [125I]N-azidophenethylspiperone photoincorporated into a protein
      of Mr = 54,000 with the appropriate pharmacological profile for D2 receptors. The
      desialylated D2 receptor bound dopaminergic agonists with high affinity and was
      capable of coupling to a functional G-protein as indexed by: 1) pertussis-toxin
      mediated [32P]ADP ribosylation of proteins of Mr = 42,000 and 39,000, and 2) the
      conversion of the agonist high affinity form of D2 receptors to one displaying
      low affinity for agonists in the presence of guanine nucleotides. These data
      suggest that sialic acid residues do not contribute significantly to the ligand
      binding characteristics of D2 receptors despite the large change produced in the
      estimated molecular mass of the binding subunit.

PMID- 2906938
TI  - Patient knowledge of cardio-respiratory drugs.
AB  - Eighty-five patients were interviewed to determine their knowledge of their
      prescribed medicines, the dosing changes they made, the action taken if adverse
      effects occurred and their information requirements. Most (85%) knew the reason
      for use of their medicines and many (73%) knew the frequency of use, but few had
      been told the anticipated duration of use (16%) or been warned of adverse effects
      (8%). Patients changed the doses of 34% of medicines as they felt appropriate.
      Forty patients (47%) considered they had experienced side-effects, and 42% of all
      patients did not disclose their adverse effect. Fifty-eight patients (68%) posed
      questions about their treatment. These questions concerned efficacy or indication
      (38%), side-effects (26%), dosing instruction (20%), duration of treatment (18%)
      and miscellaneous topics (29%).

PMID- 2906939
TI  - Separation of optical isomers of methoxyphenamine and its metabolites as N
      heptafluorobutyryl-L-prolyl derivatives by fused-silica capillary gas
      chromatography.

PMID- 2906940
TI  - Perfluorinated acids as ion-pairing agents in the determination of monoamine
      transmitters and some prominent metabolites in rat brain by high-performance
      liquid chromatography with amperometric detection.
AB  - The behaviour of trifluoroacetate and heptafluorobutyrate as pairing ions for the
      reversed-phase ion-pair separation of monoamine transmitters and related
      metabolites was studied. The performance of systems with the perfluorinated acids
      was compared with that of systems containing sodium octyl sulphonate and was
      found to be better in terms of peak resolution combined with total analysis time,
      day-to-day reproducibility and the time required for attaining initial
      chromatographic equilibrium. Rat brain samples were deproteinized in the
      acidified mobile phase, injected directly on to a high-performance liquid
      chromatographic column and quantitated using an amperometric detector. Sample run
      times were 6-8 min, at a relatively low flow-rate. The detection limits achieved
      are fairly uncommon with conventional bore columns. The two perfluorinated acids
      studied differ in the dominant mechanisms of ion-pair formation and show
      selectivity differences as a result.

PMID- 2906941
TI  - Selective effect of clonazepam and (S)-uxepam on the binding of warfarin
      enantiomers to human serum albumin.
AB  - Both clonazepam and (S)-uxepam selectively increase the binding of (S)-warfarin
      to human serum albumin. By liquid affinity chromatography, improved resolution of
      rac-warfarin was achieved.

PMID- 2906942
TI  - On-line capillary zone electrophoresis-ion spray tandem mass spectrometry for the
      determination of dynorphins.
AB  - Capillary zone electrophoresis-mass spectrometry and capillary zone
      electrophoresis-tandem mass spectrometry with ionization at atmospheric pressure
      are demonstrated as being feasible for the separation and determination of small
      peptides such as dynorphins (1-6, 1-7, 1-8, 1-9) and leucine enkephalin at low
      picomole levels by full-scan mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry and
      at the low femtomole range under selected ion monitoring conditions. Ion
      evaporation resulting from the ion spray liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry
      interface exhibits primarily molecular weight information as singly and multiply
      charged ions and is shown to be a sensitive and mild ionization method for
      peptides. The full-scan daughter ion mass spectrum of leucine enkephalin is shown
      to contain fragment ions consistent with the sequence of the peptide. Parent ion
      scanning in the tandem mass spectrometry mode is a promising technique for the
      screening of related peptides.

PMID- 2906944
TI  - Agoraphobics' understanding of the development and maintenance of their symptoms.
AB  - A 24-item test was devised to study the degree of understanding a group of
      agoraphobics had of the etiology and behavioral treatment of their symptoms
      before and after treatment, whether understanding was related to mode of symptom
      acquisition and, finally, if increase in understanding was related to treatment
      outcome. Clients were found to be ill-informed in areas most directly related to
      realistic exposure strategies, but there was no difference between those who had
      conditioning as opposed to cognitive acquisition histories. Changes in
      understanding were found to be related to outcome measures.

PMID- 2906943
TI  - Biotinylated DNA probes for exotoxin A and pilin genes in the differentiation of
      Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains.
AB  - Biotin-labeled DNA probes derived from Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A and
      pilin genes were tested for their ability to distinguish strains among a selected
      group of P. aeruginosa isolates. Probing of Southern blots of restriction digests
      of DNA from test strains with the exotoxin A probe demonstrated a unique
      hybridization pattern for each independently isolated strain containing the
      exotoxin A gene. Two phenotypically distinct strains isolated from the same
      patient were found to be identical in their DNA hybridization patterns. By using
      a pilin gene probe, similar distinction was made between independent strains,
      while strains from the same source were confirmed to be identical. Furthermore,
      DNA from a strain of P. aeruginosa lacking the exotoxin A gene yielded a unique
      pattern of restriction fragments which hybridized to the pilin gene probe. The
      exotoxin A and the pilin probes may together prove to be useful tools in
      epidemiological surveys during outbreaks of P. aeruginosa infection.

PMID- 2906945
TI  - In vivo desensitization in the treatment of recurrent nightmares.
AB  - The literature, although sparse, suggests that behavioral interventions targeting
      the overt waking manifestations of the fear content of nightmares, can
      effectively reduce the frequency and intensity of these dreams. A 20-year-old
      female with recurrent nightmares centering on a fear of snakes, was treated by in
      vivo desensitization in which she approached a live, harmless snake. During
      treatment the client displayed habituation of fear of the snake and this
      corresponded to reductions in her nightmares. By the end of treatment and at 3
      month and 1-year follow-up evaluations, she was free of fear and her nightmares
      had been eliminated. It is suggested that in vivo behavioral treatment of the
      content of nightmares may be a very effective way to eliminate these distressing
      dreams.

PMID- 2906946
TI  - A multifaceted behavioral intervention for pill-taking avoidance associated with
      Tylenol poisoning.
AB  - The effectiveness of relaxation training, imaginal exposure and in vivo exposure
      to pills in the treatment of pill-taking avoidance resulting from a fear of
      poisoning associated with Tylenol was investigated. Following relaxation training
      and imaginal exposure to vitamin consumption, one session of in vivo exposure to
      vitamin taking resulted in daily vitamin use. One session of in vivo exposure to
      aspirin and placebo capsules (substitutes for prescribed medication) resulted in
      consumption of aspirin as needed and daily ingestion of placebo pills.
      Interestingly, treatment effects generalized to leftovers and wine, two related
      phobic stimuli, without additional intervention. At three and six month follow
      up, the subject reported maintenance of treatment effects. Psychophysiological
      assessment data were consistent with the subject's self-report.

PMID- 2906947
TI  - Beta-adrenergic antagonists in psychosis: is improvement due to treatment of
      neuroleptic-induced akathisia?
AB  - Van Putten and colleagues have reported an association between akathisia and
      exacerbations of psychosis in schizophrenic patients treated with neuroleptic
      drugs. They noted that treatment with an anticholinergic drug, biperiden, led to
      prompt improvement in both conditions. Recent reports suggest that beta
      adrenergic antagonists may be effective in the treatment of akathisia. Based on
      these observations, we surveyed studies in which beta-adrenergic antagonists were
      administered as putative antipsychotic agents in order to determine whether
      reports of improvement may actually have reflected successful treatment of
      underlying neuroleptic-induced akathisia. Though inferential, the results of this
      review support this hypothesis. It is possible that the mechanism of action for
      the anti-akathisia and antipsychotic effects of beta-adrenergic antagonists may
      be due to enhancement of the firing rate of dopamine neurons in the ventral
      tegmental area, with subsequent increased release of dopamine and decreased
      interference with dopaminergic neurotransmission.

PMID- 2906948
TI  - Psychotic patients who become worse on neuroleptics.
AB  - We describe a group of psychotic patients who became worse early in the course of
      neuroleptic treatment. Characteristics of this group were: predominantly female
      sex, relatively brief onset, family history of affective disorder, hypomotoric
      presentation, and severe neuroleptic side effects. We propose that some patients
      with affective psychoses are uniquely susceptible to profound blockade of the
      nigrostriatal dopaminergic system by neuroleptics.

PMID- 2906949
TI  - View from the Nation's Courts.

PMID- 2906950
TI  - Screening of Israeli Holstein-Friesian cattle for restriction fragment length
      polymorphisms using homologous and heterologous deoxyribonucleic acid probes.
AB  - Genomic DNA of Israeli Holstein-Friesian dairy cattle were screened with a
      battery of 17 cloned or subcloned DNA probes in an attempt to document
      restriction fragment length polymorphisms at a number of genetic loci.
      Restriction fragment length polymorphisms were observed at the chymosin, oxytocin
      neurophysin I, lutropin beta, keratin III, keratin VI, keratin VII, prolactin,
      and dihydrofolate reductase loci. Use of certain genomic DNA fragments as probes
      produced hybridization patterns indicative of satellite DNA at the respective
      loci. Means for distinguishing hybridizations to coding sequences for unique
      genes from those to satellite DNA were developed. Results of this study are
      discussed in terms of strategy for the systematic development of large numbers of
      bovine genomic polymorphisms.

PMID- 2906951
TI  - Neuropeptide Y-, tyrosine hydroxylase- and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide
      immunoreactive nerves in bone and surrounding tissues.
AB  - Nerve fibres immunoreactive to neuropeptide Y (NPY), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)
      and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) were demonstrated in rat bone and
      adjacent tissues. The distribution of NPY- and TH-positive fibres differed from
      that of VIP-positive fibres. NPY- and TH-immunoreactive fibres were almost
      exclusively found close to or within the blood vessel walls, mostly in the
      vicinity of the epiphyseal plate, but also in the Volkmann canals. VIP-positive
      fibres were predominantly present in the epiphysis and periosteum and only
      occasionally around blood vessels. This study demonstrates that bone and
      surrounding tissues have a supply of both noradrenergic and peptide-containing
      nerves. The differential distribution of these nerves may reflect specific roles
      in the local regulation of bone physiology, such as blood flow, bone formation or
      resorption.

PMID- 2906952
TI  - Putative neurotransmitters involved in medullary cardiovascular regulation.
AB  - Experiments were carried out in artificially ventilated pentobarbital
      anesthetized male Wistar rats. Following microinjection of muscimol (GABA
      mimetic) or kynurenic acid (KYN; glutamate antagonist) into the ventrolateral
      medullary depressor area (VLDA), microinjection of L-glutamate (GLU; 4.5 nmol)
      into the NTS elicited a pressor response. This pressor response was attenuated in
      a dose-dependent manner by microinjection of KYN (0.5-5 nmol) into the
      ventrolateral medullary pressor area (VLPA). A GLU-induced pressor response could
      also be elicited from the NTS when GABA receptors in the VLPA were blocked with
      the microinjection of bicuculline (GABA antagonist, 200 pmol) into this site. The
      same dose of bicuculline in the VLPA also blocked the depressor responses
      elicited from the VLDA. With the VLDA or VLPA functionally unimpaired,
      microinjection of GLU (4.5 nmol) into the NTS elicited a fall in blood pressure
      and heart rate. This depressor response was attenuated in a dose-dependent manner
      by the microinjections of KYN (2-20 nmol) into the VLDA. These results indicate
      that: (1) The NTS sends glutamatergic inputs to both the VLDA and the VLPA; the
      projection from the NTS to the VLPA mediates pressor responses while that from
      the NTS to the VLDA represents one component of the pathway mediating the
      depressor responses elicited from the NTS. (2) The pathway from the VLDA to the
      VLPA is GABA-ergic and represents another component of the pathway mediating
      depressor responses evoked from the NTS. (3) The bradycardia evoked from the NTS
      may involve a pathway from the NTS to the VLDA.

PMID- 2906954
TI  - Observations on feeding potential of some indigenous fishes on mosquito larvae in
      Nilgiri Hills, Tamil Nadu.

PMID- 2906953
TI  - Effects of acute and chronic beta-adrenoceptor blockade on baroreflex sensitivity
      in humans.
AB  - To determine whether beta-adrenoceptor blockade lowers blood pressure by
      potentiating arterial baroreflex sensitivity (BRS), we compared the effect of
      acute i.v. and chronic oral beta-blockade on the BRS (phenylephrine technique) of
      51 subjects with essential hypertension. Subjects were randomly assigned in a
      double-blind protocol to one of atenolol, metoprolol, pindolol or propranolol.
      There was an increase in BRS, unrelated to changes in heart rate, after both
      acute and chronic beta-blockade. This effect was most evident in younger and less
      hypertensive subjects. Decreases in blood pressure after 5-months' treatment were
      unrelated to increases in BRS, indicating that the hypotensive action of these
      drugs is not dependent upon augmented baroreflex control of heart rate. Only
      propranolol, of the 4 beta-blockers, increased BRS significantly after acute and
      chronic treatment. The acute effect of propranolol was significantly different
      from that of i.v. metoprolol (P less than 0.008) but the effect of long-term
      treatment with propanolol was not significantly different from that of the other
      3 beta-blockers. We conclude that the impaired reflex regulation of heart rate
      can be improved in younger and mild-to-moderate hypertensive patients by beta
      adrenoceptor blockade. Further studies, involving larger numbers and perhaps
      fewer drugs are needed to determine the relative importance of lipophilicity and
      beta 1- or beta 2-receptor selectivity in mediating the increase in baroreflex
      sensitivity seen with treatment.

PMID- 2906955
TI  - Lithium and renal function in relation to concomitant theory.
AB  - Two hundred and fourteen patients (99 men, 115 women, age 21-87 years) were
      treated with lithium during the period 1963-1984 at the Psychiatric Unit,
      Danderyd Hospital. The patients were diagnosed as having bipolar depression (97),
      unipolar depression (54), cycloid psychosis (21), schizoaffective psychosis and
      depressive neurosis (42). Sixty patients were treated with lithium salt only, 73
      patients received neuroleptic drugs in addition to lithium and 51 antidepressant
      drugs. Sixteen patients were treated with a combination of neuroleptic drugs,
      antidepressant drugs and lithium. Fourteen patients were treated with lithium and
      benzodiazepines. The aim of this retrospective lithium study was to examine the
      renal function in these different treatment groups. The results show that
      patients treated with a lithium salt and neuroleptic drugs have significantly
      lower urinary osmolality than those treated with a lithium salt only. Also
      tricyclic antidepressants in combination with a lithium salt appear to have an
      influence on renal function. The duration of concomitant therapy seems to be of
      importance for the effect on renal function. Eleven patients with the lowest
      osmolality values were investigated at the Renal Unit, Danderyd Hospital, but in
      no case was it necessary to withdraw the lithium treatment.

PMID- 2906956
TI  - Sympathetic (alpha-beta) or calcium channel blockade for hypertensive myocardial
      infarction? A haemodynamic comparison of labetalol and nifedipine.
AB  - The haemodynamic impact of alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor blockade (labetalol) was
      compared with that of slow-calcium channel blockade (nifedipine) in 32 patients
      with sustained elevation of systemic arterial pressure (systolic blood pressure
      greater than 160; diastolic blood pressure greater than 95 mmHg) following a
      recent myocardial infarction (6-22 h). Patients with normal (pulmonary artery
      occluded pressure; (PAOP less than 18 mmHg; n = 16) or impaired (PAOP greater
      than 18 mmHg; n = 16) left ventricular function were randomized to labetalol (1
      mg/kg i.v. 15 min) or nifedipine (20 mg sublingually) and haemodynamic profile
      was measured over 2 h. Both drugs equally reduced mean systemic arterial pressure
      (P less than 0.01 versus pretreatment control), and presumably left ventricular
      afterload; however, the heart rate (P less than 0.01) and cardiac index (P less
      than 0.01) increased after nifedipine, contrasting with reductions in both
      variables following labetalol (P less than 0.01). The elevated left ventricular
      filling pressure was reduced by both labetalol (P less than 0.05) and nifedipine
      (P less than 0.01) but the reduction was greater following nifedipine (-2 mmHg
      versus -5 mmHg, P less than 0.05). Thus both compounds were equally effective
      hypotensive agents. Labetalol consistently reduced cardiac stroke work and double
      product, important determinants of myocardial oxygen requirements; however,
      nifedipine afforded some improvement in cardiac performance in patients with left
      ventricular dysfunction.

PMID- 2906957
TI  - Mlsa determinants: relationship to Fc gamma receptor and tissue distribution.
AB  - We have analysed the genetic relationship between Mlsa and Fc gamma R in mice.
      Using the Fc gamma R-specific DNA probes, we were unable to detect a restriction
      fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) which is consistent in DNA derived from Mlsa
      strains and which differed from that of Mlsb strains, while we could see a
      polymorphism that distinguishes Ly17.1 from Ly17.2, alleles of the Fc gamma R.
      These results strongly suggest that Mlsa is neither a product of the alpha Fc
      gamma R nor of the beta Fc gamma R gene. Furthermore, we have re-examined the
      tissue distribution of Mlsa determinants using a major histocompatibility complex
      (MHC) class II antigen-positive T-cell tumour as well as a pure population of
      bone marrow derived macrophages of Mlsa genotype. Both these cell types were
      recognized to varying degrees by alloreactive cells; however, none of them
      expressed functionally detectable Mlsa determinants. We conclude from our studies
      that Mlsa is a highly stimulatory self peptide that is exclusively expressed in B
      cells.

PMID- 2906958
TI  - Mucosal T cell networks: role of Fc alpha R+ T cells and Ig BF alpha in the
      regulation of the IgA response.

PMID- 2906959
TI  - Mechanisms by which tumor necrosis factor stimulates hepatic fatty acid synthesis
      in vivo.
AB  - We have previously shown that bolus intravenous administration of tumor necrosis
      factor (TNF) to normal rats results in a rapid (within 90 min) stimulation of
      hepatic fatty acid synthesis, which is sustained for 17 hr. We now demonstrate
      that TNF stimulates fatty acid synthesis by several mechanisms. Fatty acid
      synthetase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (measured after maximal stimulation by
      citrate) were not higher in livers from animals that had been treated with TNF 90
      min before study compared to controls. In contrast, 16 hr after treatment with
      TNF, fatty acid synthetase was slightly elevated (35%) while acetyl-CoA
      carboxylase was increased by 58%. To explain the early rise in the hepatic
      synthesis of fatty acids, we examined the regulation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase.
      The acute increase in fatty acid synthesis was not due to activation of acetyl
      CoA carboxylase by change in its phosphorylation state (as calculated by the
      ratio of activity in the absence and presence of 2 mM citrate). However, hepatic
      levels of citrate, an allosteric activator of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, were
      significantly elevated (51%) within 90 min of TNF treatment. TNF also induces an
      acute increase (within 90 min) in the plasma levels of free fatty acids. However,
      hepatic levels of fatty acyl-CoA, which can inhibit acetyl-CoA carboxylase, did
      not rise 90 min following TNF treatment and were 35% lower than in control livers
      by 16 hr after TNF. These data suggest that TNF acutely regulates hepatic fatty
      acid synthesis in vivo by raising hepatic levels of citrate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2906960
TI  - Seasonal activity of mosquitoes in an Ockelbo disease endemic area in central
      Sweden.
AB  - In the Sassman area, province of Halsingland, Sweden, mosquitoes were sampled in
      1983 from aquatic habitats, overwintering sites, cattle sheds, human bait, with
      UV-light traps, rabbit-, guinea-pig-, hen-, dove- and unbaited suction traps and
      similarly baited net traps. Anopheles beklemishevi, An. messeae, Aedes cantans,
      Ae. cataphylla, Ae. cinereus, Ae. communis, Ae. diantaeus, Ae. excrucians, Ae.
      hexodontus, Ae. intrudens, Ae. leucomelas, Ae. pionips, Ae. punctor, Ae. vexans,
      Culex pipiens, Cx. torrentium, Cx. territans, Culiseta alaskaensis, Cs.
      bergrothi, Cs. morsitans, Cs. ochroptera and Mansonia richiardii were recorded as
      new to the province. Data are presented on the ecology including seasonal
      abundance and seasonal blood-feeding activity of each species. Ockelbo disease,
      caused by a virus indistinguishable from Sindbis virus, is prevalent amongst
      humans in the study area. The ecological and behavioral potential of species of
      Culex, Culiseta and Aedes to transmit the virus is discussed.

PMID- 2906961
TI  - Occurrence of Psorophora columbiae eggs in different field types comprising a
      Texas riceland agroecosystem.
AB  - Soil samples (3,258) were collected from soybean fields, rice fields and
      permanent pastures in Chambers County, TX over a 2 1/2-year period and examined
      for the presence of Psorophora columbiae eggs. Eggs occurred more frequently and
      in greater numbers in samples taken from soybean fields than in samples from
      either rice fields or permanent pastures during the summers of 1979 and 1981 when
      there was heavy rainfall in the study area. Under dry conditions, as during the
      summer of 1980, the frequency of egg occurrence and abundance increased in
      samples taken from rice fields. However, egg occurrence and abundance in soybean
      field samples still remained relatively high even during this particular year.

PMID- 2906962
TI  - Evaluation of two new insect growth regulators against mosquitoes in the
      laboratory.
AB  - Biological activity of two new IGRs was studied under laboratory conditions
      against 2nd- and 4th-instar larvae and pupae of Anopheles quadrimaculatus, Aedes
      aegypti and Culex tarsalis. The IGR S-21149, an oxime [0-(2-(4'
      Phenoxyphenoxy)ethyl propionaldoxime], produced an overall mortality or
      inhibition of emergence of 95% (when 4th instar treated) at 0.0047, 0.0013 and
      0.00041 mg/liter in the three species, respectively. The EI95 values for the
      second IGR S-31183, a pyridine compound, [1-(4'-Phenoxyphenoxy)-2-(2'pyridyloxy)
      propane] were 0.017, 0.0026 and 0.00032 mg/liter for the three species,
      respectively. Both materials in general were less active against 2nd than 4th
      instar larvae, except that the 2nd- and 4th instars of An. quadrimaculatus were
      equally susceptible. Pupae treated at up to 0.1 mg/liter showed no mortality in
      the pupal or the ensuing adult stages.

PMID- 2906963
TI  - Effectiveness of soap formulations containing deet and permethrin as personal
      protection against outdoor mosquitoes in Malaysia.
AB  - Two soap formulations, both containing 20% deet and one each containing
      permethrin at 0.5 and 1.0%, respectively, were applied to exposed arms and legs
      of volunteers as personal protection against outdoor human biting mosquitoes in
      six locations on Penang Island, Malaysia. The predominant mosquito species
      collected from these locations were Aedes albopictus, Mansonia uniformis, Culex
      gelidus, Anopheles lesteri and Armigeres subalbatus. Efficacy and residual
      effects up to 4 hours indicated good protection against these species. Reduction
      in mosquito landing-biting rates in treated groups ranged from 83.8 to 100.0%. At
      high densities, small percentages of Ma. uniformis and An. lesteri landed or bit
      on treated skin. Use of the soap formulations in terms of cost-effectiveness,
      safety and overall vector control strategy for some tropical diseases is
      discussed.

PMID- 2906964
TI  - Use of an exterior curtain-net to evaluate insecticide/mosquito behavior in
      houses.

PMID- 2906965
TI  - Insecticide resistance in mosquitoes: a pragmatic review.
AB  - Descriptions of the World Health Organization standard methods of assessing
      susceptibility or resistance in larval and in adult mosquitoes are presented, and
      the evaluation of their results are discussed. Other susceptibility test methods
      are also mentioned, including those based on esterase zymograms. Recent work on
      the biochemical mechanisms of resistance and cross-resistance are reviewed, along
      with possible countermeasures for the problem of mosquito resistance, now known
      in 113 species of culicines and anophelines.

PMID- 2906966
TI  - Determination and significance of suspended protein in wastewater.
AB  - A simple method is presented to measure the nutrient load of wastewater.
      Suspended particles, including microorganisms, are collected on a membrane filter
      by vacuum filtration, followed by colorimetric protein assay. Soluble proteins
      can be determined in the filtrate by precipitation. In domestic sewage and
      agricultural dairy wastewater, the largest portion of protein was retained on the
      membrane. Young larvae of Culex nigripalpus, Cx. quinquefasciatus and Aedes
      aegypti pupated when maintained in wastewater or its sediment but not when
      maintained in a membrane filtrate. If mosquito larvae feed primarily on suspended
      particles, the assay can be used to identify major feeding areas and may result
      in more economic application of microbial larvicides that act as food poisons.

PMID- 2906967
TI  - Differences between the nutritional reserves of laboratory-maintained and field
      collected adult mosquitoes.
AB  - Individual female mosquitoes from field populations of Aedes aegypti, Culex
      nigripalpus and Coquillettidia perturbans were analyzed for sugar, glycogen and
      lipids. Controls were maintained in the laboratory for 7 to 10 days on 2% and
      either 10 or 20% sucrose. Mosquitoes held in the laboratory had significantly
      more glycogen and lipid than field-collected mosquitoes of the same species.
      Laboratory mosquitoes maintained on 10 or 20% sucrose contained more sugar than
      did field mosquitoes. Mosquitoes of the above species were collected at field
      sites in January, April, July and October and nutritional reserves were
      determined. Seasonal differences in reserves were documented in females of all
      species. However, even when reserves were at their highest in field-collected
      mosquitoes they rarely approached the reserves in mosquitoes of the same species
      maintained in the laboratory on 10 or 20% sucrose. Since laboratory-maintained
      mosquitoes are nutritionally different from those in the field, results of
      laboratory studies on flight performance, host attractancy, biting, disease
      transmission and oviposition behavior may be biased.

PMID- 2906968
TI  - Vector potential of culicine mosquitoes in Faiyum Governorate, Egypt.
AB  - Culicine mosquito populations were studied for 1 year in 2 neighboring villages
      in Faiyum Governorate, Egypt. Dominant species in larval collections included
      Culex pipiens, Cx. univitattus, Cx. antennatus, Aedes caspius and Uranotaenia
      unguiculata; Culiseta longiareolata was less common. Culex pipiens accounted for
      98% of 3,743 mosquitoes captured in human-biting collection (164 man-nights), 96%
      of 1,136 mosquitoes collected inside houses and animal sheds (396 inspections),
      and 98% of 15,000 mosquitoes from 22 donkey-baited traps. Adult Cx. univittatus,
      Cx. antennatus and Ae. caspius were infrequently captured by any of the
      collection techniques. Although larval collections identified 5 common species,
      only Cx. pipiens showed a significant association with the human population.

PMID- 2906969
TI  - Occurrence and seasonal incidence of mosquitoes on Indian reservations in Iowa,
      Nebraska and South Dakota during 1983.
AB  - A mosquito surveillance program designed to prevent future human cases of Western
      equine encephalitis or Saint Louis encephalitis was established in 1983 on Indian
      reservations under the jurisdiction of the Aberdeen Area Indian Health Service in
      Iowa, Nebraska and South Dakota. Standard New Jersey light traps were operated on
      all reservations throughout the summer season while CDC miniature and
      encephalitis virus surveillance traps were employed for shorter periods of time
      on 4 reservations. Aedes vexans was the most abundant species except on the Pine
      Ridge, Rosebud, Winnebago and Yankton Sioux reservations in which Culex tarsalis
      predominated and for the Sac-n-Fox where Aedes trivittatus occurred with the
      greatest frequency.

PMID- 2906970
TI  - Timing of pupal-adult apolysis in mosquitoes.

PMID- 2906971
TI  - Presumed Dirofilaria immitis infections from field-collected mosquitoes in North
      Carolina.

PMID- 2906972
TI  - An automatic carbon dioxide delivery system for mosquito light trap surveys.

PMID- 2906973
TI  - Susceptibility of three species of mosquitoes to a Pasteur Institute preparation
      of Bacillus sphaericus (strain 2297).

PMID- 2906974
TI  - Bases of mosquito systematics.

PMID- 2906975
TI  - Growth of three mosquitoes on two larval diets measured by protein accumulation.
AB  - Larval growth recorded as accumulation of protein was measured in Aedes aegypti,
      Culex nigripalpus and Culex quinquefasciatus, raised on liver powder or dry
      brewer's yeast. In the early stages all 3 species grew faster on liver powder,
      but at pupation there was no significant difference in protein content between
      diets and among species. Aedes aegypti pupated one day ahead of Culex.

PMID- 2906976
TI  - Changes in local mosquito fauna following beaver (Castor canadensis) activity.
AB  - A marked decrease in anthropophilic temporary water mosquito populations
      subsequent to impoundment of extensive areas of larval development by beavers is
      documented. Absence to date of development of other mosquito species in the
      permanent water thus established is noted and discussed relative to current
      characteristics of the site.

PMID- 2906978
TI  - A more accurate method for assessment of Psorophora columbiae larvicidal tests.

PMID- 2906977
TI  - Evaluation of new insect growth regulators against mosquitoes with notes on
      nontarget organisms.
AB  - Three new insect growth regulators (IGRs) were tested against Culex, Aedes and
      Psorophora mosquitoes. In the laboratory the 3 IGRs were active in the range of
      0.3 to 1.5 ppb against Cx. quinquefasciatus. In field tests, the IGRs fenoxycarb
      and S-31183 formulations yielded complete control of floodwater mosquitoes at the
      rates of 0.005 to 0.01 lb AI/acre. In field tests against Cx. tarsalis, S-31183
      formulations produced complete inhibition of emergence at the rates of 0.005 to
      0.025 lb AI/acre. Fenoxycarb formulation produced similar results at the rate of
      0.1 lb AI/acre. It is possible that initial and residual field activity of both
      IGRs can be increased by employing suitable formulations.

PMID- 2906979
TI  - Description of a baited trap for sampling mosquitoes.

PMID- 2906980
TI  - Observations on the effect of cyromazine on inhibition of larval mosquito
      development in diluted wastewater.

PMID- 2906981
TI  - Failure of mosquitoes to colonize teasel axils in Illinois.

PMID- 2906982
TI  - The use of mepacrine hydrochloride to control Vorticella on mosquito larvae.

PMID- 2906983
TI  - Changing patterns in mosquito-borne arboviruses.
AB  - Research leading to the current state of knowledge on the epidemiology of La
      Crosse virus (LACV), Jamestown Canyon virus (JCV) and dengue (DEN) viruses is
      summarized in relation to the generally recognized criteria for incriminating
      vectors. The importance of vector biology and local ecological conditions is
      emphasized as is the necessity of a good balance between laboratory and field
      based studies. The influence of human activity in shaping the epidemiological
      patterns of all three of these arboviruses is readily apparent.

PMID- 2906984
TI  - Combination ground and aerial adulticide applications against mosquitoes in an
      Arkansas riceland community.
AB  - Simultaneous ground and aerial adulticide applications were evaluated against
      riceland mosquitoes in Stuttgart, AR, during July 1985. Naled was aerially
      applied at 52.6 ml/ha over 10.4 km2 surrounding the city. Ground ULV applications
      of a mixture of malathion, HAN and resmethrin/PBO (1:1:0.0625) were applied
      within the city at a rate of 221.8 ml/min at 24 kph. Adult populations of
      Anopheles quadrimaculatus and Psorophora columbiae were reduced at 24 hr but
      resurgence of Ps. columbiae was evident at 48 hr posttreatment. Posttreatment
      data indicated that movement of both mosquitoes occurred along the path of
      prevailing wind.

PMID- 2906985
TI  - Comparative studies of Metarhizium anisopliae and Tolypocladium cylindrosporum as
      pathogens of mosquito larvae.
AB  - Mosquito fungal pathogens, Metarhizium anisopliae and Tolypocladium
      cylindrosporum, were compared with regard to virulence against the larvae of
      Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi and Culex pipiens. Culex pipiens larvae were
      much more susceptible to M. anisopliae conidia than An. stephensi or Ae. aegypti.
      But Ae. aegypti and Cx. pipiens larvae were equally susceptible to T.
      cylindrosporum propagules which weakly attack An. stephensi. Using a high
      concentration conidial suspension (10(7) sp/ml) of M. anisopliae no. 139, Ae.
      aegypti larvae were killed immediately within 1.1 days, before intrahemocoelian
      invasion; but at lower concentrations (10(6) and 10(5) sp/ml), typical mycosis
      occurred. However, T. cylindrosporum no. 3 blastospores were much more pathogenic
      to Ae. aegypti larvae than conidia. Conidial suspension of 10(7) spores/ml killed
      68% fourth-instar larvae, relative to the 96% invaded by blastospores under the
      same conditions. Presoaked conidia virulence appeared still intermediate between
      conidia and blastospores. At low temperatures, 15 degrees C, virulence of M.
      anisopliae highly decreased, while at the same temperature, T. cylindrosporum
      blastospores were still virulent.

PMID- 2906986
TI  - Temporal abundance and percent insemination of newly-emerged adult female
      Psorophora columbiae near the larval habitat.
AB  - The temporal abundance and percent insemination of newly-emerged adult female
      Psorophora columbiae were investigated in riceland sites near Anahuac, TX. Pre-
      and postmating nights were characterized by low numbers of females and little
      mating activity (no significant increase in percent insemination) occurring in
      the study site. Mating nights were characterized by high female abundance in the
      study site before sunset then steadily decreased until a stable, low level of
      abundance was reached approximately 2 to 2.5 hr after sunset. On mating nights,
      percent insemination of female mosquitoes in the study site remained low until
      sunset, after which it steadily increased until a maximum was reached about 2 hr
      after sunset. On each mating night, approximately 2 to 2.5 hr after sunset, a
      mass exodus from the site by primarily mated females with some males was
      observed.

PMID- 2906987
TI  - Effects of sound on swarming male Psorophora columbiae.
AB  - Male Psorophora columbiae were shown to respond to sound during swarming. The
      responses consisted of abrupt changes in flight speed and direction. Tones with
      frequencies of 200 to 425 Hz were attractive to males over a distance of at least
      1 m. Male mosquitoes responded better to tones with sine waveforms than they did
      either to square waveforms or triangular waveforms. Swarming males became
      accommodated and no longer responded to sounds presented for 5 seconds or longer.
      Based on observations of field populations of swarming Ps. columbiae, it appears
      that males use sound waves to locate females, but additional factors seem to be
      required for males to initiate the actual copulatory behavior. Also, males appear
      to use sound to maintain their position and spatial relationship within the
      swarm.

PMID- 2906988
TI  - Distribution of mosquitoes in different wastewater stages of secondarily treated
      domestic effluent and untreated citrus washwater.
AB  - In Indian River County, Florida, mosquito populations were monitored weekly for
      12 months in early and more advanced treatment stages of secondarily treated
      domestic wastewater and also in untreated primary and secondary citrus packing
      house washwater. Well defined differences in mosquito species abundances for
      early vs. late wastewater stages existed. In the early levels of secondarily
      treated effluent and in the primary citrus washwater, Culex quinquefasciatus
      populations were dominant. In the later wastewater stages of both systems, Cx.
      nigripalpus, Anopheles spp. and Uranotaenia spp. were more common. Seasonal Culex
      spp. abundance patterns were apparent at some but not all study sites. Water
      chemistry measurements demonstrated that both systems contained relatively low
      levels of nutrient-related parameters with large concentration variability.

PMID- 2906989
TI  - Identification of Aedes campestris from New Mexico: with notes on the isolation
      of western equine encephalitis and other arboviruses.
AB  - An arbovirus survey was conducted during August 1985 at White Sands Missile Range
      in southcentral New Mexico following a suspected arboviral disease epizootic
      among feral horses. A total of 20,566 mosquitoes (18,505 females and 2,061 males)
      and 8,900 biting gnats were collected and assayed for virus. Female mosquitoes
      were principally Aedes campestris (54.8%), Aedes dorsalis (30.4%) and Culex
      tarsalis (13.2%). Arboviruses were not isolated from biting gnats, but mosquitoes
      yielded a total of 37 viral isolates, including western equine encephalitis (WEE)
      (18), California serogroup (15), Cache Valey (1), and Hart Park (1) viruses in
      addition to 2, as yet unidentified, rhabdoviruses. Isolates of WEE virus were
      from 9 pools of Ae. campestris, 6 of Cx. tarsalis and 3 of Ae. dorsalis.
      California serogroup viruses, including 2 subtypes, were obtained from 7 pools of
      females and 1 pool of males of Ae. campestris and from 4 pools of Ae. dorsalis.
      Cache Valley and Hart Park viruses were isolated from single pools of Ae.
      dorsalis and Cx. tarsalis, respectively, and the rhabdoviruses were obtained from
      Ae. campestris and Psorophora signipennis.

PMID- 2906990
TI  - Backyard mosquito larval habitat availability and use as influenced by census
      tract determined resident income levels.
AB  - One hundred and eighty premises in each of three distinct economic income levels
      within the urbanized area of East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana were inspected
      for artificial containers producing mosquitoes. Census tracts, and their
      accompanying descriptive statistics were used to objectively quantify each of the
      income levels studied. Differences, presumably due to living conditions
      associated with income level, were found for the amount, type and condition of
      the containers encountered in each area, as well as between species composition
      and the extent of production. Overall, low income areas produced more mosquitoes
      than either of the other two areas, mainly as a result of the types of containers
      present.

PMID- 2906991
TI  - Laboratory colonization and life cycle of Coquillettidia crassipes in Malaysia.
AB  - Methods are described for the laboratory colonization of Coquillettidia
      crassipes. The highest rate of insemination occurred in 60 x 60 x 120 cm cages
      and better insemination in laboratory adapted F15 generation. Embryonation and
      hatchability of eggs ranged from 69.6 to 97.9% and 63.3 to 94.3% respectively.
      Gravid females laid egg rafts on water in 500 ml breakers with small leaves of
      Salvinia for resting. Newly hatched larvae were set up in a basal medium of
      guinea pig dung and water or liver powder, yeast powder and water. Larvae
      attached to aquatic plants or 'Keaykolour' ruffia snow white paper. The cultures
      with paper gave better yields. At present 21 generations of Cq. crassipes have
      been reared in the laboratory.

PMID- 2906993
TI  - Toxorhynchites rutilus septentrionalis feeding on tree sap.

PMID- 2906992
TI  - Mosquitoes attacking dogs in Knox County, Tennessee.

PMID- 2906994
TI  - Collection of Psorophora howardii in Scott County, Iowa.

PMID- 2906995
TI  - Voltage-dependent currents prolong single-axon postsynaptic potentials in layer
      III pyramidal neurons in rat neocortical slices.
AB  - 1. Using isolated slices of rat cingulate and sensorimotor cortex, intracellular
      recordings were obtained from pyramidal neurons in layer III. Simultaneous
      extracellular recordings were obtained from neurons in ventral layer III and
      layer IV. Spike-triggered averaging was employed to investigate synaptic
      connections from neurons in layers III/IV to pyramidal cells in layer III. 2. Of
      701 simultaneously recorded pairs of neurons, comprising 699 extracellularly and
      128 intracellularly recorded neurons, synaptic connections were demonstrated in
      30 pairs. Of these, 29 were excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) and 1, an
      inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP). Single-axon EPSPs with a wide variety
      of amplitudes were recorded: the range recorded at membrane potentials between 
      68 and -72 mV was 0.079-2.3 mV. Comparing recordings obtained from different
      cells, EPSP amplitude was found to be independent of both the membrane resistance
      of the postsynaptic neuron and the EPSP time course; i.e., the largest EPSPs were
      not necessarily those recorded from neurons with the highest input resistance,
      nor those with the briefest time course. 3. Shape indices: width at half
      amplitude and rise-time, indicative of both proximal and distal synaptic
      locations were obtained. Normalized rise-times were between 0.1 and 2 times the
      membrane time constant and half-widths between 0.8 and 20 times. 4. The majority
      of postsynaptic neurons displayed nonlinear voltage relations typical of
      pyramidal neurons, and the contribution to EPSP shape of voltage-dependent
      currents was investigated. EPSP amplitude and duration were found to be dependent
      on membrane potential. The majority of single-axon EPSPs (26 of 29), increased in
      amplitude and duration with membrane depolarization over the range -95 - -50 mV,
      despite the significant decrease in driving force for the EPSP that would be
      expected to accompany such large depolarizations. This increase coincided with an
      increase in the amplitude of voltage responses to small injected current pulses.
      5. It is concluded that the amplitude and time course of single-axon EPSPs
      recorded in cortical pyramidal somata are affected not only by the amplitude of
      the postsynaptic current and the location(s) of the synapse(s) relative to the
      soma, but also by voltage-dependent currents. The possibility that the increase
      in amplitude and duration of these EPSPs with membrane depolarization is due to N
      methyl-D-aspartate receptor involvement is discussed.

PMID- 2906996
TI  - Dipeptidylpeptidase IV--inactivation with N-peptidyl-O-aroyl hydroxylamines.
AB  - Eleven N-peptidyl-O-aroyl hydroxylamines have been synthesized and their
      hydrolytic stability, acidity and properties during reaction with dipeptidyl
      peptidase IV (E.C. 3.4.14.5) investigated. N-peptidyl-O-(4-nitrobenzoyl)
      hydroxylamines act as irreversible inhibitors of serine proteases. The serine
      enzyme, dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DP IV), is inactivated by substrate analog
      derivatives of this class by a suicide inactivation mechanism. During the enzyme
      reaction of DP IV with the suicide substrates most molecules are hydrolyzed but
      some irreversibly inactivate the target enzyme. In contrast to porcine pancreatic
      elastase and thermitase, DP IV exhibits a high ratio for hydrolysis of the
      compounds versus inhibition during their interaction with the enzyme. Variation
      of the leaving aroyl residue lowers this ratio. Variation of the substrate analog
      peptide moieties of the DP IV-inhibitors increases their ability to inhibit the
      enzyme to a remarkable extent. Possible reaction pathways are discussed.

PMID- 2906997
TI  - Synaptic organization of the globus pallidus.
AB  - The synaptic organization of the globus pallidus is reviewed with respect to
      present knowledge about neurons, fibers, axon terminals, and their intrinsic
      synaptic relationships. Information derived from studies employing Nissl stains,
      Golgi impregnations, lesion degeneration techniques, immunohistochemistry, and
      anterograde axonal labeling in various species are presented along with
      ultrastructural data. Studies indicate that the globus pallidus contains a
      principal efferent neuron with smooth or spiny dendrites and simple or complex
      terminal dendritic arborizations. This cell type receives convergent inputs from
      intrinsic and extrinsic sources and uses gamma-aminobutyric acid as a
      transmitter. A smaller and separate population of pallidal projection neurons
      contains acetylcholine. Two other less frequent neuronal types, of small and
      medium size, have also been recognized. Three to six types of axonal boutons
      forming synaptic contacts with pallidal neurons have been recognized in various
      studies. Among these, three types (types I, II, and III) are the most prevalent.
      Studies indicate that the most frequent category (type I) originates from
      neostriatal neurons via radial fiber projections and contains immunoreactive GABA
      and enkephalins. The synaptic architecture of the globus pallidus is dominated by
      a mosaic-like arrangement of long dendrites that are ensheathed by longitudinally
      oriented axons making synapses en passant. Triadic synapses involving dendrites
      that are pre- and postsynaptic are encountered infrequently. Because both
      striatopallidal and pallidothalamic connections are inhibitory, pallidal target
      neurons in the thalamus may be "disinhibited" when the neostriatum is activated.

PMID- 2906998
TI  - The effect of contact area morphology on operative dental procedures.
AB  - Measurements of the contact and embrasure areas of adjacent extracted teeth set
      in plaster blocks were made before groups of dentists undertook preparations on
      them. The prepared and adjacent teeth were examined and the findings related back
      to these measurements. Damage to the adjacent teeth was a common finding with
      both mesial-occlusal-distal (MOD) and complete crown preparations. There was some
      evidence that easier access to the contact area reduced the frequency of damage
      to teeth adjacent to MOD preparations. The taper of complete crown preparations
      did not conform to commonly recommended designs. This investigation highlights
      the need for greater consideration of approximal tooth surfaces when undertaking
      preparations and questions the practicality of achieving traditional features of
      complete crown preparation design. In teaching, greater emphasis should be placed
      on clinical reality rather than on theoretical, but unachievable ideals.

PMID- 2906999
TI  - A primer on neurotransmitters and cocaine.

PMID- 2907000
TI  - Improvement of cocaine-induced neuromodulator deficits by the neuronutrient
      Tropamine.

PMID- 2907001
TI  - Are intestinal endocrine cells affected in Hirschsprung's disease? An
      immunohistochemical study with anti-Leu 7 monoclonal antibody.
AB  - Specimens from 15 cases of Hirschsprung's disease and 22 control cases of normal
      guts were studied by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) method with with anti
      Leu 7 (Leu 7) monoclonal antibody (MAb). In the normal human gut, some satellite
      cells in the enteric plexuses and a few nerve fibers and ganglion cells in the
      intestinal wall were stained with Leu 7 MAb, while endocrine cells in the
      intestinal mucosa showed consistent and intense cytoplasmic Leu 7 positivity. In
      Hirschsprung's disease, the number of Leu 7-positive endocrine cells was
      significantly low. The mean value of the number of Leu 7-positive endocrine cells
      per one microscopic field (X300 magnification) was 4.6 +/- 0.6 (+/- SE) in
      controls and 0.7 +/- 0.3 (+/- SE) in Hirschsprung's disease (P less than .001 by
      Student's t test). Our findings suggest that the development of endocrine cells
      in the intestinal mucosa may be closely related to the development of ganglion
      cells in the enteric plexuses, and that the anti-Leu 7 MAb may be useful for the
      diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease when biopsy specimens are limited to the
      mucosa only.

PMID- 2907002
TI  - Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by the H2-receptor antagonist nizatidine.
AB  - The purpose of the present investigation was to study if the stimulating effect
      of nizatidine on the intestinal smooth muscle is related to the
      acetylcholinesterase activity. Isolated segments of guinea pig ileum were used in
      Tyrode solution at 37 degrees C. Nizatidine (from 3.2 x 10(-6) to 3.2 x 10(-4) M)
      exerted a concentration-dependent contractile effect on the guinea pig ileum. The
      average maximum activity (mean +/- S.E.M.) of nizatidine (3.2 x 10(-4) M) was
      96.21 +/- 6.19% of the average maximum activity of neostigmine (3.2 x 10(-6) M).
      The acetylcholine-induced contractions (from 10(-8) to 3.2 x 10(-6) M) were
      augmented by nizatidine (from 10(-5) to 10(-4) M) in a similar way to that by
      neostigmine (from 10(-8) to 10(-7) M). The acetylcholine-induced contractions
      were prevented by acetylcholinesterase (0.1 unit/ml). This acetylcholinesterase
      activity was inhibited by nizatidine (from 10(-5) to 10(-4) M) and this
      inhibition was similar to that of neostigmine (from 10(-8) to 10(-7) M). These
      findings suggest that the stimulating effect of nizatidine on the intestinal
      smooth muscle of the guinea pig ileum could be explained by the inhibition of
      acetycholinesterase activity.

PMID- 2907003
TI  - Non-ionic surfactant effects on hairless mouse skin permeability characteristics.
AB  - The influence of a range of polyethoxylated non-ionic surfactants upon the
      transport of methyl nicotinate across hairless mouse skin in-vitro was
      investigated using standard two-compartment diffusion cells. Those surfactants
      having a linear alkyl chain greater than C8 and an ethylene oxide chain length of
      less than E14 caused significant increases in the flux of methyl nicotinate.
      Surfactants having branched or aromatic moieties in the hydrophobic portion were
      ineffective. Maximum enhancement of flux was obtained using polyoxyethylene (10)
      lauryl ether (Brij 36T). Two possible modes of surfactant action are proposed.
      Initially the surfactant may penetrate into the intercellular regions of the
      stratum corneum, increase fluidity and eventually solubilise and extract lipid
      components. Secondly, penetration of the surfactant into the intracellular matrix
      followed by interaction and binding with the keratin filaments may result in a
      disruption of order within the corneocyte. The structural specificity required
      for the latter mechanism may explain, to some extent, the maximum activity
      obtained with the C12 surfactant.

PMID- 2907004
TI  - Formation and in-vitro evaluation of theophylline-loaded poly(methyl
      methacrylate) microspheres.
AB  - Theophylline-loaded poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMM) microspheres were prepared by
      the solvent evaporation method. Increasing the drug to polymer ratio increased
      both the mean particle size of the microspheres and the release rate.
      Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 4000 was used to improve the release rate of
      theophylline from the microspheres. No marked effect was observed on particle
      size distribution of the microspheres as a function of PEG concentration but
      there was a pronounced effect on drug release. The different particle sizes of
      microspheres prepared from the same drug to polymer ratio showed no significant
      difference in drug content, indicating that the ratio between theophylline and
      PMM remained practically constant regardless of the size of microspheres. Release
      characteristics of the microspheres were influenced by drug to polymer ratio, the
      amount of PEG incorporated and the particle size of microspheres. The release
      rate was slightly higher in simulated gastric fluid than in simulated intestinal
      fluid. The release profiles of the drug were modified by mixing microspheres of
      different formulations in different ratios.

PMID- 2907005
TI  - Effects of methylene blue on the uptake, release and metabolism of noradrenaline
      in mesenteric arterial vessels.
AB  - Methylene blue (3, 10 and 30 microM) increased the spontaneous outflow of
      endogenous dopamine and noradrenaline from sympathetic nerves supplying the dog
      mesenteric artery and drastically reduced the formation of endogenous
      dihydroxyphenylglycol (DOPEG). In addition, it decreased the accumulation of
      [3H]noradrenaline in the tissue, reduced the formation of [3H]DOPEG and
      [3H]normetanephrine, without altering the formation of [3H]dihydroxymandelic
      acid. In tissue homogenates of the same blood vessel, methylene blue 30 and 100
      microM produced a significant reduction in the deamination of 5-hydroxytryptamine
      (5-HT), beta-phenylethylamine (beta-PEA) and tyramine. Methylene blue increased
      the accumulation of [3H]isoprenaline in the tissue, and markedly reduced the
      formation of [3H]O-methylisoprenaline ([3H]OMI). These results show that
      methylene blue alters the storage and disposition of the adrenergic transmitter.

PMID- 2907006
TI  - Study with positron emission tomography of the osmotic opening of the dog blood
      brain barrier for quinidine and morphine.
AB  - A canine model was used to evaluate the possibilities offered by positron
      emission tomography (PET) for the study of drug distribution in the brain during
      altered states of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). PET was used to monitor the
      changes in the distribution of [11C]quinidine and [11C]morphine resulting from
      BBB-disruption by intracarotid infusion of a hyperosmolar mannitol solution.
      Injection of Evans blue dye allowing post-mortem evaluation of the degree of BBB
      opening was used as a reference method. Brain radioactivity concentrations
      observed after i.v. injection of either [11C] quinidine or [11C]morphine were
      markedly increased by intracarotid mannitol infusion, whereas they were not
      affected by saline infusion. For both drugs a close correlation was found between
      the radioactivity concentrations and the degree of Evans blue staining within the
      brain hemispheres and within smaller regions of interest corresponding to
      quadrants of a hemisphere. This parallelism between the findings for
      radioactivity concentrations and Evans blue staining suggests that PET allows the
      detection of in-vivo changes in brain distribution of drugs resulting from
      alterations of the BBB permeability.

PMID- 2907007
TI  - Pharmacological modulation of platelet activating factor (PAF)-induced
      bronchoconstriction and hypertension in anaesthetized guinea-pigs.
AB  - The effect of PAF has been examined in anaesthetized guinea-pigs. Intravenous
      (i.v.) administration of PAF (10 ng kg-1) did not modify the respiratory response
      but decreased the arterial blood pressure. A high dose of PAF (200 ng kg-1)
      caused marked bronchoconstriction and concomitant hypertension. The
      cyclooxygenase inhibitors aspirin (5 mg kg-1) and indomethacin (5 mg kg-1) and
      the thromboxane A2 (TXA2) receptor antagonist BM-13.177 (1 mg kg-1) failed to
      inhibit the peak bronchoconstrictive response but significantly inhibited the
      prolonged response following peak response. These inhibitors also attenuated PAF
      induced hypertension. On the other hand, the lipoxygenase inhibitors phenidone
      (10 mg kg-1) and NDGA (5 mg kg-1) and the leukotriene (LT) receptor antagonist
      FPL-55712 (2 mg kg-1) affected neither bronchoconstriction nor hypertension
      induced by PAF. However, when aspirin was given in combination with NDGA,
      phenidone or FPL-55712, the peak and the following prolonged bronchoconstriction
      were significantly inhibited. The suppression of PAF-induced hypertension by
      aspirin was not further inhibited by the combination of these inhibitors. These
      results indicate that in anaesthetized guinea-pigs PAF-induced
      bronchoconstriction is composed of a dual response, a direct action (peak
      response) and an indirect action (prolonged response). The latter may be produced
      by the generation of TXA2 and lipoxygenase products, while PAF-induced
      hypertension is indirectly mediated by the generation of TXA2.

PMID- 2907008
TI  - [3H]zacopride: ligand for the identification of 5-HT3 recognition sites.
AB  - [3H]Zacopride displayed saturable binding to homogenates of the rat entorhinal
      cortex as measured by the inclusion of the 5-HT3 receptor antagonist BRL43694 in
      the incubation media. Scatchard analysis indicated a single high affinity binding
      site (KD 0.76 +/- 0.08 nM, Bmax 77.5 +/- 6.5 fmol (mg protein)-1) with a Hill
      slope close to unity. Other 5-HT3 receptor antagonists (zacopride, ICS 205-930,
      GR38032F, GR65630, metoclopramide and cocaine) also competed for the binding site
      displacing 60% of the total [3H]zacopride binding. 5-HT and 2-methyl-5-HT also
      were competitive antagonists for [3H]zacopride binding whereas 5-HT1/5-HT2
      agonists and antagonists, and agents acting on other neurotransmitter receptors
      had Ki values greater than 10(-5) M. It is concluded that [3H]zacopride may prove
      a useful ligand for the study of 5-HT3 recognition sites.

PMID- 2907009
TI  - Strategy to assess the role of (inter)active metabolites in pharmacodynamic
      studies in-vivo: a model study with heptabarbital.
AB  - The purpose of this investigation was to develop a universal experimental
      strategy by which the role of (inter)active metabolites in in-vivo
      pharmacodynamic studies can be examined. Heptabarbital was chosen as a model drug
      and several pharmacokinetic variables which may affect in-vivo concentration
      pharmacological response relationships were examined. Adult female rats received
      an i.v. infusion of the drug at one of three different rates (0.225-1.50 mg min
      1) until the animals lost their righting reflex (after 11 +/- 1 to 88 +/- 8 min
      of infusion). The serum concentration of the drug at onset of loss of righting
      reflex (LRR) increased slightly with increasing infusion rate. The drug
      concentrations in brain tissue and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), (mean +/- s.d.: 67
      +/- 5 mg kg-1 and 24 +/- 4 mg L-1, respectively, for the lowest infusion rate)
      were not affected by the infusion rate. The possible contribution of
      (inter)active metabolites to the pharmacological response of heptabarbital was
      determined by administration of different i.v. bolus doses (14.1-22.5 mg)
      resulting in widely differing sleeping-times (7 +/- 3 to 119 +/- 20 min). The
      concentrations of heptabarbital in serum, brain tissue and CSF at offset of LRR
      (mean +/- s.d.: 77 +/- 8 mg L-1, 76 +/- 7 mg kg-1 and 29 +/- 5 mg L-1,
      respectively, for the highest dose) were not affected by the administered
      dose.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2907010
TI  - Cardiovascular effects of fibrinopeptide B.
AB  - The effect of fibrinopeptide B (FpB) on isolated blood vessels and in the intact
      rat has been investigated. FpB contracted the rabbit superfused aorta preparation
      (EC50 = 7.5 nmol) and was some 20 times less potent than noradrenaline.
      Similarly, FpB (0.2-10 nmol) injected into the rat perfused kidney caused dose
      related, short-lived increases in perfusion pressure and potentiated the
      vasoconstrictor effect of injected noradrenaline. These effects were associated
      with increased efflux of PGE2 (but not TxB2) and were reduced but not abolished
      by indomethacin (10 microM). FpB injected intravenously into the urethane
      anaesthetized rat exhibited vasoconstrictor activity (EC50 = 2.5 micrograms kg-1)
      but was less potent than noradrenaline (EC50 = 0.9 micrograms kg-1). The doses of
      FpB required to contract the rabbit isolated aorta and to constrict the
      vasculature of the rat kidney occur naturally in the bloodstream of patients with
      thrombotic disease. FpB released at the site of thrombus formation may play a
      part in regulating local blood vessel calibre.

PMID- 2907012
TI  - The effect of the shape of fine particles on the formation of ordered mixtures.
AB  - A study has been made of the effects of the shape of fine particles on the
      formation and stability of some ordered mixtures using a specially constructed Y
      mixer. Irregular particles adhere to indentations on the surface of the carrier
      particles and form stable ordered mixtures.

PMID- 2907011
TI  - Effect of levonorgestrel and ethinyloestradiol on vasoconstriction in rat
      isolated vasculature.
AB  - Female Sprague-Dawley rats were injected s.c. with 0.2 micrograms day-1
      ethinyloestradiol (EE2) or 2.0 micrograms day-1 levonorgestrel (NG), procedures
      previously shown to increase systolic blood pressure. Increases in perfusion
      pressure to clonidine, phenylephrine, noradrenaline (NA) and angiotensin II (AII)
      were observed in rat isolated tail arteries, and to NA in the isolated mesenteric
      vasculature from steroid and vehicle-treated rats. NG treatment for four weeks
      produced increases in sensitivity to phenylephrine and NA in rat tail arteries;
      at 6 weeks the increases in sensitivity had largely disappeared but the maximum
      responses to clonidine and phenylephrine were increased. No change in sensitivity
      to AII was observed with NG. In contrast, EE2 treatment for six weeks produced
      increases in sensitivity to AII, and a decrease in sensitivity and maximum
      response to clonidine but not to phenylephrine or NA, in tail arteries. Responses
      to NA in the mesenteric vasculature were increased after 6 weeks NG treatment but
      unaffected after 12 weeks EE2 treatment. It is concluded that NG treatment
      stimulates alpha-adrenoceptor number, affinity or receptor-linked Ca2+ events
      which may contribute to its previously demonstrated hypertensive effect. The
      increased responsiveness to AII but not the decrease in alpha 2-adrenoceptor
      responsiveness may be associated with the chronic hypertension induced by EE2.

PMID- 2907013
TI  - Variations in the friction coefficients of tablet lubricants and relationship to
      their physicochemical properties.
AB  - A previously described modified annular shear cell (MASC) has been used to
      measure the friction coefficients of some powdered tablet lubricants on a steel
      surface. Commonly used lubricants, as well as others belonging to the stearate
      group, differed in their friction coefficients at equivalent sample sizes and in
      the degree of their ability to reduce friction with increasing amounts when
      evaluated by the apparatus. In all comparisons, magnesium stearate had the lowest
      friction coefficient. Divalent salts of stearic acid appeared to be better than
      the other lubricants tested, and among themselves differed only in the extent of
      their ability to decrease friction. The lubricants also differed in their
      physical and chemical properties. On evaluation by stepwise regression analysis,
      such physical properties as projected surface area of lubricant particles,
      Martin's diameter and bulk density accounted for most of the variation in
      friction coefficients of the lubricants rather than moisture content or melting
      point. It could therefore be suggested that particle size and/or surface area
      parameters be incorporated in product specifications to ensure reproducible
      functionality.

PMID- 2907014
TI  - Cephaloridine resistance in gram-negative bacteria isolated in Scotland.
AB  - The incidence of cephaloridine resistance (minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC
      greater than 8 mg L-1) in isolates from urinary tract infections was 45.1% in
      Glasgow, 22.6% in Dundee and 25.9% in Edinburgh. The incidence of ampicillin
      resistance (MIC greater than 8 mg L-1) was even higher:- being 45.2% in Dundee
      and 48.5% in Edinburgh. In Glasgow, the incidence was 71.9% which is the highest
      proportion of ampicillin resistance reported in the United Kingdom. The
      cephaloridine resistant strains were examined for beta-lactamase production.
      Amongst these strains 50.8% produced only a chromosomal beta-lactamase, whereas
      47.9% produced beta-lactamases which were potentially plasmid-mediated on the
      basis of biochemical tests. Only 1% of the resistant strains produced no
      detectable beta-lactamase.

PMID- 2907015
TI  - Pharmacological profile of a chromanamine analogue (DP-6OH-3CA) of the selective
      presynaptic dopamine agonist N,N-dipropyl-7-hydroxy-2-aminotetralin.
AB  - The pharmacological profile of an oxygen isostere of the selective presynaptic
      dopamine agonist DP-7OH-AT, i.e. dipropyl-6-hydroxy-3-chromanamine (DP-6OH-3CA)
      has been evaluated in various receptor binding, neurobiochemical and behavioural
      experiments. The chromanamine displaced the 3H-labelled dopamine ligands, 5,6
      DPAT and N-0437, with Ki values of 106 and 143 nM, respectively. In in-vivo
      biochemical models for presynaptic activity the chromanamine induced a half
      maximal effect in the gamma-butyrolactone reversal test at 6.8 mumol kg-1 and had
      an ED70 value of 40 mumol kg-1 for HVA decrease in the striatum. In behavioural
      models for postsynaptic dopaminergic activity a half-maximal effect for the
      induction of stereotypy was reached at 100 mumol kg-1 and reversal of the effects
      of reserpine to a level of 200 counts was induced at 11 mumol kg-1. On comparison
      of these results with the results obtained with the carbon analogue of DP-6OH
      3CA, i.e. DP-7OH-AT, it is apparent that the chromanamine has a reduced potency
      for dopamine D2 receptors in in-vitro and in-vivo models. The selectivity for
      presynaptic dopamine receptors was lower than with DP-7OH-AT and the isomeric
      chromanamine, DP-8OH-3CA, indicating that the optimal position of the hydroxyl
      group for presynaptic selectivity is in the 8 and not in the 6 position for the
      chromanamines.

PMID- 2907016
TI  - Dopamine receptor modulation of corticosterone secretion in neonatal and adult
      rats.
AB  - The effects of the dopamine agonist, pergolide, upon plasma corticosterone levels
      have been studied in 30 day old neonatal and adult rats. Dose-related elevations
      in corticosterone were observed at both ages and these elevations were blocked by
      the dopamine (D2) receptor antagonist spiperone. These studies demonstrate that
      dopaminergic neurochemical control of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis
      exists in four week old rats in contrast to our previous studies which have shown
      opioid control to be absent at this age. It appears that neurochemical control of
      corticosterone is dissimilar in the neonate.

PMID- 2907017
TI  - Enhancement of adenosine-induced relaxant responses of the guinea-pig isolated
      taenia coli and aortae by a novel nootropic agent BY-1949: comparison with
      dipyridamole.
AB  - In muscle strips of guinea-pig taenia coli and aortae, the effects of 3-methoxy
      11-methyldibenz[b,f][1,4]oxazepine-8-carboxylate (BY-1949) on the relaxant
      response to adenosine have been compared with those of dipyridamole. BY-1949 (3 x
      10(-5)-10(-4) M) as well as dipyridamole (3 x 10(-7)-10(-5) M) resulted in a
      significant potentiation of relaxant responses to a cumulative administration of
      adenosine (10(-6)-10(-3) M), but the drugs did not affect the response to
      noradrenaline and acetylcholine. The results indicate that BY-1949 exerts a
      selective potentiating effect on reactivity to exogenous adenosine.

PMID- 2907018
TI  - Brain penetration of orally administered sodium pyroglutamate.
AB  - The absorption and brain penetration of [3H]pyroglutamate was determined after
      oral administration to rats. Gas-liquid chromatography of the methylated
      derivatives followed by mass fragmentometry was used to analyse the plasma and
      brain levels of pyroglutamate. [3H]Pyroglutamate was separated from other
      labelled compounds by thin layer chromatography. The administration of 500 mg kg
      1 [3H]pyroglutamate resulted in a 30-fold increase in plasma levels and a
      doubling in the brain levels. Over 60% of the cerebral radioactivity was present
      as [3H]pyroglutamate demonstrating that pyroglutamate is not only well absorbed
      but also penetrates in significant amounts into the brain.

PMID- 2907019
TI  - Identification of 5-HT3 recognition sites in the ferret area postrema.
AB  - The 5-HT3 receptor antagonist [3H]zacopride was used to identify 5-HT3
      recognition sites in the ferret area postrema. Specific binding was determined by
      the inclusion of the 5-HT3 receptor antagonist BRL 43694 in the incubation media,
      and was shown to be much higher in the area postrema than in other brain regions.
      The increased binding in the area postrema may reflect either a greater number of
      binding sites, a higher affinity for such sites, or both. The results indicate
      that 5-HT3 recognition sites are present within the area postrema and may afford
      an antiemetic site of action for zacopride and other 5-HT3 receptor antagonists.

PMID- 2907020
TI  - Effects of BN 52063 and other agents inhibiting platelet-activating factor
      induced contractile responses in rat portal vein.
AB  - Platelet-activating factor (PAF-acether) is a potent agonist (EC50: 3.2 x 10(-8)
      M) of isolated rat portal vein. BN 52063 (composed of BN 52020, BN 52021 and BN
      52022; molar ratio 2:2:1) specifically inhibits PAF-acether (10(-7) M) induced
      tone (IC50: 3.9 x 10(-5) M). Salbutamol (IC50: 3.1 x 10(-7) M), forskolin (IC50:
      3.1 x 10(-6) M) and theophylline (IC50: 2.25 x 10(-4) M) are also effective in
      inhibiting PAF-acether-induced contractile responses and all excepting forskolin,
      show a certain specificity in this action. The basal myogenic activity of the rat
      portal vein is dose-dependently decreased by salbutamol (IC50: 1.2 x 10(-7) M),
      forskolin (IC50: 2.6 x 10(-6) M) and theophylline (IC50: 2.3 x 10(-4) M) whereas
      BN 52063 has no effect. The data suggest that rat portal veins possess specific
      PAF-acether receptors sensitive to BN 52063 and that PAF-acether effects could be
      inhibited by compounds which can bypass these putative receptors and modulate
      cAMP levels.

PMID- 2907021
TI  - Circadian phase-dependent pharmacokinetics and acute toxicity of mepivacaine.
AB  - The aim of this study was to investigate the possible influence of the time of
      administration on mepivacaine acute toxicity and kinetics in mice. Four different
      groups of adult male NMRI mice maintained under controlled environmental
      conditions (lights on: = 0600-1800 h) were injected at one of the following
      times: 1000, 1600, 1900, 2200, 0100 and 0400 h with one of four doses of
      mepivacaine at each time point to establish the acute toxicity (LD50). To assess
      chronokinetics, a single 60 mg kg-1 i.p. dose of mepivacaine was given to adult
      male NMRI mice at four fixed times: 1000, 1600, 2200 and 0400 h. Mepivacaine
      plasma concentrations were determined by GLC. Our data showed significant 24 h
      variations in the following parameters: Highest tmax value = 0.366 +/- 0.073 h at
      1000 h (P less than 0.005, amplitude, maximum-minimum/mean x 100, = 184%),
      highest Cmax/tmax ratio = 177.17 +/- 9.49 at 2200 h (P less than 0.005, amplitude
      = 192%), highest Vd = 0.842 +/- 0.23 L kg-1 at 2200 h (P less than 0.005,
      amplitude = 158%) and highest beta phase elimination half-life = 5.408 +/- 1.36 h
      at 2200 h (P less than 0.025, amplitude = 145%). Cmax (amplitude = 15%), AUC
      infinity 0 (amplitude = 24%) and clearance (amplitude = 23%) were not
      significantly time-dependent. These data demonstrate a temporal pattern of
      mepivacaine kinetics similar to those reported previously for bupivacaine. The
      temporal changes in mepivacaine-induced acute toxicity may result in part from
      its chronokinetic changes.

PMID- 2907022
TI  - Oesophageal transit of small tablets.
AB  - Oesophageal transit has been studied in six asymptomatic subjects aged 29-80
      years. Using gamma scintigraphy, the transit of a liquid and five small tablets
      was monitored in each subject. All the subjects exhibited normal liquid
      swallowing, with 50% oesophageal clearance times of less than 5 s. In three
      subjects all the tablets passed through the oesophagus within 6 s, but transit
      was prolonged in 60% of the swallows in the other subjects. Tablet hold up
      occurred more frequently in the elderly. An additional drink of water cleared all
      lodged tablets into the stomach. To minimize possible mucosal irritation, the
      taking of even small tablets should be followed by an additional drink of water.

PMID- 2907023
TI  - Determination of the critical stress intensity factor (KIC) of compacted
      pharmaceutical powders by the double torsion method.
AB  - The critical stress intensity factor KIC has been determined for compacts
      prepared at different pressures from both Avicel PH101 and sorbitol "Instant', by
      means of a double torsion method. This method avoids the need for displacement
      measurement and the introduction of notch into the specimens, both of which
      present problems with pharmaceutical materials. Measurements of fracture loads
      for such specimens were reproducible. The values of KIC derived for both
      materials were found to increase linearly with increase in compaction pressure
      and linearly with decrease in specimen porosity. Extrapolation of the latter
      relationship to zero porosity gave values of 1.81 and 0.69 MN m-3/2 for the KIC
      of Avicel PH101 and sorbitol "Instant', respectively.

PMID- 2907024
TI  - The sorption of isosorbide dinitrate to intravenous delivery systems.
AB  - The sorption of isosorbide dinitrate from 0.9% sodium chloride and 10% glucose
      solutions, by intravenous delivery systems has been investigated under simulated
      infusion conditions. Isosorbide dinitrate was stable in both 0.9% sodium chloride
      and 10% glucose solutions. Intravenous fluid containers, burettes, a syringe,
      infusion sets and end-line filters were evaluated. Glass containers, methacrylate
      butadiene styrene burettes and polybutadiene giving sets did not sorb isosorbide
      dinitrate. Neither did polypropylene syringes when a 10% glucose solution was
      used. The sorption of isosorbide dinitrate to end-line filters was unimportant
      but there was a significant loss to the PVC tubing used to connect the filter
      housing to the catheter.

PMID- 2907025
TI  - Structure-activity studies of fentanyl.
AB  - The preparation of analogues of fentanyl with para substituents in the anilino
      aromatic ring, anilino nitrogen separated from phenyl by methylene or
      bimethylene, and phenacyl replacing propionyl as the N-acyl substituent is
      reported. Although all para substituents examined depressed antinociceptive
      potency in rats, most analogues of this kind were more effective than morphine
      and the p-F, I, and Me derivatives were only a few-fold less active than
      fentanyl. Separation of anilino nitrogen from phenyl lowered potency with N
      phenethyl analogues retaining reasonable levels of activity (greater than
      morphine). All the phenacyl analogues were of low potency or inactive. Diagnostic
      details of the mass spectra of analogues likely to be encountered as "designer
      drugs' are appended.

PMID- 2907026
TI  - Influence of lipophilicity and chirality on the selectivity of ligands for beta 1
      and beta 2-adrenoceptors.
AB  - Eudismic and QSAR analyses are reported for the beta 1- and beta 2-adrenoceptor
      affinities and beta 1-selectivity of 10 enantiomeric pairs of ligands with only N
      isopropyl or N-t-butyl groups. For both receptors, the eudismic index (ratio of
      affinity) increases with the affinity of the eutomers. However, the affinity of
      the distomers for the beta 2-adrenoceptor is relatively high, suggesting
      additional hydrophobic interactions. This is confirmed by various correlations
      between affinities and lipophilicities, showing that the affinity for beta 2
      adrenoceptors is slightly more dependent on lipophilicity than that for beta 1
      adrenoceptors. As a result, the beta 1-selectivity of the investigated beta 1
      adrenoceptor ligands is strongly and negatively correlated with their
      lipophilicity (r = -0.942).

PMID- 2907027
TI  - Definition of the in-vivo accumulation of [3H]spiperone in brain using
      haloperidol and sulpiride to determine functional dopamine receptor occupation.
AB  - The in-vivo administration of [3H]spiperone caused an accumulation of
      radioactivity in the substantia nigra, tuberculum olfactorium, nucleus accumbens,
      striatum and frontal cortex when compared with cerebellar levels. Haloperidol
      (0.01-1.0 mg kg-1 i.p.) dose-dependently prevented the accumulation of
      [3H]spiperone in the substantia nigra, tuberculum olfactorium, striatum and
      nucleus accumbens. Sulpiride (10-160 mg kg-1 i.p.) dose-dependently prevented the
      accumulation of [3H]spiperone only in the substantia nigra. The effects of
      sulpiride on other areas were not consistent; there was a suggestion of a
      reduction in the accumulation of [3H]spiperone in tuberculum olfactorium and
      striatum, but not in nucleus accumbens. Neither haloperidol (0.01-1.0 mg kg-1
      i.p.) nor sulpiride (10-160 mg kg-1 i.p.) caused displacement of [3H]spiperone
      from the frontal cortex. Both haloperidol (0.01-0.5 mg kg-1) and sulpiride (10-80
      mg kg-1) increased striatal and mesolimbic HVA concentrations. Haloperidol
      potently blocked apomorphine-induced stereotypy but sulpiride was only effective
      at the highest dose employed. The functional effect produced by haloperidol
      correlated with its ability to define [3H]spiperone binding in-vivo to dopamine
      receptors in the substantia nigra, striatum and tuberculum olfactorium. In
      contrast, there was no correlation between functional effect of sulpiride and its
      ability to define [3H]spiperone binding in-vivo.

PMID- 2907028
TI  - The effects of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+) on the efflux and
      metabolism of endogenous dopamine in rat striatal slices.
AB  - 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+) was shown to accumulate concentration
      dependently in slices from rat striatum. At 10 microM, MPP+, the tissue
      concentration was found to be 118 +/- 9 microM following 75 min of incubation.
      The accumulation of MPP+ was reduced in the presence of 10 microM of the
      selective dopamine uptake inhibitor GBR 12909 (-50%) or by destruction of the
      dopaminergic terminals by complete hemisection of the forebrain 4 days before the
      experiments (-75%). Accumulation of MPP+ in the catecholamine-poor occipital
      cortex and cerebellum was only 25% of that obtained in striatum. Reserpine
      pretreatment of the rats in-vivo did not modify the accumulation of MPP+ in the
      striatal slices. MPP+ (1-10 microM) increased the net efflux of dopamine and
      reduced the efflux of the dopamine metabolite DOPAC from the striatal slices. The
      effect on dopamine was readily diminished if MPP+, after a 15 min incubation, was
      then omitted from the medium. In contrast, the DOPAC efflux was reduced for 75
      min even though MPP+ was present in the incubation medium only for the first 15
      min. In the presence of the monoamine oxidase inhibitor, pargyline (350 microM),
      MPP+ also produced an increase in dopamine efflux. In normal medium, the presence
      of the dopamine uptake inhibitor GBR 12909 (10 microM), or the absence of
      calcium, failed to modify the MPP+-induced increase in dopamine efflux. MPP+ also
      increased dopamine efflux from slices from reserpinized rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2907030
TI  - Dihydroergotoxine-induced bradycardia in rats.
AB  - Dihydroergotoxine (0.01-0.3 mg kg-1 i.v.) decreased heart rate in pentobarbitone
      anaesthetized rats. The bradycardia was reduced but not blocked by pre-treatment
      with guanethidine, yohimbine, propranolol or pithing. It was not prevented by
      bivagotomy, atropine, sulpiride or haloperidol. Dihydroergotoxine failed to
      affect, either the bradycardia produced by electrical stimulation of the vagus,
      or the cardioacceleration induced by i.v. isoprenaline. The increase in heart
      rate elicited in pithed rats by electrical stimulation of the spinal cord was
      reduced by dihydroergotoxine; this effect being inhibited by yohimbine but not by
      sulpiride. In conclusion, the main mechanism by which dihydroergotoxine (i.v.)
      induces bradycardia in the rat involves stimulation of alpha 2-adrenoceptors
      located predominantly at the cardiac sympathetic nerve endings.

PMID- 2907029
TI  - Properties of a semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase in human umbilical artery.
AB  - The metabolism of some aromatic amines by amine oxidase activities in human
      umbilical artery homogenates has been studied. The inhibitory effects of
      clorgyline showed that 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and tryptamine, 1 mM, were
      predominantly substrates for monoamine oxidase (MAO) type A, whereas MAO-A and B
      were both involved in the metabolism of beta-phenylethylamine (PEA), 100 microM,
      and tyramine, 1 mM. About 20-30% of tyramine and PEA metabolism was resistant to
      1 mM clorgyline, but sensitive to inhibition by semicarbazide, 1 mM, indicating
      the presence of a semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO). Benzylamine, 1
      mM, appeared to be metabolized exclusively by SSAO with a Km (161 microM) at pH
      7.8 similar to that found for SSAO in other human tissues. Tyramine and PEA were
      relatively poor substrates for SSAO, with very high apparent Km values of 17.6
      and 13.3 mM, respectively, when determined in the presence of clorgyline, 10(-3)
      M, added to inhibit any metabolism of those amines by MAO activities. However,
      kinetic studies with benzylamine indicated that clorgyline, 10(-3) M, also
      appears to inhibit SSAO competitively such that the true Km values for tyramine
      and PEA may be about 60% of those apparent values given above. No evidence for
      the metabolism of 5-HT or tryptamine by SSAO was obtained. The aliphatic amine
      methylamine was recently shown to be a specific substrate for SSAO in umbilical
      artery homogenates. We have used benzylamine and methylamine as SSAO substrates
      in histochemical studies to localize SSAO in tissue sections.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2907031
TI  - Importance of D-2 mechanisms in the reversal of reserpine hypothermia in the
      mouse.
AB  - The D-2 agonist LY 171555 (0.05, 0.1, 0.2 mg kg-1 s.c.) but not the D-1 agonist
      SK&F 38393 (5, 10, 20 mg kg-1 s.c.) reduced reserpine-induced hypothermia (RIH)
      in mice. This effect was antagonized by the D-2 antagonist (-)-sulpiride (50 mg
      kg-1 i.p.) but not by the D-1 antagonist SCH 23390 (0.1 mg kg-1 s.c.). SK&F 38393
      (20 and 1 mg kg-1 s.c.) did not alter the effect of LY 171555 (0.1 and 0.2 mg kg
      1) on RIH, but administration of both LY 171555 (0.2 mg kg-1 s.c.) and SK&F 38393
      (1 mg kg-1 s.c.) antagonized the reserpine-induced sedation.

PMID- 2907032
TI  - Sustained release of indomethacin from chitosan granules in beagle dogs.
AB  - The potential of chitosan granules as an oral sustained-release dosage form of
      indomethacin has been compared with conventional capsules in beagle dogs. When a
      commercial capsule was administered orally, the plasma concentrations reached the
      maximum level in 30 min. The granules did not give a sharp peak to the plasma
      concentration, but produced a sustained plateau of the drug. This may be due to
      the slow rate of release and a longer residence time in the stomach. Thus, in
      terms of reducing the peak in plasma concentration and maintenance of drug
      concentration in plasma, the chitosan granules were superior to conventional
      capsules.

PMID- 2907033
TI  - The stability of morphine in isobaric and hyperbaric solutions in a drug delivery
      system.
AB  - Intrathecal preparations of morphine for use in intractable pain must contain no
      preservatives. They are generally formulated in saline (isobaric) or dextrose
      (hyperbaric) which raises questions of stability. The behaviour of morphine in
      hyperbaric and isobaric solutions stored in a reservoir for implantation has been
      examined and the effect of temperature and the time of contact of morphine with
      the different components of the reservoir as well as the sterilization procedure
      have been investigated. The best stability was observed with a hyperbaric
      solution in which there was 15 to 20 times less pseudomorphine than in the
      isobaric solution, which was found to contain 1% pseudomorphine after 1 month of
      storage at 37 degrees C in the reservoir. Similar solutions stored in ampoules
      did not degrade.

PMID- 2907034
TI  - Intestinal absorption of cephalosporin antibiotics: correlation between
      intestinal absorption and brush-border membrane transport.
AB  - The absorption of seven cephalosporin antibiotics from the in-situ intestinal
      loop at pH 7.4 and their transport by brush-border membrane vesicles in the
      presence of an inward H+ gradient ([pH]i = 7.5, [pH]o = 6.0) were examined. A
      good correlation was found between the intestinal absorption rate and the initial
      uptake rate by brush-border membrane vesicles. The data suggest that the
      transport study using intestinal brush-border membrane vesicles is useful as a
      model system for the intestinal absorption of beta-lactam antibiotics.

PMID- 2907035
TI  - Effects of proenkephalin products on rat cardiac and vascular tissue in-vitro.
AB  - The cardiovascular effects of the four proenkephalin products [Met]-enkephalin
      (ME), [Leu]-enkephalin (LE), [Met]-enkephalyl-arg6phe7 (MEAP) and [Met]
      enkephalyl-arg6-gly7-leu8 (MEAGL) have been studied on the isolated spontaneously
      beating rat atria and the perfused rat mesentery in-vitro. All four peptides (at
      concentrations up to 10(-6)M and in the presence of peptidase inhibitors) had no
      direct effect on atrial rate or contractility and did not alter responses to
      noradrenaline or field stimulation. In addition, the peptides had no effect on
      the perfusion pressure of the mesentery and did not alter vasoconstrictor
      responses to noradrenaline. The results show that proenkephalin products are
      without direct or modulating effects on atrial muscle or mesenteric vasculature
      of the rat, and suggest that there is no endogenous opioid control in these
      tissues.

PMID- 2907036
TI  - Effect of tiopronin on prostaglandin synthesis in rabbit kidney medulla slices.
AB  - The effect of 2-mercaptopropionylglycine (tiopronin), which is widely used for
      the treatment of various hepatic disorders, on the generation of medullary
      prostaglandins (PG) E2 and F2 alpha has been examined. Tiopronin had a potent
      inhibitory effect on PG E2 formation. Simultaneously, PG F2 alpha production was
      increased. In the presence of tiopronin the net increased amount of PG F2 alpha
      was much smaller than the net decreased amount of PG E2 (6-20%). These results
      suggest that tiopronin has the potential to modulate PG E2 and F2 alpha synthesis
      by affecting endoperoxide E2 isomerase or endoperoxide reductase and that this
      effect may represent some pharmacological action of the drug.

PMID- 2907037
TI  - Excretion and distribution of [14C]rhein and [14C]rhein anthrone in rat.
AB  - After single intracaecal administration of [14C]rhein (25 mg kg-1) and [14C]rhein
      anthrone (20 mg kg-1) to rats, the summated recovery rates of 14C after five days
      were in urine 37(+/- 8.3)% and 2.8(+/- 0.4)% and in faeces 53(+/- 9.5)% and 95
      (+/- 10.1)%, respectively. The clearance of radioactivity from the organs and
      tissues was almost complete within three days, with the exception of the kidney
      which exhibited pronounced retention of radioactivity even after five days (less
      than 61% of 24 h values). Extracts of faeces from animals treated with [14C]rhein
      of [14C]rhein anthrone, revealed rhein as well as other radioactive substances,
      which chemically did not react as 1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinones.

PMID- 2907038
TI  - Antihistaminic and anticholinergic activities of mequitazine in comparison with
      clemizole.
AB  - The antihistamine and anticholinergic properties of mequitazine have been
      investigated and compared with those of clemizole. Both mequitazine and clemizole
      antagonized the effect of histamine in guinea-pig ileum competitively, the pA2
      values calculated by Schild plot were 9.95 +/- 0.44 for mequitazine and 10.54 +/-
      0.44 for clemizole. Mequitazine at 10(-7) M produced a parallel shift of the dose
      response curve to acetylcholine in the rat duodenum, clemizole and the lower
      doses of mequitazine failed to modify the effect of acetylcholine. The potency of
      mequitazine and clemizole as H1-histamine blockers is similar, but only
      mequitazine at highest concentration used showed anticholinergic activity.

PMID- 2907039
TI  - A comparison of the effects of oxodipine and nifedipine on rat vas deferens.
AB  - The effects of oxodipine, a new dihydropyridine, were studied and compared with
      those of nifedipine in the complete vasa deferentia and in the prostatic and
      epididymal halves of the rat vas deferens. Oxodipine and nifedipine, 10(-9) -10(
      6)M, produced a dose-dependent inhibition of the contractile responses induced by
      single pulse stimulation, noradrenaline (3 x 10(-5)M) and high-K (50 mM). The
      inhibitory effects of oxodipine were significantly reduced in high Ca media. From
      these experiments it is concluded that oxodipine, like nifedipine, produced a
      similar and potent inhibitory effect of the contractile responses induced in the
      rat vas deferens.

PMID- 2907040
TI  - The influence of concentration of two salicylate derivatives on rectal insulin
      absorption enhancement.
AB  - 3,5-Diiodosalicylate sodium (DIS), a highly lipophilic salicylate, was evaluated
      against 5-methoxysalicylate sodium (MS) as a potential adjuvant absorption
      promoter for rectal insulin delivery. Comparative blood glucose measurements were
      made using the two adjuvants under identical conditions as promoters of rectal
      insulin absorption in rats. Concentrations of DIS greater than and including 0.1
      M produced an unexpected, progressive decrease in adjuvant activity as determined
      by a decline in observed hypoglycaemic response. This was not due to formation of
      an insulin-DIS complex. The adjuvant MS produced a classical, sigmoidal log-dose
      response curve. Possible reasons for the occurrence of the DIS optimum phenomenon
      are discussed as well as are the observed differences in adjuvant potency of
      these agents in a propylene glycol-containing vehicle.

PMID- 2907042
TI  - New method for testing the absorbency of surgical dressings.
AB  - Absorbent cellulose dressings have been tested by immersion in a standard aqueous
      solution of picric acid followed by standard draining, elution of the picric
      acid, and measurement of the absorbance of the yellow colour at 355 nm. Six
      samples of gauze were graded by this procedure, and two considered
      unsatisfactory, despite all sinking in less than 10s. Filmated gauzes and unwoven
      dressings required greater dilution for the absorbance readings, reflecting their
      different structures.

PMID- 2907041
TI  - An assay procedure to compare sorptive capacities of activated carbon dressings:
      the detection of impregnation with silver.
AB  - A semiquantitative assay procedure for the estimation of uptake of diethylamine
      by activated carbon dressings has been developed. The procedure involves the use
      of Nessler's reagent as a comparative indicator. The use of diethylamine allows
      the concomitant detection of silver with which the dressings may be impregnated.
      The implications of silver/amine complex formation during dressing use are
      discussed. Quantification of the silver content of one such fabric was carried
      out by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. A silver content of 2770 ppm was
      found. It is suggested that this method might be suitable for adoption as the
      basis for a pharmacopoeial assay procedure for activated carbon dressings.

PMID- 2907043
TI  - Plasma levels of opioid material in man following sublingual and intravenous
      administration of buprenorphine: exogenous/endogenous opioid interaction?

PMID- 2907044
TI  - Indomethacin and cartilage breakdown.

PMID- 2907045
TI  - Identification of 5-HT3 recognition sites in human brain tissue using
      [3H]zacopride.

PMID- 2907046
TI  - Regulation of metabolic branch points of aromatic amino acid biosynthesis in
      Pichia guilliermondii.
AB  - The regulatory properties of the enzymes involved in the aromatic amino acid
      biosynthesis of Pichia guilliermondii were investigated and compared with the
      regulatory pattern found in other yeast species. 3-Deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate
      7-phosphate (DAHP) synthase, anthranilate synthase, chorismate mutase and
      prephenate dehydrogenase are key regulatory enzymes in P. guilliermondii. Two
      distinctly regulated isozymes of DAHP synthase, the initial pathway enzyme, which
      is inhibited by tyrosine or phenylalanine were separated by DEAE-cellulose
      chromatography and were characterized. Tryptophan is an excellent feedback
      inhibitor of anthranilate synthase, the first definite step in tryptophan
      biosynthesis. There are two controlled enzymes within the specific synthesis of
      phenylalanine and tyrosine, chorismate mutase and prephenate dehydrogenase.
      Chorismate mutase exhibits a balanced allosteric responsivity to phenylalanine
      and tyrosine, when these are used as inhibitor; tryptophan acts as an allosteric
      activator. Tyrosine is an effective inhibitor of prephenate dehydrogenase,
      whereas the activity of prephenate dehydratase is not affected by any of the
      aromatic amino acids. The synthesis of the enzymes in the yeast was not repressed
      by any single exogenous aromatic amino acids, nor by combinations of the same.

PMID- 2907047
TI  - Antipsychotic properties of new N-(4-substituted-1-piperazinylethyl)- and N-(4
      substituted-1-piperidinylethyl)-phthalimides.
AB  - A series of N-(4-phenyl- and 4-pyridyl-1-piperazinylethyl)- and N-(4-phenyl-1
      piperidinylethyl)-phthalmides were synthesized and tested for antipsychotic
      activity. All compounds suppressed the spontaneous motor activity and the
      apomorphine-induced climbing in mice and pergolide-induced locomotor activity in
      rats, demonstrating psychotropic properties equal to the corresponding properties
      of sulpiride. Although the compounds, like sulpiride, were less potent than
      haloperidol in blocking the locomotor activities, they caused no catalepsy, a
      major side effect following treatment with conventional antipsychotic agents. It
      is likely that the new compounds produce their neuroleptic activities through
      inhibition of limbic dopamine receptors.

PMID- 2907048
TI  - Changes in binomial parameters of quantal release at crustacean motor axon
      terminals during presynaptic inhibition.
AB  - 1. The effects of presynaptic inhibition on quantal release of transmitter were
      investigated at neuromuscular junctions of the motor axon supplying one of the
      limb muscles of a crab (Pachygrapsus crassipes). 2. Binomial analysis of
      transmitter release recorded at selected neuromuscular junctions with an
      extracellular 'macro-patch' electrode indicated high probability of release (p)
      from a limited number of available sites (n). During presynaptic inhibition, both
      n and p were reduced. 3. The binomial model provided a good description of
      results from non-inhibited junctions. During presynaptic inhibition, results from
      some junctions could be described by the binomial model, while those from other
      junctions could not. An interpretation of this finding is that presynaptic
      inhibition differentially affects the probability of release at various release
      sites of the neuromuscular junctional complex. 4. A morphological study of the
      region of transmitter release under the macropatch electrode was made. Release
      dependent uptake of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into presynaptic terminals was
      restricted to the region under the recording electrode, by perfusing the
      preparation with calcium-free solution containing HRP. Transmitter release, and
      HRP uptake, occurred only at the site of the electrode, which was filled with a
      calcium-containing solution. Subsequently, serial sections were prepared for
      electron microscopy and the region of transmitter release was reconstructed. 5.
      Numerous axo-axonal synapses were found in the HRP-labelled region. Thus, the
      morphological prerequisite for presynaptic inhibition exists at the site of
      transmitter release, and not exclusively at a more remote region. 6. The number
      of morphologically identified excitatory neuromuscular synapses exceeded the
      'release sites' estimated from the binomial model (n) by a wide margin.
      Morphological differences among synapses were observed. It is proposed that not
      all morphologically identified synapses participated in transmitter release under
      the experimental conditions employed. Thus, morphologically defined synapses are
      likely to be non-uniform in their response properties, including probability of
      transmitter release (p).

PMID- 2907050
TI  - [Immunotoxicity of benzodiazepines. Influence on contact hypersensitivity to
      picryl chloride in mice].

PMID- 2907049
TI  - Burst-patterned stimulation promotes nicotinic transmission in isolated perfused
      rat sympathetic ganglia.
AB  - 1. Intracellular recordings of small nicotinic excitatory postsynaptic potentials
      (EPSPs) were made from rostral cells in superior cervical ganglia (SCG) of rats
      during and after test stimulation of small preganglionic fibre bundles, while
      perfusing the isolated ganglia via their arterial vasculature. Perfusion, in
      contrast to superfusion of desheathed ganglia, (a) produced much more rapid and
      complete equilibration of drugs and ions at synaptic sites, (b) greatly reduced
      depression of EPSPs during high-frequency stimulation, and (c) largely prevented
      slowing of conduction, presumably by minimizing accumulation of K+ in the
      intercellular spaces surrounding these sites. 2. Preganglionic inputs were found
      to fall into two major groups: those in which the EPSP amplitude during 200 pulse
      trains was facilitated and others in which it was depressed as stimulation
      frequency in the train was increased from 2 to 20 Hz or from 0.2 to 1.25 Hz. Both
      the facilitation and the depression were presynaptic, since they occurred without
      changes in miniature EPSP amplitude. 3. The maximum maintained facilitation was
      reached at 5-10 Hz with a value 1.26 times the 1.0 Hz control. This was
      associated with an increase in the binomial parameter n. While long 20 Hz trains
      produced a similar facilitation to an early plateau, and an increase in n, EPSP
      amplitude declined as the train progressed. This was associated with a decrease
      in the binomial parameter p. 4. Unlike the 20 Hz trains, stimulation with 0.5 s
      long, 20 Hz bursts given every 8 s produced a marked potentiation in facilitating
      units and this was maintained for as long as the stimulation was continued (3-11
      min). Burst-patterned potentiation was 1.66 times larger than the facilitation
      evoked by tonic stimulation at the same average frequency (1.25 Hz), and more
      than twice that achieved with long, 200 pulse trains. The potentiation was
      associated with increases in both n and p in the first EPSP of the burst and
      mainly with an increase in n at the end of the burst. Potentiation persisted
      unchanged for about 30 s following the return to control 0.2 Hz stimulation,
      before declining to control levels over the next 2-3 min. Depressing units on
      average showed neither burst-patterned potentiation nor post-burst-patterned
      potentiation. 5. All inputs tested in Locke solution in which Ca2+ was reduced to
      0.5 mM with addition of 1.2 mM-Mn2+ or 3.8 mM-MgCl2 exhibited a pronounced
      facilitation within each burst but no extension of potentiation into ensuing
      bursts. Both burst-patterned potentiation and the post-burst-patterned
      potentiation were abolished.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2907051
TI  - L-glutamate-induced membrane hyperpolarization and behavioural responses in
      Paramecium tetraurelia.
AB  - Paramecium tetraurelia is attracted to L-glutamic acid concentrations of 10(-9) M
      to 10(-4) M in a behavioural assay. Electrophysiological studies show that P.
      tetaurelia responds to L-glutamate application with hyperpolarization. This
      response is transient, even in the continued presence of the stimulus. The
      concentration dependence of the membrane potential response is similar to that of
      the behavioural responses, although the threshold concentration of L-glutamate
      required for hyperpolarization is three orders of magnitude lower than for
      attraction. The membrane potential response to L-glutamate persists following
      artificial deciliation of P. tetraurelia. While application of L-glutamate to P.
      tetraurelia invariably elicits a hyperpolarization, withdrawal of the stimulus
      frequently results in a second transient membrane response, in the form of either
      a hyperpolarization or a depolarization. It is suggested that these 'off
      responses' may have a significant role in maintaining a behavioural response to L
      glutamate.

PMID- 2907052
TI  - The angry adolescent. Treatment versus containment practices.

PMID- 2907053
TI  - Beta adrenoceptor blockade is associated with increased survival in male but not
      female hypertensive patients: a report from the DHSS Hypertension Care Computing
      Project (DHCCP).
AB  - The DHCCP is a multicentre observational study of patients being treated for
      hypertension in the United Kingdom. The influence of the type of anti
      hypertensive therapy on survival was examined in 2,697 patients followed from
      1971 with 206 deaths up to November 1981. Patients were classified by three types
      of treatment after one year in the project: betablockers (1,387), methyldopa
      (452) and others (667), (70% on diuretics only). The data were analysed both for
      all patients and for a subset excluding patients with previous ischaemic heart
      disease by all cause and IHD age-adjusted rates and life table analysis. Men on
      beta blockers had lower rates for total mortality, when compared with men on
      methyldopa (64% of the methyldopa rate, P less than 0.05) and when compared with
      men on other treatments (76% of the other treatment rate, P less than 0.1). The
      results for IHD mortality were similar. This improved survival of men in the beta
      blocker group was also found in the subset with no prior history of IHD. The
      benefit of beta blockers was not apparent in women: the lowest rates were
      observed for women on methyldopa, but the confidence limits for the ratios of
      relative rates were wide. Adjustment for blood pressure and cigarette smoking
      using the Cox proportional hazards model did not substantially modify the ratios
      of the mortality rates for the treatment groups. A sub-group analysis showed the
      reduction in all cause and IHD mortality associated with beta blockers was mainly
      due to the effect in non-smoking men.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2907054
TI  - Carrier detection through the use of abnormal deletion junction fragments in a
      case of haemophilia B involving complete deletion of the factor IX gene.

PMID- 2907055
TI  - Effects of glutamic acid on cardiac function and energy metabolism of rat heart
      during ischaemia and reperfusion.
AB  - The effects of exogenous glutamate (20 mM) on myocardial energy metabolism and
      cardiac function during low-flow ischaemia and subsequent reperfusion were
      studied in isolated working rat hearts. Hearts were made severely ischaemic for
      60 min by reducing the perfusion rate to 0.17 ml/min, and then reperfused for 30
      min. Low-flow ischaemia resulted in a 50% reduction of myocardial ATP, a 70%
      reduction of both creatine phosphate (CP) and GTP, and a 250% rise in AMP. After
      reperfusion, CP was restored to normal levels but ATP and GTP remained
      significantly low. All hearts failed completely to recover cardiac pump function.
      The addition of glutamate to the perfusate during low-flow ischaemia had no
      significant effect on myocardial high-energy phosphates (HEP) but slightly
      increased succinate production. Subsequent reperfusion without added glutamate
      resulted in the recovery of 62% of pre-ischaemic aortic flow rate, as well as
      restoration of myocardial ATP and GTP to 70% of their control values and of
      creatine phosphate to supranormal levels. Reperfusion with added glutamate did
      not raise HEP levels any further but did increase recovery of cardiac function to
      92% or more of pre-ischaemic values. Thus, by mechanism(s) which are not yet
      clear but which may include an increase in HEP via anaerobic succinate
      production, elevated levels of exogenous glutamate exert a highly beneficial
      effect on the post-ischaemic recovery of cardiac function.

PMID- 2907056
TI  - [Biochemical markers in alcoholic drinking--special reference to serum enzymes].

PMID- 2907057
TI  - [Alcohol drinking and blood pressure].

PMID- 2907058
TI  - [Is renal renin release mediated through beta 1- or beta 2-adrenoceptors?].

PMID- 2907059
TI  - [A case of chronic renal failure due to polyarteritis nodosa with slow
      progression].

PMID- 2907060
TI  - Vascular reactivities of isolated and perfused human ciliary arteries.
AB  - The vascular responses to 8 agents, norepinephrine (NE), phenylephrine (PHE),
      xylazine (XYL), tyramine (TYR), dopamine (DA), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT),
      prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) and KCl were examined in human posterior
      ciliary arteries (HPCAs) which were isolated and perfused with Tyrode's solution
      gassed with 95% O2 and 5% CO2 under a constant flow rate at 37 degrees C. The
      rank order for potency of vasoconstrictions was 5-HT greater than NE greater than
      PHE = PGF2 much greater than DA greater than TYR much greater than KCl. Responses
      to XYL were various but not significant. DA frequently induced a vasodilatation
      at smaller doses but a vasoconstriction at larger doses. Although their
      antagonists were not used in this study, it was suggested that 1) there are rich
      alpha-1 adrenoceptors and 5-HT receptors, 2) dopaminergic receptors exist in
      these arteries and 3) there are rich tyramine-sensitive catecholamine stores in
      nerve terminals.

PMID- 2907061
TI  - Synergism between calcium-mediated and cyclic AMP-mediated activation of chloride
      secretion in isolated guinea pig distal colon.
AB  - Synergistic effects of Ca2+-mediated secretagogues and cyclic AMP-mediated
      secretagogues on Cl- secretion by guinea pig distal colon were studied in vitro
      using Ussing chambers. Short-circuit current (Isc) and bidirectional fluxes of
      22Na+ and 36Cl- were measured. Bethanechol (10(-4) M, a Ca2+-mediated
      secretagogue) caused an increase in Isc, which was enhanced 4-20 fold when the
      tissue was pretreated with prostaglandin E2 (10(-7)-10(-6) M), vasoactive
      intestinal polypeptide (5 x 10(-9)-10(-8) M) (cyclic AMP-mediated secretagogues),
      or 8-bromocyclic AMP (5 x 10(-4)-2 x 10(-3) M). Measurement of 36Cl flux showed
      that the increase in Isc in the presence of both 8-bromocyclic AMP and
      bethanechol resulted principally from increased Cl- secretion. On the other hand,
      the net absorptive flux of 22Na was not influenced under these conditions.
      Potentiation of the increase in Isc was also elicited by the combination of
      A23187 (5 x 10(-6) M) and 8-bromocyclic AMP (10(-3) M). The results are
      consistent with the notion that simultaneous activation of the cyclic AMP
      mediated and Ca2+-mediated systems produces a synergistic increase in colonic Cl-
      secretion.

PMID- 2907062
TI  - [The effect of drugs used during anesthesia and in the early postoperative period
      on gastric secretion].

PMID- 2907063
TI  - [An interdisciplinary coordinated therapy concept exemplified by the Cornelia de
      Lange syndrome].
AB  - This is a case-report of a male infant with typical signs of Cornelia de Lange
      syndrome. Coordination to subtype I or II of the disease is difficult, as
      somatical and intracerebral dysplasia (partial cerebellar aplasia) are combined.
      The etio-pathogenetic back-ground and the symptoms of the disorder will be
      discussed. Finally we point out to a omnidirectional therapeutic concept
      including several surgical and nonsurgical disciplines with the aim, to make life
      as easy as possible for these children.

PMID- 2907064
TI  - [Primary prevention of hemorrhage of esophageal varices by beta-blockade-
      generally indicated?].

PMID- 2907065
TI  - [No Parkinsonian syndrome following acute paraquat poisoning].
AB  - Paraquat structurally resembles N-methyl-4-phenyltetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and
      its metabolite 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridine (MPP+). MPTP and MPP+ are neurotoxic
      chemicals, which induce in exposed humans and in animal-models a Parkinson's
      disease. A high correlation between the incidence of Parkinson's disease and
      herbicide use in Canada led to the assumption that paraquat could give rise to
      parkinsonism. We have therefore carried out a follow-up study with patients
      having had dermal contact with paraquat or having swallowed paraquat accidentally
      or in a suicidal attempt. 7 patients took part in the study. Three of them had
      dermal contact. One had ingested paraquat by accident and three were survivors
      from suicidal paraquat intake. It was possible to exclude parkinsonism in all
      patients. One patient exhibited tardive dykinesia most likely due to a long term
      therapy with neuroleptic drugs.

PMID- 2907066
TI  - [Inhibition of intestinal leukotriene formation as a possible mechanism of action
      of sulfasalazine, 5-aminosalicylic acid and 4-aminosalicylic acid].

PMID- 2907067
TI  - [Pharmacologic correction of microcirculatory disorders in recurrent peptic
      ulcer].

PMID- 2907068
TI  - [Vascular permeability and erythrocyte hemostasis in patients with hemorrhagic
      fever and renal syndrome].

PMID- 2907069
TI  - [Ultrasonic scanning of the kidneys in patients with hemorrhagic fever with renal
      syndrome and its complications].

PMID- 2907070
TI  - [The importance of ultrasonography in detecting pathology of the kidneys during
      ambulatory observation of patients with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome].

PMID- 2907071
TI  - [Pathophysiologic bases of the pharmacotherapy of peptic ulcer].

PMID- 2907072
TI  - Interrelationships among self-reported alcohol intake, physiological indices and
      alcoholism screening measures.
AB  - The interrelationships among alcohol screening measures, self-reported drinking
      and laboratory markers of alcohol consumption were analyzed in a nonalcoholic
      sample. The results confirmed high interrelatedness among the MAST and two
      shorter versions derived from that scale. These measures showed little
      relationship to the CAGE, self-reported drinking and biochemical markers. Self
      reported drinking and the CAGE, however, were significantly correlated with these
      markers. One difference by gender was noted in the correlation between the CAGE
      and self-reported drink, with a stronger association found in men. The importance
      for investigators of considering the characteristics of these measures in light
      of their specific research questions is emphasized.

PMID- 2907073
TI  - A nonparametric method for evaluating results from laboratory antinociceptive
      tests.
AB  - A method is presented in which Cox's proportional hazards model, a survival
      analysis technique, is used to assess the results of hot-plate antinociceptive
      testing. The method appropriately handles censored data values and variable
      pretest latency times without making arbitrary assumptions about the distribution
      of the data. It may be used to characterize and compare dose-response curves or
      to examine the effect of agent or other treatment variables on the response. The
      technique is easily implemented using the SAS statistical software package. Due
      to the similar way in which data is obtained, we believe the method to be
      applicable to several other laboratory models of pain, including the tail-flick,
      tail-immersion, and paw-pressure (Randall-Selitto) assays.

PMID- 2907074
TI  - Localization of transglutaminase activity in type II epithelial cell cultures and
      elevation of enzyme activity in lungs of rats instilled with quartz.
AB  - Transglutaminase activity, assessed by the incorporation of [14C]-putrescine into
      N-acetylated dephosphorylated beta-casein, was not detectable in sonicates of
      alveolar macrophages and fibroblasts but was located in all preparations of rat
      alveolar type II cells. Enzyme activity was induced in these cells up to 7 days
      in vitro but not stimulated further by the direct addition of quartz to the
      cultures. Transglutaminase activity in whole lung sonicates increased
      significantly after short-term exposure to DQ-12 quartz. An increase in the
      numbers of type II cells and subsequent release of activated transglutaminase,
      concomitant with a quartz-induced elevation in lung calcium levels and potential
      protein substrates, is likely to lead to an increase in protein crosslinking both
      in the alveolar space and interstitium.

PMID- 2907075
TI  - [Neuroleptic-induced respiratory dyskinesia. Apropos of a case].

PMID- 2907076
TI  - Exploratory behavior and the dual activity of some psychoactive drugs. Part IV.
      Neuroleptics.
AB  - Exploration is an essential, life-preserving component of animal higher nervous
      functions. The experiments presented here show that exploratory behavior may
      differ in relation to the subject's emotional baseline, and that accordingly, it
      is affected differently by various neuroleptics.

PMID- 2907077
TI  - [Acute manifestations in Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis. Conservative
      treatment of acute situations].
AB  - Ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) can lead to perforation,
      abscesses and peritonitis. In such cases conservative treatment should only be
      secondary to surgery, whereas intensive conservative treatment is needed from the
      very start in toxic megacolon. The decision to operate must be made within 24-48
      h. Partial or complete intestinal obstruction is frequently encountered in CD
      patients if the ileum is involved. Prednisone treatment can sometimes reverse
      this condition when combined with parenteral nutrition. Treatment of acute
      exacerbations of UC and CD is essentially conservative and consists of
      salazosulfapyridine or 5-aminosalicylic acid and prednisone.

PMID- 2907078
TI  - [Cognitive-behavioral treatment of language disorders. Technic and clinical
      cases].

PMID- 2907079
TI  - [Clotiazepam in psychiatric practice. Study with a daily high dosage per os].

PMID- 2907080
TI  - Maximal exercise responses to acute and chronic beta-adrenergic blockade in
      healthy male subjects.
AB  - Conflicting data on the alterations in the maximal exercise response to beta
      blockade (BB) may be the result of differences in the length of time the subject
      has been on medication, i.e., hours vs days. The purpose of this study was to
      examine maximal exercise responses during acute and chronic administration of BB.
      Twenty-eight healthy males, 14 untrained (UT) and 14 involved in a personal
      training regimen (TR), performed maximal treadmill tests after 1 d and 9 d under
      three double-blind, randomized conditions: a placebo (PLAC), propranolol (PROP)
      80 mg b.i.d., and atenolol (ATEN) 100 mg o.d. Maximal heart rate (HR), oxygen
      consumption (VO2), ventilation (VE), and treadmill time were significantly
      reduced by PROP and ATEN after an acute and chronic dose when compared to PLAC (P
      less than 0.05) in both groups of subjects. Maximal HR was decreased more after 1
      d of BB than after 9 d of BB with both PROP and ATEN in the UT subjects and with
      PROP only in the TR group. VO2max, VEmax, and treadmill time were also less
      attenuated after 9 d of BB; however, this trend did not reach statistical
      significance. The nonselective beta blocker, PROP, caused greater reductions in
      VO2max compared to the selective beta blocker, ATEN, in both groups of subjects.
      These data indicate that, other than a small change in maximal HR, there is no
      difference in the exercise response to acute and chronic BB in normal and highly
      conditioned individuals.

PMID- 2907081
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies with fimbrial F1C, F12, F13, and F14 specificities obtained
      with fimbriae from E. coli 04:K12:H-.

PMID- 2907082
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies raised against Pap fimbriae recognize minor component(s)
      involved in receptor binding.
AB  - Pap fimbriae were purified from a recombinant strain and used for the production
      of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). These MAbs were screened in a fimbriae ELISA
      with eight different P fimbriae as well as 1A and 1C fimbriae. Five MAbs were
      specific for Pap fimbriae whereas one MAb did react with Pap, F7(2) and F11
      fimbriae. Previously, we described two F11 MAbs which also reacted with Pap,
      F7(2) and F11 fimbriae. In a whole bacteria ELISA it was shown that the MAbs,
      which recognized Pap, F7(2) and F11 fimbriae, reacted with recombinant strains
      which did not express Pap or F11 fimbriae, but still expressed the globoside
      binding properties. Not one of the five MAbs which are specific for Pap fimbriae
      reacted with these globoside binding recombinant strains. In a haemagglutination
      and adherence assay it was shown that only the MAbs which recognized the Pap,
      F7(2) and F11 fimbriae inhibited the adhesive properties of the globoside binding
      recombinant strain. Therefore it is concluded that in the present study MAbs are
      presented which recognize the minor components responsible for adhesion.

PMID- 2907083
TI  - Molecular cloning and characterization of the genetic determinant encoding CS3
      fimbriae of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli.
AB  - The genetic determinant encoding the synthesis and surface expression of CS3
      fimbriae of colonization factor antigen II-(CFA/II-) positive enterotoxigenic
      Escherichia coli was cloned on a 5.1 kb HindIII DNA fragment in pBR322 from the
      wild-type plasmid pCS001 to yield the CS3+ plasmid pCS100. Subcloning of EcoRI
      fragments of 1.8 kb and 2.5 kb into vector plasmid pACYC184 and the isolation of
      a series of pCS100::Tn5 insertion mutants revealed that more than one cistron was
      involved in the synthesis and expression of CS3 fimbriae. Polypeptides of 94, 26,
      24, 17 and 15 kDa were detected in E. coli minicells harbouring pCS100. In
      Western immunoblotting the 17 kDa and 15 kDa polypeptides reacted with specific
      anti-CS3 fimbriae serum. The 15 kDa polypeptide comigrated with the structural
      subunit of CS3 fimbriae. Inhibition of protein processing in minicells by ethanol
      confirmed that the 17 kDa polypeptide was the precursor form of the 15 kDa
      structural subunit. A physical map of the cloned DNA was constructed showing the
      location and direction of transcription of the genes for the 17 and 94 kDa
      polypeptides. Using the 5.1 kb HindIII fragment of pCS100 as a genetic probe for
      the CS3 determinant, Southern hybridization analysis of plasmid and total
      cellular DNA was performed in wild-type enterotoxigenic E. coli strains.

PMID- 2907084
TI  - Role of S- and common-type I-fimbriae of Escherichia coli in experimental upper
      and lower urinary tract infection.

PMID- 2907085
TI  - Chromosomal deletions and rearrangements cause coordinate loss of haemolysis,
      fimbriation and serum resistance in a uropathogenic strain of Escherichia coli.

PMID- 2907086
TI  - Immunosuppression and splenomegaly in Entamoeba histolytica infection in mice.
AB  - Intestinal amoebiasis caused by Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites in mice is
      accompanied by a depression in the ability of this host to develop an immune
      response to sheep red blood cells. The number of splenic plaque-forming cells was
      reduced in mice inoculated intracecally with 2.5 x 10(5) trophozoites at 15, 25,
      40, 65 and 75 days after infection when compared with non-infected mice. It was
      found that there was no significant difference between the spleen weight of the
      infected and non-infected control animals at 5 and 10 days following infection.
      However, a significant increase in spleen weight was observed by 15 days of
      infection and the spleens remained enlarged until termination of the experiment
      at 75 days. Thus, there was an inverse correlation between the PFC response and
      the spleen weight of infected animals.

PMID- 2907087
TI  - Phase variation in Bordetella pertussis is accompanied by changes in DNA
      modification.
AB  - Pathogenic strains of Bordetella pertussis tend to undergo a phase variation
      process when propagated in vitro. The phase variants do not express part or all
      of the virulence factors of the pathogenic strain and are phenotypically stable.
      We have previously shown that variation involves a non-reversible, non-random
      process. In an attempt to characterize the molecular changes accompanying phase
      variation, chromosomal DNA, isolated from B. pertussis and its variants, was
      digested with a variety of restriction enzymes followed by agarose gel
      electrophoresis. While variant DNA was digested by all tested enzymes, pathogenic
      strain DNA was not digested by part of the enzymes, thus suggesting modification
      of the DNA at specific sites. DNA isolated from reversible, growth medium induced
      variants, demonstrated sensitivity to digestion identical to that of spontaneous,
      stable variants. Analysis of the restriction sequences of all the enzymes, which
      did not digest DNA from pathogenic strains, failed to reveal any common sequence
      known to be affected by methylation. HPLC and nearest-neighbor analysis showed a
      2-fold increase in the level of DNA methylation in the pathogenic strain. It was
      concluded that (a) the chromosomal DNA in virulent strains of B. pertussis is
      protected against enzymatic digestion by an as yet unknown modification and (b)
      variation in B. pertussis may be caused by changes in the modification of the DNA
      rather than by mutation.

PMID- 2907088
TI  - Characterization of fimbrial subunits from Bordetella species.
AB  - Using antisera raised against serotype 2 and 3 fimbrial subunits from Bordetella
      pertussis, serologically related polypeptides were detected in Bordetella
      bronchiseptica, Bordetella parapertussis and Bordetella avium strains. The two B.
      pertussis fimbrial subunits, and three of the serologically related B.
      bronchiseptica polypeptides, were shown to be very similar in amino acid
      composition and N-terminal amino acid sequence. Homology was observed between the
      N-termini of these polypeptides, and fimbrial subunits from Escherichia coli,
      Haemophilus influenzae and Proteus mirabilis. A synthetic oligonucleotide probe,
      derived from the N-terminal sequence of the B. pertussis serotype 2 fimbrial
      subunit, was used to identify fimbrial genes in genomic Southern blots. The
      results suggested the presence of multiple fimbrial subunit genes in B.
      pertussis, B. bronchiseptica and B. parapertussis. The DNA probe was used to
      clone one of the three tentative fimbrial subunit genes detected in B. pertussis.

PMID- 2907089
TI  - [Correlation of mental fatigue due to work load and professional qualifications
      of physicians].
AB  - The results presented in the paper refer to the relationship between physicians'
      professional qualifications and mental fatigue. It was that professional
      qualifications determining man's capabilities affect the level and structure of
      mental fatigue caused by work. Furthermore, it was assumed that this workload is
      multidimensional, and so its following five dimensions were singled out: mental
      difficulties, monotony, risk and responsibility, moral conflicts and dilemmas.
      The level of qualifications was measured by the length of employment and
      specialization and scientific degrees. The studies involved 10% of randomly
      selected physicians from all over Poland. The obtained results indicate that with
      increasing length of employment the workload due to moral dilemmas, risk and
      responsibility and mental difficulties, gets reduced; on the other hand, the load
      resulting from work monotony is increased. Also the specialization degree affects
      the workload caused by the risk, responsibility and moral dilemmas. Noticeable
      here is the trend towards a reduction in the workload with increasing
      specialization degrees. Instead, the higher the scientific degree the higher the
      sense of load due to risk and responsibility with simultaneous decrease in the
      load due to work monotony.

PMID- 2907090
TI  - Endocytosis-inducer adhesins produced by enteropathogenic serogroups of
      Escherichia coli participate on bacterial attachment to infant enterocytes.
AB  - Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) infection of Hep-2 cells proceeds through
      bacterial attachment to cell surface and internalization of adhered bacteria.
      EPEC attachment is a prerequisite for cell infection and is mediated by adhesins
      that recognize carbohydrate-containing receptors on cell membrane. Such
      endocytosis-inducer adhesins (EIA) also promote EPEC binding to infant
      enterocytes, suggesting that EIA may have an important role on EPEC
      gastroenteritis.

PMID- 2907091
TI  - Kinin receptors.

PMID- 2907092
TI  - Depression of T cell-mediated immunity and enhancement of autoantibody production
      by natural infection with microorganisms in spontaneously hypertensive rats
      (SHR).
AB  - We studied the effects of breeding conditions on the development of immunological
      abnormalities in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) with congenital T cell
      depression. The depression of T cell functions, the production of natural
      thymocytotoxic autoantibody (NTA), and the development of polyarteritis nodosa
      were more evident in SHR reared under a conventional (CV) environment than in
      specific-pathogen-free (SPF) SHR bred in a semi-barrier system. Enhancement of
      these immunologic abnormalities was also observed by the conventionalization of
      SPF-SHR. A high frequency of antibodies to mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), Sendai
      virus, and Mycoplasma pulmonis was detected in CV rat sera, whereas no antibodies
      were detected in SPF-SHR. The experimental infection of Sendai virus induced the
      enhancement of T cell depression and of NTA production in SPF-SHR. We interpret
      these results to mean that the natural infection of microorganisms causes an
      acceleration of immunologic abnormalities in SHR reared in a CV environment.

PMID- 2907093
TI  - Marked junctional bradycardia, prolonged QT interval and torsade de pointes in
      acute phenothiazine intoxication in a schizophrenic patient. A case report.

PMID- 2907094
TI  - Medullary thyroid carcinoma in children.

PMID- 2907095
TI  - H2 receptor antagonist usage in Missouri Medicaid recipients.

PMID- 2907096
TI  - Effects of transmitter antagonists on monopolar postsynaptic potentials.

PMID- 2907097
TI  - Behavioural effects of (+)-4-propyl-9-hydroxynaphthoxazine in primates rendered
      parkinsonian with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine.
AB  - Three monkeys received a chronic intravenous course of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6
      tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) so as to produce a permanent parkinsonian syndrome. One
      primate was electively commenced on chronic levodopa therapy 6 weeks after the
      cessation of MPTP treatment. Four months following the termination of MPTP
      administration, the response to oral doses of the novel D-2 dopamine agonist (+)
      4-propyl-9-hydroxynaphthoxazine (PHNO) was assessed in all animals using a
      clinical rating scale and automatic activity counters. PHNO was found to be a
      highly potent antiparkinsonian agent, completely reversing the symptoms of
      parkinsonism in a dose-dependent manner. Peak-dose dyskinesia was noted in 2 MPTP
      treated animals during trials with PHNO, but was more severe in the animal
      receiving chronic levodopa therapy. Response fluctuations such as 'end-of-dose'
      deterioration and the 'on-off' phenomenon were common to all 3 parkinsonian
      animals following PHNO. The anti-parkinsonian effect and frequency of treatment
      induced side-effects appeared to be similar with PHNO and levodopa. These results
      confirm the efficacy of PHNO as an anti-parkinsonian drug and link the production
      of dyskinesia with the D-2 dopamine receptor.

PMID- 2907098
TI  - Pre- and postsynaptic effects of p-tyramine and p-octopamine in the prostatic
      portion of the rat vas deferens.
AB  - The effect of p-tyramine and p-octopamine on the twitch responses of the
      prostatic portion of the rat vas deferens to electrical stimulation (0.025 Hz)
      were compared with the effects of noradrenaline. In tissues with normal monoamine
      oxidase (MAO) activity, the three amines increased the height and duration of the
      twitch contractions. When MAO activity was inhibited by pargyline (10 mumol/l), p
      tyramine and p-octopamine had mixed excitatory-inhibitory effects on the
      twitches, while noradrenaline had mostly excitatory effects along the whole range
      of concentrations assayed (0.158-15.8 mumol/l). Selective blockade of alpha 1-
      and alpha 2-adrenoceptors, by corynanthine and yohimbine, respectively, showed
      that the excitatory effect of the amines depended on the activation of alpha 1
      adrenoceptor and that the inhibitory action was related to the activation of
      alpha 2-adrenoceptors. Pretreatment with reserpine (5 mg/kg, 24 h; 2.5 mg/kg, 2 h
      before the experiment) largely prevented the effects of p-tyramine and p
      octopamine, but the amines still modified the twitch responses to field
      stimulation. The addition of corynanthine and yohimbine to the bathing fluid
      revealed a considerable activation of alpha 1-excitatory and alpha 2-inhibitory
      adrenoceptors. Cocaine (10 mumol/l) did not antagonize, but rather enhanced the
      inhibitory effects of p-tyramine and p-octopamine in tissues with normal contents
      of noradrenaline. Moreover, cocaine did not antagonize the inhibition caused by p
      tyramine, and enhanced the inhibition induced by p-octopamine in the prostatic
      portion of the vasa deferentia from reserpine-pretreated animals. These results
      suggest that in this tissue, at least when MAO activity is inhibited, p-tyramine
      and p-octopamine behave similarly.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2907099
TI  - [3H]L-654,284 as a probe of the central alpha 2 adrenoceptor.
AB  - L-654,284 [2R, 12bS)-N-(1,3,4,6,7,12b-hexahydro-2H-benzo[b]-furo[2,3-a]
      quinolizin-2-yl)-N-methyl-2-hydroxyethanesulfonamide], a potent and selective
      antagonist of the alpha 2 adrenoceptor, was tritiated to high specific activity.
      Saturation binding to cell membrane suspensions obtained from calf cerebral
      cortex revealed a high affinity binding site (0.63 nM). Kinetics of association
      and dissociation were well represented by single exponential processes, and the
      equilibrium dissociation constant obtained from the ratio of rate constants
      agreed well with that found by saturation binding. A direct comparison of
      saturation binding revealed that the antagonist [3H]L-654,284 had roughly the
      same affinity for the alpha 2 adrenoceptor as the agonist [3H]clonidine and eight
      times the affinity of the antagonist [3H]rauwolscine. The maximum receptor
      densities of these radioligands were not significantly different. Competition
      assays with a series of compounds of known receptor affinity revealed that [3H]L
      654,284 selectively binds to a site with all of the characteristics expected of
      the alpha 2 adrenoceptor.

PMID- 2907101
TI  - Only activated but not non-activated presynaptic alpha 2-autoreceptors interfere
      with neighbouring presynaptic receptor mechanisms.
AB  - Experiments were carried out in rabbit cerebrocortical slices in order to find
      out whether the attenuation by presynaptic alpha 2-autoreceptors of effects
      mediated by presynaptic opioid kappa- and adenosine A1-receptors requires
      activation of the alpha 2-receptors. The slices were preincubated with 3H
      noradrenaline and then superfused with medium containing desipramine 1 mumol/l.
      They were stimulated electrically either with single pulses or with trains of 32
      pulses at 1 Hz. The overflow of tritium elicited by a single pulse amounted to
      0.21% of the tritium content of the tissue. It was Ca2+-dependent and
      tetrodotoxin-sensitive and not changed by rauwolscine 1 mumol/l or yohimbine 0.3
      mumol/l. Ethylketocyclazocine (EK; 0.1-10 nmol/l) and R-(-)-N6
      phenylisopropyladenosine (PIA; 1-1,000 nmol/l) potently inhibited the overflow
      evoked by a single pulse, and their effects were not changed by yohimbine. - The
      overflow of tritium elicited by trains of 32 pulses at 1 Hz amounted to 0.92% of
      the tritium content of the tissue and was increased approximately fourfold by
      yohimbine 0.3 mumol/l. EK and PIA were less potent inhibitors than in the one
      pulse experiments. Yohimbine greatly enhanced the effects of EK and PIA. The
      enhancement was even more pronounced when the Ca2+ concentration in the medium
      was reduced in order to obtain a control tritium overflow similar to that evoked
      by 32 pulses in the absence of yohimbine. The results demonstrate that there is
      no alpha 2-adrenergic autoinhibition when noradrenaline release is elicited by a
      single pulse. Under these conditions, the non-activated presynaptic alpha 2
      adrenoceptor does not interfere with presynaptic opioid kappa- and adenosine A1
      receptor mechanisms.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2907100
TI  - Presynaptic alpha 2-adrenoceptor, opioid kappa-receptor and adenosine A1-receptor
      interactions on noradrenaline release in rabbit brain cortex.
AB  - The interaction of presynaptic, release-inhibiting alpha 2-adrenoceptors, opioid
      kappa-receptors and adenosine A1-receptors was studied in slices of the occipito
      parietal cortex of the rabbit. The slices were preincubated with 3H-noradrenaline
      and then superfused and stimulated electrically twice for 2 min each (S1, S2).
      The stimulation-evoked overflow of tritium was taken to reflect action potential
      evoked release of noradrenaline. One of two release-modulating compounds to be
      examined for interaction was kept in the medium throughout superfusion, the other
      one was added before S2. In many experiments, the stimulation parameters were
      adjusted (frequency 0.5-7 Hz; voltage drop 2-5 V/cm) in order to obtain similar
      reference release (S1) values despite the presence of the first release
      modulating compound. The selective kappa-receptor agonist ethylketocyclazocine
      (EK) attenuated markedly the release-inhibiting effects of the alpha 2
      adrenoceptor-selective agonists clonidine and alpha-methylnoradrenaline as well
      as the release-facilitating effect of the alpha 2-adrenoceptor-selective
      antagonist yohimbine. The attenuation occurred both when the parameters of
      electrical stimulation were kept constant and when they were adjusted to obtain
      similar S1 release values. The selective A1-receptor agonist R-N6
      phenylisopropyladenosine (PIA) also attenuated the effects of clonidine and
      yohimbine. Conversely, clonidine attenuated and yohimbine enhanced the release
      inhibiting effect of PIA. Yohimbine also enhanced the release-facilitating effect
      of the adenosine receptor antagonist 8-phenyltheophylline. Again, these changes
      occurred both at constant stimulation parameters and when stimulation parameters
      were adjusted.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2907103
TI  - [Biological markers of endogenous psychoses].

PMID- 2907102
TI  - Antagonistic effects of alpha-adrenoceptor blocking agents on arrhythmias, enzyme
      release, and myocardial necrosis in isolated rat hearts with coronary occlusion
      and reperfusion.
AB  - In isolated perfused rat hearts reperfusion of the occluded left coronary artery
      led to arrhythmias, their severity depending on the duration of the foregoing
      period of myocardial ischaemia. Simultaneously, high activities of the myocardial
      enzyme creatine kinase (CK) were released into the perfusion fluid. Corynanthine,
      blocking mainly alpha 1-adrenoceptors, and rauwolscine, blocking mainly alpha 2
      adrenoceptors, concentration-dependently antagonized the reperfusion-induced
      arrhythmias (3-30 mumol/l). The most severe kind of arrhythmia, i.e., ventricular
      fibrillation was completely prevented by 30 mumol/l of either drug. Also
      arrhythmias occurring already during the period of coronary occlusion were
      antagonized, as tested with corynanthine. The beta 1-adrenoceptor blocking agent
      metoprolol (1, and 10 mumol/l) had no effect at all against reperfusion
      arrhythmias, and the mainly alpha 1-adrenoceptor stimulating agent phenylephrine
      markedly increased the severity of these rhythm disturbances. The release of
      creatine kinase during the coronary reperfusion was significantly decreased by
      corynanthine, while the effect of rauwolscine was smaller and non-significant.
      Phenylephrine markedly increased the enzyme leakage from the myocardium. In all
      hearts the extent of the ischaemic and necrotic areas was determined. The
      percentage of the previously ischaemic area found necrotic at the end of the
      reperfusion, depended on the duration of the coronary occlusion. Corynanthine in
      a highly significant way decreased the area of myocardial necrosis, an effect
      obtained to some extent also with rauwolscine. The findings suggest that alpha
      adrenoceptor stimulation is involved in the genesis of arrhythmias and myocardial
      damage associated with myocardial ischaemia and reperfusion. Possible mechanisms
      of action of corynanthine and rauwolscine are discussed, especially in view of
      the interrelationship between alpha-adrenoceptors and slow calcium channels.

PMID- 2907104
TI  - [Schizophrenic psychosis in a patient with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome].
AB  - A 36 year-old female patient with schizophrenia and Tourette syndrome is
      described. Clinical course, present neurological and psychopathological state,
      results of psychological testing, computed tomography and MR tomography of the
      skull, EEG and evoked potentials are reported. Results of neurochemical analysis
      of CSF and plasma are presented. Possible relationships between Tourette syndrome
      and schizophrenia are discussed with particular reference to neurochemical
      findings.

PMID- 2907105
TI  - Correlation among lipid peroxidation, brain energy metabolism and brain oedema in
      cerebral ischaemia.
AB  - In order to study the involvement of lipid peroxidation in the generation of
      ischaemic cell damage, sequential measurements were made on the
      chemiluminescence, energy metabolism, water content and the volume of Na+ and K+
      in the cerebral cortex using a rat model for severe cerebral ischaemia. It was
      found that the amount of chemiluminescence increased due to ischaemia and
      increased further following recirculation. In chemiluminescence spectral
      analysis, peaks were found at 480, 520-530, 570, 620-640, 680-700 nm. It is
      thought that these wavelengths reflect the release of energy due to the reduction
      of active oxygens to more stable states during the breakdown of lipid
      hydroperoxide. The recovery of ATP in the 5 min ischaemic brain after reflow with
      ATP stopped at approx. 60% of the pre-ischaemia level, whereas the water content
      of the cortex showed an increase after 5 min of recirculation, and a gradual
      recovery thereafter for 30 min. There was a strong correlation between the
      increase in cortical water content after recirculation and the amount of
      chemiluminescence. It is concluded that causes of the ischaemic cerebral oedema
      include not only decreased activation of ATP-dependent Na+, K+-ATPase, but also
      functional changes in ion channels due to an increase in free radicals following
      recirculation.

PMID- 2907106
TI  - Evaluation of spinal evoked potentials: a model for assessment of spinal cord
      function in isolation.
AB  - Spinal evoked potentials were recorded from the dorsal columns of in vitro mouse
      hemicord preparations. The response of these potentials to different periods of
      hypoxia was studied. A decrease in amplitude of the potential to 50% and 10% of
      pre-hypoxia reference occurred after 3.19 +/- 1.36 and 7.3 +/- 2.97 min,
      respectively. Complete recovery of the potential was seen in specimens exposed to
      5 and 10 min of hypoxia. Incomplete recovery occurred with exposure to longer
      periods of hypoxia. In preparations that remained isoelectric for less than 5 min
      total recovery was seen.

PMID- 2907107
TI  - Acute cerebral infarction and changes of regional cerebral blow flow (rCBF)
      following experimental middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion.
AB  - An unanaesthetized cat model of acute focal cerebral ischaemia has been
      established by the technique of transorbital snare ligature for middle cerebral
      artery (MCA) occlusion. The model was used to investigate the patterns of changes
      of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) for up to 16 h following MCA occlusion by
      the hydrogen clearance technique and to explore the correlation among changes of
      rCBF, neurological deficits, and pathological changes. The animals were divided
      into 2 groups according to the size of infarct which was identified by 2%
      triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) solution stain. Infarct larger than 10% of
      coronal section surface of ipsilateral hemisphere was found in 18 cats (Group A),
      and a smaller infarct was found in the remaining 7 cats (Group B). Between these
      2 groups, there was a statistically significant difference in the average rCBF
      value of the ipsilateral MCA territory. The increasing grade of contralateral
      paralysis correlated well with the decreasing rCBF in the ipsilateral MCA
      territory, and the increasing grade of cerebral hemispheric swelling was directly
      proportional to the increasing grade of paralysis. Three patterns of changes of
      rCBF were observed: persistent severe ischaemia (15 cats, Group A); persistent
      mild to moderate ischaemia (7 cats, Group B); and immediate severe ischaemia
      followed by early post-ischaemic hyperaemia and death (3 cats, Group A). During
      the initial stage of ischaemia, a significant decrease in rCBF of the
      contralateral hemisphere was observed in both groups, however, in Group A rCBF
      gradually increased to preocclusion level, while Group B presented a further
      decrease in rCBF suggesting the occurrence of interhemispheric diaschisis. Thus,
      Group B appeared to take advantage of diaschisis during the late phase of infarct
      development, as well as the substantial collateral flow from the surrounding
      anterior and posterior cerebral artery territories.

PMID- 2907108
TI  - Long-term outcome of the management of ruptured intracranial aneurysm. Review of
      328 consecutive patients treated over a period of 12 years.
AB  - From 1972 to 1984, 328 patients were admitted into the neurosurgical department
      for the treatment of a ruptured intracranial aneurysm, being clinically in grades
      1 to 4. These patients were submitted to a deferred surgery protocol: 5.5% of the
      patients died before surgery, and 94.5% were actually operated upon. The follow
      up was at least over 1 yr, and up to 14 yr (average 3 yr 8 months). The long-term
      result was evaluated according to both the physical status of the patients and
      their activity resumption (professional, familial and social). This long-term
      result was compared to the immediate results, which had been evaluated either at
      the time of discharge or a few months later: 25.9% of the 328 patients were 'lost
      to view', and 74.1% were 'followed-up' (including preoperative and operative
      death). The immediate results were: death 17.7%, poor 7.3%, fair 9.1%, good
      66.2%. The long-term results were evaluated as follows: poor 7%, fair
      (independent but with emotional or psychological difficulties) 14.8%, good (fully
      independent) 55.1%. The long-term activity resumption (ability to work) was:
      normal 46.5%, lesser level of work 7.8%, unable to work 20.5%. Out of the
      patients with a good and fair immediate result, only 66.5% resumed their previous
      occupation: 21.2% of these patients did not resume their previous occupation due
      to psychological or emotional disturbances.

PMID- 2907109
TI  - The third nerve transection and regeneration in rats with preliminary results on
      the sixth nerve transection and regeneration in guinea pigs.
AB  - The relationship between the phenomenon of the nonselective reinnervation and the
      functional recovery after section and repair of the highly organized third
      cranial nerve motor system in rats was studied. The same relationship after
      section and repair of the more simply organized sixth cranial nerve motor system
      in guinea pigs is presented as preliminary results. Anatomical demonstration of
      nonselective reinnervation was obtained by injecting horseradish peroxidase (HRP)
      into the extraocular muscles. A bilateral reinnervation of previously ipsilateral
      innervated muscles both in the third and the sixth nerve was interpreted as a
      plastic response of the brain stem neurons to the nerve injury. Functional
      recovery, evaluated by measuring with an infrared light technique the horizontal
      and vertical vestibulo-ocular reflexes, was excellent for the rectus lateralis
      muscle while it was relatively poor i.e. partial for the muscles depending on the
      third nerve. These data suggest that one of the most important factors
      influencing the functional recovery after section and repair of a peripheral
      nerve is the complexity of the nerve motor system organization.

PMID- 2907110
TI  - Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) pattern analysis corresponds with albumin
      extravasation in experimental cerebral ischaemia.
AB  - The possibility of the evaluation of ischemia solely by the momentary values of
      regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was investigated. Ischaemic damage was
      evaluated histopathologically and by observing albumin extravasation. Unilateral
      carotid clippings were performed for 1 h and the gerbils evaluated with regard to
      the length of recirculation time. In animals without a recirculation period, the
      degree of damage could be explained by the rCBF reduction ratio during clipping.
      However, in cases with reperfusion periods, 5 animals showed an almost complete
      disappearance of rCBF during clipping, but albumin extravasation was seen in 1
      case only. Thus, the discordance between the rCBF reduction ratio and the
      abnormal permeability was considerable in reperfused animals. The post-ischaemic
      rCBF pattern was classified into 3 types, the 'post-ischaemic hyperperfusion
      type', the 'post-ischaemic hypoperfusion type' and the 'post-ischaemic
      normoperfusion type'. In the first two types, the albumin extravasation was
      positive in 10/10 cases, and in the third type, in only 1/20. Therefore, the post
      ischaemic rCBF pattern was thought to correlate well with ischaemic damage in the
      reperfused cases. The rCBF changes momentarily and the pattern analysis of the
      rCBF, particularly in the post-ischaemic phase, appeared to be important.

PMID- 2907111
TI  - Effects of methyl prednisolone, dimethyl sulphoxide and naloxone in experimental
      spinal cord injuries in rats.
AB  - The effects of methyl prednisolone (MPD), dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), and
      naloxone were examined in 38 albino rats after making an impact spinal cord
      injury on the midthoracic segments with a modified Allen's weight dropping trauma
      method. Somatosensorial evoked potentials (SEPs) were recorded before and 12 h
      and 14 d after the injury from epidurally inserted electrodes on the parietal
      cortex with sciatic nerve stimulations. Lower extremity motor functions of the
      animals were also examined. It may be concluded that in this study model, DMSO
      has a moderate effect which can be demonstrated clinically and through SEPs.
      Naloxone has no effect on the clinical outcome but causes reasonable improvement
      electrophysiologically.

PMID- 2907112
TI  - Thyrotropin releasing hormone uptake into serum and cerebrospinal fluid following
      intravenous or subcutaneous administration.
AB  - Intravenous thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) was administered to 6 amyotrophic
      lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients at the dose rate of 10 mg/kg. Blood samples were
      obtained prior to and at 10, 20, 40, 60, and 120 min during the TRH infusions.
      Lumbar punctures were performed at 90 min following the start of infusion. The
      mean serum TRH concentration rose from 0.03 +/- 0.02 (SD) to 17 +/- 2 ng/ml by 60
      min and remained constant to 120 min. The mean CSF TRH concentration rose 10-fold
      from 0.02 +/- 0.01 to 0.2 +/- 0.02 ng/ml at 90 min and increased further to 0.5
      +/- 0.2 ng/ml at 120 min. Subcutaneous TRH was administered to 4 ALS patients at
      2.5 mg/kg and to 5 ALS patients at 5.0 mg/kg. The mean serum TRH concentration
      increased to 1.4 +/- 0.6 ng/ml (2.5 mg/kg) and 3.2 +/- 1.1 ng/ml (5.0 mg/kg) by
      60 min. The mean CSF TRH concentration at 60 min increased to 0.3 +/- 0.08 ng/ml
      following 2.5 mg/kg TRH and 0.8 +/- 0.04 ng/ml following 5.0 mg/kg TRH. TRH entry
      into the CSF is comparable following subcutaneous or intravenous administration.

PMID- 2907113
TI  - Haemodynamic changes in arteriovenous malformations induced by superselective
      embolization: transcranial Doppler evaluation.
AB  - To reduce the intraoperative and postoperative complications in patients who
      suffer intracerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVM's), the slow reduction of
      the shunt flow to a brain perfusion flow has been tried by the use of several
      methods: microsurgical techniques, selective and superselective embolization,
      intraoperative embolization, staged operation. The risk of re-bleeding and
      intraoperative oedema increases in AVM's with two or more feeders. Our policy was
      to exclude such AVM's by primary superselective embolization. If there was only a
      small residual angioma, we tried to remove this by microsurgical techniques. The
      haemodynamics in AVM's could be examined by measuring the blood flow velocities
      in the feeding arteries and in the other parts of the circle of Willis by
      transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD). Signs of haemodynamic effective
      embolization could be measured by the reduction of flow velocities. After
      exclusion of an AVM the velocities in the brain and feeding arteries decreased to
      below normal values in the first days after the operation. In the feeding
      arteries this was due to the fact that the arteries were enlarged so that the
      velocity must be decreased when there was normal volume flow. The combination of
      superselective angiography and microsurgical resection of the residual angioma
      seemed to be the best way to treat AVM's which are fed by more than two arteries
      and which are 3 or more cm in diameter. TCD investigations were used to measure
      the haemodynamic changes before and after angioma superselective embolization and
      microsurgical operation.

PMID- 2907114
TI  - Penumbra around chronic cerebral infarction?
AB  - In a series of 13 patients with cerebrovascular occlusive disease regional
      cerebral blood flow (rCBF) measurements (two-dimensional intravenous 133Xe
      clearance method) and quantitative EEG analysis (sensorimotor rhythms) as well as
      electronic measurement of handforce were performed before and during intravenous
      infusion of 1 microgram kg/min of one of the lipophilic dihydropyridine calcium
      channel blocker nimodipine (Nimotop). The aim of the study was to test the
      hypothesis of the existence of hypoperfusion (ischaemic penumbra) in the
      surroundings of chronic cerebral infarcts. All 3 parameters improved in one
      patient. Sensorimotor rhythms increased in 5 patients, rCBF in 3. EEG and rCBF
      improved in 2 patients. In 3 instances, a redistribution of rCBF in favour of the
      peri-infarct zone was noted (significant increase of rCBF from 35 +/- 2 SEM to 53
      +/- 4 ml/100 g/min (p less than 0.01), whereas rCBF fell from 61 +/- 5 to 46 +/-
      2 ml/100 g/min on a collimator remote from the infarct but in the infarcted
      hemisphere. The parallel improvement of rCBF and EEG in brain regions surrounding
      chronic infarcts in 3 patients was interpreted as functional improvement as a
      consequence of nimodipine-induced normalization of peri-infarct hypoperfusion,
      i.e. reversal of flow-dependent neuronal silence and/or dysfunction.

PMID- 2907115
TI  - Antagonism of dermorphin-induced catalepsy with naloxone, TRH-analog CG3703 and
      the benzodiazepine antagonist, Ro 15-1788.
AB  - Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of the highly selective opiate mu
      receptor agonist, dermorphin, produced dose-dependent catalepsy in conscious
      rats. The cataleptic effect of dermorphin was abolished by pretreatment
      (intraperitoneal, i.p.) with the opiate-antagonist naloxone (5 mg/kg),
      thyrotropin-releasing hormone analog CG3703 (1 mg/kg) or the benzodiazepine
      antagonist Ro 15-1788 (5 mg/kg) whereas pretreatment with the benzodiazepine
      alprazolam (1 mg/kg) potentiated the cataleptic effect of dermorphin. When given
      to cataleptic rats, naloxone and CG3703, but not Ro 15-1788, reversed the
      dermorphin-induced catalepsy. The data suggest an involvement of benzodiazepine
      receptors in the induction of catalepsy mediated by opioid mu-receptors. Other
      opioid-modulating neuronal systems, antagonized by CG3703, may be involved in
      maintaining the dermorphin-induced cataleptic state.

PMID- 2907116
TI  - Effects of ipsapirone on the behaviour of mice during social encounters.
AB  - Behavioural effects of ipsapirone at 30 min after intraperitoneal injections of
      0.3 mg/kg and 3.0 mg/kg to adult male mice, were examined by ethopharmacological
      procedures in 7 min encounters with untreated isolated males in a neutral cage.
      Control males received intraperitoneal injections of physiological saline. The
      frequency and duration of aggressive behaviour were less in drug-treated than in
      saline-injected males. The occurrence of distance ambivalence and defensive
      ambivalence also were found to be significantly decreased by ipsapirone when the
      results from all drug-treated animals were compared with those of controls. The
      drug, at 3 mg/kg, induced hypothermia and also enhanced the minor behavioural
      acts of "head jerk" and "scratch". Partners to the drug-treated mice showed a
      decrease in the occurrence of offensive ambivalence and of the element "rattle".
      The present findings show that ipsapirone reduced conflict-related behaviour in
      mice, in association with its anti-aggressive properties.

PMID- 2907117
TI  - Interaction of some atypical antidepressants and adrenoceptor antagonists with
      imipramine: a behavioural study with isoprenaline-induced drinking.
AB  - The systemic administration of isoprenaline to rats produced a dose-dependent
      increase in drinking which was antagonized by propranolol. While oral
      administration of the antidepressant, imipramine, alone had no significant effect
      on this response, the increase was significantly inhibited by administration of
      imipramine together with each of the following drugs over a period of 4 days:
      bupropion (21.0 mg/kg/day, p.o.), a selective inhibitor of the uptake of dopamine
      and nomifensine (10.6 mg/kg/day, p.o.), a relatively selective dopamine and a
      blocker of the uptake of noradrenaline. Similarly, the combination of the
      selective alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonist, prazosin (2.37 mg/kg/day, p.o.); the
      selective alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist, yohimbine (2.38 mg/kg/day, p.o.) or
      the non-selective alpha-adrenoceptor blocker, phentolamine (4.65 mg/kg/day, p.o.)
      with imipramine caused a significant inhibition of the isoprenaline-induced
      drinking. It is concluded that fast desensitization of central beta-adrenoceptors
      in the rat can be produced after the oral subacute simultaneous administration of
      imipramine with alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists or atypical antidepressants, such
      as nomifensine or bupropion.

PMID- 2907118
TI  - Release of prostaglandin E2 from brain of cat: II. In vivo studies on the effects
      of adrenergic, cholinergic and dopaminergic agonists and antagonists.
AB  - This study examined the effect of several neurotransmitters, receptor agonists
      and antagonists on the release of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) from brain. Levels of
      PGE2 were measured in consecutive 30-min samples, collected from
      ventriculocisternal perfusions (100 microliters/min) in chloralose-urethanized
      cats, before, during and after the addition of carbachol, norepinephrine (NE) and
      dopamine (DA). Samples were submitted to acid organic extraction and
      radioimmunoassay (RIA) with a specific antibody. Displacement curves of ligand
      binding with control and stimulated samples were parallel to those observed with
      PGE2. The addition of carbachol (10(-4) M) to the perfusate resulted in a
      significant increase in the levels of PGE2 from 600 +/- 259 pg PGE2/min during
      the control period up to 1306 +/- 429 pg PGE2/min during the perfusion (P less
      than 0.02). Though NE (10(-3) M) and isoproterenol (10(-3) M, beta) were without
      effect, methoxamine (10(-3) M, alpha 1), but not ST-91 (an alpha 2-agonist),
      produced an increase in secretion of PGE2. This increase was blocked by
      phentolamine (10(-3) M). The addition of DA (10(-4) M) produced a fall from
      control levels of 642 +/- 185 pg PGE2/min to 290 +/- 101 pg PGE2/min (P less than
      0.02). These results suggest that the central activation of selected populations
      of receptors will alter basal levels of PGE2 in the extracellular space.

PMID- 2907119
TI  - Release of immunoreactive somatostatin in the spinal dorsal horn of the cat.
AB  - Antibody microprobes were used to investigate the possible release of
      immunoreactive somatostatin (irSS) within the lumbar spinal cord of anaesthetized
      cats. A basal release of irSS was detected in the region of the substantia
      gelatinosa of the dorsal horn. By comparison with in vitro standards the
      concentration of SS detected in this region was estimated at 10(-7) M. This
      release of irSS was not significantly altered by electrical stimulation of large
      myelinated primary afferent fibres but was increased when unmyelinated afferents
      were additionally stimulated. Release of irSS was also detected at the spinal
      cord surface. The results support a role for somatostatin in nociceptive
      transmission in the spinal cord.

PMID- 2907120
TI  - Identification of 3H-bradykinin binding sites in PC-12 cells and brain.
AB  - 3H-Bradykinin binding sites with the characteristics of receptors were identified
      in homogenates of bovine hippocampus and PC-12 cells. The characteristics of the
      binding were similar in both types of tissue and paralleled those of the B2
      bradykinin receptor. Following exposure to nerve growth factor for 72 hours, the
      number of BK binding sites in PC-12 cells significantly increased, but other
      characteristics of the binding remained unchanged.

PMID- 2907121
TI  - Inhibition by MIF-I of alpha-MSH induced increase of intraocular pressure and
      miosis in rabbits.
AB  - The effects of intracameral (i.c.) administration of MIF-I on the ocular response
      to alpha-MSH were tested in rabbits. In confirmation of previous studies, i.c.
      alpha-MSH significantly increased intraocular pressure (IOP) and reduced
      pupillary diameter (PD). Concomitant administration of alpha-MSH and MIF-I
      antagonized both the IOP increase and miosis induced by alpha-MSH. Aqueous humor
      (AH) dynamics studies revealed that alpha-MSH increases IOP, possibly, by
      decreasing AH outflow. The decreased AH outflow induced by alpha-MSH was
      antagonized by concurrent administration of MIF-I and alpha-MSH. MIF-I did not
      affect IOP or PD when administered alone. These results add more support for a
      role of alpha-MSH in ocular function, and suggest that the ocular response to
      alpha-MSH may be subject to inhibitory control by MIF-I.

PMID- 2907122
TI  - Effects of intracerebroventricularly administered somatostatin on passive
      avoidance, shuttle-box behaviour and open-field activity in rats.
AB  - Behavioural effects of somatostatin after intracerebroventricular (icv)
      administration have been investigated in male rats. In a passive avoidance
      learning test, somatostatin (1 microgram), given 30 min before the learning
      session, increased the avoidance latency at 24 h, but not at 48 h, after the
      injection, when compared to a 10 micrograms treated group. However, compared to a
      saline treated group, somatostatin (0.01, 0.1, 1, or 10 micrograms) did not
      significantly influence the avoidance latency. In a shuttle box experiment
      somatostatin (1 microgram) facilitated the learning process. In an open-field
      behaviour test, immediately after the 24 h passive avoidance test, 10 micrograms
      of the peptide decreased the rearing activity without influencing other open
      field behaviours, like locomotion, grooming and defecation. In a second open
      field experiment somatostatin (1 microgram), given 30 min prior to the test,
      similarly as in the shuttle box learning experiment, increased the locomotion of
      the animals. These data suggest that somatostatin influences both the passive
      avoidance and shuttle box behaviours. The peptide-induced motor performance of
      the animals may play an important role in influencing the responses observed in
      these behavioural tests.

PMID- 2907124
TI  - [Use of DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms in the diagnosis of
      genetically determined diseases].

PMID- 2907123
TI  - [Slow acetylation phenotype as a risk factor in patients with laryngeal cancer].

PMID- 2907125
TI  - [Results of the treatment of ulcerative colitis during the past 28 years].

PMID- 2907126
TI  - [Kinetics of the changes in the proxybarbital level after its oral and
      intravenous administration in a monocompartmental model in humans].

PMID- 2907127
TI  - [Peripheral neuron damage in periarteritis nodosa: diagnostic problems].

PMID- 2907128
TI  - Cimetidine-diazepam interaction in the four-plate test.
AB  - The study on the synergism of cimetidine with the central anti-anxiety action of
      diazepam in the four-plate test revealed that cimetidine evidently potentiates
      the anti-anxiety action of diazepam.

PMID- 2907129
TI  - Frequency-dependence of 3H-noradrenaline release from rabbit pulmonary artery:
      effect of alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists and inhibitors of transmitter
      inactivation.
AB  - The aim of this study was to examine the modulating role of presynaptic alpha 2
      adrenoceptors on transmitter release from vascular sympathetic neurones. This was
      done by examining the influence of removal of inactivation pathways on the effect
      of alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists on the release of transmitter from
      noradrenergic neurones. The rabbit main pulmonary artery preloaded with 3H
      noradrenaline (3H-NA) was used. The artery was stimulated with 300 pulses at
      various frequencies (1, 3, 10 and 30 Hz). Pargyline (3 x 10(-4) M) increased the
      stimulation-evoked 3H-overflow at 1 and 3 Hz and decreased it at 30 Hz. U-0521
      (3',4'-dihydroxy-2-methylpropiophenone; 3 x 10(-6) M) enhanced the overflow at 1
      Hz and had no effect at 3-30 Hz. Corticosterone (4 x 10(-5) M) did not alter the
      stimulation-evoked 3H-overflow at 1-30 Hz. Cocaine (3 x 10(-6) M) enhanced the 3H
      overflow slightly at 1-30 Hz. At 3 x 10(-5) M, cocaine enhanced 3H-overflow at 1
      Hz and reduced it at 30 Hz. Neither corticosterone (4 x 10(-5) M) nor propranolol
      (10(-7) M) modified this effect of cocaine. Propranolol (10(-7) M) alone
      decreased the 3H-overflow at 30 Hz and had no effect at 1-10 Hz. Phenoxybenzamine
      (10(-6) M) and chlorpromazine (3 x 10(-6) M) potentiated the stimulation-evoked
      3H-overflow at 1-30 Hz.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2907130
TI  - Assays for mammalian tyrosinase: a comparative study.
AB  - This work describes a comparative study of the tyrosinase activity determined
      using three methods which are the most extensively employed; two radiometric
      assays using L-tyrosine as substrate (tyrosine hydroxylase and melanin formation
      activities) and one spectrophotometric assay using L-dopa (dopa oxidase
      activity). The three methods were simultaneously employed to measure the
      activities of the soluble, melanosomal, and microsomal tyrosinase isozymes from
      Harding-Passey mouse melanoma through their purification processes. The aim of
      this study was to find any correlation among the tyrosinase activities measured
      by the three different assays and to determine whether that correlation varied
      with the isozyme and its degree of purification. The results show that mammalian
      tyrosinase has a greater turnover number for L-dopa than for L-tyrosine. Thus,
      enzyme activity, expressed as mumol of substrate transformed per min, is higher
      in assays using L-dopa as substrate than those using L-tyrosine. Moreover, the
      percentage of hydroxylated L-tyrosine that is converted into melanin is low and
      is affected by several factors, apparently decreasing the tyrosinase activity
      measured by the melanin formation assay. Bearing these considerations in mind,
      average interassay factors are proposed. Their values are 10 to transform melanin
      formation into tyrosine hydroxylase activity, 100 to transform tyrosine
      hydroxylase into dopa oxidase activity, and 1,000 to transform melanin formation
      into dopa oxidase activity. Variations in these values due to the presence in the
      tyrosinase preparations of either inhibitors or regulatory factors in
      melanogenesis independent of tyrosinase are also discussed.

PMID- 2907131
TI  - Screening for alcoholism.
AB  - Alcoholism is one of the largest public health problems of the nation and is a
      significant cofactor in such ubiquitous diseases as hypertension, developmental
      abnormalities, heart failure, liver failure, and many other conditions. The cost
      to the nation's health is immense. One strategy for reducing morbidity and cost
      has been to establish methods for screening in order to increase recognition
      rates leading to increased rates of therapeutic intervention. In this article,
      the rationale for two methods of alcohol screening, brief interviews and
      biological markers of excessive drinking, the relevant statistical issues bearing
      on this problem, and the current research on screening exams are reviewed and
      summarized. Finally, some of the newer approaches toward alcoholism screening as
      well as the consequences to the medical care system should alcohol screening
      eventuate on a large scale are briefly described.

PMID- 2907132
TI  - [The multiple endocrine neoplasm type-IIb syndrome].

PMID- 2907133
TI  - Protein engineering of cytochrome c by semisynthesis: substitutions at glutamic
      acid 66.
AB  - We have used protein semisynthesis to prepare four analogues of horse cytochrome
      c, in which the glutamic acid residue at position 66 has been removed and
      replaced by norvaline, glutamine, lysine and, as a methodological control,
      glutamic acid. This residue is quite strongly conserved in mitochondrial
      cytochrome c, and forms part of a cluster of acidic residues that occurs in all
      cytochromes c but whose function is obscure. Comparative studies of the physical
      and biochemical properties of the analogues have now disclosed two specific roles
      for Glu66 in the protein. It contributes significantly to the stabilization of
      the active conformation of the protein, probably by salt bridge formation, and it
      appears to participate in the redox-state-dependent ATP-binding site of
      cytochrome c. Our results also support two general views of the role of surface
      charged residues in cytochrome c, namely that their disposition influences both
      redox potential, through the electrostatic field felt at the redox centre, and
      the kinetics of electron transfer, through the dipole moment they generate.

PMID- 2907134
TI  - Predicted secondary structure and membrane topology of the scrapie prion protein.
AB  - The integral membrane sialoglycoprotein PrPSc is the only identifiable component
      of the scrapie prion. Scrapie in animals and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans
      are transmissible, degenerative neurological diseases caused by prions. Standard
      predictive strategies have been used to analyze the secondary structure of the
      prion protein in conjunction with Fourier analysis of the primary sequence
      hydrophobicities to detect potential amphipathic regions. Several hydrophobic
      segments, a proline- and glycine-rich repeat region and putative glycosylation
      sites are incorporated into a model for the integral membrane topology of PrP.
      The complete amino acid sequences of the hamster, human and mouse prion proteins
      are compared and the effects of residue substitutions upon the predicted
      conformation of the polypeptide chain are discussed. While PrP has a unique
      primary structure, its predicted secondary structure shares some interesting
      features with the serum amyloid A proteins. These proteins undergo a post
      translational modification to yield amyloid A, molecules that share with PrP the
      ability to polymerize into birefringent filaments. Our analyses may explain some
      experimental observations on PrP, and suggest further studies on the properties
      of the scrapie and cellular PrP isoforms.

PMID- 2907135
TI  - Filamentous proteins in Alzheimer's disease: new insights through molecular
      biology.
AB  - Recent advances in the study of the neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), neuritic
      plaques (NP), and cerebrovascular amyloid found in the brain of Alzheimer's
      disease (AD) victims have greatly expanded our understanding of the molecular
      biology of this disease. Paired helical filaments (PHF) are the primary
      intracellular filamentous deposit. They appear to be distinct from normal
      cytoskeletal proteins, but they do contain a significant component of a
      microtubule-associated protein called 'tau'. Amyloid fibrils make up the
      extracellular filamentous deposits in AD. Amyloid fibrils are composed of a small
      protein of about 43 amino acids which has been sequenced. Some investigators
      suggest PHF are composed of this same protein, but this remains debatable.
      Molecular genetic studies have shown that a gene which codes for a larger protein
      containing the sequence of the 'beta-amyloid protein' exists in many tissues and
      in many species. Interestingly, this gene is located on chromosome 21 which is
      also the location of the familial AD gene, but these 2 genes are distinct.
      Several hypotheses exist on the origin of these abnormal deposits and range from
      neuronal origin to synthesis outside of the CNS with transportation via the
      blood. The implications of these recent advances are great and include the
      possibility of accurate and early antemortem diagnostic tests for AD, as well as
      therapeutic manipulation of the synthesis, deposition, or removal of these
      filamentous proteins.

PMID- 2907136
TI  - A unified biosocial theory of personality and its role in the development of
      anxiety states: a reply to commentaries.
AB  - The comments by Gray, Gelder, Liebowitz, Eysenck, Nurnberger, Roy and Linnoila
      are discussed. Most of the recommendations in the comments have already been
      carried out and the others are under way. Specifically, practical assessment
      instruments have been developed, and their psychometric properties are under
      investigation. Explicit criteria for systematic diagnosis of personality
      disorders have been developed. Longitudinal studies have been carried out to
      evaluate the predictive validity of the scales. Empirical tests have confirmed
      the predicted relationship between novelty seeking and somatic anxiety, as well
      as between harm avoidance and cognitive anxiety. A more detailed model of the
      underlying neural processes has been described. Growing evidence of
      norepinephrine's role in reward dependence has been reported. Finally, a more
      comprehensive learning model has been developed that can account for both the
      higher-order and the lower-order factor structure of personality in terms of
      specific stimulus-response characteristics. Several commentators have provided
      additional evidence supporting the predicted role of the monoamines in modulating
      personality and learning. Finally, predictions from my model about pain
      sensitivity, stimulus intensity modulation, and the factor structure of
      personality have been compared to those of Gray and Eysenck. The predictions are
      confirmed for my model, but not those of Gray or Eysenck.

PMID- 2907137
TI  - The Claude Bernard lecture, 1987. Embryonic chimeras: a tool for studying the
      development of the nervous and immune systems.
AB  - Chimeras have been constructed in the avian embryo following the observation of
      the particular structure of the interphase nucleus in the Japanese quail
      (Coturnix coturnix japonica). In all embryonic and adult cell types of this
      species a large amount of heterochromatin is associated with the nucleolus,
      making quail cells readily distinguishable from those of the chick where the
      constitutive heterochromatin is evenly dispersed in the nucleus. These structural
      differences have been used to devise a cell-marking technique through which cell
      migrations and cell interactions during embryogenesis can be followed in the
      embryo in ovo by grafting quail cells into chick embryos or vice versa. This
      method was applied to the ontogeny of the neural crest and of the immune system.
      Recently quail-chick chimeras have been allowed to hatch and the immunological
      status of the embryonic grafts after birth scrutinized. Xenogeneic tissue grafts
      made in the embryo are rejected after birth with a more or less prolonged delay
      according to the nature of the graft. However, rejection can be prevented and a
      permanent state of tolerance induced for the embryonic tissue grafts by
      isotopically implanting the thymic epithelium from the same quail donor.

PMID- 2907138
TI  - The effect of Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome antibody on slow action
      potentials in mouse cardiac ventricle.
AB  - Immunoglobulin G (IgG) from Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) patients
      acts at motor nerve terminal Ca2+ channels. It was injected into mice to
      investigate effects on cardiac Ca2+ channels. Intracellular recordings were made
      of slow action potentials in right ventricular muscle cells in the presence of
      high K+ concentrations and isoprenaline (1 microM). Reduction in Ca2+
      concentration reduced the rate of rise and amplitude, but not the duration, of
      slow action potentials whereas verapamil (1 microM) blocked them. They were not
      blocked by tetrodotoxin (10 microM), and 4-aminopyridine (1 mM) prolonged the
      decay phase without affecting the rate of rise and amplitude. The rate of rise,
      amplitude and duration of slow action potentials were not affected by LEMS IgG.
      These results show that LEMS IgG does not act on Ca2+ channel currents that
      underlie slow action potentials in mouse ventricles, suggesting antigenic
      differences between Ca2+ channels at motor nerve terminals and heart.

PMID- 2907139
TI  - A review of early (Silurian and Devonian) vertebrate biogeography and
      biostratigraphy of China.
AB  - A review of the vertebrates within the Silurian and Devonian of China suggests a
      more detailed picture of palaeobiogeographical distribution than previously
      possible. Although the localities are commonly in rocks of continental aspect,
      marine formations also are present nearby. Of over 60 agnathan and fish genera
      known, only 5 placoderms (Givetian-Famennian) are cosmopolitan. Endemic patterns
      of distribution within China relate to the well-known tectonic (basinal or
      platformal) regions. Silurian vertebrates occur in southern, eastern and western
      parts of the country and are familiar from horizons as low as Llandovery.
      Devonian vertebrates include a wide range of endemic forms, which provide
      evidence of more than six distinct biostratigraphic assemblages in South China
      and five biogeographical realms.

PMID- 2907140
TI  - Stretch-activated ion channels modulate the resting membrane potential during
      early embryogenesis.
AB  - By using the patch-clamp technique, stretch-activated ionic channels were found
      in the membrane of cleaving freshwater fish embryos at the early stages of
      embryogenesis (2-256 cells). The application of negative pressure to the pipette
      increased the frequency of activation and the duration of bursts. This type of
      channel has a preferential K+ selectivity. When bathed on both membrane surfaces
      with 140 mM KCl the channel conductance was 71 pS. The kinetic behaviour did not
      depend markedly on either membrane potential (in the range from -70 to +70 mV) or
      calcium concentration on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane. On continuous
      recording, the probability of the channel being open was found to change
      periodically over a 5- to 20-fold range for different cells. These variations
      correlated with changes in resting potential and membrane conductance during the
      cell cycle. These results suggest that the oscillation of resting potential
      within the cell cycle is associated with the operation of stretch-activated ion
      channels.

PMID- 2907141
TI  - The Ferrier lecture, 1986. The actions of parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves
      in human micturition, erection and seminal emission, and their restoration in
      paraplegic patients by implanted electrical stimulators.
AB  - Implants that stimulate the S2, S3 and S4 anterior roots improve micturition,
      defaecation and penile erection in many patients with spinal-cord injuries. The
      posterior rhizotomy that is commonly done at the same time usually cures their
      urinary incontinence, and may greatly improve bladder compliance. Implants that
      stimulate the hypogastric plexus allow semen to be obtained easily from some men
      with spinal injuries who cannot ejaculate, and may allow an implant-driven
      erection. A little new knowledge about the neurophysiology of the pelvic organs
      has come from studying the performance of these implants.

PMID- 2907142
TI  - The Leeuwenhoek lecture, 1987. Towards an understanding of gene switching in
      Streptomyces, the basis of sporulation and antibiotic production.
AB  - Streptomycetes are soil bacteria that differ from the genetically well-known
      Escherichia coli in two striking characteristics. (1) Instead of consisting of an
      alternation of growth and fission of morphologically simple, undifferentiated
      rods, the streptomycete life cycle involves the formation of a system of
      elongated, branching hyphae which, after a period of vegetative growth, respond
      to specific signals by producing specialized spore-bearing structures. (2) The
      streptomycetes produce an unrivalled range of chemically diverse 'secondary
      metabolites', which we recognize as antibiotics, herbicides and pharmacologically
      active molecules, and which presumably play an important role in the
      streptomycete life cycle in nature. This 'physiological' differentiation is often
      temporally associated with the morphological differentiation of sporulation and
      there are common elements in the regulation of the two sets of processes. In the
      model system provided by Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2), the isolation of several
      whole clusters of linked antibiotic biosynthetic pathway genes, and some key
      regulatory genes involved in sporulation, has made it possible to study the basis
      for the switching on and off of particular sets of genes during morphological and
      'physiological' differentiation. Genetic analysis clearly reveals a regulatory
      cascade operating at several levels in a 'physiological' branch of the
      differentiation control system. At the lowest level, within individual clusters
      of antibiotic biosynthesis genes are genes with a role as activators of the
      structural genes for the pathway enzymes, and also resistance genes. It is
      attractive to speculate that the latter play a dual role: protecting the organism
      from self-destruction by its own potentially lethal product, and forming an
      essential component of a regulatory circuit that activates the biosynthetic
      genes, thus ensuring that resistance is established before any antibiotic is
      made. A next higher level of regulation is revealed by the isolation of mutations
      in a gene (afsB) required for expression (probably at the level of transcription)
      of all five known secondary metabolic pathways in the organism. At a higher level
      still, the bldA gene, whose product seems to be a tRNA essential to translate the
      rare (in high [G + C] Streptomyces DNA) TTA leucine codon, controls or influences
      the whole gamut of morphological and 'physiological' differentiation, because
      bldA mutants fail to produce either secondary metabolites or aerial mycelium and
      spores, while growing normally in the vegetative phase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2907143
TI  - Concomitant release of sialic acids and calcium by neuraminidase from rat aorta
      in situ.
AB  - Male Wistar rats were heparinized and killed with pentobarbital. The upper and
      lower ends of the aortae were cannulated and the blood was washed out with saline
      until the washings contained calcium and sialic-acid-reacting material at minimal
      concentrations. The aortae were perfused with neuraminidase for 15 min. This
      caused the appearance of calcium as well as of sialic acids in the perfusate in
      total amounts of about 5.3 nmol and about 3.6 nmol per aorta respectively. The
      molar ratio of about 1.5 is sufficiently close to that determined for the
      association of calcium with sialic acids in vitro to suggest that their
      association is similar in vivo.

PMID- 2907144
TI  - A structural approach to pathological crystallizations. Gout: the possible role
      of albumin in sodium urate crystallization.
AB  - The interactions between sodium urate monohydrate (MSU) crystals and human serum
      albumin (HSA) were investigated in vitro in relation to the disease of gout. It
      was found that HSA accelerates (by up to ten times or even more) the nucleation
      of MSU crystals at a pH of more than 7.5, but only to a much lesser extent (1.2
      times) at pH 7.0. Protein denaturation, as well as blocking exposed carboxylate
      groups on the protein, substantially reduced the nucleating effect. By use of
      immunofluorescence, immunogold labelling and crystal morphology studies, albumin
      was shown to interact preferentially with the (110) faces of MSU crystals. Taking
      these results into consideration, a mechanism is proposed whereby albumin
      stabilizes MSU crystal nuclei by interaction of structured carboxylate-containing
      protein domains with planes of the incipient crystal exposing sodium cation
      layers.

PMID- 2907146
TI  - [The biochemical basis of pharmaceutical chemistry. 4. Modification of central
      neurobiochemical processes by drugs].

PMID- 2907145
TI  - The role of purines in the maintenance of meiotic arrest in mammalian oocytes.

PMID- 2907147
TI  - Action of clonazepam and clorazepate on cortical self-sustained after-discharges
      in the rat.
AB  - Self-sustained after-discharges (SSADs) induced by electric stimulation of the
      sensorimotor cortex in rats exhibited under control conditions a significant
      progressive prolongation with repeated stimulations. Clonazepam not only blocked
      this increase in duration but it suppressed and/or abolished SSADs in a dose
      dependent manner. Clorazepate in the lowest dose used (10 mg/kg) did not change
      SSADs. The two higher doses (25 and 50 mg/kg) blocked the prolongation of the 4th
      SSAD, i.e. this effect had a relatively long latency.

PMID- 2907148
TI  - Genetic factors as determinants of infectious disease transmission in human
      communities.
AB  - Genetic factors may play an important role in individual susceptibility to
      infection. Hitherto this problem has been investigated by attempting to relate
      the distribution of genetic polymorphisms in populations to present or past
      infection, or by analysing specific infections by classical twin studies or group
      comparisons. There is reasonable evidence that the common red-cell polymorphisms
      involving haemoglobin, enzymes or membrane have been maintained by relative
      resistance to malaria. Blood-group heterogeneity, including secretor status, may
      reflect varying susceptibility to bacterial, virus and yeast infection. There is
      increasing evidence that the HLA-DR system may be involved in modifying the
      clinical course of bacterial, virus and parasitic infection. So far no specific
      resistance or susceptibility loci similar to those found in murine models have
      been found in man. DNA analysis, particularly involving restriction fragment
      length polymorphism associations with candidate genes, offers a valuable new
      approach to this problem.

PMID- 2907149
TI  - Implications of genetics for the epidemiology and control of leprosy.
AB  - This paper reviews the rationale and history of genetic studies related to
      leprosy, and considers their implications for the epidemiology and control of the
      disease. A long tradition of genetic studies in leprosy was initiated by early
      impressions that the disease clusters within families. Investigations were first
      motivated by an attempt to understand population patterns, and the focus shifted
      from investigations of racial differences to investigations of families, of twins
      and ultimately of genetic markers. The strongest evidence for genetic influence
      has come from studies of HLA segregation patterns within families, and this has
      led to elegant in vitro work demonstrating the role of HLA-DR alleles in
      mediating T-cell reactions in conjunction with antigens of Mycobacterium leprae.
      The epidemiological implications of this work are not yet clear. The emphasis on
      family-segregation studies may have given a biased impression because of their
      requirement for multi-case families. There is evidence that the genetic
      mechanisms underlying leprosy differ within and between populations. One possible
      application of the current work would be the use of HLA-DR-specific reactions to
      identify epitopes of M. leprae which should be excluded from future vaccine
      preparations.

PMID- 2907150
TI  - Ecological interactions in the transmission of the leishmaniases.
AB  - Epidemiological studies on the leishmaniases are disclosing a multiplicity of
      Leishmania species infecting a wide range of wild mammalian hosts, from
      marsupials to monkeys. In the primitive, silvatic habitat these parasites are
      transmitted by an equally wide variety of phlebotomine sandfly species (Diptera:
      Psychodidae: Phlebotominae). Transmission is not haphazard, however, and
      available evidence points to the existence of environmental barriers that
      normally limit the different Leishmania species to specific sandfly vectors,
      transmitting to certain mammalian species, within distinct ecotopes. In this
      situation, humans may become infected by a variety of leishmanial parasites when
      intruding into the different enzootics, if the sandfly vectors are
      anthropophilic. Many are not, however, and their parasites rarely, if ever, make
      contact with the human host. Natural or man-made ecological changes may result in
      modification of the epidemiological pattern of leishmaniasis, leading to either a
      reduction or an increase in the human disease.

PMID- 2907151
TI  - Population ecology of intestinal helminth infections in human communities.
AB  - The distribution of worm burdens in human populations is a major determinant of
      both the dynamics of transmission and the level of community morbidity. The
      distribution exhibits convexity with host age, which appears to correlate with
      exposure in the young age-classes but not in adults, and may be evidence for the
      development of an acquired immune response. The distribution between individuals
      is typically overdispersed. Individuals are predisposed to high (or low)
      intensity of infection and to a correspondingly high (or low) rate of acquisition
      of infection. A major epidemiological question is whether this reflects
      individual differences in environmental exposure or susceptibility. Environmental
      studies that have observed clustering of intense infection in particular
      households are supportive of either mechanism. Individual host behaviours that
      predispose to infection have an overdispersed distribution and may alone, or as
      compounding factors, generate the observed distribution of infection intensity.
      Factors such as host nutrition and physiology may modify host immune
      responsiveness and hence susceptibility. Preliminary evidence suggests correlates
      between infection intensity and HLA class II antigens, and tentatively implies a
      genetic factor in susceptibility. These findings suggest that further
      understanding of the relative importance of environmental factors and resistance
      to the acquisition of intense infection is dependent upon a multidisciplinary
      approach to epidemiological field study.

PMID- 2907152
TI  - Molecular variation in vector-borne plant viruses: epidemiological significance.
AB  - Patterns of variation are examined in four groups of plant viruses, with special
      reference to their particle proteins and to changes in vector transmissibility
      and specificity. In the nepoviruses and potyviruses, non-circulative
      transmission, by nematodes and aphids respectively, seems dependent on structural
      features on the surface of the virus particles. The N-terminal part of the
      particle protein may play the key role in potyviruses. Similarly in the
      luteoviruses, and possibly in the geminiviruses, specificity of circulative
      transmission by aphids, whiteflies and leafhoppers is linked to the antigenic
      specificity of the virus particles. Among naturally occurring isolates of the
      same virus, variation seems often to be discontinuous, and is predominantly of
      two sorts. Minor variations, characterized by loss of an epitope or substitutions
      of a few amino acids, can be associated with loss of transmissibility in
      luteoviruses and potyviruses, or have no effect. Major variations are associated
      with differences in vector specificity and seem likely to involve radical genetic
      changes that have evolved over long periods. The adaptation of virus particle
      proteins for transmission by vectors probably results in conservation of the
      genes that encode them, and in greater conservation of some parts of these genes
      than of others.

PMID- 2907153
TI  - Molecular and biochemical studies of the evolution, infection and transmission of
      insect bunyaviruses.
AB  - Members of the Bunyaviridae family of RNA viruses (bunyaviruses, hantaviruses,
      nairoviruses, phleboviruses and uukuviruses) have been studied at the molecular
      and genetic level to understand the basis of their evolution and infection in
      vertebrate and invertebrate (arthropod) hosts. With the exception of the
      hantaviruses, these viruses infect and are transmitted by a variety of blood
      sucking arthropods (mosquitoes, phlebotomines, gnats, ticks, etc.). The viruses
      are responsible for infection of various vertebrate species, occasionally causing
      human disease, morbidity and mortality (e.g. Rift Valley fever, Crimean-Congo
      haemorrhagic fever, Korean haemorrhagic fever). Genetic and molecular analyses of
      bunyaviruses have established the coding assignments of the three viral RNA
      species and documented which viral gene products determine host range and
      virulence. Ecological studies, with molecular techniques, have provided evidence
      for bunyavirus evolution in nature through genetic drift (involving the
      accumulation of point mutations) and shift (RNA-segment reassortment).

PMID- 2907154
TI  - New approaches to the serotypic analysis of the epidemiology of Plasmodium
      falciparum.
AB  - Considerable antigenic heterogeneity of Plasmodium falciparum has been
      demonstrated in natural parasite populations. However, very little is known about
      the relative virulence, transmission efficiency and prevalence over space and
      time of parasites expressing different serotypes of variant antigens. The recent
      application of recombinant DNA techniques to express a wide range of P.
      falciparum antigens in Escherichia coli has led to a better understanding of the
      molecular basis of antigenic diversity of a number of parasite proteins including
      the precursor to the major merozoite surface antigen (PMMSA) and the heat-stable
      S-antigens. Highly specific reagents such as DNA probes, monoclonal antibodies
      and polyclonal antisera to either cloned antigens or synthetic peptides have
      become available for serotypic analysis of natural parasite populations. With
      these reagents important epidemiological questions can now be asked concerning
      the population biology of different serotypes of P. falciparum. The use of the
      polymorphic S-antigen system as a serotypic marker to analyse the transmission
      dynamics of P. falciparum in Madang, Papua New Guinea (PNG) is discussed. Results
      of serotyping studies with the S-antigen system highlight the complexities of
      malaria transmission, which require consideration in the design of malaria
      vaccine trials.

PMID- 2907155
TI  - Longitudinal studies on human schistosomiasis.
AB  - A major difficulty in understanding the epidemiology of human schistosomiasis has
      been to distinguish between acquired immunity and reduced exposure as possible
      reasons for an observed decline, in older individuals, of levels of
      superinfection or of reinfection after chemotherapy. A series of studies of
      Schistosoma mansoni infections in Kenya has been undertaken to approach this
      problem, by investigation of intensities of reinfection after treatment of
      individuals whose levels of contact with contaminated water is subsequently
      observed. Intensities of reinfection are highest among younger children,
      thereafter declining sharply. This decline can be attributed only in part to age
      related changes in the duration and nature of exposure; there is also evidence
      for the development of an acquired resistance to reinfection that is dependent
      both on age and on previous experience of infection, and that may be
      immunologically mediated. Evidence has been obtained that the slow development of
      this acquired immunity with age may be associated with the early development and
      subsequent slow decline of inappropriate immune responses that 'block' the effect
      of potentially protective responses. Implications of these findings for
      immunological intervention through vaccination are discussed.

PMID- 2907156
TI  - The dynamics of vector-transmitted diseases in human communities.
AB  - The development of vector-transmitted disease models and their application to
      field studies is reviewed. The key concepts of the basic rate of reproduction and
      disease transmission threshold are explained, and their application to disease
      control briefly illustrated. The complications involved in producing appropriate
      models are discussed for the case of the trypanosomatid parasites Leishmania and
      Trypanosoma that frequently have more than one vertebrate host and are often
      fatal in the human host. A two-species, vector-borne disease model allows a
      quantification of the role of animal reservoirs in maintaining human diseases.
      Human prevalence may be determined more by the parasitological characteristics of
      wild reservoir species, about which little is generally known, than by any other
      single feature of the complex interaction between parasites, vectors and hosts.
      Domestic animals are often ideal reservoirs, maintaining large numbers of vectors
      and considerably enlarging the parasite pool. When vector-transmitted diseases
      are fatal to the human host, human and vector dynamics interact in ways which may
      cause epidemic cycles, low-level endemic equilibria or disease extinction. For
      both leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis it is suggested that a very small number
      of chronic human cases can maintain the disease in the human population over long
      periods of time between epidemic outbreaks. They may also be important in the
      maintenance of geographically distinct foci, characteristic of human
      trypanosomiasis in Africa. Finally there is a plea to establish a tradition of
      field observation leading to, and being directed by, mathematical models which in
      turn are modified as the observations accumulate. All too often, one-way traffic
      between the two results in slow, or misguided, progress.

PMID- 2907157
TI  - Gastrointestinal nematode parasites and the stability and productivity of
      intensive ruminant grazing systems.
AB  - This paper uses mathematical models, describing the transmission dynamics of
      directly transmitted gastrointestinal nematode parasites of sheep and cattle, to
      examine the impact of these parasites on the stability and productivity of
      ruminant grazing systems. Current models of the ecology of grass growth under
      grazing, and the epidemiology of trichostrongylid nematode parasites of
      ruminants, are combined in a formulation that captures the general features of
      the plant - (ruminant) herbivore - parasite interaction. The simplest case, in
      which herbivore numbers are constant and not food limited (the norm for many
      agricultural systems) is considered in detail. The effect of gastrointestinal
      parasitism in reducing herbivore feeding rates is shown to act as a potential
      density-dependent constraint on the parasite's infection rate. The process is
      manifested in the model as a progressive linearization of the relation between
      herbivore feeding rate and plant density at the parasite equilibrium. This effect
      acts to stabilize the dynamics of the model grazing system and significantly
      affects its predictions about the impact of parasite control and the pattern of
      host productivity. Model predictions are discussed in the light of relevant field
      observations, and areas for future research are identified.

PMID- 2907158
TI  - The transmission dynamics of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
AB  - The paper first reviews data on HIV infections and AIDS disease among homosexual
      men, heterosexuals, intravenous (IV) drug abusers and children born to infected
      mothers, in both developed and developing countries. We survey such information
      as is currently available about the distribution of incubation times that elapse
      between HIV infection and the appearance of AIDS, about the fraction of those
      infected with HIV who eventually go on to develop AIDS, about time-dependent
      patterns of infectiousness and about distributions of rates of acquiring new
      sexual or needle-sharing partners. With this information, models for the
      transmission dynamics of HIV are developed, beginning with deliberately
      oversimplified models and progressing--on the basis of the understanding thus
      gained--to more complex ones. Where possible, estimates of the model's parameters
      are derived from the epidemiological data, and predictions are compared with
      observed trends. We also combine these epidemiological models with demographic
      considerations to assess the effects that heterosexually-transmitted HIV/AIDS may
      eventually have on rates of population growth, on age profiles and on associated
      economic and social indicators, in African and other countries. The degree to
      which sexual or other habits must change to bring the 'basic reproductive rate',
      R0, of HIV infections below unity is discussed. We conclude by outlining some
      research needs, both in the refinement and development of models and in the
      collection of epidemiological data.

PMID- 2907159
TI  - Augmentation of isoproterenol-induced drinking by acute treatment with certain
      dopaminergic agonists.
AB  - Bromocriptine (1 mg/kg, IP), a dopaminergic agonist that crosses the blood-brain
      barrier, augmented the dipsogenic responsiveness of rats to acute administration
      of the beta-adrenergic agonist, isoproterenol (15 micrograms/kg, SC), when
      administered at the same time. When administered alone, it had no effect on
      either water intake or urine output. Dopamine (20 mg/kg IP), which does not cross
      the blood-brain barrier, also augmented the dipsogenic responsiveness to acute
      administration of isoproterenol. However, a major difference between the
      responses to bromocriptine and dopamine was that the latter augmented drinking
      only when administered 15 to 30 min prior to isoproterenol. During the 30 min
      between injection of dopamine and the injection of isoproterenol, output of urine
      and sodium increased approximately 6-fold above the level of controls such that
      the concentration of the urine excreted by the treated group was approximately
      isotonic. However, in spite of a 6-fold increase in output of urine by the
      treated, compared to the control group, dopamine-treated rats ingested water only
      to the same extent as untreated controls when access to water was allowed. This
      suggests that an isotonic contraction of extracellular fluid may not induce a
      dipsogenesis. It also suggests that the augmentation of isoproterenol-induced
      drinking by dopamine was not the result of a dehydration-induced drink
      superimposed on the isoproterenol-induced drink. The centrally and peripherally
      acting dopaminergic antagonist, spiroperidol (spiperone), inhibited the
      isoproterenol-induced drinking response in a dose-related fashion. However, the
      peripherally acting dopaminergic antagonist, domperidone,was without effect on
      isoproterenol induced drinking.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2907160
TI  - Monoamine metabolism and its responses to food deprivation in the brain of Zucker
      rats.
AB  - Monoamines and their metabolites levels were simultaneously measured by high
      performance liquid chromatography in brain regions of lean and fatty Zucker rats
      when fed ad lib and deprived of food for 72 hr to evaluate each monoamine
      metabolism. Metabolite/monoamine ratios were shown for brevity to represent its
      metabolism. 3-Methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethyleneglycol/noradrenaline ratios were not
      affected by the phenotype factor but increased in the cortex of fatty rats and
      reduced in the midbrain of both phenotypes after fasting; the interaction between
      phenotype and feeding factors was observed in the cortex and hippocampus. 3,4
      Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid/dopamine ratios were increased in the cortex of
      deprived fatty rats and in the medulla-pons of ad lib-fed fatties compared with
      lean counterparts and also increased in the striatum of lean rats after food
      deprivation; the interaction was observed in the cortex, midbrain and medulla
      pons. Homovanillic acid/dopamine ratios were decreased in the striatum of
      deprived fatty rats and in the midbrain and medulla-pons of fatty rats whether
      deprived or not, but the ratios were not significantly changed by fasting; the
      interaction was observed in the striatum. 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid/5
      hydroxytryptamine ratios were reduced in the cortex, striatum and medulla-pons of
      fatty rats in both feeding states and in the midbrain of deprived fatties, and
      after food deprivation increased in the cortex and midbrain of lean rats and in
      the hippocampus of both phenotypes; the interaction was observed in the
      midbrain.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2907161
TI  - D-1 and D-2 receptor antagonists decrease corn oil sham feeding in rats.
AB  - Intraperitoneal injection of the highly selective D-1 and D-2 receptor
      antagonists, SCH 23390 and (-)-raclopride, respectively, produced a dose-related
      decrease in the intake of corn oil in a 30-min, sham-feeding test. The threshold
      dose for a significant decrease in intake was 100 micrograms.kg-1 for SCH 23390
      and 200 micrograms.kg-1 for raclopride. These doses did not impair rats'
      latencies to initiate sham feeding, and they did not produce any overt motor
      deficits. These data, therefore, are consistent with the hypothesis that central
      dopaminergic activity at both D-1 and D-2 receptors is necessary for the normal
      processing of the sensory and/or hedonic effects of the oral stimuli produced by
      corn oil during sham feeding.

PMID- 2907162
TI  - Monoamine transmitter activity in lateral hypothalamus during its perfusion with
      insulin or 2-DG in sated and fasted rat.
AB  - A unique profile of neurochemical events is proposed to occur in the diencephalon
      which is contingent upon the nutrient status of the animal. In this first of a
      series of investigations, we selected the lateral hypothalamus (LH) in order to
      determine its specific resting profile of monoaminergic neurotransmitters and
      their principal metabolites. The neuronal pattern of activity was studied during
      sated and fasted conditions as well as during a local glucoprivic challenge to
      the LH. After permanent guide cannulae for push-pull perfusion were implanted in
      female Sprague-Dawley rats, the LH was perfused repeatedly with an artificial
      CSF, at a rate of 20 microliters/min, in order to collect a series of 5.0 min
      samples. Aliquots of each perfusate were assayed directly using a high
      performance liquid chromatography system with electrochemical detection (HPLC-EC)
      for pg/microliter concentrations of norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA) and
      serotonin (5-HT). In comparison to the basal levels of amines during the sated
      condition, when the rat was food-deprived for 20-22 hr, the release of NE, DA,
      and 5-HT was significantly lower than that observed under the sated condition.
      Further, the turnover of NE in the LH was concurrently attenuated as reflected by
      the lower levels of MHPG in the perfusate, thus demonstrating the modification in
      catecholamine activity produced in the LH by the condition of hunger. When either
      10 micrograms/microliters 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) or 4.0 mU/microliter insulin
      was incorporated into the CSF perfused in the LH, the efflux of DA was
      significantly enhanced independent of the state of satiation. In addition, the
      proportion of both NE and DA to 5-HT was likewise increased by either of these
      centrally acting substances, while the turnover of 5-HT was enhanced and NE and
      DA turnovers were reduced. Perfusion of 2-DG in the LH of the fasted rat caused a
      significant reduction in catecholamine turnover in terms of MHPG/NE, VMA/NE,
      DOPAC/DA and HVA/DA ratios. Moreover, 2-DG increased NE/5-HT while lowering the
      NE/DA ratio, and enhanced simultaneously the 5-HTOL/5-HT ratio. In the sated rat,
      2-DG attenuated the release of 5-HT from the animal's LH, whereas insulin caused
      a shift in the proportions of NE/5-HT and DA/5-HT. Further, the peptide served to
      reduced the efflux of 5-HT, enhanced the turnover of 5-HT while diminishing DA
      turnover, and shifted the metabolism of NE from MHPG to VMA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2907163
TI  - Growth hormone responses to the alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist guanfacine and to
      growth hormone releasing hormone in depressed patients and controls.
AB  - Growth hormone (GH) responses to the alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist guanfacine and
      to GH releasing hormone (GHRH) were measured in 13 patients fulfilling Research
      Diagnostic Criteria and DSM-III criteria for major depressive disorder and in 13
      controls matched for age and sex. Dexamethasone suppression tests were performed
      in all subjects. The peak GH response to guanfacine correlated to the peak GH
      response to GHRH both in depressed patients and in controls. Neither the response
      to guanfacine nor the response to GHRH was significantly lower in depressed
      patients than in controls. Dexamethasone suppression tests, which were performed
      about 3 days before the GH stimulation tests, were abnormal in 61% (8/13) of the
      depressed patients but in none of the controls. No difference between
      dexamethasone suppressors and nonsuppressors with respect to GH response to
      guanfacine or GHRH was observed. The data are discussed in relation to the
      blunted GH response to clonidine described in depression.

PMID- 2907164
TI  - Relationship of increased food intake and plasma ACTH levels to 5-HT1A receptor
      activation in rats.
AB  - Various putative agonists of the 5-HT1A receptor subtype induce feeding in rats,
      probably by activating raphe somatodendritic 5-HT autoreceptors. These drugs also
      produce a marked increase in plasma concentrations of corticotropin (ACTH). In
      the present experiment we attempted to localize the site of action of 5-HT1A
      agonists on the secretion of ACTH and examined the relationship between 5-HT1A
      agonist-induced feeding and ACTH secretion. Rats were injected with either the
      high affinity 5-HT1A agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino) tetralin (8-OH-DPAT)
      (0.016-1.0 mg/kg, s.c.) or the novel anxiolytics buspirone, gepirone or
      ipsapirone (2.0-16.0 mg/kg, s.c.), and either had their food intake measured 2 hr
      post injection or were sacrificed 30-40 min post injection for measurement of
      plasma ACTH. Plasma ACTH also was measured in rats pretreated with the serotonin
      synthesis inhibitor, para-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) for three days (150 mg/kg,
      i.p. per day) and subsequently injected with 8-OH-DPAT (0.3 mg/kg, s.c.). As
      previously reported, the 5-HT1A agonists increased both food agonists increased
      both food intake and plasma ACTH concentrations. After 8-OH-DPAT, ipsapirone and
      gepirone the amount of food consumed was positively correlated with the
      concentration of plasma ACTH. No such correlation was evident following
      buspirone. PCPA pretreatment resulted in near total depletion of brain 5-HT
      content but had no effect on the ACTH rise induced by 8-OH-DPAT. Therefore, in
      contrast to the presynaptic site previously proposed for 5-HT1A agonist-induced
      feeding, the present results suggest a agonist-induced feeding, the present
      results suggest a postsynaptic location for the 5-HT1A receptor mediating ACTH
      release.

PMID- 2907165
TI  - The promise of receptor studies in psychophysiologic research.
AB  - Most research on reactivity to stressors limits its focus to the neurohormonal
      and cardiovascular components of reactivity. There is, however, another area of
      investigation with important implications to this field. Receptor binding
      techniques provide a direct measure of the functional link between neurohormonal
      signals and the responses they stimulate. Receptor measurement would enable
      psychophysiologic studies to begin to address the complete triad of signal
      emission/reception/end-organ response that underlies all reactivity patterns.
      This paper reviews adrenergic receptor physiology, methods, and research
      pertinent to reactivity. Our intention is to encourage greater consideration of
      these important issues in reactivity research.

PMID- 2907166
TI  - Control of release of vasopressin by neuroendocrine reflexes.
AB  - The neurones in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei (SON and PVN) which
      secrete vasopressin are separate from those which secrete oxytocin and are
      distributed in different parts of the nuclei. They may be distinguished
      electrophysiologically by a characteristic phasic pattern of firing. A selective
      afferent neural input to these neurones would provide a mechanism for the release
      of vasopressin independently of oxytocin in response to appropriate physiological
      stimuli. Release of vasopressin is controlled by changes in blood volume or
      pressure ('volume control') and in plasma osmolality ('osmotic control'). Stimuli
      involved in volume control such as haemorrhage, hypotension and carotid occlusion
      cause vasopressin to be released into the circulation with little or no
      detectable oxytocin. An osmotic stimulus releases vasopressin alone in some
      species but not apparently in the rat in which both hormones are released. Volume
      control is mediated reflexly by peripheral receptors in the cardiovascular
      system. Activation of baro- and stretch receptors results in inhibition, and
      activation of chemoreceptors in stimulation, of release. Afferent impulses from
      these receptors are conveyed in the vagi and carotid sinus nerves to the NTS on
      the dorsal surface of the brain stem. All afferent impulses to the NTS are
      excitatory. It follows that the afferents from chemoreceptors must stimulate an
      excitatory, and those from baro- and stretch receptors an inhibitory, projection
      from the NTS to the vasopressin-secreting cells in the SON and PVN. Two
      alternative models are presented of the neural pathways and transmitters
      involved. The model of Fig. 2 shows an excitatory relay through a cholinoceptive
      area on the ventral surface of the brain stem which has been termed the 'nicotine
      sensitive area' because topical application of nicotine to this area in the cat
      released vasopressin without oxytocin. An inhibitory relay is shown through the
      A1 group of noradrenergic neurones on the ventral surface which selectively
      innervate the vasopressin-secreting neurones in the SON. This model implies an
      inhibitory role for noradrenaline acting on beta- or alpha 2-receptors. However
      the most recent investigations suggest an excitatory, rather than inhibitory,
      function of the A1 noradrenergic neurones involving alpha 1-receptors. This is
      the basis of the model in Fig. 3. The A1 neurones project either directly to the
      SON and PVN or indirectly through the lateral preoptic nucleus which lies in
      close proximity to the SON. The nicotine-sensitive area may be coincident with
      the A1 group of noradrenergic neurones.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2907167
TI  - The effects of somatostatin on the arachidonate cascade of platelets.
AB  - Somatostatin (10(-9) M) significantly elevated the synthesis of thromboxane B2 in
      rat platelets. The transformation of arachidonic acid to active lipoxygenase
      metabolites was suppressed by somatostatin (10(-9) and 10(-8) M). The ratio of
      the lipoxygenase/cyclooxygenase products was significantly reduced by the
      polypeptide (10(-9) and 10(-8) M) in rat platelets. Higher concentrations (10(
      7), 10(-6) and 10(-5) M) of somatostatin did not modify the lipoxygenase pathway
      of the platelets. The synthesis of the vasoconstrictor - proaggregatory
      cyclooxygenase products was stimulated by the polypeptide (10(-9) and 10(-8) M),
      while the formation of vasodilatator - antiaggregatory cyclooxygenase metabolites
      was induced by higher concentrations of somatostatin (10(-7) and 10(-6) M).
      Somatostatin might act on the deacylation process of phospholipids, reducing the
      free arachidonic acid substrate level, resulting in a lower lipoxygenation rate
      in the platelets, which could be responsible for the increased formation of
      thromboxane. The contradictory results reported by others concerning the action
      of somatostatin on the platelet function might be explained by our results that
      the effect of somatostatin depends on the applied dose.

PMID- 2907168
TI  - Approaches to the treatment of lithium-resistant mania.

PMID- 2907169
TI  - Regulatory mechanisms in the luminal and portal release of vasoactive intestinal
      polypeptide during vagal nerve stimulation in the cat.
AB  - The effect of vagal stimulation in chloralose-anesthetized cats on release of
      vasoactive intestinal polypeptide into the jejunal lumen and portal venous blood
      was tested simultaneously, and the effect of atropine and hexamethonium was
      investigated to elucidate the regulatory mechanisms involved in the release.
      Vagal stimulation caused a significant increase in vasoactive intestinal
      polypeptide concentrations in the luminal perfusates. A significant concomitant
      increase was seen in portal plasma. Gel filtration chromatography of luminal and
      portal samples demonstrated that the vasoactive intestinal polypeptide coeluted
      with synthetic porcine vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. Vasoactive intestinal
      polypeptide infusion at 80 and 160 pmol/kg.min produced portal plasma levels of
      at least 3000 pM but did not increase vasoactive intestinal polypeptide
      concentrations in the luminal perfusates. Thus, luminal vasoactive intestinal
      polypeptide originates from gastrointestinal tissue rather than by transduction
      from the circulation. Vagally induced release of vasoactive intestinal
      polypeptide into the lumen and portal plasma was not abolished by atropine but
      was totally suppressed by hexamethonium. The regulatory mechanisms controlling
      the parallel release of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide into both the jejunal
      lumen and portal circulation are identical and involve a non-muscarinic process
      which is under cholinoceptive, nicotinic control.

PMID- 2907170
TI  - Variations of plasma immunoreactive motilin, pancreatic polypeptide, gastrin and
      somatostatin along the duodenal motility cycle in the pig.
AB  - The peripheral plasma concentrations of immunoreactive motilin, pancreatic
      polypeptide (PP), somatostatin and gastrin were measured in 7 pigs fasted to 24 h
      and subsequently fed a standard meal. Plasma motilin peaked during the last part
      of phase II activity of the migrating myoelectric complex (MMC) sequence (25.2 +/
      2.3 pM), the lowest value being recorded during phase I (10.6 +/- 1.5 pM) after
      a 24 h fast. Plasma motilin remained at a low level during the digestive pattern
      of duodenal activity, no fluctuation occurring when the first postprandial MMC
      recurred. At variance analysis, gastrin and PP were not released phasically with
      MMC in the fasting state, while at autocovariance both peptides tended to
      fluctuate during the MMC sequence with positive and negative peaks at regular
      intervals along MMC cycles. No variation of plasma somatostatin was observed in
      the fasting animals. These findings argue against a major role of circulating PP,
      gastrin and somatostatin-like components in the control of fasted and post
      absorptive duodenal motility in pigs while the role of motilin remains equivocal.

PMID- 2907171
TI  - Insulin and glucagon secretion in rats: effects of calcitonin gene-related
      peptide.
AB  - Immunoreactive calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) has been shown to occur in
      intrapancreatic nerves and islet somatostatin cells in the rat. Therefore, we
      investigated the effects of CGRP on insulin and glucagon secretion in the rat.
      CGRP was infused i.v. at one of 3 dose levels (4.3, 17 or 68 pmol/min). Infusion
      of CGRP alone was found to elevate basal plasma levels of both insulin and
      glucagon. In contrast, CGRP impaired the plasma insulin responses to both glucose
      (7 mg/min; P less than 0.001) and arginine (8.5 mg/min; P less than 0.001), and
      inhibited the arginine-induced increase in plasma glucagon concentrations (P less
      than 0.001). Since CGRP and somatostatin are colocalized within the D-cells, we
      also infused CGRP and somatostatin together at equimolar dose levels (17
      pmol/min), with glucose (7 mg/min). By that, the increase in plasma insulin
      concentrations decreased more rapidly than during infusion of either peptide
      alone. Since alpha 2-adrenoceptor activation is known to inhibit glucose
      stimulated insulin secretion, we also infused CGRP together with the specific
      alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine (37 nmol/min). In that way, the plasma
      insulin-lowering effect of CGRP was prevented. We have shown in the rat: (1) that
      CGRP stimulates basal insulin and glucagon secretion; (2) that CGRP inhibits
      stimulated insulin and glucagon secretion; (3) that CGRP and somatostatin more
      rapidly induce a potent inhibitory action on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion
      when given together; and (4) that the alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist, yohimbine,
      counteracts the inhibitory action of CGRP on glucose-stimulated insulin
      secretion. We suggest that CGRP is of importance for the regulation of insulin
      and glucagon secretion in the rat. The mechanisms behind the islet effects of
      CGRP can not be established by the present results, though they apparently
      require intact alpha 2-adrenoceptors.

PMID- 2907172
TI  - Gastrin and somatostatin in the rat antrum. The effect of removal of acid
      secreting mucosa.
AB  - Female rats were subjected to operations aimed at reducing the amount of oxyntic
      gland mucosa draining its acid secretion to the antrum. The rats were provided
      either with Heidenhain or Pavlov pouches reducing the oxyntic mucosa draining its
      secretion to the antrum by about 50% or subjected to various degrees (75, 90 and
      100%) of fundectomy. Ten weeks following surgery, plasma levels of gastrin and
      somatostatin were assayed. At the same time, antral mucosal content of gastrin
      and somatostatin was determined as well as the mucosal density of these hormone
      producing cells. There was a relationship between the amount of acid-secreting
      mucosa removed and the ensuring plasma concentration of gastrin. Thus, a stepwise
      increase in plasma gastrin was found with the highest levels obtained in rats
      subjected to 90 or 100% fundectomy. The somatostatin concentration in plasma was
      reduced only in rats subjected to fundectomy with the most sustained decrease in
      animals in which all oxyntic gland mucosa had been removed. There was also a
      relationship between the amount of acid-secreting mucosa removed and the gastrin
      content of the antral mucosa. An inverse relationship seemed to exist between
      antral gastrin and somatostatin concentrations. However, a significant decrease
      in somatostatin concentration of the antral mucosa was seen only in rats
      subjected to a fundectomy. The number of gastrin cells in the antral mucosa was
      increased in fundectomized rats only, with the largest density seen in rats
      deprived of all oxyntic mucosa. A corresponding decrease in the number of
      somatostatin cells was noticed. Our results would suggest an apparent functional
      relationship between antral gastrin and somatostatin cells, where the antral acid
      load (or pH) appears to be the major factor of physiological significance.

PMID- 2907173
TI  - Reduced somatostatin-28-(1-12)-like immunoreactivity in cerebral cortex of dogs
      with an Eck fistula and somatostatin molecular forms in brain.
AB  - Somatostatin-28-(1-12)-like immunoreactivity (S28(1-12)LI) in brains of Eck
      fistula dogs, prepared as an experimental model of hepatic encephalopathy, was
      measured. Significant reductions of S28(1-12)LI were observed in all cortical
      regions of Eck fistula dogs. The reductions of S28(1-12)LI were significantly
      correlated with decreases in somatostatin-14-like immunoreactivity (S14LI) in the
      cortical region. The ratios of S28(1-12)LI to S14LI in all cortical regions were
      not different between Eck fistula and normal dogs. Additionally, no difference in
      gel chromatographic profiles of S28(1-12)LI and S14LI was observed between Eck
      fistula and normal dogs. These results imply that reduced somatostatin
      immunoreactivity in hepatic encephalopathy may be caused not by altered
      degradation but by reduced production of prosomatostatin. Our S28(1-12)LI assay
      system could detect prosomatostatin(1-76) and S28(1-12) and the S14LI system
      prosomatostatin, S28 and S14. S28(1-12)LI/S14LI ratios in cortex were 0.64-0.83
      and these were significantly different from those (1.02-1.36) in thalamus,
      midbrain and medulla. Relative proportions of prosomatostatin (20%) and S28 (23
      24%) in cortex were larger than those (6-7% and 5-7%, respectively) in thalamus,
      midbrain and medulla. The differential distribution of these molecular forms
      suggests that processing of prosomatostatin in cortex may be different from that
      in thalamus, midbrain and medulla.

PMID- 2907174
TI  - Characterization of somatostatin binding sites in isolated rat adipocytes.
AB  - Somatostatin binding sites were characterized in isolated rat adipocytes. The
      binding was found to be saturable, reversible, and time- and temperature
      dependent. The somatostatin binding sites are principally located on the cell
      surface. 125I-[Tyr11]somatostatin binding was not inhibited by glucagon and
      angiotensin II. By contrast, native somatostatin and somatostatin-28 displaced
      labeled peptide with a similar ED50: 50 nM. Scatchard analysis pointed to the
      existence of two classes of binding sites, with a Kd of 7.64 nM for the high
      affinity sites and a Kd of 295 nM for the low-affinity ones. Comparison of
      somatostatin receptor binding and its lipolytic action in isolated rat adipocytes
      suggested that the spare receptor phenomenon cannot be applied to the lipolytic
      action of somatostatin in rat adipose tissue.

PMID- 2907175
TI  - [Covering losses of cutaneous substance of the leg and foot using skin flaps.
      Apropos of 76 cases].
AB  - Between 1983 and 1987, 76 flap grafts were performed in the leg and foot. In
      general, 3 types of flap were used: --51 ipsilateral flaps, the majority of which
      were musculo-cutaneous flaps from the medial head of gastrocnemius (17 cases). -
      17 cross-leg flaps from the opposite limb, the majority of which were medial
      fascio-cutaneous flaps (13 cases). --8 free flaps, making use of microsurgical
      techniques. The indications for cross-leg flaps and free flaps have become more
      limited in favour of local regional pedicle flaps. The lower part of the leg and
      amputation stumps in the foot are easily covered by distal leg pedicle flaps and
      amputation stumps of the upper third of the leg can be covered by a flap of
      fascia lata with a distal pedicle based on the superolateral branches of the peri
      articular plexus of the knee.

PMID- 2907177
TI  - [Specific receptors for atrial natriuretic polypeptide and cyclic GMP production
      by particulate guanylate cyclase in human lung].

PMID- 2907176
TI  - [Type IIa multiple endocrine neoplasia with asymptomatic pheochromocytoma].

PMID- 2907178
TI  - [Betaxolol versus nifedipine in the treatment of essential hypertension].

PMID- 2907179
TI  - [Algodystrophy with scintigraphic hypofixation recurring in the same bone
      segment].

PMID- 2907180
TI  - Studies of serum lipids in hypercholesterolaemic rabbits treated with doxazosin.
AB  - Serum lipids were studied in hypercholesterolaemic rabbits treated with the
      selective alpha 1-adrenoreceptor antagonist doxazosin. Hypercholesterolaemia had
      been induced by cholesterol feeding which raised mean (+/- SEM) total serum
      cholesterol from 1.4 (+/- 0.1) mmol/l to 84.1 (+/- 3.6) mmol/l. A cross-over
      design was used to compare the effect of doxazosin with placebo in 20 rabbits of
      which 16 completed the study. Doxazosin (2 mg/kg) or placebo vehicle was
      administered subcutaneously once daily for three weeks. Compared with placebo,
      doxazosin produced an 8.6% greater reduction in total serum cholesterol. This
      difference did not, however, reach statistical significance.

PMID- 2907181
TI  - Serum bilirubin subfractions in patients with alcohol abuse during detoxication.
AB  - Sera were obtained from 41 alcohol abusers consecutively admitted for
      detoxication. Blood samples were withdrawn on the second, fourth and seventh days
      of abstention. Initial bilirubin values were moderately elevated in 10 patients.
      Determination of the bilirubin subfractions by high performance liquid
      chromatography showed elevated values of unconjugated (alpha), monoconjugated
      (beta), diconjugated (gamma) and albumin-bound (delta) bilirubin, in 8, 15, 4 and
      15 patients, respectively. During abstention, the total bilirubin value
      normalized rapidly, only three patients still had values above the upper
      reference limit after 7 days. In patients with initially elevated values of
      bilirubin subfractions, only a few had elevated beta and gamma levels on the
      seventh day, whereas delta levels decreased at a slower rate and remained
      virtually unchanged. On admission, 27 patients exhibited elevated levels of serum
      bile acids; these values decreased during abstention and after 7 days only six
      patients had slightly elevated values. Only five patients had initially elevated
      levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP). These became normalized in all but two
      patients during abstention. The results suggest that mild cholestasis is common
      among alcohol-abusers without clinically evident liver disease and that these
      changes are reversible on abstention.

PMID- 2907182
TI  - Ultrasound in the evaluation of retractile and truly undescended testes.
AB  - The aim of this study was to evaluate ultrasound and clinical examination in the
      assessment of the exact position of an undescended testicle, and to see whether
      ultrasound could help discern retractile and truly undescended testicles. One
      hundred and twenty-three undescended testicles were examined. Of 113 detectable
      testicles 47 were assessed retractile and 66 truly undescended of which 60 were
      operated. Ultrasound had a sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of 100% for
      testicles positioned distally to the internal ring. The results of clinical
      examination by a urologist was poor, especially for testicles located in the
      inguinal canal. Bilateral symptoms were most common in the retractile group.
      Retractile testicles dominated at the age group 6-8 years and were most commonly
      found in the intermediate and external ring positions. Truly undescended
      testicles preferred the inguinal canal and a subcutaneous everted position.
      Differences are statistically significant. A discrimination analysis between
      retractility and true maldescent was performed based on whether symptoms were uni
      or bilateral, patient's age and the position of the testicle. The most dominant
      factor was whether symptoms were uni- or bilateral.

PMID- 2907183
TI  - Benevolent bradykinins.

PMID- 2907184
TI  - The prevalence of depot neuroleptic treatment among West Indians and Asians in
      the London borough of Newham.

PMID- 2907185
TI  - [Comparative studies of clinical findings and prognosis of polyarteritis nodosa,
      Wegener's granulomatosis, allergic granulomatous angiitis and malignant
      rheumatoid arthritis].

PMID- 2907186
TI  - [Cryptorchism and anti-spermatozoal autoimmunity].

PMID- 2907187
TI  - [Clinical importance of the radioimmunologic determination of beta 2
      microglobulin in patients with kidney pathology].
AB  - High diagnostic significance of beta 2-microglobulin determination by
      radioimmunoassay in the blood and urine of patients with the main types of renal
      pathology (chronic glomerulonephritis, chronic pyelonephritis, hemorrhagic fever
      with the renal syndrome, and diabetic nephropathy) was shown. A study of beta 2
      microglobulin level permitted accurate determination of the localization of
      pathology in the nephron and assessment of a degree of its expression as well as
      the detection of initial renal functional disorders, assessment of therapeutic
      efficacy and dynamic observation of renal function in patients with renal
      pathology.

PMID- 2907188
TI  - Teratogenicity of the antiallergic Sm 857 SE in rats versus rabbits.
AB  - Sm 857 SE is an antiallergic drug chemically described as 11-Oxo-11H-pyrido(2,1
      b)quinazoline-2-carboxylic acid that has activity against allergic
      bronchoconstriction in animal models. The purpose of this study was to
      investigate the teratogenic potential in pregnant rats and rabbits when
      administered during the critical period of organogenesis. The drug was suspended
      in aqueous 0.25% carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) solution. Daily doses of 20, 90, or
      400 mg/kg were given orally by gavage to rats on days 7 through 17 of gestation
      and to rabbits on days 6 through 18. Two additional studies were done in rats
      dosed with 400 mg/kg, and with 90, 200, or 400 mg/kg, respectively. Doses of 20,
      90, and 200 mg/kg had no meaningful effects on maternal animals of either species
      or on their offspring. A dose of 400 mg/kg was maternally toxic in rats as shown
      by the effects on body weight and food consumption. Among pregnant rabbits, two
      deaths and three miscarriages occurred at this dose. In rats, 400 mg/kg caused
      embryonic death, retarded fetal development, and two specific malformations,
      namely microphthalmia and vertebral-costal defects. A mild teratogenic action of
      400 mg/kg also occurred in the first additional study but not in the second one.
      There was, however, one anophthalmia in a rat fetus of the 90 mg/kg group. In
      rabbits, no embryotoxic or teratogenic effects were observed. These species
      differences were explained by the concentration and protein binding in maternal
      serum as well as by the relatively high concentration of 14C-Sm 857 SE in the rat
      fetus.

PMID- 2907189
TI  - A radioimmunoassay for palytoxin.
AB  - Palytoxin, labelled with 125I-Bolton-Hunter reagent on its terminal amino group,
      bound specifically to rabbit anti-palytoxin. The extent of binding increased
      progressively with repeated immunizations. After absorption of the rabbit IgGs
      with a goat anti-rabbit IgG, binding was reduced greater than 95%. For 50%
      inhibition of binding in the 125I-palytoxin-antipalytoxin reaction 0.27 pmoles of
      unlabelled palytoxin was required. Maitotoxin, teleocidin, okadaic acid,
      debromoaplysiatoxin and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, when tested at 10
      100-fold higher concentrations than palytoxin did not affect binding. Palytoxin's
      serologic activity was stable after 60 min exposure to 100 degrees C and after 60
      min exposure to 0.1 N HCl at 50 degrees C, but its capacity to stimulate the
      arachidonic acid metabolism of rat liver cells was reduced after the 60 min
      exposure to 0.1 N HCl treatments at 35 degrees C or 0.01 N HCl at 50 degrees C.
      The average binding constant (K0) as determined by separation of antibody-bound
      palytoxin from free palytoxin by the double antibody technique was 4.9 x 10(9) M
      1 at 0 degrees C. This apparent average association constant increased with
      increasing temperature suggesting that palytoxin's epitope, most likely
      hydrophilic, is bound to H2O and the H2O is displaced before binding to the
      antibody's paratope.

PMID- 2907190
TI  - Effect of sea nettle (Chrysaora quinquecirrha) venom on isolated rat aorta.
AB  - The venom from sea nettle (Chrysaora quinquecirrha) (1-10 micrograms/ml) produced
      an irreversible contraction of the isolated rat aortic ring that was slow in
      onset, increased with time, and reached maximum in about 10-20 min. The
      contraction was not inhibited by pretreatment with phenoxybenzamine, atropine,
      indomethacin, tetrodotoxin, ouabain, low Na+ or Na+-free medium, however, it was
      markedly decreased by the Ca2+ channel blockers, nifedipine and verapamil. In
      Ca2+-free medium, no increase in tension was produced by the venom. It is
      concluded that sea nettle venom causes a contraction of the rat aortic ring by
      increasing Ca2+ influx through the voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels.

PMID- 2907191
TI  - Somatic genetic analysis of the expression of cell surface molecules.

PMID- 2907192
TI  - The molecular genetics of color vision and color blindness.

PMID- 2907193
TI  - Heads or tails? A homeotic gene for both.

PMID- 2907194
TI  - neus about c-erb-B-2 and HER2.

PMID- 2907195
TI  - [Results of the transplantation of free composite flaps to the foot].
AB  - The article gives an analysis of results of transplantation of 62 free composite
      flaps for closing defects of foot soft tissues in 48 patients. Positive results
      were obtained in 77.4% of the cases. The taking of free composite flaps on the
      foot greatly depends on the state of the recipient vessels and availability of
      the pathogenic microflora in the wound. To lean upon the foot was permitted as
      late as 7-9 months after operation, i.e. after the recovery of surface
      sensitivity.

PMID- 2907196
TI  - Effects of streptozotocin-induced experimental diabetes on the morphology and
      function of the zona fasciculata of rat adrenal cortex.
AB  - The effects of a severe streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes on the morphology
      and function of the adrenal zona fasciculata were examined in rats with intact or
      pharmacologically interrupted hypothalamic-hypophyseal-adrenal axis. In animals
      with an intact hypothalamic-hypophyseal axis, STZ-diabetes induced hypertrophy of
      the cells of the zona fasciculata and a rise in the plasma corticosterone
      concentration. Conversely, in rats in which the hypothalamic-hypophyseal axis had
      been interrupted, experimental diabetes provoked atrophy of the zona fasciculata
      cells, and a lowering in the plasma corticosterone level. The effects of STZ
      diabetes were completely reversed by insulin infusion in both groups of rats. The
      hypothesis is discussed that the chronic lack of insulin may directly inhibit the
      growth and steroidogenic capacity of the rat zona fasciculata and that this
      effect of experimental diabetes may be masked in rats with an intact hypothalamic
      hypophyseal axis by the concurrent enhancement of ACTH release due to chronic
      stress resulting from the metabolic consequences of prolonged diabetes.

PMID- 2907197
TI  - Ultrastructure of perivascular amyloid fibrils in Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - Perivascular amyloid fibrils in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease
      have been examined by electron microscopy. The amyloid fibrils showed a hollow
      rod structure and consisted of globular substances. Each turn appeared to be
      composed of five globular subunits. These findings coincide with the
      ultrastructure of amyloid fibrils obtained from replicas made by a rapid freezing
      method.

PMID- 2907198
TI  - Cell cycle dependent distribution of the proliferation-associated Ki-67 antigen
      in human embryonic lung cells.
AB  - The cell cycle-dependent distribution of the proliferation-associated Ki-67
      antigen has been evaluated immunocytochemically in L-132 human fetal lung cells.
      The cells were synchronized and cell cycle phases were determined: G1 = 6.7 h, S
      = 5.4 h, G2 = 8.5 h and mitosis = 1.3 h. The Ki-67 patterns were strictly
      correlated with the cell cycle phases. In late G1-phase, Ki-67 antigen was
      present only in the perinucleolar region. In the S-phase, Ki-67 staining was
      found homogeneously in the karyoplasm and in the perinucleolar region. G2-phase
      cells contained a finely granular Ki-67 staining in the karyoplasm with Ki-67
      positive specks and perinucleolar staining. In early mitotic cells (pro- and
      metaphase) an intense perichromosomal Ki-67 staining was observed in addition to
      a homogeneously stained karyoplasm in prophase, and cytoplasm in metaphase.
      During ana- and telophase the Ki-67 antigen disappeared rapidly. In resting cells
      there was no Ki-67 staining.

PMID- 2907199
TI  - (Neo)glycoproteins as tools in neuropathology: histochemical patterns of the
      extent of expression of endogenous carbohydrate-binding receptors, like lectins,
      in meningiomas.
AB  - Biotinylated (neo)glycoproteins were used to specifically detect endogenous sugar
      receptors such as lectins in sections of formaldehydefixed, paraffin-embedded
      tissue from meningiomas. The histochemical methods used consisted of the
      application of a carrier protein and various covalently linked sugar moieties,
      available mainly through chemical synthesis, in an optimized standard protocol.
      They proved valuable in elucidating differential binding patterns within the
      various meningioma subtypes. alpha-Fucoside-, beta-galactoside-, alpha-mannoside-
      and beta-xyloside-specific carbohydrate-binding receptors were detected in all
      the tumor subclasses examined, although the levels of expression exhibited
      pronounced quantitative differences. In addition, differences in the extent of
      histochemical staining were observed, using a labelled carrier protein, derived
      from N-acetylglucosamine and mannose-6-phosphate moieties, respectively.
      Quantitative differences in the reaction intensity were also measured in the
      respective subtypes. Receptors for N-acetyl-D-galactosamine were detected only in
      the analplastic forms, while glucuronic acid-specific receptors were only present
      in the meningotheliomatous meningioma. In contrast to the other types, malignant
      meningiomas failed to show cytoplasmic staining with the alpha-glucoside-specific
      maltose-(BSA-biotin). Distinct differences in the pattern of expression of
      endogenous sugar receptors, evaluated by a standard protocol, provided further
      evidence for a possible additional subtype of meningioma, the submalignant
      meningioma. Our results suggest that labelled (neo)glycoproteins could be used
      routinely as tools for assessing the expression of endogenous sugar receptors in
      diagnostic neuro-oncology.

PMID- 2907200
TI  - Desmin and actin in the identification of Ito cells and in monitoring their
      evolution to myofibroblasts in experimental liver fibrosis.
AB  - It has been reported that myofibroblasts contain actin and that Ito cells are
      positive for desmin. The distribution of desmin and actin detected by
      immunofluorescence, of vitamin A autofluorescence and of Sudan III staining of
      lipid droplets has been evaluated in sequential stages of experimental liver
      fibrosis induced in rats by intraperitoneal injections of swine serum. In the
      normal rat liver Ito cells were positive for desmin and weakly positive for
      actin. Prior to the development of hepatic fibrosis a clearcut increase in number
      and desmin staining of lobular Ito cells was observed in treated rats, but the
      overall actin pattern was unchanged. In the fibrotic rat livers, highly cellular
      septa contained large numbers of strongly desmin-positive, actin-weakly positive
      Ito cells and strongly desmin- and actin-positive myofibroblasts. These
      observations indicate that both Ito cells and myofibroblasts are positive for
      desmin, but only myofibroblasts contain large amounts of actin. Visualization of
      actin and desmin using relatively simple techniques, allows the monitoring of Ito
      cells proliferation, the accumulation of these cells in fibrous septa and their
      evolution into myofibroblasts as characterized by their increased desmin and
      actin content; it also allows an indirect evaluation of the process of
      fibrogenesis.

PMID- 2907201
TI  - Effects of partial hepatectomy on microtubules and hepatocellular transport of
      indocyanine green in rats.
AB  - The effects of partial hepatectomy on plasma disappearance and biliary excretion
      of indocyanine green (ICG) have been studied in rats and correlated with
      morphometric changes of hepatocellular microtubules. The plasma disappearance
      rate of ICG was in good accord with recovery of liver weight after partial
      hepatectomy. Biliary excretion of ICG per 100 g liver significantly increased
      between 3 h and 7 days postoperatively. Colchicine significantly reduced plasma
      disappearance and biliary excretion of ICG, with no reduction in bile flow, in
      both intact and hepatectomized rats. Morphometrically, microtubules significantly
      increased from 3 h following partial hepatectomy and reached a maximum at 24 h
      with a gradual return to preoperative values at 5 days. These observations
      suggest that the increased hepatocellular transport of ICG after partial
      hepatectomy is related to an increase in the number of microtubules.

PMID- 2907202
TI  - Antitumor effects of endotoxin against solid murine Meth A tumors of different
      ages. Quantitative histology of the tumors and regional lymph nodes.
AB  - Mice with 3-, 6-, 9- and 15-day Meth A tumors in the skin were injected
      intravenously with endotoxin to study age-dependent induction of tumor necrosis
      and reactive changes in draining lymph nodes. By 24 h after treatment with
      endotoxin, macroscopic necrosis was seen in 9-day, and to an even greater extent
      in 15-day tumors; microscopy showed extensive necrosis in 9-day tumors and some
      necrosis in 6-day tumors. The necrosis was predominantly coagulative, but the 9-
      and 15-day tumors showed a rim of hemorrhagic necrosis near the skin with
      surviving tumor tissue located at the lateral and basal margins. All the tumors
      showed about equal hyperemia by 4 h and mitotic arrest by 4 and 24 h. Depletion
      of mast cells, which were most numerous in the 9-day tumors, was seen on the
      dermal aspects by 24 h. Endotoxin did not change the morphology of the lymph
      nodes and disseminated tumor cells within 24 h. Endotoxin is known to cure 9-day
      Meth A tumors, and the extent of the rapid necrosis induced is clearly the
      crucial factor. Necrosis, however, is not a direct consequence of early hyperemia
      or mitotic arrest and other factors related to the age and site of the tumor,
      apparently affect whether or not necrosis ensues.

PMID- 2907203
TI  - Histopathological characteristics of the kidney in recombinant inbred mice
      established from MRL/lpr x AKR crossing. Dissociation of severity of lupus
      nephritis from the degree of lymphadenopathy.
AB  - Recombinant inbred (RI) lines were established from (MRL/lpr x AKR) crosses in
      order to analyze the role of the lpr gene and the participation of background
      genes in the lymphoproliferation and the development of lupus glomerulonephritis
      (LGN). In this study, six lines were used to compare with MRL/lpr and AKR mice.
      Lymphadenopathy was present in four lines (A-22, A-31 b, A-31 e and C-12) but
      absent in the other two (A-21 and C-21). The degree of lymphoproliferation varied
      between individuals of the RI lines showing lymphadenopathy. On gross
      examinations, the most marked lymph node enlargement was seen in the A-31 b line,
      which resembled MRL/lpr mice in this respect; lymphadenopathy was least prominent
      in the C-12 line and intermediate degrees occurred in the A-22 and A-31 e lines.
      Like MRL/lpr mice, deaths in the RI lines were due to LGN; however, in the lines
      with lymphadenopathy, 50% mortalities occurred a few weeks later than in MRL/lpr
      mice. The kidneys were examined histologically for proliferative, exudative,
      extracapillary and membranous changes in the glomeruli. The glomerular lesions in
      the A-22, A-31 b and A-31 e lines closely resembled those in MRL/lpr mice, but in
      the C12 line in which lymph node enlargement was least apparent, the histological
      abnormalities were significantly more severe. Of the lines without
      lymphadenopathy, histopathological examination showed obvious renal abnormalities
      in the A-21 line but none in the C-21 line or in AKR mice. From these findings it
      appears that there are autosomal genes which affect the expression of the lpr
      gene and thus modify the development of LGN and lymphoproliferation.

PMID- 2907204
TI  - Vimentin and glial fibrillary acidic protein are codistributed in the same
      intermediate filament system of malignant glioma cells in vivo. A double-labeling
      immunoelectron-microscopical study.
AB  - Normal, reactive, and neoplastic astrocytes express two types of intermediate
      filament (IF) proteins, namely glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and
      vimentin. Their submicroscopical distribution in vivo is so far unknown. We
      therefore investigated four malignant gliomas by electron microscopy, applying
      postembedding double immunogold labeling. The IF proteins were randomly scattered
      over the same filament bundles, as in previous experiments on glioma cultures. No
      clustering or preferential intracytoplasmic location of either IF protein was
      visible. The demonstration of IF proteins within nuclei gives some support to the
      suggested intranuclear functions of IF proteins.

PMID- 2907205
TI  - Sensitive detection and typing of human papillomavirus DNA in gynecological cell
      scrapings by slot-blot hybridization.
AB  - A rapid and sensitive method for detecting and typing human papillomaviruses
      (HPVs) in cell scrapings is presented. DNA from scrapings is extracted and bound
      to nitrocellulose filters (Slot-Blot). By DNA-DNA hybridization with specific 32P
      labelled HPV-probes (types 6/11 or 16/18) the patient's DNA is then analyzed for
      the presence of, and for the type of, HPV DNA sequences. A parallel hybridization
      with a human repetitive element (Alu sequence) allows quantitation of the
      different hybridization results. Experiments with HeLa cell DNA show that as
      little as 10(4) HPV sequences can be detected and typed specifically with this
      test. Evaluation of this test is completed within 6 to 7 days after cell
      collection. This Slot-Blot method was used to analyse 1330 specimens taken at the
      Bernese Dysplasia Outpatient Clinic. The results reveal a very high percentage
      (90%) of HPV-positive cases in the patient group examined.

PMID- 2907206
TI  - Identification and characterization of a human cell line with dendritic cell
      features.
AB  - CORP-4 is a cell line obtained in our laboratory from an explanted human bladder
      carcinoma. This cell line shows certain dendritic cell features such as adherence
      to the culture plate surface, a doubling time of 24 h and an enzymatic profile
      typical of cells involved in antigen presentation (non-specific esterases,
      lysozyme and alpha-1-antitrypsin). Its phenotypic analysis revealed CD 15 and Fc
      receptor expression, S-100 surface protein and the presence of positive
      reactivity to different lectins such as Concanavalin A (Con A) and Peanut
      agglutinin (PNA). CORP-4 was found to be a non-phagocytic cell line after it was
      assayed with latex, and FcR- and C3bR-mediated phagocytosis. Furthermore, CORP-4
      produced interleukin-1 (IL-1) as determined by thymocyte proliferation assays and
      also fixes immune complexes in a non-complement dependent fashion. HLA class I
      and class II antigens were inducible by both 5 azacytidine and gamma interferon.

PMID- 2907207
TI  - Plasma membrane shedding and colloid vacuoles in hyperactive human thyroid
      tissue.
AB  - The ultrastructural appearance of colloid vacuoles, considered to be a typical
      sign of hyperactivity in the human thyroid gland, was studied in human thyroid
      tissue transplanted to nude mice and in human thyroid tissue fixed directly after
      surgical removal in patients with thyrotoxicosis. Transplanted normal thyroid
      tissue and toxic diffuse goiter (TDG) tissue was fixed by vascular perfusion with
      glutaraldehyde 5 or 12 weeks after transplantation. Light microscopic
      quantification showed that daily injections for 2 weeks of a gamma globulin
      fraction of patient sera containing thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI)
      greatly increased the number of colloid vacuoles in both types of transplants.
      The vacuoles were mainly located in the periphery of the follicle lumen, giving
      the colloid a scalloped appearance. Electron microscopy of TSI-exposed tissue
      revealed, in addition to colloid vacuoles, the presence of large amounts of
      membrane material in the follicle lumen. Only sparse amounts of intraluminal
      membrane material were present in controls. The colloid vacuoles were almost
      invariably associated with such membrane material, which lined the border between
      the vacuole and the surrounding colloid. The intraluminal material consisted of
      spherical and elongated formations, each structure limited by a triple-layered
      membrane and often containing a dense interior. The elongated structures were
      often of the same dimensions as microvilli. The apical surface of follicle cells
      in TSI-exposed tissue expressed numerous microvilli, of which many showed a
      similar dense interior as the intraluminal membrane structures. The intraluminal
      membranes frequently showed, like the apical plasma membrane of the follicle
      cells, a positive reaction for peroxidase. Organelles, such as mitochondria,
      lysosomes or rough endoplasmic reticulum, were not encountered among the
      intraluminal membrane structures. These observations indicate that the
      intraluminal membrane material is derived from the apical plasma membrane of the
      follicle cells, presumably by shedding of microvilli. A similar association
      between colloid vacuoles and membrane material was also found in thyroid tissue
      from patients with thyrotoxicosis fixed directly at operation. It is suggested
      that the presence of membrane material in the follicle lumen precipitates the
      formation of colloid vacuoles in hyperactive thyroid tissue. The possible
      involvement of intraluminal membrane material in the development of microsomal
      autoantibodies in Graves' disease, i.e. exposure and presentation of thyroid
      microsomal antigen (identical to thyroperoxidase) to the immune system, is
      discussed.

PMID- 2907208
TI  - Evaluation of polysialic acid in the diagnosis of Wilms' tumor. A comparative
      study on urinary tract tumors and non-neuroendocrine tumors.
AB  - The polysialic acid moiety of the neural cell adhesion molecule has been shown to
      represent an onco-developmental antigen which can be detected in both embryonic
      human kidney and Wilms' tumor but not in normal adult human kidney. In the
      present comparative study, Wilms' tumors, clear cell (bone-metastasizing)
      sarcomas of kidney, cystic nephromas, renal cell carcinomas, transitional cell
      carcinomas and papillomas of the renal pelvis, ureter and urinary bladder (as
      well normal transitional epithelium from these regions). Ewing sarcomas,
      hepatoblastomas, rhabdomyosarcomas, and carcinomas of the stomach, colon,
      exocrine pancreas, lung, and esophagus, were investigated immunohistochemically
      for the presence of polysialic acid. In addition, immunoblot analysis was
      performed in selected tumors. With the exception of Wilms' tumor, none of the
      tumors investigated was positive for polysialic acid. In Wilms' tumor, blastemal
      cells and all epithelial components were positive but no immunostaining was
      observed in the stroma. These observations emphasize the potential value of a
      monoclonal anti-polysialic acid antibody in identifying blastemal metanephric
      cells and their epithelial differentiatives in Wilms' tumor.

PMID- 2907209
TI  - Heterogeneity of BamHi DNA fragments B and E in several HSV-1 strains and
      recombinants.
AB  - The restriction cleavage sites of the BamHI-B and BamHI-E DNA fragments of
      several Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HVS-1) strains were mapped. These fragments
      are situated at the ends of the long unique regions and share homologous
      sequences in the repeat components (TRL and IRL) of the genome. All the strains
      analyzed were found to have deletions in the Hpal-P fragment, situated in the
      BamHI-B fragment. Five strains were further analyzed and the deletions were
      located in the Smal-A fragment (within the Hpal-P fragment). The BamHI-E fragment
      of four recombinants (obtained by recombination between the HFEM genome and the
      BamHI-B fragment or part of it from the HSV-1 F strain) were almost identical but
      differed from another strain [NIH(LP)]. Comparison of the BamHI-B and the BamHI-E
      fragments of the same strain revealed that the fragments were not identical in
      all cases.

PMID- 2907210
TI  - [Altered gamma-glutamyltransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine
      aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase serum activities in long-term
      anticonvulsive therapy--comparison of diphenylhydantoin and carbamazepine].
AB  - In 110 patients receiving a long-term anticonvulsant monotherapy with
      Diphenylhydantoin (DPH) and Carbamazepine (CBZ) the serum activities of gamma-GT,
      ASAT, ALAT, and AP were examined retrospectively. Elevated serum levels of
      enzymes were seen predominantly concerning gamma-GT and AP. 91% resp. 39% of
      patients receiving DPH-therapy showed increased gamma-GT resp. AP-levels compared
      to 64% and 14% of gamma-GT and AP-elevations by CBZ-treatment. All enzymes
      evaluated were more often and higher elevated by DPH than CBZ. Frequency and
      extent of increased activity of gamma-GT were highly related to daily dosage in
      both preparations. The proportion of pathological enzyme levels was associated
      with age in DPH and CBZ as well but not found to be significant. Sex differences
      in the frequency of increased enzyme activities could not be demonstrated. The
      results are discussed in the context of induction of cytochrome P-450-system.

PMID- 2907211
TI  - [Excretion of the urinary enzymes alanine aminopeptidase and beta-glucuronidase
      in cystostatic perfusion therapy].
AB  - Following cytostatic perfusion therapy in patients with malignant melanoma of the
      lower extremity despite a separation of the regional circulation from the
      systemic circulation a rhythmically phase-like increased excretion of urinary
      enzymes and protein developes. The changes in the behaviour of the excretion of
      enzymes registered under tumour therapy without a simultaneous reaction of usual
      functional parameters emphasize the importance of the urinary enzymes as early
      phase parameters. In this study the urinary enzymes were used for the judgement
      of the systemic effect of the cytostatic perfusion therapy.

PMID- 2907212
TI  - [Cell membrane changes and skin diseases].
AB  - Biological membranes are laminar bilayers of lipoids with thermolabile
      biophysical properties. Changing temperatures not only result in altered polarity
      and permeability of the membranes, but also in changes of the various membrane
      receptors (e.g. histamine and beta-adrenergic receptors) and the cell makers. In
      healthy persons, lower temperatures (25 degrees) lead to elevated suppressor
      properties, and the T4 ratio is below 1.0. At 37 and 41 degrees C, there is a
      growing number of helper cells, and the T4/T8 ratio becomes normal again. In
      psoriatic patients, the number of helper cells does not change with the
      temperature. We also found some evidence for changes of the cell membranes in
      atopic dermatitis and chronic urticaria.

PMID- 2907213
TI  - [Follow-up study of 48 athletes with stage I hypertension with and without
      pharmacotherapy].
AB  - We found in an earlier investigation that the frequency of hypertension is
      considerably lower among male athletes than in a random sample of the general
      population. The cases of hypertension in younger athletes are primarily
      hypertension stage I (WHO). We followed up on the question of the course of
      hypertension stage I and the possibility of spontaneous remission. For this, we
      observed 28 nonmedicated patients with hypertension stage I for 4.2 +/- 2.3
      years, 20 patients undergoing drug therapy for 2.5 +/- 1.3 years, and 12 healthy
      athletes for 4.2 +/- 2.2 years. Under drug therapy, as expected, there was a
      normalization of both basic and exercise blood pressures. Fifty percent of
      patients without drug therapy showed remission of the elevated basic and exercise
      pressures after 2 to 3 years; 50% had an unchanged high pressure or
      deterioration. The transition of hypertension WHO stage I to stage II with regard
      to left ventricular hypertrophy could be ruled out echocardiographically in
      patients with a favorable course (remission). However, there was a tendency in
      this direction among patients with the least favorable course.

PMID- 2907214
TI  - [Complex problem solving in adolescents with disorders of brain function].

PMID- 2907215
TI  - [The development of the ideas of A. D. Speranskii on the means for the
      realization of the trophic function of the nervous system].

PMID- 2907216
TI  - [The chemical link in the pathogenesis of organic brain lesions].

PMID- 2907217
TI  - [The nervous system and immunity].

PMID- 2907218
TI  - [Neurogenic immunodeficiency].

PMID- 2907219
TI  - [The combined therapy of gonorrhea and gonorrheal-chlamydial infection in
      patients who abuse alcohol].

PMID- 2907220
TI  - [The status of Churg-Strauss syndrome among other hypereosinophilic,
      granulomatous and vasculitic diseases].
AB  - The Churg-Strauss syndrome is a disorder characterized by hypereosinophilia and
      systemic vasculitis occurring in patients with asthma and allergic rhinitis. Only
      few patients are identified as having this syndrome. The three histological
      criteria are necrotizing vasculitis, tissue infiltration by eosinophils, and
      extravascular granulomas; they often do not coexist in one patient. To find a
      clinical approach to diagnosis, it is necessary to exclude other disorders with
      hypereosinophilia, granulomas, and vasculitis. In regard to this clinical
      viewpoint it seems that the syndrome is not as rare as may be assumed according
      to the relevant autopsy findings. Two cases are reported in which the Churg
      Strauss syndrome developed together with rheumatoid arthritis; in one case it was
      likely triggered by treatment with D-penicillamin.

PMID- 2907221
TI  - [Detection of dipeptidyl peptidase IV in follicular fluid--initial report].
AB  - Aspirates of ovarian follicles were obtained from patients subjected to
      gynaecologic surgeries. This is the first report of dipeptidyl-peptidase IV (DP
      IV) activity in human follicular fluid. This enzyme specifically cleaves
      regulatory important oligo- and polypeptides. Only from peptides with proline or
      alanine in position P1 of the N-terminal sequence a dipeptide is split off. DP IV
      activity was measured with glycyl-L-proline p-Nitroanilide as substrate. Levels
      in a range of 209.8 +/- 57.4 nmol l-1 s-1 were achieved.

PMID- 2907222
TI  - [Nonclostridial anaerobic infections of the central nervous system].

PMID- 2907223
TI  - Changes in the drug treatment of chronic congestive heart failure.

PMID- 2907224
TI  - Clostridial gas gangrene: a review of 48 consecutive cases.

PMID- 2907225
TI  - Pathologic myopia and pharmaceutical agents: rheo-oculographic experience.

PMID- 2907226
TI  - Regulation of local blood flow by neurohumoral substances released from
      perivascular nerves and endothelial cells.

PMID- 2907227
TI  - The role of the kidney in neurohormonal cardiovascular regulation.

PMID- 2907228
TI  - Neurohumoral circulatory regulation in hypertension.

PMID- 2907229
TI  - The importance of the subepithelial resistance for the electrical properties of
      the rat jejunum in vitro.
AB  - The aim of the study was to evaluate full-thickness and partially stripped
      jejunum as a model for neurogenic control of electrogenic ion transport. The
      electrical properties of full-thickness and partially stripped segments were
      studied in Ussing chambers. Using square-pulse analysis, subepithelial and
      epithelial resistances (Rs and Rp) were determined, and by compensating for the
      potential fall across Rs, the current generated by the epithelium could be
      measured. In full-thickness tissue, Rs was approximately 80% of total tissue
      resistance, and the current measured during short-circuiting of the whole tissue
      (SCC) was therefore only 20-25% of the current generated by the epithelium (Im).
      Surgical stripping of the tissue decreased Rs by 10-20%. This means that in full
      thickness as well as in stripped tissue, 70-80% of the potential difference
      across the epithelial layer remains after traditional 'short circuiting'. Over a
      25-min period, none of the electrical parameters changed significantly in the
      full-thickness tissues. In the stripped group PD, SCC and Im fell significantly,
      and in parallel during the same period of time. Neither glucose, noradrenaline,
      met-enkephalin or carbachol had any significant effect on Rs, Rp or the Rs/Rp
      ratio. The relative effects of these agents on Im and SCC were therefore similar.
      Substance P and VIP increased the Rs/Rp ratio significantly and, therefore, the
      effect of these drugs on Im was significantly more pronounced than the effect on
      SCC. The results show that the subepithelial resistance must be taken into
      account when the electrogenic activity in the epithelium is to be determined
      correctly. Conventionally measured SCC reflects the electrogenic effect of the
      tested putative neurotransmitters, but the magnitude of the responses is grossly
      underestimated, particularly for substance P and VIP.

PMID- 2907230
TI  - [Work psychopathology].
AB  - Work psychopathology concept is outlined, restricted, however, to different
      disorders and conflicts whose actual cause is to be found in the intrinsic
      mechanism of work-related activity. Environment- and life condition-related
      causes are disregarded. Nervous fatigue neurasthenoid syndrome is understood as a
      result of a dephasing between CNS neurophysiological timing and work rhythms. The
      author stresses that taking productivity as a parameter for nervous fatigue
      measurement--which substituted for the former muscular fatigue criterion in
      industry--is quite erroneous an opinion. Ergonomy is to be developed: Ergonomy is
      an interdisciplinary science which studies concordance between Man's physical and
      psychophysiological possibilities and properties, and possibilities and
      properties of contemporary work technical systems and their functioning
      conditions as well.

PMID- 2907231
TI  - Imaging of the stomach, and localization of the stomach meridian & its
      acupuncture points in a human cadaver by the use of the indirect "Bi-Digital O
      Ring Test Imaging Technique".
AB  - Since 1984, using the "Bi-Digital O-Ring Test (Molecular Identification,
      Localization and) Imaging Technique" originally developed by Y. Omura, the
      imaging of the outline of normal and abnormal internal organs has been
      successfully applied for clinical diagnosis and evaluation of therapeutic
      effects, without the use of expensive imaging instrumentation. Not only has it
      become possible to non-invasively image each internal organ and localize specific
      malignant tumors of specific internal organs, as well as neurotransmitters, but
      it has also recently become possible to demonstrate the presence and exact
      locations of the meridians corresponding to specific internal organs and their
      acupuncture points along the meridians through the use of either the Direct or
      Indirect "Bi-Digital O-Ring Test (Molecular Identification, Localization and)
      Imaging Techniques" while holding a microscopic slide of the specific human
      internal organ tissue. However, very little information was available to
      demonstrate the presence of the meridians and their acupuncture points in a human
      cadaver. In this study, we were able to demonstrate by use of the Indirect "Bi
      Digital O-Ring Test (Molecular Identification, Localization and) Imaging
      Technique" the presence of meridians corresponding to specific internal organs
      and acupuncture points on the meridians, all of which were nearly identical to
      those found in a living human. For example, the authors found that the stomach
      meridian at both ends of one of the most well-known acupuncture points, Stomach
      36, is located within 1 mm of the surface of the skin, and the average diameter
      of the meridian is less than 1 mm. Stomach 36 in this particular cadaver had a
      round shape with a diameter of approximately 1.8 cm at the skin surface. The
      acupuncture point, St. 36, in this cadaver at the skin surface was round in shape
      and extended to the deepest underlying muscle layer of the tibialis anterior
      muscle, in three dimensions. In spite of the fact that the Indirect Bi-Digital O
      Ring Test Imaging Technique showed a distinct pathway for the stomach meridian
      and the location of St. 36, there was no apparent difference to the naked eye
      between the meridian and the surrounding non-meridian tissue, nor between St. 36
      and surrounding non-acupuncture point area. However, there seems to be a more
      dense connective tissue network between the skin layer and the fascia on the
      muscle tissue at the acupuncture point, as compared with the surrounding non
      acupuncture point area.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2907233
TI  - 4th annual International Symposium on Acupuncture and Electro-therapeutics.
      October 13-16, 1988, New York City. Abstracts.

PMID- 2907232
TI  - Promoted healing of leprous ulcers by transcutaneous nerve stimulation.
AB  - Low-frequency (2 Hz) transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TNS) may
      produce widespread and prolonged increases in skin temperature in patients with
      peripheral vascular insufficiency due to improved microcirculation. The method
      has previously been used successfully to potentiate healing of chronic ulcers of
      various etiology. The present report describes a similar study, using TNS
      treatment in attempts to accelerate healing of chronic leprous ulcers that had
      resisted treatment for several months or years. All other treatment, local and
      systemic chemotherapy, and daily regime remained as far as possible unaltered.
      The study was limited to ulceration in the soft tissue of the foot or lower leg.
      Eleven TNS sessions, each of 30 min duration, were applied per week. In 19
      patients (6 out- and 13 in-patients), in whom the TNS treatment was not
      interrupted, all ulcers healed completely within a mean of 5.2 weeks (range 3-12
      weeks). The mean size of the ulcers was 5.2 cu.cm (range 0.2-48.3 cu.cm), and
      they had persisted for a mean of 15.8 months (range 2-60 months). The 'healing
      index', i.e. the mean reduction of the ulcer cavity per week, was 1.0 cu.cm/week.
      The study demonstrates a clear therapeutic effect for low-frequency TNS in
      patients with leprous ulcers. The mechanisms involved in the accelerated healing
      are assumed to be increased microcirculation due to sympatho-inhibition and
      release of endogenous corticosteroids.

PMID- 2907234
TI  - Reoperations and the internal mammary artery.

PMID- 2907235
TI  - Multiple bradykinin receptors: results of studies using a novel class of receptor
      antagonists.

PMID- 2907236
TI  - In vitro studies on relationships between muscarinic receptors and somatostatin
      in the rat brain.

PMID- 2907237
TI  - In vivo PET and SPECT receptor imaging: new technology and tactics for receptor
      measurement.
AB  - PET and SPECT approaches to radiolabelled neurotransmitter receptors provide a
      new and complimentary tool to existing receptor and neurotransmitter studies.
      They provide information which will extend other current in vitro and in vivo non
      imaging procedures while likely requiring the types of resolution and sensitivity
      which are possible with the latter methods to help in the interpretation of the
      PET studies.

PMID- 2907238
TI  - Interactions between neurotransmitters that regulate cAMP and intracellular Ca2+
      levels in the CNS.

PMID- 2907239
TI  - Changes in apparent functions of component proteins of adenylate cyclase system
      in rat brain by drugs acting on the central nervous system.

PMID- 2907240
TI  - Histaminergic neuron system and its function.

PMID- 2907241
TI  - [The femoro-patellar joint and cartilage damage of the knee joint].
AB  - This article surveys the update knowledge of diagnosis and treatment of damage to
      the cartilage with particular reference to the femoropatellar joint.
      Complementary to this the biomechanical fundamentals and special anatomic
      features are explained, the knowledge of which is imperative for an understanding
      of the complex linkups and interconnections.

PMID- 2907243
TI  - [The effect of primary nailing on the immediate fate of patients with femoral
      neck fractures].
AB  - Based on their 494 own cases with femoral neck fractures authors investigate the
      impact on time elapse between the injury and the osteosynthesis upon the outcome
      of these patients. By comparing two groups with equal severity it was concluded
      that an operation within 6 hours after the injury is favourable both with regard
      to the mortality and the systemic or local complications. They provide an
      explanation for the good results through the analysis of their cases and give a
      brief review of the literature on this subject as well.

PMID- 2907242
TI  - [3 years experiences with the dynamic hip compression screw].
AB  - The authors report on 140 cases of fractures near the hip joint, which had been
      treated by applying a dynamic hip compression screw (DHS). DHS is an ideal method
      for stabilising pertrochanteral stable and lateral fractures. In unstable
      pertrochanteral fractures it is recommended to use a 130 degrees or 150 degrees
      DHS, depending on the age and the patient's preoperative ability to walk. In
      medial fractures of the neck of the femur the use of DHS offers no advantage
      compared with screwing or total endoprosthesis. The article reports on the
      postoperative results. In respect of these results DHS appears to be superior to
      fracture nailing according to Ender.

PMID- 2907244
TI  - [Stable osteosynthesis following ilial resection in intraosseous Ewing sarcoma].
AB  - A case of a young man with Ewing's sarcoma of the os ilium is demonstrated. The
      tumor is removed by resection of the os ilium and the adjacent musculature. The
      bony stability is reconstructed by means of a double autogenous free fibula graft
      in combination with a broad plate, braced between os sacrum and the roof of the
      acetabulum. Full weight bearing is possible, at present there is no evidence of a
      local recidive or of metastases.

PMID- 2907245
TI  - [Distal biceps tendon rupture. Clinical aspects--therapy--results].
AB  - Between 1980 and 1986 16 male patients of between 30 and 65 years of age were
      treated operatively because of distal biceps tendon ruptures. The operative
      procedures are reported and the results of a follow-up examination two years
      later are communicated. The good results of the applied operative treatment allow
      to recommend the operative procedure. A special method of measurement of muscle
      power is presented.

PMID- 2907246
TI  - [Significance of microsurgery revascularized soft tissue and bone transplants in
      plastic reconstructive interventions of the extremities].
AB  - By using the fixateur externe in the fixation of bone fractures in the presence
      of heavily damaged soft tissue, we now have to tackle the challenge of adequate
      soft tissue coverage besides osteosynthesis of bone fracture. Free microvascular
      tissue transfer now increasingly replaces the previous method of management in
      which the soft tissue was reconstructed step by step. This technique is
      undoubtedly the solution for a lot of earlier problems, but now other questions
      have come up, particularly regarding time for tissue transfer. The article
      reports on the experience collected by us.

PMID- 2907247
TI  - [Clinical experiences with tetrachlorodecaoxide in the local treatment of
      difficult-to-heal wounds].
AB  - Local treatment of difficult wounds with TCDO, a chemically stable, water-soluble
      compound containing oxygen in a chlorite matrix, is supposed to increase the pO2
      in hypoxic wound tissue and to amplify physiological responses of phagocytes in
      wounds. 21 patients were assigned to two groups, treated by TCDO impregnated
      dressings twice a day or by TCDO combined with temporary skin coverage Epigard.
      Daily records of the state of the wounds with regard to exudation, wound
      cleansing, formation of granulation tissue and epithelisation demonstrated the
      therapeutic effect of TCDO in the treatment of complicated wounds when primary
      surgical debridement was sufficient.

PMID- 2907248
TI  - [Initial clinical experiences with low molecular weight heparin in the prevention
      of thrombosis in orthopedic surgery].
AB  - This is a report on almost 10 years of experience with heparin prophylaxis in
      orthopaedic surgery, especially on the changeover from the high molecular heparin
      dihydergot used previously, to the low molecular heparin dihydergot (Embolex)
      while changing over at the same time from the previously well-tried and
      successful postoperative initiation of treatment to preoperative start of
      prophylaxis. Compared with the period before prophylaxis (1965-1977) with 24
      fatal pulmonary embolisms, no fatal pulmonary embolisms have occurred in our
      hospital since prophylaxis was introduced (1978). Changeover to low molecular
      heparin with only one instead of three injections daily was fundamentally
      welcomed although preoperative onset of prophylaxis involved a considerable rise
      in afterbleeding complications. Hence we recently adopted the procedure of
      conducting prophylaxis with low molecular heparin (as was done previously with
      success using high molecular heparin) postoperatively; this resulted in a
      dramatic reduction of bleeding complications while protection against thrombosis
      is obviously clinically satisfactory. Postoperative initiation of prophylaxis is
      therefore recommended in case of major orthopaedic surgery.

PMID- 2907249
TI  - [Prevention of cement extravasation into soft tissues in compound
      osteosyntheses].

PMID- 2907250
TI  - [Computerized tomography findings and the clinical course in infratentorial
      trauma].
AB  - Clinical examination of severe brain injuries often suggests involvement of the
      brain stem and pontine structures not only via functional but also via structural
      lesions. Computer tomographic evidence of infratentorial trauma, however appears
      comparably rarely. 32 of 436 brain injured patients examined by CT showed
      traumatic infratentorial lesions. We examined these patients with regard to the
      distribution of structural damage, place of primary impact of force, incidence of
      skull fractures and accompanying supratentorial injuries, initial clinical status
      and clinical outcome. All but 2 patients were primarily unconscious. The lethal
      outcome in 7 patients was presumably due to the traumatic involvement of
      supratentorial structures. Patients with mainly infratentorial lesions--even with
      large epidural haematoma--showed a good recovery and fair rehabilitative outcome
      if the operation was performed immediately.

PMID- 2907251
TI  - [The post-burn process--a determinant in local surgical treatment of deep burns].
AB  - Afterburning has been studied in the animal experiment by use of intravital dye
      indicators and by measuring partial oxygen pressure. After third degree burn the
      oxygen conduction of the damaged skin increased. The afterburning was seen to be
      finished on the 5th day after the burn trauma. The histological changes in the
      depth of the afterburn area reaches to the subcutis. The extend of the afterburn
      area was not related to the applied temperature or the duration of the
      experimental burn injury.

PMID- 2907252
TI  - [Changes in pressure and contact surface of the talar joint surface in various
      foot angle positions and following stepwise division of the fibular ligaments--an
      experimental study].
AB  - Pressure and area of contact curves of the ankle joint were determined in various
      degrees of flexion and with the external ligaments in different states of
      severance or division, using five ankle joint preparations as basis. The largest
      contact area and most uniform pressure distribution were seen if the ankle was in
      normal position and at a plantar flexion of five degrees. After injury of the
      external ligaments there was either a reduction of the area of contact associated
      with a pressure increase, or an increase of the area of contact associated with
      an inhomogeneous pressure distribution. The greatest loss in area of contact and
      pressure increase occurred after lesion of the fibular ligaments in supination
      and supination/plantar flexion of the foot. The moment of rotation for supinatory
      forces applied to the margin of the foot, increased continuously in that case.

PMID- 2907253
TI  - [Results of biomechanical studies of various external fixation devices of the
      pelvis].
AB  - Various mounting systems used in fixation of the pelvis were tested for their
      stability. The systems were mounted on macerated pelvices and their firmness
      examined. The criterion for the examination was on the one hand the force needed
      under distraction to cause a distension in the region of the symphysis or of the
      sacroiliac joint of 1 cm., on the other hand the force needed to tilt the
      disjunction points for 1 cm. when shearing takes place. It was concluded from the
      study that in clinical use, given unstable pelvic fractures, mountings applied
      only anteriorly are not capable of withstanding the strain expected under
      biological conditions. Consequently, mobilisation with full weight bearing in
      instable pelvic fractures is not possible in a shorter period of time than with
      conservative (extension) treatment.

PMID- 2907254
TI  - [Late results of surgical management of medial femoral neck fractures by
      spongiosa traction screws].
AB  - In 36 cases of medial fracture of the femoral neck percutaneous compression
      osteosynthesis by a specific traction-screw was carried out. During a 3-year
      follow up five femoral head necroses and three cases of non-union occurred. 28
      patients showed good or excellent results. Comparison with results of AO
      spongiosa screws and sliding-screw plate reveals no significant differences. Due
      to small additional operative trauma this percutaneous fixation technique is an
      appropriate alternative of osteosynthesis of medial fractures of the femoral
      neck, especially in polytraumatised patients and old patients with high operative
      risk.

PMID- 2907255
TI  - [Abduction fractures of the femur neck in adolescents].
AB  - Valgus fractures of the femoral neck during growth are a rarity. Four cases are
      reported, and, in addition, one patient from the literature. Three were treated
      by bed rest, two by primary screw fixation. Clinical results were good; there was
      no necrosis. In accordance with the experience with similar fractures in adults
      primary osteosynthesis is recommended in all cases to prevent secondary
      displacement. Decompression of the hip joint by aspiration should be done for
      diagnosis and for decompression of tension haemarthrosis.

PMID- 2907256
TI  - [Bilateral intra-ligamentous traumatic rupture of both patellar tendons--a case
      report].
AB  - The authors report on a rare case of a bilateral intra-ligamentous rupture of the
      patellar ligaments and describe their technique of reconstruction. Special
      emphasis is given to the correct adjustment of the length of the patellar
      ligament.

PMID- 2907257
TI  - [Dorsal dislocation of the metacarpophalangeal joint of the index finger].
AB  - The author reports on a dorsal dislocation of the metacarpophalangeal joint of
      the index finger. This type of lesion is relatively rare. Reduction is easy in
      incomplete dislocation, but the complete dislocation requires surgical
      intervention.

PMID- 2907258
TI  - Human monkeypox: confusion with chickenpox.
AB  - Human monkeypox is a zoonosis occurring sporadically in the tropical rain forest
      of western and central Africa. The exact incidence and geographical distribution
      are unknown, since many cases are not recognized. Special surveillance was
      established in three regions in Zaire in 1981 that led to a substantial increase
      in reported cases. The question arose as to the possibility that clinical
      diagnostic errors cause some cases of monkeypox to be misdiagnosed as other
      eruptive diseases. This paper presents the results of a study assessing the
      extent of and reasons for these clinical diagnostic errors in areas where health
      staff as well as the general public are aware of human monkeypox. In Zaire in the
      period 1981-1986, 977 persons with skin eruption not clinically diagnosed as
      human monkeypox were laboratory tested. 3.3% of human monkeypox cases were found
      among 730 patients diagnosed as cases of chickenpox, 7.3% among cases diagnosed
      as "atypical chickenpox" and 6.1% among cases with skin rash for which clinical
      diagnosis could not be established. The diagnostic difficulties were mainly based
      on clinical features characteristic of chickenpox: regional pleomorphism (in 46%
      of misdiagnosed cases), indefinite body-distribution of skin eruptions (49%), and
      centripetal distribution of skin lesions (17%). Lymph-node enlargement was
      observed in 76% of misdiagnosed patients. In the absence of smallpox, the main
      clinical diagnostic problem is the differentiation of human monkeypox from
      chickenpox. The presence of lymphadenopathy, pre-eruptive fever and slower
      maturation of skin lesions are the most important clinical signs supporting
      correct diagnosis of monkeypox.

PMID- 2907259
TI  - Serodiagnosis of African sleeping sickness in vervet monkeys by detection of
      parasite antigens.
AB  - Sera of vervet monkeys experimentally infected with T. b. rhodesiense were
      examined using a double antibody sandwich ELISA and Procyclic Agglutination
      Trypanosomiasis Test (PATT) for the presence of circulating trypanosomal antigens
      and anti-procyclic surface antibodies, respectively. Trypanosomal antigens were
      detected at 7 days post infection and remained at a detectable level thereafter
      during the infection. Antigens were not detected in sera prior to experimental
      infection or at 26 days after trypanocidal drug treatment. Although both the PATT
      and the sandwich ELISA results correlated with the infection status of the
      animals, the sandwich ELISA gave a better indication of the disease progression
      than the PATT, especially during trypanocidal drug therapy. The results
      illustrate the potential utility of the double antibody sandwich ELISA for
      diagnosis of African sleeping sickness.

PMID- 2907260
TI  - [The use of sentinel animals for the evaluation of the control of vectors of
      sleeping sickness: preliminary reports at a Congolese site].
AB  - A large-scale control trial against Glossina palpalis palpalis was carried out in
      the Congo using a new trapping technique. In the same way a test related to the
      experimental utilization of sentinel animals was performed, concurrently to the
      classical epidemiological and entomological evaluation. 564 domestic animals
      (pigs, sheep, goats) were examined parasitologically (wet blood films, Woo/HCT)
      and serologically (Testryps CATT) in six villages. When a drastic reduction of
      tsetse populations was achieved (i.e. zero point of apparent density) a
      parasitological negativation was first noted after one year and a complete
      serological negativation was observed after two years. If only a relative
      decrease in the vector's apparent densities occurred, it was related with a lower
      of sero-parasitological prevalence rate. The use of a serological test which was
      able to detect Trypanosoma congolense antibodies as the Testryp CATT, is a
      particularly useful technique for estimating the animal transmission level. These
      first results give some arguments that a parasitological and serological
      continuous of sentinel animals as pigs and sheep is a useful mean for evaluating
      the efficiency of a control campaign against sleeping sickness vectors.

PMID- 2907261
TI  - The feeding habits of the tsetse, Glossina pallidipes Austen on the south Kenya
      coast, in the context of its host range and trypanosome infection rates in other
      parts of east Africa.
AB  - The results of blood-meal identifications for 651 Glossina pallidipes from 5
      subpopulations near the Kenya coast south of Mombasa, and one, 70 km inland, are
      presented. Bushpigs and/or warthogs were important hosts for G. pallidipes at all
      sites. Other major hosts included elephant, buffalo and bushbuck where they were
      present, and on a dairy ranch nearly 30% of feeds were taken from cattle. There
      was a general relationship between the numbers and diversity of wild herbivores
      and the abundance of G. pallidipes. These results are discussed in relation to
      published data on feeding patterns and trypanosome infection rates for G.
      pallidipes from other parts of East Africa. Overall, there are significant
      correlations between the proportions of bovid feeds and T. vivax infections.
      Bovid-feeding G. pallidipes populations with high T. vivax infection rates in
      south-east Uganda and western Kenya contrast with the coastal, suid-feeding
      populations with low T. vivax rates. These characteristics are presented as
      clines extending across East Africa.

PMID- 2907262
TI  - [An ecologic study of adult and larval Culicidae in a rice field of Kou Valley,
      Burkino Faso].
AB  - An entomological survey based on collections of human bait mosquitoes and of
      mosquito larvae was carried out through one year in a rice-field, the Kou Valley
      of southwest Burkina Faso. Each year, in this irrigated rice field there are two
      crops of rice, one during the dry season and another during the wet one. Between
      the two rice cycles irrigation is interrupted and the rice field becomes dry. The
      rice crop cycle moves through several stages, all of which have positive or
      negative effects on the development of the larvae of most abundant mosquitoes
      species. Rice cultivation does not explain however entirely the ecology of
      mosquito populations. Two main limiting factors for mosquito development are
      highlighted: the season with two periods (1. dry, 2. wet) and the rice
      cultivation with three periods (1. start of the flooding, growing rice
      transplantation and tillering, 2. rice heading and flowering, 3. rice maturation
      and harvest). The development of a majority of mosquito species depends strictly
      on rice growth: (i) Anopheles gambiae s.1. uses the whole rice field during the
      first period of rice cultivation until growing rice protects the larval breeding
      places from solar radiation. It is the most frequent mosquito (53% of the man
      biting mosquitoes caught). 5% of its larvae are parasitized with a fungus
      Coelomomyces sp., (ii) A. pharoensis has its maximum density during the second
      period of rice cultivation, as Culex gr. decens; both seem to succeed better in
      the dry season, contrary to all other anophelines, (iii) A. coustani profits by
      the third period when the pH of the breeding places becomes basic.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2907263
TI  - Antibody response against Litomosoides carinii and the distribution of bound
      antibodies on microfilariae from the different internal organs of cotton rats.
AB  - The courses of IgG and IgM antibody levels against adult worm and microfilarial
      antigen were determined in isogenetic cotton rats infected quantitatively with
      Litomosoides carinii. Against both antigens, IgG as well as IgM, antibody levels
      exceeded significantly those of noninfected animals, and the IgG levels were
      generally higher than the IgM levels. The total antibody production was depressed
      transiently 8 weeks p.i. by the appearance of microfilariae in the peripheral
      blood. A second transient depression occurred two weeks earlier against
      microfilarial antigen than it occurred against adult worm antigen. At 3 different
      times after the infection, the amount of adsorbed antibodies was assessed on
      adult worms and on microfilariae, which were isolated from blood and by a
      specially developed method from the internal organs. The percentual distribution
      of microfilariae in the different organs and blood changed during patency. In
      spleen, kidney, and lung a continuous increase was observed, whereas in heart and
      liver the percentage initially increased, and then decreased. The opposite course
      was seen in blood. Most antibodies adsorbed on the surface of microfilariae and
      adult worms belonged to the IgM class. Predominantly, the antibodies were
      detected on organ microfilariae, particularly on those in spleen and kidney,
      while blood microfilariae had lower amounts of bound antibodies. Furthermore, by
      complement fixation, no common antigens could be detected on the surface of host
      cells and the different L. carinii stages.

PMID- 2907264
TI  - The skin-dwelling microfilariae of Monanema martini in Lemniscomys striatus as
      potential drug screening model for onchocerciasis: midazolam effect in vitro.
AB  - The murid model of Monanema martini in Lemniscomys striatus was used to evaluate
      its potential as drug screening model in onchocerciasis. It had been described
      that the histopathology and the reaction to diethylcarbamazine treatment of this
      model closely resemble human onchocerciasis. To study further similarities the in
      vitro effect of midazolam was examined. Skin-dwelling microfilariae (mf) of M.
      martini were taken by skin snips and placed in either plain phosphat buffered
      saline or midazolam. Concentrations of 50 micrograms/ml midazolam significantly
      reduced motility within 15 min. The percentage of fully motile mf dropped to 9.2
      and 1.4 after 15 and 30 min, respectively. In contrast to this finding fully
      motile mf were obtained after intraperitoneal injection of 60 mg/kg BW; but the
      technique used did not allow to evaluate the in vivo effect of midazolam. The
      similarities with the human disease and the finding that midazolam paralyses mf
      of M. martini like mf of O. volvulus in vitro indicate the potential of the model
      for simulating human onchocerciasis.

PMID- 2907265
TI  - [Vitamin A deficiency in a rural population of Mauritania and absence of a
      correlation with urinary schistosomiasis].
AB  - This work is part of a wider study on urinary schistosomiasis in a West African
      rural population and was devoted to the assessment of vitamin A deficiency and
      the analysis of relations between serum retinol levels and Schistosoma
      haematobium infection. The study took place in two villages located in a
      southeastern region of Mauritania (Hodh-El-Gharbi), a semi-arid zone struck by
      the Sahel drought. During the dry season 1985, 206 children between 1 and 15
      years of age were randomly selected (single-stage cluster sampling), 81 from the
      first village, and 125 from the second. The following information was recorded:
      sex, age (or age group), symptoms of vitamin A deficiency, weight for height
      (NCHS reference), S. haematobium eggs count, vitamin A level and anti
      schistosomiasis antibodies. In Kerkerat 4 children had eye signs of vitamin A
      deficiency and serum retinol concentration were found less than 100 micrograms/l
      in 8 subjects (10 +/- 3%) while 41 children had retinol serum concentration
      between 100 and 200 micrograms/l (50.6 +/- 5%). There was no difference between
      the age groups. In Limbehra most of children had serum retinol concentration
      greater than 200 micrograms/ml and no level less than 100 micrograms/l was found.
      In this village, children aged 10-15 years had a better retinol status than
      children under 10 years of age (chi 2 = 6.14, p less than 0.02). In both villages
      S. haematobium infection was not associated with a low serum retinol level. This
      study confirms that retinol deficiency is a public health problem in rural
      Mauritanian population, but keeping with other studies, there is no correlation
      with urinary schistosomiasis.

PMID- 2907266
TI  - Quantitation of antibodies to infective larvae in Wuchereria bancrofti
      filariasis. Short communications.

PMID- 2907267
TI  - Anaemia in bovine African trypanosomiasis. A review.

PMID- 2907268
TI  - Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis in Takayasu's arteritis.
AB  - The occurrence of glomerulonephritis (GN) in patients with Takayasu's arteritis
      (TA) is rare. We describe a 28-year-old man with TA who presented with mesangial
      proliferative GN and subsequently developed membranoproliferative GN with
      nephrotic syndrome and deterioration of the renal function. The former is the
      most common type of GN complicating TA, while the latter has not been adequately
      reported in association with this disease. Although the mechanisms for the
      initiation and progression of these glomerular injuries are not clear, the
      present case suggests that a wider spectrum of GN can be seen in patients with TA
      and that cases of TA with urinary abnormalities should be followed carefully.

PMID- 2907269
TI  - Comparison of maxillofacial and dental injuries in four contact team sports:
      American football, bandy, basketball, and handball.
AB  - Maxillofacial and dental injuries were studied in registered players of American
      football, bandy, basketball, and handball in Finland between 1979 and 1985. In
      American football, where facial protection is complete and mandatory,
      maxillofacial and dental accidents accounted for only 1.4% of all accidents. In
      bandy, where facial protection was inadequate during the time of study (only the
      helmet and extraoral mouth protector were mandatory), the respective figure was
      10.6%. The most frequent causes of injury were a blow from another player (in
      American football, basketball, and handball) or a blow from the stick (in bandy).
      In American football, the mean cost of treatment related to maxillofacial and
      dental injuries was only 60% of the mean total cost of all injuries. In contrast,
      the mean cost of treatment for maxillofacial and dental injuries in basketball
      and bandy was twice and three times as high, respectively, as that for all
      injuries. The need for adequate facial protection in contact sports is also
      discussed.

PMID- 2907270
TI  - Beyond hybridomas. Cell identification by in situ nucleic acid hybridization.
AB  - Nucleic acid hybridization is a powerful technique that has been developed almost
      entirely by molecular biologists. It has the potential to identify specific types
      of cells with far greater sensitivity and specificity than such current methods
      as polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies or lectins. As the RNAs or DNAs (probes)
      needed for this technique become available, it is likely to replace other methods
      of identifying many kinds of cells in tissue sections.

PMID- 2907271
TI  - [Continuous intrathecal opiate therapy with a portable drug pump in cancer pain].
AB  - Terminal cancer patients report substantial pain frequently. Pain control can be
      achieved in many patients with conventional methods and analgesics. However,
      significant numbers of patients remain in pain. For these patients, continuous
      intrathecal narcotics delivered by an external portable pump via a subcutaneous
      port, offer substantially improved pain control with minimal risk of serious
      systemic complications. Duration of treatment in our 40 cancer patients lasted up
      to 11 month. Continuous intrathecal morphine or fentanyl relieved pain till death
      due to cancer. Supraspinal side effects of opioids were only seen during the
      first week of intrathecal narcotic treatment. No serious complications like
      meningitis or other infections were observed. Postmortem examination also could
      not detect changes of the cord or signs of arachnoiditis due to intrathecal
      narcotics or the implanted catheter. We conclude, that continuous intrathecal
      narcotic infusion by means of small portable pump is a very efficient method to
      control terminal cancer pain and enables treatment on an outpatient basis until
      death.

PMID- 2907272
TI  - Assessment of enzyme inhibition or stimulation in plasma membrane preparations.
AB  - The purity of isolated plasma membranes is routinely judged by the activity of
      enzymes present both in this membrane and other locations in the cell. However,
      since enzyme inhibition and/or stimulation often occurs following disruption of
      the cell, the question as to which enzyme(s) provides a reliable marker of
      membrane purity should be considered. We have devised a simple method with which
      to address this problem. Inhibition or stimulation of plasma membrane marker
      enzymes can be rapidly assessed in cell homogenates and subfractions by mixing
      both samples, with known enzyme activity, and observing any deviation from the
      expected combined activity. Should the activity remain constant that enzyme can
      be used to gauge the purity of the plasma membrane preparation. Of the four
      putative plasma membrane marker enzymes examined only one, gamma
      glutamyltranspeptidase appeared to give a reliable purity measurement in the cell
      system studied.

PMID- 2907273
TI  - Effects of an orally administered live Escherichia coli pilus vaccine on duration
      of lacteal immunity to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in swine.
AB  - Primigravid swine were vaccinated orally with a live enterotoxigenic Escherichia
      coli (ETEC) strain that produces pilus antigen K99. The titers of K99 antibody in
      colostrum and milk of vaccinates remained higher than those of nonvaccinated
      controls through the first lactation after vaccination (4 weeks). Some control
      swine had low titers of K99 antibody in colostrum or developed low titers of K99
      antibody in milk during lactation. Lacteal K99 antibody titers of vaccinates
      dropped to control levels during the second lactation, 6 months after
      vaccination. Pigs suckling vaccinates and controls were equally susceptible to
      challenge exposure to K99+ ETEC during the second lactation. Orally vaccinated
      swine given a parenteral booster vaccination (with killed K99+ ETEC) during their
      second gestation had K99 antibody in milk through their second lactation. During
      the second lactation, these orally vaccinated parenterally revaccinated swine had
      higher titers of K99 antibody in postcolostral milk than did nonvaccinated
      controls, controls given only the parenteral booster injection, or controls
      vaccinated parenterally during both gestations.

PMID- 2907274
TI  - Antral bombesin: physiological regulator of gastrin secretion.

PMID- 2907275
TI  - Restriction fragment length polymorphisms in the mushrooms Agaricus brunnescens
      and Agaricus bitorquis.
AB  - Two Agaricus species, A. brunnescens (a commercial mushroom) and A. bitorquis (a
      wild, edible species), were examined for restriction fragment length
      polymorphisms. EcoRI-digested nuclear DNA from isolates of both species were
      cloned in plasmid vector pUC18. Ten random recombinant clones were used in
      Southern DNA-DNA hybridizations to probe EcoRI-digested DNA from 11 A.
      brunnescens isolates (7 commercial, 2 wild type, and 2 homokaryotic) and 7 A.
      bitorquis isolates. Most cloned fragments were polymorphic in both species. There
      were fewer different genotypes than expected, however, in the sample of
      commercial A. brunnescens strains. DNA from homokaryotic strains showed fewer
      bands in most hybridizations than DNA from heterokaryotic strains. All A.
      bitorquis isolates could be distinguished from each other as well as from every
      A. brunnescens strain. Putative homokaryons were detected by the loss of
      polymorphic bands among protoplast regenerates from one commercial strain and two
      strains collected in the wild.

PMID- 2907276
TI  - [Transmission of human malaria in a savanna village of South-West Burkina Faso].

PMID- 2907277
TI  - The antimuscarinic activity of a dopamine receptor agonist (RDS-127)
      differentiates M2-muscarinic receptors of heart, ileum and trachea in guinea-pig.
AB  - The antimuscarinic action of a dopamine receptor agonist, 2-di-n-propylamino-4,7
      dimethoxyindane (RDS-127) was evaluated using guinea-pig isolated electrically
      paced left atria, spontaneously beating atria, ileal longitudinal muscle and
      tracheal strip. RDS-127 competitively antagonized the responses to carbachol in
      all these tissues. RDS-127 exhibits higher selectivity for tracheal M2-muscarinic
      receptors than for cardiac and ileal receptors. In addition, the affinity of RDS
      127 towards cardiac M2-muscarinic receptors was also greater than towards ileum.
      RDS-127 did not show any selectivity for M2-muscarinic receptors mediating
      negative inotropic and chronotropic effects.

PMID- 2907278
TI  - Staurosporine counteracts the phorbol ester-induced enhancement of
      neurotransmitter release in hippocampus.
AB  - The effects of staurosporine, introduced as a very potent inhibitor of protein
      kinase C (PKC), on evoked neurotransmitter release were investigated and compared
      with those of the other PKC inhibitors: 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2
      methylpiperazine (H7) and polymyxin B (PMB). Slices of rabbit hippocampus,
      prelabelled with either [3H]noradrenaline, [3H]5-hydroxytryptamine or [3H]choline
      were superfused with physiological medium. During superfusion the slices were
      stimulated either electrically (3 Hz, 5 V/cm, 24 mA, 2 msec) or by high K+ (30
      mM) for 2 min, respectively. Both the electrically and potassium evoked overflow
      were increased by the PKC activator 4 beta-phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDB). The
      degree of the enhancement by PDB was dependent on the transmitter and the
      stimulation conditions used. These results may be explained by differences in the
      extent of activation of PKC during electrically or potassium evoked release. The
      PDB-induced enhancement of electrically or potassium evoked release of the 3
      transmitters was counteracted by staurosporine (1 microM) in concentrations much
      lower than those required for H7 (100 microM) and PMB (100 microM). PMB, which
      has been shown to decrease electrically evoked transmitter release, similarly
      diminished K+-evoked release. In contrast, only the potassium evoked
      [3H]acetylcholine release was significantly diminished by staurosporine (1
      microM) and H7 (100 microM). In conclusion, these results show again that
      facilitation of neurotransmitter release by phorbol esters is due to activation
      of PKC.

PMID- 2907279
TI  - Neuroleptic-like, anticonvulsant and antinociceptive effects of aporphine
      alkaloids: bulbocapnine, corytuberine, boldine and glaucine.
AB  - The aporphine alkaloids bulbocapnine, corytuberine, boldine and glaucine were
      studied in mice and compared with haloperidol, phenobarbital and morphine. All
      aporphines inhibited the exploratory rearing activity and elicited palpebral
      ptosis, catalepsy, hypothermia, and prolonged anesthesia by thiopental. They also
      reduced nociception (hot plate; phenylquinone-induced writhing) and (except for
      corytuberine) were anticonvulsant against harman and picrotoxin, but not against
      bicuculline and pentetrazol; corytuberine was proconvulsant. The aporphines
      (except for corytuberine) antagonized the apomorphine- and methylphenidate
      induced stereotyped gnawing and also the apomorphine-induced climbing activity;
      corytuberine was prostereotypic. The antignawing effects (including those of
      haloperidol) were stronger when the antagonists were administered after the
      agonists (gnawing full-fletched) rather than before them: this led to the
      speculation of a metaphilic interaction at central site(s). Clonazepam inhibited
      the antistereotypic effect (vs apomorphine) more potently with the aporphines
      than with haloperidol. The antinociceptive effect (writhing) of the aporphines
      was, in contrast to that of morphine, resistant to both naloxone and yohimbine.
      The latter applied also to the antilicking action in the hot plate test; the
      antijumping effect of boldine was (like that of morphine) antagonized by both
      yohimbine and naloxone, whereas that of corytuberine was inhibited only by
      naloxone and that of bulbocapnine preferentially by yohimbine. Hence, opioid and
      adrenergic mechanisms are unequally involved in the antinociceptive effects of
      the aporphines. The present results also showed that licking and jumping (in the
      hot plate test) are pharmacologically different phenomena. In low doses, the
      aporphines and haloperidol antagonized the antinociceptive effect of morphine
      (hot plate); hence, these drugs may be considered partial agonists or partial
      antagonists, respectively.

PMID- 2907280
TI  - In vitro effects of S.3341 on the spontaneous contractile activity of the rat
      portal vein: interference with the alpha-adrenergic stimulation.
AB  - The aim of this study was to evaluate the alpha 1-adrenoceptor properties of
      S.3341, a new alpha-adrenoceptor agonist. Experiments were performed by recording
      isometric tension of the rat portal vein. pD2 values and apparent intrinsic
      efficacy of alpha-adrenoceptor agonists (S.3341, norepinephrine, phenylephrine
      and clonidine) were assessed from cumulative concentration-response curves.
      Particular attention was paid to the variations in the amplitude of spontaneous
      contractions and the increase in the tonus of the vein induced by these agonists.
      The rank order of activity (pD2 values) of these agonists on the amplitude of
      spontaneous contractions and on the tonus was as follows: norepinephrine greater
      than or equal to phenylephrine greater than clonidine greater than S.3341. The
      activity of S.3341 on spontaneous contractions of the vein was found to be of the
      alpha 1-type only at concentrations higher than 10(-6)M. This concentration
      dependent effect was antagonized by prazosin but not by rauwolscine. For
      concentrations lower than 10(-6)M, S.3341 decreased the amplitude of spontaneous
      contractions. This effect was not modified by prazosin or rauwolscine and was
      affected (decreased) after treatment of the vein with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA).
      S.3341 was barely able to increase the tonus of the vein, whatever the
      concentration used. Moreover, S.3341 was able to antagonize the increase in
      amplitude of spontaneous contraction and tonus of the vein induced by clonidine
      and phenylephrine. The effect of S.3341 on the slow inward calcium current was
      also tested and no effect was found, even at high concentrations. The results
      suggest that in the rat portal vein, S.3341 is a weak partial alpha 1
      adrenoceptor agonist which exhibits a quite novel property not related to an
      adrenergic stimulation or a calcium entry blocking property. The mechanism of
      this novel effect remains to be elucidated.

PMID- 2907281
TI  - Effects of beta-adrenergic agents on the regional cerebral blood flow in cortex
      and thalamus of the cat.
AB  - The effects of the beta-adrenergic agents isoprenaline, terbutaline, l,d
      propranolol, acebutolol, as well as d-propranolol, on the regional cerebral blood
      flow (rCBF) in cortex and thalamus and arterial blood pressure (ABP) were
      investigated following i.v. administration. The experiments were performed in 64
      cats anaesthetized with ether and chloralose. The rCBF was measured using the
      thermistor thermoclearance technique. Isoprenaline, as well as terbutaline (1, 3,
      5 micrograms/kg) decreased the cortical rCBF and the ABP (p less than .05). Both
      adrenergic agonists increased the thalamic rCBF despite the decrease in ABP (p
      less than .05). L,d-propranolol (1 mg/kg) abolished the effects of isoprenaline
      and terbutaline on thalamic rCBF. Acebutolol (0.6 mg/kg) or d-propranolol (0.5
      mg/kg) did not alter isoprenaline- and terbutaline-induced effects on rCBF in
      thalamus. L,d-propranolol decreased the thalamic rCBF, whereas d-propranolol
      increased the rCBF in thalamus (p less than .05). Acebutolol did not change the
      thalamic rCBF significantly. The results obtained indicate that beta-adrenergic
      agents have heterogeneous effects on rCBF in cortex and thalamus. Their effects
      on thalamic rCBF seem to be accomplished by beta 2-adrenoceptor stimulation.

PMID- 2907283
TI  - Experimental aspects of transplantation of haemopoietic cells of fetal liver.
AB  - About 25% mice treated for radiation-induced bone marrow aplasia with allogeneic
      transplantation of histoincompatible fetal liver cells survived four months. The
      same survival time was observed in 80% of mice after transplantation of syngeneic
      fetal liver cells. Mice irradiated and not treated and those receiving
      transplants of allogeneic histoincompatible bone marrow died within a few weeks
      after transplantation. This observation confirms the reports on the therapeutic
      superiority of transplantation of haemopoietic fetal liver cells over
      transplantation of bone marrow of similar tissue incompatibility and reports on
      the usefulness of tissue matching, if possible. Another observation was an
      absence of inactivation of the haemopoietic stem cells in mixtures of
      genotypically different fetal liver cells. The animals receiving these cell
      mixtures showed survival rates similar to those of the animals receiving
      genetically homogenous cells. This opens theoretical possibilities for
      undertaking clinical trials of transplantation of cells from several fetal
      livers, especially in view of the accumulating reports that one human fetal liver
      may be too small to serve as a source of stem cells for ensuring successful
      transplantation.

PMID- 2907282
TI  - [Transient neonatal hyperthyrotropinemia].
AB  - The systematic screening for congenital hypothyroidism allowed to better precise
      the transient abnormalities of thyroid function and to interpret their mechanisms
      and frequency. This study analysed the transient TSH increase observed in 74
      children between 1982 and 1987. Eighteen children presented with an obvious
      disorder, most often iodine intoxication. In 31 cases, iodine poisoning, was
      likely, according to history. No precise etiology could be found in 25 cases. In
      7 children, L-thyroxine treatment was necessary, for various durations.

PMID- 2907284
TI  - Synthesis of compounds with a possible Ca-antagonist and beta-blocking activity.

PMID- 2907285
TI  - [Protective effect of Sm 857 on allergen-induced immediate bronchoconstriction].

PMID- 2907286
TI  - [Inhibitory effect of an alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist (midaglizole) on
      bronchial asthma--basic studies on experimental guinea pig bronchoconstriction].

PMID- 2907287
TI  - Tardive dyskinesia clinic.

PMID- 2907288
TI  - Platelet serotonin uptake in panic disorder: comparison with normal controls and
      the effect of treatment.
AB  - Platelet serotonin uptake was measured in 59 patients with panic attacks and
      compared to 26 controls. Scatchard analysis of the data showed that the maximal
      rate of uptake (Vmax) of serotonin was significantly higher in patients than
      controls. The affinity constant (Km) was not different. In a sub-group of 24
      patients, benzodiazepine treatment did not alter the kinetics of platelet
      serotonin uptake. These findings suggest an abnormality in serotonergic function
      in patients with panic attacks. Insofar as the platelet is a model of central
      neuronal function they support serotonergic hyperactivity as a biochemical basis
      of panic attacks.

PMID- 2907289
TI  - T cell regulated hematopoiesis--molecular interactions in hematopoietic control
      by CD2 and interleukin 2.
AB  - Studies are reviewed, which establish a novel regulatory role for the T cell
      surface molecule CD2 and the T cell lymphokine IL-2: Immunoregulation of
      hematopoiesis. IL-2 induces a receptor-specific inhibition of early erythroid
      progenitors. IL-2-induced inhibition of erythropoiesis is mediated by interferon
      gamma protein release and is associated with interferon-gamma mRNA accumulation.
      CD3-triggered p55 IL-2 receptor expression is a prerequisite for IL-2-induced
      erythropoietic inhibition and is associated with p55 mRNA synthesis.
      Hematopoietic effects of IL-2 are mediated by CD2/LFA-3 receptor ligand
      interactions. The studies demonstrate that the regulatory roles of IL-2 and CD2
      extend beyond governance of the immune system itself and can subserve to control
      red cell production in vitro.

PMID- 2907291
TI  - Restriction-fragment-length-polymorphisms close to the human insulin gene on
      chromosome 11 and their possible relation to diabetes mellitus in a GDR
      population.
AB  - A polymorphic DNA sequence flanking the 5'-region of the human insulin gene was
      studied by means of Southern blot hybridization techniques in 92 diabetic and non
      diabetic individuals in order to investigate the possible relation of their
      allelic variants to certain types of diabetes. DNA was isolated from nucleated
      blood cells and digested with the restriction endonucleases EcoRI or Bg1 I. Only
      two classes of alleles were found (U and L). The small L-allele was predominantly
      found with the following frequency: 0.64 in controls, 0.795 in insulin-dependent
      diabetics, and 0.625 in non-dependent patients. It could be demonstrated that the
      L-allele and IDDM are associated. These data suggest that this allele seems to be
      a genetic marker for insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The putative function
      of the polymorphic region in the aetiology of diabetes mellitus and the possible
      genes being in linkage disequilibrium with it are not known so far.

PMID- 2907290
TI  - Molecular genetic studies in achondroplasia.

PMID- 2907292
TI  - Polymorphism of insulin gene area in Japanese: relationship with insulin
      dependent and non-insulin dependent diabetes.

PMID- 2907293
TI  - Genetic variants of the insulin receptor in type II (non-insulin dependent)
      diabetes mellitus.
AB  - DNA variation related to the insulin receptor gene was studied with the
      restriction endonucleases Sst 1 and Bgl II. These identified 4 alleles, termed S1
      (5.3 kilobases), S2 (5.8 kilobases), B1 (23.4 kilobases) and B2 (20.0 kilobases).
      Random association between these two insulin receptor polymorphisms was found in
      all of the study groups. The frequencies of genotypes possessing the S2 allele in
      Caucasian controls (n = 54), race matched non-insulin dependent diabetics (n =
      56) and insulin dependent diabetics (n = 34) were 0.06, 0.18 and 0.04
      respectively (p less than 0.01 for NIDDM versus IDDM or controls by chi-squared
      test). There were no significant differences in frequencies of genotypes with the
      B1 or B2 alleles amongst these three groups. The S2 allele or adjacent loci may
      provide a useful genetic marker for NIDDM.

PMID- 2907294
TI  - Prostaglandin production by human promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60) cells.
AB  - A comparative analysis of prostaglandin production was carried out on human
      promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60) cells treated with either PMA or DMSO. When
      incubated with [1-14C]arachidonic acid these cells produced significant amounts
      of 6-keto prostaglandin F1 alpha, thromboxane B2, prostaglandin F2 alpha,
      prostaglandin E2, prostaglandin D2 and 12-hydroxy-5,8,10-heptadecatrienoic acid
      via the cyclooxygenase pathway. The major cyclooxygenase metabolite synthesized
      by these cells was prostaglandin F2 alpha. Its production increased significantly
      when the HL-60 cells were treated with PMA and decreased when treated with DMSO
      as compared to untreated control cells. This change in the production of
      prostaglandin F2 alpha appears to reflect alterations in cyclooxygenase activity.
      Another unidentified arachidonic acid metabolite was routinely observed in C18
      high pressure liquid chromatography. The synthesis of this compound was inhibited
      by indomethacin. The unidentified metabolite was also seen in the human
      macrophage-like cell line U937.

PMID- 2907295
TI  - The carotid bodies of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) after long-term
      stimulation by almitrine bismesylate.
AB  - The influence of daily oral application of 1.0 mg/kg almitrine bismesylate given
      from the 17th to the 30th week of age on the carotid bodies of male spontaneously
      hypertensive rats (SHR) was studied. Neither an enlargement nor histological
      changes of the carotid bodies were found. The results are compared with findings
      obtained after exposure of SHR to long-term hypobaric hypoxia and discussed.

PMID- 2907296
TI  - [Amino acid sequence of neurotoxins IV and V from the sea anemone Radianthus
      macrodactylus].
AB  - Amino acid sequences of neurotoxins RTX-IV and RTX-V isolated from the sea
      anemone Radianthus macrodactylus were determined by the automated Edman
      degradation; their polypeptide chains consist of 48 and 47 amino acid residues,
      respectively. For identification of tryptophan-30 in toxin RTX-IV, its trypsin
      and chymotrypsin digests were investigated. Amino acid sequences of the above
      toxins show that they belong to a new structural class and that C-terminal
      positive charge and tyrosine-25 are important for toxic activity of sea anemone
      polypeptides.

PMID- 2907297
TI  - Absence of a close linkage between Alzheimer's disease susceptibility gene and a
      polymorphic DNA probe coding for beta-amyloid.
AB  - The hypothesis of a connection between Alzheimer's disease (AD) gene and the
      probe coding for beta-amyloid (beta-A), located on chromosome 21, was
      investigated in a large study group from Calabria, in which AD was transmitted as
      an autosomal dominant Mendelian trait. Segregation analysis of one EcoRI
      restriction polymorphism of beta-A, after molecular hybridization with a long
      cDNA probe of DNAs from key-individuals in the study group, determined that there
      was not a close connection between AD and beta-A.

PMID- 2907298
TI  - Somatostatin analogues in the treatment of the carcinoid syndrome.
AB  - Somatostatin analogs have been found useful in a variety of endocrine-related
      diseases. In particular, patients with malignant carcinoid syndrome benefit from
      their administration. A review of published data and a rationale for their use is
      hereby presented.

PMID- 2907299
TI  - Hypothalamic alpha-adrenergic blockade modifies drinking and blood pressure
      responses to central angiotensin II in conscious rats.
AB  - These experiments investigated in the awake rat the involvement of noradrenergic
      projections to the rostral hypothalamus in the drinking and pressor responses
      elicited by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injections of 25 ng of angiotensin
      II. Phentolamine mesylate in doses of 2.5-125 micrograms injected into the
      rostral hypothalamus produced a dose-dependent depression of both the drinking
      and pressor responses elicited by i.c.v. administration of angiotensin II. A
      paradoxical increase in heart rate was associated with a decrease in pressor
      responses with increasing doses of phentolamine. This response was due to tissue
      injections, since pretreatment by injecting 12.5 micrograms of phentolamine into
      the ventricle did not block either the cardiovascular or drinking responses to
      i.c.v. injections of angiotensin II. Yohimbine (0.33-3.3 micrograms), DL
      propranolol (25 micrograms), and atenolol (25 micrograms) did not, but prazosin
      (0.7 microgram) did significantly alter the pressor responses. Although yohimbine
      also was without effect on drinking, prazosin reduced the drinking responses.
      These results suggest that alpha 1-adrenergic receptors in the rostral
      hypothalamus are involved in the control of both the drinking and pressor
      responses elicited by i.c.v. injections of angiotensin II. In the case of
      propranolol and atenolol, beta-adrenergic receptors altered only the drinking
      response in a nonspecific manner by eliciting competing behaviors. Whether they
      are involved in modifying the drinking response only remains to be demonstrated.

PMID- 2907300
TI  - In vivo interactions between prejunctional alpha 2- and beta 2-adrenoceptors at
      the level of the adrenal medulla.
AB  - The combined effect of a beta 2-antagonist and an alpha 2-agonist on the release
      of adrenal catecholamines was studied in the anaesthetized and vagotomized dog.
      The electrical stimulation of the splanchnic nerve (5-V pulses of 2 ms duration
      for 3 min at a frequency of 3 Hz) produced a significant rise in adrenal
      catecholamine release in the adrenal vein. Intravenous injection of a beta 2
      antagonist significantly reduced this response and a subsequent injection of an
      alpha 2-agonist further reduced the release of catecholamines. However, if the
      alpha 2-agonist is injected first, the release is not different compared with the
      control stimulation, and the subsequent injection of the beta 2-antagonist also
      did not modify the release in response to electrical stimulation. These results
      suggest that the blockade of presynaptic beta 2-receptors reduces the release of
      adrenal catecholamines without interfering with the activation of the alpha 2
      adrenoceptors. In contrast, the pretreatment with the alpha 2-agonist, which does
      not modify the release of catecholamine at 3 Hz, seems to interfere with the
      inhibitory effect of the beta 2-antagonist.

PMID- 2907301
TI  - Radiographic evaluation of foot and ankle injuries in the athlete.
AB  - Injuries of the ankle and foot in athletes are quite common. They range from the
      extremely simple sprain to the difficult stress fracture, and may result in long
      term disability. In all cases, the athlete is best treated after an accurate
      diagnosis is achieved.

PMID- 2907302
TI  - Effect of phospholipase A2 and cholesterol oxidase on perazine and promethazine
      penetration into human erythrocytes and on fluidity of the membrane.

PMID- 2907303
TI  - Conformational study of a histamine H2-receptor antagonist: crystal structures of
      2-acetoxy-N-[3-[m-(1-piperidinomethyl)phenoxy]propyl]acetamide (roxatidine
      acetate) and its hydrochloride salt.

PMID- 2907304
TI  - Marine terpenes and terpenoids. V. Oxidation of sarcophytol A, a potent anti
      tumor-promoter from the soft coral Sarcophyton glaucum.

PMID- 2907305
TI  - Bioactive marine diterpenoids from Japanese soft coral of Clavularia sp.

PMID- 2907306
TI  - Synthesis and histamine H2-antagonist activity of 4-quinazolinone derivatives.

PMID- 2907307
TI  - Effects of ketanserin and 3-[2-[4-(o-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl]ethyl]
      2,4(1H,3H)- quinazolinedione monohydrochloride (SGB-1534), anti-hypertensive
      agents, on 3H-serotonin and 3H-ketanserin bindings to serotonergic (5HT1 and
      5HT2) receptors in dog brain and aorta.

PMID- 2907308
TI  - [2 cases of type II tyrosinosis (Richner-Hanhart syndrome)].

PMID- 2907309
TI  - [Uveal reaction in an asthmatic patient treated by a local beta-blocker].

PMID- 2907310
TI  - Effects of somatostatin immunoneutralization on growth and endocrine parameters
      in chickens.
AB  - The effects of somatostatin immunoneutralization on growth rate, growth hormone
      (GH) secretion and circulating insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I)
      concentrations were investigated in chickens through the use of passive and
      active immunization techniques. Intravenous bolus injection of goat
      antisomatostatin stimulated a significant (P less than .05) increase in plasma GH
      levels for one hour post-injection in four and six week old male broiler
      chickens. The GH response to an intravenous bolus injection of hGRF44NH2 was
      similar in the antisomatostatin treated chicks and normal goat serum treated
      controls. Despite the presence of circulating somatostatin antisera after 28
      hours, plasma GH levels were not different between control and antisomatostatin
      treated chicks at that time. Continuous administration of somatostatin antisera
      by Alzet pump over a two-week period resulted in significant (P less than .05)
      elevations in plasma GH levels at one week post-implantation and in circulating
      IGF-I concentrations after two weeks of administration. Chicks which developed
      antibodies against somatostatin following active immunization exhibited a 7.1%
      increase in growth rate which was associated with a significant decrease in
      abdominal fat. However, neither GH nor IGF-I concentrations were elevated in the
      chicks which developed somatostatin antibodies. Thus, the benefits gained from
      somatostatin immunoneutralization may be exerted through mechanisms other than
      GH.

PMID- 2907311
TI  - Synergism and diurnal variations of human growth hormone-releasing factor (1
      29)NH2 and thyrotropin-releasing factor on growth hormone release in dairy
      calves.
AB  - Sixteen male Holstein calves averaging 168 kg body weight (BW) were used to
      determine the effects of human growth hormone-releasing factor (1-29)NH2 (hGRF (1
      29)NH2; .22 micrograms/kg BW), thyrotropin-releasing factor (TRF; .165
      micrograms/kg BW) or hGRF (1-29)NH2 plus TRF (.22 and .165 micrograms/kg BW,
      respectively) on growth hormone (GH) release in animals exposed to 16 hr of light
      (L): 8 hr of dark (D) (lights on at 0100 hr) and hGRF plus TRF (.22 and .165
      micrograms/kg BW, respectively) in animals exposed to 8L:16D (lights on at 0900
      hr). For each treatment, times of iv injection were 0400, 1000, 1600 and 2200 hr.
      In animals exposed to 16L:8D, average GH peaks reached after hGRF (1-29)NH2 or
      TRF injections were 49.7 and 32.0 ng/ml while the area under the GH response
      curve (AUC) were 1247 and 1019 ng/ml.min, respectively. There was no significant
      effect of times of injection on GH release following the separate injection of
      hGRF(1-29)NH2 or TRF. In animals exposed to 16L:8D, GH peaks and AUC after hGRF
      plus TRF injections were 226.4, 189.2 and 116.8 ng/ml, and 4340, 3660 and 2415
      ng/ml.min at 0400, 1000 and 1600 hr (lights on), respectively but only 42.3 ng/ml
      and 1692 ng/ml.min at 2200 hr (lights off). In animals exposed to 8L:16D, GH
      levels and AUC after hGRF plus TRF injections reached 177.5 and 180.5 ng/ml, and
      2759 and 3704 ng/ml.min at 1000 and 1600 hr (lights on) but only 84.0 and 72.7
      ng/ml, and 1544 and 1501 ng/ml.min at 0400 and 2200 hr (lights off),
      respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2907312
TI  - Modulation of growth hormone-releasing factor-induced release of growth hormone
      from bovine pituitary cells.
AB  - Growth hormone (GH)-releasing factor (GRF) at concentrations of 10(-12) through
      10(-7) M for 6 hr linearly increased GH release (b1 = 10.4 +/- .3) from bovine
      anterior pituitary cells in culture. Maximum release of GH (262% above controls)
      occurred at 10(-7) M GRF. In contrast, GH release-inhibiting factor (SRIF) at 10(
      12) through 10(-5) M had no effect on basal concentrations of GH. In a second
      experiment, as the proportion of SRIF relative to GRF increased, SRIF suppression
      of GRF-induced GH release from anterior pituitary cells increased. In a third
      experiment, anterior pituitary cells cultured in media containing fetal calf
      serum (FCS) were treated with cortisol (0 or 10 ng/ml media) for 24 hr before
      exposure to 10(-13) through 10(-7) M GRF. GRF linearly increased GH secretion (b1
      = 7.4 +/- .3) and cortisol augmented this response (b1 = 10.5 +/- .6). However,
      when cells were cultured in media containing dextran-charcoal treated FCS,
      cortisol did not alter GRF-induced GH release. Our results demonstrate that GH
      response of bovine anterior pituitary cells to GRF was modulated negatively by
      SRIF. However, augmentation of GRF-induced GH release by cortisol was evident
      only when cells were cultured in media supplemented with untreated FCS.

PMID- 2907313
TI  - Influence of age and sex on basal secretion of growth hormone (GH) and on GH
      induced release by porcine GH-releasing factor pGRF(1-29NH2) in growing pigs.
AB  - The aim of this study was to determine the effect of age and sex on basal
      secretory patterns of growth hormone (GH) and growth hormone-releasing factor
      (GRF) induced GH release. Eighteen pigs (9 castrated males and 9 females) were
      stimulated with pGRF(1-29)NH2 at 7,11,15,19 and 23 weeks of age. Blood samples
      were taken from each animal via jugular vein cannulae every 20 min, from 6 hr
      before to 5 hr after iv GRF administration at a dose of 4 micrograms/kg. GH
      baseline levels, amplitude of the GH peaks, area under the GH peaks and the
      overall mean of GH serum levels decreased (P less than .001) with age in both
      sexes. Age also had a marked effect on GRF-induced GH release: the amplitude of
      GH peaks and area under the GH peaks decreased (P less than .001) with age. The
      GH response to pGRF(1-29)NH2 varied considerably, depending on the timing of the
      episodic endogenous secretion of GH. An immediate response (less than 30 min) was
      observed when GRF was injected at the end of a trough period or at the beginning
      of a peak, but there was no immediate response when GRF was injected at the end
      of a peak or at the beginning of a trough period. Our results show that both
      endogenous GH secretion and pGRF(1-29)NH2-induced GH release declines with age,
      suggesting a decreased sensitivity of the somatotroph cells to GRF with age; and
      that the high variability of the GH response to pGRF(1-29)NH2 stimulation depends
      greatly on the timing of the episodic endogenous GH release, thus implying a
      possible episodic endogenous somatostatin secretion by the hypothalamus.

PMID- 2907314
TI  - Suxamethonium-induced facilitation of spontaneous frontal EMG activity.
AB  - The behaviour of spontaneous frontal electromyographic activity (FEMG) was
      studied during the recovery from suxamethonium and vecuronium block. In order to
      obtain comparable conditions in the study groups, the duration of the
      suxamethonium block was prolonged with a suxamethonium infusion. The FEMG was
      continuously recorded and the evoked electromyographic (EEMG) and twitch tension
      (ETT) responses were measured every 10 s from the thenar muscles. The median FEMG
      remained at the base level in 8 of the 12 vecuronium patients, despite a 50%
      recovery of EEMG. In the suxamethonium group there was an increase in FEMG in all
      six patients when EEMG had recovered to 10%, and significantly higher FEMG
      readings were obtained during further recovery from the block. Thus, early
      recovery of neuromuscular transmission is detected by FEMG more easily when
      suxamethonium is used instead of vecuronium. The different behaviour of FEMG may
      reflect a difference in the recovery ratio of ETT/EEMG or in the anaesthetic
      depth caused by the two types of neuromuscular blockers.

PMID- 2907315
TI  - A double-blind comparison between nitrazepam, lorazepam, lormetazepam and placebo
      as preoperative night sedatives.
AB  - Benzodiazepines are used as hypnotics to reduce anxiety and give a good night's
      sleep on the night prior to surgery. In a double-blind procedure, patients were
      given either lorazepam (2 mg or 4 mg), lormetazepam (1 mg or 2 mg), nitrazepam 10
      mg or placebo. Measures were taken of sleep, anxiety, memory and after-effects.
      There was no evidence that the drugs reduced anxiety, nor evidence of amnesia.
      Quality and length of sleep was shown to be better for nitrazepam (P less than
      0.05), lorazepam 2 mg (P less than 0.05) and lorazepam 4 mg (P less than 0.01),
      compared with placebo. However, significantly higher ratings of clumsiness and
      confusion as after-effects were found with nitrazepam (P less than 0.05), and
      clumsiness (P less than 0.005), slurred speech and blurred vision (P less than
      0.01), sleepiness, nausea, weakness and confusion (P less than 0.05) with
      lorazepam 4 mg. It was concluded that lorazepam 2 mg produced the greatest net
      benefit.

PMID- 2907316
TI  - Priming with atracurium and vecuronium.

PMID- 2907317
TI  - [Dapiprazole in the treatment of drug withdrawal symptoms].

PMID- 2907318
TI  - Trans-racial studies implicate HLA-DQ as a component of genetic susceptibility to
      type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes.
AB  - Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients and control subjects of Afro
      Caribbean Negroid racial origin were investigated by serological HLA-DR-typing
      and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis using DNA probes
      corresponding to the DQ alpha, DQ beta and DR beta chain genes. Combined analysis
      indicated that four DR antigens are positively associated with the condition in
      Negroid subjects - DR3, 4, 7 and w9. DR3 and 4 are also associated in Caucasians,
      but the relative risk for DR3 is lower in Negroid subjects. The DR7 association
      is specific for the Negroid race, and DRw9 is only weakly associated in Caucasoid
      subjects. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis demonstrated a DQ
      beta restriction pattern in Negroid subjects which is absent from Caucasoid
      subjects. This pattern was associated with DRw9 and a subset of DR7, and was
      markedly increased in frequency in diabetic patients compared with control
      subjects (48.7% vs 10.4%, respectively; p less than 10(-4). In the absence of
      this pattern, DR7 showed no positive association. DR3 in Negroid subjects was
      associated with two distinct DQ alpha-DQ beta patterns, only one of which was
      positively associated with diabetes. A DQ beta pattern, in linkage disequilibrium
      with different DR antigens in different races, conferred a consistent protective
      effect against the development of Type 1 diabetes. Trans-racial genetic analysis
      thus supports a primary role for DQ in susceptibility to Type 1 diabetes.

PMID- 2907319
TI  - Two distinct HLA-DR3 haplotypes are associated with age related heterogeneity in
      type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes.
AB  - Heterogeneity between two haplotypes in linkage disequilibrium with DR3: B8,
      C4AQOB1,BfS,DR3 and B18,C4A3BQO,BfF1,DR3, with regard to age at onset of Type 1
      (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus, was investigated in 325 unrelated French
      patients (146 males and 179 females, age at onset 1 month to 29 years) who were
      genotyped for HLA-A, B, C, DR and Bf and 225 of whom were typed for the C4A, B
      complement components. A subgroup of 82 patients and 75 control subjects were
      tested for DR beta and DQ beta DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism. The
      distribution according to age at onset and the mean ages at onset were compared
      between patients bearing B8, DR3 (n = 58), B18,DR3 (n = 62) or other DR3
      haplotypes (Bx, DR3, n = 70), the haplotype segments C4AQOB1,DR3 (n = 41) or
      C4A3BQO,DR3 (n = 52) and the C4 null alleles C4AQO (N = 48) or C4BQO (n = 112)
      alone. The B8,DR3 haplotype, its smaller segment C4AQOB1,DR3 or C4AQO alone were
      associated with age at onset after 6 years (p less than 0.01, less than 0.08 and
      less than 0.02 respectively); on the other hand, the B18,DR3 haplotype, its
      segment C4A3BQO,DR3 or C4BQO alone were significantly more frequent in patients
      aged less than 6 years at onset (p less than 0.02, less than 0.01 and less than
      0.01 respectively). Accordingly, the mean age of onset was significantly lower in
      the latter compared with the former patients (p less than 0.02, less than 0.02
      and less than 0.01 respectively). No age-related variation was observed in BX,DR3
      patients and their mean age of onset was intermediate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2907320
TI  - Expression patterns of the homeo box-containing genes En-1 and En-2 and the proto
      oncogene int-1 diverge during mouse development.
AB  - We have compared the expression of the murine genes En-1,En-2, and in-1 during
      development by in situ hybridization. Expression of all three genes was first
      detected at 8.0 days in overlapping bands of the anterior neural folds. By 12.0
      days the expression patterns diverged. En-1 and En-2 were expressed in a similar
      ring of cells in the central nervous system (CNS) at the midbrain/hindbrain
      junction. En-1 was also expressed de novo in two lateral stripes extending the
      length of the hindbrain and spinal cord, in the developing vertebral column, in
      two lateral stripes of dermatome-derived cells, and in the tail and limb buds. By
      12.0 days int-1 expression showed little overlap with the En genes and could not
      be detected at later stages. At 15.5 days En gene expression was primarily
      limited to the midbrain/hindbrain in overlapping but nonidentical sets of
      differentiated cells. In the adult, En-1 and En-2 marked the same sets of cells
      in the pons, but En-2 alone was detected in the granular layer of the cerebellum.
      The results are consistent with int-1 and the En genes playing a role early in
      development in defining spatial domains in the CNS. Later in development the En
      genes may have an additional function in neurogenesis. En-1 expression in the
      developing pericordal tube suggests that it may also be involved in vertebral
      assembly.

PMID- 2907321
TI  - Molecular analysis of even-skipped mutants in Drosophila development.
AB  - The homeo box gene even-skipped (eve) plays a key role in the regulation of the
      Drosophila segmentation pattern. eve- embryos lack segment borders and show
      altered activities of several segmentation genes, including fushi tarazu (ftz),
      engrailed (en), and wingless (wg). Here, we present evidence that eve influences
      its own expression in a tissue-specific manner. Each of four different eve
      mutations disrupts the normal eve expression pattern, and null mutations cause a
      premature loss of eve products in ectodermal, but not mesodermal, tissues.
      Molecular characterization of eve mutations indicates that disruptions of the eve
      pattern are not due to alterations in the eve promoter but, instead, involve
      abnormal eve proteins. Two different eve mutations cause single amino acid
      substitutions within the homeo box, and we discuss the implications of these
      changes with regard to homeo box gene function. We also present evidence that
      eve+ gene activity is not only required for the activation of the odd-numbered en
      stripes but also for the correct positioning of each ftz stripe. We present a
      model for the loss of en expression in eve- embryos, based on the concentration
      dependent regulation of the ftz pattern by eve+ products.

PMID- 2907322
TI  - Isolation and expression of cDNA clones coding for two sequence variants of
      Xenopus laevis histone H5.
AB  - We have cloned and characterized cDNAs coding for two variants of Xenopus laevis
      H5 histone protein (previously called H1s). cDNA was synthesized from RNA of
      immature erythrocytes in a single reaction using a modification of the method of
      Gubler and Hoffman [Gene 25 (1983) 263-269], and blunt-end ligated into the
      HincII site of the phage vector M13mp9. Immunological screening with a polyclonal
      antibody yielded two clones expressing H5 peptide. Sequence characterization
      revealed that both clones contained partial cDNA inserts and that the smaller 340
      bp clone initiated reverse transcription within the coding region, at a site rich
      in adenine. Rescreening of the cDNA bank by nucleic acid hybridization produced
      eleven additional H5 clones, one of which coded for a second variant of H5. These
      two variants, called XLH5A and XLH5B, are very similar in sequence and code for
      proteins of 195 and 193 amino acids, respectively, which may be the H1D and H1E
      variants observed previously. XLH5, avian H5 and human H1O share identity at both
      nucleotide and amino-acid sequence levels. Further, the XLH5-coding mRNA is
      likely polyadenylated and lacks the highly conserved, 23-nucleotide dyad symmetry
      element found within the 3' untranslated regions of most histone-coding mRNAs.

PMID- 2907323
TI  - A family of high-copy-number plasmid vectors with single end-label sites for
      rapid nucleotide sequencing.
AB  - A set of plasmid vectors was developed which allows fast sequencing by the
      chemical degradation method. These high-copy-number vectors are derivatives of
      the plasmid pUC8 containing different multiple-purpose cloning sites flanked by
      unique recognition sequences for the restriction enzymes BstEII, Tth111I and
      Eco81I as sites for end-labelling DNA. Due to their partially asymmetric
      recognition sequences, each of these three restriction sites can be singly end
      labelled by a filling-in reaction with selected nucleotides. This allows easy
      single end-labelling of any cloned DNA fragment for sequencing by the chemical
      degradation method without any isolation and purification step after the
      labelling reaction. In addition, the nucleotide sequence of the complementary
      strand from the same end can be determined by the dideoxy chain termination
      procedure using the universal M13 primers. In most of the new vectors, the
      reading frame of the lacZ' gene is retained, allowing identification of cloned
      fragments.

PMID- 2907325
TI  - Effect of iron on adhesion of urinary Escherichia coli.

PMID- 2907324
TI  - Liquid membrane phenomenon in the biological actions of gonadal steroid hormones.

PMID- 2907326
TI  - Ultracytochemical localization of adenylate cyclase and guanylate cyclase in
      crushed peripheral nerves.
AB  - Cellular and subcellular distribution of adenylate cyclase (AC) and guanylate
      cyclase (GC) activities in crushed peripheral nerves during regeneration were
      studied at the electron microscope level. In unlesioned nerves, no AC reaction
      product could be evidenced, whereas GC was detectable on the plasma membranes of
      Schwann cells, myelinated and nonmyelinated fibers, and within nonmyelinated
      axons. At 24 hours after the crush, AC reaction product was found within axonal
      segments proximal to the zone of the crush in association with mitochondria. At
      this stage, macrophage-like cells, which probably are transformed Schwann cells,
      polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and endothelial cells displaying an intense AC
      reaction product could be detected. On the other hand, at 24 hours after the
      crush, GC was no longer detectable, except on occasional unlesioned nerve fibers.
      At 48 hours after the lesion, AC reaction product was no longer detectable within
      axons, and all AC positivity was associated with plasma membranes of non-neuronal
      cells, including transformed Schwann cells, occasional macrophages,
      polymorphonuclear leucocytes, fibroblasts, and elongated cells. As to GC, images
      similar to those obtained at 24 hours were observed until 48 hours after the
      crush. From the 7th to the 28th postlesion day, AC activity was localized
      exclusively to the plasma membranes of fibroblasts and elongated cells.
      Transformed Schwann cells were no longer detectable, whereas normal Schwann cells
      and regenerating axons could be seen, and these showed no AC reaction product in
      analogy to the absence of AC reaction product of unlesioned nerves. During the
      same period, GC again was detectable on regenerating fibers with the same
      subcellular localization as that of unlesioned nerves. The present results
      strongly suggest that starting from the second postcrush day, cells invading the
      lesioned zone and transformed Schwann cells, all taking part in the formation of
      the new perineurial tissue, display a high AC activity, which should be taken
      into account when measuring cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels under
      these conditions. Also, our data suggest that GC is involved primarily in
      regeneration processes that occur in crushed peripheral nerves. Thus, the pattern
      of AC distribution in peripheral unlesioned and lesioned nerves appears to be
      exactly the opposite of the GC localization examined under similar experimental
      conditions insofar as nervous fibers are concerned.

PMID- 2907327
TI  - Influence of arachidonate metabolism on enhancement of intracellular
      transglutaminase activity in mouse peritoneal macrophages.
AB  - We examined whether arachidonate metabolism exerted any influence on the
      enhancement of intracellular transglutaminase activity in mouse peritoneal
      macrophages. Enhancement of the intracellular transglutaminase activity was
      observed on stimulation of macrophages with normal sheep red blood cells (SRBC)
      or immunoglobulin G (IgG)-coated SRBC, and was inhibited by inhibitors of
      phospholipase A2 and cyclooxygenase. Moreover, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), a main
      product of the cyclooxygenase pathway, leukotriene B4 (LTB4), a product of 5
      lipoxygenase, and arachidonic acid also could directly induce high levels of
      intracellular transglutaminase activity without stimulation of macrophages by
      SRBC or IgG-coated SRBC, but leukotriene C4, prostaglandin D2, and prostacyclin
      were unable to induce high activity of the enzyme. Enhancement of
      transglutaminase activity induced by LTB4 was inhibited by cyclooxygenase
      inhibitor, but the enzyme activity induce by PGE2 was not inhibited. Furthermore,
      the quantity of PGE2 released into the culture medium of macrophages stimulated
      with SRBC or IgG-coated SRBC correlated well with the activity of intracellular
      transglutaminase in macrophages. Moreover, enhancement of transglutaminase
      activity by treatment of macrophages with SRBC or IgG-coated SRBC was partially
      suppressed by sodium benzoate, which is a scavenger of hydroxy radical. These
      findings suggest that arachidonate metabolism, in particular the cyclooxygenase
      pathway, plays an important role in the enhancement of intracellular
      transglutaminase activity.

PMID- 2907328
TI  - Purification and characterization of chicken liver cathepsin B.
AB  - Cathepsin B was purified, 400-fold, to homogeneity from chicken liver. The enzyme
      comprised a mixture of two kinetically indistinguishable forms (approximately
      1:1), which were separated on concanavalin A (Con A)-Sepharose; one consisting of
      Mr 25,500 and 5,000 polypeptide chains bound to Con A-Sepharose but the other,
      composed of Mr 24,500 and 5,000 polypeptide chains, did not. N-terminal amino
      acid sequence analyses of a mixture of the Mr 25,500 and 24,500 polypeptide
      chains, and of the Mr 5,000 polypeptide chain revealed single amino acid
      sequences, respectively. These amino acid sequences were homologous to those of
      the heavy and light chains of mammalian enzymes, respectively. The chicken liver
      and mammalian cathepsin B were similar in structure and properties.

PMID- 2907329
TI  - Molecular cloning and expression of a gene for a factor which stabilizes
      formation of inhibitor-mitochondrial ATPase complex from Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae.
AB  - Stabilizing factor, a 9 kDa protein, stabilizes and facilitates formation of the
      complex between mitochondrial ATP synthase and its intrinsic inhibitor protein. A
      clone containing the gene encoding the 9 kDa protein was selected from a yeast
      genomic library to determine the structure of its precursor protein. As deduced
      from the nucleotide sequence, the precursor of the yeast 9 kDa stabilizing factor
      contains 86 amino acid residues and has a molecular weight of 10,062. From the
      predicted sequence we infer that the stabilizing factor precursor contains a
      presequence of 23 amino acid residues at its amino terminus. We also used S1
      mapping to determine the initiation site of transcription under glucose-repressed
      or derepressed conditions. These experiments suggest that transcription of this
      gene starts at three different sites and that only one of them is not affected by
      the presence of glucose.

PMID- 2907330
TI  - Listeriosis: new problems with an old pathogen.

PMID- 2907331
TI  - Surveillance cultures in the neutropenic patient.

PMID- 2907332
TI  - Microbiological investigation of an outbreak of bacteraemia due to Streptococcus
      faecalis in an intensive care unit.
AB  - An increased incidence of bacteraemia due to Streptococcus faecalis in a Critical
      Care and Trauma Centre (CCTC) during November 1985 prompted investigation. During
      the epidemic 21 blood cultures from five CCTC patients were positive for S.
      faecalis. A point prevalence culture survey revealed two more strains from wounds
      from two of these five patients. Fifteen strains from blood cultures and the two
      strains from wound sites were further characterized by conventional biotyping
      methods and susceptibility patterns, but they could not be differentiated from 40
      unrelated control strains by these methods. The API-20S and the API-ZYM systems,
      however, were able to distinguish the outbreak isolates from the control strains.
      This investigation supports the hypothesis that S. faecalis is capable of causing
      cross-infection, and it may be necessary to characterize enterococci beyond
      routine tests to identify an outbreak due to this organism.

PMID- 2907333
TI  - A study of the value of electrophoretic and other techniques for typing
      Acinetobacter calcoaceticus.
AB  - Forty-four isolates of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus var anitratus collected during
      hospital outbreaks were studied using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE),
      plasmid analysis, antibiograms and biochemical tests to determine their degree of
      similarity. Reproducibility tests were also carried out on the PAGE and
      biochemical techniques to determine their validity when used to compare bacteria
      of the same type isolated intermittently. PAGE data was analysed
      densitometrically and isolates compared using a similarity matrix. All methods
      were able to subdivide the isolates, but results did not always correlate well
      between methods. Reproducibility data indicated that careful attention to
      technique is required when organisms are examined by PAGE sequentially. Results
      suggest that no single biotyping technique is likely to be adequate and that
      electrophoretic, biochemical and antibiogram data may complement one another and
      other epidemiological data in the typing of these organisms.

PMID- 2907334
TI  - Monitoring the bacteriological quality of potable waters in hospital.
AB  - We report a survey of the bacteriological quality of potable waters from
      hospitals. In the 12-month period February 1986 to January 1987, 646 samples were
      examined from 25 hospitals. Coliforms were isolated from eight (1.2%) samples,
      received from three hospitals. These hospitals did not, therefore, satisfy the
      European Community (EC) directive on potable water quality. Three hundred and
      four (47%) samples had total viable counts higher than the guidelines given in
      the EC directive on potable waters. Thirteen (52%) of hospitals surveyed
      submitted at least one unsatisfactory sample and six (24%) submitted more than
      50% unsatisfactory samples. Water quality was generally poorer in the summer and
      autumn. Estimation of the total viable count is an inexpensive and simple method
      for monitoring the microbial quality of hospital waters.

PMID- 2907335
TI  - The laboratory interpretation of coagulase-negative staphylococcal bacteraemia in
      neonates.
AB  - In an attempt to detect markers of significance of coagulase-negative
      staphylococci (CNS) isolated from neonatal blood cultures, epidemiological data
      and the rate of appearance of positive blood cultures were examined. The main
      epidemiological factor studied was the relative abundance of the different
      biotypes of CNS in blood cultures, on neonatal skin and the hands of neonatal
      unit staff. Our results showed that the relative recovery rates of biotypes found
      from these sources showed no significant differences. The number of positive
      blood culture bottles in each set and the number of days taken for growth to
      appear showed wide variations. A higher proportion of aminoglycoside-resistant
      strains were found in the group showing both blood culture bottles positive and
      in the group where isolates were obtained by 24 h of incubation. We conclude that
      there is no advantage in biotyping CNS in assessing clinical significance, but
      the association of aminoglycoside resistance with the isolation pattern of CNS in
      neonatal blood cultures requires further examination.

PMID- 2907336
TI  - Needlestick injuries: how can we teach people better about risk assessment?
AB  - At work people run some small risk of death or injury which is directly
      attributable to their occupation. In biomedical sciences the accidental puncture
      of the skin by hypodermic needles, other instruments or broken glass has long
      been regarded as an occupational hazard and there is increasing concern that
      staff could become infected with a range of micro-organisms, including hepatitis
      B and the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Needlestick injuries should be
      preventable if staff are trained effectively and take care about disposal of used
      syringes and needles. Staff at risk must be offered pre-exposure vaccination for
      hepatitis B and resources must be provided for special training. Fundamental
      changes may be required in methods and equipment and a number of new ways of
      targeting groups of health care staff with information are discussed.

PMID- 2907337
TI  - Why do people fail to observe safety precautions in high risk situations?

PMID- 2907338
TI  - Needlestick injuries: mechanisms and control.
AB  - Consideration of a linear model for venepuncture and patterns that emerge from
      the literature can help to understand the occurrence of occupational needlestick
      injuries which are common in healthcare workers. A systematic approach can also
      help in evaluation of potential control measures and in cost-benefit analysis.

PMID- 2907339
TI  - A method of audit for ward clinical waste.
AB  - We describe the conduct of an annual audit concerning the handling of clinical
      waste at ward level. The annual audit resulted in an improvement in the supply of
      colour coded bags and holders, and improved the efficiency of waste disposal in
      the hospital. The annual report of the audit enabled the hospital administrators
      to pinpoint defects and was partly responsible for the appointment of an
      "administrative officer responsible for waste".

PMID- 2907340
TI  - Hand scrubbing system in theatres and bacterial contamination.

PMID- 2907341
TI  - Microbiological evaluation of a hospital-delivered meals service using precooked
      chilled foods.

PMID- 2907342
TI  - The role of antiseptics in the management of patients with long-term indwelling
      catheters.

PMID- 2907343
TI  - Cell mediated immunity in sarcoidosis.

PMID- 2907344
TI  - Anti-anginal drugs: calcium channel blockers, beta-adrenergic blockers and
      nitrates.

PMID- 2907345
TI  - The role of laparoscopy in management of nonpalpable testes.
AB  - Laparoscopy is the ideal first operative step in management of boys with
      nonpalpable testes. No other investigation is as reliable in locating a
      nonpalpable testis or in confirming its absence. Whatever the laparoscopic
      findings, further operative intervention is generally necessary and the
      laparoscopic findings determine the subsequent operative steps. Laparoscopy also
      permits endoscopic manipulation such as application of a spermatic vessel clip
      for staged Fowler-Stephens orchidopexy. Herein we report our experiences with
      laparoscopy in 30 patients with nonpalpable testes.

PMID- 2907346
TI  - Simulating the time-course of clinical paralysis.
AB  - This computer program depicts the concentration-time curves for the
      nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents. It simulates their administration
      by single and multiple iv injections, and with continuous infusion, alone and in
      combination. It provides the plasma concentrations related to 75% and 25%
      depression of the twitch response, using these to calculate clinically useful
      pharmacodynamic values, such as the duration of surgical relaxation, and the
      recovery index. These simulations allow the user to contrast the time-course of
      relaxation to be expected with various dosage regimens.

PMID- 2907347
TI  - Molecular cloning of cDNA for the rat F1-ATPase beta subunit.

PMID- 2907348
TI  - Chronic beta-adrenoceptor antagonist treatment modulates human cardiac and
      vascular beta-adrenoceptor density in a subtype-selective fashion.
AB  - In order to study the regulation of human cardiac and vascular beta-adrenoceptors
      as induced by beta-adrenoceptor antagonism we determined beta-adrenoceptor
      density and subtype distribution in right atria, saphenous veins and lymphocytes
      from 60 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting; 42 of these patients
      were chronically treated with different beta-adrenoceptor antagonists [without
      intrinsic sympathomimetic activity: propranolol, sotalol (non-selective);
      metoprolol, atenolol (beta 1-selective); with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity:
      pindolol (non-selective)] and 18 patients not treated with beta-adrenoceptor
      antagonists were taken as controls. In the right atria (70% beta 1-, 30% beta 2
      adrenoceptors) of all groups except the pindolol group, total beta-adrenoceptor
      density was higher than in controls. A more detailed analysis revealed that all
      beta-adrenoceptor antagonists increased right atrial beta 1-adrenoceptor density,
      but right atrial beta 2-adrenoceptor density was increased only in the
      sotalol/propranolol group, remaining unchanged in the metoprolol and atenolol
      groups, and was decreased in the pindolol group. Similarly, in saphenous veins
      and circulating lymphocytes (in both, the beta-adrenoceptors were almost
      exclusively beta 2-adrenoceptors), only propranolol/sotalol increased the beta 2
      adrenoceptor density, while metoprolol or atenolol did not affect it. Moreover,
      in the pindolol group lymphocyte beta 2-adrenoceptor density was decreased. It is
      concluded that in man all beta-adrenoceptor antagonists without intrinsic
      sympathomimetic activity increase cardiac and vascular beta-adrenoceptor density,
      but in a subtype-selective manner. Accordingly, pindolol can be subclassified as
      a partial beta 2-adrenoceptor agonist.

PMID- 2907349
TI  - Adrenaline-induced amplification of sympathetic activity during rest and stress:
      inhibition by non-selective and beta 1-selective beta-adrenoceptor blockade.
AB  - In a placebo-controlled randomized cross-over trial the effects of non-selective
      (bopindolol, 1 mg once daily for 1 week) and of beta 1-selective beta
      adrenoceptor blockade (atenolol, 50 mg once daily for 1 week) on adrenaline
      induced enhancement of basal and stimulated sympathetic activity were studied in
      10 hypertensive subjects. During infusion of adrenaline (20 ng/kg per min) venous
      plasma adrenaline levels increased into the high physiological range. Resting
      concentrations of arterial plasma noradrenaline and of the basal production of
      noradrenaline in the forearm increased significantly (P less than 0.01) during
      infusion of adrenaline. The increases in these two indices of sympathetic
      activity were abolished by bopindolol and by atenolol. Arterial noradrenaline,
      but not noradrenaline production, also increased in response to isometric
      exercise, cold provocation and mental stress during infusion of adrenaline (P
      less than 0.05). These amplifications were also abolished by both beta
      adrenoceptor antagonists. Our findings provide further evidence in man for a
      stimulatory effect of adrenaline in the physiological range on sympathetic
      activity. This effect, which is supposed to be mediated by prejunctional beta
      adrenoceptors, can be blocked not only by non-selective, but also by beta 1
      selective beta-adrenoceptor antagonists.

PMID- 2907350
TI  - Hypotensive and regional haemodynamic effects of fenoldopam and quinpirole in the
      anaesthetized rat.
AB  - The effects of systemic administration of the selective dopamine1 receptor
      agonist fenoldopam and the selective dopamine2 receptor agonist quinpirole on
      blood pressure and regional haemodynamics were investigated in anaesthetized
      normotensive Wistar rats. Both compounds produced dose-dependent reductions in
      blood pressure. Mesenteric and renal blood flow were enhanced by fenoldopam, but
      reduced by quinpirole. Hindquarter blood flow was not modified by fenoldopam, but
      was increased by quinpirole. The calculated vascular resistances were reduced by
      both compounds in the three vascular beds. The effects of fenoldopam were
      antagonized by SCH 23390 but SCH 23390 did not affect those of quinpirole. The
      effects of quinpirole, but not those of fenoldopam, were antagonized by
      domperidone. Hexamethonium abolished the effects of quinpirole without affecting
      those of fenoldopam. These results indicate that the hypotensive effects of
      fenoldopam and quinpirole are due to stimulation of postsynaptic dopamine1 and
      neuronal dopamine2 receptors, respectively, resulting in differential regional
      haemodynamic effects.

PMID- 2907351
TI  - Pharmacological actions of synthetic atrial natriuretic factor on coronary
      vascular smooth muscle.
AB  - The pharmacological activities of synthetic atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) on
      cat coronary artery were studied in vitro. In the preparation of isolated cat
      coronary artery perfused at a constant flow, ANF (3-300 nM) decreased perfusion
      pressure in a concentration dependent manner, indicating coronary vasodilating
      activity. ANF also relaxed feline coronary strips when contracted by U-46,619,
      CTA2, angiotensin II, serotonin, leukotriene C4 and D4. This relaxant effect was
      independent in the presence of endothelial cells and occurred in the presence of
      guanylate cyclase inhibitor, methylene blue. ANF had no direct effect on
      electrically driven isolated cat papillary muscles signifying a lack of direct
      inotropic activity. It can be concluded that ANF may potentiate coronary
      vasodilation and therefore contribute to coronary regulation, without directly
      altering myocardial performance.

PMID- 2907352
TI  - [Recessive human cancer susceptibility genes].

PMID- 2907353
TI  - [Progress in molecular genetic study of the complement system. Genetic diagnosis
      of congenital complement deficiencies and abnormalities].

PMID- 2907354
TI  - [Immunologic analysis of families with complement receptor deficiency].

PMID- 2907355
TI  - [Abnormality of LDL receptor genes in familial hypercholesterolemia and the
      genetic diagnosis].

PMID- 2907356
TI  - [Pathogenic substances in Parkinson disease and new therapeutics considering the
      etiologic mechanism].

PMID- 2907357
TI  - [Progress in the study of brain receptors].

PMID- 2907358
TI  - [Commercially available control sera contaminated with anti-HIV antibody, HIV
      antigen and anti-ATLA antibody].

PMID- 2907360
TI  - No alteration of monoamines and GABA systems in the kindled rat brain.

PMID- 2907361
TI  - Immunoreactive somatostatin contents in the cerebrospinal fluid of children with
      various types of epilepsy.

PMID- 2907359
TI  - Early ocular manifestations of Korean hemorrhagic fever.

PMID- 2907362
TI  - [The effect of almitrine on hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in isolated
      perfused rat lungs].

PMID- 2907363
TI  - [Introduction to the 16th Retinology Symposium].

PMID- 2907364
TI  - Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin.
AB  - Current knowledge of CPE action is briefly summarized in Figure 1. After specific
      binding to a protein receptor(s), the entire CPE molecule rapidly inserts into
      membranes forming a complex of 150,000 Mr. Almost simultaneously with insertion,
      there is a sudden change in ion fluxes. The molecular events behind the induction
      of ion flux changes remain undefined, but might involve either direct formation
      of membrane pores by CPE or activation of pre-existing membrane pores. As
      intracellular ion levels change, cellular metabolism is affected and processes
      such as macromolecular syntheses are inhibited. One of the ion flux effects
      resulting from CPE treatment involves increased Ca2+ influx; as more Ca2+ enters
      the cell, morphologic damage and permeability alterations for larger molecules
      occur. It remains to be determined if both morphologic damage and larger
      permeability alterations are necessarily linked but, for example, it could be
      envisioned that CPE-induced Ca2+ influx causes a cytoskeletal collapse leading to
      altered membrane permeability. The cytoskeleton has been shown to be sensitive to
      intracellular Ca2+ levels and is important in normal membrane structure/function
      relationships. As the cumulative effects of CPE inhibit cellular metabolism, cell
      death occurs. The precise irreversible CPE lethal action still must be
      identified. As CPE-treated intestinal epithelial cells die in vivo,
      histopathologic damage appears. This damage results in loss of normal intestinal
      function causing secretion of fluids and electrolytes. This effect is clinically
      manifested as diarrhea. The strongly cytotoxic action of CPE clearly
      distinguished the action enterotoxin from STa or CT.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2907365
TI  - Cloning of the adenylate cyclase genetic determinant of Bordetella pertussis and
      its expression in Escherichia coli and B. pertussis.
AB  - A recombinant plasmid, pRMB1, identified from a gene library of B. pertussis,
      restored adenylate cyclase (AC) and haemolysin (HLY) activities to B. pertussis
      BP348 (a Tn5-insertion mutant deficient in both these activities). B. pertussis
      BP348 was considerably less virulent than wild type strains of B. pertussis when
      3-week-old mice were challenged intranasally; possession of pRMB1 restored
      virulence. Neither AC nor HLY activities were expressed in E. coli harbouring
      pRMB1. However, expression of calmodulin-responsive AC was obtained in E. coli
      when restriction fragments of pRMB1 were subcloned into other vectors; expression
      depended on the lac and tac promoters of these vectors. The enzyme was not
      readily solubilized from urea extracts of E. coli and required sonication for
      efficient release. One plasmid conferred a specific AC enzymic activity to E.
      coli which was greater than that for wild type B. pertussis strains. Unlike
      extracts of B. pertussis, extracts from E. coli expressing enzymic AC activity,
      did not elevate cAMP levels in S49 lymphoma cells. A second plasmid, pRMB2, was
      identified from the gene library, which contained a trans-acting regulatory
      determinant required for expression of AC, HLY and other virulence-associated
      factors in B. pertussis.

PMID- 2907366
TI  - Mutations in cloned Escherichia coli P fimbriae genes that makes fimbriae
      production resistant to suppression by trimethoprim.
AB  - The effect of sublethal concentrations of trimethoprim on the expression of P
      fimbriae was tested in Escherichia coli HB101 recombinant strains. Fimbriation
      was inhibited at trimethoprim concentrations down to at least 1/64 of the minimal
      inhibitory concentration. However, the expression of the P fimbrillin by
      recombinant plasmids containing deletions in front of the fimbrillin gene did not
      respond to the inhibitory effect of trimethoprim indicating that trimethoprim may
      act at the level of gene regulation.

PMID- 2907367
TI  - L-methylmalonyl-CoA mutase from human placenta.

PMID- 2907368
TI  - A role for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the evolution of delayed neuronal
      death following ischemia.
AB  - A series of putative neuroprotective agents was tested to determine their
      efficacy in preventing the loss of the CA 1 neurons of the hippocampus at 4 days
      following 5 min of bilateral ischemia in the gerbil. Agents associated with the
      GABAergic system were determined to be the most effective, but only when given
      prior to the ischemic episode, suggesting that there was a gamma-aminobutyric
      acid (GABA)-related event during ischemia which triggers the delayed neuronal
      death of these cells. In this report, the unidirectional release of GABA and
      glutamate from gerbil hippocampal slices was determined under conditions
      mimicking anoxia and/or ischemia. Pentobarbital, the most effective of the
      GABAergic agents, had little or no effect on the time-dependent release of
      glutamate. In contrast, pentobarbital reduced in release of GABA in both anoxia
      and ischemia, but only after 25 to 30 min of incubation.

PMID- 2907369
TI  - Identification of the Klebsiella pneumoniae glnB gene: nucleotide sequence of
      wild-type and mutant alleles.
AB  - The glnB gene of Klebsiella pneumoniae, which encodes the nitrogen regulation
      protein PII, has been cloned and sequenced. The gene encodes a 12429 dalton
      polypeptide and is highly homologous to the Escherichia coli glnB gene. The
      sequences of a glnB mutation which causes glutamine auxotrophy and of a Tn5
      induced Gln+ suppressor of this mutation were also determined. The glutamine
      auxotrophy was deduced to be the result of a modification of the uridylylation
      site of PII, and the suppression was shown to be caused by Tn5 insertion in glnB.
      The 3' end of an open reading frame of unknown function was identified upstream
      of glnB and may be part of an operon containing glnB. Potential homologues of
      glnB encoding polypeptides extremely similar in sequence to PII were identified
      upstream of published sequences of the glutamine synthetase structural gene
      (glnA) in Rhizobium leguminosarum, Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Azospirillum
      brasilense.

PMID- 2907370
TI  - Characterization of human placental opioid receptors by 3H-ethylketocyclazocine
      and 3H-naloxone binding.
AB  - The human placenta contains membrane bound opioid receptors. The binding of the
      antagonist naloxone and the fairly kappa-selective agonist EKC were studied in
      the microvillous membrane fraction. In both cases high affinity binding sites
      were detected with Kd values in the nanomolar range. A series of kappa-selective
      ligand (PD-117302, EKC, and U-50, 488H) were tested in displacement experiments,
      and found to be potent inhibitors of agonist and antagonist binding. It was
      confirmed that large percentage of the binding is associated with the kappa sub
      type which is of current interest, in that it shows distinctive pharmacology and
      distribution and is selective for the natural opioid polypeptide, dynorphin.

PMID- 2907371
TI  - A zonal pattern of neuroglial cells during the development of the intermediate
      lobe of the rat pituitary.
AB  - In this paper the development of the intermediate lobe (IL) of the pituitary of
      the rat is described using alkaline phosphatase (AP) (EC 3.1.3.1.) enzyme
      histochemistry and stage-specific embryonic antigen 1 (SSEA-1)
      immunocytochemistry. SSEA-1 and AP are co-localized during late development and
      reveal the existence of two cytochemically different cell types within the IL,
      i.e. SSEA-1/AP-positive and SSEA-1/AP-negative cells. The SSEA-1/AP-positive
      cells are initially arranged along the hypophyseal lumen, in a number of
      longitudinally oriented zones. alpha-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH)
      immunoreactivity is expressed in the SSEA-1/AP-negative cells from E20 onwards.
      Eventually the SSEA-1/AP-positive cells develop into a layer of cells covering
      the luminal surface of the IL lobules. These cells represent the glio-epithelial
      or neuroglial cells of the IL.

PMID- 2907372
TI  - Autoradiographic and electrophysiological evidence for excitatory amino acid
      transmission in the periaqueductal gray projection to nucleus raphe magnus in the
      rat.
AB  - Selective retrograde labelling was used as an autoradiographic method to identify
      possible excitatory amino acid afferents to nucleus raphe magnus (NRM).
      Injections of 25-50 nl 10(-2) or 10(-3) M D-[3H]aspartate into the NRM resulted
      in prominent labelling of cells in ventrolateral mesencephalic periaqueductal
      gray (PAG). Electrophysiologically, stimulation in ventrolateral PAG excited
      cells in NRM with a latency of 2-12 ms. With many cells, microelectrophoretic
      application of the excitatory amino acid antagonists, kynurenate and gamma-D
      glutamyl-glycine, resulted in a reversible reduction of the PAG-evoked response.
      Selective antagonists of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) were less effective. It is
      suggested that neurones in the ventrolateral PAG projecting to NRM utilize an
      excitatory amino acid or structurally related compound as a transmitter, and that
      this transmitter acts on receptors of the non-NMDA type.

PMID- 2907373
TI  - The D1 agonist SKF 38393 inhibits the antiparkinsonian activity of the D2 agonist
      LY 171555 in the MPTP-treated marmoset.
AB  - Administration of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) to common
      marmosets induced persistent motor deficits. Administration of the D1 agonist SKF
      38393 (2.5-20 mg/kg, i.p.) caused a dose-dependent increase of this akinesia.
      Administration of the D2 agonist LY 171555 (0.3 mg/kg, i.p.) reversed the motor
      deficits induced by MPTP treatment. Pretreatment of animals with SKF 38393 (2.5
      20 mg/kg, i.p.) caused dose-dependent inhibition of the anti-parkinsonian action
      of LY 171555 (0.3 mg/kg i.p.). In primates SKF 38393 does not reverse motor
      deficits induced by MPTP and inhibits the actions of a D2-agonist.

PMID- 2907374
TI  - Further characterization of tolerance to the corticosterone-elevating effect of
      pergolide in rats.
AB  - Four daily injections of pergolide, an ergoline dopamine agonist, made male rats
      tolerant to the corticosterone-elevating effects of an acute injection of
      pergolide on the fifth day. This tolerance occurred not only to acute treatment
      with pergolide, but also to other dopamine agonists differing in structure,
      potency and receptor subtype selectivity. Plasma corticosterone was elevated
      following administration of opioid or serotonin agonists in both vehicle- and
      pergolide-pretreated rats. The current findings strengthen the conclusion that
      tolerance to the acute elevation of corticosterone by pergolide is not due to
      impairment of pituitary-adrenocortical function but instead to changes in
      dopamine receptors that initiate the response.

PMID- 2907375
TI  - The kainate/quisqualate receptor antagonist, CNQX, blocks the fast component of
      spontaneous epileptiform activity in organotypic cultures of rat hippocampus.
AB  - Intracellular recordings were made from CA1 pyramidal neurones of hippocampus
      maintained in organotypic culture. Both spontaneous interictal and ictal
      epileptiform activity was observed. CNQX, an antagonist at kainate/quisqualate
      but not at N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-sensitive excitatory amino acid receptors
      depressed but did not abolish spontaneous epileptiform activity. Addition of the
      specific NMDA receptor antagonist D-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (D-APV) abolished
      the remaining activity. Similar effects were observed on electrically evoked
      excitatory post synaptic potentials (EPSPs). This suggests a role for endogenous
      excitatory amino acids acting at both kainate/quisqualate and NMDA sensitive
      excitatory amino acid receptors in the generation and maintainance of
      epileptiform activity within these organotypic cultures.

PMID- 2907376
TI  - Dopaminergic dorsal raphe neurons in cats and monkeys are sensitive to the toxic
      effects of MPTP.
AB  - Tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemical analysis of the dorsal raphe nucleus
      (DRN) of severely parkinsonian MPTP-treated cats and cynomolgus monkeys revealed
      a marked loss of catecholaminergic neurons in this region. Cell loss was more
      extensive in the ventral portion of the nucleus with a relative sparing of
      neurons in the dorsal-most portions of the DRN. These results demonstrate that
      catecholaminergic neurons other than those in the ventral mesencephalon and the
      locus ceruleus are affected by the toxic effects of MPTP.

PMID- 2907377
TI  - Amino acid neurotransmitter deficits in adult Down's syndrome brain tissue.
AB  - Neurotransmitter amino acids have been measured in several brain regions taken
      postmortem from 5 adults cases of Down's syndrome and 6 age-matched control
      subjects. A significant deficit of glutamate was found in the hippocampus in
      Down's syndrome, and gamma-aminobutyric acid was reduced in the hippocampus and
      temporal cortex in those patients with neocortical neurofibrillary tangles. These
      results are consistent with losses of cortical neurones containing these
      neurotransmitters, and resemble the deficits exhibited by the more severely
      affected cases of Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 2907378
TI  - Co-localization of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)- and serotonin (5-HT)-immunoreactive
      innervation in the rat pituitary gland.
AB  - Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were examined for possible co-localization of
      tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and serotonin (5-HT) within innervation of the
      pituitary neurointermediate lobe. Use of sheep antiserum to TH and a secondary
      antibody coupled to fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), followed by rabbit anti-5
      HT, then rhodamine-coupled second antibody, produced co-existent staining in
      some, but not all fibers of both the neural and intermediate lobes, using
      paraffin embedded tissues. Application of a combination of the two primary
      antibodies followed by sequential application of secondary antibody also resulted
      in co-localized antigens in selected fibers. Multiple 'classic' neurotransmitters
      within the same nerve terminals may modulate selected areas of endocrine tissue
      to control hormone release.

PMID- 2907379
TI  - [Cibalen poisoning in an infant].
AB  - A toxicological investigation of urine could finally explain abnormal
      neurological symptoms with apnea. 2 Cibalen-suppositories for children were given
      to an 7 week old infant as treatment of an upper respiratory infect. 12 hours
      were between the application of the 2 suppositories. 2 hours after the second
      application coma, hypertonus, opisthotonus, miosis and depression of ventilation
      were found. 10 hours later an apnea occurred. These symptoms were due to the
      synergistic effect of Phenobarbital, Aminophenazon and Codeinphosphat in an
      overhigh dose.

PMID- 2907380
TI  - [Phobia in childhood and adolescence].

PMID- 2907381
TI  - Neurofibrillar long-range amacrine cells in mammalian retinae.
AB  - A distinct population of wide-field, unistratified amacrine cells are shown to be
      selectively stained by using neurofibrillar methods in rabbit and cat retinae.
      Their cell bodies may be located in the inner nuclear, inner plexiform or
      ganglion cell layers and they branch predominantly in stratum 2 of the inner
      plexiform layer. Characteristically, each cell has two or more long-range distal
      processes which extend for 2-3 mm beyond a more symmetrical, proximal dendritic
      field of 0.6-0.8 mm diameter. Although the neurofibrillar long-range amacrines
      account for less than 1 amacrine in 500, they achieve effective coverage of the
      retina by both the proximal and distal dendrites.

PMID- 2907382
TI  - Feature detection in human vision: a phase-dependent energy model.
AB  - This paper presents a simple and biologically plausible model of how mammalian
      visual systems could detect and identify features in an image. We suggest that
      the points in a waveform that have unique perceptual significance as 'lines' and
      'edges' are the points where the Fourier components of the waveform come into
      phase with each other. At these points 'local energy' is maximal. Local energy is
      defined as the square root of the sum of the squared response of sets of matched
      filters, of identical amplitude spectrum but differing in phase spectrum by 90
      degrees: one filter type has an even-symmetric line-spread function, the other an
      odd-symmetric line-spread function. For a line the main contribution to the local
      energy peak is in the output of the even-symmetric filters, whereas for edges it
      is in the output of the odd-symmetric filters. If both filter types respond at
      the peak of local energy, both edges and lines are seen, either simultaneously or
      alternating in time. The model was tested with a series of images, and shown to
      predict well the position of perceived features and the organization of the
      images.

PMID- 2907383
TI  - Identification of molecules in leech extracellular matrix that promote neurite
      outgrowth.
AB  - The molecular composition of the substrate is of critical importance for neurite
      extension by isolated identified leech nerve cells in culture. One substrate upon
      which rapid growth occurs in defined medium is a cell-free extract of
      extracellular matrix (ECM) that surrounds the leech central nervous system (CNS).
      Here we report the co-purification of neurite-promoting activity with a laminin
      like molecule. High molecular mass proteins from leech ECM purified by gel
      filtration exhibited increased specific activity for promoting neurite outgrowth.
      The most active fractions contained three major polypeptide bands of ca. 340, 250
      and 220 kDa. Electron microscopy of rotary-shadowed samples showed three
      macromolecules, one of which had a cross-shaped structure similar to vertebrate
      laminin. A second six-armed molecule resembled vertebrate tenascin and a third
      rod-like molecule resembled vertebrate collagen type IV. The most active
      fractions contained a protein of ca. 1 MDa on non-reducing gels with disulphide
      linked subunits of ca. 220 and 340 kDa, with cross-shaped laminin-like molecules.
      We conclude that a laminin-like molecule represents a major neurite promoting
      component present in leech ECM. The experiments represent a first step in
      determining the location of leech laminin within the CNS and assessing its role
      in neurite outgrowth during development and regeneration.

PMID- 2907384
TI  - Agonists at presynaptic receptors on sympathetic nerves differentially affect two
      phases of the contractile response in the rat vas deferens.
AB  - A series of adrenoceptor agonists were investigated for their prejunctional
      effects on field stimulated rat vas deferens. Tissues were stimulated in 10 s
      trains of impulses, frequency 10 Hz, every 100 s. This produced a biphasic
      response comprising an initial twitch followed by a prolonged, plateau phase of
      contraction. The order of potency for a series of alpha 2-agonists against the
      twitch phase of contraction was UK14304 greater than clonidine greater than
      noradrenaline = alpha-methyl noradrenaline greater than B-HT920. The same order
      of potency was observed against the plateau phase, but approximately 10 fold
      higher concentrations of agonist were needed. Surprisingly, B-HT920 was inactive
      against the plateau phase of contraction. Characteristic differences in the
      slopes and maximum responses of the dose-response curves to the imidazolines
      (UK14304 and clonidine) and the beta-phenethylamines (noradrenaline and alpha
      methyl noradrenaline) were seen against both phases of contraction. It is
      concluded that the two phases of contraction are influenced by activation of two
      distinct heterogeneous populations of prejunctional alpha 2-adrenoceptors.

PMID- 2907385
TI  - Photo- and thermal-activation of bovine liver urocanase.

PMID- 2907386
TI  - [Effects of selective D-1 and D-2 dopamine antagonists on methamphetamine-induced
      behavioral sensitization].

PMID- 2907387
TI  - Noradrenergic effects in tardive dyskinesia, akathisia and pseudoparkinsonism via
      the limbic system and basal ganglia.
AB  - 1. This paper proposes that the neuropsychiatric symptoms of tardive dyskinesia,
      akathisia and pseudoparkinsonian tremor are modulated by a noradrenergic pathway
      that projects from the locus coeruleus to the limbic system. 2. The proposed
      pathway is found to the consistent with neuroanatomical and neurochemical data in
      the literature. 3. The proposed pathway is found to be clinically consistent with
      observations by ourselves and others on the efficacy of clonidine and beta
      adrenoreceptor blockers like propranolol for treating akathisia and
      pseudoparkinsonian tremor. It is also consistent with reports by ourselves and
      others that some patients with tardive dyskinesia benefit from treatment with
      propranolol or clonidine. 4. Noradrenergic modulation of the limbic system by way
      of the locus coeruleus accounts for a number of clinical observations, such as
      the worsening of tardive dyskinesia by stress, the greater risk for tardive
      dyskinesia in patients with affective disorder, the time-of-onset of tardive
      dyskinesia, and the coexistence of tardive dyskinesia and pseudoparkinsonism. 5.
      The functional significance of beta-adrenoreceptors in the basal ganglia is
      considered from an evolutionary perspective. 6. The model proposed in this
      article appears to have considerable heuristic value because it may further our
      understanding of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome and attention deficit disorder
      (hyperkinesis).

PMID- 2907388
TI  - [Comparative analysis of some mechanical properties of solder joints with a
      copper-aluminum alloy, using two types of low-fusing solder].

PMID- 2907389
TI  - [Morphine analgesics].

PMID- 2907390
TI  - [Non-amphetamine analeptics].

PMID- 2907391
TI  - [Ways to develop and extend perestroika (results of the 19th All-Union Conference
      of the Communist Party)].

PMID- 2907392
TI  - A clinical study on vecuronium in children: a comparison with fazadinium and
      pancuronium.

PMID- 2907393
TI  - Polyorchidism associated with cryptorchidism.

PMID- 2907394
TI  - [Analysis of parasitic zymodemes].

PMID- 2907395
TI  - Responses of neurons in somatosensory cortical area II of cats to high-frequency
      vibratory stimuli during iontophoresis of a GABA antagonist and glutamate.
AB  - Areas in the second somatic sensory cortex (SII) of cats that responded
      vigorously to low-amplitude, high-frequency vibratory stimulation were mapped
      with respect to the surrounding somatotopic organization. Neurons with these
      properties were found in the posterior and medial parts of the distal forelimb
      zone and were judged as receiving input from Pacinian mechanoreceptors. The
      responses of these neurons to sinusoidal vibrotactile stimulation were studied
      during iontophoretic administration of glutamate or bicuculline methiodide (BMI)
      to determine if the temporal fidelity of these cortical neurons was controlled by
      inhibitory circuits that used gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as a
      neurotransmitter. The data from 19 Pacinian-sensitive neurons were analyzed for
      changes in the mean firing rate, the percentage of entrainment, and the pattern
      of periodicity as revealed by autocorrelograms and interval histograms.
      Iontophoresis of BMI or glutamate caused significant increases in mean firing
      rates during low- and high-frequency vibratory stimulation. The pattern of
      increased activity produced by BMI was characterized by a small, yet significant,
      reduction in the percentage of entrainment, whereas glutamate caused smaller and
      fewer significant changes in this measure. Analysis of autocorrelation and
      interval histograms suggested that BMI increased the probability of firing on
      consecutive stimulus cycles in small segments of the stimulus duration.

PMID- 2907396
TI  - Immunocytochemical localization of peptides in the endocrine pancreas of the
      snakes Vipera aspis and Natrix maura.
AB  - The endocrine pancreas of Vipera aspis and Natrix maura has been investigated by
      immunocytochemistry for the presence of six peptides reported to occur in Mammals
      or in Reptiles. Gastrin/CCK and PP were absent in the endocrine cells, VIP was
      located within nerve terminals only. Insulin, Glucagon, and Somatostatin were
      localized both in Vipera and Natrix, generally with a ring of D (Somatostatin)
      cells surrounding a core of Glucagon (A) and Insulin (B) producing cells; however
      frequent clusters of D cells are intermingled with the other endocrine cells.
      Statistical evaluations on the percentages of these 3 cell types showed
      preponderance of A cells in Natrix whereas in Vipera no significant difference
      was found between the number of A and B cells. The D cells showed a uniform
      distribution in the pancreas of the 2 studied species, in any case with a
      percentage slightly inferior to those of B cells.

PMID- 2907397
TI  - Deterioration of B cell proliferation correlates with dendritic reticulum cell
      destruction in germinal centers of an AIDS patient. Case study.
AB  - A lymph node from a bisexual Caucasian male infected with human immunodeficiency
      virus (HIV) and in the persistent generalized lymphadenopathy (PGL) stage was
      studied. Dendritic reticulum cells (DRCs) were well preserved in over half of the
      germinal centers (GCs), while in the rest, they showed marked destruction,
      producing patchy or rather wide DRC-depleted areas. Proliferation-associated
      antigens, i.e., PC antigen and DNA-polymerase alpha, were demonstrated in nuclei
      of germinal center B cells in areas where the DRC network was intact, while they
      were prominently depleted in areas where the DRC network was lost. The p-24 viral
      core antigen was shown to be localized in DRCs, especially those in the process
      of degeneration. These results suggest that the DRC in this patient, when
      infected with HIV, were destroyed, and that the resulting DRC depletion led to
      the suppression of B cell proliferation in GCs.

PMID- 2907398
TI  - [Pharmacological therapy of anaphylactic disorders].

PMID- 2907399
TI  - [Unusual findings during orchidopexy].

PMID- 2907400
TI  - [Study of Culicidae in Firaisam-Pokontany of Ambohimanjaka in the environs of
      Tananarive: results of a longitudinal study, in particular on the vectorial
      transmission of malaria].

PMID- 2907401
TI  - [Entomopathogenic mushrooms of the genus Coelomomyces in Madagascar].

PMID- 2907402
TI  - Prenatal diagnosis and carrier detection by DNA studies in a Duchenne muscular
      dystrophy family with no living affected male.
AB  - Restriction fragment length polymorphism studies and gene dosage analysis using
      the intragenic probes pERT87 were used to detect deletions in potential carriers
      in a family with Duchenne muscular dystrophy in which the only affected male was
      deceased. Two females were found to have inherited the paternal pERT87 alleles
      but not the maternal alleles, suggesting that they have inherited the pERT87
      deletion from their mothers. The hybridization signals of pERT87 from these two
      females upon gene dosage analysis also suggested that they had a single copy of
      pERT87. The chorionic villi of a male fetus from one of these two females was
      found to be deleted for pERT87, suggesting that it was affected. This result
      confirmed the carrier status of the mother.

PMID- 2907403
TI  - Restriction fragment length polymorphism and chromosome mapping of a mouse homeo
      box gene, Hox-2.1.
AB  - Restriction endonuclease fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) were found using
      the cDNA probe Hox-2.1 for the homeo box-2.1 gene in the mouse. Polymorphism was
      detected in restriction patterns generated by fragments from HindIII digestion.
      The great majority of laboratory strains of mice carries the Hox-2.1a allele.
      Only two laboratory strains carry the Hox-2.1b allele. Among strains of wild
      origin, the European subspecies (Mus m. domesticus, M. m. brevirostris, and M. m.
      musculus) and some Asian subspecies (M. m. castaneus) carry the Hox-2.1a allele.
      The subspecies from Far Eastern countries (M. m. molossinus, Chinese mice of wild
      origin, and M. m. yamashinai) carry the Hox-2.1b allele. Using the RFLP, the Hox
      2.1 gene was mapped on chromosome 11. Three-point cross test data showed that the
      recombination frequency is 29.6% between the Hba and the Hox-2.1 genes and 23.5%
      between the Hox-2.1 and the Es-3 genes. The gene order of Hba-Hox-2.1-Es-3 has
      been confirmed.

PMID- 2907404
TI  - Genetic determinants of glutamine synthetase in Drosophila melanogaster: a gene
      for glutamine synthetase I resides in the 21B3-6 region.
AB  - Recombinational and deletion mapping of electrophoretic variants of the glutamine
      synthetase I isozyme (GSI) in Drosophila melanogaster locates the gene in the 21B
      region on the second chromosome. We have conducted a genetic analysis of the
      region extending cytologically from 21A to 21B4-6. Recessive lethal mutations
      were generated by ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) and ethyl nitrosourea (ENU)
      mutagenesis and by hybrid dysgenesis (HD). These lethals fall into seven
      functional groups, which were partially ordered by complementation with
      cytologically defined deficiencies of this region generated by hybrid dysgenesis.
      Two of the EMS- and two of the ENU-induced lethals fulfill biochemical criteria
      expected for null alleles of the GSI gene.

PMID- 2907405
TI  - [Studies on the biological function of the nucleotide base of vitamin B12].
AB  - Studies on the coenzyme activity of some nucleotide base analogues of
      adenosylcobalamine in the dioldehydratase and methyl-malonyl-CoA mutase systems
      resulted in fundamental differences: Contrary to dioldehydratase the coenzyme
      activity remains in the methyl-malonyl-CoA mutase system when adenosyl-cobamides
      with a strongly modified nucleotide base are studied. The analogues give a good
      growth response with Escherichia coli. In the growth test with Lactobacillus
      leichmanii only the cobamides that do not have substituted nucleotide bases in
      the positions 2 or 3 of their imidazole ring are active.

PMID- 2907406
TI  - Amino-acid sequence homology of a polymorphic cellular protein from human
      lymphocytes and the chaperonins from Escherichia coli (groEL) and chloroplasts
      (Rubisco-binding protein).
AB  - The human p60 (Mr 60,000) is an abundant protein in the two-dimensional
      electrophoresis pattern of the cellular proteins of human mitogen-stimulated
      lymphocytes. The p60 shows as remarkable characteristic a genetic polymorphism
      with two different alleles. Electrotransfer of this protein from two-dimensional
      gels onto siliconized glass fiber sheets and subsequent amino-acid sequence
      analysis has revealed a striking homology to the known bacteria and plant
      chaperonins, the groEL and the Rubisco-subunit-binding protein. From this
      sequence homology we conclude that we have identified the human chaperonin
      homologue.

PMID- 2907407
TI  - CD4+: neopterin ratio significantly improves correlation with the Walter Reed
      staging system if compared with CD4+ and neopterin considered separately.

PMID- 2907409
TI  - Regulation of human natural cytotoxicity by enkephalins and selective opiate
      agonists.
AB  - This study reports a bidirectional effect of the enkephalins and selective opiate
      receptor agonists on human natural killer (NK) cell activity. Peripheral blood
      mononuclear cells (PBMC) were obtained from healthy donors and enriched for T
      lymphocytes and large granular lymphocytes (LGL) by passage over nylon wool
      columns. Nylon wool nonadherent cell populations were preincubated for 18 h in
      the presence of fetal bovine serum with and without methionine-enkephalin,
      leucine-enkephalin, dynorphin (fragment 1-13), [D-Ser2]-leucine-enkephalin-Thr
      (DSLET), and [D-Ala2,N Me-Phe4, Gly-ol5]-enkephalin (DAGO). NK activity was
      measured by a standard 51Cr release assay with radiolabeled K562 cells. The
      cytolytic capacity of low NK responder populations was enhanced by the endogenous
      opioids while the NK activity of high responder populations was suppressed. These
      results suggest an immunoregulatory action of opioid peptides on NK activity.
      This possibility was confirmed using a serum-free system in conjunction with
      recombinant interferon-alpha. In addition, the classic opioid receptor antagonist
      naloxone displayed both antagonist and direct immunomodulatory properties, which
      may indicate the presence of lymphocyte derived opioid peptides in the culture
      system.

PMID- 2907410
TI  - Determination of the beta-blocker betaxolol and labelled analogues by gas
      chromatography/mass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring of the alpha
      cleavage fragment (m/z 72).
AB  - Low concentrations of betaxolol in blood plasma and physiological buffers were
      determined by selected ion monitoring of the intense m/z 72 fragment [CH2 = NH
      CH(CH3)2]+ formed by electron impact ionization of the O-trimethylsilyl
      derivative. At a mass spectrometric resolution of 3000, fewer potentially
      interfering peaks were seen than at low resolution. There remained a chemical
      interference, corresponding to 100 pg/sample, which arose during treatment of the
      samples. This method is more sensitive than previous ones, but it is restricted
      to situations where the specificity can be controlled. When the m/z 72 fragment
      was mass-shifted by using betaxolol appropriately labelled with deuterium or 13C,
      both the interference and the baseline noise were greatly reduced; concentrations
      of labelled betaxolol as low as 10-20 pg/sample can be determined with little
      difficulty.

PMID- 2907408
TI  - Comparative effects of rilmenidine and clonidine on bronchial responses to
      histamine in asthmatic subjects.
AB  - 1. The effects of pretreatment with clonidine and rilmenidine, a new alpha 2
      adrenoceptor agonist, on the bronchial responses to inhaled histamine were
      studied on 3 different days in a controlled, double-blind, randomized study in 12
      asymptomatic asthmatic subjects. Clonidine and rilmenidine were orally
      administered as single and equipotent doses of 150 micrograms and 1 mg,
      respectively. All the subjects were non-smokers with normal lung function tests
      (forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) = 97 +/- 10% predicted FEV1). 2.
      Histamine (first dose = 543 nmol) was delivered by a breath activated dosimeter
      (DeVilbiss no. 646 nebulizer) every 5 min; FEV1 was measured in triplicate after
      each dose and the largest value was analyse. The three dose-response curves were
      compared by analysis of variance. 3. Both clonidine and rilmenidine decreased
      arterial blood pressure in all subjects. There was no difference in baseline
      values and pre-challenge values of FEV1 after placebo, clonidine and rilmenidine
      on the 3 study days. Compared with placebo, both rilmenidine and clonidine
      significantly increased the bronchial responses to histamine (P less than 0.05
      and P less than 0.01 respectively) an effect which was significantly more marked
      with clonidine than rilmenidine (P less than 0.05). 4. We suggest that the
      enhancement of bronchial responsiveness to histamine by clonidine and rilmenidine
      may result from their effects on both central and peripheral alpha 2
      adrenoceptors, and that the lesser aggravation of histamine-induced bronchial
      obstruction in asthmatic subjects on rilmenidine might be explained by its lesser
      central and/or greater peripheral effects than clonidine.

PMID- 2907411
TI  - Analysis of almitrine and its metabolites in plasma using on-line fast atom
      bombardment liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry.
AB  - To validate a recently developed liquid chromatography/ultraviolet (LC/UV) method
      in a pharmacokinetic study of Vectarion (almitrine) where the unchanged drug, its
      five metabolites and an internal standard are analysed, on-line fast atom
      bombardment liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (FAB LC/MS) with a moving
      belt interface has been used. Since the liquid chromatographic conditions
      required the use of perchloric acid FAB was chosen as ionization mode for the
      involatile perchlorates formed in the liquid chromatographic process. The use of
      FAB LC/MS allows the detection of the protonated molecular ions of all the
      components in the mixture. Furthermore, all the compounds show an intense peak at
      m/z 203, presenting a liquid chromatographic profile which is very similar to the
      profile obtained with UV detection.

PMID- 2907412
TI  - [The association of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus with the genes
      responsible for carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in the Chinese].

PMID- 2907413
TI  - [Prenatal diagnosis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy using DNA RFLP analysis].

PMID- 2907414
TI  - [Detection of antigens in blood smears of patients with epidemic hemorrhagic
      fever using the rosette cell formation SpA method].

PMID- 2907415
TI  - The suppression of blood growth hormone level by somatostatin infusion in
      patients with active acromegaly.

PMID- 2907416
TI  - Morphine can stimulate prolactin release independent of a dopaminergic mechanism.
AB  - Prolactin release is controlled by prolactin-release inhibiting factor (PIF),
      possibly dopamine, and an unidentified putative hypothalamic prolactin-releasing
      factor (PRF). Morphine and related opioids may indirectly stimulate prolactin
      release by inhibiting PIF release and (or) by stimulating putative PRF release.
      In the present study, we have completely blocked the dopaminergic receptors in
      normal male rats by pretreatment with a large dose of pimozide (3 mg/kg) to
      demonstrate if putative PRF has a role in morphine-induced prolactin release.
      Morphine sulfate (10 mg/kg) was still able to stimulate prolactin release in the
      rat without any functional dopaminergic PIF receptors. When naloxone (3 mg/kg)
      was injected 20 min before the morphine in the pimozide-treated rat, plasma
      prolactin concentration was not affected by morphine indicating that the
      stimulatory effect of this opioid on prolactin release in the pimozide-pretreated
      rat was mediated by mu-receptors. We can conclude that morphine can stimulate
      prolactin release through a mechanism apparently independent of dopaminergic
      receptors, one possible route being through a putative PRF.

PMID- 2907417
TI  - Evidence for regionally selective changes in response to potassium chloride but
      not vasopressin or methoxamine in vasculature from diabetic rats.
AB  - In the present study we examined the contractile responses of aortae and
      mesenteric and femoral arteries taken from rats treated 3 weeks previously with
      streptozotocin (55 mg/kg, i.v.) or saline (1 mL/kg, i.v.) to vasopressin,
      potassium chloride, and methoxamine. The dose-response curves obtained with
      vasopressin and methoxamine were not significantly different between control and
      diabetic animals. However, both the diabetic mesenteric and femoral arteries
      showed a significantly (p less than 0.05) greater maximum response to potassium
      chloride as compared with their respective controls. The reactivity of the
      diabetic aortae to this agonist was not different. It is concluded that while the
      contractile responses of the diabetic tissues were normal when the agonist was
      vasopressin or methoxamine, there would appear to be regionally selective changes
      in responsiveness to potassium chloride.

PMID- 2907418
TI  - [Genes in atherosclerosis].

PMID- 2907420
TI  - [Nursing care of patients using 654-2 in the prevention and treatment of epidemic
      hemorrhagic fever renal failure].

PMID- 2907419
TI  - Role of sequence amplification in the generation of nematode mitochondrial DNA
      polymorphism.
AB  - Romanomermis culicivorax, an obligate parasitic nematode of mosquitos, possesses
      an unusually large mitochondrial genome. Individuals are monomorphic for one of
      several mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) size variants ranging from 26-32 kb. In this
      report, we demonstrate that the mitochondrial genome size differential in three
      isofemale lineages is due to the presence of mtDNA sequences amplified to
      different copy numbers within each mtDNA molecule. Restriction enzyme analysis
      and DNA sequencing studies reveal that each mitochondrial genome contains one of
      two 3.0 kb repeat types that differ by approximately 30 bp. This difference is
      primarily due to a short (23 bp) imperfect tandem duplication present within the
      larger of two polymorphic repeating units. The 3.0 kb reiterated DNA sequences
      are present as direct, tandem repeats and as inverted portions of the same
      sequence located elsewhere in the genome. Based on mtDNA analysis of an
      independently reared R. culicivorax culture, we conclude that events resulting in
      mitochondrial genome rearrangement occurred in natural field populations prior to
      propagation within the laboratory.

PMID- 2907422
TI  - [Problems caused by infection due to the HIV retrovirus].

PMID- 2907421
TI  - Inhibitors of sterol synthesis. Studies of the metabolism of 5 alpha-cholest
      8(14)-en-3 beta-ol-15-one in Chinese hamster ovary cells and its effects on
      activities of early enzymes in cholesterol biosynthesis.
AB  - The metabolism of [2,4-3H]5 alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-3 beta-ol-15-one (I) has been
      studied in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells which were maintained in a lipid
      deficient medium. The incorporation of I into the cells was linear with respect
      to sterol concentration in the medium over the ranges of concentrations studied
      and was more than 3.5 times that of the uptake of cholesterol. The results of
      detailed chromatographic analyses of the lipids recovered from the cells after 6
      h of incubation with [2,4-3H]I (0.5 microM or 6.0 microM) indicated that most of
      the 3H was associated with free I. Considerably lesser amounts of the 3H was
      associated with esters of I. No formation of [3H]cholesterol or [3H]cholesteryl
      esters (or other C27 monohydroxysterols) from labeled I was observed. The labeled
      material with the chromatographic behavior of the esters of I gave, after mild
      alkaline hydrolysis, the free 15-ketosterol which was characterized by the
      results of chromatographic and cocrystallization studies. Upon transfer of the
      CHO-K1 cells from a culture medium containing 8% newborn calf serum to the same
      medium containing 8% lipid-deficient newborn calf serum, increases in the levels
      of activity of cytosolic acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl
      coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) synthase and of HMG-CoA reductase were observed. These
      increases were blocked by the addition of I at a concentration of 1.0 microM. I
      (1.0 microM) also caused a decrease in the levels of activity of the three
      enzymes in cells previously grown in medium containing lipid-deficient serum.
      These results demonstrate that I not only affects the enzymatic reduction of HMG
      CoA but also the enzymatic formation of this key intermediate in cholesterol
      biosynthesis.

PMID- 2907423
TI  - Analysis of cis and trans elements involved in cAMP-inducible gene expression in
      Dictyostelium discoideum.
AB  - Expression of the Dictyostelium discoideum pst-cath (CP2) gene is
      transcriptionally regulated during multicellular development, and the gene is
      inducible in competent single cells following administration of exogenous cAMP.
      The 5' flanking region of pst-cath (CP2) that extends from -313 to the Cap site
      (+1) has previously been shown to contain sufficient cis-acting regulatory
      elements for proper developmental and cAMP-inducible expression of a foreign gene
      [Datta and Firtel, 1987, Mol Cell Biol 7:149-159]. The -283 to -201 region
      includes two exceptional "G-boxes" centered at -233 and -217 respectively, and
      this approximately 80 bp region is essential for basal as well as regulated
      expression of the pst-cath (CP2) gene. Here we summarize results obtained from a
      detailed analysis of a series of linker-scanner mutants and mutants that carry
      small internal deletions within the essential 80-bp region. Insertion of a
      synthetic oligonucleotide that includes the downstream G-box is demonstrated to
      rescue a low level of cAMP-inducible expression following insertion into cassette
      mutants. The effect of introducing a change in the relative spacing between
      regulatory elements has also been investigated. We have analyzed nuclear extracts
      for the presence of DNA-binding proteins that interact specifically with the pst
      cath (CP2) regulatory region and identified two such putative trans-acting
      factors: 1) the AT-factor that is observed within a few hours following the onset
      of starvation and that binds tightly to stretches of alternating adenine-thymine
      residues (poly(dA-dT]; and 2) the AG-factor that is present in nuclear extracts
      of aggregated cells. Competition studies have demonstrated significant
      differences in the affinity that characterizes the binding of the two factors to
      G-box-containing sequences. The binding specificities of these DNA-binding
      proteins have been analyzed using gel mobility-shift and DNaseI footprinting
      assays.

PMID- 2907424
TI  - [A critical discussion on the current status of drug treatment of brain aging].

PMID- 2907425
TI  - Use of benzodiazepines among residents of aged-care accommodation.

PMID- 2907426
TI  - Bloat in sheep (Ovis aries).
AB  - 1. Most of the field studies on bloat are conducted with cattle and most of the
      laboratory experiments seeking to explain the various parameters associated with
      bloat are done with sheep. 2. Based on grazing behaviour, it would be expected
      that sheep might bloat more severely than cattle because they selectively choose
      to eat leaves over stems and chew what they ingest more frequently than cattle.
      Furthermore, sheep appear to select legumes over grasses because the legumes can
      be eaten more rapidly. However, because they are selective, sheep eat more slowly
      than cattle. Despite a higher bloat expectation, bloating in sheep is reported to
      be less of a problem than in cattle. 3. Although frothing of rumen ingesta was
      described earlier in cattle as the cause of acute legume bloat, experiments with
      frothy bloat in sheep preceded those in cattle. 4. Anti-frothing agents were used
      in sheep before cattle to treat acute legume bloat. 5. Experiments devoted to the
      study of eructation in ruminants were carried out on sheep, then cattle. 6.
      Convincing evidence that rumen motility does not cease during acute legume bloat
      was gathered using sheep. 7. Although the transected tracheal technique for the
      determination of the volume of eructated gas was developed with cattle, the
      pathway of eructated gas was confirmed with sheep. 8. All the current evidence
      accumulated from experiments with sheep supports the hypothesis that death due to
      legume bloat is caused by acute neural, respiratory, and cardiovascular insult
      resulting from the effect of the distended rumen on thoracic viscera, diaphragm,
      intercostal muscles, and the abdominal vena cava. 9. Experiments with sheep and
      cattle being fed scabrous and nonscabrous diets similar in chemical composition
      show that sheep are more resistant than cattle to the increase in intrarumen
      pressure, decline in rumen contraction amplitude, and decrease in rumen
      contraction frequency caused by nonscabrous diets. 10. The sequence of events in
      the reticulorumen during primary and secondary contractions previously described
      following visual and palpation experiments with cattle was confirmed by the use
      of myoelectrodes implanted in the various sacs of the reticulorumen of sheep. 11.
      Elevated intrarumen pressure is associated with an increase in the frequency of
      primary (mixing) and secondary (eructation) contractions (more secondaries than
      primaries).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2907427
TI  - Concentration- and pH-dependence of short-chain fatty acid absorption in the
      proximal and distal colon of guinea pig (Cavia porcellus).
AB  - 1. Absorption of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), acetate, propionate, and
      butyrate was studied in simultaneously perfused proximal and distal segments of
      the colon in anaesthetized guinea pigs. 2. Acetate absorption rates increased
      linearly with concentration in both segments, indicating passive transport. 3.
      SCFA-clearance was independent of bulk luminal pH between pH 6.2 and 8.1 in the
      proximal and distal colon. SCFA-clearance was slightly higher in both segments at
      pH values less than 6. 4. The unexpected pH-independence of SCFA-absorption is
      attributed to the existence of a constant pH-microclimate at the surface of the
      colonic epithelium. 5. Relative permeabilities to acetate:propionate:butyrate
      were estimated as 1:1.19 +/- 0.03:1.27 +/- 0.05 in the proximal colon and 1:2.31
      +/- 0.39:3.50 +/- 0.61 in the distal colon. The significance of these findings
      with respect to the pH-partition hypothesis are discussed.

PMID- 2907428
TI  - Hormonal control of lipolysis from the white adipose tissue of hibernating jerboa
      (Jaculus orientalis).
AB  - 1. Plasma glucose, glycerol, free fatty acids and total lipid content of the
      white adipose tissue were measured in euthermic and hibernating jerboa. 2. During
      hibernation, plasma glucose and glycerol were low compared to the euthermic
      animals, whereas there was no obvious difference in plasma free fatty acids. The
      white adipose tissue lipid content was strongly reduced in the hibernating state.
      3. The effect of lipolytic hormones (norepinephrine and glucagon) and
      antilipolytic hormone (insulin) on in vitro glycerol release by adipose tissue
      isolated from hibernating or euthermic jerboa has been studied. 4. The white
      adipose tissue from hibernating jerboa presented a higher sensitivity to
      norepinephrine and glucagon than that of euthermic jerboa; insulin did not modify
      either basal glycerol release or lipolysis induced by the two lipolytic hormones
      at low temperatures (7 degrees C) and during the rewarming (from 7 degrees C to
      37 degrees C) of the tissue slices. 5. These results suggested that white adipose
      tissue constitutes an important source of substrates derived from lipolysis
      during hibernation.

PMID- 2907429
TI  - The effects of fasting on some physiological parameters in the meadow vole,
      Microtus pennsylvanicus.
AB  - 1. The effect of fasting on respiratory quotient (RQ), metabolic rate, blood
      glucose, liver glycogen, carcass lipids, interscapular brown adipose tissue
      (IBAT), and body temperature was investigated in Microtus pennsylvanicus. 2. The
      utilization of carbohydrates during fasting leads to a severe hypoglycemia within
      6 hr. 3. The hypoglycemia does not seem to stem from the inability to mobilize
      glycogen or fat reserves. 4. The hypoglycemic state may be responsible for the
      decreased SMR and body temperature. 5. The predominant use of carbohydrates may
      stem from a high metabolic rate coupled with a low calorie diet which forces the
      voles to feed frequently.

PMID- 2907430
TI  - Binding sites for atrial natriuretic peptide in the kidney and aorta of the
      hagfish (Myxine glutinosa).
AB  - 1. In the atlantic hagfish (Myxine glutinosa) binding sites for atrial
      natriuretic peptide (ANP) were visualized by autoradiography in contractile
      structures of the renal system (glomeruli, neck segment, and archinephric duct)
      and in the aorta. 2. Since the location of binding sites is comparable to that in
      higher vertebrates including man, these results suggest that ANP may act as a
      hormone already in cylcostomata.

PMID- 2907431
TI  - Creatinine and inulin clearance at the different nitrogen and energy intake in
      sheep.
AB  - 1. Renal creatinine and inulin clearances were compared between sheep fed (a)
      high nitrogen and high energy diet; (b) low nitrogen and high energy diet and (c)
      low nitrogen and low energy diet. 2. Inulin clearance was significantly lower in
      sheep on both low nitrogen diets vs the group with high nitrogen intake.
      Differences were not ascertained between the groups on low nitrogen diets. 3. No
      significant differences were found in the creatinine clearance. The creatinine
      inulin clearance ratio was higher when animals were fed low nitrogen diets, vs
      the group on a high nitrogen diet. 4. Results suggest that the endogenous
      creatinine is not suitable for the GFR measurement in sheep under the different
      conditions of nutrition.

PMID- 2907432
TI  - Thyroxin specifically stimulates anuran larvae epidermal sodium pump during
      metamorphosis.
AB  - 1. Sodium pump, measured as K+-dependent, ouabain sensitive pNPPase, but not the
      non-specific, ouabain insensitive pNPPase, was stimulated by thyroxin in
      epidermis of tadpoles of Rana perezi. 2. Epidermal K+-pNPPase of thyroxin treated
      tadpoles was only stimulated in those stages already showing activity and reached
      levels similar to adult frogs in tadpoles at metamorphic climax.

PMID- 2907433
TI  - Sympatho-adrenal activity and metabolic responses in fasted rats--the role of
      interscapular brown adipose tissue.
AB  - 1. Sympatho-adrenal (SA) and metabolic responses to fasting were studied in sham
      operated (SHAM) rats and in those with interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT)
      removed. 2. Fasting significantly increased adrenaline (A) excretion and serum
      free fatty acids (FFA), but decreased noradrenaline (NA) excretion and blood
      glucose level in SHAM rats. 3. IBAT removal did not change metabolic responses
      while it markedly altered the SA activity. Fasting in animals void of IBAT
      potentiated the activity of adrenal medulla, inhibited the FFA rise and prevented
      glucose reduction, which is normally observed in SHAM-fasted rats. 4. Results
      suggest the significance of IBAT in the regulation of the blood level of energy
      substrates in fasted rats and in maintaining the basal level of NA excretion.

PMID- 2907434
TI  - Tissue levels of bilirubin and biliverdin in the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus
      L., before and after biliary atresia.
AB  - 1. Liver, intestine, kidney, muscle and epidermis from larvae, juvenile adults
      and upstream migrants of the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus L., were assayed for
      the presence of biliverdin and bilirubin. Urine was also examined for these bile
      pigments in juveniles and upstream migrants. 2. Bilirubin concentration increased
      dramatically in the liver and caudal intestine following loss of larval bile
      ducts while biliverdin levels were highest in the liver of upstream migrants and
      rose sharply in the caudal intestine immediately following the atresia. 3. Small
      amounts of bile pigment were present in larval kidneys but high concentrations
      were found in this organ in upstream migrants. The urine of the latter possessed
      biliverdin. 4. Mucus of the epidermis may be a vehicle for transport and release
      of bilirubin in upstream migrants. 5. These data indicate that lampreys utilize
      different avenues for bile pigment storage and elimination over the course of
      their life cycle.

PMID- 2907435
TI  - Comparative water economy of sympatric rodents in a Chilean semi-arid habitat.
AB  - 1. Water requirements, water balance components and dependence on exogenous water
      were estimated in four species of sympatric rodents inhabiting a Chilean semi
      arid region. 2. A significant increase in free water drinking was observed in all
      rodents when the diet composition was changed from 14 to 20% protein. 3. Under
      water balance conditions the cricetid species (Phyllotis darwini, Oryzomys
      longicaudatus and Akodon olivaceus) showed 1.66 to 1.88 times the weight-specific
      daily water gain of Octodon degus. 4. In the three cricetid rodents, evaporation
      was the largest water loss component (2/3 to 3/4 of total loss), while in O.
      degus evaporative water loss amounted to only 38% of the total. 5. Survival time
      during water deprivation ranged from 13.4 days in O. degus to only 4 days in O.
      longicaudatus. 6. All water variables combined indicate that water dependence of
      O. longicaudatus greater than P. darwini greater than A. olivaceus greater than
      O. degus.

PMID- 2907436
TI  - Electrophysiology of newt skin: responses to salt-depletion, aldosterone,
      arginine vasotocin and epinephrine.
AB  - 1. Newts (Taricha granulosa), salt-depleted by 3 weeks' immersion in distilled
      water, showed significantly higher in vitro integumental short-circuit current
      (SCC) than control newts immersed in dilute saline. 2. Isolated, in vitro
      preparations of newt skin responded to aldosterone (10(-6) M), arginine vasotocin
      (10(-9)-10(-8) M), and epinephrine (10(-7)-10(-5) M) by increasing SCC. 3. The
      hormonal response of the skin of this salamandrid urodele, as judged from in
      vitro (Ussing chamber) measurements, is similar to that seen in classical anuran
      ("frog skin") preparations.

PMID- 2907437
TI  - Apomorphine-induced vomiting in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri).
AB  - 1. The LD50 for a 7-day period following intraperitoneal injection of apomorphine
      HCl was calculated to be 158 mg/kg in rainbow trout. 2. Intraperitoneal injection
      of apomorphine at doses of 60 mg/kg or greater caused vomiting of plastic balls
      which had been placed in the stomachs of rainbow trout. 3. Apomorphine-induced
      effects included vomiting, vomiting behavior, toxicity, increased respiration,
      impaired motor control and equilibrium, and increased aggression. 4. The vomiting
      control mechanism of trout may be similar to that described in mammals.

PMID- 2907438
TI  - Plasma arginine vasotocin and angiotensin II in the water deprived Kelp gull
      (Larus dominicanus), Cape gannet (Sula capensis) and Jackass penguin (Spheniscus
      demersus).
AB  - 1. The basal levels of the osmoregulatory hormones, arginine vasotocin (AVT) and
      angiotensin II (AII) were measured (by radioimmunoassay) in the plasma of
      conscious Kelp gulls, Cape gannets and Jackass penguins. 2. The responses of the
      hormones to similar degrees of hypertonicity and hypovolemia caused by water
      deprivation have also been determined. 3. Dehydration elevated plasma AVT and
      plasma AII in all three species. 4. The AVT concentration was increased by 2-4
      fold and although in each case the correlation between plasma osmolality and
      plasma AVT was highly significant (2P less than 0.01), the sensitivity of release
      was greater in the gull (1.13 pg/ml per mOsm/kg) than in the gannet (0.36 pg/ml
      per mOsm/kg) or penguin (0.44 pg/ml per mOsm/kg). 5. Dehydration increased plasma
      AII 3-fold in the three bird types.

PMID- 2907439
TI  - Phylogenetic study of the oxytocin-like immunoreactive system in invertebrates.
AB  - 1. A phylogenetic study of oxytocin (OXT)-like immunoreactive cells was performed
      by the PAP method in the central nervous system of invertebrates. 2. The
      immunoreactivity was detected in the nerve cells of Hydra magnipapillata of the
      Coelenterata; Neanthes japonica and Pheretima communissima of the Annelida;
      Oncidium verrucosum, Limax marginatus and Meretrix lamarckii of the Mollusca; and
      Baratha brassica of the Arthropoda. 3. No immunoreactive cells were found in
      Bipalium sp. of the Platyhelminthes; Pomacea canaliculata, Aplysia kurodai,
      Bradybaena similaris and Achatina fulica of the Mollusca; and Gnorimosphaeroma
      rayi, Procambarus clarkii, Hemigrapsus sanguineus, Helice tridens and Gryllus
      bimaculatus of the Arthropoda; Asterina pectinifera of the Echinodermata; and
      Halocynthia roretzi of the Protochordata. 4. These results demonstrate that an
      OXT-immunoreactive substance is widely present not only in vertebrates but also
      in invertebrates. 5. OXT seems to have been introduced into these invertebrates
      at an early stage of their phylogenetic history.

PMID- 2907441
TI  - Effects of a high concentration of CO2 on electrocardiograms in the carp,
      Cyprinus carpio.
AB  - 1. The effects of a high concentration of CO2 (PCO2 = 250 mmHg and PO2 = 360 mmHg
      in water) and MS222 (tricaine methanesulfonate, 1/8000 or 1/5000) on the
      electrocardiogram (ECG) in carp were examined using five kinds of bipolar leads
      from the body surface. 2. In the carp anesthetized with the high concentration of
      CO2 for 30 min, the QRS duration, PQ interval and and direction of the QRS axis
      on the frontal plane significantly changed. Even after recovery from anesthesia,
      delay in the QRS duration was still recognized. 3. The concentration of CO2 used
      in this study had an anesthetic action to the same degree as 1/8000 of MS222 and
      had a much more severe effect on the ECG of the carp than 1/5000 of MS222.

PMID- 2907440
TI  - Phylogenetic study of the arginine-vasotocin/arginine-vasopressin-like
      immunoreactive system in invertebrates.
AB  - 1. A phylogenetic study of arg-vasotocin (AVT)/arg-vasopressin (AVP)-like
      immunoreactive cells was performed by the PAP method in the central nervous
      system of invertebrates. 2. The immunoreactivity was detected in the nerve cells
      of Hydra magnipapillata of the Coelenterata; Neanthes japonica and Pheretima
      communissima of the Annelida; Pomacea canaliculata, Aplysia kurodai, Oncidium
      verrucosum, Bradybaena similaris, Achatina fulica, Limax marginatus and Meretrix
      lamarckii of the Mollusca; Gnorimosphaeroma rayi, Hemigrapsus sanguineus, Gryllus
      bimaculatus and Baratha brassicae of the Arthropoda; Asterina pectinifera of the
      Echinodermata; and Halocynthia roretzi of the Protochordata. 3. No
      immunoreactivity was detected in Bipalium sp. of the Platyhelminthes, or in
      Procambarus clarkii and Helice tridens of the Arthropoda. 4. From these results,
      it appears that AVT/AVP is a phylogenetically ancient peptide which is present in
      a wide variety of invertebrates. 5. The actions of AVT/AVP and its presence in
      invertebrates are discussed.

PMID- 2907442
TI  - Electrocardiograms in five bipolar leads recorded from the body surface of three
      fish species (Cyprinus carpio, Oreochromis niloticus and Pagrus major) in fresh
      or sea-water.
AB  - 1. ECGs were recorded using five bipolar leads from the body surface of porgy
      Pagrus major and tilapia Oreochromis niloticus in fresh or sea-water, or held on
      a dry towel. 2. The maximum QRS amplitude was detected in lead V in both species
      being 54 +/- 25 microV in porgy and 241 +/- 78 microV in tilapia, respectively,
      when the fish were held on the dry towel. 3. Clear ECG waves could not be
      obtained from porgy in sea-water because of the porgy's small cardiac potential
      and leakage of the potential. However, clear ECG waves could be obtained in sea
      water from the body surface of tilapia, with the average QRS amplitude being 35
      +/- 8 microV. 4. The mean electrical P and QRS axes in tilapia were directed
      toward almost the same direction (frontal downward), whereas both P and QRS axes
      in most carp were in opposite directions. In porgy, the relationship between the
      P and QRS axes could not be identified due to the smaller amplitude of the P
      wave.

PMID- 2907443
TI  - Energy cost of whole-body protein synthesis measured in vivo in chicks.
AB  - 1. Energy cost of whole-body protein synthesis was measured in vivo in chicks by
      comparing the changes in protein synthesis and heat production after the
      administration of cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein synthesis. 2.
      Incorporation of phenylalanine into whole-body protein fraction was promptly
      inhibited after the intravenous injection of cycloheximide, and the effect was
      sustained for at least 3 hr. 3. Both whole-body protein synthesis and total heat
      production were significantly reduced by the cycloheximide administration. 4. The
      energy cost of whole-body protein synthesis was calculated to be 5.35 kJ per g
      protein synthesis, and hence on a molar basis 7.52 ATPs are required per peptide
      bond synthesis.

PMID- 2907444
TI  - An improved electrode design for en passant recording from small nerves.
AB  - 1. A modification of the oil and hook electrode technique for recording
      extracellularly from fine nerves is described. 2. It uses a fine hook and a
      plastic tube that can be manipulated independently, and through which a high
      viscosity oil or grease may be forced over the nerve. 3. The suitability of the
      electrode for high-quality and long-term recording is discussed.

PMID- 2907445
TI  - Circulating levels of biotin in the fowl (Gallus domesticus): modulation by
      oestrogen.
AB  - 1. Exogenous oestrogen administration to immature male and female chickens
      significantly increased plasma biotin and significantly reduced liver biotin
      concentrations. 2. The elevation in plasma biotin concentrations was dose
      dependent and maximum values were observed 48 hr after a single injection of
      oestrogen. 3. A second oestrogen injection significantly increased plasma biotin
      concentrations compared with values obtained after the initial injection given 10
      days previously. 4. Plasma biotin concentrations were significantly increased in
      female, but not male, birds approaching sexual maturity. This increase coincided
      with the time of the known surge in endogenous oestrogen production by the
      developing ovary.

PMID- 2907447
TI  - Urinary excretion of free glucocorticosteroids and testosterone in the Mongolian
      gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus): effects of long-acting corticotrophin and human
      gonadotrophin.
AB  - 1. Methods for the quantitative collection of 24-hr urines of small laboratory
      animals and for the measurement of urinary free glucocorticosteroids and
      testosterone are described. 2. Urinary glucocorticosteroids and testosterone were
      determined in 0.1-0.5 ml-aliquots of 1/100 diluted urines after kieselgur mini
      column extraction. 3. Excretion of glucocorticosteroids and testosterone in
      undisturbed Mongolian gerbils was 329 and 13 ng/day, respectively. 4.
      Administration of long-acting (1-24)ACTH (20 IU/animal) increased
      glucocorticosteroid and testosterone excretion to about 2000 ng/day
      (glucocorticosteroids) and to about 30 ng/day (testosterone) over 3 days. 5. In
      animals injected with 100 IU/animal HCG, testosterone excretion was elevated to
      about 35-50 ng/day over 3 days. 6. As the results show, the measurement of
      urinary excretion of free glucocorticosteroids and testosterone is a reliable
      index of adrenal-gonadal function in the Mongolian gerbil. 7. Furthermore, in
      small laboratory animals, steroid measurements in 24-hr urines may be superior to
      determinations in plasma, since amounts of urinary steroid are relatively high
      and 24-hr urines can be collected over longer time periods without stressing the
      animals.

PMID- 2907446
TI  - Basolateral amino acid and glucose transport by the intestine of the teleost,
      Anguilla anguilla.
AB  - 1. D-glucose transport into BLMV was osmotically reactive, sodium independent,
      and inhibited by phloretin but not by phloridzin. 2. The survey of 6 L-amino
      acids identified three groups with respect to transfer across the basolateral
      cell border. Transport of proline and glutamate occurred by Na-dependent carriers
      and by apparent simple diffusion. Alanine, lysine and phenylalanine were
      transported by Na-independent carriers and apparent simple diffusion. Glycine
      transport was stimulated above apparent simple diffusion only by a simultaneous
      inwardly-directed Na gradient and outwardly-directed K gradient. 3. Only proline
      and glutamate demonstrated the ability to depolarize the membrane potential,
      consistent with Na-dependent rheogenic transport.

PMID- 2907449
TI  - Changes in the metabolic profile of the equine gluteus medius as a function of
      sampling depth.
AB  - 1. Cross sections from the middle of the gluteus medius were removed from 10
      adult horses and used to evaluate changes in histochemically determined muscle
      fiber type and biochemically determined metabolic enzyme activities as a function
      of sample depth. 2. Muscle fiber types determined using histochemical methods for
      myosin ATPase (pH 9.4) and succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) activity indicated
      percent fast-twitch glycolytic (FG) muscle fibers decreased and slow-twitch
      oxidative (SO) fibers increased as a function of increasing sampling depth. 3.
      Percent histochemically determined fast-twitch oxidative glycolytic (FOG) fibers
      decreased slightly only in the deepest region of the gluteus medius. 4. Citrate
      synthase (CS) enzymatic activity, used as a marker for mitochondrial oxidative
      potential, increased 2.5-fold in activity per g of muscle protein from 1 to 8 cm
      sampling depth. 5. 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HAD) enzymatic activity, used
      as a marker for lipid oxidation potential, increased 3-fold in activity per g of
      muscle protein when the depth increased from 1 to 8 cm. 6. Phosphorylase (PS)
      enzymatic activity, used as a marker for potential glycogen utilization,
      decreased 50% in activity per g of muscle protein when going from 1 to 8 cm. 7.
      Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzymatic activity, used as a marker for anaerobic
      glycolytic potential, decreased about 50% in activity as the sampling depth
      increased from 1 to 8 cm. 8. In summary, the superficial portion of the equine
      gluteus medius was found to be more glycolytic and less aerobic in its metabolic
      profile than deeper regions. The muscle became progressively more aerobic and
      less glycolytic with increasing sampling depth.

PMID- 2907448
TI  - Pressor and hemodilution responses compensate for acute hemorrhage in bluefish.
AB  - 1. After hemorrhage of 21% blood volume (0.9% body weight) blood pressure (BP)
      and heart rate (H.R.) of unanesthetized bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix) recovered
      within 5 min. 2. Phentolamine blocked this recovery. 3. Atropine increased
      control H.R. from 48 to 87 per min, and to 108 after hemorrhage, with delay of BP
      recovery to 10 min. 4. With small, repeated hemorrhages every 20 min,
      hemodilution and recovery of BP occurred between hemorrhages. Removal of 27%
      blood volume resulted in only temporary recovery. 5. Thirty min after hemorrhage,
      plasma epinephrine was 5 x and norepinephrine 8 x control. 6. Thus, bluefish
      tolerate hemorrhage with initial vasoconstriction via alpha-adrenergic pathways,
      and hemodilution.

PMID- 2907450
TI  - The effect of oral L-carnitine supplementation on the muscle and plasma
      concentrations in the Thoroughbred horse.
AB  - 1. L-carnitine was administered orally to thoroughbred horses for 58 days. 2.
      Acceptability and effects on plasma, muscle and urine concentration were studied.
      3. Ten-60 g/day (as 2-3 doses) was acceptable with no deleterious effects. 4. One
      x 10 g L-carnitine significantly raised the plasma-free carnitine concentration
      (7 hr post) from 21.2 to 31.8 mumol/l; 2 x 30 g increased the mean to 36.5
      mumol/l. 5. Plasma acetylcarnitine increased from approximately 1 to 5.5 mumol/l
      (7 hr post) on 2 x 30 g/day. 6. Muscle total carnitine was unchanged over 58
      days. 7. Urinary output accounted for 3.5-7.5% of added carnitine, indicating low
      intestinal absorption.

PMID- 2907451
TI  - Cation movement in rat articular and non-articular cartilage and in isolated
      chondrocytes: calcium influx and efflux.
AB  - 1. Calcium ion influx varies between different types of young adult rat
      cartilage. Sternal cartilage accumulates significantly less Ca2+ than other
      cartilage types. 2. Influxes of Ca2+ into young adult and ageing tibial cartilage
      display no significant differences. 3. Efflux of Ca2+ from sternal and tibial
      cartilage resolves into exponential phases indicative of three compartments.
      Tracheal cartilage displays two compartment behaviour only. 4. Efflux of Ca2+
      from isolated chondrocytes has different characteristics to cartilage efflux with
      the third slow compartment reduced. 5. Modification of Ca2+ efflux by lanthanum
      and barium is suggestive of an exchange of strongly bound extracellular calcium
      during the slow phase of the efflux from young adult tibial cartilage. 6. The
      metabolic inhibitor 2,4-dinitrophenol is without effect on the efflux of Ca2+
      from tibial articular cartilage. 7. The degree of calcium binding exhibited
      during efflux depends upon cartilage type. Non-articular sternal cartilage binds
      calcium more strongly than articular tibial, both binding more strongly than non
      articular tracheal cartilage. 8. In articular cartilage calcium binding shows an
      age-related increase.

PMID- 2907452
TI  - Chemotherapy of experimental (murine) Clostridium perfringens type A gas
      gangrene.
AB  - Five antimicrobial drugs (ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, imipenem, penicillin G, and
      rifampin) were examined for therapeutic efficacy in a murine model gas gangrene
      due to Clostridium perfringens type A, following infection with large bacterial
      inocula. Imipenem was effective against all 6 strains of C. perfringens;
      conversely, penicillin G failed against these 6 strains. Ciprofloxacin,
      clindamycin, and rifampin occupied intermediate positions.

PMID- 2907453
TI  - Effects of pretreatment with the retinoid N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-all-trans
      retinamide and phenobarbital on the disposition and metabolism of N-(4
      hydroxyphenyl)-all-trans-retinamide in mice.
AB  - The effects of pretreatment with N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-all-trans-retinamide (4-HPR)
      and phenobarbital (PB) on the distribution and metabolism of 4-HPR, and on the
      levels of hepatic cytochromes, were investigated in female BDF mice. Pretreatment
      of mice for 3 days with 10 mg/kg 4-HPR had no effect on the disposition of 4-HPR
      in the serum, liver, mammary gland, or urinary bladder. 4-HPR pretreatment also
      had no effect on the pharmacokinetics of any of its metabolites in the liver, or
      on the levels of hepatic cytochromes P450 or b5. By contrast, pretreatment of
      mice for 3 days with 80 mg/kg PB had a significant effect on the disposition of 4
      HPR in all the tissues examined; the areas under the concentration-time curves
      for PB-pretreated mice were half those for vehicle-pretreated mice. PB
      pretreatment also significantly reduced the levels of four metabolites of 4-HPR
      in the liver and increased the levels of hepatic cytochromes P450 and b5. These
      data suggest that prior or concomitant administration of drugs that induce the
      mixed function oxidase system could result in changes in retinoid disposition and
      metabolism; such changes may alter retinoid chemopreventive activity.

PMID- 2907454
TI  - Renal transepithelial transport of nucleosides.
AB  - Previous work from this and other laboratories has suggested that the mammalian
      kidney has unique mechanisms for handling purine nucleosides. For example, in
      humans and in mice, adenosine undergoes net renal reabsorption whereas
      deoxyadenosine is secreted [Kuttesch and Nelson: Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 8,
      221 (1982)]. The relationships between these renal transport systems and
      classical renal organic cation and anion, carbohydrate, and cell membrane
      nucleoside transport carriers are not established. To investigate possible
      relationships between such carriers, we have tested effects of selected classical
      transport inhibitors on the renal clearances of adenosine, deoxyadenosine, 5'
      deoxy-5-fluorouridine (5'-dFUR), and 5-fluorouracil in mice. The secretion of
      deoxyadenosine and 5'-dFUR, but not the reabsorption of adenosine or 5
      fluorouracil, was prevented by the classical nucleoside transport inhibitors,
      dipyridamole and nitrobenzylthioinosine. Cimetidine, an inhibitor of the organic
      cation secretory system, also inhibited the secretion of 5'-dFUR, although it did
      not inhibit deoxyadenosine secretion in earlier studies [Nelson et al.: Biochem.
      Pharmacol. 32, 2323 (1983)]. The specific inhibitor of glucose renal
      reabsorption, phloridzin, failed to inhibit the reabsorption of adenosine or the
      secretion of deoxyadenosine. Failure of the nucleoside transport inhibitors and
      phloridzin to prevent adenosine reabsorption suggests that adenosine reabsorption
      may occur via a unique process. On the other hand, inhibition of the net
      secretion of deoxyadenosine and 5'-dFUR by dipyridamole and
      nitrobenzylthioinosine implies a role for the carrier that is sensitive to these
      compounds in the renal secretion (active transport) of these nucleosides.

PMID- 2907455
TI  - Identification of ibopamine metabolites in rat and dog urine.
AB  - Metabolism of ibopamine (N-methyldopamine-O,O'-diisobutyryl ester) was studied in
      rats and dogs. The compound was well absorbed in both species when given orally.
      Most of the administered radiolabel (74-94%) was excreted within 24 hr in urine
      of both species. The major metabolite in rat urine was 4-glucuronylepinine (63%
      of the total administered dose). Minor metabolites identified were 4-O-glucuronyl
      3-O-methylepinine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), DOPAC-glucuronide,
      homovanillic acid (HVA), and HVA-glucuronide. Free epinine and epinine sulfate
      were detected in the range of less than 1% of the total administered dose.
      Metabolite patterns in dog urine were different from those of rat urine. The
      major metabolite was epinine-3-O-sulfate (62% of the total administered dose).
      Minor metabolites identified in dog urine were DOPAC-sulfate, HVA-sulfate, and
      free HVA. Free epinine was detected but in the range of less than 1% of the total
      administered dose. These results showed that ibopamine underwent extensive
      hydrolysis in vivo to epinine, which was subsequently conjugated and excreted as
      major metabolites in urine. In addition, side chain degradation of epinine led to
      minor metabolites, which were excreted in urine as free and conjugated forms. The
      route of conjugation of ibopamine metabolites is species dependent.

PMID- 2907456
TI  - In vivo rat hemoglobin thiyl free radical formation following administration of
      phenylhydrazine and hydrazine-based drugs.
AB  - We have employed the ESR spin trapping technique in vivo to detect the formation
      of the 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO)/hemoglobin thiyl free radical
      adduct in the blood of rats following administration of hydrazine-based drugs.
      The drugs examined were isoniazid, iproniazid, phenelzine, and hydralazine. In
      addition, phenylhydrazine and acetylhydrazine were also studied in a like manner.
      Of the four drugs, only phenelzine and iproniazid were able to induce the
      formation of the DMPO/hemoglobin thiyl free radical adduct in vivo, whereas only
      phenelzine and hydralazine were able to form this adduct in vitro. We were able
      to decrease the in vivo iproniazid-induced adduct formation by pretreating the
      rats with bis-para-nitrophenylphosphate, an arylamidase inhibitor. Our results
      support the idea that iproniazid is hydrolyzed in the liver to a more reactive
      metabolite, most likely isopropylhydrazine, which is subsequently released into
      the blood stream. In addition to the drug studies, experiments were performed to
      provide additional evidence that the radical adduct we detected was indeed of a
      hemoglobin thiyl free radical. Studies employing alpha-phenyl-N-t-butylnitrone
      (PBN) as the spin trap in place of DMPO also showed the formation of the
      PBN/hemoglobin thiyl free radical adduct.

PMID- 2907457
TI  - Virginiamycin metabolism in cattle rumen fluid.
AB  - The antibiotic virginiamycin (VM) was extensively metabolized in cattle rumen
      fluid in vitro. The antimicrobial activity of VM decreased rapidly with an
      initial half-life of approximately 8 hr. In contrast, in buffer at near neutral
      pH, VM maintained its full activity for at least 24 hr. Four metabolites were
      isolated and identified using a combination of spectral techniques including FAB
      MS-MS, LC-MS, and 500 MHz NMR. The metabolites were all derived from reduction of
      the major component of virginiamycin, factor M. The minor component, factor S,
      was not metabolized in cattle rumen fluid. The metabolic pathways involved
      included C = C and C = O reduction as well as dehydroxylation. All metabolites
      were found to have less antimicrobial activity than the parent factor M. In
      addition to the metabolites, two factor M decomposition products were isolated
      after incubation of VM in buffer alone. These two products resulted from the
      dehydration of factor M and were shown to interconvert at room temperature.

PMID- 2907458
TI  - In vivo radical trapping and biliary secretion of radical adducts of carbon
      tetrachloride-derived free radical metabolites.
AB  - Products of the well documented reductive metabolism of CCl4 to .CCl3 have been
      examined by free radical trapping and ESR in vivo. We have found the phenyl-N-t
      butylnitrone (PBN) radical adduct of .CCl3 in the bile of rats treated with the
      radical trap and 13CCl4. Hypoxia or pretreatment with phenobarbital has been
      reported to enhance the hepatotoxicity of CCl4 in vivo; these treatments also
      produced an increase in the biliary concentration of the PBN/.CCl3 radical adduct
      and in the .CCl3-derived PBN/.CO(-)2 radical adduct as well. A 13C-invariant
      spectrum detected upon PBN administration, with or without carbon tetrachloride,
      may be due to a lipid-derived species. ESR analysis of bile from animals treated
      with free radical traps and xenobiotics may prove useful in monitoring hepatic
      free radical-adduct formation in vivo.

PMID- 2907459
TI  - O-dephenylation and conjugation with benzoylornithine. New metabolic pathways for
      3-phenoxybenzoic acid in chickens.
AB  - Metabolism of [benzyl-14C]fluvalinate by chickens produces 3-phenoxybenzoic acid,
      which is further degraded by two new pathways. The first pathway involves O
      dephenylation, not reported previously for related pyrethroids in birds or
      mammals. O-Dephenylation is a major metabolic route (12% of the applied 14C). In
      the second pathway, 2% of the applied dose is converted into four conjugates of
      benzoylornithine (two with 3-hydroxybenzoic and two with 3-phenoxybenzoic acids).
      The predominant conjugate with benzoylornithine is N2-(3-hydroxybenzoyl)-N5
      benzoylornithine.

PMID- 2907460
TI  - Sexual dimorphism of nicotine metabolism and distribution in the rat. Studies in
      vivo and in vitro.
AB  - Interpretation of sex differences in nicotine metabolism and disposition in rats
      required studies both in vivo and in vitro to provide both metabolic and
      pharmacokinetic data. In each of four rat strains studied in vitro, males
      metabolized nicotine faster than did females. In Sprague-Dawley rats, studies of
      nicotine kinetics after a single iv dose of [14C]nicotine revealed a larger
      nicotine volume of distribution in females than in males. A prolonged plasma
      nicotine half-life in females balanced the larger volume of distribution, so that
      no sex difference appeared in plasma clearance of nicotine. Nevertheless, sex
      differences in nicotine metabolism are indicated inasmuch as 1) females had lower
      plasma cotinine concentrations than did males; 2) urinary recoveries of nicotine
      were higher in female than in male rats; 3) total urinary output of nicotine
      metabolites was higher in male than female rats, consistent with the enhanced N-
      and C-oxidation of nicotine by male rats observed in vitro. In female rats the
      reduced rate of nicotine metabolism, as well as a larger volume of distribution
      of nicotine, explains in part the reported increased lethality of female compared
      with male rats.

PMID- 2907461
TI  - Renal handling of 5-nitrofuran nephrotoxins in the rat.
AB  - Formic acid 2-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl)-hydrazide (FNT) and 3
      hydroxymethyl-1-([3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-allydidene]amino)hydantoin (HMN) were
      investigated to determine whether differences in the renal handling of these two
      chemicals might provide evidence to explain their different patterns of toxicity
      and carcinogenicity. The isolated perfused rat kidney and whole animal were used.
      In the isolated perfused rat kidney, both FNT and HMN had similar half-lives
      (t1/2) but the urinary excretion and renal clearance of HMN (2.1 +/- 0.4 greater
      than those of FNT (0.2 +/- 0.1 nmol/min and 0.06 +/- 0.01 ml/min, respectively).
      Probenecid increased the t1/2 and decreased the metabolic clearance of HMN but
      did not have any effect on FNT t1/2 or clearance. These differences in excretion
      of FNT and HMN could not be explained on the basis of protein binding. The total
      clearances of FNT and HMN were similar and significantly higher than that of the
      5-nitrofuran bladder carcinogen ANFT. In the whole animal, the urinary excretion
      of HMN was about 10-fold greater than that of FNT. The t1/2 of both FNT and HMN
      was less than 5 min in the whole animal. Probenecid decreased the urinary
      excretion of HMN from 9.7 +/- 1.4% to 4.4 +/- 1.0% (p less than 0.05). Compared
      with HMN, FNT has less urinary excretion but a similar elimination t1/2,
      suggesting a greater nonrenal clearance. HMN but not FNT has tubular excretion.
      Thus, alterations in substituents of 5-nitrofurans markedly alter their renal
      handling and may partially explain their diverse toxic effects.

PMID- 2907462
TI  - Regiochemistry and enantioselectivity in the oxidative N-dealkylation of
      verapamil.
AB  - The oxidative N-dealkylation of verapamil (1), a calcium channel antagonist, was
      examined in the presence of rat and human liver microsomes by using GC-MS
      methodology and synthesized regio-isomeric standards. All three possible
      secondary amine metabolites, N-methyl-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-4-cyano-5
      methylhexylamine (5), norverapamil (4), and N-methyl-2-(3,4
      dimethoxyphenyl)ethylamine (3), were formed as microsomal metabolites. Compound 5
      and norverapamil (4) were major products. Substrate stereoselectivity for the N
      dealkylation process was determined when pseudoracemic verapamil[equimolar (S)-(
      )-verapamil-d6 and (R)-(+):verapamil-d0] was used as substrate. In the presence
      of rat liver microsomes, a slight enantiomeric preference for the metabolism of
      (R)-verapamil to secondary amines 3 and 5 (S/R ratio = 0.88 and 0.78,
      respectively) was observed. In contrast, (S)-verapamil was preferentially
      metabolized to norverapamil (4) and primary amine 9 (S/R ratio = 1.20 for both).
      The enantioselectivity for the N-dealkylation process in the presence of human
      liver microsomes was slight and variable (six samples). Quantitatively, the major
      N-dealkylation routes in both microsomal systems yielded norverapamil (4) and
      secondary amine 5. Greater substrate enantioselectivity was observed for the N
      dealkylation process in rat liver microsomes than in human liver microsomes. In
      rat liver microsomal studies, two aliphatic aldehydes (2 and 6) were successfully
      trapped as their O-methyloximes (7 and 11, respectively) by using methoxylamine.
      In addition, the alcohols formed from reduction of these aldehydes were observed,
      due in part to a direct reduction by NADPH.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2907463
TI  - Bioavailability of benzo(a)pyrene deposited in the lung. Correlation with
      dissolution from urban air particulates and covalently bound DNA adducts.
AB  - Dissolution kinetics of benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P associated with urban air
      particulates were investigated in vitro and related to availability of the
      carcinogen in the isolated, perfused, and ventilated rat lung. Calculations of
      bioavailability and mean dissolution time in the lung produced results in
      concordance with experimental data. By convolution calculation, with in vitro
      desorption as input function and the disposition of B(a)P dosed intratracheally
      to the lung in an alveolar surfactant solution as reference, hypothetical areas
      under B(a)P buffer concentration vs. time curves (AUC) were calculated. AUC value
      for 1.5 micrograms of microcrystalline (MCr) B(a)P was 16 +/- 2 pmol/ml/min (N =
      6), which was identical with the corresponding experimental value of 16 +/- 5
      pmol/ml/min (N = 6), from lung perfusion experiments. For B(a)P adsorbed to urban
      air particulates (UAP-1), predicted and experimental AUC values did amount to 7
      +/- 2 (N = 5) and 10 +/- 4 (N = 5) pmol/ml/min, respectively. Absolute
      bioavailability was calculated by deconvolution to 87% for B(a)P in alveolar
      surfactant. In vitro dissolution of B(a)P from urban air particulates (UAP-1 to 
      4) revealed a wide variation in desorption characteristics for different
      particulate samples. Dissolution parameters determined in vitro were positively
      related to mean absorption time and mean dissolution time in the lung, using
      three different preparations. The precision in predictions of availability of
      B(a)P from in vitro desorption rates, with MCr and UAP-1 representing the
      greatest differences observed, supports the hypothesis that desorption is the
      rate-limiting step during uptake of B(a)P in the lung.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2907464
TI  - Pharmacokinetics and enterohepatic circulation of 2-n-propyl-4-pentenoic acid in
      the rat.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of 4-ene-valproic acid (4-ene-VPA), a putative hepatotoxic
      metabolite of the anticonvulsant valproic acid (VPA), were studied in normal and
      bile-exteriorized rats. A single iv bolus dose of 20 or 100 mg/kg of 4-ene-VPA
      was administered to each rat. Plasma decline of 4-ene-VPA was apparently
      monoexponential at the low dose and nonlinear at the high dose. In normal rats, 4
      ene-VPA was recycled in the plasma due to enterohepatic circulation (EHC). A time
      lag pharmacokinetic model was used to describe the plasma profile, including the
      appearance of a secondary plasma peak, in normal animals receiving the low dose
      of 4-ene-VPA. Total apparent plasma clearance was 8.67 ml/min.kg at the low dose
      and 5.89 ml/min.kg at the high dose. EHC was abolished in bile-exteriorized
      animals. In these rats, the apparent plasma elimination half-life increased from
      12.7 to 18.8 min and plasma clearance decreased from 11.4 to 7.41 ml/min.kg with
      a 5-fold increase in the dose. 4-ene-VPA was largely eliminated in urine and bile
      as conjugates. In normal rats, 22% and 28% of the low and high dose,
      respectively, were eliminated in urine. Approximately 29% of the low dose and 21%
      of the high dose were recovered in bile of the rat. Like the parent drug VPA, 4
      ene VPA induced dose-dependent choleresis in the rat. The pharmacokinetics of 4
      ene-VPA in the rat were similar to those reported for VPA.

PMID- 2907465
TI  - Disposition and metabolism of letosteine in rats.
AB  - The metabolism and disposition of letosteine, labeled either with 14C or 35S, has
      been investigated in Sprague-Dawley rats. In separate experiments, rats received
      20 mg/kg, iv or orally, [14C]letosteine or [35S]letosteine. Radioactivity was
      rapidly excreted, mainly in urine, after iv and oral administration. Recovery of
      radioactivity from 0-72-hr excreta averaged 95% after both routes of
      [14C]letosteine administration, whereas only 50% was recovered when
      [35S]letosteine was administered. 14CO2 accounted for about 7.3% (iv) and 5.1%
      (po) of the dose of [14C]letosteine. Comparison of the iv and oral areas under
      the plasma 14C radioactivity concentration-time curves suggested that oral
      absorption of letosteine was complete. Analysis of the radioactivity content of
      urine showed that letosteine undergoes rapid and extensive metabolism. Several
      metabolites were identified by TLC, HPLC, and MS. The findings are consistent
      with a splitting of the ester group of letosteine and subsequent cleavage of the
      thiazolidinyl ring, yielding cysteine, hypotaurine, taurine, and inorganic
      sulfate. The metabolite derived from the side chain was identified in the urine
      as 3-(hydroxycarbonylmethylthio)propanoic acid. It undergoes further oxidation
      into sulfoxide and sulfone derivatives, which are also present in the urine.

PMID- 2907466
TI  - Stereoselective metabolism and pharmacokinetics of disopyramide enantiomers in
      humans.
AB  - Metabolism, pharmacokinetics, and influence of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (alpha 1
      AGP) plasma levels on protein binding of (R)-(-) and (S)-(+)-disopyramide (DP)
      were compared, in six healthy subjects, at the steady state, after oral
      administration of 100 mg twice daily. The mean unbound clearance of (R)-(-)-DP
      and (S)-(+)-DP were 8.59 and 14.9 ml/min/kg, respectively (p = 0.003). The mean
      unbound renal clearance of (R)-(-)-DP and (S)-(+)-DP were 6.26 and 8.75
      ml/min/kg, respectively (p = 0.025). The nonrenal clearance, i.e. hepatic
      metabolic clearance, of (R)-(-)-DP and (S)-(+)-DP averaged 2.32 and 6.19
      ml/min/kg, respectively (p = 0.002). The mean unbound volume of distribution of
      (R)-(-)- and (S)-(+)-DP were 225 and 381 liters, respectively (p = 0.023). The
      half-life of (R)-(-)-DP and (S)-(+)-DP averaged 4.17 and 3.91 hr, respectively (p
      = 0.21). The mean unbound renal clearance of (R)-(-)- and (S)-(+)-mono-N
      dealkylated disopyramide (MND) were 3.21 and 7.02 ml/min/kg, respectively (p less
      than 0.001). The unbound fraction at steady state of (R)-(-)-DP and (S)-(+)-DP
      averaged 12.5 and 7.5%, respectively (p = 0.002). The unbound fraction at steady
      state of (R)-(-)-DP and (S)-(+)-MND averaged 62.6 and 60.5%, respectively (p =
      0.36). The highest alpha 1-AGP plasma concentration resulted in lower unbound
      fraction for both DP and MND enantiomers, whereas the lowest alpha 1-AGP plasma
      concentration resulted in higher unbound fraction for (S)-(+)-DP only.

PMID- 2907468
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of the dimethylheptyl homolog of cannabidiol in dogs.
AB  - Cannabidiol (CBD) is one of the major nonpsychoactive cannabinoids produced by
      Cannabis sativa L. Recent studies have shown that a dimethylheptyl homolog (DMH)
      of CBD is more active as an anticonvulsant than is the naturally occurring CBD.
      In considering DMH as a potential antiepileptic agent, its pharmacokinetics was
      studied in dogs (N = 8) after both iv (20 mg) and oral (80 mg) administration.
      After iv administration, DMH was rapidly distributed. DMH has a mean terminal
      half-life of 2 hr, its plasma levels decline in a biphasic fashion, and its total
      body clearance is 8.3 liters/hr. This clearance value, after being normalized to
      blood clearance by the use of mathematical equations, was less than one half of
      the value of the hepatic blood flow and its extraction ratio (E) by the liver is
      0.39, DMH was observed to have a mean volume of distribution of 10 liters (or 0.5
      liters/kg). In four of the eight dogs studied, DMH could not be detected in the
      plasma after oral administration. In the other four, the oral bioavailability was
      3, 21, 39, and 43%, respectively. After oral administration, DMH has a low and
      variable bioavailability, due to a liver first-pass effect and incomplete
      absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. In comparison with CBD, DMH has a
      shorter half-life and lower clearance and volume of distribution values, and its
      liver extraction ratio is about one half that of CBD.

PMID- 2907467
TI  - Structure-tissue distribution relationship based on physiological
      pharmacokinetics for NY-198, a new antimicrobial agent, and the related
      pyridonecarboxylic acids.
AB  - Comparative physiological pharmacokinetic analysis has been carried out to
      elucidate the different tissue distribution characteristics among eight
      pyridonecarboxylic acids including newly developed NY-198. The urinary and fecal
      recoveries of NY-198 were 76.3 +/- 1.3% and 21.0 +/- 0.1% of the dose (mean +/-
      SE, N = 3), respectively, after the iv administration of [14C]NY-198 as a 20
      mg/kg dose. Model-independent moment analysis of the serum concentration-time
      profile of [14C]NY-198 gave the volume of distribution at steady state per body
      weight (Vdss/BW) as 1150 ml/kg. Intrinsic renal clearance (CLint.kd) and
      intrinsic hepatic clearance (CLint.lv) were estimated to be 7.68 ml/min/kg and
      6.33 ml/min/kg, respectively, by the cumulative urinary recovery and the area
      under the curve of the serum concentration-time profile of NY-198 and the blood
      flow rate. The tissue-to-serum partition coefficients (Kp) were determined from
      the analysis of the tissue and serum concentration-time profiles after iv bolus
      or infusion of nalidixic acid, NY-198, and its structural analogue NY-239. These
      values were also determined from the analysis of similar data reported in the
      literature for the other pyridonecarboxylic acids (enoxacin, miloxacin,
      ofloxacin, pefloxacin, and pipemidic acid). The Kp values of NY-198 ranged from
      0.22 to 4.85 and were very similar to those for ofloxacin, being the highest in
      the disposing organs, kidneys and liver, the lowest in fat and brain, and modest
      in the other nondisposing organs. A good correlation (r = 0.981) was obtained
      between serum unbound fraction (fp) and the steady state distribution volume per
      body weight (Vd(ss)/BW), which was determined from the tissue partition
      coefficient. Additionally, comparatively good correlations were also obtained
      between fp and the Kp or apparent tissue-to-serum concentration ratio (Kp,app).
      Thus, the difference of serum unbound fraction has been demonstrated for the
      determining factor of the structure-dependent tissue distribution difference,
      whereas the tissue binding has been suggested to be only slightly different for
      respective tissues among PCA derivatives. The concentration-time profile for
      serum and tissues (lung, heart, muscle, kidney, liver, spleen, gut, bone, skin,
      and brain) was predicted for NY-198 by physiological pharmacokinetics using the
      averaged tissue-to-serum unbound concentration ratio (Kp,f) which was determined
      from the Kp,f of eight PCA analogues.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2907469
TI  - Mechanism for inhibitory effect of cannabidiol on microsomal testosterone
      oxidation in male rat liver.
AB  - Effects of four cannabinoids [cannabidiol (CBD), delta 8-tetrahydrocannabinol,
      delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol, and cannabinol] on hepatic microsomal oxidation of
      testosterone (17 beta-hydroxy-androst-4-ene-3-one) were examined in adult male
      rats. Only CBD (30 microM) competitively inhibited 2 alpha-hydroxy-testosterone
      (2 alpha-OH-T) and 16 alpha-OH-T formation by hepatic microsomes but did not
      affect androstenedione (androst-4-ene-3,17-dione) and 7 alpha-OH-T formation.
      Kinetic analyses demonstrated that the inhibitory profile of CBD for testosterone
      oxidation was different from those of SKF 525-A, which caused competitive
      inhibition for 2 alpha- and 16 alpha-hydroxylations and noncompetitive inhibition
      for 6 alpha-hydroxylation, and of metyrapone, which inhibited only 6 beta
      hydroxylation competitively. CBD also suppressed formation of 2 alpha-OH-T, 16
      alpha-OH-T, and androstenedione from testosterone, catalyzed by a reconstituted
      system containing hepatic cytochrome P-450 purified from phenobarbital-treated
      rats. Pretreatment of the rat with CBD (10 mg/kg, ip, once a day for 3 days)
      decreased testosterone oxidation at the 2 alpha-, 16 alpha-, and 17-positions and
      increased 7 alpha-OH-T formation, while total cytochrome P-450 content was
      decreased. These results suggest that CBD suppresses hepatic testosterone
      oxidation at the 2 alpha-, 16 alpha-, and 17-positions through selective
      inhibition of the male-specific cytochrome P-450 in the adult male rat.

PMID- 2907470
TI  - Parallel induction of plasma alpha 1-acid glycoprotein concentration and
      antipyrine clearance by various doses of phenobarbital in the dog.

PMID- 2907471
TI  - N-chenodeoxycholyl-2-fluoro-beta-alanine: a biliary metabolite of 5-fluorouracil
      in humans.

PMID- 2907472
TI  - Comparison of cyclosporine A and G pharmacokinetics.

PMID- 2907473
TI  - Obesity as a risk factor in drug induced organ injury. II. Increased renal
      cytochrome P-450 in the obese overfed rat.

PMID- 2907474
TI  - [Gene amplification and rearrangement of murine ribosomal RNA in virus-induced
      Rauscher leukemia].
AB  - Using as a hybridization probe cDNA 35s RNA from the Rauscher leukemia cells, a
      part of rRNA gene cluster from the gene library of mice C-1 erythroleukemia cells
      has been cloned. Fragment 6.7 kb recloned into pUC19 rRNA was used as a probe to
      analyse organization of rRNA genes of mice with RL. The observed amplification
      and rearrangement in genome DNA of spleen cells are determined by a new type of
      their rRNA genes rearrangement in the nontranscribed as well as in the
      transcribed part of rRNA.

PMID- 2907475
TI  - [Effect of various beta-adrenolytic drugs and calcium channel blockers
      (nifedipine) on serum levels of T3 and T4 in patients with hyperthyroidism and
      simple goiter].

PMID- 2907476
TI  - Position dependent expression of a homeobox gene transcript in relation to
      amphibian limb regeneration.
AB  - Adult urodele amphibians such as the newt Notophthalmus viridescens are capable
      of regenerating their limbs and tail by formation of a blastema, a growth zone of
      mesenchymal progenitor cells. In an attempt to identify genes implicated in
      specification of the regenerate, we screened a newt forelimb blastema cDNA
      library with homeobox probes, and isolated and sequenced clones that identify a
      1.8 kb polyadenylated transcript containing a homeobox. The transcript is derived
      from a single gene called NvHbox 1, the newt homologue of XIHbox 1 (Xenopus),
      HHO.c8 (human) and Hox-6.1 (mouse). The cDNA for the 1.8 kb transcript has two
      exons as determined by isolation and partial sequencing of a genomic clone. The
      expression of the transcript shows several interesting features in relation to
      limb regeneration: (i) Hybridization of Northern blots of poly(A)+ RNA from limb
      and tail and their respective blastemas shows that the transcript in limb tissues
      has exons 1 and 2, whereas a 1.8 kb transcript in tail tissues has only exon 2.
      (ii) The transcript is expressed in limbs of adult newt but not of adult Xenopus,
      raising the possibility that this contributes to an explanation of the loss of
      regenerative ability with maturation in adult anurans. (iii) The transcript is
      expressed at a higher level in a proximal (mid-humerus) blastema than in a distal
      one (mid-radius). When distal blastemas were proximalized by treatment with
      retinoic acid, no change in the level of the transcript was detected by Northern
      analysis at a single time point after amputation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2907477
TI  - DNA rearrangement of a homeobox gene in myeloid leukaemic cells.
AB  - A homeobox gene rearrangement has been detected in WEHI-3B mouse myeloid
      leukaemic cells. The rearranged gene was identified as Hox-2.4 which is a member
      of the Hox-2 gene cluster on mouse chromosome 11. Both the normal and the
      rearranged genes were cloned and analysed, and the rearranged genomic Hox-2.4
      gene was sequenced. The results indicate that the rearrangement is due to
      insertion of an intracisternal A particle 5' upstream to Hox-2.4 and that this
      resulted in constitutive expression of the homeobox gene. It is suggested that
      constitutive expression of the homeobox gene may interrupt the normal development
      program in these leukaemic cells.

PMID- 2907478
TI  - Association of the Drosophila melanogaster engrailed protein with specific
      soluble nuclear protein complexes.
AB  - The Drosophila engrailed protein which contains a homeobox domain and specific
      DNA binding activity is believed to function in the regulation of gene expression
      during embryogenesis. Here we show that the engrailed protein interacts stably
      with specific complexes of soluble nuclear proteins when expressed artificially
      in a cell line and in the developing embryo. The engrailed complexes have
      molecular masses between 10(7) and 10(8) which suggests they contain a polymeric
      protein component. The complex is able to bind reversibly to DNA and a definitive
      purification shows it to be constituted of 12 distinct protein species, two of
      which are predominant. Purified, bacterially produced engrailed protein can be
      reconstituted with both culture cell and embryo nuclear protein fractions to form
      complexes of the same and related composition respectively. On the basis of these
      results we propose that protein--protein interactions as well as DNA binding are
      important for correct engrailed protein function in vivo.

PMID- 2907479
TI  - Isolation and sequence-specific DNA binding of the Antennapedia homeodomain.
AB  - The homeodomain encoded by the Antennapedia (Antp) gene of Drosophila was
      overproduced in a T7 expression vector in Escherichia coli. The corresponding
      polypeptide of 68 amino acids was purified to homogeneity. The homeodomain was
      analysed by ultracentrifugation and assayed for DNA binding. The secondary
      structure of the isolated homeodomain was determined by nuclear magnetic
      resonance spectroscopy. DNA-binding studies indicate that the isolated
      homeodomain binds to DNA in vitro. It selectively binds to the same sites as a
      longer Antp polypeptide and a full-length fushi tarazu (ftz) protein. Therefore,
      the homeodomain represents the DNA-binding domain of the homeotic proteins.

PMID- 2907480
TI  - Secondary structure determination for the Antennapedia homeodomain by nuclear
      magnetic resonance and evidence for a helix-turn-helix motif.
AB  - The homeodomain encoded by the Antennapedia (Antp) gene of Drosophila was studied
      in aqueous solution by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Sequence-specific
      resonance assignments have been obtained for the complete polypeptide chain of 68
      amino acid residues. The secondary structure determined from nuclear Overhauser
      effects (NOE) and information about slowly exchanging amide protons includes
      three helical segments consisting of the residues 10-21, 28-38 and 42-52,
      respectively. Combination of the presently available NMR data with computer
      modeling provided preliminary evidence for the presence of a helix-turn-helix
      motif in the homeodomain. Near the turn, this supersecondary structure appears to
      be very similar to the DNA binding site in the 434 and P22 c2 repressors, but
      both helices in the homeodomain include 2-3 additional residues when compared
      with these prokaryotic DNA-binding proteins.

PMID- 2907481
TI  - The WHI1+ gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae tethers cell division to cell size and
      is a cyclin homolog.
AB  - WHI1-1 is a dominant mutation that reduces cell volume by allowing cells to
      commit to division at abnormally small sizes, shortening the G1 phase of the cell
      cycle. The gene was cloned, and dosage studies indicated that the normal gene
      activated commitment to division in a dose-dependent manner, and that the mutant
      gene had a hyperactive but qualitatively similar function. Mild over-expression
      of the mutant gene eliminated G1 phase, apparently entirely relaxing the normal
      G1 size control, but revealing hitherto cryptic controls. Sequence analysis
      showed that the hyperactivity of the mutant was caused by the loss of the C
      terminal third of the wild-type protein. This portion of the protein contained
      PEST regions, which may be signals for protein degradation. The WHI1 protein had
      sequence similarity to clam cyclin A, to sea urchin cyclin and to
      Schizosaccharomyces pombe cdc13, a cyclin homolog. Since cyclins are inducers of
      mitosis, WHI1 may be a direct regulator of commitment to division. A probable
      accessory function of the WHI1 activator is to assist recovery from alpha factor
      arrest; WHI1-1 mutant cells could not be permanently arrested by pheromone,
      consistent with a hyperactivation of division.

PMID- 2907482
TI  - Induction of vimentin synthesis in a murine myeloma cell line by TPA is strongly
      dependent on the composition of the cell culture medium.
AB  - MPC-11 mouse plasmacytoma cells virtually lacking intermediate filament (IF)
      proteins can be induced to synthesize and accumulate the IF protein vimentin by
      treatment with the tumor promoting phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13
      acetate (TPA). Like MPC-11 cells, X63-Ag8.6.5.3 mouse myeloma cells (Ag8) proved
      to be vimentin-negative, as assayed by immunoblotting of whole cellular protein
      using goat antiserum to vimentin and [125I]protein A. Vimentin synthesis could be
      elicited by a TPA concentration as low as 10(-9) M in cells grown in HB-102 serum
      free medium. Transfer of these cells to medium containing 15% fetal calf cerum
      (FCS) greatly reduced the ability of these cells to synthesize vimentin upon TPA
      treatment. After 50 generations of culture in the presence of FCS, induction of
      vimentin synthesis was barely detectable even at a TPA concentration of 10(-6) M.
      Addition of FCS to cells grown in serum-free medium partially suppressed vimentin
      induction by TPA. This suppression seems to be due, at least in part, to
      nondialyzable, heat-sensitive components of FCS, since the dialyzable fraction
      even enhanced vimentin induction by TPA. When cells grown in the presence of FCS
      were transferred back to serum-free medium, their ability to synthesize vimentin
      in response to TPA treatment was readily restored. The individual components of
      serum-free medium which proved to support vimentin induction by TPA were insulin
      and the unsaturated fatty acids oleic acid and linoleic acid. An even stronger
      TPA response could be elicited by a combination of these components.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2907483
TI  - Heavy water (D2O)-induced shape changes, movements and F-actin redistribution in
      human neutrophil granulocytes.
AB  - Heavy water (D2O) induces characteristic shape changes and a distinct type of
      movement in human neutrophil granulocytes. In contrast to front-tail polarity as
      evoked by chemotactic peptides and microtubule-disassembling agents, D2O-based
      media produce non-polar neutrophils with many small or long surface projections.
      This phenotype is similar to that elicited by both phorbol myristate acetate and
      diacylglycerols, but the surface projections are smaller and more densely placed
      and are often associated with a single large projection. D2O-induced non-polar
      cells with surface projections perform continuous shape changes without front
      tail polarity and without the unidirectional movement and cytoplasmic streaming
      seen in cells with front-tail polarity. Some of the cells show circus movements
      of a large projection indicating circular polarity. In neutrophils suspended in
      D2O, F-actin is shifted to the cell periphery, mainly into the surface
      projections of activated cells. The D2O-induced effects are reversed in H2O-based
      medium. D2O is dominant over the chemotactic peptide, N-formyl-L-methionyl-L
      leucyl-L-phenylalanine (fMLP), colchicine and taxol in that the combined action
      of D2O with any of these agents results in the D2O-induced phenotype. In
      contrast, cytochalasin B alone and in combination with fMLP induces a
      considerable decrease of non-polar cells and an increase of spherical cells
      similar to non-stimulated cells in H2O-based medium. Earlier studies indicated
      that D2O acts on microtubules. Our results suggest that D2O may act on the
      microfilament system. Neutrophils suspended in D2O-based medium may represent a
      useful model to study the relationship between shapes, movements, and particular
      functions of these cells.

PMID- 2907484
TI  - Characterization of methamphetamine effects on the striatal-nigral dynorphin
      system.
AB  - Multiple high doses of methamphetamine (METH) induced 200-300% increases in the
      concentration of striatal and nigral dynorphin-like immunoreactivity (DLI).
      Increases in striatal and nigral DLI levels also were seen within 6 h following a
      single administration. The changes in the striatal-nigral dynorphin system had
      subsided 48 h after either acute or multiple treatments with METH. Selective
      lesioning of the nigral-striatal dopamine pathway blocked the effects; thus, the
      METH-induced changes appeared to be mediated by dopamine released from the nigral
      striatal dopamine projection. Administration of the METH analog, 3,4
      methylenedioxymethamphetamine, appeared to alter striatal and nigral DLI
      concentrations in a manner similar to that of METH.

PMID- 2907485
TI  - Alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity may account for the effects of buspirone
      in an anticonflict test in the rat.
AB  - The anxiolytic effects of buspirone, its metabolite, 1-(2-pyrimidyl)piperazine (1
      PP) and several alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonists have been compared in an
      anticonflict (shock-induced suppression of drinking) paradigm in rats. Idazoxan,
      WY 26392 and yohimbine had anticonflict effects comparable to those of buspirone
      and 1-PP, and enhanced the release of suppressed responding induced by buspirone.
      The response to buspirone was antagonised by the alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist
      clonidine. In tests of clonidine-induced mydriasis, the antagonist potencies of
      buspirone, 1-PP, idazoxan, WY 26392 and yohimbine corresponded closely to the
      doses of the compounds active in the anticonflict test. Clonidine-induced
      hypolocomotion was also antagonised by 1-PP, although this response was
      potentiated by buspirone. The results suggest that the anticonflict effects of
      buspirone involve an alpha 2-adrenoceptor mechanism.

PMID- 2907486
TI  - Absence of receptor reserve at striatal dopamine receptors regulating cholinergic
      neuronal activity.
AB  - N-propylnorapomorphine (NPA) dose dependently increased rat striatal ACh levels
      (ED50 = 18 micrograms/kg). After irreversible dopamine (DA) receptor inactivation
      with N-ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline (EEDQ), neither the ED50 nor
      the slope of the dose-response curve for NPA was altered, whereas the maximal
      response was reduced to 56% of control. Analysis of the results yielded a linear
      relationship between receptor occupancy and response (i.e. no receptor reserve).
      In contrast, DA autoreceptors display a large receptor reserve for NPA. The
      results support the hypothesis that a differential receptor reserve at pre- vs.
      postsynaptic DA receptors in rat striatum accounts for the autoreceptor
      selectivity of DA agonists.

PMID- 2907487
TI  - Spontaneous activity of A9 and A10 dopamine neurons after acute and chronic
      administration of the selective dopamine D-1 receptor antagonist SCH 23390.
AB  - The effects of acute and chronic treatment with the selective dopamine (DA) D-1
      antagonist SCH 23390 on the population response of midbrain DA cells were
      determined. One hour pretreatment with SCH 23390 (0.0125, 0.025, 0.05 mg/kg s.c.)
      caused a dose-related increase in the number of spontaneously firing DA neurons
      in both the A9 and A10 cell regions. Chronic (28 day) administration of SCH 23390
      (0.05 mg/kg s.c.) caused depolarization inactivation of only A10 DA cells. These
      data suggest that SCH 23390 may have antipsychotic properties with a reduced
      likelihood of producing extrapyramidal side effects.

PMID- 2907488
TI  - Effects of the novel benzodiazepine agonist quazepam on suppressed behavior of
      monkeys.
AB  - Behavioral effects of the benzodiazepine agonist quazepam were compared with
      those of lorazepam in squirrel monkeys responding under a fixed-interval schedule
      of food presentation with a superimposed fixed-ratio schedule of response
      produced shock. Low and intermediate i.v. doses of quazepam (0.1-1.0 mg/kg) and
      lorazepam (0.03-0.3 mg/kg) increased rates of suppressed responding, yet the
      maximal increases in rate were less after quazepam than after lorazepam. Higher
      doses of both drugs tended to increase responding less or decrease it and, with
      quazepam, frequent sleep was observed for 2-3 days afterwards. The dose-response
      curves for quazepam and lorazepam were shifted to the right following i.v.
      pretreatment with the benzodiazepine antagonists Ro 15-1788 (0.18-3.0 mg/kg) or
      AHR-11797 (1.0-5.6 mg/kg); in this regard, AHR-11797 was less potent than Ro 15
      1788. Although the effects of quazepam on suppressed responding are likely due to
      actions at benzodiazepine receptors, these effects may be influenced by or
      reflect a more prominent sleep-promoting action of the drug.

PMID- 2907489
TI  - [Phe8 psi(CH2-NH)Arg9]bradykinin, a B2 receptor selective agonist which is not
      broken down by either kininase I or kininase II.

PMID- 2907490
TI  - Regional vasodilation is a prominent feature of the haemodynamic response to
      endothelin in anaesthetized, spontaneously hypertensive rats.

PMID- 2907491
TI  - Inactivation of dopamine D-1 or D-2 receptors differentially inhibits
      stereotypies induced by dopamine agonists in rats.
AB  - Ex vivo D-1 or D-2 receptor binding in the striatum was reduced by 65-78% after
      treatment with EEDQ (N-ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline) in
      combination with either the D-2 antagonist, raclopride, or the D-1 antagonist,
      SCH 23390, respectively. EEDQ induced a 65% reduction in D-1 receptor binding and
      a 51% decrease in cAMP production in striatal homogenates. Selective D-2 receptor
      inactivation inhibited the stereotyped behaviour induced by the mixed D-1/D-2
      agonist, apomorphine, or by the D-2 agonist, quinpirole, when given alone and in
      combination with the D-1 agonist, SK&F 38393. Selective inactivation of D-1
      receptors did not inhibit the behavioural effects of quinpirole when given alone
      and in combination with the D-1 agonists, SK&F 81297, SK&F 38393 or SK&F 75670.
      Likewise, the effect of apomorphine was unchanged. These results indicate that a
      normal density of D-2 receptors is critical for the expression of the stereotyped
      behaviour induced by DA agonists. In contrast, there is a large surplus of D-1
      receptors to enable the response to a D-2 agonist. This is particularly
      illustrated by the persistent behavioural effects of the partial D-1 agonist,
      SK&F 75670, in rats with up to a 78% decrease in D-1 receptor binding.

PMID- 2907492
TI  - In vitro degradation of opioid peptides by human placental aminopeptidase M.
AB  - The degradation of opioid peptides by human placental aminopeptidase M was
      studied by measuring liberated amino acids by high performance liquid
      chromatography. The purified placental aminopeptidase M actively degraded Met
      enkephalin (Met-Enk) and Leu-enkephalin (Leu-Enk) completely into constituent 5
      amino acids. The activities as a function of tyrosine liberation were observed
      for Met-Enk followed by Leu-Enk, beta-neoendorphin, dynorphin, and beta
      endorphin.

PMID- 2907493
TI  - [Effect of the neuromediator systems of the neostriatum on immunocompetent
      cells].
AB  - The stimulation of the rat neostriatum dopaminergic system (with apomorphine) or
      blocking of the GABA-ergic (with picrotoxin) and serotoninergic (with
      parachlorphenylalanin) systems increased the level of immunological indices,
      whereas the lesion of dopaminergic system (with 6-hydroxydopamine) or the
      activation of two latter neurotransmitter systems (with GABA and serotonin,
      resp.) suppressed the immunogenesis.

PMID- 2907494
TI  - Gastrin, somatostatin, and alimentary tract growth responses to small intestinal
      resection in the rat.
AB  - We studied the early time-course of gastrin, somatostatin, and gut growth
      responses to 70% resection of mid-small intestine. Serum and antral gastrin
      increased by the 2nd day following resection and remained elevated for the 10-day
      period of study. Antral somatostatin remained unchanged, suggesting that the
      increase in gastrin was a selective antral response. Duodenum and ileum showed
      marked growth stimulation, which was progressive with time, and earlier and
      greater in duodenum. In contrast, gastric growth was unaffected. Thus, early
      responses to resection are characterized by specificity of gastrin, somatostatin,
      and growth effects.

PMID- 2907495
TI  - [Drug treatment of pain].

PMID- 2907497
TI  - Anti-IgM antibodies inhibit IgM expression in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated
      normal murine B-cells: study of RNA metabolism and translation.
AB  - Activation of resting mouse B-cells with anti-immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies
      and a mitogen such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide leads to a specific inhibition
      of IgM expression. [3H]Uridine pulse-chase experiments show that the inhibition
      of RNA metabolism by anti-IgM antibody treatment occurs in the nucleus at the mu
      RNA processing level and results in low levels of mature mu-mRNA expression. By
      applying the RNA synthesis inhibitor 5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D
      ribofuranosylbenzimidazole, the half lives of various forms of Ig-mRNA are
      estimated to be 8-12 h. The fact that the residual mu-mRNA left in B-cells after
      anti-IgM antibody treatment can still be translated into polypeptides indicates
      that the mu-mRNA in these cells is still functional.

PMID- 2907496
TI  - Post-transcriptional control in Escherichia coli: translation and degradation of
      the atp operon mRNA.
AB  - An attractive subject for investigations of post-transcriptional control is the
      atp operon, whose nine genes are differentially expressed. The primary mode of
      control of atp gene expression is exercised at the translational level. It has
      been clearly demonstrated for almost all of the atp genes that the primary and
      secondary structures of their respective translational initiation regions direct
      translational initiation rates that correspond well to the requirements for these
      subunits in the cell. The relationship between the structure of the translational
      initiation region, including bases upstream from the Shine-Dalgarno region and
      downstream from the start codon, and the rates of initiation that it determines,
      has been investigated in more detail using various polycistronic and
      monocistronic systems. No evidence could be found for a role of codon usage bias
      in controlling overall translation rates. The functional half-lives of atpE and
      of the other six cistrons downstream from it are similar. The chemical
      stabilities of the first two cistrons of the polycistronic atp mRNA may, however,
      be lower, and we are investigating the possibility that there may also be control
      of atp gene expression exercised at the level of mRNA stability. The effects of
      manipulations of the intercistronic regions of at least the plasmid borne atp
      operon are consistent with a model of mRNA decay in which rate control is
      associated with endonucleolytic cleavages within individual cistrons. The
      experimental data are discussed in relation to the possible ways in which primary
      and secondary structures of the mRNA might control translational efficiency and
      stability.

PMID- 2907498
TI  - The primary structure of human gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase.
AB  - A cDNA hybridizable to that of rat gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) was cloned
      from a cDNA library of human fetal liver. The insert of the cDNA clone contained
      1866 bp consisting of an open reading frame (ORF) of 1709 bp (569 amino acids
      (aa), N-terminal portion truncated) and a 135-bp 3'-untranslated region followed
      by a polyadenylated tail. In parallel, amino acid sequences of N-terminal
      portions of heavy and light chains of a purified human GGT were determined. Two
      stretches of amino acid sequences identical to the N-terminal sequences of heavy
      and light chains were found in the ORF. We therefore concluded that the clone is
      a cDNA for human GGT. From the amino acid sequence deduced from cDNA, the heavy
      and the light chains of the purified enzyme are estimated to be composed of 351
      aa (Mr 38,336) and of 189 aa (Mr 20,000), respectively. The heavy chain is
      preceded by a signal peptide of at least 29 aa presumed to be cleaved by
      bromelain treatment. Six putative N-glycosylation sites are present in the heavy
      subunit region and one in the light subunit region. Primary structure and
      hydrophobicity profile are closely similar to those of rat GGT.

PMID- 2907499
TI  - Sequence analysis of the wheat mitochondrial atp6 gene reveals a fused upstream
      reading frame and markedly divergent N termini among plant ATP6 proteins.
AB  - The nucleotide sequence of the wheat mitochondrial gene for subunit 6 (atp6) of
      the F1F0 ATPase complex has been determined. Unlike bacterial, chloroplast or
      animal/fungal mitochondrial atp6 counterparts, which encode proteins of about 230
      270 amino acids, the wheat mitochondrial atp6 homologue comprises the latter part
      of an open reading frame (ORF) of 386 codons. The ATP6 protein may therefore by
      synthesized with a long N-terminal presequence. This is supported by the finding
      that the ORF is preceded by a conserved sequence block closely related to ones
      preceding several other actively transcribed wheat mitochondrial protein-coding
      genes. The fused upstream ORF is similar in length, but unrelated in sequence, to
      those preceding the maize and tobacco mitochondrial atp6 genes. In wheat, the
      atp6 gene is located on a recombinationally active repeated DNA element, whose
      length of 1.4 kb corresponds approximately to that of the atp6 mRNA. A comparison
      of the wheat and maize ATP6 sequences reveals unexpectedly high divergence in the
      region corresponding to the mature N-terminal domain and may reflect
      mitochondrial DNA rearrangements during atp6 gene evolution in monocotyledonous
      plants.

PMID- 2907501
TI  - Factors influencing dopaminergic therapy of Parkinson's disease.

PMID- 2907500
TI  - Multiple ligninase-related genes from Phanerochaete chrysosporium.
AB  - We have investigated four distinct sequences in genomic DNA of Phanerochaete
      chrysosporium that show strong homology to a lignin peroxidase cDNA sequence
      [Tien and Tu: Nature 236 (1987) 520-523, and 328 (1987) 742]. The complete
      nucleotide sequence of one of these genes is presented here. Comparison of the
      sequenced gene, LIG1, with the published cDNA sequence reveals the presence of
      eight short intervening sequences. The open reading frame encodes a polypeptide
      of 372 amino acids (aa), which includes a 28-aa residue hydrophobic leader
      sequence. The predicted Mr of the mature protein product is 37,000. Partial
      sequencing of the other three genes reveals substantial nucleotide and amino acid
      homology.

PMID- 2907502
TI  - [Pharmacological investigation of bezafibrate, a hypolipidemic agent (2).
      Mechanism of the hypolipidemic action of bezafibrate in rats].
AB  - The mechanism of the hypolipidemic action of bezafibrate was investigated in
      rats. Bezafibrate decreased the incorporation of 14C-acetic acid into the liver
      and serum triglyceride and inhibited liver acetyl CoA carboxylate activity.
      Bezafibrate increased liver beta-oxidation, but it had no effect on lipolysis and
      triglyceride secretion from the liver. Bezafibrate accelerated the elimination of
      serum triglyceride in Intralipid injected rats and increased tissue lipoprotein
      lipase activity. Bezafibrate decreased the incorporation of 14C-acetic acid into
      liver cholesterol and inhibited liver HMG-CoA reductase activity. Bezafibrate had
      no effect on cholesterol absorption and excretion. These results suggest that the
      hypotriglyceridemic actions of bezafibrate are due to inhibition of triglyceride
      synthesis and acceleration of triglyceride elimination and that the
      hypocholesterolemic action of bezafibrate is mainly due to inhibition of liver
      HMG-CoA reductase activity.

PMID- 2907503
TI  - Nucleotide sequence and expression of the human skeletal alpha-actin gene:
      evolution of functional regulatory domains.
AB  - Regulation of the actin multigene family involves the recognition of regulatory
      sequences that specify the tissue type and developmental program of expression
      for each actin isotype. In order to investigate the underlying regulatory
      mechanisms, the human skeletal alpha-actin gene and its 5' regulatory region have
      been cloned and sequenced. This actin gene has seven exons; there is one large
      intron in the 5' untranslated region which is characteristic of the actins and
      many muscle-specific genes. The 5' flanking sequences are sufficient to direct
      tissue-specific and differentiation-regulated expression when transfected into
      the heterologous rat L8 myogenic cells, indicating a highly conserved regulatory
      system. The DNA sequence was compared to that of other actin genes, and several
      regions of sequence similarity were identified, particularly within regions known
      to be important for gene expression. Most notable among the conserved sequences
      are the CC(A/T rich)6GG (CArG box) motifs which have demonstrated interactions
      with trans-acting transcriptional factors. This same motif has been identified in
      several other genes and in some also serves as a binding site for transcription
      regulatory factors.

PMID- 2907504
TI  - Localization of a human Na+,K+-ATPase alpha subunit gene to chromosome 19q12---
      q13.2 and linkage to the myotonic dystrophy locus.
AB  - The gene coding for a Na+,K+-ATPase alpha subunit (ATP1A3) has been localized to
      the q12----q13.2 region of human chromosome 19, potentially close to the myotonic
      dystrophy (DM) gene. In view of previous studies implicating a Na+,K+-ATPase in
      the pathology of DM, we have examined the possibility that ATP1A3 is a candidate
      for the DM locus. Although linked, several clear instances of recombination
      between ATP1A3 and DM rule out the possibility that mutations in ATP1A3 cause the
      disease. Examination of multiply informative pedigrees indicates the gene order
      DM-APOC2-ATP1A3.

PMID- 2907505
TI  - An extended genetic linkage map of markers for human chromosome 10.
AB  - We have extended, in both directions, our recently published genetic map of
      markers for human chromosome 10 by the addition of 10 newly defined arbitrary
      loci. The map now covers 230 cM in males and 329 cM in females. In addition,
      three new markers, one of them a new RFLP at the IRBP gene locus, have been
      mapped in the vicinity of the locus responsible for multiple endocrine neoplasia
      type 2A (MEN2A). A significantly higher frequency of recombination in males than
      in females was observed near both ends of the new map.

PMID- 2907506
TI  - RFLPs and linkage relationships of the human laminin B2 gene.
AB  - RFLPs for laminin B2 (LAMB2) are reported. These RFLPs were used to study the
      linkage relationships of LAMB2 to four other genes on lq: Duffy (FY), renin
      (REN), decay accelerating factor (DAF), and complement receptor 2 (CR2).
      Multipoint linkage analysis placed LAMB2 between FY and the cluster including
      REN, DAF, and CR2. This provides a useful bridging polymorphic marker on lq and
      establishes significant linkage of LAMB2 to FY (theta = 3.23, z = 3.85) and REN
      (theta = 0.17, z = 4.88).

PMID- 2907507
TI  - Linkage relationships of the human methylmalonyl CoA mutase to the HLA and D6S4
      loci on chromosome 6.
AB  - The human methylmalonyl CoA mutase (MCM) cDNA has been used to localize the MUT
      locus on the short arm of chromosome 6 proximal to the glyoxalase locus in 6p
      deletion cell lines. A HindIII polymorphism identified by the MCM cDNA was used
      to study linkage relationships of MUT to HLA (A-B-DQ-DR) and D6S4 in the
      reference CEPH families. The maximum lod score for MUT versus HLA was 3.04 at a
      recombination fraction of 0.28. The maximum lod score for MUT versus D6S4 was
      22.93 at a recombination fraction of 0.01. These data suggest that MUT and D6S4
      loci are tightly linked and may be used as one locus in a haplotype form for
      linkage studies on proximal 6p and diagnostic analysis of pedigrees with mut
      methylmalonic acidemia.

PMID- 2907508
TI  - Studies on the regulation of enzymes related to fatty acid synthesis in goat
      mammary gland using explant culture system.

PMID- 2907509
TI  - The antigen/receptor specificity of antigranulocyte antibodies in patients with
      SLE.
AB  - The antigen/receptor specificity of antigranulocyte antibodies (AGAs) detected in
      the sera of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was investigated by
      inhibitory immunofluorescence test and Western immunoblotting technique. The
      interactions of AGAs with antigens of intact normal granulocytes were determined
      by inhibiting the binding of different myeloid monoclonal antibodies (mAbs).
      Seven of the studied 12 sera revealed binding to CD15 (X hapten) and/or to CD16
      (FcR1o). The specificity investigation of AGAs was completed with Western
      immunoblotting technique. The binding of AGAs to bands with Mr of about 50-60 kDa
      and at 30 kDa on unstimulated granulocyte plasma membrane preparation could be
      demonstrated from 4 out of 6 AGA positive SLE sera. The cause of the
      disappearance of bands on the phorbol-myristate-acetate (PMA) activated membrane
      except those of the 50-60 kDa bands is still to be discovered.

PMID- 2907510
TI  - Effect of histamine and serotonin on phagocytic activity of Entamoeba
      histolytica.

PMID- 2907511
TI  - Genetics and epidemiology of sickle cell anemia in India.

PMID- 2907512
TI  - Records of man-biting mosquitoes of Tezpur (Assam)--a preliminary investigation.

PMID- 2907513
TI  - Peptide conformations--49(1): synthesis and structure-activity relationships of
      side chain modified peptides of cyclo(-D-Pro-Phe-Thr-Lys-Trp-Phe.).
AB  - Cyclic hexapeptide analogues representing the modified retro sequence of the
      amino acid residues 7-11 of natural somatostatin are known to protect liver cells
      from phalloidin poisoning. To determine the influence of steric, lipophilic, and
      charge effects on (a) the conformation of the backbone and the aromatic side
      chains and (b) the biological response, the side chains of Phe2, Lys4, and Phe6
      of cyclo(-D-Pro1-Phe2-Thr3-Lys(Z)4-Trp5-Phe6-), 1a, one of the most active
      peptides found so far, were modified by various residues. The discussion of
      conformationally relevant parameters proves that neither backbone conformations
      nor populations of aromatic side chain rotamers were altered by these
      substitutions. The potency of these derivatives in a cytoprotection assay varies
      by at most one order of magnitude (more or less active than the parent peptide
      1a). A qualitative evaluation of lipophilic, steric, and charge effects reveals
      the dominance of lipophilic effects of aromatic residues; the most potent
      compounds contain aromatic substructures in the side chain of Lys4.

PMID- 2907514
TI  - Glutamine synthetase from a cyanobacterium, Phormidium lapideum: purification,
      characterization, and comparison with other cyanobacterial enzymes.
AB  - Glutamine synthetase has been purified to homogeneity from cell extracts of a non
      N2-fixing filamentous cyanobacterium, Phormidium lapideum. The subunit molecular
      weight of the enzyme was determined as about 59,000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel
      electrophoresis. Electron micrographs of the Phormidium enzyme revealed a two
      layered structure of regular hexagons (12 subunits per molecule), which markedly
      resembles the three-dimensional polypeptide backbone structure of the Salmonella
      typhimurium glutamine synthetase established by X-ray crystallography (Almassy,
      Janson, Hamlin, Xuong, & Eisenberg (1986) Nature 323, 304-309). The N-terminal
      amino acid sequence of the Phormidium enzyme shows very high similarity with that
      of the enzyme from an N2-fixing cyanobacterium, Anabaena 7120; 18 residues are
      common in 23 residues compared. Strong immunocross-reactions between the antibody
      against the purified Phormidium glutamine synthetase and other cyanobacterial
      enzymes except the Anacystis enzyme were observed. The apparent Michaelis
      constants for NH3, L-glutamate, and ATP were determined to be 0.29, 7.4, and 1.7
      mM, respectively. Divalent metal ions such as Mg2+ and Mn2+ activated the enzyme
      in the biosynthetic reaction, whereas various amino acids and glutamate analogs
      strongly inhibited the enzyme.

PMID- 2907515
TI  - Simultaneous determination of buspirone, gepirone, ipsapirone and their common
      metabolite 1-(2-pyrimidinyl)piperazine in rat plasma and brain by high
      performance liquid chromatography.

PMID- 2907517
TI  - Direct enantiomeric separation of betaxolol with applications to analysis of bulk
      drug and biological samples.
AB  - A direct method is described for the resolution of the enantiomers of betaxolol,
      a novel cardioselective beta-adrenergic blocking agent, using a tris(3,5
      dimethylphenylcarbamate)cellulose chiral column. An excellent resolution of the
      two antipodes is obtained (Rs greater than 2) with high peak symmetries. The
      method is simple and ideally suited to the routine control of the enantiomeric
      excess in the bulk drug and the analysis of the enantiomers of betaxolol in
      hepatocyte suspensions. With modification of the polar modifier in a hexane-based
      mobile phase, most commercially available beta-blockers can be baseline resolved.

PMID- 2907516
TI  - Measurement of the distribution coefficients of several classes of drug using
      reversed-phase thin-layer chromatography.
AB  - Using reversed-phase thin-layer chromatography, with octan-1-ol as stationary
      phase and phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) as mobile phase, the behaviour of different
      drugs at 37 degrees C was studied. Three classes of drug were examined: beta
      adrenoceptor antagonists, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents and
      dihydropyridine calcium antagonists. As well as ranking these compounds in terms
      of their distribution coefficients, an attempt was also made to assign a
      quantitative value to each. For the beta-adrenoceptor antagonists this was done
      by using a series of published values obtained using the shake-flask technique:
      for the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents a series of standard compounds was
      used. No good calibration data were available for the dihydropyridine calcium
      antagonists, but approximate values were assigned. The results obtained were
      compared with other published data and the applicability of the method discussed.

PMID- 2907518
TI  - Determination of a new non-benzodiazepine anxiolytic and its O-demethyl
      metabolite in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography using automated
      column-switching.
AB  - An highly sensitive and fully automated high-performance liquid chromatographic
      assay was developed for the determination of a novel non-benzodiazepine
      anxiolytic (I) [(R)-2-(methoxymethyl)-1-[(7-oxo-8-phenyl-7H-thieno[2,3
      a]quinolizin+ ++- 10-yl)carbonyl]pyrrolidine] and its O-demethyl metabolite (II)
      in plasma, using column-switching for direct injection of plasma samples. After
      dilution in internal standard solution, the sample was injected onto a pre-column
      (17 mm x 4.6 mm) dry-packed with pellicular C18 reversed-phase material. Polar
      plasma components were removed by flushing the pre-column with water-acetonitrile
      (90:10, v/v). Retained substances, including I and II, were backflushed onto an
      analytical column, separated by gradient elution and detected by means of
      fluorescence detection (excitation, 304 nm; emission, 475 nm). After washing the
      analytical column and re-equilibrating the pre-column, the system was ready for
      the next injection. The limit of quantification for I and II was 0.25 and 0.5
      ng/ml, respectively, using a 350-microliter specimen of plasma. The
      practicability of the new method was demonstrated by analysis of more than 300
      plasma samples from a tolerance study performed with human volunteers. Owing to
      its high sensitivity, the method can be used to calculate pharmacokinetic
      parameters of compounds I and II in man after a single oral dose of about 1 mg of
      I.

PMID- 2907519
TI  - Serotonergic blockade compared with beta-adrenergic blockade in systemic
      hypertension: a double-blind comparison of ketanserin with propranolol.
AB  - The safety and efficacy of ketanserin, a competitive serotonin blocking agent,
      and propranolol were compared in 33 patients with mild to moderate hypertension
      (sitting diastolic blood pressure [DBP] 95-115 mm Hg) using a placebo run-in,
      randomized, double-blind parallel study design. All patients received placebo for
      4 weeks, then were randomized to receive increasing doses of either ketanserin
      (20, 40 mg twice daily) or propranolol (40, 80 mg twice daily) to achieve a goal
      sitting DBP less than 90 mm Hg. Patients not achieving the goal blood pressure
      with either drug as monotherapy, received the other drug in combination. At the
      end of the active monotherapy phase (week 10 of the study), propranolol
      demonstrated a greater decrease in DBP from baseline, as compared to ketanserin (
      7.9 +/- 10.9 mm Hg with propranolol, P less than 0.05; -1.0 +/- 7.2 mm Hg with
      ketanserin, P = NS). Four out of 16 patients achieved goal response on
      propranolol, compared to 3/17 for ketanserin. With combination treatment, 9/18
      patients reached the goal response; the addition of propranolol to ketanserin in
      non-responders resulted in further reduction of sitting DBP of -10.3 +/- 6.3
      compared to monotherapy (P less than 0.001), while the addition of ketanserin to
      non-responders produced no significant response in sitting DBP. Propranolol
      showed a consistent effect in slowing heart rate. Ketanserin displayed less
      frequent side effects than propranolol. Propranolol used twice daily appears to
      be more effective than twice daily ketanserin use in patients with mild to
      moderate hypertension.

PMID- 2907520
TI  - Pharmacodynamic comparison of L-bunolol with propranolol, metoprolol, and
      placebo.
AB  - Twelve healthy volunteers received single oral doses of propranolol (80 mg),
      metoprolol (100 mg), L-bunolol (2 mg), and placebo in a four-way crossover study.
      Blood pressure, ventricular rate, and echocardiographically determined ejection
      fraction, ejection time, and mean rate of circumferential fiber shortening (mVcf)
      were measured before dosing and at multiple time points during 10 hours after
      each dose, with subjects maintained in the supine position. Reductions in
      systolic and diastolic blood pressure following administration of each of the
      beta blockers were greater than those observed with placebo, but differences
      among the four treatments were not significant. Heart rate reductions with the
      beta blockers differed significantly from placebo (P less than .001), but
      differences among the three beta blockers were not significant. Differences among
      the four treatments in mVcf decrement did not attain significance at the 5% level
      (.05 less than P less than .1), and there were no significant differences in
      ejection-time prolongation or ejection-fraction reduction. Thus, reduced blood
      pressure, heart rate slowing, and reduced cardiac contractility may be associated
      with placebo treatment and may indicate the need for placebo controls in studies
      of the cardiovascular effects of beta blockers. Despite differing secondary
      pharmacologic properties, the three beta blockers reduced heart rate to a similar
      extent. Other effects of the beta blockers on blood pressure and cardiac
      contractility could not be consistently distinguished from those associated with
      placebo.

PMID- 2907521
TI  - Lack of interaction between nizatidine and warfarin during chronic
      administration.
AB  - Nizatidine is a new antagonist of H2 receptors. The nizatidine warfarin
      interaction was investigated in healthy volunteers during chronic warfarin (mean
      warfarin dose: 5 +/- 0.9 mg/d) and nizatidine (300 mg/d) administration.
      Nizatidine coadministration did not increase the prothrombin time, kaolin
      cephalin clotting time, and did not modify the activity of clotting factors II,
      VII, IX, X. Nizatidine did not influence the steady-state plasma warfarin
      concentration.

PMID- 2907522
TI  - Multiple opioid peptides and the modulation of pain: immunohistochemical analysis
      of dynorphin and enkephalin in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis and spinal cord of
      the cat.
AB  - Using immunocytochemistry, we have identified important differences in the
      distribution of immunoreactive dynorphin and enkephalin cells and terminals in
      the trigeminal nucleus caudalis and in the spinal dorsal horn of the cat.
      Dynorphin immunoreactive processes are more closely associated with those regions
      of cord that process nociceptive information, specifically laminae I and V.
      Enkephalin neurons and terminals are more widespread. Based on the staining
      pattern with an antiserum to the octapeptide-metenkephalin-arg-gly-leu, we
      suggest that the dense enkephalin terminal immunoreactivity in the inner part of
      the substantia gelatinosa derives from cells in lamina III. There are also
      significant differences in the anatomical relationship of the two opioid peptides
      with the organization of parasympathetic autonomic preganglionic neurons. The
      functional significance of these observations must await physiological analysis;
      nevertheless, it is almost certain that differences will be found and that these
      will be important in understanding the mechanisms through which exogenous opiates
      and a variety of descending control systems exert their effects on spinal cord
      neurons.

PMID- 2907523
TI  - Test of radiographic interpretation: lateral projection of the foot.

PMID- 2907524
TI  - Temporal relationship between onset of Graves' ophthalmopathy and onset of
      thyroidal Graves' disease.
AB  - The temporal relationship between the onset of Graves' ophthalmopathy and the
      onset of thyroidal Graves' disease was evaluated in 125 consecutive patients with
      Graves' ophthalmopathy. Thyroidal Graves' disease--past or present--was
      clinically evident in 99 patients (79%): hyperthyroidism in 3 cases. Thyroid
      disease preceded the eye disease in 37 patients, it occurred simultaneously with
      the eye disease in 39 patients, and it developed after the eye disease in 23
      patients (in 16 cases within one yr after the onset of eye disease). The age at
      the onset of thyroid disease (38.7 +/- 12.9 yr) was lower than the age at the
      onset of ophthalmopathy (41.8 +/- 12.5 yr; p less than 0.001). Among the 26
      clinically euthyroid patients (21%) laboratory evidence of thyroidal Graves'
      disease was found in 14 cases (11%): abnormal TRH test, n = 9; normal TRH test
      but abnormal T3-suppression test, n = 4; normal TRH and T3-suppression tests but
      positive thyroid stimulating antibodies, n = 1). We conclude that Graves'
      ophthalmopathy as a rule develops at a time when thyroid autoimmunity also
      exists. This strongly suggests a common factor in the pathogenesis of thyroidal
      and ocular expressions of Graves' disease.

PMID- 2907525
TI  - [Relationship between esophageal candidiasis and histamine H2-receptor
      antagonists].

PMID- 2907526
TI  - Glycolipid stage-specific embryonic antigens (SSEA-1) in kidneys of male and
      female C57BL/6J and beige adult mice.
AB  - SSEA-1 glycolipids from the kidneys of normal male and female as well as beige
      mutant mice were isolated and their structures were examined by component
      analysis, mass spectrometry, immunoblotting, and permethylation studies. These
      antigens were shown to be extended globoside derivatives as reported by Sekine et
      al. (1987. J. Biochem. 101:553-562). Quantitative high performance liquid
      chromatography analyses revealed that the concentration of SSEA-1 glycolipids
      were four-to fivefold greater in male than female mice. Essentially no SSEA-1
      glycolipids were excreted in the urine of normal male mice and thus are not
      components of the multilamellar lysosomes normally excreted. Testosterone is
      known to induce the hypertrophy of proximal tubule cells that involves the
      formation of multilamellar lysosomes and results in the accumulation and
      excretion of these bodies and associated lysosomal enzymes and specific
      glycolipids. The present results indicate that in male mice there is also an
      increase in subcellular structures that contain SSEA-1 glycolipids. The amount of
      SSEA-1 glycolipids in male beige mice were greater than in normal mice on a per
      kidney basis. Thus, the increase is in proportion to the kidney hypertrophy seen
      in beige mouse kidneys. Beige mutant mice appear to have a primary defect in the
      excretion of multilamellar lysosomes which produces a secondary hypertrophy with
      an accompanying increase in SSEA-1 glycolipids.

PMID- 2907527
TI  - Small comfort: the introduction of minor tranquilizers to the public and the
      medical profession.

PMID- 2907528
TI  - An epidemiological and clinical analysis of propylhexedrine abuse in the United
      States.

PMID- 2907529
TI  - [Reactions and interactions of drugs].

PMID- 2907530
TI  - Multiple compression and plasto-elastic behaviour of paracetamol and
      microcrystalline cellulose mixtures.
AB  - Radial tensile strength, friability, ER/PC (elastic recovery/plastic compression)
      ratio and energy ratio analyses were evaluated for various mixtures of
      paracetamol and microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel). A good correlation occurred
      between the energy ratio and the other variables. Linear relationships were found
      between log tensile strength and percentage energy ratio and also between radial
      tensile strength and stress relaxation energy. Capping occurred when the
      percentage energy ratio was greater than 15% and the ER/PC ratio greater than
      1.5. To produce tablets with acceptable tensile strength and friability, the
      percentage energy ratio for Avicel/paracetamol should be greater than 10%. The
      optimal mixture of the two powders, as far as the tensile strength, friability
      and absence of capping were concerned, was found to be 50% w/w Avicel, 50% w/w
      paracetamol.

PMID- 2907531
TI  - Thermal studies on the interaction of water and microcrystalline cellulose.
AB  - The interaction between water and microcrystalline cellulose in the absence and
      presence of lactose has been studied by thermogravimetric analysis, differential
      thermal analysis and immersional calorimetry. The results indicate that most of
      the water held within a system used for the preparation of spherical granules by
      extrusion/spheronization is present as free water which may be readily lost by
      evaporation. There is approximately 0.856 mol of water per 100 g of
      microcrystalline cellulose which appears to be absorbed as structured water.
      Microcrystalline cellulose may therefore be described as a 'molecular sponge'.
      The enthalpy of fusion of the 'free' water offers a simple method of estimating
      the effective surface area of the microcrystalline cellulose.

PMID- 2907532
TI  - A method to study the kinetics of oral mucosal drug absorption from solutions.
AB  - A method has been developed which allows the kinetics of oral mucosal drug
      absorption from solutions to be studied in a single 15-20 min test. This is an
      improvement over the traditional buccal absorption test which requires a separate
      experiment for each time point, thus taking days for each kinetic profile. It
      should also allow for disappearance of drug from the mouth and appearance in the
      plasma to be monitored simultaneously. The drug solution includes 8 micrograms mL
      1 phenol red as a marker for salivary secretion. Samples are withdrawn at
      suitable times with a positive displacement pipettor and analysed for drug and
      phenol red. Salivary volume time data are described by least squares
      polynominals. Kinetic parameters are estimated by non-linear least squares
      regression. The method, which requires that phenol red is not lost during a test,
      provides an internal test for this. It also requires that phenol red and the drug
      do not interfere with each other's assay, that saliva does not affect the assays
      of these materials, and that phenol red does not interfere with the absorption of
      the drug.

PMID- 2907534
TI  - Binding of drugs to human skin: influencing factors and the role of tissue
      lipids.
AB  - For a series of ten drugs with different physicochemical properties, binding to
      human skin (epidermis and corium) was determined. Epidermis was obtained by
      suction blistering, and corium was sliced with a microtome (0.2 mm). Binding
      experiments were performed in dialysis chambers, containing labelled drug
      solutions. All drugs investigated were bound to epidermis and corium. With one
      exception, epidermal drug binding was significantly higher than corial binding.
      Nevertheless, a good correlation between binding of drugs to both skin fractions
      could be found. In a range from 10(-7) to 10(-3) mol L-1 binding of drugs to both
      skin fractions is linear and not saturable. A good correlation was found between
      binding and lipophilicity of drugs, determined as the partition coefficients
      between an organic phase (octanol or heptane) and phosphate buffer of pH 7.0. The
      results show that binding to epidermis and corium is not saturable and depends on
      lipophilicity of drugs, indicating unspecific binding. Further binding
      experiments were performed with lipid-depleted tissue. Since drug binding to
      lipid-depleted samples and control samples differ only to a moderate extent, it
      is suggested, that tissue lipids play a marginal role on drug binding. Hence,
      drugs are bound to human skin by other components like proteins.

PMID- 2907533
TI  - Effects of a perfluorochemical blood substitute on diazepam binding by human
      albumin.
AB  - The binding of 0.4 microgram mL-1 diazepam and 0.75 mol diazepam mol-1 of albumin
      by a perfluorochemical (PFC) emulsion, Fluosol-DA, 20%, by human serum albumin
      (HSA), and by their mixtures, has been examined at ambient temperature. The
      concentration of free diazepam was determined by standard centrifugation followed
      by supernatant ultrafiltration. Non-specific loss of diazepam occurred to the
      ultrafiltration device. This loss was independent of drug concentration and a
      correction factor was employed to calculate the true free diazepam concentration.
      Diazepam was extensively bound by the PFC emulsion. The percent free diazepam
      increased as the emulsion concentration decreased, while the binding of diazepam
      appeared to be independent of drug concentration. Diazepam did not partition into
      the pure PFC liquids, indicating that emulsion-bound diazepam is only associated
      with the emulsifiers of the droplets. Diazepam was extensively bound by HSA and
      the percent free diazepam increased as drug concentration increased or as HSA
      concentration decreased. The PFC emulsion significantly displaced HSA bound
      diazepam in all mixtures examined. Studies with the individual and combined
      components of the emulsion indicated that this displacement is largely attributed
      to the oleic acid component and, to a much smaller degree, the Pluronic F-68
      component of the emulsion.

PMID- 2907535
TI  - Hydroxylation of debrisoquine using perfused liver isolated from Sprague Dawley
      and DA rats: comparison with in-vivo results.
AB  - The hydroxylation of debrisoquine was investigated in Sprague-Dawley (SD) and
      Dark-Agouti (DA) rats. Female and male rats were phenotyped in-vivo with
      debrisoquine six times during their growth. The ratios debrisoquine/4
      hydroxydebrisoquine of the female DA rats increased until the 15th week and then
      decreased; but the values of the metabolic ratios never exceeded 2. Female DA
      rats cannot be considered as genetically deficient for hydroxylation of
      debrisoquine in regard to the metabolic ratio, but the percentage of debrisoquine
      excretion is up to ten fold higher than that in the other strains. Therefore SD
      and DA rat livers were perfused for 2 h when the clearance of debrisoquine was
      significantly lower in the female DA group than in the other groups. 4
      Hydroxydebrisoquine in the perfusate increased with time, but the amount after
      120 min was 12 fold lower in the female DA rat group than in the female SD rat
      group. The results of the male DA group fell between. This study confirms that
      female DA rats present a lower debrisoquine 4-hydroxylating capacity than other
      rats but shows that urinary metabolic ratio is not sufficient to assess the
      deficiency of debrisoquine hydroxylation.

PMID- 2907536
TI  - Effect of chlorpromazine on the permeability of beta-lactam antibiotics across
      rat intestinal brush border membrane vesicles.
AB  - The effect of chlorpromazine on the membrane permeability of beta-lactam
      antibiotics (benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, cephradine and cephalexin) and
      actively transported substances (glycylglycine and D-glucose) has been studied
      using rat intestinal brush border membrane vesicles. Except for cephalexin, the
      initial uptakes at 25 degrees C of these antibiotics were significantly enhanced
      in the presence of chlorpromazine. In contrast, the transport of glycylglycine
      and D-glucose was significantly inhibited. These results suggest that the two
      groups, drugs and actively transported substances, have a different permeation
      process. The effect of chlorpromazine concentration on membrane lipid fluidity,
      as assessed by the fluorescence polarization of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene
      (DPH) and 1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulphonate (ANS), was also examined. The
      fluorescence polarization of ANS decreased with increasing concentration of
      chlorpromazine, while that of DPH increased suggesting an increase of membrane
      surface fluidity might affect the permeation of beta-lactam antibiotics and
      actively transported substances in a different manner.

PMID- 2907537
TI  - Studies in the guinea-pig with ICI 185,282: a thromboxane A2 receptor antagonist.
AB  - The effects of ICI 185,282 (5(Z)-7-([ 2,4,5-cis]-4-O-hydroxyphenyl-2
      trifluoromethyl-1, 3-dioxan-5-yl)heptenoic acid) have been studied on guinea-pig
      platelets and pulmonary smooth muscle in-vitro and in-vivo. When tested on guinea
      pig lung parenchyma in-vitro. ICI 185,282 (1 x 10(-7) M) produced a significant
      shift in U-46619 response curves (concentration ratio of 13:3); the antagonist (1
      x 10(-5) M) did not modify histamine responses. When tested on guinea-pig trachea
      in-vitro ICI 185,282 (1 x 10(-7) M) caused significant inhibition of U-46619 and
      PGD2 responses (concentration ratios of 8.3 and 14.1, respectively); the
      antagonist (1 x 10(-5) M proved less effective against contractions of PGF2
      alpha, LTD4 and histamine (concentration ratios of 7.0, 1.5 and 1.6). When added
      to guinea-pig platelet rich plasma in-vitro, ICI 185,282 (x 10(-6), 1 x 10(-5) M)
      caused concentration-dependent parallel shifts to the right of U-46619
      aggregation curves, yielding concentration ratios of 13.6 and 141.9,
      respectively. In-vitro, addition of ICI 185,282 (x 10(-5) M) to indomethacin
      treated pulmonary smooth muscle did not modify resting tone, neither did it
      induce aggregation or swelling in platelet-rich plasma preparations. When
      administered orally to guinea-pigs ICI 185,282 (0.1, 0.5 mg kg-1) caused a
      significant inhibition of U-46619-induced platelet aggregation ex-vivo which
      persisted greater than or equal to 8 h. In-vivo, a single oral dose of ICI
      185,282 (1 mg kg-1) inhibited bronchospasm induced by U-46619, PGD2, PGF2 alpha,
      arachidonic acid, LTD4 and PAF; responses to histamine were unaffected.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2907538
TI  - Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide as possible mediator of relaxation in the rat
      gastric fundus.
AB  - Relaxations were induced in longitudinal muscle strips of the rat gastric fundus
      by stimulation of non-adrenergic non-cholinergic (NANC) neurons and by
      administration of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) or isoprenaline. The
      effect of antiserum against vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP antiserum) and
      of control serum on these relaxations was investigated. Incubation with VIP
      antiserum (dilution 1/50) for 1 h almost completely prevented the relaxation by
      VIP. It partially prevented the relaxation evoked by electrical stimulation while
      the relaxation induced by isoprenaline was not influenced. Control serum
      decreased the VIP- and stimulation-induced relaxations much less than did VIP
      antiserum. In addition, the effect of the putative VIP antagonist (4Cl-D-Phe6,
      Leu17) VIP was studied on the relaxations induced by NANC neuron stimulation and
      by VIP. The VIP antagonist (3 x 10(-5) M, incubation time 10 min) had a
      relaxatory effect itself but had no influence on either VIP- or stimulation
      induced relaxations. The results with VIP antiserum confirm the involvement of
      VIP in the inhibitory NANC neurotransmission of the rat gastric fundus.

PMID- 2907539
TI  - External control of drug release: controlled release of insulin from a
      hydrophilic polymer implant by ultrasound irradiation in diabetic rats.
AB  - The development of a polymeric system capable of delivering insulin in-vivo at
      increased rates on demand by an external ultrasound irradiation is reported.
      Implants composed of EVA1 copolymer and insulin were placed subcutaneously in
      diabetic rats. When the diabetic rats receiving implants containing insulin were
      exposed to an ultrasound irradiation, a sharp drop in the blood glucose levels
      was observed after the irradiation, indicating a rapid rate of release of insulin
      in the implanted site.

PMID- 2907540
TI  - Evidence that the kappa agonist U50488H has non-opioid actions.
AB  - The antagonism of the antinociceptive effects of various kappa-opioid agonists
      has been studied in the mouse abdominal constriction test. Naloxone produced a
      much smaller degree of antagonism of U50488H than it did of two other kappa
      agonists, U69593 and tifluadom. The kappa-selective antagonist,
      norbinaltorphimine, also failed to shift the dose-response curve to U50488H in
      this test, despite producing considerable antagonism of the U50488H effect in the
      rotarod test and of U69593 in both experimental situations. These results are
      suggestive of a non-opioid component to the action of U50488H in the abdominal
      constriction test. At high concentrations, U50488H, but not U69593, also showed
      non-opioid effects in reducing contractile activity in the field-stimulated
      isolated guinea-pig ileum, as demonstrated by the profile of antagonism seen with
      beta-chlornaltrexamine and naloxone. These results suggest that U69593, rather
      than U50488H, may be the kappa-agonist of choice to use, particularly in in-vivo
      experiments.

PMID- 2907541
TI  - Cardiovascular effects of intracerebro-ventricular bradykinin and melittin in the
      rat.
AB  - The cardiovascular effects of intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) bradykinin and
      melittin were investigated in the anaesthetized rat. Bradykinin, 30 micrograms,
      increased mean arterial pressure by 15 mmHg and this was the result of an
      increase in peripheral resistance; heart rate and cardiac output were unchanged.
      Tissue blood flow was lower in the skin and spleen in the animals given
      bradykinin than the controls. Significant increases in tissue vascular resistance
      occurred in the skin and several organs of the splanchnic region, the spleen,
      stomach, large intestine and the pancreas/mesentery. Melittin infusion gave a
      biphasic response in systemic blood pressure in which a depressor response was
      followed by a pressor phase; the pressor stage was accompanied by an increase in
      heart rate. Since melittin is a stimulant of membrane bound kallikrein, the
      results lend limited support to the hypothesis that there is a kallikrein-kinin
      system endogenous to the central nervous system which is involved in
      cardiovascular regulation.

PMID- 2907542
TI  - Inhibition of histamine N-methyltransferase activity in guinea-pig pulmonary
      alveolar macrophages by nicotine.
AB  - Both S-(-)- and R-(+)-nicotine enantiomers are inhibitors of histamine N tau
      methylation activity in guinea-pig pulmonary alveolar macrophage cultures,
      exhibiting IC50 values of 7 and 8 microM, respectively. S-(-)-Nicotine is not
      biotransformed under the conditions of the experiment, however, R-(+)-nicotine
      undergoes significant N-methylation to produce N-methylnicotinium ion. S-(-)
      Nicotine appears to inhibit the N-methylation of its optical antipode by the
      alveolar nicotine N-methyltransferase. The results indicate that a contributing
      factor in the toxicology of cigarette smoke inhalation may be due to the
      inhibition of pulmonary metabolism of histamine by nicotine.

PMID- 2907543
TI  - A rapid and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the
      determination of diclofenac sodium in serum and its use in pharmacokinetic
      studies.
AB  - A rapid, and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic method has been
      developed for the determination of diclofenac sodium in serum using flufenamic
      acid as the internal standard. Serum protein was precipitated with acetonitrile.
      The drugs were eluted from a 5 microns C-8 reversed-phase column at ambient
      temperature with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile-water (50:50% v/v)
      adjusted to pH 3.3 with glacial acetic acid, at a flow rate of 2 mL min-1 with UV
      detection at 280 nm. Each analysis required no longer than 10 min. Quantitation
      was achieved by the measurement of the peak-height ratio and the relative and
      absolute recoveries varied from 90 to 98%. Detection limits for diclofenac sodium
      in serum is 25 ng mL-1. Intraday coefficients of variation (CV) ranged from 2.47
      to 4.61% and interday CVs from 3.52 to 7% at three different concentrations.
      Preliminary stability tests showed that diclofenac sodium is stable for at least
      2 weeks in serum after freezing. The method is applied for the determination of
      the pharmacokinetic parameters of diclofenac after administration of two
      formulations (enteric-coated tablet and slow-release tablet), to a healthy male
      volunteer.

PMID- 2907544
TI  - Digitonin-solubilized histamine H1-receptors bind to polyethylenimine-treated
      glass-fibre filters.
AB  - The binding of [3H]mepyramine to histamine H1-receptors solublized from guinea
      pig cerebellum by 1% digitonin could be assayed by adsorption of the receptor
      bound [3H]ligand to glass-fibre filters pretreated with 0.3% polyethylenimine
      (PEI). Non-specific binding was higher than in parallel experiments in which the
      bound and free [3H]ligand was separated by gel-filtration on Sephadex G-25
      columns, but the parameters characterizing the inhibition curves were otherwise
      similar. The PEI-treated filter method could also be used to assay [3H]-(+)-N
      methyl-4-methyl-diphenhydramine ([3H]QMDP) binding to solubilized H1-receptors,
      but the level of non-specific binding was higher and was only satisfactorily
      defined by icotidine or temelastine. A particular utility of the PEI-treated
      filter assay will be in measurements of the kinetics of H1-receptor-ligand
      interactions.

PMID- 2907545
TI  - Amelioration of glycerol-induced acute renal failure in the rat with 8
      phenyltheophylline: timing of intervention.
AB  - The importance of timing and duration of 8-phenyltheophylline (8-PT)
      administration in determining its beneficial action in glycerol-induced acute
      renal failure (ARF) was investigated by examining the effects of a single dose of
      8-PT given immediately following (0 h) glycerol injection and at 1 and 3 h after
      glycerol injection. 8-PT when given at 0 h significantly lowered plasma urea and
      creatinine concentrations and significantly increased inulin clearance when
      compared both to untreated animals and those that received the vehicle for the
      drug. By contrast, 8-PT when administered at 1 h afforded no protective effect on
      renal function and, when injected at 3 h, the only significant effect was lowered
      plasma creatinine levels when compared to untreated rats; at this latter time it
      did not lower plasma urea levels or improve inulin clearance. None of the 8-PT
      injections attenuated the increase in kidney weight associated with ARF or
      reduced the kidney damage as assessed by histological examination. The results
      show that a single administration of 8-PT made immediately following glycerol
      injection can ameliorate the biochemical and functional indices of impaired renal
      function, but does not produce an improvement in kidney morphology.

PMID- 2907546
TI  - Differences in the characteristics of opioid receptor binding in the rat and
      marmoset.
AB  - The density of mu and delta opioid binding sites in homogenates of rat and
      marmoset brain was determined using radiolabelled peptides with high receptor
      selectivity. In addition the affinity of mu and delta receptor binding of five
      drugs of the fentanyl series was measured. The ratio of mu: delta sites was
      similar within each species but the total receptor binding capacity in the rat
      was double that of the marmoset. The binding affinities for the delta site were
      dissimilar between the species and supports the hypothesis that the structure of
      this receptor shows phylogenetic differences. In contrast, mu site binding
      affinity was identical in rat and marmoset.

PMID- 2907548
TI  - Prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors in feverfew.
AB  - The IC50 values for the in-vitro inhibition of the prostaglandin synthetase
      (bovine seminal vesicle mitochondrial fraction) mediated PGE2 production from
      arachidonic acid by parthenolide, michefuscalide and chrysanthenyl acetate were
      11.0 +/- 0.44, 12.1 +/- 0.51 and 14.2 +/- 0.58 microM (mean +/- 95% confidence
      limits), respectively.

PMID- 2907547
TI  - Increased vasodilator response to acetylcholine of renal blood vessels from
      diabetic rats.
AB  - The vasodilator effect of acetylcholine (ACh) and nitroprusside and the
      vasoconstrictor effect of noradrenaline was assessed in the perfused kidney of
      streptozocin diabetic rats. Compared with control animals injected with acidified
      saline, the renal vasoconstrictor effect of noradrenaline was increased in
      diabetic rats both in terms of the dose required to produce 50% of the maximal
      effect (EC50) and in the maximal response achieved. The renal vasodilator effect
      of ACh (but not nitroprusside) was similarly enhanced in diabetic animals. The
      effect of ACh (but not nitroprusside) in the perfused kidney of both control and
      diabetic rats was reduced or abolished by mepacrine (10 microM), metyrapone (10
      microM) or methylene blue (100 microM) suggesting that ACh exhibits vasodilator
      activity in the rat kidney by virtue of releasing endothelium derived relaxing
      factor (EDRF). These results are in contrast to previous published reports
      demonstrating reduced biosynthesis of EDRF in the aorta of diabetic rats. The
      mechanism which underlies the increased renal vascular response to ACh is not
      known. However, increased endothelial cell turnover or cholinoceptor number,
      elevated activity of enzyme(s) which synthesis EDRF or hyperresponsiveness of
      vascular smooth muscle to released EDRF should all be considered.

PMID- 2907549
TI  - The local modulation of vascular permeability by endothelial cell derived
      products.
AB  - Endothelin has been shown to suppress increased vascular permeability in the rat
      at doses of 0.01 pmol. The agonists used were nitric oxide and nitroprusside,
      which have the same activity as endothelial-derived relaxing factor. Histamine, 5
      hydroxytryptamine, platelet activating factor and carrageenan were the other
      agonists used. It is proposed that endothelin and EDRF act as local hormones
      produced by endothelial cells to control local vascular permeability.

PMID- 2907550
TI  - Non-dopaminergic actions of quinpirole hydrochloride (LY 171555), a selective D2
      agonist, in the guinea-pig isolated ileum.

PMID- 2907551
TI  - The interaction of dopexamine with various drugs and excipients in parenteral
      solutions.
AB  - The interaction of dopexamine hydrochloride with various excipients and other
      drugs in parenteral solutions has been investigated by microcalorimetry. The
      interaction with heparin sodium, in particular, is significant. The interaction
      is strongest in parenterals containing glucose and is eliminated in normal
      saline. Divalent cations are more effective than monovalent ones in eliminating
      the reaction, which is apparently ionic in nature.

PMID- 2907553
TI  - Biotransformation of primary nicotine metabolites: metabolism of R-(+)-[3H-N'
      CH3; 14C-N-CH3] N-methylnicotinium acetate--the use of double isotope studies to
      determine the in-vivo stability of the N-methyl groups of N-methylnicotinium ion.
AB  - The in-vivo metabolism of R-(+)-[3H-N'-CH3; 14C-N-CH3]-N-methylnicotinium acetate
      (NMN) was studied in the guinea-pig to determine the in-vivo stability of the N
      methyl and N'-methyl groups of this primary nicotine metabolite. The results
      showed that N-demethylation does not occur. However, losses of 34 and 36%,
      respectively, of the 3H label in the N'-CH3 group of urinary NMN and the
      secondary metabolite, N-methyl-N'-oxonicotinium ion (NMNO), were observed. These
      results suggest that biotransformation of NMN may involve either an initial N'
      demethylation step to N-methylnornicotinium ion (NMNor) followed by N'
      methylation back to NMN, or the formation of an N'-methylene iminium species,
      which may be reductively converted back to NMN.

PMID- 2907552
TI  - Preparation of biodegradable poly(+/-)lactide microparticles using a spray-drying
      technique.
AB  - Drug containing biodegradable poly(+/-)lactide microparticles were prepared by
      using a spray-drying technique. Formulations containing model drugs in either a
      dissolved (progesterone) or dispersed state (theophylline) were spray-dried. The
      spray-drying method was less dependent on the solubility characteristics of the
      drug when compared with traditional microencapsulation techniques such as phase
      separation or solvent evaporation techniques. Differential scanning calorimetry
      and scanning electron microscopy were used to characterize the microparticles.
      The drug release profiles were characterized by a rapid release phase (burst
      effect) followed by a slow release phase, the extent of each phase being
      dependent on the drug loading.

PMID- 2907554
TI  - Coprecipitation of enzymes with water soluble starch--an alternative to freeze
      drying.
AB  - Krill proteases were prepared in solid form from a partially purified extract by
      coprecipitation of the enzymes with water-soluble starch in an organic solvent at
      22 degrees C. The precipitation did not affect the activity of the enzymes. The
      recovery of proteolytic activity was 100%. The thermostability of the krill
      proteases increased when incorporated in the starch precipitate. No reduction in
      enzymatic activity could be seen after storage at +50 degrees C for 99 days.
      After milling the coprecipitate could be dispensed. The enzyme preparation
      consisted of irregular needle-shaped particles. This simple precipitation
      technique offers an alternative to freeze-drying or spray-drying.

PMID- 2907555
TI  - Binding of amitriptyline to alpha 1-acid glycoprotein and its variants.
AB  - Binding studies have been performed between amitriptyline and i) native alpha 1
      acid glycoprotein (AAG); ii) its desialylated form; iii) its two variants, S-AAG
      and F-AAG; and iv) a mixture of S-AAG and F-AAG. Scatchard analysis revealed the
      presence of two classes of binding sites on AAG. For native AAG, the first class
      (of high affinity) has an association constant (Ka1) of 1.5 x 10(6) L mol-1 and a
      number of binding sites per mole of protein (n1) of 0.25, while the second class
      (of low affinity) has a Ka2 of 3.2 x 10(4) L mol-1 and a n2 of 0.94. Similar data
      were found for desialylated AAG. S-AAG and F-AAG do not differ in their
      association constants measured with amitriptyline, but in their number of binding
      sites per mole of protein (n): S-AAG: n1 = 0.56, n2 = 0.52; F-AAG: n1 = 0.17, n2
      = 0.71. These results confirm those of a previous study, in which a higher
      affinity of S-AAG towards various basic drugs in comparison with F-AAG has been
      found.

PMID- 2907556
TI  - The effect of drug-specific active immunization on digoxin and benzylpenicillin
      disposition in the bile duct-cannulated rat.
AB  - Rats were immunized with a digoxin-human serum albumin conjugate i.m. This
      resulted in a several hundred-fold increase in plasma radioactivity and a 90%
      reduction in biliary drug elimination when [3H]digoxin (10 micrograms kg-1, i.v.)
      was subsequently injected into anaesthetized bile duct-cannulated rats. It was
      calculated that about 90% of the drug dose remained antibody-bound within the
      plasma compartment, with essentially no drug distributing into organs such as the
      heart and liver. Digoxin-specific antibody levels, determined by equilibrium
      dialysis, were high in the plasma but at least an order of magnitude lower in the
      bile. Immunization via Peyer's patches did not increase antibody levels in the
      bile. Immunization (i.m.) with a benzylpenicillin-human serum albumin conjugate
      gave specific antibody plasma titres with values less than 10% of those obtained
      after immunization with a digoxin-protein conjugate. However, although subsequent
      injection of the hapten (40 micrograms kg-1, [14C]benzylpenicillin, i.v.) was
      associated with much lower increases and decreases in plasma and biliary
      radioactivity, respectively, they were still statistically significant. It
      appears that endogenously-formed drug-specific antibodies, when present in the
      blood, will inhibit drug distribution and elimination. It is unlikely that their
      secretion in the bile plays a significant role in mediating biliary drug hapten
      elimination.

PMID- 2907557
TI  - Binding of organic cations to brush border membrane from rat small intestine.
AB  - The binding of six organic cations (chlorpromazine, promethazine, imipramine,
      diphenhydramine, methochlorpromazine and propantheline) to the brush border
      membrane isolated from rat small intestine has been investigated. The cations
      were bound to the membrane to varying extents, the order of binding being
      chlorpromazine greater than promethazine greater than methochlorpromazine greater
      than imipramine greater than propantheline greater than diphenhydramine. There
      was no relation between binding and the chloroform-water partition coefficient.
      Chlorpromazine binding was significantly decreased in the presence of imipramine,
      methochlorpromazine and propantheline. Anionic compounds (indomethacin and
      xanthene-9-carboxylic acid) did not affect chlorpromazine binding. High and low
      affinity binding of the cations to the intestinal brush border membrane was
      demonstrated with Scatchard plots and Hill plots. Imipramine and
      methochlorpromazine inhibited chlorpromazine binding at both binding sites. From
      the results, it was suggested that the organic cations tested were specifically
      bound to common binding sites on the brush border membrane.

PMID- 2907558
TI  - Some pharmacological properties of the circular smooth muscle layer of the rat
      vas deferens.
AB  - Vas deferens preparations were perfused in-vitro through the lumen and externally
      with a modified Tyrode solution alone or containing drugs. Contractions of the
      circular (internal) smooth muscle layer were recorded as changes in the pressure
      of internal perfusion. Contractions of the longitudinal (external) layer were
      simultaneously recorded through a tension transducer. When the organ was perfused
      through the lumen, the circular layer contracted after addition of methacholine
      (pD2 = 4.13), and noradrenaline (pD2 = 5.00), and relaxed after addition of
      isoprenaline (pD2 = 5.22). These effects were also observed when the drugs were
      perfused externally, although with lower values of pD2 for noradrenaline and
      methacholine. The circular fibres were less sensitive when compared with the
      longitudinal fibres perfused externally with the above agonists. Methacholine
      induced contractions of the circular layer were competitively antagonized by
      atropine (pA2 = 8.53), indicating the presence of muscarinic receptors. The
      effects induced by noradrenaline and isoprenaline were antagonized by indoramin
      (pA2 = 7.78), and timolol (pA2 = 8.68), respectively, indicating the presence of
      alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors. The effect of noradrenaline was potentiated by
      cocaine and denervation, indicating the presence of neuronal uptake, and by
      corticosterone, indicating the presence of extraneuronal uptake in the circular
      layer.

PMID- 2907559
TI  - Selectivity of neutrophil 5-lipoxygenase and cyclo-oxygenase inhibition by an
      anti-inflammatory flavonoid glycoside and related aglycone flavonoids.
AB  - A newly described plant-derived flavonoid, hypolaetin-8-glucoside, which has anti
      inflammatory and gastroprotective actions in-vivo, and its corresponding
      aglycone, hypolaetin, have been compared with 14 other flavonoids for inhibition
      of eicosanoid generation via the 5-lipoxygenase and cyclo-oxygenase pathways in
      elicited rat peritoneal leukocytes stimulated with calcium ionophore. Comparable
      results for the inhibitory profiles of the compounds were obtained using either
      radioimmunoassay of released eicosanoids or radio-TLC of metabolites formed from
      labelled arachidonate, but there were differences in absolute potency of the
      inhibitors. Hypolaetin-8-glucoside was a weak but selective inhibitor of 5
      lipoxygenase (IC50 56 microM vs 5-lipoxygenase; greater than 1000 microM vs cyclo
      oxygenase), whereas the aglycone hypolaetin was a more potent and selective 5
      lipoxygenase inhibitor (IC50 4.5 microM vs 70 microM). Results with three other
      glycoside/aglycone pairs confirmed that addition of sugar residues greatly
      reduces inhibitory potency whilst retaining selectivity against 5-lipoxygenase.
      Analysis of 12 aglycone flavonoids showed that inhibitory potency and selectivity
      against 5-lipoxygenase is conferred by the presence of 3'4'-vicinal diol
      (catechol) in ring B as part of a 3,4-dihydroxycinnamoyl structure as proposed by
      others and by incorporation of additional hydroxyl substituents. In contrast,
      "cross-over" of inhibitory selectivity is observed in compounds containing few
      hydroxyl substituents (with none in ring B) which are selective against cyclo
      oxygenase. These results are discussed in relation to possible mechanisms of
      hypolaetin-8-glucoside's protective actions and the concept that these inhibitory
      effects of flavonoids cannot be ascribed to a unitary free radical scavenging
      action.

PMID- 2907560
TI  - The effect of acute dyflos (DFP) treatment on [3H]nicotine binding to mouse brain
      homogenate.
AB  - One possible adaptive mechanism that might arise due to inhibition of
      cholinesterase in the brain is a down regulation of central cholinergic
      receptors. Therefore studies were performed to determine the effect of acute
      dyflos exposure on [3H]nicotine binding. Specific [3H] nicotine binding was
      demonstrated to be saturable, reversible, stereospecific, and inhibited by a
      number of nicotinic compounds. Scatchard analysis of specific [3H] nicotine
      binding produced a curvilinear plot that was resolved into high- and low-affinity
      sites with Kd values of 6.1 +/- 2.5 and 114 +/- 13 nM, and Bmax values of 11.8 +/
      3.5 and 182 +/- 24 fmol (mg protein)-1, respectively. The nicotinic binding
      sites in brain homogenate from dyflos-treated mice that were killed 20 min or 10
      h after exposure did not exhibit significant alterations in binding parameters
      from control mouse brain homogenate. However, brain homogenate from treated mice
      that were killed 24 h after exposure resulted in statistically significant
      differences in the low-affinity K(D) and Bmax values from controls. Since no
      alterations were found in the high-affinity binding parameters and dyflos had
      only a minimal effect on the low-affinity site at 24 h, it was concluded that
      nicotinic receptor down regulation does not appear to be the mechanism through
      which the mouse functionally adapts to cholinesterase inhibition caused by acute
      dyflos treatment.

PMID- 2907561
TI  - Application of difference spectroscopy to the determination of some
      pharmaceutically important nitro compounds.
AB  - A simple and selective spectrophotometric method for the determination of some
      pharmaceutically important nitro compounds has been developed. The suggested
      method depends upon the spectral changes induced by reduction using either Zn/HCl
      or Zn/NH4Cl. The different experimental parameters were studied and incorporated
      into the procedure. The mean percentage recovery ranged from 99 to 101. The
      proposed method was applied to the determination of the studied compounds in
      dosage forms, and the results obtained were compared favourably with those given
      with the compendial ones.

PMID- 2907562
TI  - Uterine inhibitory effect of reticuline.
AB  - Reticuline, the most abundant benzylisoquinoleic alkaloid of Laurobasidium lauri,
      exerts a uterine inhibitory effect mainly related to a decrease in the
      concentration of cytosolic calcium available for contraction.

PMID- 2907563
TI  - Selective beta 2-adrenoceptor antagonists: derivatives of ICI 118,551 and a
      binary aryloxypropanolamine.
AB  - Recent studies indicate that selective beta 2-adrenoceptor antagonists may be of
      use in the treatment of glaucoma. ICI 118,551, its desmethyl-, didesmethyl-, and
      ethyl- analogues, and a putative highly beta 2-selective binary
      aryloxypropanolamine (4d) have been evaluated for their ability to inhibit beta
      adrenergic-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in rabbit ciliary process and
      heart. Potency ratios (Ki heart/Ki ciliary process) were 440 for ICI 118,551; 9.3
      for the desmethyl analogue; 8.2 for the didesmethyl analogue; 720 for the ethyl
      analogue; and 11 for the binary aryloxypropanolamine. The values for the ethyl
      derivative of ICI 118,551 indicate that it is the most oculoselective beta
      adrenoceptor antagonist yet reported.

PMID- 2907564
TI  - Effects of indomethacin and diclofenac on some functions of polymorphonuclear
      neutrophils.
AB  - The effects in-vitro of two non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, diclofenac and
      indomethacin, have been studied on human polymorphonuclear functions. Adhesivity
      and chemotaxis were decreased by the two drugs, but in a manner that varied with
      the attractant used. As shown by the nitro blue tetrazolium slide test, all cells
      remained active but the production of oxygen metabolites by opsonized zymosan was
      decreased in the presence of diclofenac.

PMID- 2907565
TI  - Equilibrium binding of spermine and histamine to salmon sperm DNA and poly(dGdC).
AB  - Studies using the solute-enhanced phase partition technique demonstrate that the
      endogenous amines histamine and spermine bind to both salmon sperm DNA and
      poly(dGdC) in a markedly cooperative fashion. Both compounds exhibited DNA
      sequence-dependence effects in their mode of binding. The linear aliphatic
      spermine molecule binds more strongly than histamine to both DNA types.

PMID- 2907566
TI  - Relaxant and beta 2-adrenoceptor blocking activities of labetalol, dilevalol,
      amosulalol and KF-4317 on the rat isolated aorta.
AB  - The KCl-contracted rat aorta is relaxed by labetalol, dilevalol, amosulalol and
      KF-4317. These relaxations are not reversed by ICI 118,551 at 10(-6) M and,
      therefore, are not due to beta-adrenoceptor agonism. At 10(-7) M, labetalol,
      dilevalol, amosulalol and KF-4317 were beta 2-adrenoceptor antagonists as they
      inhibited the relaxant responses of rat aorta to procaterol.

PMID- 2907567
TI  - The influence of components on the rectal absorption of cefazolin in rats.
AB  - A study has been made to identify the component(s) responsible for the absorption
      promoting effect of MGK medium chain glyceride preparation commercially available
      as a mixture of glyceryl-1-monooctanoate, glyceryl-1,3-dioctanoate, glyceryl-1,2
      dioctanoate, glyceryl trioctanoate, octanoic acid and glycerol. The action of the
      individual constituents has been evaluated on the rectal absorption of cefazolin
      in conscious rats. The results indicate that the action of MGK can be completely
      explained by the effect of glyceryl-1-monooctanoate, which both enhanced the
      extent and rate of cefazolin uptake.

PMID- 2907568
TI  - 4-Methylpyrazole alters phenobarbitone hypnotic concentrations in rats.
AB  - The liver alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor, 4-methylpyrazole, has been tested for
      its ability to change the hypnotic concentrations of phenobarbitone
      (phenobarbital) in rats. Following a single dose of 1 mmol kg-1 i.v.,
      administered 60 min before phenobarbitone, 4-methylpyrazole shortened the onset
      time and reduced the dose of phenobarbitone required to produce loss of righting
      reflex. Consistent with this, phenobarbitone concentrations in serum (both total
      and free), brain and in cerebrospinal fluid at onset of hypnosis were about half
      in 4-methylpyrazole compared with saline-treated rats. These results suggest that
      acute 4-methylpyrazole pretreatment increases the central nervous system
      sensitivity to phenobarbitone and presumably other barbiturates; an effect
      apparently distinct from its inhibition of liver alcohol dehydrogenase.

PMID- 2907569
TI  - The in-vitro percutaneous absorption of glycerol trioleate through hairless mouse
      skin.
AB  - The chemical composition of the aqueous receptor fluid in one-chambered diffusion
      cells used for in-vitro percutaneous absorption studies has been shown to
      significantly affect the apparent extent of absorption of the triglyceride,
      glycerol trioleate. Using murine skin samples it was found that the addition of
      albumin to the receptor fluid resulted in an increase in the apparent extent of
      absorption, while the presence of the bacteriostatic agent thiomersal resulted in
      a decrease. The viability of the skin samples had no effect on absorption. It was
      determined that the chemical species in the receptor fluid was the free fatty
      acid. Albumin presumably bound the fatty acid, thereby creating a sink which
      enabled the fatty acid to partition from the skin into the receptor fluid.

PMID- 2907570
TI  - Action of a chronic arecoline administration on mouse motility and on
      acetylcholine concentrations in the CNS.
AB  - The modifications of mouse motility and of the levels of acetylcholine (ACh) in
      two sections of the CNS caused by a chronic administration of 4.5; 9.5; 28.5 and
      60 mg kg-1 day-1 of arecoline for 20 days have been studied. At low doses (4.5
      and 9.5 mg kg-1 day-1), arecoline caused no modification of the ACh levels and of
      the motility. The higher doses (28.5 and 60 mg kg-1 day-1) caused a reduction of
      the mouse motility and an increase of the ACh levels in the subcortical
      structures of the CNS of the mouse.

PMID- 2907571
TI  - Ocular distribution of aspirin and salicylate following systematic administration
      of aspirin to rabbits.
AB  - The distribution of aspirin and salicylate 30 min after the intravenous
      administration of different doses of aspirin has been investigated in the rabbit
      eye. HPLC enabled a rapid and sensitive determination of both substances. A
      considerable dose-dependent penetration into all ocular tissues was observed with
      both aspirin and salicylate. Aspirin concentrations were higher than in plasma in
      all ocular tissues with the exception of the lens. These results show that an
      unhydrolysed drug may have a direct local effect by acetylating lens protein or
      other ocular constituents.

PMID- 2907572
TI  - A consideration of the range and strength of interparticle forces in coated
      lactose powder.
AB  - A study has been made of the range and strength of interparticle forces in
      lactose powder coated with increasing concentrations of paraffins at different
      temperatures. Marked changes occurred in these forces as the paraffin content was
      altered and the temperature increased from -10 degrees to +50 degrees C. The
      strength and range of interparticle forces depended on the mechanical properties
      of the coating materials and the surface free energy of the coated powders.

PMID- 2907573
TI  - Effects of phosphatidylcholine on the topical bioavailability of corticosteroids
      assessed by the human skin blanching assay.
AB  - A non-occluded multiple application skin blanching assay has been used to
      determine the effect of applied phosphatidylcholine (PC) on the bioavailability
      of corticosteroids. One forearm of each of ten volunteers was treated twice daily
      for one week with PC presented as a liposomal suspension in Sorensen's (pH 5.0)
      phosphate buffer (2.5 mg PC/0.5 mL) while the other arm was treated with 0.5 mL
      of phosphate buffer. For the following two weeks this treatment regimen was
      continued but in addition, each of four corticosteroid formulations (containing
      (i) hydrocortisone 0.1%, (ii) clobetasone butyrate 0.05%, (iii) betamethasone
      0.1% and (iv) clobetasol propionate, 0.05%) was applied to sites on both arms. 5
      +/- 1 mg of each cream was applied twice daily to the sites on day 1, then once
      daily for a further four days; after two days of no application, the protocol was
      repeated. Estimation of pallor was usually made four times daily. At the end of
      the second week of corticosteroid application the blanching response to all four
      formulations on the PC treated arms was significantly higher than on the buffer
      treated arm. Tachyphylaxis to the applied corticosteroids was markedly less
      apparent on the lipid-treated arms. It is proposed that the applied phospholipid
      either supplements the lipid content of the skin or provides a thin film in
      intimate epidermal contact. Such a film may promote hydration of the stratum
      corneum and also provide an environment into which corticosteroids initially
      partition before a subsequent, more controlled, release to the underlying tissue.

PMID- 2907574
TI  - Concentration and time-dependent inter-relationships for cytotoxicities of
      nitrogen mustard drugs against lymphoblasts in-vitro.
AB  - Peripheral lymphoblasts were exposed either to different initial concentrations
      of the alkylating agents (melphalan, chlorambucil or phenylacetic acid mustard)
      using a fixed incubation time or a constant [3H]methylthymidine incorporation
      into the trichloracetic acid-insoluble fraction of the cells. The concentration
      time relationships were evaluated by calculating the amount of drug which had
      chemically reacted in the incubation system. Melphalan showed lower cytotoxicity
      at short exposure times and high drug concentrations, while chlorambucil
      exhibited higher cytotoxicity at longer exposure times. In the latter case the
      effect could be accounted for by the cytotoxic activity of monohydroxy
      chlorambucil which was formed in the incubation system.

PMID- 2907575
TI  - Effects of various ginseng saponins on 5-hydroxytryptamine release and
      aggregation in human platelets.
AB  - The effects of various ginseng saponins isolated from red ginseng roots, on
      aggregation and 5-hydroxytryptamine release (5-HT) human platelets have been
      investigated. Among the six saponins tested, only ginsenoside Rg1 inhibited
      adrenaline- and thrombin-induced platelet aggregation and 5-HT release dose
      dependently, at concentrations of 5 to 500 micrograms ML-1. Ginsenoside Rg1 had
      no effect on adrenaline- and thrombin-induced arachidonic acid release and
      diacylglycerol production. But it did reduce the elevation of cytosolic free
      calcium concentration (Ca2+)i shown in the second phase induced by adrenaline and
      thrombin, at concentrations of 10 to 500 micrograms mL-1. Those data suggest that
      the inhibitory effects of ginsenoside Rg1 on 5-HT release from, and aggregation
      of, platelets might be due to the reduction of (Ca2+)i elevation at the second
      phase induced by adrenaline and thrombin. The results suggest that ginsenoside
      Rg1 in red ginseng roots may be active as a drug in the treatment of
      artheroscleorosis and thrombosis.

PMID- 2907576
TI  - The effect of acute and chronic administration of morphine and morphine
      withdrawal on intestinal transit time in the rat.
AB  - The effects of acute and chronic morphine administration and of morphine
      withdrawal on intestinal transit time of a liquid meal were investigated using
      rats. Many experiments have assessed the effects of acute morphine administration
      on intestinal transit, but the intestinal effects of chronic morphine
      administration have been neglected. Our results showed no significant differences
      between morphine-dependent and control animals when assessing the leading edge of
      the liquid meal infusion, its distribution and geometric centre (G.C.). However,
      during naloxone-precipitated withdrawal from morphine, the leading edge of the
      infusion and its G.C. were significantly distal to values obtained from other
      groups. Acute morphine administration caused delayed intestinal transit of a meal
      infusion, an effect partly caused by significant retention of the infusion in the
      stomach and duodenum. The leading edge of the meal infusion and G.C. were
      significantly proximal to values obtained from other groups of animals. The
      results show that morphine-dependent rats develop complete tolerance to the
      delayed intestinal transit of a meal observed after acute morphine administration
      and that withdrawal from morphine accelerates intestinal transit of a liquid
      meal.

PMID- 2907577
TI  - Effect of alkylxanthines on gentamicin-induced acute renal failure in the rat.
AB  - Adenosine antagonists have been previously shown to be of benefit in some
      ischaemic and nephrotoxic models of acute renal failure (ARF). In the present
      study, the effects of three alkylxanthines with different potencies as adenosine
      antagonists 8-phenyltheophylline, theophylline and enprofylline, were examined in
      rats developing acute renal failure after 4 daily injections of gentamicin (200
      mg kg-1). Renal function was assessed by biochemical (plasma urea and
      creatinine), functional (urine analysis and [3H]inulin and [14C]p-aminohippuric
      acid clearances) and morphological (degree of necrosis) indices. The various drug
      treatments produced improvements in some, but not all, measurements of renal
      function. However, any improvement produced by drug treatment was largely a
      result of a beneficial effect exerted by its vehicle (polyethylene glycol and
      NaOH). The lack of any consistent protective effect noted with the alkylxanthines
      tested in the present study indicates that adenosine plays little, if any,
      pathophysiological role in gentamicin-induced ARF.

PMID- 2907578
TI  - Activities of octopamine and synephrine stereoisomers on octopaminergic receptor
      subtypes in locust skeletal muscle.
AB  - The activities of the (-) and (+)- forms of p-, m- and o-octopamine and p- and m
      synephrine have been compared on the different subtypes of octopamine receptor
      present in the extensor-tibiae neuromuscular preparation from the locust hindleg.
      The rank order of potency of the (-)-forms on the OCTOPAMINE2A receptors was p
      synephrine greater than p-octopamine greater than m-octopamine greater than o
      octopamine greater than m-synephrine whilst the rank order of the (+)-forms was p
      synephrine greater than p-octopamine greater than m-octopamine. (+)-m-Synephrine
      and (+)-o-octopamine had no effect on this class of receptor when tested up to a
      concentration of 10(-3) M. The rank order of potency of the (-)-forms on the
      OCTOPAMINE2B receptors was p-synephrine greater than p-octopamine greater than m
      synephrine greater than m-octopamine greater than o-octopamine whilst the rank
      order of the (+)-forms was p-octopamine greater than p-synephrine greater than m
      octopamine greater than o-octopamine. (+)-m-Synephrine again had no effect up to
      a concentration of 10(-3) M. The rank order of potency of the (-)-forms on the
      OCTOPAMINE1 receptors was p-synephrine greater than p-octopamine greater than m
      synephrine greater than m-octopamine greater than o-octopamine, whilst the rank
      order of the (+)-forms was p-synephrine greater than p-octopamine greater than o
      octopamine greater than m-synephrine greater than m-octopamine.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2907579
TI  - Enantioselective metabolism during continuous administration of S-(-)- and R-(+)
      nicotine isomers to guinea-pigs.
AB  - The S-(-)- and R-(+)-nicotine isomers were administered subcutaneously via Alzet
      osmotic pumps to male Hartley guinea-pigs (n = 5 with each isomer) over a 23-day
      period. Estimated dosage rate throughout the experiment was 0.6 mg-1. Urine
      samples were collected over this time and the levels of urinary oxidative and N
      methylated nicotine metabolites were measured by cation-exchange HPLC analysis. S
      (-)-Nicotine formed only oxidative metabolites, whereas the R-(+)-isomer formed
      both oxidative and N-methylated metabolites. 3'-Hydroxycotinine and nicotine-1'
      oxide were major metabolites of both enantiomers; cotinine and nornicotine were
      only minor metabolites. The major N-methylated metabolite of R-(+)-nicotine was N
      methylnicotinium ion; N-methylcotininium ion and N-methylnornicotinium ion were
      also identified as metabolites of this nicotine isomer. Total N-methylated
      quaternary ammonium metabolites accounted for 15 to 20% of the administered dose
      of R-(+)-nicotine. An interesting enantioselective reduction in the percent of
      oxidative urinary metabolites formed S-(-)-nicotine was observed over 23 days.
      This may indicate the enantioselective induction of an uncharacterized metabolic
      pathway for this nicotine isomer.

PMID- 2907580
TI  - Postnatal behavioural effects of maternal nicotine exposure in rats.
AB  - The effects of nicotine on locomotor activity have been studied in neonate rats
      exposed to nicotine (1.5 mg kg-1 day-1) throughout the gestational period. Both
      14 day old male and female offspring demonstrated an increase in spontaneous
      locomotor activity when compared with saline-exposed controls. However, systemic
      administration of (+)-amphetamine was effective in attenuating the hyperactivity
      of these nicotine-exposed pups.

PMID- 2907581
TI  - Orally administered kappa but not mu opiate agonists enhance gastric emptying of
      a solid canned food meal in dogs.
AB  - The effects of oral administration of selective mu (D-Ala2, N-Me-p-nitro-Phe4,
      Gly5-ol-DAGO, morphine) and/or kappa (3,4 dichloro-N-methyl N [2-(1.
      fyrrolidinyl) cyclohexyl]-benzene acetamide-U-50488, tifluadom) or mixed agonist
      (N-desmethyltrimebutine) opioid on gastric emptying have been evaluated using a
      radiolabelled [57Co] canned food meal in dogs fitted with gastric cannulas. In
      control conditions (placebo) the percentage of solids emptied 1 h after feeding
      was 27.3 +/- 4.1%. When given orally at doses of 0.01 to 0.5 mg kg-1, U-50488
      increased significantly (P less than 0.05) by 29.1 to 60.8% in a dose-related
      manner (r-0.94, P less than 0.01) the amount of gastric emptying of the meal in 1
      h. This effect was reproduced by oral administration of tifluadom (0.01 to 0.1 mg
      kg-1) and by N-desmethyltrimebutine (0.1 to 1 mg kg-1). In contrast, the gastric
      emptying was unaffected by DAGO and morphine at low doses (0.01 and 0.1 mg kg-1)
      but significantly (P less than 0.05) slowed with higher doses of morphine. The
      increases in amount of gastric emptying induced by tifluadom, U-50488 and N
      desmethyltrimebutine were abolished by previous administration of naloxone (0.1
      mg kg-1 i.v.) and [(3-furylmethyl) noretazocine]-MR 22-66 (0.1 mg kg-1 i.v.).
      These results indicate that orally administered kappa, but not mu agonists at
      doses not exceeding 1 mg kg-1 enhance the amount of gastric emptying of a solid
      meal in dogs and suggest that this is due to a selective local stimulation of
      kappa mucosal or submucosal opiate receptors at antroduodenal level.

PMID- 2907582
TI  - Beta 2-adrenoceptor influences on the alpha 1- and alpha 2-mediated
      vasoconstriction induced by phenylpropanolamine and its two component enantiomers
      in the pithed rat.
AB  - Phenylpropanolamine (PPA, (+/-)-norephedrine) is commonly found in appetite
      suppressants and nasal decongestants. Within the cardiovascular system of the
      pithed rat, the drug and its two component enantiomers ((-)- and (+)
      norephedrine) are largely direct-acting agonists. The interaction between
      simultaneous alpha 1-, alpha 2- and beta 2-adrenoceptor mediated effects of the
      drug and its two enantiomers have been examined using the cardiovascular system
      of the pithed rat. On all adrenoceptors tested the potency was (-)- greater than
      (+/-)-, greater than (+)-norphedrine. The alpha 1- and alpha 2-mediated pressor
      responses of each were enhanced in the presence of the beta 2-adrenoceptor
      antagonist, ICI 118,551, and diminished in the presence of the selective beta 2
      adrenoceptor agonist salbutamol. It is concluded that each form of the drug
      possesses the intrinsic ability to interact with the alpha 1-, alpha 2- and beta
      2-adrenoceptors in the system used and that the interaction with those
      adrenoceptors determines the net increase in diastolic blood pressure that
      follows the intravenous administration of the compounds. These findings have a
      bearing on the recent controversy regarding the use of beta-blocking agents in
      the treatment of overdosage of the drug.

PMID- 2907583
TI  - Enhanced bioavailability of morphine after rectal administration in rats.
AB  - Plasma morphine levels and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve
      (AUC) after i.v. (10 mg kg-1), p.o. (100 mg kg-1) and rectal (unrestricted or
      restricted to 1.5 cm from the anus, 10 mg kg-1) administration of morphine
      hydrochloride were determined in 10 or 11-week-old male Wistar rats to compare
      bioavailability of morphine after the rectal dosage with that after oral
      administration. The AUC value after oral administration (15 micrograms min mL-1),
      which was normalized by the dose, was only one-tenth of that after i.v. dosing
      (151 micrograms min mL-1). In contrast, the AUC after rectal administration
      (unrestricted, 133 micrograms min mL-1; restricted, 142 micrograms min mL-1) was
      almost comparable with that after i.v. administration. From the comparison of
      these AUC values, the extent of systemic availability of morphine after rectal
      (unrestricted or restricted) and p.o. administration was estimated to be
      approximately 90 and 10%, respectively.

PMID- 2907584
TI  - Senna still causes laxation in rats maintained on a diet deficient in essential
      fatty acids.
AB  - The laxative effect of senna has been investigated in normal and essential fatty
      acid deficient (EFAD) rats. Oral administration of senna pod extract (7-5-90 mg
      kg-1) produced a dose-dependent increase in the number of soft faeces excreted by
      normal rats. Senna 30 mg kg-1 also reversed net absorption of water and increased
      the prostaglandin (PG) production in the colonic lumen of normal rats by about
      four times. Oral administration of senna pod extract to rats, maintained on a fat
      free diet for 30-90 days, produced diarrhoea and reversed net absorption of water
      as in normal rats. However, a fat-free diet reduced the PG production drastically
      in the colonic lumen both in senna-free rats and in senna-treated rats. In EFAD
      rats carrageenan oedema, but not dextran oedema, was also drastically reduced.
      Since PG mediation is not present in EFAD rats we conclude that the PG are not
      essential for laxation induced by senna and that water secretion and PG
      production in the rat intestinal lumen are unrelated.

PMID- 2907585
TI  - Reversal of neuroleptic-induced catalepsy by novel aryl-piperazine anxiolytic
      drugs.
AB  - The novel anxiolytic drug, buspirone, reverses catalepsy induced by haloperidol.
      A series of aryl-piperazine analogues of buspirone and other 5
      hydroxytryptaminergic agonists were tested for their ability to reverse
      haloperidol induced catalepsy. Those drugs with strong affinity for 5
      hydroxytryptamine1a receptors were able to reverse catalepsy. Drugs with affinity
      for other 5-HT receptors or weak affinity were ineffective. However, inhibition
      of postsynaptic 5-HT receptors neither inhibited nor potentiated reversal of
      catalepsy and leaves open the question as to the site or mechanism for this
      effect.

PMID- 2907586
TI  - [3H]8-OH-DPAT labels the 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake recognition site and the 5
      HT1A binding site in the rat striatum.
AB  - The binding of [3H]8-hydroxy-2-(di-N-propylamino)-tetralin ([ 3H]8-OH-DPAT) to
      rat hippocampal and striatal membranes has been compared. In the hippocampus, low
      concentrations of [3H]8-OH-DPAT bound to a single, high affinity site which was
      sensitive to inhibition by spiperone, buspirone and ergotamine but not by
      mianserin, quipazine or (-)-propranolol. This is consistent with a selective
      labeling of the 5-HT1A receptor. In the striatum, [3H]8-OH-DPAT bound to two
      sites with high and low affinity (KD's 1.18 and 109 nM). The high affinity
      component was blocked by low concentrations of buspirone, spiperone and
      ergotamine. The low affinity component was blocked only by high concentrations of
      buspirone and spiperone, and was not displaced by ergotamine at concentrations up
      to 1 microM. The ergotamine-resistant component of striatal [3H]8-OH-DPAT binding
      was blocked by low concentrations of the 5-HT uptake inhibitors fluvoxamine and
      paroxetine, and by relatively low concentrations of 5-HT itself. Thus [3H]8-OH
      DPAT labels the 5-HT transporter in the rat striatum. Unlike [3H]imipramine
      binding, the binding of [3H]8-OH-DPAT to the 5-HT transporter was independent of
      external sodium ions. It is therefore suggested that 8-OH-DPAT acts as substrate
      for the 5-HT transporter and labels the 5-HT recognition site of the transporter
      complex.

PMID- 2907587
TI  - Effects of beclamide on isolation-induced aggression and locomotor activity in
      mice.
AB  - The anti-aggressive effects of orally administered beclamide (N-Benzyl-beta
      chloropropionamide) have been studied in male albino mice which were individually
      isolated for a 28-day period. Beclamide (50-250 mg kg-1 p.o.) caused an overall
      dose-dependent increase in the attack onset latency, a reduction in the
      percentage of animals attacking and the mean number of attacks/animal for this
      model of aggression. In addition, the highest dose of beclamide (250 mg kg-1
      p.o.) did not significantly modify locomotor activity in mice. It was concluded
      that beclamide induced anti-aggressive effects at non-sedative doses. This anti
      aggressive action was thought be at least partially mediated, through a beclamide
      induced release of 5-HT from presynaptic sites.

PMID- 2907588
TI  - The influence of urotensin II on calcium flux in rat aorta.
AB  - The fish neuropeptide urotensin II (UII, 10 nM) caused a 51% increase in uptake
      of 45Ca by segments of rat aorta; this increase was abolished by the Ca channel
      blocking drug nitrendipine (200 nM). 45Ca efflux was unchanged in the presence of
      UII, but was significantly increased following washout of the peptide; again,
      this increase was not observed in the presence of nitrendipine. The results
      provide direct evidence that the nitrendipine-sensitive component of the
      contractile response of rat aorta to UII involves mobilization of extracellular
      Ca, with subsequent activation of a Ca-induced, Ca-release process
      intracellularly. The mechanisms responsible for the nitrendipine-resistant
      component of the contractile response to UII remain to be established.

PMID- 2907589
TI  - Amelioration of the hypotensive effect of trypanocidal diamidines by use of heavy
      soluble salts.
AB  - The influence of a heavy soluble dicaprylate salt preparation of a new
      trypanocidal diamidine (DiaPBF) on systolic and diastolic blood pressure and
      heart rate of rats has been compared with the effects of the easily soluble
      DiaPBF-dihydrochloride (DiaPBF-diHCl). After the dicaprylate the drop of the
      systolic blood pressure was 50% smaller than after an equimolar doses of DiaPBF
      diHCl.

PMID- 2907590
TI  - Somatostatin stimulates phosphodiesterase in rat anterior pituitary and brain,
      and GH4C1 cells.
AB  - Somatostatin administration to female rats increased the activity of calmodulin
      dependent soluble phosphodiesterase, both in pituitary and brain. This effect was
      also seen in homogenates of GH4C1 cells pretreated with the hormone. When assayed
      in the presence of EGTA no differences in rat brain and pituitary
      phosphodiesterase were observed between controls and somatostatin-treated, but
      when assayed in the presence of calcium or calcium plus calmodulin a clear
      increase in the activity of the enzyme was detected. In GH4C1 homogenates
      prepared from somatostatin-pretreated cells there was an increase in
      phosphodiesterase activity assayed in the presence of EGTA vs non-treated
      controls, which was more clear when assayed in the presence of calcium or calcium
      plus calmodulin. These observations suggest that somatostatin effects derive, at
      least in part, from increased cyclic nucleotide degradation.

PMID- 2907591
TI  - Application of a micro enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detection of
      anti-amebic antibody in various forms of amebic infection.
AB  - Techniques of a micro enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) used for the
      serodiagnosis of schistosomiasis were applied to amebic infection. Test sera were
      divided primary on the basis of serologic diagnosis and stool examination as
      follows; (I) gel diffusion precipitin test (GDP) positive and stool examination
      positive: 9 specimens, (II) GDP positive and stool examination negative: 29
      specimens, (III) GDP negative and stool examination positive: 32 specimens.
      Virtually all of the individuals belonging to (III) were asymptomatic, while more
      than 75% of (I) and (II) were symptomatic. The upper limit of 99% critical range
      was calculated from the data of 70 serum specimens from healthy adult Japanese
      and was employed as the cut-off value. All of the specimens of (I) and (II) were
      judged positive by ELISA, generally with a much higher absorbance than the cut
      off value; whereas, approximately 80% of (III) were judged positive. The average
      absorbance of (III) was lower than that of (I) and (II). These findings suggest
      that the ELISA is well in accord with GDP qualitatively as far as GDP-positive
      individuals are concerned, and that even asymptomatic cyst carriers with negative
      serology by GDP may often be producing anti-amebic antibodies, although the
      titers are low.

PMID- 2907592
TI  - [Changes in urinary tubular enzymes and low molecular weight protein in diabetes
      mellitus].

PMID- 2907593
TI  - Inhibitory effects of L-threo-DOPS, an L-noradrenaline precursor, on locus
      coeruleus-originating neurons in the caudate nucleus.
AB  - Electrophysiological studies using reserpine-treated cats were carried out to
      elucidate the effects of L-threo-3,4-dihydroxyphenylserine (L-threo-DOPS) on the
      noradrenergic pathway from the locus coeruleus (LC) to the caudate nucleus (CN)
      neurons, which were activated by iontophoretically applied bromocriptine, a
      dopamine D-2 receptor agonist. In the CN neurons, glutamate-induced firing was
      inhibited by iontophoretic application of noradrenaline, but not by repetitive
      stimulation of the LC or iontophoretically applied L-threo-DOPS. After
      intraventricular administration of L-threo-DOPS, however, LC stimulation
      inhibited the glutamate-induced firing. These results suggest that L
      noradrenaline that was produced from the conversion of L-threo-DOPS inhibited the
      CN neurons which possess dopamine D-2 receptors.

PMID- 2907594
TI  - [Pilus type, hemagglutination titer and hemolysin production of Escherichia coli
      isolated from urogenital infections].

PMID- 2907595
TI  - Highly increased levels of serum beta-hexosaminidase, arylsulphatase A and beta
      galactosidase in a patient with sepsis.

PMID- 2907596
TI  - Use of corrected retention indices based on 1-nitroalkane and alkyl arylketone
      scales for HPLC identification of basic drugs.
AB  - Sixteen basic drugs were examined by HPLC (gradient elution in
      acetonitrile/phosphate buffer, pH 3.2, containing 0.05% nonylamine) with six
      different ODS-silica columns. The retention indices (RI) were calculated with
      alkyl arylketone and 1-nitroalkane scales and were subjected to correction, which
      enabled comparison of results from commercially different column packing
      materials. The correction procedure was successful for the 1-nitroalkane scale.
      The scale based on alkyl arylketones was of less use for basic drugs, because
      some of them eluted earlier than the first reference homologue. This made
      impossible the proper calculation and correction of RI values for drugs such as
      cocaine, diphenhydramine, doxepin, and promethazine. The correction procedure of
      RI values calculated against the series of 1-nitroalkanes is recommended as a
      method of standardization of HPLC data.

PMID- 2907597
TI  - [Xamoterol].

PMID- 2907598
TI  - Activation of macrophages by Entamoeba histolytica extracts in mice.
AB  - The effect of Entamoeba histolytica extracts on the production of inflammatory
      macrophages and the release of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide (O2-) from
      these cells was examined in C57BL/6 mice. Two different strains of E.
      histolytica, either virulent (IP:0682:1) or nonvirulent (DKB), were used in this
      study. The number of macrophages recovered from the peritoneal cavity of mice
      treated 5 days previously with 150 micrograms of either strain of amoebic
      extracts was significantly higher than in the saline-treated groups. Macrophages
      from mice treated with 150 micrograms of the IP:0682:1 strain of amoebic extracts
      exhibited a powerful burst of oxidative metabolis when triggered with phorbol
      myristate acetate (PMA). Extract from the non-virulent strain was much less
      effective in activating macrophages for the production of oxidative metabolites.
      Thus, a crude extract preparation from E. histolytica, particularly the virulent
      strain, induces a strong macrophage inflammatory response in which the cells also
      produce high levels of H2O2 and O2-.

PMID- 2907599
TI  - Molecular cloning and characterisation of the genes for a non-fimbrial adhesin
      from Escherichia coli.
AB  - A non-fimbrial adhesin (NFA-1) from the uropathogenic Escherichia coli strain 827
      responsible for agglutination of human erythrocytes was cloned using the cos 4
      cosmid vector. A clone was isolated which promoted haemagglutination and showed
      the same biological properties as the adhesin produced by the wild type strain.
      Both express adhesin at 37 degrees C, but not 18 degrees C nor in the presence of
      1% glucose. Adhesin purified from the clone formed high molecular weight
      aggregates which were resolved to the 21 K dalton subunit protein seen in the
      wild type strain on denaturation. Binding to human kidney cells by the clone and
      the wild type E. coli, from which the genes were cloned, were compared in an
      ELISA assay and shown to be the same. The genes for the adhesin were isolated on
      a 15.5 kilobase BamHI-EcoRI fragment which was subjected to gamma delta
      mutagenesis. The NFA-1 operon was localised to a 6.5kb region of this fragment.

PMID- 2907600
TI  - A chromosomal integration system for stabilization of heterologous genes in
      Salmonella based vaccine strains.
AB  - We have developed a system whereby heterologous DNA encoding an antigen from an
      enteropathogen may be recombined into the chromosome of an attenuated Salmonella
      carrier strain. The system involves two steps: (i) integration of a hisOG
      deletion mutation into the chromosome; (ii) replacement of the hisOG deletion by
      the complete hisOG region and the segment of heterologous DNA which encodes the
      antigen of interest. Recombinants may be selected (his+). The system was used to
      integrate the genes encoding K88 fimbriae from enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli
      into the chromosome of a galE mutant of Salmonella typhimurium (LT2H1).
      Recombinants were detected at a frequency of between 1.0 x 10(-3) and 1.5 x 10(
      3). A variety of tests confirmed that the K88 genes were integrated into the
      chromosome of LT2H1 and were expressed. The stability of the recombinant was
      tested both in vivo and in vitro. When administered orally to mice, the
      recombinant elicited a serum antibody response to K88, and retained the
      Salmonella vaccine potential of the vector strain.

PMID- 2907601
TI  - Study of the c-Ha-ras-1 locus polymorphism in an Italian population with high
      incidence of gastric cancer.
AB  - The c-Ha-ras-1 proto-oncogene locus is characterized by a restriction fragment
      length polymorphism resulting from length variation in a variable tandem
      repetition (VTR) region downstream from the structural part of the gene. The
      presence of uncommon alleles at this region has been suggested to be an
      informative marker for the development of different malignancies, including solid
      tumours. In order to identify possible genetic markers of cancer risk, we studied
      the c-Ha-ras-1 locus polymorphism in an Italian population characterized by a
      high incidence of stomach tumours. Gastric cancer patients, some having first
      degree relatives affected by the same malignancy, and control subjects were
      studied. A total of 176 DNAs was analysed by the Southern blotting technique with
      TaqI restriction enzyme. This yields a fragment containing the sequence of
      variable length (VTR) and also allows detection of a cleavage site polymorphism.
      Thirteen different alleles were detected and some new common and rare variants
      were found. Our results do not provide evidence that the inheritance of any
      allele may predispose to gastric malignancies. Segregation analysis carried out
      on 13 patients' families demonstrated, without exception, a Mendelian inheritance
      of patterns.

PMID- 2907602
TI  - Association study between Alzheimer's disease and restriction fragment length
      polymorphisms at the human amyloid beta protein gene locus.
AB  - Alzheimer's disease, an autosomal dominant disorder, is characterized by the
      presence of neurofibrillary tangles and senile extracellular plaques in the brain
      of affected individuals. An amyloid beta protein has been isolated from the core
      of these plaques, and the gene encoding this protein has been mapped to region
      q11.2 to q22.2 of chromosome 21. Independent linkage studies have shown that the
      locus responsible for familial Alzheimer's disease also maps to the long arm of
      chromosome 21. It is thus very tempting to speculate that a defect (or defects)
      of the amyloid beta protein gene is the cause of Alzheimer's disease. For this
      reason, we have done association studies between Alzheimer's disease and
      restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the amyloid beta protein gene locus.
      We report a study of six restriction fragment length polymorphisms at the human
      amyloid beta protein gene locus. Several haplotypes constitute very informative
      marker systems for this region of chromosome 21. One of the six polymorphisms, a
      6.6/7.3 kb (kb = 10(3) base-pairs) EcoRI restriction fragment length
      polymorphism, is loosely associated with the presence of Alzheimer's disease in a
      population of 34 subjects.

PMID- 2907603
TI  - Late-onset Krabbe disease initially diagnosed as cerebroside sulfatase activator
      deficiency.
AB  - Clinical and biochemical findings in a male subject with progressive
      encephalopathy and peripheral neuropathy are presented. Early development was
      normal. At age 3.5 years, he had seizures associated with fever. Subsequently,
      there was progressive neurologic deterioration. A CT brain scan at age 4 years, 2
      months demonstrated multiple areas of variable density in the white matter. There
      was mild slowing of nerve conduction velocities and a sural nerve biopsy revealed
      segmental demyelinative neuropathy. Metachromatic leukodystrophy was suspected,
      but arylsulfatase A activity in leukocytes and fibroblasts was in the normal
      range. The cerebroside sulfate loading test on intact cultured fibroblasts showed
      attenuated hydrolysis leading to a tentative diagnosis of cerebroside sulfatase
      activator deficiency. However, the attenuated response of proband fibroblasts was
      not normalized by supplementation with activator in a reproducible manner, and
      urine showed hyperexcretion rather than deficiency of activator. Ultimately, an
      assay for galactosylceramide beta-galactosidase activity established a deficiency
      of this enzyme leading to the diagnosis of late-onset Krabbe disease.

PMID- 2907604
TI  - Cloning of the PYR3 gene of Ustilago maydis and its use in DNA transformation.
AB  - The Ustilago maydis PYR3 gene encoding dihydroorotase activity was cloned by
      direct complementation of Escherichia coli pyrC mutations. PYR3 transformants of
      E. coli pyrC mutants expressed homologous transcripts of a variety of sizes and
      regained dihydroorotase activity. PYR3 also complemented Saccharomyces cerevisiae
      ura4 mutations, and again multiple transcripts were expressed in transformants,
      and enzyme activity was regained. A 1.25-kilobase poly(rA)+ PYR3 transcript was
      detected in U. maydis itself. Linear DNA carrying the PYR3 gene transformed a U.
      maydis pyr3-1 pyrimidine auxotroph to prototrophy. Hybridization analysis
      revealed that three different types of transformants could be generated,
      depending on the structure of the transforming DNA used. The first type involved
      exchange of chromosomal mutant gene sequences with the cloned wild-type plasmid
      sequences. A second type had integrated linear transforming DNA at the
      chromosomal PYR3 locus, probably via a single crossover event. The third type had
      integrated transforming DNA sequences at multiple sites in the U. maydis genome.
      In the last two types, tandemly reiterated copies of the transforming DNA were
      found to have been integrated. All three types had lost the sensitivity of the
      parental pyr3-1 mutant to UV irradiation. They had also regained dihydroorotase
      activity, although its level did not correlate with the PYR3 gene copy number.

PMID- 2907605
TI  - The human transforming growth factor alpha promoter directs transcription
      initiation from a single site in the absence of a TATA sequence.
AB  - Transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-alpha) is a transformation-responsive
      mitogenic polypeptide that is expressed in the brain, epithelial cells, and
      activated macrophages. We isolated and characterized the TGF-alpha promoter and
      localized the 5' end of the TGF-alpha transcript to a unique position.
      Surprisingly, no apparent TATA box was present in the promoter sequence,
      suggesting that transcription from mammalian genes can initiate at unique and
      specific positions from promoters lacking this sequence motif.

PMID- 2907606
TI  - Different structural alterations upregulate in vitro tyrosine kinase activity and
      transforming potency of the erbB-2 gene.
AB  - Compared with normal erbB-2 gp185, mutant erbB-2 proteins generated by mutations
      either in the transmembrane domain or by NH2-terminal deletion are able to
      transform NIH 3T3 cells at a 10- to 100-fold greater efficiency. Mutant proteins
      of both classes show increased tyrosine kinase activity, suggesting that an
      abnormal level of receptor-associated tyrosine kinase activity is a major
      determinant of erbB-2 oncogenic potential.

PMID- 2907607
TI  - Stimulation of spontaneous transmitter release at the frog neuromuscular junction
      by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate occurs in the absence of extracellular
      Ca2+ and is enhanced by depolarization.
AB  - The effect of the phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) on the
      release of transmitter at the frog neuromuscular junction has been investigated
      electrophysiologically. TPA (100 nmol/l) caused a gradual rise in miniature end
      plate potential (MEPP) frequency. After 20-30 min MEPP frequency had risen by
      approximately 40%. This action of the drug was not inhibited by bathing
      preparations in either Ca2+-free medium (0 Ca2+-1 mmol/l EGTA) or high Mg2+
      medium, or by pretreatment with verapamil (5 mumol/l). The inactive TPA analogue
      4-alpha-TPA had no effect on release rate. There was no indication of any
      positive correlation between resting MEPP frequency and the size of the
      subsequent response to TPA treatment. Any synergism between [Ca2+]i and TPA
      treatment is therefore likely to occur at a site other than that which determines
      spontaneous release rate. The stimulatory effect of TPA was enhanced 2-fold by
      carrying out the experiments in a partially depolarising saline (10 mmol/l K+).
      When TPA was applied to preparations bathed in Ca2+-free depolarising saline, the
      response to the drug was still significantly greater than that in non-depolarised
      preparations. It is concluded that responsiveness to TPA is enhanced by
      depolarisation, but that little, if any, of this enhancement can be attributed to
      the consequent influx of Ca2+.

PMID- 2907608
TI  - Evidence that SK & F 104078 does not differentiate between pre- and
      postjunctional alpha 2-adrenoceptors.
AB  - We have investigated the proposed postjunctional selectivity of the alpha 2
      adrenoceptor antagonist SK & F 104078 employing the pithed rat, rat isolated
      atrium and human saphenous vein preparations. In the pithed rat, SK & F 104078 (5
      mg kg-1) produced a 20-fold shift in the prejunctional ID50 (concentration of
      agonist producing 50% inhibition of the cardioacceleration to a single stimulus)
      and a 3-fold shift in the postjunctional ED50 (concentration producing 50% of
      maximum rise in diastolic blood pressure) of the alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist
      xylazine. However, the alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine also showed
      apparent selectivity for prejunctional receptors in the pitched rat. In the rat
      isolated atrium, yohimbine was approximately 10 times more potent than SK & F
      104078 at enhancing the stimulation-evoked release of tritium in tissues
      preincubated with (3H)-noradrenaline. In the human saphenous vein, yohimbine and
      SK & F 104078 had pA2 values of 7.40 and 6.33, respectively, against contractions
      to noradrenaline, so that yohimbine was again approximately ten times more potent
      than SK & F 104078. In conclusion, SK & F 104078 behaved like yohimbine in its
      relative potencies at pre- and postjunctional alpha 2-adrenoceptors both in vivo
      and in vitro, so that we fail to find any selectivity of SK & F 104078 for
      postjunctional alpha 2-adrenoceptors.

PMID- 2907609
TI  - Alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists induce vasoconstriction of the
      normotensive rat caudal artery in vitro by stimulation of a heterogeneous
      population of alpha-1 adrenoceptors.
AB  - Although alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists rapidly induce arterial vasoconstriction
      in vivo, such responses have proven difficult to obtain in vitro. We have
      investigated the vasoconstrictor effects of various alpha-1 and alpha-2
      adrenoceptor agonists in the perfused superfused caudal artery of the
      normotensive rat. Intrinsic activities were; methoxamine; 1, phenylephrine; 0.94,
      noradrenaline; 0.93, guanfacine; 0.88, clonidine; 0.47, UK 14,304 [5-bromo-6-(2
      imidazoline-2-ylamino)-quinoxaline tartrate]: 0.10, azepexole; 0. Antagonism by
      the selective alpha-1 agent, prazosin of the vasoconstrictor responses provoked
      by methoxamine, guanfacine or clonidine, showed a high affinity with--log KB
      values in the range of 8.5 to 9.4. There were no significant differences between
      the KB values obtained with the three agonists. Antagonism by the selective alpha
      2 antagonist, yohimbine showed a low affinity with KB values between 6.7 to 7.6
      for the three agonists. The calcium entry blocker, nicardipine, antagonized
      responses to clonidine at nanomolar concentrations and those to phenylephrine at
      micromolar concentrations. We conclude that vasoconstrictor responses in this
      isolated tail artery preparation are primarily mediated via an alpha adrenoceptor
      which can be classified, on the basis of the results with specific antagonists,
      as being of the alpha-1 type. The results obtained with nicardipine suggest that
      the population of alpha adrenoceptors is not, however, homogeneous.

PMID- 2907610
TI  - Probable involvement of vascular angiotensin II formation in the beta 2
      adrenoceptor-mediated facilitation of the neurogenic vasopressor response in the
      pithed rat.
AB  - Rats were pithed, vagotomized and adrenalectomized and the effect of procaterol
      on the pressor response to electrical stimulation of the thoracolumbar
      preganglionic sympathetic outflow from the spinal cord or to exogenous
      noradrenaline was studied in the absence and presence of beta-adrenoceptor
      antagonists and drugs interfering with the renin-angiotensin system. 1. Basal
      diastolic blood pressure was decreased by captopril, ramiprilate (angiotensin
      converting enzyme inhibitors), saralasin (an angiotensin II receptor antagonist),
      pepstatin A (a protease inhibitor with renin antagonistic properties) and by
      functional nephrectomy (ligation of both renal hili), but was not affected by
      procaterol (a beta 2-adrenoceptor agonist), nebivolol (a beta 1-adrenoceptor
      antagonist) and ICI 118,551 (erythro-dl-1-(7-methylindan-4-yloxy)-3
      isopropylaminobut an-2-ol; a beta 2-adrenoceptor antagonist). 2. The vasopressor
      response induced by electrical stimulation of the preganglionic sympathetic nerve
      fibres was increased by procaterol, whereas the increase in blood pressure evoked
      by exogenous noradrenaline was not affected. The pressor response to both
      electrical stimulation and exogenous noradrenaline was decreased by captopril,
      ramiprilate, saralasin and nephrectomy but was not affected by nebivolol and ICI
      118,551. 3. The facilitatory effect of procaterol on the neurogenic, electrically
      induced pressor response, which was also obtained when basal blood pressure was
      decreased by nephrectomy and increased by Lys8-vasopressin, was abolished by ICI
      118,551 but not affected by nebivolol. Under none of these experimental
      conditions did procaterol alter the vasopressor response to exogenous
      noradrenaline. 4. The facilitatory effect of procaterol on the neurogenic,
      electrically induced rise in blood pressure was abolished by captopril,
      ramiprilate, saralasin and pepstatin A.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2907611
TI  - Morphine tolerance and nonspecific subsensitivity of the longitudinal muscle
      myenteric plexus preparation of the guinea-pig to inhibitory agonists.
AB  - 1. The sensitivity of the longitudinal smooth muscle/myenteric plexus (LM/MP) to
      agonists which reduce the amplitude of neurogenic contractions was studied in
      preparations obtained from animals implanted with either placebo or morphine (75
      mg/pellet) pellets 7 days prior. 2. Tolerance or subsensitivity to morphine was
      observed following chronic treatment with morphine and was revealed as a
      rightward shift of the concentration-response curve to morphine. The degree of
      tolerance decayed modestly with time after removal from a morphine containing
      environment suggesting a time dependence for the loss of subsensitivity to
      morphine. 3. LM/MP preparations from animals pretreated with morphine also
      developed subsensitivity to the inhibitory effects of the purine analogue, 2
      chloroadenosine. Subsensitivity to 2-chloroadenosine was seen as a parallel
      rightward shift of the concentration-response curve in morphine-tolerant
      preparations. The magnitude of the loss in sensitivity was comparable to that
      observed to morphine. 4. A reduction in sensitivity of the LM/MP following
      chronic treatment with morphine was also observed to the inhibitory effects of
      the alpha2 adrenoceptor agonists, clonidine and xylazine. In contrast to the
      results obtained with morphine and 2-chloroadenosine, the development of
      subsensitivity to alpha2 adrenoceptor agonists was characterized by a marked
      reduction in slope and a depression of the maximum response. 5. These data
      suggest that myenteric neurons possess spare receptors for morphine and 2
      chloroadenosine but not for clonidine and xylazine. Furthermore, the studies
      support the idea that tolerance is associated with a general cellular change or
      adaptation which impacts on all of these inhibitory substances in such a way as
      to reduce their efficacy.

PMID- 2907612
TI  - Alpha 1-adrenoceptors of rat myocardium: comparison of agonist binding and
      positive inotropic response.
AB  - Binding of agonists to alpha 1-adrenoceptors labelled by 3H-prazosin was
      investigated in membranes of rat myocardium and compared to the inotropic
      response elicited by alpha 1-adrenoceptor activation on isolated right
      ventricles. 1. At 30 degrees C the full agonists, adrenaline and phenylephrine,
      displaced 3H-prazosin with a shallow inhibition curve. The data are compatible
      with the assumption that 32% of the binding sites were in a state of high
      affinity for the agonist adrenaline (KI 85 nmol/l) and 68% in a low affinity
      state (KI 1738 nmol/l). GTP transformed all binding sites into the low affinity
      form suggesting that at least some of the cardiac alpha 1-adrenoceptors are
      coupled to N-proteins. 2. At 0 degree C most of the binding sites (86%) were in a
      state of high affinity for agonists (KI for adrenaline: 91 nmol/l). 3. For
      several partial agonists and antagonists (cirazoline, methoxamine, indanidine
      (Sgd 101-75), oxymetazoline and phentolamine) no such distinct temperature- and
      GTP-shifts could be demonstrated suggesting a different kind of interaction with
      alpha 1-binding sites. 4. When temperature was changed during incubation with
      adrenaline, a rise of temperature (from 0 degrees C to 30 degrees C) converted
      high affinity sites into the low affinity form, whereas a decrease in temperature
      (from 30 degrees C to 0 degrees C) failed to induce the high affinity state for
      agonists. Short term incubation (0.5 min) with adrenaline at 30 degrees C
      resulted in significantly lower IC50 values as compared to equilibrium conditions
      at the same temperature.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2907613
TI  - Transmitter release patterns of noradrenergic, dopaminergic and cholinergic axons
      in rabbit brain slices during short pulse trains, and the operation of
      presynaptic autoreceptors.
AB  - Slices of rabbit brain were field-stimulated either by single electrical pulses
      or by trains of 4 or 8 pulses at 1 or 100 Hz in order to study transmitter
      release patterns and the autoinhibition of transmitter release. The slices were
      preincubated with 3H-noradrenaline (cortex), 3H-dopamine (caudate nucleus) or 3H
      choline (caudate nucleus). Slices preincubated with 3H-noradrenaline were
      superfused with medium containing desipramine 1 mumol/l. The overflow of tritium
      elicited by single pulses amounted to 0.19% of the tritium content of the tissue.
      The overflow elicited by 4 pulses/1 Hz was similar, whereas that elicited by 4
      pulses/100 Hz was 5.1-fold higher. Yohimbine 10-1000 nmol/l increased up to 2.5
      fold the overflow evoked by 4 pulses/1 Hz but did not change the overflow evoked
      by single pulses or 4 pulses/100 Hz. - Slices preincubated with 3H-dopamine were
      superfused with medium containing nomifensine 1 mumol/l. The overflow of tritium
      elicited by single pulses was 0.39% of the tritium content of the tissue. The
      overflow elicited by 4 pulses/1 Hz was 1.3-fold and the overflow elicited by 4
      pulses/100 Hz 1.4-fold higher. Domperidone 1-100 nmol/l and sulpiride 10-1000
      nmol/l increased up to 2.4-fold the overflow evoked by 4 pulses/1 Hz but
      increased only slightly the overflow evoked by single pulses or 4 pulses/100 Hz. 
      Slices preincubated with 3H-choline were superfused either with physostigmine
      free medium or with medium containing physostigmine 1 mumol/l. In physostigmine
      free medium, atropine did not increase the evoked overflow of tritium at any
      stimulation condition. In physostigmine-containing medium, the overflow elicited
      by single pulses was 0.18% of the tritium content of the tissue. The overflow
      elicited by 8 pulses/1 Hz was 2.0-fold and the overflow elicited by 8 pulses/100
      Hz 2.2-fold higher. Atropine 2-200 nmol/l increased up to 2.4-fold the overflow
      evoked by 8 pulses/1 Hz but increased only slightly the overflow evoked by single
      pulses or 8 pulses/100 Hz. In physostigmine-free medium, sulpiride 10-1000 nmol/l
      did not change the single-pulse-evoked overflow of tritium in the absence but
      increased it in the presence of nomifensine 1 mumol/l. Single pulses elicit a
      large release of 3H-noradrenaline, 3H-dopamine and 3H-acetylcholine under the
      conditions of these experiments. Release elicited by single pulses is not subject
      to autoinhibition except for a small inhibition by spontaneously released
      transmitter in the case of dopaminergic and cholinergic axons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2907614
TI  - Fractional reduction of somatostatin concentration interacted with rat growth
      hormone releasing hormone to titrate the magnitude of pulsatile growth hormone
      and prolactin release in perifusion.
AB  - Growth hormone (GH) pulses in vivo are associated with increased hypothalamic
      portal growth hormone releasing hormone (GH-RH) concentration and can be
      prevented by GH-RH antisera. GH pulses are also associated with prior reduction
      of portal somatostatin (SRIF) concentrations, although SRIF antisera do not
      abolish GH pulses. In vitro, pulses of GH-RH as well as SRIF withdrawal are
      followed by pulses of GH release; the presence of GH-RH enhances post-SRIF GH
      release. We asked four questions: (1) During combined GHRH-SRIF exposure in
      vitro, must SRIF withdrawal be complete to produce a pulse of GH release, or is
      there a threshold diminution of SRIF which permits it? (2) When pulsatile GH
      release does occur, is it an all-or-none phenomenon, or is it titratable by
      fractional reduction of SRIF? (3) Does varying the GH-RH concentration while
      administering SRIF systematically alter GH release in response to fractional SRIF
      reduction? (4) Given a small but distinct effect of GH-RH on release of stored
      prolactin (PRL) in this system, does fractional SRIF reduction alter PRL release
      in parallel? Rat pituitary tissue whose hormone stores had been prelabeled with
      tritium was perifused for 120 min in combined 25 nM SRIF and 3 or 10 nM rat GH-RH
      (rGH-RH). Then, while maintaining rGH-RH concentrations, the SRIF concentration
      was left unchanged (control) or was reduced to 20, 15, 10, 5, or 0 nM for 60 min.
      Release of stored rGH and rPRL was assessed by immunoprecipitation.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2907615
TI  - Pressor response mediated via histamine H1-receptors of the guinea-pig
      sympathetic ganglia.
AB  - In pithed guinea-pigs, the general characteristics and origin of the pressor
      response to intravenous injection of histamine were examined. Histamine (5-80
      micrograms/kg) produced a rapid, short-lasting, constant, prominent and dose
      dependent pressor response, followed by a secondary slight and prolonged
      depressor response. The vascular response to histamine was accompanied by a
      marked tachycardia. The pressor effect of histamine (30 micrograms/kg) was
      strongly reduced or abolished in animals pretreated with nicotine, reserpine,
      bretylium or 6-hydroxydopamine. Furthermore, pyrilamine, a histamine H1-receptor
      antagonist, antagonized in a dose-dependent manner the pressor response to
      histamine. On the contrary, metiamide, a histamine H2-receptor antagonist, as
      well as hexamethonium and atropine, cholinergic antagonists, did not suppress the
      pressor effect of histamine. The present experiments provide evidence that in
      guinea-pigs, the pressor component of the vascular response to histamine results
      predominantly from the activation of histamine H1-receptors in the sympathetic
      ganglia with consequent release of noradrenaline at postganglionic sympathetic
      nerve terminals.

PMID- 2907616
TI  - Specific D1 and D2 dopamine agonists have synergistic effects in the 6
      hydroxydopamine circling model in the rat.
AB  - The effects of SK&F 38393, RU 24213 and quinpirole alone and the synergistic
      effects of a combination of both subtypes of dopamine agonist on circling
      behavior were studied in rats with a unilateral lesion of the nigro-striatal
      pathway. The ability of SCH 23390 and sulpiride to antagonize the synergistic
      effects induced by SK&F 38393 and RU 24213 in combination were also studied.
      Finally, the ability of these specific D1 and D2 dopamine antagonists to block
      the circling induced by two nonspecific dopamine agonists (apomorphine and
      amphetamine) was investigated. Some animals responded to only one of the
      selective dopamine agonists but all responded to apomorphine and to the
      combination of SK&F 38393 plus Ru 24213 or SK&F 38393 plus quinpirole. A powerful
      synergistic effect was able to antagonize these synergistic effects. The blocking
      capacity of SCH 23390 and sulpiride was highly diminished in the apomorphine
      induced circling model, compared to the amphetamine-induced circling model where
      normosensitive dopamine receptors are involved. These data suggest an
      heterogeneous responsiveness to D1, D2D1 plus D2 and mixed D1/D2 dopamine
      agonists and a strong synergistic effect of the combination of SK&F 38393 plus RU
      24213, or SK&F 38393 plus quinpirole. Denervation also induced some changes in
      the ability of specific dopamine antagonists to block the behavioral response
      after the administration of non-specific dopamine agonists.

PMID- 2907617
TI  - Effect of GABAergic transmission in the subpallidal region on the hypermotility
      response to the administration of excitatory amino acids and picrotoxin into the
      nucleus accumbens.
AB  - Excitatory amino acids and picrotoxin have been shown to produce an intense
      stimulation of co-ordinated locomotor activity after bilateral administration
      into the nucleus accumbens of rats. The objective of this study was to determine
      the role of GABAergic neurotransmission in t he substantia innominata/lateral
      preoptic area in the hypermotility responses to excitatory amino acids and
      picrotoxin. It was found that the bilateral administration of muscimol into the
      substantia innominata/lateral preoptic area almost completely inhibited the
      stimulation of locomotor activity induced by the administration of alpha-amino-3
      hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate (AMPA), kainic acid, N-methyl-D-aspartic
      acid and picrotoxin into the n. accumbens. In contrast, muscimol did not inhibit
      locomotor activity or induce catalepsy in control animals injected with saline
      into the nucleus accumbens. The inhibitory effect of muscimol on the
      hypermotility responses to excitatory amino acids and picrotoxin was not due to
      diffusion to the nucleus accumbens and the activation of GABAergic receptors at
      this site. This conclusion is preoptic area, which effectively inhibited the
      responses to AMPA and picrotoxin, were either much less effective or not
      effective in inhibiting these responses when injected into the nucleus accumbens.
      These observations suggest that the stimulation of locomotor activity produced by
      the injection of excitatory amino acids or picrotoxin into the nucleus accumbens
      may be mediated by the inhibition of a GABAergic neuronal pathway projecting from
      the nucleus accumbens to the substantia innominata/lateral preoptic area.

PMID- 2907618
TI  - [A ketamine-chlordemethyldiazepam combination in celioscopy].

PMID- 2907619
TI  - Puberty.

PMID- 2907620
TI  - [Clinical and biochemical evaluation of the preparation aminoglutethimide].

PMID- 2907621
TI  - [Diagnosis of genetic diseases using DNA recombination technics].

PMID- 2907622
TI  - Development of a radioreceptor assay for the D2-selective dopamine agonist N
      0437.
AB  - N-0437 is a recently developed dopamine (D2) agonist, theoretically attractive in
      the therapy of Parkinson's disease and glaucoma. Since its high potency allows
      small doses of the compound in clinical use and as extensive metabolism occurs in
      animals, a highly sensitive assay method was required for drug-monitoring
      purposes. To this end we developed a radioreceptor assay (RRA), a sensitive tool
      for the assessment of the sample's (dopaminergic) bioactivity. The RRA is based
      on competition between N-0437 and its tritium-labeled analogue for binding to
      dopamine receptors. The assay has been optimized for the preparation of the
      receptor suspension and the incubation conditions. Direct application of the
      assay for biological samples was impossible because of matrix interferences.
      Therefore, a solid-phase extraction method was developed in which the combination
      of a polar Si column and dichloromethane as eluent resulted in an effective
      elimination of the interferences. Recoveries were better than 90 and 95% for
      plasma and urine, respectively, even at concentrations at the determination limit
      of the method (300 pg/ml). Relative standard deviations were less than 15%.
      Because RRAs are stereoselective, the method discriminates between active and
      inactive species.

PMID- 2907623
TI  - Correlation of surface properties with conformational stabilities of wild-type
      and six mutant tryptophan synthase alpha-subunits substituted at the same
      position.
AB  - The surface properties of wild-type and six mutant alpha-subunits of tryptophan
      synthase substituted at the same position, 49, which is buried in the interior,
      were measured by surface tension, foaming and emulsifying properties to correlate
      the surface properties with the stabilities. The conformational stabilities of
      the seven alpha-subunits differed dramatically depending on the characteristics
      of the substituting residues [Yutani et al. (1987) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 84,
      4441-4444]. The mutant proteins substituted by isoleucine and phenylalanine in
      place of glutamic acid at position 49 were more stable than the other proteins
      and showed higher surface tension and lower foaming and emulsifying properties
      than the wild-type and other mutant proteins. Good correlations were observed
      between these surface properties and values of the Gibbs free energy of unfolding
      in water, of the proteins. This indicates that the surface properties of the
      alpha-subunits of tryptophan synthase depend closely on the conformational
      stabilities.

PMID- 2907624
TI  - Comparison of the antinociceptive effects of new [D-Arg2]-dermorphin tetrapeptide
      analogs and morphine in mice.
AB  - The antinociceptive effects of synthetic dermorphin tetrapeptide analogs
      containing D-Arg in position 2, H-Tyr-D-Arg-Phe-Gly-NH2 and H-Tyr-D-Arg-Phe-beta
      Ala-OH, were measured in mice by the tail-pressure test. The antinociceptive
      effect produced by intracerebroventricular (ICV), intrathecal (IT) and
      subcutaneous (SC) administration of either peptide was greater than that produced
      by morphine. Oral (PO) administration of the peptides showed approximately the
      same antinociceptive potency as morphine. In addition, the antinociceptive effect
      produced by SC and PO administration of either peptide was of longer duration
      than morphine. Pretreatment with naloxone resulted in nearly complete antagonism
      of the antinociceptive effects produced by ICV and IT administration of either
      peptide or morphine. Dose ratios (ICV/IT) of H-Tyr-D-Arg-Phe-Gly-NH2 and H-Tyr-D
      Arg-Phe-beta-Ala-OH, which were calculated from the AD50 (Antinociceptive Dose =
      50% MPE) values, were 5.8 and 6.2, respectively, whereas that of morphine was
      only 1.46. These results suggest that the mechanisms of the antinociceptive
      effects of [D-Arg2]-dermorphin tetrapeptide analogs differ from morphine, and
      that these peptides may possess higher affinities than does morphine for opioid
      receptors in the spinal cord.

PMID- 2907625
TI  - Monoamine oxidase B; a misunderstood and misjudged enzyme.

PMID- 2907626
TI  - Pressor response to beta 1- and beta 2-blockers in conscious rats treated with
      phentolamine.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to examine the conditions whereby beta-blockers
      cause a pressor response in conscious, unrestrained rats: (1) whether beta
      blockers cause a pressor response in rats subjected to, or not subjected to,
      nonselective alpha-blockade with phentolamine; (2) whether the pressor response
      to beta-blockers is due to the blockade of vasodilator beta 2-adrenoceptors, and
      (3) whether it is due to an acute increase in the release of adrenaline (A) and
      noradrenaline (NA). In the first series of experiments cumulative dose-response
      curves for propranolol, atenolol and ICI 118,551, nonselective beta-, beta 1- and
      beta 2-selective antagonists, respectively, were constructed in rats subjected to
      a continuous intravenous infusion of phentolamine. The administration of each of
      the beta-antagonists caused a significant dose-dependent increase in mean
      arterial pressure (MAP). The ED50 values for the increase in MAP were found to be
      3.6 +/- 0.8, 10 +/- 2.6 and 4.6 +/- 0.8 micrograms/kg for propranolol, atenolol
      and ICI 118,551, respectively. In the second series of experiments, a single
      bolus injection of a selective or nonselective beta-antagonist or saline vehicle
      was given to rats subjected to a continuous intravenous infusion of phentolamine.
      Plasma levels of A and NA were determined in the control condition, during the
      infusion of phentolamine and again after the injection of a beta-antagonist. The
      infusion of phentolamine significantly decreased MAP and increased plasma levels
      of A and NA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2907627
TI  - Utilisation of benzodiazepines in a university hospital.

PMID- 2907628
TI  - The course of neuroleptic and antidepressant treatment in severe depressive
      illness.

PMID- 2907629
TI  - Sensorimotor and cognitive performance of schizophrenic inpatients treated with
      haloperidol, flupenthixol, or clozapine.

PMID- 2907630
TI  - Dyscognitive syndromes in neuroleptic therapy.

PMID- 2907631
TI  - Ionized calcium and neuroleptic-induced extrapyramidal symptoms.
AB  - In a prospective study, the association between neuroleptic-induced
      extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) and serum calcium levels with special regard to
      ionized calcium was investigated. The sample included 24 newly admitted
      psychcotic patients who received neuroleptic treatment. The 11 patients in whom
      EPS developed had significant, lower ionized calcium levels in the drug-free
      period than the 13 patients without EPS.

PMID- 2907632
TI  - Does smoking reduce the risk of neuroleptic parkinsonoids?

PMID- 2907633
TI  - Adverse drug reactions with clozapine and simultaneous application of
      benzodiazepines.

PMID- 2907634
TI  - Cognitive functions in schizophrenic patients with tardive dyskinesia.

PMID- 2907635
TI  - Pharmacological properties of SDZ 208-912: a potential high potency, non
      classical neuroleptic.

PMID- 2907636
TI  - Does individually different sensitivity to dopaminergic stimulation determine the
      degree of tolerance and dependence to opioids?

PMID- 2907637
TI  - Conditioning of signs of a dopaminergic stimulation in rats.

PMID- 2907638
TI  - Relationship between residual symptomatology and auditory evoked potentials in
      schizophrenic outpatients.

PMID- 2907639
TI  - Recording automatic and controlled information processing by means of
      bioelectrical brain signals in normals and paranoid schizophrenics with and
      without neuroleptic medication.

PMID- 2907640
TI  - Topographic mapping of EEG and auditory evoked P300 in neuropsychopharmacology
      (topographic pharmaco-EEG and pharmaco-AEP 300).

PMID- 2907641
TI  - The problem of influencing specific or unspecific emotional states by drugs:
      effects of a tranquilizer and two beta-blocking agents under noise conditions.

PMID- 2907642
TI  - Resumption of benzodiazepine use after withdrawal in hospital--a follow-up study.

PMID- 2907643
TI  - Investigation of benzodiazepine-consumers concerning intake-habits, signs of
      abuse or dependence, and information about the drug.

PMID- 2907644
TI  - Ro 16-6028: a novel anxiolytic acting as a partial agonist at the benzodiazepine
      receptor.

PMID- 2907645
TI  - Predictors of neuroleptic treatment response in acute schizophrenia: results of a
      treatment study with perazine.

PMID- 2907646
TI  - The effect of OPC-4392, a partial dopamine receptor agonist on negative symptoms:
      results of an open study.

PMID- 2907647
TI  - The effect of the partial dopamine agonist terguride on negative symptoms in
      schizophrenics.

PMID- 2907648
TI  - Benzodiazepines for catatonic symptoms, stupor, and mutism.

PMID- 2907649
TI  - KC 9172 (free base of KC 7218)--an antipsychotic/anxiolytic compound. I.
      Antipsychotic and anxiolytic activity in comparison with chlorpromazine,
      clozapine, diazepam and buspirone.

PMID- 2907651
TI  - Zoological expeditions to the Krakatau Islands, 1984 and 1985.

PMID- 2907650
TI  - KC 9172 (free base of KC 7218)--an antipsychotic/anxiolytic compound. II.
      Discrimination from typical neuroleptics and benzodiazepine-like minor
      tranquilizers.

PMID- 2907652
TI  - Antibiotic-resistance patterns of soil bacteria (gram-negative rods) from the
      Krakatau islands (Rakata) and west Java, Indonesia, in 1984.

PMID- 2907653
TI  - Antibiotic-resistance patterns and relative concentrations of bacteria (gram
      negative rods) from ash deposits of various ages on the Krakatau islands.

PMID- 2907654
TI  - Antibiotic-resistance patterns of enteric bacteria of wild mammals on the
      Krakatau islands and west Java, Indonesia.

PMID- 2907655
TI  - Enteric bacteria of reptiles on Java and the Krakatau islands.

PMID- 2907656
TI  - Colonization of the Krakataus by bacteria and the development of antibiotic
      resistance.

PMID- 2907657
TI  - [Torticollis spasmodicus and addiction].
AB  - From a random sample of 49 patients suffering from torticollis spasmodicus and
      dependence on alcohol or medicaments, 6 have been selected and are discussed with
      i view to findings possible mutual influences between the disorders. In
      particular, premorbid accentuation of personality presented itself as a potential
      risk factor leading to both tortocollis and alcoholism. In various cases, the
      patient makes use of alcohol for self-treatment of extrapyramidal-motor symptoms.
      But such phenomenological developments are preceded by varied constellations of
      conditions, that have to be taken into account in the treatment.

PMID- 2907658
TI  - Cytochemical localization and biochemical analysis of the enzyme markers in human
      hepatoma cell lines.
AB  - Three enzyme makers, glucose-6-phosphatase, ATPase and gamma-glutamyl
      transpeptidase, have been used in studying carcinogenesis of hepatocellular
      carcinoma. They have been investigated in animal models and human hepatocellular
      carcinoma in vivo and in vitro. But the inconsistent levels of these three
      enzymes associated with this type of carcinoma raised the possibility that the
      carcinoma cells might have derived from the cells originating from different
      stages of differentiation. To evaluate this possibility, three human cell lines,
      Hep G2, Hep 3B, and HA 22T, all thought to be arrested in different stages of
      differentiation based on their biochemical and morphological characteristics,
      were used as models. The three enzyme markers glucose-6-phosphatase, ATPase and
      gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase were examined cytochemically and biochemically. Our
      results showed that there was no correlation between the ATPase levels and the
      stages of the cell line's differentiation. But both glucose-6-phosphatase and
      gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase were higher in cells that were more differentiated.

PMID- 2907659
TI  - [Changes in the symptomatological picture of schizophrenia in relation to the
      introduction of neuroleptics].

PMID- 2907660
TI  - [The role of the endocrine system in memory disorders].

PMID- 2907661
TI  - Chronic cocaine enhances defensive behaviour in the laboratory mouse: involvement
      of D2 dopamine receptors.
AB  - C57BL/6 male mice injected with a challenge dose (20 mg/kg) of cocaine 72 h after
      the end of chronic intermittent treatment with the psychostimulant (two daily
      injections of 20 mg/kg for 10 days) exhibited a clear-cut increase in defensive
      upright and sideways postures and escape when confronted with a non-drugged
      conspecific. Treated mice spent 40% of time showing defensive acts over the 5-min
      testing session. Administration of the selective D2 receptor antagonist (-)
      sulpiride (25 mg/kg) before the challenge dose of cocaine completely antagonized
      the increase in defensive behaviour, while the selective D1 receptor antagonist
      SCH 23390 (0.25-0.50 mg/kg) did not significantly affect defensive behavioural
      patterns. These results suggest the involvement of D2 receptors in cocaine
      induced hyperdefensiveness. The hypothesis that alteration in D2 receptor
      functioning produced by chronic cocaine administration may produce
      hyperdefensiveness possibly due to altered perceptive processes is discussed.

PMID- 2907662
TI  - Alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoreceptor antagonists differentially influence
      locomotor and stereotyped behaviour induced by d-amphetamine and apomorphine in
      the rat.
AB  - The importance of dopamine (DA) in mediating locomotor, exploratory and
      stereotyped behaviour in rodents is well established. Evidence also indicates a
      modulatory role for noradrenaline (NA) although, due to nonspecificity. of
      previously available agents, a precise role remains undefined. The effects of the
      specific and selective alpha-adrenoreceptor antagonists idazoxan (alpha 2) and
      prazosin (alpha 1) on behaviour induced by amphetamine and apomorphine have been
      investigated in the rat. d-Amphetamine (2 mg/kg) induced hyperactive locomotion
      and exploration. Pretreatment with prazosin (1 mg/kg) markedly reduced these
      responses. In contrast, pretreatment with idazoxan (20 mg/kg) only marginally
      altered d-amphetamine hyperactivity. Apomorphine (0.5 mg/kg) induced biphasic
      locomotor and exploratory activity. Neither alpha-antagonist affected the initial
      burst of activity (60 min), although prazosin inhibited whereas idazoxan
      potentiated the secondary phase (90-180 min). At higher dosage, amphetamine (6
      mg/kg) and apomorphine (2 mg/kg) induced stereotyped behaviours. Prazosin
      pretreatment enhanced stereotyped gnawing and decreased sniffing and locomotion,
      whereas idazoxan increased locomotion and decreased amphetamine-induced mouth
      movements. These data indicate that DA-induced locomotor and stereotyped
      behaviours are differentially influenced (in opposite directions) by both alpha1-
      and alpha 2-adrenoreceptor antagonists. NA may thus modulate the expression and
      character of behaviour by influencing DA function in certain brain areas.

PMID- 2907664
TI  - [Treatment of insomnia and benzodiazepines].

PMID- 2907663
TI  - Effects of anti-asthma drugs on PAF-induced death in mice.
AB  - A number of anti-asthma drugs was assayed for the ability to protect mice from
      platelet-activating factor (PAF)-induced death, which has been suggested to be
      dependent on the bronchoconstrictive features of this autacoid. Salbutamol,
      dexamethasone, theophylline, ketotifen and zindotrine, administered parenterally,
      produced a dose-dependent protection, while forskolin, enprofylline, disodium
      cromoglycate, nedocromil, azelastine and antagonists of acetylcholine, histamine
      and serotonin were devoid of protective effects. Theophylline, contrary to
      salbutamol, lost its protective effects in adrenalectomized mice, suggesting that
      these effects are dependent on the release of adrenomedullary cathecolamines.
      Salbutamol, theophylline and dexamethasone, at doses capable of inhibiting PAF
      induced death, did not affect PAF-induced haemoconcentration in mice, thus
      excluding widespread changes in vascular permeability as a major cause of death.
      These results are generally in agreement with the hypothesis that airway
      obstruction is an important determinant of PAF-induced death in mice.

PMID- 2907665
TI  - [Autonomic regulation of functions of the gastrointestinal system and various
      problems of pharmacotherapy].

PMID- 2907666
TI  - [Entomologic study of a possible natural focus of arbovirus].

PMID- 2907667
TI  - [Influence of endogenous catecholamines on responses of rat lung to beta
      adrenergic agonists].
AB  - Relaxation responses to the beta-adrenoceptor agonists: isoprenaline (non
      selective), salbutamol (beta 2-selective) and noradrenaline (plus phentolamine
      10(-5) M) (beta 1-selective) have been obtained on rat lung parenchymal strips in
      the absence and presence of pargyline and tropolone (monoamino-oxidase and
      catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitors), cocaine (neuronal uptake blocking
      agent), corticosterone (extraneuronal uptake inhibitor) as well as in
      reserpinized rat. Responses to these beta-adrenergic agonists were not
      potentiated in the presence of any of these inhibitors. This indicates that
      endogenous catecholamines, enzymatic or uptake processes, do not modulate beta
      adrenoceptor mediated responses of rat lung strip and demonstrates that there is
      no correlation between neuronal uptake/beta 1-adrenoceptors and extraneuronal
      uptake/beta 2-adrenoceptor mediated responses, as had previously been suggested.

PMID- 2907668
TI  - Neuromediated action of beta-casomorphins on ion transport in rabbit ileum.
AB  - beta-casomorphins (beta-CMs) are opioid peptides derived from milk beta-casein.
      The beta-casomorphin analog beta-[DAla2,4, Tyr5] CM-5-NH2 reduced short-circuit
      current (lsc) and stimulated electrolyte absorption by an opioid effect in rabbit
      ileum in vitro. This effect was inhibited by 10(-7) M tetrodotoxin, 10(-6) M
      epinephrine and 10(-5) M naloxone. Atropine in the 10(-7)-10(-5) M range and 10(
      5) M hexamethonium did not inhibit the action of the peptide on lsc. In
      comparison the muscarinic effect of 10(-3) M carbachol was inhibited by atropine
      in the 10(-8)-10(-5) M range. These results indicate that the action of the beta
      casomorphin analog was neuromediated and suggest that this peptide acted on the
      submucosal plexus located on the blood side of the intestinal epithelium. A
      physiological role of the food-derived beta-CMs peptides implies the passage of
      the active sequences from the lumen to the blood side of the intestine.

PMID- 2907669
TI  - Breathing pattern--gas exchange relation and acute effect of almitrine in severe
      chronic airflow obstruction.
AB  - Using a double-blind cross-over design, a single oral dose of 100 mg almitrine
      bismethylate and placebo were administered to 7 patients with chronic airflow
      limitation. In all patients, arterial blood gases at rest, ventilation and
      breathing pattern at rest and on exercise were measured before and 3 h after
      administration. Ventilation increased and PaCO2 decreased after almitrine; the
      mean PaO2 increase was statistically significant after active drug but the value
      increased more when tidal volume increased. It is concluded that in man the well
      documented improvement in the V/Q relationship after almitrine is in part related
      to a pure ventilatory effect though the possibility of increasing ventilation by
      mainly increasing tidal volume.

PMID- 2907670
TI  - [Alcoholic psychoses: therapeutic schemes].

PMID- 2907672
TI  - Inflammation of the upper respiratory tract. Role of Pneumorel 80 mg. Proceedings
      of an international meeting. Athens, April 28-May 1, 1988.

PMID- 2907671
TI  - [Practical aspects of the clinical management of benzodiazepine dependence].

PMID- 2907673
TI  - Efficacy of Pneumorel 80 mg (fenspiride) in the treatment of chronic sinusitis.
      Double-blind placebo-controlled study.

PMID- 2907674
TI  - Value of fenspiride (Pneumorel 80 mg) in the preoperative treatment of chronic
      open tympanum otitis. Double-blind placebo-controlled study.

PMID- 2907675
TI  - Value of Pneumorel 80 mg in the treatment of chronic otitis in adults.
      Multicentre study of 696 cases.

PMID- 2907676
TI  - Recent data on the pharmacology of fenspiride.

PMID- 2907677
TI  - Fenspiride and relaxation of tracheobronchial musculature. Mechanism of action.

PMID- 2907678
TI  - Efficacy of fenspiride in alleviating SO2 induced chronic bronchitis in rats and
      allergic rhinitis in guinea pigs.

PMID- 2907679
TI  - Mediators of inflammation and antagonism of experimental pleurisy in the rat by
      fenspiride.

PMID- 2907680
TI  - Management of NSAID-induced gastrointestinal lesions.
AB  - Mucosal lesions in the g.i. tract due to ASA and other nonsteroidal anti
      inflammatory drugs are well-known in clinical practice. Though the gastroduodenal
      mucosa is the area most commonly investigated, several recent reports focus on
      lesions in the small and large intestine as well. Despite considerable efforts in
      the field, none of the new substances developed in the past few years have proven
      convincingly superior to existing drugs. Instead, other approaches are being
      evaluated: Bypassing of the gastroduodenal mucosa through enteric coating and
      slow release formulations have been suggested, but the possibility of
      transferring the deleterious effects to distal parts of the gastrointestinal
      tract by such formulation modifications calls for extensive evaluation of this
      area, before these formulations can be applauded as advantageous in this group of
      patients. Co-administration of protective substances has also been advocated,
      and, despite somewhat contradictory results, protection has been reported by H2
      antagonists alone or in combination with antacids, as well as by cytoprotective
      agents like Sucralfate, and prostaglandin analogues.

PMID- 2907681
TI  - Comparison between medical and elective surgical treatment of peptic ulcers.
AB  - During the last decades we have learnt how to treat chronic peptic ulcer disease
      both with surgery (mainly vagotomy) and with long term medical treatment (mainly
      H2-receptor antagonists) with great success and safety. Although much attention
      has lately been given to 'cytoprotective' agents, it is still too early to regard
      them as alternatives to acid reducing treatment in the long term management of
      severe peptic ulcer disease. The importance of campylobacter pylori for long term
      outcome is today only speculative. Only a few randomized studies have been
      performed comparing surgical and medical treatment. The hitherto published
      studies involve small numbers of patients or do not use an optimal dosage of the
      drug given. Nevertheless for most patients with severe peptic ulcer disease one
      can conclude that we have both medical and surgical alternatives of comparable
      efficacy and safety to choose among. The final decision if an elective operation
      or not should be performed must be based on the preference of the individual
      patient.

PMID- 2907682
TI  - Over the counter sales of histamine-2 receptor antagonists.
AB  - Self treatment with H2 antagonists may have a positive impact on quality of life
      and costs. It may, however, also lead to incomplete peptic ulcer healing with
      frequent relapse and complications, inadequate long term treatment, neglectance
      of the life style type treatment for gastroesophageal reflux disease and a delay
      in the diagnosis of gastric malignancy. More research needs to be focused on the
      consequences of a more unrestricted and symptom guided use of H2 antagonists.

PMID- 2907683
TI  - The origins of the AIDS virus.

PMID- 2907684
TI  - Investigational therapy in rheumatoid arthritis: a critical review.

PMID- 2907686
TI  - Isolation and partial characterization of rhizolysin, a high molecular weight
      protein with hemolytic activity, from the jellyfish Rhizostoma pulmo.
AB  - A new cytolysin has been isolated from the nematocysts of the jellyfish,
      Rhizostoma pulmo, and named rhizolysin. The hemolysin has a mol. wt of
      approximately 260,000, a sedimentation coefficient of 10.3 S and is rod-shaped
      with a calculated axial ratio of about 1:5. It appears to be composed of three
      subunits with a pI value near 7.8. Rhizolysin shows no phospholipase A activity,
      nor an induction period for its hemolytic activity and is completely inhibited by
      sucrose. The optimum pH was 6.75. The mu value calculated from the Arrhenius plot
      is 5940 cal/mole. Rhizolysin was inhibited by cholesterol and less by
      sphingomyelin.

PMID- 2907685
TI  - Effects of theophylline, beta-adrenergic stimulants and prednisolone on platelet
      and urine cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP).
AB  - Experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of anti-asthma drugs on
      cGMP levels. In vitro, theophylline (5 X 10(-4) M) increased basal and 5
      hydroxytryptamine stimulated cGMP formation by platelets (p less than 0.05) while
      salbutamol and prednisolone produced no change. No significant differences were
      found in urine cGMP levels in healthy subjects, after short term treatment with
      theophylline, isoprenaline or prednisolone. Urinary cGMP levels were lower than
      normal in the majority (7/10) of asthma patients tested and in female patients
      this difference was significant (p less than 0.05). Severity of asthma symptoms
      were not found to be associated with particular changes in urinary cGMP levels.
      Fluctuations in the cGMP levels were, however, greater (p less than 0.01) in
      asthma patients with a more unstable respiratory condition. The differences
      between in vitro and in vivo results may demonstrate that beta-stimulants and
      theophylline have different acute and chronic effects on cGMP formation, or show
      that in vivo these drugs primarily affect tissue enzymes that differ from those
      on platelets.

PMID- 2907687
TI  - Mosquito inoculation: an alternative bioassay for toxins.
AB  - Mosquitoes were evaluated as a bioassay host for several classes of biological
      toxins. Mosquitoes were sensitive to snake toxic or neurotoxic phospholipase A2
      enzymes (but not to nontoxic phospholipase A2 enzymes), cobrotoxin, saxitoxin,
      microcystin and the scorpion insect sodium channel toxin. Mosquitoes were not
      sensitive to ricin, diphtheria toxin, anthrax toxin, botulinum toxin, tetanus
      toxin, conotoxin G or a scorpion sodium channel toxin toxic to mammals. Specific
      antisera neutralization tests with mosquitoes gave comparable results to those of
      a mouse assay. The mosquito is a suitable bioassay animal for many, but not all
      biological toxins, and offers a safer, more efficient and economical assay than
      mice.

PMID- 2907688
TI  - Separation and characterization of four different amino acid sequence variants of
      a sea anemone (Stichodactyla helianthus) protein cytolysin.
AB  - A basic protein cytolysin previously isolated from the Caribbean sea anemone
      Stichodactyla helianthus was shown by CM cellulose chromatography to consist of
      four isotoxins possessing different N-terminal amino acid sequences. These are
      designated as toxins I-IV in order of increasing isoelectric point. The estimated
      molecular sizes (17,400-18,200) of toxins I-III were very similar; toxins I and
      II posses one additional amino acid at their amino terminus relative to toxin
      III. Under denaturing conditions, toxin IV behaved as a significantly larger
      (19,600) polypeptide; Edman sequencing established that it possesses a seven
      residue extension at the N-terminal end relative to toxin III. None of the
      variants contained half-cystines or reducing sugars. Toxin III contributed 83% of
      the total purified cytolytic (hemolytic) activity, toxin II 14%, and the
      relatively insoluble toxins I and IV together only contributed about 3% of the
      total cytolytic activity. Cytolysin III lysed Ehrlich ascitic tumour cells, but
      when administered intraperitoneally in nonlethal doses to mice already inoculated
      with this tumour, it failed to protect the mice against the tumour. Comparison of
      the partial amino acid sequence of equinatoxin, another sea anemone protein
      cytolysin, with that of Stichodactyla cytolysin III indicates they are highly
      homologous. Many other cytolytic proteins isolated from sea anemones share these
      properties with Stichodactyla cytolysins: (1) selective inhibition of hemolytic
      activity by preincubation with sphingomyelin, (2) a molecular size of 10,000
      20,000, and (3) an isoelectric point of 9 or above.

PMID- 2907689
TI  - Detection of Thy-1+ cells in the developing thymus of the lizard, Chalcides
      ocellatus.
AB  - The ontogenic appearance of Thy-1+ cells was studied in the thymus of the lizard,
      Chalcides ocellatus, by indirect immunofluorescence using a rabbit antibrain
      antiserum produced against surface determinants shared by both the thymus and the
      brain lizards. Thymic Thy-1+ cells were first detected at stage 37. They
      increased rapidly reaching adult numbers by stage 41. Apparently Thy-1+ cells
      differentiate from lymphoid precursors arriving at the thymus analage before
      stage 37. The results are compared to those found during the differentiation of
      Thy-1+ thymocyte in murine thymus and agree with former reports on the thymic
      development in Chalcides using rabbit antisera against adult thymocyte marker(s).

PMID- 2907690
TI  - Oncogenes take a place in pattern formation.

PMID- 2907691
TI  - The site of action of some selective graminaceous herbicides is identified as
      acetyl-CoA carboxylase.

PMID- 2907692
TI  - Eukaryote membrane genetics: the Fo sector of mitochondrial ATP synthase.

PMID- 2907693
TI  - Do multigene families regulate vertebrate development?

PMID- 2907694
TI  - Feedback control of transmitter release at the neuromuscular junction.

PMID- 2907695
TI  - Early intravenous beta-adrenoceptor blockade for victims of heart attack.

PMID- 2907696
TI  - Receptor-mediated control of neurotransmitter release from brain slices or
      synaptosomes.

PMID- 2907697
TI  - Sympathetic purinergic transmission in small blood vessels.

PMID- 2907698
TI  - How does adenosine inhibit transmitter release?

PMID- 2907699
TI  - Systemic manifestations of erucism: a case report.
AB  - Larvae of the caterpillar Thaumetopoea wilkinsoni are widely distributed in pine
      groves throughout Israel. Erucism is defined as urtication by Lepidoptera larvae.
      Both irritating effects on contact with skin and eyes and toxic effects on
      ingestion have been described after exposure to several species of Lepidoptera.
      We report the case of a 4-year-old child who vomited repeatedly and developed
      symmetrical swelling of both hands after touching a larva of Thaumetopoea
      wilkinsoni.

PMID- 2907700
TI  - [Comparative characteristics of the hemodynamic and antianginal actions of
      obzidan and albetol in patients with stenocardia].

PMID- 2907701
TI  - [Blood serum proteins, IgA, IgG and IgM immunoglobulins and alpha 1-antitrypsin
      and alpha 1-antichymotrypsin in peptic ulcer treated with altramet].

PMID- 2907702
TI  - [Changes in serum aspartate and alanine aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase,
      gamma-glutamyltransferase and creatine kinase activities and the myoglobin level
      during hemodialysis].

PMID- 2907704
TI  - Studies on the optimal conditions for inactivation of Bordetella pertussis
      organisms with glutaraldehyde for preparation of a safe and potent pertussis
      vaccine.
AB  - The optimal conditions for inactivation of Bordetella pertussis organisms with
      glutaraldehyde for the production of a safe and potent whole cell pertussis
      vaccine were investigated. Two bacterial harvests from B. pertussis strain 10536
      were treated with glutaraldehyde, each with 0.025, 0.05 and 0.1% concentrations
      of glutaraldehyde for 10, 60 and 120 min. The nine types of glutaraldehyde
      inactivated pertussis vaccine (GIPV) and conventional heat-inactivated pertussis
      vaccine (HIPV) preparations made from two bacterial harvests were comparatively
      evaluated for the mouse weight gain test (MWGT), potency, and the histamine
      sensitization (HS) and leucocytosis-promoting-factor (LPF) tests. The minimum
      period for killing the B. pertussis organisms with glutaraldehyde was greater
      than 10 min for 0.025%, 10 min for 0.05% and 5 min for 0.1% concentration. The
      average loss in opacity varied from 5 to 10% for GIPV preparations and was 14%
      for HIPV preparations. The GIPV preparations except those inactivated with 0.025%
      glutaraldehyde for 10 min (GIPV-A) were much less toxic than the HIPV
      preparations in the MWGT. The GIPV-A preparations did not pass the MWGT. The GIPV
      preparations were also much less toxic in HS and LPF tests than the HIPV
      preparation. The potency of GIPV preparations inactivated with 0.05%
      glutaraldehyde for 10 min (GIPV-D) was similar to that of HIPV preparations. The
      prolonged treatments with glutaraldehyde reduced the potency. The GIPV-D
      preparation with good potency and less toxicity was found to be inactivated with
      glutaraldehyde under optimal conditions. All the preparations were innocuous in
      the abnormal toxicity test.

PMID- 2907703
TI  - Multiple neuroectodermal abnormalities in pheochromocytoma patients.

PMID- 2907705
TI  - [Selective sensitivity of synaptosomal cyclases to glutamic acid].
AB  - Electron cytochemical studies have been made of the effect of various
      concentrations of the glutamic acid on localisation of adenylate and guanylate
      cyclases in synaptosomes from the brain cortex of rats. It was found that the
      glutamic acid (10(-3) M) stimulates the activity of intrasynaptosomal adenylate
      cyclase, but does not affect postsynaptic pool of the enzyme. The effect of
      glutamate on guanylate cyclase results in the increase of the frequency of the
      reaction both in synaptosomal and postsynaptic membranes. It is suggested that in
      the conduction of glutamate signal, guanylate cyclase--cGMP, but not adenylate
      cyclase--cAMP, system may be involved, although activation of intrasynaptosomal
      adenylate cyclase indicates its participation in presynaptic processes.

PMID- 2907706
TI  - [Use of psychophysiologic indices for the prognosis of the clinical action of
      tranquilizers].
AB  - A comprehensive comparative approach was used to assess the effectiveness of the
      psychophysiological indices as predictors of the effect of tranquilizing therapy
      with benzodiazepine drugs in neurotic patients. The study resulted in selection
      of several psychophysiological characteristics most relevant to the prognosis of
      individual responses to the tranquilizers irrespective of the particular neurosis
      form. The characteristics are recommended for the routine medical use. Indices of
      the sensorimotor activity and visual analyzer functional lability are among
      these.

PMID- 2907707
TI  - [Endogenous inhibitors of the specific binding of benzodiazepines in the cerebral
      cortex].
AB  - The nature of inhibitors of [3H]-diazepam (D) specific binding (SB) was studied
      in 2 fractions of acidic extract from bovine brain cortex. Preparative high
      performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), mass spectrometry, UV and IR techniques
      identified hypoxanthine and inosine as inhibitors of SB D. These substances may
      participate in the neuronal activity control which is in part mediated by the
      benzodiazepine receptors.

PMID- 2907708
TI  - Gamma glutamyl transferase in diabetic rats. The effect of insulin treatment.
AB  - In rats, streptozotocin-induced diabetes resulted in the increase of plasma gamma
      GT. A daily dose of 2 U protamine zinc insulin for two weeks did not affect the
      high levels of both gamma GT and glucose. Supplementation with 3 U insulin for
      only one week reduced both gamma GT and glucose levels. This indicates that
      insulin treatment could correct the rise of the enzyme level found in some
      diabetic patients.

PMID- 2907709
TI  - Development of acellular pertussis vaccine in Japan.

PMID- 2907710
TI  - Memory effects of the combination of medazepam with nootropic agents.
AB  - Experiments were made on rats using step-through passive avoidance method to
      study the effect of the benzodiazepine medazepam (Mz) on the retention of the
      memory traces during tests on the 3rd hour, 24th hour and 7th day after training,
      as well as the influencing of this effect by the nootropic agents meclofenoxate
      (Mf), aniracetam (Anc) and Euclidan (Eucl.). All substances tested (Mz in a dose
      of 5 mg/kg weight, Mf - 100 mg/kg, Anc and Eucl - 50 mg/kg), applied both
      independently and in combination, were administered orally for six days prior to
      the training. Mz was found to impair the retention of the memory traces in all
      three tests. Meclofenoxate totally eliminated the memory-impairing effect of Mz.
      A marked antiamnestic effect of both Anc and Eucl was observed in similar
      experiments with scopolamine-induced (2 mg/kg i.p.) amnesia. Bearing in mind the
      results of other behavioural and biochemical studies, including radioligand
      tests, an attempt is made to justify the idea that the basic mechanism of the
      amnestic action of Mz is connected with the cerebral cholinergic
      neurotransmission. The results of the experiments using Opto-Varimex and Automex
      equipment for testing the effects of Mz, Mf, Anc and Eucl, and of the combination
      of Mz with the nootropic agents studied, on the spontaneous motor activity of the
      experimental rats, lead to the most general conclusion that Mz impedes the
      development of habituation, considered as a specific type of learning and memory
      process. To one degree or another, Mf, Anc and Eucl cancel this effect of
      Mz.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2907711
TI  - The chronotropic effect of histamine, prometasin and cimetidin on rat heart.
AB  - The effect of histamine, prometasin (the blocker of histamine H-1 receptor) and
      cimetidin (the blocker of histamine H-2 receptor) on the frequency of the
      isolated right atrium of rat was studied. Histamine, prometasin and cimentidin
      were applied cumulatively in concentrations of 5.4 X 10(-6) to 16.3 X 10(-3)
      mmol/l so that each new concentration was 3.3 times higher than the preceding
      one. The positive chronotropic effect of histamine was shown to be strongest with
      a concentration of 5.4 X 10(-3) mmol/l. Prometasin and cimentidine applied in
      increasing concentrations gave a negative chronotropic effect. Prometasin and
      cimetidin applied in a concentration of 5.4 X 10(-3) mmol/l before histamine,
      decreased the positive chronotropic effect of histamine to more than 60% no
      matter whether prometasin and cimetidin were applied alone or together. This
      finding suggests that the effect of histamine on rat heart is mainly realized via
      histamine H-1 and H-2 receptors and partly through releasing catecholamines from
      the adrenergic nerve terminal.

PMID- 2907712
TI  - Effect of an original piperazine derivative of tetraline on the adrenergically
      mediated metabolic responses in cats and rats.
AB  - One piperazine derivative of tetraline (with code P11), possessing hypotensive
      and anti-hypertensive activity, is studied. Its alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor
      blocking properties are characterized by using indicators of adrenergically
      mediated metabolic responses in cats and rats. The parameters studied are:
      glucose and lactate in the blood, free fatty acids in the plasma and the activity
      of phosphorylase "a" in rat myocardium. The alpha- and beta-adrenergic properties
      of P11 are characterized by using adrenergic and dopaminergic agonists and
      antagonists (adrenaline, isoproterenol, phenylephrine, propranolol, phentolamine,
      apomorphine and pimozide) in the different experimental setups. Compound P11
      studied inhibits the effect of phenylephrine on the glucose level in the blood of
      rats in a definite dose interval (1-4 mg/kg) which suggests that it possesses
      alpha-adrenoblocking properties. P11 decreases slightly the effects of
      isoproterenol or does not change these effects on the levels of glucose, lactate
      and free fatty acids in cats. There are no changes in the effect of adrenaline on
      the glucose content in rat blood and the isoproterenol-activated phosphorylase in
      rat myocardium is not inhibited. This gives grounds to assume that P11 possesses
      slight beta-adrenoblocking properties. From the analysis of the proper
      hyperglycaemizing action of P11 in rats in the 1-8 mg/kg dose range it may be
      assumed that dopamine-agonistic mechanisms are involved.

PMID- 2907713
TI  - Molecular approaches in the prenatal diagnosis and therapy of genetic disorders.
AB  - During the last decade a new class of DNA markers, the restriction fragment
      length polymorphisms (RFLPs), has been developed by molecular genetic techniques.
      Genetic linkage studies using RFLPs have resulted in a large number of chromosome
      assignments of genes, making possible prenatal diagnosis and presymptomatic
      testing in many genetic disorders. Even so, of the estimated 100,000 genes that
      comprise the human genome fewer than 2,000, or 2%, have been mapped. Studies of
      the molecular basis of some of these mutant genes have brought to light a
      remarkable multiplicity and diversity of mutations that produce relatively few
      clinical phenotypes. Many genetic disorders including the thalassemias, familial
      hypercholesterolemia, Tay-Sachs disease, cystic fibrosis, and congenital adrenal
      hyperplasia, have been shown to be genetically heterogeneous. It is necessary,
      therefore, to know the precise mutation in order to make accurate diagnosis and
      restore proper enzyme or gene function.

PMID- 2907714
TI  - Characterization of different forms of dipeptidyl peptidase IV from rat liver and
      hepatoma by monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Nine monoclonal antibodies directed against DPP IV from rat liver plasma
      membranes were obtained. They recognized four different epitopes (A, B, C and D)
      of the enzyme. The epitopes A, B and C were located on the outside of the
      hepatocyte plasma membrane and were shared by DPP IV from hepatoma plasma
      membrane and the soluble form. Epitope D appeared to be partly inserted in the
      membrane and was found exclusively in the liver. Epitopes A, B and C and DPP IV
      revealed by histochemical means showed similar distribution patterns on frozen
      sections of various rat tissues, while epitope D did not show such a correlation.
      DPP IV is inserted in liver plasma membrane by two different mechanisms, one
      being phospholipase C-sensitive, while in hepatoma the enzyme is anchored in this
      membrane by a phospholipase C-resistant mechanism only.

PMID- 2907715
TI  - Characterization and clinical role of glomerular and tubular proteases from human
      kidney.

PMID- 2907716
TI  - Plasma membrane proteases as useful tool in histochemical toxicology.
AB  - Compared with mitochondrial, lysosomal and endoplasmic reticulum enzymes and
      plasma membrane-associated hydrolases plasma membrane-linked proteases in the rat
      thyroid gland, liver, kidney, placenta and yolk sac were more easily affected
      after the administration of the drugs salicylic acid and dexamethasone. Either a
      decrease or an increase of protease activity was observed in the surface membrane
      of capillary endothelial cells, hepatocytes, fetal placental cells and visceral
      yolk sac epithelial cells whereby proteases being localized in the same domain of
      the plasma membrane showed a different response.

PMID- 2907717
TI  - Radioautographic characterization of H1 and H2 receptor antagonists. Binding
      sites in rat gastric mucosal microcirculatory system.

PMID- 2907718
TI  - [Dermatoglyphic patterns in cryptorchism].
AB  - Digital and palmar dermatoglyphic patterns of 155 children with cryptorchidy has
      been studied. Results were compared to two control groups of Spanish normal
      population. 50 and 300 males respectively, showing the following statistically
      significant differences: 1. High incidence of whorls (37.4% vs. 22.2% and 29.5%)
      and low frequency of ulnar loops (51.5 vs. 66.4 0 and 60.8%) on fingers. 2.
      Frequent recurrence of some digital patterns, with a higher frequency of
      accumulated whorls and lower frequency of accumulated ulnar loops. 3. Increased
      amplitude of atd angle. 4. No differences in finger ridge count or ab ridge
      count.

PMID- 2907719
TI  - [Caution in the interpretation of CD4 lymphocyte count after splenectomy in
      patients with HIV infection].

PMID- 2907720
TI  - The H+ -ATP synthase of mitochondria in tissue regeneration and neoplasia.

PMID- 2907721
TI  - Regulation of the expression of cell cycle genes.

PMID- 2907722
TI  - [All-Union seminar "Methods of controlled screening of antibiotics and other
      biologically active substances"].

PMID- 2907723
TI  - Influence of dopamine agonists and an opiate antagonist on agaricus-induced
      catalepsy, as tested by a new method.
AB  - A few drugs affecting the dopaminergic system were tested for cataleptic effects
      in mice, and compared with an orally administered plant extract, Agaricus
      Muscarius 30. Haloperidol, Agaricus, and a low dose of apomorphine (0.3 mg/kg)
      were cataleptic. Paralleling previously reported results with haloperidol, the
      Agaricus catalepsy was potentiated by the mixed agonist, apomorphine (5 mg/kg),
      and by the selective D2 agonist, bromocriptine (5 mg/kg) and was reversed by the
      D1 agonist, SKF 38393. Naloxone also reversed Agaricus catalepsy, suggesting an
      involvement of opiate as well as dopaminergic mechanisms. All conditions that
      produced catalepsy also suppressed spontaneous locomotion, except for Agaricus 30
      given alone. These experiments also compared cataleptic drugs by the published
      "pinch" method that involves repeated trials with a new single-trial method.
      Catalepsy was produced by the same drugs in both tests, but the single-trial
      method was more sensitive for disclosing the catalepsy induced by weaker
      cataleptogens.

PMID- 2907724
TI  - Cardiovascular properties of a 5-HT1-like receptor agonist, 5-methoxy-3(1,2,3,6
      tetrahydro-4-pyridinyl)-1H-indole (RU 24969) in normotensive anaesthetized rats.
AB  - Intravenous administration of the putative 5-HT1-like receptor agonist RU 24969
      (10-1000 micrograms/kg) in anaesthetized rats induced a decrease in heart rate
      and blood pressure. The bradycardia was reduced, but not suppressed, by
      tertatolol, bilateral vagotomy or the combination of both treatments. The alpha 1
      adrenoceptor blocking agent, AR-C 239, decreased the bradycardia induced by high
      doses of RU 24969. After treatment with hexamethonium, RU 24969 induced an
      increase in arterial blood pressure. The hypotensive response induced by RU 24969
      was not altered by atropine. The hypotensive and bradycardic effects of RU 24969
      were antagonized by methysergide (5-HT1-like receptor antagonist) and in part by
      spiroxatrine (5-HT1A receptor antagonist). Ketanserin (5-HT2 receptor antagonist)
      potentiated the effects of low doses of RU 24969. The cardiovascular effects of
      RU 24969 were antagonized neither by MDL 72222 nor by ICS 205-930 (5-HT3 receptor
      antagonists). The present results suggest that the cardiovascular effects of RU
      24969 seem to be due to the stimulation of 5-HT1-like receptors. The
      participation of both 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptors subtypes has been considered.
      The results suggest a centrally-mediated inhibition of sympathetic tone and
      increase in vagal tone in the cardiovascular effects of RU 24969.

PMID- 2907725
TI  - Specific inhibition of adherence of an oral strain of Bacteroides gingivalis 381
      to epithelial cells by monoclonal antibodies against the bacterial fimbriae.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies against purified fimbriae from this organism blocked its
      adherence to buccal epithelial cells. Three clones of monoclonal antibodies
      against these fimbriae were selected for use. The isotype of the three was IgG1
      kappa chain. The antibodies reacted with fimbriae or their partially dissociated
      oligomers, but not with their constituent monomers (43 K protein, fimbrilin) or
      with other B. gingivalis 381 components, in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
      or by immuno-blotting. The antibodies agglutinated only B. gingivalis 381 cells
      and no other species of Bacteroides. The purified immunoglobulin G (IgG)
      antibodies inhibited bacterial adherence to the human buccal epithelial cells,
      but had no effect on bacterial haemagglutination to various animal and human
      erythrocytes. The papain-cleaved Fab fragment, which did not allow cell to cell
      cross-linking, also inhibited adherence of B. gingivalis 381 but did not
      interfere with haemagglutination. Thus the fimbriae of B. gingivalis 381 may be
      responsible for adherence to epithelial cells, which supports the notion that a
      different type of fimbria or a lectin-like protein may be acting as
      haemagglutinin in this bacterium.

PMID- 2907726
TI  - Use of a DNA probe in the diagnosis of adult polycystic kidney disease.
AB  - Adult polycystic kidney disease (APKD) is one of the most common inherited
      diseases in man. A diagnosis based on the demonstration of renal cysts with
      ultrasonography or computerised tomography may be inconclusive in early
      adulthood, the crucial years before child-bearing is complete. Here we describe
      the improved diagnostic probability that is possible using genetic linkage
      studies. A 24-year-old woman, whose father and younger sister were affected by
      APKD, was demonstrated to have a single cyst in each kidney. These findings were
      insufficient for a diagnosis of APKD and for this reason genetic linkage studies
      were undertaken. DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes from the
      presenting individual, and her immediate and extended family; the DNA was cut
      with the restriction enzyme PvuII, electrophoresed in a 0.7% agarose gel and
      blotted onto nitrocellulose before probing with a 32P-labelled 4 kb fragment.
      This contained DNA from the hypervariable region (3' hypervariable region, 3'HVR)
      that is linked to the gene for APKD on the short arm of chromosome 16 and has
      been used in other family studies by Reeders et al. We correlated the findings on
      Southern blotting with ultrasound evidence of APKD and found that the disease
      segregated with a 7.0 kb fragment in the presenting individual's father and
      sister. She was shown to have inherited this allele also; the use of this
      technique thus increased the probability of her having APKD from 50% to 96.5%.

PMID- 2907727
TI  - Quantitative structure-activity studies of beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs to
      decrease ventricular arrhythmias in guinea pigs.
AB  - The correlations between the physicochemical properties (n-octanol-buffer
      partition coefficients, P) of two series of N-alkylated and ring alkylated beta
      adrenoceptor blocking phenoxypropanolamines and their antiarrhythmic activities
      were studied. For this purpose dose-response curves of the influence on the
      ventricular arrhythmia threshold (VAT) and on heart rate (HR) were determined in
      the anaesthetized guinea pig. The degree of N-alkylation correlated with the
      potency of the drugs to raise VAT and to lower HR. Intraventricular conduction
      was likewise depressed. Increasing ring alkylation did not consistently further
      increase biological activity. The combined data from series of drugs showed
      statistically significant parabolic correlations between hydrophobicity (log P'
      for pH 7.4) and the biological responses. It is concluded that the nonspecific
      antiarrhythmic and negative chronotropic activity of the investigated beta
      adrenoceptor blocking drugs largely depend on their lipophilic properties. In
      addition steric and pharmacokinetic factors may be operative.

PMID- 2907728
TI  - On the metabolism of ditazole in man.
AB  - This paper describes mass spectrometric studies on the metabolism of 4,5-diphenyl
      2-bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)-amino-oxazole (ditazole, Ageroplas) in man. The
      metabolites were identified after cleavage of conjugates, extraction and
      derivatisation in urine of healthy volunteers orally administered with 400 mg of
      ditazole each. Besides the unchanged ditazole the following 7 metabolites could
      be detected: N-desalkyl and N,N-bisdesalkyl ditazole, hydroxy ditazole, N
      desalkyl-hydroxy and N,N-bisdesalkyl-hydroxy ditazole as well as benzil and
      hydroxy benzil. Therefore, two main metabolic pathways, the aromatic
      hydroxylation and the N-desalkylation, can be postulated. Ditazole and its
      metabolites (with the exception of benzil) are excreted in urine partly in a
      conjugated form.

PMID- 2907729
TI  - Archaebacterial ATPase: studies on subunit composition and quaternary structure
      of the F1-analogous ATPase from Sulfolobus acidocaldarius.
AB  - A modified procedure for the purification of soluble ATPase from the
      thermoacidophilic archaebacterium Sulfolobus acidocaldarius is described. In
      addition to (alpha) 65 and (beta) 51 kDa polypeptides, further subunits gamma *
      (20 kDa) and delta * (12 kDa) are demonstrated to be components of the enzyme,
      exhibiting a total molecular mass of 380 kDa. Molecular electron microscopic
      images of the native enzyme indicate a quaternary structure probably formed by
      the gamma *, delta *-complex as a central mass surrounded by a pseudohexagon of
      the peripherally arranged larger alpha and beta subunits. As can be derived from
      both molecular mass and electron microscopy data, the archaebacterial Sulfolobus
      ATPase emerges to exist as an alpha 3 beta 3-quaternary structure with respect to
      the larger subunits. This is normally found in typical F1-ATPases of eubacterial
      and eukaryotic organisms. Therefore it is postulated that F1- and F0F1-ATPases,
      respectively, can occur ubiquitously in all urkingdoms of organisms as functional
      units of energy-transducing membranes.

PMID- 2907730
TI  - Comparison of GST-P versus GGT as markers of hepatocellular lineage during
      analyses of initiation of carcinogenesis.

PMID- 2907731
TI  - [The expression of c-myb is strongly associated with the presence of estrogen and
      progesterone receptors in breast cancer].
AB  - The c-myb gene was studied in 112 breast cancers. c-myb and estrogen receptor
      (ER) transcripts were found in 78 (70%) and 71 (63%) cancers respectively. Of
      these 71 ER positive cancers, 64 (90%) contained c-myb transcripts and of the 41
      ER negative cancers, 27 (66%) did not contain c-myb mRNA. Our data show that c
      myb transcripts are strongly associated with ER and progesterone receptors (p
      less than 10(-4) status in breast cancer. Thus the c-myb expression could be
      associated with breast cancers of better prognosis and its analysis could allow a
      better characterization of new subsets of hormono-dependent cancers responding
      more efficiently to hormonotherapy.

PMID- 2907732
TI  - Novel phenoxyalkylamine derivatives. V. Synthesis, alpha-blocking activity and
      quantitative structure-activity analysis of alpha-[(phenoxyethylamino)propyl]
      alpha-phenylacetonitrile derivatives.

PMID- 2907733
TI  - Studies on 2(1H)-quinolinone derivatives as neuroleptic agents I. Synthesis and
      biological activities of (4-phenyl-1-piperazinyl)-propoxy-2(1H)-quinolinone
      derivatives.

PMID- 2907734
TI  - Severe exacerbation of psoriasis due to terfenadine.

PMID- 2907735
TI  - A method for comparing analgesics: glafenine and paracetamol. Multicenter cross
      over approach.
AB  - A double-blind multicenter cross-over study was conducted on 166 outpatients with
      painful chronic osteoarthritis of the hip and of the femoro-tibial joints, to
      compare the effectiveness of glafenine and paracetamol. Patients were randomly
      assigned to receive over a period of a week, either 400 mg of glafenine or 1000
      mg of paracetamol twice a day at 8 a.m. and 4 p.m. in order to fill up the
      physical activity period during the daytime. This interval between tablet intake
      was chosen according to the design of the model. At the end of the week treatment
      period, patients crossed over. There was no wash out period between treatments.
      The following measurements: pain intensity (on Huskisson's visual analogue
      scale), functional index for hip and knee diseases, patients' overall opinion,
      patient preference, were evaluated at days 0, 7, 14. The results showed that both
      treatments produced effective analgesia but the improvement was significantly
      greater and observed in a larger number of cases when using glafenine rather than
      paracetamol. Fifty-one per cent of the nonresponsive patients to paracetamol
      could benefit from the glafenine treatment and 18 per cent of patients suffering
      from hip or knee osteoarthritis in this study showed improvement only with
      glafenine. Safety and biological tolerance were satisfactory with both drugs.

PMID- 2907736
TI  - The effects of median sternotomy and internal mammary artery takedown on sternal
      blood flow.

PMID- 2907737
TI  - Effect of subminimal inhibitory concentrations of pefloxacin on the piliation and
      adherence of E. coli.
AB  - Several recent reports have shown that sub-lethal concentrations of antibiotics
      may decrease the adhesive ability of bacteria to epithelial cells; however, the
      mechanism by which the antimicrobial agents reduce adherence has remained
      unknown. The effect of sub-MICs of pefloxacin, a new broad-spectrum antibacterial
      quinolone, was studied on: haemagglutination, adherence, outer membrane and
      fimbriae of a pyelonephritogenic E. coli strain. The strain agglutinated in a
      mannose-resistant way human P1 but not p erythrocytes. After purification, the
      fractions containing outer membrane and fimbriae proteins were studied using
      electron microscopy and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis. The E. coli strain, grown in the presence of sub-MICs of
      pefloxacin, exhibited: (i) abnormal forms with filament formation; (ii) a
      markedly altered capacity of haemagglutination (human P1 erythrocytes) and
      adherence to uroepithelial cells. The inhibition of haemagglutination and
      adherence corresponded to a decrease in P-fimbriae production. These results were
      also associated with changes in the extraction of the outer membrane proteins of
      pefloxacin-treated bacteria. No major qualitative difference could be seen in
      outer membrane and P-fimbriae protein profiles after growth with sub-MICs of
      pefloxacin. This study has demonstrated that sub-lethal concentrations of
      pefloxacin alter piliation and the outer membrane of E. coli. These changes are
      associated with reduced bacterial haemagglutination and adherence.

PMID- 2907739
TI  - The expression of rat homeobox-containing genes is developmentally regulated and
      tissue specific.
AB  - Seven rat homeobox-containing sequences have been isolated by screening a genomic
      library with a probe derived from a Drosophila antennapedia cDNA clone. The
      characterization of two of these homeobox-containing clones has been described
      (Falzon, M., Sanderson, N.D. and Chung, S. Y. (1987) Gene 54, 23-32). Sequence
      analysis of the remaining five homeobox regions reveals a 180 bp domain sharing
      70-95% identity at the amino acid level with the homeodomain from the Drosophila
      antennapedia gene and with the homeodomains from other metazoan species. Genomic
      blot analysis shows that each of the homeobox-containing DNA segments is probably
      present in a single copy per haploid genome. Northern blot analysis of RNA
      transcripts indicates that the rat homeobox-containing sequences are expressed
      during embryogenesis and in newborn and adult tissues in a tissue-specific
      manner; RNA expression is predominantly detected in spinal cord and kidney.
      Moreover, the pattern of RNA transcripts observed is distinct for each homeobox
      sequence, indicating differential regulation. Among the seven rat homeobox
      containing sequences, the flanking sequences of five of the clones have no
      obvious sequence similarity with previously published sequences of homeobox
      containing genes from other species. Two of the rat clones have been identified
      as potential homologues to mouse homeobox-containing sequences. For both pairs, a
      high degree of amino acid conservation (greater than 95%) is observed within the
      homeodomain and its immediate flanking regions between the putative homologous
      genes in mouse and rat. This strengthens the assertion that some of the mammalian
      homeobox-containing genes encode highly conserved proteins and may serve
      important biological functions.

PMID- 2907738
TI  - Bis-arenoxypropanolamines as potential beta-adrenolytics: a reinvestigation.
AB  - A number of symmetrical as well as asymmetrical bis-arenoxypropanolamines have
      been synthesized and evaluated for their beta-adrenolytic properties. The
      pharmacological characterization of these compounds was performed in vitro by
      direct studies (3H-dihydroalprenolol was used as the specific ligand for beta
      receptors), and by determining the beta-blocking capacity on isoproterenol (ISO)
      induced increased heart rate (isolated guinea-pig atrium); and in vivo by
      evaluating the antagonism on ISO-induced hypotension and tachycardia, as well as
      the intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (ISA) on reserpinized and vagotomized
      rats. The best result was observed with the simplest derivative, i.e. the bis
      phenoxypropanolamine compound, which shows in vitro and in vivo potencies almost
      comparable to propranolol and, moreover, significant bronchodilating activity.

PMID- 2907740
TI  - Synthesis, structure and activity of a few open models related to classic H2
      antagonists.

PMID- 2907741
TI  - Benzodioxanes and quinazolines: probes for characterizing alpha-adrenoreceptors.

PMID- 2907742
TI  - [Analysis of compensatory mechanisms of arterial hypertension in norepinephrine
      infusion].
AB  - The NA infusion induced a raise in the AP, inhibition of sympathetic vasomotor
      activity and a drop in the heart rate in alert male cats. The hypertensive effect
      of the NA was weakening during first 90 min of the infusion, a complete
      inhibition of sympathetic activity persisted during the whole period of infusion
      as well as a decrease in the heart rate, in anesthetized cats. After
      deafferentation, the markedness of the arterial hypertension weakening decreased
      and the effect of the infusion on sympathetic activity and heart rate was
      abolished. Administration of pentamine during the infusion did not affect the AP
      in anesthetized cats, increased it in alert animals and decreased the AP in
      deafferented cats. The organism seems to have no humoral mechanisms of
      compensation of arterial hypertension induced with the 3-hr infusion of
      noradrenaline.

PMID- 2907744
TI  - [Beta-blockade therapy in heart failure. Rational bases of the interpretation of
      clinical data and clinical evidence in search of rational interpretation].

PMID- 2907743
TI  - [Chronic treatment of dilated cardiomyopathy by beta blocking agents. Clinical
      and hemodynamic follow-up].
AB  - symptomatic dilated cardiomyopathy were studied in order to evaluate the effect
      of long term sympathetic beta-blockade with metoprolol. Clinical evaluation,
      stress test, two-dimensional echocardiography, 24 hour ambulatory
      electrocardiography and hemodynamic assessment with Swan-Ganz catheter were
      performed before enrollment in the study. Patients were randomly assigned to the
      relative placebo (8 pts) or metoprolol group (12 pts) in a single-blind fashion.
      The placebo group received standard therapy (digitalis, diuretics, vasodilators
      and anticoagulants as needed), while the metoprolol group, along with standard
      therapy received low-dose beta-blockade, starting with 6.25 mg twice daily and
      then doubling every 4 days on the two daily administrations. The therapeutic end
      point was 100 mg. Patients received less than 100 mg if their systolic blood
      pressure was less than 100 mmHg or if their resting heart rate was less than 55
      beats/min. Patients were clinically assessed every month and a 24-hour
      electrocardiography, echocardiography and hemodynamic control was repeated after
      six months. In the metoprolol group there was one sudden death and two drop
      outs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2907745
TI  - [Modulation of alpha 1-adrenergic action by protein kinase C activity].

PMID- 2907747
TI  - C4A7: a new variant of human complement C4.
AB  - A rare variant of complement C4 was found in 2 related individuals. It has the
      most anodic mobility found to date, no hemolytic activity detected by the overlay
      technique and a Bgl II RFLP pattern very similar to that of the C4A6 type.

PMID- 2907746
TI  - The baboon gene for apolipoprotein A-I: characterization of a cDNA clone and
      identification of DNA polymorphisms for genetic studies of cholesterol
      metabolism.
AB  - We have isolated and sequenced a baboon apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I) clone from a
      liver cDNA library using a human cDNA hybridization probe. This baboon cDNA
      contains the entire ApoA-I coding region (801 bp, 267 aa), a 3' untranslated
      region, and a poly(A)tail. Among comparisons with apoAI sequences from other
      species, the baboon cDNA is most similar to that of the cynomolgus macaque (99.2%
      homologous) and least similar to the rat sequence (72.6% homologous). A high
      frequency of nonsynonymous substitutions are observed by alignment of baboon and
      human apoAI cDNAs, but comparisons of hydrophilicity profiles show that protein
      structure is conserved by substitutions of aa with similar properties. A
      polymorphic PstI cleavage site was identified by Southern blot analysis and
      subsequently mapped to the 5' end of the baboon apoAI gene. To identify effects
      of apoAI allelic variation on cholesterol metabolism, we used immunoblotting to
      compare the distributions of ApoA-I among lipoprotein size classes in baboons
      from each genotype under basal and atherogenic diets. We observed an increase of
      ApoA-I in high density lipoprotein (size class 1) particles after atherogenic
      diets in homozygotes for one allele, as compared to slight decreases in the other
      genotypes.

PMID- 2907748
TI  - [Anxiolytic therapy. Dental applications].

PMID- 2907749
TI  - Ergogenic effect of inhaled beta 2-agonists in asthmatics.
AB  - To investigate the effect of beta 2-agonists on exercise performance, eight
      asthmatics performed an incremental exercise test on a treadmill. Five minutes
      before the start of the exercise, they were treated with inhaled salbutamol or
      placebo in a double-blind manner. The exercise started at a low intensity (2 mph,
      10% inclination), and every 3 min the speed was increased by 0.5 mph at the same
      inclination until the subjects were exhausted. Every minute peak expiratory flow,
      heart rate, blood lactate concentration, and rating of perceived exertion were
      measured. The same parameters were also measured following the completion of the
      exercise. No significant difference was seen in total working time, maximal
      lactate concentration, heart rate, or rating of perceived exertion, whereas the
      decrease in peak expiratory flow was reduced following pretreatment with
      salbutamol. It is concluded that the release of inhaled beta 2-agonists for use
      in competitive events is justified as no ergogenic effect was seen.

PMID- 2907750
TI  - Estimated membrane structure and receptor subtype selection of an opioid alkaloid
      peptide hybrid.
AB  - Preferred conformation, orientation, and accumulation of dynorphin A-(1-8)
      octapeptide, naltrexone, and N beta-(D-Leu-D-Arg-D-Arg-D-Leu-D-Phe)-naltrexamine
      (Lipkowsky et al., 1988) were estimated according to established procedures.
      Opioid binding site affinities and selectivities available from the literature
      were correlated with the estimated parameters of lipid membrane interaction. The
      results agreed with the molecular mechanism of opioid receptor subtype selection
      proposed earlier.

PMID- 2907751
TI  - Characterization of the receptor binding profile of (3H)-dermorphin in the rat
      brain.
AB  - Amphibian skin synthesizes a variety of biologically active peptides. Of these,
      dermorphin (Tyr-D-Ala-Phe-Gly-Tyr-Pro-Ser-NH2) is an extraordinarily potent
      opioid peptide up to 1000 times more active than morphine in inducing analgesia
      after intracerebroventricular administration. Dermorphin has little in common
      with the sequence of all hitherto known mammalian opioid peptides and is unique
      in having a D-amino acid residue in position 2. Specific binding properties of
      tritium labeled dermorphin were characterized in the rat brain. Scatchard or Hill
      analysis of equilibrium measurements performed over a large range of
      concentrations revealed a single population of dermorphin binding sites with a Kd
      value of 0.46 nM. Dermorphin and the selective mu-receptor ligand (D-Ala2,
      MePhe4, Gly5-ol)-enkephalin (DAGO) had similar high potencies in competing with
      (3H)-dermorphin binding, whereas the inverse holds for the prototypical delta
      receptor ligand (D-Pen2, D-Pen5)-enkephalin (DPDPE), which exhibited a potency
      three orders of magnitude lower. Dermorphin was tested for its relative affinity
      to mu and delta binding sites by determining its potency in displacing (3H)-DAGO
      and (3H)-DPDPE from rat brain membrane preparations. Based on these comparisons,
      dermorphin exhibited a selectivity ratio Ki(DPDPE)/Ki(DAGO) = 100, a value almost
      identical to that of DAGO, this ligand being considered as the protypical mu
      receptor probe. The high affinity and selectivity of (3H)-dermorphin together
      with its very low nonspecific binding make this peptide a useful tool for
      dissecting the role(s) of the mu-receptor(s).

PMID- 2907752
TI  - Structural and functional integrity of specificity and catalytic sites of
      trypsin.
AB  - The aspartic acid residue at the bottom of the substrate-binding pocket of
      trypsin was replaced by glutamic acid through site-directed mutagenesis. The wild
      type (Asp-189) and mutant (Glu-189) trypsinogens were expressed in E. coli,
      purified to homogeneity, activated by enterokinase, and tested on a series of
      fluorogenic tetrapeptide substrates. The substrates were of the general formula
      succinyl-Ala-Ala-Pro-X-AMC, where AMC is 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin and X is Lys,
      Arg, or Orn (ornithine). As compared to Asp-189 trypsin, the activity of Glu-189
      trypsin on lysyl and arginyl substrates decreased by 3-4 orders of magnitude
      while its Km values did not significantly change. Lengthening the side-chain of
      Asp-189 by one methylene group could not be compensated for by shortening the
      side-chain of the substrate, since Glu-189 trypsin had no measurable activity on
      the ornithyl substrate. The replacement of Asp-189 with glutamic acid at the base
      of the substrate-binding pocket of trypsin appears to distort the structure of
      the critical transition-state complex. This could happen by disrupting
      interactions normally associated with Asp-189, and by altering the relative
      position of the scissile peptide bond in the active site of the enzyme.

PMID- 2907753
TI  - Differential effect of mixed D1/D2 and selective D2 dopaminergic antagonists on
      mouse T and B lymphocyte proliferation and interleukin production in vitro.
AB  - The effects of some dopaminergic antagonists were investigated on mouse
      lymphocyte proliferative responses in vitro. The mixed D1/D2 dopaminergic
      antagonists chlorpromazine, haloperidol and flupentixol inhibited 3H-Thymidine
      incorporation into adult BALB/c mouse spleen cells stimulated by concanavalin A,
      lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli, and allogenic cells in a mixed
      lymphocyte reaction. The inhibition was achieved at concentrations greater than
      10(-6) M. It was not accounted for by decreased cell viability and it was no
      longer demonstrable when the compound was added 24 h or 48 h after the mitogenic
      stimulus. Conversely selective D2 dopaminergic antagonists sulpiride,
      metoclopramide and domperidone had no inhibitory effect at concentrations ranging
      from 10(-9) to 10(-5) or 10(-4) M. The three mixed D1/D2 antagonists inhibited
      the mitogenic effect of interleukin-1 on concanavalin A-stimulated thymocytes,
      but not the activity of interleukin-2 on the proliferation of the CTLL-2 cell
      line. The mixed D1/D2 antagonists interfered with the production of interleukin-2
      but not with that of interleukin-1. These results indicate that dopaminergic
      antagonists may differentially affect lymphocyte proliferative responses to T or
      B cell mitogens or alloantigens. The mechanisms involved in terms of receptor
      specific or non specific phenomenons are discussed.

PMID- 2907754
TI  - Atypical alpha-adrenoceptor mediates phenylephrine-induced mydriasis in
      anesthetized cats.
AB  - Pupillary dilation and nictitating membrane (NM) contraction were elicited by
      pharmacological activation of alpha-adrenoceptors in vivo in anesthetized cats. A
      constant intravenous infusion of the alpha 1-adrenoceptor selective agonist
      phenylephrine (150 micrograms/min) was administered to produce a near maximal
      activation of both organs. Steady-state responses were attained about 15 minutes
      after starting the phenylephrine infusion. Administration of the alpha 1
      adrenoceptor selective antagonist prazosin produced a dose-dependent blockade of
      NM contractions without altering phenylephrine-induced mydriasis when given as
      pretreatment (1.0 mg/kg i.v.) or post-treatment (0.01-1.0 mg/kg i.v.). In
      contrast, post-treatment with the alpha 1-adrenoceptor selective antagonist WB
      4101 (0.1-1.0 mg/kg i.v.) or pretreatment with phenoxybenzamine (3.0 mg/kg i.v.)
      blocked both the NM and pupillary responses. These results suggest that the in
      vivo pupillary response to phenylephrine is mediated by an atypical alpha
      adrenoceptor that cannot be readily classified as an alpha 1- or alpha 2
      adrenoceptor. In contrast, the alpha-adrenoceptors of the NM appear to be of the
      classical alpha 1 subtype.

PMID- 2907755
TI  - Genetic diversity and relationships of two pathovars of Pseudomonas syringae.
AB  - To determine genetic relationships within and between two pathovars of
      Pseudomonas syringae, strains typical of P. syringae pv. tomato (P. s. tomato)
      and selected strains of P. syringae pv. syringae (P. s. syringae) were
      characterized by three methods. DNA-DNA hybridization experiments showed that
      strains of P. s. tomato and P. s. syringae were, respectively, 86-100% and 37-47%
      homologous to DNA from a P. s. tomato reference strain when tested under
      stringent conditions. An analysis of electrophoretic variation in enzymes encoded
      by 26 loci placed 17 P. s. tomato strains studied in a group of four
      electrophoretic types, and these strains had a mean genetic diversity per locus
      of 0.076. Six P. s. syringae strains formed a second group of six electrophoretic
      types, which had a higher mean genetic diversity per locus of 0.479. The mean
      genetic distance separating P. s. tomato from P. s. syringae (D = 0.94) was
      unexpectedly large for strains of a single species. An analysis of restriction
      fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) with three cloned hybridization probes
      demonstrated that each of the P. s. tomato and P. s. syringae strains was unique.
      A method was developed to quantify the RFLP difference between pairs of strains,
      and cluster analysis revealed relationships among P. s. tomato, but not among P.
      s. syringae, that were similar to those based on enzyme polymorphisms.
      Implications of these findings for bacterial systematics and epidemiology are
      discussed.

PMID- 2907756
TI  - [Biochemistry of the pH maintenance mechanism and the proton pump of lysosomes].

PMID- 2907757
TI  - [Growth of Clostridium perfringens in the guinea pig intestinal juice medium].

PMID- 2907758
TI  - [Adult T-cell leukemia virus infection in hemodialysis patients and blood
      transfusion].

PMID- 2907759
TI  - [The kinetics of endocrine cells of duodenal mucosa in rat].

PMID- 2907760
TI  - [A case of ulcerative colitis associated with Takayasu's arteritis].

PMID- 2907761
TI  - [The virulence factor of E. coli in genitourinary tract infections. 2. Detection
      of P fimbriae and its role in genitourinary tract infections].

PMID- 2907762
TI  - [The virulence factor of E. coli in genitourinary tract infections. 3. Fimbrial
      specificity to genitourinary organs].

PMID- 2907763
TI  - [Incidence of congenital anomalies associated with external genital anomalies].

PMID- 2907764
TI  - Testicular function of scrotal testes after the cryptorchidectomy in dogs with
      unilateral cryptorchidism.

PMID- 2907765
TI  - Population shift between piliated and non-piliated bacteria in various culture
      conditions of Corynebacterium renale.

PMID- 2907766
TI  - [Malignant pheochromocytoma of both adrenals combined with sympathetic nervous
      system tumors of the small intestine].

PMID- 2907767
TI  - [Use of the ELISA test for detection of toxins of Clostridium perfringens type
      A].

PMID- 2907768
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies to K88ab, K88ac and K88ad fimbriae from enterotoxigenic
      Escherichia coli.
AB  - K88ab, K88ac and K88ad fimbriae derived from enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli
      strains involved in porcine colibacillosis were used to immunize BALB/c mice.
      Several hybridomas secreting monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against the three
      intact K88 fimbriae subtypes were produced by fusion of spleen cells from these
      mice with P3-X63-Ag8.653 myeloma cells. Hybridomas producing MAbs with affinity
      for all 3 E. coli K88 subtypes proved to be the most frequent (248/303), but
      subtype-specific monoclonals (39/303) as well as MAbs reacting with two but not
      with the third subtype (16/303) were also produced. The antibody-containing
      culture supernatants from 71 selected hybridomas were characterized by enzyme
      linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) titrations, ELISA inhibition experiments and
      further examined by immunoblotting. Derivation of several MAbs specific for one
      of the E. coli fimbrial antigens, K88ab, K88ac or K88ad, was of interest in view
      of the extensive sequence homology in their primary structures. Specific binding
      of the MAbs to fimbriae on the surface of K88-positive E. coli strains was
      indicated by agglutination tests and visualized by immuno gold labeling and
      electron microscopy. The present MAbs against K88 fimbriae have potential
      veterinary applications for diagnosis and treatment of porcine colibacillosis.
      Preliminary results indicate the therapeutic value of oral administration of
      murine ascitic fluid containing anti-K88 MAbs to piglets experimentally infected
      with E. coli K88.

PMID- 2907769
TI  - The causal agent of halo blight in bean, Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola,
      attaches to stomata via its pili.
AB  - The phytopathogenic pseudomonad Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola causes halo
      blight of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Initiation of infection depends on the
      ability of the cells to adhere to the target cell surface. P. syringae pv.
      phaseolicola expresses pili, which are the receptors of the lipid-containing
      dsRNA bacteriophage phi 6. phi 6-resistant bacterial strains can be divided into
      different piliation types. It was possible to show that the adhesion of the
      bacteria onto plant cell surface was dependent on the pili. Non-piliated
      bacterial stains showed a much lower adherence to the leaf surface than strains
      expressing phi 6 specific pili. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the
      piliated bacteria attached to the leaf surface at the site of stomata. Non
      piliated bacteria were evenly distributed on the leaf surface. All bacterial
      strains used in this study were capable of causing halo blight if injected into
      the plant. If the bacteria were sprayed on the plants, followed by spraying of
      sterile buffer, only piliated bacteria caused symptoms.

PMID- 2907770
TI  - Location of adhesion sites for P-fimbriated and for 075X-positive Escherichia
      coli in the human kidney.
AB  - High-affinity binding sites for P-fimbriated and for 075X-positive Escherichia
      coli were located in the human kidney. Frozen sections of normal human kidney
      were double-stained first with fluorochrome-labelled bacteria and then with
      fluorochrome-labelled nephron site-specific lectins or antibodies. The P
      fimbriate recombinant E. coli strain used showed specific adherence to glomerular
      structures, to the lumen of proximal and sital tubules and to vascular
      endothelium but did not adhere to collecting ducts or to peritubular sites. Two
      E. coli strains having the 075X adhesin showed specific adherence to renal
      interstitium, to glomerular elements and to Bowman's capsule. The method
      described allows the detailed determination of tissue-substructure specificity of
      bacterial adhesion. Our results demonstrate tissue tropism in the adhesion of E.
      coli to human kidneys and suggest a pathogenetic role for X adhesins.

PMID- 2907771
TI  - Fimbrial phase variation and systemic E. coli infection studied in the mouse
      peritonitis model.
AB  - Mouse peritonitis induced by intraperitoneal injection of a virulent (LD50 4 x
      10(5) E. coli 018:K1:H7 strain isolated from neonatal meningitis was studied.
      These bacteria are capable of producing both type 1 and S fimbriae, binding to
      mannose or sialic acid containing glycoconjugates, respectively; the production
      of both fimbrial types is subject to phase variation. A broth culture of the
      bacteria was fractionated into subpopulations containing either type 1 or S
      fimbriae or neither (nonfimbriated cells), and each fraction, grown in broth to
      logarithmic growth phase, was used to infect groups of mice. The type 1 fraction
      was associated with decreased virulence as the fraction was eliminated rapidly
      without causing a progressive infection even at 10(6) bacteria/mouse, whereas
      both S and nonfimbriated cells started rapid multiplication in the peritoneal
      cavity and spread to the blood. In nonfibriated cells, however, S fimbriae
      production was induced at the same time so that at 1 h after injection, 60-70% of
      the bacteria in the peritoneal cavity and in the blood of the mice had S
      fimbriae. The injected S-fimbriated fraction remained completely S-fimbriated.
      Rapid induction of S fimbriae also took place in vitro when the nonfimbriated
      bacteria were grown in mouse serum or peritoneal fluid. Anti-S serum protected
      the mice from a lethal dose of S-fimbriated bacteria.

PMID- 2907772
TI  - Amino groups in Clostridium perfringens epsilon prototoxin and epsilon toxin.
AB  - Modification with succinic anhydride (SA) of Clostridium perfringens epsilon
      prototoxin or toxin resulted in a loss of activation by trypsin or lethal
      activity, respectively. The prototoxin was more sensitive to succinylation than
      the toxin. On the other hand, the succinylated prototoxin was activated and
      cleaved by chymotrypsin, but not by trypsin. The lethal activity of the toxin was
      also lost after treatment with 2,3-dimethylmaleic anhydride (DMA) or 2,4,6
      trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS). When the DMA-treated toxin treated with SA
      or TNBS was incubated under acidic condition, it regained lethal activity. Thus
      modification of amino groups (lysine residues) prevented activation of the
      prototoxin by trypsin, and abolished lethal activity of the toxin.

PMID- 2907773
TI  - Influence of cloned Escherichia coli hemolysin genes, S-fimbriae and serum
      resistance on pathogenicity in different animal models.
AB  - The virulence of the uropathogenic E. coli strain 536 (O6:K15:H31) which produces
      the S-fimbrial adhesin (Sfa+), is serum-resistant (Sre+) and hemolytic (Hly+) and
      its derivatives were assessed in five different animal models. Cloned hemolysin
      (hly) determinants from the chromosomes of O6, O18 and O75 E. coli strains and
      from the plasmid pHly152 were introduced into the spontaneous Sfa-, Sre-, Hly-
      mutant 536-21 and its Sfa+, Sre+, Hly- variant 536-31. As already demonstrated
      for the 536-21 strains (Infect. Immun. 42: 57-63) the O18-hly determinant but not
      the plasmid-encoded hly determinant of pHly152 transformed into 536-31 contribute
      to lethality in a mouse peritonitis model. Similar results were obtained with
      both Hly- host strains and their Hly+ transformants in a chicken embryo test and
      in a mouse nephropathogenicity assay in which the renal bacterial counts were
      measured 15 min to 8 hours after i.v. infection. S-fimbriae and serum resistance
      had only a marginal influence in these three in vivo systems. In contrast all
      three factors, S-fimbriae, serum resistance and hemolysin, were necessary for
      full virulence in a respiratory mouse infection assay. In a subcutaneously
      induced sepsis model in the mouse restoration of S-fimbriae and serum resistance
      and separately chromosomally-encoded hemolysis increased virulence to a level
      comparable to that of the parental 536 strain.

PMID- 2907774
TI  - [Neurotransmitters as intracellular mediators during embryo development].

PMID- 2907775
TI  - Speciation of organisms within the Mycobacterium avium-Mycobacterium
      intracellulare-Mycobacterium scrofulaceum (MAIS) complex based on restriction
      fragment length polymorphisms.
AB  - A DNA probe which hybridizes to all pathogenic species of slow-growing
      mycobacteria has been used to identify restriction-fragment-length-polymorphisms
      (RFLPs) in Bam Hl digests of chromosomal DNA from members of the Mycobacterium
      avium-Mycobacterium intracellulare-Mycobacterium scrofulaceum complex. The RFLP
      patterns so produced were found to fall into distinct categories which were
      representative of each of the three species. Except for two doubtful isolates,
      strains of M. avium were found to fall into two related RFLP-types, one of which
      contained the vast majority of the strains tested. In contrast, M. intracellulare
      strains were found to be more heterogeneous. For these strains, we found one
      major RFLP-type and one subsidiary type which appears to be a sub-set of the
      first. We also found two further RFLP-types which contained serovars 7 and 18
      respectively. We conclude from this that M. avium, M. intracellulare and M.
      scrofulaceum are three distinct species and that serovars belonging to the
      'intermediate group' of Meissner and Anz belong to the species M. avium.
      Utilizing these criteria, we examined a number of isolates from the 'ambiguous'
      serovar 9 and found that of eight strains tested, six typed as M. avium and two
      typed as M. intracellulare.

PMID- 2907776
TI  - Detection of yellow fever virus nucleic acid in infected mosquitoes by RNA:RNA in
      situ hybridization.
AB  - An in situ hybridization technique was developed for the strand-specific
      detection of yellow fever virus (YFV) RNA. An 35S-labeled, transcribed RNA probe
      was used to detect positive-sense polarity YFV genomic RNA in infected C6/36
      (Aedes albopictus) cells, dissected mosquito tissues, and sections of plastic
      embedded, YFV-infected Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Mosquito tissues fixed in
      buffered Formalin retained morphological integrity. The low concentrations of
      probe used yielded high specific signal on infected specimens and low background
      signal on uninfected specimens.

PMID- 2907777
TI  - Some quantitative EEG findings in unmedicated and medicated major depressives.
AB  - To confirm previous quantitative EEG findings in major depressive disorder and to
      assess effects of medication, EEGs were recorded under eyes closed and open
      conditions in 68 patients (34 unmedicated and 34 medicated) and nonpatients
      matched for age and sex. Time series analyses of amplitude, frequency and wave
      symmetry were performed; differences between eyes open and closed were adjusted
      for eyes closed values to obtain measures of reactivity. These reactivity
      measures yielded the main differences between unmedicated patients and
      nonpatients; depressives were more reactive. Reactivity differences were
      eliminated or reversed in medicated patients. The EEGs of unmedicated depressives
      appear to be overreactive, while medications decrease EEG reactivity.

PMID- 2907778
TI  - [Onset and duration of action times for the new muscle relaxants vecuronium and
      atracurium. Comparison with pancuronium].

PMID- 2907779
TI  - [Behavior of neuromuscular blockade parameters in response to vecuronium].

PMID- 2907780
TI  - [Behavior of intraluminal gastrin and somatostatin in subjects with type II
      diabetes mellitus].

PMID- 2907781
TI  - Polyamines in cerebral ischemia.
AB  - The present series of experiments was designed to study regional profiles of
      polyamines (putrescine, spermidine, and spermine) in reversible cerebral ischemia
      produced in rats and Mongolian gerbils. Polyamine profiles did not change during
      ischemia, but did following recirculation. The most prominent changes were a
      dramatic postischemic increase in putrescine and a marked decrease in spermine in
      severely damaged regions. Within a given brain structure, the postischemic
      putrescine levels correlated closely with the density of ischemic cell injury and
      the time period of cerebral ischemia. Furthermore, putrescine was already
      considerably increased in the CA1-subfield of the hippocampus of gerbils after 8
      h recirculation, i.e., at a time when the cells are still intact. The results
      indicate that putrescine may be viewed as an excellent biochemical correlate of
      ischemic cell injury. The postischemic changes in putrescine levels are discussed
      in relation to the known activities of this compound.

PMID- 2907782
TI  - [Beta-blockers in the treatment of glaucomatous and dry eyes].

PMID- 2907783
TI  - [Report on the 6th European Congress on Radiology, Lisbon, May 31-June 6, 1987].

PMID- 2907785
TI  - [Biocytin13]dynorphin A 1-13 amide: a potential probe for the kappa-opioid
      receptor.
AB  - A dynorphin A 1-13 amide (DYN) derivative biotinylated in position lysine 13 (B
      DYN) has been prepared by automated solid-phase peptide synthesis. The derivative
      retained its ability to bind to avidin, and B-DYN-avidin complex showed a
      dissociated half-life of 10 hr at 37 degrees C. Opioid receptor binding was
      measured in membrane preparations of rat brain (mu), NG-108-15 neuroblastoma
      glioma hybrid cells (delta), and guinea pig cerebellum (kappa). Biotinyl
      substitution of DYN either did not effect receptor binding (delta) or slightly
      reduced binding affinity (mu and kappa). Binding of B-DYN to the kappa receptor
      was very tight, with an IC50 value in the low picomolar range, while binding to
      mu and delta sites was over two orders of magnitude lower. Preassociation of B
      DYN with avidin resulted in a reduction of the affinities to the investigated
      opioid receptors by 100- to 1000-fold. However, the apparent affinity of B-DYN
      avidin for the kappa-opioid receptor is sufficient to suggest that B-DYN may be a
      useful tool for kappa-opioid receptor assay, localization, and purification.

PMID- 2907784
TI  - Effect of helenalin and bis(helenalinyl)malonate on nucleic acid and protein
      synthesis in human KB carcinoma cells.
AB  - Helenalin and bis(helenalinyl)malonate were shown to be cytotoxic against the
      growth of human KB carcinoma cells. DNA synthesis was inhibited significantly.
      This inhibition was afforded because of the drugs' effects on a number of enzyme
      activities. The inhibition of IMP dehydrogenase and ribonucleotide reductase
      complex activities correlated positively with the inhibition of DNA synthesis of
      the KB cells. DNA polymerase activity was inhibited by the drugs to a lesser
      degree. The deoxyribonucleotide pools were markedly reduced in the presence of
      the drug, which would be consistent with a blockage of the enzyme ribonucleotide
      reductase as well as suppression of DNA synthesis. XMP levels were also reduced,
      which is consistent with suppression of IMP dehydrogenase activity by the drugs.
      Ribonucleoside phosphate pools, particularly CDP and GDP, were elevated after
      drug treatment, which would be expected with a blockage at ribonucleotide
      reductase. Thus DNA alkylation is not the mechanism of action of the
      antineoplastic sesquiterpene lactones; rather, the cell-killing effect is related
      to DNA synthesis inhibition by the drug.

PMID- 2907786
TI  - Quantitative structure-activity study on human pharmacokinetic parameters of
      benzodiazepines using the graph theoretical approach.
AB  - The graph theoretical indices for a series of 13 benzodiazepines were calculated
      using a graph-path topological method. The total molecule, the ring fragments,
      and combinations of ring fragments were subjected to a quantitative structure
      activity analysis using eight pharmacokinetic parameters. The metabolic clearance
      and the blood-to-plasma concentration ratios were most highly correlated with the
      graph theoretical indices, with R values of 0.975 and 0.938, respectively. These
      correlations were found when the diazepine + benzo fragment and phenyl fragment
      were used to calculate the graph-path indices. Terminal disposition half-life was
      correlated with the benzo + diazepine fragment, with R = 0.969. Truncating the
      graph-path codes by eliminating cycles in the total molecule markedly improved
      the correlation coefficients. When compared to the graph-path indices for the
      total molecule, the correlation coefficients for the terminal disposition half
      life and metabolic clearance data rose from 0.721 to 0.935 and from 0.770 to
      0.968, respectively, using the graph-path indices of the truncated molecule.
      Intrinsic clearance of unbound drug also was poorly correlated with the total
      molecule (r less than 0.7) but rose significantly using the graph-path indices of
      the truncated molecule (r = 0.971 and 0.975 for the well-stirred and parallel
      tube models, respectively).

PMID- 2907787
TI  - Searching for the endogenous benzodiazepine using the graph theoretical approach.
AB  - The graph theoretical indices of several compounds with reported benzodiazepine
      receptor binding affinities were calculated. Our results demonstrate a structural
      similarity among diazepam, triazolam, and the beta-carboline nucleus and a
      structural dissimilarity to the purines and nicotinamide. This result correlates
      with their respective binding affinities. Using the graph theoretical indices as
      structural descriptors of the benzodiazepines and the significant ligands of the
      beta-carbolines, a search for peptide sequences as potential ligands was
      explored. Single amino acids through pentapeptides with all possible amino acid
      substitutions and chemical modifications were calculated. The peptides generated
      were subjected to graph theoretical analysis, and their indices were compared to
      those of the benzodiazepines. Comparisons resulted in seven dipeptides and six
      tripeptides that are topologically similar to the benzodiazepines and beta
      carbolines. The dipeptides are histidine- or tryptophan-containing compounds with
      pyroglutamine, phenylalanine, and tyrosine residues in the second position. The
      tripeptides have two aromatic amino acid residues and a pyroglutamine or glycyl
      terminal residue. These structures are promising candidates because (1) they are
      structurally (topologically) similar to the benzodiazepines, represented by
      diazepam and triazolam, and to the beta-carbolines; and (2) they are sequences
      that may reasonably form a part of a larger peptide or that may be formed
      metabolically by proteolysis.

PMID- 2907788
TI  - Solubility and related physicochemical properties of narcotic analgesics.
AB  - The physicochemical properties of select opioid and anilinopiperidine narcotic
      analgesics were investigated. The solubilities of the narcotics in hexane and
      water and, for morphine, in other organic solvents were determined. Regular
      solution theory seems to be applicable to the solubility behavior of morphine in
      solvents that lack strong dipoles and hydrogen bonds. A best-fit solubility
      parameter of 13.2 (cal/cm3)1/2 for morphine was determined from its solubilities
      in London solvents and its ideal solubility. Calculation of morphine's solubility
      parameter from its hexane solubility alone and its melting properties gave a
      corresponding delta 2 value. These measured solubility parameters were
      appreciably larger than the solubility parameter estimated from molar attraction
      constants. Solubility parameters of hydromorphone, codeine, fentanyl, and
      sufentanil were also calculated from respective hexane solubilities, melting
      points, and heats of fusion and were 11.7, 10.9, 9.8, and 9.7 (cal/cm3)1/2. For
      these compounds, experimental solubility parameters agreed with solubility
      parameters estimated from molar attraction constants. Because meperidine,
      fentanyl, and sufentanil exhibit low levels of intracrystalline cohesion, as
      reflected in low melting points and relatively modest heats of fusion,
      theoretically projected ideal solubilities and actual solubilities in organic
      solvents measured for them were considerably higher than determined for morphine
      and its analogues. Consistent with the solubilities, the octanol-water partition
      coefficients of the two 4-anilinopiperidine analogues and of meperidine were
      several orders of magnitude larger than those of the opioids, evidencing the fact
      that meperidine, fentanyl, and sufentanil are substantially more lipophilic than
      the opioids.

PMID- 2907789
TI  - Effects of four brain-gut peptides injected into cerebroventricles on gastric
      motility of dogs.

PMID- 2907790
TI  - Central nervous system activity of terpenoids from marine sponge.
AB  - Some terpenoids extracted from marine sponge: triacetylated disidein, 2
      tetraprenyl benzoquinol and 4 hydroxy-3-tetraprenylbenzoic acid 2-polyprenyl
      benzoquinols, avarol and furospongin-1 were tested by multidimensional Irwin
      screening and with some tests for analgesic and muscle relaxant activity. The
      three prenylhydroquinols derivatives and avarol show a good analgesic activity
      and low toxicity.

PMID- 2907792
TI  - Sex determination in mouse and man.

PMID- 2907791
TI  - Resveratrol activity on guinea pig isolated trachea from normal and albumin
      sensitized animals.
AB  - The relaxant effect of resveratrol on guinea pig isolated trachea (EC50 = 100
      microM) was not due to interactions with histaminergic or cholinergic systems,
      but appeared to be influenced by beta-blockers, indomethacin and mepacrine.
      Antigen-induced contraction on sensitized trachea was partially antagonized by
      resveratrol. Resveratrol action may be partially related to arachidonic acid
      metabolism.

PMID- 2907793
TI  - Autosomal genes involved in mammalian primary sex determination.
AB  - Beginning with findings made during the late 1950s and early 1960s, evidence
      continues to accumulate in support of the hypothesis that the mammalian Y
      chromosome carries a gene that induces the undifferentiated foetal gonad in XY
      individuals to develop as a testis. Recently a DNA sequence has been isolated
      from the human Y chromosome that appears to be the hypothesized Y-linked testis
      determining gene, and advances have also been made toward identifying genes that
      interact with the Y-linked testis-determining (Tdy) gene to initiate testis
      formation. These loci have been identified in specific stocks of mice carrying
      the mutant Thp or TOrl allele at the T locus located on chromosome 17, and in
      crosses involving the transfer of a Y chromosome from two populations of Mus
      domesticus into the genomes of specific inbred strains of mice. The data in both
      cases support the hypothesis that there are several loci involved in testis
      determination and that abnormal interaction of these loci disrupts initiation of
      testis determination, resulting in development of ovarian tissue in XY
      individuals.

PMID- 2907794
TI  - Genetic control of sex determination in the germ line of Caenorhabditis elegans.
AB  - The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans normally exists as one of two sexes: self
      fertilizing hermaphrodite or male. Development as hermaphrodite or male requires
      the differentiation of each tissue in a sex-specific way. In this review, I
      discuss the genetic control of sex determination in a single tissue of C.
      elegans: the germ line. Sex determination in the germ line depends on the action
      of two types of genes:--those that act globally in all tissues to direct male or
      female development and those that act only in the germ line to specify either
      spermatogenesis or oogenesis. First, I consider a tissue-specific sex-determining
      gene, fog-1, which promotes spermatogenesis in the germ line. Second, I consider
      the regulation of the hermaphrodite pattern of germ-line gametogenesis where
      first sperm and then oocytes are produced.

PMID- 2907795
TI  - Molecular aspects of sex determination in mice: an alternative model for the
      origin of the Sxr region.
AB  - Using a combination of in situ mapping and DNA analysis with recombinant DNA
      probes specific for the Sxr region of the mouse Y chromosome, we show that both
      the gene(s) controlling primary sex determination and the expression of the male
      specific antigen H-Y (Tdy and Hya respectively) are located on the minute short
      arm of the mouse Y chromosome. We demonstrate that the H-Y- variant of Sxr (Sxr')
      arose by a partial deletion within the Sxr region and propose an alternative
      model for the generation of the original Sxr region.

PMID- 2907796
TI  - Mapping the human Y chromosome.
AB  - This paper reviews past and present trends in mapping the human Y chromosome. So
      far, mapping has essentially used a combination of cytogenetic and molecular
      analyses of Y-chromosomal anomalies and sex reversal syndromes. This deletion
      mapping culminated recently in the isolation of the putative sex-determining
      locus TDF. With the availability of new separation and cloning techniques suited
      for large size fragments (over 100 kilobases), the next step will consist rather
      in the establishment of a physical map of fragments of known physical sizes. This
      may allow the definition of several variants of the human Y chromosome differing
      by the order or location of DNA sequences along the molecule.

PMID- 2907797
TI  - Accidental X-Y recombination and the aetiology of XX males and true
      hermaphrodites.
AB  - Accidental recombination between the differential segments of the X and Y
      chromosomes in man occasionally allows transfer of Y-linked sequences to the X
      chromosome leading to testis differentiation in so-called XX males. Loss of the
      same sequences by X-Y interchange allows female differentiation in a small
      proportion of individuals with XY gonadal dysgenesis. A candidate gene
      responsible for primary sex determination has recently been cloned from within
      this part of the Y chromosome by Page and his colleagues. The observation that a
      homologue of this gene is present on the short arm of the X chromosome and is
      subject to X-inactivation, raises the intriguing possibility that sex
      determination in man is a quantitative trait. Males have two active doses of the
      gonad determining gene, and females have one dose. This hypothesis has been
      tested in a series of XX males, XY females and XX true hermaphrodites by using a
      genomic probe, CMPXY1, obtained by probing a Y-specific DNA library with
      synthetic oligonucleotides based on the predicted amino-acid sequence of the sex
      determining protein. The findings in most cases are consistent with the
      hypothesis of homologous gonad-determining genes, GDX and GDY, carried by the X
      and Y chromosomes respectively. It is postulated that in sporadic or familial XX
      true hermaphrodites one of the GDX loci escapes X-inactivation because of
      mutation or chromosomal rearrangement, resulting in mosaicism for testis and
      ovary-determining cell lines in somatic cells. Y-negative XX males belong to the
      same clinical spectrum as XX true hermaphrodites, and gonadal dysgenesis in some
      XY females may be due to sporadic or familial mutations of GDX.

PMID- 2907798
TI  - MIC2: a human pseudoautosomal gene.
AB  - MIC2 and XGR are the only known pseudoautosomal genes in man. MIC2 encodes the
      12E7 antigen, a human cell-surface molecule of unknown function. XGR regulates,
      in cis, the expression of the XG and MIC2 genes. DNA probes derived from the MIC2
      locus have been used in the construction of a meiotic map of the pseudoautosomal
      region and a long range restriction map into the X- and Y-specific chromosome
      domains. MIC2 is the most proximal marker in the pseudoautosomal region and
      recombination between the sex chromsomes only rarely includes the MIC2 locus. Our
      long-range restriction maps and chromosome walking experiments have localized the
      pseudoautosomal boundary within 40 kilobases adjacent to the 3' end of the MIC2
      gene. The same maps have been used to predict the chromosomal location of TDF.

PMID- 2907799
TI  - Is ZFY the sex-determining gene on the human Y chromosome?
AB  - The sex-determining region of the human Y chromosome contains a gene, ZFY, that
      encodes a zinc-finger protein. ZFY may prove to be the testis-determining factor.
      There is a closely related gene, ZFX, on the human X chromosome. In most species
      of placental mammals, we detect two ZFY-related loci: one on the Y chromosome and
      one on the X chromosome. However, there are four ZFY-homologous loci in mouse:
      Zfy-1 and Zfy-2 map to the sex-determining region of the mouse Y chromosome, Zfx
      is on the mouse X chromosome, and a fourth locus is autosomal.

PMID- 2907800
TI  - Environmental regulation of sex determination in reptiles.
AB  - The various patterns of environmental sex determination in squamates, chelonians
      and crocodilians are described. High temperatures produce males in lizards and
      crocodiles but females in chelonians. Original experiments on the effects of
      incubation at 30 degrees C (100% females) or 33 degrees C (100% males) on
      development in Alligator mississippiensis are described. These include an
      investigation of the effect of exposing embryos briefly to a different incubation
      temperature on the sex ratio at hatching, and a study of the effects of 30
      degrees C and 33 degrees C on growth and development of alligator embryos and
      gonads. A 7-day pulse of one temperature on the background of another was
      insufficient to alter the sex ratio dramatically. Incubation at 33 degrees C
      increased the rate of growth and development of alligator embryos. In particular,
      differentiation of the gonad at 33 degrees C was enhanced compared with 30
      degrees C. A hypothesis is developed to explain the mechanism of temperature
      dependent sex determination (TSD) in crocodilians. The processes of primary sex
      differentiation are considered to involve exposure to a dose of some male
      determining factor during a specific quantum of developmental time during early
      incubation. The gene that encodes for the male-determining factor is considered
      to have an optimum temperature (33 degrees C). Any change in the temperature
      affects the expression of this gene and affects the dose or quantum embryos are
      exposed to. In these cases there is production of females by default. The
      phylogenetic implications of TSD for crocodilians, and reptiles in particular,
      are related to the life history of the animal from conception to sexual maturity.
      Those animals that develop under optimal conditions grow fastest and largest and
      become male. A general association between the size of an animal and its sex is
      proposed for several types of vertebrate.

PMID- 2907801
TI  - Somatic and germ-cell sex in mammals.
AB  - The phenotypic sex of an individual mammal is determined by the sex of its
      gonads, i.e. testes or ovaries. This in turn is determined by the presence or
      absence of a small region of the Y chromosome, located near the X-Y pairing
      region in man and on the short arm of the Y chromosome in the mouse. The testis
      determining region of the Y appears to exert its primary effect by directing the
      supporting-cell lineage of the gonad to differentiate as Sertoli cells, acting at
      least in part cell-autonomously. The phenotypic sex of a germ cell, i.e. whether
      it undergoes spermatogenesis or oogenesis, is determined at least in the mouse by
      whether or not it enters meiotic prophase before birth. This depends not on its
      own sex chromosome constitution, but on its cellular environment. A germ cell in
      or near normal testis cords (made up mainly of Sertoli cells) is inhibited from
      entering meiosis until after birth; one that escapes this inhibition will develop
      into an oocyte even if it is in a male animal and is itself XY in chromosome
      constitution.

PMID- 2907802
TI  - Sex determination in marsupials: evidence for a marsupial-eutherian dichotomy.
AB  - In this paper, we review briefly the current state of knowledge about sexual
      differentiation in eutherian mammals, and then describe the situation in detail
      in two marsupial species: the North American opossum and the tammar wallaby. The
      conventional explanation for the genesis of all male somatic sexual dimorphisms
      in mammals is that they are a consequence of the systemic action of testicular
      hormones. In the absence of testes, the embryo will develop a female phenotype.
      We present evidence for the tammar wallaby that calls into question the universal
      applicability of this hormonal theory of mammalian sexual differentiation. We
      have shown that extensive somatic sexual dimorphisms precede by many days the
      first morphological evidence of testicular formation, which does not occur until
      around the third day of pouch life. Male foetuses, and pouch young on the day of
      birth, already have a well-developed gubernaculum and processus vaginalis, paired
      scrotal anlagen, and a complete absence of mammary anlagen, whereas female
      foetuses and newborn pouch young have a poorly developed gubernaculum and
      processus vaginalis, no scrotal anlagen, and well-developed mammary anlagen.
      Because it seems unlikely that the male gonad could begin hormone secretion until
      after the Sertoli and Leydig cells are developed, our results strongly suggest
      that some sexually dimorphic somatic characteristics develop autonomously,
      depending on their genotype rather than the hormonal environment to which they
      are exposed. We have been able to confirm the hormonal independence of the
      scrotum, pouch and mammary gland by administering testosterone propionate daily
      by mouth to female pouch young from the day of birth; although the Wolffian duct
      was hyperstimulated, there was no sign of scrotal development, or pouch or
      mammary inhibition. When male pouch young were treated with oestradiol benzoate
      in a similar fashion, there was hyperstimulation of the Mullerian duct and
      inhibition of testicular migration and development, but no sign of scrotal
      inhibition or pouch or mammary development. Our results in the tammar wallaby are
      consistent with the earlier studies on the opossum, whose significance was not
      appreciated at the time. Further evidence in support of this hormonal
      independence comes from earlier studies of spontaneously occurring intersexes in
      several species of marsupial, including the opossum and the tammar wallaby. An
      XXY individual had intra-abdominal testes and complete masculinization of the
      male reproductive tract internally, but externally there was a pouch and mammary
      glands and no scrotum.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2907803
TI  - Control mechanisms of testicular differentiation.
AB  - In this paper the importance of unknown factors responsible for the initial
      differentiation of a gonadal primordium is stressed. The hypothesis that in the
      absence of testis determining genes (TDG) the indifferent gonad is programmed to
      become an ovary is considered further. The TDG(s) are expressed only among cells
      already marked as gonadal cells, and they seem mainly to change the chronological
      sequence and intensity of expression of processes common to both sexes. The
      chronology of the normal events necessary for testicular differentiation and the
      fact that some of these events can be dissociated from one another under
      experimental conditions in vitro, suggest that many genes are involved in
      testicular differentiation and that the so-called testis-determining genes are
      probably regulatory genes.

PMID- 2907804
TI  - Role of mammalian Y chromosome in sex determination.
AB  - It has long been assumed that the mammalian Y chromosome either encodes, or
      controls the production of, a diffusible testis-determining molecule, exposure of
      the embryonic gonad to this molecule being all that is required to divert it
      along the testicular pathway. My recent finding that Sertoli cells in XX----XY
      chimeric mouse testes are exclusively XY has led me to propose a new model in
      which the Y acts cell-autonomously to bring about Sertoli-cell differentiation. I
      have suggested that all other aspects of foetal testicular development are
      triggered by the Sertoli cells without further Y-chromosome involvement. This
      model thus equates mammalian sex determination with Sertoli-cell determination.
      Examples of natural and experimentally induced sex reversal are discussed in the
      context of this model.

PMID- 2907805
TI  - H-Y antigen and sex determination.
AB  - The primary development of a male rather than a female gonad in mammals is
      determined by the presence of a Y chromosome. The other property unique to the Y
      chromosome is the occurrence of a cell-surface antigen (designated H-Y) which
      distinguishes male from female. Thus it was determined that male grafts were
      rejected by otherwise histocompatible females of the same inbred strain and later
      that H-Y-specific cytolytic T cells were produced by these grafted mice. When it
      was determined that females grafted with male skin produced antibody defining a
      serologically detectable male antigen (which may or may not be the same as H-Y),
      further immunogenetic analysis of this antigenic system became possible in terms
      of humoral and cellular factors. By using this assay it was demonstrated that the
      antigen was phylogenetically conserved and that it was expressed in the male
      mouse embryo as early as the 8-cell stage of development. The notion that H-Y was
      a single molecular species responsible for triggering the indifferent gonad to
      differentiate into the testis became a widely accepted hypothesis. In this report
      the H-Y antigenic system is traced historically from its original description to
      the role played in testis development. Data are presented which suggest that
      although H-Y is a male-specific factor and may play a role in male sex
      determination, it is unlikely that it is the primary inducer of testis
      differentiation.

PMID- 2907806
TI  - Aberrant chromosomal sex-determining mechanisms in mammals, with special
      reference to species with XY females.
AB  - Both mouse and man have the common XX/XY sex chromosome mechanism. The X
      chromosome is of original size (5-6% of female haploid set) and the Y is one of
      the smallest chromosomes of the complement. But there are species, belonging to a
      variety of orders, with composite sex chromosomes and multiple sex chromosome
      systems: XX/XY1Y2 and X1X1X2X2/X1X2Y. The original X or the Y, respectively, have
      been translocated on to an autosome. The sex chromosomes of these species
      segregate regularly at meiosis; two kinds of sperm and one kind of egg are
      produced and the sex ratio is the normal 1:1. Individuals with deviating sex
      chromosome constitutions (XXY, XYY, XO or XXX) have been found in at least 16
      mammalian species other than man. The phenotypic manifestations of these
      deviating constitutions are briefly discussed. In the dog, pig, goat and mouse
      exceptional XX males and in the horse XY females attract attention. Certain
      rodents have complicated mechanisms for sex determination: Ellobius lutescens and
      Tokudaia osimensis have XO males and females. Both sexes of Microtus oregoni are
      gonosomic mosaics (male OY/XY, female XX/XO). The wood lemming, Myopus
      schisticolor, the collared lemming, Dirostonyx torquatus, and perhaps also one or
      two species of the genus Akodon have XX and XY females and XY males. The XX, X*X
      and X*Y females of Myopus and Dicrostonyx are discussed in some detail. The wood
      lemming has proved to be a favourable natural model for studies in sex
      determination, because a large variety of sex chromosome aneuploids are born
      relatively frequently. The dosage model for sex determination is not supported by
      the wood lemming data. For male development, genes on both the X and the Y
      chromosomes are necessary.

PMID- 2907807
TI  - Sex inversion as a model for the study of sex determination in vertebrates.
AB  - As a consequence of genetic sex determination, the indifferent gonadal blastema
      normally becomes either a testis or an ovary. This applies to mammals and to the
      majority of non-mammalian vertebrates. With the exception of placental mammals,
      however, partial or complete sex inversion can be induced in one sex by sexual
      steroid hormones of the opposite sex during a sensitive period of gonadogenesis.
      There is evidence that also during normal gonadogenesis in these species, in the
      XY/XX mechanism of sex determination testicular differentiation is induced by
      androgens, and in the ZZ/ZW mechanism, ovarian differentiation by oestrogens. In
      either case, the hormones may act via serological H-Y antigen as a morphogenetic
      factor. In contrast, in placental mammals including man, primary gonadal
      differentiation is independent of sexual steroid hormones, and factors directing
      differential gonadal development have not yet been conclusively identified.
      However, various mutations at the chromosome or gene level, resulting
      respectively in sex inversion or intersexuality, have provided clues as to some
      genes involved and their possible nature. In this context also, serological H-Y
      antigen is discussed as a possible factor acting on primordial gonadal cells and
      inducing differential growth or morphogenesis or both. The data available at
      present allow a tentative outline of the genetics of sex determination in
      placental mammals.

PMID- 2907808
TI  - The influences of cultural and racial factors upon therapeutic response of the
      schizophrenic patients.

PMID- 2907809
TI  - [Relations between therapeutic and hormonal response to neuroleptics of patients
      with paranoid schizophrenia. I. Secretion of thyrotropin and thyroid hormones].

PMID- 2907810
TI  - [Relations between therapeutic and hormonal response to neuroleptics of patients
      with paranoid schizophrenia. II. Secretion of prolactin and gonadotropins].

PMID- 2907811
TI  - [Relations between therapeutic and hormonal response to neuroleptics of patients
      with paranoid schizophrenia. III. Secretion of growth hormone (GH),
      adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol (CORT) and insulin (INS)].

PMID- 2907812
TI  - Noradrenaline-containing transplants in the adult spinal cord of mammals.

PMID- 2907813
TI  - Delayed stereotactic transplantation technique in non-human primates.

PMID- 2907814
TI  - Transplant improves hemiparkinsonian syndrome in nonhuman primate: intracerebral
      injection, rotometry, tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry.

PMID- 2907815
TI  - Implantation of genetically engineered cells to the brain.

PMID- 2907816
TI  - Physiology of graft-host interactions in the rat hippocampus.

PMID- 2907817
TI  - [Atrial natriuretic peptide receptors].

PMID- 2907818
TI  - [Cardiac hypertrophy and its response to beta-adrenergic blockade].

PMID- 2907819
TI  - [Effects of a new positive inotropic agent, OPC-8212 in patients with effort
      angina--comparison with beta-blocker, metoprolol].

PMID- 2907820
TI  - [Assessment of chronotropic effect and arrhythmogenesis on beta 1-partial agonist
      (Xamoterol) in chronic heart failure].

PMID- 2907821
TI  - [Arslan and Belloni acute nucleoreticular vestibular syndrome. Interpretation of
      changes in neuromediators].

PMID- 2907822
TI  - [The current status and prospects of the use of beta blockers in aeronautical
      medicine].

PMID- 2907823
TI  - Influence of salazosulphapyridine and 5-aminosalicylic acid on seminal qualities
      and male sex hormones.
AB  - Seminal abnormalities are a common side effect of salazosulphapyridine (SASP)
      treatment. We evaluated semen qualities and sex hormone concentrations in 11
      patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) during SASP treatment and 4 months
      after replacing SASP with an oral slow-release preparation of 5-aminosalicylic
      acid (5-ASA). Significant improvement in sperm count (p less than 0.01),
      morphology (p less than 0.02), and motility (p less than 0.02) could be observed
      during 5-ASA therapy, in comparison with SASP treatment. Three pregnancies
      occurred during the study period. The serum concentrations of gonadotrophins,
      prolactin, and sex hormone-binding globulin were normal in all patients and not
      significantly different in the two treatment periods. The mean total testosterone
      concentration decreased significantly (p less than 0.02) after 5-ASA
      substitution, together with serum albumin (p less than 0.005), although all
      values remained within normal limits. The apparent free testosterone
      concentration was not significantly different in the two treatment periods. It is
      concluded that a significant improvement in semen quality can be obtained in male
      patients with IBD after replacing SASP with 5-ASA.

PMID- 2907824
TI  - Effect of electric stimulation of the celiac vagus on gastric acid secretion and
      plasma concentrations of somatostatin and gastrin in the portal and
      gastroepiploic veins of dogs.
AB  - Electric stimulation (ES) of the celiac vagus during tetragastrin infusion
      reduced significantly the portal plasma concentration of somatostatin (SS) from
      113 +/- 11.3 pg/ml to 87.8 +/- 5.8 pg/ml (P less than 0.05) in anesthetized dogs,
      in parallel with marked decrease of gastric acid secretion (59.9 +/- 7.1% of the
      prestimulatory value; P less than 0.01). A similar change in the portal plasma SS
      concentration was observed by ES of the celiac vagus on infusion of saline, with
      a concomitant significant increase in the portal plasma level of gastrin from a
      basal value of 65.9 +/- 7.0 pg/ml to a peak value of 129 +/- 29.9 pg/ml (P less
      than 0.05). However, no fluctuation of the plasma SS or gastrin level in the
      gastroepiploic vein was detected during or after ES of the celiac vagus. These
      findings indicate that gastric SS and gastrin are not of primary importance in
      the mechanism of inhibition of gastric acid secretion induced by ES of the celiac
      vagus in the dog.

PMID- 2907825
TI  - [The role of atriopeptin in the hypotensive effect of dynorphin].

PMID- 2907826
TI  - [Effects of zinc and copper on the protection of somatostatin against islet B
      cell damage induced by streptozotocin].

PMID- 2907827
TI  - Serum gamma-GTP levels by type and quantity of alcohol consumed--the 'whisky
      hypothesis' refuted.
AB  - Serum gamma-GTP measurements in 11,755 Japanese men were used to test the
      hypothesis that drinking whisky had little or no effect on the serum level of
      this enzyme. We found that regular drinking was associated with significantly
      increased mean levels and raised percentages of high values of gamma-GTP,
      irrespective of the type of alcohol consumed. Moreover, heavier and more frequent
      drinking were associated with proportionately greater increases in gamma-GTP
      levels. Our data therefore refute the hypothesis that whisky drinking is not
      accompanied by adverse changes in the level of serum gamma-GTP.

PMID- 2907828
TI  - New directions in asthma: some cause for concern.

PMID- 2907829
TI  - Continuous variation of agonist affinity constants.

PMID- 2907830
TI  - Validity of human brain autopsy samples for characterizing neurotransmitter
      function.

PMID- 2907831
TI  - The relationship of alpha-adrenoceptor reserve and agonist intrinsic efficacy to
      calcium utilization in the vasculature.

PMID- 2907832
TI  - Commentary on a review on the mechanism of ackee-induced vomiting sickness.

PMID- 2907833
TI  - [Current aspects of medical genetics in human medicine. Introduction].

PMID- 2907834
TI  - [Structure and function of factor VIII and factor IX gene and molecular DNA
      diagnosis in hemophilia A and B].

PMID- 2907835
TI  - [Genetic diagnosis in classical phenylketonuria].

PMID- 2907836
TI  - [Molecular genetic aspects of diabetes mellitus].

PMID- 2907837
TI  - [Clinical aspects, diagnosis and genetics of cystic fibrosis--a short review].

PMID- 2907839
TI  - Drug resistant gene, resistant protein and their implication for therapy.

PMID- 2907838
TI  - Arylsulfatase A from human tissues contains an endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase
      F-resistant oligosaccharide.
AB  - Homogeneous arylsulfatase A from human placenta, liver and urine contains two
      nonidentical subunits of 59 and 54 kDa. The two subunits are immunologically
      identical. The relative amount of low molecular weight subunits is only 20-30% of
      the total enzyme protein. Treatment of the enzyme under various conditions with
      endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase F results in a decrease in the apparent
      molecular weight of both subunits by 1-2 kDa. a value that corresponds to the
      loss of a single N-linked oligosaccharide. However, as judged by carbohydrate
      staining, endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase F does not remove all carbohydrate
      from the subunits or from glycopeptides of arylsulfatase A. In contrast, human
      prostatic acid phosphatase, a glycoprotein with a high content of mannose, hybrid
      and complex oligosaccharides is completely deglycosylated under identical
      experimental conditions. Several attempts to deglycosylate arylsulfatase A by
      chemical methods were unsuccessful due to poor recovery of the protein. From the
      present studies we conclude that arylsulfatase A contains an endo-beta-N
      acetylglucosaminidase F resistant, perhaps O-linked carbohydrate.

PMID- 2907840
TI  - Detection of drug resistance in human hematologic malignancy by monoclonal
      antibodies.

PMID- 2907841
TI  - Gene analysis in haemophilia A--restriction fragment length polymorphism and
      molecular defects in the factor VIII gene.

PMID- 2907842
TI  - Carrier detection of hemophilia A by DNA analysis.

PMID- 2907843
TI  - [Synthesis and the effect of new derivatives of perhydro-1,4,6-oxadiazocine on
      the central nervous system].

PMID- 2907844
TI  - [Pharmacological studies of new derivatives of 7-amino-imidazo-[1,2-A]
      pyrimidine].

PMID- 2907845
TI  - [Characteristics of newly isolated Bacillus sphaericus strains that are toxic to
      mosquitoes].

PMID- 2907847
TI  - [Clinical syndromes caused by alteration of the hGH genes].

PMID- 2907846
TI  - Characterization and purification of the F17 adhesin on the surface of bovine
      enteropathogenic and septicemic Escherichia coli.
AB  - The F17 antigen from bovine enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strain (E coli
      25KHO9), which adhered to calf intestinal villi, was isolated. An enterotoxin
      negative derivative (25KHO9st) was used for further studies. Using an immunogold
      labeling technique, the F17 antigen was characterized as a fimbrial protein. Pure
      fimbriae with a subunit molecular weight of 20,000 were obtained by
      homogenization and use of a sucrose gradient. The adhesion of E coli 25KHO9st was
      mediated by the F17 fimbriae, as both F17 antibodies and F17 protein blocked the
      adhesion of the strain 25KHO9st. The F17 fimbriae were serologically distinct
      from K88, K99, F41, and 987P fimbriae and did not agglutinate bovine, ovine,
      guinea pig, human, or chicken erythrocytes. Peptide fingerprint analysis revealed
      F17 and F(Y) adhesins to be homologous, if not identical.

PMID- 2907848
TI  - [Use of analgesics and antipyretics in pediatrics: introduction].

PMID- 2907849
TI  - [Prognosis and treatment of glomerulonephritis of periarteritis nodosa. The role
      of plasma exchange].
AB  - Fourteen patients with polyarteritis nodosa complicated by histologically
      confirmed glomerulopathies were included in a prospective multi-center study
      comparing corticotherapy (group 1, n = 8) with combined cyclophosphamide and
      steroids (group 2, n = 6). Plasma exchanges were associated on a routine basis.
      The two groups were comparable apart from initially more severe renal impairment
      in group 1 (p less than 0.05). Initial control of the disease was obtained in 11
      patients (7 from group 1, 4 from group 2) including the patients with
      oligoanuria. Six patients recovered, 3 had recurrence requiring chronic
      hemodialysis and 5 patients died from group 1 (p less than 0.05). These
      preliminary findings suggest that plasma exchange can contribute to control of
      polyarteritis nodosa with renal complications.

PMID- 2907850
TI  - [Collection of blood stem cells and therapeutic applications].
AB  - Peripheral blood stem cells were collected from 50 patients with different
      hematological malignancies. Leukaphereses (n = 263) were performed during the
      marrow regeneration phase following different types of chemotherapy. The mean
      number of CFU-GM collected per leukapheresis was 486 x 10(4), highest levels of
      CFU-GM being obtained in patients who received the most intensive chemotherapy
      and who had not been treated previously. Twenty-five patients underwent
      autologous blood stem cell transplantation. Hemopoietic recovery was complete and
      prompt in 24 patients. Only one patient had no megakaryocytic engraftment. These
      findings indicate that peripheral blood stem cells may be used for autologous
      transplantation in leukemic patients.

PMID- 2907851
TI  - The chromosome 19 linkage group LDLR, C3, LW, APOC2, LU, SE in man.
AB  - The data establish linkage in both sexes for LDLR:LW (zeta = 8.43 at theta =
      0.00) and in the male for LDLR:LU (zeta = 3.31 at theta = 0.00) and for LW:APOC2
      (zeta = 3.90 at theta = 0.00). They confirm LDLR:C3 and APOC2:LU linkage in both
      sexes, and LW:LU linkage in the male. The loci constitute two tightly linked gene
      clusters, LDLR, C3, LW and APOC2, LU, SE, distinguished by measurable linkage in
      female meioses within but not between clusters. Argument is supported for a
      19p13.2-cen position for LW and a long arm position for LU and SE.

PMID- 2907852
TI  - Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the complement component C4 loci on
      chromosome 6: studies with emphasis on the determination of gene number.
AB  - Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the C4 region of human chromosome 6
      have been studied in family material where the haplotypes are defined with regard
      to other genetic markers in this region. Employing one near full-length C4 probe
      and the combination of BglII and XbaI enzymes, five different C4 genes were
      characterized. Studies of the segregation of DNA patterns in families made
      possible the reliable determination of DNA C4 haplotype pattern including gene
      number. In the total material of 76 haplotypes, 13 different types with regard to
      number and/or DNA type of C4 gene(s) were encountered. Twelve of the haplotypes
      had one C4 gene only, 58 had two genes, while 6 had three C4 genes. This fits
      fairly well with the hypothesis that the one- and three-gene haplotypes have
      originated through unequal crossing-over between chromosomes carrying duplicated
      C4 genes.

PMID- 2907853
TI  - Klinefelter's syndrome: an analysis of the origin of the additional sex
      chromosome using molecular probes.
AB  - The results of our study of the origin of the additional X chromosome in 39 males
      with a 47,XXY chromosome constitution are reported. We used a total of 20 X
      linked RFLPs and successfully determined the origin of all 32 patients in whom
      DNA from both parents was available, and a further 3 in whom DNA was available
      from the patient and mother only. Males whose additional X chromosome was
      maternal in origin were further investigated using an X-linked centromere
      specific probe to determine the cell division at which the error occurred. Our
      results showed 53% of the non-disjunction to be attributable to pat mei I errors,
      34% to mat mei I errors, 9% to mat mei II errors and 3% to a post-zygotic mitotic
      error. In the great majority of patients resulting from an error of maternal
      meiosis there was clear evidence of recombination involving the non-disjoined
      chromosomes, suggesting that absence of recombination is not an important
      aetiological factor in non-disjunction of the X chromosome in female meiosis.
      There was no alteration of parental age associated with the paternally derived
      47,XXY males but a marked increase in maternal age among the maternally derived
      47,XXY males, the increase being associated with mat mei I but not mat mei II
      errors. The proportion of paternally and maternally derived cases was similar
      among different ascertainment classes, suggesting that there is no dramatic
      effect of parental origin of the additional X chromosome on the phenotype of
      47,XXY males.

PMID- 2907854
TI  - [Inhibitory effect of alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist (DG-5128) on intractable
      asthma--a double-blind, randomized, crossover study].

PMID- 2907855
TI  - Effect of troxerutin and methionine on spin trapping of free oxy-radicals.
AB  - The cardioprotective agents troxerutin and methionine are radical scavengers and
      compete with the DMPO adduct formation of .OH generated by the Fenton reaction.
      The concentration of trapped .O2- generated by the xanthine oxidase/hypoxanthine
      reaction is lowered in the presence of troxerutin. The decay of DMPO-OH is
      decreased by troxerutin compared to the control. In the presence of methionine a
      carbon-centered radical is produced. The investigations support the opinion that
      the scavenging of oxygen derived free radicals is of importance for the
      cardioprotective action of these agents.

PMID- 2907856
TI  - Antivasodepressor action of antihistaminics determined ex vivo in the leg blood
      vessels of anaphylactic mice and rats.
AB  - In anaphylactic mice and rats vasodepression determined ex vivo in the isolated
      perfused hindlegs can partly be prevented by pretreatment of the animals with
      promethazine, cyproheptadine, astemizole, clemastine, cimetidine, and some of
      their combinations. Astemizole and clemastine were most active. However, there
      was no complete protection against vasodepression, indicating vasodepression
      mediators others than histamine to be involved in the development of
      vasodepression.

PMID- 2907857
TI  - Excellent results with clorazepate in recalcitrant childhood epilepsies.
AB  - Eleven children with severe incapacitating generalized seizures were treated with
      sodium valproate and clorazepate and responded with a marked decrease in seizure
      frequency. Three children received clorazepate alone, either because of valproate
      toxicity or because of parental concern over side effects. These children, 5
      males and 6 females, ranged in age from 3 to 17 years. They manifested normal to
      severely retarded intelligence. Although valproate levels were in the therapeutic
      range, seizure control was inadequate. When clorazepate was added to valproate
      therapy a marked reduction in seizure frequency occurred within 24 hours and
      became optimal within 48 to 72 hours. Side effects were minimal with the
      exception of a nocturnal generalized tonic-clonic seizure in a single patient.
      Three children were withdrawn from therapy after a year because of recurrent
      seizures. One patient was restarted on therapy after 6 months and seizure control
      improved. Clorazepate may be a useful adjunct in the treatment of primary
      generalized seizures in children.

PMID- 2907858
TI  - Takayasu arteritis: a treatable cause of stroke in infancy.
AB  - Takayasu disease is an arteritis of unknown etiology involving the aorta and its
      major branches. Untreated, 75% of patients die within two years. A 6-month-old
      black female presented with a right focal seizure, a flaccid right hemiparesis,
      decreased pulses in the right arm, a large left frontoparietal hypodense area on
      computed tomography, and an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Cerebral
      angiography demonstrated irregular dilatation of both carotid arteries and
      narrowing of the left middle cerebral artery. Aneurysm of the right sinus of
      Valsalva, dilatation of the aortic root, narrowing of the origins of both carotid
      arteries, and beading of the descending aorta were demonstrated by cardiac
      angiography. The patient was treated with prednisone (2 mg/kg/day) and
      azathioprine (1 mg/kg/day). There was gradual return of the erythrocyte
      sedimentation rate to normal over the ensuing 3-10 months, resolution of the
      hemiparesis, and acquisition of normal developmental milestones. Digital
      subtraction angiography revealed improvement in the appearance of the descending
      aorta and of the common carotid arteries with the disappearance of the arterial
      wall irregularities. Early diagnosis and vigorous immunosuppression may improve
      outcome in this rare and often fatal vascular disease in childhood.

PMID- 2907859
TI  - King-Denborough syndrome: contracture testing and literature review.
AB  - The King-Denborough syndrome (KDS) is characterized by dysmorphic features,
      myopathy, and malignant hyperthermia (MH). Physiologic contracture testing for MH
      susceptibility has not been reported in KDS. A young boy with KDS underwent
      muscle biopsy evaluation at age 3 years that documented an abnormal contracture
      response to halothane, indicating MH susceptibility. Histopathology demonstrated
      small type II fibers associated with type I hypertrophy. Contracture testing of
      muscle obtained from the patient's mother was positive, while a sibling's test
      was negative. This case is the first to demonstrate susceptibility to MH with KDS
      by using physiologic contracture testing. The presence of positive MH results in
      both the patient and his mother suggest one of the following: (1) KDS may be part
      of the spectrum of autosomal dominantly inherited MH; (2) the locus for MH and
      for KDS may be linked closely and inherited concurrently, or; (3) the association
      of MH and KDS may be coincidental.

PMID- 2907860
TI  - [Aminoalkyl derivatives of benzotriazole and naphthotriazole].

PMID- 2907861
TI  - The use of biofeedback in a behavioral program designed to teach an anxious child
      self-catheterization.
AB  - This paper presents a case study of a 7-year-old girl with a noncompliant bladder
      who was trained to self-catheterize using biofeedback and behavior therapy
      techniques. Initial attempts to train her to self-catheterize were unsuccessful
      owing to excessive amounts of fear, muscle tension, and refusal. After seven
      treatment sessions in which she was instructed in proper self-catheterization
      technique by a urology nurse clinician and coached in biofeedback-assisted
      relaxation by a clinical psychologist, the child successfully learned to self
      catheterize. EMG readings showed a decrease in quadriceps muscle tension levels
      across sessions. Eight additional sessions were held in order to train the
      child's parents in proper technique and coaching procedures. Through the use of
      portable biofeedback equipment during actual training sessions, the biofeedback
      served as a cue--first to the child and coach, and later to the child and parents
      -for when the child needed to stop and relax. This case illustrates the
      usefulness of biofeedback in a comprehensive behavioral program designed to teach
      self-catheterization to fearful children.

PMID- 2907862
TI  - Influence of stimulatory parameters on sinus node recovery time: an in vitro
      study.
AB  - The effects of pacing frequency, overdrive duration and stimulus amplitude on the
      sinus node recovery time (SNRT) were studied in the isolated right atrium of the
      rat. A positive relationship between pacing frequency and the SNRT was observed,
      whereas overdrive duration and stimulus amplitude did not affect SNRT. There was
      no significant interaction among the factors studied. The effect of frequency
      upon SNRT probably does not involve neurotransmitter release due to stimulation,
      since in vitro pretreatment with atropine plus propranolol does change the SNRT
      frequency relation.

PMID- 2907863
TI  - [Kinetic alterations of coagulation-anticoagulation and the fibrinolytic system
      in patients with epidemic hemorrhagic fever and their significance].

PMID- 2907864
TI  - [Effects of ribavirin on coagulation-anticoagulation in patients with epidemic
      hemorrhagic fever].

PMID- 2907865
TI  - The autonomic nervous system and related drugs in dental practice, Part II:
      Adrenergic agonists and antagonists.

PMID- 2907866
TI  - [The simultaneous administration of nifedipine and beta blockers].

PMID- 2907867
TI  - Chemical mediators and treatment of pain in rheumatic disease.

PMID- 2907868
TI  - Circadian rhythm in gamma glutamyltranspeptidase and leucine aminopeptidase
      urinary activity in rats.
AB  - Urinary gamma glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) and leucine aminopeptidase (LAP),
      renal tubular brush border enzymes, have been shown to be sensitive indicators of
      renal tubular functions. This study documents circadian rhythms in the urinary
      activity of GGT and LAP, statistically validated and quantified by the cosinor
      method, in 15 male Wistar rats standardized to a LD 12:12 illumination schedule
      (light from 0800 hr to 2000 hr) and fed ad libitum. The acrophase of the
      circadian rhythms in urinary GGT and LAP activity occurred at the end of the rest
      span of the animals: between 1730 and 1915 for GGT (depending on the mode of
      expression of the activity) and between 1700 and 1910 for LAP. Of striking
      resemblance in their timing, both these rhythms were also of large amplitude
      (about 50% of the mesor for urinary GGT activity and about 45% for LAP one). The
      circadian acrophases of urinary GGT and LAP activity led in timing the circadian
      rhythms in urine volume and creatinine excretion by about 13 hr. Such findings
      consistent with the circadian variations found by other investigators in GGT in
      kidney homogenates or in LAP in human urine thus reflect a periodicity in renal
      tubular function. The reasons for these circadian variations, still unknown at
      this time, are discussed. The influence recently demonstrated of the hormonal
      context on protein and enzyme synthesis at the tubule, and its phase relations to
      urinary enzyme excretion emphasize how much the circadian rhythm in urinary GGT
      and LAP activity is well included in the murine time structure.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2907869
TI  - [Effects of Ligusticum-carthamus injection on experimental cerebral edema].

PMID- 2907870
TI  - Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase activities in liver of Suncus murinus
      (insectivora).
AB  - 1. The distribution of L-alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase (AGT) activities
      were found in Suncus liver, 55% in particulate fraction and 45% in supernatant.
      2. 65% of AGT activities in particulate were dependent on AGT isoenzyme 2 (AGT 2)
      having molecular weight 210,000, the remainder (35%) of AGT activities were
      dependent on AGT isoenzyme 1 (AGT 1) which have aminotransferase activity for
      serine. AGT activities in supernatant were dependent on AGT 1, AGT 2 and
      alanine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase (GPT), and their activity ratios were 10,
      15 and 75%, respectively. 3. Km values for alanine were 0.52 mM; AGT 1, 3.3 mM;
      AGT 2, 0.88 mM; GPT measuring with AGT activity. AGT activity of GPT was
      inhibited by addition of glutamate and its Ki value was 1.8 mM. 4. Some other
      properties of AGT 1, AGT 2 and GPT are described.

PMID- 2907871
TI  - Comparative biochemistry of mammalian arylsulfatases A and B.
AB  - 1. Arylsulfatases A and B occurred as a major anionic and cationic isozyme,
      respectively, among eleven eutherian mammalian species. 2. Minor anionic
      arylsulfatase B isozymes were observed in rodents, dog, whale and pig, and were
      either monomeric (vole, Mr = 67 +/- 2 kDa), an apparent aggregate (dog, whale,
      pig; Mr = 192 +/- 10 kDa), or both (rat, mouse; monomeric Mr = 57 +/- 2 kDa;
      apparent dimeric Mr = 114 +/- 3 kDa). 3. Minor cationic arylsulfatase A isozymes
      were isolated from the deer, whale and pig. 4. Opossum arylsulfatases A and B
      were both anionic, had similar relative molecular weights, were not inhibited by
      silver, and were not precipitated by anti-murine arylsulfatase B nor anti-bovine
      arylsulfatase A IgG preparations.

PMID- 2907872
TI  - A polymorphic DNA marker on chromosome 10 linked to RBP3 on the MEN2A side.

PMID- 2907873
TI  - Glucocorticoid receptor maps to the distal long arm of chromosome 5.

PMID- 2907874
TI  - Genes for salivary proline-rich proteins and taste for phenylthiourea are not
      closely linked in humans.

PMID- 2907875
TI  - [A dynamic study of plasminogen, antithrombin III, fibrinogen and DIC in epidemic
      hemorrhagic fever].

PMID- 2907876
TI  - [Study on neuro-endocrine type of gastric carcinoma].
AB  - One hundred patients with gastric carcinoma resected surgically were studied by
      PAP immunoperoxidase and ultrastructural method. It was found that the tumor
      cells were positive for gastrin, serotonin, somatostatin as well as argyrophil
      particles in 19 patients. In these 19 patients, the quantity of endocrine tumor
      cells surpassed half of its total cancer cells in 4, leading to a separate entity
      of neuroendocrine gastric carcinoma. The authors hope to introduce this new
      subtype into the classification of gastric carcinoma. Among the 100 cases, 50
      patients with undifferentiated carcinomas contained the NE cells in 16 (32%), the
      remains for high differentiated adenocarcinomas had the NE cells in 3 (6%) only.
      It was suggested that the appearance of NE tumor cells was closely correlated to
      differentiation of gastric carcinoma. This study theoretically demonstrated the
      heterogenicity of gastric carcinoma and supported the theory that different kinds
      of tumor cells (endocrine and nonendocrine) may have a common origin and are
      derived from the endoembryogenetic immature precursor cells.

PMID- 2907877
TI  - Absence of crystalluria and estimation of renal parameters after oral and
      intravenous ofloxacin as compared to placebo in healthy volunteers.
AB  - An open placebo-controlled study on eleven healthy male volunteers was carried
      out to investigate renal tolerance and the possibility of crystalluria after oral
      and intravenous administration of ofloxacin. Subjects received single doses of
      200 and 400 mg ofloxacin orally, 200 mg ofloxacin intravenously, or placebo.
      Urine was collected in several fractions on each study day and the urine volume,
      excretion of ofloxacin, and excretion of creatinine, alanine aminopeptidase, N
      acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase, and gamma-glutamyltransferase were calculated in
      each fraction collected. Furthermore, the urine was investigated microscopically
      to determine whether ofloxacin crystals were present. Serum creatinine and
      creatinine clearance were also calculated. No relevant changes in creatinine
      clearance were observed and no drug crystals were found in the urine which
      indicates that renal tolerance was good. There were no differences in ofloxacin
      recovery after oral or intravenous administration, confirming that absolute
      bioavailability of the oral form is excellent.

PMID- 2907878
TI  - Tissue- and stage-specific control of homeotic and segmentation gene expression
      in Drosophila embryos by the polyhomeotic gene.
AB  - The distributions of the products of the homeotic genes Sex combs reduced (Scr)
      and Ultrabithorax (Ubx) and of the segmentation genes, fushi tarazu (ftz), even
      skipped (eve) and engrailed (en) have been monitored in polyhomeotic (ph) mutant
      embryos. None of the genes monitored show abnormal expression at the blastoderm
      stage in the absence of zygotic ph expression. Both Scr and Ubx are ectopically
      expressed in the epidermis of ph embryos, confirming the earlier proposal, based
      on genetic analysis, that ph+ acts as a negative regulator of Antennapedia (ANT
      C) and bithorax (BX-C) complex genes. At the shortened germ band stage, en is
      also ectopically expressed, mainly in the anterior region of each segment. In
      contrast to these effects in the epidermis, the expression of en, Ubx, Scr and
      ftz is largely or completely suppressed in the central nervous system, whereas
      eve becomes ectopically expressed in most neurones.

PMID- 2907879
TI  - Cell proliferation and early differentiation during embryonic development and
      metamorphosis of Hydractinia echinata.
AB  - The early embryonic development of Hydractinia lasts about 2.5 days until the
      developing planula larva acquires competence for metamorphosis. Most embryonic
      cells stop cycling on reaching the larval stage. In older larvae of Hydractinia,
      cells that are still proliferating occur exclusively in the endoderm in a typical
      distribution along the longitudinal axis. During metamorphosis, proliferation
      activity begins again. The number of S-phase cells has increased by the 9th hour
      after induction of metamorphosis. Proliferative activity starts in the middle
      gastric region and in basal parts of primary polyps. Tentacles and stolon tips
      are always free of replicating cells.

PMID- 2907880
TI  - Familial multiple endocrine neoplasia type I.

PMID- 2907881
TI  - Regulation of eukaryotic genes by cyclic-AMP.

PMID- 2907882
TI  - The F1-ATPase from Streptococcus cremoris: isolation, purification and partial
      characterization.
AB  - 1. The F1-ATPase from the plasma membrane of Streptococcus cremoris HA was
      released by low ionic shock wash and purified by gel filtration and ion exchange
      chromatography. 2. The specific activity of the purified F1-ATPase was 25.8 mumol
      Pi/mg protein/min. 3. Km for ATP was 0.80 mM, and Ki for ADP as a competetive
      inhibitor 0.40 mM. 4. The purified F1-ATPase consisted of five subunits, alpha,
      beta, gamma, delta and epsilon, with molecular masses of 47.0, 45.0, 29.5, 22.0
      and 13.0 kDa, respectively. 5. The isoelectric point of the enzyme complex was
      found to be 4.4.

PMID- 2907883
TI  - Two spectrophotometric assays for D-amino acid oxidase: for the study of
      distribution patterns.
AB  - 1. Two simple, rapid and sensitive methods are described for measurement of D
      amino acid oxidase (DAO) activity using crude tissue extracts for the study of
      distribution patterns. 2. They detect products of oxidative deamination of D
      amino acids catalyzed by DAO, i.e. alpha-keto acids and H2O2 by measuring light
      absorbances at 445 and 500 nm, respectively. 3. Reliability of the methods was
      confirmed by quantitative detection of DAO added to the tissue extract, based on
      standard curves, time courses and values of Km and Ki, obtained using D-Ala as
      substrate.

PMID- 2907884
TI  - Isolation and characterization of chromosomal proteins from the mosquito
      Anopheles albimanus Weidemann.
AB  - 1. Nuclei were isolated from adult anopheline mosquitoes and fractionated into
      nucleolar chromatin, nucleoplasmic chromatin and ribonucleoprotein particles by
      sucrose density gradients. 2. Histones and nonhistone proteins were selectively
      dissociated from chromatin by treatment with sodium chloride, urea and guanidine
      HC1. 3. A special class of nonhistone proteins (tight proteins) were extracted
      from chromatin with Na4P2O7. 4. The electrophoretic properties of the histones,
      nonhistone proteins and ribonucleoprotein particles were examined by isoelectric
      focusing and SDS multiphase polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. 5. By contrast to
      the histones, the nonhistone proteins displayed considerable heterogeneity. 6.
      Possible functional implications of the chromosomal proteins are discussed.

PMID- 2907885
TI  - Corrosion resistance of solder joints for removable partial dentures.

PMID- 2907886
TI  - [Evaluation of flow reserve in internal mammary artery in situ bypass].
AB  - The internal mammary artery, when used as a conduit for coronary artery bypass,
      offers a better long-term patency and survival rate than the saphenous vein.
      However, concern exists that the flow through the internal mammary artery may be
      inadequate during periods of peak myocardial demand. This flow was investigated
      in 18 consecutive patients who were selected for coronary bypass of the left
      anterior descending artery using the internal mammary artery. All patients were
      evaluated post-operatively within 12 months by means of graded maximal stress
      test, cardiac catheterization and exercise thallium-201 scintigraphy. Significant
      improvement in work capacity, maximal rate-pressure product, effort angina and
      ECG abnormalities during exercise stress testing were observed following internal
      mammary artery myocardial revascularization. The patency rate for internal
      mammary artery grafts was 100% (vs 85% for vein grafts); during the followup
      period, occlusion of a saphenous vein bypass or development of a new stenosis in
      a native coronary artery was noted in five patients, and two patients were
      classified as having partial revascularization. Ischemia, demonstrated by
      perfusion deficits at peak stress which disappeared in the 3-hour delayed film,
      was documented in 7.4% (4/54) of the areas supplied by internal mammary artery
      grafts, compared to 31% (13/42) of the regions revascularized using saphenous
      vein conduits. Although this result was not statistically significant, a definite
      trend is suggested. We conclude that ischemia demonstrated by stress thallium
      scintigraphy in the post-operative period is uncommon when an internal mammary
      artery graft has been used. This suggests that adequate coronary flow exists at
      peak myocardial demand during exercise.

PMID- 2907888
TI  - Cryptorchidism. Proceedings of an ESPE symposium. 27th annual meeting of the
      European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology. Copenhagen, June 26-29, 1988.

PMID- 2907887
TI  - [Physiologic and hygienic characteristics of the work of video display terminal
      operators].

PMID- 2907889
TI  - Surgical and hormonal therapy for cryptorchidism: an overview.
AB  - The treatment of the undescended testis still engenders controversy on both sides
      of the Atlantic. To date, there is still no consensus on how to treat a child
      with an undescended testis. Some physicians advocate surgical therapy of all
      children whose testes are not located at the bottom of the scrotum whereas others
      feel that hormonal therapy should be tried initially on all such boys. The
      following attempts to provide an objective assessment of each of these two
      therapeutic modalities, highlighting the current controversies.

PMID- 2907890
TI  - The embryology of testicular descent.
AB  - A description is given of the role of the gubernaculum testis in the migration of
      the testis from the intra-abdominal to the scrotal position. The morphological
      differences in the process between carnivores, ungulates and man on the one hand
      and rodents on the other are stressed. The importance of gubernacular outgrowth,
      gubernacular regression as well as the importance of intra-abdominal pressure is
      emphasized. The effects of some forms of abnormal gubernacular development on
      testicular descent are described. The hormonal factors possibly involved in the
      regulation of the gubernacular reaction are evaluated. LH-RH, gonadotropins, AMH
      and testosterone seem not to be responsible for gubernacular outgrowth but a low
      molecular weight fraction of a fetal testicular extract, called descendin, is
      stimulatory to gubernacular cells. There are indications that testosterone plays
      a role in the initiation of gubernacular regression.

PMID- 2907891
TI  - The epidemiology of cryptorchidism. John Radcliffe Hospital Cryptorchidism
      Research Group.
AB  - A total of 3,559 boys were examined for cryptorchidism over a 2-year period. At
      birth, 5.9% (210/3,534) had one or both testes undescended and at 3 months of age
      1.61% (57/3,534) still had an undescended testis. These figures represent an
      increase in undescended testis of 40% at birth and 68% at 3 months when compared
      with figures collected in a similar study in the late 1950s. This increase in
      cryptorchidism still does not account for the increased number of orchiopexies
      being performed. Low birthweight was also found to be a risk factor for the
      presence of an undescended testis.

PMID- 2907892
TI  - Cryptorchidism and testicular neoplasia.

PMID- 2907893
TI  - Natural history of the maldescended testis.
AB  - In a series of 545 boys with undescended testis, 91 had bilateral spontaneous
      descent after the age of 10. Forty-five accepted to take part in an investigation
      of their fertility based on history, clinical examination, sperm analysis and
      estimation of serum FSH levels. In the majority, the volume of the testis was
      below normal and the sperm concentration was below the lower limit of the normal
      range. It is concluded that late spontaneous bilateral descent of the testis
      carries a serious risk of later impaired spermatogenesis.

PMID- 2907894
TI  - Endocrine and immunological findings in cryptorchid infants.
AB  - In cryptorchid infants, significantly decreased mean levels of plasma
      testosterone and luteinizing hormone (LH) were found between the ages of 30 and
      120 days. The levels of testosterone and LH were significantly correlated. No
      significant difference was found between infants with bilateral or unilateral
      cryptorchidism. After 120 days there was no longer any significant difference
      between cryptorchid infants and controls. No significant change in plasma
      follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) was found. These data suggest that subnormal
      secretion of LH could be the primary abnormality in a proportion of boys with so
      called common cryptorchidism. Our studies using LH-releasing hormone and human
      chorionic gonadotropin stimulation tests in older infants and children agree with
      the data obtained by measurement of basal plasma hormone levels during the first
      months of life. Anti-gonadotroph antibodies were found in the sera of
      approximately 50% of the cryptorchid children and infants studied, using an
      immunofluorescence technique. A study of 17 mothers and their infants gave
      concordant results in 16 pairs, 9 with and 7 without antibodies. This lead us to
      speculate on the possible role of maternal autoantibodies as a cause of partial
      gonadotrophin deficiency in the perinatal period and thus of testicular
      maldescent. As cryptorchidism is a syndrome, these findings do not mean that a
      similar mechanism is operative in all cases. However, these data do suggest that
      alternatives to the classical anatomical view of the descent and nondescent of
      the testes should be considered.

PMID- 2907895
TI  - Hormonal treatment of cryptorchidism.
AB  - Hormonal treatment of cryptorchidism with a gonadotropic substance from pregnancy
      urine or with an anterior-pituitary-like substance dates from the early 1930s.
      Success rates varied from 25 to 100%. Subsequently, human chorionic gonadotropin
      (hCG) administered intramuscularly came into use. The success rates of several
      large studies have varied from 25 to 55%. Widely divergent results have,
      likewise, been reported following the intranasal administration of luteinizing
      hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH), the efficacy of which has been investigated in
      many studies, including placebo-controlled trials. Combined LHRH and hCG
      treatment schedules have been recently assessed, with equally divergent success
      rates. The most important factor influencing the rate of success is the
      testicular position before treatment: the lower the position of the testis before
      treatment the better the result. The experience with LHRH nasal spray treatment
      for cryptorchidism in 252 prepubertal boys is presented in this study, including
      several years follow-up, and the results compared with data reported in the
      literature.

PMID- 2907896
TI  - Treatment of cryptorchidism with human chorionic gonadotropin or gonadotropin
      releasing hormone. A double-blind controlled study of 243 boys.
AB  - We have conducted a modified double-blind study on the effect of human chorionic
      gonadotropin (hCG), gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) and placebo on
      bilateral and unilateral maldescended testes. One hundred and fifty-five boys
      with bilateral and 88 boys with unilateral cryptorchidism fulfilled the inclusion
      criteria and completed the treatment protocol. The boys were between 1 and 13
      years of age. hCG was administered as intramuscular injections twice weekly for 3
      weeks. GnRH and placebo were given intranasally. hCG was superior to GnRH and
      placebo in the treatment of bilateral maldescended testes (p = 0.0009). Both
      testes descended in 25% of the boys following treatment with hCG, and improvement
      in the position of the testes was obtained in a further 25% of the cases. hCG
      administration resulted in complete testicular descent in 14% of boys with
      unilateral cryptorchidism compared with 3 and 0% after placebo and GnRH,
      respectively (p = 0.07). The testis had moved to a more distal position in 46% of
      the boys treated with hCG. There was no significant difference between the
      treatment groups with regard to age or initial position of the testes. We
      conclude that a success rate of 25% justifies the use of hCG in the treatment of
      maldescended testes, whereas the study did not support a general use of GnRH
      administered intranasally.

PMID- 2907897
TI  - Three injections of human chorionic gonadotropin are as effective as ten
      injections in the treatment of cryptorchidism.
AB  - Two schedules of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) administration were compared
      in a study of 332 boys (473 testes) aged 1-13 years with cryptorchidism. One
      group of patients received 10 hCG injections according to the International
      Health Foundation (IHF) schedule while the other group received 3 hCG injections
      at intervals of 7-10 days (1-3 years = 3 x 1,000 IU; 3-6 years = 3 x 1,500 IU; 6
      10 years = 3 x 3,000 IU; 10-13 years = 3 x 5,000 IU hCG). Results from both
      schedules were comparable during the first and also during a second treatment
      period at the age of 1-3 and 3-6 years; between 6 and 13 years of age the IHF
      schedule was more successful.

PMID- 2907898
TI  - Undescended testis: comparison of two protocols of treatment with human chorionic
      gonadotropin. Effect on testicular descent and hormonal response.
AB  - A randomized study of two protocols of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
      treatment was performed in 183 prepubertal boys between 7 months and 12 years of
      age: protocol I, in which the boys were given 7 injections of 1,500 IU every
      other day, and protocol II consisting of 4 injections of 100 IU/kg at 4- to 5-day
      intervals. In both protocols, by the end of the test, testosterone had risen
      significantly to values within the normal adult male range. However, the
      amplitude of the rise was slightly but significantly lower using protocol II
      (4.08 +/- 2.07 ng/ml) than protocol I (5.16 +/- 2.73 ng/ml). It would thus appear
      that repetition of the hCG injection at intervals of less than 4 days is
      unnecessary, and that a total stimulation period of 2-3 weeks is sufficient.
      Although not correlated with testosterone levels, the success rates for treatment
      were similar in both protocols and comparable to rates reported in the
      literature.

PMID- 2907899
TI  - Treatment with human chorionic gonadotropin induces inflammation-like changes in
      the testicular microcirculation in adult unilaterally cryptorchid rats.
AB  - Treatment of adult unilaterally cryptorchid rats results in an increased vascular
      permeability in the testes. This response is however more pronounced in abdominal
      than in scrotal testes.

PMID- 2907900
TI  - Long-term effect of a luteinizing-hormone-releasing hormone analogue (buserelin)
      on cryptorchid testes (extended summary).

PMID- 2907901
TI  - [Unusual reactions induced by contact with the Pelagia noctiluca medusa.
      Presentation of 3 cases].

PMID- 2907902
TI  - Action of cholesterol on virulence related biochemical functions of Entamoeba
      histolytica.

PMID- 2907903
TI  - Changes in brain biogenic amines under influence of an indigenous drug,
      geriforte, following immobilization stress.

PMID- 2907904
TI  - Heavy drinking and accidents--a prospective study among men of working age.
AB  - The injuries of 438 consecutive men of working age (20-64 years) were
      investigated. These patients were admitted to the Department of Orthopaedics and
      Traumatology of the Helsinki University Central Hospital. The MAST interview was
      used as the criterion for heavy drinking. Of the whole series 27.4 per cent met
      the heavy drinking criterion and in 36.4 per cent alcohol intoxication (AI) was
      present on admission. AI was more common in heavy drinkers (62 per cent) compared
      with the controls (23 per cent) (chi 2 test, P less than 0.001). S-GGT was
      elevated in 34 per cent of the heavy drinkers. Elevated levels of S-GGT among
      heavy drinkers also correlated with postoperative complications. The hospital
      stay of the heavy drinkers compared with the controls was statistically
      significantly longer (10.7 days versus 7.3 days). Although the proportion of
      alcohol intoxication among heavy drinkers was high, of the heavy drinkers almost
      40 per cent were sober on admission. Interviews, such as MAST are recommended for
      use routinely with injured patients to assess alcohol abuse 'through accidents'.

PMID- 2907905
TI  - Platelet alpha 2-adrenoceptor binding in migraine.

PMID- 2907906
TI  - The aching head. Intracranial suppuration due to head and neck infections.
AB  - Many infections of the head and neck may progress to cause more serious
      suppurative complications that involve the brain and its associated structures.
      Because many, if not all, of these infectious diseases present as headache, it
      would be appropriate to discuss all these clinical entities, but because of space
      limitations, this article focuses on brain abscess, subdural empyema, and cranial
      epidural abscess. These three pyogenic infections are reviewed in relation to
      their causal relationship to common and important pericranial infections.

PMID- 2907907
TI  - [Role of endogenous norepinephrine and effects of alpha- and beta-blockers in
      experimental spinal cord compression injury].
AB  - The changes in spinal cord micro-circulation were investigated after
      administering alpha- and beta-blockers to rabbits with acute spinal cord injury.
      Immediately after the 8th thoracic spinal cord was injured by applying pressure
      with a weight (50 g) for 1 minute, an alpha or beta-blocker was injected into the
      subarachnoid space of the injured region of the spinal cord. Spinal cord edema,
      blood flow, vascular permeability, and the mean arterial pressure were compared
      between the groups treated with each agent and the control group. One hour after
      the injury, the water content of the spinal cord was significantly lower in the
      phenoxybenzamine-treated group than in the control group. After 6 hours, however,
      no significant difference was observed between these two groups. The spinal cord
      blood flow was higher in the phenoxybenzamine-treated group than in the control
      group until 6 hours after the injury. These results suggest involvement of
      norepinephrine in the formation of edema at the early stage of spinal cord
      injury.

PMID- 2907908
TI  - [Recent progress in diagnosis and treatment of digestive diseases. I. Chronic
      gastritis and peptic ulcer. 1. Chronic gastritis and uncertain complaint of the
      abdomen].

PMID- 2907909
TI  - [Recent progress in diagnosis and treatment of digestive diseases. I. Chronic
      gastritis and peptic ulcer. 3. Drug treatment of peptic ulcer disease-including
      maintenance therapy in the prevention of recurrence].

PMID- 2907910
TI  - [Recent progress in diagnosis and treatment of digestive diseases. III.
      Inflammatory bowel diseases. 7. Medical treatment of ulcerative colitis and
      Crohn's disease].

PMID- 2907911
TI  - Comparison of the efficacy of four antihistamines in chronic urticaria.

PMID- 2907912
TI  - Chronic treatment with dopamine receptor antagonists: behavioral and
      pharmacologic effects on D1 and D2 dopamine receptors.
AB  - Rats were treated for 21 d with the selective D1 dopamine receptor antagonist
      SCH23390, the selective D2 dopamine receptor antagonist spiperone, the
      nonselective dopamine receptor antagonist cis-flupentixol, or a combination of
      SCH23390 and spiperone. In addition, a group of rats received L-prolyl-L-leucyl
      glycinamide (PLG) for 5 d after the 21 d chronic spiperone treatment. Chronic
      treatment with SCH23390 resulted in a significant increase in D1 dopamine
      receptor density with no change in the D2 dopamine receptor density. Conversely,
      spiperone treatment resulted in a significant increase in D2 dopamine receptors
      and no change in D1 dopamine receptor density. PLG treatment had no effect.
      SCH23390 plus spiperone treatment resulted in a significant increase in both D1
      and D2 dopamine receptor densities. However, although in vitro cis-flupentixol
      has an equal affinity for D1 and D2 dopamine receptors, only the D2 dopamine
      receptor density increased after chronic treatment with cis-flupentixol. In vivo
      treatment with the protein-modifying reagent N-ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2
      dihydroquinoline (EEDQ), which irreversibly inactivates D1 and D2 dopamine
      receptors, was used to investigate the paradoxical, selective D2 dopamine
      receptor up-regulation induced by cis-flupentixol treatment. In vivo treatment
      with cis-flupentixol before EEDQ administration prevented the D1 and D2 dopamine
      receptor reductions induced by EEDQ. However, cis-flupentixol protected, in a
      dose-dependent manner, a greater percentage of D2 dopamine receptors than of D1
      dopamine receptors from EEDQ-induced modification. These data indicate that, in
      vivo, cis-flupentixol preferentially interacts with D2 dopamine receptors and
      could explain why only D2 dopamine receptors were up-regulated following chronic
      treatment with cis-flupentixol. Rats were tested for their cataleptic response to
      the administered drug over the course of the chronic drug treatment. Catalepsy
      scores of rats receiving spiperone decreased over the course of treatment, with a
      significant reduction in catalepsy occurring by treatment day 5. The profound
      catalepsy observed in rats receiving SCH23390 did not change over the 21 d of
      treatment. Rats receiving cis-flupentixol demonstrated tolerance to its
      cataleptogenic effects, with a significant reduction in catalepsy observed by
      treatment day 7. During the 3 week treatment, the time between drug injection and
      a full cataleptic response to cis-flupentixol increased from 20 to 60 min,
      suggesting a tolerance to the D2, but not D1, dopamine receptor antagonism by cis
      flupentixol.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2907913
TI  - Neuropeptide Y modulates neurotransmitter release and Ca2+ currents in rat
      sensory neurons.
AB  - Using 125I-labeled neuropeptide Y (NPY) and peptide YY (PYY), we demonstrated the
      existence of specific receptors for these peptides on rat dorsal root ganglion
      (DRG) cells grown in primary culture. Scatchard analysis of membrane homogenates
      indicated that the peptides bound to 2 populations of sites, with approximate
      affinities of 0.08 and 6.5 nM. Only low levels of binding were detected on
      sympathetic neurons cultured from the same animals or on a variety of neuronal
      clonal cell lines. The binding of 125I-NPY and 125I-PYY to DRG cell membranes was
      considerably reduced by the nonhydrolyzable analog of GTP, Gpp(NH)p. The major
      effect of Gpp(NH)p was to reduce the number of lower-affinity NPY binding sites
      without altering the number of high-affinity binding sites. NPY potently
      inhibited Ca2+ currents recorded under voltage clamp in rat DRG cells. Both the
      transient and sustained portions of the Ca2+ current were inhibited. The
      inhibitory effects of NPY were completely blocked following treatment of the
      cells with pertussis toxin. Depolarization elicited a large influx of Ca2+ into
      DRG neurons as assessed using fura-2-based microspectrofluorimetry. This influx
      of Ca2+ could be partially inhibited by NPY. Furthermore, NPY effectively
      inhibited the depolarization-induced release of substance P from DRG cells in
      vitro. Thus, NPY may be an important regulator of sensory neuron function in
      vivo.

PMID- 2907914
TI  - [Phonocardiographic and two-dimensional and pulsed Doppler echocardiographic
      studies of Still's murmurs].
AB  - The prevalence of Still's murmur was examined by phonocardiographic study, and
      the clinical significance of this murmur was investigated using pharmacodynamic
      phonocardiography and echocardiography. Still's murmur was present in 224 of
      9,478 cases (2.4%) in school children. Its prevalence was 143 in 4,524 (3.2%) in
      elementary school children and this was significantly greater than that in middle
      school youngsters who numbered 81 among 4,954 (1.6%) (p less than 0.001). There
      were neither abnormal findings on two-dimensional echocardiography, nor
      pathological regurgitant signals on pulsed Doppler examination. After the
      inhalation of amyl nitrite, Still's murmur was accentuated by 5.3 +/- 3.0 dB, and
      was louder in the expiratory than in the inspiratory phase by 4.7 +/- 3.5 dB.

PMID- 2907915
TI  - [Role of cardiac nerves in determination and modulation of blood pressure
      oscillation pattern].
AB  - Effects of autonomic innervation of the heart for blood pressure oscillation
      (BPO) caused by a side pressure exertion procedure in rabbits were studied by
      intravenous administrations of atropine or beta-blockers (metoprolol and
      propranolol). When relatively large doses of these drugs were injected the
      oscillation disappeared. Atropine injection caused three types of effects on BPO:
      mostly abolition, diminution and sometimes augmentation. In the diminished cases,
      the oscillation waves were subjected to a successive decrease in the height and
      the gradient of ascending limbs. And the extent of bradycardia on the descending
      limb was less than that of the control. In the augmented cases which accounted
      for one fifth of all the results, the injection enhanced the BPO in wave height
      and gradient. Meanwhile, the administration of beta-blockers resulted in
      disappearance or a decrease in wave height and gradient of the ascending limbs of
      waves. From these, it is suggested that cardiac sympathetic and vagal discharges
      accelerate blood pressure rise of the ascending limb, and vagal discharges
      contribute to active descent of each wave. It is suggested that the BPO is
      influenced not only by the periodic change of the total peripheral resistance but
      also by the concomitant changes in tones of cardiac nerves.

PMID- 2907916
TI  - Differential acute and chronic response of protein kinase C in cultured neonatal
      rat heart myocytes to alpha 1-adrenergic and phorbol ester stimulation.
AB  - Both alpha 1-adrenergic agonists (e.g. norepinephrine, NE*) and tumor-promoting
      phorbol esters (e.g. phorbol myristate acetate, PMA) are known to activate
      protein kinase C (PKC) (Abdel-Latif, 1986, Niedel and Blackshear, 1986). However,
      alpha 1 agonists and PMA produce very different effects on cardiac function (see
      Simpson, 1985; Benfey, 1987; Meidell et al., 1986; Leatherman et al., 1987; Yuan
      et al., 1987; for examples). PKC activation in heart cells has been studied only
      for PMA treated perfused heart (Yuan et al., 1987). Therefore, acute activation
      and chronic regulation of PKC by NE and PMA were compared in cultured neonatal
      rat heart myocytes. NE acutely and transiently activated PKC, as measured by
      translocation of PKC activity to the cell particulate fraction (Niedel and
      Blackshear, 1986). Particulate PKC activity peaked at 23% of total after NE for
      30 s, as compared with 8% for control (P less than 0.001). By contrast, acute PKC
      activation by PMA was more pronounced and persistent, with particulate PKC
      activity 62% of total at 5 min (P less than 0.001). Calcium/lipid-independent
      kinase activity increased acutely with PMA, but not with NE. Chronic treatment
      with NE (24 to 48 h) increased total per cell PKC activity and 3H-phorbol
      dibutyrate (PDB) binding sites, an index of the number of PKC molecules (Niedel
      and Blackshear, 1986), by 30 to 60% over control (all P less than 0.05 to 0.01).
      In contrast with NE, chronic treatment with PMA down-regulated PKC, reducing
      total per cell PKC activity and 3H-PDB binding sites to 3% and 12% of control,
      respectively (P less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2907917
TI  - [Purification and characterization of Vibrio parahaemolyticus pili isolated from
      a patient with diarrhea: comparative studies with Vibrio cholerae O1 pili].

PMID- 2907918
TI  - [Carbohydrate antigens in embryo and their clinical application].

PMID- 2907919
TI  - [Measurement of thyroid growth stimulating and inhibiting autoantibodies:
      examination using FRTL-5 cells].

PMID- 2907920
TI  - [Changes in neurotransmitters in Alzheimer-type dementia].

PMID- 2907921
TI  - Tetrodotoxin-unaffected depolarization of frog muscles induced by the venom of
      jellyfish (Genus aurelia).
AB  - In the isolated frog muscle, the proteinaceous venom extracted from jellyfish
      (genus Aurelia) produced 1) a complete and irreversible block of indirectly and
      directly elicited muscle twitch and 2) an irreversible depolarization of the
      muscle membrane. This venom-induced depolarization was effectively reversed or
      prevented by the substitution of choline for sodium in Ringer solution, but not
      by the introduction of tetrodotoxin (TTX), a sodium channel blocker. The
      mechanism of muscle membrane depolarization appears to involve probably an
      increase in membrane permeability to sodium ion as shown by the decrease in
      membrane resistance. These results suggest that the venom forms a pore which has
      sodium selectivity or activates a TTX-insensitive sodium channel which is
      different from the known sodium channel.

PMID- 2907922
TI  - [Analysis of localized blood velocity in the grafts during coronary
      revascularization surgery--comparison of the saphenous vein with internal mammary
      artery].

PMID- 2907923
TI  - Decrease in prolactin receptor affinity in the rat mammary tumor model after
      treatment with analogs of somatostatin and LH-RH.

PMID- 2907924
TI  - [Persistent infection caused by hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome virus in
      bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus)--the natural host of the virus].

PMID- 2907925
TI  - [Determination of specific immune complexes and dynamics of their circulation in
      patients with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome].

PMID- 2907926
TI  - [Double control of pili formation in Yersinia pestis].

PMID- 2907927
TI  - [Transmembrane currents in Xenopus oocytes after an injection of brain mRNA].
AB  - The possibility of the translation of mRNA isolated from bovine brain and
      injected into Xenopus oocytes has been shown. It is found that mRNA injection
      induced the appearance of voltage-operated TTX-sensitive sodium and calcium
      currents, GABA receptors in oocytes membrane.

PMID- 2907928
TI  - Outcome of treatment with haloperidol decanoate in a patient with schizophrenia,
      chronic undifferentiated type, and end stage renal disease.

PMID- 2907929
TI  - [Use of a chlordemethyldiazepam-fentanyl combination in invasive neuroradiologic
      examinations].

PMID- 2907930
TI  - [Comparative study of the action of dalargin and obsidan on the course of acute
      myocardial infarction in an experiment].

PMID- 2907932
TI  - The institutionalized mental health patient's right to refuse psychotropic
      medication.

PMID- 2907933
TI  - Maintenance medication for chronic schizophrenics: risk/benefit assessment.
AB  - The following are key factors to consider in assessing a patient for long-term
      neuroleptics: 1. Who--accurate diagnosis of schizophrenia is of primary concern.
      There are no good prognostic indicators other than a history of repeated relapses
      and positive responses to neuroleptics. 2. When and for how long--should always
      be considered for the patient who has had more than two acute episodes. The first
      year post-acute episode back in the community is extremely critical. Consider
      maintaining patient on tapering dosage of medication for at least four to five
      years. 3. What benefits--symptoms of acute psychosis respond, those of chronic
      defect state do not. Medication also can act as buffer against stress. 4. Dosages
      -standard range is the equivalent of 300-800 mg. of Thorazine for most patients.
      Dose range for depot administration of Prolixin decanoate is 25-62.5 mg. 2-4 week
      intervals. Differences within this range may not be important. Data about very
      low doses (one-tenth standard dose) and megadoses (4-5 times standard dose) are
      inconsistent. 5. Risks--extrapyramidal symptoms, tardive dyskinesia, and akinetic
      depression are the most prevalent risks. Extrapyramidal symptoms can often be
      controlled effectively with dosage reduction. However, anticholinergic drugs are
      the treatment of choice during acute phases, and for the first 3-5 months post
      acute phase. Tardive dyskinesia rarely occurs after a few weeks or months, but
      occurs most commonly beginning after two years of drug treatment. The usual form
      is persistent, but transient forms also occur. The earliest signs are reversible
      in some patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2907931
TI  - [Acute myopathy caused by psychotropic agents. Report of 2 cases].

PMID- 2907934
TI  - [Selected aspects of aerosol therapy].

PMID- 2907935
TI  - Collagenous colitis: response to treatment.

PMID- 2907936
TI  - Somatostatin in neuropsychiatric disorders.
AB  - 1. Somatostatin is a peptide that is widely and discretely distributed throughout
      the central nervous system. 2. Its relevance to neuropsychiatric disorders is
      suggested both by the existence of disease-related alterations in somatostatin
      content in brain and cerebrospinal fluid as well as by the manifold
      neuroregulatory capabilities of somatostatin and related peptides. 3. This
      article will summarize the central nervous system effects of somatostatin,
      identify those neuropsychiatric disorders that are characterized by changes in
      somatostatin, and review the evidence for and potential significance of decreases
      in cerebrospinal fluid somatostatin in depression.

PMID- 2907938
TI  - [Biosynthesis, processing and release of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase].

PMID- 2907937
TI  - [Gamma-glutamyl cycle].

PMID- 2907939
TI  - [Cancer-associated-changes in gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase].

PMID- 2907940
TI  - [Induction of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase in animal tissues].

PMID- 2907941
TI  - [Gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase of bacteria].

PMID- 2907942
TI  - [Genes for enzymes of glutathione biosynthesis].

PMID- 2907943
TI  - [Long-term effect of xamoterol "Corwin", beta 1 partial agonist, on hemodynamics
      and treadmill exercise in patients with previous myocardial infarction].

PMID- 2907944
TI  - [Current trends and prospects in pharmacotherapy with anxiolytics].

PMID- 2907945
TI  - [Culicidae as vectors of pathogenic agents].

PMID- 2907946
TI  - [Neurotoxic effects of glutamic acid].

PMID- 2907947
TI  - [Role of the central nervous system in the pathogenesis of stress ulcer].

PMID- 2907948
TI  - [The influence of blocking habenulae or medial forebrain bundles on the analgesic
      effect elicited by administration L-glutamic acid into the septa].

PMID- 2907949
TI  - [Basic and clinical study on combined immunomodulator therapy in rheumatoid
      arthritis].

PMID- 2907950
TI  - [Evaluation of salazosulfapyridine enteric-coated capsules in therapy of
      rheumatoid arthritis].

PMID- 2907951
TI  - [The uterus relaxing betamimetics].

PMID- 2907952
TI  - Transmitter release from brain slices elicited by single pulses: a powerful
      method to study presynaptic mechanisms.

PMID- 2907953
TI  - Caffeine interactions with multiple neurotransmitter systems.

PMID- 2907954
TI  - Dopaminergic drugs in the cationic form interact with D2 dopamine receptors.

PMID- 2907955
TI  - [Studies on acetyl-CoA synthetase of Candida tropicalis producing dicarboxylic
      acids from alkanes].

PMID- 2907956
TI  - [Pharmacogenetic studies on drug dependence].
AB  - Great strides have been made in recent years in researchers' knowledge and
      understanding of genetic factors contributing to drug dependence. In this paper,
      pharmacogenetic studies on drug dependence are reviewed. The strain which has
      been maintained by inbreeding for 20 or more generations may be regarded as being
      genetically uniform. Significant differences between inbred strains on a
      particular response represent presumptive evidence of genetic determination of
      that response. Selective breeding is another genetic approach and refers to the
      systematic intermating of selected individuals for the purpose of changing the
      genetic and phenotypic characteristics of a population. This usually takes the
      form of changing the population mean in two opposite directions, such as AA and
      ANA, LS and SS, etc. Using inbred animal strains and selective lines, a variety
      of evidence indicates that acute effects of, tolerance to, and dependence on
      abusable drugs are controlled by genetic factors. Many investigations have
      compared the effects of abusable drugs with various biochemical traits. The use
      of certain genetically defined animal models can be very helpful in studies of
      drugs of abuse. The choice of model will be influenced by the aims of the study.

PMID- 2907957
TI  - [Effects of bifemelane on central dopaminergic and cholinergic systems in rats].
AB  - The study served to examine the effects of bifemelane on central dopaminergic
      cholinergic neuronal mechanisms in rats. Bifemelane (5-20 mg/kg) evoked yawning
      responses, the frequency being low. Bifemelane (10 mg/kg) as well as
      bromocriptine (2.5 mg/kg) potentiated physostigmine (0.2 mg/kg)-, bromocriptine
      (2.5 mg/kg)- or apomorphine (0.1 and 0.5 mg/kg)-induced yawning but completely
      inhibited pilocarpine-induced yawning. Pretreatment with sulpiride (20 mg/kg) and
      a low dose of haloperidol (0.02 mg/kg) reversed the stimulatory effect of
      bifemelane on physostigmine-induced yawning and the inhibitory effect of the drug
      on pilocarpine-induced yawning, whereas atropine (5 mg/kg) diminished these
      yawning responses. SK&38393 (2.0 mg/kg), a dopamine D-1 receptor agonist,
      markedly potentiated bifemelane- and bromocriptine-induced yawning but inhibited
      physostigmine-induced yawning, and did not affect pilocarpine-induced yawning.
      The increased yawning responses were blocked by atropine and a low dose of
      haloperidol. Bifemelane (10 mg/kg) and bromocriptine (2.5 mg/kg) tended to
      increase apomorphine (5 mg/kg)-induced oral stereotypy, such as licking and
      biting, but the increase was not significant. These results suggest that the
      effects of bifemelane on central dopaminergic and cholinergic neurons may be
      similar to those of bromocriptine.

PMID- 2907958
TI  - [Neuromodulation by second messengers].

PMID- 2907959
TI  - Psychopharmacological analysis of hypothalamically-induced emotions.
AB  - The effect of minor tranquilizers and neuroleptics was compared on self
      stimulation and escape behaviourelicited by electrical stimulation of the
      hypothalamic nuclei in rabbits. It was shown that while tranquilizers (diazepam,
      oxazepam and meprobamate) increased the rate of self-stimulation elicited from
      the lateral hypothalamus, neuroleptics considerably suppressed such behaviour.
      Tranquilizers caused a remarkable reversal of the escape behaviour into a high
      rate self-stimulation, both responses being induced from the same electrodes
      within the medial hypothalamus. Neuroleptics (chlorpromazine, reserpine and
      haloperidol) had not such an influence, though they somewhat increased the
      general activity of the animals. The reversing effect of the tranquilizers was
      compared with similar findings obtained after electrolytic ablation of the
      ventral hippocampus. It is suggested that the hippocampus has an inhibitory
      influence on the hypothalamic motivational system thus providing substantially
      for the animals' survival in a hostile environment.

PMID- 2907960
TI  - The effects of different receptor blockers on the H-Phe-Ile-Tyr-His-Ser-Tyr-Lys
      OH induced inhibition of extinction of active avoidance behaviour.
AB  - H-Phe-Ile-Tyr-His-Ser-Tyr-Lys-OH after intracerebroventricular (icv.)
      administration inhibited the extinction of active avoidance behaviour for a short
      period. The dopamine receptor blocker haloperidol completely blocked this effect
      of the heptapeptide, while the muscarinic anticholinergic agent atropine only
      partly inhibited it. The alpha 1-receptor blocker phenoxybenzamine and the beta
      receptor blocker propranolol did not significantly influence the extinction
      inhibition induced by the peptide. These results suggest that the dopaminergic
      and, in part the cholinergic system, play important roles in this behavioural
      action of H-Phe-Ile-Tyr-Ser-Tyr-Lys-OH.

PMID- 2907961
TI  - Somatostatin in the control of respiration.
AB  - Somatostatin has been found to induce apnoea when applied into the brain
      ventricular system (Fuxe et al. 1982, Harfstrand et al. 1985). The site of action
      of somatostatin was suggested to be in the dorsal respiratory neurons in the
      medulla oblongata of the rat (Fuxe et al. 1982) where high somatostatin-like
      immunoreactivity has been detected (Kalia et al. 1984a). In the present study we
      wanted to further localize the site(s) of action of somatostatin on respiration
      by microinjection of somatostatin into the medulla oblongata of the cats. We
      could not detect any inhibitory effect of somatostatin on respiration after
      microinjection into the nuclear complex of the solitary tract. On the other hand
      microinjection of somatostatin into the region of nucleus paragigantocellularis
      lateralis consistently caused apnoea. This finding further supports the idea that
      this structure functions as an integrative area of respiratory drive inputs.

PMID- 2907962
TI  - Neuropeptide Y may inhibit sympathetic transmitter secretion by an effect
      'upstream' of varicosities.

PMID- 2907963
TI  - Hematologic and immunologic changes in hairy cell leukemia patients treated with
      alpha interferon.
AB  - We prospectively evaluated hematologic and immunologic changes in fourteen hairy
      cell leukemia patients treated with alpha interferon. Prompt disappearance of
      circulating hairy cells, and recovery of peripheral blood counts was observed in
      all patients whereas only four patients had complete disappearance of hairy cell
      infiltrates from their bone marrow. Immunologic changes included a statistically
      significant increase of NK cell activity in the whole group and a slight decrease
      in circulating T cells with a strong trend towards an increase in the T4/T8
      lymphocyte ratio (in eight of fourteen patients). Serial hemopoietic progenitor
      cell culture studies from peripheral blood (thirteen patients) and bone marrow
      (two patients) showed no correlation between hematologic recovery data and cell
      culture data.

PMID- 2907964
TI  - Regulation of enzyme levels by proteolysis: the role of pest regions.
AB  - Enzymes can be regulated in a variety of ways. Readily reversible mechanisms,
      such as phosphorylation, are frequently used by cells to control metabolic
      pathways. Less often, enzyme levels are regulated by changing the rate at which
      the protein is destroyed. Although these changes, too, are reversible through
      protein synthesis, large variations in enzyme concentration can be produced in
      very short periods of time by combinations of transcriptional control,
      translational control and rapid degradation. We recently examined the primary
      sequences of proteins whose intracellular half-lives are less than two hours.
      With a single exception, each short-lived protein contains one or more regions
      rich in proline (P), glutamic acid (E), serine (S) and threonine (T). These PEST
      regions range in length from 12 to 60 residues, and they are often flanked by
      possibly charged amino acids. Similar inspection of 35 more stable, structurally
      characterized proteins revealed only three weak PEST regions. All PEST proteins
      appear to be important regulatory molecules, and their fast turnover surely
      reflects a metabolic requirement for rapid changes in their concentrations. Known
      PEST proteins include oncogene products, key enzymes and components of signal
      pathways. In addition, there are a number of PEST-containing proteins that are
      suspected of being rapidly degraded. These proteins include Drosophila homeotic
      proteins (e.g., notch, snake, caudal, ftz and even-skipped) and a host of yeast
      cdc mutants. PEST regions, which target the molecules containing them for
      destruction, thus appear to be widely distributed among metabolically unstable
      proteins.

PMID- 2907965
TI  - Organization of repetitive DNAs in the guinea pig genome.
AB  - Investigation of restriction enzyme families observed in Bam HI and Eco RI digest
      of guinea pig DNA has led to the demonstration of a 4.0 kb cryptic satellite
      called MRICp which has 6300 copies and comprises 1% of the total genome. MRICp
      has been shown to encompass the Eco RI 4.0 kb family, the Bam HI 3.4 kb family
      and the Bam HI 3.7 kb family. The 1.5 kb Eco RI family is part of an L1 LINE that
      is present in the guinea pig and in other rodentia. It is part of a larger LINE,
      probably 6.5 to 7 kb in size, and some copies are embedded in satellite I DNA
      sequences.

PMID- 2907966
TI  - Studies on biomodulators of glucocorticoid action: amplifiers and suppressors of
      glucocorticoid action.
AB  - In this work we found that the induction of tyrosine aminotransferase by
      glucocorticoid in rat hepatocytes was suppressed concentration-dependently by TGF
      beta and H-7, an inhibitor of protein kinase C, but not by other polypeptide
      growth factors tested or by H-8, an inhibitor of cyclic nucleotide dependent
      protein kinases. EGF, on the contrary, amplified the induction in the same way as
      activators of protein kinase C, such as 12-o-tetradecanoyl-phorbol 13-acetate
      (2,3) and 1,2-racemic dioctanoyl glycerol (1,3). These findings indicate that TGF
      beta and H-7 act in the suppressive direction and EGF acts in the enhance
      direction on the action of glucocorticoid. H-7 inhibited the accumulation of
      glucocorticoid-receptor complexes in the nuclear fraction with associated
      accumulation of these complexes in the cytoplasmic fraction, but did not affect
      incorporation of glucocorticoid into hepatocytes. These results suggest that
      protein kinase C is essential in translocation of glucocorticoid-receptor
      complexes to the nuclei and that its inhibitors suppress glucocorticoid actions.

PMID- 2907967
TI  - Programmed cell death and adenine deoxynucleotide metabolism in human
      lymphocytes.
AB  - Agents that cause the accumulation of DNA strand breaks are directly cytotoxic to
      non-dividing normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes, and to chronic
      lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells. Activation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase
      (ADPRP), and the resultant consumption of NAD, play an essential role in
      mediating the toxicity of these agents. Human peripheral blood lymphocytes
      contain a substantial number of alkali-sensitive DNA sites, reflecting ongoing
      DNA strand breakage and repair. However, resting lymphocytes have a limited
      capacity to synthesize NAD. Pulse-chase experiments indicate that approximately
      75% of their NAD turnover is due to ADPRP activity. Exposure of the cells in
      vitro to deoxyadenosine, or to 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine (CdA, an adenosine
      deaminase resistant deoxyadenosine congener), caused an increase in DNA strand
      breaks, rapid NAD consumption, ATP depletion and cell death. Supplementation of
      the medium with inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase blocks the fall in
      cellular NAD and ATP, and protects the lymphocytes from the toxicity of DNA
      damaging agents. Slowly dividing malignant lymphocytes from patients with CLL are
      also susceptible to lethal NAD depletion following DNA damage. 2
      chlorodeoxyadenosine (CdA) induced massive DNA strand break formation in CLL
      cells in vitro and a fall in NAD and ATP pools. In an initial clinical trial,
      several CLL patients, and two patients with hairy cell leukemia, have responded
      to treatment with CdA, with minimal toxicity. Thus, the suicidal activation of
      ADPRP in response to DNA damage has been rationally exploited in the treatment of
      chronic lymphoid malignancies.

PMID- 2907969
TI  - [Prenatal diagnosis using DNA analysis: current possibilities].

PMID- 2907968
TI  - Enzyme-pattern-targeted chemotherapy with tiazofurin and allopurinol in human
      leukemia.
AB  - The hypothesis was tested that the increased IMP dehydrogenase activity in human
      myelocytic leukemic cells, and along with it guanylate biosynthesis, might be a
      sensitive target to chemotherapy by tiazofurin. 1. IMP dehydrogenase activity in
      normal leukocytes was 3.1 +/- 0.5 (means +/- S.E.) nmol/hr/mg protein and in
      leukemic cells it was elevated 15- to 41-fold. The activity of guanine
      phosphoribosyltransferase in normal leukocytes was 389 +/- 27 nmol/hr/mg protein
      and in the leukemic cells it increased 2.8- to 6.8-fold. 2. IMP dehydrogenase was
      purified 4,900-fold to homogeneity from rat hepatoma 3924A with a yield of 30%.
      The kinetic properties of the hepatoma enzyme were similar to those of the enzyme
      in human myelocytic leukemic blast cells because of the similarity of the Km's
      for IMP (23 microM), NAD (44 and 65 microM); the Ki for TAD was 0.1 microM in
      both enzymes. 3. There was a selectivity of the in vitro response to tiazofurin
      in human normal and leukemic leukocytes. When labeled tiazofurin was incubated
      with leukocytes from normal, healthy volunteers and from leukemic patients, the
      leukemic leukocytes made 20- to 30-fold more TAD and the GTP content decreased as
      compared to normal leukocytes. This procedure proved to be a suitable predictive
      test in a clinical setting because patients with positive tests responded to
      tiazofurin whereas those with negative ones did not. 4. The National Cancer
      Institute approved a chemotherapeutic phase I/II trial which concentrates on
      treatment of refractory acute myelocytic leukemia. Tiazofurin is infused in a 60
      minute period with a pump to insure uniform delivery. A novel aspect of the trial
      was that it was directed primarily by the biochemical impact of tiazofurin on IMP
      dehydrogenase activity and GTP concentration and the tiazofurin doses were to be
      adjusted accordingly. Patients received allopurinol as a routine precaution
      against possible accumulation of uric acid in the kidney. 5. In the first eight
      patients, there was one complete remission, two entered the chronic phase, two
      entered into partial remission, one did not respond, and two were not evaluable.
      In the five patients who responded, there was a rapid, profound decrease in IMP
      dehydrogenase activity of the blast cells and a gradual decline in GTP
      concentrations. The blast cell count followed the decrease in the GTP
      concentration. The white blood cell count was largely preserved. 6. Bone marrow
      aspirates and peripheral blood samples showed that with tiazofurin treatment
      there was an induced differentiation of the myelocytes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400
      WORDS)

PMID- 2907970
TI  - [Psycho-pharmacologic profile of para-hydroxybenzonitrile].

PMID- 2907971
TI  - Oxidative modification of enzymes during aging and acute oxidative stress.

PMID- 2907972
TI  - Oxidative modification of glutamine synthetase: covalent and conformational
      changes which control susceptibility to proteolysis.

PMID- 2907973
TI  - Oxidative modification of enzymes by stimulated neutrophils.

PMID- 2907974
TI  - [Internal resorption: from diagnosis to clinical problems].

PMID- 2907975
TI  - The H+-ATPase from yeast plasma membranes; a survey of recent progress.

PMID- 2907976
TI  - [Microbial contamination of traditional herbal drugs in Indonesia].

PMID- 2907977
TI  - The expression of schizophrenia, affective disorder and vulnerability to tardive
      dyskinesia in an extensive pedigree.
AB  - The demography, psychiatric morbidity, and motor consequences of long-term
      neuroleptic treatment in the 14 children born to a father with a family history
      of chronic psychiatric illness and a mother with a late-onset affective disorder
      resulting in suicide are documented. Twelve siblings lived to adulthood, nine of
      whom were admitted to a psychiatric hospital in their second or third decade, and
      required continuous in-patient care; five remaining in hospital, with long-term
      exposure to neuroleptics, had chronic, deteriorating, schizophrenic illness and
      emergence of movement disorder. Two siblings showed no evidence of psychosis but
      developed a late-onset affective disorder. The implications for the issues of
      homotypia, vulnerability to involuntary movements, and interaction with affective
      disorder are discussed.

PMID- 2907978
TI  - Preventive measures for stress ulcers in burn patients.
AB  - Between January 1981 and December 1985 336 patients with deep partial and full
      skin thickness burn injuries covering more than 20 per cent of the body surface
      area (BSA) were treated in our burn unit. During the first 3.5 years prophylactic
      therapy for stress ulcers consisted of cimetidine or ranitidine whereas during
      the last 18 months a combination of ranitidine and sucralfate was used. Over the
      whole period a protein-rich enteral feeding was instituted as early as possible
      after injury. Six times 200 mg/day cimetidine were administered intravenously
      during the first 4-6 days after injury, followed by a reduction to 4 x 200 mg/day
      usually until the end of the third week. Subsequently cimetidine was given orally
      in doses of 5 x 200 mg/day. Ranitidine (3 x 112 mg) was given intravenously until
      enteral feeding started, usually for the first 4 days, after oral nutrition had
      started the dosage was reduced to 3 x 56 mg/day. Over the past 18 months 4 x 1
      g/day granular powdered sucralfate in combination with 3 x 56 mg/day ranitidine
      were given. The incidence of gastrointestinal bleeding was 2.5 per cent and no
      patient required surgical therapy. With respect to prophylaxis of bleeding and
      perforation of stress ulcers the triple regimen using sucralfate, ranitidine in
      low dosages and protein-rich enteral feeding appeared to be as effective as the
      earlier use of cimetidine or ranitidine. Side-effects of H2-blockade treatment,
      especially the high incidence of pneumonias caused by ascending infection from
      the gastrointestinal tract, were not seen. The high incidence of diarrhoea during
      H2-blockade treatment in combination with high protein enteral feeding remains to
      be solved.

PMID- 2907979
TI  - [Neurotransmitters of giant neurons in the African giant snail, Achatina fulica
      Ferussac. IV. Supplemental results].
AB  - Following the previous works, we identified recently the twelve giant neurones in
      the ganglia of an African giant snail (Achatina fulica Ferussac), by the
      pharmacological study of their sensitivities to putative neurotransmitters and
      derivatives, and by the morphological investigation of their axonal pathways due
      to the intracellular injection of Lucifer Yellow. The neurones studied were: TAN
      2, TAN-3, BAPN, LPPN, LBPN and LAPN in the right parietal ganglion; RPeNLN and
      LPeNLN in the pedal ganglia; and d-LBAN, d-LBMN, d-LBCN and d-LBPN in the left
      buccal ganglion.

PMID- 2907981
TI  - [Long-term study of befunolol in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma].

PMID- 2907980
TI  - [Chorioretinal manifestations in periarteritis nodosa apropos of 2 cases].

PMID- 2907982
TI  - [Role of antihistaminics in the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis].

PMID- 2907983
TI  - A longitudinal study of serum beta 2-microglobulin levels in haemophilia.
AB  - Serum beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2-m) levels were measured in 75 adults with
      haemophilia A. Beta 2-microglobulin was found to be significantly elevated in
      haemophiliacs compared with the non-haemophiliac population. There was a greater
      rise in beta 2-m in HIV antibody-positive haemophiliacs. No further significant
      increase occurred in the subgroup with HIV-related disease but all these patients
      had beta 2-m levels greater than or equal to 3 mg/l. Over the study period of 18
      months no significant increase in beta 2-m was documented in either HIV antibody
      negative or -positive groups. Beta 2-microglobulin was elevated in HIV antibody
      negative subjects with raised transaminase levels. No correlation was found
      between beta 2-m and the amount of factor VIII concentrate infused, T-cell
      subsets, thrombocytopenia or age. It is concluded that probable reasons for
      elevated beta 2-m levels in haemophiliacs include infection with HIV and other
      viruses, chronic liver disease, and repeated antigenic challenge from multiple
      infusions of factor VIII. The role of serial measurement of beta 2-m in
      haemophiliacs with a view to predicting the onset of HIV-related disease warrants
      further study.

PMID- 2907984
TI  - Detection of arylsulfatase A in leukocytes and urines of late infantile
      metachromatic leukodystrophy. Report of 3 cases.

PMID- 2907985
TI  - [Anti-alcoholic effect of the opioid peptide dermorphin in rats and its
      interaction with brain biogenic amine metabolism].

PMID- 2907986
TI  - Homeobox genes and the vertebrate head.
AB  - Several Drosophila genes important in the control of embryonic development
      contain a characteristic sequence of DNA, known as the homeobox. Homeobox
      sequences are also present in a family of vertebrate genes, which may therefore
      have regulatory roles during vertebrate embryogenesis. In this article, data
      concerning the spatial patterns of vertebrate homeobox gene expression are
      discussed in relation to recent descriptive and experimental analyses of head
      development. It is concluded that the patterns of gene expression are consistent
      with homeobox genes having roles in anteroposterior positional specification
      within the developing brain and possibly the neural crest. The data are not
      clearly consistent with these genes having direct roles in controlling the
      patterns of cranial segmentation, although further studies may reveal whether
      vertebrate segments are units of developmental specification.

PMID- 2907987
TI  - Transient neonatal hypothyroidism due to transplacental transfer of maternal
      immunoglobulins that inhibit TSH binding, TSH-induced cAMP increase and cell
      growth.
AB  - Transient neonatal hypothyroidism due to transplacental transfer of maternal
      blocking type TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb) was found in a baby born to a 27-yr
      old mother, who had been receiving thyroxine medication for primary myxedema.
      Maternal IgG inhibited radiolabelled TSH binding to its receptor (TBII), TSH
      stimulated thyroid adenylate cyclase (AC) activation (TSII) and TSH-stimulated 3H
      thymidine uptake (TGII) in cultured rat thyroid cells (FRTL-5). At birth, the
      baby's IgG showed similar activities to maternal IgG but all these activities
      decreased gradually, and disappeared from her serum within 12 weeks of age. In
      the baby, initially nonvisualized thyroid was clearly visualized on 99 m-Tc
      thyroid scintigraphy when all these blocking activities disappeared, TSII and
      TGII being decreased more slowly than TBII, and the baby remained euthyroid after
      discontinuation of thyroxine. This study suggests that such IgGs induced
      hypothyroidism and thyroid atrophy in the mother and were responsible for
      transient neonatal hypothyroidism in the baby.

PMID- 2907988
TI  - Effect of thyrotropin releasing hormone injection on blood growth hormone (GH),
      TSH and growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) concentrations in cancer
      patients.
AB  - In order to investigate whether endogenous GHRH and somatostatin were involved in
      the mechanism of the paradoxical GH rise after TRH injection, changes in serum GH
      and plasma GHRH were examined before and after TRH injection in 12 cancer
      patients and changes in serum TSH and GH were similarly studied in 76 cancer
      patients including 31 GH-responders and 45 GH-nonresponders to TRH. TRH
      stimulated GH secretions without altering the circulating GHRH concentration in 4
      of the 12 cancer patients. There was neither a significant correlation between
      the increase from the basal to maximum GH and GHRH after TRH injection in the 12
      cancer patients nor a reciprocal relationship between the increase in GH and TSH
      after TRH injection in the 76 cancer patients. These findings suggested that the
      paradoxical GH rise after TRH injection in cancer patients was exerted by its
      direct action at the pituitary level, and not mediated through the hypothalamus.

PMID- 2907989
TI  - [Soldering after firing silver-free gold-palladium and palladium based fired
      alloys].

PMID- 2907990
TI  - [Laser stream sweating--an upcoming technology for the dental laboratory].

PMID- 2907991
TI  - [Plasma soldering or soldering? Dimensional accuracy and stability].

PMID- 2907992
TI  - Subcutaneous treatment with growth hormone-releasing hormone for short stature.
AB  - In the present study we report the effects of therapy with growth hormone
      releasing factor (1-29)NH2 (GRF) on growth rate, plasma levels of insulin growth
      factor I (IGF-I) and growth hormone (GH) secretion in 11 children who were
      selected solely on the basis of their short stature and normal GH secretion on
      standard provocative tests. All children received GRF for 6 months (5
      micrograms/kg body weight subcutaneously) each evening. The 24-hour GH secretory
      profile was studied before and after 6 months of treatment. Simultaneously, GH
      secretory responses to single intravenous bolus GRF (1.5 micrograms/kg body
      weight) were also studied before, during, and 6 months off therapy with GRF(1
      29)NH2. Plasma levels of IGF-I were measured before, during (1, 2 and 6 months),
      and after 6 months off therapy with GRF. Statural growth was measured at 3-month
      intervals. The peak plasma GH level in response to GRF was 56.04 +/- (SD) 24.46
      ng/ml before treatment, and similar results were found after therapy. The 24-hour
      GH secretory profile did not show differences before, during, and after
      treatment. Comparably, no differences were found in GH pulse frequency, pulse
      amplitude, pulse height, pulse increment, pulse area and total area before, and 6
      months off therapy with GRF. The increments in serum IGF-I achieved were not
      significantly different at all intervals studied. All patients increased growth
      velocities (mean +/- SD, cm/year) in response to GRF therapy. Our results
      demonstrate that GRF administration was effective in accelerating growth velocity
      in 11 children without GH deficiency.

PMID- 2907993
TI  - Medical education and the IMA.

PMID- 2907995
TI  - [Recent trend in the research of hypertension in Japan. Choice of
      antihypertensive agents in hemodynamic aspects to match pathophysiology and
      pharmacology in essential hypertension].

PMID- 2907994
TI  - Differential expression of the ASGM1 antigen on anti-reovirus and alloreactive
      cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL).
AB  - Anti-reovirus cytotoxic effectors were found to be: (i) H-2 restricted; (ii)
      virus specific; (iii) non-lytic (in 4 h) for natural killer (NK)-sensitive YAC-1
      cells; and (iv) positive for the Thy-1 and Lyt-2 lymphocyte markers. Thus, anti
      reovirus cytotoxic effectors have the functional and phenotype characteristics of
      cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL). A significant fraction of anti-viral CTL, as well
      as alloreactive CTL, were also found to be positive for the asialo GM1 (ASGM1)
      cell surface antigen, generally considered to be a NK cell marker. ASGM1
      expression on these CTL, as determined by sensitivity to antibody plus complement
      (C), appeared to be highly variable and dependent on two factors-the nature of
      the antigenic stimulus (viral vs. alloantigen), and the mouse strain from which
      the CTL originated. Thus, ASGM1 antigen expression on CTL appears to be regulated
      and may be under the control of lymphokines, development differentiation signals
      and/or other strain-dependent genetic factors.

PMID- 2907996
TI  - [Recent trend in the research of hypertension in Japan. The effects of
      antihypertensive drugs on serum lipids and lipoproteins in patients with mild to
      moderate hypertension].

PMID- 2907997
TI  - A molecular deletion study with southern hybridization on typical Prader-Willi
      syndrome (PWS) patients with various chromosome abnormalities involving 15q11-12
      and on an atypical PWS patient with apparently normal karyotype.

PMID- 2907998
TI  - [Gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase in occupational exposure to hepatotoxic material
      and certain diseases].

PMID- 2907999
TI  - Mass and activity of tyrosine hydroxylase in tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic
      neurons of the aged brain. Control by prolactin and ovarian hormones.
AB  - The roles of prolactin (PRL) and the ovarian hormones, estradiol and
      progesterone, in the control of tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons of aged
      female rats were investigated. The in situ molar activity of tyrosine hydroxylase
      (TH) in neurites of these neurons was assayed by measuring the rate of
      accumulation of L-dihydroxyphenylalanine in the median eminence following the
      administration of a L-dihydroxiphenylalanine decarboxylase inhibitor. The TH mass
      was measured by an immunoblot assay using rat TH as the standard. Pituitary
      implants in aged ovariectomized animals resulted in a significant increase in the
      median eminence of both the mass and in situ molar activity of TH. When
      circulating PRL of aged rats was neutralized by administration of antiserum
      against rat PRL, the activity of TH was reduced significantly compared to that of
      animals treated with preimmune serum. In aged ovariectomized rats treated with
      both estradiol and progesterone, the in situ molar activity of TH increased
      significantly compared to animals treated only with the solvent vehicle,
      estradiol, or progesterone. The stimulatory effect of estradiol and progesterone
      appeared to be mediated through a mechanism that did not involve PRL, since
      neutralization of circulating PRL failed to prevent an increase in TH activity in
      estradiol-progesterone-treated animals. None of these treatments affected the in
      situ activity of TH in the superior cervical ganglion. We conclude that PRL as
      well as combined estradiol-progesterone treatment have important roles in the
      maintenance of TH activity in aged tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons.

PMID- 2908000
TI  - Corticotropin-releasing factor: evidence for a neurotransmitter role in the locus
      ceruleus during hemodynamic stress.
AB  - Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is localized in fibers in the noradrenergic
      nucleus locus ceruleus (LC) and alters LC discharge characteristics when
      administered centrally. To determine whether CRF functions as a neurotransmitter
      in the LC during stress, the effects of hemodynamic stress on LC discharge were
      compared to those of CRF. Hemodynamic stress elicited by intravenous
      nitroprusside infusion produced identical effects on LC spontaneous and sensory
      evoked discharge as those reported for centrally administered CRF. Thus,
      nitroprusside increased LC spontaneous discharge rates, and disrupted LC
      discharge evoked by sensory stimuli such that the stimuli were less effective in
      producing phasic increases in LC discharge. The neuronal effects of nitroprusside
      were completely blocked by central administration of the CRF receptor antagonist,
      alpha helical CRF9-41, but not by pretreatment with dexamethasone which blocks
      stress-elicited hypophyseal CRF release. The present results confirm other
      reports of LC activation by stressors, and extend these studies by demonstrating
      that, in certain circumstances, this activation is dependent on endogenous CRF.
      This study supports the concept that CRF functions as a neurotransmitter in the
      LC in the initiation of stress responses.

PMID- 2908001
TI  - [Interactions of cimetidine and ranitidine with other drugs].

PMID- 2908002
TI  - Aging: changes in a passive-avoidance response with brain levels of temazepam.
AB  - Acute intravenous (IV) injections of temazepam were examined for the ability to
      impair the performance of young (3-4-month-old), mature (12-15-month-old) and old
      (28-30-month-old) male Fischer 344 rats in the step-down task relative to vehicle
      injected controls. The effect of temazepam on the passive-avoidance response
      could be characterized as a U-shaped function of age. The performance of the
      mature rat was not significantly impaired by an IV injection of temazepam between
      18 and 320 micrograms/kg. Temazepam was more effective in impairing the
      performance of the young and old rat. The brain levels of temazepam after a
      single IV injection of 18 micrograms/kg in mature and senescent rats, and 32
      micrograms/kg in young rats were measured over a 2-hour time period. The brain of
      the mature rat was exposed to less temazepam between 0 and 120 minutes than the
      brain of the old rat. Therefore, the increased sensitivity of the senescent rat
      relative to the mature rat may in part be due to changes in the pharmacokinetics
      of temazepam. However, the inability of temazepam (between 18 and 320
      micrograms/kg) to impair the performance of mature rats in the passive-avoidance
      task suggests that pharmacodynamic changes may be involved in the decreased
      sensitivity of mature rats relative to young and senescent rats.

PMID- 2908003
TI  - Intravenous self-administration of the indirect dopaminergic agonist amfonelic
      acid by rats.
AB  - The reinforcing properties of amfonelic acid, a nonamphetamine psychostimulant,
      were evaluated in an intravenous self-administration paradigm. Rats were trained
      to self-administer cocaine (0.5-3.0 mg/kg/infusion) on a fixed-ratio 10 schedule
      of reinforcement via surgically implanted intravenous catheters during daily 4-hr
      sessions. Substitution of amfonelic acid (0.0625-0.250 mg/kg/infusion) reliably
      maintained self-administration in a dose-dependent manner. These data indicate
      that amfonelic acid can act as a reinforcer in rats, and further suggest that
      amfonelic acid may have abuse potential in humans.

PMID- 2908004
TI  - [Changes in brain level of neurotransmitters in Alzheimer's disease].

PMID- 2908005
TI  - [Inactivation of enzymes by active oxygen].

PMID- 2908006
TI  - [Atrial natriuretic factor--a new neuropeptide?].

PMID- 2908007
TI  - Hepatic hematoma in polyarteritis nodosa.

PMID- 2908008
TI  - Alpha adrenergic blocking activity of urapidil in man.
AB  - Urapidil is a new antihypertensive vasodilator agent whose pharmacologic action
      in man has not yet been fully defined. We have assessed the alpha adrenergic
      blocking activity of urapidil 15 and 30 mg given intravenously in a single blind
      study in 8 healthy volunteers. Urapidil produced dose-dependent parallel shift of
      the phenylephrine log dose/blood pressure response curve, consistent with
      significant competitive peripheral alpha 1 antagonism. Mean dose ratios were 2.99
      and 5.48 for the 15 mg and 30 mg doses respectively. The pA2 for alpha 1 blockade
      is 7.3. Given these data, the major mechanism of antihypertensive effect of
      urapidil may be alpha 1 antagonism in the peripheral vasculature.

PMID- 2908009
TI  - Structural specificity of MIF-1 and Tyr-MIF-1 in augmenting GABA-stimulated
      benzodiazepine receptor binding.
AB  - The possibility of a linkage between endogenous peptides and the GABA
      benzodiazepine system has been greatly strengthened by reports that the brain
      peptides MIF-1(Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2) and Tyr-MIF-1(Tyr-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2) augment GABA
      stimulated benzodiazepine binding. We evaluated the actions of fragments and
      analogs of these small peptides on GABA-stimulated benzodiazepine binding in
      mouse cortical brain membranes. Fragments of Tyr-MIF-1, several compounds related
      to MIF-1, or several analogs of Tyr-MIF-1 had no effect on binding. These results
      demonstrate the specificity of the effects of MIF-1 and Tyr-MIF-1 on GABA
      stimulated benzodiazepine binding.

PMID- 2908010
TI  - Immune mediated cartilage destruction.
AB  - We review the pathogenic role of immune complexes attached to articular cartilage
      in rheumatoid arthritis. The available evidence suggests that these immune
      complexes may contribute to irreversible cartilage damage and loss of joint
      function. In addition, tenacious binding of these complexes to collagenous
      tissues, possibly by the establishment of covalent bonds, may constitute an
      important chronicity factor in this disease. The biochemical mechanisms that may
      be responsible for covalent cross-linking of macromolecules in inflammatory foci
      are discussed.

PMID- 2908012
TI  - [New aspects of beta blocker therapy. Pharmacologic data and therapeutic value.
      Satellite symposium of the European Cardiology Congress. 3 September 1988,
      Budapest. Abstracts].

PMID- 2908011
TI  - [Antihypertensive drugs and the kidney].

PMID- 2908013
TI  - [Ulcerative colitis in children. Levels of salicylazosulfapyridine and
      sulfapyridine during treatment].
AB  - Salicylazosulfapyridine (SASP) is a drug used in the treatment of ulcerative
      colitis (UC) owing to the therapeutic action of the 5-aminosalicylic acid
      produced by the splitting of the molecule in the cecum, which also yields the
      absorbable compound Sulphapyridine (SP). The aim of our work was to assess the
      levels of the drug in blood (SASP and SP), to correlate them with undesirable
      effects in any, to verify their fluctuations in the dosing interval and to
      investigate the extent of the excretion of the drug in the children who were
      studied. 10 children (6 to 16 years) with UC, who were treated with SASP (dOsage
      schedule 0.5-2.0 g/day in a 12 hours interval), were studied. Blood levels of
      SASP and SP were assessed at 6 and 12 hours after doses, and total fecal
      excretion of SASP was determines in 24 hs specimens. All the determinations were
      performed according to Hansson and Sandberg. SP plasma levels were 17.7 +/- 9.0
      ug/ml (range 6.8-36.3 ug/ml) at 6 hours after doses. and 14.1 +/- 7.2 ug/ml
      (range 5.7-25.0 ug/ml) at 12 hours after doses. SASP plasma levels were 15.5 +/-
      15.4 ug/ml (range 2.1-53.4 ug/ml) at 6 hours after doses, and 14.0 +/- 20.4 ug/ml
      (range 3.9-70.7 ug/ml) at 12 hours after doses. The 24 hours fecal excretion was
      17.4 to 236 mg. These values were correlated with the given doses (r = 0.88)
      calculated as SASP g/m2 body surface 24 hs. There was no statistical correlation
      between doses and SP or SASP levels in this group, and the respective levels of
      SASP and SP at 6 and 12 hours after doses showed no significative
      differences.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2908014
TI  - Neurotransmitter systems in the visual cortex of the cat: possible involvement in
      plastic phenomena.
AB  - The aim of this paper is to review some of the investigations on neurotransmitter
      systems suggesting their possible role in visual information processing and their
      putative involvement in the plastic phenomena observed in the primary visual
      cortex of the cat. The neurotransmitters discussed include excitatory amino
      acids, ?-amino-butyric acid, acetylcholine, noradrenaline and serotonin. The
      following problems are discussed: (i) the occurrence and localization of the
      various neurotransmitter system components, (ii) the developmental changes of the
      components of a given neurotransmitter system, particularly in the critical
      period, (iii) the effects of manipulating the visual input on neurotransmitter
      system markers. It seems that especially during the critical period there exists
      a peculiar pattern of interactions between numerous neurotransmitters and
      neuromodulators. This may create unique conditions, which enable the visual
      cortical neurons to change their properties as a results of alterations of the
      visual input.

PMID- 2908015
TI  - Potency of antipsychotics in reversing the effects of a hallucinogenic drug on
      locus coeruleus neurons correlates with 5-HT2 binding affinity.
AB  - Systemic administration of the phenethylamine hallucinogen 2,5-dimethoxy-4
      methylamphetamine (DOM) has previously been shown to decrease spontaneous
      activity but increase the response to peripheral nerve stimulation of locus
      coeruleus (LC) neurons in anesthetized rats. Five antipsychotic drugs (spiperone,
      chlorpromazine, clozapine, haloperidol, and sulpiride) were tested for their
      ability to antagonize these effects of DOM in the LC. Spiperone, chlorpromazine,
      clozapine, and haloperidol were able to completely reverse the effects of a
      standard dose of DOM, while sulpiride was ineffective. The ED100s for reversing
      the effects of DOM showed a significant correlation only with the previously
      shown binding affinity for 5-HT2 receptors. These results suggest that certain
      types of antipsychotic drugs have activity as 5-HT2 antagonists in vivo.

PMID- 2908016
TI  - Seven-year follow-up of tardive dyskinesia in Hungarian outpatients.
AB  - Of 122 Hungarian outpatients treated with neuroleptics, 79 (64.8%) were available
      for follow-up 7 years after their original assessment for tardive dyskinesia
      (TD). Ratings on the Abnormal Involuntary Movements Scale and the Simpson
      Dyskinesia Rating Scale increased significantly. The number of TD cases
      identified by research diagnostic criteria increased by only 9%: 12 of 28
      patients no longer showed TD 7 years later, while 19 of 51 patients developed new
      TD.

PMID- 2908018
TI  - Psychotogenic drugs as models for schizophrenia.

PMID- 2908017
TI  - New insights into schizophrenia through atypical antipsychotic drugs.

PMID- 2908019
TI  - Effects of prenatal exposure to neuroleptic drugs on children's growth.
AB  - The effect of prenatal exposure to neuroleptic drugs on height and weight from
      birth to 7 years was examined in children of psychiatrically normal parents and
      of parents with a history of psychiatric treatment, using data from the
      Collaborative Perinatal Project of the National Institute of Neurological
      Diseases, Communicative Disorders, and Stroke. Analysis of covariance was used to
      control for potential confounding factors. We found that prenatal exposure to
      dopamine receptor-blocking neuroleptic drugs was associated with increased height
      in one or more of our groups at 4 months, 1 year, and 7 years and less
      consistently with increased weight. Seven-year-old children who had been exposed
      to these drugs for more than 2 months during gestation were approximately 3 cm
      taller than unexposed controls (p less than 0.05). Prenatal exposure to dopamine
      depleting agents was associated with decreased height at 4 months but not later.
      Possible mechanisms for these effects, including a permanent decrease in the
      number of brain dopamine receptors and effects on various hormones, are
      discussed.

PMID- 2908020
TI  - Subjective effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine in recreational users.
AB  - 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; Ecstasy) is a serotonergic neurotoxin in
      laboratory animals that has been used for recreational purposes by humans. The
      subjective effects of this drug were determined in recreational users at a
      university campus. Of individuals who had admitted to using MDMA recreationally,
      100 of 143 agreed to complete a detailed questionnaire concerning the subjective
      effects of this Schedule I compound. The most common effect of MDMA was a
      heightened sense of "closeness" with other people (90% of subjects). Tachycardia,
      dry mouth, bruxism and/or trismus were reported by the majority of users. These
      effects probably result from the amphetaminelike properties of the drug. Visual
      hallucinations were reported by 20% of users. Untoward side effects were most
      common on the day following the use of MDMA, with complaints of muscle aches,
      fatiguability, depression, and difficulty concentrating noted by 21% to 36% of
      subjects. Sixty-seven percent of frequent users of the drug (six or more separate
      doses) reported that the "positive" effects of the drug decreased with successive
      doses while the "negative" effects increased. Although these observations should
      be considered preliminary, they represent the first documentation of the
      subjective effects of MDMA in recreational users and confirm previous reports
      obtained from patients treated with this drug.

PMID- 2908021
TI  - Altered activity of the locus coeruleus in an animal model of depression.
AB  - In rats showing depression of active behavior, locus coeruleus (LC) neurons were
      not inhibited as they are normally; in particular, electrophysiologic recording
      showed LC neurons were hyperresponsive to excitatory input. Moreover, the degree
      to which LC neurons of individual animals were hyperresponsive correlated
      positively with the degree to which active behavior was depressed. Recently,
      hyperresponsiveness of LC neurons has been found to occur when the inhibitory
      influence of alpha 2-receptors on LC firing is blocked. Pharmacologic blockade of
      alpha 2-receptors in animals showing behavioral depression was not able to
      increase responsiveness of LC neurons as in normal animals, indicating that alpha
      2-receptors were subnormally activated in behavioral depression. These results
      show that activity of the principle noradrenergic cell group in the brain, the
      locus coeruleus, is altered in behavioral depression in an animal model, and
      suggest that abnormalities in this system and its regulatory elements, such as
      alpha 2-receptors, may be present in some types of clinical depression.

PMID- 2908022
TI  - Spatial regulation of homeo box gene expression in Drosophila.
AB  - 1. Each of the 17 known homeo box genes shows a unique pattern of expression
      during early embryonic development. Thus, virtually every embryonic cell contains
      a unique combination of active and inactive homeo box genes. 2. These different
      permutations of homeo box gene expression are thought to specify unique
      positional values, and appear to play key roles in selecting diverse pathways of
      morphogenesis. 3. It has been proposed that selective patterns of homeo box gene
      expression involve cross-regulatory interactions. For example, it appears that
      homeotic genes expressed in posterior regions of the embryo (such as abd-A and
      Abd-B) repress the expression of those homeotic genes expressed in more anterior
      regions (such as Antp and Ubx). Such interactions might involve sequence-specific
      DNA binding and occur at the level of transcription. 4. The establishment of
      selective patterns of pair-rule gene expression along the anterior-posterior
      embryonic body axis might involve the differential regulation of these genes by a
      common set of transcription factors. In particular, it appears that eve and ftz
      show opposite responses to regulatory products that are either directly or
      indirectly specified by several gap genes.

PMID- 2908023
TI  - The human apolipoprotein genes.
AB  - The apolipoproteins fall into two groups: the typical apolipoproteins (apo-AI,
      apo-AII, apo-AIV, apo-CI, apo-CII, apo-CIII and apo-E) constitute a multigene
      family with strong similarities in structure, genomic organization and in
      functional domains. The evolutionary relationship of these genes has been
      particularly well studied. Important work is now under way to analyse genetic
      variation of the apolipoprotein genes which contributes to alterations in plasma
      triglyceride and cholesterol levels and enhanced risk of coronary heart disease.
      Intensive work is also focused on understanding apolipoprotein gene regulation
      and it is hoped that this will contribute to understanding how plasma lipid
      levels are determined. Apolipoprotein B produces two distinct proteins. These
      have a central role in lipid metabolism. Their structure has been analyzed from
      studies on cDNAs and the organization of the gene determined. It remains to be
      determined how the apo-B gene produces two proteins, the intestinal form being
      half the size of the hepatic form. Studies to date indicate that this is not by
      the usual mechanisms of exon shuffling or post-translational processing. It might
      be anticipated that the smaller form is produced by a novel mechanism. As with
      the other apolipoproteins intensive work is now focused on the analysis of
      genetic variation and of the study of apo-B gene variation. Analysis of the apo-B
      gene may have profound implications for the diagnosis and treatment of plasma
      lipid abnormalities.

PMID- 2908024
TI  - Homoeo box genes of the mouse.

PMID- 2908025
TI  - Evidence for a specific role for cortical NMDA receptors in slow-wave sleep.
AB  - Iontophoresis of the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor antagonist 2-amino
      5-phosphonovaleric acid (2-APV) was found to suppress spontaneous bursting
      activity of layer V cortical neurones during stage 3/4 sleep in unrestrained,
      normally behaving rats. Iontophoresis of NMDA, on the other hand, increased
      cortical burst durations and increased the number of spikes per burst. 2-APV was
      found not to alter cells' responses to tactile stimulation or the generation of
      neuronal spindling activity during stage 2 sleep. These results provide the first
      evidence that NMDA receptors subserve a specific function in the neocortex of the
      behaving animal, by gene-rating burst activity in cortical neurones during stage
      3/4 of the natural sleep state. The activation of NMDA/2-APV-sensitive cortical
      receptors by afferents from the anterior intralaminar nuclei in the generation of
      bursts by cortical cells during stage 3/4 sleep is discussed.

PMID- 2908026
TI  - The origin of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive fibers in the regions of the
      nucleus basalis magnocellularis of the rat.
AB  - The simultaneous use of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) histochemistry and tyrosine
      hydroxylase (T-OH) immunocytochemistry permitted demonstration of the existence
      of a dense catecholaminergic network surrounding cholinergic neurons within the
      nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM) of the rat. The origin of this
      catecholaminergic network was investigated by combining T-OH immunocytochemistry
      with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) retrograde labelling using a slow release gel,
      unilaterally implanted in the area of the NBM. Retrogradely transported HRP was
      detected in some of the aminergic cell groups of the substantia nigra (A9) and
      locus coeruleus (A6). In these areas, approximately 1% of the tyrosine
      hydroxylase immunoreactive neurons were retrogradely labelled with HRP. In the
      substantia nigra, dually labelled neurons were found predominantly in the pars
      lateralis.

PMID- 2908027
TI  - Viral infection of neurons can depress neurotransmitter mRNA levels without
      histologic injury.
AB  - Neonatal mice inoculated with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) have non
      lytic persistent neuronal infection and disturbed behavior. We now show that LCMV
      replicates in neurons containing the neurotransmitter somatostatin without
      morphologic evidence of injury and that persistent neuronal LCMV infection in
      mice is attended by a decrease in brain levels of somatostatin mRNA. Brain levels
      of mRNA for another neurotransmitter peptide, cholecystokinin, are not decreased.
      These data are the first to localize a virus to a specific neurotransmitter
      containing cell during in vivo infection and suggest that persistent viral
      infections could cause neurologic or psychiatric diseases through selective
      effects on brain levels of neurotransmitter mRNAs.

PMID- 2908028
TI  - Rostral ventrolateral medullary neurons with intrinsic pacemaker properties are
      not catecholaminergic.
AB  - Neurons of the rat rostral ventrolateral medulla with intrinsic pacemaker
      properties and immediately adjacent silent neurons were recorded in tissue
      slices, labeled intracellularly with the fluorescent dye Lucifer yellow, and the
      tissue was subsequently processed for the immunocytochemical detection of the
      catecholamine-synthesizing enzyme tyrosine-hydroxylase. Forty-five percent (9/20)
      of the silent neurons were tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive, but none of the
      pacemaker cells were (0/15). We conclude that the ventrolateral reticular neurons
      with intrinsic pacemaker properties are not the C1 adrenergic cells.

PMID- 2908029
TI  - [Consequences of the use of beta-adrenergic agonists in the rearing of meat
      animals].

PMID- 2908030
TI  - Long-term treatment with a new non-ergot long-acting dopamine agonist, CV 205
      502, in women with hyperprolactinaemia.
AB  - Twenty-four hyperprolactinaemic women were treated for 6 months with the new, non
      ergot, long-acting dopamine agonist, CV 205-502. The treatment resulted in
      normalization of PRL secretion in 17 of the 24 women at once-daily doses of 0.05
      to 0.15 mg of the drug. Sixteen of these women as well as 4 of those who remained
      hyperprolactinaemic had regular menstrual bleeding. Five of the patients had
      previously discontinued bromocriptine therapy because of adverse effects but had
      no problems tolerating CV 205-502. Of three bromocriptine-resistant women, two
      responded partially while one also remained unresponsive to CV 205-502 treatment.
      Mild to moderate galactorrhoea was recorded at baseline in 19 of the 24 women.
      After 6 months' treatment mild galactorrhoea was still present in six patients,
      four of whom had attained normal PRL levels. Side-effects were mild and
      transient. CV 205-502 seems to be a valuable compound in the management of
      patients with hyperprolactinaemia.

PMID- 2908032
TI  - Occurrence of traumatic injuries in the oromaxillary region of children in a
      Japanese prefecture.

PMID- 2908031
TI  - Studies on thyrotrophin receptor antibodies in patients with euthyroid Graves'
      disease.
AB  - Thyroid stimulating antibodies (TSAb) and TSH-binding inhibitor immunoglobulins
      (TBII) were assessed in 30 patients with euthyroid Graves' disease. TSAb were
      detected in 24 cases (80.0%), the incidence being not significantly different
      from that in hyperthyroid Graves' disease (29/30, 97.6%). On the other hand, the
      incidence of TBII in patients with euthyroid Graves' disease (12/30, 40.0%) was
      significantly lower than that in patients with hyperthyroid Graves' disease
      (30/30, 100.0%). The mean TSAb and TBII activities in the euthyroid patients were
      significantly lower than in the hyperthyroid patients (P less than 0.005 and P
      less than 0.001, respectively). Both TBII and, more closely, TSAb activities
      correlated with T3-nonsuppressibility and inhibition of serum TSH response to TRH
      stimulation. The findings supported the stimulation in vivo of the thyroid by
      these antibodies. Both antithyroglobulin and antimicrosomal antibody titres in
      euthyroid Graves' disease were significantly lower than in hyperthyroid Graves'
      disease (P less than 0.05, P less than 0.01, respectively). Goitre size was
      significantly smaller (P less than 0.001), and 99mTc thyroid uptake was
      significantly lower (P less than 0.001) in the euthyroid than in the hyperthyroid
      group. Thus, the reduced mass of thyroid tissues responding to the stimulators
      was considered to be one of the factors responsible for the euthyroidism despite
      the presence of TSAb. The high incidence of TSAb and relatively low incidence of
      TBII in euthyroid Graves' disease indicate that the presence of TSAb does not
      necessarily lead to hyperthyroidism and that the development of overt
      thyrotoxicosis may require augmentation of both TSAb and TBII.

PMID- 2908033
TI  - Somatostatin concentrations in discrete hypothalamic nuclei of genetically obese
      Zucker rats.
AB  - Hypothalamic somatostatin concentration was determined in 6.5 to 9 months old
      male and female genetically obese fatty (fa/fa) and lean (Fa/-) Zucker rats.
      Similar somatostatin levels were found in fatty and lean animals in the
      hypothalamic regions previously known to contain the highest hormone levels
      (median eminence and arcuate, periventricular and ventromedial nuclei). The fatty
      animals were grossly obese and had a pronounced hyperinsulinemia.

PMID- 2908035
TI  - [Use of services and treatment profile after the Psychiatric Reform Act].

PMID- 2908034
TI  - Clinical experience with a radioreceptor assay for TSH-binding inhibiting
      immunoglobulins (TBII).
AB  - The aim of the present study was to evaluate the clinical value of a commercial
      kit for determination of TBII. Forty-seven of 50 patients with untreated
      hyperthyroid Graves' disease were TBII positive (sensitivity 94%). TBII was in
      the normal range in all normal volunteers and in patients with simple goiter,
      thyroid cancer and in most cases of nonimmunogenic hyperthyroidism (19 of 22).
      After 12 months antithyroid drug therapy with methimazole of 21 patients the
      prevalence of positive TBII findings was 28%. In contrast to this, 50 percent of
      the patients had increased microsomal antibodies at the end of therapy. The
      determination of TBII by TRAK-assay proved to be a sensitive, specific and
      practical method. The assay can be used to differentiate between hyperthyroidism
      of autoimmune or nonimmunogenic origin. Even so this method seems to be helpful
      for the follow-up during medical treatment of patients with Graves' disease. The
      results indicate that persistence of increased TBII levels are markers of active
      Graves' disease and suggest that in this situation ablative measures should be
      performed. Normalization of TBII on the end of a longstanding antithyroid therapy
      does not exclude the possibility of relapse in the further course.

PMID- 2908036
TI  - The use of oral contraceptives past the age of 35: bridging the gap.
AB  - With women deciding to delay pregnancy, there is an increasing need for safe
      contraception to bridge the gap until the onset of the menopause. Alternatives to
      guide the physician and the patient are summarized, and the safety and
      noncontraceptive benefit of low-dose oral contraceptives for women over the age
      of 35 is reviewed.

PMID- 2908037
TI  - Starting the new patient on oral contraceptives.
AB  - There are many considerations prior to starting a patient on oral contraceptives
      (OCs). A careful history and physical examination should be obtained, as should
      laboratory studies where indicated. In addition to the absolute and relative
      contraindications to OCs, the benefits should be reviewed with the patient.
      During therapy, the patient should be advised regarding potential minor side
      effects as well as serious signs and symptoms. There appears to be little
      difference in efficacy or side effects of monophasic vs. multiphasic
      contraceptives. It is recommended that a pill containing the lowest hormonal
      content, and thus with the least potential for side effects (ie, 35 micrograms of
      ethinyl estradiol), be utilized.

PMID- 2908038
TI  - Effects of oral contraceptives on the borderline NIDD patient.
AB  - With oral contraceptives (OCs), estrogen and progestogen doses, as well as the
      type of progestogen used, seem to directly affect glucose tolerance and insulin
      resistance. Other factors that influence these parameters are a patient's weight
      and age, family history of diabetes, and previous gestational diabetes. In normal
      weight women with previous gestational diabetes, low-dose OCs do not appear to
      directly affect glucose tolerance, plasma insulin levels, or insulin binding to
      monocytes. This paper reports the initial data from a study employing low-dose OC
      formulations in obese patients with a history of either Class A1 or A2
      gestational diabetes. Although results are preliminary, they do suggest that
      Ovcon 35, a low-dose norethindrone-containing OC, may be safe in Class A1
      diabetics; in Class A2 diabetics, Ovcon 35 is associated with significantly less
      change in oral glucose tolerance at 3 months than is the triphasic Triphasil.

PMID- 2908039
TI  - The effects of oral contraceptives on plasma lipids and lipoproteins.
AB  - It has been well documented that low-density lipoproteins and intermediate
      density lipoproteins play a role in the development of atherosclerosis. Data also
      indicate that high-density lipoproteins (HDLs), have potentially antiatherogenic
      effects. The individual estrogen and progestogen components of oral
      contraceptives (OCs) have been shown to affect plasma lipoproteins in both cross
      sectional and longitudinal studies. This effect depends on both the type of
      steroid used and the dose of each of the OC components. Estrogen and progestogen
      have opposing effects on lipoprotein physiology. Estrogens raise the level of HDL
      cholesterol, while progestogens tend to lower HDL levels. Thus, in OC
      formulations, as the ratio of estrogen to progestogen increases in favor of
      estrogen, there is a greater increase in HDL cholesterol--a potentially
      beneficial effect. Although there is no direct evidence that favorable
      lipoprotein changes produced by OCs are cardioprotective, the physician
      prescribing an OC should minimize adverse lipoprotein effects by prescribing a
      balanced low-dose, low-impact formulation.

PMID- 2908040
TI  - The androgenicity of progestational agents.
AB  - Androgenic potency of the progestational component in oral contraceptives (OCs)
      is difficult to assess. All the 19-nor testosterone progestogens in OC
      formulations basically have similar potencies and androgenic activities with the
      exception of norgestrel (NG). NG is the most potent and androgenic of these
      agents. It is five to ten times as potent as norethindrone (NET); levonorgestrel
      (1-NG), one of the two isomers of NG and the one responsible for its potency, is
      ten to 20 times more potent than NET. In addition, 1-NG is several times more
      androgenic than NET. However, when evaluating OC androgenic potency the
      antiandrogenic effect of the progestational agent as well as the effects of the
      estrogenic component have to be considered. Thus, it is useful to assess
      parameters that are affected by both OC components, such as changes in lipid
      levels. It may be concluded that given the potential deleterious metabolic
      effects produced by androgenic compounds, formulations should be used that have
      the least impact on these parameters.

PMID- 2908041
TI  - [Conclusions of the First Congress on Public Health and Sanitary Administration.
      Barcelona, October 1985].

PMID- 2908042
TI  - Biologic factors in personality disorders.

PMID- 2908043
TI  - Long shelf-life of antigen-sensitised erythrocytes by double aldehyde
      stabilisation for the serodiagnosis of amoebiasis by indirect haemagglutination.

PMID- 2908044
TI  - Modified smooth muscle responses of jejunum in streptozotocin-diabetic rats.
AB  - Complications of the gastrointestinal tract in patients with diabetes mellitus
      can cause marked discomfort and may modify the ability of the patient to maintain
      normal glucostasis. In an attempt to elucidate some of the factors causing
      gastrointestinal dysfunction in experimental diabetes we examined the responses
      of jejunal smooth muscle in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats to some of
      the neurotransmitters and autocoids found in the enteric nervous system. Jejunal
      tissues from 4- to 5-week diabetic rats were examined for their responses to
      neurokinin (NK) A, NKB, substance P (SP), bradykinin, neurotensin, bethanechol,
      isoproterenol and phenylephrine. The affinities for all these agonists, except
      for SP which increased slightly with diabetes, were the same in both control and
      diabetic tissues. NKA was the most potent neurokinin and elicited the largest
      contractile responses from jejunal tissues of both control and diabetic animals.
      The contractile response to NKA, but not that to NKB or SP, was increased in the
      jejunum from diabetic animals. Part of this increased responsiveness was
      antagonized by atropine. The contractile effects of the cholinergic agonist,
      bethanechol, were not altered by the diabetic state. Decreased relaxation
      responses in the jejunum from diabetic animals were observed for bradykinin,
      neurotensin and isoproterenol, but not for phenylephrine. These results suggest
      that the myogenic actions of several agonists are modified in experimental
      diabetes.

PMID- 2908045
TI  - Characterization of the effect of nicotine on vasopressin and atrial natriuretic
      factor in the rabbit.
AB  - The effects of nicotine on the secretion of arginine vasopressin (AVP) and of the
      atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) were examined in conscious rabbits. Nicotine was
      shown to produce significant increases in plasma AVP from 1.7 +/- 0.4 to 75.3 +/-
      35.1 pg/ml (P less than .05) and in plasma ANF levels from 39 +/- 11 to 121 +/-
      52 pg/ml (P less than .05) within 5 min of an i.v. dose of 0.5 mg/kg. These
      nicotine-induced stimulations could not be inhibited by muscarinic (atropine),
      dopaminergic [(+/-)-sulpiride], alpha (phenoxy-benzamine) or beta adrenergic
      (propranolol) blockers or by a rapid infusion of fluids. Trimetaphan was
      ineffective in blocking the stimulation of AVP secretion but completely abolished
      the nicotine-induced secretion of ANF. The more lipophilic ganglionic blocker,
      mecamylamine, blocked the stimulation of the secretion of both peptides. The
      effect of nicotine on AVP production was confirmed in vitro using the rat
      hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system preparation where nicotine increased AVP
      secretion in a dose-dependent manner. This in vitro stimulation was blocked by
      the ganglionic blocker hexamethonium. The increase in ANF plasma concentrations
      was probably due to a primary response to nicotine, for although exogenous AVP (1
      microgram i.v.) increased ANF levels by a factor of 3 (P less than .05), the AVP
      antagonist [-(beta-mercapto-beta,beta-cyclopentamethylenepropionic acid)-2- (O
      methyl)tyrosine]arginine vasopressin did not prevent the nicotine-induced
      increase in ANF. Thus, nicotine or its effects appear to stimulate the secretion
      of ANF and not AVP. It was concluded that nicotine stimulates the secretion of
      AVP by activating central nicotinic projections to the hypothalamus.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2908046
TI  - Neurologic deficits and neuronal injury in rats resulting from nonopioid actions
      of the delta opioid receptor antagonist ICI 174864.
AB  - The delta opioid receptor antagonist ICI 174864 produces postural abnormalities
      and barrel rolling after i.c.v. injection and hindlimb and tail flaccidity after
      spinal subarachnoid injection in rats. These effects appear to result from
      nonopioid characteristics of ICI 174864 because they are neither shared nor
      blocked by other opioid antagonists (naloxone, ICI 154129 and WIN 44,441-3) and
      are produced by two compounds (ICI 174644 and ICI 178173) that are structurally
      related to ICI 174864 but lack its delta antagonist properties. Barrel rolling
      and hindlimb paralysis are also produced by dynorphin A-related peptides;
      however, rats failed to demonstrate tolerance or cross-tolerance to the hindlimb
      paralytic actions of ICI 174864 or dynorphin A (1-13) after 7 days of continuous
      spinal intrathecal infusion of either of these compounds. Whereas hindlimb
      responses to low doses of ICI 174864 (1.6-6.2 nmol intrathecally) were usually
      transient, higher doses (6.2-25 nmol intrathecally) produced persistent hindlimb
      motor dysfunction, altered nociception, priapism, hindlimb edema, bladder
      infarction and atony and urinary incontinence. Neuronal and axonal changes in the
      lumbosacral spinal cords of rats with persistent and transient neurologic
      deficits provided direct evidence of the neuropathologic actions of ICI 174864
      (3.1 and 6.2 nmol) and ICI 174644 (25 nmol). These results indicate that 1) use
      of ICI 174864 as a selective delta opioid receptor antagonist is potentially
      compromised by its nonopioid neuropathologic actions and 2) ICI 174864 and
      dynorphin A-related peptides are unique among opioid agonists and antagonists in
      sharing barrel rolling and hindlimb paralytic effects. A similar mechanism of
      action may underlie the shared nonopioid actions of these peptides.

PMID- 2908047
TI  - Characterization of a bromoacetylated derivative of pindolol as a high affinity,
      irreversible beta adrenergic antagonist in cultured cells.
AB  - We have utilized cultured cell lines to test the utility of N8-(bromoacetyl)-N1
      [3-(4-indolyoxy)-2-hydroxypropyl]-(Z)-1,8-diam ino- p-menthane, BIM, a recently
      synthesized, irreversible beta adrenergic antagonist. Previously available
      irreversible antagonists of beta adrenergic receptors have generally exhibited
      low affinity (typical IC50 values greater than or equal to 1 microM). By
      contrast, S49 lymphoma cells incubated with 10 nM BIM for 120 min and then washed
      extensively showed a 70% loss in beta adrenergic receptors, as measured by
      [125I]iodocyanopindolol binding. This loss, which could be prevented by
      propranolol, represented a decrease in receptor number without a change in
      affinity of the remaining receptors for [125I]iodocyanopindolol. The BIM-induced
      decrease in binding sites was persistent in membranes incubated for several hours
      after BIM treatment. BIM did not inactivate alpha-1 adrenergic receptors on Madin
      Darby canine kidney cells, alpha-2 adrenergic receptors on human erythroleukemia
      cells, nor did BIM treatment alter guanyl-5'-yl-imidodiphosphate-mediated
      regulation of agonist binding to the beta adrenergic receptors in S49 cell
      membranes. BIM treatment decreased cyclic AMP (cAMP) accumulation in S49 cells in
      response to the beta adrenergic agonist isoproterenol, but increased
      prostaglandin E1-stimulated cAMP accumulation (P = .09) without altering cAMP
      production in response to forskolin. The inactivation of beta receptors in S49
      cells by BIM (IC50 = 0.30 nM) correlated closely with the loss in beta adrenergic
      receptor-mediated cAMP accumulation in these cells (IC50 = 0.59 nM), implying the
      absence of substantial receptor reserve for this response. We conclude that BIM
      is a potent, irreversible, selective beta adrenergic antagonist for the study of
      beta adrenergic receptors in cultured cells.

PMID- 2908048
TI  - Kinetics of drug action in disease states. XXIV. Pharmacodynamics of diazepam and
      its active metabolites in rats.
AB  - The purpose of this investigation was to determine the relative contribution of
      diazepam and its active metabolites (desmethyldiazepam, oxazepam and temazepam)
      to the hypnotic activity of this benzodiazepine drug and to assess the role of
      rate of drug administration as a determinant of the relative concentrations of
      diazepam and its active metabolites in serum and in the central nervous system at
      the onset of a predefined pharmacologic endpoint. Rats were given i.v. infusions
      of diazepam to onset of loss of righting reflex. Samples of cerebrospinal fluid
      (CSF), blood (for serum) and brain were obtained at that time and were analyzed
      for diazepam and its active metabolites. Based on the results of six experiments
      on groups of 6 to 14 rats performed at the same time of day over 11 months, the
      pharmacologic response of the animals was found to be relatively consistent, with
      little variation between rats and between experiments in body weight-normalized
      effective dose and in diazepam serum and CSF concentrations. All three active
      metabolites of diazepam were found in serum, CSF and brain; they were relatively
      more prominent in CSF than in serum. Variation of the diazepam infusion rate
      (four rates between 0.10 and 0.34 mg/min per approximately 200-g rat) was
      associated with changes in average onset time (50 to 10 min) and dose (26 to 17
      mg/kg) required to produce the pharmacologic effect. The drug and metabolite
      concentrations in CSF determined in these experiments, together with
      corresponding concentrations obtained by infusion of each active metabolite
      individually, yielded estimates of their relative hypnotic potency that were
      unaffected by differences in serum protein binding and tissue
      distribution.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2908049
TI  - Effects of fenoldopam on feline intestinal microcirculation.
AB  - Experiments were performed to evaluate the effects of the specific dopamine-1
      receptor agonist, fenoldopam, on the feline intestinal microcirculation. Cranial
      mesenteric arterial pressure, cranial mesenteric vein pressure, cranial
      mesenteric vein blood flow, venous occlusion capillary pressure, pre- and
      postcapillary resistances, total mesenteric vascular resistance, lymph flow,
      lymph and plasma protein concentrations, the capillary osmotic reflection
      coefficient, and the capillary filtration coefficient were determined in an
      isolated autoperfused jejunal segment in anesthetized fasted cats during intra
      arterial administration of saline or fenoldopam mesylate in saline. Fenoldopam
      significantly increased mean cranial mesenteric vein blood flow from 26.8 +/- 3.4
      to 33.7 +/- 2.8 ml.min-1.100 g-1. This increase in blood flow was due primarily
      to a significant decrease in mean intestinal vascular resistance from 3.14 +/-
      0.32 to 2.54 +/- 0.2 mm Hg.ml-1.min-1.100 g-1, since cranial mesenteric arterial
      pressure during fenoldopam infusion was not different from the value obtained
      during control studies. Mean capillary pressure during fenoldopam infusion (17.2
      +/- 0.5 mm Hg) was significantly greater than mean capillary pressure during
      control studies (15.6 +/- 0.3 mm Hg). The mean lymph flow during fenoldopam
      infusion (0.186 +/- 0.083 g/dl) was significantly greater than the value obtained
      during saline infusion (0.08 +/- 0.009 g/dl). Fenoldopam infusion significantly
      increased the mean capillary filtration coefficient from 0.135 +/- 0.021 to 0.275
      +/- 0.035 ml.min-1.100 g-1.mm Hg-1 without altering the capillary osmotic
      reflection coefficient. These results suggest that specific dopamine-1-receptor
      stimulation in the small intestine increases the perfused capillary density
      without altering capillary permeability.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2908050
TI  - Effects of chronic administration of neuroleptic and anticholinergic agents on
      densities of D2 dopamine and muscarinic cholinergic receptors in rat striatum.
AB  - It has been suggested that the development of tardive dyskinesia (TD), a serious
      and sometimes permanent movement disorder that may follow the use of neuroleptic
      drugs, is due to an increase in the density of or to a functional
      supersensitivity of D2 dopamine receptors in the striatum. The atypical
      neuroleptic clozapine (CLZ) is thought not to cause either acute extrapyramidal
      syndromes or TD because of its intrinsic anticholinergic activity. This
      hypothesis was examined using an increase in the density of striatal D2 dopamine
      receptors after chronic neuroleptic treatment in rats as a model of the changes
      underlying TD. Rats were treated for 14 days with saline; the neuroleptics CLZ,
      thioridazine or fluphenazine decanoate (FD); the anticholinergic drugs atropine
      or trihexyphenidyl or with FD together with atropine or trihexyphenidyl. Specific
      binding of [3H]spiroperidol to striatal D2 receptors was increased by 26 to 31%
      (P less than .05) in the groups treated with FD alone or in conjunction with any
      of the anticholinergic agents. There was no significant increase in the density
      of D2 receptors after administration of CLZ or thioridazine. The results are
      consistent with the hypothesis that an increase in the density of D2 receptors is
      associated with the development of TD. Because coadministration of
      anticholinergic drugs with FD does not attenuate the effects of the latter drug
      on striatal D2 receptors, it is likely that other properties of CLZ are
      responsible for its reduced propensity to produce alterations in D2 receptors
      and/or TD.

PMID- 2908051
TI  - [Testicular retention--an unsolved problem].

PMID- 2908052
TI  - [The 3d American meeting on hypertension in New York: 24-hour blood pressure
      determination will be routine in mild hypertension].

PMID- 2908053
TI  - [A retrospective study: satisfactory descensus in the majority of boys treated
      surgically for testicular retention].

PMID- 2908054
TI  - [An inquiry study: unexpected low risk of sterility after surgery of testicular
      retention].

PMID- 2908055
TI  - Distribution of DT diaphorase in the rat brain: biochemical and
      immunohistochemical studies.
AB  - DT diaphorase [NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase] activity was measured in
      subcellular fractions from homogenates of striatum, frontal cortex, hippocampus,
      cerebellum, hypothalamus and substantia nigra. This flavoprotein, which by
      definition oxidizes dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and
      dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate at equal rates and is
      completely inhibited by 10(-5) M dicoumarol, was found to constitute 80-90% of
      the total dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide- and dihydronicotinamide
      adenine dinucleotide phosphate-reductase activities in all brain regions studied.
      Antibodies raised against purified cytosolic DT diaphorase from the rat liver
      cross-reacted with the brain enzyme and inhibited soluble DT diaphorase from
      striatum and cerebellum to 80-90%. Immunohistochemical studies with the same
      antibodies demonstrated the occurrence of DT diaphorase immunoreactivity in a
      population of neurons in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area. In some
      neurons there was a colocalization of DT diaphorase and tyrosine hydroxylase-like
      immunoreactivity. The dense network of DT diaphorase-immunoreactive fibres in the
      striatum disappeared along with the dopaminergic innervation after 6
      hydroxydopamine lesion. DT diaphorase immunoreactivity was also found in Bergmann
      glia, astrocytes and tanycytes. No correlation appeared to exist between the
      localization of neuronal DT diaphorase immunoreactivity and the
      dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase-like activity, as
      defined by tetrazolium salt staining, used as a marker for certain peptidergic
      and cholinergic neurons. However, in, for example, glial cells in the cerebellum,
      DT diaphorase might contribute or be responsible for the histochemical
      dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase activity.

PMID- 2908056
TI  - Morphometrical evidence for a complex organization of tyrosine hydroxylase-,
      enkephalin- and DARPP-32-like immunoreactive patches and their codistribution at
      three rostrocaudal levels in the rat neostriatum.
AB  - Tyrosine hydroxylase-like, dopamine- and cyclic AMP-regulated phosphoprotein (Mr
      = 32,000)-like and enkephalin-like immunoreactive profiles and their
      codistribution have been evaluated at three rostrocaudal levels of the rat
      neostriatum by means of a computer-assisted morphometrical method, which allows
      an objective definition of high density/intensity patches using specific
      antibodies in combination with the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique. Our
      results show that both tyrosine hydroxylase-like, dopamine- and cyclic AMP
      regulated phosphoprotein-like and enkephalin-like profiles are organized in
      patches in the rat neostriatum. In the marginal zone, the tyrosine hydroxylase
      like immunoreactive and dopamine- and cyclic AMP-regulated phosphoprotein-like
      immunoreactive patches both occupied a large part of the total area. Moreover, in
      this zone, these putative markers for pre- and postsynaptic elements of
      dopaminergic synapses also showed a complete spatial overlap. In contrast, the
      enkephalin-like immunoreactive patches in the marginal zone occupied a smaller
      area, and showed only an incomplete, albeit significant overlap with the tyrosine
      hydroxylase-like immunoreactive/dopamine- and cyclic AMP-regulated phosphoprotein
      like immunoreactive system. In the central zone, tyrosine hydroxylase-like
      immunoreactive, dopamine- and cyclic AMP-regulated phosphoprotein-like
      immunoreactive and enkephalin-like immunoreactive patches occupied a much smaller
      part of the total area than did those in the marginal zone. Within the central
      zone, enkephalin-like immunoreactive patches occupied a significantly larger area
      than did the tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactive and dopamine- and cyclic
      AMP-regulated phosphoprotein-like immunoreactive patches. No consistent pattern
      of overlap between the three different staining patterns could be seen in the
      central zone, probably due to the small, inconsistent size of the patches. Trend
      analysis showed a consistent trend of more tyrosine hydroxylase-like
      immunoreactive and dopamine- and cyclic AMP-regulated phosphoprotein-like
      immunoreactive patches in the dorsal than in the ventral striatum, and a trend of
      more enkephalin-like immunoreactive patches in the rostral than in the caudal
      striatum. Our data thus demonstrate that, by using computer-assisted
      morphometrical techniques, it is possible to describe a non-homogenous but
      overlapping distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactive and dopamine
      and cyclic AMP-regulated phosphoprotein-like immunoreactive patches in the rat
      neostriatum.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2908057
TI  - Endopeptidase-24.11 is striosomally ordered in pig brain and, in contrast to
      aminopeptidase N and peptidyl dipeptidase A ('angiotensin converting enzyme'), is
      a marker for a set of striatal efferent fibres.
AB  - Endopeptidase-24.11 (sometimes referred to as 'enkephalinase') is a key cell
      surface enzyme in the metabolism of neuropeptides. A previous immunohistochemical
      study mapped the enzyme in pig brain and indicated a striosomal ordering of the
      enzyme within the striatum. This point has now been confirmed by staining
      adjacent sections for acetylcholinesterase (by histochemistry) and endopeptidase
      24.11 (by an immunoperoxidase method). While there were some general similarities
      in the mapping of these two hydrolases, e.g. in the caudate-putamen, globus
      pallidus, olfactory tubercle, substantia nigra and striatonigral tract, there
      were differences in intensity and in the microscopic distribution, e.g. as in
      striosomes for which acetylcholinesterase was diminished. Two other membrane
      peptidases, peptidyl dipeptidase A ('angiotensin converting enzyme') and
      aminopeptidase N, were also mapped by the same immunohistochemical method.
      Peptidyl dipeptidase A had some similarities with endopeptidase-24.11, e.g. in
      its concentration within the striatal nuclei, but clear differences were also
      apparent, in particular the absence of staining of the former in the globus
      pallidus and olfactory tubercle. Immunostaining for aminopeptidase N, in contrast
      to the other peptidases, was observed as a diffuse staining throughout the gray
      matter. At the microscopic level, two important differences were that staining
      for aminopeptidase N and peptidyl dipeptidase A was very intense throughout the
      vasculature of the brain and that striatal efferent bundles of unmyelinated
      fibres staining positively for endopeptidase-24.11 were depleted of the other two
      peptidases. All three peptidases were identified in the pia mater. Thus,
      endopeptidase-24.11, unlike peptidyl dipeptidase A and aminopeptidase N, is a
      marker for a set of striatal efferent fibres in pig brain.

PMID- 2908058
TI  - Effects of the unilateral striatal lesion on neurotransmitter markers in the
      contralateral striatum and both substantia nigrae of the rat.
AB  - We investigated quantitative changes in possible neurotransmitters and their
      biosynthetic enzymes in the contralateral striatum and both substantia nigrae
      following unilateral electrothermic lesions of the striatum in the rat. Two types
      of changes were observed: (1) the first ones were long-lasting (up to 56 post
      operative days) effects and consisted in a decrease of GABA content and tyrosine
      hydroxylase activity in the ipsilateral substantia nigra due to the anterograde
      and retrograde degeneration of striatal efferent and afferent fibres,
      respectively, and in a marked increase of glutamate and GABA contents in the
      contralateral striatum resulting possibly from a modified activity of the
      collaterals of the glutamatergic corticostriatal fibres and a subsequent
      secondary increase of GABA. The latter interpretation was supported by the
      finding that the changes observed were abolished by an additional callosal
      transection; (2) the second series of changes were transient (only found at 3-7
      post-operative days) effects represented by an increase in GABA content, a
      decrease of tyrosine hydroxylase activity, and a decrease of dopamine content,
      which mostly appeared in the contralateral substantia nigra. The decrease of
      dopamine markers may be a subsequent secondary effect of the increase of GABA in
      the substantia nigra. These results suggest that the contralateral increase of
      the amino acid transmitters in the striatum and the increase followed by decrease
      of transmitter markers in the contralateral substantia nigra could be a "plastic"
      or "compensatory" biochemical response to the unilateral striatal lesions.

PMID- 2908059
TI  - Effect of psychotropic drugs on identified septohippocampal neurons.
AB  - The effects of various psychotropic drugs (benzodiazepines, antidepressants,
      neuroleptics and nootropic drugs, a family of cognition activator agents) on
      firing rates of septohippocampal neurons, identified by electrical antidromic
      stimulation, were studied in the medial septum-nucleus of the diagonal band of
      Broca of rats anaesthetized with urethan. Extracellular potentials from single
      septohippocampal neurons were recorded using glass pipettes. Drugs were applied
      by either microiontophoresis or intravenous injections (i.v.). Benzodiazepines
      produced a marked depression of spontaneous firing rates of septohippocampal
      neurons whether applied i.v. (diazepam) or iontophoretically (flurazepam,
      midazolam). In addition, diazepam had a potent depressant effect on the
      rhythmically bursting activity of the septohippocampal neurons. Baclofen also had
      an inhibitory effect. Antidepressant drugs (applied by iontophoresis) as well as
      amphetamine, had a depressant effect on spontaneous firing rates. Neuroleptics
      (i.v.) had less significant or consistent effects on septohippocampal neurons,
      although the effects of haloperidol were usually inhibitory. Nootropic drugs were
      generally ineffective. These data indicate that most psychotropic drugs tested
      (with the exception of nootropic drugs) have an inhibitory effect on the
      spontaneous activity of septohippocampal neurons. However, benzodiazepines seem
      to be more active than antidepressants or neuroleptics. Oxotremorine (i.v.) had a
      potent excitatory effect on septohippocampal neurons. Atropine (i.v.) increased
      the septohippocampal neurons' firing rate in some cases. These results are
      discussed in view of the possible implication of the involvement of
      septohippocampal neurons in the mediation of the effects of psychotropic drugs on
      the central nervous system and, more specifically, on the cholinergic systems.

PMID- 2908060
TI  - Tyrosine hydroxylase-like and dopamine beta-hydroxylase-like immunoreactivity in
      the gustatory zone of the nucleus of the solitary tract in the hamster: light-
      and electron-microscopic studies.
AB  - A quantitative electron-microscopic analysis has been conducted on the neurons
      within the gustatory zone of the nucleus of the solitary tract of the hamster.
      The most common group of neurons within the gustatory zone contains both large
      (X1) and small (X3) members that possess deeply invaginated nuclear profiles.
      These neurons have somal areas that average 113 micron2 (range 34-281 micron2)
      and a value of somal area/nuclear area that averages 2.2. Other large and small
      neurons that have non-invaginated nuclear profiles are also observed. The larger
      (X2) neurons average 151 micron2 (range 49-487 micron2) and have much cytoplasm
      and associated membranous organelles that is reflected in a mean value of somal
      area/nuclear area of 2.6. Members of the X2 group are the largest neurons in the
      gustatory zone. The smaller (X4) group contains the smallest neurons in the
      gustatory zone of the nucleus of the solitary tract, averages 50 micron2 (range
      16-103 micron2), shows almost no perinuclear cytoplasm and has a mean value of
      somal area/nuclear area of only 1.5. These findings are consistent with and
      expand upon the results of similar studies at the light-microscopic level. This
      grouping has been used to explore the association of tyrosine hydroxylase-like
      and dopamine beta-hydroxylase-like immunoreactivities with specific populations
      of neurons that are known to be distributed across the various levels of the
      gustatory zone. At the light-microscopic level, numerous well-defined and
      intensely labelled tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactive somata of various
      morphologies and sizes are observed. Quantification at the electron-microscopic
      level indicates that 10-15% of the neurons encountered in the dorsal and
      intermediate levels of the gustatory zone are immunoreactive. The ventral level
      of the gustatory zone contains few immunoreactive neurons. Tyrosine hydroxylase
      like immunoreactive neurons possess either non-invaginated or invaginated nuclear
      profiles and their somal areas average 106 and 142 micron2, respectively. On the
      bases of size and ultrastructural features, these immunoreactive somata are
      assigned to the two groups (X1 and X2) of large neurons within the gustatory
      portion of the nucleus of the solitary tract. In general, small neurons are not
      immunoreactive. The distribution of dopamine beta-hydroxylase-like
      immunoreactivity has also been examined in adjacent sections in order to reveal
      the presence of any putative noradrenergic neurons in the gustatory
      zone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2908061
TI  - Selective D1 and D2 dopamine agonists produce opposing effects in place
      conditioning but not in conditioned taste aversion learning.
AB  - The neurotransmitter, dopamine (DA), has been implicated in place conditioning
      but the role of D1 and D2 receptors has not been investigated. In Experiment 1,
      the effects of SKF 38393 (0, 0.01, 0.1, 1.0, 10.0 mg/kg) and quinpirole (0, 0.01,
      0.1, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 mg/kg), preferential D1 and D2 receptor agonists,
      respectively, were evaluated and compared to (+)-amphetamine (0, 0.01, 0.1, 1.0,
      2.0, 4.0 mg/kg). The experiment consisted of three phases. During the preexposure
      phase, rats explored two distinctive end compartments adjoined by a small tunnel.
      The time spent in each compartment was recorded. During the 8-day conditioning
      phase, rats were treated with drug and confined to one compartment for 30 min. On
      alternate days, rats received saline and were placed in the opposite compartment.
      Test days occurred over the remaining three days during which drug-free animals
      explored both compartments. Rats conditioned with (+)-amphetamine demonstrated a
      dose-dependent increase in time spent in the drug-paired environment from
      preexposure to test indicating the establishment of a conditioned place
      preference. Treatment with quinpirole also resulted in a conditioned place
      preference, however, only an intermediate dose was effective. In contrast, SKF
      38393 produced a dose-dependent decrease in time spent on the drug-paired side
      suggesting the establishment of a place aversion. The idea that D1 receptors may
      be exclusively involved in mediating the aversive properties of psychomotor
      stimulants was tested in Experiment 2 employing a conditioned taste aversion
      paradigm. The results did not support this notion; it was found that both
      quinpirole and SKF 38393 produced a conditioned taste aversion.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2908062
TI  - Naloxone, but not Tyr-MIF-1, reduces volitional ethanol drinking in rats:
      correlation with degree of spontaneous preference.
AB  - The possible relationship between the actions of ethanol and opiates led us to
      examine the effect of opiate antagonists on ethanol intake in rats with a free
      choice of water. Naloxone (NAL) significantly reduced intake of ethanol. This
      effect was much greater in "high-preferring" (ethanol/total fluid intake greater
      than 60%) than in "low-preferring" (ethanol/total fluid intake less than 30%)
      rats. Furthermore, a correlation was found between the degree of spontaneous
      preference (ethanol/total fluid intake ratio) and the reduction of ethanol
      drinking by NAL. Sensitivity to NAL increased with increased preference for
      ethanol. Neither Tyr-MIF-1 (Tyr-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2) nor MIF-1 (Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2)
      caused a significant modification of ethanol intake. This study shows that NAL
      can reduce volitional ethanol intake in rats and provides further evidence that
      Tyr-MIF-1 does not always act like NAL.

PMID- 2908063
TI  - Combined opiate/adrenergic receptor blockade enhances squirrel monkey
      vocalization.
AB  - This study provides evidence for the interaction between opiate and noradrenergic
      neuronal systems on primate vocal behavior. The rate of twitters produced by
      adult squirrel monkeys was increased in an additive or synergistic manner by the
      combined administration of the alpha 2 adrenergic antagonist yohimbine and the
      opiate antagonist naloxone. Similar effects were not demonstrated on the
      isolation call. In addition, the drug combination led to an increase of autonomic
      symptoms. The anatomical localization of these findings and mechanism for the
      production of increased twitters requires further investigation.

PMID- 2908064
TI  - Advantages and disadvantages of a rapid method to train drug discrimination.
AB  - In an effort to reduce the often extensive period of time needed to train rats to
      discriminate between a drugged and nondrugged state, a fast training regimen was
      employed with 1.5 mg/kg 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) used as the
      training drug in ten rats. This protocol consisted of one to three training
      sessions per day and it was compared to the more conventional method of once-per
      day training in an equal number of rats. Results indicate that the fast-trained
      rats learned the discrimination in significantly fewer sessions than the slowly
      trained rats. However, the subsequent dose-response experiments indicate that
      when the fast-trained rats are tested with various doses of MDMA, without prior
      vehicle treatment, their sensitivity to the drug is less than that of the slowly
      trained rats. When a vehicle session is presented prior to drug dose-response
      testing, both groups perform similarly. It appears that the preceding vehicle
      sessions function as a reference point for the fast-trained rats and, although
      the more rapid training regimen allows for faster learning, these treatment
      regimens should be employed with caution when subsequent dose-response tests and
      generalization tests with other drugs are conducted.

PMID- 2908065
TI  - Antihistaminic drugs increase feeding, while histidine suppresses feeding in
      rats.
AB  - The present studies tested the hypothesis that histamine blockade stimulates
      appetite, while increases in histamine levels suppress appetite. Results show
      that the classical antihistamines cyproheptadine and promethazine both produced
      significant and long-lasting increases in food intake. Pronounced appetite
      stimulation was also seen following the administration of doxepin, the most
      potent antihistamine among the antidepressants. In contrast, administration of
      the histamine precursor histidine produced a profound suppression in food intake.
      The results thus suggest that an inverse relationship may exist between histamine
      and food intake.

PMID- 2908067
TI  - Serotonergic-dopaminergic mediation of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA,
      "ecstasy").
AB  - A series of three experiments were conducted to investigate the possible
      serotonergic and dopaminergic mediation of the discriminative stimulus properties
      of the "designer" drug MDMA. In Experiment 1, rats trained to discriminate 1.5
      mg/kg (+/-)-MDMA from its vehicle at 20 min postadministration were shown to
      generalize to another drug of abuse, N-ethyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDE)
      and to the serotonergically-active agents norfenfluramine and TFMPP. In contrast,
      testing of various dopaminergically-active agonists did not result in MDMA-like
      responding. In Experiment 2, dopaminergic and serotonergic antagonist were
      employed to observe their effect upon MDMA discrimination at 20 min
      postinjection. The serotonin antagonist pirenperone significantly decreased MDMA
      discrimination, whereas the dopamine decreasing drugs CGS 10746B and haloperidol
      had no effect. In Experiment 3, another group of rats were trained to
      discriminate MDMA at 105 min postadministration to investigate if, at this
      (later) time, the dopaminergic properties of MDMA may be more salient. Indeed,
      the dopaminergically-active drugs had a heightened effect upon MDMA at this later
      time, although the serotonergic component of the MDMA discriminative stimulus was
      predominant. The results suggest that the effects of MDMA at 20 min
      postadministration are solely serotonergic in nature. At 105 min postinjection
      there appears to be the presence of a weak dopaminergic component. This biphasic
      serotonergic-then-dopaminergic action of MDMA may explain the reported human
      experience with the drug, as well as the often controversial results in the
      literature.

PMID- 2908066
TI  - Alpha noradrenergic agonists promote catalepsy in the mouse.
AB  - Alpha adrenergic receptors are important in motor control. Adrenergic drugs
      reportedly modulate the catalepsy caused by other agents, such as opiates and
      neuroleptics. We tested a variety of adrenergic agonists and blockers in a
      nondrug, mouse model of catalepsy. A major cataleptic effect was produced by both
      alpha agonists, phenylephrine (0.5 to 3 mg/kg, IP) and clonidine (0.5 to 2
      mg/kg), and this catalepsy was antagonized by pretreatment with both of the
      respective antagonists, phenoxybenzamine (alpha-1) and yohimbine (alpha-2) (p
      less than 0.0001). The mixed beta agonist, isoproterenol (2 mg/kg), appeared to
      have a minor cataleptic effect, and this was abolished by beta antagonist. Open
      field locomotor scores during the same treatments revealed that catalepsy and
      hypokinesia are dissociable.

PMID- 2908068
TI  - Antiamnesic effects of D-pipecolic acid and analogues of Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2 in rats.
AB  - The antiamnesic effects of prolyl-leucyl-glycinamide (PLG) and analogues of this
      tripeptide were investigated in rats. Retrograde amnesia was induced by
      electroconvulsive shock treatment and the degree of amnesia was characterized by
      the attenuation of one-trial learning passive avoidance response. PLG resulted in
      dose-dependent attenuation of retrograde amnesia. Structural modifications
      included N-terminal protection, substitution of the C-terminal NH2 group,
      replacement of the N-terminal amino acid, and replacement of the second amino
      acid of the tripeptide. Some tripeptides, all of them containing D-pipecolic acid
      instead of the N-terminal proline, were more effective than PLG. Therefore, D
      pipecolic acid, D-pipecolamide and their N-terminally protected analogues were
      also investigated, and were found to have powerful antiamnesic effects.

PMID- 2908069
TI  - Neuroleptic-induced reduction of quipazine-elicited head-twitches in rats:
      possible involvement of striatal dopaminergic supersensitivity.
AB  - Rats were treated with a single large dose of various neuroleptic compounds and,
      5-7 days after, they were assayed for either behavioral sensitivity to
      apomorphine (hypermotility and stereotyped behavior) or head-twitch response to
      the mixed serotonin-dopamine agonist quipazine. The animals withdrawn from
      chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, haloperidol, metoclopramide and the D1 selective
      blocker SCH 23390, showed enhanced hypermotility and/or stereotyped responses to
      apomorphine and reduced head-twitch response to quipazine. The rats withdrawn
      from thioridazine, (-)-sulpiride and sultopride responded to apomorphine only
      with enhanced hypermotility while their response to quipazine was either
      unchanged or even increased. The results are discussed in terms of dopaminergic
      brain areas and/or receptor subtypes involved in the modulation of the head
      twitch response to quipazine. We concluded that an enhancement of dopaminergic
      tone at the striatal level could be related to the reduced head-twitch response
      to quipazine.

PMID- 2908070
TI  - Differential effects of neuroleptic drugs on the delayed matching-to-sample
      performance of pigeons.
AB  - The effects of clozapine, thiothixene, sulpiride, chlorpromazine and loxapine
      were examined in pigeons responding under a delayed matching-to-sample (DMTS)
      procedure using 0-, 2- and 8-sec delay intervals. Chlorpromazine (3-100 mg/kg),
      thiothixene (0.03-1.7 mg/kg), clozapine (0.1-5.6 mg/kg) and loxapine (0.1-10
      mg/kg) produced dose-related decreases in the percent of correct responses
      (accuracy). With the exception of chlorpromazine, the relative magnitude of the
      accuracy-decreasing effects were unrelated to the length of the delay interval
      and the nondrug levels of accuracy. In contrast to these accuracy-decreasing
      effects, sulpiride (3-300 mg/kg) failed to decrease accuracy across the range of
      doses evaluated. Chlorpromazine, loxapine and clozapine increased response rates
      at low doses and then decreased response rates as the dose was increased.
      Thiothixene and sulpiride only decreased response rates in a dose-dependent
      fashion. The order of potency for the rate-suppressing effects of these drugs was
      thiothixene greater than clozapine = loxapine greater than chlorpromazine greater
      than sulpiride. The results of the present investigation suggest that, despite
      similar dopamine antagonist properties, neuroleptics produce qualitatively
      different effects in pigeons responding under DMTS procedures.

PMID- 2908071
TI  - [Fractures of the maxilla with involvement of the orbital floor. 1.
      Introduction].

PMID- 2908072
TI  - [Tolerance for nitrates].

PMID- 2908073
TI  - [Current developments in the treatment of unstable angina pectoris and acute
      myocardial infarct].

PMID- 2908074
TI  - [Cardiac stimulation in the treatment of tachyarrhythmias].

PMID- 2908075
TI  - [The therapeutic aspects in atrial fibrillation with a rapid rhythm].

PMID- 2908076
TI  - [Molecular mechanism of tolerance for vasodilator nitrates].

PMID- 2908077
TI  - [Early postinfarct angina--its incidence, significance, prognosis].

PMID- 2908078
TI  - [Phonomechanocardiographic aspects during effort in patients with angina
      pectoris].

PMID- 2908079
TI  - [Mechanisms of the membrane transport of sodium and potassium in arterial
      hypertension (the pathogenetic and clinical considerations)].

PMID- 2908080
TI  - [Alcoholic cardiomyopathy--an etiological factor in heart failure-generating
      cardiomegaly].

PMID- 2908081
TI  - [The proarrhythmia effects of anti-arrhythmia drugs].

PMID- 2908083
TI  - [Symposium on nursing--a fertile forum for nurses. Interview by Mette-Marie
      Davidsen].

PMID- 2908082
TI  - [Catalog of the entomologic collections of the Faculty of Public Health of the
      University of Sao Paulo--(2d Serie II)--Culicidae].

PMID- 2908084
TI  - [Granulocytopenia in treatment with salazopyrin].

PMID- 2908085
TI  - A decade of photorespiratory nitrogen cycling.

PMID- 2908086
TI  - snRNP mediators of 3' end processing: functional fossils?

PMID- 2908087
TI  - Reversible phosphorylation of an enhancer binding protein regulates the
      transcription of bacterial nitrogen utilization genes.

PMID- 2908088
TI  - [Status of antihistaminics in the therapy of bronchial asthma].
AB  - Effects of histamine on bronchial mucosal permeability, mucus secretion and
      smooth muscle cells change the airway geometry to bronchoconstriction. Histamine
      is also involved in the underlying early and late asthmatic response, chronic
      inflammation and increased airway responsiveness. The actions of histamine
      enhancing bronchial obstruction arise from its interaction with specific H1
      receptors. In contrast to the bronchoconstrictive potency of histamine,
      antagonists do not lower bronchial resistance. Therefore they are without any
      therapeutic effect in acute asthmatic attacks. However, histamine H1-antagonists
      produce significant protection against bronchospasms which are induced
      experimentally by a variety of conditions in asthmatic patients. The protective
      actions of modern histamine H1-antagonists are caused mainly by the capacity to
      inhibit synthesis or release of mediators which are implicated in airway
      inflammation and hyperresponsiveness. Anti-inflammatory properties and
      restoration of desensitize beta-adrenoceptor responsiveness account for the
      possibility to reduce treatment with glucocorticoids and other drugs at least in
      some cases. In summary, modern H1-antagonists are useful in longterm control of
      moderate forms of primarily allergic asthma.

PMID- 2908089
TI  - [Experimental studies with external and internal administration of
      antihistaminics in insect venom allergies].

PMID- 2908090
TI  - [Chronic urticaria--still a vexing problem? Progress in diagnosis and therapy].
AB  - Despite the suggestion than an intolerance reaction could be a possible cause of
      chronic urticaria in some cases, the pathogenesis of this disease remains
      enigmatic. It is unlikely that an intolerance reaction to substances used in
      provocation testing is the cause of the daily rashes. It rather seems that the
      intolerance reaction is an indication of a certain instability of the mast cell
      membrane of other factors of the reaction cascade leading to the wheals.
      Fortunately, an effective symptomatic therapy is available in such cases where
      the cause cannot be detected and the trigger cannot be avoided. The modern, non
      sedating H1-antihistamines have been tested in clinical-experimental studies as
      well as in a multicentric study in patients with chronic urticaria. In histamine
      induced wheals, terfenadine was slightly superior to other non-sedating H1
      blockers, when the grade of reduction of wheals and flare areas was taken as
      criterion. In clinical studies, another antihistamine, loratadine, was slightly,
      but statistically not significantly superior to terfenadine. In cases that cannot
      be effectively treated with H1-blockers alone, the additional administration of
      non-steroidal antiphlogistics (acetylsalicylic acid, indomethacin) is
      recommended. To avoid aggravation of the symptoms caused by the antiphlogistics,
      the drugs must be given in increasing dosages and after concurrent treatment with
      H1-blockers. With this combined therapy, about 50% of the patients present
      amelioration.

PMID- 2908091
TI  - [Adverse effects of antihistaminics].
AB  - Of most antihistamines more or less pronounced sedative effects are known. In
      recently developed substances this effect is said to be less or absent. After
      some days of application the sedative effect may decrease, but it can be enhanced
      by simultaneous intake of psychotropic drugs, sedatives or alcohol. There are
      important interindividual differences. The Drug Commission of the German Medical
      Profession (AKdA) received reports concerning tiredness, somnolence (even with
      new antihistamines), CNS-stimulation, nervousness, insomnia and paroniria have
      also been observed. Furthermore cases of dyskinesia have been reported, which are
      already described in the literature after long term intake, as well as
      anticholinergic reactions. Despite of their use as antiallergic drugs, reports on
      hypersensitivity reactions due to antihistamines, up to anaphylactic reaction
      have been not infrequently received by the AKdA. In rare cases disturbances of
      blood cell formation have been reported besides observations of gastrointestinal
      disorders, increase of appetite and weight. Abuse of antihistamine containing
      drugs was reported mainly for combinations with psychotropic agents.

PMID- 2908092
TI  - Effectiveness and safety of captopril (Tensiomin) in patients with hypertension.
AB  - Twenty patients with moderate (4) to severe (16) hypertension, whose blood
      pressure (BP) could not be controlled on the previous combined antihypertensive
      therapy, were investigated. In acute studies the first doses of captopril, 25 and
      50 mg led to a significant drop in BP 30 min after administration. The maximum
      fall in BP was recorded at 90-120 min and this effect was maintained throughout
      the whole observation period (8 hours). The fall in BP was similar in supine and
      standing positions and there was no change in the heart rate. During long-term
      (14.5 months) therapy only 2 out of the 20 patients exhibited continuing good BP
      control with captopril monotherapy of a maximum daily dose of 150 mg. A
      comparison of the acute and chronic BP lowering effects of captopril showed that
      the first dose of captopril caused a significantly greater decrease in BP than
      chronic monotherapy. However, combined captopril with a diuretic or with a
      diuretic and calcium antagonist or beta blocker provided a sustained BP control,
      significantly better than the previously used anti-hypertensive combinations (182
      +/- 27/115 +/- 11 mmHg vs 164 +/- 20/104 +/- 11 mmHg p less than 0.05). The
      Hungarian captopril preparation (Tensiomin), similarly to other captopril
      products, through its angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition, caused an
      increase in plasma renin activity and in concentration of plasma angiotensin I
      and a decrease in plasma angiotensin II. Eight out of the 20 patients developed
      side effects, which disappeared spontaneously in 4 patients within 2-14 days.
      Captopril was withdrawn in 3 patients for not achieving satisfactory BP control
      and/or because of side effects. It is concluded that captopril is safe and
      effective in the long-term treatment of hypertension, however, majority of the
      patients with severe forms of hypertension required double or multiple
      combinations.

PMID- 2908093
TI  - [Survey of anxiolytic premedication in dentistry].

PMID- 2908094
TI  - Use of microdilution to assess in vitro antiamoebic activities of Brucea javanica
      fruits, Simarouba amara stem, and a number of quassinoids.
AB  - A microdilution technique for the assessment of in vitro activity against
      Entamoeba histolytica was devised and validated with metronidazole. The test was
      used to detect the antiamoebic activities of plant extracts prepared from the
      traditional remedies Brucea javanica fruits and Simarouba amara stems. The
      activity was associated with quassinoid-containing fractions. The 50% inhibitory
      concentrations for some quassinoids against amoebae were determined by using the
      microdilution method. These concentrations ranged from 0.019 micrograms.ml-1 for
      bruceantin, the most active quassinoid, to greater than 5 micrograms.ml-1 for
      glaucarubol, the least active compound tested. These results are discussed with
      reference to the known activities of these compounds against Plasmodium
      falciparum. Overall, the activities of the quassinoids against both protozoa are
      similar. The microdilution technique will be useful in the search for novel
      antiamoebic drugs.

PMID- 2908095
TI  - Human brain D1 and D2 dopamine receptors in schizophrenia, Alzheimer's,
      Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases.
AB  - Because dopamine D2 receptors are known to be elevated in schizophrenic brain
      striata, this study examined whether a similar dopamine receptor elevation
      occurred in other diseases including neuroleptic-treated Alzheimer's and
      Huntington's diseases. The average D1 density in postmortem striata from
      Alzheimer's patients was 17.6 +/- 0.1 pmol/g, similar to an age-matched control
      density of 16.6 +/- 0.4 pmol/g. The average D1 density in schizophrenia patients
      was 19.0 +/- 0.6 pmol/g, similar to the age-matched control density of 17.9 +/-
      0.6 pmol/g. In Parkinson's disease patients, however, the D1 receptor density was
      elevated, with values of 22.8 +/- 1.2 pmol/g (in patients not receiving L-DOPA)
      and 19.6 +/- 1.5 pmol/g (in patients receiving L-DOPA) compared to the age
      matched control density of 16.0 +/- 0.4 pmol/g. The D2 receptors in Alzheimer's
      striata averaged 13.4 +/- 0.6 pmol/g (in patients who had not received
      neuroleptics), almost identical to the control density of 12.7 +/- 0.3 pmol/g.
      The average D2 density in neuroleptic-treated Alzheimer's striata was 16.7 +/-
      0.7 pmol/g, an elevation of 31%, the individual values of which had a normal
      distribution. In Parkinson's disease patients, the D2 densities were elevated in
      tissues from patients not receiving L-DOPA (19.9 +/- 1.5 pmol/g in putamen and
      14.8 +/- 1.2 pmol/g in striatum) compared to the age-matched control values of
      13.0 +/- 0.4 pmol/g and 12.6 +/- 0.3 pmol/g, respectively. In Huntington's
      disease patients, the D2 density averaged 7.5 +/- 0.4 pmol/g in patients who had
      not received neuroleptics, but was 10.3 +/- 0.6 pmol/g in those who had. Although
      all of the D1 and D2 densities in each of the above diseases and subgroups
      revealed a normal distribution pattern, the D2 densities in schizophrenia
      displayed a bimodal distribution pattern, with 48 striata having a mode at 14
      pmol/g, and the other 44 striata having a mode at 26 pmol/g. Thus, compared to
      the neuroleptic-induced and unimodal elevations in D2 of 31% in Alzheimer's
      disease and 37% in Huntington's disease, the schizophrenic striata with a mode of
      26 pmol/g (105% above control) appear to contain more D2 receptors than can be
      accounted for by the neuroleptic administration alone.

PMID- 2908096
TI  - Report on schizophrenia of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. The
      Ad Hoc Committee on Schizophrenia.

PMID- 2908097
TI  - Discrepancies in serological tissue typing revealed by DNA techniques.
AB  - DNA techniques were applied to typing a population of renal patients in order to
      assess the number of discrepancies between this technique and the serological
      technique. Five patients had been given an incorrect type by serology, and in 22
      instances allogenotypes were found where previously there had been a serological
      blank. DNA typing was also able to determine allogenotypic subtypes that
      correlated with DR antigens difficult to split by serology and to determine
      allogenotypic subtypes correlating with DR antigens not known to have a split by
      serology. Whereas DNA typing provided a result first time of testing on all but 3
      patients, the average number of serological testings for each patient was 1.9.

PMID- 2908098
TI  - Mononuclear cells infiltrating kidney allografts in the absence of rejection.
      Effect of conversion from cyclosporin to azathioprine therapy.
AB  - Focal small mononuclear cell infiltrates were found in renal allograft biopsies
      of 13/14 transplant recipients with a stable function after long-term cyclosporin
      A (CsA) therapy. Phenotypical analysis of the infiltrating cells using monoclonal
      antibodies showed a slight preponderance of T cells (56% +/- 8%), with only small
      percentages of B cells (5% +/- 2%), NK cells (2% +/- 1%), and monocytes (2% +/-
      1%). Within the T-cell population the median calculated CD4/CD8 ratio was 1:3.
      Thirty-five percent of the infiltrating mononuclear cells remained unidentified
      with the monoclonal antibody panel used (silent cells). Three months after
      immunosuppressive therapy had been changed from CsA to azathioprine (AZA), the
      size of the infiltrates was significantly increased and there was a marked
      invasion of mononuclear cells between tubular epithelium despite a significant
      improvement in creatinine clearance (P less than 0.01). the phenotypical
      composition of these infiltrates was dominated by T cells (84% +/- 3%), with a
      median CD4/CD8 ratio of 2:7 due to an increase in CD4+ cells and a decrease in
      CD8+ after conversion (P less than 0.05). The percentages of B cells, NK cells,
      and monocytes showed no significant changes after conversion. During AZA therapy
      nearly all infiltrating mononuclear cells were stained with the monoclonals used,
      leaving no silent cells postconversion.

PMID- 2908099
TI  - Intellectual impairment in Parkinson's disease: clinical, pathologic, and
      biochemical correlates.
AB  - The prevalence of overt dementia in 27 studies representing 4,336 Parkinson's
      disease (PD) patients was 39.9%. The studies reporting the highest incidence of
      intellectual impairment (69.9%) used psychologic assessment techniques, whereas
      studies identifying the lowest prevalence of dementia (30.2%) depended on
      nonstandardized clinical examinations. Neuropsychologic investigations reveal
      that PD patients manifest impairment in memory, visuospatial skills, and set
      aptitude. Language function is largely spared. Intellectual deterioration in PD
      correlates with age, akinesia, duration, and treatment status. Neuropathologic
      and neurochemical observations demonstrate that PD is a heterogeneous disorder:
      the classic subcortical pathology with dopamine deficiency may be complicated by
      atrophy of nucleus basalis and superimposed cortical cholinergic deficits, and a
      few patients have the histopathologic hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease. Mild
      intellectual loss occurs with the classic pathology, and the more severe dementia
      syndromes have cholinergic alterations or Alzheimer's disease. Thus, PD includes
      several syndromes of intellectual impairment with variable pathologic and
      neurochemical correlates.

PMID- 2908100
TI  - The neurologic implications of depression in the elderly.

PMID- 2908101
TI  - [Studies on surface electricity of Entamoeba histolytica].

PMID- 2908102
TI  - Long-lasting lowering of serum growth hormone and prolactin levels by single and
      repetitive cabergoline administration in dopamine-responsive acromegalic
      patients.
AB  - Cabergoline, the new long-acting dopaminergic ergoline derivative, was given
      orally in single doses of 0.3 and 0.6 mg to eight dopamine-responsive acromegalic
      patients. Serum GH and PRL levels were determined before treatment, 3, 4, and 6 h
      and 1, 3, 5, 7 and 14 days after treatment. A control test with a single oral
      dose of 2.5 mg of bromocriptine was also performed. Cabergoline induced a marked
      fall in serum PRL level, starting within 3 h and continuing for 7 days after
      administering 0.3 mg, and for 14 days after 0.6 mg. The mean maximal decrease was
      49% after 0.3 mg and 63% after 0.6 mg and occurred after 24 h in both cases. The
      latter was of similar magnitude to that induced by bromocriptine (67% at 4 h).
      Serum GH levels did not change after 0.3 mg of cabergoline, but decreased
      significantly from 3 h to 3 days after 0.6 mg of the compound with a mean maximal
      decrease of 42% after 24 h, and from 3 to 6 h after giving bromocriptine (mean
      maximal decrease 63% at 4 h). Once a week repeated administration of 0.3-0.6 mg
      of cabergoline was carried out in six patients, five of whom had completed the
      acute study; a normalization of serum GH and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I)
      levels occurred in three patients, one of whom had very high pretreatment values.
      In three poorly or nonresponsive patients, a better response, as assessed by both
      GH and IGF-I levels, was induced by increasing the dose up to 0.6 mg twice or 0.4
      mg three times a week; in one case this was associated with marked tumour
      shrinkage. Sustained normalization of PRL levels was achieved in all cases. These
      data indicate that a single dose of 0.6 mg of cabergoline inhibits GH as well as
      PRL secretion in dopamine-responsive acromegalic patients and suggests that doses
      of 0.3-0.6 mg once to three times a week may prove suitable for treatment of this
      condition.

PMID- 2908103
TI  - The effect of calcitonin on growth hormone secretion in man.
AB  - To determine whether human calcitonin inhibits GH secretion in man, as has been
      described for salmon calcitonin, the effect of an i.v. bolus of human calcitonin
      or saline on GH release after either insulin-induced hypoglycaemia or the
      administration of GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) or saline was studied. After the
      injection of calcitonin, no spontaneous GH surges were seen; the GH response to
      hypoglycaemia was diminished and the response to GHRH almost completely
      suppressed. Administration of calcitonin also caused a small and transient rise
      in plasma PRL and TSH but not LH levels, and no change in the integrated PRL or
      TSH response. Calcium and magnesium levels did not change. It is concluded that
      human calcitonin suppresses GH secretion in man, but not by suppressing GHRH and
      probably not by increasing somatostatin release. In addition, calcitonin has
      limited PRL and TSH-releasing activity.

PMID- 2908104
TI  - HLA class II DNA genotypes in Graves' disease: clues to inheritance of the HLA
      linked component of susceptibility.
AB  - Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis using DQ alpha, DQ beta and DR
      beta cDNA probes was performed in Graves' disease patients and control subjects.
      The following restriction fragment patterns were increased in frequency in
      patients compared with control subjects: 10 + 7.0 + 4.0kb DR beta/TaqI fragments
      (66% vs 32%; P less than 0.01; corrected P less than 0.06), 7.0 + 4.0kb DQ
      beta/BamHI fragments (55% vs 15%; P less than 0.001; corrected P less than
      0.006), and a DQ alpha/TaqI 4.6kb fragment (75% vs 36%; P less than 0.005;
      corrected P less than 0.02). These associations could be accounted for by the
      known association of the B8-DR3 haplotype with the disorder. No non-DR3-related
      restriction fragment pattern was associated with the disease using any of the
      probes with restriction enzymes TaqI and BamHI. The 10 + 7.0 + 4.0kb DR beta/TaqI
      restriction pattern was identified in 23 of 35 Graves' disease patients. All 23
      subjects were heterozygous for this pattern. This was inconsistent with simple
      recessive inheritance of the DR3-associated component of disease susceptibility
      (P = 0.01). The implications of these findings are discussed with reference to
      models for the inheritance of the HLA-linked component of Graves' disease
      susceptibility.

PMID- 2908105
TI  - Desensitization of guanylate cyclase in nitrate tolerance does not impair
      endothelium-dependent responses.
AB  - Tolerance of vascular smooth muscle to nitroglycerin could be induced by an
      impaired biotransformation of nitroglycerin to nitric oxide, the activator of
      soluble guanylate cyclase, or by desensitization of guanylate cyclase to
      activation with nitric oxide. The latter would imply that there would also be
      tolerance to nitric oxide delivered from sodium nitroprusside or endothelial
      cells. Therefore, endothelium-denuded segments of rabbit aorta were treated with
      nitroglycerin to induce tolerance, and were then assessed for mechanical
      response, cyclic GMP content, and activity of soluble guanylate cyclase after
      addition of nitrovasodilators. Nitrate tolerance decreased the vasodilation and
      the increase in cyclic GMP elicited by nitroglycerin, but not that elicited by
      sodium nitroprusside or endothelium-derived relaxing factor, in norepinephrine
      contracted segments. However, soluble guanylate cyclase in the supernatants of
      homogenates of nitrate-tolerant aortas was desensitized to activation with
      nitroglycerin and sodium nitroprusside. As the guanylate cyclase was still
      responsive to activation by nitric oxide in the intact, tolerant smooth muscle,
      an impaired biotransformation of nitroglycerin rather than desensitization of
      soluble guanylate cyclase may be the mechanism by which nitrate tolerance
      develops.

PMID- 2908106
TI  - Clorazepate, correlation between metabolism and anticonvulsant activity.
AB  - The metabolism and the anticonvulsant effect of clorazepate were followed for 2 h
      after its i.v. administration to mice. The ED50 of the drug was 12 mg/kg at 1 min
      against pentetrazole-induced convulsions (45 mg/kg i.v.), it reached a minimum at
      1 h (2.0 mg/kg) and rose to 2.7 mg/kg at 2 h. The concentrations of unchanged
      clorazepate and its metabolites, desmethyldiazepam and oxazepam, were determined
      in plasma and brain after administration of the respective ED50s. Unchanged
      clorazepate could be detected in plasma for the first hour but never in brain, so
      it can be considered as inactive pro-drug. The brain concentrations of
      desmethyldiazepam and oxazepam after the respective ED50s of clorazepate were
      considerably higher at 1 and 15 min than after longer time intervals. This may be
      explained by a time lag needed to reach and bind to the benzodiazepine receptor.

PMID- 2908107
TI  - [10-month follow-up of 181 anti-HIV positive patients].

PMID- 2908108
TI  - [Beta-blocker therapy in heart failure: rational basis, indications, dosages and
      cautions].

PMID- 2908109
TI  - Single dose pharmacokinetics of cetirizine in young and elderly volunteers.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of the H1-receptor antagonist cetirizine were studied from 0
      to 48 h after a single oral intake of 10 mg in 10 elderly volunteers (60 to 90
      years) and in 10 young healthy volunteers (21 to 29 years). In young healthy
      volunteers about 60% of an oral dose of cetirizine was excreted in the urine in
      unchanged form. Mean plasma concentrations were slightly higher in the elderly
      subjects. Cmax (362 ng/ml), Tmax (1.30 h), terminal half-life (11.8 h) and AUC
      infinity (4316 ng.h/ml) in the elderly subjects were somewhat higher than in the
      young subjects (Cmax: 337 ng/ml, Tmax: 1.12 h, terminal half-life: 10.6 h, AUC:
      3721 ng.h/ml), but the difference was not significant. The mean cumulative
      urinary excretion at 32 h was significantly lower in the elderly subjects. It is
      concluded that the slight differences in pharmacokinetics of cetirizine between
      young and elderly subjects after single oral intake can be attributed to the
      decreased renal clearance in the elderly.

PMID- 2908110
TI  - Modification of hypothalamic content of growth hormone regulatory peptides in
      maternally deprived neonatal rats.
AB  - The possibility that maternal deprivation (MD) modifies growth hormone releasing
      hormone (GHRH) and/or growth hormone release inhibiting hormone (GHRIH) in 10-day
      old rat pups was investigated by quantifying the total hypothalamic content of
      these two hormones which regulate the release of growth hormone (GH), since MD
      has previously been shown to suppress circulating GH levels. At 10 days of age,
      rat pups were maternally deprived for either 1 or 6 hours (control pups remained
      with their mother while littermates were deprived). At the end of the time
      period, hypothalami were dissected free, homogenized, frozen, and then
      lyophilized. Reconstituted extracts were later subjected to radioimmunoassay for
      GHRH and GHRIH. Tests for differences in the brain content of the hormones were
      performed by analysis of variance; multiple comparison of the means was performed
      using Tukey's test. A significant increase in the GHRIH content was observed in
      the hypothalami of maternally deprived rats as compared to control animals (P =
      0.026). Small differences in the mean GHRIH content between the different
      experimental groups suggested a trend toward elevation of GHRIH after either 1 or
      6 hours of MD and a trend toward higher levels in males as compared to females (P
      = 0.0636). No differences in hypothalamic GHRH content were found between
      maternally deprived and control pups (175.8 pg/hypothalamus vs. 171.5
      pg/hypothalamus). The modification of GHRIH hypothalamic content during MD of
      neonatal rats demonstrated in the present study may be related to the suppression
      of GH that is known to result from MD.

PMID- 2908111
TI  - Antenatal diagnosis of the hemoglobinopathies.

PMID- 2908112
TI  - Rilmenidine (S 3341) and the sympathoadrenal system: adrenoreceptors, plasma and
      adrenal catecholamines in dogs.
AB  - 1. The effects of rilmenidine, a new alpha 2-adrenoreceptor agonist with
      antihypertensive properties, were investigated on plasma catecholamines, blood
      cell adrenoreceptors and adrenal medullary function. 2. In conscious sino-aortic
      denervated (SAD) dogs, rilmenidine (1 mg kg-1 orally for 2 weeks) significantly
      reduced both blood pressure and heart rate when compared with placebo treatment.
      The drug decreased plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline levels and corrected the
      decrease in leucocyte beta-adrenoreceptors observed in placebo-treated SAD dogs.
      There was no change in platelet alpha 2-adrenoreceptors. 3. In anaesthetized
      normotensive dogs, rilmenidine (0.1 and 0.3 mg kg-1 i.v.) induced a dose
      dependent decrease in both cardiovascular parameters (blood pressure and heart
      rate) and catecholamine release from the adrenal medulla. 4. The present study
      shows that rilmenidine decreases sympathetic tone mainly by an action on the
      adrenal medulla. In addition, its ability to lower blood pressure in SAD dogs,
      i.e. a model of hypertension in which high sympathetic tone is present, indicates
      that rilmenidine may also depress other parts of the sympathetic nervous system.

PMID- 2908113
TI  - No evidence for more than one type of alpha 1-adrenoreceptor in rabbit pulmonary
      artery.
AB  - 1. The effects of the alpha-adrenoreceptor antagonists, prazosin and yohimbine,
      have been examined on the isometric contraction of the rabbit pulmonary artery
      produced by alpha 1-adrenoreceptor agonists. Cocaine, corticosterone and
      propranolol were present throughout and either a single or two concentration
      response curve method was used. 2. Prazosin and yohimbine competitively
      antagonized the responses to agonists but did not reveal differences between
      agonists. 3. Using the single concentration-response curve method, prazosin had
      pA2 values of 9.06 against clonidine and 8.76 against methoxamine. 4. Using the
      two concentration-response curve method the absolute pA2 values of prazosin (8.65
      against phenylephrine, 8.78 against clonidine) and yohimbine (5.73 against
      phenylephrine, 5.72 against clonidine), as well as the relative potencies of the
      two antagonists (prazosin approximately 1000 times more potent than yohimbine),
      suggest that both agonists act on alpha 1-adrenoreceptors. 5. There is no
      evidence from this study to support the suggestion that the rabbit pulmonary
      artery contains two subtypes of alpha 1-adrenoreceptor.

PMID- 2908115
TI  - Macromolecular dynamics of the cell surface during the formation of coated pits
      is revealed by fracture-flip.
AB  - We report here the macromolecular dynamics of the cell surface of rat alveolar
      macrophages during spreading on a substratum, a process that involves the
      formation of numerous coated pits. We used 'fracture-flip' to prepare high
      resolution platinum-shadowed replicas of membrane surfaces. Our observations show
      the following sequence of events associated with coated pit formation: at 4
      degree C the cell surface of macrophages is covered with a moderate density of
      particulate components, with most ranging from 10 to 25 nm in diameter. These
      particles appear to be randomly distributed over the cell surface. Incubation of
      adherent cells at 37 degree C for 15 min results in the formation of large loose
      clusters (area 0.5-4 micron2) of particles on the adherent surfaces. After
      incubation of macrophages for 30 min at 37 degree C, these clusters become
      tighter and eventually form circular depressions (200-300 nm in diameter), which
      we interpret as part of a process of invagination. After 60 min, the depressions
      become much steeper. At this time surface particles can be observed on the
      intervening non-invaginated regions, and the peripheral region of the adherent
      membrane, as well as the free membrane. Fracture-flip reveals the presence of
      structures undetected in previous electron-microscopic studies and provides
      ultrastructural evidence for the clustering of surface macromolecules that is
      involved in the formation of coated pits.

PMID- 2908114
TI  - Prostaglandin I2 and thromboxane A2 production in relation to alpha 1 and alpha 2
      adrenoreceptor activation in the normotensive and hypertensive rat.
AB  - 1. The perfused mesenteric arterial bed (MAB) from normotensive (WKY) and
      hypertensive (SHR) rats was used as a model to investigate the relationship
      between alpha 1 and alpha 2-adrenoreceptor activation and prostanoid release. 2.
      Prostaglandin I2 (PGI2) and small amounts of thromboxane A2 (TXA2) are released
      from this preparation and can be monitored in the perfusate under basal and
      stimulated conditions. 3. Noradrenaline (NA) caused a significant increase in the
      release of PGI2 from the MAB of both WKY and SHR. Both basal and NA-stimulated
      PGI2 release were lower in the SHR, whereas pressor responses to NA were higher.
      Noradrenaline caused a very small increase in TXA2 release in the WKY only and
      the basal release of this prostanoid was again lower in the SHR. 4. Prazosin, an
      alpha 1-selective antagonist (10(-10), 10(-9), 10(-8) M) was more effective in
      blocking pressor responses to NA in the SHR than in the WKY, did not affect the
      NA-induced release of PGI2 in either group and abolished the small increase of
      TXA2 release in WKY. 5. Rauwolscine, an alpha 2-selective antagonist (10(-8), 10(
      7), 10(-6) M) was more effective in reducing pressor responses to NA in the SHR
      than in the WKY. It abolished, from 10(-7) M upwards, the NA-induced release of
      PGI2 in the WKY and reduced it in the SHR. The NA-induced release of TXA2 was
      abolished in WKY. 6. The observed differences in the effects of rauwolscine and
      prazosin do not correlate with the effects of these antagonists on pressor
      responses since both reduce the latter but only rauwolscine abolishes the
      stimulated PGI2 release. 7. These results indicate that in the SHR, the
      mechanisms mediating the release of PGI2 from the MAB may be similar but not
      identical to those in the WKY. The observation that an increase in adrenergically
      induced pressor responses is not followed by an increase in PGI2 release, which
      is in fact reduced in the SHR, suggests a more complex regulation of this
      relationship which may have pathophysiological implications.

PMID- 2908116
TI  - [A case of polyarteritis nodosa associated with primary hypothyroidism].

PMID- 2908117
TI  - Rationale for the management of calcific metamorphosis secondary to traumatic
      injuries.

PMID- 2908118
TI  - Interaction of Bordetella pertussis virulence components with neutrophils: effect
      on chemiluminescence induced by a chemotactic peptide and by intact bacteria.
AB  - The effect of secreted virulence components of Bordetella pertussis on
      chemiluminescence (CL) of rabbit peritoneal neutrophils was determined with the
      chemotactic peptide N'-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine (fMLP) or
      intact B. pertussis as the stimulus. Pertussis toxin (PT) inhibited the response
      to fMLP in a dose-dependent manner, although only after the neutrophils had been
      exposed to the toxin for greater than 15 min. Both filamentous haemagglutinin
      (FHA) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) markedly enhanced the CL response to fMLP
      after greater than or equal to 15 min incubation with the neutrophils. Similar
      effects to those of B. pertussis LPS were also seen with smooth and rough LPS
      from Salmonella minnesota. With the lowest dose of each component which elicited
      a maximal effect on CL, the inhibitory effect of PT overrode the enhancing effect
      of FHA and B. pertussis LPS. Pre-incubation of neutrophils with PT, FHA or B.
      pertussis LPS caused a slight reduction in the subsequent CL response to virulent
      B. pertussis Tohama. Virulent (phase I, or X-mode) organisms of B. pertussis
      18334 and B. pertussis Tohama induced greater neutrophil CL than their avirulent
      (C-mode) derivatives. There appeared to be an inverse correlation between
      bacterial hydrophilicity and the ability to induce neutrophil CL: X-mode bacteria
      were significantly less hydrophilic than C-mode organisms. Three mutants, the
      adenylate cyclase (AC)- and haemolysin (HLY)-deficient B. pertussis BP348, the
      FHA-deficient B. pertussis BP353, and the PT-deficient B. pertussis BP357,
      generated similar levels of CL and had similar hydrophilicity values. The
      hydrophilicity value of the avirulent mutant B. pertussis BP347 (deficient in AC,
      HLY, FHA and PT) and the CL induced by this strain were similar to those of B.
      pertussis C-mode organisms. Thus, the interaction of B. pertussis with
      neutrophils appears to be complex, reflecting both the alteration of leucocyte
      function by secreted virulence components of the organism and, in the absence of
      opsonins, the surface properties of the bacterium.

PMID- 2908119
TI  - Nucleotide sequence and characterization of a repetitive DNA element from the
      genome of Bordetella pertussis with characteristics of an insertion sequence.
AB  - A repeating element of DNA has been isolated and sequenced from the genome of
      Bordetella pertussis. Restriction map analysis of this element shows single
      internal ClaI, SphI, BstEII and SalI sites. Over 40 DNA fragments are seen in
      ClaI digests of B. pertussis genomic DNA to which the repetitive DNA sequence
      hybridizes. Sequence analysis of the repeat reveals that it has properties
      consistent with bacterial insertion sequence (IS) elements. These properties
      include its length of 1053 bp, multiple copy number and presence of 28 bp of near
      perfect inverted repeats at its termini. Unlike most IS elements, the presence of
      this element in the B. pertussis genome is not associated with a short
      duplication in the target DNA sequence. This repeating element is not found in
      the genomes of B. parapertussis or B. bronchiseptica. Analysis of a DNA fragment
      adjacent to one copy of the repetitive DNA sequence has identified a different
      repeating element which is found in nine copies in B. parapertussis and four
      copies in B. pertussis, suggesting that there may be other repeating DNA elements
      in the different Bordetella species. Computer analysis of the B. pertussis
      repetitive DNA element has revealed no significant nucleotide homology between it
      and any other bacterial transposable elements, suggesting that this repetitive
      sequence is specific for B. pertussis.

PMID- 2908120
TI  - The effect of cholecystokinin-related peptides on periodic pancreatic secretion
      in fasting dogs.
AB  - 1. The effect of cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) and pentagastrin on periodic
      pancreatic secretion was studied in fasting conscious dogs. 2. Both CCK-8 and
      pentagastrin, in small doses, prolonged the interval of periodic pancreatic
      secretion. Periodicity was disrupted by large doses of CCK-8 and pentagastrin. 3.
      CCK-8, at the dose which did not disrupt the cycle, raised the peak and the
      valley-to-valley means, but not the valley mean, of protein secretion in one
      cycle. Except at large doses, pentagastrin failed to increase the peak and valley
      mean, but increased mean, valley-to-valley protein secretion. Large doses of both
      pentagastrin and CCK-8 increased protein secretion at the valley. 4. The peak of
      periodic pancreatic protein secretion was about half the observed maximum protein
      response to CCK-8. 5. Atropine reduced pancreatic fluid and protein responses to
      small doses of CCK-8 to the levels of valleys. At large doses, however, both
      responses were augmented by atropine. Hexamethonium reduced the responses to any
      dose of CCK-8 to valley levels or less. Volume and protein responses to
      pentagastrin following atropine or hexamethonium were of similar magnitude to
      those at valleys. 6. It is concluded that CCK-8 and pentagastrin stimulate
      pancreatic enzyme secretion directly by acting on acinar cells and indirectly by
      modifying cholinergic ganglionic activities which control periodic secretion in
      conscious dogs.

PMID- 2908121
TI  - Outward rectification of inhibitory postsynaptic currents in cultured rat
      hippocampal neurones.
AB  - 1. Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) and currents (IPSCs) were recorded
      from cultured hippocampal neurones of the embryonic rat at 22 degrees C, using
      the whole-cell patch-clamp technique with a low-Cl-, 145 mM-potassium gluconate
      solution in the patch pipette. Individual synaptic events were elicited at low
      frequency (0.05-0.1 Hz) by stimulating a presynaptic neurone either by direct
      intracellular current injection, or by applying a brief pulse of L-glutamate. 2.
      In target neurones voltage clamped at -40 mV, outwardly directed IPSCs of mean
      amplitude 0.23 nA were recorded. The IPSCs were depressed by the GABA antagonist
      bicuculline, and reversed polarity between -50 and -80 mV (mean -64 mV), as did
      current responses to gamma-aminobutyric acid. The IPSPs and IPSCs reversed as a
      single phase; no bicuculline-resistant 'late' synaptic event was observed. 3. The
      IPSCs had variable kinetics, with rise times between 1 and 5 ms (mean 2.9 ms) at 
      40 mV, and slower, monoexponential, decay phases (decay time constant, tau IPSC,
      10-40 ms at -40 mV). In some cells, tau IPSC clearly increased with
      depolarization. 4. The IPSC reversal potential was -64 +/- 9 mV (n = 23) under
      the experimental conditions used; this suggests that the synaptically activated
      channels are approximately 25 times more permeable to Cl- than to the gluconate
      anion. 5. The peak conductance associated with the IPSC showed outward
      rectification. The synaptic conductance measured at -40 mV was 1.7 times greater
      than that measured at -100 mV; at -20 mV, synaptic conductance was 2.5 times
      greater than at -100 mV. This outward rectification can be explained by a
      constant field model under these experimental conditions of asymmetric Cl-
      concentrations.

PMID- 2908122
TI  - Role of alpha-adrenoceptors in constrictor responses of rat, guinea-pig and
      rabbit small arteries to neural activation.
AB  - 1. We have investigated the adrenoceptors mediating the force and electrical
      responses of rat mesenteric small arteries (i.d. 100-300 microns). Some
      mechanical experiments were also performed using guinea-pig and rabbit mesenteric
      small arteries. 2. Vessels were mounted on an isometric myograph and stimulated
      either with short (3 s) trains of electric field stimuli (ca. 0.2 ms pulse width)
      at 25 Hz (nerve stimulation) or with 10 microM-exogenous noradrenaline. 3. Nerve
      stimulation caused a force response equal to ca. 40% of the response to exogenous
      noradrenaline and, in the rat vessels, excitatory junction potentials (EJPs),
      which normally summated to give a depolarization of ca. 10 mV (although action
      potentials were sometimes seen). 4. Almost complete and reversible inhibition of
      the force responses of all vessels to both exogenous noradrenaline and to nerve
      stimulation was obtained using prazosin (0.1 microM) or phentolamine (1 microM).
      5. Irreversible blockade of alpha 2-receptors enhanced the force response of all
      vessels to nerve stimulation by ca. 50%, but did not affect the force response of
      rat and guinea-pig vessels to exogenous noradrenaline. In the rabbit vessels this
      force response was abolished by alpha 2-blockade. 6. Following alpha 2-blockade,
      in the rat vessels the alpha-antagonists prazosin (0.1 microM), phentolamine (0.1
      microM), phenoxybenzamine (0.01 microM) and benextramine (10 microM) all totally
      abolished the force response to exogenous noradrenaline, and inhibited the
      response to nerve stimulation by at least 80%. Similar effects of phentolamine
      were seen in the guinea-pig and, for the response to nerve stimulation, in the
      rabbit vessels. 7. In the rat vessels, alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists did not
      affect the EJPs, but did inhibit the small depolarization which resulted from
      several seconds of nerve stimulation. The ATP analogue alpha, beta-methylene-ATP
      (3 microM) abolished the EJPs, but only slightly reduced the force responses. 8.
      The results suggest that the force response to nerve stimulation of the rat
      mesenteric small arteries is mediated primarily through alpha-adrenoceptors, but
      also to a small degree through non-alpha-adrenoceptors, possibly ATP receptors.

PMID- 2908123
TI  - Electrophysiological analysis of the inactivation of sympathetic transmitter in
      the guinea-pig vas deferens.
AB  - 1. The properties of junction potentials evoked by nerve stimulation and by local
      application of drugs, and currents evoked by nerve stimulation, in the smooth
      muscle cells of the guinea-pig vas deferens have been investigated. The effects
      of temperature on these responses have been studied using intracellular and
      extracellular recording. 2. Local, brief (5-15 ms) application of 10(-4) M
      adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) from glass micropipettes onto the surface of the
      vas deferens, using pressure pulses (103-206 kPa), elicited a depolarization of
      the smooth muscle cell membranes which closely resembled the nerve stimulation
      evoked excitatory junction potential (EJP). 3. Local application of 10(-4) M
      noradrenaline (NA) failed to produce any detectable membrane potential response.
      Junction potentials elicited by a mixture of 10(-4) M-ATP and 10(-4) M-NA (ratio
      by volume 1:50) in the drug ejection micropipette were similar in shape to those
      evoked by ATP alone. 4. Cooling the tissue from 35 to 25 degrees C did not
      significantly alter resting membrane potentials but resulted in a significant
      prolongation of the rising and decaying phases of the EJPs. Fifty per cent decay
      times for EJPs at 35 and 25 degrees C were (mean +/- S.D.) 236 +/- 20 and 434 +/-
      30 ms respectively (P less than 0.01). 5. Extracellularly recorded excitatory
      junction currents (EJCs) elicited by nerve stimulation, believed to reflect the
      transmembrane current underlying the EJPs, were prolonged in parallel at low
      temperatures (50% decay times of EJCs at 35 and 25 degrees C: 11.73 +/- 3.94 and
      26.15 +/- 8.4 ms, respectively, P less than 0.01). 6. Junction potentials evoked
      by locally applied, exogenous ATP were also significantly prolonged by cooling
      (50% decay times: 663 +/- 88 ms at 35 degrees C and 1955 +/- 79 ms at 25 degrees
      C, P less than 0.01). 7. Bath application of 10(-6) M-alpha,beta-methylene ATP,
      the enzymatically stable, desensitizing analogue of ATP, reversibly abolished
      nerve-evoked EJPs. Local application of 10(-6) M-alpha,beta-methylene ATP led to
      a prolonged depolarization of the smooth muscle cells lasting between 20 and 60
      s. 8. Junction potentials elicited by locally applied alpha,beta-methylene ATP
      were not prolonged or otherwise significantly altered on cooling. The durations
      of the depolarizations were 46.0 +/- 12.1 s at 35 degrees C and 43.4 +/- 10.6 s
      at 25 degrees C (P greater than 0.1).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2908124
TI  - Long-lasting modification of the synaptic properties of rat CA3 hippocampal
      neurones induced by kainic acid.
AB  - 1. The action of a short bath application of kainic acid (KA, 200-250 nM, 3-5
      min) on the CA3 region of rat hippocampal slices has been studied with
      intracellular and extracellular recording techniques. 2. KA evoked bursts which
      persisted for 10-15 min. In addition, after KA, electrical stimulation of various
      inputs to CA3 which elicited an EPSP-IPSP sequence in control conditions evoked
      an EPSP followed by a burst. This evoked response persisted for several hours
      after removal of KA suggesting the occurrence of a long-lasting modification of
      the synaptic properties of CA3 neurones. 3. Intracellular recordings showed the
      spontaneous and evoked bursts to consist of five to ten action potentials riding
      on a depolarizing shift 10-25 mV in amplitude and 40-100 ms in duration. Both
      spontaneous and evoked bursts were followed by a long-lasting hyperpolarization
      15-25 mV in amplitude and 1-1.5 s in duration. 4. We propose that both
      spontaneous and evoked synchronized bursts are generated by a polysynaptic
      network since: (a) intracellularly recorded bursts were synchronized with the
      bursts in extracellular field recording; (b) bursts disappeared when synaptic
      transmission or Na+ action potential were blocked by cobalt (1 mM) or TTX (1
      microM) respectively; (c) bursts were suppressed by elevated divalent cation
      concentration; (d) burst occurrence was independent of the membrane potential of
      the cell; (e) the depolarization shift that underlies the bursts was a linear
      function of the membrane potential and reversed in polarity at 0 mV. In addition,
      the evoked bursts were all-or-none events with a variable latency. 5. Laminar
      profile analysis of the spontaneous and evoked bursts suggests that they were
      generated by synapses located on the distal apical segments of the dendrites of
      CA3 pyramidal cells. 7. The persistence of the evoked bursts was neither due to a
      persistent change in cell excitability nor to a long-lasting reduction in
      GABAergic synaptic inhibition. 8. Bath application of a high concentration of
      potassium (7 mM) also induced spontaneous and evoked bursts; the latter also
      persisted several hours after return to control medium. 9. The N-methyl-D
      aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, D-APV (D(-)-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid) (30
      microM), did not block the spontaneous discharges induced by KA or high
      potassium, but prevented the long-lasting effects on the synaptic
      responses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2908125
TI  - Evidence for adenosine triphosphate as an excitatory transmitter in guinea-pig,
      rabbit and pig urinary bladder.
AB  - 1. The effects of alpha,beta-methylene ATP (alpha,beta-MeATP) on membrane
      properties and excitatory junction potentials (EJPs) were examined in smooth
      muscle cells of the guinea-pig, rabbit and pig bladder. 2. Intracellular
      recording with microelectrodes was used to record membrane electrical activity
      from the guinea-pig bladder. ATP (10(-3) M) produced a rapid, large
      depolarization with a marked increase in spike frequency, while carbachol (10(-4)
      M) or acetylcholine (ACh; 10(-4) M) produced only a small or no depolarization
      with a smaller increase in spike frequency. alpha,beta-MeATP produced a similar
      response to that of ATP but at a much lower concentration (5 x 10(-6) M), and the
      response was transient even in the continuous presence of this agent. 3. Changes
      in the membrane potential and conductance elicited by alpha,beta-MeATP were also
      measured with the double sucrose-gap method. alpha,beta-MeATP (5 x 10(-6) M)
      depolarized the membrane and increased the membrane conductance in all three
      species, but both parameters returned to control values during continuous
      exposure to this agent. 4. Intracellular recording with microelectrodes showed
      that in the guinea-pig bladder treatment with alpha,beta-MeATP abolished the
      response to ATP, while the response to ACh was unchanged. 5. With the double
      sucrose-gap method, EJPs were elicited by transmural nerve stimulation of strips
      of the guinea-pig, rabbit and pig bladder and had spikes superimposed, leading to
      contractions. Desensitization of P2-purinoceptors by alpha,beta-MeATP (3-5 x 10(
      6) M) abolished the EJPs and spikes, and reduced the contraction. Atropine (10(
      6) M) alone did not alter the EJPs but reduced the contraction. Combined
      application of both agents abolished the contraction. 6. It is concluded that in
      the guinea-pig, rabbit and pig bladder ATP is an excitatory transmitter with ACh
      and EJPs are mediated by ATP.

PMID- 2908126
TI  - Adrenergic and opioidergic modulation of a spinal reflex in the decerebrated
      rabbit.
AB  - 1. In the decerebrated and spinalized rabbit, electrical stimulation of the sural
      nerve evokes a short-latency reflex in the ipsilateral ankle extensor
      gastrocnemius medialis (GM) which is tonically suppressed by endogenous opioids.
      In the present study we have investigated the inhibitory influences affecting
      this reflex in non-spinalized, decerebrated rabbits. 2. In non-spinalized
      rabbits, the thresholds and latencies of the sural-GM reflex were significantly
      higher than in spinalized preparations. The opioid antagonist naloxone and the
      alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist idazoxan potentiated the reflex in both
      preparations. Naloxone was significantly more effective in spinalized rabbits
      whereas idazoxan had a much larger effect in non-spinalized animals. 3. When the
      spinal cord was sectioned in the presence of naloxone alone, the GM reflex always
      increased in size. An ipsilateral hemisection of the cord was as effective as
      total section in this respect. When the section was performed in the presence of
      idazoxan and naloxone, the response usually decreased in size. 4. The alpha 2
      adrenoceptor agonist clonidine depressed the reflex in spinalized rabbits, an
      action that was reversed by idazoxan but not by naloxone. 5. These data show that
      in the decerebrated, non-spinalized rabbit, the sural-GM reflex is tonically
      suppressed by endogenous opioids, presumably acting at the segmental level, and
      by an ipsilateral descending pathway which involves an alpha-adrenoceptor
      mediated synapse. Activity in this descending pathway masks the facilitatory
      effects of opioid antagonists on spinal reflexes in this preparation.

PMID- 2908127
TI  - Gastric vasodilatation and vasoactive intestinal peptide output in response to
      vagal stimulation in the dog.
AB  - 1. Gastric vasodilatation, relaxation, and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)
      output in response to vagal stimulation were studied in anaesthetized dogs. 2.
      Stimulation of the peripheral end of the vagus nerve (10 Hz, 40 V, 0.5 ms)
      normally evoked a gastric contraction, but caused relaxation in atropinized dogs.
      There was no detectable difference between the electrical thresholds for
      activation of the vagal preganglionic excitatory and inhibitory motor fibres. 3.
      Vagal stimulation also evoked gastric vasodilatation, which was blocked by
      hexamethonium but not by combined muscarinic and adrenergic blockade. Vagal
      fibres evoking vasodilatation had higher thresholds to electrical stimulation
      than those evoking motor responses. 4. Both gastric motor responses to vagal
      stimulation increased with increasing frequency up to 10 Hz and a plateau between
      10 and 40 Hz, but the vasodilator response was significantly reduced above 20 Hz.
      Vagal stimulation at 10 Hz caused an increase in gastric venous VIP output which
      was significantly reduced at 40 Hz. 5. Low-intensity vagal stimulation (10 Hz, 40
      V, 0.05 ms) elicited gastric relaxation (40% of a maximum), with no release of
      VIP or gastric vasodilatation. 6. It is concluded that release of VIP in response
      to stimulation of the vagal innervation to the stomach in the dog is primarily
      vasodilating in action.

PMID- 2908128
TI  - The evolution of purinergic receptors involved in recognition of a blood meal by
      hematophagous insects.
AB  - Many blood feeders use adenine nucleotides as cues for locating blood meal.
      Structure-activity relationship of adenine nucleotides as phagostimulants varies
      between closely-related species of blood feeders. It is suggested that a
      preexisting diverse pool of nucleotide-binding proteins present in all living
      cells, serves as a source of receptor proteins for the gustatory receptors
      involved in blood detection. It is proposed that the selection of any such
      nucleotide-binding protein is random.

PMID- 2908129
TI  - The cell biology of mosquito vitellogenesis.
AB  - Insect vitellogenesis involves coordinated activities of the fat body and
      oocytes. We have studied these activities at the cellular level in the mosquito.
      During each vitellogenic cycle, the fat body undergoes three successive stages:
      1) proliferation of biosynthetic organelles, 2) vitellogenin synthesis, 3)
      termination of vitellogenin synthesis and degradation of biosynthetic organelles
      by lysosomes. Analysis with monoclonal antibodies and radiolabelling demonstrated
      that the mosquito yolk protein consists of two subunits (200-kDa and 65-kDa).
      Both subunits are glycosylated, their carbohydrate moieties are composed of high
      mannose oligosaccharides. The yolk protein subunits are derived from a single 220
      kDa precursor detected by an in vitro translation. Oocytes become competent to
      internalize proteins as a result of juvenile hormone-mediated biogenesis of
      endocytotic organelles. The yolk protein is then accumulated by receptor-mediated
      endocytosis. A pathway of the yold protein and factors determining its routing in
      the oocyte have been studied.

PMID- 2908130
TI  - Depletion of L3T4+ T lymphocytes during acute Trypanosoma cruzi infection abolish
      macrophage and B lymphocyte activation but not tissue inflammatory reaction.

PMID- 2908131
TI  - Takayasu's disease presenting as a thoracoabdominal aneurysm in an 18-year-old.

PMID- 2908132
TI  - [Dental soldering part VIII. Distortion of non-precious ceramometal fixed bridge
      during the soldering].

PMID- 2908133
TI  - Low doses of ketazolam in anxiety: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
AB  - A multicenter, double-blind, between-patient trial comparing two doses of
      ketazolam (15 and 30 mg) with placebo, each given once daily, in the evening, to
      92 outpatients affected by generalized anxiety disorders for at least 1 month,
      was carried out. After 1-week washout period 47 patients were randomized to
      ketazolam 15 mg, and 45 to placebo for 15 days (first period). At the end of this
      period, if the patient experienced a decrease on the total Hamilton Anxiety
      Rating Scale (HAM-A) of at least 25% of basal value, the treatment was kept
      unchanged for a further 15 days, otherwise 15 mg of ketazolam were added to the
      previous treatment (second period). Anxiety was rated after 2 and 4 weeks with
      the Italian HAM-A scale and with a 4-point scale (patient's assessment). Seventy
      eight patients completed the first period and 75 the whole study. During the
      first period the percentage of responders was almost identical in both treatment
      groups, but during the second period a further slight improvement was observed in
      the early placebo responders, while the HAM-A score of patients on ketazolam
      continued to improve significantly (p less than 0.01) throughout the study.
      Likewise a significant (p less than 0.001) difference between treatments was
      observed, on the 4-point scale, in the population as a whole (end of first
      period) as well as in responder patients (end second period). Tolerability was
      good, except in 1 patient on placebo, who was withdrawn from the study because of
      severe headache.

PMID- 2908134
TI  - Acute effects of bromazepam on signal detection performance, digit symbol
      substitution test and smooth pursuit eye movements.
AB  - Effects of 6 and 12 mg bromazepam on reaction time, stimulus sensitivity and
      response bias in a 1-hour visual attention task, on smooth pursuit eye movements,
      and on performance in the digit symbol substitution test (DSST) were investigated
      in 12 healthy male volunteers. It was a placebo-controlled, double-blind,
      crossover study that used repeated measures. Three saliva samples and a blood
      sample were taken for correlating drug concentration and performance. Bromazepam
      lowered stimulus sensitivity dose-dependently. Response times for hits and
      response bias were affected by the 12-mg dose only. DSST performance decreased
      dose-dependently. Smooth pursuit was equally impaired by 6 and 12 mg.
      Concentrations in serum correlated with concentrations in saliva, but serum and
      saliva concentrations did not correlate with task performance.

PMID- 2908135
TI  - Pharmacological and therapeutic profiling in drug innovation: the early history
      of the beta blockers.

PMID- 2908136
TI  - The difference in stress-induced analgesia in C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice: a search
      for biochemical correlates.
AB  - The level of opioid peptides: beta-endorphin and dynorphin, binding to the mu and
      kappa opioid receptors and the analgesic response of those endogenous opioid
      systems to stress were investigated in two strains of mice: C57BL/6 (C57) and
      DBA/2 (DBA). The nociceptive threshold of DBA mice was higher than that of C57
      mice. KD values for spinal mu receptors were lower in C57, while KD for cerebral
      kappa receptors were higher in this strain. DBA mice have significantly higher
      concentrations of dynorphin in the hypothalamus and neurointermediate lobe of the
      pituitary. Stress-induced analgesia was much greater in C57 than in DBA mice. In
      the hypothalamus both stress procedures depressed the concentrations of beta
      endorphin in C57, and dynorphin in DBA mice. The level of beta-endorphin
      increased in the neurointermediate lobe in C57 and in anterior lobe of the
      pituitary in DBA mice. In the spinal cord both stress procedures depressed the
      dynorphin level. The above data indicate that C57 and DBA mice differ in the
      endogenous opioid peptide content, stress-induced alteration and opioid receptor
      affinity, the effects which might correlate with their different responses to
      environmental factors and pharmacological agents.

PMID- 2908137
TI  - Electrophysiological effects of dopamine receptor stimulation in the hippocampus
      of Acomys cahirinus.
AB  - The effect of dopamine receptor agonists on the spontaneous bioelectrical
      activity of CA1 layer neurons in the hippocampal slice preparation from the
      Acomys and rat has been studied. The selective D1 receptor agonist SKF 38393
      diminished the neuronal firing rate while the selective D2 receptor agonist LY
      171555 (quinpirole) evoked an excitatory reaction, however, a great proportion of
      hippocampal neurons remained unresponsive to SKF 38393 and LY 171555. Both
      dopamine and apomorphine elicited mainly an increase in the neuronal discharge
      rate, the effect of the former having been antagonized by sulpiride. The present
      data reveal that the action of dopamine agonists on the hippocampal neurons of
      the Acomys generally resembles their activity on the rat hippocampal cells,
      however, the potency of dopamine and apomorphine in evoking the excitatory
      reaction is higher in the Acomys.

PMID- 2908138
TI  - A new parenteral emulsion for the administration of taxol.
AB  - Taxol (NSC-125973) is a poorly soluble plant product that exhibits excellent
      antimitotic properties. This study involves the development of a new formulation
      for taxol. The stability of taxol in a 50% triacetin emulsion as well as possible
      methods of intravenous administration of this dosage form was examined. A stable
      emulsion was found at taxol concentrations of 10 and 15 mg/ml of emulsion. The
      50% triacetin emulsion showed an intravenous LD50 of 1.2 ml/kg in Swiss-Webster
      mice. The 10 mg/ml taxol formulation was demonstrated to be stable upon addition
      to 5% dextrose iv fluids provided that small packing systems were used. The taxol
      triacetin emulsion can also be intravenously injected at various rates, and it
      may prove to be a useful formulation for taxol.

PMID- 2908140
TI  - Embryonic origin of the diffuse endocrine system of the gastro-intestinal tract
      (II).

PMID- 2908139
TI  - Prion protein gene expression in cultured cells.
AB  - A single copy gene encodes both the scrapie (PrPSc) and cellular (PrPC) isoforms
      of the prion protein (PrP). Cultured cell lines were found to express the
      endogenous PrP mRNA at levels comparable to those observed in the brains of adult
      rodents; however, these cells were invariably found to express greatly reduced
      levels of PrP. In all the cell lines examined, PrP was undetectable by Western
      immunoblot analysis. These cells were also poor recipients for expression
      constructs linking the hamster PrP gene open reading frame to several strong
      eukaryotic promoters; stable clones derived by transfection of these expression
      vectors failed to show elevated expression of PrP. When extremely high levels of
      PrP mRNA were produced using either an insect baculovirus or a mammalian SV40
      based vector, significant quantities of PrP were produced, although in both cases
      the proteins were apparently processed differently from the PrPC observed in
      brains. In an expression system using an SV40 late promoter vector in monkey COS
      7 cells, a significant fraction of PrP was transported to the cell surface where
      PrPC is found in vivo. PrP synthesized by the baculovirus vector failed to induce
      scrapie in hamsters and did not possess the characteristics of the PrPSc isoform
      associated with infectivity. The SV40 late promoter vector system may permit
      experiments designed to elucidate the role of PrPSc during scrapie infection as
      well as the function of PrPC in normal metabolism.

PMID- 2908141
TI  - [Bone scintigraphy and echography in the diagnosis of rheumatic diseases].

PMID- 2908142
TI  - [The hepatotoxicity of drugs].

PMID- 2908143
TI  - [Dietary fiber and dietetics in diabetes mellitus].

PMID- 2908144
TI  - [The validity of the major practical diagnostic criteria (anamnesis, skin tests
      and therapeutic tests) with implications for the combined treatment of type-I
      allergic asthma].

PMID- 2908145
TI  - [Lipid indicators of risk of myocardial infarct].

PMID- 2908146
TI  - [Analysis of the Brody effect in the electrocardiogram during effort].

PMID- 2908147
TI  - [Endoscopic sclerotherapy of esophageal varices].

PMID- 2908148
TI  - [Exocrine function in chronic pancreatitis].

PMID- 2908149
TI  - [Clinical aspects of decompensated chronic kidney failure in diabetes mellitus (a
      study of 125 cases)].

PMID- 2908150
TI  - [Determination of muscle enzyme activity in rheumatoid polyarthritis].

PMID- 2908151
TI  - [Diagnosis of plasma hypercoagulability states].

PMID- 2908152
TI  - [Anticalcium drugs in the treatment of arterial hypertension].

PMID- 2908153
TI  - [The current status and outlook of the treatment of arterial hypertension with
      converting enzyme inhibitors].

PMID- 2908154
TI  - [The role of intricate vascular and thrombocytic factors in precipitating acute
      coronary syndromes. Therapeutic implications].

PMID- 2908155
TI  - [Protection of the ischemic myocardium].

PMID- 2908156
TI  - [Doppler echocardiography].

PMID- 2908157
TI  - [Calcium channel blockers with delayed effect in the treatment of arterial
      hypertension. A short-term study].

PMID- 2908158
TI  - [Therapeutic possibilities in the recovery of work capacity in diabetics with
      arteriopathies of the lower limbs].

PMID- 2908159
TI  - [Cerebrovascular lesions in diabetics (a study of 109 cases)].

PMID- 2908160
TI  - Dopamine agonists for oral use.

PMID- 2908161
TI  - Core and paracores; some new chemoarchitectural entities in the mammalian
      neuraxis.
AB  - A study of the recent neuromorphological, neurophysiological and neuroethological
      literature, and data from the current research in our own laboratory have led us
      to a new classification of entities in the mammalian neuraxis. This
      classification comprises the core and the median and lateral paracores. The core
      of the neuraxis may be considered as a caudally extended limbic system. It
      extends throughout the central nervous system and, as its name implies, most of
      it is situated close to the ventricular cavity. This entity is characterized by
      the presence of (1) numerous diffuse grisea, (2) enormous amounts of thin,
      unmyelinated, varicose axons, many of which are arranged in diffuse fibre
      systems, (3) large numbers of different neuromediators, particularly
      neuropeptides, and (4) large numbers of neurons which concentrate estrogen and
      androgen hormones. Ethophysiological studies have shown that the core region
      contains numerous loci from which on stimulation quite characteristic behavioral
      patterns, like eating, drinking, fear, attack, reproductive behavior etc., can be
      elicited. The core region appears to be involved most directly in the
      organization of behavior and is of paramount importance for the regulation of
      processes aimed at the survival of the individual (organism) and of the species.
      The median and lateral paracores represent extensions of the core at the level of
      the brain stem. The median paracore includes the raphe nuclei, whereas the
      (bilateral) lateral paracore is constituted by a ventrolaterally extending
      lamella of tissue. Both paracores contain sets of monoaminergic cells giving rise
      to networks of fibres that pervade virtually all grisea of the neuraxis, i.e. the
      serotoninergic neurons in the median paracore and the catecholaminergic cells in
      the lateral paracore. The lateral paracore contains a series of grisea, including
      the substantia nigra, the ventral tegmental area, the nucleus reticularis
      parvocellularis, the tegmental pedunculopontine nucleus and the catecholaminergic
      cell groups A1, A2, A5, A7 and C1 and C2. It harbours a large bundle of loosely
      arranged, thin fibres, which forms a direct caudal continuation of the
      hypothalamic medial forebrain bundle. This lateral paracore bundle contains
      numerous catecholaminergic and peptidergic fibres. Three typical core centres,
      viz. the nucleus centralis amygdalae, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and
      the lateral hypothalamic area contribute substantially to this bundle. The
      lateral paracore contains, just like the core region, a large number of
      functionally defined centres related to integrated somatomotor and visceromotor
      responses. It is postulated that non-synaptic interneuron

PMID- 2908162
TI  - Synaptic and non-synaptic striatal dopamine D2 receptors: possible implications
      in normal and pathological behaviour.
AB  - Various levels of organisation in the central nervous system can be
      distinguished, ranging from the molecular, the cellular, the multicellular and
      the neuronal system level. The relationship between receptor function and
      behaviour is focussed to the dopamine D2 type receptor of the striatal complex in
      relation to extrapyramidal and limbic systems. In the striatal complex a
      striosomal and a matrix compartment can be distinguished. The matrix compartment
      can be considered as a part of the extrapyramidal system and is innervated by the
      motor cortex and by the dopaminergic neurons of the ventral tegmental, the dorsal
      substantia nigra and the retrorubral area. This compartment has a relatively high
      density of D2 receptors. The striosomes are innervated by e.g. the prelimbic
      cortex and dopamine neurones of the ventral part of the substantia nigra; here
      the density of D2 receptors are lower. Under normal conditions most of the D2
      receptors are occupied by endogenous dopamine, and postsynaptic (e.g.
      cholinergic) function is therefore sensitive to antagonists; e.g. antipsychotics.
      Exposure to drugs such as amphetamine produces a substantial overflow of dopamine
      from nerve terminals leading to the activation of remote dopamine receptors, that
      may belong to the system that normally is not influenced by these nerve terminals
      (defined here as extra synaptic receptor activation). A loss of the normal
      spatial-temporal relationships may also occur during L-DOPA therapy in
      Parkinson's disease. In this illness, due to degeneration of dopaminergic
      innervation, several dopamine receptors have become non-synaptic. In these states
      of intoxication the normal spatial/temporal organization is lost and such a loss
      may contribute to behavioural impairments.

PMID- 2908163
TI  - Synaptic and non-synaptic communication in the brain: morphological,
      physiological and behavioral aspects. Proceedings of a workshop. Nijmegan, The
      Netherlands, November 29, 1988.

PMID- 2908164
TI  - Issues involved in the transmission of chemical signals through the brain
      extracellular space.
AB  - Two classes of substances exist within the extracellular space: energetic and
      informational. Examples of the former are glucose, dissolved oxygen and CO2 while
      the latter include excitatory amino acids, cathecholamines and opiates. The
      simple ions Na+ and Cl- are generally associated with energetic processes while
      extracellular K+ and Ca2+ tend to be informational in function. Local release of
      an informational substance brings about a concentration gradient that causes the
      substance to be dispersed in the extracellular space by diffusion. This process
      is modified relative to a free aqueous medium by the constraints of volume
      fraction, tortuosity and uptake. Volume fraction is defined simply as the
      fraction of a brain region that is extracellular. If a given quantity of
      substance is released into a region with a reduced volume fraction then the
      substance will reach a higher concentration than it would in a free medium.
      Tortuosity is related to the increase in the path length of the random walk of a
      diffusing particle due to the necessity to navigate around cellular obstructions.
      Tortuosity manifests itself as a decrease in the diffusion coefficient. Uptake
      represents the movement of a substance from the extracellular space to the
      intracellular. Since initially a concentration gradient exists in this direction
      and all membranes have some permeability some concentration-dependent uptake
      always occurs. In addition there exist specific carrier-mediated uptake processes
      for some substances such as amino acids or catecholamines. In some regions the
      dispersal process can be dominated by uptake rather than diffusion. While volume
      fraction, tortuosity and uptake have all been demonstrated by a technique based
      on the use of radiolabels and other methods, these classical techniques have
      limited spatial and temporal resolution. The advent of methods based on micro
      injection of substances by iontophoresis or pressure and subsequent detection
      with ion-selective microelectrodes (ISMs) or voltammetric microsensors (VMs) has
      opened a new window onto the dynamic local behavior of the extracellular space.
      In the last decade our laboratory and others have studied the migration of the
      test substances tetramethylammonium, tetraethylammonium, AsF6- and alpha
      naphthalene sulfonate, the endogenous ions K+ and Ca2+, the epileptogenic agent
      penicillin and the neurotransmitter dopamine. These studies have been carried out
      on the cerebellum and some other regions in a variety of species that include
      rat, turtle, skate and an intervertebrate, the cuttlefish.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      400 WORDS)

PMID- 2908165
TI  - Synaptic and nonsynaptic release of neuromediators in the central nervous system.
AB  - Different types of release site were studied ultrastructurally with tannic acid
      and immunohistochemical techniques in the central nervous system (CNS) of the
      invertebrate pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis and in two neuromediator rich core
      regions in the CNS of the rat, viz., the median eminence (ME) and the
      mesencephalic central grey substance (MCG). In the CNS of the snail, release of
      the contents of the secretory granules could be clearly demonstrated in (1)
      neurohaemal axonterminals, (2) synapses and (3) in nonsynaptic release sites:
      neuronal processes without morphological synaptic specializations. In the ME,
      release of secretory products by exocytosis was found in neurohaemal
      axonterminals in the external part of the palisade layer and in nonsynaptic
      release sites in all other layers of the median eminence. It was found that
      oxytocine and vasopressin were released by exocytosis into the extracellular
      space from such (preterminal) nonsynaptic release sites. Serial section analysis
      revealed three types of fibre in the MCG, viz. (1) varicose fibres that made
      synaptic contacts with MCG dendrites on every varicosity, (2) fibres with two
      types of varicosity, viz. synapse-bearing varicosities and varicosities without
      synaptic specializations, and (3) varicose fibres without any synaptic
      specializations. It has been discussed that the nonsynaptic release sites in the
      CNS of the snail Lymnaea stagnalis, and the nonsynaptic varicosities in the rat
      brain are the morphological correlates of nonsynaptic communication in the CNS.
      The results further indicate that particular peptidergic neuromediators are
      released from such nonsynaptic varicosities, and may reach via the extracellular
      space receptors located at some distance.

PMID- 2908166
TI  - Interrelationships of cell-substrate and cell-cell adhesion structures in B
      chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) cells.

PMID- 2908167
TI  - A study of early events during T cell differentiation in thymic grafted nude
      mice.

PMID- 2908168
TI  - Interactions between lymphoid cells and a thymic stromal cell line in vitro.
AB  - In the present study, we have optimalized the adherence assay to allow monitoring
      of the level of contact between thymocytes and a thymic epithelial cell line, E
      5, in vitro. This type of interaction is not MHC-restricted, thus is unlikely to
      participate in the education of thymocytes to self. It was also shown that
      adherence does not vary from strain to strain, except for B6lpr/lpr
      immunodeficient mice which showed a markedly decreased adherence. This might be
      caused by the high level of L3T4-, Lyt-2- thymocytes in these mice (Davignon et
      al., 1985), since enriched double negative cells were shown not to adhere to E-5
      cells. Preliminary characterization of adhering thymocytes suggests an
      heterogeneous mature phenotype. These cells appear around day 16 of fetal life
      and increase gradually until birth to remain constant throughout life. On the
      basis of contact duration, two populations of adhering thymocytes exist: one
      spontaneously detached after 1.5 hr, refractive to further adherence and the
      other which adheres for up to 14 hr. Contact between lymphoid and E-5 cells was
      shown to induce PHA responsiveness.

PMID- 2908169
TI  - Phenotypic changes in cultured rat dendritic cells: expression of IL-2 receptor,
      Thy-1 and other antigens.

PMID- 2908170
TI  - The effects of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on high endothelial venules, T
      lymphocytes and interdigitating cells in mouse lymph nodes.

PMID- 2908171
TI  - Monocyte defect causes decreased autoMLR in multiple sclerosis patients.
AB  - We have recently demonstrated that peripheral blood monocytes from patients with
      multiple sclerosis (MS) have a defect in stimulating autologous and allogeneic T
      lymphocytes. This defect was found to correlate with disease activity. We report
      here that T4+ cells from MS patients proliferate weakly in the autologous mixed
      lymphocyte reaction (autoMLR). Furthermore, we provide direct proof that the
      depressed T4+ cell proliferation is due to the monocyte functional (stimulatory)
      defect.

PMID- 2908172
TI  - Should we be changing our operative strategies for the acute complications of
      peptic ulcer disease?
AB  - H2-receptor blockade for the treatment of peptic ulcer disease has been with us
      for over a decade and has led to a dramatic decrease in the number of operations
      being performed for chronic ulcer disease. Many surgeons feel that the swing away
      from ulcer surgery has gone too far. Nevertheless surgeons may have been slow to
      grasp the importance of H2-receptor blockers in the management of the acute
      complications of ulcer disease.

PMID- 2908173
TI  - Putative interaction of presynaptic dopamine and serotonin receptors modulating
      synaptosomal tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the nucleus accumbens of rats.
AB  - Inhibition of synaptosomal tyrosine hydroxylase activity by dopamine (DA)
      autoreceptors and serotonin (5-HT) heteroreceptors was used as a functional
      measure for the receptor activity in the nucleus accumbens of rats. Kinetic
      analysis of the concentration dependence of inhibition with and without
      antagonists indicates that the sensitivity of the autoreceptor to DA is
      significantly increased by blockade of the 5-HT heteroreceptor and vice versa.
      The results provide evidence for autoreceptor-heteroreceptor interactions at the
      presynaptic membrane level on dopaminergic nerve terminals.

PMID- 2908174
TI  - Calcium dependent reversible inactivation of erythrocyte transglutaminase by
      acrylamide.
AB  - Purified transglutaminase from human erythrocytes was shown to undergo time
      dependent inactivation by acrylamide added at millimolar concentration: this
      effect was wholly dependent on calcium ions and some protection was produced by
      glutamine substrates and GTP. The enzyme activity was recovered by addition of
      thiol based reducing agents, while ascorbic acid and sodium borohydrate were
      ineffective. These data are suggestive of an active site directed action of
      acrylamide.

PMID- 2908175
TI  - T-cell antigen receptor alpha chain polymorphisms in insulin-dependent diabetes.
AB  - Insulin-dependent diabetes is a chronic autoimmune disease probably mediated by T
      cells. We examined the alpha chain of the T-cell antigen receptor in two models
      of this illness (man and BB rat) to determine any association with autoimmune
      diabetes. We conducted a population study in man, using a human alpha chain
      probe, pGA-5, and restriction enzyme Bgl 11. Two allelic forms and three RFLP
      patterns, 2.8 and 3.0 kb homozygous and 2.8/3.0 heterozygous, were detected.
      There was no difference in the frequency of these RFLPs among the 50 Type I
      diabetic patients and 48 controls tested. BB rats develop a spontaneous T-cell
      mediated autoimmune diabetes. The diabetes has been linked in several breeding
      studies to an undetermined autosomal recessive gene causing T-cell lymphopenia.
      We were able to differentiate the T-cell antigen receptor alpha chain of the
      diabetic BB and control BBN rats using the restriction enzyme EcoR1 and a murine
      alpha chain probe, TT11. The BB rat had a haplotype characterized by the presence
      of 4.7 and 5.8 kb bands, and the absence of 1.4, 2.2, 2.6, 3.6, 3.9, 4.1, and 6.1
      kb bands. In a breeding study with BB and BBN rats, diabetic animals of the F2
      generation demonstrated no linkage with the BBs' alpha chain, nor was lymphopenia
      linked to the alpha chain of the BB rat. These results suggest that autoimmune
      diabetes is not linked to the T-cell antigen receptor alpha chain in the BB rat,
      nor is it associated with alpha chain constant region polymorphisms in Type I
      diabetes in man.

PMID- 2908176
TI  - WHO: from small beginnings.

PMID- 2908177
TI  - T lymphocytes from irradiation chimeras repopulated with 13-day fetal liver cells
      recognize antigens only in association with self-MHC products.
AB  - The restriction specificities of maturing thymocytes are determined by the Class
      II MHC antigens expressed by non-lymphoid thymic tissues. The proliferative
      response of mature T lymphocytes to antigen-presenting cells (APC) and antigen
      requires that the APC express the same MHC antigens as the thymus in which the T
      cells differentiated. Thus, in the two-way bone marrow chimera [A + B----(A x
      B)F1], T lymphocyte populations of A and B haplotypes have each acquired the
      potential to recognize antigens associated with either parental haplotype. In
      spite of the large body of work on MHC restriction, we still do not have a clear
      understanding of the mechanisms which impose self restriction. The chimeric model
      systems used previously to study MHC restriction have used adult bone marrow
      cells as the source of lymphoid precursors. During normal ontogeny, T cells are
      derived from precursors in the fetal liver and we felt that a direct comparison
      of T cells from fetal liver and bone marrow-repopulated animals would shed light
      on the development of MHC restriction specificities during T cell ontogeny in the
      thymus or prethymically. We found that parental T lymphocyte populations isolated
      from two-way fetal liver chimeras cooperated only with syngeneic APC, while those
      from bone marrow chimeras cooperated with APC of either parental haplotype. This
      suggests that fetal liver and bone marrow may not be equivalent sources of stem
      cells. Our results may be due to fundamental differences between thymocyte
      precursors in fetal liver and bone marrow, including the time course of their
      expression of T cell receptor gene products.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2908178
TI  - Clonotypic analysis of the fetal B cell repertoire: evidence for an early and
      predominant expression of idiotypes associated with the VH 36-60 family.
AB  - Determining the mechanisms by which B cells develop that culminates in the
      generation of a diverse repertoire is critical to our understanding of how the
      immune response is regulated. The B cell specificity repertoire appears to be
      developmentally acquired in a predetermined, temporally ordered fashion. Thus, in
      the Balb/c mouse, the ontogenetic appearance of functional B cells specific for
      various hapten probes occurs in the order of dinitrophenol (DNP), fluorescein
      (Fl), and phosphorylcholine (PC). In addition, when the influenza virus
      hemagglutinin molecule was used as an antigen probe, similar conclusions were
      drawn regarding a patterned acquisition of the specificity repertoire. More
      recently, we have used a fetal organ culture system to show that hapten
      responsive B cells appear in the same predictable, temporal order in vitro. The
      importance of these studies was that the effects of environmental influences were
      minimized in the absence of circulation and cell migration, and therefore the
      results indicated that the patterned emergence of the specificity repertoire
      observed was largely the result of genetic regulatory processes. Recent molecular
      findings may relate to such genetic regulatory processes. The VH genes in Balb/c
      mice have been grouped into eight families based on sequence homology, and have
      been mapped relative to the constant region genes. Yancopoulos et al. and
      Perlmutter et al. have shown that the VH gene segments closest to the JH cluster,
      the VH1B 7183 family, are preferentially utilized in transformed fetal pre-B cell
      lines and in fetal B cell hybridomas. This led to the hypothesis that the
      developmental control of the expression of VH gene segments is related to
      chromosomal organization. A logical extension of these findings is that the
      programmed appearance of particular clonotypes in ontogeny may be explained, in
      part, by the preferential use of particular VH gene segments. However, to what
      extent the transformed B cell lines represent members of the functional expressed
      repertoire could not be evaluated. In the studies described herein, the fetal
      organ culture system was used to assess the early expressed repertoire at the
      clonotypic level using idiotypic analysis. Anti-DNP secreting clones were derived
      from fetal organ cultures and tested for the presence of two idiotypes, 36 and
      MOPC 460 (460). The 36 idiotype is a predominant DNP clonotype of the neonatal
      repertoire, while the 460 idiotype is a major cross-reactive idiotype of the
      adult DNP response.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2908179
TI  - Human anti-idiotypic T lymphocyte clones are activated by autologous anti-rabies
      virus antibodies presented in association with HLA-DQ molecules.
AB  - The regulatory function of antigen-specific T cells in human antibody responses
      to protein and carbohydrate determinants of many viral and bacterial antigens has
      extensively been studied in systems involving in vitro triggering of B cells by
      antigens or polyclonal activators. Although amply documented in experimental
      murine models, the existence of T helper cells with receptor specificity for
      idiotypic determinants of B cell immunoglobulins has not been demonstrated in a
      human system. We are interested in T helper cell recognition of idiotypic
      determinants of virus-specific antibody, secreted by human B cells in response to
      viral antigens, and in the role which such idiotype-specific T helper cells play,
      alone or in concert with virus-specific T helper cells, to regulate the antibody
      response. Understanding of the function of different T helper cell subsets in an
      anti-viral antibody response and especially of the mechanisms of idiotype
      recognition by T cells is important for the development, and future application
      in man of idiotype vaccines, the potential of which has been indicated for
      different pathogens in several animal species. It was realized that for the
      efficient characterization of each of the T helper cell subsets, the availability
      of cloned populations of T cells would be inevitable. Furthermore, we argued that
      if, as predicted by Jerne, idiotype recognizing T helper cells are involved in
      physiological idiotype regulation in the course of an immune response--e.g.,
      following encounter with virus--cloned populations of T cells should best be
      obtained by immunization protocols closely mimicking the physiological situation.
      In a previous report we described the induction of a secondary antibody response
      in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in vitro by rabies virus
      antigen. This response was shown to be T helper cell dependent, and rabies virus
      specific T helper cell clones have recently been obtained in our laboratory. The
      present study describes the generation of cloned lines of anti-idiotypic T4+
      cells from rabies virus immune PBMC restimulated with rabies virus antigen in
      vitro. The cloned T cell lines were found to respond to circulating autologous
      antibody exhibiting specificity to rabies virus, but not to rabies virus antigen.
      The clonal proliferation, induced by this "auto-anticlonotypic" antibody, was
      found to be preceded by modulation of the T3/Ti molecular complex and required
      presentation of the antibodies by antigen presenting cells in association with
      HLA-DQ molecules. This observation of MHC-restricted idiotype recognition by
      human T cells, may have important consequences for the understanding of the
      regulation of th

PMID- 2908180
TI  - [A study of the contents of vasoactive intestinal peptide, somatostatin and
      neurotensin in rectal mucosa in patients with inflammatory bowel disease].

PMID- 2908181
TI  - Immunogenetics of Graves' ophthalmopathy.
AB  - We have performed an immunogenetic analysis of 53 patients with severe Graves'
      ophthalmopathy, 51 patients with Graves' disease but little or no clinically
      apparent eye disease, and 90 controls. The distribution of restriction fragment
      length polymorphisms was analysed in the three groups, using probes for the HLA
      DQ alpha and DR beta regions, the T-cell receptor C alpha, V alpha, C beta and J
      gamma genes and the immunoglobulin gene switch regions, S alpha and S mu. There
      was no abnormal distribution of these polymorphisms in either group of Graves'
      patients, or differences between the Graves' patients with or without eye
      disease. It was possible to assign HLA-DR types in most patients using the
      polymorphisms found after probing with DQ alpha and DR beta; there was no
      abnormal distribution of DR types (including HLA-DR3) assigned by restriction
      fragment polymorphisms in the two Graves' groups. These results fail to confirm
      the reported associations between ophthalmopathy and HLA-DR3 and between Graves'
      disease and the T-cell receptor C beta polymorphism; they also argue against a
      strong influence of Gm allotypes in Graves' disease since these genes are in
      linkage disequilibrium with the S alpha polymorphisms. The association of Graves'
      disease with HLA-DR3, defined hitherto using serological reagents, may be less
      strong than previously described.

PMID- 2908182
TI  - Degradation of oxidatively denatured proteins in Escherichia coli.
AB  - When exposed to oxidative stress, by oxygen radicals or H2O2, E. coli exhibited
      decreased growth, decreased protein synthesis, and dose-dependent increases in
      protein degradation. The quinone menadione induced proteolysis when cells were
      incubated in air, but was not effective when cells were incubated without oxygen.
      Anaerobically grown cells also exhibited significantly lower proteolytic capacity
      than did cells that were grown aerobically. Xanthine plus xanthine oxidase (which
      generate O2- and H2O2) caused a stimulation of proteolysis which was inhibitable
      by catalase, but not by superoxide dismutase: Indicating that H2O2 was
      responsible for the increased protein degradation. Indeed, H2O2 alone was
      effective in inducing increased intracellular proteolysis. Two-dimensional
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of [3H]leucine labeled E. coli revealed
      greater than 50% decreases in the concentrations of 10-15 cell proteins following
      H2O2 or menadione exposure, while several other proteins were less severely
      affected. To test for the presence of soluble proteases, we prepared cell-free
      extracts of E. coli and incubated them with radio-labeled protein substrates. E.
      coli extracts degraded casein and globin polypeptides at rapid rates but showed
      little activity with native proteins such as superoxide dismutase, hemoglobin,
      bovine serum albumin, or catalase. When these same proteins were denatured by
      exposure to oxygen radicals or H2O2, however, they became excellent substrates
      for degradation in E. coli extracts. Studies with albumin revealed correlations
      greater than 0.95 between the degree of oxidative denaturation and proteolytic
      susceptibility. Pretreatment of E. coli with menadione or H2O2 did not increase
      the proteolytic capacity of cell extracts; indicating that neither protease
      activation, nor protease induction were required.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2908183
TI  - Synaptic potentials in rat locus coeruleus neurones.
AB  - 1. Intracellular recordings were made from locus coeruleus neurones in a slice of
      tissue cut from the rat pons. A depolarizing postsynaptic potential (PSP)
      followed electrical stimulation of the slice surface; the latency was 1-3 ms and
      the duration was 50-200 ms. 2. The reversal potential of the PSP (estimated by
      extrapolation from potentials between -60 and -90 mV) was -27 mV when the
      recording electrodes contained potassium chloride, and -36 mV when electrodes
      contained potassium acetate or methylsulphate. 3. Kynurenic acid depressed the
      PSP amplitude by up to 60%. The residual PSP reversed polarity at -50 mV
      (extrapolated, potassium chloride in electrodes) or -70 mV (observed, potassium
      methylsulphate in electrodes): it was blocked by bicuculline (10 microM). 4.
      Exogenously applied gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) depolarized cells when the
      recording electrode contained potassium chloride (reversal potential was -45 mV)
      and hyperpolarized cells when the recording electrode contained potassium
      methylsulphate (reversal potential was -70 mV). 5. In the presence of
      bicuculline, the residual PSP was blocked by kynurenic acid, whereas DL-2-amino-5
      phosphonovaleric acid (2-APV) reduced its amplitude to 80% of control. 6.
      Exogenously applied glutamate, quisqualate and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) all
      caused a membrane depolarization (or an inward current under voltage clamp) which
      reversed polarity at about 0 mV. These effects were blocked by kynurenic acid
      (500 microM); 2-APV (50 microM) selectively blocked the effect of NMDA. 7. The
      results indicate that the PSP evoked by focal stimulation within the nucleus
      locus coeruleus results from an excitatory amino acid acting predominantly at non
      NMDA receptors, and from GABA acting at GABAA receptors.

PMID- 2908184
TI  - Transmitter release at mouse motor nerve terminals mediated by temporary
      accumulation of intracellular barium.
AB  - 1. In isolated mouse diaphragm, tetanic nerve stimulation in the presence of Ba2+
      causes an increase in frequency of MEPPs which continues as an after-discharge or
      'tail' of raised MEPP frequency that subsides over a period of seconds, in
      addition to EPPs of low quantal content. 'Ba2+ tails' are also seen with focal
      depolarization of nerve terminals in the presence of tetrodotoxin. 2. The
      development of 'Ba2+ tails' could be inhibited or blocked by neomycin, raised
      Mg2+, or Cd2+ present at the time of stimulation; the presence of the blocking
      substance during the tail itself had no effect. 3. The time course of MEPP
      frequency changes during and after stimulation could be expressed as a simple
      exponential process, with the same time constant for both the rise and the fall,
      by taking as the time-dependent variable the nth root of MEPP frequency, n being
      4 or 5. The time constant (tau) derived from the rate of fall of the 1/4 power of
      MEPP frequency during the tail was at most junctions between 3 and 6 s, and
      apparently unaffected by concentration of Ba2+, or of Ca2+, or by tonic
      depolarization of the nerve terminal. 4. The intensity of 'Ca2+ tails' was graded
      steeply with the number of stimuli applied, but was nearly independent of
      stimulus frequency, when train duration was kept brief compared to tau, i.e.
      about a second or less. The nth root of the number of MEPPs at a given time
      period in the tail was linearly related to the number of stimuli, when n was
      chosen to be 4 or 5. 5. The above data are consistent with a model in which (a)
      with each nerve impulse in a train there occurs the same entry of Ba2+ into the
      terminal, (b) transmitter release (MEPP frequency) is proportional to the fourth
      or fifth power of [Ba2+] at critical sites within the nerve terminal, (c) the
      Ba2+ leaves these sites as a first-order process with a time constant of a few
      seconds. Compared to Ca2+, Ba2+ persists longer but has lower potency. 6. With
      variation of external [Ba2+] over the range 50 microM to 6.4 mM, apparent Ba2+
      entry per nerve impulse grew linearly with concentration. 7. Evidence is
      presented indicating that intraterminal Ba2+ can 'co-operate' with Ca2+ or La3+
      in promoting transmitter release.

PMID- 2908185
TI  - Some factors affecting isolation of Clostridium tetani from human and animal
      stools.
AB  - Clostridium tetani was isolated from human and animal stools at the following
      rates [95% confidence interval (CI)]: Human, 0% (1.5-0); horse, 1% (5-0); cow in
      cowshed, 4% (10-1); cow in pasture, 8.3% (17-1), calf in pasture, 0% (7-0); dog,
      2% (11-0) and sheep in pasture, 25% (44-14). Quantification of C. tetani in 16
      animal stools positive for the bacillus was impossible in most cases, as the
      number of tetanus bacilli present was not large enough for this purpose.
      Contaminating anaerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria in human and animal
      stools, i.e., C. perfringens and Streptococcus sp., Group G, inhibited isolation
      of C. tetani from these materials, particularly at the step of isolation
      employing its swarming character.

PMID- 2908186
TI  - Anaphylactic sensitivity and immunity to Schistosoma mansoni in mice.

PMID- 2908187
TI  - Filariasis programme--Recife--Brazil.

PMID- 2908188
TI  - AIDS Conference in Montreal is a first for Canada.

PMID- 2908189
TI  - [Gastro-entero-pancreatic production and hepatic uptake of gastrin and
      somatostatin in the preruminant calf receiving milk proteins or milk serum].
AB  - In preruminant calves total splanchnic production of immunoreactive somatostatin
      and gastrin did not change when casein was replaced by whey protein in the diet,
      but gastrin secretion was more rapid for the first 3 postprandial hours. Loss
      during passage through the liver was equivalent to splanchnic production for
      somatostatin, but was very low for gastrin.

PMID- 2908190
TI  - Cisapride induces clustered spikes and irregular spiking of the small intestine
      of the rat.
AB  - The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of cisapride on the
      myoelectric activity of the small intestine in the rat. Intestinal myoelectric
      activity of fasted conscious rats was monitored by three bipolar electrodes
      chronically implanted at 5, 15 and 25 cm distal to the pylorus and connected to
      an EEG amplifier. In the basal state, regularly occurring migrating myoelectric
      complexes (MMCs) and clustered spikes were registered. Cisapride at doses of 0.5
      4.0 mg-1 i.v. did not affect the MMCs, but at 8 mg kg-1 i.v. the regular MMCs
      were replaced by irregular spiking activity (p less than 0.05). Concomitantly
      cisapride increased the occurrence of clustered spikes and abbreviated the
      interval between them in a dose-dependent manner (p less than 0.05), without
      affecting their duration. Hexamethonium at a dose of 10 mg kg-1 i.v. abolished
      the MMCs as well as the stimulatory effect of ciSapride (4 mg kg-1). Atropine at
      a dose of 1 mg kg-1 i.v. did not affect the MMCs but blocked the stimulatory
      effect of cisapride (4 mg kg-1). It is concluded that cisapride induces clustered
      spikes and irregular spiking. These effects require intact cholinergic pathways,
      involving both muscarinic and nicotinic receptor mechanisms.

PMID- 2908192
TI  - [Pretumor markers in experimental liver cancer and its biological significance].

PMID- 2908191
TI  - Mammalian homeobox-containing genes: genome organization, structure, expression
      and evolution.
AB  - Mammalian homeo box-containing genes have been isolated by their sequence
      similarity to Drosophila homeotic selector genes. About 20 murine homeo box genes
      have been identified to date and their expression and structural organization has
      been described in detail. Most homeo box gene loci are organized in at least
      three major gene clusters in the mouse and human genome. The structure of homeo
      box genes within these clusters is very similar and in this paper the murine Hox
      2.2 gene will be discussed as an example. Homeo box genes are expressed in region
      specific patterns during different stages of vertebrate development and almost
      all mammalian homeo box genes are expressed in the central nervous system (CNS)
      of the developing embryo. Within the developing CNS of mouse embryos the anterior
      boundaries of expression are specific for each gene. Comparisons of nucleotide
      and amino acid sequences as well as the analysis of the structural organization
      of murine and human homeo box genes reveal strong paralogous relationships
      between genes in different clusters. These findings suggest that the homeo box
      gene clusters evolved in two steps. First, an ancestral gene cluster was created
      by duplications of individual genes along one linkage group and in a subsequent
      step duplications of the ancestral gene complex gave rise to the three (or
      possibly four) gene clusters observed in mouse and human to date. The possibility
      of the homeo box genes representing a functional array of genetic switches will
      be discussed.

PMID- 2908193
TI  - Measurement of the transfer of the nitrogen moiety of intestinal lumen glutamic
      acid in man after oral ingestion of l-[15N]glutamic acid.
AB  - 1. The measurement of the intestinal metabolism of the nitrogen moiety of
      glutamic acid has been investigated by oral ingestion of l-[15N]glutamic acid and
      sampling of arterialized blood. 2. Measurements have been made in six normal
      adults weighing an average of 72.8 kg ingesting 100 mg of l-[15N]glutamic acid
      after an overnight fast. 3. Measurement of the enrichment of arterial glutamic
      acid, glutamine and alanine was by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Isotopic
      enrichment of the amino acids was followed for 150 min after the ingestion of the
      amino acid. 4. Arterialized venous blood amino acid concentrations, measured by
      h.p.l.c., demonstrated no significant changes during the course of the
      experiment. 5. From the observed appearance of label in arterialized glutamic
      acid, alanine and glutamine, little luminal glutamic acid reaches the
      extracellular pool. The majority of the administered nitrogen label appears in
      the arterial alanine and glutamine components.

PMID- 2908194
TI  - Life, evolution, and the pursuit of single photon sensitivity.
AB  - Evolutionary forces have designed a large family of rod and cone photoreceptors,
      each member of which suits the lifestyle requirements and circadian patterns of a
      particular species. The three-segment architecture of signal transduction is
      conspicuous in the biochemistry of photoreceptors and supports their demonstrated
      properties of extreme sensitivity, low noise levels, extended dynamic range, and
      light adaptation. The designs elaborated by evolution reflect a gradual process
      of modification, with the sequential elaboration of layers of control and
      refinements in control. The end results of this long evolutionary labor are the
      functional efficiency and dynamic range that give the rod its utility. Our
      conceptual problems in deriving observed rod properties from the collective
      features of known rod gene products may well give way when we have learned more
      about the true composition and topology of the outer segment gene set and both
      bound and free nucleotide concentrations. The invertebrates have developed
      alternative solutions to the problems of photoreceptor sensitivity and wide
      dynamic range. The vertebrate rod represents a truly optimized way to capture and
      interpret low-intensity photon signals. One may anticipate, with some enthusiasm,
      those molecular and kinetic data that will permit an understanding of how cones
      differ from rods and how release from the requirement for single photon detection
      has shaped the design of this wavelength-specific companion photoreceptor. The
      utilization by evolution of the three-segment architecture of GTP-dependent
      signal transduction for other modalities of sensory perception, such as olfaction
      (Lancet et al., this volume) and gustation (Jones et al., this volume), is
      certainly a reasonable and successful choice.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2908195
TI  - Effects of nitrovasodilators, endothelium-dependent vasodilators, and atrial
      peptides on cGMP.
AB  - The interactions of the nitrovasodilators, endothelium-dependent vasodilators,
      and atrial peptides with cGMP synthesis have proved to be useful and important
      leads to the functions of cGMP and signal transduction mechanisms. Although
      considerable progress has been made, many important questions remain to be
      answered. Nevertheless, the guanylate cyclase-cGMP system clearly represents an
      important second-messenger system that mediates the effects of numerous agents.

PMID- 2908196
TI  - Analysis of serum response element function in vitro.

PMID- 2908197
TI  - Cooperative action of the glucocorticoid receptor and transcription factors.

PMID- 2908198
TI  - Anti-oncogenes and the negative regulation of cell growth.

PMID- 2908199
TI  - Influence of p21ras on phosphatidylinositol turnover.

PMID- 2908200
TI  - The membrane form of guanylate cyclase.

PMID- 2908201
TI  - Tissue effects on the expression of serotonin, tyrosine hydroxylase and GABA in
      cultures of neurogenic cells from the neuraxis and branchial arches.
AB  - The phenotypically diverse neurones of the enteric nervous system are
      developmentally derived from precursors that migrate to the bowel from the vagal
      and sacral regions of the neuraxis. In order to gain insight into the generation
      of enteric neuronal diversity, we examined the expression of serotonin (5-HT),
      tyrosine hydroxylase and GABA in vitro. In the mature avian intestine, intrinsic
      neurones contain 5-HT or GABA but not tyrosine hydroxylase. These markers were
      demonstrated immunocytochemically, singly or simultaneously. All three phenotypic
      markers developed in cultures of cranial, vagal or truncal neural crest when the
      cultures were grown in enriched medium, containing horse serum and chick embryo
      extract; however, 5-HT and GABA, but not tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive
      cells, also developed in cultures that were grown in partially defined medium.
      Tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity was seen when partially defined medium was
      supplemented with nerve growth factor (NGF). Cultures of branchial arches (III
      and IV) contained cells that displayed tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity, but
      not that of 5-HT- or GABA-; however, 5-HT immunoreactivity was seen when
      branchial arches were cocultured with aneuronal hindgut (from 4-day chick
      embryos). Cultures of cells from chick gut dissociated at 7 days contained
      tyrosine hydroxylase as well as 5-HT and GABA immunoreactivities; however, no
      cultures of bowel dissociated at 8 days or later expressed tyrosine hydroxylase
      immunoreactivity. When neuraxial cells were cocultured with branchial arches or
      heart instead of gut, no 5-HT-immunoreactive cells were seen; nevertheless, the
      further addition of explants of gut to the heart/crest cocultures did permit the
      expression of 5-HT immunoreactivity. These results are consistent with the
      hypotheses that precursors with the potential to give rise to cells that express
      5-HT, GABA and tyrosine hydroxylase are found at several levels of the neuraxis;
      however, the ability to express these phenotypes may be suppressed either while
      the crest cells are migrating (for example, 5-HT and GABA expression by crest
      cells passing through the branchial arches) or in their final destination (for
      example, tyrosine hydroxylase in the gut). This suppression may be transient and
      reversed by the microenvironment of the target organs.

PMID- 2908202
TI  - A gene with sequence similarity to Drosophila engrailed is expressed during the
      development of the neural tube and vertebrae in the mouse.
AB  - The mouse genes En-1 and En-2 display sequence similarity, in and around the
      homeobox region, to the engrailed family in Drosophila. This paper describes
      their pattern of expression in the 12.5-day mouse embryo as determined by in situ
      hybridization. En-2 is expressed in a subset of cells expressing En-1. Both genes
      are expressed in the developing midbrain and its junction with the hindbrain. In
      addition, En-1 is expressed in the floor of the hindbrain, a restricted
      ventrolateral segment of the neural tube throughout the trunk and anterior part
      of the tail, the dermatome of tail somites, the centrum and costal processes in
      developing vertebrae, a restricted region of facial mesenchyme and the limb-bud
      ectoderm. Supplementary studies of 9.5-day and 10.5-day embryos showed that the
      same pattern of expression pertained in the neural tube, but that expression in
      the somites is at first confined to the dermatome and later found at a low level
      in restricted sclerotomal regions. Both genes are expressed in restricted domains
      which do not cross tissue-type boundaries. In several instances, however,
      boundaries of expression lie within morphologically undifferentiated tissue.
      These results suggest that En-1 and En-2 may be involved in the establishment or
      maintenance of the spatial integrity of specific domains within developing
      tissues.

PMID- 2908203
TI  - Development of a solid phase RIA for human plasma somatostatin.
AB  - Somatostatin is widely distributed in tissues of biological fluids. In the
      present study we tested the validity of a new radioimmunoassay by a solid phase
      immunoextraction. Sensitivity was 1.8 pg/mL and the within-assay precision with
      two different pools of human plasma was 12.2% (CV) at a concentration of 19.2 +/-
      2.34 pg/mL (mean +/- SD) and 11.9% at 8.53 +/- 1.02 pg/mL. The between assay
      precision was 14.2% (CV) at a concentration of 11.8 +/- 1.68 pg/mL. The accuracy
      was good as tested by the dilution test (slope: 0.956, Y-intercept 3.07 pg/mL, r
      = 0.997) and the recovery test (slope: 1.008, Y-intercept 2.22 pg/mL, r = 0.999).
      The method resulted in good correlation with a current extraction method (no. 65,
      y = 1.45 + 0.975 x, r = 0.862, P less than 0.001). Basal value of somatostatin in
      the plasma of 32 normal subjects was 11.5 +/- 5.80 pg/mL (mean +/- SD).

PMID- 2908204
TI  - Microcycle conidiation in submerged cultures of Penicillium cyclopium attained
      without temperature changes.
AB  - Microcycle conidiation in shaken cultures of Penicillium cyclopium M 79 was
      induced at 24 degrees C without any shock treatment. The occurrence of a
      microcycle depended on the presence of an organic acid (especially glutamic acid)
      in combination with glucose, low phosphate concentration, light and sufficient
      aeration. Absence of glucose and/or lowered aeration evoked vegetative growth. A
      synchronous and homogeneous microcycle required a certain relationship between
      the number of inoculated conidia and the concentration of the organic acid in the
      medium; the optimum was at 0.08 nmol acid per conidium. Higher values stimulated
      normal vegetative growth. A shortage or absence of the organic acid led to an
      atypical growth. The effect of organic acid can be partially replaced by addition
      of 2% (w/v) CaCO3. Addition of NH+4 in concentrations higher than 6 mM to
      cultures with glutamate or glutamine evoked vegetative growth.

PMID- 2908205
TI  - Detection of fimbriae and fimbrial antigens on the oral anaerobe Bacteroides
      gingivalis by negative staining and serological methods.
AB  - We screened 63 clinical isolates of Bacteroides gingivalis from eight different
      laboratories for the presence of fimbriae by negative staining and by
      immunological methods. Techniques used were bacterial agglutination, Ouchterlony
      immunodiffusion and Western immunoblotting analysis using rabbit anti-fimbriae
      and anti-fimbrilin sera raised against fimbriae and fimbrilin (a constituent
      protein of B. gingivalis fimbriae) from B. gingivalis strain 381. In 49 of the 51
      strains tested, fimbriae were clearly detected by negative staining, and 30 (60%)
      of the fimbriate strains were positive in all three of the immunological assays.
      A total of 37 strains (75%) were positive by immunoblotting analysis, which was
      the most reliable of the serological methods used in this study. The study shows
      that the majority of B. gingivalis strains are fimbriate, and that these fimbriae
      are immunologically related to the fimbriae of B. gingivalis strain 381.
      Molecular heterogeneity of fimbrilin was discovered by the immunoblotting
      analysis, when different strains were compared. With most of the strains,
      including strain 381, the antifimbrilin serum reacted with a protein of apparent
      molecular mass 43 kDa, but with 15 strains the immuno-reactive protein had an
      apparent molecular mass of 46 kDa.

PMID- 2908206
TI  - [Polyarteritis nodosa diagnosed by duodenopancreatectomy].

PMID- 2908207
TI  - Subcellular localization of muscarinic effects on enzymes of cyclic nucleotide
      metabolism in cultured corneal epithelial cells of the rabbit.
AB  - Activities of adenylate and guanylate cyclases and cAMP and cGMP
      phosphodiesterases (cAPDE, cGPDE) were assayed in cell homogenates and
      subcellular fractions of cultured rabbit corneal epithelium, and effects of
      carbamylcholine on enzyme activities in each fraction were evaluated. Activity of
      cyclases and phosphodiesterases was detectable in control incubations of
      homogenates, nuclei, the mitochondrial/lysosomal fraction, microsomes, and
      cytosol, although microsomal guanylate cyclase represented a very small
      proportion of the total cellular activity. In homogenates, carbamylcholine
      significantly elevated guanylate cyclase and cAPDE and reduced cGPDE activity. In
      mitochondria/lysosomes, guanylate cyclase was elevated and cGPDE reduced, but the
      drug did not alter cAPDE activity. In microsomes, carbamylcholine enhanced cAPDE
      but did not alter guanylate cyclase of cGPDE activity. In the soluble cytoplasmic
      fraction the drug reduced guanylate cyclase activity. The purified nuclear
      fraction exhibited substantial activity of cyclases and phosphodiesterases.
      Carbamylcholine significantly elevated activity of nuclear guanylate cyclase and
      cAPDE and significantly reduced nuclear cGPDE activity. The drug did not
      significantly alter adenylate cyclase in homogenates or in any cell fraction. The
      presence of activity of enzymes of cyclic nucleotide metabolism in the cell
      nucleus and the sensitivity of nuclear guanylate cyclase, cAPDE and cGPDE to
      carbamylcholine, which in the same concentration range enhances activity of DNA
      and RNA polymerases, suggested the hypothesis that effects on cyclic nucleotide
      dependent phosphorylation of nuclear proteins might be among regulatory
      mechanisms by which the drug alters rates of replication and transcription in
      corneal epithelial cells.

PMID- 2908208
TI  - Diuretic drugs as risk factors in cataractogenesis.
AB  - The use of diuretic drugs, which previously has been found to be associated with
      the incidence of cataract, is further investigated to elucidate the nature of the
      association. Diuretic drugs with different modes of action are considered
      separately. The degree of association of each correlates with the mean plasma
      urea level which itself is associated with cataract. However, the association is
      with cataract in general rather than with any specific type of lens opacity.

PMID- 2908209
TI  - [Dental soldering (Part IX). Tensile strength of nickel-chromium base metal
      presoldered joints, soldered by focused energy of infra-red].

PMID- 2908210
TI  - [Stress and postoperative analgesia].

PMID- 2908211
TI  - [Use of DNA polymorphism in the diagnosis of human genetic diseases].

PMID- 2908212
TI  - [Periarteritis nodosa following vaccination against hepatitis B].

PMID- 2908213
TI  - A study on Chinese phenylalanine hydroxylase gene restriction site polymorphism.
AB  - Human phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) cDNA was applied as a hybridization probe
      to analyzing the following 8 restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) in
      the PAH genes of 80 normal and 28 phenylketonuric Chinese patients: BglII, 3.6
      kb/1.7 kb; EcoRI, 17 kb/11 kb; EcoRV, 30 kb/25 kb; HindIII, 4.2 kb/4.0 kb; MspIa,
      23 kb/19 kb; MspIb, 4.0 kb/2.2 kb; PvuIIa, 19 kb/6.0 kb and PvuIIb, 11.5 kb/9.1
      kb. The frequencies of the above RFLP in normal Chinese and PKU patients are:
      0.13, 0.83, 0.77, 0.81, 0.12, 0.04, 0.70, 0.10 and 0.12, 0.93, 0.89, 0.81, 0.04,
      0, 0.69, 0.04, respectively. This study reveals significant differences between
      the frequencies of individual RFLPs when these values are compared with those of
      the Caucasians. Finally, the detection of RFLPs in the PAH gene in the Chinese
      population will permit prenatal diagnosis of PKU in China.

PMID- 2908214
TI  - Effects of urethane administration on somatostatin receptors in rat cerebral
      cortex and pituitary.

PMID- 2908215
TI  - Influence of anesthetic agents on the release of growth hormone induced by growth
      hormone-releasing hormone in rats.

PMID- 2908216
TI  - [Effects of chlordemethyldiazepam on blood cortisol during surgical stress].
AB  - The pre-operative plasma cortisol levels in 16 male patients undergoing plastic
      reconstructive surgery were studied. 8 patients received chlordesmethyldiazepam
      0.1 mg/kg-1 i.v. (group C), 8 sodium thiopental 5 mg/kg-1 i.v. (group T) in
      anaesthesia induction. All patients were premedicated by diazepam 0.15 mg/kg-1 by
      mouth 90 min before anaesthesia induction and atropine 0.007 mg/kg-1 i.v. just
      before induction, and received succinylcholine 1 mg/kg-1 i.v. and an endotracheal
      tube for mechanically controlled ventilation. Anaesthesia maintenance was assured
      by isoflurane 0.5-2.5% in a N2O/O2 (2/1) gas mixture. Blood samples were
      collected from each patient at the following times: 24 h before surgery (t0); 30
      min after skin incision (t1); 30 min after extubation (t2). Significant
      variations of blood cortisol levels have not been shown.

PMID- 2908217
TI  - The ultrastructure of the thyroid parafollicular cells of the marmot (Marmota
      marmota). Immunocytochemical localization of calcitonin and somatostatin.
AB  - We studied the topographical and ultrastructural characteristics of the
      parafollicular cells in the Marmota marmota and their seasonal changes. The
      parafollicular cells, together with the follicular cells, form the follicular
      epithelium occupying a peculiar basal position. Furthermore these cells are
      characterized by a clear cytoplasmic matrix and well developed cytoplasmic
      organelles. The latter synthesize and condense the secretory product which
      ultrastructurally is organized in secretory granule-vesicles with a scarcely
      electron-dense cottony content. Histochemically the secretion consists in a
      proteic complex (rich in alpha-amino acids and sulphonate proteins) with a minor
      glucidic component. The above metabolic activity closely relates with the
      seasonal metabolic changes and namely with calcium metabolism. The
      immunocytochemical reactions revealed the presence of calcitonin and, to a lesser
      extent, somatostatin. The morphological findings were compared with those
      observed in other hibernating mammalians and related to the calcium homeostasis.

PMID- 2908218
TI  - [Treatment with bromperidol in schizophrenic patients].
AB  - The antipsychotic action, and undesirable effects of Bromperidol were examined
      over a 3-month period on an open clinical trial with 33 schizophrenic patients.
      Bromperidol was administered at an initial dose of 2.5 to 10 mg once a day. The
      results obtained according to BPRS, and CGI parameters after 2 weeks' time, and
      1, 2, and 3 months' time showed a marked improvement in most of the scored
      psychiatric symptoms. Bromperidol has a potent antipsychotic action, and some
      stimulating properties on activity which make it very useful when increasing
      patients' motivation, and resocialization is at stake. Its general tolerance was
      very good. Nine patients (27%) presented mild extrapyramidal side-effects and
      anticholinergic medication controlled easily enough.

PMID- 2908219
TI  - Transglutaminases and their regulation: implications for polyamine metabolism.

PMID- 2908220
TI  - The enhancing effect of cyclosporine A and sulfasalazine on the prevention of
      rejection in rat cardiac allografts.
AB  - Sulfasalazine (SASP) has been used for many years as a disease-modifying agent in
      inflammatory bowel disease and in rheumatoid arthritis. However, its mode of
      action is not entirely clear. Evidence has been accumulated which indicates that
      its efficacy is due to an immunomodulatory effect. In the present communication,
      we report that SASP has an immunomodulatory capacity in an experimental rat
      cardiac allograft model. A combination of 100 mg/kg per day of SASP given orally
      until rejection and 10 mg/kg per day of cyclosporine A (CyA) given orally for 10
      days resulted in a significantly increased graft survival time as compared to
      that in animals given CyA alone.

PMID- 2908221
TI  - Conformational analysis of nisoxetine and fluoxetine, selective inhibitors of
      norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake: are conformational differences an
      explanation of neurotransmitter selectivity?
AB  - Low energy conformations and the pathways between them have been calculated for
      nisoxetine (N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-(o-methoxyphenoxy)-propylamine), (I), a selective
      inhibitor of neuronal reuptake of norepinephrine, and fluoxetine (N-methyl-3-(p
      trifluoromethylphenoxy)-3-phenylpropylamine), (II), a selective inhibitor of
      neuronal reuptake of serotonin. Results are presented as a series of energy maps
      and ORTEP drawings. Conformational preferences of the protonated forms and
      preferred conformations in aqueous solution are also established. The CAMSEQ
      empirical potential method was used throughout. Both the nisoxetine and
      fluoxetine systems are shown to exhibit the known 'folded-extended'
      conformational preferences of the phenethylamines. It is suggested that the
      observed conformational variation between the two systems may play a role in the
      pharmacological differences between nisoxetine and fluoxetine.

PMID- 2908222
TI  - Pharmacologic exploitation of neurotransmitter receptors for the design of novel
      antidepressant drugs.
AB  - The term 'psychopharmacology' was coined as early as 1920, by David Macht, but it
      was not until three decades later that the discipline started to develop in a
      substantial way. The fortuitous discovery of the first antipsychotics and
      antidepressants, in the 1950s, presented new horizons and gave impetus to the
      study of drug treatments in psychiatry. In the 1980s, advances in the basic
      neurosciences, and especially in the characterisation of neurotransmitter
      receptors, are presenting new opportunities for understanding the biology of
      mental illness and for designing new drug treatments. This article reviews the
      evidence linking the action of antidepressant drugs to the regulation of
      neurotransmitter receptors. We then show how this information has led to a
      pharmacologic model (melatonin secretion by the human pineal) for the study of
      antidepressants in depressed patients. Finally, we outline how pharmacologic
      exploitation of neurotransmitter receptors might lead to new approaches for the
      design of novel antidepressant drugs.

PMID- 2908223
TI  - An anomalous effect of N-isopropyl substitution in determining beta-adrenergic
      activity.
AB  - We report unexpected results in an investigation of cyclic analogues of dopamine
      and norepinephrine possessing the structures 1-(aminomethyl)-5,6-dihydroxy
      1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (3) and 1-(aminomethyl)-5,6-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4
      tetrahydro-1-naphthalenol (7). N-Isopropyl substitution of these compounds,
      providing 4 and 8, brings about the total disappearance of their stimulant
      activity on beta-adrenergic receptors. On the basis of current knowledge about
      the structure-activity relationship of adrenergic drugs, it is difficult to
      provide an explanation for these results; however a tentative rationalization
      based on conformational considerations is suggested.

PMID- 2908224
TI  - Molecular orbital studies on the mechanism of drug-receptor interaction. 5.
      Molecular reactivity and receptor affinity of beta-agonist adrenergic drugs.
AB  - The electrostatic molecular potential (EMP) of model compounds (isoproterenol and
      four of its analogs) with agonist activity on the beta-adrenergic receptor was
      investigated, at the SCF-MO ab initio level. A method was developed to calculate
      the drug-receptor interaction energy (delta E) for these compounds, and the EMP
      and delta E values were compared with the affinity of the drugs for the beta
      adrenergic receptor, quantified in terms of pKd. Our results indicate that the
      aromatic ring takes part in its entirely in the interaction with the receptor. No
      particular constituent of the aromatic portion considered by itself appears to
      play a determining role in this interaction.

PMID- 2908225
TI  - Structure activity relationships of anxiolytics.
AB  - Several strikingly different classes of compound bind at the benzodiazepine
      receptor and exhibit an anxiolytic profile. The conformational preferences of
      these compounds were ascertained by a variety of techniques. Their electrostatic
      features were also studied. The combined information has been utilised in the
      development of a receptor model for the binding site.

PMID- 2908226
TI  - A Markov process based model of the neurotransmitter-receptor binding process in
      the brain.
AB  - A non-deterministic model, based on the assumption that the binding of a
      neurotransmitter to its receptor is a Markov process, is developed. This model is
      capable of describing the kinetic processes that occur when a neurotransmitter
      binds to its receptor under normal and abnormal (pathological) conditions. The
      model assumes the presence of four states and develops transition probability
      functions for these states, the expected number of visits to a given state, and
      the probability of ever reaching a given state. The model explains the probable
      causes of related disease situations such as Parkinson's disease and
      schizophrenia, and develops transition probability function and other related
      statistical properties appropriate to these disease situations. Model parameters
      of the normal condition were generated by a computer simulation program and
      compared to those of the pathological conditions. The results of these sample
      calculations support the assumptions made in the model for normal and disease
      situations.

PMID- 2908227
TI  - Synthesis and activity of pyridine analogues of histamine H2-receptor
      antagonists.
AB  - Derivatives of 2-amino-3-nitropyridine (4; see Table I for structures) and 2
      amino-3-nitro-1H-pyrid-6-one (5), conceived as cyclic 'urea equivalents' of
      histamine H2-receptor antagonists, were prepared. Pharmacological testing, using
      the histamine-induced guinea pig atrial chronotropic response, indicated that the
      R1-pyridyl substituent was a determinant of activity, since the relative
      activities within an isomeric series were 4-pyridyl greater than 3- and 2
      pyridyl. In comparison with analogous 2-amino-3-nitropyridines. (4), 2-amino-3
      nitro-1H-pyrid-6-ones (5) had a substantially less histamine H2-receptor
      antagonist activity. This reduction in activity is attributed to altered
      orientation of the dipole due to the presence of the C-6 oxo substituent, and/or
      to the overall effect of oxo in decreasing lipophilicity. The most potent
      antagonist, 2-[( 2-[(4-pyridyl)methylthio]ethylamino])-3-nitro-6-methoxypyridine,
      was four times less active than cimetidine.

PMID- 2908228
TI  - A functional dichotomy in CD4+ T lymphocytes.

PMID- 2908229
TI  - A functional dichotomy in CD4+ T lymphocytes.

PMID- 2908230
TI  - Phenotypic and functional heterogeneity of CD4+ T cells.

PMID- 2908231
TI  - Vitamin K-dependent carboxylation of glutamyl residues in proteins.

PMID- 2908232
TI  - Functional expression of rat pituitary gonadotrophin-releasing hormone receptors
      in Xenopus oocytes.
AB  - Expression of receptors for the hypothalamic regulatory peptide, gonadotrophin
      releasing hormone (GnRH), was investigated by intracellular recording from
      Xenopus oocytes injected with poly(A)+ mRNA isolated from rat anterior pituitary
      glands. Membrane depolarizations were induced in oocytes in a dose-dependent
      fashion following the application of GnRH (10nM - 1 microM) or a GnRH superactive
      agonist, buserelin (1nM - 1 microM). The response was reversibly blocked by the
      addition of a GnRH antagonist (1 microM). TRH (10nM - 1 microM) had no effect on
      most of these oocytes. In contrast, some other oocytes which showed no responses
      to GnRH or to the GnRH agonist, displayed depolarizing responses to TRH (10nM - 1
      microM). A relatively small number of oocytes responded to both ligands. Control
      oocytes did not respond to the GnRH analogues or to TRH. This successful
      expression of the GnRH receptor could provide a new approach to the study of the
      receptor, and serve as a means for the isolation and cloning of the encoding
      genes.

PMID- 2908233
TI  - Actions of pertussis toxin on the inhibitory effects of dopamine and somatostatin
      on prolactin and growth hormone release from ovine anterior pituitary cells.
AB  - Forskolin and the phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate stimulate
      prolactin and GH release from ovine anterior pituitary cells cultured in vitro.
      Dopamine and somatostatin inhibit release of prolactin and GH respectively, after
      stimulation by these agents, but without effects on intracellular cyclic AMP
      concentrations. In each case the inhibitory effects were reversed by pretreatment
      of cells with pertussis toxin, in a dose-related fashion (1-100 ng/ml), again
      without affecting cyclic AMP levels. The results suggest that the inhibitory
      effects of dopamine and somatostatin in this system are mediated by one or more
      pertussis toxin-sensitive G proteins, and that these act by a mechanism which
      does not involve inhibition of adenylate cyclase.

PMID- 2908234
TI  - Clinical trials of verapamil: comparative studies of verapamil with beta-blockers
      and nifedipine.

PMID- 2908235
TI  - A clinical trial of the efficacy and acceptability of D-fenfluramine in the
      treatment of neuroleptic-induced obesity.
AB  - Twenty-nine overweight schizophrenic patients maintained on depot neuroleptic
      injections who wished to lose weight took part in a double-blind, placebo
      controlled trial of 30 mg D-fenfluramine. All subjects received dietary advice.
      Sixteen patients completed the 12-week trial. Rate of weight loss was
      significantly greater in those taking D-fenfluramine. Side-effects were reported,
      but no deterioration in mental state was noted.

PMID- 2908236
TI  - Prevalence of obesity in patients receiving depot antipsychotics.
AB  - Antipsychotic drugs have long been noted to cause pronounced weight gain, and
      drug-induced obesity can assume major clinical importance in long-term medication
      in the management of chronic schizophrenia. Obesity is associated with increased
      morbidity and may reduce compliance, leading to a return of psychotic symptoms.
      In a survey of 226 patients attending depot neuroleptic clinics in one inner
      London borough, it was found that the prevalence of clinically relevant obesity
      was four times that in the general population.

PMID- 2908237
TI  - Calcium therapy for neuroleptic-induced extrapyramidal symptoms.

PMID- 2908238
TI  - Aggressive behaviour: evaluation of a non-seclusion policy of a district
      psychiatric service.
AB  - An increasing number of psychiatric services have non-seclusion policies.
      Evaluation of a policy of using specified observation levels instead of seclusion
      was made over a two-year period. The number of violent incidents recorded in
      health service facilities was low (exactly 50). Community responses elicited from
      police, probation, and prison services were not generally critical of the policy.
      Medication levels used were not excessive as determined by peak levels of major
      tranquilizer and anti-Parkinsonian drugs used. No patient was excluded from the
      unit because of his or her level of actual or potential aggression, but two were
      transferred from it for this reason.

PMID- 2908239
TI  - The comparative in vitro activity of ofloxacin (RU 43 280) and other quinolone
      derivatives against 722 bacteria of clinical interest.

PMID- 2908240
TI  - Antagonization of tetramisole toxicity by hexamethonium.

PMID- 2908242
TI  - A new diagnostic method for whooping cough.

PMID- 2908241
TI  - A multiple-center comparative study of the kidney tolerance of ceftazidime versus
      cefotaxime and tobramycin.

PMID- 2908243
TI  - [Study on RFLPs of DX13/Bgl II in Chinese and its application on linkage analysis
      of hemophilia A].

PMID- 2908244
TI  - [Cosmetic restoration of anterior teeth. New clinical experiences].

PMID- 2908245
TI  - High-voltage electrical injury.

PMID- 2908246
TI  - Cloning and sequencing of the cyclin-related cdc13+ gene and a cytological study
      of its role in fission yeast mitosis.
AB  - We have cloned and sequenced the cdc13+ gene from fission yeast. When a major
      part of the cdc13+ gene is deleted from the chromosome, cells arrest in
      interphase, but partial loss of gene activity leads to cells containing condensed
      chromosomes, aberrant septa and a microtubular cytoskeleton with characteristics
      of both G2 and M. Expression of this phenotype is influenced by the nutritional
      status of the cell. Our results suggest that the cdc13+ gene function is required
      for the control of the G2 to M transition. It appears to play a role in
      regulating the separate pathways of events involved in the physical process of
      mitosis, for example in the reorganization of the cytoskeleton on transition from
      G2 to mitosis. The cdc13+ gene function interacts closely with both the yeast and
      human homologues of cdc2+, suggesting that mammalian cells may contain a cdc13+
      homologue. The gene encodes a putative polypeptide of 482 amino acids, and a
      central region of 176 amino acids of this polypeptide is 50% identical with sea
      urchin cyclin. Therefore, the cdc13+ protein is cyclin related and could act as a
      regulator or substrate of the p34cdc2 protein kinase, which initiates mitosis.

PMID- 2908247
TI  - The future of lasers in clinical dentistry.

PMID- 2908249
TI  - Is iprindole an indirect betamimetic drug?
AB  - Iprindole, an active antidepressant in clinical use, has no effect on
      norepinephrine reuptake and does not bind to receptors of the noradrenergic
      system. Iprindole weakly antagonizes reserpine hypothermia and potentiates
      yohimbine toxicity. This effect is antagonized by propranolol but not by atenolol
      or metoprolol. In an acute dose, iprindole potentiates the effect of maprotiline
      on yohimbine toxicity. Beta 2-adrenergic agonists and antagonists specifically
      modify the effect of iprindole on spontaneous motility. These results indicate
      that iprindole has an indirect beta 2-mimetic effect.

PMID- 2908248
TI  - Glutamate receptors of ganglion cells in the rabbit retina: evidence for
      glutamate as a bipolar cell transmitter.
AB  - 1. Intracellular and extracellular recordings were obtained from ganglion cells
      in the rabbit retina. The effects of glutamate analogues and antagonists were
      studied using a perfusion method for drug application. 2. Kainate (KA) excited
      all ganglion cells directly and caused a large increase in firing rate. N-Methyl
      DL-aspartate (NMDLA) also excited ganglion cells but it was less potent and
      caused burst firing. 3. Quisqualate (QQ) and (RS)-2-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl
      isoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) excited many ganglion cells and were
      approximately as potent as KA. Less frequently, QQ and AMPA had inhibitory
      effects possibly due to polysynaptic action. 4. General glutamate antagonists
      such as cis-2,3-piperidine dicarboxylic acid (PDA) and kynurenic acid blocked the
      light input to all ganglion cells. PDA and kynurenic acid blocked the effects of
      KA and NMDLA, but not carbachol, indicating that they act as glutamate
      antagonists in the rabbit retina. Kynurenic acid did not block the excitatory
      action of QQ, even though light responses were abolished. 5. Amacrine cells were
      depolarized by KA or QQ and less potently by NMDLA. Their light-evoked responses
      were blocked by PDA. 6. We conclude that the light input to ganglion cells in the
      rabbit retina is predominantly mediated by KA receptors. This is consistent with
      the idea that 'on' and 'off' bipolar cells are excitatory and release glutamate.

PMID- 2908250
TI  - Psychophysiological aspects of phobic fears: an evaluative review.
AB  - The present paper is a review of the use of psychophysiology in diagnosis and
      treatment of simple phobias. The paper begins with a definition and
      characterization of phobic fears, together with a description of prevalence
      rates, age onset, and gender differences. Acquisition is then discussed within a
      Three-Systems model. Psychophysiological measures are described, and the typical
      response patterns obtained in phobic reactions are outlined. Special attention is
      devoted to the paradoxical response seen in blood injury phobias, and the use of
      beta-blockers and other pharmacological drugs. The paper is ended with a
      discussion of Lang's emotional imagery as a psychophysiological model for fear
      reactions and fear therapy.

PMID- 2908251
TI  - Gas gangrene in a diabetic after intramuscular injection.
AB  - A 47 year old male insulin-dependent diabetic developed two synchronous life
      threatening Clostridium perfringens infections under unusual circumstances.
      Numerous sterile abscesses were also present, being the result of regular
      pentazocine intramuscular injections. Extensive surgical debridement and
      parenteral antibiotic therapy proved effective in treating the septicaemia and
      the large soft tissue abscesses in the buttock and thigh. The patient made an
      excellent functional recovery. The pathogenesis of gas gangrene after injection
      is discussed with particular reference to the diabetic patient.

PMID- 2908252
TI  - Are the neurodevelopmental effects of gonadal hormones related to sex differences
      in psychiatric illnesses?
AB  - There are large sex differences in the incidence of many psychiatric diseases.
      The bases for these sex differences are probably complex and are likely to
      involve the interaction of both social and biological factors. Probable social
      factors include child rearing practices, personal expectations and lifestyles,
      and societal institutions. Biological factors would likely include genetic
      effects, hormonally mediated neurodevelopmental effects and hormonally mediated
      neuroregulatory effects. This paper focuses upon the developmental effects of
      gonadal hormones. The sex differences observed in the neuroanatomy and behavior
      of nonhuman mammals are reviewed. The instances in which developmental exposure
      to gonadal hormones has been demonstrated to be involved in establishing these
      sexual dichotomies are surveyed. The molecular mechanisms by which differences in
      prenatal and early postnatal levels of gonadal hormones may generate such sex
      differences are examined. Sex differences in human neuroanatomy and cognitive
      function are discussed. Finally, we speculate on ways in which similar hormonal
      mechanisms might act to influence psychiatric disorders.

PMID- 2908253
TI  - [Evaluation of depressive syndromes on a sectorized basic psychiatric unit].

PMID- 2908254
TI  - [Primary, non-pharmacogenic depressions in schizophrenia].

PMID- 2908255
TI  - [Students arranged public meeting on suicide in youths].

PMID- 2908256
TI  - [Nursing's future is the theme at ICN Congress in 1989].

PMID- 2908257
TI  - Kaokoland and its people.

PMID- 2908259
TI  - [Work Group of European Nurse Researchers, WENR. Report from the 11th meeting and
      the 4th public conference in Israel].

PMID- 2908258
TI  - Tolerability of long-term malaria prophylaxis with the combination mefloquine +
      sulfadoxine + pyrimethamine (Fansimef): results of a double blind field trial
      versus chloroquine in Nigeria.
AB  - A randomized double blind study in long term malaria chemoprophylaxis was
      performed to compare the tolerability of Fansimef (1 tablet containing 250 mg
      mefloquine + 500 mg sulfadoxine + 25 mg pyrimethamine per week) with chloroquine
      (300 mg per week). 211 Austrian industrial workers and their families in Warri,
      Nigeria, participated in this study; 101 received Fansimef and 110 chloroquine
      for 3-18 months (mean 41 weeks). Prophylaxis was discontinued because of adverse
      effects in 7 volunteers in the Fansimef group (mainly insomnia, palpitations,
      dizziness, nausea and headache) and in 2 volunteers of the chloroquine group
      (headache and loss of hair in one volunteer, nausea, dizziness and vomiting in
      the other). Most of the adverse effects could be due to the mefloquine component.
      A few minor complaints of burning eyes, nausea and gastric pain were reported in
      both groups. Laboratory checks performed at 3-monthly intervals showed a slight,
      transient and clinically irrelevant (but statistically significant) increase of
      serum glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase at month
      3 in the Fansimef group. An attack of acute Plasmodium falciparum malaria
      occurred in one volunteer 6 weeks after discontinuation of prophylaxis with
      Fansimef. Antibodies against blood stage parasites could be demonstrated by the
      indirect immunofluorescence test at different stages of the study, indicating
      that these two antimalarials are not causal prophylactic agents.

PMID- 2908260
TI  - [Effects of ginseng root saponins on serum corticosterone and brain
      neurotransmitters of mice under hypobaric and hypoxic environment].

PMID- 2908261
TI  - Cyclin/PCNA is a cell cycle modulated nuclear protein with a role in DNA
      replication.
AB  - Cyclin/PCNA (auxiliary protein of DNA polymerase delta) is a proliferation
      sensitive DNA replication protein whose synthesis is modulated during the cell
      cycle. All available information suggests that cyclin/PCNA may trigger DNA
      replication following the formation of pre-replicative complexes at the G1/S
      transition border.

PMID- 2908262
TI  - Sequence conservations in vertebrate homeo-box mRNAs.

PMID- 2908264
TI  - [Evaluation of the effectiveness and tolerance of broxaterol in 10 patients with
      reversible bronchospasm].

PMID- 2908263
TI  - [Azelastine: evaluation of the protective effects in induced bronchospasm
      challenges].

PMID- 2908265
TI  - Continuous monitoring of the movements of erupting and newly erupted teeth of
      limited growth (ferret mandibular canines) and their responses to hexamethonium.
AB  - The rates of these eruption-like movements were high and were consistent with
      reports that eruption is fastest at the time of emergence into the mouth. Once
      the tooth had attained its initial functional position, there was a significant
      reduction in the rates. Following administration of the hypotensive agent,
      hexamethonium, the emerging tooth showed a significant decrease in eruption
      rates. However, no change was observed for the tooth which had attained its
      initial functional position. These findings support the view that there are
      physiological differences at the eruptive and initial functional stages of
      eruption. The effects of hexamethonium on the erupting ferret canine differ from
      those reported for the erupting rabbit incisor. This may reflect differences in
      the eruptive processes for teeth of limited and continuous growth, although other
      evidence suggests similarities between these.

PMID- 2908266
TI  - DNA-RFLP analysis and genotyping of HLA-DR and DQ antigens.

PMID- 2908267
TI  - Can the transgenic expression of Thy-1 reveal its function?

PMID- 2908268
TI  - Quantitative in-situ hybridization histochemistry studies on growth hormone (GH)
      gene expression in acromegalic somatotrophs: effects of somatostatin, GH
      releasing factor and cortisol.
AB  - We have examined the effects of human GH-releasing factor (1-44) (GRF), cortisol
      and somatostatin-(1-14) on GH gene expression in solid tissue and dispersed cells
      from human pituitary adenomas using quantitative in-situ hybridization
      histochemistry. Sections cut from tissue obtained at hypophysectomy from three
      acromegalic patients were hybridized to probes directed against mature alpha
      subunit, GH, prolactin, pro-opiomelanocortin, TSH beta-subunit and LH beta
      subunit mRNA. Only one biopsy contained GH mRNA in isolation. A second was found
      to coexhibit GH, prolactin and alpha-subunit mRNA, and a third was found to
      contain prolactin, TSH beta-subunit, alpha-subunit and LH beta-subunit mRNA, with
      GH mRNA below the limit of specific detection, indicating that the sample was
      composed of normal rather than adenomatous pituitary tissue. GH mRNA in
      individual dispersed cells derived from the latter declined to barely detectable
      levels over 287 h, both in cultures containing GRF (10 ng/ml) or GRF (10 ng/ml)
      plus somatostatin (10 ng/ml) and in controls, but increased fourfold in cultures
      containing GRF (10 ng/ml) plus cortisol (0.5 mumol/l). GH mRNA remained unchanged
      in both adenoma samples over 138 and 450 h, irrespective of the addition of GRF
      or GRF plus hydrocortisone. In these samples, somatostatin plus GRF had no
      consistent effect. These studies confirm that quantitative in-situ hybridization
      histochemistry can be used to investigate hormone gene regulation in small
      samples of human tissue and should enable us to define more clearly the level at
      which abnormal gene regulation occurs.

PMID- 2908269
TI  - Simultaneous endocardial and epicardial monophasic action potential recordings
      during brief periods of coronary artery ligation in the dog: influence of
      adrenaline, beta blockade and alpha blockade.
AB  - Local differences in the time course of recovery of excitability during the early
      phase of myocardial ischaemia are important in the genesis of arrhythmias.
      Catecholamines are known to encourage the formation of arrhythmias and adrenergic
      blockade is a recognised therapeutic regime. The purpose of this study was to
      compare the effect of short periods of coronary artery ligation on endocardial
      and epicardial repolarisation time, to assess any disparity between the two
      surfaces, and investigate the influence of catecholamines and adrenergic
      blockade. Simultaneous left ventricular endocardial and epicardial monophasic
      action potentials (MAPs) were recorded during short periods of left anterior
      descending coronary artery (LAD) ligation in 9 open chested dogs. Recordings were
      made during two 90 s periods of LAD ligation. Two further ligations were made
      during infusion of adrenaline (1 microgram.kg-1.min-1). Subsequently ligations
      were made after beta blockade with propranolol (0.25 mg.kg-1) and then in the
      presence of a combination of alpha blockade (phentolamine, 0.15 mg.kg-1) and beta
      blockade. MAP duration was measured at 90% repolarisation. LAD ligation produced
      a marked shortening of MAP duration epicardially with only minimal shortening
      endocardially, which resulted in a highly significant difference between the
      repolarisation times on the two surfaces. The disparity between surfaces tended
      to be augmented by adrenaline and was significantly minimised by either beta
      blockade alone or in combination with alpha blockade. Our results show rapid
      development of substantial regional differences in repolarisation time between
      endocardium and epicardium in response to "ischaemia".(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2908270
TI  - Extensive fixed drug eruption induced by temazepam.

PMID- 2908271
TI  - [Evaluation of damage in subjects exposed to nephrotoxic substances].
AB  - Nephritic functionality has been studies, making use of same nephritic enzymes
      dosage (NAG, AAP, alpha-glucosidase, lysozyme) in three groups of workers
      (varnishers, metallurgists, plastic manufacture employees) professionally exposed
      to nephritic damage, and in a control group made up of not professionally exposed
      to the same hazard subjects. The aim was to precociously detect possible
      nephritic damage, i.e. before classic nephritic functionality indexes were
      distorted. An increased enzymuria appeared in those subjects that were exposed to
      nephrotoxic hazard. Increased enzymuria have been found in only one subject of
      the control group. We deem it should be useful, to customarily measure out
      nephritic enzymes as trusted index of tabular damage, in hiring and pensionary
      control examinations.

PMID- 2908273
TI  - Immunoperoxidase assay for detection of specific IgG and IgA antibodies to human
      spermatozoa in infertile women.
AB  - A new immunoperoxidase antibody-membrane antigen (IPAMA) technique for the
      detection of IgG and IgA antibodies specific for sperm antigens is described. The
      technique utilizes as antigen sperm cells dried on glass slides and stored at -70
      degrees C. Sera of 82 infertile women, 50 primiparas, 50 multiparas and 25
      children were tested by IPAMA. Results obtained with the IPAMA test for sperm
      specific IgG are compared with the results obtained by the sperm immobilization
      test (SIT). By the IPAMA technique, 11 of 82 infertile women (13.4%) were
      positive for sperm-specific IgG antibodies, 12 (14.6%) for IgA antibodies and
      three (3.7%) for both. In the control groups only two of 125 subjects were
      positive for sperm-specific IgG and none for IgA antibodies. The difference in
      the prevalence of anti-sperm antibodies between the control groups and the
      infertility group was highly significant (P less than 0.001). There was agreement
      between the results of the IPAMA and SIT as to the presence or absence of
      antibodies in seven of the 11 IgG-positive sera in the infertility group. Four
      more sera were IgG positive by IPAMA only. The two positive sera in the control
      group were detected by both IPAMA and SIT. Since the IPAMA technique is simple,
      does not require special equipment and utilizes stored antigen, it seems that
      this method could be useful in mass screening of infertile couples.

PMID- 2908272
TI  - Therapeutic hypogonadism induced by a delayed-release preparation of
      microcapsules of D-Trp-6-luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone: a preliminary
      study in eight women with endometriosis.
AB  - Eight menstrually cycling women with proven endometriosis were treated with a
      delayed-release preparation of the superactive agonist D-Trp-6-LH-RH in
      biodegradable microcapsules, administered intramuscularly at intervals of 16 to
      36 days for a period of 3 to 5 months. After the first injection which caused a
      transient stimulatory response, a sustained hypogonadal state, characterized by
      an estradiol (E2) level less than 50 pg/mL, was induced in all patients by day
      +14.7 (range 7.19). Subsequent injections caused no more stimulation, but a
      continuous decrease in E2 levels was observed. In all patients, E2 levels fell to
      zero after the second or third injection. Gonadotropins remained in the normal
      range throughout the course of treatment. Hot flashes and severe dyspareunia
      (related to vaginal dryness) were the main side effects. Resumption of normal
      pituitary-ovarian activity was documented in all patients after the last
      injection; the end of the hypogonadal state, ovulation and menses, occurred on
      days 41 (range 32-59), 58 (range 51-64) and 70 (range 65-76), respectively. All
      patients showed a clinical improvement. Our results demonstrate that a long
      lasting, reversible hypogonadism can be induced in cyclic women by intramuscular
      injections of D-Trp-6-LH-RH microcapsules at monthly intervals. This simple and
      convenient treatment should be useful in treating endometriosis and other
      conditions.

PMID- 2908274
TI  - Changes in sialic acid concentration in human saliva during the menstrual cycle.
AB  - Salivary sialic acid concentration was studied daily in 20 fertile women during
      the menstrual cycle. The Warren method was used and plasma LH and BBT were also
      determined. The sialic acid concentrations in saliva throughout the cycle showed
      a peak 4 or 5 days before the LH preovulation surge. This maximal peak showed a
      mean of 10.89 +/- 1.11 mg%. This method may be useful for predicting the pre- and
      postovulatory fertile period.

PMID- 2908275
TI  - Reappraisal of the postcoital test: a controlled study.
AB  - The test results of 34 couples, who were previously infertile, in whom a
      postcoital test (PCT) was performed during the cycle of conception were compared
      to the scores obtained in a group of patients with cervical factor only
      infertility (N = 55). Both the mucus scores and number of motile progressive
      sperm were significantly (P less than 0.001) higher in the previously infertile
      group compared to those with the cervical factor infertility. The present study
      suggests that overall, during the cycle of conception, women have PCT scores
      which are higher than those with cervical factor infertility.

PMID- 2908276
TI  - Parity and perinatal mortality amongst diabetics in a Nigerian Teaching Hospital.
AB  - The parity and the perinatal mortality of 226 married Nigerian female diabetics,
      aged 20 to 76 years (mean 47.1 years), and 226 married female nondiabetics
      matched for age and educational level with the diabetics were studied. There was
      no statistically significant difference between the diabetics and nondiabetics in
      terms of primary infertility, irrespective of age of onset of diabetes. In the
      group with one to four deliveries, the nondiabetics significantly outnumbered the
      diabetics (P less than 0.001) irrespective of age of onset of diabetes. In the
      group with seven to nine deliveries, only the diabetics of child-bearing age (P
      less than 0.01); and in the group with 10 or more deliveries, diabetics
      significantly outnumbered the nondiabetics irrespective of age of onset of
      diabetes (P less than 0.01). There was a statistically significant difference
      between the diabetics and nondiabetics in terms of the overall perinatal
      mortality (P less than 0.001). However, this difference was not significant in
      diabetics of childbearing age. In Nigeria, where large families are common and
      children often born in rapid succession, high parity appears not only to increase
      the chances of a woman developing diabetes in late life but also in early life.
      Effective birth control practice may thus help in reducing the incidence of
      diabetes amongst Nigerian women. Additionally, a programme extending to the rural
      areas aimed at early detection of diabetes and proper management of the pregnant
      diabetic by a team of medical personnel with special interest in diabetes will
      help in reducing the perinatal mortality in Nigerian diabetics.

PMID- 2908277
TI  - Semen biochemistry studies in men with macro-orchidism.
AB  - Biochemical analysis of semen was performed in six men with bilateral macro
      orchidism. It has been shown that marker levels of the seminal vesicle secretion
      (fructose) are higher, whereas marker levels of prostatic secretion (citric acid
      and calcium) are lower, in these men than in those of a control group of normal
      men. Whether the pathogenesis of these findings was due to a benign enlargement
      of the accessory sex glands or not remains to be elucidated.

PMID- 2908278
TI  - Changes in enzyme levels in human cervical mucus during the menstrual cycle.
AB  - Cervical mucus is a complex secretion produced by the endocervical epithelium. A
      comparative analysis of 30 enzymes was carried out on 15 women during their
      periovulatory period (days 10 to 16 of the menstrual cycle). Nine different
      enzymes were always found to be present in the cervical mucus. Changes in
      enzymatic activity were further studied in two of the women, one with a normal
      (27-day) and the other with a short (20-day) menstrual cycle. The data were
      compared with those for the same enzymes in the saliva of these two women. Each
      woman's ovulation time was determined through hormone measurements in urine and
      blood, as well as by recording basal body temperature and by Billing's method.
      Our results indicate that a maximum peak occurs for several enzymes during the
      periovulatory period.

PMID- 2908279
TI  - Immunoreactive prolactin in breast milk and plasma of women with
      hyperprolactinemia, galactorrhea and menstrual dysfunction.
AB  - Prolactin levels were measured by radioimmunoassay in paired breast milk and
      plasma samples of 11 hyperprolactinemic women with galactorrhea and various
      menstrual disorders (amenorrhea, n = 8; oligomenorrhea, n = 2; luteal phase
      defect, n = 1) before and during treatment with bromocriptine (Parlodel, Sandoz).
      Pretreatment levels of prolactin in the milk and plasma were 80 +/- 13 ng/mL
      (mean +/- SEM) and 47 +/- 7 ng/mL (P less than 0.05), respectively. While on
      treatment, the concentration gradient for prolactin remained in favour of the
      milk, with values for milk and plasma 59 +/- 11 and 29 +/- 3 ng/mL (P less than
      0.01), respectively. Thus, bromocriptine lowered the prolactin concentrations in
      both breast milk and plasma. Since prolactin in milk is biologically active,
      these findings may be relevant to the initiation and maintenance of lactation in
      women with abnormal lactogenesis.

PMID- 2908280
TI  - Reversal of the anti-implantation effect of inhibin with progesterone in the
      hamster.
AB  - Inhibin, the gonadal peptide involved in regulation of follicle-stimulating
      hormone (FSH), exhibited anti-implantation activity in intact and ovariectomized
      pregnant hamsters. Administration of progesterone reversed the anti-implantation
      activity of inhibin. Studies were carried out to determine the effect of inhibin
      on the in vitro synthesis and release of progesterone by the corpora lutea of
      pregnant hamsters. Inhibin (10 micrograms) was observed to decrease progesterone
      release by 28%. The administration of exogenous progesterone (2 mg/day) was
      observed to overcome the anti-implantation effect of inhibin in ovariectomized,
      pregnant hamsters. These results indicate a possible action of inhibin to
      interfere with progesterone at the ovarian and/or uterine level in order to
      exhibit the anti-implantation activity in the hamster.

PMID- 2908281
TI  - Relative role of different types of aquatic plants in the production of Mansonia.

PMID- 2908282
TI  - [Introduction to the 17th Retinological Symposium].

PMID- 2908283
TI  - Joint US-Sweden workshop: the role of university research in the future
      development of the biomedical industry.

PMID- 2908284
TI  - Beta-blockers, lipoproteins and non-insulin dependent diabetes.
AB  - In a study on 138 hypertensive non-insulin dependent diabetic subjects, factors
      influencing lipoproteins were assessed. Multiple regression analyses were carried
      out in order to assess the influence of beta-blocker antihypertensive therapy
      while making allowances for other confounding variables. In males, but not in
      females, on a beta-blocker for hypertension, total high density lipoprotein- (HDL
      ) and HDL-subfraction cholesterol were significantly lower while the serum
      triglyceride was increased, though not significantly. In male non-insulin
      dependent diabetics, regimens containing a beta-blocker may worsen an already
      abnormal lipoprotein profile and antihypertensive agents other than beta-blocking
      agents should be used if possible.

PMID- 2908285
TI  - Prevalence and levels of antibodies to the circumsporozoite protein of Plasmodium
      falciparum in an endemic area and their relationship to resistance against
      malaria infection.
AB  - A study on malaria transmission, prevalence of infection and anti-sporozoite
      antibodies was carried out in Burkina Faso (West Africa). The prevalence and the
      levels of antibodies to (NANP)3 were found to be related to the entomological
      sporozoite inoculation rates measured at the same time in a defined area. The
      major inducer of anti-(NANP)3 antibody production under field conditions is
      sporozoite inoculation by infected mosquitoes. Levels of antibodies to (NANP)3
      vary considerably with age and transmission season. High levels of anti-(NANP)3
      antibodies raised under field conditions might offer protection against small
      inocula of sporozoites.

PMID- 2908286
TI  - Permethrin-treated bed nets (mosquito nets) prevent malaria in Gambian children.
AB  - The incidence of clinical attacks of malaria was significantly less in Gambian
      children aged 1-9 years who slept in villages where all the bed nets (mosquito
      nets) were treated with permethrin than in children who slept in control villages
      with placebo-treated nets. Significant differences in changes in spleen size and
      in packed cell volume were also observed between the 2 groups during the course
      of a rainy season. No side effect was noted. Treatment of bed nets with
      insecticide is a form of malaria control that is well suited to community
      participation and can readily be incorporated into primary health care
      programmes. Insecticide-treated nets may be more effective in areas of seasonal
      or low intensity transmission than in areas with heavy perennial challenge.

PMID- 2908287
TI  - Biological evidence of genetic exchange in Entamoeba histolytica.
AB  - The demonstration of a new zymodeme of Entamoeba histolytica produced in culture
      from cloned isolates suggested possible genetic exchange in this parasite. We
      have attempted to substantiate that finding by using rats as biological hosts.
      Clones were made from 3 separate isolates of E. histolytica, each established in
      culture from liver pus or faeces. After enzyme characterization these clones, of
      zymodemes II, XIV and XIX, were paired in each of the 3 possible combinations and
      the mixtures injected into the caecum of rats. Clones of new or hybrid zymodemes
      were produced as well as the original parents, with one exception, the mixture of
      XIV and XIX, from which only one of the parents was recovered. The hybrids
      produced included zymodeme XX, observed previously, and zymodeme XI, a naturally
      occurring zymodeme that has in the past been recovered only from subjects with
      invasive amoebiasis.

PMID- 2908288
TI  - An immunological approach to the treatment of inherited life-threatening bone
      marrow defects.
AB  - The evidence that the human fetus at 15-22 weeks gestation is still
      immunoincompetent when judged by the generation of cytotoxic T cell responses is
      briefly reviewed. It suggests that it might be possible to induce immunological
      tolerance in the human fetus by the inoculation of allogeneic cells, thus
      offering a potential treatment for fetuses that have been shown to suffer from
      life-threatening inherited bone marrow disorders. Adult bone marrow or fetal
      liver thus transplanted could be expected to establish cellular chimerism and
      ameliorate the symptoms of the disease. Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), brought
      about by mature lymphocytes present in adult bone marrow, poses the main threat.
      Rodent experiments have shown that GVHD can be avoided if T cell-depleted bone
      marrow is used in the induction of tolerance. This report summarises experiments
      in cynomolgus monkeys designed to test this approach rigorously by the
      inoculation of T-depleted paternal bone marrow cells into fetuses of different
      ages. Although it has become clear that tolerance can be induced there have been
      many in utero deaths, at least some of them from GVHD. Those fetuses that went to
      term were not chimeric. The possible reasons for these disappointing results are
      discussed.

PMID- 2908289
TI  - Subdural empyema: a rational management plan. The case against craniotomy.
AB  - A review of the management of 34 patients with subdural empyema treated at the
      Derbyshire Royal Infirmary has been undertaken. It is concluded that craniotomy
      has little part to play in the management of patients with this condition. With
      modern, improved antimicrobials and prompt burr hole lavage complete recovery
      should be obtained in the majority of cases. The treatment of the severely ill
      patient is discussed.

PMID- 2908290
TI  - Amplification of the epidermal growth factor receptor gene in biopsy specimens
      from human intracranial tumours.
AB  - Amplification and overexpression of proto-oncogenes are associated with the
      malignant nature of some human tumours. In this study we have determined the
      prevalence of amplification of the proto-oncogenes c-erb B1 (= epidermal growth
      factor receptor gene), c-erb B2 and c-myc in 44 human intracranial tumours (27
      gliomas, six metastases to the brain and 11 meningiomas). None of the tumours had
      an amplified c-erb B2 gene and only two tumours had an amplified c-myc gene.
      Nineteen per cent (five out of 27) of the gliomas, 50% (three out of six) of the
      brain metastases and 0% (0 out of 11) meningiomas had an amplified EGF-receptor
      gene. Amplification of the EGF-receptor gene appeared to give a growth advantage
      when single-cell suspensions of the tumours were grown in agarose.

PMID- 2908291
TI  - Somatostatin 28-immunoreactive inputs to the paraventricular and supraoptic
      nuclei: principal origin from non-aminergic neurons in the nucleus of the
      solitary tract.
AB  - Immunohistochemical and axonal transport methods were used to chart the
      distribution of somatostatin-immunoreactive (SS-IR) fibres in the paraventricular
      (PVH) and supraoptic (SO) nuclei of the rat hypothalamus and to identify the cell
      group(s) from which they originate. Fibres and varicosities immunoreactive for SS
      28 and/or SS-281-12 are found primarily in the parvocellular division of the PVH,
      though aspects of the magnocellular division, and of the SO, in which
      oxytocinergic neurons are clustered also receive moderate inputs. Combined
      retrograde transport-immunohistochemical studies indicated that these arise
      principally from non-catecholaminergic neurons in the lateral aspect of the
      commissural part of the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS). SS-28 has been shown
      to act within the central nervous system to elicit both oxytocin and vasopressin
      secretory responses, and may be involved in mediating vasopressin secretory
      responses to haemorrhage. Direct SS-28-IR inputs to the magnocellular cell groups
      from the NTS, which receives primary visceral sensory inputs, are in a position
      to play a role in mediating oxytocin secretory responses to interoceptive
      stimuli; the pathway(s) and mechanism(s) which allow SS-28 to interact with
      vasopressinergic neurons are not clear.

PMID- 2908292
TI  - Localization of neuroactive substances in the rat parabigeminal nucleus: an
      immunohistochemical study.
AB  - The distribution of neurons and fibres that contain substance P, cholecystokinin
      8, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, corticotropin-releasing factor, calcitonin
      gene-related peptide, choline acetyltransferase, tyrosine hydroxylase,
      somatostatin, leucine-enkephalin, and neuropeptide Y was examined in the
      parabigeminal nucleus of the rat by immunohistochemistry. Many choline
      acetyltransferase-like immunoreactive or calcitonin-gene-related peptide-like
      immunoreactive neurons were observed in the dorsal, middle and ventral
      subdivisions of the parabigeminal nucleus. A few corticotropin-releasing factor
      like immunoreactive neurons were also seen in these three subdivisions. The
      double-immunostaining demonstrated that some choline acetyltransferase-like
      immunoreactive neurons in the dorsal and ventral subdivisions contained
      calcitonin-gene-related peptide. Fibres containing cholecystokinin-8, substance P
      or vasoactive intestinal polypeptide were abundant in the parabigeminal nucleus.
      Fibres containing cholecystokinin-8 were concentrated in the dorsal and ventral
      subdivisions, and the lateral margin of the middle subdivision, whereas many
      fibres containing substance P or vasoactive intestinal polypeptide existed in the
      lateral half of each subdivision. Fibres containing calcitonin-gene-related
      peptide or corticotropin-releasing factor were mostly observed around the
      immunoreactive neurons. Tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactive fibres were
      scattered in the parabigeminal nucleus.

PMID- 2908294
TI  - Amino acid transport in established adult rat liver epithelial cell lines.
AB  - The capacities of Na+-dependent transport of alpha-aminoisobutyrate, glutamine
      and glutamate in four established and three transformed rat liver epithelial cell
      lines were found to be considerably higher than those of isolated and cultured
      hepatocytes. At least for transport systems A and G- this seemed to be due to
      elevated values of Vmax, whereas the values for Km were quite comparable to those
      of hepatocytes. In contrast to hepatocytes, however, no significant hormonal
      stimulation of amino acid uptake could be detected in the cell lines. Each normal
      cell line expressed a distinct pattern of transport capacities with respect to
      the three systems measured and this was not altered by chemical transformation of
      the lines. The individual patterns of the lines showed no similarity to
      presumptive patterns of subpopulations of liver parenchymal cells. In particular,
      there was no evidence for a direct relationship of one of the cell lines with a
      small subpopulation of parenchymal cells located adjacent to hepatic venules as
      revealed by additional measurements of glutamine synthetase, a marker enzyme for
      this particular subpopulation. It is concluded that established rat liver
      epithelial cell lines express features characteristic of normal hepatocytes with
      respect to amino acid transport, but have developed a distinct phenotype adapted
      to a rapid, hormone-independent growth in vitro. Alteration of their phenotype by
      transformation is not coupled with a further increase in amino acid transport
      capacity.

PMID- 2908295
TI  - Mechanisms of segmentation. Papers presented at a meeting of the British Society
      for Developmental Biology. Bristol, April 1988.

PMID- 2908296
TI  - Expression of homeobox gene Hox 1.1 during mouse embryogenesis.
AB  - Many of the genes controlling segmentation and pattern formation in Drosophila
      contain a conserved 183 bp sequence known as the homeobox. Homeobox sequences
      have been found in a range of metazoan species, including the vertebrates mouse
      and man. This striking conservation suggests that homeobox genes may play a
      fundamental role in developmental processes. If this is the case then it might be
      expected that vertebrate homeobox genes will be differentially expressed during
      embryogenesis and that the timing of their expression will coincide with major
      morphogenetic events. Here the spatial and temporal patterns of expression of
      murine homeobox genes will be explored, concentrating on the Hox 1.1 gene as an
      example. Using in situ hybridization to localize RNA transcripts, it has been
      found that Hox 1.1 is expressed in a region-specific manner during the formation
      and differentiation of the embryonic anteroposterior axis. Although striking
      patterns of expression of Hox 1.1 and other homeobox genes are seen in overtly
      segmented structures of the embryo (i.e. somites, prevertebral elements, neural
      tube and dorsal spinal ganglia) expression is also seen in tissues with no
      obvious segmental origin. The results suggest that homeobox genes probably do not
      play an exclusive role in segmentation in vertebrates, but are consistent with a
      role in the assignment of positional identity along the axis of the embryo.

PMID- 2908293
TI  - Neuronal phosphoproteins. Mediators of signal transduction.
AB  - This article summarizes some of our knowledge concerning intracellular protein
      phosphorylation pathways in nerve cells. It also summarizes, very briefly, recent
      direct experimental evidence involving intracellular injection of protein
      kinases, protein kinase inhibitors, and substrates, indicating that protein
      phosphorylation mediates the actions of a variety of neurotransmitters on their
      target cells. Finally, it summarizes in somewhat greater detail the results of
      studies of three different types of substrate proteins that appear to regulate
      different types of biological responses in nerve cells: synapsin I, a substrate
      protein present in virtually all nerve terminals, which appears to regulate
      neurotransmitter release from those nerve terminals; the acetylcholine receptor,
      the phosphorylation of which regulates its rate of desensitization in the
      presence of acetylcholine; and DARPP-32, the phosphorylation of which converts it
      into a very potent phosphoprotein phosphatase inhibitor that may be involved in
      the regulation by the neuromodulator dopamine of the effects of the
      neurotransmitter glutamate. The identification and characterization of additional
      neuronal phosphoproteins can be expected to lead to the clarification of numerous
      additional molecular mechanisms by which signal transduction is carried out in
      nerve cells.

PMID- 2908297
TI  - The interaction of proteins encoded by Drosophila homeotic and segmentation genes
      with specific DNA sequences.
AB  - The ANT-C gene cluster is part of a network of genes that govern pattern
      formation in the development of Drosophila. The ANT-C genes encode proteins that
      contain a conserved 60 amino acid sequence, the homeodomain. Here we show that
      the homeodomains encoded by two of the ANT-C loci confer sequence-specific DNA
      binding activity. The DNA sequence specificities of the Dfd and ftz homeodomains
      appear to overlap completely in vitro, indicating that differences in regulatory
      specificity among ANT-C and BX-C proteins (assuming that differences exist) must
      be a consequence of the nonconserved protein sequences found outside of the
      homeodomains. Deletions that remove sequences from either end of the ftz
      homeodomain abolish DNA-binding activity, consistent with the commonly held
      assumption that the homeodomain is a structural domain. The relevance of in vitro
      DNA-binding experiments to the regulatory function of ftz is supported by our
      finding that a temperature-sensitive ftz mutation that causes a pairwise fusion
      of embryonic segments also reduces the affinity of the ftz homeodomain for DNA.
      Restriction fragments containing ftz homeodomain binding sites were identified
      within a 90 kb stretch of DNA extending the Antp P1 and P2 promoters. Binding
      sites appear to be clustered near the P1 promoter but also occur near P2 and in
      the region between the two. The task remains of determining which of these
      sequences mediate regulation of Antp by ftz or by other genes that encode closely
      related homeodomains.

PMID- 2908298
TI  - Adrenergic receptor effects and antihypertensive actions of beta-adrenoceptor
      blocking agents with ancillary properties.
AB  - The acute antihypertensive effects and possible underlying mechanisms of 3 beta
      adrenergic-blocking drugs with alpha-blocking activity, i.e. labetalol, drugs
      with alpha-blocking activity, i.e. labetalol, nipradilol and arotinolol, were
      studied in conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and compared with the
      effects of prazosin, propranolol and hydralazine. Prazosin produced a dose
      dependent antihypertensive effect which paralleled inhibition of the pressor
      response to phenylephrine. Labetalol (30 mg/kg), nipradilol (30 and 100 mg/kg)
      and arotinolol (30 and 100 mg/kg) also produced a fall in blood pressure.
      However, inhibition of the pressor response to phenylephrine was not seen in
      association with the antihypertensive effect after the lower dose of nipradilol
      and arotinolol. Propranolol (100 mg/kg) did not lower blood pressure. These
      results suggest that a mechanism(s) other than an alpha-adrenergic-blocking
      effect plays a role in the acute antihypertensive effects produced by the lower
      dose of nipradilol and arotinolol.

PMID- 2908299
TI  - Therapeutic benefits and safety of carvedilol in the treatment of renal
      hypertension. An open, short term study. Carvedilol Renal Hypertension Study
      Group in Japan.
AB  - Carvedilol, a new beta-blocker with vasodilating activity, was given orally to 9
      hypertensive inpatients with impaired renal function in a dosage regimen of 5 to
      20mg once daily to evaluate its clinical efficacy and safety. Treatment with
      carvedilol produced a significant decrease in blood pressure from 172/101 to
      150/87mm Hg (p less than 0.01), but it did not cause orthostatic hypotension.
      Heart rate was decreased from 74.3 to 72.8 beats/min, but the decrease was not
      statistically significant. Serum creatinine and BUN levels were unchanged and
      other laboratory parameters were within normal limits. There were no side effects
      in any of the patients during the trial. These results suggest that carvedilol is
      a useful and safe drug for the treatment of renal hypertension.

PMID- 2908300
TI  - Influence of carvedilol on blood glucose and glycohaemoglobin A1 in non-insulin
      dependent diabetics.
AB  - Pharmacological treatment of hypertension can, cause clinically significant
      alterations in endocrine function and glucose homeostasis. The aim of this study
      was to investigate the antihypertensive efficacy and the influence on
      carbohydrate metabolism of carvedilol and metoprolol in non-insulin-dependent
      diabetics with mild to moderate hypertension. The patients received either
      carvedilol 25mg twice daily or metoprolol 50mg twice daily for a period of 4
      weeks; if diastolic blood pressure was over 90mm Hg at this time, the dosage was
      doubled for the subsequent 4 weeks. 49 of 89 enrolled patients completed the
      trial according to the protocol and were statistically evaluated. After 4 weeks
      of carvedilol treatment, 23 of 25 patients (92%) showed a good response to
      therapy (reduction of diastolic blood pressure below 90mm Hg). Doubling of dosage
      in the carvedilol group did not further increase the response rate after another
      month of treatment. The response rate after 4 and 8 weeks of metroprolol
      treatment was 79 and 83%, respectively. In both treatment groups, blood glucose
      concentrations were maintained within narrow limits. Glycated haemoglobin A1,
      which provides a profile of the mean blood glucose levels present during the
      preceding weeks, also remained unchanged. Oral antidiabetic medication taken by
      the patient remained constant and no hypoglycaemia was reported. When used in
      therapeutic doses in non-insulin-dependent diabetics, carvedilol is thus unlikely
      to cause a deterioration of carbohydrate metabolism.

PMID- 2908301
TI  - Progress in antihypertensive therapy with a multiple-action drug.
AB  - The beta-blockers in clinical use have been classified into 2 major divisions,
      nonselective or selective agents, and those with or without intrinsic
      sympathomimetic activity (ISA). These properties confer differing pharmacological
      properties with some relevance to the treatment of hypertension. A beta-blocker
      with significant beta 2-ISA can be regarded as a multiple-action drug. A third
      division of beta-blockers is a newer development; these agents, besides blocking
      the beta-receptor, possess important peripheral vasodilator activity. Labetalol
      was the first drug of this group and prizidolol followed, but has been withdrawn
      because of toxicity. Several other agents now under evaluation include bucindolol
      and medroxolol, and carvedilol and dilevalol (1 of the isomers of labetalol),
      which have been the most widely studied in hypertension. Combined action results
      in important haemodynamic differences compared with pure beta-blockade. Notably,
      peripheral resistance is reduced, and there is less reduction in, or no effect
      on, cardiac output. The 3 following mechanisms have been described as responsible
      for peripheral vasodilatation: alpha-receptor blockade, beta 2-agonism, and a
      dilator action independent of either the alpha- or beta-receptors. Evidence for
      these various mechanisms is more readily obtainable from animal experiments, but
      some confirmatory evidence has been obtained in man. Inhibition of alpha
      stimulation has been found with labetalol and to a small degree with medroxalol
      and carvedilol. beta 2-Mediated vasodilatation has been shown by dilevalol and
      medroxolol, and evidence of vasodilatation independent of alpha- or beta
      receptors has been obtained with carvedilol. More evidence is required to confirm
      the exact contribution of each of these mechanisms.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2908302
TI  - Analysis of the mechanism underlying the vasodilator action of carvedilol in
      pithed spontaneously hypertensive rats.
AB  - The present experiments were carried out to examine the vasodilator mechanism(s)
      of carvedilol by use of pithed spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Animals
      were pithed and the dose-pressor response curves to various agonists were
      obtained 0.5 or 1 hour after oral administration of either carvedilol (30 mg/kg),
      labetalol (60 mg/kg), prazosin (0.1 mg/kg) or hydralazine (3 mg/kg). These doses
      of drugs caused approximately equihypotensive responses in the conscious state.
      Carvedilol significantly shifted the dose-pressor response curve to the right for
      phenylephrine but not for B-HT 920, angiotensin II and vasopressin. Labetalol and
      prazosin also significantly shifted the dose-response curve to the right for
      phenylephrine but not for angiotensin II. The rank order of inhibitory action on
      the phenylephrine response was prazosin greater than labetalol greater than
      carvedilol. In addition, carvedilol produced a slight but significant inhibition
      of the pressor responses to serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), which was nearly
      identical in magnitude to that seen with hydralazine. These results suggest that
      the vasodilator action of carvedilol is mainly attributed to alpha 1-adrenoceptor
      blockade, although additional non-adrenergic mechanism(s) of action cannot be
      excluded.

PMID- 2908303
TI  - Vasodilating mechanism and response to physiological pressor stimuli of acute
      doses of carvedilol compared with labetalol, propranolol and hydralazine.
AB  - There is conflicting evidence regarding the main mechanism of the vasodilating
      effect with carvedilol at therapeutic doses, and to examine this, single doses of
      carvedilol 50mg and 100mg were compared with labetalol 400mg, propranolol 160mg,
      propranolol 80mg plus hydralazine 50mg and placebo in healthy subjects. Dose
      response studies (required to increase heart rate or systolic blood pressure by
      25 beats/min and 20mm Hg, respectively) were performed with phenylephrine,
      angiotensin and isoprenaline after each drug, and placebo administration and the
      effects of physiological pressor stimuli were compared. Phenylephrine systolic
      pressure dose-response curves were shifted by labetalol (dose ratio 2.4) and both
      carvedilol doses (dose ratios 50mg 1.9, 100mg 20.2). The slight shift to the
      right of the angiotensin dose-response curves with hydralazine plus propranolol
      (dose ratio 1.4) and carvedilol 50mg (dose ratio 1.4) was not significant. beta
      Blockade was greatest with propranolol 160mg, followed by carvedilol 100mg,
      propranolol 80mg plus hydralazine 50mg, carvedilol 50mg and was least with
      labetalol 400mg (isoprenaline dose ratios required to increase heart rate by 25
      beats/min were 55.2, 27.2, 20.2, 14.2, 11.5, respectively). Blood pressure rise
      with cold pressor and isometric exercise was inhibited most by labetalol. At
      these acute doses carvedilol displayed some alpha-blockade, but the lower ratio
      of alpha-blockade to beta-blockade differed from that seen with labetalol, which
      may account for the different haemodynamic responses at rest and during
      physiological pressor stimuli with the 2 drugs. There was no definite evidence of
      direct vasodilator effect.

PMID- 2908304
TI  - Haemodynamic effects of new beta-blockers with vasodilatory properties in
      essential hypertension.
AB  - Six weeks of treatment with carvedilol, N-696, celiprolol, dilevalol, acebutolol,
      urapidil, doxazosin and altiopril reduced blood pressure with various changes in
      heart rate. Cardiac index decreased and total peripheral resistance index (TPRI)
      stayed at the pretreatment levels in the carvedilol, N-696 and acebutolol groups,
      whereas TPRI tended to decrease in the celiprolol (p less than 0.05), dilevalol
      (p less than 0.05), urapidil, doxazosin (p less than 0.05) and altiopril groups;
      cardiac index was unchanged in these groups. As carvedilol and N-696 have no beta
      1-selectivity and no intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (ISA), their direct
      vasodilating property (and the possible alpha-blocking activity of carvedilol)
      may precipitate in minimising an increase in TPRI induced by vascular beta 2
      blockade and suppressed cardiac pump function. Celiprolol and dilevalol, with
      beta 2-selective ISA, reduced cardiac index slightly and insignificantly, and
      decreased TPRI. These results indicate that ISA on vascular beta 2-receptors may
      induce vasodilatation and ISA on cardiac beta 2-receptors may counteract cardiac
      beta 2-blockade. Differences in haemodynamic responses between these drugs with
      ISA and vasodilators such as alpha-blocking agents (urapidil and doxazosin) and
      an ACE inhibitor, altiopril, may be attributable to manifestation of cardiac beta
      blockade as observed in the drugs with ISA.

PMID- 2908305
TI  - Dose-effect relationship of carvedilol in essential hypertension. An open study.
AB  - This study was performed to find the optimal dose of carvedilol, in terms of
      efficacy and safety, in Japanese patients with mild to moderate essential
      hypertension. 134 patients with blood pressure greater than 160/95 mm Hg after a
      4-week placebo run-in period were initially given carvedilol 5mg once daily. The
      dose was increased to 10 and 20mg at 4-weekly intervals if the target blood
      pressure was not achieved. The duration of treatment was 12 weeks. After 12
      weeks' administration, the average blood pressure was significantly (p less than
      0.001) reduced from 170/101 to 150/91 mm Hg. The hypotensive activity of
      carvedilol 5mg was mild, but sufficient hypotensive effect was observed in 65% of
      patients receiving up to 20 mg/day. No significant postural changes in blood
      pressure were observed. Although heart rate was significantly decreased (77 to 66
      beats/min, p less than 0.001), no patient was judged to have bradycardia. Side
      effects occurred in 5.2% of patients. Carvedilol 10 to 20mg once daily is
      considered to be an effective and safe treatment for essential hypertension.

PMID- 2908306
TI  - Effects of carvedilol on blood pressure in patients with mild to moderate
      hypertension. A dose response study.
AB  - Carvedilol 12.5, 25 and 50 mg was administered once daily for 4 weeks to patients
      with mild to moderate hypertension. The purpose of the study was to investigate
      the antihypertensive action of carvedilol when administered once daily and to
      investigate the pharmacokinetics of carvedilol in patients with mild to moderate
      hypertension. Measurable decreases in blood pressure (BP) occurred within 1 hour
      after the first dose. Peak decreases in supine diastolic blood pressure (DBP)
      were 9.0 +/- 6.8, 15.5 +/- 6.7, 14.7 +/- 10.6 and 22.5 +/- 7.6mm Hg (+/- SD) for
      the placebo, 12.5, 25 and 50mg carvedilol groups, respectively, and occurred
      between 3 and 7 hours after the dose. Administration of carvedilol once daily for
      4 weeks kept supine DBP below baseline levels for 24 hours. Trough supine DBP
      after 4 weeks of treatment were 0.6 +/- 6.5, 7.3 +/- 7.9, 8.8 +/- 7.4 and 12.1 +/
      3.8mm Hg (+/- SD) below baseline. Serum levels of carvedilol were proportional
      to the dose. Peak serum levels were 39 +/- 27, 75 +/- 38 and 161 +/- 131 mu/L for
      carvedilol 12.5, 25 and 50mg. The kinetics of carvedilol did not change with
      repeated administration. Carvedilol was well tolerated; 2 patients experienced
      dizziness associated with postural hypotension after administration of the 50mg
      dose. Carvedilol 12.5, 25 and 50mg effectively reduced BP for 24 hours when
      administered once daily.

PMID- 2908308
TI  - Dental trauma in contact team sports.

PMID- 2908309
TI  - Xamoterol in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy: an increase in beta-receptors
      in lymphocytes.
AB  - Xamoterol, a partial-beta 1 agonist, was administered orally (100 mg, twice
      daily) to healthy volunteers (n = 8) and to patients with heart failure (n = 8)
      for one week. The density (Bmax) and affinity (Kd) of lymphocyte beta-receptors
      were lower in the patients with heart failure than in the healthy volunteers
      (Bmax = 931 +/- 214 vs 1466 +/- 373 sites/cell, and Kd = 0.60 +/- 0.11 vs 1.07 +/
      0.14 nM). During treatment with xamoterol, Bmax (7169 +/- 3768 and 7749 +/- 3807
      sites/cell) and Kd (6.01 +/- 3.84 and 9.06 +/- 4.66 nM) increased strikingly (p
      less than 0.01) in both groups. For 12 months, xamoterol (100 mg bd) was given in
      the same manner to 10 patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. The long-term effects
      after three and 12 months were assessed. Xamoterol reduced the cardiothoracic
      ratio from 57 +/- 6% to 55 +/- 5% after three months and 54 +/- 5% after 12
      months of treatment (both p less than 0.05), and increased exercise tolerance
      from 5 +/- 2 min to 7 +/- 2 min and to 7 +/- 2 min (p less than 0.01, p less than
      0.05). Echocardiographic fractional shortening increased from 13 +/- 6% to 20 +/-
      8% (p less than 0.01) and to 20 +/- 10% (p less than 0.05). Pulmonary wedge
      pressure during exercise at the same work load decreased from 40 +/- 12 mmHg to
      25 +/- 9 mmHg (p less than 0.01) in three months; whereas pulmonary wedge
      pressures during exercise or at rest in 12 months were unchanged. Exercise heart
      rate decreased from 118 +/- 9 beats/min to 106 +/- 6 beats/min in three months (p
      less than 0.01), but was unchanged in 12 months. Bmax and Kd of the beta
      receptors increased from 1024 +/- 413 sites/cell and 0.67 +/- 0.27 nM to 1976 +/-
      497 sites/cell and 1.60 +/- 0.42 nM (both p less than 0.01), respectively, in
      three months, and 1584 +/- 650 sites/cell (NS) and 1.21 +/- 0.54 nM (p less than
      0.05), respectively, in 12 months. It is concluded that xamoterol improves
      exercise tolerance, hemodynamics and resolves subjective symptoms for certain
      patients with dilated cardiomyopathy by its actions as a beta-agonist and beta
      antagonist during longterm treatment.

PMID- 2908310
TI  - [Ocular symptoms in Takayasu syndrome. I].

PMID- 2908311
TI  - [Double-blind study of the effects of sulfasalazine in patients with rheumatoid
      arthritis].

PMID- 2908307
TI  - Response rate with respect to the blood pressure-lowering effect of the
      vasodilating and beta-blocking agent carvedilol.
AB  - The aim of this multicentre, double-blind, randomised, controlled study was to
      evaluate the antihypertensive effect and to determine the response rates, safety
      and tolerability of 3 doses of carvedilol (25, 50 and 100 mg) compared with those
      of pindolol 15 mg, in ambulatory patients with mild to moderate uncomplicated
      essential hypertension. Mean supine diastolic blood pressure was the primary
      efficacy variable. 205 subjects between 23 and 70 years of age were randomly
      assigned to receive an oral dose of carvedilol or pindolol once daily for 13
      weeks after a placebo run-in period of up to 4 weeks. Before administration of
      the study medication, blood pressure was recorded at each visit by use of the
      cuff method, and heart rate was counted. The results showed similar reductions in
      mean supine diastolic blood pressure among all 4 treatments after 13 weeks.
      Carvedilol showed a good and similar response rate of approximately 84% at all
      doses. Heart rate was not significantly changed. The number of patients having
      adverse experiences possibly related to drug therapy was 4, 16 and 15 with 25, 50
      and 100 mg carvediolol, respectively, and 9 with pindolol 15 mg. Dizziness was
      the most common side effect reported for all medications. In conclusion,
      carvedilol 25 mg appeared to be the optimum dose in the present study, displaying
      a high antihypertensive potency with few side effects.

PMID- 2908312
TI  - The reason for and the pattern of tooth loss in patients treated at Ga-Rankuwa
      Hospital.

PMID- 2908313
TI  - Kinetic analyses of transmitter release in neuromuscular transmission.
AB  - A majority of transmitter quanta in the nerve terminal is in a large pool of
      store (S), which can be utilized for release only after transformation into
      activated quanta (n) via two intermediate states called available quanta (A) and
      releasable quanta (N). Mobilization is a collective term applicable for
      aggregates of S----A, A----N and N----n conversions. In the present article,
      various electrophysiological procedures for kinetic analyses of the transmitter
      release in neuromuscular transmission were discussed to elucidate this not well
      understood process of mobilization. Especially, frequency augmentation, tetanic
      rundown and depression, and recovery from depression experiments were proposed to
      be very useful tools in identifying the drug effect on the mobilization process.
      Since d-tubocurarine, 2-(4-phenylpiperidino)cyclohexanol (AH5183) and Ba ions
      satisfied the above three criteria of drug action on mobilization, these were
      concluded to affect the mobilization of transmitter in neuromuscular
      transmission.

PMID- 2908314
TI  - Mitochondrial DNA polymorphism in four Sardinian villages.
AB  - Polymorphism of mitochondrial DNA has been studied in two highland (Desulo,
      Tonara) and in two lowland (Galtelli, Orosei) Sardinian isolates, formerly
      subjected to different selective pressure due to malaria, and in 103 individuals
      from Northern Italy (Bergamo area), where malaria never appeared to be endemic.
      Two mitochondrial restriction endonuclease patterns (morphs) never described
      before have been found, one in the Bergamo and Orosei samples, and the other one
      only in Orosei. Four new mitochondrial types (mitotypes) due to different
      combinations of morphs have been identified; two of them have been found only in
      Sardinia, but with such a low frequency that they cannot be defined as typical
      Sardinian mitotypes. One mitotype (BamHI-morph 3, MspI-morph 4, AvaII-morph 9 and
      HaeII-morph 1) showed a significantly higher frequency in the highland rather
      than in the lowland Sardinian villages or in the Bergamo area. Since this
      mitotype has been found at a relatively high frequency in Central and Southern
      Italy, while it has been reported to be rare in Caucasians of Central European
      origin and absent in other ethnic groups (Africans, Chinese, Japanese and Israeli
      Jews), we suggest it may represent an ancient Mediterranean type. The analysis of
      these data suggests that drift or other evolutive forces different from malaria
      might be the major cause of mitochondrial DNA variation in Sardinia.

PMID- 2908315
TI  - Enhancement of the autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction (AMLR) in children
      splenectomized after trauma.
AB  - Splenectomized individuals have been reported to have many immunological
      abnormalities. We have studied the proliferative response of T cells in AMLR of
      nine children who had undergone splenectomy after trauma. T cells from
      splenectomized patients showed increased proliferative response in AMLR as
      compared with that observed in parallelly studied controls (38.480 +/- 19.700 vs
      11.160 +/- 3.760 dpm). The percentage of CD4 cells was diminished in the group of
      splenectomized patients. We found strong correlation between AMLR and time after
      splenectomy (r = -0.81, p less than 0.01). Possible mechanism of elevated AMLR
      following splenectomy and hypotheses on generation of AMLR are discussed.

PMID- 2908316
TI  - Multiple endocrine neoplasia.

PMID- 2908317
TI  - Molecular biology and regulation of the hypothalamic hormones.
AB  - Over the past twenty years, each of the five major hypothalamic releasing or
      release-inhibiting hormones has been sequenced and its gene structure determined.
      With the use of molecular biological techniques, such as in situ hybridization,
      Northern blot analysis or gene constructs for in vitro or in vivo transfection
      studies--together with 'traditional' neuroendocrinological techniques, such as
      immunocytochemistry, radio-immunoassay and portal vessel cannulation-
      investigators have been able to address major issues in neuroendocrine
      regulation. Several common themes have emerged: messenger RNA expression is
      uniformly present in neurons that are immunopositive for the specific
      hypothalamic hormone. Steady state RNA levels within the hypophysiotropic neuron
      groups are either increased or reduced by changes in specific target hormones
      that conform to predictions based on previous physiological data. Regulation by
      the requisite peripheral hormone is exquisitely anatomically specific and is not
      evident in extrahypophysiotropic regions. Determining the receptor or genetic
      basis of this specificity is a major focus of current research. Clarifying the
      apparently lesser role of afferent neural pathways to the hypothalamus in
      regulating releasing hormone mRNA levels is also an important challenge.
      Clinically, the measurement of levels of releasing hormones in the peripheral
      circulation appears to be of limited usefulness, except in rare cases of ectopic
      GRH or CRH secretion. For diagnostic purposes, each of the releasing hormones has
      specific utility in amplifying the release and measurement of pituitary hormones,
      both to clarify the overall physiological activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary
      target hormone axis and to further define the anatomic locus of any underlying
      disturbance. The usefulness of somatostatin as a diagnostic tool is presently
      limited, but the development of SS receptor antagonists might have significant
      impact in future clinical investigation. The molecular mechanisms of action of
      the hypothalamic hormones have been separated into those whose receptor-effector
      function is mediated by the cAMP-adenylate cyclase pathway(s), GRH and CRH, and
      those working through the phosphoinositide-protein kinase C cascade, GnRH and
      TRH. Each of the hormone receptors is coupled to intermediary G proteins,
      somatostatin uniquely to the inhibitory subclass. The mechanisms responsible for
      sensitization (priming) or desensitization are not fully understood but are
      presumably related to receptor down regulation and protein
      phosphorylation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2908318
TI  - The molecular mechanisms of thyroid hormone action.

PMID- 2908319
TI  - Treatment of subdural empyema.

PMID- 2908320
TI  - Adhesion-promoting receptors on leukocytes.

PMID- 2908321
TI  - Do tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons in the ventrolateral arcuate
      nucleus produce dopamine or only L-dopa?
AB  - Dopamine (DA) was early demonstrated in the arcuate nucleus by means of the
      formaldehyde-induced histofluorescence method. In the present study we have
      investigated the distribution of cell bodies in the arcuate nucleus with antisera
      against tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) and
      DA. The results indicate that TH-immunoreactive cells in the dorsomedial part of
      the arcuate nucleus also contain immunoreactivity for both AADC and DA. However,
      TH-positive cells in the ventrolateral arcuate nucleus lacked AADC- and DA
      immunoreactivity with the sensitivity of the present methods. The findings raise
      the question whether the ventrolateral cells synthesize L-DOPA or DA as
      endproducts.

PMID- 2908322
TI  - [Phenotypical curing of Streptococcus pneumoniae treated with amidase induced by
      the Dp-1 bacteriophage].
AB  - A phage-associated murein hydrolase activity (PAL) induced in an autolysis
      defective mutant of Streptococcus pneumoniae infected with the bacteriophage Dp-1
      has been recently isolated and purified to electrophoretic homogeneity as well as
      biochemically characterized as an endo-N-acetyl-muramyl-L-alanine amidase (1, 3,
      4). The PAL and the inactive form (E-form) of the host cell autolysin show a
      remarkable biochemical similarity, although they differ in their immunological
      characteristics. The PAL was adsorbed onto a live, defective mutant of
      pneumococcus (cwl) and such cells reverted to the wild type phenotype ("cured"
      cells) in some important characteristics present in the wild type strain (R6),
      as: i) lysis of the culture in the stationary phase, ii) protoplast formation by
      hypertonic sucrose, and iii) bacteriolytic response against the penicillin in
      contrast with the bacteriostatic response of the "non-cured" cwl. The adsorbed
      enzyme segregates during growth of the "cured" cells. Our results demonstrate
      that PAL acts in the phenotypically "cured" cells in a similar way to that
      previously described for the host enzyme, and also confirm the finding that the
      autolysins play a direct role in the irreversible effects produced in S.
      pneumoniae by the betalactamic antibiotics.

PMID- 2908323
TI  - [Immunological aspects of Basedow's disease].

PMID- 2908324
TI  - [The effects of antihistamines on the histamine content of blood in dogs with
      thermal injury of the respiratory tract].

PMID- 2908325
TI  - Ectopic expression of homeotic genes caused by the elimination of the Polycomb
      gene in Drosophila imaginal epidermis.
AB  - The morphological patterns in the adult cuticle of Drosophila are determined
      principally by the homeotic genes of the bithorax and Antennapedia complexes. We
      find that many of these genes become indiscriminately active in the adult
      epidermis when the Pc gene is eliminated. By using the Pc3 mutation and various
      BX-C mutant combinations, we have generated clones of imaginal cells possessing
      different combinations of active homeotic genes. We find that, in the absence of
      BX-C genes, Pc- clones develop prothoracic patterns; this is probably due to the
      activity of Sex combs reduced which overrules Antennapedia. Adding contributions
      of Ultrabithorax, abdominal-A and Abdominal-B results in thoracic or abdominal
      patterns. We have established a hierarchical order among these genes: Antp less
      than Scr less than Ubx less than abd-A less than Abd-B. In addition, we show that
      the engrailed gene is ectopically active in Pc- imaginal cells.

PMID- 2908326
TI  - Pulpal reactions following experimental acute trauma of concussion type on
      immature dog teeth.

PMID- 2908328
TI  - Mosquitoes of Daman.

PMID- 2908327
TI  - [Effect of various beta-adrenolytic drugs and calcium channel blocker
      (nifedipine) on selected indicators of calcium-phosphorus metabolism in patients
      with hyperthyroidism and simple goiter].
AB  - The study was aimed at evaluation of the effect of short-term treatment with one
      of the six beta adrenolytic drugs (propranolol, metoprolol, atenolol, pindolol,
      nadolol, acebutolol) and calcium antagonist nifedipine on the values of several
      parameters of calcium-phosphorus metabolism in 81 patients with hyperthyroidism
      (14 patients with Graves' disease, and 67 patients with toxic nodular goiter),
      and 82 patients with simple goiter. The patients studied have been divided into
      seven groups, each receiving one of the investigated drugs during four days. A
      significant decrease in the urinary excretion of hydroxyproline was found only in
      the patients with hyperthyroidism receiving propranolol. This effect of
      propranolol on hydroxyprolinuria was not related to the degree of lowering of
      serum T3 concentration observed in these patients.

PMID- 2908329
TI  - Evaluation of four azadirachtin rich fractions from neem, Azadirachta indica A.
      Juss (family: meliaceae) as mosquito larvicides.

PMID- 2908330
TI  - [Reconstruction of a missing lateral incisor].

PMID- 2908331
TI  - Pharmacologic management of behavioral problems in adult dental patients with
      severe cognitive impairment.

PMID- 2908333
TI  - Trauma to permanent teeth of children, aged 8, 12 and 15 years, in Ireland.

PMID- 2908332
TI  - Epidemiological investigation on Japanese encephalitis outbreak in Uttar Pradesh
      during 1988.

PMID- 2908335
TI  - Extracellular and membranal bound calcium on the contraction of mesenteric
      arteries of the rat.

PMID- 2908334
TI  - [Relevance of urinary enzyme determination for the diagnosis and follow-up of
      kidney injuries and secondary kidney damage--results of a prospective study].
AB  - In a prospective study we examined and confirmed the suitability of urinary
      enzyme determinations for the diagnosis and control of kidney injuries. Overall,
      186 patients were included in the study. 68 patients had blunt lumbar, thoracic
      and abdominal traumata. Renal operations (n = 14), in particular nephropexy,
      served as clinical model. Moreover, analyses were performed in 15 polytraumatized
      patients, 20 patients with fractures of the extremities, 10 patients with thermic
      injuries, 10 operations on the intervertebral disks, 35 abdominal operations, 1
      extirpation of brain tumour, 2 meniscectomies and 11 patients with renal diseases
      without surgical intervention. We determined the catalytic activities of alanine
      aminopeptidase (AAP), gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT) and alkaline phosphatase
      (AP) in the gel-filtered spontaneous urine. The urinary enzyme activities were
      related to the symptoms, laboratory findings and other parameters. With high
      sensitivity and without depending on the occurrence and duration of a haematuria
      the urine enzymes reacted to a traumatic damage to the renal parenchyma by an
      increased efflux of enzymes. The amount of information from intravenous urography
      was small. However, there was considerable agreement between nuclear medical
      findings (isotope nephrography and renal sequence scintigraphy) and enzymuria
      registered. The methods of investigation complement each other and should be
      employed in combination. A wide use of urinary enzyme diagnosis to identify mild
      and moderate renal injuries can be recommended.

PMID- 2908336
TI  - Biological evaluation of compounds for their physical dependence potential and
      abuse liability. XII. Drug testing program of the Committee on Problems of Drug
      Dependence, Inc. (1988).

PMID- 2908337
TI  - Dependence studies of new compounds in the rhesus monkey, rat and mouse (1988).

PMID- 2908339
TI  - Fimbriation of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans.

PMID- 2908338
TI  - Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans fimbriae.

PMID- 2908340
TI  - [A new group of anxiolytic drugs with a mechanism of action different from that
      of benzodiazepine derivatives].

PMID- 2908341
TI  - [Tolerance of classic 1,4-benzodiazepines].

PMID- 2908342
TI  - [A new generation of antihistaminics (H1)].

PMID- 2908343
TI  - [Features of anterior injured teeth in Zaire].

PMID- 2908344
TI  - [Soldering and brazing of orthodontic wires].

PMID- 2908345
TI  - [Intralingual ectopic tooth of traumatic origin].

PMID- 2908346
TI  - [Treatment of an acute crisis of bronchial asthma in children].

PMID- 2908347
TI  - [Bronchial asthma: intercrisis treatment].

PMID- 2908349
TI  - Fetal treatment for thyrotoxicosis in non-thyrotoxic pregnant women.
AB  - Euthyroid or even hypothyroid pregnant women without antithyroid medication but
      with a history of treatment for thyrotoxicosis, almost always a subtotal
      strumectomy, may still produce thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins. This can
      induce fetal and neonatal thyrotoxicosis. Without treatment this results in a
      high fetal and neonatal mortality and morbidity. Fetal treatment by administering
      antithyroid drugs during pregnancy improves this prognosis remarkably. A case is
      described, the literature is reviewed and guidelines for diagnosis and treatment
      are presented.

PMID- 2908348
TI  - [Evaluation and treatment of acute asthma].

PMID- 2908351
TI  - T-cell selection in the thymus.
AB  - Differentiation of early thymocytes into mature T cells depends upon intrathymic
      T cell contact with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, i.e., H-2
      molecules in mice. T cell recognition of H-2 molecules in the thymus has two
      consequences. First, some T cells undergo a process of positive selection which
      leads specifically-reactive immature thymocytes to survive and differentiate into
      mature functional T cells. Second, T cells with high affinity for H-2 molecules
      undergo negative selection (tolerance). We and others have argued that positive
      selection is controlled by thymic epithelial cells, especially cortical
      epithelium, whereas negative selection reflects contact with bone-marrow (BM)
      derived cells. This scheme appears to be an oversimplication because we have
      recently found evidence that a non-BM-derived component of the thymus, presumably
      epithelial cells, is highly tolerogenic for CD4+ cells. Whether tolerance of CD4+
      cells is controlled by cortical epithelium or medullary epithelium is unclear. In
      this respect it is of interest that chronic injection of mice with cyclosporine A
      results in selective destruction of medullary epithelial cells and impaired
      induction of self tolerance.

PMID- 2908352
TI  - Analysis of CD4 and CD2 receptor function.
AB  - We have expressed the human CD4 and CD2 molecules in a murine hybridoma, 155.16,
      that responds to stimulation with human HLA-DR antigens by producing interleukin
      2 (IL-2). When stimulated by HLA-DR expressing human cells, the CD4+ and CD2+
      hybridomas produce significantly more IL-2 than the parent hybridomas, indicating
      that CD4 and CD2 are functional. We have used this model system to analyze the
      role of the CD4 and CD2 surface receptors in T cell activation. Different
      monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against CD4 and CD2 were used to define regions of
      these molecules that may be important for ligand binding and function. Using anti
      CD4 mAbs in combination with anti-CD3 mAb, and measuring IL-2 production and
      mobilization of cellular calcium [( Ca2+]i), we have identified two regions of
      the CD4 molecule that appear to be important for CD4-dependent functions. Anti
      CD4 mAb Leu3a bound in the first immunoglobulin-like domain and appeared to
      enhance CD4-dependent functions. mAb OKT4F, which bound in or near the second
      immunoglobulin-like domain, inhibited CD4-dependent functions. The role of CD2 in
      T cell activation was analyzed by characterizing hybridomas that expressed wild
      type and mutated CD2 molecules. This analysis has shown that two regions of the
      external domain of CD2 are involved in binding of lymphocyte-function associated
      antigen-3 (LFA-3). Furthermore, binding of CD2 to LFA-3 enhanced T cell
      activation, and this enhancement was dependent on the cytoplasmic domain of the
      CD2 molecule. These results suggest that the CD2/LFA-3 interaction provides a
      stimulatory signal for T cell activation.

PMID- 2908353
TI  - Immune recognition and effector function in subsets of CD4 T cells.
AB  - T cells expressing the cell surface differentiation antigen CD4 are involved in
      most immune responses. Our studies address two issues about CD4 T cell responses
      to antigen: first, how does the T cell receptor come together with its ligand to
      generate an immune response, and what is the role of the CD4 molecule in this
      response? Second, are all CD4 T cells identical in their functional activity, and
      how does the activating signal determine the functional outcome of a response?
      Our studies outlined below suggest that the T cell receptor and its peptide:
      class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule ligand come together in
      a defined orientation determined in part by the binding of CD4 to both the T cell
      receptor and its ligand. Our studies suggest that the V beta chain is involved
      directly in MHC antigen recognition, binding self MHC with low affinity and non
      self MHC with high affinity. The selective effect of the Mls locus on V beta
      expression is believed to reflect the binding of the Mls protein directly to the
      V beta region. CD4 is described as a co-receptor, forming an inducible part of
      the T cell receptor and binding to the same class II MHC molecule as that
      receptor. Studies with both cloned lines and normal CD4 T cell populations
      suggest the existence of two separable subsets with definable function. One set
      appears to be specialized for the activation of the humoral immune response,
      while the other drives the cell-mediated immune responses, particularly those
      involving the activation of macrophages. These two subsets of CD4 T cells have
      differential activation requirements, seen particularly in the requirement for
      interleukin 1 (IL-1) in the activation and clonal expansion of CD4 T cells
      involved in humoral immunity. This requirement for IL-1 may also be observed in
      the priming of this subset of CD4 T cells. These studies demonstrate that the
      optimal activation of CD4+ T cells involves recognition of peptide fragments
      presented by class II MHC molecules and accessory signals derived from the
      antigen presenting cells.

PMID- 2908354
TI  - Immune mechanisms of tissue destruction in vivo.
AB  - In vivo rejection responses are initiated by specific T cell recognition of
      foreign histocompatibility antigens expressed by tissue allografts, but it is not
      certain if the effector mechanism mediating the actual tissue injury is also
      antigen specific. To directly assess the specificity of the effector phase of in
      vivo rejection responses, we constructed B6 less than----greater than A/J
      allophenic mice which are genetic mosaics whose individual cells express either H
      2b or H-2a histocompatibility antigens, but not both. Trunk skin from B6 less
      than----greater than A/J allophenic mice was grafted onto immunoincompetent H-2b
      nude mice and allowed to heal and regrow hair that was both black and white,
      reflecting the genetic mosaicism of the allophenic grafts. One month after
      engraftment, the H-2b nude animals were reconstituted with syngeneic H-2b T cells
      reactive against H-2a allodeterminants. An obvious rejection response ensued
      involving antigen-nonspecific inflammatory destruction of the epidermis and
      complete hair loss. Despite the intensity of the nonspecific inflammatory
      response, the allophenic skin grafts survived Importantly, the allophenic grafts
      regrew hair and the predominant color of that hair was black, providing visual
      proof that syngeneic B6 melanocytes and hair follicle cells had not been
      destroyed. Thus, destruction of skin allografts is mediated by antigen specific
      effector T cells that assess individual cells within the dermis of the graft for
      expression of foreign histocompatibility antigens.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2908355
TI  - The role of the neu oncogene product in cell transformation and normal
      development.
AB  - p185neu, the protein product of the neu gene, is a tyrosine kinase receptor with
      structural similarity to the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor. The cognate
      ligand for the p185neu receptor remains unknown. We have defined: 1) stage and
      tissue-specific expression patterns of the neu gene product in developing
      tissues; 2) p185neu phosphorylation and the regulation of p185neu tyrosine kinase
      activity by EGF. 3) Synergistic interactions of cellular rat p185neu and EGF
      receptor leading to cell transformation; 4) structural and functional differences
      of normal and oncogenic p185neu. These observations explain some features of how
      p185neu is involved in normal development and neoplastic transformation.

PMID- 2908356
TI  - Correlation between toxin formation and diarrhoea in patients infected with
      Aeromonas.

PMID- 2908357
TI  - Comparison of four typing methods for Aeromonas species.

PMID- 2908358
TI  - [Traumatic injuries of the teeth].

PMID- 2908359
TI  - [The measurements of somatostatin by radioimmunoassay].

PMID- 2908360
TI  - [The development of a radioimmunoassay for somatostatin].

PMID- 2908361
TI  - [Asthma patients: oral sequelae of adrenergic agonists].

PMID- 2908362
TI  - A new sensitive method which unlike the Vogel test detects the anxiolytic effect
      of tofisopam.
AB  - A new, more sensitive than previously used anxiolytic test is described. The test
      consists in measuring of inhibition by punishment of drinking water necessary to
      swallow dry food by very hungry rats. This test reveals the anxiolytic properties
      of tofisopam, a clinically effective benzodiazepine anxiolytic, and of very low
      doses of chlordiazepoxide, both ineffective in the Vogel test, as well as
      anxiolytic properties of high doses of chlordiazepoxide and other anxiolytics,
      and confirms the lack of anxiolytic effects of major tranquilizers. The results
      suggest that chlordiazepoxide (and possibly other benzodiazepines) acts on two
      subgroups of benzodiazepine receptors, named BRI (high affinity) and BR2 (low
      affinity), while tofisopam acts specifically on BRI receptors. The new test is
      proposed as a tool for a search for drugs specifically acting on high affinity
      benzodiazepine BRI receptors.

PMID- 2908363
TI  - Substituted ergolines: potential antipsychotics with unique profile. I.
      Psychopharmacological characterization.
AB  - Different ergot structures (lumilysergol and lysergol) were chlorinated or
      brominated in the position 2, and the development of antidopaminergic activity
      was studied. The tested 2-halo-lysergols exerted neuroleptic-like action
      indicated by the suppression of conditioned avoidance response (CAR), and other
      effects characteristic of dopamine antagonists (cataleptogenic effect, prevention
      of amphetamine-induced toxicity, inhibition of L-DOPA-induced hyperactivity,
      lowering of spontaneous body temperature, antagonism of apomorphine-induced
      hypothermia). A second halogen substitution in the position 8 of the lysergol
      structure left the CAR suppression activity untouched, but abolished other
      dopamine antagonistic effects. This unique psychopharmacological profile refers
      to potential usefulness of the compounds in schizophrenia, and at the same time
      perhaps in particular forms of Parkinson's disease or tardive dyskinesia.

PMID- 2908364
TI  - EGYT-2509 a novel neuroleptic agent without extrapyramidal and endocrine side
      effects.
AB  - The dibenzodioxazocine derivative EGYT-2509 was effective in
      neuropsychopharmacological tests characteristic for neuroleptics and
      antiparkinsonian drugs. It interacted with dopaminergic compounds similarly to
      chlorpromazine and haloperidol, but in certain tests it showed different
      activity. Similarly to chlorpromazine and haloperidol it inhibited the lethal
      effect of amphetamine in grouped mice. The apomorphine-induced stereotypy was
      potentiated by lower, and antagonized by higher doses of EGYT-2509. The compound
      did not show cataleptogenic activity and even antagonized the catalepsy evoked by
      bulbocapnine. The in vitro potency of EGYT-2509 to block dopamine-mediated
      inhibition of prolactin release was weaker by three orders of magnitude than that
      of haloperidol. In preliminary human studies it did not affect the plasma
      prolactin level. It is concluded that EGYT-2509 is a new potential antipsychotic
      agent with minimal risk of extrapyramidal and endocrine side effects.

PMID- 2908365
TI  - Heterogeneity of presynaptic muscarinic receptors located on different tissue
      preparations.
AB  - Three different tissue preparations were used to demonstrate the heterogeneity of
      presynaptic muscarinic receptors that modulate neurotransmitter release. The
      presynaptic antimuscarinic potency of several muscarinic antagonists was
      characterized with the enhancement of the neurotransmitter release evoked by
      electrical stimulation on the guinea-pig ileum Auerbach plexus, the guinea-pig
      atrium and the rat brain cortex. Presynaptic muscarinic receptors located on the
      Auerbach plexus proved to be different of those present on the cortical
      cholinergic interneurons and on the sympathetic plexus of the guinea-pig atrium.

PMID- 2908366
TI  - The effect of (-) deprenyl (selegiline) on different behavioral changes induced
      by dopamine agonists in the rat.
AB  - The effect of (-) deprenyl was investigated both on the stereotyped behavior and
      on other types of activities induced by various dopamine (DA) agonists. (-)
      Deprenyl was given in a single dose, 1 h prior to the DA agonists. 1-2 mg/kg sc (
      ) deprenyl decreased the stereotypy induced by amphetamine (AMPH, 2.5 mg/kg sc),
      but 20 mg/kg was needed to reduce the stereotypy-inducing effect of apomorphine
      (APO, 0.3 mg/kg sc). The stereotypy-inducing effect of phenyl-ethyl-amine (PEA,
      40 mg/kg sc) was significantly enhanced by 0.25 mg/kg sc (-) deprenyl
      pretreatment. The PEA or AMPH-induced increase in the horizontal activity
      (locomotion) and the vertical activity (rearing) remained unchanged after a
      single dose of (-) deprenyl, showing that this drug acts primarily on the nigro
      striatal dopaminergic system.

PMID- 2908367
TI  - Berbanes: search for novel alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonists.
AB  - We have previously described the alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist properties of
      berbanes and its stereoisomers. Of the compounds studied CH-38083 (2,3
      methylenedioxy-11-betahydroxyalloberbane) has been selected for further analysis
      based upon its high affinity and selectivity for central and peripheral alpha-2
      adrenoceptors. Structure activity relationship study revealed that the aromatic
      ring with its substituents at C-2 and C-3 positions, the nitrogen atom, the
      hydroxy group at C-11 position and the methoxycarbonyl group at C-12 position are
      important for the binding of the berbanes to the alpha-2 adrenoceptors. Using
      alloberbane derivatives for characterization of the alpha-2 adrenoceptors it was
      speculated that xylazine sensitive alpha-2 adrenoceptors in the rat vas deferens
      and in the guinea-pig ileum are similar, whereas xylazine sensitive and
      noradrenaline sensitive alpha-2 adrenoceptors of the guinea-pig ileum may belong
      to different subtypes. Correlation studies indicated that modification of the
      molecular structure of the alloberbanes can lead to either increased or decreased
      alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonists activity without parallel changes in the alpha-1
      adrenoceptor antagonist potency. The low affinity of CH-38083 for other receptor
      populations (muscarinic, histamine, dopamine receptors) makes this compound
      attractive for investigation of alpha-2 adrenoceptor-mediated neural processes in
      the central nervous system and periphery.

PMID- 2908368
TI  - [Immunoenzyme methods in the epidemiology, diagnosis and experimental study of
      hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome].

PMID- 2908369
TI  - The George M. Kober lecture. Basic immunology: the path to the delineation of the
      immunopathogenic mechanisms of HIV infection.

PMID- 2908370
TI  - Comparison of the insulin receptor gene and insulin binding in families with
      severe insulin resistance.

PMID- 2908371
TI  - Molecular genetics of the human beta-spectrin gene.

PMID- 2908373
TI  - Management of trauma to the primary dentition.

PMID- 2908372
TI  - The enzymatic correlate for the renal adaptation to chronic metabolic acidosis
      and metabolic alkalosis in rat nephron.

PMID- 2908375
TI  - [Traumatic injuries to the teeth in children].

PMID- 2908374
TI  - [Pathophysiologic mechanisms of myocardial ischemia and an approach to drug
      therapy in patients].

PMID- 2908376
TI  - [Alternative copper-aluminum alloys. Study of traction resistance. Effect of
      alloys on soldering].

PMID- 2908377
TI  - [Duration of the therapeutic effect of a beta 2 stimulant (procaterol
      hydrochloride) in patients with asthmatiform bronchopathies].

PMID- 2908378
TI  - [Protective action of broxaterol in bronchial spasm induced by ultrasonic mist].

PMID- 2908380
TI  - Structure of suriclone, a benzodiazepine receptor agonist.
AB  - 6-(7-Chloro-1,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)-2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-4-methyl-7- oxo-5H-1,4
      dithiino[2,3-c]-pyrrol-5-yl-1-piperazinecarboxylic++ + acid, C20H20C1N5-O3S2, Mr
      = 477.9, triclinic, P1, a = 8.7066 (3), b = 9.7665 (8), c = 14.2515 (16) A, alpha
      = 80.986 (9), beta = 75.168 (6), gamma = 65.884 (5) degrees, V = 1067.4 (2) A3, Z
      = 2, F(000) = 496, room temperature, Dm = 1.482, D chi = 1.487 g cm-3, lambda(Cu
      K alpha) = 1.54178 A, Ni filter, mu = 36.3 cm-1, R = 0.053, omega R = 0.070 for
      the 3538 reflections included in the refinement. Comparisons of the structures of
      the two enantiomers of suriclone and the active conformer of the 1,4
      benzodiazepine anxiolytics allow the identification of the active form of
      suriclone as the R isomer.

PMID- 2908379
TI  - The molecular biology of pattern formation in the early embryonic development of
      Drosophila.

PMID- 2908381
TI  - Research on parasitic arthropods of the Lake Zarnowieckie environs carried out in
      1981-1985. Part II. Mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae).
AB  - In the years 1981-1985 a total of 19,651 specimens mosquitoes were collected in
      the area of investigation--Lake Zarnowieckie environs. In that amount 15,072
      specimens were identified. There were found 26 species belonging to 4 genera:
      Anopheles, Aedes, Culex and Culiseta. Some of the species found, such as Aedes
      cantans, Aedes punctor or Culex pipiens are troublesome pests and particularly
      aggressive to man, possible vectors of many diseases. In the cowsheds there were
      found 12 species, the most numerous were the specimens of Anopheles genera (92.1%
      of the collection). The species captured in the open area by means of the man
      bait were 17 in number. The highest aggressiveness to man was shown by Ae.
      punctor, Ae. cinereus, Ae. cantans and Ae. annulipes. In the water bodies among
      the preimaginal forms caught there identified were 22 species. The majority of
      them were: Culex pipiens and Aedes punctor. A seasonal activity of the Culicidae
      preimaginal forms was also observed. The considerable environmental changes
      caused by the construction of the nuclear power plant, and the work of the pump
      storage power plant are, as it seems, the main cause of the changes in the
      species domination observed in this region. Any finau conclusions, however, can
      be drawn after the further investigations are completed.

PMID- 2908382
TI  - [A histochemical study of the APUD cells in oral region on experimentally induced
      zinc-deficient mice, with special reference to the taste buds and the mast
      cells].

PMID- 2908383
TI  - [Chronic Jaccoud polyarthritis and Takayasu arteritis].

PMID- 2908384
TI  - [Alcohol and the central nervous system--fundamental neurochemical aspects of
      alcohol dependence].

PMID- 2908385
TI  - [Molecular analysis of alpha-4 globin pseudogene polymorphism in mice].

PMID- 2908386
TI  - [Neuropeptides and neoplasms].

PMID- 2908387
TI  - [Successful autologous transplantation of circulating hematopoietic stem cells in
      acute myeloblastic leukemia].

PMID- 2908388
TI  - [Protein C and protein S abnormalities].

PMID- 2908389
TI  - [Genetic aspects of muscular dystrophy].

PMID- 2908390
TI  - [Genetic aspects of Huntington's chorea].

PMID- 2908391
TI  - [Genetic aspects of fragile X syndrome].

PMID- 2908392
TI  - [DNA diagnosis of inborn errors of metabolism].

PMID- 2908393
TI  - [Pedigree analysis on micro genetics].

PMID- 2908394
TI  - [Phenylketonuria].

PMID- 2908395
TI  - [Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency].

PMID- 2908396
TI  - [Argininemia (arginase deficiency)].

PMID- 2908397
TI  - [Methylmalonic acidemia].

PMID- 2908398
TI  - [Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency].

PMID- 2908399
TI  - [Glucocerebrosidase deficiency--Gaucher's disease].

PMID- 2908400
TI  - [Arylsulfatase A deficiency-metachromatic leukodystrophy].

PMID- 2908401
TI  - [Genetic mutants of apolipoproteins and abnormalities of lipoprotein metabolism].

PMID- 2908402
TI  - [Human growth hormone gene deletion].

PMID- 2908403
TI  - [Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2: mapping of the gene predisposing and
      alteration of genotypes in tumor].

PMID- 2908404
TI  - [Molecular genetics of hemophilia B and vitamin K-dependent proteins].

PMID- 2908405
TI  - Tolerance to the anticonvulsant effect of benzodiazepines.

PMID- 2908406
TI  - Multiple B2 kinin receptors in mammalian tissues.

PMID- 2908407
TI  - Fimbriae from the oral anaerobe Bacteroides gingivalis: a screening of clinical
      isolates from various places.

PMID- 2908408
TI  - Formation of the vertebrate neuromuscular junction.
AB  - The sequence of events leading to the formation of the NMJ based on the data
      presented in this chapter from rat, chick, and Xenopus muscle can be divided into
      three developmental stages, as shown in Table I. The essential components of the
      NMJ are acquired early. Acetylcholine is present and can be released from the
      growing nerve. Acetylcholine receptors are present in the muscle membrane and are
      functional even at the earliest times. These components of the junction--ACh
      release and functional ACh receptors--can develop independently of each other;
      i.e., cell culture studies have shown that nerve cells are capable of releasing
      ACh before their growing tips have come into contact with the postsynaptic muscle
      membrane. Conversely, muscle cells grown without nerve synthesize and incorporate
      in their membranes functional ACh receptors. This situation ensures that
      functional (table; see text) contacts can occur even at the earliest times. Local
      accumulation of ACh receptors is also detected at the earliest times of junction
      formation. Although cell culture studies have demonstrated that receptors can
      aggregate in the absence of nerve, it would appear that the nerve plays an
      important role in directing where the highest density of receptors will be
      localized. Acetylcholinesterase, identified both histochemically and
      electrophysiologically, occurs at the presumptive NMJ shortly after synaptic
      transmission and receptor clustering have begun, suggesting that these events may
      play a role in localizing cholinesterase. Although the studies on rat and chick
      muscle support this view, development of AChE on Xenopus muscle does not require
      prior exposure to nerve or muscle activity. The ultrastructural features
      characteristic of the adult NMJ also do not become apparent until after synaptic
      transmission and receptor clustering have been seen. However, detection of small
      regions of specialization could be easily overlooked at the ultrastructural
      level, particularly if the tissue has not been serially sectioned. The young
      tissue is more fragile (Gordon et al., 1974) and may be more susceptible to
      mechanical damage or alterations from the fixation procedures (Kullberg et al.,
      1977). For these reasons, results pertaining to when the ultrastructural
      specializations occur are difficult to interpret and must await identification of
      these structures by other means. A number of other changes occur at the NMJ late
      in development: (1) ACh receptors become metabolically more stable, (2) there is
      a conversion in the kinetics of the ACh receptor channel, and (3) junctional
      folds become apparent. The extent to which these changes occur varies among the
      different organisms discussed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2908409
TI  - A study of central neurotransmitter mechanisms in morphine-induced 'Straub
      reaction' in mice: role of central dopamine receptors.
AB  - 1. The role of putative neurotransmitters was investigated in morphine-induced
      Straub reaction (SR) in albino mice. 2. Apomorphine (15 mg/kg) was also effective
      in inducing SR. However, in a smaller dose (0.2 mg/kg) it blocked SR induced by
      morphine. 3. Morphine-induced SR was potentiated by tranylcypromine, reserpine
      (acute effect), imipramine and L-dopa and blocked by reserpine (chronic effect),
      alpha-methyldopa, pimozide, chlorpromazine, haloperidol and metoclopramide.
      Prazosin and clonidine partially blocked morphine SR in high doses. 4.
      Propranolol, yohimbine, cyproheptadine and atropine were ineffective in blocking
      morphine SR. 5. The results indicate that morphine SR is mediated through release
      of DA in the CNS which excites central D2 receptors. Activation of central alpha
      1-adrenoceptors might also play a minor role.

PMID- 2908410
TI  - Rilmenidine acts as a partial agonist at prejunctional alpha 2-adrenoceptors in
      guinea-pig atria.
AB  - 1. The present study was carried out to determine whether rilmenidine, a recently
      introduced antihypertensive agent which acts on alpha 2-adrenoceptors, has
      partial agonist activity on prejunctional alpha 2-adrenoceptors in guinea-pig
      atria. 2. Isolated preparations of guinea-pig atria were incubated with [3H]
      noradrenaline and the efflux of radioactivity induced by stimulation of
      intramural sympathetic nerves was used as an index of release of transmitter
      noradrenaline. 3. Rilmenidine (1 mumol/l) inhibited noradrenaline release evoked
      by short trains (five, 20 and 50 pulses) of sympathetic nerve stimulation and
      this inhibitory effect of rilmenidine was antagonized by the alpha 2-adrenoceptor
      antagonists, idazoxan (0.1 and 0.3 mumol/l) and rauwolscine (0.3 mumol/l) whereas
      it was not affected by the alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin (0.1
      mumol/l). 4. On the other hand, rilmenidine (1 mumol/l) enhanced noradrenaline
      release evoked by long trains (150 and 300 pulses) of stimulation and this effect
      was also abolished by idazoxan (0.1 mumol/l). 5. These findings suggest that the
      effects of rilmenidine on transmitter release depend on the degree of auto
      inhibition: when the concentration of noradrenaline in the biophase of the
      prejunctional alpha 2-adrenoceptors is low, rilmenidine acts as an agonist, but
      when the concentration is high it acts as an antagonist. Thus, rilmenidine, like
      clonidine, is a partial agonist on prejunctional alpha 2-adrenoceptors in guinea
      pig atria.

PMID- 2908411
TI  - AIDS: interim guidelines.

PMID- 2908412
TI  - Handling the HTLV-III antibody positive blood donor.

PMID- 2908413
TI  - Schoolchildren and AIDS.

PMID- 2908414
TI  - The doctor's duty towards AIDS patients.

PMID- 2908415
TI  - AIDS and medical ethics.

PMID- 2908416
TI  - [Growing Clostridium on nutritional media with polyacrylamide gel].

PMID- 2908417
TI  - [Clinical significance of changes in the number and function of adrenergic
      receptors].

PMID- 2908418
TI  - [Progress in endocrinology].

PMID- 2908419
TI  - [Flumazepil (Anexate) in the treatment of acute benzodiazepine poisoning.
      Preliminary report].

PMID- 2908420
TI  - [Benzodiazepine receptor in the central nervous system and its natural and
      synthetic agonists and antagonists. Clinical uses].

PMID- 2908421
TI  - [Self-regulation of nerve function].

PMID- 2908422
TI  - [Gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase in newborn infants].

PMID- 2908423
TI  - Insulin affects glucose uptake by muscle and mammary tissues of lactating ewes.
AB  - Effects of insulin on exchanges of glucose across skeletal muscle and mammary
      tissue were measured in short-term studies in lactating ewes. Insulin secretion
      was suppressed by a primed/continuous infusion of somatostatin, then insulin was
      administered by continuous intravenous infusion of doses that were increased, in
      a step-wise manner, from 0 to 2 U h-1. Plasma glucose was maintained essentially
      constant by frequent monitoring and intravenous administration of exogenous
      glucose. Somatostatin suppressed but did not completely inhibit insulin secretion
      as shown by maintenance of plasma concentration of C-peptide. As plasma insulin
      was increased, while arterial glucose was maintained stable, uptake of glucose by
      skeletal muscle increased and glucose uptake by the mammary gland decreased.
      These observations confirm the role of insulin in regulating glucose uptake by
      skeletal muscle and raise the possibility that insulin also regulates glucose
      uptake by the mammary gland.

PMID- 2908424
TI  - Effects of lys-beta-urogastrone in vivo.
AB  - Lys-beta-urogastrone, an analogue of human beta-urogastrone with an additional N
      terminal lysine, was shown to have similar effects in mice and sheep to mouse
      epidermal growth factor (mEGF). Lys-beta-urogastrone in doses of 0.18-3.24
      micrograms g-1 body weight caused both precocious separation of eyelids and
      eruption of incisors in neonatal mice. In 17 sheep, intravenous infusion of the
      urogastrone analogue over c. 24 h led, towards the end of infusion, to erythema
      of the muzzle, caused reductions in voluntary food intake (with doses greater
      than or equal to 50 micrograms kg-1) and generally easier manual harvesting of
      the fleece (with infusions greater than or equal to 81 micrograms kg-1), with
      spontaneous shedding of the fleece (c. 14 days after infusions of greater than or
      equal to 116 micrograms kg-1). In five sheep infusions of 25, 38, 50, 83 and 118
      micrograms kg-1 fleece-free body weight, plasma concentrations of lys-beta
      urogastrone were near maximal 20 h after the infusions started and were,
      respectively, 1.1, 1.7, 5.5, 18 and 79 micrograms l-1 plasma. Plasma
      concentrations of gastrin, somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide were
      determined in these five sheep. Plasma gastrin rose sixfold by the end of
      infusions of 25 micrograms kg-1 of the urogastrone analogue, and tenfold with the
      higher doses of infusion. Although plasma somatostatin concentrations were
      variable, a consistent trend was observed; lower levels were apparent during the
      lys-beta-urogastrone infusions. There was no discernible trend in pancreatic
      polypeptide concentrations.

PMID- 2908425
TI  - Structure and dynamics of double helices in solution: modes of DNA bending.
AB  - The long range structure of DNA restriction fragments has been analysed by
      electro-optical measurements. The overall rotation time constants observed in a
      low salt buffer with monovalent ions is shown to decrease upon addition of Mg2+
      or spermine. Since the circular dichroism and also the limiting value of the
      linear dichroism remain almost constant under these conditions, the effect is
      attributed to a change of the long range structure. According to a weakly bending
      rod model, the persistence length decreases from about 600 A in the absence of
      Mg2+ or spermine to about 350 A in the presence of these ions. The persistence
      length measured in the presence of Mg2+ is almost independent of temperature in
      the range of 10 to 40 degrees C. The nature of DNA bending is analysed by
      measurements of bending amplitudes and time constants from dichroism decay
      curves. The observed absence of changes in the bending amplitudes upon addition
      of Mg2+ or spermine, even though addition induces changes of the persistence
      length by a factor of 2, is hardly consistent with simple thermal bending. The
      combined results, including the remarkably small temperature dependence of
      persistence length and bending amplitude, can be explained by the existence of
      two bending effects: inherent curvature of DNA dominates at low temperature,
      whereas thermal bending prevails at high temperature. Analysis of bending
      amplitudes from dichroism decay curves according to an arc model provides an
      approximate measure for the degree of bending in restriction fragments. The model
      is consistent with the observed chain length dependence of bending amplitudes and
      provides an approximate curvature corresponding to a radius of about 400 A. Thus
      the curvature observed in restriction fragments is similar to that observed for
      high molecular DNA condensed into toroids by addition of ions like spermine.
      Particularly strong bending of DNA is induced by [Co(NH3)6]3+, indicated by an
      apparent persistence length of 200 A and an increased bending amplitude together
      with a reduced limit value of the linear dichroism. This effect is attributed to
      the high charge density of this ion and potential site binding.

PMID- 2908426
TI  - CC/GG contacts facilitate the B to A transition of DNA in solution.
AB  - Self-complementary decadeoxynucleotides, CCGATATCGG, CCAGATCTGG, CCCTGCAGGG,
      GGGGGCCCCC, were designed and synthesized to estimate the A-philic free energy of
      CC/GG contacts. First, regions of temperature-stability of the double-stranded
      conformation were determined for each 10-mer. Then, circular dichroism spectra
      were recorded for the B-family forms at different temperatures, counter-ion
      concentrations and trifluoroethanol contents. A cooperative change typical of the
      B-A transition is observed in the CD spectra at a trifluoroethanol content
      specific for each duplex. The positions of half-transition points were functions
      not only of the nucleotide sequence but of the duplex length as well: the B to A
      transitions were hindered in these 10-mers in comparison with a lengthy DNA. The
      B-phility value was estimated to be 3 kcal/mol of 10-mer. The B-A transition
      point was shown to drop with an increase in the number of CC/GG contacts in a
      duplex. The designed 10-mers made it possible to estimate quantitatively the A
      phility of CC/GG contact as compared with an average DNA: (FA-FB)CC = 0.2
      Kcal/mol, (FA-FB)DNA = 0.7 Kcal/mol.

PMID- 2908427
TI  - Physical mechanism of ATP formation in biomembranes.
AB  - Membrane-bound and isolated H+ ATPases of various origin are able to synthesize
      ATP from ADP and Pi after a jump-like pH increase. In the course of this increase
      the pH of solution (or suspension) must cross a value corresponding to pK of
      certain acid groups in the catalytic component of ATPase. In the case of isolated
      soluble enzymes it is possible to obtain up to 10 ATP molecules per one pH jump
      per one enzyme molecule. A physical mechanism of this phenomenon as well as of
      oxidative and photosynthetic phosphorylation is suggested.

PMID- 2908428
TI  - Structure of the ABC ring synthon of dendrobine.
AB  - (1R,4S,8S,11R)-11-Methyl-3-[(R)-alpha-phenyl-ethyl]-3-
      azatricyclo[6.2.1.0(4.11)]undec-5-en-2-one, C19H23NO, Mr = 281.40, orthorhombic,
      P2(1)2(1)2(1), a = 9.534 (2), b = 11.055 (4), C = 14.372 (4) A, V = 1514.8 (8) A,
      Z = 4, Dx = 1.23 (163 K), Dm = 1.15 g cm-3 (295 K), lambda(Mo K alpha) = 0.71069
      A, mu = 0.702 cm-1, F(000) = 608, T = 163 K, R = 0.0387 for 2310 reflections. The
      absolute configuration is assigned on the basis of internal comparison with the
      alpha-methylbenzylamine moiety. The tricyclic ring system is concave. The N
      appears to be sp2 hybridized [N is 0.0661 (1) A from the plane through C atoms
      bound to it] and conjugated through the carbonyl group [short C-N bond [1.351 (2)
      A]]. Ring strain appears to cause a slight increase in the C-C bond lengths of
      the center atom of the tricyclic ring system. The average bond length from this
      atom to the three other ring C atoms is 1.557 (1) A while the average bond length
      for all other sp3-C to sp3-C bonds is 1.529 (1) A.

PMID- 2908429
TI  - [Endodontic solutions to extensive periapical radiolucencies].

PMID- 2908430
TI  - N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in the spinal cord mediate pressor responses to
      stimulation of the rostral ventrolateral medulla in the rat.
AB  - 1. Activation of bulbospinal neurons projecting from the C1 area of the rostral
      ventrolateral medulla evokes a pressor response. The nature of the
      neurotransmitters involved in mediating this response at spinal cord level has
      not been established. 2. Amino acid antagonists were introduced into the spinal
      subarachnoid space to investigate the role of spinal amino acid receptors in
      mediating this pressor response in the anaesthetized rat. 3. Intrathecal
      administration of the amino acid receptor antagonists 2-amino-phosphono valeric
      acid (2APV), gamma-glutamyl glycine, kynurenate or glutamic acid diethylester
      (GDEE) attenuated the pressor responses to stimulation of the C1 area. These
      compounds have been shown to antagonize N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) sensitive
      receptors. 4. Intrathecal administration of 2APV significantly attenuated the
      increase in blood pressure produced by injection of NMDA into the spinal
      subarachnoid space. 5. These results suggest that the pressor response produced
      by stimulation in the area of the C1 neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla
      of the rat is mediated at least in part by NMDA receptors in the spinal cord.

PMID- 2908431
TI  - Risk-benefit of specific antihypertensive regimens: relevance of metabolic and
      haemodynamic effects of alpha 1-blockers.
AB  - 1. Existing strategies for the control of high blood pressure have had a
      disappointing impact on coronary heart disease--the major cause of death in
      hypertension. 2. There is a need for more work to identify the relationship
      between blood pressure, atheroma and other risk factors. 3. A more aggressive
      approach to treatment may be indicated, especially in high risk groups. 4. In
      addition to treatment of blood pressure, other major risk factors (lipids and
      smoking) must be tackled. 5. Alternative treatment regimens with different
      mechanisms of action and/or effects on lipids should be evaluated in practice. 6.
      Selective alpha 1-blockers have potential haemodynamic advantages, improve the
      lipid profile and are well tolerated as first or second line therapy.

PMID- 2908432
TI  - Risk-benefits of antihypertensive drugs--beta-blockers.
AB  - 1. Beta-Blockers are of similar efficacy in the treatment of hypertension to
      other antihypertensive drugs of first choice; they have a wide spectrum of
      activity both alone and in combination. 2. Although beta-blockers first appear to
      worsen the haemodynamic changes of hypertension, subsequently peripheral
      resistance falls. The cardiovascular reflexes responsible for the responses of
      posture or other responses requiring normal functioning of alpha-mediated tone
      are not inhibited. 3. Important contra-indications are asthma and heart failure
      in susceptible subjects. Lipid soluble drugs have somewhat greater CNS side
      effects. 4. Triglyceride levels, notably an increase in VLDL and a fall in HDL
      occur from non-selective agents (less so from beta 1-selective agents) and there
      is a marginal effect from drugs with relatively high ISA. 5. In contrast to other
      antihypertensive drugs beta-blockers reduce the myocardial infarction rate in
      high risk patients (i.e. post-myocardial infarct). Results in primary prevention
      of mild hypertension have been less promising. 6. Those drugs which are lipid
      soluble and liver metabolized result in greater variation of plasma concentration
      after oral administration and some pharmacokinetic drug interactions. Once daily
      administration is possible with many beta-blockers. 7. beta-Blocking drugs have
      an established and proven place in the treatment of hypertension.

PMID- 2908433
TI  - The effect of epanolol on intra-arterial ambulatory blood pressure and
      baroreceptor heart rate reflex in essential hypertension.
AB  - 1. The effect of chronic treatment with epanolol, a new cardioselective beta
      adrenoreceptor antagonist with moderate beta 1-selective intrinsic
      sympathomimetic activity (ISA), on 24 h ambulatory intra-arterial blood pressure
      (24 h IABP) and the sino-aortic baroreceptor heart rate (SAB/HR) reflex was
      investigated in six hypertensive subjects. 2. All subjects demonstrated a greater
      than 10% reduction in mean arterial pressure with atenolol therapy (100 mg once
      daily) before entering a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover
      protocol with epanolol (100 mg twice daily for 4 weeks). 3. Epanolol treatment at
      this dose was not associated with significant reduction in systolic or diastolic
      24 h IABP or heart rate. There was no change in SAB/HR reflex set point,
      sensitivity or latency with epanolol. 4. beta 1-selective ISA may be undesirable
      in beta-adrenoceptor antagonists used to treat hypertension.

PMID- 2908434
TI  - An analysis of the haemodynamic effects of tolbutamide in conscious dogs.
AB  - 1. In conscious chronically instrumented dogs, tolbutamide (5-45 mg/kg) induced
      significant dose-related increases in mean arterial pressure and left ventricular
      end-diastolic pressure. 2. Cardiac output was decreased while heart rate,
      d(LVP)/dt, and regional myocardial performance at the left ventricle were not
      significantly affected. Computed total peripheral resistance was increased. 3.
      Pretreatment with the alpha-antagonist phentolamine (1-1.5 mg/kg) abolished the
      pressor response. Furthermore, the pressor response to norepinephrine (0.1
      microgram/kg) was enhanced by pretreatment with tolbutamide (45 mg/kg). 4. In an
      isolated tissue preparation using ring segments of canine femoral arteries,
      neither tolbutamide nor its major hepatic metabolites (carboxytolbutamide, p
      toluene-sulfonamide and p-toluene-sulfonylurea) caused any smooth muscle
      contraction. However, pretreatment of these tissues with 10(-4), 10(-3), or 10(
      2) mol/l tolbutamide potentiated the contractile response to norepinephrine by up
      to 19% and to phenylephrine by up to 8%. 5. It was concluded that the pressor
      effect of tolbutamide arises by potentiating the alpha-adrenoceptor mediated
      vasoconstrictor action of circulating endogenous catecholamines.

PMID- 2908435
TI  - Modulation of adrenal catecholamine release by DA2 dopamine receptors in the
      anaesthetized dog.
AB  - 1. The effects of DA2 agonist, quinpirole (50 micrograms/kg, i.v.) and a DA2
      antagonist, domperidone (50 micrograms/kg, i.v.) on the release of adrenal
      catecholamines were evaluated in the anaesthetized and vagotomized dog. 2.
      Stimulations (5 V pulses of 2 ms duration for 3 min) of the splanchnic nerve at
      frequencies of 1, 3 and 5 Hz were applied randomly before and after injection of
      the drug. 3. The results show that quinpirole reduces significantly the release
      of adrenaline at 1 and 3 Hz but not at 5 Hz, while the release of noradrenaline
      is reduced at 1 Hz but not at 3 and 5 Hz. Inversely, domperidone potentiates
      significantly the release of both catecholamines at 3 and 5 Hz, but not at 1 Hz.
      4. There was no change in basal release of adrenal catecholamines, adrenal blood
      flow or heart rate after both drug treatments. 5. The mean arterial pressure was
      not affected by domperidone treatment but there was a significant reduction in
      basal mean arterial pressure after the injection of quinpirole. 6. There was no
      change in any of these parameters during electrical stimulation. 7. Therefore,
      these results strongly suggest that DA2 dopamine receptors are present at the
      level of the adrenal medulla and that their activation could mediate an
      inhibitory modulation on the adrenal catecholamines release within a certain
      range of electrical stimulation.

PMID- 2908436
TI  - Alpha 1-and alpha 2-adrenoceptors of the circular myometrium from the dioestrous
      guinea-pig.
AB  - 1. In order to investigate the nature of the alpha-adrenoceptors mediating
      contraction of circular myometrium from dioestrous guinea-pigs, the effects of
      several adrenoceptor antagonists upon log concentration curves to noradrenaline
      and phenylephrine have been examined. 2. In the presence of ICI 118,551 and
      nisoxetine both phenylephrine and noradrenaline produced concentration-dependent
      contractures of circular myometrium from virgin dioestrous guinea-pigs.
      Noradrenaline was the more potent and produced larger maximal contractions.
      Indomethacin (1 mumol/l) decreased the maximum effects of phenylephrine but not
      those of noradrenaline. Xylazine produced indomethacin-sensitive contractions
      which were not dose-related and which never exceeded 40% of those evoked by
      noradrenaline. Responses to xylazine and to noradrenaline, but not those to
      phenylephrine, were reduced in a low calcium solution. 3. Prazosin produced
      competitive antagonism of the effects of phenylephrine upon preparations of
      circular myometrium from virgin and parous dioestrous animals; pA2 values were
      both 8.1. Phentolamine also competitively antagonized the effects of
      phenylephrine (virgin animals, pA2=7.7). 4. Both prazosin and phentolamine
      antagonized the effects of noradrenaline upon preparations from virgin dioestrous
      animals, however, Schild plot analysis did not indicate a simple bimolecular
      interaction between agonist and receptors. In the presence of prazosin the alpha
      2-adrenoceptor antagonist idazoxan produced dose-dependent parallel shifts in the
      positions of the log concentration-response curves to noradrenaline; the pA2 was
      7.7. In the presence of idazoxan or of indomethacin prazosin competitively
      antagonized the effects of noradrenaline; the pA2 values were 8.5 and 8.2
      respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2908437
TI  - The effect of two sulphur-containing pesticides, fenitrothion and endosulfan, on
      glutathione (GSH) content and on GSH S-transferase and gamma-glutamyl
      transpeptidase activities in midgut gland of the American red crayfish
      Procambarus clarkii.
AB  - The glutathione (GSH) system of Procambarus clarkii (P.c.), the American red
      crayfish, is used as a marker of the effects of Fenitrothion (FT) and Endosulfan
      (ES), organophosphorus and organochlorinated insecticides, respectively. This
      system has been shown to be sensitive to different heavy metals poisoning, thus
      it has a double interest as marker for environmental contamination and as a
      potential source of xenobiotics or their metabolites to humans, since it is being
      fished commercially. The GSH content of the organ decreased 24 h after treatment
      with FT. FT promotes a 2-fold induction of GSH S-transferase (GST) activity at 6
      h which is followed by a decrease of it at 24 h. The latter coincides with the
      decrease in GSH content. GST activity increases again over the control values at
      48 h. Only the initial increase in GST activity is coupled with an increase in
      gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (transpeptidase activity) (gamma-GT) activity. ES
      promoted a discrete increase in GSH concentration at the same time as a 2-fold
      increase in GST activity, again coupled with an increase in gamma-GT activity.
      The GST induction observed at 6 h with FT and 24 h with ES showed concentration
      dependency up to 1/4 of the reported LC50 of both pesticides. Higher
      concentrations showed no further effects on GST activity. The coupled control of
      the expression of GST and gamma-GT in the hepatopancreas of P.c. is discussed.

PMID- 2908438
TI  - Voluntary health agencies: experiential classes with class.

PMID- 2908439
TI  - Interim report of working group on strategies for pooling data in occupational
      epidemiological studies.

PMID- 2908440
TI  - Rainbow trout has two genes for growth hormone.
AB  - We report the primary structures of two mRNA species (GH1 and GH2), each
      predicted from the cloned cDNA and genomic gene sequences, that encode growth
      hormone in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Both GH1 and GH2 mRNA contain open
      reading frames comprising 630 nucleotides and encode 210 amino acid residues, of
      which 11 are variant. The translated regions of mRNA are flanked by a short 5'
      untranslated sequence, which is highly conserved, and a relatively long 3'
      untranslated sequence, which is highly divergent. The differences at the 3'
      untranslated regions suggest that the GH1 and GH2 mRNA originate from different
      loci. RNA blot analysis of trout pituitary RNA using an oligonucleotide probe
      specific for the GH2 sequence indicates that the cloned gene is expressed. The
      GH1 and GH2 mRNA likely are transcribed from two distinct loci, which were
      duplicated during tetraploidization of the salmonid genome between 50 and 100
      million years ago.

PMID- 2908441
TI  - Changes in polyadenylation of lactate dehydrogenase-X mRNA during spermatogenesis
      in mice.
AB  - The expression of the mRNA for mouse testicular lactate dehydrogenase (LDH-X) was
      examined by RNA:cDNA hybridization in situ in the testis and by Northern analyses
      of meiotic and postmeiotic spermatogenic cell populations. Silver grains
      accumulated in cells inside the second layer from the periphery of the
      seminiferous tubule, confirming previous findings that LDH-X mRNA first appears
      in the spermatocyte and continues to accumulate until the late spermatid stage.
      Northern analyses showed that meiotic and postmeiotic cells contained 1.2 and 1.3
      kb classes of hybridizing mRNA, respectively. RNase H digestion of oligo (dT)
      hybridized RNA and poly(U)-Sepharose column chromatography with differential
      elution by formamide revealed that the difference in size of the two classes of
      mRNAs was due to the poly(A) tail length of the LDH-X mRNA. When the distribution
      of the LDH-X mRNA was examined across polysome gradients, both mRNAs were
      partially associated with polysomes. These results suggest that the changes in
      the polyadenylation of LDH-X mRNA were associated with the meiotic division
      during spermatogenesis in the mouse. They raise the possibility that the stable
      accumulation of the LDH-X mRNAs in the postmeiotic cells is enhanced by poly(A)
      tails of increased length.

PMID- 2908442
TI  - Cortical cytoskeleton of giant moth eggs.
AB  - Unfertilized eggs of several species of giant moths contain a substantial
      cortical cytoskeleton. This structure is assembled during oogenesis, and contains
      actin as a major fibrillar component. The presence of actin was confirmed by gel
      electrophoresis and binding to phalloidin, DNase I, and a monoclonal antibody
      against cytoskeletal actin. Several lines of evidence suggest that the fat body
      is a source of the actin in the oocyte and that the transport and acquisition of
      actin by the ovary are similar to the mechanism of vitellogenin acquisition. A
      possible role for the cortical cytoskeleton in directing early embryogenesis is
      discussed.

PMID- 2908443
TI  - A persistent postsynaptic modification mediates long-term potentiation in the
      hippocampus.
AB  - Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a long-lasting enhancement of synaptic
      transmission that can be induced by brief repetitive stimulation of excitatory
      pathways in the hippocampus. One of the most controversial points is whether the
      process underlying the enhanced synaptic transmission occurs pre- or
      postsynaptically. To examine this question, we have taken advantage of the novel
      physiological properties of excitatory synaptic transmission in the CA1 region of
      the hippocampus. Synaptically released glutamate activates both NMDA and non-NMDA
      receptors on pyramidal cells, resulting in an excitatory postsynaptic potential
      (EPSP) with two distinct components. A selective increase in the non-NMDA
      component of the EPSP was observed with LTP. This result suggests that the
      enhancement of synaptic transmission during LTP is caused by an increased
      sensitivity of the postsynaptic neuron to synaptically released glutamate.

PMID- 2908444
TI  - Low- and high-voltage-activated calcium currents: their relationship to the site
      of neurotransmitter release in an identified neuron of Helisoma.
AB  - In this study we have characterized two types of Ca2+ currents in identified
      neuron B5 of Helisoma and have examined the relationship between these currents
      and neurotransmitter release. Neuron B5 contains low-voltage-activated (LVA) and
      high-voltage-activated (HVA) Ca2+ currents. These currents have distinct
      electrophysiological and pharmacological properties. To gain access to the site
      of neurotransmitter release, we used a model system in which somata that do not
      extend neurites assume the role of neurotransmitter release. Before somata gain
      the ability to release neurotransmitter, they contain LVA and HVA Ca2+ currents.
      After 3 days of culture, when spherical somata have gained the secretory
      capacity, only the HVA Ca2+ current is present. Experiments were also performed
      when neurite extension was permitted. These data indicate that neurons with
      processes have a differential distribution of Ca2+ currents. The soma, which does
      not release neurotransmitter, contains both LVA and HVA Ca2+ currents, while
      distal secretory processes contain only HVA current.

PMID- 2908445
TI  - The cell biology of the nerve terminal.

PMID- 2908446
TI  - Glutamate neurotoxicity and diseases of the nervous system.

PMID- 2908447
TI  - Expression of the Alzheimer amyloid precursor gene transcripts in the human
      brain.
AB  - An alternate form of the Alzheimer amyloid protein precursor mRNA that encodes a
      protease inhibitor domain has recently been reported. Oligonucleotide probes that
      differentiate between the two mRNAs are used to describe the expression of each
      amyloid precursor transcript in the human brain. RNA blot analyses show that one
      of the mRNAs is expressed selectively in the nervous system, that the two
      messages display different regional distributions in the adult human brain, and
      that the expression of the two mRNAs is differentially affected in Down's
      syndrome brain and in Alzheimer's disease frontal cortex. In situ hybridization
      shows that the two transcripts display the same laminar distribution in the adult
      cortex but that the transcripts differ significantly in their levels of
      expression in pyramidal cells of the hippocampus.

PMID- 2908448
TI  - Spatial regulation of homeobox gene fusions in the embryonic central nervous
      system of transgenic mice.
AB  - The spatially restricted expression of mammalian homeobox genes in teh embryonic
      central nervous system (CNS) provides an opportunity to study the basis of
      spatial gene regulation in mammalian development. Here, we define a regulatory
      region of the murine Hox 1.3 gene that mediates such a region-specific expression
      pattern. The Hox 1.3 gene contains two exons, encodes a putative protein of 270
      amino acids, and is expressed preferentially in the spinal cord at midgestation.
      We have analyzed transgenic mice containing various Hox 1.3 DNA fragments fused
      to reporter sequences, such as a human growth hormone gene fragment or the E.
      coli lacZ structural gene. As shown by RNAase protection assays or by in situ
      analyses of beta-galactosidase activity, several hybrid genes are expressed in
      the embryonic central nervous system in a spatially restricted manner, along both
      the rostrocaudal and dorsoventral axes. A 912 nucleotide sequence located
      immediately upstream of the Hox 1.3 coding sequence is sufficient to direct
      expression to the dorsolateral cells of the brachial spinal cord.

PMID- 2908449
TI  - Immunological, morphological, and electrophysiological variation among retinal
      ganglion cells purified by panning.
AB  - Two different monoclonal antibodies to the Thy-1 antigen, T11D7 and 2G12, were
      used to purify and characterize retinal ganglion cells from postnatal rat retina.
      Although Thy-1 has been reported to be a specific marker for ganglion cells in
      retina, retinal cell suspensions contained several other types of Thy-1-positive
      cells as well. Nevertheless, a simple two-step "panning" procedure allowed
      isolation of ganglion cells to nearly 100% purity. We found that postnatal
      ganglion cells differed in antigenic, morphological, and intrinsic
      electrophysiological characteristics, and that these properties were correlated
      with one another. Minor variations of this panning protocol should allow rapid,
      high yield purification to homogeneity of many other neuronal and glial cell
      types.

PMID- 2908450
TI  - Interactions between entorhinal axons and target hippocampal neurons: a role for
      glutamate in the development of hippocampal circuitry.
AB  - A coculture system consisting of input axons from entorhinal cortex explants and
      target hippocampal pyramidal neurons was used to demonstrate that glutamate,
      released spontaneously from afferent axons, can influence both dendritic geometry
      of target neurons and formation of presumptive synaptic sites. Dendritic
      outgrowth was reduced in hippocampal neurons growing on entorhinal axons when
      compared with neurons growing off the axons. Presumptive presynaptic sites were
      observed in association with hippocampal neuron dendrites and somas. HPLC
      analysis showed that glutamate was released from the explants in an activity- and
      Ca2(+)-dependent manner. The general glutamate receptor antagonist D
      glutamylglycine significantly increased dendritic outgrowth in pyramidal neurons
      associated with entorhinal axons and reduced presumptive presynaptic sites.
      Tetrodotoxin and reduction of extracellular Ca2+ also promoted dendritic
      outgrowth and reduced the formation of presumptive synaptic sites. The results
      suggest that the neurotransmitter glutamate may play important roles in the
      development of hippocampal circuitry.

PMID- 2908451
TI  - [Autoimmune sensorineural hypoacusis].

PMID- 2908452
TI  - [Soldering procedure in dentistry. Tips for beginners and experienced workers].

PMID- 2908453
TI  - [Soldering technics for crowns and bridges].

PMID- 2908454
TI  - A comparison of the long-term and short-term regulations of tyrosine hydroxylase
      activity.
AB  - The activity of tyrosine hydroxylase, the enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting
      step in catecholamine biosynthesis, increases in postganglionic sympathetic
      neurons following electrical stimulation of their afferent preganglionic input.
      Two types of changes in enzyme activity occur: an acute increase and a delayed
      and long-lasting increase. The pharmacological mechanisms involved in these
      transsynaptic effects and the biochemical mechanisms underlying the changes in
      tyrosine hydroxylase activity are discussed.

PMID- 2908455
TI  - Preparation of a highly coupled H(+)-transporting ATP synthase from pig heart
      mitochondria.

PMID- 2908456
TI  - Resolution and reconstitution of F0F1-ATPase in beef heart submitochondrial
      particles.

PMID- 2908457
TI  - Electron microscopy of single molecules and crystals of F1-ATPases.

PMID- 2908458
TI  - Use of monoclonal antibodies to purify oligomycin sensitivity-conferring protein
      and to study its interactions with F0 and F1.

PMID- 2908459
TI  - Purification and properties of the ATPase inhibitor from bovine heart
      mitochondria.

PMID- 2908460
TI  - Purification of the proton-translocating ATPase from rat liver mitochondria using
      the detergent 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propane sulfonate.

PMID- 2908461
TI  - Rapid purification of F1-ATPase from rat liver mitochondria using a modified
      chloroform extraction procedure coupled to high-performance liquid
      chromatography.

PMID- 2908462
TI  - Purification of alpha and beta subunits and subunit pairs from rat liver
      mitochondrial F1-ATPase.

PMID- 2908463
TI  - Isolation and characterization of an inactivated complex of F1F0-ATPase and its
      inhibitory factors from yeast.

PMID- 2908464
TI  - Purification of F1F0 H(+)-ATPase from Escherichia coli.

PMID- 2908465
TI  - Use of lambda-unc transducing phages in genetic analysis of H(+)-ATPase mutants
      of Escherichia coli.

PMID- 2908466
TI  - Proton-conducting portion (F0) from Escherichia coli ATP synthase: preparation,
      dissociation into subunits, and reconstitution of an active complex.

PMID- 2908467
TI  - Preparation and reconstitution of F1F0 and F0 from Escherichia coli.

PMID- 2908468
TI  - Use of isolated subunits of F1 from Escherichia coli for genetic and biochemical
      studies.

PMID- 2908469
TI  - Analysis of Escherichia coli mutants of the H(+)-transporting ATPase:
      determination of altered site of the structural genes.

PMID- 2908470
TI  - Proton permeability of membrane sector (F0) of H(+)-transporting ATP synthase
      (F0F1) from a thermophilic bacterium.

PMID- 2908471
TI  - Rate constants and equilibrium constants for the elementary steps of ATP
      hydrolysis by beef heart mitochondrial ATPase.

PMID- 2908472
TI  - ATP formation in mitochondria, submitochondrial particles, and F0F1 liposomes
      driven by electric pulses.

PMID- 2908473
TI  - Synthesis of enzyme-bound adenosine triphosphate by chloroplast coupling factor
      CF1.

PMID- 2908474
TI  - Divalent azido-ATP analog for photoaffinity cross-linking of F1 subunits.

PMID- 2908475
TI  - Synthesis and use of an azido-labeled form of the ATPase inhibitor peptide of rat
      liver mitochondria.

PMID- 2908476
TI  - Benzophenone-ATP: a photoaffinity label for the active site of ATPases.

PMID- 2908477
TI  - Use of ADP analogs for functional and structural analysis of F1-ATPase.

PMID- 2908478
TI  - Modifiers of F1-ATPases and associated peptides.

PMID- 2908479
TI  - A nonlinear approach for the analysis of different models of protein-ligand
      interaction: nucleotide binding to F1-ATPase.

PMID- 2908480
TI  - Identification of essential residues in the F1-ATPases by chemical modification.

PMID- 2908481
TI  - Determination of the stoichiometry and arrangement of alpha and beta subunits in
      F1-ATPase using monoclonal antibodies in immunoelectron microscopy.

PMID- 2908482
TI  - Metachromatic leukodystrophy: report of four cases.

PMID- 2908483
TI  - A controlled trial of esmolol for the induction of deliberate hypotension.
AB  - Twenty-five patients scheduled for lumbar fusion or cerebrovascular surgery were
      enrolled in an open label treatment controlled study comparing blood pressure and
      heart rate responses during deliberate hypotension with either esmolol or
      nitroprusside during steady-state N2O/isoflurane anesthesia. The first 5 patients
      were empirically assigned to the esmolol group; the remaining 20 patients were
      randomized to receive either esmolol or nitroprusside. The target of 15%
      reduction in mean arterial pressure (MAP) from baseline determined during
      anesthesia was attained with esmolol 195 +/- 10 micrograms/kg/min (mean +/- SEM)
      for the group (n = 15) or nitroprusside 1.9 +/- 0.3 micrograms/kg/min for the
      nitroprusside group (n = 10). Nitroprusside use was associated with a 15.9 +/-
      5.3% increase in heart rate compared to a 12.1 +/- 2.2% decrease in the esmolol
      group (p = 0.0001 between groups). Upon termination of the hypotensive infusions,
      nitroprusside patients had a MAP increase of 13.9 +/- 5.5% above baseline (p less
      than 0.05 compared to prehypotension) while the 7.4 +/- 3.5% increase in the
      esmolol group was not statistically significant. Although 30% of nitroprusside
      patients overshot their baseline MAP by more than 25%, no esmolol patients had
      this degree of rebound. One esmolol patient had a brief period of atrial
      premature contractions. No patient in either group suffered any adverse reaction
      to hypotension. It is concluded that in moderate doses esmolol is a safe and
      effective hypotensive agent during isoflurane anesthesia, with no reflex
      tachycardia and no significant potential for rebound hypertension. A MAP
      reduction of 30% from preanesthesia baseline was readily obtained with this
      combination.

PMID- 2908484
TI  - Dopamine and new dopamine analogs: receptors and clinical applications.
AB  - Division of dopamine (DA) receptors and alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors into two
      subtypes provides a pharmacological basis for the clinical use of DA and new DA
      receptor agonists in anesthesia and critical care medicine. First, differential
      receptor activation explains why three distinct cardiovascular and renal
      responses can be obtained at low, medium, and high infusion rates of DA. Low
      infusion rates, in which DA1 and DA2 receptors are activated, are being
      increasingly used to improve renal perfusion and to treat oliguric states. The
      medium dose range (activation of beta1-adrenoceptors) is used for treatment of
      heart failure. The high dose range (activation of alpha-adrenoceptors) is used
      for treatment of shock. Second, selective DA1 and relatively selective DA2
      agonists and agonists with different combinations of DA and receptor activity
      other than DA have been synthesized and are being investigated for the treatment
      of congestive heart failure and hypertension. Some of these compounds could have
      advantages over DA for acute therapy. Future availability of these drugs in
      anesthesia and critical care settings will depend to a great extent on input from
      anesthesiologists concerning potential new uses and willingness to conduct
      clinical investigations.

PMID- 2908485
TI  - Clonidine and other alpha2 adrenergic agonists: strategies for the rational use
      of these novel anesthetic agents.
AB  - Clonidine and other clinically available alpha-2 adrenergic agonists reduce
      inhalational and narcotic anesthetic requirements while providing hemodynamic
      stability during stressful periods of surgery. Like the opiates, the alpha-2
      adrenergic agonists are potent analgesics when given systemically, epidurally, or
      intrathecally. Their effects are reversed by alpha2 adrenergic antagonists. Newer
      and more selective alpha2 adrenergic agonists are more potent in their anesthetic
      action than the clinically available opiates. The important difference is that
      these agents do not appear to be respiratory depressants and do not have an
      addiction liability of the opioid type. They have anxiolytic properties and
      therefore can be potentially useful in the preanesthetic period. This drug class
      has the potential to provide many of the component effects required for
      perioperative care. For these reasons, the alpha2 adrenergic class of drugs
      should be important in the future of anesthesia.

PMID- 2908486
TI  - Inhibition of the cutaneous response to histamine by H1-blocking agents.
      Quantitative evaluation of microvascular changes in the skin after histamine
      challenge and a comparison of the effects of a single intake of cetirizine and
      terfenadine.
AB  - A controlled, randomized, double-blind, cross-over study was performed in 10
      healthy volunteers in order to compare changes of cutaneous blood flow values
      (CBFV, laser Doppler flowmetry, Periflux, Perimed, S) in histamine-challenged
      skin before and after administration of a capsule containing either 10 mg
      cetirizine or 60 mg terfenadine. The overall pattern of the basal cutaneous wheal
      and flare response to the agonists (histamine: aqueous solution: Hsol, or Phazet:
      Hprick) and control saline solution, showed the expected range of clinical
      effects, i.e. Hsol greater than Hprick greater than saline. Similarly, the
      increase of CBFV on the flare area was higher around the histamine injections as
      compared with saline. Surprisingly, CBFV was decreased at the site of Hsol and
      Hprick injections as compared with the levels recorded at the control injections.
      The following changes were noted after intake of H1-blocking agents. (1) There
      was a reduction of the areas of wheal and flare at all injection sites after
      administration of the H1 blockers, this reduction being consistently greater
      under cetirizine than terfenadine. (2) CBFV, measured 1 cm from the site of Hsol
      injection (i.e., within the area of normal flare response), was decreased only
      with cetirizine. In the smaller flare area induced by Hprick, CBFV was equally
      suppressed by both drugs. (3) At the site of agonist injection, along with a
      reduction of the size of the wheal, we observed significant increases in CBFV
      after drug intake. Under these experimental conditions, this quantitative
      pharmacologic in vivo assay of agonist-antagonist interactions suggests that
      after initial administration of normally prescribed doses, cetirizine may possess
      more anti-H1 activity than terfenadine.

PMID- 2908487
TI  - Echocardiography at the American Heart Association Scientific Sessions: an
      editorial perspective.

PMID- 2908488
TI  - Viewpoint on the echocardiographic presentations at the American College of
      Cardiology Annual Scientific Sessions.
AB  - Overall, echocardiography was well represented at the American College of
      Cardiology Annual Scientific Sessions and accounted for input into almost 25% of
      all abstracts presented. This included not only specialized sessions,
      predominantly attended by echocardiographers, but the clinical and surgical
      sessions dealing with virtually any and all forms of heart disease. This is a
      versatility of which we can be justifiably proud. The newer technique of catheter
      mounted ultrasound transducers for intravascular imaging is exciting, and we all
      await further developments in this field. Finally, it would appear the ground is
      still fertile for investigation into left ventricular function as it relates to
      acute myocardial infarction in an era of evermore frequent intervention.

PMID- 2908489
TI  - Failure of expression of alpha-3-L-fucosyltransferase in human serum is
      coincident with the absence of the X (or Le(x)) antigen in the kidney but not on
      leucocytes.
AB  - The X antigen, beta Gal(1----4)[alpha Fuc(1----3)]beta GlcNAc-R, is mostly found
      in epithelial cells of the digestive tract, proximal convoluted tubules of the
      kidney, and granulocytes. The alpha-3-L-fucosyltransferase responsible for
      synthesis of this antigen is normally present in the serum, but we found 2
      individuals, a mother and her daughter, who lack more than 90% of the serum
      fucosyltransferase. They are of African origin and are both Le(a-b-). The young
      girl suffers from a congenital kidney anomaly: oligomeganephronic hypoplasia. Her
      kidney tubules are devoid of X antigen. However, her mother and herself normally
      possess the X antigen on granulocytes and its sialylated form on monocytes.
      Anephric patients showed reduced serum alpha-3-L-fucosyltransferase activity,
      suggesting that the kidney contributes to an important fraction of serum enzymic
      activity. It, therefore, appears that there are distinct genetic controls
      governing expression of the X antigen in different body compartments. Possibly,
      different alpha-3-L-fucosyltransferases could be at work in kidney and
      leucocytes.

PMID- 2908490
TI  - Correlation of class I DNA TaqI and PvuII restriction HLA gene fragments with
      serologic HLA-C alleles.

PMID- 2908491
TI  - Polymorphism of immunoglobulin lambda constant region genes in populations from
      France, Lebanon and Tunisia.
AB  - Polymorphism of immunoglobulin lambda constant region (IGLC) genes has been
      studied in French, Lebanese and Tunisian people. The human IGLC polymorphisms
      appear as EcoRI restriction fragment length variations-8, 13, 18 or 23 kb-, these
      polymorphic fragments being related to a number of IGLC genes varying from six to
      nine per haploid genome. DNAs digested with the endonucleases EcoRI and HindIII
      were hybridized to a human IGLC probe and an immunoglobulin lambda intervening
      sequence region probe containing the J lambda 2 gene segment. Restriction
      fragments detected in Southern hybridizations were assigned to the IGLC locus
      map. Family studies allowed us to confirm the allelic nature of four of the
      different EcoRI restriction fragments observed. Frequencies of the corresponding
      alleles in French, Lebanese and Tunisian populations were determined and
      compared. The decrease of the 8-kb fragment (allele A1) frequency and,
      conversely, the increase of that of the 13-kb and 18-kb fragments (alleles A2 and
      A3) seemed to be correlated to a Negroid African contribution in the gene pool
      more important in Tunisia than in Lebanon.

PMID- 2908492
TI  - Southern blot analysis of major histocompatibility genes of lpr mice.
AB  - Several recent functional and immunofluorescent studies have suggested that
      abnormal major histocompatibility genes may be expressed in mice homozygous for
      the autoimmune disease-accelerating lpr (lymphoproliferation) gene. In an effort
      to establish the molecular basis of the expression of abnormal MHC molecules in
      these mice, we used MHC class I- and class II-specific cDNAs to probe
      endonuclease-digested genomic DNA from strains expressing lpr to look for
      restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). The RFLP pattern of MRL/Mp
      lpr/lpr (MRL/lpr) DNA, as determined using five restriction enzymes, was
      identical to that of MRL/MP-+/+ and typical of the H-2k haplotype exhibited by
      C3H/HeSnJ and AKR/J, which are the two H-2k haplotype strains from which MRL was
      derived. DNA from C57BL/6-lpr/lpr (B6/lpr) exhibited a pattern similar to
      C57BL/6, again indicating that the lpr gene did not alter MHC genes, within the
      limitations of this approach. Because macrophages derived from lpr mice had been
      specifically reported to express altered MHC haplotypes, DNA was prepared from
      MRL/lpr peritoneal macrophages and Southern blotting was performed using probes
      for I-A beta and I-E beta. The patterns observed were typical of H-2k DNA. The
      data thus indicate that the abnormalities of MHC genes previously observed in lpr
      mice may be due to the influence of other genes on MHC gene products, but are
      probably not due to alterations in MHC genes themselves.

PMID- 2908493
TI  - Recent results in the physiology and pathophysiology of growth hormone secretion.

PMID- 2908495
TI  - Dental evidence of survived calamities in wild animals.

PMID- 2908494
TI  - [Neurosecretory dysfunction of growth hormone].

PMID- 2908496
TI  - Subcutaneous tissue flaps in the limbs: an anatomical and clinical approach.
AB  - We present an anatomical study and clinical applications of a subcutaneous tissue
      flap in the limbs. This tissue, located between dermis and muscular aponeurosis,
      is an anatomical entity nourished by a well-developed vascular network. It is
      used mainly as a local flap able to bear a skin graft. Elastic, resistant, and
      well padded, it gives good coverage for soft tissue defects while leaving the
      surrounding skin untouched. In some circumstances, this simple technique can
      avoid delicate procedures, such as free flaps, or unsightly donor site defects
      after fasciocutaneous flaps.

PMID- 2908497
TI  - Extremity reconstruction using the "fillet of sole" flap.
AB  - Foot skin can be used in traumatic nonreplantable leg amputations as an immediate
      neurovascular free flap for proximal stump reconstruction. The thick, glabrous
      skin on the sole of the foot provides durable, sensate coverage. The flap is
      large, avoids a secondary donor site, and can survive on either the dorsalis
      pedis or posterior tibial artery if one preserves the connecting deep plantar
      branch of the dorsalis pedis artery. Two cases of immediate stump reconstruction
      using the "fillet of sole" flap are presented.

PMID- 2908498
TI  - [Solder melting torches].
AB  - In this study about melting and torchs employed in solder in fixed
      prosthodontics, it's analysed the accurate melting, adequate quantity, as well as
      protection of adjacent tissues with an accurate anti-melting. The torch chosen is
      the oxyacetylene burner, because its greater calorific power.

PMID- 2908499
TI  - A simple, rapid method for the purification of poly A+ RNA.

PMID- 2908500
TI  - An inexpensive method of drying multiple agarose gels.

PMID- 2908501
TI  - High molecular weight DNA isolation by guanidine hydrochloride or guanidinium
      isothiocyanate treatment.

PMID- 2908502
TI  - Correlation of class I DNA Pvu II restriction HLA gene fragments with serologic
      alleles.
AB  - Restriction enzyme site polymorphisms for Pvu II endonuclease are examined in a
      panel of DNAs isolated from peripheral blood lymphocytes of HLA-typed
      individuals. 21 polymorphic bands are detected from a total of 39 restriction
      fragments analyzed, only 9 of them corresponding to common variable morphs. Three
      polymorph fragments only correlate with known HLA-A and -B serologic alleles.

PMID- 2908503
TI  - Variation in restriction fragment length and methylation pattern of rat MHC class
      I genes.
AB  - Rat MHC (RT.1) class I genes were analyzed by performing Southern blot analysis
      of digests of genomic DNA isolated from three inbred rat strains using a human
      derived HLA cDNA probe specific for class I genes. A large number of hybridizing
      restriction fragments indicated that the rat MHC is a large multigene family.
      Polymorphic class I DNA restriction fragments specific for the different
      haplotypes were found for three restriction enzymes used, indicating a high
      degree of restriction fragment length polymorphism of RT.1 class I genes.
      Analysis of the methylation state of class I RT.1 genes showed that they are
      hypermethylated to an extent that is haplotype specific. Furthermore, variation
      in number and size of Hpa II fragments were observed when comparing liver and
      spleen DNA from two rat strains sharing the same haplotype. This indicates
      methylation variation between these organs for RT.1 class I genes.

PMID- 2908504
TI  - Glycolipid-directed FH6 monoclonal antibody recognizes high molecular weight
      glycoprotein antigen carrying sialyl Lex-i determinant in the culture supernatant
      of PC-9 cells.
AB  - The properties of the antigen recognized by monoclonal antibody FH6 have been
      analyzed. FH6 was originally generated against a glycolipid, i.e. a
      difucoganglioside isolated from human colonic adenocarcinoma, and specifically
      reacts with sialyl Lex-i determinant. Several culture supernatants of human
      carcinoma cell line cells were found to have high levels of FH6-reactive antigen,
      and PC-9, a human lung carcinoma cell line was used for the analysis. A solid
      phase sandwich radioimmunoassay was performed to detect the antigen. The
      antigenic activity was extractable in 0.6 M PCA or 7% TCA, and was sensitive to
      mild alkaline treatment and to Pronase digestion. Most of the antigen was eluted
      in the void volume of a Sepharose CL-2B column, which indicates that its
      molecular weight is greater than several million. It was eluted from a DEAE
      cellulose column at a NaCl concentration in the range of 0.2-0.25 M. The
      immunoaffinity-purified antigen has a high carbohydrate content of more than 80%.
      These data indicate that the antigen recognized by FH6 in the culture supernatant
      of PC-9 is not a glycolipid, but a high molecular weight glycoprotein which could
      be referred to as a mucin, or a proteoglycan, which contains keratan-sulfate like
      glycosaminoglycan chains, as judged from the results of the glycosidase
      treatments.

PMID- 2908505
TI  - [Limb vasodilation provoked by stimulation of the carotid sinus. Importance of
      histaminergy in the dog].
AB  - The vasodilator reflex induced by baroreceptor stimulation was studied on the
      hindlimbs of the dog. The reflex was induced by norepinephrine (1 microgram/kg)
      either by intravenous injection or by direct injection into the carotid sinus. In
      other experiences, the baroreceptor stimulation was obtained by distension of the
      sinus by rapid injection of 100 ml of physiological serum. The vascular response
      was studied by recording the hindlimbs blood flow. One of the limbs was
      previously pretreated by mepyramine and cimetidine (blockage of histaminergic H1
      and H2 receptors). During the first minute after the baroreceptor stimulation,
      blood samples were collected from the venous blood of hindlimbs for histamine
      assay (fluorometric assay). Our results show: a much lower vasodilation on the
      limb pretreated by histamine antagonist, a significant increase during the reflex
      vasodilation of histamine blood levels measured in the efferent blood of
      hindlimbs. These results, obtained in experimental conditions as physiological as
      possible (blood perfusion of the limbs with "natural" hemodynamic parameters)
      permit to conclude that the vasodilation induced by baroreceptor reflex is at
      least partially histaminergic in the dog.

PMID- 2908506
TI  - [Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: drugs which induce remission].

PMID- 2908507
TI  - Factors affecting the natural history of human immunodeficiency virus infection.
AB  - Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) establishes latent infection in CD4
      lymphocytes and macrophages. It can destroy CD4 cells by direct virus
      cytotoxicity, indirectly through the host response against HIV-infected cells, or
      by both means. Cells of the macrophage lineage are generally not destroyed but
      can serve as a reservoir of virus. HIV also causes functional impairment in
      remaining infected and uninfected cells. After exposure to infection by sexual,
      blood or maternofetal contact, about half the contacts become infected with HIV.
      Factors influencing the inoculum derived from the infected person include type of
      contact, phase of infection and local factors enhancing HIV replication or
      excretion. In the exposed person, genetic factors and systemic or local events
      such as infection or inflammatory injury may influence relative susceptibility.
      After infection with HIV, a number of outcomes may be seen, including symptomless
      carriage, with or without lymphadenopathy, or symptomatic disease, including the
      AIDS-related complex, acquired immune deficiency syndrome and HIV encephalopathy.
      Infection, multiple pregnancy and infancy are associated with increased or more
      rapid progression to symptomatic disease; malnutrition and immunosuppressive
      drugs may exert a similar effect. Genetic factors appear to affect disease
      susceptibility. Mechanisms influencing progression can be divided into those
      affecting the rate of HIV replication, those that determine the host response to
      HIV, and those mediated by other immunosuppressive influences. The host's balance
      with HIV thus resembles that of a tightrope walker, any force tending to tip him
      towards a catastrophic and irretrievable decline.

PMID- 2908508
TI  - Prediction of the frequencies of restriction endonuclease recognition sequences
      using di- and mononucleotide frequencies.
AB  - The calculation of probabilities of nucleotide sequences from the frequencies of
      dinucleotides is described. The dinucleotide and mononucleotide frequencies used
      can be obtained from nearest neighbor analysis or from databank sequences. If
      dinucleotide and mononucleotide frequencies from nearest neighbor analysis are
      used, probabilities for oligonucleotides can be calculated for genomes in which
      there is little or no sequence data. Within a given genome, a broad range of
      probabilities for hexanucleotide palindromes with the same base composition is
      predicted and shown (14).

PMID- 2908509
TI  - Luciferase reporter gene vectors for analysis of promoters and enhancers.

PMID- 2908510
TI  - Taq I restriction polymorphism of HLA class-I genes, and hybridization with HLA-A
      and HLA-B specific probes.
AB  - Restriction enzyme site polymorphisms for Taq I endonuclease are examined in a
      panel of DNAs of HLA-typed individuals and families. Using a full-length DNA
      probe, 13 polymorphic bands were detected in a total of 31 restriction fragments
      analyzed. Only one of them (the 3.5-kb polymorphic band) correlated absolutely
      with serological allele B27, as already established. The A- and B-specific probes
      recognized only a very small subset (4 for the A probe, and 2 for the B probe) of
      the DNA fragments which were hybridized with the full-length DNA probe. For each
      of these two loci, a frequent polymorphism was described, which correlated with
      serologic haplotypes in several families studied.

PMID- 2908511
TI  - Ontogeny of human suppressor inducer T cell subset.
AB  - A T cell subset (T4+,2H4+) has recently been identified, which acts as an inducer
      of T8+ suppressor cells; however 2H4 molecules have not been detected in thymuses
      from normal individuals or on the surface of immature thymocyte clones. In the
      present study, T4+,2H4+ and T8+,2H4+ cells have been found in maternal and new
      born blood samples. However, only a small percentage of 2H4+ cells were detected
      in human fetal thymus, bone marrow, liver and spleen, thus suggesting that T
      cells acquire these molecules only in circulation and at a late stage of
      maturation.

PMID- 2908512
TI  - A 1.4-kb BamHI restriction fragment of genomic DNA correlates with the birdshot
      retinochoroidopathy susceptibility gene.

PMID- 2908513
TI  - Taq I polymorphism of HLA class I genes in an ankylosing spondylitis family.
AB  - A 3.5-kb HLA class I fragment is polymorphic in an ankylosing spondylitis (AS)
      family. All B27 AS patients show the 3.5-kb band, which is also present in B12 AS
      patients in this family. When hybridized with an HLA-B-specific probe, the
      polymorphic band is revealed in B12 patients, but not in B27 patients.

PMID- 2908514
TI  - Polymorphism of the complement C3 gene in the Lebanese population.
AB  - The C3 protein polymorphism was studied in 300 unrelated Lebanese. The gene
      frequencies were calculated and compared with other populations. DNA samples
      digested with various endonucleases were hybridized with a C3 probe, which was
      found to detect a frequent Sac I restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)
      and a less frequent Taq I RFLP in the Lebanese population, as well as in the
      French populations.

PMID- 2908515
TI  - [Perspectives in the treatment of arterial hypertension: interventions at the
      dopaminergic system level].

PMID- 2908516
TI  - The natural history of tolerance to the benzodiazepines.
AB  - Dependence on benzodiazepines following continued use is by now a well-documented
      clinical phenomenon. Benzodiazepines differ in their dependence potential. The
      present studies were aimed at examining the possibility that differential rates
      of tolerance development might account for differences in dependence risk. Four
      studies are reported. The first three studies concerned normal subjects. The
      development of tolerance over a fifteen day period was demonstrated for three
      different benzodiazepines (ketazolam, lorazepam and triazolam) using two
      paradigms. Tolerance in terms of a reduction in effectiveness of a repeated given
      dose was most notable for the benzodiazepine with a medium elimination half-life
      (lorazepam) for physiological, behavioural and subjective measures. In the case
      of the drug with the longest elimination half-life (ketazolam) reduction in
      effectiveness could only be assumed to be occurring if account was taken of the
      steady increase in plasma concentrations of active metabolites. For this drug it
      seemed that the physiological measures were those most likely to demonstrate the
      development of tolerance. Although triazolam showed few significant drug effects
      on this paradigm (testing being 12 hours after ingestion of this short half-life
      benzodiazepine), tolerance was seen to develop on some subjective measures. Using
      an alternative method of testing tolerance, assessing responses to a diazepam
      challenge dose, a high degree of tolerance on two-thirds of the measures was
      observed in subjects when pretreated with the benzodiazepine with the most marked
      accumulation of active metabolites (ketazolam). The other two drugs also led to
      tolerance development on a range of measures; this was more marked for lorazepam
      than triazolam. Blunting of the growth hormone response to diazepam was the most
      sensitive and reliable method of detecting tolerance to the benzodiazepines.
      Symptoms on discontinuation of the two weeks' intake of the benzodiazepines were
      marked for all the drugs but unrelated to either the tolerance induced or the
      elimination half-life of the particular drug. A further clinical study revealed
      that tolerance persisted in a group of long-term benzodiazepine users for between
      four months and two years following complete abstinence from the drug. These
      patients appeared to be less affected by diazepam in terms of its commonly
      observed subjective effects, regardless of their original medication. These ex
      long-term users of benzodiazepines were, however, more likely to manifest two
      specific types of effects--immediate 'symptom' reduction and exacerbation of
      'withdrawal symptoms' over the subsequent week.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2908517
TI  - [The physiopathology of migraine].

PMID- 2908518
TI  - [Application of DNA analysis to the study of hereditary neurological diseases].

PMID- 2908520
TI  - Agglutinogens and fimbriae of Bordetella pertussis.
AB  - Agglutinogen 2 (AGG2) of Bordetella pertussis is a fimbrial antigen and therefore
      a potential adhesin and acellular vaccine component. AGG2 was found to dissociate
      only under harsh conditions into the subunits of mol. wt. 22500 seen in SDS-PAGE.
      Results from studies of agglutinogen 3 (AGG3) are presented which confirm
      previous findings from this Laboratory that AGG3 is also a fimbrial protein but
      with a subunit mol. wt. of 22000. The amino acid sequence of AGG2, deduced from
      the nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding it, was used as a basis for
      synthesis of three peptides. Coupled to Keyhole Limpet Haemocyanin (KLH), the
      peptides were immunogenic in mice, inducing antibodies which bound well to
      homologous peptide in ELISA but poorly to intact fimbriae. Monoclonal and
      polyclonal serotype-specific antibodies failed to react significantly with the
      peptides or their KLH-conjugates. These results indicate that the synthetic
      peptides do not represent the serotype 2 epitope. Mice immunized with purified
      AGG2 or AGG3 were found to be protected against respiratory infection with B.
      pertussis. Results presented here indicate that this protection is, to a large
      extent, serotype-specific and that immunization of mice with AGG2 or AGG3 can
      lead to a change in serotype of the infecting strain. These results are analogous
      to findings from epidemiological studies of the protection induced in children by
      whole cell vaccines. They reaffirm the importance of both AGG2 and AGG3 as
      components of whole cell and acellular vaccines.

PMID- 2908519
TI  - Japanese clinical trials with Takeda acellular pertussis vaccine.
AB  - Japanese clinical trials with Takeda acellular pertussis vaccine revealed that
      infants 3 to 8 months of age reacted sufficiently to the vaccine: anti-PT ant-FHA
      levels after vaccination were as high as those observed with 2 year old children.
      No substantial difference in general reactions was noted between infants and 2
      year old children. Less local reactions were noted in infants.

PMID- 2908521
TI  - U.S. clinical trials with Takeda acellular pertussis vaccine.

PMID- 2908522
TI  - Structural and functional properties of a 69-kilodalton outer membrane protein of
      Bordetella pertussis.
AB  - A-69-kDa outer membrane protein present on virulent Bordetella pertussis cells is
      recognized by the agglutinating monoclonal antibodies BPE3, BPD8, and BPE8. The
      amino acid composition of this protein, purified from heat extracts of B.
      pertussis BP353 cells, is different from that of the two major fimbrial antigens
      of B. pertussis, which is consistent with its being a nonfimbrial protein based
      on other criteria. Western blot analysis using the monoclonal antibody BPE3
      demonstrated that a slightly larger but antigenically cross-reactive protein is
      also expressed by Bordetella bronchiseptica and Bordetella parapertussis. In
      addition, a large molecular weight species of about 180-kDa is found in outer
      membrane extracts of B. bronchiseptica which may represent a precursor form of
      the protein or indicate that the protein can exist as an oligomer. The monoclonal
      antibody BPD8 directed against the 69-kDa protein almost completely inhibited the
      enzymatic activity of adenylate cyclase purified from B. pertussis and also
      inhibited the intoxication of mammalian cells by this enzyme. Since little
      enzymatic activity was found associated with the purified 69-kDa protein, these
      data suggest a role for the 69-kDa protein in regulating the adenylate cyclase
      toxin of B. pertussis. An additional monoclonal antibody directed against the 69
      kDa protein, BPE8, decreases lymphocytosis and delays death in mice receiving a
      respiratory challenge of virulent B. pertussis cells. These studies suggest that
      further investigation into the role of this protein as a protective antigen and
      vaccine candidate is warranted.

PMID- 2908523
TI  - The vir locus and phase-variation in Bordetella pertussis.
AB  - By a phenomenon known as phase-variation Bordetella pertussis is capable of
      changing between a virulent-phase in which multiple virulence-associated
      determinants are expressed, and an avirulent-phase in which the virulence
      associated determinants are not expressed. Mutations in the vir locus of B.
      pertussis have a similar effect. We have examined the state of the vir locus in
      each of a series of strains derived one from the other by phase-variation. We
      have found that a single base-pair change is associated with the change between
      the virulent and avirulent phases. This single base-pair change corresponds to a
      frameshift mutation in the vir locus.

PMID- 2908524
TI  - Molecular cloning and analysis of P. 69, a vir-controlled protein from Bordetella
      pertussis.
AB  - The cloning sequencing and analysis of an important antigenic component of
      Bordetella pertussis is described. The gene for P.69, in common with a variety of
      other so called "virulence" genes, (e.g., adenylate cyclase (AC), pertussis toxin
      (PT) and filamentous haemagglutinin (FHA)), is under control of the vir locus.
      The protein P.69 is externally localised on cells and protein preparations are
      protective as judged by the mouse intra-cerebral challenge test. The gene
      encoding the P.69 antigen was isolated by hybridization of mixed oligonucleotide
      probes against B. pertussis genomic DNA. These oligonucleotides were designed
      from the protein sequence data obtained from a cyanogen bromide digest of the
      P.69 protein. DNA sequence analysis reveals a G:C rich gene capable of encoding a
      protein of 910 amino acids and Mr of 93478, whose likely promoter and ribosome
      binding sites show little homology to their E.coli counterpart. In common with
      some of the genes in the PT operon the sequence 5'-CCTGG-3' was found 5' to the
      ATG initiation codon. At the 3', end 29 bases after the TAA stop codon, the
      sequence 5'GTTTTTCCT-3' was found in an equivalent position to the same sequence
      in the PT operon. Examination of the protein sequence reveals two regions with
      directly repeated elements (GGAVP)3(GGFGP)2 and (PQP)5.

PMID- 2908525
TI  - Bordetella pertussis pilin and pilin-like genes.
AB  - Bordetella pertussis fimbriae, which mediate the adherence of the microorganism
      to the epithelium of the respiratory tract, elicit a protective immunogenic
      response which could be taken advantage of for the creation of an acellular
      vaccine against pertussis. A few of the fimbrial proteins have been partially
      characterized by immunological means which recently the cloning and
      characterization of pilin and pilin-like genes are allowing us to study their
      structure, regulation of expression during the infectious cycle of Bordetella
      pertussis, and the basis for antigenic variation. In this communication we will
      review recent data on Bordetella pertussis pilin and pilin-like genes and their
      products, with particular emphasis on data most relevant to the design of an
      acellular vaccine.

PMID- 2908526
TI  - Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase: the gene and the protein.
AB  - Using the adenylate cyclase-calmodulin interaction as a tool, the B. pertussis
      cya gene was cloned in a cya defective E. coli strain harbouring a plasmid which
      expressed high levels of calmodulin. The determination of the nucleotide sequence
      of the gene showed that adenylate cyclase is synthesized as a large precursor of
      1706 amino acids. The calmodulin-stimulated catalytic activity resides in the
      amino-terminal 400 amino acids whereas the 1300 amino acid carboxy-terminal part
      of the precursor is endowed with haemolytic activity. The catalytically active 43
      kDa form of adenylate cyclase is organized in two domains: the N-terminal domain
      of 25 kDa harbors the catalytic site, and the 18 kDa C-terminal domain carries
      the main calmodulin-binding site. Immunological relatedness established between
      B. pertussis, B. anthracis and rat brain adenylate cyclases suggests a common
      evolutionary origin of a central domain of these calmodulin-stimulated enzymes.
      The secretion of the adenylate cyclase-haemolysin bifunctional protein
      (cyclolysin) requires the expression of three additional genes, contiguous to the
      cya gene. These four genes appear to form a single operon. The mechanism of
      secretion of the bifunctional protein should be similar to that described for E.
      coli alpha-haemolysin.

PMID- 2908527
TI  - Human T-cell immunity against Bordetella pertussis analyzed at clonal level.
AB  - Cloned peripheral blood T lymphocytes from an immune donor were grown in
      interleukin 2 and tested for proliferation in response to inactivated Bordetella
      species (B. pertussis, B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica) and mutants
      deficient for the expression of virulence-associated antigens. All the T-cell
      clones obtained were CD4+8- and recognized specifically the Bordetella antigens
      when presented by autologous B cells. On the basis of the responsiveness to the
      whole inactivated bacteria, it was possible to cluster the twelve clones obtained
      into four groups with the following specificity: 1) filamentous hemagglutinin
      (FHA): 2) B. pertussis specific antigens; 3) virulence-associated Bordetella
      specific antigens; 4) non-virulence-associated Bordetella specific antigens.
      Employing two new B. pertussis deletion mutants, clone 6 (representative of
      cluster 1), was found to recognize the C-terminus of FHA. Furthermore, 3 out of 4
      clones of cluster 3 were specifically stimulated by the soluble 69,000 MW protein
      from the outer membrane of B. pertussis. Surprisingly, none of the twelve clones
      obtained by stimulation in vitro with whole inactivated bacteria recognized PT.
      Thus, PT does not seem to be the most representative antigen on the whole
      inactivated bacteria. However, when a new generation of clones was obtained using
      soluble PT as the in vitro stimulus, it was observed that 11 clones of this group
      recognized this antigen. Furthermore, the majority of them was against the
      subunit S1 of PT. Therefore, we can conclude that a T-cell memory against PT
      exists in a donor who has had pertussis several years before. In conclusion,
      these results provide useful information in the attempt to obtain a simplified
      acellular vaccine for whooping cough.

PMID- 2908528
TI  - Characterization and clinical study on the acellular pertussis vaccine produced
      by a combination of column purified pertussis toxin and filamentous
      hemagglutinin.
AB  - Bordetella Pertussis Tohama phase I was cultured in a 300-liter fermentor using a
      medium containing 0.1% heptakis (2,5-0-dimethyl) beta-cyclodextrin (MeCD).
      Pertussis toxin (PT) and filamentous hamagglutinin (FHA) were purified using
      affinity and ion exchange gel column chromatographies. Endotoxin contents of
      these antigens (10 micrograms PN/ml) were less than 10 ngLPS/ml. PT and FHA were
      independently treated with formalin in the presence of amino acid and were mixed
      at a protein concentration ratio of 1:4, the same ratio of our commercialized
      acellular pertussis vaccine. PDT vaccine containing 2 micrograms PN of PT and 8
      micrograms PN of FHA per milliliter was prepared. This PDT vaccine satisfied all
      the items of the Japanese Minimum Requirements including potency and toxicity
      tests. Even after this vaccine was incubated for 4 weeks at 37 degrees C, no
      deaths of the inoculated mice were observed after challenge with 4 mg of
      histamine on the 4th and 12th day of the inoculation. Compared with the
      conventional vaccine, this new vaccine caused less swelling in the mouse footpad
      test. A field trial of our two vaccines, one manufactured by the conventional
      method (lot No. 21A) and the other produced by the new method (lot No. KC8702),
      revealed that children receiving KC8702 showed almost the same anti-PT and anti
      FHA antibody levels as those given 21A. Those who received KC8702 suffered from
      less local side effects such as redness, swelling or induration than those given
      21A. Our new method for the production of acellular pertussis vaccine permits us
      the economical manufacturing of the vaccine with uniform quality in a closed
      system.

PMID- 2908529
TI  - Aerosol infection test for evaluation of pertussis vaccine.
AB  - Evaluation of acellular pertussis vaccine and components of B. pertussis was
      performed by the use of an in vivo assay system consisting of the mouse aerosol
      challenge test and the antibody responses in mice. Acellular pertussis vaccine
      (ACP), pertussis toxin (PT), filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA), fimbriae or whole
      cell vaccine (WPV) were challenged intrapulmonarily with B. pertussis. The number
      of colonies of B. pertussis in the lungs of the mice were counted. 1. Does
      response relationships were observed between the dose of the vaccines, APV or
      WPV, and B. pertussis colony counts in the lungs of mice injected with one of the
      vaccines or immunogens. Higher doses of the vaccines or immunogens resulted in
      reduced numbers of colonies of B. pertussis in the lungs of mice. 2. When the
      amounts of total protein nitrogen were in the same range, APV and a mixture of PT
      and FHA showed higher protective efficacy than PT or FHA alone. 3. Rises in
      antibody titers were observed in mice injected with APV, WPV, PT or FHA.

PMID- 2908530
TI  - Further characterization of Japanese acellular pertussis vaccine prepared in 1988
      by 6 Japanese manufacturers.
AB  - In 1974, we published a paper entitled "Leukocytosis-Promoting Factor of
      Bordetella pertussis. Its Identity with Protective Antigen". A preparation which
      was purified from the culture supernatant of Bordetella pertussis phase I, Tohama
      strain by consecutive steps of ammonium sulfate fractionation and sucrose density
      gradient centrifugation showed leukocytosis-promoting, histamine-sensitizing and
      hemagglutinating activities. The preparation consisted of two proteins: pertussis
      toxin (PT) and filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA). After treatment with formalin,
      this preparation elicited strong mouse protective activity. Passive protection
      tests in mice with the anti-PT and anti-FHA sera also showed that these sera had
      protective activity. According to these findings, Japanese manufacturers have
      succeeded in preparing an acellular pertussis vaccine containing PT toxoid and
      FHA as main protective antigens on a large scale. Acellular pertussis vaccine was
      introduced in 1981 as purified pertussis vaccine in Japan. Characteristics of
      this vaccine have been reported elsewhere in the last eight years. Further
      characterization of Japanese pertussis vaccines which were produced in 1988 by
      six manufacturers was carried out. There was no fundamental difference among the
      six products; each vaccine consisted of PT toxoid and FHA as the main protective
      antigens.

PMID- 2908531
TI  - Effects of alpha-1 adrenergic blockade on regional flow in the ischemic heart.
AB  - Although ischemia induces strong coronary vasodilation, some vasoconstrictive
      tone persists in the ischemic myocardium. To assess whether this tone is mediated
      through alpha adrenergic receptors, coronary blood flow was measured with
      radioactive microspheres in the normal and in the ischemic left ventricular wall
      of the dog before and during alpha blockade with Trimazosin. Ischemia was
      accomplished by decreasing the coronary perfusion pressure to 22 +/- 1.4 mmHg.
      Heart rate and aortic pressure were kept constant in each experiment. Trimazosin
      significantly increased flow in the normal left ventricular wall, but to a
      greater extent in the subepicardium than in the subendocardium with a decrease of
      the inner/outer flow ratio from 1.38 +/- 0.12 to 1.20 +/- 0.11 (p less than
      0.05). In the ischemic region, Trimazosin did not change total transmural flow,
      but flow decreased in the subendocardium and increased in the subepicardium with
      a decrease in the inner/outer flow ratio from 0.63 +/- 0.09 to 0.38 +/- 0.06 (p
      less than 0.01). These results show that a vasoconstrictive tone mediated through
      alpha-1 adrenergic receptors persists in the ischemic myocardium, the blockade of
      which is detrimental for the subendocardium.

PMID- 2908532
TI  - A rapid procedure for removal of excess linkers.

PMID- 2908533
TI  - Fitting of a binomial distribution to the number of chiasmata per bivalent.
AB  - Statistical tests on the distribution of the number of chiasmata per chromosome,
      collected from literatures, showed that they can be approximated by binomial
      distributions with one obligatory chiasma, i.e., B(N-1, p). N is proportional to
      the average number of chiasmata, while p is nearly constant for the species
      tested.

PMID- 2908534
TI  - Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP): applications in human chromosome
      mapping and genetic disease research.

PMID- 2908535
TI  - [Burning mouth syndrome].

PMID- 2908536
TI  - Hereditary factors in Takayasu disease. II. Various blood types.
AB  - As HLA studies suggest that the genetic factors contributing to the pathogenesis
      of Takayasu disease may be polygene, various red blood types, allotypes of serum
      protein and red blood cell enzyme polymorphisms in eighty-four patients with
      Takayasu disease were studied and their phenotypes and gene frequencies were
      compared with those in healthy Japanese. Statistically significant high
      frequencies of phenotypes and/or gene frequencies were confirmed in MNSs, Rh-Hr,
      Tf, Gc and Pi in Takayasu disease, as compared with those in controls. These
      characteristics of gene frequencies were more remarkable in patients who do not
      carry HLA Bw52. These data suggest that the genetic factors contributing to the
      pathogenesis of Takayasu disease are polygene and may be located in chromosome
      No. 1, 4 and 14.

PMID- 2908537
TI  - Restriction fragment length polymorphism of the human C3 complement gene.
AB  - A cloned gene-specific probe for human complement (C3) was hybridized to DNA
      samples digested with various restriction endonucleases. The C3 probe detects one
      restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) that occurs frequently in the
      French population when DNAs are digested with Sac I. The corresponding DNA
      alleles can be readily used in linkage analysis of loci on chromosome 19, and
      such a polymorphism can be followed through myotonic dystrophy families.

PMID- 2908538
TI  - Association between a 10 kb Pvu II restriction fragment of genomic DNA with the
      hemochromatosis gene.
AB  - This study concerns the association between the hemochromatosis susceptibility
      gene and a 10 kb Pvu II HLA-class I specific restriction fragment. Forty Pvu II
      fragments are detected after hybridization with A3 or B7 probes, and 20 among
      them are polymorphic. The 10 kb polymorphic Pvu II fragment correlates absolutely
      with the A3 serological allele and patients with hemochromatosis, heterozygous or
      homozygous for A3, have the 10 kb Pvu II band.

PMID- 2908539
TI  - 500-MHz 1H-n.m.r. and conformational studies of fucosyloligosaccharides
      recognised by monoclonal antibodies with specificities related to Le(a), Le(b),
      and SSEA-1.
AB  - 500-MHz 1H-n.m.r. spectroscopy has been used to examine several fucosylated
      oligosaccharides in studies to characterise carbohydrate antigenic determinants
      recognised by monoclonal antibodies. Reduction of the oligosaccharides to give
      additional variants for analysis showed that oligosaccharides having an alpha-L
      fucosyl group linked to the reducing end residue have markedly different chemical
      shifts, and in some instances different antigenic activity, compared to their
      alditols. This information was incorporated into space filling molecular models
      of the oligosaccharides in order to predict the topography of atoms recognised by
      the antibody combining sites. These studies are an intermediate stage in the full
      characterisation of oligosaccharide conformation and molecular recognition by
      methods which accurately determine torsional angles and through-space
      internuclear distances.

PMID- 2908540
TI  - [Pharmacologic and therapeutic advancements in neurology].

PMID- 2908541
TI  - [Prevention and treatment of hypermotive syndromes in patients needing dental
      care. 2. Treatment].
AB  - In the present review the Authors describe the most common therapeutical
      protocols used in the treatment of the most complex cases of hyperreactivity and
      various therapeutical instrumental and pharmacological tools now available for
      the dentist to solve problems linked to hyperemotive patients undergoing
      odontoiatric therapy.

PMID- 2908542
TI  - [Incidence of orodental trauma in sports: soccer, water polo and cycling].
AB  - The Authors analyze the incidence of the oral-dental traumas during the practise
      of three different sports: soccer, water polo and cycling, underlining the
      importance of the use of mouthguard as a specific oral protection.

PMID- 2908543
TI  - [Subdural empyema: medical treatment].
AB  - A young man who initially presented right maxillary sinusopathy which was treated
      with antibiotics, developed meningeal syndrome in association with focal
      neurological signs followed by focal tonoclonic convulsions which subsequently
      became general. Computed tomography confirmed the presence of a left parasagittal
      and right frontal subdural empyema. Medical treatment with antibiotics,
      dexamethasone and anticonvulsants resulted in rapid clinical and radiologic
      improvement in both the sinuses and brain images. The diagnostic and therapeutic
      aspects are discussed and medical treatment recommended as the first step in the
      therapy of subdural empyema when there is no other critical neurological
      situation.

PMID- 2908544
TI  - [New therapeutic alternatives in Parkinson disease].

PMID- 2908546
TI  - The treatment of congestive heart failure with diuretics and nondiuretic agents.

PMID- 2908545
TI  - [Continuous dopaminergic stimulation in Parkinson disease].

PMID- 2908547
TI  - DNA restriction fragment length analysis of the human class II genes (DR,DQ) of
      bone marrow transplant donor-recipient pairs by DNA-DNA hybridization.

PMID- 2908548
TI  - RPA-2.10: an anti-CD2 monoclonal antibody that inhibits alloimmune responses and
      monitors T cell activation.

PMID- 2908549
TI  - Age-related alteration in the effect of Thy-1 antibody on autorosette formation.

PMID- 2908550
TI  - Human T cell activation: participation of Tll antigen (CD2, T,gp.50) in T cell
      accessory cell interactions.

PMID- 2908551
TI  - Three HLA-DR7 haplotypes defined by DQ specificities and DQ-beta restriction
      fragment length polymorphisms.

PMID- 2908552
TI  - A new approach to tissue typing in kidney transplantation: DNA typing.

PMID- 2908553
TI  - Southern analysis of HLA-DR: molecular cloning of a DR beta chain-specific
      fragment.

PMID- 2908554
TI  - Definition of HLA-DQ polymorphisms by RFLP and in serological and cellular
      assays.

PMID- 2908555
TI  - Effect of alteration of murine Ir-Thy-1 gene product on anti-Thy-1 response.

PMID- 2908556
TI  - Evolution and phylogenetic distribution of the specialized isozymes of 3-deoxy-D
      arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate synthase in superfamily-B prokaryotes.
AB  - Purple sulphur (Superfamily B) bacteria vary greatly in the isozyme number and
      regulatory properties corresponding to the initial step of aromatic amino acid
      biosynthesis, 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate (DAHP) synthase. The
      signal evolutionary events that are responsible for generation of the three
      regulatory isozymes of DAHP synthase found in the contemporary Escherichia coli
      and other enteric bacteria have been deduced, starting from a common ancestor of
      all Superfamily-B organisms. This analysis of one prokaryotic grouping is a model
      for analogous studies of the evolutionary history of other biochemical pathways.
      It is also the beginning of an analysis that can be extended to include the
      entire assemblage of prokaryotic organisms.

PMID- 2908557
TI  - The International Commission on yeast and yeast-like microorganisms of the
      International Union of Microbiological Societies: its conferences and activities.

PMID- 2908558
TI  - Subunit structure and enzymic activity of pertussis toxin.
AB  - Pertussis toxin, an ADP-ribosylating toxin, interacts with vertebrate cells of
      many types and inhibits the ability of these cells to respond to certain hormones
      and neurotransmitters, resulting in a multitude of biological effects. The
      structure and mechanism of action of this toxin are described.

PMID- 2908559
TI  - Insulin and dexamethasone stimulate transcription of an amplified glutamine
      synthetase gene in Chinese hamster ovary cells.
AB  - We have investigated the regulation of glutamine synthetase (GS) mRNA synthesis
      in Chinese hamster ovary cell mutants which overproduce GS and contain an
      amplified GS gene. Specific mRNA synthesis was analyzed by measuring elongation
      of transcripts in isolated nuclei. Transcription was assayed by hybridization of
      newly synthesized [32P]RNA to a genomic GS clone. Nuclear transcript elongation
      was inhibited more than 90% by alpha-amanitin. The relative rates of GS mRNA
      synthesis in nuclei from cells incubated for 2 days with no additions, insulin,
      dexamethasone, or (Bu)2cAMP are 186, 419, 375, and 227 ppm, respectively. The
      insulin- and dexamethasone-mediated increases in GS transcription rate (2-fold)
      were associated with 3.7- and 5.8-fold increases in GS mRNA abundance. By
      contrast, alpha-tubulin gene transcription was not altered by insulin or
      dexamethasone; however, it was decreased by (Bu)2cAMP.

PMID- 2908560
TI  - [Treatment of acute pancreatitis with somatostatin and total parenteral nutrition
      in a chronic uremic patient undergoing hemodialysis].

PMID- 2908561
TI  - Magnesium mediated change in physical state of phospholipid modulates membrane
      ATPase activity.
AB  - During reconstitution of pig heart mitochondrial H(+)-ATPase in soybean
      phospholipid liposomes by the cholate dialysis method, Mg2+ greatly enhanced 32Pi
      ATP exchange activity, ATPase activity and the sensitivity to oligomycin or DCCD
      of the reconstituted enzyme complex. The effect of Mg2+ on the lipid packing or
      fluidity of the reconstituted proteoliposomes was measured by means of spin
      labels, fluorescent probes and pyrene excimer formation efficiency. A difference
      in fluidity seemed to be localized near the polar faces of lipid bilayers of the
      reconstituted enzyme complex. Fluidity was less in the presence of Mg2(+)
      containing and the Mg2(+)-'free' samples. Based on the results obtained a
      hypothetical scheme was proposed for Mg2(+)-mediated change in the physical state
      of phospholipid modulates incorporating H(+)-ATPase in liposomes. It postulated
      that Mg2+ may play a role in altering the lipid fluidity of the bilayers, which
      would induce a change of conformation of F0 portion (buried in the lipid core) of
      H(+)-ATPase complex. Such change could be transmitted to the soluble F1 portion,
      the conformation of which is in turn altered, resulting in higher enzymatic
      activity. Such an assumption was further supported by the results of a series of
      biochemical and biophysical experiments. Similar to its effect in the
      reconstitution of porcine heart mitochondrial H(+)-ATPase in liposomes, Mg2+ may
      also enhance the enzyme activity of reconstituted cytochrome C oxidase, porcine
      kidney medulla Na,K-ATPase, Ca-ATPase from rabbit sarcoplasmic reticulum and
      chloroplast H(+)-ATPase, in liposomes. It may be inferred that the structure and
      function of many membrane proteins are similarly modulated by Mg2+.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2908562
TI  - Magnesium fluxes in ventricular fibrillation and defibrillation in untreated and
      dibenzepine HC1 pretreated cats.
AB  - Serum magnesium concentration (S-Mg) was estimated in 12 anesthetized cats before
      and after central thoracotomy, during an electrically induced ventricular
      fibrillation (VF) and after defibrillation (DEF), and again, in the same
      experimental animals, after the administration of 3 mg/kg of dibenzepine HC1--a
      tricyclic antidepressant reported to facilitate spontaneous DEF--as well as
      during a subsequently induced VF and after the spontaneous DEF which followed. In
      the first part of the experiment, the surgery and the induction of VF caused no
      significant change of mean serum magnesium concentration (S-Mg) or serum calcium
      concentration (S-Ca), whereas the DEF was accompanied by Mg efflux (a significant
      increase of mean S-Mg from 0.824 mmol/l, SD 0.182, n = 12 to 0.991 mmol/l, SD
      0.182, n = 12; P less than 0.05). In the second part of the experiment, following
      the administration of dibenzepine HCl there was Mg influx (a lowering of mean S
      Mg to 0.891 mmol/l, SD 0.160, n = 12; P less than 0.05). During VF in the
      pretreated cats, S-Mg remained unchanged, while S-Ca decreased significantly (P
      less than 0.05), followed by a rebound Ca++ efflux (a systematic rise of S-Ca) as
      the animals defibrilated spontaneously. Concomitantly, there was Mg efflux (a
      systematic rise of S-MG), the mean S-Mg rising from 0.879 mmol/l, SD 0.143, n = 9
      to 1.083 mmol/l, SD 0.257, n = 7, ie to virtually the same value as that obtained
      after electrically induced DEF.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2908563
TI  - The International Union Against Cancer (UICC) and its Professional Education
      Program.
AB  - The International Union Against Cancer (UICC) is a world federation composed of
      242 member organizations. One of its functions is organizing a quadrennial
      international cancer congress. The next congress will be held in Budapest in
      August, 1986. Other UICC programs include a Detection and Diagnosis Program, a
      Tumor Biology Program, a Public Education Campaign, Fellowships and Awards
      Program, Epidemiology and Prevention Program, Smoking and Cancer Program,
      Treatment and Rehabilitation Program, and the Professional Education Program. The
      latter produces a UICC Manual of Clinical Oncology, sponsors regional education
      meetings, offers consultation visits on request, and offers courses and training
      programs. The American activities are coordinated by the USA National Committee
      on the UICC, comprised of representatives of the United States members of the
      UICC.

PMID- 2908564
TI  - Serotonin and serotoninergic neurons. A radioautographic and immunocytochemical
      study of the nucleus raphe dorsalis and nucleus dorsomedialis hypothalami.
AB  - In an attempt to define cytophysiological criteria with which to establish
      whether or not a given neuron is serotoninergic, radioautography was combined
      with serotonin (5-HT) immunocytochemistry on the same sections from the nucleus
      raphe dorsalis (NRD) and/or nucleus dorsomedialis hypothalami (NDM) in rats
      subjected to intraventricular administrations of (3H)-5-HT or (3H)-dopamine (DA).
      All the (3H)-5-HT-accumulating neurons (cell bodies, dendrites and terminals)
      were found to be distinct from the (3H)-DA labeled ones and invariably
      immunostained for 5-HT in both regions studied. However, some immunoreactive
      neuronal elements within the area of tracer diffusion did not exhibit significant
      radioautographic labeling. In the NDM where 5-HT immunoreactive nerve cells could
      be detected only after intraventricular administration of 5-HT, these were found
      to be definitely distinct from the tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive and (3H)
      DA labeled neurons of the dopaminergic periventricular-arcuate complex. After
      immunostaining for GAD at the electron microscopic level, (3H)-5-HT labeled nerve
      cells and terminals were not found to exhibit any significant immunoreactivity.
      Associations between (3H)-DA labeled and GAD immunoreactive processes with 5-HT
      immunoreactive or (3H)-5-HT-accumulating neurons, respectively, could also be
      observed in the NDM. When considered as a whole along with previous observations
      by other authors indicating a probable synthesis of 5-HT within NDM neurons, our
      data suggest that a given neuron can be classified as serotoninergic on the sole
      basis of its ability to selectively take up exogenous 5-HT under experimental
      conditions compatible with non interspecific labeling of catecholaminergic
      neurons. They also provide valuable information on the neurochemical environment
      and possible control of central serotoninergic neurons.

PMID- 2908565
TI  - [Recent contributions concerning the development and distribution of dopaminergic
      innervation in the cerebral cortex of the rat].
AB  - Tyrosine hydroxylase was used as an immunocytochemical marker of dopaminergic
      axons in the cerebral cortex either in fetuses or in postnatal life after lesion
      of the noradrenergic input. The lesion was controlled by the absence of dopamine
      beta-hydroxylase immunoreactivity. Fluorescence histochemistry also allowed the
      specific visualization of the dopaminergic system following uptake of exogenous
      amines in tissue sections in presence of selective high affinity transport
      inhibitors. Two main dopaminergic (DA) subpopulations reach the medial cortex of
      the rat: 1) a deep one, first detected in the anterior frontal cortex on day 16
      of embryonic life, was well developed at birth and extended caudally in layer V
      and/or layer VI toward the splenium of corpus callosum; 2) a superficial one was
      detected in layer I of the anterior cingulate cortex (area 24) on postnatal day 3
      to 5 and invaded layer III from day 6 to 14. The adult distribution pattern and
      striking varicose aspect were not reached until day 21 to 30. In addition to
      these medial fields, a dopaminergic innervation of low density was detected
      laterally along a dorsal sagittal strip which encompassed several distinct
      cytoarchitectonic areas in the sensorimotor and visual cortex (medial and lateral
      agranular field, area 18b) as well as in discrete zones of the retrosplenial
      granular 29c, b, and agranular 29d areas. Several characteristics of this newly
      observed DA input were similar to that of the superficial field described in the
      anterior cingulate cortex; these similarities suggested that the subpopulation of
      DA neurons which provides projections to the anterior cingulate cortex could also
      contribute to the motor and visual cortex and thus play a role in sensorimotor
      integration. A DA terminal field was also demonstrated in the temporal part
      (ventral and caudal) of the hippocampal formation, the subiculum especially the
      prosubiculum and the adjacent CA1 hippocampal field being the main targets. This
      DA terminal field in the hippocampal formation matches with the area which
      projects toward the accumbens nucleus. Thus, the hippocampo-striatal projections
      which represent a link of functional importance between the limbic and central
      motor systems, could be modulated by the dopaminergic meso-cortico-limbic
      pathway. The predictive values of these data in the ascent of the phylogenetic
      scale are further considered.

PMID- 2908566
TI  - [Current directions in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers].

PMID- 2908568
TI  - Malignant melanoma: biology, diagnosis, and therapy.

PMID- 2908567
TI  - Regulation of allied health practitioners.

PMID- 2908569
TI  - Fine needle aspiration biopsy of metastatic melanoma.

PMID- 2908570
TI  - Radioimmunoimaging of malignant melanoma with monoclonal antibodies.

PMID- 2908571
TI  - Flow cytometry in melanoma.

PMID- 2908572
TI  - Gangliosides as antigens of human melanoma.

PMID- 2908573
TI  - Randomized trials of heated perfusion of extremity melanoma.

PMID- 2908574
TI  - Vaccinia virus oncolysates in the treatment of malignant melanoma.

PMID- 2908575
TI  - Characteristics of cultured human melanocytes from different stages of tumor
      progression.
AB  - Based on the clinicopathological delineation of distinct steps of tumor
      progression in the melanocytic system, the in vitro behavior of melanocytes with
      increasing malignant potential has been investigated. Tumor progression in
      melanocytes is characterized by an increasing growth autonomy and decreased
      requirement but enhanced utilization of exogenously provided polypetide growth
      factors (EGF, IGF-I). The endogenous production of growth factors such as alpha
      TGF, PDGF, and bFGF by metastatic melanoma cells might contribute to their
      independence from exogenously provided factors. Although expression of some
      melanoma-associated antigens in vivo is detectable only on malignant cells,
      propagation of normal melanocytes in tissue culture leads to expression of the
      majority of these antigens. Many of these antigens can be grouped into
      functionally defined categories, including growth factor receptors, extracellular
      matrix proteins, and cell-substrate interacting antigens. One cell-substrate
      interacting antigen, the GD2/GD3 ganglioside, appears to play a critical role in
      the metastatic process of melanoma cells. The successful propagation and
      characterization of melanocytic cells of all stages of tumor progression in
      tissue culture provide a unique human experimental model for the study of
      mechanisms of malignant transformation.

PMID- 2908576
TI  - The cytogenetics of human malignant melanoma and premalignant lesions.

PMID- 2908577
TI  - The Ha-ras-1 oncogene and the molecular genetics of human melanoma.

PMID- 2908578
TI  - Epidemiologic aspects of intraocular malignant melanoma.

PMID- 2908579
TI  - Abnormal nevi, excess total nevi, and melanoma: an epidemiologic perspective.

PMID- 2908580
TI  - Intestinal lumen and mucosal microclimate H+ and NH3 concentrations as factors in
      the etiology of experimental amebiasis.
AB  - Axenically cultivated Entamoeba histolytica, trophozoites, strains HM-1:IMSS and
      HM-38, were suspended in solutions of NaCl, 330 mOsm, of varying pH and ammonium
      concentrations. Short-term viability was inversely proportional to the ammonia
      concentration of the medium and was independent of the ammonium concentration and
      pH. The NH3-induced ameba killing was associated with a cellular alkalosis and
      cell swelling. While short-term trophozoite viability was unaffected by changes
      in the medium pH over the range 5.5-8.0, long-term viability was reduced by high
      pH, and of three pH values tested (6.27, 7.27, and 8.27), trophozoite growth was
      greatest at the lower value. Chemotaxis was observed in media over the pH range
      5.5-8.0, and attenuated chemotaxis was observed in trophozoites in media
      containing NH3 (0.1 mM). The cecal content total ammonia concentration and pH and
      the in vivo mucosal microclimate pH were measured in young adult male rats,
      hamsters, and gerbils. Ceca of the three rodent species were also inoculated with
      HM-38 trophozoites and 7 days later the cecal contents were studied for signs of
      amebic infection. Infections were absent in the rat, the species with highest
      luminal total ammonia concentration and mucosal microclimate pH. All gerbils were
      infected. This species had the lowest mucosal microclimate pH. The hamster, with
      the intermediate microclimate pH, had a low infection rate (1 of 5). It is
      proposed that when ammonium diffuses from the large intestinal lumen into a more
      basic mucosal microclimate, it is converted to ammonia, and the combination of
      this ammonia and the high microclimate pH threatens Entamoeba trophozoite
      viability and reduces the probability of a given ameba penetrating the mucus
      blanket and invading the mucosal epithelium.

PMID- 2908581
TI  - Leukocyte subsets in the granulomatous response produced after inoculation with
      Mycobacterium leprae-BCG in lepromatous patients.
AB  - Leukocyte subsets present in the granulomatous response produced after the
      inoculation of a mixture of Mycobacterium leprae and BCG in lepromatous leprosy
      patients were characterized in situ using monoclonal antibodies and an
      immunoperoxidase technique. The granuloma produced after M. leprae-BCG
      inoculation showed a distribution pattern similar to tuberculoid granulomas. T
      lymphocytes bearing the CD8 phenotype (T cytotoxic/suppressor) were sequestered
      to the periphery of the epithelioid tubercles and T helper-inducer CD4+
      lymphocytes were distributed throughout the infiltrate. Langerhans cells CD1+
      were increased in the epidermis, and in dermis they were localized mainly in the
      mantle surrounding the granuloma. Most of the dermal infiltrate produced after
      the inoculation or M. leprae-BCG expresses the HLA-DR antigen. Similarly, most
      keratinocytes were also positive to this MHC antigen. The granulomatous response
      to BCG was similar to the inoculation of a mixture of M. leprae-BCG, however acid
      fast bacilla were still present. The inoculation of M. leprae produced a
      macrophage granuloma with no clearing of the bacilla which resembles the
      lepromatous leprosy granuloma.

PMID- 2908582
TI  - Aerosol transmission of Hantaan and related viruses to laboratory rats.
AB  - Hantaan, Seoul, and Puumala viruses were transmitted to 12-16-week-old female
      Wistar Rattus norvegicus by inhalation. The rodent infectious dose for each virus
      by intramuscular inoculation and by inhalation was determined, as was the
      infectious dose for Vero E-6 cells by direct plaque assay.

PMID- 2908583
TI  - The management of pain in cancer: a guide to drugs and dosages.
AB  - Pain is a complex somato-psychic experience, and all pains do not respond equally
      to opioid analgesics. Muscle and deafferentation pains are best eased by
      alternative treatments. Bone pain responds best to the combined use of morphine
      and an NSAID. Nerve compression often necessitates the concurrent use of a
      corticosteroid. Few patients need neurolytic or neuro-ablative procedures. Opioid
      use is governed by three key principles: "By the mouth," "by the clock," and "by
      the ladder." Morphine remains the strong opioid of choice for most patients.
      Respiratory depression is not a problem, nor is tolerance. Addiction
      (psychological dependence) does not occur in patients with opioid responsive
      pains.

PMID- 2908584
TI  - What nononcologists need to know about MEN IIb.

PMID- 2908585
TI  - [New beta 2-adrenergic agonist agents].

PMID- 2908586
TI  - [Chronic T-lymphocyte lymphatic leukemia. Clinico-pathologic assessment and new
      epidemiologic data related to cases correlated with HTLV-I in Italy].

PMID- 2908587
TI  - Multidrug resistance.
AB  - The understanding of the mechanism(s) of multidrug resistance has increased at a
      rapid rate over the past year. Many new inhibitors, new agents equitoxic to MDR
      and sensitive cells, techniques for screening, and application to therapies will
      no doubt be within the grasp of the clinical oncologist over the next few years.
      However, whether in-vitro MDR is synonymous with clinical resistance is still an
      unanswered question, and other forms of resistance may be co-existing in patient
      tumors.

PMID- 2908588
TI  - Multidrug resistance.

PMID- 2908589
TI  - Influences of the microenvironment on B-cell responses of wasted mice: comparison
      of Peyer's patches and mesenteric lymph nodes.
AB  - Wasted mice bear an autosomal recessive mutation (wst/wst) that gives rise to
      neurologic abnormalities and immunologic deficiency evident as early as 21 days
      of age. Features of the immune deficiency include absence of plasma cells at
      mucosal sites, reduction in weight of thymus and spleen relative to body weight,
      and low serum levels of some immunoglobulin (Ig) isotypes. In these experiments,
      we have examined parameters of B-cell function in Peyer's patches (PP) and
      mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) of wst/wst and age-matched control mice. Our results
      established the following abnormalities in PP but not MLN of wst/wst mice
      relative to controls: (1) reduced mitogenic responses to lipopolysaccharide, (2)
      decreased percentages of Ig+ cells, (3) increased percentages of B-cells bearing
      large amounts of surface Ig ("very bright" Ig+ cells), and (4) reduced levels of
      all Ig-specific messenger ribonucleic acids (mRNAs) except alpha-mRNA. The only
      immunologic abnormality consistently expressed in lymphocytes from both MLN and
      PP of wst/wst mice is reduced levels of IgA+ B cells and alpha-mRNA. Morphologic
      studies revealed no consistent abnormalities in lymph nodes, spleens, livers, or
      PP of wst/wst mice when compared to littermate controls. These results support
      the idea that some of the immunologic abnormalities reported in wst/wst mice are
      due to microenvironmental influences. Of the parameters examined in this report,
      only reduced IgA (mRNA levels and percentage of positive cells) is consistently
      observed in PP, MLN, and spleen.

PMID- 2908590
TI  - [Towards a new pharmacology of the synaptic transmission].

PMID- 2908592
TI  - Immunologic approaches to the classification and management of lymphomas and
      leukemias.

PMID- 2908591
TI  - Somatostatin and glucose homeostasis in liver cirrhosis of the elderly.

PMID- 2908593
TI  - Immunologic approaches to the classification of lymphomas and lymphoid leukemias.

PMID- 2908594
TI  - Detection of central nervous system involvement in patients with leukemia or non
      Hodgkin's lymphoma by immunological marker analysis of cerebrospinal fluid cells.

PMID- 2908595
TI  - Detection of residual disease in acute leukemia using immunological markers.

PMID- 2908596
TI  - Radioimmunoscintigraphy of lymphoma with monoclonal antibodies.

PMID- 2908597
TI  - Radiolabeled antibodies in Hodgkin's disease.

PMID- 2908598
TI  - Monoclonal antibody therapy of lymphomas and leukemia.

PMID- 2908599
TI  - Autologous bone marrow transplantation in acute leukemia and lymphoma following
      ex vivo treatment with monoclonal antibodies and complement.

PMID- 2908600
TI  - Immunologic approaches to the classification of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.

PMID- 2908601
TI  - Endocrine therapies in breast and prostate cancer.

PMID- 2908602
TI  - Preclinical studies and antitumor mechanism of action of LHRH analogues.

PMID- 2908603
TI  - Effects of estrogens and antiestrogens on cell proliferation: implications for
      the treatment of breast cancer.

PMID- 2908605
TI  - Progestational agents in the treatment of breast cancer.

PMID- 2908606
TI  - Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analogues in the treatment of prostate
      cancer.

PMID- 2908604
TI  - Flutamide and other antiandrogens in the treatment of advanced prostatic
      carcinoma.
AB  - The various clinical trials suggest that the qualitative and quantitative
      responses of patients with Stage D prostatic carcinoma to antiandrogens are
      similar to those achieved with conventional endocrine therapy. These
      antiandrogens appear generally safe and many avoid the increased risks of
      cardiovascular or thromboembolic complications seen with estrogen therapy.
      Further, flutamide appears to have a lesser adverse effect on libido and sexual
      potency than do alternative therapies. Antiandrogens offer an alternative mode of
      therapy for previously untreated patients with advanced prostatic cancer but have
      produced no convincing benefits in hormonally refractory patients.

PMID- 2908607
TI  - Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonists in the treatment of breast cancer.

PMID- 2908608
TI  - Aromatase inhibitors as new endocrine therapy for breast cancer.

PMID- 2908609
TI  - Clinical use of aromatase inhibitors in the treatment of breast cancer.

PMID- 2908610
TI  - Aminoglutethimide: theoretical considerations and clinical results in advanced
      prostate cancer.

PMID- 2908611
TI  - Antiestrogen therapy for breast cancer: current strategies and future prospects.
AB  - The antiestrogen tamoxifen has had an enormous impact upon the therapy of breast
      cancer. It is the most widely used antihormonal therapy. The success of tamoxifen
      has stimulated broader applications of the drug (long-term adjuvant therapy and
      chemosuppression) and has spurred the development of toremifene, droloxifene, and
      zindoxifene. However, the clinical evaluation of tamoxifen as a chemosuppressive
      agent is not sufficiently advanced to be able to provide any conclusion about the
      success of this strategy. It may be a decade before a randomized clinical study
      can be analyzed and the value of chemosuppression assessed. In the near future,
      the clinical evaluation of new antiestrogens will provide additional information
      about the potential value of these drugs and will perhaps challenge our ideas
      about the mode of action of antiestrogens as antitumor agents.

PMID- 2908612
TI  - Microbiological quality of fresh pasta dumplings sold in Bologna and the
      surrounding district.
AB  - The microbiological quality of fresh pasta dumplings sold in Bologna and the
      surrounding district was evaluated. A total of 60 lots (300 subsamples) of fresh
      pasta dumplings, both 'home-made' and manufactured, were analysed for aerobic
      plate count (APC), coliforms (total and fecal), Staphylococcus aureus,
      Clostridium perfringens and Salmonella spp. Thirty one of the 39 lots of 'home
      made' pasta were found to exceed APC standards and six lots exceeded S. aureus
      standards. Five (24%) and six (29%) lots of the manufactured pasta were found to
      be unsatisfactory as regards APC standards and S. aureus standards respectively.
      The results obtained indicated that a high percentage of samples had a
      contamination of fecal origin. No Cl. perfringens or Salmonella spp. were found.

PMID- 2908613
TI  - Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid: differentiating the types and current
      management.
AB  - Medullary Ca of the thyroid (MCT) occurs in sporadic and familial form. When
      familial MCT is associated with pheochromocytoma and parathyroid adenoma or
      hyperplasia it is called multiple endocrine syndrome type IIa (MEN type IIa).
      When the syndrome is associated with mucosal neuromata or marfanoid habitus it is
      called MEN type IIb or type III. When familial MCT is not associated with the
      above tumors, it is called type IV. Measurement of serum calcitonin is the
      diagnostic method of choice. CEA is a better prognostic marker than calcitonin.
      When MCT is confined to the thyroid, total thyroidectomy is recommended. If lymph
      nodes are involved, lymph node neck dissection is required. I131 therapy and
      radiotherapy are ineffective. Optimal chemotherapy has not yet been established.

PMID- 2908614
TI  - Novel routes of opioid administration in the management of cancer pain.
AB  - Administration of opioids by less conventional routes may produce pain relief of
      more rapid onset, of longer duration, and fewer side effects in comparison with
      conventional oral or parenteral administration. This review will discuss the
      indications, efficacy, complications and potential advantages of these novel
      routes of administration.

PMID- 2908615
TI  - [Renal vasculitis: review of the literature and description of a clinical case].

PMID- 2908616
TI  - Multiple signals in synaptic communication. Pharmacological and therapeutic
      relevance.

PMID- 2908617
TI  - Recent progress in the study of thyroid autoantigens.

PMID- 2908618
TI  - Immunotoxins.

PMID- 2908619
TI  - Immunotoxins. Introduction.

PMID- 2908620
TI  - Toxin structure.

PMID- 2908621
TI  - Genetic engineering of immunotoxins.

PMID- 2908622
TI  - Diphtheria-related peptide hormone gene fusions: a molecular genetic approach to
      chimeric toxin development.
AB  - There has been considerable effort in chemically conjugating a variety of plant
      and bacterial toxins to monoclonal antibodies that are directed to surface
      antigens on target cells. Coupling has been mediated through disulfide linkage,
      and the resulting conjugates are known generically as immunotoxins. In general,
      there are a few shortfalls to this approach. For example, since it is clear that
      not all surface antigens are internalized, one cannot predict the fate of a given
      IT once bound to its determinant on the surface of a target cell. In addition, in
      most instances one must activate the amino moiety of lysine residues with a
      heterobifunctional reagent in order to form disulfide linkage between the ligand
      and toxophore components. Since the number of reactive groups may be large, the
      disulfide linked conjugate molecules most likely represent a family of isomeric
      molecules rather than a defined protein. As a result, one cannot readily
      manipulate the fine structure of an IT in order to probe the mechanism of
      toxophore entry into the target cell. The approach that our group has taken
      toward the development of targeted cytotoxins, however, differs in a fundamental
      way: Rather than chemically coupling the ligand with toxophore through a
      disulfide bond, we have turned to genetic engineering in order to create gene
      fusions whose chimeric products are joined through a peptide bond. Thus, we have
      genetically constructed a family of fusion genes in which the receptor binding
      domain of diphtheria toxin has been deleted and replaced with DNAs encoding
      either alpha-MSH or IL-2. In each instance, it was known that the polypeptide
      ligand component of the fusion protein bound to specific receptors on target
      cells and was internalized by receptor mediated endocytosis. We reasoned,
      therefore, that the substitution of the diphtheria toxin receptor binding domain
      by these ligands should result in the formation of 'new' toxins whose action
      should be targeted toward selected eukaryotic cells that expressed either the
      alpha-MSH or IL-2 receptor. As along as the ligand component was exposed on the
      surface of the chimeric toxin, the molecule should bind to its receptor and be
      drawn into the cell by receptor-mediated endocytosis. Since the toxin
      related/peptide hormone fusion protein is the product of a chimeric gene, it is a
      single molecular species. This has allowed us to begin to probe by site-directed
      mutagenesis the structure of fragment B sequences that are required to facilitate
      the translocation of fragment A across the target cell membrane.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2908623
TI  - Immunotoxins containing ricin.

PMID- 2908624
TI  - Pseudomonas exotoxin--immunotoxins.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies can be coupled with PE to make very potent ITs. Two of
      these ITs (PE-HB21 and OVB-3-PE) have been shown to have antitumor activity in a
      nude mouse model of ovarian cancer. PE ITs are at least 10-fold more active than
      the corresponding RTA IT. Deletion analysis of the structural gene of PE has
      helped assign specific functions to different portions of the molecule. Current
      efforts are focused on making ITs with recombinant PE.

PMID- 2908626
TI  - Antibody-toxin conjugation.

PMID- 2908625
TI  - Immunotoxins containing single-chain ribosome-inactivating proteins.
AB  - We have summarized what is currently known about the distribution, biological
      role, and the mechanism of action of the single chain ribosome-inactivating
      proteins and described the purification of one of them, gelonin, as an example.
      ITs have been made with several of these proteins and, depending upon the
      antibody used for conjugation, these immunoconjugates can show specific in vitro
      cytotoxicity which is similar to that shown by equivalent ITs prepared with ricin
      A chain. The most potent of these conjugates have shown antitumor efficacy in a
      variety of animal tumor models, including both syngeneic rodent tumors and
      xenografts in nude or immunosuppressed mice. An important point needs to be
      addressed, however, before concluding that ITs containing single chain toxins
      will be clinically useful. A major problem with this approach is that it is
      likely that both the antibody and the toxin components of these conjugates will
      be immunogenic. Both antitoxin and antixenogenic immunoglobulin responses have
      been shown to occur in animals after infusion of IT, although it has not yet been
      clearly demonstrated that such antibody responses adversely effect the
      pharmacokinetics or the efficacy of immunoconjugates. Thus, preliminary
      enthusiasm over the efficacy of these new reagents must be tempered with the
      knowledge that their use in the clinic may be limited by the host immune
      responses or other as yet undefined factors. The fact that there are many
      immunologically distinct single chain ribosome-inactivating proteins does suggest
      one way of evading the antitoxin response, by a sequential treatment with a panel
      of immunoconjugates, each containing a different single chain toxin.

PMID- 2908627
TI  - Effect of chemical linkage upon the stability and cytotoxic activity of A chain
      immunotoxins.

PMID- 2908628
TI  - Structure-activity relationships in diphtheria toxin and Pseudomonas aeruginosa
      exotoxin A.

PMID- 2908629
TI  - Immunotoxins: selection of cell-surface antigens and their corresponding
      monoclonal antibodies.

PMID- 2908630
TI  - Hormone, lectin and toxin-toxin conjugates.

PMID- 2908631
TI  - Purification and biochemical characterization of immunotoxins.
AB  - Written on a plastic bottle of liquid soap in one of our bathrooms (JML) is the
      phrase 'Absolute cleanliness is next to Godliness!'. Perhaps absolute purity for
      ITs does not rank so highly, but the availability of purified ITs that contain no
      nonconjugated antibody or toxin, and no material of very high Mr (aggregates) is
      essential for a proper comparison of the biological activities of the component
      proteins with their nonconjugated counterparts. Purified and biochemically well
      defined ITs make it possible to perform quantitative binding assays, to evaluate
      receptor-mediated endocytosis and to do cytotoxicity tests in vitro and efficacy
      studies in vivo, without fear that competition by nonconjugated antibody is
      affecting the experimental result. This chapter illustrates some of the methods
      that in combination can be used to purify ITs, including affinity chromatography,
      gel filtration, and ion-exchange chromatography with buffers of carefully defined
      composition, using examples from our laboratory to illustrate the procedures. For
      further details concerning these methods, we would refer the reader to the
      excellent book by Scopes [40], Purification of Proteins: Principles and Practice,
      which contains much useful information of both a technical and a practical nature
      regarding methods for purification of proteins.

PMID- 2908632
TI  - Immunotoxin enhancers.

PMID- 2908633
TI  - Enhancement of immunotoxin action: manipulation of the cellular routing of
      proteins.

PMID- 2908634
TI  - How protein toxins enter and kill cells.

PMID- 2908635
TI  - Methods for quantifying immunotoxin efficacy.

PMID- 2908636
TI  - Kinetic analysis of cytotoxicity.
AB  - Several variables which influenced the cellular translocation rate of IT have
      been analyzed in different systems in an effort to improve the efficacy of ITs.
      Although some conflicting data were reported, several parameters for improving
      the efficacy of ITs were found: 1) IT was internalized faster when more target
      antigens were occupied by IT, implying that a highly expressed antigen would be a
      better target for IT treatment; 2) the nature of the target antigen had an
      important role in the translocation of IT, presumably directing the IT to
      different intracellular compartments; 3) small conjugates internalized faster
      than large conjugates, but the slow translocation of large conjugate was
      compensated for by adding more toxin molecules to the conjugate; and 4) the
      kinetics of intoxication by IT was accelerated with certain potentiators,
      however, in vivo use of these agents may be limited.

PMID- 2908637
TI  - Isolation and analysis of somatic cell mutants resistant to toxin conjugates.

PMID- 2908638
TI  - Immunotoxin therapy: assessment by animal models.

PMID- 2908639
TI  - Prevention of carbohydrate-mediated clearance of ricin-containing immunotoxins by
      the liver.

PMID- 2908640
TI  - Human immune response to immunotoxins.

PMID- 2908641
TI  - Clinical studies: solid tumors.

PMID- 2908642
TI  - Immunotoxins for ex vivo bone marrow purging in human bone marrow
      transplantation.

PMID- 2908643
TI  - Mechanism of action of ricin and related toxins on the inactivation of eukaryotic
      ribosomes.

PMID- 2908644
TI  - Toxin selection and modification--overview.

PMID- 2908645
TI  - Toxin selection and modification: utilization of the A chain of ricin.

PMID- 2908646
TI  - Human mammary epithelial cells in culture: differentiation and transformation.
AB  - Large quantities of normal and malignant human mammary epithelial tissues are
      readily available as surgical discard material. We have developed culture
      conditions that permit long term, active proliferation of these HMEC in a serum
      free medium. Thus, large pools HMEC can be stored frozen for repetition of
      experiments from the same individual's cell population, and for use of the same
      cell pool by multiple investigators. Of all the specimens that we have thus far
      examined, we have observed no instances of spontaneous transformation to
      immortality, nor any karyotypic abnormalities in the cells derived from reduction
      mammoplasties. However, exposure of normal HMEC to the chemical carcinogen,
      benzo(a)pyrene did lead to expression of an extended life in culture, and two
      instances of transformation to immortality. These two established cell lines
      contain some chromosomal abnormalities, yet retain a relatively stable karyotype
      upon continued passage in culture. Transformation to malignancy was achieved by
      exposing these cell lines to tumor viruses and oncogenes. Both the normal HMEC,
      and the HMEC transformed in vitro, are now being utilized to understand the
      factors controlling expression of mammary specific properties, response to and
      production of various growth factors, and the nature of the progressive events
      leading to malignancy. The maximal usefulness of this, and other human epithelial
      cell systems, for elucidating the mechanisms of normal and diseased human
      cellular physiology will require continued efforts to optimize the culture
      conditions so that they resemble as closely as possible the processes occurring
      in humans in vivo.

PMID- 2908647
TI  - Breast cancer: cellular and molecular biology.

PMID- 2908648
TI  - Control of human breast cancer by estrogen, growth factors, and oncogenes.

PMID- 2908649
TI  - Actions of pituitary prolactin and insulin-like growth factor II in human breast
      cancer.

PMID- 2908650
TI  - Structure and function of the pS2 gene and estrogen receptor in human breast
      cancer cells.
AB  - The role of estrogen in the growth of human breast cancers has been investigated
      at two levels. First, we have studied the pS2 gene, whose transcription is
      stimulated by estrogen in the human breast cancer cell line, MCF-7. The pS2 gene
      product is a small, secreted polypeptide currently of unknown function, but with
      structural features similar to some growth factors. The expression of the pS2
      gene has so far been detected only in MCF-7 cells and some breast cancer
      biopsies. Preliminary studies indicate that pS2 is a potential marker for hormone
      dependent breast cancer. Ongoing studies will continue to focus on the implicated
      role of pS2 in the estrogen-mediated growth of breast cancers and its possible
      use as a marker for estrogen-dependent tumors. Second, we have analyzed the
      structure and function of the human ER. The receptor stimulates pS2 gene
      transcription by interacting with an ERE in the 5'-flanking region of that gene.
      A mutational analysis of the receptor protein has localized a DNA-binding domain,
      which determines target gene specificity, and a hormone-binding domain. These
      domains appear to be the only two regions of the receptor which are absolutely
      required for the transcription-activating function of the ER in transfection
      assays with reporter plasmids. The N-terminal region of the protein (regions A
      and B), which is necessary for increasing the efficiency of gene expression using
      the pS2 ERE, but not a vitellogenin ERE, may also play a role in transcription
      activation. Further progress in the characterization of the ER functional domains
      will require studies on target genes in a more physiological chromatin
      environment, as well as detailed physical analyses of receptor structure.

PMID- 2908651
TI  - The 52K cathepsin-D of breast cancer: structure, regulation, function and
      clinical value.

PMID- 2908652
TI  - Tumor invasion and metastases: biochemical mechanisms.

PMID- 2908653
TI  - Factors regulating basement membrane invasion by tumor cells.
AB  - Basement membranes serve as significant barriers to the passage of tumor cells
      but ones which metastatic cells can pass. This involves the production of a
      cascade of proteases leading to the activation of a specific collagenase that
      degrades the unique collagen network in basement membrane. Breast cancer cells,
      when estrogen dependent, show a requirement for estrogen for invasive activity.
      However, when these cells progress to an estrogen independent state and increased
      malignancy, they express an invasive phenotype constitutively. Studies with
      various anti-estrogens suggest that these responses are mediated via the estrogen
      receptor. Anti-estrogens lacking agonist activity suppress invasiveness as well
      as growth of the breast cancer cells.

PMID- 2908654
TI  - Heterogeneity of genetic alterations in primary human breast tumors.

PMID- 2908655
TI  - Regulation of development of the normal mammary gland by hormones and growth
      factors.

PMID- 2908656
TI  - MMTV as a model for gene expression in mammary tissue.

PMID- 2908657
TI  - The activation of cellular oncogenes by proviral insertion in murine mammary
      cancer.

PMID- 2908658
TI  - Steroid hormone regulation of cultured breast cancer cells.

PMID- 2908660
TI  - Tumor-associated growth factors in malignant rodent and human mammary epithelial
      cells.

PMID- 2908659
TI  - The role of epidermal growth factor in normal and neoplastic growth of mouse
      mammary epithelial cells.

PMID- 2908661
TI  - Different mechanisms are responsible for oncogene activation in human mammary
      neoplasia.

PMID- 2908662
TI  - Identification of oncogenes in breast tumors and their effects on growth and
      differentiation.

PMID- 2908663
TI  - Epidermal growth factor receptors in human breast cancer.

PMID- 2908664
TI  - The management of the neuropathic bladder in childhood.
AB  - The key factors in the management of the neuropathic bladder are an understanding
      of the pathophysiology and natural history of the bladder and urethral
      dysfunction, an understanding of the urodynamic investigation of such problems,
      and a realistic approach to treatment. Those children with good motivation,
      intelligence, mobility and manipulative skills can almost always be made
      continent by surgical means. Management otherwise is to control or contain
      incontinence as far as possible and to preserve upper tract function.

PMID- 2908666
TI  - [Nutritional goals and food guides in Latin America. Basis for their development.
      Workshop held in Caracas, Venezuela, November 22-28, 1987. Proceedings].

PMID- 2908665
TI  - Effect of captopril in Takayasu's arteritis.

PMID- 2908667
TI  - Three proton-pumping ATPases in yeast.
AB  - Yeast cells contain three distinct proton-pumping ATPases associated with the
      mitochondrial, vacuolar or plasma membranes. This review discusses their
      respective structure and function.

PMID- 2908668
TI  - [Intra-abdominal cryptorchism. Our experience with 4 testicular
      autotransplantations].

PMID- 2908669
TI  - The 7th International Congress of Pediatric Nephrology. September 7-12, 1986,
      Tokyo, Japan. Abstracts.

PMID- 2908671
TI  - International symposium on hereditary nephropathies. 6-8 October 1986,
      Heidelberg, Federal Republic of Germany.

PMID- 2908672
TI  - Anderson-Fabry disease--family linkage studies using two polymorphic X-linked DNA
      probes.
AB  - Anderson-Fabry disease is an X-linked lysosomal storage disorder due to alpha
      galactosidase A deficiency. In affected males there is a high mortality in early
      adult life due to renal failure and cardiovascular complications. We describe our
      preliminary results from genetic linkage studies in five families using two
      polymorphic DNA probes, DXS17 and DXYS1, mapping to an area on the long arm of
      the X chromosome between Xq13-22. DXS17 identified a Taql polymorphism closely
      linked to the disease locus in three families (lodmax Z = 4.23. at a
      recombination fraction decreases theta = 0.0). Restriction fragment length
      polymorphisms detected by DXYS1 were not linked.

PMID- 2908670
TI  - Prolonged survival in a child with renovascular hypertension from abdominal
      pulmonary Takayasu's arteritis.
AB  - Takayasu's disease is an inflammatory condition of the large arteries which
      comprises circulation to the head, extremities, and, less often, the abdominal
      viscera or lungs. A 10-year-old girl with renovascular hypertension secondary to
      Takayasu's arteritis has been followed for over 5 years. Her course is unusual in
      that (1) her disease is not related to tuberculosis; and (2) despite a
      persistently active disease course, she has been allowed to experience a fairly
      normal life-style through continued, extensive medical and surgical management.
      Vascular involvement has been documented by digital subtraction angiography; less
      invasive techniques were not useful for monitoring disease progression.

PMID- 2908673
TI  - XXIst annual meeting of the European Society for Paediatric Nephrology. Budapest,
      Hungary, September 3-5, 1987. Abstracts.

PMID- 2908674
TI  - Therapy of pemphigus.

PMID- 2908675
TI  - Treatment of pruritus.

PMID- 2908676
TI  - Recent preclinical studies on neurotransmitter function after ECS.

PMID- 2908677
TI  - Benzodiazepine dependence, withdrawal severity, and clinical outcome: effects of
      personality.

PMID- 2908678
TI  - Associations between Alzheimer's disease and RFLPs at the human amyloid beta
      protein gene locus.

PMID- 2908679
TI  - [New classes of drugs in psychiatry].

PMID- 2908680
TI  - The AIDS paradox.

PMID- 2908681
TI  - AIDS and the single cell.

PMID- 2908682
TI  - Neurotransmitter and neuromodulator systems involved in vestibular compensation.

PMID- 2908683
TI  - [Ultrastructure of the normal vestibular end organ of the guinea pig].

PMID- 2908684
TI  - Thyrotropin binding inhibiting antibody (TBIAb) in Graves' disease.

PMID- 2908685
TI  - [Determination of sublymphocyte basophilic cell in the nasal mucosa in patients
      with catarrhal maxillary sinusitis].

PMID- 2908686
TI  - [Use of trazodone for postoperative pain].

PMID- 2908687
TI  - Abstracts of the IV Biennial Winter Workshop on Schizophrenia. Badgastein,
      Austria, January 24-29, 1988.

PMID- 2908688
TI  - [Structure and function of human transplantation antigens].
AB  - Human transplantation antigens encoded in the major histocompatibility complex
      (MHC) region play a key role in regulating the immune responses. Here, we will
      describe the summary of our analyses on the structure and function of the human
      MHC molecules, HLA antigens as follows. 1) The genomic organization of the HLA
      antigen region was examined by cosmid cloning and pulsed-field gel
      electrophoresis technique. The HLA antigen region spans over at least 3,000 kb,
      and constitutes a multigene family. 2) Genetic polymorphisms in the HLA gene
      region were analyzed by Southern hybridization with restriction endonuclease
      digested genomic DNA using the class II cDNAs as probes (RFLP) and found to be
      tightly associated with each allo specificity. 3) The functional expression of
      the HLA class II gene product were observed after transfer of their cloned genes
      into the mouse fibroblast and human lymphocytes. 4) Narcolepsy is completely
      associated with HLA-DR2 Dw2, but no difference in the sequence of the DQ beta 1
      domain could be found between narcoleptic and healthy individuals. This fact
      suggests that narcolepsy is not caused by mutation in the DQ beta gene. Based on
      results, it was inferred that one or both of the two Asps within the second
      variable region in the first domain of the DR beta chain is directly correlated
      with predisposition to narcolepsy.

PMID- 2908689
TI  - 2nd Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy International Symposium. October 18-22, 1987.
      Abstracts.

PMID- 2908690
TI  - Residues of some veterinary drugs in animals and foods. Joint FAO/WHO Expert
      Committee on Food Additives.

PMID- 2908691
TI  - Study of 47 DNA markers in five populations from four continents.
AB  - Forty seven DNA markers from 30 genes or chromosomal regions were investigated in
      five populations (Biaka and Mbuti Pygmies, Melanesians, Chinese and Caucasoids).
      Both the variation between populations (measured by FST) and between markers is
      highly significant. The average heterozygosity for all markers is .284 and the
      average FST is .145. There was no significant difference in the FST values, or in
      the average heterozygosity between known genes and random segments. The FST
      distance between all populations considered in pairs, and averaged over all loci
      favours a primary split between Eurasia and Africa, but this conclusion is
      neither statistically significant nor uncomplicated. Condensing the 47 markers
      into 30 "genes" where 10 were treated as haplotypes, it was found that the
      haplotypes always give higher FST's than the separate markers, although similar
      conclusions can be drawn.

PMID- 2908692
TI  - The p12f2/TaqI Y-specific polymorphism in three groups of Italians and in a
      sample of Senegalese.
AB  - The TaqI/p12f2 Y-specific RFLP was studied in 258 Italians (69 from North, 74
      from Centre-South and 115 from Southern Sardinia) and in 65 Senegalese. The two
      allelic fragments of 10 and 8 kb characterizing this polymorphism were both found
      in the Italians but only the 10 kb band was found among the Senegalese. The
      observed frequency of the 8 kb allele was 32.4% in Central-Southern Italians,
      17.4% in Northern Italians and 13.0% in Southern Sardinians. The last figure is
      significantly lower than that (34.3%) previously reported for a smaller sample of
      the same population.

PMID- 2908693
TI  - Restriction fragment length polymorphisms on the X chromosome in populations from
      Papua New Guinea, Thailand, northwestern Australia and China.
AB  - Allele frequencies for five polymorphic DNA sequences on the human X chromosome
      were established for four non-European populations, Australian Aborigines, Papua
      New Guineans, Thais and Han Chinese. The frequencies were used for genetic
      distance analysis which in general confirms the patterns found using other
      polymorphisms.

PMID- 2908694
TI  - [The incidence of amebiasis in abortion].

PMID- 2908695
TI  - The Thy-1 glycoprotein: a three-dimensional model.

PMID- 2908696
TI  - The scrapie agent and the prion hypothesis.

PMID- 2908697
TI  - Effect of direct stimulation of renal nerves on urinary sodium and potassium
      excretion in rat.

PMID- 2908698
TI  - Electrophysiological effects mediated by the stimulation of cardiac beta 2
      adrenoceptors with tulobuterol.
AB  - We studied the electrophysiological effects of the specific beta 2-agonist
      tulobuterol in the guinea-pig sinus node and in sheep cardiac Purkinje fibers.
      Stimulation of beta 2-adrenoceptors by tulobuterol resulted in a slight increase
      in the rate of firing of the sinus node. In Purkinje fibers, however,
      automaticity was not affected up to concentrations of 10(-6) M. Consistently,
      tulobuterol (10(-8)-10(-6) M) did not affect the pacemaker current studied under
      voltage-clamp conditions. In the same range of concentrations (10(-8)-10(-6)M)
      tulobuterol dose-dependently increased the contractile force of driven Purkinje
      fibers. Tulobuterol, at a very high concentration (10(-5) M), had membrane
      depressant effects as demonstrated by the block of automaticity induced in the
      spontaneously beating Purkinje fibers and by the reduction of the maximum rate of
      depolarization in driven preparations. Our results suggest that stimulation of
      beta 2-adrenoceptors with tulobuterol in sheep Purkinje fibers is associated with
      an inotropic rather than a chronotropic effect. On the whole, the data confirm
      the lack of cardiac side effects of tulobuterol.

PMID- 2908699
TI  - Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors for cardiovascular therapy: recent
      advances at the Tenth World Congress of Cardiology Washington DC, September 14
      19, 1986.

PMID- 2908700
TI  - Effect of propranolol on ventricular repolarization and refractoriness: role of
      beta-blockade versus direct membrane effects.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to define the role of beta-adrenergic blockade and
      direct membrane effects in the ability of dl-propranolol to alter ventricular
      repolarization and refractoriness in the intact heart. The effective refractory
      period (ERP) and the local Q-T interval were measured at an epicardial site in
      the left ventricle in 14 open-chest dogs anesthetized with alpha-chloralose. Beta
      adrenergic influences were eliminated in seven dogs (group 1) by stellate
      transection and nadolol (0.5 mg/kg IV), and enhanced in seven dogs (group 2) by
      stellate transection and stimulation of the left ansae subclavia. Each dog
      received an initial beta-blocking dose of propranolol (0.5 mg/kg) followed by a
      second, cumulative dose of 5.0 mg/kg. In group 1 dogs, there was no significant
      change in either the ERP or local Q-T interval in response to the first dose of
      propranolol. In group 2 dogs, left stellate stimulation significantly shortened
      the ERP (20 +/- 2 msec) and the local Q-T interval (17 +/- 4 msec). The first
      dose of propranolol prolonged these parameters to values not different from
      prestimulation control values. There was no change in the H-V interval, QRS
      complex duration, or diastolic threshold (DT) in either group after the initial
      propranolol dose. The second dose of propranolol significantly shortened the ERP
      (5 +/- 1 msec) and the local Q-T interval (11 +/- 2 msec) in both groups. This
      dose also significantly increased the DT, H-V interval, and QRS complex
      duration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2908701
TI  - Pharmacologic treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: beta-blockade or calcium
      blockade or what?

PMID- 2908702
TI  - [Endocrine pathology frequently associated with sterility. Summarizing studies].

PMID- 2908703
TI  - Task-related EEG alpha asymmetry in schizophrenic patients prior to and after
      neuroleptic treatment.
AB  - EEG was recorded from bilateral frontal, central, temporal, and parietal leads
      (referenced to or transformed to a vertex reference) during cognitive activity in
      13 normal controls, ten schizophrenics, and eight patients with affective
      disorders. All subjects were male and right-handed, and patients had been free of
      psychotropic medications for at least 2 weeks. A verbal (copying text) and
      spatial (copying shapes) task were matched for stimulus presentation and motor
      output. The number and rate of correct responses were recorded for each normal
      subject and 11 of the patients. As reported by others, normal subjects manifested
      a significant difference in alpha asymmetry between the tasks, reflecting
      relatively greater alpha suppression over the left hemisphere during the verbal
      task compared to the spatial task (P less than 0.05). This effect was not
      significant in either patient group. However, analysis of seven schizophrenics
      after neuroleptic treatment revealed robust effects of task on alpha asymmetry
      similar to that present in the normal control group (P less than 0.02). The
      results suggest that abnormal task-related brain lateralization may be present in
      untreated schizophrenic patients, but it is state dependent and does not reflect
      permanent patterns of brain organization.

PMID- 2908704
TI  - Addition of reserpine to ongoing neuroleptic exposure in chronic schizophrenia.

PMID- 2908705
TI  - An open study of zuclopenthixol acetate in Viscoleo in patients with acute
      psychoses.

PMID- 2908706
TI  - Neuropeptide-dopamine interactions. III. Cyclo(His-Pro) and persistence of
      dopaminergic supersensitivity on withdrawal from one year continuous neuroleptic
      treatment.
AB  - When rats are given dopaminergic antagonists (neuroleptics) continuously for
      several days behavioral supersensitivity to dopaminergic agonists results. This
      supersensitivity, however, declines rapidly on neuroleptic withdrawal. The data
      presented here, however, are the first to show that the supersensitivity persists
      for a longer duration (greater than 100 days) if the neuroleptic is administered
      continuously for 1 year. Oral administration of 0.76 +/- 0.13 mg/kg/day cyclo(His
      Pro), a peptide exhibiting dopaminergic agonist-like properties, during
      neuroleptic withdrawal did not change the course of dopaminergic supersensitivity
      reversal.

PMID- 2908707
TI  - Introduction to the focussed section on molecular and cellular biology in
      hypertension.

PMID- 2908708
TI  - Comparative study of the effects of acebutolol, atenolol, d-propranolol and dl,
      propranolol on the alterations in energy metabolism caused by ischemia and
      reperfusion: a 31P NMR study on the isolated rat heart.
AB  - 31-P NMR spectroscopy data recorded for the isolated heart were analyzed, in
      conjunction with functional and biochemical variables, in order to investigate
      the effect observed for several different beta-adrenoceptor antagonists or the
      alterations provoked by global partial ischemia (37 degrees C, 24 minutes, 1%
      residual coronary flow) and reperfusion in the metabolism of the myocardium.
      During ischemia: intracellular acidosis, adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
      degradation, and inorganic phosphate (Pi) accumulation were found to be reduced
      whether the perfusion fluid contained: acebutolol 2.7 x 10(-5) M, atenolol 10(-5)
      M, d-propranolol 10(-5) M, or dl-propranolol 10(-5) M. On reperfusion metabolic
      and functional variables were variously affected by the different drugs, except
      the Pi level which was, in all series, significantly lower compared with control
      hearts. The adenylate charge and the glycogen stores were protected in the
      acebutolol, dl-propranolol, and d-propranolol groups. The ATP level was higher
      than in controls only in the acebutolol and atenolol groups. The intracellular pH
      recovered to values nonsignificantly different from preischemic values in the
      acebutolol and dl-propranolol-treated hearts only. The mechanical performance,
      expressed as the rate-pressure product, was unaltered by the ischemia-reperfusion
      sequence in the acebutolol and d-propranolol series, while decreasing
      significantly in controls and in the atenolol group. In dl-propranolol-treated
      hearts the mechanical activity, which in normoxic conditions was already halved
      during the effect of the drug, remained at this same level after ischemia. From
      these observations, it appears that the nonspecific properties of the drugs, as
      distinct from beta-blockade, play an important part in attenuating the ischemia
      induced alteration in myocardial metabolism. Thus, it can be postulated that (1)
      the metabolic effects of dl-propranolol probably result largely from the
      reduction of heart work induced by this drug; (2) the maintenance of energy
      metabolism associated with the preservation of the myocardial activity, as
      observed in the case of acebutolol and d-propranolol, is possibly a consequence
      of the existence of a membrane-stabilizing activity.

PMID- 2908709
TI  - Left ventricular function and beta-blockers: does intrinsic sympathomimetic
      activity have any influence during chronic therapy?
AB  - A study comparing the chronic effects of propranolol (n = 21) and pindolol (n =
      19) on male patients with stable angina pectoris was performed. Left ventricular
      function was assessed by serial radionuclide ventriculography. Radionuclide
      ventriculography was performed at rest and during cold pressor test. Both drugs
      improved symptoms of angina pectoris by at least one division of the New York
      Heart Association classification. Cold pressor testing caused increases in heart
      rate and blood pressure in both groups throughout the study. At rest,
      pretreatment ejection fraction was similar in both groups. During propranolol
      treatment this rose sequentially from 49% to 55% at 26 weeks. No change in the
      resting ejection fraction occurred in those taking pindolol. The difference in
      response between the groups reached significance at 26 weeks. In those with
      subnormal left ventricular ejection fraction (less than 50%), resting ejection
      fraction improved significantly throughout treatment with propranolol rising from
      a basal value of 39% to 51% at 26 weeks. In comparison, pindolol caused no
      significant change. There is no apparent advantage to intrinsic sympathomimetic
      activity in terms of preservation or improvement of left ventricular performance
      in patients with stable angina pectoris prescribed beta-blockers for extended
      periods of time.

PMID- 2908710
TI  - The role of beta-receptor and calcium-entry-blocking agents in acute myocardial
      infarction in the thrombolytic era: can the results of thrombolytic reperfusion
      be enhanced?

PMID- 2908711
TI  - Recent advances in hypertension: 12th scientific meeting of the International
      Society of Hypertension, Kyoto, Japan, May 22-26, 1988.

PMID- 2908712
TI  - The effects of intravenous nifedipine on cardiac hemodynamics and contractility
      in patients with coronary artery disease in the presence or absence of beta
      adrenergic blockade.
AB  - We studied the acute effects of intravenous nifedipine on hemodynamics and left
      ventricular function of CAD patients without previous treatment (group 1) and of
      10 CAD patients receiving acebutolol (9 mg/kg daily) and who had been shown to be
      adequately beta blocked (reduction in heart rate by 25%) (group 2). Intravenous
      nifedipine (15 micrograms/kg) significantly reduced systemic peripheral
      resistances in both groups: this was associated with decreased systolic blood
      pressure and increased left ventricular cardiac output with a slight
      nonsignificant increase of ejection fraction. There was a significant increase in
      heart rate in both groups, the chronotropic response to nifedipine being
      attenuated in patients receiving acebutolol. Left ventricular end-diastolic
      pressure did not change in the first group, but it was significantly decreased in
      the second group, with a concomitant increase of end-diastolic left ventricular
      volume, suggesting an amelioration of diastolic compliance. The effect of
      nifedipine on intrinsic myocardial contractility was quite different, depending
      on the presence of beta adrenergic blockade. When given to patients of group 1,
      nifedipine significantly increased dP/dtmax, Vcemax, and Vmaxd. The same indices,
      however, were significantly depressed when nifedipine was given to the patients
      of group 2 receiving acebutolol. This study shows that intravenous nifedipine can
      be usefully administered to patients with coronary artery disease who have been
      on adequate beta-blocking doses of acebutolol with relative safety. Under these
      conditions nifedipine increases cardiac output in association with arterial
      dilation, despite evidence for a negative inotropic effect. These data also
      suggest that such an intrinsic negative inotropic effect would normally be masked
      by compensatory sympathetic activity.

PMID- 2908713
TI  - Effect of calcium entry blockers on blood pressure and vasoconstrictor responses
      to alpha-1 adrenoceptor stimulation in conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats.
AB  - In order to investigate whether vascular alpha-1 adrenoceptor antagonism plays a
      role in the antihypertensive effect of verapamil, tiapamil, and nifedipine, we
      studied their potencies to inhibit K(+)-induced 45Ca2+ influx in rat isolated
      aorta and [3H]prazosin binding in rat brain membranes in vitro as well as their
      antihypertensive effect and functional alpha-1 adrenoceptor blockade in conscious
      spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) in vivo. Tiapamil proved 70 times less
      potent than verapamil in inhibiting calcium influx, but was equipotent in
      displacing [3H]prazosin. Nifedipine proved 10 times more potent than verapamil as
      calcium channel blocker but displayed negligible affinity for alpha-1
      adrenoceptors in vitro. In conscious SHR, the three calcium channel blockers dose
      dependently reduced mean arterial pressure after oral administration. Only at
      maximal anti-hypertensive doses, the increases in diastolic pressure to
      intravenous injection of the selective alpha-1 adrenoceptor agonist cirazoline
      were temporarily suppressed by nifedipine, verapamil, and tiapamil. No
      relationship existed between the relative potencies as calcium channel blocker
      and affinities for alpha-1 adrenoceptor binding sites in vitro with functional
      vascular alpha-1 adrenoceptor blockade in vivo. The data do not support the
      hypothesis that vascular alpha-1 adrenoceptor blockade plays a significant role
      in the anti-hypertensive effect of verapamil and related calcium channel
      blockers.

PMID- 2908714
TI  - Calcium antagonists--adverse drug interactions.
AB  - In the clinical management of heart disease, calcium channel blockers are
      generally prescribed in combination with one or more anti-angina, antiarrhythmic,
      or antihypertensive agents. Two different mechanisms are involved in drug
      interactions: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic. In the former, the disposition
      of one drug is altered by the action of another, causing an increase or decrease
      in its absorption or its modified distribution, metabolism, or excretion. In
      pharmacodynamic interactions, the physiologic effects of one drug interfere
      either directly or indirectly with those of another, for instance, by alterations
      in fluid or electrolyte balance. This effect may be antagonistic or additive. The
      present work outlines the possible adverse interactions between the three main
      calcium antagonists and other therapeutic agents, including digoxin, beta
      blockers and antiarrhythmic, anesthetic, antihypertensive, antiasthmatic, and
      antidiabetic drugs and contrast media. Knowledge of these effects is of major
      clinical importance in the treatment of cardiac patients.

PMID- 2908715
TI  - Hemodynamic responses to different levels of alpha-adrenergic interruption in
      congestive heart failure.
AB  - The effects of prazosin, clonidine, and indoramin on central and regional
      hemodynamic parameters and left ventricular performance were analyzed in a
      congestive heart failure population to compare the pharmacodynamic responses to
      different levels of alpha-adrenergic interruption in this condition. The
      sympathetic nervous system is blocked at the peripheral alpha1-receptor by
      prazosin, at central nervous system alpha-receptor sites (via alpha-adrenoceptor
      agonism) by clonidine, and at peripheral and central sites by indoramin. Prazosin
      and indoramin produced reductions in total systemic and pulmonary vascular
      resistances, mean systemic and pulmonary artery pressures, and pulmonary
      capillary wedge pressure with little change in heart rate. Both agents
      selectively increased hepatic blood flow. Clonidine also decreased pulmonary
      artery pressure and vascular resistance, but evoked negative inotropic and
      chronotropic activity and did not alter regional blood flow. In contrast to
      prazosin, indoramin and clonidine did not augment cardiac output or stroke
      volume. In the setting of congestive heart failure, the central and regional
      hemodynamic effects and the responses in left ventricular performance vary
      considerably depending on the site of alpha-adrenergic interruption.

PMID- 2908717
TI  - Modern concepts in the treatment of ischemic heart disease. Symposium held in
      Munich, West Germany, November 27-28, 1986. Proceedings.

PMID- 2908716
TI  - Effect on resting blood pressure and blood pressure homeostasis of short-term
      administration of the alpha 1-adrenergic receptor antagonist, trimazosin, in
      hypertension.
AB  - The effects of trimazosin on blood pressure and cardiovascular homeostasis were
      studied in 12 subjects with untreated essential hypertension of mild or moderate
      degree. After a 3-day placebo period, the subjects were given trimazosin at the
      dose of 50, 100, or 200 mg twice daily (7 am and 7 pm) according to a randomized,
      double-blind crossover protocol. Each treatment was prolonged for 3 days and
      separated from the subsequent treatment by a 2-day placebo period. Blood pressure
      (sphygmomanometry) and heart rate were measured at rest during various laboratory
      maneuvers on the first and third day of the initial placebo, on the first and
      third day of the drug periods, and on the second day of the intervening placebo
      periods. Compared to placebo values, trimazosin caused a reduction in systolic
      and diastolic blood pressure which was well sustained through the time between
      the morning and the evening administration of the drug and was accompanied by
      only a slight tachycardia. the antihypertensive effect was similar in the supine
      and upright position and in both instances it was greater for the 100 or 200 mg
      twice daily dose than for the 50-mg twice daily dose. The pressor and tachycardic
      responses to cold pressor test and to isometric and dynamic exercise were
      unaffected by the various doses of trimazosin whose antihypertensive effect was
      therefore similarly evident at rest and during behaviorally occurring blood
      pressure rises.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2908718
TI  - According to MIAMI and ISIS-I trials, can a general recommendation be given for
      beta blockers in acute myocardial infarction?
AB  - The goal of early intervention of acute coronary occlusion by beta blockers is to
      reduce ultimate infarct size and to consequently reduce morbidity and mortality.
      Until 1986 small early intervention trials suggested that infarct size may be
      reduced by 25% if treatment was started within 6 to 10 hours after the onset of
      symptoms. At this time, an average of 80% of the infarct is fully developed. On
      the basis of previous trials, the reduction of infarct size has been associated
      with improvement of symptoms, prevention of infarct development, reduced
      occurrence of arrhythmias and reinfarctions, and earlier discharge from the
      hospital. Although the trials suggested some benefit in mortality, this issue has
      not been solved. The MIAMI trial randomized 5778 patients to blind treatment with
      metoprolol or placebo. ISIS-I randomized 16,027 patients to atenolol with an open
      label. No titration of the effect on lowering myocardial oxygen requirement was
      attempted. Both studies included less than 25% of all eligible patients.
      Exclusions were chiefly due to current beta blocker or calcium blocker treatment.
      Thus, the results obtained concern only a selected group of patients. In MIAMI
      only 15% received treatment within 6 hours, while in ISIS 38% were treated within
      4 hours. It is therefore likely that in most patients the infarcts were completed
      before intervention was started. Thus, the two trials did not differentiate
      between primary and secondary effects on the acute myocardial infarct. Mortality
      was reduced by 13% (NS) and 15% (p less than 0.04), respectively, in MIAMI and
      ISIS.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2908719
TI  - Secondary prevention after myocardial infarction: effects of beta blocking agents
      and calcium antagonists.
AB  - Therapeutic interventions in patients with myocardial infarction, whether during
      the first hours after coronary occlusion or several days later, aim to reduce
      mortality and morbidity by several mechanisms: Prevention of fatal ventricular
      fibrillation, limitation of infarct size, and inhibition of platelet aggregation
      are some examples of such mechanisms. Results from early intervention trials with
      beta blocking agents, particularly from ISIS-I, suggest that 1-year mortality is
      significantly lower in selected patients randomized to active treatment. Late
      intervention studies also suggest a significant reduction in coronary mortality
      and morbidity with beta blockade, particularly when data are pooled. Studies with
      the calcium channel blockers nifedipine and verapamil were unable to demonstrate
      any beneficial effects of these drugs on mortality or reinfarction. In this
      review article, attention will be directed to the most recent information about
      the preventive value of beta adrenergic blocking drugs and slow calcium channel
      inhibitors.

PMID- 2908720
TI  - Hemodynamic effects of celiprolol at rest and during exercise; a comparison with
      enalapril.
AB  - The antihypertensive effects of once-daily administration of celiprolol 400 mg
      were compared with those of once-daily enalapril 20 mg in 20 mild to moderate
      essential hypertensives in a single-blind study in which the subjects were
      randomized to 2 weeks' treatment with either drug, preceded by 2 weeks of placebo
      administration. Supine and standing systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic
      pressure (DBP), and heart rate (HR) were measured at rest and during exercise
      (exercise bicycle with increasing work loads up to 100 watts) at the end of
      either period, 20 to 24 hr after drug or placebo administration. Compared to
      placebo, both celiprolol and enalapril reduced resting supine and standing SBP
      and DBP to a marked and similar extent; resting HR was unaffected by enalapril,
      while celiprolol produced modest reductions. During exercise, however, celiprolol
      significantly attenuated rises in SBP and HR, while enalapril did not. Indexes of
      cardiac function at rest obtained by echocardiography and systolic time intervals
      were unaffected by either drug. Thus, despite similar reductions by both drugs in
      resting blood pressures, celiprolol produced better antihypertensive effects
      during exercise than enalapril.

PMID- 2908721
TI  - Comparison of the effects of acute and chronic beta-blockade on infarct size in
      the dog after circumflex occlusion.
AB  - In order to compare the effects of acute and chronic beta-blockade on infact
      size, the left circumflex coronary artery was occluded for 6 hours in 33
      anesthetized dogs. The dogs (18 to 22 kg) were divided into three groups; group 1
      (N = 10) served as controls, group 2 received intravenous nadolol (average dose
      1.25 mg/kg) just prior to coronary occlusion, and group 3 received oral nadolol
      (80 mg) twice daily for 16 days prior to coronary occlusion. To ensure equivalent
      degrees of beta-blockade at the time of occlusion, group 2 and 3 dogs were given
      incremental doses of intravenous nadolol to abolish the chronotropic response to
      isoproterenol (2 mu/kg IV). Left ventricular pressure, its first derivative
      (dP/dt), and heart rate were monitored. The anatomic risk region was determined
      antemortem by Evan's blue staining while the infarct zone was delineated
      postmortem by tetrazolium staining. Compared to Group 1, heart rate was 22% lower
      in group 2 and 15% lower in group 3 dogs 6 hours after occlusion (p less than
      0.05). There were no differences among groups in peak left ventricular systolic
      pressure or mean arterial pressure. Infarct size as a function of the area at
      risk was 68 +/- 3% in group 1, 52 +/- 7% in group 2, and 44 +/- 8% in group 3. A
      significant difference was found only between groups 3 and 1. The data suggest
      that chronic beta-blockade provides greater protection against ischemic-induced
      necrosis than does acute beta-blockade. The greater protective effect of chronic
      beta-blockade may be due to chronic adaptive changes in either blood flow or
      metabolism.

PMID- 2908722
TI  - T-1583 and forskolin are similar in their cardiac effects and dissimilar in their
      vascular effects.
AB  - The cardiac and coronary vascular effects of T-1583, a selective beta 1
      adrenoceptor full agonist, and forskolin, a direct activator of adenylate
      cyclase, were compared in isolated, blood-perfused papillary muscle, sinoatrial
      node, and atrioventricular (AV) node preparations of dogs. Both agents were
      injected intra-arterially. The two agents increased the force of contraction of
      the paced papillary muscle and the unpaced one, and the rate of automaticity of
      the latter. They increased sinus rate and accelerated AV nodal conduction. In
      producing these effects T-1583 was 50 to 80 times more potent than forskolin,
      indicating that both agents have similar cardiac profiles. At the doses that
      produced a 50% increase in the force of contraction of the papillary muscle, both
      agents produced about a 20% increase in sinus rate. Such degrees of force-rate
      separation were close to those obtained with most new positive inotropic agents
      with an inhibitory action on cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase. T-1583 differed
      distinctly from forskolin in that the former increased only slightly coronary
      blood flow, whereas the latter increased it greatly. Thus, forskolin is more
      coronary vasodilatory than positively inotropic, and more positively inotropic
      than positively chronotropic. T-1583 is a more positively inotropic than
      positively chronotropic and more positively chronotropic than coronary
      vasodilatory.

PMID- 2908723
TI  - HpaI polymorphism and the sickle gene in Nigerians.
AB  - The HpaI restriction fragment length polymorphism linked to the beta globin gene
      was studied in 181 Nigerian subjects. The beta s gene was found in the 13
      kilobase (kb) HpaI fragment in 98.4 percent and in the remaining 1.6 percent of
      the cases in the HpaI 7.6 kb fragment. The majority of beta A genes (94.2%) were
      found in either the 7.6 or the 7.0 kb fragment whilst the remainders (5.8%) were
      in the 13.0 kb fragment. The rare, but not zero, associations of beta A with the
      13 kb linkage and of beta s genes with the 7.6 kb fragment would lessen the
      accuracy in the prenatal diagnosis of sickle cell anaemia in this population
      through the use of the HpaI polymorphism.

PMID- 2908724
TI  - Synaptic organization of dopaminergic interplexiform cells in the goldfish
      retina.
AB  - The synaptic organization of dopaminergic interplexiform cells (DA-IPC) in the
      goldfish retina was studied by a combined double-label electron-microscopical
      (EM) immunocytochemical/autoradiographical study. DA-IPCs were labeled with
      antisera against tyrosine hydroxylase. The possibility of synaptic contact with
      GABAergic amacrine cells in the proximal inner plexiform layer (IPL) was studied
      by using 3H-GABA uptake. Most synaptic input and output from DA-IPC processes
      involved amacrine cell processes. In addition, synaptic interactions were
      observed between DA-IPC processes and bipolar cell terminals, other DA-IPC
      processes, very small dendrites in the IPL, ganglion cell and optic fiber layers
      (OFL), and cell bodies in the ganglion cell layer (GCL). Input and output
      synapses with GABAergic amacrine processes also were observed. Two-thirds of the
      DA-IPC boutons in the proximal IPL were involved in "junctional appositions,"
      that is, the junctions appeared to be specialized but they were different than
      classical chemical synapses. The synaptic organization of DA-IPCs in the goldfish
      IPL appears to be far more complex than previously thought. Although earlier
      studies have attempted to explain the action of dopamine in terms of interaction
      only with amacrine cells, the present study shows that effects involving bipolar
      cells, other DA-IPCs, unidentified processes and cell bodies in the GCL and OFL
      must be considered as well.

PMID- 2908725
TI  - The effects of serotonin agonists and antagonists on the response properties of
      complex ganglion cells in the rabbit's retina.
AB  - Selective agonists and antagonists were employed to determine the role of
      indoleaminergic amacrine cells in the generation of the light-evoked responses
      and spontaneous activity of direction and orientation selective cells. Perfusion
      with 5-HT2 antagonists reduced the spontaneous activity and both the leading and
      trailing edge responses of ON/OFF direction selective cells. 5-HT1a agonists had
      a similar effect on this class of cell, namely, a reduction of light-evoked and
      spontaneous activity. Results from ON-center and OFF-center orientation selective
      cells were consistent with those obtained from direction selective cells in that
      no disruption of direction or orientation selectivity was observed during
      perfusion of these drugs. These data suggest that the indoleaminergic cells are
      not directly involved in the generation of the trigger features of complex
      ganglion cells, but may be facilitating synaptic transmission in the inner
      retina. This function is discussed relative to the connectivity of the rod
      bipolar cells and the putative indoleaminergic amacrine cells. The similarity of
      the effects of 5-HT1a agonists and 5-HT2 antagonists supports the hypothesis,
      developed during our prior studies of brisk ganglion cells, that these two
      receptor classes mediate antagonistic processes in the target neurons.

PMID- 2908727
TI  - Anesthesia and paralysis in experimental animals: report of a workshop held in
      Bethesda, Maryland, October 27, 1984. Organized by the Visual Sciences B Study
      Section, Division of Research Grants, National Institutes of Health.

PMID- 2908726
TI  - Suppression of cone-driven responses by rods in the isolated frog retina.
AB  - The sensitivity of rod- and cone-driven responses was studied in the isolated
      frog retina during the period of rapid dark adaptation following a conditioning
      flash which bleached a negligible amount of visual pigment. Following a
      conditioning flash, cone-driven b-wave responses were first enhanced and then
      depressed. The time courses of the enhancement and subsequent depression of cone
      drive responses varies greatly with the intensity and wavelength of the
      conditioning flash, but were identical when the conditioning flashes were matched
      for equal excitation of 502 nm rods. These changes in cone-driven response
      sensitivity were correlated with the desensitization and recovery of rods
      following the conditioning flash. When signal transmission from rods to second
      order cells was interrupted by the addition of L-glutamate, the conditioning
      flash did not produce the above-described enhancement and subsequent depression
      of long-wavelength receptor potential responses. The suppression of cone-driven
      response therefore appears to be due to a synaptically mediated influence from
      502 nm rods which is maximal when the rods are in the dark-adapted state, with
      little or no contribution from 433 nm rods, and no involvement of the pigment
      epithelium.

PMID- 2908728
TI  - Clinical significance of thyrotrophin binding inhibitor immunoglobulins in
      patients with Graves' disease and various types of thyroiditis.

PMID- 2908729
TI  - Possible correlation between non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and
      restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of the 5'-flanking region of
      insulin gene in Korean diabetic population.

PMID- 2908730
TI  - [Neurochemistry of the mesencephalic substantia nigra: interrelations between
      excitatory amino acids, N-methyl-D-aspartate type receptors and intrinsic
      neuronal systems].
AB  - Recent studies have demonstrated the existence of cortico-nigral fibers in the
      brain which may use L-glutamic or L-aspartic acid as their transmitters. Such
      cortico-nigral neuronal pathway seems to functionally interact with intrinsic
      neuronal systems in substantia nigra (SN) by first activating different subtypes
      of excitatory amino acid (EAA) receptors. Particularly interesting are results
      showing that activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) subtype receptor may evoke
      the Ca(2+)-dependent release of dopamine from dendrites of nigro-striatal
      neurons. In addition, NMDA and other EAA receptors may influence the functional
      activity of gabaergic, glycinergic and peptidergic neurons located in SN. Acidic
      aminoacid-containing neurons in SN may thus play a pivotal role in determining
      the outflow information from SN to caudal motor-related as well as rostral limbic
      related areas in the brain.

PMID- 2908731
TI  - [Pharmacology-biochemistry and physiopathology of tardive dyskinesia: review of
      the latest findings and controversies].
AB  - Tardive dyskinesia is described as a distinct neurological entity. Its probable
      etiology, pathophysiology and biochemical pharmacology are reviewed and discussed
      in the light of the latest findings.

PMID- 2908733
TI  - Production of suppressor factors induced by ultraviolet irradiation or cis
      urocanic acid requires Lyt-2+ lymphocytes.
AB  - Both ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and cis-urocanic acid (UCA) are reported to be
      associated with the suppression of contact hypersensitivity (CHS) and the
      induction of a soluble factor which suppresses leukocyte adherence inhibition
      (LAI) assays in vitro. The cellular origin of the suppressor factor (SF) has now
      been investigated in vivo and in vitro, using monoclonal antibodies against
      lymphocyte surface markers to deplete certain cell populations, namely T
      lymphocytes bearing the L3T4 (helper) and Lyt-2 (suppressor) markers. Depletion
      of Lyt-2+ cells from irradiated mice in vivo and from spleen cell cultures in
      vitro led to the elimination of detectable levels of SF. Depletion of L3T4+ cells
      had no such effect. Similarly, Lyt-2+ cells (but not L3T4+ cells) were shown to
      be necessary for the production of SF by normal spleen cells cultured with cis
      UCA. These data suggest that the production of SF following UV irradiation may be
      related to the action of cis-UCA on Lyg-2+ lymphocytes.

PMID- 2908734
TI  - Improved separation of multi-locus hypervariable DNA restriction fragments by
      field inversion gel electrophoresis and fragment detection using a biotinylated
      probe.
AB  - DNA probes to multiple hypervariable human genomic loci are potentially highly
      informative as regards individual genome identification and parentage studies.
      However the resultant Southern blot patterns are generally highly complex and
      their interpretation difficult, with one important limitation being the extent of
      fragment separation and resolution. The separation of large DNA restriction
      fragments in agarose gels may be improved, in comparison to separations obtained
      by conventional electrophoresis, by the use of field inversion techniques. This
      is demonstrated by the analysis of the complex human Satellite III related DNA
      polymorphism. Detection of the Satellite III related restriction fragments is
      achieved either by using a [35S]-labelled probe (228S) or by using the same probe
      in a convenient non-isotopic form constructed by the photobiotin process. In
      addition, the probe 228S is useful for sexing the human genome, by the
      identification of a Y-specific restriction fragment.

PMID- 2908735
TI  - The effects of field inversion electrophoresis on small DNA fragment mobility and
      its relevance to DNA polymorphism research.
AB  - The electrophoretic mobility of several DNA size markers of molecular lengths
      from 1.23 x 10(2) to 2.36 x 10(4) base pairs has been investigated in gels of 1%
      and 1.3% agarose (w/v) by field inversion gel electrophoresis (FIGE), in vertical
      slabs. Pulsing times studied were in the range of 0.3/0.1 ms to 300/100 ms.
      (Pulsing times are given in milliseconds, as X/Y, where X is the forward pulsing
      time and Y is the reverse time.) FIGE differentially retards DNA migration: this
      effect is more marked for shorter pulsing times, and varies as a function of
      molecular length of the DNA fragment, down to fragments as small as about 1.7 kb,
      with the pulsing times we used. Several FIGE conditions were found which generate
      improved resolution of DNA fragments in different size ranges. DNA separation
      improves by more than a factor of two for fragments of 23.1-9.4 kb (with 300/100
      ms pulsing) and for fragments of 4.4-2.0 kb (3/1 ms). FIGE does not seem to have
      a marked resolution enhancing effect on DNA sized from 9.4-4.4 kb. An example of
      improved detection of closely spaced bands on Southern blots is shown.

PMID- 2908732
TI  - Properties of labetalol, a combined alpha- and beta-blocking agent, relevant to
      the treatment of myocardial ischemia.
AB  - Labetalol, a combined alpha-beta-adrenergic antagonist, is one of the new group
      of beta-adrenergic blockers reduces peripheral and coronary vascular resistances
      while preserving cardiac output. Unlike alpha-adrenergic blockers, labetalol
      tends to reduce heart rate during rest and exercise. The drug is a potent
      antihypertensive agent which has been used by mouth and by vein to treat mild,
      moderate, and severe hypertension, including hypertensive emergencies. Labetalol
      has a hemodynamic profile which makes it an attractive agent for treating
      myocardial ischemia. The drug reduces blood pressure, left ventricular wall
      tension, heart rate, and contractility while preserving or even augmenting
      coronary blood flow. Studies with labetalol in hypertensive patients with angina
      have shown it to be more effective than placebo in reducing angina attacks and
      blood pressure while improving exercise tolerance. The drug appears to have
      antianginal and antihypertensive effects comparable to atenolol and propranolol.
      Side effects of treatment are observed and most are related to alpha- and beta
      adrenergic blockade. Labetalol also appears to be effective for treatment of
      normotensive patients with angina and for silent myocardial ischemia. It has no
      apparent effects on serum lipids and lipoproteins. Labetalol appears to be a
      useful drug for treating the hypertensive heart and its many complications.

PMID- 2908736
TI  - [Celiprolol].

PMID- 2908737
TI  - Immunologic abnormalities in patients with chronic delta infection.
AB  - Data reported in this paper emphasize the existence of close relationships
      between hepatitis delta patients and subjects affected by other viral diseases,
      first of all AIDS and related conditions. Some immunologic abnormalities
      characterizing initial stages of HIV infection (reduced CD4/CD8 ratio, based on
      increased CD8+ cells; B-cell polyclonal activation with the presence of
      circulating immune complexes) were found, in fact, also in delta patients. No
      statistically significant difference was observed by comparing delta vs no delta
      subjects.

PMID- 2908738
TI  - [Prevalence and prognostic significance of anti-HTLV-I and anti-HIV-2 antibodies
      in patients with HIV infection in the Roman region].
AB  - A chronic coinfection with CMV, EBV etc. has been described in patients with HIV
      infection; recently a coinfection with other retroviruses has been described too.
      We have looked for the presence of antibodies to HTLV-I (anti HTLV-I) and to HIV
      2 (anti HIV-2) in 135 HIV infected (HIV-positive) subjects living in Rome. They
      were 100 i.v. drug addicts, 24 homo/bisexuals, 4 partners of HIV-positive
      patients, 5 polytransfused and 2 without any known risk factor; 32 of them had a
      full-blown AIDS, 52 had ARC and 51 were symptom-free. Anti HIV, anti HTLV-I and
      anti HIV-2 were detected with ELISA method and confirmed by Western Blot (W.B.)
      technique. Antibodies to HTLV-I were found in 14 cases (10.4%) and antibodies to
      HIV-2 in 12 cases (8.9%). The contemporary presence of anti HIV, anti HTLV-I and
      anti HIV-2 was not found in any subjects. Our data fail to show a clear
      relationship among the coinfection with different retroviruses and the various
      risk factors for HIV infection and the HIV-related clinical picture (AIDS, ARC,
      etc.).

PMID- 2908739
TI  - [Vertical transmission of immunity against B. pertussis].
AB  - Carrying out serological exams either from the blood of the woman in labor or
      from the umbilical cord at the moment of the birth, the AA. evaluate the rate of
      specific anti-pertussis antibodies which are transferred from the mother to the
      foetus through the placenta. The discovered rates are not quantitatively such to
      represent a protection from the infection. Certainly, through the breast feeding
      the newborn receives a further contribution in specific antibodies, but it is
      also true that the two mechanisms do not always produce additive results.
      Further, it is to be considered that this kind of protection has only a limited
      duration. The AA, conclude by hoping that in the near future there will be more
      efficacious vaccines free from the risk of serious complications, that today can
      be estimated at values of 1:300.000.

PMID- 2908740
TI  - Electron microscopy and image analysis of the complexes I and V of the
      mitochondrial respiratory chain.
AB  - The results of Section IV can be summarized in a simple ATP synthase model. This
      model implies that either the alpha or the beta subunits must be closer to the
      membrane. The work of Gao and Bauerlein (1987) indicates that the alpha subunits
      are closer to the membrane. Although the overall structure is more or less clear,
      important questions need to be clarified. First, the number and the arrangement
      of the subunits in the F0 part must be known. Second, the exact shape of F1, and
      particularly the shape of the large subunits needs to be elucidated. On the basis
      of fluorescence resonance energy transfer measurements by McCarty and Hammes
      (1987), a model was presented showing large oblong subunits. Such 'banana-shaped'
      subunits, which are also presented in the many phantasy models (e.g. Walker et
      al., 1982), are very unlikely in view of the electron microscopical results,
      although the large subunits do not need to be exactly spherical. The third and
      most interesting central question is on the changes in the structure that take
      place during the different steps in the synthesis of ATP. It can now be taken as
      proven that the energy transmitted to the ATP synthase is used to induce a
      conformational change in the latter enzyme, in such a way as to bring about the
      energy-requiring dissociation of already synthesized ATP (Penefsky, 1985 and
      reviewed in Slater, 1987). But the way in which the three parts of the ATP
      synthase are involved is completely unknown. It is rather puzzling that such a
      long distance exists between the catalytic sites, which are on the interface of
      the alpha and beta subunits and the F0 part where the proton movements occur,
      which, according to Mitchell's theory (1961), is the driving force for the
      synthesis of ATP. Perhaps alternative mechanisms such as the collision hypothesis
      formulated by Herweijer et al. (1985) are more realistic in describing the
      mechanism of ATP synthesis. It would bring the complexes I and V close together,
      not only in the artificial way treated in this paper, but in a useful way for
      energy conversion.

PMID- 2908741
TI  - 44th All-India Ophthalmological Conference. Proceedings of the Kanpur Conference-
      1986.

PMID- 2908742
TI  - International meeting on the association between rheumatoid arthritis and
      mycobacterial infection.

PMID- 2908743
TI  - Evidence that Thy-1 and Ly-5 (T-200) antigens interact with sulphated
      carbohydrates.
AB  - Recent studies have demonstrated that lymphocytes express an array of cell
      surface receptors for sulphated polysaccharides (SP). Experiments were undertaken
      to determine the binding characteristics of these receptors and establish whether
      any known lymphocyte cell surface antigens interact with sulphated carbohydrates.
      It was found that murine thymocytes lack receptors for chondroitin-4-sulphate but
      express saturable, high affinity binding sites for heparin, fucoidan and dextran
      sulphate, with an apparent affinity constant range of 0.03-2.6 x 10(-9) mol/l.
      Binding inhibition experiments revealed one class of binding sites on murine
      thymocytes that is shared by heparin, fucoidan and dextran sulphate and another
      class of sites that is dextran sulphate-specific. The cell surface receptors for
      the SP were affinity-purified by applying detergent lysates of 125I-labelled
      thymocyte membranes to SP-coupled solid supports. It was found that the Thy-1 and
      Ly-5 (T-200 or leucocyte common antigen) molecules of murine thymocytes bind to
      sulphated carbohydrates, although the two molecules differed substantially in
      their reactivity with the four different SP tested. Furthermore, only
      subpopulations of the Thy-1 and Ly-5 molecules interacted with sulphated sugars.
      Four additional sulphated carbohydrate-binding molecules were also detected. It
      is suggested that the SP-binding molecules are involved in the interaction of
      lymphocytes with glycosaminoglycans on other cells and in the interstitial space.

PMID- 2908744
TI  - The effect of internal mammary artery grafting on the perioperative course.
AB  - Internal mammary artery (IMA) grafts are being used for myocardial
      revascularization with increasing frequency because of a higher 10-year patency
      rate and actuarial survival rate as compared to saphenous vein grafts. This study
      sought to evaluate whether IMA grafts are associated with an increased usage of
      blood and blood products, operating time, postoperative hospital stay, or
      incidence of reoperation due to bleeding. A total of 189 consecutive patients
      undergoing aortocoronary bypass procedures (group I, N = 59, with no IMA grafts;
      group II, N = 108, with single IMAs; and group III, N = 22, with double IMAs)
      were studied over 6 months. Significant differences were seen in their age (group
      I, 71.6 years; group II, 62.1 years; and group III, 57.1 years); cross-clamp time
      (62 minutes for group I, 65 minutes for group II, and 83.7 minutes for group
      III); and duration of operation (400 minutes for group I, 423 minutes for group
      II, and 501 minutes for group III). Use of blood products including packed red
      blood cells, fresh frozen plasma, and platelets during the operation and
      postoperatively was similar in all three groups. The duration of postoperative
      hospital stay was statistically similar for each group, being 16.6 days for group
      I, 13.1 days for group II, and 13.7 days for group III. The number of vessels
      grafted was statistically similar for groups I and II (3.1 and 3.3 vessels,
      respectively), but group III had a statistically larger number of vessels grafted
      (3.7 vessels). The reoperation rate for bleeding was similar for all three
      groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2908745
TI  - [AIDS and human lymphocytes].
AB  - HIV infection is no doubt the primary cause of AIDS. But the relationship between
      HIV and its host lymphocytes is fairly complicated. It has become clear that the
      host range of the viruses varies according to the clinical stage of the patients
      from whom viruses were isolated. Besides, the cause or mechanism of cell killing
      by HIV infection is not well-known. The density of CD4 molecules on the cell
      surface can not simply explain the phenomena, such as the level of virus growth,
      killing mechanisms of lymphocytes and host range of the virus. It is quite
      interesting to analyse which gene of the virus determines the characteristics of
      the virus.

PMID- 2908746
TI  - Review article: beta-adrenoceptor blockers for the treatment of portal
      hypertension.
AB  - beta-Adrenoceptor blockers always change splanchnic haemodynamics in cirrhotic
      patients. Azygous blood flow, as a measure of collateral circulation including
      that through varices, is always reduced, but the effects on portal pressure,
      whether measured directly or by the wedged hepatic venous pressure, are variable.
      The initial correlations between a 25% reduction of resting pulse rate and
      similar percentage reduction in the wedge-free hepatic venous gradient, has not
      been reproduced in subsequent studies. Therefore, to study the effect of changes
      in haemodynamic indices and the likelihood of variceal bleeding, direct
      measurements of such indices need to be made in clinical trials. At present there
      are no haemodynamic or clinical factors which can be used to select patients who
      will have a good therapeutic response to propranolol other than those documented
      in the first clinical trial of propranolol for the prevention of variceal re
      bleeding from Paris. Thus the hypothesis that beta-adrenoceptor blockers may
      lessen the incidence of bleeding in cirrhotics, by partially reducing portal
      pressure or flow or both, needs testing in further clinical studies. The
      selection criteria of the first clinical trial of propranolol in Paris need to be
      confirmed. Two subsequent trials, in which patients were not selected but in
      which many patients had similar clinical characteristics to the Paris patients,
      could not confirm a therapeutic effect of propranolol. No fatal complications due
      to propranolol administration have been reported in cirrhotic patients.
      Complications are reversible. Pharmacological treatment including beta
      adrenoceptor blockade appears ideal for trials of primary prevention of variceal
      bleeding. Some preliminary results including use in decompensated cirrhotics are
      encouraging. However, as for trials for prevention of re-bleeding, the design and
      analysis of such trials needs careful evaluation to take into account the outcome
      of patients who discontinue medication, whether due to simple noncompliance or
      due to side-effects, and also the influence of abstinence from alcohol on
      bleeding from varices.

PMID- 2908747
TI  - Omeprazole in peptic ulcers resistant to histamine H2-receptor antagonists.
AB  - Eighteen patients with duodenal, gastric or jejunal ulcers, resistant to at least
      3 months treatment with histamine H2-receptor antagonists, singly or in
      combination with other anti-ulcer drugs, were treated with 40 mg omeprazole once
      daily for up to 8 weeks. All ulcers healed, the majority within two weeks. After
      ulcer healing patients were given maintenance therapy with high doses of
      cimetidine or ranitidine. Of 15 patients on maintenance therapy with H2-receptor
      antagonists, 12 (80%) developed a relapse after a period ranging from 3 to 52
      weeks. Two patients were lost to follow-up. After re-healing on 40 mg omeprazole,
      two patients were given 20 mg omeprazole daily as maintenance therapy but
      relapses occurred again after 14 and 26 weeks respectively. After re-healing on
      40 mg omeprazole, these two patients and one additional patient received
      maintenance therapy with 40 mg omeprazole daily. At present these three patients
      have been relapse-free for periods varying from 16 to 52 weeks. No side effects
      were registered during treatment with omeprazole. It is therefore concluded that
      omeprazole is highly effective in healing refractory peptic ulcers and that
      omeprazole maintenance therapy may be useful for prevention of relapse. Patients
      are sometimes seen with peptic ulceration which appears resistant to therapy with
      histamine H2-receptor antagonists, colloidal bismuth subcitrate, sucralfate or
      pirenzepine, either given as monotherapy for a prolonged period of time or as
      combination therapy. Usually the reason for such therapeutic failure remains
      obscure. Whether virtually total abolition of acid secretion will allow ulcer
      healing in these circumstances is unknown.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2908748
TI  - The gastric proton pump, a target for neuroleptics and antidepressant drugs?
AB  - The antisecretory action of the antidepressant drugs trimipramine, doxepin and
      nortriptyline was studied in two different in-vitro test systems; the isolated
      and enriched guinea-pig parietal cell and the purified H+/K(+)-ATPase
      preparation. The effect of the antidepressants was compared with that of the
      neuroleptic agents chlorpromazine, triflupromazine, trifluperazine, haloperidol,
      fluspirilene and with that of the tricyclic anticholinergic agent pirenzepine.
      All neuroleptics and antidepressants inhibited acid formation in intact parietal
      cells with IC50 values in the nanomolar range. The inhibitory potency for each
      compound was identical regardless of whether histamine or db-cAMP was used as
      stimulant. Isolated H+/K(+)-ATPase, measured in the presence of 5 mmol litre-1
      KCl, was inhibited by all psychotropic drugs with IC50 values in the micromolar
      range. EGTA did not affect the inhibitory potency at the H+/K(+)-ATPase,
      indicating that the action of the drugs does not depend on their calmodulin
      blocking activity. Pirenzepine was ineffective in both test systems. Kinetic
      studies done with nortriptyline, chlorpromazine and haloperidol showed a
      competitive type of inhibition with respect to K+ at low inhibitor
      concentrations. This competitive type was changed to a mixed type of inhibition
      with increasing inhibitor concentrations, demonstrating cooperative effects
      between drug binding and K+ activation of the enzyme. From these data it is
      suggested that antidepressants and neuroleptics act by an allosteric mechanism of
      action, and that the lipid solubility is a significant factor to establish enzyme
      inhibition.

PMID- 2908749
TI  - Review: long-acting somatostatin analogues.
AB  - This article reviews the chemistry, actions and chemical applications of
      somatostatin and its analogues. At present, their gastroenterological use should
      be considered in patients with the carcinoid syndrome and functioning pancreatic
      endocrine tumours; in endocrinology there is interest in their use for the
      management of patients with resistant acromegaly. With these possible exceptions,
      somatostatin analogues should at present be used only in the context of clinical
      trials.

PMID- 2908750
TI  - Adverse reactions to sulphasalazine and 5-amino salicylic acid in the same
      patient.
AB  - We report a patient who developed sulphasalazine-related hepatitis with a
      subsequent adverse reaction to rectal 5-amino salicylic acid, in the form of pain
      and fever without associated liver dysfunction, suggesting reactions to both
      components of sulphasalazine. Included is a review of the literature. Caution
      should be observed when prescribing 5-amino salicylic acid to sulphasalazine
      intolerant patients.

PMID- 2908751
TI  - The effects of roxatidine acetate (HOE-760) on 24-hour intragastric acidity in
      healthy volunteers: comparison with ranitidine and placebo.
AB  - In a series of double-blind randomized studies in normal volunteers using
      continuous intragastric pH monitoring, the effects of different dosage regimens
      of roxatidine, a new H2-receptor antagonist, were compared with placebo and
      ranitidine. Roxatidine acetate, 75 mg twice daily, decreased median 24 h gastric
      acidity from pH 1.6 to 3.2 and median nocturnal acidity from 1.5 to 3.0.
      Roxatidine acetate, 150 mg at bedtime, raised median 24 pH of the same 17
      subjects to 2.4 and nocturnal pH to 5.9. In another series of experiments, 150 mg
      roxatidine acetate at bedtime was as effective as ranitidine 300 mg nocte raising
      median nocturnal pH (14 volunteers) from 1.4 to 6.65 compared to 6.7,
      respectively. However, when drugs were taken after the evening meal (post cenam
      nocte, pcn) roxatidine acetate 150 mg was less potent than ranitidine 300 mg with
      median night-time pH rising from 1.3 to 3.2 and 4.0, respectively, in 28
      volunteers. Roxatidine acetate 300 mg pcn raised the pH to 4.9 suggesting that
      roxatidine is 1-2 times as potent as ranitidine, on a milligram-for-milligram
      basis.

PMID- 2908752
TI  - Somatostatin compared with cimetidine in the treatment of bleeding peptic ulcer
      without visible vessel.
AB  - In a randomized double-blind trial 100 patients with severe bleeding peptic
      ulcers were treated with an intravenous (i.v.) infusion of cimetidine or
      somatostatin. Only those patients in whom endoscopy performed within 6 h of
      admission showed non-arterial bleeding or signs of recent haemorrhage without a
      visible vessel entered the trial. The two treatment groups were well matched for
      age, sex, presence of underlying disease, prior ingestion of ulcerogenic drugs,
      tobacco habits, type of bleeding, haematocrit at admission, presence of
      hypovolaemic shock, source of bleeding and endoscopic findings. Four patients in
      each group were excluded after randomization. Further haemorrhage occurred in
      eight (17.3%) patients in the somatostatin group and in 10 (21.7%) in the
      cimetidine group, but the difference was not statistically significant. The
      number of surgical procedures, blood transfusion requirement, duration of
      hospitalization and mortality rates were similar in the two treatment groups.
      These results suggest that somatostatin does not improve the results obtained
      with cimetidine in patients with bleeding peptic ulcer, in whom the endoscopy
      discloses non-arterial bleeding or signs of recent haemorrhage without a visible
      vessel.

PMID- 2908753
TI  - Review: interactions between H2-antagonists and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory
      drugs.
AB  - Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are being prescribed increasingly
      with an H2-antagonist. This article reviews those published studies which have
      examined the potential for pharmacokinetic and, where appropriate,
      pharmacodynamic interactions between these classes of drugs. Studies involving
      the administration of a single dose of a NSAID to young healthy volunteers are of
      limited relevance in establishing the likely effect of an H2-antagonist on the
      blood concentrations of an NSAID in patients. Appropriate studies are those which
      will examine the effects of H2-antagonists on the steady-state pharmacokinetics
      of NSAIDs in patients with inflammatory joint diseases. More of such studies are
      required, particularly involving elderly patients.

PMID- 2908754
TI  - Inhibition of intestinal macrophage chemotaxis to leukotriene B4 by
      sulphasalazine, olsalazine, and 5-aminosalicylic acid.
AB  - Purified intestinal macrophages obtained at resections for colonic neoplasms were
      investigated for chemotaxis to leukotriene B4 (LTB4) by the Millipore filter
      assay and leading front technique. Possible inhibition by drugs effective in the
      treatment of chronic inflammatory bowel disease (sulphasalazine, olsalazine, its
      active moiety 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA), and the 5-ASA metabolite N
      acetylated-5-ASA (ac-5-ASA)) was tested at therapeutic colonic concentrations of
      0.01-10 mM. Leukotriene B4 at a dose of 10 nM was equipotent with casein (5 g
      litre-1) as regards chemoattraction of macrophages. Sulphasalazine, olsalazine
      and 5-ASA were potent inhibitors of macrophages chemotaxis to LTB4 with IC50
      values of 0.43, 0.39 and 0.24 mM, respectively. These concentrations are below
      the lowest concentration of 5-ASA (2 mM) in the colonic lumen during conventional
      sulphasalazine treatment of patients with chronic inflammatory bowel disease. The
      inhibition of macrophage chemotaxis by these drugs may be important for this
      limitation of the local inflammatory process in chronic inflammatory bowel
      disease, and may in part explain the beneficial effect of systemic and local
      treatment with sulphasalazine. Leukotriene B4 appears to be an important
      inflammatory mediator for the activation of macrophages in colonic inflammation.

PMID- 2908756
TI  - The cost-effectiveness of maintenance therapy for duodenal ulceration with an H2
      antagonist.
AB  - Data from several sources are used to quantify the expected direct medical costs
      of a recently healed duodenal ulcer patient prescribed an H2-antagonist
      (famotidine) for a 6-month period. These costs are compared to the expected
      direct medical costs associated with not using maintenance therapy. Our results
      indicate that the estimated direct cost of patients prescribed a 6-month regimen
      of an H2-antagonist (famotidine) is 30.3% lower than patients who receive no H2
      antagonist therapy. Most of the savings result from a reduced risk of
      hospitalization and surgery. The results of the sensitivity analysis of four
      varying scenarios indicate that H2-antagonist maintenance therapy remains less
      costly even when the assumptions underlying the model are varied enormously. We
      conclude that the decision to withhold maintenance therapy with H2-antagonists
      should not be based on economics.

PMID- 2908755
TI  - Balsalazide in the maintenance treatment of patients with ulcerative colitis, a
      double-blind comparison with sulphasalazine.
AB  - Balsalazide (BSZ) is a pro-drug which releases 5-aminosalicylic acid (5ASA) and 4
      aminobenzoyl-beta-alanine (an inert carrier) in the colon of various species
      including man. BSZ was compared with sulphasalazine (SASP) (both 1 g b.d. orally)
      in the maintenance of remission in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). Seventy
      nine patients (53 male, 26 female), mean age 49 years (range 19-79 years), with
      UC were randomly allocated to either treatment (41 BSZ, 38 SASP) for 6 months.
      The groups were similar in respect of age, sex, duration and extent of disease.
      Seven patients defaulted (3 BSZ, 4 SASP) leaving 38 on BSZ and 34 on SASP. Two
      male patients, both receiving SASP, were withdrawn because of severe side
      effects. One of these patients, with an exfoliative rash, was maintained
      satisfactorily on open BSZ. Remission rates at 6 months (51% BSZ, 63% SASP) were
      not significantly different (life-table analysis P less than 0.1). Twelve
      patients (15%) reported troublesome side-effects (2 BSZ 5%, 10 SASP 26%, P =
      0.017 Fisher Exact Test). Mean haemoglobin concentrations, similar on entry,
      increased after 6 months with BSZ (0.2 g/dl) but decreased with SASP (0.5 g/dl)
      (P less than 0.0002). BSZ was not significantly different from SASP in
      maintaining remission in patients with UC but had fewer side-effects.

PMID- 2908757
TI  - Double-blind study of an alpha 2 agonist in the treatment of irritable bowel
      syndrome.
AB  - A double-blind crossover trial of the alpha 2 agonist lidamidine hydrochloride in
      72 patients with irritable bowel syndrome is reported. Lidamidine was found to
      have no significant effect on frequency and severity of abdominal pain or
      abdominal bloating. It did cause a statistically significant reduction in
      frequency of defaecation (P = 0.005), but this was of a degree unlikely to be of
      clinical importance. Although alpha 2 agonists inhibit gastrointestinal motility
      in animals this study suggests that lidamidine hydrochloride does not have a
      useful therapeutic role in irritable bowel syndrome.

PMID- 2908758
TI  - The role of H2-receptor antagonists in the prevention of NSAID-induced
      gastrointestinal damage.
AB  - Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) induce gastric and duodenal damage
      in animals and humans. The possible protection afforded by cimetidine against
      acute and short-term NSAID-induced mucosal damage was evaluated in five studies.
      Cimetidine 200 mg once daily and 400 mg once daily was found to protect the
      gastric mucosa against damage induced by a single dose of aspirin 1300 mg; this
      protection was found to be independent of gastric acid secretion. Cimetidine 200
      mg q.d.s. was found to protect the stomach and duodenum against damage induced by
      14 days' treatment with aspirin 650 mg q.d.s. Duodenal and gastric damage induced
      during a 7-day treatment period with naproxen 500 mg b.d. was prevented by
      cimetidine 400 mg b.d.; this dose of cimetidine also provided significant
      duodenal protection against damage induced by 1 week of therapy with indomethacin
      50 mg t.d.s. There is no correlation between upper gastrointestinal symptoms, or
      between mucosal prostanoids, and the presence or absence of mucosal damage.
      Cimetidine is therefore effective in the prevention of mucosal damage induced by
      short-term treatment with NSAIDs.

PMID- 2908759
TI  - Sudden cardiac deaths among psychiatric patients receiving neuroleptics.

PMID- 2908760
TI  - The mosquitoes of Sardinia: species records 35 years after the malaria
      eradication campaign.
AB  - 1. Thirty-five years ago malaria was eradicated from Sardinia by massive
      application of DDT directed against the mosquito vector species, Anopheles
      labranchiae, but the long-term effects on the mosquito fauna have not been
      investigated previously. 2. A 5-year mosquito survey (1980-85) involved in the
      inspection of 348 sites (plus 173 reinspections) and the processing of nearly
      60,000 specimens. 3. Twenty-four species in six genera were identified from
      larval and adult collections. Species of the genera Culex (41%) and Aedes (22%)
      were more commonly encountered than Culiseta (18%) and Anopheles (17%) species.
      Orthopodomyia (1.6%) and Coquillettidia (0.6%) were far less frequent. 4. The
      species composition was similar to that described for the years of the
      eradication campaign, except for the genus Anopheles. Of the eight Anopheles
      species previously recorded, only four species were identified in collections of
      1159 larvae from eighty-five positive sites. 5. Anopheles labranchiae was the
      most frequently collected species of its genus (49%), but was represented in only
      12% of the total collections. Comparison with previous records indicated a
      progressive increase in sites positive for An.labranchiae over the past 35 years.
      6. Anopheles hispaniola was not found, although it had apparently replaced
      An.labranchiae soon after the eradication campaign. An. labranchiae was common in
      the sites where the replacement phenomenon has been observed.

PMID- 2908761
TI  - Studies of house-entering habits of mosquitoes in The Gambia, West Africa:
      experiments with prefabricated huts with varied wall apertures.
AB  - The house-entering behaviour of nocturnal mosquitoes was studied in The Gambia.
      Mosquitoes were captured as they attacked man in the open and in experimental
      huts which comprised 1.8 m cube frames with corrugated iron roofs and plywood
      walls of various heights. Catches of all species were similar in the open and in
      a roofed, but unwalled, hut frame. The mosquitoes taken in catches in unwalled
      huts and others with wall heights of 0.6, 1.2 and 1.7 m (giving an 8 cm eaves
      level entry slit) fell into two categories. The first group, which included the
      endophilic species Anopheles gambiae Giles s.l., An. melas Theobald and Mansonia
      spp. were only slightly affected by increasing wall height, but the second group,
      including the exophilic mosquitoes Aedes spp., An. pharoensis Theobald, Cx
      poicilipes (Theobald) and Cx thalassius Theobald showed a very marked progressive
      exclusion. In comparisons of catches in two huts with 8 cm entry slits at eaves
      or ground level, large numbers of An. pharoensis found access through the ground
      level entry but not at eaves level. No consistent difference could be
      demonstrated for other species. It is concluded that the house-entering behaviour
      which distinguishes endophagic mosquito species includes at least two distinct
      responses: flight upwards to eaves level and the passage from outside to indoors.
      It is also suggested that house entry as a component in host-seeking behaviour
      and indoor resting are distinct, but not necessarily exclusive, behavioural
      traits.

PMID- 2908762
TI  - The relative efficacy of repellents against mosquito vectors of disease.
AB  - Laboratory tests of insect repellents by various different methods showed that
      An.stephensi Liston was consistently more susceptible than An.gambiae Giles,
      An.albimanus Wiedemann or An.pulcherrimus Theobald. The six repellents tested
      were di-ethyl toluamide (deet), di-methyl phthalate (DMP), ethyl-hexanediol,
      permethrin, citronella and cedarwood oil. Testing systems in which the mosquitoes
      were presented with a choice gave consistently lower ED50 values than when there
      was no choice, i.e. the standards of tolerance are not absolute but depend on the
      options available. In field tests in an experimental hut a curtain with a high
      dose of di-ethyl toluamide (deet) reduced biting in the hut but had to be re
      impregnated frequently. Deet-impregnated anklets gave about 84% protection
      against Culex quinquefasciatus Say for 80 days after one impregnation, in a trial
      in which the anklets were brought out of sealed storage and tested for 2 h
      nightly. Similar protection was found against An.funestus Giles but the
      protection against An.gambiae s.l., An. coustani Laveran and Mansonia spp. was
      not as good. There were highly significant differences between the four
      collectors' mosquito attractiveness but this varied highly significantly between
      the mosquito species.

PMID- 2908763
TI  - Antibodies that block stimulation by TSH or TSAb of thyroid hormone secretion in
      primary hypothyroidism.
AB  - Antibodies that inhibit the stimulation of the thyroid by TSH have been studied
      in 63 patients with primary hypothyroidism of whom 34 had thyroid atrophy and 29
      goitrous Hashimoto's thyroiditis. The method used measured the secretion of tri
      iodothyronine (T3) from porcine thyroid slices incubated in vitro. The aims of
      the study were to assess the frequency and clinical correlates of blocking
      antibodies in an unselected series of patients, to establish their IgG nature and
      to examine their action in relation to the TSH receptor. Blocking antibodies were
      found in 25% of patients and occurred in association with both atrophic (32%) and
      goitrous (17%) hypothyroidism. These antibodies did not bind TSH (with one
      exception) nor did they inhibit binding of TSH to its receptor (also with one
      exception). Blocking-antibody activity was abolished by treatment of the serum
      with anti-hIgG or with protein A, and the activity was purified from serum by
      affinity chromatography on protein A sepharose-4B, thus establishing the IgG
      nature of the antibodies. The stimulation of T3 secretion by thyroid-stimulating
      antibodies was also blocked and in one case, where IgG did not block stimulation
      by bTSH, stimulation by hTSH was blocked. Antibodies blocking the action of TSH
      probably represent an important mechanism in the pathogenesis of primary
      hypothyroidism in some patients.

PMID- 2908764
TI  - Effect of naloxone, domperidone and idazoxan on the delay in gastric emptying
      induced by ileal lipid.
AB  - Studies were carried out on 22 healthy male volunteers to investigate whether
      intravenous administration of either the opiate antagonist, naloxone, or the
      dopamine antagonist, domperidone, or the alpha 2-adrenoreceptor antagonist,
      idazoxan, could reverse the delay in gastric emptying induced by ileal infusion
      of lipid emulsion. Ileal infusion of 50% lipid emulsion significantly delayed the
      rate of gastric emptying compared with ileal infusion of isotonic saline (P less
      than 0.01). Intravenous infusion of naloxone (20 micrograms kg-1 hour-1) or prior
      administration of either intravenous domperidone (20 mg) or idazoxan (0.2 mg kg
      1) did not inhibit the delay in gastric emptying induced by ileal infusion of
      lipid emulsion. These observations indicate that feedback regulation of gastric
      emptying by ileal lipid does not appear to be mediated by either dopaminergic or
      enkephalinergic neurons, nor by alpha 2-adrenoreceptors.

PMID- 2908765
TI  - The effect of two alpha 2-adrenoreceptor agonists and an antagonist on gastric
      emptying and mouth to caecum transit time in humans.
AB  - Experiments were performed to investigate the effect of two alpha 2
      adrenoreceptor agonists, clonidine and lidamidine, and a specific alpha 2
      adrenoreceptor antagonist, idazoxan, on gastric emptying and mouth to caecum
      transit time (MCTT) of a radiolabelled meal in 27 healthy male subjects.
      Lidamidine (20 mg p.o.) and clonidine (0.3 mg p.o.), given alone had no
      significant effect on gastric emptying or MCTT suggesting that the anti
      diarrhoeal action of clonidine and lidamidine are unlikely to be explained by a
      slowing of small intestinal transit. Idazoxan (20 mg p.o.) reversed the effect of
      clonidine in 10 subjects, who showed a delay in MCTT after taking clonidine, but
      did not alter MCTT under basal conditions. These results suggest that although
      the sympathetic nervous system can influence upper gastrointestinal motility by
      an action on alpha 2-adrenoreceptors, this action does not exert a tonic
      influence on upper gastrointestinal motility under basal conditions.

PMID- 2908766
TI  - The impact of H2-receptor antagonists on the complications, morbidity and
      mortality of peptic ulcer disease.
AB  - The epidemiology and character of peptic ulcer has changed over the last 20
      years, with only some of the change being due to the introduction of H2-receptor
      antagonists in the mid-1970s. There is evidence that duodenal ulcer was declining
      before this change in therapeutics. H2-receptor antagonists have, however,
      greatly reduced the morbidity and the time off work due to peptic ulcer disease.
      There is no strong evidence, however, that mortality due to peptic ulcer disease,
      which was already relatively small, has been reduced. The incidence of
      complications such as gastric haemorrhage, perforation and obstruction, may have
      increased in elderly patients. This may be associated with independent variables,
      such as increased use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

PMID- 2908767
TI  - What are the differences between the H2-receptor antagonists?
AB  - The H2-receptor antagonists which are used for ulcer therapy fall into four main
      structural classes. Cimetidine is an imidazole derivative; ranitidine belongs to
      the basically substituted furans, famotidine is a member of the guanidinothiazole
      group; and roxatidine belongs to the aminoalkylphenoxy series. Famotidine is the
      most potent, selective H2-receptor antagonist yet available for ulcer therapy. On
      a weight basis, famotidine is approximately eight times more potent than
      ranitidine and 40 times more potent than cimetidine. Cimetidine, ranitidine and
      famotidine are competitive antagonists, while the long-acting H2-receptor
      antagonists, e.g. loxtidine and lamitidine, are insurmountable H2-receptor
      blockers. Famotidine has a longer duration of action than either ranitidine or
      cimetidine. Because famotidine does not interact with cytochrome P-450 of the
      hepatic enzyme system, it does not appear to affect the metabolism of drugs
      metabolized by this system. The overall number of side-effects of the H2-receptor
      antagonists is in the range of 2-3% and no irreversible adverse effects are
      known. Famotidine has been found to be generally well tolerated. In a first post
      marketing study, the number of patients with side-effects was only 0.43%. Side
      effects such as headache, dizziness, constipation and diarrhoea have been
      observed only occasionally. Thus, famotidine is a safe and potent H2-receptor
      blocker of acid secretion.

PMID- 2908768
TI  - Developmental regulation of nodule-specific genes in alfalfa root nodules.
AB  - We have cloned alfalfa nodule-specific cDNAs that code for leghemoglobin (Lb),
      glutamine synthetase (GS), and three unidentified nodulins. Hybrid-select
      translation of nodule RNA followed by 2-D gel electrophoresis showed that the Lb
      specific cDNA corresponded to at least four Lb species of 12 kDa. One of the
      unidentified cDNA clones (N-32/34) corresponded to at least five polypeptides of
      32-34 kDa; a second unidentified cDNA clone (N-14) corresponded to an individual
      polypeptide of 14 kDa. The in vitro translation product(s) of the RNA hybrid
      selected by the third unidentified cDNA clone (N-22) formed a single band at 22
      kDa on a one-dimensional gel. Northern and dot blot analyses of RNA isolated from
      wild-type nodules and from defective nodules elicited by a variety of Rhizobium
      meliloti mutants showed that 1) RNAs corresponding to the Lb, nodule-specific GS,
      and three unidentified nodulins were coordinately expressed during the course of
      nodule development, and 2) all five nodulins were expressed in Fix- nodules that
      contained infection threads and bacteroids but were not expressed in nodules that
      lacked infection threads and intracellular rhizobia.

PMID- 2908769
TI  - In vivo and in vitro metabolism of 3,4-(methylenedioxy)methamphetamine in the
      rat: identification of metabolites using an ion trap detector.
AB  - Four biotransformation pathways of 3,4-(methylenedioxy)methamphetamine (MDMA) in
      the rat have been identified: N-demethylation, O-dealkylation, deamination, and
      conjugation (O-methylation, O-glucuronidation, and/or O-sulfation). The specific
      MDMA metabolites that have been identified are 3-hydroxy-4
      methoxymethamphetamine, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine, 3,4
      dihydroxymethamphetamine, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyamphetamine, 3,4
      (methylenedioxy)amphetamine (MDA), (4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)acetone, [3,4
      (methylenedioxy)phenyl]acetone, and (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetone. All except 3,4
      dihydroxymethamphetamine were present in the urine. The hydroxylated metabolites
      were excreted in the urine as the O-glucuronide and/or O-sulfate conjugates, but
      traces of free 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine and 4-hydroxy-3
      methoxyamphetamine were also present in unhydrolyzed urine. N-Demethyl and 3-O
      methyl phenolic amine metabolites of MDMA were consistently present in brain,
      liver, blood, and feces. MDMA was metabolized by the 10000g rat liver supernatant
      to 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine, 3,4-dihydroxymethamphetamine, MDA, and
      [3,4-(methylenedioxy)phenyl]acetone. Also, the 10000g rat brain supernatant
      metabolized MDMA to 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine, 3,4
      dihydroxymethamphetamine, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyamphetamine, and MDA.

PMID- 2908770
TI  - Effects of aminothiols in 2-acetylaminofluorene-treated rats. I. Damage and
      repair of liver DNA, hyperplastic foci, and Zymbal gland tumors.
AB  - One hundred and seventy-nine male Wistar rats were divided into 6 groups and fed
      with a standard diet supplemented with 0.05% 2-acetylaminofluorene (2AAF) and/or
      0.1% glutathione (GSH) or N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC). Each treatment cycle lasted
      for 3 weeks, followed by 1 week of standard meal. After 4 cycles, survival was
      100% in the 3 control groups, and 86.0, 100 and 91.7%, in the groups receiving
      2AAF, 2AAF plus GSH, and 2AAF plus NAC, respectively. After an additional 4-8
      weeks, all the 5 surviving rats fed with 2AAF exhibited deforming ear tumors,
      which on histological examination were classified as sebaceous squamocellular
      carcinomas of Zymbal glands. No such tumors were detectable in control groups,
      nor in the 16 surviving rats fed with 2AAF plus GSH or NAC. In the liver, 2AAF
      produced significant DNA damage at the 3rd week of each cycle, which was
      partially repaired during the week of standard meal feeding. Moreover, 2AAF
      determined the appearance of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase-positive foci, which
      tended to increase with time both in number and in size. GSH and NAC exerted
      similar protective effects on these phenomena, but only at early stages of the
      experimental model used.

PMID- 2908771
TI  - Viruses in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus.
AB  - In spite of the lack of firm evidence implicating infectious agents, it is still
      likely that SLE requires an initiating event, probably environmental, and
      possibly infectious. In the setting of genetically determined perturbations of
      the immune system, an infectious trigger could be a trivial event clinically, and
      could be different in different patients. Once triggered, the immunologic
      abnormalities might be self-perpetuating so that the persistent infection and
      foreign antigens as found in hepatitis B vasculitis, might not be needed in SLE.
      Current evidence has not firmly implicated any specific microbial agents, but on
      a theoretical basis, the human retroviruses are particularly attractive
      candidates.

PMID- 2908773
TI  - Pattern formation: from theoretical models to molecular biology.
AB  - The field of pattern formation in biological systems is viewed, taking into
      consideration the major theoretical and experimental information. The basic idea
      which has emerged from the different theoretical models is that short range cell
      to-cell interactions could manifest the hierarchy of patterns. These interactions
      could actually be governed by simple signals in the cell surface. In the second
      part the experimental evidence is examined, namely, the genes that control
      pattern formation in Drosophila. The products of these genes display a variety of
      characteristics ranging from being molecules at the cell surface to regulatory
      proteins in the nucleus. The hypothesis is presented that molecules in the
      cytoplasm could connect the two parts. According to this, signals at the cell
      surface and subsequent cell-to-cell interactions should be of primary importance
      in the mechanisms that underlie morphogenesis.

PMID- 2908772
TI  - Counteraction by combined treatment with high dose of oestrogen and somatostatin
      of mammary growth suppression in mice.
AB  - The interaction between somatostatin (SMS) and high doses of oestrogen on mammary
      gland growth was examined in C3H/He virgin mice. Mammary gland growth was
      significantly suppressed by the subcutaneous implantation of pellets of
      oestradiol benzoate diluted to 1/1000 or 1/500 or by injection twice daily of
      50ng SMS 201-995 between 25 and 55 days of age. However, the mammary gland growth
      of mice receiving SMS and oestrogen in combination was markedly stimulated
      compared to that of mice given the respective agents. These results indicate that
      the inhibitory effects of somatostatin and oestrogen on mammary growth were
      apparently counteracted by the treatment in combination.

PMID- 2908774
TI  - Clinical, morphopathological and toxicological studies in acute benzodiazepine
      poisonings.

PMID- 2908775
TI  - Use of the in situ and free internal thoracic artery for myocardial
      revascularization.

PMID- 2908776
TI  - Mosquito larvae survey in Ain-Ghosin village, Ismailia Governorate.

PMID- 2908777
TI  - IVth International Symposium on Cardiac Bioprostheses, April 14-17, 1988, Del
      Coronado, California.

PMID- 2908779
TI  - IVth International Symposium on Cardiac Bioprostheses, April 14-17, 1988, Del
      Coronado, California.

PMID- 2908778
TI  - IVth International Symposium on Cardiac Bioprostheses.

PMID- 2908780
TI  - Paternity testing: current status and review.

PMID- 2908781
TI  - Immune mechanisms in transfusion.

PMID- 2908782
TI  - Breeding-site productivity of the swamp forest mosquitoes Mansonia bonneae and
      Ma. dives in Sarawak, east Malaysia.
AB  - Studies on larval population densities and adult emergence rates of the Brugian
      filariasis vectors Mansonia bonneae Edwards and Ma. dives Schiner were conducted
      in freshwater swamp forest bordering the Sadong River, Serian District, Sarawak,
      East Malaysia, during 1984-85. Three species of aquatic host-plants in the Family
      Araceae were identified as supporting immature stages of the Ma. bonneae/dives
      complex. Proportions of positive plants were 4.7%, 6.5% and 3.4% with 6.4 +/-
      2.6, 7.3 +/- 2.8 and 10.1 +/- 1.1 larvae per positive plant, respectively, for
      the plant species Homalomena cordata Schott, H. rostrata Griffiths and
      Hydrostemma motleyi (Hook. f.) Mabberley. These data indicate no significant
      preferences between the three types of host-plant. Detailed monitoring of the
      host-plant H. cordata revealed no significant monthly fluctuations in larval
      density per plant nor the proportion of positive plants. 11.6% of larvae were Ma.
      dives and 88.4% were Ma. bonneae. Mean daily yields of Ma. bonneae/dives adults
      per square metre of H. cordata vegetated water surface were 0.45 males plus 0.57
      females during the wet season (December-February) compared with 0.2 males plus
      0.31 females during the dry season (June-August). Thus output of adults per plant
      was approximately halved, and suitable breeding areas were further reduced,
      during the dry season. By extrapolation from these rates, a crude mean estimate
      for productivity of Ma. bonneae/dives females is 1.6 million per hectare per
      annum in swamp forest habitats vegetated with any of the host-plants studied.

PMID- 2908783
TI  - Diel activity patterns of blood-seeking anthropophilic mosquitoes in central
      Sweden.
AB  - 1. Blood-seeking diel activity cycles of mosquitoes are described from 24 h
      landing catches on human bait in a field and a forest habitat during June-August
      in central Sweden. 2. Daytime activity in the field was low or absent, whilst in
      the forest activity was relatively even throughout the diel. 3. In both habitats,
      activity peaks generally occurred about sunset and sunrise and were more distinct
      in the field than in the forest. 4. Data from this and other studies show that,
      in general, Aedes cinereus Meigen feeds at night in field-type habitats and
      Ae.communis (DeGeer) during the diurnal-crepuscular period in forest and woodland
      habitats. 5. Although abundant in the study area, Anopheles maculipennis Meigen
      sensu lato, Culex pipiens L., Cx torrentium Martini and Culiseta morsitans
      (Theobald) were not caught on the human bait. This is because, in central Sweden,
      An.maculipennis s.l. is mainly feeding in animal sheds whereas the others are
      ornithophagous. 6. Ae.geniculatus (Olivier) was recorded from central Sweden for
      the first time. 7. Blood feeding success (proportion of mosquitoes that managed
      to obtain blood from the human bait) was significantly greater in Ae.cinereus
      (14.9%) than in Ae.punctor (Kirby), Ae.communis and Ae.annulipes (Meigen) (2.8
      0.7%). 8. The data are interpreted in relation to the transmission of Ockelbo
      disease (caused by Sindbis virus) and tularaemia in Sweden.

PMID- 2908784
TI  - Evaluation of permethrin-impregnated mosquito-nets against mosquitoes in China.
AB  - In Yishan County, Guangxi Province, China, where malaria and Brugian filariasis
      are transmitted by vectors belonging to the Anopheles hyrcanus Pallas group, a
      study was conducted from June to November 1986 to evaluate the effectiveness of
      permethrin-impregnated mosquito bednets to reduce man/vector contact. In three
      experimental villages a total of 246 mosquito nets were treated with permethrin
      EC at a dosage of 0.5 g/m2. Control bioassays (1 h exposure) of treated nets gave
      up to 100% mortality of Armigeres subalbatus (Coquillett), Anopheles sinensis
      Wiedemann and Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles for up to 19 weeks. During 5 months
      evaluation in the villages, permethrin-impregnated mosquito-nets reduced the
      number of mosquitoes found inside nets by 99.3% for Culex quinquefasciatus Say,
      by 94.4% for Anopheles sinensis Wiedemann and by 75% for Anopheles lesteri
      anthropophagus Xu & Feng. This measure could thus be considered an appropriate
      means of controlling vectors in villages.

PMID- 2908785
TI  - Laboratory experiments on factors affecting oviposition site selection in
      Toxorhynchites amboinensis (Diptera: Culicidae), with a report on the occurrence
      of egg cannibalism.
AB  - Laboratory experiments tested the effects of water quality and the presence of
      conspecific and heterospecific immatures on oviposition by Toxorhynchites
      amboinensis (Doleschall). The females showed a highly significant preference for
      oak leaf infusion water over distilled water. When twenty starved third and
      fourth instar Tx.amboinensis larvae were present in the water, substantially
      fewer eggs were counted from pots containing these conspecifics, than from
      controls in which no larvae were present. Numbers of eggs from pots containing
      starved second instar larvae did not differ significantly from controls.
      Observations of larval behaviour while oviposition was occurring suggested that
      egg numbers were reduced in containers because of egg cannibalism with third and
      fourth instar larvae, and not because the larvae caused a deterrent effect.
      Subsequent experiments confirming the occurrence of substantial egg cannibalism
      by third and especially fourth instar larvae are described. As with larvae, the
      presence of Tx.amboinensis pupae in the water had little effect on oviposition.
      If placed in the water 24 h prior to test, pupae very slightly enhanced its
      attractiveness, but if introduced immediately before test there appeared to be a
      slight deterrent effect. With heterospecific larvae, twenty fourth instar
      Ae.aegypti larvae introduced into infusion water 24 h before test rendered the
      water slightly attractive, while water in which Ae.aegypti larvae had been reared
      for 48 h proved highly repellent.

PMID- 2908786
TI  - The functional response of Toxorhynchites rutilus rutilus to changes in the
      population density of its prey Aedes aegypti.
AB  - We present an analysis of the functional response of the predator Toxorhynchites
      rutilus rutilus (Coquillett) to changes in the density of the larvae of Aedes
      aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae). The experiment was replicated for five
      different ages, and at three different densities of the predator. The data were
      fitted to Rogers' (1972) random predator equation by non-linear least-squares in
      order to estimate searching efficiency and handling time for each experimental
      treatment. The data show that estimated searching efficiencies are highest at
      intermediate ages of the predator for all predator densities tested. Handling
      time declines exponentially with increasing predator age. There is a marked
      interference effect; searching efficiency decreases with increased predator
      density, and this is most pronounced at intermediate prey ages. Estimated
      handling times increase with predator density at a rate which declines with
      increasing predator age.

PMID- 2908787
TI  - Human alveolar macrophage activation: inhibition by forskolin but not beta
      adrenoceptor stimulation or phosphodiesterase inhibition.
AB  - Alveolar macrophages are the most numerous cells within human airways. They
      release inflammatory mediators following immunological challenge and have been
      implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma. beta-agonists and phosphodiesterase
      inhibitors are frequently used in the treatment of asthma and are potent
      inhibitors of human mast cells. We have examined the role of the beta-agonist,
      isoprenaline, the phosphodiesterase inhibitor Ro-20 1724, and the adenylate
      cyclase stimulator forskolin on the activation of human alveolar macrophages.
      This was assessed by monitoring the release of thromboxane B2 (TXB2), leukotriene
      B4, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), and superoxide (SO) following
      stimulation of the cells by opsonised zymosan or IgE/anti IgE complexes. Neither
      isoprenaline (1nM-10 microM) nor Ro-20 1724 (0.5-50 microM) alone or in
      combination had any inhibitory effect on release of these mediators. However,
      forskolin (0.1-100 microM) significantly inhibited release of both TXB2 and SO
      but not NAG. This result shows that human alveolar macrophages do not possess
      functional beta-receptors, although stimulation of adenylate cyclase with
      forskolin, inhibits some of the elements of macrophage activation.

PMID- 2908788
TI  - Symposium on the assessment of reproductive hazards in the workplace.

PMID- 2908789
TI  - XIII Symposium Neuroradiologicum. Stockholm, June 23-28, 1986.

PMID- 2908790
TI  - [Meeting of the XIX European Pancreas Club. Marseilles, 3-5 September 1987].

PMID- 2908791
TI  - Hormonal and neurotransmitter interactions in the modulation of memory storage:
      involvement of the amygdala.
AB  - This chapter summarizes some of our recent studies examining the memory
      modulating effects of hormones and drugs affecting adrenergic, noradrenergic and
      opiate receptor systems. Our findings suggest that the effects of these
      treatments on memory involve activation of noradrenergic receptors within the
      amygdaloid complex. And, more generally, the findings support the view that the
      amygdala is involved in modulating the storage of recent experiences.

PMID- 2908792
TI  - Ibotenic acid-induced lesions of striatal target and projection neurons:
      ultrastructural manifestations in dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic neurons and
      in glia.
AB  - The cytological changes elicited by central microinjections of the excitotoxin,
      ibotenic acid (IBO) were examined in the adult rat striatonigral system using
      electron microscopic immunocytochemistry. The chemical markers included tyrosine
      hydroxylase (TH), a biosynthetic enzyme in dopaminergic neurons, and glial
      fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Both short (1-7 day) and long (30-60 days) term
      effects were evaluated at the site of IBO-injections in the striatum and more
      distally in the substantia nigra, which both contributes afferents and receives
      efferents from the striatum. In the neostriatum at every survival period
      examined, TH-labeled axonal processes appeared equally numerous in the control
      and IBO-injected hemispheres. However, the TH-labeled axons in the striatum
      ipsilateral to the IBO-injection were slightly enlarged, and generally lacked
      synaptic densities. In the early period the remaining neuropil showed signs of
      edema and contained perikarya and dendrites with vacuolar or dense cytoplasm as
      well as intact, unlabeled terminals. Numerous astrocytes, and apparently
      demyelinated axons were more commonly seen at the 7 day period. At 30 and 60
      days, bundles of myelinated axons, unlabeled axon terminals, and astrocytes
      containing a variety of cytosomes and other cytoplasmic inclusions were in close
      apposition to TH-labeled axon terminals. These results suggest that the
      dopaminergic terminals may serve neuromodulatory functions with respect to glia
      or other afferent axons remaining after IBO-injections in the striatum. In the
      substantia nigra, homolateral to the injection, a dense type of degeneration was
      seen in a few perikarya and dendrites at 7 days of survival. At this stage,
      electron dense anterograde degeneration also was seen in terminals contacting
      both TH-labeled and unlabeled dendrites. The secondary long term changes in
      nuclear groups located distal to the primary lesion are characteristic of certain
      types of progressive human neuropathological disorders.

PMID- 2908793
TI  - Potent long-acting alkylated analogs of growth hormone-releasing factor.
AB  - Analogs of growth hormone-releasing factor-(1-29)-NH2 (GRF-29) involving
      derivatization with alkyl substituents at the N-terminus, with or without
      concomitant alkylation of basic amino acids within the peptide chain (lysine in
      positions 12 and 21), were synthesized using solid-phase methodology and tested
      for their ability to stimulate growth hormone release in pentobarbital and
      urethane-anesthetized rats and in 4-day primary cultures of rat anterior
      pituitary cells. N alpha-MeTyr1-GRF-29 was 40% as potent as GRF-29 15 min after
      injection of peptide into pentobarbital-anesthetized rats; N alpha-EtTyr1, Nle27
      GRF-29 was 5 times more potent and N alpha-iPrTyr1-GRF-29 was 35 times more
      potent. Combining this latter modification with our previously reported
      superactive analog modification, D-Ala2, did not appreciably change potency.
      Analogs with larger alkyl groups, N alpha-cyclohexyl-Tyr1-GRF-29 were not
      superactive. However, N alpha-benzyl-Tyr1-GRF-29 was 73 times more potent than
      GRF-29. Most strikingly, the triisopropylated analog N alpha-iPrTyr1, N epsilon
      iPr-Lys12,21-GRF-29 was 106 times more active. Several analogs were tested in
      time course assays. All were long-acting as compared to GRF-29, with the
      triisopropylated analog having the longest duration of activity. In vitro
      potencies among the analogs with the higher in vivo activities were only slightly
      increased (2-4 X) with respect to GRF-29. The observed increases in in vivo
      potencies presumably occur due to enhanced resistance to enzymatic degradation
      following alkylation or through some other pharmacokinetic effect due to the
      increased lipophilicity of these analogs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2908795
TI  - Diet and behavior: a multidisciplinary evaluation. Proceedings of a symposium.
      Arlington, Virginia, November 27-29, 1984.

PMID- 2908794
TI  - Keshan disease--an endemic mitochondrial cardiomyopathy in China.
AB  - Keshan disease (KD) is a cardiomyopathy endemic in certain areas of China,
      characterized by severe deterioration and multiple focal necrosis. In the present
      paper we describe abnormalities of the structure and function of myocardial
      mitochondria from patients with subacute Keshan disease. Activities of succinate
      dehydrogenase, succinic oxidase, cytochrome c oxidase, H(+)-ATPase and its
      sensitivity to oligomycin and the response of membrane potential to energization
      by ATP were significantly decreased. However, the spectrum of reduced-minus
      oxidized cytochromes in patients' mitochondria showed no obvious difference in
      the content of cytochrome c oxidase (aa3). There was also a marked decrease in
      lipid fluidity of affected mitochondria, and an abnormal amount of moderately
      electron dense amorphous inclusions. Electron-microscopic x-ray microanalysis and
      exposure to protein digestion reagent demonstrated that these inclusions are not
      Ca3(PO4)2, but are, probably, proteinaceous in nature. Affected mitochondria had
      markedly decreased selenium content. The defects in myocardial mitochondria from
      patients with chronic Keshan disease were less extensive than those in patients
      with subacute Keshan disease. We propose that Keshan disease be classified as a
      form of "mitochondrial cardiomyopathy".

PMID- 2908796
TI  - Diet and brain function.

PMID- 2908797
TI  - Neurotransmitter precursors: from animal experiments to human applications.

PMID- 2908798
TI  - Ways that foods can affect the brain.

PMID- 2908799
TI  - Effects of carbohydrates on mood and behavior.

PMID- 2908800
TI  - Biochemical regulation of brain function.

PMID- 2908801
TI  - [A new case of colitis caused by gold salts].

PMID- 2908802
TI  - Procoagulant activity and thrombelastography in Korean hemorrhagic fever.
AB  - Twenty male patients with Korean hemorrhagic fever were evaluated with
      thrombelastography (TEG) to assess the changes in coagulation system, and the
      results were compared with those of conventional coagulation tests. Procoagulant
      activity in the plasma was determined by comparing the reaction time "r" of the
      normal plasma and that of the mixture of equal parts of the normal plasma and the
      patient's plasma. The TEG was found to be a useful measure of the changes in the
      coagulation profile, and provided instant accurate assessment of the patient's
      hemostatic function. Presence of the procoagulant activity was demonstrated in
      the plasma of the patients and indicated occurrence of active intravascular
      coagulation during the early stage of the disease.

PMID- 2908803
TI  - Treatment of anxiety with ketazolam in elderly patients.
AB  - In a multicenter, double-blind trial, 63 elderly patients who had experienced a
      generalized anxiety disorder for at least one month were randomly assigned to
      receive 15 mg of ketazolam (n = 31) or placebo (n = 32) daily for 15 days. At the
      end of this period, if their total scores on the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale
      had decreased by at least 25%, treatment was continued unchanged for a further 15
      days. Patients who did not respond to treatment were given an additional 15 mg of
      ketazolam daily. During the initial 15 days, 83% of the ketazolam-treated
      patients and 43% of the placebo patients responded to treatment (P < 0.01).
      During the second 15-day period, the anxiety scores of the ketazolam-treated
      patients continued to decline significantly, whereas the placebo patients showed
      no improvement. According to the investigators' assessments of severity of
      anxiety and patients' ratings of treatment effectiveness, ketazolam was
      significantly superior to placebo.

PMID- 2908804
TI  - Properties of [3H]bunazosin binding in rat kidney.
AB  - Properties of alpha 1-adrenoceptor binding in the renal cortex of rats were
      studied with [3H]bunazosin as the radiolabeled ligand. Both temperature and
      incubation time influenced bunazosin receptor binding. Subcellular distribution
      of [3H]-bunazosin binding revealed that the membrane fraction (30,000 x g pellet)
      had the largest proportion of total binding sites. Pretreatment of membrane
      preparation at 56 degrees C for 30 minutes greatly decreased the specific binding
      of [3H]-bunazosin, though there was no significant effect of the pretreatment at
      24 degrees C and 37 degrees C for 30 minutes. Among various cations, some
      divalent ions such as Cu++ and Zn++ greatly decreased bunazosin binding, whereas
      monovalent ions had no effect on specific binding. Results of Scatchard analysis
      suggested that the rat renal cortex membrane has single binding sites with an
      apparent dissociation constant of 0.38 +/- 0.06 nmol/L, though the rat medulla
      membrane has no potent binding activity with bunazosin. The displacement study
      revealed that various adrenergic agents inhibit [3H]bunazosin binding in dose
      dependent fashion; the rank order of potencies was bunazosin prazosin >
      phentolamine >> dl-norepinephrine > clonidine, yohimbine >> pindolol,
      propranolol. These findings reveal that bunazosin has specific receptor binding
      in the rat renal cortex, indicating that alpha 1-adrenoceptors exist in the rat
      renal cortex.

PMID- 2908805
TI  - Effect of age on the pharmacokinetics of orally and intravenously administered
      terazosin.
AB  - Terazosin, a new long-acting selective alpha 1-receptor antagonist, was studied
      in a crossover trial to assess the effect of age on oral and intravenous
      pharmacokinetics. Thirty healthy male and female volunteers between the ages of
      23 and 75 years received 1-mg oral and intravenous doses of terazosin. For both
      routes of administration, the only pharmacokinetic variables significantly
      correlated with age were terminal elimination rate constant and the area under
      the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC). However, the differences in half-life
      and AUC between the youngest and oldest subjects were modest and not of practical
      clinical significance. There was no evidence of an enhanced pharmacologic or
      toxic effect in older subjects. From these data, we conclude that the dosage of
      terazosin does not need to be adjusted on the basis of age alone; the dose of
      terazosin is titrated in all patients to the lowest effective dose that is well
      tolerated.

PMID- 2908806
TI  - Quicker progress on slow diseases.

PMID- 2908807
TI  - Somatostatin-like immunoreactivity and somatostatin receptor binding in rat brain
      in pentylenetetrazol-induced kindling.
AB  - Kindling was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by repeated injection of
      pentylenetetrazol (PTZ, 30 mg/kg, IP). Somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI)
      and 125I-Tyr-somatostatin binding were measured in different areas of the brain
      in saline-injected controls, rats receiving PTZ but not kindled (prekindled
      rats), and kindled rats. Compared to SLI levels in controls, SLI increased (p <
      0.01) in the frontal cortex, striatum (p < 0.05 in kindled rats), and hippocampus
      of both prekindled and kindled animals. Hypothalamic levels of SLI remained
      unchanged. Compared with the controls, no change was found in somatostatin
      receptor binding in the frontal cortex, striatum or hippocampus in prekindled or
      kindled animals. These results suggest that an increased level of somatostatin
      may be connected to the development and maintenance of kindling.

PMID- 2908808
TI  - 8th Annual Winter Neuropeptide Conference. Breckenridge, Colorado, January 17-23,
      1987.

PMID- 2908809
TI  - Relationships between the FMRFamide-related peptides and other peptide families.
AB  - The relationships between peptide families are recognized in terms of structural
      similarity and immunological and biological activity. Most of the currently known
      FMRFamide-related peptides (FaRPs) of molluscs were tested in a radioimmunoassay
      (RIA) and in the two standard bioassays for FMRFamide: the radula protractor
      muscle of the whelk Busycon contrarium, and the isolated heart of the clam
      Mercenaria mercenaria. Some peptides were also tested on the heart of the snail
      Helix aspersa. The responses of the different assays to these peptides were
      generally similar, but substantial diversity precluded an absolute resolution of
      relationships, even among molluscan FaRPs. Nevertheless, this set of responses
      does constitute a standard against which to estimate the relative affinities of
      putative FaRPs from other animal groups. Many of the non-molluscan FaRPs (e.g.,
      the pancreatic polypeptide-related peptides, gastrin/CCK, and the opioid
      peptides) are relatively inactive on the molluscan assays, but others (e.g.,
      LPLRFamide, a peptide isolated from chicken brain; the opioid receptor-modulating
      peptides A18Fa and F8Fa; and gamma 1-MSH) were relatively potent. Several
      arthropod FaRPs have substantial FMRFamide-like sequence similarity and
      immunoreactivity, and they may be homologous members of the molluscan peptide
      family. However, those structural and functional aspects of peptide families that
      transcend phyletic lines probably reflect basic principles of binding between
      peptides and membrane proteins rather than homology.

PMID- 2908810
TI  - Structural aspects of gastrin/CCK-like insect leucosulfakinins and FMRF-amide.
AB  - The leucosulfakinins (LSKs), isolated from head extracts of the cockroach
      Leucophaea maderae, are sulfated neuropeptides with homology to gastrin and
      cholecystokinin. The undecapeptide LSK and decapeptide LSK-II stimulate
      contractions of the isolated cockroach hindgut. Several structural aspects of the
      two gastrin/CCK-like insect leucosulfakinins (LSKs) and their relation to FMRF
      amide are discussed. Replacement of the oxidation sensitive Met residue with
      isosteric norleucine leads to an analog with retention of biological activity.
      The Arg residue of the LSKs is critical for cockroach hindgut contractile
      stimulatory activity, as its introduction into gastrin II transforms the inactive
      peptide into an active analog. As demonstrated by the equipotent
      [His14,Arg16]gastrin II, the His8 and Asp5 residues of LSK are not critical for
      activity. The common C-terminal tetrapeptide of the LSKs ([8-11]LSK) is inactive.
      Taken together with a comparison of the two LSK structures, the data suggest that
      the LSK active core resides between [8-11]LSK and [4-11]LSK. This is confirmed by
      considerable activity displayed by the sulfate analog of LSK-II, which contains
      an extra sulfate group on the Ser2 residue in the N-terminal region. Homology
      between the LSKs and molluscan cardioacceleratory and rectum contractile
      neuropeptide FMRF-amide and Met-enkephalin-Arg6-Phe7 is discussed. The insect
      LSKs may represent a molecular evolutionary link between the vertebrate
      gastrin/CCK family and this mammalian enkephalin.

PMID- 2908811
TI  - Rat intermediate lobe in culture: dopaminergic regulation of POMC biosynthesis
      and cell proliferation.
AB  - The effects of the selective D-2 selective agonist, quinpirole, on biosynthesis
      of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and cell proliferation rate of cultures of rat
      intermediate lobe (IL) have been examined. Primary cultures of rat IL were
      prepared by mechanically dispersing IL lobules in medium. Following a six day
      incubation, approximately 25% of the cells settled onto the culture plate and
      began to extend into a monolayer. Quinpirole markedly reduced immunoreactive beta
      endorphin levels in the medium and POMC mRNA in both the attached and floating
      lobules. The incorporation of 35S-methionine into 32 kDa POMC, a 18-22 kDa
      complex of proteins, a 16 kDa protein and a 15 kDa protein was decreased
      significantly in both the attached and floating lobules. In contrast, the
      proliferation in the floating, but not the attached, cells was inhibited by
      quinpirole. The floating IL lobule appears to provide a reasonably faithful model
      of the dopaminergic regulation of IL function in vivo, while the attached IL
      cells may provide an interesting tool to study the regulation of IL cell
      proliferation.

PMID- 2908812
TI  - Somatostatin inhibits the secretion of bombesin-like peptides from small cell
      lung cancer cells.
AB  - The effects of somatostatin (SRIF) on small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cell line NCI
      H345 was investigated. SRIF had no effects on the basal cAMP levels or the
      secretion rate of bombesin-like peptides. VIP (1 microM) increased the cAMP
      levels approximately 10-fold and the secretion rate of bombesin-like peptides 3
      fold. SRIF and its analogues inhibited the increase in the cAMP levels and the
      secretion rate of bombesin-like peptides caused by VIP. The order of peptide
      potency was (D-Trp8)SRIF > SRIF-28 = (Tyr11)SRIF > SRIF. These data suggest that
      functional SRIF receptors may be present on SCLC cells.

PMID- 2908813
TI  - Co-localization of IGF-II receptors, IL-1 receptors and Thy 1.1 in rat brain.
AB  - The distribution of 125I-IGF-II and 125I-IL-1 binding to rat brain sections was
      determined with autoradiography, Thy 1.1 with radioimmunocytochemistry. The
      pattern of distribution of all three was found to be identical and almost the
      same as the pattern achieved by a Nissl stain. In preliminary studies excess IGF
      II was shown to inhibit the binding of radiolabeled IGF-II and IL-1 but not anti
      Thy 1.1. Similarly, IL-1 inhibited the binding of radiolabeled IL-1 and IGF-II
      but not anti-Thy 1.1. Anti-Thy 1.1 inhibited the binding of IGF-II and IL-1, but
      was not inhibited by either IGF-II or IL-1. The distribution data from this study
      indicates the IGF-II receptors, IL-1 receptors and Thy 1.1 are present on almost
      all neurons in the brain. The preliminary competition studies suggest that these
      factors may, under some conditions, function in a common biochemical cellular
      process to regulate each other's functions. Both IGF-II and IL-1 are growth
      factors and Thy 1.1 may play a role in synapse formation and cell adhesion.
      Perhaps, among other things, these growth factors and Thy 1.1 function in the
      development and maintenance of intercellular contacts within the brain.

PMID- 2908814
TI  - Cardiovascular responses in healthy subjects to a novel oral dopamine agonist,
      fenoldopam.
AB  - Two double-blind randomized crossover studies were carried out in healthy male
      subjects to determine the cardiovascular effects of fenoldopam and to assess
      whether they could be modified by metoclopramide. Blood pressure (BP) and heart
      rate (HR) were measured supine and upright, before and for up to 4 h after
      dosing. Single oral doses of fenoldopam 50, 100 or 150 mg or placebo were
      administered in one study. In the other study, subjects received 20 mg
      metoclopramide or placebo intravenously, 20 min before an oral dose of 100 mg
      fenoldopam or placebo. Fenoldopam produced decreases in diastolic BP and
      increases in HR indicative of an orally active systemic arteriolar vasodilator.
      Mean peak responses occurred 30-60 min after dosing and values had returned to
      pretreatment levels within 3-4 h. The decrease in diastolic BP was partially
      attenuated by pretreatment with metoclopramide. Thus, at least in part, the fall
      in BP following fenoldopam could be due to an interaction with dopamine
      receptors.

PMID- 2908815
TI  - Human vasodilator responses to a dopamine agonist: possible mechanisms.
AB  - The action of fenoldopam, a selective dopamine DA1 agonist, on resting forearm
      blood flow was studied in healthy male volunteers by venous plethysmography.
      Metoclopramide and (+/-) sulpiride were used as dopamine antagonists. Intra
      arterial fenoldopam over the range (100 ng/min to 1 microgram/min) produced a
      dose-related increase in forearm blood flow without evidence of systemic effects.
      The response to fenoldopam was not antagonized by metoclopramide or (+/-)
      sulpiride and neither antagonist alone altered resting forearm blood flow. It is
      unclear whether the effects of fenoldopam in the forearm vasculature are mediated
      through the vascular dopamine receptor.

PMID- 2908816
TI  - Celiprolol, a potent cardioselective beta 1-adrenoceptor antagonist with mild
      alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist properties.
AB  - Celiprolol is a cardioselective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, with interesting
      propranolol-insensitive cardiostimulatory, vasodilatory and bronchodilatory
      effects. Recent reports suggest that mild alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonism may
      contribute to these effects. The present investigation further explored the alpha
      2 effects of celiprolol. In isolated electrically-stimulated rat atria celiprolol
      (1.0 and 10 mumol/l) significantly increased the release of [3H]-norepinephrine,
      consistent with the blockade of pre-junctional alpha 2-adrenoceptors. Evidence
      for post-synaptic alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity was obtained in
      studies of the effects of celiprolol on the pressor response to clonidine and
      either phenylephrine or methoxamine in perfused hind-limbs of dogs (pretreated
      with mecamylamine and propranolol) and pithed rats. In the dog, celiprolol (10
      mg/kg) significantly inhibited the vasoconstrictor response of clonidine while in
      the rat higher doses were required (> or = 12.5 mg/kg). Celiprolol did not affect
      the pressor response induced by alpha 1-agonists. We conclude that celiprolol
      possesses a mild alpha 2-adrenoceptor blocking action which may contribute to its
      unconventional profile.

PMID- 2908817
TI  - Effects of beta-receptor blockade on carbohydrate metabolism.
AB  - The effects of beta-blockers on glucose tolerance, insulin secretion and
      peripheral insulin sensitivity were evaluated by oral glucose tolerance test and
      euglycaemic insulin technique in six normoglycaemic patients with primary
      arterial hypertension at the end of 3-week treatments with placebo (one tablet
      twice daily) and propranolol (80 mg twice daily). Body weight did not change
      during the study (83 kg at the end of placebo, 83 kg at the end of propranolol),
      while blood pressure (150 +/- 9/97 +/- 8 mmHg on placebo, 138 +/- 8/89 +/- 8 mmHg
      on propranolol, P < 0.01) and heart rate (66 +/- 9 beats/min on placebo, 60 +/- 5
      beats/min on propranolol, P < 0.05) showed a significant fall on the beta
      blocker. No change was observed in glucose tolerance (incremental area for
      glucose 3462 +/- 1149 mg/dl per min on placebo, 3209 +/- 1695 mg/dl per min on
      propranolol), insulin secretion (incremental area for serum insulin 7579 +/- 4380
      microU/ml per min on placebo, 7934 +/- 4351 microU/ml per min on propranolol) and
      peripheral insulin sensitivity (metabolic clearance rate 11 +/- 4 ml/kg per min
      on placebo, 13 +/- 6 ml/kg per min on propranolol). These data support the
      hypothesis that chronic treatment with adrenergic blocking agents does not induce
      any significant change in insulin secretion or peripheral insulin sensitivity.

PMID- 2908818
TI  - Cardiovascular effects of short-term selective alpha 1-adrenergic blockade with
      terazosin in patients with essential hypertension.
AB  - The effects of selective alpha 1-adrenergic blockade with the agent terazosin on
      blood pressure and cardiovascular pressor responsiveness as related to major
      pressor factors were assessed in 17 patients with mild to moderate essential
      hypertension (mean age +/- s.e.m. 48 +/- 2 years). As compared with a 2-week
      placebo period, terazosin, given during 8 weeks at a maximal daily dose of 10.5
      +/- 1.7 mg, caused a fall of supine arterial pressure (from 153/103 +/- 3/2 to
      143/96 +/- 4/2 mmHg; P < 0.05), and a marked blunting of cardiovascular pressor
      responsiveness to norepinephrine (NE) as judged from the pressor dose (from 0.43
      +/- 0.05 to 12.74 +/- 2.93 mmol/kg per min, P < 0.05) and from the shift to the
      right (P < 0.01) of the correlation relating NE-induced increments of arterial
      pressure to the corresponding increases of plasma NE during NE infusion. Heart
      rate, body weight, exchangeable sodium, blood volume, NE plasma clearance, plasma
      epinephrine, renin, angiotensin (ANG) II and aldosterone levels, the
      relationships between the ANG II-induced increases in arterial pressure or plasma
      aldosterone and the concomitant increments of plasma ANG II during ANG II
      infusion as well as the heart rate responsiveness to isoproterenol did not change
      significantly after terazosin. The findings of the present study suggest that the
      fall of arterial pressure induced by selective alpha 1-adrenergic blockade in
      patients with essential hypertension is associated and probably explained by
      inhibition of alpha 1-mediated, noradrenergic-dependent vasoconstriction.

PMID- 2908819
TI  - Does beta 1-selective agonistic activity interfere with the antihypertensive
      efficacy of beta 1-selective blocking agents?
AB  - In order to investigate whether addition of beta 1-selective agonism can
      interfere with the antihypertensive efficacy of beta 1-selective adrenoceptor
      blockers, two separate studies were carried out to evaluate the effects on blood
      pressure and heart rate of three beta 1-selective blockers with or without
      varying degree of beta 1-selective agonism. In hypertensive patients at rest, the
      greatest blood pressure reduction and bradycardia were found with atenolol, a
      beta 1-selective blocker without any agonistic activity; a consistently smaller
      effect on blood pressure and heart rate was observed with Visacor (ICI 141 292),
      a beta 1-selective blocker with moderate beta 1-selective agonism, whereas no
      clinically relevant decrease in blood pressure occurred with Corwin (ICI 118
      587), the beta 1-selective blocker with high beta 1-selective agonism. In
      contrast, during exercise-induced sympathetic activation, all three compounds
      reduced systolic blood pressure and heart rate to a similar degree.

PMID- 2908820
TI  - Compound ICI 118,551, a beta 2-adrenoceptor antagonist, lowers blood pressure.
AB  - Adrenaline may increase noradrenaline release and enhance sympathetic pressor
      effects through activation of pre-synaptic beta 2-adrenoceptors. Conversely,
      blockade of beta 2-receptors could lead to a fall in blood pressure. To test this
      hypothesis we performed a double-blind placebo controlled crossover study in nine
      patients with mild hypertension, comparing the effects of the beta 2-selective
      blocker ICI 118,551, 50 mg t.i.d. with those of propranolol, 80 mg t.i.d. Two
      hours after the first dose of ICI 118,551 or propranolol, plasma noradrenaline
      and blood pressure remained unchanged while heart rate and renin were reduced.
      After 1 week, blood pressure was significantly reduced by both drugs. The beta 2
      selectivity of ICI 118,551 was confirmed by isoprenaline infusion studies. After
      1 week of treatment ICI 118,551 had no effect on the beta 1-receptor mediated
      shortening of electromechanical systole (QS2I), the rise in systolic pressure and
      rise in renin, whereas these responses were blocked by a dose factor of eight
      after propranolol. ICI 118,551 and propranolol equally blocked the beta 2
      receptor mediated fall in diastolic pressure and the rise in noradrenaline. We
      conclude that beta 2-selective blockade by ICI 118,551 lowers blood pressure.
      This finding is compatible with a role of pre-synaptic beta 2-receptors in blood
      pressure control.

PMID- 2908821
TI  - Comparison of calcium antagonists with other antihypertensive agents.
AB  - The demonstration that antihypertensive drug treatment reduces mortality and
      morbidity in mild hypertension has extended the indications for treatment.
      Verapamil, nitrendipine, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and beta
      adrenoceptor blocking drugs are all equally effective in reducing blood pressure.
      The choice of drug depends on the presence or absence of specific contra
      indications and the occurrence of side effects in individual patients.

PMID- 2908822
TI  - Alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptor mediated vasoconstriction in the forearm:
      differences between normotensive and hypertensive subjects.
AB  - Alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptor mediated vasoconstriction were compared between
      13 patients with essential hypertension and 13 normotensive controls, matched for
      age and sex. For this purpose changes in forearm blood flow induced by infusion
      of the selective alpha 1-adrenoceptor agonist methoxamine, the selective alpha 2
      adrenoceptor agonist B-HT 933, the catecholamines adrenaline and noradrenaline
      and the alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine were measured in both study
      groups. The catecholamines were infused together with propranolol to avoid beta
      adrenergic effects. Forearm blood flow was measured by plethysmography. All
      agonists produced a dose-dependent vasoconstriction which was more pronounced in
      the hypertensive subjects but no preference was found for either the alpha 1- or
      alpha 2-adrenoceptor mediated vasoconstriction. Yohimbine induced a greater
      vasodilatation in the normotensive subjects. The greater vasoconstriction in the
      hypertensive patients could be explained by structural vascular changes. No
      evidence was found for an important role of alpha 2-adrenoceptor mediated
      vasoconstriction in essential hypertension.

PMID- 2908823
TI  - [International Symposium on Occupational Injury of the Ulnar Nerve. Frauenau, 9
      11 June 1985].

PMID- 2908824
TI  - Differential tumor growth of blood-borne B16 melanoma variants in cerebral dura
      mater is related to tumor-host cell reactions.
AB  - Intracarotid injection of B16-B14b or B16-B15b melanoma cells, previously
      established from B16-F1 melanoma by in vivo selection fourteen- or fifteen-times,
      respectively, for brain surface colonization, preferentially produced tumor
      nodules in mice at brain surface sites, most frequently in the dura mater,
      followed by the leptomeninges and cerebral cortex. There was a marked difference,
      however, in tumor growth at these sites using the two B16 sublines. Intracarotid
      injection of B16-B14b cells rarely produced visible tumors, whereas B16-B15b
      cells formed deeply pigmented tumors up to 7 mm in diameter in the brain menings
      of almost all mice examined. Histologic and electron microscopic investigation
      revealed that B16-B14b tumors evoked dramatic immunocyte cell infiltration and
      granulomatous reactions, while B16-B15b tumors were accompanied by much less
      tumor-host cell reactions. Splenectomy or laparotomy 1-2 weeks before or after
      intracarotid injection of B16-B14b cells dramatically enhanced tumor growth in
      the dura mater without extensive tumor-host cell reactions. The results suggest
      that the differential growth of B16-B14b and B16-B15b tumor cells in the cerebral
      dura mater is based, in part, on the abilities of these melanoma cells to elicit
      host cell reactions.

PMID- 2908825
TI  - Dynamic heterogeneity: experimental metastasis studies with RIF-1 fibrosarcoma.
AB  - We have examined the metastatic behaviour of cells from a series of clones of RIF
      1 fibrosarcoma, a recently derived murine tumour. The clones were grown to
      different sizes (small: 10(5)-10(6) cells and large approximately 2 x 10(7)
      cells) and their metastatic potential was quantified using an experimental
      metastasis assay. There was significant variability between the metastatic
      potential of clones derived from the same population. Furthermore large clones
      had higher metastatic efficiency (metastases/cell injected) than the small clones
      derived from the same population. The results from these experiments indicate
      that metastatic variants are generated during the growth of the clones. The mean
      effective rate of generation of metastatic variants was estimated using Luria
      Delbruck fluctuation analysis to be 1.7 x 10(-5)/cell/generation. The data
      described are consistent with a dynamic heterogeneity model of metastasis, in
      which the variant phenotypes are postulated to arise in growing tumour cell
      populations at a high rate but need not be stable in order to produce metastases.
      The results thus indicate that the model is applicable to a recently derived
      tumour as well as the extensively transplanted KHT sarcoma, B16 melanoma and OTF9
      embryonal cell carcinoma.

PMID- 2908826
TI  - Inhibition of tumor metastasis by carrageenan-induced granulomas.
AB  - At -1, 0, +1 weeks from tumor inoculation, carrageenan-impregnated cotton sponges
      were subcutaneously implanted. Tumor BN472, a malignant adenocarcinoma, was
      transplanted in syngeneic Brown Norway female rats, either subcutaneously or
      intravenously. Plasma eicosanoid values (prostaglandin-E2, thromboxane-B2 and 6
      keto-prostaglandin-F1 alpha) were determined as well as the cellular immune
      response (natural killer activity, concanavalin-A and phytohemagglutinin
      stimulation of spleen lymphocytes). Primary tumor growth and the number of tumor
      foci in the lungs were measured as parameters of tumor growth and dissemination.
      No statistically significant differences were observed in primary tumor growth.
      However, the number of metastatic foci in the lungs of rats in which the tumor
      was implanted subcutaneously, as well as those in which the tumor was inoculated
      intravenously, was significantly reduced in those that had carrageenan implanted
      one week after tumor inoculation. In all other carrageenan-treated groups only
      slightly reduced numbers of metastatic foci were seen. In those rats with a
      decreased number of tumor metastatic foci in the lungs, no correlation could be
      shown with either altered plasma prostaglandin levels, or cellular immune
      response.

PMID- 2908827
TI  - B16 melanoma spontaneous brain metastasis: occurrence and development within
      leptomeninges blood vessels.
AB  - Subcutaneous tumors initiated with mouse B16 melanoma clones G3.5 and G3.12
      disseminated visible spontaneous brain metastases in 67 per cent and 32 per cent,
      respectively, of mice with extensive lung metastasis. Most brain metastases
      appeared as pigmented emboli within blood vessels of the leptomeninges overlying
      the cerebral cortex. Intravascular metastases consisted of tumor cell aggregates
      surrounded by fibrous material and generally contained viable cells that
      proliferated in culture. Some metastatic emboli apparently proliferated
      intravascularly to such an extent as to cause vessel disruption, permitting tumor
      invasion into the adjacent cerebral cortex. Cultured cells from G3.12
      leptomenings metastases produced tumors that metastasized to a much greater
      extent than unselected G3.12 tumors, but brain metastasis still occurred only
      secondarily, after initial dissemination to the lungs. In contrast, G3.5 brain
      metastasis-derived populations formed tumors that ultimately metastasized to the
      brain to lesser extents than did unselected G3.5 tumors. One selected variant,
      G3.12/BM2, reproducibly formed visible and viable brain metastases in more than
      80 per cent of tumor-bearing mice, and lethal or potentially lethal brain
      metastases in 10-15 per cent of mice. This variant may serve as a model for
      clinical brain metastasis.

PMID- 2908829
TI  - Classification of pancreatitis.
AB  - The diagnosis of acute and chronic pancreatitis should be made by histopathology,
      but this is usually impossible. Thus, the classification system proposed by the
      Cambridge and Marseille Symposia must suffice at the present time. Acute
      Pancreatitis: Diagnostic Criteria. 1. An elevation of plasma levels of pancreatic
      enzymes greater than ten standard deviations above the laboratory normal. 2.
      Evidence of acute pancreatitis from imaging, laparotomy, and/or autopsy. Clinical
      Classification. 1. Etiology where known (if unknown, this should be stated). 2.
      Degree of severity: (a) mild (no multisystem failure and uncomplicated recovery);
      (b) severe (multisystem failure and/or development of a complication that should
      be stated, for example, pseudocyst). Chronic Pancreatitis: Diagnostic Criteria.
      1. Permanently impaired exocrine pancreatic function tests (greater than two
      standard deviations below the normal for the test). 2. Permanent morphological
      change in the gland. Clinical Classification. 1. Etiology where known (if
      unknown, this should be stated). 2. Pain present or absent. 3. Degrees of
      severity (mild, moderate, or severe changes in morphology and/or function). 4.
      COMPLICATIONS: cysts, portal hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and so forth.

PMID- 2908828
TI  - Organ distribution of experimental metastases of a human colorectal carcinoma
      injected in nude mice.
AB  - The metastatic behavior of the HT-29 human colorectal carcinoma cell line was
      studied following injection into nude mice by different routes. After
      intrasplenic injection, experimental metastases formed in the livers of most
      mice. Variant lines were established in culture from the liver lesions and from
      tumors growing at the site of injection, the spleen. Cells of the HT-29 LMM line
      exhibited slightly enhanced ability to form liver metastases compared with cells
      of the non-selected parent line. When injected i.v., the HT-29 cells produced
      only a few small experimental metastases in the lungs, but in most of the mice
      macroscopic tumors were found in various lymph nodes and the interscapular fat.
      Analyses of the distribution of IdUrd-labeled cells did not reveal a preferential
      localization of the HT-29 cells in sites where metastases subsequently formed.
      This suggested that the growth of the human colon carcinoma cells in those sites
      might be the result of a stimulatory interaction between the tumor and host cells
      as opposed to growth in sites such as the lungs, where numerous cells arrested
      after i.v. injection but only a few, small metastases were seen 60 days later.

PMID- 2908830
TI  - Dopamine effects on diaphragmatic strength during acute respiratory failure in
      chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of dopamine, which has an inotropic effect
      on the myocardium and increases renal and splanchnic blood flow, on diaphragmatic
      contraction. DESIGN AND PATIENTS: We studied the changes in transdiaphragmatic
      pressure during electrical bilateral supramaximal stimulation of the phrenic
      nerves in eight patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease during acute
      respiratory failure. In three patients, changes in diaphragmatic blood flow were
      also evaluated. METHODS: All patients were intubated and artificially ventilated.
      Stimulated transdiaphragmatic pressure, cardiac output, evaluated with a Swan
      Ganz catheter, and diaphragmatic blood flow, evaluated by timed volume
      collections of left phrenic venous effluent (a catheter was introduced into the
      right femoral vein and advanced into the left inferior phrenic vein) were
      measured before dopamine infusion, every 10 minutes after the onset of dopamine
      infusion (10 micrograms/kg body weight.min during 30 minutes) and 15 minutes
      after the end of dopamine infusion. Arterial blood gases and pH were measured
      before and at the end of dopamine infusion. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
      Arterial blood gases and pH were maintained within normal range by mechanical
      ventilation throughout the study. With dopamine infusion, heart rate increased by
      17% (P less than 0.001) and cardiac output by 40% (P less than 0.001) on the
      average. The increase in cardiac output was accompanied by a marked increase in
      diaphragmatic blood flow (30% on the average) in the three patients in whom it
      was measured (P less than 0.001). Diaphragmatic strength also increased
      significantly during dopamine administration. Transdiaphragmatic pressure for an
      identical phrenic stimulation increased by 30% (P less than 0.001) on the
      average. The changes in cardiac output, diaphragmatic blood flow, and
      transdiaphragmatic pressure persisted throughout the infusion period; all values
      returned to control values 15 minutes after the end of dopamine administration.
      CONCLUSIONS: Dopamine has a potent effect on diaphragmatic strength generation
      and diaphragmatic blood flow in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary
      disease during acute respiratory failure. It is possible to improve diaphragmatic
      contraction in these patients by administering pharmacologic agents that augment
      diaphragmatic blood flow.

PMID- 2908831
TI  - Zidovudine-induced hepatotoxicity.

PMID- 2908833
TI  - Methotrexate and rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 2908832
TI  - Reversal of adrenal glucocorticoid dysfunction in a patient with disseminated
      histoplasmosis.

PMID- 2908834
TI  - Coagulase-negative staphylococcal bacteremia. Mortality and hospital stay.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the attributable mortality and the excess length of
      hospital stay resulting from coagulase-negative staphylococcal bacteremia.
      DESIGN: Matched historical cohort study. SETTING: Large university-based tertiary
      care center. PATIENTS: Of 171 patients with hospital-acquired coagulase-negative
      staphylococcal bacteremia identified by prospective surveillance of nosocomial
      infections from 1 July 1984 to 30 June 1987, 118 met criteria for the study and
      were matched to a control patient by age, sex, primary diagnoses, operative
      procedures, and date of admission. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Success was achieved
      in 621 of 650 (96%) variables used for matching. Staphylococcus epidermidis
      accounted for 92% of the bacteremias. Twenty cases (17%) had evidence of septic
      shock, and 10 had disseminated intravascular coagulation. The mortality rate in
      cases was 36 of 118 (30.5%) compared with 20 of 118 (16.9%) in controls. The
      attributable mortality was 13.6% (95% CI, 4.2 to 22.9) and the risk ratio for
      dying was 1.8 (95% CI, 1.2 to 2.7; P = 0.006). The median length of stay was 46
      days for cases and 37.5 for controls (P = 0.0002). CONCLUSIONS: Coagulase
      negative staphylococci, the leading organisms causing hospital-acquired
      bacteremias, are associated with mortality in excess of that due to the
      underlying diseases alone. Moreover, they significantly prolong the length of
      hospital stay. These findings show the importance of coagulase-negative
      staphylococcal bacteremia in hospitalized patients.

PMID- 2908835
TI  - Cocaine and rhabdomyolysis.

PMID- 2908836
TI  - Nodular pneumonitis after cancer chemotherapy.

PMID- 2908837
TI  - Cardiac effects of inhaled typewriter correction fluid.

PMID- 2908838
TI  - Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and human T-lymphotrophic virus, type 1 (HTLV
      1)

PMID- 2908839
TI  - Syngeneic anti-idiotype monoclonal antibodies to murine anticarcinoembryonic
      antigen monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - BALB/c mice were immunized with either NP-3 or NP-4, two anticarcinoembryonic
      antigen murine monoclonal antibodies. Each animal produced anti-idiotype
      antibodies to the corresponding immunogen and no cross-reactivity between anti-NP
      3 sera and anti-NP-4 sera was detected. Hybridomas were produced from these
      animals and two IgG1 anti-idiotype monoclonal antibodies were obtained: CM1
      specific for NP-3 and CM11 specific for NP-4. CM1 and CM11 recognized
      determinants located within the antibody-combining site, since each anti-idiotype
      antibody inhibited the binding between the corresponding idiotype and
      carcinoembryonic antigens. Using an immunoblotting technique, neither CM1 nor
      CM11 reacted with isolated heavy or light chains of NP-3 or NP-4, whereas binding
      was observed with the intact molecule. This observation indicates that CM1 and
      CM11 are directed against conformational idiotypes resulting from the association
      of the variable regions of the heavy and light chains. Taken together, these
      results suggest that CM1 and CM11 might bear internal images of carcinoembryonic
      antigen epitopes, and that they are potential candidates as idiotype vaccines
      against colorectal tumors.

PMID- 2908840
TI  - Cytotoxicity and DNA damage caused by the azoxy metabolites of procarbazine in
      L1210 tumor cells.
AB  - Procarbazine, a chemotherapeutic hydrazine, is thought to be metabolized to an
      alkylating species similar to methyl carbonium ion by multistep reactions
      involving cytochrome P-450, monoamine oxidase, and cytosolic enzymes. The DNA
      damaging and cytotoxic potential of procarbazine and its metabolites in murine
      L1210 leukemia tumor cells in vitro was determined using alkaline elution
      techniques and extrapolation of growth curves. Neither procarbazine nor any of
      the chemical degradation products (except for the aldehyde derivative at high
      concentrations) caused significant amounts of DNA strand breakage. The primary
      enzymatic oxidation product, azo-procarbazine, did not produce strand breakage.
      However, exposure of the cells to either of the two isomers of azoxy-procarbazine
      led to significant DNA damage and cytotoxicity. DNA damage included both single
      strand breaks and alkali-labile sites. At equimolar concentrations, the azoxy 2
      isomer of procarbazine caused 14 to 20 times more DNA damage than did the azoxy 1
      metabolite. When cell growth is expressed as percentage survival of L1210 cells,
      the azoxy 2 isomer was approximately 7-fold more toxic than the azoxy 1
      metabolite. The other metabolites tested showed little or no cytotoxicity. L1210
      cells were shown to contain little or no cytochrome P-450 or monoamine oxidase
      activity, which may account for the lack of toxicity of the parent drug or the
      primary oxidative metabolite, azo-PCZ, to these cells. The conversion of
      procarbazine to the azoxy-procarbazine isomers in vivo must occur in cells which
      contain these enzymes, such as liver. However, the azoxy isomers of procarbazine
      were metabolized in L1210 cells, presumably leading to the DNA or cytotoxic
      damage observed.

PMID- 2908841
TI  - Metabolism of retinol and retinoic acid in N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced mammary
      carcinomas in rats.
AB  - This study was conducted to examine the in vivo uptake and metabolism of natural
      retinoids by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced mammary carcinomas. In this study,
      endogenous retinol and retinyl esters were present in normal mammary epithelial
      cells, but were undetectable in N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced mammary carcinomas
      in rats as determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography. No differences were
      found in plasma levels of retinol, in liver retinyl esters, or total content of
      vitamin A between tumor-bearing and control animals. Administered labeled retinol
      was taken up and esterified by normal mammary epithelial cells. Tumor-bearing
      rats were given injections i.p. of either [3H]retinol or [3H]retinoic acid.
      Radioactivity increased progressively with time in liver and other tissues except
      in breast tumor, where the uptake fluctuated over the 8 days after the injection
      of [3H]retinol; in mammary tumors practically no metabolism of [3H]retinol
      occurred, while in other tissues extensive esterification was detectable. In
      contrast, in animals given injections of [3H]retinoic acid, the uptake and
      metabolism of the label in the breast tumors paralleled with those found in other
      tissues. Neither the activity of acyl coenzyme A:retinol acyl transferase nor the
      activity of retinyl ester hydrolase was altered in the mammary tumor compared to
      the normal mammary gland. On the other hand, a significant decrease in the
      retinal oxidase activity was found in tumor tissue compared to normal mammary
      tissue. Since no esterification of [3H]retinol occurred in vivo despite the
      presence of acyl coenzyme A:retinol acyl transferase activity, it is possible
      that a specific defect in the cellular uptake of retinol may exist in N-methyl-N
      nitrosourea-induced mammary carcinomas.

PMID- 2908842
TI  - Characterization of DNA damage and cytotoxicity induced in two human colon
      carcinoma cell lines by cyclodisone.
AB  - Cyclodisone is an active alkylating antitumor agent that is being considered for
      Phase 1 clinical trials in humans and is currently undergoing toxicological
      evaluation. Cyclodisone was found to be more toxic to human colon carcinoma cells
      of the Mer- phenotype (BE) than cells of the Mer+ phenotype (HT-29). DNA
      interstrand cross-links were observed in the sensitive cell line but only at
      concentrations which were extremely toxic. No DNA interstrand cross-links were
      observed in the resistant cell line. Total DNA cross-links, which reflect both
      DNA interstrand and DNA-protein cross-linking, were observed in either cell type
      but were greater in quantity and persisted longer in the sensitive BE cell line,
      when compared to those produced in the resistant HT-29 cell line. DNA strand
      breaks were also observed in both cell types and were found to be protein
      associated. The mechanism of action of cyclodisone would appear to be related to
      the presence of total DNA cross-links and might involve an, as yet, unidentified
      DNA-protein interaction.

PMID- 2908843
TI  - Human DNA damage induced by 1,2,4-benzenetriol, a benzene metabolite.
AB  - Reactivities of benzene metabolites (phenol, catechol, hydroquinone, 1,4
      benzoquinone, 1,2,4-benzenetriol) and related polyphenols (resorcinol,
      pyrogallol, phloroglucinol) with DNA were investigated by a DNA sequencing
      technique using 32P 5'-end-labeled DNA fragments obtained from human c-Ha-ras-1
      protooncogene, and the reaction mechanism was studied by UV-visible and electron
      spin resonance spectroscopies. 1,2,4-Benzenetriol caused strong DNA damage even
      without alkali treatment. Alkali-labile sites induced by 1,2,4-benzenetriol were
      base residues of guanine and adjacent thymine. Catalase, superoxide dismutase and
      methional inhibited the DNA damage completely, but sodium formate did not inhibit
      it. 1,2,4-Benzenetriol-induced DNA damage was inhibited by the addition of a
      Cu(I)-specific chelating agent, bathocuproine, and was accelerated by the
      addition of Cu(II). The addition of Fe(III) did not create any significant
      effects on 1,2,4-benzenetriol-induced DNA damage. Electron-spin resonance studies
      using spin traps demonstrated that addition of Fe(III) increased hydroxyl radical
      production during the autoxidation of 1,2,4-benzenetriol, whereas the addition of
      Cu(II) did not. The results suggest that DNA damage was caused by an unidentified
      active species which was produced by the autoxidation of 1,2,4-benzenetriol in
      the presence of Cu(II), rather than by hydroxyl radicals. The possibility that
      1,2,4-benzenetriol-induced DNA damage is one of the primary reactions in
      carcinogenesis induced by benzene is discussed.

PMID- 2908844
TI  - Modulation of murine natural killer cells by a granulocytosis-inducing tumor.
AB  - The nonmetastatic neutrophilia-inducing murine mammary carcinoma CE1460 has been
      shown previously to have profound effects on hemopoiesis and lymphopoiesis. In
      this report we examined the effects of progressive growth of CE1460 on natural
      killer (NK) cell activity both in the bone marrow, the site of primary NK cell
      production, and in a peripheral site, the spleen. (BALB/c x CE)F1 mice were
      injected subcutaneously with trypsinized cells from in vivo passaged CE1460 or
      from B66, a BALB/c mammary carcinoma that does not induce neutrophilia. 3 days
      posttumor implantation, NK activity in bone marrow cells or spleen cells was
      greatly enhanced compared to normal controls. In B66 tumor-bearing mice, NK
      activity returned to normal by Day 7 and remained there through Day 14. In
      contrast, however, NK activity in CE1460 tumor-bearing mice decreased to only 10
      20% of normal by Day 14. Excision of the tumor on Day 14, when WBC counts were
      three times normal, was followed by a rapid return of the WBC count to the normal
      range. NK activity in bone marrow and in spleen cells recovered somewhat but was
      still significantly suppressed 7 days after tumor excision. Limiting dilution
      analysis revealed a 3-5-fold decrease in frequency of NK precursors in bone
      marrow cells of mice bearing CE1460 for 7 or 14 days. The dramatic changes in NK
      activity observed in these experiments may reflect perturbation in production as
      well as an initial activation and subsequent suppression of mature NK cells.

PMID- 2908845
TI  - Two human monoclonal antibodies reacting with the major gangliosides of human
      melanomas and comparison with corresponding mouse monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - The fine specificity analysis of two human monoclonal antibodies (AbFCM1 and
      AbHJM1) reacting with gangliosides is described and their specificities are
      compared with analogous mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). These two antibodies
      were generated from lymphocytes of melanoma patients by Epstein-Barr virus
      transformation followed by fusion with mouse myeloma NS-1. Using a wide variety
      of gangliosides, including N-glycolylneuraminic acid (NeuGc)-containing
      compounds, the precise structures recognized by these two antibodies were
      elucidated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunostaining of thin-layer
      chromatograms. AbFCM1 reacted with N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuAc)-type GM3,
      GD1a, sialylparagloboside, and GT1b in decreasing order of intensity. This
      antibody also reacted with (NeuAc-NeuGc-)-GD3 and -disialylparagloboside, but did
      not react with NeuGc-type GM3, GM2, sialylparagloboside, (NeuGc)2-GD3 and 
      disialylparagloboside. The main epitope structures recognized by AbFCM1 are,
      therefore, NeuAc alpha 2----3Gal beta 1- and NeuAc alpha 2----8NeuGc alpha 2---
      Gal beta 1-. These results are similar to the specificity of mouse mAb M2590.
      AbHJM1 reacted with NeuAc-type GD3 and disialylparagloboside, GD2, GD1b, GM3, and
      GT1b, in decreasing order of intensity. Among NeuGc-type gangliosides, this
      antibody reacts with (NeuAc-NeuGc-)-GD3 and -disialylparagloboside, but did not
      react with gangliosides containing only NeuGc. Consequently the epitope structure
      recognized by AbHJM1 is probably (R)-(NeuAc alpha 2----8Sialic acid alpha 2---
      3)Gal beta 1-. Mouse anti-GD3 mAbR24, in contrast, showed strong reactivity only
      with GD3 and -disialylparagloboside among NeuAc-type gangliosides, but showed a
      similar pattern to AbHJM1 in its reactivity with NeuGc-containing gangliosides.
      Although these two human monoclonal antibodies are not highly restricted in their
      specificities, they reacted best with the major gangliosides, GM3 and GD3,
      present in the majority of human melanomas.

PMID- 2908846
TI  - Expression of Tn, sialosyl-Tn, and T antigens in human colon cancer.
AB  - Mucin glycoproteins are major secretory products of the colon and contain O
      linked oligosaccharides synthesized on a polypeptide backbone. The initial step
      in the synthesis of O-linked oligosaccharides is the addition of N
      acetylgalactosamine to serine or threonine residues forming the Tn antigen. This
      substance can then receive additional carbohydrate residues such as sialic acid
      to form sialosyl-Tn antigen, or galactose to form T antigen. In the colon, the T
      antigen is an oncodevelopmental cancer-associated antigen but little is known
      about Tn and sialosyl-Tn expression. The present comparative immunohistochemical
      study was performed to analyze the expression of these antigens in fetal, normal
      adult, and malignant colorectal tissues with an aim toward elucidating whether Tn
      and sialosyl-Tn are also oncodevelopmental colon cancer-associated antigens and
      to gain insight into the earliest steps of mucin glycosylation in colonocytes. We
      used three reagents to detect Tn antigen (two monoclonal antibodies ETn1.01 and
      CU-1, and one lectin Vicia villosa), two reagents to detect sialosyl-Tn
      (monoclonal antibodies TKH2 and B72.3) and one to detect T antigen (monoclonal
      antibody AH9-16). Except for occasional reactivity with VVA and CU-1, cells of
      normal colonic mucosa did not express Tn, sialosyl-Tn, or T antigens. However, in
      the transitional mucosa immediately adjacent to cancer, all three antigens were
      expressed (ranging from 35 to 67% of cases depending upon the reagent). In colon
      cancers, the percentage of cases expressing each antigen were as follows: Tn 72
      81%, sialosyl-Tn 93-96%, and T 71%. Unlike T antigen, which was preferentially
      expressed by moderately well- and well-differentiated adenocarcinomas, both Tn
      and sialosyl-Tn antigens were expressed by most histological subsets of colon
      cancers, including poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas and mucinous (colloid
      and signet ring cell type) carcinomas. The majority of cancers expressed both Tn
      and sialosyl-Tn, usually in association with T antigen. Only one cancer lacked
      all three antigens. Fetal colonic mucosal cells expressed all three antigens,
      particularly in goblet cell mucin. These results indicate that like T antigen, Tn
      and sialosyl-Tn are oncodevelopmental cancer-associated antigens in the colon.
      Moreover, Tn and sialosyl-Tn antigens appear to be useful markers of poorly
      differentiated adenocarcinomas and mucinous carcinomas: two histological subsets
      that often fail to express other cancer-associated antigens and that are often
      associated with a poor clinical outcome.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2908847
TI  - Mutagenicity and tumorigenicity of dihydrodiols, diol epoxides, and other
      derivatives of benzo(f)quinoline and benzo(h)quinoline.
AB  - The mutagenic activities of benzo[f]quinoline, benzo[h]quinoline, and a number of
      their derivatives, including dihydrodiols, K-region oxides, diol epoxides, and
      tetrahydroepoxides, were assessed in strain TA 100 of Salmonella typhimurium. The
      dihydrodiol derivatives of benzo[f]quinoline and benzo[h]quinoline were also
      tested for tumorigenic activity in newborn mice. Benzo[f]quinoline was
      metabolically activated in the presence of rat liver S-9 preparation to products
      mutagenic to the bacterial system to a greater extent than was benzo[h]quinoline.
      However, trans-7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo[f]quinoline was less mutagenic
      compared to trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[h]quinoline in the presence of
      rat liver homogenate. The data on the mutagenic activity of the dihydrodiol
      derivatives of benzoquinolines were consistent with the intrinsic mutagenicity of
      the corresponding epoxide derivatives, in that the bay-region diol epoxides and
      tetrahydroepoxide of benzo[h]quinoline exhibited considerably higher mutagenic
      activities compared to those of the corresponding derivatives of
      benzo[f]quinoline at equivalent doses. The K-region oxides of benzo[f]quinoline
      and benzo[h]quinoline were significantly less mutagenic than their corresponding
      bay-region diol epoxide and tetrahydroepoxide derivatives. The demonstration that
      benzo[f]quinoline is significantly more mutagenic than trans-7,8-dihydro-7,8
      dihydroxybenzo[f]quinoline, a precursor to the weakly mutagenic bay-region diol
      epoxide, suggests that the bay-region diol epoxide formation is not the principal
      pathway for the metabolic activation of benzo[f]quinoline to a mutagen. On the
      other hand, the isomeric benzo[h]quinoline appears to exert its mutagenic effect
      via the formation of its bay-region diol epoxide. These results indicate that the
      position of a nitrogen heteroatom in phenanthrene (the analogous carbocyclic
      aromatic hydrocarbon) not only has a marked effect on the mutagenic activities of
      the diol epoxide derivatives, but also can alter the metabolic activation
      pathways of the parent hydrocarbon. Benzo[f]quinoline, benzo[h]quinoline, and
      their dihydrodiol derivatives were not tumorigenic in newborn mice.

PMID- 2908848
TI  - Incidence of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma among human T-lymphotropic virus type
      I carriers in Saga, Japan.
AB  - Using a population-based cancer registry, we tabulated 69 definite adult T-cell
      leukemia/lymphoma cases (36 males and 33 females) and 2.20 expected cases (0.95
      for males and 1.25 for females) diagnosed from 1981 to 1983 in Saga, Japan. The
      number of human T-lymphotropic virus type I carriers was computed by applying sex
      and age-specific anti-human T-lymphotropic virus type I antibody positive rates
      among blood donors at the blood center in 1986 to the whole population of Saga
      Prefecture in 1982. The age-specific incidence rates among male human T
      lymphotropic virus type I carriers from 40 to 79 yr of age per 100,000 were
      significantly higher than those of female carriers (P less than 0.05), and the
      rates from 60 to 69 yr of age were the highest in both sexes. The annual crude
      incidence rates among carriers were 115.9 for males and 66.4 for females. The
      summary incidence rates with 95% confidence intervals were 115.9 (58.4 to 193.0)
      for males and 65.9 (30.0 to 115.9) for females. The cumulative risks were 4.5%
      (0.8 to 11.0) for males and 2.6% (0.3 to 7.0) for females. These morbidity
      figures were assumed to be underestimated partly due to the newly proposed
      clinical entity of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma.

PMID- 2908849
TI  - Breast cancer after multiple chest fluoroscopies: second follow-up of
      Massachusetts women with tuberculosis.
AB  - A second follow-up was conducted of 1742 women with tuberculosis who were treated
      in one of two sanatoria in Massachusetts between 1930 and 1956. One hospital
      treated only children under the age of 17. Patient follow-up was extended from
      1975 through 1980, and an additional 18 breast cancers were identified from
      hospital records, death certificates, and responses to a mailed questionnaire.
      Vital status was established for 97% of the subjects. Among 1044 women who were
      examined an average of 101 times with X-ray fluoroscopies during lung collapse
      therapy, 55 breast cancers were observed in contrast to 35.8 expected, based on
      incidence rates from the general population. No excess was found for 698 women
      treated by other means (19 observed versus 22.8 expected). Excess breast cancer
      risk did not appear until 15 years after initial exposure and was present at the
      end of 50 years of observation. Risk appeared to decrease with increasing age at
      exposure. Estimates of radiation dose to the breast for individuals (mean = 96
      rad) were based on the most current information for the numbers of fluoroscopies,
      reconstruction of exposure conditions, and absorbed dose calculations. The
      relation between dose and breast cancer risk was consistent with linearity up to
      400 rads (4 Gy). For 10-year survivors, the absolute excess risk was 5.5/1
      million woman-year-rad, the excess relative risk per rad was 0.73%, and the
      relative risk at 100 rad was 1.7. These data indicate that a woman's lifetime
      risk of breast cancer is influenced by events occurring in early reproductive
      life, that low-dose fractionated exposures are as effective as single exposures
      of the same total dose in inducing breast cancer, and that risk of radiogenic
      breast cancer persists for many years, and perhaps for life.

PMID- 2908850
TI  - Pharmacology studies of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine in pediatric patients
      with leukemia and lymphoma after a biochemically optimal regimen of loading bolus
      plus continuous infusion of the drug.
AB  - In an attempt to maximize the therapeutic index and to overcome the large
      variations in 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) plasma levels and host
      toxicities that have been documented with standard HDara-C regimens (3 g/m2 over
      3 h every 12 h x 8 or x12 doses), pediatric patients with acute lymphocytic
      leukemia or lymphoma in relapse were treated with a regimen of loading bolus
      followed immediately by continuous infusion of ara-C. In addition, patients
      received a single dose of etoposide (VP-16, 1 g/m2) prior to the ara-C
      administration. In four patients, total body irradiation was administered as part
      of a bone marrow transplantation preparative regimen after the ara-C
      administration. The regimen was designed to attain and maintain plasma steady
      state concentrations (Css) of ara-C three to four times the Km2 value of ara-C,
      which was determined with purified deoxycytidine kinase from the patients' tumor
      cells prior to treatment. Eight patients age 0.75 to 16 years with relapsed acute
      lymphocytic leukemia (three patients) or lymphoma (five patients, one with bone
      marrow involvement), received a test dose of 3 g/m2 ara-C injected over 1 h, and
      the plasma kinetics were determined. The peak plasma ara-C concentration of ara-C
      ranged from 57 to 199 microM with an average concentration of 103 +/- 49 microM;
      the half-lives of distribution (t1/2, alpha) and elimination (t1/2, beta)
      averaged 17 +/- 7 min and 4.04 +/- 3.1 h, respectively. The mean area under the
      plasma concentration time curve from 0 to 12 h (AUC0----12 h) of ara-C averaged
      386.8 +/- 328.0 microMh (mean, +/- SD, n = 8). The peak concentration of uracil
      arabinoside averaged 501 +/- 123 microM, and it was eliminated with a t1/2, el of
      2.3 +/- 0.6 h. The patients then received an individualized loading bolus (mean =
      0.5 g/m2) followed by a continuous infusion regimen of ara-C (mean = 130
      mg/m2/h), to achieve a Css in the range of 20 to 35 microM. The obtained plasma
      Css were similar to the desired ones, averaging in variation 10.7% +/- 8.2%. The
      percentage of variation of correlation of the AUC following the loading bolus
      plus the continuous infusion from 12 to 72 h was only 12.4% (mean = 2158 microMh,
      n = 8), whereas the percentage of variation of correlation of the AUC after the
      test dose of ara-C in the same patients was 84.8%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400
      WORDS)

PMID- 2908851
TI  - Metabolic oxidation of the carcinogens 4-aminobiphenyl and 4,4'-methylene-bis(2
      chloroaniline) by human hepatic microsomes and by purified rat hepatic cytochrome
      P-450 monooxygenases.
AB  - Metabolic N-oxidation and ring-oxidation of carcinogenic arylamines by hepatic
      cytochromes P-450 are generally regarded as critical activation and
      detoxification pathways, respectively. Two arylamines with known human exposure,
      4-aminobiphenyl (ABP) and 4,4'-methylene-bis(2-chloroaniline) (MOCA), have been
      examined as substrates for 10 different purified rat hepatic cytochromes P-450
      and for human liver microsomal preparations from 22 individuals. Metabolites were
      analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography and flow scintillation
      techniques. As reported for certain other carcinogenic arylamines, the isosafrole
      inducible isozyme, P-450ISF-G, had the highest catalytic activity for ABP N
      oxidation (13.6 nmol/min/nmol P-450), but P-450BNF-B, P-450UT-A, P-450UT-F, and P
      450PB-B also showed appreciable activity. Ring-oxidation of ABP occurred only to
      a minor extent. In contrast, N-oxidation of MOCA was preferentially catalyzed by
      the phenobarbital-inducible enzymes, P-450PB-B and P-450PB-D (9.0 and 6.6
      nmol/min/nmol P-450, respectively). MOCA ring-oxidation and methylene carbon
      oxidation showed varied cytochrome P-450 selectivity and accounted for 14 to 79%
      of total oxidation products. There was a 44-fold variation in rates of ABP N
      oxidation in the 22 human liver microsomal preparations, while rates of N
      oxidation of MOCA varied only 8-fold. Ring/methylene carbon-oxidation of MOCA
      accounted for 6-19% of total oxidation products in the case of the human
      microsomal preparations, whereas ring-oxidation of ABP accounted for less than 7%
      of total oxidation. In addition, there was a strong correlation (R = 0.90)
      between rates of ABP N-oxidation and phenacetin O-deethylation, which is
      considered a human genetic polymorphism. Moreover, both the ABP N-oxidation and
      phenacetin O-deethylation activities of human liver microsomes showed a good
      correlation (R = 0.72) with the levels of cytochrome P-450 immunochemically
      related to rat P-450ISF-G. These data indicate that specific inducible and
      constitutive cytochromes P-450 are involved in the metabolic activation and
      detoxification of the carcinogens ABP and MOCA. Therefore, individual profiles of
      cytochromes P-450, affected by both environmental and genetic factors, may be
      significant determinants of individual susceptibility to arylamine
      carcinogenesis.

PMID- 2908852
TI  - Effects of serum, transforming growth factor type beta, or 12-O-tetradecanoyl
      phorbol-13-acetate on ionized cytosolic calcium concentration in normal and
      transformed human bronchial epithelial cells.
AB  - Fluctuations in ionized cytosolic calcium ([Ca2+]i) are considered important
      signals for induction of growth or differentiation in mammalian cells. The
      resting concentrations of [Ca2+]i in normal and adenovirus 12-SV40 hybrid virus
      transformed (BEAS-2B) human bronchial epithelial cells were 63 +/- 15 nM (SD) and
      44 +/- 15 nM, respectively. Eight % calcium-free fetal bovine serum rapidly
      caused a significant increase in [Ca2+]i, while causing both cell types to
      undergo squamous differentiation. When treated with 8% calcium-free fetal bovine
      serum, a serum-sensitive subclone of BEAS-2B cells exhibited a higher elevation
      of [Ca2+]i than a serum-resistant (i.e., not stimulated to differentiate by
      serum) subclone. However, a serum component involved in the induction of squamous
      differentiation, transforming growth factor type beta, did not increase [Ca2+]i
      in either normal cells or BEAS-2B cells. 12-O-Tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate,
      an exogenous inducer of squamous differentiation and activator of protein kinase
      C, did not increase [Ca2+]i, but did attenuate serum-induced elevation of
      [Ca2+]i. These results suggest that while an increase in [Ca2+]i is associated
      with serum-induced squamous differentiation, a cytosolic ionized calcium signal
      is not required for the initiation of the squamous differentiation pathway
      induced by either transforming growth factor type beta or 12-O
      tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate.

PMID- 2908853
TI  - Anticancer drugs as inhibitors of two polymorphic cytochrome P450 enzymes,
      debrisoquin and mephenytoin hydroxylase, in human liver microsomes.
AB  - To identify potential substrates for the debrisoquin and mephenytoin
      hydroxylation polymorphisms, we performed in vitro inhibition studies with human
      liver microsomes and the respective prototype substrates in the absence and
      presence of several anticancer drugs. (+)-Bufuralol 1'-hydroxylation (as the
      prototype reaction for the debrisoquin polymorphism) was tested at 5 microM
      substrate concentration and in the presence of cyclophosphamide (0 to 200
      microM), teniposide (0 to 100 microM), vinblastine (0 to 220 microM), etoposide
      (0 to 200 microM), flavone acetic acid (0 to 1000 microM), or ifosphamide (0 to
      200 microM). (S)-Mephenytoin 4-hydroxylation was tested at 60 microM substrate
      concentration and in the presence of the same drugs as above; vincristine was
      also tested at 0 to 200 microM. Teniposide competitively inhibited the 4
      hydroxylation of (S)-mephenytoin, with a Ki of 12 microM (Km of the reaction = 65
      microM). Etoposide and flavone acetic acid were weaker inhibitors of this
      reaction. The only agent to inhibit bufuralol hydroxylation was vinblastine,
      which did so with a Ki of 90 microM (Km of the enzyme for the substrate = 12
      microM). We conclude that teniposide and high concentrations of flavone acetic
      acid could spuriously alter mephenytoin phenotype determination in cancer
      patients, and that teniposide deserves further investigation as a possible
      substrate for the genetically regulated mephenytoin hydroxylase.

PMID- 2908854
TI  - Effects of homoharringtonine on protein glycosylation in human bladder carcinoma
      cell T-24.
AB  - Rates of [3H]glucosamine and mannose incorporation into glycoproteins and
      dolichol-linked oligosaccharides in exponentially growing T-24 bladder cancer
      cells were examined after exposure to homoharringtonine (HHT). Two-h treatment of
      HHT (10 ng/ml) reduced [3H]glucosamine and mannose incorporation into the
      glycoproteins to 61% and 32% of controls. Concomitantly, respective sugar
      incorporation into dolichol-linked oligosaccharides was elevated 29% and 30%
      above control. The maximal inhibition of glycoprotein biosynthesis and
      stimulation of the lipid-linked oligosaccharides occurred within 2 to 4 h after
      exposure to 50 ng/ml of the drug. Prolonged drug exposure (greater than 8 h)
      resulted in generalized suppression of glycoprotein biosynthesis and lipid-linked
      oligosaccharide formation. The kinetic study indicated that the time course on
      reduction of glycoprotein biosynthesis and accumulation of dolichol-linked
      oligosaccharides paralleled the decline in protein synthesis. Further, the
      inhibition of glycoprotein synthesis and stimulation of dolichol-linked
      oligosaccharides were reversible 4 h after drug withdrawal. Sodium dodecyl
      sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis autoradiographic analysis of the
      [3H]mannose-labeled glycoprotein revealed no pronounced difference between HHT
      treated and control cells. These data suggest that the inhibition of
      glycosylation results from combined decrease of acceptors for glycoprotein
      biosynthesis with a simultaneous accumulation of the dolichol-linked
      oligosaccharides. Collectively these data may account for many of the HHT-induced
      bioresponses.

PMID- 2908856
TI  - Immunoanalytical detection of O4-ethylthymine in liver DNA of individuals with or
      without malignant tumors.
AB  - The detection and quantitation of carcinogen-DNA adducts in human cells are the
      key parameters in the molecular dosimetry of human exposure to environmental
      carcinogens. For investigating the possible relevance of alkylating N-nitroso
      compounds as causative agents in human carcinogenesis, we have quantitated O4
      ethyl-2'-deoxythymidine (O4-EtdThd) in human liver DNA obtained from 33 autopsy
      specimens, i.e., 13 cases with primary liver cancer (LC), 8 with cancers other
      than liver cancer (OC), and 12 with noncancerous diseases (NC). None of the cases
      analyzed had a history of known occupational exposure to ethylating agents. The
      detection limit for O4-EtdThd was 3 X 10(-8) as a O4-EtdThd/dThd molar ratio in
      DNA, which was attained by the combination of prefractionation of DNA
      hydrolysates (= 20 mg of DNA/sample) by high performance liquid chromatography
      and competitive radioimmunoassay using anti-(O4-EtdThd) monoclonal antibody ER
      01. Except for one case in each group, O4-EtdThd [or, alternatively, (an)
      unidentified structural modification(s) of DNA recognized by monoclonal antibody
      ER-01] was detected at mean (+/- SD) O4-EtdThd/dThd molar ratios of 39.9 +/- 40.2
      x 10(-8), 53.5 +/- 74.0 X 10(-8), and 11.7 +/- 6.5 X 10(-8), respectively, in LC,
      OC, and NC. The difference of the O4-EtdThd content in DNA between LC and NC, or
      between LC + OC and NC, was statistically significant at P less than 0.05. These
      results suggest that humans are exposed to ethylating agents in vivo and that a
      premutagenic DNA lesion (O4-EtdThd) eventually accumulates in DNA, possibly to a
      biologically significant extent.

PMID- 2908855
TI  - Molecular analysis of spontaneous hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase
      mutations in thioguanine-resistant HL-60 human leukemia cells.
AB  - We have measured the forward mutation rate at the hypoxanthine
      phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) gene of the human promyelocytic leukemia cell
      line HL-60 and have determined the molecular spectrum of spontaneous HPRT
      mutations in 45 independent 6-thioguanine-resistant HL-60 sublines. Four
      fluctuation tests using a total of 132 replicate HL-60 cultures revealed a mean
      forward mutation rate of HL-60 cells to thioguanine resistance of 1.7-6 x 10(
      7)/cell/generation. Blot hybridization analysis of the X-linked HPRT gene using a
      human HPRT complementary DNA probe revealed abnormalities in HPRT gene structure
      and/or HPRT mRNA expression in 24 of 45 (53%) independent thioguanine-resistant
      HL-60 sublines. Six different classes of mutation were identified. The most
      prevalent (47%; 21 of 45 mutations) consists of mutations that are not detected
      by blot hybridization analyses and that do not disrupt HPRT mRNA production.
      These results suggest that a comparatively low forward mutation rate may be found
      in malignant human cells that exhibit both karyotypic and molecular evidence of
      genomic instability and that several different molecular classes of mutation may
      contribute to thioguanine resistance in HL-60, and perhaps in other, malignant
      human cells. The forward mutation assay system we have developed using the X
      linked HPRT gene of HL-60 cells may be useful for analyses of the mutagenic
      potential and molecular spectrum of mutations produced by chemotherapeutic
      agents, suspected human mutagens and carcinogens, and phagocyte respiratory burst
      oxidants in human cells.

PMID- 2908857
TI  - Cyclic changes in fluorescence polarization of a membrane probe during the cell
      cycle of an erythroid precursor cell line.
AB  - The membrane lipid bilayer of the K562 cell line undergoes marked changes during
      cell cycling. These changes can be detected by measuring the fluorescence
      polarization of the rod-like hydrophobic probe 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene.
      Single-cell measurements were performed by flow microfluorometry on synchronized
      K562 cells. The fluorescence polarization of the probe increased after cell
      division and was maximal during the S phase. Concomitant with the transition from
      S to G2 and M phase was a decrease in fluorescence polarization. The data are
      interpreted as reflecting a minimal membrane lipid fluidity during the S phase
      and a maximal fluidity during the G2/M-phase of the above erythroid precursor
      cell line.

PMID- 2908858
TI  - Novel functions and cellular interaction of human lymphoid stromal cells with
      lymphoid cell lines in vitro.
AB  - Lymphoid stromal (SG) cells have been isolated from the lymph node of a patient
      with malignant lymphoma, and characterized by positive reaction with a monoclonal
      antibody against the T-zone stromal cells in human lymph nodes. B-acute
      lymphoblastic leukemia (BALL) cells showed prominent emperipolesis toward SG
      cells when they were cocultured, whereas T-acute lymphoblastic leukemia (TALL)
      cells attached firmly to the surface of SG cells. Autologous peripheral B and T
      cells behaved, respectively, in the same way as BALL and TALL cells. Both BALL
      and TALL cells while directly interacting with the SG cells were completely
      inhibited from incorporating [3H]thymidine, although radioactive grains were
      observed in 16.4%-12.4% of supernatant BALL and 13.8%-13.0% of supernatant TALL
      cells in each coculture. Furthermore the media conditioned by SG cells
      significantly increased the incorporation of [3H]thymidine into the TALL cells as
      much as 190% of the control. These results indicate that SG cells undergo tissue
      specific cellular interactions with B- and T-lymphoid cell lines but not with a
      myeloid cell line, and they can modify their growth by two distinct mechanisms.
      SG cells proved to be very useful in studying the effect of the lymphoid
      microenvironment on the proliferation of lymphocytes in vivo.

PMID- 2908859
TI  - Age-related variations of fat tissue fraction in normal human bone marrow depend
      both on size and number of adipocytes: a stereological study.
AB  - Studies dealing with the number or size of individual adipose cells in human bone
      marrow are lacking. To ascertain whether the age-related variations in fat tissue
      fraction depend on the size of individual adipocytes or their number or both, a
      stereological study of 20 normal human bone marrow specimens was performed. A
      total number of 17,039 adipose cell profiles was measured and two stereological
      parameters were obtained in each specimen: mean diameter and number of cells per
      mm3 of bone marrow. With increasing age, an increasing fat tissue fraction was
      observed (r = 0.61; p = 0.004). The fat tissue fraction correlated positively
      with the size (r = 0.81; p less than 0.001) and the number/volume (r = 0.59; p =
      0.006) of adipocytes. The significance of both adipocyte size and adipocyte
      number/volume was confirmed by stepwise multiple regression, in which the size
      alone explained 66.2% of fat tissue fraction and both size and number/volume
      explained 97.2% of fat tissue fraction. These results are discussed from a
      pathophysiological point of view.

PMID- 2908860
TI  - Characteristics of megakaryocyte colony formation in normal individuals and in
      primary thrombocythemia: studies using an optimal cloning system.
AB  - Colony formation by megakaryocyte (MK) progenitors was studied in 36 normal
      individuals and in 26 patients with primary thrombocythemia (PT) using an
      improved plasma clot cloning system. MK colonies were identified by
      immunoperoxidase staining using a monoclonal antibody against human platelet
      glycoprotein IIb/IIIa complex. In normal individuals, a frequency of 194 +/- 23
      MK colony-forming units (CFU-MK) per 5 X 10(5) bone marrow nonadherent
      mononuclear cells and 11 +/- 4 CFU-MK per 5 X 10(5) blood mononuclear cells was
      found. These CFU-MK grew as large (greater than 20 cells), mean (11-20 cells),
      small (3-10 cells), or mix-MK colonies (at least two MK) that comprised 15%, 23%,
      62%, or 5% of all MK colonies in bone marrow and 0%, 8%, 92%, or 1% in peripheral
      blood, respectively. In PT, several abnormalities of MK colony formation were
      observed: 1) increased circulating CFU-MK numbers, 2) increased mix-MK colony
      formation, 3) spontaneous MK colony formation without phytohemagglutinin
      stimulated leukocyte-conditioned medium and normal serum, 4) decreased proportion
      of larger MK colonies (greater than 11 cells) in PT bone marrow, and 5) failure
      of PT plasma or serum to stimulate MK colony formation by normal marrow cells in
      a normal fashion. These results indicate some of the characteristics of
      quantitative and qualitative abnormalities of in vitro megakaryocytopoiesis in
      PT.

PMID- 2908861
TI  - Thymidine suicide and hydroxyurea kill ratios accurately reflect the
      proliferative status of stem cells (CFU-S).
AB  - We have previously found that on average 30% of hematopoietic stem cells (CFU-S)
      are in the S phase, which is at least three times the value published by others.
      Therefore, it seemed desirable to investigate the reliability of the methods used
      to measure the percentage of CFU-S in S phase. Various modifications of the
      [3H]thymidine suicide were tested and it could be demonstrated that results were
      not affected by them. Furthermore, results obtained with the [3H]thymidine
      suicide were compared to those obtained with methods utilizing hydroxyurea to
      kill CFU-S in S phase. The [3H]thymidine- and hydroxyurea-based methods gave
      parallel results. The parallel behavior validated all of these methods as
      reliable indicators of the turnover of CFU-S and presumably other stem cell
      populations.

PMID- 2908862
TI  - Antiproliferative effects of lipoxygenase inhibitors on malignant human
      hematopoietic cell lines.
AB  - Eicosanoids regulate a wide spectrum of cellular processes including cell
      proliferation. We have shown previously that lipoxygenase metabolites of
      arachidonic acid modulate normal human hematopoiesis by in vitro colony assays.
      In this study we investigated the role of lipoxygenase metabolites in regulating
      the proliferation of several malignant hematopoietic cell lines, including K562
      and EM-2 (chronic myelogenous leukemia blasts), HL-60 (promyelocytic leukemia
      cells), and U937 (malignant histiocytes). Piriprost, a specific inhibitor of 5
      lipoxygenase, inhibits proliferation of these cell lines up to 95% with 50% cell
      inhibition at approximately 3 x 10(-5) M. Other less specific lipoxygenase
      inhibitors such as caffeic acid, nordihydroguaiaretic acid, and BW755C have
      similar activity in a [3H]-thymidine incorporation assay. In contrast,
      indomethacin, which is a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, has no suppressive effect in
      these assays. Inhibition by these drugs is completely reversible. Several
      nonhematopoietic malignant cell lines do not appear to be affected by these
      drugs. Two specific lipoxygenase metabolites, leukotriene B4 and leukotriene D4,
      stimulate leukemia cell line proliferation to 150% of control levels when added
      directly to cell cultures. These data suggest that certain lipoxygenase products,
      perhaps leukotrienes, are critical for the proliferation of malignant
      hematopoietic cells in vitro.

PMID- 2908863
TI  - Decline in cycling of granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming cells with increasing
      age in mice.
AB  - The cycling state of granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells (GM-CFC) was
      measured using the [3H]thymidine suicide technique in individual male B6D2F1
      mice. The proportion of the GM-CFC population in S phase was found to decrease
      from 25%-35% at 1-6 months of age to about 10% in mice greater than 2 years old.

PMID- 2908864
TI  - Metoprolol-induced hepatitis: is the rate of oxidation related to drug-induced
      hepatotoxicity?

PMID- 2908865
TI  - Treatment of post-shunt portal systemic encephalopathy by embolization of the
      shunt.
AB  - Operative ligation of portosystemic shunts is effective in controlling chronic
      portosystemic encephalopathy (CPSE) but is associated with significant mortality.
      Review of the records of five patients with CPSE treated with radiologic
      occlusion procedures showed that these are suitable alternatives to surgery.
      Three patients had alcoholic cirrhosis, one had hepatic fibrosis from
      schistosomiasis, and one had post-necrotic cirrhosis. All had CPSE with
      progressive, severe cerebral impairment refractory to clinical treatment. Four
      patients had a spontaneous splenorenal shunt, and one had a surgically created
      mesocaval shunt (MCS). Partial splenic embolization was performed in two
      patients, direct shunt embolization was performed via percutaneous transhepatic
      portography in two other patients, and an MCS embolization was performed in one
      patient through the inferior vena cava. In four patients embolization controlled
      the CPSE. In the remaining patient it could not be evaluated because of his
      premature death from intraabdominal bleeding, a late complication of the
      procedure. Interventional radiologic procedures are effective in the control of
      CPSE in selected patients.

PMID- 2908866
TI  - Primary lymphoma of the liver: a more optimistic point of view.

PMID- 2908867
TI  - Differential location of hemopoietic colonies within liver acini of postnatal and
      phenylhydrazine-treated adult mice.
AB  - We have measured the location of embryonic and adult hemopoietic foci in the
      liver tissue of postnatal and adult phenylhydrazine-treated mice. Differentiation
      of acinar domains in liver tissue was made possible by carrying out succinate
      dehydrogenase histochemical reactions on liver cryostat sections. To determine
      the position of hemopoietic foci within the lobular gradient of the hepatocyte
      succinate dehydrogenase activity, this enzyme was measured in hepatocytes
      surrounding both portal and central veins and hemopoietic foci. Then, assuming
      the periportal succinate dehydrogenase activity value to be 1.00 +/- 0.2,
      succinate dehydrogenase activity around postnatal hemopoietic foci was 0.65 +/-
      0.19, around phenylhydrazine-induced hemopoietic foci 0.83 +/- 0.24 and around
      central veins 0.44 +/- 0.11. Scaling the portal to central vein distance and
      taking 1 as the portal vein point and 0 as the central vein point, the relative
      position of hemopoietic foci, indirectly calculated from succinate dehydrogenase
      activity values, was 0.35 +/- 0.13 in postnatal livers and 0.73 +/- 0.12 in
      phenylhydrazine-treated adult livers. Hemopoietic foci frequencies varied
      according to both the origin and the liver acinar domain: in postnatal liver
      acini, it was 37.1% in zone 1, 22.8% in zone 2 and 40% in zone 3; in
      phenylhydrazine-treated adult acini, it was 89.4% in zone 1 and 10.6% in zone 2.
      Postnatal hemopoietic foci mainly occurred extrasinusoidally, between hepatocytes
      and reticular-like cells, whereas adult hemopoietic foci were mostly
      intrasinusoidal and closely associated to macrophage-like cells. Adult
      hemopoietic colonies

PMID- 2908868
TI  - Proline-incorporating cells in chronic active liver diseases.
AB  - The incorporation of 3H-proline in cells of liver biopsy specimens from patients
      with chronic active liver diseases has been studied by light and electron
      microscopic autoradiography. The labeled proline is incorporated by hepatocytes
      of the external rows of the residual liver lobule, by the cells of the
      proliferating bile ductule and very actively by the plasma cells localized at the
      boundary between the inflammatory infiltrate and the liver lobule. These plasma
      cells, which are often in close contact with the hepatocytes at the edge of the
      liver lobule, appear to be either negative or positive after the
      immunohistochemical tests for the k and lambda chains of immunoglobulins. Results
      are discussed in relation to both the synthesis of collagen and the role of the
      immunocompetent cells during the process of the piecemeal necrosis.

PMID- 2908869
TI  - Preferential covalent binding of acetaldehyde to the alpha-chain of purified rat
      liver tubulin.
AB  - Hepatic ethanol oxidation generates the reactive intermediate acetaldehyde, which
      binds to proteins. Previous work, using bovine brain tubulin as a model protein,
      has shown that acetaldehyde preferentially formed stable adducts on the alpha
      chain of the heterodimeric molecule. This binding resulted in functional
      impairment of the tubulin/microtubule system as evidenced by a decreased ability
      of adducted tubulin to form microtubules. Since tubulin/microtubules are believed
      to be very important cytoskeletal components of the hepatocyte and results with
      brain tubulin were interesting, our goal was to extend these studies to liver
      tubulin. We purified tubulin from rat liver by a polymerization-based cycle
      method followed by phosphocellulose chromatography. We then characterized the
      covalent binding of [14C]acetaldehyde to liver tubulin. Naturally forming and
      cyanoborohydride-stimulated stable adducts formed linearly with liver tubulin in
      a manner almost identical to that with brain tubulin. We also found that the
      alpha-chain of the native heterodimeric liver tubulin molecule was the preferred
      site of adduct formation at low acetaldehyde to protein ratios. These results
      confirm and extend our previous findings with the brain tubulin model and further
      suggest that the alpha-chain of tubulin may be a preferential site for
      acetaldehyde-adduct formation during ethanol oxidation in the liver.

PMID- 2908870
TI  - Reactivity of primary biliary cirrhosis sera with a human fetal liver cDNA clone
      of branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase dihydrolipoamide acyltransferase,
      the 52 kD mitochondrial autoantigen.
AB  - Antimitochondrial autoantibodies recognizing 68 to 74 and 50 to 52 kD inner
      membrane mitochondrial antigens are characteristically present in sera of
      patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. The biochemical identification of the
      antigens, however, has remained elusive. We report herein that the 52 kD antigen
      is the dihydrolipoamide acyltransferase of the branched-chain alpha-keto acid
      dehydrogenase complex. This was demonstrated by three experiments through the use
      of recombinant fusion protein expressed in Escherichia coli from a cDNA insert
      encoding the human autoantigen. First, 33 of 37 primary biliary cirrhosis
      patients exhibiting reactivity toward the 50 to 52 kD mitochondrial antigen by
      immunoblotting also showed reactivity toward the recombinant fusion protein.
      Second, absorption of primary biliary cirrhosis sera with recombinant fusion
      protein, but not with an irrelevant recombinant clone, the F-specific rat liver
      antigen, was effective in absorbing out reactivity against the 50 to 52 kD
      mitochondrial antigen but not the 68 to 74 kD antigen. Third, complete removal of
      reactivity toward all four different isoelectric point polypeptides at 50 to 52
      kD was observed in two-dimensional gel analysis. Furthermore, primary biliary
      cirrhosis sera were analyzed with mitochondria from three sources, rat liver,
      human placenta and bovine heart, in order to compare reactivity patterns and to
      determine precisely the comparative molecular weights of the autoantigens in the
      three species. The availability of recombinant autoantigens will provide improved
      diagnostic tests and, more importantly, will allow definite issues in primary
      biliary cirrhosis to be studied, including identification of immunodominant
      epitopes, the significance of autoantigen recognition and the establishment of
      autoreactive T cell clones.

PMID- 2908871
TI  - A simplified single stage total hepatectomy in the rat with maintenance of
      gastrointestinal absorptive function.
AB  - A technique is described to remove the entire liver in a single stage with
      preservation of intestinal absorptive function. An inverted V-shape polyethylene
      cannula, either heparin bonded or silicon coated, was inserted into the portal
      vein and inferior vena cava to maintain venous return from the splanchnic and
      lower caval regions of the anhepatic rat. Blood glucose fell at a rate of 7 to 11
      mg per hr per total plasma volume (4% body weight), usually resulting in
      hypoglycemia within the initial 2 hr. Euglycemia could be maintained in the first
      3 hr after hepatectomy with hourly intravenous infusions of 2.5 to 5 mg per 100
      gm body weight of glucose. Larger infusions of glucose (10 to 12.5 mg per hr per
      100 gm body weight) were necessary for normal levels at later times. A 0.5 gm per
      100 gm rat weight intestinal glucose bolus restored euglycemia for at least a 2
      hr interval. Intestinal absorption of cholesterol and oleic acid was demonstrated
      in the anhepatic rat, although the latter was not so efficiently absorbed as in
      the control. The plasma cholesterol decreased with time in the anhepatic rat.
      Prompt increases were observed in plasma free fatty acid and glycerol
      concentrations after hepatectomy. Progressive increases in both direct and
      indirect plasma bilirubin levels were noted after hepatectomy. With appropriate
      maintenance of blood sugar, survival of 36 hr was observed. This procedure for
      single stage total hepatectomy in the rat can be performed in less than 30 min.
      The model is particularly useful for studies of the influence of the liver on
      postabsorptive metabolism.

PMID- 2908872
TI  - Combination of ketanserin and verapamil or propranolol in patients with alcoholic
      cirrhosis: search for an additive effect.
AB  - Drugs reported to reduce portal pressure through different mechanisms were
      combined in the hope of either additive portal hypotensive effects in
      "responders," or inducing a portal hypotensive effect in "nonresponders" to the
      initial drug. Seven patients with alcoholic cirrhosis received verapamil, 10 mg
      i.v., and, 60 min later, ketanserin, 5 mg i.v. Verapamil decreased heart rate and
      increased free hepatic venous pressure but had no effect on hepatic venous
      pressure gradient or azygos blood flow. When combined with verapamil, ketanserin
      significantly diminished wedged hepatic venous pressure and hepatic venous
      pressure gradient. Ten other patients with alcoholic cirrhosis received
      propranolol, 15 mg i.v., and 45 min later, ketanserin, 5 mg i.v. In all patients,
      heart rate, cardiac index and azygos blood flow significantly decreased after
      propranolol. After propranolol alone, however, wedged hepatic venous pressure
      decreased in only five patients, responders. In five other patients, defined as
      nonresponders, propranolol did not decrease this pressure. The addition of
      ketanserin to propranolol induced further significant reduction in wedged hepatic
      venous pressure, hepatic venous pressure gradient and azygos blood flow. Among
      the five nonresponders, three had a reduced wedged hepatic venous pressure after
      ketanserin was combined. We conclude that verapamil does not reduce portal
      pressure or collateral blood flow in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. The
      splanchnic hemodynamic effects of propranolol and ketanserin appear to be
      independent and additive, without significant systemic alteration.

PMID- 2908873
TI  - Long-term hemodynamic effects of ketanserin, a 5-hydroxytryptamine blocker, in
      portal hypertensive patients.
AB  - Ketanserin, a 5-hydroxytryptamine-2 receptor blocker, has been shown to decrease
      portal pressure in recent acute hemodynamic studies that have been performed both
      in experimental animals and portal hypertensive patients. The present study was
      designed to investigate the effects of chronic oral administration of ketanserin
      in portal hypertensive patients with cirrhosis. The mean baseline hepatic venous
      pressure gradient in the 13 patients with alcoholic cirrhosis who completed the
      study was 15.7 +/- 2.7 mmHg. It decreased significantly to 13.3 +/- 2.0 mmHg (p
      less than 0.001) after ketanserin was administered at a mean dose of 51 mg per
      day for a mean period of 32 days. This 14.6% reduction in hepatic venous pressure
      gradient resulted mainly from a decrease in mean wedged hepatic venous pressure
      (from 22.2 +/- 4.0 to 20.1 +/- 3.6 mmHg) and was accompanied by significant
      decreases in cardiac index (18.8%) and in mean arterial pressure (8.1%). However,
      changes in cardiac index or in mean arterial pressure were not predictive of
      modifications in the hepatic venous pressure gradient. Eight of 16 patients
      entered in the study developed side effects, the most significant being a
      reversible portosystemic encephalopathy, which occurred in three patients who had
      poor liver function. This study confirms evidence in favor of a role for 5
      hydroxytryptamine in portal hypertension and adds a new group of agents for the
      chronic treatment of portal hypertensive patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2908874
TI  - Analysis of the HLA-A10-crossreacting group of antigens by one-dimensional
      isoelectric focusing.
AB  - The antigens belonging to the HLA-A10 group, HLA-A25, -A26, -Aw34, and -Aw66,
      have been characterized serologically during the International Histocompatibility
      Workshops. However, it remains difficult to discriminate between the HLA-A26
      antigen on the one hand and the HLA-Aw34 and -Aw66 antigens on the other on the
      basis of serology. In this paper, we compare the serologically defined antigens
      with the data obtained by one-dimensional isoelectric focusing. The results
      indicate that the serologically well-defined HLA-A25 antigen cannot be
      discriminated from the HLA-A26 antigen by one-dimensional isoelectric focusing.
      In contrast, this technique can indeed be used to discriminate between HLA-A26, 
      Aw34 and -Aw66 antigens. In addition, the biochemical analysis suggests further
      heterogeneity of the HLA-Aw34 antigen. This antigen can be subdivided into three
      variants.

PMID- 2908875
TI  - A novel H-2K splice form: predictions for other alternative H-2 splicing events.
AB  - A large number of H-2K and H-2D cDNA clones from a C3HfB/HeN spleen cDNA library
      were extensively characterized. All H-2Dk cDNAs were shown to exhibit the short
      form of exon 8, consistent with the presence of a single lariat branchpoint site
      within intron 7. Twenty-five H-2Kkm2 cDNAs were found to bear a short exon 8,
      whereas only two clones were shown to carry the longer form of this exon. In one
      of the H-2Kkm2 cDNAs, a novel pattern of H-2 splicing was identified, in which an
      extra 15 nucleotides, derived from the 3' end of intron 5, were inserted between
      the intact and unaltered exon 5 and exon 6 sequences. Resulting from the apparent
      use of a cryptic splice acceptor site in place of the canonical intron 5 site,
      this insertion is predicted to generate an in-frame insertion of five nonpolar
      amino acid residues within a highly polar region of the intracytoplasmic domain
      of the H-2K polypeptide. The features of this novel splice form served as the
      basis for predicting additional rare, alternative H-2 pre-mRNA splicing events
      that might produce functionally relevant microheterogeneity in the encoded H-2
      gene products.

PMID- 2908876
TI  - Twenty-six DR beta and 16 DQ beta chain IEF variants and their associated HLA-DR,
      HLA-DQ, and HLA-Dw specificities.

PMID- 2908877
TI  - The mouse mutation severe combined immune deficiency (scid) is on chromosome 16.

PMID- 2908878
TI  - Cloning and characterization of a BoLA class I cDNA clone.

PMID- 2908879
TI  - Regulation of expression of mouse C4 and Slp genes by non-H-2-linked genes.
AB  - C4 (the fourth complement component) and Slp (sexlimited protein) are two
      homologous plasma proteins encoded by genes in the S-region of the H-2 gene
      complex. We studied the genetic factors influencing the plasma levels of these
      proteins and their mRNA levels in liver. Considerable differences in both protein
      and mRNA levels were found between mouse strains carrying the same S-region
      allele on different genetic backgrounds, indicating a pretranslational effect of
      non-H-2-linked genes on the expression of the two S-region genes. The expression
      of Slp is androgen-dependent in the strains tested. However, testosterone
      treatment cannot increase the low levels of Slp caused by non-H-2-linked
      regulatory genes. In mice with Slp-negative S-region alleles we found liver mRNA
      hybridizing with Slp-specific oligonucleotides, indicating expression of the Slp
      gene in Slp-negative strains. Our data demonstrate the complexity of the
      regulation of the C4 and Slp genes and pave the way for the analysis of the
      regulatory factors involved.

PMID- 2908880
TI  - DNA repair, sensitivity to gamma radiation and to heat shock in lymphocytes from
      acute, untreated multiple sclerosis patients.
AB  - Increases in spontaneous sister chromatid exchange (SCE) and gamma radiation
      induced chromosome aberrations have been reported in peripheral blood lymphocytes
      (PBL) from multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, suggesting the presence of an
      abnormality in repair in this disease. We tested this hypothesis by measuring the
      ability to repair DNA and survival, after exposure to low (2-12 Gy) and high (100
      Gy) gamma ray doses or to a high temperature (37-45 degrees C), of freshly
      isolated PBL from 15 patients affected by definite MS and 15 healthy subjects.
      The MS patients were untreated and in the acute phase of the disease. No
      significant difference was found between the two groups. We suggest that the
      previously reported genomic instability may be of viral origin and not due to a
      genetic defect in repair of DNA in these patients.

PMID- 2908881
TI  - Alpha-bungarotoxin blocking antibodies in neonatal myasthenia gravis: frequency
      and selectivity.
AB  - We have studied antibodies to the acetylcholine receptor (AChR) that inhibit
      alpha-bungarotoxin binding in 22 mothers with myasthenia gravis (MG) and in their
      23 newborns. Of the 13 showing neonatal MG, seven of the mothers had detectable
      direct blocking antibodies, all 13 had decamethonium-dependent (DC) blocking, and
      nine had high titres of precipitating antibodies (greater than 40 nM). In those
      with symptom-free newborns, the corresponding figures were 2/10, 8/10 and 2/10;
      the mean titres of DC blocking and of precipitating antibodies were 5- and 3-fold
      lower than in the mothers of affected babies. Thus, blocking antibodies, in
      addition to high total antibody levels, may help to predict the occurrence of
      neonatal MG. However, the antibodies appear not to cross the placenta to the same
      extent in each case. 86, 69 and 84% of the maternal antibodies with
      precipitating, direct and DC blocking activities, respectively, were found in the
      myasthenic neonates versus 65, 28 and 44% in the unaffected. These data suggest
      (1) involvement of blocking antibodies in the pathogenesis of MG, and (2)
      variable placental transfer of anti-AChR antibodies, which makes neonatal
      affliction more difficult to predict.

PMID- 2908882
TI  - Canine distemper virus infectivity of various blood fractions for central nervous
      system vasculature.
AB  - In order to determine the infectivity of various viremic blood fractions for
      central nervous system (CNS) endothelia, viremic plasma, platelets and
      mononuclear cells were prepared from canine distemper virus (CDV)-infected dogs
      and infused into the right carotid arteries of CDV-naive gnotobiotic dogs. All
      blood fractions were infectious for endothelia as determined by indirect
      immunofluorescence examination for viral antigen in recipients. Virus-positive
      platelets, even though possessing only trace amounts (1.0 x 10(1) TCID50/ml) of
      in vitro titratable virus, were the most effective fraction for infection of
      vascular endothelium. These data confirm the important role of vascular
      endothelia in establishing CNS infection in this disease and implicate virus
      positive platelets and leukocytes in the initiation of this phenomenon.

PMID- 2908883
TI  - Internalization of horseradish peroxidase isozymes by pancreatic acinar cells in
      vitro.
AB  - We examined the uptake and fate of four horseradish peroxidase (HRP) isozymes
      (Type VI, VII, VIII, and IX) in isolated pancreatic acinar cells. The pattern of
      uptake was similar for all the isozymes examined, with the exception of Type IX.
      Very little Type IX HRP was internalized by the cells, and what endocytosis did
      occur was primarily from the apical cell surface in coated vesicles. In contrast,
      HRP Type VI, VII, and VIII appeared to be endocytosed largely at the basolateral
      cell surface. Initially, the tracer was found in smooth vesicles and tubules near
      the plasma membrane. The tubules resembled the basal lysosomes known to be
      present in these cells. At the early time points, HRP reaction product was also
      present in multivesicular bodies (MVBs). By 60 min, the HRP was localized in
      MVBs, vesicles, and tubules adjacent to the Golgi apparatus. By 12 hr after
      exposure to the isozymes, the tracer was present in small apical vesicles. At no
      time could reaction product be localized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum,
      Golgi saccules, or secretory granules. The results of this study suggest that the
      charge of a soluble-phase marker has little effect on its uptake or intracellular
      distribution.

PMID- 2908884
TI  - A minibead method for detection of membrane lectins.
AB  - Membrane lectins are being increasingly implicated in many biological phenomena.
      Previous methods for detection of these substances are applicable only to
      homogeneous cell populations. We have now developed a method that permits
      morphological identification of lectin-bearing cells in heterogeneous cell
      populations. Amide-modified latex minibeads (0.345 or 0.532 micron) were
      activated with glutaraldehyde and then covalently bound to p-aminophenyl
      derivatives of various sugars. When the probe thus constructed was incubated with
      cell systems known to bear well-defined membrane lectins (galactosyl receptors in
      hepatocytes, mannosyl receptors in macrophages), binding occurred and could be
      visualized by scanning electron microscopy. Binding was inhibited in the presence
      of excess soluble sugar, indicating the specificity of reaction. Incubation of a
      mixture of two different-sized probes with two different cell types led to
      segregation of the probes. This method also permits semiquantification of
      binding.

PMID- 2908885
TI  - Direct adrenal medullary catecholamine response to hypoxia in fetal sheep.
AB  - The present study was designed to investigate the direct response of fetal
      adrenomedullary cells to hypoxia, and the possible change in this responsiveness
      with maturation. Ovine fetal adrenomedullary cells, when exposed to 30 min of
      hypoxia induced by perfusing with Krebs-Henseleit solution equilibrated with 1%
      O2, released significantly greater amounts of total catecholamine into the
      perfusate, compared to basal conditions. After a 1-h control period, a second 30
      min hypoxic episode stimulated a catecholamine response which was significantly
      smaller in magnitude than the first. Following the two hypoxic episodes, the
      cells were capable of responding to 50 mM KCl with a large increase in total
      catecholamine release. During the first hypoxic episode, the release of both
      norepinephrine and epinephrine was stimulated by equal magnitude. Fetal
      adrenomedullary cells obtained from fetuses at 100, 120, and 130 days gestation
      showed similar responsiveness to the same hypoxic stimulus, and these responses
      were not different from that observed in maternal adrenomedullary cells. On the
      contrary, responsiveness to KCl-induced depolarization was greatest in cells
      obtained from fetuses at 130 days gestation when compared to that in the younger
      fetuses. This increased responsiveness to KCl was accompanied by a greater
      catecholamine store in the adrenal medulla of the fetuses at this gestational
      age. These results suggest that ovine fetal adrenomedullary cells can respond
      directly to hypoxia by releasing catecholamines. This direct responsiveness
      became desensitized after repeated exposure. Finally, a decrease in direct
      responsiveness to hypoxia associated with maturation could be demonstrated.

PMID- 2908886
TI  - Effects of lactic acidosis on the function of cerebral cortical synaptosomes.
AB  - Synaptosomes exposed to anoxic insult produce lactate at a slow rate (measured
      over 60 min). No measurable damaging effects were produced by prolonged
      depolarisation, anoxic insult, or exogenous lactate (2-32 mM) either on the
      synaptic plasma membrane (as judged by release of lactate dehydrogenase and
      soluble proteins), or on synaptosomal phospholipases (as judged by choline
      release from membrane phospholipids). Potassium-stimulated acetylcholine release
      was decreased by incubation in the presence of lactate (2-32 mM), as was
      potassium- and veratrine-stimulated calcium uptake and the calcium content of
      depolarised synaptosomes. The intrasynaptosomal pH was also reduced but there was
      no stimulation of oxygen radical production (as judged by H2O2 generation) by
      exogenous lactate. The role that lactic acidosis may play in giving rise to the
      altered calcium homeostasis and decreased acetylcholine release from synaptosomes
      exposed to anoxic insult is discussed.

PMID- 2908887
TI  - Developmental expression of the glial fibrillary acidic protein mRNA in the
      central nervous system and in cultured astrocytes.
AB  - The expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-mRNA during mouse brain
      development and in astroglial primary cultures has been investigated by using two
      approaches: Northern-blot evaluation using a specific cDNA probe, and cell-free
      translation associated with immunoprecipitation. During brain maturation (4-56
      days postnatal), the GFAP-mRNA underwent a biphasic evolution. An increase was
      observed between birth and day 15 (i.e., during the period of astroglial
      proliferation), which was followed by a decrease until day 56 (i.e., during
      astroglial cell differentiation). At older stages (300 days), an increase was
      observed, which might reflect gliosis. During astroglial in vitro development (7
      32 days in culture), the GFAP-mRNA showed similar variations. An increase,
      observed during the period of astroglial proliferation (7-18 days), was followed
      by a decrease which occurred in parallel to marked changes in cell shape, cell
      process outgrowth, and the organization and accumulation of gliofilaments. During
      the same culture period (7-32 days), alpha-tubulin mRNA, which was used as an
      internal standard, did not vary significantly. These results show that the
      increase of the GFAP protein and of gliofilaments observed both in vivo and in
      vitro during astroglial differentiation cannot be ascribed to an accumulation of
      the GFAP-mRNA. It might be that more than one mechanism regulates the levels of
      free and polymerized GFAP and of its encoding mRNA.

PMID- 2908888
TI  - Modulation of ganglioside biosynthesis in primary cultured neurons.
AB  - Murine cerebellar cells were pulse labeled with [14C]galactose, and the
      incorporation of radioactivity into gangliosides and neutral glycosphingolipids
      was examined under different experimental conditions. In the presence of drugs
      affecting intracellular membrane flow, as well as at 15 degrees C, labeled GlcCer
      was found to accumulate in the cells, whereas the labeling of higher
      glycosphingolipids and gangliosides was reduced. Monensin and modulators of the
      cytoskeleton effectively blocked biosynthesis of the complex gangliosides GM1,
      GD1a, GD1b, GT1b, and GQ1b, whereas incorporation of radioactivity into neutral
      glycosphingolipids, such as glucosylceramide and lactosylceramide, as well as
      GM3, GM2, and GD3 was either increased or unaltered. As monensin has been
      reported to interfere with the flow of molecules from the cis to the trans stacks
      of the Golgi apparatus, this result highlights at least one
      subcompartmentalization of ganglioside biosynthesis within the Golgi system.
      Inhibitors of energy metabolism affected, predominantly, the biosynthesis of the
      b-series gangliosides, whereas a reduced temperature (15 degrees C) more
      effectively blocked incorporation of radiolabel into the a-series gangliosides, a
      result suggesting the importance of GM3, as the principal branching point, for
      the regulation of ganglioside biosynthesis.

PMID- 2908889
TI  - Rat brain protein kinase C: purification, antibody production, and quantification
      in discrete regions of hippocampus.
AB  - Protein kinase C (PKC), a calcium- and phospholipid-dependent kinase, is highly
      enriched in rat brain, where it may function in signal transduction processes. We
      purified rat brain PKC to homogeneity by a three-column procedure of
      diethylaminoethyl-cellulose, phenyl-Sepharose, and protamine-agarose with a yield
      of 16% and a final specific activity of 9,600 pmol of [3H]phorbol-12,13
      dibutyrate bound/mg of protein. The pure protein consisted of a doublet of 80 and
      78 kilodaltons. Rabbit antibodies prepared against a beta-type PKC synthetic
      peptide sequence (RAKIGQGTKAPEEKTANTISK) showed high specificity and sensitivity
      for PKC and recognized only the 78-kilodalton form of PKC. Micropunches (300
      microns in diameter) of rat hippocampal subregions were solubilized in sodium
      dodecyl sulfate (SDS) sample buffer, electrophoresed on SDS-10% polyacrylamide
      gels, and transferred to nitrocellulose. PKC was visualized by 125I-protein A
      autoradiography and quantified by densitometry. The highest concentrations of PKC
      were found in the CA1 pyramidal cell layer (0.43 +/- 0.04 OD), with the lowest
      amounts in the CA3 and CA4 pyramidal cell layers (0.11 +/- 0.02 and 0.085 +/-
      0.006 OD, respectively). These results demonstrate a simple way of preparing
      antibodies against domains of PKC. We also describe a procedure for quantifying
      the relative amounts of PKC in discrete brain regions.

PMID- 2908890
TI  - Molecular characterization of an ependymin precursor from goldfish brain.
AB  - Ependymins are thought to be implicated in fundamental processes involved in
      plasticity of the goldfish CNS. Gas-phase sequencing of purified ependymins beta
      and gamma revealed that they share the same N-terminal sequence. Each sequence
      displays microheterogeneities at several positions. Based on the protein
      sequences obtained, we constructed synthetic oligonucleotides and used them as
      hybridization probes for screening cDNA libraries of goldfish brain. In this
      article we describe the full-length sequence of a mRNA encoding a precursor of
      ependymins. A cleavable signal sequence characteristic of secretory proteins is
      located at the N-terminal end, followed directly by the ependymin sequence. Also,
      two potential N-glycosylation sites were detected. A computer search revealed
      that ependymins form a novel family of unique proteins.

PMID- 2908891
TI  - Translational regulation of myelin protein synthesis by steroids.
AB  - Various steroids, including glucocorticoids, were observed to exert a direct
      effect on the rates of translation of several myelin-protein specific transcripts
      in a cell-free, reticulocyte lysate system. Hydrocortisone caused a twofold
      stimulation in the translation of mRNAs of myelin basic protein and proteolipid
      protein. It inhibited the translation of 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'
      phosphodiesterase mRNA by 50%, and had no effect on the translation of a number
      of other mRNAs. The data suggest that steroid-mediated translational regulation
      may serve as a novel mechanism to modulate the expression of myelin protein genes
      at the translational level.

PMID- 2908892
TI  - Mitogenic effect of axolemma-enriched fraction on cultured oligodendrocytes.
AB  - An in vitro system has been devised to study the mitogenic effect of axolemma on
      cultured oligodendrocytes. Addition of axolemma-enriched fraction to cultured
      oligodendrocytes results in a dose-dependent mitotic response with an 11-fold
      stimulation at a membrane concentration of 200 micrograms/ml. The interaction
      between oligodendrocytes and axolemma is specific, as myelin-enriched fraction,
      astrocyte membrane, and red blood cell membrane showed little or no effect on the
      oligodendroglial proliferation under similar conditions. In addition, cultured
      astrocytes were tested with the same axolemma membrane, and no mitotic
      stimulation was observed. The mitogenicity of AEF membrane on cultured
      oligodendrocytes is sensitive to heat and trypsin treatment, suggesting that the
      axolemma mitogen may be a protein.

PMID- 2908893
TI  - Purified rat brain myelin contains measurable acyl-CoA:lysophospholipid
      acyltransferase(s) but little, if any, glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase.
AB  - Previous reports from several laboratories have demonstrated the presence of many
      lipid-metabolizing enzymes in myelin, including all the enzymes needed to convert
      diacylglycerol to phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. Axonal
      transport studies had suggested the presence of additional enzymes which
      incorporate acyl chains into specific phospholipids of myelin. We report here
      evidence for one such group of enzymes, the acyl-CoA:lysophospholipid
      acyltransferases. At the same time, activity of acyl-CoA:sn-glycerol-3-phosphate
      acyltransferase was negligible in myelin. Oleoyl-CoA and arachidonoyl-CoA were
      both active substrates for transfer of acyl chains to lysophosphatidylcholine and
      lysophosphatidylinositol. Activity in myelin varied from 7 to 19% of microsomal
      activity, values well above the likely level of microsomal contamination as
      judged by microsomal markers. Additional evidence for a myelin locus came from
      assays at sequential stages of purification and from mixing experiments.
      Arachidonoyl-CoA was somewhat more reactive than oleoyl-CoA toward
      lysophosphatidylcholine; the myelin Km for these two CoA derivatives was 98
      microM and 6.6 microM, respectively. Activity with lysophosphatidylinositol as
      substrate was approximately 40% of that with lysophosphatidylcholine in myelin,
      whereas activities with lysophosphatidylethanolamine and lysophosphatidylserine
      were considerably less.

PMID- 2908894
TI  - Sodium-dependent uptake of nucleosides by dissociated brain cells from the rat.
AB  - Sodium-dependent 3H-labeled nucleoside transport was studied using a mixed
      population of dissociated brain cells from adult rats. The accumulation of
      [3H]adenosine during brief (15-s) incubation periods was significantly greater in
      the presence of 110 mM Na+ than in its absence. This occurred at substrate
      concentrations that ranged from 0.25 to 100 microM. Similar findings were
      observed for the rapid accumulation of [3H]uridine. Kinetically, the rapid
      accumulation of [3H]adenosine in both the absence and the presence of Na+ was
      best described by a two-component system. In the presence of Na+, the KT and Vmax
      values for the high-affinity affinity component were 0.9 microM and 8.9 pmol/mg
      of protein/15 s, and those for the low-affinity component were 313 microM and
      3,428 pmol/mg of protein/15 s, respectively. In the absence of Na+, the KT value
      for the high-affinity component was significantly higher (1.8 microM).
      [3H]Uridine accumulation was best described kinetically by a one-component system
      that in the presence of Na+ had KT and Vmax values of 1.0 mM and 2.6 nmol/mg of
      protein/15 s, respectively. As was found for [3H]adenosine, in the absence of
      Na+, the KT value was significantly higher (1.8 mM). The sodium-dependent
      transport of [3H]adenosine was inhibitable by ouabain and 2,4-dinitrophenol. Of
      the three nucleoside transport inhibitors tested, only nitrobenzylthioninosine
      demonstrated high affinity and selectivity in blocking the sodium component.
      Thus, high-affinity sodium-dependent nucleoside transport systems, in addition to
      facilitated diffusion systems, exist on brain cells from adult rats.

PMID- 2908895
TI  - Axolinin localization in the nervous tissue of squid revealed by monoclonal
      antibodies specific for axolinin: cellular and subcellular localization of
      axolinin in the squid neuron.
AB  - Cellular and subcellular distributions of axolinin, the 260-kilodalton (kD)
      microtubule-associated glycoprotein originally purified from squid axons, in
      various squid tissues such as optical lobes, bundles of small nerve fibers (fin
      nerves), giant stellate ganglia, skin, muscle, liver, and gill, were
      immunologically studied using monoclonal antibodies specifically recognizing the
      polypeptide chain of axolinin. The following results were obtained: (1) Axolinin
      is confined to squid neurons and skin; (2) axolinin is localized in the axon
      whereas another 260-kD microtubule-associated protein, MAP B, is localized in the
      cell bodies; and (3) axolinin is localized mainly in the peripheral part of the
      axoplasm of the squid giant axon. The last result has confirmed our previous
      conclusion obtained using polyclonal antisera against axolinin, which contain
      antibodies recognizing not only axolinin-specific epitopes but also nonspecific
      epitopes. The physiological importance of the localization of axolinin in axons
      and the skin is discussed based on its possible relationship to excitability
      function.

PMID- 2908896
TI  - Experimental increase of neurofilament transport rate: decreases in neurofilament
      number and in axon diameter.
AB  - In 2,5-hexanedione (2,5-HD)-induced axonal neuropathy, the rate of neurofilament
      (NF) transport increases in optic axons. To test the prediction that increases in
      the rate of polymer transport in any one locality of the axon lead directly to a
      decrease in the number of NF in that locality, NF and microtubules (MT) were
      quantitatively analyzed in axonal cross sections. In 2,5-HD axons the number of
      NF was 38% of that in control axons while the number of MT was not significantly
      changed; it appears that the drug treatment decreases NF number in the proximal
      axon regions, most directly through an increase in rate of NF transport. In those
      regions, the cross-sectional areas of the 2,5-HD-treated axons were 45% smaller
      than those of control axons; although the axons had shrunk in diameter, they
      retained their normal cylindrical shapes as measured by the index of circularity.
      Reduced internal expansive forces in the axon, working in conjunction with the
      normal external compressive forces, appear to reduce the radius of the axon.
      Quantitative analyses demonstrated that the average and the maximum lateral
      spacings between NF-NF, NF-MT, and MT-MT were all 30% larger in 2,5-HD-treated
      axons than in control axons. This suggests that polymers are relatively free to
      move laterally away from one another and to fill the available space within the
      axon. These observations are not consistent with models wherein 2,5-HD acts to
      crosslink the NF into an immobile network that can no longer advance within the
      axon. Instead, it appears more likely that 2,5-HD acts selectively on the
      interaction between some NF and the slow transport mechanism to increase the rate
      of NF transport.

PMID- 2908897
TI  - Morphologic alterations in rat brain following systemic and intraventricular
      methotrexate injection: light and electron microscopic studies.
AB  - To determine the morphological substrate of acute methotrexate (MTX)
      encephalopathy, light and electron microscopic studies were performed on rat
      brains after short-term intraperitoneal (IP) and intraventricular (IV) injections
      of MTX. In both models, Alzheimer type II astrocytosis was the initial and major
      pathologic alteration seen by light microscopy. The neurons, oligodendrocytes,
      myelin and endothelial cells were relatively spared. Ultrastructural studies
      showed pleomorphism and condensation of mitochondria, membrane-bound vacuoles,
      prominent stacks of sparsely granular, rough endoplasmic reticulum and
      progressive hydropic swelling of astrocytic perikarya and their processes. The
      astroglial alterations were reversible after cessation of the drug but persisted
      for a longer time with repeated IP administration. Gastrointestinal complications
      and overall mortality were also greater with higher doses and increasing
      frequency of IP MTX injection. White matter necrosis was noted only after IV
      injection of high-dose MTX. The neuropathologic changes of MTX
      leukoencephalopathy can be replicated in an animal model by IV injection of the
      drug. The reversibility of the changes that were seen following IP administration
      correlates with the transient neurologic deficits observed in some patients after
      high-dose systemic MTX therapy. The initially selective astroglial effect
      suggests that astrocytes might be a target for MTX toxicity, although other
      central nervous system components may also be adversely affected by the drug.

PMID- 2908898
TI  - Stimulation of glucose analogue uptake by cerebral microvessel endothelial cells
      by a product released by astrocytes.
AB  - Astroglial cells, both normal and neoplastic, secreted a product that stimulated
      glucose uptake by cerebral microvessel endothelial cells by 23% and 50%,
      respectively. Neither cerebral microvessel smooth muscle cells nor
      oligodendrocytes affected endothelial cell glucose uptake. The astrocytic
      product(s) did not affect glucose uptake by aortic endothelial cells. The effect
      on the cerebral microvessel endothelial cells increased with increasing time of
      exposure of the cells to the astroglial product(s), and required the constant
      presence of the astrocytic product to be maintained. The presence of a protein
      synthesis inhibitor during endothelial cell exposure to the astroglial
      conditioned medium blocked the stimulation of glucose uptake. Treatment of the
      astrocytic product with a protease destroyed its effectiveness. These results
      support the hypothesis that astrocytes induce the expression of at least one
      blood-brain barrier property by the cerebral microvasculature, and suggest that
      this induction may be produced by a protein released by the astrocytes.

PMID- 2908899
TI  - Cellular changes during repair of a cryogenic spinal cord injury in the rat: an
      electron microscopic study.
AB  - Cryogenic injury of adult, rat spinal cord was produced under controlled non
      invasive conditions to study repair and regeneration in adult, mammalian central
      nervous tissue in which tissue continuity and integrity are relatively preserved.
      Under these experimental conditions axons and myelin are destroyed, a matrix of
      glial cells is preserved, and regrowth of axons is apparent. Electron microscopic
      studies at 7, 15, 30 and 60 days post-injury demonstrate axonal structures
      indicative of regrowth, astrocytic structures which appear to provide support to
      both matrix and axons and myelination of axons by both oligodendrocytes and
      Schwann cells. These cellular events restore much of the normal structure within
      the injured area up to its junction with the Wallerian zone. In this junctional
      zone morphologic evidence may indicate continuing cellular activity, even at 60
      days, in axons, astrocytes and myelinating cells. These studies suggest that
      under ideal conditions damaged axons may be capable of regeneration within the
      adult mammalian central nervous system and that this model provides an
      opportunity to define some of the mechanisms.

PMID- 2908900
TI  - Transpedicular screw fixation.
AB  - Spinal fixation employing transpedicular screws has recently been the focus of
      increased attention at various institutions throughout the world, but concerns
      about the safety and efficacy of transpedicular screws linger. This study was
      undertaken to address some of these concerns. The study included evaluation of
      the internal and external morphology of the vertebral pedicles, which revealed
      that adequate bone stock is generally available at T2, T7, T12, and L1-L5 spinal
      levels to accept screws in the 4-7-mm diameter range. The pedicle was observed to
      be composed of abundant cancellous bone internally with relatively thick cortical
      walls. The method of pilot hole preparation for pedicle screws was also examined.
      Screws inserted in pilot holes prepared with a 3.4-mm blunt probe (ganglion
      knife) resulted in higher pullout forces in eight of 10 trials as compared with
      those with pilot holes prepared using a 3.2-mm drill. Furthermore, the probes
      afford greater control of hole depth and alignment. Fatigue studies on three
      screw designs revealed a graduation of strength between a 7.0-mm pedicle screw, a
      5.5-mm pedicle screw, and a modified 6.5-mm cancellous lag screw. The modified
      cancellous lag screw has an inherent stress riser that affected fatigue life. It
      was noted that extreme care must be exercised to prevent bending of the pedicle
      screws during implantation. If bending occurs one can expect a 50% reduction in
      the number of cycles to failure.

PMID- 2908901
TI  - Dynamic changes in the dimensions of the lumbar spinal canal: an experimental
      study in vitro.
AB  - The variation in the dimensions of the lumbar spinal canal under both flexion
      extension and axial compression-distraction was studied using computerized
      tomography (CT) scans in human cadaver lumbar spine specimens. In 3-mm-thick CT
      slices through the disk at L3-L4, the cross-sectional area of the spinal canal
      was reduced by around 40 mm2, corresponding to a 16% reduction of the initial
      area when the lumbar spines were moved both from flexion to extension and from
      distraction to compression. A corresponding reduction in the midsagittal diameter
      of the canal of 2 mm was found. During these motions, the ligamentum flavum did
      not appear to be a significant factor for the dynamic changes affecting the
      dimensions of the canal. This held true even after the disk had been excised in
      order to produce a total collapse of the disk space.

PMID- 2908902
TI  - An electron microscopic study of the changes observed in osteocytes under
      ischemic conditions.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to observe the process of ischemia in osteocytes
      using light and electron microscopy and to compare the changes in these ischemic
      osteocytes with those in other types of osteocytes (i.e., degenerative osteocytes
      in physiological states, steroid-induced lipid-accumulating osteocytes) that have
      been previously reported. Five female Japanese white rabbits were used in this
      study. Osteochondral chips were taken from one side of the femoral condyle,
      covered with Millipore filters, and then inserted into the other side of the knee
      joint. These tissues were examined after 12 h and after 2, 5, 8, and 14 days of
      ischemia under both light and electron microscopy. Under light microscopy,
      osteocytes and lacunae were classified into four types: normal osteocyte,
      pyknotic osteocyte, pale osteocyte, and empty osteocyte lacuna. The number of
      each type of osteocyte (or lacuna) in a settled area was counted. The ratio of
      normal osteocytes decreased significantly (p less than 0.001) after the second
      day of ischemia. Pyknotic osteocytes increased at 12 h (p less than 0.01) and 2
      days (p less than 0.001) of ischemia. On the fifth day of ischemia, the
      percentage of pale osteocytes reached a peak. This was followed by a gradual
      increase in the number of empty lacunae. On the fourteenth day of ischemia, empty
      lacunae constituted greater than 40% of the cell types. When viewed by electron
      microscopy, these necrotic osteocytes were similar to the degenerative osteocytes
      that have been observed in physiological states and apparently different from
      lipid-accumulating osteocytes. The results suggested that there could be at least
      two types of necrotic processes in osteocytes that eventually lead to cell death.

PMID- 2908903
TI  - Internal deformations of intact and denucleated human lumbar discs subjected to
      compression, flexion, and extension loads.
AB  - Three rows of six evenly spaced 0.5 mm metal beads were implanted midsagittally
      into the discs of ten L4-5 human lumbar motion segments. The intradiscal bead
      displacements in response to compression, flexion, and extension loads were
      obtained by digitizing the bead positions from sagittal plane radiographs taken
      before and during the load application. Each disc was denucleated and the loading
      process was repeated. For the intact discs, in compression, the intradiscal bead
      displacements were predominantly anterior. In flexion, the beads in the center of
      the disc moved posteriorly whereas the beads closer to the periphery of the disc
      moved anteriorly. In extension, the central beads moved anteriorly and the beads
      closer to the periphery of the disc moved posteriorly. After denucleation, the
      bead displacements for compression and flexion implied an inward bulging of the
      inner wall of the annulus, despite outward bulging of the disc surface. We
      hypothesize that the inward bulging causes radial tensile stresses within the
      disc, leading to disruption of adjacent layers of annulus.

PMID- 2908904
TI  - Tibial anatomy and functional axes.
AB  - Articular geometry of the tibia has been studied in relation to the functional
      axis and extra-articular bone landmarks, using a Cartesian coordinate system.
      Thirty-one cadaver limbs were used, 26 of them paired. The donor age range was 61
      to 89 years (17 females, 14 males), none of whom showed evidence of significant
      arthritic deterioration. Most linear parameters were greater in males than
      females (p less than 0.005), and correlations between these parameters were
      noted, e.g., tibial length versus plateau width (r = 0.7, p less than 0.01) with
      both genders combined. Gender differences occurred in only two of the angular
      parameters--tibial torsion (p less than 0.025) and foot rotation (p less than
      0.005). For the latter, mean rotation was internal (-5 degrees) for males, and
      external (11 degrees) for females. No correlations between angular parameters
      were found. In the paired limbs, there was asymmetrical distribution of just two
      parameters--varus tilt of the tibial plateau margins (p less than 0.005) and
      lateral deviation of the tuberosity (p less than 0.025). The data complement a
      previous report on the femur. These studies are relevant to the kinematics of the
      lower limb, design and sizing of resurfacing components, and possibly to the
      pathogenesis of osteoarthritis.

PMID- 2908905
TI  - Ingredients of a successful grant application to the National Institutes of
      Health.
AB  - Many factors determine the scientific merit of an NIH research grant application.
      This paper is intended to help optimize the organization and logical development
      of investigators' research ideas so that grant applications will be evaluated by
      the reviewers in as favorable a light as possible. The ingredients of a
      successful grant application are good ideas, good science, and a good
      application. The research should be based on a significant hypothesis and, if
      possible, oriented towards uncovering an important biological mechanism. Specific
      methods should be directly related to each aim of the project. Likewise, the
      specific aims should be related to each hypothesis. All aspects of the
      application should be clear and focused. It is best to define all assumptions,
      limitations, and alternative approaches. In general, the best philosophy is for
      the applicant to address all possible problems before the reviewers.

PMID- 2908906
TI  - Blood indices of muscle injury associated with eccentric muscle contractions.
AB  - Serum muscle enzyme activities of eight healthy men (22-32 years old) were
      measured before and 48 h after separate bouts of repetitive concentric,
      eccentric, and isometric contractions of the lower leg anterior compartments.
      Serum creatine kinase and glutamic oxaloacetic acid transaminase levels were both
      elevated 2 days after the eccentric exercise regimen, exclusively (36 and 17%,
      respectively). Lactic dehydrogenase levels were not affected by any of the
      protocols. Delayed muscle soreness was exclusively reported from the
      eccentrically exercised limb. We suggest that the high tensions developed during
      eccentric exercise cause mechanical damage, possibly including sarcolemmal
      degeneration. Subsequently, muscle enzymes are released to the blood. We conclude
      that postexercise serum levels of some muscle enzymes, at the time of maximal
      soreness, are qualitative markers of muscle damage.

PMID- 2908907
TI  - Articular cartilage and intervertebral disc proteoglycans differ in structure: an
      electron microscopic study.
AB  - Articular cartilage and the intervertebral disc tissues have different material
      and biological properties and different patterns of aging and degeneration. To
      determine if the proteoglycans of these tissues differ in structure, we used the
      electron microscopic monolayer technique to compare baboon articular cartilage
      proteoglycans with baboon annulus fibrosus, transition zone, and nucleus pulposus
      proteoglycans. Intervertebral disc and articular cartilage proteoglycans differed
      significantly. Articular cartilage contained large proteoglycan aggregates formed
      from hyaluronic acid central filaments, multiple monomers, and large
      nonaggregated monomers. These molecules were identical to those of nasal
      cartilage, growth plate cartilage, chondrosarcomas, or menisci. In contrast, the
      intervertebral disc tissues contained only nonaggregated proteoglycan monomers
      and clusters of monomers without apparent central filaments. Intervertebral disc
      nonaggregated monomers were shorter and more variable in length than those from
      articular cartilage, and nucleus pulposus nonaggregated monomers were even
      shorter and more variable in length than transition zone and annulus fibrosus
      monomers. These observations suggest that significant differences in proteoglycan
      metabolism exist between articular cartilage and intervertebral disc.

PMID- 2908908
TI  - Electromyographic study of the anterior cruciate ligament-hamstrings synergy
      during isometric knee extension.
AB  - The purpose of this investigation was to determine the role the hamstrings group
      may play in augmenting passive articular mechanisms during activity in which
      anterior drawer force may detrimentally affect the anterior cruciate ligament
      (ACL). Nine male subjects performed non-weight-bearing isometric knee extension
      at 10% increments of maximum voluntary contraction (MVC). Electromyographic (EMG)
      signals were detected and recorded from the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis
      oblique, vastus medialis longus, and the long head of the biceps femoris. The EMG
      signals were rectified and integrated over 1000 ms and normalized to subject
      specific values. The data were subjected to a repeated-measures analysis of
      variance. The results demonstrated that expected significant increases in
      quadriceps excitation accompanied increases in knee extensor torque. Hamstrings
      excitation was not found to change significantly (total change = 3.4%). It was
      concluded that functionally adequate knees do not require posterior drawer force
      in excess of that provided passively by articular structures.

PMID- 2908910
TI  - Effects of indomethacin on bone ingrowth.
AB  - The effects of indomethacin, a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agent, on bone
      ingrowth were studied using a rabbit animal model and a porous cylindrical
      implant system. Bone ingrowth was found to be independent of pore size in the
      range tested (0.6-1.0 mm). In the control (placebo-treated) group, there was a
      significant increase in bone ingrowth between the 2- and 8-week groups of
      animals. However, in the indomethacin-treated group, there was no increase in
      bone ingrowth with time.

PMID- 2908909
TI  - The effects of demineralized bone matrix and direct current on an "in vivo"
      culture of bone marrow cells.
AB  - Bone marrow cells (BMCs) from rabbit femora and tibiae were grown in diffusion
      chambers implanted in rabbit muscle. At 42 days 80% of the BMC chambers exhibited
      cartilage formation within them. Demineralized bone matrix added to the marrow
      cell suspension in the chamber accelerated the appearance and increased the
      number of chambers with cartilage. Mineralization of the cartilage also occurred
      earlier in the chambers with bone matrix. In a second experiment, a 5-microA
      direct current cathode in the bone marrow chamber increased the number of
      chambers containing cartilage from 50 to 80% at day 25. Mineralization also
      occurred earlier in the chambers with direct current.

PMID- 2908911
TI  - Nonlinear viscoelastic properties of articular cartilage in shear.
AB  - The strain dependence of the intrinsic viscoelastic properties of the cartilage
      matrix in shear was investigated. Stress relaxation experiments were performed on
      bovine articular cartilage at shear strains ranging from approximately 3% to 16%.
      The tissue was found to exhibit nonlinear strain-dependent viscoelastic behavior,
      with the nonlinearity occurring primarily in the short-time transient during
      stress relaxation. In addition, the equilibrium stress was found to fit a
      quadratic relation with strain. This relationship was noted to be nearly linear
      with strain from 3% to 16%. The instantaneous stress was seen to be highly
      nonlinear, and followed a cubic relationship with applied shear strain. Fung's
      quasilinear theory can be used to describe the stress relaxation response over
      the range of strains examined when a nonlinear regression is performed to
      determine an "average" normalized relaxation function. Alternately, strain
      dependence can be incorporated into the model to describe and predict more
      accurately the strain-dependent stress relaxation response.

PMID- 2908912
TI  - Treatment of antigen-induced arthritis in rabbits with dysprosium-165-ferric
      hydroxide macroaggregates.
AB  - Dysprosium-165-ferric hydroxide macroaggregates (165Dy-FHMA) was used as an agent
      of radiation synovectomy in an antigen-induced arthritis model in New Zealand
      white rabbits. Animals were killed up to 6 months after treatment. 165Dy-FHMA was
      found to have a potent but temporary antiinflammatory effect on synovium for up
      to 3 months after treatment. Treated knees also showed significant preservation
      of articular cartilage architecture and proteoglycan content compared with
      untreated controls, but only during the first 3 months after treatment. In
      animals killed 3 and 6 months after treatment there were only minimal differences
      between the treated and untreated knees, indicating that the antiinflammatory
      effects on synovial tissue and articular cartilage preservation were not
      sustained.

PMID- 2908913
TI  - Canine bone blood flow estimated with microspheres.
AB  - Blood flow rate in the periosteal and endosteal cortices of the diaphysis of long
      bones was determined in eight anesthetized adult dogs using the radioactively
      labeled microsphere method. The flow rate in endosteal and periosteal cortices is
      not significantly different unless the endosteal cortex contains cancellous bone
      from the medullary cavity. The highest flow rate is in the ulna, with 6.50
      ml/min/100 g for the endosteal cortex and 5.15 ml/min/100 g for the periosteal
      cortex. The lowest flow rate is in the femur, with 2.89 ml/min/100 g for the
      endosteal cortex and 2.29 ml/min/100 g for the periosteal cortex. The results of
      this study indicate that variation of blood flow does exist between bones of
      dogs. However, the flow rates of individual bone on the left and right sides in
      the same dog are not significantly different. This indicates that the data are
      reproducible and reliable, and differences are not an inaccuracy of the
      radioactively labeled microsphere method. The results also demonstrate that there
      are no significant differences in bone blood flow as measured with small numbers
      (fewer than 400 microspheres per sample) and large numbers (more than 400
      microspheres per sample) of microspheres. The adequate number of microspheres in
      each bone sample is 150-250. Therefore, a dose of 0.5 x 10(6) spheres/kg body
      weight can be sufficient.

PMID- 2908914
TI  - Mechanical properties of primate vascularized vs. nonvascularized patellar tendon
      grafts; changes over time.
AB  - Mechanical properties of patellar tendon autografts used to replace the anterior
      cruciate ligament (ACL) in the cynomolgus monkey were measured at four time
      periods up to 1 year. The ACL was replaced in each knee with the medial half of
      the patellar tendon: as a vascularized graft (VG) on one side and as a
      nonvascularized or free graft (FG) on the other. Postoperative care consisted of
      4 weeks of cast immobilization at 30 degrees flexion followed by unrestricted
      activity in a large cage. Both grafts showed low stiffness and maximum force at 7
      weeks (24% and 16% of ACL control values, respectively), increasing to 57% of
      control ACL stiffness and 39% of control maximum force by 1 year. Corresponding
      material properties, modulus and maximum stress, also increased over time, but at
      1 year were only 34% and 26% of ACL values, respectively. The results indicate
      that retaining vascularity does not prevent significant reduction in graft
      properties that occur postoperatively, nor does it accelerate the return in
      strength and stiffness. Tissue stiffness, which returns earlier than maximum
      force and joint anteroposterior (AP) force displacement data, should be routinely
      reported in any healing study. Finally, in studies of this kind, the large
      variation in the results makes sampling only one or two animals from each time
      period unreliable.

PMID- 2908915
TI  - Prevention of ligament and meniscus atrophy by active joint motion in a non
      weight-bearing model.
AB  - This study describes the effect of active joint motion on the maintenance of
      ligament and meniscus mass in a non-weight-bearing model of disuse. Denervation
      and fixation models of immobilization have shown that resorption of isotope and
      atrophy of mass occurred for hard tissue (bone) and soft tissues (ligament,
      tendon, or meniscus). A unilateral ankle disarticulation model of disuse that
      maintains active knee motion without weight bearing was studied for 8 weeks in
      dogs that were chronically prelabeled with three different isotopes. The effects
      of non-weight-bearing without denervation or fixation were analyzed for the
      resorption of isotopes, and net atrophy of bone mass (femur or tibia) and soft
      tissue mass (collateral or cruciate ligaments, menisci). A large and similar loss
      of all three isotopes, as well as collagen and calcium mass occurred for whole
      femur and tibia; this indicated that mass loss was equivalent to bone resorption
      and suggests little replacement with new bone. No loss of isotope or mass per
      whole tissue occurred for the collateral and cruciate ligaments or menisci. The
      strength of the femur-anterior cruciate ligament-tibia complex was analyzed by a
      tensile failure test when a fast rate of deformation was applied; the results did
      not differ qualitatively or quantitatively between control and experimental
      limbs. The absence of weight bearing for 8 weeks resulted in marked bone atrophy
      without resorption or atrophy of soft tissues, or decrease of the mechanical
      strength for the femur-ligament-tibia complex.

PMID- 2908916
TI  - Gain in mass density of bone following strenuous physical activity.
AB  - A group of 223 military recruits aged 18-21 years underwent strenuous physical
      training for a period of 14 weeks. The absolute bone density of the distal tibia
      in both lower limbs was measured before the training period and at its end. The
      density was determined by the Compton scattering technique, which has been
      developed in our laboratory; this method provides the bone mass of all bone
      constituents per unit volume. The distribution curve of the bone density in both
      tibiae shifted to higher values at the end of the training period. The mean bone
      density in the right and left tibia increased significantly by 7.5%. This study
      indicates that following an intensive physical exercise regime, a significant
      increase in the mass density of bone can be obtained in young adults within a
      short period.

PMID- 2908917
TI  - Nonalcoholic carbonated beverage consumption and bone fractures among women
      former college athletes.
AB  - We report on data relating to nonalcoholic carbonated beverage consumption and
      bone fractures in 5,398 college alumnae, 2,622 former college athletes and 2,776
      nonathletes, who responded to a detailed mailed questionnaire. A statistically
      significant association between nonalcoholic carbonated beverage consumption and
      bone fractures was found only in the former athletes, not the nonathletes. Among
      the athletes, the age-adjusted odds ratio (OR) for the association of drinkers
      (yes/no) with any fracture (yes/no) was 1.35, 95% confidence limits (CL) (1.14,
      1.59). The dose-response relationship between the amount of carbonated beverages
      consumed daily and the number of bone fractures of the athletes was also
      statistically significant. Results of multiple logistic regression analysis,
      which included only alumnae greater than or equal to 50 years of age and which
      controlled for current exercise and other potential confounding factors, were as
      follows: (a) for athletes, the OR for the association of drinking nonalcoholic
      carbonated beverages and a first bone fracture at or after age 40 was 2.28, 95%
      CL (1.36, 3.84); (b) for all alumnae, a low milk diet was a risk factor for first
      bone fractures at or after age 40, OR = 1.92, 95% CL (1.15, 3.16); (c) former
      college athletes had a significantly lower risk of first fractures at or after
      age 40 than did nonathletes; OR = 0.63, 95% CL (0.40, 0.99). The deleterious
      effect of nonalcoholic carbonated beverage consumption on the risk of bone
      fractures has not been reported, as far as we know.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2908918
TI  - Should inferences from observational study of treatment results be applied in
      osteosarcoma?

PMID- 2908919
TI  - Is alcohol consumption related to breast cancer? Results from the Framingham
      Heart Study.
AB  - We studied the relation between alcohol consumption and breast cancer among women
      in the Framingham Heart Study cohort. A total of 2,636 women aged 31-64 years
      provided information on alcohol consumption at the second biennial examination.
      They were followed for up to 32 years; during this period, breast cancer was
      diagnosed in 143 of these women. Alcohol intake was also assessed at 10 and 20
      years of follow-up and every 2 years thereafter. In analyses using only baseline
      alcohol intake, the multiple risk factor-adjusted relative risk (RR) estimate of
      breast cancer for any drinking, compared with nondrinking, was 0.8 [95%
      confidence interval (CI), 0.5-1.1]. For three levels of alcohol intake (0.1-1.4
      g/day, 1.5-4.9 g/day, and greater than or equal to 5.0 g/day), the baseline
      analyses yielded RRs (vs. nondrinking) of 1.0 (CI, 0.6-1.5), 0.7 (CI, 0.4-1.1),
      and 0.6 (CI, 0.4-1.0), respectively. In analyses incorporating repeated measures
      of alcohol, the comparable RRs were 0.9 (CI, 0.6-1.2) for any drinking (vs.
      nondrinking) and 0.7 (CI, 0.4-1.4), 1.1 (CI, 0.7-1.8), and 0.8 (CI, 0.5-1.2),
      respectively, for the three levels of intake (vs. nondrinking). Alcohol
      consumption was not associated with an increased risk of breast cancer in this
      cohort.

PMID- 2908920
TI  - Overexpression of N-ras oncogene and epidermal growth factor receptor gene in
      human glioblastomas.
AB  - Five human glioblastoma cell lines were analyzed for oncogene activation with a
      panel of probes. Abnormal expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor
      (EGFr) gene was detected in four of five lines; N-ras oncogene overexpression was
      found in all five cell lines. These results were subsequently confirmed with
      fresh brain tumor and nonneoplastic brain tissue biopsy samples; increased
      expression of the N-ras proto-oncogene was observed in five of five
      glioblastomas, all of which also showed EGFr gene overexpression, but not in well
      differentiated gliomas or in nonneoplastic brain tissue specimens. No significant
      differences in Ha-ras and Ki-ras expression were observed. Preliminary
      histochemical observations showed that intracellular levels of transforming
      growth factor alpha, a putative biochemical link between these two oncogenes,
      were significantly higher in glioblastoma cells than in controls.

PMID- 2908921
TI  - Chromosome 9p and hereditary cutaneous malignant melanoma.

PMID- 2908922
TI  - The ends of La Crosse virus genome and antigenome RNAs within nucleocapsids are
      base paired.
AB  - The three La Crosse virus genomes are found as circular structures in the
      electron microscope, and the RNA ends of at least the small (S) and medium (M)
      segments are highly complementary. When examined for psoralen cross-linking,
      about half of the S, at most 1 to 2% of the M, and none of the large (L)
      nucleocapsid RNAs could be cross-linked in virions or at late times
      intracellularly, under conditions in which each free RNA reacted completely. For
      the S segment, genomes and antigenomes first detected intracellularly could not
      be cross-linked at all, and their cross-linkability increased gradually with
      time. Antigenomes behaved similarly to genomes in all respects. It appears that
      the majority of all three segments are base paired at their ends and that the
      limited cross-linkability reflects the accessability of the RNA within
      nucleocapsids to psoralen. The gradual increase in cross-linkability may be
      important in persistent mosquito cell infection, in which it correlates with
      decreased S mRNA synthesis rates, and may be part of the mechanism which this
      infection becomes self-limiting. The implications of double-stranded RNA
      panhandles within nucleocapsids are discussed.

PMID- 2908923
TI  - Effect of mutations and deletions in a bicistronic mRNA on the synthesis of
      influenza B virus NB and NA glycoproteins.
AB  - The mRNA derived from influenza B virus RNA segment 6 is functionally bicistronic
      and encodes the NB and NA glycoproteins in different, overlapping reading frames.
      NB protein synthesis is initiated at the 5'-proximal AUG codon, and 4 nucleotides
      downstream there is a second AUG codon which is used to initiate NA protein
      synthesis. The nucleotide sequence context of the first AUG codon conforms
      closely with the established 5'-CC(A/G)CCAUGG-3' consensus sequence (M. Kozak,
      Nucleic Acids Res. 15:8125-8148, 1987), which should favor initiation of NB
      protein synthesis at this site, yet NB and NA are found to accumulate in
      approximately equal amounts in infected cells. To determine the features
      important for allowing initiation at the second 5'-proximal AUG codon, we made
      changes in the 5'-terminal region of the mRNA, including deletions, insertions,
      and site-specific mutations. The recombinant DNA molecules were expressed in
      eucaryotic cells, and the accumulation of NB and NA was quantitated. The data
      indicate that changes in the immediate sequence around the first AUG codon do not
      make a large difference in the amounts of NB and NA that accumulate, but that
      when the first AUG codon is displaced from its normal position it is now quite
      efficient at preventing downstream initiation events. In addition, the data
      indicate that an element of the B/NB/NA mRNA 5' untranslated leader region acts
      in cis to enhance the expression of NB and NA.

PMID- 2908925
TI  - Abortive replication of choleraphage phi 149 in Vibrio cholerae biotype el tor.
AB  - Choleraphage phi 149 adsorbed irreversibly to Vibrio cholerae biotype el tor
      cells, and 50% of the injected phage DNA bound to the cell membrane. Although no
      infectious centers were produced at any time during infection, the host
      macromolecular syntheses were shut off and the host DNA underwent chloramphenicol
      inhibitable degradation. Synthesis of monomeric phage DNA continued similar to
      that observed in the permissive host. However, the concatemeric DNA intermediates
      produced were unstable and could not be chased to mature phage DNA. Pulse
      labeling of UV-irradiated infected cells at different times during infection
      allowed identification of phage-specific proteins made in this nonpermissive
      host. Although most of the early proteins were made, only some of the late
      proteins were transiently synthesized.

PMID- 2908924
TI  - Construction and analysis of deletion mutations in the U5 region of Moloney
      murine leukemia virus: effects on RNA packaging and reverse transcription.
AB  - A collection of deletion mutations was generated in the U5 region of cloned DNA
      copies of Moloney murine leukemia virus or a related retrovirus. Cell lines
      expressing the mutant DNAs were generated by cotransformation, and the virions
      released were characterized biochemically. Deletions in the 5' part of U5
      profoundly reduced packaging of the viral RNA into virions; one deletion in the
      3' part of U5 did not block packaging but affected reverse transcription. One
      mutant with a deletion in the central part of U5 was fully viable and served to
      separate the two functional parts of U5.

PMID- 2908926
TI  - Identification of a U5-specific sequence required for efficient polyadenylation
      within the human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat.
AB  - Retrovirus mRNAs are normally polyadenylated within the proviral 3' long terminal
      repeat (LTR). The site of retrovirus transcript polyadenylation is flanked 3' by
      an LTR-specific sequence termed the U5 region, but the role of U5 in the
      determination of polyadenylation efficiency has not been addressed. We have used
      site-directed mutagenesis of a human immunodeficiency virus LTR to map U5
      sequences which are required for efficient polyadenylation within the LTR. These
      LTR U5 region sequences display homology to a motif termed the G-T cluster, which
      is known to facilitate the efficient polyadenylation of mRNAs encoded by several
      cellular and viral genes. These results suggest that the LTR U5 region functions
      in vivo to permit efficient polyadenylation within the proviral 3' LTR.

PMID- 2908927
TI  - In vitro transcription of bacteriophage phi 29 DNA: inhibition of early promoters
      by the viral replication protein p6.
AB  - The effect of the phi 29 protein p6 on the in vitro initiation of transcription
      from the main phi 29 promoters was studied. Protein p6 interfered with the
      transcription from the early promoters C1 and C2, located at the right end of the
      phi 29 genome. Transcription initiated at the early promoters A1, A2b, and A2c
      and at the late promoter A3, located at the left region of the viral genome, was
      not affected by protein p6. These results suggest that protein p6 might play a
      dual role, acting as a negative modulator of some phi 29 early promoters apart
      from being a positive modulator of the viral DNA replication.

PMID- 2908928
TI  - Continent urinary reconstruction in ischiopagus tripus conjoined twins.
AB  - The principle of the continent urinary reservoir involves use of a variety of
      intestinal segments providing continence, a mechanism of antireflux and a
      catheterizable stoma in either an abdominal or pelvic location. This concept was
      used to create a continent urinary reservoir in a 3-year-old former ischiopagus
      tripus conjoined twin. The solitary renal unit had been drained into a
      hydrocolpos with an antirefluxing ureteral reimplantation at separation. The
      patient remained incontinent through the urogenital sinus. At subsequent
      reconstruction the posterior aspect of the hydrocolpos was tubularized as a
      vagina, while the remainder of the hydrocolpos was augmented with ileum to create
      a urinary reservoir. The conduit was constructed with imbricated ileum, in which
      myectomy had been performed to allow for easier imbrication and tubularization
      for a narrow neourethra. A second set of conjoined twins have been separated
      similarly. Of these twins 1 will undergo creation of a continent urinary
      reservoir in an identical fashion. This represents the first report of the use of
      hydrocolpos in the creation of a urinary reservoir.

PMID- 2908929
TI  - Arteriovenous malformation of the spermatic cord.
AB  - We report a case of an arteriovenous malformation of the spermatic cord, a lesion
      that to our knowledge has not been described previously.

PMID- 2908930
TI  - Recovery of function in a solitary kidney after intra-arterial thrombolytic
      therapy.
AB  - Renal artery thromboembolism is a rare event that most often occurs in patients
      with cardiac dysrhythmias. Surgical thromboembolectomy is risky and medical
      therapy with intra-arterial thrombolytic agents has become increasingly popular.
      Although successful clot dissolution has been well documented, renal function
      often is not recovered. We describe a patient with anuria from thromboembolism to
      a solitary kidney, treated with low dose intra-arterial streptokinase infusion.
      There were no adverse effects from therapy and renal function returned to a point
      where dialysis was no longer required. A review of the literature is included
      with special attention to various protocols for infusion. Early diagnosis and
      prompt initiation of therapy may result in clinically significant recovery of
      renal function.

PMID- 2908931
TI  - Total replacement of the suprarenal inferior vena cava with an expanded
      polytetrafluoroethylene tube graft in 2 patients with tumor thrombi from renal
      cell carcinoma.
AB  - Total replacement of the suprarenal inferior vena cava using an expanded
      polytetrafluoroethylene vascular graft was successful in 2 renal cell carcinoma
      patients with extended tumor thrombi densely adherent to the vena caval wall.
      Right radical nephrectomy in 1 patient and enucleation of the tumor in the
      solitary right kidney were performed concomitantly. Both patients are well
      without tumor recurrence and with good vena caval patency 14 and 6 months
      postoperatively. This procedure could be a safer mode of operation in cases of
      extended vena caval involvement by malignant tumors. Total reconstruction of the
      inferior vena cava enables more radical resection of the tumor.

PMID- 2908932
TI  - Repeat selective embolization of solitary kidney with renal cell carcinoma: case
      report.
AB  - Massive bleeding in a patient with metastatic carcinoma of a solitary kidney may
      be controlled with transcatheter embolization. Selective occlusion may be done
      sparing renal parenchyma uninvolved by tumor and avoiding dialysis. We report a
      case of successful repeated selective embolizations with an excellent quality of
      life for 18 months.

PMID- 2908933
TI  - Strictures in the ileal portion of ileocecal conduits in children and young
      adults.
AB  - Patients with ileocecal conduits are at risk for development of late
      complications. We present 3 patients who had strictures in the ileal portion of
      the ileocecal conduit, leading to deterioration of the upper urinary tract. The
      pathogenesis of these strictures appears to result from chronic inflammation.
      Long-term periodic upper urinary tract screening with ultrasonography is
      important for early detection of this complication. When new or increasing
      hydronephrosis is found a loopogram or antegrade pyelogram (if the ileocecal
      valve is competent) should be performed to evaluate the ileal portion of the
      ileocecal conduit.

PMID- 2908934
TI  - Arteriovenous malformations of the bladder.
AB  - We report a rare case of a localized arteriovenous malformation of the bladder
      mimicking a bladder tumor and presenting with gross hematuria. The mass was
      successfully resected transurethrally.

PMID- 2908935
TI  - Papaverine-induced fibrosis of the corpus cavernosum.
AB  - Intracorporeal papaverine self-injection is a new therapy for erectile
      dysfunction. Although reports of side effects are few, complications, such as
      priapism and fibrosis, have been described. We report a case of papaverine
      induced obliteration of the corpus cavernosum with resulting inability to place a
      penile prosthesis.

PMID- 2908936
TI  - Familial torsion of the spermatic cord.
AB  - Familial spermatic cord torsion is rare. We present the fifth recorded family
      with this condition. Due to awareness of the condition and its consequences on
      the part of the family there was minimal delay in presentation and early
      testicular salvage occurred in all 4 patients.

PMID- 2908937
TI  - Ureteral injuries complicating vascular surgery: is repair indicated?
AB  - We have managed 8 patients who sustained an iatrogenic ureteral injury during
      either placement or revision of a vascular graft. Primary repair was performed in
      all 5 patients diagnosed at injury. Persistent extravasation necessitating
      nephrectomy occurred in 2 of these patients. The diagnosis was delayed in 3
      patients. Two patients underwent successful ureteral reconstruction and 1
      required nephrectomy. Graft complications did not occur. Ureteral repair is
      recommended as the preferred method to manage ureteral injuries associated with
      vascular reconstruction.

PMID- 2908938
TI  - Pheochromocytoma of the prostate: an unusual location.
AB  - We report a case of pheochromocytoma of the prostate. The clinical presentation,
      diagnostic evaluation, therapy and pathological findings are discussed.

PMID- 2908939
TI  - Isolated pulmonary metastases from carcinoma of the prostate: a case report and
      deoxyribonucleic acid analysis using flow cytometry.
AB  - We report an unusual case of isolated metastatic prostate adenocarcinoma to the
      lung and compare the deoxyribonucleic acid content of the primary tumor to the
      metastases using flow cytometry.

PMID- 2908940
TI  - Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy and residual stone fragments in lower
      calices.

PMID- 2908941
TI  - Re: Features of 164 bladder ruptures.

PMID- 2908942
TI  - Urodynamic studies after intrathecal administration of baclofen and morphine in
      dogs.
AB  - The effects of intrathecally administered baclofen and morphine on the lower
      urinary tract dynamics of anesthetized dogs were investigated by means of
      cystometrogram and urethral pressure profile measurement. The experiments were
      performed prior to and 30, 60 and 90 minutes following intrathecal injection of
      either baclofen (0.03 mg./kg.), morphine (0.03 mg./kg.), or a mixture of the two
      (0.03 mg./kg. of each drug). Vesical pressure was significantly depressed after
      either baclofen (p less than 0.005) or morphine (p less than 0.005), while
      urethral pressure was decreased significantly only following baclofen (p less
      than 0.025). Administration of a baclofen/morphine admixture resulted in an
      additive reaction on the urethral pressure profile, compared with the changes
      brought about by each drug alone. Relaxation of the bladder and reduction in
      urethral resistance occurred 30 minutes post injection, increasing progressively
      after 60 and 90 minutes. The results demonstrated that baclofen, by its influence
      on cord neuron interaction, is capable of inhibiting the activity of the smooth
      muscle of the normal bladder and urethra, which in the case of the latter became
      more pronounced when both drugs were administered simultaneously by the
      intrathecal route.

PMID- 2908943
TI  - A method for studying pain arising from the urinary bladder in conscious, freely
      moving rats.
AB  - A new technique has been developed suitable for quantitative studies on physio
      pharmacology of pain arising from the urinary bladder in conscious freely-moving
      rats. The method involves the intravesical instillation of xylene or its vehicle
      (0.3 cc of silicone oil) through a catheter chronically implanted into the rat
      bladder. The instillation of xylene (10 to 100%) produced behavioural effects
      (licking of lower abdomen or perineal region, hind paws hyperextension)
      suggestive of visceral pain. All the behavioural responses produced by xylene
      instillation were prevented by extrinsic bladder denervation (pelvic
      ganglionectomy). Morphine HCl (two to five mg./kg. s.c., 30 min. before) or (+/-)
      baclofen (2.5-10 mg./kg. s.c., 60 min. before) reduced or abolished the response
      to xylene instillation, thus indicating that the action of analgesic drugs can be
      quantitated using the present model.

PMID- 2908944
TI  - The accuracy of a catheterized residual urine.
AB  - Residual urine is important in the evaluation of the urological patient. The gold
      standard to obtain this information is a catheterized specimen. We examined the
      accuracy of a catheterized value to ascertain whether the bladder was emptied
      completely. After the bladder was catheterized 10 ml. radiocontrast material were
      instilled into the bladder to allow radiographic documentation of complete
      evacuation. We found that 26 per cent of 515 patients evaluated had residual
      urine after routine attempts were made to evacuate the bladder fully. We conclude
      that a single residual urine estimate may be inaccurate and one should not always
      base therapeutic decisions upon any single such measurement.

PMID- 2908945
TI  - Effects of intravesical instillation of verapamil in patients with detrusor
      hyperactivity.
AB  - The effects of verapamil instilled intravesically were investigated in patients
      with detrusor hyperactivity of neurogenic and non-neurogenic origin. An
      intermittent, well reproducible cystometric technique with stepwise infusion of
      fluid was used. Verapamil produced a significant increase of the bladder capacity
      in patients with detrusor hyperreflexia, but not in patients with detrusor
      instability. The drug had no significant influence on any other cystometric
      parameter. It is suggested that pathophysiological differences between
      hyperactivity of neurogenic and non-neurogenic origin may be responsible for the
      difference observed. The possible diagnostic and/or therapeutic importance of the
      present findings remains to be established.

PMID- 2908946
TI  - Prevention of cancer at the urothelial enteric anastomotic site.
AB  - An animal model of ureterosigmoidostomy was employed to elucidate the etiology of
      urinary intestinal anastomotic cancer. One hundred ninety-four rats were divided
      into five groups: vesicosigmoidostomy rats fed water without drug (controls);
      those fed ammonium chloride, or sodium bicarbonate, or ascorbic acid; and,
      finally, vesicosigmoid interposition rats. A significantly decreased incidence of
      cancer was evident only in the bowel interposition group (p less than 0.001).
      Ascorbic acid and altered urinary pH were not prophylactic. Possible mechanisms
      are discussed.

PMID- 2908947
TI  - Experimental chemotherapy and radiotherapy to paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma.
AB  - Experimental chemotherapy and radiotherapy were tried in transplanted tumors
      derived from a paratesticular embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. There was no
      significant difference on the therapeutic effect between a combination
      chemotherapy composed of vincristine, actinomycin D and cyclophosphamide, so
      called "VAC" regimen, and a single therapy of radiation. However, morphologic
      analyses suggest that VAC is effective in embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas in which
      undifferentiated rhabdomyoblasts predominate, while radiotherapy is preferable
      for those containing variously differentiated rhabdomyoblasts.

PMID- 2908948
TI  - Ketoconazole: a possible direct cytotoxic effect on prostate carcinoma cells.
AB  - Ketoconazole has been recently used in the treatment of advanced prostatic cancer
      and is believed to exert its effect by inhibition of androgen production. In
      order to determine whether ketoconazole exerts an additional direct cytotoxic
      effect on prostate cancer cells, we studied its effect on human hormone
      independent prostate cancer cell lines (PC-3 and DU-145) in an in vitro
      clonogenic tumor assay. We showed that clinically achievable doses of
      ketoconazole caused greater than 90% suppression of tumor colony growth.

PMID- 2908949
TI  - Superficial bladder cancer treated with bacillus Calmette-Guerin: a multivariate
      analysis of factors affecting tumor progression.
AB  - A multivariate analysis was performed on data from 221 patients with superficial
      bladder tumors (papilloma in 30, grade II to III stage Ta in 51, grade II to III
      stage Tis in 111 and grade II to III stage T1 in 29) who were treated with
      intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin and followed for a minimum of 24 months or
      until progression. The purpose of this analysis was to identify prognostic
      variables predictive of tumor progression defined as muscle invasion, metastasis
      or endoscopically uncontrolled superficial bladder carcinoma involving the
      bladder and/or prostatic urethra. Variables examined before bacillus Calmette
      Guerin, and at 3 and 6 months after bacillus Calmette-Guerin included age, sex,
      race, purified protein derivative reaction, duration of disease, tumor category,
      tumor grade, multifocality, results of cytology, flow cytometry, cystoscopy,
      biopsy, prior chemotherapy and bacillus Calmette-Guerin treatment regimen.
      Significant variables (Cox regression analysis, p less than 0.07) for tumor
      progression were before bacillus Calmette-Guerin--stage T1 tumors and duration of
      disease less than 1 year, at 3 months after bacillus Calmette-Guerin--stage T1
      tumor, duration of disease less than 1 year, positive cytology studies and
      multifocality, and at 6 months after bacillus Calmette-Guerin--stage T1 tumor,
      positive cytology and positive biopsy other than stage T1 tumors. Prognostic risk
      groups were best defined at 6 months after bacillus Calmette-Guerin, the
      probability of tumor progression thereafter being at 1, 3 and 5 years,
      respectively, as follows: for risk group 1 (T1 tumor)--71, 100 and 100 per cent,
      for risk group 2 (positive biopsy other than T1 plus positive cytology)--25, 79
      and 100 per cent, for risk group 3 (either positive biopsy other than stage T1 or
      positive cytology studies)--18, 40 and greater than 81 per cent, and for risk
      group 4 (negative biopsy and negative cytology studies)--2, 11 and 26 per cent,
      respectively. Evaluation of patients with superficial bladder carcinoma at 6
      months after intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin therapy identifies the
      probability of tumor progression. Patients at high risk for tumor progression
      require alternative treatment strategies, whereas low risk patients can be
      observed for further therapy if necessary.

PMID- 2908950
TI  - Cisplatin, cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin chemotherapy for unresectable
      urothelial tumors: the M.D. Anderson experience.
AB  - We reviewed retrospectively 97 patients treated with cisplatin, cyclophosphamide
      and doxorubicin chemotherapy at our hospital to evaluate predictive variables for
      response to chemotherapy and long-term survival free of disease. Histological
      subtype influenced response: 70 per cent of the patients with pure transitional
      cell carcinoma achieved an objective response (partial remission 31 per cent and
      complete remission 39 per cent), whereas 45 per cent of those with mixed tumors
      achieved response (partial remission 20 per cent and complete remission 25 per
      cent). Patients with nodal metastases only had an equal over-all response rate to
      those with visceral metastasis (64 versus 62 per cent) but patients with nodal
      metastases had a higher complete remission rate (45 versus 20 per cent). A total
      of 35 patients (36 per cent) achieved a complete response. In 17 of the 35
      patients the duration of response was less than 100 weeks and 18 (51 per cent)
      have survived longer than 100 weeks. Of the 17 patients with a survival free of
      disease of less than 100 weeks 16 died of recurrent urothelial tumors and 1 died
      of a second primary tumor. Among the patients with a survival free of disease of
      longer than 100 weeks only 2 have had recurrent urothelial tumors; 72 per cent of
      the patients in this category remain free of disease. Patients with pure
      transitional cell carcinoma were represented in equal frequency among patients
      achieving a durable complete remission and those with a complete remission of
      less than 100 weeks. These data demonstrate the ability of cisplatin,
      cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin combination chemotherapy to achieve a complete
      remission and long-term survival free of disease among select patients with
      unresectable urothelial tumors.

PMID- 2908951
TI  - Adrenergic innervation of the striated muscle of the intrinsic external urethral
      sphincter from patients with lower motor spinal cord lesion.
AB  - The adrenergic innervation of smooth and striated muscle components of the
      intrinsic external urethral sphincter from patients with suprasacral lesions and
      detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia has been described previously, when no adrenergic
      nerves were found associated with striated muscle fibers. In our study the
      intrinsic external urethral sphincter from patients with lower motor neuron
      lesions and detrusor areflexia was studied histochemically using the glyoxylic
      acid method to visualize catecholamines. Varicose adrenergic nerves were
      demonstrated in the smooth muscle. Adrenergic nerve fibers also were found along
      the edge of individual striated muscle fibers as well as around striated muscle
      bundles. Blood vessels in both regions of the urethral sphincter were innervated
      by adrenergic nerves. We conclude that in patients with lower motor neuron
      lesions and detrusor areflexia there is a substantial invasion by adrenergic
      nerve fibers in relation to smooth and striated muscle in the urethra, although
      the function of the nerve fibers is not known.

PMID- 2908952
TI  - Internal urethrotomy as a complementary method after urethroplasties for
      posterior urethral stenosis.
AB  - Failure of the treatment of posterior urethral stenosis ranges from 10 to 30 per
      cent. Strictures secondary to pull-through or transpubic urethroplasty are
      difficult to manage. The management of these strictures is reviewed in 21
      children and 84 adults. Of the 105 patients 69 had been treated previously by a
      perineal pull-through technique and 36 by transpubic urethroplasty. A total of 18
      patients (10 in the transpubic and 8 in the pull-through groups) whose results
      were fair or poor underwent internal urethrotomy with the Sachse knife as a
      complementary treatment after posterior urethroplasty. Internal urethrotomy
      provided good results in 8 patients (80 per cent) in the transpubic group and 5
      (62.5 per cent) in the pull-through group. None of the patients was incontinent
      and there was no symptomatic urinary infection postoperatively.

PMID- 2908953
TI  - Amyloidosis of the urethra.
AB  - Primary, localized amyloidosis of the urethra is rare. The patient usually
      presents with hematuria and the appearance of urethral carcinoma. However, the
      disease is benign and it is treated effectively with local removal. We report our
      experience with 5 cases.

PMID- 2908954
TI  - Side effects of self-administration of intracavernous papaverine and phentolamine
      for the treatment of impotence.
AB  - Beginning October 1985, 111 men agreed to enter a prospective study of the side
      effects of low dose papaverine/phentolamine therapy. A total of 46 men dropped
      out, 30 during the initial phase. The percentage of men with painless nodules
      almost consistently doubled from one followup examination to the next: 8 per cent
      at 1 month, 17 per cent at 3 months, 32 per cent at 6 months and 57 per cent at
      12 months. The average injection frequency of those with nodules was 2 1/2 times
      higher than those without nodules. Of the men 41 per cent required an increased
      dose of medications during followup, and 40 per cent of 50 men had at least 1
      abnormality of liver function, most of these involving mild to moderate
      elevations of alkaline phosphatase and lactic dehydrogenase. Priapism was not
      encountered during self-injection but it did occur twice in 329 physician
      administered injections. Careful regular monitoring of patients should continue
      as some patients enter the second year of treatment.

PMID- 2908955
TI  - Experience with the Hydroflex penile prosthesis.
AB  - Between July 1985 and September 1987 we implanted 51 Hydroflex* penile prostheses
      for treatment of erectile impotence, with a minimum followup of 6 months in all
      patients and more than 1 year in 43. There have been no mechanical failures and
      no major complications. Of 47 evaluable patients 38 (81 per cent) are satisfied
      with the prosthesis. The 9 dissatisfied patients include 3 men who still are
      experiencing some difficulty operating the pump mechanism and 6 who desired a
      fuller or stiffer erection than provided by the Hydroflex prosthesis. All of the
      latter 6 individuals have successfully engaged in intercourse with the Hydroflex
      device. The patient who previously received a Scott inflatable penile prosthesis
      may not be as content with the erect state of the Hydroflex device. It also is
      important to assure adequate distal corporeal length before placement of the
      Hydroflex prosthesis.

PMID- 2908956
TI  - Adrenal autotransplantation with attached blood vessels for treatment of
      Cushing's disease.
AB  - A case of Cushing's disease was treated successfully by staged total
      adrenalectomy, left adrenal autotransplantation with the attached blood vessels
      and pituitary irradiation. In the first stage the left adrenal gland was removed
      with its attached blood vessels intact, and adrenal autotransplantation then was
      performed. An end-to-end anastomosis was made between the adrenal central vein
      and the right inferior epigastric artery. The anastomosis between the right
      saphenous vein and the adrenal middle artery was accomplished by intussuscepting
      the artery into the vein followed by suturing. The second stage operation was
      total right adrenalectomy. Steroid replacement therapy was stopped 7 days
      postoperatively and all laboratory studies were normal. Two months after total
      right adrenalectomy the patient had a sensation of facial fullness. Plasma
      cortisol and 24-hour urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroid levels were elevated. Part
      of the graft was excised with the patient under local anesthesia. The symptoms
      disappeared and the laboratory studies returned to normal. Pituitary irradiation
      was administered as supplementary treatment of Cushing's disease. This method for
      the treatment of Cushing's disease has proved feasible. The inguinal region is
      the optimal site for adrenal autotransplantation.

PMID- 2908957
TI  - Inflatable penile prostheses in patients undergoing cystoprostatectomy with
      urethrectomy.
AB  - When urethrectomy is indicated in the male patient in combination with
      cystoprostatectomy for diffuse transitional cell carcinoma, an additional
      challenge to reconstruction and sexual rehabilitation will be encountered.
      Inflatable penile prostheses were implanted in 19 patients who had undergone
      cystoprostatectomy with prophylactic urethrectomy. Of the patients 13 underwent
      cystoprostatectomy with en bloc urethrectomy and delayed placement of an
      inflatable penile prosthesis. The remaining 6 patients required urethrectomy and
      simultaneous implantation of an inflatable penile prosthesis 6 to 12 weeks after
      radical cystectomy. All 19 patients healed appropriately and had an adequate
      functioning prosthesis. However, results in patients in whom the glandular
      urethra could be preserved safely were far superior to those in patients
      requiring total urethrectomy. This was so because of easier and improved cylinder
      placement with better support to the glans, increased glandular sensation and a
      more acceptable penile appearance. The inflatable penile prosthesis can be used
      successfully in the cystourethrectomy patient with gratifying results, especially
      when the glandular urethra remains intact.

PMID- 2908958
TI  - Urological applications of human papillomavirus typing using deoxyribonucleic
      acid probes for the diagnosis and treatment of genital condyloma.
AB  - The use of deoxyribonucleic acid probes to examine the type of the human
      papillomavirus genome found in penile lesions is described at a technical level
      and in a clinical application. At least 40 different types of human
      papillomavirus have been identified and these types vary not only in their
      deoxyribonucleic acid base sequences but also in their clinical manifestations.
      Although deoxyribonucleic acid probes currently have a role only in a research
      setting, this study delineates the possible role of this technology in a clinical
      setting to detect subclinical intraurethral human papillomavirus. The results
      have widespread implications regarding the treatment of condyloma and the
      associated cervical dysplasia. In this series 25 grossly visible lesions were
      typed and 85 per cent contained human papillomavirus types 6 and 11. In contrast,
      microscopic lesions identified in the male partners of women with cervical
      dysplasia were shown to contain human papillomavirus types 16, 18 or 31 in 60 per
      cent of the cases. In addition, urethral brushings were obtained and were
      positive for human papillomavirus in 50 per cent of the cases despite normal
      urethroscopy. Human papillomavirus types 16, 18 or 31 accounted for 70 per cent
      of the positive urethral brushings.

PMID- 2908959
TI  - Radiographic assessment of the vesicourethral anastomosis directing early
      decatheterization following nerve-sparing radical retropubic prostatectomy.
AB  - Early decatheterization directed by postoperative gravity cystography in 55
      consecutive radical prostatectomy patients is described. The catheter-free status
      was 22 per cent by postoperative day 8, 62 per cent by postoperative day 11 and
      80 per cent by postoperative day 14. Cystograms performed beginning on
      postoperative day 7 identified 3 groups of patients and dictated their
      management: 1) no extravasation resulting in immediate catheter removal (36
      patients), 2) moderate extravasation requiring repeat cystography leading to
      decatheterization by postoperative day 15 (9 patients) and 3) severe
      extravasation necessitating prolonged catheter drainage (8 patients). A
      decatheterization protocol is presented.

PMID- 2908960
TI  - Cause-specific actuarial survival analysis: a useful method for reporting
      survival data in men with clinically localized carcinoma of the prostate.
AB  - The primary objective of this retrospective 15-year survival analysis of 57 men
      with clinical stage B1 carcinoma of the prostate undergoing radical prostatectomy
      between 1951 and 1963 is to compute the cause-specific curve for these men and
      argue why it is a useful method to report survival data in men with clinically
      localized prostatic cancer. Historically, survival following radical
      prostatectomy and radiotherapy has been reported using all cause survival
      analysis. Cause-specific survival focuses on the impact of a disease process on
      survival, since men dying of causes unrelated to carcinoma of the prostate are
      considered lost to followup as of date of death of such unrelated causes. Cause
      specific survival analysis reduces the impact of age, medical condition and other
      risk factors on survival rates. The cause-specific 15-year actuarial survival
      rate in our patients was 86 per cent. The 95 per cent confidence interval for
      this 15-year survival rate was 76.9 to 90.1 per cent. Based upon this series of
      patients with clinical stage B1 carcinoma of the prostate who undergo radical
      prostatectomy one may state that the chance of death of carcinoma of the prostate
      within 15 years of surgery averages 14 +/- 5 per cent. The cause-specific
      survival curve reached a plateau at 10 years, indicating that most men who
      survive 10 years are cured of the disease. With the Cox model regression
      analysis, mortality in this series was related positively to age at operation
      when the outcome variable was death of all causes (p equals 0.003) but it was
      unrelated to age when the outcome variable was prostate cancer mortality (p
      equals 0.85). Cause-specific survival rates are a more precise indicator of the
      impact of a therapeutic modality on survival and, therefore, they are useful to
      report survival data in men with localized carcinoma of the prostate and other
      disease when death from competing causes is an important consideration.

PMID- 2908961
TI  - Microwave sterilization: a method for home sterilization of urinary catheters.
AB  - A standard microwave oven has been used to sterilize catheters used for
      intermittent self-catheterization. Catheters were incubated for 60 minutes in a
      suspension of microorganisms isolated from the urine of patients with urinary
      tract infections. Each catheter was removed from the suspension, placed in a
      paper bag and microwaved for 0 to 30 minutes. A control catheter was not
      microwaved. We tested 42 strains of microorganisms to determine the minimum
      microwaving time needed to sterilize the catheters. Representative urinary
      isolates of Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella, Proteus, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas,
      Staphylococcus, Streptococcus and Candida species were tested. Mean sterilization
      time for all strains was 13.0 minutes (standard deviation +/- 5.7 minutes), with
      a range of 4.0 to 28.6 minutes. Repeat sterilization in the microwave oven did
      not affect the integrity of the catheter. A water heat sink of constant volume
      was required. A home microwave oven may be used as a method to sterilize red
      rubber catheters for reuse. This technique makes aseptic intermittent self
      catheterization a practical possibility.

PMID- 2908962
TI  - Penile retractor.

PMID- 2908963
TI  - Treatment of congenital penile curvature due to disparate corpora cavernosa by
      the Nesbit technique: a rule of thumb for the number of wedges of tunica required
      to achieve correction.
AB  - Treatment of pure congenital penile curvature due solely to asymmetry of the
      corpora cavernosa as described by Nesbit lacks precision. Intraoperative
      verification of Nesbit correction by artificial erection after wedge excision may
      be impossible because leakage through the sutured corporeal incisions prevents
      full erection. We present a rule of thumb to calculate the number of 1 cm. wedges
      of tunica albuginea to be excised to correct an individual deformity. The number
      of such wedges required is equal to the measured difference in centimeters
      between the lengths of the asymmetric, concave and convex surfaces of the
      affected penis, between the pubis and mid glans. Results of application of this
      principle in 6 patients are presented.

PMID- 2908964
TI  - Urodynamic and clinical outcome of Kock pouch continent urinary diversion.
AB  - Urodynamic studies of the Kock pouch were conducted in 20 patients 3 to 36 months
      after radical cystectomy and urinary diversion for invasive bladder cancer.
      Functional pouch capacity, intrapouch pressure, maximal nipple pressure, maximal
      nipple closure pressure and functional nipple length with the pouch filled to
      capacity were measured. Intermittent involuntary pressure spikes resembling bowel
      peristaltic waves occurred in 5 patients (25 per cent). The mean functional pouch
      capacity was 280.0 +/- 119.2 ml. (standard deviation) and mean maximal intra
      pouch pressure was 41.0 +/- 11.0 cm. water in patients with involuntary pressure
      spikes. In patients without involuntary pressure spikes these values were 332.7
      +/- 114.5 ml. and 11.6 +/- 4.8 cm. water, respectively. For all patients the mean
      maximal nipple pressure was 72.1 +/- 24.6 cm. water, the mean maximal nipple
      closure pressure was 58.8 +/- 23.1 cm. water and the mean functional nipple
      length was 3.4 +/- 0.9 cm. A functional nipple length of less than or equal to
      2.5 cm. and/or a low maximal nipple closure pressure (less than 40 cm. water)
      correlated with a small functional pouch capacity (less than 200 ml.) in 5
      patients. Clinically, these 5 patients also required frequent catheterization to
      provide continence. A maximal nipple closure pressure greater than 60 cm. water
      and an adequate functional nipple length (greater than 3.0 cm.) correlated with a
      rather large functional pouch capacity (more than 350 ml.). The degree of
      continence provided by the Kock pouch appeared to be determined by functional
      nipple length, maximal nipple closure pressure, functional pouch capacity and
      maximal intrapouch pressure.

PMID- 2908965
TI  - Diagnostic and therapeutic technology assessment. Percutaneous lumbar diskectomy
      for herniated disks.
AB  - Percutaneous diskectomy, particularly using Onik's nucleotome, has promise. It is
      too early, however, to decide if the percutaneous approach to reducing lumbar
      disk herniation will achieve a permanent place in the surgical armamentarium.
      Nevertheless, it is clear that patient selection is important. At the minimum, an
      adequate trial of conservative therapy must be followed by diagnostic imaging
      that documents a herniation that can be treated in this fashion and correlates
      with the patient's neurological signs and symptoms. If free fragments are found,
      a laminectomy of some sort will be required to remove the offending material.
      Patients who are at risk for general anesthesia or may be allergic to chymopapain
      were mentioned by the panel as special subpopulations for whom the procedure may
      be indicated despite the lack of wide experience with it. The rapidly rising
      popularity of automated percutaneous lumbar diskectomy via the nucleotome will
      hopefully be followed in the near future with larger studies with long-term
      follow-up.

PMID- 2908966
TI  - Nonsmokers' rights go international.

PMID- 2908967
TI  - 'Smokeless cigarette' draws plenty of heat.

PMID- 2908968
TI  - Environmental challenges to American medicine.

PMID- 2908969
TI  - Preventive medicine for the 21st century.

PMID- 2908970
TI  - Physicians should give injections.

PMID- 2908971
TI  - Amnesty International stands opposed.

PMID- 2908972
TI  - Do we condone the death penalty?

PMID- 2908973
TI  - Is the death penalty appropriate?

PMID- 2908974
TI  - First do no harm.

PMID- 2908975
TI  - Pet project.

PMID- 2908976
TI  - Boxing makes more headlines than usual and a lot of the news hasn't been good.

PMID- 2908977
TI  - If rabbits can regenerate the eye's lens, will science find a way for humans to
      do it?

PMID- 2908978
TI  - AIDS' economic, social impact heightens concern.

PMID- 2908979
TI  - Leads from the MMWR. State-specific estimates of smoking-attributable mortality
      and years of potential life lost--United States, 1985.

PMID- 2908980
TI  - Leads from the MMWR. Prevalence of oral lesions and smokeless tobacco use in
      Northern Plains Indians.

PMID- 2908981
TI  - Battlefield for the tobacco war.

PMID- 2908982
TI  - Premier 'smokeless cigarettes' can be used to deliver crack.

PMID- 2908983
TI  - Metastatic lung cancer in a young marijuana smoker.

PMID- 2908984
TI  - Toddler eats clonidine patch and nearly quits smoking for life.

PMID- 2908985
TI  - The effect of smoking on lactation and infantile colic.

PMID- 2908986
TI  - Are heavy smokers different from light smokers?

PMID- 2908987
TI  - Toward smoke-free VA hospitals.

PMID- 2908988
TI  - Warnings: smokers opt for the new, prefer carbon monoxide poisoning to fetal
      injury.

PMID- 2908989
TI  - Chain-chewin'.

PMID- 2908991
TI  - Cochlear implants are a contraindication to MRI.

PMID- 2908990
TI  - The warnings on cigarette packages are ineffective.

PMID- 2908992
TI  - One of at least three of a kind.

PMID- 2908993
TI  - Stuttering.

PMID- 2908994
TI  - Trends in cigarette smoking in the United States. The changing influence of
      gender and race.
AB  - Trends in the prevalence, initiation, and cessation of cigarette smoking are
      reported for the US population using weighted and age-standardized data from
      seven National Health Interview Surveys (1974 to 1985). The decline in prevalence
      was linear, with the prevalence for men decreasing at 0.91 percentage points per
      year to 33.5% in 1985 and the prevalence for women decreasing at 0.33 percentage
      points per year to 27.6% in 1985. For whites the rate of decline (percentage
      points per year) was 0.57, to 29.4% in 1985, and for blacks the decline was 0.67,
      to 35.6% in 1985. Smoking cessation increased among all gender-race groups from
      1974 to 1985, with the yearly rate of increase (in percentage points per year)
      about equivalent for blacks (0.75) and whites (0.77), while it was higher in
      women (0.90) than in men (0.67). Smoking initiation decreased among young men (
      1.03), while it remained about the same in young women (+0.11). Initiation
      decreased at a more rapid rate in blacks (-1.02) than in whites (-0.35). We
      conclude that smoking prevalence is decreasing across all race-gender groups,
      although at a slower rate for women than men, and that differences in initiation,
      more than cessation, are primarily responsible for the converging of smoking
      prevalence rates among men and women.

PMID- 2908995
TI  - Trends in cigarette smoking in the United States. Educational differences are
      increasing.
AB  - National trends in smoking prevalence by educational category from 1974 through
      1985 show that education has replaced gender as the major sociodemographic
      predictor of smoking status. Smoking prevalence has declined across all
      educational groups but the decline has occurred five times faster among the
      higher educated compared with the less educated. From 1974 to 1985, smoking
      prevalence among persons with less than a high school diploma declined to 34.2%
      (0.19 percentage points per year) whereas prevalence for persons with four years
      or more of college education declined to 18.4% (0.91 percentage points per year).
      Smoking cessation activity increased across all educational groups, but the rate
      of increase among the higher educated was twice that of lower-educated groups.
      Initiation of smoking among more-educated men decreased rapidly to 15% in 1985
      but leveled off by 1987. Until 1985, less-educated young females were the only
      group in which smoking initiation was increasing. However, in 1987 a sudden and
      large decline in initiation among less-educated females occurred. The apparent
      recent changes in initiation patterns by educational level suggest that the
      converging of smoking prevalence between the genders may not continue. The large
      and widening educational gap in smoking suggests that health promotion priorities
      need to be reassessed.

PMID- 2908996
TI  - Trends in cigarette smoking in the United States. Projections to the year 2000.
AB  - Data from National Health Interview Surveys from 1974 through 1985 are used to
      project cigarette smoking prevalence to the year 2000. Smoking prevalence in the
      United States has declined at a linear rate since 1974. If this trend continues,
      in the year 2000, 22% of the adult population (40 million Americans) will be
      smokers. By the year 2000, the major inequalities in prevalence will occur among
      educational categories. At least 30% of those who have not proceeded beyond a
      high school education will be smokers, whereas less than 10% of college graduates
      will smoke. Among the other sociodemographic subgroups, smoking prevalence is
      expected to decrease by the year 2000 to 20% among men, to 23% among women, to
      25% among blacks, and to 21% among whites. Between 1974 and 1985, approximately
      1.3 million persons per year became former smokers, indicating considerable
      success in public health efforts to encourage people to stop smoking. However, in
      the early 1980s, approximately 1 million new young persons per year were
      recruited to the ranks of regular smokers. This is equivalent to about 3000 new
      smokers each day. Public health efforts need to focus more on preventing young
      people from starting to smoke, and such prevention efforts should particularly
      target less educated socioeconomic groups.

PMID- 2908997
TI  - Birth cohort analysis of prevalence of cigarette smoking among Hispanics in the
      United States.
AB  - To investigate historical trends of cigarette smoking among Mexican-Americans,
      Cuban-Americans, and Puerto Rican-Americans, we conducted a birth cohort analysis
      of smoking prevalence by using smoking histories of 8286 adults and adolescents
      from the 1982-1983 Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. We
      constructed smoking prevalence curves for men and women among successive ten-year
      birth cohorts. Birth cohort-specific prevalence rates were higher for men than
      for women. Rates, however, decreased among successive cohorts of men. Conversely,
      rates increased among successive cohorts of Cuban-American and Puerto Rican
      American women. For example, peak rates among the 1911 through 1920 cohorts were
      26% (Cuban-American women) and 25% (Puerto Rican-American women) compared with
      peak rates of 43% and 52%, respectively, among comparable groups from 1951
      through 1960. These results demonstrate that despite a reduction of cigarette
      smoking among successive cohorts of Hispanic men, Hispanic women have made little
      progress or have actually increased their cigarette smoking.

PMID- 2908998
TI  - Comparing the prevalence of smoking in pregnant and nonpregnant women, 1985 to
      1986.
AB  - The 1990 health objectives for the nation state that pregnant women should be
      only half as likely to smoke as nonpregnant women. To assess progress toward
      meeting this objective, we used cross-sectional data from the 26 states in the
      Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System in 1985 and 1986. We compared the
      prevalence of self-reported smoking among pregnant (N = 836) and nonpregnant (N =
      18,025) women aged 18 to 45 years. Overall, pregnant women were 70% as likely to
      be current smokers as nonpregnant women (prevalence ratio, 0.7; 95% confidence
      interval, 0.6 to 0.8), while blacks showed the largest pregnancy-associated
      reduction in the prevalence of smoking (prevalence ratio, 0.5; 95% confidence
      interval, 0.3 to 0.9). Most of the difference in smoking prevalence occurred not
      because pregnant women were less likely to have ever smoked, but because pregnant
      women were more likely to have quit smoking than nonpregnant women. However,
      unmarried pregnant white women were 40% more likely to smoke than their
      nonpregnant counterparts (prevalence ratio, 1.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.1 to
      1.7). We conclude from this analysis that the 1990 health objective for smoking
      among pregnant women is unlikely to be achieved. Clinicians providing care to
      pregnant women need to pay increased attention to smoking cessation.

PMID- 2908999
TI  - Reducing the illegal sale of cigarettes to minors.
AB  - This study reports on an effort to stop the illegal sale of cigarettes to minors.
      In Santa Clara County, Calif, 412 stores and 30 vending machines were visited by
      18 minors aged 14 through 16 years with the intent to purchase cigarettes; they
      were successful at 74% of the stores and 100% of the vending machines. After an
      aggressive six-month campaign using communitywide media, direct merchant
      education, contact with the chief executive officers of chain stores and
      franchise operations owned by major companies, and grassroots work with community
      organizations, the percentage of stores with illegal over-the-counter sale of
      cigarettes to minors was reduced to 39%. Sales from vending machines were not
      reduced. While much remains to be accomplished in stopping the illegal sale of
      tobacco to minors, data from this study illustrate that a well-designed community
      and merchant education campaign can significantly reduce such sales.

PMID- 2909000
TI  - Recall and eye tracking study of adolescents viewing tobacco advertisements.
AB  - The warning on tobacco advertisements was required by the federal government,
      presumably as a health message to educate the public about the risks associated
      with tobacco use. Despite its potential public health role, there have been few
      published studies on the effectiveness of these warnings as a health message. The
      present study used well-accepted market research methods to examine adolescent
      viewing of tobacco advertisements. Sixty-one adolescents participated in the
      study. Eye tracking was used to study how participants viewed five different
      tobacco advertisements. The average viewing time of the warning amounted to only
      8% of the total advertisement viewing time. In 43.6% of cases, the warning was
      not viewed at all. Following the advertisement viewing, participants were asked
      to identify the observed warnings within a list that included other simulated
      warnings. Subjects did only slightly better than random guessing in this test of
      recognition. Using market research criteria, the federally mandated warning must
      be viewed as an ineffective public health message in so far as adolescents are
      concerned.

PMID- 2909001
TI  - The Surgeon General's warnings in outdoor cigarette advertising. Are they
      readable?
AB  - Outdoor advertising media represent a major vehicle by which cigarette companies
      promote their products. We investigated the readability of the Surgeon General's
      warning in cigarette advertisements (ads) in two outdoor media: billboards and
      taxicab ads. In an experiment in metropolitan Atlanta under typical driving
      conditions, observers were able to read the entire health warning on 18 (46%) of
      39 street billboards but on only two (5%) of 39 highway billboards. In contrast,
      the content of the ads (ie, brand name, other wording, and notable imagery) could
      be recognized under the same conditions on more than 95% of the billboards. In a
      similar study of 100 taxicab cigarette ads in New York City, observers were
      unable to read the health warning in any of the ads but were able to identify the
      brand name in all ads and notable imagery in 95% of the ads. Significant
      differences between the readability of the warning and identification of the
      advertising content persisted even when partially read warnings were considered
      to have been read. We conclude that the Surgeon General's warning is not readable
      in its current form in the vast majority of billboard and taxicab ads. Factors
      contributing to unreadability include the small size of the letters, the
      excessive length of the warnings, the distance between the viewers and the ads,
      and movement between the viewers and the ads.

PMID- 2909003
TI  - The silver anniversary.

PMID- 2909002
TI  - The making of a smoke-free medical center.
AB  - The concept of smoke-free medical facilities is in its formative stages, and such
      policies have received broad support. Although smoking has been restricted at
      Mayo Medical Center for many years, in 1986 it was decided that the medical
      center should become smoke free. This report summarizes the methods used in
      developing and implementing a smoke-free policy. This experience suggests that
      with proper planning, the implementation can be smooth. The message being given
      to patients and staff concerning the health risk of smoking is now more
      consistent, and there has been wide acceptance of the policy by staff and
      patients. It is concluded that such a policy can be effectively implemented, if
      it is well planned and supported.

PMID- 2909004
TI  - Routing a modern Pied Piper of Hamelin.

PMID- 2909005
TI  - Minority physician training: critical for improving overall health of nation.

PMID- 2909006
TI  - Preventing twists, turns on road to medical education from becoming permanent
      detours.

PMID- 2909007
TI  - Health educators turn to black community's leaders, organizations, other
      strengths.

PMID- 2909008
TI  - Research seeks to reduce toll of hypertension, other cardiovascular diseases in
      black population.

PMID- 2909009
TI  - From the Assistant Secretary for Health.

PMID- 2909010
TI  - From the Health Resources and Services Administration.

PMID- 2909011
TI  - Leads from the MMWR. Distribution of AIDS cases, by racial/ethnic group and
      exposure category, United States, June 1, 1981-July 4, 1988.

PMID- 2909012
TI  - Leads from the MMWR. Years of potential life lost due to cancer--United States,
      1968-1985.

PMID- 2909013
TI  - Leads from the MMWR. Differences in death rates due to injury among blacks and
      whites, 1984.

PMID- 2909014
TI  - Pesticide residue in lanolin.

PMID- 2909015
TI  - Patients' and families' preferences for medical intensive care.

PMID- 2909016
TI  - Comparison of critical care by family physicians and general internists.

PMID- 2909017
TI  - Passionate kissing and microlesions of the oral mucosa: possible role in AIDS
      transmission.

PMID- 2909018
TI  - Susceptibility to influenza A in HIV-positive patients.

PMID- 2909019
TI  - Sliding injuries: the third base coach as prophylactic.

PMID- 2909020
TI  - The availability of proguanil for overseas travelers.

PMID- 2909021
TI  - Man-made death.

PMID- 2909022
TI  - Juvenile glaucoma, race, and refraction.
AB  - Of 68 patients who presented between the ages of 10 and 35 years with elevated
      intraocular pressure, 25 were classified as juvenile ocular hypertension and 43
      as juvenile primary open-angle glaucoma. Blacks constituted a greater proportion
      of the primary open-angle glaucoma patients (47%) than of the ocular
      hypertensives (20%) and in both groups presented at younger ages than did whites.
      Myopia was present in 59% of the ocular hypertensives and 73% of the primary open
      angle glaucoma patients, of whom 39% had more than 6 diopters of myopia. All eyes
      of black patients with more than 3 diopters of myopia had glaucomatous defects
      compared with 52% of such eyes of white patients. Our data suggest that myopia is
      strongly associated with juvenile open-angle glaucoma and that young black
      patients with elevated intraocular pressure, especially when myopic, are more
      susceptible to glaucomatous damage than are whites.

PMID- 2909024
TI  - Representation of American blacks in clinical trials of new drugs.
AB  - Investigations that have revealed racial differences in drug response and
      disposition indicate the need for adequate representation of racial minorities in
      clinical drug trials. There is concern, however, that there may be a
      disproportionate use of racial and ethnic minorities in clinical research due to
      the inner city location of most university hospitals. To examine this issue, we
      reviewed the representation of American blacks in 50 recently published clinical
      trials of new drugs. This survey revealed that investigators do not seem to
      adequately take into account racial differences as a potential source of
      variability. It also was found that in the majority of studies, the proportion of
      black subjects is less than their proportion in the general population. This
      underrepresentation in clinical trials suggests that insufficient data exist to
      accurately assess the safety and efficacy of many new drugs in American blacks.

PMID- 2909023
TI  - HIV screening and counseling for intravenous drug abuse patients. Staff and
      patient attitudes.
AB  - At least one third of patients enrolled in a methadone maintenance treatment
      program are willing to comply voluntarily with screening for and counseling about
      human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). A questionnaire about knowledge, attitudes,
      and behavior concerning acquired immunodeficiency syndrome was answered
      anonymously by 79% (46) of the clinical staff and 67% (868) of the enrolled
      patients. On their own initiative, 21% of the patients had already received
      voluntary anonymous HIV screening and brief counseling, seldom discussing the
      result with the staff. Approximately 90% of the staff and a majority of the
      patients (72%) thought a voluntary HIV screening program should be offered to all
      patients. Almost all staff (98%), but only 50% of the patients, felt the HIV test
      results should be known to physicians, nurses, and counselors at the clinic. Few
      staff members (15%) believed that patients had changed their sex behavior; more
      (48%) felt that needle sharing was reduced. Patients believed methadone patients
      in general had changed their sex behavior (49.2%) and reduced needle sharing
      (62%) to prevent becoming infected. Patients reported statistically significant
      reductions both in number of sex partners and in personal needle sharing during
      the past year.

PMID- 2909025
TI  - Black student enrollment in US medical schools.
AB  - Blacks represent about 12% of the nation's population, but only 6% of the total
      medical school enrollment, 5% of medical school graduates, 5% of postgraduate
      trainees, 3% of physicians in practice, and 2% of medical school faculties.
      Addressing this underrepresentation of blacks in medicine not only is a matter of
      justice, equity, and national conscience but also has implications for the
      provision of quality physician care to this nation's minority and medically
      underserved populations. Black physicians are more likely to understand the
      cultural and social context of illness and disability among blacks and are also
      more likely to be able to communicate effectively with black patients. Black
      physicians are also more likely to practice in communities whose residents lack
      adequate access to medical care. An approach to addressing the problem of
      underrepresentation is proposed, consisting of activities at the precollege,
      college, and medical school levels.

PMID- 2909026
TI  - Access to medical care for black and white Americans. A matter of continuing
      concern.
AB  - A 1986 national survey of use of health services shows a significant deficit in
      access to health care among black compared with white Americans. This gap was
      experienced by all income levels of black Americans. In addition, the study
      points to significant underuse by blacks of needed medical care. Moreover, blacks
      compared with whites are less likely to be satisfied with the qualitative ways
      their physicians treat them when they are ill, more dissatisfied with the care
      they receive when hospitalized, and more likely to believe that the duration of
      their hospitalizations is too short.

PMID- 2909027
TI  - Glaucoma in blacks: where do we go from here?

PMID- 2909028
TI  - Community empowerment as a strategy for health promotion for black and other
      minority populations.

PMID- 2909029
TI  - Old bedfellows: ethics and obstetrics and gynecology.

PMID- 2909030
TI  - The relationship of one abnormal glucose tolerance test value and pregnancy
      complications.
AB  - While an abnormal oral glucose tolerance test (GTT) is known to be associated
      with an increased risk of pregnancy complications, the impact of one abnormal
      value is not clear. In 1986 we screened 4618 pregnant women for gestational
      diabetes at 24-28 weeks' gestation. Eighty-seven percent had normal results; of
      the 13% with abnormal screening tests, 139 had one abnormal value on the
      subsequent 3-hour oral GTT. These women were then compared with 725 randomly
      selected patients with a normal screening test. The frequency of chronic
      hypertension, cesarean section, 5-minute Apgar score below 7, preterm delivery,
      shoulder dystocia, congenital malformations, and perinatal mortality did not
      differ significantly between the groups. The incidence of macrosomia (birth
      weight above 4000 g) was significantly greater in the study group (18.0%) than in
      the control group (6.6%) (odds ratio 2.18; 95% confidence interval 1.77-5.37), a
      relationship that persisted after controlling for confounding risk factors by
      logistic regression modeling (odds ratio 2.55; 95% confidence interval 1.44
      4.52). The incidence of preeclampsia/eclampsia was significantly greater in the
      study group (7.9%) than in the control group (3.3%) (odds ratio 2.51; 95%
      confidence interval 1.14-5.52), which also persisted after controlling for
      confounding risk factors using logistic regression modeling (odds ratio 2.81; 95%
      confidence interval 1.26-6.28). Our results suggest that patients with one
      abnormal value on an oral GTT during pregnancy are at risk for delivering
      macrosomic infants and developing preeclampsia/eclampsia.

PMID- 2909031
TI  - The effect of mode of delivery on the risk of intraventricular hemorrhage in
      nondiscordant twin gestations under 1500 g.
AB  - The effect of birth order, presentation, and mode of delivery on neonatal outcome
      in nondiscordant twin gestations under 1500 g was investigated. All neonates had
      echoencephalograms performed by the fourth day of life to diagnose the presence
      and severity of intraventricular hemorrhage. One hundred fifty-six sets of twins
      were included in the study, of which 59 were in a vertex/vertex presentation, 59
      in vertex/nonvertex presentation, and 38 with twin A in a nonvertex presentation.
      Second twins were characterized by a higher incidence of respiratory distress
      syndrome (RDS): 66 versus 54% (P less than .05), and severe grades of
      intraventricular hemorrhage: 30 versus 19% (P less than .01). For vertex/vertex
      twins, cesarean delivery did not result in improved outcome. Rather, the
      incidence of RDS was significantly increased in neonates from this group
      delivered by cesarean birth: 67 versus 46% (P less than .01). Among twins in
      which at least one of the fetuses was in a nonvertex presentation, those born via
      cesarean delivery demonstrated a lower incidence of both severe grades of
      intraventricular hemorrhage and mortality. However, after multivariate analysis
      to correct for differences in birth weight between the groups, no advantage for
      cesarean delivery could be demonstrated. Therefore, differences in birth weight,
      rather than in mode of delivery, accounted for the differences in the neonatal
      outcome of nonvertex-presenting twins.

PMID- 2909032
TI  - Educating the obstetrician-gynecologist for the future.
AB  - Among the many factors that have altered the practice of obstetrics-gynecology
      are the following: the numbers of obstetrician-gynecologists, the increasing
      percentage of women entering the specialty, the expansion of ambulatory services
      with a simultaneous reduction in hospital admissions, a decrease in gynecologic
      surgical procedures, a stabilized number of total births with an anticipated
      increase in those to socially deprived and unmarried women, an increasing number
      of elderly women, general social and behavioral changes, and increasing outside
      control of practice. A proposal is presented for improving the education of
      residents and obstetrician-gynecologists in practice.

PMID- 2909033
TI  - Guidelines for assessment and treatment of sexual dysfunction.
AB  - This article presents a diagnostic and treatment planning guide that can be used
      when a patient complains of a sexual problem. The basic principles are summarized
      in the form of a grid. The axes of the grid represent "problem focus" and
      "influencing variables." The grid can be used to aid in diagnosis, to assess the
      severity of a sexual problem, to suggest a direction for treatment, and to guide
      referral.

PMID- 2909034
TI  - Methadone maintenance in pregnancy: consequences to care and outcome.

PMID- 2909035
TI  - Peritoneal cytology as an indicator of disease in patients with residual ovarian
      carcinoma.

PMID- 2909036
TI  - Management of genital herpes infection in pregnancy.

PMID- 2909038
TI  - Karyotypes of 1142 couples with recurrent abortion.

PMID- 2909037
TI  - The role of infection in the etiology of preterm birth.

PMID- 2909039
TI  - Malpractice--the syndrome of the 80s.

PMID- 2909040
TI  - Hysteroscopy with selective endometrial sampling compared with D&C for abnormal
      uterine bleeding: the value of a negative hysteroscopic view.
AB  - Hysteroscopic evaluation of 187 patients with abnormal uterine bleeding is
      reviewed. One hundred fifty-one patients had recent tissue sampling by a blind
      method. The hysteroscope with selected endometrial sampling was more accurate in
      9.1% and less accurate in only 0.5% of patients. The specificity of both
      techniques with selected biopsies was 100%, but the sensitivity of hysteroscopy
      was greater (98%) than that of D&C (65%). Endometritis was the only condition
      missed by hysteroscopic viewing and selected biopsy. Those lesions missed by
      blind tissue sampling were uterine fibroids and endometrial polyps. Among 91
      patients whose hysteroscopic view was negative, an abnormality was identified by
      tissue sampling in only one patient with endometritis.

PMID- 2909041
TI  - The clinical significance of pain and cognitive activity in latent labor.
AB  - We examined the relationship between pain and cognitive activity during the
      latent (less than or equal to 3 cm), mid-active (5-7 cm), and transition (greater
      than or equal to 8 cm) phases of labor and the concomitant efficiency of the
      latent, active, and descent phases in 115 nulliparous women. Patients provided
      subjective pain ratings and described their thoughts during each of the three
      phases. Higher levels of pain during the latent phase of labor were predictive of
      longer latent (r = 0.58) and active (r = 0.50) phases of labor. Distress-related
      thoughts during latent labor were predictive of longer latent (r = 0.31, P less
      than .01), active (r = 0.67), and second-stage (r = 0.61) labor. We found no
      relationships between pain and cognitive activity measured during active labor
      and efficiency of active labor or second stage of labor. Pain and cognitive
      activity assessed during the latent phase were also prognostic of obstetric
      outcome. Thirteen of 19 women (68.4%) who reported "horrible" or "excruciating"
      pain required instrumental delivery, compared with eight of 27 women (29.6%) in
      the "discomforting" pain group. Subjects in the "distress-related" cognitive
      group had 2.6 times the incidence of instrumental delivery, five times the
      incidence of abnormal fetal heart rate patterns, and four times the requirement
      for pediatric assistance for the neonate than subjects in the "coping" group. We
      conclude that latent labor is a critical phase in the psychobiology of labor and
      that pain and cognitive activity during this phase are important contributors to
      labor efficiency and obstetric outcome.

PMID- 2909042
TI  - Management of coexistent stress and urge urinary incontinence.
AB  - Fifty-two patients with objective evidence of pressure equalization incontinence
      and detrusor instability were evaluated retrospectively to compare nonsurgical
      modes of therapy with retropubic surgery. Based on the patient's desire for
      surgery and her overall medical condition, 27 women were treated primarily with
      retropubic urethropexy (modified Burch procedure) and 25 with various
      combinations of oxybutynin, imipramine, and estrogen. Thirty-two percent of the
      patients treated medically were cured and 28% were markedly improved, whereas 59%
      of patients treated surgically were cured and 22% improved. There was no
      statistically significant difference in the results between medical and surgical
      therapy. All failures in the surgically treated group were due to persistent
      detrusor instability after surgery. We identified no preoperative urodynamic
      criteria that consistently and accurately predicted surgical outcome in patients
      with combined stress and urge incontinence. Patients with combined stress
      incontinence and detrusor instability should initially be managed medically, as
      this will reduce the incidence of surgical intervention.

PMID- 2909043
TI  - Effect of dietary protein on glomerular filtration rate in pregnancy.
AB  - High dietary protein intake is known to increase glomerular filtration rate in
      the nonpregnant state. The effects of dietary protein on renal function in human
      pregnancy are not well known. We studied 392 patients with singleton
      uncomplicated pregnancies at gestational ages of 7-40 weeks. Creatinine clearance
      was correlated with protein intake estimated from 24-hour dietary recall during
      the same period. Creatinine clearances were significantly higher when dietary
      protein was more than 50 g than when it was less than 50 g (P less than .005).
      The short- or long-term significance of this finding is unclear.

PMID- 2909044
TI  - Inhibition of ovarian cancer cell proliferation in vivo and incorporation of 3H
      thymidine in vitro after follicle regulatory protein administration.
AB  - Follicle regulatory protein immunoreactivity and biologic activity were measured
      in ascites from a patient with juvenile granulosa cell tumor. Microscopic
      examination of immunohistochemical staining of a juvenile granulosa cell tumor
      with anti-follicle regulatory protein antisera showed homogeneous cytosolic
      expression of follicle regulatory protein throughout the tumor. Tumor cells were
      injected subcutaneously into nude mice. Partially purified follicle regulatory
      protein (50 micrograms/day) was then injected daily for 10 days, or for 25 days
      once the tumor became palpable. Treatment with follicle regulatory protein
      significantly slowed the rate of tumor growth with both treatments. To test the
      tissue specificity of the effect, a metastatic, well-differentiated endometrial
      adenocarcinoma was also grown in nude mice. Follicle regulatory protein treatment
      did not alter the rate of tumor growth. An in vitro clonigenic assay confirmed
      these in vivo results. Partially purified follicle regulatory protein had a
      biphasic effect on the proliferation of juvenile granulosa tumor cell but did not
      affect the proliferation of endometrial adenocarcinoma cells. Clonigenic assays
      were performed on five ovarian adenocarcinomas passaged in vitro, and these tumor
      cells exhibited a biphasic response to follicle regulatory protein.
      Immunoneutralization studies showed that this biphasic response was due to
      impurities in the follicle regulatory protein preparations. The longer the
      exposure of the tumor cells to follicle regulatory protein, the greater the
      degree of inhibition of proliferation. In summary, administration of follicle
      regulatory protein slowed tumor growth through a direct effect on the tumor cell
      rather than an indirect effect on the hormonal or immune status of the host.

PMID- 2909045
TI  - Sialyl Lewis-Xi antigen in patients with gynecologic tumors.
AB  - Sialyl Lewis-Xi antigen was measured by sandwich radioimmunoassay in sera from
      patients with various gynecologic tumors: 27 uterine myomas, 117 cervical
      cancers, 46 endometrial cancers, 54 benign ovarian cysts, and 47 ovarian cancers.
      Among the patients with uterine malignancies, only a few cases showed serum
      sialyl Lewis-Xi antigen values in excess of the cutoff limit. On the other hand,
      among the patients with ovarian cancers, serum sialyl Lewis-Xi antigen was
      elevated significantly in the following order: clinical stage I (44%), stage II
      (50%), and stage III (62%). The antigen level also correlated with the effect of
      treatment. However, serum sialyl Lewis-Xi antigen was elevated in 9% of patients
      with benign ovarian cysts and in 1.4% of normal volunteers. The lack of tumor
      specificity of sialyl Lewis-Xi antigen limits its diagnostic value for
      gynecologic malignancies, but serial measurement of this antigen may be useful in
      evaluating therapy and monitoring patients.

PMID- 2909046
TI  - Serum albumin reserve for bilirubin binding during pregnancy in healthy women.
AB  - The concentrations of serum albumin and albumin reserve for bilirubin binding
      were studied in 24 healthy women during and after pregnancy, using monoacetyl
      4,4'-diamino-diphenylsulphone as a deputy ligand for bilirubin. In the first
      trimester, the serum albumin concentration was already diminished. Likewise, the
      serum reserve albumin for bilirubin binding was reduced gradually during
      pregnancy. These reductions were evident as early as the 20th week of gestation,
      and at delivery the level averaged 53% of the nonpregnant level. The reduction in
      bilirubin binding capacity was partly dependent on the decreasing serum albumin
      concentration, but a reduction in the albumin molecule's binding capability was
      also shown. This binding defect, which is also present in neonates, is not fully
      explained. The reduction in bilirubin binding capability probably reflects a
      reduced degree of protein binding for many protein-bound drugs during pregnancy,
      which may contribute to pharmacokinetic alterations in pregnancy.

PMID- 2909047
TI  - Disseminated intravascular coagulation and the syndrome of hemolysis, elevated
      liver enzymes, and low platelets in severe preeclampsia.
AB  - To clarify the role of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in women with
      the hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets (HELLP) syndrome, serial
      coagulation studies were performed prospectively in 18 patients. A
      semiquantitative DIC scoring system was used retrospectively to augment the
      diagnostic confidence of coagulopathy. At the time of admission to the hospital,
      three patients showed no evidence of DIC, eight had suspected DIC, and seven had
      manifest DIC. The intravascular coagulation process was progressive in all
      patients; upon delivery, eight patients proved to have suspected DIC and ten had
      manifest DIC. The laboratory criteria of DIC were found to agree with the degree
      of organ dysfunction. Patients with manifest DIC at delivery developed
      significantly more life-threatening maternal complications than did patients with
      suspected DIC (P less than .02). Conservative management was not possible in any
      patients who were admitted with overt DIC because of deterioration of maternal
      and fetal status. Application of a sensitive DIC scoring system may be valuable
      in managing patients with the HELLP syndrome and selecting patients who may be
      treated expectantly.

PMID- 2909048
TI  - Anatomy of the nasolabial fold: the keystone of the smiling mechanism.
AB  - The nasolabial fold is absent in the face of the newborn, disappears in the
      paralyzed face, but is retained in the face upon death. There is very little
      information in the literature on what makes up the fold. Four fresh cadavers were
      studied by taking a strip of facial tissue from each at right angles to the fold;
      all soft tissue layers through the face were included. Microscopic studies of the
      strips showed the fold to be made up of (1) dense fibrous tissue, (2) muscle
      fibers branching from the levator muscles of the upper lip, and (3) striated
      muscle bundles originating in the fold fascia. The studies also revealed the lip
      elevator muscles and the "fold muscles" coursing down the lip to traverse the
      orbicularis oris and insert into the dermis of the upper lip, the cutaneous
      vermilion junction, and vermilion. The smile is formed in stages, the first stage
      raising the lip to the fold by the levator muscles and the muscle bundles
      originating in the fold. The lip meets resistance at the fold because of cheek
      fat. The second stage involves the raising of the lip and fold upward by the
      levator muscles of the upper lip. Clinically, this study relates to reanimating
      the paralyzed face.

PMID- 2909049
TI  - Extensor digitorum brevis as an island flap in the reconstruction of soft-tissue
      defects in the lower limb.
AB  - The extensor digitorum brevis island flap is a versatile and robust flap able to
      provide adequate bulk and coverage in soft-tissue defects of the lower limb. The
      donor-site deformity is limited to the necessary scar needed to approach and
      rotate the muscle. An anatomic study was performed in 10 fresh cadavers and
      consisted of two parts: study of the muscle flap itself, and examination of skin
      vascularization. Methylene blue and Salmon's mass (radiopaque) were injected
      through the three main arteries of the leg. Muscle and cutaneous staining were
      noted. Clinical applications of this flap are reported. These resulted in
      successful healing of the defect with good aesthetic and functional results on
      both recipient and donor sites. Long-term follow-up was maintained for up to 21
      months.

PMID- 2909050
TI  - The retaining ligaments of the cheek.
AB  - The zygomatic ligaments (McGregor's patch) anchor the skin of the cheek to the
      inferior border of the zygoma just posterior to the origin of the zygomaticus
      minor muscle. The mandibular ligaments tether the overlying skin to the anterior
      mandible. Both these ligaments are obstacles to surgical maneuvers intended to
      advance the overlying skin. They also restrain the facial skin against
      gravitational changes, and they delineate the anterior border of the "jowl" area.
      The platysma-auricular ligament is a thin fascial sheet that extends from the
      posterosuperior border of the platysma and that is intimately attached to the
      periauricular skin; it serves as a surgical guide to the posterosuperior border
      of the platysma. The anterior platysma-cutaneous ligaments are variable fascial
      condensations that anchor the SMAS and platysma to the dermis. They can cause
      anatomic disorientation with dissection of false planes into the dermis. These
      four ligaments are useful as anatomic landmarks during facial dissections. The
      tethering effects of the zygomatic and mandibular ligaments must be interrupted
      if a maximum upward movement of the facial skin is desired.

PMID- 2909051
TI  - Fasciocutaneous flaps: an experimental model in the pig.
AB  - No experimental studies have substantiated the claim that fasciocutaneous flaps
      are superior to skin flaps. Using fasciocutaneous flaps designed in the pig, both
      flap survival and blood flow were assessed. The forelimb and hindlimb
      fasciocutaneous flaps survived to 8.2 +/- 0.3 cm and 7.9 +/- 0.3 cm,
      respectively, compared with 7.3 +/- 0.3 cm and 6.7 +/- 0.3 cm for the comparable
      cutaneous flaps, a statistically significant finding (p less than 0.01). Random
      fasciocutaneous flaps survive 12 to 18 percent longer than skin flaps. Using the
      radioactive microsphere technique, blood flow was measured after flap elevation,
      and flap survival was estimated using fluorescein. Again, a significant
      difference in flap survival was found, but there was no significant difference in
      measured blood flow. This can be explained by the relatively large interval
      between blood flow measurements (2 cm) compared with the observed difference in
      survival length (1.0 +/- 0.3 cm).

PMID- 2909052
TI  - The effect of systemic isotretinoin on wound contraction in guinea pigs.
AB  - An experimental study was designed using Hartley guinea pigs to evaluate wound
      contraction on animals receiving systemic isotretinoin at a dose of 10 mg/kg.
      Half the animals received isotretinoin for 4 weeks before the surgery and for 2
      weeks after the surgical procedure. A square of skin and panniculus carnosus
      measuring 200 mm2 was excised from the back of each animal, and the amount of
      wound contraction was determined by a computer program from the drawings on
      celluloid overlays done weekly. The animals on systemic isotretinoin had a
      significant delay in wound contraction when compared to control animals (p less
      than 0.001). When the medication was discontinued, all the animals had complete
      wound healing within a week.

PMID- 2909053
TI  - Effects of unrestricted motion on healing: a study of posttraumatic adhesions in
      primate tendons.
AB  - The effects of unrestricted motion on the surfaces of injured, healing tissue are
      largely speculative. To study this phenomenon, a new model employing 54 primate
      tendons and stereomorphometric image analysis was used to quantitate adhesion
      volume after a standardized surface injury. Three randomized groups (n = 18 per
      group) were studied: group I, incision/resection; group II, incision/resection
      plus ischemia; and group III, ischemia alone. The moving surfaces were observed
      at intervals from 1 week to 2 1/2 years using dissecting, light, and scanning
      electron microscopy. Fibroblasts were found to invade the traumatized segment
      from sources both intrinsic and extrinsic to the tendon, generating adhesive
      bands whose volume correlated with the degree of initial injury. The defect was
      ultimately effaced by scar, yet the continuous motion appeared to modify the
      healing by lengthening adhesive elements and by establishing a smooth, functional
      "neosheath" that coalesced from the overlying soft tissues. This proliferative
      response occurred in all specimens, peaked during the third week, and limited
      normal motion in only 12 percent. This model, the first to successfully study
      such surfaces in primates, also indicates that closure of the tendon sheath is
      unnecessary.

PMID- 2909054
TI  - Functional evaluation of complete sciatic, peroneal, and posterior tibial nerve
      lesions in the rat.
AB  - Quantification of peripheral nerve regeneration in animal studies of nerve injury
      and repair by histologic, morphologic, and electrophysiologic parameters has been
      controversial because such studies may not necessarily correlate with actual
      nerve function. This study modifies the previously described sciatic functional
      index (SFI), tibial functional index (TFI), and peroneal functional index (PFI)
      based on multiple linear regression analysis of factors derived from measurements
      of walking tracks in rats with defined nerve injuries. The factors that
      contributed to these formulas were print-length factor (PLF), toe-spread factor
      (TSF), and intermediary toe-spread factor (ITF). It was shown that animals with
      selective nerve injuries gave walking tracks that were consistent, predictable,
      and based on known neuromuscular deficits. The new formula for sciatic functional
      index was compared with previously described indices. The sciatic functional
      index, tibial functional index, and peroneal functional index offer the
      peripheral nerve investigator a noninvasive quantitative assessment of hindlimb
      motor function in the rat with selective hindlimb nerve injury.

PMID- 2909055
TI  - Cosmetic surgery: a theological comment.

PMID- 2909056
TI  - Bilateral thymus found in association with unilateral cleft lip and palate.
AB  - Ectopic localizations of the thymus have been reported in a variety of unusual
      sites, but not on the surface of the skin of the neck. As one can see in our
      case, the left neck mass (1.5 x 2 x 0.5 cm) and the right neck mass (4 x 4 x 0.5
      cm), when added together in weight, also equal the total weight of the thymus at
      birth. Also, not being able to encounter the "sail sign" of the thymus gland on
      the chest x-ray proved to us that no other thymus gland was present. Because of
      these unusual findings, prior to excision of any congenital lesion in the neck, a
      biopsy should be done, and only after that should one proceed with the necessary
      surgical intervention. We are presenting this case because it is unique in this
      category.

PMID- 2909057
TI  - Primary nonmicrosurgical reconstruction following ear avulsion using the
      temporoparietal fascial island flap.
AB  - Primary ear reconstruction following avulsion using a temporoparietal fascial
      island flap based on the superficial temporal vessels is presented as a
      modification of an existing technique for the acute treatment of this difficult
      problem, offering a further alternative to established traditional
      nonmicrosurgical procedures.

PMID- 2909058
TI  - Carotid thrombosis following surgical release of temporomandibular ankylosis.
AB  - Temporomandibular ankylosis frequently involves massive bony proliferation which
      can approach the carotid artery at the base of the skull. During the resection of
      the bony ankylosis, the artery can be injured. The first such case is reported
      which led to a thrombosis and hemispheric stroke.

PMID- 2909059
TI  - Facial burns as a complication of office surgery lighting.
AB  - Three patients underwent rhytidoplasty in an office surgical facility under dual
      ceiling-mounted lights. Each patient incurred a third-degree burn on the left
      cheek. A particular combination of a specific defective light fixture and bulb
      appeared to be the causative factor. The risk of burning human tissue is enhanced
      when epinephrine is injected for vasoconstriction and the tissue is undermined.
      In addition, focusing dual lights on the surgical field increases the radiant
      energy delivered. The maximum radiant energy safe for human tissue should not
      exceed 25 mW/cm2.

PMID- 2909060
TI  - Surgical correction of Stahl's ear using the cartilage turnover and rotation
      method.
AB  - Various operative methods for the correction of Stahl's ear exist. We, however,
      have devised an alternative "turnover and rotation" procedure. In this procedure,
      the deformed cartilage itself is used in its original contour to form a new
      scaphoid fossa, thus simplifying the corrective procedure and establishing a
      reliable operative method in which reversion to the original state is thought to
      be highly unlikely.

PMID- 2909061
TI  - The bimanual examination for assessing instability in naso-orbitoethmoidal
      injuries.
AB  - A new technique is presented for examining patients suspected of having fractures
      in the naso-orbitoethmoidal region. It consists of a bimanual examination with a
      Kelly clamp intranasally and the opposite index finger externally. It has proven
      reliable in over 500 patient screenings to date. This technique is recommended as
      an addition to, and not a replacement for, the standard physical examination and
      radiologic evaluation of the maxillofacial trauma patient.

PMID- 2909062
TI  - A silicone template to facilitate cartilage grafting in the nose.
AB  - Silicone sheeting that has the thickness and consistency of septal cartilage for
      use as a template has been developed to facilitate cartilage grafting in the
      nose. This technique makes it easier to determine whether or not a graft will
      correct the deformity and how much autogenous material will be needed before the
      donor site is harvested. It also allows for more accuracy in the sizing and
      positioning of the grafts.

PMID- 2909063
TI  - Periosteal flaps and grafts in primary cleft repair: a follow-up study.
AB  - A long-term follow-up study of maxillary clefts operated on primarily with the
      maxillary periosteal flap (67 patients) and the free tibial periosteal graft (23
      patients) showed a definite bone bridge in 64 versus 85 percent of the patients.
      Still, secondary bone grafting was indicated in both in over 70 percent. Lateral
      crossbite was observed in all and anterior crossbite (mostly dental) was seen in
      over 80 percent of both groups. There were no statistically significant
      differences in the cephalometric angular measurements between the groups. Inside
      the maxillary periosteal flap group the maxillary growth was more retarded in
      unilateral and especially bilateral complete clefts than in alveolar clefts only.
      The maxillary growth seemed to be on average better than in primarily bone
      grafted materials. The primary use of periosteum had been abandoned in our unit
      already in 1974, because it did not fulfill the expectations of prevention of
      maxillary collapse, lesser need for secondary bone grafting, and better midfacial
      growth.

PMID- 2909064
TI  - A convenient infant tourniquet.
AB  - A simple, readily available blood pressure cuff designed specifically for
      neonates, infants, and small children is recommended for use in hand surgery as a
      tourniquet. Most institutions that have pediatric medicine or surgical
      departments have these as stock, and thus the problem of illfitting standard
      cuffs can be avoided where a tourniquet is needed.

PMID- 2909065
TI  - Flash fluorometer made from off-the-shelf photographic equipment to measure
      tissue levels of fluorescein.
AB  - A device to measure fluorescein in tissue has been constructed from standard
      photographic equipment--an electronic strobe and a flashmeter both covered with
      interference filters. The instrument works well in the light and need not touch
      the area being measured, an advantage over existing fluorometers. The instrument
      has been used to measure the amount of dye in flaps in rats, pigs, and three
      humans. The results revealed that the amount of dye in a freshly made flap was
      rarely as much as in normal skin, and skin with less than 20 percent of the dye
      of control areas usually sloughed, although there were exceptions. In the future
      the instrument will be improved, and its readings will be compared to those
      obtained from radioactive microspheres, the present "gold standard" of techniques
      to measure vascularity. The instrument can be used to estimate the blood supply
      to any tissue and seems to be as reliable as the dermofluorometers already on the
      market.

PMID- 2909066
TI  - Aloe vera for burns.

PMID- 2909067
TI  - Aloe vera, salicylic acid, and aspirin for burns.

PMID- 2909068
TI  - Removing part of the dermis in reduction by the inferior pedicle technique.

PMID- 2909069
TI  - Periorbital myxedema.

PMID- 2909070
TI  - Liposuction cannula design problems.

PMID- 2909071
TI  - Intermaxillary fixation.

PMID- 2909072
TI  - Scleroderma after silicone augmentation mammaplasty: is there a causative
      relationship?

PMID- 2909073
TI  - Laser welding in microvascular surgery.

PMID- 2909074
TI  - Drain removal in the presence of a breast implant.

PMID- 2909075
TI  - Publication lag times in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery.

PMID- 2909076
TI  - Repair of cleft lip with nonsurgical correction of nasal deformity in the early
      neonatal period.
AB  - Auricular cartilage is soft and plastic at birth, so that congenital auricular
      deformities can easily be corrected nonsurgically in the early neonatal period.
      However, as the infant grows older, the flexibility of the auricle decreases.
      Alar cartilage exhibits the same elasticity as auricular cartilage in the early
      neonate. When a cleft lip is repaired, typically when the infant is about 3
      months of age, it becomes difficult to correct the nasal deformity without
      surgical intervention. However, based on our experience, there is a fair
      possibility of correcting the cleft lip nasal deformity with a nonsurgical
      procedure in the early neonatal period. We performed cleft lip repair accompanied
      by nonsurgical correction of the nasal deformity in 44 neonates aged 2 to 7 days.
      A special retainer was placed in the affected nostril for 3 months. Following
      observation of 31 infants for 12 months or longer, their nasal shapes and
      symmetry were considered superior to those conventionally operated on at about 3
      months of age. Except for one nasal infection, there were no complications.

PMID- 2909077
TI  - An alternate strategy for reducing the large nasal base.
AB  - The position of the dorsum directly influences the apparent size of the nasal
      base: the higher the bridge, the smaller the nasal base seems. This powerful
      optical illusion provides the surgeon with an alternate strategy for creating
      harmony in the nose with a low, straight dorsum and a disproportionately large
      nasal base. Instead of reducing the lower nose, the surgeon can augment the upper
      nose (and make whatever nasal base changes are independently necessary). This
      alternate strategy limits the amount of nasal skeletal reduction necessary,
      thereby limiting the potential for postoperative change and soft-tissue
      distortion and directly increasing the surgeon's control over the result.

PMID- 2909078
TI  - En bloc cervical lipectomy for treatment of the problem neck in facial
      rejuvenation surgery.
AB  - The treatment of cervical fat in facial aesthetic surgery has received much
      attention in recent years. Suction lipectomy has become a very popular technique
      for removing cervical fat because it is easy to perform and results in few
      complications. This paper describes the en bloc excision of cervical fat in
      conjunction with rhytidectomy. The senior author has treated 1,000 patients over
      17 years using this technique with a high degree of patient satisfaction and
      minimal morbidity. Although suction lipectomy alone may be indicated for the
      younger patient, our experience suggests that the en bloc excisional technique is
      the treatment of choice in the older patient in whom a rhytidectomy is also
      indicated. In contrast with suction lipectomy, we have found that the en bloc
      excision of cervical fat allows for more anatomic dissection and facilitates
      removal of greater amounts of fat and better redraping of the cervical skin.

PMID- 2909079
TI  - Surgical treatment of gynecomastia in the body builder.
AB  - The surgical correction of gynecomastia presents particular problems in the body
      builder who takes medical treatment of anabolic steroids. In 38 corrections, no
      fat suction was necessary and only an extensive surgical extirpation of the gland
      was performed. Superior cosmetic results were obtained with this treatment, with
      the only problem being increased bleeding in these patients who have very large
      chest-wall muscles and an enlarged circulation.

PMID- 2909080
TI  - Morphologic characterization of acute injury to vascular endothelium of skin
      after frostbite.
AB  - Cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors and free-radical scavengers protect the skin against
      necrosis induced by frostbite. However, the tissue component(s) that determine
      the evolution of skin necrosis and the mechanism of this pharmacologic protection
      are not precisely defined. We have studied freezing injury to rabbit ears by
      serial biopsies examined by light and electron microscopy. The morphologic
      evidence of skin injury due to freezing was localized exclusively in the
      endothelial cells, particularly in the arterioles. Within 1 hour, the entire
      microvasculature demonstrated endothelial damage. Intravascular platelet
      aggregation occurred just after thawing and closely paralleled the endothelial
      cell injury. Very few neutrophils were seen initially (at 10 minutes). By 1 hour,
      leukocyte aggregates were present, and they further increased at 6 hours.
      Swelling of the interstitium started 10 minutes after thawing, while
      extravasation of erythrocytes began to appear by 6 hours. Parenchymal elements of
      skin were relatively free of damage. In the ear cartilage, the chondrocytes
      showed evidence of damage immediately after freezing. The administration of
      superoxide dismutase (SOD) during thawing (reperfusion) did not qualitatively
      alter any of the initial morphologic changes induced by freezing. We conclude
      that the endothelial cell is the initial target of injury induced by freezing, an
      initial injury that is mediated by a non-free-radical-mediated mechanism. It is
      likely that this acute injury ultimately compromises blood flow and leads to skin
      necrosis.

PMID- 2909081
TI  - Salvage of jeopardized total-knee prosthesis: the role of the gastrocnemius
      muscle flap.
AB  - Total-knee arthroplasty has provided many patients with excellent long-term
      functional results. However, exposure of a total-knee replacement usually
      eventuates in failure. The relatively superficial location of the prosthesis, the
      need for early active motion, previous surgical incisions, and a variety of
      systemic factors may militate against early wound healing. Restoration of well
      vascularized soft-tissue cover can salvage an otherwise disastrous situation. The
      authors recommend early operative intervention upon observation of wound
      breakdown, devitalized skin edges, or significant subcutaneous infection leading
      to necrotic overlying skin. The operative procedure found to salvage the majority
      of prostheses consists of adequate debridement, antibiotic irrigation (of the
      joint, if exposed), and coverage with a well-vascularized muscle flap, preferably
      the medial gastrocnemius muscle. The operative technique and ultimate long-term
      outcome are reviewed based on experience with 10 consecutive patients presenting
      with a jeopardized knee prosthesis. Follow-up ranged from 1 to 6 years.
      Representative case histories are presented.

PMID- 2909082
TI  - Muscle-flap coverage of exposed endoprostheses.
AB  - A well-entrenched tenet in the orthopedic community is that dehiscent wounds
      overlying exposed endoprostheses should be treated by implant removal and delayed
      reconstruction. A new management protocol utilizing thorough soft-tissue
      debridement and myocutaneous or muscle-flap coverage was evaluated in four
      patients at the UCLA Medical Center who presented with exposed endoprostheses.
      These prostheses were placed for total-joint replacement or limb salvage surgery.
      All four prostheses and extremities were salvaged without the need for
      endoprosthesis removal or exchange, and no infections developed. The results
      suggest that late aseptic wound dehiscence with an exposed endoprosthesis need
      not be managed with prosthetic removal, arthrodesis, or amputation. This one
      stage procedure avoided infection, allowed early mobilization, and shortened
      hospitalization.

PMID- 2909083
TI  - Occult fractures of the proximal femur: MR imaging.
AB  - Coronal T1-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) images were obtained on a 1.5-T
      system in 23 patients in whom there was a high clinical suspicion of hip fracture
      although initial radiographs were normal. MR imaging correctly demonstrated
      fracture in nine of nine patients; the precise configuration of the fracture line
      was delineated in eight patients. MR imaging was useful in excluding fractures in
      14 of 14 patients, who were subsequently followed up clinically for a minimum of
      3 months. Radionuclide scans were positive in four of four patients with
      fractures and equivocal in one patient who was subsequently demonstrated to have
      no fracture. Additional imaging studies were requested by clinicians in all cases
      in which the bone scan was positive. The results of this study suggest that MR
      imaging can provide a rapid, cost-effective, and anatomically precise diagnosis
      of hip fracture in patients with normal or equivocal initial radiographs. The
      specificity of the diagnosis achieved can obviate supplemental imaging
      examinations, with their attendant additional expense and radiation exposure.

PMID- 2909084
TI  - MR imaging of the ankle: normal variants.
AB  - Thirty asymptomatic ankles were studied with high-resolution surface coil
      magnetic resonance (MR) imaging to identify normal structures. Several normal
      variants were demonstrated, including (a) Cortical irregularity of the posterior
      tibiotalar joint (should not be mistaken for osteonecrosis) in 27 of 30 cases;
      (b) normal posterior talofibular ligament with irregular and frayed superior edge
      simulating a tear in 13 of 30 cases; (c) normal navicular insertion of the
      posterior tibial tendon with heterogeneous signal intensity in 14 of 30 cases;
      (d) deltoid ligament inhomogeneity in seven of ten cases; and (e) fluid in the
      shared peroneal tendons sheath (may be confused with a longitudinal tendon tear)
      in three of 30 cases. Ankle imaging with the use of MR is still a relatively new
      procedure. Further investigation is needed to better define normal anatomy and
      normal variants.

PMID- 2909085
TI  - Quantitative dual-energy radiographic absorptiometry of the lumbar spine: in vivo
      comparison with dual-photon absorptiometry.
AB  - Quantitative dual-energy radiographic absorptiometry (DRA) and dual-photon
      absorptiometry (DPA) were compared to determine the best means of assessing bone
      density. Both methods were used to evaluate the lumbar spine in 107 women (aged
      35-84 years [mean, 64 years]) referred for evaluation of osteoporosis risk. High
      correlation was documented between measurements derived by the two techniques,
      with a .95 linear regression coefficient for the total spine density measurement.
      Age-related regression equations were similar in slope but manifested different
      intercepts. Bone mineral density values derived with DRA were consistently lower
      than those obtained with DPA (conversion equation: DPA density = [1.067 X DRA
      density] + 0.163). Besides the inherent imperfections of each system, it was
      found that inaccurate identification of intervertebral spaces on the low
      resolution DPA images introduced errors in patient data. DRA may replace DPA as
      the dedicated projectional densitometric procedure of choice for technical
      reasons, but at present a conversion equation must be used to compare DRA data to
      DPA data.

PMID- 2909086
TI  - Image data compression in magnification hand radiographs.
AB  - A study was conducted on the use of an irreversible compression technique,
      Fourier quantization, to reduce the amount of digital data needed for an image.
      The effect of image compression was studied in radiographs obtained to diagnose
      subperiosteal bone resorption. Magnification radiographs of 44 hands were
      digitized to an array size of 4,096 X 4,096 X 12 bits. Selected subregions
      containing a single middle phalanx were compressed and reconstructed. A subset of
      the resultant 12-bit uncompressed and 8-, 7-, and 6-bit compressed images were
      read by four radiologists whose responses were analyzed with receiver operating
      characteristic (ROC) techniques. There were 81 images used in the ROC analysis,
      of which 48 were normal and 33 showed subperiosteal resorption. No statistically
      significant loss of diagnostic quality was detected for 8- or 7-bit compressed
      images, with average compression ratios of 16:1 and 28:1, respectively.
      Diagnostic quality was lost with 6-bit images, with an average compression ratio
      of 107:1.

PMID- 2909087
TI  - Bone and bone marrow changes in Gaucher disease: evaluation with quantitative CT.
AB  - The trabecular bone density and bone marrow fat content in eight patients with
      type 1 Gaucher disease were measured with the use of a modification of dual
      energy computed tomography (CT). The results were compared with those in
      published reports of single-energy quantitative CT measurements in healthy
      subjects and with dual-energy data obtained in studies of healthy premenopausal
      women and elderly osteopenic women. The trabecular bone mass was moderately
      decreased in patients with Gaucher disease. The bone marrow fat content was
      markedly diminished, presumably due to replacement of marrow fat by Gaucher
      cells. In healthy and osteopenic subjects single-energy quantitative CT values
      were lowered by the presence of marrow fat. Comparable single-energy measurements
      in patients with Gaucher disease reflect greater degrees of bone loss. Low levels
      of marrow fat may prove to be a valuable marker of the severity of marrow
      disease.

PMID- 2909088
TI  - Spinal cord compression in type I Gaucher disease.
AB  - Three patients with epidural compression of the spinal cord, a rare but serious
      complication of type I Gaucher disease, are described. In two cases the
      compression occurred at the lower thoracic region due to collapse of T-11 and T
      12, respectively. In the third case, an epidural mass developed at the dorsal
      aspect of the cord at T-2, and T-2 and T-3 showed diffuse infiltration without
      collapse. In two cases the diagnosis was made with magnetic resonance (MR)
      imaging. In these cases MR imaging proved to be a safe, accurate method for
      demonstrating the nature and extent of disease within the spinal canal.

PMID- 2909089
TI  - Liver metastases: detection with MR imaging at 0.5 and 1.5 T.
AB  - Nineteen patients with known liver metastases were examined with two magnetic
      resonance (MR) pulse sequences at 0.5 T and three pulse sequences at 1.5 T. In
      addition, the patients were studied with computed tomography (CT) enhanced with
      ethiodized oil emulsion-13 (EOE-13). At 0.5 T a spin-echo (SE) 300/22 (repetition
      time/echo time, msec) sequence prospectively demonstrated 92.4% of the detectable
      liver metastases, while an SE 2,000/80 sequence showed 52.1% of the lesions. At
      1.5 T, an SE 300/25 sequence depicted 68.3% and an SE 2,000/80 sequence 71.6%,
      while the more T1-weighted inversion recovery (IR) 2,000/600 (repetition
      time/inversion time, msec) sequence demonstrated 89.5% of the lesions. EOE-13 CT
      scans depicted 93.3%. These findings suggest that T1-weighted imaging is as
      successful at demonstrating liver metastases at 1.5 T with an IR 2,000/600
      sequence as at 0.5 T with an SE 300/22 sequence. At both field strengths, MR
      imaging of the liver is comparable to state-of-the-art CT.

PMID- 2909090
TI  - Non-Hodgkin lymphoma: influence of lymphography, CT, and bone marrow biopsy on
      staging and management.
AB  - This prospective study assesses the contribution of lymphography (LAG), abdominal
      pelvic computed tomography (CT), and bone marrow biopsy to the staging and
      management of 168 consecutive cases of newly diagnosed non-Hodgkin lymphoma
      (NHL). LAG and/or CT influenced Ann Arbor clinical stage (CS) in 39 patients
      (23%) and Ann Arbor pathologic stage (PS) in 23 patients (14%) by detection of
      clinically inapparent retroperitoneal adenopathy and/or extranodal disease. LAG
      findings raised the CS in eight patients and the PS in six of the eight by
      showing adenopathy when the CT results were negative. By depicting extranodal
      disease, CT resulted in the CS being raised in an additional ten patients and the
      PS in six of the ten. Of the diagnostic tests assessed, bone marrow biopsy and/or
      cytology had the greatest influence on staging. Clinical staging that included
      LAG/CT resulted in the identification of only 30 patients with CS IV disease,
      whereas an additional 53 CS I through CS III patients had their disease stage
      raised to PS IV due to positive bone marrow biopsy/cytology results. However, 42
      of the 53 patients already had advanced (CS III) disease. Initial case management
      was influenced by LAG, CT, or bone marrow biopsy/cytology results in 27 of 168
      patients. LAG/CT results influenced management in 20 of 27 cases, while bone
      marrow biopsy/cytology results caused initial management changes in only seven of
      the 27 cases.

PMID- 2909091
TI  - Opacification of collecting ducts at urography.

PMID- 2909092
TI  - Evaluation of recurrent pyogenic cholangitis with CT: analysis of 50 patients.
AB  - The use of computed tomography (CT) was investigated in 50 patients with
      recurrent pyogenic cholangitis, 22 of whom had undergone prior
      choledochoenterostomy or sphincteroplasty. A spectrum of pathologic features was
      noted, including intrahepatic ductal dilatation (n = 50), common duct dilatation
      (n = 34), strictures (n = 11), intrahepatic calculi (n = 37), common duct calculi
      (n = 15), pneumobilia (n = 26), segmental atrophy (n = 18), and splenomegaly (n =
      7). Unilobar disease existed in 14 patients. The left lateral segment was
      predominantly affected, with ductal dilatation (n = 23) and segmental atrophy (n
      = 13). During acute exacerbation, additional manifestations were observed: ductal
      wall enhancement (n = 4), segmental parenchymal enhancement (n = 9), hepatic
      abscess (n = 9), and biloma (n = 2). CT enables sensitive, complete evaluation of
      this disorder. It is valuable when results of ultrasonography are non-diagnostic
      and for planning hepatic resection, evaluating associated mass lesions, and
      guiding complex interventional procedures.

PMID- 2909093
TI  - Liver, spleen, and vessels: preliminary clinical results of CT with
      perfluorooctylbromide.
AB  - This phase 1-2 trial investigated the use of a 100% wt/vol emulsion of
      perfluorooctylbromide (PFOB) in computed tomography (CT) of 30 patients with
      metastatic cancer. Injection of 3 g/kg (maximum dose administered to these
      patients) provided an average liver enhancement of +31 HU on CT scans obtained
      after 48 hours. Maximum splenic opacification occurred immediately after
      injection; 1 g/kg, which allowed an immediate enhancement of +35 HU, appeared
      sufficient for the diagnosis of splenic conditions. Vascular opacification was
      insufficient for diagnostic purposes. In four patients with metastases, more
      lesions were seen with the use of PFOB with CT than with conventional CT. Adverse
      effects included five cases of low back pain that were reversible when the
      infusion rate was reduced. Fever and trembling were also noted 6 hours after
      injection in five patients. In all patients, symptoms regressed spontaneously
      within several hours. Clinically inapparent and dose-independent splenomegaly
      (volume increase of at least 20% on CT examinations) was noted in eight patients.

PMID- 2909094
TI  - Potential role of perfluorooctylbromide in the detection and characterization of
      liver lesions with CT.

PMID- 2909095
TI  - Gallstones: fragmentation with a tunable dye laser and dissolution with methyl
      tert-butyl ether in vitro.
AB  - The authors tested whether gallstone fragmentation with a tunable dye laser would
      speed dissolution with methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and allow successful in
      vitro dissolution of calcified stones. Twelve sets of three stones matched for
      size and weight were obtained from 11 surgically resected human gallbladders and
      one common bile duct operation. Computed tomography was used to determine
      presence and distribution of calcium. One stone from each set was either
      chemically analyzed, mechanically fragmented with the laser, or left intact.
      Fragmented and intact stones were subjected to MTBE dissolution for 12 hours or
      until fragments were 2 mm or less in diameter. All five laser-treated,
      noncalcified gallstones dissolved completely, compared with four of five intact
      stones. All six laser-treated, calcified gallstones dissolved completely,
      compared with only one of six intact stones. The solitary calcified common bile
      duct stone, whether fragmented or intact, did not completely dissolve. Speed of
      dissolution was significantly faster for laser-treated stones (P = .04). The
      authors conclude that laser fragmentation of gallstones increases the speed of
      subsequent MTBE dissolution and allows successful dissolution of calcified
      gallstones.

PMID- 2909096
TI  - Left lobe of the liver: percutaneous biliary drainage.
AB  - Left-sided biliary drainage was performed in 89 of 678 (13%) patients undergoing
      percutaneous biliary drainage procedures during a 9-year period. The most common
      indication was Klatskin tumor, followed by sclerosing cholangitis, carcinoma of
      the gallbladder, postoperative benign stricture, and metastasis to the porta
      hepatis. Left-duct drainage was successful in 82 of the 89 patients (92%) in whom
      it was attempted. One patient sustained a major hemorrhage from a hepatic artery
      aneurysm, which was managed with transcatheter embolization.

PMID- 2909097
TI  - Perforated amebic liver abscesses: successful percutaneous treatment.
AB  - Perforation of hepatic amebic abscess is associated with high morbidity and may
      result in death. Traditional treatment has been emergency surgery. The authors
      report successful percutaneous drainage of perforated hepatic amebic abscesses in
      five severely ill patients. These perforations resulted in abscesses in the
      subhepatic space, pelvis, chest, right and left paracolic gutters, lesser sac,
      retroperitoneum, and flank. A total of ten intrahepatic abscesses also were
      drained in these patients. Catheter drainage lasted from 7 to 34 days and was
      combined with metronidazole therapy; the latter had been used for 1 week in two
      patients and in one patient for 2 days without success before drainage.
      Associated fistulas were demonstrated to the bile ducts, duodenum, and colon; all
      healed spontaneously. This experience suggests an expanded use of catheter
      drainage for perforation, a serious complication of amebic abscess.

PMID- 2909098
TI  - Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (pseudotumor cerebri): MR imaging.
AB  - Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was performed on six patients with idiopathic
      intracranial hypertension (IIH). The patients were all women with a mean age of
      27 years (range, 17-41 years). Six healthy women volunteers with a mean age of 33
      years (range, 25-46 years) were studied for comparison. All six patients had
      elevated opening pressures at lumbar puncture. MR imaging demonstrated a
      partially empty sella in two patients, and one patient had signal aberration in
      the dural venous sinuses suggestive of slow flow. There were no white matter
      signal abnormalities, even in the periependymal space. Volumetric pixel analysis
      revealed significantly larger subarachnoid space volumes in patients than in
      control subjects, without a significant difference in ventricular volumes. No
      other intracranial abnormalities were found in any IIH patient or control
      subject. The results suggest that, in IIH, (a) although the subarachnoid spaces
      are enlarged, the wide range of normal values would limit the clinical use of
      these measurements and (b) the role of MR imaging, as with CT, is primarily in
      the exclusion of other diseases with clinical presentations similar to that of
      IIH.

PMID- 2909099
TI  - Idiopathic intracranial hypertension: pathogenesis and the role of MR imaging.

PMID- 2909100
TI  - Cocaine abuse: neurovascular complications.
AB  - In a review of the records of 3,712 drug abusers, 13 patients were identified
      with neurologic deficits attributable to the use of cocaine. Ischemic
      manifestations were the most frequent, occurring in seven (54%) patients, with a
      mean age of 34.2 years. Three (23%) patients had subarachnoid hemorrhage, and
      three (23%) had intracerebral hemorrhage. Three patients from other institutions
      were included in the analysis, for a total of 16 patients, (eight with cerebral
      ischemia, four with subarachnoid hemorrhage, and four with intracerebral
      hemorrhage). Of the six patients with head computed tomographic findings of
      cerebral infarction, five had subcortical infarcts. Two of the four patients who
      presented with a subarachnoid hemorrhage had a congenital intracranial aneurysm.
      One of the four patients with an intracerebral hemorrhage had an underlying
      arteriovenous malformation. The mechanism through which these complications occur
      is not completely understood. Factors that may play a role include the acute
      hypertensive response that occurs with cocaine use as well as disordered
      neurovascular control.

PMID- 2909101
TI  - Intradural spinal cord lesions: Gd-DTPA-enhanced MR imaging.
AB  - Twenty-five patients with suspected spinal cord neoplasms were studied with high
      field-strength magnetic resonance (MR) imaging (1.5 T) before and after
      administration of gadolinium diethylenetriamine-pentaacetic acid (DTPA)
      (gadopentetate dimeglumine). Five patients had enhancing, nonneoplastic lesions,
      including spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs), cord infarction, and
      chronic arachnoiditis. Fifteen patients had proved spinal cord neoplasms, 13
      intramedullary and two extramedullary. Four of the intramedullary tumors were
      detected only after Gd-DTPA administration; in five others, contrast material
      enhancement improved observer confidence. Gd-DTPA also demonstrated one dural AVF
      not detected on precontrast images. Regions of cord ischemia or infarction
      related to spinal dural AVF also enhanced in three patients. Advantages of Gd
      DTPA include the demonstration of small isointense intramedullary tumors and the
      ability to permit differentiation of tumor from adjacent cord syrinx and solid
      tumor from postoperative gliosis and arachnoid scarring. Gd-DTPA enhancement is a
      useful adjunct to high-resolution MR imaging of the spinal cord.

PMID- 2909102
TI  - Pituitary adenomas: possible role of bromocriptine in intratumoral hemorrhage.
AB  - Magnetic resonance (MR) images of 68 patients examined for adenomas of the
      pituitary gland were retrospectively reviewed for the presence of hyperintensity
      on T1-weighted images because of recent reports suggesting that bromocriptine
      treatment may affect T1 values. Twenty-seven patients were examined after either
      surgery or radiation therapy, 29 were receiving bromocriptine, and 22 had not
      received any treatment at the time of MR imaging. MR imaging criteria showed
      evidence of subacute or chronic intratumoral hemorrhage in 18 patients, five of
      whom had hemorrhage proved at surgery. Ten of the 18 patients were asymptomatic
      from the hemorrhage; eight had headaches, visual field cuts, or cranial nerve
      deficits. Although an increased frequency of intratumoral hemorrhage was noted in
      prolactinomas and macroadenomas and in patients undergoing bromocriptine therapy,
      the effect of bromocriptine on bleeding was the only significant correlation (P
      less than .01).

PMID- 2909103
TI  - Cardiac myxoma metastatic to the temporal bone.
AB  - Two metastases from an atrial myxoma occurred in the right common carotid artery
      distribution of a 34-year-old man. One metastasis caused the phenomenon of
      intracranial pseudoaneurysm in a distal branch of the middle cerebral artery. The
      other resulted in the unusual radiographic appearance of a tremendous, "bubbly"
      expansion of the temporal bone.

PMID- 2909104
TI  - Transalar sphenoidal encephaloceles: clinical and radiologic findings.
AB  - Two cases of occult basal encephalocele protruding through defects in the greater
      wing of the sphenoid bone are presented. The cases are unique in that they
      occurred in adults with non-localizing symptoms and were eloquently imaged by
      computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR). While the theoretical
      existence of this type of encephalocele has been recognized, no documented cases
      of transalar sphenoidal encephalocele are known to have been reported in the
      radiology or surgery literature.

PMID- 2909105
TI  - Bilateral MR imaging with switched mutually coupled receiver coils.
AB  - The authors describe a system of bilateral mutually coupled receiver coils and
      its initial clinical use in magnetic resonance imaging of the knees and
      temporomandibular joints. Switched mutually coupled coils allow bilateral
      simultaneous imaging of paired structures without a penalty in signal-to-noise
      ratio because the coils can be alternated with each section acquisition. With
      this coil system, there is no restriction on placement or design of coils to
      prevent interaction. When combined with three-dimensional imaging techniques,
      switched coils allow simultaneous bilateral acquisition of multiple, contiguous
      sections through paired anatomic structures in a reasonable amount of imaging
      time.

PMID- 2909106
TI  - Whole-body echo-planar MR imaging at 0.5 T.
AB  - The ultra-high-speed echo-planar imaging technique produces instant snapshot
      magnetic resonance images in exposure times ranging from approximately 10 to 100
      msec. A particular variant, the modulus blipped echo-planar single-pulse
      technique (MBEST), possesses two advantages: First, it makes the technique
      experimentally more robust; second, it introduces inherent T2 weighting in the
      images. The authors have used MBEST with an exposure time of 64 msec to explore
      the potential range of clinical applications in a series of normal volunteers.
      Applications include evaluation of the heart, renal function, and
      gastrointestinal tract. All images were obtained with proton resonances at 22
      MHz.

PMID- 2909107
TI  - Comparison of cocurrent and countercurrent flow-related enhancement in MR
      imaging.
AB  - Patterns of flow-related signal loss and enhancement have been observed in fluid
      moving perpendicular to the imaging plane on multi-section-acquisition magnetic
      resonance images. These patterns depend on whether the flow is in the same
      direction (cocurrent) or opposite (countercurrent) to the direction of sequential
      section excitation. For a given velocity, flow-related enhancement penetrates
      deeper into the imaging volume with countercurrent flow than with cocurrent flow.
      The signal intensity of inner sections is generally greater with countercurrent
      flow than with cocurrent flow and depends on the velocity. These effects were
      investigated quantitatively with phantom studies and correlated with theoretical
      predictions. It was found that the limited penetration of flow-related
      enhancement with cocurrent flow is a consequence of recently saturated upstream
      protons flowing into the section to be excited. The flow-related enhancement
      penetrates farther with countercurrent flow, because inflowing spins have had a
      greater period of time to recover from the saturating effect of the radio
      frequency pulse. Because different laminae have different time intervals to
      recover magnetization, this also accounts for the observation of concentric rings
      representing laminar flow in the countercurrent direction.

PMID- 2909108
TI  - Nipple simulating a breast mass on a mammogram.
AB  - On a mediolateral mammogram obtained during routine screening, a mass was noted
      deep within the breast. However, no mass could be palpated, and additional views
      showed no mass. Observation of the patient during imaging demonstrated the nipple
      of the opposite breast was inadvertently projected onto the image. Radiologists
      should be aware of this cause of pseudotumor of the breast.

PMID- 2909109
TI  - Coaxial needles for repeated biopsy sampling.
AB  - A set of coaxial biopsy needles permits repeated tissue samples through an outer,
      larger needle that remains in place. The tract can be dilated from 23 to 16 gauge
      with the use of transfer rods, without loss of the initial position. The
      technique has been used successfully in six patients.

PMID- 2909110
TI  - Interactive real-time multiplanar CT imaging.
AB  - A new software program provides the real-time display of high-resolution computed
      tomographic reformation in the axial, coronal, sagittal, or oblique views. The
      advantages of this new technique over the standard multiplanar format include (a)
      larger image display format, (b) reconstruction of entire dataset for each of up
      to 192 sections, (c) real-time viewing, (d) interactive real-time oblique
      imaging, and (e) on-screen correlation of multiplanar and three-dimensional
      images.

PMID- 2909111
TI  - Medical malpractice claims in diagnostic radiology: update.

PMID- 2909112
TI  - Detection of asbestosis with high-resolution CT.

PMID- 2909113
TI  - Abnormal signal in deep white-matter infarction.

PMID- 2909114
TI  - MR imaging of transient osteoporosis.

PMID- 2909115
TI  - Reactions to ionic and nonionic contrast media.

PMID- 2909116
TI  - Transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract.

PMID- 2909117
TI  - Proposed list of abbreviations.

PMID- 2909118
TI  - Normal collecting ducts: visualization at urography.
AB  - In 21 of 636 patients with normal renal function and without obstruction of the
      upper urinary tract, urograms showed that contrast medium filled thin cylindrical
      structures in the renal pyramids with the same course as that of the collecting
      ducts. The prevalence of cylinders when the low-osmolality contrast medium
      iohexol was used was 21 of 158 studies (13.3%) and with the high-osmolality
      contrast medium amidotrizoate, two of 529 studies (0.4%). The cylinders were more
      distinct and more numerous with iohexol, while with amidotrizoate most cylinders
      appeared as striations. The cylinders appeared within 4 minutes from the start of
      contrast medium injection and remained distinct for 35-50 minutes. The diameter
      of the cylinders varied between 0.05 and 0.30 mm; their course was almost
      straight and closely followed the shape of the pyramid. The cylinders proved to
      consist of the highly opacified collecting duct lumina. Their configuration
      indicated that a single cylinder might be an individual collecting duct, but
      conclusive evidence was lacking.

PMID- 2909119
TI  - Anastomosed ureters: fluoroscopically guided transconduit retrograde
      catheterization.
AB  - Fluoroscopically guided, transconduit retrograde catheterization of ureters that
      have been diverted to a bowel conduit is often feasible in patients with patient
      ureteroenteral anastomoses who might otherwise require a percutaneous nephrostomy
      (PCN) for reasons other than high-grade anastomotic obstruction. This procedure
      was attempted on 14 occasions and successfully accomplished on 12. In 11 of these
      cases, retrograde catheterization obviated PCN to provide renal drainage for a
      partially obstructing ureteral stricture or obstructing renal calculi, to remove
      ureteral calculi, or to insert a new ureteral stent after an unsuccessful attempt
      to exchange an existing occluded retrograde ureteral stent. The procedure also
      obviated Whitaker testing. On one occasion the retrograde procedure greatly
      facilitated subsequent PCN in an obese patient with faintly opaque calyceal
      calculi. These procedures were accomplished with standard angiographic equipment
      and, in many instances, Teflon sheaths in the bowel conduit to stabilize
      catheters and guide wires. No complications were encountered. The two patients
      whose ureters could not be catheterized in retrograde fashion subsequently
      required PCN.

PMID- 2909120
TI  - Radiation-induced uterine changes: MR imaging.
AB  - To assess the capability of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging to demonstrate
      postirradiation changes in the uterus, MR studies of 23 patients who had
      undergone radiation therapy were retrospectively examined and compared with those
      of 30 patients who had not undergone radiation therapy. MR findings were
      correlated with posthysterectomy histologic findings. In premenopausal women,
      radiation therapy induced (a) a decrease in uterine size demonstrable as early as
      3 months after therapy ended; (b) a decrease in signal intensity of the
      myometrium on T2-predominant MR images, reflecting a significant decrease in T2
      relaxation time, demonstrable as early as 1 month after therapy; (c) a decrease
      in thickness and signal intensity of the endometrium demonstrable on T2
      predominant images 6 months after therapy; and (d) loss of uterine zonal anatomy
      as early as 3 months after therapy. In postmenopausal women, irradiation did not
      significantly alter the MR imaging appearance of the uterus. These
      postirradiation MR changes in both the premenopausal and postmenopausal uteri
      appeared similar to the changes ordinarily seen on MR images of the nonirradiated
      postmenopausal uterus.

PMID- 2909121
TI  - Acute renal dysfunction in high-risk patients after angiography: comparison of
      ionic and nonionic contrast media.
AB  - A group of 145 high-risk patients who underwent angiography after administration
      of the nonionic contrast agent iohexol were monitored for the development of
      acute renal dysfunction. The results in this group were compared with those in
      202 high-risk historical control subjects who had undergone angiography after
      administration of ionic contrast material. All patients in both groups received
      similar pre- and postangiographic treatment. A greater number of patients in the
      ionic group had preexisting renal disease, were of advanced age, and had received
      large volumes of contrast material. Acute renal dysfunction occurred in 20 of the
      202 (10%) patients in the ionic group, compared with eight of the 145 (5.5%)
      patients in the nonionic group; this difference is not statistically significant.
      Five patients in the ionic group, but none of the patients in the nonionic group,
      ultimately required dialysis; this difference is not statistically significant.
      The findings suggest that a randomized trial in high-risk patients should be
      undertaken before a clinical advantage of the nonionic contrast agent iohexol
      with regard to renal function can be assumed.

PMID- 2909122
TI  - Mammography after prosthesis placement for augmentation or reconstructive
      mammoplasty.
AB  - Mammograms of 59 women who underwent placement of a prosthesis for augmentation
      or reconstructive mammoplasty were retrospectively reviewed. Free silicone was
      used in five women, retroglandular prostheses in 40, and subpectoral implants in
      14. Abnormalities of prosthesis contour were seen only in eight women with
      retroglandular implants. In another four women, retroglandular prostheses became
      calcified. In women who received free-silicone injections, coarse calcifications
      developed in three, and gross nodularity with calcified silicone granulomas
      developed in one. Five palpable masses developed, three of which were malignant;
      four masses were in breasts augmented with a retroglandular prosthesis, and they
      could not be detected with mammography. The mass that developed in a woman with a
      subpectoral prosthesis could be seen at mammography. The only nonpalpable
      malignancy detected with mammography was in a breast with a retroglandular
      prosthesis and contained microcalcifications. The authors conclude that in women
      with retroglandular prostheses, masses may often be obscured on mammograms by
      compressed, dense glandular tissue.

PMID- 2909123
TI  - Residual breast carcinoma after biopsy: role of mammography in evaluation.
AB  - The records of 21 consecutive patients referred for breast-conservation treatment
      of early-stage mammary carcinoma contained insufficient histopathologic
      documentation of adequate resection margins after tumor excision at other
      hospitals. All patients underwent postbiopsy mammography before reexcision of the
      tumor bed. In 12 of the 21 cases, there was pathologic evidence of macroscopic or
      microscopic residual tumor. In seven of the 12 cases, there was no clinical or
      mammographic evidence to suggest residual carcinoma. The findings indicate that
      mammography is insufficient to evaluate the completeness of tumor excision in the
      absence of histopathologic documentation.

PMID- 2909124
TI  - Combination gel-inflatable mammary prosthesis: appearance at CT.
AB  - The combination gel-inflatable prosthesis is commonly used in breast
      reconstruction surgery following mastectomy for cancer. Since patients with this
      type of implant may be examined with computed tomography (CT) for possible
      pulmonary metastatic disease, recognition of the CT appearance is important in
      order to avoid the erroneous diagnosis of an infected prosthesis. A case is
      presented in which the CT appearance of a double-lumen prosthesis was
      misinterpreted as an infected prosthesis.

PMID- 2909125
TI  - HIV-associated lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia: radiologic manifestations and
      pathologic correlation.
AB  - The authors reviewed chest radiographs of 16 patients with biopsy-proved
      lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia (LIP) who also had acquired immunodeficiency
      syndrome (AIDS) or AIDS-related complex (ARC). Radiographs revealed fine
      reticular or reticulonodular infiltrates in the pulmonary interstitium in five
      patients, coarse reticulonodular infiltrates in two, and reticular or
      reticulonodular opacities with superimposed patchy alveolar infiltrates in nine.
      Pathologic examination of biopsy specimens revealed lymphocytes, plasma cells,
      and reticulum cells aggregated about the small arteries and compressing the
      distal airways. Throughout the course of AIDS or ARC, the radiographic findings
      of LIP remained stable in 12 of 16 patients. AIDS/ARC-related LIP appears to be a
      benign reaction of bronchial-associated lymphatic tissue to the human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, this indolent process cannot be correctly
      diagnosed based on radiographic findings alone; the use of lung biopsy is
      required to differentiate LIP from other infections. The authors suggest that
      patients with these radiographic findings, HIV seropositivity, but no other signs
      of opportunistic infection or neoplasia should be classified as having AIDS.

PMID- 2909126
TI  - Adrenal hemorrhage and renal vein thrombosis in the newborn: MR imaging.
AB  - Three newborn infants with flank masses underwent magnetic resonance (MR) imaging
      after ultrasound (US) indicated adrenal hemorrhage and/or renal vein and inferior
      vena cava thrombosis. MR imaging was valuable in defining the hemorrhagic nature
      of echogenic and hypoechoic suprarenal masses and in delineating thrombi within
      the renal veins and inferior vena cava. Two infants with renal parenchymal damage
      had abnormal radionuclide scans and abnormal corticomedullary distinction on MR
      images. The major role of MR imaging may be in the early course of these
      conditions, when added diagnostic specificity is likely to affect patient
      management. In most instances, size of hemorrhage and intravenous clots, as well
      as renal size, may be accurately followed with US, while radionuclide scanning
      remains necessary for evaluation of renal functional impairment.

PMID- 2909127
TI  - Computed arthrotomography as an adjunct to pediatric arthrography.
AB  - Computed arthrotomography was compared with conventional arthrography in ten
      cases and with both pluridirectional arthrotomography and conventional
      arthrography in five cases. Six elbows, five hips, three ankles, and one wrist
      were examined. Indications included pain, locking, congenital hip dislocation,
      posttraumatic joint deformity, and postinfectious joint deformity. Compared with
      conventional arthrography, computed arthrotomography provided additional
      information in ten of 15 (67%) cases and provided the same information in four
      cases. Arthrography and computed arthrotomography were complementary in one case.
      Compared with pluridirectional arthrotomography, computed arthrotomography
      provided additional information in two of five (40%) cases. In the remaining
      three cases, computed arthrotomography and pluridirectional arthrotomography
      provided equal information. In no case did pluridirectional arthrotomography
      provide additional information. Computed arthrotomography was useful in
      demonstrating loose bodies, differentiating air bubbles from loose bodies, and
      determining the intra- or extraarticular location of ossific densities. Computed
      arthrotomography appears to be a useful adjunct to arthrography in detecting
      loose bodies and in evaluating anatomically complex cases.

PMID- 2909128
TI  - Diverticular disease of the appendix.
AB  - A retrospective study of diverticular disease of the appendix was made in 3,343
      consecutive instances of appendectomies. A 2 per cent incidence of diverticular
      disease was found. These instances were classified into four morphologic types:
      1, acute diverticulitis; 2, acute appendicitis with acute diverticulitis; 3,
      acute appendicitis with diverticulum, and 4, appendix with diverticulum. Types 1,
      2 and 3 were divided into subgroups with or without perforation. The elements of
      clinical behavior in each group were examined in detail. Diverticulitis of the
      appendix is presented as a clinically variant form of the inflamed appendix. Some
      followed the pattern of typical acute appendicitis. However, most were
      distinctive at a later age of onset, longer interval of disease, fewer or absent
      symptoms of the gastrointestinal tract, failure of typical abdominal pain
      progression, delay in surgical treatment and a remarkably high incidence of
      perforation. In a chi-square analysis of 56 patients with acute diverticulitis of
      the appendix compared with 2,503 patients with acute appendicitis, more than a
      fourfold incidence of perforation in acute diverticulitis was significant beyond
      the 0.001 level. These findings of variant behavior and high incidence of
      perforation are cautionary features of this frequently overlooked disease.

PMID- 2909129
TI  - Delayed debridement and external drainage of massive pancreatic or peripancreatic
      necrosis.
AB  - Thirty-six consecutive patients with massive tissue necrosis resulting from acute
      pancreatitis were initially managed nonoperatively. In each instance, a mass of
      necrotic tissue, bathed in fluid, became evident. Laparotomy was delayed unless a
      life-threatening complication developed. In no instance did the "cavitary
      necrosis" disappear prior to laparotomy. In five patients, laparotomy was avoided
      and a chronic pseudocyst evolved. Thirty-one patients required laparotomy,
      usually after a lapse of one to two months. The necrotic tissue was always
      retroperitoneal and was clearly demarcated from viable tissue. In most instances,
      the necrotic tissue was predominantly retroperitoneal adipose tissue. Under such
      conditions, the anatomic definition of the pancreas, per se, was not practical.
      The preoperative and operative diagnosis of secondary infection of the necrotic
      tissue was often difficult. The operation consisted of necrosectomy (debridement)
      and external drainage. The amount of necrotic tissue was often in excess of 1
      kilogram. When necrosectomy was incomplete, secondary explorations and
      debridement were sometimes necessary. In retrospect, in only a few instances did
      necrosis and necrosectomy appear to have resulted in the loss of an appreciable
      amount of pancreatic tissue. One of the 36 patients died, giving a mortality rate
      that compares favorably with reports of earlier operative intervention.

PMID- 2909130
TI  - Long term results of treatment of Budd-Chiari syndrome by side to side portacaval
      shunt.
AB  - This is a report of a long term prospective study of 13 seriously ill patients
      with Budd-Chiari syndrome as a result of occlusion of the hepatic veins who were
      treated by side to side portacaval shunt from four to 78 weeks after the onset of
      symptoms and who were under observation for three to 16 years. The patient
      population was young, ranging in age from 19 to 45 years; seven were men and six
      were women. The presumed cause was the use of oral contraceptives in three,
      polycythemia rubra vera in two, Behcet disease in one patient and unknown in
      seven patients. All of the 13 patients had abdominal pain, marked ascites,
      hepatosplenomegaly, wasting and disturbed liver function. Diagnosis was based on
      the symptoms and signs: angiographic demonstration of hepatic vein occlusion and
      a patent inferior vena cava; pressure measurements that showed an inferior vena
      caval pressure that was normal or within the usual range for patients with
      massive ascites and an elevated wedged hepatic vein pressure that was much higher
      than the inferior vena caval pressure, and the results of biopsy of the liver
      showing centrilobular congestion and necrosis. Side to side portacaval shunt was
      very effective in decompressing the liver, reducing the mean corrected portal
      pressure from 240 millimeters of saline solution before to 7 millimeters of
      saline solution after the shunt. Operative survival rate was 92 per cent, and the
      long term survival rate for three to 16 years is 85 per cent. All of the
      survivors are free of ascites without requiring diuretic therapy.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2909131
TI  - Techniques and results in the management of anal and perianal Crohn's disease.
AB  - We reviewed our experience with 73 patients who had Crohn's disease and underwent
      local anorectal surgical procedures for perianal suppurative disease during a ten
      year period. All but one of these patients had intestinal granulomatous disease.
      The average length of follow-up study was 4.6 years. By using conservative, local
      anorectal surgical procedures and intensive medical treatment, we were able to
      establish adequate drainage of abscesses, reduce the inflammatory process and
      relieve symptoms. Extensive drainage procedures were avoided to preserve the anal
      sphincter. A sliding endorectal flap repair provided satisfactory results for
      rectovaginal fistulas and anterior anal fistulas. Proctectomy was eventually
      necessary in nine patients, the primary indication being severe perianal disease
      in five. By performing complete excision of the perineal disease at the time of
      proctectomy, we were able to achieve primary healing of the perineal wound in
      eight of these patients. Patients were classified according to five categories of
      results: healed after initial local treatment, eight patients; healed after more
      than one local treatment, 30 patients; incomplete healing with acceptable
      condition, 17 patients; healed after fecal diversion, nine patients, and required
      proctectomy, nine patients. The majority of patients with Crohn's disease and
      anal and perianal suppurative disease can be managed by meticulous drainage of
      sepsis and preservation of the anal sphincter.

PMID- 2909132
TI  - Left thoracotomy approach for resection of carcinoma of the esophagus.
AB  - One hundred and ten patients underwent gastroesophageal resections performed
      transdiaphragmatically by way of a left thoracotomy. Eighty-one patients had
      tumors distal to the inferior pulmonary vein and had en bloc dissections, while
      the remaining 29 had midthoracic tumors, which required a two-rib thoracotomy.
      There were 73 men and 37 women with a median age of 64 years (a range of 40 to 75
      years). The postoperative mortality rate was 2.7 per cent, and morbidity, mainly
      caused by respiratory complications, occurred in 21 patients (19 per cent), with
      no patients requiring ventilatory support. There were no anastomotic leaks.
      Adequate analgesia was provided by the use of a subpleural catheter delivering a
      continuous infusion of bupivacaine. The left thoracotomy provides an effective
      method for undertaking esophageal resections with low mortality and morbidity
      rates. This approach should be more widely used in the surgical management of
      patients with intrathoracic esophageal tumors.

PMID- 2909133
TI  - Translumbar catheterization of the inferior vena cava for long term angioaccess.

PMID- 2909134
TI  - Clinical implications of anatomic variations of the splenic artery.
AB  - An aberrant course of the proximal splenic artery was observed in nine of 26
      adult cadavers dissected for mapping of the lesser omentum. Such an aberrant
      course makes the artery vulnerable to iatrogenic injury. In view of this
      relatively high prevalence of splenic artery aberration, it is suggested that
      surgeons operating in the area of the lesser omentum should keep in mind the
      possibility of its occurrence and the dangers that it may present.

PMID- 2909135
TI  - Use of EEA stapler in reconstruction after gastric resection.
AB  - Herein is described our technique and experience with the EEA stapler in
      performing the Billroth I and II gastrectomies and Roux-en-Y reconstructive
      procedures. We did not perform a gastrotomy or an enterotomy to achieve the
      desired end to end or end to side anastomosis, thus avoiding another site to be
      closed later. In its single application, the EEA stapler gives a double layer of
      staggered staples, which results in a uniform and satisfactory healing. The
      removal of a ring of tissue with a central core, with examination for its
      completeness, assures a satisfactory anastomosis. The completed anastomosis can
      be examined under vision for any bleeding. As a final step, a TA 90 stapler is
      used at the desired line of transection of the stomach. This method of intestinal
      anastomosis shortens the operative time and creates a better anastomosis. We have
      performed these procedures upon 33 patients with good results.

PMID- 2909136
TI  - A simple method for preventing blood-borne contamination to operating room
      personnel during vascular reconstructive operations.
AB  - Although the risk of infection with hepatitis or HIV remains low, and the
      effectiveness of steps to reduce even this small risk is difficult to assess, the
      sequelae of the infection with either virus are often devastating. We described
      herein the use of a sterile Petri dish to inspect vascular anastomoses during
      arterial reconstructive operations. This simple, inexpensive precaution has been
      in use at the University of Cincinnati for two years and has proved so effective
      in preventing the contamination of operating room personnel with blood from a
      patient that it has recently become a routine part of all vascular reconstructive
      operations.

PMID- 2909137
TI  - Teaching laser bronchoscopy with laboratory models.

PMID- 2909138
TI  - Effect of felodipine on hyperventilation-induced ischemic attacks in variant
      angina pectoris.

PMID- 2909139
TI  - Right ventricular ischemia and proximal right coronary artery narrowing indicated
      by exercise ST-segment elevation in lead V1.

PMID- 2909140
TI  - Clinical application of deoxyribonucleic acid markers in a Utah family with
      hypercholesterolemia.

PMID- 2909141
TI  - Therapeutic efficacy and safety of oral propafenone for atrial fibrillation.

PMID- 2909142
TI  - Automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator implantation for malignant
      ventricular arrhythmias associated with congenital heart disease.

PMID- 2909143
TI  - Pacemaker-induced ventricular tachycardia in normally functioning ventricular
      demand pacemakers.

PMID- 2909144
TI  - Differential effect of nicotine on plasma norepinephrine levels in normal humans
      and in patients with congestive heart failure.

PMID- 2909145
TI  - One-year follow-up after percutaneous double balloon mitral valvotomy.

PMID- 2909146
TI  - Mode of failure of the Hancock pericardial valve xenograft.

PMID- 2909147
TI  - Comparison of results of percutaneous balloon mitral valvotomy using single and
      double balloon techniques.

PMID- 2909148
TI  - Congenitally quadricuspid aortic valve: analysis of six necropsy patients.

PMID- 2909149
TI  - Predictors of sudden death in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.

PMID- 2909150
TI  - Exercise capacity after acute aminophylline administration in angina pectoris.
AB  - Exercise-induced ischemia is generally attributed to an increase in myocardial
      demand in the presence of coronary stenosis limiting flow supply. An additional
      mechanism--the occurrence of coronary steal due to excessive endogenous adenosine
      release--has also been hypothesized. The effect of adenosine receptor blocking by
      aminophylline in effort ischemia was tested in 8 patients with stable effort
      induced angina pectoris, reproducible positive exercise stress tests and
      angiographically assessed coronary artery disease. Following double-blind,
      randomized intravenous infusion of aminophylline (3 mg/kg over 3 minutes) or
      placebo (20 ml of saline over 3 minutes), the patients underwent upright bicycle
      exercise stress tests on 2 consecutive days. After aminophylline, there was an
      increase in work tolerance (aminophylline 7.5 +/- 1.8 minutes of exercise vs
      placebo 5.4 +/- 1.5 minutes; p less than 0.05). There was a parallel increase in
      the ischemic threshold, evaluated with the rate-pressure product (mm Hg X
      beats/min X 100(-2)) at 0.1 mV of ST-segment depression (221 +/- 35 vs 184 +/-
      20; p less than 0.01). Thus, at a dosage that should effectively inhibit
      adenosine receptors, aminophylline infusion exerts a beneficial effect on
      exercise-induced ischemia, possibly through the prevention of myocardial flow
      maldistribution elicited by excessive adenosine release during effort.

PMID- 2909151
TI  - Fistulous communications between a solitary coronary artery and the pulmonary
      arteries as the primary source of pulmonary blood supply in tetralogy of Fallot
      with pulmonary valve atresia.

PMID- 2909152
TI  - Echocardiographic evidence of pericardial effusion in severe chronic pulmonary
      hypertension.

PMID- 2909153
TI  - Doppler echocardiographic demonstration of pulmonary venous flow velocity in
      three patients with constrictive pericarditis before and after pericardiectomy.

PMID- 2909154
TI  - A multipurpose steerable catheter for left-sided cardiac catheterization.

PMID- 2909155
TI  - Dilated cardiomyopathy in multicore myopathy.

PMID- 2909156
TI  - Early detection and management of left ventricular free wall rupture during acute
      myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2909157
TI  - Hyperventilation and ergonovine tests in Prinzmetal's variant angina pectoris in
      men.
AB  - Hyperventilation and ergonovine tests were carried out in a group of 30 patients
      with variant angina to assess the sensitivity of the 2 tests and to correlate the
      response with spontaneous disease activity. Hyperventilation produced a positive
      response in 83% (25 of 30) and ergonovine in 93% (28 of 30) of the patients.
      After hyperventilation 22 of 25 showed ST-segment elevation, 2 ST depression and
      1 T-wave pseudonormalization; after ergonovine ST-segment elevation developed in
      23 patients, ST depression in 4 and T-wave pseudonormalization in 1. In all cases
      the electrocardiographic changes occurred in the same leads as during the
      spontaneous attacks. The incidence of chest pain and ventricular arrhythmias was
      similar during both tests; spontaneous remission of ischemia, however, was more
      frequent (48 vs 14%) after hyperventilation than after ergonovine. Acute ischemia
      developed at a mean of 218 +/- 112 seconds after the end of hyperventilation in
      19 of 25 positive tests; at that time double product was not significantly
      different from basal values. The sensitivity of hyperventilation was similar (95
      vs 100%) to ergonovine in the patients with greater than or equal to 1 daily
      attack, while in those with less than 1 daily attack the sensitivity of
      hyperventilation decreased to 55% compared to 77% with ergonovine. Thus, in
      variant angina the sensitivity of both tests correlates with disease activity.
      Hyperventilation is a safe provocative test with a sensitivity similar to
      ergonovine in patients with active disease; however, in patients with sporadic
      attacks hyperventilation has a lower sensitivity than ergonovine and therefore a
      limited diagnostic value.

PMID- 2909158
TI  - Invalidation of the resting electrocardiogram obtained via exercise electrode
      sites as a standard 12-lead recording.
AB  - The difficulty in interpreting the standard 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) due
      to the interference from muscle potentials produced by arm and leg motion makes
      it unsuitable during the exercise treadmill test. Likewise, the exercise lead
      placement ECG cannot substitute for the standard ECG due to significant errors in
      the former's diagnostic interpretation. This study compares the ECGs recorded via
      standard and exercise sites regarding frontal and horizontal plane axes,
      diagnosis and location of myocardial infarction and estimation of infarct size
      using the complete 54-criteria and 32-point Selvester QRS scoring system. The
      altered limb lead locations on the exercise ECG caused the QRS vectors to
      artifactually appear to be directed more inferiorly, posteriorly and rightward,
      producing a marked rightward mean frontal plane axis shift of +48 degrees (p less
      than 0.00001). No false positive or false negative anterior infarct was seen on
      the exercise lead placement ECG, whereas inferior and posterior infarcts were
      lost in 69% and 31% of patients, respectively. A false lateral infarct was seen
      in 19% of patients. Estimation of infarct size differed between the 2 ECG sets,
      with 11 patients increasing their infarct size by 3 to 9% and 14 others
      decreasing it by 3 to 15% on the exercise lead placement ECG. This study
      demonstrates that use of body torso positions for limb leads results in
      substantial QRS waveform variations that disqualify the exercise lead placement
      ECG as a "standard" recording. Such ECGs should therefore be labeled as "torso
      positioned" or "nonstandard" to prevent misuse for clinical and investigative
      purposes.

PMID- 2909159
TI  - Optimal sampling interval to estimate heart rate at rest and during exercise in
      atrial fibrillation.
AB  - To investigate the ideal sampling interval for the estimation of heart rate (HR)
      at rest and during exercise in atrial fibrillation (AF), maximal exercise testing
      with continuous electrocardiographic acquisition was performed in 10 patients
      with chronic AF (mean age 66 +/- 4 years) and 10 subjects in normal sinus rhythm
      (mean age 31 +/- 6 years). Measurements of HR were obtained at 9 different
      sampling intervals (1, 2, 3, 6, 10, 15, 20, 30 and 60 seconds) at rest and 7
      different sampling intervals (1, 2, 3, 6, 10, 15 and 20 seconds) during the last
      30 seconds of each minute during exercise. The HR obtained from each interval was
      compared with true HR (determined by a 4-minute sample at rest and by the last 30
      seconds of each minute during exercise). Among patients with AF, large
      differences were observed between the HR obtained and true HR, both at rest and
      during exercise, using small sampling intervals. The mean of these differences
      ranged between 16 +/- 11 beats/min (range 14 to 22) using 1-second sampling
      intervals and 2.2 +/- 2.0 beats/min (range 1.6 to 4.4) using 20-second sampling
      intervals during progressive exercise. Variability of the HR obtained from a
      given random sample was also high when short sampling intervals were used among
      patients with AF. These observations were contrasted by subjects in normal sinus
      rhythm, among whom neither variability nor measurement error were influenced
      remarkably by changing the sampling interval or increasing HR.

PMID- 2909160
TI  - Isoproterenol induction of vasodepressor-type reaction in vasodepressor-prone
      persons.
AB  - The ability of isoproterenol to induce symptoms and laboratory findings of a
      vasodepressor reaction was tested in 48 patients, ages 17 to 74, divided into 4
      groups according to the reason for their referral. Group 1 comprised 12 patients
      with vasodepressor syncope, group 2 had 8 patients with syncope of unknown
      origin, group 3 included 11 patients with syncope due to seizures in 2 and
      ventricular tachycardia in 9, group 4 had 17 patients with various arrhythmias
      not associated with syncope. Isoproterenol boluses were administered starting at
      2 micrograms and increased in 2-micrograms steps to a maximum of 8 micrograms at
      0 degree and +60 degrees. The responses at 0 degrees were all normal. At +60
      degrees a vasodepressor reaction consisting of syncope or near syncope,
      hypotension and bradycardia was produced by isoproterenol (mean dose 6.0 +/- 0.26
      micrograms) in 8 patients from group 1 (66.6%), 4 from group 2 (50%), 0 from
      group 3 and 4 from group 4 (23.5%). Three of the 4 patients in group 4 had a
      remote history of classic vasodepressor syncope. The overall sensitivity and
      specificity of the test were 73 and 85%, respectively, while the predictive
      accuracy of a test with positive or negative outcome were 69 and 89%,
      respectively. Muscarinic receptor blockade with atropine in 4 patients prevented
      isoproterenol-induced bradycardia but not hypotension or symptoms of fainting.
      Beta-adrenergic receptor blockade with propranolol inhibited all aspects of the
      isoproterenol-induced faint. Thus, the administration of isoproterenol during a
      passive upright tilt may identify persons who suffer from or are prone to a
      vasodepressor reaction.

PMID- 2909161
TI  - Cardiac electrophysiologic and hemodynamic correlates of neurally mediated
      syncope.
AB  - This study assessed the temporal relation of RR interval, AH interval and
      systemic blood pressure changes during induced symptomatic bradycardia
      hypotension episodes in 14 patients with recurrent syncope suspected of being
      neurally mediated. Upright tilt with isoproterenol reproduced symptoms in 9 of 14
      patients (positive response) and was negative in 5 of 14 (negative response).
      Isoproterenol alone shortened supine RR intervals in all patients. With tilt,
      however, isoproterenol prolonged RR intervals in those with positive results
      (supine 519 +/- 124 ms vs tilt 845 +/- 212 ms, p less than 0.005) while further
      shortening RR intervals among negative responders (supine 436 +/- 90 ms vs tilt
      377 +/- 82 ms, p less than 0.05). Similarly, tilt with isoproterenol prolonged AH
      intervals in patients with positive responses despite RR prolongation, while
      shortening AH in negative responders. Additionally, with combined tilt and
      isoproterenol, systemic arterial pressure decreased significantly in patients
      with positive responses (systolic 99 +/- 13 vs 57 +/- 13 mm Hg, p less than
      0.001, diastolic 62 +/- 17 vs 28 +/- 9 mm Hg, p less than 0.001) but not in
      patients with negative responses. Further, onset of hypotension (42 +/- 14
      seconds after tilt) preceded onset of RR interval prolongation (52 +/- 23 seconds
      after tilt). Syncope (142 +/- 72 seconds after tilt) coincided closely with nadir
      of systemic pressure (136 +/- 74 seconds) and both tended to precede maximum RR
      prolongation (152 +/- 87 seconds). Thus, the bradycardia and hypotension
      associated with neurally mediated syncope exhibit characteristic but distinctly
      different time courses, with arterial pressure changes developing earlier and
      coinciding more closely with symptom development.

PMID- 2909162
TI  - Treatment of symptomatic peripheral atherosclerotic disease with a rotational
      atherectomy device.
AB  - Narrowings 70 to 90% in diameter in 3 iliac, 4 superficial femoral and 2
      popliteal arteries were crossed and atherectomized successfully in 6 patients
      using the Squibb Rotablator under angiographic guidance during surgical bypass
      procedures on these arteries. The Rotablator consists of a 1.25 to 4.5 mm
      diameter oblong burr with tiny diamond blades mounted on a flexible shaft, which
      tracks over a spring-tip guidewire and rotates at speeds greater than 120,000
      rpm. All stenoses were reduced to less than or equal to 50% of the normal luminal
      diameter. No significant complications occurred. Of the 6 patients having the
      atherectomy procedure, 5 were reevaluated by duplex Doppler measurements 1.5 to
      5.5 (mean 3.5) months after atherectomy and found to be patient with only mild
      residual flow disturbance. Repeat follow-up by angiography after a mean of 5.2
      months, however, showed only 3 (37%) of the atherectomized segments in 3 patients
      to still be patent. All were symptomatically improved. Of the effluent particles
      analyzed, 90% were less than 8 microns in size, while only 5% reached 250
      microns. With improvements in technique, the largest particles were 150 to 180
      microns, constituting only 1.4% of effluent debris. Samples of the effluent from
      2 patients were injected in vivo into the left coronary system of 2 pigs. There
      were no acute hemodynamic or electrocardiographic complications or pathologic
      evidence of muscle necrosis or vascular thrombosis 18 to 48 hours later. These
      preliminary results with respect to feasibility and safety of the Rotablator are
      promising.

PMID- 2909163
TI  - Left ventricular exercise echocardiographic abnormalities in apparently healthy
      men with exertional hypotension.
AB  - Of a total of 1,435 healthy untrained asymptomatic individuals referred for a
      routine periodic checkup, 23 subjects with exertional hypotension on upright
      bicycle stress testing were identified. All were male. This study assesses by
      means of echocardiography the responses to exercise of left ventricular (LV)
      volumes, ejection fraction and segmental LV contractility in these subjects.
      Exertional hypotension was defined as a decrease in systolic blood pressure to
      below the resting value at the end of stress test. Supine systolic blood pressure
      after exercise was significantly greater in the control group than in the study
      group (179 vs 121 mm Hg, respectively; p less than 0.001); there was no
      significant intra- or intergroup difference in the resting values. In the study
      group end-systolic volume was 37 ml at rest and 35 ml after exercise; ejection
      fraction varied from 65% at rest to 63% after exercise. The sex- and age-matched
      control group with a normal systolic blood pressure response to exercise showed a
      shift from 35 to 23 ml and 65 to 77%, respectively (p less than 0.01 and 0.001).
      Ejection fraction correlated well with radionuclide angiography values.
      Exertional hypotension was noted after both upright and supine exercise. The
      pattern of regional wall motion remained unchanged or was hypokinetic in 87% of
      the subjects; only 13% presented the normally expected hyperkinesia after
      exercise. This study demonstrates that exertional hypotension is accompanied by
      an abnormal LV performance.

PMID- 2909164
TI  - Limited assurances.

PMID- 2909166
TI  - Human genetics education in medical schools--forward ho!

PMID- 2909165
TI  - A dicentric recombinant 9 derived from a paracentric inversion: phenotype,
      cytogenetics, and molecular analysis of centromeres.
AB  - A 4-year-old girl with multiple malformations and severe developmental delay has
      been shown to have a karyotype of 46,XX-9,+rec(9),dup p,inv(9) (q22.1q34.3)mat,
      with duplication 9pter-q22.1 and deficiency 9q34.3-qter. This case confirms that
      a stable recombinant chromosome can result from a paracentric inversion. The
      recombinant was derived by two crossovers, one within the inversion loop and a
      second outside the inversion loop, between 9q21 and the beginning of the meiotic
      inversion at 9q22.1. In 87 cells the rec(9) had one Cd-positive primary
      constriction. In 13 cells the rec(9) had two primary constrictions; in 12 of
      these cells there was one Cd-positive centromere, and in one of these cells both
      primary constrictions were Cd-positive. Nuclear projections were observed in 10%
      of fibroblast interphase cells harvested in situ, suggesting that there was some
      spindle-fiber activity of the "latent" centromere. In situ hybridization with a
      centromere-specific probe (p82H) and a satellite III probe (L6) revealed no
      differences between the two C-band regions of the rec(9) and the normal 9 or
      inverted 9 chromosomes.

PMID- 2909167
TI  - Report of the Task Force on Teaching Human Genetics in North American Medical
      Schools.

PMID- 2909168
TI  - Toward an ideal human genetics curriculum in medical schools.

PMID- 2909169
TI  - On the genetics of prelingual deafness.
AB  - In view of the many discordant findings in previous studies regarding the
      genetics of prelingual deafness, family data (133 nuclear families and 25
      pedigrees) were gathered from India. Analysis of these data has revealed that the
      defect is primarily genetic, which is in agreement with earlier findings.
      Segregation analysis was performed to compare various autosomal diallelic one
      locus and multilocus models. Our analysis revealed that the most parsimonious
      model for prelingual deafness is that it is controlled by recessive genes at a
      pair of unlinked diallelic autosomal loci. Individuals are affected if and only
      if they are recessive homozygous at both loci. The likelihood of the present data
      under this two-locus multiple recessive homozygosis model is at least 10(8) times
      higher than that of the one-locus models that were examined in previous studies.
      This model is also the best-fitting model among other plausible two-locus models.

PMID- 2909170
TI  - In touch: telephone message system for teenagers.

PMID- 2909171
TI  - Gonorrhea rates: what denominator is most appropriate?

PMID- 2909172
TI  - Comments on meta-analysis.

PMID- 2909173
TI  - Worksite health promotion.

PMID- 2909174
TI  - Potential for exposure to tick bites in recreational parks in a Lyme disease
      endemic area.
AB  - Eight recreational parks located in a Lyme disease endemic area of southern New
      York State were surveyed for the presence of ticks during the summer of 1985 by
      drag sampling. Ixodes dammini, the primary vector of Lyme disease in the
      northeast, was found in all but one park and accounted for 580 (91.8 per cent) of
      the 632 ticks collected. Of these, 18 per cent were larvae, 80 per cent were
      nymphs, and 2 per cent were adults. An I. dammini encounter distance, defined as
      the mean number of meters traveled before encountering a nymphal or adult I.
      dammini on a drag cloth, ranged from 36 m in high-risk parks, to infinity (no
      tick encounters). Generally, areas of high use presented higher encounter
      distances (lower risk) than those of the entire park. Two of the three parks with
      the highest annual attendance also had the highest I. dammini population indices
      as projected from our sampling regimen. These results indicate that recreational
      parks in Lyme disease endemic areas represent a substantial human risk for tick
      bites and Lyme disease.

PMID- 2909175
TI  - Frequency of worksite health promotion activities.
AB  - The first National Survey of Worksite Health Promotion Activities surveyed a
      random sample of all private sector worksites with 50 or more employees,
      stratified by number of employers, geographic location, and type of industry. The
      1,358 completed interviews constituted a response rate of 83.1 per cent. Of
      responding worksites 65.5 per cent had one or more areas of health promotion
      activity with slightly more than 50 per cent of activities initiated within the
      previous five years. Overall prevalence by type of activity included health risk
      assessment (29.5 per cent), smoking cessation (35.6 per cent), blood pressure
      control and treatment (16.5 per cent), exercise/fitness (22.1 per cent), weight
      control (14.7 per cent), nutrition education (16.8 per cent), stress management
      (26.6 per cent), back problem prevention and care (28.5 per cent), and off-the
      job accident prevention (19.8 per cent). Mean number of activities across all
      worksites was 2.1 and for worksites with activities, 3.2. Activity frequency
      increased with worksite size, was highest in the western region (2.34) and lowest
      in the northeast (1.96), and varied considerably by industry type. The majority
      of worksites paid the entire cost of these activities.

PMID- 2909176
TI  - National trends in the use of preventive health care by women.
AB  - This study investigates national changes between 1973-74 and 1985 in women's use
      of three preventive health services based on data from the National Health
      Interview Survey. Smoothed proportions of women with recent preventive care were
      estimated using weighted least squares for subgroups categorized by age (20-39,
      40-59, 60-79), race (White, Black), income (poor, nonpoor), and year of
      interview. Older women and Black women experienced the largest increases in
      recent use of clinical breast examinations and Pap tests. Between 1973 and 1985
      changes in recent breast examination ranged from zero for White women ages 20-39
      years to a 23 percentage point increase (95% CI = 17,30) for Black women ages 60
      79 years. A similar pattern was found for Pap testing. Changes between 1974 and
      1985 in recent blood pressure testing ranged from zero for women ages 20-39 years
      to an 8 percentage point increase (95% CI = 6, 10) for women ages 60-79 years.
      Despite the increases among older women, in 1985 recent use of breast exams and
      Pap tests remained lower among older women. Further, the poor remained less
      likely than the nonpoor to have recent preventive care (except blood pressure
      testing among older women). Most women without recent cancer screening tests had
      a recent physician contact, highlighting the need for greater emphasis on cancer
      prevention by health care providers.

PMID- 2909177
TI  - Resistance to sexual assault: who resists and what happens?
AB  - To determine who resists sexual assault and what happens, data were examined from
      a probability sample of 3,132 adult community residents of Los Angeles,
      California. Seventy-five per cent of the respondents reporting an assault (n =
      365) indicated that they had attempted to resist their most recent assault;
      talking was the most frequently used resistance strategy. The strongest predictor
      to emerge in the multivariate analyses of resistance was timing of assault:
      respondents assaulted only in childhood were less likely to resist than either
      respondents assaulted only in adulthood, or respondents assaulted in both phases.
      Univariate analyses indicated that resistance reduced the probability of sexual
      contact, however multivariate analyses suggested that assailant use of force was
      the most important determinant of assault outcome.

PMID- 2909178
TI  - Breastfeeding trends in the Philippines, 1973 and 1983.
AB  - This paper examines comparable national surveys of breastfeeding from the
      Philippines carried out in 1973 and 1983. The probability of breastfeeding at
      selected infant ages is estimated, using the weighted life table. The conclusions
      are that a 5 per cent decline in the proportion of infants ever breast-fed
      occurred during the referenced period, and that median length of breastfeeding
      remained essentially the same.

PMID- 2909179
TI  - A recent increase of breastfeeding duration in Jakarta, Indonesia.
AB  - Comparison of breastfeeding practices from two similar surveys conducted in
      Jakarta, Indonesia shows an increase in breastfeeding duration from 14.4 months
      in 1976 to 19.8 months in 1983. This increase was predominantly among noneducated
      women (20.3 months among noneducated women versus 0.9 months among women with
      greater than elementary education). Among working women breastfeeding duration
      declined slightly (1.1 months). Unlike industrialized countries where increases
      in breastfeeding have occurred initially among the higher socioeconomic groups,
      recent increases in Jakarta have occurred initially among the lower socioeconomic
      groups. If breastfeeding practices among working or better educated women who
      delivered mostly in hospitals or clinics are to be improved, the breastfeeding
      promotion programs should be targeted to these groups.

PMID- 2909180
TI  - Cryptosporidiosis and surface water.
AB  - In the period July through October, 1986, 78 laboratory-confirmed cases of
      cryptosporidiosis were identified in New Mexico. To determine possible risk
      factors for development of this disease, we conducted a case-control study; 24
      case-patients and 46 neighborhood controls were interviewed. Seventeen (71 per
      cent) of the 24 case-patients were females, seven (29%) were males; their ages
      ranged from 4 months to 44 years, median 3 years. There was a strong association
      between drinking surface water and illness: five of the 24 case-patients, but
      none of the 46 controls drank untreated surface water. Among children, illness
      was also associated with attending a day care center where other children were
      ill (odds ratio = 13.1).

PMID- 2909181
TI  - A prospective follow-up study of cancer mortality in relation to serum DDT.
AB  - Serum DDT and DDE levels were measured in 919 subjects in 1974 and 1975. Two
      hundred and nine of the subjects died, including 54 from cancer, during a 10-year
      prospective follow-up period. There was no relation between either overall
      mortality or cancer mortality and increasing serum DDT levels. There was weak
      evidence of a positive relation between respiratory cancer mortality and serum
      DDT. The literature on DDT and human cancer is reviewed, and it is concluded that
      the evidence does not support the opinion that DDT is a human carcinogen.

PMID- 2909182
TI  - Barriers to implementation of a prenatal care program for low income women.
AB  - By the middle of the second year of the Michigan Prenatal/Postpartum Care (PPC)
      program to provide pregnancy-related services to low income women who were
      ineligible for Medicaid or other insurance, only 25 per cent of the participating
      health departments were enrolling greater than 90 per cent of contracted
      potential clients. Using a survey of program directors and relevant state
      documents, we identified several barriers to successful implementation:
      institutional (program complexity, high levels of administrative concerns along
      with low levels of communication between local health departments and providers);
      economic (inadequate resources for provider reimbursement, outreach,
      transportation, high-risk pregnancies, or administrative overhead); psychological
      (servicing populations with multiple and hard to care for problems, potential
      discomfort of low income women with traditional providers); and informational
      (insufficient information about the program infiltrating the target community).

PMID- 2909183
TI  - A study of battered women presenting in an emergency department.
AB  - Medical records of female trauma patients were retrospectively reviewed prior to
      introducing a protocol for enhancing identification of battered women; 5.6 per
      cent of 359 female trauma patients were identified as having injuries caused by
      battering; 30 per cent of 412 patients following use of the protocol were so
      identified. Standardized protocols for identifying battered women among female
      trauma patients should be instituted in emergency departments.

PMID- 2909184
TI  - Tea and premenstrual syndrome in the People's Republic of China.
AB  - We evaluated the hypothesis that tea consumption causes premenstrual syndrome by
      studying 188 nursing students and tea factory workers in the People's Republic of
      China via questionnaires distributed in classes (nursing students) or during
      routine physical examinations (tea factory workers). Analysis of the data
      revealed that tea consumption is strongly related to the prevalence of
      premenstrual syndrome and that the effects are dose-dependent.

PMID- 2909185
TI  - Differences in the timeliness of diagnosis, breast and cervical cancer, San
      Francisco 1974-85.
AB  - Cancer registry data for San Francisco (1974-85) were used to identify women at
      greater risk of late diagnoses for breast and cervical cancers by age and
      ethnicity. For breast cancer, Black women were at greater risk for late
      diagnoses. For cervical cancer, women of all ethnic groups ages 50-69 years and
      Japanese and Filipino women were at greater risk for late diagnoses.

PMID- 2909186
TI  - Breast cancer incidence in young women by estrogen receptor status and race.
AB  - A population-based study was utilized to calculate breast cancer incidence rates
      in White and Black women, ages 30 to 54, according to tumor estrogen receptor
      status. Both racial groups had higher incidence curves for estrogen receptor
      negative breast cancer between ages 30 and 49. There was an excess of receptor
      negative cancer in young Black women, an observation that may help explain the
      racial disparity in breast cancer survival.

PMID- 2909187
TI  - Bowel function and breast cancer in US women.
AB  - We studied bowel function in relation to 123 breast cancer cases among 7,702
      women from the US NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study. Results suggest a
      slight increased risk of breast cancer for both decreased frequency of bowel
      movements (relative risk = 1.5, 95% confidence interval = 0.8, 2.7) and firm
      stool consistency (RR = 1.8, 95% CI = 1.0, 3.2.) These observations are
      consistent with an hypothesized association between constipation and increased
      risk of breast cancer.

PMID- 2909188
TI  - X-ray examinations during pregnancy: National Natality Surveys, 1963 and 1980.
AB  - Based on 1963 and 1980 National Natality Surveys, the rate of medical x-ray
      examinations during pregnancy per 100 mothers fell 34.2 percent. A decrease in
      chest x-ray examinations accounted for almost all of the decline in total x-ray
      examinations. The reductions were greater for older mothers and those who were
      not White. While the number of births fell from 4,071,000 in 1963 to 3,612,000 in
      1980, the number of pelvimetry examinations actually increased by 45,000.

PMID- 2909189
TI  - Records, recall loss, and recall bias in pregnancy: a comparison of interview and
      medical records data of pregnant and postnatal women.
AB  - To determine the agreement between interview-based and medical records data
      concerning illnesses and medications early in pregnancy, we compared the
      interviews of 202 women with the ongoing records collected during their
      pregnancies. Substantial underrecording of most transient illnesses was found.
      Fewer short-term illnesses were reported by postpartum women than sill-pregnant
      women, suggesting the potential for recall bias or loss.

PMID- 2909190
TI  - HIV seroprevalence in intravenous drug users: Los Angeles, California, 1986.
AB  - To estimate the seroprevalence and investigate risk behaviors for HIV (human
      immunodeficiency virus) infection in intravenous drug users in Los Angeles
      County, a stratified, random sample of 790 clients, enrolled in either methadone
      maintenance or detoxification programs, were studied. Thirteen study participants
      (1.8 per cent) were seropositive; of these, five were homosexual/bisexual males
      and three were female prostitutes. Ninety-five per cent of all participants
      reported sharing needles. Risk reduction education efforts must be expanded
      before the HIV antibody prevalence rate increases.

PMID- 2909191
TI  - An outbreak of syphilis on an Indian reservation: descriptive epidemiology and
      disease-control measures.
AB  - From January 1983 through January 1985, 88 cases of early adult syphilis and five
      cases of congenital syphilis were identified among residents of a southwestern
      Indian reservation. The male-to-female ratio of primary and secondary syphilis
      cases was 1.7: 1; over 90 per cent of women were of childbearing age. Using
      community health workers to determine the social circles of infected persons was
      effective in identifying persons at risk; treatment of partners of infected
      persons prior to development of seroreactivity contributed to the successful
      control of this outbreak.

PMID- 2909192
TI  - The continuing saga of Lyme disease.

PMID- 2909193
TI  - Malignant lymphoma. A study of 75 cases presenting in soft tissue.
AB  - We report 75 cases of malignant lymphoma presenting in soft tissue taken from the
      files of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. All histologic subtypes with
      the exception of lymphoblastic lymphoma were represented. Our findings indicate
      that virtually any soft tissue site may be involved; there is no sex
      predilection; and size is not helpful in predicting survival. Among the 55
      patients for which race was known, there were no black patients. Thirty-three
      patients with extensive evaluations at the time of diagnosis had no evidence of
      disseminated disease, but eight of these exhibited widespread disease within 3
      months of diagnosis, and seven of the eight died of disease (median survival, 4
      months). The remaining 25 patients had much better outcomes; 18 of 19 with
      intermediate and high-grade lymphomas were alive and well at a median of 74
      months after diagnosis. Some tumors exhibited a propensity for involvement of
      remote soft tissue sites.

PMID- 2909194
TI  - Relationship between length of longitudinal extension and maximal depth of
      transmural invasion in roentgenographically occult squamous cell carcinoma of the
      bronchus (nonpolypoid type).
AB  - This study was designed to verify our hypothesis that there are two different
      growth types in roentgenographically occult squamous cell carcinoma of the
      bronchus. Serial blocks prepared from the entire bronchial tree of 83 resected
      specimens of occult carcinoma were used for the evaluation of the relationship
      between the length of longitudinal extension and the maximal depth of transmural
      invasion. We prepared a length-depth diagram of 92 lesions, including multifocal
      carcinomas, which confirmed that there are at least two types: Most of these
      lesions are of the creeping type, which shows a marked superficial growth; the
      minority are of the penetrating type, which shows a marked downward growth. The
      diagram suggests that occult carcinoma has a propensity either for longitudinal
      growth along the bronchial lumen or for transmural growth into the bronchial wall
      at the time of occurrence. It is likely that the penetrating type grows rapidly
      and becomes advanced in a short time. Identification of longer lesions of the
      creeping type is occasionally problematical both at bronchoscopy and at surgical
      treatment. The stump is usually positive for carcinoma unless frozen sections or
      imprint specimens of the margin of resection are examined, because it is
      frequently difficult to identify the proximal end of extension by bronchoscopy.

PMID- 2909195
TI  - The prostatic capsule: does it exist? Its importance in the staging and treatment
      of prostatic carcinoma.
AB  - Pathologic evaluation of tumor extent in a radical prostatectomy specimen for
      prostatic adenocarcinoma is extremely important in staging and planning further
      therapy. We studied whole-organ sections of 50 prostate glands, obtained at
      either radical prostatectomy for adenocarcinoma or cystoprostatectomy for bladder
      cancer, to evaluate the so-called capsule of the prostate, the prostatic apex,
      and the surgical margins. The outer surface of the prostatic portion of the
      specimen was totally inked with different colors for the anterior, posterior,
      left, and right areas. Cross sections were processed for histologic examination,
      and the apex (distal 1.5 cm) was amputated and radially sectioned (like a
      cervical cone). We found that the "capsule" is made up of a band of
      concentrically placed fibromuscular tissue that is an inseparable component of
      the prostatic stroma. The outer surface of this tissue gives rise to a few
      bundles of fibromuscular stroma that penetrate and disappear into the
      periprostatic connective tissue stroma. The apex is sparse in glandular elements,
      particularly in the anterior portion, and the outer fibromuscular layer is no
      longer present. Thus we conclude that the prostate does not have a true capsule,
      but only an outer fibromuscular band.

PMID- 2909196
TI  - Deep penetrating nevus.
AB  - We report a clinical and histologic study of 70 patients, each with a single
      melanocytic lesion termed "deep penetrating nevus" (DPN). The lesions are most
      commonly found on the face, upper trunk, or proximal extremities of patients
      between the ages of 10 and 30 years. Typically they are darkly pigmented.
      Histologically they are characterized by loosely organized nests of pleomorphic
      pigmented cells that penetrate deep into the reticular dermis and often to the
      subcutaneous fat. Follow-up was obtained from 48 patients. It ranged from 1 to 23
      years (mean, 7 years). Despite an initial histologic diagnosis of malignant
      melanoma in 29% of the cases, there were no local recurrences and no distant
      metastases. It is important to differentiate DPN from malignant melanoma. The
      characteristic histologic features of DPN also allow its differentiation from
      spindle cell and epithelioid cell nevi and blue nevi.

PMID- 2909197
TI  - Multiple branchial cleft-like cysts in Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
AB  - We report two cases of multiple intrathyroidal cysts in women with Hashimoto's
      thyroiditis. The cysts were lined by squamous and focally columnar epithelium,
      and they were surrounded by follicular lymphoid tissue and a fibrous capsule.
      They appeared similar to branchial cleft cysts of the lateral neck and were
      distinct from previously reported types of thyroid cysts. Although the
      histogenesis of these lesions is unclear, they are probably derived from
      developmental rests. A relationship between the cystic enlargement of these rests
      and the Hashimoto's disease seems likely.

PMID- 2909198
TI  - Serous cystadenocarcinoma of the pancreas: a new entity?
AB  - Microcystic cystadenoma of the pancreas is a well-recognized although rare
      pathological entity. All previously reported examples of this tumor have been
      uniformly benign in behavior. In this case report, we present a primary tumor of
      the pancreas that was histologically indistinguishable from microcystic adenoma,
      but which behaved in a malignant fashion. Metastases were found in the stomach
      and liver. We believe that this case represents a new entity, which we have
      termed "serous cystadenocarcinoma of the pancreas."

PMID- 2909199
TI  - C-cell hyperplasia of the thyroid in a patient with goitrous hypothyroidism and
      Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
AB  - A 63-year-old man with a goiter and primary hypothyroidism due to Hashimoto's
      thyroiditis was found to have hypercalcitonemia and, though hypothyroid, markedly
      elevated serum total and free T3 levels. The latter findings were attributable to
      circulating T3 autoantibodies and interference with radioimmunoassay. An infusion
      of calcium and pentagastrin resulted in abnormal increases in serum calcitonin
      levels. Because there was no evidence of a nonthyroidal cause for the
      hypercalcitonemia, the patient had a total thyroidectomy. Pathological
      examination of the thyroidectomy specimen revealed typical Hashimoto's
      thyroiditis and extensive C-cell hyperplasia symmetrically distributed throughout
      the upper and middle thirds of each lobe. The C cells stained strongly with
      immunoperoxidase stains for calcitonin, chromogranin, and CEA using absorbed
      polyclonal anti-CEA antibody. Less extensive staining for CEA was obtained using
      the monoclonal antibodies for CEA, 374/14, 250/183, and 431/31; only a few
      reactive cells were noted using 431/31. Postoperatively, serum calcitonin levels
      fell to normal and did not rise with a repeat calcium-pentagastrin infusion test.
      This patient appears to be the first instance of C-cell hyperplasia associated
      with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, while elsewhere an association with medullary
      thyroid carcinoma has been reported. These observations raise questions regarding
      a possible pathogenetic relationship between Hashimoto's thyroiditis and C-cell
      neoplasia.

PMID- 2909200
TI  - Capillaritis and pulmonary hemorrhage in Wegener's granulomatosis.

PMID- 2909201
TI  - Tall cell papillary carcinoma.

PMID- 2909203
TI  - Hypersensitivity pneumonitis treated with an electrostatic dust filter.
AB  - A 60-year-old woman had had recurrent acute migratory pneumonias for 9 months.
      The results of an evaluation, which included tests for serum precipitins, a
      transbronchial biopsy, and a bronchial provocation, confirmed a diagnosis of
      hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by an Aspergillus species. The findings from
      gravity air cultures in the home showed a heavy infestation of mold. The
      installation of electrostatic dust filters in the return ducts of the central air
      conditioning system resulted in the lowering of mold colony counts to normal
      levels. This change in the environment enabled the patient to live at home
      without having the signs and symptoms of hypersensitivity pneumonitis, or a need
      for medication. Thirty months after the electrostatic dust filters were
      installed, total mold colony counts were still normal, the patient remained free
      of the signs and symptoms of hypersensitivity pneumonitis, and serum precipitins
      could no longer be demonstrated. The results of a bronchial challenge to
      Aspergillus species, however, remained positive; these positive results suggest
      that long-term memory immune mechanisms may play an important role in the
      pathogenesis of hypersensitivity pneumonitis and lessen the importance of
      precipitins in establishing a diagnosis. We report that electrostatic dust
      filters may be an effective treatment for patients with hypersensitivity
      pneumonitis when avoidance of the causative antigen cannot be easily and rapidly
      achieved.

PMID- 2909202
TI  - Recombinant human erythropoietin treatment in pre-dialysis patients. A double
      blind placebo-controlled trial.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy and safety of recombinant human
      erythropoietin (r-HuEPO) in predialysis renal patients. DESIGN: Randomized,
      double-blind, placebo-controlled trial for 8 weeks. SETTING: Inpatient and
      outpatient facility in the Clinical Research Center of a university-based
      hospital. PATIENTS: Fourteen adult subjects with renal insufficiency (mean serum
      creatinine, 473 mumol/L +/- 61 [6.2 +/- 0.8 mg/dL]) and anemia (mean hematocrit,
      0.27 +/- 0.01). INTERVENTIONS: Recombinant human erythropoietin, 50, 100, or 150
      IU/kg body weight or placebo given intravenously three times per week.
      MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Subjects who received active r-HuEPO showed a dose
      dependent rise in hematocrit; mean hematocrit increased 41% from 0.27 +/- 0.01 to
      0.38 +/- 0.01. At the same time, erythrocyte mass rose 43% from 13.7 +/- 0.6
      mL/kg in the baseline state to 19.6 +/- 1.0 mL/kg after treatment. Maximal oxygen
      consumption during exercise increased 9% from 16.0 mL/min.kg +/- 1.8 to 17.5
      mL/min.kg +/- 1.9. CONCLUSIONS: Recombinant human erythropoietin is effective and
      safe in ameliorating the anemia of pre-dialysis patients.

PMID- 2909204
TI  - Cardiovascular and renal toxicity of a nonionic radiographic contrast agent after
      cardiac catheterization. A prospective trial.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence of cardiovascular and renal toxicity
      of a nonionic contrast agent when used for cardiac catheterization, and to assess
      the value of electrolytes and urinalysis results as predictors of nephropathy
      induced by a contrast agent. STUDY DESIGN: Nonrandomized trial using a criterion
      standard and a cohort analytic study with a 48-hour follow-up. SETTING: Referral
      based university hospital. PATIENTS: Convenience sample of patients having
      diagnostic cardiac catheterization. Renal function and clinical status were
      evaluated at baseline in 1,144 patients; at 24 hours in 1,077 (94%); and at 48
      hours in 663 (57%). INTERVENTIONS: After patients received saline for hydration,
      coronary angiography and left ventriculography were done with iopamidol (average
      dose, 203 +/- 56 cc). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The definite and possible
      incidence of major acute cardiovascular complications from nonionic contrast
      media was 0.2% and 0.7%, respectively. The mean serum creatinine level increased
      11.5 mumol/L from baseline at 24 hours (P less than 0.0001) and 16.8 mumol/L from
      baseline at 48 hours (P less than 0.0001). Results in a randomly selected
      training sample were studied to determine predictors of a rise in serum
      creatinine of 44.2 mumol/L or more. The baseline serum creatinine level and age
      were significant predictors of renal injury, but hypertension, diabetes mellitus,
      congestive heart failure, vascular disease, the volume of contrast agent injected
      or baseline values of urinary variables did not predict nephrotoxicity. In an
      independent validation sample, only the baseline serum creatinine level was
      confirmed as a predictor of nephrotoxicity, whereas age was not. A model that
      predicted contrast-induced nephropathy by the serum creatinine level showed an
      exponential increase in the risk for nephrotoxicity if the baseline level was
      106.1 mumol/L or higher. CONCLUSIONS: Patients have a small but significant rise
      in serum creatinine after cardiac catheterization with a nonionic contrast agent.
      Baseline renal insufficiency is the only confirmed predictor of nonionic contrast
      induced nephrotoxicity.

PMID- 2909205
TI  - Health science information management and continuing education of physicians. A
      survey of U.S. primary care practitioners and their opinion leaders.
AB  - PURPOSE: To identify self-perceived problems in managing science information
      needs of U.S. primary practitioners and their opinion leaders. SAMPLE: A two
      stage random sample of the American Medical Association's "Masterlist of
      Physicians" to identify 625 office-based physicians, including general practice,
      family practice, internal medicine, obstetrics and gynecology, and pediatrics,
      and 100 physician opinion leaders. DATA COLLECTION: A formal telephone survey was
      completed for 79% of practitioners and 90% of opinion leaders sampled, using a
      pretested instrument applied by trained telephone surveyors. RESULTS OF DATA
      ANALYSIS: Both practitioners and opinion leaders claimed that published reviews
      were the most useful means of identifying their information needs. When asked
      about use of six recent clinical advances, that is, "markers," for example,
      hemoglobin-A1C for diabetic control, as many as one fifth to one half were not
      using or were not aware of such an advance. Less than 1 in 3 practitioners
      personally searched the literature when information was needed; 2 in 3 claimed
      literature volume was unmanageable; 9 of 10 practitioners and opinion leaders
      assessed the scientific value of literature obtained, primarily from their own
      experience, with less than 1 in 10 contacting research methods specialists.
      Respondents suggested various innovations to better manage their science
      information needs in the future. CONCLUSIONS: Primary practitioners require
      substantial help in meeting current science information needs. Increase in such
      resources as "validated reviews" or "expert networks" might help meet these
      needs.

PMID- 2909206
TI  - Primary bile duct lymphoma in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).

PMID- 2909208
TI  - Myocarditis and endomyocardial biopsy.

PMID- 2909209
TI  - Autopsies and preventable deaths.

PMID- 2909207
TI  - Calcitriol in prolonged hypocalcemia due to the tumor lysis syndrome.

PMID- 2909210
TI  - Cocaine complications and pseudocholinesterase.

PMID- 2909211
TI  - Screening for diabetes mellitus.

PMID- 2909212
TI  - Septic arthritis in hemophilic patients and infection with human immunodeficiency
      virus (HIV)

PMID- 2909213
TI  - Treating disseminated Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection.

PMID- 2909214
TI  - Ciprofloxacin and delirium.

PMID- 2909215
TI  - Slow-release verapamil and hyperglycemic metabolic acidosis.

PMID- 2909216
TI  - Blood pressure screening in the workplace.

PMID- 2909217
TI  - Maternity and parental leave policy.

PMID- 2909218
TI  - Employee health practices. Relationships between attitudes, perceptions, and
      behaviors.

PMID- 2909220
TI  - Identifying a research agenda for nursing.

PMID- 2909219
TI  - Occupational health and safety content in baccalaureate nursing programs.

PMID- 2909221
TI  - Dealing with chemical dependency.

PMID- 2909222
TI  - Computed tomography of salivary glands in Sjogren's syndrome.
AB  - Three cases of Sjogren's syndrome, one with uncomplicated disease, and the other
      two complicated by pseudolymphoma and malignant lymphoma, respectively, are
      presented. Computed tomography can provide information useful in the diagnosis,
      detection of complications, and, therefore, management of Sjogren's syndrome.

PMID- 2909223
TI  - Spontaneous extracranial pneumatocele associated with mastoid
      hyperpneumatization.
AB  - Spontaneous extracranial pneumatoceles unassociated with trauma are rare. We
      report a case of spontaneous extracranial mastoid pneumatocele associated with
      exuberant pneumatization of the calvarium and mastoid. The patient presented with
      a compressible bulge over the base of the zygoma and superior to the pinna.
      Surgical exploration demonstrated a large air sac in continuity with nontraumatic
      bony defects of the tympanosquamous and tympanomastoid sutures.

PMID- 2909224
TI  - Itchy ear syndrome.

PMID- 2909225
TI  - Caution urged in treating 'steroid-dependent anosmia'.

PMID- 2909226
TI  - Pathologic quiz case 2. Leiomyosarcoma of the nasal cavity.

PMID- 2909227
TI  - Pathologic quiz case 1. Invasive aspergillosis of the maxillary sinus and nose.

PMID- 2909228
TI  - A word of caution.

PMID- 2909229
TI  - Sudden sensorineural hearing loss as a presentation of multiple sclerosis.
AB  - While auditory involvement in multiple sclerosis is not infrequent, sensorineural
      hearing loss as the initial manifestation of this disease is rare. Auditory brain
      stem evoked responses, speech audiometry, acoustic reflexes, and
      electronystagmography yield significant objective information concerning brain
      stem involvement. Magnetic resonance imaging objectively documents white matter
      demyelinization. The acute onset of the retrocochlear type of auditory
      dysfunction without other evidence of central nervous system involvement can be
      an early manifestation of this disease. Two patients with multiple sclerosis had
      sudden sensorineural hearing loss, with one patient experiencing this as the sole
      initial complaint.

PMID- 2909230
TI  - Human leukocyte antigen in childhood unilateral deafness.
AB  - Human leukocyte antigen frequencies were examined in 40 Japanese patients with
      severe unilateral sensorineural hearing loss found in childhood. Human leukocyte
      antigen-Bw54 was significantly increased in frequency. No statistically
      significant deviation in the Bw54 frequency was observed among several possible
      subgroups studied. Although this group of patients may have various causes, and
      underlying mechanism is still unclear, this preliminary study suggests that
      childhood unilateral deafness may be associated with a genetically determined
      factor(s).

PMID- 2909231
TI  - Middle-latency responses. I. Electrical and acoustic excitation.
AB  - The electrically evoked auditory brain-stem response has been used in the past to
      assess auditory system function with regard to cochlear prosthesis application.
      The brief latency of the response makes it susceptible to electrical artifact
      contamination, and waveform identification is often difficult. As a possible
      alternative for a noninvasive measure of system excitability, the middle-latency
      response (MLR), elicited by electrical stimulation, was investigated. Middle
      latency responses were recorded in response to acoustic and round-window
      electrical stimulation in albino guinea pigs. Acoustic and electrically evoked
      MLR waveforms were similar, as were their respective latency/intensity functions.
      Amplitude/intensity functions for the electric MLR showed greater variability
      than acoustically evoked MLR functions. The electric MLR is readily evoked and
      relatively insensitive to electrical artifact in the guinea pig. It is
      potentially a useful tool in assessing the integrity of auditory pathways and
      consequently in the development of diagnostic tests for cochlear implant
      candidates.

PMID- 2909232
TI  - Nasal symptoms associated with cocaine abuse during adolescence.
AB  - A questionnaire on cocaine-use patterns and associated adverse effects on the
      nasal passages was completed by 464 adolescents. The respondents were abusers of
      various nonintravenous drugs enrolled in seven modified outpatient treatment
      facilities for alcohol and other drug abuse in five geographic regions of the
      country. Three hundred thirty-six respondents (72%) noted that they had used
      cocaine one or more times prior to their entry into the treatment program. The
      336 recovering cocaine users were divided into three groups: those who had used
      cocaine fewer than 25 times (203 [60%]); those who had used cocaine between 25
      and 99 times (107 [32%]); and those who had used the drug daily plus at least 100
      times total use of the drug (26 [8%]). Statistically, we found a highly
      significant difference between the first group and the other two groups for
      cocaine-associated symptoms, such as frequent sniffing, "sinus" problems, and
      diminished olfaction. Approximately 30% of those who had "snorted" cocaine at
      least 25 times but less than daily, vs 47% of those who used the drug daily,
      recalled that they had nasal membrane irritation with nasal crusts or scabs,
      recurrent nosebleeds, or both. The astute otolaryngologist should consider
      cocaine abuse as a cause of puzzling or recalcitrant rhinitis, even during
      teenage years.

PMID- 2909233
TI  - Office-based system for voice analysis.
AB  - There has been recent growing interest in the analysis of various electronically
      recorded signals as potential tools for objective assessment of vocal
      dysfunction. In the past, analysis of such signals required an expensive
      multitrack FM recorder, mainframe computer system, customized software, and
      significant time commitment. This report describes an adaptation of commercially
      available components that allow digital recording of multiple electronic signals,
      storage of data, and subsequent signal analysis using an inexpensive personal
      microcomputer system. Commercially available software for manipulation and
      examination signals is discussed as adapted for examination of glottographic and
      acoustic signals. The relatively inexpensive availability of similar computer
      systems will, hopefully, encourage assessment of the clinical applications of
      objective techniques of voice quality.

PMID- 2909234
TI  - Age-related changes in the internal branch of the rat superior laryngeal nerve.
AB  - This investigation was initiated to provide data on the ultrastructural basis for
      neurologic age-related changes in laryngeal sensory function. In the present
      study, an animal model (female Wistar rats: age range: young [Y], 3 to 5 months;
      old [O], 25 months; and very old [VO], 29 to 30 months) was used to examine
      systematically changes in the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve
      with age using electron microscopic morphometric techniques. Total fiber counts,
      fiber populations (size categories), and mean fiber size for myelinated and
      unmyelinated fibers did not change with age. Qualitative changes were consistent
      with segmental demyelination and axonal degeneration in the older animals. There
      was also a significant age-related increase in the volume fraction of adaxonal
      Schwann cell cytoplasm (Y, 0.019; O, 0.041; and VO, 0.042). Ultrastructural
      correlates of intracellular support and axonal transport showed a significant
      decrease in the numerical density of neurofilaments (Y, 0.126/micron2; O,
      0.073/micron2; and VO, 0.078/micron2) in the older animals, but no change in the
      numerical density of microtubules. Energy metabolism correlates in the form of
      mitochondrial volume fraction did not change with age. There was a significant
      increase in the volume fraction of the intrafascicular extracellular space (Y,
      0.224; O, 0.271; and VO, 0.301), indicating a late, age-related change in the
      extracellular environment. These changes could lead to decreased conduction
      velocity or complete fiber dysfunction. A number of these changes resembled those
      of aged human peripheral nerves already examined.

PMID- 2909235
TI  - Adenotonsillectomy. A safe outpatient procedure.
AB  - Traditionally, adenotonsillectomy in children and tonsillectomy in adults have
      been performed as inpatient procedures. Our experience with this procedure as
      outpatient started in 1975 at the University of Miami-Jackson Memorial Medical
      Center. From 1975 to 1987, 1428 cases performed in Florida and Cleveland were
      reviewed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the technique used. Bismuth
      subgallate and epinephrine mixture for hemostasis is used without relying on
      electrocautery, ties, or suture technique to control bleeding. The incidence of
      immediate and delayed postoperative bleeding in a series of patients was
      extremely low (four [0.28%] of 1428 cases). Our technique has good hemostatic
      properties allowing vessels to contract and retract into the muscle of the
      tonsillar fossae and adenoid bed. Bismuth subgallate activates factor XII
      (Hageman factor) and, therefore, markedly accelerates the cascade of blood
      clotting. Outpatient adenotonsillectomy is safe, cost-effective, and minimizes
      psychologic implications, which may be an important factor, especially in
      children. Ambulatory adenotonsillectomy has not been well emphasized in the
      literature.

PMID- 2909236
TI  - Esophageal stethoscope. Another possible cause of vocal cord paralysis.
AB  - Hoarseness after endotracheal intubation can result from compression of the
      anterior branch of the recurrent laryngeal nerve as it passes behind the thyroid
      cartilage to innervate the lateral cricoarytenoid muscle. This usually occurs
      when the cuff of the endotracheal tube lies in the larynx instead of the trachea.
      When a nasogastric tube is positioned in the midline, resultant postcricoid
      inflammation can result in vocal cord immobility. This may result from
      neuropraxia of the posterior branch of the recurrent laryngeal nerve that
      innervates the posterior cricoarytenoid and interarytenoid muscles, or
      inflammatory spasm of the interarytenoid muscles themselves. We present a case of
      vocal cord paralysis after general anesthesia that may have been caused by an
      esophageal stethoscope. The mechanism for vocal cord immobility could be similar
      to that of a midline nasogastric tube with resultant postcricoid inflammation. We
      describe measures that can be taken to prevent vocal cord paralysis after
      intubation of the larynx or esophagus.

PMID- 2909237
TI  - Studies on DNA binding of caffeine and derivatives: evidence of intercalation by
      DNA-unwinding experiments.
AB  - Caffeine and derivatives are compounds with pleiotropic effects on the genetic
      material which are supposed to originate from drugs binding to DNA. Here we show,
      by using two different topological methods, that methylated oxypurines, at
      biologically relevant concentrations, unwind DNA in a fashion similar to known
      intercalators. Methylated oxypurines could be ranked by decreasing unwinding
      potency: 8-methoxycaffeine greater than 8-ethoxycaffeine greater than 8
      chlorocaffeine greater than caffeine greater than theophylline. These findings
      confirm, with a different assay, interaction of caffeine with DNA and add
      additional support to an intercalative mode of binding of these drugs to DNA.

PMID- 2909238
TI  - Ornithine decarboxylase activity and the accumulation of its mRNA during early
      stages of liver regeneration.
AB  - The marked and well documented stimulation of hepatic ornithine decarboxylase
      (ODC; EC 4.1.1.17) in response to partial hepatectomy is at least to some extent
      attributable to an enhanced accumulation of the enzyme's mRNA. The stimulation of
      ODC activity was associated with an increased accumulation of two ODC-related
      mRNA species (2.1 and 2.6 kilobases; kb) as revealed by Northern blot
      hybridization analyses. The levels of the above-mentioned messages remained
      elevated for 6 h after partial hepatectomy, at which time the enzyme activity had
      returned to almost control levels. Furthermore, ODC protein levels remained
      relatively stable after the first peak of ODC activity, suggesting that
      posttranslational activity was responsible for the changes in ODC activity after
      the initial burst. In addition to the two mRNA species typical of mouse cells,
      rat tissues contained a third hybridizable message (1.6 kb). This smaller
      poly(A)+ RNA was never seen in samples obtained from mouse or human cells, but
      was always present in samples obtained from rat tissues. Interestingly this rat
      specific message appeared to be expressed in somewhat opposite manner to the
      other two mRNA species.

PMID- 2909239
TI  - Presence of pancreatic-type phospholipase A2 mRNA in rat gastric mucosa and lung.
AB  - The content of mRNA for a pancreatic-type phospholipase A2 present in rat gastric
      mucosa was much greater than that in pancreas. In lung the mRNA for this
      pancreatic-type phospholipase A2 was also detected, but less than in pancreas.
      Nucleotide sequence analysis showed that these pancreatic-type phospholipase A2
      cDNAs derived from rat gastric mucosa and lung were completely identical to that
      from rat pancreas (Ohara et al. (1986) J. Biochem. 99, 733-739). This
      demonstrates that the pancreatic-type phospholipase A2 present in gastric mucosa
      and lung does not originate from pancreas.

PMID- 2909240
TI  - Deoxyribonuclease II purified from the isolated lysosomes of porcine spleen and
      from porcine liver homogenates. Comparison with deoxyribonuclease II purified
      from porcine spleen homogenates.
AB  - Porcine spleen DNase II (EC 3.1.22.1), one of the best-characterized DNases II,
      is subcellularly located in lysosomes because the enzyme is co-sedimented with
      two of the lysosomal marker enzymes, cathepsin D and acid phosphatase. The
      physicochemical properties, including the subunit structure, sensitivity to
      iodoacetate inactivation, native molecular weight and chromatographic behavior,
      of the DNase II purified from the isolated lysosomes of porcine spleen are
      indistinguishable from those of the same enzyme purified from the whole porcine
      spleen homogenate. DNase II can also be extracted from porcine liver with 0.05 M
      H2SO4 or 0.1 M NaCl and purified from either extract by a series of column
      chromatographies. The purified liver DNase II from either extract has the same
      subunit structure (alpha-chain, Mr 35,000 and beta-chain, Mr 10,000) as the
      purified DNase II of porcine spleen. The two liver extracts as well as the
      extracts of spleen and gastric mucosa contain DNase II with very similar
      properties on Sephadex G-100 gel filtration, on acid polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis under non-denaturing conditions, and on isoelectric focusing. The
      data strongly suggest that, for the same species of animal, the DNase II
      activities in various tissues are associated with protein molecules of identical
      structure.

PMID- 2909241
TI  - The protamine gene chromatin in developing trout testis exists in an altered
      state.
AB  - Micrococcal nuclease was used to probe the nucleosomal organization of the
      rainbow trout germ-line-specific protamine multi-gene family in testis and
      erythrocytes. In erythrocyte chromatin, the repressed protamine genes show a
      distinct nucleosomal repeat pattern. However, in early-stage testis chromatin,
      where the protamine genes are expressed, they lack a distinct nucleosomal repeat
      pattern, indicating that the disrupted chromatin structure is related to their
      transcriptional activity. Micrococcal nuclease-digested testis and erythrocyte
      chromatin was separated into soluble and insoluble fractions. Transcriptionally
      active/competent genes of testis that had been labeled by nuclear nick
      translation were enriched in the low-salt eluted, micrococcal nuclease-sensitive
      chromatin fraction. This fraction was not enriched in protamine DNA sequences. In
      testis, but not erythrocytes, protamine DNA sequences were slightly enriched in
      chromatin that fractionated with insoluble nuclear material, suggesting that
      transcriptionally active protamine gene chromatin has an insoluble character.
      Since the different protamine genes may not be simultaneously expressed, our
      results show the distribution of both transcriptionally active and inactive
      protamine genes. However, our observations indicate that the active germ-line
      specific protamine gene chromatin shares several, but not all, of the features
      associated with other active tissue-specific genes.

PMID- 2909242
TI  - Phosphorylation and guanine nucleotide exchange on polypeptide chain initiation
      factor-2 from Artemia embryos.
AB  - Eukaryotic initiation factor-2 (eIF-2) from Artemia embryos is able to exchange
      guanine nucleotides at the same rate in the presence or absence of Mg2+ when the
      reaction is carried out with either purified eIF-2 at 30 degrees C or less
      purified preparations at any temperature (10-30 degrees C). No exchange factor
      appears to catalyze this reaction. However, with purified eIF-2 at lower
      temperatures (10 degrees C) the exchange is clearly impaired by Mg2+ and this
      impairment is overcome by the guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) of rabbit
      reticulocytes. Thus, Artemia eIF-2 is able to exchange guanine nucleotides by two
      alternative mechanisms that may reflect two states of the protein.
      Phosphorylation of the eIF-2 alpha subunit by the heme-controlled inhibitor (HCI)
      of rabbit reticulocytes abolishes the GEF-dependent reaction, but has no effect
      on the factor-independent one. The search for eIF-2 alpha kinases in Artemia
      embryo led to the detection of only one such enzyme, which was identified as a
      casein kinase type II. None of the exchange reactions is affected by the
      phosphorylation of the eIF-2 alpha subunit by this kinase, suggesting that,
      irrespective of the kind of mechanism for guanine nucleotide exchange that is
      actually operating in Artemia, it might not be a target for regulation by eIF-2
      alpha phosphorylation.

PMID- 2909243
TI  - Interaction of DNA polymerases with phospholipids.
AB  - Effects of various phospholipids on the in vitro reactions of eukaryotic DNA
      polymerases alpha, beta and gamma were tested systematically. When phospholipids
      were added directly to the reaction mixture, neither stimulation nor inhibition
      was produced. However, when phospholipids were preincubated with enzymes in the
      absence of template-primer, some of them showed strong inhibition. Cardiolipin
      strongly inhibited the reactions of all three DNA polymerases and also of
      terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase. Phosphatidylinositol selectively inhibited
      the reaction of DNA polymerase gamma. Phosphatidic acid moderately inhibited DNA
      polymerase alpha and strongly inhibited DNA polymerase gamma. The inhibition of
      DNA polymerase gamma by cardiolipin was nearly competitive with template-primer.
      Since the inhibition was reversed by the addition of 0.05% Triton-X 100 during
      preincubation, the phospholipid might interact with enzyme protein at the
      hydrophobic region in competition with template-primer. These results suggest a
      possible involvement of phospholipids in DNA replication in mitochondria and in
      nucleus through interaction with DNA polymerase.

PMID- 2909244
TI  - Carbamoylcholine-induced accumulation of inositol mono-, bis-, tris- and
      tetrakisphosphates in isolated cardiac myocytes from adult rats.
AB  - The effect of carbamoylcholine on the phosphoinositide cycle in isolated
      ventricular myocytes from adult rats was studied. Separation of the
      phosphoinositides by high-performance thin-layer chromatography showed a constant
      ratio of incorporation of myo-[2-3H]inositol into phosphatidylinositol,
      phosphatidylinositol 4-monophosphate and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate of
      cultured cardiac myocytes after at least 2 h. Carbamoylcholine caused a dose
      dependent and time-dependent accumulation of inositol mono-, bis- and
      trisphosphates, which was antagonized by atropine. Using anion-exchange HPLC the
      existence of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, inositol 1,3,4-triphosphate and
      inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate was confirmed in rat ventricular myocytes.
      Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate accumulated
      within 20 s, while inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate, inositol 1,4-bisphosphate and
      inositol monophosphate increased within 5 min.

PMID- 2909245
TI  - Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases of Paramecium. I. Chromatographic and
      physical properties of the enzymes from cilia.
AB  - The cAMP-dependent protein kinases of the cilia of the protozoan Paramecium
      tetraurelia were resolved and characterized. Two cAMP-dependent activities were
      present in cilia; the two ciliary kinases resemble types I and II from vertebrate
      tissues. Part of the ciliary kinase activity (primarily type II) was released by
      freeze-thawing, but a significant amount remained particulate. Both kinases were
      found as aggregates of about 220 kDa and of about 70 kDa. A portion of the cAMP
      binding activity in ciliary extracts separated from kinase activity, and eluted
      at 36 kDa during gel filtration. Photoaffinity labeling with 8-azido-cAMP
      identified cAMP-binding proteins of 45-52 kDa in type II kinase from cilia, and
      of 43-46 kDa in type I kinase. The type II kinase was apparently
      autophosphorylated, causing a decrease in mobility during sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

PMID- 2909246
TI  - Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases of Paramecium. II. Catalytic and regulatory
      properties of type II kinase from cilia.
AB  - The type II cAMP-dependent protein kinase (cAMP-PK-II) from cilia of Paramecium,
      purified free of type I cAMP-PK (cAMP-PK-I) and of cGMP-dependent protein kinase
      (cGMP-PK), phosphorylated several basic proteins and a heptapeptide containing
      serine (Kemptide). The enzyme was partially inhibited by the protein kinase
      inhibitor (Walsh inhibitor), but only at relatively high inhibitor
      concentrations. Half-maximal activation of cAMP-PK-II occurred at 15-25 nM cAMP.
      Several cAMP analogs were tested for ability to bind and activate the enzyme. 8
      bromo-cGMP, a potent activator of Paramecium cGMP-PK, was a poor activator of
      Paramecium cAMP-PK-II. Activation of cAMP-PK-II was influenced by the
      phosphorylation assay buffer. Phosphate buffers provided increased activation by
      cAMP but decreased total activity relative to that measured in Mops-Tris buffer.
      The kinase was cAMP-independent when the pH of the assay buffer was high.
      Preincubation of cAMP-PK-II with histones also activated the enzyme in the
      absence of cAMP. The cAMP-PK-II bound cAMP with a Kd of 23 nM, and bound cAMP was
      released with a biphasic time course, suggesting two non-identical binding sites.
      The properties of the cAMP-PK of this ciliated protozoan appear to be closely
      similar to those of vertebrates.

PMID- 2909247
TI  - Calmodulin binding to the intestinal brush-border membrane: comparison to other
      calcium-binding proteins.
AB  - The intestinal brush-border membrane contains a high concentration of calmodulin
      bound to a 105,000 dalton (105 kDa) protein. Binding of radioiodinated calmodulin
      to this protein does not require calcium but is inhibited by trifluoperazine and
      excess unlabelled calmodulin. Recent evidence suggests that the 105 kDa protein
      in conjunction with calmodulin may be involved in the regulation of calcium
      transport across the brush-border membrane. In this report, we evaluated the
      binding of the 105 kDa protein to other radioiodinated calcium-binding proteins
      including the vitamin D-dependent intestinal calcium-binding protein. We observed
      that troponin C and S100 beta protein both bound strongly to the 105 kDa protein.
      The binding of S100 beta was inhibited by EGTA, but was little affected by
      trifluoperazine and excess unlabelled S100 beta, whereas that of troponin C was
      inhibited by trifluoperazine and excess unlabelled troponin C, but was little
      affected by EGTA. Both troponin C and S100 beta bound to a large number of
      proteins to which calmodulin did not bind. The vitamin D-dependent calcium
      binding protein (calbindin) from chick intestine and rat kidney also bound to the
      105 kDa protein, albeit more weakly than troponin C, S100 beta and calmodulin.
      The binding of the calbindins was increased by EGTA and was little affected by
      trifluoperazine and excess unlabelled calbindin. Parvalbumin, rat osteocalcin,
      and alpha-lactalbumin showed little binding to any brush-border membrane protein.
      Our results indicate that the 105 kDa calmodulin-binding protein of the
      intestinal brush border can bind to a variety of calcium-binding proteins all of
      which contain homologous regions thought to be the calcium-binding sites. Only
      the binding of troponin C resembles the binding of calmodulin, however, in being
      inhibited by trifluoperazine and excess unlabelled ligand. The functional
      significance of these observations in terms of regulating calcium transport
      across the brush-border membrane remains to be established.

PMID- 2909248
TI  - A growth-promoting factor for human myeloid leukemia cells from horse serum
      identified as horse serum transferrin.
AB  - A growth-promoting factor for human myeloid cells was purified to apparent
      homogeneity from horse serum by a combination of gel filtration, blue Sepharose
      affinity chromatography, Mono Q anion-exchange chromatography, Mono P
      chromatofocusing and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
      The growth promoter was an iron-bound, single glycopolypeptide chain with a
      molecular weight of 84,000, an isoelectric point of 5.4 and an amino terminal
      sequence of Glu-Gln-Thr-Val-Arg-Trp-Cys-Thr-Val-Ser-Asn-His-Glu-Val-Ser-Lys-.
      According to the results of the amino acid sequence, iron binding ability and
      physicochemical properties, we identified the growth-promoting factor as horse
      serum transferrin. It was highly active in promoting the proliferation of a human
      monocytic leukemia cell line, THP-1, as well as of two other human myeloid cell
      lines, HL-60 and K-562. It had the same activity in proliferating THP-1 cells as
      5% fetal calf serum-supplemented medium. Horse serum transferrin could be
      substituted for human or bovine serum transferrin.

PMID- 2909249
TI  - Biosynthesis and clearance of prothrombin in warfarin-treated rats.
AB  - The steady-state concentration of abnormal plasma prothrombin in warfarin-treated
      rats (10 mg/kg) was found to be approx. 6% of the plasma prothrombin level in
      normal rats. The clearance of abnormal plasma prothrombin in warfarin-treated
      rats was studied using either cycloheximide, to inhibit the synthesis, or vitamin
      K, to block the appearance of abnormal prothrombin in plasma. The clearance of
      abnormal plasma prothrombin corresponded to a half-life of approx. 6 h, which is
      similar to the half-life of normal plasma prothrombin. The de novo synthesis of
      prothrombin in warfarin-treated and normal rats was compared by measuring the
      incorporation of [3H]leucine into plasma prothrombin 90 min after an intravenous
      injection of the isotope. In warfarin-treated rats, accumulated prothrombin
      precursor was carboxylated and transported into circulation by injecting vitamin
      K 30 min after isotope administration. On comparing the incorporation of
      [3H]leucine into plasma prothrombin in warfarin-treated and normal rats, no
      significant difference in the de novo synthesis was detected. Our results suggest
      that the secretion of prothrombin in warfarin-treated rats is decreased to 6% of
      the normal rate. As the de novo synthesis is not affected by warfarin treatment,
      more than 90% of the newly synthesized prothrombin appears to be degraded
      intracellularly.

PMID- 2909250
TI  - Dielectric properties of mouse lymphocytes and erythrocytes.
AB  - In order to study the effect of the nucleus on dielectric behavior of the whole
      cell, permittivity (dielectric constant) and conductivity of mouse lymphocytes
      and erythrocytes were measured over a frequency range from 0.1 to 250 MHz.
      Erythrocytes (spherocytes) showed a single dielectric dispersion, which was
      explained by a single-shell model that is a conducting sphere covered with a thin
      insulating shell. On the other hand, lymphocytes showed a broad dielectric
      dispersion curve which was composed of two subdispersions. The high-frequency
      subdispersion, which was not found for erythrocytes, was assigned to the Maxwell
      Wagner dispersion of the nucleus occupying about 65% of the total cell volume.
      Analysis of the lymphocyte dispersion was carried out by a double-shell model, in
      which a shelled sphere, i.e., nucleus, is incorporated into the single-shell
      model. The following electrical parameters were consequently estimated; the
      capacitance of the plasma membrane, 0.86 microF.cm-2; the conductivity of the
      cytoplasm, 3.2 mS.cm-1; the capacitance and conductance of the nuclear envelope
      are, respectively, 0.62 microF.cm-2 and 15 S.cm-2, and the permittivity and
      conductivity of the nucleoplasm are 52 and 13.5 mS.cm-1.

PMID- 2909251
TI  - Use of formycin B as a general substrate for measuring facilitated nucleoside
      transport in mammalian cells.
AB  - Formycin B, a C-nucleoside analog of inosine, is not catabolized by human
      erythrocytes and mouse P388 leukemia cells and is only very inefficiently
      phosphorylated in these cells. This relative inertness allows the measurement of
      its transport into and out of the cells uncomplicated by metabolic conversions.
      We have measured the zero-trans and equilibrium exchange flux of formycin B in
      these cells by rapid kinetic techniques. The Michaelis-Menten constants and
      maximum velocities for formycin B transport in both types of cell were similar to
      those previously reported for uridine and thymidine. Nevertheless, the
      differential mobility of the substrate-loaded and empty carrier of human
      erythrocytes was less for formycin B than uridine as substrate. Formycin B influx
      was inhibited by other nucleosides in accordance with their affinities for the
      carrier, but unaffected by purines. The inhibition of formycin B influx by
      nitrobenzylthioinosine and dipyridamole was also identical to that observed with
      uridine as substrate (IC50 = 10 and 30 nM, respectively). Formycin B accumulated
      in both types of cell to 30-40% higher concentrations than were present in the
      medium. This concentrative accumulation was not due to active transport,
      metabolism or partitioning into membrane lipids. It seems to reflect binding of
      formycin B to intracellular components, but does not interfere significantly with
      measurements of its transport.

PMID- 2909252
TI  - Mechanism of action of the antimitotic drug 2,4-dichlorobenzyl thiocyanate:
      alkylation of sulfhydryl group(s) of beta-tubulin.
AB  - The compound, 2,4-dichlorobenzyl thiocyanate (DCBT) was previously shown to cause
      mitotic arrest, disruption of intracellular microtubules, and inhibition of
      tubulin polymerization, with resistance to the drug conferred by a mutation in a
      beta-tubulin gene (Abraham, I., Dion, R.L., Duanmu, C., Gottesman, M.M. and
      Hamel, E. (1986) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83, 6839-6843). We have now examined
      its mechanism of action in further detail and conclude that DCBT acts as a
      sulfhydryl alkylating reagent. A mixed disulfide forms between the 2,4
      dichlorobenzyl mercaptan moiety of DCBT and protein sulfhydryl groups with
      release of cyanate anion to the medium. Gel filtration and dialysis of complexes
      of tubulin formed with either [nitrile-14C]DCBT, [35S]DCBT or [benzyl-3H]DCBT
      demonstrated persistent association of 35S and 3H with denatured tubulin, but no
      binding of 14C to the protein even under native conditions. With equimolar
      tubulin and DCBT, beta-tubulin is the predominant alkylated species. At high drug
      concentrations, superstoichiometric amounts of DCBT react with tubulin, and both
      subunits are alkylated almost equally. When extracts of drug-treated L1210 murine
      leukemia cells were examined by polyacrylamide gel electroporesis, we found that
      multiple proteins were alkylated by DCBT, but the most prominent radiolabeled
      band was that corresponding to beta-tubulin. Dithiothreitol partially reverses
      inhibition of tubulin polymerization by DCBT and removes almost all the 2,4
      dichlorobenzyl mercaptan moiety covalently bound to tubulin. Mitotic arrest
      occurs with DCBT because tubulin is the cellular protein most sensitive to the
      agent, probably because of its high cysteine content (20/mol).

PMID- 2909253
TI  - Expression of glyoxalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase
      isoenzymes in different bovine tissues.
AB  - (1) The tissue-specific expression of various glutathione-dependent enzymes,
      including glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase and glyoxalase
      I, has been studied in bovine adrenals, brain, heart, kidney, liver, lung and
      spleen. Of the organs studied, liver was found to possess the greatest GST and
      glyoxalase I activity, and spleen the greatest glutathione peroxidase activity.
      The adrenals contained large amounts of these glutathione-dependent enzymes, but
      significant differences were observed between the cortex and medulla. (2) GST and
      glyoxalase I activity were isolated by S-hexylglutathione affinity
      chromatography. Glyoxalase I was found in all the organs examined, but GST
      exhibited marked tissue-specific expression. (3) The alpha, mu and pi classes of
      GST (i.e., those that comprise respectively Ya/Yc, Yb/Yn and Yf subunits) were
      all identified in bovine tissues. However, the Ya and Yc subunits of the alpha
      class GST were not co-ordinately regulated nor were the Yb and Yn subunits of the
      mu class GST. (4) Bovine Ya subunits (25.5-25.7 kDa) were detected in the
      adrenal, liver and kidney, but not in brain, heart, lung or spleen. The Yc
      subunit (26.4 kDa) was expressed in all those organs which expressed the Ya
      subunit, but was also found in lung. The mu class Yb (27.0 kDa) and Yn (26.1 kDa)
      subunits were present in all organs; however, brain, lung and spleen contained
      significantly more Yn than Yb type subunits. The pi class Yf subunit (24.8 kDa)
      was detected in large amounts in the adrenals, brain, heart, lung and spleen, but
      not in kidney or liver. (5) Gradient affinity elution of S-hexylglutathione
      Sepharose showed that the bovine proteins that bind to this matrix elute in the
      order Ya/Yc, Yf, Yb/Yn and glyoxalase I. (6) In conclusion, the present
      investigation has shown that bovine GST are much more complex than previously
      supposed; Asaoka (J. Biochem. 95 (1984) 685-696) reported the purification of mu
      class GST but neither alpha nor pi class GST were isolated.

PMID- 2909254
TI  - Parameters controlling the kinetics of ferric and ferrous hemeproteins reduction
      by hydrated electrons.
AB  - To clarify the processes of hemeproteins reduction, three classes of these
      proteins (ferric, ferrous and desFe) were reduced by hydrated electrons generated
      by pulse radiolysis. Spectral and kinetic investigations were made on alpha
      hemoglobin chain and myoglobin. Human alpha chain has been chosen to avoid all
      ferric contaminations and horse ferric myoglobin to eliminate all ferrous protein
      fractions. We have successively studied the influences of: the iron presence, its
      oxidation state (II and III), the protein charge and the iron-ligand nature (H2O,
      OH-, N3- and CN-). For alpha human hemoglobin chain without metallic ion or with
      ferrous iron, the reduction rates are the same: 1.1 +/- 0.2.10(10) M-1.s-1. In
      the case of horse ferric myoglobin, the reduction rates depend principally on the
      protein charge (from pH 6.3 to pH 9.5, the reduction rate of Mb(FeIII)N3-
      decreases from 2.5 +/- 0.5.10(10) M-1.s-1 to 1.2 +/- 0.2.10(10) M-1.s-1) and are
      also modulated by the equilibrium constant of the hemeprotein-ligand association
      (1.2 +/- 0.2.10(10) M-1.s-1 for Mb(FeIII)N3- and 0.8 +/- 0.2.10(10) M-1.s-1 for
      Mb(FeIII)CN-, at pH 9.8).

PMID- 2909255
TI  - Pre-steady-state kinetic study on the formation of compound I and II of
      ligninase.
AB  - The reaction between ligninase and hydrogen peroxide yielding Compound I has been
      investigated using a stopped-flow rapid-scan spectrophotometer. The optical
      absorption spectrum of Compound I appears different to that reported by Andrawis,
      A. et al. (1987) and Renganathan, V. and Gold, M.H. (1986), in that the Soret
      maximum is at 401 nm rather than 408 nm. The second-order rate constant
      (4.2.10(5) M-1.s-1) for the formation of Compound I was independent of pH (pH 3.0
      6.0). In the absence of external electron donors, Compound I decayed to Compound
      II with a half-life of 5-10 s at pH 3.1. The rate of this reaction was not
      affected by the H2O2 concentration used. In the presence of either veratryl
      alcohol or ferrocyanide, Compound II was rapidly generated. With ferrocyanide,
      the second-order rate constant increased from 1.9.10(4) M-1.s-1 to 6.8.10(6) M
      1.s-1 when the pH was lowered from 6.0 to 3.1. With veratryl alcohol as an
      electron donor, the second-order rate constant for the formation of Compound II
      increased from 7.0.10(3) M-1.s-1 at pH 6.0 to 1.0.10(5) M-1.s-1 at pH 4.5. At
      lower pH values the rate of Compound II formation no longer followed an
      exponential relationship and the steady-state spectral properties differed to
      those recorded in the presence of ferrocyanide. Our data support a model of
      enzyme catalysis in which veratryl alcohol is oxidized in one-electron steps and
      strengthen the view that veratryl alcohol oxidation involves a substrate-modified
      Compound II intermediate which is rapidly reduced to the native enzyme.

PMID- 2909256
TI  - Investigation of the active center of rat pancreatic elastase.
AB  - We have isolated rat pancreatic elastase I (EC 3.4.21.36) using a fast two-step
      procedure and we have investigated its active center with p-nitroanilide
      substrates and trifluoroacetylated inhibitors. These ligands were also used to
      probe porcine pancreatic elastase I whose amino acid sequence is 84% homologous
      to rat pancreatic elastase I as reported by MacDonald, et al. (Biochemistry 21,
      (1982) 1453-1463). Both proteinases exhibited non-Michaelian kinetics for
      substrates composed of three or four residues: substrate inhibition was observed
      for most enzyme substrate pairs, but with Ala3-p-nitroanilide, rat elastase
      showed substrate inhibition, whereas porcine elastase exhibited substrate
      activation. With most of the longer substrates, Michaelian kinetics were
      observed. The kcat/Km ratio was used to compare the catalytic efficiency of the
      two elastases on the different substrates. For both elastases, occupancy of
      subsite S4 was a prerequisite for efficient catalysis, occupancy of subsite S5
      further increased the catalytic efficiency, P2 proline favored catalysis and P1
      valine had an unfavorable effect. Rat elastase has probably one more subsite (S6)
      than its porcine counterpart. The rate-limiting step for the hydrolysis of N
      succinyl-Ala3-p-nitroanilide by rat elastase was essentially acylation, whereas
      both acylation and deacylation rate constants participated in the turnover of
      this substrate by porcine elastase. For both enzymes, trifluoroacetylated
      peptides were much better inhibitors than acetylated peptides and
      trifluoroacetyldipeptide anilides were more potent than trifluoroacetyltripeptide
      anilides. A number of quantitative differences were found, however, and with one
      exception, trifluoroacetylated inhibitors were less efficient with rat elastase
      than with the porcine enzyme.

PMID- 2909258
TI  - The ethics of physician-pharmaceutical company relationships.

PMID- 2909257
TI  - Inactivation of chicken liver mevalonate 5-diphosphate decarboxylase by
      sulfhydryl-directed reagents: evidence of a functional dithiol.
AB  - Chicken liver mevalonate 5-diphosphate decarboxylase (ATP:(R)-5
      diphosphomevalonate carboxy-lyase (dehydrating), EC 4.1.1.33) is inactivated by
      methylmethanethiosulfonate and 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoate). The presence of
      the substrates ATP or mevalonate 5-diphosphate protect very effectively against
      inactivation. The inactivation is second order with respect to
      methylmethanethiosulfonate, with an inactivation rate constant of (7.6 +/-
      0.1).10(-5) microM-2.s-1, implying that the modifier may be reacting with more
      than one thiol in the enzyme. The enzyme is also inactivated by a number of
      dithiol-specific reagents, suggesting the presence of a functional dithiol. The
      determined pKapp values for enzyme modification by methyl methanethiosulfonate
      and phenylarsine oxide are 7.3 +/- 0.1 and 7.6 +/- 0.3, respectively. From the
      data presented, it is concluded that the enzyme possesses a functional dithiol
      that is important for substrate binding.

PMID- 2909260
TI  - Choosing interns: an exercise in frustration.

PMID- 2909259
TI  - Medical dramas and the press: who benefits from the coverage?

PMID- 2909261
TI  - Not always on the level.

PMID- 2909262
TI  - The use of vitamin K in the perinatal period.

PMID- 2909263
TI  - Prenatal care: a comparative evaluation of nurse-midwives and family physicians.

PMID- 2909264
TI  - The Hippocratic Oath.

PMID- 2909265
TI  - Double-blinding in clinical trials.

PMID- 2909266
TI  - Treatment of parasitic infections: Canadian versus US recommendations
      [correction].

PMID- 2909267
TI  - Fatigue and stress in medical students, interns and residents: it's time to act!

PMID- 2909268
TI  - Fatigue and concerns about quality of care among Ontario interns and residents.
AB  - In postgraduate medical training the heavy and irregular workloads are thought to
      result in fatigue and a potential decrease in the quality of care provided by
      interns and residents. We investigated these concerns among Ontario interns and
      residents. Information from 1805 house staff in all specialties and different
      years of postgraduate education suggested a relation between hours of work,
      fatigue and concerns about the quality of care.

PMID- 2909269
TI  - User's guide for self-monitoring of capillary blood glucose levels.

PMID- 2909270
TI  - The use of family medical practices by patients with drinking problems.
AB  - The annual rate of consultation with family physicians was compared between 108
      problem drinkers and a matched group of control subjects; the first group
      contacted physicians about twice as often as the second one, especially because
      of psychosocial problems and acute injuries. However, this increased rate among
      the problem drinkers was also due to a higher prevalence of other health-related
      problems for which they sought care at least once. The results are discussed in
      terms of the need for more definitive interventions to identify alcohol abusers,
      to decrease their consumption and to improve their psychosocial and physical
      status.

PMID- 2909271
TI  - Hereditary site-specific colon cancer in a Canadian kindred.
AB  - A large kindred with colorectal cancer unaccompanied by polyposis coli and
      characterized by autosomal dominant inheritance has been identified in eastern
      Canada. Ten family members from three successive generations have presented 17
      documented colorectal cancers. The clinical features of the kindred are
      characteristic of hereditary site-specific colon cancer (HSSCC) (Lynch syndrome
      I): absence of multiple polyposis, autosomal dominant inheritance, onset of
      colorectal cancer at an early age and a high incidence of synchronous and
      metachronous colorectal cancers. A unique feature of this family is the high
      incidence of sporadic adenomatous polyps in affected members and their relatives.
      Patients with HSSCC have been managed by means of segmental colectomy followed by
      annual colonoscopic surveillance. All five patients with localized (Dukes' stage
      A or B) cancer at initial diagnosis were alive and free of disease after 2 to 12
      years of follow-up, although three had required further colonic resection for
      metachronous carcinomas. Five young family members without cancer have had
      sporadic adenomatous polyps removed and are being followed with annual
      colonoscopy. It is not known whether polypectomy will alter the subsequent
      incidence of colon cancer. Subtotal colectomy is recommended for patients with
      HSSCC because of the high incidence of multiple lesions. An aggressive screening
      protocol, including colonoscopy, is recommended for all adult first- and second
      degree relatives of patients with HSSCC. Identification of a biomarker, which is
      currently being sought in this kindred, would help identify those at greatest
      risk of development of cancer and allow earlier intervention.

PMID- 2909272
TI  - The search for a safer pertussis vaccine.

PMID- 2909273
TI  - System helps would-be interns, hospitals lose that long-distance feeling.

PMID- 2909274
TI  - Latest enrollment statistics indicate Canada will be producing fewer new MDs.

PMID- 2909275
TI  - A CMA position. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
AB  - The following general principles serve as guidelines for various bodies, health
      care professionals and the general public. Specific aspects of infection with
      human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
      that relate to physicians' ethical responsibilities as well as society's moral
      obligations are discussed. Such matters include the need for education, research
      and treatment resources; the patient's right to investigation and treatment and
      to refusal of either; the need to obtain the patient's informed consent; the
      right to privacy and confidentiality; the importance of infection control; and
      the right to financial compensation in the case of occupational exposure to HIV.

PMID- 2909276
TI  - Family physician in a box: a software review.

PMID- 2909277
TI  - On the outside, looking in.

PMID- 2909278
TI  - Canada one country among many grappling with MD-oversupply issue.

PMID- 2909279
TI  - New registry allows FPs to refer obstetrical patients to other FPs.

PMID- 2909280
TI  - Winnipeg suffered second chancroid outbreak, team reports.

PMID- 2909281
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of bestatin and oral activity for treatment of experimental
      metastases.
AB  - Bestatin is a low molecular weight aminopeptidase inhibitor originally isolated
      from culture filtrates of Streptomyces olivoreticuli. The serum pharmacokinetics
      in mice are dependent on route of administration, with a short t1/2 (1.69 min
      t1/2 alpha and 12.8 min t1/2 beta), but a high initial serum level following i.v.
      administration. When administered via the i.p., s.c., i.m., or p.o. routes of
      administration, bestatin had serum t1/2 beta s of 8.56, 16.91, 19.25, or 15.4
      min, respectively. The maximum area under the curve (concentration X time)
      occurred following i.v. and i.m. administration, with a lower level following
      p.o. or i.p. administration. Bestatin had therapeutic activity for experimental
      metastases, not only following i.v., i.p., and i.m. routes of administration but
      also following oral administration. Because of its brief serum t1/2, bestatin's
      therapeutic activity depends on aggressive (either daily or twice daily
      injection, especially following p.o. administration) and high-dose
      administration. Thus, the rate-limiting aspect of bestatin's therapeutic activity
      appears to be associated with its pharmacokinetics.

PMID- 2909282
TI  - Comparative effect of rat and fetal calf serum on measurement of the natural
      tumoricidal activity of rat lymphocytes, macrophages and polymorphonuclear cells.
AB  - The effect of rat serum versus fetal calf serum on the in vitro natural cytolytic
      activity of rat lymphocytes, macrophages and polymorphonuclear cells against
      syngeneic tumour cells was compared. The cytolysis level mediated by the three
      varieties of effector cells was lower when rat serum was used instead of fetal
      calf serum to supplement the culture medium. This could explain in part the
      discrepancies found between in vitro and in vivo studies.

PMID- 2909283
TI  - Inhibition of murine hepatic tumor growth by liposomes containing a lipophilic
      muramyl dipeptide.
AB  - We have investigated the ability of liposomes containing a lipophilic muramyl
      dipeptide, N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine glycerol dipalmitate (MDP-GDP)
      to activate Kupffer cell tumoricidal activity in situ and to inhibit the growth
      of experimental hepatic micrometastases of tumor cell line H-59, a liver-homing
      variant of the Lewis lung carcinoma. Liposomes prepared from
      distearoylphosphatidylcholine/dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol (DSPC/DMPG) and
      containing MDP-GDP (1 mumol and 2 micrograms, respectively) were efficiently
      taken up by the liver after i.v. administration. A single i.v. injection of
      DSPC/DMPG liposomes containing MDP-GDP was capable of inducing Kupffer cell
      tumoricidal activity against H-59 tumor cells as measured in vitro. Control
      liposomes or 100 micrograms free MDP were ineffective in inducing Kupffer cell
      tumoricidal activity in situ. Two treatment regimens were evaluated in vivo:
      firstly, C57BL/6 mice were injected with tumor cell line H-59 and subsequently
      treated with multiple injections of liposomal MDP-GDP. Secondly, treatment with
      liposomal MDP-GDP was initiated prior to tumor cell injection and continued after
      tumor cell injection. The ability of liposomes containing MDP-GDP to reduce the
      number of hepatic micrometastases using the first protocol was related to the
      tumor cell inoculum, significant inhibition being observed at lower liver tumor
      burdens (less than 25 tumor nodules). Pretreatment of the mice prior to tumor
      cell challenge followed by treatment afterwards greatly enhanced the efficacy of
      liposomal MDP-GDP and brought about a highly significant inhibition of the growth
      of experimental metastases even at high liver tumor burdens (greater than 50
      nodules).

PMID- 2909284
TI  - Melanin synthesis and the action of L-dopa and 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamine in human
      melanoma cells.
AB  - The toxicity and selectivity of 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamine (DHBA), an experimental
      antimelanoma agent that cannot enter the melanin pathway, broadly paralleled that
      of L-dopa in a panel of human melanoma cell lines sensitive or resistant to the
      latter drug. A human retinoblastoma cell line was found to be sensitive to both
      compounds. The toxicity and selectivity of both catechols were associated with
      inhibition of DNA synthesis; DHBA was more potent yet allowed a much greater
      degree of recovery compared with an equitoxic level of dopa. Dopa and DHBA had
      similar, dose-dependent effects on the cell cycle, arresting cells in S phase at
      low doses and in G1 at high doses. Replication of the DNA virus adenovirus was
      found to be inhibited by both agents. There was no difference between sensitive
      and resistant cell lines in the manganese or copper/zinc forms of superoxide
      dismutase, or in iron content and iron-binding capacity. Catechol toxicity was
      inhibited by the hydrogen peroxide scavenging agents pyruvate and methaemoglobin.
      Sensitivity to catechols did not correlate with melanin or tyrosinase content,
      rate of incorporation of tyrosine or dopa, intracellular levels of phenylalanine
      or tyrosine, or binding of a new monoclonal antibody directed against a
      melanosomal protein. These results indicate that DHBA and dopa exhibit selective
      toxicity for neural crest tumor cells independently of the melanisation pathway
      and of the superoxide scavenging system.

PMID- 2909285
TI  - Synthesis and antitumor activity of a series of (aminoethylpyrrolidine) platinum
      complexes.
AB  - A series of aminoethylpyrrolidine-platinum complexes were synthesized and
      partially characterized for chemical structure. The leaving groups in this series
      of complexes were varied in an attempt to identify cytotoxic, water-soluble
      aminoethylpyrrolidine-platinum complexes. The cytotoxic activity was tested in
      vitro against L1210 cells sensitive to cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II)
      (L1210/0), L1210 cells resistant to cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (L1210/DDP),
      and L1210 cells resistant to 1,2-diaminocyclohexane platinum (L1210/DACH). The
      complexes were also tested for in vivo antitumor activity against L1210/0 cells
      injected i.p. The results of these studies indicate that the
      aminoethylpyrrolidine-platinum complexes have moderate antitumor activity but are
      cross-resistant in L1210/DDP cells. The degree of antitumor activity was
      dependent on the characteristic leaving group of a given complex.

PMID- 2909286
TI  - Association of sorcin with drug resistance in L1210 cells.
AB  - L1210 sublines independently selected for resistance to teniposide (VM-26),
      etoposide (VP-16), doxorubicin (DOX), dactinomycin (DACT), or vincristine (VCR)
      express an anionic, 22-kDa protein that is not observed in extracts of parental
      L1210 cells. Antibody raised against sorcin, an acidic calcium-binding protein
      overproduced in many other cells resistant to these agents, cross-reacts with the
      22-kDa polypeptide. The levels of the 22-kDa protein (sorcin) increase with the
      relative levels of drug resistance of the L1210 sublines. The appearance of
      sorcin in these various sublines further supports the notion that the
      overproduction of this protein is related to the general phenomenon of multidrug
      resistance rather than to specific drug resistance and that selection for
      resistance to teniposide produces L1210 sublines with multidrug resistance.

PMID- 2909287
TI  - Hydroxyurea potentiation of the antineoplastic activity of cyclophosphamide and
      4'-(9-acridinylamino)methanesulfon-M-anisidide (AMSA) in the brown Norway rat
      myelocytic leukemia model.
AB  - The activities of hydroxyurea (HU), 4'-(9-acridinylamino)methanesulfon-M
      anisidide (AMSA) and cyclophosphamide (CY) were examined in the brown Norway rat
      myelocytic leukemia model in experiments designed to determine the synergy,
      optimal drug sequencing, and therapeutic index of combinations of these agents. A
      single dose of CY or four consecutive daily doses of AMSA produced increased
      survival in leukemic rats, with a positive-slope dose-response curve up to the
      maximum tolerated dose (MTD). HU at 1/2 MTD produced a minimal antileukemic
      effect but significantly potentiated the antineoplastic activity of 1/2 MTD of CY
      or AMSA with no significant toxic death rate. Drug-sequence experiments
      demonstrated that maximal synergy was achieved when HU was given immediately
      after CY but immediately before or during AMSA administration. No significant
      cure rate was seen with any CY/HU or HU/AMSA sequence. The three drugs given in
      the sequence of CY followed 3 days later by HU and AMSA simultaneously, however,
      was curative in the majority of rats with advanced leukemia, whereas other
      sequences were more toxic or less effective. Each of the drugs in these
      experiments was given at 1/2 of its single-agent MTD. HU significantly
      potentiates the antineoplastic effect of CY and AMSA in a drug-sequence-dependent
      manner in this model, apparently with an improved therapeutic index.

PMID- 2909288
TI  - Evaluation of the effect of furosemide on ultrafilterable platinum kinetics in
      patients treated with cis-diamminedichloroplatinum.
AB  - It has been reported that furosemide can prevent platinum nephrotoxicity by
      dilution of the toxic drug in the tubule or by another unknown mechanism. To
      evaluate its influence on ultrafilterable platinum pharmacokinetics, we undertook
      a randomized prospective trial of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (CDDP) (80 mg/m2
      by a 20-min infusion) administered to 20 patients with hydration-induced
      diuresis. Ten patients received 20 mg/m2 furosemide 1 h before CDDP
      administration, and 10 patients received no diuretic drug. Plasma and urinary
      pharmacokinetics of platinum and creatinine were compared in both groups of
      patients. Plasma total and ultrafilterable platinum was always higher in the
      furosemide group. However, protein binding, urinary concentrations, cumulative
      urinary excretion, renal clearance and creatinine clearance/renal clearance ratio
      (fractional clearance) were not statistically different. Moreover, the fractional
      clearance was successively lower, equal and higher than one in both groups. These
      results suggest that: (1) furosemide probably causes water depletion leading to a
      rise in plasma concentrations; (2) its protection by a pharmacokinetic
      interaction is doubtful, since all other parameters (especially urinary
      parameters) are not significantly modified; (3) renal clearance and fractional
      clearance suggest a bidirectional transport of platinum in the tubule not
      influenced by the diuretic drug.

PMID- 2909289
TI  - Dominance of resistance to the alkylating agent 1,2:5,6-dianhydrogalactitol in
      P388 mouse lymphoma hybrid cells.
AB  - Cultured P388/S mouse lymphoma cells resistant to 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) and
      deficient in thymidine kinase (TK-) were fused with P388/DAG cells resistant to
      1,2:5,6-dianhydrogalactitol (DAG), an anticancer alkylating agent, and to 6
      thioguanine (6-TG) and deficient in hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl-transferase (HPRT
      ). Sensitivity to DAG in the hybrid line was very close to that in the P388/DAG
      line, which means that resistance to DAG was inherited in a quasi-dominant
      manner. Hybrid cells showed cross-resistance, similar to that of the DAG
      resistant line, to two other hexitols, dibromodulcitol (DBD) and
      disuccinyldianhydrogalactitol (DisuDAG).

PMID- 2909290
TI  - Combination chemotherapy of cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil for advanced colorectal
      adenocarcinoma.
AB  - A total of 24 patients with advanced colorectal adenocarcinoma were entered into
      a phase I-II study of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and cisplatin, 21 of whom had
      previously received 5-FU. The starting dose of cisplatin was 20 mg/m2 diluted in
      1000 cc normal saline, given over 20 h daily for 5 days, together with 600 mg/m2
      5-FU diluted in 1000 cc fluid, given simultaneously over 20 h daily for 5 days.
      This regiment was given every 4 weeks. The dose-limiting toxicity was renal and
      cumulative. All 24 patients were evaluable for toxicity. Of 12 patients on the
      above-mentioned starting dose, 8 underwent a cisplatin dose reduction to 15 mg/m2
      due to a progressive decrease in creatinine clearance following the second or
      third course of treatment. Of 12 patients who started cisplatin at 15 mg/m2 and 5
      FU at 600 mg/m2, 11 were maintained at this dose. A WBC nadir count of less than
      2000/mm3 was seen in four patients. Thrombocytopenia occurred in three patients
      who received 15 mg/m2 cisplatin and 600 mg/m2 5-FU. In all, 21 of the 24 patients
      had objectively measurable disease and were also evaluable for response as
      follows: 1 complete response, 2 partial responses, 1 case of stable disease, and
      17 patients with progressive disease.

PMID- 2909291
TI  - Phase II trial of continuous-infusion iproplatin (CHIP) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)
      in advanced colorectal carcinoma.
AB  - Following the observation of antitumor activity for the combination of 5
      fluorouracil (5-FU) and cisplatin in metastatic colorectal carcinoma, the
      combination of 5-FU and iproplatin was tested, also in colorectal carcinoma, in
      the hope of attaining equivalent activity without the nephrotoxicity observed
      with 5-FU/cisplatin. However, no responses were achieved with 5-FU/iproplatin.

PMID- 2909293
TI  - Reactive oxygen metabolites relax the lamb ductus arteriosus by stimulating
      prostaglandin production.
AB  - To determine whether oxygen metabolites can cause ductus relaxation, we used
      rings of fetal ductus obtained from 36 near-term lambs and measured the effects
      of the oxygen metabolites generated by the combination of hypoxanthine and
      xanthine oxidase. The oxygen metabolites produced by hypoxanthine plus xanthine
      oxidase caused relaxation of the ductus that was inhibited by catalase (hydrogen
      peroxide scavenger) but not by superoxide dismutase (superoxide anion scavenger).
      In addition, hypoxanthine plus xanthine oxidase produced a 14-fold increase in
      prostaglandin (PG) E2 production with only twofold increase in 6-keto-PGF1 alpha
      (the stable metabolite of PGI2). PGE2 is the most potent relaxant of the ductus
      arteriosus. The presence of either catalase or indomethacin blocked both the
      increase in prostaglandin production and the relaxation. We conclude that
      reactive oxygen metabolites relax the ductus arteriosus and oppose the normal
      constriction that occurs after birth. However, the vasoactive effects of reactive
      oxygen metabolites in the ductus appear to be mediated exclusively through the
      generation of PGE2.

PMID- 2909292
TI  - The pharmacokinetics and toxicity of the anthrapyrazole anti-cancer drug CI-941
      in the mouse: a guide for rational dose escalation in patients.
AB  - CI-941 is a new synthetic DNA-binding agent selected for phase I clinical
      evaluation. The drug has broad-spectrum antitumour activity against a number of
      murine tumours and, in contrast to doxorubicin, is unlikely to induce
      cardiotoxicity by a free-radical-mediated mechanism. In this study the toxicity
      and pharmacokinetics of CI-941 were studied in the mouse to enable the
      implementation of a pharmacokinetically guided dose-escalation strategy in
      patients. Following a single i.v. bolus injection in mice, CI-941 induced dose
      dependent leukopenia. The white blood cell counts were suppressed on day 3 by
      18%, 50% and 65% of control, at doses of 10, 15 and 20 mg/kg CI-941,
      respectively. Other toxicities such as weight loss, alopecia, diarrhoea and
      convulsions were observed at doses greater than 20 mg/kg. Lethality studies in
      female Balb-c mice resulted in an LD10 value of 20 mg/kg (95% confidence limits;
      range, 19-21 mg/kg) and an LD50 value of 22 mg/kg (95% confidence limits; range,
      21-23 mg/kg). The pharmacokinetics of CI-941 were studied at four dose levels
      from 1/10 of the LD10 to the LD10 (20 mg/kg). The drug was rapidly cleared from
      the plasma (250-400 ml/min per kg) at a rate approaching the cardiac output of
      mice, displaying triphasic plasma pharmacokinetics. The area under the plasma CI
      941 concentration vs time curve (AUC) was linear with respect to the dose, up to
      and including 15 mg/kg (AUC = 110 microM x min at 15 mg/kg), but became non
      linear at 20 mg/kg (AUC = 277 microM x min). Despite 80%-84% plasma protein
      binding, CI-941 was rapidly and extensively distributed into tissues, especially
      the kidney. Following i.v. bolus injections at doses of 1.5 and 15 mg/kg,
      elimination of the parent compound by urinary excretion accounted for 12%-18% of
      the delivered dose. A phase-I starting dose (based on that equivalent to 1/10 of
      the LD10 in the mouse) of 5 mg/m2 CI-941 is recommended for single administration
      schedules. In addition, a pharmacokinetically guided dose-escalation strategy,
      based on achieving a target AUC of 110 microM x min, is proposed.

PMID- 2909294
TI  - Arteriolar control of capillary cell flow in striated muscle.
AB  - This study tests the hypothesis that capillary perfusion is controlled in groups
      rather than at the level of the individual capillary. We measured cell flux
      (using cells labeled with substituted tetramethyl rhodamine isothiocyanate,
      XRITC) and vessel diameter in adjoining arterioles of the terminal vasculature of
      hamster cremaster muscle (Nembutal, 70 mg/kg i.p.) during rest and hyperemia (10(
      4) M adenosine). In terminal arterioles (TAs), 32 of 68 vessels showed cell flux
      increases from rest to hyperemia exceeding 25 times (i.e., 47% of TAs were
      relatively unperfused at rest). In vessels feeding TAs (TAFs), 33 of 95 (34%)
      were relatively unperfused at rest. Cell flux heterogeneity in TAFs decreased
      significantly by 27% from rest to hyperemia; the corresponding decrease (16%) in
      TAs was not significant. Thus, unperfused TAFs are present in a proportion which
      reflects capillary recruitment in hamster cremaster (Sarelius et al, Am J Physiol
      1981;241:H317) while TAs are not, and TAFs independently modulate flow
      distribution distally while TAs do not. The data therefore support the conclusion
      that TAFs control cell flow in the distal microvasculature. Analysis of
      normalized ranked maximal diameters showed that TAFs unperfused at rest tend to
      be the smaller vessels at any tissue site.

PMID- 2909295
TI  - Comparative effects of hypoxia and ischemia in the isolated, blood-perfused dog
      heart: evaluation of left ventricular diastolic chamber distensibility and wall
      thickness.
AB  - To compare the effects of hypoxia and ischemia on left ventricular (LV) diastolic
      function, we studied 17 isolated, isovolumic dog hearts by measuring LV diastolic
      chamber distensibility (LV end diastolic pressure at constant volume), wall
      thickness, and myocardial pH in response to hypoxia at constant coronary flow or
      pressure versus global ischemia (zero coronary blood flow). Hypoxic perfusates
      consisted of methemoglobin-containing red blood cells suspended in lactated
      Ringer's solution. Brief cross-clamping of the coronary perfusion line was used
      to assess the contribution of coronary turgor to chamber distensibility and wall
      thickness. With hypoxia, left ventricles showed a significant early (5 minutes)
      decrease in diastolic distensibility and an increase in wall thickness, at either
      constant coronary perfusion pressure or flow. The increase in wall thickness was
      independent of hypoxia-induced changes in coronary turgor. In contrast, global
      ischemia produced an early increase in LV diastolic chamber distensibility and a
      decrease in wall thickness. When global ischemia was continued beyond 60 minutes,
      a decrease in LV chamber distensibility developed. This diastolic contracture was
      not associated with an increase in LV wall thickness. Myocardial pH decreased
      slightly during 15 minutes of hypoxia and markedly with 15 minutes of global
      ischemia. Thus, LV diastolic chamber distensibility decreased during 15 minutes
      of hypoxia, while an increase in distensibility was seen during global ischemia
      of similar duration. During hypoxia, these changes were associated with increased
      LV wall thickness, at either constant coronary perfusion pressure or constant
      coronary flow. Prolonged ischemia led to diastolic contracture without an
      increase in wall thickness.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2909296
TI  - Lesion of the area postrema region attenuates hypertension in spontaneously
      hypertensive rats.
AB  - To determine whether the area postrema contributes to the development of
      hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), sham or electrolytic
      lesions of the area postrema (AP) were made in 4-week-old SHR and Wistar-Kyoto
      (WKY) controls. From weeks 5 through 16, systolic pressure was measured via tail
      plethysmography. While blood pressure rose markedly in sham-operated SHR,
      increases in pressure were small in AP-ablated SHR and similar to those seen in
      all WKY. Subsequent direct measurements of mean arterial pressure in the same
      rats showed a significant correlation (r = 0.87, p less than 0.01) with the
      pressure data acquired via weekly tail-cuff measurement, thereby confirming that
      hypertension in AP-ablated SHR had indeed been attenuated. Analysis of several
      hundred computer-acquired measurements of mean arterial pressure from each rat
      showed that AP ablation shifted the distribution of mean arterial pressure to a
      lower range in SHR but not WKY. Ablation of the AP also decreased resting heart
      rate in SHR but not WKY. Suppression of heart rate in response to intravenous
      phenylephrine was equivalent in sham-operated and AP-ablated rats, suggesting
      that baroreflex-mediated slowing of heart rate was not impaired. In response to
      intravenous angiotensin II, suppression of heart rate was similar in sham and AP
      ablated SHR, and actually was enhanced in AP-ablated WKY. Histological evaluation
      of the lesions indicated that visible damage to the adjacent nuclei of the
      solitary tracts was confined to a small portion of the commissural
      nucleus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2909297
TI  - Vascular responses to vasopressin are tone-dependent in the cerebral circulation
      of the newborn pig.
AB  - The effects of lysine vasopressin (LVP) on pial arteriolar diameter and cortical
      periarachnoid fluid prostanoid concentrations were investigated in newborn pigs.
      Chloralose-anesthetized piglets were equipped with closed cranial windows over
      the parietal cortex for observation of pial arterioles and collection of
      cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) passing over the cerebral surface. Prostanoids in the
      CSF were determined by radioimmunoassay. LVP (10-1,000 microU/ml) elicited
      concentration-dependent increases in pial arteriolar diameter associated with
      increased levels of 6-keto-prostaglandin (PG)F1 alpha, PGE2, thromboxane B2, and
      PGF2 alpha. LVP-induced pial arteriolar dilation was unchanged after intravenous
      indomethacin (5 mg/kg). Conversely, LVP constricts pial arterioles previously
      dilated by physiological (hemorrhagic hypotension) and pharmacological (topically
      applied PGE2 or isoproterenol) intervention. This constriction is potentiated by
      indomethacin. Vascular and biochemical changes elicited by LVP were blocked by
      intravenous [1-(beta-mercapto-beta beta-cyclopentamethylene propionic acid),2,(O
      methyl)-Tyr-AVP] (5 micrograms/kg), a putative V1 receptor antagonist, whereas
      vascular effects of norepinephrine and U46619, a thromboxane A2 mimic, were
      unchanged. Therefore, the degree of vascular tone appears to influence responses
      of the newborn pig cerebral circulation to LVP.

PMID- 2909298
TI  - Electrophysiological and anatomic differences between canine hearts with
      inducible ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation associated with chronic
      myocardial infarction.
AB  - This study examined electrophysiological and anatomic differences between dogs
      with ventricular tachycardia (VT) and fibrillation (VF) inducible by programmed
      ventricular stimulation 7-21 days after left anterior descending coronary artery
      ligation. Of 106 dogs studied, 40 had inducible VT, 19 had inducible VF, and 47
      had no inducible arrhythmias. Differences between these three groups of animals
      were examined with cardiac mapping (to determine ventricular activation time in
      sinus rhythm) and post-mortem pathology (to measure infarct size and to
      reconstruct the anatomy at the infarct edge). Animals with inducible VT had
      longer maximal epicardial activation time (127 +/- 8 msec) than did animals with
      inducible VF (91 +/- 8 msec, p less than 0.05) or animals with no inducible
      arrhythmias (75 +/- 2 msec, p less than 0.001). Delayed epicardial activation
      occurred in 90% of animals with VT, 42% of animals with VF, and in only 6% of
      animals with no inducible arrhythmias. Endocardial and myocardial activation
      times were similar for the VT and VF groups. Infarct size was 18 +/- 2% of the
      ventricles for the VT group, much higher than for the VF group (11 +/- 2%, p less
      than 0.001) or for the group with no inducible arrhythmias (9 +/- 1%, p less than
      0.001). The maximum diameter of viable muscle bundles interdigitating with scar
      tissue at the infarct edge was much larger in animals with VT (2.4 +/- 0.2 mm)
      than in animals with VF (1.8 +/- 0.2 mm, p less than 0.05) or animals with no
      inducible arrhythmias (1.7 +/- 0.1 mm, p less than 0.01). Thus, when compared
      with animals with inducible VF, animals with inducible VT had longer epicardial
      activation time, larger infarct size and viable muscle bundles of larger diameter
      at the infarct edge.

PMID- 2909299
TI  - Measurement of lung microvascular pressure in the intact anesthetized rabbit by
      the micropuncture technique.
AB  - We have developed a micropuncture technique for the measurement of microvascular
      pressure in the intact lung of rabbit. We anesthetized 16 rabbits (halothane,
      0.8%) and mechanically ventilated them through a tracheotomy. Then, we exposed
      the right lung by rib resection over the right anterior chest. We measured
      pulmonary artery, left atrial, and systemic pressures by direct catheterization
      and cardiac output by the thermodilution technique. For micropuncture, we
      stabilized the lung on a shelf and stopped ventilation for 3-4 minutes at an
      airway pressure of 7 cm H2O. We injected pancuronium intravenously to paralyze
      the diaphragm and intercostal muscles. Of the total pulmonary vascular pressure
      drop, 52% occurred in the microvascular segment between arterioles and venules of
      20 micron diameter, 28% occurred in the arterial segment, and 20% occurred in the
      venous segment. We conclude that in the intact lung of rabbit, the major pressure
      drop occurs in the microvascular segment.

PMID- 2909300
TI  - Differential accumulation of diacyl and plasmalogenic diglycerides during
      myocardial ischemia.
AB  - The recent discovery of neutral active choline and ethanolamine
      glycerophospholipid specific phospholipase C in myocardium (Wolf RA, Gross RW. J
      Biol Chem 1985;260:7295) has demonstrated a novel catabolic pathway that
      potentially contributes to the accumulation of amphiphilic metabolites during
      myocardial ischemia. To assess the potential importance of this pathway, we
      quantified the temporal course of alterations in myocardial 1-0-alk-1'-enyl-2
      acyl-sn-glycerol (AAG) and 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol (DAG) content during control
      and ischemic intervals in an isolated perfused Langendorf model. AAG accumulated
      over fivefold to 8.70 and 18.27 nmol/g dry in 20- and 60-minute ischemic rabbit
      hearts, respectively (p less than 0.02). The only AAG molecular species that was
      detected in substantial amounts in control or ischemic rabbit hearts was 1-0
      hexadec-1'-enyl-2-acyl-sn-glycerol. Since this molecular species is enriched in
      plasmenylcholine these findings suggest that AAG production is likely mediated by
      phospholipase C-catalyzed hydrolysis of plasmenylcholine. In contrast to ischemia
      induced AAG accumulation, DAG content decreased during both control and globally
      ischemic perfusion intervals. In summary, these findings demonstrate that AAG, in
      contrast to DAG, accumulates during myocardial ischemia indicating that at least
      some metabolites of plasmalogen and diacyl phospholipids accumulate at
      differential rates during myocardial ischemia.

PMID- 2909301
TI  - Patterns of endothelial microfilament distribution in the rabbit aorta in situ.
AB  - The available data on F-actin microfilament distribution in vascular endothelial
      cells in vivo is limited. In this study, the appearance and distribution of
      endothelial cell microfilaments in the rabbit thoracic aorta, the abdominal aorta
      and its major arterial branch points, and the aortic bifurcation were examined.
      Perfusion fixed rabbit aortas were stained in situ for F-actin by infusing
      rhodamine phalloidin via a peristaltic pump into the aortas at a slow flow rate.
      This new technique resulted in excellent visualization of branch points and
      allowed for a precise description of the actin microfilament bundles in
      endothelial cells along flow dividers. In the thoracic and abdominal aorta, away
      from branch ostia, actin microfilaments were localized in two regions of the
      endothelial cells, as a prominent band that completely outlined the cell
      periphery, and also as short central stress fibers. The central stress fibers
      were more frequent and prominent in cells of the abdominal aorta. At branch sites
      and at the aortic bifurcation, long, thick microfilament bundles were present in
      endothelial cells extending from the tip of the flow divider to a few millimeters
      along the branch arteries, the aorta, and the iliac arteries. Peripheral actin,
      however, no longer completely surrounded the cells. The thick bundles were not
      prominent in endothelial cells located adjacent to the proximal lip of branches
      or at the iliac arteries opposite the flow divider. This study shows that
      endothelial cell F-actin microfilament distribution in vivo is well defined along
      the aortic-arterial system. The prominent central microfilament bundles and the
      reduced peripheral microfilaments seen at localized regions may reflect an
      adaptive response to elevated shear stress at these sites.

PMID- 2909302
TI  - Cardiovascular effects of neuropeptide Y in rat brainstem nuclei.
AB  - Central catecholaminergic neurons are involved in cardiovascular regulation.
      Neuropeptide Y (NPY) coexists with adrenaline and noradrenaline in the rat brain,
      and interactions among these substances have been studied. The purpose of this
      study was to investigate the possible role of NPY in central cardiovascular
      control. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized with urethane, and blood
      pressure was monitored intra-arterially. Intramedullary microinjection (60 nl) of
      NPY (0, 46.5 fmol, 465 fmol, 1.5 pmol, and 4.65 pmol) was made into the nucleus
      tractus solitarii (NTS), into the area postrema, and into the C1 area in the
      rostroventrolateral medulla. Injection site was identified by L-glutamate
      administration and confirmed histologically. Unilateral injection of NPY into the
      NTS produced a prominent dose-related decrease in heart rate and systolic and
      diastolic blood pressure (-106 +/- 8 beats/min, -56 +/- 2 mm Hg, and -33 +/- 2 mm
      Hg, respectively after 4.65 pmol NPY, n = 7, p less than 0.001). Maximal changes
      occurred at 30 seconds and recovered in 10 minutes for blood pressure and 20
      minutes for heart rate. Injection into the area postrema produced an initial
      increase in heart rate and mean blood pressure (+23 +/- 2 beats/min and +18 +/- 2
      mm Hg) followed by a prolonged decrease in heart rate and mean blood pressure (
      14 +/- 4 beats/min and -15 +/- 2 mm Hg, respectively, n = 7, p less than
      0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2909303
TI  - Load responsiveness of protein synthesis in adult mammalian myocardium: role of
      cardiac deformation linked to sodium influx.
AB  - Exposure of adult mammalian myocardium to increased hemodynamic loads augments
      cardiac protein synthesis, ultimately leading to hypertrophy of the affected
      chamber. This established relationship between loading conditions and protein
      synthesis was examined in terms of two questions. First, is there a basic
      difference between the anabolic effect of a passive load imposed on diastolic
      myocardium and that of an active load generated by systolic myocardium? This
      issue was addressed by measuring [3H]phenylalanine incorporation into muscle
      protein in either quiescent or contracting ferret papillary muscles, set at known
      isometric lengths. Myocardial protein synthesis increased in proportion to total
      muscle tension in each case, with an equivalent relation describing both
      quiescent and contracting muscles. Synthesis of two contractile proteins, actin
      and myosin heavy chain, were enhanced by muscle loading. Thus, a quantitative
      rather than qualitative difference between the anabolic effects of diastolic and
      systolic loading was demonstrated. Second, since increased sodium influx is an
      initial cellular response requisite to the growth-inducing activity of many
      substances, and since sodium entry through stretch-activated ion channels is
      stimulated by deformation of the sarcolemma, does cardiac deformation during
      increased loading promote sodium influx as a signal to increase anabolic
      activity? In either quiescent or contracting papillary muscles, the rate of 24Na+
      uptake was found to increase with load. Streptomycin, a cationic blocker of the
      mechanotransducer ion channels, was without effect on protein synthesis in
      stimulated but slack muscles; however, it inhibited, in a dose-related manner,
      the augmented protein synthesis otherwise observed in contracting muscles
      developing tension. At 500 microM, streptomycin did not reduce active tension,
      but it did reduce the synthesis of both actin and myosin heavy chain. In a second
      pharmacologic approach, inotropic agents were chosen which uniformly increased
      muscle tension development but which had contrasting effects on sodium influx.
      Protein synthesis increased in the presence of Na+ influx enhancers, monensin or
      veratridine; however, protein synthesis decreased in the presence of amiloride, a
      sodium influx inhibitor. Thus, myocardial protein synthesis varied directly with
      sodium influx despite the positive inotropic effect observed with each of these
      agents. In addition, inhibition of protein synthesis by ouabain demonstrated that
      activation of the Na+ pump is required for the anabolic effect of load.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2909304
TI  - "Reperfusion injury" by oxygen-derived free radicals? Effect of superoxide
      dismutase plus catalase, given at the time of reperfusion, on myocardial infarct
      size, contractile function, coronary microvasculature, and regional myocardial
      blood flow.
AB  - Do oxygen-derived free radicals, generated at the time of reperfusion, lethally
      injure viable, previously ischemic myocardium, damage vascular endothelium, and
      impair recovery of postischemic contractile function? To address these issues, 23
      anesthetized open-chest dogs underwent 2 hours of left anterior descending
      coronary artery occlusion followed by 4 hours of reperfusion. Immediately prior
      to reflow, each dog was randomized to receive either the free radical scavenging
      agents superoxide dismutase (SOD) + catalase, or saline alone. SOD + catalase had
      no significant beneficial effect on infarct size measured by triphenyltetrazolium
      staining: area of necrosis averaged 38.5 +/- 6.1% vs. 46.3 +/- 6.2% of the area
      at risk in treated compared with control animals respectively (p = NS).
      Furthermore, infusion of SOD + catalase did not alter contractile function of the
      viable subepicardium: mean segment shortening (measured using sonomicrometry) at
      4 hours postreperfusion was -23 +/- 5% of baseline, preocclusion values in
      controls dogs and -24 +/- 9% of preocclusion values in animals that received the
      scavenging agents. However, SOD + catalase treatment preserved the endocardial
      microvasculature (assessed by semiquantitative electron microscopic analysis) and
      enhanced regional myocardial blood flow after reperfusion. Specifically, mean
      score for microvascular injury was 0.41 +/- 0.14 vs. 0.10 +/- 0.08 (p less than
      0.05) in control compared with SOD + catalase treated groups, and blood flow
      averaged 0.56 +/- 0.11 vs. 1.27 +/- 0.33 ml/min/g tissue (p less than 0.05),
      respectively, in the previously ischemic endocardium at 2 hours postreflow. Thus,
      SOD + catalase given at the time of reperfusion had no acute beneficial effect on
      either the extent of myocyte necrosis or postischemic contractile function in
      this canine model. SOD + catalase did, however, attenuate both endocardial
      vascular injury and the "low reflow" phenomenon. These data suggest that
      microvascular injury and low reflow following prolonged (2 hour) but transient
      coronary occlusion may be mediated by oxygen-derived free radicals generated at
      the time of reperfusion.

PMID- 2909305
TI  - Oxygen consumption and coronary reactivity in postischemic myocardium.
AB  - Coronary vascular responses in regions of reversible postischemic myocardial
      contractile dysfunction (stunned myocardium) were examined in chronically
      instrumented, awake dogs. Left anterior descending coronary artery blood flow and
      oxygen extraction, aortic and left ventricular pressures, and regional myocardial
      segment shortening were determined. Regional myocardial blood flow was measured
      with microspheres. Coronary reactive hyperemia and vasodilator reserve, and
      regional myocardial oxygen consumption were determined. Three sequential 10
      minute left anterior descending coronary artery occlusions separated by 30-minute
      reperfusion periods resulted in progressive postischemic dysfunction so that 1
      hour after the final coronary artery occlusion, myocardial segment shortening was
      reduced to 37% of baseline. Despite this decrease in contractile function, left
      anterior descending artery flow (19.6 +/- 2.6 vs. 18.4 +/- 3.0 ml/min),
      myocardial blood flow and the transmural distribution of flow measured with
      microspheres, and regional myocardial oxygen consumption were unchanged. Although
      the coronary vasodilator reserve in response to adenosine was unaltered (63 +/- 9
      vs. 70 +/- 15 ml/min), the reactive hyperemia response to a 10-second coronary
      occlusion was decreased in intensity (debt repayment ratio = 474 +/- 78% vs. 322
      +/- 74%; p less than 0.05) and duration (57 +/- 9.1 vs. 35 +/- 4.5 seconds; p
      less than 0.05), while the peak flow response was unchanged (57 +/- 6.8 vs. 60 +/
      7.1 ml/min). Thus, in the intact awake animal postischemic myocardial
      contractile dysfunction was not associated with decreased myocardial oxygen
      consumption and did not impair the normal relation between coronary blood flow
      and myocardial oxygen utilization. Although coronary vessels showed a normal
      ability to vasodilate in response to adenosine, coronary reactive hyperemia was
      reduced.

PMID- 2909307
TI  - Report of the AFCR Public Policy Committee: current issues in public policy.

PMID- 2909306
TI  - AIDS policy--local realities and federal responsibilities.

PMID- 2909308
TI  - AIDS: issues in developing national policy.

PMID- 2909309
TI  - Risk of right bundle-branch block and complete heart block during pulmonary
      artery catheterization.
AB  - The need for the prophylactic insertion of a pacemaker before pulmonary artery
      catheterization in patients with pre-existing left bundle-branch block (LBBB) is
      controversial. To determine the incidence of new right bundle-branch block (RBBB)
      and complete heart block during bedside pulmonary artery catheterization, 293
      patients undergoing 307 pulmonary artery catheterizations were prospectively
      studied. Nine patients had pacemaker rhythms and 19 patients had an RBBB on their
      precatheterization ECGs and therefore were excluded from analysis. In the
      remaining 279 pulmonary artery catheterizations, eight (3%) were associated with
      the development of a new RBBB. None of the 14 patients with a pre-existing LBBB
      developed complete heart block. The incidence of complete heart block during
      pulmonary artery catheterization of patients with previous LBBB was not higher
      than the incidence of RBBB in patients without underlying conduction defects.
      Because of the rare but grave consequences of RBBB in patients with pre-existing
      LBBB, we recommend the use of standby external pacemakers and equipment for
      transvenous pacemaker insertion in these patients during pulmonary artery
      catheterization. We do not recommend prophylactic pacemaker insertion.

PMID- 2909310
TI  - Just say no.

PMID- 2909311
TI  - Unusual case of metabolic acidosis.

PMID- 2909312
TI  - Fat embolism syndrome with no evidence of pulmonary involvement.

PMID- 2909313
TI  - Simple method for ventilating transported newborn infants.

PMID- 2909314
TI  - Catheter-related infections.

PMID- 2909315
TI  - Sequential physiologic interactions in pediatric cardiogenic and septic shock.
AB  - We report that the pediatric cardiogenic shock and septic shock populations show
      similar hemodynamic and oxygen utilization physiologic relationships during
      aggressive intensive care therapy. We examined the mathematical relationships
      between vascular tone and flow, and oxygen utilization and oxygen delivery (DO2)
      in the early and middle stages of cardiogenic and septic shock. The fitted curves
      between cardiac index and systemic vascular resistance, and oxygen consumption
      (VO2) and DO2 were clinically and statistically similar in both shock
      populations. We found no evidence for decreased oxygen extraction in sepsis as
      compared to the cardiogenic shock population. In addition, it appears that the
      major determinant of VO2 in these populations is DO2, not oxygen extraction. We
      suggest that patients with cardiogenic or septic shock can be treated according
      to similar physiologic principles.

PMID- 2909316
TI  - Validation of two scoring systems which assess the degree of physiologic
      instability in critically ill newborn infants.
AB  - Modifications of the Physiologic Stability Index (PSI) and Therapeutic
      Intervention Scoring System (TISS) were used to evaluate the physiologic
      stability and need for therapeutic intervention in 55 infants hospitalized in the
      newborn ICU. After modifying the PSI to reflect neonatal physiology, we found
      that PSI scores correlated significantly with TISS values (r = .75, p less than
      .001) and Nursing Utilization Management Intervention System (NUMIS)
      classifications (r = .62, p less than .001). TISS values also correlated with
      NUMIS scores (r = .72, p less than .001). PSI and TISS scores increased
      significantly with each increase in NUMIS classification (p less than .001 for
      all comparisons). PSI and TISS scores decreased significantly between admission
      and either discharge (n = 41) or day 14 of hospitalization (n = 14, p less than
      .001). PSI and TISS scores were greater on days 1 and 5 in infants with hyaline
      membrane disease when compared with infants with transient tachypnea (p less than
      .001). Infants with PSI scores greater than or equal to 4 and TISS scores greater
      than or equal to 7 on day 1 took significantly longer to achieve adequate protein
      calorie intakes than infants with lower first-day scores (p less than .002). The
      modified PSI and the TISS scoring systems are both useful objective measurements
      of the degree of physiologic instability in newborn infants requiring intensive
      care, and both scores identify those at increased risk for nutritional morbidity.

PMID- 2909317
TI  - Use of ranitidine in children undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass.
AB  - Sixty children aged 6 wk to 10 yr were studied. The children were undergoing
      cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) for correction of congenital heart defects. The aim
      of the study was to provide prophylaxis for stress-induced gastric ulceration by
      elevating the gastric pH to at least 3.5. Two infusion regimes of ranitidine were
      compared: 0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg.h. The period of study was from induction of
      anesthesia until the end of the first 24 h after surgery. Both regimes were
      effective. The 0.2-mg/kg.h infusion produced a significantly higher plasma
      concentration of ranitidine throughout the study period without any additional
      clinical benefit. Both regimes produced, within 3 h of cessation of CPB, a
      significant elevation in mean gastric pH to at least 5.3. This paper concludes
      that 0.1-mg/kg.h infusion of ranitidine is a safe and efficacious regime for the
      critically ill pediatric patient.

PMID- 2909318
TI  - Blood histamine concentrations are not elevated in humans with septic shock.
AB  - Histamine has been suggested as an important mediator of the cardiovascular
      abnormalities during septic shock. To determine if blood histamine levels were
      increased during human sepsis and septic shock, plasma histamine was measured
      using a very sensitive radioenzyme assay employing histamine N-methyltransferase
      (HNMT) in the following patient groups: normal controls (n = 76), nonseptic
      critically ill (n = 12), nonseptic shock (n = 2), sepsis without shock (n = 28),
      and septic shock (n = 41). Using this enzyme binding assay, all these groups had
      similar, normal plasma histamine concentrations, except those patients with
      septic shock whose mean histamine measurements were significantly reduced (p less
      than .002). This decrease was found to be due to an artifact of the assay: plasma
      contained a circulating inhibitor that falsely lowered the measured histamine
      level. Fractionation of septic shock plasma using molecular exclusion membranes
      and gel filtration revealed a 5000 MW inhibitory factor. After removal of this
      inhibitor from plasma, septic shock plasma histamine levels were normal. Thus,
      septic shock patients may have a circulating inhibitor of the HNMT enzyme, but
      plasma histamine concentrations are normal. Histaminemia is unlikely to play an
      important role in the pathogenesis of septic shock in humans.

PMID- 2909319
TI  - Pentoxifylline improves survival following hemorrhagic shock.
AB  - Pentoxifylline is an agent which improves microcirculatory blood flow, but its
      use as therapy for shock has not been reported. We performed this study to
      determine if pentoxifylline improves survival following experimental hemorrhagic
      shock. Anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats were studied; the animals were subjected
      to hemorrhage and then resuscitated using lactated Ringer's solution, with either
      placebo or pentoxifylline added by random selecting. Animals were then observed
      for 3 days. There was significantly increased survival in pentoxifylline-treated
      animals (p less than .05). In additional experiments, animals received more
      aggressive fluid resuscitation; improved survival in the pentoxifylline group was
      noted almost immediately and persisted through the 72-h period. This was
      significant at the p less than .01 level. We conclude that pentoxifylline
      improves survival from hemorrhagic shock in this experimental model, and has
      additive survival value to fluid resuscitation.

PMID- 2909320
TI  - Dimethyl-prostaglandin E2 prevents stress ulceration with minimal complications.
AB  - Gastric mucosal damage produced by topical application of necrotizing agents is
      diminished by topical or systemic pretreatment with a variety of E and F
      prostaglandins. The rat restraint model of gastric mucosal injury is more
      analogous to clinical stress ulceration than are models using intragastric
      application of toxic solutions; however, previous use of prostaglandin E1 in the
      restraint model resulted in a prohibitive incidence of GI morbidity. The current
      study used the restraint model of stress ulceration to compare the effects of a
      more potent prostaglandin analogue, 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2, with
      hyperosmolar glucose and antacids. All three agents afforded significant
      protection from grossly apparent mucosal lesions, alone and in combination.
      Although other physiologic effects of each agent differed, the only effect which
      correlated with prevention of mucosal lesions was suppression of gastric acidity.
      Since effective doses of cytoprotective prostaglandins did not produce notable
      morbidity in comparison with other agents, they may prove to be a useful adjunct
      to stress ulcer prophylaxis in clinical settings.

PMID- 2909321
TI  - High-frequency oscillatory ventilation of a canine bronchopleural fistula.
AB  - We hypothesized that during high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) of a
      central bronchopleural fistula (BPF), gas flow through the fistula (Vleak) should
      vary with ventilatory frequency. In six pentobarbital-anesthetized, open-chested
      dogs, we inserted a cannula into the left lower lobe bronchus. After 30 min of
      HFOV at 5 Hz (fistula closed), they received four periods of HFOV (fistula open)
      at frequencies of 5, 10, 15, and 20 Hz. With the fistula open, we could
      adequately ventilate at all four frequencies. Vleak ranged between 5.1 +/- 0.7
      and 4.1 +/- 0.7 L/min and it was not significantly different at any frequency by
      analysis of variance. Airway opening pressure (Pao) was 3.9 +/- 0.6 cm H2O with
      the fistula closed. Pao decreased significantly to 1.9 +/- 0.2 cm H2O during 5 Hz
      ventilation (fistula open). Pao at the other frequencies was similar to fistula
      closed ventilation. We believe that expiratory flow limitation at frequencies
      greater than 5 Hz may explain our findings.

PMID- 2909322
TI  - Noninvasive assessment of cardiac output by impedance cardiography in the newborn
      canine.
AB  - Currently, critical care monitoring of cardiac function in the newborn human
      consists mainly of measuring heart rate and BP. A noninvasive technique for
      assessing cardiac output routinely in the critically ill neonate would facilitate
      clinical management. Impedance cardiography (IC) is a noninvasive technique which
      measures stroke volume on a beat-by-beat basis. This study compared cardiac
      output as measured by thermodilution (TD) to that measured by IC in seven canine
      pups 6 to 7 days old weighing 0.66 to 0.86 kg. Cardiac output was altered by the
      withdrawal and reinfusion of blood. There were no significant differences between
      the two methods for either the absolute value of cardiac output (r = .96) or the
      percent change in cardiac output (r = .97). Coefficients of variation were 3.0%
      for TD and 3.6% for IC. These results indicate that IC can be used to assess
      serially cardiac function in the newborn.

PMID- 2909323
TI  - Pulse oximetry during low cardiac output and hypothermia states immediately after
      open heart surgery.
AB  - Two commercially available pulse oximeters were found to read reliably early
      during periods of low cardiac index (CI) and low peripheral temperature (Tp). The
      lowest mean CI and mean Tp values at which a reading could be obtained were 2.4
      L/min.m2 and 26.5 degrees C, respectively. The highest mean systemic vascular
      resistance index was 2930 dyne.sec/cm5.m2. The reliability of one monitor was
      equally good both in a normal and low perfusion mode (i.e., when the monitor
      displayed a low-quality signal message). The use of locally applied vasodilating
      creme widened the physiologic limits within which reliable measurements could be
      obtained. All oximeters and sensors overestimated slightly the saturation as
      compared to the hemoximeter readings, possibly because of a high mean
      carboxyhemoglobin concentration that was found to be present.

PMID- 2909324
TI  - Pressure-augmented fluid administration: modified system and general results.
AB  - Rapid fluid infusion is generally augmented by compression devices (pumps) that
      take advantage of compressibility of modern plastic fluid containers. The most
      commonly used pumps are not the most effective pressure sources for driving
      pressure. This paper describes the experience at a Level I trauma hospital with a
      relatively new device that serves as a more efficient source of pressure for
      rapid fluid administration. This device, commercially manufactured but locally
      modified, increases capability with minimal expense and additional training.

PMID- 2909325
TI  - Fellowship programs in critical care medicine: 1989/1990. Compiled and edited by
      the Society of Critical Care Medicine.

PMID- 2909326
TI  - Investigation on the protective value of breathing masks in farmer's lung using
      an inhalation provocation test.
AB  - Six subjects with farmer's lung underwent double inhalation challenge tests, each
      lasting 60 min, using natural antigen exposure. Subjects underwent the tests
      first without and then with protection by a particle-filtering half mask. Our
      purpose was to determine whether and to what extent the use of such masks reduced
      or prevented symptoms in affected patients. Clinical assessment included general
      and pulmonary symptoms, HR, temperature, WBC count, R, ITGV, VC, TLC, PO2, DCO,
      and chest x-ray film. The unprotected challenge provoked late responses
      characteristic of extrinsic allergic alveolitis. In the challenge using the mask,
      all six patients reported to be completely free of symptoms. Compared with the
      test without a mask, a statistically significant reduction in the rise of
      temperature, WBCs, HR, R, TLC, and PO2 was observed. Compared with the initial
      values, a statistically significant reduced increase of temperature and
      leukocytes was demonstrated in the test using the mask. Pulmonary and systemic
      alterations were significantly reduced but not completely prevented by the
      application of the particle-filtering half mask.

PMID- 2909327
TI  - Effect of menses, estrogens and hemolysis on a serum-lectin-like factor in cystic
      fibrosis.
AB  - Twelve CF heterozygous and two CF homozygous women who were tested serially for
      the CF-lectin activities during one to two months of their menstrual cycles, were
      found consistently to have negative tests during menses. The specific hormonal
      alteration during menses that affects the assay is unknown. However, estrogenic
      medication administered without progesterone to postmenopausal heterozygous women
      also caused false-negative tests, suggesting that a balance between progesterone
      and estrogen is critical for the CF-lectin activity; mere depletion of these
      hormones alone does not interfere. The addition of estrogen in vitro also
      inhibited the CF-lectin activity at a physiologic concentration of 10(-6) M, and
      addition of an equivalent concentration of progesterone blocked this inhibitory
      effect. Future studies of the CF-lectin or its assay as a potential CF-carrier
      test must be limited to those women not menstruating at the time of blood drawing
      and not receiving estrogens. Hemolysis or contamination of the serum with RBC
      should invalidate that sample for testing, although the effect of RBC
      contamination can be circumvented with the addition of mannose. A more objective,
      simplified means of performing the CF-lectin assay is reported. A preliminary
      blind study taking these issues into consideration was 100 percent correct in
      detecting 16 CF patients and 17 obligate heterozygotes, and revealed 4 percent of
      64 control subjects to have positive tests. The presence of this lectin-like
      factor may reflect the underlying biochemical defect responsible for this
      disease.

PMID- 2909328
TI  - Differences in plethysmographic lung volumes. Effects of linked vs unlinked
      spirometry.
AB  - Determination of absolute lung volumes in patients is most reliable when measured
      with body plethysmography. Many laboratories use data obtained with a spirometer
      not directly linked to the plethysmograph to calculate total lung capacity (TLC)
      and residual volume (RV) from thoracic gas volume (Vtg) measured at functional
      residual capacity (FRC) in the plethysmograph. The reliability of these
      calculations depends on the stability of FRC between these separate devices. We
      examined the differences in TLC and RV values calculated with linked and unlinked
      spirometers in 220 patients and found them statistically significant (p less than
      0.05). Additionally, differences exceeding the 95 percent confidence intervals
      for repeated, linked determinations occurred in more than 5 percent of patients.
      The large-volume differences in TLC were often associated with differences in
      expiratory reserve volume (ERV) in the opposite direction, suggesting a shift in
      FRC. However, clinical diagnoses were infrequently (4/220) altered by these
      differences, and recognition of the shift in FRC should further reduce this
      error. Therefore, the unlinked method appears acceptable.

PMID- 2909329
TI  - Exercise testing in women with chest pain. Are there additional exercise
      characteristics that predict true positive test results?
AB  - Women have a notoriously high rate of false positive exercise test results. Since
      the exercise ST segment response has low specificity in predicting CAD in women,
      we examined additional exercise parameters in 200 women with a history of chest
      pain compatible with angina and having ST segment depression greater than or
      equal to 1 mm recorded during a Bruce treadmill test. All subsequently had
      coronary arteriography. Two groups were compared: group A (n = 80) with CAD
      (greater than or equal to 70 percent stenosis of one or more coronary artery) and
      group B (n = 120) with angiographically confirmed normal coronary arteries
      (normal or minimal placquing). The exercise criteria analyzed included: (1) chest
      pain during exercise, (2) percent target heart rate, (3) extent of ST shift, (4)
      morphology of the ST segment slope, (5) time to normalization of the ST segment,
      and (6) total exercise duration. Multivariate analysis (using a stepwise logistic
      regression model) identified four independent exercise variables associated with
      the likelihood of CAD: (absence of MVP, p = .003; exercise duration less than 5
      min, p = .02; ability to reach target heart rate, p = .027; time to ST
      normalization greater than or equal to 6 min, p less than .001). False positive
      exercise test results were more likely to occur when the following exercise test
      variables were present: ability to exercise to stage 3 of the Bruce protocol and
      a rapid (less than or equal to 4 minutes) normalization of ST shift after
      cessation of exercise. Attention to these additional exercise variables allows
      more careful selection of women requiring more definitive (and expensive)
      testing.

PMID- 2909330
TI  - Pott's disease. A resurgent challenge to the thoracic surgeon.
AB  - Nineteen patients were treated at the Los Angeles County Harbor/UCLA Medical
      Center between 1971 and 1986 for tuberculosis of the spine. Fourteen were
      immigrants, a high-risk group. A high index of suspicion is required for Pott's
      disease, which occurs in fewer than 1 percent of patients with tuberculosis,
      often presents with nonspecific symptoms, and may result in permanent deformity
      or neurologic impairment. CT scan, the most useful diagnostic test, showed
      abnormal results in 11 of 11 patients. MRI, a newer modality, may provide even
      more information. Eight patients required operation in addition to antimicrobial
      therapy. Four had lesions between T3 and T10, where the spinal canal is narrow,
      of whom three (75 percent had neurologic involvement. All four underwent anterior
      approach (thoracotomy) for decompression, debridement, and spinal fusion. Fifteen
      had lesions between T11 and S2. Three (20 percent) had neurologic involvement but
      responded to medical treatment alone. Four underwent drainage of abscess or
      spinal fusion for deformity. Combined surgical and medical treatment gave
      excellent results in this series.

PMID- 2909331
TI  - Multicentricity of adenocarcinoma of the lung.
AB  - In a consecutive series of 62 lung resections for bronchogenic adenocarcinoma, 12
      patients (19 percent) were found to have two or more adenocarcinomas on careful
      pathologic examination. These tumors all met the criteria for separate primary
      malignancy. In only two of the patients were the additional lesions suspected
      preoperatively. This incidence of multiple primary lung adenocarcinomas in
      apparently operable patients is several fold higher than would be anticipated
      from the literature. The phenomenon has important implications for preoperative
      radiologic evaluation, postoperative pathologic examination, assignment of TNM
      stage, and clinical follow-up of patients undergoing successful resection.

PMID- 2909332
TI  - Patterns and routes of tracheobronchial colonization in mechanically ventilated
      patients. The role of nutritional status in colonization of the lower airway by
      Pseudomonas species.
AB  - Tracheobronchial colonization by Gram-negative bacteria is common in mechanically
      ventilated patients. Pseudomonas sp are commonly isolated from the lower airways.
      We hypothesized that Pseudomonas sp would preferentially colonize the lower
      airway and would be more common in patients with poor nutritional status. We
      serially collected 75 pairs of upper and lower respiratory tract cultures from 14
      patients treated with mechanical ventilation for at least one week, examined
      patterns of airway colonization and routes of bacterial entry for Pseudomonas sp
      and other enteric Gram-negative bacteria (EGNB), and related these findings to
      host-associated factors, including nutritional status. Pseudomonas sp were the
      most common species isolates taken from the lower airway, found in nine of 14
      patients and in 41.3 percent of all cultures. In contrast to other EGNB,
      Pseudomonas sp were found significantly (p less than or equal to 0.05) more often
      in the tracheobronchial tree (31 of 75 cultures) than in the oropharynx (18 of 75
      cultures). Primary colonization of the lower airway by Pseudomonas sp was found
      in four patients, while other EGNB never followed this pattern when subjects were
      studied with cultures taken every third day. A host-related factor related to
      lower airway colonization by Pseudomonas species was poor nutritional status,
      assessed by a multifactorial index (p less than or equal to 0.01). We conclude
      that in mechanically ventilated patients, Pseudomonas sp colonize the lower
      airway in a different pattern and by a different route from those of other EGNB.
      The findings that Pseudomonas sp preferentially colonize the tracheobronchial
      tree may be important for the design of strategies to prevent airway
      colonization. The recognition that poor nutritional status, a potentially
      modifiable host-related factor, favors lower airway growth of Pseudomonas sp
      suggests one direction for future infection-control efforts.

PMID- 2909333
TI  - Unsuspected hemodynamic alterations during endotracheal suctioning.
AB  - Endotracheal suctioning of intubated patients is associated with hemodynamic
      complications including arterial hypoxemia, cardiac arrhythmias, hypotension and
      even death. Prior investigations of this subject focus primarily on arterial
      hypoxemia. Our observations of ETS revealed significant falls in the mixed SvO2
      and we postulated that alterations in VO2 or CO must be occurring. This study was
      then designed to determine the alterations in CO, VO2, SaO2 and the resulting
      effect on SvO2 during ETS. Ten critically ill intubated patients with pulmonary
      artery catheters in place, were studied during routine ETS by the nursing staff.
      We found that ETS produced a significant decrease in SvO2 which was predominantly
      due to an increased VO2 accompanied by an inadequate rise or even fall in CO.
      Alterations in SaO2 appeared to be modest and were insensitive indicators of
      alterations in SvO2.

PMID- 2909334
TI  - Rapidly progressive pneumonia in a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary
      disease.

PMID- 2909335
TI  - Pulmonary function in long-term survivors of thoracoplasty.
AB  - Pulmonary function was assessed in 15 patients who had undergone thoracoplasty
      (TPL) approximately 30 years previously. Relation was noted to extent of TPL
      performed, side of TPL, age at TPL, and degree of secondary scoliosis. Test
      results showed mixed restrictive and obstructive defects. Although extent of TPL
      did not correlate with current lung function values, the restrictive defect was
      probably caused by a mixture of (a) compression of lung by TPL and (b) fibrosis
      from old pulmonary tuberculosis. The obstructive defect might have been due to
      the TPL procedure itself or to chronic bronchitis related to (a) previous
      pulmonary TB or (b) cigarette smoking, since 14 subjects were former or current
      smokers. That Dsb was relatively preserved suggests that pulmonary hypertension
      as a late sequela of TPL may be reactive (secondary to hypoxemia and respiratory
      acidemia) rather than obliterative.

PMID- 2909336
TI  - Respiratory diseases from hard metal or cobalt exposure. Solving the enigma.

PMID- 2909337
TI  - Expiratory mechanics before and after uncomplicated heart surgery.
AB  - In 12 mechanically ventilated anesthetized paralyzed patients undergoing cardiac
      surgery for either coronary bypass or for correcting valvular dysfunction volume,
      airflow, tracheal, esophageal, and transpulmonary pressures were measured.
      Respiratory system elastance and resistance were partitioned into their lung and
      chest wall components throughout tidal relaxed expiration. Measurements were
      performed prior to thoracotomy and just after rib cage closure. Before surgery,
      patients with valvular disease had significantly higher respiratory system and
      lung elastances and resistances than those with ischemic heart disease. After
      surgery, patients with valvular disease showed a decrease in respiratory system
      and lung resistances. Surgery strikingly modified chest wall resistive properties
      in both groups. Postoperatively, the mechanical properties of the respiratory
      system were very similar in valvular and ischemic patients.

PMID- 2909338
TI  - The safety factor for electroventilation measured by production of cardiac ectopy
      in the anesthetized dog.
AB  - The safety factor of electroventilation (ie, the ratio of the current required to
      produce an ectopic beat to the current required to produce an inspired volume of
      225 ml, which is approximately twice tidal volume) was determined in 12
      pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs using transthoracic electrodes positioned at the
      optimal electroventilation site. The optimal stimulation site for
      electroventilation was first determined using hand-held, stimulating electrodes.
      Then electrodes, 4.1 cm in diameter, were sutured bilaterally to the optimal
      stimulation site. The relationship between inspired volume and stimulus intensity
      was determined using a 0.8-s burst of stimuli (60/s) with a pulse duration of 0.1
      ms. Using the same electrodes, the threshold current for producing ectopic beats
      was determined for single pulses ranging from 0.1 to 10 ms duration. In all dogs,
      the current required to produce an ectopic beat increased greatly as the pulse
      duration decreased. At 0.1 ms, the safety factor for electroventilation was
      calculated to be 25.8.

PMID- 2909339
TI  - Bronchoalveolar lavage plasmacytosis in a patient with a plasma cell dyscrasia.
AB  - A patient with serum monoclonal gammopathy, Bence-Jones proteinuria, and bone
      marrow plasmacytosis underwent fiberoptic bronchoscopic study for evaluation of
      interstitial lung disease. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid contained 47 percent
      plasma cells, which were monoclonal by immunoperoxidase staining. This is the
      first time BAL plasmacytosis has been demonstrated in a patient with a plasma
      cell dyscrasia.

PMID- 2909340
TI  - Pulmonary artery thrombus detection by magnetic resonance imaging.
AB  - We report a patient in whom cardiac magnetic resonance imaging detected a
      clinically unsuspected pulmonary artery thromboembolus. Follow-up MRI after
      surgical removal of the thromboembolus showed normal pulmonary arteries. This
      case illustrates the potential utility of MRI in the detection and follow-up of
      central pulmonary artery thromboembolism.

PMID- 2909341
TI  - Severe pulmonary hypertension with diffuse smooth muscle proliferation of the
      lungs. Pulmonary tuberous sclerosis?
AB  - A 49-year-old man with normal intelligence and no cutaneous lesions had symptoms
      and signs of cor pulmonale. The chest roentgenogram showed an interstitial
      pattern. Hemodynamic studies revealed increased pulmonary arterial and wedge
      pressures. The patient died in shock, and the postmortem findings were a diffuse
      smooth muscle proliferation in the lungs as the cause of the pulmonary
      hypertension. We presume that this is a form of pulmonary tuberous sclerosis of
      which few cases are reported with such severe pulmonary hypertension as shown by
      our measurements.

PMID- 2909342
TI  - Pulmonary nodule mimicked by ECG lead artifact.
AB  - Recently, a new ECG lead has been introduced that can mimic a pulmonary nodule to
      the uninitiated. Alternatively, in those institutions where the lead is commonly
      seen, physicians may dismiss a real finding on the chest x-ray film as a lead
      "artifact." We describe the appearance of this new chest wall artifact.

PMID- 2909343
TI  - Pulmonary zygomycosis. A cause of positive lung scan diagnosed by bronchoalveolar
      lavage.
AB  - The diagnosis of pulmonary zygomycosis usually depends on the detection of fungal
      hyphae in biopsied tissue specimens. We describe a patient with a high
      probability lung scan and diffuse pulmonary infiltrates due to Zygomycetes
      diagnosed by the demonstration of nonseptate hyphae in bronchoalveolar lavage
      fluid.

PMID- 2909344
TI  - Late dissemination of pulmonary blastomycosis during ketoconazole therapy.
AB  - We report a patient with pulmonary blastomycosis who suffered relapse with
      dissemination of her disease after five months of apparent response to therapy
      with ketoconazole, 400 mg daily. Common causes of drug failure, including
      noncompliance and failure of absorption, were excluded, and there was no evidence
      of altered host immunity. Previous reports of relapse during and after
      ketoconazole therapy are reviewed; no previous case was found with recurrence
      near the end of a six-month period of apparently effective therapy. Close
      followup during the entire course of ketoconazole therapy for blastomycosis and
      following its completion is recommended.

PMID- 2909345
TI  - Unusual rib destruction in pleuropulmonary tuberculosis.
AB  - Two cases of pleuropulmonary tuberculosis had local rib destruction simulating
      malignancy. There was no superficial abscess formation which was the usual
      clinical feature of rib tuberculosis. Computerized tomography was valuable in
      demonstrating and assessing the extent of skeletal involvement.

PMID- 2909346
TI  - Bilateral rupture of diaphragm with delayed strangulation.
AB  - A 64-year-old woman presented in shock. The computed tomography (CT) scan
      confirmed rupture of the left diaphragm with strangulation. Three days after
      surgery, the patient developed herniation of abdominal contents on the right side
      with cardiorespiratory collapse. Marlex mesh was used to repair on the right
      side. Postoperatively, she needed partial gastrectomy for massive duodenal ulcer
      bleeding. A dual chamber pacemaker was used to correct the complete heart block.

PMID- 2909347
TI  - Solitary bronchial mucosal neuroma.
AB  - A 68-year-old man who had had cough and sputum for ten months was referred to our
      hospital because sputum cytologic findings were suggestive of lung cancer.
      Fiberoptic bronchoscopy and biopsy revealed mucosal neuroma of the bronchi. There
      were no signs suggesting pheochromocytoma or medullary thyroid carcinoma. To our
      knowledge, this is the first case of solitary mucosal neuroma of the bronchi to
      be reported.

PMID- 2909348
TI  - Sudden death and pacemakers.

PMID- 2909349
TI  - Clinical predictors of malignancy.

PMID- 2909350
TI  - Perfusion scan defects.

PMID- 2909351
TI  - Adverse effects of amiodarone at low doses.

PMID- 2909352
TI  - Cigarettes and caffeine.

PMID- 2909353
TI  - Occupational asthma from cobalt sensitivity in workers exposed to hard metal
      dust.
AB  - Eight asthmatic patients who had no history of asthma before starting work in a
      hard-metal plant and eight control subjects (three atopic, three nonatopic
      asthmatic, and two normal volunteers) without a history of exposure to hard metal
      dust were subjected to provocation tests, skin tests, radioallergosorbent tests
      (RAST) and Farr test with cobalt. Four of the eight patients were atopic, and
      seven showed bronchial hyperresponsiveness to methacholine (BHR). Patch and
      intradermal skin tests with cobalt chloride (CoCl2) could not discriminate the
      patients from control subjects. All patients had positive reactions to CoCl2 in
      the provocation tests; two developed immediate asthmatic reaction (IAR), four
      late asthmatic reaction (LAR), and two dual asthmatic reaction (DAR), while the
      control subjects showed no reaction. Evidence of specific IgE antibodies to
      cobalt-conjugated human serum albumin (Co-HSA) was presented by four patients
      (RAST score greater than 2) based on comparison of serum samples from 60
      asthmatic patients and 25 asymptomatic workers in the same plant. Positive serum
      samples selectively bound 57Co, and the test was blocked by nonlabled cobalt
      sulfate (CoSO4). These findings suggest the development of hard metal-induced
      asthma from cobalt sensitivity.

PMID- 2909354
TI  - Bronchoalveolar lavage lipids in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

PMID- 2909355
TI  - Factors determining in-hospital or late survival after aortic valve replacement.
AB  - To ascertain incremental risk factors for in-hospital and late mortality of
      patients undergoing AVR with the bovine pericardial valve, multiple variables
      were analyzed in a group of 240 patients undergoing AVR between 1977 and 1983.
      Follow-up totaled 12,023 patient-months (mean, 52.7 +/- 1.7 patient-months) and
      was 100 percent complete. Univariate analysis of incremental risk factors for in
      hospital mortality identified the following: age over 60 years (p = 0.015); and
      advanced preoperative NYHA class (p = 0.003). Multivariate analysis of risk
      factors for in-hospital mortality identified the following: age (p = 0.038); NYHA
      class (p = 0.018); and year of operation (p = 0.049). Incremental risk factors
      for late mortality were identified as age (p = 0.003), year of operation (p =
      0.003), concomitant procedure (p = 0.047), and valvular lesion (regurgitation) (p
      = 0.053). Actuarial survival of patients (+/- SE) was 87 +/- 2 percent, 75 +/- 3
      percent, and 61 +/- 5 percent at 2, 5, and 8.7 years, respectively. The actuarial
      survival of patients experiencing valve-related events was 62.6 +/- 10.1 percent
      at 8.7 years, compared to 55.4 +/- 7 percent for those who did not (p = 0.38).

PMID- 2909356
TI  - Hypermagnesemia. A potential complication during treatment of theophylline
      intoxication with oral activated charcoal and magnesium-containing cathartics.
AB  - Toxic reaction to theophylline compounds is common. Oral activated charcoal (OAC)
      is a widely accepted mode of therapy for management of moderate to severe cases
      of theophylline toxicity. Magnesium-containing cathartics are generally
      recommended in conjunction with OAC in the treatment of drug or toxin ingestions.
      We report two cases of hypermagnesemia complicating the treatment of theophylline
      toxicity with OAC and magnesium citrate. In both patients, the hypermagnesemia
      contributed significantly to morbidity or mortality. In light of these cases and
      after review of the literature, we suggest that sorbitol be considered the
      cathartic agent of choice in the treatment of theophylline toxicity with OAC.

PMID- 2909357
TI  - Sleep quality and pulmonary function in the healthy elderly.
AB  - Loss of sleep causes deterioration of pulmonary function and ventilatory
      responsiveness in normal humans and in patients with chronic obstructive
      pulmonary disease. To evaluate the effects of variations in sleep quality on
      breathing, we studied 48 healthy elderly volunteers (mean age, 70 years).
      Electroencephalographically derived indices of sleep quality were correlated with
      spirometric performance, MIP, MEP, and waking SaO2. We found significant
      correlations between several indices of sleep quality and the spirometric
      measurements in the group as a whole, and striking correlations between sleep
      quality and PFTs in those with sleep efficiency less than or equal to 70 percent.
      We conclude that sleep disturbance may be related to poor performance on PFTs.
      These results suggest that spirometry should be performed on well-rested
      patients. The results also point to sleep quality as a potentially important
      variable in the management of patients with pulmonary disease.

PMID- 2909358
TI  - Thrombosis: the major Hickman catheter complication in patients with solid tumor.
AB  - Major complications of Hickman catheter placement (thrombosis and infection) were
      determined in 168 patients with solid tumor (lung, 79; head and neck, 56;
      esophagus, 24; and miscellaneous, 9). Catheter-related thrombosis was clinically
      detected in 22 individuals and was detected at autopsy in six (total 17 percent).
      The 17 percent figure underestimates the true incidence of thrombosis since only
      25 percent of study patients had autopsies. Patients with adenocarcinoma of the
      lung constituted a high risk group. Nine of 20 (45 percent) of these patients had
      thrombosis compared to 25, 9, and 16 percent of patients with squamous cell
      cancers of lung, head and neck and esophagus, respectively (p less than 0.002).
      Three patients with thrombosis had pulmonary emboli and two died. Thrombosis
      occurred despite daily heparin catheter flushing. INfections occurred in 11
      patients. One had suspected endocarditis, one had a subcutaneous tunnel
      infection, and nine had exit site infections. All responded to local or systemic
      antibiotics. Better methods to prevent thrombosis are needed.

PMID- 2909359
TI  - Changes in phosphatidylglycerol in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids from patients
      with cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis.
AB  - In view of recent evidence that changes in phospholipid components of pulmonary
      surfactant occur in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis, the aim of this study
      was to examine whether similar changes occur in patients with idiopathic
      pulmonary fibrosis. We have analyzed phospholipid profiles in bronchoalveolar
      lavage (BAL) fluids from a group of 32 patients with "lone" cryptogenic fibrosing
      alveolitis (CFA) compared with 17 control subjects. Prior to treatment,
      resembling the findings in bleomycin fibrosis, many CFA patients had decreased
      proportions of phosphatidylglycerol (PG) (percent of total phospholipid; median
      10.5, range 0 to 35.1 compared with 18.2, range 9.6 to 24.2 for the control group
      of similar age range and smoking habits; p less than 0.01). Following the initial
      lavage, the patients were treated with prednisolone. The initial percentage of PG
      levels did not predict response to prednisolone, but serial lavage studies
      conducted in 14 patients suggest that an early and sustained increase in
      percentage of PG following commencement of prednisolone is associated with
      clinical improvement. The reasons for the proportional reductions in
      phosphatidylglycerol, and whether they result in functional deficiency of
      surfactant in CFA, need to be explored.

PMID- 2909360
TI  - Respiratory muscle performance in normal elderly subjects and patients with COPD.
AB  - We studied the reproducibility of tests of RM performance in normal elderly
      subjects and compared their performance with that of patients with COPD. The RM
      strength was measured as MIP and MEP. The RM endurance was measured using a two
      minute incremental threshold loading test. The max load, the average Ppk as %MIP
      at max load and the Pmean at max load were taken as measures of respiratory
      muscle endurance. The MIP, but not MEP, was less in COPD patients than in normal
      subjects (p less than 0.05). There was a small increase in between visits, in MIP
      in the normal subjects. All measures of RM endurance were much lower in the COPD
      group than in the normal elderly (p less than 0.05). We conclude that (1) RM
      strength and endurance are reproducible in normal elderly subjects and patients
      with COPD, (2) that COPD subjects have decreased RM strength and endurance
      compared with normal elderly subjects, and (3) that in COPD subjects RM endurance
      is compromised more than RM strength.

PMID- 2909361
TI  - Negative pressure ventilation. Effects on ventilation during sleep in normal
      subjects.
AB  - Negative pressure ventilation (NPV) is used for ventilatory support of patients
      with respiratory failure due to neuromuscular disorders and thoracic deformities,
      and to provide ventilatory muscle rest for patients with severe chronic airflow
      limitation. To determine whether NPV would result in episodes of upper airway
      obstruction during sleep, we studied five normal subjects on two consecutive
      nights with the first night serving as a control and NPV being administered on
      the second night. Ventilators were adjusted so as to reduce the peak phasic
      diaphragm electromyogram signal by at least 50 percent. All subjects demonstrated
      an increase in the total number of apneas + hypopneas per hour on NPV control
      nights. Although differences were not significant, there was a tendency to
      develop decreased sleep efficiency, sleep fragmentation and altered sleep
      architecture with NPV. We conclude that nocturnal NPV can induce sleep apneas and
      impair sleep quality in normal subjects.

PMID- 2909362
TI  - A sex-specific endogenous stimulatory rhythm regulating prolactin secretion.
AB  - In the rat, PRL secretion is under inhibitory control by tuberoinfundibular
      dopaminergic neurons. The levels of dopamine (DA) in hypophysial portal blood
      decline during surges of PRL secretion (e.g. suckling and cervical stimulation).
      However, this decline alone is not sufficient to account for the amount of PRL
      released. In this study we investigated the possible existence of an endogenous
      stimulatory rhythm for PRL secretion that may be masked by the tonic inhibitory
      tone of DA and unmasked by the DA-lowering effects of cervical stimulation. The
      PRL secretory response to pharmacological depression of DA-ergic tone was studied
      in ovariectomized (OVX) female, adult castrated (AC) male, neonatally androgen
      sterilized (TP) female, and neonatally castrated (NC) male rats. Since mated rats
      have serum PRL surges at 0300 and 1700 h, these groups were treated with 200
      micrograms/kg domperidone (DOM), iv, at 0300 h, 1700 h, or the intersurge
      interval, 1200 h. Serial blood samples were collected immediately before and at
      frequent intervals after DOM injection. OVX female rats had significantly greater
      serum PRL responses to DOM at 0300 and 1700 h than at 1200 h. AC male rats
      secreted significantly less PRL in response to DOM compared to OVX rats, and
      their PRL responses to DOM were similar at all three times. TP female rats had
      PRL secretory responses similar to those of the OVX rats at 1200 h, and the
      responses at 0300 and 1700 h were similar. NC male rats had PRL secretory
      responses similar to those of AC male rats. There was no difference between the
      PRL secretory profiles at any time after DOM injection in NC rats. These data
      provide evidence for an endogenous stimulatory rhythm for PRL secretion that is
      specific to female rats. They further suggest that the neonatal steroid
      environment is critical for differentiation of some sexually specific
      characteristics.

PMID- 2909363
TI  - Stimulation of testosterone production in the cynomolgus monkey in vivo by
      deglycosylated and desialylated human choriogonadotropin.
AB  - Modifications of carbohydrate structures of hCG, such as deglycosylation or
      desialylation, have been shown to reduce the biological activity of the hormone
      derivatives in vivo. We posed the question of whether deglycosylated hCG (dg-hCG)
      and desialylated hCG (ds-hCG) would behave as agonists at the LH/CG receptor in
      the primate in vivo, as this would bear on their potential clinical utility as
      LH/CG agonists or antagonists. Thus, we administered large doses (approximately 3
      nmol) of highly purified dg-hCG, ds-hCG, hCG, or normal saline as a rapid iv
      injection to adult male cynomolgus monkeys (n = 3/group). Mean areas under the
      curves of plasma T over the first 6 h achieved with dg-hCG and ds-hCG were about
      5-fold, significantly (P less than 0.05) greater than that in the saline controls
      and not significantly (P greater than 0.05) different from that in hCG-injected
      animals. Despite comparable plasma T responses in the first 6 h, mean plasma
      concentrations of ds-hCG, dg-hCG, and hCG differed dramatically among the groups.
      Plasma ds-hCG and dg-hCG levels were undetectable by 15 and 180 min,
      respectively, while the mean plasma hCG level was more than 2.10 nmol/L at 360
      min. These data indicate that 1) dg-hCG is a full agonist at the LH/CG receptor
      in the primate in vivo, despite having minimal intrinsic activity in the rat
      Leydig cell adenyl cyclase assay and being able to near-completely antagonize hCG
      action therein; and 2) ds-hCG is a full agonist in the monkey in vivo, capable of
      stimulating a full testicular response over 6 h, despite being cleared from the
      circulation in 15 min. We conclude that the signal transduction system at the
      monkey LH/CG receptor is capable of achieving full steroidogenesis despite
      dramatically shortened exposure to stimulus or exposure to a stimulus with
      markedly reduced adenyl cyclase-stimulating activity in vitro.

PMID- 2909364
TI  - Lactation elevates vasoactive intestinal peptide messenger ribonucleic acid in
      rat suprachiasmatic nucleus.
AB  - Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) has been suggested to play a role in
      lactation; indeed several studies implied that VIP induces the release of PRL in
      the pituitary. Quantitative RNA studies from our laboratory show an increase in
      the VIP messenger RNA (mRNA) content in the hypothalamus of lactating rats. The
      purpose of this investigation is to determine which hypothalamic neurons are
      increasing the expression of VIP. A sensitive in situ hybridization assay
      employing synthetic oligodeoxynucleotide probes corresponding to specific exons
      of the VIP gene was used to study VIP gene expression at the neuronal level. We
      were able to detect VIP-encoding transcripts in various brain regions including
      the ventrolateral thalamus, neocortex, pyriform cortex, and hypothalamus with a
      particularly high concentration in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. When lactating
      animals were compared to non-lactating animals, a 2-fold increase was observed in
      VIP transcripts in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Since the suprachiasmatic nucleus
      is not directly associated with the physiology of lactation, the response of the
      VIP gene to lactation may be, in part, indirect. Taken together, our results
      suggest that lactation and the expression of the VIP gene are interrelated.

PMID- 2909365
TI  - A novel hepatic nucleotide is correlated with the carbohydrate induction of
      messenger ribonucleic acid-S14.
AB  - To determine whether the rapid response of hepatic mRNA-S14 to carbohydrate
      feeding was associated with an alteration in a specific hepatic nucleotide, acid
      extracts of liver tissue were analyzed by ion-paired reverse phase HPLC. A
      nucleotide present in nanomoles per g quantity correlated with the induction of
      this mRNA by sucrose. Four hours after sucrose feeding the content of this
      compound was 7 times greater than that in fasted rats. Furthermore, the response
      was rapid, attaining maximal levels 30 min after feeding, and remaining elevated
      for at least 4 h. The content of this nucleotide also correlated with the content
      of mRNA-S14 in the steady state, with the lowest levels of both mRNA-S14 and this
      nucleotide in fasted rats, intermediate levels in rats maintained on a regular
      chow diet, and the highest levels in rats fed a 60% sucrose diet for 4 days.
      Lastly, while the response of mRNA-S14 to thyroid hormone and sucrose is
      synergistic, the thyroidal state does not influence the response of this compound
      to sucrose. Thus, the interaction of thyroid hormone and sucrose on mRNA-S14 is
      distal to the generation of this compound. Based on the UV spectrum, HPLC
      retention, and [3H]adenosine labeling, this compound contains adenine. However,
      it is not any of the common adenine-containing mono- or oligonucleotides. These
      data indicate that a novel hepatic nucleotide is induced by sucrose and raise the
      possibility that this nucleotide is responsible for the induction of carbohydrate
      responsive mRNAs.

PMID- 2909366
TI  - Hybridization in situ studies of angiotensinogen gene expression in rat adrenal
      and lung.
AB  - Both rat adrenal and lung contain low levels of angiotensinogen mRNA, as shown by
      Northern blot and nuclease S1 analyses of RNA extracted from these tissues. We
      sought to identify the cellular localization of angiotensinogen mRNA in these two
      tissues using hybridization in situ of tissues obtained from both control rats
      and rats administered a combination of dexamethasone, ethynylestradiol, and T3.
      For the adrenal of hormone-treated rats, angiotensinogen mRNA was identified in
      periadrenal fibroblast-like cells and brown adipose tissue. For control rats,
      positive hybridization was obtained for fibroblast-like cells immediately
      adjacent to the adrenal capsule, but not for periadrenal brown adipose tissue. No
      hybridization was obtained for cells of the adrenal cortex, medulla, capsule or
      vessels. For the lung of hormone treated, but not control rats, angiotensinogen
      mRNA was identified in perivascular and peribronchial fibroblast-like cells and
      brown adipose tissue in the lung hilum. No hybridization was obtained for
      pulmonary parenchyma, bronchi, or vessels. These results confirm the widespread
      tissue distribution of angiotensinogen mRNA, and provide further evidence for the
      formation of angiotensin within tissues by mechanisms independent of the
      circulating renin-angiotensin system.

PMID- 2909367
TI  - Estrogen regulation of prolactin gene transcription in vivo: paradoxical effects
      of 17 beta-estradiol dose.
AB  - We investigated in male rats the effects of a range of doses of 17 beta-estradiol
      on PRL gene transcription, the level of circulating estradiol, and the levels of
      nuclear and cytosolic forms of the anterior pituitary estrogen receptor. One hour
      after 17 beta-estradiol injection, transcription of the PRL gene was
      significantly stimulated by 0.1 micrograms and maximally stimulated by 1.0
      microgram/animal. Lesser stimulatory effects were observed 1 h after injection of
      10 or 100 micrograms. At this 1 h point, the level of circulating estradiol was
      linearly increased relative to the 17 beta-estradiol dose. The level of nuclear
      form estrogen receptor was increased from 8% of the total receptor content in
      control rats to 12%, 28%, 50%, and 64% of the total receptor content in rats that
      received 0.1, 1.0, 10.0, and 100 micrograms, respectively. The anterior
      pituitaries of rats injected with 100 micrograms 17 beta-estradiol contained 30%
      fewer measurable estrogen receptors than control rats. Thus, dose-dependent
      losses of transcriptional responsiveness and measurable estrogen receptor were
      observed 1 h after injection of the larger doses of 17 beta-estradiol. Twenty
      four hours after injection of the various doses of 17 beta-estradiol, PRL gene
      transcription was stimulated 1.3-fold in response to 0.1 microgram and
      approximately 2-fold in response to 1.0, 10, and 100 micrograms. At the 24 h
      point the circulating level of this hormone and the levels of nuclear and
      cytosolic forms of the estrogen receptor had returned to near their control
      values. This differing dose responsiveness at 1 and 24 h supports our previously
      reported observation that estrogen regulates PRL gene transcription in vivo
      through at least two independent mechanisms.

PMID- 2909368
TI  - Triiodothyronine transport into differentiated and undifferentiated mouse
      neuroblastoma cells (NB41A3).
AB  - The mechanism of T3 entry into cells was studied in undifferentiated NB41A3
      neuroblasts and after differentiation with 0.5 mM sodium butyrate. In
      undifferentiated neuroblasts, cell uptake of labeled L-T3 at 2 h was reduced to
      43% of the control value by excess L-T3, whereas only 5.9% of D-T3 uptake was
      saturable. After incubation of intact cells with labeled hormone, the nuclei
      contained 3.8% of the total cellular L-T3 and 4.3% of D-T3. Thus, L-T3 nuclear
      uptake was 3 times higher than D-T3. Kinetic analysis of the initial rate of
      uptake of L-T3 by the cells gave a Km of 1.25 nM and a maximum velocity of 2.38
      fmol/min.10(6) cells. The initial rate of D-T3 uptake was not saturable.
      Inhibitors of ATP production (antimycin and oligomycin) as well as
      monodansylcadaverine virtually abolished saturable cell uptake and decreased
      nuclear uptake more than total cell uptake, suggesting that the saturable
      component of uptake into the cells is the major source of nuclear L-T3. After
      differentiation by butyrate, both cell uptake and nuclear uptake of L-T3
      increased. The apparent affinity (Ka) of the nuclear T3 receptors was determined
      in intact cells and compared with the Ka measured with isolated nuclei. In
      undifferentiated cells, the apparent Ka was 3-fold higher than the true Ka,
      presumably due to a step-up in the free T3 concentration in the cytosol compared
      to that in the incubation medium. After butyrate exposure, the apparent nuclear
      Ka was decreased to less than 1.5 times the control value, but Ka in isolated
      nuclei was unchanged. The number of nuclear receptors, however, was increased by
      butyrate in both intact cell and isolated nuclei experiments. These results
      indicate that butyrate exerts separate effects on the number of nuclear receptors
      and saturable T3 transport in mouse neuroblasts.

PMID- 2909369
TI  - Ontogeny of prolactin secretion in the neonatal rat is regulated
      posttranscriptionally.
AB  - PRL-secreting cells first appear in appreciable numbers on day 4 of neonatal life
      in rats. In the present study, we attempted to ascertain whether the ontogenic
      appearance of PRL mRNA and hormone release were temporally coordinated or
      discordant. Our results show that the PRL gene is expressed at least 3 days
      before the onset of secretion in newborn rats. Moreover, steady state levels of
      PRL mRNA in neonates are at least as high as those found in 10-day-old rats, in
      which 15-17% of all pituitary cells secret the hormone. This apparent blockage of
      translation is attributable to a lack of association of PRL message with
      ribosomes in the neonate. Taken together, these data indicate that the ontogeny
      of PRL secretion in rats is regulated translationally as well as
      transcriptionally.

PMID- 2909370
TI  - Regulatory effects of insulin-like growth factors I and II on bone collagen
      synthesis in rat calvarial cultures.
AB  - Insulin-like growth factors I and II (IGF-I and -II) are polypeptides secreted by
      skeletal cells and are considered regulators of bone formation. IGF-I and -II
      were studied for their effects on collagen synthesis and degradation in cultures
      of intact fetal rat calvariae and on type I collagen transcript levels in
      osteoblast-enriched (Ob) cells from fetal rat parietal bone. IGF-I and -II
      increased [3H]proline incorporation into type I collagen independently of their
      effect on cell replication. IGF-I and -II also decreased collagen degradation in
      calvarial cultures. Both factors had similar actions, although IGF-I stimulated
      collagen synthesis at 10 nM, and IGF-II at 30 nM. In Ob cells, IGF-I and -II also
      increased [3H]proline incorporation into type I collagen, but the effect was seen
      at 100 nM, and neither factor decreased collagen degradation. Slot blot analysis
      of IGF-I- and IGF-II-treated cells, using a rat type I collagen cDNA probe,
      revealed an increase in type I collagen transcripts. In conclusion, IGF-I and -II
      increase bone collagen synthesis and decrease collagen degradation in cultures of
      intact calvariae; the effect on collagen synthesis correlates with an increase in
      transcript levels in Ob cells.

PMID- 2909371
TI  - Actions of an estradiol-17-fatty acid ester in estrogen target tissues of the
      rat: comparison with other C-17 metabolites and a pharmacological C-17 ester.
AB  - The C-17 fatty acid esters of estradiol (E2) are a unique family of nonpolar
      estradiol metabolites. They are potent long-acting estrogens that represent the
      natural analog of the synthetic esters used for estrogen therapy. We measured the
      uterotropic response and the formation of uterine nuclear estrogen receptors
      (ERn) produced by iv administration of a representative ester, E2-17-stearate, in
      comparison to E2, other natural C-17 conjugates of E2, E2-17-glucuronide, and E2
      17-sulfate, and the pharmacological ester E2-17-cyclopentylpropionate. While E2
      17-stearate produced a sustained and greater uterotropic response compared to E2,
      the maximal induction of ERn by the ester was only about one third of that
      induced by a similar dose of E2. However, the induction of ERn by E2-17-stearate
      was markedly sustained compared to that by E2. Furthermore, the initiation of the
      ERn response to E2-17-stearate was delayed. Since E2-17-esters do not bind to the
      ER, this delay is consistent with the requirement for hydrolysis of the esters
      before interaction with the ER. Neither of the ionic conjugates of E2 (sulfate
      and glucuronide) produced an increase in ERn concentrations or a uterotropic
      response. The synthetic ester cyclopentylpropionate, like E2, produced a rapid
      ERn response and a significantly shorter uterotropic response than the stearate
      ester. When the induction of ERn by E2-17-stearate was investigated in other
      target tissues there were no marked differences in the brain, pituitary, and
      liver. No blood-brain barrier was apparent for the formation of ERn, despite the
      fact that this steroidal ester circulates in the blood bound to lipoproteins.
      These findings suggest that this unusual family of steroidal esters has
      biological properties that differentiate them from other known estrogens, natural
      and synthetic, in terms of their ability to produce a slow-onset sustained
      estrogenic stimulus in a variety of different estrogen target tissues.

PMID- 2909372
TI  - Progestin receptors in brain and pituitary of 20-day-old fetal mice: an
      autoradiographic study using [125I]progestin.
AB  - The distribution of progestin target sites in the brain and pituitary of estrogen
      primed 20-day-old fetal mice was investigated by thaw-mount autoradiography.
      Three pregnant mice were each implanted sc with a Silastic tube containing
      estrogen on day 17 and ovariectomized on day 19 of gestation. Twenty-four hours
      after ovariectomy 10 fetuses (5 males and 5 females) were collected and each
      injected sc with 0.33 microgram/100 g BW [125I]progestin (SA, 2200 Ci/mM). For
      competition, two additional fetuses were injected with 20 micrograms R5020 1 h
      before (Z)-17 beta-hydroxy-17 alpha-(2[125I]iodovinyl)4-estren-3-one [(
      125I]Progestin) to demonstrate that nuclear uptake and retention of radioactivity
      were specific for progestin. Two hours after injection of [125I]Progestin all
      fetuses were mounted, frozen, and sectioned in a cryostat. After 1-37 days of
      exposure, sections were developed and scanned for labeled cells. Cells with
      nuclear concentration were found in the male and female preoptic area, within
      certain nuclear groups in the basal hypothalamus, in the central gray of the
      midbrain, and in the pituitary. No labeling was detected in the cortex or
      amygdala. The results indicate that cells in certain regions of the brain and
      pituitary express progestin receptors at the end of gestation and suggest that
      progesterone is important for the normal development of these cells.

PMID- 2909373
TI  - Direct modulation by estradiol of the response of human bone cells (SaOS-2) to
      human parathyroid hormone (PTH) and PTH-related protein.
AB  - We have investigated the actions of 17 beta-estradiol (E2) on the production of
      cAMP stimulated by synthetic human PTH [hPTH-(1-34)], synthetic hPTH-related
      protein [hPTHrP-(1-34)], and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in human (SaOS
      2) and rat (ROS 17/2.8) osteoblast-like osteosarcoma cells. In SaOS-2 cells, hPTH
      (1-34) (2.5 nM), hPTHrP-(1-34) (2.5 nM), and VIP (10-100 nM) stimulated the
      accumulation of cAMP markedly (greater than 20- to 30-fold in 1 h). Cells were
      preincubated in serum-free medium for 4-24 h, then in the absence or presence of
      E2 for 4 h before a 1-h stimulation with peptide hormone in the absence of E2. In
      SaOS-2 cells, pretreatment with E2 (10(-12)-10(-8) M) for 4 h inhibited by up to
      50% the accumulation of cAMP stimulated by hPTH-(1-34) or hPTHrP-(1-34), but E2
      had no inhibitory effect on VIP action. 17 alpha-Estradiol had no inhibitory
      action on hPTH- or hPTHrP-stimulated accumulation of cAMP at concentrations as
      high as 10(-8) M. Additional evidence against a nonspecific effect of E2 was the
      total lack of inhibition of cAMP accumulation stimulated by hPTH-(1-34) or hPTHrP
      (1-34) in ROS 17/2.8 cells at concentrations of E2 up to 10(-6) M. We conclude
      that E2 can act directly and rapidly in human osteoblast-like cells to modulate
      selectively the ability of hPTH and hPTHrP to enhance the production of cAMP.

PMID- 2909374
TI  - Testosterone raises neuropeptide-Y concentration in selected hypothalamic sites
      and in vitro release from the medial basal hypothalamus of castrated male rats.
AB  - Although neuropeptide-Y (NPY)-containing neurons are widely distributed in the
      hypothalamus, castration decreased NPY concentrations only in the median eminence
      (ME), arcuate nucleus (ARC), and ventromedial nucleus (VMN). We have now examined
      the effects of testosterone (T) replacement in 2-week castrated male rats on NPY
      levels in hypothalamic and preoptic area regions and in vitro NPY release in
      three experiments. In the first experiment we studied the effect of T on NPY
      concentration in castrated rats. Two-week castrated rats were implanted sc with T
      filled or empty Silastic capsules 30 mm in length. Ten days later rats were
      killed, and NPY levels were measured by RIA in microdissected sites. T implants
      raised serum T levels to the range found in gonad-intact rats and decreased serum
      LH levels to the basal range. Further, of the six brain sites examined,
      significant increases in NPY concentrations occurred selectively in the ME, ARC,
      and VMN of T-implanted rats. In the second experiment, the ability of T to
      reverse the effect of castration on NPY levels compared to those in intact (sham)
      rats was assessed. Again, castration decreased NPY levels in the ME, ARC, and VMN
      only, and replacement of physiological levels of T restored NPY levels
      approximately 100%, 127%, and 74% in the ARC, VMN, and ME, respectively. In the
      third experiment, the effect of castration and T implants (30-mm T capsules for
      10 days) to 2-week castrated rats on the in vitro release of NPY from medial
      basal hypothalamus (MBH) was assessed. Basal NPY release was not significantly
      changed after castration and T replacement. However, in response to a 30-min
      pulse of KCl (45 mM) NPY release from the MBH of castrated rats was significantly
      reduced compared to that in intact and T-replaced castrated rats. These studies
      show that castration decreases and T replacement restores NPY levels selectively
      in three hypothalamic sites, viz. ME, ARC, and VMN, and KCl-induced NPY release
      from the MBH in vitro is decreased after castration and restored by T
      replacement, thereby suggesting that a local subset of androgen-concentrating
      neurons may regulate NPY levels and release in a site-specific manner. Further,
      these results are in line with our emerging view that gonadal steroids modulate
      neurosecretion not only of LHRH, but also of other functionally linked regulatory
      peptides.

PMID- 2909375
TI  - Glucocorticoid receptors and glucocorticoid effects in rat Sertoli cells.
AB  - In this report we demonstrate glucocorticoid receptors in seminiferous tubules of
      the rat testis, and that these receptors are localized in Sertoli cells and
      peritubular cells. The receptors had high affinity for [3H]dexamethasone (Kd =
      0.5 - 1 x 10(-9) M), and similar Kd values were calculated from equilibrium
      analysis and from rate studies (k1 = 1.5 x 10(6) M-1 min-1 and k-1 = 1.4 x 10(-3)
      min-1, O C). Binding specificity was typical for glucocorticoid receptors
      (affinity: dexamethasone greater than corticosterone greater than cortisol
      approximately R5020 approximately progesterone greater than aldosterone = R1881
      greater than 17 beta-estradiol approximately cortisone approximately testosterone
      greater than 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone). The concentration of glucocorticoid
      receptors in rat seminiferous tubules revealed an age-dependent decrease,
      coinciding with the increase in the number of germ cells. Glucocorticoid receptor
      levels were higher in Sertoli cells from immature rats than in cells from adult
      rats. Cultured peritubular cells from immature rats contained levels of
      glucocorticoid receptors similar to cultured Sertoli cells from rats of the same
      age. With a nick-translated human glucocorticoid receptor complementary DNA
      probe, a messenger RNA (mRNA) species of approximately 7 kilobase was clearly
      detected in both Sertoli cells and peritubular cells. In peritubular cells, a
      smaller mRNA species (5 kilobase) was also clearly detectable. In mRNA from whole
      testis tissue, a similar developmental pattern as for dexamethasone binding was
      found. Dexamethasone caused a concentration-dependent stimulation of mRNA levels
      for androgen binding protein and for the cAMP-dependent protein kinase regulatory
      subunit type II beta in cultured immature rat Sertoli cells. On the other hand,
      mRNA levels for glucocorticoid receptor decreased, whereas mRNA levels for beta
      actin remained constant. This report documents for the first time the presence of
      glucocorticoid receptors and glucocorticoid effects in rat Sertoli cells, and is
      also the first demonstration of glucocorticoid receptors in peritubular cells of
      the rat testis.

PMID- 2909376
TI  - Aromatase activity in quail brain: correlation with aggressiveness.
AB  - Testosterone (T) triggers aggressive behavior in males of many vertebrate
      species; however, the neural and hormonal basis of individual differences in the
      frequency or intensity of aggressive behavior is still debated. Using the
      Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica), a species in which individuals
      exhibit a wide range of aggressiveness in nature and the laboratory, together
      with a newly devised test procedure for quantifying aggressiveness, we recently
      demonstrated that aggression is estrogen dependent. Here we extend these studies
      by testing the hypothesis that aromatization in brain is a rate-limiting step in
      the expression of individual differences in aggressiveness. Using procedures
      previously validated for this species, aromatase and 5 alpha- and 5 beta
      reductase activities were estimated in selected brain regions of reproductively
      active male quail by measuring conversion of [3H]androstenedione to [3H]estrone,
      [3H]5 alpha-androstanedione, and [3H]5 beta-androstanedione, respectively. In Exp
      1, behaviorally inexperienced test birds were killed 90 sec after a single
      behavioral test. Aggressiveness of individuals in this group, as determined by
      pecking and locomotor activity in response to visualization of a conspecific,
      ranged 3- to 4-fold from high to low. Aromatase activity in the posterior
      hypothalamus (PHYP) was significantly higher in males rated high for
      aggressiveness than in animals rated low (1.04 vs. 0.59 pmol/h.mg protein; P less
      than 0.02). Similar differences were observed in the anterior
      hypothalamus/preoptic area (AHPOA) but were not significant. In Exp 2, sexually
      mature males were behaviorally tested eight times over 22 days and killed 24 h
      after the final test. Aggressiveness varied 5-fold from high to low, although the
      rating in a given bird remained constant with time and repeat testing. Aromatase
      activity in the AHPOA was significantly greater in birds rated high for
      aggressiveness than in low aggressiveness birds (3.77 vs. 2.80 pmol/h.mg protein;
      P less than 0.02). In addition, when AHPOA aromatase in all birds was plotted
      against behavioral intensity, there was a 2-fold variation and a significant
      positive correlation (r = 0.556; P less than 0.02). Similar differences were
      observed in PHYP, but these were of borderline significance. By contrast,
      aromatase levels outside the AHPOA and PHYP were unrelated to behavior. Moreover,
      in both Exp 1 and 2, 5 alpha- and 5 beta-reductase activities in AHPOA, PHYP, and
      other brain regions; plasma T, 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone, and total estrogens;
      and relative testicular weights were not consistently related to
      aggression.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2909377
TI  - Uptake of cortisol by the perfused rat liver: validity of the free hormone
      hypothesis applied to cortisol.
AB  - The mechanism by which cortisol in plasma enters hepatic cells was investigated
      using the isolated perfused rat liver. To determine whether hepatic uptake of
      cortisol from serum can be accounted for entirely by the pool of unbound (free)
      cortisol, we compared observed uptake rates with the equilibrium-free fraction of
      cortisol in serum and the rates of dissociation of cortisol from its serum
      binding proteins (determined using a rapid filtration assay based on transfer of
      [3H] cortisol to dextran-coated charcoal). More than 95% of the cortisol in both
      human and rat serum dissociated spontaneously from its binding proteins within 5
      sec at 37 C. The fractional unidirectional hepatic uptakes of cortisol from
      pooled human serum and pooled rat serum were 59.4 +/- 5.4% and 59.5 +/- 1.0%
      (mean +/- SE), respectively, at the physiological flow rate of 1 ml/min.g liver.
      The corresponding free cortisol fractions in these sera were 4.53 +/- 0.15% and
      8.16 +/- 0.23%, respectively. The fractional unidirectional hepatic uptake of
      cortisol from protein-free buffer averaged 99.9% (n = 5) at a flow rate of 3
      ml/min.g liver. By calculating the appropriate rate constants and applying the
      Kety-Renkin-Crone equation to the above data, it can be shown that all of the
      cortisol taken up from serum by the perfused rat liver can be accounted for by
      the pool of free cortisol, which turns over very rapidly. The physiological
      significance of this finding is discussed in terms of a general mathematical
      model of hormone transport that delineates the conditions under which the free
      hormone hypothesis is and is not valid.

PMID- 2909378
TI  - Enhancement of cytosolic tyrosine kinase activity by propylthiouracil-induced
      hyperplasia in the rat thyroid.
AB  - Hyperplasia of the thyroid gland induced by propylthiouracil (PTU) is a well
      established model of rapid cell proliferation in vivo. Recent evidence indicates
      that tyrosine kinase activity is associated with growth factor receptors and
      oncogene protein products and may have an important regulatory action in the
      control of cell growth. Thus, we examined tyrosine kinase activity in rat thyroid
      membrane and cytosol preparations at rest and during PTU-induced hyperplasia.
      Although kinase activity was present in a crude microsomal membrane preparation,
      no change was observed during thyroid growth. In contrast, tyrosine kinase
      activity assayed with the artificial substrate poly(Glu,Na:Tyr) 4:1 was present
      in normal rat thyroid cytosol and increased 2- to 6-fold during the rapid phase
      of hyperplasia in the first 5-10 days of PTU treatment. It declined to control
      values by day 15, when the size and DNA content of the thyroid reached a plateau.
      Preincubation of the cytosolic preparations with several peptides known to bind
      to and activate growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases failed to enhance the
      activity, suggesting, along with the cytosolic localization, that the activity
      was distinct from these receptors. By gel filtration chromatography and
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, tyrosine kinase activity was associated with
      a 55 kDa protein. Partial purification over a poly(Glu,Na:Tyr)4:1-Sepharose
      column, yielded a protein that appeared capable of autophosphorylation. It is
      suggested that this tyrosine kinase plays a role in mediating the growth
      promoting effects of this model of thyroid cell hyperplasia.

PMID- 2909379
TI  - Role of dopamine and vasoactive intestinal peptide in the control of pulsatile
      prolactin secretion.
AB  - The present studies were designed to obtain a detailed characterization of
      pulsatile PRL secretory patterns under basal conditions and to explore the role
      of dopamine (DA) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in the genesis of PRL
      pulses. Adult intact male rats received chronic indwelling jugular canula and
      were bled at 3-min intervals for periods ranging from 90-150 min. Pulse analysis
      was performed using the algorithm Detect. Blockade of DA receptors with
      domperidone, pimozide, or haloperidol resulted in a 2-fold increase in PRL pulse
      frequency, with no change in pulse duration. All quantitative parameters, i.e.
      peak and trough values, pulse amplitude, and area under the pulse, were
      significantly increased after dopaminergic blockade. Blockade of endogenous VIP
      activity was achieved by passive immunization with a potent VIP antiserum. This
      treatment, by itself, did not modify basal PRL levels or PRL pulsatility
      parameters. However, when VIP antiserum was administered in combination with
      domperidone, a reduction in all quantitative pulse parameters was observed.
      Heterogeneity of PRL pulses was evaluated by frequency distribution analysis,
      using the area under the pulse divided by basal secretion, to evaluate the mass
      of hormone secreted per pulse normalized to the basal rate of secretion.
      Untreated animals presented pulses within a range of different masses.
      Dopaminergic blockade resulted in a great reduction in big mass pulses, and the
      distribution of pulses was restricted primarily to small mass pulses. The
      increased pulse frequency after dopaminergic blockade, therefore, results mainly
      from an increase in the appearance of small mass pulses. These results indicate
      that DA exerts a tonic inhibitory action on the frequency as well as the
      qualitative parameters of PRL pulses. They also suggest that big mass PRL pulses
      are dopaminergic in origin, i.e. they may result from temporary interruptions in
      DA activity. Small mass PRL pulses appear to result from other neural stimulatory
      inputs. Endogenous VIP enhances quantitative PRL pulse parameters, but this
      activity is only apparent after removal of DA inhibition.

PMID- 2909380
TI  - Distinct pulsatile prolactin secretory patterns during the estrous cycle:
      possible encoding for diverse physiological responses.
AB  - PRL levels during the estrous cycle have been reported to be low, with the
      notable exception of the afternoon proestrous surge. The present study was
      designed to evaluate the pulsatile pattern of PRL secretion during the low
      secretory phases of the cycle. Animals were bled at 3-min intervals for 150 min
      during proestrus morning (AM), estrus AM and evening (PM), metestrus AM, and
      diestrus AM and PM. Using the algorithm Detect, pulse frequency, duration,
      interval, peak and trough values, area under the pulses, and mean PRL levels were
      calculated. PRL secretion was pulsatile during all stages of the estrous cycle,
      although the pattern varied considerably among the different cycle stages. Pulse
      frequency was highest during estrus and lowest during diestrus. All quantitative
      pulse parameters (peak, trough, amplitude, and area under pulse) were also higher
      during estrus and lowest in diestrus. Analysis of area under the pulse using
      frequency distribution indicated that at least two subpopulations of pulses, i.e.
      small mass and large mass pulses, were observed in certain stages of the cycle.
      Small mass pulses were present at all stages of the cycle; while their frequency
      remained unchanged, changes in other parameters were observed at different stages
      which did not always correlate with changes in mean PRL levels. Big mass pulses,
      on the other hand, presented a clear change in pulse frequency with values rising
      progressively from diestrus PM through proestrus to peak at estrus. Between
      estrus PM and metestrus AM these big mass PRL pulses essentially disappeared. In
      contrast to the marked changes in frequency, big mass PRL pulses were remarkably
      homogeneous in other quantitative characteristics. The results indicate that
      distinct changes in PRL pulsatility patterns occur during the estrous cycle;
      these changes are related to both the pattern and the quality of PRL pulses.
      Based on the observations of a companion study (28) and other data, we suggest
      that the genesis of the big mass and small mass PRL pulses involves dopaminergic
      and nondopaminergic mechanisms, respectively. The timing and selectivity of the
      changes in PRL pulsatile patterns suggest that those patterns may encode
      different signals for expression of the diverse actions of PRL on reproductive
      tissues.

PMID- 2909381
TI  - Prostaglandin F2 alpha administered in vivo induces Ca2+-dependent protein
      phosphorylation in rat luteal tissue.
AB  - The present study was performed in order to further elucidate the mechanism of
      action of PGF2 alpha in luteolysis in the rat ovary. Seven days after priming
      with superovulatory doses of pregnant mare serum gonadotropin and human chorionic
      gonadotropin to induce luteal tissue formation, the rats were injected with a
      luteolytic dose of the prostaglandin F2 alpha analogue cloprostenol. The ovaries
      were then homogenized, a 30,000 x g supernatant and pellet were prepared,
      whereafter aliquots of the preparations were incubated in the presence of [gamma
      32P]ATP with or without Ca2+. The phosphorylated proteins were separated by
      sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and localized by
      autoradiography. The presence of Ca2+ caused an increased phosphorylation of a 45
      kDa protein band in the particulate, but not in the cytosol, fraction.
      Furthermore, PGF2 alpha rapidly increased the 32P incorporation into the same
      protein band of 45 kDa. Thus, the PGF2 alpha-stimulated 32P incorporation was
      Ca2+-dependent and seen only in the particulate fraction. These results suggest
      that PGF2 alpha in its role as a luteolytic agent stimulates a Ca2+-dependent
      phosphorylation of a specific protein in luteal membranes of the rat ovary.

PMID- 2909382
TI  - The aged rat model of ovarian hormone deficiency bone loss.
AB  - Three studies were carried out. First, the effects of aging on the maturation of
      the female skeleton were assessed. Second, the hypothesis that has linked ovarian
      hormone deficiency bone loss to hypercalcemic suppression of the parathyroids
      leading to a decrease in 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D synthesis and gut absorption of
      calcium was examined. Third, the effects of ovariectomy and a combination of
      ovarian hormone deficiency and low dietary calcium on bone and the calcium
      regulating hormones were evaluated. After 6 months, ovariectomy and a low calcium
      diet independently decreased the density of the ilium, the femur, and the fourth
      lumbar vertebra as well as the calcium content of the latter two. The effects of
      the two treatment regimens were additive and more marked in the vertebral bone.
      Ovariectomy lowered serum calcitonin only in animals fed a normal diet and had no
      effect on serum PTH and vitamin D metabolites, while a low calcium diet caused a
      significant increase in serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. In both dietary regimens
      ovariectomy resulted in about a 30% decrease in intestinal calcium absorption. A
      low calcium diet increased morphometric indices of bone formation and bone
      resorption as did ovariectomy, with resorption exceeding formation. The
      discussion of our findings led to the conclusion that the aged rat model of
      ovarian hormone deficiency bone loss qualifies for serious consideration as a
      practical convenient cost-effective animal model for exploring aspects of the
      pathogenesis and treatment of postmenopausal bone loss.

PMID- 2909383
TI  - Flow cytometric measurement of intracellular pH in B16 tumors: intercell variance
      and effects of pretreatment with glucose.
AB  - Flow cytometry was used to measure cytoplasmic pH (pHi) of B16 melanoma cells
      taken from tumor-bearing animals. We used a ratiometric method to allow
      measurements on an individual cell basis which were independent of cellular
      content of the pH indicator BCECF. In order to "freeze" any intercell variance
      which may have existed within the tumor mass, tumors were mechanically
      disaggregated in bicarbonate-free medium containing 0.5 mM amiloride at 4 degrees
      C and loaded with BCECF in choline chloride-based Earle's solution at 37 degrees
      C. Studies using cells grown in vitro showed that this protocol prevented acid
      load recovery during the 30-min period typically required between tumor excision
      and pHi measurement. A calibration curve was obtained by resuspending BCECF
      stained cells in a range of buffers containing the proton ionophore nigericin.
      The range of values for individual cells was estimated by comparing the
      coefficient of variation of the test sample with that obtained when nigericin was
      used to reduce all cells to the pHi of the calibration buffer. The average value
      for mean tumor cell pH was 7.32 +/- 0.05 SD. Pretreatment of animals with
      intraperitoneal glucose for one hour resulted in an average for mean pHi of 7.17
      +/- 0.17 SD. Mean coefficient of variation was 8.7%, and in the presence of
      nigericin, 8.1%. These values indicate a variance in measured pHi of
      approximately +/- 0.4 pH units, but most of this results from experimental error
      rather than true intercell pHi variance. The method used here is capable of
      detecting reduction in mean tumour pHi caused by ip glucose, but incapable of
      precise estimation of individual cell values. Despite these uncertainties, the
      results suggest that the range of pHi within B 16 tumors is small.

PMID- 2909384
TI  - Growth in retinal glial cells in vitro is affected differentially by two types of
      cell contact-mediated interactions.
AB  - Contact among rabbit retinal glial cells in subconfluent culture was previously
      shown to stimulate DNA synthesis [J. M. Burke (1983) Exp. Cell Res. 146, 204
      206]. In this study nonliving surface membranes and metabolic coupling were
      investigated as mediators of the contact-dependent phenomenon. To evaluate
      surface membranes, preparations of fixed glial cells and fixed fibroblasts of
      several types were added in varying numbers to sparse cultures of glia or
      fibroblasts. In agreement with published data, fibroblast proliferation was
      inhibited by the fixed cells in a dose-dependent manner. Growth in glial cells
      was similarly inhibited. Fixed cells of both types were approximately equally
      effective in suppressing proliferation in cells of both types. No number of fixed
      cells was identified which, when added to glial cultures, stimulated glial
      proliferation. In contrast, metabolic coupling among glial cells was associated
      with increased DNA synthesis. Coupling was detected radioautographically as a
      flux of labeled precursor molecules from a prelabeled to a recipient population
      of glial cells in coculture. The cocultures were secondarily incubated with
      [3H]thymidine to label the nuclei of S-phase recipient cells. In the cocultures
      there was a higher rate of nuclear labeling in coupled than in uncoupled
      recipient glial cells. The results suggest that growth in subconfluent retinal
      glial cell cultures is modulated differentially by two types of interactions
      which require cell contact: growth is inhibited by interaction among nonliving
      cell surfaces but stimulated by metabolic cooperation among living cells.

PMID- 2909385
TI  - Growth cone advance mediated by fibronectin-associated filopodia is inhibited by
      a phorbol ester tumor promoter.
AB  - In serum-supplemented medium, exposure to the tumor promoter 4 beta-phorbol 12
      beta-myristate 13 alpha-acetate (PMA) increases the proportion of SH-SY5Y
      neuroblastoma cells with neurites and increases the average neurite length. In
      the present study, under serum-free conditions, PMA treatment had the opposite
      effects, i.e., retarded neurite sprouting and partially inhibited neurite
      elongation. This inhibition in neurite outgrowth was partially antagonized by the
      addition of serum fibronectin (FN) to the medium or substratum. In the absence of
      PMA, SH-SY5Y cells grown under serum-free conditions showed extensive neurite
      outgrowth as well as the capacity to secrete FN into their microenvironment and
      form FN-containing substratum-attachment sites. Immunogold labeling and whole
      mount transmission electron microscopy (WMTEM) demonstrated FN-containing contact
      pads at sites where filopodia attached to the substratum and focal plaques on the
      underside of growth cone margins. The appearance and abundance of FN-containing
      contact pads and focal plaques were increased by the addition of exogenous FN to
      defined medium. Focal plaques appeared in close association with microfilament
      bundles, and nearly always with bundles that projected into filopodia attached to
      the substratum by contact pads. A method for immunolabeling FN in the filopodial
      contact pads of living cultures provided more direct evidence that filopodia and
      contact pads have a major role in FN-mediated attachment and are central in
      determining growth cone shape and the rate and direction of advance. In support
      of this view, we show that PMA treatment retards neurite sprouting, alters growth
      cone morphology and motility, and eliminates the appearance of microfilament
      bundles, filopodia, and FN-containing substratum-attachment plaques.

PMID- 2909386
TI  - DNA amplification in arsenite-resistant Leishmania.
AB  - Arsenite-resistant variants of a trypanosomatid protozoan, Leishmania mexicana
      amazonensis, were selected in vitro by stepwise increases of sodium arsenite
      concentrations up to 30 microM in the culture medium. These variants were found
      to contain amplified DNA as extrachromosomal supercoiled molecules of about 69
      kb. They originate from a single chromosome in the wild-type cells. There is
      evidence of chromosomal changes in these cells associated with the selection for
      arsenite resistance. The apparent absence of these circular molecules in the wild
      type and their loss from the drug-sensitive revertants suggest amplification of
      chromosomal DNA into these extrachromosomal circles as the mechanism of arsenite
      resistance.

PMID- 2909387
TI  - Glycoprotein glycans may not be necessary for the differentiation of skeletal
      myoblasts.
AB  - Previous work using glycosylation inhibitors has suggested that high-mannose type
      but not complex type oligosaccharides on the surface of cells may play a role in
      the differentiation of skeletal myoblasts. Earlier, we had shown that a
      concanavalin A-resistant mutant derived from an L6 myoblast line fails to
      differentiate in a medium containing 10% horse serum. Here we show that one such
      concanavalin A-resistant mutant (D-1) which was reported to have oligosaccharides
      of the type Man(3-5)G1cNAc2, shows significant fusion ability when grown in media
      containing 1% horse serum. Lowering the serum concentration did not alter the
      dolichol-phosphate mannosyltransferase activity in D-1 which remained at low
      levels compared to L6. The incorporation of [3H]mannose in D-1 was found to be
      60% of L6 in 10% serum whereas in 1% serum the incorporation into D-1 was further
      reduced to 30% of L6. [3H]mannose-labeled ConA-binding proteins isolated from L6
      were quantitatively and qualitatively similar in cells grown in either 10 or 1%
      serum. However, in D-1 cells a further decrease in the ConA-binding ability of
      these glycoproteins was observed. Biochemical differentiation also occurs in D-1
      upon fusion in 1% serum as seen by the increase in mRNA levels of the muscle
      specific markers myosin light chain and troponin T. These results suggest the
      high-mannose type of oligosaccharides may not be involved in myoblast
      differentiation.

PMID- 2909388
TI  - Retinoic acid induces a specific membrane glycoprotein in human epithelial cell
      lines.
AB  - Retinoic acid (RA) inhibits growth, increases the cytokeratin content, and alters
      the cytoskeleton of the human cervical cell line NHIK 3025. Using RA-treated NHIK
      3025 cells as immunogen we prepared murine monoclonal antibodies (IgG1) which
      recognized an RA-induced cell-surface antigen which could not be detected in
      untreated NHIK 3025 cells. Analysis of the Triton soluble proteins by SDS-gel
      electrophoresis and immunoblotting revealed that the cell-surface antigen is a
      140-kDa glycoprotein (gp140). gp140 was also shown to be induced by RA in HeLa S3
      cells and constitutively expressed in the human trophoblast cell line BeWo. gp140
      was also detected in other human epithelial cell lines, but not in human
      hematopoietic cells. Expression of gp140 was induced in HeLa S3 cells by
      nanomolar concentrations of RA, and in NHIK 3025 cells by micromolar amounts (1
      10 microM). The glycoprotein was detectable 3-6 h following exposure to RA and
      its expression was reversible upon removal of RA from the medium. Our results
      indicate that gp140 is a newly identified RA-inducible epithelial membrane
      glycoprotein which may represent a phenotypic differentiation marker for
      epithelial cells.

PMID- 2909389
TI  - Chromatin reorganization during emergence of malignant Friend tumors: early
      changes in H2A and H2B variants and nucleosome repeat length.
AB  - Serial examination of five newly derived Friend murine tumors during early
      subcutaneous passages showed continuing changes in chromatin composition and
      structure over the first 10 to 20 passages followed by a period of stabilization
      over the subsequent 20 passages. These changes were reflected in a decrease in
      two major histone variants, H2A.1 and H2B.2, with a coordinate increase in
      histone variants, H2A.2 and H2B.1, and a changing nucleosome repeat length (NRL).
      The absolute values differed among the five tumors, but all five showed the same
      general direction of change. There was no obvious relationship among the NRL,
      H2A, and H2B histone variant values. A low H2A.1/H2A.2 ratio was found in Friend
      tumors of high malignant potential. Cell lines derived in vitro also showed
      directional changes in the H2A and H2B variants similar to those of their tumor
      cell parents, but with different kinetics. Our findings suggest that Friend tumor
      establishment is accompanied by an early period of chromatin reorganization
      marked by changes in several parameters of chromatin structure.

PMID- 2909390
TI  - Effect of aging on populations of estrogen receptor-containing cells in the rat
      uterus.
AB  - Estrogen receptor-containing cells were identified in uteri of mature and
      senescent rats by means of quantitative autoradiography. Cell numbers and density
      were assessed in the various uterine layers. It was determined that despite
      decreases in receptor concentrations in endometrium, endometrial stroma,
      myometrium, and epithelium, no significant cell loss occurred in any region.
      Receptor content per cell clearly decreased with age in the endometrial stroma,
      while only in the myometrium was there any suggestion of cell loss in the absence
      of receptor loss from individual cells. Thus, age-related reductions in uterine
      estradiol receptor levels may be due to different mechanisms in different tissue
      regions.

PMID- 2909391
TI  - Low intensity microwave radiation effects on the ultrastructure of Chang liver
      cells.
AB  - Chang liver cells (CCL-13 ATCC) exposed to 2450 MHz microwaves of field
      intensities ranging from 5 to 20 mW/cm2 for different periods up to 2 h show
      distinct alterations in the cytomembrane ultrastructure. A 30-min exposure of 10
      mW/cm2 produces well-defined cytoplasmic lesions which appear as clear areas of
      degenerated rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). Extensive degeneration of RER
      along with fragmentation and vacuolation, disorganization of mitochondrial
      membranes and matrix, increased lysosomal activity, and in some cases disruptions
      of nuclear membrane are seen in longer exposures. Radiation at 20 mW/cm2 produces
      significant damage to cell membranes in short exposures and treatments of 30 min
      and longer exposures lead to total disruption of organized cell ultrastructure.
      The identity of many organelles is lost as the cells become highly heteropycnotic
      with numerous cytoplasmic projections. Short exposures of 5 mW/cm2 produce very
      few noticeable differences in ultrastructure. These results confirm earlier
      observations that membranes may be the primary targets of microwave radiation in
      cells.

PMID- 2909392
TI  - Cloning and sequence of a secretory protein induced by growth factors in mouse
      fibroblasts.
AB  - From a collection of 80 cDNAs representing genes that are induced by serum growth
      factors in quiescent mouse fibroblasts we have characterized a clone, N51, and
      demonstrated that it codes for a precursor of a secretory protein. N51 mRNA is
      rapidly induced by serum, including in the presence of cycloheximide,
      demonstrating that its induction does not require de novo protein synthesis. The
      mRNA has a short half-life of approximately 10-15 min and is dramatically
      prolonged in the presence of protein synthesis inhibitors. Purified growth
      factors such as platelet-derived growth factor and bombesin are strong inducers
      of N51 expression. However, epidermal growth factor, fibroblast growth factor,
      and the tumor promoter tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate have a negligible effect.
      Transcriptional analysis demonstrates that the increase in N51 mRNA levels after
      serum stimulation is in part due to the activation of gene transcription.

PMID- 2909393
TI  - Induction of the major inducible 68-kDa heat-shock protein after rapid changes of
      extracellular pH in cultured rat astrocytes.
AB  - Cultured rat astrocytes were exposed for 1 or 3 h to acidic medium (pH adjusted
      to 5.0, 5.5, or 6.0). Radioactive labeling for 3 h after exposure to acidic
      medium revealed increased synthesis of many proteins, including an inducible 68
      kDa protein. Optimal extracellular (medium) pH for the induction of this 68-kDa
      protein was 5.5. Immunoblotting demonstrated that this 68-kDa protein induced by
      acidosis was the 68-kDa heat-shock protein previously described in cultured
      astrocytes.

PMID- 2909394
TI  - Production and response to an autologous growth factor isolated from human
      leukemia cells.
AB  - Human myeloid leukemia HL-60 cells have been shown to release into culture medium
      an activity that promotes the proliferation of these same HL-60 cells. The
      presence of additional culture supernatant containing growth-promoter activity
      accelerates the HL-60 growth rate as determined by cell counts and [3H]thymidine
      uptake. Isolation of this growth promoter has been performed with the serum-free
      supernatant of HL-60 cells using salt precipitation, DEAE-Sepharose ion exchange
      chromatography, and gel electrophoresis. The promoter activity was recovered from
      SDS-gel electrophoresis within the 60- to 85-kDa mol wt range where a single band
      of an apparent mol wt of 72,000 was demonstrated. The ability of HL-60 cells to
      respond to the growth promoter was significantly lost 4 h after exposure to
      differentiation-inducing activity, while production of the growth promoter was
      diminished only after 2-3 days following induction of differentiation. These
      results suggest that the growth-promoting mechanism is associated with the
      undifferentiated leukemic state. In addition, the role of an autocrine growth
      mechanism in maintaining the leukemic cells in an undifferentiated state is
      discussed.

PMID- 2909395
TI  - Relation between the rate of cell movement under agarose and the positioning of
      cells in heterotypic aggregates.
AB  - Single-cell suspensions prepared from 9-day-old chick tissues (skeletal muscle,
      liver, and neural retina) were used to investigate a possible relationship
      between intrinsic mobilities of different cell types and their positioning
      behavior in mixed (heterotypic) cellular aggregates. The relative mobilities of
      the three cell types, determined by comparing their ability to migrate under an
      agarose layer, was muscle greater than liver greater than neural retina. The
      gyratory shaker method was employed to produce heterotypic aggregates from mixed
      suspensions of muscle, liver, and neural retina cells and the tissue-specific
      positioning of cells after 24 h in culture was determined from histological and
      autoradiograph sections. The hierarchy for "inside" positioning of segregated
      cells was muscle greater than liver greater than neural retina cells, correlating
      with the rate of movement of these cells in the migration assay. The implication
      of the results is that relative speed of movement may determine the positioning
      of cells in heterotypic aggregates.

PMID- 2909396
TI  - Selective enrichment and biochemical characterization of seven human skin
      fibroblasts cell types in vitro.
AB  - The mitotic and postmitotic populations of the human skin fibroblast cell line HH
      8 are heterogeneous when studied in vitro. There are reproducible changes in the
      frequencies of the mitotic fibroblasts (MF), MF I, MF II, MF III, and the
      postmitotic fibroblasts (PMF), PMF IV, PMF V, PMF VI, and PMF VII. For
      biochemical characterization, methods for selective enrichment of homogeneous
      populations of these seven fibroblast cell types have been established. Clonal
      populations with 95% purity for the mitotic fibroblasts MF I, MF II, and MF III
      can be raised in uniform clone types of fibroblasts (CTF) CTF I, CTF II, and CTF
      III. Pure clonal subpopulations of MF I type cells are present in mass
      populations in the range of 1-20 cumulative population doublings (CPD).
      Populations of mitotic fibroblasts represent nearly homogeneous populations of MF
      II (75-85% purity) in the range of 28-34 CPD and MF III (73-86% purity) in the
      range of 48-53 CPD. These populations can be easily expanded to up to 10(7)-10(8)
      cells. The spontaneous transition of MF III to PMF VI takes 140-180 days. In
      order to shorten this period and increase the proportion of distinct postmitotic
      types, mitotic fibroblast mass populations (CPD 30-32, MF II: 75-85% purity) have
      been induced by uv-irradiation to differentiate to nearly homogeneous populations
      of PMF IV, PMF V, PMF VI, and PMF VII within 4 to 36 days of culture. Using this
      method, 10(7) cells of one differentiation stage can be obtained. Spontaneously
      arising and experimentally selected or induced homogeneous clonal and mass
      populations of MF I, MF II, MF III, PMF IV, PMF V, PMF VI, and PMF VII express an
      identical differentiation-dependent and cell-type-specific [35S]methionine
      labeled polypeptide pattern.

PMID- 2909397
TI  - Metabolic behaviors of the core histones in proliferating Friend cells.
AB  - This study examines the turnover of the core histones in proliferating Friend
      cells. It was calculated that these proteins turn over with half-lives of 21.6
      days for H2A, 13.8 days for H2B, 43.3 days for H3, and 138.6 days for H4. The
      significant differences in the half-lives of the four core histones indicate that
      the protein moiety of the nucleosome is not replaced as one entire unit but as a
      "mosaic" in which each component follows its own rate of replacement. In some
      experiments the turnover rates of the variants of H2A, H2B, and H3 were compared.
      The results did not indicate any differences among these histone variants,
      suggesting that they are not excluded from the mechanisms controlling histone
      turnover. Metabolic heterogeneity was discovered, however, when the turnover
      rates of the acetylated and nonacetylated molecules of histone H4 were followed:
      it appeared that the acetylated molecules are replaced 2.5 times faster. The
      comparison of the rate of replacement of the histones in proliferating and
      differentiated cells from one site and their level of acetylation from another
      suggests that this postsynthetic modification might be involved in the control of
      histone metabolism. Such a conclusion is supported also by a number of model
      experiments.

PMID- 2909398
TI  - Replication of Xenopus erythrocyte nuclei in a homologous egg extract requires
      prior proteolytic treatment.
AB  - Reactivation and reinitiation of DNA replication in quiescent frog erythrocyte
      nuclei has been analyzed following incubation in extracts prepared from activated
      Xenopus eggs. Nuclear decondensation and DNA synthesis only occurred if nuclei
      were pretreated with low doses of trypsin. This protease treatment did not digest
      histones, but did degrade several nonhistone proteins. Activated erythrocyte
      nuclei swell and begin DNA synthesis by 30 min after being mixed with the egg
      extract. In some extracts virtually complete genome replication was achieved in
      all nuclei after 2-3 hr. Addition of several protease inhibitors during sperm
      nuclear isolation significantly reduced the template efficiency of these
      preparations. We concluded that proteolytic alteration of nonhistone nuclear
      structural proteins may be a general mechanism which permits quiescent nuclei to
      reenter the replication cycle. Erythrocyte nuclei and egg extracts provide an
      excellent experimental system in which to investigate the processes of nuclear
      reactivation.

PMID- 2909399
TI  - Development and hormone regulation of androgen receptor levels in the sexually
      dimorphic larynx of Xenopus laevis.
AB  - Development of the sexually dimorphic larynx in African clawed frogs is
      controlled by secretion of androgenic steroids (D. Sassoon and D. Kelley, 1986,
      Amer. J. Anat. 177, 457-472). Adult laryngeal muscle shows high levels of
      androgen binding relative to other skeletal muscles and binding activity in males
      is three times that in females (N. Segil, L. Silverman, and D. Kelley, 1987, Gen.
      Comp. Endocrinol. 66, 95-101). To determine when androgen sensitivity and sex
      differences arise, we assayed [3H]dihydrotestosterone (DHT) binding activity in
      larynges from metamorphic and postmetamorphic male and female frogs. Scatchard
      analyses indicate that DHT binds to a saturable component with high affinity. At
      metamorphosis, male and female juveniles have average binding levels of 262 and
      269 fmoles/mg protein, respectively, approximately 7 to 20 times their adult
      values. At 3 months postmetamorphosis (PM), sexually dimorphic binding levels are
      observed. Binding activity declines gradually in females from metamorphosis to 9
      months PM. In males, levels of binding activity remain high throughout the first
      6 months PM and then decrease to near adult levels by 9 months PM. Administration
      of exogenous DHT to 3 months PM juveniles decreases average binding activity from
      180 (male) or 74 fmoles/mg (female) to 33.5 fmoles/mg in both sexes. Testosterone
      has a less pronounced effect on binding activity in males than DHT and is
      ineffective in females. We conclude that sexually dimorphic adult levels of
      androgen binding in larynx arise by differential decrease from initially high,
      sexually monomorphic levels and that high titers of circulating androgens
      normally present by 6 months PM in males are responsible for the marked decrease
      in binding activity observed during laryngeal development.

PMID- 2909400
TI  - The coelomic envelope of Xenopus laevis eggs: a quick-freeze, deep-etch analysis.
AB  - The extracellular matrix of Xenopus laevis oocytes was analyzed before and after
      meiotic maturation using quick-freeze, deep-etch, rotary-shadow electron
      microscopy. The perivitelline space (PS) of the meiotically immature oocyte
      contains a filamentous network which connects microvilli (MV) and follicle cell
      macrovilli to the folded oocyte surface below. The envelope overlying the PS is
      composed of bundles of large fibers which course between the tips of the MV.
      Spaces between these bundles contain smaller fibrils which secure the egg
      envelope to the microvillar tips. Meiotic maturation is accompanied by flattening
      of the oocyte plasma membrane, formation of an orderly array of MV, and elevation
      of the egg envelope. In the coelomic eggs, the reorganized envelope is composed
      of loosely bundled large fibers which course above the microvillar tips rather
      than between them. The spaces between these bundles contain small fibers similar
      to those seen in the meiotically immature oocyte. This reorganized envelope,
      however, will not bind sperm; further modifications must transpire during passage
      through the oviduct to render it sperm receptive.

PMID- 2909401
TI  - An embryo-lethal mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana is a biotin auxotroph.
AB  - Lethal mutants have been used in a variety of animal systems to study the genetic
      control of morphogenesis and differentiation. Abnormal development has been shown
      in some cases to be caused by defects in basic cellular processes. We describe in
      this report an embryo-lethal mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana that can be rescued
      by the addition of biotin to arrested embryos cultured in vitro and to mutant
      plants grown in soil. Mutant plants rescued in culture produced phenotypically
      normal seeds when supplemented with biotin but became chlorotic and failed to
      produce fertile flowers in the absence of biotin. Arrested embryos were also
      rescued by desthiobiotin, the immediate precursor of biotin in bacteria.
      Langridge proposed 30 years ago (1958, Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 11, 58-68) that the
      scarcity of plant auxotrophs might be caused by lethality prior to germination.
      The bio1 mutant of Arabidopsis described in this report clearly demonstrates that
      some auxotrophs in higher plants are eliminated through embryonic lethality.
      Further analysis of this mutant should provide valuable information on the nature
      of plant auxotrophs, the biosynthesis and utilization of biotin in plants, and
      the underlying causes of developmental arrest in lethal mutants of Arabidopsis.

PMID- 2909402
TI  - Timing in the regulation of neural crest cell migration: retarded "maturation" of
      regional extracellular matrix inhibits pigment cell migration in embryos of the
      white axolotl mutant.
AB  - In larvae of the white axolotl mutant (Ambystoma mexicanum), contrary to normal
      dark ones, trunk pigmentation is restricted because the epidermis is unable to
      support subepidermal migration of pigment cells from the neural crest (NC). This
      study examines whether the subepidermal extracellular matrix (ECM) is the
      defective component which prevents pigment cell migration in the white embryo. We
      transplanted subepidermal ECM, adsorbed in vivo on membrane microcarriers, from
      and to white and dark embryos in various combinations. White embryos have
      demonstrated normal NC cell migration along the medioventral pathway, and in
      order to test the effects of medial ECM on subepidermal migration, this ECM was
      similarly transplanted. Carriers with ECM attached were inserted subepidermally
      in host embryos at a premigratory NC stage. Control carriers without ECM and
      carriers with subepidermal ECM from white donors did not affect NC cell migration
      in white or dark embryos. In contrast, subepidermal ECM from dark donors
      triggered NC cell migration in the subepidermal space of both white and dark
      hosts. Remarkably, subepidermal ECM from white donors which were older than those
      normally used also stimulated migration in embryos of both strains. Likewise,
      medial ECM from white donors elicited migration in white as well as dark hosts.
      Pigment cells occurred among those NC cells that were stimulated to migrate in
      response to contact with ECM on carriers. These results indicate that the
      subepidermal ECM of the white embryo is transiently defective as a substrate for
      pigment cell migration, implying that "maturation" of the ECM is retarded beyond
      the times during which pigment cells are able to respond. In contrast, the medial
      ECM of the white embryo appears to mature normally. These findings suggest that
      the effect of the d gene is expressed regionally through the subepidermal ECM
      during a limited period of development. Hence, the action of the d gene seems to
      retard ECM maturation, bringing it out of phase with the migratory capability of
      the pigment cells. We propose that such a shift in relative timing of the
      developmental phenomena involved inhibits pigment cell migration in embryos of
      the white axolotl mutant and, accordingly, that the restricted pigmentation of
      the mutant larva is generated through heterochrony.

PMID- 2909403
TI  - Animal and vegetal teloplasms mix in the early embryo of the leech, Helobdella
      triserialis.
AB  - In embryos of the glossiphoniid leech, Helobdella triserialis, as in many
      annelids, cytoplasmic reorganization prior to first cleavage generates distinct
      animal and vegetal domains of yolk-deficient cytoplasm, called teloplasm. Both
      domains are sequestered to the D' macromere, progenitor of the definitive
      segmental tissues, during the first three rounds of cell division. And it has
      been believed that during the fourth round of cell division, the obliquely
      equatorial cleavage of macromere D' cleanly segregates animal teloplasm into an
      ectodermal precursor, cell DNOPQ, and vegetal teloplasm into a mesodermal
      precursor, cell DM. But here we report a hitherto unobserved cytoplasmic
      rearrangement between the second and the fourth divisions that seems to mix the
      animal and vegetal domains of teloplasm. The newly observed rearrangement
      consists of the movement of vegetal teloplasm toward the animal pole of cell D'
      between the second and the fourth cell divisions. Animal and vegetal teloplasms
      form a single pool of teloplasm in cell D' which is then divided between DM and
      DNOPQ at the fourth division. The movement of teloplasm was inferred by
      examination of embryos fixed and sectioned between the second and the fourth
      rounds of cleavage and was confirmed in living embryos microinjected with
      rhodamine 123, a fluorescent mitochondrial stain.

PMID- 2909404
TI  - The role of lateral migration in the formation of acetylcholine receptor clusters
      induced by basic polypeptide-coated latex beads.
AB  - During the formation of the neuromuscular junction, the nerve induces the
      clustering of acetylcholine receptors (AChR) in the postsynaptic membrane. This
      process can be mimicked by treating cultured Xenopus myotomal muscle cells with
      basic polypeptide-coated latex beads. Using this bead-muscle coculture system, we
      examined the role of lateral migration of AChRs in the formation of the clusters.
      First, we studied the contributions of the preexisting and newly inserted AChRs.
      After the cluster formation was triggered by the addition of the beads,
      preexisting receptors were immediately recruited to the bead-muscle contacts and
      they remained to be the dominant contributor during the first 24 hr. New AChRs,
      which were inserted after the addition of the beads, appeared at the clusters
      after a 4-hr delay and, thereafter, there was a steady increase in their
      contribution. After 24-48 hr, newly inserted AChRs could be detected at the bead
      induced clusters to the same extent as the preexisting AChRs. During this period,
      new receptors were continuously inserted into the plasma membrane, but there was
      no evidence of a local insertion at sites of new cluster formation. Concanavalin
      A (Con A) at a concentration of 100 micrograms/ml caused a fivefold decrease in
      the fraction of mobile AChRs and a large decrease in their diffusion coefficient.
      Pretreatment of cells with Con A suppressed clustering of preexisting AChRs, but
      left intact the contribution of the mobile newly inserted AChRs. Succinyl Con A,
      the divalent derivative of Con A which affected the mobility to a much less
      extent than Con A, had little effect on the clustering process. These results
      show that the formation of AChR clusters in Xenopus is mediated by lateral
      migration of AChRs within the plasma membrane and are consistent with the
      diffusion-trap hypothesis, which depicts freely diffusing AChR aggregating at the
      bead-muscle contacts where they bind to other localized molecular specializations
      induced by the beads.

PMID- 2909405
TI  - Cell lineage patterns in the shoot meristem of the sunflower embryo in the dry
      seed.
AB  - We mapped the fate of cells in the shoot meristem of the dry-seed embryo of
      sunflower, Helianthus annuus L. cv. Peredovic, using irradiation-induced somatic
      sectors. We analyzed 249 chlorophyll-deficient or glabrous (hairless) sectors
      generated in 236 plants. Most sectors observed in the inflorescence extended into
      vegetative nodes. Thus cell lineages that ultimately gave rise to reproductive
      structures also contributed to vegetative structures. No single sector extended
      the entire length of the shoot. Thus the shoot is not derived from one or a few
      apical initials. Rather, the position, vertical extent, and width of the sectors
      at different levels of the shoot suggest that the shoot is derived from three to
      four circumferential populations of cells in each of three cell layers of the
      embryo meristem. Sectors had no common boundaries even in plants with two or
      three independent sectors, but varied in extent and overlapped along the length
      of the shoot. Thus individual cells in a single circumferential population
      behaved independently to contribute lineages of different vertical extents to the
      growing shoot. The predicted number of circumferential populations of cells as
      well as the apparent cell number in each population was consistent with the
      actual number of cells in the embryo meristem observed in histological sections.

PMID- 2909406
TI  - Cloning of Tetrahymena genomic sequences whose message abundance is increased
      during conjugation.
AB  - A molecular and biochemical inquiry into protein regulation during Tetrahymena
      thermophila conjugation was carried out in two ways: a two-dimensional gel
      analysis of newly translated proteins and the molecular cloning of genes whose
      message abundance is increased. The two-dimensional gel analysis indicated that
      the synthesis of 32 predominantly basic proteins was stimulated in conjugating
      cells. The induction of these proteins could not be correlated with length of
      starvation or with mating type. The transcription pattern and molecular
      organization of three clones of T. thermophila genomic DNA, selected on the basis
      of differential hybridization to conjugating or control cell RNA, were
      investigated. Two of the clones, which were homologous to transcripts detected in
      conjugating cells, showed no rearrangements between micro- and macronuclear DNA.
      A third clone was divided into three segments. One segment was homologous to
      sequences limited to the micronucleus. A second segment hybridized to a large
      number of restriction fragments of micronuclear DNA digested with HindIII but to
      only two fragments of macronuclear DNA. A third segment, which was complementary
      to one transcript in conjugating cells and to two different transcripts in
      control cells, hybridized to two fragments in micronuclear DNA and one fragment
      in macronuclear DNA.

PMID- 2909407
TI  - Molecular analysis of a developmentally regulated gene required for Dictyostelium
      aggregation.
AB  - We have previously shown that the developmentally regulated gene D2 is induced
      during aggregation by pulses of cAMP, which act via the cell surface receptor and
      consequent signal transduction pathways (W. Rowekamp and R.A. Firtel, 1980, Dev.
      Biol. 79, 409-418; S.K.O. Mann and R.A. Firtel, 1987, Mol. Cell. Biol. 7, 458
      469; S.K.O. Mann, C. Pinko, and R.A. Firtel, 1988, Dev. Biol., in press). In this
      manuscript, we compare the complete derived amino acid sequence for D2 to two
      cloned and sequenced eukaryotic esterases and examine the requirement of the D2
      gene product for development. Amino acid sequence data comparisons suggest that
      D2 encodes a serine esterase with strong sequence identity to Torpedo
      acetylcholine esterase and a Drosophila esterase. The protein has a putative
      leader sequence, suggesting that it is shunted into vesicles. Using an antisense
      gene construct driven by a Discoidin I promoter, whose transcriptional activity
      depends on the growth conditions of the cells, we show that inhibition of D2 mRNA
      accumulation results in an abnormal developmental program that includes the
      absence of normal streaming and incomplete aggregate formation and subsequent
      development. We suggest that D2 encodes an esterase function required for proper
      aggregation and subsequent development.

PMID- 2909408
TI  - Evans blue treatment promotes blastomere separation and twinning in Lytechinus
      pictus embryos.
AB  - Demembraned Lytechinus pictus embryos briefly treated with the dye Evans Blue
      during the first cleavage division subsequently showed frequent blastomere
      disengagement leading to development of twinned embryos. Further development of
      twinned embryos was observed in hanging drops and in batch cultures. The timing
      of micromere production was disturbed in some twinned embryos, but this
      disturbance was not correlated with subsequent developmental problems. Many
      twinned embryos resulting from blastomere separation following Evans Blue
      treatment developed into small but normal-appearing plutei.

PMID- 2909409
TI  - Clonal origins of cells in the pigmented retina of the zebrafish eye.
AB  - Mosaic analysis has been used to study the clonal basis of the development of the
      pigmented retina of the zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio. Zebrafish embryos
      heterozygous for a recessive mutation at the gol-1 locus were exposed to gamma
      irradiation at various developmental stages to create mosaic individuals
      consisting of wild-type pigmented cells and a clone of pigmentless (golden) cells
      in the eye. The contribution of individual embryonic cells to the pigmented
      retina was measured and the total number of cells in the embryo that contributed
      descendants to this tissue was determined. Until the 32-cell stage, almost every
      blastomere has some descendants that participate in the formation of the
      pigmented retina of the zebrafish. During subsequent cell divisions, up to the
      several thousand-cell stage, the number of ancestral cells is constant:
      approximately 40 cells are present that will give rise to progeny in the
      pigmented retina. Analysis of the size of clones in the pigmented retina
      indicates that the cells of this tissue do not arise through a rigid series of
      cell divisions originating in the early embryo. The findings that each cleavage
      stage cell contributes to the pigmented retina and yet the contribution of such
      cells is highly variable are consistent with the interpretation that clonal
      descendants of different blastomeres normally intermix extensively prior to
      formation of the pigmented retina.

PMID- 2909410
TI  - Development of the enteric nervous system in the moth. I. Diversity of cell types
      and the embryonic expression of FMRFamide-related neuropeptides.
AB  - The enteric nervous system (ENS) of the larval moth Manduca sexta consists of two
      small ganglia and several nerve networks that lie superficially along the
      alimentary tract. Within this system are approximately 600 neurons that exhibit a
      spectrum of biochemical and morphological characteristics and that express these
      features in a definable sequence during development. The accessibility of both
      the neural and nonneural components of the moth ENS throughout embryogenesis
      makes it a potentially useful model in which to examine the developmental
      regulation of transmitter phenotype. In this paper, we have focused on the
      differentiation of the enteric plexus (EP) cells, a heterogeneous population of
      enteric neurons that are distributed across the foregut-midgut boundary. Unlike
      many neurons of the CNS in insects, the cells of the enteric plexus are not
      uniquely identifiable. While the total number of EP cells is constant, their
      locations vary significantly from animal to animal. However, several distinct
      classes of neurons can be identified within this population on the basis of
      morphology and transmitter phenotype, including one class that contains
      substances related to the molluscan peptide Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-amide (FMRFamide).
      Expression of this FMRFamide-like material within the enteric plexus is position
      specific, occurring only in neurons on the midgut and not in those on the
      foregut. FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity first appears in approximately one-third
      of these cells at 65% of development; this pattern is retained without apparent
      modification throughout subsequent embryonic and postembryonic development. In
      the following paper, we describe the sequence of stereotyped cell migration that
      precedes the expression of this peptidergic phenotype and that underlies the
      formation of the enteric plexus during embryogenesis.

PMID- 2909411
TI  - Development of the enteric nervous system in the moth. II. Stereotyped cell
      migration precedes the differentiation of embryonic neurons.
AB  - The enteric plexus is a discrete portion of the enteric nervous system (ENS) in
      the larval moth Manduca sexta. It consists of a stereotyped array of nerves
      extending across specific regions of both the foregut and midgut. Within these
      nerves are approximately 400 neurons (the EP cells), which do not appear to be
      uniquely identifiable but exhibit a spectrum of morphological and biochemical
      phenotypes. In this report we have described the morphogenetic events by which
      the enteric plexus is created during embryogenesis and have characterized the
      morphological differentiation of the EP neurons. In particular, we have
      demonstrated a prominent role for stereotyped cellular migration in the formation
      of this region of the ENS. The neurons of the enteric plexus arise from the
      dorsal epithelium of the foregut in the form of a dense, triangular packet.
      Between 40 and 65% of embryogenesis, the cells of this packet become
      progressively dispersed by a sequence of migratory events: an initial, slow phase
      of migration that is circumferentially directed around the foregut, and a rapid,
      dispersing phase by which the EP cells achieve their mature distributions across
      the foregut and midgut surface. These migratory phases occur along defined
      pathways on the gut and result in cellular translocations of up to 250 microns.
      In the early phase, some migrating neurons extend long axons in stereotyped
      directions, while others retain a simple bipolar morphology. Neurons of both
      morphological types are interspersed throughout the initial packet of cells and
      participate equally in the migratory process. Toward the end of migration, cells
      with the simpler morphology also extend axons along predictable pathways. Several
      additional subtypes subsequently differentiate in various regions within the
      plexus. The expression of specific peptidergic substances (related to the
      molluscan peptide Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2, as described in the accompanying paper (P.
      F. Copenhaver and P. H. Taghert, 1988, Dev. Biol. 130, 70-84) commences within
      the EP cell population only after these migratory phases are complete and can be
      correlated with the outcome of cellular migration: only neurons that navigate
      onto the midgut regions of the plexus subsequently exhibit the peptidergic
      phenotype. This system should provide an excellent model with which to examine
      the mechanisms underlying the migratory process and the potential roles of
      cellular migration in regulating neuronal differentiation.

PMID- 2909412
TI  - Vasopressin in rats with genetic and streptozocin-induced diabetes.
AB  - Rats were administered streptozocin (STZ; 50 or 75 mg/kg i.v., tail vein) or
      vehicle. Approximately 2 wk later, venous and arterial catheters was implanted
      for subsequent (24 h later) vasopressin, electrolyte, and hemodynamic
      measurements. STZ-induced diabetic (STZ-D) rats demonstrated a dose-dependent
      increase in the plasma glucose concentration, plasma osmolality, and plasma
      vasopressin concentration. Mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) was unchanged, but
      heart rate was reduced. Diabetes-prone BB rats, maintained on or withdrawn from
      insulin treatment for 24-48 h, and diabetes-resistant rats were instrumented and
      studied as above. Spontaneous-diabetes-prone rats demonstrated increase in plasma
      glucose concentration and plasma osmolality similar to STZ-D rats but had
      significantly greater plasma vasopressin concentrations. The significant decrease
      in MABP observed in these animals probably contributed to the enhanced
      vasopressin response. We conclude that both osmotic and cardiovascular parameters
      play important roles in vasopressin secretion in diabetic rats.

PMID- 2909413
TI  - Regulation of carnitine palmitoyltransferase synthesis in spontaneously diabetic
      BB Wistar rats.
AB  - The long-term regulation of hepatic mitochondrial carnitine palmitoyltransferase
      (CPT) was studied in control, insulin-treated, and untreated spontaneously
      diabetic BB Wistar rats. The activity of CPT was elevated approximately twofold
      in the untreated diabetic rats. This corresponded to an approximately equivalent
      elevation in the immunoreactive CPT activity. mRNACPT was assayed by reticulocyte
      lysate translation and by dot blot to a CPT oligonucleotide probe. The level of
      mRNACPT was approximately proportional to the observed CPT activity. A cDNA probe
      to CPT was developed, and transcriptional activity for CPT was assessed in
      isolated hepatic nuclei. Again, transcription of CPT mRNA was approximately
      proportional to the observed activity. We therefore conclude that at least part
      of the long-term regulation of hepatic CPT in spontaneously diabetic BB Wistar
      rats is the product of increased de novo synthesis of CPT protein brought about
      by regulation at the transcriptional level. Additional control of the amount of
      CPT may be via the regulation of RNA processing and turnover and enzyme insertion
      into the mitochondrial membrane.

PMID- 2909414
TI  - Evidence for multifactorial origin of diabetes-induced embryopathies.
AB  - Serum factors characteristically altered in the diabetic state, e.g., glucose,
      ketone bodies (beta-hydroxybutyrate), and somatomedin inhibitors, induce
      dysmorphogenesis with or without growth retardation in rodent embryos in whole
      embryo culture. Furthermore, serum from diabetic animals, which contains
      combinations of altered factors, is teratogenic, thereby implying that the
      diabetic embryopathy is of a multifactorial origin. However, a detailed
      investigation with various combinations of factors at known concentrations to
      test this hypothesis has not been conducted. Therefore, we employed combinations
      of hyperglycemia (300 and 600 mg/dl; 16.6 and 33.3 mM), hyperketonemia (8 and 16
      mM D-beta-hydroxybutyrate), and an 800- to 1000-Mr somatomedin-inhibitor serum
      fraction (at an amount equal to that found in 0.05 and 0.1 ml of serum from a
      diabetic rat per deciliter culture medium), which represented doses with low
      teratogenic potential, to determine if interactions of the factors could occur
      that would increase the risk of malformations in mouse embryos exposed in whole
      embryo culture during gastrulation and neurulation. The results demonstrate that
      glucose and D-beta-hydroxybutyrate can act synergistically to produce growth
      retardation and additively to induce malformations. The addition of the
      somatomedin inhibitor exacerbates the induction of malformations produced by the
      ketone body and glucose. Thus, the origin of the diabetic embryopathy may be
      multifactorial, involving several altered maternal factors.

PMID- 2909415
TI  - Kidney hemodynamics after ketone body and amino acid infusion in normal and IDDM
      subjects.
AB  - Little information is available on the hemodynamic response (renal reserve) of
      the diabetic kidney during an acute amino acid infusion, which has been shown to
      increase glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in normal humans. We recently found
      that the infusion of ketone bodies is able to raise GFR in both normal subjects
      and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) patients. The aim of this study
      was to evaluate the renal reserve in 15 IDDM patients with a duration of diabetes
      of greater than 9 yr [8 with albumin excretion rate less than 15 micrograms/min
      (group 1) and 7 with albumin excretion rate greater than 100 micrograms/min
      (group 2)] and in 8 normal subjects during amino acid infusion (33 mumol.kg-1.min
      1, Travasol 10% wt/vol solution containing 0.154 mM sodium chloride
      concentration; Travenol, Savage, MD) and during acetoacetic sodium salt (25
      mumol.kg-1.min-1) infusion. Blood glucose was clamped at euglycemic levels. The
      infusion of sodium acetoacetate resulted in a 10- to 15-fold increase in
      circulating concentrations of ketone bodies, which were similar in magnitude in
      normal subjects and diabetic patients. The GFR peak increase above baseline after
      sodium acetoacetate infusion was 28% in normal subjects and 27% in group 1 and
      19% in group 2 diabetic patients. The infusion of amino acid solution produced a
      three- to fivefold increase in plasma concentrations of amino acids in both
      normal subjects and diabetic patients. The GFR peak increase above baseline after
      amino acid infusion was significantly lower in diabetic patients (IDDM group 1:
      5%, P less than .01; IDDM group 2: 6%, P less than .01) than in normal subjects
      (38%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2909416
TI  - Influence of gender and menopause on gastric emptying and motility.
AB  - The aims of this study were to determine (a) if there are differences in gastric
      emptying rates of a mixed liquid and solid meal between men and women, (b) if
      menopausal status affects gastric emptying, and (c) whether differences in solid
      emptying rates are associated with alterations in postprandial antral motility
      parameters. A dual-isotope technique was used to measure gastric emptying in 20
      men, 18 premenopausal women, 14 postmenopausal women, and 8 postmenopausal women
      taking estrogen and progesterone hormone replacement. A multilumen perfusion
      catheter was used to measure antral motility in 6 men and 6 premenopausal women.
      Premenopausal women, postmenopausal women, and postmenopausal women taking oral
      estrogen and progesterone had slower gastric emptying of liquids than did men (p
      less than 0.025, less than 0.05, and less than 0.025, respectively). Both
      premenopausal women and postmenopausal women taking sex hormone replacement
      therapy had slower emptying of solids than did men (p less than 0.025 and less
      than 0.05) but, in contrast to liquids, postmenopausal women not on hormone
      replacement emptied solids at a rate similar to that of men. There were no
      differences in postprandial antral motility parameters between men and
      premenopausal women. These findings support the hypothesis that sex steroid
      hormones have variable inhibitory effects on gastric emptying of a mixed meal and
      this should be considered when studying gastric emptying in disorders that occur
      predominantly in premenopausal women.

PMID- 2909417
TI  - Abnormal postcibal antral and small bowel motility due to neuropathy or myopathy
      in systemic sclerosis.
AB  - Two hypotheses were tested: first, the postcibal motility disorders occur in both
      the antrum and small bowel of systemic sclerosis patients with gastrointestinal
      symptoms; second, that dysmotility may result from a neuropathic stage in this
      disease. Upper gut perfusion manometry (3 h fasting, 2 h fed) was performed and
      compared with data from similarly studied healthy laboratory controls (n = 15).
      Only 1 of 8 scleroderma patients had an interdigestive motor complex during the 3
      h fasting period [0.1 +/- 0.1 (SEM) for systemic sclerosis vs. 1.4 +/- 0.16 (SEM)
      for controls, p less than 0.05]; 2 other patients had fasting duodenal
      incoordinated bursts of phasic pressure activity in the duodenum or proximal
      jejunum. Distal antral motility index [MI = In (sum of amplitude x number of
      contractions + 1)] was lower (12.4 +/- 0.5, p less than 0.01) than that in
      controls (14.4 +/- 0.14); both the amplitude and frequency of antral pressure
      activity were lower (p less than 0.05) in systemic sclerosis. The intestinal fed
      pattern was characterized by reduced amplitude and frequency of contractions in 6
      patients; 2 patients had excessive phasic or tonic small bowel pressure activity,
      or both. Thus, antral hypomotility is present in most symptomatic scleroderma
      patients; proximal small bowel postcibal motility is characteristically reduced;
      a minority of such patients have incoordianted fasting or postcibal hypermotility
      suggestive of a neuropathy. Manometry identifies the type and region of
      dysmotility in systemic sclerosis; our results suggest that there are neuropathic
      and myopathic stages of the upper gut involvement in systemic sclerosis.

PMID- 2909418
TI  - Role of muscarinic receptor subtypes in the regulation of migrating myoelectric
      complex in the dog.
AB  - The role played by muscarinic receptor subtypes in the regulation of the
      migrating myoelectric complex was investigated in 7 dogs chronically implanted
      with bipolar electrodes along the small intestine. Pirenzepine (3-300
      micrograms/kg i.v.) and atropine (1-30 micrograms/kg i.v.) were used as selective
      and unselective antagonist, respectively. Atropine (30 micrograms/kg)
      significantly delayed the onset of the next complex. On the contrary, pirenzepine
      displayed a biphasic action: low doses (less than 100 micrograms/kg) shortened
      the cycle period, whereas at 300 micrograms/kg the drug behaved like atropine.
      Pirenzepine affected the cycle period in the low-dose range by reducing the
      length of phase I. Both atropine and pirenzepine impaired the migration of the
      ongoing complex, and significantly reduced the migration velocity of the
      following one. These findings suggest that the initiation of the migrating
      myoelectric complex in the dog is under an inhibitory influence mediated by the
      M1 muscarinic receptor subtype; on the other hand, M2 receptor activation is
      needed for the onset of the activity front. Finally, both receptor subtypes
      determine the normal migration of phase III.

PMID- 2909419
TI  - 7-Methyl bile acids: effects of chenodeoxycholic acid, cholic acid, and their 7
      beta-methyl analogues on the formation of cholesterol gallstones in the prairie
      dog.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of the naturally occurring
      bile acids (chenodeoxycholic acid and cholic acid) with their 7-methyl analogues
      (3 alpha,7 alpha-dihydroxy-7 beta-methyl-5 beta-cholanoic acid and 3 alpha,7
      alpha,12 alpha-trihydroxy-7 beta-methyl-5 beta-cholanoic acid) on gallstone
      formation and prevention and cholesterol metabolism in the prairie dog. Sixty
      animals were fed a semipurified diet, containing 0.4% cholesterol, with one of
      the following acids (0.1%): chenodeoxycholic, cholic, 3 alpha,7 alpha-dihydroxy-7
      beta-methyl-5 beta-cholanoic, or 3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha-trihydroxy-7 beta
      methyl-5 beta-cholanoic acid. This concentration of dietary bile acids amounts to
      a dose of 27-30 mg/kg.day. After 8 wk, 89% of control animals had gallstones and
      94% had cholesterol crystals. Chenodeoxycholic and 3 alpha,7 alpha-dihydroxy-7
      beta-methyl-5 beta-cholanoic acids decreased the incidence of gallstones to 50%.
      Cholic acid and 3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha-tri-hydroxy-7 beta-methyl-5 beta
      cholanoic acid did not prevent gallstone formation. The liver cholesterol level
      was decreased by chenodeoxycholic acid, whereas cholic and 3 alpha,7 alpha,12
      alpha-trihydroxy-7 beta-methyl-5 beta-cholanoic acids increased serum and liver
      cholesterol. Each administered bile acid became the predominant biliary bile acid
      and 7-methyl analogues did not increase secondary bile acids. Fecal analysis of
      radioactive metabolites using 14C-labeled 7-methyl analogues showed that these
      compounds are resistant to bacterial 7-dehydroxylation. It was concluded that 3
      alpha,7 alpha-dihydroxy-7 beta-methyl-5 beta-cholanoic acid inhibited gallstone
      formation as effectively as chenodeoxycholic acid, whereas both cholic and 3
      alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha-trihydroxy-7 beta-methyl-5 beta-cholanoic acids were not
      effective. The effects of 7-methyl analogues on the parameters of cholesterol
      metabolism that we studied were similar to those of their parent compounds,
      chenodeoxycholic and cholic acids. Thus, 3 alpha,7 alpha-dihydroxy-7 beta-methyl
      5 beta-cholanoic acid but not 3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha-trihydroxy-7 beta-methyl-5
      beta-cholanoic acid offers promise in cholelitholytic therapy for the prevention
      and possibly dissolution of cholesterol gallstones.

PMID- 2909420
TI  - Effect of FOY-305 (camostate) on severe acute pancreatitis in two experimental
      animal models.
AB  - Two models of severe acute pancreatitis were chosen and pancreatitis induced by
      sodium taurocholate and by a choline-deficient ethionine-supplemented diet, to
      evaluate the effectiveness of FOY-305 (camostate), a new synthetic trypsin
      inhibitor. Prophylactic administration of FOY-305 had a significantly favorable
      effect on the course of the sodium taurocholate-induced disease and on the
      survival rate of the treated group. A beneficial effect on the amylase and lipase
      content in serum and ascites was found, but no effect was observed on enzyme
      concentration in pancreatic tissue or on the degree of histologically detectable
      organ destruction. Therapeutic administration of FOY-305 had a significantly
      positive influence when infused directly, 5 and 30 min after the operation,
      whereas enzyme increase and organ destruction remained unaffected. FOY-305 showed
      a beneficial effect when given prophylactically or therapeutically at the
      beginning of the pancreatitis induced by a CDE diet, with no significant change
      in enzyme increase and degree of organ destruction. The favorable effect on
      survival time and rate in the early phase of these two severe experimental forms
      of pancreatitis may justify an evaluation of FOY-305 in a clinically controlled
      study.

PMID- 2909421
TI  - Role of the pancreas in the control of interdigestive gastrointestinal motility.
AB  - Our aim was to determine if the pancreas regulates the interdigestive motor
      patterns of the upper gut. Four dogs were prepared with gastric and intestinal
      manometry catheters and interdigestive (fasting) motility was measured before and
      after total surgical pancreatectomy. The characteristics of the gastric and
      intestinal migrating motor complex were very similar before and after
      pancreatectomy. The time intervals between successive migrating motor complexes
      in the antrum (145 +/- 11 vs. 135 +/- 15 min, mean +/- SE) or small intestine
      (133 + 10 vs. 137 +/- 16 min) were not significantly (p greater than 0.4) altered
      by pancreatectomy, but the antral motility index (the sum of the antral
      contractions in a 15-min period) was greater after pancreatectomy (53 +/- 6 vs.
      27 +/- 4; p less than 0.05). Pancreatectomy led to undetectable plasma
      concentrations of pancreatic polypeptide, but had no effect on absolute
      concentrations of plasma motilin or on the cycling of plasma motilin in
      association with the duodenal migrating motor complex. We conclude that the
      pancreas and pancreatic polypeptide play little, if any, role in controlling
      canine interdigestive motility of the upper gut.

PMID- 2909422
TI  - Infarction of intestine with massive amyloid deposition in two patients on long
      term hemodialysis.
AB  - Two patients undergoing hemodialysis for 19 and 13 yr, respectively, developed
      intestinal infarction with extensive amyloid deposits in the muscle layer and
      blood vessels. In 1 patient the deposit reacted positively with antiserum to beta
      2-microglobulin by immunohistochemical stain, and therefore was classified as
      beta 2-microglobulin in origin. The amyloid protein of the other patient remains
      unclassified. In patients with gastrointestinal symptoms who have been undergoing
      hemodialysis for long periods of time, amyloidosis of the intestine should be
      considered.

PMID- 2909423
TI  - Pancreatic pseudocyst as a cause for secondary achalasia.
AB  - Secondary achalasia is commonly due to cancer. Benign causes are rare and an
      association with pancreatitis has never been made. Our patient presented with
      clinical, manometric, endoscopic, and radiographic features of achalasia that
      occurred in conjunction with a pancreatic pseudocyst extending into the
      mediastinum. Documentation of this unique relationship was made on two occasions
      after episodes of complicated pancreatitis and was confirmed by restoration of
      normal esophageal function after drainage of the pseudocyst. Onset of dysphagia
      occurring in association with pancreatitis suggests the presence of a pseudocyst
      and secondary achalasia.

PMID- 2909424
TI  - Fatal hemorrhage from an arterio-portal-peritoneal fistula after percutaneous
      liver biopsy.
AB  - Exsanguinating hemorrhage complicated a percutaneous needle biopsy in a 64-yr-old
      woman with a probable collagen vascular disease. Angiography performed before
      Gelfoam embolization demonstrated a hepatic arterio-portal venous-peritoneal
      fistula, a lesion not previously described, to be a cause of the hemorrhage.
      Although surgery remains the treatment of choice, the role of selective hepatic
      arteriography and Gelfoam embolization in patients with serious hemorrhage who
      are poor surgical risks needs evaluation.

PMID- 2909425
TI  - The polyalbumin hypothesis: where is it in 1989?

PMID- 2909426
TI  - Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy of common bile duct stones.

PMID- 2909427
TI  - Three cases of gastric spirochetelike organisms.

PMID- 2909428
TI  - Galactose clearance and hepatic blood flow.

PMID- 2909429
TI  - Breath hydrogen in celiac disease.

PMID- 2909430
TI  - Vagal branches for gastric acid secretion.

PMID- 2909431
TI  - Aspirin and colonic epithelium.

PMID- 2909432
TI  - Diagnostic value of esophageal balloon distention.

PMID- 2909433
TI  - [14C]D-xylose breath test for small intestinal bacterial overgrowth.

PMID- 2909434
TI  - Overflow theory of ascites formation.

PMID- 2909435
TI  - Chest pain and inability to belch.

PMID- 2909436
TI  - Phosphate transport in human jejunal brush-border membrane vesicles.
AB  - Phosphate transport was studied in isolated brush-border membrane vesicles
      prepared from human jejunum. Transport consisted of two components: passive
      diffusion across the brush border, and sodium-dependent, carrier-mediated uptake.
      Both carrier-mediated transport and passive diffusion of phosphate were
      significantly greater at pH 6.1 than at pH 7.4. Sodium-dependent uptake was
      saturable at both pH values; the apparent Km was not affected by pH, whereas Vmax
      was significantly greater at pH 6.1 (179.3 vs. 118.4 pM/mg per 15 s). Phosphate
      uptake was half-maximally stimulated by a sodium concentration of 34 mM at pH
      7.4, and a sodium concentration of 76 mM at pH 6.1. At both pH values, Hill
      coefficients were greater than 1 and were unaffected by pH. Moreover, sodium
      dependent phosphate uptake was electroneutral at pH 7.4 and electrogenic at pH
      6.1. These data suggest that at acid and neutral pH, both monovalent and divalent
      phosphate are transported across the human jejunal brush border membrane. The
      transport of each phosphate molecule is associated with the cotransport of two
      sodium ions.

PMID- 2909437
TI  - Splanchnic nerve activation inhibits the increase in duodenal HCO3- secretion
      induced by luminal acidification in the rat.
AB  - Acid exposure of the duodenal mucosa increased duodenal HCO3- secretion by
      approximately 60%. When the acid exposure was performed simultaneously with an
      arterial bleeding of 0.6 ml/100 g body wt (10% of the total blood volume), the
      increase in duodenal HCO3- secretion was totally abolished. When the acid
      exposure and bleeding procedures were performed at the same time in rats with
      bilaterally cut splanchnic nerves, alkaline secretion increased by 60%, as it did
      in the unbled rats. Direct electrical stimulation of the splanchnic nerves (10
      Hz, supramaximal intensity) inhibited the stimulatory effect of duodenal acid
      exposure on alkaline secretion. Taken together, the data suggest that the
      sympathetic nervous system, because of splanchnic nerve activation, inhibits the
      acid-induced increase in duodenal HCO3- secretion.

PMID- 2909438
TI  - Steroid-related osteonecrosis in inflammatory bowel disease.
AB  - Osteonecrosis is a serious complication of steroid therapy characterized by death
      of all the cellular elements of bone. We describe a series of patients with
      steroid-induced osteonecrosis in inflammatory bowel disease. Seven of 161
      patients (4.3%) treated with corticosteroids for inflammatory bowel disease over
      a 10-yr period developed osteonecrosis. The median age at the onset of
      inflammatory bowel disease was 20 yr and for osteonecrosis the median age was 28
      yr. Patients had received steroids for a mean duration of 42 wk with a mean daily
      dose of 26 mg/day and a mean cumulative lifetime prednisone dose of 7 g.
      Osteonecrosis occurred within 6 mo of the last administration of steroid in all
      patients. It presented with joint pain in the hip or knee and was frequently
      mistaken for the arthralgia of steroid withdrawal or the arthropathy of
      inflammatory bowel disease. Multiple joints were involved in 6 of the 7 patients.
      Surgery for the joint disease was required in 4 of the 7 patients. The median
      duration of follow-up was 2 yr. Five of the 7 patients continued to have
      significant joint pain and disability that limited their activity. We conclude
      that inflammatory bowel disease predisposes to steroid-induced osteonecrosis. The
      age of patients is younger, and the dose and duration are considerably lower than
      that reported for steroid-induced osteonecrosis in other disease states. Bone
      scans or magnetic resonance imaging should be performed in patients with joint
      pain who are receiving or have recently received corticosteroid therapy. Early
      detection and treatment may prevent the crippling long-term complications of this
      disease.

PMID- 2909439
TI  - Hyaluronic acid and type III procollagen peptide in jejunal perfusion fluid as
      markers of connective tissue turnover.
AB  - Hyaluronic acid (hyaluronate, HA) and type III procollagen N-terminal peptide
      were measured in jejunal perfusion fluid in an attempt to elucidate the turnover
      of connective tissue components in the small bowel in health and disease. In
      healthy controls (n = 16) the average concentration of hyaluronic acid in jejunal
      perfusion fluid was 12.2 +/- 2 micrograms/L (mean +/- SEM); the mean serum
      concentration was 22 +/- 7 micrograms/L. The type III procollagen N-terminal
      peptide concentration in jejunal fluid was 0.12 +/- 0.02 micrograms/L; the mean
      serum concentration was 12 +/- 0.7 micrograms/L. The albumin concentration in
      perfusion fluid was, on average, 0.04% of the serum values. Patients with celiac
      disease (n = 7) and Crohn's disease (n = 10) had normal serum levels of HA and
      type III procollagen N-terminal peptide. The jejunal secretion rate of HA was
      significantly increased in both disease groups and on average about three times
      higher than that in controls. The secretion rate of type III procollagen N
      terminal peptide was not altered in celiac disease but increased more than three
      times in Crohn's disease. Habitual alcoholics investigated after alcohol
      withdrawal also had significantly increased jejunal secretion of HA but not of
      type III procollagen N-terminal peptide. In contrast, patients with alcoholic
      liver cirrhosis and similar ethanol intake had normal secretion of both
      substances. The findings of the study indicate that the secretion of HA into the
      jejunal lumen in health is considerable, possibly reflecting the rapid turnover
      of the intestinal mucosa. The enhanced jejunal secretion of HA in patients with
      celiac disease and Crohn's disease may be indicative of enhanced connective
      tissue response due to inflammation, but signs compatible with enhanced jejunal
      synthesis of type III collagen are only found in Crohn's disease. The HA
      secretion data in alcoholics might reflect (a) the active regeneration of the
      intestinal mucosa when ethanol is discontinued and (b) a possible role of the
      liver in this activity.

PMID- 2909440
TI  - Effect of iron on the guaiac reaction.
AB  - Most studies show that oral ingestion of iron does not cause a positive stool
      guaiac reaction. However, all in vitro studies show that iron does cause a
      positive guaiac reaction and some in vivo studies have shown a positive stool
      guaiac reaction in response to oral iron. This study examines this unresolved
      question. Twenty-five normal volunteers were given 900 mg of ferrous sulfate a
      day. Two Hemoccult II and two HemoQuant tests were obtained before and during
      iron therapy. All Hemoccult II tests were negative before and after oral iron.
      Four HemoQuant tests were slightly elevated before oral iron and one was slightly
      elevated after oral iron. Ferrous sulfate, 300 mg, was dissolved in 1 L of water.
      The solution was acidic (pH = 3.9) and produced a positive Hemoccult II test.
      When the solution was titrated with sodium hydroxide to a pH of greater than or
      equal to 6.0, iron precipitated out and the mixture no longer produced a positive
      Hemoccult II reaction. Our data show that ferric iron (Fe3+) in solution will
      give a positive guaiac reaction directly and ferrous iron (Fe2+) will give a
      positive guaiac reaction after hydrogen peroxide is added because it oxidizes
      Fe2+ to Fe3+. Iron solutions are acidic and when titrated toward a neutral pH,
      the iron is precipitated out and the solution is then guaiac-negative. Thus, our
      in vivo data confirm most previous in vivo studies; furthermore, the discrepancy
      between in vivo and in vitro studies can be explained as a pH-dependent
      phenomenon of in vitro iron solutions. Oral iron should not cause a positive
      guaiac reaction, and the HemoQuant results show no increase in occult blood loss
      in subjects on oral iron therapy.

PMID- 2909441
TI  - Natural history and epidemiologic studies of peptic ulcer disease in Japan.
AB  - Japanese research on the natural history and epidemiology of peptic ulcer disease
      is presented. Descriptive summaries from several national and regional studies
      provide information that may be useful for comparison with corresponding
      information from Western nations.

PMID- 2909442
TI  - Toward an epidemiology of gastropathy associated with nonsteroidal
      antiinflammatory drug use.
AB  - The thesis of this paper is that gastropathy associated with nonsteroidal
      antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is the most frequent and, in aggregate, the most
      severe drug side effect in the United States. This work is based on a consecutive
      series of 2400 patients with rheumatoid arthritis followed prospectively for an
      average of 3.5 yr by ARAMIS, the American Rheumatism Association Medical
      Information System. We present a preliminary exploration of the magnitude of the
      problem, the population at risk, and the patients within that population who are
      at particularly high risk. Patients on NSAIDs had a hazard ratio for
      gastrointestinal (GI) hospitalization that was 6.45 times that of patients not on
      NSAIDs. Characteristically, high-risk patients for GI hospitalization and GI
      death are older, have had previous upper abdominal pain, have previously stopped
      NSAIDs for GI side effects, and have previously used antacids or H2-receptor
      antagonists for GI side effects. They also are frequently on corticosteroids. In
      contrast, patients attributing relatively minor symptoms to the drug tend to be
      younger and more frequently female. Our preliminary analysis is univariate and,
      as these variables are interdependent, firm conclusions regarding the relative
      importance of these risk factors will require reevaluating our data base as it is
      expanded using multivariate analysis. The syndrome of NSAID-associated
      gastropathy can be estimated to account for at least 2600 deaths and 20,000
      hospitalizations each year in patients with rheumatoid arthritis alone.

PMID- 2909443
TI  - Tamoxifen therapy in advanced/recurrent endometrial carcinoma.
AB  - Forty-nine patients with advanced/recurrent endometrial carcinoma were treated
      with Tamoxifen, 20 mg, twice daily. There were six complete and four partial
      responses (response rate = 20%). The median survival of responders was 34 months
      compared to 6 months in nonresponders. Toxicity was minimal.

PMID- 2909444
TI  - Percutaneous epidural catheterization for intractable pain in terminal cancer
      patients.
AB  - We examined the effects of long-term percutaneous epidural catheterization for
      pain relief in nine terminally ill gynecologic cancer patients. All patients were
      free of side-effects such as respiratory depression, nausea, vomiting, urinary
      retention, or pruritus. Analgesia was excellent in six patients. Puncture-site
      skin inflammation occurred in four patients. Catheter dislodgement occurred in
      three patients. Although percutaneous epidural catheters were well tolerated in a
      few patients for an extended period of time, the frequency of catheter problems
      demonstrate that other methods such as catheter tunneling or implantable systems
      should be considered for long-term epidural administration of narcotics. This
      method appears to be most effective in patients suffering from pain due to nerve
      root involvement.

PMID- 2909445
TI  - Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the cervix in women under age 40.
AB  - Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the cervix, traditionally associated with a poor
      prognosis, occurs in postmenopausal patients in the vast majority of cases
      reported. Only four cases have been reported in women less than age 40, and none
      in women less than age 30. Three new cases of adenoid cystic carcinoma of the
      cervix are reported in women aged 24, 27, and 38 years. All three patients were
      treated with radical pelvic surgery; lymph node metastases and vascular
      involvement were prominent. Adjuvant chemotherapy with cisplatin was used in two
      patients, one of whom has had long-term survival. A review of the literature is
      also presented.

PMID- 2909446
TI  - DNA ploidy, grade, and stage in prognosis of uterine cervical cancer.
AB  - A retrospective study of 56 cases of uterine cervical squamous carcinoma
      evaluated DNA content, histological grade, and clinical stage as indicators of
      prognosis. Minimum survivor follow-up was 24 months. Following standard radiation
      therapy, there were 40 cures and 16 treatment failures. DNA content was measured
      by flow cytometry of pretreatment biopsies removed from paraffin. There were 18
      diploid cases and 38 aneuploid (67.9%). Aneuploid cases included 6 with very high
      G2-M peaks (greater than or equal to 15% of the cell sample). DNA ploidy
      correlation with prognosis was not statistically significant. However, both
      grading by a multiple parameter method (P less than 0.0133) and staging (P less
      than 0.0064) were significant prognostic factors. Higher grade and stage
      correlated with treatment failure.

PMID- 2909447
TI  - Advanced-stage endometrial cancer: contributions of estrogen use, smoking, and
      other risk factors.
AB  - The contributions of estrogen replacement therapy, smoking, and other risk
      factors to the development of advanced-stage (2-4) endometrial cancer were
      evaluated in a case-control study of women 40-69 years old from upstate New York.
      Eighty-four cases and 168 matched community controls were interviewed in person
      about estrogen exposure and other risk factors. Despite a statistically
      significant increase in risk with longer use of estrogen pills (P less than
      0.05), estrogen exposure actually contributed little to the overall risk of
      advanced-stage endometrial cancer. Other physical conditions (increased weight,
      lower parity, diabetes) and socioeconomic factors (education, access to medical
      services) largely accounted for advanced-stage disease. The evidence in this
      study does not support the hypothesis that women who smoke have a lower risk than
      nonsmokers of developing advanced-stage endometrial cancer.

PMID- 2909448
TI  - Cholecystectomy accompanying major abdominal surgery for gynecologic cancer.
AB  - In a 66-month period 950 major abdominal operations were performed for known or
      suspected gynecologic malignancy. Thirty-five patients (3.6%), of whom 29 had
      proven gynecologic malignancy, underwent cholecystectomy for cholelithiasis known
      from prior evaluation or found incidentally during abdominal exploration. All
      cholecystectomies were performed through the original incision with no direct
      operative morbidity or mortality. Cholecystectomy accompanying gynecologic cancer
      surgery appears to be well tolerated if performed expeditiously, and avoids the
      potential of postoperative cholecystitis in this select group of patients.

PMID- 2909449
TI  - Gynecologic cancer in the very elderly.
AB  - Due to the increasingly elderly population of the United States, it was elected
      to review the experience at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation in treating women
      older than 75 years of age for gynecologic cancer. The charts of 114 patients
      were reviewed to study the presentation of primary cancers, the morbidity and
      mortality associated with therapies, and patient survival. Cardiovascular
      disease, including hypertension, and diabetes mellitus were the most common
      associated medical problems. 36% of patients had endometrial cancer, 25% cervical
      cancer, 19% vulvar cancer, 12% ovarian cancer and 7% vaginal cancers. Compared to
      data for patients of all ages in Annual Report on the Results of Treatment in
      Gynecologic Cancer (Vol. 18), patients with endometrial, cervical, and vulvar
      cancers were of a significantly more advanced stage than expected. Therapy was
      modified due to patient age or medical status in 42 patients. No postoperative
      mortality was encountered, although patients often required multiple prolonged
      hospitalizations. The projected overall survival rate (Kaplan-Meier Analysis) was
      44% at 5 years. It is concluded that despite their advanced age and associated
      medical problems, very elderly patients can usually receive definitive cancer
      therapies, including surgery, after careful preoperative medical evaluation and
      therapy.

PMID- 2909450
TI  - Bone metastasis from cervix cancer.
AB  - Among 713 patients followed after treatment for cancer of the uterine cervix, 48
      (6.6%) had a metastasis to the bone. The rates of metastasis in each of the four
      clinical stages were 11/273 (4.0%) in stage I, 16/243 (6.6%) in stage II, 13/162
      (8.0%) in stage III, and 8/35 (22.9%) in stage IV, respectively. The most
      frequent site of metastasis was the vertebral column, particularly the lumbar
      spine (23 cases, 48%) followed by the pelvic bones. Pulmonary metastasis also
      frequently occurred. For 32 (67%), lesions of the bone were detected within 1
      year after completion of the initial treatment, and 36 (75%) died within 1 year
      after detection of the metastasis. Those patients who survived over 2 years were
      those for whom the lesions of the bone had been treated by radiotherapy followed
      by chemotherapy.

PMID- 2909451
TI  - Continuous thoracic epidural analgesia for the control of pain associated with
      pleural sclerosis.
AB  - Successful use of nonnarcotic, thoracic epidural analgesia for the control of
      pain associated with pleural sclerosis was accomplished in three gynecologic
      oncology patients with severe respiratory compromise due to malignant pleural
      effusions. Excellent analgesia was obtained with no observed anesthetic
      complications.

PMID- 2909452
TI  - Uterine leiomyosarcoma--magnetic resonance imaging.
AB  - Magnetic resonance (MR) scanning shows great promise as an imaging tool to
      evaluate the pelvis as a result of contrast resolution and lack of ionizing
      radiation. For these reasons, it is assuming an important role in staging
      gynecologic neoplasms, and evaluating diseases in the gravid pelvis. A case of
      uterine leiomyosarcoma is presented in which MR imaging was able to delineate the
      extent and tissue characteristics of the lesion more precisely than CT scan.

PMID- 2909453
TI  - Adenocarcinoma of the endometrium and endometrioid carcinoma of the ovary
      associated with pregnancy.
AB  - Nine well-accepted cases of endometrial carcinoma associated with pregnancy have
      been reported. A 10th patient is added and the cases are briefly summarized. At
      the time of her definitive surgery 6 weeks postpartum, our patient was also found
      to have a Stage I endometrioid ovarian carcinoma. Nine of the 10 cases have been
      well-differentiated adenocarcinoma or adenoacanthoma and the lesions have tended
      to be focal with minimal or no invasion. Given the small number of patients,
      conclusions regarding prognosis and treatment are difficult to make. However, in
      younger patients with noninvasive adenocarcinoma of the endometrium, the adnexa
      may be spared. Endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the ovary, discovered incidentally
      in our patient, is associated with a concomitant adenocarcinoma of the
      endometrium in 5-29% of cases, but the present case in which the lesions
      coexisted with pregnancy appears to be the first such report in the literature.

PMID- 2909454
TI  - Stage II papillary clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina during observation in
      a diethylstilbestrol-exposed daughter.
AB  - Although many cases of Diethylstilbestrol (DES)-associated clear cell
      adenocarcinoma (CCA) of the cervix and vagina have occurred, few have arisen in
      patients whose initial gynecologic evaluation has revealed only nonmalignant DES
      related changes. We report a case of a 32-year-old lady who developed a stage II
      CCA after 8 years of thorough gynecologic examinations. This case substantiates
      the need for long-term gynecologic assessment in DES daughters.

PMID- 2909455
TI  - Urethral placement through a bilateral myocutaneous gracilis flap neovagina.
AB  - Malignant melanoma of the vagina is an uncommon genital tumor. When the lesion
      arises in the distal vagina, radical surgery has been the only treatment to
      produce long-term survivors. A total vaginectomy, vulvectomy, and bilateral groin
      node dissection is recommended to assure adequate margins. Sexual function is
      lost unless reconstruction is performed. The bilateral myocutaneous gracilis flap
      neovagina has been a successful plastic procedure after exenterative procedures
      that result in loss of bladder and/or rectum. The authors present a technique in
      which bladder function was preserved after creation of a gracilis flap neovagina
      in a patient with Stage I melanoma of the distal vagina. Placement of the distal
      urethra through the reconstructed gracilis flap neovagina resulted in
      preservation of urinary function and continence, primary closure of the vulvar
      defect, and satisfactory sexual function. Two and one-half years after surgery
      the patient has good bladder and vaginal function without significant sequel.

PMID- 2909456
TI  - Management of localized non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: the experience at St.
      Bartholomew's Hospital 1972-1985.
AB  - A retrospective study of 202 patients with clinical stage I and II non-Hodgkin's
      lymphoma managed at St. Bartholomew's Hospital between 1972 and 1985 was
      conducted. Patients were treated either with radiotherapy alone, radiotherapy and
      adjuvant chemotherapy, or chemotherapy (with or without adjuvant radiotherapy).
      At the onset of the study it was intended that all patients with localized NHL
      should be treated with involved field radiotherapy and adjuvant 'CVP'. As it
      became apparent that this was inadequate for some patients and too toxic for
      others a flexible approach was later adopted. Treatment selection depended on
      age, volume, distribution of disease and histological subtype. The actuarial 5
      year overall survival for the whole group was 70 per cent. Death from lymphoma
      after 5 years was very rare. Increasing age and high grade histology were highly
      significant adverse prognostic factors by multivariate analysis. The results for
      patients with high grade and low grade histology were therefore analysed
      separately, as was the outcome for patients presenting with either
      gastrointestinal or skin lymphomas. During the latter part of the study period
      intensive chemotherapy was given as the initial treatment to patients with high
      grade histology and bulky, or stage II disease. Twenty out of 24 patients so
      treated achieved complete remission and only one has relapsed to date. These
      results are encouraging and probably explain the absence of a difference in
      prognosis between patients with stage I and IE disease and those with stage II
      and IIE disease observed over the whole period of the study. Remission was
      achieved in the overwhelming majority of patients with low grade histology for
      whom radiotherapy was selected as primary therapy. Duration of remission was
      better in patients who received adjuvant chemotherapy than in those treated with
      radiation alone, but no difference in overall survival was observed between these
      groups. Neither stage nor the presence of a follicular histological pattern
      correlated with prolonged survival in patients with low grade histology.

PMID- 2909457
TI  - Lymphoplasmacytoid and small cell centrocytic non-Hodgkin's lymphoma--a
      retrospective analysis from St Bartholomew's Hospital 1972-1986.
AB  - Lymphoplasmacytoid (lpc) and small cell centrocytic (scc) lymphoma are the two
      major sub-types of diffuse low grade non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma (NHL) within the Kiel
      classification. The presentation features and outcome for all 112 patients with
      these diagnoses (60 lpc, 52 scc) managed at St Bartholomew's Hospital between
      1972 and 1986 are presented. The outcome for these patients is compared with that
      for patients with follicular and high grade lymphomas managed at this hospital
      during the same period. Nineteen of the 112 patients had localized (stages I-IIE)
      disease. In 18 of these cases the primary site of disease was extranodal, the
      gastrointestinal tract being involved in 12 cases. The survival for patients with
      localized disease was excellent. Eighteen are currently alive with median follow
      up of 8 years. Ninety-three patients had advanced disease. A high incidence of
      splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, bone marrow and peripheral blood involvement was
      observed in both histological subgroups. A monoclonal paraprotein band was
      detected in the serum of nearly 50 per cent of patients with advanced lpc
      lymphoma. Patients with advanced disease were treated with either chlorambucil or
      cyclophosphamide, vincristine and prednisolone (CVP). The outcome was similar for
      both histological groups. Survival for these patients was poor (median 40 months)
      with less than 20 per cent surviving 5 years. Advanced age, elevated aspartate
      transaminase and failure to respond to treatment were identified by multivariate
      regression analysis as adverse prognostic factors.

PMID- 2909458
TI  - Treatment of acute myeloid leukemia in the elderly: a clinical dilemma.
AB  - Fifty-four patients representing all the cases of acute myeloid leukemia in
      patients aged over 60 years, presenting to three adjacent hospitals, were
      studied. Only 26 of the 54 patients were considered suitable for remission
      induction with intensive combination chemotherapy which produced seven complete
      remissions (CR) (26 per cent). Eighteen of the 54 patients survived longer than
      three months--11 of these had received remission induction chemotherapy (five
      CRs), two low dose cytarabine, one vincristine and vitamin A and four supportive
      treatment alone. By six months all the patients who had received supportive
      treatment had died. Patients who received intensive chemotherapy spent 77 per
      cent of the first 90 days in hospital and half died in hospital. Patients
      receiving differentiating agents or supportive care spent more time at home (37
      per cent, 34 per cent of the first 90 days, respectively) but had shorter overall
      survival. Assessment of clinical characteristics in an attempt to predict
      response to treatment and survival indicated that poor performance status and the
      presence of infection were the most important factors. Analysis was limited by
      the statistically small number in the group. At present there is no reliable
      method of predicting which patients will respond well to treatment with intensive
      chemotherapy. The clinical dilemma is whether to treat more intensively to
      benefit a minority, or to use supportive treatment to allow more time to be spent
      at home albeit with a shorter overall survival.

PMID- 2909460
TI  - Hard choices for Bush, hard times for hospitals.

PMID- 2909459
TI  - Pulsed high dose oral prednisolone in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma.
AB  - Seventeen unselected patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma were
      treated with oral prednisolone 60 mg per m2 for five consecutive days with nine
      day treatment-free intervals. Of the fourteen patients who completed at least six
      courses of treatment there were five good responses (Chronic Leukemia-Myeloma
      Task Force Criteria), five partial responses and four failures. Median survival
      (all seventeen patients) was between 19 and 20 months. Eight patients achieved
      plateau phase (median duration 9 months). Eleven patients showed improved
      performance status and four became free of transfusion support. The commonest
      side-effect was bacterial pulmonary infection. Peptic ulceration occurred in two
      patients despite prophylactic ranitidine. Other steroid-related side-effects were
      mild and well tolerated. This study provides further evidence for the efficacy of
      higher dose steroid regimens in relapsed or refractory myelomatosis and confirms
      that durable remissions may be achieved. Responders show a gratifying improvement
      in quality of life and are spared the many toxicities of combination cytotoxic
      chemotherapy. Further studies of high dose steroid regimens in first-line
      therapy, especially in patients with bone marrow suppression, are clearly
      merited.

PMID- 2909461
TI  - Finances will force rationing decisions in 1989.

PMID- 2909462
TI  - Outpatient demand and new technology will compound money problems in 1989.

PMID- 2909463
TI  - Hospital groups lead quality studies in 1989.

PMID- 2909464
TI  - Researchers shifting focus to neurology in 1989.

PMID- 2909465
TI  - The diversification success story continues: survey.

PMID- 2909466
TI  - Community hospitals swallow pediatric losses.

PMID- 2909467
TI  - Fraud charges and tax challenges will mark '89.

PMID- 2909468
TI  - States to revisit tough issues.

PMID- 2909469
TI  - Research and customer satisfaction top agenda.

PMID- 2909470
TI  - Labor versus management: the battle of 1989.

PMID- 2909471
TI  - Home care's future.

PMID- 2909472
TI  - Data to go.

PMID- 2909473
TI  - Home care kids.

PMID- 2909474
TI  - Home work.

PMID- 2909475
TI  - Competition lowers cost at California hospitals. Interview by Alden Solovy.

PMID- 2909476
TI  - Payment, practice, and GME reform key in 1989.

PMID- 2909477
TI  - Get vendor promises in writing, experts advise.

PMID- 2909479
TI  - Purchasing, product-line strategy meet in '89.

PMID- 2909478
TI  - Law and money spur HMO profit status changes.

PMID- 2909480
TI  - State budget woes may spark a battle for bucks.

PMID- 2909481
TI  - How to make the transition from CFO to CEO.

PMID- 2909482
TI  - Home health care: new challenges, new solutions.

PMID- 2909483
TI  - Staphylococcus saprophyticus urease: characterization and contribution to
      uropathogenicity in unobstructed urinary tract infection of rats.
AB  - We studied the biochemical properties of the urease of Staphylococcus
      saprophyticus and the possible role of the urease in experimental urinary tract
      infections. For this purpose, the nonhemagglutinating and nonadherent strain
      9325, which was isolated from a case of symptomatic urinary tract infection, was
      used. The urease was shown to have a Km of 6.64 mM urea and a Vmax of 4.59 mumol
      NH3.min-1.mg-1. The enzyme was inhibited by acetohydroxamic acid in a
      noncompetitive manner. By means of Sephacryl S-300 column chromatography, we
      determined a mean molecular weight (+/- standard error of the mean) of 420,000 +/
      16,000. To assess the contribution of S. saprophyticus urease to
      uropathogenicity, a urease-negative mutant was constructed by nitrosoguanidine
      mutagenesis. In the rat model of ascending unobstructed urinary tract infection,
      higher numbers of CFU.gram of tissue-1 and more-severe lesions were detected with
      the parent strain. Moreover, bladder stones were found in animals infected with
      the urease-positive strain only. Interestingly, the difference in mean bacterial
      counts of the bladders was found to be significant by the Wilcoxon two-sample
      test (P less than 0.05), whereas that between the kidney bacterial counts was
      not. Immunoblot studies revealed a faint antibody response in rats infected with
      the mutant strain, although bacteria could still be detected in the kidneys after
      7 days. Sera of animals challenged with the parent strain reacted strongly with
      many antigens of S. saprophyticus. Our data indicate that urease is a major
      factor for invasiveness of S. saprophyticus, especially in the tissue of the
      bladder, whereas persistence in the urinary tract and nephropathogenicity of this
      organism are governed by factors other than urease.

PMID- 2909484
TI  - Immunogenicity of two formulations of oral cholera vaccine comprised of killed
      whole vibrios and the B subunit of cholera toxin.
AB  - Two formulations of oral cholera vaccine were evaluated for safety and
      immunogenicity in adult volunteers in Thailand, an area with sporadic cholera
      outbreaks. One formulation consisted of 2 x 10(11) killed vibrios and 5 mg of
      cholera toxin B subunit, as was previously evaluated in North American
      volunteers, and the other consisted of 1 x 10(11) killed vibrios and 1 mg of B
      subunit, as was recently evaluated in a field trial in Bangladesh. Three doses of
      each formulation were given with citrate-bicarbonate buffer. Neither formulation
      had adverse effects. The formulations stimulated similar serum immunoglobulin G
      (IgG) and IgA responses to Vibrio cholerae lipopolysaccharide and cholera toxin
      and intestinal secretory IgA responses to lipopolysaccharide and toxin after
      three doses. The formulation containing twice the quantity of killed vibrios
      stimulated better vibriocidal responses, especially to Ogawa serotype. A
      formulation of oral vaccine containing more killed vibrios than were included in
      the vaccine studied in the Bangladesh field trial may provide greater protection
      against cholera.

PMID- 2909485
TI  - Effects of divalent cations and saccharides on Vibrio metschnikovii cytolysin
      induced hemolysis of rabbit erythrocytes.
AB  - Divalent cations and polysaccharides such as inulin and dextran reversibly
      inhibited hemolysis of rabbit erythrocytes caused by Vibrio metschnikovii
      cytolysin. On the basis of the 50% inhibitory doses, the cations were divided
      into two groups, group I (Cd2+, Cu2+, Ni2+, Sn2+, and Zn2+) and group II (Ba2+,
      Ca2+, Co2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, and Sr2+). Neither divalent cations nor polysaccharides
      interfered with the binding of toxins to the erythrocyte membrane. Group I
      cations disturbed tetramer formation of cytolysin on the cytolysin-lysed
      erythrocyte membrane, although group II cations and dextran did not affect the
      process. Erythrocytes treated with cytolysin in the presence of group II cations
      or dextran lysed after transfer to toxin- and inhibitor (group II cations or
      dextran)-free buffer at both 37 and 4 degrees C. However, erythrocytes treated in
      the presence of group I cations lysed at 37 degrees C but not at 4 degrees C,
      indicating that group I cations block the temperature-dependent lesion (tetramer)
      forming step subsequent to the binding of cytolysin to the erythrocytes. The
      cytolysin-treated erythrocytes swelled in a colloid osmotic manner, and the
      swelling was preceded by the binding and the lesion-forming steps. It is also
      suggested that the lysis of the erythrocytes proceeds in a temperature
      independent manner and that the cytolysin does not bind to the erythrocytes at 4
      degrees C. These findings suggest that the sequence of V. metschnikovii cytolysin
      induced hemolysis is defined by three steps: (i) a temperature-dependent binding
      step, (ii) a temperature-dependent lesion-forming step, and (iii) a temperature
      independent lysis step.

PMID- 2909486
TI  - Sequence homology between tetanus and botulinum toxins detected by an antipeptide
      antibody.
AB  - The extent of immunological similarity between tetanus toxin and botulinum toxins
      A, B, C1, and E was studied by using 10 antibodies produced against synthetic
      peptides representing different sequences of tetanus toxin, mouse antitetanus
      serum, and human Tetanus Immune Globulin. Antibodies produced against the
      synthetic peptides recognized tetanus toxin in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent
      assay and on Western blots (immunoblots) but did not appear to recognize the
      native protein. One of the antitetanus peptide antibodies, which was produced
      against a peptide from the amino terminal, cross-reacted with three of the four
      botulinum toxins on immunoblots. This antibody, 1, reacted strongly with
      botulinum toxins B and C1 and weakly with E but did not recognize type A toxin.
      None of the other peptide antibodies cross-reacted with the botulinum toxins.
      Mouse antitetanus serum and human Tetanus Immune Globulin did not recognize any
      of the botulinum toxins on immunoblots. The amino-terminal region of the light
      chain of tetanus toxin and botulinum toxin types A, B, C1, and E are known to
      have sequence homology. Our data demonstrate that for tetanus toxin and botulinum
      toxin types B, C1, and E this region also has immunological homology. Type A,
      which has the least amount of homology with tetanus toxin in this region, does
      not share this immunological homology. These data also suggest that although the
      native structures of tetanus and botulinum toxins have relatively few common
      immunological determinants, the two toxins may contain short stretches of
      identical or very similar amino acid sequences.

PMID- 2909487
TI  - Candidacidal activities of proteins partially purified from rat epidermis.
AB  - Proteins with approximate molecular weights of greater than 300,000 (EP greater
      than 300K) and 49,000 (EP 49K) were partially purified from terminally
      differentiated cells of 2-day-old rat epidermis. They were extracted in 0.34 M
      sucrose containing 0.01 M citric acid and purified by Sephacryl S-300
      chromatography followed by reverse-phase column chromatography. The major
      constituents of EP greater than 300K and EP 49K were focused around pH 10 to 11
      by sucrose gradient isoelectric focusing. Both proteins were effective at
      inhibiting colony formation of Candida albicans and C. tropicalis, but neither
      inhibited the growth of C. parapsilosis. The effect was maximum below pH 5.0 and
      reduced considerably above pH 5.0. The activity of EP greater than 300K on C.
      albicans TIMM 1623 (group A) was much stronger than that of EP 49K, whereas both
      proteins similarly inhibited C. albicans TIMM 1604 (group B). Their effects
      against C. albicans TIMM 1623 were dose dependent and were activated after a
      longer preincubation time, and NaCl concentration influenced their potency. At a
      low salt concentration and a 60-min preincubation at pH 4.5, the 50% effective
      dose for EP greater than 300K was calculated to be 1.7 x 10(-9) M, whereas that
      for EP 49K was 1.8 x 10(-7) M.

PMID- 2909488
TI  - Intestinal multiplication of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in athymic nude
      gnotobiotic mice.
AB  - In this study gnotobiotic mice were inoculated with a human isolate of
      Mycobacterium paratuberculosis (strain Linda; ATCC 43015) in an attempt to
      investigate the pathogenesis of intestinal paratuberculosis. Mycobacterium
      paratuberculosis-monoassociated nu/+ mice developed a persistent low-level
      intestinal infection but did not support progressive bacillary multiplication. In
      contrast, monoassociated nu/nu mice eventually harbored approximately 10(7) M.
      paratuberculosis per g of intestinal tissue. Acid-fast bacilli and granulomas
      were observed in the intestinal mucosa and livers of nu/nu but not nu/+ mice.
      Similar results were obtained after intragastric inoculation of M.
      paratuberculosis into nu/+ and nu/nu flora-defined mice. These observations
      suggest that the presence of an intact cellular immune system is important for
      limiting intestinal multiplication of M. paratuberculosis. The results of this
      study may be relevant to our understanding of the pathogenesis of Johne's disease
      in ruminants and of human inflammatory bowel diseases that have a mycobacterial
      etiology (e.g., some cases of Crohn's disease and Mycobacterium avium
      Mycobacterium intracellulare enteritis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency
      syndrome).

PMID- 2909490
TI  - Determination by western blot (immunoblot) of seroconversions to toxic shock
      syndrome (TSS) toxin 1 and enterotoxin A, B, or C during infection with TSS- and
      non-TSS-associated Staphylococcus aureus.
AB  - Serum antibody responses to toxic shock syndrome (TSS) toxin 1 (TSST-1) and
      staphylococcal enterotoxins A, B, and C were determined by western blot
      (immunoblot) analysis of acute- and convalescent-phase paired sera from 18 TSS-
      and 31 non-TSS-associated Staphylococcus aureus infections. Compared with non-TSS
      cases, seroconversion to TSST-1 was significantly more frequent among both
      menstrual (5 of 8 versus 1 of 31; P less than 0.001) and nonmenstrual (3 of 10; P
      less than 0.05) patients. Seroconversion to staphylococcal enterotoxin A was also
      more frequent among both menstrual (2 of 8 versus 0 of 31; P less than 0.05) and
      nonmenstrual (2 of 9; P less than 0.05) TSS patients. In general, patients with
      TSS associated with TSST-1-positive S. aureus were more likely to seroconvert
      exclusively to TSST-1 (4 of 12 versus 0 of 6; P = 0.16), whereas those associated
      with TSST-1-negative S. aureus were more likely to seroconvert exclusively to
      enterotoxins (3 of 6 versus 0 of 11; P less than 0.05). Concurrent
      seroconversions to multiple exoproteins were more frequent among both menstrual
      (3 of 8; P less than 0.05) and nonmenstrual (2 of 9; P less than 0.05) TSS
      patients compared with persons without TSS (0 of 31). These data suggest but do
      not prove that enterotoxins (especially staphylococcal enterotoxin A) in addition
      to TSST-1 may be involved in both menstrual and nonmenstrual TSS. Furthermore,
      since exposure to multiple exoproteins is more likely to occur during TSS
      associated than non-TSS-associated S. aureus infections, the possibility of
      additive or synergistic effects of these putative toxins in the pathogenesis of
      TSS should be further explored.

PMID- 2909489
TI  - Biological and immunological properties of the carboxyl terminus of
      staphylococcal enterotoxin C1.
AB  - Comparisons of recently published primary sequences of staphylococcal and
      streptococcal pyrogenic toxins prompted an evaluation of biological and
      immunological properties of the C terminus of staphylococcal enterotoxin C1. The
      59 N-terminal amino acids were deleted from the toxin by digestion with trypsin.
      The resulting fragment (Mr, 20,659) contained the remaining 180 C-terminal
      residues. This fragment (Trp F1) consisted of two polypeptide chains (Trp F1a and
      Trp F1b) linked by cysteine residues. Trp F1 was mitogenic, pyrogenic, and
      enhanced susceptibility of rabbits to lethal endotoxin shock. In addition, this
      fragment contained at least one antigenic epitope that cross-reacted with
      enterotoxin B.

PMID- 2909491
TI  - Protein 20, an immunodominant surface antigen of Eimeria bovis.
AB  - Autoradiography identified six 125I-labeled proteins, ranging in molecular weight
      (Mr) from 20,000 to approximately 110,000, on the plasmalemma of Eimeria bovis
      sporozoites. Immunoblotting with bovine antiserum generated by intravenous
      inoculations of sporozoites and with immune serum generated by per os
      inoculations of oocysts revealed that protein 20 (i.e., 20,000 Mr) was an
      immunodominant antigen on the surface of E. bovis sporozoites.

PMID- 2909492
TI  - Protective role of serum antibody in immunity to chlamydial genital infection.
AB  - Female guinea pigs were injected intraperitoneally with pooled immunoglobulin
      derived from animals immunized to the chlamydial agent of guinea pig inclusion
      conjunctivitis. Genital infections in animals receiving pooled immunoglobulin
      from immune animals were markedly decreased with regard to the number of
      inclusions detected compared with control animals. These data indicated that
      serum-derived antibody was able to provide a degree of protection against a
      chlamydial genital tract infection.

PMID- 2909493
TI  - Isolation of a gene encoding a Chlamydia sp. strain TWAR protein that is
      recognized during infection of humans.
AB  - Chlamydia sp. strain TWAR is a unique Chlamydia sp. that causes acute respiratory
      disease. A gene bank consisting of TWAR isolate AR-39 DNA in pUC19 was screened
      with anti-AR-39 rabbit immune sera. Two positive clones were isolated that
      contained 7.3-kilobase (pLC1) and 14.9-kilobase (pLC2) plasmids. Restriction
      mapping and hybridization studies showed that both pLC1 and pLC2 contained a
      common 4.2-kilobase PstI fragment. Plasmids were used as templates of in vitro
      transcription-translation. All three plasmids had a novel protein product of ca.
      75 kilodaltons not found in the vector alone. Western blots showed that this
      protein reacted with anti-TWAR rabbit immune sera and with human immune serum
      from an individual who had proven TWAR infection. Whole-cell lysates of TWAR
      demonstrated a protein having the same molecular weight and immunoreactivity as
      the recombinant gene product. This protein was also recognized by rabbit immune
      serum against Chlamydia psittaci or Chlamydia trachomatis. Southern
      hybridizations with the cloned fragment as a probe of digests of other Chlamydia
      spp. showed weakly hybridizing fragments. These results suggest that we have
      isolated a gene encoding a protein recognized during human TWAR infection that
      contains some sequences shared among Chlamydia spp.

PMID- 2909494
TI  - Radiocesium levels measured in breast milk one year after the reactor accident at
      Chernobyl.
AB  - One hundred-two samples of colostral milk, collected during spring of 1987,
      approximately one year after the reactor accident at Chernobyl, were measured for
      radiocesium contamination. The data showed a normal-type distribution with a mean
      contamination concentration of 16.4 Bq L-1. A weak correlation of the data to the
      mothers' diet was established by taking into account four of the main staples in
      the area. The corresponding transfer coefficient was deduced with a value of fm =
      0.06 +/- 0.03 d L-1. The resultant effective dose received by breast-feeding
      infants was estimated, on the average, as 0.012 mrem d-1.

PMID- 2909495
TI  - Estimation of indoor 222Rn from concrete.

PMID- 2909496
TI  - Mortality of workers at the Hanford site: 1945-1981.
AB  - Analyses of mortality of workers at the Hanford Site were updated to include an
      additional three years of data (1979-81). Deaths occurring in the state of
      Washington in the years 1982-85 were also evaluated. Hanford workers continued to
      exhibit a strong healthy worker effect with death rates substantially below those
      of the general U.S. population. Comparisons by level of radiation exposure within
      the Hanford worker population provided no evidence of a positive correlation of
      radiation exposure and mortality from all cancers combined or of mortality from
      leukemia. Estimates of cancer risk due to radiation were negative, but confidence
      intervals were wide, indicating that the data were consistent with no risk and
      with risks several times larger than estimates provided by major groups concerned
      with risk assessment. Of 18 categories of cancer analyzed, a correlation of
      borderline statistical significance was identified for female genital cancers (p
      = 0.05), but was interpreted as probably spurious. The previously identified
      correlation for multiple myeloma persisted (p = 0.002).

PMID- 2909497
TI  - Estimation of the mean organ doses and the effective dose equivalent from Rando
      phantom measurements.

PMID- 2909498
TI  - More on very low radiation doses.

PMID- 2909499
TI  - Warning from the A-bomb study about low and slow radiation exposures.

PMID- 2909500
TI  - Chernobyl fallout on Alpine glaciers.
AB  - Measurements of the gross beta activity of snow samples from four Alpine glaciers
      contaminated by radioactive fallout from the Chernobyl nuclear accident and a
      gamma-spectrum analysis of selected samples are reported. The results are
      discussed with respect to possible risks to the population from using meltwater
      from these glaciers as drinking water.

PMID- 2909501
TI  - An assessment of soil-to-plant concentration ratios for some natural analogues of
      the transuranic elements.
AB  - A field study was conducted in an area of enhanced, natural radioactivity to
      assess the soil to edible vegetable concentration ratios (CR = concentration in
      dry vegetable/concentration in dry soil) of 232Th, 230Th, 226Ra, 228Ra, and the
      light rare earth elements (REE's) La, Ce and Nd. Twenty-nine soil and 42
      vegetable samples consisting of relatively equal numbers of seven varieties were
      obtained from 11 farms on the Pocos de Caldas Plateau in the state of Minas
      Gerais, Brazil. This region is the site of a major natural analogue study to
      assess the mobilization and retardation processes affecting Th and the REE's at
      the Morro do Ferro ore body and U series radionuclides at a nearby open pit U
      mine. Thorium (IV) serves as a chemical analogue for quadrivalent Pu and the
      light REE's (III) as chemical analogues for trivalent Am and Cm. The geometric
      mean CR's (all times 10(-4] decreased as 228Ra (148) greater than 226Ra (76)
      greater than La (5.4) greater than Nd (3.0) = Ce (2.6) greater than 232Th (0.6),
      or simply as M (II) greater than M (III) greater than M (IV). These differences
      may reflect the relative availability of these metals for plant uptake.
      Significant differences were found in the CR's (for any given analyte) among many
      of the vegetables sampled. The CR's for the different analytes were also highly
      correlated. The reasons for the correlations in CR's seen among elements with
      such diverse chemistries as Ra-REE or Ra-Th are not clear but are apparently
      related to the essential mineral requirements or mineral status of the different
      vegetables sampled. This conclusion is based on the significant correlations
      obtained between the Ca content of the dried vegetables and the CR's for all of
      the elements studied.

PMID- 2909502
TI  - Migration of radionuclides controlled by several different migration mechanisms
      through a sandy soil layer.
AB  - Column experiments have been carried out on the migration of 60Co and 137Cs
      through a sandy soil layer in order to examine the migration of radionuclides
      controlled by several different migration mechanisms. Radionuclide concentration
      distribution between the effluent and the sandy soil layer was measured after 10
      L of the solution containing the radionuclides were introduced into the column
      from the top of the layer at a constant flow rate. Most of the 60Co and 137Cs
      remained attached to the layer, and a small amount of each radionuclide; at
      concentrations of 0.3 and 0.1%, respectively; flowed out from the soil layer. The
      migration of the mobile fraction of these radionuclides is different from that
      expected of an ideal cation. These results suggest that the mobile fraction of
      these radionuclides migrates as non-cationic forms which are not adsorbed into
      the soil matrix by equilibrium ion exchange.

PMID- 2909503
TI  - International system of units.

PMID- 2909504
TI  - Sources for Pu in near surface air.
AB  - This paper provides evidence that most of the Pu in the near surface air today is
      due to resuspension. Vertical and particle size distribution in near surface air
      over a period of three years were measured. The seasonal variations of Pu in air
      and the influence of meteorological parameters on these variations are shown.
      Samples were taken before the Chernobyl accident in an area where only Pu fallout
      from the atmospheric nuclear tests of the early sixties occurs. The comparison of
      the behavior of Pu with other trace elements, which were also measured, showed
      similar behavior of Pu and elements like Ca, Ti and Fe in near surface air. This
      confirms that most Pu is resuspended because the main source for these elements
      in air is the soil surface. Resuspension factors and resuspension rate are
      estimated for all measured elements. A resuspension factor of 0.8 X 10(-8) m-1
      and a resuspension rate of 0.09 X 10(-9) s-1 is calculated for Pu.

PMID- 2909505
TI  - Bioassay alpha spectrometry: energy resolution as a function of sample source
      preparation and counting geometry.
AB  - Alpha particle counting is based on the response of an electronic counting system
      to an incident alpha particle. Alpha spectrometry is used in our employee
      surveillance bioassay program to measure the concentration of isotopes of Am, Pu
      and U contained on sample source preparations. Nuclides of Am, Pu and U are
      separated from the sample matrix by anion exchange and are electroplated on a
      stainless steel disc (Gautier and Gladney 1986). The plated source diameter is
      12.7 mm. A tracer is added to the sample before anion exchange as a quality
      control procedure to provide a measure of chemical yield. Tracer alpha-particle
      emissions are recorded in a preassigned calibrated area of the energy spectrum
      and chemical recovery is calculated by the ratio of tracer counts per second
      divided by the tracer activity in becquerels (Bq). Percent tracer recovery may
      also be calculated by introducing the average counting efficiency factor in the
      denominator. Tracer yield is then used to provide a reliable estimate of the
      sample's analyte counts that are recorded in other preassigned energy dependent
      areas of the spectrum. The tracer spectrum in the presence or absence of other
      nuclides also provides evidence of the performance characteristics of the alpha
      spectrometer, for example, chamber vacuum and electronics. Electroplated samples
      are counted in any one of 96 detectors. The backgrounds of these detectors are
      maintained at less than 3 counts per 70,000 s over a 190 keV energy window to
      provide a limit of detection of less than 0.37 mBq per sample at the 95%
      confidence level. In this paper, resolution of the photopeak is shown to be a
      function of the source to detector distance and a function of degraded alpha
      energies due to Fe or other extraneous materials on the plated surface. Since our
      program is concerned only with low activity samples (less than 0.2 Bq) we
      encounter no significant problem with tailing when the resolution is less than 50
      keV FWHM.

PMID- 2909506
TI  - Practical neutron dosimetry with superheated drops.
AB  - The Superheated Drop Detector (SDD) is a new kind of neutron detector based on
      the same principle as that of the bubble chamber, except the superheated material
      is in drop form suspended by a gel or polymer as first described by Apfel (U.S.
      Patent 4,143,274). Previously, we have developed a theoretical model for the
      prediction of the threshold neutron energy to nucleate bubbles in our superheated
      materials and a model for the calculation of the energy dependent response
      function of SDD. The results of the theoretical calculations agree with the
      experimental measurements reasonably well. We found the measured response curve
      of one of our SDDs follows the same trend as the ideal ICRP dose equivalent
      response curve within 40% for neutrons of energy above 100 keV and within a
      factor of 10 below 100 keV. Therefore, it is possible to make a rem-response
      Superheated Drop Detector. We have further calibrated our SDD with 252Cf neutron
      sources (both bare and D2O moderated). The results are in reasonable agreement
      with our theoretical predictions, which proves that our model is valid not only
      for monoenergetic neutrons but also for neutrons from a radioactive source. The
      principles of operation of our detector, which can be used in neutron dosimetry,
      area monitoring, and neutron spectrometry, are discussed.

PMID- 2909507
TI  - Epithelial damage in rabbit corneas exposed to CO2 laser radiation.
AB  - Corneal injury thresholds are determined for conditions not previously explored
      for CO2 laser radiation, including multiple-pulse exposures and a systematic
      investigation of the effect of beam diameter on single-pulse damage thresholds.
      Multiple-pulse exposures from pulse trains up to 999 pulses, having pulse
      repetition frequencies between 1 and 100 Hz and individual pulse durations
      between 10(-3) and 0.5 s, were explored. Damage thresholds are discussed in terms
      of an approximate critical temperature model, the damage integral model and other
      empirical correlations. Single-pulse exposures are accurately correlated by an
      empirical critical temperature model in which the critical temperatures have a
      weak dependence on exposure duration. However, certain aspects of the single
      pulse damage data led us to propose a new thermal damage model that incorporates
      an endothermic phase transition as the damage mechanism. This physical model
      accurately correlates single-pulse damage for exposures between 10(-3) and
      approximately 10 s.

PMID- 2909508
TI  - The kinetics of ligand binding to plant hemoglobins. Structural implications.
AB  - The rates of reaction of oxygen, carbon monoxide, and nitric oxide with 14 plant
      hemoglobins have been determined by relaxation and stopped-flow methods. The
      combination rates for oxygen lie between 0.12 and 0.26 x 10(9)/M.s, for carbon
      monoxide between 0.01 and 0.07 x 10(9)/M.s, and for nitric oxide between 0.12 and
      0.25 x 10(9)/M.s. The dissociation velocities for oxygen range from 5 to 25/s,
      and for CO from 0.005 to 0.011 s. The oxygen dissociation constants range only
      from 36 to 78 nM. Nanosecond relaxation experiments show large differences
      between the proteins. Five have known primary structures which correlate closely
      with the nanosecond relaxations and less immediately with the millisecond
      reactions. The relevant amino acid substitutions are concentrated in the C-E
      interhelical region.

PMID- 2909509
TI  - Purification and some properties of the small subunit of cytochrome b558 from
      human neutrophils.
AB  - We have attempted to purify the heme moiety of cytochrome b558 from human
      neutrophils. Cytochrome b558 was solubilized from the crude membrane fraction
      which was pretreated with both 1 M potassium phosphate buffer and 1% octyl
      glucoside at low ionic strength. The solubilization of cytochrome b558 was
      carried out efficiently with 1.6% octyl glucoside in the presence of 100 mM
      phosphate buffer. Solubilized cytochrome b558 was purified by hydroxylapatite,
      DEAE-Sephacel, and Mono Q fast protein liquid chromatography. The specific
      content of purified cytochrome b558 was 37 nmol/mg of protein. Sodium dodecyl
      sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of purified cytochrome b558
      revealed a single band of 20,000 Da. The large subunit of cytochrome b558, which
      has been reported by others, could not be found in purified cytochrome b558 even
      with silver staining. The amino acid composition of the heme-containing moiety of
      cytochrome b558 was abundant in hydrophobic amino acids. The circular dichroism
      spectra of both oxidized and reduced b558-type cytochromes exhibited bilobed
      bands with wavelengths of crossover points closely corresponding to those of the
      maxima in the optical absorbance spectra at the Soret region. Furthermore, there
      were some differences in the shoulders and peak widths of CD spectra between
      oxidized and reduced b558-type cytochromes. These results indicate that this
      method provides the purification of the small subunit of human cytochrome b558
      which is the heme-carrying subunit of cytochrome b558, and suggest that
      cytochrome b558 has heme-heme interaction and some conformational changes in the
      alternation of the redox state.

PMID- 2909510
TI  - Effects of dopamine beta-monooxygenase substrate analogs on ascorbate levels and
      norepinephrine synthesis in adrenal chromaffin granule ghosts.
AB  - Chromaffin granule ghosts from bovine adrenal medullae have been used to
      investigate the effects of prototypic dopamine beta-monooxygenase substrate
      analogs of two distinct classes on intravesicular reduced ascorbic acid (AscH2)
      levels and on norepinephrine synthesis. Phenyl-2-aminoethyl sulfide (PAES), a
      sulfur-containing substrate, was shown to concentrate within ghosts, a process
      that was time and ATP dependent, but reserpine insensitive. Dopamine beta
      monooxygenase oxygenation of PAES resulted in accumulation of the oxygenation
      product, PAESO, without affecting intravesicular levels of AscH2. Similarly,
      incubations of ghosts with phenyl-2-aminoethyl selenide (PAESe) also resulted in
      rapid, time- and ATP-dependent, but reserpine-insensitive uptake. However,
      oxygenation of PAESe by dopamine beta-monooxygenase within ghosts was found to
      cause a marked decrease in intravesicular AscH2, without buildup of the
      oxygenated product, phenyl 2-aminoethyl selenoxide. These results illustrate two
      basic differences between the consequences of PAES and PAESe turnover: while PAES
      accumulation proceeds concomitant with PAESO production and without AscH2
      depletion, PAESe accumulation proceeds with a marked lowering of internal AscH2
      but without observable product formation. Both PAES and PAESe were capable of
      competing with dopamine, the physiological substrate, for enzymatic oxygenation
      and/or vesicular uptake, and were capable of significantly reducing
      norepinephrine synthesis. In experiments where ghosts were preincubated with
      either PAES or PAESe with delayed addition of dopamine, it was clear that neither
      compound nor their oxygenated products interfered with electron transport via
      cytochrome b561. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the
      physiological activity observed with both PAES and PAESe may be related to their
      ability to gain entrance to adrenergic neurons and decrease norepinephrine
      synthesis within neurotransmitter storage vesicles.

PMID- 2909511
TI  - The membrane-binding segment of dopamine beta-hydroxylase is not an uncleaved
      signal sequence.
AB  - Dopamine beta-hydroxylase exists in bovine adrenal medulla chromaffin granules in
      both soluble and membrane-bound forms. The mechanism by which membranous dopamine
      beta-hydroxylase is bound to granule membranes has been elusive. Recently,
      evidence that covalently attached phosphatidylinositol does not serve as an
      anchor for membranous dopamine beta-hydroxylase was reported (Stewart, L. C., and
      Klinman, J. P. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 12183-12186). It was suggested that an
      uncleaved signal sequence could serve as a mode of attachment for the membrane
      bound hydroxylase. Amino-terminal sequence analysis of purified bovine membranous
      dopamine beta-hydroxylase demonstrates that this form of the enzyme possesses an
      amino-terminal sequence similar to the soluble enzyme. Additionally, the 75- and
      72-kDa bands of membranous dopamine beta-hydroxylase were electrophoretically
      eluted from a preparative sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel and
      sequenced. Both bands had the amino-terminal sequence characteristic of the
      soluble bovine enzyme. These sequence results eliminate the possibility that an
      uncleaved signal sequence serves as the membrane anchor.

PMID- 2909512
TI  - A hepatocyte-specific basolateral membrane protein is targeted to the same domain
      when expressed in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells.
AB  - Different mechanisms for polarized sorting of apical and basolateral plasma
      membrane proteins appear to be operative in different cell types. In hepatocytes,
      all proteins are first transported to the basolateral surface, where sorting
      (probably signal-mediated) of apical proteins then takes place. In contrast, in
      Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells, proteins are directly transported from
      the trans-Golgi network to their appropriate plasma membrane domain. In order to
      study the differences in the sorting requirements of the two cell types, we have
      expressed a hepatocyte-specific basolateral membrane protein, the
      asialoglycoprotein receptor H1, in MDCK cells. H1 was found to be specifically
      transported to the basolateral domain also in this heterologous system,
      suggesting that either the same basolateral targeting signal is operative in both
      cell types or, more likely, that basolateral transport occurs "by default," i.e.
      without the requirement for a sorting signal.

PMID- 2909513
TI  - Purification and properties of an N-acetylglucosamine-specific lectin from
      Psathyrella velutina mushroom.
AB  - A lectin in the fruiting bodies of Psathyrella velutina was purified by affinity
      chromatography on a chitin column and subsequent ion-exchange chromatography. P.
      velutina lectin (PVL) tends to aggregate irreversibly in buffered saline, but the
      addition of glycerol (10%, v/v) to lectin solutions was found to prevent
      aggregate formation. PVL is assumed to occur as a monomer of a polypeptide of Mr
      = 40,000 as determined by gel filtration and by gel electrophoresis in the
      presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. PVL is specific for N-acetylglucosamine
      (GlcNAc). It was determined by equilibrium dialysis to have four binding
      sites/polypeptide molecule showing an average intrinsic association constant of
      K0 = 6.4 x 10(3) M-1 toward this sugar. The binding specificity of the lectin was
      studied by hemagglutination inhibition assays and by avidin-biotin-mediated
      enzyme immunoassays using various GlcNAc-containing saccharides. The results
      indicate that methyl N-acetyl beta-glucosaminide was a slightly better inhibitor
      than the corresponding alpha-anomer. PVL binds well to oligosaccharides bearing
      nonreducing terminal beta-GlcNAc linked 1----6 or 1----3 but poorly to those
      having a 1----4 linkage, such as N-acetylated chito-oligosaccharides. It also
      binds to the subterminal GlcNAc moiety when it is substituted at the C-6 position
      but does not interact with the moiety when substituted either at C-3 or C-4.
      Thus, these results show that PVL is quite different in its binding specificity
      from other GlcNAc-binding lectins of higher plants since they bind preferentially
      to beta-GlcNAc in 1----4 linkage and they have a high affinity for chitin
      oligosaccharides.

PMID- 2909514
TI  - Functional characterization of the rat growth hormone promoter elements required
      for induction by thyroid hormone with and without a co-transfected beta type
      thyroid hormone receptor.
AB  - We have extensively characterized the sequences of the rat growth hormone (rGH)
      promoter required for induction by T3 (thyroid hormone, 3,5,3'-L
      triiodothyronine) in a transient transfection system. Oligonucleotides containing
      portions of the rGH promoter sequence with various deletions and point mutations
      were placed upstream of the first 137 base pairs of the rGH promoter or the
      heterologous herpes virus thymidine kinase promoter in chloramphenicol
      acetyltransferase expression vectors. The rGH137 and thymidine kinase promoters
      show no or minimal response to T3 in the basal state. The constructs were tested
      in GH4C1 rat pituitary cells and COS cells (functionally deficient in thyroid
      hormone receptor) with and without a co-transfected plasmid expressing a beta
      type c-erbA gene coding for a functional T3 receptor. Oligonucleotides containing
      the T3 receptor binding site confer hormone-dependent induction in a manner that
      is independent of either orientation or variation in position on the helix
      relative to the promoter. Point mutations in the sequence -189 to -173 result in
      loss of T3 induction, and bases between -173 and -167 were also required for a
      full T3 response. The minimal length to confer T3 induction to the rGH promoter
      was 23 base pairs (-190 to -167). Point mutations creating a perfect duplication
      of 7 base pairs within the receptor binding site conferred 12-fold T3 response to
      the rGH137 promoter, 3-fold greater than the wild type rGH237 construct. T3
      inductibility was also transferred to the thymidine kinase promoter by an
      oligonucleotide containing the sequence -200 to -157, demonstrating that cell
      type specific elements located 3' to 157 of the rGH promoter are not required for
      thyroid hormone responsiveness.

PMID- 2909515
TI  - Phytochrome chromophore biosynthesis. Treatment of tetrapyrrole-deficient Avena
      explants with natural and non-natural bilatrienes leads to formation of
      spectrally active holoproteins.
AB  - Etiolated Avena seedlings grown in the presence of 4-amino-5-hexynoic acid, an
      inhibitor of 5-aminolevulinic acid synthesis in plants, contain less than 10% of
      the spectrally detectable levels of phytochrome found in untreated seedlings
      (Elich, T.D., and Lagarias, J.C. (1988) Plant Physiol. 88, 747-751). In this
      study, incubation of explants from such seedlings with [14C]biliverdin IX alpha
      led to rapid covalent incorporation of radiolabel into a single 124-kDa
      polypeptide in soluble protein extracts. Immunoprecipitation experiments
      confirmed that this protein was phytochrome. Parallel experiments were performed
      with four unlabeled linear tetrapyrroles, the naturally occurring biliverdin IX
      alpha isomer, two non-natural isomers, biliverdin XIII alpha and biliverdin III
      alpha, and phycocyanobilin-the cleaved prosthetic group of the light-harvesting
      antenna protein C-phycocyanin. In all cases, except for the III alpha isomer of
      biliverdin, a time-dependent recovery of photoreversible phytochrome was
      observed. The newly formed phytochrome obtained after incubation with biliverdin
      IX alpha exhibited spectral characteristics identical with those of the native
      protein. In contrast, the spectral properties of phytochromes formed during
      incubation with biliverdin XIII alpha and phycocyanobilin differed significantly
      from those of the native chromoprotein. These results indicate that biliverdin IX
      alpha is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of the phytochrome chromophore and
      that phytochromes with prosthetic groups derived from bilatrienes having non
      natural D-ring substituents are photochromic.

PMID- 2909516
TI  - Thermodynamic and kinetic studies of the interaction of vesicular
      dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine with Agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus
      phospholipase A2.
AB  - The tryptophan fluorescence emission intensity at 340 nm of monomeric
      phospholipase A2 from Agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus increased about 70% upon
      addition of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine small unilamellar vesicles (DPPC SUV)
      at 25 degrees C. The emission spectrum was also blue-shifted 6-8 nm, suggesting
      that the environment of 1 or more tryptophan residues had become less polar. This
      effect of SUV on the phospholipase A2 fluorescence was independent of Ca2+ at 25
      degrees C, and the apparent association constant for the interaction was
      approximately 1.7 x 10(4) M-1. The apparent Km for hydrolysis of DPPC SUV was
      equal to the inverse of the estimated association constant. In the absence of
      Ca2+, the change in fluorescence intensity decreased with increasing temperature.
      Thermodynamic analysis of this reversible, temperature-dependent fluorescence
      change indicated that the A. p. piscivorus monomer phospholipase A2 interacts
      only with SUV in the true gel phase existing below the pretransition of gel to
      "ripple" phase lipid in the absence of Ca2+. In contrast, the fluorescence
      intensity change upon addition of SUV in the presence of Ca2+ was independent of
      temperature over the range of 25-48 degrees C. Under these conditions, hydrolysis
      of the lipid occurred concomitantly with the change in fluorescence which could
      not be reversed by the addition of EDTA. With a nonhydrolyzable analog of DPPC,
      however, the fluorescence changes upon mixing of SUV, Ca2+, and phospholipase A2
      were reversible and temperature-dependent. Thus, the apparent irreversibility of
      the change in fluorescence observed with Ca2+ and DPPC SUV was correlated with
      hydrolysis of the vesicles. These results indicate that the magnitude of the
      initial interaction of enzyme with substrate is reversible, is Ca2+-independent,
      depends upon the lipid state, and is quantitatively correlated to the maximum
      rate of hydrolysis.

PMID- 2909517
TI  - Phosphorylation of glucocorticoid receptor-associated and free forms of the
      approximately 90-kDa heat shock protein before and after receptor activation.
AB  - Several lines of evidence have suggested that glucocorticoid receptor function
      may be regulated by phosphorylation-dephosphorylation reactions, and it has been
      proposed that dephosphorylation accompanies activation to the DNA-binding form.
      The phosphate content of the approximately 100-kDa steroid-binding protein has
      been determined directly and was found not to change during activation in intact
      cells (Mendel, D.B., Bodwell, J.E., and Munck, A. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 5644
      5648). We have now determined the effect of interaction with the receptor and of
      activation on the phosphate content of the approximately 90-kDa heat shock
      protein (Hsp 90), which is thought to be a non-steroid-binding subunit of
      nonactivated glucocorticoid receptors that dissociates on activation. Monoclonal
      antibodies AC88 and BuGR2 were used to purify free Hsp 90 and cytosolic
      nonactivated glucocorticoid-receptor complexes, respectively, from WEHI-7 cells
      grown in the presence of 32Pi and [35S] methionine. Cell-free activation of the
      nonactivated receptor-antibody complexes immobilized on protein A-Sepharose
      minicolumns allowed the recovery of the Hsp 90 dissociated from the complexes
      during activation. Proteins were separated by denaturing polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis, and the 32P/35S ratio, which was used as a measure of the
      phosphate content relative to protein, was determined for the free, receptor
      associated, and dissociated forms of the Hsp 90, as well as for the approximately
      100-kDa steroid-binding protein of non-activated and activated receptors. The
      three forms of the Hsp 90 had the same phosphate contents, as did the
      approximately 100-kDa steroid-binding protein before and after activation. Based
      upon these results, we conclude that no net change in the phosphorylation occurs
      when the Hsp 90 associates with the approximately 100-kDa steroid-binding protein
      to form nonactivated receptors and that neither protein component of nonactivated
      complexes is dephosphorylated when they dissociate during thermal activation
      under cell-free conditions.

PMID- 2909518
TI  - A monoclonal antibody against the platelet fibrinogen receptor contains a
      sequence that mimics a receptor recognition domain in fibrinogen.
AB  - The binding of fibrinogen to its platelet receptor, the glycoprotein IIb-IIIa
      complex, is mediated, in part, by an Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) sequence within the
      fibrinogen A alpha chain. PAC1 is an IgM-kappa murine monoclonal antibody that
      binds to the platelet fibrinogen receptor, and its binding is inhibited by both
      fibrinogen and RGD-containing peptides. To identify the regions of PAC1 that
      interact with the fibrinogen receptor, we determined the mRNA sequences of PAC1
      immunoglobulin heavy and light chain variable regions. Five out of the six
      complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) of PAC1 had entirely germline
      sequences with no regions of similarity to fibrinogen. However, CDR3 of the PAC1
      heavy chain (H-CDR3) was very large and unique due to the insertion of a novel D
      region segment. H-CDR3 contained a sequence, Arg-Tyr-Asp (RYD), that, if present
      in the proper conformation, might behave like the RGD sequence in fibrinogen. A
      21-residue synthetic peptide encompassing the H-CDR3 region inhibited fibrinogen
      dependent platelet aggregation as well as the binding of PAC1 (Ki = 10 microM)
      and fibrinogen (Ki = 5 microM) to activated platelets. The RYD region of H-CDR3
      appeared to be central to its function, because substitution of the tyrosine with
      glycine increased the inhibitory potency of the peptide by 10-fold, while
      replacing the tyrosine with D-alanine or inverting the RYD sequence sharply
      reduced the inhibitory potency. Thus, the linear sequence, RYD, within H-CDR3 of
      PAC1 appears to mimic the RGD receptor recognition sequence in fibrinogen. This
      type of immunologic approach could be useful in studying the structural basis of
      other receptor-ligand interactions.

PMID- 2909519
TI  - Cysteine 288: an essential hyperreactive thiol of cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate
      carboxykinase (GTP).
AB  - Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase from the cytosol of rat liver has 13 cysteines,
      at least one of which is known to be very reactive and essential for catalytic
      activity (Carlson, G. M., Colombo, G., and Lardy, H. A. (1978) Biochemistry 17,
      5329-5338). In order to identify the essential cysteine, this enzyme was modified
      with the fluorescent sulfhydryl reagent N-(7-dimethylamino-4-methyl-3
      coumarinyl)maleimide. Incubation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase with a 10%
      molar excess of this maleimide at 0 degrees C results in the rapid and nearly
      complete loss of catalytic activity. Under these conditions, 1 mol of the
      maleimide is incorporated per mol inactivated enzyme. The substrate GDP provides
      almost complete protection against inactivation and modification, while
      phosphoenolpyruvate protects against the rate, but not the extent, of
      modification. The pH dependence of the rate of enzyme inactivation suggests that
      the modified residue has a pK alpha of approximately 7.0. Purification and
      sequencing of the labeled peptide identifies the hyperreactive essential cysteine
      as Cys-288. This cysteine lies between two putative phosphoryl-binding domains
      and within a hydrophobic sequence.

PMID- 2909520
TI  - Periodate-oxidized 3-aminopyridine adenine dinucleotide phosphate as a
      fluorescent affinity label for pigeon liver malic enzyme.
AB  - Treatment of 3-aminopyridine adenine dinucleotide phosphate with sodium periodate
      resulted in oxidation of the ribose linked to 3-aminopyridine ring and cleavage
      of the dinucleotide into 3-aminopyridine and adenosine moieties. These two
      moieties were separated by thin layer chromatography and were synergistically
      bound to pigeon liver malic enzyme (EC 1.1.1.40), causing inactivation of the
      enzyme. The inactivation showed saturation kinetics. The apparent binding
      constant for the reversible enzyme-reagent binary complex (KI) and the maximum
      inactivation rate constant at saturating reagent concentration (kmax) were found
      to be 1.1 +/- 0.02 mM and 0.068 +/- 0.001 min-1, respectively. L-Malate at low
      concentration enhanced the inactivation rate by lowering the KI value whereas
      high malate concentration increased the kmax. Mn2+ or NADP+ partially protected
      the enzyme from the inactivation and gave additive protection when used together.
      L-Malate eliminated the protective effect of NADP+ or Mn2+. Maximum and
      synergistic protection was afforded by NADP+, Mn2+ plus L-malate (or tartronate).
      Oxidized and cleaved 3-aminopyridine adenine dinucleotide phosphate was also
      found to be a competitive inhibitor versus NADP+ in the oxidative decarboxylation
      reaction catalyzed by malic enzyme with a Ki value of 4.1 +/- 0.1 microM. 3
      Aminopyridine adenine dinucleotide phosphate or its periodate-oxidized cleaved
      products bound to the enzyme anticooperatively. Oxidized 3-aminopyridine adenine
      dinucleotide phosphate labeled the nucleotide binding site of the enzyme with a
      fluorescent probe which may be readily traced or quantified. The completely
      inactivated enzyme incorporated 2 mol of reagent/mol of enzyme tetramer. The
      inactivation was partially reversible by dilution and could be made irreversible
      by treating the modified enzyme with sodium borohydride. This fluorescent
      compound and its counterpart-oxidized 3-aminopyridine adenine dinucleotide may be
      a potential affinity label for all other NAD(P)+-dependent dehydrogenases.

PMID- 2909521
TI  - Analysis of DNA-RecA protein interactions involving the protein self-association
      reaction.
AB  - A method to analyze the DNA binding properties of RecA protein is developed to
      take into account the protein self-association reaction and is applied to
      reanalyze the interaction with chemically modified single-stranded DNA (epsilon
      DNA). Protein oligomerization is investigated by static light-scattering
      measurements and analyzed with the accumulated strain model. A coupled
      equilibrium between DNA binding and self-association of RecA is resolved
      considering that the complex formed between an m polymer (where m represents the
      number of units of the polymer) and DNA is identical to the complex resulting
      from the cooperative binding of m monomers. The cooperativity parameter thus
      determined is about 10(4), which is more than 100 times higher than the apparent
      parameter estimated without consideration of the protein oligomerization. This
      extremely high figure is in good agreement with the formation of large clusters
      of complex observed by electron microscopy. The apparent DNA binding constant
      depends upon the ratio of the DNA binding affinity and the self-association
      constant. For this reason, the variation of the DNA binding constant with the
      salt concentration is amplified, and the number of ion pairs formed between DNA
      and RecA obtained from the apparent salt dependence (11 ion pairs/monomer) has
      been overestimated. Only 2 ion pairs may be formed.

PMID- 2909522
TI  - Location of the antithrombin-binding sequence in the heparin chain.
AB  - The antithrombin-binding region of heparin is a pentasaccharide sequence with the
      predominant structure -GlcNAc(6-OSO3)-GlcA-GlcNSO3(3,6-di-OSO3)-Ido A(2-OSO3)-
      GlcNSO3(6-OSO3)-. By using the 3-O-sulfated glucosamine residue as a marker for
      the anti-thrombin-binding sequence, the location of this sequence within the
      heparin chain was investigated. Heparin with high affinity for antithrombin (HA
      heparin) contains few N-acetyl groups located outside the antithrombin-binding
      region, and cleavage at such groups was therefore expected to be essentially
      restricted to this region. HA-heparin was cleaved at N-acetylated glucosamine
      units by partial deacetylation followed by treatment with nitrous acid at pH 3.9,
      and the resulting fragments with low affinity for anti-thrombin (LA-fragments)
      were recovered after affinity chromatography on immobilized antithrombin. The LA
      fragments were further divided into subfractions of different molecular size by
      gel chromatography and were then analyzed with regard to the occurrence of the
      nonreducing terminal GlcA-GlcNSO3(3,6-di-OS-O3)- sequence. Such units were
      present in small, intermediate-sized as well as large fragments, suggesting that
      the antithrombin-binding regions were randomly distributed along the heparin
      chains. In another set of experiments, HA-heparin was subjected to limited,
      random depolymerization by nitrous acid (pH 1.5), and the resulting reducing
      terminal anhydromannose residues were labeled by treatment with NaB3H4. The
      molecular weight distributions of such labeled LA-fragments, determined by gel
      chromatography, again conformed to a random distribution of the antithrombin
      binding sequence within the heparin chains. These results are in apparent
      disagreement with previous reports (Radoff, S., and Danishefsky, I. (1984) J.
      Biol. Chem. 259, 166-172; Rosenfeld, L., and Danishefsky, I. (1988) J. Biol.
      Chem. 263, 262-266) which suggest that the antithrombin-binding region is
      preferentially located at the nonreducing terminus of the heparin molecule.

PMID- 2909523
TI  - Conserved and unique amino acid residues in the domains of the growth hormones.
      Flounder growth hormone deduced from the cDNA sequence has the minimal size in
      the growth hormone prolactin gene family.
AB  - Growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL), and placental lactogen (PL) constitute a
      protein family whose genes are considered to have evolved from a common ancestral
      gene. GHs isolated from various vertebrate species are known to possess highly
      conserved structural and functional features. In the present study we have cloned
      and sequenced flounder growth hormone (fGH) cDNA to predict the primary structure
      of the hormone. The preprotein of fGH is composed of 190 amino acids, and mature
      fGH is found to be extraordinarily small, having 171 or 173 amino acid residues.
      The estimated molecular masses of mature fGH are 19.4 to 19.7 kDa. This minimal
      size of fGH enabled an extended analysis of the essential domains and of amino
      acid residues required in hormone-specific activities. fGH conserves and shares
      37 residues with 20 other vertebrate GHs. These common residues are seen to
      cluster in five distinct domains (GD1 to GD5). In human PL (hPL), which has low
      growth-promoting activity, 35 of these 37 residues are conserved, while the other
      2 residues in the GD1 domain (Arg-16 and Leu-20) are replaced by Gln and Ala,
      respectively. In a less active variant of human GH, hGH-V, only 1 residue (His
      21) of the 37 residues is replaced by Tyr. Besides these 3 residues, 6 other
      residues unique to the GHs and some PLs, that is, Ala-24 (GD1), Ser-54 (GD2), Ser
      78 (GD3), Leu-106, Leu-116, and Asp-122 (GD4), appear to be important for
      specific binding of the GHs. The GD5 domain, at the carboxyl-terminal ends of the
      GHs is considered to be involved mainly in the formation and stabilization of GH
      molecules.

PMID- 2909524
TI  - A new folate antimetabolite, 5,10-dideaza-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate is a potent
      inhibitor of de novo purine synthesis.
AB  - 5,10-Dideazatetrahydrofolate (DDATHF) is a new antimetabolite designed as an
      inhibitor of folate metabolism at sites other than dihydrofolate reductase.
      DDATHF was found to inhibit the growth of L1210 and CCRF-CEM cells in culture at
      concentrations in the range of 10-30 nM. The inhibitory effect of DDATHF on the
      growth of L1210 and CCRF-CEM cells was reversed by either hypoxanthine or
      aminoimidazole carboxamide. Growth inhibition by DDATHF was prevented by addition
      of both thymidine and hypoxanthine, but not by thymidine alone. 5
      Formyltetrahydrofolate reversed the effects of DDATHF in a dose-dependent manner.
      DDATHF had no appreciable inhibitory activity against either dihydrofolate
      reductase or thymidylate synthase in vitro, but was found to be an excellent
      substrate for folylpolyglutamate synthetase. DDATHF had little or no effect on
      incorporation of either deoxyuridine or thymidine into DNA, in distinct contrast
      to the effects of the classical dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor, methotrexate.
      DDATHF was found to deplete cellular ATP and GTP over the same concentrations as
      those inhibitory to leukemic cell growth, suggesting that the locus of DDATHF
      action was in the de novo purine biosynthesis pathway. The synthesis of
      formylglycinamide ribonucleotide in intact L1210 cells was inhibited by DDATHF
      with the same concentration dependence as inhibition of growth. This suggested
      that DDATHF inhibited glycinamide ribonucleotide transformylase, the first folate
      dependent enzyme of de novo purine synthesis. DDATHF is a potent folate analog
      which suppresses purine synthesis through direct or indirect inhibition of
      glycinamide ribonucleotide transformylase.

PMID- 2909525
TI  - The amino acid sequence of rat liver glucokinase deduced from cloned cDNA.
AB  - Rat liver glucokinase (ATP:D-hexose 6-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.1) was
      purified to homogeneity, cleaved, and subjected to amino acid sequence analysis.
      Forty-five percent of the protein sequence was obtained, and this information was
      used to design oligonucleotide probes to screen a rat liver cDNA library. A 1601
      base pair cDNA (GK1) contained an open reading frame that encoded the amino acid
      sequences found in the peptides used to generate the oligonucleotide probes. A
      second cDNA was subsequently identified (GK.Z2), which is 2346 base pairs long
      and corresponds to nearly the entire glucokinase mRNA. Blot transfer analysis of
      hepatic RNA showed that glucokinase mRNA exists as a single species of about 2400
      nucleotides. Four hours of insulin treatment of diabetic rats resulted in a 30
      fold induction of this mRNA. GK.Z2 has a long open reading frame which, with the
      known partial peptide sequence, allowed us to deduce the primary structure of
      glucokinase. The enzyme is composed of 465 amino acids and has a mass of 51,924
      daltons. Glucokinase has 53 and 33% amino acid sequence identities with the
      carboxyl-terminal domains of rat brain hexokinase I and yeast hexokinase,
      respectively. If conservative amino acid replacements are also considered,
      glucokinase is similar to these two enzymes at 75 and 63% of positions,
      respectively. The putative glucose- and ATP-binding domains of glucokinase were
      identified, and these regions appear to be highly conserved in the hexokinase
      family of enzymes.

PMID- 2909526
TI  - Human pepsinogen C (progastricsin). Isolation of cDNA clones, localization to
      chromosome 6, and sequence homology with pepsinogen A.
AB  - The entire pepsinogen C (PGC) coding sequence was determined by analysis of a
      series of five overlapping cDNA clones identified in a library constructed from
      human gastric mucosa poly(A+) RNA. A partial cDNA clone was initially identified
      using a 256-fold degenerate oligonucleotide probe for amino acid residues 4-12 of
      pepsin C, and subsequently 4 additional clones were identified upon rescreening
      with a probe complementary to the 5' region of the original cDNA clone. Northern
      analysis of gastric mucosa poly(A+) RNA with a PGC cDNA probe revealed an mRNA
      1.5-kilobase species that was indistinguishable from that detected with a human
      pepsinogen A (PGA) cDNA probe. In contrast, the PGC and PGA cDNA probes detected
      distinct genomic restriction fragments indicating there was no detectable cross
      hybridization under high stringency conditions. The PGC gene was localized to
      human chromosome 6 by analysis of a panel of human x mouse somatic cell hybrids.
      The regions containing the active site aspartyl groups of PGC are conserved in
      relationship to several other aspartic proteinases. We propose that the absence
      of detectable immunologic cross-reactivity between the two groups of human
      pepsinogens, A and C, results from divergent evolution of sequences located on
      the surface of the zymogens in contrast to the strongly conserved active site
      regions located within the binding cleft of the enzymes that are inaccessible for
      antigenic recognition.

PMID- 2909527
TI  - Selective binding of L-thyroxine by myosin light chain kinase.
AB  - L-Thyroxine selectively inhibited Ca2+-calmodulin-activated myosin light chain
      kinases (MLC kinase) purified from rabbit skeletal muscle, chicken gizzard smooth
      muscle, bovine thyroid gland, and human platelet with similar Ki values (Ki = 2.5
      microM). A detailed analysis of L-thyroxine inhibition of smooth muscle myosin
      light chain kinase activation was undertaken in order to determine the effect of
      L-thyroxine on the stoichiometries of Ca2+, calmodulin, and the enzyme in the
      activation process. The kinetic data indicated that L-thyroxine does not interact
      with calmodulin but, instead, through direct association with the enzyme,
      inhibits the binding of the Ca2+-calmodulin complex to MLC kinase. L
      [125I]Thyroxine gel overlay revealed that the 95-kDa fragment of chicken gizzard
      MLC kinase digested by chymotrypsin and all the fragments of 110, 94, 70, and 43
      kDa produced by Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease digestion which contain the
      calmodulin binding domain retain L-[125I]thyroxine binding activity, whereas
      smaller peptides were not radioactive. Since MLC kinase is phosphorylated by cAMP
      dependent protein kinase (2 mol of phosphate/mol of MLC kinase), the effect of L
      thyroxine on the phosphorylation of MLC kinase also was examined. L-Thyroxine
      binding did not inhibit the phosphorylation of MLC kinase and, moreover, reversed
      the inhibition of phosphorylation obtained with the calmodulin-enzyme complex.
      These observations support the suggestion that L-thyroxine binds at or near the
      calmodulin-binding site of MLC kinase. L-Thyroxine may serve as a different type
      of pharmacological tool for elucidating the biological significance of MLC kinase
      mediated reactions.

PMID- 2909528
TI  - Characterization of the promoter region of the human transforming growth factor
      beta 1 gene.
AB  - The 5'-end of the human transforming growth factor-beta 1 gene (TGF-beta 1) was
      isolated from a human leukocyte genomic DNA library. Analysis of the
      transcriptional start sites of human TGF-beta 1 mRNAs by S1 mapping and primer
      extension revealed two major start sites 271 nucleotides from one another;
      several minor sites were also identified. DNA sequence analysis showed that the
      promoter region contains neither a "TATA" box nor a "CAAT" box, is very G+C rich,
      and contains 11 CCGCCC repeats. Seven putative binding sites for the
      transcription factor Sp1 were also identified. To determine the location of sites
      that may be important for the function of the TGF-beta 1 promoter, we joined the
      5'-end of the TGF-beta 1 gene to the coding region for chloramphenicol
      acetyltransferase. The chimeric gene produced high levels of chloramphenicol
      acetyltransferase activity in transfected HT-1080, AKR-2B, and A-549 cells.
      Sequences responsible for both promotion and inhibition of transcription were
      located in the region extending from 1400 to 300 base pairs upstream of the first
      major TGF-beta 1 transcriptional start site. The 130-base pair fragment located
      between 453 and 323 base pairs upstream of this start site contains positive
      regulatory activity in all cells tested. A second promoter activity was
      identified in the region between the two major transcriptional start sites. These
      findings revealed a complex pattern of regulation of human TGF-beta 1 gene
      expression.

PMID- 2909529
TI  - Identification of a transcriptional enhancer in a mouse amyloid gene.
AB  - We have employed a mouse liver-derived cell line (BNL) to identify DNA sequences
      in the promoter of the serum amyloid A3 (SAA3) gene essential for expression. In
      both transient DNA transfection assays and BNL cells stably transformed with SAA3
      fusion genes, deletion analysis of the SAA3 promoter indicates that sequences
      between -185 and -138 base pairs 5' to the transcription initiation site are
      essential for expression of heterologous genes. A 69-base pair sequence spanning
      this region markedly augmented expression of the bacterial chloramphenicol
      transacetylase gene regardless of orientation or position. The homology of this
      sequence with sequences in the promotors of other genes expressed by liver during
      inflammation suggests a common mechanism of regulation.

PMID- 2909530
TI  - Purification and characterization of acylation stimulating protein.
AB  - We have purified to homogeneity and analyzed the amino acid composition of a
      small (Mr 14,000), basic (pI 9.0) protein from human plasma. This has been named
      acylation stimulating protein (ASP) because it markedly stimulates
      triacylglycerol synthesis in human adipocytes. As well, it stimulates
      triacylglycerol synthesis in human skin fibroblasts cultured from normal
      individuals. Characteristic saturation curves for the cell metabolic responses to
      ASP were observed in both cell types with higher stimulation of oleate
      incorporation into triacylglycerol being observed in adipocytes. The stimulation
      of triacylglycerol synthesis was much greater with ASP than with insulin. Neither
      fatty acid binding protein nor albumin was able to mimic the ASP effect.

PMID- 2909531
TI  - Activation of the vaccinia virus nicking-joining enzyme by trypsinization.
AB  - The vaccinia virus nicking-joining (NJ) enzyme has been purified to homogeneity
      from a preparation of virus cores. The virus-specific DNA-dependent enzyme, which
      does not require ATP, is a single polypeptide of Mr 50,000 and possesses both
      endonuclease and ligase activities. The principal end product of the enzyme
      activity, following incubation with closed circular DNA of sufficient linking
      deficiency, is a linear DNA in which one of the termini has become cross-linked
      by the in vitro formation of a hairpin. The ability of the NJ enzyme to cross
      link DNA is significantly enhanced by in vitro proteolysis. The enzymatic
      properties of the proteolytic digestion product, a 44-kDa polypeptide, differ in
      several other ways from the intact NJ enzyme. In particular, the specific
      activity is enhanced and the ionic strength optimum is shifted toward higher salt
      concentrations. It is suggested that the purified 50-kDa species is a pronuclease
      that is activated by proteolytic processing.

PMID- 2909532
TI  - Isolation and characterization of a new immunomodulatory protein, ling zhi-8 (LZ
      8), from Ganoderma lucidium.
AB  - A novel protein with mitogenic activity in vitro and immunomodulating activity in
      vivo has been isolated from the mycelial extract of an Oriental medicinal fungus,
      ling zhi (Ganoderma lucidium). This protein was named ling zhi-8 (LZ-8) and its
      biochemical and immunological properties are described. LZ-8 was purified by two
      chromatographic systems, gel filtration and followed by ion-exchange, using an in
      vitro bioassay measuring blast-formation stimulatory activity toward mouse spleen
      lymphocytes to monitor purification. Analysis by several types of electrophoresis
      revealed a single band, with the molecular weight differing slightly depending on
      the system employed. Under reduced conditions, sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis using the method of Laemmli, U.K. ((1970)
      Nature 227, 680-685) indicated an apparent Mr = 17,100, while under nonreduced
      conditions an apparent Mr = 17,500 was found; and, using Tricine-sodium dodecyl
      sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, a value of apparent Mr = 13,100 was
      obtained. LZ-8 has an isoelectric point of 4.4, and sugar analysis indicated a
      low carbohydrate content (1.3%). Half-cysteine, histidine, and methionine were
      not detected from the analysis of amino acid composition after further
      purification of LZ-8 by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. LZ
      8 was capable of hemagglutinating sheep red blood cells, but no such activity was
      observed toward human red blood cells (A, B, AB, and O types). In vivo, LZ-8
      prevents the production of systemic anaphylaxis reaction in mice if it has been
      administered repeatedly, and reduction of antibody production is the suggested
      mechanism. The mechanisms of hemagglutination of sheep red blood cells and of
      blast-formation stimulation of mouse spleen cells are also discussed.

PMID- 2909533
TI  - Propylbenzilylcholine mustard labels an acidic residue in transmembrane helix 3
      of the muscarinic receptor.
AB  - Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors were purified from rat forebrain and labeled
      with [3H]N-(2-chloroethyl)N-(2',3'-[3H2]propyl)-2-aminoethylbenzilate. Cleavage
      of the labeled muscarinic acetylcholine receptors with a lysine-specific protease
      yielded labeled, glycosylated peptides about 130 and 200 residues in length,
      which came from different receptor sequences. The probable cleavage sites are in
      the second intracellular loop and in the second extracellular or third
      intracellular loop. The N-terminal 130 residues are disulfide-bonded to another
      part of the receptor structure, supporting the presence of a link between the
      second and third extracellular loops. The [3H]propylbenzilylcholine mustard
      receptor link is cleaved by nucleophiles, acids, and bases under denaturing
      conditions, suggesting modification of an acidic residue. Cyanogen bromide
      cleavage points to transmembrane helix 3 as the site of label attachment.

PMID- 2909534
TI  - The role of caldesmon in the regulation of receptor capping in mouse T-lymphoma
      cell.
AB  - Several complementary techniques, including immunocytochemical and
      immunobiochemical analyses, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and peptide
      mapping, were used in this study to examine the involvement of caldesmon in
      lymphocyte receptor capping. We have found a lymphoma 140-kDa polypeptide that is
      structurally similar to muscle caldesmon, suggesting that this polypeptide may be
      a lymphoma caldesmon. When lymphoma 140-kDa polypeptide is extracted from
      permeabilized cells using 25 mM MgCl2, capping is inhibited. Adding the 140-kDa
      protein or gizzard caldesmon back to the extracted cells restores their ability
      to cap. These findings suggest that actin-linked regulatory proteins such as
      caldesmon may be critically important to actomyosin-mediated contraction which,
      in turn, is responsible for collecting receptors into cap structures.

PMID- 2909535
TI  - Rapid purification and partial characterization of human platelet glycoprotein
      IIIb. Interaction with thrombospondin and its role in platelet aggregation.
AB  - Glycoprotein IIIb (also known as glycoprotein IV) is a major glycoprotein present
      on the surface of human platelets. Recent studies suggest that glycoprotein IIIb
      may be a receptor site for thrombospondin. Thrombospondin, a multifunctional
      adhesive glycoprotein released from stimulated platelets, plays an important role
      in the stabilization of platelet aggregates. In this study, a new method for the
      purification of glycoprotein IIIb is described. Glycoprotein IIIb was isolated
      from Triton X-114 platelet membrane extracts, under nondenaturing conditions, by
      tandem anion-exchange and size exclusion fast protein liquid chromatography. The
      purified glycoprotein had the same apparent molecular mass (88 kDa) under
      nonreducing or reducing conditions. The tryptic peptide map of the purified
      protein was identical to that of bona fide glycoprotein IIIb as isolated from two
      dimensional polyacrylamide gels of platelet membrane proteins. In addition, the
      purified glycoprotein was recognized by an anti-GPIIIb monoclonal antibody
      (OKM5). The purified glycoprotein specifically bound to thrombospondin in the
      presence of calcium. Monospecific anti-GPIIIb antibodies interfered with the
      expression of endogenous thrombospondin on thrombin-activated platelets and
      partially inhibited collagen- and thrombin-induced platelet aggregation without a
      significant effect on platelet secretion. Glycoprotein IIIb, by interacting with
      thrombospondin on the activated platelet surface, may play an important role in
      the platelet aggregation process.

PMID- 2909536
TI  - Human platelet glycoprotein Ia. One component is only expressed on the surface of
      activated platelets and may be a granule constituent.
AB  - Glycoprotein Ia (GP Ia) is a relatively minor component of human blood platelets
      thought to be a receptor involved in collagen-induced platelet activation.
      However, some difficulties exist with the definition of this glycoprotein. The
      expression of GP Ia on resting (prostacyclin analogue-treated) and thrombin
      activated platelets was compared by surface labeling with 125I-lactoperoxidase.
      Intact platelets or platelets solubilized in sodium dodecyl sulfate were labeled
      with periodate/[3H]NaBH4. Analysis on two-dimensional isoelectric focusing/sodium
      dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gels showed that GP Ia is very
      poorly labeled in resting platelets. After activation a new spot (GP Ia*) appears
      with the same relative molecular mass as GP Ia under reducing conditions. GP Ia
      and Ia* can be clearly separated by two-dimensional nonreduced/reduced gel
      electrophoresis. Therefore, two glycoproteins which have been termed GP Ia exist
      in platelets with similar molecular weight and pI under reducing conditions. One
      of these (GP Ia*) is only surface-labeled when platelets are activated,
      indicating that it is only exposed on the surface of activated platelets.
      Supernatant from activated platelets contains this glycoprotein as well as other
      granule components. This glycoprotein is missing in platelets from two patients
      with collagen-response defects.

PMID- 2909537
TI  - Human hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency. The molecular
      defect in a patient with gout (HPRTAshville).
AB  - The genetic basis of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT)
      deficiency has been identified by nucleotide sequence analysis of HPRT cDNAs
      cloned from a patient with gout. A single nucleotide change was identified in two
      independent clones: an A to G transition at nucleotide 602. Confirmation of a
      mutation at this site was provided by RNase mapping analysis. The predicted
      consequence of this transition is an aspartic acid to glycine substitution at
      amino acid 201. We have designated this variant HPRTAshville. Prior to this
      report, enzyme activity in HPRTAshville had not been detected by routine assay.
      Using more sensitive techniques, including an in situ gel assay for HPRT
      activity, we were able to demonstrate electrophoretic, kinetic, and structural
      differences between HPRTAshville and normal HPRT. Electrophoretic migration of
      HPRTAshville has elevated Michaelis constants for 5-phosphoribosyl-1
      pyrophosphate and hypoxanthine. Predicted secondary structural alterations may
      result from the aspartic acid to glycine substitution.

PMID- 2909538
TI  - Angiotensin II induces c-fos mRNA in aortic smooth muscle. Role of Ca2+
      mobilization and protein kinase C activation.
AB  - Vasoconstrictors such as angiotensin II (Ang II) play an important role in the
      pathogenesis of hypertension. These agonists may be responsible for the abnormal
      vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) growth seen in hypertension, either indirectly
      as a consequence of elevating blood pressure or directly as a result of receptor
      mediated effects on VSMC growth. To investigate whether Ang II might directly
      initiate or modulate some of the "early" genetic programs associated with growth
      in VSMC, the expression of the proto-oncogene c-fos was studied in cultured rat
      aortic VSMC. Ang II rapidly induced the accumulation of c-fos mRNA, with maximal
      levels occurring at approximately 30 min. Induction of c-fos mRNA by Ang II was
      concentration-dependent, with a maximal response at 100 nM. Ang II induction of c
      fos mRNA was blocked by its competitive inhibitor, [sarcosine 1,isoleucine
      8]angiotensin II. Induction of c-fos mRNA was not dependent upon Ang II
      stimulated intracellular alkalinization or activation of Na+/H+ exchange, but was
      dependent upon mobilization of intracellular Ca2+ and protein kinase C
      activation. Epidermal growth factor, a VSMC mitogen, also induced c-fos mRNA in
      VSMC, but by a mechanism different from that of Ang II. These results demonstrate
      that the vasoconstrictor hormone Ang II induces in VSMC one of the earliest
      genes, c-fos, associated with the proliferative response.

PMID- 2909539
TI  - Molecular cloning of the type 5, iron-containing, tartrate-resistant acid
      phosphatase from human placenta.
AB  - The type 5, iron-containing, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TR-AP)
      constitutes a relatively minor intracellular isozyme of acid phosphatase in the
      human that is immunologically related to uteroferrin, a secreted progesterone
      induced protein of the porcine uterus. Here, the purification of small amounts of
      TR-AP from human placenta is described. When a placental lambda gt11 cDNA library
      was screened with two short 32P-labeled cDNA clones from within the coding region
      of uteroferrin, a 1412-base pair cDNA was identified that encodes the entire
      human TR-AP isozyme. This cDNA contains an open reading frame of 969 base pairs,
      corresponding to a protein of 323 amino acids. A putative signal sequence of 19
      amino acids and two potential glycosylation sites are present. The deduced amino
      acid sequence of the human TR-AP is 85% identical to that of porcine uteroferrin
      (whose sequence is also reported here in complete form for the first time) and
      82% identical to the corresponding regions of a partial amino acid sequence of a
      bovine spleen phosphoprotein phosphatase. Northern blotting techniques employing
      a labeled TR-AP cDNA probe revealed the presence of a 1.5-kilobase transcript in
      white cells from a patient with hairy cell leukemia, in human K562
      erythroleukemic cells, and in Epstein-Barr virus-transformed human B-cells, but
      not in a human T-cell line. Culture of K562 cells in presence of 10(-8) M phorbol
      12-myristate 13-acetate ester for 48-72 h enhanced TR-AP activity per cell about
      30-fold and led to a corresponding increase in TR-AP mRNA levels.

PMID- 2909540
TI  - Post-transcriptional regulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase mRNA
      in rat liver. Glucocorticoids block the stabilization caused by thyroid hormones.
AB  - Administration of dexamethasone to hypophysectomized rats treated with thyroid
      hormones blocked the increase in hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A
      (HMG-CoA) reductase mRNA and enzyme activity which occurred in response to
      thyroid hormone treatment. The rate of transcription of the rat liver HMG-CoA
      reductase gene measured by "run-on" assays in isolated nuclei was not diminished
      by dexamethasone. The half-life of HMG-CoA reductase mRNA was decreased from 12
      15 to 2-3 h by dexamethasone treatment of hypophysectomized rats fed thyroid
      powder. Adrenalectomy caused the half-life of HMG-CoA reductase mRNA to increase
      from 3 to 10 h, suggesting that endogenous glucocorticoids also regulate
      reductase mRNA stability. Reductase mRNA levels were increased only 5-fold in
      thyroidectomized rats fed thyroid powder compared to a 20- to 40-fold increase in
      similarly treated hypophysectomized rats. In thyroidectomized rats, reductase
      mRNA had a half-life of only 1.5 h. Thyroid hormone treatment increased this to
      4.5 h, significantly less than that of similarly treated hypophysectomized rats.
      Hydrocortisone, like dexamethasone, lowered reductase mRNA levels, but the
      biologically inactive analogue epihydrocortisone did not affect reductase mRNA or
      activity. These results suggest that glucocorticoids decrease the abundance of
      HMG-CoA reductase mRNA by stimulating its degradation.

PMID- 2909541
TI  - Phosphorylation of caldesmon prevents its interaction with smooth muscle myosin.
AB  - Caldesmon is known to bind to smooth muscle myosin. Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent
      phosphorylation of caldesmon completely blocks its interaction with myosin.
      Cleavage of caldesmon at its 2 cysteine residues by 2-nitro-5-thiocyanobenzoic
      acid (NTCB) occurs initially at one site to yield 108-kDa and 21.2-kDa peptides
      and subsequently at the second site within the 108-kDa peptide to yield 85-kDa
      and 23.5-kDa fragments. The 23.5-kDa peptide retains the ability to bind to
      myosin. The N-terminal (95 kDa) and C-terminal (42 kDa) chymotryptic peptides of
      caldesmon were isolated and digested with NTCB: the C-terminal actin- and
      calmodulin-binding peptide was not cleaved, indicating that it does not contain
      either of the cysteine residues, whereas the 95-kDa N-terminal peptide was
      cleaved at two sites to yield 56-kDa, 23.5-kDa, and 21.2-kDa fragments. The
      arrangement of NTCB fragments in caldesmon is, therefore: 21.2 kDa/23.5 kDa/85
      kDa from N to C terminus. Digestion of phosphorylated caldesmon with NTCB
      suggested a single phosphorylation site in the 21.2-kDa peptide and three sites
      in the 23.5-kDa peptide. These results lead to the development of a model whereby
      caldesmon may cross-link actin to myosin and such cross-linking is blocked by
      phosphorylation of caldesmon. This mechanism may explain the formation of
      reversible "latch bridges" which permit force maintenance at low levels of myosin
      phosphorylation in intact smooth muscles.

PMID- 2909542
TI  - Dual mechanisms of platelet hormone receptor desensitization. Differential
      importance between agonists of protein kinase C-dependent and -independent
      pathways.
AB  - Several different agonists, among them alpha-thrombin, platelet-activating
      factor, vasopressin, thromboxane A2, and endoperoxides, activate platelets to
      aggregate and secrete granular contents. Each of these agents is thought to act
      by inducing the turnover of inositol phospholipids and generating the second
      messenger molecules inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and 1,2-diacylglycerol. However,
      within minutes, the action of these agonists desensitizes. We have studied the
      characteristics of this desensitization process for the agonists mentioned above
      in an attempt to clarify the mechanisms involved. Our results show that two
      different pathways of desensitization exist, one that is mediated by protein
      kinase C and another that is independent of this enzyme. In addition, the
      contribution of these pathways to desensitization differs for the agonists
      studied. Our data suggest that partial agonists and strong agonists differ in the
      rate at which the primary response is desensitized rather than in their ability
      to couple to phospholipase C.

PMID- 2909543
TI  - Synchronized oscillations in cytoplasmic free calcium concentration in confluent
      bradykinin-stimulated bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cell monolayers.
AB  - Bradykinin-evoked rises in [Ca2+]i were measured in fura-2-loaded bovine
      pulmonary artery endothelial cell monolayers by dual wavelength excitation
      fluorimetry. In monolayers seeded thinly and grown to confluence, bradykinin, in
      the presence of external Ca2+, evoked a rise in [Ca2+]i composed of an initial
      peak and subsequent oscillating plateau. In the absence of external Ca2+,
      bradykinin evoked a rise in [Ca2+]i which then returned to the basal value
      without oscillating. In monolayers seeded near confluent density, the bradykinin
      evoked peak in [Ca2+]i was followed by a steady plateau which showed no
      oscillation. The addition of the phorbol ester, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate, to a
      monolayer during bradykinin-evoked oscillations abolished the oscillations and
      lowered [Ca2+]i partway back toward the basal level. The addition of the protein
      kinase C inhibitor, H7, did not abolish oscillatory activity, although the
      frequency of oscillation was reduced. These results indicate that synchronized
      oscillatory activity can occur in endothelial cell monolayers. It is suggested
      that these oscillations are dependent on intercellular coupling developed when
      the cells are grown to confluence and that the mechanism responsible for
      generating oscillations in [Ca2+]i requires extracellular Ca2+ and involves
      protein kinase C.

PMID- 2909544
TI  - Identification and regulation of a rat liver cDNA encoding farnesyl pyrophosphate
      synthetase.
AB  - CR39 is a cholesterol-repressible rat liver cDNA previously isolated by
      differential hybridization (Clarke, C.F., Tanaka, R.D., Svenson, K., Wamsley, M.,
      Fogelman, A.M., and Edwards, P.A. (1987) Mol. Cell. Biol. 7, 3138-3146). To
      precisely identify the function of CR39 a fusion protein was constructed that
      contained the amino-terminal region of the bacterial protein anthranilate
      synthetase fused to the full length CR39 polypeptide. Affinity purified antisera
      directed against the fusion protein inactivated rat liver cytosolic
      prenyltransferase activity in vitro. In addition, affinity purified antisera made
      to purified chicken prenyltransferase cross-reacted with the fusion protein
      containing CR39. Rat hepatic prenyltransferase activity and enzyme mass were
      quantitated in animals fed diets or drugs known to alter endogenous cholesterol
      biosynthesis. Rats fed a diet supplemented with cholestyramine and mevinolin
      showed a 3.5-fold increase in activity and a 5.0-fold increase in mass of
      cytosolic prenyltransferase. A diet supplemented with cholesterol resulted in
      approximately a 4.0-fold decrease in hepatic enzyme activity and a 10-fold
      decrease in enzyme mass. Under these same dietary regimens the mass of
      prenyltransferase in the testes remained unchanged. We conclude that CR39 encodes
      the prenyltransferase of cholesterol biosynthesis, farnesyl pyrophosphate
      synthetase. Furthermore, in the liver this enzyme shows coordinate regulation
      with two other enzymes, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase and 3-hydroxy-3
      methylglutaryl-CoA synthase, in response to cholesterol feeding and
      hypocholesterolemic drugs.

PMID- 2909545
TI  - MG-160. A novel sialoglycoprotein of the medial cisternae of the Golgi apparatus
      [published eeratum appears in J Biol Chem 1989 Mar 5;264(7):4264].
AB  - A monoclonal antibody (mAb 10A8), derived from mice immunized with fractions of
      the Golgi apparatus from rat brain neurons, was exploited to isolate and
      partially characterize a novel glycoprotein of 160 kDa apparent molecular mass
      which was localized by immunoelectron microscopy in medial cisternae of the Golgi
      apparatus of neurons, glia, pituitary cells, and rat pheochromocytoma (PC 12).
      The yield of immunoaffinity purified protein was 0.9 microgram/g of rat brain and
      represented 3% of the Golgi protein; the protein contained asparagine-linked
      carbohydrates and sialic acid and N-acetylglucosamine residues; unreduced protein
      had a greater electrophoretic mobility (130 kDa) consistent with the presence of
      intrachain disulfide bonds. The bulk of the glycoprotein resided within the
      membrane and/or luminal face of the Golgi cisternae. After extraction with Triton
      X-114, the glycoprotein was found in both aqueous and detergent phases. The
      monoclonal antibody did not inhibit the activities of Golgi enzymes or the uptake
      of nucleotide sugars by intact Golgi vesicles. The findings indicate that the 160
      kDa glycoprotein is a specific constituent of medial Golgi cisternae. The results
      of this study lend support to the hypothesis that the distributions of
      glycosyltransferases in the Golgi apparatus are cell specific, since in neurons
      this sialic acid containing glycoprotein is found in medial rather than in trans
      and/or in the trans Golgi reticulum cisternae, where sialyltransferases have been
      localized in other cells. Alternatively, resident neuronal Golgi
      sialoglycoproteins may acquire sialic acid in trans elements of the apparatus and
      then shuttle back in medial cisternae.

PMID- 2909546
TI  - An upstream region of the rat luteinizing hormone beta gene binds estrogen
      receptor and confers estrogen responsiveness.
AB  - Regulation of gonadotropin gene expression by sex steroids may occur via direct
      effects on the pituitary and/or by indirect effects of steroid on the
      hypothalamus. To study direct estrogen regulation of the rat luteinizing hormone
      beta (LH beta) gene, we performed estrogen receptor-DNA binding studies and
      transient expression gene transfer experiments. Nitrocellulose filter binding
      studies were performed with purified estrogen receptor from calf uterus and
      labeled fragments of the LH beta gene. Dose-dependent specific binding to
      receptor occurred only with LH beta gene fragments containing a common 284-base
      region from -1388 to -1105 bases upstream from the transcriptional start site.
      This DNA region contained a 15-base imperfect palindromic region
      (GGACACCATCTGTCC) with sequence similarity to other estrogen-responsive elements.
      Biological function was tested by inserting portions of the 5'-flanking region of
      the gene next to the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase promoter fused to the
      chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene (LH beta-tkCAT) and performing gene
      transfer experiments with the pituitary GH3 cell line. Promoter activity in LH
      beta-tkCAT constructs containing LH beta gene sequences from bases -2013 to -613,
      or from bases -1388 to -613 in either orientation, exhibited stimulation with 17
      beta-estradiol (E2) treatment; in contrast, constructs containing bases -885 to 
      613 were not regulated by E2. Positive regulation by E2 exhibited dose- and time
      dependent stimulation, with a maximum 2- to 6-fold effect achieved after 48 h of
      treatment with 10(-8) M E2. The estrogen receptor appeared to be required for
      this biological response. Stimulation of LH beta-tkCAT constructs did not occur
      in L cells with undetectable levels of E2 receptor, but did occur after
      cotransfection of an LH beta-tkCAT construct and an expression vector containing
      the human estrogen receptor cDNA. These studies demonstrate that a 5'-flanking
      region of the rat LH beta gene can bind to the estrogen receptor and that this
      region can confer hormonal responsiveness to a heterologous promoter. Thus,
      positive steroid regulation of luteinizing hormone may occur directly on the
      pituitary at the level of the LH beta gene.

PMID- 2909547
TI  - A 2.0-A structure of the blue copper protein (cupredoxin) from Alcaligenes
      faecalis S-6.
AB  - The structure of a blue copper protein, cupredoxin, from the potent denitrifying
      bacterium Alcaligenes faecalis S-6, has been determined and refined against 2 A x
      ray diffraction data. The agreement between observed and calculated structure
      factors is 0.159, and estimated errors in coordinates are 0.09-0.15 A. The
      protein folds in a beta sandwich similar to plastocyanin and azurin and includes
      features such as a "kink" and a "tyrosine loop" which have been noted previously
      for these proteins as well as immunoglobulins. The copper is bound by four
      ligands, in a distorted tetrahedral arrangement, with Cu-S gamma = 2.07 A (Cys
      78), Cu-N delta 1 = 2.10 and 2.21 for His-40 and His-81, and Cu-S delta = 2.69 A
      (Met-86). Two of the ligands are further oriented by hydrogen bonds either to
      other side chains (Asn-9 to His-40), backbone atoms (NH...S) or a water molecule
      (to His-40). The methionine ligand has no extra constraints. The C-terminal loop
      containing three of the ligands is hydrogen-bonded to the strand containing His
      40 by hydrogen bonds between the conserved residues Thr-79 and Asn-41. The
      pronounced dichroism of the crystal is a result of the orientation of the normal
      to the C beta-S gamma-Cu plane parallel to the crystallographic 6-fold axis.

PMID- 2909548
TI  - Evidence against the importance in the disease process of antibodies to bovine
      thyroid-stimulating hormone found in some patients with Graves' disease.
AB  - The antibody to TSH (TSH-Ab) found in some patients with Graves' disease may be
      either an antiidiotype (anti-id-Ab) to the TSH receptor antibody (TRAb) or the
      antigen (idiotype) for which the anti-id-Ab is in fact TRAb. Four groups have
      found antibodies to bovine TSH (bTSH-Ab) in Graves' disease patients in a TSH
      binding-inhibiting immunoglobulin (TBII) RRA that uses [125I]bTSH. In this assay
      serum samples containing bTSH-Ab give highly negative TBII values. The purpose of
      this study was to look for any clinical significance of potential idiotypic
      antiidiotypic network regulation related to bTSH-Ab. Twenty-one (0.49%) of 4285
      Graves' disease patients had TBII values less than the mean -4 SD of normal
      subjects. In all 21, bTSH-Ab was found by incubation of [125I]bTSH with the
      patient's serum, and significant inhibition of binding of bTSH-Ab to bTSH by
      human TSH was found in only 3 of these serum samples. We investigated next
      whether the binding site of the anti-TSH-Ab mimicked the TSH receptor-binding
      site. Binding of [125I]bTSH to bTSH-Ab-positive serum was not inhibited by bTSH
      Ab-negative, thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin-positive [(+)], and/or TBII(+)
      immunoglobulin G. In one patient with human TSH-Ab, TSH-Ab appeared and
      disappeared, and when TSH-Ab was negative, TBII was positive. Inhibition of
      [125I]bTSH binding to TSH-Ab by the same patient's serum when that patient was
      serum thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin(+), TBII(+), and TSH-Ab-negative was
      sought but not found. Changes in serum TSH-Ab activity and disease activity were
      not correlated in this patient. In six untreated patients with Graves'
      hyperthyroidism with bTSH-Ab, the serum T3 and T4 concentrations and the time
      required to become euthyroid during antithyroid drug treatment were not
      significantly different from those in 52 such patients without bTSH-Ab. These
      data suggest that bTSH-Ab is not an anti-id-Ab to TRAb and that TSH-Ab does not
      directly modulate the activity of Graves' disease.

PMID- 2909549
TI  - Safe and effective treatment of osteoporosis with intermittent slow release
      sodium fluoride: augmentation of vertebral bone mass and inhibition of fractures.
AB  - The value of intermittent slow release sodium fluoride treatment in the
      management of osteoporosis was studied by a comprehensive metabolic and clinical
      assessment during a long term trial. Its effect was compared with that of a large
      dose of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25-(OH)2D] given for a short period preceding
      each fluoride treatment period in another group of randomly selected patients.
      The 24 patients in group I (3 idiopathic and 21 postmenopausal) received cyclic
      treatment in repeated 5-month cycles; each cycle was initiated by 1,25-(OH)2D (2
      micrograms/day) for 2 weeks, followed for 3 months by sodium fluoride (slow
      release, 25 mg twice daily) with 25-hydroxyvitamin D (50 micrograms twice weekly)
      and calcium supplements (to bring total calcium intake to 1500 mg/day), and was
      concluded by 6 weeks of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and calcium supplementation without
      sodium fluoride. The 21 patients in group II (3 idiopathic and 18 postmenopausal)
      received the same treatment, except for the omission of 1,25-(OH)2D. In both
      groups, the serum fluoride level was maintained within 5-10 mumol/L (95-190
      ng/mL) during fluoride treatment, and serum osteocalcin concentrations correlated
      positively with the duration of treatment. However, vertebral bone mineral
      content (L2-L4) did not increase significantly in group I, whereas it rose
      significantly in group II (fractional change, +0.031/2.4 yr in group I vs. +
      0.118/2.9 yr in group II; P less than 0.005). Although bone histomorphometric
      analyses disclosed overall improvement in both groups, only group II had
      significant increases in the mineral apposition rate [0.5 +/- 0.2 (+/- SE) to 1.4
      +/- 0.2 micron/day; P less than 0.05] and the adjusted apposition rate (0.2 +/-
      0.1 to 0.7 +/- 0.1 micron/day; P = 0.04). The vertebral fracture rate
      significantly declined in both groups, but more so in group II. Excluding the
      first year of treatment, the fracture rate during treatment in group II of
      0.03/patient yr was significantly lower than that of 0.28/patient yr in group I
      (P less than 0.05). The treatment was well tolerated in both groups; only 16% of
      patients had either gastrointestinal or rheumatic complications. We conclude that
      intermittent sodium fluoride treatment without 1,25-(OH)2D provides safe and
      effective treatment of osteoporosis, marked by formation of new adequately
      mineralized bone, a rise in vertebral bone mass, and reduced frequency of
      vertebral fractures. The addition of 1,25-(OH)2D treatment before initiation of
      each fluoride phase yielded a less favorable response.

PMID- 2909550
TI  - Effect of oral zinc administration on prolactin and thymulin circulating levels
      in patients with chronic renal failure.
AB  - High serum PRL and low zinc (Zn) levels are common findings in patients with
      chronic renal failure (CRF); in such patients serum Zn concentrations have been
      reported to be inversely correlated to serum PRL levels. Moreover, Zn regulates
      both thymus growth and the biological activity of the thymic hormone thymulin,
      and PRL-thymic interrelationships have been described. To determine whether
      hypozincemia alters serum PRL and plasma thymulin concentrations in CRF, 9 men
      with CRF treated by chronic hemodialysis were given 400 mg/day Zn sulfate, orally
      (4.96 meq/day Zn), for 6 months. Before treatment, serum PRL levels were
      significantly higher (P less than 0.001) in these patients than in normal men
      [mean, 28.7 +/- 20.7 (+/-SD) vs. 7.5 +/- 3.7 micrograms/L], and their serum PRL
      response to TRH (200 micrograms, iv) was impaired (mean maximal percent increase,
      38.2 +/- 10.9 vs. 641 +/- 335; P less than 0.001). The plasma Zn-bound bioactive
      thymulin titer (1.3 +/- 0.7 1/log2), total thymulin titer (Zn-bound plus Zn
      unbound forms, 2.1 +/- 0.8 1/log2), and serum Zn (13.1 +/- 2.4 mumol/L) were
      lower (P less than 0.001) in men with CRF than in normal men. Zn therapy did not
      induce any significant change in basal and TRH-stimulated serum PRL levels, while
      serum Zn levels significantly increased, reaching the normal range after the
      first week of treatment (17.8 +/- 6.3 mumol/L). Plasma total thymulin increased
      rapidly, reaching normal levels after 1 week, but Zn-bound thymulin increased
      modestly during the first month of treatment and more after 3 and 6 months of
      treatment. There was no age-related difference in plasma thymulin levels during
      therapy. We conclude that oral Zn administration in patients with CRF
      significantly increases both total and Zn-bound thymulin, but does not modify
      basal and TRH-stimulated serum PRL levels. The observation that Zn
      supplementation markedly increased plasma thymulin levels in uremic patients
      suggests that Zn is a potent stimulus for thymic hormone synthesis, and it can
      reverse the age-related diminution of thymic activity in CRF patients.

PMID- 2909552
TI  - Effects of estrogens and calcium on calcitonin secretion in postmenopausal women.
AB  - The protective action of estrogens on bone mass may be mediated by an increase in
      calcitonin (CT) secretion. We reevaluated this hypothesis using a method for
      measuring CT in extracts of serum that allows sensitive specific measurement of
      CT monomer. We studied seven healthy postmenopausal women before and on the 7th
      and 28th days of each of three 4-week treatment periods: estrogen (estradiol
      valerate; 2 mg/day), calcium supplement (1500 mg/day), and estrogen plus calcium;
      the three cycles were separated by intervals of 4 weeks. Serum extractable CT
      (exCT) levels were measured before and after a short calcium stimulation test (2
      mg Ca/kg in 5 min) to assess the C-cell secretory response on each day. Estrogen
      had the expected biological effects, decreasing (P less than 0.05) serum
      gonadotropin concentrations and fasting or 24-h urinary calcium excretion. The
      calcium supplement caused a significant increase in 24-h urinary calcium
      excretion. However, there was no increase in basal or stimulated serum exCT
      levels during any of the three cycles. On the contrary, basal serum exCT
      concentrations decreased slightly but significantly during estrogen treatment
      from 1.9 +/- 0.5 (+/- SE) to 1.5 +/- 0.4 ng/L on day 7 and 1.2 +/- 0.2 ng/L on
      day 28 (P less than 0.05). This decrease in basal exCT levels did not occur
      during the combined estrogen and calcium administration period, probably because
      the slight decrease in serum calcium induced by estrogen did not occur during
      combined estrogen and calcium administration. In summary, estrogens do not
      stimulate CT secretion; variations in serum exCT levels appear to be related to
      the changes in bone metabolism induced by estrogens.

PMID- 2909551
TI  - Regional adiposity patterns in relation to lipids, lipoprotein cholesterol, and
      lipoprotein subfraction mass in men.
AB  - Anatomical adipose tissue distribution patterns are reported to relate to plasma
      lipids and risk of cardiovascular disease. Waist to hip girth ratios (WHR) and
      subscapular 10 triceps skinfold thickness ratios (STR) were compared with percent
      body fat and body mass index values as correlates of plasma lipids and
      lipoprotein cholesterol and serum lipoprotein subfraction mass by analytic
      ultracentrifugation in 81 sedentary middle-aged men in a typical range of
      adiposity. WHR was significantly and positively correlated with plasma
      concentrations of triglycerides, cholesterol, and low and very low density
      lipoprotein (LDL and VLDL) cholesterol and inversely correlated with high density
      lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. STR followed these trends, though less strongly,
      in relation to plasma triglycerides, VLDL cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol.
      Pronounced differences were found between regional adiposity patterns in their
      relationships to lipoprotein subfractions, as determined by analytic
      ultracentrifugation. WHR was negatively correlated with HDL2 (flotation rate
      F(1.2) 3.5-9), positively with small LDL (S.f 0-7), intermediate density
      lipoprotein (S.f 12-20), and VLDL (S.f 20-400), while STR correlated with larger
      LDL (S.f 7-12) and larger VLDL (S.f 60-400). Overall adiposity was not
      significantly associated with plasma lipoprotein levels after adjusting for
      regional adiposity patterns. Plasma sex hormone-binding globulin and percent free
      testosterone were associated with regional adiposity, but did not account for the
      correlations between WHR and lipoproteins. WHR and STR are measures of fat
      distribution that correlate with plasma lipoprotein profiles consistent with
      cardiovascular disease risk and have different relationships to lipoprotein mass
      subfractions.

PMID- 2909553
TI  - Effects of growth hormone on the tempo of sexual maturation in female rhesus
      monkeys.
AB  - The signal that initiates and maintains the developmental change in LHRH and,
      consequently, LH secretion in primates, thus regulating the tempo of puberty, is
      not known. Given the close association between reproductive development and bone
      maturation, we examined the hypothesis that GH was involved in developmental
      increases in LH release, specifically by augmenting the decrease in estradiol
      (E2) negative feedback inhibition of LH that characterizes late puberty in
      primates. Recombinant human GH (rhGH; 250 micrograms/kg) was given (sc) three
      times weekly to immature female rhesus monkeys to determine if developmental
      increases in basal serum LH would occur at an earlier age, and if menarche and
      first ovulation also would be advanced. The study groups included intact females
      receiving rhGH (INT + GH; n = 5), intact control animals (INT; n = 6),
      ovariectomized females receiving E2 plus rhGH (E2OVX + GH; n = 5), and E2-treated
      ovariectomized control monkeys (E2OVX; n = 4). The females were studied from 20
      months of age until their serum LH levels increased (E2OVX groups) or until the
      occurrence of first ovulation (intact groups). After 12 months of rhGH treatment,
      the crown-rump lengths were significantly increased, regardless of ovarian
      status, an effect maintained in the intact females through 21 months of
      treatment. The mean age at the time of the initial rise in serum LH was advanced
      by rhGH treatment in intact females (29.6 +/- 0.4 vs. 31.3 +/- 0.3 months), but
      not E2OVX females. Subsequent maturational elevations in LH secretion were
      similar in the E2OVS + GH and E2OVX animals even after an incremental increase in
      E2. Ages at menarche were similar in the INT + GH and INT groups, whereas first
      ovulation was significantly advanced in three of five INT + GH females (31.5 +/-
      0.7 months) compared to that in INT females (43.5 +/- 0.3 months). The remaining
      INT + GH females ovulated at an age (42.4 +/- 0.4 months) similar to that of INT
      females. Those females that ovulated by 32 months had higher skeletal maturity
      scores than the later ovulating INT females, with the other INT + GH females
      being intermediate. Furthermore, rhGH resulted in a significant increase in serum
      E2 levels within 12 h of injection, which remained elevated through 24 h. This
      effect of rhGH on ovarian E2 secretion did not occur until females had shown
      elevations in basal serum LH.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2909554
TI  - Increased deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis of autonomously functioning thyroid
      adenomas: independent of but further stimulable by thyrotropin.
AB  - The percentage of cells in the S/G2M fraction and the cytosol deoxythymidine
      kinase activity (TKA) were measured in autonomously functioning thyroid adenomas
      (AFTA) and paranodular tissue (PNT), with special regard to the impact of the
      patient's serum TSH concentration on DNA synthesis. The S/G2M fraction was
      determined by means of DNA flow cytometry, and TKA was determined by radioenzyme
      assay. The S/G2M fraction of AFTA (n = 15, median; 7.1%; range, 3.2-9.2%)
      exceeded the S/G2M fraction of normal thyroid tissue (n = 8; median, 2.8%; range,
      2.3-4.0%; P = 0.008) and in 12 of 13 AFTA was 1.2- to 2.3-fold higher than the
      S/G2M fraction in the corresponding PNT (median, 4.0%; range, 2.5-6.7%; P =
      0.0022). TKA of AFTA (n = 15; median, 681 microIU/mg; range, 432-854 microIU/mg)
      exceeded TKA of normal thyroid tissue (n = 8; median, 356 microIU/mg; range, 194
      426 microIU/mg; P = 0.0001) and was 1.1- to 4.2-fold increased compared with TKA
      activity in the corresponding PNT (median, 430 microIU/mg; range, 162-570
      microIU/mg; P = 0.001). In the absence of measurable serum TSH there was a
      constant increase in the S/G2M fractions and the TKA in AFTA vs. those in PNT. In
      patients treated with methimazole with serum TSH concentrations of 0.5 mIU/L or
      more, the S/G2M fraction and TKA in both AFTA and PNT were significantly higher
      than those in untreated patients with serum TSH concentrations of 0.5 mIU/L or
      less. In the majority of AFTA, functional autonomy and increased DNA synthesis
      are concomitant phenomena. Although TSH may stimulate DNA synthesis in both AFTA
      and PNT, measurable serum TSH concentrations are apparently not essential for DNA
      synthesis.

PMID- 2909555
TI  - Influence of antiopioids on luteinizing hormone pulsatility in aging men.
AB  - To investigate whether changes in opioid tone play a role in the age-associated
      changes in LH release in men, the influence of an antiopioid, naltrexone, on
      plasma LH levels and LH pulses was studied in a group of young and elderly normal
      men. The young and elderly men had similar basal LH pulse frequencies, but the
      frequency of high amplitude (greater than 2 IU/L) LH pulses, mean LH pulse
      amplitude, maximal LH pulse amplitude and pulse area, were lower in the elderly
      men. Naltrexone administration (40 mg at 0630 and 2200 h the day before blood
      sampling and at 0630 h, 30 min before starting frequent blood sampling at 10-min
      intervals for 12 h) to young men (n = 8) induced a significant increase in
      individual mean baseline plasma LH levels, LH pulse frequency, and the sum of LH
      pulse amplitudes. In elderly men (n = 11) only a borderline significant increase
      in baseline plasma LH levels occurred, and neither LH pulse frequency nor the sum
      of the amplitudes of LH pulses increased. We suggest that in elderly men either
      opioid tone or the response of the gonadotrophs to endogenous LHRH is decreased.

PMID- 2909556
TI  - ACC anniversary seminar. Introduction.

PMID- 2909557
TI  - Coil embolization to occlude aortopulmonary collateral vessels and shunts in
      patients with congenital heart disease.
AB  - Gianturco coils were used to embolize 77 vessels in 54 patients: 58
      aortopulmonary collateral vessels, 14 Blalock-Taussig shunts, 3 arteries involved
      in pulmonary sequestrations and 2 venae cavae. Embolization resulted in total
      occlusion in 53 (69%), subtotal occlusion in 19 (25%) and partial occlusion in 3
      (1 intentional). Two embolizations failed to reduce flow. Thus, 72 (95%) of 76
      embolizations in which complete occlusion was the intended result resulted in
      total or subtotal occlusion. Analysis of the results demonstrates that completely
      occluded collateral vessels were longer and had a smaller diameter than did
      incompletely occluded vessels. Complications included six cases of inadvertent
      embolization to the pulmonary arteries (n = 5) or the aorta (n = 1); three were
      retrieved and three were left without symptoms. In addition, there was a case of
      severe hemolysis after intentional partial occlusion of a Blalock-Taussig shunt.
      The results demonstrate that coil embolization can be an effective procedure for
      managing a wide variety of aorto-pulmonary collateral vessels and shunts in
      children with congenital heart disease.

PMID- 2909558
TI  - Endomyocardial biopsy in hemochromatosis: clinicopathologic correlates in six
      cases.
AB  - Clinical and pathologic features of cardiac hemochromatosis diagnosed by
      endomyocardial biopsy in six men, aged 32 to 75 years (mean 52), are described.
      Echocardiography demonstrated left ventricular enlargement and marked global
      systolic dysfunction in five. Cardiac catheterization demonstrated normal
      coronary arteries, increased left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and
      decreased left ventricular systolic function in all five so studied. Stainable
      iron was present in all endomyocardial biopsy specimens from the five patients
      with decreased left ventricular systolic function. Histologically, iron was
      detected only within the sarcoplasm, and its extent varied inversely with
      ventricular function. Thus, cardiac hemochromatosis represents a storage rather
      than an infiltrative disease. These results indicate that stainable iron is
      consistently observed in endomyocardial biopsy specimens from patients with
      impaired left ventricular systolic function. Iron staining is recommended for
      endomyocardial biopsy specimens from patients with idiopathic cardiac
      dysfunction.

PMID- 2909559
TI  - Combined automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator and pacemaker systems:
      implantation techniques and follow-up.
AB  - The automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (AICD) effectively prevents
      death due to ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation. Some patients
      who need an AICD also require cardiac pacing to treat symptomatic bradycardia,
      bradycardia after defibrillation, or to provide a rate floor to reduce the
      frequency of bradycardia-related ventricular arrhythmias. Some patients also can
      benefit from antitachycardia pacing. A mapping technique to implant a pacemaker
      and AICD sensing leads is presented. For patients with a pacemaker who later need
      an AICD, the left ventricle is mapped with use of the AICD rate-sensing
      electrodes to identify a site at which the minimal pacemaker stimulus and maximal
      ventricular electrogram amplitudes are recorded. An external cardioverter
      defibrillator that has amplifiers similar to those in the AICD is used to monitor
      the rate-sensing electrogram. For patients with an implanted AICD, pacemaker
      implantation is undertaken by mapping the right ventricle with the pacemaker lead
      while the AICD is in standby mode; the AICD beep monitor is then used to
      determine a site where pacemaker stimulus detection by the AICD does not occur.
      Eight patients underwent implantation of a combined AICD-pacemaker system (four
      ventricular antitachycardia pacemakers, three ventricular demand pacemakers and
      one atrial demand pacemaker). Neither inhibition of AICD arrhythmia detection nor
      double counting occurred. Satisfactory AICD-pacemaker function was shown in all
      patients postoperatively, and no pacemaker malfunction was observed. Thus, with
      currently available technology, a combined AICD-pacemaker system can be implanted
      with satisfactory function of both devices and without adverse device-device
      interactions.

PMID- 2909560
TI  - Combined automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator and pacemaker
      systems...

PMID- 2909561
TI  - Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition for congestive heart failure:
      achievements and potential.

PMID- 2909562
TI  - Clinical experience with sotalol in patients with drug-refractory ventricular
      arrhythmias.
AB  - Sixty-five patients with symptomatic, drug-refractory, sustained ventricular
      tachycardia or fibrillation were treated with oral sotalol (80 to 480 mg twice
      daily). Sotalol was withdrawn in 11 patients because of continued inducibility of
      ventricular tachycardia at the time of follow-up electrophysiologic study.
      Therefore, the clinical effectiveness of sotalol could be evaluated in 54
      patients followed up for 11.5 +/- 6 months (range 0.2 to 25). The actuarial
      incidence of successful sotalol therapy was 54 +/- 13% at 6 months and 47 +/- 13%
      at 12 months. In 39 patients who underwent electrophysiologic testing while
      receiving oral sotalol, the drug prevented the reinduction of ventricular
      tachycardia/fibrillation in 8 (20%). During follow-up study, arrhythmia recurred
      in 1 (17%) of 6 patients whose ventricular tachycardia was noninducible with oral
      sotalol and in 8 (44%) of 18 with inducible tachycardia but who were continued on
      oral sotalol therapy. Adverse effects were noted in 28 patients (42%), requiring
      drug withdrawal in 13 (22%) and dose reduction after hospital discharge in 10
      (15%). Exacerbation of ventricular arrhythmia occurred in six patients (9%), one
      of whom had associated hypokalemia. Sotalol is frequently useful in the control
      of intractable, life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias, and its efficacy
      appears to be predicted by programmed stimulation. However, there is a high rate
      of limiting side effects, which precludes its use in a large number of patients,
      and a substantial risk of arrhythmia exacerbation.

PMID- 2909564
TI  - Direct surgery for ventricular tachycardia: is nonguided misguided?

PMID- 2909563
TI  - Treatment of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias with nonguided surgery
      supported by electrophysiologic testing and drug therapy.
AB  - Forty-six patients who had coronary artery disease, left ventricular aneurysm and
      life-threatening ventricular tachyarrhythmia underwent surgical treatment to
      eliminate or facilitate control of the arrhythmia. Surgery was performed without
      the assistance of intraoperative mapping techniques. Forty-three patients
      underwent preoperative or postoperative electrophysiologic testing, or both, and
      antiarrhythmic therapy was added, when indicated, postoperatively. The patients
      had a mean age of 63 years, a mean preoperative left ventricular ejection
      fraction of 27 +/- 9% and a mean preoperative left ventricular end-diastolic
      pressure of 23 +/- 9 mm Hg. Twenty-one patients (46%) underwent surgical
      treatment within 2 months of their last myocardial infarction. The overall
      operative mortality rate was 6.5% (three patients). Eighteen of the 43 operative
      survivors were discharged from the hospital on no antiarrhythmic therapy, whereas
      25 received additional antiarrhythmic treatment. During a mean follow-up period
      of 36 months (range 2 to 88), there were 13 deaths; eight patients died suddenly,
      three died of congestive heart failure, one of myocardial reinfarction and one
      from a noncardiac cause. The overall cumulative cardiac mortality rate at 1, 2
      and 3 years was 16, 22 and 35%, respectively, whereas the sudden cardiac death
      rate was 5, 12 and 20%, respectively. This experience suggests that high risk
      patients who undergo nonguided surgery for life-threatening ventricular
      arrhythmia and left ventricular aneurysm have a relatively low surgical mortality
      and a better long-term survival than previously reported. However, if utilized,
      such an approach must be systematically supported by perioperative
      electrophysiologic testing to determine the need for supplemental antiarrhythmic
      therapy.

PMID- 2909565
TI  - Effects of ventricular fibrillation and defibrillation on pacing threshold in the
      anesthetized dog.
AB  - The effects of transthoracic and internal defibrillation on the bipolar
      ventricular pacing threshold in 20 anesthetized dogs were examined. Ventricular
      pacing was accomplished with a computer-controlled, constant voltage pacemaker
      that permitted rapid determination of pacing threshold. Defibrillation at various
      energy levels was administered during ventricular pacing and after ventricular
      fibrillation of 5, 15, 30, 45, 60 or 120 s duration in the 20 dogs.
      Defibrillation during pacing or within 15 s after initiation of ventricular
      fibrillation did not significantly increase threshold, regardless of
      defibrillation energy or mode of delivery. Defibrillation after ventricular
      fibrillation lasting greater than or equal to 30 s increased (p less than 0.05)
      threshold determined 6 s after defibrillation. The increase in threshold (in
      volts) determined 6 s after defibrillation was an exponential function of
      fibrillation duration (30 s = 0.30 +/- 0.09 V; 45 s = 0.53 +/- 0.13 V; 60 s =
      2.24 +/- 1.05 V), but was independent of defibrillation energy or mode of
      delivery. Threshold returned to control values 15 to 30 s after defibrillation.
      Cardiopulmonary bypass to maintain coronary perfusion prevented the increase in
      pacing threshold even after ventricular fibrillation of up to 2 min duration.
      Pacing threshold is not increased by transthoracic or internal defibrillation,
      but is increased by ventricular fibrillation of sufficient duration to create
      substantial myocardial hypoxemia.

PMID- 2909566
TI  - Prolonged abnormalities of left ventricular diastolic wall thinning in the
      "stunned" myocardium in conscious dogs: time course and relation to systolic
      function.
AB  - Myocardial reperfusion after reversible ischemia is known to be associated with
      prolonged abnormalities of systolic contractile function (myocardial "stunning").
      However, no information is available regarding the recovery of diastolic function
      in the stunned myocardium in the conscious state. Accordingly, 10 conscious dogs
      instrumented with pulsed Doppler thickening probes underwent a 15 min occlusion
      of the left anterior descending coronary artery followed by 7 days of
      reperfusion. Regional systolic function was assessed as net systolic thickening
      fraction. Left ventricular regional diastolic properties were estimated from two
      variables: the mean rate to half end-diastolic thinning and the late diastolic
      thinning fraction. Both indexes of diastolic function remained severely impaired
      after restoration of flow. In general, the recovery of the mean rate to half end
      diastolic thinning and of the late diastolic thinning fraction paralleled the
      recovery of systolic thickening, but the impairment of the mean rate to half end
      diastolic thinning was more marked than that of the late diastolic thinning
      fraction. At 4 h of reperfusion, the values for the mean rate to half end
      diastolic thinning and the late diastolic thinning fraction (expressed as percent
      of baseline) were 57 +/- 5% (p less than 0.001 versus baseline) and 79 +/- 7% (p
      less than 0.05), respectively, whereas systolic thickening fraction averaged 52
      +/- 10% (p less than 0.001). At 24 h, the mean rate to half end-diastolic
      thinning and the late diastolic thinning fraction were no longer significantly
      different from baseline, whereas systolic thickening fraction remained decreased
      at 82 +/- 4% (p less than 0.001) and returned to control values by 48 h. This
      study demonstrates the presence of profound, prolonged abnormalities of regional
      diastolic wall thinning after a brief episode of ischemia in the conscious state
      and expands the concept of myocardial stunning from the traditional notion of
      impaired systolic performance to that of a global derangement in mechanical
      function that involves both systolic and diastolic properties.

PMID- 2909567
TI  - Decreased coronary flow reserve after transient myocardial ischemia in dogs.
AB  - The effect of a transient (15 min) period of regional ischemia on coronary flow
      reserve in the postischemic myocardium was studied in 24 open chest dogs.
      Coronary flow was measured with electromagnetic flow probes, and flow reserve was
      determined during reactive hyperemia after 30 s coronary occlusions and during
      intracoronary infusions of adenosine. Measures of flow reserve after 15 min of
      ischemia were made after coronary flow returned to basal levels and flow reserve
      was then monitored for 1 h. All measures of coronary flow reserve were
      significantly reduced after transient ischemia: peak flows during reactive
      hyperemia and intracoronary adenosine infusions decreased by 20 and 24%,
      respectively, the peak/basal flow ratio by 16% and the repayment/debt ratio by
      54%; minimal coronary vascular resistance during reactive hyperemia and
      intracoronary adenosine increased by 29 and 33%, respectively. Abnormal flow
      reserve was present for at least 1 h. No changes in flow reserve were detected in
      control animals over the same time period. Thus, a transient period of myocardial
      ischemia significantly decreases coronary flow reserve for a prolonged period of
      time. This "vascular stunning" must be considered when flow reserve is used to
      assess the functional significance of a coronary stenosis and could be the cause
      of variable exercise tolerance in patients with angina pectoris.

PMID- 2909568
TI  - Quantitation of myocardial perfusion by contrast echocardiography: analysis of
      contrast gray level appearance variables and intracyclic variability.
AB  - Hand-agitated diatrizoate meglumine/diatrizoate sodium (MD-76) was injected above
      the aortic valve in seven dogs during two-dimensional echocardiographic imaging
      to determine the ability of contrast appearance variables (i.e., peak background
      subtracted gray level intensity, time to peak contrast appearance and maximal
      slope of the contrast appearance curve) to predict myocardial blood flow.
      Regional perfusion was altered by a critical coronary stenosis (around the left
      anterior descending coronary artery) or by administering intracoronary adenosine
      (into the left circumflex coronary artery), or both. Changes in regional blood
      flow between control and interventions were compared with the changes in the
      contrast appearance variables. In addition, the ability of intracyclic
      variability of gray level intensity to predict myocardial perfusion was assessed.
      In the determination of absolute myocardial perfusion, background-subtracted peak
      gray level intensity and the maximal slope of the appearance curve demonstrated a
      fair correlation (r = 0.67 and 0.51, respectively, p less than 0.0001). However,
      time to peak contrast appearance did not correlate (r = 0.14, p = 0.31).
      Intracyclic variability of gray level intensity at control (before contrast
      injection) and after contrast injection also did not correlate with perfusion (r
      = 0.18 and 0.06, respectively). In the evaluation of relative changes in
      myocardial blood flow, the percent change in the maximal slope of the appearance
      curve correlated with the percent change in blood flow (r = 0.77, p less than
      0.0001). Seven of the eight regions with greater than 3.5-fold increase in blood
      flow were identified by an increase in maximal slope of greater than
      50%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2909569
TI  - Ventricular defibrillation using biphasic waveforms: the importance of phasic
      duration.
AB  - Biphasic waveforms can be used to defibrillate the heart with less energy than
      that used by monophasic waveforms. In 14 anesthetized open chest dogs with large
      contoured defibrillation electrodes, the effect on defibrillation efficacy of
      varying the duration of the two phases of biphasic waveforms was studied. All
      combinations of 0, 1, 3.5, 6 and 8.5 ms duration were used for both the first and
      the second phase except for the meaningless case in which both durations were 0
      ms. The 3.5-2 waveform (3.5 ms first phase and 2 ms second phase) was also
      tested. All the hearts were defibrillated with less than or equal to 5 joules
      using any of the 25 waveforms. However, biphasic waveforms with the second phase
      shorter than or equal to the first had significantly lower defibrillation
      thresholds than did those with the second phase longer than the first or than did
      monophasic waveforms of approximately the same total duration. A plot of
      defibrillation threshold current strength versus second phase duration for all
      biphasic waveforms with a 3.5 ms first phase did not produce a hyperbolic
      strength-duration curve as seen with monophasic waveforms. To verify these
      findings, defibrillation dose-response curves were obtained for the 3.5-2, 6-6
      and 3.5-8.5 biphasic waveforms in another six dogs. The 50 and 80% successful
      voltage doses of the 3.5-8.5 waveforms were significantly higher than those of
      the other two waveforms, which were not different from one another.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2909570
TI  - Shortening of ventriculoatrial intervals with left bundle branch block during
      orthodromic reciprocating tachycardia in three patients with a right-sided
      accessory atrioventricular pathway.
AB  - Previous studies of the effects of bundle branch block on ventriculoatrial (VA)
      intervals during orthodromic reciprocating tachycardia have focused on the timing
      of the atrial electrograms. However, left bundle branch block importantly affects
      the timing of initial ventricular activation, and this effect would also be
      expected to affect VA intervals during orthodromic reciprocating tachycardia.
      Presented here are three patients with a single right-sided accessory
      atrioventricular pathway exhibiting left bundle branch block during orthodromic
      reciprocating tachycardia. Each had shortening of the VA interval by 10 to 30 ms
      during left bundle branch block beats. This shortening was accompanied by a
      nearly equal increase in the HV interval, with the His bundle to atrial interval
      remaining constant. It is concluded that the timing of ventricular as well as
      atrial electrograms impacts on the VA intervals with left bundle branch block
      beats during orthodromic reciprocating tachycardia. With left bundle branch
      block, delay in initial left septal activation results in later onset of the QRS
      complex and, with right ventricular activation occurring normally, shortening of
      the VA interval occurs in patients with a right-sided pathway.

PMID- 2909571
TI  - Fluid dynamics model of mitral valve flow: description with in vitro validation.
AB  - A lumped variable fluid dynamics model of mitral valve blood flow is described
      that is applicable to both Doppler echocardiography and invasive hemodynamic
      measurement. Given left atrial and ventricular compliance, initial pressures and
      mitral valve impedance, the model predicts the time course of mitral flow and
      atrial and ventricular pressure. The predictions of this mathematic formulation
      have been tested in an in vitro analog of the left heart in which mitral valve
      area and atrial and ventricular compliance can be accurately controlled. For the
      situation of constant chamber compliance, transmitral gradient is predicted to
      decay as a parabolic curve, and this has been confirmed in the in vitro model
      with r greater than 0.99 in all cases for a range of orifice area from 0.3 to 3.0
      cm2, initial pressure gradient from 2.4 to 14.2 mm Hg and net chamber compliance
      from 16 to 29 cc/mm Hg. This mathematic formulation of transmitral flow should
      help to unify the Doppler echocardiographic and catheterization assessment of
      mitral stenosis and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction.

PMID- 2909572
TI  - Doppler color flow evaluation of prosthetic mitral valves: experimental
      epicardial studies.
AB  - More than 300 epicardial Doppler color flow mapping studies on 23 different types
      of clinical and preclinical valves were performed after implantation in the
      mitral position in sheep. The transducers were placed directly on the heart to
      obtain the greatest possible resolution. Studies were performed in each animal
      under different hemodynamic conditions by varying heart rate and cardiac output.
      Eighty-six valves were studied late (20 to 52 weeks), whereas the remainder were
      studied early (0 to 10 days) after operation. The valves included 3 types of ball
      and cage valves, 3 types of disc and cage valves, 7 types of tilting disc valves,
      1 type of bileaflet hemidisc mechanical valve, 13 types of porcine aortic valves
      and 5 types of bovine pericardial valves. The results of these studies were
      compared with those obtained in 40 studies of 20 native mitral valves. Doppler
      color velocity/flow profiles were imaged in real time with simultaneous
      electrocardiographic gating; the aortic flow was also displayed for the timing of
      velocity/flow events. Native normal mitral valves had no in-orifice flow
      disturbances and laminar low velocity/flow directed toward the left ventricular
      apex. Ball and cage and disc and cage valves had high velocity peripheral jets
      and vortices of velocity/flow reversals distal to the occluders. Tilting disc
      valves had differing velocity/flow patterns determined by their orientation in
      the mitral anulus. Bileaflet hemidisc valves had three jets, which decayed 1.5 cm
      downstream. Porcine aortic and bovine pericardial bioprosthetic valves had high
      velocity, turbulent, nonaxisymmetric jets (more severe for the latter).(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2909573
TI  - Spatial velocity distribution and acceleration in serial subvalve tunnel and
      valvular obstructions: an in vitro study using Doppler color flow mapping.
AB  - To evaluate the spatial distribution of flow velocities, turbulence and spatial
      acceleration in serial tunnel-valve obstruction, Doppler color flow mapping was
      performed in a pulsatile flow model with a tunnel obstruction (1.0 or 1.5 cm2)
      inserted at 2, 20 and 40 mm proximal to a mildly stenotic bioprosthetic valve
      studied at flow rates of 1, 2.7 and 4.9 liters/min. Measured pressure gradients
      were consistently higher across the tunnel (mean +/- SD 32.7 +/- 26.5 mm Hg) than
      across the tunnel plus valve (28.8 +/- 26.9 mm Hg, p less than 0.01). Doppler
      color flow map images were analyzed using a Sony RGB video-digitizing computer,
      providing numerical velocity assignments for the blue, red and green (variance)
      pixel components to allow the flow maps to be constructed into digital velocity
      maps and pseudo three-dimensional velocity maps. The maximal velocity stream
      extended distal to the tunnel (2 to 19 mm), and the length of this extension
      correlated well with the pressure gradient measured across the tunnel (r = 0.89),
      with a rapidly decelerating and turbulent spray area seen immediately distal to
      the valve. Pressure gradient calculated from the maximal velocity derived from
      the color flow map, which could only be estimated from the velocity maps for the
      1.5 cm2 tunnel, correlated well with the gradient measured across the tunnel
      (18.0 +/- 14.1 versus 19.2 +/- 14.5 mm Hg, respectively, r = 0.98). Acceleration
      was seen proximal to both tunnels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2909574
TI  - Guidelines for ambulatory electrocardiography. A report of the American College
      of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Assessment of Diagnostic
      and Therapeutic Cardiovascular Procedures (Subcommittee on Ambulatory
      Electrocardiography).

PMID- 2909575
TI  - Detection of amiodarone pulmonary toxicity.

PMID- 2909576
TI  - Dilated cardiomyopathy in myotonic dystrophy.

PMID- 2909577
TI  - Quantitative exercise thallium-201 variables versus cardiac catheterization.

PMID- 2909578
TI  - Elderly patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a subset with distinctive left
      ventricular morphology and progressive clinical course late in life.
AB  - This report describes a subgroup of 52 elderly patients with obstructive
      hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in whom certain clinical and morphologic features
      differed importantly from those of many other patients with this disease. Ages
      ranged from 60 to 84 years (mean 69) and 45 [87%] were women. Echocardiographic
      examination showed a relatively small heart, having only modest ventricular
      septal hypertrophy associated with marked distortion of left ventricular outflow
      tract morphology. By virtue of selection, left ventricular outflow tract size at
      end-diastole was substantially reduced, and anterior displacement of the mitral
      valve within the left ventricular cavity was particularly marked. Sizable
      deposits of calcium in the region of the mitral anulus, posterior to the mitral
      valve, appeared to contribute to the outflow tract narrowing. Systolic anterior
      motion of the mitral valve was severe (with apposition of the mitral valve and
      ventricular septum) in 32 patients and more moderate in 20. The mechanism by
      which systolic contact between the mitral valve and septum occurred in most
      patients appeared to differ from that observed more typically in many other
      patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; in most elderly study patients,
      anterior excursion of the mitral valve leaflets was relatively restricted, and
      systolic apposition between the mitral valve and septum resulted from a
      combination of anterior motion of the mitral valve and posterior excursion of the
      septum. The vast majority (50 of 52) of the patients remained asymptomatic (or
      only mildly symptomatic) for most of their lives and often did not develop severe
      and intractable symptoms until the 6th or 7th decade (ages 56 to 81 years; mean
      66). Of the 49 patients with at least 1 year follow-up study, only 12 had
      improvement with pharmacologic therapy; however, 14 of the 18 patients who
      underwent ventricular septal myotomy-myectomy or mitral valve replacement
      obtained symptomatic benefit from operation. In conclusion, obstructive
      hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in many elderly (and predominantly female) patients
      may assume a distinctive morphologic appearance and a progressive clinical
      course. This subgroup of patients appears to constitute an important segment of
      the disease spectrum of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy of cardiac disease in the
      elderly that previously has not been precisely defined nor fully appreciated.

PMID- 2909579
TI  - An acquired disease component in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: new clinical
      clarifications.

PMID- 2909580
TI  - Radionuclide angiographic assessment of left ventricular diastolic filling in
      amyloid heart disease: a study of patients with familial amyloid polyneuropathy.
AB  - To assess left ventricular diastolic filling in amyloid heart disease, 17
      patients with familial amyloid polyneuropathy and 20 normal subjects were
      examined by radionuclide angiography. None of the patients showed clinical
      evidence of restrictive cardiomyopathy. All but two patients had normal left
      ventricular ejection fraction. Peak filling rate was significantly lower and time
      to peak filling rate was significantly greater in patients than in normal
      subjects (2.60 +/- 0.52 versus 3.10 +/- 0.44 EDV/s, p less than 0.001, and 215 +/
      53 versus 147 +/- 18 ms, p less than 0.001, respectively). The mean left
      ventricular filling volume during rapid diastolic filling and atrial systole in
      patients was 54.5 +/- 19.5% and 44.2 +/- 21.6% of the stroke volume,
      respectively, compared with 83.8 +/- 6.6% (p less than 0.001) and 20.0 +/- 6.0%
      (p less than 0.001), respectively, in normal subjects. Although 10 of the 14
      patients without clinical evidence of overt heart disease had normal ventricular
      wall thickness as well as normal ejection fraction, 8 of the 10 showed abnormal
      diastolic filling. In patients with familial amyloid polyneuropathy, indexes of
      diastolic filling were significantly related to ventricular wall thickness alone.
      The incidence and magnitude of abnormalities in time to peak filling rate and
      contribution of rapid filling as well as atrial systole to ventricular filling
      increased with age and duration of illness. Thus, abnormal diastolic filling can
      be seen even in the early stage of familial amyloid polyneuropathy and may be
      related to myocardial amyloid deposition as well as to fibrosis. Careful
      consideration should be given to age and duration of illness when diastolic
      filling is assessed in this disorder.

PMID- 2909581
TI  - Diastolic dysfunction in amyloid heart disease: restrictive cardiomyopathy or
      not?

PMID- 2909582
TI  - The St. Jude valve prosthesis: analysis of the clinical results in 815 implants
      and the need for systemic anticoagulation.
AB  - Between July 1979 and December 1984, 785 patients received 815 St. Jude Medical
      valve prostheses. Valve-related mortality in the follow-up period was due to
      thromboembolism in seven cases, anticoagulant-related hemorrhage in three and
      perivalvular leak in two. Freedom from valve-related death or reoperation at 3
      years was 96.4% for aortic valve replacement and 98.3% for mitral valve
      replacement. The overall rate of thromboembolism was 2.6%/patient-year with
      warfarin, 9.2%/patient-year with antiplatelet medication and 15.6%/patient-year
      in patients with no anticoagulant therapy. One episode of thrombotic obstruction
      of a mitral valve, in a patient receiving no anticoagulant therapy, resulted in
      an occurrence rate of such obstruction of 0.22%/patient-year. Valve replacement
      with the St. Jude valve produced excellent clinical results, but long-term
      anticoagulation with warfarin was required to minimize thromboembolic
      complications. The use of antiplatelet agents alone provided inadequate
      protection.

PMID- 2909583
TI  - Aortic regurgitation: a common complication after surgery for hypertrophic
      obstructive cardiomyopathy.
AB  - Surgical ventriculomyectomy and ventriculomyotomy by the aortic approach are safe
      and effective methods of relieving symptoms and obstruction to left ventricular
      outflow in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. With the
      addition of Doppler ultrasound to the routine follow-up assessment of these
      patients an unexpectedly high occurrence of aortic regurgitation was found in the
      postoperative patients. Because aortic regurgitation has been reported to rarely
      accompany this condition, 67 patients with hypertrophic obstructive
      cardiomyopathy were studied clinically and with Doppler echocardiography for the
      presence and severity of aortic regurgitation. Severity of the regurgitation was
      quantitated by pulsed or color Doppler echocardiography according to the length
      and width of the regurgitant jet in at least two views. In 37 patients with
      hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy who did not undergo surgery, aortic
      regurgitation was detected in only 1 (3%) by Doppler ultrasound and in none
      clinically. In 52 patients who did undergo surgery and were studied a mean of 7.8
      years postoperatively, aortic regurgitation of trivial to moderate degree was
      common, being detected in 28 (54%) by Doppler ultrasound and in 6 (12%)
      clinically. In a subgroup of 22 patients who were studied preoperatively and
      again early postoperatively (mean 6 weeks), new aortic regurgitation was found in
      8 (36%) and was graded as trivial in all. Aortic regurgitation is a common
      complication related to ventriculomyectomy and ventriculomyotomy in patients with
      hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Although initially trivial, the
      regurgitation may progress in severity over time. The regurgitation has been well
      tolerated in all patients studied to date.

PMID- 2909584
TI  - Accuracy of cardiac output measured by continuous wave Doppler echocardiography
      during dynamic exercise testing in the supine position in patients with coronary
      artery disease.
AB  - To estimate the accuracy of cardiac output measured by continuous wave Doppler
      echocardiography from the suprasternal notch and the utility of this method for
      evaluating left ventricular function during dynamic exercise, simultaneous
      thermodilution and Doppler cardiac output were measured in 34 patients with
      coronary artery disease during multistage ergometer exercise in the supine
      position. Cardiac output was measured at rest and during each stage of exercise.
      Twenty-five of the 34 patients whose thermodilution curves were adequate for
      analysis were studied during exercise. The correlation coefficient for the two
      methods was 0.85 at rest and 0.84 during exercise. Differences between the two
      methods were not significant at rest but were significant during exercise, with
      the thermodilution method giving the higher values. Underestimation by the
      Doppler method is probably due to technical problems and changes in aortic
      diameter during exercise. The 25 patients were classified into two groups
      according to pulmonary artery wedge pressure at peak exercise. There were 11
      patients in Group 1 pressure (greater than or equal to 20 mm Hg at peak exercise)
      and 14 in Group 2 pressure (less than 20 mm Hg at peak exercise). There were
      significant differences in the change in cardiac index and in peak aortic
      velocity from rest to peak exercise between the two groups. A significant linear
      correlation between the percent change in peak aortic velocity and in pulmonary
      artery wedge pressure from rest to peak exercise was observed (r = -0.66, p less
      than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2909585
TI  - Transesophageal Doppler color flow imaging in the detection of native and Bjork
      Shiley mitral valve regurgitation.
AB  - Regurgitant blood flow of mitral valves was studied by transesophageal Doppler
      color flow echocardiographic imaging in 11 healthy volunteers (Group 1), 25
      cardiac patients with a native mitral valve (Group 2), 10 patients with a
      normally functioning Bjork-Shiley mitral prosthesis without clinical evidence of
      mitral regurgitation (Group 3) and 10 patients with angiographic or surgical
      evidence of Bjork-Shiley mitral valve regurgitation (Group 4). Holosystolic
      regurgitant color jets were classified as type I or type II. The data were
      compared with results obtained with precordial techniques, i.e., continuous wave
      and Doppler color flow echocardiographic imaging (Groups 1 to 4) and left
      ventricular angiography or surgery (Groups 2 and 4). In Group 1, transesophageal
      Doppler color flow imaging revealed no mitral regurgitant flow in 7 of the 11
      patients and a type I jet in 4 patients that was detected in only 1 patient by
      precordial techniques. In Group 2, angiography showed no mitral regurgitation in
      20 patients and documented mitral regurgitation in 5. Transesophageal Doppler
      color flow imaging detected in 4 of the 20 patients a type I jet that was not
      visualized with precordial techniques in 2 patients. Type II jets were detected
      by the transesophageal technique in all five patients with proven mitral
      regurgitation and were also visualized with precordial echocardiography. All
      patients in Group 3 showed two identical type I jets that were not detected with
      precordial echocardiography.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2909586
TI  - Suggested guidelines for use by dietitians in the interpretation of indirect
      calorimetry data.

PMID- 2909587
TI  - Position of the American Dietetic Association: nutrition management of adolescent
      pregnancy.

PMID- 2909588
TI  - More reflections on the 100th monkey.

PMID- 2909589
TI  - Eating disorders: the clinical dietitian's changing role.

PMID- 2909590
TI  - The dietitian as the nutrition counselor: the 1989 Journal.

PMID- 2909591
TI  - Eating disorders among selected female student populations at UCLA.
AB  - Seven hundred sixteen female UCLA students--drawn from Primary Care Clinic,
      Women's Health Clinic, sorority, athletic team, dance major, and undergraduate
      psychology class populations--completed questionnaires regarding eating disorders
      symptoms and attitudes compatible with the diagnostic criteria published by the
      American Psychiatric Association in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, (3rd
      ed., DSM-III), the Eating Disorders Inventory, and related information. The
      purpose of the study was to determine the prevalence of eating disorders and
      eating disorder-related symptoms in particular subgroups for targeting
      intervention and prevention programs. Although between 7.5% and 46% of subgroup
      populations reported the presence of individual eating disorder-related symptoms,
      the prevalence of active eating disorders for the group as a whole at the time of
      the survey was 2.1%, with the prevalence of disorders at any time during life
      4.8%, using DSM-III diagnosis. The Eating Disorders Inventory scores for the
      group as a whole were comparable with norms reported by other researchers in the
      literature. Primary Care Clinic attenders and dance majors reported the highest
      rates of symptoms and disorders, while athletes reported the lowest rates.

PMID- 2909592
TI  - Energy intake and dietary macronutrient content in women with anorexia nervosa
      and volunteers.
AB  - This study was designed to compare the dietary intakes of patients with anorexia
      nervosa and normal controls. Twenty-four patients hospitalized for treatment of
      anorexia nervosa were compared with 10 normal controls. Patients ate a self
      selected diet and maintained their admission weight to within 1.0 kg during this
      period (19 +/- 3 days). Food chosen by each subject was weighed before and after
      meals, and intake was determined to be the difference. Intakes of food energy,
      protein, fat, and carbohydrate were calculated. Patients were closely monitored
      to ensure that no disposal of food occurred. Patients with anorexia nervosa had a
      mean daily energy intake of 1,017 +/- 54 kcal (mean +/- SEM), significantly lower
      than the mean energy intake for controls (1,651 +/- 108 kcal). Similarly, mean
      intakes of macronutrients (41 +/- 4 gm protein, 34 +/- 2 gm fat, and 136 +/- 9 gm
      carbohydrate) were significantly lower for patients than for controls (68.5 +/-
      gm protein, 65 +/- 6 gm fat, and 204 +/- 13 gm carbohydrate). However, when
      protein, fat, and carbohydrate were assessed as a percent of total calories,
      there were no significant differences between patients and controls. There were
      also no significant differences in calories consumed per kilogram body weight.
      Underweight patients with anorexia nervosa who maintain their weight on an
      unrestricted hospital diet have energy intake per kilogram body weight and
      dietary macronutrient content indistinguishable from those of normal women.

PMID- 2909593
TI  - Relationship between nutrient intake, body mass index, menstrual function, and
      ballet injury.
AB  - The effects of inadequate nutrition, menstrual dysfunction, and low body weight
      on the injury rate of ballerinas were studied. Forty-nine female ballet dancers,
      mean age 18.7 years, completed food frequency and injury questionnaires. Subjects
      were placed in one of two groups: those with an intake less than 70% of the
      Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for key nutrients and those with an intake
      greater than 70% of the RDA for key nutrients. Sixty-nine percent of the dancers
      had intakes less than 70% of the RDA and were randomly assigned to either a
      vitamin/mineral supplement or to placebo for 6 months. The remaining dancers with
      diets adequate (greater than 70% RDA) in key nutrients received no treatment. All
      groups were questioned monthly about the incidence, severity, and nature of
      ballet injuries. Information regarding menses and height and weight was obtained.
      There were no significant differences in the severity or type of injuries among
      the dancers in the supplement, placebo, or no treatment groups. Dancers with
      abnormal menses had more bone injuries (mean = 15.00) than normally menstruating
      dancers (mean = 4.97) (p less than .05). Dancers with a Body Mass Index less than
      19.0 spent more days with a low-grade injury (mean = 24.05) than dancers with a
      greater BMI (mean = 11.63) (p less than .05). There appears to be a relationship
      between dance injuries and both BMI and menstrual function.

PMID- 2909594
TI  - Nutrition and growth retardation in 10 children with congenital deaf-blindness.
AB  - This study describes the nutritional intake, growth, and early food habits of 10
      Norwegian children born deaf and blind. They were 1 girl and 9 boys aged 8 to 23
      years. A 4-day dietary record, anthropometric measurements, and interviews with
      the parents were obtained. The children had energy intakes below or in the lower
      range of the reference values given in the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs).
      Intakes of vitamins and minerals were acceptable when supplements were taken into
      account. Despite low physical activity, all pupils were thin. The interviews with
      the parents revealed early and serious feeding problems that arose at weaning. At
      the same time, growth retardation was registered for a majority of the pupils.
      All pupils were described as strikingly thin while growing up. We conclude that
      the early feeding problems were so pronounced that malnutrition may be considered
      a contributing factor to the growth retardation.

PMID- 2909595
TI  - The team concept in supervised practice: benefits for students and preceptors.
AB  - Economic pressures in health care today make it difficult for many practitioners
      to provide educational opportunities for dietetic students. Staff members at
      practice settings, with increased responsibilities on the job, stipulate
      limitations on the numbers of students and request that they be better prepared.
      Dietetic educators are faced with maintaining the quality of supervised practice,
      particularly for new students, in spite of reduced availability of practice
      settings and time limitations of staff preceptors. An option is the multiple
      assignment--a technique in which students function as a team. Three students,
      each with a set of specialized objectives, cooperate in the care of one patient:
      One is the doer, one is the resource person, and one is the evaluator. This
      methodology was adapted to dietetics, and a pilot project was conducted in a
      hospital setting. Three student teams (nine students), three clinical preceptors,
      and one faculty member participated. Students achieved at high levels and
      demonstrated great satisfaction in their supervised practice. For staff
      preceptors, the team approach reduced student-related time involvement by one
      half and promoted the quality of student performance. Guidelines for further
      application of the model are given.

PMID- 2909596
TI  - A nutrition/health training program for Peace Corps volunteers.
AB  - Nutrition and health education is a crucial component of the overall mission of
      the Peace Corps program. Individuals selected to work as Peace Corps volunteers
      need to be well prepared to perform this complex and challenging job in recipient
      countries. This article presents a model for a training program for Peace Corps
      trainees that was conducted over a 5-week period. The program was planned in
      accordance with some specific training guidelines that were provided by the Peace
      Corps. The trainees included nine women ranging in age from 22 to 61 years with
      diverse backgrounds; however, all had a BA/BS in a health-related discipline.
      Training curriculum included fundamental nutrition and health-related areas:
      basic nutrition, foods, clinical nutrition, maternal and child health,
      communicable diseases and sanitation, health strategies, and community
      development. Fifty percent of the curriculum was devoted to "hands-on" practical
      and clinical activities. Maternal and child health was emphasized in the training
      curriculum as this is an area of concern in all developing countries. The
      trainees were evaluated by weekly quizzes as well as completion of a special
      project involving applications of all their newly acquired skills. Implications
      of the training program are discussed.

PMID- 2909597
TI  - Southeast Asian renal exchange list.
AB  - More than 340,000 Southeast Asians (SE Asians) have immigrated to the United
      States since 1971. By 1984, 76,000 SE Asians had settled in California. In areas
      of the U.S. with large SE Asian populations, many foods specific to those people
      are readily available. Approximately 5% of the total U.S. population has medical
      problems that lead to kidney disease. Many SE Asian refugees have prior medical
      problems, such as hepatitis B, that may make them at significantly higher risk
      for kidney disease. A modified renal exchange list (excluding milk, carbohydrate
      supplement, and fat group) was developed. This list, made up of foods readily
      available and commonly eaten by the largest group of SE Asian immigrants, the
      Vietnamese, categorizes foods by protein, potassium, and caloric content. A
      separate list, indicating the phosphorus content of these foods, is also
      included. Asian grocery stores were visited to identify foods available for
      purchase by SE Asians. The foods were identified, and nutrient composition was
      found in food composition tables. Because the Vietnamese diet is high in
      potassium and sodium, planning renal diets poses problems for both patients and
      dietitians. Close monitoring of diet can retard the progression of renal disease.
      An exchange list such as this assists both dietitians and renal patients in this
      important task.

PMID- 2909598
TI  - Eating patterns and weight concerns of college women.

PMID- 2909599
TI  - Symptoms of anorexia nervosa in female university dietetic majors.

PMID- 2909600
TI  - Relationship of body image and dietary intake of competitive ice skaters.

PMID- 2909601
TI  - The yield of a home visit in the assessment of geriatric patients.
AB  - Elderly patients often have problems not easily detected during an office visit.
      We investigated the yield of a home visit by a geriatric nurse specialist as part
      of an interdisciplinary assessment process. Compared with the findings of an
      office-based assessment by a general internist, the home visit resulted in up to
      four new problems (median = 2, mean = 1.7, 95% confidence interval = 1.5-1.8) and
      one to eight new recommendations (median = 4, mean = 3.6, 95% confidence interval
      = 3.4-3.9). Twenty-three percent of the problems could have resulted in death or
      significant morbidity. The most frequent problems related to psychobehavioral
      difficulties (23.1% of problems involving 38.3% of patients), safety (21.6% of
      problems involving 35.7% of patients), and caregiver related problems (20.4% of
      problems involving 33.8% of patients). The most common recommendations related to
      safety (30.7% of recommendations involving 81.8% of patients), caregiver well
      being (19.8% of recommendations involving 52.6% of patients), and social issues
      (12.7% involving 33.8% of patients). Baseline clinical information did not
      predict the yield of the home visit in this sample. We conclude that an in-home
      assessment contributes unique and meaningful information to the geriatric
      assessment process.

PMID- 2909602
TI  - Benefit from admission to a geriatric assessment and rehabilitation unit.
      Discrepancy between health professional and client perception of improvement.
AB  - To determine differences in perception of benefit from a patient's admission to a
      geriatric Assessment and Rehabilitation Unit, we asked both medical and nursing
      staff (health team) and the patient and carer (clients) for their evaluation
      after discharge. The areas studied were functional ability, relief of the
      principal symptom, education about the principal problem, and development of
      coping skills. Of 94 patients studied, 58 patients were discharged to the
      community (52 to carers, 6 to live alone) and 36 to institutions. In the former
      group, the health team had a consistently higher perception of benefit than the
      clients (P less than .001). Factors positively predicting health team perception
      of benefit were a higher carer happiness, improvement in patient independence,
      and internalization of the patient's locus of control. A negative predictor was
      an increase in patients' responsibilities. Client perception of benefit was
      positively predicted by fewer problems with companionship and communication with
      others. The health team's perception rated the adequacy of patient education and
      development of coping skills more highly than did the clients. In the patients
      discharged to the community, their perception of benefit at 1 week was a good
      predictor of survival in the community to 6 weeks. The possible reasons for these
      differences in perception of benefit and their implications are discussed.

PMID- 2909603
TI  - Elderly patients admitted to the psychiatric unit of a general hospital.
AB  - Elderly psychiatric patients who are cared for in general hospital psychiatric
      settings have not been clearly characterized in the literature in terms of
      demographics, primary diagnoses, hospital course, and outcome. The authors
      reviewed charts of 168 patients over the age of 60 years admitted to a general
      hospital inpatient psychiatry unit over a 5-year period in order to develop a
      demographic and clinical profile of this patient population. Results indicated
      that the large majority of patients had affective syndromes; dementia was the
      second most common diagnosis. Length of stay correlated with severity of
      depressive illness, while a diagnosis of dementia was associated with a shorter
      hospitalization. Outcome measures showed favorable response to treatment in three
      fourths of this population of elderly psychiatric patients. These data suggest
      that the general hospital acute inpatient setting is well suited to care for the
      combined medical and mental illnesses of elderly psychiatric patients.

PMID- 2909604
TI  - Cortisol deficient state. A cause of reversible cognitive impairment and delirium
      in the elderly.
AB  - An elderly female who had suffered a stroke was admitted to the Jewish Institute
      for Geriatric Care (JIGC) for rehabilitation. Three years previously she was
      found to have a pituitary macroadenoma (prolactinoma) that was treated with
      radiation therapy. She had been on thyroid replacement for secondary
      hypothyroidism. Upon admission she was found to have severe cognitive impairment
      in association with a low plasma cortisol level. After treatment with prednisone
      there was a dramatic improvement in cognitive function and the patient was able
      to participate in a rehabilitation program.

PMID- 2909605
TI  - Do not resuscitate discussions in a hospital-based home care program.
AB  - Discussion of code status of a patient is usually raised in the inpatient
      setting, when patients are unable to participate because of their critical
      condition. In order to increase patient participation, code status was discussed
      in the homes of 37 chronically ill patients enrolled in a hospital-based home
      care program. Twenty patients or conservators did not want resuscitation
      performed in case of cardiac arrest. In this small, select group, outpatient code
      discussions benefited the patients, families, and health care providers.

PMID- 2909606
TI  - Valedictory.

PMID- 2909607
TI  - Salutatory.

PMID- 2909608
TI  - Agreement with Churchill: no rationing on the basis of age.

PMID- 2909609
TI  - Are too many drugs prescribed for the elderly after all?

PMID- 2909610
TI  - Anthropometric indicators and hip fracture. The NHANES I epidemiologic follow-up
      study.
AB  - A cohort of 3,595 white women aged 40-77 years was followed for an average of 10
      years during which 84 new cases of hip fracture were identified. Triceps skinfold
      thickness and arm muscle area measured at baseline were examined as possible risk
      factors for hip fracture controlling for physical activity, height, menopausal
      status, calcium consumption, and smoking. Of these variables only arm muscle
      area, triceps skinfold thickness, and activity in recreation were independent
      predictors of hip fracture incidence using the Cox proportional hazards model.
      After adjustment, the estimated relative risk of hip fracture was approximately
      two for an increment of each anthropometric indicator (adjusted for the other)
      equivalent to comparing those at the 25th percentile to those at the 75th
      percentile (maximum width of 95% confidence intervals, 1.2-2.9). Risk of hip
      fracture was approximately two-fold for persons who reported little recreational
      exercise compared to persons who reported much recreational exercise (95%
      confidence interval, 1.2-3.2). Our findings are the first evidence from a
      prospective study that anthropometric indicators besides body mass index may have
      an independent relationship to risk of hip fracture.

PMID- 2909611
TI  - Historical note on hoarseness in mitral valve disease.

PMID- 2909612
TI  - Thyroid hormones: blood levels do not define status of metabolism.

PMID- 2909613
TI  - Antigen processing and intracellular Ia. Possible roles of endocytosis and
      protein synthesis in Ia function.
AB  - Anti-I-A mAb and monovalent Fab fragments were used to explore the cellular
      distribution and endocytosis of I-A in peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) and TA3 B
      lymphoma-hybridoma cells. TA3 cells contained 1.6 x 10(5) I-A sites/cell, 22 to
      35% of which were intracellular. This intracellular pool was cycloheximide
      resistant. PEC contained 1.8 x 10(5) I-A sites/cell, 25 to 40% of which were
      intracellular. Upon adherence, however, the intracellular pool of I-A in PEC
      dropped to 2 to 11% of the total cellular I-A. Ag processing by TA3 cells was
      unaffected 3 h after abrogation of protein synthesis with cycloheximide,
      suggesting that newly synthesized I-A is not necessary for Ag processing in TA3
      cells (post-synthetic processing and transport of I-A to the plasma membrane were
      complete by 2 h in TA3 cells with or without cycloheximide, as assessed by
      sequential immunoprecipitation of surface and intracellular I-A). In adherent
      PEC, however, cycloheximide markedly inhibited Ag processing, suggesting
      depletion of factors necessary for Ag processing. Ag processing may involve
      binding of processed Ag peptides to intracellular Ia derived to varying degrees
      from both endocytosis and new biosynthesis. To explore the possibility of I-A
      recycling, I-A endocytosis was demonstrated using mAb and monovalent Fab probes;
      internalization occurred within 5 min and peaked by 10 to 15 min with 15 to 35%
      of bound antibody in an intracellular compartment, resistant to an acid wash.
      Subcellular density gradient fractionation demonstrated that I-A and transferrin
      were processed exclusively in an endosomal fraction of relatively light density,
      whereas ligands of the mannose receptor were processed in light endosomes and in
      a distinct, denser population of endosomes, and accumulated in lysosomes. Thus, I
      A appears to be internalized into a specific population of endosomes that may
      play a central role in Ag processing.

PMID- 2909614
TI  - Analysis of the natural polymeric forms of human properdin and their functions in
      complement activation.
AB  - Many of the anomalies observed in studies or properdin may be explained on the
      basis of its ability to form a series of multi-subunit polymers and by
      differences in the functions of these forms of properdin. Dimers (P2), trimers
      (P3), tetramers (P4), and higher Mr polymers (Pn) of the 46,000-Da subunit were
      separated by gel filtration or by cation exchange chromatography of purified
      properdin. The specific activity of each form was measured in two assays. The
      native properdin activity of P4 was 10 times that of P2 (on a molar basis) with
      the order: P4 greater than P3 greater than P2 greater than Pn. During C
      activation P4 was found to be consumed first, P3 second, and P2 last, consistent
      with their measured specific activities. Assays for activated properdin showed
      that only Pn caused fluid phase C consumption when incubated in serum at normal
      concentrations. Pn accumulated during long term storage of purified P and
      freezing rapidly converted the smaller oligomers to Pn. The isolated oligomers
      were extremely stable, but did redistribute after denaturation-renaturation
      cycles by using low pH or guanidine. Renaturation after exposure of any species
      to denaturing conditions yielded mixtures of 20:54:26 (P4:P3:P2). This
      distribution was almost identical to that found in fresh normal human serum or
      plasma, suggesting that a distinct distribution of oligomers exists in blood that
      provides the C system with an apparently advantageous range of specific
      activities.

PMID- 2909615
TI  - Characterization of the enhanced susceptibility of paroxysmal nocturnal
      hemoglobinuria erythrocytes to complement-mediated hemolysis initiated by cobra
      venom factor.
AB  - When whole serum C is activated by cobra venom factor complexes (CoFBb),
      paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) III E (the most C-sensitive type) are
      hemolyzed, but normal and PNH II E (the intermediately sensitive type) are not.
      Previous studies have shown that after exposure to CoFBb and serum, PNH III E
      bind relatively large amounts of the trimolecular C complex, C5b67, whereas
      normal and PNH II E bind virtually none. In the studies reported herein, we have
      observed that when normal and PNH III E are incubated with isolated C5, C6, and
      125I-C7 in the presence CoFBb, the normal E bind more C5b-7 than the PNH cells.
      When C7-deficient serum is included in the reaction mixture, however, the PNH E
      are once again observed to bind much greater amounts of C5b-7. These observations
      suggest that plasma and membrane factors act in concert to restrict the assembly
      of the trimolecular C5b-7 complex on human E. PNH III E appear to be deficient in
      the membrane component of this inhibitory system.

PMID- 2909616
TI  - Antigen-triggered membrane potential changes in IgE-sensitized rat basophilic
      leukemia cells: evidence for a repolarizing response that is important in the
      stimulation of cellular degranulation.
AB  - We have studied Ag-induced membrane potential changes of rat basophilic leukemia
      cells by using the potential-sensitive dye, bis-(1,3
      diethylthiobarbiturate)trimethineoxonol. A rapid membrane depolarization is
      triggered by a multivalent Ag, and it has a bell-shaped dose dependence that
      parallels the degranulation response but not the extent of cross-linking of the
      IgE-receptor complexes. As the temperature is reduced from 37 degrees C, this
      depolarization response slows and decreases in magnitude until complete
      inhibition is observed at 15 degrees C, similar to the temperature dependence
      previously observed for the Ag-stimulated rise in cytoplasmic Ca2+ and for
      degranulation. The results imply that a highly temperature-dependent step
      subsequent to Ag binding and cross-linking is necessary for the depolarization
      response. A partial return to the resting potential is seen to follow the
      depolarization response to Ag. This repolarization process is inhibited by
      quinidine.HCl and Ba2+ in parallel with an inhibition of the degranulation
      response. Repolarization is not affected by 4-aminopyridine or by the absence of
      K+ in the external buffer. These data suggest that the repolarization is caused
      by a previously uncharacterized K+ channel.

PMID- 2909617
TI  - Alterations in the antigenic structure of two major HSV-1 glycoproteins, gC and
      gB, influence immune regulation and susceptibility to murine herpes keratitis.
AB  - We previously demonstrated that anterior chamber (AC) injection of HSV-1 before
      or simultaneous with topical corneal HSV-1 infection resulted in cellular immune
      tolerance of HSV-1 Ag and a reduced frequency of corneal stromal lesions. In the
      present study, we have investigated the role of the HSV-1 cell-surface
      glycoproteins gC and gB in the induction of tolerance, and the resulting reduced
      susceptibility to HSV-1 corneal stromal disease. These studies utilized mutant
      strains of HSV-1 with deletion or point mutations in the gene coding for gC or
      gB. Groups of mice received topical corneal infections with wild-type HSV-1,
      followed by AC injection of the same eye with wild-type HSV-1 or a mutant strain.
      Varying the antigenic composition of the virus injected into the AC resulted in
      three distinct patterns of immune responsiveness. In agreement with our previous
      findings, AC injection of wild-type HSV-1 induced a state of HSV-1 specific
      tolerance that extended to both the delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) and CTL
      responses. A mutant strain lacking gC (gC-) induced partial tolerance
      characterized by undetectable CTL activity but a normal DTH response. A mutant
      strain lacking gB (gB-) caused partial suppression of the CTL response and no
      reduction of the DTH response. Thus, whereas gB may be involved in CTL tolerance
      induction in this model, gC clearly is not involved. In contrast, both gC and gB
      must be present in the AC to induce detectable DTH tolerance. The latter
      interpretation was strengthened by the observation that AC injection of a mixture
      of gC- (expressing normal gB) and gB- (expressing normal gC) effectively
      suppressed the DTH response to wild-type HSV-1. A panel of mar mutants with
      individual point mutations affecting gC and gB was used to identify the epitopes
      responsible for induction of DTH tolerance. Two of the gC mutants failed to
      induce DTH tolerance to wild-type HSV-1 when injected into the AC, suggesting
      that the sites on the gC molecule that are altered by these mutations are
      important for the induction of DTH tolerance. Similarly, one of the mar mutants
      for gB uniformly failed to suppress the DTH response, while another had a
      variable effect. The unique pattern of cellular immune reactivity exhibited by
      the mice receiving simultaneous topical corneal infection with wild-type HSV-1
      and AC injection of gC- (no CTL but normal DTH) was associated with significantly
      reduced susceptibility to HSV-1 corneal stromal lesions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      400 WORDS)

PMID- 2909618
TI  - Structural relationships among the H-2 D-regions of murine MHC haplotypes.
AB  - The number of genes encoding functional Ag-presenting molecules in the D region
      of the murine MHC differs among haplotypes. For example, the H-2b D region
      contains a single "D/L" gene, H-2Db, whereas the d-haplotype encodes two, H-2Dd
      and Ld. Using D/L specific oligonucleotide probes, we have found that, as with H
      2d, the q- and v-haplotypes contain two D/L genes, whereas the other haplotype
      examined have one. Hybridization analysis using cloned probes that map between H
      2Dd and Ld revealed similar structures in each of the three haplotypes (d, q, and
      v) which have "duplicated" D regions. Two approaches were used to examine allelic
      relationships among the D/L genes. First, the 5' region of the H-2Db gene was
      sequenced, and found to be more similar to H-2Ld than to H-2Dd. Second,
      oligonucleotide probes that distinguish H-2Ld from H-2Dd revealed H-2Ld-related
      genes in several haplotypes, including the duplicated haplotypes H-2q and H-2v.
      Analogous probes specific for H-2Dd, however, did not detect similar sequences in
      the other haplotypes. We interpret these results to mean that the three
      duplicated D regions arose from a common duplication event, and share the five
      gene structure of the D region cluster defined in H-2d. However, subsequent
      events have generated sequence divergence at the D-locus.

PMID- 2909619
TI  - HLA-B51 and HLA-Bw52 differ by only two amino acids which are in the helical
      region of the alpha 1 domain.
AB  - Genes encoding the serologically cross-reactive HLA-B51 and HLA-Bw52 molecules
      were isolated and the exons sequenced. HLA-B51 genes obtained from Caucasian and
      Oriental individuals were identical. HLA-Bw52 differs from HLA-B51 by four
      nucleotide substitutions in exon 2 encoding the alpha 1 domain. These comprise
      one isolated silent substitution in codon 23 and a cluster of three coding
      substitutions in codons 63 and 67. Amino acid substitutions of N----E at position
      63 and F----S at position 67 are the only differences between HLA-B51 and HLA
      Bw52 and these residues are postulated to form HLA-B51 specific epitopes. HLA-B51
      could have been formed from HLA-Bw52 by the combination of a genetic exchange
      with HLA-B8 and a point mutation. Similarity of HLA-B51 and HLA-Bw52 with HLA
      Bw58 suggest they also share a common ancestor.

PMID- 2909620
TI  - Ultrastructural changes in red blood cells following pulsed irradiation in vitro.
AB  - The careful choice of a combination of laser parameters such as wavelength, pulse
      duration, and dose has provided a means for confining laser energy to specific
      targets within tissue such as oxyhemoglobin within the cutaneous
      microvasculature. In the process of achieving such vascular selectivity, certain
      ultrastructural changes in red blood cell (RBC) cytoplasm have been observed,
      such as the generation of intracytoplasmic electron-lucent spherical structures.
      These structures, ranging in size from 80 to 1000A, were seen in RBCs exposed to
      laser doses at and above threshold, and appeared to represent a morphologically
      novel form of highly-specific tissue injury. This in vitro study using RBC in
      phosphate buffered saline (PBS) was undertaken to better understand the
      mechanism(s) that could have been responsible for these unique morphologic
      changes. We conclude that the intracytoplasmic electron-lucent spherical
      structures seen within RBCs were heat-fixed molds formed around vaporized water
      bubbles and were not produced by the release of oxygen from the oxyhemoglobin
      moiety during 577-nm laser irradiation.

PMID- 2909621
TI  - A method for predicting steady-state rate of skin penetration in vivo.
AB  - A simple in vivo method was proposed for predicting the steady-state rate of
      penetration of drugs across the stratum corneum. Both the diffusion coefficient
      and the partition coefficient in the stratum corneum can be determined by the
      amounts of drug in the stratum corneum at two time intervals under transient
      conditions after transdermal drug application. The amount of drug entering the
      stratum corneum is determined by 20 strippings with an adhesive tape. The steady
      state rate of penetration was then calculated for the thickness of the stratum
      corneum and the concentration of the donor solution. The steady-state rates of
      penetration of ascorbic acid and estradiol across hairless mouse skin were
      evaluated from this in vivo approach and compared with those obtained from in
      vitro penetration experiment using excised hairless mouse skin. The data
      confirmed that the proposed in vivo method can predict the steady-state rate of
      penetration of these drugs across the stratum corneum in normal skin.

PMID- 2909622
TI  - Covalently bound lipids of human stratum corneum.
AB  - In the present study, we demonstrate that human stratum corneum contains
      covalently bound lipids accounting for 1.4% of the dry weight of the tissue. The
      major component (53.3% of the total by weight) is a ceramide (CER-A) consisting
      of 30 through 34-carbon omega-hydroxyacids amide-linked to sphingosine. The other
      bound lipids in human stratum corneum include fatty acids (12.7%), omega-hydroxy
      acids (9.4%), and a second, more polar, omega-hydroxyacid-containing ceramide
      (CER-B, 24.8%). The predominant omega-hydroxyacids in both ceramides, as well as
      the free hydroxyacid fraction, are the 30-carbon saturated and 32- and 34-carbon
      monoenoic species. The bound fatty acids consist largely of 14 through 22-carbon
      saturated species, but significant proportions of monoenoic species and linoleic
      acid are also present. Psoriatic scale contains a similar total concentration of
      the same covalently bound lipids, but the proportions of the individual bound
      lipids are different from those found in normal stratum corneum. It is suggested
      that the principal function of the covalently bound lipids in human stratum
      corneum is the formation of a lipid envelope on the outer surface of the
      keratinized cells.

PMID- 2909623
TI  - A new model for growth and filament production of Pityrosporum ovale (orbiculare)
      on human stratum corneum in vitro.
AB  - A new model for the production of hyphae in Pityrosporum ovale in vitro is
      described. P. ovale was cultured on human stratum corneum pieces placed directly
      on a culture medium. The highest number of hyphae (24%) was seen after 6 d of
      incubation at 37 degrees C in a microaerophilic environment. There was a
      variation between the strains tested. This model opened possibilities to study
      the filamentous form of P. ovale in vitro. The effect of antimycotics and
      variation in antigens may be investigated and compared to the yeast form.

PMID- 2909624
TI  - Influence of human dermal fibroblasts on epidermalization.
AB  - Using a method that allowed the reconstruction of simplified living human skin in
      vitro, we investigated the effects of collagen texture and dermal fibroblasts on
      epidermal growth. Like in vivo skin, our in vitro model comprised two tissues: a
      dermal equivalent and an overlying epidermis. It permitted measurement of
      epidermal growth and therefore evaluation of the effect of the dermal equivalent
      on this growth. Epidermal growth was enhanced when the collagen matrix had
      previously been reorganized by fibroblasts, and was greatest when living
      fibroblasts persisted in this matrix. On cell-free collagen gel and on collagen
      matrices containing dead fibroblasts, epidermal growth increased when the medium
      was conditioned by fibroblasts grown in monolayers. We conclude that the function
      of the fibroblasts is not only to synthesize and degrade the extracellular
      matrix, but also to regulate epidermalization; on the one hand by remodeling the
      collagen fibers, and on the other by secreting diffusible factors that promote
      epidermal growth. These results underline the importance of fibroblasts in dermo
      epidermal interactions, and show that the skin equivalent culture model provides
      a way to quantitatively study these interactions.

PMID- 2909625
TI  - Abstracts for the 1988 annual meeting of the Societe Francaise de Recherche
      Dermatologique. Grenoble, France, September 15,16, 1988.

PMID- 2909626
TI  - Epidemiology of Fogo Selvagem.

PMID- 2909627
TI  - Tissue amyloid P component in normal human dermis is non-covalently associated
      with elastic fiber microfibrils.
AB  - Tissue amyloid P component (TAP), a protein that crossreacts
      immunohistochemically with the normal plasma glycoprotein serum amyloid P
      component (SAP), is invariably associated with elastic fiber microfibrils in
      adult humans. We have investigated the nature of this association. Aliquots of
      minced, homogenized dermis, obtained following ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid
      (EDTA) separation of whole adult human skin, were extracted with different
      reagents, and the presence or absence of TAP in the pellet and in the supernatant
      following centrifugation was determined by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting using anti
      SAP antibodies. TAP was extractable from dermis using reagents which disrupt non
      covalent bonds, including sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and guanidine
      hydrochloride. TAP was not extracted by high molarity salt solutions, non-ionic
      detergents, or the reducing agents dithiothreitol and 2-mercaptoethanol. EDTA
      solution was similarly unsuccessful at eluting TAP from the dermal preparation,
      indicating that the association of TAP with elastic fiber microfibrils is not
      simply the result of Ca++-dependent binding. Collagenase solubilized some TAP,
      but this does not prove covalent linkage to elastic tissue of part of the TAP,
      because the apparent Mr of TAP extracted was identical to that of normal SAP
      subunits. We cannot completely exclude the possibility that a few subunits in
      each multimeric TAP molecule are covalently attached to the microfibrils.
      However, our findings that denaturing agents alone extracted most of the TAP from
      normal human dermis strongly suggest that the great majority of the dermal TAP is
      non-covalently bound to elastic fiber microfibrils. Thus TAP is not an integral
      constitutent of elastic fiber microfibrils.

PMID- 2909628
TI  - Increased androgen binding capacity in sebaceous glands in scalp of male-pattern
      baldness.
AB  - Sebaceous glands were isolated by manual dissection under a microscope from
      surgical specimens of scalp skin with male pattern baldness and skin specimens of
      hairy and bald scalp obtained at autopsy. The 800 X g pellet (nuclear fraction)
      and the 164,000 X g supernatant fraction (cytosol) of homogenates of the
      sebaceous glands were used for measurements of androgen binding characteristics,
      using dextran-coated charcoal and sucrose gradient methods. Scatchard plots
      showed high affinity binding for [3H]dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and
      [3H]methyltrienolone (R1881). Nuclei prepared from bald scalp contained greater
      total androgen binding capacity than nuclei of hairy scalp, although Kd values of
      type I binding were similar (0.68 vs 0.56 nM, respectively). On sucrose gradient,
      the binding protein from cytosol was found in the 7 to 8S density range. Androgen
      binding by cytosol of sebaceous glands of hairy scalp had Kd of 1.89 +/- .79 and
      2.05 +/- .56 nM for DHT and R1881, respectively, and Bmax of 18.7 +/- 4.4 and
      20.0 +/- 4.6 fmol/mg protein for DHT and R1881, respectively. Cytosol from
      sebaceous glands of bald scalp had Kd values approximately half those of hairy
      scalp, and Bmax values 50%-100% higher. The bound 3H labeled DHT and R1881 could
      be partially displaced by testosterone (40-50%), moxestrol (28-32%), promegestone
      (19-26%), and delta 4-androstenedione (6-12%), but not by dehydroepiandrosterone.
      These data demonstrate the presence of specific androgen binding protein in
      sebaceous glands, and that sebaceous glands of bald scalp have greater binding
      affinity and capacity for androgens than those in hairy scalp. This difference
      may explain the greater androgenic response in androgenic alopecia.

PMID- 2909629
TI  - Amphotericin B induces tumor necrosis factor production by murine macrophages.

PMID- 2909630
TI  - Cell-mediated immunity to recombinant human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antigens
      in HIV-infected populations.

PMID- 2909631
TI  - Enteric disease in rabbits inoculated with stool filtrates from persons with
      chronic diarrhea.

PMID- 2909632
TI  - Diarrhea and Campylobacter infections in patients infected with the human
      immunodeficiency virus.

PMID- 2909633
TI  - Immunogenicity of a candidate live oral typhoid/cholera hybrid vaccine in humans.

PMID- 2909634
TI  - Genotypes of the group-specific component protein in black intravenous drug
      abusers.

PMID- 2909635
TI  - The incidence of bacteremia after skin surgery.

PMID- 2909636
TI  - Cutaneous infection caused by Flavobacterium meningosepticum.

PMID- 2909637
TI  - Deferoxamine treatment as a risk factor for zygomycete infection.

PMID- 2909638
TI  - A case report of Anaerobiospirillum causing septicemia.

PMID- 2909639
TI  - A histopathologic study of cerebral malaria in a rhesus monkey model.

PMID- 2909640
TI  - Penicillin-binding protein families: evidence for the clonal nature of penicillin
      resistance in clinical isolates of pneumococci.
AB  - In view of the worldwide emergence of penicillin-resistant pneumococci among
      clinical isolates it was of importance to examine a large number of strains to
      test the uniformity of the resistance mechanism. Among 160 clinical isolates of
      pneumococci (minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC], 0.005-16 micrograms/mL),
      susceptible strains showed a common pattern of five penicillin-binding proteins
      (PBPs) with high penicillin affinities (PBP 3 greater than 1A greater than or
      equal to 2A greater than 1B greater than 2B). PBPs 1A, 2A, and 2B (but not PBP 3)
      each showed distinct stepwise decreases in penicillin affinities parallel with
      increasing levels of antibiotic resistance. The number and molecular sizes of
      PBPs became variable in strains with MIC values greater than 1.0 microgram/mL;
      among 39 strains with a MIC of greater than or equal to 1.0 microgram/mL, 11
      distinct and stable PBP patterns could be identified. Using PBP profiles,
      serotypes, and antibiotic resistance patterns, as well as data on isolation dates
      and sites, we identified at least three groups of resistant strains that showed
      clear indication of clonal origin.

PMID- 2909641
TI  - Clinical trials of antimicrobial agents following licensure.

PMID- 2909642
TI  - Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for Lyme disease: reactivity of subunits of
      Borrelia burgdorferi.
AB  - We prepared fractions of Borrelia burgdorferi, the etiologic agent of Lyme
      disease, from cultured spirochetes and used them as antigen in an enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for IgG antibody. Polystyrene plates coated with an
      extract containing major proteins with apparent molecular masses of 34, 39, 59,
      and 68 kilodaltons had comparable sensitivity but greater specificity than plates
      coated with whole cells. Of the 33 serum specimens from individuals with Lyme
      disease that reacted with whole cells of B. burgdorferi in the class-specific
      ELISA, 30 (91%) remained positive when this extract was used. Cross-reactivity
      was minimal with antibody to treponemes. Use of subunit antigens may improve
      serological diagnosis of Lyme disease.

PMID- 2909643
TI  - An enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot assay and glycoprotein antigens for
      diagnosing human cysticercosis (Taenia solium).
AB  - An enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot (EITB) assay was developed for
      immunodiagnosing human cysticercosis. The assay uses lentil-lectin, affinity
      purified glycoprotein antigens. A battery of 532 serum and 46 cerebrospinal fluid
      (CSF) samples (148 cases of parasitologically confirmed cysticercosis, 54 healthy
      controls, and 18 types of heterologous infections [376 cases]) were used to
      ascertain the assay's efficacy. All but three of the samples from cases of
      confirmed cysticercosis were positive; none of the samples from healthy controls
      or heterologous infections reacted to any of the diagnostic bands. Thus, the
      assay is 98% sensitive and 100% specific. We identified seven major glycoprotein
      bands that are commonly recognized by virtually all serum and/or CSF samples from
      patients with confirmed cysticercosis. There was no significant difference in
      test performance when CSF was compared with serum. The EITB assay is highly
      reproducible and simple to perform, and the reagents (including the antigens
      blotted onto strips) are very stable.

PMID- 2909644
TI  - Effect of iron loading on transmembrane potential, contraction, and automaticity
      of rat ventricular muscle cells in culture.
AB  - The effect of iron loading on membrane potential and cellular contractility was
      examined in cultured heart cells obtained from newborn rat ventricles exposed to
      ferric ammonium citrate at iron concentrations of 20, 40, and 80 micrograms/ml
      for 24 hours. The main functional effect of iron loading was depression of the
      overshoot potential. Severe arrhythmias were encountered in two of eight studies
      with 40 micrograms/ml iron and in two of seven studies with 80 micrograms/ml
      iron, but they were not found in any of the 29 control studies (p less than
      0.01). Iron loading also resulted in a significant enhancement of cellular LDH
      release, indicating a loss of cell membrane integrity. In vitro treatment of iron
      loaded cells with deferoxamine, a selective iron-chelating compound, resulted in
      a striking reversal of the iron-induced depression in the plateau phase of action
      potential, the disappearance of arrhythmias, and a reduction in LDH leakage.
      These favorable effects of deferoxamine lend support to the contention that the
      observed abnormalities following iron-loading were specific expressions of iron
      toxicity. Although these observations are consistent with iron-induced
      peroxidative damage to membrane lipid components, further studies are required in
      order to elucidate the nature of such a putative membrane effect of excess iron.

PMID- 2909645
TI  - Monophosphoryl lipid A blocks the hemodynamic effects of lethal endotoxemia.
AB  - Monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) is a "nontoxic" derivative of lipid A. We
      hypothesized that, because of the structural similarity between MPL and the lipid
      A portion of lipopolysaccharide (a "toxic" moiety of endotoxin), hemodynamic
      events occurring during endotoxemia could be attenuated by administration of MPL.
      Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Salmonella minnesota wild type S and MPL from S.
      minnesota R595 were used for the study. Fifteen Sprague-Dawley rats were
      randomized to receive either (1) 0.50 mg LPS per 100 gm body weight
      intravenously, (2) 0.50 mg MPL per 100 gm body weight intravenously, or (3) 0.5
      mg MPL per 100 gm body weight intravenously followed in 15 minutes by 0.50 mg LPS
      per 100 gm body weight intravenously. Arterial pressure, thermodilution cardiac
      output, and central venous oxygen saturation were measured before and 30 and 60
      minutes after LPS administration. In LPS-treated animals, cardiac output
      decreased from 448 +/- 28 ml/kg/min to 336 +/- 15 ml/kg/min (p less than 0.02),
      and central venous oxygen saturation decreased from 71% +/- 1% to 62% +/- 2% (p
      less than 0.05). Mean arterial pressure decreased from 134 +/- 5 mm Hg to 90 +/-
      6 mm Hg (p less than 0.01). In MPL-treated and MPL + LPS-treated animals, no
      significant changes were observed in cardiac output, central venous oxygen
      saturation, or arterial pressure. These data indicate that MPL is not associated
      with the adverse cardiovascular responses observed after LPS administration.
      Furthermore, administration of MPL blocks the development of acute circulatory
      failure during endotoxemia.

PMID- 2909646
TI  - Effects of diabetes on myocardial perfusion in the atherosclerotic monkey.
AB  - We examined the influence of diabetes on the severity of coronary
      atherosclerosis, as judged by coronary morphometric and blood flow studies.
      Cynomolgus monkeys were fed a coconut-peanut oil mixture plus cholesterol to
      induce the plaque lesions of atherosclerosis in nondiabetic (group 2) and
      diabetic monkeys (group 3). Group 1 consisted of chow-fed controls. After 18
      months of hypercholesterolemia, the animals were anesthetized to assess
      myocardial blood flow, by use of radioactive microspheres. Transmural and
      inner/outer wall flow ratios were normal in the two lipid-fed groups in the basal
      state. Vasodilation after adenosine (0.45 mg/kg/min IV) elicited a more than
      threefold rise of transmural blood flow in group 1, and a significantly reduced
      increment in groups 2 and 3. The blood flow ratio was not different from unity in
      group 1 but declined to 0.69 +/- 0.03 in group 2 and 0.69 +/- 0.06 in group 3,
      with similar decrements of heart rate and aortic pressure. In contrast to results
      in group 1, left ventricular filling pressure rose and velocity of contractile
      elements declined to a similar extent in groups 2 and 3 after adenosine,
      consistent with myocardial ischemia. Morphometric measurements as well as
      chemical analyses were performed on the three major coronary arteries. The degree
      of intimal thickening and increase of cholesterol and collagen content were
      comparable in groups 2 and 3. Thus, in this model the plaque lesions of
      atherosclerosis did not appear to be intensified by diabetes. Moreover, the
      responses to adenosine in terms of myocardial underperfusion and mechanical
      dysfunction were comparable in the two experimental groups.

PMID- 2909647
TI  - Quantitation of component proteoglycans during long-term organ explant culture of
      human osteoarthritic hip cartilage.
AB  - Cartilage from 14 human osteoarthritic femoral heads was studied in vitro 1, 20,
      and 30 days after explantation to assess component proteoglycans. Newly
      synthesized proteoglycans labeled with tritiated-leucine or Na(2)35SO4 and
      existing, hexuronate-containing proteoglycans were eluted on Sepharose CL-2B (0.5
      mol/L sodium acetate, pH 5.8) as four subpopulations with average partition
      coefficients ranging from 0.05 to 0.9. These subpopulations were comprised of
      proteoglycans aggregated to hyaluronic acid and principally nonaggregated
      proteoglycans. Although this distribution was stable to day 20, by day 30, 35SO4
      labeled proteoglycan aggregate decreased and smaller proteoglycans increased in
      amount. With longer culture periods, the proteoglycan subpopulations contained
      fewer high-density proteoglycans, which were also decreased in size.

PMID- 2909648
TI  - Effects of bile duct ligation and dietary change on hepatic carbohydrate
      metabolism in rats.
AB  - Effects of bile duct ligation and dietary change on hepatic carbohydrate
      metabolism in rats were studied by analyzing the levels of fructose 2,6
      bisphosphate (fructose-2,6-P2) and other metabolites. There was no significant
      difference in the levels of fructose-2,6-P2 and glycolytic intermediates between
      rats with and without bile duct ligation when rats were in a fed state. However,
      the levels of fructose-2,6-P2, hexose monophosphates, and triose phosphates
      increased and the level of plasma glucose decreased in rats with bile duct
      ligation in a starved state. The crossover analysis of gluconeogenic
      intermediates in rats with bile duct ligation showed accumulations of hexose
      monophosphates together with fructose-2,6-P2 in spite of the starved state of
      rats, indicating an impaired conversion of glucose 6-phosphate to glucose.
      Despite the activation of the fructose 6-phosphate-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
      futile cycle as indicated by these findings, the energy charge levels were not
      reduced. The block at the level of glucose production may explain the relative
      predominance of insulin effect on glycolysis.

PMID- 2909649
TI  - Dietary protein and glomerular response to subtotal nephrectomy in the rat.
AB  - Renal tubules and glomeruli undergo hypertrophy after partial renal ablation.
      Glomerular and vascular scarring and progressive renal insufficiency may later
      occur. In the present studies, we have documented the filtration characteristics
      of glomeruli isolated from rats that had undergone subtotal nephrectomy and been
      fed a normal protein (NP) diet (24 gm protein per 100 gm chow) or a protein
      restricted (PR) diet (6 gm protein per 100 gm chow) and compared these glomeruli
      to those of sham-operated (SHAM) rats maintained on a normal diet. Body weight of
      SHAM rats increased by 30% during the 28 weeks of the study. Weight of NP rats
      did not change significantly, and weight of PR rats decreased by about 25%. Seven
      weeks after surgery, the glomeruli of NP rats were significantly larger and the
      ultrafiltration coefficients (Kf) were higher than those of SHAM rats; glomeruli
      of PR rats were of normal size but also had increased Kf. Twenty-eight weeks
      after surgery, the glomeruli of rats in each group were larger than at 7 weeks.
      Kf was no longer elevated in NP rats. Glomerular capillary hydraulic conductivity
      (Lp) was equal in all groups at 8 days but was increased at 7 weeks and decreased
      28 weeks after surgery in NP rats. We hypothesize that glomerular hypertrophy
      occurs in response to renal ablation and that subsequent changes in the capillary
      wall lead to diminished Lp. Protein restriction in this model prevents both
      glomerular hypertrophy and a decrease in Lp.

PMID- 2909651
TI  - Modification of the oxygen affinity and intracellular hemoglobin concentration of
      normal and sickle cells by means of an osmotic pulse.
AB  - Important properties of red blood cells (RBCs), including oxygen affinity and
      intracellular hemoglobin concentration, may be modified by means of an osmotic
      pulse. The pulse is developed by rapid dilution of a suspension of RBCs to which
      dimethylsulfoxide has been added. The nature and degree of RBC modification is
      dependent on the composition of the diluent solution. The purpose of this
      investigation was to explore the dependence of these changes on diluent
      composition and to determine the stability of altered cellular properties with in
      vitro incubation. For both normal control RBCs (A cells) and RBCs from patients
      with sickle cell anemia (S cells), cells with increased volume and markedly
      decreased intracellular hemoglobin concentration (65% to 70% of control) or with
      normal volume and moderately decreased hemoglobin concentration (80% to 85% of
      control) were prepared. These modifications were accomplished with hemoglobin
      yields ranging from 60% to 90%, depending on the diluent used, the cell type, and
      the intensity of treatment. For the same degree of inositol hexaphosphate (IHP)
      incorporation into A cells, as shown by the shift in oxygen half-saturation
      pressure (P50), diluent formulations with constant total osmolality but varying
      IHP concentration gave the same degree of hemoglobin loss per cell. Posttreatment
      cell size, however, ranged from slightly smaller than control to approximately
      20% larger. On incubation, the larger cells returned toward normal size, whereas
      those with normal posttreatment size remained constant. S cells showed the same
      general changes with treatment and incubation but with greater variation. The
      treated S cells exhibited markedly reduced morphologic sickling on deoxygenation.

PMID- 2909650
TI  - Application of an erythrocyte aluminum assay in the diagnosis of aluminum
      associated microcytic anemia in patients undergoing dialysis and response to
      deferoxamine therapy.
AB  - A method for measuring erythrocyte aluminum content was developed. Erythrocyte
      aluminum levels correlated with plasma aluminum concentrations in normal controls
      and in patients undergoing dialysis (r = 0.90, p less than 0.001). In vitro
      studies showed that erythrocyte aluminum concentrations were not altered by
      contamination of blood samples, which is a common problem with plasma
      determinations. The need for anticoagulation and rapid processing were
      disadvantages of this assay. In the dialysis population studied, the correlative
      data between mean cell volume and both plasma and erythrocyte aluminum levels (r
      = -0.50, p less than 0.001; and r = -0.69, p less than 0.001) and lack of
      correlation with serum ferritin suggested that aluminum overload and not iron
      deficiency was the cause of microcytic anemia. Patients undergoing continuous
      ambulatory peritoneal dialysis had lower plasma and erythrocyte aluminum levels
      and absence of microcytic anemia compared with patients undergoing hemodialysis.
      Therapy with deferoxamine in 13 patients with aluminum-related microcytic anemia
      resulted in a decrease in erythrocyte and plasma aluminum content in all patients
      (265.5 +/- 69.2 micrograms/L to 22.6 +/- 9.7 micrograms/L and 196 +/- 30
      micrograms/L to 129 +/- 13.8 micrograms/L). The relatively smaller decrease in
      plasma aluminum levels suggested mobilization of aluminum from tissues other than
      erythrocytes. Aluminum chelation most probably occurred from premature
      erythrocytes, because in vitro studies showed that deferoxamine was unable to
      chelate aluminum from mature erythrocytes. Hemoglobin level, hematocrit
      measurement, and mean cell volume showed significant improvement (p less than
      0.001). Ten patients showed normalized mean cell volume after 6.2 +/- 2 months of
      therapy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2909652
TI  - Disappointment and promise in the pharmacologic treatment of obstructive sleep
      apnea.

PMID- 2909653
TI  - A unique insertion in the primary structure of bovine amyloid AA protein.
AB  - Amyloid fibrils were isolated from kidney tissue of a cow afflicted with renal
      failure caused by spontaneous reactive amyloidosis. These fibrils were reduced
      and alkylated, and the amyloid subunit protein was isolated on a column of
      Sepharose CL6B. The protein was fragmented with both trypsin and Staphylococcus
      protease, and the resultant peptides were separated by high-performance liquid
      chromatography. Sequence analysis gave the complete primary structure of the
      protein with overlaps of the tryptic peptides confirmed by the Staphylococcus
      protease peptides. Comparison of the bovine amyloid A (AA) amino acid sequence
      with human protein AA demonstrates complete invariability from human position 33
      to 45 and a very high degree of homology from positions 16 to 29 and 46 to 63.
      These data indicate that these portions of the molecule may be significant
      factors in amyloid fibrilogenesis. The bovine AA protein shows a blocked amino
      terminus, as is the case with the dog and the cat AA proteins. In addition, this
      protein contains an insertion of nine amino acid residues between human positions
      69 and 70. The existence of an additional six residues after position 76 makes
      the bovine AA an unusually large 90 amino acid peptide. These findings point to a
      high tolerance for mutation in the carboxyl end of the molecule.

PMID- 2909654
TI  - Sensitivity and predictive value of serum ferritin and free erythrocyte
      protoporphyrin for iron deficiency.
AB  - The sensitivity and predictive value of serum ferritin (SF) and free erythrocyte
      protoporphyrin (FEP) for iron deficiency (ID) was evaluated by studying 272
      subjects with uncomplicated ID (174 with anemia and 98 without) in whom diagnosis
      was confirmed by the response to iron supplementation. Overall, the sensitivity,
      at 95% specificity, was 82% (79% in women, 94% in men) for SF and 61% (60% in
      women, 65% in men) for FEP. The sensitivity varied as a function of hemoglobin
      values, dropping from over 90% for both tests in the case of severe anemia, to
      approximately 70% for SF and less than 50% for FEP in the absence of anemia. The
      predictive value decreases more sharply for FEP than for SF with increasing
      hemoglobin levels. It is concluded that SF is preferable to FEP for the detection
      of ID, particularly in the absence of anemia. However, owing to the
      unsatisfactory predictive value at low prevalence, SF should be used as a
      screening test for ID without anemia only when the prevalence is at least 20%.

PMID- 2909655
TI  - Effect of salicylate on upper airway stability and pressure flow: relationship in
      anesthetized dogs.
AB  - Previous studies have shown that upper airway muscle activity is augmented in
      response to increased respiratory drive, thereby improving upper airway patency.
      In the present study we evaluated the effect of salicylate, a well-known
      respiratory stimulant, on upper airway stability and pressure-flow relationship.
      Multiple levels of airflow were used to assess pressure-flow relationship in the
      isolated airways of anesthetized dogs and to calculate the coefficients of
      Rohrer's equation P = K1V + K2V2. In addition, we measured the negative
      intraluminal pressure needed to collapse the upper airway. These measurements
      were repeated after intravenous administration of sodium salicylate, 250 mg/kg.
      Salicylate-induced hyperventilation was associated with increased alae nasi
      electrical activity. Resistance to airflow and K2 decreased significantly (p less
      than 0.01), suggesting dilation of the upper airway lumen. The intraluminal
      pressure under which upper airway collapse occurred became more negative in all
      dogs (from -5.0 +/- 0.8 to -8.5 +/- 1.3 cm H2O, p less than 0.01), indicating
      improved stability of the upper airway walls. These findings suggest that
      salicylate, and presumably other pharmacologic agents that stimulate ventilation,
      can improve both upper airway patency and upper airway stability.

PMID- 2909657
TI  - Role of the thymus in natural tolerance to an autologous protein antigen.
AB  - C5-deficient mice grafted with thymus from C5-sufficient donors and immunized
      with C5 failed to make humoral antibody to C5, suggesting that the transfer of
      thymus had induced tolerance. Irradiated C5-deficient hosts repopulated with
      lymphoid cells from thymectomized C5-deficient mice grafted with C5-sufficient
      thymus also failed to respond to immunization with C5, thus showing that the
      state of tolerance can be adoptively transferred. These results demonstrate that
      natural tolerance to self-protein antigen is "learned" in the thymus.

PMID- 2909656
TI  - A human serum mannose-binding protein inhibits in vitro infection by the human
      immunodeficiency virus.
AB  - In vitro infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) of CD4+ H9
      lymphoblasts is inhibited by a mannose-binding protein (MBP) purified from human
      serum. In addition, MBP is able to selectively bind to HIV-infected H9 cells and
      HIV-infected cells from the monocyte cell line U937. These results indicate MBP
      most likely recognizes high mannose glycans known to be present on gp120 in the
      domain that is recognized by CD4 and thereby inhibits viral entry to susceptible
      cells. In support of this contention, recombinant gp120 binds directly to MBP;
      the binding is saturable, mannan inhibitable, removed by N-glycanase treatment,
      and dependent on divalent cations.

PMID- 2909658
TI  - Active and latent forms of transforming growth factor beta activity in synovial
      effusions.
AB  - We have evaluated the possible involvement of TGF-beta in rheumatoid arthritis by
      assay of 16 cell-free synovial fluids for the presence of its active and "latent"
      forms. Evidence has been obtained for TGF-beta-like activity in synovial
      effusions by four criteria: (a) TGF-beta receptor competition, (b) soft-agar
      colony formation of AKR-2B and NRK-49F indicator cells, (c) immunological
      neutralization of the biological activity, and (d) biochemical activation of a
      latent form.

PMID- 2909659
TI  - Evidence for a primary association of celiac disease to a particular HLA-DQ
      alpha/beta heterodimer.
AB  - Typing of DNA from 94 unrelated children with celiac disease (CD) with HLA-DQA1
      and -DQB1 allele-specific oligonucleotide probes revealed that all but one (i.e.,
      98.9%) may share a particular combination of a DQA1 and a DQB1 gene. These genes
      are arranged in cis position on the DR3DQw2 haplotype and in trans position in
      DR5DQw7/DR7DQw2 heterozygous individuals. Thus, most CD patients may share the
      same cis- or trans-encoded HLA-DQ alpha/beta heterodimer.

PMID- 2909660
TI  - The low turning point. A control mechanism in the course of mental disorder.
AB  - Recent research has suggested that persons with severe mental disorders may have
      psychological control mechanisms that influence the course of their disorders.
      One mechanism that appears to be particularly significant is the low turning
      point. Based on data obtained as part of an intensive follow-along study, the low
      turning point process is described in this report. It is identified as involving
      three phases: a) an initial rigid focus on one coping mechanism for dealing with
      stress; b) relinquishing of that focus and decompensation; and c) reorganizing
      one's life more broadly. The functioning that emerges from this experience often
      appears to be more adaptive than that existing before its onset. Conceptual
      implications of this process are discussed.

PMID- 2909661
TI  - Early discontinuance of borderline patients from psychotherapy.
AB  - Sixty newly hospitalized patients with borderline personality disorder who began
      psychotherapy were followed for 6 months. Thirty-six discontinued their therapy-
      most often (N = 26) this was due to covert opposition, familial resistance, or
      angry dissatisfaction with treatment. The dropouts were healthier on some
      baseline measures than those who continued in therapy. Clinical implications that
      may diminish dropouts are discussed.

PMID- 2909662
TI  - Metamemory perceptions in depressions of young and older adults.
AB  - This research investigated how depression in two age groups related to responses
      on a metamemory questionnaire (MMQ), and to the correspondence between MMQ self
      reports and performance on memory tests. Forty-four younger and 56 older women
      were clinically assessed and completed both the MMQ and a series of experimental
      memory procedures. Data on 11 MMQ subscales were analyzed by analysis of
      variance, chi 2, and canonical correlation techniques. Compared with controls,
      depressed subjects tended to report more generalized and extensive memory
      difficulties, particularly in recent as opposed to remote memory, but were not
      deficient in basic metamemory knowledge and did not manifest different
      perceptions regarding age changes in memory or regarding its personal
      significance. There was no evidence for a differential impact of late-life
      depression on metamemory perceptions, reflected by the general absence of age-by
      depression interactions. Cumulatively, self-reports correlated .598 with
      objective measures, a relationship that did not vary as a function of age or
      depression. Reports about the retention of "important" information and about the
      use of recall strategies were identified as the only self-report measures
      reliably associated with performance.

PMID- 2909663
TI  - A pharmacokinetic study of high-dose continuous infusion cisplatin in children
      with solid tumors.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of cisplatin were investigated in 14 patients, aged 10
      months through 13 years who were affected by solid malignant tumors. High-dose
      cisplatin (40 mg/m2/d) was administered with repeated courses for five days as a
      continuous intravenous (IV) infusion. Total platinum (Pt) levels in plasma and
      urine and free (protein-unbound) Pt levels in plasma ultrafiltrate were
      determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES).
      Areas under the concentration v time curve (AUCs) for mean total and free Pt
      levels were calculated for the 120-hour period of infusion and for the 384 and
      120 hours following its completion, respectively. Half-lives of total and free Pt
      in plasma were calculated for the 216 hours following completion of infusion in
      five patients at their first course. The fraction of the administered Pt dose
      excreted in urine as Pt was determined for the five-day period of infusion and
      seven-day period after its completion. A total of 36 courses were studied.
      Maximum average Pt levels were reached after 120 hours of infusion: at the first
      course, 3.22 and 0.17 micrograms/mL for total and free Pt, respectively. Platinum
      levels declined according to a biexponential model, with initial half-lives of
      18.3 and 16.9 minutes, and terminal half-lives of 81.9 and 59.0 hours as
      determined for total and free Pt, respectively. In the second and third courses
      studied there was a progressive increase in mean Pt plasma levels. Consequently,
      the free drug exposure as measured by AUC increased in all patients with repeated
      courses: 47.7% for the second and 124.4% for the third course, when compared with
      the first. At the same time, the mean fraction of the dose excreted in the urine
      for the 12-day period considered, was 44.1% for the first course, 36.2% for the
      second, and 28.4% for the third. The progressive enhancement of tissue exposure
      to the free cytotoxic drug, resulting from a reduced renal clearance of Pt with
      sequential courses of cisplatin, produced mainly increased toxicity while
      therapeutic effect progressively diminished.

PMID- 2909664
TI  - Early responder myeloma: kinetic studies identify a patient subgroup
      characterized by very poor prognosis.
AB  - In order to assess the prognostic value of rapid tumor mass reduction in
      responding multiple myeloma (MM) patients, 100 consecutive patients were
      analyzed, and bone marrow plasma cell kinetic characteristics were evaluated at
      diagnosis. Forty-two patients obtained a tumor mass reduction greater than or
      equal to 50% with three cycles of chemotherapy and within 3 months (early
      responder myeloma [ERM]), and 23 in greater than 3 months (slow responder myeloma
      [SRM]). Survival rates in these two groups were not statistically different (P =
      .07). The labeling index (LI) of bone marrow plasma cells was significantly
      higher in ERM patients than in SRM patients (1.8 +/- 2.0 v 0.8 +/- 0.7, P =
      .006). The LI was used to separate the ERM patients into two well-defined
      subgroups. ERM patients with a LI greater than or equal to 2% showed a median
      survival of 16.4 months, whereas ERM patients with a LI less than 2% did not
      reach the median survival at 46.9 months (P less than .0044). Remission duration
      was also significantly different: 12.2 months in the high LI subgroup and 26.3
      months in the low LI subgroup (P less than .0025). Early response itself does not
      correspond to shorter remission duration and shorter survival, but it is a poor
      prognostic factor if associated with a high plasma cell proliferative activity.

PMID- 2909665
TI  - The use of bone marrow aspirations and lumbar punctures at the time of diagnosis
      of retinoblastoma.
AB  - Lumbar punctures (n = 115) and bone marrow aspirations (n = 114) were performed
      as part of the routine initial diagnostic evaluation of 115 children with
      retinoblastoma. Three spinal fluid examinations were positive for tumor cells,
      and bone marrow smears of three children demonstrated clumps of tumor cells. Five
      of the six positive studies were in patients with stage IV (extraglobar) disease.
      These results show that demonstrable CSF or bone marrow involvement is so
      infrequent an event at diagnosis in patients without symptoms, signs, or
      histologic evidence of tumor dissemination (stages I-II) as to support a
      recommendation that these studies need not be performed routinely in such
      patients. If, after enucleation, there is evidence of extraglobar extension, or
      if patients have symptoms or signs of CNS or systemic spread (stages III or IV),
      both procedures should be performed to accurately stage disease and provide
      baseline measurements of tumor involvement for monitoring of response to
      chemotherapy and/or irradiation. These results have importance in terms of
      justification of invasive work-up of most (greater than 85%) affected children,
      and cost containment.

PMID- 2909666
TI  - Residual mass and gallium scanning.

PMID- 2909667
TI  - Leukemia risk following radiotherapy for breast cancer.
AB  - To evaluate further the relationship between high-dose radiotherapy and leukemia
      incidence, a nested case-control study was conducted in a cohort of 22,753 women
      who were 18-month survivors of invasive breast cancer diagnosed from 1935 to
      1972. Women treated for breast cancer after 1973 were excluded to minimize the
      possible confounding influence of treatment with chemotherapeutic agents. The
      cases had histologically confirmed leukemia reported to the Connecticut Tumor
      Registry (CTR) between 1935 and 1984. A total of 48 cases of leukemia following
      breast cancer were included in the study. Two controls were individually matched
      to each leukemia case on the basis of age, calendar year when diagnosed with
      breast cancer, and survival time. Leukemia diagnoses were verified by one
      hematologist. Radiation dose to active bone marrow was estimated by medical
      physicists on the basis of the original radiotherapy records of study subjects.
      Local radiation doses to each of the 16 bone marrow components for each patient
      were reconstructed; the dose averaged over the entire body was 530 rad (5.3 Gy).
      Based on this dosage and assuming a linear relationship between dose and affect,
      a relative risk (RR) in excess of 10 would have been expected. However, there was
      little evidence that radiotherapy increased the overall risk of leukemia (RR =
      1.16; 90% confidence interval [CI], 0.6 to 2.1). The risk of chronic lymphocytic
      leukemia, one of the few malignancies without evidence for an association with
      ionizing radiation, was not significantly increased (RR = 1.8; n = 10); nor was
      the risk for all other forms of leukemia (RR = 1.0; n = 38). There was no
      indication that risk varied over categories of radiation dose. These data exclude
      an association between leukemia and radiotherapy for breast cancer of 2.2-fold
      with 90% confidence, and provide further evidence that cell death predominates
      over cell transformation when high radiation doses are delivered to limited
      volumes of tissue.

PMID- 2909668
TI  - Estimating the risk of second primary tumors following cancer treatment.

PMID- 2909670
TI  - Axon regeneration through blood vessel allografts after cyclosporine treatment.
AB  - The present study describes the usefulness of blood vessel allografts to repair
      gaps in rat peripheral nerve after immunosuppression with cyclosporine. Isogeneic
      strains of rats with known histoincompatibility were used for this study. A 10-mm
      gap was created in the peroneal nerve of host Fischer rats. The gap was bridged
      by a 12-mm section of internal carotid artery removed from a Buffalo strain of
      rat. The host rats were divided into two groups. One group received no
      immunosuppression, whereas the other group was treated with cyclosporine.
      Untreated control rats immunologically rejected the allografted vessels and were
      unable to support host axonal regeneration through them. On the other hand, in
      cyclosporine-treated rats the allografted vessels survived. The regenerating host
      axons reorganized to form a functional nerve within the vessel conduit. The
      regenerated axons persisted even after rejection of the allografted vessel caused
      by cessation of immunotherapy. These results show that blood vessel allografts
      can serve as an effective conduit for reorganization of regenerated nerves and
      can bridge gaps in peripheral nerves.

PMID- 2909669
TI  - Prognostic indicators of laparotomy findings in clinical stage I-II
      supradiaphragmatic Hodgkin's disease.
AB  - Between July 1968 and July 1986, 915 patients with clinical stage (CS) I and II
      Hodgkin's disease limited to sites above the diaphragm underwent laparotomy and
      splenectomy at Stanford University. Fifteen percent were CS I, of whom 76% had
      cervical/supraclavicular disease, 13% axillary disease, and 9% mediastinal
      presentations. CS I patients were more likely to be male, were significantly
      older, and were significantly less likely to have nodular sclerosis (NS)
      histology than CS II patients. Twenty percent of CS I patients and 30% of CS II
      patients were pathologically upstaged. No CS I patients were upstaged to
      pathological stage (PS) IV. Univariate and multivariate analyses of presenting
      clinical characteristics were performed to predict staging laparotomy findings.
      CS I women, CS I patients with mediastinal-only disease, and CS I men with either
      lymphocyte predominance or interfollicular histologies were at low risk for
      having disease below the diaphragm (5%) or requiring chemotherapy (0%). CS II
      women who were less than 27 years old and had only two or three sites of disease
      were also at low risk for upstaging (9%) or requiring chemotherapy (2%). Mixed
      cellularity histology and male gender were associated with increased risk for
      subdiaphragmatic disease and require laparotomy; the presence of systemic
      symptoms was not correlated with laparotomy findings. These results confirm the
      importance of performing staging laparotomy for the majority of patients who
      present with supradiaphragmatic Hodgkin's disease if treatment programs are based
      on the presence and extent of subdiaphragmatic disease. Selected subgroups are at
      low risk for subdiaphragmatic disease and might be spared laparotomy if they are
      treated with mantle, paraaortic, and splenic irradiation.

PMID- 2909671
TI  - Synovial chondromatosis of the temporomandibular joint with intracranial
      extension. Case report.
AB  - The authors report the unusual presentation of an intracranial extension of
      synovial chondromatosis of the temporomandibular joint. The patient presented
      with a peripheral facial nerve paralysis and anacusis. Computerized tomography
      revealed the lesion, but fine-needle biopsy was inconclusive. Craniotomy with
      removal of the tumor was performed, and pathological studies confirmed the
      diagnosis. The facial nerve dysfunction was thought to be secondary to direct
      neural compression.

PMID- 2909672
TI  - Foramen magnum decompression in an infant with homozygous achondroplasia. Case
      report.
AB  - Homozygous achondroplasia is a rare yet distinct clinical entity. Most infants
      succumb to an early death as a result of respiratory compromise due to upper
      airway obstruction, thoracic cage deformity, and/or cervicomedullary compression.
      The successful cervicomedullary decompression of a 16-week-old infant with
      homozygous achondroplasia is described. This report suggests that homozygous
      achondroplasia is not universally fatal and that these infants are potentially
      viable if managed by aggressive respiratory and surgical measures.

PMID- 2909673
TI  - Atlanto-axial rotational limitation secondary to osteoid osteoma of the axis.
      Case report.
AB  - An unusual case of atlanto-axial rotational limitation secondary to an osteoid
      osteoma of the axis is presented. Transoral microsurgical resection followed by
      physical therapy improved the clinical symptoms. This case illustrates several
      unique problems within the cervical spine as well as the efficacy of the
      transoral approach to the axis.

PMID- 2909674
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging of vascular compression in trigeminal neuralgia. Case
      report.
AB  - A case of trigeminal neuralgia is reported in which preoperative high-resolution
      magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated vascular compression of the trigeminal
      nerve. Surgery confirmed compression and indentation of the fifth nerve by a
      large branch of the superior cerebellar artery. Following microvascular
      decompression, the patient experienced no further pain. Magnetic resonance
      imaging may be useful in the evaluation of trigeminal neuralgia to identify a
      subgroup of patients who could benefit most from decompression.

PMID- 2909675
TI  - Preoperative diagnosis of Lhermitte-Duclos disease by magnetic resonance imaging.
      Case report.
AB  - Lhermitte-Duclos disease is a benign, presumably hamartomatous lesion of the
      cerebellum which presents clinically as a mass lesion. Pathologically, it
      consists of thickening of both the molecular and granular cell layers of the
      cerebral cortex which enlarges the folia but allows for preservation of the gyral
      pattern of the cerebellar cortex. Preoperative diagnosis with computerized
      tomography and other studies has not been possible, and even at surgery the
      diagnosis may be missed because of the preservation of the gyral pattern. The
      sensitivity of magnetic resonance imaging allows recognition of the cortical
      nature of the mass lesion, and especially the gyral pattern within the mass
      lesion, providing a diagnostic image which is unlikely to be confused with any
      other pathological process in the cerebellum. Preoperative diagnosis of Lhermitte
      Duclos disease allows surgeons to plan an appropriate decompressive procedure.

PMID- 2909676
TI  - Thermosensitive determination of patency in lumboperitoneal shunts. Technical
      note.
AB  - Surface cooling and thermistor recording over shunt tubing was used in 23 studies
      of cerebrospinal fluid shunt patency in 19 patients with lumboperitoneal shunts
      and normal-pressure hydrocephalus. Shunt patency was shown by downward reflection
      of the recording trace similar to that obtained for ventriculoperitoneal shunts.
      Obstruction was demonstrated by a flat-line recording or an upward deflection.

PMID- 2909677
TI  - Prophylactic parenteral antibiotics in neurosurgery.

PMID- 2909678
TI  - EKG artifacts during intraoperative evoked potential monitoring.

PMID- 2909679
TI  - Treatment of carotid sinus hypersensitivity.

PMID- 2909680
TI  - Treatment of oligodendrogliomas.

PMID- 2909681
TI  - MR imaging of subarachnoid hemorrhage.

PMID- 2909682
TI  - Cerebral blood flow response to acetazolamide.

PMID- 2909683
TI  - Hemangioblastomas of the central nervous system. A 10-year study with special
      reference to von Hippel-Lindau syndrome.
AB  - The findings of a 10-year study (1976 to 1986) conducted in southwest Germany on
      hemangioblastomas (HBL's) of the central nervous system (CNS) are presented.
      During that period, 47 HBL's were diagnosed and surgically removed in 44
      patients, with a good postoperative survival rate and prognosis. The majority
      (83%) of these tumors were located in the cerebellum. By thorough clinical
      examination of the patients and careful evaluation of their family background, it
      was found that 23% of the HBL patients were afflicted with von Hippel-Lindau
      syndrome. In addition to the CNS tumors, 14 neoplastic or similar lesions were
      detected in other tissues. These included angiomatosis of the retinae,
      pheochromocytomas, pancreatic cysts, renal cysts, and renal carcinoma. The
      diagnosis of von Hippel-Lindau syndrome was thus established in seven families.
      The authors suggest the need for a screening program for patients with HBL of the
      CNS which is designed to confirm or exclude ocular or visceral lesions associated
      with von Hippel-Lindau syndrome.

PMID- 2909684
TI  - Lack of histopathological correlation of malignant ependymomas with postoperative
      survival.
AB  - It is widely believed that an important determinant of clinical behavior and
      prognosis in patients harboring an ependymoma is the histological grade of
      malignancy of the tumor. Excluding from the present analysis examples of
      ependymoblastoma (a highly cellular, embryonal tumor occurring in children, with
      a notably poor prognosis and a tendency to subarachnoid spread), an attempt was
      made to correlate 15 cases of histologically malignant ependymoma with clinical
      recurrence and postoperative patient survival times. Ten patients (67%) were
      alive from 15 months to 14 years after surgery (median survival time 8.8 years);
      one patient had a histologically benign recurrence 11 years after surgical
      resection. Five patients (33%) died from a local recurrence of their tumor; their
      postoperative survival times ranged from 13 months to 6 years (median 2.5 years).
      The prognosis of malignant ependymomas is therefore highly variable. No
      correlation was possible between the tumor's histological features, site, or
      likelihood of recurrence. This lack of clinicohistopathological concordance
      contrasts with the known correlations that exist in astrocytomas.

PMID- 2909685
TI  - Primary optic nerve sheath meningiomas. Report of nine cases.
AB  - Between 1979 and 1987 the authors treated nine cases of primary optic nerve
      sheath meningioma. The definitive treatment for these lesions is surgical
      resection, although no single best plan for optimal management has been
      determined. The data indicate that only small anterior tumors may be removed with
      preservation of useful vision. With posterior circumferential tumors, there have
      been no cases of tumor removal with preservation of vision. A management strategy
      directed toward preservation of vision is discussed.

PMID- 2909686
TI  - Multiple intracranial meningiomas.
AB  - The authors report 14 cases of multiple intracranial meningiomas representing
      1.1% of all meningiomas operated on at their hospital in the past 35 years.
      Differentiation of multiple meningiomas, especially from meningiomatosis, must be
      strict. Since the introduction of computerized tomography scanning, the frequency
      of these cases has risen from 0.58% to 4.5% in the authors' meningioma series.
      Despite the multiplicity of sites, multiple meningiomas do not differ in
      prognosis from benign solitary meningiomas.

PMID- 2909687
TI  - Neurosurgical management of acute atlas-axis combination fractures. A review of
      25 cases.
AB  - Combination atlas-axis fractures occur relatively frequently and have a higher
      incidence of neurological morbidity than isolated C-1 or isolated C-2 injuries.
      Patients with combination C1-2 fracture-subluxation injuries should be studied
      with thin-section computerized tomography. Appropriate treatment is determined by
      the type of axis fracture present and includes surgical and nonsurgical
      strategies. An experience with 25 patients with combination C1-2 fractures is
      presented, and management and follow-up guidelines are reviewed.

PMID- 2909688
TI  - Malignant astrocytomas of the spinal cord.
AB  - The authors review their experience with the operative management of 19
      consecutive cases of malignant astrocytoma of the spinal cord. There was a male
      to female ratio of 1.1:1, and the median age of the population was 14 years
      (range 1 to 32 years). The median duration of symptoms prior to definitive
      diagnosis was 7 weeks. Radical excision was carried out in all cases, with 18
      patients (95%) receiving radiotherapy and 10 patients (53%) receiving
      chemotherapy as well. To date, 15 (79%) of the 19 patients in this series have
      died, with a median survival period of 6 months following surgery. No patient
      improved after operation. Hydrocephalus was present in 11 patients (58%), seven
      of whom underwent ventricular shunting procedures. Dissemination of disease was
      found in 11 patients (58%). Extraneural metastases did not occur in the absence
      of a ventricular shunt. The authors conclude that malignant astrocytomas of the
      spinal cord are heralded by a short history followed by rapid neurological
      deterioration and usually death. The rationale for operation is discussed, and an
      aggressive approach utilizing adjuvant therapy directed at the entire neuraxis is
      suggested.

PMID- 2909689
TI  - Timing of operation for ruptured supratentorial aneurysms: a prospective
      randomized study.
AB  - A total of 216 patients with a ruptured aneurysm of the anterior part of the
      circle of Willis were enrolled into this prospective randomized study of timing
      of the operation after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Only patients in
      clinical Grades I to III (according to the classification of Hunt and Hess) who
      were admitted and randomly assigned to a treatment group within 72 hours after
      the SAH were included in the trial. The patients were randomly assigned to one of
      three operation groups: acute surgery (AS: 0 to 3 days after the SAH; day of SAH
      = Day 0), intermediate surgery (IS: 4 to 7 days after the SAH), or late surgery
      (LS: 8 days to an indefinite time after the SAH). Three patients (4.3%) in the IS
      group and six patients (8.6%) in the LS group died before surgery was undertaken.
      At 3 months post-SAH, 65 patients (91.5%) from the AS group were classified as
      independent compared to 55 (78.6%) from the IS group and 56 (80.0%) from the LS
      group. The management mortality rate in the AS group was 5.6% compared to 12.9%
      in the LS group. Of the 216 patients enrolled in the timing study, 159 were
      randomly assigned to an independent double-blind placebo-controlled trial of
      nimodipine in Grade I to III patients. A total of 79 patients received nimodipine
      and 80 placebo. When the nimodipine group and the no-nimodipine group (the 80
      placebo-treated patients plus the 52 patients who were not entered into the
      nimodipine trial) were analyzed separately, a significant difference was seen in
      the outcome of the no-nimodipine group (dependent AS vs. dependent IS, p = 0.01).
      Nimodipine treatment was associated with a significant reduction of delayed
      ischemic deterioration (all operation group combined, nimodipine vs. no
      nimodipine p = 0.01; LS with nimodipine vs. LS with no nimodipine, p = 0.03).

PMID- 2909690
TI  - Nonhyperemic blood flow restoration and brain edema in experimental focal
      cerebral ischemia.
AB  - The effect of suppression of postischemic reactive hyperemia on the blood-brain
      barrier (BBB) and ischemic brain edema after temporary focal cerebral ischemia
      was studied in cats under ketamine and alpha-chloralose anesthesia. Regional
      cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was measured by a thermal diffusion method and a
      hydrogen clearance method. The animals were separated into three groups. In Group
      A, the left middle cerebral artery (MCA) was occluded for 6 hours. In Group B,
      the MCA was occluded for 3 hours and then reperfused for 3 hours; postischemic
      hyperemia was suppressed to the preischemic level by regulating the degree of MCA
      constriction. In Group C, the MCA was occluded for 3 hours and reperfused for 3
      hours without suppressing the postischemic reactive hyperemia. The brain was
      removed and cut coronally at the site of rCBF measurement. The degree of ischemic
      edema was assessed by gravimetry in samples taken from the coronal section and
      correlated with the degree of BBB disruption at the corresponding sites,
      evaluated by densitometric determination of Evans blue discoloration. The
      findings showed that 1) ischemic edema was significantly exacerbated by
      postischemic hyperemia during reperfusion in parallel with the degree of BBB
      opening to serum proteins, and 2) suppression of postischemic hyperemia
      significantly reduced the exacerbation of ischemic edema and BBB opening. These
      findings indicate that blood flow may be restored without significant
      exacerbation of postischemic edema by the suppression of postischemic hyperemia
      in focal cerebral ischemia.

PMID- 2909691
TI  - Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and histocompatibility antigens in primary
      intracranial germinomas.
AB  - Subpopulations of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL's) and the major
      histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens of neoplastic cells were examined in
      three intracranial germinomas by an immunohistochemical method using monoclonal
      antibodies. About 70% to 80% of TIL's were T lymphocytes which were either
      infiltrating diffusely or in clusters, whereas 20% to 30% of TIL's were B
      lymphocytes which tend to cluster in tumor tissues. Examination of T lymphocyte
      phenotypes revealed both the cytotoxic/suppressor and helper/inducer T
      lymphocytes, as in other tumors. However, the existence of a considerable number
      of B lymphocytes in the TIL population was uncommon and seemed to be a
      characteristic feature of the intracranial germinoma, which might suggest a
      difference of host immune response to this neoplasm as compared to other tumors.
      On examination of the MHC antigens, no MHC class I or II antigens in the
      neoplastic cells were stained, while positive staining for both antigens was seen
      in the TIL and stroma tissues. From these findings, it was suggested that the
      degree of TIL infiltration might not be correlated with the expression of MHC
      antigens in neoplastic cells in cases of primary intracranial germinoma.

PMID- 2909692
TI  - Effect of lidocaine after experimental cerebral ischemia induced by air embolism.
AB  - To investigate possible approaches to the treatment of neural damage induced by
      air embolism and other forms of acute cerebral ischemia, somatosensory evoked
      potentials (SEP's) were measured after cerebral air embolism in the anesthetized
      cat. Air was introduced into the carotid artery in increments of 0.08 ml until
      the SEP amplitude was reduced to approximately 10% or less of baseline values.
      Either a saline or lidocaine infusion was begun 5 minutes after inducing cerebral
      ischemia. In the saline-treated group, SEP amplitude was reduced to 6.7% +/- 1.6%
      (mean +/- standard error of the mean) of baseline, with a return to 32.6% +/-
      4.7% of baseline over a 2-hour period. In the lidocaine-treated group, SEP
      amplitude was reduced to 5.9% +/- 1.5%, with a return to 77.3% +/- 6.2% over a 2
      hour period. The results suggest that lidocaine administration facilitates the
      return of neural function after acute cerebral ischemia induced by air embolism.

PMID- 2909693
TI  - Prolonged use of an implantable central venous access system in a child with
      severe hemophilia.

PMID- 2909694
TI  - Cat-scratch disease without adenopathy.

PMID- 2909695
TI  - Congenital muscular dystrophy and epidermolysis bullosa simplex.

PMID- 2909696
TI  - Comparison of dynamic and static measurements of respiratory mechanics in
      infants.
AB  - The objective of this study was to compare the conventional method of measuring
      respiratory mechanics, which requires the passage of an esophageal tube, with the
      occlusion technique, which is less invasive. Thirty-nine preterm infants who
      received mechanical ventilation on the first day were studied before discharge
      (mean +/- SD: postnatal age 67 +/- 23 days; weight 1790 +/- 300 gm), and 27 of
      them again at 1 year (weight 8.1 +/- 1.4 kg). Flows were measured through a
      nosepiece by pneumotachometry, tidal volume by integration of flow, esophageal
      pressure through a water-filled tube, and airway pressure directly at the nasal
      piece. Airway occlusion was performed at the end of inspiration, and the
      following relaxed exhalation was analyzed to give compliance (Crs) and resistance
      (Rrs) of the respiratory system. These values were compared with dynamic lung
      compliance (Cdyn) and expiratory resistance (Re) of the previous unoccluded
      breath. In the younger infants, dynamic and static measurements did not differ
      significantly and were well correlated (Cdyn/Crs, r = 0.91; Re/Rrs, r = 0.95). In
      the older infants, Crs was 80% of Cdyn (p less than 0.001), and Rrs was 24%
      higher than Re (p less than 0.001). The measurements were well correlated
      (Cdyn/Crs, r = 0.94; Re/Rrs, r = 0.91). The regression line Cdyn versus Crs had a
      slope (0.77) significantly less than 1; the regression Re versus Rrs had an
      intercept (13.8) significantly greater than zero. The lower Crs and higher Rrs
      values can be expected because the static determinations include the chest wall.
      In the more immature infants, the very compliant chest wall, in combination with
      an underestimation of Cdyn because of the higher breathing frequency of these
      infants, may obscure this difference. We conclude that the occlusion technique
      gives accurate and reproducible results, is easily applied, does not need the
      passage of an esophageal tube, and is well tolerated by the infants.

PMID- 2909697
TI  - Efficacy of fluorescent daylight, blue, and green lamps in the management of
      nonhemolytic hyperbilirubinemia.
AB  - The efficacy of fluorescent daylight, green, and blue lamps in reducing bilirubin
      levels was compared in two groups of infants with nonhemolytic
      hyperbilirubinemia: healthy infants in a term nursery and infants in an intensive
      care unit. The decline of serum bilirubin concentration was most rapid with the
      blue lamps, with the duration of exposure required being significantly shorter
      than that with the other two types of light in both groups. The rate of decline
      over the first 24 hours, as well as the overall rate of decline for the whole
      duration of phototherapy, was also significantly greater with the blue lamps, the
      rate being about twice that for the green lamps in the infants in the intensive
      care unit; the daylight lamps were intermediate in efficacy. The daylight lamps
      permitted easy clinical monitoring with minimal side effects, whereas the green
      and blue lamps were equally disturbing to the attending personnel. The green
      lamps caused severe erythema and tanning in the initial 200 hours of
      phototherapy. It appears preferable to use either daylight lamps, which permit
      enhanced clinical monitoring with adequate efficacy, or special blue lamps, which
      provide maximal therapeutic effect, rather than green lamps, which offer neither.

PMID- 2909698
TI  - Commentary on adolescent acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: the next wave of the
      human immunodeficiency virus epidemic?

PMID- 2909699
TI  - Evaluation of a testicular cancer curriculum for adolescents.

PMID- 2909700
TI  - Three-month-old infant with diarrhea, fever, and rash.

PMID- 2909701
TI  - Changing characteristics of childhood anemia.

PMID- 2909702
TI  - Query regarding biostatistical questionnaire.

PMID- 2909703
TI  - Withholding nutrition from newborn infants.

PMID- 2909704
TI  - Definition of perinatal asphyxia.

PMID- 2909705
TI  - Postnatal alteration in hematocrit and viscosity in normal infants and in those
      with polycythemia.

PMID- 2909706
TI  - Significance of opacification of the maxillary and ethmoid sinuses in infants.
AB  - To evaluate the incidence and significance of radiographic sinus opacification in
      infants, we performed computed tomography (CT) of the maxillary and ethmoid
      sinuses in conjunction with routine cranial CT in 100 infants from birth to 12
      months of age. CT was performed for indications other than sinusitis. Prospective
      concurrent clinical history was obtained and physical examination of the upper
      respiratory tract was performed. Of 100 infants, 16 had hypoplasia of the
      maxillary sinuses; 81% (13/16) of these were less than 2 months of age. The antra
      showed progressive increase in size during the first year of life. Of the 100
      infants, 70 had CT sinus opacification, including 67% of those without historical
      or physical evidence of upper respiratory tract infection. There was a positive
      correlation of CT findings between the maxillary and ethmoid sinuses in 80% of
      the infants older than 2 months of age but in only 49% of the younger infants.
      Radiographic sinus opacification in infants is of uncertain significance and is
      not diagnostic of upper respiratory tract infection, much less of sinusitis.

PMID- 2909707
TI  - Oligoantigenic diet treatment of children with epilepsy and migraine.
AB  - We studied the role of oligoantigenic diets in 63 children with epilepsy; 45
      children had epilepsy with migraine, hyperkinetic behavior, or both, and 18 had
      epilepsy alone. Of the 45 children who had epilepsy with recurrent headaches,
      abdominal symptoms, or hyperkinetic behavior, 25 ceased to have seizures and 11
      had fewer seizures during diet therapy. Headaches, abdominal pains, and
      hyperkinetic behavior ceased in all those whose seizures ceased, and in some of
      those whose seizures did not cease. Foods provoking symptoms were identified by
      systematic reintroduction of foods, one by one; symptoms recurred with 42 foods,
      and seizures recurred with 31; most children reacted to several foods. Of 24
      children with generalized epilepsy, 18 recovered or improved (including 4 of 7
      with myoclonic seizures and all with petit mal), as did 18 of 21 children with
      partial epilepsy. In double-blind, placebo-controlled provocation studies,
      symptoms recurred in 15 of 16 children, including seizures in eight; none
      recurred when placebo was given. Eighteen other children, who had epilepsy alone,
      were similarly treated with an oligoantigenic diet; none improved.

PMID- 2909708
TI  - Thyroid hormone metabolism and level of illness severity in pediatric cardiac
      surgery patients.
AB  - To define better the temporal relationship between alterations in thyroid hormone
      metabolism and changes in illness severity, we studied thyroid function in 12
      children preoperatively and at 2, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours after cardiac surgery.
      We then compared these findings with illness severity as assessed by a
      modification of the Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System (TISS). All patients
      had significant (p less than 0.01) reduction in serum T3 (mean 35% of baseline
      levels) and elevation in serum rT3 (mean 237% of baseline levels) in the
      postoperative period. Average correlation coefficients for the combined data were
      as follows: TISS and T3 levels, -0.63 +/- 0.17; TISS and rT3 levels, 0.51 +/-
      0.18. Examination of individual patient data normalized to preoperative T3 and
      rT3 levels and compared with TISS scores demonstrated a lag in alterations of
      serum rT3 and T3 levels relative to illness severity during recovery from cardiac
      surgery. We conclude (1) the euthyroid sick syndrome occurs in all pediatric
      cardiac surgery patients, regardless of procedure complexity, (2) changes in rT3
      levels parallel but follow changes in degree of therapeutic intervention,
      indicating that these alterations result from, and do not cause, increasing
      severity of illness, (3) rT3 levels return toward normal before T3 levels, which
      remain low beyond the critical postoperative period, and (4) clinical indicators
      of illness severity are fairly well inversely correlated with T3 levels,
      supporting an adaptive reduction in 5'-deiodinase activity during the
      postoperative period.

PMID- 2909709
TI  - Effect of thyroid hormone level on temperament in infants with congenital
      hypothyroidism detected by screening of neonates.
AB  - To determine the effect of congenital hypothyroidism and its treatment on infant
      behavior, we assessed temperament in 50 six-month-old infants with congenital
      hypothyroidism detected by means of screening of neonates. Intelligence and
      temperament were also evaluated at 12, 18, 24, and 36 months. More of these
      children were classified as "difficult" than children in the nonhypothyroid
      standardization sample. Temperamental difficulty was associated with increased
      nervous system sensitivity, reflecting more intense responses and a lower
      threshold of response to external stimulation. Greater temperamental difficulty
      was found to persist until at least age 2 years of age and to be associated with
      higher circulating triiodothyronine and thyroxine levels between 1 and 3 months
      of age. Our results suggest that behavioral features should be considered, as
      well as circulating hormone levels, in determining the proper dose of thyroid
      hormone replacement in infants with congenital hypothyroidism.

PMID- 2909710
TI  - Impaired antibody response to polysaccharides in association with functional
      asplenia.

PMID- 2909711
TI  - Bacterial contamination rates in voided urine collections in girls.

PMID- 2909712
TI  - Bacterial contamination rates for non-clean-catch and clean-catch midstream urine
      collections in uncircumcised boys.

PMID- 2909713
TI  - Perinatal/neonatal outreach.

PMID- 2909714
TI  - Assessment strategies for the outreach educator.

PMID- 2909715
TI  - The tertiary center and health departments in cooperation: the Duke University
      experience.

PMID- 2909716
TI  - Applying principles to practice in maternal-fetal transport.

PMID- 2909717
TI  - Perinatal outreach: liability issues.

PMID- 2909718
TI  - Back-transfer in neonatal care.

PMID- 2909719
TI  - Perinatal outreach education: linking hospital and community in the care of high
      risk infants.

PMID- 2909720
TI  - The clients of outreach.

PMID- 2909722
TI  - Medicinal chemistry: 1989 and beyond.

PMID- 2909721
TI  - Dynamic concepts for neonatal education: developing a combined medical and
      nursing education program.

PMID- 2909723
TI  - Design, synthesis, antineoplastic activity, and chemical properties of
      bis(carbamate) derivatives of 4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)imidazole.
AB  - A series of bis(carbamate) derivatives of 1,2-substituted 4,5
      bis(hydroxymethyl)imidazoles were prepared and evaluated against murine P388
      lymphocytic leukemia. Electron-withdrawing substituents at either N-1 or C-2 gave
      rise to inactive compounds. However, electron-donating substituents gave active
      compounds and the 2-(methylthio)-1-methyl derivative 2i (carmethizole), as the
      bis(N-methylcarbamate), was found to be very active. The derivative 2i, referred
      to by the name carmethizole, was also shown to be active against the MX-1 mammary
      xenograft, the human amelanotic melanoma cell line (LOX) xenograft, the M5076
      sarcoma, and L1210 lymphocytic leukemia. The solution stability, water
      solubility, pKa, and log P of carmethizole are also reported.

PMID- 2909724
TI  - Chemical and biological properties of a new series of cis-diammineplatinum(II)
      antitumor agents containing three nitrogen donors: cis-[Pt(NH3)2(N-donor)Cl]+.
AB  - A series of 32 cationic platinum(II) complexes of the form cis-[PtA2(Am)Cl]+,
      where A is a monodentate (NH3 or i-PrNH2) or A2 is a bidentate (ethylenediamine
      or 1,2-diaminocyclohexane) amine and Am is either a heterocyclic amine based on a
      pyridine, pyrimidine, purine, piperidine, or a saturated amine (RNH2) ligand, was
      prepared and screened against in vivo murine tumor models. Each compound was
      tested against Sarcoma 180 ascites (S180a) in mice, with 20 members of the series
      showing activity (ILS greater than 50%). Antitumor activity also was demonstrated
      in 4 of 16 compounds tested in the L1210 murine leukemia model (ILS greater than
      25%) and in 3 of 3 tested in the P388 murine leukemia model (ILS greater than
      30%). The most active and potent analogues of the series were obtained when A was
      NH3 and Am was N1-pyridine, N1-4-methylpyridine, N1-4-bromopyridine, N1-4
      chloropyridine, N3-cytosine, or N7-2'-deoxyguanosine. Complexes containing
      chelating and saturated amine ligands (A), as well as two trans isomers of active
      cis analogues (trans-[Pt(NH3)2(Am)Cl]+, where Am = N1-pyridine or N1-4
      methylpyridine), were inactive in the S180a screen. All complexes were
      characterized by means of elemental analysis, HPLC, and 195Pt NMR spectroscopy,
      and the structure of one analogue, cis-[Pt(NH3)2(N3-cytosine)Cl](NO3), was
      determined by using single-crystal X-ray diffraction methods. While members of
      this series of compounds demonstrate antitumor activity in vivo, these new agents
      are not classical analogues of cisplatin (i.e. cis-[PtA2X2] complexes), as they
      contain three nitrogen donors and only one leaving group. The results of these
      studies suggest that further work should be conducted to better define the limits
      of the structure-activity relationships among platinum(II) complexes.

PMID- 2909725
TI  - Benzodiazepine gastrin and brain cholecystokinin receptor ligands: L-365,260.

PMID- 2909726
TI  - Development of phosphonate derivatives of gadolinium chelates for NMR imaging of
      calcified soft tissues.
AB  - We have synthesized several classes of gadolinium (Gd) complexes for use as NMR
      contrast agents in the detection of soft-tissue calcification. Class I was made
      up of strongly chelated GdDTPA complexes with one carboxylate arm coupled to a
      phosphonate-containing molecule through an amide link. Class II complexes were
      formed by Gd with several aminophosphonates and phosphono carboxylic acids. Class
      III were Gd complexes of weak chelates containing no phosphonate. The calcium
      seeking ability of each complex was assessed by in vivo bone uptake. Tissue
      distribution in normal rats showed that only the complexes of GdDTPA modified
      with a diphosphonate group and GdEDTMP (EDTMP is
      ethylenediaminetetrakis(methylenephosponate] showed adequate bone localization at
      the concentrations required for NMR contrast enhancement (approximately 20% of a
      100 mumol/kg dose).

PMID- 2909727
TI  - Rationale for the synthesis and preliminary biological evaluation of highly
      active new antitumor nitrosoureido sugars.
AB  - Various new nitrosoureido derivatives of di- or trideoxy sugars were synthesized.
      The influence of the hydroxyl substitution pattern, the configuration at the
      anomeric center, and the absolute configuration of the sugar moiety on the
      antitumor activity of a series of nitrosoureido derivatives of di- and trideoxy
      sugars was studied. All compounds showed a very significant activity in vivo
      against L1210 leukemia, B16 melanocarcinoma, and Lewis lung carcinoma. Methyl 3
      [3-(2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosoureido]-2,3-dideoxy-alpha-D-arabino- hexopyranoside,
      24 (NSC 609224), was found to be the most active compound. When treated with 24
      (NSC 609224) at 20 mg/kg on day 1, at least 90% of the L1210 leukemia and B16
      melanocarcinoma bearing mice showed a survival of over 60 days for a LD50 value
      for this compound of 42 mg/kg.

PMID- 2909728
TI  - Quinazoline antifolates inhibiting thymidylate synthase: synthesis of four
      oligo(L-gamma-glutamyl) conjugates of N10-propargyl-5,8-dideazafolic acid and
      their enzyme inhibition.
AB  - The synthesis is described of four oligo(gamma-glutamyl) conjugates of N10
      propargyl-5,8-dideazafolic acid containing a total of two, three, four, and five
      L-glutamic acid residues. The tert-butyl group was chosen as the carboxyl
      protecting group in order to obviate the use of alkali and thus the possibility
      of gamma----alpha transpeptidation. The starting material, di-tert-butyl
      glutamate, was coupled to N-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-L-glutamic acid alpha-tert-butyl
      ester via a mixed anhydride with isobutyl chloroformate. Hydrogenolysis of the
      benzyloxycarbonyl group in the product gave a carboxyl-protected diglutamate,
      which either was acylated with 4-[(benzyloxycarbonyl)amino] benzoyl chloride to
      give a protected aminobenzamide or was cycled further by using the above mixed
      anhydride/hydrogenolysis sequence into tri-, tetra-, and pentaglutamates. Each of
      the last named was also acylated, as above, to give a benzamide. The
      benzyloxycarbonyl group in the benzamides was removed by hydrogenolysis and the
      amino groups thus exposed were N-alkylated with propargyl bromide. The resulting
      proparglyamines were further alkylated with 2-amino-6-(bromomethyl)-4
      hydroxyquinazoline hydrobromide to give the antifolate poly(t-Bu) esters.
      Deprotection with trifluoroacetic acid in the final step delivered the desired
      antifolates as their trifluoroacetate salts. The di- to pentaglutamates were,
      respectively, 31-, 97-, 171-, and 167-fold more inhibitory to WI-L2 human
      thymidylate synthase than the parent compound.

PMID- 2909729
TI  - 2,2-Difluoro-5-hexyne-1,4-diamine: a potent enzyme-activated inhibitor of
      ornithine decarboxylase.
AB  - 2,2-Difluoro-5-hexyne-1,4-diamine was prepared in an eight-step sequence from
      ethyl 2,2-difluoro-4-pentenoate and tested as an inhibitor of mammalian ornithine
      decarboxylase. It produces a time-dependent inhibition of the enzyme in vitro
      which shows saturation kinetics, with KI = 10 microM and tau 1/2 = 2.4 min. In
      rats, it produces a rapid, long-lasting, and dose-dependent decrease of ornithine
      decarboxylase activity in the ventral prostate, testis, and thymus. In contrast
      with the nonfluorinated analogue 5-hexyne-1,4-diamine (Danzin et al. Biochem.
      Pharmacol. 1983, 32, 941), 2,2-difluoro-5-hexyne-1,4-diamine is not a substrate
      of mitochondrial monoamine oxidase.

PMID- 2909730
TI  - Flavones. 2. Synthesis and structure-activity relationship of flavodilol and its
      analogues, a novel class of antihypertensive agents with catecholamine depleting
      properties.
AB  - (3-Phenyl-7-flavonoxy)propanolamines have been shown to exhibit antihypertensive
      activity in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Although they are structurally
      similar to classical beta-adrenergic blocking compounds, their activity is not
      due to inhibition of beta-adrenoceptors. In the present study, a series of simple
      flavonoxypropanolamines was prepared to further explore the structural
      requirements for the antihypertensive effect of these compounds. A structure
      activity relationship of these derivatives indicates that the position of the
      oxypropanolamine side chain, the hydroxy group of the side chain, steric
      bulkiness and length of N substituents, degree of the N-substitution, phenyl
      group at the 2-position of the chromone nucleus, and substituents of the phenyl
      group or B ring of the flavone play significant roles in imparting
      pharmacological effects. In addition, there is a good correlation between the
      antihypertensive activity and depletion of myocardial norepinephrine. Of these
      analogues tested, the most effective one was flavodilol. Only the 8-substituted
      analogue 6 was found to be a beta-antagonist. Flavodilol was chosen for in-depth
      pharmacological, toxicological, and clinical evaluation.

PMID- 2909732
TI  - Synthesis and biological evaluation of a monocyclic, fully functional analogue of
      compactin.
AB  - Compound 8, a monocyclic analogue of compactin, has been prepared and its
      efficacy as an inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarylcoenzyme A reductase (HMGR)
      evaluated. The synthesis (Schemes I and II) requires seven steps starting with di
      (-)-menthyl fumarate and employs the useful RR-phosphonate reagent 14 to attach
      the mevinic acid side chain to aldehyde 13. A molecular mechanics study shows
      that the preferred conformations of 18 (a model for compactin) and 19 (a model
      for 8) are nearly identical. Compound 8 inhibits HMGR with IC50 = 320 microM,
      compared to a corresponding value of 32 nM for the compactin ketone, 5. The
      factor of 10,000 difference in the two inhibitors corresponds to a difference in
      binding energy of 5.45 kcal mol-1, or 1.36 kcal mol-1 for each of the four
      carbons of 5 that are missing in analogue 8. This quantitative difference is
      consistent with the idea that the decalin moiety of the mevinic acids play a
      purely hydrophobic role in binding the inhibitors to the enzyme.

PMID- 2909731
TI  - Phenolic metabolites of clomiphene: [(E,Z)-2-[4-(1,2-diphenyl-2
      chlorovinyl)phenoxy]ethyl]diethylamine. Preparation, electrophilicity, and
      effects in MCF 7 breast cancer cells.
AB  - The triarylethylene antiestrogen clomiphene was previously shown to undergo
      biotransformation to an active metabolite, 4-hydroxyclomiphene, and to 3-methoxy
      4-hydroxyclomiphene plus the respective regioisomers of these, 4 and 5. We now
      report the synthesis and further chemical and biochemical studies on 3-5.
      Coupling of 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]benzophenone with either 4
      (benzyloxy)benzaldehyde or its 3-methoxy analogue 11b in the presence of
      titanium, followed by chlorination and deprotection of the intermediate
      triarylethylenes, gave 4 and 5, respectively. Condensation of benzylmagnesium
      chloride with the (2-methoxyethoxy)methyl (MEM) ether of 4-[2
      (diethylamino)ethoxy]-3'-methoxy-4'-hydroxybenzophenone, followed by mild acid
      treatment, afforded deschloro 3 due to facile MEM ether hydrolysis. Acetylation
      of this, followed by chlorination and deacetylation, gave 3. Compounds 4 and 5
      reacted readily with nucleophiles. In particular, 2-mercaptoethanol reacted with
      4 to afford deschloro vinyl thioether 13 as suggested by NMR spectral studies, a
      result that implicated allene-quinone 14 as the electrophilic species produced in
      solution from 4. Antiestrogen binding sites and estrogen receptors from MCF 7
      human breast cancer cells interacted with 3 and 5 with affinities comparable to
      those of tamoxifen and 1, respectively; 5 was shown not to bind irreversibly with
      these sites. Inhibition of MCF 7 cell proliferation by 3-5 at 5 microM
      concentrations (76%, 57%, and 49%, respectively, relative to drug-free controls)
      compared favorably to that observed with 5 microM 1 (80%). These results suggest
      that 3-5 as well as 2 may contribute to the antiestrogenic effects of 1.

PMID- 2909733
TI  - Interactions of thiol-containing androgens with human placental aromatase.
AB  - A series of thiol androgens were synthesized and investigated to characterize
      structural features important for the inhibition of aromatase. Analogues of
      androstenedione with thiol groups in either the 2 alpha-, 10 beta-, or 19
      positions caused time-dependent inhibition of human placental aromatase. When
      their KI and kcat values were compared with those of 4-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17
      dione (4-OHa) and 10 beta-propargylestr-4-ene-3,17-dione (PED), the thiol
      androgen 10 beta-mercaptoestr-4-ene-3,17-dione (10 beta-SHnorA) proved to be the
      most potent suicide substrate. However, 19-mercaptoandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione (19
      SHA) was the best all-around inhibitor. All compounds except 19-SHA exhibited
      normal type I P-450 difference spectra with partially purified/solubilized, human
      placental aromatase. The Ks values for the series of compounds compared
      qualitatively to the KI values determined from the time and concentration
      dependent inhibition experiments. 19-SHA induced split Soret peaks at 380 and 474
      nm, which suggested binding of the 19-thiolate directly to the ferric iron of
      aromatase. This binding could be displaced by aminoglutethimide but not by
      androstenedione. The inhibitory activity of 19-SHA may be explained by two
      independent mechanisms: (1) suicide inactivation of aromatase in the ferrous
      state; and (2) a direct "hyper-type II" binding to the remaining portion of the
      cytochrome in the ferric state. A free thiol group was necessary for the suicide
      inhibitory activity of 19-SHA; time-dependent inactivation of aromatase by 19
      (acetylthio)androst-4-ene-3,17-dione (19-SAcA) and 19-xanthogenylandrost-4-ene
      3,17-dione (19-XanA) could be prevented if the microsomes were preincubated with
      a carboxyesterase inhibitor. Aromatase previously inactivated by either thiol
      androgens,4-OHA, or PED could not be reactivated after incubation with the
      disulfide reducing agent dithiothreitol, which suggests that a disulfide bond may
      not be involved in aromatase inactivation by these inhibitors.

PMID- 2909734
TI  - Synthesis and P-388 antitumor properties of the four diastereomeric 1-hydroxy-3,4
      diaminocyclohexane-Cl2PtII complexes.
AB  - Synthesis and antileukemic activity in vivo of the four diastereomeric 1-hydroxy
      3,4-diaminocyclohexane-Cl2PtII complexes (Cl2PtII-3a-d) are described. Respective
      bis(phenylmethyl) (1 alpha,2 alpha,4 beta)-, (1 alpha,2 alpha,4 alpha)-, (1
      alpha,2 beta,4 beta)-, and (1 alpha,2 beta,4 alpha)-(4-hydroxy-1,2
      cyclohexanediyl)bis(carbamates) (5a, 5b, 7a, 7b) were prepared by hydroboration
      oxidation of the bis(carbobenzoxyamino) derivatives (4,5) of cis- and trans-4,5
      diaminocyclohexene. The relative stereochemistry of intermediates 5a and 5b was
      established by correlation with the alcohol obtained by NaBH4 reduction of
      bis(phenylmethyl) (1 alpha,2 alpha,3 alpha,4 alpha)-(3,4-epoxy-1,2
      cyclohexanediyl)bis(carbamate) (8), the all-cis stereochemistry of which was
      unambiguously determined by X-ray crystallographic analysis. In the P-388 murine
      leukemia model these monohydroxycyclohexanediamine-PtII complexes were more
      effective than the PtII complexes of the related diol diamines 1a-e but were less
      active than the cisplatin positive control.

PMID- 2909735
TI  - Synthesis of acylguanidine analogues: inhibitors of ADP-induced platelet
      aggregation.
AB  - Routine screening of compounds for inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation
      in vitro revealed that 1,1'-hexamethylenebis[3-cyclohexyl-3-[(cyclohexylimino) (4
      morpholinyl) methyl]urea] (1) was active and represented the first example of a
      bis(acylguanidine) with possible antithrombotic activity. In order to develop a
      structure-activity relationship for this class of compounds, we synthesized a
      number of new bis(acylguanidines). These were tested in vitro, and several
      analogues were also active. Ex vivo testing revealed that compounds 22, 41, 58,
      and 70-73 were orally active in rats or guinea pigs.

PMID- 2909736
TI  - Hypoxia-selective antitumor agents. 1. Relationships between structure, redox
      properties and hypoxia-selective cytotoxicity for 4-substituted derivatives of
      nitracrine.
AB  - The nitroacridine derivative 9-[[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]amino]-1-nitroacridine
      (nitracrine) is selectively cytotoxic to hypoxic tumor cells in culture. However,
      the compound undergoes reductive metabolism too rapidly, with the reduction not
      being sufficiently inhibited by molecular oxygen in aerobic tissues, for it to
      demonstrate the same activity in vivo. In a search for derivatives with lower
      reduction potentials, we have synthesized and evaluated a series of derivatives
      bearing 4-substituents with a wide range of electronic properties. The one
      electron reduction potentials (E(1] of these compounds, when compared under
      conditions of equivalent ionization, were highly correlated with sigma p values.
      However, at pH 7 the influence of substituent electronic properties was modified
      by prototrophic equilibria, with the basic nature of the acridine limiting the
      extent to which ring substituent electronic effects can be used to modulate
      reduction potential of the 1-nitro group. Nevertheless, comparison of the
      kinetics of the killing of AA8 cells under hypoxia suggests that some metabolic
      stabilization of the compounds can be achieved by the use of electron-donating
      substituents, with such compounds retaining the hypoxia-selective toxicity of
      nitracrine in cell culture. However, the 4-substituted nitracrines show no clear
      relationship between E(1) and cytotoxic potency, in distinct contrast to simpler
      nitroheterocycles such as nitroimidazoles.

PMID- 2909737
TI  - 2-O-alkyltyrosine derivatives of 1-deamino-arginine-vasopressin: highly specific
      and potent antidiuretic agonists.
AB  - We report the solid-phase synthesis of eight 2-O-alkyltyrosine analogues of 1
      deamino-arginine-vasopressin (dAVP) with enhanced antidiuretic agonistic
      specificity. These peptides are as follows: 1-deamino[2-O-methyltyrosine]
      arginine-vasopressin (dTyr(Me)AVP), 1-deamino[2-O-ethyltyrosine]arginine
      vasopressin (dTyr(Et)AVP), 1-deamino[2-O-methyltyrosine,8-D-arginine]vasopressin
      (dTyr(Me)DAVP), 1-deamino[2-O-ethyltyrosine,8-D-arginine]vasopressin
      (dTyr(Et)DAVP), 1-deamino[2-O-methyltyrosine,4-valine]arginine-vasopressin
      (dTyr(Me)VAVP), 1-deamino[2-O-ethyltyrosine,4-valine]arginine-vasopressin
      (dTyr(Et)VAVP), 1-deamino[2-O-methyltyrosine,4-valine,8-D-arginine]vasopressin
      (dTyr(Me)VDAVP), and 1-deamino[2-O-ethyltyrosine,4-valine,8-D
      arginine]vasopressin (dTyr(Et)VDAVP). All analogues were tested for antidiuretic,
      antivasopressor, and antioxytocic activities. Deamination, as was expected,
      significantly enhanced the antidiuretic properties of these analogues relative to
      their parent N-amino-O-alkyltyrosine peptides. With the exception of dTyr(Me)AVP,
      all of these analogues are antagonists of the vasopressor responses to AVP and of
      the uterine response to oxytocin. Thus they all exhibit high antidiuretic
      agonistic specificity. Due to its remarkable properties, dTyr(Me)VDAVP is a
      unique compound in this series. It appears to be the most potent antidiuretic
      agonist (1740 units/mg) and also a vasopressor antagonist and a potent oxytocin
      antagonist. It is thus a highly specific antidiuretic agonist. In general, all of
      these new analogues are highly specific and thus are potentially useful as
      pharmacological tools and clinical agents.

PMID- 2909738
TI  - Mitomycin C analogues with a substituted hydrazine at position 7. Synthesis,
      spectral properties, and biological activity.
AB  - A select number of mitomycin C derivatives with a substituted hydrazine group at
      position 7 were synthesized and tested for antineoplastic activity by using an in
      vivo test with murine P388 leukemia. Several of the adducts displayed activity
      comparable to that of mitomycin C. The X-ray-determined crystal structure of one
      of the derivatives (3f) is reported.

PMID- 2909739
TI  - Prostaglandin photoaffinity probes: synthesis and biological activity of azide
      substituted 16-phenoxy- and 17-phenyl-PGF2 alpha prostaglandins.
AB  - The development of a prostaglandin PGF2 alpha photoaffinity probe led to the
      synthesis and biological evaluation of azide-substituted 17-phenyl-18,19,20
      trinorprostaglandin F2 alpha and 16-phenoxy-17,18,19,20-tetranorprostaglandin F2
      alpha derivatives. Two approaches for the preparation of iodinated versions of
      these prostaglandins were evaluated: (1) iodination of a phenyl azide bearing an
      activating hydroxyl group and (2) iodination of an aniline precursor to the
      phenyl azide group and subsequent conversion of the aniline to the phenyl azide.
      In the first approach, 17-(4-azido-2-hydroxyphenyl)-18,19,20-trinorprostaglandin
      F2 alpha, 16-(5-azido-3-hydroxyphenoxy)-17,18,19,20-tetranorprostaglandin F2
      alpha, and 16-(4-azido-2-hydroxyphenoxy)-17,18,19,20-tetranorprostaglandin F2
      alpha were prepared by using the Corey synthesis, but were biologically inactive
      presumably as a result of the hydrophilic phenolic hydroxyl group. In the second
      approach, the iodination of a 17-(4-aminophenyl)-18,19,20-trinorprostaglandin F2
      alpha derivative delivered 17-(4-azido-3-iodophenyl)-18,19,20-trinorprostaglandin
      F2 alpha, which exhibited competitive binding with natural [3H]PGF2 alpha to
      ovine luteal cells and to plasma membranes of bovine corpora lutea. [125I]-17-(4
      Azido-3-iodophenyl)-18,19,20-trinorprostaglandin F2 alpha was utilized in a
      preliminary photoaffinity cross-linking experiment.

PMID- 2909740
TI  - Hypolipidemic 2-[4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenyl]-4H-3,1-benzoxazin-4-ones. Structure
      activity relationships of a novel series of high-density lipoprotein elevators.
AB  - The preparation and plasma lipid altering characteristics of a series of 4H-3,1
      benzoxazin-4-ones are described. Hypocholesterolemic, hypotriglyceridemic, and
      high-density-lipoprotein elevating properties are found for derivatives bearing a
      4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenyl group at the 2-position, and this activity is
      displayed in both hypercholesterolemic and in normolipidemic rats when the ring
      system is substituted at position 6 with hydrogen, methyl, chloro, or iodo
      groups, and is optimal when the 6-position is substituted by a bromine atom.
      Evidence is presented suggesting that a metabolite or degradation product is
      responsible for the changes in lipoprotein concentration observed with active
      molecules of this type. Synthesis of anticipated degradation products of the
      active molecules gave products displaying the expected in vivo activity, but no
      improvement in the narrow therapeutic margin of the best compound, 6-bromo-2-[4
      (1,1-dimethylethyl)phenyl]-4H-3,1-benzoxazin-4-one, was obtained.

PMID- 2909741
TI  - Hypoxia-selective antitumor agents. 2. Electronic effects of 4-substituents on
      the mechanisms of cytotoxicity and metabolic stability of nitracrine derivatives.
AB  - The mechanism of cytotoxicity of a series of 4-substituted derivatives of 9-[[3
      (dimethylamino)propyl]amino]-1-nitroacridine (nitracrine) has been studied, using
      a panel of DNA repair-defective mutants of the Chinese hamster ovary cell line
      AA8. Cell lines UV-4 and UV-5 were hypersensitive to nitracrine, with
      sensitivities approximately 10-fold greater than that of AA8, while EM-9 showed a
      hypersensitivity factor (HF) of about 2-fold. This pattern suggests the major
      cytotoxic lesions induced by nitracrine are bulky DNA monoadducts, rather than
      DNA interstrand cross-links as previously suggested. The desnitro analogue of
      nitracrine, which retains the intercalative potential of the latter but cannot be
      metabolically activated by nitro reduction, showed no hypersensitivity,
      indicating the specificity with which this panel of cell lines can discriminate
      different types of DNA damage. Several of the highly cytotoxic 4-substituted
      nitracrine derivatives showed HFs similar to that of the parent, but the less
      potent 4-dialkylamino and 4-COOMe derivatives showed much lower HFs for UV-4,
      suggesting that different mechanisms of cytotoxicity contribute. All compounds
      showed similar HFs under both aerobic and hypoxic conditions, indicating that
      hypoxia-selective toxicity in this series is due to a quantitative rather than
      qualitative change in the presence of oxygen. Rates of metabolic consumption of
      the compounds were measured under both aerobic and hypoxic conditions by bioassay
      against the sensitive UV-4 cell line. The results agreed well with previous
      inferences on metabolic stability derived from cell-killing kinetics and showed
      that electron-donating 4-substituents can be used to increase metabolic stability
      in vitro. Such stabilization may enhance the therapeutic utility of the
      nitroacridines in cancer therapy since rapid metabolism of nitracrine appears to
      prevent its activity against hypoxic cells in solid tumors.

PMID- 2909742
TI  - 5-Isoquinolinesulfonamide derivatives. 1. Synthesis and vasodilatory activity of
      N-(2-guanidinoethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide derivatives.
AB  - Two novel series of N-(2-guanidinoalkyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamides, 2 and 3,
      were prepared. Many of the compounds possessed vasodilatory activity when
      injected locally into the femoral artery of dogs. The most potent compound, 1
      amidino-4-(5-isoquinolylsulfonyl)-1,4-perhydrodiazepine, 33, was comparable to
      diltiazem, which is used clinically as a vasodilator.

PMID- 2909743
TI  - 5-Isoquinolinesulfonamide derivatives. 2. Synthesis and vasodilatory activity of
      N-(2-aminoethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide derivatives.
AB  - A new series of aromatic sulfonamides, the N-(2-aminoethyl)-5
      isoquinolinesulfonamide derivatives, 3, was synthesized from 5
      isoquinolinesulfonic acid and shown to possess vasodilatory action. Vasodilatory
      activity was evaluated in vivo in terms of increases in arterial blood flow in
      dogs after local injection in the femoral and/or vertebral arteries. When the
      alkylene group between the two nonaromatic nitrogen atoms was ethylene, the most
      potent activity was obtained. Alkylations of either of the two nonaromatic
      nitrogens yielded more active compounds, although bulky or excessively long alkyl
      groups reduced the potency. Among these derivatives, 27 and 47 were equipotent to
      diltiazem, which is used clinically as a cardiovascular drug. These two compounds
      also had antihypertensive and vasodilatory activities when administered
      intravenously, although the activities were less than that of diltiazem when
      given by this route.

PMID- 2909744
TI  - Platelet activating factor antagonists: synthesis and structure-activity studies
      of novel PAF analogues modified in the phosphorylcholine moiety.
AB  - New analogues of platelet activating factor (PAF), in which the phosphate and
      trimethylammonium moieties were replaced with an acylcarbamoyl moiety and a
      quaternary cyclic ammonium group, were synthesized. Their biological activities
      as PAF antagonists were evaluated by the inhibition of PAF-induced rabbit
      platelet aggregation in vitro and protective effects on PAF-induced hypotension
      in rats and PAF-induced death in mice. Investigation of structure-activity
      relationships revealed that PAF antagonist activity is strongly influenced by the
      acyl substituent of the nitrogen atom on the carbamoyl group and the nature of
      the polar head group at the 3-position of the glycerin backbone. Among the
      compounds tested, 2-[[N-acetyl-N-[[2-methoxy-3-[ (octadecylcarbamoyl)oxy]propoxy]
      carbonyl]amino] methyl]-1-ethylpyridinium chloride (21, CV-6209) was one of the
      most potent compounds in the in vitro assay (IC50 = 7.5 X 10(-8) M) and the most
      potent and long-lasting in the in vivo assays. (R)-(-)-21 and (S)-(+)-21 were
      also synthesized, and no significant differences were observed in PAF antagonist
      activity in vitro and an inhibitory effect on PAF induced hypotension in vivo
      between (RS)-21 and its enantiomers.

PMID- 2909745
TI  - Acyclic analogues of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine as potential antiviral agents.
      Nucleoside synthesis by Michael addition.
AB  - An acyclic derivative of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine, (R,S)-1-[1-(2-hydroxyethoxy)
      3-azidopropyl]thymine (2), has been synthesized by a path involving Michael-type
      addition. Related thymidine analogues lacking the C(3')-C(4') bond were similarly
      obtained. The method provides a versatile new route to nucleoside analogues. The
      new compounds were found to be essentially inactive against human
      immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and
      type 2 (HSV-2) in vitro when tested up to 100 microM.

PMID- 2909746
TI  - 1',2'-seco-dideoxynucleosides as potential anti-HIV agents.
AB  - 1',2'-seco-2',3'-Dideoxycytidine (12), -guanosine (14), -adenosine (16), and 
      inosine (18) were prepared from (R)-benzylglycidol as potential anti-HIV agents.
      When compared to ddAdo in protecting ATH8 cells, they were found to be inactive.

PMID- 2909747
TI  - Structure-activity relationships among methoctramine-related polymethylene
      tetraamines. Chain-length and substituent effects on M-2 muscarinic receptor
      blocking activity.
AB  - Several polymethylene tetraamines related to methoctramine (1) were prepared and
      evaluated for their blocking activity on M-2 muscarinic receptors in guinea pig
      atria and ileum. It turned out that antimuscarinic potency depends on the
      following parameters: (a) nature of the substituent on both inner and outer
      nitrogens and (b) carbon chain length separating the inner nitrogens as well as
      the inner and outer nitrogens. Optimum activity at cardiac M-2 muscarinic
      receptors was associated with the chain lengths present in 1, that is, eight
      methylenes between the inner nitrogens and six methylenes between the inner and
      outer nitrogens. With regard to the substituents, replacement of the benzylic
      moiety of 1 by a 2-furyl or a 5-methyl-2-furyl nucleus resulted in enhanced
      potency toward cardiac M-2 muscarinic receptors. In fact, furtramine (18) and
      mefurtramine (19) proved to be more potent and more selective than 1. Moreover, N
      methylation of the four nitrogens of 1 gave different effects: methylation of the
      outer nitrogens, giving 22, caused a significant decrease in activity whereas
      methylation of the inner nitrogens, yielding 23, resulted in an increase in
      activity in both atria and ileum.

PMID- 2909748
TI  - N6-bicycloalkyladenosines with unusually high potency and selectivity for the
      adenosine A1 receptor.

PMID- 2909749
TI  - Inhibition of 125I-labeled ristocetin binding to Micrococcus luteus cells by the
      peptides related to bacterial cell wall mucopeptide precursors: quantitative
      structure-activity relationships.
AB  - Quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) of N-Ac amino acids, N-Ac
      dipeptides, and N-Ac tripeptides in inhibition of 125I-labeled ristocetin binding
      to Micrococcus luteus cell wall have been developed to probe the details of the
      binding between ristocetin and N-acetylated peptides. The correlation equations
      indicate that (1) the binding is stronger for peptides in which the side chain of
      the C-terminal amino acid has a large molar refractivity (MR) value, (2) the
      binding is weaker for peptides with polar than for those with nonpolar C-terminal
      side chains, (3) the N-terminal amino acid in N-Ac dipeptides contributes 12
      times that of the C-terminal amino acid to binding affinity, and (4) the
      interactions between ristocetin and the N-terminal amino acid of N-acetyl
      tripeptides appear to be much weaker than those with the first two amino acids.

PMID- 2909750
TI  - Synthesis and anticonvulsant properties of 2,3,3a,4-tetrahydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2
      a]benzimidazol-1-ones.
AB  - A series of 2,3,3a,4-tetrahydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]benzimidazol-1-ones were
      synthesized and evaluated for anticonvulsant activity in DBA/2 mice against sound
      induced seizures and in rats against maximal electroshock-induced seizures. Most
      of the derivatives showed an anticonvulsant effect better than that of valproate,
      a commonly used anticonvulsant drug. Compound 3 possessed an anticonvulsant
      activity comparable to that of diphenylhydantoin in both tests and was selected
      for further studies. Structure-activity relationships are discussed.

PMID- 2909751
TI  - Community-based strategies for cancer prevention in an urban area: the Stockholm
      Cancer Prevention Program.

PMID- 2909752
TI  - Phase I trial of trimetrexate glucuronate on a five-day bolus schedule: clinical
      pharmacology and pharmacodynamics.
AB  - Trimetrexate glucuronate (TMTX), a nonclassical folate antagonist, has been
      evaluated clinically on several schedules. We have studied TMTX administered as
      an iv bolus for 5 consecutive days every 3 weeks in 35 patients with advanced
      solid tumors. Drug was given at doses ranging from 7.6 to 18.8 mg/m2. The maximal
      tolerated dose was 13.1 mg/m2 per day x 5 for patients without prior myelotoxic
      treatment and 7.6 mg/m2 per day x 5 for previously treated patients. Because of
      wide individual differences in drug tolerance, dose escalation in 25% increments
      is recommended for patients not experiencing toxic effects. The dose-limiting
      toxicity was neutropenia. Rash and mucositis were also significant. TMTX
      concentrations were measured 1 and 24 hours after each dose, and the data were
      fit by use of a one-compartment pharmacokinetic model. With this simplified
      sampling and modeling scheme, the mean total body clearance (+/- SD) of
      trimetrexate was 31 +/- 20 mL/min per m2 and the volume of distribution was 13 +/
      7 L/m2. Mean plasma concentrations 1 hour after a dose were 1.12, 2.43, 3.33,
      and 3.25 mumol/L at 7.6, 9.1, 10.9, and 13.1 mg/m2, respectively. The mean TMTX
      concentration (+/- SD) 24 hours after a dose was 114 +/- 87 nmol/L. The mean area
      under the concentration-versus-time curve at 13.1 mg/m2 was 2,266 mumol.min/L.
      The drug concentration 1 hour after the first dose and the area under the
      concentration-versus-time curve were highly correlated with leukopenia and
      thrombocytopenia (r = .6 and .65 and P = .0007 and .0001, respectively). The
      maximal tolerated dose on the daily x 5 schedule was 30% of the dose tolerated on
      an iv bolus schedule. The choice of drug schedule for clinical trials when murine
      and human pharmacokinetics differ is discussed. Phase II trials are under way
      with both the iv bolus and the daily x 5 schedules.

PMID- 2909753
TI  - Enhanced induction by high-cholesterol diet of remnant gastric carcinogenesis by
      N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in rats.
AB  - The influence of bile acids on the development of remnant gastric carcinoma was
      examined by investigating the incidence of carcinogenesis in noninbred male
      Wistar rats treated orally with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG; CAS
      70-25-7; 1-methyl-3-nitro-1-nitrosoguanidine) and fed a diet containing 1%
      cholesterol. The high-cholesterol diet did not influence the incidence of
      carcinoma in the nongastrectomized, MNNG-treated groups of rats. However, in the
      gastrectomized groups, the incidence of carcinoma was significantly higher in the
      group given the high-cholesterol diet (60.6%) than in the group given a normal
      diet (35.5%). Histologically undifferentiated adenocarcinoma was recognized more
      frequently in the high-cholesterol-diet group. Three gastrectomized rats not
      treated with MNNG but fed the high-cholesterol diet developed remnant gastric
      carcinoma (13%), whereas none of the rats given the normal diet did. Because the
      fecal excretion of bile acids increased significantly in the rats fed the high
      cholesterol diet and the gastroduodenal reflux of bile acids was probably
      accelerated, the increase in the incidence of carcinogenesis in the remnant
      stomach was considered to be the result of the increase in the reflux of bile
      acids evoked by a high-cholesterol diet.

PMID- 2909755
TI  - Distribution and activity of antineoplastic drugs in a tumor model.
AB  - Antineoplastic drugs can be effective in solid tumors only if they can penetrate
      several cell layers and retain their activity in the tumor microenvironment. The
      capacity of several common chemotherapeutic agents to meet these requirements was
      evaluated in an in vitro tumor model, V79 Chinese hamster cells grown as
      spheroids. The delivery and toxicity of radioactively labeled 5-fluorouracil,
      lomustine, tetraplatin, and chlorambucil were determined by use of cell-sorting
      techniques to select cells as a function of their position (depth) within these
      spheroids, and the delivery and toxicity of doxorubicin (DOX) were evaluated on
      the basis of fluorescence intensity. Simultaneous measurement of drug level and
      toxicity in cells at the time of recovery from different depths within the
      spheroids led to the conclusion that drug delivery was a problem only for DOX. In
      contrast, several of the other agents showed a dissociation between cellular drug
      levels and activity, implicating a major role of the cellular microenvironment in
      modulating drug toxicity.

PMID- 2909754
TI  - Control of a murine plasmacytoma with doxorubicin-cisplatin: dependence on
      circadian stage of treatment.
AB  - In anticipation of the development of clinical chronotherapy and in order to pick
      clinical test times for doxorubicin and cisplatin trials, two large studies were
      performed on rats bearing a transplanted plasmacytoma. The circadian timing of
      each of two anticancer drugs given at precisely equal dose intensities was
      expected to improve therapeutic benefit over conventionally given (time
      unqualified) treatment. In each chronotherapeutic study, maximal benefit and
      minimal toxic effects were found when cisplatin was administered in the middle to
      latter part of the daily activity (dark) span, while doxorubicin was administered
      near the end of the daily resting (light) span for these nocturnally active
      rodents living on a 12-hour-12-hour or 8-hour-16-hour light-dark schedule. This
      was true whether doxorubicin or cisplatin was given first and whether there was a
      lag of only a few hours or a few days between the administration of these two
      agents.

PMID- 2909756
TI  - Development of a rapid chemosensitivity test for anticancer drugs with contact
      sensitive monolayers of Balb/3T3 cells.
AB  - We investigated whether lethally irradiated, contact-sensitive Balb/3T3 cell
      confluent monolayers, termed "cell mats," could be used for the screening of
      human tumors for sensitivity to anticancer drugs. Cell mats greatly inhibited the
      growth of normal Balb/3T3 cells and normal human fibroblasts but did not inhibit
      the growth of human tumor cells. To assess chemosensitivity of tumor cells, we
      measured the [14C]thymidine (dThd) incorporation by tumor cells that had been
      plated and then treated with various anticancer drugs on the cell mats. Although
      the [14C]dThd incorporation assay, when compared with the colony-formation assay,
      underestimated the toxicity of certain drugs, the assays gave similar results
      with regard to the degree of colony inhibition and to the decrease in [14C]dThd
      incorporation when various anticancer drugs were used at the same concentration
      ranges. Therefore, the method we used for measuring the isotope uptake in the
      cell mats could also be used to test for tumor-specific chemosensitivity. Because
      our results from this assay on various human tumor cells, including those from
      primary human tumors, can be obtained within 5 days, we believe that the system
      is potentially useful for testing anticancer drugs against human tumors in vitro.

PMID- 2909757
TI  - Reversal of 5-fluorouracil-induced myelosuppression by prolonged administration
      of high-dose uridine.
AB  - The effect of high-dose uridine on 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-induced toxicity was
      investigated. Nine patients were treated weekly with 5-FU at increasing dosages.
      Five patients developed dose-limiting leukopenia, and four patients developed
      thrombocytopenia. At dose-limiting toxicity, 5-FU treatment was repeated and
      followed after 3 hours by intermittent iv infusion of uridine (2 g/m2 per hr)
      during 72 hours. Leukopenia was reversed for several weeks but thrombocytopenia
      was not. Side effects consisted of mild rises in body temperature. The
      pharmacokinetics of uridine were similar to those observed with single-agent
      uridine. Our data indicate that high-dose uridine can reduce the severity of 5-FU
      induced myelosuppression.

PMID- 2909758
TI  - Allium vegetables and reduced risk of stomach cancer.
AB  - Interviews with 564 patients with stomach cancer and 1,131 controls in an area of
      China where gastric cancer rates are high revealed a significant reduction in
      gastric cancer risk with increasing consumption of allium vegetables. Persons in
      the highest quartile of intake experienced only 40% of the risk of those in the
      lowest. Protective effects were seen for garlic, onions, and other allium foods.
      Although additional research is needed before etiologic inferences can be made,
      the findings are consistent with recent reports of tumor inhibition following
      administration of allium compounds in experimental animals.

PMID- 2909759
TI  - Perspective: what makes a cell run wild?

PMID- 2909760
TI  - Huge tobacco control project begun by NCI, ACS.

PMID- 2909761
TI  - New technique to diagnose eye cancer being tested.

PMID- 2909762
TI  - Ban to be lifted on research use of fetal tissue?

PMID- 2909763
TI  - Educating farmers, physicians who treat them, about rural life's potential health
      hazards.

PMID- 2909764
TI  - Increasing use of contact lenses prompts issuing of infection-prevention
      guidelines.

PMID- 2909765
TI  - Institute of Medicine panel suggests changes to revitalize National Institutes of
      Health.

PMID- 2909766
TI  - From the Food and Drug Administration. Interferon alfa approved for Kaposi's
      sarcoma.

PMID- 2909767
TI  - Leads from the MMWR. Relationship of syphilis to drug use and prostitution-
      Connecticut and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

PMID- 2909768
TI  - Leads from the MMWR. Premature mortality due to alcohol-related motor vehicle
      traffic fatalities--United States, 1987.

PMID- 2909769
TI  - Leads from the MMWR. Operational criteria for determining suicide.

PMID- 2909770
TI  - New York City's health care crisis: AIDS, the poor, and limited resources.

PMID- 2909771
TI  - Caring for the poor: the altruism of physicians.

PMID- 2909772
TI  - Doctors have feelings too.

PMID- 2909773
TI  - Organ procurement.

PMID- 2909774
TI  - Ulcerative colitis and diffuse interstitial lung disease: rare association or
      complete coincidence?

PMID- 2909775
TI  - The office measurement of cholesterol.

PMID- 2909776
TI  - Collection agencies: instant destruction of goodwill.

PMID- 2909777
TI  - Meta-analysis of alcohol and risk of breast cancer.

PMID- 2909778
TI  - Increasing incidence of tuberculosis in a prison inmate population. Association
      with HIV infection.
AB  - The incidence of tuberculosis (TB) among inmates of the New York State prison
      system increased from 15.4 per 100,000 in 1976 through 1978 to 105.5 per 100,000
      in 1986. Matching of TB and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome registries
      indicated that the majority (56%) of inmates with TB reported in 1985 and 1986
      had acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or human immunodeficiency virus infection;
      none were known to be human immunodeficiency virus seronegative. A case-control
      study examined 59 inmates with TB reported from 1984 through 1986 and 59 matched
      control inmates without TB. Inmates who reported street drug use were more likely
      to develop TB: odds ratio, 9.7; 95% confidence interval, 2.8 to 33.6 and odds
      ratio, 7.3; 95% confidence interval, 0.9 to 59.3 by unconditional and conditional
      logistic regression analyses, respectively. Although the majority of cases are
      thought to be due to reactivation of latent infection, phage typing of 16
      Mycobacterium tuberculosis cultures suggested the possibility of inmate-to-inmate
      transmission in at least one cluster of three cases. It is of crucial importance
      that TB control measures be reinforced in the prison setting to counter the
      increased risk created by human immunodeficiency virus infection.

PMID- 2909779
TI  - Effect of smoking on the activity of ischemic heart disease.
AB  - Cigarette smoking has been causally linked to coronary heart disease. To
      investigate the effect of smoking on the activity of ischemic heart disease, 65
      patients with chronic stable manifestations of coronary disease and a positive
      exercise tolerance test underwent continuous ambulatory monitoring to quantify
      the amount of ischemic ST segment depression during daily life. Twenty-four
      smokers were compared with 41 nonsmokers for frequency and duration of
      electrocardiographic signs of ischemia during 24 hours. A total of 4,968 hours of
      ambulatory monitoring were analyzed. The frequency of episodes was three times as
      often (median) and the duration of ischemia was 12 times longer (median duration,
      24 vs 2 min/24 h) in smokers than nonsmokers. This finding remained statistically
      significant when a number of potentially confounding factors were controlled by
      means of logistic regression. This study shows that patients with coronary artery
      disease who smoke have significantly and substantially more active myocardial
      ischemia during daily life than patients who do not.

PMID- 2909780
TI  - Prevalence, detection, and treatment of alcoholism in hospitalized patients.
AB  - As part of an institution-wide program to enhance the education of physicians in
      diagnosing and treating alcohol dependence and abuse, a comprehensive survey was
      conducted in which all new admissions to the adult inpatient services of The
      Johns Hopkins Hospital were screened for alcoholism. The prevalence of screen
      positive alcoholism, by department, was as follows: medicine (25%), psychiatry
      (30%), neurology (19%), obstetrics-gynecology (12.5%), and surgery (23%).
      Detection rates by the house staff and faculty physicians caring for those
      patients who screened positively were less than 25% in surgery and obstetrics
      gynecology, between 25% and 50% in neurology and medicine, and greater than 50%
      in psychiatry. However, physicians were less likely to identify as alcoholic
      those patients with higher incomes, higher education, or private medical
      insurance; women; and those who denied heavy alcohol intake. Physician-instituted
      treatment rates for those patients diagnosed by the physician as having
      nonrecovered alcoholism were less than 50% in surgery and obstetrics-gynecology,
      between 50% and 75% in medicine and neurology, and 100% in psychiatry. The extent
      to which the physicians intervened while the patient was hospitalized correlated
      with the patient's reported change in alcohol use after discharge.
      Recommendations based on these data are being incorporated into the medical
      education curriculum.

PMID- 2909781
TI  - Passive transfer of HIV antibody by hepatitis B immune globulin.
AB  - Two newborns of mothers carrying hepatitis B and at high risk for human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection developed HIV-positive test results by
      enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot tests after birth. Both had
      been administered hepatitis B immune globulin within 48 hours of birth.
      Serological tests detected HIV antibody as long as 17 days after birth. Both
      newborns had received lots of hepatitis B immune globulin containing antibody to
      HIV. While hepatitis B immune globulin cannot transmit HIV infection to
      recipients, physicians should be aware that administration of older lots of this
      preparation may result in transiently positive tests for HIV antibody in the
      recipients. Lots manufactured from screened plasma do not contain antibody to
      HIV.

PMID- 2909782
TI  - Tuberculosis in correctional institutions.

PMID- 2909783
TI  - Another smoking gun linking cigarettes and heart disease.

PMID- 2909784
TI  - A piece of my mind. On taking up the caduceus.

PMID- 2909785
TI  - A piece of my mind. The Benjamin birds.

PMID- 2909786
TI  - Is it time to include lipoprotein analysis in cholesterol screening?

PMID- 2909787
TI  - Cardiomyoplasty adds muscle to efforts to alleviate end-stage heart failure.

PMID- 2909788
TI  - Approval expected for 'prelude' to gene therapy.

PMID- 2909789
TI  - Leads from the MMWR. Hypothermia prevention.

PMID- 2909790
TI  - Lipid level alterations in the Helsinki Heart Study.

PMID- 2909791
TI  - The care of patients with AIDS: don't ignore the family practitioner.

PMID- 2909792
TI  - Enough about AIDS: another letter about AIDS.

PMID- 2909793
TI  - An 'amp' by any other name: the hazards of intravenous magnesium dosing.

PMID- 2909794
TI  - Corneal damage due to eye contact with chlorhexidine gluconate.

PMID- 2909795
TI  - Laugh if this is a joke.

PMID- 2909796
TI  - In-flight medical emergencies.

PMID- 2909797
TI  - The efficacy of acellular pertussis vaccine.

PMID- 2909798
TI  - Cocaine use and HIV infection in intravenous drug users in San Francisco.
AB  - We assessed risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in 633
      heterosexual intravenous drug users. The HIV seroprevalence was 26% in blacks,
      10% in Hispanics, and 6% in whites. Intravenous cocaine use significantly
      increased the risk of HIV infection, with a seroprevalence of 35% in daily
      cocaine users (odds ratio, 6.4; 95% confidence interval, 3.0 to 13.3). Black
      subjects were more likely to use cocaine regularly. Drug use in shooting
      galleries and sharing of drug injection equipment were also associated with HIV
      infection and were more common in cocaine users. By multivariate analysis, black
      race, daily cocaine injection by blacks and Hispanics, all other cocaine
      injection, heavy use prior to entry into methadone treatment by blacks, and use
      of drugs in shooting galleries were independent predictors of HIV infection.
      Methadone therapy was associated with substantial reductions in heroin use and
      some reduction in cocaine use, but 24% of cocaine users receiving methadone began
      or increased cocaine injection after entry into treatment.

PMID- 2909799
TI  - Evaluation of potentially preventable deaths among pedestrian and bicyclist
      fatalities.
AB  - The prehospital, emergency department, and in-hospital care of 84 patients who
      died following a pedestrian- or bicycle-motor vehicle collision in a four-county
      area was retrospectively reviewed using a systematic, detailed scoring system.
      The purpose of the study was to examine the effectiveness of an advanced
      paramedic-regionalized trauma care system and to examine the usefulness of a
      systematic evaluation tool in identifying preventable and possibly preventable
      deaths. Among the 84 deaths, one was judged to be preventable and 18 possibly
      preventable. The one preventable death occurred in the emergency department,
      while the possibly preventable deaths more commonly occurred after 48 hours and
      were due to central nervous system injury, sepsis, and multiple organ failure.
      Prolonged prehospital and emergency department time and failure to establish an
      airway were the most common problems identified as contributing to fatal outcome.
      The use of explicit criteria was demonstrated to be an effective addition to the
      analysis of trauma care systems.

PMID- 2909800
TI  - Harmful genital care practices in children. A type of child abuse.
AB  - Little attention has been paid in the literature to children's genital hygiene in
      recent years. We describe harmful genital care practices that produce physical
      and/or psychoemotional abnormalities in children. These practices comprise
      unusual and ritualistic handling and inspection of the child's genitals.
      Abnormalities produced include chronic and varied somatic complaints and
      behavioral anomalies, changes in genital anatomy, unnecessary medical diagnostic
      and therapeutic interventions, and, sometimes, overt sexual abuse. The practices
      need to be recognized as harmful to children, and effective intervention must be
      sought.

PMID- 2909801
TI  - A piece of my mind. Prairie wedding.

PMID- 2909802
TI  - Needle localization in occult breast lesions.
AB  - A series of 211 women underwent 211 preoperative needle localizations of
      nonpalpable breast lesions. All mammographic, operative, and pathological data
      were reviewed. Carcinoma occurred in 10%. Seventeen (81%) were invasive, and four
      (19%) were noninvasive. Forty-three percent of the cancers were minimal carcinoma
      (in situ or an invasive cancer measuring less than 5 mm in size with negative
      axillary nodes), and 48% were less than 1 cm. Overall, metastasis to axillary
      lymph nodes occurred in 10%. The mammographic findings of microcalcifications
      occurred in 81% of the malignant group and in 33% of the benign group. The
      combination of microcalcifications in association with an irregular density was
      only found in the malignant group. We conclude that 1) needle localization
      enables the early detection of stage I breast carcinoma and 2) the mammographic
      findings of microcalcifications in association with an irregular density occur
      only with malignancy in this series.

PMID- 2909803
TI  - Surgical salvage for recurrent "early" glottic cancers.
AB  - A 25-year retrospective study of 143 early (T1 and T2 N0) glottic cancer,
      patients was done to determine the recurrence rate following initial radiation
      therapy, the surgical salvage rate, and incidence of cervical lymph node
      metastases. Radiation therapy gave a 5-year cure rate of 78% for stage I and 57%
      for stage II. Total laryngectomy for recurrent squamous cell carcinoma had a 5
      year salvage rate of 66% for stage I and 61% for stage II recurrent tumors. The
      overall 5-year cure rate with initial and second therapy for stage I and stage II
      glottic cancers was 93% and 83%, respectively.

PMID- 2909804
TI  - Tumor tissue is more sensitive to mitomycin C, carboquone, and aclacinomycin A
      than is adjacent normal tissue in vitro.
AB  - In tissues obtained from patients undergoing gastrectomy or colectomy,
      sensitivity to mitomycin C (MMC), carboquone (CQ), and aclacinomycin A (ACR) was
      examined in 20 tumors (15 gastric, 5 colorectal) and in the adjacent normal
      mucosal tissues, using the in vitro succinate dehydrogenase inhibition test. The
      succinate dehydrogenase (SD) activity decreased to a greater extent in the tumor
      tissues than in adjacent normal tissues, at rates of 80% for MMC, 80% for CQ, and
      90% for ACR. There were no correlations between SD activities of tumor and
      adjacent normal tissue, r = 0.157 for MMC, r = 0.435 for CQ, and r = 0.375 for
      ACR. Normal tissues were sensitive to MMC in 25% of cases sensitive to MMC in the
      tumor tissues, 46% for CQ, and 38% for ACR. These results show that the antitumor
      effects of MMC, CQ, and ACR are relatively specific for tumor tissues and that
      the assay of chemosensitivity of normal tissues is meaningful for predicting the
      toxic effects of antitumor drugs on these tissues.

PMID- 2909805
TI  - Leiomyosarcomas of the extremities.
AB  - Leiomyosarcomas are uncommon malignant neoplasms that rarely arise in the
      extremities. We report on the clinical characteristics of 17 cases seen at the
      Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center over a 32 year period. Most neoplasms
      occurred in the lower extremities, and most of the tumors recurred after surgery
      alone, with several late recurrences. The overall prognosis was grim, with a
      median survival of 24 months. More aggressive multidisciplinary approaches to
      this disease are warranted.

PMID- 2909806
TI  - Advanced basal cell carcinoma and successful treatment with chemotherapy.
AB  - The patient presented in this report has a large basal cell carcinoma on the
      wrist and thigh. The lesion on the wrist was nonresectable without amputation.
      The patient showed an impressive response to chemotherapy with systemic
      cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, and intra-arterial cisplatin. The tumor could be
      excised by a simple excision on both sites and showed no residual tumor on the
      hand and only a microscopic focus on the thigh. The patient continues to be free
      of disease 3 years after the initiation of the therapy.

PMID- 2909807
TI  - Myelodysplasia, chemical exposure, and other environmental factors.
AB  - This paper describes a case-control study of the occupational and environmental
      exposures of patients with myelodysplasia. The methodology, first described in
      Canada for solid tumors, estimates lifetime exposures to a number of potential
      toxic hazards or carcinogens. This pilot study confirms that the methodology,
      with the use of questionnaires and interviews, can estimate exposures to specific
      chemicals and shows some significant associations with myelodysplasia, including
      exposure to petrol or diesel compounds.

PMID- 2909808
TI  - Serum and urine glycosaminoglycans in myeloid leukemia and myelodysplasia.
AB  - Urinary glycosaminoglycan excretion is increased in a variety of human diseases,
      including malignancy. We have measured serum and urine glycosaminoglycan levels
      by the carbazole method of uronic acid determination in patients with myeloid
      leukemia or myelodysplasia. Eleven patients were studied during active disease as
      well as eight in complete remission. Serum levels in patients with active disease
      did not differ significantly from 11 healthy volunteers with no hematological
      disease. In contrast, the median urine level for the patients with active disease
      was 7.6 mg uronate/g Creatinine (Creat) compared to 2.6 for controls (p less than
      0.002). Interestingly, the eight patients in complete remission also had a
      significant increase in uronate excretion with a median of 7.3 (p less than
      0.002). These results suggest that elevated urinary glycosaminoglycan levels in
      leukemia are not due to impaired ability of the liver to clear circulating
      glycosaminoglycans or overproduction by leukemic cells. The observed increase in
      glycosaminoglycan excretion may be due to altered bone marrow matrix metabolism
      that is often not reversed by the achievement of hematologic remission.

PMID- 2909809
TI  - Cytogenetically unrelated clones in hematological neoplasms.
AB  - We have reviewed literature data on 6,306 cases of hematological neoplasia--acute
      and chronic lymphatic and myeloid leukemias (CML excepted), myelodysplastic and
      chronic lymphoproliferative and myeloproliferative disorders, and malignant
      lymphomas--with the goal of quantitatively ascertaining how often cytogenetically
      unrelated clones occur in these diseases. Unexpectedly wide variations were
      found: in ANLL, unrelated clones were present in 1.1% of the 2,506 known cases
      with chromosome abnormalities characterized with banding technique; in the
      various myelodysplastic (MDS) and chronic myeloproliferative (CMD) disorders
      (total number of cases 1,299) the frequency was 4.3% and in lymphatic
      malignancies 1.3% (total case number 2,501). In the latter group the proportions
      varied between 0.4% and 0.6% in ALL and malignant lymphoma (ML) to as much as
      6.2% in CLD and 7.3% in CLL. Some karyotypic abnormalities were encountered more
      often than would be expected from their general frequency in the various
      diseases. This discrepancy was particularly evident in MDS and CMD, where 5q- was
      found in slightly less and +8 in somewhat more than half of the 56 cases.
      Furthermore, these two aberrations were found as the only changes in the two
      coexisting clones in one-fourth of the material. Although if viewed in isolation
      these data would undoubtedly be best explained by assuming a multicellular origin
      of the neoplasm, it is entirely possible that what are cytogenetically perceived
      as unrelated clones could be subclones with some invisible aberration in common.
      If so, this interpretation indicates that changes like +8 and 5q-, both of which
      are common rearrangements in bone marrow neoplasms, are actually secondary
      changes that develop during tumor progression.

PMID- 2909810
TI  - Distinct antigen expression related to DNA ploidy in a case of biphenotypic
      leukemia.
AB  - Three cell populations with different DNA indices were demonstrated in a case of
      biphenotypic terminal transferase (TdT)/myeloid-positive acute leukemia which had
      developed from a pre-leukemic diploid population also expressing biphenotypic
      features. At the time of development of acute leukemia, flow-cytometric analysis
      revealed expression of TdT by the diploid, the tetraploid, and the near-triploid
      cells, but only the tetraploid cells carried the myeloid-specific M2 antigen.
      Cytogenetic analysis showed four stemlines, diploid, tetraploid, tetraploid with
      del(2), and near-triploid with del(2) and variable chromosome losses. In vitro
      treatment with retinoic acid induced the expression of the M2 antigen by the
      diploid cells as well. This in vitro result is consistent with a myeloid
      differentiation commitment of the pluripotent leukemic stem cell.

PMID- 2909811
TI  - Human plasma thrombopoietin.

PMID- 2909812
TI  - Endoscopic paranasal sinus surgery: indications and considerations.
AB  - Recently, American otolaryngologists have become increasingly interested in
      endoscopic paranasal sinus surgery. This trend has been beneficial, because it
      has enhanced the understanding of the anatomy and pathophysiology of the sinuses.
      However, as with the introduction of any new surgical technique, it takes both
      time and experience to acquired the skills necessary to perform this procedure.
      To evaluate the state of endoscopic sinus surgery, we analyzed the experience of
      one of the authors with 100 consecutive patients undergoing therapeutic
      endoscopic sinus surgery over 23 months. With an average follow-up of 5 months
      (range: less than 1 month to 20 months), 14 patients had minor complications. The
      most common complication was synechia between the middle turbinate and the
      lateral nasal wall (six patients), resulting in revision surgery in four
      patients. Eighty-three patients were judged as having significantly improved
      after surgery, while ten were improved but had one episode of sinusitis
      postoperatively. The results of this series suggest that endoscopic paranasal
      sinus surgery is an efficacious advance in the treatment of sinusitis, given the
      limitations discussed in this report.

PMID- 2909813
TI  - A new needle and technique for MRI-guided aspiration cytology of the head and
      neck.

PMID- 2909814
TI  - An alternative to the transpalatal maxillary nerve block.

PMID- 2909815
TI  - Apneic anesthesia for laryngoscopy.

PMID- 2909816
TI  - Pyoderma gangrenosum involving the head and neck.

PMID- 2909817
TI  - Hemorrhagic tonsillitis.
AB  - Eleven patients with acute and/or chronic tonsillitis, who presented with a
      spontaneous tonsillar hemorrhage are reported and discussed. Two patterns of
      hemorrhage were noted: 1. diffuse, parenchymal bleeding and 2. localized bleeding
      from dilated surface vessels. Pharyngeal culture for group A beta-hemolytic
      Streptococcus was positive in six patients (55%). Monospot, heterophile
      antibodies, complete blood cell count, prothombin time, partial thromboplastin
      time, and viral studies did not consistently demonstrate any abnormality. Two
      patients, however, did have an elevation in liver enzymes. In five patients, the
      bleeding stopped spontaneously; in five patients the bleeding was controlled with
      local chemical cautery. In two patients, Avitene was used for hemostasis. One
      other patient's bleeding was controlled by electrocautery while the patient was
      under anesthesia for endoscopic evaluation of hemoptysis. Two patients required
      blood transfusions; one of these patients had a history of factor IX deficiency.
      Four case histories are discussed in detail to illustrate the varied clinical
      presentation and some pitfalls in diagnosing and managing this rarely reported
      complication of tonsillitis. Possible mechanisms for the pathophysiology include
      increased tonsillar blood flow, necrosis of tonsillar surface cells, and trauma
      to dilated surface vessels. No common bacterial or viral etiology could be
      determined in this rare, but potentially serious, complication of tonsillitis.

PMID- 2909818
TI  - Space-occupying orbital lesions: can critical increases in intraorbital pressure
      be predicted clinically?
AB  - Thirteen cadaver orbits were studied to determine whether noninvasive clinical
      measurements of globe excursion could be used to predict intraorbital pressure.
      Intraorbital pressure measurements, exophthalmometry, and orbitonometry (which
      measures resistance to globe retrodisplacement) were performed at 1-ml increments
      to 12 ml of added orbital volume. Orbitonometry, performed with forces of 100,
      200, and 300 g, yielded both E (global position) and Y (retrodisplacement)
      values. Plots of orbital pressure against percentage of excursion, a function of
      orbital retrodisplacement (that is, orbital pressure versus [(E0 - E300)/E0] x
      100), for 131 paired values over all orbits yielded a function with low
      percentage of excursion values associated with high intraorbital pressures. This
      relationship reflected both the proptosis and the increased orbital tension
      produced by added volumes. Comparison of clinical orbitonometry data with such
      experimental data may allow predictions about which patients are threatened by
      critical intraorbital pressure levels and may benefit from orbital decompression
      surgery to preserve vision.

PMID- 2909819
TI  - Facial nerve function following irradiated cable grafts.
AB  - Facial nerve cable grafting preceding postoperative radiation therapy in patients
      undergoing facial nerve resection for malignant disease remains controversial.
      Twelve cases of postoperatively irradiated facial nerve cable grafts are reviewed
      in detail. Of nine patients with long-term evaluations, all have shown some
      return of facial nerve function, with seven having moderate to excellent return
      of function, as documented on videotapes and shown in still photographs. We
      conclude that cable grafting is the treatment of choice, even though
      postoperative radiation therapy is planned. Cable grafting should almost always
      result in facial function that is clearly superior to the function provided by
      static or dynamic slings.

PMID- 2909820
TI  - Long-term follow-up and recent observations on 305 cases of orbital decompression
      for dysthyroid orbitopathy.
AB  - Dysthyroid exophthalmopathy (orbitopathy) results from an enlargement of
      extraglobal orbital structures, producing ocular proptosis, optic nerve
      compression, and corneal exposure. Treatment with corticosteroids and radiation
      may be beneficial; refractory cases require surgical decompression of the orbit.
      Transantral orbital decompression was described by Walsh and Ogura and has been
      performed in over 350 patients at this institution. A review of 305 patients with
      long-term follow-up was performed. Visual acuity improved or was maintained at
      preoperative levels in over 95% of the patients, with ocular recession ranging
      from 1 to 12 mm (average: 4 mm). Postoperative ocular balance of relative
      exophthalmos was to within 1 mm in 76% of the patients and to within 2 mm in
      approximately 90% of the patients. Normal postoperative extraocular muscle
      balance was present in 99 patients. Immediate postoperative diplopia was noted in
      206 patients. Long-term follow-up revealed that in 137 of these patients,
      diplopia resolved or responded to conservative management. Extraocular muscle
      surgery was required for correction in 69 patients. Twenty-seven patients had
      postoperative complications. These included 16 patients with hypesthesia of the
      infraorbital nerve, 5 patients with sinusitis, 3 patients who had incomplete
      decompression, 2 patients with oral antral fistulae, and 1 patient who had CSF
      rhinorrhea. Five patients, despite surgery, radiation, and steroid therapy
      progressed to blindness. We conclude that this procedure is effective and carries
      few complications. Orbital imaging, using computed tomography or magnetic
      resonance sequence with reconstructive capabilities, permits early diagnosis and
      treatment of dysthyroid compression optic neuropathy.

PMID- 2909821
TI  - Injection of fat for soft tissue augmentation.
AB  - Perinephric rabbit fat was divided into small particles with scissors and razor
      blades and then injected subcutaneously into the donor rabbit. The injected fat
      was compared with surgically implanted fat. Subcutaneous augmentation with both
      types of fat resulted in similar findings. Grossly, 40% of injection and
      implantation sites were palpable after 16 to 36 weeks of observation.
      Histologically, fat was present at practically every site, but with a variable
      amount of fat cell destruction. This study demonstrates that the author's method
      for dividing and injecting fat produces comparable results in terms of soft
      tissue augmentation to those obtained by surgically implanting fat. Although
      injected fat does not fulfill the criteria as the ideal substance for soft tissue
      augmentation, fat injection may prove to be a clinically useful means for
      improving body contour.

PMID- 2909822
TI  - Chronic sinusitis and woodworking as risk factors for cancer of the maxillary
      sinus in northeast Japan.
AB  - In the period 1983 to 1985, 66 patients presented to six Japanese university
      hospitals with squamous cell carcinoma of the maxillary sinus. Using self
      administered questionnaires, a case-control study was conducted to examine
      history of nasal diseases, occupational exposures, and other possible risk
      factors for this disease. For each patient, two controls were selected from the
      general population, matched to the patient by sex, age (+/- 5 years), and
      district of residence. A history of chronic sinusitis was associated with a 2.3
      fold increase in risk (p = 0.05). A high relative risk was also observed in males
      with an occupational history of woodworking or joinery, particularly when these
      jobs involved sanding or lathing practices (RR = 7.5, p = 0.02). No association
      between cigarette smoking and maxillary sinus cancer was observed in this study
      and no evidence was found that indoor air pollution in the home is involved in
      cancer development.

PMID- 2909823
TI  - Changes in pharyngeal properties after uvulopalatopharyngoplasty.
AB  - Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty is a commonly used modality for surgical treatment of
      snoring and obstructive sleep apnea. Although this procedure is thought to alter
      pharyngeal properties, its effect on pharyngeal mechanics has not been studied.
      The acoustic reflection technique was used to measure pharyngeal area at
      functional residual capacity and residual volume before and after
      uvulopalatopharyngoplasty in eight patients referred because of loud snoring. We
      also calculated the lung volume dependence of pharyngeal area, defined as the
      percent change in pharyngeal area between functional residual capacity and
      residual volume, normalized to the area at functional residual capacity. This
      parameter, which may be related to pharyngeal collapsibility, was obtained before
      and after uvulopalatopharyngoplasty. Preoperative sleep studies showed that one
      patient had obstructive sleep apnea (apnea index greater than 10).
      Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty resulted in a significant increase (p less than 0.01)
      in pharyngeal area (from 3.14 +/- 0.71 cm2 to 4.25 +/- 1.07 cm2) and residual
      volume (from 2.49 +/- 0.53 cm2 to 3.91 +/- 0.83 cm2). Following
      uvulopalatopharyngoplasty, the pharynx became stiffer, as manifested by a
      reduction in lung volume dependence of pharyngeal area from 19 +/- 12% to 8 +/-
      13% (p less than 0.05). Six patients, including the patient with obstructive
      sleep apnea, reported improvement in snoring. Two patients reported worsening in
      snoring. One of the two was found to have reduction in pharyngeal area and lung
      volume dependence of pharyngeal area, and an increase in apnea index from 3 to
      33. In selected snorers, uvulopalatopharyngoplasty results in improvement in
      snoring with a concomitant increase in pharyngeal area and a tendency toward
      lower pharyngeal collapsibility.

PMID- 2909824
TI  - Usher syndrome: an otoneurologic study.
AB  - Usher syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by severe hearing
      loss or deafness and retinitis pigmentosa. Eleven families with 25 affected
      members were studied. The test battery included genetic studies, clinical
      examination, audiological, ophthalmologic, and otoneurological tests, and
      magnetic resonance imaging. Sixteen affected persons had profound hearing loss or
      were considered anacusic, with absent bilateral vestibular responses. These
      patients had varying degrees of retinitis pigmentosa. These 16 patients were
      considered to have type I Usher syndrome. Nine persons were diagnosed as Usher
      type II with a moderate to profound hearing loss, normal vestibular function, and
      retinitis pigmentosa of varying degree. Magnetic resonance imaging was normal in
      all cases. Otoneurological tests indicated no central nervous system
      disturbances. The conclusion is that hearing loss and balance problems in Usher
      syndrome are due to inner ear damage with no evidence of central nervous system
      disturbances. Furthermore, the ataxia seen in Usher type I is due to a
      combination of retinitis pigmentosa and bilateral peripheral vestibular
      deficiency.

PMID- 2909825
TI  - Congenital nasal pyriform aperture stenosis.
AB  - Congenital nasal pyriform aperture stenosis is an unusual and previously
      undescribed cause of nasal airway obstruction in the newborn. The nasal pyriform
      aperture is narrowed due to bony overgrowth of the nasal process of the maxilla.
      This anomaly may produce signs and symptoms of nasal airway obstruction in
      newborns and infants similar to those seen in bilateral posterior choanal
      atresia. Computed tomography confirms the diagnosis and delineates the anomaly. A
      series of six patients with nasal pyriform aperture stenosis is presented. Four
      patients were treated with surgical enlargement of the nasal pyriform aperture
      via a sublabial approach. One patient was repaired via a transnasal approach, and
      one patient did not undergo surgical intervention. Follow-up reveals normal nasal
      airway and facial growth in all patients. Mildly symptomatic patients with
      congenital nasal pyriform aperture stenosis may be treated expectantly, while
      severely symptomatic patients benefit from repair via the sublabial approach.

PMID- 2909826
TI  - The firing properties of second-order vestibular neurons in correlation with the
      far-field recorded vestibular-evoked response.
AB  - Action potentials of the second-order vestibular neurons of ten cats were
      recorded, both in rest and responding to sinusoidal and intense impulse
      acceleration stimuli. The data were compared with the far-field recorded
      vestibular-evoked response induced by the same impulse stimuli. It was found that
      the irregular (kinetic) neurons, which had a phase lead relative to head
      velocity, were capable of responding to these impulses with a latency as short as
      3.5 msec after the start of head acceleration. It is assumed, therefore, that
      these neurons are the generators of the second wave of the vestibular-evoked
      response, having a similar latency. A high correlation was found between the
      latency of the first peak in the poststimulus time histogram in response to
      acceleration impulses and the phase of the response to sinusoidal rotations. The
      regular (tonic) vestibular neurons did not respond to acceleration impulses and
      probably did not contribute to the vestibular-evoked response.

PMID- 2909827
TI  - Homozygous hypobetalipoproteinemia with spared chylomicron formation.
AB  - Thirteen members of a family carrying a gene for pedigree of
      hypobetalipoproteinemia were analyzed for lipoprotein compositions,
      apolipoprotein (apo) B levels, and apo B isoforms. Judging from low density
      lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol (Chol) and apo B levels, a 75-year-old proband, a
      father who died of unknown fever, thrombopenia, and anemia, and his wife were
      heterozygous for hypobetalipoproteinemia. The proband had ataxic movement of
      hands and gait disturbance in later life. Three of four living siblings had
      extremely low levels of LDL-Chol (6 mg/dL) and LDL-apo B (2 mg/dL), and were
      postulated to have homozygous hypobetalipoproteinemia. Electrophoresis revealed
      marked deficiency of apo B-100, although trace amounts were noted in LDL. In
      contrast, apo B-48 was present in chylomicrons obtained after a fatty meal in the
      two patients with homozygous hypobetalipoproteinemia, indicating a selective
      deficiency of apo B-100 but not apo B-48. The defect in these patients seemingly
      is different from abnormal apo B-37 reported recently for a family with
      hypobetalipoproteinemia. Clinically, acanthocytotic red blood cells (8% to 12%),
      fatty liver, and low levels of serum lipid-soluble vitamins A and D were noted in
      homozygotes. One heterozygous sibling had 26 mg/dL LDL-Chol and 5 mg/dL LDL-apo B
      levels. All seven subjects in the third generation had low levels of Chol (85 to
      140 mg/dL), LDL-Chol (40 to 63 mg/dL) and LDL-apo B (10 to 20 mg/dL). They also
      showed mild acanthocytosis (0.5% to 2%) and a decrease of fat-soluble vitamins in
      plasma.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2909828
TI  - Splanchnic and peripheral release of 3-methylhistidine in relation to its urinary
      excretion in human infection.
AB  - The present investigation was undertaken in order to determine the release of 3
      methylhistidine (3MH) from the splanchnic region and from the leg, and the
      contributions these make to the increase in urinary 3MH excretion in infection.
      Thirteen febrile patients with infection were investigated. After an overnight
      fast, hepatic vein, femoral vein, and radial artery catheterizations were
      performed. Splanchnic and leg blood flows were determined by dye dilution
      technique. Plasma 3MH was analyzed by a modified HPLC method. The release of 3MH
      from the leg was 0.064 +/- 0.007 mumol/min (+/- SE) and from the splanchnic
      region 0.012 +/- 0.013 mumol/min. These releases of 3MH constitute 27% +/- 2% and
      8% +/- 6% of the individual urinary excretions, respectively. With increasing
      degree of catabolism, measured as individual 3MH increase above baseline
      excretion or as the 3MH to creatinine ratio (3MH:Cr), the relative contribution
      to urinary excretion from the leg was increased (individual increase, P = 0.08;
      3MH:Cr, P less than 0.01). Since this contribution was not decreased in the more
      catabolic patients, as would have been expected if the increase in urinary 3MH
      originated elsewhere, it is concluded that skeletal muscle is the source, and
      these results thus validate the use of urinary 3MH excretion as a marker of
      myofibrillar protein catabolism in infected patients.

PMID- 2909829
TI  - Heme inhibits cartilage metabolism and growth in vitro.
AB  - The present study was designed to investigate the potential role of heme as a
      direct inhibitor of cartilage metabolism and growth. We used the embryonic chick
      pelvic rudiment bioassays and the hypophysectomized rat cartilage sulfation
      bioassay, both sensitive to growth factors and growth inhibitors. In the chick
      bioassay pelvic rudiment growth was inhibited when heme was added to the culture
      medium at 0.1 mmol/L (after five days in culture, cartilage weight 224% +/- 11%
      of initial with normal serum, but 141% +/- 3% of initial with serum plus heme
      0.25 mmol/L); the heme-induced growth inhibition was promptly reversible when
      cartilages were placed in heme-free medium. This was due, at least in part, to
      heme-induced inhibition of (1) [35S] sulfate incorporation into proteoglycans by
      as little as 0.05 mmol/L heme (66% +/- 5% of assay buffer); (2) [14C] leucine
      incorporation into proteins by greater than or equal to 0.05 mmol/L heme (85% +/-
      6% of assay buffer); and (3) [3H] uridine incorporation by greater than or equal
      to 0.10 mmol/L heme (50% +/- 4% of assay buffer). In the rat cartilage sulfation
      bioassay (the literature "standard" bioassay for skeletal growth studies) a dose
      dependent inhibition of [35S] sulfate incorporation occurred with greater than or
      equal to 0.01 mmol/L added heme (82% +/- 3% of assay buffer). Heme caused a dose
      dependent and reversible inhibition of cartilage metabolism and growth, and it
      may have a novel role in the pathophysiology of growth retardation associated
      with some chronic disease.

PMID- 2909830
TI  - Hepatic metabolic alterations in rats treated with low-dose endotoxin and
      aspirin: an animal model of Reye's syndrome.
AB  - The administration of a sublethal dose of endotoxin (LPS) followed one hour later
      by a low dose of aspirin (LPS + ASA) to fasted rats leads to biochemical
      perturbations similar to Reye's syndrome. In this study hepatic energy metabolism
      was assessed in freeze-clamped liver samples (12 hours posttreatment) obtained
      from (250 to 300 g Sprague-Dawley) rats. The administration of aspirin alone to
      fasted rats did not significantly alter the hepatic levels of adenine
      nucleotides, total ketones, or acyl-CoA thioesters as compared to controls. In
      contrast, in both LPS and LPS + ASA samples, there were declines in ATP/ADP ratio
      (P less than .005), total ketones (P less than .001) and acetyl CoA (P less than
      .005) compared to their respective controls. A striking alteration in acyl-CoA
      thioesters was observed in LPS + ASA-treated animals. Unlike control, aspirin, or
      LPS-treated animals, LPS + ASA-treated animals accumulated relatively large
      amounts of unusual CoA esters, including propionyl-CoA, (iso)butyryl-CoA, beta
      methylcrotonyl-CoA, and isovaleryl-CoA, metabolites of the branch chain amino
      acid and odd-chain fatty acid oxidation pathways. The acyl-CoA profile is similar
      to that obtained in patients with Reye's syndrome. Like human patients with
      Reye's syndrome, these rats showed hyperammonemia, compromised fatty acid
      oxidation, and accumulation of branched chain amino acid oxidation metabolites.
      Accumulation of these intermediates with LPS + ASA is a possible mechanism for
      the potentiation of Reye's syndrome by aspirin. These findings provide
      biochemical evidence that sublethal doses of LPS + ASA administered to fasted
      rats produces an animal model of Reye's syndrome.

PMID- 2909831
TI  - Repeated ingestion of aspartame-sweetened beverage: effect on plasma amino acid
      concentrations in individuals heterozygous for phenylketonuria.
AB  - It has been suggested that excessive use of aspartame (APM) (N-L-alpha-aspartyl-L
      phenylalanine methyl ester) might grossly elevate plasma aspartate and
      phenylalanine concentrations in individuals heterozygous for phenylketonuria
      (PKUH). In study 1 six adult PKUH (three males; three females) ingested three
      successive 12-oz servings of beverage at 2-h intervals. The study was carried out
      in two parts in a randomized crossover design. In one arm the beverage was not
      sweetened. In the other the beverage provided 10 mg APM/kg body weight per
      serving. The addition of APM to the beverage did not significantly increase
      plasma aspartate concentration but did increase plasma phenylalanine levels 2.3
      to 4.1 mumol/dL above baseline values 30 to 45 min after each dose. The high mean
      plasma phenylalanine level after repeated APM dosing (13.9 +/- 2.15 mumol/dL) was
      slightly, but not significantly, above the normal postprandial range for PKUH
      (12.6 +/- 2.11 mumol/dL). In study 2 six different adult PKUH ingested beverage
      providing 30 mg APM/kg body weight as a single bolus. The high mean plasma
      phenylalanine concentration and the phenylalanine to large neutral amino acid
      ratio were significantly higher when APM was ingested as a single bolus than when
      ingested as a divided dose.

PMID- 2909833
TI  - Differential catecholamine responses to dietary intake: effects of macronutrients
      on dopamine and epinephrine excretion in the rat.
AB  - Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) function responds to changes in diet in animals
      and humans; whether alterations in peripheral dopaminergic activity or in adrenal
      medullary secretion also occur with dietary manipulation is unclear. The present
      studies in rats demonstrate that casein supplementation of a lab chow diet raised
      urinary excretion of dopamine (DA) and epinephrine (E); both sucrose and lard
      feeding suppressed urinary DA, though only lard appeared to exert any effect on E
      excretion (reduction). Addition of tyrosine to the chow diet in an amount
      equivalent to the tyrosine content of casein increased DA output comparably to
      that seen in casein-fed rats, but did not reproduce the effects of casein on E
      excretion. Oral administration of carbidopa, an inhibitor of 3,4
      dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) decarboxylation in kidney reduced the DA response
      to casein, but chemical sympathectomy, which lowered urinary norepinephrine (NE),
      and adrenal denervation, which diminished E excretion, did not. Thus, the
      patterns of response of the peripheral dopaminergic system in kidney and of the
      adrenal medulla to short-term nutrient and tyrosine ingestion are distinct from
      those observed for the SNS and for each other, suggesting that all three
      peripheral catecholamine systems may be governed by separate regulatory
      mechanisms.

PMID- 2909832
TI  - Cystinuria in dogs: comparison of the cystinuric component of the Fanconi
      syndrome in basenji dogs to isolated cystinuria.
AB  - Two animal models for cystinuria have been examined: the Basenji dog with Fanconi
      syndrome and cystine stone-forming dogs of various breeds. Brush-border membranes
      were isolated from these animals and uptake of D-glucose and L-cystine was
      characterized. Experiments with isolated brush-border vesicles from Basenji dogs
      with cystinuria as a component of the Fanconi syndrome showed diminished sodium
      dependent D-glucose uptake but no decrease in L-cystine uptake even though the
      cystine defect in vivo was as high as 94% (ie, 6% reabsorption). In contrast,
      brush-border vesicles isolated from the kidney of a cystine stone-forming dog
      (Welsh Corgi) with a cystine defect of only 16% (ie, 84% reabsorption) had
      decreased uptake of cystine compared to values found for Beagle and Basenji
      vesicles. Thus, cystinuria found in Basenji dogs with the Fanconi syndrome
      differs from that in classic stone-forming cystinuric dogs. The alteration
      responsible for the cystinuria of Basenji dogs with Fanconi syndrome does not
      appear to have a membrane locus and may reflect altered energetics for transport,
      which are not detected in isolated vesicles. The cystine defect in cystinuric
      stone-forming dogs does appear to be reflected in the isolated membrane.

PMID- 2909834
TI  - Response to chest pain--why delayed?

PMID- 2909835
TI  - Ventilator-dependent children.
AB  - The issue of the ventilator-dependent child is a relatively-new one in Australia.
      Ventilator-dependent children pose complex and unique ethical, medical, economic
      and psychological problems. The experience of two Australian centres that are
      involved with the care of ventilator-dependent children is reported. Most of
      these children now are being cared for at home. Aspects of home care are
      outlined. After the initial period, the technical aspects are not a problem for
      most parents for whom the major issues are the provision and funding of nursing
      support. The complex ethical issues that are involved are discussed. It is
      concluded that undergoing ventilation at home rather than in a hospital appears
      to make the best of an otherwise almost-intolerable situation for ventilator
      dependent children, but that much more information is required about the outcome
      for these children and the long-term psychosocial impact of this treatment.

PMID- 2909836
TI  - Infant feeding--a clinical perspective.

PMID- 2909837
TI  - Familial colorectal cancer and the screening of family members.
AB  - A case-control study was undertaken of the family histories of colorectal cancer
      in 128 patients with colorectal cancers and those of 61 patients with colorectal
      adenomas and matched surgical control patients who were attending a regional
      surgical service in Western Australia. One family with multiple polyposis of the
      colon was excluded from the study. A history of colorectal cancer in one or more
      first-degree relatives was associated with a relative risk of colorectal cancer
      of 2.5 (95% confidence interval, 0.8 to 8.0), of adenoma of 2.0 (95% confidence
      interval, 0.5 to 8.0) and of any colorectal neoplasm of 2.3 (95% confidence
      interval, 0.9 to 5.6). Four patients with colorectal cancer and one patient with
      colorectal adenoma had more than one first-degree relative with colorectal
      cancer, whereas no control subject gave this history. The five families that were
      represented by these cases each showed some other features of non-polyposis
      familial colorectal cancer. It was estimated that familial factors could explain
      60% of colorectal cancer in persons with a family history of the disease in a
      first-degree relative and 5% of colorectal cancer in the population as a whole.
      Haemoccult II tests were posted to 629 living first-degree relatives of the
      patients with colorectal cancers and adenomas; 44% of these relatives returned
      the completed tests. Four relatives with positive results of tests both before
      and after dietary restriction were investigated; all four subjects had colorectal
      adenomas. In addition, one subject had a short segment of ulcerative colitis. A
      further mailing of Haemoccult II tests one year later gave a 39% response rate;
      no further cases of colorectal neoplasia were found. One relative developed
      carcinoma of the caecum 10 months after a negative result in the first round of
      Haemoccult screening. Persons with two or more first-degree relatives with
      colorectal cancer, with or without other features of non-polyposis familial
      colorectal cancer, are at a high risk of the development of colorectal cancer.
      The comparatively-poor response to an offer of Haemoccult II testing and its
      known insensitivity and lack of specificity suggest that it is not a satisfactory
      method of screening these high-risk subjects.

PMID- 2909838
TI  - Long-term mechanical ventilation of patients in Australia.

PMID- 2909839
TI  - Tuberculous mastoiditis and laryngitis: a case report.
AB  - A case of miliary tuberculosis is presented. The patient was an Asian immigrant,
      and presented to hospital with acute mastoiditis with apparent secondary
      cerebellar abscess formation. He later developed laryngeal tuberculosis, which
      required a tracheostomy, and a cerebral tuberculoma.

PMID- 2909840
TI  - Nine-year survival in a case of untreated peritoneal mesothelioma.
AB  - A patient with malignant mesothelioma of the peritoneum, which has been untreated
      except for regular paracentesis for effusions, has remained alive and generally
      well for nine years. The poor prognosis that usually is ascribed to this disease
      may not be applicable universally.

PMID- 2909842
TI  - Ionizing x-radiation.

PMID- 2909841
TI  - The Nambour survey of skin cancer.

PMID- 2909843
TI  - Pre-eclampsia.

PMID- 2909844
TI  - Salmonellal arteritis.

PMID- 2909845
TI  - Perianal sepsis: drainage and fistulotomy or drainage only?

PMID- 2909846
TI  - Gonococcal conjunctivitis in Central Australia.

PMID- 2909847
TI  - Killing the dying.

PMID- 2909848
TI  - Chronic asthma.

PMID- 2909849
TI  - Attitudes to withdrawal bleeding.

PMID- 2909850
TI  - Availability of skull-base surgery in Australia.

PMID- 2909851
TI  - Cytotoxic-drug extravasation.

PMID- 2909852
TI  - Factors influencing prescribing.

PMID- 2909853
TI  - Mammography.

PMID- 2909854
TI  - Accuracy of mammography in an Australian community setting.

PMID- 2909855
TI  - Buspirone overdose.

PMID- 2909856
TI  - Dangers of illegible prescriptions.

PMID- 2909857
TI  - Ethics and drug trials.

PMID- 2909858
TI  - Time to lower cholesterol.

PMID- 2909859
TI  - Clomiphene citrate.

PMID- 2909860
TI  - The availability of heroin.

PMID- 2909861
TI  - Factors influencing the time from onset of chest pain to arrival at hospital.
AB  - One hundred patients who were admitted to a coronary-care unit were interviewed
      to determine the time interval from the onset of chest pain to their arrival at
      the Emergency Department of Royal Prince Alfred Hospital. Forty-nine per cent of
      patients took longer than two hours and 29% took longer than four hours to arrive
      at hospital; the patient who reported the longest time interval reached hospital
      72 h after the onset of chest pain. Most of the delay between the onset of
      symptoms and arrival at hospital was a result of the time that the patients took
      to decide to seek medical attention. Once this decision was made, there was
      relatively-little delay before hospital presentation in patients who went
      directly to hospital. However, those patients who contacted a doctor rather than
      going directly to hospital took significantly longer to arrive at hospital, with
      a median total time to reach hospital of 212 min compared with 85 min for those
      who went directly to hospital (P = 0.002). Time delays of this magnitude
      compromise the efficacy of interventions such as thrombolytic therapy. There
      should be continuing public education to encourage patients with chest pain to
      seek early medical attention and, in metropolitan areas, patients with chest pain
      should be advised to proceed directly to hospital.

PMID- 2909862
TI  - Activation of mouse peritoneal macrophages by mannophosphoinositides of
      mycobacteria.
AB  - Peritoneal macrophages isolated from mannoside-methylated bovine serum albumin
      (MBSA)-immunized mice showed significantly enhanced phagocytosis of Mycobacterium
      smegmatis compared to control or MBSA-immunized groups. Immune macrophages also
      exhibited bacteriostatic activity against M. smegmatis. Pretreatment of
      mycobacteria with mannoside antibodies did not further alter the phagocytosis and
      bacteriostatic effect of immune macrophages.

PMID- 2909863
TI  - Intermediate adenovirus strains of subgenus D occur in extensive variety.
AB  - Eight intermediate adenovirus strains of seven serotypes, some of them related in
      their neutralizing or hemagglutinating antigens to new candidate serotypes, are
      presented in their serological properties and DNA fragment patterns with four
      endonucleases (BglII, BstEII, HindIII, SmaI). For characterization and strain
      comparison, an intensive serological identification is more meaningful than DNA
      restriction analysis. The intermediate strains were related in neutralization to
      types 28, 33, 37, 38, 44, or 46, in hemagglutination-inhibition to types 9, 13,
      30, 45, or the hemagglutinin variant Hy.

PMID- 2909864
TI  - Molecular analysis of spontaneous and ethyl methanesulphonate-induced mutations
      of the hprt gene in hamster cells.
AB  - Independent spontaneous or ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS)-induced mutants lacking
      HPRT enzyme activity were analysed for changes in hprt gene structure. Of 21
      spontaneous mutants, 6 had total gene deletions, 2 had partial gene deletions,
      and 13 were indistinguishable from wild-type by Southern analysis. In contrast a
      sample of 23 EMS-induced mutants, each of which showed potentially interesting
      characteristics (e.g. high reversion frequency, X-chromosome rearrangement),
      showed no detectable hprt gene changes. RNA isolated from 59 mutants with
      presumptive point mutations (13 spontaneous, 46 EMS-induced) was analysed on dot
      blots for changes in the amount of hprt mRNA. A wide range of mRNA levels was
      found, from mutants with undetectable amounts to those with more than wild-type
      amounts. However, Northern blots of all these mutant RNAs revealed only one (EMS
      induced) mutation with a change in hprt mRNA size. Taken with our previously
      published data on these mutants, it is argued that they represent a broad range
      of mutational types, and that the hprt gene mutation system provides a sensitive
      means of distinguishing mutational spectra of different DNA-damaging agents.

PMID- 2909865
TI  - Lethal and mutation frequency responses of Spiroplasma citri cells to UV
      irradiation.
AB  - The effect of UV irradiation on viability and mutant colony frequency in the
      Mollicute Spiroplasma citri was investigated at 3 phases of growth. The first UV
      induced mutants obtained in Mollicutes were selected: xylitol-resistant (XylR)
      and arsenic acid-resistant mutants (ArsR). Lethal and mutation frequency
      responses of S. citri cells increase with the age of the cell cultures. In all UV
      irradiated populations, light exposure slightly increases the number of survivors
      and decreases the induced mutation frequency; liquid holding conditions increase
      the number of both survivors and mutant colonies. This suggests that, in UV
      irradiated S. citri cells maintained under liquid holding conditions, there is no
      dark reactivation but induction of an error-prone repair system of the SOS type.
      In S. citri, the error-free light and dark repair systems are inefficient.
      Results allow the development of a method to select UV-induced mutations usable
      as markers in genetic studies of Spiroplasma cells.

PMID- 2909866
TI  - Long-term, low-dose benzo[a]pyrene-induced mutation in human lymphoblasts
      competent in xenobiotic metabolism.
AB  - We have studied the mutagenic effects of benzo[a]pyrene (BP) administered in a
      long-term, low-dose fashion to metabolically competent human lymphoblastoid
      cells. A continuous dose as low as 0.02 microM for 20 days produced a significant
      increase in mutant fraction at the 6TG-resistance (HGPRT) locus. The slope of the
      mutant fraction over time in the 0.02 microM BP-treated culture was twice that
      observed in the untreated concurrent control; 0.02 microM therefore represents
      the doubling dose of BP for gene mutation in this cell line. For higher doses of
      0.1, 0.5 or 1 microM BP, the rate (or efficiency) of induced mutation was
      considerably higher for the first 5 or 6 days of exposure than for the last 14
      15. This did not appear to be due to a growth disadvantage against early-arising
      mutants. Comparison to previously published data in the same cell system (Crespi
      and Thilly, 1984) revealed that the long-term , low-dose protocol (0-1 microM for
      up to 20 days) was significantly more efficient at inducing mutations than a
      short-term, high-dose protocol (0-10 microM for 1 day).

PMID- 2909867
TI  - Micronucleus formation in 2-cell embryos after in vitro X-irradiation of mouse
      spermatozoa.
AB  - Mouse spermatozoa were exposed in vitro to various X-ray doses and added to a
      medium containing superovulated oocytes. The percentage of fertilized oocytes was
      determined 24 h after sperm addition and 2-cell embryos were investigated for
      micronucleus formation. The fertilization rate was drastically decreased after
      exposure to 470 cGy whereas smaller doses had no effect. The dose-response
      relationship for micronucleus formation per embryo was linear-quadratic and the
      number of embryos with micronuclei increased linearly with dose. The distribution
      of micronuclei among 2-cell embryos showed a significant overdispersion relative
      to the Poisson distribution after sperm irradiation for doses above 188 cGy.

PMID- 2909868
TI  - Case-control cytogenetic study in offspring of mothers treated with bromocriptine
      during early pregnancy.
AB  - The distribution of modal and non-modal karyotypes was examined in mitoses of
      lymphocyte cultures of 31 children who had been exposed to bromocriptine in
      utero, and in 31 matched controls. No mosaicism was diagnosed. Furthermore, no
      more hypomodal cells occurred in the study group than in the control group.

PMID- 2909869
TI  - Repair capacity of fertilized mouse eggs for X-ray damage induced in sperm and
      mature oocytes.
AB  - To study the repair capacity of fertilized mouse eggs for X-ray damage induced in
      sperm and mature oocytes, the potentiating effects of 3 well-known repair
      inhibitors, arabinofuranosyl cytosine (ara-C), 3-aminobenzamide (3AB) and
      caffeine, on the frequency of induced chromosome aberrations were examined in
      eggs fertilized with X-irradiated sperm or in eggs irradiated with X-rays at the
      mature oocyte stage immediately before fertilization. Gametic treatment,
      fertilization and embryo culture were carried out in vitro. Ara-C treatment was
      done only in the pre-DNA replication period, while treatment with 3AB and
      caffeine was continuous from fertilization to the first-cleavage metaphase. The
      induction of chromosome aberrations by exposing sperm or oocytes to X-rays was
      remarkably potentiated by post-treatment incubation in the presence of each of
      the 3 inhibitors. This result indicates the possibility that X-ray damage induced
      in sperm or oocytes is reparable in the fertilized eggs and that various types of
      repair processes are involved.

PMID- 2909870
TI  - Constitutive heterochromatin polymorphism and chromosome damage in viral
      hepatitis.
AB  - The frequencies of chromosomal aberrations and sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs)
      were scored in relation to constitutive heterochromatin in 100 patients with
      viral hepatitis B, 100 patients with viral hepatitis A and 100 age- and sex
      matched normal controls. 23.4%, 15% and 4% of the cells showed chromosomal
      aberrations in patients with hepatitis B, hepatitis A and normal controls
      respectively. Non-random involvement of chromosomal aberrations were also noted
      in chromosome 1 of patients with hepatitis B and A as compared to normal
      controls. The frequencies of SCEs (mean +/- S.D.) were found to be 10.40 +/- 2.83
      in hepatitis B and 8.70 +/- 2.34 in hepatitis A. These values were significantly
      higher than the SCE frequency (mean +/- S.D.) of 5.88 +/- 2.25 observed in normal
      controls (P less than 0.001). The intra-chromosomal distribution of SCEs revealed
      a relatively increased incidence of SCEs in chromosome 1 of patients with
      hepatitis B and A as compared to normal controls. Analysis of constitutive
      heterochromatin polymorphism showed chromosome 1 qh+ to be the most frequent
      variant in patients with hepatitis B and A as compared to normal controls. The
      increased involvement of C-band variant 1 qh+ in patients with hepatitis B and A
      as compared to normal controls may indicate that extra heterochromatin offers
      additional sites for viral integration.

PMID- 2909871
TI  - Normal uracil-DNA glycosylase activity in Bloom's syndrome cells.
AB  - Cells from patients with Bloom's syndrome, a rare human disease with autosomal
      recessive mode of inheritance, exhibit cytological abnormalities involving DNA
      metabolism. Bloom's syndrome is characterized by a greatly increased cancer
      frequency which may reflect a specific defect in DNA repair and replication.
      Evidence has recently been presented of the existence in Bloom's syndrome of an
      abnormality of the DNA ligase involved in semiconservative DNA replication.
      Another abnormality, in the excision-repair pathway of Bloom's syndrome cells, is
      reportedly due to an aberrant immunological reactivity of the DNA-repair enzyme
      uracil-DNA glycosylase. In this investigation we show, however, that the
      catalytic activity of uracil-DNA glycosylase appears to be normal in Bloom's
      syndrome lymphoblastoid cells.

PMID- 2909872
TI  - Frequency and distribution of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG)-induced
      structural chromosome aberrations in fibroblasts from sarcoma and non-Hodgkin's
      lymphoma patients.
AB  - The frequency and distribution of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG)
      induced structural aberrations, i.e., chromatid and chromosome gaps, breaks, and
      exchanges, were studied in fibroblasts from 16 patients with sarcoma, 15 with non
      Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), and 14 controls. The mean frequencies of aberrant
      cells, and gap, break, and gap + break events per 100 cells were 22.9, 5.1, 28.6,
      and 33.7 in the sarcoma group; 19.1, 5.0, 22.5, and 27.5 in the NHL group; and
      23.5, 6.1, 33.5, and 39.6 in the control group. None of the differences between
      the groups were statistically significant. The distribution of MNNG-induced
      aberrations was non-random (P less than 0.001) in all 3 groups. Eight, 11, and 17
      chromosome bands in the sarcoma, NHL, and control groups, respectively, were
      particularly break-prone. Only 2 hot spots in the sarcoma group (1p32, 11q23),
      and 3 in the NHL group (1p36, 3q25, 6p21), coincided with the 25 and 60 bands
      known to be involved in primary rearrangements in sarcomas and NHL. We conclude
      that neither the frequency nor the distribution of MNNG-induced chromosomal
      aberrations indicates any latent chromosomal instability in sarcoma and NHL
      patients.

PMID- 2909873
TI  - The pathophysiology of urinary incontinence among institutionalized elderly
      persons.
AB  - Although 1 million institutionalized elderly persons have urinary incontinence,
      little is known about the causes of this problem. We conducted clinical and
      physiologic studies to determine the causes of established incontinence in a
      representative sample of 605 institutionalized elderly persons (mean age, 89
      years), of whom 40 percent were chronically incontinent of urine. Detailed
      urodynamic studies in 94 of the 245 incontinent patients (77 women and 17 men; 38
      percent) showed that detrusor overactivity was the predominant cause in 61
      percent, with concomitant impaired detrusor contractility present in half these
      patients. Other causes among women were stress incontinence (21 percent),
      underactive detrusor (8 percent), and outlet obstruction (4 percent). Among the
      relatively few men in this sample, outlet obstruction accounted for 29 percent of
      the cases. In 35 percent of the patients, at least two coexisting probable causes
      of incontinence were identified. Diagnoses among patients with impaired mobility
      or mentation differed little from those in unimpaired patients. We conclude that
      the pathophysiology of incontinence in this population is complex; that detrusor
      hyperreflexia with normal contractility ("uninhibited bladder") accounts for the
      minority of cases (29 percent), even among patients with dementia; and that the
      causes of incontinence are as diverse in severely impaired elderly persons as in
      those who are unimpaired.

PMID- 2909874
TI  - Thin-basement-membrane nephropathy in adults with persistent hematuria.
AB  - Thin-basement-membrane nephropathy, also called benign recurrent hematuria, is
      characterized by diffuse thinning of the glomerular basement membrane and by
      hematuria. To determine the incidence of thin-basement-membrane nephropathy among
      patients with idiopathic hematuria, we conducted a prospective study in the
      nephrology units of three large hospitals in the Netherlands. Eighty normotensive
      adults without azotemia underwent renal biopsy because of recurrent macroscopic
      hematuria (n = 26) or persistent microscopic hematuria (n = 54). Idiopathic IgA
      nephropathy was found in 27 of the 80 patients. Light microscopical examination
      showed that 42 patients had normal renal tissue. The remaining 11 patients had
      mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis (n = 5), interstitial nephritis (n = 3),
      or focal global glomerulosclerosis (n = 3). Tissue from the 42 patients whose
      renal biopsy specimens were normal when examined with light microscopy was
      analyzed morphometrically with electron microscopy to determine the thickness of
      the glomerular basement membrane. Two subsets of patients were identified by this
      analysis. In 18, thin-basement-membrane nephropathy was found (mean basement
      membrane thickness [+/- SE], 191 +/- 28 nm; normal, 350 +/- 43 nm); all but one
      of these 18 patients had microscopic hematuria, which persisted during follow-up
      (median duration, 50 months). (Of the 54 patients who presented with microscopic
      hematuria, 17 [31 percent] had thin-basement-membrane nephropathy.) The thickness
      of the glomerular basement membrane was normal in the other 24 patients (361 +/-
      69 nm); during follow-up, hematuria disappeared in all 13 of these patients who
      had macroscopic hematuria, and hematuria resolved in 5 of the 11 patients who had
      microscopic hematuria. We conclude that in patients with persistent microscopic
      hematuria, the incidence of thin-basement-membrane nephropathy is similar to that
      of idiopathic IgA nephropathy. Morphometric analysis of the thickness of the
      glomerular basement membrane should be included in the workup of adults with
      persistent microscopic hematuria that is not of urologic origin.

PMID- 2909875
TI  - Malformations due to presumed spontaneous mutations in newborn infants.
AB  - We conducted hospital-based surveillance of congenital malformations to determine
      the rate of apparently spontaneous single mutations leading to recognized
      phenotypes. Through surveillance of 69,277 infants with gestational ages of at
      least 20 weeks, we identified 48 infants (0.07 percent) with major malformations,
      with phenotypes that suggested that the malformations were due to single mutant
      genes. Family studies suggested that 11 of these infants (10 with autosomal
      dominant disorders and 1 with an X-linked condition) were affected as the result
      of a new (spontaneous) genetic mutation. The spontaneous mutation rates per gene
      were 0.7 x 10(-5) and 1.44 x 10(-5) for the disorders in which one and two
      infants were affected, respectively. In addition, 5 of the 10 infants with
      autosomal recessive malformations had negative family histories, but we were
      unable to infer the presence of spontaneous mutations in these cases. Because the
      family history was negative in 44.4 percent of the infants with disorders
      considered due to autosomal or X-linked genes, counseling should include the
      understanding that genetic disorders often occur unexpectedly among children of
      healthy parents.

PMID- 2909876
TI  - Treatment of diversion colitis with short-chain-fatty acid irrigation.
AB  - A condition known as diversion colitis frequently develops in segments of the
      colorectum after surgical diversion of the fecal stream; it persists indefinitely
      unless the excluded segment is reanastomosed. The disease is characterized by
      bleeding from inflamed colonic mucosa that mimics the bleeding of idiopathic
      inflammatory bowel disease, and it may culminate in stricture formation. We
      hypothesized that this condition is caused by the absence of luminal short-chain
      fatty acids, the preferred metabolic substrates of colonic epithelium. We studied
      four patients with diversion colitis, none of whom had evidence of Crohn's,
      idiopathic ulcerative, or infectious colitis. The excluded segment of the
      rectosigmoid contained negligible concentrations of short-chain fatty acids. When
      D-glucose was instilled, it did not undergo appreciable anaerobic fermentation.
      Instillation of a solution containing short-chain fatty acids twice daily
      resulted in the disappearance of symptoms and the inflammatory changes observed
      at endoscopy, over a period of four to six weeks. Remission has been maintained
      for up to 14 months (in one patient) by instillation daily to twice weekly.
      Administering enemas containing isotonic saline, or omitting treatment for
      periods of two to four weeks during the regimen, by contrast, did not produce any
      improvement or rapid relapse of the colitis. Histologic observation revealed a
      distinctive type of mucosal inflammation that resolved more slowly and less
      completely than the gross appearance of the inflamed mucosa. From these
      preliminary studies we infer that diversion colitis may represent an inflammatory
      state resulting from a nutritional deficiency in the lumen of the colonic
      epithelium, which is effectively treated by local application of short-chain
      fatty acids, the missing nutrients.

PMID- 2909877
TI  - Through thick and thin.

PMID- 2909878
TI  - Continuous improvement as an ideal in health care.

PMID- 2909879
TI  - Fraud in biomedical research.

PMID- 2909880
TI  - Pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy.

PMID- 2909881
TI  - Direct visualization of mycobacteria in blood culture.

PMID- 2909882
TI  - Inadequacy of current labeling of nonophthalmic drops.

PMID- 2909883
TI  - Recurrent syphilitic uveitis.

PMID- 2909884
TI  - Brain donation.

PMID- 2909886
TI  - History of 'biotechnology'.

PMID- 2909885
TI  - Waiting for the amniocentesis.

PMID- 2909887
TI  - Primer availability.

PMID- 2909888
TI  - Splicing a spliceosomal RNA.

PMID- 2909889
TI  - Sickle cell anaemia. A simple disease with no cure.

PMID- 2909890
TI  - Seal vaccination success.

PMID- 2909891
TI  - Female transfer and inbreeding avoidance in social mammals.
AB  - In most social mammals, males leave their natal group to breed in other groups
      whereas females commonly remain in the same group throughout their lives. In a
      few species however, females usually transfer between groups during adolescence.
      The functional significance of sex differences in dispersal and their connection,
      if any, to the avoidance of inbreeding is disputed. Here I show that in
      polygynous mammals where females commonly remain to breed in their natal group,
      their average age at first conception typically exceeds the average period of
      residence of adult males in breeding groups. In contrast, where females usually
      transfer to breed in other groups, the average residence of breeding males or of
      resident male kin groups typically exceeds the average age of females at first
      conception. These results support the suggestion that female mammals commonly
      transfer to avoid inbreeding with their father or other close relatives, although
      female dispersal may also occur for other reasons.

PMID- 2909892
TI  - Duchenne muscular dystrophy gene product is not identical in muscle and brain.
AB  - Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked recessive disorder resulting in
      progressive degeneration of the muscle. It affects about 1 in 3,500 male
      children. Becker's muscular dystrophy is a less severe disease allelic to DMD.
      Some 30% of DMD patients suffer from various degrees of mental retardation. The
      giant DMD gene spans about 2,000 kilobases and codes for a 14-kilobase messenger
      RNA and a protein of molecular weight 427,000. DMD mRNA is most abundant in
      skeletal and cardiac muscle and less so in smooth muscle. We reported that the
      expression of the gene is developmentally regulated during the differentiation of
      primary muscle cultures and in myogenic cell lines in a way similar to the
      expression of muscle-specific genes such as myosin light chain 2 and skeletal
      muscle actin. Similar results have been obtained with human primary myogenic
      cells. Significant levels of DMD mRNA are found in brain tissue. Here we show
      that the transcript of the DMD gene and the amino terminal of the encoded protein
      differ in brain and muscle. The 5' ends of these mRNA species are derived from
      different exons. The results suggest that the two mRNA types are transcribed from
      different promoters.

PMID- 2909893
TI  - The pseudoautosomal boundary in man is defined by an Alu repeat sequence inserted
      on the Y chromosome.
AB  - The Y chromosome, which in man determines the male sex, is composed of two
      functionally distinct regions. The pseudoautosomal region is shared between the X
      and Y chromosome and is probably required for the correct segregation of the sex
      chromosomes during male meiosis. The second region includes the sex-determining
      gene(s), the presence of which is necessary for the development of testes. The
      two regions have contrasting genetic properties: the pseudoautosomal region
      recombines between the X and Y chromosome; the Y-specific region must avoid
      recombination otherwise the chromosomal basis of sex-determination breaks down.
      The pseudoautosomal region is bounded at the distal end by the telomere and at
      the proximal end by X- and Y-specific DNA. We have found that the proximal
      boundary was formed by the insertion of an Alu sequence on the Y chromosome early
      in the primate lineage. Proximal to the Alu insertion there is a small region
      where similarity between the X and Y chromosomes is reduced and which is no
      longer subject to recombination.

PMID- 2909894
TI  - The gene for the U6 small nuclear RNA in fission yeast has an intron.
AB  - The small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) are a class of metabolically stable small RNAs
      present in the nuclei of eukaryotic cells. In mammalian cells, there are six
      major molecular species (U1 to U6 snRNA), which are complexed with proteins,
      forming small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles, snRNPs. Of these, the U1, U2,
      U4, U5, U6 snRNPs are thought to participate in pre-mRNA splicing as part of the
      spliceosome. Here, we describe the characterization of the gene coding for the
      Schizosaccharomyces pombe U6 snRNA. Unexpectedly, the Schiz. pombe U6 RNA gene
      was found to contain an intron-like sequence of 50 base pairs. Northern blot
      analysis and RNA sequencing revealed that this intron-like sequence is precisely
      removed from the transcript. The mature U6 RNA of Schiz. pombe has 77% sequence
      homology with the mammalian U6 RNA. In Schiz. pombe, it is possible that U6 RNA
      is not only involved in pre-mRNA splicing, but is also a splicing substrate. This
      is the first report of an intron in a snRNA gene.

PMID- 2909895
TI  - Structure of the membrane-pore-forming fragment of colicin A.
AB  - Colicins are antibiotic proteins produced by and active against sensitive
      Escherichia coli and closely related bacteria. They can adsorb to specific
      receptors located at the external surface of the outer membrane of sensitive
      cells, and are then translocated to their specific targets within these cells.
      The largest group of colicins comprises those which can form voltage-dependent
      channels in membranes, thereby destroying the cell's energy potential. Colicin
      molecules are organized in structural domains, each domain carrying one function
      associated with the toxin's lethal activity. The pore-forming activity seems to
      be located at the carboxyl terminus. A thermolytic fragment comprising amino
      acids 389-592 from colicin A has pore-forming properties very similar to those of
      the entire molecule. This fragment is soluble in aqueous medium and spontaneously
      inserts into lipid bilayers. We have determined the structure of the pore-forming
      fragment of colicin A by X-ray crystallography and refinement at 2.5 A
      resolution. The protein consists of ten alpha-helices organized in a three-layer
      structure. Two of the helices are completely buried within the structure and form
      a hydrophobic hairpin loop similar to that proposed for signal sequences which
      function in translocation. We present a model for insertion of the protein into
      lipid bilayers the features of which may be applicable in other biological
      systems involving protein insertion or translocation across membranes.

PMID- 2909896
TI  - Evaluation of thermography in the diagnosis of selected entrapment neuropathies.
AB  - We studied 20 normal subjects, 22 patients with carpal tunnel syndrome, and 15
      with ulnar neuropathy at the elbow to compare the diagnostic accuracy of infrared
      thermography with that of conventional electrodiagnostic studies. We found
      abnormal thermograms in 55% of patients with carpal tunnel syndrome and 47% with
      ulnar neuropathy, using 2.5 SD from the normal mean as criteria for abnormality.
      The abnormalities consisted of either an increase in interside temperature
      difference in the fingers and hands or an alteration of the normal thenar
      hypothenar temperature gradient in the fingers. The sensitivity of thermography
      was considerably lower than that of conventional electrodiagnostic methods.
      Moreover, the thermographic abnormalities were nonspecific, and could be
      misleading as they did not reliably identify the side of lesion or distinguish
      between median or ulnar nerve involvement. Thus, thermography is not helpful in
      the diagnosis of these two common entrapment neuropathies.

PMID- 2909897
TI  - Post-traumatic tremor.
AB  - We present seven cases of tremor caused by mild head injury without loss of
      consciousness. The interval between head trauma to onset of symptoms was 1 to 4
      weeks. A posture and kinetic tremor of the hands and head occurred unassociated
      with other neurologic signs. Myoclonic-like jerking was frequently present.
      Neuroimaging studies were normal. Clonazepam administration resulted in tremor
      reduction in three patients and propranolol decreased tremor in one patient. A
      tremor, similar to essential tremor, can be a rare complication of head trauma.

PMID- 2909898
TI  - Is ischemia implicated in chronic multifocal demyelinating neuropathy?
AB  - We describe a patient with chronic multifocal demyelinating neuropathy associated
      with persistent conduction block. Multifascicular lesions in sural nerve included
      a complete loss of myelinated fibers, demyelination, remyelination, onion bulb
      formation, and axonal attenuation. On the basis of these morphometric results we
      hypothesize that nerve ischemia may be involved in the pathogenesis of chronic
      multifocal demyelinating neuropathy.

PMID- 2909899
TI  - Guidelines on the vegetative state: commentary on the American Academy of
      Neurology statement.

PMID- 2909900
TI  - Position of the American Academy of Neurology on certain aspects of the care and
      management of the persistent vegetative state patient. Adopted by the Executive
      Board, American Academy of Neurology, April 21, 1988, Cincinnati, Ohio.

PMID- 2909901
TI  - Neurologic fragments. II. Remarks on anosognosia, confabulation, memory, and
      other topics; and an appendix on self-observation.
AB  - This is an account of an informal presentation of personal views and opinions
      concerning behavioral phenomena--anosognosia, confabulation, memory and amnesia,
      perseveration and agitation, plus a few interesting brief case histories that
      make a neurologic point. Finally, the practice of self-observation is recommended
      for neurologists, and a few examples from personal experience are described.

PMID- 2909902
TI  - Seizures in progressive supranuclear palsy.
AB  - Among 62 patients with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) seen over a 9-year
      period, we encountered seven who had seizure phenomena. We suggest that PSP
      patients have seizures more frequently than has been appreciated.

PMID- 2909903
TI  - Monozygotic twins concordant for the narcoleptic syndrome.
AB  - We report the first documented monozygotic twins who both had the narcoleptic
      syndrome. We assessed monozygosity by HLA antigens and by blood groups. In
      contrast to virtually all other narcoleptics, they had HLA-DQ1 instead of HLA
      DR2; this helped to localize the gene, and perhaps explains its greater
      expressivity in these than in other twins.

PMID- 2909904
TI  - Usefulness of a writing aid in writer's cramp.

PMID- 2909905
TI  - Spasm of the near reflex associated with metabolic encephalopathy.

PMID- 2909906
TI  - Swinging flashlight test.

PMID- 2909907
TI  - Alpha coma with sedative overdose.

PMID- 2909908
TI  - Stroke in patients with fusiform vertebrobasilar aneurysms.
AB  - We studied seven patients with brainstem infarction and large fusiform
      vertebrobasilar (VB) aneurysms to clarify the clinical, radiologic, and
      pathologic features. All presented with pontine infarcts; one also had a
      cerebellar infarct. VB TIAs preceded brainstem infarction in four patients.
      Angiography and CT documented VB fusiform aneurysmal dilatation. Four had
      intraluminal thrombi and one had severe basilar artery stenosis. Two distinct
      clinical pictures emerged: unilateral pontine infarcts with favorable outcome,
      presumably related to obstruction of a pontine penetrating artery at its origin
      from the posterior wall of the aneurysmal basilar artery, and major fatal
      bilateral pontine infarcts from basilar artery occlusion. Two patients came to
      autopsy. One had thrombus in the dilated basilar artery and a posterior cerebral
      artery branch embolus with hemorrhagic occipital infarction; the other had
      basilar artery thrombus with aneurysmal rupture and subarachnoid hemorrhage.
      Fusiform VB aneurysms caused brainstem stroke by intraluminal thrombus, local
      embolism, atherostenosis, and obstruction of paramedian penetrating arteries.
      Subarachnoid hemorrhage is an uncommon complication.

PMID- 2909909
TI  - Bilateral infarction of the medullary pyramids in humans.
AB  - We report the detailed clinical and pathologic account of a patient with an
      ischemic infarction restricted to both medullary pyramids. Although prevailing
      neurophysiologic teachings would predict a flaccid paralysis, the patient's pure
      motor quadriplegia was eventually associated with spasticity.

PMID- 2909910
TI  - Orthostatic hypotension as a risk factor for symptomatic occlusive
      cerebrovascular disease.
AB  - Thirteen patients presented with brief, repetitive, stereotyped transient
      ischemic attacks, large artery atherostenoses or occlusions with impaired
      collateral flow to a cortical perfusion borderzone, and orthostatic hypotension
      (OH). OH was caused by diabetes mellitus, aging, and treatments for ischemic
      heart disease and hypertension. Medical management of OH often eliminated the
      need for stroke prevention measures such as surgery or anticoagulation. Focal
      cerebral hypoperfusion from the combination of occlusive vascular disease and OH
      may be an underreported, treatable cause of TIA and stroke.

PMID- 2909911
TI  - Sympathotonic orthostatic hypotension: a report of four cases.
AB  - We describe four patients with sympathotonic orthostatic hypotension, a syndrome
      in which the decrease in blood pressure associated with standing is accompanied
      by tachycardia. The patients in this series had experienced either a viral
      infection or rapid weight loss prior to the onset of their orthostatic
      intolerance. Vasomotor reflexes and norepinephrine production were normal, and
      analysis of palmar autonomic surface potentials indicated that the sympathetic
      innervation of the upper extremities was intact. The amplitudes of the plantar
      autonomic surface potentials, however, were decreased although still within the
      normal range. The latencies of plantar autonomic surface potentials were slightly
      prolonged. Although most autonomic function tests are normal in sympathotonic
      orthostatic hypotension, mild abnormalities in the plantar autonomic surface
      potentials may indicate a neuropathy that primarily affects low thoracic or
      lumbar sympathetic neurons.

PMID- 2909912
TI  - CSF acetylcholinesterase levels are reduced in multiple system atrophy with
      autonomic failure.
AB  - Diminished CSF levels of acetylcholinesterase in patients with multiple system
      atrophy attended by autonomic failure suggest that CNS cholinergic involvement
      may occur in this disorder. The lack of correlation between the low enzyme levels
      and low CSF levels of monoamine metabolites in these patients indicates that the
      acetylcholinesterase reduction is not directly related to disruption in these
      neurotransmitter systems. Normal CSF acetylcholinesterase levels in those
      patients with pure autonomic failure are consistent with functional integrity of
      central cholinergic pathways and support a pathophysiologic involvement limited
      to the peripheral nervous system.

PMID- 2909913
TI  - Tumor-associated aphasia in left hemisphere primary brain tumors: the importance
      of age and tumor grade.
AB  - Although one-quarter of patients with primary brain tumors have language
      disturbances at the time of initial presentation, the factors contributing to
      their aphasia are not clear. A group of 32 patients with primary tumors of the
      left hemisphere was collected retrospectively and the relationship between
      clinical, radiographic, and pathologic factors and tumor-associated aphasia was
      examined. We assessed language function before beginning any treatment including
      steroids. The factor that best predicted language disturbance was greater patient
      age; the only other significant factor was tumor grade. Tumor size made a nearly
      significant impact, but tumor location within the left hemisphere did not
      correlate with aphasia.

PMID- 2909914
TI  - Left precentral gyrus and Broca's aphasia: a clinicopathologic study.
AB  - We describe an autopsied case in which a circumscribed lesion involving the left
      precentral gyrus caused mild but lasting Broca's aphasia. The patient developed
      nonfluent speech and writing disturbances (consistent with mild Broca's aphasia)
      following malignant lymphoma of the brain. After subtotal resection of the tumor
      and whole brain irradiation, his language disturbances continued without
      remarkable change for 3 years until his death. A neuropathologic study indicated
      that the lesion responsible for the patient's aphasia was restricted to the lower
      one-third of the precentral gyrus in the left hemisphere. As for the relationship
      between the left precentral gyrus and Broca's aphasia and its allied syndrome
      (ie, aphemia), we concluded that in Broca's aphasia the lower part of the
      precentral gyrus plays a more important role than previously assumed.

PMID- 2909915
TI  - Thalamic dementia and motor neuron disease.
AB  - A 46-year-old woman developed a progressive neurologic disorder over the course
      of 30 months which was characterized by profound dementia complicated by a motor
      neuron disorder that became evident 10 months prior to death. Postmortem
      examination of the nervous system disclosed extensive neuronal loss and gliosis
      of the thalamus, predominantly involving the dorsomedial nuclei, as well as
      severe degeneration of the corticospinal tracts, spinal anterior horns, and
      hypoglossal nuclei. The disease could not be transmitted to experimental animals
      by intracerebral inoculation of the patient's brain tissue. This case represents
      a unique dementing disorder, possibly familial, with associated motor neuron
      disease.

PMID- 2909916
TI  - Deficiency of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC) in Leigh's disease
      fibroblasts: an abnormality in lipoamide dehydrogenase affecting PDHC activation.
AB  - Several groups have reported abnormalities of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
      (PDHC) in cultured cells or other tissues from patients with Leigh's disease
      (subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy). We therefore undertook studies to
      elucidate the molecular basis of the defect of PDHC in cultured skin fibroblasts
      from two patients with Leigh's disease. The deficit of total PDHC activity in
      homogenates of Leigh's disease fibroblasts could be restored by adding exogenous
      lipoamide dehydrogenase (LAD, E3), the third component of PDHC. The LAD in these
      Leigh's disease cells had a markedly reduced ability (less than 20% of normal
      LAD) to reconstitute with other PDHC components to form active enzyme complex. A
      polyclonal antibody to pig heart LAD inhibited LAD activity in control cells more
      efficiently than in Leigh's disease cells. Other mitochondrial enzyme activities
      and growth of these two Leigh's disease cells appeared normal. These results
      suggest that the deficiency of PDHC in these two patients with Leigh's disease
      was due to a structural abnormality of the LAD component of PDHC.

PMID- 2909917
TI  - Reciprocal inhibition in patients with hand cramps.
AB  - We studied inhibition of median nerve H-reflex produced by radial nerve
      stimulation in both arms of 14 patients with hand cramps and 15 normal
      volunteers. Median nerve stimulation was delivered 1 and 0.5 msec before and 0,
      0.5, 1, 2, 10, 20, 30, 50, 75, 100, 200, 500, and 1,000 msec after radial nerve
      stimulation. Recordings were from surface electrodes positioned over flexor carpi
      radialis. We identified three periods of attenuation of median nerve H-reflex
      amplitude in the control group. When radial nerve conditioning stimuli were
      delivered simultaneously, 10 and 75 msec before median nerve test stimuli, H
      reflex amplitude diminished to 47%, 61%, and 69%. In the patient group we also
      found three periods of attenuation at the same delays, but the amount of
      attenuation was significantly less than in controls. Dividing the patients into
      two groups, dystonic hand cramp and simple hand cramp, both showed less
      inhibition than the control group, but the abnormality was greater in the
      dystonic cramp group. This test is the first to demonstrate physiologic
      disturbance in patients with hand cramps.

PMID- 2909918
TI  - The rostral basilar artery syndrome: diagnosis, etiology, prognosis.
AB  - Vascular occlusive disease of the rostral basilar artery (RBAS) causes a myriad
      of clinical signs and symptoms reflecting rostral brainstem-diencephalic and
      posterior hemispheric dysfunction. To help define the clinical profile, we
      prospectively studied 61 patients with clinical/neuroimaging evidence of RBAS
      during a 7-year period. Fourteen patients mirrored classic descriptions: severe
      visual, oculomotor and behavioral signs without prominent motoric dysfunction,
      uniformly poor prognosis, and intimate association with hypertension and prior
      episodes of vertebrobasilar ischemia (VBI). In contrast, 47 individuals had a
      reversible syndrome with excellent short-term functional recoveries, and were
      distinguished by a lower frequency and severity of hypertension, a greater
      incidence of arrhythmias in the young, and no history of VBI. All patients had
      important neurobehavioral abnormalities including an invariable acute confusional
      state. Diagnosis required the integrated assessment of neurobehavioral,
      ophthalmologic, and imaging tests. The clinical syndrome is more common and
      etiologically diverse than previously reported and is frequently unrecognized in
      the young and elderly who present with acute confusion.

PMID- 2909919
TI  - Experimental meningeal carcinomatosis selectively depresses local cerebral
      glucose utilization in rat brain.
AB  - Using quantitative autoradiography, we investigated the effect of meningeal
      carcinomatosis on local cerebral glucose utilization (LCGU). A rat model of
      meningeal carcinomatosis using Walker 256 tumor was used. LCGU was evaluated
      using 14C-2-deoxy-D-glucose according to the Sokoloff method. Thirty-one
      neuroanatomic structures were evaluated, both separately and as part of five
      functional or neuroanatomic groups: olfactory, auditory, visual, limbic, and
      white matter. The relationship between tumor and LCGU of underlying brain was
      examined. Compared with controls, there was no global change of LCGU in the
      experimental group that applied to all structures. However, mean LCGU was
      significantly depressed in olfactory cortex, temporal cortex, olfactory tubercle,
      amygdala, caudate/putaman, inferior colliculus, medial geniculate, anterior
      commissure, and corpus callosum, and the functional groups that make up the
      olfactory and auditory systems. There was no correlation between extent of
      regional tumor burden and degree of depression of LCGU in underlying structures.
      In meningeal carcinomatosis, tumor results in selective regional depression of
      LCGU. This occurs both in structures underlying tumor and those anatomically
      remote, but in certain cases, functionally related to structures subadjacent to
      tumor. These data may help to explain the diversity of neurologic dysfunction
      seen in patients with meningeal cancer.

PMID- 2909921
TI  - AIDS update--a roundup of news and trends.

PMID- 2909922
TI  - The day I "quit" nursing.

PMID- 2909920
TI  - Short-term outcomes of skull fracture: a population-based study of survival and
      neurologic complications.
AB  - All Olmsted County, Minnesota, residents who experienced brain injury from 1935
      through 1979 were identified and their medical records reviewed for survival and
      neurologic outcome. Minimum inclusion criteria included loss of consciousness or
      post-traumatic amnesia or neurologic evidence of brain injury or skull fracture.
      Of 4,660 cases identified, skull fractures were observed in 28%. Over half of
      brain-injured patients who died did so within 24 hours of trauma; among 1-day
      survivors, subsequent survival was moderately impaired, especially in older
      individuals. Mortality was lowest in subjects without a skull fracture and
      increased with fracture severity. Associated neurologic injuries, complications,
      and deficits were generally more common in patients with skull fracture than
      those without and were much more frequent with more severe skull fractures. The
      types of neurologic deficits differed little between those with and without
      fractures, except that subjects with complicated skull fractures had higher
      proportions of special sensory deficits and multiple deficits.

PMID- 2909923
TI  - "Please let me go".

PMID- 2909924
TI  - Helping Scotty live on.

PMID- 2909925
TI  - Myths and facts about burns.

PMID- 2909926
TI  - Action stat! Ruptured bladder.

PMID- 2909927
TI  - Performing CPR on adults.

PMID- 2909928
TI  - Today's poisons--how to keep them from killing your patients.

PMID- 2909929
TI  - Septic shock--how to detect it early (continuing education credit).

PMID- 2909930
TI  - My most unforgettable patient. Darlene's legacy.

PMID- 2909931
TI  - Pregnant? Take these precautions.

PMID- 2909932
TI  - Whatever happened to the right to refuse treatment?

PMID- 2909933
TI  - A new program for reducing patient falls.

PMID- 2909934
TI  - A question of privacy. Should you protect a patient from himself? Ethics grand
      rounds.

PMID- 2909935
TI  - "How do I ask?" Requesting tissue or organ donations from bereaved families.

PMID- 2909936
TI  - Breaking the vicious circle of noncompliance.

PMID- 2909937
TI  - Brush up on antibacterial agents.

PMID- 2909938
TI  - An in-depth look at deep vein thrombosis.

PMID- 2909939
TI  - Dealing with demanding patients.

PMID- 2909941
TI  - A reasonable alternative ... RCTs ... no, thank you!

PMID- 2909940
TI  - A more acceptable solution.

PMID- 2909942
TI  - Nurse's failure to follow physician's orders.

PMID- 2909943
TI  - Just what are doctors' orders, anyway?

PMID- 2909944
TI  - The economic impact of universal precautions on a surgical unit.

PMID- 2909945
TI  - Allocating nursing resources in ambulatory care.

PMID- 2909946
TI  - Documentation: communicating professionalism.

PMID- 2909947
TI  - They shoot horses don't they?

PMID- 2909948
TI  - The hospital as wellness educator.

PMID- 2909949
TI  - Implementation of a skin care committee.

PMID- 2909951
TI  - Guidelines for management of two problems in home healthcare to ensure nursing
      care--effective at a better price.

PMID- 2909950
TI  - Nurse-to-nurse staff development.

PMID- 2909952
TI  - The economics of comparable worth.

PMID- 2909953
TI  - Role of the staff nurse in developing clinical policy.

PMID- 2909954
TI  - Rehabilitative care: who teaches paraprofessionals?

PMID- 2909955
TI  - A pressure sore task force.

PMID- 2909956
TI  - Surfactant replacement therapy: impact on hospital charges for premature infants
      with respiratory distress syndrome.
AB  - Surfactant replacement therapy for neonatal respiratory distress syndrome has the
      potential to reduce morbidity and mortality of very premature infants. To
      investigate whether surfactant replacement therapy will also reduce hospital
      charges for these infants, we compared the hospital charges incurred by a group
      of patients treated with surfactant with charges of control patients. Mortality
      in the surfactant-treated group (8%) was significantly decreased compared with
      the control patients (29%). Average daily hospital charges in the surfactant
      treated patients were 25% less than for the control patients. Most of the savings
      in daily hospital charges were due to a 52% reduction in daily charges for
      laboratory, x-ray, respiratory therapy, and other ancillary services. Similarly,
      ancillary charges for the first full week of hospitalization were significantly
      reduced by $1,883 for patients who received surfactant therapy. Analysis of the
      charges for the entire hospitalization revealed that surfactant-treated patients
      had a significantly smaller proportion of their charges that resulted from
      ancillary services and an increased proportion due to room charges. The average
      total hospital charges for the two groups were similar, but the total hospital
      charges to produce a surviving infant were $18,500 less in the surfactant-treated
      group than the charges to produce a survivor from the control group. It is likely
      that, in addition to a reduction in neonatal mortality and morbidity from
      respiratory distress syndrome, surfactant replacement therapy may also
      significantly reduce charges for ancillary services for these patients. In this
      way, surfactant therapy may be cost-effective by improving survival without
      increasing overall hospital costs.

PMID- 2909957
TI  - Mucocutaneous and invasive candidiasis among very low birth weight (less than
      1,500 grams) infants in intensive care nurseries: a prospective study.
AB  - To determine whether mucocutaneous candidiasis presages the development of
      invasive candidiasis and to assess factors influencing the development of
      mucocutaneous candidiasis and invasive candidiasis among infants requiring
      neonatal intensive care, all infants admitted to our neonatal intensive care unit
      during a 47-month period were prospectively examined twice weekly for
      mucocutaneous candidiasis. Because 16 of 18 (89%) infants in whom invasive
      candidiasis (defined by positive cultures of blood, CSF, deep tissue or greater
      than or equal to 2 supra-pubic urine aspirates) developed had birth weights less
      than 1,500 g, further analysis was focused toward the very low birth weight
      group. Of 358 very low birth weight infants hospitalized for less than three days
      and serially studied until discharge from the neonatal intensive care unit,
      mucocutaneous candidiasis developed in 28 (7.8%), invasive candidiasis developed
      in 16 (4.5%), and in 323 there was no evidence of mucocutaneous candidiasis or
      invasive candidiasis. Although many risk factors were shown by univariate
      analysis to be significantly more common among those with invasive candidiasis
      and mucocutaneous candidiasis, adjustment for the covariant effects of duration
      of hospitalization and gestational age revealed that only prolonged duration of
      antibiotic therapy and duration of endotracheal intubation were significantly
      associated with invasive candidiasis. Invasive candidiasis developed later in
      nine of 28 (32%) infants with mucocutaneous candidiasis despite nystatin therapy
      of mucocutaneous candidiasis in all nine (median duration of therapy before
      invasive candidiasis, nine days). Very low birth weight infants in whom
      mucocutaneous candidiasis develops are at significantly greater risk of invasive
      candidiasis developing later than those in whom mucocutaneous candidiasis did not
      develop (9/28 v 7/330, P less than .001).

PMID- 2909958
TI  - Urine output measurement in premature infants.

PMID- 2909959
TI  - Miseducation: young children at risk.

PMID- 2909960
TI  - American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Sports Medicine: Anabolic steroids
      and the adolescent athlete.

PMID- 2909961
TI  - American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Drugs: SI units.

PMID- 2909962
TI  - American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Adolescence: Adolescent pregnancy.

PMID- 2909963
TI  - American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Adolescence: Counseling the
      adolescent about pregnancy options.

PMID- 2909964
TI  - American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Adolescence: Care of adolescent
      parents and their children.

PMID- 2909965
TI  - American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Nutrition: Indications for
      cholesterol testing in children.

PMID- 2909966
TI  - American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Practice and Ambulatory Medicine:
      Office-based medication dispensing in pediatric practice.

PMID- 2909967
TI  - Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine.

PMID- 2909968
TI  - Hair shampooing technique and pediatric vulvovaginitis.

PMID- 2909969
TI  - Theophylline, school performance, and the Food and Drug Administration.

PMID- 2909970
TI  - Discharge pack study.

PMID- 2909971
TI  - Adolescent medicine.

PMID- 2909972
TI  - Social competence and behavioral adjustment of children who are long-term
      survivors of cancer.
AB  - Relatively little is known about the special needs of long-term survivors of
      childhood cancer or the factors that make this growing population vulnerable to
      chronic psychologic disorders. We therefore surveyed 183 children who had been
      treated for cancer at St Jude Children's Research Hospital and were free of the
      disease for greater than or equal to 2 years after completing therapy. Parental
      responses to the Child Behavior Checklist, a standardized inventory of social
      competence and behavioral problems, were analyzed in relation to demographic and
      medical variables, as well as the children's appearance and functional status.
      School-related problems and somatic complaints of undetermined origin were
      increased fourfold relative to age- and gender-adjusted rates for peer groups in
      the general population. The presence of functional but not cosmetic impairments
      increased the risk of academic and adjustment problems. An older age at
      evaluation, treatment with cranial irradiation, and residence in a single-parent
      household were also associated with an increased risk of psychologic problems.
      General pediatricians must eventually assume responsibility for the extended
      follow-up care of children who have survived a malignancy. Their awareness of the
      high-risk groups described in this report should facilitate more timely
      identification of problems and referral of the children to appropriate services.

PMID- 2909973
TI  - Parental perceptions of health status and psychologic adjustment of children with
      asthma.
AB  - The relationship between severity of illness and psychologic adjustment was
      evaluated in 46 children with asthma. Two measures of the severity of asthma were
      used: the first, a composite objective measure based on clinical history and the
      second, parental estimates of the severity of their child's illness. Psychologic
      adjustment was measured by the Health Resources Inventory, a parental report of
      childhood behavior. Parental estimates of severity were correlated significantly
      with the objective measure of severity (r = .39; P less than .01), although a
      concordance value of 54% indicated marked lack of agreement between parental and
      objective ratings. As a group, children in this study achieved apparently normal
      adjustment scores, although scores ranged widely across all categories of
      severity. Children whose parents ranked their asthma as mild or severe had
      significantly lower adjustment scores (F = 3.28; P less than .05) than did those
      children rated by their parents as having moderate asthma. Children's ranks on
      the composite objective measure of severity were not associated with their
      adjustment scores, although children with greater use of medication had lower
      adjustment scores than did children with little or moderate medication use (P
      less than .05). The relationship of severity of illness to psychologic adjustment
      is complex. Children at all levels of severity may demonstrate problems of
      adjustment, suggesting that attention to psychologic risk should not be limited
      only to children with severe asthma.

PMID- 2909974
TI  - Infant-feeding practices and their relationship with diarrheal and other diseases
      in Huascar (Lima), Peru.
AB  - Longitudinal studies of the feeding practices and morbidity from infectious
      diseases of 153 Peruvian newborns from an underprivileged, periurban community
      were completed during their first year of life. Feeding practices were assessed
      by monthly questionnaires, and illnesses were identified by thrice-weekly,
      community-based surveillance. All infants were initially breast-fed, but only 12%
      were exclusively breast-fed at 1 month of age. At 12 months of age, 86% of
      children still received some breast milk. Incidence and prevalence rates of
      diarrhea in infants younger than 6 months of age were less among those who were
      exclusively breast-fed compared with those who received other liquids or
      artificial milks in addition to breast milk. The diarrheal prevalence rates
      doubled with the addition of these other fluids (15.2% v 7.1% of days ill, P less
      than .001). Infants for whom breast-feeding was discontinued during the first 6
      months had 27.6% diarrheal prevalence. During the second 6 months of life,
      discontinuation of breast-feeding was also associated with an increased risk of
      diarrheal incidence and prevalence. Upper and lower respiratory tract infections
      occurred with lesser prevalence among exclusively breast-fed younger infants. The
      prevalences of skin infections by category of feeding practice were not as
      consistent, but exclusively breast-fed infants tended to have fewer skin
      infections during the initial months of life and older infants who continued to
      breast-feed had fewer infections than those who did not. None of the results
      could be explained by differences in the socioeconomic status of the infants'
      families.

PMID- 2909975
TI  - Child abuse by drowning.
AB  - Drowning as a form of subtle fatal child abuse is difficult to distinguish from
      accidental immersion or from sudden unexpected natural death when the
      circumstances of immersion are concealed. Homicidal drownings are unwitnessed,
      usually occurring in the home, and the victims are young, either infants or
      toddlers. Accidental drownings are more likely to involve toddlers or older
      children in public areas such as swimming pools, drainage ditches, lakes, and
      rivers. This is especially true in rural areas. In cities, bathtubs remain a
      major site of accidental childhood drownings. Perpetrators of deliberate
      drownings often fit the sociopathologic profile of a child abuser. Because there
      is often a survival interval between immersion and death, pathologic findings
      consistent with postimmersion syndrome suggest the cause of death. Foreign
      material in the lungs, if immersion was other than in clear tap water, and
      injuries of the face are other positive correlating factors. A thorough
      investigation of the circumstances and cooperation between the investigating
      agency and the pathologist are essential to determine the correct manner of death
      in these cases.

PMID- 2909976
TI  - Neonatal hyperparathyroidism: the natural course in the absence of surgical
      intervention.
AB  - The case of a premature infant with the onset of hypercalcemia and apparent
      primary hyperparathyroidism in the immediate neonatal period is presented.
      Although the treatment in most such cases has been parathyroidectomy, this infant
      was managed medically and survived infancy without apparent complications. We
      believe her disorder represents the neonatal manifestations of familial
      hypocalciuric hypercalcemia. Her course supports the contention that this
      disorder may be self-limited in some infants and that appropriate medical
      management can preclude the need for surgical intervention in selected cases.

PMID- 2909977
TI  - Dietary replacement in preschool-aged hyperactive boys.
AB  - A 10-week study was conducted in which all food was provided for the families of
      24 hyperactive preschool-aged boys whose parents reported the existence of sleep
      problems or physical signs and symptoms. A within-subject crossover design was
      used, and the study was divided into three periods: a baseline period of 3 weeks,
      a placebo-control period of 3 weeks, and an experimental diet period of 4 weeks.
      The experimental diet was broader than those studied previously in that it
      eliminated not only artificial colors and flavors but also chocolate, monosodium
      glutamate, preservatives, caffeine, and any substance that families reported
      might affect their specific child. The diet was also low in simple sugars, and it
      was dairy free if the family reported a history of possible problems with cow's
      milk. According to the parental report, more than half of the subjects exhibited
      a reliable improvement in behavior and negligible placebo effects. In addition,
      several nonbehavioral variables tended to improve while the children received the
      experimental diet, particularly halitosis, night awakenings, and latency to sleep
      onset.

PMID- 2909978
TI  - Morbidity for survivors of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation:
      neurodevelopmental outcome at 1 year of age.
AB  - Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is an important technology in the treatment
      of high-risk infants whose long-term outcome is being followed prospectively at
      our institution. The extracorporeal membrane oxygenation procedure allows
      temporary cardiopulmonary support for critically ill full-term neonates who are
      refractory to maximum ventilatory and medical management as a consequence of
      severe persistent pulmonary hypertension. The technique necessitates both the
      permanent ligation of the right common carotid artery and jugular vein and
      systemic heparinization. The survivors constitute a unique group of high-risk
      infants, from the standpoint of the hypoxic-ischemic insults preceding
      extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and the risks associated with the procedure.
      Our results indicate that most of our survivors are developing normally at 1
      year. Major morbidity, in terms of either significant developmental delay (Bayley
      mental and motor indices less than 70) or significant neuromotor abnormality,
      occurred in only 10% of these infants. Poor outcome was associated with major
      intracranial hemorrhage and chronic lung disease. Ligation of the right carotid
      artery and jugular vein was not associated with a consistent lateralizing lesion.
      Long-term follow-up through school age is essential.

PMID- 2909979
TI  - Ureaplasmal pneumonia and sepsis associated with persistent pulmonary
      hypertension of the newborn.
AB  - Ureaplasma urealyticum was isolated from the lower respiratory tract of three
      infants with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. In one, cultures
      positive for U urealyticum were obtained on multiple occasions from trachea,
      blood, and pleural fluid prior to the infant's death on postnatal day 6. Autopsy
      findings confirmed the presence of severe pneumonia and the organism was again
      recovered from multiple sites. A second infant had no apparent predisposing
      factors for development of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn but U
      urealyticum and Staphylococcus epidermidis were recovered from the trachea
      antemortem and from lung tissue obtained during autopsy on the 12th postnatal
      day. The third infant had persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn and a
      pulmonary infiltrate within hours after birth with tracheal cultures positive for
      both U urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis. Erythromycin was given for ten days,
      and the infant gradually improved. Prolonged ventilation with supplemental oxygen
      was necessary, and chronic lung disease developed. This is the first report of
      neonatal ureaplasmal pneumonia with sepsis and persistent pulmonary hypertension
      of the newborn as well as the first time a microorganism other than streptococci
      has been specifically implicated in the pathogenesis of persistent pulmonary
      hypertension of the newborn. Respiratory infections with U urealyticum or other
      bacteria should be considered as possible causative or contributory factors in
      infants with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn.

PMID- 2909980
TI  - Feeding and urine cotinine values in babies whose mothers smoke.
AB  - In Canada, 8% to 20% of infants are breast-fed by mothers who smoke. To determine
      whether breast-feeding increases infants' exposure to tobacco smoke products,
      urinary cotinine excretion was measured in 172 babies, 33 of whom were breast
      fed. A milk sample was taken from the mothers who were breast-feeding, and
      cotinine was measured with gas chromatography. The breast-fed babies had a median
      cotinine to creatinine ratio of 433 ng/mg, whereas the bottle-fed babies' median
      was 200 ng/mg (P less than 10(-4)). Similar differences were observed after
      adjustment for the number of cigarettes smoked by the mother and by other smokers
      in the home in the previous 24 hours. The correlation coefficient between the
      number of cigarettes smoked by the mother and the breast milk cotinine
      concentration was significant (r = .69, P = 2 X 10(-4)). Moreover, urine cotinine
      values from the breast-fed babies increased with higher concentrations of
      cotinine in the mother's milk (r = .56, P = .02). These results provide evidence
      that breast-feeding increases exposure to tobacco smoke components in infants
      whose mothers smoke. This is yet another argument for strongly encouraging women
      who smoke to stop smoking during pregnancy and lactation.

PMID- 2909981
TI  - Preductal and postductal transcutaneous oxygen tension measurements in premature
      newborns with hyaline membrane disease.
AB  - Pre- and postductal transcutaneous oxygen tension (tcPO2) was measured in 23
      preterm infants with hyaline membrane disease to estimate the degree of right to
      left ductal shunting. The study was done during the first 24 hours of life and
      the data were recorded continuously. The studies were 11.9 +/- 4.0- hours long,
      (mean +/- SD) and the difference between the pre- and postductal tcPO2 (delta
      TcPO2) was measured every 100 seconds. Of 9,872 determinations, the delta tcPO2
      was less than or equal to 15 mm Hg in 90.1%, 16 to 29 mm Hg in 9.3%, and greater
      than or equal to 30 mm Hg in 0.6%. It was concluded that large differences
      between pre- and postductal oxygen tension are rare in infants with hyaline
      membrane disease. The results of this and other published data suggest that it is
      unlikely that measurement of PaO2 in the descending aorta or tcPO2 below the
      ductus places infants at an increased risk of having retinopathy of prematurity
      develop.

PMID- 2909982
TI  - Back to the bases.

PMID- 2909983
TI  - Memory in a neuron.

PMID- 2909984
TI  - Schizophrenic results.

PMID- 2909985
TI  - Modification of protein synthesis initiation factors and the shut-off of host
      protein synthesis in adenovirus-infected cells.
AB  - A substantial body of data, largely derived from study of cell extracts,
      indicates that protein synthesis in adenovirus-infected cells requires VA RNAI at
      late times of infection to prevent the activation of a protein kinase known as
      DAI, and the consequent phosphorylation of the alpha-subunit of initiation factor
      eIF-2. To verify this conclusion, we have measured the steady-state levels of eIF
      2 alpha phosphorylation in cells infected with wild-type virus (Ad2) and a mutant
      that produces no VA RNAI (Ad5dl331). Consistent with the proposed mechanism, the
      alpha-subunit was very highly phosphorylated (approximately 90%) at late times of
      infection with Ad5dl331. Surprisingly, eIF-2 alpha phosphorylation also increased
      (to approximately 30%) at late times of infection with Ad2, suggesting that VA
      RNA and DAI might be involved in the selective translation of viral mRNA and the
      shut-off of host cell protein synthesis during the late phase. In agreement with
      this model, host protein synthesis shut-off is defective in cells expressing low
      levels of DAI.

PMID- 2909986
TI  - Characterization of novel populations of MVM virions containing covalent DNA
      protein complexes.
AB  - Virions of minute virus of mice were purified by sedimentation in sucrose
      gradients and chromatography on DEAE-cellulose columns and shown to consist of
      single-stranded viral DNA and the viral capsid polypeptides VP-1 (83 kDa) and VP
      2 (64.5 kDa). A 63-kDa polypeptide distinct from the viral capsid polypeptide VP
      3 (61.4 kDa) was found in some virion preparations. Virions sedimented at 135 and
      110 S. The genomic single strands associated with purified 135 and 110 S virions
      were covalently bound to a protein as judged by the anomalous electrophoretic
      mobility of the DNA in agarose gels at pH 12.5. The protein was removed from the
      DNA by Pronase but remained bound after heating at 98 degrees in the presence of
      0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate. Nuclease digestion of the purified DNA-protein
      complex released several polypeptides ranging in size from 58 to 65 kDa.
      Restriction enzyme analysis of the purified DNA protein complex following its
      conversion to a duplex RF DNA in vitro showed that the protein was attached to
      the 5' termini of the DNA.

PMID- 2909987
TI  - Virus-ribosome complexes from cell-free translation systems supplemented with
      cowpea chlorotic mottle virus particles.
AB  - When particles of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV) were added to cell-free
      extracts from wheat germ, the encapsidated viral genome was translated into
      polypeptides similar to the translation products specified by unencapsidated
      viral RNA (as shown before by M.J. Brisco, R. Hull, and T.M.A. Wilson, 1986,
      Virology 148, 210-217). The rate of protein synthesis observed upon addition of
      virus particles was much slower than that of extracted RNA and the quantity of
      protein formed was only 10% of that of extracted RNA. Using sucrose and cesium
      chloride gradient analysis, virus-ribosome complexes, containing up to four
      ribosomes per virus particle, were isolated from translation mixtures
      supplemented with CCMV particles. These complexes, with densities intermediate of
      those of virus (1.36 g cm-3) and ribosomes (1.58 g cm-3), were analyzed and
      quantified in the electron microscope. Less than 5% of the particles was found in
      association with ribosomes. To verify whether these complexes were involved in
      the process of cotranslational disassembly, tobacco mosaic virus was analyzed
      with the same techniques and methods. The results found for TMV were similar to
      those found for CCMV except that virus-ribosome complexes with up to 20 ribosomes
      per virus particle were observed. The implications of the process of virion
      directed translation for the structure of the particle as well as the role of
      this process in vivo are discussed.

PMID- 2909989
TI  - The use of sulfite to study the mechanism of membrane fusion induced by E1 of
      Semliki Forest virus.
AB  - In this study we have used 35S-labeled sulfite to modify the disulfide bonds of
      the proteins at the cell surface of Semliki Forest-infected Aedes albopictus
      cells before and after low pH treatment. This reagent specifically cleaves
      disulfide bonds and concomitantly reacts with the newly formed cysteines, thereby
      labeling the respective protein. Treatment of the infected cells with sulfite led
      to inhibition of the fusion activity only when applied after low pH exposure.
      These cells exhibited substantial incorporation of the label into the viral E1
      glycoprotein as compared to the E2 glycoprotein. These results provide direct
      evidence for the low pH-induced conformational change of E1 during the generation
      of its fusogenic potential.

PMID- 2909988
TI  - Studies on the mechanism of the antiviral activity of ribavirin against reovirus.
AB  - We have examined the mechanism by which ribavirin inhibits the multiplication of
      reovirus. At a concentration of 12.5 microM (3 micrograms/ml) ribavirin inhibits
      viral multiplication, ssRNA formation, dsRNA formation, and protein synthesis by
      about 90%; when much higher concentrations are used for brief periods of time,
      the primary target of ribavirin is seen to be viral ssRNA synthesis. When the
      effect of ribavirin triphosphate (RTP) was tested on the in vitro transcription
      by cores of the dsRNA genome segments into plus-stranded RNA, elongation, that
      is, the formation of intact mRNA molecules, was found to be inhibited to the
      greatest extent; initiation was at least 2.5 times less sensitive, and cap
      formation and methylation were almost unaffected. The inhibition of elongation
      and initiation was not competitive with respect to any of the four nucleoside
      triphosphates. Remarkably, the transcription of plus strands into minus strands
      by immature reovirus particles (the replicase reaction) was insensitive to RTP. A
      model is proposed that envisages RTP binding to a site close to the catalytic
      site of the transcriptase. This binding is postulated to inhibit the helicase
      function of the transcriptase and lower its affinity for template RNA so that the
      likelihood of premature termination is greatly increased. The helicase activity
      is not, of course, necessary for the transcription of plus strands into minus
      strands, which would account for the differential sensitivity of the
      transcriptase and the replicase to RTP.

PMID- 2909990
TI  - Identification of the 5' end of the rubella virus subgenomic RNA.
AB  - The 5' end of the subgenomic RNA of rubella virus was determined by primer
      extension. The Maxam-Gilbert sequence ladder of the primer extension product
      contained a determinable sequence which was colinear with the complement of the
      sequence of the genomic RNA through nucleotide 3325 from the 3' end of the
      genomic RNA and a pair of bands in every lane above the determinable sequence.
      These results indicated that synthesis of the subgenomic RNA is initiated
      internally on the minus-polarity genome-length RNA template and that the length
      of subgenomic RNA is 3327 nucleotides excluding the poly(A) tail. There are thus
      77 nucleotides between the 5' end of the subgenomic RNA and the first AUG, which
      is the initiation codon for the structural protein open reading frame. The
      initiation site of rubella virus subgenomic RNA synthesis is 20 nucleotides
      downstream from a block of 28 nucleotides which shares homology with the
      nucleotide sequence which is conserved at the subgenomic RNA initiation site in
      the Alphaviruses, the other genus of Togaviruses.

PMID- 2909992
TI  - A symposium: The role of phosphodiesterase III inhibitors in contemporary
      cardiovascular medicine. April 9, 1988, New York, New York.

PMID- 2909991
TI  - Assignment of wound tumor virus nonstructural polypeptides to cognate dsRNA
      genome segments by in vitro expression of tailored full-length cDNA clones.
AB  - Presumptive full-length cDNA clones of 9 of the 12 wound tumor virus double
      stranded RNA genome segments were tailored for efficient in vitro expression by a
      recently described strategy [Z. Xu, J.V. Anzola, and D.L. Nuss (1987) DNA6, 505
      513]. In vitro synthesized polypeptides specified by synthetic transcripts
      corresponding to the tailored cDNAs comigrated in polyacrylamide gels with in
      vivo synthesized viral-specific polypeptides. This analysis confirmed the
      functional integrity of the tailored cDNA clones and identified cognate genome
      segments which encode all five viral non-structural polypeptides as well as four
      structural polypeptides; two which comprise the capsid, one located in the viral
      core and one associated with the outer protein coat.

PMID- 2909993
TI  - Observations on the intracoronary administration of milrinone and dobutamine to
      patients with congestive heart failure.
AB  - A direct intracoronary infusion technique was used to characterize the mechanisms
      of action of milrinone, a new phosphodiesterase inhibitor. Because of the small
      quantity of drug infused, it is possible to achieve a therapeutic concentration
      of drug in the heart with little or no systemic accumulation. Because loading
      conditions are largely unaffected during intracoronary drug infusion, it is
      possible to use left ventricular +dP/dt as a convenient measure of changes in
      contractility. Intracoronary milrinone infusion caused a dose-related increase in
      +dP/dt associated with a substantial improvement in left ventricular pump
      function. In addition, there is a small decrease in heart rate, which appeared to
      be secondary to reflex withdrawal of sympathetic tone, since it was associated
      with a decrease in plasma norepinephrine. Measurement of forearm vascular
      resistance and forearm venous capacitance by plethysmography indicated that
      although there was no significant decrease in forearm vascular resistance during
      intracoronary drug infusion, there was a small increase in venous capacitance.
      Subsequent intravenous administration of milrinone caused a substantial further
      improvement in left ventricular pump function, associated with a substantial
      decrease in left- and right-sided cardiac filling pressures and forearm vascular
      resistance, and an increase in forearm venous capacitance. These findings suggest
      that reflex sympathetic withdrawal may contribute to the venous dilation that
      occurs with milrinone, but that the major effects of milrinone on vascular tone
      are due to a direct vascular action of the drug. Intracoronary infusion of
      dobutamine has also demonstrated a substantial decrease in the inotropic response
      to beta-adrenergic stimulation in patients with congestive heart failure,
      presumably because of down-regulation of beta-adrenergic receptors.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2909994
TI  - Effects of phosphodiesterase inhibition on skeletal muscle vasculature.
AB  - The pathophysiology of the syndrome of congestive heart failure (CHF) includes 2
      major components that closely interact. The first one is a reduction in
      ventricular performance, which is manifested initially during exercise and is
      later present at rest. The second one involves abnormalities of the peripheral
      circulation and organs, which become gradually more prominent and lead ultimately
      to symptoms. The exercise capacity of patients with chronic CHF is limited not
      only by an inadequate increase in cardiac output and an excessive increase in
      ventricular filling pressure, but also by a fixed vasodilatory response to
      exercise. Although the role of increased activity of the sympathetic and renin
      angiotensin-aldosterone systems in the derangements of the peripheral circulation
      has been extensively investigated, the structural abnormalities of the arterial
      wall have received little emphasis in patients with CHF. Chronic reduction of the
      cardiac output may lead to endothelium-dependent reduction in arterial diameter
      and vasomotor response, which may in turn increase systemic vascular resistance
      and further reduce cardiac output. Therapeutic agents should be characterized by
      their acute and chronic effects not only on ventricular performance, but also on
      the peripheral circulation. More specifically, when one is concerned with the
      effect of a therapeutic intervention on exercise capacity, evaluation of its
      direct and indirect effects on the skeletal muscle vasculature is particularly
      important. Accordingly, the effects of phosphodiesterase inhibition on vascular
      smooth muscle tone and skeletal muscle vasculature are reviewed. In addition, the
      potential of phosphodiesterase inhibition to reverse structural abnormalities of
      the arterial wall is discussed.

PMID- 2909995
TI  - Electrophysiology of phosphodiesterase inhibitors.
AB  - Phosphodiesterase inhibitors appear to uniformly enhance atrioventricular node
      conduction, although milrinone seems to have the least effect. Except for
      digoxin, this effect on atrioventricular node conduction is similar to that noted
      with other inotropic agents. Other electrophysiologic effects vary among
      patients, with enoximone being more theophylline-like in response. Because none
      of these drugs do not have an adverse effect on His-Purkinje conduction, they are
      safe to use in patients with intraventricular conduction disturbances.
      Significant proarrhythmia is uncommon, but can occur. The mechanisms causing
      these electrophysiologic changes are not well defined, but the changes may occur
      because of increased concentrations of cytosol cyclic adenosine monophosphate
      secondary to phosphodiesterase inhibition, increased cytosol calcium levels
      secondary to increased cyclic adenosine monophosphate, or reflex adrenergic
      stimulation secondary to the peripheral vasodilating effects of these drugs.

PMID- 2909996
TI  - Effect of intravenous metoprolol on left ventricular performance in Q-wave acute
      myocardial infarction.
AB  - To determine the effects of intravenous metoprolol on left ventricular (LV)
      function in acute myocardial infarction (AMI), 16 patients were studied within 48
      hours of Q-wave AMI (mean ejection fraction 47 +/- 6%, mean pulmonary artery
      wedge pressure 22 +/- 6 mm Hg) with high fidelity pressure and biplane
      cineventriculography before and after intravenous metoprolol (dose 12 +/- 4 mg).
      Heart rate decreased from 90 +/- 13 to 74 +/- 11 beats/min (p less than 0.001),
      pulmonary arterial wedge pressure and LV end-diastolic pressure were unchanged
      (22 +/- 6 to 21 +/- 6 and 27 +/- 8 to 26 +/- 8 mm Hg, respectively), despite
      impaired LV relaxation (P = Poe-t/T) after intravenous metoprolol (T from 59 +/-
      13 to 72 +/- 12 ms, p less than 0.001). Peak systolic circumferential LV wall
      stress decreased after beta-adrenergic blockade (330 +/- 93 to 268 +/- 89 g/cm2,
      p less than 0.05) and LV contractility decreased (dP/dtmax from 1,480 +/- 450 to
      1,061 +/- 340 mm Hg/s, p less than 0.001). The ejection fraction decreased (48 +/
      7 to 43 +/- 7%, p less than 0.05) due to an increase in LV end-systolic volume
      (85 +/- 19 to 93 +/- 19 ml, p less than 0.05) since LV end-diastolic volume was
      unchanged (161 +/- 30 to 163 +/- 30 ml, difference not significant). In patients
      with Q-wave AMI, intravenous metoprolol reduces the major determinants of
      myocardial oxygen demand including heart rate, contractility and peak systolic
      wall stress. Further, despite decreased heart rate, (+)dP/dtmax, ejection
      fraction, isovolumic relaxation, LV end-diastolic pressure and end-diastolic
      volume remain unchanged.

PMID- 2909997
TI  - External cardiac programmed stimulation for noninvasive termination of sustained
      supraventricular and ventricular tachycardia.
AB  - To examine the feasibility of using a noninvasive temporary pacemaker for
      termination of well-tolerated supraventricular (SVT) and ventricular tachycardia
      (VT), a standard external demand pacemaker was modified to allow stimulation with
      single or multiple extrastimuli and overdrive pacing. To evaluate the efficacy,
      safety and tolerance of external cardiac programmed stimulation, a standard
      arrhythmia termination protocol was used in 223 tachycardias in 22 patients. The
      technique of external cardiac programmed stimulation was used in 209 episodes of
      SVT in 13 patients. It terminated 95% of the episodes with success in 19 of 20
      episodes of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia and 179 of 189 episodes
      of atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia. Of 198 episodes of SVT terminated
      by the technique 168 (85%) were terminated by a single extrastimulus and 28 (14%)
      by double extrastimuli. Only 2 episodes of SVT required overdrive pacing for
      termination. External cardiac programmed stimulation did not result in atrial
      fibrillation or arrhythmia acceleration. Of 14 episodes of sustained monomorphic
      VT 5 were terminated by external cardiac programmed stimulation. One tachycardia
      was terminated by a single extrastimulus, 1 by double extrastimuli and 3 by
      overdrive pacing. Arrhythmia acceleration occurred once and was terminated by
      endocardial pacing. On 27 separate occasions patient evaluation of maximal
      discomfort included 4 ratings of mild, 10 of moderate, 11 of severe and 2 of
      intolerable discomfort. External cardiac programmed stimulation is effective and
      safe in patients with well-tolerated sustained supraventricular or ventricular
      arrhythmias.

PMID- 2909998
TI  - Usefulness of isoproterenol during atrial fibrillation in evaluation of
      asymptomatic Wolff-Parkinson-White pattern.
AB  - The asymptomatic individual with a Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) pattern is
      considered at risk for ventricular fibrillation if a rapid ventricular response
      (shortest RR interval less than or equal to 250 ms) is observed during induced
      atrial fibrillation (AF) in the laboratory. It has been suggested that
      isoproterenol administration during AF may more accurately define the patient at
      risk. Consequently, the effect of isoproterenol on ventricular response during AF
      was studied in 21 asymptomatic individuals with WPW pattern to assess the
      potential of isoproterenol to identify patients at risk for sudden death. An
      electrophysiologic study that included elective induction of AF was performed.
      The shortest and mean RR intervals between 2 consecutive preexcited and normal
      QRS complexes, the average RR interval and the proportion of preexcited QRS
      complexes were measured in the control state and after bolus injections of
      isoproterenol (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 micrograms) during AF. Both atrioventricular
      nodal and accessory pathway conductions were enhanced proportional to
      isoproterenol dose. Isoproterenol had a greater effect on the atrioventricular
      node, as reflected by significantly greater changes in the shortest RR between
      normal complexes (339 +/- 70 vs 255 +/- 21 ms, mean +/- standard deviation, p
      less than 0.001) than the shortest RR between preexcited complexes (264 +/- 39 vs
      219 +/- 34 ms, p less than 0.001) and a decrease in percentage of preexcited
      complexes (65 +/- 37 vs 50 +/- 33%, p less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2909999
TI  - Echocardiographic and clinical predictors for outcome of elective cardioversion
      of atrial fibrillation.
AB  - Previous studies have suggested that success of elective direct-current
      cardioversion for atrial fibrillation (AF) can be predicted from clinical
      features and M-mode echocardiographic left atrial diameter. We evaluated clinical
      variables as well as M-mode and 2-dimensional echocardiographic measurements of
      atrial size in 85 patients undergoing electrical cardioversion for AF. Of 65
      patients who were initially converted to sinus rhythm, 45 (69%) and 38 (58%)
      remained in sinus rhythm at 1 and 6 months, respectively. No historical feature
      predicted initial success, although patients with cardiomyopathy or pulmonary
      disease underlying their AF had significantly lower success rates compared with
      those having other etiologies. Furthermore, no M-mode or 2-dimensional
      echocardiographic measurements of atrial size predicted initial success of
      cardioversion. Maintenance of sinus rhythm at 1 month was related to short
      duration of AF before cardioversion (less than 3 months vs greater than 12
      months, p less than 0.05). Left atrial area and long axis dimension by 2
      dimensional echocardiography were significantly larger in patients remaining in
      sinus rhythm than in those who had reverted to AF at 1 month (28 +/- 7 vs 24 +/-
      5 cm2 and 65 +/- 9 vs 59 +/- 8 mm, respectively, both p less than 0.05), but
      overlap was great. No significant difference in atrial dimensions was noted at 6
      month follow-up. It appears that, although no clinical or echocardiographic
      variable predicts initial success for cardioversion of AF, duration of AF does
      predict maintenance of sinus rhythm 1 month after initial success.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2910000
TI  - Response in oxygen uptake and ventilation during stair climbing in patients with
      chronic heart failure.
AB  - To examine the level of muscular work and ventilatory response to stair climbing
      (mobile Stairmaster staircase, 1 step/2.5 s), respiratory gas exchange,
      ventilation, heart rate and arterial pressure were monitored in patients with
      chronic heart failure and their response compared with that of normal
      individuals. Aerobic capacity (maximal oxygen uptake) and anaerobic threshold
      during treadmill exercise were also determined and used to ascertain the
      metabolic cost of stair climbing. No differences were observed in the response of
      mean arterial blood pressure between the 12 patients and 10 normal subjects
      during exercise or recovery. However, the heart rate and oxygen consumption
      obtained during exercise were significantly lower in the patients with chronic
      heart failure than in the normal subjects (p less than 0.05). All patients with a
      maximal oxygen uptake less than 20 ml/min/kg during treadmill exercise had an
      oxygen uptake during stair climbing that exceeded their anaerobic threshold and,
      consequently, they attained a significantly (p less than 0.01) higher level of
      ventilation during exercise and recovery. This was not the case for those
      patients with greater aerobic capacity. Therefore, it is concluded that stair
      climbing for the 12 patients with heart failure and moderate to moderately severe
      impairment in aerobic capacity represents strenuous anaerobic exercise. The
      resultant excess ventilation may explain the limiting sensation of dyspnea that
      is frequently experienced by these patients during and after stair climbing.

PMID- 2910001
TI  - Right ventricular myocardial function after atrial switch operation for
      transposition of the great arteries.
AB  - Postoperative right ventricular (RV) myocardial function was evaluated in 6
      patients who underwent atrial switching for simple transposition of the great
      arteries (TGA). The average age at study was 5.5 years. RV function was evaluated
      at rest and during administration of methoxamine by cardiac catheterization and
      RV angiography. The data were compared with left ventricular function in a
      control group, which consisted of 6 patients, 3 with functional murmur and 3 with
      pulmonary valvar stenosis. During stress, the TGA group showed a significant
      increase in end-diastolic pressure, minute work index and end-diastolic and end
      systolic volume indexes, along with a significant decrease in ejection fraction.
      The control group also showed an increase in these variables except for ejection
      fraction during stress, which did not change. The slope of the work-function
      curve for the TGA group was lower than that for the control group (p = 0.02). The
      TGA group had a lower slope of the peak systolic pressure-volume relation than
      the control group (p = 0.005). There was no significant correlation between the
      slope of the peak systolic pressure-volume relation and age at repair or study.
      This study shows that RV pump dysfunction observed in postoperative TGA patients
      may be caused by depressed myocardial function.

PMID- 2910002
TI  - Differences in effects of aerobic exercise training on blood lipids in men and
      women.

PMID- 2910003
TI  - Relation of left ventricular ejectional flow velocity to volume ejection rate.

PMID- 2910004
TI  - Optimal Doppler measurement of left ventricular ejection time.

PMID- 2910005
TI  - Effect of repeated reperfusion on the size of experimental myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2910006
TI  - Holter monitoring versus treadmill exercise test in the detection of myocardial
      ischemia.

PMID- 2910007
TI  - Alcohol use and supraventricular arrhythmia.

PMID- 2910008
TI  - Nomenclature for the use of balloon catheters.

PMID- 2910009
TI  - Parental transmission of congenital heart disease.

PMID- 2910010
TI  - Fatal acute spontaneous endometritis resulting from Clostridium sordelli.
AB  - Intrauterine clostridial infections have historically been associated with
      puerperal sepsis, often subsequent to instrumented abortions. Isolated reports
      have been associated with a malignant neoplasm or degenerating leiomyoma, most
      often after instrumentation, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy. In these cases,
      well-known risk factors or obvious niduses for growth and causation of disease
      were identified. The authors report a case of fatal spontaneous endometritis
      resulting from Clostridum sordellii, which, to their knowledge, has not been
      previously reported in the literature. Characteristics of this rare virulent
      human pathogen are discussed.

PMID- 2910011
TI  - Necessary comment.

PMID- 2910012
TI  - Dual parameter analysis of myeloma cells by flow cytometry. DNA content of cells
      containing monotypic cytoplasmic immunoglobulin.
AB  - Dual-parameter flow cytometric analysis of monotypic cytoplasmic immunoglobulin
      (CIg) and DNA content on 15 myeloma marrows allowed S-phase determination of the
      CIg(+) tumor separately from the CIg(-) hematopoietic cell pool. The median
      percentage of the CIg(+) cells in S-phase was 2% compared with 5% for the CIg(-)
      cells. The median survival of patients with more than 2%, and those with 2% or
      less CIg(+) S-phase cells was 2 months and more than 13 months, respectively,
      from the time of study. Ploidy analysis identified four patterns of plasma cell
      DNA content: entirely hyperdiploid, entirely diploid, combined diploid and
      tetraploid stemlines, and tumors containing diploid and aneuploid CIg(+) cells. A
      monotypic CIg(+) double stemline myeloma was distinguished from two aneuploid
      tumors containing admixed normal, diploid polyclonal plasma cells. This technique
      provides an improved and expedient means for determining the proliferating
      fractions of myeloma cells and enhances recognition of double stemline tumors and
      clonal evolution in myeloma.

PMID- 2910013
TI  - Frequency of occurrence of diagnostic cytologic parameters in basal cell
      carcinoma. A retrospective review of 25 cases.
AB  - Twenty-five cases of cytologic preparations from basal cell carcinomas documented
      by subsequent tissue material were obtained. The cases were retrospectively
      analyzed to evaluate the frequency of occurrence of various features that could
      either be helpful or misleading in the diagnosis. These features included
      peripheral palisading, Bowenoid nuclei, and keratinized cells. Results from the
      study include the fact that a major criterion for the histologic diagnosis of
      basal cell carcinoma (peripheral palisading) could seldom be appreciated in the
      cytology preparations. Large clusters of cells with crowded nuclei were found in
      every case and thus represent a useful cytologic parameter. However, because of
      the frequent absence of peripheral palisading, the study suggests there could be
      diagnostic confusion with lesions of small cell squamous carcinoma.

PMID- 2910014
TI  - A comparative study of variables affecting the bleeding time using two disposable
      devices.
AB  - A number of variables affect the result of the bleeding time, the most frequently
      used test assessing primary hemostasis. Although the test is now usually
      performed with one of several commercially available disposable devices, most
      previous studies of the bleeding time have evaluated only the original template
      device described nearly 20 years ago. Therefore, we compared two commonly used
      bleeding time devices (Surgicutt and Simplate) with regard to multiple variables
      affecting the test in 40 hematologically normal young adults. Bleeding time was
      performed by the modified Ivy method according to the manufacturers' instructions
      in both horizontal (transverse) and vertical directions, before and two hours
      after a test dose of 650 mg of aspirin was administered. With both horizontal and
      vertical incisions, Simplate bleeding time values were greater than with the
      Surgicutt device (P = 0.0025). Bleeding time in the horizontal direction was
      greater than vertical with both devices (P = 0.0001). Values in males and females
      were not significantly different. Aspirin sensitivity, the difference between
      preaspirin and postaspirin values, was greatest with the use of the Surgicutt
      device in the horizontal position (mean postaspirin value 8.0 minutes). Both
      devices produced a reproducible uniform incision, caused minimal discomfort, and
      resulted in little or no scarring. The authors conclude that the results with
      Surgicutt and Simplate devices were comparable in many respects but that a
      horizontal Surgicutt bleeding time might be most sensitive in detecting disorders
      of primary hemostasis. Comparative studies of different bleeding time devices in
      normal subjects are necessary in order to accurately assess their clinical
      utility.

PMID- 2910015
TI  - Myelodysplasia with bone marrow lymphocytosis and fibrosis mimicking recurrent
      Hodgkin's disease.
AB  - Myelodysplastic syndromes and acute leukemias after treatment for Hodgkin's
      disease (HD) are well recognized. Preleukemic changes are commonly seen. Three
      patients from the authors' files are found with myelofibrosis and bone marrow
      lymphocytosis after treatment for HD. Although somewhat unusual, the clinical
      impression initially was, in each case, isolated recurrence of HD involving the
      bone marrow, 6 to 11 years after initial diagnosis. In each case, after single or
      multiple marrow aspirates and biopsies were done, the differential between HD
      involving the marrow and myelodysplasia with myelofibrosis and lymphocytic
      infiltrates was made. The absence of diagnostic Reed-Sternberg (RS) cells was
      useful in diagnosing the latter. All three patients died of causes related to
      cytopenias, with two having progressed to overt acute nonlymphocytic leukemia.
      Myelofibrosis with lymphocytic infiltrates in the marrow, without diagnostic RS
      cells, in patients' status after treatment for HD, should alert one to the
      possibility of myelodysplasia.

PMID- 2910016
TI  - Nucleoli of blood monocytes in malignant lymphoma. A morphometric study.
AB  - Morphometric methods were used to study the nucleolar ultrastructure of blood
      monocytes in 23 patients with Hodgkin's disease, 12 patients with non-Hodgkin's
      lymphoma, and 20 normal subjects. Nucleolar volume (Vn), surface area (Sn),
      volume fraction within the nucleus (VVn), surface-to-volume ratio, and number of
      nucleolar profiles per section were measured. The results were examined with the
      use of multivariate and univariate analyses of variance, and significant
      differences between the patient and normal groups were found. Compared with the
      normals, values for Vn, Sn, VVn and number of profiles per section were 16-20%
      smaller in the Hodgkin's monocytes and 19-32% smaller in those of the patients
      with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The changes in nucleolar ultrastructure may be
      related to the known mononuclear phagocyte dysfunction in patients with lymphoma.

PMID- 2910017
TI  - Reproducibility in quality control of protein (Western) immunoblot assay for
      antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus.
AB  - The protein (Western) immunoblot assay (IB) for antibodies to human
      immunodeficiency virus, like other laboratory procedures, sometimes gives
      variable results. In the Transfusion Safety Study, indistinguishable aliquots of
      four quality control (QC) samples have been routinely submitted for IB with each
      group of patient specimens. A false negative IB result was obtained for 1.7% of
      179 assays of two known positive (QC) standards and a false positive result for
      2.0% of 101 assays of two known negative (QC) standards. In addition, a test
      panel of 24 samples was sent on a single occasion to three widely used
      laboratories. A false positive result was reported by one laboratory and a false
      negative by a second. Although generally reliable, IB results may occasionally be
      in error. There is much more technical variability in the relative frequencies of
      antigen-antibody bands than has been recognized. These interlaboratory and
      intralaboratory comparisons show quality control checks are essential for all
      laboratories, and more than one specimen should be tested if its applicability to
      a specific patient is questionable. Specific bands are sufficiently inconstant
      for the same specimen to make appearance or disappearance on successive specimens
      prognostically unreliable.

PMID- 2910018
TI  - Does determination of serum aspartate aminotransferase contribute to the
      diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction?
AB  - Values for total lactate dehydrogenase (LD), LD isoenzymes, and serum aspartate
      aminotransferase (AST) were determined in 150 patients with acute myocardial
      infarction (AMI) and 130 non-AMI patients 24, 48, and 72 hours after admission.
      The authors assessed the diagnostic yield of a single determination of AST, LD,
      and three LD isoenzymes tests: LD-1 greater than LD-2; LD-1 greater than 90 U/L;
      LD-1/LD greater than 0.4. They also assessed the diagnostic accuracy of combined
      determination of AST with LD and AST with each of the above three LD isoenzymes
      tests. The efficiency of single determination of AST was better than that of LD
      (88% vs. 80%, 48 hours after admission). The most efficient single test for
      diagnosing AMI was the LD-1 greater than 90 U/L test (92%, 48 hours after
      admission). The efficiency of the combined AST/LD test was better than that of a
      single determination of each of the two enzymes (90% vs. 88% and 80%, 48 hours
      after admission). The highest efficiency was achieved, however, with combined
      determination of AST and any of the three LD isoenzymes tests. It was found to be
      more efficient than single determination of each of the LD isoenzymes tests (95.5
      96% vs. 89-92.5%) and more efficient than the combined determination of the
      AST/LD test (95.5-96% vs. 89-90%). The authors conclude that AST should be
      determined in every patient with suspected AMI because its determination may
      contribute to the diagnostic yield of LD isoenzymes tests, especially in patients
      with AMI admitted 48-72 hours after onset of symptoms, when creatine kinase
      declined to near normal values.

PMID- 2910019
TI  - Spirochetes in the spleen of a patient with chronic Lyme disease.
AB  - A 54-year-old man had intermittent evening fever, arthralgia, transient
      erythematous macular eruption on the skin, and splenomegaly of two year's
      duration. Immunofluorescence tests for Borrelia burgdorferi serum antibodies had
      positive results, but G-penicillin treatment was ineffective. Splenectomy with
      lymph node biopsy was performed to rule out lymphoproliferative disorders.
      Borrelia-like spirochetes were identified histologically in the spleen; this
      finding was consistent with persistence of B. burgdorferi organisms in inner
      organs in chronic Lyme disease.

PMID- 2910020
TI  - Hepatic granuloma resulting from Enterobius vermicularis.
AB  - A nodule of the liver was incidentally noted during left colectomy for a large
      villous adenoma in a 74-year-old man. Microscopic examination disclosed a
      granuloma of the liver containing numerous Enterobius vermicularis ova and a
      cross-section of the nematode. This is the fourth reported case of hepatic
      oxyuriasis and the second case reported in North America.

PMID- 2910021
TI  - An American Board of Orthodontics case report. A combined face mask-orthognathic
      surgical approach in the treatment of skeletal open bite and maxillary
      deficiency.
AB  - This case report is presented following the specifications of the American Board
      of Orthodontics. The patient had a true skeletal open bite with maxillary and
      mandibular asymmetry. She was treated with an orthognathic surgical approach and
      face mask therapy to stabilize the postsurgical result.

PMID- 2910022
TI  - Mandibular displacement and dentitional changes during orthodontic treatment and
      growth.
AB  - Mandibular displacement during orthodontic treatment and/or growth is usually
      analyzed through cephalometric superposition on the cranial base. Evaluation of
      mandibular movement in relation to the maxillary base has considerable value
      because the occlusion of the teeth is associated directly with the position of
      the maxillary and mandibular basal bones. The method of superimposition is
      outlined and applied to a number of treated malocclusions. Incorporation of this
      method in the study of treatment results is suggested.

PMID- 2910023
TI  - Cause of early skeletal relapse after mandibular setback.
AB  - The present study was undertaken to examine the factors that might be responsible
      for the skeletal relapse occurring during the period of intermaxillary fixation
      after mandibular setback osteotomy. Fifteen patients, treated for absolute
      mandibular prognathism by modified sagittal split ramus osteotomy and fixation by
      skeletal suspension wiring, were evaluated cephalometrically by reference to the
      degree of postsurgical superior shift of the gonial region of the distal segment
      as a parameter of relapse since such a shift was evident despite the use of
      wiring. It was found that the degree of inadvertent anteroposterior rotation of
      the proximal segment at surgery, rather than the extent and pattern of surgical
      repositioning of the distal segment, was significantly correlated with the degree
      of shift. This result emphasizes the justification of preserving the proximal
      segment in its exact original anatomic site, in addition to the use of skeletal
      fixation, to ensure predictable stability after mandibular setback osteotomy.

PMID- 2910024
TI  - Postretention evaluation of stability and relapse--mandibular arches with
      generalized spacing.
AB  - Assessment of cases that had been out of retention a minimum of 10 years and had
      displayed generalized spacing of anterior teeth before treatment showed
      consistent reduction of arch length and intercanine width into adult years.
      Intercanine width constriction typically occurred while arch length decreased in
      every case, both width and length reduction being progressive with time. Crowding
      was minimal for the majority of cases; few demonstrated the severe crowding more
      typical of cases with pretreatment crowding.

PMID- 2910025
TI  - Reliability of maximum static work efforts by the human masseter muscle.
AB  - To study the reliability of nonfatiguing maximum voluntary static work efforts by
      the masseter muscle, six healthy subjects exercised teeth clenching in centric
      occlusion. Maximum voluntary teeth clenching was performed for 10 seconds on 2
      different days, each with two trials, and maximum static work efforts (without
      artificial feedback-control) were quantified by integrated surface
      electromyography. Reliability was determined by factorial analyses of variance
      and intraclass correlations. Data reduction showed that maximum voluntary static
      work efforts were reproduced reliably during the four different trials.

PMID- 2910026
TI  - Changes in the maxillary and mandibular tooth size-arch length relationship from
      early adolescence to early adulthood. A longitudinal study.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine the association between the changes in
      maxillary and mandibular tooth size-arch length discrepancies (TSALD) and various
      dentofacial variables for 18 male and 14 female subjects with normal occlusion.
      All subjects were participants in the Iowa Longitudinal Growth Study and records
      were evaluated at two stages of dental development: stage I, when the permanent
      second molars initially erupted into occlusion (X age = 13.3 years); and stage
      II, at early adulthood (X age = 26.0 years). The following sets of variables were
      evaluated: mesiodistal crown diameters of single and groups of permanent teeth,
      dental arch widths and lengths, curve of Spee, maxillary and mandibular anterior
      and total crowding or spacing, anterior tooth rotations, and various
      cephalometric dentofacial parameters. Student's t test were used to compare
      subjects with the most and least changes. Regression analyses also were used to
      assess the relationships between these parameters and the changes in the
      maxillary and mandibular tooth size-arch length relationship. The most consistent
      finding from the t test comparisons is the significantly greater reduction in the
      available arch length in the group with the most TSALD at early adulthood. No
      other variables were found to be consistently different in the comparisons
      between the two groups. The results of the regression analysis indicated that a
      number of dentofacial variables are associated with the changes in the maxillary
      and mandibular TSALD--for example, the mesiodistal diameter of different teeth
      and the changes in anterior and posterior facial heights. The clinical
      implications of the present findings are discussed.

PMID- 2910027
TI  - Modeling longitudinal mandibular growth: percentiles for gnathion from 6 to 15
      years of age in girls.
AB  - Growth of the cephalometric landmark gnathion is modeled mathematically with
      multilevel statistical techniques. The findings, pertaining to a mixed
      longitudinal sample (N = 772) of 105 girls, 6 to 15 years of age, provide the
      most accurate descriptions of longitudinal mandibular growth presently available.
      Polar, rather than rectangular, coordinates are used to better distinguish
      between the amount and direction of growth. The velocity curve for sella-gnathion
      includes growth spurts during childhood (7.5 years) and adolescence (12.7 years).
      Growth direction of gnathion changes regularly throughout the age range,
      indicating a relative increase of vertical over horizontal growth. These
      reference standards serve as a basis for comparing and better understanding
      abnormal growth patterns.

PMID- 2910028
TI  - The effect of cortisone on the eruption rate of root-resected incisors in the
      rat.
AB  - It is generally thought that the periodontal ligament plays a key--perhaps even
      exclusive--role in tooth eruption. The present study was designed to test the
      hypothesis that the fundus also may contribute to the process. To this end the
      effect of cortisone on the eruption rate of root-resected mandibular incisors was
      examined in male albino rats. Half of the animals received daily injections of
      cortisone; the other half were given normal saline. Impeded and unimpeded
      eruption rates were measured at 3-day intervals and tested for between- and among
      means differences by repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). In contrast
      to the acceleration commonly seen in intact incisors, cortisone produced no
      change in the eruption rate of root-resected incisors. It was concluded therefore
      that the accelerative effect of cortisone is mediated by the fundus, rather than
      the periodontal ligament. Further, it is hypothesized that early eruption is
      controlled by cellular proliferation within the fundus; however, once the tooth
      enters the oral cavity and becomes functional, the periodontal ligament matures
      and becomes the dominant factor in subsequent eruption.

PMID- 2910029
TI  - A comparison of the Ricketts and Tweed-type arch leveling techniques.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness and long-term
      stability of arch leveling and overbite correction carried out by the Ricketts
      and modified Tweed techniques. The sample comprised 60 Class II, deep bite, low
      angle adolescent nonextraction cases, 30 each from the offices of Robert Ricketts
      and Fred Schudy, with cephalograms taken before and immediately after treatment
      and an average of more than 4 years after treatment. Both techniques were
      successful in overbite correction, producing only minimal increases in mandibular
      plane angle and anterior facial height. Mandibular incisors in the Ricketts group
      demonstrated more flaring and anterior bodily movement during treatment, with a
      greater amount of posttreatment uprighting and overbite relapse than the Schudy
      group. The Ricketts group demonstrated slightly more than 1 mm of true lower
      incisor intrusion; this change was relatively stable after treatment. Both
      techniques produced similar amounts of mandibular molar extrusion during
      treatment; these changes remained stable after treatment.

PMID- 2910030
TI  - Infection control in orthodontic practice.

PMID- 2910031
TI  - Attitudes to publicly funded orthodontics in the United Kingdom.

PMID- 2910032
TI  - Dental education.

PMID- 2910033
TI  - Why are there no educators with PhD degrees in pediatric departments?

PMID- 2910034
TI  - Failure of electrocardiographic monitoring to detect cardiac arrest in patients
      with pacemakers.
AB  - Two children with cardiac pacemakers are described who experienced
      cardiorespiratory arrest not detected by the electrocardiographic (ECG) monitor.
      The pacemaker stimuli were interpreted by the monitor as a QRS complex with
      inhibition of the heart rate alarm, demonstrating the need for reliable non-ECG
      monitoring in patients with pacemakers. A review of all deaths in children with
      pacemakers in the last ten years also shows the high association of respiratory
      failure in patients with congenital heart disease and a pacemaker, underscoring
      this need. Various non-ECG monitoring modalities are discussed. Finally, analysis
      of the ECG monitor characteristics contributing to inappropriate sensing of the
      pacemaker stimulus was performed, showing the direct relation between the
      pacemaker stimulus amplitude seen by the monitor and the monitor sensitivity with
      inappropriate sensing, and the inverse relation between the monitor bandwidth and
      inappropriate sensing. Recommendations for monitor adjustment when monitoring
      patients with pacemakers are provided.

PMID- 2910036
TI  - PhD faculty in the clinical department.

PMID- 2910035
TI  - Single umbilical artery. A report of 159 cases.
AB  - We retrospectively reviewed the records of 56,919 infants born from 1966 through
      1986 to determine the incidence, significance, and possible associations of
      single umbilical artery (SUA). One hundred fifty-nine infants were affected. The
      sex distribution was approximately equal. Fourteen infants (8.8%) were twins who
      were discordant for SUA. The smallest twin was the one affected in all but two
      cases. Of the 159 infants, 16 were stillborn and 19 died neonatally. The mean
      birth weight of all infants with SUA was 2.47 kg, and the mean gestational age
      was 35.9 weeks. Young primipara and older multipara mothers were more commonly
      affected. There was an increased incidence of SUA associated with maternal
      diabetes, epilepsy, toxemia, antepartum hemorrhage, hydramnios, and
      oligohydramnios. Twenty-six (16.4%) of the associated placentas had anomalies.
      Seventy-one infants (44.7%) had other congenital malformations. The presence of
      these malformations was associated with increased mortality. Screening for renal
      anomalies with ultrasonography or intravenous pyelography was performed in 27
      patients and yielded positive results in five (18.5%). We recommend that renal
      ultrasonography be performed on all infants with SUA.

PMID- 2910037
TI  - Discretion advised when lowering the serum lipid levels of children.

PMID- 2910038
TI  - Health status of children in self-care.
AB  - Are children in self-care more obese, do they miss more school days, and do they
      make more visits to the school health office than children not in self-care? We
      undertook a cross-sectional survey of students in ten public elementary schools
      in Tucson over a two-year period in an attempt to answer these questions. The
      sample included 503 fifth-grade students, 137 in self-care and 366 not in self
      care. Demographic information and data on school absences were obtained from
      school records. Physical examinations were performed at school. Obesity was
      assessed using the body mass index calculation, in which body mass index = (body
      weight in kilograms)/(height in meters). Every visit to the school health office
      during the 1985-1986 and 1986-1987 school years was recorded for each child.
      There were no differences in age between those in the self-care and adult-care
      groups. Boys were more likely to be in self-care, as were non-Hispanic children.
      There were no differences in weight, body mass index, school days missed, or
      visits to the school health office between children in self-care and those in
      adult care. Our findings suggest that, by the criteria used in this study, 11
      year-old children in self-care do not suffer more ill health than their
      counterparts in adult care.

PMID- 2910039
TI  - Diagnostic value of testosterone therapy in boys with delayed puberty.
AB  - A brief course of testosterone injections is known to be an effective treatment
      for boys with constitutional delayed puberty. In this study, data from seven boys
      at least 14 years old who received testosterone enanthate (100 mg intramuscularly
      monthly for four months) were analyzed to see if linear and testicular growth
      responses could be useful diagnostically in excluding growth hormone deficiency
      (GHD) and isolated gonadotropin deficiency, two conditions that are often
      difficult to distinguish from constitutional delayed puberty. During four months
      of testosterone therapy, growth rate increased from 4.0 +/- 1.0 cm/y to 10.7 +/-
      2.3 cm/y, and was greater than 8 cm/y in all patients. Since testosterone-induced
      stimulation of linear growth is largely GH-mediated, the large increase in growth
      rate in all boys is considered indicative of GH sufficiency. Testis length, which
      did not increase during testosterone therapy, increased by 0.6 to 0.8 cm in every
      patient (from 2.7 +/- 0.3 cm to 3.4 +/- 0.4 cm) over the following four months,
      indicating normal gonadotropin secretion and normal pubertal progression; in
      contrast, the increase in serum testosterone concentrations after discontinuation
      of testosterone treatment was more variable. It is concluded that the growth
      response to a four-month course of testosterone is helpful in excluding GHD in
      boys with delayed puberty, and an additional four months of follow-up is
      sufficient to document the onset of puberty, thereby eliminating the possibility
      of isolated gonadotropin deficiency.

PMID- 2910040
TI  - Ectrodactyly, ectodermal dysplasia, and clefting associated with thymic aplasia.

PMID- 2910041
TI  - Reprint requests. How and why they were made.
AB  - Of the 457 reprint requests that I received over a two-year period, 432 (94.5%)
      came in the form of preprinted postcards and the remainder came in the form of
      letters. Only 235 (51.4%) were signed. There were 450 (98.5%) requests for one
      copy of the article and seven (1.5%) requests for more than one copy. Three
      hundred ninety-five (86.4%) requests were for one article, and 62 (13.6%)
      requests were also for any other previous articles on the subject. None of the
      reprint requests arrived with a self-addressed stamped envelope. One hundred
      twenty-seven (27.8%) requests came with a return address stick-on label. Most
      reprint requests were in English and came from the United States and countries in
      eastern Europe. A questionnaire was sent to each of the 457 persons who requested
      a reprint to determine how and why the request was made. There were 259 (56.7%)
      replies available for analysis. One hundred ninety-three (74.5%) reprint requests
      were made by the individuals requesting the reprint and 59 (22.8%) were made by
      their secretaries. The majority (81.1%) learned about the article and address
      from Current Contents. Forty-four (17%) had read the article (or abstract) before
      the reprint request was made. The two most common reasons given for the request
      were the unavailability of the journal and the high quality of the reprint. Two
      hundred fifty-six (98.8%) of the persons requesting reprints found them very
      useful.

PMID- 2910042
TI  - Passive freebase cocaine ('crack') inhalation by infants and toddlers.
AB  - Cocaine and its principal metabolite, benzoyl ecgonine, were isolated from the
      urine of four hospitalized children who had been exposed to the smoke of freebase
      cocaine ("crack") used by their adult caretakers. Two of the children had
      transient neurological symptoms (drowsiness and unsteady gait) and two had
      seizures whose cause could not be determined by laboratory investigation. Passive
      cocaine inhalation may have caused or contributed to these symptoms. Children in
      the care of adults who abuse freebase cocaine should be considered at risk not
      only for disruption of their social environment but also for the effects of
      cocaine toxicity.

PMID- 2910043
TI  - Haemophilus B polysaccharide vaccine. Antibody kinetics in 17- to 71-month-old
      children.
AB  - The antibody response to polysaccharide vaccines is well known to be age
      variable, with younger infants or children responding less dependably and with
      lower antibody levels. The fate of these induced antibodies over time is less
      well understood. We studied the antibody kinetics of beta-Capsa 1, a Haemophilus
      B polysaccharide vaccine, in 185 children aged 17 to 71 months. Ninety percent of
      the children vaccinated at age 2 years or older achieved reportedly immune serum
      antibody levels three weeks after vaccination; 45% vaccinated at age 18 months
      achieved such levels. In six months, the antibody levels fell significantly in
      all children. In those vaccinated at age 18 months, the levels six months after
      vaccination were not significantly different from those prior to vaccination. Our
      study raises the possibility that antibody kinetics may be as critical a
      consideration as immediate antibody response in deciding the proper clinical use
      of a polysaccharide-based vaccine.

PMID- 2910044
TI  - Epidemic methicillin-gentamicin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a neonatal
      intensive care unit.
AB  - Between October 1985 and August 1986, 49 isolates of methicillin-resistant
      Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) were obtained from 26 neonates in the neonatal
      intensive care unit (NICU) at the Medical University Hospital, Charleston, SC.
      Sites of MRSA isolation were the respiratory tract (33%); nasopharynx (12%);
      gastrointestinal tract (12%); eye (8%); blood (6%); and catheter tips, wounds, or
      umbilicus (29%). Very low birth weight was a significant risk factor for MRSA
      acquisition. All isolates had the same phage type (47/54/75/83A), antibiogram,
      and whole-cell protein profile. Agarose gel electrophoresis of all 49 isolates
      disclosed a plasmid level of approximately 45 X 106 daltons (45 megadaltons) in
      ten different isolates and no plasmid DNA in 39 isolates. Cultures of NICU
      personnel failed to disclose MRSA carriers and environmental cultures for MRSA
      were negative. Ten selected isolates showed lower minimal bactericidal
      concentrations for hexachlorophene than for chlorhexidine. Standard infection
      control measures such as contact isolation, hand washing with chlorhexidine, and
      cohorting (when possible) failed to contain the epidemic. Ultimately, eradication
      of MRSA from the NICU was associated with the institution of hexachlorophene hand
      washing.

PMID- 2910045
TI  - Psychosocial determinants of compliance in adolescents with iron deficiency.
AB  - The relationship between selected psychosocial variables and compliance was
      studied in 71 adolescents prescribed medication for iron deficiency. The mean
      compliance rate in the study group was 67%. Home pill counts were highly
      correlated with the other methods of measuring compliance, ie, change in serum
      ferritin level and urinary assay for tracer riboflavin. Statistically significant
      predictors of compliance included adverse side effects, initial estimate by the
      adolescent as to his probable level of compliance, and frequency of family
      reminders to take the medication. There was no significant correlation between
      self-esteem, locus of control, or most variables of the Health Belief Model and
      the level of patient compliance. Our findings suggest that home pill counts are
      an accurate method of assessing compliance and that instituting family reminders
      may be helpful in those adolescents who are potentially non-compliant.

PMID- 2910046
TI  - Household electrical injuries in children. Epidemiology and identification of
      avoidable hazards.
AB  - The medical records of all children with household electrical injuries were
      reviewed. The children were seen from 1980 to 1986 at The Children's Hospital of
      Philadelphia and The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore. Injuries occurred
      predominantly in children younger than age 6 years, most commonly while meals
      were being prepared. The most frequent cause of injury was oral contact with
      electrical cords or cord sockets, or contact with wall sockets either directly or
      via conductive foreign objects such as keys or pins. Data reported to the
      Consumer Product Safety Commission were also analyzed and corroborated our
      findings. We suggest a series of prevention strategies based on these data. A new
      wall outlet cover design is described.

PMID- 2910047
TI  - Differential effects of intrauterine and postnatal brain growth failure in
      infants of very low birth weight.
AB  - We investigated the contribution of brain growth failure to outcome in infants of
      very low birth weight (VLBW; less than 1.5 kg) who were appropriate for
      gestational age (AGA; n = 379) or small for gestational age (SGA; n = 102).
      Growth was assessed at birth, term, and 8 and 20 months' corrected age and
      results of a Bayley Mental Developmental Index (MDI) and neurologic examination
      were evaluated at 20 months of age. Both groups had similar 20-month MDI scores
      (93 vs 90) and similar rates of neurologic impairment (14% vs 10%). More SGA
      infants (25%) than AGA infants (14%) had a subnormal head circumference at 8
      months' corrected age, indicating failure to catch up in head growth. Subnormal
      head size at 8 months predicted the 20-month MDI score for both groups. However,
      multivariate analysis indicated that, whereas subnormal 8-month head size was
      directly associated with the MDI score in AGA children, in SGA children 8-month
      head size was not significantly related to the MDI score when neonatal illness,
      neurologic impairment, socioeconomic status, and race were controlled for. We
      conclude that in AGA VLBW infants, subnormal head size at 8 months results from
      major neonatal illness and has adverse later effects. In SGA infants, subnormal
      head size at 8 months has many causes, including growth retardation in utero,
      which may not have an adverse effect on outcome; if subnormal head size is
      superimposed with neonatal illness, a poorer outcome is likely.

PMID- 2910048
TI  - The pediatrician as a consultant.
AB  - The time has come for pediatricians to assert themselves as consultants. They
      should be able to take care of most illnesses and children. The pediatrician
      should decide when help by a subspecialist is needed. The parents should not be
      expected to be the "brokers" for various specialty services. A tentative list of
      conditions every pediatrician should be able to handle with confidence is
      included.

PMID- 2910049
TI  - Otologic manifestations in congenital velopharyngeal insufficiency.
AB  - A study of ear disease in children with congenital velopharyngeal insufficiency
      (VPI) was undertaken. A retrospective chart analysis of 80 cases of VPI formed
      the basis of this review. Thirty-seven percent of the children had evidence of
      middle ear disease, with middle ear effusion and recurrent otitis media being the
      most frequent findings. Thirty-one percent had abnormal audiograms, with 20%
      having a conductive or mixed hearing loss. Overall, 46% of the children had
      otologic manifestations, indicating the need for the pediatrician and the
      otolaryngologist together to be actively involved in the evaluation and treatment
      of this group of children, starting in early infancy.

PMID- 2910050
TI  - Pulmonary function in preterm infants following treatment with intravenous
      indomethacin.
AB  - Pulmonary function tests, including measurements of arterial blood gas levels,
      total pulmonary compliance, and arterial-alveolar oxygen ratios, were performed
      in 38 ventilator-dependent preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome who
      weighed less than 1500 g at birth. Twenty-seven had a physiologically significant
      patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). Twelve were assigned at random to receive three
      doses of intravenous indomethacin, 0.2 mg/kg per dose, on the fourth day of life.
      This treatment resulted in ductal closure in seven infants by the seventh day of
      life. Another concurrently observed group of 15 infants with PDA received no
      indomethacin. A third group of 11 infants lacked evidence of a PDA. Pulmonary
      function in the infants who received indomethacin did not differ significantly
      from that in the other two groups.

PMID- 2910051
TI  - Reported sexual behaviors and self-esteem among young adolescents.
AB  - Six hundred seventy-seven adolescents in grades 7 through 9 of a blue-collar,
      midwestern junior high school responded to a survey of sexual behavior and self
      esteem. The focus of this study was on the relationship between sexual experience
      and self-esteem. Fifty-five percent of the students reported having had at least
      one coital experience; 7% reported having intercourse about once a week. The
      proportion of sexually experienced adolescents increased with age; 28% of 12-year
      olds, 52.7% of 13-year-olds, 60.1% of 14-year-olds, 73.6% of 15-year-olds, and
      90% of 16-year-olds reported having intercourse on at least one occasion. More
      boys of all ages were sexually active than girls. Six percent of students had
      had, or were suspicious of having had, a sexually transmitted disease; 7.8% were
      involved in a pregnancy. The average of the self-esteem scores for girls was
      significantly lower than the average for boys. There was an interaction effect
      between gender and coital history for self-esteem. Girls who reported having had
      intercourse had lower self-esteem scores than those who did not. On the other
      hand, self-esteem of sexually experienced and inexperienced boys did not differ,
      nor did self-esteem of virginal boys and girls. Boys and girls with a history of
      sexually transmitted diseases had lower self-esteem than all others. Pregnancy,
      on the other hand, did not seem to affect self-esteem of the sexually experienced
      adolescents. This cross-sectional study does not permit determination of whether
      the lower average self-esteem among certain girls was antecedent to or a
      consequence of sexual experience.

PMID- 2910052
TI  - Radiological case of the month. Pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema
      caused by diabetic hyperpnea.

PMID- 2910053
TI  - Safety of newborn discharge in less than 36 hours in an indigent population.
AB  - The safety of a moderately early newborn discharge program and the ability to
      follow up within 48 hours of release was evaluated in an indigent population from
      our institution. A retrospective chart review of 2000 consecutive admissions to
      our normal newborn nursery was conducted to determine the following: (1) length
      of nursery stay; (2) reason for extension of nursery stay beyond 36 hours; (3)
      documentation of outpatient follow-up within 48 hours of discharge for infants
      released within 36 hours of birth; and (4) incidence of and reason for
      readmission to the hospital within one week of initial discharge. A total of 1091
      infants (54.6%) were discharged within 24 to 36 hours of birth, with
      documentation of outpatient follow-up in 994 (91.1%). Twenty-five (2.3%) of the
      early discharges required readmission within seven days of initial discharge
      compared with a 0.89% incidence among infants hospitalized greater than 48 hours.
      Twenty-four of the 25 readmissions did have outpatient follow-up, and no serious
      complications occurred. The data demonstrate that moderately early neonatal
      discharge can be safely accomplished in an indigent population with the aid of a
      successful outpatient follow-up program.

PMID- 2910054
TI  - Regression of Q waves following acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - The predictors and effects of Q wave regression following acute Q wave myocardial
      infarction were examined in 1965-1982 in 127 Japanese-American men who
      participated in a prospective epidemiologic study of cardiovascular disease. Of
      these 127 men, 53 (42%) showed total regression of Q waves, 17 (13%) showed
      partial regression, and 57 (45%) showed no Q wave regression following acute
      myocardial infarction. Age at myocardial infarction and location of myocardial
      infarction did not predict which men would undergo Q wave regression. Q wave
      status after myocardial infarction (total, partial, or no regression) did not
      predict survival or recurrence of myocardial infarction. This study found that a
      substantial proportion of acute myocardial infarction cases undergo Q wave
      regression, indicating that clinicians and investigators alike require additional
      evidence to identify people with previous myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2910055
TI  - A comparison of several measures of exposure to arsenic. Matched case-control
      study of copper smelter employees.
AB  - To explore the relation between respiratory cancer mortality and exposure to
      airborne arsenic, methods of conditional logistic regression analysis are applied
      to a matched case-control study of copper smelter employees in Montana. With
      follow-up data for the period 1938-1977, several measures of arsenic exposure are
      compared. For men first employed prior to 1925, three measures--the category of
      maximum arsenic exposure, cumulative arsenic exposure, and time-weighted average
      arsenic exposure--are good predictors of respiratory cancer mortality. Within
      this group, there was a significantly elevated relative risk of respiratory
      cancer mortality associated with medium and heavy exposure to arsenic. For men
      first employed during 1925-1947, time-weighted average exposure to arsenic
      (adjusted for age at first employment) is the best predictor. In this group, men
      with heavy arsenic exposure and initially employed at 16.9 years had a relative
      risk of 6.0 in comparison to the baseline group with only light exposure to
      arsenic and initially employed at 31.9 years. No particular advantage is found in
      lagging exposures 10 years prior to death of the case in each matched set.

PMID- 2910056
TI  - The impact of confounder selection criteria on effect estimation.
AB  - Much controversy exists regarding proper methods for the selection of variables
      in confounder control. Many authors condemn any use of significance testing, some
      encourage such testing, and other propose a mixed approach. This paper presents
      the results of a Monte Carlo simulation of several confounder selection criteria,
      including change-in-estimate and collapsibility test criteria. The methods are
      compared with respect to their impact on inferences regarding the study factor's
      effect, as measured by test size and power, bias, mean-squared error, and
      confidence interval coverage rates. In situations in which the best decision (of
      whether or not to adjust) is not always obvious, the change-in-estimate criterion
      tends to be superior, though significance testing methods can perform acceptably
      if their significance levels are set much higher than conventional levels (to
      values of 0.20 or more).

PMID- 2910057
TI  - Hepatitis A outbreak on a floating restaurant in Florida, 1986.
AB  - In April and May 1986, the largest reported foodborne outbreak of hepatitis A in
      Florida state history occurred among patrons and employees of a floating
      restaurant. A total of 103 cases (97 patrons and six employees) were identified.
      The exposure period lasted 31 days (March 20-April 19), making this the most
      prolonged hepatitis A outbreak to occur in a restaurant that to date has been
      reported to the Centers for Disease Control. The exposure period was divided into
      time intervals (peak, early, late, and total) for calculation of food-specific
      attack rates. The authors showed that green salad was an important vehicle of
      transmission for each phase of the exposure period, with the highest adjusted
      odds ratio for the three-day peak exposure interval (March 28-30), 6.8 (p =
      0.001). Non-salad pantry items and mixed bar drinks were also identified as
      vehicles of transmission; both were more important during the early interval of
      the exposure period than during the late interval. Two of six infected employees
      worked in the pantry and may have sequentially infected patrons. Though rare,
      this outbreak suggests that hepatitis A infection among employees may allow for
      transmission to patrons for prolonged periods of time. Prevention of such
      outbreaks requires prompt reporting of ill patrons with rapid identification of
      infected employees and correction of food handling practices.

PMID- 2910058
TI  - An explosive point-source measles outbreak in a highly vaccinated population.
      Modes of transmission and risk factors for disease.
AB  - In 1985, 69 secondary cases, all in one generation, occurred in an Illinois high
      school after exposure to a vigorously coughing index case. The school's 1,873
      students had a pre-outbreak vaccination level of 99.7% by school records. The
      authors studied the mode of transmission and the risk factors for disease in this
      unusual outbreak. There were no school assemblies and little or no air
      recirculation during the schooldays that exposure occurred. Contact interviews
      were completed with 58 secondary cases (84%); only 11 secondary cases (19%) of
      these may have had exposure to the index case in the classrooms, buses, or out of
      school. With the use of the Reed-Frost epidemic model, only 22-65% of the
      secondary cases were likely to have had at least one person-to-person contact
      with the index case during class exchanges, suggesting that this mode of
      transmission alone could not explain this outbreak. A comparison of the first 45
      cases and 90 matched controls suggested that cases were less likely than controls
      to have provider-verifiable school vaccination records (odds ratio (OR) = 8.1)
      and more likely to have been vaccinated at less than age 12 months (OR = 8.6) or
      at age 12-14 months (OR = 7.0). Despite high vaccination levels, explosive
      measles outbreaks may occur in secondary schools due to 1) airborne measles
      transmission, 2) high contact rates, 3) inaccurate school vaccination records, or
      4) inadequate immunity from vaccinations at younger ages.

PMID- 2910059
TI  - On the measurement of susceptibility in epidemiologic studies.
AB  - Although relative effects of risk factors (relative risks) are commonly used in
      epidemiologic studies of disease, these measures do not provide estimates of the
      proportion of persons who are "susceptible" to the risk factor. Susceptibility
      may be defined under a simple sufficient cause model as the underlying factor (or
      set of factors) sufficient to make a person contract a disease following
      exposure. The authors derive simple estimates of the proportion of susceptibles
      in a population based on relative risk, and disease and exposure frequencies. The
      proportion of susceptibles increases with increasing disease frequency and
      relative risk but declines at high exposure frequency. For many chronic diseases
      with a lifetime risk in the range of 1-10 per cent, rare exposures suggest the
      presence of a large proportion of susceptibles, whereas common exposures suggest
      fewer susceptibles in the population. The estimation of the proportion of
      susceptibles is important in the search for genetic and environmental factors
      that interact with measured risk factors in etiologic studies of disease.

PMID- 2910060
TI  - The basis for interpreting family history.

PMID- 2910061
TI  - Ordinal regression models for epidemiologic data.
AB  - Health status is often measured in epidemiologic studies on an ordinal scale, but
      data of this type are generally reduced for analysis to a single dichotomy.
      Several statistical models have been developed to make full use of information in
      ordinal response data, but have not been much used in analyzing epidemiologic
      studies. The authors discuss two of these statistical models--the cumulative odds
      model and the continuation ratio model. They may be interpreted in terms of odds
      ratios, can account for confounding variables, have clear and testable
      assumptions, and have parameters that may be estimated and hypotheses that may be
      tested using available statistical packages. However, calculations of asymptotic
      relative efficiency and results of simulations showed that simple logistic
      regression applied to dichotomized responses can in some realistic situations
      have more than 75% of the efficiency of ordinal regression models, but only if
      the ordinal scale is collapsed into a dichotomy close to the optimal point. The
      application of the proposed models to data from a study of chest x-rays of
      workers exposed to mineral fibers confirmed that they are easy to use and
      interpret, but gave results quite similar to those obtained using simple logistic
      regression after dichotomizing outcome in the conventional way.

PMID- 2910062
TI  - A program to calculate sample size, power, and least detectable relative risk
      using a programmable calculator.
AB  - A program for the Hewlett Packard 41 series programmable calculator that
      determines sample size, power, and least detectable relative risk for comparative
      studies with independent groups is described. The user may specify any ratio of
      cases to controls (or exposed to unexposed subjects) and, if calculating least
      detectable relative risks, may specify whether the study is a case-control or
      cohort study.

PMID- 2910063
TI  - A computer program for incidence density sampling of controls in case-control
      studies nested within occupational cohort studies.
AB  - A nested case-control study is a case-control study performed with a cohort
      study. The nested case-control design is useful because the number of study
      subjects for whom risk factor information is needed is smaller than in the
      original cohort study. The approach is especially helpful when collection of data
      is expensive or time consuming, as when it is necessary to contact subjects or
      next of kin. Selection of controls in nested case-control studies is best
      performed with a method called "incidence density" sampling. An approach to
      incidence density sampling that yields a valid estimate of the rate ratio is
      sampling without replacement from noncases at the time of case occurrence. To
      implement this approach, a system of computer programs was written that randomly
      selects a user defined number of controls for each case. The case-control data
      produced by this program can be analyzed by conditional logistic regression.

PMID- 2910064
TI  - Fetal loss associated with two seasonal sources of electromagnetic field
      exposure.
AB  - We have studied two sources of electromagnetic fields where exposure is highly
      seasonal (ceiling cable electric heat and electrically heated beds). Because many
      potential confounders could not be addressed, we can make no valid statement
      about overall differences in abortion rates between those exposed and those not
      exposed to these seasonal sources. However, by analyzing seasonal trends, we have
      minimized the problem of unaddressed confounders because we did not look at a
      difference between the user and nonuser groups, but rather at a difference within
      the user group during months of higher exposure compared with months of lower
      exposure. Thus, each user group provides its own control. The function of the
      nonuser control group is simply to assure that any seasonal trend found in the
      user group is not just a general seasonal variation in reported fetal loss that
      can be found equally well in the nonuser population. Using this technique, we
      found that each user group reported fetal loss disproportionately often during
      the season when electromagnetic field exposure was increasing.

PMID- 2910065
TI  - Re: "Statistical modelling of lung cancer and laryngeal cancer incidence in
      Scotland, 1960-1979".

PMID- 2910066
TI  - Re: "Effects of passive smoking in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial".

PMID- 2910067
TI  - Re: "US prevalence of occupational pleural thickening: a look at chest x-rays
      from the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey".

PMID- 2910068
TI  - Assessment of the working lifetime risk of exposure in an occupational cohort.

PMID- 2910069
TI  - Age, period, and cohort models. Non-overlapping cohorts don't resolve the
      identification problem.
AB  - Age, period, and cohort models have generally been applied to rates from
      tabulated national statistics, and it is known that such models suffer from an
      identification problem. When individual records, including date of birth, are
      available, however, a unique solution has been proposed which uses non
      overlapping cohorts. We have shown that the identification problem exists in
      continuous time, so that even perfect information on the three variables will
      fail to resolve it. It is important to recognize clearly the assumptions that are
      implicit in the non-overlapping cohort formulation of the age-period-cohort
      model. The value of the solution proposed depends critically on their
      appropriateness or otherwise. It should always be remembered that the assumptions
      determine much of the final solution, including the apportionment of trend to the
      different components, age, period, or cohort.

PMID- 2910070
TI  - Cigarette smoking and breast cancer.
AB  - The relation between cigarette smoking and the risk of breast cancer in women was
      investigated in a population-based case-control study conducted in Adelaide,
      Australia during 1982-1984. Cases were identified through the South Australian
      Central Cancer Registry, and, for each case, one age-matched control was selected
      from the electoral register; in all, 451 case-control pairs were enrolled.
      Overall, no clear association was found between ever or current smoking and
      breast cancer risk. In a subgroup analysis, premenopausal ex-smokers were
      observed to have an increased risk (estimated odds ratio = 2.3). The absence of a
      protective effect of cigarette smoking on breast cancer risk may reflect the
      relatively weak estrogen dependence of breast cancer, or the nature of its
      hormone dependence.

PMID- 2910071
TI  - Precursors of essential hypertension. The role of body fat distribution pattern.
AB  - Progression from normotension between 1964 and 1972 to essential hypertension by
      age 55 years was documented in 1,031 adult members of the Kaiser Permanente
      Medical Care Program (Northern California region) from computerized multiphasic
      health checkup records and medical record review. Each case was matched to a
      persistently normotensive control on age, sex, race, number, and dates of
      multiphasics. In 609 pairs with baseline measurements of subscapular and triceps
      skinfolds, mean interval from baseline to the case's first hypertensive
      multiphasic was 5.7 years, and mean age at onset of hypertension was 47 years.
      Baseline measures of body mass index, subscapular skinfold, and triceps skinfold
      were each predictive of development of hypertension (odds ratios 3.85, 3.75, and
      2.29 respectively, comparing highest with lowest quintiles, p less than 0.0001
      for each). When both skinfolds were included in the same model, subscapular
      skinfold was highly predictive and triceps skinfold was no longer related to
      risk. When the authors controlled for overall obesity (body mass index),
      subscapular skinfold remained highly predictive (p less than 0.0001). In 330
      pairs who also had skinfold measurements at the hypertensive multiphasic, weight
      gain was a strong predictor of hypertension. Increase in subscapular skinfold
      conferred a small increase in risk in women only. The authors conclude that
      centrally deposited body fat increases risk for developing essential hypertension
      independent of the overall level of obesity, while peripherally deposited fat
      does not.

PMID- 2910072
TI  - Marital status and mortality in middle-aged Swedish men.
AB  - In a large primary prevention trial among middle-aged men in Gothenburg, Sweden,
      register data were used to establish marital status, alcohol abuse, and economic
      problems for nearly all of the study population in 1970-1973. Married men had a
      higher participation rate in the examinations for the trial than non-married men,
      with non-married alcoholic men having the lowest participation rates. Among the
      participants, 26% of divorced men, but only 5% of married men were registered
      with the social authorities for alcohol problems. Serum cholesterol, body mass
      index, and diabetes were not associated with marital status, but smoking was more
      common among widowers and divorced men. Nonfatal myocardial infarction was not
      related to marital status among participants, after a mean follow-up of 11.8
      years. Death from coronary heart disease was more common in non-married men in
      univariate analysis, but not when other risk factors were taken into
      consideration. In participants, married men had a mortality rate of 9%, compared
      with 20% for divorced men. After adjustment for other risk factors, including
      registration for alcohol problems, smoking, and occupational class, the
      association between marital status and total mortality was still highly
      significant. Among nonparticipants in the trial, 13% of married men were
      registered for alcohol problems, compared with 41% of divorced men.
      Nonparticipants had higher all-cause mortality, 18% for married men and 33% for
      divorced men.

PMID- 2910073
TI  - An investigation of report bias in a case-control study of pregnancy outcome.
AB  - The role of report (recall) bias in case-control studies of possible reproductive
      hazards was investigated in a study of women who gave birth at the Royal Victoria
      Hospital, Montreal from September 1983 to May 1985. Women were questioned twice
      (early in pregnancy; after delivery) about exposures that might influence
      pregnancy outcome. The two sets of responses of case mothers, control mothers,
      and mothers of infants of intermediate health status were then compared. Similar
      inconsistencies in the reporting of 39 exposure variables were common in all
      three groups, with postdelivery deletion of previous reports more frequent than
      addition of new information. Changes in reporting were not associated with
      pregnancy outcome, maternal concern about the baby or maternal sociodemographic
      characteristics. Odds ratios of exposure estimated from the two sets of data did
      not differ importantly. Moreover, there was no postdelivery trend to increases,
      or decreases, in the estimates of the odds ratios. The data do not provide
      evidence of biased reporting of exposures.

PMID- 2910074
TI  - Leisure time physical activity in the Framingham Offspring Study. Description,
      seasonal variation, and risk factor correlates.
AB  - Self-reported leisure time physical activity was analyzed for 1,598 men and 1,762
      women aged 20-69 years in the Framingham Offspring Cycle 2 exam in 1979-1983.
      Walking for pleasure was generally the most common physical activity for both
      sexes throughout the year. Substantial seasonal variation was noted for the most
      common activities: gardening, carpentry, lawn mowing, golf, and running for men;
      and gardening, swimming, health club exercise, dancing, and bicycling for women.
      Both sexes expended more kilocalories in physical activities in summer than in
      winter (p less than 0.001). Frequency of participation in activities sufficient
      to induce perspiration was associated with frequency of participation in at least
      one hour of conditioning (greater than or equal to 7.5 kilocal/minute) activities
      per week (p less than 0.001). Based on age-adjusted mean levels, higher high
      density lipoprotein cholesterol, lower heart rate, lower body mass index and
      fewer cigarettes smoked per day were consistently observed across four quartiles
      of increasing physical activity levels (p less than 0.01). Men who participated
      in at least one hour of conditioning activities per week had significantly
      different mean levels for these four risk factors than men who reported less than
      one hour of such activities per week (p less than 0.001). Results substantiate
      previous reports of an inverse relation between physical activity levels and
      cardiovascular risk, and suggest seasonal variation in activity levels should be
      considered in future studies which explore the relation between physical activity
      and cardiovascular disease.

PMID- 2910075
TI  - Age-related change in anti-carbohydrate antibody levels.
AB  - It has been proposed that immunity declines with age. Most evidence for this
      hypothesis has been obtained from cross-sectional samples of unrelated
      populations that differ in age, antigen exposure, and morbidity. In the present
      study, the authors used serum samples collected repeatedly from the same persons
      in longitudinal studies. Two representative samples of the population in
      Goteborg, Sweden were obtained; the first was studied at ages 38, 50, and 62
      years, and the second at ages 70, 75, 79, and 81 years, respectively. The
      phosphorylcholine determinant of pneumococcal teichoic acid and the B blood group
      determinant were selected as model polysaccharide antigens. The results
      demonstrate a consistent decline in individual antibody levels in the decades
      before age 70 years but not later. Antibodies to phosphorylcholine and blood
      group B were highly parallel, suggesting that the decline was a general
      phenomenon for antibodies to polysaccharide antigens.

PMID- 2910076
TI  - Pulmonary function as a predictor of coronary heart disease.
AB  - The role of pulmonary function as an independent predictor of coronary heart
      disease was examined in 1965-1983 in a cohort of Japanese-American men. As part
      of the Honolulu Heart Program, the authors measured pulmonary function in 5,924
      men aged 45-68 years who were free of coronary heart disease at baseline
      examination and followed them for 15-18 years for the development of nonfatal
      myocardial infarction and fatal coronary heart disease. Per cent predicted forced
      expiratory volume in one second (%PFEV1) was significantly inversely related to
      coronary heart disease incidence in the total cohort after adjusting for age (p
      less than 0.0001) and then for all known coronary heart disease risk factors (p =
      0.0004). However, when examined by smoking status, %PFEV1 was a predictor of
      coronary heart disease only among past and current smokers, and not for men who
      had never smoked cigarettes (p = 0.36). The association between pulmonary
      function and coronary heart disease can be explained by cigarette smoking, which
      leads to both lung impairment and coronary heart disease incidence.

PMID- 2910077
TI  - Hemoglobin Southampton (Casper): characterization of the base mutation.
AB  - Hemoglobin Casper is characterized by the substitution of cytidine for thymidine
      in condon 106 of the beta globin gene. This substitution results in the creation
      of a new restriction site for Msp I but not for the isoschizimer Hpa II. The
      restriction pattern following digestion with Msp I reveals a 9.9-kb fragment not
      seen in normal individuals or following digestion of Casper DNA with Hpa II. This
      finding confirms the predicted base mutation and indicates that the cytidine in
      the newly acquired CpG site is methylated.

PMID- 2910078
TI  - Biochemical assays of hemoglobin in normal human erythroid clones.
AB  - Quantitation of small amounts (2-3 micrograms) of hemoglobin (Hb) was achieved by
      each of three spectrophotometric techniques. An assay employing benzidine base
      consistently underestimated Hb at this level and gave a wide scatter of results
      at higher values. The cyanmethemoglobin method was at the limit of its
      sensitivity and suffers from the disadvantage of having high optical densities in
      the blank samples. By contrast, pyridine hemochromogen can be detected accurately
      with 200 ng of Hb (equivalent of 6,000 mature erythrocytes), and the regression
      line with this technique virtually passes through the origin. Furthermore, the
      extinction coefficient of pyridine hemochromogen in the Soret band is 13.5-fold
      greater than that of cyanmethemoglobin. In normal human erythroid clones,
      generated in vitro from bone marrow cells, mean cell hemoglobin (MCH) values were
      determined after various intervals of culture. The MCH after 5, 7, 10, and 14
      days were 11.8, 15.8, 26.6, and 34.4 pg, respectively, by the pyridine
      hemochromogen method. Reaction product was also identified in granulocyte
      macrophage clones, presumably reflecting the content of other heme proteins such
      as catalase and cytochromes. Account must be taken of this non-Hb material in
      computing true MCH values for erythroid cells.

PMID- 2910079
TI  - Ovarian relapse in a young woman with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.
AB  - Bilateral ovarian relapse in a young woman with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
      (ALL) was treated by oophorectomy and intensive chemotherapy. She remains well
      off therapy 97 months following diagnosis and 45 months from ovarian relapse.

PMID- 2910080
TI  - Validation of survival-predictive models in myelodysplastic syndromes.

PMID- 2910081
TI  - Myelodysplastic syndrome and secondary acute leukemia after treatment of
      essential thrombocythemia with melphalan.

PMID- 2910082
TI  - Brucellosis and sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy.

PMID- 2910083
TI  - Leukemic synovitis.

PMID- 2910084
TI  - Theophylline toxicity subsequent to ranitidine administration: a possible drug
      drug interaction.

PMID- 2910085
TI  - Low-dose amiodarone-induced pneumonitis: evidence of an immunologic pathogenetic
      mechanism.

PMID- 2910086
TI  - Carcinoma of the colon presenting as Streptococcus equinus bacteremia.

PMID- 2910087
TI  - Streptomycin-induced fever confirmed by rechallenge.

PMID- 2910088
TI  - Diarrhea in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus.

PMID- 2910089
TI  - Progressive disseminated histoplasmosis in patients with acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome.

PMID- 2910090
TI  - Treatment of antibiotic-associated Clostridium difficile colitis with oral
      vancomycin: comparison of two dosage regimens.
AB  - PURPOSE: High-dose (500 mg orally four times daily) vancomycin is considered by
      many investigators to be the most effective treatment for antibiotic-associated
      Clostridium difficile colitis. However, a lower dosage of 125 or 150 mg given
      three or four times a day has become popular, has been shown to be effective, and
      is less expensive than the high-dose regimen. We therefore decided to compare two
      vancomycin dosage regimens in a randomized trial. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study
      involved 46 hospitalized patients with serious underlying diseases complicated by
      C. difficile diarrhea or colitis. Patients were assigned (according to a table of
      random numbers) to treatment with either 125 or 500 mg of vancomycin orally four
      times daily for an average of 10 days. RESULTS: No significant differences in
      measurable responses to the two regimens were noted. There were no treatment
      failures. The mean duration of diarrhea after initiation of therapy was about
      four days, and almost all patients had no diarrhea after one week. The organism
      continued to be demonstrated in the stools of about 50 percent of patients for
      the first few weeks after completion of therapy, and nine (20 percent) patients
      developed a recurrence of their diarrheal illness. Vancomycin was well tolerated
      by all patients. CONCLUSION: Since the dose of 125 mg appeared to be as effective
      as the 500-mg dose, which is more expensive, the 125-mg dose is preferred when
      vancomycin is used in treatment of this disease, unless the patient is critically
      ill.

PMID- 2910091
TI  - Prediction of amiodarone-induced pulmonary toxicity.

PMID- 2910093
TI  - Esophageal dysfunction and chest pain in patients with mitral valve prolapse: a
      prospective study utilizing provocative testing during esophageal manometry.
AB  - PURPOSE: The cause of chest discomfort in patients with mitral valve prolapse
      (MVP) remains unknown. Our aim was to determine prospectively the incidence of
      esophageal disorders and abnormal responses to edrophonium chloride and
      esophageal acid infusions in patients with MVP and troublesome non-ischemic chest
      pain. PATIENTS AND METHODS: After coronary artery disease was excluded, 20
      patients with MVP and chest pain underwent esophageal manometry and provocative
      testing with edrophonium chloride and acid infusion. Seven patients with MVP but
      without chest pain served as control subjects; they also underwent esophageal
      manometry with provocative testing. RESULTS: Esophageal manometry revealed
      esophageal disorders in 16 patients: diffuse esophageal spasm in 14 patients,
      nutcracker esophagus in one, and hypotensive lower esophageal sphincter in one.
      Esophageal motility was normal in four patients. Injection of edrophonium and
      acid infusion tests evoked typical chest discomfort in three of 18 and five of 19
      patients, respectively. In six of seven control subjects with MVP but with no
      chest discomfort, esophageal motility was normal and provocative testing did not
      produce chest discomfort (p less than 0.05 versus results in patients).
      CONCLUSION: Esophageal disorders were common and may account for chest discomfort
      in certain patients with MVP and persistent chest pain syndromes.

PMID- 2910092
TI  - Hypertriglyceridemia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
AB  - PURPOSE: A relationship between the induction of hypertriglyceridemia by
      cytokines and the cachexia seen in chronic infection has been proposed by other
      investigators. Since patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
      often experience progressive tissue wasting, we decided to examine serum lipid
      levels and body cell mass in patients with AIDS. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Serum
      lipid levels and body cell mass were measured in 32 patients with the acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), eight asymptomatic subjects who were anti-human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody positive, and 17 heterosexual and
      homosexual control subjects who did not have antibodies to HIV. RESULTS: Mean
      triglyceride concentrations and the prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia (50
      percent) were significantly increased in patients with AIDS compared with control
      subjects (p less than 0.002 and p less than 0.005, respectively), whereas the
      mean triglyceride levels of HIV-positive subjects were intermediate. There were
      no differences in cholesterol levels among the three groups. Using total body
      potassium adjusted for height and age (KHT) as a measure of body cell mass, 16 of
      32 patients with AIDS but none of the HIV-positive or control subjects had
      significant depletion of body cell mass. There was no direct relationship between
      triglyceride levels and KHT among AIDS or HIV-positive subjects. In patients with
      AIDS, mean triglyceride levels and the prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia were
      similar in the presence and absence of wasting. CONCLUSION: Hypertriglyceridemia
      is a common finding in AIDS and is independent of the degree of wasting.

PMID- 2910094
TI  - Increased serum cortisol binding in chronic active hepatitis.
AB  - PURPOSE: A high serum cortisol concentration, apparently due to increased
      cortisol-binding globulin (CBG), was found in a patient (index case) with chronic
      active hepatitis (CAH). We therefore performed further studies to determine
      whether increased cortisol binding is generally associated with CAH. PATIENTS AND
      METHODS: Serum samples were obtained from 15 hospitalized patients with long-term
      liver function test elevations but no evidence of cirrhosis, 15 normal subjects
      without a history of hepatitis, four healthy pregnant women, and 10 alcoholic
      patients with stigmata of cirrhosis. Serum cortisol binding was measured by an
      adaptation of a previously described charcoal uptake method. Thyroxine-binding
      globulin (TBG) and sex hormone-binding globulin were determined by
      radioimmunoassays. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Charcoal uptake of 125I cortisol from
      sera of normal subjects and additional patients with CAH revealed that increased
      serum cortisol binding by a saturable site, presumably CBG, was associated with
      CAH. Cortisol binding was significantly correlated with immunoassayable TBG,
      suggesting that in CAH, similar mechanisms may be responsible for increasing the
      serum concentrations of CBG and TBG.

PMID- 2910095
TI  - Serial lung function testing in patients treated with amiodarone: a prospective
      study.
AB  - PURPOSE: Amiodarone has proven to be effective in many cases of cardiac
      arrhythmias, refractory ventricular tachycardia, and ventricular fibrillation.
      Pulmonary toxicity is a possible side effect of the drug, with a reported
      incidence of 2 to 15 percent per year. To determine the effect of amiodarone on
      lung function, we prospectively studied serial lung function tests in a cohort of
      91 patients with refractory cardiac arrhythmias treated with this agent. PATIENTS
      AND METHODS: Spirometry and carbon monoxide diffusing capacity (DLCO) were
      measured at zero, three, six, 12, 18, and 24 months, with a mean follow-up of 351
      days. RESULTS: For the whole population taking a mean dose of amiodarone of 367
      mg daily (range: 136 to 512 mg), there was no accelerated rate of decline in
      spirometric indices or DLCO. Analysis of lung function changes by multivariate
      analysis demonstrated that an accelerated decline in DLCO values occurred in
      elderly patients (p less than 0.05) but not in patients with pre-existing lung
      disease or cigarette smokers. In four patients (4.5 percent), clinical evidence
      of amiodarone pulmonary toxicity developed that was associated with a fall in
      DLCO of greater than 20 percent. All four patients recovered after the drug was
      stopped. Another 15 patients, without clinical evidence of pulmonary toxicity,
      had a sustained decline in DLCO of greater than 20 percent. These 15 patients
      remained asymptomatic over the next 11 months without interruption of therapy. A
      greater than 20 percent fall in DLCO was a sensitive test for clinically evident
      amiodarone pulmonary toxicity, but had a positive predictive value of only 21
      percent. CONCLUSION: An isolated fall in DLCO, in the absence of clinical
      evidence of toxicity, does not necessitate stopping amiodarone. An unchanged DLCO
      value appears to be a reliable negative predictor of pulmonary toxicity.

PMID- 2910096
TI  - Elevation of plasma neuropeptide Y levels in congestive heart failure.
AB  - PURPOSE: Our objectives were to assess whether plasma neuropeptide Y (NPY) levels
      are elevated in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) and whether or not
      NPY levels can serve as a reliable indicator of sympathetic activity in CHF.
      PATIENTS AND METHODS: Plasma levels of the sympathetic neurotransmitters
      norepinephrine and epinephrine and of the sympathetic co-transmitter NPY were
      measured in 17 patients with CHF and 14 healthy control subjects at rest and
      after maximal exercise. RESULTS: Under resting conditions, plasma NPY and
      norepinephrine levels were elevated in patients with CHF compared with control
      subjects (551 +/- 48 pg/ml versus 311 +/- 22 pg/ml, p less than or equal to 0.001
      for NPY, and 306 +/- 73 pg/ml versus 124 +/- 22 pg/ml, p less than or equal to
      0.02 for norepinephrine). Plasma NPY correlated better with plasma norepinephrine
      than with epinephrine, indicating its origin from sympathetic nerve terminals.
      Acute stimulation of sympathetic activity by dynamic exercise increased plasma
      norepinephrine levels in control subjects and patients with CHF, but did not
      significantly alter the mean plasma NPY value in the latter group. CONCLUSION:
      NPY may play a role in the pathophysiology of CHF.

PMID- 2910097
TI  - Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in a population with or at risk for acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome: indications for intensive chemotherapy.
AB  - PURPOSE: An increased risk of malignancies, including Kaposi's sarcoma and non
      Hodgkin's lymphoma, is found in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency
      virus type 1 (HIV-1). Treatment of such patients may be complicated by their
      underlying immunodeficiency, especially when aggressive regimens are used.
      Clinical presentation and treatment outcomes were assessed in 31 patients with
      non-Hodgkin's lymphoma who had or were at risk for infection with HIV-1 at a
      single community institution. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Lymphomas presented in
      advanced stages and involved extranodal sites. Twenty-six patients received
      therapy (two radiation, one surgery), and a total of 23 patients received
      chemotherapy. RESULTS: A 52 percent response rate was seen with the use of
      chemotherapy. A history of opportunistic infections, or Kaposi's sarcoma, or both
      impacted negatively on the ability to achieve a complete response. Sixty-four
      percent of the 11 patients who received an intensive chemotherapeutic regimen,
      MACOP-B (methotrexate, Adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, prednisone,
      bleomycin) had complete remissions. Overall median survival for 23 patients who
      received chemotherapy was seven months. Patients achieving complete responses had
      a median survival of 20 months. CONCLUSION: Our results support intensive
      chemotherapy for patients with lymphoma and HIV-1 infection.

PMID- 2910098
TI  - Does the DNR order need life-sustaining intervention? Time for comprehensive
      advance directives.

PMID- 2910099
TI  - Hedge against extinction.

PMID- 2910100
TI  - Miss Alice and me.

PMID- 2910101
TI  - Surviving the stages of peer consultation.

PMID- 2910102
TI  - OSHA's new standard for hospitals' chemical hazards.

PMID- 2910103
TI  - Nurses improved their economic health in 1988; new attack on health benefits
      foreseen in 1989.

PMID- 2910104
TI  - Schools fear new shortage of faculty as salaries stall.

PMID- 2910105
TI  - Red blood cell transfusion risks.

PMID- 2910106
TI  - Nurse...or Scarlet Pimpernel?

PMID- 2910107
TI  - '89 salary update.

PMID- 2910108
TI  - Planning in advance for critical care.

PMID- 2910109
TI  - Great head nurses.

PMID- 2910110
TI  - Better breast milk for preemies?

PMID- 2910111
TI  - Managing nutrition problems in advanced cancer.

PMID- 2910113
TI  - Case for selective cholangiography.

PMID- 2910112
TI  - Who really manages hospitals?

PMID- 2910114
TI  - Development of an improved double-lumen biliary catheter for cholangiography.

PMID- 2910115
TI  - Does vasoactive intestinal polypeptide mediate the pathophysiology of bowel
      obstruction?
AB  - We hypothesized that bioactive peptides might be released into the portal
      circulation and mediate pathophysiologic alterations accompanying small bowel
      obstruction. We studied this question in a subacute canine small bowel
      obstruction model using 50 percent diameter occlusion. Control animals underwent
      sham laparotomy. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), peptide YY, and gastrin
      were measured in portal and systemic plasma by specific radioimmunoassays at 24
      hour intervals as the obstruction progressed to completion over 5 days. All
      peptides in both groups demonstrated portal and peripheral gradients. In control
      dogs, peptide concentrations did not change postoperatively but VIP increased
      markedly in obstructed dogs, demonstrating a median portal level of 95 pmol/liter
      at 96 hours compared with 31.5 pmol/liter in control animals. These portal VIP
      levels are known to cause hypersecretion and splanchnic vasodilation in
      experimental models. The release of vasoactive compounds such as VIP may mediate
      local pathophysiology in human small bowel obstruction. A similar explanation of
      the systemic effects is consistent with the known cardiopulmonary bioactivity of
      VIP.

PMID- 2910116
TI  - Early evaluation and therapy for caustic esophageal injury.
AB  - Forty-one patients with caustic ingestion were reviewed. Eighty-three percent
      were children, all of whom suffered accidental injury. Liquid drain cleaner was
      the agent in 57 percent and was responsible for all esophageal burns. Symptoms
      and physical findings were unreliable in predicting the extent of injury.
      Endoscopy was performed in most patients within 36 hours of ingestion and
      accurately estimated the risk of subsequent esophageal stricture formation.
      Steroid administration had no influence on the development of strictures.
      Esophageal strictures developed in 22 percent of the patients. One-third were
      successfully managed by periodic dilation, whereas the remaining two-thirds
      required esophagectomy and reconstruction. Early endoscopic evaluation was the
      best means of assessing the degree of injury after caustic ingestion. Routine
      steroid administration had no apparent clinical benefit.

PMID- 2910117
TI  - Urgent biliary decompression after endoscopic retrograde
      cholangiopancreatography.
AB  - Acute cholangitis complicating diagnostic endoscopic retrograde
      cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is potentially fatal. Among 323 consecutive
      patients with proved biliary obstruction, 21 (7 percent) developed acute
      cholangitis after examination. Four patients underwent emergency surgery for the
      control of sepsis with two deaths. Of the 21 parameters chosen for evaluation,
      malignant obstruction, fever (higher than 37.5 degrees C) within 72 hours before
      the procedure or when afebrile, and an increased aspartate transaminase level of
      70 IU or more were the independent predictive factors identified by multivariate
      analysis. An increased temperature should be regarded as an absolute
      contraindication to examination unless followed by immediate ductal drainage.
      Since the risk of septic complications is minimal when none of the risk factors
      are present, routine urgent biliary decompression after ERCP is probably
      unnecessary for these selected patients. For patients with malignant obstruction
      or other risk factors, early elective surgical drainage is advisable. When
      surgery is not feasible, nonoperative drainage of the obstructed biliary system
      as a preventive measure might be considered.

PMID- 2910118
TI  - Impact of radiolabeled antibody imaging on management of colon cancer.
AB  - One hundred patients with known or suspected colorectal cancer were studied by
      radioimmunoconjugate scintigraphy prior to operation. Study subjects received
      murine monoclonal anticarcinoembryonic antigen labeled with indium 111 (Indacea).
      Sensitivity of imaging was 76 percent for primary tumors, 44 percent for hepatic
      metastases, 38 percent for extrahepatic abdominal metastases, and 78 percent for
      extraabdominal metastases. Seventeen of 46 patients (37 percent) with known or
      suspected hepatic metastases and no evidence of extrahepatic disease by
      conventional imaging methods had extrahepatic metastases at exploratory surgery.
      Nine of the 17 patients had disease accurately predicted by the Indacea scanning.
      The management of each of these nine patients was, or could have been, modified
      by the scan findings and unnecessary surgery eliminated. A number of patients
      without post-operative disease had an unexplained increase in plasma
      carcinoembryonic antigen level due to production of human antimouse antibody. The
      addition of excess mouse immunoglobulin to the plasma prior to assay blocked this
      artifactual increase.

PMID- 2910119
TI  - Failure of antioxidant therapy (polyethylene glycol-conjugated catalase) in acute
      pancreatitis.
AB  - Previous studies have demonstrated that intravenous catalase infusion protects
      against the formation of pancreatic edema in cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis;
      however, polyethylene glycol (PEG)-conjugated catalase given as a bolus was not
      protective. Using radiolabeled catalase and PEG-catalase in subtherapeutic tracer
      doses, the pancreas tissue distributions of each were determined in rats with and
      without pancreatitis. Rats with cerulein-induced pancreatitis developed tissue
      concentrations of catalase within the pancreas that were three times those of PEG
      catalase. The relatively low levels of PEG-catalase in the pancreas outside of
      the vascular compartment suggest that the failure to prevent edema formation may
      result from inability of PEG-catalase to reach extravascular sites of injury
      because of the large molecular size.

PMID- 2910120
TI  - Gastric restrictive operations for morbid obesity.
AB  - Gastric restrictive surgery has evolved over the past decade as the treatment of
      choice for morbid obesity. We reviewed our experience with 289 patients who
      underwent gastric surgery for morbid obesity. Comorbid diseases included
      respiratory insufficiency in 19 percent of the patients, hypertension in 36
      percent, diabetes in 15 percent, arthritis in 30 percent, and heart disease in 6
      percent. Operative mortality was 0. The follow-up rate was 93 percent. Overall
      mortality was 1 percent, with no death directly attributed to the operative
      procedure. Weight loss was studied over the 6-year study period. Four to 6 years
      postoperatively, overall weight loss was 50 to 64 percent of excess weight. The
      treatment failure rate 12 to 18 months postoperatively was 5 percent. The
      experience with gastric restrictive surgery in 12 centers involving 5,178
      patients was reviewed and compared with our results. Overall operative and late
      mortality rates were quite similar to observed death rates for nonobese men and
      women between 25 and 64 years of age. These data suggest that gastric surgery for
      morbid obesity results in a significant reduction in health risk.

PMID- 2910121
TI  - Treatment of chronic alcoholic pancreatitis by pancreatic resection.
AB  - Forty-one patients with chronic pancreatitis caused by alcoholism were selected
      for resective surgery on the basis of clinical criteria and findings on
      pancreatography. Five patients had Whipple resections, 32 had 80 percent
      resections, and 7 had total pancreatectomies (3 previously had subtotal
      pancreatectomies). One perioperative and three late deaths accounted for the
      overall mortality of 10 percent. Complete freedom from pain on long-term follow
      up was achieved in all of the patients who had total pancreatectomy, in half of
      the patients who had 80 percent resection, and in only one of five patients who
      had Whipple resection. Diabetes occurred in only one patient after Whipple
      resection, in nearly half of the patients after 80 percent pancreatectomy, in a
      gradually accelerating manner, up to 5 years, and in all patients after total
      resection, where it was frequently complicated by recurrent alcoholism. Jaundice
      was a rare complication of disease progression in the overall treatment group;
      none of these patients presented with cholestasis preoperatively. Recurrent
      alcoholism was reported in 32 percent of the patients and contributed to two
      deaths.

PMID- 2910122
TI  - Pigment gallstone formation and altered ion transport.
AB  - Feeding corn and alfalfa to young prairie dogs resulted in formation of
      gallstones composed of 45 percent cholesterol, 30 percent bile pigments, and 25
      percent calcium bilirubinate in half of the animals. This diet also resulted in
      increased gallbladder bile concentrations of calcium, phospholipids, and
      cholesterol. Although the cholesterol saturation index was significantly
      increased compared with control subjects, it remained less than 1. In addition to
      the changes in biliary lipid composition, the corn and alfalfa-fed animals had
      significantly decreased transepithelial potential difference and short-circuit
      current when compared with control animals. These are changes in gallbladder
      mucosal function similar to those that have been reported in humans with
      gallstones. This model may therefore prove to be of great value in studying the
      pathogenesis of noncholesterol gallstones.

PMID- 2910123
TI  - Down-regulation of pancreatic growth and gallbladder contractility by bile salts.
AB  - Luminal sequestration of bile salts with cholestyramine and the oral
      administration of bile salts represent current forms of therapy for some
      diseases. We have recently reported that secretion of these salts exerts negative
      feedback control on the release of cholecystokinin (CCK). The purpose of this
      study was to examine the effects of long-term alterations of luminal
      concentrations of bile salts on CCK target organs, the pancreas and gallbladder.
      The bile salt pool in adult guinea pigs was either enriched by feeding 0.5
      percent sodium taurocholate or depleted by feeding 2 percent cholestyramine.
      Pancreatic growth, gallbladder contractility, the concentration of
      cholecystokinin receptors in the gallbladder muscle, and meal-stimulated plasma
      levels of cholecystokinin were significantly stimulated by feeding the bile salt
      sequestrant cholestyramine to guinea pigs. Administration of the bile salt
      taurocholate produced the opposite effects. Inhibition of CCK release by bile
      salts and up-regulation of CCK receptors by CCK may be the mechanisms responsible
      for the actions of bile salts on CCK target organs.

PMID- 2910124
TI  - Endogenous opiates in the mediation of early meal-induced jejunal absorption of
      water and electrolytes.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of endogenous opiates in
      mediating meal-stimulated jejunal absorption. Jejunal Thiry-Vella loops, 25 cm
      long, were studied in awake conditioned dogs, using luminal perfusion with carbon
      14 polyethylene glycol. Fluxes of water, sodium, and chloride were calculated
      every 15 minutes over a 1-hour basal period, followed by a 3-hour experimental
      period. The animals were divided into four groups: control, naloxone, meal, and
      meal plus naloxone. In the control and naloxone groups, the fluxes did not change
      over the 4-hour observation period. Meal alone immediately stimulated the
      absorption of water and electrolytes in the Thiry-Vella loop (p less than 0.05).
      The addition of naloxone infusion to the meal stimulus resulted in significantly
      reduced absorption during the first hour after the meal (p less than 0.05). We
      concluded that endogenous opiates play a role in meal-stimulated jejunal
      absorption.

PMID- 2910125
TI  - Transduodenal sphincteroplasty and transampullary septotomy for primary sphincter
      of Oddi dysfunction.
AB  - We examined 29 patients without stone disease or pancreatic ductal ectasia who
      underwent transduodenal sphincteroplasty and transampullary septotomy for
      symptoms of biliary colic or pancreatitis. The combination of biliary symptoms
      and a fibrotic ampulla of Vater portends a favorable surgical outcome in
      virtually all such patients. Patients with pancreatitis did worse overall,
      perhaps due to the existence of unappreciated subclinical parenchymal disease not
      related to sphincter dysfunction. Although endoscopic retrograde cholangiography
      was sensitive in demonstrating abnormalities of the pancreaticobiliary system,
      its specificity as a predictor of good results was poor. It seems prudent to
      temper one's enthusiasm for sphincteroplasty in the patient with pancreatitis,
      whereas patients with biliary symptoms, the postcholecystectomy syndrome, or both
      will usually benefit significantly from this procedure.

PMID- 2910126
TI  - Roux-Y gastrectomy for chronic gastric atony.
AB  - The aim of this study was to determine the clinical outcome after Roux-Y
      gastrectomy for chronic gastric atony. Forty patients (11 men, 29 women; age 47
      +/- 12 years) presented with severe chronic gastric atony: 32 patients had
      postvagotomy atony, 6 had idiopathic atony, and 2 had diabetic gastroparesis. The
      patients underwent either extensive subtotal or near-total gastrectomy and Roux-Y
      gastrojejunostomy. No early postoperative mortality occurred. Among the 39
      patients followed for a mean of 32 months, 31 patients (79 percent) had fewer
      symptoms postoperatively than preoperatively, with 26 patients (66 percent)
      improving at least one Visick grade postoperatively and 22 patients (56 percent)
      going from grades III and IV preoperatively to grades I and II postoperatively.
      In contrast, 13 patients (33 percent) did not improve after operation. We
      concluded that extensive subtotal Roux-Y gastrectomy and near-total Roux-Y
      gastrectomy were safe procedures that led to improvement in two-thirds of the
      patients with chronic gastric atony; however, one-third of patients did not have
      improvement.

PMID- 2910127
TI  - Splanchnic neural regulation of pancreatic polypeptide release in the isolated
      perfused human pancreas.
AB  - The isolated perfused human pancreas was employed as a model in which electrical
      stimulation of the celiac mixed neural bundle was performed in the presence and
      absence of selective neural antagonists. Stimulation of the celiac neural bundle
      in the presence of hyperglycemia resulted in augmentation of pancreatic
      polypeptide release. Cholinergic stimulation appears to predominate, whereas beta
      adrenergic fibers stimulate pancreatic polypeptide-cell secretion, and alpha
      adrenergic fibers inhibit pancreatic polypeptide release. During euglycemia, both
      cholinergic stimulation and gastric inhibitory polypeptide infusion resulted in a
      marked release of pancreatic polypeptide. These stimulatory effects were
      additive, which suggests a linked hormonal and neural mechanism of pancreatic
      polypeptide release after a meal. In this in vitro human model, our data confirm
      that the splanchnic innervation of the pancreas has a potent regulatory role in
      pancreatic hormone release in man.

PMID- 2910128
TI  - The alkaline shift in gastric pH after cholecystectomy.
AB  - Previous studies using cholescintigraphy and measurement of bile salts in gastric
      juice have demonstrated that duodenogastric reflux is increased after
      cholecystectomy, a factor that may contribute to postoperative complaints in some
      patients. We studied 24-hour continuous gastric pH in healthy subjects, patients
      with cholelithiasis, and patients who had undergone cholecystectomy.
      Cholecystectomy decreased the percentage of time that gastric pH is below 2 and
      increased the time it is above 4 and 6. Furthermore, there was a greater increase
      in the more alkaline pH values in patients who were symptomatic than in those who
      were asymptomatic. The results demonstrated that cholecystectomy is associated
      with an alkaline shift in the 24-hour gastric pH profile that is most marked in
      symptomatic patients. This suggests that gastric alkaline episodes may be related
      to some postcholecystectomy symptoms.

PMID- 2910129
TI  - Effects of aspirin and acetic acid on intracellular pH in necturus gastric
      mucosa.
AB  - Intracellular microelectrode techniques were employed to examine the effects of
      luminal aspirin and acetic acid on intracellular pH and cell membrane potential
      in the surface epithelial cells of Necturus antrum. Antral mucosa was mounted in
      a modified Ussing chamber, and intracellular pH was determined from the
      difference between the potentials recorded by intracellular conventional and pH
      sensitive microelectrodes. Under neutral conditions (pH7), aspirin (5 mM)
      hyperpolarized (-7.5 +/- 1 mV, p less than 0.0001) and acetic acid (5 mM)
      depolarized (+4 +/- 0.08 mV, p less than 0.001) cell membrane potential. Neither
      agent had any significant effect on intracellular pH. Under acidic conditions (pH
      4.5), aspirin (5 mM) reduced the intracellular pH from 6.99 +/- 0.03 to 6.87 +/-
      0.04 (p less than 0.001) and depolarized cell membrane potential from -36.7 +/-
      1.5 to -30.3 +/- 1.6 mV, p less than 0.001). Similarly, acetic acid (5 mM)
      acidified the cells (-0.20 +/- 0.02, p less than 0.001) and depolarized cell
      membrane potential (+9.6 +/- 1.9 mV, p less than 0.01). These changes suggest
      that, in the absence of luminal acid, small organic acids, such as aspirin and
      acetic acid, may have complex effects on the ionic conductances of the surface
      cell membranes without altering intracellular pH. In contrast, under acidic
      conditions, these agents increase the permeability of the apical cell membrane-to
      acid back-diffusion from the gastric lumen.

PMID- 2910130
TI  - Does delayed gastric emptying contribute to gastroesophageal reflux disease?
AB  - We studied 76 patients with symptoms of heartburn, regurgitation, or both and 38
      asymptomatic control subjects by measuring the gastric emptying of technetium-99m
      labeled oatmeal. In addition, we performed 24-hour esophageal pH monitoring and
      manometric studies of the esophagus on all study participants. Endoscopy was
      performed on all patients. Patients with proved reflux on 24-hour pH monitoring,
      in comparison to those without reflux and the control subjects, had a shorter
      lower esophageal segment with a lower pressure and more esophagitis. Delayed
      gastric emptying occurred with equal frequency in patients with and without
      reflux. Esophageal reflux was not associated with delayed gastric emptying.
      Delayed emptying was associated with less esophagitis than found in those with
      normal gastric emptying, suggesting that the prolonged presence of food in the
      stomach may have a buffering effect on gastric acidity. We concluded that delayed
      emptying is not a major factor in the pathophysiology of gastro-esophageal reflux
      disease and that therapy aimed at speeding gastric emptying cannot be supported
      by our results.

PMID- 2910131
TI  - Supersaturation of canine gallbladder bile with calcium bilirubinate during
      formation of pigment gallstones.
AB  - Analogous to cholesterol gallstones forming in bile supersaturated with
      cholesterol, pigment gallstones may form in bile supersaturated with calcium
      bilirubinate. We tested this hypothesis in a dietary model of pigment gallstones.
      The concentration of ionized calcium (Ca++) and unconjugated bilirubin (UCB) was
      measured in 15 normal dogs and in 15 dogs with pigment gallstones induced by 6
      weeks of a methionine-deficient diet. Although there was minimal change in the
      gallbladder's ability to acidify or concentrate bile, both [Ca++] and [UCB]
      markedly increased. These values were compared with equilibrium concentrations in
      model bile solutions. In all normal bile, the [UCB] was equal to or lower than
      the mean [UCB] concentration of model bile solutions with comparable [Ca++].
      However, in all but one bile sample from dogs with pigment gallstones, the [UCB]
      exceeded this concentration and was therefore supersaturated with calcium
      bilirubinate. This supports the hypothesis that calcium bilirubinate
      precipitation is important in the formation and growth of pigment gallstones.

PMID- 2910132
TI  - Weight loss with vertical banded gastroplasty and Roux-Y gastric bypass for
      morbid obesity with selective versus random assignment.
AB  - In a previous study, Roux-Y gastric bypass was found to be significantly more
      effective than vertical banded gastroplasty for weight loss in morbid obesity,
      especially for patients addicted to sweets, probably as a result of dumping
      syndrome symptoms. This study evaluated the ability to selectively assign
      nonsweet eaters to vertical banded gastroplasty and sweet eaters to gastric
      bypass. Compared with random assignment, the percentage excess weight lost at 2
      years improved significantly with both groups combined. In the vertical banded
      gastroplasty group, the percentage increased from 41 +/- 19 to 55 +/- 19 percent.
      With selective assignment, the percentage excess weight lost with gastric bypass
      was still better than that with vertical banded gastroplasty. Weight loss with
      gastric bypass was still superior to that of vertical banded gastroplasty but at
      the expense of more complications. Gastric bypass was ineffective in 19 percent
      of the super obese patients. A combined restrictive, malabsorptive procedure may
      be necessary in such persons.

PMID- 2910133
TI  - Dose-response relationships for edrophonium and neostigmine as antagonists of
      moderate and profound atracurium blockade.
AB  - To measure the ability of neostigmine and edrophonium to reverse moderate and
      profound atracurium blockade, dose-response relationships were established for
      these reversal agents given at 1% and 10% twitch height recovery. Eighty-five ASA
      I and II adult patients received atracurium, 0.4 mg/kg, during a thiopental
      nitrous oxide-enflurane anesthetic. Train-of-four stimulation was applied every
      12 seconds, and the force of contraction of the adductor pollicis muscle was
      recorded. Edrophonium, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, or 1 mg/kg; neostigmine, 0.005, 0.01, 0.02
      or 0.05 mg/kg; or no reversal agent was given when there was either 1% or 10%
      recovery of the first twitch response. With profound blockade, the slope of the
      edrophonium dose-response relationship was significantly flatter (P less than
      0.05) than that of neostigmine. The dose of neostigmine required to achieve 80%
      first twitch recovery (ED80) after 10 minutes was 0.013 +/- 0.003 mg/kg (mean +/-
      SEM) if given at 10% recovery, and 0.032 +/- 0.004 mg/kg if given at 1% recovery.
      The ED80 for edrophonium was 0.22 +/- 0.04 mg/kg and 1.14 +/- 0.33 mg/kg,
      respectively. These values corresponded to neostigmine:edrophonium potency ratios
      of 16.6 +/- 3.5 and 35.3 +/- 8.9 at 90% and 99% blockade respectively (P less
      than 0.006). We conclude that the relative potency of neostigmine is greater than
      that of edrophonium for antagonism of profound atracurium blockade.

PMID- 2910134
TI  - Thromboxane mediation of pulmonary hemodynamic responses after neutralization of
      heparin by protamine in pigs.
AB  - Protamine neutralization of heparin is often associated with severe hemodynamic
      side-effects, including pulmonary hypertension and systemic hypotension. Because
      prostanoids may be involved, the authors studied the role of arachidonic acid
      metabolites, especially thromboxane A2, in this process. During anesthesia with
      enflurane and fentanyl, four groups of pigs were studied: Group 1 (n = 10)
      received heparin (250 IU/kg), followed by protamine (100 mg) after 15 minutes to
      neutralize the heparin. The same protocol was used in group 2 (n = 11), except
      that the thromboxane A2 receptor antagonist BM 13.177 (10 mg/kg) was infused 5
      minutes before the protamine. The protocol for group 1 was also used for group 3
      (n = 7) except that these animals were pretreated with indomethacin (10 mg/kg).
      Animals in group 4 (n = 10) were given protamine only (100 mg). Pulmonary artery
      pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance increased significantly in group 1
      after protamine neutralization of heparin. This was accompanied by significant
      increases in plasma concentrations of the cyclooxygenase products thromboxane B2,
      6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha, and prostaglandin F2 alpha. Cyclooxygenase
      products increased to comparable degrees in group 2, but without hemodynamic
      effects. Leukocyte counts decreased comparably in both groups. Hemodynamic
      reactions, as well as changes in plasma prostanoid levels were absent in group 3,
      and group 4, but leukocyte counts were less affected in animals that received
      protamine alone. The results indicate that the hemodynamic side-effects of
      protamine are mediated by prostanoids and that thromboxane A2 release is the
      pivotal step, because side effects were effectively prevented by pretreatment
      with a thromboxane receptor antagonist.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2910135
TI  - Paravertebral somatic nerve block: a clinical, radiographic, and computed
      tomographic study in chronic pain patients.
AB  - The spread of solution after a standardized paravertebral injection was studied
      to determine the precision and predictability of paravertebral spread. The spread
      of 5 ml of a solution of radiological contrast medium (sodium iothalamate) and
      local anesthetic mixture after 45 (34 thoracic, 11 lumbar) paravertebral
      injections was studied in 31 patients by radiography and computed tomography and
      correlated with the clinical effects. Spread confined to the paravertebral area
      occurred after only eight (18%) injections. Spread was epidural after 31 (70%)
      injections and exclusively so in 14 (31%) injections. Mean sensory loss was
      greater after epidural spread, but a wide range of sensation loss was observed
      with all patterns of spread. Intrapleural spread occurred after three injections,
      as did spread into the psoas muscle. In addition, measurements were made of 114
      paravertebral spaces in 20 patients by means of computed tomography. Dimensional
      factors identified as possibly leading to complications of a paravertebral
      injection included narrow width of the thoracic transverse processes (mean, 3.18
      cm; range, 2.1-4.2 cm) and the wide range in paravertebral dimensions. The
      distance from bony landmarks to pleura frequently fell outside the limits
      recommended by many standard texts. We conclude that the spread of a small volume
      of solution after paravertebral injection is imprecise and unpredictable.
      Neurolytic and diagnostic paravertebral injections performed without the aid of
      radiological imaging and contrast media should be regarded as hazardous and
      interpreted with extreme caution.

PMID- 2910136
TI  - Chronically administered progesterone decreases halothane requirements in
      rabbits.
AB  - The MAC for halothane is 25% lower in pregnant than that in nonpregnant ewes. The
      reason for this is uncertain, but changes in both steroidal and endogenous opiate
      have been implicated. This study was undertaken to assess the effect of exogenous
      progesterone on minimal alveolar concentrations (MAC) of halothane in
      ovariectomized rabbits. Minimal alveolar concentration of halothane was
      determined in 84 female rabbits, 37 intact (group A), 20 ovariectomized and
      injected with inert carrier peanut oil (group B), and 27 ovariectomized and
      injected with progesterone in peanut oil (group C). Minimal alveolar
      concentration in group A, 1.68 +/- 0.06% (mean +/- SEM), did not differ
      significantly from that in group B rabbits, 1.77 +/- 0.06%. However, MAC in
      progesterone-treated rabbits, 1.48 +/- 0.06%, was significantly lower than the
      MAC of the other two groups (P less than 0.01). Plasma progesterone
      concentrations in group A, B, and C were 5.28 +/- 0.62 ng/ml, 6.83 +/- 2.00
      ng/ml, and 37.33 +/- 4.25 ng/ml, respectively. These results suggest that
      experimental treatment with progesterone can reduce the amount of halothane
      required to produce anesthesia and may explain the phenomenon of decreased need
      of inhalation anesthetic in human parturients.

PMID- 2910137
TI  - Unilateral Horner's syndrome associated with interpleural catheter injection of
      local anesthetic.

PMID- 2910138
TI  - Effect of epidural and intrathecal morphine on the length of hospital stay after
      cesarean section.

PMID- 2910139
TI  - Glossal pulse oximetry.

PMID- 2910140
TI  - Electroencephalographic burst suppression in elderly and young patients
      anesthetized with isoflurane.
AB  - The electroencephalograms of seven elderly (70-85 years) and seven younger
      patients (23-31 years) anesthetized with a concentration of isoflurane sufficient
      to produce burst suppression were studied. Anesthesia in these unpremedicated
      subjects was induced by inhalation of nitrous oxide, isoflurane, and oxygen.
      Tracheal intubation was facilitated with succinylcholine and the lungs were next
      ventilated with oxygen and isoflurane to produce an end-tidal concentration of
      1.7%. Isoflurane concentration was determined by infrared analysis of expired gas
      collected from a Teflon catheter inserted through the endotracheal tube. After 25
      minutes at steady state, the EEG was recorded for 5 minutes prior to surgical
      stimulation. Arterial blood pressure, temperature, and ventilation were
      maintained at normal values. In elderly patients the EEG had both a greater
      proportion of total time in electrical silence (76.0 +/- 10.8% vs 37.6 +/- 15.4%;
      P less than 0.01) and a greater number of isoelectric periods (19.7 +/- 8.1 vs
      10.7 +/- 5.4; P less than 0.05). This demonstrates a discrete alteration with age
      in the central nervous system sensitivity to isoflurane.

PMID- 2910141
TI  - Subacute cor pulmonale due to tumor embolization to the lungs.
AB  - Six patients with subacute cor pulmonale due to tumor embolization to the lungs
      were reported from China. Five of the 6 patients suffered from progressive
      unrelenting dyspnea; 4 had completely normal cardiopulmonary findings on physical
      examination. Four of the 5 patients who had chest roentgenograms showed diffuse
      bilateral mottling of the lungs with no evidence of cardiomegaly. At autopsy
      right ventricular hypertrophy was present in all. The pathologic findings in the
      lungs consisted of multiple microscopic tumor emboli distributed diffusely in the
      pulmonary arterioles and/or perivascular lymphatics; the lumen of these vessels
      was obliterated with or without hyperplastic endarteritis. Although the outcome
      of this not uncommon clinicopathologic entity is generally fatal, early diagnosis
      followed by prompt effective therapy for the underlying primary neoplasm has been
      reported to prolong survival.

PMID- 2910142
TI  - Indirect, noninvasive evaluation of pressure wave transmission in essential
      hypertension.
AB  - Blood pressure, carotid-femoral and brachioradial pulse wave velocities were
      measured in 123 male subjects: 32 normal subjects and 91 age-matched patients
      with sustained essential hypertension. The ratio between brachioradial (BR) and
      carotid-femoral (CF) pulse wave velocities was used as a marker of pressure wave
      amplitude changes from the aorta to the brachial artery. The ratio was similar in
      normotensive and hypertensive subjects and decreased with age to the same extent
      in both populations. In older subjects, the decrease in the ratio indicated that
      the amplitude of pulse pressure was quite similar in the aorta and the brachial
      artery whether the subjects were normotensives or hypertensives. The study
      provided evidence that adaptive changes occur in the arterial (aortic) wall in
      hypertension, for the effects of age on pressure wave transmission are similar in
      normal subjects and hypertensive patients. Such findings may be of prime
      importance in understanding the brachial blood pressure readings of patients with
      hypertension.

PMID- 2910143
TI  - What do medical students know about in-hospital radiation hazards?
AB  - A questionnaire (eight multiple-choice questions) administered to 49 fourth-year
      medical students from the Limburg State University in the Netherlands shows that
      several misunderstandings, misconceptions, and erroneous beliefs exist in regard
      to in-hospital radiation hazards. The authors conclude that it is unlikely that
      ignorance about this subject is restricted to Dutch medical students.

PMID- 2910144
TI  - Effects of exercise training on biochemical and biomechanical properties of rat
      aorta.
AB  - The authors studied the effect of prolonged physical exercise on the mechanical
      properties of rat aorta in relation to the amounts and qualities of arterial
      connective tissue fibrous proteins. Twelve male rats were divided into two
      groups: 6 sedentary rats (S) and 6 training rats (T), which were forced to swim
      from nine weeks to twenty-five weeks of age. The ultimate tensile stress and the
      ultimate tensile extension ratio of ring specimens at the descending thoracic
      aorta were larger in T than in S (192.3 +/- 47.9 g/mm2, mean +/- SD, vs 147.8 +/-
      26.0, p less than 0.05; 3.52 +/- 0.13 vs 3.18 +/- 0.27, p less than 0.05;
      respectively). The elasticity parameter, calculated by fitting stress-strain
      curves to exponential function in the stress level of 0-20 g/mm2, was lower in T
      than in S (1.79 +/- 0.15 vs 2.13 +/- 0.24, p less than 0.01). The contents of
      elastin (alkali-insoluble elastin preparation) and collagen were higher in T than
      in S (0.44 +/- 0.11 g/g dry aorta vs 0.30 +/- 0.06, p less than 0.05; 0.15 +/-
      0.04 g/g dry aorta vs 0.11 +/- 0.04, NS, respectively). Although the aortic
      calcium content did not significantly change in the training rats (T 1.17 +/-
      0.23 mg/g dry aorta, S 0.95 +/- 0.34), the content of calcium in elastin was
      lower in T than in S (1.75 +/- 0.51 mg/g dry elastin vs 2.63 +/- 1.00, p less
      than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2910145
TI  - Atrioventricular block in accidental hypothermia--a case report.
AB  - The finding of second-degree and high-grade atrioventricular block in a patient
      with severe accidental hypothermia is described. Additional findings included
      atrial fibrillation, severe sinus bradycardia, and prominent J (Osborn) waves.
      This case represents, to the authors' knowledge, the first report of advanced
      spontaneous AV block not induced by atrial pacing in severe accidental
      hypothermia. Reversal of the block, and other characteristic changes, suggest a
      relationship to low temperature.

PMID- 2910146
TI  - Microvasculopathy may precede idiopathic cerebral calcifications--case report.
AB  - Cerebral and cerebellar calcifications were discovered by computerized tomography
      (CT) in a man who presented with a dementing illness characterized by progressive
      memory loss, irritability, and dystonia. He had no known family. Magnetic
      resonance imaging showed areas of absent signal corresponding to the
      calcifications and areas of high-intensity signal on the T2-weighted images
      without counterpart on the CT. These are postulated to be static liquid pools
      secondary to endothelial membrane incompetence and leakage of plasma-derived
      fluid.

PMID- 2910147
TI  - Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia.
AB  - The case of a patient with torsade de pointes in the setting of congenital
      complete heart block is described. Lack of recognition of this polymorphic
      ventricular tachycardia resulted in therapy that potentiated the dysrhythmia.
      After correct recognition, and directed therapy, the patient responded
      appropriately. The clinical settings, recognition, and management options
      available for torsade de pointes are discussed to familiarize the emergency
      physician with this important and unique dysrhythmia.

PMID- 2910148
TI  - Who's stressing whom?

PMID- 2910149
TI  - Attending coverage revisited.

PMID- 2910150
TI  - Academic productivity or petulant work aversion?

PMID- 2910151
TI  - Digoxin-immune Fab fragments.

PMID- 2910152
TI  - Epinephrine dosage & arrest duration.

PMID- 2910153
TI  - Electromechanical dissociation.

PMID- 2910154
TI  - Sublingual nifedipine in the treatment of hypertensive crisis associated with
      monoamine oxidase inhibitors.

PMID- 2910155
TI  - Comparing the short-board technique.

PMID- 2910156
TI  - No adverse reaction.

PMID- 2910157
TI  - Massive pulmonary thromboembolism after antifibrinolytic therapy.

PMID- 2910159
TI  - Prevalence of in-flight medical emergencies on commercial airlines.
AB  - In-flight medical emergencies were evaluated among passengers arriving at Los
      Angeles International Airport (LAX) from October 1985 through March 1986. All
      emergency department, LAX first-aid station, and paramedic records were examined.
      There were 8,735,000 passenger arrivals at LAX during the study period; 260
      passengers (0.003%) developed medical complaints in flight, and of these 260, 115
      (44.2%) had symptoms that lasted for more than one hour. Only 20 (8%) had in
      flight physician assistance. One hundred thirty-seven (52.6%) passengers required
      only first-aid station treatment or signed out against medical advice, 123
      (47.3%) were triaged to the ED, and 25 (9.6%) were admitted to the hospital.
      Seven passengers had fatal events while in flight. Most of the illnesses
      encountered did not require advanced medical treatment. We conclude that while in
      flight medical illnesses occur more frequently than believed by airlines, true
      emergencies are rare. The rarity of true in-flight medical emergencies coupled
      with low physician availability bring into question the benefit of any
      comprehensive medical kit on airliners.

PMID- 2910158
TI  - Financial analysis of an inner-city helicopter service: charges versus
      collections.
AB  - Trauma centers are now being perceived as financial burdens because of recent
      changes in trauma reimbursement for the Medicare Prospective Payment System
      population and the perception that collection rates are lower among trauma
      patients. We examined the demographic and clinical factors associated with the
      collection experience in a series of 114 trauma patients transferred by
      helicopter from the accident site to an inner-city trauma center. Factors
      affecting payment at 30, 60, 90, and 180 days included patient age, insurance
      class, and discharge status. While not as high as the collection rate for the
      facility as a whole, we found an average 71.2% collection rate for trauma
      patients at 180 days. As long as trauma reimbursement continues to be cost based
      for nonMedicare patients, collection rates remain an important consideration in
      determining the financial viability of trauma centers.

PMID- 2910160
TI  - The critically ill child in the pediatric emergency department.
AB  - A retrospective study of the charts of all critically ill patients visiting our
      pediatric emergency department over an 18-month period was conducted to determine
      age, diagnosis, time of presentation to the pediatric ED, Physiologic Stability
      Index (PSI) and Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System (TISS) score, and
      eventual outcome. Eighty percent of critically ill patients were less than 6
      years old. Of these patients, 35% had neurological problems, 23% had lower airway
      disease, and 15% had upper airway obstruction. Forty-one percent of children
      presented during the day shift, 33% during the evening shift, and 26% at night.
      One hundred fifteen patients survived to discharge from the intensive care unit;
      eight patients died. A statistically significant difference in retrospectively
      assigned PSI scores in nonsurvivors (18.1 +/- 6.5) compared with those in
      survivors (5.2 +/- 3.5) was observed. There was also a statistically significant
      difference in retrospectively assigned TISS scores in nonsurvivors (32.4 +/- 3.2)
      compared with those in survivors (13.5 +/- 2.1). Implications for physicians
      involved in the emergency care of critically ill children and for designs of
      pediatric advanced life support programs are outlined.

PMID- 2910161
TI  - Attending coverage in academic emergency medicine: a national survey.
AB  - We surveyed the 66 accredited emergency medicine residency programs in the United
      States during 1986 on the issue of attending coverage. Responses were received
      from 411 residents and 288 faculty; this accounted for 42% of the residents and
      56% of the faculty from the 56 responding programs. Seventy-three percent of
      emergency medicine residency programs had 24-hour attending coverage. According
      to residents, faculty from programs with 24-hour coverage spent a greater
      percentage of their shift doing primary patient care than faculty from programs
      without 24-hour coverage (35% vs 17%, respectively, P less than .0001), and a
      smaller percentage of their shift educating residents (21% vs 30%, respectively,
      P less than .0001). Ninety-five percent of faculty and 71% of residents thought
      that the quality of patient care was better when faculty were present in the ED
      (P less than .0001). Sixty-one percent of residents and 60% of faculty did not
      think that 24-hour attending coverage in academic emergency medicine should be
      mandated. The impact of night-time attending coverage in emergency medicine
      residency programs on patient care, resident education, and faculty development
      is unclear and minimally studied.

PMID- 2910162
TI  - Effect of crystalloid infusion on hematocrit and intravascular volume in healthy,
      nonbleeding subjects.
AB  - We evaluated the effect of IV crystalloid administration on hematocrit in 28
      healthy, nonbleeding volunteers. Normal saline boluses of 10, 20, and 30 mL/kg
      were delivered at a mean rate of 115 +/- 4 mL/min, followed by a continuous
      infusion of either 1 or 5 mL/kg/hr. Hematocrit values determined immediately
      after bolus infusion declined from baseline a mean +/- SEM of 4.5 +/- 0.6 (P less
      than .001), 6.1 +/- 0.4 (P less than .001) and 6.3 +/- 0.6 points (P less than
      .001) in the 10, 20, and 30 mL/kg groups, respectively. Twenty minutes into the
      maintenance infusion, hematocrits had risen 1.5 +/- 0.8 (P = .03), 2.4 +/- 0.4 (P
      = .004) and 2.3 +/- 0.7 points (P = .005) when compared with post-bolus
      hematocrits in the 10, 20, and 30 mL/kg groups, respectively. These data show
      that in healthy, nonbleeding subjects, crystalloid infusion may cause significant
      changes in hematocrit. Calculations reveal that approximately 60% of infused
      saline, when delivered as a bolus, will diffuse from the intravascular space
      within 20 minutes of administration.

PMID- 2910163
TI  - Liquid automatic dishwashing detergents: a profile of toxicity.
AB  - The recent introduction of liquid automatic dishwashing detergents (LADDs) has
      resulted in numerous calls to poison information centers and, subsequently, a
      large number of referrals to emergency departments. As with their traditional
      granular counterparts, LADDs contain alkaline builders that contribute to the pH
      of these products. Exposure to granular automatic dishwashing detergents has been
      associated with caustic injury similar to the pathology produced by other
      alkaline corrosives. Do LADDs produce similar toxicity? There is no published
      information that profiles the toxic manifestations associated with exposure to
      LADDs. To determine their toxicity, all LADD exposures reported to a regional
      poison information center over a 12-month period were collected. One hundred
      ninety-two human exposure cases were reviewed. Pediatric patients accounted for
      76% of the exposures; 76% were ingestions, 12% were dermal exposures, and 12%
      were ocular exposures. Seventy-nine percent of the patients were exposed to a
      full-strength product, and 21% contacted a dilute product or one that had already
      been through the dishwashing cycle. Of the patients who ingested a LADD, 91.1%
      remained asymptomatic, 8.2% had minor symptoms, and only one (0.7%) suffered
      moderate toxicity. In contrast, 91.3% of all patients who had an ocular exposure
      developed minor or moderate toxicity (73.9% vs 17.4%). Of dermal exposures, 69.6%
      were asymptomatic, and those with symptoms were the result of inappropriate use.
      Overall, 78.7% remained asymptomatic, 18.2% developed minor toxicity, and 3.1%
      developed moderate toxicity. Small oral and dermal exposures usually do not
      result in toxicity and do not necessitate referral to an ED. Ocular exposures are
      associated with a high incidence of at least minor toxicity and require ED
      evaluation.

PMID- 2910164
TI  - A new quantitative measurement for surgical needle ductility.
AB  - Because surgical needle ductility is such an important factor in the selection of
      surgical needles, a new curved needle ductility test instrument was devised to
      measure the ductility of needles from three commercial manufacturers. The
      superior ductility of needles made by one manufacturer was related to the
      specific alloy, stainless steel ASTM 45500, used in their production. The ASTM
      45500 stainless steel has a significantly greater tensile and yield strength than
      the other stainless steel alloys, accounting for its superior ductility.

PMID- 2910165
TI  - Defibrillation safety in emergency helicopter transport.
AB  - Rotary aircraft play a growing role in the transport of critically ill patients
      who may require emergency treatment, including defibrillation, during transport.
      The close quarters and proximity of vital electronic equipment have generated
      concern among personnel carrying out defibrillation in the air. We address the
      chief safety issues in helicopter defibrillation by providing measurements of the
      transient leakage current resulting from contact with a paddle and tested in
      flight electronic interference and survey the defibrillation experience of
      helicopter programs. Our data show that airborne defibrillation is safe. A
      maximum of 1.5 mA of transient leakage current was measured from a standard
      battery-powered defibrillator, well within the accepted safety standard of 50 mA.
      In flight, there was no interference with the avionics or medical equipment, and
      adequate clearance was available for personnel. Of the helicopter programs
      surveyed, 69 (87%) had defibrillated in flight without incident. We conclude that
      defibrillation can be performed in the helicopter without hesitation whether on
      the ground or in the air, provided standard defibrillation precautions are
      observed.

PMID- 2910166
TI  - Postpartum abdominal pain.

PMID- 2910167
TI  - Psychological consequences of blunt head trauma and relation to other indices of
      severity of injury.
AB  - To investigate the relationship between APACHE II, Injury Severity Score (ISS),
      Glasgow Coma Score (GCS), and behavioral outcome, a group of 39 patients who had
      been admitted on an emergency basis with a traumatic head injury were selected
      from the Neuropsychology Registry for study. Except for subtle personality and
      cognitive changes, all of the patients were making good neurological recoveries.
      The Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery, which has been shown to be
      accurate in identifying brain-damaged patients, was used as the measure of
      outcome. The age of the patients ranged from 16 to 49 years (mean, 25.6; SD,
      9.3). The patients' educational levels ranged from elementary school to college
      (mean, 11.6 years of education; SD, 1.5). Halstead Impairment Indexes (HII)
      ranged from 0.0 to 1.0 (mean, 0.6; SD, 0.26). APACHE II scores were calculated
      using the worst values, obtained during the first 24 hours. These scores ranged
      from 5 to 35 (mean, 16; SD, 7). APACHE II was found to not significantly
      correlate with HII (r = 0.21, P greater than .05). ISS was calculated for each
      patient and ranged from 5 to 70 (mean, 27; SD, 13). ISS was found to
      significantly correlate with HII (r = 0.38, P less than .01). GCS ranged from 3
      to 15 (mean, 9.3; SD, 3.4). Of all the correlations, GCS was the most strongly
      correlated with outcome as measured by the HII (r = -0.44, P less than .01). Our
      data emphasize that head-injured patients have subtle cognitive dysfunction even
      when apparently recovering well and demonstrate the need for formal psychological
      evaluation in all patients with injury significant enough to warrant
      hospitalization.

PMID- 2910168
TI  - Fulminant bacterial meningitis without meningeal signs.
AB  - Common clinical practice relies on the absence of neck stiffness or other
      meningeal signs to rule out meningitis in the alert, healthy adult. The
      literature does not address this specifically but implies that meningeal signs
      are reliable and usually present in awake patients, except infants, the elderly,
      and the immunosuppressed. In the following three cases two adults and a 4-year
      old child, none of them immunosuppressed, presented with bacterial meningitis
      with no meningeal signs. In the first case, mental status was completely normal;
      in the second, there was only minor lethargy attributed to pain medication. In
      the third, lethargy was attributed to head trauma. In all three the diagnosis of
      meningitis was delayed up to 19 hours; lumbar puncture was performed while
      meningeal signs were still absent and cerebrospinal fluid analysis was grossly
      abnormal. All three patients had Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis, and all
      three suffered massive brain damage within 24 hours of presentation and
      eventually died. Although the true incidence of absent meningeal signs in
      meningitis is unknown, the condition is rare. Clinicians cannot rely on the
      absence of neck stiffness to rule out meningitis, even in healthy and awake
      adults, and lumbar puncture should be performed whenever there is serious
      consideration of that diagnosis.

PMID- 2910169
TI  - Severe epinephrine-propranolol interaction.
AB  - A 53-year-old man presented to the emergency department with posterior pharyngeal
      edema. He had taken a long-acting propranolol product the previous evening that
      had been prescribed for migraine headaches. After administration of epinephrine
      subcutaneously in the ED, he developed a severe adverse reaction, characterized
      by profound hypertension and bradycardia. This potentially serious drug
      interaction is described, and relevant literature is reviewed.

PMID- 2910170
TI  - Nurses call for action by Congress.

PMID- 2910171
TI  - Change is operative word for 101st Congress.

PMID- 2910172
TI  - President's perspective. Ingredients of power: a government perspective.

PMID- 2910173
TI  - Nursing's agenda calls for accessible care.

PMID- 2910174
TI  - ANA is leader in AIDS advocacy and activism.

PMID- 2910176
TI  - Division of Governmental Affairs profiled.

PMID- 2910175
TI  - Nursing is political asset, say four RNs.

PMID- 2910177
TI  - SNAs educate RNs on passenger safety.

PMID- 2910178
TI  - Begin 1989 by planning for insurance needs.

PMID- 2910179
TI  - Bowen Commission issues report on shortage.

PMID- 2910181
TI  - Groups voice opposition to AMA plan for RCTs.

PMID- 2910180
TI  - Move to stop RCT loses in AMA House.

PMID- 2910182
TI  - Congress needs to hear nursing's views.

PMID- 2910183
TI  - Video nasopharyngoscopy: a comparison of fiberscopic, telescopic, and microscopic
      documentation.
AB  - Video nasopharyngoscopy is a most valuable method of documenting the anatomy and
      pathophysiology of the nasopharynx. Such a permanent record is useful for
      diagnosis, patient counselling, resident teaching, and the monitoring of therapy
      in nasopharyngeal disorders. To evaluate the various techniques for assessment of
      the nasopharynx, the authors have attempted to systematically compare flexible
      and rigid endoscopes and mirror examination during video recording. The pros and
      cons of 1) transnasal fiberscopic, 2) transnasal telescopic, 3) transoral
      telescopic, and 4) transoral microscopic mirror examination methods for video
      nasopharyngoscopy are discussed.

PMID- 2910185
TI  - Management of patients with glottic and subglottic stenosis resulting from
      thermal burns.
AB  - A series of 11 laryngeal burn patients is reviewed. Various methods of laryngeal
      burn management are detailed, including steroid usage, laser therapy, and
      reconstruction with local flaps, grafts, and stents.

PMID- 2910184
TI  - Utility of near-total laryngectomy for supraglottic, pharyngeal, base-of-tongue,
      and other cancers.
AB  - This report emphasizes the utility of the near-total laryngectomy for those
      patients in whom conventional conservation surgery is an option but may be
      oncologically or physiologically unsafe. The near-total operation can be offered
      for supraglottic cancer, pharyngeal cancer, and, more commonly, primary glottic
      cancer with cord fixation. Its application is described for patients who are
      candidates for conventional conservation surgery but are compromised
      physiologically by age or poor general health and for patients in whom tumor
      extent would not permit safe conventional conservation surgery.

PMID- 2910186
TI  - Advantages of the rotary door flap in laryngotracheal reconstruction: is skeletal
      support necessary?
AB  - Most attempts at laryngeal reconstruction have sought to reestablish skeletal
      support. Bone and cartilage grafts have been used for this purpose, but they have
      often failed to maintain position in the larynx and/or trachea following
      reconstruction, and they tend to be reabsorbed. The rotary door flap can provide
      an undelayed, one-stage epithelial resurfacing of the larynx and trachea while
      simultaneously restoring luminal support without the need for transfer of
      cartilage or bone. Luminal support for the trachea is provided by the bulk,
      turgor, and anterior traction of the intact sternohyoid muscle, which serves as
      the carrier for the rotated skin island. During inspiration the intact muscle,
      whose points of attachment are anterior to the plane of the larynx and trachea,
      contracts and tends to open the airway to provide dynamic luminal support. The
      need for internal stenting is minimized. The technique is described and
      experience in 20 patients is presented.

PMID- 2910187
TI  - Surgical correction of dysphonia due to bowing of the vocal cords.
AB  - This report reviews laryngoplastic techniques for correction of bowing of the
      vocal cords, with special consideration to the anatomic details of the anterior
      commissure. I present a new technique in which the glottic gap is closed by
      bilateral medialization. This technique may be superior to those described
      previously, since the correction achieved at the time of surgery is maintained by
      the placement of Silastic.

PMID- 2910188
TI  - Endoscopy and the KTP/532 laser for nasal sinus disease.
AB  - One hundred twenty-eight patients have undergone nasal/sinus operations using
      endoscopes and the KTP/532 laser. The pathologic processes have included
      turbinate dysfunction, nasal ethmoid polyps, hereditary hemorrhagic
      telangiectasia, granulomatous disease (sarcoid), nasal granulation secondary to
      cocaine abuse, and nasal papilloma. Early follow-up indicates rapid healing with
      minimal crusting, edema, scar formation, and complications and good resolution of
      disease.

PMID- 2910189
TI  - Laryngeal framework surgery in the management of spasmodic dysphonia. Preliminary
      report.
AB  - Spasmodic dysphonia continues to be a management problem for otolaryngologists.
      Selective lysis of the recurrent laryngeal nerve has been useful in the
      management of this disease. Reported long-term results, however, reveal that
      spasm recurs in approximately 40% to 50% of initially successful patients in
      spite of persistence of the unilateral vocal fold paralysis. Although some of
      these failure can be recaptured with subsequent laser surgery, the overall "cure"
      rate does not exceed 70%, even in the best hands. The contributions of Isshiki,
      LeJeune, and Tucker have demonstrated that tension in the vocal folds can be
      adjusted by laryngeal framework surgery. Experience with 16 patients suffering
      from adductor spasmodic dysphonia suggests that laryngeal framework surgery is
      useful in the management of this disorder.

PMID- 2910190
TI  - Computed tomography in patients with laryngeal carcinoma: a clinical perspective.
AB  - Among the various diagnostic modalities that have been recommended for
      preoperative assessment of the patient with laryngeal carcinoma is computed
      tomography. While good overall correlation between CT findings and operative
      findings has been noted, a significant number of false positives and false
      negatives have been found, particularly with regard to cartilage invasion and
      lymphadenopathy. We compared the findings of direct laryngoscopy, palpation of
      the neck, and CT with pathologic specimens in 29 patients who underwent surgery
      for carcinoma of the larynx. We found that CT scanning underestimated the extent
      of neoplastic involvement in over half the cases. With respect to cartilage
      invasion we determined a significant number of false-negative findings. Computed
      tomographic scanning was equivalent to palpation in predicting cervical
      metastasis. Our findings indicate that the role of CT scanning may be more
      limited than previously acknowledged, particularly in patients for whom
      nonconservation surgery is planned.

PMID- 2910192
TI  - Ventral cleft of the larynx in an adult. Case report.
AB  - Congenital clefts of the larynx are rare and usually found dorsally. This case
      report describes a patient with a partial anterior nonfunsion, or ventral cleft,
      of the thyroid cartilage. This was first noted on computed tomography of the
      larynx used for delineation of carcinoma and was confirmed by horizontal whole
      mount histologic sections of the resected larynx. The thyroid cartilage suggested
      arrested fusion of the laminae in the middle to late embryonic period. This
      patient had an adult form of this rarely reported anomaly and the first, to our
      knowledge, detected with CT scan.

PMID- 2910191
TI  - Squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid: a diagnostic dilemma.
AB  - Four cases of primary squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid gland are reported.
      Thorough evaluation confirmed these lesions to be of primary thyroid origin
      rather than from metastasis or direct invasion from contiguous structures. These
      cases illustrate the aggressive nature of the disease and the propensity for
      local and distant metastases. The clinicopathologic data presented here
      underscore the challenge in diagnosis and treatment of this rare entity.

PMID- 2910193
TI  - Voice restoration following laryngectomy: the role of primary versus secondary
      tracheoesophageal puncture.
AB  - A protocol was established at our institution to compare a series of primary and
      secondary tracheoesophageal punctures using the Singer-Blom voice prosthesis.
      Over a 24-month period, 20 primary and 18 secondary punctures were performed.
      Voice production, fluency of voice, and functional use were graded. Our data
      support the use of both primary and secondary voice restoration following
      laryngectomy.

PMID- 2910194
TI  - Detection of gastroesophageal reflux in the head and neck: the role of
      scintigraphy.
AB  - Patients with gastroesophageal reflux (GER) present to the head and neck
      specialist with a myriad of nonspecific complaints that may be manifestations of
      pharyngoesophageal or upper airway involvement. Numerous diagnostic tests for GER
      have been used in the past with varying success. In the present study,
      gastroesophageal scintigraphy using 99mtechnetium-sulfur colloid was used to
      evaluate 28 patients with head and neck manifestations of GER. The role of
      gastroesophageal scintigraphy as an accurate and noninvasive method of detecting
      GER is discussed in the context of other current diagnostic modalities.

PMID- 2910195
TI  - Newer techniques of laryngeal reinnervation.
AB  - We relate the experience obtained in the use of the right superior laryngeal
      nerve (motor branch)--cricothyroid muscle pedicle flap in dogs in an attempt to
      reinnervate the right posterior cricoarytenoid muscle (PCA). The right vocal cord
      was paralyzed by severance and removal of 2.5 cm of the right recurrent laryngeal
      nerve. Evaluation 6 months postoperatively revealed the vocal fold remobilization
      on the right side to have an average of about one half the mobility of the left,
      normal side. After the recurrent laryngeal and superior laryngeal nerves on the
      left were severed, the vocal cord mobility dropped to only about one fourth. This
      suggests that the dogs had contralateral reinnervation. Nevertheless, the right
      vocal cord mobility, driven only by the right superior laryngeal nerve, was
      enough to secure an adequate airway without the need for a tracheotomy. This
      experiment was statistically significant on comparison with a control group.
      Electromyographic studies as well as PCA histochemistry were performed.

PMID- 2910196
TI  - Posterior subglottic cyst.

PMID- 2910197
TI  - Practice of facial plastic surgery.

PMID- 2910198
TI  - Two cases of thyroid malignancy.

PMID- 2910199
TI  - The perpetual lessons of syphilis.

PMID- 2910200
TI  - Patchy alopecia in a young girl. Tinea capitis (most likely a Trichophyton
      tonsurans infection).

PMID- 2910201
TI  - Bowen's disease and internal malignant disease.

PMID- 2910202
TI  - Exacerbation of psoriasis.

PMID- 2910203
TI  - Scalp infestation with Phthirus pubis.

PMID- 2910204
TI  - Unilateral Muehrcke's lines following trauma.

PMID- 2910205
TI  - From the MMWR. Recommendations for diagnosing and treating syphilis in HIV
      infected patients.

PMID- 2910206
TI  - Pigmented guinea pig skin irradiated with Q-switched ruby laser pulses.
      Morphologic and histologic findings.
AB  - Q-switched ruby laser pulses cause selective damage to cutaneous pigmented cells.
      Repair of this selective damage has not been well described. Therefore, using
      epilated pigmented and albino guinea pig skin, we studied the acute injury and
      tissue repair caused by 40-ns, Q-switched ruby laser pulses. Gross observation
      and light and electron microscopy were performed. No specific changes were
      evident in the albino guinea pigs. In pigmented animals, with radiant exposures
      of 0.4 J/cm2 or greater, white spots confined to the 2.5-mm exposure sites
      developed immediately and faded over 20 minutes. Delayed depigmentation occurred
      at seven to ten days, followed by full repigmentation by four to eight weeks.
      Regrowing hairs in sites irradiated at and above 0.4 J/cm2 remained white for at
      least four months. Histologically, vacuolation of pigment-laden cells was seen
      immediately in the epidermis and the follicular epithelium at exposures of 0.3
      J/cm2 and greater. Melanosomal disruption was seen immediately by electron
      microscopy at and above 0.3 J/cm2. Over the next seven days, epidermal necrosis
      was followed by regeneration of a depigmented epidermis. By four months,
      melanosomes and melanin pigmentation had returned; however, hair follicles
      remained depigmented and devoid of melanocytes. This study demonstrates that
      selective melanosomal disruption caused by Q-switched ruby laser pulses leads to
      transient cutaneous depigmentation and persistent follicular depigmentation.
      Potential exists for selective treatment of pigmented epidermal and dermal
      lesions with this modality.

PMID- 2910207
TI  - Anaphylactic symptoms due to chlorhexidine gluconate.
AB  - Six patients who developed urticaria, dyspnea, and anaphylactic shock due to
      topical application of chlorhexidine gluconate solution are described.
      Chlorhexidine gluconate was confirmed as the causative agent of type I
      hypersensitivity by intradermal, scratch, and epicutaneous tests. To prevent life
      threatening adverse reactions, it seems important to use chlorhexidine gluconate
      on wound surfaces at a concentration of 0.05%, as recommended by the
      manufacturer; chlorhexidine gluconate may not be suitable for application to
      mucous membranes.

PMID- 2910208
TI  - The mineralization of elastic fibers and alterations of extracellular matrix in
      pseudoxanthoma elasticum. Ultrastructure, immunocytochemistry, and X-ray
      analysis.
AB  - Histologic paraffin sections of pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE)-involved skin of
      forearm and axilla were used for histochemistry and immunohistochemical and
      analytical electron microscopy to study the progressive mineralization in the
      dermis of patients with PXE. The von Kossa technique identified mineral deposits
      throughout the reticular PXE dermis. X-ray analysis revealed patterns of calcium
      and phosphorus deposition in the von Kossa-positive areas, and the
      immunohistochemical staining using monoclonal antibodies identified increased
      chondroitin-6-sulfate in these areas when compared with normal skin. Scanning
      transmission electron microscopy observation combined with X-ray dot mapping show
      calcium and phosphorus to be codistributed within the mineralized area. This
      study confirms by new methods the increase in chondroitin-6-sulfate, alterations
      in elastin and collagen, and a high calcium and phosphorus elemental distribution
      matching the mineralized area in the PXE dermis.

PMID- 2910209
TI  - Failure of erythromycin to cure secondary syphilis in a patient infected with the
      human immunodeficiency virus.
AB  - The case presented here involves a 32-year-old homosexual man with human
      immunodeficiency virus seropositivity and secondary syphilis. Because of possible
      penicillin allergy, he was initially treated with erythromycin base by mouth.
      During four weeks of therapy, his cutaneous lesions worsened as did his systemic
      symptoms. Following desensitization and parenteral penicillin therapy, his
      cutaneous lesions and symptoms rapidly resolved. His VDRL titer fell
      appropriately.

PMID- 2910210
TI  - Post-traumatic parotid fistulae and sialoceles. A prospective study of
      conservative management in 51 cases.
AB  - The management of parotid sialoceles and fistulae have been unsatisfactory in the
      past, and numerous methods of treatment with varying success and morbidity have
      been described. The present prospective study reports results of conservative
      therapy in 51 patients over a 3-year period. In 50 patients, the injury healed
      upon conservative management. During the early phase of the study, a limited
      conservative regimen through which the patients received nothing orally for 5
      days only was used. During the latter part of the study, patients were
      administered nothing orally until complete healing of the injury. In terms of the
      time it took for healing of the injury, the differences of the two regimens (24
      +/- 4 vs. 9.4 +/- 0.9 days) was highly significant (p less than 0.001). The
      response to conservative management depended on the severity of injury as
      demonstrated by sialography. Injury to minor intraparotid ducts (G1) healed in
      significantly less time compared with that to a major intraparotid duct (G2) or
      ductal injuries (p less than 0.001). There was no difference between the healing
      of G2 injury (10.3 +/- 1.8 days) and partial ductal transections (10.5 +/- 2.2
      days) (p greater than 0.05). There was a significantly greater delay in healing
      with complete duct transections (21.5 +/- 3.7 days) compared with partial duct
      transections and G2 injuries (10.2 +/- 2.1 days) (p less than 0.01). There was no
      difference in the mean period for healing between salivary fistulae and
      sialoceles (p greater than 0.05). It is concluded that a new classification of
      parotid fistulae based on sialographic findings has prognostic and therapeutic
      value. Furthermore, the excellent results achieved with conservative therapy in
      this study suggest that it may be the initial treatment of choice for parotid
      fistulae.

PMID- 2910211
TI  - Chronic TNF infusion causes anorexia but not accelerated nitrogen loss.
AB  - It has been proposed that many of the physiologic and metabolic changes that
      occur during critical illness and malignancy are mediated by the cytokine tumor
      necrosis factor alpha/cachectin (TNF). To test this hypothesis, a study of the
      metabolic responses that occurred during 5 days of continuous intravenous (I.V.)
      infusion of TNF both in rats and tumor-bearing humans was conducted. TNF
      administration was associated with anorexia, fluid retention, acute phase
      responses, and negative nitrogen balance. In both species, changes in nitrogen
      balance were related to the onset of anorexia and not to the development of
      hypermetabolism and accelerated net tissue breakdown. TNF may represent the
      primary afferent stimulus inducing many of the metabolic changes that occur
      during critical illness, but it is not solely responsible for the accelerated net
      proteolysis that occurs in these patients.

PMID- 2910212
TI  - Pancreatic lymphoma. Is surgery mandatory for diagnosis or treatment?
AB  - From 1982 to 1986, nine patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma primarily involving
      the pancreas were managed at the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions. This group
      of nine patients represents 2.2% of patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (nine of
      402) and 4.9% of all patients presenting with pancreatic malignancies (nine of
      182) at the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions during this period. Computed
      tomography (CT) scan findings of a large pancreatic mass (6 cm) with
      extrapancreatic extension and significant retroperitoneal lymph node enlargement
      suggested lymphoma. Diagnosis was established by radiographically-guided needle
      biopsy in four patients, by laparotomy in four, and by peripheral lymph node
      biopsy in one. In five jaundiced patients, initial chemotherapy with the
      nonhepatotoxic agents cyclophosphamide and prednisone resulted in marked tumor
      regression, allowing for early resolution of jaundice and subsequent addition of
      more aggressive adriamycin containing combination chemotherapy. Overall, complete
      remission has occurred in six of nine patients, with a median survival of 24
      months (range 4-69 months). It is concluded from this experience that the
      majority of patients with pancreatic lymphoma can be managed without surgery.
      Excellent control of symptoms, including jaundice, as well as long-term
      remission, can be obtained with chemotherapy alone. The only role for surgery in
      this setting may be to aid in establishing the diagnosis when percutaneous biopsy
      is nondiagnostic.

PMID- 2910213
TI  - Pancreatography after recovery from massive pancreatic necrosis.
AB  - Massive retroperitoneal necrosis may follow life-threatening acute pancreatitis.
      At delayed operation, the surgeon may not be able to delineate dead pancreas from
      dead adipose tissue. The question arises: has "gloved hand" debridement resulted
      in pancreatectomy? The histologists report only "necrotic debris, of uncertain
      origin." To obtain objective data, pancreatography was performed in 13 patients,
      10 weeks to 23 months after onset of massive pancreatic necrosis. Each patient
      had required delayed laparotomy for debridement and external drainage at some
      earlier stage of their illness. Pancreatography was correlated with the clinical
      assessment of diabetes and steatorrhea. Except in specific cases involving
      internal fistulae, pancreatography has not been previously reported in such
      patients. The results demonstrate that the main pancreatic duct usually
      maintained its normal length and configuration. Necrosis or stricture of the main
      duct, if it occurred, was more likely to be followed by diabetes. Steatorrhea was
      clinically detected in a single patient only. The necrotic tissue, up to several
      kilograms in wet weight, is largely dead adipose tissue. The pancreas, especially
      its head, is resistant to necrosis, much more resistant than is the
      retroperitoneal fat.

PMID- 2910214
TI  - The need for definitive therapy in the management of perforated gastric ulcers.
      Review of 202 cases.
AB  - A retrospective study of 202 patients who presented to three Louisiana hospitals
      with perforated gastric ulcers was performed. Patients were treated surgically,
      medically, or were not treated. Only those patients with gastric ulcers were
      included in the study, not those with "channel ulcers" or peptic ulcers. The
      mortality rate of the 185 patients who were treated with operation was 18%. Of
      those patients treated nonoperatively, the mortality was 95% (one survivor).
      There was a definite difference in mortality among those patients treated with
      definitive operative procedures (11.3%) versus those patients treated with
      nondefinitive surgery (22.9%). This difference was consistent even in the
      presence of purulent exudate in the abdominal cavity and among those patients
      presenting in shock. The mortality among those patients who presented with a
      initial blood pressure of 90 mmHg or less were defined as being in shock, and the
      mortality in this subgroup was 52.8%. The mortality among those patients who had
      purulent fluid within the abdominal cavity was about the same, regardless of type
      of surgical procedure. The patients who underwent nondefinitive procedures
      required subsequent operative treatment in 25.7% of cases. Also noted was the
      lack of correlation between symptoms of ulcer disease and perforation. Those
      patients treated with definitive surgery (57%) and those treated with
      nondefinitive surgery (41%) reported no symptoms consistent with ulcer disease
      before operation.

PMID- 2910215
TI  - Plasma-amino acid profiles in sepsis and stress.
AB  - Sepsis has been associated with specific plasma amino acid patterns. Sixty-five
      patients were prospectively investigated as to whether these patterns are indeed
      sepsis specific, or specific for metabolic stress without concomitant sepsis, or
      associated with the presence of organ failure. Virtually all aminoacid levels
      were decreased by 10-30% (p less than 0.05), whereas cystine and phenylalanine
      were significantly elevated. These changes were more pronounced in severe sepsis.
      Organ failure was not associated with significantly altered amino acid profiles.
      No differences were found between sepsis and stress without signs of sepsis. In
      addition, imminent death was not associated with aberrant amino acid profiles. We
      conclude that sepsis and metabolic stress are associated with changes in plasma
      amino acid profiles, but that such changes are aspecific and therefore poor
      indicators of disease severity.

PMID- 2910216
TI  - A phase II study of the efficacy of diamminedichloroplatinum (cisplatin) for the
      control of locally recurrent and intransit malignant melanoma of the extremities
      using tourniquet outflow-occlusion techniques.
AB  - A phase II trial was conducted with 15 patients (mean age of 65.7 years) with
      locally recurrent or intransit melanoma of the extremities. After total outflow
      occlusion with pneumatic tourniquet, the cell-cycle nonspecific anti-neoplastic
      agent cis-diamminedicholoroplatinum (CDDP) was infused intra-arterially in a mean
      dose of 26.7 mg/m2 per infusion (2.6 infusions per patient). The aim of this
      study was to determine the efficacy of CDDP infusion for control of intransit and
      recurrent melanoma of the extremities. Three to four weeks postinfusion, all
      visible residual disease was resected. Partial remissions were observed in ten
      patients (67%); five patients achieved stable disease status. No patient had
      complete regression of disease. At an average follow-up interval of 18.3 months
      (range 4-44 months), the mean local/regional disease-free survival was 14.8
      months. Eighty per cent of patients (twelve of 15) had local/regional control of
      disease at an average follow-up of 14.8 months after CDDP infusion and surgical
      resection. Of five melanoma-related deaths, three patients had had no
      local/regional recurrence at the time of their demise. Three compartment
      syndromes resulted as a complication of the infusional therapy and occurred
      within 1-3 days of the treatment. In vitro growth of melanoma from lymph nodes
      draining the infused area was seen in all subjects studied. Outgrowth from tumor
      within the tourniquet infusion area was observed in two patients, both of whom
      experienced recurrences clinically at 24-months' postinfusion. Pharmacokinetic
      data of total CDDP concentrations from tissue and blood (n = 4) were available
      from pretreatment to 1 hour post-therapy. Biopsy data from patients pre- and post
      treatment suggest substantial tumor uptake of CDDP as compared to local or distal
      normal skin, with minimal CDDP loss to the systemic circulation. Pharmacologic
      and clinical data of this phase II trial suggest that intraarterial infusion with
      tourniquet outflow-occlusion augments tumor tissue levels of CDDP within the
      infused extremity and enhances local control of high-risk and intransit disease.

PMID- 2910217
TI  - Predicting mortality based on body composition analysis.
AB  - The role of the Nae/Ke ratio (the ratio of exchangeable sodium to exchangeable
      potassium) was examined as a nutritional marker in surgical patients in relation
      to anthropometrical and biochemical indexes by its ability to identify patients
      at risk for mortality after hospitalization. In 73 patients with sepsis and
      malnutrition (Training Group, Madrid) the following were determined: percentage
      of recent weight loss, triceps skin fold, midarm muscle circumference, serum
      albumin, serum transferrin, delayed hypersensitivity skin test response, total
      lymphocytes, and Nae/Ke ratio by multiple isotope dilution. The predictive power
      of Nae/Ke ratio was so strong (F = 105.1; p less than 0.00001) that it displaced
      anthropometric, biochemical, and immunologic variables from the linear equation
      derived from stepwise discriminant analysis using hospital mortality as the
      dependent variable. A theoretical curve of expected deaths was developed, based
      on an equation obtained by logistic regression analysis: Pr/death/ = 1/(1 +
      e[11.8-5.2 Nae/Ke]). Pre- and post-test probabilities on that curve allowed us to
      determine two cut-off values, Nae/Ke ratios of 1.5 and 2.5, which were markers
      for nonrisk and mortality, respectively. The model was tested in a heterogeneous
      data base of surgical patients (n = 417) in another hospital (Validation Group,
      Montreal). For patients exhibiting an abnormal Nae/Ke ratio (greater than 1.2)
      and a greater than 10% of probability of death, 54 deaths were expected and 53
      observed (X2 = 1.8 NS). Two tests confirmed the basic agreement between the model
      and its performance, a G statistic of -0.704 and the area beneath the "receiver
      operating-characteristic" (ROC) curve (Az = 0.904 + 0.0516 for the Madrid group
      vs. Az = 0.915 + 0.0349 for the Montreal group, NS). It was concluded from this
      analysis that, compared with the usual anthropometric measurements, the Nae/Ke
      ratio, if available, is the best method for identifying malnourished patients at
      risk of dying.

PMID- 2910218
TI  - Problems associated with the EEA stapling technique for esophagojejunostomy after
      total gastrectomy.
AB  - Since November 1980, the EEA stapling device has been used to create an end-to
      side esophagojejunostomy in 238 patients who underwent total gastrectomy.
      Failures in the stapling technique were divided into two groups: immediate and
      delayed. Immediate failures were observed and corrected at the time of surgery.
      In ten cases, the muscular layer of the esophagus was disrupted, and in three the
      mucosal layer of the jejunum was disrupted. There were 18 delayed complications:
      eight cases of anastomotic leakage (3.4%), and ten of stenosis (4.2%). The
      leakage in one case was classified as major, and those in the other seven as
      minor. Of the ten stenosis cases, there were five of membranous stricture, four
      of granular stricture, and one of narrowing after major leakage healing. Only
      this last case required further surgical treatment. The other nine were
      successfully dilated either endoscopically or by bougienage.

PMID- 2910219
TI  - Lithium treatment and serotoninergic function. Neuroendocrine and behavioral
      responses to intravenous tryptophan in affective disorder.
AB  - Evidence suggests that lithium treatment alters serotoninergic (5-HT) function in
      laboratory animals and humans. Since 5-HT function may be abnormal in patients
      with affective disorders, we studied 23 such patients by measuring responses to
      intravenous infusion of the 5-HT precursor tryptophan before and during short
      term (less than one week) or long-term (greater than three weeks) lithium
      treatment. The prolactin response to tryptophan was significantly enhanced after
      short-term lithium treatment; long-term lithium treatment had no effect. Other
      studies have shown that the prolactin response to tryptophan is also enhanced
      after long-term tricyclic antidepressant treatment in depressed patients and
      after short- and long-term lithium treatment in healthy subjects. The present
      findings suggest that lithium treatment enhances 5-HT function, but that
      homeostatic responses of the 5-HT system to long-term lithium treatment may
      differ in patients with affective disorder and healthy subjects.

PMID- 2910220
TI  - Clomipramine in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Further evidence for a
      serotonergic mechanism of action.
AB  - Data from several previous studies link clomipramine's potent serotonergic
      effects to its clinical efficacy in reducing the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive
      disorder (OCD). To investigate this relationship further, we administered the
      serotonin (5-HT) receptor antagonist, metergoline, and placebo to ten patients
      with OCD in a crossover study carried out under double-blind, random-assignment
      conditions. In a previous study of untreated patients with OCD, we found no
      differences in the behavioral response to single-dose administration of
      metergoline or placebo. In the present study, patients with OCD receiving
      clomipramine hydrochloride on a long-term basis (with an average 40% lessening in
      OC symptoms) responded to a four-day period of administration of metergoline with
      significantly greater self- and observer-rated anxiety compared with the four-day
      placebo period. Obsessive-compulsive symptoms also tended to be greater during
      the metergoline phase, with significant drug-time interactions for both OC
      symptoms and anxiety peaking on day 4 of the metergoline phase. As anticipated,
      metergoline lowered plasma prolactin concentrations (providing evidence of
      physiologically significant 5-HT antagonism) but did not alter plasma
      clomipramine concentrations. These data further support the hypothesis that
      clomipramine's therapeutic behavioral effects in OCD are mediated via
      serotonergic mechanisms.

PMID- 2910221
TI  - Eating behavior of women with bulimia.
AB  - To obtain objective information about binge- and non-binge-eating behavior, 12
      women with bulimia and ten women without eating problems (controls) were asked to
      eat four meals in a structured laboratory setting, on separate nonconsecutive
      days. The same instructions were given to both groups. On two days, they were
      asked to eat a normal amount, and on two days, they were asked to eat as much as
      they could, ie, to binge. For each type of instruction, they were given a single-
      and a multiple-course meal. The patients ate significantly more than the controls
      when asked to binge, both on the multiple-course meals that they rated as typical
      of binges and on the single-course meals. When they were asked to eat normally,
      there was no significant difference in intake between patients and controls on
      either single- or multiple-course meals. After all meals, hunger ratings of
      patients were significantly higher than hunger ratings of controls. There was
      also a significant positive correlation between intakes of single- and multiple
      course binge meals and an inverse correlation between intake of multiple-course
      binge meals in bulimic patients and their rating of how well they controlled
      their eating. Thus, a structured laboratory eating situation can be used to
      reveal differences between bulimic and normal individuals and has the potential
      for assessing clinical status and exploring mechanisms responsible for binge
      eating.

PMID- 2910222
TI  - Changes in melatonin levels but not cortisol levels are associated with
      depression in patients with eating disorders.
AB  - Disturbances were studied in the nocturnal circadian pattern of serum melatonin
      and plasma cortisol levels in 33 female patients with an eating disorder
      (anorexia nervosa, n = 11; bulimia nervosa, n = 12; or both, n = 10) and in ten
      female control subjects of comparable age. Blood samples were obtained hourly
      from 8 PM to 6 AM under controlled darkness. Serum melatonin levels in all
      patient groups were initially similar to those of control subjects. When patients
      were divided according to depression status, those with concurrent major
      depression had significantly lower nocturnal melatonin values than the
      nondepressed group. Weight did not appear to influence melatonin levels. In
      contrast, all patient groups had significantly higher nocturnal levels of plasma
      cortisol than control subjects, and neither weight nor depression separated
      patient groups on profiles of plasma cortisol.

PMID- 2910223
TI  - State of hepatitis B virus DNA in hepatocytes of patients with noncarcinomatous
      liver disease. Its special relationship with necroinflammatory activity and the
      stage of disease.
AB  - By Southern blot hybridization, the state of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in the liver
      was investigated by utilizing needle biopsy specimens of 59 patients with
      hepatitis B surface antigen-positive noncarcinomatous liver disease. The tissue
      HBV DNA revealed a replicative form in 23 patients with chronic active hepatitis
      (48%) and an integrated form in 23 (48%) of these 48 patients. A liver with a
      replicative form was more frequently associated with hepatitis Be antigen
      (HBeAg), serum HBV DNA, and expression of hepatitis B core antigen than one
      without it. Integration of HBV DNA was more common in the anti-hepatitis Be phase
      or in the absence of necroinflammatory activity, and its frequency of occurrence
      roughly paralleled progression of liver disease: early, 21%; advanced, 56%; and
      cirrhotic stage, 61%.

PMID- 2910224
TI  - Eosinophils in skin lesions of erythema multiforme.
AB  - To investigate the controversy regarding the presence of eosinophils in skin
      lesions of erythema multiforme, we undertook a retrospective clinicopathologic
      study of 19 recent cases that fulfilled clinical and histopathologic criteria for
      the disease. At least a few eosinophils were observed in 13 of 19 cases, and in
      four cases there were more than three per high-power field, qualifying as "tissue
      eosinophilia." Immunofluorescence studies in three cases with eosinophils failed
      to show the linear basement membrane zone fluorescence characteristic of bullous
      pemphigoid. Giemsa stains revealed that mast cells were present in lesions both
      with and without eosinophils. The only clinical features that distinguished
      patients with tissue eosinophilia from those without were an older age of
      incidence and a longer duration of disease prior to biopsy. Drugs were implicated
      as a causative factor in some patients both with and without eosinophils, but all
      four patients with tissue eosinophilia were believed to have drug-induced
      disease. We conclude that eosinophils do occur in skin lesions of erythema
      multiforme and are occasionally numerous.

PMID- 2910225
TI  - Juvenile granulosa cell tumors of the ovary.
AB  - The clinical and pathologic features of 13 cases of juvenile granulosa cell tumor
      were studied. Patients' ages ranged from 6 months to 56 years (median age, 17
      years). Only one patient was postmenopausal. Three premenarchal patients had
      isosexual development. Five of seven postmenarchal patients had menstrual
      abnormalities, and two patients demonstrated virilization. Ascites was present in
      two patients. All patients had unilateral stage I tumors, ranging from 2.5 to
      24.5 cm in greatest dimension (mean greatest dimension, 12.2 cm). Characteristic
      histologic features included nodular architecture, follicle formation, abundant
      interstitial and intrafollicular acid mucopolysaccharide-rich fluid, irregular
      microcysts, individual cell necrosis, and high mitotic activity (mean activity,
      11 mitotic figures per ten high-power fields). The interstitial mucinous fluid
      consisted predominantly of hyaluronic acid. Immunohistochemical staining in five
      cases showed prominent positivity for vimentin (four cases), isolated cytokeratin
      AE1/3-positive cells (two cases), and nonreactivity for carcinoembryonic antigen
      and milk fat globule-2. Ultrastructurally, epithelial cells that resembled
      granulosa cells of the nonneoplastic preovulatory follicle and occasional cells
      with steroidogenic organelles were also found. Follow-up of ten patients revealed
      no tumor recurrences from six months to 33 years (mean, 9.5 years) after
      operation.

PMID- 2910226
TI  - Extra-adrenal myelolipoma.
AB  - Extra-adrenal myelolipomas are rarely reported lesions, with only 18 cases found
      in the world literature. We report a series of three cases, all occurring in
      women in an age range of 68 to 83 years (mean, 77 years). One patient presented
      with a pelvic mass while the other two cases were incidental findings at autopsy.
      All lesions were presacral in location, encapsulated, and not attached to
      adjacent structures. Sizes ranged from 6 to 12 cm in greatest dimension and from
      72 to 330 g. Color was a variegated yellow to red-brown. Microscopically, all
      were composed of mature fat and focal collections of normal hematopoietic
      elements. The nature of these lesions is not known but most authors favor a
      choristomatous origin. They must be distinguished from extramedullary
      hematopoietic tumors seen in patients with severe anemias, myeloproliferative
      disorders, and skeletal disease.

PMID- 2910227
TI  - Pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia in Spitz nevi. A possible source of confusion
      with squamous cell carcinoma.
AB  - The presence of epithelial hyperplasia in Spitz nevi has been recognized almost
      from the time of Spitz's first description of the distinctive lesion that bears
      her name. However, the fact that this hyperplasia can acquire
      pseudoepitheliomatous features and thus lead to a mistaken diagnosis of squamous
      cell carcinoma is not widely appreciated. This report describes six examples of
      this phenomenon.

PMID- 2910228
TI  - Clinical diagnosis is not a source of bias in selection for necropsy.
AB  - Recent reports have suggested a minimal difference in demographics between
      hospital deaths undergoing necropsy and those that do not. In order to assess
      whether the clinical diagnosis at death influenced the decision to request
      necropsy in deaths occurring in the hospital, a 10% sample of all adult
      necropsies at the University of Kansas Medical Center (Kansas City) from 1962
      through 1981 was obtained. These patients (cases) were matched by age, race, sex,
      and date of death to hospital deaths not undergoing necropsy (controls). The
      charts were reviewed, and the primary diagnosis at death was ascertained and
      categorized into one of the 14 categories of the International Classification of
      Diseases. There were 412 case-control pairs, with 237 men and 175 women in each
      group. Most patients were classified under the headings Circulatory (142 cases vs
      140 controls) and Neoplasm (143 cases vs 148 controls), followed by Respiratory
      (21 cases vs 33 controls) and Digestive (44 cases vs 28 controls). Overall, no
      statistically significant differences were observed between cases and controls.
      There were no gender-specific differences in all but two of the categories. In
      men, the controls had more patients classified under the heading injury (19 vs
      seven). In women, the control group had more patients classified under the
      heading Respiratory (14 vs four). Because of multiple comparisons, these findings
      could have occurred by chance. These data suggest that the primary diagnosis at
      death is not a source of bias in the selection for necropsy. Consequently,
      necropsy-selection bias, if it exists, may be due to other factors, such as the
      complexity of the patient's clinical course.

PMID- 2910230
TI  - Primary choriocarcinoma of the lung in a man.
AB  - A case of nongestational, extragonadal choriocarcinoma in a middle-aged man is
      described. Autopsy examination confirmed that the tumor originated in the lung.
      The trophoblastic origin of the tumor was documented by immunoperoxidase staining
      for human chorionic gonadotropin.

PMID- 2910229
TI  - Lectin histochemistry in adrenocortical hyperplasia and neoplasms with emphasis
      on carcinoma.
AB  - Lectin binding analysis of Con A, SBA, PNA, WGA, HPA, RCA-I, DBA, and UEA-I was
      performed in two cases of normal human adrenal gland, four cases of
      adrenocortical hyperplasia, six cases of adrenocortical adenoma, and seven cases
      of adrenocortical carcinoma to examine the differences of lectin binding
      properties. No lectins were bound specifically to adrenocortical cells. Binding
      of RCA-I was observed in some carcinoma cells focally but not in benign
      counterparts. With WGA and Con A, the cytoplasmic binding became apparent in the
      cells manifesting hypercorticism. In adrenocortical carcinoma, various WGA and
      Con A binding patterns were intermingled, but no specific patterns were
      identified. The focal nature of RCA-I binding, and no specific WGA and Con A
      binding properties in carcinoma, suggest that diagnosis of malignant neoplasm
      must still largely rely on clinical, hormonal, and structural criteria in
      adrenocortical neoplasms.

PMID- 2910231
TI  - Medulloblastoma with cartilaginous differentiation.
AB  - We describe the histologic, immunocytochemical, and electron microscopic features
      of a medulloblastoma containing cartilage that occurred in the left cerebellar
      hemisphere of a 57-year-old man. By light microscopy, highly cellular areas of
      the tumor typical of medulloblastoma showed evidence of both glial and
      neuroblastic differentiation. The tumor also contained foci of mature and
      immature cartilage. Transitions were observed between the cartilaginous foci and
      the more densely cellular regions of the tumor. No frankly teratomatous features
      or mesenchymal components other than cartilage were present. We postulate that
      the production of cartilage within this neoplasm most likely resulted from the
      metaplastic transformation of preexisting mesenchymal elements within the tumor
      or from multipotential neural crest-derived ectomesenchymal cells. Alternatively,
      the cartilage could have been produced directly by the neuroectodermal cells
      themselves, possibly related to a capacity for the latter to produce a chondroid
      ground substance.

PMID- 2910232
TI  - Fatal iatrogenic salicylate intoxication in a long-term user of enteric-coated
      aspirin.
AB  - A 64-year-old woman, who was taking long-term enteric-coated aspirin therapy for
      rheumatoid arthritis, was prescribed approximately twice her normal dosage (7.1 g
      daily) during a ten-day convalescence following surgery. Although she presented
      with features mimicking sepsis, biochemical analysis, ie, a spuriously high
      carbon dioxide content, suggested salicylate intoxication (admission salicylate
      concentration, 5.13 mmol/L). She died on the third day after admission. Autopsy
      showed no major source of infection except for bronchopneumonia. Long-term users
      of a high-dose aspirin are at risk for potential salicylate intoxication. The
      metabolism of salicylate, particularly its excretion kinetics, can make small
      upward dosage adjustments hazardous. Salicylate has widespread metabolic effects
      that can mimic other medical conditions, leading to delayed diagnosis of
      salicylate intoxication. Increased mortality and morbidity may result.

PMID- 2910233
TI  - Gastrointestinal arterial fibromuscular dysplasia of childhood.

PMID- 2910234
TI  - Ganglioneuromatous proliferation associated with juvenile polyposis coli.
AB  - A case of nonfamilial juvenile polyposis coli was associated ganglioneuromatous
      proliferation in the polyps is described. The ganglioneuromatous proliferation
      was characterized by clusters of mature ganglion cells and nerve fiber bundles in
      the lamina propria and submucosa of the juvenile polyps. The patient had no
      history of von Recklinghausen's disease or multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome,
      type 2b. The implications of this peculiar finding are discussed and the
      literature is reviewed.

PMID- 2910235
TI  - Role models in pathology. A new look at an old issue.
AB  - Recent trends indicate that pathology is becoming a less attractive specialty to
      US medical graduates. This article discusses role models as an important but
      underutilized tool in medical education, and pathology education, in particular.
      Historically, the term role model has been used to describe a hero or a good
      teacher. Social scientists who study specialty choices in medicine, however,
      consider role model to be a much more heterogeneous concept. The information
      gained from these studies, therefore, needs to be sorted out carefully if
      erroneous conclusions about role models are to be avoided. For example,
      personality traits and attitudinal assessment studies encourage, unfortunately,
      either a totally passive stance toward recruitment, or a selective approach to
      those students who fit the specialty profile. However, there is no available
      evidence to support such approaches in pathology. Indeed, faculty role models
      have consistently been found to be influential recruiters into specialties that
      are not well known to the students (eg, pathology). Many different types of role
      models are present in pathology. Two important types are clinical consultants and
      physician-researchers. Positive faculty role models are an effective way to
      remove false impressions and negative assumptions about the practice of
      pathology, and they should be used more explicitly in recruiting efforts.

PMID- 2910236
TI  - The flip side of tumor immunity.
AB  - A large amount of data suggest that tumors are, to some degree, dependent for
      their growth on a positive level of immune reaction, a level that is unique for
      each tumor. Each tumor gradually adjusts its immunogenicity to the level that
      will, in the immunologic context of its own particular host, maximize its growth.
      Thus, it follows that immunosuppression may be as likely as immunoaugmentation to
      have a therapeutic effect.

PMID- 2910237
TI  - Recombinant human tumor necrosis factor alone and with chemotherapeutic agents.
      Effect on nude mouse-supported human bladder cancer heterografts.
AB  - Although studies done in tissue culture (in vitro) have shown synergism between
      recombinant human tumor necrosis factor (rhTNF) and chemotherapeutic agents,
      whether such synergism exists in a complex in vivo environment with acceptable
      toxic side effects has not been determined, to our knowledge. The effect of rhTNF
      alone and in combination with cisplatin, etoposide, doxorubicin, or dactinomycin
      on the growth of heterotransplants of human bladder transitional cell carcinoma
      was studied using a modified subrenal capsule assay in athymic nude mice. Only
      etoposide potentiated rhTNF cytotoxicity; no increase in host toxicity was noted.
      Variably enhanced toxic side effects were seen with other combinations. It is
      concluded that rhTNF combined with etoposide may have potential clinically
      exploitable therapeutic "synergism" in the treatment of advanced bladder cancer.

PMID- 2910238
TI  - Squamous cell carcinoma arising in previously burned or irradiated skin.
AB  - Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) arising in previously burned or irradiated skin was
      reviewed in 66 patients treated between 1944 and 1986. Healing of the initial
      injury was complicated in 70% of patients. Mean interval from initial injury to
      diagnosis of SCC was 37 years. The overwhelming majority of patients presented
      with a chronic intractable ulcer in previously injured skin. The regional relapse
      rate after surgical excision was very high, 58% of all patients. Predominant
      patterns of recurrence were in local skin and regional lymph nodes (93% of
      recurrences). Survival rates at 5, 10, and 20 years were 52%, 34%, and 23%,
      respectively. Five-year survival rates in previously burned and irradiated
      patients were not significantly different (53% and 50%, respectively). This
      review, one of the largest reported series, better defines SCC arising in
      previously burned or irradiated skin as a locally aggressive disease that is
      distinct from SCC arising in sunlight-damaged skin. An increased awareness of the
      significance of chronic ulceration in scar tissue may allow earlier diagnosis.
      Regional disease control and survival depend on surgical resection of all known
      disease and may require radical lymph node dissection or amputation.

PMID- 2910239
TI  - Is limb-sparing surgery applicable to neurogenic sarcomas of the extremities?
AB  - The presentation, treatment, and outcome of 12 patients with high-grade
      neurogenic sarcoma (NS) of the extremity were compared with those of 21 patients
      with high-grade extremity soft-tissue sarcoma of nonneural origin in a
      retrospective study from January 1976 to January 1988. Pain and neurologic
      deficit were more common in the NS group. Limb-sparing surgery was carried out
      with equal frequency in both groups. Local recurrence was six times more frequent
      in the NS group at three-year follow-up (59% vs 10%). Width of resection margin
      was the dominant prognostic variable bearing on local control after limb-sparing
      surgery. Anatomic and functional constraints tended to limit resection margin in
      patients with NS arising from mixed motor-sensory or predominantly motor nerves.

PMID- 2910240
TI  - Patterns of recurrence after resection of osteosarcoma of the extremity.
      Strategies for treatment of metastases.
AB  - We studied recurrence patterns in 255 patients with high-grade osteosarcoma of
      the extremity and the efficacy of the treatment of these recurrences. One hundred
      seven patients developed metastatic disease: 77 had isolated pulmonary
      metastases, 17 had simultaneous metastases to lung and elsewhere, and 13 had
      metastases to other sites. Of the 77 patients with metastases confined to the
      lung, 51 (66%) underwent thoracotomy for resection of the metastases, and 13
      (17%) are long-term disease-free survivors. Patients with simultaneous metastases
      to lung and other sites, and patients with metastases to sites other than lung,
      have a poor prognosis with only one long-term disease-free survivor in these
      groups. Thoracotomy has a limited role in the treatment of metastatic disease.
      Improvements in aggressive, systemic chemotherapy are essential for improving the
      prognosis in these patients.

PMID- 2910242
TI  - Debridement of wounds with Dakin's solution.

PMID- 2910241
TI  - Clinical experience with regional pancreatectomy for adenocarcinoma of the
      pancreas.
AB  - Twenty patients with adenocarcinoma of the pancreas underwent a regional
      pancreatectomy, including resection of the pancreas, regional lymphadenectomy,
      duodenectomy, antrectomy, and sleeve resection of the portal vein. Three patients
      required mesenteric arterial reconstruction. Adjunctive radiotherapy was
      administered to 17 patients, with 11 patients receiving intraoperative radiation
      and six patients receiving postoperative external-beam-radiation. Complications
      developed in 11 patients (55%), including infectious and septic events (five
      patients), biliary or enteric fistulas (two patients), mesenteric vascular
      thrombosis (two patients), and other complications (two patients). Four patients
      (20%) suffered treatment-related deaths. The overall median survival was 12.0
      months. Survival at one year was 50% and, at three years, 10%. Two patients died
      of causes unrelated to cancer at 18 and 39 months, and one patient remains alive
      and free of disease 50 months following therapy. Morbidity and survival did not
      differ among patients who received intraoperative, conventional postoperative, or
      no radiation therapy. Although occasional patients may benefit with survivals of
      longer than three years, regional pancreatectomy carries major morbidity and
      produces little survival benefit for most patients with pancreatic cancer.

PMID- 2910243
TI  - Cancer surveillance after augmentation mammoplasty.

PMID- 2910244
TI  - The prognostic significance of lymph node metastases after preoperative
      chemotherapy for locally advanced breast cancer.
AB  - We compared the prognostic value of surgical lymph node staging after
      preoperative chemotherapy relative to other patient and tumor variables in 136
      patients with locally advanced breast cancer (T3-4 and/or N2-3) who received
      preoperative chemotherapy followed by mastectomy and axillary dissection as part
      of a prospective protocol. Univariate analysis revealed that the number of
      metastatic lymph nodes, clinical tumor stage at presentation, clinical and
      pathologic response, and menopause status were significant variables associated
      with survival and disease-free survival, but clinical node stage at presentation
      and estrogen receptor status were not. The number of metastatic lymph nodes had
      more prognostic value than the other factors, and when evaluated by multivariate
      regression, surgical node staging added significantly more information to the
      remaining variables. Surgical staging is an important component of treatment for
      patients with breast cancer undergoing preoperative chemotherapy because it can
      provide an accurate and quantitative method for subgrouping patients with
      different survival rates and it can be used to compare results between
      preoperative chemotherapy trials.

PMID- 2910245
TI  - A comparison of palpable and nonpalpable breast cancers.
AB  - Chi-square statistics were used to compare prognostic factors of 60 patients with
      nonpalpable breast cancer (NPBC) and 112 patients with palpable breast cancer.
      Noninvasive cancers were more frequent, tumor size was smaller, and nodal
      metastasis was significantly less frequent in the NPBC group. However, the
      frequency of nodal metastasis was similar when adjusted for size and grade. There
      was no significant difference in the incidence of age and menopausal status of
      the patients, histologic types, hormone receptor status, and histologic/nuclear
      grade between these two groups. The findings were consistent with the hypothesis
      that NPBCs are potentially lethal tumors and that mammograms detect them earlier,
      ie, these tumors are smaller, localized, and, therefore, more curable.

PMID- 2910246
TI  - Results of surgical excision of one to 13 hepatic metastases in 98 consecutive
      patients.
AB  - Metastatic carcinoma to the liver is generally considered to be associated with a
      poor prognosis, with five-year survival of only 20% to 30% after resection of
      solitary lesions. Ninety-eight consecutive patients underwent the surgical
      removal of one to 13 metastatic lesions from the liver. A rising carcinoembryonic
      antigen level was considered an indication for reexploration. All gross tumor was
      removed in every patient; 66 had more than one metastasis. Survival was
      unexpectedly high: 91 of 98 were alive at 12 months, 50 (70%) of 71 at 13 to 24
      months, 23 (66%) of 36 at 25 to 36 months, 14 (74%) of 19 at 37 to 48 months, six
      (60%) of ten at 49 to 60 months, four (80%) of five at 61 to 72 months, and two
      (50%) of four 73 to 84 months after resection of multiple liver metastases. The
      procedure appears to be a safe and, in some patients, beneficial surgical
      technique for the removal of multiple hepatic metastases.

PMID- 2910247
TI  - Experimental liver metastasis. Implications of clonal proclivity and organ
      specificity.
AB  - "Spontaneous" lung metastases develop in over 50% of the animals bearing
      subcutaneous isografts of WB-2054, a rat colon carcinoma. A metastatic variant
      has been developed by "Fidler" type in vivo selection, yielding 100% lung
      metastasis. In a five-week assay to test the organ specificity of this lung
      metastatic variant, however, "experimental" liver and lung metastases could be
      induced in 100% and 60% of animals on portal venous and intravenous injections,
      respectively. The results demonstrate selection of a metastatic variant from
      heterogeneous primary tumor, and suggest at least two interacting mechanisms: (1)
      mechanical (the anatomy of the blood-borne metastatic pathways) and (2) biologic
      (factors intrinsic to primary tumor subpopulations that can be selected for
      metastatic proclivity). In addition, liver metastases were successfully
      established from colon tumors induced by cecal wall injection of tumor cells.
      Such a spontaneous liver metastasis model will be useful to study the specific
      mechanisms involved during metastasis of colon cancer to the liver.

PMID- 2910248
TI  - Intra-abdominal recurrence of colorectal cancer detected by radioimmunoguided
      surgery (RIGS system).
AB  - Since 1986, 32 patients with metastatic colorectal cancer have undergone second
      look radioimmunoguided surgery (RIGS system). The primary tumor was located in
      the right and transverse colon in 11 patients, left and sigmoid colon in 16, and
      rectum in five. The carcinoembryonic antigen level was elevated in 30 patients
      (94%); all patients underwent a computed tomographic scan of the abdomen and
      pelvis. The overall sensitivity of the computed tomographic scan was 41% (abdomen
      other than liver, 27%; liver, 58%; and pelvis, 22%). The RIGS system identified
      recurrent tumor in 81% of the patients. The most common site of metastasis was
      the liver (41%), independent of the primary location. Local/regional recurrences
      alone accounted for 40% of all recurrences. In six patients (18%), recurrent
      tumor was found only with the RIGS system. The RIGS system is more dependable in
      localizing clinically obscure metastases than other methods, and carcinoembryonic
      antigen testing remains the most accurate preoperative method to indicate
      suspected recurrences.

PMID- 2910249
TI  - Rationale for aggressive colonoscopy in patients with colorectal neoplasia.
AB  - The role of colonoscopy in patients with colorectal neoplasia is not well
      established. The results of colonoscopy, from 1982 through 1987, in 42 patients
      with cancers who underwent preoperative colonoscopy (group 1), 64 patients with
      benign polyps (group 2), and 51 patients who were examined only postoperatively
      (group 3) were reviewed. These results indicated that (1) approximately one third
      of all findings would have been missed if endoscopy had been performed to only 60
      cm; (2) there was a high incidence of synchronous lesions (33.3%) in group 1 and
      34.4% in group 2); (3) 57% of patients with synchronous cancer and 63.6% of
      patients with synchronous polyps developed metachronous lesions, compared with
      10.7% and 11.9% of patients with a single lesion; (4) there was a higher
      incidence of metachronous lesions seen in group 3, compared with group 1; and (5)
      the median interval for noting metachronous lesions in patients who underwent
      colonoscopy preoperatively was approximately 18 months. These findings endorsed
      preoperative colonoscopy and aggressive follow-up in patients with colorectal
      tumors.

PMID- 2910250
TI  - Prospective phase I trial of conservative management of low rectal lesions.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to assess and function and to compare the morbidity
      of local excision and postoperative radiotherapy for rectal adenocarcinoma with
      the morbidity of abdominoperineal resection. A posterior parasacral approach was
      used for local excision. All patients had negative margins, and all but one were
      continent after completion of radiotherapy. Seven patients (29%) had either a
      wound infection or a fistula in the local excision group. No local failures
      occurred, although follow-up was only 13 months. Thirteen (50%) of the 26
      patients who underwent an abdominoperineal resection developed at least one
      complication. Combined treatment that spares the rectal sphincters may be
      preferable in selected patients with low rectal cancer, if long-term disease-free
      survival is maintained.

PMID- 2910251
TI  - Staging renal carcinoma. What is sufficient?
AB  - We retrospectively reviewed the roentgenographic and pathologic staging of 64
      patients with renal cell carcinoma to assess the role of the various staging
      modalities (ie, angiography, venacavography, bone scanning, ultrasound, computed
      tomography [CT], and magnetic resonance imaging). Specific attention was directed
      at detecting vena cava thrombus and metastatic bone disease, factors with a
      significant impact on the therapeutic approach. The findings support the role of
      CT as the principle tool for overall staging and the observation that
      venacavography is not indicated if CT has excluded caval thrombus. Similarly,
      routine bone scans are not warranted in the absence of an elevated alkaline
      phosphatase level or bone pain. The key to the more efficient utilization of
      imaging resources is understanding the capabilities of the technology available.

PMID- 2910252
TI  - Natural killer sensitivity of colorectal carcinoma targets. Correlation with
      degree of differentiation.
AB  - Lymphocytes with natural killer (NK) ability recognize a wide range of target
      cells; however, the mediators of specific target recognition are still largely
      unknown. Despite the diversity of the NK target repertoire, it is typified by
      cells of relatively immature phenotype. The purpose of this study was to
      determine if colorectal carcinoma (CRC) targets were sensitive to spontaneous
      lysis by fresh human NK effector cells and to observe the role of CRC
      differentiation in this process. Results demonstrated that poorly differentiated
      CRC targets were susceptible to NK-mediated lysis whereas CRC targets with more
      differentiated structure were NK resistant. In addition, chemical induction of a
      more mature CRC phenotype confers NK resistance on a previously NK-susceptible
      target. This maturation-related modulation of NK sensitivity can provide a model
      with which to further study interaction between NK cells and CRC targets.

PMID- 2910254
TI  - Agenesis of the corpus callosum and limbic malformation in Apert's syndrome.

PMID- 2910253
TI  - Cachectin activity in the serum of cachectic, tumor-bearing rats.
AB  - Cachectin/tumor necrosis factor has been postulated to be a possible mediator of
      cancer cachexia. Using a sensitive bioassay, we attempted to detect circulating
      cachectin activity in the serum of sarcoma-bearing rats and to correlate levels
      with measurements of cachexia and the extent of disease. In addition, we resected
      the tumor to determine the time course of reversal of cachexia and the
      disappearance of cachectin activity in the serum. Circulating cachectin activity
      was not detectable in the serum of non-tumor-bearing rats or in tumor-bearing
      rats until 28 days after implantation. With evidence of food intake and body
      weight decline, cachectin activity became detectable in the serum and levels
      increased as cachexia and tumor burden increased. Serum cachectin activity levels
      correlated directly with tumor burden and inversely with food intake and body
      weight change. After resection of the tumor, food intake and body weight
      increased and serum cachectin activity became undetectable. Serum triglyceride
      levels were higher in cachectic tumor-bearing rats than in pair-fed non-tumor
      bearing controls, and levels decreased after tumor resection as cachectin
      activity decreased. The results suggest that cachectin is a humoral mediator of
      cachexia in this rat-tumor model.

PMID- 2910255
TI  - Angiography in pure motor hemiparesis due to meningovascular syphilis.

PMID- 2910256
TI  - Plasma physostigmine concentrations after controlled-release oral administration.

PMID- 2910257
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging in moyamoya disease.

PMID- 2910258
TI  - Talking to comatose patients.

PMID- 2910259
TI  - A community-based study of parental age at the birth of patients with dementia of
      the Alzheimer type.
AB  - The association of dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) with parental age at the
      birth of patients who develop DAT was investigated in a community-based study in
      Japan. Both maternal and paternal ages of patients who have developed DAT are
      significantly higher than those in controls and multi-infarct dementia. This
      study suggests that advanced age may become a cause of chromosome abnormality,
      and advanced parental age at subjects' birth may be a possible risk factor in
      DAT.

PMID- 2910260
TI  - Neuropsychological test findings in subjects with leukoaraiosis.
AB  - Focal periventricular white-matter changes (leukoaraiosis) have been identified
      incidentally on brain imaging in normal healthy individuals and more commonly in
      the elderly and in hypertensive individuals. It has been suggested that
      leukoaraiosis represents the early stages of Binswanger's leukoencephalopathy, a
      dementing process thought to be related to hypertensive cerebrovascular disease.
      To test this hypothesis, extensive neuropsychological tests were administered to
      50 consecutive normotensive, middle-aged, healthy volunteers. Ten subjects (20%)
      had white-matter changes on magnetic resonance scans; 40 subjects (80%) had
      normal scans. The differences observed on neuropsychological testing between
      subjects with and without leukoaraiosis were not significant. While this study
      argues against a link between leukoaraiosis and dementia, prospective
      longitudinal studies are needed to determine the value of leukoaraiosis in
      predicting future cognitive decline.

PMID- 2910261
TI  - Altered norepinephrine metabolism in Shapiro's syndrome.
AB  - We studied a 66-year-old woman with spontaneous periodic hypothermia (Shapiro's
      syndrome) to determine the mechanisms that result in increased plasma
      norepinephrine (NE) levels. In comparison with age-matched control subjects,
      compartmental analysis of NE kinetics revealed an increased NE release rate into
      the extravascular compartment and decreases in NE clearance and volume of
      distribution of NE in the intravascular compartment. Clonidine therapy was
      associated with an initial dramatic decrease in the frequency of diaphoretic
      episodes as well as with a fall in NE release rate and increases in NE clearance
      and volume of distribution. We conclude that increased NE release and decreased
      plasma NE clearance result in elevated plasma NE levels in Shapiro's syndrome.
      Clonidine, which was associated with changes in NE kinetics, may provide
      effective treatment for this disorder.

PMID- 2910262
TI  - The spinal accessory nerve in childhood hemiplegia.
AB  - Fifteen of 17 children with hemiplegia were found to have weakness of the
      trapezius muscle but a normally functioning sternocleidomastoid muscle. Very few
      other cranial nerve-mediated deficits were found. The difference between the two
      muscles, both supplied by the spinal accessory nerve, may depend on a
      phylogenetic basis, with the former behaving like an appendicular muscle and the
      latter like an axial muscle.

PMID- 2910263
TI  - Lexical agraphia in Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - We studied spelling in 11 patients with senile dementia of the Alzheimer type
      (SDAT), and their performance was contrasted with that of normal controls. A
      consistent and specific pattern of linguistic agraphia was identified in the
      group with SDAT. Although patients with SDAT spelled regular words and nonwords
      as well as controls, they performed significantly worse when they spelled
      irregular words. These findings indicated an impairment of the lexical spelling
      system, consistent with the diagnosis of lexical agraphia. Our observations
      suggested a loss of word representations from the orthographic lexicon in SDAT
      and/or an inability to access these representations. However, phonological
      spelling (phoneme-grapheme conversion) was largely spared.

PMID- 2910264
TI  - Tendon reflex asymmetry by voluntary mental effort in healthy subjects.
AB  - The effect of voluntary mental influences on the tendon reflexes was examined in
      healthy subjects. The patellar reflexes were evoked by a method comparable with
      the clinical examination, and the reflexes were recorded by surface electrodes.
      Eighteen subjects were instructed to increase and then decrease the right
      patellar reflex by mental effort, without contracting any muscles. Most subjects
      increased the reflex in both conditions. Subsequently, ten subjects were
      instructed to increase the right patellar reflex and decrease the left by mental
      effort. Measurement showed reflex asymmetry in seven subjects consistent with the
      instruction. The experiment was repeated in another 20 subjects with symmetric
      reflexes at rest. Ten of these subjects were, after random assignment, instructed
      to increase either the right or the left knee jerk. All subjects (and an
      additional 15 asymmetric control subjects) were examined by a neurologist without
      knowledge of the instruction. Three of the ten instructed subjects were correctly
      judged to be asymmetric, but the agreement between instruction and neurologic
      judgment was not statistically significant. Mentally induced reflex asymmetry is
      possible, and may be clinically relevant in some cases.

PMID- 2910265
TI  - Etiology and mortality of status epilepticus in children. A recent update.
AB  - We reviewed the medical records of 218 episodes of status epilepticus in 193
      children who were admitted to the hospital between 1983 and 1987. Of the
      episodes, 61% were in boys and 39% in girls, with an age range of 1 month to 14
      years (average, 3.2 years). The majority of episodes (73%) occurred in patients
      who were less than 5 years old, with 61% less than 3 years old and 28% less than
      1 year old. Status epilepticus as the initial seizure occurred in 71% of
      episodes. In patients under 1 year of age, 75% of episodes were associated with
      acute causes (bacterial meningitis in 28% and electrolyte disorders in 30%), and
      23% were idiopathic (19% associated with fever). In children less than 3 years
      old, 47% of episodes had an acute cause, 9% had a previously known seizure
      disorder, and 32% were idiopathic (30% associated with fever). In patients older
      than 3 years, 28% of episodes were associated with acute causes, 38% were known
      epileptics, and 13% were idiopathic (11% had fever). Overall mortality was 6%,
      with 1% of all episodes ending in death during the presenting seizure. We
      conclude that the etiology of status epilepticus is age related, with acute
      causes being more common in patients with a younger age at presentation. When our
      data are compared with other large studies in children, it appears that mortality
      associated with status epilepticus has decreased.

PMID- 2910266
TI  - Chronic isolated sixth nerve palsies.
AB  - Twenty-seven cases of chronic isolated abduction deficit, seen in 25 years of
      neuro-ophthalmology consultation, were reviewed. "Isolated" was defined as the
      lack of any other neurologic or ophthalmologic findings for at least six months.
      Cases were further subdivided into the categories of true and pseudo-abducens
      paresis. The origin, diagnosis, and management of long-standing abducens palsies
      were determined. Cases of pontine glioma, chordoma, chondrosarcoma, and
      meningioma that presented as an isolated abducens palsy and remained undiagnosed
      for at least six months were reviewed.

PMID- 2910267
TI  - Acute failure of forebrain with sparing of brain-stem function.
      Electroencephalographic, multimodality evoked potential, and pathologic findings.
AB  - We describe a case of acute failure of forebrain with preservation of brain-stem
      function following cardiopulmonary arrest. This condition is distinguished from
      persistent vegetative or noncognitive states. Multimodality evoked potentials
      showed electroretinograms but no cerebral potentials to flash stimulation of both
      eyes; normal electrocochleograms and brain-stem auditory-evoked potentials to
      click stimulation of both ears; and Erb's point, N13, and P14 but no cortical
      responses to electrical excitation of both median nerves. Pathologic alterations
      consisted of pseudolaminar necrosis involving the whole cerebral cortex and other
      forebrain regions, with relative preservation of brain stem and spinal cord.
      Close correspondence existed between electrophysiologic, clinical, and major
      neuropathologic alterations.

PMID- 2910268
TI  - Gentamicin toxicity in the primate retina.
AB  - To study the toxic effect of aminoglycoside antibiotics in the primate retina,
      gentamicin sulfate was injected into the center of the vitreous cavity of Cebus
      navrigatus monkeys. At a dose of 1000 to 3000 microgram, a picture consistent
      with apparent macular infarction appeared on fundus examination and fluorescein
      angiography by three days and gradually faded by 21 days. While light and
      electron microscopic examination of the retina showed no primary vascular
      lesions, striking damage to the inner retinal layers, mainly the nerve fiber
      layer, ganglion cell layer, and the inner plexiform and nuclear layer, was seen.
      Less severe effects in the outer retinal layers and the retinal pigment
      epithelium occurred. These observations suggest that the neurotoxic effect of
      intravitreal gentamicin was sufficient to cause a complete shutdown of the
      regional blood flow, perhaps by the mechanism of granulocytic plugging of the
      capillary bed. Although this toxic effect occurred at doses considerably in
      excess of what has been recommended for clinical use in humans, the "safe" dose
      of intravitreal gentamicin, nevertheless, remains to be established
      unequivocally.

PMID- 2910269
TI  - Photoablation of ocular melanoma with a high-powered argon endolaser.
AB  - We studied the use of a 15-W argon blue-green laser in the treatment of choroidal
      melanoma in a rabbit model. Greene melanoma cells were used to produce 2- to 4-mm
      thick tumors posteriorly in the suprachoroidal space in pigmented rabbits.
      Endophotocoagulation delivered through a 600-micron fiberoptic probe was
      performed to ablate the tumor tissue and a surrounding margin of normal tissue. A
      vitreous cutter was used simultaneously to remove liberated necrotic debris. The
      effect of the laser on tumor and normal ocular tissue was evaluated by light
      microscopy and the extent of the proliferative response by tritiated thymidine
      radioautography. Application of 100 to 400 pulses of laser energy using treatment
      parameters of 12 to 14 W of power and 0.1-s pulses resulted in complete ablation
      of melanoma tissue, overlying retina, and choroid. There was no substantial
      intraoperative or postoperative hemorrhage. Material liberated during the laser
      treatment was found to be nonviable. The effect of the laser on tissue appeared
      localized to within approximately 1.25 mm of the margin of the central lesion.
      The high-energy argon laser seems to offer a means of effectively ablating
      melanoma tissue via an internal resection approach.

PMID- 2910270
TI  - Response of pig retinal pigment epithelium to laser photocoagulation in organ
      culture.
AB  - Laser photocoagulation was applied in vitro to organ culture exoplants of porcine
      retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) attached to Bruch's membrane. Four-millimeter
      round buttons of eye wall containing RPE, choroid, and sclera were treated with
      25 spots from the argon blue-green laser using 300 mW of power, a 500-micron spot
      size, and 0.1-s duration. Laser photocoagulation disrupts individual RPE cells
      acutely and lifts damaged RPE cells from Bruch's membrane. Treated areas become
      covered with irregular mounds of RPE cells within seven days. The acute damage
      and subsequent repair of the RPE in organ culture mimic the response of the RPE
      following laser photocoagulation in vivo. Thus, the morphologic response of the
      RPE to laser photocoagulation is an intrinsic property of this tissue that does
      not depend on the presence of the overlying retina.

PMID- 2910271
TI  - Ultrastructural location of extracellular matrix components in the optic nerve
      head.
AB  - The distributions of laminin and collagen types I through V were determined in
      optic nerve heads of cynomolgus monkeys using colloidal gold immunoelectron
      microscopy. Collagen types I and III localized to striated collagen fibrils in
      arterial walls throughout the optic nerve head and to fibrils comprising the core
      of the lamina cribrosa beams and optic nerve septa. Collagen type IV and laminin
      localized to basement membranes of all blood vessels and to basement membranes of
      astrocytes that lie between the laminar beams and line the optic nerve septa and
      pia mater. Collagen type V was detected both in striated collagen fibrils and in
      vascular and astrocyte basement membranes. These results provide a detailed
      understanding of the optic nerve head extracellular matrix distribution and
      illustrate a sensitive method for future study of its role in glaucomatous optic
      nerve damage.

PMID- 2910272
TI  - Malignant melanoma of the choroid with vitreal seeding.

PMID- 2910273
TI  - Excimer laser instrumentation and technique for human corneal surgery.
AB  - The design and development of the instrumentation utilized during the clinical
      and histopathologic evaluations of the first human eyes treated by argon fluoride
      excimer laser radiation are described. The laser, optical, alignment,
      measurement, and control subsystems required for this research were constructed
      to create a laser beam that has an axially symmetric energy distribution, can be
      calibrated and measured, can be aligned with the target tissue, and can be
      manipulated to excise surface tissue. The use of this excimer laser system has
      demonstrated that a nonuniform superficial lamellar keratectomy can be produced
      to excise areas of opacified, scarred, or abnormal cornea or to create a new
      anterior corneal curvature in attempts to correct refractive errors.

PMID- 2910275
TI  - Use of ophthalmic ointment to separate adhesive.

PMID- 2910274
TI  - Application of minute amounts of glue to the cornea.

PMID- 2910276
TI  - Genetic subtypes in retinitis pigmentosa.

PMID- 2910277
TI  - Increase in short-term fluctuation may be a clue for differentiating dystrophic
      from acquired defects in anterior visual pathways.

PMID- 2910278
TI  - Interest in the report of a new treatment.

PMID- 2910279
TI  - Optic disc rim area, pallor, and nerve fiber course.

PMID- 2910280
TI  - Rhodococcus equi endophthalmitis. Case report.

PMID- 2910281
TI  - Visual disturbance resulting from intranasal steroid injection. Case report.

PMID- 2910282
TI  - The Ethics Committee of the American Academy of Ophthalmology.

PMID- 2910283
TI  - Trends of the ophthalmic literature from 1955 to 1985.

PMID- 2910284
TI  - Bilateral anterior transposition of the inferior obliques.
AB  - Sixty-one children with bilateral overaction of the inferior oblique muscle with
      concurrent or previous infantile esotropia received bilateral inferior oblique
      recessions with anteriorization to a point 2 to 4 mm anterior to the lateral end
      of the inferior rectus insertion. Subsequent reoperation for recurrent overaction
      of the inferior obliques was needed in only one case. Also, substantial reduction
      in dissociated vertical deviation (DVD), when present, and almost complete
      absence of subsequent need for surgery for DVD among the 61 children of this
      series were new findings. Only one of the 61 required subsequent surgery for
      manifest DVD. In another series of 60 infantile esotropes of similar ages drawn
      from the same practice who had previously had no inferior oblique surgery, nine
      needed surgery for DVD. This difference (one of 61 vs nine of 60) was
      significant.

PMID- 2910285
TI  - Management of monocular congenital cataracts.
AB  - From 1971 through 1985, a diagnosis of monocular congenital cataract was made in
      14 consecutive patients. All patients had a visually significant cataract that
      was documented at birth or within 2 months of age. All patients were followed up
      long enough to report distance linear recognition acuity. Excellent visual acuity
      (V/A) correlated with earlier surgery, earlier contact lens fit, and excellent
      amblyopia therapy compliance. The oldest age for attainment of excellent or good
      V/A was 17 weeks. Patching therapy was based on the binocular fixation pattern.
      The patching program consisted of 50% occlusion until the age of 2 months and
      gradually increased to 100% occlusion after the age of 7 months. Six patients
      (43%) attained excellent V/A (greater than 20/50), with three patients (21%)
      attaining good V/A (20/60 to 20/100) and five patients attaining poor V/A (less
      than 20/100).

PMID- 2910286
TI  - Ocular manifestations of the congenital varicella syndrome.
AB  - Three children developed the congenital varicella syndrome following a maternal
      varicella infection during the second trimester of pregnancy. Systemic findings
      included a bulbar palsy, mild hemiparesis, cicatricial skin lesions,
      developmental delay, and learning difficulties. Ocular findings included
      chorioretinitis, atrophy and hypoplasia of the optic discs, a congenital
      cataract, and Horner's syndrome. Electroretinograms and pattern-reversal visual
      evoked potentials recorded from the four eyes with chorioretinitis were
      attenuated and degraded. Two of the children had been misdiagnosed as having
      congenital toxoplasmosis. Chorioretinal scars probably occur more frequently with
      the congenital varicella syndrome than has been previously recognized and should
      be included in the differential diagnosis of congenital chorioretinal scars.
      Hypoplasia of the optic disc may develop after an intrauterine varicella
      infection during the 16th week of gestation. Children with the congenital
      varicella syndrome should be examined by an ophthalmologist to exclude ocular
      abnormalities. These abnormalities are often subtle and difficult to diagnose
      correctly.

PMID- 2910287
TI  - Tonic upgaze in infancy. A report of three cases.
AB  - Episodic conjugate tonic upgaze unassociated with seizures or downgaze palsy was
      noted in three infants during the first months of life. With age, the episodes
      became shorter and less frequent and were most notable during periods of fatigue
      or illness. This phenomenon may be analogous to transient tonic downward
      deviation of the eyes in healthy infants.

PMID- 2910288
TI  - Lens fluorescence in relation to metabolic control of insulin-dependent diabetes
      mellitus.
AB  - The correlation of blue-green lens fluorescence to the metabolic control of
      insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus was studied in 36 patients in whom the level
      of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) had been followed from the onset of
      diabetes. Good metabolic control (22 patients, all with mean HbA1c levels, less
      than 7.0% and, thus, low blood glucose concentrations) was associated with less
      lens fluorescence and a higher lens transmittance than poor metabolic control (14
      patients, all with mean HbA1c levels, greater than 9.7%). It appears that in
      diabetes, an increase in lens fluorescence and a decrease in lens transmittance
      are delayed by good metabolic control, and that the determination of lens
      fluorescence provides information about the long-term control of diabetes.

PMID- 2910289
TI  - Various stages of optic neuritis assessed by subjective brightness of flicker.
AB  - In the Aulhorn flicker test, the subjective brightness of a steady field is
      matched to that of a flickering field at 50 to 0 Hz. The test gives pathologic
      values only for active optic neuritis (ON) and gives normal results for normal
      eyes and eyes with subsided ON and other diagnoses, with a specificity of 98% and
      a sensitivity of 85.5%. Characteristic variations of the curves of subjective
      brightness during the course of ON allow a subtle assessment of five different
      disease stages, and there is a clear distinction between various disease
      patterns, ie, acute, chronic, recurrent, diminishing, and subsided ON. This
      distinction is impossible on the basis of visual evoked potentials. The test can
      be done easily and quickly without major technical equipment, even in an
      ophthalmologist's office.

PMID- 2910290
TI  - Chemotactic activity of aqueous humor. A cause of failure of trabeculectomies?
AB  - The chemoattractant activity for ocular fibroblasts of the aqueous humor of
      patients undergoing glaucoma surgery was evaluated in 48-well microchemotaxis
      chambers and compared with control specimens from patients undergoing cataract
      extractions. All specimens were chemoattractant, but those from patients who had
      previously undergone glaucoma surgery that had failed were of significantly
      greater activity than the controls'. This chemoattractant activity is primarily
      chemotactic. It consists of heat-stable and heat-labile components. The
      predisposition of a patient to sustain failed glaucoma drainage surgery may be
      related to the chemoattractant activity of his aqueous humor, since strongly
      chemoattractant aqueous humor may encourage fibrosis at the operation site.

PMID- 2910291
TI  - Treatment of carotid-cavernous sinus fistulas using a detachable balloon catheter
      through the superior ophthalmic vein.
AB  - Four consecutive patients with carotid-cavernous sinus fistulas that could not be
      treated by the standard techniques of endoarterial balloon occlusion or
      embolization were successfully treated by advancement of a detachable balloon
      catheter through the ipsilateral superior ophthalmic vein. Under angiographic
      monitoring, the balloon was passed into the cavernous sinus, inflated to close
      the fistula, and detached. Three of the patients had a spontaneous fistula, and
      one had a traumatic fistula that had previously been trapped unsuccessfully. All
      patients had complete resolution of symptoms and signs after occlusion of the
      fistula. There were no intraoperative or postoperative complications. The
      transvenous approach to the cavernous sinus through the superior ophthalmic vein
      is a safe, effective treatment of carotid-cavernous sinus fistulas, whether they
      are direct or dural in nature.

PMID- 2910292
TI  - Minocycline levels in tears of patients with active trachoma.
AB  - We determined minocycline levels in human tears and plasma samples using high
      performance liquid chromatography. In the first study, we determined the trough
      tear and plasma levels of minocycline in patients with active trachoma 24 hours
      after an oral dose. After a single dose of minocycline, the mean concentration of
      the drug in tear samples was 189 +/- 58 ng/mL and corresponding plasma levels
      were 578 +/- 290 ng/mL. In a second study, we monitored the pharmacokinetics of
      the drug in tear and plasma samples of healthy nonfasting adults. Tear and plasma
      samples were collected at 1 through 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours. The
      pharmacokinetics study revealed that 48 hours following a single 200-mg dose of
      minocycline, the mean tear level of minocycline was 68 ng/mL, which is above the
      in vitro minimal inhibitory concentration required for Chlamydia trachomatis and
      other susceptible organisms.

PMID- 2910293
TI  - A comparison of retrobulbar and periocular anesthesia for cataract surgery.
AB  - Complications of retrobulbar anesthesia are rare but significant. Periocular
      anesthesia has been advocated as an alternative to retrobulbar injections. In a
      prospective, randomized, masked study of 79 consecutive cataract extractions with
      intraocular lens implantations, 40 patients received retrobulbar injections and
      39 patients received periocular injections. In every instance, the volume of the
      injection was 5 mL. No significant difference in surgeon's assessment of akinesia
      and anesthesia was found. Supplemental anesthesia was required in eight (21%) of
      the patients who received retrobulbar injections and in 11 (28%) of the patients
      who received periocular injections. A significant increase in chemosis was found
      with periocular injections. There was one complication with retrobulbar
      anesthesia and none with periocular anesthesia. No significant difference in
      patient assessment of comfort was found. The efficacy of periocular anesthesia
      appears to be comparable to that of retrobulbar anesthesia.

PMID- 2910294
TI  - The ultrastructural pathological features of congenital microcoria. A case
      report.
AB  - We describe the light microscopic, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopic
      findings in a sporadic case of congenital microcoria in a 72-year-old man with
      senile cataract. We demonstrated a lack of myofilaments and desmin in the stromal
      cytoplasmic processes of the anterior pigmented cells of the iris, although other
      features of muscle differentiation were present in these few surviving cell
      processes that normally form the pupil dilator muscle. Degenerative changes in
      anterior pigment cells and iris stromal atrophy were thought to be late secondary
      features of microcoria. The findings suggest that congenital microcoria results
      from a defect of intermediate filaments in the terminal fetal stages of
      differentiation of the anterior pigmented epithelial cell of the iris, with
      absence of myofilaments and consequent failure of development of a functional
      dilator pupil muscle.

PMID- 2910295
TI  - Binding of pirprofen to human serum albumin studied by dialysis and spectroscopy
      techniques.
AB  - The interaction of pirprofen with human serum albumin (HSA) was investigated by
      equilibrium dialysis and spectroscopic (UV absorption, fluorescence, CD, NMR)
      techniques. It was found that HSA binds pirprofen nonstereospecifically. The
      binding of pirprofen depends upon the N-B conformational change of albumin.
      Chloride ions appear to displace the drug from its binding site. The
      thermodynamic parameters suggest that the interaction may be explained by
      electrostatic as well as hydrophobic forces. The absorption spectral changes
      which accompanied the binding of pirprofen to HSA implied that the aromatic
      portion of drugs was inserted into the hydrophobic crevice in the protein, while
      the carboxyl group of the drug interacted with a cationic site on the albumin
      surface. The NMR data indicated that the pyrroline ring and propionic acid parts
      may be the major binding site for HSA. A specific binding site for pirprofen on
      the HSA was found to be site II, benzodiazepine site, using fluorescence probes
      and drug markers. In addition, from the binding data with modified HSA, it seems
      that Tyr-411 is specifically involved in pirprofen binding.

PMID- 2910296
TI  - Effect of 4-methylpyrazole on ethanol-induced decrease in rat plasma amino acids.
AB  - It has been shown earlier that an acute dose of ethanol causes an immediate
      decrease in the concentration of most plasma amino acids, and that this decrease
      involves both beta-adrenergic and adrenocortical mechanisms. In this work is
      shown that the oxidation of ethanol also plays an important role in the amino
      acid decreasing effect. Male rats were pretreated with 4-methylpyrazole, an
      inhibitor of liver alcohol dehydrogenase, in doses causing an 85% inhibition of
      the ethanol elimination. In this group the ethanol-induced decrease in amino
      acids was much less pronounced than in a control group pretreated with saline.

PMID- 2910297
TI  - Comparative cytotoxicity, DNA synthesis inhibition and drug incorporation of
      eight anthracyclines in a model of doxorubicin-sensitive and -resistant rat
      glioblastoma cells.
AB  - We have compared the growth inhibition, DNA synthesis inhibition and cell
      incorporation of eight anthracyclines in a model of doxorubicin-sensitive and 
      resistant rat C6 glioblastoma cells. The anthracyclines studied were both the
      reference molecules (daunorubicin, doxorubicin) and the new drugs recently
      introduced in clinical use or in trials (epirubicin, idarubicin, pirarubicin,
      esorubicin, rubidazone, 4'-deoxy-4'-iododoxorubicin). We have shown that the in
      vitro growth inhibition was correlated with the LD50. The new anthracyclines were
      more potent than the reference drugs in the sensitive cells and the resistance
      patterns revealed a reduced cross resistance of idarubicin, pirarubicin and 4'
      deoxy-4'-iododoxorubicin towards the doxorubicin-resistant line. DNA synthesis
      inhibition occurred for much higher doses than growth inhibition in sensitive
      cells, but for similar doses in resistant cells. This suggests that different
      mechanisms could be involved in the mechanism of growth inhibition in sensitive
      and resistant cells. For similar exposures, reduction of drug incorporation was a
      general feature in the resistant line when compared to the sensitive one.
      However, no correlation was shown, for the various drugs, between the reduction
      of incorporation and the resistance factor. Moreover, the intracellular
      concentration required for growth inhibition is much higher in resistant cells
      than in sensitive cells, suggesting that increased drug efflux might not be the
      only mechanism to explain drug resistance.

PMID- 2910298
TI  - Pulmonary disposition of the potent glucocorticoid budesonide, evaluated in an
      isolated perfused rat lung model.
AB  - Budesonide is a potent glucocorticoid developed for the local treatment of
      respiratory disorders such as bronchial asthma and allergic rhinitis. We now
      report the lung disposition of 3H-budesonide administered either via the air
      passages or via the pulmonary circulation using isolated perfused and ventilated
      rat lungs. A rapid initial absorption was found after intratracheal
      administration of a clinically relevant dose of the drug. However, about half of
      the given dose was slowly released into the lung perfusate. The lung uptake of
      budesonide from the pulmonary circulation was relatively high (lung extraction
      ratio about 0.12). These data points to a high lung affinity for budesonide. The
      drug was not biotransformed in the lung. The high lung affinity and absence of
      lung metabolism can be important factors to explain the good therapeutic effects
      seen with budesonide in the clinic.

PMID- 2910299
TI  - Chromatographic characterization of neurotoxic esterase.
AB  - Neurotoxic esterase (neuropathy target enzyme, NTE) is an enzyme whose
      irreversible inhibition is the apparent first step in the induction of
      organophosphorus-induced delayed neuropathy. NTE is an integral membrane protein
      and thus must be solubilized before isolation can be attempted. This study
      describes solubilization of active chicken brain NTE with the nondenaturing
      detergent 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate (CHAPS) and
      characterization of the detergent-solubilized enzyme by gel exclusion
      chromatography. When detergent-solubilized membranes were chromatographed on
      Sepharose gel exclusion media, NTE activity eluted with an apparent molecular
      weight of 880-970 kD. When [3H]diisopropylphosphorofluoridate-radiolabeled
      membranes and unlabeled microsomal membranes were CHAPS-solubilized, combined and
      chromatographed on Sepharose 4B, NTE activity coeluted with two radiolabeled
      proteins (Mr = 148 kD and Mr = 112 kD using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide
      gel electrophoresis with reducing conditions). Another radiolabeled protein (Mr =
      92 kD) coeluted exclusively with inhibitor-resistant esterase activity. This
      study provides strong evidence that the 148 and 112 kD proteins are subunits of a
      multicomponent NTE complex.

PMID- 2910301
TI  - Hemoglobin catalysis of a monooxygenase-like aliphatic hydroxylation reaction.

PMID- 2910300
TI  - In vitro inhibition of hepatic steroid hydroxylation by tamoxifen, a series of
      tamoxifen analogues and related compounds.
AB  - The in vitro inhibition of the cytochrome P-450 (P-450) isozyme specific
      positional hydroxylation of androst-4-ene-3,17-dione (androstenedione) by the
      alkylamino containing compounds trans- and cis-tamoxifen, 4-hydroxytamoxifen, N
      desmethyltamoxifen, SKF 525-A and the non-alkylamino containing compounds
      tamoxifen metabolite E, and tamoxifen analogue U-23469 was assessed in pooled
      hepatic microsomes isolated from untreated male rats. P-450 IIA 1-mediated
      androstenedione 7 alpha-hydroxylation appeared refractory to inhibition, with the
      lowest I50s being approximately 200 microM (cis- and and trans-tamoxifen, 4
      hydroxytamoxifen). (According to the recently recommended nomenclature for
      cytochromes P-450 (Nebert DW and Gonzalez FJ, Ann Rev Biochem 56: 945-993, 1987),
      rat hepatic cytochromes P-450 UT-A, PB-B, PCN-E and UT-F are encoded by genes IIC
      11, IIB 1, IIIA 1/2 and IIA 1, respectively. I50s toward the P-450 IIC 11-, IIB 1
      , and IIIA 1/2-catalysed reactions, androstenedione 16 alpha-, 16 beta- and 6
      beta-hydroxylations, respectively, were generally in the range 70-190 microM.
      However, metabolite E exhibited a rather specific and potent capacity to inhibit
      androstenedione 16 alpha-hydroxylase activity (I50 = 18 microM). Since a number
      of alkylamine compounds have been shown to sequester microsomal P-450 as an
      inactive metabolite intermediate (MI), the tamoxifen analogues were investigated
      for their in vitro MI complexation capacity. However, spectral binding studies
      revealed that the incubation of these compounds with NADPH-fortified microsomal
      fractions did not result in MI complex formation. In binding experiments
      conducted with oxidised microsomal fractions it was apparent that most of the
      tamoxifen analogues are type I ligands of quite high affinity for ferric P-450
      (Ks range 10-60 microM). It seems unlikely that MI formation is involved in the
      observed inhibition of androstenedione hydroxylation by tamoxifen and congeners.
      Instead, and in contrast to the situation observed with SKF 525-A, it would
      appear that the inhibitory capacity of the tamoxifen analogues is more closely
      related to type I binding capacity with ferric P-450. A finding of particular
      interest is that metabolite E, in which the alkylamino side-chain is absent,
      elicited a type I interaction of high capacity. The maximal absorbance change of
      the type I interaction of this compound with microsomal P-450 was about three
      fold greater than the other compounds.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2910302
TI  - Effects of maternally administered cimetidine during lactation on the development
      of drug metabolizing enzymes in mouse pups.

PMID- 2910303
TI  - Effect of glutathione depletion on morphine toxicity in mice.

PMID- 2910304
TI  - Prevention by antioxidants of oxidative damage to rabbit kidneys subjected to
      cold ischaemia.

PMID- 2910305
TI  - Thermodynamic studies on the interactions of di-substituted anthraquinones with
      DNA.

PMID- 2910306
TI  - Partial characterization of an enzyme that hydrolyzes sarin, soman, tabun, and
      diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate (DFP).
AB  - The properties of a rat liver enzyme that hydrolyzes organophosphorus (OP)
      inhibitors of cholinesterases were studied. The rates of hydrolysis of OP
      inhibitors were determined by continuous titration of released hydrogen ions,
      using a pH stat method. Centrifugation of homogenates at 205,000 g for 30 min
      demonstrated that the activity was in the soluble fraction. Hydrolysis of sarin,
      soman, and diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate (DFP), but not of tabun, was
      stimulated by the addition of Mn2+ and Mg2+. Hydrolysis of sarin greater than
      soman greater than tabun greater than DFP. Unlike other OP hydrolases that
      preferentially hydrolyze the non-toxic isomers of soman, this enzyme hydrolyzed
      all four soman isomers at approximately the same rate. This result was obtained
      in vitro by gas chromatographic analysis of enzyme-catalyzed soman hydrolysis and
      confirmed in vivo by demonstrating reduced toxicity in mice of soman partially
      hydrolyzed by this enzyme. Km and Vmax were determined by fitting V vs [S] to a
      hyperbolic function using regression analysis. Km values ranged from 1.1 mM for
      soman to 8.9 mM for tabun. Vmax values ranged from 54 nmol/min/mg protein for DFP
      to 2694 for sarin. The enzyme was stable for at least 2 months at -90 degrees but
      was inactivated by heating at 100 degrees for 5 min. Elution profiles from gel
      filtration by high pressure liquid chromatography showed that the hydrolytic
      activity for the OP inhibitors eluted in a single peak, suggesting that a single
      enzyme was responsible for the observed hydrolysis. Further purification and
      characterization of this enzyme should prove useful for the development of
      methods for detection, detoxification, and decontamination of these
      cholinesterase inhibitors.

PMID- 2910307
TI  - Effects of adriamycin and etoposide on the replication of adenovirus 5 in
      sensitive and resistant human tumour cells.
AB  - Adenovirus is a potential probe for identifying and understanding drug
      sensitivity in primary, nonproliferating cultures of human normal and tumour
      cells but the scope and limitations of such an approach first need to be
      evaluated in established cell lines. For this purpose we have identified an
      ovarian tumour cell line (CI-80-13S) with natural resistance to adriamycin,
      etoposide and crosslinking agents compared with other human tumour lines.
      Resistance to adriamycin correlated poorly with resistance to etoposide in these
      cell lines (r = 0.05). Adenovirus replication in drug-treated cells (viral
      capacity) was found to be differentially inhibited in sensitive cells when the
      drug was administered to cells simultaneously with infection (adriamycin) or 20
      hr after infection (etoposide). Viral capacity could not be inhibited by more
      than 90% in sensitive cells. In contrast, no such plateau was exhibited in the
      dose-responses of cell survival or inhibition of cellular DNA synthesis, both of
      which distinguished sensitive from resistant cells. Adenovirus was not
      inactivated by preincubation with high doses of adriamycin or etoposide, thus
      confirming that no functionally-relevant damage is directly induced by these
      agents in DNA. Uptake of adriamycin and etoposide was similar in sensitive and
      resistant cells and both agents blocked cells in the G2 phase of the cell cycle.
      Protein-linked DNA was induced in sensitive cells. The results indicate that (a)
      these drugs have two dose-dependent effects in cells, one of which does not
      inhibit replication of adenovirus; and (b) inhibition of adenovirus replication
      could in principle be used to predict sensitivity to adriamycin and etoposide.

PMID- 2910308
TI  - Perturbation of liver microsomal calcium homeostasis by ochratoxin A.
AB  - The effect of ochratoxin A on hepatic microsomal calcium sequestration was
      studied both in vivo and in vitro. The rate of ATP-dependent calcium uptake was
      inhibited by 42-45% in ochratoxin A intoxicated rats as compared to controls. In
      the presence of NADPH, addition of ochratoxin A (2.5 to 100 microM) caused a
      concentration-dependent inhibition of calcium uptake (28-94%) by untreated rat
      liver microsomes. The rate of NADPH-dependent lipid peroxidation, measured as
      malondialdehyde formed, was also greatly enhanced by ochratoxin A. Various agents
      that inhibited ochratoxin A enhanced lipid peroxidation were also able to block
      the destruction of calcium uptake activity. Lipid peroxidation enhanced by
      ochratoxin A was also accompanied by leakage of calcium from calcium-loaded
      microsomes. These results suggest that ochratoxin A disrupts microsomal calcium
      homeostasis by an impairment of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane probably via
      enhanced lipid peroxidation.

PMID- 2910309
TI  - Presence of cytosolic aldehyde dehydrogenase isozymes in adult and fetal rat
      liver.
AB  - A colony of Wistar-strain rats bred at Purdue University was composed of animals
      with two different isozyme patterns of liver cytosolic aldehyde dehydrogenase (EC
      1.2.1.3, ALDH) as determined by isoelectric focusing. One cytosolic isozyme
      pattern had a major activity band with a pI = 5.8 and a minor activity band at pI
      = 6.2. The other pattern contained three major isozymes with pI values of 5.3,
      5.4 and 5.6 along with the pI 6.2 isozyme and a trace of the 5.8 one. The 5.8 and
      6.2 isozymes were recognized by antibodies produced against horse and beef liver
      cytosolic ALDH, whereas the set of three (5.3-5.6) were not. The cytosolic
      isozymes were inhibited by low levels of disulfiram and had Km values for
      acetaldehyde in the 100 microM range, properties typical for cytosolic ALDHs. All
      animals contained the same isozymes of liver mitochondrial ALDH. These were a
      major activity with a pI = 5.2 and minor activities associated with isozymes of
      pI = 6.4 and 6.6. These isozymes were recognized by antibodies produced against
      pure horse and beef liver mitochondrial ALDHs. Both cytosolic and mitochondrial
      ALDHs were found in fetal liver as early as day 15 of gestation. The total
      activity for mitochondrial ALDH increased between day 15 and day 21 whereas that
      for cytosolic ALDHs remained relatively constant during development. It appeared
      that both cytosolic and mitochondrial ALDH were present by at least the third
      trimester and could afford the fetus some protection against the toxic action of
      endogenous or exogenous aldehydes.

PMID- 2910310
TI  - A novel form of cytochrome P-450 in beagle dogs. P-450-D3 is a low spin form of
      cytochrome P-450 but with catalytic and structural properties similar to P-450d.
AB  - A form of cytochrome P-450, P-450-D3, cross reactive with antibodies to rat P
      450d was purified from liver microsomes of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)-treated
      female Beagle dogs to an electrophoretic homogeneity. Judging from the result of
      sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), the
      molecular weight of P-450-D3 was estimated to be 54,000. The oxidized form of P
      450-D3 showed a peak at 416 nm indicating that the cytochrome is mostly in a low
      spin state. The carbon monoxide bound reduced form of P-450-D3 showed a peak at
      448 nm. In a reconstituted system, P-450-D3 catalyzed drug oxidations including
      benzphetamine and aminopyrine N-demethylations, 7-ethoxycoumarin and p
      propoxyaniline O-dealkylations, and aniline and benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylations.
      The rate of aniline hydroxylation catalyzed by P-450-D3 was similar to that
      catalyzed by P-450c which is a low spin form of cytochrome P-450 purified from
      liver microsomes of PCB-treated rats, whereas the catalytic activities of P-450
      D3 for 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylation and benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylation were
      considerably lower than those of P-450c. The amino terminal portion of P-450-D3
      was found to be highly similar to those of P-450d, human P3-450 and P3-450 when
      four amino acid deletions were tentatively inserted between fifth and sixth amino
      acids from the N-terminal, but not that of P-450c which is a low spin form of
      cytochrome P-448 purified from rat liver microsomes. These results indicate that
      Beagle dogs possess a low spin form of cytochrome P-450 with spectral properties
      similar to P-450c but with catalytic and structural properties similar to P-450d.

PMID- 2910312
TI  - Bilateral absence of the ulna in twins as a manifestation of the split hand-
      split foot deformity.
AB  - Bilateral absence of the ulna and ulnar rays in twin female infants are described
      as a manifestation of the split hand--split foot deformity (ectrodactyly). Family
      history revealed the father had a unilateral split hand. Given the wide
      variability of expression of this disorder and the availability of prenatal
      diagnosis, there is a need for obstetricians and pediatricians to recognize
      parents with this malformation and appreciate the potential for severely affected
      offspring.

PMID- 2910311
TI  - Increased hepatic retinal dehydrogenase activity after phenobarbital and ethanol
      administration.
AB  - Cytosolic retinal dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.36, retinal: NAD+ oxidoreductase)
      activity was measured by assessing the conversion of retinal to retinoic acid by
      HPLC. In vitro, acetaldehyde, chloral hydrate and disulfiram were found to be
      inhibitors, whereas 95% of the activity remained in the presence of cyanide or in
      the absence of oxygen. In rats, retinal dehydrogenase activity prevailed over
      that of retinal oxidase. By contrast, in deermice, 80% of retinal oxidation was
      due to the oxidase rather than the retinal dehydrogenase activity in a normal
      strain (ADH+) as well as in one lacking alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH-). In ADH-
      deermice, retinal oxidase activity was greater than in ADH+ animals. In vivo, in
      the rat, chronic ethanol administration resulted in a significant increase of the
      dehydrogenase activity in the liver, but not in other tissues. After
      phenobarbital administration, hepatic retinal dehydrogenase activity was
      increased 8-fold, but no extrahepatic induction was observed. Conversely, feeding
      rats with a diet devoid of the precursor for the substrate (retinal) by replacing
      retinyl acetate with an equivalent amount of retinoic acid resulted in decreased
      retinal dehydrogenase activity. Under conditions in which retinal dehydrogenase
      activity is rate-limiting for the metabolism of retinal to retinoic acid, its
      induction after phenobarbital or ethanol administration may contribute to hepatic
      vitamin A depletion.

PMID- 2910313
TI  - Maternal, cord, and neonatal carnitine correlations and lipid profiles of various
      birthweight infants.
AB  - The carnitine, acylcarnitine, and triglyceride concentrations were determined in
      the average for gestational age neonates of various birthweights and gestational
      ages and their corresponding maternal and umbilical cord plasma. Forty-two
      infants were divided into one of four groups based on birthweight: Group 1, less
      than 1000 gm; group II, 1001 to 1510 gm; group III, 1511 to 2500 gm; and group IV
      were term infants who served as the reference group. Results indicated that there
      was an overall decrease of total carnitine and nonesterified carnitine with
      advancing gestational age (r = -0.4418, p less than 0.01). Furthermore, there
      were three distinct phases of plasma carnitine concentrations from 24 weeks to
      term. The plasma carnitine profile of the neonates less than 1500 gm was strongly
      correlated (r = 0.73) to their maternal plasma carnitine profile and that of term
      neonate to their umbilical cord plasma. Acylcarnitine and triglycerides were not
      significantly correlated.

PMID- 2910314
TI  - Measures to enhance performance of an atraumatic cesarean section in prematurity.
AB  - Cesarean sections performed for the delivery of the premature infant are known to
      be prone to dangers to the fetus, primarily due to contraction of the incised but
      as yet undelivered uterus upon the fetus, which thus entraps it. Reported is our
      technique for performing a cesarean section in prematurity, describing two simple
      yet helpful measures-halothane administered to the mother and controlled entrance
      to the amniotic sac, after having completed the whole uterine incision without
      rupturing the membrances. These measures are designed to avoid or at least, it is
      hoped, to reduce the occurrence of the previously mentioned severe complication.

PMID- 2910315
TI  - Influence of the fetal scalp electrode stimulation test on fetal heart rate and
      body movements in quiet and active behavioral states during labor.
AB  - Thirty women were studied to examine the effect of fetal scalp stimulation on
      fetal heart rate (FHR) accelerations and gross body movements in quiet and active
      fetal behavioral states during the active phase of labor. Stimulation was
      performed by five consecutive tractions of the fetal scalp electrode. Fetal
      response in terms of fetal movements and FHR accelerations occurring within 15
      seconds after stimulation was observed in all fetuses of the active state group.
      In the quiet state group 14 of 15 fetuses responded with body movements and in 12
      fetuses FHR accelerations were observed. Subsequently, most of the fetuses
      returned to the quiet state. We suggest that a normal and healthy fetus is
      expected to respond to the fetal scalp electrode stimulation test even in the
      quiet behavioral state.

PMID- 2910316
TI  - Anesthesia for perinatal surgery.
AB  - A 30 year gravida 3 para 2002 woman presented at 28 weeks' gestation with
      polyhydramnios. Ultrasound revealed a single fetus with a large anterior neck
      mass. With halothane general anesthesia providing uterine relaxation and
      maintaining placental and umbilical blood flow, an otolaryngologist attempted to
      secure the airway. We discuss the rationale for our anesthetic management and
      suggest its use in similar situations in which surgical intervention may be
      required in the immediate perinatal period.

PMID- 2910317
TI  - Increased neonatal urinary ammonia: a marker for in utero caloric deprivation?
AB  - The decline in the urinary urea to ammonia ratio represents a simple measure of
      nutritional status in the adult. We examined the relationship of this ratio to
      nutrient-related fetal growth retardation. Levels of ammonia and urea nitrogen
      were measured in the first voided urine and cord blood from 15 term infants
      exhibiting a wide range of growth. Analysis by multiple regression with neonatal
      ponderal index as the primary dependent variable revealed a significant
      correlation between lowered ponderal index and decreased urinary urea and
      ammonia. The correlation was primarily a function of increasing ammonia levels,
      with no relationship between fetal leanness and urinary urea. Comparable cord
      artery and vein ammonia suggest that placental ammoniagenesis was not a major
      determinant of observed elevations in urinary ammonia. Confirmation of the
      striking correlation between increased urinary ammonia and lowered neonatal
      ponderal index may afford a simple test for the identification of nutrient
      related growth retardation.

PMID- 2910318
TI  - Diagnosis and management of susceptibility to malignant hyperthermia in
      pregnancy.
AB  - A case of susceptibility to malignant hyperthermia, diagnosed by muscle biopsy
      during the first trimester of pregnancy, is presented. Pertinent medical history
      that might raise this suspicion is reviewed. The pathophysiology of malignant
      hyperthermia is discussed. Recent reports documenting the placental transfer of
      dantrolene and complications associated with dantrolene administration during
      labor are described. The pharmacology of dantrolene sodium is presented.
      Guidelines regarding the management of labor and delivery in patients susceptible
      to malignant hyperthermia are outlined. Suggestions for counseling patients and
      their children with this syndrome are reviewed.

PMID- 2910319
TI  - Sepsis with Citrobacter diversus in sick newborns.
AB  - Citrobacter diversus has been increasingly recognized as a cause of life
      threatening neonatal meningitis with frequent abscess formation. This condition
      is associated with high mortality and extremely poor prognosis. We report our
      experience with C. diversus septicemia without meningitis in critically ill
      newborns. Thirteen patients with mean birthweight 1530 +/- 925 gm and mean
      gestational age 31.3 +/- 3.5 weeks were affected. They were compared with a group
      of infants affected by Escherichia coli sepsis, matched for weight, gestational
      age, and age at diagnosis. The groups did not differ in the incidence of
      perinatal complications, peripheral white blood cells, platelet count, and death
      rate. Hypotension was more frequently found in E. coli sepsis (p less than 0.05).
      All C. diversus isolates were resistant to gentamicin but sensitive to
      cephalosporins. C. diversus has become the most common nosocomial pathogen in our
      unit. Plasma profile analysis suggests that two different strains of C. diversus
      were involved in the outbreak reported here. Therapy for suspected C. diversus
      septicemia should include cephalosporins whenever resistance to aminoglycosides
      is demonstrated.

PMID- 2910320
TI  - Histologic examination of the placenta in the growth-retarded fetus.
AB  - This investigation was undertaken to determine whether histologic examination of
      the placenta contributed to a better understanding of the cause of intrauterine
      fetal growth retardation. Placentas were examined of 151 liveborn infants whose
      birthweights were in the lower 10th percentile for gestational age. One or more
      histologic aberrations were found in 139 (92%) cases, in contrast to one or more
      antenatal risk factors (primarily hypertension) in 77 (51%) cases or a gross
      placental abnormality (primarily abruption) in 46 (30%) cases. Compared with
      placentas belonging to appropriately sized fetuses, histologic signs of
      uteroplacental vascular insufficiency, chronic inflammation, and hemorrhagic
      endovasculitis were significantly more common in the study group. The primary
      histologic condition was supportive of prior clinical impressions in 61 (40%)
      cases, contradictory in 23 (15%) cases, or solely contributory to explaining the
      growth retardation in 55 (36%) cases. Placental histologic examination may
      clarify a cause for delayed fetal growth, especially after a normotensive
      pregnancy.

PMID- 2910321
TI  - Evaluation of a risk-scoring system for prediction of preterm labor.
AB  - A scoring system was used prospectively to screen 7329 patients for risk of
      preterm labor over a 6-year period. When 15.8% of patients (1156 of 7329) were
      scored as high risk, sensitivity was 42.4% (multiparas, 55.2%, nulliparas, 29.8%)
      and positive predictive value was 22.8%. The incidence of preterm labor increased
      with increasing risk score; gestational age at delivery was negatively correlated
      with risk score. Analysis of individual factors revealed that more than half were
      not of predictive value in the population under investigation. A simplification
      of the system, defining 12 of the factors as major (high risk) and six as minor
      (2 or more indicates high risk) yielded a high risk group of 14.1%, sensitivity
      of 41.0%, and positive predictive value of 24.6%. Thus, although risk scoring
      does predict a substantial proportion of patients with preterm labor, its
      sensitivity is less than ideal. No advantage was gained with a larger and more
      complex system. Planning for preterm birth prevention programs should include
      recognition of the limitations of risk scoring, consideration of simplified
      systems, and investigation of additional biochemical or biophysical screening
      methods.

PMID- 2910322
TI  - Micropenis and congenital adrenal hypoplasia.
AB  - Micropenis is often an early sign of congenital hypopituitarism. It has also been
      associated with congenital adrenal hypoplasia in infants with anencephaly and
      pituitary agenesis. This report is on two infants with micropenis and congenital
      adrenal hypoplasia. One presented with a similar clinical course and postmortem
      findings to previously reported cases of adrenal hypoplasia and pituitary
      agenesis. The other patient represents the first reported case of an infant with
      micropenis and congenital adrenal hypoplasia in the absence of pituitary
      agenesis. The histologic patterns of adrenal hypoplasia, as well as the etiologic
      and clinical implications of its association with micropenis, are discussed.

PMID- 2910323
TI  - Factors causing hyperkalemia in premature infants.
AB  - In order to clarify the causative factors of hyperkalemia in premature infants,
      48 newborn infants less than 2000 gm birthweight were examined during the first
      48 hours of life. They were divided into two groups: group A (n = 19), which had
      more than 7 mEq/liter of serum potassium level, was defined as a hyperkalemic
      group; group B (n = 29) had less than 6.9 mEq/liter of serum potassium level
      throughout this study period. In group A hyperkalemia occurred on the first day
      of life and continued throughout the study period. Five of group A infants had
      arrhythmia, one of whom died from cardiac arrest on the second day of life.
      Laboratory findings (serum creatinine, creatine phosphokinase, electrolytes,
      blood gas analysis, calorie balance, and renal function) were compared between
      the two groups. On the first day of life, serum creatinine and creatine
      phosphokinase concentrations were significantly elevated and calorie intake was
      decreased in group A when compared with group B. On the second day of life,
      calorie intake, urine volume, creatinine clearance, and base excess were
      significantly decreased in group A. A significant decrease was observed in the
      serum calcium level in group A on the second day of life when compared with
      admission data. These data suggest that neonatal hyperkalemia may occur in the
      sick newborn infants with renal dysfunction when combined with metabolic acidosis
      and catabolic state.

PMID- 2910324
TI  - Antihypertensive therapy in pregnancy directed by noninvasive hemodynamic
      monitoring.
AB  - Invasive and noninvasive investigations suggest that the hemodynamics of pregnant
      hypertensive patients are heterogeneous. Nineteen pregnant patients were
      evaluated before changes in antihypertensive therapy. Cardiac output was measured
      by Doppler technique. Blood pressure was measured by automated cuff. Systemic
      vascular resistance was calculated. Two distinct groups were identified on the
      basis of differences in cardiac output (p less than 0.0001) and systemic vascular
      resistance (p less than 0.0001). Those with high resistances were treated with
      hydralazine. A modest antihypertensive effect was achieved (-6.9 mmHg, p = 0.01),
      but systemic vascular resistance was dramatically reduced, (-534 dyne.sec.cm-5, p
      less than 0.0001) and was associated with a compensatory increase in cardiac
      output (2.0 liters/min, p less than 0.0001). Those with a high cardiac output
      were treated with atenolol. An antihypertensive effect was achieved, (-17.0 mm
      Hg, p = 0.008), which was associated with a reduction in cardiac output (-2.8
      liters/min, p less than 0.0001).

PMID- 2910325
TI  - Delivery following cesarean section and perinatal mortality.
AB  - The perinatal mortality in 1498 patients with one or more previous cesarean
      section scars delivered between 1972 and 1982 was analyzed. Repeat elective
      cesarean section was performed in 654 (44%) patients and 844 (56%) were subjected
      to a "trial of scar." Successful vaginal delivery occurred in 702 (83%) patients
      and 142 (17%) had emergency repeat operations. There were 46 perinatal deaths,
      giving a perinatal mortality rate (PMR) of 30.3/1000. It was lowest in patients
      who electively had a cesarean section (10.6/1000). The corrected PMR was twice as
      high in the trial of scar group. The PMR for the overall hospital population
      (27,072 babies) during the study period was 22.5/1000. There were four perinatal
      deaths in association with dehiscence of the uterine scar. The PMR in trial of
      scar patients decreased from 40/1000 to less than 20/1000 without a major change
      in policy. Meanwhile the unit cesarean section rate increased from 5 to 10%, but
      the repeat section rate was consistent at around 38.5%. Regional analgesia was
      used in 192 patients, for repeat section in five and trial of scar in 187.
      Oxytocin was given to 546 (65%) patients. Scar rupture is considered the major
      contraindication to a trial of scar, but emphasis was not laid on the possible
      increased perinatal mortality with this procedure before the 1980s. In view of
      the improvement in the PMR and the added risk to the mother with cesarean
      delivery, we advocate a policy of trial of scar with informed consent in selected
      cases.

PMID- 2910326
TI  - Delivery following cesarean section and perinatal mortality.

PMID- 2910327
TI  - Use of continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration (CAVH) for renal failure in a
      neonate.

PMID- 2910328
TI  - [Short-latency somatosensory evoked potentials and auditory brainstem responses
      in children with brainstem lesions].

PMID- 2910329
TI  - [Early morphological diagnosis of twitcher mice by the clipped tail].

PMID- 2910330
TI  - [Prognostic evaluation of psychomotor development in infants by multimodal evoked
      potentials].

PMID- 2910331
TI  - [Three cases of mucolipidosis III with significant differences in clinical
      pictures--reevaluation of the classification of mucolipidosis II and III].

PMID- 2910332
TI  - [A case of neurenteric cyst diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging].

PMID- 2910333
TI  - [A case of partial ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency].

PMID- 2910334
TI  - [A case of craniodiaphyseal dysplasia].

PMID- 2910335
TI  - [A typical case of type I schizencephaly--MRI and clinical findings].

PMID- 2910336
TI  - [Changes in cerebrospinal fluid neuron-specific enolase (NSE), S 100 protein and
      creatine kinase BB (CK-BB) levels in newborn infants with post hemorrhagic
      hydrocephalus].

PMID- 2910337
TI  - [Intelligence and regional cerebral blood flow in children with Moyamoya
      disease].

PMID- 2910338
TI  - You'll know you're a night nurse when....

PMID- 2910339
TI  - CEU your jewish patient is dying....
AB  - This article offers the nurse information needed for planning the care of Jewish
      patients and their families during the dying and mourning process - whether that
      patient is Orthodox, Conservative, or Reform.

PMID- 2910340
TI  - Now playing! Dilemma at Reality Windows, Inc. A burlesque on a critical issue in
      nursing.

PMID- 2910341
TI  - So you want to be promoted?
AB  - This article offers guidelines for the nurse who has promotion in mind and wants
      to maximize chances for goal attainment.

PMID- 2910342
TI  - Role modeling as a teaching strategy.
AB  - This article provides several ideas for using role modeling as a strategy for
      teaching clinical nursing, as well as suggestions for improving the effectiveness
      of this technique. Ideas were compiled from the literature and the author's
      experience in practice and teaching.

PMID- 2910343
TI  - How to survive the shift.

PMID- 2910344
TI  - Family care that works.

PMID- 2910345
TI  - A special breed.

PMID- 2910346
TI  - When you're the patient....

PMID- 2910347
TI  - The N-acetylneuraminic acid content of five forms of human transferrin.
AB  - Five isoforms of human serum transferrin were separated by isoelectric focusing
      and their N-acetylneuraminic acid content was determined. The forms differed in
      isoelectric point by about 0.1 of a pH unit with the structural differences
      situated in the carbohydrate parts. Each form had one sialic acid molecule (NANA)
      less than the next most acidic form. GLC-MS showed that the most abundant form
      with isoelectric point 5.5 had two two-branched carbohydrate chains, each having
      the galactoses covered by terminal sialic acid. The form with isoelectric point
      5.4 had one three-branched and one two-branched carbohydrate chain, and all
      branches terminated with a sialic acid residue. The form with isoelectric point
      5.6 had a terminal galactose on one of its two two-branched carbohydrate chains.
      Comparison of the sialic acid content of the five transferrin forms and their
      carbohydrate structures showed that some of the forms expose terminal galactose
      without attracting the asialoglycoprotein receptors on hepatocytes.

PMID- 2910348
TI  - Proton nuclear magnetic resonance study of the histidine residues of pituitary
      bovine growth hormone.
AB  - The pKa value of histidines 20, 22 and 170 of pituitary bovine growth hormone
      (pbGH) and their C2H deuterium exchange rates have been determined by high
      resolution 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Partial assignment of these parameters indicate
      that His-170 is a surface residue with a half-life for deuterium exchange at the
      C2H position of approx. 36 h and a pKa value of 5.68 +/- 0.11. A reversible
      conformational change of pbGH has also been characterized in terms of the
      involvement of either histidines 20 or 22. At or near physiological pH values,
      one of these residues is expelled from a buried, hydrophobic position to become
      fully solvent-exposed. The disparity in pKa values between histidines 20 and 22
      (4.67 +/- 0.20 and 5.94 +/- 0.10, in some combination) has been shown by computer
      modeling, to be compatible with these residues residing in an alpha-helical
      region of the protein.

PMID- 2910349
TI  - Rat liver S-adenosylhomocysteinase. Spectrophotometric study of coenzyme binding.
AB  - Rat liver S-adenosylhomocysteinase, a homotetramer, was resolved by treatment
      with acid ammonium sulfate into apoenzyme and NAD. The apoenzyme thus prepared
      retained a tetrameric structure but differed in the mobility on nondenaturing
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The inactive apoenzyme was reactivated upon
      incubation with NAD. The restoration of activity paralleled with the tight
      binding of NAD to apoenzyme, and full activity was obtained when 4 mol of NAD
      were bound per mol of apoenzyme. The kinetics of reconstitution were apparently
      biphasic and suggest the existence of two conformers in a slow equilibrium, one
      of which binds the coenzyme rapidly while the other does so very slowly, if at
      all. In addition to NAD, apoadenosylhomocysteinase tightly bound nicotinamide
      hypoxanthine dinucleotide, 3-acetylpyridine adenine dinucleotide and nicotinic
      acid-adenine dinucleotide. NADP was not bound. Catalytic activity was found only
      with the enzyme reconstituted with NAD or nicotinamide hypoxanthine dinucleotide.
      The spectral change observed on interaction of apoadenosylhomocysteinase with NAD
      was similar to those seen with adenine nucleotides, and was largely approximated
      by the addition of dioxane to aqueous solutions of adenine nucleotides. By
      comparison of the difference spectra, it is suggested that the adenine portion of
      the coenzyme is bound in the hydrophobic pocket of the protein, and that the
      binding is accompanied by perturbation of tryptophan residue of the protein.

PMID- 2910350
TI  - Time-resolved fluorescence studies on NADH bound to mitochondrial malate
      dehydrogenase.
AB  - Time-resolved fluorescence studies on the emission of NADH bound to porcine heart
      mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase [S)-malate:NAD+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.37),
      in the presence and absence of saturating levels of hydroxymalonate, were carried
      out. The lifetime of NADH bound in the ternary complex was determined to be 9.5
      ns compared to 1.74 ns as reported in the literature. Steady-state and dynamic
      polarization data indicated a Debye rotational relaxation time in the range of
      106-109 ns for the dimeric enzyme. This value is significantly larger than that
      calculated for a spherical protein and is consistent with the asymmetric dimer
      found by crystallographic studies.

PMID- 2910351
TI  - The amino acid sequence of S-antigen: N-terminus and uveitogenic peptides.
AB  - Bovine S-antigen purified in the presence of proteinase inhibitors contained a
      protein (30%) having an acetylated N-terminus (Ac-Met-Lys-Ala-Asn-Lys-Pro-Ala...)
      and a protein (70%) having an N-terminus unblocked but four residues less (Lys
      Pro-Ala-Pro-Asn-His-Val-Ile-Phe...). Sequencing studies showed that uveitogenic
      peptides produced by chymotryptic digestion of S-antigen derived from the C
      terminal half of the protein.

PMID- 2910352
TI  - Proliferation and maturation of human erythroid progenitors in liquid culture.
AB  - Hemopoiesis is studied in vitro mainly in semisolid culture, where hemopoietic
      progenitors develop into discrete colonies. We describe a liquid culture system
      that supports the proliferation and maturation of human erythroid progenitors. We
      seeded mononuclear cells from the peripheral blood (PB) of patients with beta
      thalassemia in liquid medium in the presence of conditioned medium from human
      bladder carcinoma cells. Seven days later, RBCs, normoblasts, granulocytes, and
      monocytes disappeared, and the number of lymphocytes dropped considerably. In
      contrast, erythroid colony-forming cells increased fourfold to tenfold. The next
      step entailed the removal of colony-stimulating factor (CSF) and CSF-secreting
      cells, the exclusion of macrophages by harvesting nonadherent cells, and the
      lysis of T lymphocytes by treatment with monoclonal rat antihuman lymphocyte
      antibodies (CAMPATH-1) and complement. Reculture of the remaining cells in liquid
      medium supplemented with recombinant erythropoietin (EPO) resulted in the
      exclusive development of erythroid cells, with myeloid cells reduced to less than
      2%. Stainable hemoglobin (Hb) appeared on day 3, with over 85% of the population
      containing hemoglobin by day 11 and the cell number increasing from 0.2 X 10(6)
      to 3 X 10(6) mL. By permitting the manipulation of culture conditions and
      components and increasing the cell yield, the liquid system may facilitate
      quantitative analysis of growth kinetics as well as biochemical and immunologic
      characterization of the developing erythroid cell.

PMID- 2910353
TI  - Dual role of fibronectin in hematopoietic differentiation.
AB  - The adhesive glycoprotein fibronectin provides anchorage for fibroblasts and
      hematopoietic progenitor cells in vitro. Fibronectin also demonstrates growth
      factor activity for fibroblasts; however, there is no available information
      regarding its role as a hematopoietic growth factor. To distinguish growth factor
      activity of fibronectin from its anchorage activity for hematopoietic
      progenitors, we assessed the ability of purified human plasma fibronectin to
      promote human bone marrow erythroid, granulocyte-macrophage (GM) and mixed
      granulocyte-erythroid-macrophage-megakaryocyte (GEMM) colony formation in liquid
      suspension, methylcellulose, and fibrin clots under serum-free conditions.
      Addition of fibronectin to methylcellulose cultures, or to cultures formed in
      fibrin clots, using fibrinogen depleted of fibronectin by preadsorption over
      gelatin-Sepharose and clotted with thrombin, resulted in up to a twofold
      enhancement of proliferation of erythroid burst-forming units (BFU-E), erythroid
      colony-forming units (CFU-E), and CFU-GEMM. This effect was concentration
      dependent up to a fibronectin supplement of 100 micrograms/mL. By contrast, CFU
      GM proliferation was not affected by the addition of fibronectin to the cultures.
      Fibronectin-adherent marrow cells overlaid with liquid medium formed both early
      and late-appearing erythroid colonies, whereas similarly cultured plastic
      adherent marrow cells did not. Erythroid colony formation was observed in
      cultures of fibronectin-adherent marrow cells overlaid with methylcellulose but
      not in cultures of plastic-adherent marrow cells under the same conditions.
      Finally, the erythroid growth-promoting activity of fibronectin was inhibited by
      arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-serine (RGDS), a tetrapeptide that competitively blocks
      the interaction of fibronectin with its receptor. We conclude that fibronectin
      plays a dual role in hematopoiesis: providing (a) anchorage for erythroid and
      primitive progenitors, and (b) as a proliferative stimulus for these
      hematopoietic cells. Both activities may be mediated by the cell adhesion domain
      of the molecule.

PMID- 2910354
TI  - Stimulation of erythropoietin gene transcription during hypoxia and cobalt
      exposure.
AB  - Erythropoietin, a plasma glycoprotein produced primarily by the kidney, is a
      growth and differentiation factor for erythroid progenitor cells. Production of
      renal erythropoietin is regulated by modulation of mRNA levels in response to
      changes in tissue oxygenation. Exposure to cobalt, a nonphysiologic stimulus for
      erythropoietin production, also acts by inducing mRNA accumulation. To determine
      whether variations in erythropoietin mRNA levels result from enhanced
      transcription of the erythropoietin gene, in vitro transcription reactions were
      performed using isolated rat kidney cell nuclei. Quantitation of specific nuclear
      RNAs labeled during in vitro transcription revealed active erythropoietin gene
      transcription in kidney nuclei from anemic-hypoxic and cobalt-treated animals
      while erythropoietin transcriptional activity was undetectable in normal kidney
      nuclei. Time course studies showed that stimulation of transcription begins
      between two and four hours following cobalt treatment and parallels the kinetics
      of mRNA and plasma erythropoietin accumulation. These results indicate that
      tissue hypoxia and cobalt exposure specifically enhance erythropoietin gene
      expression. This increase in erythropoietin production is regulated at least in
      part at the level of gene transcription.

PMID- 2910355
TI  - Alpha-tocopherol, an effective inhibitor of platelet adhesion.
AB  - Platelet adhesiveness was tested ex vivo in a group of six normal individuals
      receiving varying doses of alpha-tocopherol. Adhesion to glass slides coated with
      fibronectin, collagen, fibrinogen, or plasma proteins was studied by perfusing
      platelet-rich plasma through a flow chamber that allowed time- and space-resolved
      observations of platelet adhesion. Platelet adherence was measured in an area of
      parallel flow lines and low shear rate under standardized conditions before and
      after dietary supplementation with vitamin E at doses of 200 and 400 IU/d.
      Platelet adherence differed in magnitude depending on the adhesive surface. There
      was a distinct preference of platelets to adhere to sites that had been
      previously occupied. A remarkable decrease in platelet adherence was observed
      after vitamin E supplementation. The average decrease in adhesion after 2 weeks
      of 200 IU vitamin E was 75%. After 2 weeks of 400 IU vitamin E, platelet adhesion
      was reduced by 82%. The inhibitory activity of alpha-tocopherol was dose
      dependent and correlated well with the increase in alpha-tocopherol concentration
      in platelets after supplementation. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a
      striking decrease of pseudopodium formation in alpha-tocopherol-enriched
      platelets. Our results suggest that vitamin E may also be an effective
      antiadhesive agent in vivo.

PMID- 2910356
TI  - Hepatitis B virus DNA in the serum of Sardinian blood donors negative for the
      hepatitis B surface antigen.
AB  - The high endemicity of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and liver disease in
      Sardinia led us to assess the occurrence of HBV DNA in 1,411 sera of two selected
      groups of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-negative blood donors: 793 with
      abnormal serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and 618 with normal serum ALT
      values (determined during routine testing of their blood donation). HBV DNA
      sequences were detected by dot-blot hybridization in 68 of 793 subjects (9%) with
      abnormal ALT but only in three of 618 subjects (0.5%) with normal ALT. HBV-core
      antibody (anti-HBc) was detected in 338 of 793 subjects (43%) with abnormal ALT
      as well as in 125 of 618 subjects (20.2%) with normal ALT. Among the 71 subjects
      positive for serum HBV DNA, 22 (31%) were positive for anti-HBc, while 49 (69%)
      were negative for all serologic markers of HBV infection. Thus, a high frequency
      of anti-HBc in apparently healthy HBsAg-negative individuals and a high
      prevalence of serum HBV DNA in the absence of immunologic markers of HBV
      infection suggest the existence of genetic variants of HBV that may be
      responsible for some of the presumed NANB hepatitis encountered in Sardinia and
      possibly other areas of high endemicity for HBV.

PMID- 2910357
TI  - Abnormalities of cytoplasmic Ca2+ in platelets from patients with uremia.
AB  - Uremic patients have a hemorrhagic tendency, often associated with prolonged
      bleeding times and decreased platelet function in vitro. Whether these defects
      result from abnormalities in plasma factors affecting platelet activity, platelet
      surface receptors, intracellular platelet mediators, or other aspects of platelet
      behavior is unknown. To examine the possibility that the abnormality in platelet
      function may result from aberrations in Ca2+ homeostasis, blood was obtained from
      29 patients with severe uremia. The platelets were washed, loaded with the Ca2+ 
      sensitive probes indo-1 and aequorin, gel-filtered, and resuspended in either
      plasma or buffer. Of the 29 patients, seven had template bleeding times prolonged
      to 11 minutes or more, but platelet aggregation in plasma was not consistently
      impaired in these patients. However, in aequorin-loaded platelets from the
      patients with long bleeding times, the highest elevation of cytoplasmic calcium
      [( Ca2+]i) in response to the Ca2+ ionophore A23187, arachidonate, adenosine
      diphosphate (ADP), or epinephrine was lower than that seen in platelets from both
      uremic patients with less prolonged bleeding times and normal volunteers. The
      reduced [Ca2+]i response was associated with decreased aggregation of gel
      filtered platelets suspended in buffer. Suspending washed aequorin-loaded uremic
      platelets in normal plasma for 20 minutes did not reverse the decreased agonist
      induced rise in [Ca2+]i; platelets from a normal donor resuspended in uremic
      plasma aggregated and produced a normal increase in [Ca2+]i in response to
      agonists. We conclude that the platelet defect seen in some patients with uremia
      is associated with a decreased rise in platelet [Ca2+]i after stimulation and
      that this is a manifestation of an intrinsic platelet defect.

PMID- 2910358
TI  - Heparin binds to human monocytes and modulates their procoagulant activities and
      secretory phenotypes. Effects of histidine-rich glycoprotein.
AB  - The binding of heparin to human monocytes and the monocytoid cell line U937 was
      characterized. Heparin binding was rapid, specific, saturable, and reversible.
      There was a single class of heparin binding sites, with an apparent dissociation
      constant of 0.19 mumol/L and 1.9 x 10(6) sites per cell. The binding was not
      dependent on the anticoagulant property of heparin. Analysis of surface-iodinated
      cell lysates by heparin affinity chromatography revealed a major 120 Kd cell
      surface heparin-binding protein. Histidine-rich glycoprotein, a potent heparin
      antagonist found in human plasma and platelets, decreased the affinity of heparin
      for cell binding. Cell surface bound heparin was functionally active and markedly
      accelerated the inactivation of thrombin by antithrombin III. Heparin induced the
      release of two monocyte secretory proteins of 160 and 17 Kd. Our study supports
      the thesis that heparin and related glycosaminoglycans interact with monocytes
      and macrophages, as well as endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells, and play
      an important and complex role in blood vessel wall biology.

PMID- 2910359
TI  - Histidine-rich glycoprotein does not interfere with interactions between
      antithrombin III and heparin-like compounds on vascular endothelial cells.
AB  - The role of histidine-rich glycoprotein in controlling heparin-like compounds on
      the endothelial cell surface is still unclear. The effects of this heparin
      neutralizing protein on the interaction between antithrombin III and cultured
      porcine aortic endothelial cells were examined. Displacement of 125I-labeled
      antithrombin III specifically bound to endothelial cells by unlabeled histidine
      rich glycoprotein was much less potent than that by unlabeled antithrombin III.
      One hundred-fold molar excess of histidine-rich glycoprotein displaced specific
      125I-antithrombin III binding only by 20%. Furthermore, the endothelial cell
      mediated acceleration of thrombin inactivation by antithrombin III was diminished
      by protamine sulfate, but was not affected by histidine-rich glycoprotein even at
      a histidine-rich glycoprotein/antithrombin III molar ratio of approximately 7:1.
      These data indicate that histidine-rich glycoprotein does not interfere with the
      interaction of endothelial cell heparin-like compounds with antithrombin III.
      Thus, it may not play an important role in the modulation of anticoagulant
      activity of endothelial cells in vivo, suggesting that the commonly accepted view
      of the probable function of this protein is erroneous.

PMID- 2910360
TI  - Isolation of Reed-Sternberg cells from lymph nodes of Hodgkin's disease patients.
AB  - This study describes a simple and relatively rapid method of purifying Reed
      Sternberg (R-S) cells and their morphologic variants from the lymph nodes of
      patients affected by Hodgkin's disease. Our initial studies defined the optimal
      procedure for a quantitative disaggregation of Hodgkin's lymph nodes and the
      densities of R-S cells in several donors. These preliminary steps were helpful in
      the development of strategies for selectively concentrating R-S cells by density
      gradient centrifugation. We layered a single-cell suspension over Percoll of
      appropriate density, centrifuged these samples for 15 minutes, and collected a
      fraction enriched in R-S cells. Most of the R-S cells were distributed between
      densities of 1.060 and 1.072, with a peak at approximately 1.066 g/mL. R-S cells
      are denser than many mononuclear cells present in the lymph nodes of Hodgkin's
      patients and lighter than reactive cells such as eosinophils, mast cells, and
      neutrophils. However, the ranges of densities of these cell types overlap, making
      purification of R-S cells by isopyknic centrifugation impossible. Nevertheless,
      when this enriched fraction is further processed by velocity sedimentation in
      order to take advantage of the larger size of R-S cells as compared with all
      other cells, a substantial purification is achieved. We used three different
      velocity-sedimentation chambers to find the optimal conditions for obtaining the
      highest purity with a high final yield. The cells isolated by this method are
      viable, appear to be morphologically normal, and have been further characterized
      biologically.

PMID- 2910361
TI  - Vitamin D metabolite-mediated hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria patients with AIDS
      and non-AIDS-associated lymphoma.
AB  - Fifteen patients with lymphoma and hypercalcemia (greater than or equal to 11.0
      mg/dL) were identified by screening the serum chemistry profile obtained from
      patients upon admission to the Los Angeles County/USC Medical Center. Seven of
      the 15 (47%) possessed a frankly elevated serum concentration of 1,25
      dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25-(OH)2-D]. An additional patient with severe
      hypercalcemia (16.2 mg/dL) had a serum 1,25-(OH)2-D concentration in the
      midnormal range, not a suppressed value. To examine the potential existence of
      hypercalciuria in absence of overt hypercalcemia, prospective screening of 23
      normocalcemic patients with lymphoma was undertaken. Four of the 23 patients
      (17%) had increased fractional urinary calcium excretion rates (0.35 +/- 0.3 mg
      calcium/100 mL glomerular filtrate [GF], mean +/- SE; normal, less than 0.16
      mg/100 mL GF); two of the hypercalciuric patients had a frankly elevated serum
      1,25-(OH)2-D concentration. Of the 19 hypercalcemic/hypercalciuric lymphoma
      patients identified, none had an elevated serum immunoreactive parathyroid
      hormone concentration. Fourteen of the 19 hypercalcemic/hypercalciuric patients
      (74%) suffered from B-cell neoplasms, three had Hodgkin's lymphoma, and two had
      adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. All hypercalcemic/hypercalciuric patients had
      widespread disease (stage III or IV). Six patients, four with hypercalcemia and
      two with hypercalciuria, had acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). These
      data suggest that the deregulated synthesis of a 1,25-(OH)2-D-like metabolite is
      a common cause of hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria in patients with lymphoma
      including patients with AIDS-associated tumors.

PMID- 2910362
TI  - In vivo cell growth and pharmacologic determinants of clinical response in acute
      myelogenous leukemia.
AB  - A predictable increase in the proliferative rate of malignant cells remaining
      after initial cytoreduction in vivo forms the rationale for timed sequential
      therapy (TST) with 1-B-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) for adult acute
      myelogenous leukemia (AML). The relationship between in vivo leukemic cell
      growth, intracellular ara-C metabolism, and clinical response to ara-C-containing
      TST was evaluated by comparing AML marrow cell growth kinetic and biochemical
      pharmacologic determinants obtained before therapy (day 0) and at the predicted
      peak of in vivo postdrug residual tumor proliferation (day 8). Serial
      measurements of DNA synthesis and net intracellular ara-C metabolism demonstrated
      marked increases in both determinants in day 8 residual tumor when compared with
      the pretreatment cells for newly diagnosed adults achieving complete remission
      but not for TST-refractory patients. The interrelationship of AML cell
      proliferation and biochemical pharmacology together quantitate cytotoxicity
      measured by both achievement and duration of remission and serve to predict
      eventual clinical outcome in response to TST with ara-C where both growth and
      favorable pharmacokinetics are intrinsic to the success of the drug schedule.

PMID- 2910363
TI  - Protooncogene expression and the clinical characteristics of acute nonlymphocytic
      leukemia: A Leukemia Intergroup pilot study.
AB  - Northern blot analysis was used to assess the level of expression of five
      protooncogenes and histone H3 in the bone marrow cells of patients with acute
      nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL). The relationship between the level of gene
      expression and the clinical characteristics of the disease and response to
      therapy was studied. The levels of expression of c-myc and c-myb are weakly
      correlated and are unrelated to French-American-British (FAB) type of ANLL. The
      levels of expression of c-fms, c-fes, and c-fos are highly correlated with each
      other and are highest in leukemia with a monocytic component (c-fms v FAB = .71,
      c-fes v FAB = .75). High levels of c-myc expression are associated with a high
      probability of not responding to remission induction therapy (P = .004). The
      converse is true for c-fms expression levels. High levels of expression of c-myc
      or c-myb are associated with short remissions (P = .059 and .065, respectively),
      perhaps because they are associated with a high capacity for leukemic cell self
      renewal and/or an inability of leukemic cells to differentiate in response to
      chemotherapy.

PMID- 2910364
TI  - Prognostic impact of cytogenetic abnormalities in patients with de novo acute
      nonlymphocytic leukemia.
AB  - Detailed cytogenetic analyses were performed on specimens from 198 patients with
      de novo acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL), including high-resolution banding
      studies in 79 patients. One hundred ninety-two patients received induction
      therapy with daunorubicin and cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) with an overall
      complete response rate (CR) of 63%. Responding patients received repetitive
      cycles of Ara-C-based intensification therapy. Clonal abnormalities were detected
      in 69% of the patients with specimens adequate for cytogenetic analysis. Certain
      cytogenetic changes were closely associated with French-American-British (FAB)
      morphology, age, and outcome: t(8;21) (closely associated with FAB M2), t(15;17)
      (associated with FAB M3), and abn 16q22 (associated with FAB M4EOS) tended to
      occur in younger patients and were associated with favorable outcomes in terms of
      both CR rate and long-term disease-free survival. In contrast, 19% of patients
      who had -5/5q- and or -7/7q- and seven patients with trisomy 8 were older, had a
      poor prognosis, and usually failed to achieve remission (CR) because of
      chemotherapy-resistant leukemia. The adverse effect on CR rate and duration in
      this group of patients was independent of age, and there was no association with
      particular morphologic subtypes. These data suggest that cytogenetic findings
      should influence future therapeutic choices. In particular, patients with
      abnormalities associated with poor responses may be considered for
      investigational approaches and may also provide insights into mechanisms of drug
      resistance.

PMID- 2910365
TI  - Immunophenotype-karyotype associations in human acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
AB  - The present study is a detailed analysis of the cytogenetic features of leukemic
      cells from 104 immunologically classified acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) (78
      B lineage and 26 T lineage) cases. Clonal chromosomal abnormalities were found in
      marrow blasts from 77 of 104 (74%) cases. Hyperdiploidy was much more frequent in
      B-lineage ALL cases, whereas normal diploidy was more common in T-lineage ALL
      cases. Fifty-nine of 104 cases (46 of 78 B-lineage ALL and 13 of 26 T-lineage ALL
      cases) had structural chromosomal abnormalities. Structural abnormalities
      involving 2p11, 7p13, 7p22, proximal q arm of 7 (7q11 or 7q22), 11q23-24, and
      translocations involving 12p11-13 appeared to be B-lineage specific. By
      comparison, structural abnormalities involving 7p15, 7q32, and 14q11 displayed T
      lineage specificity. Structural abnormalities involving 9p22-p23 or 14q32, del
      (6)(q21-q23), del (12)(p11-p13), and the Philadelphia chromosome were found in B
      lineage as well as T-lineage ALL cases. This study expands the current knowledge
      about immunophenotype-karyotype associations in ALL.

PMID- 2910367
TI  - Jaw involvement in Burkitt's lymphoma.

PMID- 2910368
TI  - Age as a prognostic factor in multiple myeloma.

PMID- 2910366
TI  - Inactivation of Friend erythroleukemia virus and Friend virus-transformed cells
      by merocyanine 540-mediated photosensitization.
AB  - The Friend virus complex was used as a model to study the effects of merocyanine
      540 (MC 540)-mediated photosensitization on enveloped viruses. Simultaneous
      exposure to the lipophilic dye MC 540 and white light inactivated cell-free
      virus, cell-associated virus, and virus-transformed cells. When used under
      experimental conditions that are known to preserve most mature blood cells, at
      least some coagulation factors, and a significant portion of the pluripotent
      hematopoietic stem cell compartment, MC 540-mediated photosensitization reduced
      virus titers by greater than or equal to 4 log and the concentration of in vitro
      clonogenic erythroleukemia cells by greater than or equal to 5 log. Animals that
      received a single intravenous injection of photosensitized virus were resistant
      to a subsequent challenge with live virus. High sensitivity to MC 540-mediated
      photosensitization appears to be a property that is shared by other enveloped
      viruses. Thus, photosensitization mediated by MC 540 may be of benefit in the
      sterilization of blood products (in particular, cellular products), the
      production of vaccines, and selected areas of antiviral therapy.

PMID- 2910369
TI  - High-dose intravenous methylprednisolone for immune thrombocytopenic purpura.

PMID- 2910370
TI  - Suppressive effects in vivo of purified recombinant human H-subunit (acidic)
      ferritin on murine myelopoiesis.
AB  - Purified recombinant human heavy-chain (acidic) ferritin (rHF) was assessed in
      vivo in mice for effects on the proliferation (percentage of cells in S-phase)
      and absolute numbers of granulocyte-macrophage (CFU-GM), erythroid (BFU-E), and
      multipotential (CFU-GEMM) progenitor cells in the femur and spleen and on the
      nucleated cells in the marrow, spleen, and blood. rHF significantly decreased
      cycling rates and absolute numbers of marrow and splenic hematopoietic
      progenitors and marrow and blood nucleated cellularity. These effects were
      apparent in BDF1, C3H/Hej and DBA/2 mice and were dose dependent, time related,
      and reversible. Suppressive effects were noted within three hours for progenitor
      cell cycling, within 24 hours for progenitor cell numbers, and within 48 hours
      for circulating neutrophils. Additionally, hematopoietic progenitor cells in
      DBA/2 mice infected with the polycythemia-inducing strain of the Friend virus
      complex (FVC-P) were insensitive to the in vivo administration of rHF. These
      studies demonstrate activity of rHF in vivo on myelopoiesis of normal but not FVC
      P-infected mice. Since rHF suppresses hematopoietic progenitor cell proliferation
      from normal donors in vitro and from normal mice in vitro and in vivo but does
      not suppress progenitor cells from patients with leukemia in vitro or from mice
      with FVC-P-infection in vitro or in vivo, rHF may be useful as a candidate
      adjunct molecule for the protection of normal hematopoietic progenitor cells
      during chemotherapy.

PMID- 2910372
TI  - Nurses unified against RCT threat.

PMID- 2910371
TI  - Survival of recombinant erythropoietin in the circulation: the role of
      carbohydrates.
AB  - Recombinant human erythropoietin produced in transfected Chinese hamster ovary
      cells is glycosylated much the same way as the erythropoietin present in human
      urine. To determine the role of carbohydrates in the stability of recombinant
      human erythropoietin in vivo, [125I]-labeled recombinant erythropoietin was
      intravenously infused into rats. The erythropoietin was slowly cleared from the
      blood with a half-life of approximately two hours. Asialoerythropoietin, which
      was produced by treatment of recombinant human erythropoietin with sialidase, was
      found to be cleared rapidly from circulation within ten minutes. These data
      suggest that the galactose binding protein of hepatic cells is involved in the
      clearance of asialoerythropoietin. Erythropoietin also contains N-glycans with a
      few N-acetyllactosamine repeats, which can be enriched by tomato lectin affinity
      chromatography. The lectin-bound fraction was cleared to a larger extent than was
      the unfractionated erythropoietin, while the component that did not bind the
      lectin was found to be stable in the circulation. Authentic N-acetyllactosamine
      repeats (polylactosaminoglycans) prepared from erythrocytes were similarly
      rapidly cleared from the circulation to the liver, and this clearance was
      inhibitable with asialo-alpha 1-acid glycoprotein. These results suggest that (a)
      the sialic acid of the recombinant erythropoietin is necessary for this
      glycoprotein hormone to circulate stably and (b) glycoproteins with more than
      three lactosaminyl repeat units may be cleared by the galactose binding protein
      of hepatocytes.

PMID- 2910373
TI  - The challenge of putting new knowledge into practice.

PMID- 2910374
TI  - Fate of the gallbladder with cholelithiasis after endoscopic sphincterotomy for
      choledocholithiasis.
AB  - Endoscopic sphincterotomy is the treatment of choice for choledocholithiasis
      after cholecystectomy. Its role has been expanded to treat choledocholithiasis in
      patients with gallbladders still in place. The authors report their experience
      with endoscopic sphincterotomy, with emphasis on the safety of the procedure, in
      high-operative-risk patients with choledocholithiasis and gallbladder in situ.
      Stones were successfully removed in 72 of 75 patients (96%); 1 required an
      emergency operation and 2 an elective one. Complications included bleeding,
      pancreatitis and cholangitis; there were no associated deaths. Follow-up of 54 of
      the patients, who had associated cholelithiasis at the time of endoscopic
      sphincterotomy, showed that 14 died of causes unrelated to the biliary tract. Of
      the others, 14 underwent cholecystectomy for failure of endoscopic sphincterotomy
      (2), acute cholecystitis (4) or persistent biliary tract symptoms (8). The other
      26 patients were well after a mean follow-up of 30.4 months; 1 had mild biliary
      tract symptoms. Ultrasonography in 16 of the 26 patients showed persistent
      cholelithiasis in 12. Life-table analysis revealed a 15% probability of acute
      cholecystitis within 5 years of endoscopic sphincterotomy.

PMID- 2910375
TI  - Acute scrotal pain in children: prospective study of diagnosis and management.
AB  - Forty-eight boys were assessed for an acutely painful scrotum. Thirty-six (75%)
      of them underwent radionuclide scanning of the scrotum; the average age of this
      group was 11 years. The scan revealed epididymitis in 19 cases, spermatic cord
      torsion in 9, appendix testis torsion in 7 and acute hernia-hydrocele in 1. The
      diagnosis was confirmed at operation in all nine cases of spermatic cord torsion.
      Boys who had epididymitis received antibiotics only; all were available for short
      term follow-up, and 16 were also assessed at a mean of 6 months after infection.
      Only one boy had testicular atrophy; he had undergone repair of an inguinal
      hernia, which could not be ruled out as a cause. Bacteriuric epididymitis
      occurred in three boys; two had known predisposing genitourinary anomalies, the
      third had no abnormalities. Boys who had nonbacteriuric epididymitis were
      investigated by renal and pelvic ultrasonography or voiding cystourethrography;
      no important abnormalities were detected. This prospective study indicates that
      radionuclide scanning can reliably differentiate spermatic cord torsion from
      other acute scrotal disease.

PMID- 2910376
TI  - An adrenalin rush.

PMID- 2910377
TI  - Diurnal variation in admission to hospital of women in labour.
AB  - In women having spontaneous labour or premature rupture of the membranes there is
      a marked diurnal variation in times of admission to hospital. Analysis of 4755
      nulliparous women with single pregnancies in cephalic presentation at term,
      indicated that they presented in labour or with premature rupture of the
      membranes nearly twice as frequently during the night as during the evening. The
      peak hours for delivery were late morning and afternoon. The authors discuss
      previously published reports of similar findings and of a diurnal variation in
      maternal hormone levels in humans and experimental animals. The potential
      clinical importance of this phenomenon is considered.

PMID- 2910378
TI  - Surgical treatment of post-traumatic kyphosis: a report of 16 cases.
AB  - Thoracic and lumbar spine fractures may lead to symptomatic progressive kyphosis
      for which surgery remains a controversial treatment. Sixteen patients with
      kyphosis were treated surgically at the Sacre-Coeur Hospital in Montreal between
      1979 and 1985. The mean follow-up was 38 months. Initially, treatment of the
      fractures varied. On average the post-traumatic kyphosis was surgically corrected
      34 months later. The corrective procedure consisted of staged anterior and
      posterior fusion with instrumentation (six patients), posterior fusion with
      instrumentation (five), staged anterior fusion, posterior osteotomy and fusion
      with instrumentation (four), posterior osteotomy and fusion with Harrington
      instrumentation (one). Anterior decompression was also performed in 5 of the 10
      patients who had anterior fusion. There was no major perioperative complication.
      Pain was relieved in 13 patients and 9 of 11 had substantial neurologic
      improvement. Two patients had nonunion of posterior grafts, but these united
      after revision. The mean loss of correction in the early postoperative period was
      3.5 degrees. The authors conclude that surgical treatment of post-traumatic
      symptomatic progressive kyphosis is effective and safe.

PMID- 2910379
TI  - Perioperative chemotherapy for primary sarcoma of bone.
AB  - Preoperative chemotherapy for primary osteosarcoma has usually been accompanied
      by a prolonged delay between withdrawal before operation and resumption after.
      This is because animal studies showed impaired wound healing associated with
      perioperative chemotherapy. Clinical studies, however, have not shown this to be
      the case. The authors describe their experience in eight patients who had
      osteosarcoma and Ewing's sarcoma of the extremities and received one to three
      cycles of chemotherapy preoperatively. Chemotherapy consisted of Adriamycin, cis
      platinum and vincristine. Definitive surgery on the primary tumour was done 1 to
      4 days after the last dose. Amputation was performed on seven patients and tumour
      resection for limb salvage on one. No wound healing or infectious complications
      were encountered. The ensuing course of chemotherapy was not delayed by the
      surgical procedure. The authors conclude that it is feasible to combine
      neoadjuvant chemotherapy and early surgery in the management of high-grade
      primary bone sarcoma.

PMID- 2910380
TI  - Above-knee femoropopliteal reconstruction with polytetrafluoroethylene: a good
      alternative to saphenous vein bypass.
AB  - Over 6 1/2 years, 64 femoropopliteal bypasses were done on 55 patients, using
      polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). The PTFE was chosen because previous surgery or
      small diameter prohibited the use of saphenous vein. The distal anastomoses were
      always placed above the knee. Patency rates were 92% at 1 month, 76% at 1 year,
      72% at 2 years and 59% at 3 years, and then reached a plateau of 55% at 4 years.
      When autogenous vein is not available, PTFE is the material of choice for
      femoropopliteal reconstruction. The results compare favourably with those using
      saphenous vein in an above-knee situation.

PMID- 2910381
TI  - A plea for standard methods of reporting studies on lower extremity ischemia.

PMID- 2910382
TI  - Adrenal myelolipomatous nodules mimicking adrenal neoplasms: report of three
      cases.
AB  - The authors describe three cases of adrenal myelolipoma. In the first two,
      unilateral adrenal masses, assumed to represent adrenal neoplasms, were found
      during urologic examination; the correct diagnosis was made by frozen-section
      examination during operation. The third case involved bilateral adrenal lesions
      diagnosed at autopsy in a patient suspected to have metastatic cancer.
      Histologic, immunohistochemical and electron microscopic studies revealed
      polyclonal lesions composed of hematopoietic cells and fat cells. Radiologic
      recognition and fine-needle biopsy of these lesions are important to avoid
      unnecessary surgery in asymptomatic cases. Since the lesions cannot be regarded
      as true neoplasms, the authors suggest that the name myelolipoma should be
      replaced by the term myelolipomatous nodule.

PMID- 2910383
TI  - Complications and functional results after limb-salvage surgery and radiotherapy
      for difficult mesenchymal neoplasms: a prospective analysis.
AB  - Wide resection with adjuvant radiotherapy is generally accepted as the optimal
      treatment for patients with extremity soft-tissue sarcomas. However, there is a
      subset of patients with "difficult" tumours who sustain such marked loss of
      function from limb-salvage procedures that amputation might offer a superior
      functional alternative. To evaluate this issue, the authors prospectively
      designated 19 of 52 patients registered in Toronto's Princess Margaret Hospital
      Prospective Sarcoma Database in 1986 as "difficult" cases, on the basis of tumour
      size and anatomical location. Complications and functional results of wide
      resection and adjuvant radiotherapy were documented. The most frequent
      complication was related to wound healing (8 of 19 patients). Functional analysis
      at 1 year follow-up demonstrated that all 19 patients had results superior to
      those that would be expected with amputation.

PMID- 2910384
TI  - Primary omental torsion.

PMID- 2910385
TI  - Immediate thrombosis of carotid endarterectomy.

PMID- 2910386
TI  - Anteromedial (perineal) dislocation of the hip: a case report.
AB  - Anteromedial (perineal) dislocation of the hip is rare. The authors describe the
      case of a 13-year-old girl whose femoral head was dislocated into the vagina as a
      result of a motor vehicle accident. The hip could not be reduced by traction but
      was pushed through the vagina with moderate ease. When the patient was placed in
      the lithotomy position, the hip redislocated and further reduction was required.
      The vagina and soft tissues were repaired and the hip joint was irrigated and
      closed over a drain. Antibiotics were given for 10 days. The girl recovered
      completely.

PMID- 2910387
TI  - Potential danger.

PMID- 2910388
TI  - Prenatal care: a comparative evaluation of nurse-midwives and family physicians.

PMID- 2910389
TI  - AIDS testing: mathematical models.

PMID- 2910390
TI  - Junk mail.

PMID- 2910391
TI  - Dermatophytosis in institutions for the elderly.

PMID- 2910392
TI  - Simple solution to snoring.

PMID- 2910393
TI  - Should Canadians support NAMDA or MASA?

PMID- 2910394
TI  - Ensuring a heart-healthy pilot population [correction].

PMID- 2910395
TI  - Human immunodeficiency virus type 2.

PMID- 2910396
TI  - The decision not to resuscitate: talking with patients and families.

PMID- 2910397
TI  - Pediatric manpower in Canada: a cross-country survey.
AB  - Health care costs and government cutbacks in Canadian training posts have caused
      concerns about physician manpower. To determine the present pediatric manpower
      situation a cross-country survey was undertaken of all pediatricians and their
      practice patterns. Of the 2060 recipients of a questionnaire 5% were found to not
      be pediatricians. Of the remaining 1960, 69% returned a completed questionnaire.
      Overall, 70% of the pediatricians were men, although among those less than 35
      years of age 49% were women. Across Canada 37% of the pediatricians practised
      primary care, 25% secondary care and 38% tertiary care. There were wide regional
      differences in practice patterns, with large numbers of primary care
      pediatricians in Winnipeg, Toronto, Ottawa and the province of Quebec; few
      pediatricians in the Maritimes and the remainder of western Canada practised
      primary care. Non-Canadian graduates accounted for 33% of the pediatricians and
      represented a considerable proportion of tertiary care pediatricians. Cutbacks in
      numbers of pediatric training positions and restrictions on immigration of
      foreign pediatricians may lead to unexpected deficiencies in the availability of
      some types of pediatric practitioners, especially those in tertiary care.

PMID- 2910398
TI  - The value of pulmonary function tests in the management of acute asthma.
AB  - We examined the influence of the forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) on
      the decision to admit or discharge patients who present with acute bronchospasm
      due to asthma and the ability of the FEV1 to predict the need for admission or
      the likelihood of relapse after discharge. The FEV1 was recorded at presentation
      before treatment and immediately after a decision to admit or discharge had been
      made. Of the 96 patients 10.4% were admitted, 10.4% were discharged but suffered
      a relapse, and 79.2% were discharged and did not suffer a relapse. The FEV1 had a
      low positive predictive value (47%) for admission or relapse when it was 0.7
      L/min or less at presentation and 2.1 L/min or less before discharge or
      admission. The FEV1 did not alter the decision to admit or discharge in 97% of
      the cases. We believe that the FEV1 fails to identify patients who should be
      admitted or those who will likely suffer a relapse; however, patients with a
      final FEV1 greater than 2.4 L/min may be discharged with confidence.

PMID- 2910399
TI  - Rates and outcome of pregnancies achieved in the first 4 years of an in-vitro
      fertilization program.
AB  - Between Feb. 1, 1984, and Dec. 31, 1987, 578 couples were treated in the in-vitro
      fertilization (IVF) program at University Hospital, London, Ont. The 160
      confirmed pregnancies resulted in 86 deliveries and the birth of 108 babies.
      There were 20 spontaneous abortions, 12 ectopic pregnancies, 11 presumptive
      pregnancies, 4 neonatal deaths and 1 stillbirth. At the time of writing, 41
      pregnancies of 20 weeks' gestation or more were in progress. Except for a high
      cesarean section rate the obstetric outcome of pregnancies achieved with IVF does
      not appear to be different from that expected for a group of infertile couples
      treated with conventional therapies. The pregnancy rates varied according to the
      denominator used.

PMID- 2910400
TI  - Hypercholesterolemia.

PMID- 2910401
TI  - There are fewer doctors sitting in new Parliament.

PMID- 2910402
TI  - Care in the air: quality of airline medical kits varies widely.

PMID- 2910403
TI  - It's a sad day for medicine in Ontario.

PMID- 2910404
TI  - After rocky start, plans for international AIDS conference move ahead.

PMID- 2910405
TI  - CMA will launch major strategic planning exercise, board decides.

PMID- 2910406
TI  - Canada's doctors--who they are and what they do: lessons from the CMA's 1986
      manpower survey.

PMID- 2910407
TI  - Hurricane Gilbert devastated Carribean medical school.

PMID- 2910408
TI  - Queen's aims to become the little school that could. Interview by David Helwig.

PMID- 2910409
TI  - Biologic and cytogenetic characteristics of leukemia in infants.
AB  - Clinical features, leukemic cell characterization, chromosomal findings, and
      treatment outcome were analyzed in a retrospective study of 30 cases with acute
      leukemia of infancy, 24 infants with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), and six
      cases with acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia (ANLL). Extensive bulky disease with
      organomegaly, central nervous system (CNS), and skin involvement were prominent
      features at diagnosis with a higher frequency in ANLL as compared to ALL. Four of
      six ANLL patients were classified as monocytic or myelomonocytic. In the ALL
      group nine of 24 (36%) were non-L1 morphology and six of 17 (33%) were common ALL
      antigen (CALLA) negative, the majority of them (five of six) were included in the
      non-L1 group. Immunophenotyping revealed four cases with early B-cell (three
      patients: Ia+B4+, and one patient: Ia+) and two cases with T-cell. Mixed lineage
      leukemia was found in five infants. Heavy chain immunoglobulin gene rearrangement
      was present in six cases tested, two CALLA+, two with Ia+B4+, and two were
      undifferentiated mixed lineage leukemia. Chromosomal aberrations were detected in
      ten of 18 patients, mostly in ANLL and CALLA negative ALL. Translocations were
      detected in six patients, involving 4q21-23 and 11q23 in three and two cases,
      respectively. The probability of five-year DFS were 27% for the whole group. The
      worst prognosis was observed in infants younger than 6 months of age, in whom the
      leukemia cell characteristics was compatible with stem cell: ANLL, very early pre
      B, or undifferentiated mixed type. The chromosomal aberrations found in all cases
      included translocation with the seemingly nonrandom breakpoints at 4q21 and
      11q23, and breakpoints that corresponded to known fragile sites. This finding may
      be suggestive of an underlying genetic predisposition associated with the poor
      prognosis of leukemia of infancy.

PMID- 2910410
TI  - Cytogenetic findings and prognosis in neuroblastoma with emphasis on marker
      chromosome 1.
AB  - The relationship between cytogenetic findings and prognosis in 51 pediatric
      patients with neuroblastoma is described. Patients were classified into the
      following four groups based on karyotypic findings: (1) near diploidy, 42 to 47
      chromosomes (n = 11); (2) hyperdiploidy, 50 to 56 chromosomes (n = 4); (3) near
      triploidy, 60 to 77 chromosomes (n = 33); and (4) hypotetraploidy, 80 to 83
      chromosomes (n = 3). Patients with near diploid or hypotetraploid karyotypes also
      had several structural abnormalities including marker chromosome 1, with or
      without double minutes (DM) or homogeneously staining regions (HSR). Most of
      these patients were 1 year of age or older and had advanced tumors. The patients
      who were in the hyperdiploid or near triploid category had few structural
      abnormalities; all of them, except one, were younger than 1 year of age, had
      localized tumors, and are long-term, disease-free survivors. Kaplan-Meier
      analysis of survival rates disclosed a significant difference favoring the latter
      group (P less than 0.001). N-myc gene amplification was found in five patients of
      the former group but in no patients of the latter group. The presence or absence
      of DM or HSR in the former group had no statistically demonstrable effect on
      survival. However, the presence of marker chromosome 1 appears to indicate a poor
      prognosis. Five patients with Stage IV-S disease had near triploid abnormalities
      similar to findings in patients with localized tumors. We propose that localized
      and Stage IV-S neuroblastomas can be classified as one disease category, and that
      patients with near diploid or hypotetraploid karyotypes are clinically distinct
      from those having hyperdiploid or near triploid karyotypes. We consider that
      chromosomal pattern is a more influential prognostic factor than age, disease
      stage, or N-myc gene amplification.

PMID- 2910411
TI  - Value of venous catheterization and calcitonin studies in the treatment and
      management of clinically inapparent medullary thyroid carcinoma.
AB  - Seventeen patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) underwent venous
      catheterization (VC) for sampling and serum calcitonin (CT) assay. The VC was
      performed either after an initial treatment in order to detect cervical
      recurrences and metastases (16 patients) or to prove abnormal CT thyroid
      secretion before any treatment (one patient). In 16 of the 32 tumoral
      localizations suspected by VC (50%), a tumoral focus was proven. For
      selective/peripheral CT gradient value superior to 2.50, 12 localizations of 12
      (100%) were proven and for CT gradient value between 1.50 and 2.50, four
      localizations of 15 (26.6%) were proven. In six patients with exclusive cervical
      MTC secreting sites, treatment induced a total remission in two cases (12%) and
      improved in four cases (23%). The authors conclude that VC has a real value to
      localize MTC secreting sites. A total remission or an improvement can be obtained
      after treatment when VC detects exclusive cervical tumors.

PMID- 2910412
TI  - Selection of hormone-responsive advanced breast cancer with a cytoplasmic
      estrogen receptor assay. Analysis of 100 cases.
AB  - One hundred women with advanced breast cancer were treated with endocrine therapy
      alone and the clinical response was correlated with the estrogen receptor status
      of the tumor as determined by a fluorescent histochemical assay designed to
      estimate the percentage of cancer cells with high cytoplasmic estrogen binding
      activity. Using clinical response rates as the standards for measurement, this
      histochemical method showed an 84% sensitivity, a 74% specificity, a 76% positive
      predictive value and an 82% negative predictive value. These results indicate
      that the histochemical assay may serve as a supplementary means to identify
      hormone-responsive mammary carcinomas and as a research tool to study the biology
      of this group of tumors.

PMID- 2910413
TI  - The percentage of aneuploid cells is significantly correlated with survival in
      accurately staged patients with stage 1 resected squamous cell lung cancer and
      long-term follow up.
AB  - Previous studies have shown that ploidy is an important prognostic determinant in
      lung cancer, but in those studies followup was restricted to three years, while
      patients with Stage 1, 2 and 3 disease and with different histological subtypes
      were included. Theoretically, these factors could have influenced the findings,
      especially since aneuploidy strongly correlated with the stage of disease.
      Because of this, tumor ploidy was studied in surgically resected stage 1 (T1/2,
      N0M0) squamous cell lung cancer patients with a minimal followup of 6 years. All
      patients were accurately staged by mediastinal lymph node mapping. Fifty-two from
      a group of 1539 patients with lung cancer diagnosed between 1980 and 1986
      inclusive, fulfilled these criteria. Of these tumors, 23 (44%) were diploid with
      a 6-year survival of 53% and 29 (56%) were aneuploid with a 6-year survival of
      48%. Although diploidy tended to be associated with local relapse of the tumor
      and aneuploidy with distant metastases, the difference was not significant and
      neither showed a survival advantage. However, within the aneuploid tumors, there
      was a significant correlation between the percentage of aneuploid cells and
      survival, defined as event-free or time to death. Seventeen patients with a
      percentage of more than 10 had a worse outcome (12 died, 6 years survival 35%),
      than to the other 12 patients with less than 10% aneuploid cells (2 died, 6-year
      survival 78%) (Mantel-Cox = 6.04, P = 0.01). This implies that in patients with
      accurately staged and histologically proven Stage 1 squamous cell lung cancer and
      long-term follow up, DNA content classified as diploid and aneuploid is not a
      prognostic factor for survival, but the percentage of aneuploid tumor cells is
      correlated with the prognosis.

PMID- 2910414
TI  - Atypical cysts and carcinomas of the kidneys in the phacomatoses. A quantitative
      DNA study using static and flow cytometry.
AB  - Reported are the pathologic features of atypical cysts and/or renal cell
      carcinomas found in the kidneys of four patients having either tuberous sclerosis
      or Hippel-Lindau disease. In addition, cellular DNA contents of the cells lining
      the atypical cysts and comprising the carcinomas were quantitated using both
      static and flow cytometric techniques. These studies showed that cysts lined by
      atypical epithelial cells are frequently present in renal parenchyma adjacent to
      the renal carcinomas, and that the cytologic features of atypical cells lining
      the cysts were essentially the same as the cytologic features found in the
      adjacent well-differentiated, renal cell carcinomas. DNA quantitative studies
      revealed that both the renal cell carcinomas and the atypical cyst lining cells
      had the same DNA indices and were essentially DNA euploid. In this patient group
      these findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the atypical cyst lining
      cells evolve into the renal cell carcinomas; however, they do not prove this
      proposed but likely sequence.

PMID- 2910415
TI  - Early liver metastases in patients with medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland.
AB  - In 13 patients who had been thyroidectomized for medullary carcinoma (MCT), basal
      and pentagastrin-stimulated immunoreactive calcitonin (iCT) concentrations were
      measured in a peripheral vein and concomitantly in hepatic veins as well as in
      the superior and inferior caval veins. The basal concentrations of iCT in serum
      from the antecubital vein ranged from normal values (less than 0.50 micrograms/1)
      to grossly elevated (greater than 100 micrograms/1). Intravenous pentagastrin
      injections (0.5 micrograms/kg) stimulated transiently calcitonin secretion in all
      patients and peak concentrations occurred in peripheral venous blood and in the
      inferior caval vein after 3 to 5 minutes. In all patients peak iCT values in the
      hepatic vein occurred at 1 to 2 minutes and were much higher than in samples
      taken from other veins. Only three patients showed metastases to liver as judged
      by conventional clinical and laboratory examinations. Two patients with
      nonthyroid, malignant disease did not show an increase in serum iCT concentration
      of hepatic veins. The authors conclude that MCT may spread early to the liver.
      The presence of liver metastases is an important prognostic factor in patient
      evaluation and can be demonstrated by measuring iCT in hepatic veins before and
      during pentagastrin stimulation.

PMID- 2910416
TI  - Relation of tumor size, lymph node status, and survival in 24,740 breast cancer
      cases.
AB  - Two of the most important prognostic indicators for breast cancer are tumor size
      and extent of axillary lymph node involvement. Data on 24,740 cases recorded in
      the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program of the National
      Cancer Institute were used to evaluate the breast cancer survival experience in a
      representative sample of women from the United States. Actuarial (life table)
      methods were used to investigate the 5-year relative survival rates in cases with
      known operative/pathologic axillary lymph node status and primary tumor diameter.
      Survival rates varied from 45.5% for tumor diameters equal to or greater than 5
      cm with positive axillary nodes to 96.3% for tumors less than 2 cm and with no
      involved nodes. The relation between tumor size and lymph node status was
      investigated in detail. Tumor diameter and lymph node status were found to act as
      independent but additive prognostic indicators. As tumor size increased, survival
      decreased regardless of lymph node status; and as lymph node involvement
      increased, survival status also decreased regardless of tumor size. A linear
      relation was found between tumor diameter and the percent of cases with positive
      lymph node involvement. The results of our analyses suggest that disease
      progression to distant sites does not occur exclusively via the axillary lymph
      nodes, but rather that lymph node status serves as an indicator of the tumor's
      ability to spread.

PMID- 2910417
TI  - Malignant melanoma with metastasis to adenocarcinoma of the prostate.
AB  - Tumor-to-tumor metastases are uncommon despite the fact that the presence of two
      or more malignancies in a single patient is not a rare occurrence. The most
      frequent donor tumors are the lung, prostate, and thyroid gland, whereas renal
      cell carcinoma is by far the most common recipient. In this report we describe a
      patient dying of metastatic malignant melanoma and locally advanced prostate
      cancer in which the melanoma metastasized to the prostatic adenocarcinoma. The
      prostatic primary was well differentiated and stained positively with prostate
      specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase, whereas the melanoma contained
      abundant melanin pigment and stained positively for S-100 protein. This is the
      second reported instance of prostatic carcinoma as the recipient in a case of
      tumor-to-tumor metastases and the first in the English language literature.

PMID- 2910418
TI  - Hyperthermic isolated regional perfusion in the treatment of extremity melanoma
      in children and adolescents.
AB  - From 1973 to 1982 six children and eight adolescents with extremity melanomas
      were treated by local excision and adjuvant hyperthermic isolated regional
      perfusion with Melphalan (L-phenylalanine mustard, manufactured by Burroughs
      Wellcome Company, Research Triangle Park, NC). The median Breslow thickness of
      the melanomas was 2.7 mm (range, 1 to 15 mm). According to the M.D. Anderson
      classification, nine patients were in Stage IA and five were in Stage IIIB. The
      median follow-up period was approximately 10 years. Distant metastases developed
      in three patients (21%) (one patient was in Stage IA [11%] and two patients were
      in Stage IIIB [40%]). In two cases the development of distant metastases was
      preceded by local recurrence (14%). The 5-year survival rate was 93%. The 10-year
      survival rate was 81%. The high survival rate, even for patients with unfavorably
      thick melanomas, seems to be attributable to isolated regional perfusion.

PMID- 2910419
TI  - Sexual dysfunction and treatment for early stage cervical cancer.
AB  - Assessment of sexual frequency, function, and behavior, as well as martial
      happiness and psychological distress was performed for 61 women with early stage,
      invasive cervical cancer at the time of diagnosis. Cancer treatment was radical
      hysterectomy alone for 26 women and radiotherapy with or without surgery for 37.
      Followups took place at 6 and 12 months after cancer therapy. Women's sexual
      satisfaction, capacity for orgasm, and frequency of masturbation remained stable,
      whereas frequency of sexual activity with a partner and range of sexual practices
      decreased significantly by one year. Women who received irradiation with or
      without surgery resembled women who underwent radical hysterectomy alone at 6
      months. By one year, however, the radiotherapy group had developed dyspareunia,
      which was reflected in gynecologist ratings at pelvic examination. The women
      receiving radiotherapy also had more problems with sexual desire and arousal, and
      were less likely to resume several daily life activities. Cancer treatment
      modality was not related to marital happiness or stability, however.

PMID- 2910420
TI  - Long-term vocational adjustment of cancer patients diagnosed during adolescence.
AB  - Long-term vocational achievements of 40 survivors of cancer diagnosed during
      adolescence were examined and compared with 40 healthy sex-matched and age
      matched controls. Patients' ages at diagnosis ranged from 13 to 19 years (mean,
      16.15). Study subjects had survived cancer for over 5 years and were on no cancer
      therapy. Assessment measures included the Rand General Well-Being Scale, the Rand
      Functional Limitations and Physical Abilities Batteries, and a semistructured
      interview. The relation of physical disability and limitations caused by cancer
      to patients' achievements also was evaluated. Although cancer patients, on the
      average, were more concerned about their health and reported lower general
      spirits than controls, no differences were found between control and study groups
      with regard to overall general well-being. More cancer patients than controls
      reported that their health limited their ability to engage in vigorous
      activities. A greater functional deficit was found among unemployed than employed
      cancer patients. Employers and co-workers often were aware of the patient's
      diagnosis (85% and 67%, respectively). Cancer patients reported disease-related
      discrimination in hiring (7.4%), induction into the military (66.7%), and
      obtaining health, life, and disability insurance (31.5%). There was no
      significant relationship between health status and employment. Nevertheless,
      cancer patients had a higher average income than controls. Sixty-four percent of
      patients believed that changes in certain physical features of the workplace were
      necessary to facilitate readjustment to the job. Despite the disabilities
      experienced by cancer patients and generally negative public attitudes, long-term
      survivors have a good outlook on life and are competitive members of the
      workplace and society.

PMID- 2910421
TI  - A comparison of two regimens for high-risk acute lymphocytic leukemia in
      childhood. A Pediatric Oncology Group Study.
AB  - Four hundred thirty patients with high-risk acute lymphoid leukemia were entered
      on the acute leukemia in childhood protocol (AlinC 12) of the Pediatric Division
      of the Southwest Oncology Group (now the Pediatric Oncology Group) between 1976
      and 1979. This study was a prospective randomized comparison of two regimens that
      had as their primary differences: (1) an intensification period with Cytoxan
      (cyclophosphamide) and asparaginase after induction; (2) a period of intravenous
      methotrexate before initiating maintenance; and (3) in the regimen that had those
      two additions, triple-drug chemoprophylaxis of the central nervous system (CNS)
      using methotrexate, hydrocortisone, and cytosine arabinoside as compared to
      cranial irradiation and intrathecal methotrexate. All patients received
      vincristine and prednisone induction, 6-mercaptopurine and methotrexate
      maintenance, and vincristine and prednisone pulse intensification. There was no
      significant difference in the rate of bone marrow relapse. However, overall
      disease-free survival favored the arm with intensification and chemoprophylaxis
      because of a lesser incidence of extramedullary relapse. Thus, for treatment 1
      versus treatment 3 the two-sided P values were for overall disease-free survival
      0.16; bone marrow relapses 0.13; all CNS relapses 0.04; and all extramedullary
      disease relapses 0.013. It is concluded that intensification as delivered in this
      protocol protects against testicular relapse and that chemoprophylaxis is
      adequate prophylaxis against isolated CNS relapse.

PMID- 2910422
TI  - A randomized study of inpatient versus outpatient continuous infusion
      chemotherapy for patients with locally advanced head and neck cancer.
AB  - This study was designed to evaluate the safety, reliability, and patient
      acceptance of outpatient continuous intravenous infusion (CVI) chemotherapy.
      Twenty-two patients with locally advanced head and neck cancer received induction
      chemotherapy with methotrexate, cisplatin and a 5-day CVI of 5-fluorouracil (5
      FU). Patients were randomized to receive the 5-FU portion of cycle 1 either by a
      standard inpatient CVI chemotherapy delivery device (standard pump) or by the
      Infusor (Baxter Healthcare Corporation, Deerfield, IL), a portable chemotherapy
      delivery system that provides a constant flow of drug over a period of 24 hours.
      For cycle 2, patients crossed over to the alternative drug delivery method.
      Patients receiving chemotherapy via the Infusor could choose to be either
      inpatients or outpatients. Daily plasma concentrations of 5-FU were determined
      during the first two cycles of chemotherapy. There was no significant difference
      in the mean steady state plasma 5-FU levels achieved with either drug delivery
      method (329.7 +/- 95.8 ng/ml for infusor cycles vs. 352.8 +/- 114.9 ng/ml for
      standard pump cycles). Clinical toxicities consisted primarily of mucositis for
      both methods of drug delivery. Eight patients declined to receive CVI
      chemotherapy as outpatients citing as reasons fear of malfunction of the device,
      inconvenience of the frequent clinic visits necessitated by daily monitoring of
      plasma 5-FU concentrations, and restrictions in daily home activities. Eleven
      patients underwent CVI chemotherapy via Infusor as outpatients. All reported
      outpatient CVI chemotherapy as convenient and effective and, when eligible, chose
      it again in subsequent cycles. A comparison of estimated costs revealed
      reductions in daily costs of +366.00 (+2,200.00 per cycle) for outpatient
      chemotherapy. Outpatient CVI chemotherapy is a reliable drug delivery method that
      was accepted by a majority of patients in this study. These factors may help to
      establish outpatient CVI chemotherapy as a viable alternative to hospitalization.

PMID- 2910423
TI  - Decreased cardiac toxicity of doxorubicin administered by continuous intravenous
      infusion in combination chemotherapy for metastatic breast carcinoma.
AB  - Two hundred and seventy-four consecutive patients with measurable metastatic
      breast cancer, without prior exposure to cytotoxic agents were treated with
      tamoxifen, 5-fluorouracil, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide (FAC). The initial
      133 patients received doxorubicin by bolus IV administration and for the next
      group of 141 patients doxorubicin was administered via a central venous catheter
      over a 48-hour (79 patients) or 96-hour (62 patients) continuous infusion
      schedule. Patients treated with bolus doxorubicin had this agent discontinued
      usually when 450 mg/m2 were reached; for patients in the infusion group treatment
      was continued until evidence of progressive disease or clinical or subclinical
      cardiac dysfunction developed. The complete remission rate was 21% the partial
      remission rate, 59%. There were no differences in response rate, response
      duration, or survival duration between groups of patients treated with
      doxorubicin by bolus, 48-hour or 96-hour infusion FAC. The incidence of moderate
      and severe nausea and vomiting was lower in the group of patients treated with
      infusion FAC as compared to bolus FAC (P less than 0.001); however, the incidence
      of mucositis was higher in the infusion group than in the bolus group (P less
      than 0.001). Doxorubicin administered by continuous infusion schedules was less
      cardiotoxic than when administered by bolus, as shown by a greater than 75%
      decrease in the frequency of clinical congestive heart failure at cumulative
      dosages greater than or equal to 450 mg/m2 (P = 0.004). Doxorubicin administered
      as a 48-hour or 96-hour continuous IV infusion is safer, and better tolerated
      than doxorubicin administered by bolus.

PMID- 2910424
TI  - A combination of intraarterial chemotherapy, preoperative and postoperative
      radiotherapy, and surgery as limb-saving treatment of primarily unresectable high
      grade soft tissue sarcomas of the extremities.
AB  - The localization and size of a high-grade soft tissue sarcoma of an extremity are
      generally the limiting factor in limb-saving surgery. Since 1982 nine patients
      with a high-grade soft tissue sarcoma of an extremity, which usually requires
      amputation, have been treated by intraarterial chemotherapy, preoperative and
      postoperative radiotherapy, and surgery. The limb was saved in eight patients
      (89%). During a median follow-up of 24 months (mean follow-up 32 months, range 12
      to 64 months) one local recurrence and four distant metastases were diagnosed.
      Three patients developed complications due to the intraarterial chemotherapy, a
      motor and sensory neuropathy of the sciatic nerve was diagnosed in one patient,
      and two patients developed a flexion contracture of the knee. The results
      obtained in this small series show that the combination of intraarterial
      doxorubicin, preoperative and postoperative radiotherapy, and surgery is feasible
      in limb-saving treatment of primarily "unresectable" high-grade soft tissue
      sarcomas of the extremities without increasing the risk of a local recurrence.

PMID- 2910425
TI  - Effect of cumulative courses of intraarterial cis-diamminedichloroplatin-II on
      the primary tumor in osteosarcoma.
AB  - Preoperative chemotherapy with intraarterial cis-diamminedichloroplatin-II (CDP)
      and mannitol diuresis was administered to the primary tumor in 42 patients with
      osteosarcoma. The dose was 150 mg/m2 and more than 90% of the infusions were
      administered during a 2-week period. On occasion this period was extended to 3
      weeks because of temporary renal insufficiency or logistical circumstances.
      Definitive surgical specimens were prepared by means of an arteriogram-directed
      plane of dissection with mapping and random sections. Histologically, tumor
      destruction was evaluated in terms of necrosis, inflammatory response, and
      fibrovascular regeneration. Quantification of the percent of tumor necrosis was
      as follows: less than 40% (consistent with spontaneous necrosis and/or no
      chemotherapy effect); 40% to 60% (possible chemotherapy effect); 60% to 90%
      (chemotherapy effect--partial response); and 90% to 100% (complete response).
      Therapeutic efficacy also was correlated with the number of CDP courses (one to
      three, four to five, and six to seven) and tumor subtype. Significant therapeutic
      effect (greater than 60% destruction) was observed with four or more CDP courses
      (one of nine tumors [one to three courses] versus 26 of 33 tumors [four to seven
      courses] [P = 0.01]). More than 60% of the tumor destruction was observed in the
      following subtypes: osteoblastic (22 of 28), fibroblastic (three of six), and
      telangiectatic (two of five). These data demonstrate that four or more courses of
      intraarterial CDP are required to achieve optimum effects and that osteoblastic
      osteosarcoma is highly responsive.

PMID- 2910426
TI  - Mediastinoscopy incision site metastasis. Implications for radiotherapeutic
      treatment.
AB  - The risk of iatrogenic tumor seeding from mediastinoscopy is low. Reported is a
      case of mediastinoscopy incision site metastasis treated palliatively. The
      implications for radiotherapy treatment are discussed.

PMID- 2910427
TI  - Dose-response and failure pattern for bulky or barrel-shaped stage IB cervical
      cancer treated by combined photon irradiation and extrafascial hysterectomy.
AB  - From 1975 to 1987, 80 patients with bulky or barrel-shaped Stage IB cervical
      cancer were treated with preoperative irradiation and Cs-137 intracavitary
      implant therapy, before a planned extrafascial abdominal hysterectomy, using a
      consistent treatment policy. Of the hysterectomy specimens obtained, 37% were
      positive histologically at 89 +/- 2.3 days after the start of radiotherapy and at
      4 to 6 weeks after the completion of radiation therapy. Sixty-three percent were
      negative after a total external and internal cervix irradiation dose of 9642 cGy
      at point T. The average point A dose contributed by intracavitary therapy was
      2104 cGy. The survival rate at 5 years was 84%: At 10 years the survival rate was
      78%. The failure pattern was analyzed for patients who had positive and negative
      specimens. The patients with positive specimens failed pelvically or pelvically
      and distantly. Patients with negative specimens failed in extrapelvic or distant
      metastatic sites. Preoperative radiotherapy led to excellent local and pelvic
      control of tumor, and the failures became predominantly distant metastases. The
      combined radiosurgical therapy was tolerated well and allowed surgical staging of
      disease. This permitted earlier and selective consideration of adjunctive therapy
      (i.e., paraaortic irradiation, chemotherapy, or chemoradiotherapy). The dose
      response data give insight into the effects of photon radiotherapy on bulky or
      barrel Stage IB cervical cancers and correlate histologic status with failure
      pattern, outcome, and long-term survival.

PMID- 2910428
TI  - Preoperative cutaneous lymphoscintigraphy in malignant melanoma.
AB  - To identify the regional lymph node basins cutaneous lymphoscintigraphy with
      technetium 99m rhenium sulfide colloid (99mTc-ReS) was performed in 45 patients
      and with technetium 99m antimony sulfide colloid (99mTc-Sb2S3) in seven patients
      after excisional biopsy of the primary tumor. All patients had skin tumors
      located in the face or neck or on the trunk with 47 cases of cutaneous malignant
      melanoma and 5 cases of benign or premalignant lesions. In 48 patients the
      scintiscans 1 hour after perilesional injection of the tracer colloid clearly
      showed the lymphatic drainage patterns from the tumor sites, of them 25 patients
      demonstrated unidirectional drainage, whereas the remaining 23 patients had
      multidirectional drainage to two or three lymph node groups. There were technical
      difficulties in performing the examinations in four patients. The authors
      recommend cutaneous lymphoscintigraphy as a safe, simple and reliable technique
      for mapping the lymphatic drainage preoperatively in patients with Stage I
      cutaneous malignant melanoma of axial localization.

PMID- 2910429
TI  - Pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis is more extensive in poorly differentiated than
      in well-differentiated human gastric carcinoma.
AB  - In tissues obtained from patients undergoing gastrectomy, the activities of 12
      enzymes involved in pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis: cytidine triphosphate (CTP)
      synthetase, deoxycytidine monophosphate (dCMP) deaminase, thymidine monophosphate
      (dTMP) kinase, uridine (Urd), deoxycytidine (dCyd) and thymidine (dThd) kinases,
      Urd, deoxyuridine (dUrd) and dThd phosphorylases, cytidine (Cyd) and dCyd
      deaminases, and DNA polymerase were examined in the eight-well-differentiated and
      12 poorly differentiated gastric cancer tissues and the ten normal tissues. These
      cases were clinically advanced and serosal invasions were evident. Activities of
      these enzymes were higher in the poorly differentiated tissues than the well
      differentiated type and in the normal tissues. Significant differences were noted
      between the poorly differentiated and well-differentiated types, in dTMP kinase
      (P less than 0.02), dThd kinase (P less than 0.05), dThd phosphorylase (P less
      than 0.01), and DNA polymerase (P less than 0.05). The authors' findings show
      that the level of pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis, in both de novo and salvage
      pathways, is higher in the poorly differentiated gastric cancer tissues than in
      the well-differentiated type and suggest that antitumor drugs have an increased
      susceptibility in cases of poorly differentiated gastric carcinoma.

PMID- 2910430
TI  - Conservative treatment of distal rectal cancer by local excision.
AB  - From 1954 through 1982, 57 patients with invasive, distal rectal cancer had a
      full-thickness local excision with curative intent. Prognostic criteria and need
      for further treatment were based on the histopathologic results of the operative
      specimen. The overall 5-year survival rate was 83.4%. The rectal cancer-specific
      mortality rate was 10.5%. None of the 27 patients without adverse prognostic
      factors died from rectal cancer, and for this group local excision alone was
      sufficient treatment. The only single factors associated with an adverse outcome
      were mucinous characteristics and full-thickness invasion. Ulceration alone and
      penetration into the muscularis propria alone were not adverse factors. In the
      presence of multiple adverse prognostic factors, mucinous characteristics or full
      thickness penetration, local excision was inadequate treatment and an abdominal
      perineal resection was necessary.

PMID- 2910431
TI  - High-dose cyclophosphamide in the treatment of refractory lymphomas and solid
      tumor malignancies.
AB  - Twenty-two patients with refractory solid tumors or lymphoma were treated with a
      single course of high-dose cyclophosphamide (120 mg/kg intravenously [IV] over 2
      days) whereas three patients received two courses each. Marrow infusion was not
      used. In the 22 courses evaluable for tumor response there were 14 responses
      (64%) of which 11 were partial responses (PR) (50%) and three complete responses
      (CR) (14%). In the 12 evaluable courses given in patients with lymphoid
      malignancies a partial response was obtained in seven (58%) and complete response
      in two (17%) for an overall response rate of 75%. The median duration of response
      was short: 2 months (range, 1-12 months). Twenty-seven courses were evaluable for
      toxicity. All patients had nadir polymorphonuclear leukocytes counts less than
      500/mm3 with median time to recovery to a level greater than 500/mm3 of 9 days
      (range, 6-21 days). The median nadir platelet count was 30,000/mm3. One patient
      had prolonged thrombocytopenia of 225 days. There were two toxic deaths related
      to leukopenia, one secondary to Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, and the second
      from probable sepsis and cholecystitis. Nineteen patients had previously received
      cyclophosphamide in standard doses. In the patients with lymphoid malignancies
      who had previously received cyclophosphamide, 22% achieved a CR with an overall
      response rate of 78%. High-dose cyclophosphamide may be given with acceptable
      toxicity in heavily pretreated patients. Given the short response duration in
      patients with progressive disease, the optimal results of such high-dose
      cyclophosphamide may be achieved when it is employed earlier in the natural
      history of the disease in conjunction with other alkylators, or as consolidation
      therapy.

PMID- 2910432
TI  - Characterization of a human ovarian carcinoma cell line with estrogen and
      progesterone receptors.
AB  - The potential significant therapeutic and prognostic roles for the sex steroid
      receptors in ovarian cancer are recognized. The authors present in detail the
      biochemical, morphologic, cytogenetic, and growth characteristics of an ovarian
      carcinoma cell line, BG-1, which has functional estrogen and progesterone
      receptors (23 and 300 fmol/mg protein, respectively) in clinically significant
      levels. In particular, BG-1 has a DNA index of 1.14, a stable karyotype with
      specific translocations, and produces and secretes CA 125 into the media.

PMID- 2910433
TI  - Differences in prognostic factors between leukemia and lymphoma type of adult T
      cell leukemia.
AB  - Prognostic factors affecting the survival of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) patients
      were analyzed in three groups: total cases, leukemia type cases, and lymphoma
      type cases. Factors found to be important overall, i.e. for total cases, were
      leukocyte count, ATL cell ratio in the peripheral blood, serum calcium levels and
      lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level. Of those, LDH level proved not significant
      when evaluated separately for leukemia type or lymphoma type cases. Leukocyte
      count and ATL cell ratio were significant in leukemia type patients, whereas it
      was serum calcium level that was significant in lymphoma type; there were
      mutually exclusive sets of factors for the two groups. Thus, prognostic factors
      for ATL patients should be considered separately for each type of the disease.

PMID- 2910434
TI  - Acute nonlymphocytic leukemias of childhood. Inter-observer variability and
      problems in the use of the FAB classification.
AB  - The French-American-British (FAB) classification system and some recent
      modifications were applied to 486 children with a diagnosis of acute
      nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) to determine the distribution of the subtypes in
      children, to document the extent of inter-observer variation in assigning
      subtypes, and to examine the reasons for the differences. The distribution of FAB
      subtypes of childhood ANLL was similar to that reported for adults. In the
      initial year of the study, the inter-observer concurrence between the
      institutional diagnosis and the reviewing pathologists was 50%, but in the more
      recent years, concurrence between institutions and the review pathologist has
      approached 80%, averaging around 73% for the entire study. Many problems remain
      to be solved with this classification system, including the imprecision in
      wording, the subjectiveness of the interpretation, errors due to the random
      distribution of cells, and the current lack of evidence that certain FAB
      subtypes, such as M1 and M2, differ significantly in terms of biological behavior
      and prognosis.

PMID- 2910435
TI  - Pineocytomas.
AB  - Six cases of histologically proven pineocytoma are reported. The diagnosis was
      established by surgery in five cases and at autopsy in one. All patients received
      focal radiation therapy (4500 to 5400 cGy). Two patients had local recurrences at
      1 and 48 months and subsequently died of tumor. A third patient died of
      Alzheimer's disease 29 years after the initial presentation. Three patients are
      alive with no evidence of disease at 21+, 52+, and 84+ months after treatment.
      Tumor dissemination occurred after a local recurrence in one patient. We found no
      evidence of recurrence outside the irradiated field unless there was an initial
      recurrence at the primary tumor site. We recommend postoperative staging for all
      patients with pineocytoma and focal radiation therapy if local disease alone is
      found. Craniospinal radiation therapy appears to be justified only if tumor
      dissemination is documented on staging tests.

PMID- 2910436
TI  - Breast carcinoma and plasma 17-beta-estradiol binding.
AB  - The data relating to plasma steroid binding and transport (usually measured with
      dehydrotestosterone) are controversial. The plasma E2 binding of 79 breast
      carcinoma patients, 19 premenopausal and 60 postmenopausal, were compared to 46
      controls, 21 premenopausal and 25 postmenopausal. In this study the authors
      removed the endogenous steroids with charcoal, incubated the plasma with 17-beta
      E2 in non-saturation conditions, and used ammonium sulfate to precipitate the
      complex. The authors chose 17-beta-E2 as ligand because the plasma steroid
      binding system has not been shown to be homogeneous and because this binding
      function may vary independently for the different steroids. In these patients,
      the E2 binding was significantly (P less than 0.01) increased (85 +/- 11 pg/ml
      and 73 +/- 13 pg/ml in premenopausal and postmenopausal) compared to the normal
      controls (59 +/- 7 pg/ml and 58 +/- 5 pg/ml in premenopausal and postmenopausal
      women. It is still unclear whether this is a primary increase of the binding
      capacity or a reaction of the host for sequestering excess circulating E2.
      However, the small percentage of false-positives and false-negatives suggests
      that E2 binding could be used as a tumor marker in breast carcinoma.

PMID- 2910437
TI  - Serum glutathione-S-transferase-pi as a tumor marker for gastrointestinal
      malignancies.
AB  - A glutathione-S-transferase-pi (GST-pi) immunoradiometric assay was devised as a
      potential marker for serodiagnosis of malignant disease. Elevated serum GST-pi
      levels were observed in patients with various gastrointestinal malignancies
      including gastric, esophageal, colonic, pancreatic, hepatocellular, and biliary
      tract cancers. Patients with benign gastrointestinal diseases had normal GST-pi,
      but some patients with chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis had slightly elevated
      levels. Over 80% of patients with Stage III or IV gastric cancer and even about
      50% of those with Stage I and II had elevated serum GST-pi. After surgery serum
      GST-pi levels returned to normal. Resected stomach cancers were
      immunohistochemically positive for GST-pi. During chemotherapy of colonic,
      gastric, and hepatocellular cancers with a series of different drugs, GST-pi
      changed in a biphasic manner; increases during initial phases of therapy may
      reflect acquisition of drug resistance by the tumor. In general, serum GST-pi
      assays provide a sensitive and reliable marker for gastrointestinal malignancies.

PMID- 2910438
TI  - Symptoms potentially influencing weight loss in a cancer population. Correlations
      with primary site, nutritional status, and chemotherapy administration.
AB  - A nutritional assessment including determination of symptoms potentially
      influencing weight loss was prospectively performed on 254 consecutive cancer
      patients with favorable performance scores (Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group
      [ECOG] level 0 to 2). Primary cancer sites included the following: non-small cell
      lung (n = 93), colon (n = 50), prostate (n = 23), oropharyngeal (n = 18), breast
      (n = 15), gastrointestinal (n = 13), and other (n = 42). Thirty-nine percent of
      patients had received no prior chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Common symptoms
      in the population were abdominal fullness (61%), taste change (46%), constipation
      (41%), mouth dryness (40%), nausea (39%), and vomiting (27%). Current caloric
      intake was surprisingly similar in 170 patients with weight loss (percent usual
      body weight [PUBW], less than or equal to 95%) compared with 84 without weight
      loss (PUBW, greater than 95%; 31.4 +/- 1.5 versus 30.5 +/- 2.1 kcal/kg/d,
      respectively). Symptoms identified by multivariate analysis as occurring
      significantly more frequently in populations with weight loss included abdominal
      fullness (P less than 0.001), taste change (P less than 0.002), vomiting (P less
      than 0.005), and mouth dryness (P less than 0.02). There was no difference in
      frequency of symptoms between patients with or without prior chemotherapy. These
      results indicate that gastrointestinal/oral symptoms potentially influencing
      weight loss are prevalent early in the course of cancer patients with
      unresectable disease, regardless of current nutritional status, caloric intake,
      or prior therapy experience.

PMID- 2910439
TI  - Suprasellar germinomas in childhood. A reappraisal.
AB  - Germinomas in childhood may arise in both the suprasellar and pineal region, and
      outcome has been reported to be worse for suprasellar germinomas with a 5-year
      survival rate of 20% as compared to 60% for pineal germinoma. To determine the
      factors impacting on outcome, the results of a uniform treatment approach were
      evaluated and included primary surgical debulking (PSD) and systemic craniospinal
      axis radiation (CSRT) for suprasellar germinomas. Between 1976 and 1985 ten
      consecutive patients (seven females, three males) with the pathologically
      confirmed diagnosis of suprasellar germinoma were treated. Outcome was compared
      to four male patients with pineal germinoma treated over the same time period and
      series of patients reported in the literature. At diagnosis the mean age of
      patients with suprasellar germinoma was 13.9 years (range, 8.9 to 9.4 years).
      Symptoms were present for a mean of 18 months (range, 2 to 72 months) prior to
      diagnosis and included diabetes insipidus, anterior pituitary dysfunction,
      decreased vision, headache, vomiting, and diplopia. Staging studies, including
      myelography (n = 4) and cerebrospinal fluid cytology (n = 7), disclosed
      dissemination in only one child. Surgical treatment included biopsy in three
      cases, partial resection in five, and total resection in two; no permanent
      postsurgical complications were noted. The mean radiation therapy dose to the
      tumor site was 4953 cGy (range, 4400 to 5250 cGy) and to the spine 3354 cGy
      (range, 3000 to 4000 cGy). Patients were followed for a mean period of 5.1 years
      (range, 1.9 to 10.5 years). One patient with SG who did not receive treatment
      initially developed a pineal tumor after diagnosis; she was treated with PSD and
      CSRT and is asymptomatic 5 years later. All the remaining patients are alive and
      remain disease-free. Surgical resection and CSRT results in excellent disease
      control for children with suprasellar germinomas, and outcome is similar to those
      patients with pineal germinoma.

PMID- 2910440
TI  - The problem of neck relapse in early stage supraglottic larynx cancer.
AB  - We reviewed the records of 104 patients with Stage T1NO or Stage T2NO epidermoid
      carcinoma of the supraglottic larynx treated between 1965 and 1979. In 79
      patients, surgery was the only type of initial treatment. These 79 patients are
      the subjects of this report. Forty-eight (61%) of these patients were treated by
      total laryngectomy, whereas 31 (39%) had a partial laryngectomy. An elective
      unilateral radical neck dissection was performed on 31 patients considered at
      high risk, but metastatic disease was found in the dissected side of the neck
      histologically in only 32% (ten of 31) of these patients. The minimum follow-up
      period was 5 years and the maximum was 20 years. Twenty-nine percent of the
      patients (23 of 79) experienced a neck relapse. The neck relapse rate was the
      same whether the patients did or did not have an elective radical neck
      dissection. Among the patients who experienced a neck relapse, 65% (15 of 32)
      have died of the cancer. Among those who did not experience a neck relapse, none
      (zero of 56) have died of the cancer (P less than 0.01). These results indicate
      that in surgically treated patients with early stage supraglottic larynx cancer,
      neck relapse was the major cause of failure associated with death from cancer.
      Strategies for decreasing the relapse rate are discussed.

PMID- 2910441
TI  - Combined effect of family history and reproductive factors on breast cancer risk.
AB  - This study evaluated the combined effect of a family history of breast cancer and
      each of three reproductive factors on breast cancer risk in the sisters of 404
      breast cancer patients. The patients had a family history of breast cancer in a
      sister and mother or in two sisters. Risks were highest in sisters who had
      menarche at an early age or who first gave birth at a late age whether the
      patient had unilateral or bilateral disease, and with low parity only when the
      patient had bilateral disease. The bilateral group may have included a higher
      fraction of hereditary forms of breast cancer than the unilateral group. Because
      similar findings have been reported previously for breast cancer patients in
      general, the current results suggest that these reproductive factors have an
      effect on breast cancer risk independent of a family history of the disease. It
      is important, therefore, that the combined effects of these risk factors be taken
      into account when counseling women about their breast cancer risks.

PMID- 2910442
TI  - Coincidence of fundic glandular hyperplasia and carcinoma of the stomach.
AB  - Eight patients with stomach cancer are described who had also a striking
      glandular hyperplasia of the fundic mucosa adjacent and remote from the tumor.
      Five of the eight patients were young women (30 to 37 years of age). The tumors
      were poorly differentiated carcinomas and six of the eight patients have died of
      their disease. None of the patients had clinical evidence of endocrine
      dysfunction including the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Immunohistochemistry
      revealed cells with endocrine differentiation in five of eight tumors, and in two
      tumors gastrin producing cells were found. Five of seven patients showed
      increased numbers of antral G-cells. In two patients numerous endocrine
      (chromogranin-positive) cells were present in the fundic mucosa, specific
      products of which could not be identified with the antigens tested. No
      satisfactory explanation exists for this coincidence and its apparent
      predominance in young female patients. It may be that endocrine substances are
      responsible for this fundic hyperplasia and that they may also act as promotors
      of tumor growth.

PMID- 2910443
TI  - Small bowel carcinoma in Crohn's disease. Distinguishing features and risk
      factors.
AB  - An 86-year-old woman who developed small bowel adenocarcinoma 40 years following
      in-continuity bypass of a 60-cm segment of regional ileitis represents the 22nd
      reported patient with this complication of bypassed Crohn's disease. Her case
      demonstrates several of the typical clinical features of such cancers: late
      recrudescence of disease following a 40-year period of relative quiescence;
      delayed diagnosis due to misinterpretation of the clinical picture (intestinal
      obstruction, abdominal mass, intraabdominal abscess, and fistula formation) as
      due to inflammatory bowel disease; and an exceedingly poor prognosis with rapid
      widespread local dissemination and death. Histologically, severe dysplasia was
      demonstrated both in close proximity to and at a distance from the lesion. The
      increasing number of case reports of adenocarcinoma arising at the site of long
      standing Crohn's disease, many with dysplasia within areas of diseased bowel, is
      further evidence that Crohn's disease is a precancerous condition. Physicians
      must continue to search for methods of earlier diagnosis to improve the prognosis
      of small bowel carcinoma in Crohn's disease.

PMID- 2910444
TI  - Peritoneal carcinomatosis in nongynecologic malignancy. A prospective study of
      prognostic factors.
AB  - Regional recurrence of malignant tumors in the peritoneal cavity usually
      signifies a poor prognosis for the host and often results in gastrointestinal
      complications requiring surgical intervention. One hundred patients with
      nongynecological malignancies found with peritoneal carcinomatosis were followed
      prospectively. The most common primary tumors were colorectal (N = 45) and
      pancreatic (N = 20) carcinoma. When associated with pancreatic carcinoma, 65% of
      patients had liver metastases and 60% had ascites. The presence of ascites was
      associated with poor survival, with no patient surviving past 30 days. Ascites
      was also a sign of poor prognosis in patients with colorectal carcinoma. Among
      possible prognostic factors in colorectal carcinoma patients, only disease-free
      interval, presence of lung metastases, and ascites showed statistically
      significant correlations with survival. Peritoneal carcinomatosis in sarcoma (N =
      7) and breast cancer (N = 6) patients had median survival of 12 and 7 months,
      respectively. Surgical intervention for gastrointestinal complications in
      peritoneal carcinomatosis can provide significant palliation, with a few
      exceptions such as in patients with pancreatic or gastric carcinoma, ascites, and
      poor performance status.

PMID- 2910445
TI  - Adenocarcinoma of the prostate in cystoprostatectomy specimens removed for
      bladder cancer.
AB  - The prostate glands of 84 men undergoing cystoprostatectomy for bladder cancer
      were examined by whole-mount sections at 4-mm to 5-mm intervals to identify
      unsuspected prostate adenocarcinoma (PCa). Of 72 white patients with entirely
      normal digital rectal examinations (DRE), 33 (46%) were found to have PCa,
      including 12 (17%) who had a Gleason score of 6 or greater and seven (10%) who
      had penetration through the prostatic capsule. These observations are consistent
      with previous studies in autopsy populations but allow a more appropriate
      comparison with morphologic data generated from radical prostatectomy specimens.
      If these data can be extended to the age-matched general population, treatment at
      a 1% mortality rate for all white men 60 to 74 years of age with a PCa with a
      Gleason score of 6 or greater could cause between 6190 and 30,951 deaths, in
      contrast to 7335 deaths expected from the cancer. These data stress the need for
      a control group in a study designed to evaluate the benefit of early diagnosis
      and treatment of PCa.

PMID- 2910446
TI  - Dysplastic nevi. Markers for increased risk for melanoma.
AB  - A total of 452 white patients, classified into four dysplastic nevi groups, were
      followed prospectively by repetitive, complete cutaneous examinations using total
      body photographs taken on entry into the study. Sixteen patients (3.5%) developed
      18 newly diagnosed malignant melanomas (MM) during an average follow-up period of
      27 months. Twelve of the 18 MM were in situ, and all of the six primary invasive
      MM diagnosed prospectively in this follow-up were less than 0.89 mm in Breslow
      thickness, implying an excellent prognosis. Compared with reference populations,
      the number of MM detected significantly exceeded the number estimated to occur in
      the comparable age-matched control groups. These data support the concept of
      repetitive follow-ups of all groups of patients with dysplastic nevi.

PMID- 2910447
TI  - Physical and psychosocial functioning and adjustment to breast cancer. Long-term
      follow-up of a screening population.
AB  - The effects of age, recency of breast cancer (BC) diagnosis, and severity of the
      disease on adjustment outcomes were investigated in a sample of 349 women from
      the 10,056 women screened for BC by the University of Michigan Breast Cancer
      Detection Demonstration Project between 1974 and 1981. In the 1985 follow-up,
      data were collected from the 173 surviving BC patients who had invasive BC, and
      from a matched control group of 176 women who were asymptomatic of BC. Fifty-five
      percent of the BC patients were 5 years past diagnosis and treatment at the time
      of data collection. The BC patients group as a whole did not differ from the
      asymptomatic control group on indicators of mental health, social and
      psychological well-being, or physical functioning. However, the BC group reported
      a greater number of diagnosed medical conditions that limited their activities,
      and taking more medications, than the asymptomatic group. Within the BC group,
      severity and recency of the cancer had strong independent adverse effects on
      several of the indicators of mental health and physical functioning. Advanced age
      had the same main effects in both groups: greater number of medications and
      diagnosed medical conditions that cause limitations in activities, but, in
      contrast, better mental health and well-being. Age had interactive effects with
      the recency and with severity of BC: more recent and severe cases of BC appeared
      to produce particularly serious difficulties in psychological adjustment for
      younger patients, and particularly serious medical problems and physical
      difficulties in adjustment for older patients.

PMID- 2910448
TI  - A longitudinal analysis of psychological adaptation among survivors of cancer.
AB  - This longitudinal study examined the psychological adaptation of newly diagnosed
      cancer patients. Findings showed a decline in patient's mental health status over
      time. Initial psychological status and other psychosocial factors, and not
      illness-related factors, were predictive of subsequent adaptation. Two
      psychologically vulnerable patient groups were identified: those who remained
      distressed over time and those whose mental health status declined over time.

PMID- 2910449
TI  - Inhibition of experimental metastasis and extracellular matrix degradation by
      butanol extracts from B16-F1 murine melanoma.
AB  - We previously demonstrated that noncytolytic butanol extraction of B16 melanoma
      cells can increase the number of experimental lung metastases, and that brief
      incubation of the extracted cells with the extracted moieties reduces metastatic
      phenotype. This study examined the possibility that the extracted components are
      endogenous inhibitors of tumor cell surface-associated, degradative enzymes. The
      activity was found to be tumor associated, since only tumor extracts could reduce
      the number of experimental lung metastases of a variety of solid tumors. The
      activity in crude butanol extracts of B16-F1 that modulated the metastatic
      phenotype of extracted B16-F10 was partially purified by preparative isoelectric
      focusing and high-performance gel permeation chromatography. Incubation of
      extracted B16-F10 cells with low (Mr 2,000-10,000) molecular weight materials
      focusing in the pH 5.6 to 5.8 region of the preparative isoelectric focusing
      gradient significantly reduced the number of experimental lung foci. Ampholines
      alone had no effect. Evidence that the extracted moiety might be an endogenous
      enzyme inhibitor was obtained with the use of the subendothelial matrix
      degradation assay, wherein B16-F10 cells digest 35S-labeled heparan sulfate
      proteoglycan. The same materials that reduced the metastatic potential of butanol
      extracted B16-F10 cells also inhibited extracellular matrix degradation by 30 to
      85%, as well as the activity of partially purified heparanase (endo-beta
      glucuronidase). The metalloproteinase inhibitor 1,10-phenanthroline and the
      heparanase inhibitor heparin partially (30 to 50%) blocked extracellular matrix
      degradation. Conversely, inhibitors of serine, thiol, acid, and other proteases
      had little or no effect on extracellular matrix degradation. These data provide
      evidence that an endogenous, heat-stable inhibitor of cell surface degradative
      enzymes such as heparanase may play a role in hematogenous metastasis, and
      support the hypothesis that butanol extraction activates some of these surface
      enzymes by removing the endogenous inhibitors.

PMID- 2910450
TI  - Transport and metabolism of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine in human ovarian
      adenocarcinoma cells.
AB  - 1-beta-D-Arabinofuranosylcytosine (araC) is an effective drug in the i.p. therapy
      of ovarian carcinoma but little is known of its transport and metabolism in this
      tumor. Influx of araC at 1 microM into cultured human ovarian carcinoma cells (CI
      80-13S) was largely inhibited by nanomolar concentrations of the nucleoside
      transport inhibitor, nitrobenzylthioinosine, while the residual influx
      (approximately 10%) was inhibited only by micromolar concentrations of
      nitrobenzylthioinosine. There was a two fold greater density of specific
      [3H]nitrobenzylthioinosine binding to the nucleoside transporters on the ovarian
      than on cultured human leukemic cells (RC2a). Calculated turnover rates of the
      nucleoside transporter for 1 microM araC were 5-fold less in ovarian than in
      leukemic cells. The major metabolic product of araC was 1-beta-D
      arabinofuranosylcytosine 5'-triphosphate (araCTP) which accumulated in the
      ovarian cells to levels half those achieved in the leukemic cells. AraC was the
      major product of araCTP degradation in ovarian cells consistent with a pathway
      (araCTP--------araCMP----araC) which is different from that previously found in
      leukemic cells (araCTP--------araCMP----araUMP----araU). Despite these
      differences, ovarian carcinoma cells show substantial accumulation of araCTP from
      extracellular araC.

PMID- 2910451
TI  - Differential effects on growth, homocysteine, and related compounds of two
      inhibitors of S-adenosylhomocysteine catabolism, 3-deazaadenosine, and 3
      deazaaristeromycin, in C3H/10T1/2 cells.
AB  - The growth of nontransformed (Cl 8) and malignant (Cl 16) C3H/10T1/2 mouse embryo
      fibroblasts was inhibited by 3-deazaadenosine (c3Ado) (LD50 = 195 microM for Cl 8
      and 30 microM for Cl 16 cells) and 3-deazaaristeromycin (c3Ari) (LD50 about 36
      microM for Cl 8 and 9 microM for Cl 16 cells). Both compounds inhibited in a dose
      dependent manner S-adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy) catabolism and homocysteine
      production, measured as homocysteine egress, and c3Ari was most potent in this
      respect. c3Ado gave rise to its congener, 3-deazaadenosylhomocysteine (c3AdoHcy).
      Addition of homocysteine thiolactone (Hcy-tl) to the medium enhanced AdoHcy (and
      c3AdoHcy) accumulation but did not affect the cell growth at concentrations of
      inhibitor less than 10 microM. At high concentrations (30-300 microM) both
      compounds were cytotoxic and decreased cell count when added during
      midexponential growth. When Hcy-tl was supplemented under these conditions it
      partly rescued the malignant cells exposed to c3Ari, did not affect the
      cytotoxicity of this agent towards the nontransformed cells, but greatly
      potentiated the cytotoxicity of c3Ado against both cell types. Differential
      metabolic effects were also observed in that high concentrations of c3Ado, but
      not c3Ari, induced build-up of c3AdoHcy and modulated cellular glutathione level.
      Growing cells contained the highest amount of glutathione, and in such cells
      c3Ado induced a significant increase in glutathione whereas the cytotoxic
      combination of c3Ado plus Hcy-tl decreased the amount of the reduced form.
      Quiescent confluent cells, which were less sensitive to the toxic effect of
      c3Ado, contained low glutathione, and under these conditions neither c3Ado alone
      nor in combination with Hcy-tl affected cellular glutathione. Remarkably, Hcy-tl
      alone induced an increase in glutathione in nondividing cells. These data suggest
      that homocysteine or some agents affecting homocysteine metabolism may modulate
      glutathione metabolism, but differently in dividing and nondividing cells.

PMID- 2910452
TI  - Induction of erythroid differentiation of K562 human leukemic cells by herbimycin
      A, an inhibitor of tyrosine kinase activity.
AB  - Herbimycin A, a benzoquinonoid ansamycin antibiotic, is found to reduce
      intracellular phosphorylation by tyrosine protein kinase. The human chronic
      myelogenous leukemia cell line K562 expresses a structurally altered c-abl
      protein with tyrosine kinase activity. When K562 cells are induced to undergo
      erythroid differentiation by hemin, reduction in the intracellular level of
      tyrosine phosphorylation occurs. In order to understand the relationship between
      induction of differentiation and reduction of tyrosine phosphorylation by the c
      abl gene product, the effect that herbimycin A, a selective inhibitor of
      intracellular tyrosine kinase activity, exerts on the differentiation of K562
      cells was examined. Reduction of tyrosine phosphorylation in K562 cells by
      herbimycin A was observed within 1 h. Noncytotoxic concentrations of herbimycin A
      induced erythroid differentiation of K562 cells but not of murine erythroleukemia
      745A cells. The other human myeloid leukemia cell lines (HL-60, THP-1, and U937)
      tested were not induced to undergo cell differentiation by this antibiotic.
      Herbimycin A and the other well-known inducers such as hemin, butyric acid,
      Adriamycin, and 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine had additive or more than
      additive effects on induction of erythroid differentiation of K562 cells. With
      respect to inhibition of cell growth, the sensitivity of K562 cells to herbimycin
      A was highest in the human leukemia cell lines we tested. Noncytotoxic
      concentrations of herbimycin enhanced the antiproliferative effect of Adriamycin
      or 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine on K562 cells. Combination therapy with
      herbimycin A and its derivatives may be considered for use in the treatment of
      some types of leukemia where tyrosine kinase activities are implicated as
      determinants of the oncogenic state.

PMID- 2910453
TI  - Antitumor activity and murine pharmacokinetics of parenteral acronycine.
AB  - The lipophilic antitumor alkaloid acronycine (ACRO) was solubilized in the
      cosolvent system used for etoposide. ACRO in this etoposide diluent (VPD) was
      found to be cytotoxic (less than or equal to 50% colony formation in soft agar)
      in fresh human tumors from patients with renal cell cancer, ovarian cancer,
      uterine cancer, and metastatic tumors of unknown primary. In P-glycoprotein
      positive, multidrug-resistant (MDR) cell lines, ACRO in VPD was active in MDR
      Chinese hamster ovary cells but not against MDR L1210 murine leukemia cells, 8226
      human myeloma cells, or human CCRF-CEM lymphoblasts. In mice, ACRO in VPD was
      active in two solid tumor models and an i.p. MOPC-315 plasmacytoma model. ACRO
      i.p. in 10% VPD (v/v%) produced significant tumor growth delays in (a) nude mice
      bearing human MCF-7 breast cancer xenografts and (b) C57BL mice bearing colon 38
      tumor. In MOPC-315-bearing mice, a single i.p. ACRO dose of 25 mg/kg was as
      effective as melphalan (15 mg/kg) at prolonging life span. Finally, ACRO
      pharmacokinetics was evaluated in mice given single 25-mg/kg doses i.p. or p.o.
      The oral bioavailability of an ACRO solution in VPD was only 50% but both i.p.
      and p.o. regimens achieved plasma levels greater than 1.0 micrograms/ml. The
      plasma half-life was just under 2 h. These results show that parenteral ACRO in
      VPD comprises a cytotoxic antitumor agent with improved bioavailability over p.o.
      administration. ACRO is active in vitro against several human solid tumors but is
      cross-resistant in 3 of 4 MDR tumor cell lines. The prior clinical activity of
      p.o. ACRO in myeloma and the new results in MOPC-315 plasmacytomas in mice
      suggest that ACRO in VPD could have activity against human multiple myeloma.

PMID- 2910454
TI  - Augmentation of release of cytotoxin from murine bone marrow and peritoneal
      macrophages by tumor transplantation.
AB  - Cytotoxin release by bone marrow-adherent cells and peritoneal macrophages was
      transiently augmented by i.p. inoculation of syngeneic tumor cells, but not
      normal cells. These effects were maximal 24-48 h after tumor transplantation. The
      cytotoxin released from bone marrow-adherent cells obtained 24 h after tumor
      inoculation had a molecular weight of about 70,000. Peritoneal macrophages
      obtained 24 h after tumor inoculation released mainly a cytotoxin with a
      molecular weight of about 55,000, whereas 48-h peritoneal macrophages released
      both Mr 55,000 and 70,000 cytotoxins. Activities of these three cytotoxins were
      inhibited by the addition of rabbit anti-murine tumor necrosis factor antibody.
      No change in expression of antigens on cells producing the cytotoxin was detected
      in bone marrow-adherent cells obtained 24 h after tumor inoculation, compared to
      normal bone marrow-adherent cells. However, expression of surface antigens of
      peritoneal macrophages obtained 24 h after tumor inoculation differed from that
      of peritoneal macrophages obtained 48 h later. Antigen expression of 48-h
      peritoneal macrophages producing the cytotoxin was similar to that of 24-h bone
      marrow-adherent cells producing the cytotoxin. Taken together with the cytotoxin
      data, it appears that some cells in 48-h peritoneal macrophages may originate
      from 24-h bone marrow macrophages. These data suggest that the local tumor burden
      stimulates the central macrophages in bone marrow as well as the local
      macrophages and that stimulated macrophages in bone marrow may then mobilize to
      the local site of the tumor transplantation.

PMID- 2910455
TI  - Progression and selection in heterogeneous tumor composed of androgen-responsive
      Shionogi carcinoma 115 and its autonomous subline (Chiba subline 2).
AB  - Shionogi Carcinoma 115 (SC 115) is an androgen-dependent mouse tumor, and Chiba
      subline 2 (CS 2) is its androgen-independent subline which differs from SC 115 in
      cell size, amount of androgen receptors, and karyotype. To shed light on the
      mechanism of clonal selection of androgen-independent tumors, mixed tumors with
      SC 115 and CS 2 were prepared, and growth of these tumors was examined in vivo
      and in vitro. When the mixed tumor was transplanted in mice, CS 2 showed a
      predominant growth over SC 115. In a culture of mixed tumor cells, however, CS 2
      showed no selective growth advantage. The suppressive interaction which occurred
      in vivo was due neither to transferable substances, nor to some immunological
      factor(s). It may be, at least partially, attributable to necrosis formation in
      SC 115, which developed with an increase in the size of the tumor.

PMID- 2910456
TI  - Cell proliferation induced by uracil-calculi and subsequent development of
      reversible papillomatosis in the rat urinary bladder.
AB  - The sequence of cellular alterations in urinary bladder epithelium associated
      with uracil-induced reversible urolithiasis was investigated in male F344 rats.
      Initial changes were submucosal edema with occasional mucosal erosion or
      ulceration which appeared on Day 2 of uracil administration. Simple hyperplasia
      of bladder epithelium was already evident at this time and calculus formation was
      noted as early as Day 4. Labeling indices in the bladder epithelium assessed by
      bromodeoxyuridine incorporation were about 32% on Day 4 and then gradually
      decreased to 6% at Week 8 and 4% at Week 25 of chronic treatment. Histologically,
      a direct progression from simple hyperplasias, through papillary hyperplasias to
      papillomatosis, accomplished by Week 5, was evident. Dysplastic lesions were also
      apparent by Week 25. Topographically, papillomatosis was composed of marked
      interconnecting mucosal ridges of relatively uniform width. No polyp-like
      protrusions were present and the vascular pattern revealed by resin perfusion
      casting demonstrated that these mucosal lesions were supported by a uniform
      plexus of capillary vessels. After withdrawal of uracil from the diet the
      labeling index dropped dramatically to 0.002% after 1 week and urolithiasis and
      papillomatosis had disappeared by Weeks 2 and 3, respectively. The findings
      suggest that papillomatosis associated with uracil-calculi is a hyperplastic
      rather than a neoplastic response and that induction of putative neoplastic
      lesions is directly related to prolonged vigorous cell proliferation.

PMID- 2910457
TI  - Clonal growth of tumors on tissue-specific biomatrices and correlation with organ
      site specificity of metastases.
AB  - We have found that neoplastic transformation alters the ability of cells to grow
      on substrata of tissue extracts, "biomatrices", enriched in extracellular matrix.
      Tumor cells were able to survive and grow at lower densities and on more types of
      biomatrices than normal cells. When plated at high densities (greater than 10(5)
      cells/60 mm dish), tumor cells attached with equal efficiency and grew at similar
      rates and to equivalent saturation densities on biomatrices derived from all
      tissues. However, at low (10(2)-10(4)/60-mm dish) seeding densities, the tumor
      cells grew only on certain types of biomatrix. For the various hepatoma and
      mammary carcinoma cell lines tested, the tissue specificity in clonal growth on
      biomatrices correlated with their organ site specificity for metastasis in vivo
      in immunosuppressed, athymic nude mice. Analysis of the effects of purified
      matrix components (adhesion proteins, collagens, glycosaminoglycans) indicated
      that only the glycosaminoglycans influenced density-dependent survival and growth
      of tumor cells with effects that differed with respect to the cell's metastatic
      potential. The results indicate that the ability of tumor cells to colonize
      specific tissues represents, in part, regulation of low density survival and
      growth by extracellular matrix and are suggestive that one of the matrix
      components responsible may be proteoglycans or their glycosaminoglycan chains.

PMID- 2910458
TI  - Immortal epithelial cells of normal C3H mouse liver in culture: possible
      precursor populations for spontaneous hepatocellular carcinoma.
AB  - Long-term culture of primary hepatocytes derived from normal young male
      C3H/HeNJclMTV+ (C3H) and C57BL/6NJcl (C57) mice, respectively known for very high
      and low incidences of spontaneous hepatoma, resulted in development of multiple
      slowly growing epithelial colonies in the C3H case, the number of colonies being
      increased five-fold when 1.5 mM phenobarbital was added to the culture medium. On
      the other hand, the primary culture cells from C57 mouse liver gave rise to such
      epithelial colonies only very rarely, even with phenobarbital.
      Immunohistochemical investigation revealed alpha-fetoprotein and/or albumin
      production by the colony cells and ultrastructural analysis also revealed some
      hepatocytic features in them. Subculturing of individual colonies gave rise to
      cell lines which could be repeatedly passaged. Two of five lines implanted into
      athymic nude mice manifested tumorigenicity, the resultant neoplasms being
      diagnosed as a trabecular hepatocellular carcinoma and an adenocarcinoma. The
      experimental data suggest that the colony-forming immortal epithelial cells
      possibly represent early phase precursors of spontaneous mouse hepatocellular
      carcinomas. This culture system is expected to be useful for future elucidation
      of the mechanisms underlying spontaneous mouse hepatocarcinogenesis.

PMID- 2910459
TI  - Normal hepatocytes exhibiting histone H3 with antibody accessible sites that are
      cryptic in carcinogen-altered hepatocytes.
AB  - A Mr 14,000 polypeptide (p14), identified as liver fatty acid binding protein, in
      normal liver cytosol was shown previously to be the principal target of the
      carcinogen, N-2-fluorenylacetamide (2-acetylaminofluorene), early during hepatic
      carcinogenesis in rats. Immunohistochemical analyses using rabbit antiserum
      against pure p14/liver fatty acid binding protein revealed marked increases in
      the levels of the protein in cytoplasm specifically during mitosis in normal and
      regenerating hepatocytes, and throughout the cell cycle in hyperplastic and
      malignant hepatocytes brought about by carcinogen, N-2-fluorenylacetamide (2
      acetylaminofluorene) or 3'-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene. Present also in
      normal hepatocytes was a nuclear antigen that was not detected in the
      hyperplastic hepatocytes, benign hepatocytic adenomas, and hepatocellular
      carcinomas produced by these carcinogens. The nuclear antigen was discerned to be
      a Mr 17,000 polypeptide (p17) in extracts of normal liver nuclei and nucleosomes.
      In the present study, the p17 was purified by high-performance liquid
      chromatography and identified as being the three variants of histone H3, based on
      common molecular size, amino acid composition, electrophoretic migration in
      Triton-acetic acid-urea gels, and Western blot and histochemical reactions using
      affinity-purified antibodies. The histone H3 of all tested organs reacted
      specifically with the antiserum in Western blots following sodium dodecyl sulfate
      gel electrophoresis. In contrast, in a survey of 23 normal rat organs, nuclei of
      virtually only hepatocytes were reactive immunohistochemically. In view of the
      exceptional immunohistochemical reactivity of nuclei of normal hepatocytes,
      attributable to accessible histone H3, and the lack of such reaction in
      carcinogen-altered hepatocytes, the collected evidence indicates that normal
      hepatocytes contain uniquely available histone H3 sites that become cryptic
      during the chemical carcinogenesis.

PMID- 2910460
TI  - In situ hybridization analysis of interstitial C-heterochromatin in marker
      chromosomes of two human melanomas.
AB  - Two distinct marker chromosomes, presenting with intercalated C- and distamycin A
      Dapi-positive regions, were observed in a metastatic and a primary melanoma. To
      establish the origin of these heterochromatic sequences, we performed in situ
      hybridization analysis using specific probes for human repetitive DNA. The marker
      of the primary melanoma, m2, a der 16 chromosome resulting from the translocation
      of the 1q12-qter segment to band q23 of chromosome 16, showed specific
      hybridization with Sau3A but not with EcoRI sequences at the interstitial C-band.
      Thus the origin of this region from the normal chromosome 1 pericentromeric
      heterochromatin, containing both EcoRI and Sau3A sequences, could be established.
      On the other hand, the marker of the metastatic melanoma, m1, a der 1 chromosome
      showing an abnormally banded region inserted between 1q11 and 1q21-qter, failed
      to give any hybridization signals at the C- and distamycin A-Dapi-positive band
      when the same EcoRI and Sau3A probes were used. Furthermore, no hybridization was
      observed using either a probe for SatIII-specific sequences (QP23), mapping to
      chromosome 9 heterochromatic block, or LS6BB, a ribosomal DNA probe. From these
      data we speculate that more complex molecular rearrangements may have occurred
      during the transposition of heterochromatin from its original site to m1. The
      heterochromatin change found in m1 may be related to advanced stages of
      malignancy.

PMID- 2910461
TI  - Cytogenetic analysis of ten human seminomas.
AB  - A cytogenetic analysis of ten seminomas has been carried out after direct
      harvesting of the tumor cells. Modal chromosome numbers ranged from 63 to 112.
      These numbers were in agreement with flow cytometric determination of the DNA
      content of the tumors. Eight tumors had at least one copy of an i(12p) among
      other chromosomal abnormalities. Two seminomas lacked the i(12p).

PMID- 2910462
TI  - Rare clonal karyotypic variants in primary cultures of human breast carcinoma
      cells.
AB  - Cytogenetic analyses were performed on 40 previously untreated primary human
      breast carcinomas, four untreated breast metastases, nine human breast
      fibroadenomas, and ten normal human mammary tissues, all in primary culture. The
      results revealed predominantly normal diploid cells with abnormal clones in two
      of 40 primary carcinomas and one of four metastases. 3p deletion [del(3)(p14
      21)], similar to that associated with small cell lung cancer, was found in a
      primary tumor from a patient with bilateral breast cancer. In addition, a clone
      with t(1;4) was found in another primary breast carcinoma, while a t(1;5) clone
      was found in a metastatic tumor.

PMID- 2910463
TI  - Conversion to the terminally differentiated state during treatment of NG108-15
      neural tumor cells with 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine in defined medium.
AB  - Differentiation of cells of the neural tumor hybrid cloned cell line NG108-15
      begins stochastically upon transfer to a serum-free defined medium (A. Krystosek,
      J. Cell. Physiol., 125: 319-329, 1985). Such cultures in N2 medium contain both
      proliferating and neurite-forming cells (which are not mutally exclusive
      subpopulations). Addition of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) to NG108
      15 cells in N2 medium yielded cultures with a highly differentiated appearance.
      Investigation of the nature of this effect revealed that ara-C did not increase
      the probability that cells would enter the differentiation pathway; it did,
      however, completely abolish proliferation. The early kinetics of neurite
      formation were similar in control and treated cultures. This was followed by a
      phase in which ara-C-treated cells underwent continuous rapid maturation
      including normalization of nucleolar features. Loss of proliferative potential of
      treated cells was tested in a drug-free serum challenge protocol. Permanently
      postmitotic cells (i.e., cells which failed to divide even once) were shown to
      accumulate with time of ara-C pretreatment; this represented 59% of total cells
      at day 3 and 94% at day 7 of treatment. Thus, the bulk of the population can
      commit to terminal differentiation. Even among the minority of cells capable of 1
      2 rounds of division in the challenge incubation, cessation of proliferation was
      more likely than continuous colonial growth, suggesting that a profound
      phenotypic alteration had occurred. The results show that advanced morphological
      maturation and the step(s) of terminal neuronal differentiation can be achieved
      in this cell line in response to a cancer chemotherapeutic agent and that this
      drug is a more complete inducer than compounds which modulate the cyclic AMP
      system.

PMID- 2910464
TI  - AIDS-related secular trends in cancer in Los Angeles County men: a comparison by
      marital status.
AB  - Data from the population-based cancer registry for Los Angeles County, an area
      with high risk of AIDS, were used to evaluate secular trends of Kaposi's sarcoma
      (KS), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and other possibly AIDS-related cancers in men aged
      18 to 54. Marital status was used as a surrogate for homosexual behavior to
      compare the proportional incidence rates for the pre-AIDS era, 1972 to 1979, to
      those for 1980 to 1982 and 1983 to 1985. Both absolute incidence and proportional
      incidence of KS continue to increase sharply, although in absolute numbers, KS is
      making a smaller contribution to the total number of AIDS cases as the Los
      Angeles County epidemic progresses. For never-married men the proportional
      incidence rate of KS in 1983 to 1985 was nearly 100-fold greater than that of
      1972 to 1979 and 7-fold greater than that of 1980 to 1982. High-grade lymphomas
      show statistically significant secular increases in both never-married and ever
      married men, but only the rates of Burkitt's lymphomas have increased to a
      greater extent in never-married men. A small but significant increase of central
      nervous system lymphomas is seen in both marital status groups. There is no
      evidence of any AIDS-related increases in Hodgkin's disease, leukemia, testicular
      cancer, anal cancer, liver cancer, oral cancer, multiple myeloma, or malignant
      melanoma. As of 1985, cancer, as a manifestation of AIDS, is still apparently
      limited to KS and high-grade lymphomas (particularly Burkitt's) in Los Angeles
      County.

PMID- 2910465
TI  - 4-demethoxydaunorubicin (idarubicin) in combination with 1-beta-D
      arabinofuranosylcytosine in the treatment of relapsed or refractory acute
      leukemia.
AB  - We conducted a Phase I-II trial of 4-demethoxydaunorubicin (idarubicin, IDR) in
      combination with 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) in 51 patients with
      relapsed or refractory acute nonlymphocytic leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia,
      or chronic myelogenous leukemia in blast crisis. Only 1 of 12 patients treated at
      the first dose level (idarubicin, 10 mg/m2/day for 3 days and ara-C, 25 mg/m2
      i.v. bolus followed by 200 mg/m2 continuous infusion daily for 5 days) achieved
      aplasia and complete remission. The dose of idarubicin was subsequently increased
      to 10 mg/m2/day for 4 days with the ara-C dose held constant. Complete remission
      incidence for this dose schedule was: 7 of 31 patients with acute nonlymphocytic
      leukemia, 0 of 5 patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia, 0 of 1 patient with
      chronic myelogenous leukemia in blast crisis, and 1 of 2 patients with
      biphenotypic leukemia. Nonhematological toxicity included nausea, vomiting,
      mucositis, and abnormal liver function tests. Detailed pharmacological studies
      were performed to determine whether ara-C altered IDR metabolism or that of its
      main metabolite, 13-hydroxyidarubicinol or IDR clearance. A high degree of
      variability among patients was apparent and no consistent effect could be
      demonstrated. In summary, 9 of 37 patients (24%) with relapsed or refractory
      ANLL, including 1 patient with biphenotypic leukemia, achieved remission. We
      conclude that idarubicin in combination with ara-C is an active combination in
      patients with relapsed or refractory leukemia.

PMID- 2910466
TI  - Expression of nucleolar antigen p145 in bone marrow cells of patients with
      myeloid leukemias.
AB  - The expression of a cell cycle-related nucleolar protein (p145) antigen was
      examined in the bone marrow aspirates of 45 individuals, three of whom had no
      malignant disease; 30 had a diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and 12
      suffered from chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). While no evidence of p145
      expression was found in the three normal bone marrow samples, it was noted to be
      the highest in patients with active leukemia, be they AML or blastic crisis of
      CML. There was a direct correlation between the percentage of blasts and the
      percentage of p145-positive cells in all patients. Double labeling with tritiated
      thymidine and p145 in AML patients with active leukemia showed that the majority
      of S-phase cells contained p145. Myeloblasts in both chronic phase and blastic
      crisis of CML expressed p145. Nine of 12 AML patients studied during remission
      had less than 5% p145-positive cells, but three showed 11%, 16%, and 33% positive
      cells. Since functionally/morphologically, these marrows were normal, the
      appearance of p145 may indicate a proliferative abnormality preceding maturation
      arrest and development of relapse. Thus we conclude that p145 is more commonly
      associated with immature cells and may serve as an early indicator of relapse in
      AML, but requires further study with larger numbers of patients.

PMID- 2910467
TI  - Clinical significance of gastrin receptors in human colon cancers.
AB  - We have measured gastrin receptors (GR) in surgical specimens from 67 patients
      with primary colon cancers in order to determine the clinical significance of GR
      in colon cancer. GR analysis was performed on these specimens, and 22 cancers
      (32.8%) had no detectable GR. Thirty-eight cancers (56.7%) had high-affinity (Kd
      less than 1.0 nM) levels of GR. Seven cancers (10.4%) had only low-affinity GR
      (Kd greater than 1.0 nM). Twenty patients (29.9%) had cancers with GR greater
      than 10 fmol/mg protein. Mean GR content was significantly greater (11.8 +/- 2.9
      fmol/mg protein) in Dukes' Stage A and B cancers when compared to Stage C and D
      cancers (6.2 +/- 1.6 fmol/mg protein). A significantly greater percentage (52.4%)
      of patients in the early stages (A and B) had tumors with greater than 10 fmol/mg
      protein compared to patients with more advanced (C and D) cancers (19.6%). GR
      content did not correlate with histological differentiation, patient age, or
      preoperative carcinoembryonic antigen levels. No difference in the GR content was
      noted between left and right colon cancers or in patients of different sex or
      race. GR content of normal colon mucosa correlated with the GR content of colon
      cancers from the same surgical specimen, suggesting that these tumors maintain
      their normal complement of GR. In the early period of follow-up, 12 of 43 (28%)
      Stage C and D patients with GR less than 10 fmol/mg protein have died, whereas
      all 8 Stage C and D patients with GR greater than 10 fmol/mg protein are alive.
      GR content of colon cancers may have prognostic significance and may identify a
      group of patients with colon cancer that may benefit from hormonal therapy with
      antigastrin drugs.

PMID- 2910468
TI  - Tumor-associated mucin-type glycoprotein (CA54/61) defined by two monoclonal
      antibodies (MA54 and MA61) in ovarian cancers.
AB  - Two monoclonal antibodies, MA54 and MA61, were established by immunizing with
      culture medium supernatants of a lung adenocarcinoma cell line, and a double
      determinant sandwich enzyme immunoassay system was developed by using these two
      monoclonal antibodies. The antigen recognized by this assay (CA54/61) was found
      to be often high in the sera of several cancers. The antigen recognized by MA54
      (CA54) or MA61 (CA61) proved to be carbohydrate chain on a high molecular weight
      mucin-type glycoprotein, and CA54 has NeuAc alpha 2-6galactose in the terminal
      residue. CA54/61 was frequently found in the sera of ovarian cancer patients, the
      positive rate being 67, 64, 40, and 78% in serous, mucinous, endometrioid, and
      mesonephroid cancers, respectively, when the cut off value was set at mean + 4
      SD. Since the positive rate of CA125, which is now the most widely used for the
      diagnosis of ovarian cancers, is rather low (approximately less than 50%) in
      mucinous cystoadenocarcinoma, CA54/61 will be of clinical value. In addition,
      CA61 was detected immunohistochemically in the fetal red blood cells with nuclei,
      indicating its oncodevelopmental character in nature.

PMID- 2910469
TI  - Workshop report from the Division of Cancer Etiology, National Cancer Institute,
      National Institutes of Health. Protease inhibitors as cancer chemopreventive
      agents.
AB  - This workshop was organized to discuss the current state of research on
      anticarcinogenic protease inhibitors with regard to their potential use as human
      cancer chemopreventive agents. Previous studies have indicated that protease
      inhibitors can be powerful anticarcinogenic agents for animals and cells in
      culture and that human populations known to have high concentrations of protease
      inhibitors in the diet have low overall cancer mortality rates. In the workshop
      discussions, emphasis was placed on certain dietary protease inhibitors, such as
      the soybean-derived Bowman-Birk inhibitor and chymotrypsin inhibitor 1 from
      potatoes and some of the highly purified protease inhibitors of microbial origin
      provided by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, which have already
      been shown to contain anticarcinogenic activity in laboratory studies. Potential
      adverse side effects of dietary protease inhibitors were also considered,
      specifically, their possible effects on the pancreas and in causing decreased
      growth rates in young organisms. It was pointed out that the pancreata of a few
      species, notably rats and chicks, are extraordinarily sensitive to dietary
      protease inhibitors. Rats fed diets containing high concentrations of soybean
      derived protease inhibitors (raw soy flour) had enlarged pancreata; increased
      pancreatic growth is thought to accelerate cancer development in the pancreas.
      The effect of raw soy flour on the growth of the rat pancreas has not been shown
      to occur in most other species tested (examples include hamsters, mice, dogs,
      pigs, and monkeys) and is not expected to occur in humans. There is no evidence
      that dietary protease inhibitors have adverse effects on the human pancreas. In
      fact, it has been observed that human populations with high levels of dietary
      protease inhibitors have decreased rates of pancreatic cancer. Dietary
      concentrations of protease inhibitors which have been shown to be
      anticarcinogenic have not produced decreased growth rates in animals or any type
      of pancreatic pathology. In general, there was a high level of enthusiasm at the
      workshop for the further development of protease inhibitors as chemopreventive
      agents. Recommendations for future research include: (a) research and development
      of sources of protease inhibitors; (b) analysis of human foods for protease
      inhibitor content; (c) evaluation of cancer incidence data in relation to
      protease inhibitor content and characteristics in the diet of human populations;
      (d) animal studies on the efficacy of protease inhibitors in cancer prevention;
      and (e) studies on the mechanism of action of anticarcinogenic protease
      inhibitors.

PMID- 2910470
TI  - Reduced cytotoxicity of the lysosomotropic detergent N-dodecylimidazole after
      differentiation of HL60 promyelocytes.
AB  - The sensitivity of the human promyelocytic cell line HL60 to killing by the
      lysosomotropic detergent N-dodecyl imidazole (C12-Im) has been investigated in
      the exponential and stationary growth states and before and after differentiation
      induced by suitable effector molecules. Undifferentiated HL60 cells were more
      sensitive to killing by C12-Im in the rapid (exponential) phase of growth than in
      the stationary phase, in keeping with our observations on many other cell lines.
      Differentiation into granulocytes induced by dimethyl sulfoxide, or into
      macrophages induced by phorbol ester, resulted in a further dramatic decrease in
      sensitivity to C12-Im, as compared to undifferentiated HL60 cells in stationary
      phase. Viable cells remaining after treatment with C12-Im (60 micrograms/ml, 2 h)
      were: 0% for exponentially growing undifferentiated cells; 16% for stationary
      undifferentiated cells; 41% for differentiated granulocytes; and 29% for
      differentiated macrophages. Treatment with the cysteine cathepsin inhibitor L
      trans-epoxysuccinylleucylamido(4-guanido)butane (E64) conferred resistance to C12
      Im, showing that, in these cells, as previously demonstrated for Chinese hamster
      ovary fibroblasts, cysteine proteases were major cytotoxic agents involved in
      killing by C12-Im. Cell cathepsin B + L activity levels were dramatically reduced
      in those cells differentiated into granulocytes (11.2 units/mg of protein) and
      into macrophages (9.8 units/mg of protein) as compared with undifferentiated HL60
      promyelocytes in stationary phase (30.4 units/mg of protein), correlating well
      with reduced sensitivity to C12-Im in the differentiated cells.

PMID- 2910471
TI  - Tyrosine kinase activity in breast cancer, benign breast disease, and normal
      breast tissue.
AB  - Tyrosine specific protein kinase activity was determined in 70 specimens of the
      human mammary gland. These included 28 cancers of the breast, 21 benign breast
      diseases, and 21 normal breast tissues. We measured tyrosine kinase activity in
      the cytosol fraction and in the membrane fraction of the homogenates. In addition
      cytosolic aldolase activity was measured. Tyrosine kinase activity was determined
      using poly(glutamic acid:tyrosine = 4:1) as an artificial substrate. Cancers of
      the breast exhibited considerable higher tyrosine kinase activities in both
      cytosol and membrane fractions, compared to benign breast tumors (P less than or
      equal to 0.001). Benign tumors demonstrated increased activities in cytosol in
      comparison to normal breast tissues (P less than 0.001). Furthermore, there
      appears to be a strong association of an enhanced expression of activity of
      tyrosine kinase in cytosol of primary carcinomas and early systemic relapse. In
      combination with aldolase activity a nearly complete discrimination is achieved
      between malignant specimens on one hand and benign and normal tissues on the
      other.

PMID- 2910472
TI  - Antitumor activity of murine neutrophils demonstrated by cytometric analysis.
AB  - The cytostatic and cytolytic activities of activated polymorphonuclear
      neutrophils (PMNs) against YAC-1 lymphoma target cells were examined using
      multiparameter flow cytometric analysis. PMNs were resolved from tumor cells by
      90 degrees light scatter. The number of surviving tumor cells was determined by
      adding a known concentration of fluorescent latex particles to the fixed cell
      suspension immediately prior to analysis and counting the particles
      simultaneously with the cells. Cell cycle progression of the YAC-1 target was
      studied by dual parameter analysis of DNA content and bromodeoxyuridine
      incorporation into tumor cell DNA either prior to or following addition of PMNs.
      The results indicate that activated PMNs effectively kill tumor cells within the
      first 24 h of coculture. However, between 24 and 48 h, tumor cells which escape
      destruction resume growth and eventually reach a growth rate greater than control
      cells.

PMID- 2910473
TI  - Involvement of platelet membrane glycoprotein Ib and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa
      complex in thrombin-dependent and -independent platelet aggregations induced by
      tumor cells.
AB  - Involvement of platelet membrane glycoproteins (GP) in interactions between
      platelets and tumor cells was studied by using two human tumor cell lines and two
      monoclonal antibodies against platelet membrane GP. HMV-I cells derived from
      vaginal melanoma induced platelet aggregation in heparinized plasma, which was
      not followed by coagulation. M7609 cells derived from colon adenocarcinoma also
      induced platelet aggregation in heparinized plasma, which, on the contrary, was
      followed by coagulation. Aggregating activities of the HMV-I cells were abolished
      by pretreatment with neuraminidase or trypsin, but M7609 activity was not labile
      to these enzymes. Aggregations induced by M7609 were inhibited by hirudin or
      MD805, while those by HMV-I were not. M7609 cells dose dependently shortened the
      recalcification time of normal as well as Factor IX-deficient plasmas, while they
      were not effective in shortening the time of Factor II- or Factor VII-deficient
      plasmas. The procoagulant activity of HMV-I cells was 1000 times less than M7609
      on the basis of cell numbers. When human platelets were preincubated with
      monoclonal anti-GPIb or anti-GPIIb/IIIa complex antibodies, neither cell line
      could cause aggregations. These findings suggest that both GPIb and the
      GPIIb/IIIa complex on the platelet surface are involved in the thrombin-dependent
      and -independent platelet aggregations induced by tumor cells.

PMID- 2910474
TI  - Comparison of portal and peripheral blood levels of carcinoembryonic antigen, CA
      19-9, and CA 125 tumor-associated antigens in patients with colorectal and
      pancreatic cancer.
AB  - Synchronous serum specimens from the systemic and portal circulations of 43
      patients with gastrointestinal cancer were assayed for levels of carcinoembryonic
      antigen, CA 19-9, and CA 125 tumor-associated antigens. The number of patients
      having a mean ratio of portal to systemic levels greater than 1 and the observed
      quantity of tumor-associated antigens were significant for carcinoembryonic
      antigen and CA 125 only in patients with colorectal cancer. No correlations were
      noted with the surgical stage of disease or with high or low (normal) levels of
      the three tumor-associated antigens. These findings suggest that peripheral
      concentrations of these antigens are in equilibrium with shedding from tumors and
      that hepatic clearance of a single pass does not significantly alter peripheral
      concentrations.

PMID- 2910475
TI  - Fecal diglycerides as selective endogenous mitogens for premalignant and
      malignant human colonic epithelial cells.
AB  - Diglycerides (DGs) have been found in fecal extracts at concentrations which
      induce mitogenesis of adenoma and some carcinoma cells but not normal cells in
      primary culture. DGs containing stearic, oleic, palmitic, and myristic acid side
      chains were found in fecal extracts from each of eight subjects. Synthetic 1,2
      DGs, containing the fatty acids found in endogenous fecal DGs, induced
      mitogenesis in cultures of premalignant cells from each of 13 adenomas, covering
      all histological classes, and in cultures from two of four carcinomas. The potent
      adenoma mitogen, dimyristin, had no mitogenic activity on cultures of normal
      colonic epithelial cells from seven different subjects. These results suggest DGs
      may act as endogenous mitogens in the development of human colon cancer. The
      extent of adenoma mitogenesis was correlated with the chain length of the
      saturated R-groups: 16 greater than 14 greater than 12 greater than 10 greater
      than 8 much greater than 18. DGs with oleic acid residues, C18:1, were among the
      most active, while substitution of even one fatty acid residue with a stearic
      acid residue, C18:0, reduced or eliminated mitogenic activity. Dimyristin also
      induced enhanced levels of urokinase secretion from carcinoma cells, in parallel
      to the phorbol ester tumor promoter, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. These
      results imply that DGs found in the colon induce a selective growth of benign
      colonic tumors and some carcinomas, and may enhance the invasive capacity of
      carcinomas, while leaving normal cells unaffected.

PMID- 2910477
TI  - Chlorambucil pharmacokinetics and DNA binding in chronic lymphocytic leukemia
      lymphocytes.
AB  - Chlorambucil (CLB) uptake by chronic lymphocytic leukemia lymphocytes was studied
      using a radiometric and a newly developed high-performance liquid chromatography
      assay. CLB labeled with 14C in either the chloroethyl group or phenyl ring was
      used with identical results. Drug accumulation by the cells was found to peak at
      30 s, was independent of temperature, and was proportional to medium CLB
      concentration over a wide range. Efflux from cells loaded with CLB and
      resuspended in drug-free medium was nearly complete at 30 s. The metabolic
      inhibitors 2-deoxyglucose and NaN3, the nitrogen mustard transport inhibitor
      hemicholinium-3, and another alkylating agent, melphalan, had no effect on drug
      uptake. We conclude that CLB enters and exits chronic lymphocytic leukemia
      lymphocytes by simple diffusion. Cells from 17 patients with all stages of
      chronic lymphocytic leukemia were studied including three with CLB-resistant
      disease, and no heterogeneity was found in the peak cell-associated CLB content
      or in metabolite pattern on high-performance liquid chromatography. These
      findings make it unlikely that transport or cellular drug metabolism are factors
      in drug resistance. Drug-DNA binding was found to be temperature-sensitive and
      increased with time of incubation. Gel filtration of DNA before and after
      enzymatic digestion indicated the presence of drug-DNA adducts. High-performance
      liquid chromatography analysis of digested DNA and DNA treated by neutral thermal
      hydrolysis suggested the presence of multiple adducts. Most of the radioactivity
      was found as purine adducts. Studies with CLB labeled at two different sites
      revealed the presence of the phenyl group and ethyl chains in the adducts. A
      survey of patients showed increased drug-DNA binding in cells from patients with
      clinical CLB resistance.

PMID- 2910476
TI  - Inhibition of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone-induced DNA adduct
      formation and tumorigenicity in the lung of F344 rats by dietary phenethyl
      isothiocyanate.
AB  - F344 rats fed diets containing phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC, 3 mumol/g diet),
      a cruciferous vegetable component, before and during treatment with the tobacco
      specific carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK),
      developed about 50% fewer lung tumors than NNK-treated rats fed control diets.
      NNK-induced liver and nasal cavity tumors in rats were, however, not affected by
      this dietary treatment. The effects of PEITC diets on the formation of DNA
      adducts by NNK were also investigated in these target tissues. DNA methylation
      and pyridyloxobutylation by NNK were both decreased by 50% in lung of rats fed
      PEITC diets compared to that of rats fed control diets, but the levels of DNA
      methylation were not affected in liver and nasal mucosa. These results correlated
      with those from the carcinogenicity bioassay, suggesting that DNA alkylations
      could be used as indicators for screening inhibitors of NNK tumorigenesis. A
      slight increase in the number of tumors of the exocrine pancreas was observed in
      PEITC-fed rats with or without NNK treatments. However, these incidences were not
      statistically significant when compared to the control groups. The potential
      toxicity of PEITC at concentrations ranging from 0.75 mumol to 6 mumol/g diet was
      evaluated in a 13-week study. The only toxicity caused by this treatment was
      minimal fatty metamorphosis in the liver. Considering the widespread human
      exposure to NNK through tobacco use, it is of practical importance to demonstrate
      inhibition of lung tumors induced by this carcinogen. These results provide a
      basis for studies designed to discover agents of better efficacy for the
      prevention of NNK-induced tumorigenesis.

PMID- 2910478
TI  - Correlation between growth inhibition and intranuclear doxorubicin and 4'-deoxy
      4'-iododoxorubicin quantitated in living K562 cells by microspectrofluorometry.
AB  - Intranuclear drug concentration in cells treated with doxorubicin (DXR) or with
      4'-deoxy-4'-iododoxorubicin (IDX) was measured by means of a quantitative
      microspectrofluorometric technique recently developed by us. Resolution of free
      and bound drug contributions in fluorescence emission spectra, as collected from
      a microvolume of single living cell nuclei, provided concentration data with
      about 10% indetermination. Uptake of DXR and IDX into the nucleus of K562 cells
      and DXR-resistant K562/DXR cells could then be studied with a sensitive,
      nondestructive technique. Growth inhibitory concentrations of K562 and K562/DXR
      cells, when measured with respect to drug content in the medium, differed by a
      factor of 25 in the case of DXR and by a factor of three in the case of IDX. By
      contrast, intranuclear drug concentrations measured at corresponding growth
      inhibitory concentrations are found to be nearly constant, i.e., independent of
      cellular-resistant phenotype and of anthracycline structure. This result supports
      an identical mechanism of action for the two drugs, most probably targeted to the
      nucleus, and ascribes to intracellular transport the different potency of the two
      drugs in the two cell lines.

PMID- 2910479
TI  - Tumor cell dissemination patterns and metastasis of murine mammary carcinoma.
AB  - Quantitative studies on the distribution kinetics of isotope-labeled cells from
      spontaneous murine mammary tumors injected intravenously or arterially showed
      that cells were rapidly distributed to all organs examined and indicated that the
      distribution patterns of metastases from such tumors are not primarily determined
      by the dose of cells delivered to each organ. The preferential colonization of
      certain organs is therefore considered to depend as much on differential survival
      and growth of the disseminated tumor cells in unfamiliar metabolic
      microenvironments, as on vascular sieving effects in organ capillary networks.
      Further experiments involved transplantation of pieces of nonpulmonary tissue
      containing trapped mammary tumor cells into syngeneic mice, followed by
      observation of the animals for several months. From these studies it is concluded
      that the absence of tumor colonies in extrapulmonary sites after i.v. inoculation
      is due to their inability to thrive in the organs concerned and not to early
      death of the original host from heavy pulmonary tumor growth. These results
      provide further evidence strengthening the conclusion emerging from several
      independent lines of investigation (Potter et al., Invasion Metastasis, 3: 221
      233, 1983; Tarin et al., Cancer Res., 41: 3604-3609, 1981; Tarin et al., Cancer
      Res., 44: 3584-3592, 1984; Horak et al., J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 76: 913-922,
      1986; Nicolson et al., Int. J. Cancer, 38: 289-294, 1986; Naito et al., Invasion
      Metastasis, 7: 16-29, 1987) that the growth of disseminated tumor cells is
      inhibited or even abrogated by many of the organs in which the cells sequester
      after vascular dissemination.

PMID- 2910480
TI  - Detection of somatic mutations at the glycophorin A locus in erythrocytes of
      atomic bomb survivors using a single beam flow sorter.
AB  - A modified method was developed for measuring the frequency of variant
      erythrocytes at the glycophorin A locus using a single beam cell sorter (SBS).
      Fluorescein- or phycoerythrin-labeled monoclonal antibodies specific for the M or
      N glycophorin A alleles were used for the SBS assay. To prevent contamination of
      nucleated cells in the sorting windows, the nucleated cells in the fixed
      erythrocyte sample were stained with propidium iodide before flow sorting. Blood
      samples were obtained from atomic bomb survivors who were heterozygous for the MN
      blood type, and the frequencies of the hemizygous and homozygous variant of the M
      or N glycophorin A allele were measured by the SBS. For the three types of
      variants, hemizygotes for M and N allele (No and Mo) and homozygotes for M allele
      (MM), the variant frequency measured by the SBS correlated well with that
      previously determined by a dual beam cell sorter. Variant frequencies of the No,
      Mo, and MM cell types in atomic bomb survivors determined by SBS measurements
      were found to increase with radiation dose (DS86, kerma) as well as with the
      frequency of chromosome aberrations in lymphocytes.

PMID- 2910481
TI  - Effect of novobiocin on the antitumor activity and tumor cell and bone marrow
      survivals of three alkylating agents.
AB  - Our previous in vitro studies demonstrated marked synergy with alkylating agents
      when novobiocin was present during and after alkylating agent exposure. To
      determine whether this effect is observed in vivo, novobiocin was administered
      daily for 3 days prior to alkylating agent treatment, during alkylating agent
      treatment, and for 2 days after completion of alkylating agent treatment. When
      combined with cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II), 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1
      nitrosourea, or cyclophosphamide, there was significant enhancement of the growth
      delay of the FSaIIC fibrosarcoma implanted s.c. in C3H mice when compared with
      alkylating agents alone. In a second assay using ex vivo studies of tumor cells
      exposed in vivo, single doses of 100 mg/kg of novobiocin followed by cis
      diamminedichloroplatinum(II) resulted in a 3- to 4-fold increase in tumor cell
      killing by cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II). At a dose of 100 mg/kg of 1,3-bis(2
      chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea there was about a 7-fold increase in tumor cell kill
      upon addition of novobiocin. Cyclophosphamide showed a dose response effect with
      novobiocin, reaching 13-fold at a dose of 300 mg/kg of cyclophosphamide. In all
      cases bone marrow elements were affected less than were neoplastic cells,
      suggesting that the combination of novobiocin and alkylating agents may be a
      clinically useful strategy.

PMID- 2910482
TI  - Mouse retroviral sequences acquired by cell lines after passaging through nude
      mice detected by hybridization of the fms probe pSM3.
AB  - The expression of a large RNA transcript, 8.5 to 9.5 kilobases, possibly related
      to the fms oncogene in mouse, rat, and human tumor cells, has been described in
      the literature. However, the pSM3 fms probe used to detect this gene transcript
      contains a significant amount of the pol gene of the Susan McDonough strain of
      feline sarcoma virus from which it was derived. Using a fms probe which does not
      contain any viral pol sequences, no such "fms-related" transcripts were detected
      in cell lines previously reported to express the large transcripts. These cell
      lines did express a large 9.5-kilobase transcript which hybridized to a probe for
      murine leukemia virus. Partial sequence analysis of the 9.5-kilobase transcript
      detected with the pSM3 probe in transformed rat cells indicated sequence homology
      with AKV murine leukemia virus. Thus, the presence of large RNA transcripts,
      interpreted by us and others as being related to the oncogene fms, appears to be
      due to the expression of mouse retroviral sequences which hybridize to the viral
      pol region contained in the pSM3 fms probe. In the case of rat and human cells,
      such sequences appear to be acquired after the cells have been passaged in nude
      mice. These results should serve as a reminder of the important biohazard and
      data interpretation implications for investigations in which cells transfected
      with retroviral vector constructs are injected into nude mice, because rescue of
      the recombinant sequences in these cells could occur following infection by
      endogenous murine retroviral particles.

PMID- 2910483
TI  - 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine-induced alterations in N1-acetylspermidine levels and
      spermidine N1-acetyltransferase activity in rat colonic mucosa.
AB  - To determine whether alterations in the "reverse" or "conversion" pathway for
      putrescine formation were involved in the induction of colonic tumors by 1,2
      dimethylhydrazine, male albino rats of the Sherman strain were given injections
      s.c. of this agent (20 mg/kg body weight/week) or diluent for 5, 10, 15, and/or
      26 weeks. Animals were sacrificed at each of these time periods and polyamine
      levels, including N1- and N8-acetylspermidine, as well as the activities of
      ornithine decarboxylase, spermidine N1-acetyltransferase and polyamine oxidase
      were measured and compared in rat proximal and distal colonic mucosa of each
      group. The results of these studies demonstrated that: (a) N1- and N8
      acetylspermidine levels were similar in the control and treated proximal colonic
      segments at all time periods examined; (b) N1- and N8-acetylspermidine levels
      were also similar in the control and treated distal colonic segments at 5 and 10
      weeks; (c) at 15 weeks the level of N1-acetylspermidine, but not N8
      acetylspermidine, however, was increased in the treated distal colonic segment
      secondary to increases in the activity of spermidine N1-acetyltransferase; and
      (d) at 26 weeks, the level of N1-acetylspermidine remained higher in treated
      distal "uninvolved" colonic tissue and were markedly elevated in colonic tumors
      in both segments. Based on these findings, it would appear that the reverse
      pathway for putrescine formation may be involved in the 1,2-dimethylhydrazine
      induced malignant transformation process of the rat colon.

PMID- 2910484
TI  - Clonal chromosome abnormalities in tumor cells from patients with sporadic renal
      cell carcinomas.
AB  - The karyotype of 75 sporadic, nonpapillary renal cell carcinomas was analyzed
      using chromosome banding techniques. Sixty-five tumors had near-diploid
      stemlines, and ten had near-triploid or near-tetraploid stemlines. Aberration of
      chromosome 3 was detected in 71 cases. The nonrandom changes on chromosome 3 were
      monosomy 3, terminal deletions, or unbalanced translocations; the 3p13-pter
      segment was identified as the minimal common deletion. The rearrangement of
      chromosome 3p was the only karyotype change in 13 tumors. Abnormalities of
      chromosome 5 resulting in trisomy for the 5q22-qter region were found in 36
      cases, while the loss of 14q22-qter segment was observed in 34 tumors. Trisomy
      for chromosome 7 was detected in 17 cases, and monosomy 8 and 9 occurred 14 times
      each. Our data show that more than one specific chromosomal site may be involved
      in the development of human renal cell carcinomas.

PMID- 2910485
TI  - Progression of transplanted SJL/J lymphomas attributed to a single aggressive H
      2Ds-negative lymphoma.
AB  - Spontaneously arising, H-2Ds-positive SJL/J lymphomas have been reported to
      become irreversibly more aggressive and H-2Ds-negative upon successive
      transplantation in syngeneic mice. In an effort to determine whether this process
      was one of tumor progression, we sought to: (a) establish whether a clonal
      relationship exists between readily transplantable aggressive SJL/J lymphomas and
      their respective indolent predecessors; and (b) identify genetic events critical
      to the process of acquisition of increased malignancy. Examination of putatively
      distinct, aggressive, H-2Ds-negative lymphomas, including the long term
      transplantable line RCS5, revealed them to have the same heavy and light
      immunoglobulin chain gene rearrangement patterns, a characteristic karyotype
      marked by nine chromosomal abnormalities, and approximately ten newly acquired
      ecotropic murine leukemia proviruses at similar genomic sites. Independent,
      spontaneously arising H-2Ds-positive lymphomas, in early transplant, were found
      to be genetically distinct from the respective more malignant H-2Ds-negative
      tumors to which they gave rise during successive transplantation. The data are
      interpreted as indicating that the aggressive H-2Ds-negative tumors in this study
      originated from a common source, most likely the RCS5 tumor, rather than through
      progression of separate spontaneously arising SJL/J lymphomas. It cannot be
      concluded which of the multiple genetic abnormalities of the H-2Ds-negative
      tumors were critical to their highly malignant phenotype. However, chromosomal
      abnormalities and newly acquired murine leukemia proviruses are discussed as to
      the roles they might play in SJL/J lymphomas.

PMID- 2910486
TI  - Chromosomal changes in mature residual teratomas following polychemotherapy.
AB  - A cytogenetic analysis of 13 mature residual teratomas following chemotherapy
      revealed modal chromosome numbers ranging from 52 to 85, in agreement with the
      flow cytometric determination of the DNA content of the tumors. At least one copy
      of an i(12p) was present in 12 tumors. One tumor, however, lacked that marker.
      The comparison between the chromosomal abnormalities found in mature residual
      teratomas following chemotherapy and those from primary testicular nonseminomas
      suggests that residual teratomas result from selection of clones from the primary
      tumor with a less abnormal karyotype.

PMID- 2910487
TI  - Cyclosporin A and verapamil enhancement of daunorubicin-produced nucleolar
      protein B23 translocation in daunorubicin-resistant and -sensitive human and
      murine tumor cells.
AB  - It has recently been shown that anthracycline antibiotic-resistant tumor cells
      are less responsive to daunorubicin-stimulated B23 nucleolar phosphoprotein
      translocation than drug-sensitive cells. Since cyclosporin A and verapamil
      reverse primary acquired and secondary cross-resistance to daunorubicin, we
      investigated the effect of these agents on nucleolar B23 translocation in
      sensitive and resistant tumors. We compared modified to baseline B23
      phosphoprotein distribution between predominantly nucleolar, mixed nucleolar
      nuclear, or nuclear immunofluorescence using a monoclonal anti-B23 antibody in
      parental drug-sensitive and multidrug-resistant acute lymphatic leukemia and in
      daunorubicin-sensitive and -resistant murine hepatoma. Our experiments show that
      cyclosporin A and verapamil alone have no effect on B23 phosphoprotein
      translocation, but that the addition of either agent to sensitive parental or
      resistant tumor sublines markedly enhances daunorubicin-stimulated translocation.
      This effect correlates with the correction of impaired daunorubicin inhibition of
      RNA synthesis by cyclosporin A and verapamil in the resistant sublines. Our
      observations suggest that nucleolar B23 phosphoprotein is an important site in
      the modulation of anthracycline antibiotic antitumor activity.

PMID- 2910488
TI  - Relationship between extracellular matrix interactions and degree of
      differentiation in human colon carcinoma cell lines.
AB  - Human colon carcinoma cell lines that vary in their degree of differentiation
      were examined for their ability to interact with extracellular matrix components.
      For this purpose, established cell lines were classified on the basis of several
      criteria that relate to degree of differentiation. These criteria include
      histology of the original tumor, histology of xenografts, in vitro morphology,
      and carcinoembryonic antigen expression. On this basis, the cell lines used were
      either moderately well or poorly differentiated. The poorly differentiated cell
      lines adhered to surfaces coated with laminin or reconstituted basement membrane
      extract (Matrigel) to a significantly greater extent than the moderately well
      differentiated lines with the exception of one moderately well differentiated
      line that was derived from a highly aggressive signet ring cell carcinoma. In
      addition, the poorly differentiated cell lines exhibited considerable spreading
      on laminin and Matrigel after adherence that was not evident for the moderately
      well differentiated lines. The adherence of these cell lines on fibronectin
      coated surfaces did not correlate as well with differentiation although, in
      general, poorly differentiated cell lines adhered better than moderately well
      differentiated lines. None of the cells that adhered to fibronectin exhibited the
      extensive spreading seen on laminin. The specificity of tumor cell interactions
      with extracellular matrix glycoproteins was examined using synthetic peptides
      which correspond to sequences within these proteins that are recognized by cell
      surface receptors. The pentapeptide YIGSR-NH2 significantly inhibited the
      adherence and spreading of the tumor cell lines on laminin, but not on
      fibronectin. The peptide RGDS, however, did not inhibit tumor cell interactions
      with laminin although it did inhibit their interactions with fibronectin. Thus,
      the interactions of colon carcinoma cells with laminin and fibronectin are
      probably mediated by separate receptors. Taken together, the data demonstrate
      that cells derived from colon carcinomas exhibit considerable variation in their
      ability to interact with extracellular matrix components, and that this
      variability is related to the degree of differentiation of original tumor.

PMID- 2910489
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies to a rat colon carcinoma: model for monoclonal antibody
      therapy of solid tumors.
AB  - Tumor progression, lung metastasis, and death occur in tumor-bearing BD IX
      syngeneic rats in a fashion similar to the course of patients with metastatic
      colon cancer. In an effort to establish a relevant model for monoclonal antibody
      (MoAb) therapy of tumors, we generated murine MoAb against DHD/TR, a
      dimethylhydrazine-induced rat colon carcinoma which has been adapted to cell
      culture. Murine MoAb 17B10 E4 (E4) reacts with the TR tumor and shows weak
      immunoperoxidase reactivity with normal rat tissues. Murine MoAb 5F7 D3 (D3)
      reacts with the tumor and a variety of normal rat epithelia. Both are IgG2a and
      mediate cytotoxicity by rat peripheral blood mononuclear cells. 18D5 F6 (F6) also
      reacts with the tumor and normal tissues but is an IgG2b and does not mediate
      cytotoxicity in the presence of rat effector cells. Iodinated E4 and D3
      antibodies retained their immunoreactivity. E4 revealed 9.8 x 10(5) antigenic
      sites per TR cell, with an affinity constant of 9.35 x 10(7) M-1, while D3
      demonstrated 2.5 x 10(6) antigenic sites and an affinity constant of 4.2 x 10(7)
      M-1. Immunoblotting showed that the antigens recognized by D3 and E4 are
      glycoproteins with molecular weights of 27,000 and 66,000, respectively. F6
      failed to react with its antigen present in the blot. This rat colon carcinoma
      and the monoclonal antibodies described here may provide experimental data useful
      for implementing monoclonal antibodies in cancer therapy.

PMID- 2910490
TI  - Androgen dependency of a tumor produced by a cell line derived from androgen
      responsive Shionogi carcinoma 115.
AB  - An androgen-dependent tumor (SCC8 tumor) was obtained by inoculating an androgen
      responsive cell line derived from the androgen-responsive Shionogi carcinoma 115
      (SC115) into mice and then treating the mice with testosterone propionate (TP) at
      a pharmacological dose (400 micrograms/day). The SCC8 tumor differed in
      histological appearance from the SC115 tumor and its growth was less stimulated
      by androgen than that of the SC115 tumor. However, its growth was completely
      androgen dependent; SCC8 tumors did not develop in castrated mice and regressed
      when TP treatment was discontinued. The decreased sensitivity of the SCC8 tumor
      seemed to be attributable in part to its rapid metabolism of testosterone to
      metabolites with lower androgenic actions. The effects of TP at doses of 0, 100,
      200, and 400 micrograms/day on cell division and cell death in SCC8 tumors of
      medium size were examined by measurements of the mitotic index and the retention
      of 5-[125I]iodo-2'-deoxyuridine incorporated into the whole tumor. TP increased
      the mitotic index dose dependently and at all doses reduced the decrease in the
      retention of 5-[125I]iodo-2'-deoxyuridine. These results suggest that steroids
      may not only stimulate cell division but also reduce cell death in steroid
      dependent tumors.

PMID- 2910491
TI  - Cancer in Costa Rica.
AB  - Data from the national tumor registry of Costa Rica for the years 1979-1983 have
      been used to calculate incidence rates for the major cancer sites by age, sex,
      urban-rural residence, and geographic region. Recent trends in mortality rates
      are also presented. Results are compared with data from elsewhere in Latin
      America, U.S.A., Europe, and Japan. Stomach cancer is the most frequent neoplasm
      in Costa Rica; although rates are declining, they are second only to those
      observed in Japan. There are marked variations in risk by region, suggesting
      important environmental influences in etiology. The cervix is the major female
      site; rates are declining in young women, probably due to the introduction of
      screening programs, although these do not seem to account for the geographic
      variations in invasive cancer incidence. Breast and prostate cancer show moderate
      rates, while those for colon and rectum cancer are low; increases in mortality
      rates for these sites are small, and involve mainly the older age groups. In
      contrast, rates of lung cancer are increasing dramatically in both sexes. In the
      childhood age group, very high incidence rates are observed for two neoplasms:
      Hodgkin's disease and acute lymphocytic leukemia.

PMID- 2910492
TI  - Auditory function in pediatric osteosarcoma patients treated with multiple doses
      of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II).
AB  - Serial auditory evaluations were performed in 54 pediatric patients (5 to 18 yr)
      treated with cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) for osteosarcoma. Each course of
      cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) comprised 150 mg/m2 and was administered
      initially at two weekly intervals for seven courses (3 mo) and subsequently at
      three monthly intervals for 15 to 21 mo. Overall, 604 courses were administered,
      and observations were conducted from diagnosis to 6 yr. Bilateral hearing loss
      was detected in all patients. The loss varied from mild (20 to 40 dB) to profound
      (greater than 90 dB). Initial losses occurred in the higher frequencies and were
      also greater at these frequencies. Significant loss was first observed after 300
      mg/m2 for frequencies over 4000 Hz and gradually shifted to incorporate the lower
      frequencies. Hearing loss was permanent.

PMID- 2910493
TI  - Expression of Lewisa, Lewisb, Lewisx, Lewisy, siayl-Lewisa, and sialyl-Lewisx
      blood group antigens in human gastric carcinoma and in normal gastric tissue.
AB  - A panel of 6 mouse monoclonal antibodies detecting blood group antigens of the
      Lewis systems and their sialylated derivatives have been used to define the
      immunoanatomic distribution of these antigenic structures within the normal human
      gastric mucosa and in gastric cancer tissues. The reagents employed detect the
      following blood group specificities: Lewisa, Lewisb, Lewisx, Lewisy, sialylated
      Lewisa, and sialylated Lewisx. We have analyzed the presence of these antigens in
      histologically normal gastric mucosa and in gastric carcinoma from 61 patients by
      the immunoperoxidase method. In addition, we simultaneously examined the blood
      group and secretor status in 31 of the 61 individuals studied.
      Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that these antigenic systems are
      differentially expressed in cell types and cell layers of the normal gastric
      epithelium. Major differences were observed in surface epithelia and in deep
      glands including Brenner's gland of the gastroduodenal junction, mainly in the
      pronounced expression of Lewisa and Lewisb antigens in the former and the
      expression of Lewisx and Lewisy in the latter. In secretor individuals, Lewisb
      was the dominant antigen in the surface epithelium, and in nonsecretors, Lewisa
      was observed in the surface epithelium, Lewisx and Lewisy were both detected in
      the deep glands and in Brenner's glands regardless of the secretor status. The
      expression of sialylated derivatives in normal gastric tissues was considerably
      reduced but was consistent with the expression of their precursors in normal
      gastric epithelium. In gastric cancers, more pronounced expression of Lewisa and
      sialylated Lewisa was observed in secretor individuals and acted as a tumor
      associated antigen. Comparison of the plasma level of sialylated Lewisa and its
      tissue expression demonstrated that the shedding of the antigen into interstitial
      stroma correlated with the detection of the antigen in serum. These studies
      confirmed the importance of blood group antigens as normal differentiation
      antigens. Examination of secretor status clarified the mechanism of Lewisa and
      Lewisb antigen expression in gastric surface epithelium. Alterations in the
      expression of these antigens and an increase of sialylated derivatives in gastric
      cancers demonstrated that these blood group antigens are useful tools for the
      analysis of histogenesis and organogenesis in the stomach and its neoplastic and
      nonneoplastic diseases.

PMID- 2910494
TI  - Comparative pharmacokinetics and alkylating activity of fractionated intravenous
      and oral ifosfamide in patients with bronchogenic carcinoma.
AB  - 20 patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer were treated with ifosfamide
      and mesna 1.5 g/m2 daily for 5 days; 10 received the drug by mouth and 10 i.v.
      Both schedules resulted in a reduction in the elimination half-life with an
      increased total and nonrenal clearance of ifosfamide over the 5-day period. Oral
      administration resulted in an unacceptably high incidence of encephalopathy(5/10)
      which was not seen in the i.v. group. In two patients this encephalopathy
      manifested itself as coma which lasted for 24 to 48 h but was fully reversible
      and in the other three cases as somnolence occurring for more than 50% of the
      patients' waking hours. Nadir blood counts and response rates were similar in
      both arms. The encephalopathy suggests that there are metabolic differences
      between the i.v. and oral routes and that a metabolite rather than the parent
      drug is responsible for this syndrome. In addition it was shown that the total
      and nonrenal clearance of the drug was significantly less when the drug was
      administered orally. None of the pharmacokinetic parameters either singly or in
      combination predicted for ifosfamide toxicity. No correlation between the
      creatinine clearance and ifosfamide renal clearance was demonstrated suggesting
      tubular reabsorption of the drug. In conclusion, ifosfamide cannot be given
      orally at the conventionally employed i.v. doses.

PMID- 2910495
TI  - The MerR heavy metal receptor mediates positive activation in a topologically
      novel transcription complex.
AB  - Several physical and chemical signals from the extracellular environment are
      known to be transduced into changes in gene expression through multiple step
      pathways; however, mechanisms for triggering cellular responses to heavy metal
      stress have yet to be elucidated. We demonstrate here one such mechanism that
      employs a single heavy metal receptor protein, MerR, to directly activate
      transcription of the bacterial mercuric ion resistance operon. The mercuric ion
      MerR complex and E. coli RNA polymerase holoenzyme synergistically bind to the
      metal responsive promoter in an unprecedented spatial relationship to form
      transcriptionally competent complexes. The activator binds adjacent to and
      overlaps with the polymerase molecule between the consensus -35 and -10 promoter
      regions. Our results support a model for transcriptional activation that includes
      both effector-induced protein-protein interactions and activator-induced
      alteration in DNA structure.

PMID- 2910496
TI  - Mouse RNAase MRP RNA is encoded by a nuclear gene and contains a decamer sequence
      complementary to a conserved region of mitochondrial RNA substrate.
AB  - Using complementary oligonucleotide probes, we have isolated the nuclear gene for
      the RNA moiety of RNAase MRP; it is present as a single copy and encodes an
      uncapped primary transcript of 275 nucleotides. Direct sequence analysis revealed
      that the 136 nucleotide RNA that copurifies with RNAase MRP represents the 3'
      half of the 275 nucleotide primary transcript. The 5'-flanking region of the gene
      has putative transcriptional control elements homologous to the promoters of RNA
      polymerase II-transcribed U-series snRNA genes; however, the coding region
      possesses a box A sequence and terminates at four T residues, both features
      characteristic of polymerase III-transcribed genes. A decamer sequence, 5'-CGA
      CCCCUCC-3', complementary to a conserved sequence adjacent to the enzymatic
      cleavage site on the mitochondrial RNA substrate, is present in the RNAase MRP
      RNA. Isolation of a nuclear gene for the RNA component of a mitochondrial enzyme
      implies that nucleic acids can be transported across mitochondrial membranes.

PMID- 2910497
TI  - SV40 large T antigen binds preferentially to an underphosphorylated member of the
      retinoblastoma susceptibility gene product family.
AB  - Extracts of monkey cells (CV-1P) synthesizing SV40 large T antigen (T) were
      immunoprecipitated with monoclonal antibodies to T or p110-114Rb, the product of
      the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene (Rb). While a family of p110-114Rb
      proteins can be detected in anti-Rb immunoprecipitates, only one member of this
      family, p110Rb, was found in anti-T precipitates of these extracts. Identical
      results were obtained with extracts of CV-1P cells which had been previously
      mixed in vitro with highly purified T. The p110-114Rb family is composed of two
      sets--p110Rb, an un- or under-phosphorylated species, and pp112-114Rb, a group of
      overtly phosphorylated proteins. Thus, T bound preferentially to the un- or
      underphosphorylated member of the family. In addition, T failed to alter the
      relative abundances of these species. These results suggest a model in which the
      growth suppression function of Rb is down modulated either by phosphorylation or
      T antigen binding.

PMID- 2910498
TI  - The helical repeat of nucleosome-wrapped DNA.

PMID- 2910499
TI  - The cell surface of mouse dendritic cells: FACS analyses of dendritic cells from
      different tissues including thymus.
AB  - The surface of dendritic cells from mouse spleen, thymus, and epidermis has been
      compared with a panel of monoclonal antibodies and the FACS. A method was first
      developed to isolate populations of large, adherent, thymic dendritic cells that
      were greater than 90% pure. These were released by collagenase digestion and
      separated from adherent macrophages after overnight culture. Enrichment was based
      on the facts that most macrophages remained plastic adherent and rosetted
      strongly with antibody-coated erythrocytes. As in spleen, thymic dendritic cells
      were stellate in shape, had abundant class I and II MHC products, lacked many
      standard macrophage and lymphocyte markers, and actively stimulated the mixed
      leukocyte reaction. Most spleen and thymic dendritic cells could be lysed by the
      7D4 mAb, to the low-affinity IL-2 receptor, and complement but the levels of 7D4
      by FACS were low and sometimes not above background. Differences among dendritic
      cells from different tissues were noted with other mAb. Adherent dendritic cells
      from thymus all expressed the J11d "B cell" antigen and the NL145 interdigitating
      cell marker, but lacked the 33D1 spleen dendritic cell antigen. Eighty to ninety
      percent of spleen dendritic cells were J11d-, NL145-, 33D1+ but the remainder
      expressed the J11d+, NL145+, 33D1- thymic phenotype. The latter phenotype also
      was identical to that of epidermal Langerhans' cells. We postulate that the major
      33D1+ cell in spleen represents a migratory stage in which dendritic cells are
      moving from tissues to lymphoid organs.

PMID- 2910500
TI  - The effect of phorbol esters on tumor cell sensitivity to macrophage-mediated
      cytostasis.
AB  - Macrophage-mediated cytostasis was measured in a mouse syngeneic system where EL4
      thymoma cells were found to be inhibited by C57B1/6 mouse macrophages. When tumor
      cells were pretreated with TPA, they became resistant to macrophage-mediated
      stasis. Nonelutriated as well as elutriated cells enriched in G1/early S and late
      S were sensitive to macrophage-mediated stasis. However, when elutriated cells
      were treated with TPA, cells enriched in G1/early S were rendered resistant to
      the cytostatic activity of macrophages whereas cells enriched in late S were not.
      The TPA effect on tumor cell susceptibility to stasis was found to be reversible
      and a nontumor-promoting phorbol ester, alpha-PDD, was ineffective.

PMID- 2910501
TI  - Kinetics of changes in peritoneal cell populations following acute inflammation.
AB  - The kinetics of macrophage (M phi) recruitment to the peritoneum following the
      induction of acute inflammation by thioglycollate broth (TG) was evaluated after
      prelabeling resident M phi with the fluorescent cell tracking dye, PKH-1. Most of
      the PKH-1-labeled resident M phi disappeared from the recoverable peritoneal cell
      population within the first hour after injection of TG. This disappearance
      coincided with the inflammatory influx of neutrophils (PMNs) and was sustained
      for at least 5 days after administration of TG, although the PMN number had
      returned to resident levels by this time. PKH-1-labeled peritoneal M phi were
      observed again in most animals at 7 days after injection of TG. The number of
      labeled M phi recovered at 7 days was approximately twice the number of resident
      peritoneal M phi in control animals which did not receive the TG broth. These
      additional M phi may include progeny of either the resident M phi or other local
      M phi precursors, such as omental M phi, which were labeled by the PKH-1
      injection.

PMID- 2910502
TI  - Early human decidual cells exhibit NK activity against the K562 cell line but not
      against first trimester trophoblast.
AB  - The susceptibility of cultured first trimester human trophoblast cells to lysis
      by NK cells has been studied. Trophoblast cells are resistant to lysis by NK
      cells from both peripheral blood and decidua. However, decidual cells extracted
      by enzymatic disaggregation do exhibit cytotoxicity against the NK-sensitive cell
      line K562. The relevance of these findings to successful implantation of the
      blastocyst is discussed.

PMID- 2910503
TI  - Rat lymphokines control the migration of nonsensitized lymphocytes.
AB  - We investigated whether mediators released from rat splenic mononuclear cells
      could control the in vitro migration of nonsensitized resting rat lymphocytes.
      Rat splenocytes stimulated with concanavalin A, other mitogens, or histamine
      release three lymphokines that alter rat lymphocyte migration. A positive
      chemokinetic factor, termed lymphocyte chemoattractant factor (LCF), has a
      molecular weight (MW) between 50 and 70 kDa. Two negative chemokinetic
      lymphokines can also be identified; lymphocyte migration inhibitory factor
      (LyMIF, MW 25-45 kDa) and a high MW inhibitor (HWMI, MW greater than 70 kDa).
      Lymphokines were destroyed by heat as well as by treatment with neuraminidase and
      trypsin. The action of LCF and LyMIF was prevented by
      phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride, a specific serine esterase inhibitor, and the
      action of LyMIF was also blocked by alpha-L-fucose. The discovery of these
      mediators provides the opportunity to study the importance of such chemokinetic
      lymphokines in animal models of disease.

PMID- 2910504
TI  - Lymphokine-activated killer cells in rats: generation of natural killer cells and
      lymphokine-activated killer cells from bone marrow progenitor cells.
AB  - The coculture of rat bone marrow cells with recombinant interleukin-2 induced the
      generation of cells mediating natural killer (NK) activity and subsequent
      lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) activity depending upon the dose of IL-2 and
      time of culture. NK activity was detected as early as 4 to 5 days after the
      addition of IL-2 and could be evoked with as little as 5 to 50 U/ml. The induced
      NK cells had large granular lymphocyte (LGL) morphology and expressed 0X8 and
      asialo GM1 surface markers but did not express 0X19 or W3/25 markers. LAK
      activity was detected only after 5 days of culture, and required above 100 U/ml
      IL-2. Cells mediating LAK activity also expressed 0X8 and asialo GM1 but not
      0X19. The generation of detectable NK and subsequent LAK activity was due to
      induction of early progenitor cells and not contaminating mature LGL/NK cells
      within the bone marrow population since of removal of such mature NK cells with L
      leucine methyl ester (L-LME) did not affect the subsequent generation of either
      activity. Moreover, the removal of actively dividing cells as well as mature NK
      cells from the bone marrow by treatment with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in vivo
      enriched the remaining bone marrow population for both NK and LAK progenitor
      cells. The phenotype of the L-LME- and 5-FU-resistant NK and LAK progenitor cells
      within populations of bone marrow was determined by antibody plus complement
      depletion analysis. Although treatment of normal bone marrow with anti-asialo GM1
      + C reduced the induction of NK and LAK activity in 5-day cultures, treatment of
      5-FU marrow with anti-asialo GM1 + C did not affect either activity. Treatment
      with a pan-T cell antibody + C did not affect the development of NK or LAK
      activity under any conditions. Thus, the 5-FU-resistant NK/LAK progenitors were
      asialo GM1 negative but became asialo GM1+ after induction by IL-2. Finally,
      evidence that bone marrow-derived LAK cells were generated directly from the IL-2
      induced NK cells was obtained by treating the IL-2-induced LGL/NK cells with L
      LME.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2910505
TI  - Effects of protein kinase C (PK-C) activators and inhibitors on human large
      granular lymphocytes (LGL): role of PK-C on natural killer (NK) activity.
AB  - The role of protein kinase C (PK-C) in the early metabolic events involved in
      human natural killer (NK) cell activation has been studied through the action of
      PK-C-specific activators and inhibitors. Highly purified human large granular
      lymphocytes (LGL) were treated for 1 hr with the diacylglycerol analog 1-oleoyl-2
      acetyl glycerol (OAG) (10(-4)-10(-5) g/ml) or with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13
      acetate (TPA) (10(-8)-10(-10) g/ml), both specific activators of PK-C. Both these
      agents consistently increased NK activity against K562 target cells. Suboptimal
      doses of either OAG or TPA also synergized with Ca2+ ionophores to augment
      spontaneous cytotoxic activity. Pretreatment of LGL with 1-(5
      isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine dihydrocloride (H7) (5-40 microM), a
      potent PK-C inhibitor, greatly reduced NK activity in a time- and dose-dependent
      fashion. By contrast, N-(2-guanidinoethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide
      hydrochloride (HA 1004), a potent cAMP- and cGMP-dependent PK inhibitor with
      almost no effect on PK-C, marginally reduced NK activity. Moreover, almost
      complete NK activity inhibition was observed when H7 (10 microM), but not HA 1004
      (50 microM), was present in the NK assay. Finally, 48 hr stimulation of LGL with
      TPA (10(-6) g/ml), a treatment able to inactivate most of the PK-C cellular pool,
      almost completely abrogated NK activity. This functional evidence was supported
      by phosphorylation of several endogenous substrates which occurs within 5 min in
      TPA-treated LGL. Two proteins of 70 and 56 kDa have been identified as major PK-C
      substrates, together with other phosphorylated proteins with MW ranging from 177
      to 43 kDa. H7, but not HA 1004, almost completely inhibited the TPA-induced
      phosphorylation of all of these proteins in the NK cells. These data strongly
      suggest that selective activation of PK-C plays an essential role in the
      mechanisms of NK cell activation.

PMID- 2910506
TI  - Prospective evaluation of chronic cardiotoxicity due to high-dose epirubicin or
      combination chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil.
AB  - In a prospective study the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), right
      ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF), systolic blood pressure, ECG, and heart
      rate were recorded at rest and during submaximal work to compare the cardiotoxic
      effect of epirubicin with a combination chemotherapy without known
      cardiotoxicity. A total of 14 females with advanced breast cancer were treated
      with epirubicin at a median cumulative dose of 827 mg/m2 (range, 550-1244). These
      patients had previously received cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 5
      fluorouracil (CMF) or cyclophosphamide alone as adjuvant treatment, or CMF for
      advanced disease. The control group consisted of 11 females with advanced breast
      cancer given CMF only. The systolic blood pressure at rest as well as during
      submaximal work was significantly lower (P less than 0.05) after treatment in the
      epirubicin group than in the CMF controls. With regard to LVEF, the median value
      of 54% at rest was significantly lower after treatment in the epirubicin group
      than in the controls (59%). There was a significant fall in LVEF at rest and
      during exercise in the epirubicin group, whereas no such changes were found in
      the CMF controls after treatment. The RVEF was unaffected. In the epirubicin
      treated group one patient developed fatal congestive heart failure, and in the
      remaining 13 patients treatment was discontinued due to progression of the cancer
      and not to cardiotoxicity. Thus, the cardiotoxicity of epirubicin changed the
      clinical outcome in only 1 of 14 patients with advanced breast cancer.

PMID- 2910507
TI  - Enhanced cutaneous radiation effects following high-dose busulfan therapy.
AB  - Fifteen patients received irradiation after combined chemotherapy with high-dose
      busulfan followed by autologous or allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Of
      nine patients irradiated between day 30 and day 70 after their engraftment, seven
      developed an increased radiation response in the skin: four showed enhanced
      reactions during irradiation, and three had a total or severe definitive alopecia
      more than 16 months after CNS irradiation. Six patients were irradiated after day
      70; they had either normal reactions or none at all within the cutaneous
      radiation portals. The possibility that busulfan might be a radiosensitizer is
      raised.

PMID- 2910508
TI  - A new anticancer agent (LY186641) interferes with creatinine assay.
AB  - The administration of a diarylsulfonylurea, LY186641, which is presently
      undergoing a multicentric phase I clinical trial as an anticancer agent, produces
      major analytical interference with commonly used creatinine analysis techniques.
      We confirm that this interference is caused by a metabolite rather than the
      parent compound and propose an alternative, interference-free method.

PMID- 2910509
TI  - Fanconi syndrome after ifosfamide.
AB  - A 2-year-old boy developed the Fanconi syndrome 1 year after being treated
      successfully for a neuroblastoma. This is probably an unusual complication of
      ifosfamide.

PMID- 2910510
TI  - Phase II study of a new alkylating agent (PTT-119) in resistant-relapsed non
      Hodgkin's lymphomas.
AB  - In a phase II study we evaluated the effect and toxicity of a new alkylating
      agent, PTT-119, in 26 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) resistant to or
      relapsed after other chemotherapy. PTT was scheduled by escalating the dose from
      2.0 to 3.3 mg/kg every 3 weeks. Among 21 evaluable patients with NHL, 12 (57%)
      showed a good response (CR + PR) to PTT-119. Tolerance was acceptably good; no
      major side effects related to liver, cardiac, or renal toxicity were recorded.
      The most commonly recorded side effects were nausea and vomiting, alopecia, and
      phlebitis; diarrhea and drug-related fever were rarely seen. This report
      indicates a potential usefulness for PTT-119, a non-cross-resistant alkylating
      agent, in the treatment of NHL.

PMID- 2910511
TI  - Failure of response to ifosfamide in squamous cell bronchogenic carcinoma.

PMID- 2910512
TI  - Evaluation of response to chemotherapy in retinoblastoma heterotransplanted to
      the eyes of nude mice.
AB  - The role of chemotherapy in the treatment of retinoblastoma (RB) is
      unsatisfactory and clinical research is severely limited. A xenograft model for
      testing chemotherapeutic and other agents has been developed by the
      heterotransplantation of human RB cells into the anterior chamber of the nude
      mouse eye. A grading system for visually monitored tumor growth was designed to
      allow serial observations and documentation of the response to therapy in the
      model. This method of monitoring compared favorably with histopathologic,
      photographic, or other criteria in the reproducible, sequential evaluation of
      tumor status. Six chemotherapeutic agents [vincristine (VCR), doxorubicin (DOX),
      actinomycin D (ACT-D), dimethyltriazeno-imidazole carboxamide (DTIC),
      cyclophosphamide (CPM), and diaziquone (AZQ)] were then tested in the model
      against a patient-derived xenograft line. Results were expressed as the delay in
      tumor progression judged by serial grading. CPM produced a consistent response in
      all treated tumors, as did DTIC to a lesser, more variable extent. In 3 of 10
      tumors treated with CPM and in 1 of 18 treated with DTIC, complete responses were
      maintained for at least 20 weeks. VCR, DOX, and ACT-D were ineffective, producing
      patterns of tumor progression no different from those in the control group. AZQ
      was most effective, producing responses far exceeding those of conventional
      agents. The model allows quantitative documentation of the response to therapy in
      heterotransplanted human RB. Further testing of new agents and combinations is
      warranted. AZQ may be active against RB.

PMID- 2910513
TI  - Tumor and serum tamoxifen concentrations in the athymic nude mouse.
AB  - The athymic nude mouse has been used as an in vivo model for pharmacologic
      studies of the antiestrogen, tamoxifen. Serum and tumor tamoxifen and metabolite
      concentrations were examined during and after 100 and 1000 micrograms/day doses
      injected s.c. Tamoxifen and tamoxifen metabolites were quantitated by high
      performance liquid chromatography. Tamoxifen was detected in tumors after a dose
      of 100 micrograms/day, although serum concentrations were not detected. At a dose
      of 1000 micrograms/day, tumor tamoxifen and its active metabolites were detected
      in high concentrations ranging up to greater than 6 mmol/g tissue. Serum
      tamoxifen metabolites were not detected at either dose. In summary, high doses of
      tamoxifen were required in the nude mouse to obtain clinically relevant serum
      concentrations, and significant tumor levels were achieved at doses that resulted
      in undetectable serum levels. The relationship between serum tamoxifen
      concentrations, tumor tamoxifen levels, and the biologic activity of the drug
      requires further study.

PMID- 2910514
TI  - Neurotoxicity and dermatotoxicity of cyanomorpholinyl adriamycin.
AB  - The highly lipophilic cyanomorpholinyl adriamycin (CMA) is the most potent
      antineoplastic anthracycline yet described. CNS distribution and toxicity were
      examined after i.v. administration of CMA to mice. At doses greater than or equal
      to 0.1 mg/kg, a neurotoxic syndrome including ataxia, hypokinesia, and tremors
      appeared. At doses of less than or equal to 0.05 mg/kg, which have been reported
      to be antineoplastic, no neurotoxicity was observed. On histopathologic
      examination, no changes were observed in the brain, spinal cord, or dorsal root
      ganglia. Unlike adriamycin (ADR), which rapidly appears in the nuclei of several
      tissues, CMA showed no fluorescence, suggesting a different cellular
      microcompartmentalization. The i.d. injection of CMA disclosed a 200-fold
      increase in toxicity compared with that of adriamycin. In comparisons of CMA and
      ADR, neurotoxicity and cardiotoxicity occurred equally only at higher doses;
      however, the dermatotoxicity and antineoplastic activity of CMA were increased
      several hundred-fold.

PMID- 2910515
TI  - Relevance of the hydrolysis and protein binding of melphalan to the treatment of
      multiple myeloma.
AB  - Experiments to determine the hydrolysis and protein binding of melphalan (L
      phenylalanine mustard, L-PAM) were carried out in vitro for therapeutic
      concentration of the drug: the decrease in L-PAM concentration in plasma and
      whole blood during 24 h incubation at 37 degrees C was only 5% due to hydrolysis.
      Serum protein binding was about 90%, whereby 60% and 20% of this binding was due
      to interactions with albumin and acid alpha 1-glycoprotein, respectively.
      Immunoglobulins did not participate in the binding of L-PAM. The covalently bound
      part of L-PAM in serum was 30% in the concentration range of 1-30 micrograms/ml.
      The binding of dihydroxymelphalan (DOH) in serum did not exceed 20%.
      Glucocorticoids used in combination with L-PAM for treating multiple myeloma did
      not influence its protein binding. Our study with 35 sera from 15 patients with
      multiple myeloma shows that high levels of paraproteins do not increase but may
      decrease the binding of L-PAM, resulting in an elevated concentration of free
      drug.

PMID- 2910517
TI  - High-dose melphalan dosage adjustment: possibility of using a test-dose.
AB  - Previous pharmacokinetic studies of i.v. high-dose melphalan (HDM) have
      demonstrated large interindividual variations in the pharmacokinetic parameters.
      We therefore studied the possibility of using a test dose of the drug to
      determine the level of a subsequent therapeutic dose. This study was undertaken
      to establish whether the pharmacokinetics of melphalan were linear and
      reproducible within the same patient and determine whether a linear extrapolation
      could be carried out from the test dose. The first eight patients were studied on
      two occasions separated by 2 hours (repeatability stage). Although reasonable
      evidence for linear pharmacokinetics was obtained from these patients, the data
      suggested a number of factors that might have introduced errors. Therefore, the
      second group of ten patients were treated on a slightly different protocol on two
      occasions 24 h apart (linearity stage). The ratios of the two doses ranged from 1
      to 8 (repeatability stage) and from 2.6 to 10 (linearity stage). During both
      stages there was a good correlation between the AUC measured for the second
      infusion and that predicted from the first (r = 0.929 and r = 0.943,
      respectively). We conclude that a test dose can be used to determine the
      subsequent dose of melphalan necessary to produce a desired AUC.

PMID- 2910516
TI  - In vitro evidence for dose-dependent cytotoxicity as the predominant effect of
      low dose Ara-C on human leukemic and normal marrow cells.
AB  - To determine whether cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) has a differentiating effect in
      vitro, marrow cells from nine patients with acute non-lymphocytic leukemia or
      myelodysplastic syndrome and eight non-leukemic controls were exposed to drug
      concentrations comparable to those achieved in vivo with low-dose Ara-C therapy.
      In soft agar cultures, the predominant effect of Ara-C at concentrations between
      10(-8) M and 10(-6) M was cytotoxicity with a dose-dependent decrement in Colony
      Forming Unit of the granulocyte and monocyte lineage (CFUg/m) at 14 days. Growth
      in liquid cultures containing Giant Cell Tumor(GCT)-conditioned media without Ara
      C resulted in a significant increment in the recovery of mature cells at day 10
      from the non-leukemic cultures (P = 0.03), while only a minor increase was found
      in the leukemic cultures (P = 0.09). All liquid cultures exposed to greater than
      or equal to 10(-9) M Ara-C showed a marked reduction in the immature
      proliferating cell pool, with a concomitant increase in the percentage of mature
      non-dividing cells at 10 days. However, the absolute number of differentiated
      cells recovered remained constant or decreased in all non-leukemic and eight of
      nine leukemic cultures, compared with cultures without Ara-C. Enhanced recovery
      of differentiated cells was also never observed in any culture exposed to the
      relatively non-toxic 10(-9) M Ara-C. These in vitro findings support clinical
      observations suggesting that cytotoxicity rather than differentiation is the
      major mechanism involved in the therapeutic effect of low-dose Ara-C in acute
      leukemia and myelodysplasia.

PMID- 2910518
TI  - The effects of acetaminophen, antipyrine and phenacetin on rat urothelial cell
      proliferation.
AB  - Abuse of combination analgesics containing phenacetin, antipyrine (phenazone) and
      caffeine have been associated with urinary tract tumors. Phenacetin and
      antipyrine have been shown to be promoters of urinary tract carcinogenesis and
      antipyrine is also a weak urinary tract carcinogen. Acetaminophen, the main
      metabolite of phenacetin, is one of the most commonly used analgesics in the USA.
      In the present study, the dose-related effect on the cell proliferation of the
      urothelium was evaluated in male Sprague-Dawley rats by autoradiography. Nine
      groups of twenty, 6-week old rats were treated with 0.5%, 1.0% or 1.5% of
      acetaminophen, antipyrine or phenacetin in the diet. A tenth group of rats
      received control diet without added chemicals. Ten rats from each group were
      killed after each of 6 and 12 weeks of feeding. There was a dose-related increase
      in the labeling index in the urothelium of the bladder and kidney, particularly
      after 6 weeks of drug administration. In particular, the 1.0% and 1.5% dose
      levels of antipyrine and phenacetin showed a marked proliferative effect on the
      urothelium. In the bladder after 6 weeks, the labeling indices were significantly
      increased. After 12 weeks, although numerically increased, the indices were not
      statistically significant. In the renal pelvic urothelium the labeling index was
      significantly increased in antipyrine and phenacetin treated rats at doses of
      1.0% and 1.5%. After 12 weeks the majority of rats treated with 1.5% antipyrine
      and phenacetin had labeling indices greater than or equal to 2-fold than the
      control rats both in the kidney and bladder. The increased labeling indices were
      associated with urothelial hyperplasia, in particular after 6 weeks. In the rats
      treated with antipyrine there were significant degenerative changes in the
      urothelial cells expressed as marked vacuolization. The vacuolization is
      considered to be a toxic effect and the beginning of cell death. Thus cell death
      with regeneration may be responsible for the increased labeling index in the
      antipyrine groups. High doses of antipyrine were also associated with renal
      papillary necrosis in 50% of the rats.

PMID- 2910519
TI  - Effect of growth state, tumor promoters, and transformation upon intercellular
      communication between C3H/10T1/2 murine fibroblasts.
AB  - Diminished intercellular communication has been associated with heightened
      sensitivity of cultured cells to morphological transformation and enhancement of
      transformation by tumor promoters. Microinjection of Lucifer yellow dye was
      employed to evaluate intercellular communication between transformable C3H/10T1/2
      murine fibroblasts under a variety of culture conditions. Intercellular
      communication assayed by dye transfer from injected cells to surrounding cells in
      contact occurred in logarithmically growing cultures, declined to very low levels
      as confluence was attained, and then resumed upon the formation of mature
      confluent monolayers. Dye-transfer networks of 50 or more cells resulted from
      injection of single monolayer cells. Freeze-fracture electron microscopy
      confirmed the presence of gap junction structures in confluent cultures.
      Treatment with the initiating agent N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and/or
      the tumor promoter 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin did not inhibit
      intercellular communication between C3H/10T1/2 cells during 6-week transformation
      experiments. The tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate produced a
      transient inhibition of dye-coupling upon first introduction to cultures and
      prolonged the period of diminished dye-coupling at the attainment of confluence,
      but did not inhibit subsequent interactions between monolayer cells. A simple
      relationship thus could not be established between levels of dye-coupling within
      monolayers and focus formation events. Curiously, although the cells of foci in
      early phases of development did not exhibit dye-transfer capacity, dye-coupling
      was observed in mass cultures of most transformed cell lines cloned from foci. Co
      cultivation of communication-competent transformed cells with nontransformed
      cells to produce reconstructed foci generally resulted in a cessation of dye
      transfer by transformed cells. An often reversible loss of communication
      competence thus accompanies the growth of transformed C3H/10T1/2 cells as foci
      and may constitute an adaptive response which facilitates focus growth in the
      presence of intercellular communication between monolayer cells.

PMID- 2910520
TI  - Tobacco-specific nitrosamines in mainstream smoke of West German cigarettes--tar
      alone is not a sufficient index for the carcinogenic potential of cigarette
      smoke.
AB  - Fifty-five types of commercial cigarettes on the West German market were analyzed
      for tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNA) in mainstream smoke. The cigarettes
      included filter and nonfilter cigarettes with very high, high, medium, low and
      ultra-low tar and nicotine yields. The observed range for N'-nitrosonornicotine
      was from 5 to 625 ng/cigarette and for 4-(methylnitrosoamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1
      butanone from not detected (less than 4 ng/cigarette) to 432 ng/cigarette. The
      highest TSNA values were obtained for nonfilter cigarettes made of dark tobaccos
      and the lowest values for nonfilter Oriental-type cigarettes. Relatively high
      TSNA yields were also observed in filter cigarettes with moderate and lower tar
      deliveries. The results demonstrated that there is no correlation between TSNA
      and tar deliveries in mainstrain smoke. The TSNA deliveries in mainstream smoke
      depended on the actual tobacco composition. According to these results the tar
      delivery, although crucial, is not a sufficient index for the biological activity
      and the carcinogenic potential of cigarette smoke.

PMID- 2910521
TI  - Promotion by sodium barbital of renal cortical and transitional cell tumors, but
      not intestinal tumors, in F344 rats given methyl(acetoxymethyl)nitrosamine, and
      lack of effect of phenobarbital, amobarbital, or barbituric acid on development
      of either renal or intestinal tumors.
AB  - Comparative effects of four barbiturates, phenobarbital (PB), amobarbital (AB),
      sodium barbital (NaBB), and barbituric acid (BA) on the development of neoplasms
      in the intestinal tract and other organs were investigated in rats following
      initiation with methyl(acetoxymethyl)nitrosamine (DMN-OAc). Four-week-old
      F344/NCr male rats were given a single i.p. injection of 0.05 nmol DMN.OAc in 5
      ml sterile phosphate buffered saline/kg body weight. Two weeks after DMN.OAc
      treatment, the animals were provided with either tap water or drinking water
      containing 500 p.p.m. of PB, NaBB, AB, or BA for the remaining experimental
      period. Control groups received a single i.p. injection of 5 ml of sterile
      phosphate buffer/kg body weight and 2 weeks later were given either tap water or
      drinking water containing 500 p.p.m. of one of the barbiturates listed above.
      Rats were killed at 52 weeks or 80 weeks after DMN.OAc injection. DMN.OAc induced
      multiple intestinal tumors that occurred mostly in the mucosa of the small
      intestine, especially the terminal ileum. None of the barbiturates had any effect
      on either incidence or multiplicity of intestinal tumors. PB significantly
      enhanced the development of hepatocellular tumors as well as thyroid follicular
      cell neoplasms in DMN.OAc initiated rats, while the subsequent administration of
      NaBB, but not other barbiturates, resulted in the development of renal cortical
      and pelvic transitional cell tumors. This is the first demonstration of promotion
      of carcinogenesis in renal pelvic transitional epithelium, a cell type not
      previously recognized as vulnerable to initiation by DMN.OAc given i.p. NaBB
      without prior administration of DMN.OAc induced severe nephropathy and focal
      hyperplasia of both renal cortical tubular and pelvic transitional cell
      epithelium. No such effects were observed with either PB, AB, or BA. Our results
      failed to confirm the earlier findings of others that intestinal epithelial
      carcinogenesis could be promoted by continuous oral administration of NaBB.
      However, these results strongly support and extend our previous conclusions that
      some barbiturates have broad organ specificities and promote epithelial
      carcinogenesis in more than one organ and tissue.

PMID- 2910522
TI  - Tumor promoting activities of ethylphenylacetylurea and diethylacetylurea, the
      ring hydrolysis products of barbiturate tumor promoters phenobarbital and
      barbital, in rat liver and kidney initiated by N-nitrosodiethylamine.
AB  - The ring hydrolysis products of the multi-tissue tumor promoting barbiturates,
      phenobarbital (PB) and barbital (BB), were fed to F344/NCr male rats previously
      given a single initiating injection of N-nitrosodiethylamine.
      Ethylphenylacetylurea (EPAU) and diethylacetylurea (EEAU), derived, respectively,
      from PB and BB, both promoted development of hepatocellular adenomas, but were
      much weaker in this respect than PB. Both acetylureas were also selective
      inducers of P-450IIB1-mediated benzyloxyresorufin O-dealkylase activity, but both
      were much less potent inducers than PB. Neither EPAU nor EEAU had an effect on
      tumor development in the thyroid, unlike both PB and, as shown previously, BB.
      EEAU, but not EPAU, strongly promoted development of renal cortical epithelial
      tumors. The opening of the barbiturate heterocyclic ring and the subsequent
      decarboxylation to yield the dialkylacetylurea analogs thus resulted in compounds
      displaying a marked reduction in liver tumor promoting activity. EEAU appears to
      possess an ability to promote renal neoplasms similar to that of its parent
      compound, BB. Ring opening appears to be accompanied by loss of promoting
      activity for thyroid follicular epithelium.

PMID- 2910523
TI  - 32P-postlabeling analysis of 1-nitropyrene-DNA adducts in female Sprague-Dawley
      rats.
AB  - The 32P-postlabeling technique was used to qualitatively establish the pattern of
      DNA adduct formation in mammary tissue and liver following administration of 1
      nitropyrene to female Sprague-Dawley rats. 1-Nitropyrene (100 mg/kg b.w.) was
      administered by gavage in trioctanoin and the rats were sacrificed 24 h later.
      DNA was isolated from mammary fat pads and liver, enzymatically hydrolyzed to
      deoxyribonucleoside-3'-monophosphates and then converted to [5'-32P]3',5'
      bisphosphates. The polyethyleneimine-cellulose (PEI-cellulose) TLC 32P
      fingerprints revealed the presence of multiple putative adducts in the mammary
      fat pads and in the livers. To investigate the role of nitroreduction in the
      formation of these adducts, calf thymus DNA was incubated with [3H]1-nitropyrene
      in vitro in the presence of xanthine oxidase. The DNA was isolated and analyzed
      by the 32P-postlabeling technique. A major adduct spot was detected and confirmed
      as N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-1-aminopyrene. This adduct cochromatographed with a
      minor in vivo adduct of DNA obtained from mammary fat pads and livers. However,
      the major adducts detected in vivo did not appear to originate from simple
      nitroreduction of 1-nitropyrene. The results of this study suggest that other
      metabolic pathways, such as ring oxidation, or ring oxidation followed by
      nitroreduction, may be responsible for the putative 1-nitropyrene-DNA adducts
      observed in mammary fat pads and livers of female Sprague-Dawley rats.

PMID- 2910524
TI  - Neuroendocrine dysdifferentiation and bombesin production in carcinogen-induced
      hepatocellular rat tumours.
AB  - Primary rat hepatocellular tumours, induced by a combination of
      diethylnitrosamine and 2-acetylaminofluorene, were examined for the presence of
      neuroendocrine peptides by immunocytochemical methods. Two-thirds of the tumours
      showed positive immunostaining for either neuron-specific enolase (NSE), protein
      S-100 or bombesin. NSE was commonly observed both in hepatocarcinomas and in
      neoplastic nodules, whereas protein S-100 was more frequently seen in carcinomas
      (49% positive) than in nodules (13% positive). Bombesin, previously shown to
      function as an autocrine growth factor in small-cell carcinoma of the lung, was
      present in neurosecretory granules in 13% of the nodules and 29% of the
      carcinomas. Normal, preneoplastic and peritumorous liver tissue, including the
      frequent atypical foci present in the latter two categories, was uniformly
      negative for all neuroendocrine markers. The foci, like the nodules and
      carcinomas, generally stained positively for the liver tumour marker glutathione
      S-transferase type P (GSTP). The results suggest that dysdifferentiation of
      altered hepatocytes in a neuroendocrine direction may be a common, late event in
      liver carcinogenesis which could possibly contribute to tumour formation, e.g. by
      establishing autocrine or paracrine circuits.

PMID- 2910525
TI  - The initiator tRNA acceptance assay as a short-term test for carcinogens. 4.
      Results with 20 mycotoxins.
AB  - The activity of 20 mycotoxins was tested by the recently developed initiator tRNA
      acceptance assay for carcinogens. With the exception of citrinin, all compounds
      carcinogenic for rodents stimulated the charging of tRNA with L-methionine. In
      three out of four non-carcinogenic mycotoxins the test was negative. Five
      carcinogenic mycotoxins were negative in mutagenicity tests but positive in the
      acceptance assay indicating that also non-mutagenic carcinogens may be detected
      by the latter procedure.

PMID- 2910526
TI  - Concomitant reversion of the characteristic phenotypic properties of a cell line
      of Bloom's syndrome origin.
AB  - The fibroblast strain GM3498 and the lymphoblastoid line GM4408 have been
      established from the same Bloom's syndrome patient, as confirmed by DNA
      hybridization with hypervariable probes and isoenzyme analysis. Strain GM3498,
      but not GM4408, exhibits a high frequency of spontaneous sister chromatid
      exchange, hypersensitivity to ethyl methanesulphonate and an anomalously low
      level of DNA ligase I activity. We conclude that GM3498 is representative of
      Bloom's syndrome, whereas GM4408 is a revertant cell line. These data agree with
      a model in which a malfunctioning DNA ligase I is the primary cause of the
      syndrome.

PMID- 2910527
TI  - In vivo distribution of a carcinogenic hepatic peroxisome proliferator: whole
      body autoradiography of [14C]ciprofibrate in the mouse.
AB  - The distribution of radiolabel in male mice was studied by whole-body
      autoradiography at intervals after oral administration of [14C]ciprofibrate, a
      carcinogenic hepatic peroxisome proliferator. Radioactivity was rapidly taken up
      by the liver and to a lesser extent by the brown fat within 9 h after oral dosing
      of ciprofibrate. The radioactivity levels in blood, interstitial fluid and fat
      decreased during the first 3 days after dosing, but the liver remained densely
      labeled. Between 3 and 27 days after dosing, liver exhibited a stippled pattern
      as a result of heavier labeling apparently around the central veins. The
      relatively low levels of radiolabel in extra-hepatic tissues observed after oral
      dosing, together with the prolonged retention in this region of the liver, is
      consistent with the hepatotropic effects (i.e. hepatic peroxisome proliferation
      and development of liver tumors) exerted by this compound.

PMID- 2910528
TI  - Molecular mechanics simulations on covalent complexes between polycyclic
      carcinogens and B-DNA.
AB  - We present molecular mechanics simulations on models of covalent complexes
      between the diol-epoxides of the carcinogens benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[e]pyrene and
      benzo[c]phenanthrene and a DNA pentamer d(GCGCG).d(CGCGC). In all the models, the
      carcinogen diol-epoxides lie in the minor groove with alkylation to the exocyclic
      amino group of the guanine. The theoretical calculations on the benzo[a]pyrene
      adducts to the pentamer are qualitatively consistent with the experimentally
      observed relative reactivities between various isomers. The adduct with the
      (+)trans isomer, which is the most carcinogenic of the benzo[a]pyrene
      stereoisomers, is calculated to be the energetically most favored. The relative
      energetic preferences in the adducts of benzo[e]pyrene diol-epoxides to the
      pentanucleotide parallel those of benzo[a]pyrene. However, there is no obvious
      explanation for the lack of biological activity in the diol-epoxides of the
      former carcinogen from the theoretical calculations. In the case of adducts with
      the diol-epoxides of benzo[c]phenanthrene, the energetically most favored
      structures are isomers with significant biological activity. The distortions in
      the double helix are more significant in the complexes with the diol-epoxides of
      this carcinogen compared to those in the complexes with the diol-epoxides of the
      other two carcinogens.

PMID- 2910529
TI  - Unsaturated lipids and intestinal bacteria as sources of endogenous production of
      ethene and ethylene oxide.
AB  - Studies of adducts to hemoglobin (Hb) have revealed levels of hydroxyethylations
      of i.a. N-terminus (valines) in knowingly unexposed animals and persons (non
      smokers). This paper describes some exploratory experiments with mice, carried
      out with the aim of tracing the origin of these background levels. It is shown
      that the hydroxyethylvaline content in Hb is higher in animals fed unsaturated
      lipids and lower in bacterium-free as compared to control animals. Lipid
      peroxidation and metabolism of intestinal bacteria, giving rise to ethene,
      precursor of ethylene oxide, are thus indicated to be sources of observed
      background hydroxyethylations.

PMID- 2910530
TI  - Detection by 32P-postlabeling of thymidine glycol in gamma-irradiated DNA.
AB  - The 32P-postlabeling method has been adapted for the analysis of thymidine-cis
      glycol-3'-phosphate (cis-dTGp,cis-5,6-dihydroxy-5,6-dihydrothymidine-3'-phosphat
      e). Cis-dTGp was isolated and purified from normal nucleotides by phenylboronate
      affinity chromatography and phosphorylated by T4 polynucleotide kinase in
      presence of 1 mM BeCl2 at pH 7.5. These modifications of the postlabeling method
      resulted in a 5'-phosphorylation of dTGp with a labeling efficiency of up to 20%
      whereas the natural nucleotides were almost completely dephosphorylated at the 3'
      position under these conditions. The reaction products, containing radio-labeled
      thymidine-cis-glycol-3',5'-bis-[5'-32P]phosphate (cis-*pdTGp), were separated by
      two-dimensional anion-exchange TLC on polyethyleneimine cellulose sheets. Boric
      acid was added in the second dimension in order to selectively retard cis
      glycols. The method was applied to gamma-irradiated nucleotides and calf thymus
      DNA. In the nucleotide mixture, 330-99,000 thymine glycol (TG) moieties were
      detected per 10(6) thymines (T) in a dose range of 14-1000 Gy respectively. In
      DNA, these values ranged from 400 to 2700 TG/10(6) T. The data are in good
      agreement with methods using radiochemical and immunological techniques. Non
      irradiated DNA showed a background level of 10TG/10(6) T. This practical limit of
      detection was higher than can be achieved with the postlabeling technique,
      indicating that the present method might be a sensitive alternative for a
      determination of oxidative DNA damage.

PMID- 2910531
TI  - Structure-activity studies of chemical carcinogens: use of an electrophilic
      reactivity parameter in a new QSAR model.
AB  - Electrophilic reactivity data for 142 compounds were obtained from the
      literature, and were used to establish the contribution of different functional
      groups and molecular determinants to this property. An equation containing
      approximately 20 molecular determinants was derived (r = 0.89); this provided a
      system for estimating the electrophilic reactivity for other compounds on the
      basis of their molecular structure. The contribution of the estimated
      electrophilicity to the structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies of
      carcinogens was tested. In a previous work, we studied a set of 137 carcinogens
      and non-carcinogens belonging to different chemical classes, and established an
      SAR on the basis of four physical-chemical descriptors. The mathematical model
      consisted of a pattern recognition method specifically designed by us for the non
      linear situations typical of large non congeneric sets of chemicals. The addition
      of the estimated electrophilicity parameter increased the overall performance of
      the system (from the previous 85-90% retrospective correct classification). In
      particular, the estimated electrophilicity remarkably contributed to the
      identification of carcinogens (their correct classification increasing from the
      previous 86% to 97%). The derived SAR was tested by applying it to 11 human
      carcinogens not included in the training set. Their carcinogenicity was correctly
      predicted for 10 chemicals out of 11.

PMID- 2910532
TI  - Variations in catechol O-methyltransferase activity in rodent tissues: possible
      role in estrogen carcinogenicity.
AB  - Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) [EC 2.1.1.6] is a ubiquitous cytosolic enzyme
      which has a pertinent role in the inactivation of both natural and synthetic
      catechol estrogens in mammalian tissues. We have compared the COMT activity in
      mouse, hamster and rat kidney, liver and red blood cells and examined the kinetic
      characteristics of this enzyme in the latter two species using various catechol
      estrogens as substrates. Results presented here indicate that the ratios of COMT
      activity in the kidney versus the liver of the rat and mouse are nearly
      identical, 0.48-0.52, whereas there is a 29-fold ratio between the level of COMT
      activity in these two tissues in the hamster. In red blood cells, the level of
      COMT activity is 4- and 12-fold lower in the hamster compared to mouse and rat,
      respectively. When the kinetic characteristics of this enzyme were assessed in
      the hamster and rat kidney and liver, except for 2-hydroxymoxestrol which had an
      apparent Km value of 15-48 microM, the other catechol estrogen substrates
      exhibited Km values ranging from 1-10 microM. Generally, the Vmax values were
      markedly higher in the rat kidney and liver than those observed in corresponding
      hamster tissues. The significantly lower COMT activity in the hamster liver and
      red blood cells suggests that under chronic estrogen treatment at high doses, the
      concentration of catechol estrogens in these tissues may exceed the capacity of
      COMT to effectively catalyse their O-methylation into inactive metabolites. The
      resulting accumulation of catechol estrogens may contribute to the estrogen
      carcinogenicity observed in the hamster liver and kidney. Additionally, when 2
      hydroxyestrone was used as a substrate, the estrogen-induced renal carcinoma
      exhibited only 8.6% of the COMT activity found in the normal kidney.

PMID- 2910533
TI  - Induction of rat intestinal carcinogenesis with single doses, low and high
      repeated doses of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine.
AB  - We investigated seven different procedures for chemical induction of rat colonic
      carcinogenesis using: repeated high doses (i) weekly 10 x 15 mg/kg, (ii)
      quarterly 8 x 15 mg/kg; repeated low doses (iii) weekly 27 x 1.5 mg/kg, (iv)
      quarterly 8 x 5 mg/kg, (v) quarterly 8 x 1 mg/kg; and single injections of 1,2
      dimethylhydrazine (DMH) at (vi) 1 x 40 mg/kg or (vii) 1 x 20 mg/kg. Rats had
      typical histological precancerous lesions of the colon (dysplasia) and intestinal
      carcinomas in the six groups receiving a total dose of more than 8 mg/kg DMH.
      With doses of greater than 120 mg/kg, rats had more cancers, particularly
      intestinal carcinomas and significantly reduced survival. Rats receiving a single
      injection of 20 or 40 mg/kg also had histological lesions and colonic carcinomas.
      The group receiving a 40 mg/kg total dose in a single injection had a
      significantly higher frequency of colonic lesions per rat and a higher incidence
      of rats with colonic lesions than groups receiving the same total dose but
      fractionated. Control rats and groups injected with an 8 mg/kg total dose had no
      cancers, nor pre-cancerous histological lesions. Thus the carcinogenesis is dose
      related, but for the same final dose a single injection gives more histological
      colonic lesions than several recurrent injections; however, the number of colonic
      carcinomas and the survival did not vary. This lack of correlation between the
      number of dysplasia and the number of adenocarcinomas may indicate that dysplasia
      is not always the precursor lesion of adenocarcinoma. With repeated low doses, we
      obtained colonic adenocarcinomas after a long period of latency in old rats, thus
      producing an experimental model with characteristics similar to those found in
      humans.

PMID- 2910534
TI  - An endogenous colon mitosis inhibitor reduces the increased cell proliferation in
      colonic epithelium induced by dietary cholic acid and treatment with 1,2
      dimethylhydrazine.
AB  - We have recently purified and identified a tripeptide (pGlu-His-GlyOH) in mouse
      intestinal extracts which reversibly inhibits normal colonic epithelial cell
      renewal in mice. We also found a similar response to a single injection of the
      peptide during bile-acid-induced hyperproliferation in the colonic epithelium. To
      investigate the effect of repeated injections of the same dose of the inhibitor
      under various pathological conditions of the colonic mucosa we either fed mice
      low-calcium cholic acid diet, treated the animals with a single injection of the
      colon carcinogen 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH), or gave both treatments. The
      peptide reduced the mitotic rate and the labelling indices in the colonic
      epithelium during the first 5 days of feeding the low-calcium cholic acid diet,
      and the size of the proliferative compartment was reduced. Proliferating cells
      were found significantly closer to the base of the crypts in the peptide-treated
      animals. The mitotic rate was also reduced by each of repeated peptide injections
      during the first 72 h in the DMH-treated animals; the labelling indices at 48 and
      72 h only. By feeding DMH-treated animals low-calcium cholic acid diet, similar
      results were obtained. However, in all carcinogen-treated animals the tripeptide
      had no effect on the size and localization of the proliferating cells in the
      colonic crypts.

PMID- 2910535
TI  - Cyclophosphamide induced DNA strand breaks in mouse embryo cephalic tissue in
      vivo.
AB  - Pregnant C3H mice were exposed to teratogenic doses of cyclophosphamide (CPA), on
      the 11th day after copulation. The effects of this agent on embryonal cephalic
      DNA strand breaks were assessed between 3 and 40 h after drug administration.
      Administration of 15, 30 and 60 mg CPA/kg body weight resulted in conversion of
      23, 30 and 44% of the DNA to the single-stranded form, respectively. No
      detectable DNA damage was evident 3 h after drug administration, but after 6 h
      significant DNA damage had occurred, reaching a maximum after 9 h. However, no
      evidence of DNA strand breaks was present at 22, 30 and 40 h after CPA treatment,
      suggesting that these lesions had been repaired. These findings demonstrate that
      cephalic DNA damage induced by CPA in the developing mouse embryo occurs in a
      time and concentration dependent manner, and provide some insight into the
      kinetics of formation and removal of DNA strand breaks caused by CPA in vivo.

PMID- 2910536
TI  - Eicosanoids and multistage carcinogenesis in NMRI mouse skin: role of
      prostaglandins E and F in conversion (first stage of tumor promotion) and
      promotion (second stage of tumor promotion).
AB  - When applied to NMRI mouse skin in vivo, phorbol esters such as 12-O
      tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and 12-O-retinoylphorbol-13-acetate (RPA)
      have been found to induce two early waves of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis
      after 15 and 90 min and a delayed accumulation of prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2
      alpha) after 2 h. With respect to PGF2 alpha formation different activities of
      both agents were observed, in that TPA but not RPA induced additional PGF2 alpha
      waves after 4 and 17 h. Functionally, PGE2 was previously shown to be an
      endogenous mediator of the TPA- or RPA-induced epidermal hyperproliferation and
      hyperplasia. A functional role of PGF2 alpha could be attributed to the post
      initiation stages of tumor development in initiated mouse skin, i.e. the
      conversion stage (stage I of tumor promotion) elicited by two TPA applications
      and the promotion stage (stage II of promotion) brought about repetitive RPA
      treatments. PGF2 alpha, appearing as one distinct biosynthetic wave 3-4 h after
      TPA application seems to be critically involved in the conversion steps since (i)
      inhibition of its accumulation by indomethacin led to an inhibition of tumor
      formation, (ii) the inhibitory effect of indomethacin could be reversed by PGF2
      alpha and (iii) RPA was not able to give rise to the accumulation of PGF2 alpha 4
      h after application as obtained by TPA treatment. Moreover, RPA-induced promotion
      of DMBA- and TPA-treated mouse skin was inhibited by indomethacin. The inhibitory
      effect of indomethacin on papilloma formation was again reversed by PGF2 alpha
      treatment concomitant with RPA.

PMID- 2910537
TI  - Reactions of stereoisomeric non-bay-region benz[a]anthracene diol epoxides with
      DNA and conformations of non-covalent complexes and covalent adducts.
AB  - The reactions of the non-bay-region diol epoxides racemic trans-8,9-dihydroxy
      anti-10,11-epoxy-8,9,10,11-tetrahydrobenz[a]an thracene (anti-BA-10,11-DE) and
      racemic trans-8,9-dihydroxy-syn-10,11-epoxy-8,9,10,11-tetrahydrobenz[a]ant
      hracene (syn-BA-10,11-DE) with native double-stranded DNA in aqueous solutions (5
      mM sodium cacodylate buffer, pH 7.0, 23 degrees C) was investigated utilizing
      various spectroscopic techniques. The results of linear dichroism experiments
      suggest that both diastereomers form non-covalent, intercalative complexes with
      DNA prior to undergoing chemical reactions; the association constant for the anti
      stereoisomers is about twice as large (850 +/- 100 M-1) as that for the syn
      diastereomers, thus qualitatively paralleling the behavior established previously
      for the bay-region diol epoxides of benzo[a]pyrene and benz[a]anthracene. The
      reaction rates of both anti- and syn-BA-10,11-DE are significantly accelerated in
      the presence of DNA, and the fraction of diol epoxide molecules which bind
      covalently to DNA is 13 +/- 2% and 3 +/- 1% respectively; these levels of
      covalent binding are lower by factors of about two respectively, than in the case
      of the bay-region diol epoxides of benz[a]anthracene. The phenanthrenyl residues
      in the covalent anti-BA-10,11-DE-DNA adducts are tilted with their long axes
      closer to the average orientations of the normals to the DNA bases; in contrast,
      the adducts derived from the binding of the syn diastereomers, appear to be
      characterized by intercalative-type conformations; however, the overall degrees
      of orientations are weak in the cases of these non-bay-region diol epoxide-DNA
      adducts. Nevertheless, these adduct conformations resemble those derived from the
      highly tumorigenic anti and the less active syn diasteromers of benzo[a]pyrene
      and benz[a]anthracene, thus providing one additional example to the previously
      observed correlations between adduct structure and biological activity.

PMID- 2910538
TI  - Transcardiac serotonin concentration is increased in selected patients with
      limiting angina and complex coronary lesion morphology.
AB  - Serotonin is released by activated platelets and may act as a mediator to
      initiate or sustain certain unstable syndromes of ischemic heart disease in
      humans. To determine whether or not serotonin concentration increases across the
      coronary bed in patients with severe, limiting angina, we measured central aortic
      and coronary sinus serotonin concentrations by a sensitive radioenzymatic assay
      in 39 patients with coronary artery disease and 13 patients with minimal or no
      coronary artery lesions as detected by arteriography. Although no difference
      existed in the mean aortic or coronary sinus serotonin concentrations between
      these two groups, elevated coronary sinus serotonin concentrations were detected
      in 23% of those with coronary artery disease. The coronary sinus and aortic
      serotonin concentration difference was greater in patients with significant
      coronary artery disease (0.6 +/- 6.62 ng/ml) compared with patients without
      significant coronary artery disease (-5.6 +/- 10.32 ng/ml) (mean +/- SD) (p less
      than 0.05). Further analysis revealed that patients with eccentric, irregular
      coronary artery lesions or intraluminal filling defects had a significantly
      elevated coronary sinus and aortic serotonin difference (3.1 +/- 5.54 ng/ml)
      compared with those with smooth concentric lesions (-1.9 +/- 6.61 ng/ml) (p less
      than 0.02). These data suggest that serotonin is released into the coronary
      circulation of some patients with coronary artery disease, especially those with
      frequent angina and complex coronary lesions. Although serotonin may be released
      in some patients with coronary artery disease, the specific pathophysiologic role
      of serotonin in the development or perpetuation of certain coronary syndromes in
      humans remains to be determined.

PMID- 2910539
TI  - Superoxide dismutase reduces reperfusion arrhythmias but fails to salvage
      regional function or myocardium at risk in conscious dogs.
AB  - To determine if oxygen free radical scavengers administered before coronary
      artery reperfusion can limit reperfusion arrhythmias, increase the return of
      regional function in ischemic myocardium, and reduce tissue necrosis at 1 week
      after 90-minute coronary artery occlusion and reperfusion, conscious dogs were
      treated with superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase before and for 1 hour after
      coronary artery reperfusion. Another group was treated with recombinant SOD
      (rSOD) because the commercially available SOD and catalase contained endotoxin.
      The conscious dogs were studied 3-4 weeks after implanting left ventricular
      pressure gauges, ultrasonic wall thickness gauges in the posterior left
      ventricular wall, left atrial catheters, and arterial catheters, Doppler flow
      transducers, and hydraulic occluders on the left circumflex coronary artery. The
      only beneficial effect observed was that the number of arrhythmic beats per
      minute in the rSOD-treated group was significantly lower (p less than 0.05) when
      compared with a control group after coronary artery reperfusion. Treatment
      neither increased the amount of recovery of wall thickening in the ischemic zone
      nor reduced infarct size when expressed either as a percentage of the area at
      risk or as a function of collateral blood flow in the ischemic zone. For example,
      infarct size as a percentage of the area at risk was 32.6 +/- 5.8%, 37.4 +/-
      6.4%, 28.3 +/- 5.1% in the control, SOD and catalase-, and rSOD-treated groups,
      respectively. Thus, although treatment with oxygen free radical scavengers
      invoked a transient reduction in the number of reperfusion arrhythmias, this
      treatment in conscious dogs failed to improve regional myocardial dysfunction or
      reduce the amount of necrosis when compared with a control group. The lack of a
      sustained salutary effect may indicate that longer periods of treatment with free
      radical scavengers are required in chronic preparations.

PMID- 2910540
TI  - Local platelet activation causes vasoconstriction of large epicardial canine
      coronary arteries in vivo. Thromboxane A2 and serotonin are possible mediators.
AB  - The goal of the present study was to demonstrate that intracoronary platelet
      deposition may trigger intense vasoconstriction of large epicardial coronary
      arteries in vivo and that this is largely mediated by thromboxane A2 and
      serotonin released by activated platelets. Cyclic flow variations (progressive
      declines in blood flow followed by sudden restorations of flow) due to recurrent
      intracoronary platelet activation and thrombus formation were induced by damaging
      the endothelium and placing a cylindrical constrictor on the left anterior
      descending coronary artery (LAD) in open-chest, anesthetized dogs. Coronary
      diameters were measured in vivo by means of ultrasonic crystals sutured on the
      LAD immediately distal to the constrictor (LAD1) and 1 cm below (LAD2) and on the
      circumflex coronary artery (Cx). Coronary artery diastolic diameters were
      measured continuously before and during cyclic flow variations and after they
      were abolished by administration of LY53857, a serotonin-receptor antagonist
      (group 1, n = 7), or SQ29548, a thromboxane-receptor antagonist (group 2, n = 7).
      During cyclic flow variations, at the nadir of coronary flow, LAD1 (a site of
      maximal platelet accumulation) cross-sectional area decreased by 52 +/- 10% and
      38 +/- 6% in group 1 and 2 animals, respectively (p less than 0.001 compared with
      values recorded during a brief LAD occlusion obtained by a suture snare), whereas
      LAD2 (a site of minimal or no platelet accumulation) cross-sectional area did not
      differ from that recorded during the brief LAD occlusion. SQ29548 abolished
      cyclic flow variations in seven of seven dogs and LY53857 in six of seven, but
      they affected the increased coronary vasoconstriction differently: LAD1 cross
      sectional area increased by 32 +/- 6% of the control value in SQ29548-treated
      animals, whereas it returned to baseline dimension values in the LY53857-treated
      group as these interventions also abolished the cyclic flow variations. We
      conclude that a marked coronary vasoconstriction may be triggered by local
      platelet deposition and that thromboxane A2 and serotonin are mediators of this
      vasoconstriction.

PMID- 2910541
TI  - Influence of contractile state on curvilinearity of in situ end-systolic pressure
      volume relations.
AB  - Although in situ end-systolic pressure-volume relations (ESPVRs) are
      approximately linear throughout a limited load range, they often yield seemingly
      "negative" volume axis intercepts (V0) and V0 shifts with inotropic
      interventions. We tested whether or not these findings could stem from in situ
      ESPVR nonlinearity, and we examined the physiologic meaning and limitations of
      linearized ESPVR variables frequently used for assessing contractile state.
      Continuous left ventricular pressures and volumes were obtained by micromanometer
      and conductance (volume) catheters in six open-chest dogs. Left ventricular
      loading was varied throughout a wide range by rapid left atrial hemorrhage into a
      reservoir. Propranolol and verapamil were administered to reduce inotropic state,
      with heart rate maintained by atrioventricular sequential pacing. ESPVRs were fit
      to nonlinear [Pes = a(Ves-V'0)2 + b(Ves-V'0)] and linear (Pes = Ees (Ves-V0)]
      models. Contractile state was assessed by the slope of the ESPVR at V'0 (b, of
      nonlinear model) and by two other ESPVR model-independent measures: the slope of
      the dP/dtmax and end-diastolic volume relation, and the slope of the stroke work
      and end-diastolic volume relation. ESPVR was frequently curvilinear, and a
      significant correlation existed between the extent of nonlinearity (a) and
      contractile state. Volume intercepts derived from linear fits to the high load
      ESPVR range were mostly negative and were dependent on changes in Ees. V0
      estimates derived from the low load portion were positive and relatively
      insensitive to Ees. Thus, in situ ESPVR displays contractility-dependent
      curvilinearity. The contractility range throughout which ESPVRs are essentially
      linear is typical for isolated hearts, but the range represents low values for in
      situ ventricles. Despite curvilinearity, Ees determined in situ throughout
      limited load ranges can accurately assess inotropic state; however, comparisons
      between ESPVRs should consider potential nonlinearity, and if possible, they
      should be made within similar end-systolic pressure ranges.

PMID- 2910542
TI  - Nonuniformity of the transmural distribution of coronary blood flow during the
      cardiac cycle. In vivo documentation by contrast echocardiography.
AB  - This study was performed to examine the transmural (endocardial vs. epicardial)
      heterogeneity of myocardial blood flow during the cardiac cycle (systole vs.
      diastole). Twenty-four contrast echocardiographic injections were performed in
      seven open-chest anesthetized dogs either into left anterior descending or
      circumflex coronary artery or into the aortic root. Two-dimensional
      echocardiography in short-axis view was performed and was digitized off-line into
      a 256 x 256 pixel matrix with 256 gray levels/pixel. All end-diastolic and end
      systolic frames before and to peak contrast were analyzed. A region of interest
      corresponding to the most intensely opacified myocardial segment was traced, the
      mean videodensity measured, and the frame of initial contrast appearance
      detected. The region of interest was divided into three equal parallel layers
      corresponding to the endocardial, midcardial, and epicardial myocardium. When the
      echocardiographic contrast effect initially appeared in diastole, the increment
      in videodensity was greater for the endocardium (131 +/- 48%) than for the
      epicardium (71 +/- 37% of the increment in videodensity of the entire wall) (p
      less than 0.05). This inhomogeneity subsequently disappeared in the following end
      systolic frame. When the initial echocardiographic contrast effect appeared in
      systole, intensity was higher in epicardium (136 +/- 83%) than in endocardium (60
      +/- 60%) (p less than 0.05). However, in the following diastole, intensity was
      not significantly different for the two layers. Thus, myocardial contrast
      echocardiography demonstrates that coronary blood flow is primarily
      subendocardial in distribution during diastole and subepicardial during systole.

PMID- 2910543
TI  - Mitral valve prolapse and regurgitation.

PMID- 2910544
TI  - Guidelines for ambulatory electrocardiography. A report of the American College
      of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Assessment of Diagnostic
      and Therapeutic Cardiovascular Procedures (Subcommittee on Ambulatory
      Electrocardiography).

PMID- 2910545
TI  - In vivo measurement of thromboxane B2 and 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha in humans
      in response to a standardized vascular injury and the influence of aspirin.
AB  - The effects of smoking, aspirin ingestion, and sex differences on bleeding times
      and bleeding time thromboxane B2 and 6-keto-prostaglandin (PG)F1 alpha production
      were examined. Nonsmoking men produced more thromboxane B2 (3.99 +/- 0.76 ng/ml)
      than nonsmoking women (2.13 +/- 0.24 ng/ml). Female smokers produced more
      thromboxane B2 (5.01 +/- 0.97 ng/ml) than nonsmoking women. Twenty-four hours
      after a single dose of 600 mg aspirin, in vitro production of thromboxane B2 in
      response to collagen fell by 95%, whereas in vivo production of thromboxane B2
      and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha in bleeding time blood fell by 87% and 66%, respectively.
      Subjects with the lowest absolute levels of thromboxane B2 24 hours after aspirin
      were also those with the longest postaspirin bleeding times. Recovery of 6-keto
      PGF1 alpha production was faster than recovery of thromboxane B2 production, but
      6-keto-PGF1 alpha production for most subjects was still below basal 72 hours
      after aspirin. The influence of two different doses of long-term aspirin (80 mg
      every other day and 325 mg daily) on the in vivo production of thromboxane B2 and
      6-keto-PGF1 alpha was studied in normals and diabetics. After 14 days of 80 mg
      aspirin every other day, thromboxane B2 and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha production were
      both substantially inhibited (93% and 78%, respectively). After 14 days of 325 mg
      aspirin daily, thromboxane B2 production was similarly substantially inhibited
      (93%), whereas 6-keto-PGF1 alpha was significantly less affected (only 45%
      inhibition). Study of a second group of five normal subjects confirmed that 6
      keto-PGF1 alpha production was significantly inhibited 24 hours after the first
      dose of 325 mg aspirin but was not significantly less than basal after 14 days of
      325 mg aspirin. The results suggest that 325 mg aspirin daily is more
      antithrombotic compared with 80 mg every other day due to the superior
      preservation of prostacyclin production.

PMID- 2910546
TI  - Predicting ventricular tachycardia cycle length after procainamide by assessing
      cycle length-dependent changes in paced QRS duration.
AB  - To determine if paced cycle length-dependent changes in the QRS duration
      correlate with the change in ventricular tachycardia (VT) cycle length after
      procainamide, we measured the QRS duration during sinus rhythm and during right
      ventricular pacing before and after procainamide (mean concentration, 9.9
      micrograms/ml) in 18 patients with morphologically identical VT induced at both
      study periods. Pacing was performed at 600 msec or the longest cycle length that
      allowed for uninterrupted capture and at a cycle length that was within 50 msec
      of the VT cycle length observed during the control study (mean, 313 +/- 51 msec).
      After procainamide, the VT cycle length increased from 285 +/- 62 to 368 +/- 70
      msec (percent change, 30 +/- 13%). The QRS duration during sinus rhythm increased
      from 125 +/- 25 to 145 +/- 29 msec (percent change, 16%). The QRS duration at
      both paced cycle lengths was the same in the baseline state (191 +/- 26 msec).
      However, the change in QRS duration after procainamide at the shorter paced cycle
      length compared to a 39 +/- 13 msec (18%) increase at the longer paced cycle, p
      less than 0.001. There was a significant correlation between the percent change
      in QRS duration at the shorter paced cycle length and the percent change in VT
      cycle length (r = 0.84, p less than 0.001) with the relation expressed by the
      regression equation: percent change in VT cycle length = -2.8 + 1.16 x percent
      change in QRS duration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2910547
TI  - Importance of aortic baroreflex in regulation of sympathetic responses during
      hypotension. Evidence from direct sympathetic nerve recordings in humans.
AB  - Arterial baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch regions reflexly
      regulate heart rate and peripheral vascular responses during changes in arterial
      pressure. The relative influence of these two arterial baroreflex pathways on the
      control of these autonomic responses is debatable. Recent studies in our
      laboratory demonstrate that the aortic baroreflex produces substantial and
      sustained inhibition of efferent sympathetic nerve activity to muscle (MSNA)
      during increases in arterial pressure. The regulation of MSNA by these two
      baroreflexes in humans during hypotension, and particularly the role of the
      aortic baroreflex, remains undefined. We therefore performed a new series of
      studies to assess the relative influence of the aortic and carotid baroreflexes
      on MSNA responses during sustained decreases in arterial pressure. In eight
      normal male subjects, aged 23 +/- 1 years (mean +/- SEM), we directly measured
      mean arterial pressure, heart rate, central venous pressure, and MSNA
      (microneurography) during hypotension (combined aortic and carotid baroreceptor
      deactivation) produced by intravenous infusion of sodium nitroprusside and during
      nitroprusside infusion with superimposed application of external neck suction.
      Neck suction was applied at levels sufficient to maintain transmural carotid
      sinus pressure above control levels (carotid baroreceptor activation) while the
      aortic baroreflexes remained deactivated. Central venous pressure was maintained
      constant with volume infusion. We also studied responses of these same subjects
      to direct carotid baroreceptor deactivation with the application of external neck
      pressure. During neck pressure alone, there was a reflex increase in mean
      arterial pressure; thus, during this portion of the protocol, we achieved carotid
      baroreceptor deactivation with some aortic baroreceptor activation. Nitroprusside
      infusion (combined aortic and carotid deactivation) decreased mean arterial
      pressure from 90.8 +/- 3.1 to 77.8 +/- 1.1 mm Hg (p less than 0.01) with
      concomitant increases in heart rate from 62.6 +/- 3.0 to 89.7 +/- 6.1 beats/min
      (p less than 0.001) and in MSNA from 273.8 +/- 43.0 to 950.6 +/- 133.5 units (p
      less than 0.001). During continued nitroprusside infusion with superimposed neck
      suction (aortic baroreceptor deactivation and carotid baroreceptor activation),
      mean arterial pressure decreased to 70.3 +/- 1.9 mm Hg (p less than 0.001 vs.
      control), heart rate decreased to 82.5 +/- 6.5 beats/min (p less than 0.01 vs.
      control or vs. nitroprusside alone), but MSNA remained markedly increased at
      889.7 +/- 105.1 units (p less than 0.001 vs. control; p = NS vs. nitroprusside
      alone).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2910548
TI  - Flow-mediated and reflex changes in large peripheral artery tone in humans.
AB  - Studies of peripheral blood vessels in humans have focused primarily on
      regulation of blood flow and vascular resistance, which are thought to reflect
      small vessel caliber. Recent studies in animals have identified flow-mediated and
      neurogenic changes in large artery diameter. This study tested for flow-mediated
      dilatation and reflex constriction of the brachial artery in humans. A dual
      crystal pulsed Doppler system was used to measure brachial artery diameter and
      blood flow proximal to the antecubital fossa. To test for flow-mediated
      dilatation, flow through the brachial artery was altered by an occluding cuff
      placed on the forearm distal to the site of brachial artery flow and diameter
      measurement. Control blood flow was 123 +/- 20 ml/min, and brachial artery
      diameter was 4.74 +/- 0.17 mm (mean +/- SEM). By inflating the distal occluding
      cuff (distal circulatory arrest), flow was reduced through the brachial artery to
      21 +/- 5 ml/min (p less than 0.005), and brachial artery diameter was reduced to
      4.35 +/- 0.20 mm (p less than 0.001). By deflating the distal occluding cuff
      after 10 minutes (reactive hyperemia), brachial artery flow was increased to 358
      +/- 55 ml/min (p less than 0.001), and diameter was increased to 5.6 +/- 0.19 mm
      (p less than 0.001). These interventions did not change systemic arterial
      pressure and, as measured in three subjects, caused only small changes in local
      brachial artery distending pressure. Thus, both increased and decreased brachial
      artery blood flow produced significant changes in brachial artery diameter
      without altering arterial distending pressure. These data provide evidence for
      flow-mediated dilatation in humans.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2910549
TI  - Four nonisotopic immunoassays of free thyroxin evaluated.
AB  - We evaluated four new nonisotopic immunoassays of free thyroxin (FT4)--Amerlite
      FT4 (Amersham International), Magic Lite FT4 (Ciba Corning Diagnostics), Stratus
      FT4 (Dade--Baxter Travenol), and FT4 Enzelsa (Compagnie ORIS Industrie)--by
      comparison with two FT4 radioimmunoassays: Amerlex and Sclavo. Inter- and intra
      assay coefficients of variation were less than 10% in the working range and there
      was no significant interaction between the tracer conjugate and albumin. All
      methods except Enzelsa gave results equivalent to those obtained with the Sclavo
      chromatographic technique. In a population consisting of 325 euthyroid subjects
      and 111 hyperthyroid and 61 hypothyroid patients without any treatment, we
      observed slight overlaps between the hyperthyroid and euthyroid populations and
      diagnostic sensitivities were approximately 0.95 and 0.80 for hyperthyroidism and
      hypothyroidism. In specific populations (69 patients with chronic renal failure,
      20 patients in intensive-care, 17 patients treated with heparin, and 27 pregnant
      women), results were quantitatively similar to those obtained by the Sclavo
      assay. We conclude that these nonisotopic methods are a valid alternative to
      current radioisotopic commercial methods.

PMID- 2910550
TI  - Evaluation of a radioimmunoassay of urinary cortisol without extraction.
AB  - We evaluated the Kallestad "Quanticoat" cortisol RIA for direct (no extraction)
      measurement of urinary free cortisol, which requires no solvent extraction. An
      analytical-recovery study showed a linear regression of y (measured) = 0.65x
      (added) + 37.5 micrograms/L (Sy.x = 21.4 micrograms/L, r = 0.978, n = 48).
      Recovery appeared to vary with the urine used and with the concentrations of
      cortisol added. Within- and between-run CVs were less than or equal to 4.1% and
      less than or equal to 3.8%, respectively. Cross reactivities were low, except for
      prednisolone (20.5%). This no-extraction method gave higher values for urinary
      free cortisol than did either an RIA method involving extraction or an HPLC
      method. A comparison study with the HPLC (x) and with the method involving
      extraction (x') gave the following Deming-debiased regression equations: y =
      1.60x + 68.8 (Sy.x = 34.4, n = 29) and y = 1.33x' + 0.69 (Sy.x = 40.3, n = 66),
      respectively. We conclude that the no-extraction method may give misleading
      results for patients' diagnosis or management if this cross reactivity is not
      taken into account.

PMID- 2910551
TI  - Improved determination of vanadium in biological fluids by electrothermal atomic
      absorption spectrometry.
AB  - We made sensitive and accurate electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometric
      measurements of vanadium in small volumes of serum. The wet-digested sample was
      extracted into an organic solvent, with N-benzoyl-N-(o-tolyl)hydroxylamine (BTA)
      as the chelating reagent. After evaporating the solvent, we dissolved the residue
      in acetic acid, and injected a 60-microL aliquot into a graphite furnace. In this
      way we could measure vanadium concentrations as low as 80 ng/L in 4 mL of serum.
      The within-run CV was 3.3% for serum, 7.7% for urine. Analytical recoveries of
      vanadium added to serum and urine were 90.3% and 90.8%, respectively. We measured
      vanadium concentrations in sera from 64 healthy persons (group 1), 15 nondialyzed
      uremic patients (group 2), and 11 hemodialyzed patients (group 3). The highest
      concentration of vanadium in group 1 was 240 ng/L; about 60% of the values for
      this group were less than 80 ng/L. In group 3, the vanadium concentrations were
      extremely high (15 +/- 14.2 micrograms/L, mean +/- SD), less so (but still above
      normal) in group 2 (1.58 +/- 3.16 micrograms/L).

PMID- 2910552
TI  - Clinical and analytical evaluation of different methods for measurement of
      creatine kinase isoenzyme MB.
AB  - We evaluated the clinical and analytical performance of the new
      immunochemiluminometric assay (ICMA; Ciba Corning) for measurement of creatine
      kinase isoenzyme MB (CK-MB), and compared it with three other methods:
      immunoradiometric assay (IRMA; International Immunoassay Labs); immunoinhibition
      assay (Seradyn); and an immunoinhibition/column method (Du Pont). Intra-test
      precision for all kits was good. We evaluated 32 patients' samples by all four
      methodologies. Only one of the four methods (aca, Du Pont) showed evidence of
      linearity. Efficiency in the diagnosis of myocardial injury in our study ranged
      from 53% (Seradyn) to 96% (Du Pont). We evaluated serial specimens from 20
      separate patients by the IRMA and the ICMA to determine whether myocardial injury
      could be diagnosed earlier by the ICMA. In patients with acute myocardial
      infarction, the ICMA displayed positive values earlier and longer than the IRMA,
      suggesting that the ICMA is suited for screening for myocardial damage in
      hospitalized patients.

PMID- 2910553
TI  - Effects of various serum proteins on quantification of fructosamine.
AB  - We determined fructosamine concentrations with the CentrifiChem 600 centrifugal
      analyzer and the Hitachi 737 discrete analyzer. Reference intervals agreed with
      the most recently published results, and values in fasting patients were
      significantly correlated with glycated hemoglobin, plasma glucose, albumin, beta-
      and gamma-globulins, IgG, IgA, IgM, and total protein. Partial correlation
      analysis showed that only fructosamine and IgA were dependently related. In a
      group of nondiabetic patients with pathological values for IgA concentrations,
      79.4% had pathological values for fructosamine. These results throw doubt on the
      clinical value of fructosamine determinations if serum IgA is not taken into
      account.

PMID- 2910554
TI  - Improved method for calculating calcium fractions in plasma: reference values and
      effect of menopause.
AB  - Multiple linear regression analysis showed that total calcium was significantly
      and positively related to albumin, globulin, anion gap, and bicarbonate in plasma
      from 556 normal postmenopausal women. The residual constant of 1.21 mmol/L
      approximated the normal mean for ionized calcium in plasma. The coefficients
      derived from the multiple regression analysis were used to calculate ionized
      calcium from total calcium and ligand concentrations in a series of 105 clinical
      cases in whom ionized calcium was measured with the calcium electrode. The
      regression equation was y = 1.00x -0.0039 mmol/L, where x is measured and y
      calculated Ca2+ (r = 0.78, P less than 0.001). The protein-bound, ultrafiltrable,
      and complexed fractions of the calcium were also calculated for plasma from 69
      normal young men, 66 normal young women, and 305 normal postmenopausal women. The
      increased plasma calcium in the postmenopausal group was accounted for by an
      increase in the complexed fraction, due to increases in plasma bicarbonate and
      anion gap.

PMID- 2910555
TI  - Turbidimetric latex immunoassay of placental lactogen on microtiter plates.
AB  - In this latex immunoassay for human placental lactogen, microtiter plates are
      used as the reaction vessel and the absorbance at 405 nm is measured to quantify
      the reactions. This 30-min assay necessitates only one serum dilution and two
      pipetting steps. The calibration curve extends from 0.5 to 15 mg/L. CVs range
      from 4.2% to 7.0% for within-run determination and from 7.0% to 11.2% for between
      run determinations. A correlation coefficient of 0.949 was obtained for 84 sera
      when the method was compared with a commercial radioimmunoassay.

PMID- 2910556
TI  - Effect of ether or ketamine anesthesia on rat uterine estrogen and progesterone
      receptors.
AB  - Rat uterine estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) have been
      used as controls in ER and PR assays of breast tumors. Stunning or decapitation
      of experimental animals without prior anesthesia is no longer acceptable as a
      method of killing. Thus, we compared the effects of two anesthetics on the
      concentration of rat uterine ER and PR. Rats were killed by one of three methods:
      (a) stunning, (b) ether anesthesia followed by decapitation, or (c) ketamine
      anesthesia followed by decapitation. ER and PR concentrations were determined by
      titration assay, with dextran-coated charcoal separation, and quantified by
      Scatchard analysis. No significant differences were found in mean receptor
      concentrations or dissociation constants for the three groups. The results
      indicate that there is no residual effect of diethyl ether or ketamine
      hydrochloride on the binding of either estrogen or progestin to their respective
      receptors. The use of decapitation after either ether or ketamine anesthesia is
      appropriate for measuring ER and PR receptors in rat uteri.

PMID- 2910557
TI  - Differences between values for plasma and serum in tests performed in the
      Ektachem 700 XR Analyzer, and evaluation of "plasma separator tubes (PST)".
AB  - We measured 25 analytes in plasma and serum from the same blood specimen, using
      the Kodak Ektachem 700 XR Analyzer. For 22 of the analytes, values for plasma
      were practically the same as those for serum; for the other three, differences
      between concentrations in plasma and serum were significant, both statistically
      and medically. Values for the same analytes in plasma from regular heparinized
      tubes were essentially indistinguishable from those for plasma obtained by use of
      Plasma Separator Tubes (PST).

PMID- 2910558
TI  - Evaluation of the IFCC reference method for alanine aminotransferase: spurious
      blank ALT activity due to contamination of D-alanine with L-alanine, and
      recommendations for a correction.
AB  - During an evaluation of the IFCC reference method for alanine aminotransferase
      (ALT, EC 2.6.1.2), we noted that the specimen blank activity reaction was
      markedly increased. Experience with five different lots of D-alanine from four
      commercial sources indicated that substantial and varying negative bias (up to 
      10%) could be introduced into the blank-corrected ALT activity, depending on the
      lot of D-alanine used. Although the IFCC procedure for ALT mentions the
      possibility of this L-alanine contamination, we believe that the degree of
      contamination in commercial reagents is underestimated. Analyzing the five lots
      of D-alanine for L-alanine, we found the magnitude of negative bias to be
      correlated directly with L-alanine contamination. Here, we describe a quick,
      sensitive assay based on coupled reactions of L-amino acid oxidase/peroxidase for
      quantifying L-alanine in the concentration range of 0-15 mmol/L without a sample
      dilution step. Results by this alternative L-alanine assay agreed well with those
      recommended in the IFCC ALT procedure. Further examination suggested an even
      simpler solution to the L-alanine contamination problem, because we found no
      difference in the blank-corrected ALT activity determined in Tris HCl buffer,
      with or without D-alanine (free of L-alanine). We therefore propose that D
      alanine be omitted from the IFCC reference ALT procedure.

PMID- 2910559
TI  - Fibronectin is unsuitable as a tumor marker in pleural effusions.
AB  - We studied 75 patients with nonmalignant pleural effusions (50 with pneumopathy,
      16 with pulmonary tuberculosis, and nine with congestive heart failure) and 33
      patients with malignant pleural effusions. We selected 105 mg/L as the most
      suitable cutoff concentration of fibronectin for distinguishing between the two
      groups. We found high concentrations of fibronectin in 21 of the 33 patients with
      malignant pleural fluid but also in 37 of the 75 patients with nonmalignant
      pleural fluid. Evidently, measuring fibronectin in pleural fluid will not help in
      differentiating nonmalignant from malignant pleural fluids (diagnostic accuracy:
      55%).

PMID- 2910560
TI  - Salivary progesterone excellently reflects free and total progesterone in plasma
      during pregnancy.
AB  - To see if saliva is a valid substitute for plasma in assay of progesterone even
      when concentrations of hormone and binding proteins are fluctuating, we
      determined the concentrations of total and free progesterone in plasma and
      salivary progesterone in specimens from 36 women volunteers during the course of
      pregnancy and six weeks postpartum, using a highly specific RIA for total
      progesterone after extraction and chromatographic purification of the steroid.
      The free fraction in plasma was determined via equilibrium dialysis, followed by
      the same RIA analysis for progesterone in the dialysate. Despite the dramatic
      increases in concentrations of total progesterone and binding proteins in plasma
      during pregnancy, we found highly significant correlations between total and free
      progesterone in plasma and salivary progesterone in the group as a whole as well
      as individuals (P less than 0.001 in almost all cases). The proportion of free
      progesterone in plasma and of salivary progesterone relative to total
      progesterone in plasma remained constant at approximately 1% and 0.5%,
      respectively, whereas during the postpartum period there was much more variance.
      Evidently salivary progesterone is a very good alternative to plasma as a sample
      for use in follow-up during pregnancy.

PMID- 2910561
TI  - One-step protocol for assays of total and direct bilirubin with stable combined
      reagents.
AB  - We describe an improved colorimetric method for assays of total and direct
      bilirubin in serum. Bilirubin reacts with diazotized sulfanilic acid in an acidic
      medium to form a blue azopigment. Total bilirubin is assayed in the presence of
      reaction accelerators (caffeine, urea, and citric acid), direct bilirubin in
      their absence. The azo compound so formed is read at the same wavelength (570 nm)
      in both assays. A sample blank is run in parallel. Standard curves are linear for
      total and direct bilirubin concentrations up to 513.0 and 256.5 mumol/L,
      respectively. The method is characterized by (a) use of the same protocol for
      both assays, i.e., a one-step procedure with short reaction time (5 min at room
      temperature), and (b) use of a single working solution, which, refrigerated, is
      stable for one month. The method is reliable, yields results that compare closely
      with those of the classical Jendrassik--Grof method, is suitable for routine use,
      and lends itself to automation.

PMID- 2910562
TI  - A labile enzyme in fresh human serum interferes with the assay of
      carboxypeptidase N.

PMID- 2910563
TI  - Serum glycated beta-lipoprotein determined by agarose-gel electrophoresis with
      nitroblue tetrazolium coloration.

PMID- 2910564
TI  - A new pitfall in plasma amino acid analysis.

PMID- 2910565
TI  - Immunoturbidimetry of prealbumin (transthyretin) in a microcentrifugal analyzer.

PMID- 2910566
TI  - Sugar-chain analysis of alkaline phosphatase by lectin affinity chromatography in
      serum from a patient with osteosarcoma.

PMID- 2910567
TI  - Reference intervals for two bone-derived enzyme activities in serum: bone
      isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase
      (TR-ACP).

PMID- 2910568
TI  - Calibration of 125I immunoassay measuring cyclosporin A.

PMID- 2910569
TI  - Effect on results of temperature at which Reflotron strips are stored.

PMID- 2910570
TI  - Bence Jones immunoglobulins in the urine of patients with multiple sclerosis.

PMID- 2910571
TI  - Units for peptide hormones.

PMID- 2910572
TI  - Precision of measurement of glycated hemoglobin by affinity chromatography on
      regenerated columns.

PMID- 2910573
TI  - Fructosamine: matrix problems with standards based on protein matrices.

PMID- 2910574
TI  - Total digoxin-like immunoreactive factor(s), total bilirubin concentration, and
      birth weight in neonates.

PMID- 2910575
TI  - Errors in a report: thyroid dysfunction detection strategy.

PMID- 2910576
TI  - Effect of citrate on the urinary excretion of calcium and oxalate: relevance to
      calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis.
AB  - Studies in 24 recurrent oxalate stone-formers have shown that values for urinary
      calcium excretion for this group on at-home diets vary significantly (P less than
      0.001) more than values for creatinine excretions. By placing stone-formers on
      controlled in-hospital diets and measuring their calcium excretions, we were able
      to predict probable outpatient hypercalciuria (greater than 7.5 mmol/day) with a
      sensitivity of 95% and a specificity of 95%. In this study, the renal loss of
      calcium during low-calcium diets was proportional to the absorptive
      hypercalciuria during high-calcium diets. Calcium loading experiments in fasted
      stone-formers and normal subjects indicated that citrate, at citrate:calcium
      molar ratios ranging from 0.12 to 1, stimulated urinary calcium excretion more
      than did calcium carbonate loading alone. In addition, citrate also significantly
      (P less than 0.05) increased the excretion of urinary oxalate by two normal
      subjects for a given load of calcium oxalate. Malabsorption of citrate and
      possibly other hydroxycarboxylic acids may thus predispose to oxalate
      nephrolithiasis by promoting calcium and oxalate absorption.

PMID- 2910577
TI  - Alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes of liver and bone origin are incompletely
      resolved by wheat-germ-lectin affinity chromatography.
AB  - We used wheat-germ-lectin affinity chromatography as a tool to investigate the
      structure of alkaline phosphatase (ALP, EC 3.1.3.1) and to obtain fractions
      enriched in either bone or liver ALP activity. Liver and bone isoenzymes in serum
      samples were incompletely resolved except that the activity in the nonretained
      fraction (fraction 1) always represented pure liver isoenzyme and constituted a
      larger percentage of total activity in pooled sera with increased liver ALP
      activity than in pooled sera with increased bone activity. In contrast, a more
      avidly retained ALP activity, presumably with high glycosylation, was found in
      human serum with high activity of bone ALP. Using a solid-phase immunoassay, we
      examined the fractions obtained from the wheat-germ-lectin-Sepharose 4B column to
      determine whether the isoenzyme preference of the monoclonal antibody was
      markedly influenced by the degree of glycosylation. Whether samples contained
      high proportions of liver or of bone isoenzyme activity, the nonretained fraction
      contained a higher percentage of liver ALP, whereas the more strongly bound
      fraction contained a higher percentage of bone ALP. Except for eluted fractions
      that either contained no detectable N-acetylglucosamine or the highest percentage
      of it, the avidity of the liver-isoenzyme-specific monoclonal antibody for ALP
      seemed to be independent of the degree of glycosylation, suggesting that the
      epitope for monoclonal antibody may be expressed in some structure other than the
      carbohydrate moieties.

PMID- 2910578
TI  - Liquid-chromatographic determination of acetylated hemoglobin.
AB  - In this liquid-chromatographic assay for acetylated hemoglobin in human blood,
      glycated hemoglobins in hemolysates are first removed by affinity chromatography
      on boronate-agarose columns. Acetylated hemoglobin in the nonretained fraction is
      determined by cation-exchange chromatography. The absorbance of the effluent is
      monitored at 415 nm. The mean within-assay CV was 8.5%, the between-assay CV 17%.
      The mean proportion of acetylated hemoglobin in 20 pregnant, nondiabetic women
      was 1.9%, and in 17 alcoholics it was 2.7%. Rapid and reproducible, this method
      is suitable for use in routine determination of acetylated hemoglobin.

PMID- 2910579
TI  - An improved radioimmunoassay of C-peptide and its application in a multiyear
      study.
AB  - A commercial radioimmunoassay (RIA) for human proinsulin C-peptide was modified
      to improve its ruggedness and specificity, to decrease the influence of specimen
      matrix, and to shorten "hands-on" time. In the new protocol, we prepare
      calibrators in a C-peptide-free serum pool, prepared by treatment with activated
      charcoal (biological matrix), instead of in a defined matrix. This yielded
      essentially 100% analytical recoveries for C-peptide concentrations up to 300
      pmol/L, a broader analytical range. We also corrected calibrators and unknown
      samples for nonspecific binding (NSB). Decreasing the concentration of ethanol
      (from 950 to 880 mL/L) for differential precipitation of the antigen-antibody
      complex resulted in an NSB of less than 10%, while maintaining high bound/total
      count percentages for samples and calibrators. C-peptide is thermally unstable
      without aprotinin at -20 degrees C and with or without aprotinin at 4 degrees C
      or above, but multiple freeze-thaw cycles do not affect C-peptide in serum. The
      modified C-peptide assay was applied to plasma from a multiyear study (fasting
      and post-carbohydrate-challenge subjects). During the four years of the study CVs
      ranged from 1.9% to 8.6% for replicate analyses of C-peptide in samples with
      concentrations less than or equal to 500 pmol/L. Between-run CVs were 3.8% to
      8.2%, total CVs 3.8% to 10.7%.

PMID- 2910580
TI  - High-performance liquid-chromatographic analysis for serotonin and tryptamine
      excreted in urine after oral loading with L-tryptophan.
AB  - We describe a method used for determining serotonin and tryptamine in urine after
      oral loading with their precursor amino acid. Several factors affecting
      prepurification and chromatographic separation of both indoleamines were
      optimized, including sample extraction and mobile-phase composition. Under
      optimal conditions, serotonin and tryptamine are extracted from urine samples
      together with an internal standard, and then they are separated by reversed-phase
      chromatography followed by native fluorescence detection. The analytical
      procedure is simple enough to apply to routine analysis and performable at low
      cost. Sensitivity and selectivity of the method are satisfactory enough to
      determine urinary serotonin and tryptamine. By pursuing urinary excretion of
      serotonin and tryptamine after oral loading with L-tryptophan (30 mg per kilogram
      body weight), our method proves that urinary excretion of both indoleamines
      increases immediately after loading and reaches a maximum in about 45 min.

PMID- 2910581
TI  - Increased concentrations of heparin cofactor II in diabetic patients, and
      possible effects on thrombin inhibition assay of antithrombin III.
AB  - We compared concentrations of antithrombin III (AT-III) in plasma, as determined
      by an immunological method and by a functional thrombin inhibition method, in the
      presence of heparin in 160 blood samples from Type I diabetics. Although the
      correlation was highly significant (P less than 0.001) between the results
      obtained by the two methods, our data demonstrated that results by the thrombin
      inhibition assay, 121 (SD 15)%, expressed as percentages of the results for a
      normal plasma pool, were significantly (P less than 0.001) higher than by the
      immunoreactive method, 104 (SD 15)%, indicating an overestimation of functionally
      active AT-III. Concentrations of functionally active AT-III determined by a
      factor Xa inhibition assay, 105 (SD 13)%, were in the same range as
      immunoreactive AT-III. Addition of IgG antiserum to normal pooled plasma quenched
      only about 90% of the AT-III activity determined by the thrombin inhibition
      assay, but all of the AT-III activity determined by a factor Xa inhibition assay.
      These results demonstrate that the factor Xa inhibition assay is more specific
      for the determination of AT-III than the thrombin inhibition assay. We suggest
      that the high concentrations of heparin cofactor II, 117 (SD 17)%, might have
      caused an overestimation of AT III in this group of patients with diabetes Type
      I, and should not be overlooked in other clinical situations.

PMID- 2910582
TI  - Adenosine and dopamine simultaneously determined in urine by reversed-phase HPLC,
      with on-line measurement of ultraviolet absorbance and electrochemical detection.
AB  - This assay method allows the simultaneous determination of adenosine and dopamine
      in 0.5 mL of human urine within approximately 35 min, by using isocratic,
      reversed-phase, high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with an on-line
      detector for ultraviolet absorbance and electrochemical activity. The analytes
      were rapidly separated on an affinity column packed with phenylboronate-bonded
      silica. Mean recoveries for adenosine, 2-chloroadenosine (internal standard),
      dopamine, and (+/-)-isoproterenol (also an internal standard) were 91%, 99%, 88%,
      and 104%, respectively. The calibration curves for adenosine and dopamine were
      linear (r = 0.999, P less than 0.01) over the respective concentration ranges of
      0.10 to 2.00 mg/L and 0.05 to 1.00 mg/L. Analytical precisions, assessed by the
      within-day and the day-to-day CVs, were 4.5% and 6.5% for adenosine, and 5.1% and
      6.6% for dopamine, respectively. The mean (+/- SD) concentrations of adenosine
      (1.27 +/- 0.73 mg/L) and dopamine concentrations (0.38 +/- 0.25 mg/L) measured in
      urine from 19 healthy subjects agreed well with those previously reported.

PMID- 2910583
TI  - Preparation of fecal samples for assay of volatile fatty acids by gas-liquid
      chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - We describe a procedure for preparing fecal samples for determination of volatile
      fatty acids (VFAs) by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) and "high-performance"
      liquid chromatography (HPLC). The simple, one-step procedure involves only
      ultrafiltration through a membrane with a molecular-mass cutoff of 3000 Da. As
      revealed by the GLC chromatograms, ultrafiltration appears to be as effective as
      steam distillation in sample clean-up. It also enables higher, more reproducible
      analytical recoveries of long-chain VFAs. The VFA content of the filtrate can
      also be measured by HPLC. Use of the ion-exclusion mechanism completely resolves
      isobutyric acid and butyric acid on a cation-exchange column. The mean (+/- SD)
      percentage distribution values of VFAs (measured by GLC) from five healthy
      subjects were 56.0 +/- 3.5 (acetic acid), 17.0 +/- 5.3 (propionic acid), 2.9 +/-
      1.5 (isobutyric acid), 18.8 +/- 5.8 (butyric acid), 2.3 +/- 1.2 (isovaleric
      acid), and 2.9 +/- 0.8 (valeric acid).

PMID- 2910584
TI  - Automated determination of cholinesterase activity in plasma and erythrocytes by
      flow-injection analysis, and application to identify subjects sensitive to
      succinylcholine.
AB  - This automated spectrophotometric method for determination of cholinesterase
      activity in erythrocytes and plasma is based on measurement of the choline
      produced at 30 degrees C by the hydrolysis of acetyl-, butyryl-, or
      succinylcholine. Blanks, standards, and samples are prepared by a Gilson robotic
      unit. Use of flow-injection analysis for detection allows use of smaller volumes
      of reagent and sample. We applied this method to the study of 91 healthy subjects
      and members of two families with succinylcholine sensitivity. Results with use of
      the three different substrates for determination of activity in plasma correlated
      well (r greater than 0.94). Results for plasma and erythrocytes from healthy
      subjects are lower in women less than 50 years old than in women greater than 50
      years or men. Values for plasma obtained with succinylcholine substrate (range:
      31 to 100 U/L) allow detection of very sensitive subjects--AA phenotypes (less
      than 10 U/L)--but do not distinguish the UA from the UU phenotype.

PMID- 2910585
TI  - An immunoassay of human band 5 ("tartrate-resistant") acid phosphatase that
      involves the use of anti-porcine uteroferrin antibodies.
AB  - We describe an immunoassay for human band-5 acid phosphatase in which antibodies
      to porcine uteroferrin, immobilized on Sepharose particles, are used. Band-5 acid
      phosphatase is the tartrate-resistant isoenzyme normally expressed in tissue
      macrophages such as osteoclasts and alveolar macrophages. The immunoassay is
      similar in reproducibility and sensitivity to assays based on inhibition by d
      tartrate. However, compared with the latter, the greater specificity of the
      immunoassay makes it markedly less susceptible to errors arising from the
      presence of non-band-5 acid phosphatases, e.g., from prostate.

PMID- 2910586
TI  - Thermal inactivation of L-thyroxin.
AB  - We assessed the extent of inactivation of L-thyroxin induced by exposure to heat
      in the presence of two vehicles. Preparations of L-thyroxin in the dry powder
      form, or dispersed in the solvents propylene glycol (water-like) or ethoxylated
      castor oil (oil-like), were heated at temperatures ranging from 65 to 160 degrees
      C, for 5- to 15-min periods. Heating L-thyroxin to a temperature below that of
      cooked bovine ground meat (72 degrees C) produced less than 10% degradation.
      Thermal degradation was pronounced only above 90 degrees C, and was almost
      completed at 160 degrees C. L-Triiodothyronine was the only thermal degradation
      product identified after L-thyroxin was heated at 125 degrees C. In a separate
      experiment we measured the melting point of L-thyroxin, 148.81 degrees C. This
      value agrees closely with the observed thermal sensitivity. We conclude that L
      thyroxin is not significantly degraded under conditions encountered during
      cooking of ground bovine meat for short times at moderate temperatures.

PMID- 2910587
TI  - Effects of retinoids on human thymus-dependent and thymus-independent
      mitogenesis.
AB  - The effects of all-trans-retinoic acid (RA), 13-cis-retinoic acid, and N-(4
      hydroxyphenyl)retinamide on the mitogenic responses of various populations of
      human lymphocytes have been evaluated. Superoptimal concentrations of mitogens
      allowed the greatest RA-induced potentiation of lymphocyte proliferation. All
      three retinoids at concentrations as low as 5 x 10(-14)M significantly
      potentiated the proliferation of adenoidal and tonsillar lymphocytes stimulated
      by pokeweed mitogen (PWM). However, the responses of adenoidal and tonsillar
      lymphocytes to Staphylococcus aureus Cowan strain A were not potentiated by
      retinoids. Retinoids also caused significant potentiation of proliferation of PWM
      stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). However, endpoint concentrations
      of retinoids required to significantly potentiate PBL proliferative responses to
      PWM were much higher than required for potentiation of adenoidal or tonsillar
      lymphocytes. PBL responses to concanavalin A (Con A) were significantly
      potentiated by retinoid concentrations as low as 10(-8) to 10(-10) M. Retinoid
      potentiated responses were also observed wi Con A-stimulated thymocytes, but the
      endpoint concentrations required for significant potentiation were 10-fold higher
      than required to potentiate PBL responses to Con A. These data indicate that the
      sensitivity of lymphocytes to the retinoid-mediated potentiation of mitogenesis
      depends on the lymphoid compartment from which the cells are obtained. Tonsillar
      and adenoidal lymphocytes were the most responsive of the lymphocytes tested to
      the retinoid-induced potentiation of PWM responses. In addition, retinoids appear
      to selectively potentiate T cell-dependent proliferative activity.

PMID- 2910588
TI  - International Symposium on Immunoregulation in Clinical Diseases. Florence,
      Italy, May 26-27, 1988. Part 2. Proceedings.

PMID- 2910589
TI  - Pathways of kinin formation and role in allergic diseases.
AB  - We have developed new assays for the assessment of the plasma kinin forming
      system which have increased sensitivity and specificity. We utilize double
      antibody ELISA assays for quantitation of complexes of activated Hageman factor
      C1 inhibitor, kallikrein-C1 inhibitor, and kallikrein-alpha 2-macroglobulin which
      reflect activation of each enzyme. The fraction of cleaved high-molecular-weight
      kininogen is determined by immunoblotting using a monoclonal antibody to the
      light chain, and bradykinin is determined by radioimmunoassay. Activation of the
      Hageman factor-dependent pathway of kinin formation can occur when plasma is in
      contact with initiating surfaces or when C1 inhibitor function is diminished. The
      latter mechanism can occur in hereditary angioedema, in which the protein is
      absent or dysfunctional, or when plasma is diluted so that the effect of
      inhibitors is diminished and Hageman factor autoactivation is facilitated. Thus
      apparent "spontaneous" generation of bradykinin is seen upon incubation of plasma
      of hereditary angioedema patients under conditions in which normal plasma is
      unaffected. Studies of late-phase reactions have used a cutaneous model in which
      induced blisters are unroofed and challenged with antigen or buffer control using
      chambers which can be changed hourly. A time course of mediator release is
      obtained by assay of the blister fluids. Whereas most histamine is released
      during the first half hour, significantly elevated levels of activated Hageman
      factor and kallikrein complexes with C1 inactivator are seen in antigen
      challenged sites between 4 and 6 hr. The presence of such complexes correlated
      with the presence of late-phase reactions rather than the histamine values or the
      magnitude of the immediate reaction. Although late-phase reactions are
      characterized by cellular infiltration, release of a variety of inflammatory low
      molecular-weight mediators, and deposition of fibrin, activation of the Hageman
      factor-dependent pathway of kinin formation is also likely to be contributory.

PMID- 2910590
TI  - Nursing and technology: moving into the 21st Century.

PMID- 2910591
TI  - Glenohumeral movements of the involuntary inferior and multidirectional
      instability.
AB  - The glenohumeral movements of the involuntary inferior and multidirectional
      instability were studied by means of cineradiography. Using the devised two
      parameters, i.e., the shoulder center edge and glenoid angles, the author
      compared the glenohumeral movements of the normal shoulder with the involuntary
      inferior and multidirectional instability of the shoulder. The glenohumeral
      movements of the involuntary inferior and multidirectional instability showed not
      only an excessive excursion and sliding motion but also a deterioration of the
      scapular abduction and external rotation, with the arm progressively abducted.
      These phenomena were especially remarkable at the maximum elevation of the arm.
      The roentgenogram of the overhead view of the shoulder joint indicates whether or
      not there is an involuntary inferior and multidirectional instability, and
      whether or not these parameters can be useful for diagnosis of shoulder lesions.

PMID- 2910592
TI  - Position of shoulder arthrodesis measured with Moire photography.
AB  - A new method for measuring the position of a shoulder arthrodesis is presented.
      With Moire photography and two mirrors, it is possible to find the neutral
      position of the scapula and to record the position of the humerus with great
      accuracy.

PMID- 2910593
TI  - Subtrochanteric fractures of the femur. Results of treatment with the 95 degrees
      condylar blade-plate.
AB  - The results were retrospectively analyzed of 47 subtrochanteric fractures of the
      femur treated with a 95 degrees condylar blade-plate to establish whether two
      different surgical techniques yielded different results. Before 1981, treatment
      consisted of extensive visualization of the fracture lines, permitting anatomic
      reduction of all fragments, stable internal fixation with the blade-plate, and
      optional autologous bone grafting as recommended by the AO group. Twenty-four
      fractures were treated accordingly and constituted Group I of this study. In
      1981, visualization of the fracture lines was abandoned, especially at the medial
      cortex; an indirect reduction technique was used to gain optimal alignment and
      stability without aiming at anatomic reduction, and bone grafting was
      discontinued. Twenty-three patients were treated accordingly and constituted
      Group II. The use of prophylactic antibiotics as a routine for all major trauma
      was instituted at the time the surgical technique was changed. Thus, only two of
      the 24 patients in Group I received antibiotics as opposed to 20 of the 23
      patients in Group II. Average time to bony union for those fractures that healed
      primarily was 5.4 months in Group I and 4.2 months in Group II. Delayed or
      nonunion was 16.6% in Group I and 0% in Group II, and the infection rate was
      20.8% versus 0% in the two groups. The four cases with a delayed union were
      aseptic, but three of the four nonunions were infected. The functional end result
      was comparable for both groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2910594
TI  - Epidemiology of hip fractures in Siena, Italy, 1975-1985.
AB  - A survey of 1567 fractures of the proximal end of the femur due to minor trauma
      occurring in elderly people was performed. The fracture incidence rate per
      100,000 individuals in the population at risk was calculated. Hip fracture
      prevailed in women with a sex ratio of women to men of 3.81; in both sexes the
      incidence was more closely related to age than any other factor. The incidence
      rate of fracture increased significantly in women during the period from 1975 to
      1985, whereas there was no significant increase in men during this time. This
      change may be related to the continuing trend toward a greater proportion of
      elderly women in the population. The incidence rate in men showed a long-cycle
      periodic behavior correlated with the long-cycle trend of cloud cover and
      rainfall; it is possible that precipitation and a greater occurrence of femoral
      fractures might be interrelated in men. This parallelism was not evident in
      women. In women the rise in fracture rate was not continuous but decreased
      periodically. The zeniths of fracture incidence were preceded two years by a
      decrease in temperature and an increase in cloud cover and rainfall, suggesting a
      possible relationship between fractures and the diminution of ultraviolet
      radiation.

PMID- 2910595
TI  - Lateral facet syndrome of the patella. Lateral restraint analysis and use of
      lateral resection.
AB  - Thirty-eight knees in 34 patients with an average age of 22 years were diagnosed
      as having lateral facet syndrome (LFS), a painful compressive arthropathy of the
      lateral facet of the patella. This diagnosis was based on the physical findings
      of tenderness at the lateral patellofemoral joint line, tenderness over the
      vastus lateralis obliquus (VLO) tendon just above the patella, a positive medial
      apprehension test, and marked resistance to medial patellar displacement with the
      knee flexed 30 degrees. The most common complaints were patellar pain with
      activity, pain with prolonged knee flexion, intermittent knee swelling, and
      giving way. At surgery, the VLO, the lateral retinaculum (LR), and the anterior
      fibers of the iliotibial tract (ITT) were sequentially divided from the lateral
      border of the patella. Each was temporarily reattached to a cuff of soft tissue
      left on the patella using surgical clamps to determine its contribution to
      lateral restraint. The VLO was found to be the primary restraint in one-half of
      the knees. In one-third of the knees, all three of the structures contributed
      equally. In six knees, the primary restraint was the anterior fibers of the ITT,
      whereas the LR was the primary restraint in only two. The distal ends of these
      three structures were then resected to prevent rescarring and retethering. At a
      minimum follow-up period of two years, 87% had satisfactory relief of their
      patellar pain, had returned to normal activities, and had no or minimal physical
      findings of LFS. The procedure is recommended for patients who have failed other
      procedures and in those whose symptoms cannot be controlled by activity
      modification, exercises, bracing, or medication.

PMID- 2910596
TI  - Revision of septic total knee arthroplasty.
AB  - Nine patients with septic total knee arthroplasties (TKA) were treated between
      1980 and 1984; six were gram-positive infections and three were gram-negative.
      Initial treatment included the maintenance of all solidly fixed components.
      Patients with loose components were treated with removal of all prosthetic
      material and subsequent reimplantation after a six-week course of antibiotics. At
      follow-up examination six of nine patients had satisfactory results. One patient
      maintained his original femoral and tibial components and one patient required a
      knee fusion to treat his recurrent gram-negative infection. Overall,
      complications were associated with chronic infection, gram-negative infection,
      and abnormalities of the extensor mechanism.

PMID- 2910597
TI  - Total condylar knee arthroplasty in osteoarthritis. A four- to six-year follow-up
      evaluation of 103 cases.
AB  - One hundred and three consecutive total condylar knee prostheses in patients with
      gonarthrosis inserted from 1979 to 1981 have been prospectively followed for four
      to six years. According to the New York Hospital for Special Surgery Knee Rating
      Scale, 58 knees (56%) were rated excellent; 34 (33%), good; seven (7%), fair; and
      four (4%), poor at the latest follow-up evaluation. The median preoperative score
      was 57 points and the median postoperative score 87 points. Thirteen knees (13%)
      had a radiolucency with a width of 2 mm or more beneath one or more of three
      tibial zones. In only one case did this represent a clinical loosening. Six knees
      (6%) had complications requiring reoperation. One deep infection was treated with
      an arthrodesis, one patellar button was revised after a traumatic patellar
      fracture, and three superficial skin necroses were surgically managed. Moreover,
      in one mechanically loosened tibial component, a revision has been planned. No
      complications were fatal. The modified total condylar I prosthesis is an
      excellent prosthetic design with a low failure rate in gonarthrosis.

PMID- 2910598
TI  - Early changes in gait and maximum knee torque following knee arthroplasty.
AB  - Fourteen knees in 11 individuals were studied before knee arthroplasty and at
      three and six months following surgery. Eleven of these knees were further
      evaluated at 12 months following surgery. At each evaluation, kinematic,
      electromyographic, and force plate data were gathered during level walking.
      Maximum knee extension and flexion torques were also determined. The greatest
      improvement in gait was noted in the first three postoperative months when
      velocity increased 13% and stride length increased 14%. After six months gait
      changes were negligible. Maximum knee torques in the osteoarthritic population
      were decreased at three months, then returned to preoperative levels at six
      months. In the rheumatoid population, maximum knee torques steadily increased up
      to six months following surgery. Gait abnormalities that persist at six months
      and beyond following knee arthroplasty appear to be most related to the presence
      of arthritis in joints other than in the operated knee(s).

PMID- 2910599
TI  - An experimental study of the redistribution of patellofemoral pressures by the
      anterior displacement of the anterior tuberosity of the tibia.
AB  - Using a series of miniature piezoelectric transducers constructed by the authors,
      a study was made of the effect of anterior displacement of the tuberosity of the
      tibia on the distribution of pressures in the patellofemoral joint.
      Proportionally, the most efficient displacements are those set at 1 cm; after
      this, and as advancement of the tuberosity is increased, the overall pressure
      continues to decrease progressively (although more slowly) because there are
      zones that, according to their situation, receive increased instead of decreased
      pressures. Consequently, values even higher than those of the original situation
      are reached. This is the case of the proximal part of the patella, particularly
      on its lateral facet. This situation can affect the results in cases where the
      lesion is preferentially located on the proximal part. In these cases it may be
      enough to advance 1 cm with which overall decompressions close to 50% of the
      pressure that initially affected the patellofemoral joint are obtained. In very
      evolved cases or when the lesions are located centrally or distally, it may be
      worthwhile to advance maximally in spite of the possible complications, seeking
      the greatest decompression effect that intense advancements can achieve.

PMID- 2910600
TI  - Subtalar dislocations.
AB  - Subtalar dislocations are uncommon injuries. In an effort to obtain accurate
      information, eight recent major series (more than five patients) were summarized,
      including the experience at the authors' institution between 1975 and 1985 (12
      patients). Medial dislocations predominated (79.5%), lateral injuries accounted
      for 17% of cases, and posterior (2.5%) and anterior (1%) dislocations were
      infrequent. Associated fractures with medial (55%) and lateral (72%) dislocations
      were common. Open injuries with lateral dislocations (25%) were more common, and
      avascular necrosis was uncommon (4%-5%). Males predominated (81%). It was evident
      that symptomatic subtalar instability occurred in younger patients treated with
      shorter periods of immobilization.

PMID- 2910601
TI  - Ankle fractures treated using biodegradable internal fixation.
AB  - In order to reduce the resources needed for the removal of metallic fixation
      devices in fracture treatment, absorbable implants of biodegradable synthetic
      polymers were developed using self-reinforced lactide-glycolide copolymer and
      polyglycolide. In a prospective study 102 patients with displaced unimalleolar or
      bimalleolar fractures of the ankle were managed using internal fixation devices
      consisting of cylindrical biodegradable implants 3.2 or 4.5 mm in diameter and 50
      or 70 mm in length. After open reduction of the fracture a channel was drilled
      from the tip of the malleolus into the cancellous bone through the fracture
      surfaces. A biodegradable rod of the same diameter was then tapped into the drill
      channel to fix the fracture. Postoperatively, the ankle was immobilized by a
      plaster cast for six weeks. An anatomic initial reduction was achieved in 93
      patients (91%). A slight secondary displacement occurred in four patients. In six
      patients a sinus formation yielding remnants of the degrading implant was seen
      two to four months after the operation. This minor complication did not influence
      the union of the fracture or functional recovery. At the one-year follow-up
      examination there was no change in the ability to participate in sports and other
      physical activities in 89 patients (87%). The biodegradable fixation method is
      now the routine approach of the department in treating displaced unimalleolar and
      bimalleolar ankle fractures. New clinical applications for the implants are under
      trial.

PMID- 2910602
TI  - Reconstruction of neglected Achilles tendon rupture with Marlex mesh.
AB  - Reconstruction of the neglected Achilles tendon rupture was performed with marlex
      mesh on six patients. Marlex mesh was folded into three layers and sandwiched
      between both ruptured ends that were divided horizontally into two layers in
      moderate tension. All of the patients showed satisfactory function with a mean
      follow-up period of 3 years (range, 2.4-3.7 years). The operative procedure is
      simple because there is no need to harvest healthy tendon or fascia as the donor
      and there is less adhesion with neighboring tissues and minimal signs of foreign
      body reactions.

PMID- 2910603
TI  - Familial diffuse cystic angiomatosis of bone.
AB  - Twelve cases of diffuse cystic angiomatosis of bone are presented in a family
      over four generations. The inheritance pattern of the disease appears to be one
      of an autosomal dominant distribution with no skipped generations and equal sex
      distribution. Individuals affected are clinically asymptomatic. All blood
      parameters are normal. Roentgenographically, the lesion occurs throughout the
      length of long bones and is osteolytic, with a thin sclerotic rim. The cortex of
      the bone is rarely involved and shows no periosteal reaction. Growth plate
      closure and remodeling are unaffected. The natural history is of increasing
      sclerosis, resulting in complete obliteration of the cyst with irregular reactive
      trabeculations. Although it resembles more serious conditions, the condition can
      be diagnosed clinically and radiographically, making invasive tests and treatment
      unnecessary.

PMID- 2910604
TI  - Prosthetic usage following major lower extremity amputation.
AB  - There were 157 patients following major lower extremity amputation who were
      evaluated to determine functional prosthetic ambulation. Twenty-eight patients
      were evaluated in the amputee clinic and found not to be candidates for
      prosthetic fitting. Forty-one patients were fit with a prosthesis but did not
      become functional prosthetic ambulators. Eighty-eight patients became functional
      prosthetic ambulators. Of all above-the-knee amputees, 46% became functional
      prosthetic ambulators. Only 19% of bilateral lower extremity amputees became
      functional prosthetic ambulators. Of all below-the-knee amputees, 66% became
      functional ambulators. The presence of coronary artery disease decreased the
      ambulatory potential in above-the-knee or bilateral amputees but not in below-the
      knee amputees. A screening method for elderly, dysvascular amputees should be
      instituted prior to prosthetic fitting.

PMID- 2910605
TI  - Submuscular transposition of the ulnar nerve.
AB  - A retrospective study of 26 submuscular ulnar nerve transpositions was performed
      with the specific use of grip and pinch analysis to evaluate this form of
      objective testing. Twenty-six patients were treated by submuscular transposition
      of the ulnar nerve between 1981 and 1985 and were followed an average of 21
      months. Preoperative and postoperative analysis consisted of subjective
      questioning, clinical examination, quantitative two-point discrimination,
      quantitative pinch and grip analysis, and electromyographic (EMG) and nerve
      conduction velocity (NCV) evaluation. Many of the patients suffered from
      associated problems such as alcohol abuse, diabetes mellitus, and concurrent
      Guyon's canal compression, which adversely affected the outcome. Subjectively,
      62% were improved, 31% were no better, and 7% were worse. Clinical examination
      demonstrated 46% improved, 35% no better, and 19% worse. Quantitative two-point
      discrimination was better in 59%, unchanged in 26%, and worse in 15%.
      Quantitative pinch and grip analysis revealed 28% improved, 56% with little
      improvement, or the same, and 16% worse, while EMG/NCV showed one-third of the
      patients in each category postoperatively. Quantitative pinch and grip analysis
      provided good preoperative and postoperative documentation, which is absent from
      previous studies in the literature concerning ulnar nerve transportation.

PMID- 2910606
TI  - Degenerative joint disease in ballet dancers.
AB  - Forty-four retired dancers were studied with regard to degenerative joint disease
      in the lower limbs. Six cases of coxarthrosis were found, significantly more than
      expected in the general population. In addition, there were four cases of tibio
      femoral arthrosis, six of knee osteophytosis, four of patellofemoral arthrosis,
      three of chondrocalcinosis, and one of bilateral ankle arthrosis. More than one
      half of the dancers had arthrosis in the metatarsophalangeal joints.

PMID- 2910607
TI  - Accessory nerve palsy following thoracotomy.
AB  - A previously unreported cause of 11th cranial nerve palsy is described in a 53
      year-old man. Dysfunction of the trapezius branch of the spinal accessory nerve
      occurred following median sternotomy and was documented by electromyography. This
      injury resulted in dysfunction of the trapezius muscle with loss of support of
      the shoulder girdle and pain. The injury may have been due to stretching from
      sternal retraction or injury secondary to internal jugular venous cannulation.

PMID- 2910608
TI  - Percutaneous lumbar discectomy. Review of 100 patients and current practice.
AB  - In a prospective study, 100 patients with 102 herniations of the nucleus pulposus
      at L2-L3, L3-L4, L4-L5, and L5-S1 and unremitting radicular pain were treated by
      percutaneous lumbar discectomy. Ninety-three patients were available for follow
      up examination. Three patients had died, and four patients could not be located
      for this review, but all had been followed for more than one year postoperatively
      and were judged to have had an excellent result at the time of the last follow-up
      examination. Fifty-nine patients have been followed for longer than two years
      postoperatively, with a maximum follow-up period of six years. Evaluations were
      based on modified MacNab criteria and patient interview, questionnaire, and
      examination. Eighty-one patients (87%) were judged to be successes, since they
      were pain-free and had returned to gainful employment and their preinjury
      activity levels. Twelve patients' operations (13%) were judged to be failures and
      required repeat surgical procedures at the level of the presenting pathologic
      condition. Three patients (not included in the follow-up group) died of unrelated
      causes; they had been followed for a minimum of 15 months postoperatively and
      were previously judged to have had an excellent result. No major complications,
      including superficial or deep infections, discitis, or neurovascular compromise,
      were encountered. Meticulous selection of patients for percutaneous lumbar
      discectomy is the key to success with the method.

PMID- 2910609
TI  - Extracorporeal hemolysis in orthopedic patients. Report of two cases.
AB  - Two patients who had extracorporeal hemolysis of their blood transfusions are
      reported. In both cases, accidental overheating and hemolysis of the transfused
      blood caused a gross hemoglobinuria. Because the etiology of the hemolysis was
      not readily apparent at the time, both patients were managed as though they had
      had an acute hemolytic transfusion reaction. Because there was no activation of
      the complement cascade by antigen-antibody complexes, both patients suffered no
      ill effects. Differentiation of extracorporeal hemolysis from hemolytic
      transfusion reactions requires a careful inspection of all blood administration
      equipment, as well as an analysis of the untransfused blood in both bag and
      tubing. Patients undergoing orthopedic procedures account for 15% of all blood
      transfused in the United States. Awareness of adverse effects of transfusion is
      therefore important to orthopedic surgeons.

PMID- 2910610
TI  - Distal screw targeting of interlocking nails.
AB  - Successful placement of the distal interlocking screws into the Grosse-Kempf nail
      is a demanding procedure due in part to deformation of the nail during insertion
      and to inaccuracy of the targeting device supplied with the system. The authors
      suggest an alternative approach. After placement of the nail in a tibia or femur,
      a Kirschner wire (K-wire) is directed through the distal transfixation hole under
      fluoroscopic control. A second Grosse-Kempf nail is placed alongside the limb
      with the K-wire passing through the corresponding distal hole. The more proximal
      hole on the nail serves as a targeting guide for a more proximal wire. Once
      correct placement of the wires is confirmed roentgenographically, the near cortex
      is opened with a cannulated drill passed over the wires. The wires are removed,
      the opposite cortices are drilled, and the screws are placed. In 25 consecutive
      distally locked nailings (eight tibiae and 17 femora), the technique was easily
      mastered, decreasing the roentgenogram exposure when compared to freehand
      techniques.

PMID- 2910611
TI  - The tension-stress effect on the genesis and growth of tissues. Part I. The
      influence of stability of fixation and soft-tissue preservation.
AB  - To evaluate the optimum conditions for osteogenesis during limb lengthening and
      to study the changes in soft tissues undergoing elongation, a series of
      experiments were performed on the canine tibia. The experiments used the
      transfixion-wire, Ilizarov circular external skeletal fixator in configurations
      of differing stability of fixation in combination with a second variable, i.e.,
      preservation of the periosteum, bone marrow, and medullary blood supply. Both
      increased fixator stability, and maximum preservation of the periosseous and
      intraosseous soft tissues enhanced bone formation during limb lengthening. To
      assess the role that the direction of the elongation vector plays in
      osteogenesis, canine tibiae were widened rather than lengthened in a second
      series of experiments using an Ilizarov apparatus modified for lateral
      distraction. The new bone formed parallel to the tension vector even when
      perpendicular to the bone's mechanical axis. As in longitudinal lengthening,
      damage to the bone marrow inhibits osteogenesis occurring by the influence of a
      lateral tension-stress vector. In a third series of experiments, half- and full
      circumference cortical defects were created in canine tibiae to study the
      osteogenic potential of the marrow. New bone formed rapidly, even when the marrow
      was separated from the surrounding periosseous soft tissues by a sheet of
      polyvinyl chloride, attesting to the importance of marrow element preservation
      during osteotomy for limb lengthening.

PMID- 2910612
TI  - Mycobacterium marinum flexor tenosynovitis.
AB  - Four culture-positive cases of flexor tenosynovitis of the hand caused by
      Mycobacterium marinum are reported. The organisms were cultured at 32 degrees.
      All patients were treated with a combination of flexor tenosynovectomy and
      antimycobacterial treatment with ethambutol and rifampin. The length of
      antimycobacterial treatment ranged from nine to 22 months. All four patients
      responded to treatment with cessation of signs of infection, increased range of
      motion, and complete wound healing.

PMID- 2910613
TI  - Adamantinoma of the tibia masked by fibrous dysplasia. Report of three cases.
AB  - Three cases of adamantinoma of the tibia associated with and mimicking fibrous
      dysplasia or osteofibrous dysplasia are reported in children aged three, nine,
      and 16 years. The roentgenographic features were typical of intracortical fibrous
      dysplasia (osteofibrous dysplasia). These entities are not two distinct diseases,
      but rather are different histologic expressions of essentially the same process,
      which varies depending on location (predominantly intracortical or medullary) and
      age. Adamantinoma in children under ten years of age is not as rare as reported
      in the literature and was found in two of 14 cases in our files (14.3%). In some
      cases the fibrous dysplasialike component predominates over the scarce
      epithelioid islands of tumor cells and consequently is not recognized as
      adamantinoma. That may explain the frequent recurrences after incomplete
      excisions of supposed intracortical fibrous dysplasia lesions in young children.
      An extensive histopathologic study of the biopsy and/or surgical specimen by a
      specialized pathologist is therefore advisable.

PMID- 2910614
TI  - Preoperative embolization in the treatment of osseous metastases from renal cell
      carcinoma.
AB  - Metastatic lesions due to renal cell carcinoma are frequently hypervascular. This
      study reports the results of preoperative embolization of skeletal metastases
      from hypernephroma. Reported for the first time in the English literature is the
      use of this technique for preoperative devascularization of metastatic lesions to
      the spine in eight patients. Effective devascularization was achieved in all
      peripheral lesions. Blood loss for peripheral lesions averaged 940 cc and
      compared favorably to 20 nonembolized cases, in whom average blood loss was 1975
      cc. Spinal embolization requires careful identification and preservation of any
      segmental arteries that supply the anterior spinal artery. Effective spinal
      devascularization was achieved in six of eight patients. In two patients
      significant bleeding occurred as a result of incomplete embolization. This series
      supports the growing evidence for the efficacy and safety of selective arterial
      embolization in the preoperative control of hemostasis in patients with
      metastatic hypernephroma. Embolization of spinal metastases, although technically
      demanding, has been effective in devascularizing these lesions without serious
      neurologic complications.

PMID- 2910615
TI  - Mycobacterium terrae osteomyelitis and septic arthritis in a normal host. A case
      report.
AB  - A 48-year-old previously healthy white man had progressive painful swelling of
      his proximal index finger and the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint. A biopsy
      revealed Mycobacterium terrae septic arthritis and osteomyelitis. Six months of
      therapy with isoniazid, rifampin, and ethambutol were not accompanied by any
      improvement and amputation was necessary.

PMID- 2910616
TI  - Calcar-collar contact and valgus-varus positioning did not affect loosening in
      their series.

PMID- 2910617
TI  - Does percutaneous nucleotomy with discoscopy replace conventional discectomy?
      Eight years of experience and results in treatment of herniated lumbar disc.
AB  - Percutaneous nucleotomy was first described in 1975 by Hijikata in Japan. In 1979
      the present authors adopted this method for the treatment of lumbar disc
      herniation and modified Hijikata's original instruments. Since 1982 additional
      intradiscal optical control has been included by means of an adapted arthroscopic
      kit for more accurate and effective removal of the nucleus pulposus under direct
      view. This procedure is called discoscopy. Between 1979 and late 1987, the method
      was applied to 109 patients with lumbar disc herniation. The indications included
      lumbar sciatica that (1) was resistant to conservative treatment and (2) in which
      myelography and/or examination by computed tomography proved a disc protrusion
      without dislocation in the spinal canal. The level most affected was L4-L5. Major
      operative complications encountered were one vascular lesion and two cases of
      secondary spondylodiscitis. Clinical results in patients with other additional
      causes of sciatica, such as spondylolisthesis or relapse of disc herniation, were
      nearly as favorable as in isolated first-time disc herniation. The overall
      success rate was 72.5% (79/109 patients).

PMID- 2910618
TI  - Early experience with percutaneous lateral discectomy.
AB  - Seventeen patients were treated by percutaneous lumbar discectomy for a herniated
      disc and sciatica. The criteria for inclusion in this series included: (1) a
      protruding disc in the lumbar area causing neural compression; (2) persistent
      sciatica; (3) failure of conservative treatment; (4) magnetic resonance imaging,
      computer tomographic, or myelographic confirmation of the protrusion; and (5)
      chronic low-back pain with definite evidence of a protruding disc at the
      appropriate level. The only contraindication to the procedure is the presence of
      an extruded fragment. There were ten male and seven female patients, with an
      average age of 40 years. The operation was performed under local anesthesia and
      by the method of Hijikata. Six cases were at L5-S1, nine at L4-L5, four at L3-L4,
      and one at L2-L3. Fourteen of 16 patients were relieved of their symptoms. One
      operation was aborted due to the inability to pass the cannula beneath arthritic
      facet joints. One complication occurred early while using general anesthetic. An
      L5 nerve root was injured, causing a permanent drop foot. Major possible
      complications include infection, nerve root injury, and vascular injury. The
      success rate with an average follow-up period of six and one-half months was
      87.5%.

PMID- 2910619
TI  - Percutaneous automated discectomy. A new approach to lumbar surgery.
AB  - An automated technique for percutaneous lumbar discectomy applies the principle
      of suction cutting. The indications are leg pain greater than back pain
      (sciatica) and failure of all conservative therapy. The typical neurological and
      roentgenographic abnormalities of a contained herniated lumbar disc are
      mandatory. The procedure is performed with a Nucleotome (Surgical Dynamics, San
      Leandro, California) that is a specially designed, 2-mm blunt-tipped suction
      cutting device inserted via a posterolateral approach into the affected disc
      using fluoroscopic control. The results that can be expected with the technique
      are similar to chymopapain and are in the 70% success range. Automated
      percutaneous discectomy has a demonstrably low morbidity and can be performed
      under local anesthesia on an outpatient basis.

PMID- 2910620
TI  - Automated percutaneous discectomy at the L5-S1 level. Use of a curved cannula.
AB  - Previously, a major limitation to percutaneous disc decompression to relieve
      symptoms of sciatica was the inability to approach the L5-S1 level. Obstruction
      by the iliac crest prevented the instrumentation from entering the L5-S1 disc
      space. In this paper, the authors describe a curved cannula which can be placed
      down to the L5-S1 disc space over a straight trocar that has been anchored at the
      annulus. The cannula bends the flexible aspiration probe back into the plane of
      the disc so that it is no longer obstructed by the sacral end plate. Using this
      system, the L5-S1 disc space was successfully removed in 90% of 30 cases.

PMID- 2910621
TI  - Early experience with automated percutaneous lumbar discectomy in the treatment
      of lumbar disc herniation.
AB  - Seventeen patients with symptomatic lumbar disc herniation were treated with
      automated percutaneous lumbar discectomy employing local anesthetic in an
      outpatient setting. Operative technique included (1) intravenous sedation and
      single-dose antibiotics, (2) prone oblique patient positioning for initial needle
      placement, and (3) postdiscectomy interspace lavage with bupivacaine
      hydrochloride. There were no postoperative complications and the procedure was
      well-tolerated by all patients. Although results have thus far been less
      successful than previously reported, with improved patient selection by means of
      routine magnetic resonance imaging (or computed tomographic discography in select
      cases), success rates (nine of 17 patients) might approach those achieved by
      chemonucleolysis. The successful response of four patients with so-called midline
      L4-L5 discs has been particularly encouraging, and it may be that percutaneous
      lumbar discectomy will be an effective and a reasonable treatment alternative for
      this particular subgroup of patients.

PMID- 2910622
TI  - Percutaneous nucleotomy. A new concept technique and 12 years' experience.
AB  - Lumbar disc herniations and degenerations are very prevalent lesions, and many
      surgical approaches have been adopted for these conditions. However, the results
      of conventional or extensive operations have not always been satisfying. In 1975,
      the author developed the technique of percutaneous nucleotomy in an effort to
      avoid the major surgeries then employed. Fenestration of the annulus and partial
      resection of the nuclear substance are achieved percutaneously by a
      posterolateral approach. Intradiscal pressure is reduced considerably, and relief
      of irritation of the nerve root or the pain receptors around the disc is
      obtained. The extraction of the herniated portion of the disc is not achieved by
      the procedure. However, the amount of herniated disc substance may be reduced by
      disc decompression with suction. The procedure can be done in a radiology
      department under local anesthesia and requires 30 to 60 minutes. Of 136 cases
      followed, 72% of the patients are satisfied. The concept and theoretical
      considerations, surgical instruments, details of improved technique, results, and
      complications of percutaneous nucleotomy are introduced and compared with the
      original technique.

PMID- 2910623
TI  - Percutaneous removal of herniated lumbar discs. 50 cases with ten-year follow-up
      periods.
AB  - L4-L5 herniated discs documented by myelogram were removed percutaneously from 50
      patients, under local anesthesia and X-ray control, and the patients were
      followed for ten years. Forty-three patients (86%) had relief of sciatica and
      sensory deficit. However, only one out of eight patients who had had motor
      neurological deficit had return of normal power and relief of sciatica from this
      procedure. The best clinical results were in those patients who felt improvement
      and relief of pain in the leg at the time of the removal of the disc material.
      The best clinical results were in patients with a major bulge of the disc and
      decompression of the nerve root. Patients with sequestration of the disc do not
      uniformly respond well to this procedure. There were no significant
      complications. Percutaneous excision of herniated L4-L5 lumbar discs, under local
      anesthesia, is a safe and valid procedure to reduce patient morbidity and
      hospital stay, and it does not prejudice the outcome of a formal laminectomy if
      it should fail.

PMID- 2910624
TI  - Clinical commentary. Some thoughts on the treatment of beta hemolytic
      streptococcal infections.

PMID- 2910625
TI  - Astasia-abasia. A conversion reaction. Prognosis.
AB  - Twenty-seven children and adolescents were diagnosed as having astasia-abasia on
      the basis of a conversion reaction between 1965 and 1979. Follow-up information
      was obtained by questionnaire or a telephone interview from all but one patient
      over periods ranging from 5 to 22 years. Twenty-two patients thought that they
      were in good health, but nine patients had some minor complaints, such as leg
      weakness or stomach pains. Major symptom substitution had not occurred. No
      organic illness had been missed. One patient was in psychiatric care, two
      additional patients seemed to have continued mental problems, and one patient was
      in jail after having killed his parents.

PMID- 2910626
TI  - Congenital lobar emphysema. The roles of CT and V/Q scan.
AB  - An infant with congenital lobar emphysema of the left upper lobe presented with
      unusually severe mediastinal shift and underwent computed tomography (CT) and
      radionuclide V/Q scans. The V/Q scan confirmed the non-functioning nature of the
      hyperinflated lobe while the CT scan depicted the abnormal anatomy as well as the
      normal morphologic characteristics of the remaining lung thus allowing for safe
      and appropriate surgical management.

PMID- 2910627
TI  - Crisis intervention for bereavement support. A model of intervention in the
      children's school.
AB  - A crisis intervention consultation service to the schools for bereavement support
      for children is described. Examples are offered of the author's experience in
      providing this service to children from the pre-kindergarten to senior high
      level, at private, parochial, and public schools. These requests were generally
      in response to tragic deaths of fellow students and significant adults, including
      teachers, parents, and friends. Suggestions are outlined for pediatric and mental
      health consultants who may wish to offer similar services within their
      communities, with particular emphasis on issues to address in program planning
      and implementation.

PMID- 2910628
TI  - Articles on child abuse.

PMID- 2910629
TI  - High prevalence of Trichomona infections in adolescents.

PMID- 2910630
TI  - Use of povidone-iodine in umbilical cord care.

PMID- 2910631
TI  - Breastfeeding among low-income, high-risk women.
AB  - Data from a state supported project providing multidiscipline (clinical social
      work, nursing, nutrition, obstetrics, and pediatrics) assistance to low-income
      women judged to be at high perinatal risk by medical and social history were
      analyzed regarding infant feeding decisions. Data from 2,124 subjects delivered
      from 1976 to 1985 were available for analysis. The population tended to be single
      (77%), black (66%), poorly educated (63% less than a high school education), and
      young (mean age 21.8 years). Thirty-six percent were primiparas. The decision to
      breastfeed was associated with white race, older maternal age, higher educational
      level, marriage, and earlier utilization of prenatal care. Prenatal infant
      feeding plans were compared with actual postpartum decisions for 1,168 women.
      Only 3 percent of those initially planning to bottle feed changed their minds
      postpartum and breastfed although 31 percent of those initially planning to nurse
      ultimately chose artificial feeding. Ten percent of women were initially
      undecided; one-third of this group ultimately breastfed, two-thirds bottle fed.
      Overall the percentage of women in the project who were breastfeeding rose from
      15 percent to 22 percent from the early to later years of the project (p less
      than 0.0001).

PMID- 2910632
TI  - Ovarian cysts in precocious puberty.
AB  - We describe a 7-year-old girl with precocious puberty in whom a single large cyst
      (5 cm) and several small cysts (8-10 mm) in the single remaining ovary were
      detected by the ultrasound examination. Endocrinological examinations confirmed
      the diagnosis of central precocious puberty. Pathologic findings after the
      removal of the cystic lesions revealed that the large cyst was derived from
      degenerated follicular cysts and the small cysts were identical to follicular
      cysts: all were considered to have been formed by gonadotropin stimulation. In
      general, surgical removal of an ovarian follicular cyst in central precocious
      puberty is inappropriate. However, in this unusual patient who had a degenerated
      large cyst, surgery seemed to be appropriate because of a previously removed
      teratoma in the contralateral ovary.

PMID- 2910633
TI  - The pharmacodynamics of diphenhydramine-induced drowsiness and changes in mental
      performance.
AB  - The time course of diphenhydramine concentrations and effects on both mental
      performance and subjective feelings of drowsiness were assessed in 15 healthy
      men. Subjects received single oral doses of diphenhydramine, 50 mg, and placebo
      in this double-blind crossover study. Diphenhydramine plasma concentrations and
      central nervous system actions were assessed for 24 hours after each treatment.
      Cognitive impairment was assessed with an automobile driving simulator and digit
      symbol substitution scores, whereas drowsiness was self-assessed on a visual
      analog scale. Diphenhydramine produced significant feelings of drowsiness for up
      to 6 hours after the dose, whereas significant mental impairment was apparent for
      only 2 hours. Despite the difference in duration of these effects, drowsiness and
      mental impairment have parallel slopes when effects are related to
      diphenhydramine concentrations. These data suggest that although the apparent
      diphenhydramine concentration thresholds to produce drowsiness are lower (30.4 to
      41.5 ng/ml) than those needed to produce mental impairment (58.2 to 74.4 ng/ml),
      these effects have profiles consistent with their being manifestations of the
      same pharmacologic effect.

PMID- 2910634
TI  - Once-daily dosing decreases renal accumulation of gentamicin and netilmicin.
AB  - The pathogenesis of aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity is intimately related to the
      extent of drug accumulated in the renal cortex. In the framework of searching for
      preventive measures of aminoglycoside-induced nephrotoxicity, we investigated the
      influence of dosage regimen on the renal cortical accumulation of gentamicin and
      netilmicin in humans. Patients with a tumor partly involving one kidney, with
      normal renal function, and scheduled for nephrectomy received one dose of either
      gentamicin (4.5 mg/kg) or netilmicin (5 mg/kg) as a single short-term infusion or
      as 24-hour continuous infusion. Treatment started 24 hours before surgery. Serum
      aminoglycoside pharmacokinetics were examined during treatment and renal cortical
      tissue was sampled at the moment of operation for drug determination. The short
      term infusion schedule yielded cortical concentrations of 103.2 +/- 36.3 and
      137.4 +/- 34.6 micrograms/gm for gentamicin and netilmicin, respectively. Tissue
      levels after continuous infusion were 158.1 +/- 52.9 and 178.5 +/- 21.8
      micrograms/gm for gentamicin and netilmicin, respectively. For each
      aminoglycoside, a single short-term infusion resulted in significantly lower
      renal drug levels than did a continuous infusion of the same dose. From the
      nephrotoxicity point of view, these data support the administration of gentamicin
      and netilmicin as once-daily injections. This also supports the appropriateness
      of further studies to determine clinical efficacy of once-a-day dosing for
      aminoglycosides.

PMID- 2910635
TI  - In vitro characterization of the human cytochrome P-450 involved in polymorphic
      oxidation of propafenone.
AB  - Propafenone is a new class 1 antiarrhythmic agent. The drug is extensively
      metabolized. 5-Hydroxylation and N-dealkylation constitute major metabolic
      pathways. Recently it has been demonstrated that the in vivo metabolism of
      propafenone is controlled by the debrisoquin/sparteine polymorphism. To elucidate
      which of the above metabolic reactions is catalyzed by cytochrome P-450db1, the
      formation of 5-hydroxypropafenone and N-desalkylpropafenone was studied in the
      microsomal fraction of four human kidney donor livers previously characterized
      with regard to their ability to hydroxylate the beta-adrenergic antagonist
      bufuralol. The l'hydroxylation of bufuralol is catalyzed by the P-450db1
      responsible for polymorphic debrisoquin/sparteine oxidation. The formation of 5
      hydroxypropafenone but not N-desalkylpropafenone was closely related to bufuralol
      l'hydroxylation. Incubation with LKM1 antibodies, which selectively recognize P
      450db1, inhibited 5-hydroxypropafenone formation completely whereas N
      dealkylation was unimpaired. Propafenone was a strong competitive inhibitor of
      bufuralol l'hydroxylation. Thus it can be concluded that 5-hydroxypropafenone is
      formed by the cytochrome P-450 isozyme involved in polymorphic bufuralol
      oxidation.

PMID- 2910636
TI  - Dextromethorphan O-demethylation in liver microsomes as a prototype reaction to
      monitor cytochrome P-450 db1 activity.
AB  - Liver dextromethorphan O-demethylation to dextrorphan is associated with the
      debrisoquin type of oxidation phenotype in humans. We studied dextromethorphan
      oxidation in vitro using human liver microsomes to investigate the kinetics of
      the polymorphic monooxygenase (cytochrome P-450 db1) and factors that may
      influence its activity. In microsomal preparations from six extensive
      metabolizers the reaction parameters were: Michaelis-Menten constant = 3.4 +/- SD
      1.0 mumol/L and maximum rate of metabolism = 10.2 +/- 5.3 nmol x mg P-1 x hr-1,
      vs 48 mumol/L and 2.2 nmol x mg P-1 x hr-1, respectively in microsomes prepared
      from the liver of one poor metabolizer. The reaction was inhibited by nonspecific
      monooxygenase inhibitors such as SKF 525-A (Ki = 100 nmol/L) and cimetidine (Ki =
      40 mumol/L), by known substrates of the polymorphic isozyme such as [+]-bufuralol
      (Ki = 7.5 mumol/L), debrisoquin (Ki = 25 mumol/L), and sparteine (Ki = 45
      mumol/L), and by the selective cytochrome P-450 db1 inhibitor quinidine (Ki = 15
      nmol/L). This assay permits in vitro screening for candidate substrates or
      inhibitors of the polymorphic isozyme.

PMID- 2910637
TI  - Altered protein binding of etoposide in patients with cancer.
AB  - Etoposide plasma protein binding (PB) is reported to be 94% based on in vitro
      studies using normal human serum albumin (SA). Etoposide PB in 17 patients with
      cancer receiving etoposide (50 to 100 mg/m2) and in plasma of 14 volunteers was
      determined by equilibrium dialysis with 3H-etoposide. The unbound fraction (Fu)
      in patients with cancer was 0.139 +/- 0.099 compared with 0.043 +/- 0.0036 in
      plasma from normal volunteers (p less than 0.0009; t test). Etoposide binding
      ratio (BR) was correlated directly with SA (r2 = 0.83; p less than 0.05). In the
      population with cancer Fu was significantly correlated with bilirubin (r2 =
      0.837; p less than 0.05). In a multivariate analysis, SA and bilirubin were
      significant predictors of Fu (r2 = 0.93; p less than 0.05). This study
      corroborates previous reports of etoposide PB in normal human serum and
      demonstrates altered PB in patients with abnormal serum albumin or bilirubin
      levels.

PMID- 2910638
TI  - Intravascular mixing and drug distribution: the concurrent disposition of
      thiopental and indocyanine green.
AB  - The dispositions of concomitantly administered indocyanine green (ICG) and
      thiopental were determined in 12 patients undergoing general anesthesia and
      surgery. These were best characterized by a two-compartment ICG model and a four
      compartment thiopental model, chiefly because of data obtained from frequent
      early arterial blood samples. The models had a common central volume (V1), and
      the peripheral ICG compartment was the subset of a peripheral thiopental
      compartment. The two-compartment ICG model described its mixing within the
      intravascular space. The traditional VC of three-compartment models of thiopental
      disposition is described by the present four-compartment model as an initial
      distribution volume, V1, codetermined by ICG as central blood volume, and a
      rapidly equilibrating peripheral volume, V4. The combined simultaneous ICG
      thiopental model more clearly reflects physiology than do the results of earlier
      curve-fitting techniques and may be useful in studying the pharmacokinetic basis
      of altered reactivity to thiopental.

PMID- 2910639
TI  - Propranolol's metabolism is determined by both mephenytoin and debrisoquin
      hydroxylase activities.
AB  - The relative contributions of the debrisoquin and mephenytoin isozymes of hepatic
      cytochrome P-450 to the stereoselective metabolism of propranolol have been
      studied in a panel of volunteers of known oxidative phenotypes. Six subjects were
      extensive metabolizers of both debrisoquin and mephenytoin (EM). Four subjects
      were poor metabolizers of debrisoquin but rapid for mephenytoin (PMD). Five
      subjects were poor metabolizers of mephenytoin but rapid for debrisoquin (PMM),
      and one individual had a deficiency for both test compounds (PMD/M). Partial
      metabolic clearances of each propranolol enantiomer to 4-hydroxypropranolol (4-OH
      P), the sulfate, and glucuronide conjugates of 4-OH-P, naphthoxylactic acid (NLA)
      and propranolol glucuronide, were estimated after a single oral dose of racemic
      propranolol (80 mg). The partial metabolic clearance of both enantiomers to total
      4-OH-P in the PMD group was 75% less than in the EM and PMM groups, indicating
      the contribution of the debrisoquin isozyme to this route of metabolism. The R/S
      ratios for the clearance to 4-OH-P were similar between EM and PMD (2.5 +/- 0.5
      vs 2.5 +/- 0.4, respectively), implying that the different enzymes involved in
      ring hydroxylation (i.e., the debrisoquin isozyme and other hydroxylases) have
      similar stereoselective preferences. The partial metabolic clearance to NLA was
      55% less in the PMM group than in the EM and PMD groups, indicating that S
      mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase contributes to the metabolic conversion of propranolol
      to NLA. The R/S ratios for the clearance to NLA were close to unity in all
      groups. The partial metabolic clearance to propranolol glucuronide also did not
      exhibit stereoselectivity and was similar in all groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2910640
TI  - Oral dipyridamole increases plasma adenosine levels in human beings.
AB  - Plasma adenosine levels in five healthy volunteers for 5 consecutive days showed
      far less intrasubject than intersubject variation (p less than 0.0001),
      indicating that plasma adenosine levels are relatively constant during this
      period. Plasma adenosine levels were then measured in a different group of five
      healthy subjects for a 5-day control period and during a 5-day course of oral
      dipyridamole at a dose of 100 mg every 6 hours. Intrasubject comparisons showed
      that plasma adenosine levels were significantly higher during the 5 days of
      dipyridamole administration than during the control period (p = 0.017) and that
      this increase was most significant after 48 hours of drug (p less than 0.001)
      administration. The average increase was 0.133 mumol/L (60%) with a range of
      0.063 to 0.197 mumol/L (37% to 212%) during the last 3 days. A significant
      positive correlation was noted between plasma adenosine and dipyridamole levels
      (p = 0.001). We conclude that adenosine levels are relatively stable for an
      individual and are maximally increased after 2 days of oral dipyridamole.

PMID- 2910641
TI  - Slow-paying patients.

PMID- 2910642
TI  - Record release. General guidelines.

PMID- 2910643
TI  - Project to address adverse outcomes of diabetes and pregnancy.

PMID- 2910644
TI  - March toward nursing excellence.

PMID- 2910645
TI  - Vascular changes in the human endometrium following the administration of the
      progesterone antagonist RU 486.
AB  - Eleven healthy women were assigned to one of two groups. They received 50 mg RU
      486 orally per day either on cycle days 7 to 10 (preovulatory group n = 5) or on
      cycle days 20 to 23 (postovulatory group, n = 6). An endometrial biopsy was taken
      on the fourth day of the RU-treatment in the preovulatory group and on the second
      (n = 2) or fourth (n = 4) treatment day in the postovulatory group. Biopsies from
      34 untreated women representing matched samples from early and mid preovulatory
      phase (n = 10) and mid and late postovulatory phase (n = 24) were used as
      control. The ultrastructure of the endometrial capillaries was investigated by
      morphometric methods. The administration of RU 486 during the preovulatory phase
      did not modify the vascular structure. However, when given in the postovulatory
      phase, necrosis occurred in the capillary endothelial cells with and without
      regressive changes of the adjacent stroma. The area and diameter of the capillary
      lumen and the area of the adventitia was smaller than in the control material (p
      less than 0.01). The result of the study suggests that RU 486, when administered
      in the postovulatory phase, directly affects the capillary vessels of the
      endometrium.

PMID- 2910647
TI  - Lack of metabolic effects of a triphasic formulation containing norethindrone in
      normal women studied prospectively.

PMID- 2910646
TI  - Effect of low-dose oral contraceptives on natural killer cell activity.
AB  - Several reports indicate an association between oral contraceptives and increased
      infection rates. One mechanism that could explain this increased infection rate
      is a decrease in immune function. A study comparing T cell subsets showed no
      differences in numbers between oral contraceptive users and controls. In this
      study, natural killer cell activity was compared in women before and 3 and 6
      months after oral contraceptive use. There was a statistically significant
      decrease in NK cell activity after three months. There was no further decrease by
      six months and the differences were no longer significant due to greater
      variability. No infections were reported during the study period. Thus, the
      observed reduction in NK activity was either physiologically insignificant or the
      previously reported increase in infections may be the result of non-immunological
      factors.

PMID- 2910649
TI  - Virus inactivation in plasma products.

PMID- 2910648
TI  - Plasma reduced and total ascorbic acid in healthy women: effects of smoking and
      oral contraception.
AB  - This is the first report of both reduced (RAA) and total (TAA) plasma ascorbic
      acid levels in women who smoke and are on oral contraception. 155 normal healthy
      subjects were investigated. A study questionnaire was completed including age,
      method of contraception, smoking status, and food intake at breakfast, prior to
      attending the clinic. Biochemical assays were promptly carried out without
      knowledge of subject's clinical or dietary status. One-way analysis of variance
      revealed that oral contraception per se, barrier or IUD methods have no effect on
      plasma ascorbic acid levels. The mean values (mg/dl +/- SD) for plasma RAA
      between smokers and nonsmokers were 0.512 +/- 0.241 and 0.601 +/- 0.263; and that
      for TAA were 0.565 +/- 0.232 and 0.682 +/- 0.231, respectively. Significant
      decreases in both plasma RAA (p less than 0.05) and TAA levels (p less than
      0.001) were observed in smokers. Age was an interacting variable. No association
      of smoking or oral contraceptive use was seen with RAA or TAA levels among women
      less than 26 years, but decreases in both RAA and TAA levels were evident among
      smokers aged 26 years or older. The present study emphasizes the total exposure
      to smoking, e.g., pack years, is a significant confounding variable in the study
      of plasma ascorbic acid levels.

PMID- 2910651
TI  - Strategies to produce virus-safe blood derivatives.

PMID- 2910650
TI  - Virus inactivation by addition of neutralizing antibodies.
AB  - This study has shown that the principle of virus neutralization by specific
      antibodies is feasible at least in the case of hepatitis B. Virus neutralization
      is our preferred method since it entails no loss of functional activity and no
      risk of induction of neo-antigens in the plasma derivatives. Although double
      blind clinical trials have not been performed, this study--in combination with
      some other studies - brought the conclusive evidence that virus neutralization in
      the case of hepatitis B transmission is efficacious. The suggested occurrence of
      side effects related to the formation of immune complexes during or after
      administration is not borne out by more than 7 years of experience with
      neutralized plasma derivatives with no reported side effects. Whether this method
      is useful for other viruses will depend on the availability of specific
      neutralizing antibodies.

PMID- 2910652
TI  - Virus inactivation/elimination in therapeutic protein concentrates.
AB  - Concern for virus transmission from intravenous biological products, derived from
      natural and biotechnological sources, has prompted us to investigate various
      methods for virus inactivation while preserving the biological activity of the
      therapeutic entity. This concern is currently acute regarding the presence of HIV
      in purified human plasma protein concentrates. Four different methods of virus
      removal (1) heating in solution; (2) use of lipid solvents; (3) low pH treatment,
      and (4) partitioning during purification, are reported for various plasma
      proteins that have been spiked with model viruses. General virus inactivation
      strategies for therapeutic protein concentrates are discussed.

PMID- 2910653
TI  - Inactivation of viruses with 1,10-phenanthroline.

PMID- 2910654
TI  - Epidemiology of constipation in the United States.
AB  - In the present study, the epidemiology of constipation in the United States and
      an assessment of its impact on national health are presented. This analysis was
      based on four different surveys, i.e., the National Health Interview Survey, the
      National Hospital Discharge Survey, the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey,
      and the Vital Statistics of the United States. These surveys have estimated that
      over 4 million people in the United States have frequent constipation,
      corresponding to a prevalence of about 2 percent. Constipation was the most
      common digestive complaint in the United States, outnumbering all other chronic
      digestive conditions. Cathartics and laxatives were prescribed to 2 to 3 million
      patients yearly by general and family practitioners or internists. In 92,000
      annual hospitalizations, constipation was listed among the discharge diagnoses.
      About 900 persons die annually from diseases associated with or related to
      constipation. Constipation was three times more common in women than men. It
      showed a marked increase after the age of 65 years. It appeared to affect
      nonwhites 1.3 times more frequently than whites. In addition, constipation was
      more frequent in people living in the South than elsewhere in the United States,
      and in people from families with low income or brief education of the head of
      family than in people from families with high income or a high educational level
      of their family head. These data suggest that there are other factors involved in
      the cause of constipation in addition to dietary fiber content and psychogenic
      influences. The frequent occurrence of constipation and its impact on public
      health stress the need for further studies devoted to the epidemiology and basic
      pathophysiology of this condition.

PMID- 2910655
TI  - Site distribution of carcinoma of the large intestine. Retrospective study of 600
      cases.
AB  - The site distribution of large-bowel adenocarcinomas was studied in a
      retrospective study compromising 600 patients. These patients were divided into
      two groups according to the year of their operation; group A included patients
      operated upon between 1978 and 1982, and group B patients were operated upon
      between 1983 and 1987. Comparing these two five-year periods, a statistically
      significant increase in the incidence of right colon tumors was noted (P less
      than 0.05). There was no difference in the distribution pattern of the carcinomas
      according to sex or age between the two groups (P less than 0.1). The shift to
      the right of large-bowel neoplasms may indicate the need for an alteration of the
      diagnostic procedures concerning this disease, with more emphasis given to total
      colonoscopy and or double-contrast barium enema.

PMID- 2910657
TI  - A model to evaluate acute and chronic stress in the colonic mucosa of rats.
AB  - The effect of acute and chronic stress on the colonic mucosa of the rat was
      investigated at various time intervals, ranging from one day to eight weeks. The
      amount of DNA synthesized by the mucosa was used as a marker of time-related
      events. A total of 75 Sprague-Dawley rats were investigated. Acute stress was
      considered for rats briefly plunged (psychic stimulus) or swimming for two hours
      (physical stimulus). Chronic stress was determined when rats were briefly plunged
      or swam for two hours for periods ranging from one to eight weeks. "Sham
      transported" rats were used as controls. DNA in the descending colon decreased
      significantly in rats swimming for two weeks, but increased (even for plunged
      rats) at four and eight weeks. In the ascending colon, a substantial increase in
      DNA content was found in rats plunged or swimming for eight weeks. The descending
      colon appears to be quantitatively more affected by various stressors than the
      ascending colon. It is apparent that, in control rats, the mucosa of the
      descending colon differs from the ascending colon. Fluctuations in the colonic
      DNA synthesis throughout the experiment suggest that this phenomenon may be
      connected to compensatory mechanisms toward cell adaptation to stress conditions.
      The model may prove of value in studies of the therapeutic abrogation of the
      fluctuations of the DNA replication of the colonic mucosa during the acute and
      chronic phases of a given stress.

PMID- 2910656
TI  - Metronidazole vs. erythromycin, neomycin, and cefazolin in prophylaxis for
      colonic surgery.
AB  - A prospective, double-blind, randomized study was undertaken to compare
      perioperative parenteral metronidazole and erythromycin, One neomycin, and
      cefazolinhundred fifty-five patients were randomized into two groups by the
      pharmacy department. The resulting difference between the overall septic
      complication rate in patients receiving erythromycin, neomycin, and cefazolin
      (10.9 percent) and the rate in patients receiving metronidazole alone (31.9
      percent) was significant. This indicates that an antibiotic to cover aerobic
      bacteria should be added to the regimen when metronidazole is used.

PMID- 2910658
TI  - Safe resection for diverticular disease of the colon.
AB  - A retrospective study of 83 patients undergoing surgery for diverticular disease
      over two years at a colorectal specialty hospital was undertaken to assess the
      safety of resection. No patient had free perforation. Eighty-nine percent of 46
      patients with neither abscess nor fistula underwent resection and primary
      anastomosis, the remainder undergoing other resectional therapy; there was no
      mortality in this group. Of the 37 patients with abscesses, fistulas, or both,
      all had resections with or without primary anastomoses and one of these 37
      patients died (2.7 percent mortality). In the entire series of 83 patients, the
      operative mortality was 1.2 percent, although 69 percent had morbidity. Resection
      can be performed safely for diverticulitis, and primary anastomosis can be safely
      added in uncomplicated and selected complicated cases.

PMID- 2910659
TI  - Sphincter repair for fecal incontinence.
AB  - Twenty-seven patients who had sphincter repair by one surgeon over the last ten
      years were reviewed. Previous surgery, childbirth, and perineal trauma were the
      most common causes. Twelve patients had been treated previously using an anal
      continence device (N = 6), postanal repair (N = 5), and rectopexy (N = 1). A
      covering colostomy was used in ten patients. At the initial operation only 7
      patients were rendered completely continent, 13 others were improved, but results
      were poor in the other 7. Four of the 7 patients were rendered completely
      continent after secondary operations. Maximum anal pressure and maximum squeeze
      pressure did not change significantly after surgery; however, preoperative
      maximum squeeze pressure in patients who achieved complete continence was
      significantly greater than in those that did not. Poor results usually were
      associated with severe obstetric trauma.

PMID- 2910660
TI  - Topography of the inferior rectal artery: a possible cause of chronic, primary
      anal fissure.
AB  - The authors believed that it might be possible to explain the local frequency of
      the anal fissure at the posterior commissure by an anatomic relationship, and
      examined the blood supply of the anus. The inferior rectal artery is demonstrated
      by postmortem angiography and by manual preparations (N = 41) and histologic
      study after angiography of the vessels (N = 10). The blood supply at the
      different sites of the anal canal are demonstrated by a morphometric study (N =
      20). The inferior rectal artery presents two variants in the postmortem
      angiographies, type 1 (85.4 percent) and type 2 (14.6 percent). In type 1, the
      posterior commissure is less perfused than the other sections of the anal canal.
      In addition, the blood supply may be more compromised by contusion of the vessels
      passing vertically through the muscle fibers of the sphincter ani internus muscle
      during increased sphincter tone. The role of topography in the pathogenesis of
      the primary anal fissure is illustrated in a model.

PMID- 2910661
TI  - Quantitative electron microscopic study on grades of atypia in adenomas of the
      human large bowel.
AB  - Clarification of the ultrastructural features of the three different grades of
      histologic atypia of adenomas (i.e., mild, moderate, and severe atypia) with
      reference to carcinoma of the human colon and rectum was undertaken using
      electron microscopic quantitative analysis. Ten normal epithelia, 36 adenomas (14
      with mild atypia, 13 with moderate atypia, and 9 with severe atypia) and 14
      carcinomas (well-differentiated adenocarcinoma) were examined with light and
      electron microscopes. Although it has been generally accepted that malignant
      transformation of an adenoma gradually proceeds with increasing atypia, using
      light microscopy, ultrastructural quantitative analysis clearly revealed that
      fine features of individual atypia did not correspond with histologic grades of
      atypia. Ultrastructural changes occurred abruptly in moderate atypia and showed
      similar cellular characteristics to carcinoma cells. Mild atypia was almost
      similar in appearance to normal epithelial cells. Striking changes in the
      moderate atypic cells were plane apposition of the cell membrane, decrease of the
      desmosomes, and increase of the lysosomes. These atypical cells were assumed to
      play a significant role in the adenoma-carcinoma sequence. Therefore, radical
      surgical therapy would be required for moderate atypic adenoma of the large bowel
      that is difficult to remove endoscopically.

PMID- 2910662
TI  - Traumatic perforation of ileal pouch. Report of a case.
AB  - A 28-year-old woman with a previous history of restorative proctocolectomy for
      complicated ulcerative colitis had acute onset of severe abdominal pain that was
      diagnosed at another hospital as a perforated peptic ulcer. Careful history
      taking revealed that she had blunt trauma to the abdomen one day before
      admission. Laparotomy detected a perforation hole at the afferent loop of the
      ileal pouch. Debridement and primary closure of the perforation, with temporary
      decompression of the pouch, resulted in a good outcome. With the increasing
      popularity of selecting restorative proctocolectomy for the treatment of
      polyposis coli and ulcerative colitis, more and more pouches will be constructed.
      Possible perforation of the ileal pouch should be considered when such patients
      present with a perforated hollow viscus. With appropriate management, the pouch
      can be saved. Review of the literature revealed no similar reports.

PMID- 2910663
TI  - Seminal vesicle-rectal fistula. Report of a case.
AB  - A previously unreported complication of low anterior resection of the rectum,
      seminal vesicle-rectal fistula, was encountered one month after surgery in an
      elderly patient with adenocarcinoma of the midrectum. Antibiotic-induced colitis
      in the immediate postoperative period led to anastomotic leakage with abscess
      formation and ensuing fistulization to the surgically denuded right seminal
      vesicle. Pneumaturia, bacteriuria, and right testicular pain were treated by
      cutaneous vasostomy and antimicrobial therapy. Despite recurrent low-grade
      urinary sepsis controlled by alternating courses of various antimicrobials, and
      radiation therapy for local tumor recurrence, the patient remained reasonably
      healthy until his death two years later due to stroke associated with cerebral
      metastases.

PMID- 2910664
TI  - Kaposi's sarcoma of the colon in a young HIV-negative man with chronic ulcerative
      colitis. Report of a case.
AB  - In the United States, visceral Kaposi's sarcoma most commonly occurs in
      association with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). The authors
      report a unique case of primary colonic Kaposi's sarcoma in a young heterosexual
      HIV-negative man with chronic ulcerative colitis.

PMID- 2910665
TI  - Povidone-iodine enema as a preoperative bowel preparation for colorectal surgery.
      A bacteriologic study.
AB  - To evaluate the effects of povidone-iodine (PI) enema on the bacterial flora of
      colorectal mucosa, the authors studied 113 patients who were candidates for
      colorectal surgery. The study of the rectum included 72 patients. Total bacterial
      concentrations after a PI enema (N = 44) were significantly lower than after a
      simple water enema (N = 12, P less than 0.001), or than after a water enema
      associated with intravenous metronidazole (N = 16, P less than 0.01). The study
      of the colon included 41 patients. Total bacterial concentrations did not differ
      after a PI enema (N = 24) than after a water enema (N = 11); both groups were
      associated with intravenous metronidazole. In contrast, both preparations
      significantly reduced bacterial concentrations when compared with oral
      administration of polyethyleneglycol (N = 6, P less than 0.01). Similar results
      were observed in rectal and colonic studies, when analysis was restricted to the
      anaerobic flora. PI is an antiseptic that, when administered alone in an enema or
      in association with metronidazole, significantly reduces bacterial concentrations
      in the mucosa of the colon and rectum. It may be proposed as a simple
      preoperative preparation for colorectal surgery.

PMID- 2910666
TI  - Neuromuscular and vascular hamartoma of the small bowel.
AB  - Neurovascular and muscular hamartoma is an unusual benign neoplasma of the small
      intestine. The clinical and pathological features of this lesion, which we
      recently encountered in a 91-year-old male, are the subject of this report and
      are discussed in the context of previously described cases.

PMID- 2910667
TI  - Clinicopathological study of a patient with idiopathic villous atrophy and small
      vessel alterations of the ileum.
AB  - Ileal villous atrophy with normal proximal small intestinal mucosa is a rare
      lesion observed in a few diseases. We report here a case of unknown etiology. A
      49-year-old woman presented with chronic diarrhea and steatorrhea due to bile
      acid malabsorption which was strikingly improved by a low-fat diet. Villous
      atrophy was total or subtotal, but enterocyte alterations were minimal. Crypts
      were hyperplastic and the lamina propria was infiltrated by lymphocytes and
      plasma cells mainly synthesizing IgM. These alterations were associated with the
      presence in the submucosa, and occasionally in the mucosa, of numerous convoluted
      nonectasic capillary tufts. Thrombi consisting of pure platelet aggregates were
      found in the capillary tufts and adjacent small vessels, whose walls were either
      normal or hyalinized. The patient suffered for many years from attacks of
      Raynaud's phenomenon and platelet aggregation was depressed in the presence of
      collagen. Thrombi disappeared after aspirin treatment, but the other lesions
      persisted at the time of death from an unrelated cause.

PMID- 2910668
TI  - Crohn's disease complicated by idiopathic central serous chorioretinopathy with
      bullous retinal detachment.
AB  - A case of idiopathic central serous chorioretinopathy with bullous retinal
      detachment occurring in a patient with Crohn's disease is described. This rare
      eye condition (36 reported cases in the world's literature) has previously been
      seen in association with ulcerative colitis, and its occurrence in a patient with
      Crohn's disease suggests that it may represent another ophthalmologic
      complication of inflammatory bowel disease.

PMID- 2910669
TI  - Intestinal neuronal degeneration in a patient with chronic idiopathic intestinal
      pseudoobstruction.
AB  - Neuropathological examination of the gut in a patient with chronic idiopathic
      intestinal pseudoobstruction and temporal lobe epilepsy showed a degeneration of
      Auerbach's and of Meissner's plexus. The extent of generative changes increased
      in an aboral to oral direction. Neuronal degeneration was characterized by
      ballooning of the cytoplasm of the ganglial cells, by a hyperargyrophilia, a
      shortening and dilation of cell processes, and a progressive fragmentation and
      loss of axons. In rectal biopsies, a PAS-positive granular material was detected
      in the cytoplasm of ballooned ganglial cells. A severe peripheral neuropathy with
      fiber degeneration in the posterior columns and axonal lesions within ventral
      nerve roots and a more recent fiber degeneration in the lateral columns
      corresponding to the picture of subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord
      and a symmetrical Ammon's horn sclerosis was present. This case of progressive
      intestinal neuronal degeneration of unknown origin is a newly described condition
      leading to chronic idiopathic intestinal pseudoobstruction.

PMID- 2910670
TI  - Intestinal disaccharidases assessed in congenital asucrasia by differential
      urinary disaccharide excretion.
AB  - A patient with congenital asucrasia was investigated using in vivo differential
      urinary disaccharide excretion. Impaired hydrolysis of sucrose and isomaltose,
      but normal lactase activity, were demonstrated and confirmed by in vitro
      estimation. The technique of differential disaccharide excretion can now be used
      to assess three disaccharidases simultaneously, in vivo, including isomaltase.

PMID- 2910671
TI  - Plugged liver biopsy in patients with impaired coagulation.
AB  - Histology is of paramount importance in the investigation of hepatic disease but
      conventional percutaneous liver biopsy is contraindicated when coagulation is
      significantly impaired. We have used a modified percutaneous approach with
      plugging of the needle track in 100 patients with vitamin K-resistant
      prolongation of prothrombin time up to 12 sec above control values or platelet
      counts as low as 20 X 10(9)/liter. All were successful, and there were no serious
      complications. The technique is straightforward and is a feasible alternative to
      the more complex transvenous approach.

PMID- 2910672
TI  - Inadvertent diagnosis of pheochromocytoma after endoscopic premedication.
AB  - Hypertensive crisis in a patient with pheochromocytoma can be induced by
      endoscopy premedication. Opiates, glucagon, and metoclopramide are commonly used
      in the gastrointestinal laboratory and capable of releasing catecholamines from a
      pheochromocytoma. Patients who have just had endoscopy can display untoward
      effects such as nausea, weakness, and diaphoresis. Such patients should probably
      have their blood pressure carefully recorded. Although hypotension is expected,
      endoscopists should be alert to the finding of severe hypertension and consider
      pheochromocytoma. The need for this becomes even greater considering that primary
      gastrointestinal endoscopy is often being done in doctor's offices away from
      hospitals and more acute resuscitative resources. In the case reported, a life
      threatening hypertensive crisis was induced by fentanyl. The hypertensive crisis
      was correctly ascribed to pheochromocytoma, enabling institution of lifesaving
      treatment.

PMID- 2910673
TI  - Chlamydial ascites.
AB  - Currently, Chlamydia is a major cause of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), which
      can be complicated by perihepatitis. Our patient presented with ascites secondary
      to Chlamydia infection and responded well to treatment with tetracycline. Since
      Chlamydia infection is becoming more prevalent in the United States, it should be
      considered in the differential diagnosis of ascites in all young sexually active
      females.

PMID- 2910674
TI  - Humoral hypercalcemia complicating adenosquamous carcinoma of the proximal colon.
AB  - Hypercalcemia as a complication of carcinoma of the colon is uncommon (1). It
      usually occurs in the presence of anorectal or rectal carcinoma that metastasizes
      to the lumbosacral vertebrae (2-4). Hypercalcemia complicating colon carcinoma in
      the absence of bone metastases--so-called humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy or
      paraneoplastic hypercalcemia--is rare. Only two such cases associated with
      adenocarcinoma of the colon (5,6) and two cases associated with adenosquamous
      carcinoma of the distal colon (rectum and sigmoid) (7) have been reported. We
      describe the first reported case of an adenosquamous carcinoma of the cecum and
      ascending colon that was accompanied by severe humoral hypercalcemia. The
      hypercalcemia was associated with a parathyroid hormone (PTH)-like substance.

PMID- 2910675
TI  - Clostridium difficile colitis secondary to intravenous vancomycin.
AB  - Nearly every known antibiotic has been implicated as a cause of Clostridium
      difficile colitis. We report the first case resulting from monotherapy with
      intravenous vancomycin. The patient was on chronic hemodialysis and was treated
      with intravenous vancomycin for presumed cervical osteomyelitis. After 29 days of
      therapy he developed abdominal pain and diarrhea and his stool was found to
      contain both C. difficile and cytotoxin. The patient responded with symptomatic
      and microbiological recovery to withdrawal of the drug and treatment with oral
      metronidazole. The prolonged elevation of serum vancomycin levels in patients
      with renal failure may predispose them to the development of C. difficile
      colitis.

PMID- 2910676
TI  - Nifedipine and gastric emptying.

PMID- 2910677
TI  - Relationship of biliary pressure to cholangiovenous reflux during endoscopic
      retrograde balloon catheter cholangiography.
AB  - In 32 patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiography with a balloon
      catheter, culture of bile, biliary pressure at maximal visualization of the
      biliary tract with iodinated contrast medium, serum iodine concentrations, and
      blood cultures before and after the procedure were obtained. There was a
      significant increase in the serum iodine concentration in five of nine patients
      (55.6%) with pressure between 22 cm H2O and 30 cm H2O and in nine of 13 patients
      (69.2%) with pressure above 30 cm H2O, while it remained low in 10 patients with
      pressure below 22 cm H2O. Two patients showed positive blood culture after the
      procedure, which yielded the same organisms as found in the bile. The biliary
      pressures in these two patients were 30.4 cm H2O and 38.0 cm H2O. These data
      suggest that during retrograde balloon catheter cholangiography: (1)
      cholangiovenous reflux of contrast medium develops with biliary pressure higher
      than 22 cm H2O, (2) the indicence of the cholangiovenous reflux increases as the
      pressure is elevated, and (3) regurgitation of bacteria occurs with pressure
      greater than 30 cm H2O. These findings are noteworthy because the number of
      patients who need direct cholangiography is increasing.

PMID- 2910678
TI  - Species-specific effects of neurotensin on gallbladder contraction in vitro.
AB  - We have previously shown that an in vivo administration of neurotensin (NT)
      stimulates contraction of dog gallbladder (GB), but produces dilatation of GB in
      humans. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of NT on human,
      dog, guinea pig, and rabbit GB in vitro, in order to delineate direct versus
      indirect actions of NT in different species and to evaluate the structure
      activity relationships of NT. The effect of NT on the canine sphincter of Oddi
      (SOD) was also examined in vitro. Isolated longitudinal strips of GB from the
      four species given above and SOD from dogs were suspended in oxygenated Krebs
      buffer, and the isometric tension responses to various doses of NT, NT 8-13, NT 1
      11, and xenopsin (XP) were determined. All the NT homologs, except NT 1-11,
      stimulated contraction of the dog GB and SOD in a dose-dependent manner. NT also
      caused dose-related stimulation of GB contraction from guinea pigs but did not
      stimulate or depress the contractile activity of human and rabbit GB strips.
      These results suggest that NT action on GB contraction is species-specific.
      Tetrodotoxin did not modify the contraction of dog GB and SOD in response to NT,
      indicating that NT mediates its contractile effects directly. The relaxing effect
      of NT on GB of humans in vivo, as previously reported by us, thus appears to be
      an indirect action.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2910679
TI  - Effect of tamoxifen on hepatic regeneration in male rats.
AB  - A number of metabolic changes within the liver occur concurrent with hepatic
      regeneration. These processes suggest that the administration of an antiestrogen
      might alter the rate of hepatic regeneration. To examine this question, male
      Wistar rats were treated with tamoxifen (0.1 mg/rat/day or 1.0 mg/rat/day) or
      vehicle for three days prior to and after partial hepatectomy, and the anatomic
      and biochemical process of hepatic regeneration was assessed. Tamoxifen
      administration caused a dose-dependent decrease in the hepatic cytosolic estrogen
      receptor activity and, conversely, a dose-dependent increase in cytosolic
      androgen receptor activity. Despite these changes in baseline hepatic sex steroid
      receptor status, all receptor activities were comparable between the three groups
      within 24 hr of partial hepatectomy. Moreover, no differences in any of the
      parameters assessing hepatic regeneration following partial hepatectomy were
      evident: liver-body ratio, ornithine decarboxylase activity, and thymidine kinase
      activity. This lack of effect of tamoxifen treatment on hepatic regeneration
      suggests either that estrogens do not play a role in the modulation of liver
      growth after partial hepatectomy or that, once initiated, the regenerative
      process per se determines a series of events that regulate hepatocellular sex
      hormone receptor status independent of extrahepatic stimuli.

PMID- 2910680
TI  - Chronic alcoholism and evolution of pain and prognosis in chronic pancreatitis.
AB  - To evaluate the influence of chronic alcoholism on clinical features of chronic
      pancreatitis in Japan, pain evolution, pancreatic insufficiency, and long-term
      prognosis were studied by comparing chronic alcoholic pancreatitis (N = 88) with
      idiopathic pancreatitis (N = 67). The 155 patients with known course of the
      disease over three years were followed-up further for five more years, and pain
      evolution was evaluated once at the start and once at the end of the follow-up
      period. At the time of diagnosis, severe pain (59 vs 33%, P less than 0.001),
      pancreatic calcification (63 vs 31%, P less than 0.001), advanced exocrine
      pancreatic insufficiency (72 vs 60%, NS), and overt diabetes (48 vs 17%, P less
      than 0.001) were more common in alcoholic than in idiopathic pancreatitis,
      respectively. Pain evolution was similar in both pancreatitis, and the pain
      decreased with time. The rate of abstinence was higher in groups with pain relief
      than without in alcoholic pancreatitis. Cumulative mortality rate during the five
      years was higher in alcoholic than idiopathic pancreatitis (26 vs 10%, P less
      than 0.01). These results suggest more favorable evolution of the disease can be
      expected by abstinence from alcohol.

PMID- 2910681
TI  - Effect of intravenous glucagon and glucagon-(1-21)-peptide on motor activity of
      sphincter of Oddi in humans.
AB  - Glucagon-(1-21)-peptide, the peptide containing the amino acid sequence (1-21) of
      glucagon, has the same spasmolytic effect as the complete molecule, without its
      metabolic action. The effect of glucagon and glucagon-(1-21)-peptide on sphincter
      of Oddi motor activity was evaluated in 20 patients undergoing ERCP and
      endoscopic biliary manometry. Glucagon produced a nonsignificant decrease in
      basal pressure, but significantly reduced both frequency and amplitude of phasic
      activity of the sphincter of Oddi. Glucagon-(1-21)-peptide showed no effect on
      basal pressure and amplitude of phasic activity, but provoked a significant
      reduction of frequency of phasic contraction.

PMID- 2910682
TI  - Accuracy of abbreviated manometry in detecting esophageal motility abnormalities.
AB  - We determined whether an abbreviated motility study that is commonly employed in
      clinical esophageal manometrics was as accurate as an extended manometric
      evaluation in detecting abnormalities in the esophageal body. One hundred
      patients underwent both abbreviated (stationary catheter, 10 wet swallows) and
      extended manometries (stepwise catheter withdrawal, 62 +/- 1 wet swallows).
      Classification by the two techniques was identical in 83 patients. Abbreviated
      manometry failed to recognize nine abnormal motility patterns. The abbreviated
      method was least accurate in the identification of intermittent and focal
      motility abnormalities (sensitivity = 0.50). Misclassifications were related to
      catheter position and not solely to differences in the total number of swallows.
      Of the individual wave parameters measured by each method, detection of
      multipeaked contraction waves was the most discrepant (R = 0.59). These findings
      indicate that abbreviated esophageal manometry is reasonably well correlated with
      a more extended method in detecting esophageal motility disorders and, because of
      its relative simplicity, appears appropriate for use in clinical practice. Errors
      related to stationary recording port positions may interfere with the overall
      accuracy of the abbreviated technique.

PMID- 2910683
TI  - Reliability of 24-hour home esophageal pH monitoring in diagnosis of
      gastroesophageal reflux.
AB  - Twenty-four-hour home esophageal pH monitoring is proposed in order to study
      gastroesophageal reflux (GER) so that prolonged use of costly hospital equipment
      and staff can be curtailed and the diagnostic accuracy of the examination
      improved. Eighty-six patients affected by GER symptoms and 20 healthy volunteers
      underwent 24-hr home esophageal pH monitoring, x-rays, and endoscopy of the upper
      gastrointestinal tract to investigate reliability of outpatient recording.
      Fifteen more patients consecutively underwent out- and inpatient recording to
      detect possible differences between these methods in the two daily periods.
      Outpatient monitoring was well tolerated in 94.7% of the patients; 14.3% of them
      markedly reduced their routine activities. The range of normality of outpatient
      recording does not differ from that of inpatients. In the 15 patients who
      consecutively underwent out- and inpatient monitoring, no significant differences
      were reported. The sensitivity of 24-hr home esophageal pH recording is 0.85, the
      specificity 1, the accuracy for negative prediction 0.68, and the accuracy for
      positive prediction 1. The reliability of 24-hr home esophageal pH monitoring is
      comparable to inpatient recording. It allows hospital cost reduction and is also
      better tolerated by patients but has not greatly improved the diagnostic accuracy
      of the gastroesophageal reflux pH monitoring.

PMID- 2910684
TI  - Stress induces alteration of esophageal pressures in healthy volunteers and non
      cardiac chest pain patients.
AB  - The present study was designed to explore the relationship between psychological
      stress and esophageal motility disorders. Nineteen non-cardiac chest pain
      patients (10 with the nutcracker esophagus and nine with normal baseline
      manometry) and 20 healthy control subjects were administered two acute stressors:
      intermittent bursts of white noise and difficult cognitive problems. The results
      indicated that the esophageal contraction amplitudes and levels of anxiety
      related behaviors of non-cardiac chest pain patients and control subjects were
      significantly greater during the stressors than during baseline periods. All
      patients demonstrated significantly greater (P less than 0.01) increases in
      contraction amplitude and anxiety-related behavior during cognitive problems than
      during the noise stressor. The nutcracker esophagus patients showed a greater
      increase in contraction amplitude during the problems (23.50 +/- 9.42 mm Hg, X +/
      SE) than control subjects (P less than 0.01), while the amplitude changes of
      chest pain patients with normal baseline manometry were not significantly greater
      than that of control subjects (9.00 +/- 1.91 mm Hg). The present results
      identified an increase in contraction amplitude as the primary esophageal
      response to stress. The possible interaction of esophageal contraction
      abnormalities, psychological stress, and the perception of chest pain is
      discussed.

PMID- 2910685
TI  - Sjogren's syndrome. Its contribution to neuropsychiatric syndrome in patients
      with primary biliary cirrhosis.
AB  - The neuropsychiatric status of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) was
      contrasted to that of patients with PBC and accompanying Sjogren's syndrome and
      to a matched group of normal controls. The subjects with PBC + Sjogren's syndrome
      had a more profound impairment on a battery of psychometric tests than did the
      subjects with PBC alone. In addition, they more frequently met the criteria for a
      psychiatric diagnosis of anxiety disorder than did those with PBC alone.

PMID- 2910686
TI  - Mentors, masters, and excellence in practice.

PMID- 2910687
TI  - Understanding the management process and financial and managerial accounting.
      Part III. Managerial accounting: financial ratio analysis.

PMID- 2910688
TI  - Implantable insulin infusion pumps: a case presentation.
AB  - A case is presented of a young woman implanted with a programmable implantable
      medication system (PIMS). Implanted insulin pumps have been the subject of
      research for over a decade but have encountered a series of obstacles ranging
      from design problems to insulin aggregation to catheter blocking from omental
      tissue. Many of these problems, but not all, have been overcome. Implanted
      insulin pumps are still in a developmental phase. Glucose sensing is not yet
      available. Nevertheless, PIMS has demonstrated in this case that it can safely
      and effectively control insulin-dependent diabetes for over 1.5 years.

PMID- 2910689
TI  - Experiences with diabetes mellitus and implantable insulin pump therapy: a
      summary of interview data.
AB  - A semistructured interview was used to elicit information from 23 implantable
      insulin pump recipients regarding their concerns about having diabetes mellitus,
      their decision to receive an implantable insulin pump, and their experiences with
      the pump. Findings indicated that subjects had present and future concerns about
      having diabetes mellitus and that they wanted an implantable insulin pump
      primarily to achieve better control of their diabetes. Subjects said their health
      generally improved after pump implantation and that the pump had minimal
      interference with their social lives. Although 16 subjects identified concerns
      about the pump, all subjects said they would decide again for pump implantation.

PMID- 2910690
TI  - Self-monitoring of blood glucose by adolescents with diabetes: technical skills
      and utilization of data.
AB  - Two studies of adolescent patients were conducted to determine their technical
      skills and utilization of data obtained by self-monitoring of blood glucose
      (SMBG). In Study 1, direct observations of 58 adolescents revealed an overall
      SMBG technical accuracy score of 82%. Most frequent errors were not cleaning
      fingers (45%), not placing blood on strips correctly (21%), and wiping strip at
      wrong time (14%). Technical performance was inversely correlated with blood
      glucose concentration, but was unrelated to other variables. In Study 2, a
      questionnaire was used to determine SMBG practices among 64 adolescents. Although
      the majority of patients reported doing daily SMBG, most did not record results
      in logbooks every time or utilize such data for self-management. No significant
      relationships were found between SMBG behaviors and other variables. We conclude
      that periodic evaluation and retraining are required for maintenance of SMBG
      skills and that methods to enhance utilization of SMBG data be developed for this
      patient population.

PMID- 2910691
TI  - The use of goal setting by physicians in the treatment of diabetes.
AB  - Although physicians commonly report that they use goals in introducing diabetic
      regimens, little is known about exactly which aspects of established goal-setting
      techniques are used. This exploratory study sought to ascertain if and how
      medical doctors employ goal setting in presenting regimens to their patients. Six
      physicians (second-year metabolism fellows or endocrinologists) were asked to
      describe their treatment of a "typical" diabetic patient. The responses were
      analyzed for use of the elements of systematic goal setting. The results
      indicated that while the physicians had target outcomes in mind they made little
      use of the key elements of established goal-setting techniques.

PMID- 2910692
TI  - The art and science of successful teaching (continuing education credit).
AB  - Many health care professionals don't teach because they were never taught how to
      organize and present teaching material. To do this effectively requires knowledge
      of how to assess learner needs, develop a teaching plan, conduct a class, and
      evaluate both learner progress and program effectiveness. Equally as important
      are the interpersonal skills, attitudes, and techniques used by the teacher to
      capture student interest and facilitate learning. This paper describes both the
      art and science of teaching effectiveness to help the health care provider who
      was not born a good teacher to become one.

PMID- 2910693
TI  - The Diabetes Research & Education Foundation: an accessible resource for diabetes
      educators.

PMID- 2910694
TI  - A diabetes nurse educator's view of the hospital and burnout.

PMID- 2910695
TI  - [Cor triatriatum in adulthood].
AB  - Cor triatriatum was diagnosed in a 32-year-old woman (Case 1) and a 36-year-old
      man (Case 2). The definitive diagnosis in Case 1 was made by transthoracic 2-D
      echocardiography, in Case 2 (after a chance finding) only after additional
      transoesophageal echocardiography. Colour Doppler echo in Case 1 provided
      information on the number and localization of membrane openings, while in Case 2
      simultaneous measurement of maximal flow velocity and normal right-sided
      pressures indicated that the anomaly was haemodynamically insignificant owing to
      the size of the central opening in the membrane (maximal diameter 2.1 cm). In
      Case 1, abnormal haemodynamic findings on right-heart catheterization provided
      the indication for surgery and the membrane was successfully removed.
      Postoperatively the patient was much improved and cardiac catheterization
      demonstrated normal values.

PMID- 2910696
TI  - [Granulomatous colitis with pseudopolyp in schistosomiasis].
AB  - A 26-year-old Arab had epigastric pain and bloody mucous stools. At coloscopy
      distal proctitis and a polyp at the rectosigmoid junction were discovered. The
      polyp had granulomatous inflammatory changes and eggs of Schistosoma mansoni with
      a characteristic egg shell, central miracidium and lateral spine. Bilharziasis
      should be considered in the differential diagnosis of chronic inflammatory
      disease of the intestines.

PMID- 2910697
TI  - [Nosebleed as the first indication of the HELLP syndrome].

PMID- 2910698
TI  - [Anaphylactic reaction to volume substitute agents].

PMID- 2910700
TI  - [Retard morphine in the long-term therapy of severe tumor pain].
AB  - 35 patients with severe cancer pain received oral retard morphine. Pain reduction
      was achieved in each case; duration of effectiveness was between 8 and 12 hours.
      Mean daily dose was 230 mg morphine, but in individual cases the maximal daily
      dose had to be over 800 mg. The Karnofsky index of physical capacity was
      increased in all patients. The main side effect was constipation, which actually
      increased in the course of treatment. On the other hand, nausea and vomiting
      decreased after a few weeks. No dependence developed in any of the patients. This
      form of morphine medication thus was effective over long periods and it has
      become an important part in the range of strongly effective analgesics.

PMID- 2910699
TI  - [Elimination of aluminum via continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis].
AB  - Aluminum concentrations in the dialysate and serum of 14 patients on CAPD were
      measured every six months. Additionally, in ten of the patients Al elimination
      was measured after a bolus ingestion of 1800 mg aluminium-chloride-hydroxide
      complex. There was no significant difference between serum Al concentrations
      initially (47.3 +/- 8.2 micrograms/l), at six months (55.4 +/- 9.5 micrograms/l),
      and after 12 months (44.3 +/- 10.1 micrograms/l) although the Al concentration in
      the dialysate had been decreased from 16.6 +/- 2.3 micrograms/l to 1.5 +/- 0.2 in
      the last six months. The Al concentrations in the effluent dialysate were 14.5 +/
      1.3 micrograms/l initially, 15.6 +/- 1.2 micrograms/l after six months and 11.9
      +/- 2.6 micrograms/l after 12 months. During kinetic studies a constant rise of
      serum Al concentration was found until the fifth hour, from 29.9 +/- 2.5 to 42.5
      +/- 4.0, and a decline after 24 hours to 32.4 +/- 3.0 micrograms/l. The quantity
      of Al eliminated was 41.1 +/- 8.7 micrograms/24 h, equivalent to 1.2% of the
      ingested dose. In patients with residual renal function, renal Al clearance was
      almost double the peritoneal one. These results indicate that Al elimination by
      CAPD is not efficient and ingestion of Al-containing phosphate binders can result
      in Al accumulation.

PMID- 2910701
TI  - [Para-aortic pseudoaneurysm following aortic valve replacement. Its diagnosis by
      magnetic resonance tomography].
AB  - Para-aortic pseudoaneurysms after prosthetic replacement of an aortic valve was
      diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in two patients and confirmed at
      surgery. The abscesses had not been visualized in either case by computed
      tomography and echocardiography, but in one it had been demonstrated by
      angiography. MRI can thus precisely define site and extent of a para-aortic
      pseudoaneurysm after aortic valve replacement without any interference by
      artefact, noninvasively and without use of contrast media.

PMID- 2910702
TI  - [New principles of pharmacotherapy. The 1988 Nobel Prize for Medicine].

PMID- 2910703
TI  - Induction of chromosomal aberrations by hypotonic culture conditions is
      independent of the S-phase in V79 hamster cells.
AB  - A deviation from physiological osmolality (300 mOsm/kg H2O) can lead to genotoxic
      effects. A 30-min treatment of V79 hamster cells with hypotonic sodium chloride
      of 60 mOsm/kg H2O or with diluted culture medium of the same osmolality induces
      extraordinarily high frequencies of chromosomal aberrations. In this study,
      multiple fixation times over a 24-hr period were used to identify cells in
      various stages of the cell cycle at the time of treatment and to find out whether
      or not hypotonic conditions are able to induce aberrations in all cell cycle
      stages. Because of the aberration pattern observed, it is suggested that
      hypotonic treatment acts as an S-independent agent, like X-rays or restriction
      endonucleases. Whether the aberrations originate from directly induced DNA damage
      or from a release of DNase after lysosomal breakdown is discussed.

PMID- 2910704
TI  - DNA strand breakage in normal and solar ultraviolet-sensitive ICR 2A frog cell
      lines exposed to solar ultraviolet wavelengths.
AB  - ICR 2A frog cells and two solar ultraviolet (UV)-sensitive cell lines, DRP 36 and
      DRP 153, were irradiated with 150 kJ/m2 of the UV radiation produced by a
      fluorescent sun lamp, the radiation from which was passed through a sheet of 48A
      Mylar (DuPont, Wilmington, DE) to eliminate wavelengths shorter than
      approximately 315 nm. The irradiated cultures were also exposed to
      photoreactivating light (PRL), resulting in the removal of most of the pyrimidine
      dimers induced by the sun lamp UV irradiation, and then incubated 0-4 hr. At the
      end of the incubations, the cells were subjected to the alkaline elution assay.
      In these elutions, the cell lysates were either treated with proteinase K (proK)
      to eliminate any DNA-protein crosslinks (DPC) that may be present in the cells,
      or left untreated with proK. For the ICR 2A cells, the level of apparent DNA
      single-strand breaks (ssb) detected in elutions using proK increased with the
      incubation time after irradiation and remained high. However, when the DNA was
      eluted without proK pretreatment, the number of ssb fell rapidly. In contrast,
      the levels of ssb decreased in the DRP 36 and DRP 153 cells regardless of the use
      of proK in the elutions. Hence, this differential response in ssb induction may
      be indicative of a system involved with recovery following irradiation with solar
      UV wavelengths.

PMID- 2910705
TI  - Prediction of outcome in human in vitro fertilization based on follicular and
      stimulation response variables.
AB  - Since in vitro fertilization (IVF) pregnancy rates have reached a plateau in
      recent years, there is need for a system of assessment, which could provide a
      guide for improvements. The follicular characteristics, the response to
      stimulation, the quality of sperm used for insemination, and the embryonic human
      chorionic gonadotropin production of 222 women who had undergone routine IVF
      treatment have been analyzed. Models, predictive of IVF outcome, have been
      developed using these parameters in various combinations. The results have shown
      that follicular health and maturity are critical to IVF outcome and that certain
      patterns of response to ovarian stimulation are associated with the more frequent
      occurrence of oocytes capable of normal embryonic development after
      fertilization.

PMID- 2910706
TI  - Effects of the severity of tubo-ovarian disease and previous tubal surgery on the
      results of in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ovarian response and in vitro
      fertilization/embryo transfer (IVF-ET) results in patients with tubal infertility
      and two ovaries, according to (1) the degree and extent of pelvic disease
      (isolated tubal or tubo-ovarian) and (2) previous adnexal surgical procedures. A
      total of 549 patients who underwent 1031 IVF-ET cycles were evaluated.
      Significant findings were as follows: (1) No differences were found in the number
      of preovulatory oocytes, fertilization rates, or serum estradiol levels in the
      follicular phase between any classes of tubo-ovarian disease. (2) Patients with a
      "frozen pelvis" had significantly fewer follicles aspirated than those in any
      other category, although they had equivalent numbers of preovulatory oocytes
      retrieved and pregnancy rates. (3) Patients with previous bilateral tubal
      ligation had higher pregnancy rates than patients with severe tubo-ovarian
      disease. (4) The type of prior pelvic surgical procedure had no effect on IVF-ET
      outcome. Although patients with no cause of infertility other than tubal ligation
      had better results, these patients had previously proven fertility. We conclude
      that neither the stage of tubo-ovarian disease nor any history of pelvic
      adhesions or tubal surgery has a significant impact on the efficiency of IVF-ET.

PMID- 2910707
TI  - In vitro fertilization/embryo transfer in the United States: 1987 results from
      the National IVF-ET Registry.
AB  - This is the second annual report of the U.S. Registry of IVF-ET and related
      practices. The present report describes the 1987 experiences of 96 U.S. member
      clinics with respect to treatments and outcomes. During 1987, 14,647 in vitro
      fertilization (IVF) and/or gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) stimulation
      cycles were performed; there were 490 frozen embryo and 60 donor oocyte
      transfers. Ninety percent of the clinics had at least one delivery, and overall,
      a total of 1858 babies were born. The overall clinical pregnancy rates were 16%
      for IVF (based on 8725 retrievals), 25% for GIFT (based on 1968 retrievals), and
      28% for IVF and GIFT in combination (based on 199 retrievals). The results for
      each procedure are described in detail.

PMID- 2910708
TI  - Evaluation of high vaginal insemination at oocyte recovery in patients undergoing
      in vitro fertilization.
AB  - The value of high vaginal insemination at the time of oocyte recovery for in
      vitro fertilization (IVF) has been assessed. A previous study reported a dramatic
      increase in the incidence of pregnancy in women after high vaginal insemination
      (53%) compared with those without insemination (23%). Of 306 patients undergoing
      IVF, 97 (32%) became pregnant and 20 (21%) miscarried. Those patients with tubal
      damage numbered 187. Sixty (33%) became pregnant and 10 (17%) miscarried. The
      data were assessed according to the numbers of conceptuses replaced, the age of
      the patient, and whether a spontaneous luteinzing hormone surge or human
      chorionic gonadotropin was a trigger for ovulation, each with a significant
      effect on the outcome of treatment. No significant effect of the use of high
      vaginal insemination was found.

PMID- 2910709
TI  - Partial zona dissection of the human oocyte: a nontraumatic method using
      micromanipulation to assist zona pellucida penetration.
AB  - Partial zona dissection (PZD), a method using mechanical force to open the human
      zona pellucida, and zona drilling, which uses acidic Tyrode's (AT) medium, were
      compared in 1-day-old oocytes prior to reinsemination. The incidences of
      monospermy and polyspermy were 13/54 (24%) and 14/54 (26%) following PZD and 6/46
      (13%) and 8/46 (17%) following the use of AT medium. This compared favorably with
      conventional reinsemination: 15/161 (9%) monospermy and 4/161 (3%) polyspermy.
      Three of the 27 PZD embryos became blastocysts, while none of the AT-exposed
      embryos developed satisfactorily. Eleven male-factor couples had some of their
      oocytes randomly treated with PZD prior to insemination; each of the patients had
      non-micromanipulated control oocytes. Monospermic fertilization and cleavage
      (23/34; 68%) doubled (P less than 0.05) when PZD was compared with the control
      oocytes (10/30; 33%). Replacing two PZD and a single control embryo in two
      patients resulted in twin pregnancies. A third twin pregnancy was established
      following replacement of only micromanipulated embryos.

PMID- 2910710
TI  - Effect of indomethacin on the vascular architecture of preovulatory ovine
      follicles: possible implication in the luteinized unruptured follicle syndrome.
AB  - Ovarian follicles sometimes fail to rupture and accumulate large quantities of
      fluid, yet undergo luteinization and form a steroidogenically competent luteal
      structure, the luteinized unruptured follicle syndrome. This condition can be
      mimicked in mammals by administration of indomethacin, an inhibitor of
      biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Blockade of ovulation by this drug is exerted at
      the follicular level. Ovulatory failure in sheep given a single intramuscular
      injection of indomethacin after induction of a surge of of luteinizing hormone
      was associated with follicular hyperemia as assessed by scanning electron
      microscopic examination of microcorrosion vascular casts and light microscopic
      quantification of follicular vascular space. The apical stigma of control
      (ovulatory) follicles was ischemic. The luteinized unruptured follicle syndrome
      appears to be the consequence of a chronic follicular inflammatory-like reaction
      involving inhibition of synthesis of prostaglandins.

PMID- 2910711
TI  - Determining proportions of human X and Y sperm with a recombinant
      deoxyribonucleic acid probe carrying a homologous sequence of sex chromosomes.
AB  - A molecular sexing assay method for human sperm DNA has been described, which is
      particularly suitable for estimating proportions of X and Y sperm in a large
      number of sample points. The method should have general applicability for testing
      any mammalian sperm species, since it is based on probing the homologous DNA
      sequences that are known to be present probably in all mammalian sex chromosomes.

PMID- 2910712
TI  - Clinical improvements of specific seminal deficiencies via intercourse with a
      seminal collection device versus masturbation.
AB  - In the present study of 50 patients, it was determined that those with seminal
      deficiencies in masturbated samples showed greater improvement in semen
      parameters with I-SCD use than the nondeficient groups with which they were
      compared. The use of I-SCD in oligospermia and OTA Syndrome is therefore
      indicated, both diagnostically and therapeutically. The subjective rating of
      sexual stimulation elicited when I-SCD was used was far superior than with
      masturbation. It is believed the success of I-SCD is due, in part, to this
      greater degree of sexual stimulation, presumably by added loading of the vas
      deferens prior to ejaculation.

PMID- 2910713
TI  - Etiology of miscarriage in polycystic ovary syndrome.

PMID- 2910714
TI  - Effectiveness of varicocelectomy.

PMID- 2910715
TI  - Pelvic disease classifications.

PMID- 2910716
TI  - Gender preselection.

PMID- 2910717
TI  - Oral clomiphene citrate and vaginal progesterone suppositories in the treatment
      of luteal phase dysfunction: a comparative study.
AB  - Oral clomiphene citrate (CC) and vaginal progesterone suppositories (PS) are
      common treatment modalities in luteal phase dysfunction (LPD). Little is known
      regarding the relative efficacy of these agents. To study the use of CC and PS in
      the management of LPD, a retrospective cohort study of patients presenting with
      infertility was undertaken. Sixty-five patients in whom LPD was diagnosed and
      corrected, as judged by endometrial biopsies, were studied; 35 were treated with
      PS and 30 with CC. Using Student's t-tests and chi-square analyses, the two
      treatment groups were demographically comparable. Using life-table analysis, no
      one therapeutic approach proved superior. Clomiphene citrate and PS are
      comparable treatment modalities in the setting of LPD given correction of
      endometrial lag.

PMID- 2910718
TI  - Serum CA-125 in women with endometriosis and chronic pelvic pain.
AB  - Since serum CA-125 concentrations are increased in women with endometriosis, the
      authors evaluated CA-125 levels to determine whether this serum test would be
      useful in differentiating between pelvic pain due to endometriosis and other
      causes. During a 30-month period, 163 women who had had pelvic pain for at least
      3 months had a CA-125 level obtained prior to surgery. Serum CA-125 was measured
      by an immunoradiometric assay. Of the 82 women with endometriosis, 66 (80%) had
      CA-125 concentrations greater than or equal to 16 U/ml (95% upper limit). The
      frequencies of elevated levels in minimal, mild, moderate, and severe
      endometriosis were 52, 86, 100, and 100%, respectively. Of the 81 women without
      endometriosis, 5 (6%) had elevated concentrations. With the use of serum CA-125
      determinations for the detection of endometriosis, the sensitivity was 80%, the
      specificity was 94%, and the accuracy was 93% when the prevalence of
      endometriosis was 50%. The authors conclude that determination of CA-125 levels
      may assist in the evaluation and treatment of women with chronic pelvic pain.

PMID- 2910719
TI  - Synthesis and secretion of proteins by postpartum human oviductal tissue in
      culture.
AB  - An explant culture system that used labelled leucine and two-dimensional
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) with fluorography was used to
      identify specific de novo synthesized and released polypeptides by the human
      postpartum oviduct. Both ampulla and isthmus tissue in culture exhibited de novo
      synthesis and release of a large number of polypeptide subunits. Immunoglobulins
      A and G appear to be the major proteins produced in the ampulla. In addition, two
      complexes of acidic (pI less than 5) polypeptide subunits are found primarily in
      ampulla culture medium. Two families of proteins (Mr 51,000 and 60,000) are
      released by the isthmus but appear to be minor in the ampulla cultures.

PMID- 2910720
TI  - Human oviductal fluid proteins. III. Identification and partial purification.
AB  - The role of the macromolecular constituents of human oviductal fluid (hOF) in
      reproductive physiology is poorly understood. Oviductal fluid contains proteins
      derived by transudation from serum and those synthesized and secreted by the
      tubal mucosa. In this communication, we describe purification of hOF-specific
      proteins. As a first step, serum proteins were removed with an immunoaffinity
      gel. Fractionation of the proteins unique to hOF was accomplished with DEAE
      cellulose chromatography. One of these proteins was obtained in a highly purified
      state after gel filtration on G-75 Sephadex. This protein of 54 kDa molecular
      weight had a pI of 4.5 and contained carbohydrate. We propose that this hOF
      glycoprotein be designated "human oviductin I" (hOV I).

PMID- 2910721
TI  - Proud to be a nurse.

PMID- 2910722
TI  - Managing home and career.

PMID- 2910723
TI  - Should nurses carry malpractice insurance?

PMID- 2910725
TI  - Management can gain ideas by "walking around".

PMID- 2910724
TI  - The expanding and contracting role of the LPN.

PMID- 2910726
TI  - Management--supporting staff to foster patient care. How to use staff
      empowerment.

PMID- 2910727
TI  - Management--supporting staff to foster patient care. Impromtu speech inspires
      congeniality. Interview by Adella V Beil.

PMID- 2910728
TI  - Management--supporting staff to foster patient care. Solution to collaboration
      mandate: university and hospital form partnership.

PMID- 2910729
TI  - Management--supporting staff to foster patient care. Time management--key to
      survival.

PMID- 2910730
TI  - Management--supporting staff to foster patient care. Center for the promotion of
      nursing sets goals.

PMID- 2910731
TI  - Management--supporting staff to patient care. Solving staffing problems: a twelve
      hour success story.

PMID- 2910732
TI  - Geriatric dentistry.

PMID- 2910733
TI  - Health needs of the elderly.
AB  - As the percentage of older persons in the American population increases--as it
      steadily will over the next several generations--health care and related
      financing programs must adapt accordingly. Priorities must be refocused away from
      hospital-based acute treatment and more toward home- and community-based care for
      chronic illnesses, long-term diseases, and disabilities. Also, prevention and
      holistic treatment must augment the more traditional illness orientation of
      contemporary American health care.

PMID- 2910734
TI  - Enhancing the dental office environment for the elderly.
AB  - Today, health care is the nation's third largest industry. One of the fastest
      growing segments of this market is the delivery of office-based health services
      to keep our elderly at home, preventing unnecessary institutionalization. Oral
      health care and regular dental monitoring are important factors for maintaining
      the older person in the community. An office staff and physical plant supportive
      to the needs of older persons will encourage this growing population to maintain
      consistent contact with the dental practitioner.

PMID- 2910735
TI  - Rational pharmacotherapy for the elderly.
AB  - Aging is accompanied by normal physiologic changes. Paralleling these changes,
      disease further contributes to a decline in optimal organ-system function. Many
      of these changes produce significant alterations in pharmacodynamics and
      pharmacokinetics that are relevant to safe and effective pharmacotherapy in the
      elderly. As aging is accompanied by disease, chronic disease states lead to
      polypharmacy and drug-drug interactions. Drug therapy may cause further decline
      in organ-system functions, precipitate or exacerbate preexisting disease, and
      produce drug-induced illness. Consequently, pharamcotherapy in the elderly should
      only be instituted following comprehensive dentomedical assessment. Use as few
      drugs as possible. Prescribe the lowest therapeutic dose. Assess the patient's
      response frequently for compliance, drug effects, and toxicity. Discontinue
      unnecessary medications.

PMID- 2910736
TI  - Oral manifestations of drug therapies in the geriatric patient.
AB  - Oral manifestations of drug therapies in the geriatric patient must be considered
      in a multifactorial approach. A logical pattern of individual "normality" must be
      perceived, and variation from this pattern, with the aid of both physical
      examination and adequate drug history, will enable the clinician to interpret
      protean manifestations of untoward actions of chemotherapeutic agents in and
      about the oral cavity.

PMID- 2910737
TI  - Heterogeneity of pH in the aqueous cytoplasm of renal proximal tubule cells.
AB  - Heterogeneity of cytosolic pH was studied with compounds that distribute between
      the cytosol and mitochondrial matrix in fundamentally different ways, i.e.,
      according to the extent of ionization or according to the function of H+-coupled
      transport systems. Results show that the average cytosolic pH is considerably
      more alkaline than the region to which mitochondria are exposed. Because
      mitochondria are localized predominantly in the basal region, the results are
      consistent with a transcellular pH gradient within the cytosol of proximal tubule
      cells. Experiments analyzing the effects of inhibiting efflux of HCO3- at the
      basal surface and Na+-H+ exchange at the apical surface support the
      interpretation that the function of these systems contributes to the
      transcellular pH gradient. The existence of a heterogeneity in pH within the
      cytosol has important implications concerning the function and regulation of
      numerous cell processes.

PMID- 2910738
TI  - Cytosolic-free Ca2+ and cell killing in hepatoma 1c1c7 cells exposed to chemical
      anoxia.
AB  - Exposure of cultured hepatoma 1c1c7 cells to KCN and iodoacetate, to produce
      chemical anoxia, caused a rapid and sustained increase in cytosolic-free Ca2+
      concentration, which was associated with depletion of intracellular ATP and
      glutathione. These changes occurred before the loss of cell viability and were
      accompanied by the appearance of plasma membrane blebs. Pretreatment of the cells
      with the Ca2+ chelators Quin 2 or BAPTA markedly delayed both the onset of
      blebbing and loss of cell viability, but did not affect KCN- and iodoacetate
      induced loss of ATP and glutathione. Together, these results strongly suggest
      that a sustained increase in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration plays an important role
      in killing of hepatoma cells by chemical anoxia.

PMID- 2910739
TI  - Occurrence of platelet-activating factor (PAF) in normal rat stomach and
      alteration of PAF level by water immersion stress.
AB  - We detected platelet-activating substance in gastrointestinal areas, which was
      confirmed to be platelet-activating factor (PAF) on the basis of the following
      findings: 1) it comigrated with authentic PAF on thin-layer chromatography; 2) it
      did not aggregate PAF-desensitized platelets; and 3) its activity was completely
      antagonized by the receptor antagonists CV3988 and L-652,731. The level of PAF
      was determined with a bioassay method based on the release of [3H]serotonin from
      washed rabbit platelets. In the normal rat stomach, the level of PAF was high in
      the antrum (940 +/- 200 nmol PAF/mol phosphorus of original phospholipids),
      especially in the antral mucosa (1801 +/- 426 nmol/mol phosphorus of original
      phospholipids). The stomach PAF level was significantly altered by water
      immersion stress. Stress for a period of 1 h was associated with a decrease in
      the antral PAF level to 39 +/- 7% of that of untreated controls. This low PAF
      level persisted during stress. On the other hand, in the corpus, stress for
      periods of 1 and 3 h was associated with decreases in the PAF content, and
      further stress (7 h) resulted in restoration of the PAF level to normal.
      Furthermore, 7 h of stress was associated with distinct hemorrhagic lesions,
      which were prevented by CV3988 infused i.v. before the stress. This is the first
      report of an association between a decrease of the endogenous PAF level in animal
      tissues and tissue damage.

PMID- 2910740
TI  - This is FASEB.

PMID- 2910741
TI  - Radiographic and manometric correlation in achalasia with apparent relaxation of
      the lower esophageal sphincter.
AB  - We compared the clinical, radiographic, and manometric findings in 10 patients
      with atypical achalasia showing complete lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
      relaxation to 39 patients with classic achalasia (i.e., incomplete LES
      relaxation). Those with atypical achalasia were younger (46.1 vs 60.6 years), had
      dysphagia of shorter duration (18.7 vs 45.7 mos), had lost less weight (8.2 vs
      21.5 lbs), and had less esophageal dilatation (2.8 vs 3.9 cm). However, the mean
      LES pressures (34.5 vs 37.7 mmHg) and the esophagogastric junction calibers (4.5
      vs 4.8 mm) were similar. Radionuclide esophageal emptying studies were done in 15
      patients (6 with atypical achalasia; 9 with classic achalasia) and were abnormal
      in all. Most patients in both groups (90 and 92%) responded well to pneumatic
      dilatation. We conclude that achalasia with apparent LES relaxation may represent
      an early form of this motor disorder and that the radiographic findings remain
      characteristic except for less dilatation of the esophagus.

PMID- 2910742
TI  - Enteroclysis in the diagnosis of intestinal obstruction in the early
      postoperative period.
AB  - Intestinal obstruction in the early post-operative period may be difficult to
      diagnose clinically and on plain abdominal radiographs with failure to
      distinguish obstruction from ileus. During the last 11 years we have examined 14
      patients with the enteroclysis technique (small bowel barium enema) for suspected
      early postoperative small intestinal obstruction. Evidence of obstruction was
      demonstrated in all cases, the site of obstruction was clearly shown in most
      patients, and the cause identified in 5.

PMID- 2910743
TI  - Grey Turner's sign and Cullen's sign in acute pancreatitis.
AB  - Four patients with acute pancreatitis presenting with Grey Turner's sign or
      Cullen's sign have been studied by computed tomography (CT). These observations
      help confirm the precise anatomic pathways by which the extravasated pancreatic
      enzymes and their effects lead to these cutaneous discolorations. Grey Turner's
      sign is produced by spread from the anterior pararenal space to between the two
      leaves of the posterior renal fascia and subsequently to the lateral edge of the
      quadratus lumborum muscle. Communication may be established to the posterior
      pararenal space and to the structures of the flank wall. The lumbar triangle, a
      site of anatomic weakness on the flank wall, may serve as a structural
      predisposition. Cullen's sign can be seen to be secondary to the tracking of
      liberated pancreatic enzymes to the anterior abdominal wall from the inflamed
      gastrohepatic ligament and across the falciform ligament. Another more direct
      pathway may be extension from inflammatory changes of the small mesentery or
      greater omentum to the round ligament, and then to properitoneal fat deep to the
      umbilicus.

PMID- 2910744
TI  - Computed tomography of retained abdominal sponges and towels.
AB  - The diagnosis of retained sponges and towels a year or more after surgery is
      often very difficult. We describe the computed tomographic (CT) findings in 4
      patients with this complication; 2 cases of retained sponges and 2 cases of
      retained towels. While the CT appearance of the retained sponges was not
      specific, the particular appearance of the retained towels had not been
      previously described. This appearance is characteristic enough to suggest the
      correct diagnosis before reoperation.

PMID- 2910745
TI  - Liver function tests in patients with computed tomography demonstrated hepatic
      metastases.
AB  - One hundred patients with computed tomographic (CT) evidence of liver metastases
      (and confirmation by biopsy or progression of disease) had serum levels of
      alkaline phosphatase, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, and serum glutamic
      pyruvic transaminase measured within two weeks of scanning. All three enzymes
      were within the normal range in 33% of patients. Even with advanced involvement
      (defined as three or more metastatic lesions over 3 cm in diameter), 20% of
      patients had normal levels of all three liver enzymes. Although liver function
      tests (LFTs) (enzyme levels) are inexpensive and simple to perform, they failed
      to detect a significant number of patients with liver metastases.

PMID- 2910746
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging in hemochromatosis: extrahepatic iron deposition.
AB  - The magnetic resonance (MR) appearance of the liver in hemochromatosis has been
      previously described. We report a case in which iron deposition in the pancreas,
      spleen, and lymph nodes is demonstrated by MR.

PMID- 2910748
TI  - Clinical use of a nonferromagnetic needle for magnetic resonance-guided biopsy.
AB  - Five patients who had liver lesions detected by magnetic resonance (MR) and/or
      computed tomography (CT) were biopsied using MR guidance with a specially
      designed nonferromagnetic needle. The 20-gauge needle was constructed from Type
      316 stainless steel in order to maximize needle visibility and minimize needle
      tip artifact. In all cases adequate tissue was obtained for diagnosis and no side
      effects were observed during the biopsy or on clinical follow-up despite the fact
      that the needle was within the patient in MR for an average of 30 min.

PMID- 2910747
TI  - Esophageal carcinoma multiplex with gastric metastasis.
AB  - We describe here the radiographic findings in a patient with multiple synchronous
      squamous carcinomas of the esophagus with a large metastasis to the gastric
      cardia. Radiographic documentation of this constellation of tumor involvement has
      not previously been reported. The mechanisms of esophageal metastasis are
      reviewed.

PMID- 2910749
TI  - Computed tomographic evaluation and staging of cecal carcinoma.
AB  - The preoperative computed tomographic (CT) scans of 14 patients with biopsy
      proven primary adenocarcinoma of the cecum were reviewed to assess clinical
      presentation, CT findings, and value of staging by CT. The correlation of CT
      evidence for tumor invasion beyond the bowel wall with histopathology had
      predictive value of negative examination of 33% with sensitivity of 78%. More
      importantly, the correlation of metastatic nodal involvement by CT had predictive
      value of negative examination of 22% with sensitivity of only 12%. Of chief
      concern was the involvement of pericolic and mesenteric nodal chains that were
      not discernible by CT. Computed tomographic tumor staging was accurate in 57% of
      cases and upgraded in 43%. This study concludes that, although predictive values
      of positive CT examination are high, CT tends to underestimate disease extent.

PMID- 2910750
TI  - The value of double-contrast barium enema in amebic colitis.
AB  - We report here our findings on the double-contrast barium enema given to 8
      patients with amebic colitis and a comparison is made with endoscopic features. A
      definite diagnosis of amebic colitis was made by fecal examination or by
      endoscopic biopsy. Radiologic findings included fine marginal serration, aphthoid
      ulcers, minute barium flecks, marginal defects, loss of haustration, and
      deformities of the bowel. Aphthoid ulcers and marginal defects are both
      characteristic of amebic colitis. The double-contrast barium enema is most useful
      for differentiating amebiasis from other forms of colitis.

PMID- 2910751
TI  - Pneumatosis coli: is there a relationship with sigmoid colon redundancy?
AB  - Pneumatosis coli (PC) is a process characterized by gas-filled cysts in the wall
      of the large intestine. The barium enema examinations of 14 patients with
      idiopathic PC were assessed: 93% involved the sigmoid colon, and 84% of patients
      with sigmoid pneumatosis had sigmoid colon redundancy in comparison to 14% of the
      control population (p less than 0.001). It is proposed that the sigmoid cysts
      result in redundancy by affecting the mesentery and colon length. This redundancy
      may account for the increased risk of sigmoid volvulus in this condition.

PMID- 2910752
TI  - Glucagon-induced small bowel air reflux: degrading effects on double-contrast
      colon examination.

PMID- 2910754
TI  - Colonoscopic screening of persons with suspected risk factors for colon cancer:
      II. Past history of colorectal neoplasms.
AB  - Colonoscopic screening has been recommended for all persons who have had a
      colorectal adenoma or carcinoma. Such persons have been assumed to be at
      increased risk of having additional, asymptomatic colorectal neoplasms, the
      removal of which would reduce morbidity and mortality from colorectal cancer. In
      this prospective study, initial colonoscopy was performed on 544 asymptomatic
      subjects with past histories of colorectal index lesions ranging from small
      tubular adenomas to invasive cancers. In 402 subjects whose worst index lesion
      was an adenoma, the prevalence of neoplasms detected at colonoscopy, above the
      reach of the rigid sigmoidoscope, increased with age, male sex, black race, and
      the number and size of their index adenomas. In 142 subjects whose worst index
      lesion was invasive cancer, colonoscopy findings were marginally related to age
      and white race. A subgroup of 133 subjects whose worst index lesion was a single,
      small (less than 10 mm) tubular adenoma and who had no first-degree relatives
      with colorectal cancer had only a 3% prevalence of advanced colonic neoplasms
      (tubular adenomas greater than or equal to 10 mm in diameter; tubulovillous,
      villous, or severely dysplastic adenomas; or invasive cancers) found on
      colonoscopy--no greater than would be expected in the general population.
      Subgroups of the remaining 411 subjects, who had advanced or multiple index
      lesions, had prevalences of advanced neoplasms ranging from 8% to 18%. These
      findings indicate that for persons whose only risk factor is a single small
      tubular adenoma, current screening guidelines could be modified to recommend
      techniques less costly and less invasive than colonoscopy.

PMID- 2910753
TI  - Jejunal interposition.
AB  - Seventeen cases of jejunal interposition for distal esophageal lesions, primarily
      achalasia, eventuated in excellent clinical function in almost all patients.
      These results compare favorably with other reported series of the same procedure.
      The radiologic appearance of the anastomosis with the few complications that
      occur, however, have not been emphasized and are presented in this paper.

PMID- 2910755
TI  - Effects of prepro-vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-derived peptides on net fluid
      flux in small intestine of anesthetized rats.
AB  - Intravenous infusion of low doses of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, peptide
      histidine valine-42, and peptide histidine methionine (and the rat equivalent,
      peptide histidine isoleucine) into anesthetized rats caused a reduction in net
      absorption of fluid from the small intestine. Larger doses caused a net fluid
      secretion. At the same nominal infusion rates, peptide histidine valine-42
      appeared to be the most potent. In terms of plasma concentrations achieved,
      however, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide was approximately six times more
      active than the other two human peptides. If confirmed in humans, these results
      would suggest that peptide histidine methionine and peptide histidine valine may
      be as important as vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in causing the watery
      diarrhea seen in the Verner-Morrison syndrome in which plasma levels of all three
      peptides are raised.

PMID- 2910756
TI  - Mechanism of ethanol-induced jejunal microvascular and morphologic changes in the
      dog.
AB  - To study the mechanism of morphologic and microvascular effects of intraluminal
      ethanol, we perfused jejunal segments of the dog with 6% (wt/vol) ethanol for 0
      (control), 10, 20, 30, 60, and 90 min, and measured the time-dependent changes in
      (a) the prevalence of villi with epithelial damage (i.e., villi with intact blebs
      plus those with broken blebs) and those without epithelial damage (undamaged
      villi), (b) the height of the villus core and the patency of lacteals, (c)
      jejunal albumin loss, and (d) permeability of microvessels of the villus tip by
      colloidal carbon vascular labeling. We found that (a) the prevalence of villi
      with epithelial damage or with intact bleb increased progressively during the
      first 20 min of ethanol perfusion and then declined gradually; (b) the height of
      the villus core and the patency of lacteals in the undamaged villi and in those
      with intact bleb decreased during the first 20 min and then gradually increased;
      and (c) jejunal albumin loss and the prevalence of villi with carbon labeling
      increased for the first 30 min, after which the former declined gradually whereas
      the latter remained at a plateau. These findings suggest that contraction of the
      villus core and compression of the lymphatics are the primary cause of ethanol
      induced epithelial damage, which is accentuated by increased microvascular
      permeability and consequent protein leakage. The mechanism of recovery of most
      parameters, in spite of continuous ethanol perfusion, remains to be investigated.

PMID- 2910757
TI  - Correlation of ultrastructural aberrations with dysplasia and flow cytometric
      abnormalities in Barrett's epithelium.
AB  - Barrett's esophagus develops as a complication of chronic gastroesophageal reflux
      and predisposes patients to the development of dysplasia and adenocarcinoma of
      the esophagus. Because light microscopy of dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus shows
      diminished or absent mucus, we used transmission electron microscopy to compare
      cytoplasmic organelles required for mucus production in dysplastic and
      nondysplastic esophageal columnar epithelium. These observations of the rough
      endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and secretory granules were correlated
      with histologic interpretations and flow cytometric measurements of abnormalities
      of DNA content. Ultrastructural abnormalities included depletion and alteration
      of organelles required for mucus biosynthesis. These abnormalities often were
      accompanied by cells with markedly distended rough endoplasmic reticulum and
      massive accumulation of cytoplasmic glycogen aggregates. All 9 patients who had
      Barrett's dysplasia with or without early adenocarcinoma had ultrastructural
      abnormalities, as did 3 of 8 patients whose biopsy histology was indefinite for
      dysplasia. Abnormalities measured by flow cytometry correlated well with the
      presence of these ultrastructural aberrations. All 9 patients with Barrett's
      dysplasia with or without early adenocarcinoma had abnormalities observed by
      electron microscopy and aneuploidy or increased G2/tetraploid fractions measured
      by flow cytometry. Two of the 3 patients whose biopsies were indefinite for
      dysplasia and who had ultrastructural abnormalities also had aneuploidy or
      increased G2/tetraploid fractions. Neither ultrastructural nor flow cytometric
      abnormalities were found in the remaining 5 patients whose biopsies were
      indefinite for dysplasia, in 19 of 22 patients with Barrett's specialized
      metaplasia, or in any of the 7 patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease
      without Barrett's specialized metaplasia. Two of the 22 patients with Barrett's
      specialized metaplasia had distended rough endoplasmic reticulum in rare cells,
      and one other had an aneuploid cell population. We conclude that neoplastic
      progression in Barrett's esophagus is associated with abnormalities of
      cytoplasmic organelles required for mucus production. With few exceptions, these
      ultrastructural aberrations correspond to the presence of dysplasia or of
      aneuploidy or increased G2/tetraploid fractions. Electron microscopy and flow
      cytometery detect abnormalities associated with the development of dysplasia and
      cancer in Barrett's esophagus that may be biologically significant.

PMID- 2910758
TI  - Effects of cimetidine on gastric alcohol dehydrogenase activity and blood ethanol
      levels.
AB  - Chronic use of cimetidine and alcohol are commonly associated, but studies on
      their interactions are the subject of controversy. To investigate this question,
      a small ethanol dose (0.15 g/kg body wt) was randomly administered on 2
      consecutive days either orally or intravenously to 6 normal volunteers, before
      and after 1 wk of oral administration of 400 mg of cimetidine twice daily.
      Although cimetidine did not change the areas under the curve of blood ethanol
      concentrations after intravenous administration, those after oral alcohol intake
      were twice as large with cimetidine than without. Similar effects were reproduced
      in rats after intravenous administration of cimetidine (50 mg/kg body wt). In
      vitro, cimetidine was a noncompetitive inhibitor of gastric alcohol dehydrogenase
      activity at concentrations as low as 0.01 mM, 100-fold lower than those needed to
      inhibit the hepatic dehydrogenase. These results indicate that gastric alcohol
      dehydrogenase activity governs, in part, the systemic bioavailability of ethanol.
      Consequently, systemic effects of alcohol may be exacerbated in patients
      receiving cimetidine.

PMID- 2910759
TI  - Delayed healing of acetic acid-induced gastric ulcers in rats by indomethacin.
AB  - We examined the mechanism by which repeated administration of indomethacin
      significantly delays the natural healing of experimental gastric ulcers induced
      in rats. Gastric ulcers were produced 5 days after injecting 20% acetic acid
      (0.03 ml) into the submucosal layer of the gastric wall of the antral-oxyntic
      border. The natural healing of the acetic acid-induced ulcers was extensively
      delayed by administering indomethacin (1 mg/kg) subcutaneously once daily for 2
      or 4 wk. Subcutaneous administration of natural prostaglandin E2 (1 or 3 mg/kg)
      twice daily for 2 and 4 wk, together with indomethacin, significantly prevented
      the delay of ulcer healing. Prostaglandin E2 (3 mg/kg) administered twice daily
      for 2 wk also significantly accelerated the natural healing of the ulcers. A
      single administration of prostaglandin E2 (1 or 3 mg/kg) significantly reduced
      histamine-stimulated gastric acid secretion for 4 h in acute fistula rats with 1-
      or 2-wk-old ulcers, treated with or without daily indomethacin (1 mg/kg).
      Endogenous prostaglandin E2 levels in the gastric mucosa of normal rats were
      significantly reduced for at least 12 h after a single or repeated administration
      of indomethacin (1 mg/kg) for 2 or 4 wk. Gastric mucosal prostaglandin E2 levels
      in rats with ulcers (5 days after acetic acid injection) were also markedly
      reduced by indomethacin. This reduction significantly reverted toward control
      levels after administration of exogenous prostaglandin E2 (3 mg/kg). These
      results suggest that endogenous prostaglandin E2 plays an important role in the
      healing process of gastric ulcers.

PMID- 2910760
TI  - Rectosigmoid motility and myoelectric activity in progressive systemic sclerosis.
AB  - Colon motility and myoelectric slow wave activity were compared in 10 patients
      with progressive systemic sclerosis and 18 controls. Recordings were made in the
      rectosigmoid and rectum, 25-30 cm and 10-15 cm from the anal margin,
      respectively, during two 4-min baselines and in response to stepwise distention
      of the colon with an air-filled balloon. During baseline, the motility (activity
      index, defined as cumulated areas of all waves divided by recording time) of the
      rectosigmoid was similar in patients with progressive systemic sclerosis (0.38 +/
      0.61 in baseline 1, 0.86 +/- 1.33 in baseline 2) and controls (1.15 +/- 2.02 in
      baseline 1, 0.77 +/- 1.01 in baseline 2). Rectal motility was also similar during
      baseline in patients with progressive systemic sclerosis (1.43 +/- 2.56 in
      baseline 1, 1.65 +/- 2.47 in baseline 2) and controls (0.56 +/- 0.80 in baseline
      1, 0.62 +/- 0.94 in baseline 2). Patients showed a lower tolerance for balloon
      distention of the colon (average, 130 vs. 184 ml) and a greater amount of
      contractile activity than controls after balloon distention (rectosigmoid
      activity index, 1.05 +/- 1.24 vs. 0.07 +/- 0.14; rectal activity index, 2.75 +/-
      3.71 vs. 0.13 +/- 0.31). Maximum tolerable volume of balloon distention was
      inversely correlated to complaints of diarrhea in patients. Slow wave myoelectric
      activity did not differentiate patients from controls. These findings suggest
      that diarrhea, and possibly other gastrointestinal symptoms associated with
      progressive systemic sclerosis, may be due to decreased compliance of the bowel.

PMID- 2910761
TI  - Influence of cholecystokinin antagonist on the effects of cholecystokinin and
      bombesin on azaserine-induced lesions in rat pancreas.
AB  - Both cholecystokinin and bombesin have been shown to promote pancreatic
      carcinogenesis in the azaserine-rat model. The present study was undertaken to
      discriminate between the effects of cholecystokinin and bombesin and to establish
      the modulating properties of the specific cholecystokinin receptor antagonist CR
      1409 on pancreatic carcinogenesis. After initiation with 30 mg/kg of azaserine,
      six groups of 15 Wistar rats were treated for 16 wk with cholecystokinin,
      bombesin, or gelatin (control), some in combination with CR-1409. Doses of
      cholecystokinin (2.5 micrograms/kg) and bombesin (10 micrograms/kg) were chosen
      that rendered approximately equal plasma cholecystokinin levels. Both
      cholecystokinin and bombesin were found to stimulate pancreatic growth, whereas
      CR-1409 only inhibited the growth-promoting effect of cholecystokinin
      significantly. Furthermore, both peptides stimulated the development of putative
      preneoplastic lesions, whereas CR-1409 only inhibited the effect of
      cholecystokinin significantly. It is concluded that (a) CR-1409 inhibits the
      promoting effect of cholecystokinin on pancreatic growth and azaserine-induced
      early pancreatic lesions and (b) the effects of bombesin cannot be fully ascribed
      to stimulation of the secretion of endogenous cholecystokinin.

PMID- 2910762
TI  - A dog model for acetaminophen-induced fulminant hepatic failure.
AB  - The development of a large animal model of fulminant hepatic failure produced
      with acetaminophen that should be useful in the development and evaluation of
      potential medical therapies for the important clinical problem of fulminant
      hepatic failure is described. Acetaminophen in dimethyl sulfoxide (600 mg/ml)
      given as three subcutaneous injections, with the first dose (750 mg/kg body wt)
      being given at noon, the second dose (200 mg/kg body wt) being given 9 h later,
      and the third dose (200 mg/kg body wt) being given 24 h after the initial dose
      consistently produces fulminant hepatic failure in dogs. The dimethyl sulfoxide
      vehicle, injected intramuscularly, does not influence either animal survival or
      hepatic function in control-treated dogs. No deaths occur within the first 36 h.
      By 72 h after initial drug administration, the mortality is 90%.
      Histopathological and biochemical investigations demonstrate a high degree of
      hepatocellular necrosis in nonsurviving animals without appreciable damage to the
      kidneys, lungs, or heart. The drug schedule and preparation outlined avoids the
      administration of large volumes of vehicle and results in prolonged high levels
      of acetaminophen in the blood sufficient to induce severe hepatic injury.
      Ranitidine (120 mg/kg body wt i.m.) given 30 min before each acetaminophen dose
      significantly reduces the mortality and hepatic necrosis produced using this
      model. This model satisfies all criteria established by Miller et al. for the
      production of a suitable large animal model of fulminant acute hepatic failure.

PMID- 2910763
TI  - Intestinal malabsorption of vitamin E in primary biliary cirrhosis.
AB  - We studied intestinal absorption of vitamin E in 26 adults with primary biliary
      cirrhosis (PBC) and 6 control subjects. Seven (27%) PBC patients were vitamin E
      deficient based on the ratio of serum vitamin E to serum total lipid
      concentrations. An oral vitamin E tolerance test was performed in all patients
      and control subjects using a loading dose of 2000 IU alpha-tocopheryl acetate
      with measurement of serial serum vitamin E concentrations over 24 h. Vitamin E
      absorption was expressed as the maximal rise in serum vitamin E above baseline,
      the area under the oral tolerance test curve, and these two values divided by the
      fasting total serum lipid concentration. Absorption of vitamin E was
      significantly impaired in all PBC patients vs. control subjects (p less than
      0.01), in vitamin E-deficient vs. vitamin E-sufficient PBC patients (p less than
      0.05 to p less than 0.01), and in PBC patients with serum vitamin E levels below
      10 micrograms/ml vs. those with serum vitamin E levels above 10 micrograms/ml (p
      less than 0.01). Vitamin E absorption was inversely related to stage of PBC,
      serum cholylglycine, total bilirubin, cholesterol, alkaline phosphatase,
      aspartate aminotransferase, and prothrombin time. Patients with serum vitamin E
      below 10 micrograms/ml, serum total bilirubin above 3 mg/dl, serum cholylglycine
      above 600 micrograms/dl, or serum alkaline phosphatase above 1000 IU/L had severe
      malabsorption of vitamin E and would be at high risk for the development of
      vitamin E deficiency. Therefore, vitamin E supplementation should be considered
      not only in patients in whom overt vitamin E deficiency is present, but also in
      PBC patients meeting these criteria.

PMID- 2910764
TI  - Functional and structural changes in parotid glands of alcoholic cirrhotic
      patients.
AB  - The parotid gland function and structure was studied in 30 patients with biopsy
      proven alcoholic cirrhosis and in 43 age- and sex-matched alcoholic and
      nonalcoholic control subjects. Mean simulated parotid saliva flow rate was
      significantly (p less than 0.05) lower in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis as
      compared with alcoholic and nonalcoholic control subjects. A similar reduction
      was observed in mean basal parotid saliva flow rate in patients with alcoholic
      cirrhosis that reached statistical significance (p less than 0.05) in comparison
      with nonalcoholic control subjects. In addition, the concentration of sodium,
      bicarbonate, and total proteins in stimulated parotid saliva was significantly (p
      less than 0.005) lower in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis as compared with the
      two groups of control subjects. Sialograms in 6 patients with alcoholic cirrhosis
      did not reveal any obstructive lesion in the primary parotid duct or its
      branches. Histology of salivary tissue revealed an increase in the interstromal
      fatty infiltration, edema, and fibrosis without evidence of inflammatory reaction
      in 5 patients as compared with the control subjects. These data provide evidence
      for marked parotid gland dysfunction in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis
      presumably due to metabolic derangement and altered parotid gland structure.

PMID- 2910765
TI  - Gas explosion during diathermy gastrotomy.
AB  - The first report of rupture of the stomach due to diathermy-elicited gas
      explosion during gastrotomy in a patient with intestinal ischemia resulting in
      obstruction and jejunal and gastric dilatation is presented. In the obstructed
      stomach or small bowel, a proliferation of hydrogen- and methane-producing
      bacteria can occur, leading to the accumulation of these combustible gases in
      explosive concentrations. In cases of gastrointestinal tract obstruction, the
      diathermy knife should not be used in entering the gastrointestinal lumen.

PMID- 2910766
TI  - Ileostomy and ileal carcinoma.

PMID- 2910767
TI  - Effects of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs on gastric and duodenal mucosa.

PMID- 2910768
TI  - Dissociation of pepsinogen and acid secretion.

PMID- 2910769
TI  - Physicians not exempt from 'forced retirement'.

PMID- 2910770
TI  - Common upper airway disorders in the elderly and their management.
AB  - The elderly patient may infrequently present with symptoms or signs of disorders
      of the upper airway. Once a malignancy or other life-threatening illness has been
      excluded by a thorough history and physical examination, the physician should
      then consider one of the common upper airway disorders associated with aging.

PMID- 2910772
TI  - Conversation with ... William R. Hazzard, MD: Is cholesterol worth worrying
      about?. Interview by Richard L. Peck.

PMID- 2910771
TI  - Hypothermia and heat stroke: protecting the elderly patient.
AB  - Temperature regulation disorders in the elderly are both common and life
      threatening, yet often go unrecognized. Diagnosis and appropriate management
      depend largely on a clinician's high index of suspicion. Reviewed are the reasons
      why the elderly are more susceptible to such disorders, important diagnostic
      clues, restorative treatments and, most important, practical measures to prevent
      elderly patients from being exposed to the extremes of heat and cold.

PMID- 2910773
TI  - Radical hysterectomy with pelvic lymph node dissection for treatment of cervical
      cancer: a clinical review of 954 cases.
AB  - Nine hundred fifty-four patients, who received a radical hysterectomy and a
      bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy, were included in this study which ran from
      January 1971 to December 1986. The subjects, by in large, ranged in age from 41
      to 60. Of these cases, 62.5% were in clinical stage IB, while 26.2% were in stage
      IIA. Urinary tract fistula formations occurred in 2.4% of the cases and
      substantially decreased from 6.1% during 1971-1978 to 0.9% in the subsequent
      period from 1979 to 1986. The operative mortality rate was 0.4%. The follow-up
      included 438 cases that came from 1971 to 1981, and each was evaluated over a
      period of 5 years. Of these cases, 28 patients were lost during the follow-up
      period and were presumed to have died from cancer. The absolute 5-year survival
      rates for the patients in stage IB, stage IIA, and IIB were 86.1, 71.7, and
      60.1%, respectively. The respective 5-year survival rates for patients with stage
      IB LN(-) and LN(+), i.e., without or with lymph node metastasis, were 87.7 and
      73.1%. The survival rates for patients with stage IIA LN(-) and LN(+) were 79.8
      and 40.9%, respectively. In retrospect, the 5-year survival rates seem to be
      related to age, parametrial involvement, and histological type. This study shows
      that because of improving surgical techniques and anesthesia, acceptable
      operative morbidity and mortality, as well as favorable 5-year survival rates,
      radical surgery seems to be the treatment of choice for patients with early
      invasive uterine cervical, and especially for younger women.

PMID- 2910774
TI  - Prognostic factors in squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva: a multivariate
      analysis.
AB  - Based on 124 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva treated at the 1.
      Frauenklinik der Universitat Munchen from 1971 to 1980, the influence of
      pretreatment characteristics on survival was assessed. The patients underwent a
      simple vulvectomy with local and inguinal irradiation. All histologic specimens
      were worked up in the same manner, and all available specimens were reverified.
      Follow-up lasted from at least 2 up to 12 years post-treatment, with no dropouts.
      Using the Cox model of multivariate analysis, five pretreatment characteristics
      were found to most strongly influence survival: age, dissociated tumor growth,
      lymphatic spread, tumor thickness, and ulceration. These pretreatment
      characteristics were implemented in an algorithm for survival-oriented prognostic
      forecasting. Survival data as predicted from this algorithm correlated well with
      observed survival data. The validity of these prognostic factors needs to be
      examined in further studies using comparable patient populations and study
      designs.

PMID- 2910776
TI  - Endometrial stromal sarcoma: a report of nine cases.
AB  - Nine cases of endometrial stromal sarcoma are described. Four of the patients
      were categorized as having a uterine endolymphatic stromal myosis (ESM) with less
      than 10 mitoses per 10 HPF and five patients as having an endometrial stromal
      sarcoma (ESS) with more than 10 mitoses per 10 HPF. Another prognostic
      distinction based on the degree of stromal differentiation is also discussed. The
      symptomatology, diagnostic means, clinical features, and treatment are described.

PMID- 2910775
TI  - In vitro sensitivity of ovarian cancer as determined by a short-term biochemical
      assay: comparison between primary and metastatic sites in the same patient.
AB  - Tumor sensitivity of ovarian cancer to cytotoxic drugs in vitro was examined
      between paired samples taken from the primary tumor and its metastases in the
      same patient. A 3-hour assay of primary cultures of the tumor was used to
      determine cellular response to the drugs by measurement of the incorporation of
      [3H]thymidine. Although there was variability, a reasonable correlation was found
      between the primary tumor and its different metastases, between the different
      metastases, and between the different tumor sites and cells from the peritoneal
      fluid. However, there was discordance between some of the pairings; the rate
      varied between 12 and 42% when the criterion was greater than 20% inhibition.
      Consistent drug sensitivity for all sites tested was present in only 8 of the 18
      patients. Because of the discordance in some pairings, attempts should be made to
      sample all metastatic tumors, particularly those which cannot be removed
      completely by surgery. The discordant subgroup may be a source of false-negative
      and false-positive results of the assay.

PMID- 2910777
TI  - Characterization of human ovarian and endometrial carcinoma cell lines
      established on extracellular matrix.
AB  - Six cell lines were established from four patients with advanced carcinoma of the
      ovary and from one patient with carcinoma of the endometrium. These lines were
      established from fresh tumor material maintained initially on culture dishes
      coated with an extracellular matrix (ECM) produced by bovine corneal endothelial
      cells. Two of the six lines continue to require ECM as a substrate for optimal
      growth while the remaining four lines will proliferate on ECM or plastic
      substrate. Four cell lines transplanted into athymic nude mice were tumorigenic
      and maintained histologic and karyotypic similarities between the patient's
      original tumor, the cell line, and the transplantable tumor. Furthermore, in
      vitro degradation of ECM was grossly apparent by those cell lines which formed
      nude mice xenografts. Tumor cells were characterized by cytology, transmission
      electron microscopy, karyology, substrate requirements, steroid binding protein
      analysis, and morphological appearance in culture.

PMID- 2910778
TI  - Human breast tumors: a comparison between the biochemical method of measuring
      estrogen and progesterone receptors and that of an immunohistochemical method.
AB  - In a series of 94 human mammary carcinomas, the determination of total estrogen
      (ER) and progesterone (PR) receptors by a single saturating dose method (5 nM for
      ER, 10 nM for PR) using dextran-coated charcoal was compared to an
      immunohistochemical method utilizing ER monoclonal antibody (ER-ICA test). There
      was a good correlation expressed in positive terms between the ER-ICA test and
      the biochemical determination of ER (94% of concordance) with a statistical value
      of P less than 0.01 being found between the concentration of ER (biochemical) and
      the percentage of labeled cells (ER-ICA). The ER-ICA test complements the ER and
      PR (biochemical) and is particularly useful for ER determinations on small tumor
      specimens as no additional tissue other than that from the biopsy is required.

PMID- 2910779
TI  - Comparative study of intravenous and intraarterial cis-platinum on intratumoral
      platinum concentration in carcinoma of the cervix.
AB  - In order to define the influence of intraarterial administration of cis-platinum
      in tumors of the cervix, a preliminary crossover study was performed to measure
      and compare the intratumoral concentrations (ITC) of platinum obtained
      respectively after intravenous (iv) and intraarterial (ia) (both bilateral
      hypogastric arteries) injection. The results in nine patients demonstrate that
      higher (P = 0.05) intratumoral concentrations are obtained after intraarterial
      injection of cis-platinum: 10; 3.7-23.7 ng Pt/mg of dry tissue after ia (median;
      range) 6.9; 4.1-23.6 ng Pt/mg tissue after iv. This difference is probably too
      small to be of clinical significance and a comparative clinical trial does not
      seem to be warranted. The results also show a large intersubject variation in
      intratumoral platinum concentration which are reproducible in patients whatever
      route of administration is used. Thus the observed differences in ITC are more
      related to the variability of the tumor properties than to the route of
      administration.

PMID- 2910780
TI  - The relationship of steroid receptor expression to nuclear DNA distribution and
      clinicopathological characteristics in epithelial ovarian tumors.
AB  - Tumor specimens from 92 patients with ovarian carcinoma were analyzed for
      estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), proliferative fraction, and
      ploidy. Seventy-one percent of tumors were either ER+ (greater than 5 fmole/mg
      protein) or PR+ (greater than 10 fmole/mg protein) with 27% of tumors overall
      being both ER+ and PR+. There was no significant relationship between receptor
      expression and stage, grade, or histological subtype. Thirteen percent of diploid
      tumors were receptor negative in contrast to 38% of aneuploid tumors (P less than
      0.01). There was no significant association between ER status and ploidy, but 60%
      of diploid tumors were PR+ in contrast to 33% of aneuploid tumors (P less than
      0.02). Eleven percent of tumors overall were both ER rich and PR rich and
      comprised 23% of diploid and 5% of aneuploid tumors (P less than 0.01). Receptor
      negative tumors had a median S phase of 18.8% which was significantly higher than
      the median S phase of 12% in receptor-positive tumors (P less than 0.02). A
      similar analysis was also performed on specimens from 9 patients with borderline
      epithelial ovarian tumors and 12 with benign epithelial ovarian tumors. Up to 50%
      of benign and borderline epithelial tumors had measurable receptors, but all were
      diploid with a relatively low S phase fraction. The functional significance of
      steroid receptor expression in ovarian cancer is unclear, but the association
      with ploidy and proliferative activity particularly in patients with malignant
      ovarian tumors may allow better identification of prognostic subsets and aid in
      selection of patients for hormonal therapy.

PMID- 2910781
TI  - Neuron-specific enolase as a serum marker for immature teratoma and dysgerminoma.
AB  - Neuron-specific enolase (NSE) was measured with an enzyme-immunoassay in sera
      from 54 patients with malignant (24 cases) and benign (30 cases) germ cell tumors
      of ovarian origin. Serum NSE contents were clearly raised above control value
      (greater than 10 ng/mg) in 4 of 8 patients with immature teratomas and 5 of 6
      with dysgerminomas. NSE was also measured in nine cell lines of germ cell tumors.
      Among these cell lines, high NSE contents were detected in the cell extracts and
      culture supernatants from PA-1 and Tera-II lines. In immunohistochemical study,
      widespread positive staining for NSE was shown in dysgerminomas, whereas the
      immunostaining was confined to neural elements in both an immature teratoma and
      xenograft tumors derived from PA-1 and Tera-II lines in nude mice. These findings
      suggest that serum NSE measurements are of diagnostic value not only for immature
      teratomas but also for dysgerminomas.

PMID- 2910783
TI  - Propensity of retroperitoneal lymph node metastasis in patients with stage I
      sarcoma of the uterus.
AB  - Information in the literature about the incidence of nodal spread and its
      clinical implication in stage I sarcoma of the uterus is limited. The purpose of
      this study is to provide additional information derived from surgical staging of
      20 patients who were treated by primary surgery to include total abdominal
      hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, and selective biopsy of paraaortic
      and pelvic nodes. Nine out of 20 patients (45%) of this small series had lymph
      node metastases either to both pelvic and paraaortic nodes (6) or pelvic nodes
      alone (3). This high rate of nodal involvement was associated with deep
      myometrial invasion, uteri sounding larger than 8 cm, patients older than 65
      years, and leiomyosarcoma. In 12 of 20 patients, clinical staging was an
      underestimate. In a follow-up from 2 to 12 years, all 9 patients with positive
      nodes succumbed to their diseases. This result indicates that incidence of nodal
      spread in stage I sarcoma of the uterus is a frequent occurrence and is related
      to ultimate survival. Furthermore, it suggests that lymphatic permeation might
      precede hematogenous spread in early sarcoma of the uterus.

PMID- 2910782
TI  - A randomized comparison of a rapid versus prolonged (24 hr) infusion of cisplatin
      in therapy of squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix: a Gynecologic
      Oncology Group study.
AB  - In this study, 331 patients with advanced or recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of
      the cervix no longer amenable to control with surgery or radiotherapy were
      randomized to receive cisplatin 50 mg/m2 as either a continuous infusion over 24
      hr or a more rapid infusion at a rate of 1 mg/min. Antiemetic therapy was
      standardized for the initial course of both regimens as metoclopramide 60 mg at
      the time of and at 3 and 6 hours after initiation of cisplatin. The overall
      frequency of objective regression of disease was 18%; the response rate in each
      regimen was essentially identical. The continuous infusion regimen was associated
      with a significantly greater percentage of patients who experienced no nausea and
      vomiting (34% versus 18%, P = 0.002). Other adverse effects included
      nephrotoxicity, peripheral neuropathy, myelosuppression, and ototoxicity. Both
      the frequency and severity of these were essentially the same for each regimen.

PMID- 2910784
TI  - Malignant struma ovarii.
AB  - Malignant struma ovarii is a very rare tumor, with considerable disagreement
      concerning the necessary histologic features for malignancy. The prognosis with
      patients with a malignant struma ovarii is difficult to make because of
      inadequate follow-up of the reported cases and long clinical courses. In most
      cases the patients responded well to surgical treatment but sometimes patients
      have died from malignant struma ovarii, in particular, if there is metastasis.
      There is evidence that radioactive iodine is effective in treating metastatic
      struma. The present case reports the use of intraperitoneal chronic phosphate for
      metastatic intraperitoneal disease, with thyroid suppression. Long-term follow-up
      will be necessary to properly evaluate this therapy. Prophylactic administration
      of thyroid hormone should be considered in cases of malignant struma ovarii.

PMID- 2910785
TI  - A study of cis-platinum and ifosfamide in alkylating agent-resistant ovarian
      cancer.
AB  - Twenty patients with advanced epithelial ovarian carcinoma who had failed
      alkylating agent treatment were given cisplatin 60 mg/m2 together with ifosfamide
      4 g/m2 and mesna 6 g/m2 every 4 weeks for 4-6 cycles. The overall response rate
      was 45% and the complete response rate 20%. The median time to disease
      progression was 9 months and 4 of the 9 responding patients are alive at more
      than 2 years. WHO Grade 3 or 4 myelosuppression was seen in 7 patients,
      nephrotoxicity in 4, and encephalopathy in 1 patient. Nausea and vomiting of
      moderate severity (WHO Grade 3) was seen in the majority of patients. While a
      dose escalation of 25% of both drugs was possible in 4 patients, myelosuppression
      became limiting at the higher dose. The combination of cisplatin and ifosfamide
      is effective in relapsed ovarian cancer even in this group of patients with heavy
      pretreatment.

PMID- 2910786
TI  - The effect of the alpha-emitting radionuclide lead-212 on human ovarian
      carcinoma: a potential new form of therapy.
AB  - To improve response and survival of patients with ovarian carcinoma noncross
      resistant forms of therapy must be developed. alpha-emitting radionuclides may be
      therapeutically useful since they can directly ionize with energies of 5 to 9
      MeV, penetrate only a few cell diameters, and transfer a high amount of energy.
      The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the alpha-emitter, lead
      212 (212Pb), complexed to sulfur in a nude athymic mouse model (NIH:OVCAR-3)
      containing human ascites and solid epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Thirty-six nude
      mice 28 to 32 days old were injected with 10(7) to 10(8) carcinoma cells from
      donor mice. After 4 weeks, six groups of six nu/nu athymic BALB-C mice were
      intraperitoneally injected with 70, 50, 20, 5 microCi of 212Pb sulfur colloid,
      sulfur colloid, or saline. Tumor necrosis with a decrease in ascites and a dose
      related survival were noted with doses of 50, 20, and 5 microCi. With 70 microCi
      acute gastrointestinal toxicity developed. These experiments form the basis for
      further investigations and the development of alpha-emitting radiocolloids which
      may be of therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of intraperitoneal ovarian
      carcinoma.

PMID- 2910787
TI  - Second-look procedures in ovarian cancer patients receiving six vs. nine courses
      of platinum, adriamycin, cytoxan (PAC) chemotherapy: the SCPMG experience 1982
      1985.
AB  - From July 1, 1982, through December 31, 1985, 100 patients with Stage I, II, or
      III ovarian cancer, who were clinically NED following primary chemotherapy,
      underwent second look laparotomy. A prospective, nonrandomized study was set up
      among the various institutions within the Southern California Kaiser Permanente
      Medical Group. Those patients being treated at the Tertiary Oncology center
      received six courses of PAC while patients treated at other centers received nine
      courses of PAC. There was no selection as to severity of disease. Patients with
      Stage IV disease were not subjected to second-look procedures. Twenty patients
      with Stage I disease received other than PAC chemotherapy. Eighty patients with
      Stage II and III disease received PAC chemotherapy; 39 had six courses and 41,
      nine courses or more of PAC. Standard second-look procedure was performed and the
      status of the second-look procedure was the determining factor of response.
      Eighteen of the 39 patients (46%) who received six courses and 26 of 41 patients
      (63%) who received nine courses of chemotherapy had negative second-look
      procedures. Sixty-five patients had Stage III ovarian cancer, 34 with six courses
      of therapy and 31 with nine courses of therapy. There was no statistical
      difference in the incidence of positive or negative second-look procedures
      between the groups. The therapeutic index of six courses of PAC chemotherapy was
      in our hands, higher than with nine courses, since there was no observed
      difference in the status of the second-look and there was significantly more
      toxicity with the nine courses of therapy.

PMID- 2910788
TI  - Cervical carcinoma: a comparison of four potential biochemical tumor markers.
AB  - A longitudinal study of circulating immune complexes (CIC), cancer antigen 125
      (CA125), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and a sub-fraction of the TA-4 squamous
      cell carcinoma tumor-associated antigen (SCC) has been undertaken in 38 patients
      with cervical carcinoma. Pre- and post-treatment values have been compared with
      those obtained in well-defined clinical remission and relapse phases of their
      disease. Each tumor marker was assessed in terms of "lead time" before clinically
      obvious recurrent disease became evident. The data from the four subjects with
      adenocarcinoma of the cervix gave equivocal results and no firm conclusions could
      be drawn. However, for the 34 patients with squamous cell carcinoma the medium
      value (data was skewed) for SCC was elevated above normal in the presenting
      pretreatment sera (4.5 ng/ml) and significantly fell to 2.5 ng/ml post-treatment
      (P less than 0.01). A similar pattern was not apparent for CIC, CEA, or CA125
      data. When results were examined for an individual patient, of those with
      recurrent squamous cell lesions who died, 12/24 demonstrated elevated, and rising
      SCC values before clinical evidence of the disease and a further 6 (25%) at the
      time recurrence was clinically evident. This information gave lead times of
      between 2 and 52 months (median 13 months) for 75% of patients. Only 1 subject
      had values which remained in the normal range (less than 2 ng/ml) even though
      their disease was progressive. Similarly of the subjects still in clinical
      remission 8/9 had values within the normal range. The data for CIC, CA125, and
      CEA were not individually useful as a marker. Furthermore, combining the data
      from all analytes to give a panel of potential markers did not improve the
      prognosis already evident with SCC alone. It has therefore been concluded that
      SCC is a useful biochemical marker of the progression of squamous cell carcinoma
      of the cervix.

PMID- 2910789
TI  - Pulmonary lymphangitic carcinomatosis secondary to cervical carcinoma: a case
      report.
AB  - Pulmonary lymphangitic carcinomatosis is a rare form of metastatic cervical
      cancer. A patient with persistent squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix presented
      with symptoms suggestive of pulmonary embolism and right heart failure. Pulmonary
      lymphangitic spread of the cancer was found postmortem. The pathogenesis of
      pulmonary lymphangitis carcinomatosis is reviewed and diagnostic evaluation
      discussed.

PMID- 2910790
TI  - Uterine tumors in ataxia-telangiectasia.
AB  - Roughly one-third of patients with ataxia-telangiectasia (AT) develop malignant
      tumors, usually of lymphoid origin. AT patients also exhibit progeric changes. We
      describe three patients, between the ages of 27 and 32 years, with uterine
      tumors: one with a frank leiomyosarcoma and chronic T-cell leukemia, one with a
      multilobulated leiomyoma of uncertain malignant potential, and one with an
      unremarkable leiomyoma. Thus, the spectrum of tumors in AT patients beyond
      adolescence includes nonlymphoid malignancies and precocious, benign leiomyomas.

PMID- 2910791
TI  - Familial 46,XY pure gonadal dysgenesis and gonadoblastoma/dysgerminoma: case
      report.
AB  - The case reports of two sisters admitted for evaluation of primary amenorrhea are
      presented. Gynecological and endocrinological investigations and chromosomal
      analysis led to the diagnosis of familial 46,XY gonadal dysgenesis. Both sisters
      underwent bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and hysterectomy. Histological
      examination revealed dysgenetic gonads with gonadoblastoma and dysgerminoma. Five
      years after treatment by surgery and irradiation the patients are well and free
      of recurrence. These cases again confirm the risk of malignancy and the necessity
      of prophylactic gonadectomy in all patients with gonadal dysgenesis and Y
      chromosomal material.

PMID- 2910792
TI  - Hospital profits flatten to pre-PPS levels.

PMID- 2910793
TI  - Insurers, HMOs and BC/BS plans talk about AIDS.

PMID- 2910794
TI  - Maryland quality program eases data pitfalls.

PMID- 2910796
TI  - Competition brings era of integrated computer systems.

PMID- 2910795
TI  - Financial systems still lag behind users' needs.

PMID- 2910797
TI  - Breakthroughs in hospital finance.

PMID- 2910798
TI  - Psychologists' staff privileges in dispute.

PMID- 2910800
TI  - CEO recognizes importance of content workforce.

PMID- 2910799
TI  - 'Center of excellence' name tag carries clout.

PMID- 2910801
TI  - CEOs cautioned to watch Stark's referral bill.

PMID- 2910802
TI  - Managed care, indemnity insurance products blur. Interview by Michele Robinson.

PMID- 2910803
TI  - University PPO bets quality care will cost less.

PMID- 2910804
TI  - Generic drugs: boon or bust for quality?

PMID- 2910805
TI  - Employers and insurers to seek preset prices.

PMID- 2910806
TI  - Limited use for product management in hospitals.

PMID- 2910807
TI  - Stable rates predicted; trouble spots remain.

PMID- 2910808
TI  - Info systems critical to 1989 planning, success.

PMID- 2910810
TI  - Customer perception counts in quality assurance.

PMID- 2910809
TI  - How to use an executive-recruitment firm.

PMID- 2910811
TI  - Urinary electrolytes and blood pressure in three Yi farmer populations, China.
AB  - The relation between blood pressure and urinary electrolytes, including sodium,
      potassium, calcium, and magnesium were examined in male farmers of the Yi
      nationality who live in three separate communities in Sichuan and Yunnan
      provinces in China, where the lifestyles, habits, and living conditions are very
      different. One of these three communities was unacculturated and had the lowest
      average blood pressure as well as the lowest prevalence rate of hypertension in
      China; one was acculturated and had the highest average blood pressure; and the
      third was moderately acculturated with its average blood pressure between the
      other two. Blood pressure was taken on each of 3 days and corresponding 24-hour
      urine specimens were collected to measure potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium,
      urea nitrogen, and creatinine. Ecological and individual-based data correlation
      analyses were employed to study the relations among age, body mass index, some
      related indexes of electrolyte derivatives, and blood pressure. Multiple
      regression analyses were used to explore the relation of blood pressure to the
      above indexes, adjusted for age, body mass index, urea nitrogen and creatinine,
      and geographical differences. Statistically significant correlation analyses
      showed that systolic blood pressure was positively associated with sodium
      creatinine, calcium-creatinine, sodium-potassium, calcium-magnesium, and urea
      nitrogen and creatinine ratios; negatively associated with potassium-creatinine
      and magnesium-creatinine ratios. The ridge regression analysis selected only
      calcium-magnesium ratio as a predictor of systolic blood pressure.

PMID- 2910812
TI  - A gene for high urinary kallikrein may protect against hypertension in Utah
      kindreds.
AB  - The inheritance of 12-hour overnight total urinary kallikrein excretion and its
      association with family history of essential hypertension were studied in 405
      normotensive adults and 391 youths in 57 Utah pedigrees. Total urinary kallikrein
      excretion was highly familial with 51% of the total variance attributable to a
      dominant allele for high total urinary kallikrein excretion and 27% attributable
      to the combined effects of polygenes and shared family environment. An estimated
      28% of the population has one or two copies of the dominant allele for high total
      urinary kallikrein excretion (2.3 SD units higher than the low homozygotes).
      About 83% of the population could be assigned to one of the two genotypic
      populations. Individuals with the high total urinary kallikrein excretion
      genotype were significantly less likely to have one or two hypertensive parents
      (relative odds = 0.56, p = 0.042). We conclude that a dominant allele expressed
      as high total urinary kallikrein excretion may be associated with decreased risk
      of essential hypertension. Further studies should be performed to confirm this
      finding and to test for interactions between this apparently protective gene and
      other genetic and environmental determinants of essential hypertension.

PMID- 2910813
TI  - Comparison of variability of urinary sodium, potassium, and calcium in free
      living men.
AB  - The variability of 24-hour urinary sodium, potassium, and calcium excretion was
      studied in a sample of 22 Neapolitan men with mild blood pressure elevation. On 5
      days within a 1-month period, 24-hour urine specimens were collected by each
      subject. The estimated ratio of intraindividual-to-interindividual variance was
      1.12 for urinary sodium, 2.46 for urinary potassium, and 0.52 for urinary
      calcium. Based on these values, five 24-hour urine collections are necessary to
      reduce to less than 10% the diminution of the correlation coefficient between
      urinary sodium and another related variable; this number is substantially lower
      than that found in previous studies in a North American population sample, but
      similar to the one reported for Chinese population samples. Ten urinary
      collections are needed for potassium excretion. A different and more favorable
      situation is observed for 24-hour calcium excretion, as only two collections are
      necessary for the adequate characterization of individuals in a population.

PMID- 2910814
TI  - Thromboxane synthase inhibition enhances action of converting enzyme inhibitors.
AB  - Mean arterial blood pressure was measured over a 24-hour period from the femoral
      artery of conscious, unrestrained spontaneously hypertensive rats. Oral
      administration of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor CGS 16617
      significantly lowered mean arterial pressure. In contrast, both the thromboxane
      synthase inhibitor CGS 12970 and the thromboxane receptor antagonist BM 13505
      lacked an antihypertensive action in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. When
      administered concurrently, the thromboxane synthase inhibitor CGS 12970
      potentiated the antihypertensive action of the angiotensin converting enzyme
      inhibitor CGS 16617. This effect was not observed with the thromboxane receptor
      antagonist BM 13505. In addition to CGS 16617, CGS 12970 also potentiated the
      hypotensive effect of two structurally dissimilar angiotensin converting enzyme
      inhibitors, benazapril HCL and captopril. Indomethacin blocked the thromboxane
      synthase inhibition-induced potentiation of the antihypertensive action of
      angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. The thromboxane synthase inhibitor CGS
      12970 had no effect on the hypotension induced by hydralazine, indicating that
      the hypotension is not a nonspecific action related to the fall in blood
      pressure. These results may suggest that converting enzyme inhibition augments
      the levels and actions of a hormone that stimulates prostaglandin formation. It
      is well established that thromboxane synthase inhibitors eliminate the formation
      of the vasoconstrictor thromboxane A2 and allow reorientation of eicosanoid
      production toward the formation of vasodilating prostaglandins, which could
      enhance the antihypertensive action of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors.

PMID- 2910815
TI  - Regenerative electrical activity and arterial contraction in hypertensive rats.
AB  - Isolate tail arteries from spontaneously hypertensive rats-stroke prone strain
      (SHRSP) display oscillatory contractile responses to norepinephrine. These
      oscillations are not observed in tail arteries from normotensive Wistar-Kyoto
      rats (WKY). The mechanism underlying these oscillatory contractions was
      investigated by simultaneous measurement of isometric force development and
      membrane potential (Em) from tail artery strips in vitro. After equilibration in
      physiological salt solution containing 1.6 mM calcium (37 degrees C), resting Em
      was not different between WKY (-52 +/- 1.1 mV) and SHRSP (-52 +/- 0.4 mV).
      Norepinephrine (3 x 10(-7) M) produced a similar degree of depolarization in
      tissues from the two strains (WKY = (-42.5 +/- 0.9, SHRSP = -41 +/- 0.8).
      However, while Em recordings from WKY arteries were quiescent, those from SHRSP
      displayed bursts of electrical spiking activity that were temporally associated
      with the rising phase of oscillations in contractile force. The frequency and
      duration of these bursts of action potentials increased with the concentration of
      norepinephrine. Action potentials were not observed in calcium-free solution or
      in presence of nifedipine (3 x 10(-7) M). Releasing the passive stretch on the
      tissues caused a decrease in the rate of spiking. These studies demonstrate
      catecholamine-induced regenerative electrical activity in tail arteries from
      SHRSP that is dependent on extracellular calcium. This activity is unique to tail
      arteries from this strain.

PMID- 2910816
TI  - Systemic and regional hemodynamic effects of dietary calcium supplementation in
      mineralocorticoid hypertension.
AB  - This study was undertaken to determine the systemic and regional hemodynamic
      effects of long-term dietary calcium supplementation in mineralocorticoid (DOC)
      salt hypertension. Systemic and regional hemodynamic measurements were determined
      by the radioactive microsphere technique in conscious and unrestrained rats
      (kidneys intact) with DOC-salt-induced hypertension that were pair-fed either a
      normal calcium (0.6% by weight, n = 12) or a calcium-supplemented (high-calcium)
      diet (2.5% by weight, n = 12). After 7 to 8 weeks, there were no differences in
      weight, heart rate, or cardiac output between the two groups. In contrast, the
      high-calcium rats had a significantly lower mean blood pressure (125 +/- 4 mm Hg,
      mean +/- SEM) than the normal calcium rats (143 +/- 5 mm Hg); this finding
      appeared to result predominantly from a reduction in total peripheral resistance.
      The high-calcium rats had a higher renal blood flow (7.8 +/- 0.5% vs. 6.2 +/-
      0.4% cardiac output; p less than 0.05) and lower renal (14.3 +/- 1 vs. 19.3 +/- 2
      mm Hg/min/ml/g tissue; p less than 0.05) and jejunal vascular resistance than did
      the normal calcium rats. Two additional identical groups of normal calcium-and
      high-calcium-DOC-salt rats (n = 12 each) were also studied. In these rats, serum
      ionized calcium decreased significantly (p less than 0.05) from baseline in both
      groups. Urinary sodium increased in both groups but did not differ significantly.
      In conclusion, dietary calcium supplementation attenuates the rise in peripheral
      vascular resistance that accompanies DOC-salt hypertension. This attenuated
      resistance appears to be relatively selective and is noted particularly in the
      renal vasculature.

PMID- 2910817
TI  - [Education at your service].

PMID- 2910818
TI  - The right to perform grey area acts.

PMID- 2910819
TI  - Modifications to the Professional Code.

PMID- 2910820
TI  - [Homes for the aged in Quebec: not only a matter of enough money].

PMID- 2910821
TI  - [Anti-arrhythmia agents].

PMID- 2910822
TI  - The value of screening as an approach to cervical cancer control in Iceland, 1964
      1986.
AB  - The effect of screening for cervical cancer on time trends in incidence and
      mortality from that disease, and the occurrence of pre-invasive cervical lesions
      during the period 1964-1986, were analyzed. After commencement of screening in
      1964 all the above parameters increased for a short initial period but then fell
      markedly. From 1980, coinciding with a sharp rise in regular attendance rate,
      there was an increase in incidence up to 1984, followed by a decrease. The rate
      of pre-invasive stages also increased from 1980, but appears to be levelling off.
      The cervical cancer mortality rate decreased significantly during the study
      period. In more recent years, a shift in the occurrence of cervical cancer and
      pre-invasive lesions from older to younger women has been observed. Screening
      still appears to be effective in the control of squamous-cell carcinomas of
      stages I B and over, but not of adeno- and adenosquamous carcinomas.

PMID- 2910823
TI  - Drug resistance in KHT fibrosarcoma cell lines with different metastatic ability.
AB  - We have shown previously that tumor cell variants able to form experimental
      metastases can be generated stochastically in mouse cell lines at high rates and
      that, in B16 melanoma cell lines, resistance to drugs is associated with
      metastatic ability. Recently, we reported on the ability of two lines of KHT
      fibrosarcoma cells derived from individual experimental lung metastases to
      generate metastatic variants. The KHT 35LI cell line maintained a relatively
      stable high metastatic ability while the parallel line KHT 3LIc possessed a high
      metastatic ability when first cultured from the lung but rapidly lost this
      ability and became a line with a metastatic ability similar to the KHT parental
      line. Subsequent rate analysis indicated that the rate of generation of
      metastatic variants was higher for KHT 35LI cells compared to KHT 3LIc or KHT
      parental cells. Here we examined the ability of these two fibrosarcoma cell lines
      to generate variants resistant to the drugs methotrexate (MTX) and N
      (phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartate (PALA). We observed that the highly metastatic KHT
      35LI cell line is more resistant to these two drugs than the KHT 3LIc or the
      parental KHT cell lines. Cloning studies indicated that the likely reason for
      this increased resistance is that the KHT 35LI cell line generates variants
      resistant to a given concentration of MTX or PALA at higher rates than the KHT
      3LIc or KHT parental cell lines. Since resistance to MTX and PALA usually arises
      from gene amplification, the results suggest that KHT 35LI cells possess
      increased ability to amplify their DNA. The association between the rates of
      generation of both drug-resistant and metastatic variants supports the hypothesis
      that the mechanism of gene amplification may be involved in the generation of
      both phenotypes.

PMID- 2910824
TI  - Hyposialylation of high-molecular-weight membrane glycoproteins parallels the
      loss of metastatic potential in wheat-germ agglutinin-resistant Friend leukemia
      cells.
AB  - From the highly metastatic in vivo-passaged Friend leukemia cells (FLC), WGA
      resistant (WR) tumor cell variants were selected. These WR FLC had lost their
      capacity to metastasize when injected i.v. or s.c. into DBA/2 mice. We have
      characterized the plasma membrane glycoproteins of the different FLC types by:
      (i) metabolic labelling with (3H)-galactose; (ii) surface labelling with
      galactose oxidase-borohydride; (iii) direct binding of (125I)-lectins on
      glycoproteins separated by SDS-PAGE. The ensemble of these approaches showed that
      the 100- to 200-kDa glycoproteins of in vivo-passaged FLC and WR FLC exhibited a
      very similar distribution of the terminal galactose in their oligosaccharide
      moieties. In contrast, the expression of terminal sialic acid was reduced in WR
      FLC with respect to in vivo-passaged counterparts as appreciated by: (i) binding
      experiments with (125I)-WGA; (ii) cathodic shift of the 100- to 200-kDa
      glycoproteins in 2-dimensional electrophoresis studies, and (iii) thiobarbituric
      acid assay after FLC treatment with neuraminidase. Moreover, binding experiments
      with (125I)-LPHA, (125I)-ConA and (125I)-WGA (after Smith degradation) indicated
      that, in the 100- to 200-kDa region, virtually identical asparagine-linked tri-
      or tetra-antennary complex-type oligosaccharides were expressed in both cell
      types. We conclude that the sialylation of high-molecular-weight surface
      glycoproteins (particularly in the 150-kDa region) is strongly associated with
      the metastatic potential of FLC, especially to the liver.

PMID- 2910825
TI  - Characterization of a metastasis-deficient lectin-resistant human melanoma
      mutant.
AB  - A mutant (3S5), almost completely deficient in pulmonary metastatic ability in
      nude mice, was recently isolated from a human malignant melanoma cell line
      (MeWo). The WGA-resistance (WGAr) phenotype of 3S5 cells was accompanied by a
      collateral hypersensitivity to the lectin BSII (Bandeiraea simplicifolia),
      similar to that observed previously in class-I non-metastatic WGAr recessive
      genetic mutants isolated from a highly metastatic mouse tumor. The lectin
      resistance/sensitivity profile of 3S5 cells was completely stable in tissue
      culture for 9 months when the cells were grown in the absence of WGA. Twenty
      independent clones of 3S5 were analyzed and all manifested a similar lectin
      resistance pattern, and severe deficiency in pulmonary metastatic ability
      following i.v. or s.c. inoculation, when compared to the parent MeWo cells. Some
      heterogeneity in metastasis was noted, especially with respect to occasional
      extrapulmonary spread. The majority of the small number of metastases obtained
      after i.v. inoculation of 3S5 cells maintained the lectin-resistance profile and
      deficient metastatic potential characteristic of 3S5 cells upon re-inoculation
      into other nude mice. The results provide further evidence that cell-surface
      glycosylation changes can significantly after metastatic potential, including
      that of human tumors.

PMID- 2910826
TI  - Action of recombinant alpha interferon against experimental and spontaneous
      metastases in a murine model.
AB  - The therapeutic potential of rHuIFN-alpha A/D, a hybrid human IFN molecule with
      equal activity on murine cells, was studied in experimental and spontaneous
      metastatic models of a murine colon carcinoma COLON 26. rHuIFN-alpha A/D
      inhibited experimental pulmonary metastases of COLON 26 and prolonged the
      survival of BALB/c mice. Dose scheduling, survival and tumour-cell clearance
      studies showed that the first 5 days were critical in the inhibition of pulmonary
      metastases. However, it is unlikely that lung NK cells were involved in the anti
      metastatic effect of rHuIFN-alpha A/D because inhibition of pulmonary metastases
      and a decrease in radio-labelled tumour-cell survival was seen in BALB/c mice
      depleted selectively of their NK cells by prior treatment with rabbit
      antiasialoGMI serum. Although rHuIFN-alpha A/D stimulated NK-cell activity in
      BALB/c mice, it was ineffective in abrogating the NK suppressant action of rabbit
      anti-asialoGMI serum on murine lung NK cells. Thus, IFN may mediate its early
      antimetastatic effect via a mechanism independent of NK-cell stimulation. IFN
      also inhibited the development of lung metastases from s.c. COLON 26 tumors in
      normal, NK-depleted and T-cell-deficient mice.

PMID- 2910827
TI  - Effects of activators of protein kinase C, including bryostatins 1 and 2, on the
      growth of A549 human lung carcinoma cells.
AB  - Phorbol esters such as 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) inhibit the
      growth of A549 human lung carcinoma cells at non-toxic concentrations, whereas 1
      oleoyl-2-acetylglycerol and 1,2-dioctanoylglycerol, synthetic analogues of the
      physiological ligands of protein kinase C (PKC), do not. Experiments were
      conducted to test the hypothesis that other activators of PKC are capable of
      interfering with A549 cell growth. The non-phorboid tumour promotor mezerein
      mimicked the growth-inhibitory effect of TPA in that it arrested growth for 5
      days, after which cells proliferated again in the continued presence of the
      agent. TPA was 20 times more potent as a growth inhibitor than was mezerein.
      Bryostatin 1 at 10 nM and bryostatin 2 at 100 nM also arrested A549 cell growth
      and inhibited DNA replication as measured by incorporation of [methyl-3H]
      thymidine into cells. Inhibition of DNA synthesis to between 90 and 75% of
      control values developed during the first hour of incubation of the cells with
      TPA, mezerein or the bryostatins. The extent of inhibition changed little during
      the subsequent 5 hr of incubation, after which it increased further to reach
      maximal values within 12 hr. At concentrations above those which caused maximal
      growth inhibition, the bryostatins abolished both their own inhibition of DNA
      synthesis and the anti-replicative effect of TPA and mezerein. The results show
      that activators of PKC other than phorbol esters are capable of inhibiting the
      growth of A549 cells. The bryostatins not only interfere with A549 cell growth
      but can also counter the growth-inhibitory effect of PKC activators, presumably
      via interaction with a target separate from the phorbol ester receptor site.

PMID- 2910828
TI  - Coffee, alcohol, smoking and cancer of the pancreas: a case-control study.
AB  - A hospital case control study on smoking, alcohol and coffee consumption as risk
      factors for pancreatic cancer, in which 161 cases were matched to 268 control
      patients, was conducted in France between 1982 and 1985. The results showed no
      association between tobacco or alcohol consumption and cancer of the pancreas,
      whereas coffee consumption was associated with an increased risk [OR of 2 or more
      cups per day vs. less: 2.27 (1.11-4.64) and 1.45 (0.82-2.55) among females and
      males respectively]. A dose-response relationship was observed with coffee
      consumption in both sexes, stronger among females than among males: the linear
      increase estimates were 2.00 (1.22-3.29) and 1.32 (0.91-1.92) respectively. No
      interaction was found between coffee and tobacco, whereas the effect of coffee
      appeared to be limited to non-drinkers of alcohol.

PMID- 2910829
TI  - Incidence of male breast cancer in Scandinavia, 1943-1982.
AB  - Male breast cancer incidence was examined in a collaborative study of data from
      the cancer registries in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden, comprising a total
      of 1,529 cases diagnosed from 1943 to 1982. Effects of age, time of diagnosis,
      birth cohort and country of residence were evaluated by using statistical models
      of the multiplicative Poisson type. The logarithm of incidence increased linearly
      with the logarithm of age and had a slope of about 5. In Denmark, male breast
      cancer incidence increased significantly with time, about 1% per year. No
      significant time effects were observed in the other countries. A significant
      effect of birth cohort appeared in Sweden only, but there was no particular trend
      in incidence by year of birth. In relation to Denmark, the risk of male breast
      cancer was lower in Sweden, Norway and Finland, the relative risk estimates with
      95% confidence intervals being 0.82(0.72-0.94), 0.72(0.61-0.84) and 0.53(0.43
      0.64) respectively. The variation within Scandinavia is similar for female breast
      cancer, pointing to common factors being involved in the etiology of breast
      cancer in both sexes.

PMID- 2910830
TI  - Elevated cerebrospinal fluid fibronectin concentration at diagnosis indicates
      poor prognosis in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
AB  - We investigated whether the concentration of fibronectin (FN) in the
      cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) could be used for identifying patients with subclinical
      blast-cell infiltration in the central nervous system (CNS) and an increased risk
      of CNS relapse later in the course of their leukemia. Our series comprised 36
      children with newly diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The mean follow
      up time was 54 months (range 5 to 96 months). The median concentration of CSF-FN
      at diagnosis was 2.24 mg/l (range 0.78 to 7.04 mg/l). The 3-year continuous
      complete remission rate for the 16 patients with CSF-FN concentrations less than
      or equal to 2 mg/l was 93% as compared with 37% for the 19 patients with CSF-FN
      greater than 2 mg/l (p = 0.001). When multivariate analysis was performed, the
      CSF-FN concentration retained its prognostic significance. When all relapses were
      considered as failures, the relative risks of relapse for patients with CSF-FN
      less than or equal to 2 mg/l and greater than 2 mg/l were I and 15.8 (95%
      confidence limits 1.8-135.6, p less than 0.02), respectively. If only CNS
      relapses (isolated and combined) were considered as failures, relative risks for
      the above-mentioned groups were I and 11.6 (1.4-99.5, p less than 0.05),
      respectively. We conclude that determination of the CSF-FN concentration may
      provide a new means of evaluating the CSF in children with ALL and may prove to
      be a sensitive indicator of leukemic CNS infiltration.

PMID- 2910831
TI  - Soft-tissue sarcoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and other cancers in New Zealand
      forestry workers.
AB  - Several studies have suggested that forestry workers are at increased risk for
      certain types of cancer including soft-tissue sarcoma (STS) and non-Hodgkin's
      lymphoma (NHL). We now report a series of national case-control studies based on
      the New Zealand Cancer Registry (NZCR). These involved 19,904 male patients with
      cancer for the period 1980-1984 who were aged 20 years or more at the time of
      registration. For each cancer site, the registrations for the remaining sites
      formed the control group. Current or most recent occupational titles were coded.
      There was an increased risk for STS (OR = 3.24) in forestry workers which was
      confined to men under 60 years of age at registration. An elevation in risk for
      NHL (OR = 1.84) was due to an increase in risk for lymphosarcoma and
      reticulosarcoma (ICD 200) (OR = 3.18). Acute myeloid leukemia was also associated
      with forestry work, although the estimate of risk was imprecise (OR = 2.24).
      Among other cancer sites, an increase in risk of neoplasia of the upper gastro
      intestinal tract (ICD 150, 151, 152) was demonstrated. Odds ratios were elevated
      for cancer of the esophagus (OR = 1.77), stomach (OR = 2.22), small intestine (OR
      = 5.22), gall-bladder (OR = 4.13) and pancreas (OR = 1.79), as well as for
      nasopharyngeal cancer (OR = 5.56). These increases in cancer risk were not
      present in sawmill workers in New Zealand during the same period. The factors
      responsible for the increased cancer risks in forestry workers remain unclear and
      require further study.

PMID- 2910832
TI  - Immunosuppressive activity of human neuroblastoma tumor gangliosides.
AB  - Gangliosides are shed in substantial amounts by some tumors, including human
      neuroblastoma, and these molecules modulate experimental tumor formation in vivo.
      We now demonstrate that neuroblastoma tumor gangliosides have potent
      immunoregulatory activity. Gangliosides of every one of 17 tumors studied were
      highly inhibitory for the normal in vitro human lymphoproliferative responses to
      the soluble antigen, tetanus toxoid; 30 nmol ganglioside/ml caused 43% to greater
      than 99% inhibition and the mean concentration causing 50% inhibition was only
      17.3 nmol/ml. Furthermore, gangliosides isolated from clinically more aggressive
      tumors (Stage III or IV) were up to twice as immunosuppressive as those of the
      generally less aggressive tumors (Stage I or II) (p less than 0.05). Taken
      together with the lack of immunosuppressive activity of normal plasma
      gangliosides, the potent activity of neuroblastoma gangliosides supports the
      hypothesis that one mechanism by which these shed molecules may act to enhance
      tumor formation in vivo is through abrogation of the host cellular immune
      response at the site of tumor formation.

PMID- 2910833
TI  - Chromosomal aberrations in lymphocytes of patients treated with melphalan.
AB  - Chromosome lesions detected in lymphocytes from 14 patients previously treated
      with melphalan, a bifunctional alkylating agent, have been analyzed on R-banded
      preparations. In comparison to controls, there was no significant increase of
      chromatid-type lesions, but chromosome-type lesions were quite frequent,
      affecting 21.5% of metaphases, on the average. Reciprocal translocations
      represent 54%, unbalanced translocations 15%, deletions 19% and inversions 6% of
      all rearrangements. Most of these would not have been detected without the use of
      chromosome banding. The distributions of affected chromosomes and chromosome
      bands were not random. Almost all imbalances resulting from rearrangements lead
      to losses but not to gains. The distribution of the abnormal chromosomes has been
      compared to that observed in controls and in in vitro experiments, and to the
      characteristic pattern of malignant cells from patients affected by secondary
      acute leukemia (ANLL).

PMID- 2910834
TI  - Glycosphingolipids in lectin-resistant variants of mouse Lewis lung carcinoma
      cells.
AB  - Neutral glycolipids and gangliosides from murine Lewis lung carcinoma cell line
      LL2 and its lectin-resistant variants, differing in metastatic properties, were
      studied by fast-atom-bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB-MS), exoglycosidase
      treatment and an immunostaining procedure. The neutral glycolipids identified in
      all cell lines studied included CMH, CDH, CTH, asialo GM2, globoside and a
      glycolipid with a preliminary structure of Hex-Hexl-4HexNAc-Hex-Hex-Cer. The
      major gangliosides were GM3, GM2, GM1 and GD1a. No qualitative differences in
      glycosphingolipid expression were found between the metastatic cell lines (LL2
      and LL2AAA) and the weakly metastatic variants (LL25, LL28, LL230 and LL2RCA II).
      Some quantitative differences were observed between the cell lines, e.g., in the
      level of ganglioside-bound sialic acid, which was not apparently correlated with
      the metastatic capacities.

PMID- 2910835
TI  - Inability to predict postdexamethasone cortisol levels by serum sodium levels.
AB  - Each of 42 hospitalized patients with unipolar major depression received a
      dexamethasone suppression test (DST) and had blood drawn for serum sodium and
      potassium tests within 3 days of admission. Unlike the patients in an earlier
      report by Tollefson et al., these patients showed no correlations between the DST
      results and the serum sodium levels. Although the DST identified depressive
      subtypes accurately, the serum sodium levels did not predict the DST results in
      this study.

PMID- 2910836
TI  - Fear episodes due to limbic seizures with normal ictal scalp EEG: a subdural
      electrographic study.
AB  - The authors present the case of a 13-year-old girl with episodes characterized by
      either staring with preserved consciousness or fear in whom functional illness
      was suspected. Video-EEG telemetry revealed no changes during 30 of 32 attacks.
      Subdural electrode recordings revealed epileptiform discharges in 30 of 37
      episodes. The discharge was always localized to the electrodes recording from the
      inferomedial temporal region, with electrodes over the lateral convexity of the
      same temporal lobe showing no background changes. Although the detailed
      pathophysiology of panic attacks remains to be clarified, the authors point out
      that their case and other epileptic case studies are consistent with the
      possibility that excessive neuronal activity in medial temporal lobe structures
      is a necessary element of the underlying mechanism.

PMID- 2910837
TI  - Anabolic-androgenic steroid dependence.
AB  - The authors believe that this is the first published case report of a patient
      whose dependence on a combination of anabolic and androgenic steroids meets the
      DSM-III-R criteria for psychoactive substance dependence. Tolerance, withdrawal
      symptoms, and the use of steroids to alleviate withdrawal symptoms occurred. An
      uncontrolled pattern of steroid use continued, despite adverse consequences, such
      as severe mood disturbance, marital conflict, and deterioration of the patient's
      usual values. Clinicians should be alerted to the possibility of dependence when
      asked to prescribe anabolic or androgenic steroids and should suspect steroid use
      among athlete patients who have mood or psychosocial disturbances.

PMID- 2910838
TI  - Tolerance to phenelzine and subsequent refractory depression: three cases.
AB  - Three patients with major depression superimposed on chronic dysthymia were
      treated with phenelzine. After an initial excellent response, each patient
      relapsed and developed a severe chronic depression that was refractory to other
      treatments. The implications for the long-term effects of phenelzine treatment
      are considered.

PMID- 2910839
TI  - Tricyclics: adequate trials and plasma levels.

PMID- 2910840
TI  - Death by Freon.

PMID- 2910841
TI  - Analysis of calcium homeostasis in activated human polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
      Evidence for two distinct mechanisms for lowering cytosolic calcium.
AB  - The stimulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) by chemoattractants
      triggers a rapid rise in cytosolic free calcium concentration(s) ([Ca2+]i), which
      quickly returns to base line, suggesting a role for calcium removal in the
      homeostasis of activated PMNs. To investigate cytosolic calcium homeostasis, PMNs
      were treated with a fluoroprobe and ionomycin to induce a sustained elevation of
      [Ca2+]i. The cells were then stimulated, and attenuation of the fluorescence
      signal was measured as an indication of calcium loss from the cytosol. The formyl
      peptide chemoattractant N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP), phorbol
      myristate acetate (PMA), and 1,2-dioctanoyl-sn-glycerol, but not the inactive
      phorbol ester 4 alpha-phorbol didecanoate, induced a dose-dependent decrease in
      [Ca2+]i in ionomycin-pretreated cells. However, the decline in [Ca2+]i caused by
      PMA was sustained and occurred following a lag time, whereas the response to fMLP
      was immediate, lasted approximately 2 min, and then was followed by a return of
      [Ca2+]i to its initial level. The restoration of [Ca2+]i required extracellular
      calcium. Varying the ionomycin concentration allowed studies at different initial
      [Ca2+]i, which in untreated PMNs was approximately 135 nM. In contrast to fMLP,
      PMA did not lower calcium at concentrations below 200 nM. The decline in [Ca2+]i
      induced by fMLP, but not PMA, was blocked by pertussis toxin. In contrast, the
      decrease in [Ca2+]i caused by PMA and 1,2-dioctanoyl-sn-glycerol, but not fMLP,
      was inhibited by the protein kinase C antagonists staurosporine, H-7, and
      sphingosine. These results suggest that formyl peptide chemoattractants
      transiently stimulate an activity which lowers [Ca2+]i to normal intracellular
      levels. Activation of this process appears to be independent of protein kinase C.
      An additional cytosolic calcium lowering activity, dependent on protein kinase C,
      operates at [Ca2+]i above 200 nM. Thus, activated PMNs can use at least two
      processes for attentuation of elevated cytosolic calcium levels.

PMID- 2910842
TI  - Novel O-linked carbohydrate chains in the cellulase complex (cellulosome) of
      Clostridium thermocellum. 3-O-Methyl-N-acetylglucosamine as a constituent of a
      glycoprotein.
AB  - Alkaline borohydride treatment of the cellulosome of Clostridium thermocellum
      yielded two major oligosaccharide-alditols, namely D-Galp-beta(1----4)-D-GalOH
      and (formula; see text) The compounds, isolated via gel permeation chromatography
      and high performance liquid chromatography, were analyzed by monosaccharide
      analysis, methylation analysis, gas-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, fast
      atom bombardment/mass spectrometry, and one- and two-dimensional 500-MHz (COSY,
      HOHAHA, ROESY) 1H NMR spectroscopy. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis combined with blotting technology indicated that the
      tetrasaccharide is mainly associated with one of the cellulosome subunits.

PMID- 2910843
TI  - Enzymatic conversion of prostaglandin H2 to prostaglandin F2 alpha by aldehyde
      reductase from human liver: comparison to the prostaglandin F synthetase from
      bovine lung.
AB  - The primary structure of prostaglandin (PG) F synthetase from bovine lung shows
      62% similarity with that of human liver aldehyde reductase (EC 1.1.1.2)
      (Watanabe, K., Fujii, Y., Nakayama, K., Ohkubo, H., Kuramitsu, S., Kagamiyama,
      H., Nakanishi, S., and Hayaishi, O. (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85, 11
      15). We therefore purified human liver aldehyde reductase to homogeneity and
      compared the immunological and catalytic properties of aldehyde reductase and PGF
      synthetase. Although both enzymes belong to a group of aldoketoreductases and
      their molecular weights are essentially identical, aldehyde reductase had no
      cross-reactivity to anti-PGF synthetase antiserum. Furthermore, there was a
      difference in the substrate specificity for reduction of PGs between the two
      enzymes. Aldehyde reductase catalyzed the reduction of PGJ2, delta 12-PGJ2, PGH2,
      or PGA2, but not that of PGB2, PGD2, or PGE2, whereas PGF synthetase reduced
      PGD2. The optimum pH, Km value for PGH2, and the turnover number were 6.5, 100
      microM, and 3.1 min-1, respectively. The PGH2 9,11-endoperoxide reductase
      activity of aldehyde reductase was not affected in the presence of a substrate
      such as p-nitrobenzaldehyde, DL-glyceraldehyde, or 9,10-phenanthrenequinone,
      suggesting that PGH2 9,11-endoperoxide and other substrates are reduced at
      different active site(s). The reaction product formed from PGH2 by this enzyme
      was identified as PGF2 alpha by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. These
      results suggest that aldehyde reductase is not exactly identical to PGF
      synthetase in terms of its immunological property and substrate specificity for
      PGs, but that this enzyme is also involved in the direct conversion of PGH2 to
      PGF2 alpha similar to PGF synthetase.

PMID- 2910844
TI  - Synthesis of single-stranded plasmid pT181 DNA in vitro. Initiation and
      termination of DNA replication.
AB  - The origin of replication of plasmid pT181 is nicked by the plasmid-encoded RepC
      protein. The free 3'-hydroxyl end at the nick is presumably used as primer for
      leading strand DNA synthesis. In vitro replication of pT181 was found to generate
      single-stranded DNA in addition to the supercoiled, double-stranded DNA. The
      single-stranded DNA was circular and corresponded to the pT181 leading strand.
      Recombinant plasmids were constructed that contain two pT181 origins of
      replication in either direct or inverted orientation. In vitro replication of the
      plasmid carrying two origins in direct orientation was shown to generate
      circular, single-stranded DNA that corresponded to initiation of replication at
      one origin sequence and termination at the other origin. These results
      demonstrate that the origin of pT181 leading strand DNA replication also serves
      as the site for termination of replication. Interestingly, the presence of two
      origins in inverted orientation resulted in initiation of replication at one
      origin and stalling of the replisome at the other origin. These results suggest
      that RepC can reinitiate replication at the second origin by nicking partially
      replicated, relaxed DNA. These data are consistent with the replication of pT181
      by a rolling circle mechanism and indicate that single-stranded DNA is an
      intermediate in pT181 replication.

PMID- 2910845
TI  - Anomalies in the translocation and processing of glycophorin precursors in murine
      erythroleukemia cells.
AB  - Analogues of human glycophorins have been identified in many species, including
      mouse. In murine erythroleukemia cells three mature glycophorins (gp-2, gp-3,
      34K) and four putative precursors (21K, 23K, 26K, and 27K) are expressed. Pulse
      chase labeling experiments suggest that 21K and 23K are the precursors of the gp
      3 doublet of proteins 29K and 30K. Precursor-product relationships were not found
      for 26K, 27K, 34K, and gp-2. Two experimental approaches, i.e. cell-free
      translation and subcellular distribution, have identified processing anomalies in
      the glycophorins. First, signal sequences, if present, are apparently not cleaved
      upon translocation across the endoplasmic reticulum membrane; second, the 26K and
      27K putative precursors are inefficiently translocated. The majority accumulates
      in the cytosol or associates with the endoplasmic reticulum membrane without
      acquiring protection against V8 protease. Only a minority (approximately 10%) is
      properly translocated.

PMID- 2910846
TI  - Interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein. Gene characterization, protein
      repeat structure, and its evolution.
AB  - The gene for bovine interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP) has been
      cloned, and its nucleotide sequence has been determined. The IRBP gene is about
      11.6 kilobase pairs (kb) and contains four exons and three introns. It
      transcribed into a large mRNA of approximately 6.4 kb and translated into a large
      protein of 145,000 daltons. To prove the identity of the genomic clone, we
      determined the protein sequence of several tryptic and cyanogen bromide fragments
      of purified bovine IRBP protein and localized them in the protein predicted from
      its nucleotide sequence. There is a 4-fold repeat structure in the protein
      sequence with 30-40% sequence identity and many conservative substitutions
      between any two of the four protein repeats. The third and fourth repeats are the
      most similar pair. All three of the introns in the IRBP gene fall in the fourth
      protein repeat. Two of the exons, the first and the fourth, are large, 3173 and
      2447 bases, respectively. The introns are each about 1.5-2.2 kb long. The human
      IRBP gene has a sequence that is similar to one of the introns from the bovine
      gene. The unexpected gene structure and protein repeat structure in the bovine
      gene lead us to propose a model for the evolution of the IRBP gene.

PMID- 2910847
TI  - In vitro synthesis, phosphorylation, and localization on 48 S initiation
      complexes of human protein synthesis initiation factor 4E.
AB  - Complementary DNA for human eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF-4E) was
      transcribed in vitro and the transcripts used to direct protein synthesis in a
      cell-free reticulocyte translation system. The predominant translation product
      was 25 kDa, was bound to a m7GTP-Sepharose affinity column, and was specifically
      eluted with m7GTP. Both phosphorylated (P) and unphosphorylated (U) forms of eIF
      4E were synthesized, and the P/U ratio increased as a function of incubation time
      in the reticulocyte lysate system. Both forms were quantitatively retained on
      m7GTP-Sepharose. When translation reactions were resolved on sucrose density
      gradients, the 35S-labeled eIF-4E sedimented predominantly at 3-4 S. However, in
      the presence of edeine or guanylyl imidodiphosphate, both of which cause
      accumulation of 48 S initiation complexes, eIF-4E was detected in the 48 S
      region. In the presence of sparsomycin, used to accumulate 80 S initiation
      complexes, no eIF-4E was observed in the 80 S region. No change in the eIF-4E
      distribution was caused by m7GTP. These results are consistent with a model
      whereby eIF-4E is transferred to the 43 S initiation complex together with mRNA
      and is released from the initiation complex when the 60 S ribosomal subunit
      joins.

PMID- 2910848
TI  - Multiple protein-DNA interactions within the human interferon-beta regulatory
      element.
AB  - High efficiency nuclear protein extracts were prepared from uninduced and
      recombinant interferon (IFN-alpha 2-primed Sendai virus-induced HeLa S3 cells and
      analyzed for DNA binding proteins specific for the human interferon-beta
      regulatory element (IRE). Analysis of protein-DNA interactions by a gel
      electrophoresis DNA binding assay resolved three complexes (designated A, B, and
      C) specific for the IRE probe (-79 to -36) in uninduced and induced cells.
      Competition studies using greater than a 100-fold molar excess of unlabeled DNA
      fragments representing different IFN-beta promoter sequences localized the DNA
      binding domain to the region -79 to -64 (P1 probe), a region previously shown to
      be essential for virus-inducible gene expression. Other adjacent IFN-beta
      segments including the negative regulatory element (-65 to -30) as well as the
      SV40 enhancer, c-fos serum-responsive element, and IFN-alpha 1 promoter fragment
      (-131 to -71) were unable to compete for the IRE binding protein. The 16-base
      pair enhancer core (P1 probe) specifically bound similar amounts of protein from
      uninduced and induced extracts; a synthetic tetrahexamer, AAGTGA, competed
      efficiently for the binding to the P1 region. Competition studies indicated that
      adjacent upstream IFN-beta DNA sequences -94 to -78 (P5) also contained a
      sequence motif capable of binding the P1 protein. In vitro transcription of the
      IFN-beta template in the HeLa nuclear extracts was partially inhibited when
      increasing amounts of competitor IRE fragment were added to the reaction. These
      results demonstrate that multiple DNA sequence motifs within the IFN-beta
      regulatory element interact to bind transcription regulatory proteins which are
      present in normal and virus-infected HeLa cells.

PMID- 2910849
TI  - Protein kinase C located in rat liver nuclei. Partial purification and
      biochemical and immunochemical characterization.
AB  - In the rat liver homogenate, maximal protein kinase C activity was found at two
      calcium concentrations (1.75 and 3.5 mM). Subcellular fractionation of the liver
      homogenate revealed that the protein kinase C activity requiring 1.75 mM calcium
      was present only in the cytosolic and particulate subcellular fractions. The
      protein kinase C activity requiring 3.5 mM calcium concentration was mainly
      located in the rat liver nuclei preparation. About 19% of the liver homogenate
      protein kinase C activity requiring 3.5 mM calcium was present in the nuclei.
      Goat anti-rat brain protein kinase C antibodies revealed a single immunoreactive
      band at 80-82 kDa in the rat liver nuclear, particulate, or cytosolic fractions.
      Based on the ratio of plasma membrane marker enzyme activity determined in the
      nuclear preparation, the purity of the isolated nuclei was ascertained. Rat liver
      nuclear protein kinase C activity has been partially purified. The purification
      steps sequentially employed were Triton X-100 extraction of isolated nuclei, DEAE
      cellulose chromatography, Phenyl-Superose, and Mono Q (fast protein liquid)
      chromatography. The final purification step revealed, by silver nitrate staining
      on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, two protein bands
      at 80 and 66 kDa, respectively. These findings provide definitive data regarding
      the nuclear location of protein kinase C. The nuclear location of protein kinase
      C may lead to an understanding of the molecular pathway involved in signal
      transduction from the plasma membrane to the nucleus.

PMID- 2910850
TI  - Phosphatidylethanolamine levels and regulation of phosphatidylethanolamine N
      methyltransferase.
AB  - The activity of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) N-methyltransferase in liver
      microsomes, measured using endogenous microsomal PE as a substrate, was elevated
      2-fold in the choline-deficient state. However, methyltransferase activity
      assayed in the presence of a saturating concentration of phosphatidyl-N-mono
      methylethanolamine or microsomal PE was unchanged by choline deficiency.
      Accompanying the increase in methyltransferase activity in liver homogenates and
      microsomes were increased PE concentrations and an increased PE to
      phosphatidylcholine ratio. The concentration of other phospholipids was
      unchanged. Immunoblot analysis of choline-deficient and choline-supplemented rat
      liver microsomes using a rabbit polyclonal anti-PE N-methyltransferase antibody
      revealed that the amount of enzyme protein was unaltered. The regulation of
      methyltransferase by PE levels was also investigated in cultured hepatocytes
      obtained from choline-deficient rat livers. Supplementation of deficient
      hepatocytes with 200 microM methionine resulted in a 50% reduction in cellular PE
      levels over a 12-h period. PE N-methyltransferase activity assayed with
      endogenous PE was also reduced by 50%, but phosphatidyl-N-monomethylethanolamine
      dependent activity was unchanged. A 4-h supplementation with choline did not
      affect PE levels or methyltransferase activity. Either methionine or choline
      supplementation resulted in net synthesis of cellular phosphatidylcholine.
      Immunoblotting of membranes from methionine-supplemented hepatocytes revealed no
      change in enzyme protein, a further indication that enzyme mass was constitutive,
      and activity was regulated by the concentration of PE.

PMID- 2910851
TI  - Fine mapping of the chromatin structure of a cell cycle-regulated human H4
      histone gene.
AB  - We have observed changes in the chromatin structure of a human histone gene
      promoter that may be functionally related to variations in transcription during
      the cell cycle. A detailed analysis of the chromatin structure of a cell cycle
      dependent human H4 histone gene and its flanking sequences was performed using
      DNase I, S1 nuclease, and restriction endonucleases. This gene was previously
      shown to have a DNase I- and S1-sensitive site for which the boundaries varied
      with the cell cycle, and we have now precisely mapped these modifications. During
      S phase, the entire coding region of this gene and the 5'-flanking region up to
      approximately -600 base pairs are sensitive to both DNase I and S1, while during
      mitosis/G1, accessibility to these enzymes is greatly decreased in regions from 
      250 to -600 base pairs and downstream of +100 base pairs. DNase I- and S1
      hypersensitive sites in the proximal promoter region (which contains two sites of
      protein-DNA interaction as well as sequence elements necessary for the correct
      initiation of transcription) are present throughout the cell cycle, as is an
      additional site sensitive to both DNase I and S1, located at -700 to -800 base
      pairs. Restriction enzyme analysis confirmed the general openness of the promoter
      region and relative insensitivity of the 3'-flanking region, while salt wash
      experiments indicated several discrete sites in the promoter that are candidates
      for regulatory interactions. The chromatin structure of the proximal promoter
      region of this H4 gene is different during early S phase when it is maximally
      transcribed, as indicated by the ability of a high salt wash to render this
      region inaccessible to the restriction enzyme MspI only at this time of the cell
      cycle.

PMID- 2910852
TI  - Interactions among serum vitamin D binding protein, monomeric actin, profilin,
      and profilactin.
AB  - Human serum vitamin D binding protein (hDBP), a 58-kDa inter-alpha-globulin, is
      known to bind, monomeric actin (G-actin) in equimolar quantities. Using
      monoclonal and polyclonal anti-hDBP antibodies, hDBP, and radioiodinated actin,
      we developed a reliable saturation assay for actin bound to hDBP. By utilizing
      this assay, kinetic analysis, and ultracentrifugal sedimentation in sucrose
      gradients, these proteins' binding affinities (Kd = 10(-9) M) were demonstrated
      to be 10- to 100-fold greater than earlier estimates. At 4 degrees C, hDBP has an
      association rate constant of 2.2 x 10(4) M-1 s-1 and a rate of dissociation
      displaying a t1/2 of 22 h. This high affinity binding was largely unaffected by
      conditions favoring actin filament formation (1 mM MgCl2 and/or 50 mM KCl), by
      the range of pH from 6.8 to 8.6 or by temperatures from 4 to 37 degrees C.
      Compared with ATP-alpha-actin, a 2-fold decrease of binding affinity was observed
      for the nonmuscle isoactins (beta,gamma), ADP-G-alpha-actin, and N'
      ethylmaleimide-modified G-alpha-actin. The 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and 1 alpha,25
      dihydroxyvitamin D3 holo-sterol forms of hDBP bound actin in a manner
      indistinguishable from the apo-sterol hDBP. The common polymorphisms of hDBP
      (DBP1 slow, DBP1 fast, and DBP2) were shown to have an equal avidity for G-actin
      binding. Human platelet profilin competed with hDBP for binding to G-actin, but
      was 1000-fold less potent (Ki = 1.9 microM). When platelet profilactin was
      incubated with hDBP, profilin was liberated and hDBP-actin complexes formed.
      DNase I, which forms a triprotein complex with hDBP-G actin, did not alter the
      affinity of binding of actin by hDBP. The very high affinity binding observed,
      which was largely unaffected by the state of G-actin, pH, and ionic conditions,
      appears to support a constitutive role for plasma DBP in the sequestration of
      actin monomers, as well as actin from actin-profilin complexes, that are
      liberated during cell injury.

PMID- 2910853
TI  - Identification and characterization of a factor that binds to two human
      sarcomeric actin promoters.
AB  - A gel mobility shift assay was used to examine nuclear extracts of muscle and
      nonmuscle cell lines for a factor or factors that interact with the functional
      promoter segment of both the human cardiac and skeletal alpha-actin genes. A
      single major band of altered mobility was seen with nuclear extracts from C2
      myoblasts and myotubes and L8 myoblasts and myotubes as well as several non
      muscle cell lines. Competition experiments with nuclear extracts from both muscle
      and non-muscle cells localized the region of binding to a 10-base pair sequence
      of the cardiac alpha-actin gene containing the functional CArG box promoter
      domain. Similar results and binding site specificities were obtained with a DNA
      fragment from the human skeletal alpha-actin promoter. The CArG box binding
      factor was shown to be distinct from a CAAT box binding factor. A molecular
      weight of 67 kDa for the CArG box binding factor was determined by photoaffinity
      labeling of the complex and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis. Protease treatment resulted in a smaller fragment that still
      bound the cardiac alpha-actin promoter fragment and may represent a structurally
      distinct DNA-binding domain. We discuss how muscle-specific expression of the
      sarcomeric alpha-actin genes might be achieved with a ubiquitous transcription
      factor.

PMID- 2910854
TI  - Purification and characterization of a 40 S ribosomal protein S6 kinase from
      vanadate-stimulated Swiss 3T3 cells.
AB  - Recently we have identified a mitogen-activated S6 kinase from Swiss 3T3 cells
      (Jeno, P., Ballou, L. M., Novak-Hofer, I., and Thomas, G. (1988) Proc. Natl.
      Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85, 406-410). Here we describe the detailed purification of
      this enzyme from high-speed supernatants (400,000 x g) of vanadate-treated cell
      extracts. The enzyme is purified through six sequential steps including cation-
      and anion-exchange, sizing, and affinity chromatography. At each step, the enzyme
      behaves as one entity and, on the final step of purification, is revealed on
      silver-stained sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels as a single protein of
      Mr 70,000. As reported earlier, the overall purification factor is 3,000-fold,
      and the specific activity of the homogeneously purified enzyme is 0.6
      mumol/min/mg of protein. However, recovery of total activity is only 0.2%. This
      large loss of activity appears to be due to freeze-thawing the enzyme between
      each step of purification. The purified kinase does not phosphorylate casein,
      histones 2A and 3S, or phosvitin. It has a Km for ATP of 28 microM and a broad
      optimum for Mg2+ between 5 and 20 mM. Mn2+ does not affect the basal level of
      kinase activity, and at concentrations as low as 1 mM, it completely suppresses
      the effect of 20 mM Mg2+ on kinase activity. The relationship of this enzyme to
      two other purified S6 kinases is discussed.

PMID- 2910855
TI  - Regulation of low density lipoprotein receptor gene expression in human
      lymphocytes.
AB  - Cholesterol homeostasis is maintained by coordinate regulation of endogenous
      synthesis and exogenous uptake of lipoprotein cholesterol by low density
      lipoprotein (LDL) receptors. In the lymphocyte, limiting the availability of
      exogenous cholesterol is known to increase the rate of endogenous sterol
      biosynthesis. However, the effect of cholesterol deprivation on the expression
      and regulation of the LDL receptor gene has not been delineated in lymphocytes.
      Here, LDL receptor mRNA was detected in freshly isolated human peripheral
      mononuclear cells. LDL receptor mRNA levels increased by 3-fold during a one-h in
      vitro culture in lipoprotein-deficient medium and by 6-fold during a 2-h
      incubation. Actinomycin D blocked the synthesis of LDL receptor mRNA in these
      cultures. However, neither cycloheximide nor LDL or oxygenated sterols suppressed
      the increase in LDL receptor mRNA levels observed after a 2-h incubation. The
      increase in LDL receptor mRNA was maintained for 24 h of culture in the absence
      of LDL. Ongoing gene transcription and not mRNA stabilization accounted for this
      expression. Inhibition of protein synthesis with cycloheximide completely
      prevented the sustained increase in LDL receptor mRNA levels measured after 24 h.
      Low concentrations of LDL (5 micrograms of cholesterol/ml) and oxygenated sterols
      also suppressed the level of LDL receptor mRNA measured after a 24-h incubation.
      These data show that the initial upregulation of LDL receptor gene expression is
      independent of protein synthesis and not suppressed by either LDL or oxygenated
      sterols. In contrast, the continued transcription necessary for the maintenance
      of steady-state levels of LDL receptor mRNA requires synthesis of new protein and
      is regulated by LDL and oxygenated sterols.

PMID- 2910856
TI  - Molecular cloning, characterization, and expression of a human 14-kDa lectin.
AB  - Full length cDNAs coding for a 14-kDa beta-galactoside binding lectin have been
      isolated from HL-60 cells and human placenta. Oligonucleotide probes based on a
      pentapeptide present in several partial sequences of homologous human lectins
      were used to screen a lambda GT10 HL-60 cDNA library. The HL-60 cDNA clones that
      were isolated were used to design a synthetic primer representing the 3'
      untranslated region of the HL-60 lectin. This primer was then used to synthesize
      a lambda GT10 human placenta cDNA library, and restriction fragments of the HL-60
      cDNA clones were used to screen the library. The cDNA clones for both HL-60 and
      placenta lectin had identical sequences with short 5'- and 3'-untranslated
      regions and coded for a 135-amino acid protein which lacks a hydrophobic signal
      peptide sequence. Biochemical data show that, despite the presence of a possible
      N-linked glycosylation site, the protein is not glycosylated. Northern and
      Southern blot analyses indicate that the 14-kDa lectin is encoded for by a single
      gene. The lectin cDNA was expressed in Escherichia coli and biologically active
      protein was purified from cell lysates by affinity chromatography.

PMID- 2910857
TI  - Multiplicity of heme oxygenase isozymes. HO-1 and HO-2 are different molecular
      species in rat and rabbit.
AB  - We report on the detection and characterization of two forms of heme oxygenase in
      rabbit tissues and provide data suggesting that heme oxygenases in rat and rabbit
      are not identical and constitute a group of heterogenous proteins. Certain
      molecular properties, however, are shared by the isozymes in rat and rabbit; the
      predominant form of the enzyme in control liver and testis is HO-2, in the liver
      HO-1 is the inducible form, and in the brain HO-1 is not detectable. HO-1 was
      purified from liver of rabbits treated with bromobenzene to near homogeneity with
      a specific activity of 8,270 nmol of bilirubin/mg/h and compared with a
      homogenous preparation of rat HO-1 with a specific activity of 6,220, also
      obtained from bromobenzene-treated animals. Rat and rabbit HO-1, on sodium
      dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel, had molecular weights of 30,000 and 30,700,
      respectively. Rabbit HO-2 was partially purified from testis to a specific
      activity of 386 nmol of bilirubin/mg/h and compared with a purified preparation
      of rat testis HO-2 with a specific activity of 5,700. Using Western
      immunoblotting, rabbit HO-2 displayed intense cross-reactivity with antibody
      raised in rabbit to sodium dodecyl sulfate-denatured rat HO-2, and had a
      substantially larger molecular weight than the rat HO-2 (42,000 versus 36,000).
      Rabbit HO-1 did not cross-react with antibody to rat HO-1 which was also raised
      in rabbit. Unlike the rat enzymes, rabbit HO-1 and HO-2 did not differ in
      thermolability. It is speculated that HO-1 in rat and rabbit, and possibly HO-2,
      have evolved from divergent evolution of a common ancestral gene(s).

PMID- 2910858
TI  - Platelet-derived growth factor-inducible gene JE is a member of a family of small
      inducible genes related to platelet factor 4.
AB  - The platelet-derived growth factor-inducible gene JE was found to encode a 148
      residue basic (pI = 10.4) secretory protein which shows striking similarity to
      the gene products of a family of small inducible genes (SIG), LD78, TCA3, IP10, 3
      10C, 9E3/pCEF4, and gro/MGSA, and to several of the proteins secreted from
      platelet alpha-granules. Members of the SIG family have spatially conserved
      cysteine residues that vary in distance by only one amino acid residue as well as
      conserved proline residues at analogous sites. Hydrophilicity plots show
      alternating hydrophobic and hydrophilic domains which are similar for all members
      of the SIG family except IP10 and platelet factor 4, which show similarities to
      each other. The genomic organization of SIG family members is similar in the
      location of the splice junctions and the number of introns and exons, suggesting
      that they were derived from a common ancestor. The collective evidence suggests
      that a family of inducible cytokines, which are mitogenic or chemotactic, may act
      as intercellular coordinators of diverse responses designed to combat infection
      and promote the healing and regeneration of injured tissue.

PMID- 2910859
TI  - Biogenesis of the somatogenic receptor in rat liver.
AB  - Certain structural characteristics, in particular the type of oligosaccharide
      chains associated with the rat liver somatogenic (GH) receptors, were studied in
      different isolated organelles involved in receptor biosynthesis, maturation, and
      binding, with the use of ligand-affinity cross-linking, incubation with various
      oligosaccharide chain-cleaving enzymes, and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide
      gel electrophoresis. In an endoplasmic reticulum-enriched fraction, a somatogenic
      receptor with Mr 33,000, after correction for bound ligand (assuming a 1:1
      binding ratio of ligand to receptor) was found to contain N-linked high mannose
      oligosaccharide chain(s). In an intermediate density fraction, enriched in cis
      Golgi, a major receptor of Mr 43,000 was found to contain N-linked complex type
      of oligosaccharide chains. In a low density membrane fraction, containing trans
      Golgi complex membranes and endocytic vesicles, three receptors of Mr 95,000,
      55,000, and 43,000 were found. These three receptors contain N-linked complex
      type oligosaccharide chains. Neuraminidase treatment resulted in a decrease of
      the Mr 95,000 and 43,000 receptors to Mr 81,000 and 39,000, respectively. Two
      specific somatogenic receptors of Mr 95,000 and 43,000 containing N-linked
      complex type of oligosaccharides were found in an isolated plasma membrane
      enriched fraction. When isolated hepatocytes were analyzed, the Mr 95,000
      receptor was found to be the major labeled species. Two-dimensional sodium
      dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis (first dimension
      nonreducing and the second dimension reducing conditions), showed that the Mr
      43,000 receptor is contained within the Mr 95,000 receptor. The data suggest that
      the Mr 33,000 receptor found in endoplasmic reticulum constitutes a precursor to
      the Mr 43,000 receptor and that the Mr 43,000 receptor is complexed with an
      unknown subunit during transport through the Golgi complex to form an Mr 95,000
      receptor present on the cell surface.

PMID- 2910860
TI  - Role of intracellular pH in secretion from adrenal medulla chromaffin cells.
AB  - The role of intracellular pH in stimulus-secretion coupling was investigated in
      cultured bovine adrenal medullary chromaffin cells. NH4Cl (1-25 mM) did not
      affect basal catecholamine or ATP release but markedly inhibited nicotine- or
      high K+-induced release by up to 60%. The inhibition had a rapid onset (less than
      1 min) and was maximal at about 5 mM NH4Cl. The effect of NH4Cl was largely
      sustained over 20 min and was reversed upon NH4Cl removal. Sodium propionate did
      not affect secretion but partially reversed the inhibition by NH4Cl in a
      concentration-dependent manner. Methylamine (10 mM) produced a similar, but
      slower, inhibition than NH4Cl. Monensin (1-10 microM) inhibited catecholamine
      secretion by 30-60%, and its effect was reduced in the presence of NH4Cl. Using
      the fluorescent Ca2+ probe Fura-2, we found that the increase of [Ca2+]i
      following stimulation was not altered by concentrations of NH4Cl which inhibited
      secretion maximally. Measurement of cytosolic pH (pHi) with the fluorescent probe
      2',7'-bis-carboxyethyl-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF) revealed an alkalinization
      by NH4Cl (2.5-25 mM) of 0.1-0.23 pH units and acidification by sodium propionate
      (10-20 mM) of 0.2-0.25 pH units, with intermediate combined effects. Monensin (1
      microM) caused a cytosolic acidification of 0.26 pH units. All pHi changes were
      partly recovered in 15 min. Fluorescence quenching measurements using the weakly
      basic fluorescent probe acridine orange indicated the accumulation of the probe
      into acidic compartments, presumably the chromaffin granules, which was strongly
      reduced by both NH4Cl and monensin. From these findings we conclude that the pH
      of the chromaffin granule modulates secretion by affecting some step in the
      secretory process unrelated to the rise in [Ca2+]i.

PMID- 2910861
TI  - Cyclopentenylcytosine triphosphate. Formation and inhibition of CTP synthetase.
AB  - Cyclopentenylcytosine (CPEC) is phosphorylated in L1210 cells with CPEC
      triphosphate as the major metabolite. Partially purified uridine-cytidine kinase
      catalyzes the initial phosphorylation of cyclopentenylcytosine with an apparent
      Km of 196 +/- 9 microM, and cyclopentenylcytosine is a competitive inhibitor of
      cytidine phosphorylation by this enzyme with a Ki value of 144 +/- 14 microM.
      Examination of the CTP synthetase activity in extracts of L1210 cells revealed a
      dose-dependent decrease on exposure of cells to CPEC. Synthesis of CPEC
      triphosphate by an enzymatic method permitted direct examination of the
      inhibition of partially purified CTP synthetase. CPEC triphosphate inhibited
      bovine CTP synthetase with a median inhibitory concentration of 6 microM, whereas
      CPEC mono- and diphosphates were ineffective. CTP synthetase showed a classical
      Michaelis-Menten hyperbolic plot of velocity and UTP concentration in the
      presence of saturating concentrations of ATP and glutamine, but CPEC triphosphate
      induced sigmoidal kinetic plots. The Hill coefficient was calculated to be 3.2.

PMID- 2910862
TI  - The function of gamma-glutamylcysteine and bis-gamma-glutamylcystine reductase in
      Halobacterium halobium.
AB  - gamma-Glutamylcysteine and bis-gamma-glutamylcystine reductase appear to function
      in the halobacteria in a fashion analogous to GSH and glutathione reductase in
      other cells. Bis-gamma-glutamylcystine reductase (GCR), a NADPH-dependent dimer
      of Mr 122,000 recently purified to homogeneity from Halobacterium halobium
      (Sundquist, A.R., and Fahey, R.C. (1988) J. Bacteriol., 170, 3459-3467), was
      found to be highly specific for bis-gamma-glutamylcystine and to be present in
      cell extract at a level sufficient to maintain gamma-glutamylcysteine
      predominantly in its thiol form [( thiol]/[disulfide] approximately 50). Bis
      gamma-glutamylcystine reductase is similar to glutathione reductase in many
      respects; GCR demonstrated a FAD:subunit stoichiometry of 1, inhibition by heavy
      metal ions, and a pH optimum near neutrality. However, GCR exhibited no activity
      with GSSG and was most active at salt levels exceeding 2 M. A turnover number of
      1,700 mumol min-1 mumol-1 FAD and apparent Km values of 0.8 mM for bis-gamma
      glutamylcystine and 0.29 mM for NADPH were determined for GCR. The effect of salt
      on the autoxidation rates of gamma-glutamylcysteine, GSH, and Cys was also
      studied. In the absence of added salt, Cys oxidized more rapidly than gamma
      glutamylcysteine, which in turn oxidized more rapidly than GSH. The presence of
      4.3 M chloride (K+ and Na+) significantly slowed the autoxidation of all three
      thiols. The rate of autoxidation of gamma-glutamylcysteine in 4.3 M chloride
      proved slower than that of GSH in the absence of added chloride. Thus, gamma
      glutamylcysteine is at least as stable under halophilic conditions as GSH is
      under nonhalophilic conditions, explaining why halobacteria utilize gamma
      glutamylcysteine rather than GSH.

PMID- 2910863
TI  - Relative effectiveness of various ions on the solubility and crystal growth of
      lysozyme.
AB  - Crystallization conditions for hen egg white lysozyme in the presence of various
      ions were determined at pH 4.5 and 18 degrees C. The corresponding solubility
      curves show that the main effects are due to anions in the following order: SCN-
      greater than NO3- greater than Cl- greater than citrate2- greater than CH3COO-
      approximately H2PO4- greater than SO4(2-). This is in the reverse order of the
      lyotropic series of Hofmeister. As a consequence, SCN- precipitates and
      crystallizes lysozyme at low concentration, whereas sulfate is ineffective even
      at high concentrations. Crystals obtained with each salt were characterized by x
      ray diffraction. Lysozyme thiocyanate and nitrate crystals belong to the
      monoclinic system, whereas all the others have a tetragonal lattice.

PMID- 2910864
TI  - Prostaglandin and fatty acid omega- and (omega-1)-oxidation in rabbit lung.
      Acetylenic fatty acid mechanism-based inactivators as specific inhibitors.
AB  - Terminal acetylenic fatty acid mechanism-based inhibitors (Ortiz de Montellano,
      P. R., and Reich, N. O. (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 4136-4141) were used as probes
      in determining the substrate specificity of rabbit lung cytochrome P-450 isozymes
      of pregnant animals in both microsomes and reconstituted systems. Lung microsomal
      and reconstituted P-450 form 5-catalyzed lauric acid omega- and (omega-1)
      hydroxylase activities were inhibited by a 12-carbon terminal acetylenic fatty
      acid, 11-dodecynoic acid (11-DDYA), and an 18-carbon terminal acetylenic fatty
      acid, 17-octadecynoic acid (17-ODYA). Rabbit lung microsomal lauric acid omega
      hydroxylase activity was more sensitive to inhibition by 11-DDYA than was (omega
      1)-hydroxylase activity. In reconstituted systems containing purified P-450 form
      5, both omega- and (omega-1)-hydroxylation of lauric acid were inhibited in
      parallel when either 11-DDYA or 17-ODYA was used. These data suggest the presence
      of at least two P-450 isozymes in rabbit lung microsomes capable of lauric acid
      omega-hydroxylation. This is the first report indicating the multiplicity of
      lauric acid hydroxylases in lung microsomes. Lung microsomal prostaglandin omega
      hydroxylation, mediated by the pregnancy-inducible P-450PG-omega (Williams, D.
      E., Hale, S. E., Okita, R. T., and Masters, B. S. S. (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259,
      14600-14608) was subject to inhibition by 17-ODYA only, whereas 11-DDYA acid was
      not an effective inhibitor of this hydroxylase. We have recently developed a new
      terminal acetylenic fatty acid, 12-hydroxy-16-heptadecynoic acid (12-HHDYA), that
      contains a hydroxyl group at the omega-6 position. We show that 12-HHDYA
      possesses a high degree of selectivity for the inactivation of rabbit lung
      microsomal prostaglandin omega-hydroxylase activity which cannot be obtained with
      the long chain acetylenic inhibitor, 17-ODYA. In addition, 12-HHDYA has no effect
      on lauric acid omega- or omega-1-hydroxylation or on benzphetamine N
      demethylation. The development of this new terminal acetylenic fatty acid
      inhibitor provides us with a useful tool with which to study the physiological
      role of prostaglandin omega-hydroxylation in the rabbit lung during pregnancy.

PMID- 2910865
TI  - A family of glycoinositol phospholipids from Leishmania major. Isolation,
      characterization, and antigenicity.
AB  - The glycolipids of the protozoan Leishmania major strain LRC-L119 belong to a
      class of glycoinositol phospholipids (GIPL) that show partial structural homology
      to the phosphatidylinositol-containing glycolipid membrane anchors of several
      eukaryotic proteins and the lipid moiety of L. major lipophosphoglycan. The GIPLs
      were the only glycolipids detected and were purified by octyl-Sepharose and thin
      layer chromatographies. Analysis of the native and dephosphorylated glycolipids
      (GIPLs 1-6) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed that the glycan
      moieties have between 4 and 10 saccharide residues and all contain mannose,
      galactose, and non-N-acetylated glucosamine. Some of the GIPLs also contain
      glucose (GIPL-6) and hexose monophosphate residues (GIPL 4-6). The presence of an
      inositol phospholipid moiety in all the GIPLs is indicated by the identification
      of 1 myo-inositol monophosphate residue/molecule and their susceptibility to
      phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C. However, heterogeneity in the
      lipid moieties is indicated by differences in the compositional analysis and the
      behavior of the GIPLs on the thin layer chromatography after mild alkali
      hydrolysis or phospholipase A2 treatment. These results demonstrate that GIPLs 1
      4 contain 1-alkyl-2-acylglycerol composed of saturated unbranched alkyl chains
      with carbon chain lengths of 18-26 and acyl chains of myristate, palmitate and
      stearate, whereas GIPL-5 and -6 contain lyso-alkylglycerol composed of mainly
      C24:0 and C26:0 alkyl chains. Analysis of the products of nitrous acid
      deamination demonstrates that these glycerolipids are present as
      alkylacylphosphatidylinositol (GIPLs 1-4) and 1-O-alkylglycerophosphoinositol
      (GIPL-5 and -6), respectively. GIPL-2 and -3 are labeled on the surface of living
      promastigotes with galactose oxidase/NaB[3H]4. These GIPLs also react with three
      monoclonal antibodies that recognize the surface of promastigotes and amastigotes
      of L. major and other Leishmania spp.

PMID- 2910866
TI  - Decreasing extracellular Na+ concentration triggers inositol polyphosphate
      production and Ca2+ mobilization.
AB  - Removing extracellular Na+ (Na+o) evoked a large increase in cytosolic free Ca2+
      concentration ([Ca2+]i in human skin fibroblasts. Decreasing [Na+]o from 120 to
      14 mM caused the half-maximal peak increase in [Ca2+]i. Removing Na+o strongly
      stimulated 45Ca2+ efflux and decreased total cell Ca2+ by about 40%. Bradykinin
      caused changes in [Ca2+]i, total Ca2+, and 45Ca2+ fluxes similar to those evoked
      by removing Na+o. Prior stimulation of the cells with bradykinin prevented Na+o
      removal from increasing [Ca2+]i and vice versa. Na+o removal rapidly increased
      [3H]inositol polyphosphate production. Loading the cells with Na+ had no effect
      on the increase in 45Ca2+ efflux produced by Na+o removal. Therefore, decreasing
      [Na+]o probably stimulates a "receptor(s)" which is sensitive to extracellular,
      not intracellular, Na+. Removing Na+o also mobilized intracellular Ca2+ in smooth
      muscle and endothelial cells cultured from human umbilical and dog coronary
      arteries, respectively.

PMID- 2910867
TI  - Biochemistry of terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. Identification and unity of
      ribo- and deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate binding site in terminal
      deoxynucleotidyltransferase.
AB  - Terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase is the only DNA polymerase that is strongly
      inhibited in the presence of ATP. We have labeled calf terminal
      deoxynucleotidyltransferase with [32P]ATP in order to identify its binding site
      in terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase. The specificity of ATP cross-linking to
      terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase is shown by the competitive inhibition of
      the overall cross-linking reaction by deoxynucleoside triphosphates, as well as
      the ATP analogs Ap4A and Ap5A. Tryptic peptide mapping of [32P]ATP-labeled enzyme
      revealed a peptide fraction that contained the majority of cross-linked ATP. The
      properties, chromatographic characteristics, amino acid composition, and sequence
      analysis of this peptide fraction were identical with those found associated with
      dTTP cross-linked terminal deoxynucleotidyl-transferase peptide (Pandey, V. N.,
      and Modak, M. J. (1988a). J. Biol. Chem. 263, 3744-3751). The involvement of the
      same 2 cysteine residues in the crosslinking of both nucleotides further
      confirmed the unity of the ATP and dTTP binding domain that contains residues 224
      237 in the primary amino acid sequence of calf terminal
      deoxynucleotidyltransferase.

PMID- 2910868
TI  - Structures of neutral O-linked polylactosaminoglycans on human skim milk mucins.
      A novel type of linearly extended poly-N-acetyllactosamine backbones with Gal
      beta(1-4)GlcNAc beta(1-6) repeating units.
AB  - O-Linked oligosaccharides were isolated from human skim milk mucins and from
      mucin-derived glycopeptides by reductive beta-elimination. The released alditols
      were fractionated by DEAE-Sephadex chromatography and purified by high
      performance liquid chromatography on primary amine bonded phase. The structures
      of the major neutral oligosaccharide alditols could be established by fast atom
      bombardment and electron impact mass spectrometry, combined with methylation
      analysis, 500-MHz 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and endo-beta
      galactosidase (from Bacteroides fragilis, EC 3.2.1.103) digestion (where n = 0
      3): (formula; see text) Major O-glycosidically linked oligosaccharides on skim
      milk mucins are of the Gal beta(1-3)[GlcNAc beta(1-6)] GalNAc core type 2 and
      exhibit linearly extended backbone chains of the poly N-acetyllactosamine type
      comprizing up to at least four repeating units, which are linked by the hitherto
      unknown sequence GlcNAc-beta(1-6) Gal rather than GlcNAc beta(1-3)Gal. A
      considerable portion of neutral alditols is represented by branched isomers of
      the linear species, which are distinguished by their content of 3,6-disubstituted
      galactose and their partial resistance to endo-beta-galactosidase digestion.

PMID- 2910869
TI  - Kinetics of activation of phospholipase C by P2Y purinergic receptor agonists and
      guanine nucleotides.
AB  - Membranes prepared from [3H]inositol-labeled turkey erythrocytes express a
      phospholipase C that is markedly stimulated by stable analogs of GTP (Harden, T.
      K., Stephens, L., Hawkins, P. T., and Downes, C. P. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262,
      9057-9061). We now report that P2-purinergic receptor-mediated regulation of the
      enzyme occurs in the membrane preparation. The order of potency of a series of
      ATP and ADP analogs for stimulation of inositol phosphate formation, i.e. 2
      methylthioadenosine 5'-triphosphate (2MeSATP) greater than adenosine 5'-O-(2
      thiodiphosphate) greater than adenosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) greater than
      ATP greater than 5'-adenylyl imidodiphosphate approximately ADP greater than
      alpha, beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate greater than beta, gamma
      methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate, was consistent with that for the P2Y
      purinergic receptor subtype. Agonist-stimulated effects were completely dependent
      on the presence of guanine nucleotide. Activation of phospholipase C by guanosine
      5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (GTP gamma S) occurred with a considerable time lag.
      The rate of activation followed first order kinetics and was markedly increased
      by increasing concentrations of a P2Y receptor agonist; in contrast, the rate of
      activation at a fixed agonist concentration was independent of guanine nucleotide
      concentration. Addition of guanosine 5'-O-(2-thiodiphosphate) (GDP beta S) prior
      to addition of agonist and GTP, 5'-guanylyl imidodiphosphate (Gpp(NH)p), or GTP
      gamma S blocked in a concentration-dependent manner the stimulatory effect of
      guanine nucleotide. GDP beta S, added subsequent to preactivation of membranes
      with 2MeSATP and GTP gamma S or Gpp(NH)p had only small inhibitory effects on the
      rate of inositol phosphate production observed over the subsequent 10 min. In
      contrast, addition of GDP beta S to GTP-preactivated membranes resulted in a
      rapid return of enzyme activity to the basal state within 60 s. Taken together,
      the data are consistent with the idea that P2Y receptor activation increases the
      rate of exchange of GTP and GTP analogs for GDP on the relevant guanine
      nucleotide regulatory protein. Once the active enzymic species is formed,
      hydrolysis of guanine nucleotide reverts the enzyme to the inactive state.

PMID- 2910870
TI  - Characterization of tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase from rat liver and other
      tissues.
AB  - The sulfoconjugation of tyrosyl residues is a widespread post-translational
      modification of biologically active peptides and proteins. In this paper we
      describe the characterization of a rat liver tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase that
      is capable of catalyzing the transfer of a sulfate moiety from 3'
      phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) to the synthetic polymer, poly
      (Glu6,Ala3,Tyr1) (EAY; Mr 47,000) using a simple filter paper assay. Following
      sucrose density gradient centrifugation and comparison with known subcellular
      marker enzyme activities, rat liver tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase activity was
      shown to have a distribution similar to the Golgi enzyme, galactosyltransferase.
      Using the enriched Golgi preparation, rat liver tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase
      displayed a pH optimum of 6.7 and required the presence of 20 mM Mn2+ for maximal
      activity. Co2+ (20 mM) was able to produce 26% of the maximal stimulation
      observed with Mn2+, whereas other metal ions, such as Mg2+, Ca2+, and Co2+, were
      not effective in stimulating tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase activity. Whereas
      tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase activity was observed in the native membrane
      bound state, EAY sulfation was maximally enhanced 3-fold when assayed in the
      presence of Lubrol Px. Under the optimal conditions for assaying the sulfation of
      EAY by a rat liver enriched Golgi fraction, significant degradation of the
      sulfate donor, PAPS, was observed. The addition of both NaF and 5'-AMP to the
      incubation mixture was found to effectively prevent PAPS degradation and increase
      the amount of product formed in the assay by 10-fold. Using the optimized
      conditions for the sulfation of EAY by rat liver tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase,
      membrane-bound sulfotransferase activity was also observed in the crude
      microsomal pellets of a variety of rat tissues, including lung, pituitary, and
      cerebellum, as well as in livers from different species.

PMID- 2910871
TI  - Mechanism of vitamin A movement between rod outer segments, interphotoreceptor
      retinoid-binding protein, and liposomes.
AB  - Vitamin A movement between rod outer segment (ROS) membranes, interphotoreceptor
      retinoid-binding protein (IRBP), and liposomes was examined by two different
      methods. Equilibrium exchange of all-trans-retinol was followed by assessing the
      transfer of [3H]retinol from liposomes to ROS membranes as compared to a
      nontransferable marker, [14C]triolein. In the absence of IRBP, a rapid,
      spontaneous transfer of [3H] retinol to the ROS membranes occurred. In the
      presence of 2 microM IRBP, retinol transfer decreased by approximately one-half,
      whereas a similar concentration of bovine serum albumin had no effect on this
      spontaneous transfer. Kinetics of retinol transfer between single unilamellar
      vesicles were determined by the method of fluorescence energy transfer. The first
      order rate constant for this transfer was 0.85 s-1 at 22 degrees C at either pH
      7.4 or pH 2.8. This rate was not affected by varying the concentration of
      acceptor vesicles 50-fold or by varying their concentration 10-fold at a constant
      ratio of donor-to-acceptor vesicles. The presence of IRBP as an additional
      acceptor did not change the rate. The transfer was temperature-dependent with an
      activation energy of 7.8 kcal/mol. The transfer rate appeared to be an increasing
      exponential function of ionic strength since high concentrations of NaCl
      decreased the transfer rate significantly. The transfer rate of retinol from IRBP
      to single unilamellar vesicles also followed first order kinetics with a rate
      constant of 0.11 s-1 at 22 degrees C, which was approximately 8 times slower than
      that of transfer between vesicles. We conclude that the transfer of all-trans
      retinol between liposomes and membranes can be accomplished rapidly via the
      aqueous phase, and that IRBP retards rather than facilitates this transfer
      process.

PMID- 2910872
TI  - Cetacean relaxin. Isolation and sequence of relaxins from Balaenoptera
      acutorostrata and Balaenoptera edeni.
AB  - The tendency toward extremely high variability among relaxins derived from
      purportedly closely related species has come to an abrupt end with the discovery
      of quasi-porcine relaxin in the minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) and the
      Bryde's whale (Balaenoptera edeni). An aqueous abstract of the corpora lutea of
      the two baleen whales contained significant amounts of relaxin-like activity as
      determined by a mouse bioassay and by cross-reactivity with anti-pig relaxin
      antibodies. The activity could be isolated and purified to homogeneity. Sequence
      analysis revealed that both whale relaxins differed from each other by about 3
      residues, whereas the relaxin of B. edeni differed at only one position from that
      of pig relaxin. The similarity appears to include even the chain length
      heterogeneity observed at the C-terminal end of the B chain in porcine relaxin
      which is produced by a peculiar mode of connecting peptide removal from the pro
      hormone. This finding may well represent one of the better documented challenges
      to the current paradigm of molecular evolution.

PMID- 2910873
TI  - The molecular mechanism of the neutral-to-base transition of human serum albumin.
      Acid/base titration and proton nuclear magnetic resonance studies on a large
      peptic and a large tryptic fragment of albumin.
AB  - In order to obtain a better understanding of the neutral-to-base (N-B) transition
      of human serum albumin, we performed acid/base titration experiments and 500-MHz
      1H NMR experiments on albumin and on a large peptic (residues 1-387) and large
      tryptic (residues 198-585) fragment of albumin. The acid/base titration
      experiments revealed that Ca2+ ions induce a downward pK shift of several
      histidine residues of the peptic (P46) fragment and of albumin. By contrast, Ca2+
      has very little influence on the pK of histidine residues of the tryptic (T45)
      fragment. In albumin, the pH-dependent His C-2 proton resonances, observed with
      1H NMR experiments, have been allotted the numbers 1-17. It proved possible to
      locate these resonances in the P46 and the T45 fragments. A correspondence was
      found between the number of histidines detected by the acid/base titration and by
      the 1H NMR experiments. The results of the experiments lead us to conclude that
      in domain 1 at least the histidines corresponding to the His C-2 proton
      resonances 1-5 play a dominant role in the N-B transition. The Cu2+-binding
      histidine residue 3 (resonance 8) of the albumin molecule is not involved in the
      N-B transition. In addition, we were able to assign His C-2 proton resonance 9 to
      histidine 464 of the albumin molecule. The role of the N-B transition in the
      transport and cellular uptake mechanisms of endogenous and exogenous compounds is
      discussed.

PMID- 2910874
TI  - Intracellular compartmentation of deoxycytidine nucleotide pools in S phase mouse
      3T3 fibroblasts.
AB  - We labeled mouse 3T3 fibroblasts, synchronized in G0 or S phase, from
      [3H]cytidine or [3H]deoxycytidine and measured the flow of isotope into and
      through deoxycytidine nucleotide pools, including the two deoxyliponucleotides
      dCDP choline and dCDP ethanolamine. Compared to G0 cells, S phase cells had much
      larger pools with a 20-40-fold faster turnover. The dCTP pool of S phase cells
      during steady state conditions attained a 6-fold higher specific activity than
      the pool of G0 cells when labeled from cytidine but a 10-fold lower specific
      activity when labeled from deoxycytidine. The dCTP pool of G0 cells showed a slow
      but measurable turnover indicating a limited amount of de novo synthesis also in
      resting cells. The labeling pattern of dCTP and deoxyliponucleotides of G0 cells
      was compatible with a simple precursor-product relationship. In S phase cells,
      however, dCDP choline had a 4-6 times higher specific activity during steady
      state conditions than dCTP and dCMP when the cells were labeled with
      [3H]deoxycytidine. We suggest that 3T3 cells contain two distinct intracellular
      dCTP pools, one labeled preferentially from cytidine and used for DNA
      replication, the other labeled from deoxycytidine and used for
      deoxyliponucleotide synthesis. We speculate that the latter pool during S phase
      may be temporarily sequestered in the cell's membrane fraction before
      equilibration with the much larger dCTP pool originating in S phase cells from
      the reduction of CDP.

PMID- 2910875
TI  - Mapping replicational sites in the eucaryotic cell nucleus.
AB  - We have used fluorescent microscopy to map DNA replication sites in the
      interphase cell nucleus after incorporation of biotinylated dUTP into
      permeabilized PtK-1 kangaroo kidney or 3T3 mouse fibroblast cells. Discrete
      replication granules were found distributed throughout the nuclear interior and
      along the periphery. Three distinct patterns of replication sites in relationship
      to chromatin domains in the cell nucleus and the period of S phase were detected
      and termed type I (early to mid S), type II (mid to late S) and type III (late
      S). Similar patterns were seen with in vivo replicated DNA using antibodies to 5
      bromodeoxyuridine. Extraction of the permeabilized cells with DNase I and 0.2 M
      ammonium sulfate revealed a striking maintenance of these replication granules
      and their distinct intranuclear arrangements with the remaining nuclear matrix
      structures despite the removal of greater than 90% of the total nuclear DNA. The
      in situ prepared nuclear matrix structures also incorporated biotinylated dUTP
      into replication granules that were indistinguishable from those detected within
      the intact nucleus.

PMID- 2910876
TI  - Analysis of the calcium-modulated proteins, S100 and calmodulin, and their target
      proteins during C6 glioma cell differentiation.
AB  - We have analyzed the levels, subcellular distribution, and target proteins of two
      calcium-modulated proteins, S100 and calmodulin, in differentiated and
      undifferentiated rat C6 glioma cells. Undifferentiated and differentiated C6
      cells express primarily the S100 beta polypeptide, and the S100 beta levels are
      four-fold higher in differentiated compared to undifferentiated cells. Double
      fluorescent labeling studies of undifferentiated cells demonstrated that S100
      beta staining localized to a small region of the perinuclear cytoplasm and
      colocalized with the microtubule organizing center and Golgi apparatus. Analysis
      of differentiated C6 cells demonstrated that S100 beta distribution and S100 beta
      binding protein profile changed significantly upon differentiation. In addition,
      the brain-specific isozyme of one S100-binding protein, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
      aldolase C, can be detected in differentiated but not undifferentiated C6 cells.
      While changes in the subcellular distribution of calmodulin were not observed
      during differentiation, calmodulin levels and calmodulin-binding protein profiles
      did change. Altogether these data suggest that S100 beta and calmodulin regulate
      different processes in glial cells and that the regulation of the expression,
      subcellular distribution, and target proteins of S100 beta and calmodulin during
      differentiation is a complex process which involves multiple mechanisms.

PMID- 2910877
TI  - Activation of the cell wall degrading protease, lysin, during sexual signalling
      in Chlamydomonas: the enzyme is stored as an inactive, higher relative molecular
      mass precursor in the periplasm.
AB  - During the mating reaction in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mating type plus and
      mating type minus gametes adhere to each other via adhesion molecules on their
      flagellar surfaces. This adhesive interaction induces a sexual signal leading to
      release of a cell wall degrading enzyme, lysin, that causes wall release and
      degradation. In this article, we describe the preparation of a polyclonal
      antibody against the 60,000-Mr lysin polypeptide excised from SDS-PAGE gels.
      After absorption of the IgG with cell walls to remove antibodies against a
      carbohydrate epitope common to several Chlamydomonas glycoproteins, the immune
      IgG reacted with the 60,000-Mr polypeptide, and a 47,000-Mr species that we show
      here was immunologically cross-reactive with the 60,000-Mr molecule. By use of
      several fractionation methods including ion exchange and molecular sieve
      chromatography, sucrose gradient centrifugation, and affinity chromatography, we
      showed that the 60,000-Mr antigen copurified with lysin activity, thereby
      demonstrating that the antibody was indeed directed against the enzyme.
      Immunoblot experiments on suspensions of nonmating and mating gametes showed that
      the 60,000-Mr antigen was missing in the nonmating gametes. Instead, they
      contained a 62,000-Mr antigen that was not present in suspensions of mating
      gametes that had undergone sexual signalling. Furthermore, nonmating gametes
      whose walls were removed with exogenously added lysin did not contain either form
      of the antigen. We also found that the 62,000-Mr form of the antigen, which could
      be released from gametes by freeze-thawing, did not have wall degrading activity.
      These results indicate that lysin in gametes is stored in the periplasm as a
      higher relative molecular mass, inactive precursor and also that sexual
      signalling induces conversion of this molecule to a lower relative molecular
      mass, active enzyme. This may be a novel example of processing of an
      extracellular protease induced by cell contact.

PMID- 2910878
TI  - A unique cytoskeleton associated with crawling in the amoeboid sperm of the
      nematode, Ascaris suum.
AB  - Nematode sperm extend pseudopods and pull themselves over substrates. They lack
      an axoneme or the actin and myosins of other types of motile cells, but their
      pseudopods contain abundant major sperm protein (MSP), a family of 14-kD
      polypeptides found exclusively in male gametes. Using high voltage electron
      microscopy, a unique cytoskeleton was discovered in the pseudopod of in vitro
      activated, crawling sperm of the pig intestinal nematode Ascaris suum. It
      consists of 5-10-nm fuzzy fibers organized into 150-250-nm-thick fiber complexes,
      which connect to each of the moving pseudopodial membrane projections,
      villipodia, which in turn make contact with the substrate. Individual fibers in a
      complex splay out radially from its axis in all directions. The centripetal ends
      intercalate with fibers from other complexes or terminate in a thickened layer
      just beneath the pseudopod membrane. Monoclonal antibodies directed against MSP
      heavily label the fiber complexes as well as individual pseudopodial filaments
      throughout their length. This represents the first evidence that MSP may be the
      major filament protein in the Ascaris sperm cytoskeleton. The large fiber
      complexes can be seen clearly in the pseudopods of live, crawling sperm by
      computer-enhanced video, differential-interference contrast microscopy, forming
      with the villipodia at the leading edge of the sperm pseudopod. Even before the
      pseudopod attaches, the entire cytoskeleton and villipodia move continuously
      rearwards in unison toward the cell body. During crawling, complexes and
      villipodia in the pseudopod recede at the same speed as the spermatozoon moves
      forward, both disappearing at the pseudopod-cell body junction. Sections at this
      region of high membrane turnover reveal a band of densely packed smooth vesicles
      with round and tubular profiles, some of which are associated with the pseudopod
      plasma membrane. The exceptional anatomy, biochemistry, and phenomenology of
      Ascaris sperm locomotion permit direct study of the involvement of the
      cytoskeleton in amoeboid motility.

PMID- 2910880
TI  - Localization of basic fibroblast growth factor to the developing capillaries of
      the bovine retina.
AB  - The basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF) is a potent mitogen that has vascular
      endothelium as one of its principle target cells. Recent work has provided both
      the complete amino acid sequence of basic FGF and the nucleotide sequence of the
      genes for both human and bovine basic FGF. Although capillary endothelial cells
      have been shown to produce basic FGF in vitro and to deposit basic FGF in their
      extracellular matrix in vitro as well, no direct evidence yet exists for the
      distribution of basic FGF in vivo. Antipeptide antibodies were prepared against a
      15-amino-acid sequence from the amino terminus of basic FGF in order to avoid
      cross-reactivity with acidic FGF, a protein with 55% overall homology to basic
      FGF. After affinity purification, these antisera were used to localize the basic
      fibroblast growth factor in the fetal and adult bovine retina. Immunoreactive
      material was found in capillaries of the inner nuclear layer, a capillary network
      undergoing development during the third trimester in the fetal bovine eye.
      Although the resolution of the technique does not permit a unique assignment of
      cellular localization, the presence of stain immediately adjacent to the lumen of
      capillaries suggests that capillary endothelial cells may produce the basic
      fibroblast growth factor in vivo during vascular development.

PMID- 2910881
TI  - Decreased susceptibility of cultured smooth muscle cells from SHR rats to growth
      inhibition by heparin.
AB  - Smooth muscle cell proliferation is regulated through the coordinated action of
      growth inhibitors and growth factors/mitogens; a specific heparin-epidermal
      growth factor (EGF) complementation has been proposed (Reilly et al., 1987, J.
      Cell. Physiol., 131:149-157). In culture, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC)
      from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) proliferate more rapidly than VSMC
      from control Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY). We observed that, compared with WKY-derived
      VSMC, cells from SHR were markedly less susceptible to growth inhibition both by
      heparin and its homopolysaccharide analogue pentosan polysulphate (PPS). SHR
      derived VSMC exhibited a reduced capacity for binding of [3H]heparin to specific
      extracellular surface receptors, whereas affinities for heparin were comparable
      between both VSMC isolates. The early (0-2 hr at 37 degrees C) kinetics of
      internalization did not differ between SHR- and WKY-derived VSMC, but both
      internalized equivalent proportions (approximately 10%) of initially surface
      bound heparin. VSMC from SHR exhibited a greater capacity, without a changed
      affinity, for [I125]EGF binding than VSMC from WKY. Pre-exposure of VSMC to
      heparin or PPS decreased, in a time-dependent manner, the EGF binding capacity
      for both SHR and WKY (by 40-50% after 72 hr). However, in absolute terms, the EGF
      binding capacity of VSMC from SHR exposed to heparinoids was similar to that of
      nonexposed VSMC from WKY.

PMID- 2910879
TI  - Primary structure of the brain alpha-spectrin.
AB  - We have determined the nucleotide sequence coding for the chicken brain alpha
      spectrin. It is derived both from the cDNA and genomic sequences, comprises the
      entire coding frame, 5' and 3' untranslated sequences, and terminates in the
      poly(A)-tail. The deduced amino acid sequence was used to map the domain
      structure of the protein. The alpha-chain of brain spectrin contains 22 segments
      of which 20 correspond to the repeat of the human erythrocyte spectrin (Speicher,
      D. W., and V. T. Marchesi. 1984. Nature (Lond.). 311:177-180.), typically made of
      106 residues. These homologous segments probably account for the flexible, rod
      like structure of spectrin. Secondary structure prediction suggests predominantly
      alpha-helical structure for the entire chain. Parts of the primary structure are
      excluded from the repetitive pattern and they reside in the middle part of the
      sequence and in its COOH terminus. Search for homology in other proteins showed
      the presence of the following distinct structures in these nonrepetitive regions:
      (a) the COOH-terminal part of the molecule that shows homology with alpha
      actinin, (b) two typical EF-hand (i.e., Ca2+-binding) structures in this region,
      (c) a sequence close to the EF-hand that fulfills the criteria for a calmodulin
      binding site, and (d) a domain in the middle of the sequence that is homologous
      to a NH2-terminal segment of several src-tyrosine kinases and to a domain of
      phospholipase C. These regions are good candidates to carry some established as
      well as some yet unestablished functions of spectrin. Comparative analysis showed
      that alpha-spectrin is well conserved across the species boundaries from Xenopus
      to man, and that the human erythrocyte alpha-spectrin is divergent from the other
      spectrins.

PMID- 2910882
TI  - Growth-related changes of oxygen consumption rates of tumor cells grown in vitro
      and in vivo.
AB  - Growth-related changes of oxygen consumption rates of tumor cells, grown in vitro
      or in vivo, were investigated. For in vitro investigations, L929 and DS
      carcinosarcoma cells were cultured in artificial media. For in vivo studies, DS
      carcinosarcoma cells were implanted into the abdominal cavity of Sprague-Dawley
      rats (ascites tumor, containing malignant cells, leukocytes, lymphocytes, and
      macrophages). Oxygen uptake was measured photometrically. Parameters of the
      extracellular medium judged to possibly influence the respiratory activity of
      tumor cells were monitored at different growth stages (glucose, lactate, and
      amino acid levels, oxygen and carbon dioxide partial pressures, and pH values).
      The results obtained clearly show that the oxygen uptake of tumor cells grown in
      vitro decreased as quiescence developed. In contrast, the respiratory activity of
      in vivo DS-carcinosarcoma ascites cells increased as tumor growth reached plateau
      phase. The differences observed cannot be attributed solely to changes of the
      environmental conditions monitored. It is likely that an increased respiration
      rate of activated host cells might profoundly contribute to the elevation of the
      respiratory capacity of DS-carcinosarcoma ascites tumors grown in vivo. These
      data provide evidence that solid tumors in vivo can increase their O2 uptake at
      an enhanced O2 availability not only due to an enlarged tumor volume with
      adequate O2 supply but also due to an elevation of the respiratory activity of
      different cell populations within a tumor.

PMID- 2910883
TI  - Butyric acid causes morphological changes in cultured chondrocytes through
      alterations in the extracellular matrix.
AB  - Butyric acid induces characteristic changes in the morphology of chick embryo
      chondrocytes. Chick embryo chondrocytes when cultured in the absence of butyrate
      exhibit a spherical morphology and synthesize cartilage-specific chondroitin
      sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG). When these cultures are initiated and maintained in
      the presence of butyric acid, chondrocytes exhibit a mesenchymal morphology, a
      90% reduction in the synthesis of CSPG, and a 75% reduction in DNA synthesis. The
      reduced synthesis of CSPG and DNA was shown not to be dependent on the
      morphological change. Chondrocytes require CSPG in order to express a spherical
      morphology, since including chondroitinase ABC in the culture media caused the
      cells to spread. In addition, the treatment of chondrocytes with purified CSPG
      prior to culture in media containing butyric acid resulted in spherical cells.
      The butyrate-induced spreading was shown to require either serum or fibronectin
      and could be prevented with antiserum against chick cell-surface fibronectin
      (cFn). Cell-surface fibronectin, which was present on both spherical and
      flattened chondrocytes, organized into fibrils beneath cells which spread.
      Increased fibronectin synthesis was not responsible for the butyrate-induced
      morphological change. From this evidence, it is concluded that the mechanism by
      which butyrate alters the morphology of these cells in culture involves
      inhibiting CSPG synthesis, thus preventing CSPG accumulation in the extracellular
      matrix (ECM). The absence of CSPG in the ECM allows fibronectin to mediate
      spreading of chondrocytes in culture.

PMID- 2910884
TI  - Interaction of heparin with human basic fibroblast growth factor: protection of
      the angiogenic protein from proteolytic degradation by a glycosaminoglycan.
AB  - Fibroblast growth factors (FGF) are a family of heparin-binding angiogenic
      polypeptide mitogens. In the presence of heparin, recombinant human basic
      fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is fully protected from tryptic digestion and
      partially protected from chymotryptic digestion. Complete protection of bFGF by
      heparin is achieved at ratios of growth factor:heparin of approximately 10 or
      less (w/w). The protection requires bioactive bFGF because inactivated bFGF is
      rapidly degraded by trypsin or chymotrypsin in the presence of heparin. The bFGF
      heparin interaction forms hydrophobic complexes which become insoluble in aqueous
      buffers at bFGF:heparin ratios of 8 to 10 (w/w). The heparin was found to bind up
      to a tenfold excess of bFGF on a weight basis. bFGF in the presence of heparin is
      as active as bFGF alone in inducing 3H-thymidine incorporation into Swiss 3T3
      fibroblast DNA.

PMID- 2910885
TI  - Stochastic model for mast cell proliferation in culture of murine peritoneal
      cells.
AB  - We recently identified two types of mast cell colonies derived from murine
      peritoneal cells: type 1 and type 2. Type 1 mast cell colonies consisted of
      berberine sulfate(+)- safranin(+) connective tissue-type mast cells (CTMC) and
      were derived from mature CTMC in the heaviest fraction obtained by Percoll
      density gradient centrifugation. In contrast, type 2 mast cell colonies consisted
      of alcian blue(+)- berberine sulfate(-)- safranin(-) mucosal mast cells (MMC) and
      were derived from immature progenitors in low density fractions. We replated a
      total of 60 type 1 and 60 type 2 mast cell colonies and examined their capability
      for producing secondary colonies. Although all of the primary colonies yielded
      secondary colonies, the replating efficiencies of individual colonies varied over
      a wide range. Cumulative distributions of secondary colonies from both type 1 and
      type 2 primary colonies could be fitted well by gamma distributions obtained by
      computer simulation. These findings are in agreement with the stochastic model
      for CTMC- and MMC proliferation. Cytological analyses of secondary colonies from
      primary type 1 colonies revealed heterogeneous distributions of alcian blue(+)-
      safranin(-)- berberine sulfate(-) mast cells, suggesting that
      transdifferentiation from mature CTMC to safranin(-)- berberine sulfate(-) mast
      cells is also governed by stochastic mechanisms.

PMID- 2910886
TI  - Altered formation of DNA replication intermediates in cells growing in different
      culture conditions.
AB  - In human melanoma cells one can detect two discrete DNA replication
      intermediates, 10-kb DNA intermediates and Okakzaki fragments. Both intermediates
      are seen when cells are rapidly growing in medium supplemented with fetal calf
      serum. When the medium is supplemented with newborn calf serum, one can detect
      Okakzaki fragments but not 10-kb DNA intermediates. In contrast we do not detect
      changes in the replicon sizes in the two media.

PMID- 2910887
TI  - Superoxide dismutase activities of differentiating clones from an immortal cell
      line.
AB  - We have studied superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels in the X-REF-23 rat embryo
      fibroblast cell line. X-REF-23 is an immortal cell line that maintains a
      nontransformed phenotype throughout its known lifespan. Low-passage X-REF-23
      cells undergo spontaneous differentiation into muscle and adipose cells, while
      high-passage X-REF-23 cells undergo little or no differentiation. SOD activities
      were measured in subclones of X-REF-23, which differentiate into muscle (AMC
      subclone) or adipose (AMB-J) cells, as well as the parental nondifferentiating X
      REF-23 cells. Total SOD activity increased in all three cell lines with time in
      culture. Cu-ZnSOD was induced in the AMB-J and the X-REF-23 cells with time in
      culture, whereas the AMC cells showed no induction. MnSOD activity was induced
      during the time period in which differentiation occurred in the two
      differentiating clones. In contrast, MnSOD was not induced in this time period in
      the nondifferentiating X-REF-23 cell line. However, MnSOD activity was induced in
      the latter cell line at a much later time. Levels of immunoreactive MnSOD
      correlated quite well with MnSOD activity in all three cell lines. The
      nondifferentiating X-REF-23 cells, but not the two differentiating cells lines,
      showed a large increase in cell organelles with time in culture. In particular,
      an increase in very small mitochondria was observed; these mitochondria often
      showed evidence of disorganization.

PMID- 2910888
TI  - Plasma membrane lipid organization and the adherence of differentiating
      lymphocytes to macrophages.
AB  - Changes in the packing of phospholipids in the plasma membrane of lymphocytes
      occur during differentiation within primary and secondary lymphoid organs. As
      they differentiate, lymphocytes interact with a variety of reticuloendothelial
      cells, including macrophages. To investigate a possible relation between these
      two phenomena, the strength of the interactions between lymphocytes and
      macrophages was measured in vitro as a function of the tightness of packing of
      phospholipids on the lymphocyte surface. Strength of adherence was measured by
      the ability of lymphocytes to remain adherent to macrophages when subjected to
      increasing centrifugal forces. Phospholipid packing was assessed using the
      fluorescent lipophilic probe merocyanine 540 (MC540), which preferentially binds
      to bilayers in which the lipids are more loosely packed. Three subpopulations of
      murine thymocytes were resolved with respect to strength of adherence to
      peritoneal or thymic macrophages. To determine whether these subpopulations
      corresponded with the three classes of cells distinguishable by MC540
      fluorescence, populations enriched for staining or non-staining cells, and cells
      sorted on the basis of MC540 fluorescence intensity, were examined. The least
      fluorescent cells were the least strongly adherent; the most fluorescent cells
      were the most strongly adherent; and cells of intermediate fluorescence had
      intermediate adherence. When splenic lymphocytes were examined with respect to
      adherence to peritoneal or splenic macrophages, similar patterns of fluorescence
      and adherence were seen. These results suggest that the organization of the
      plasma membrane lipid bilayer of lymphocytes may be involved in their
      interactions with macrophages during primary and secondary differentiation. The
      adherence signal for lymphocytes thus may be similar to that proposed for other
      blood cells.

PMID- 2910889
TI  - Immunodetection and quantitation of the two forms of transforming growth factor
      beta (TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta 2) secreted by cells in culture.
AB  - Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), a potent modulator of cell growth,
      differentiation, and the expression of extracellular matrix components in a
      variety of cell types, exists as two distinct homodimers (TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta
      2), sharing 71% sequence homology. Radioreceptor and previously described
      radioimmunological assays using rabbit antibodies have not been able to
      distinguish between these two forms. We have developed antisera in turkeys
      against native TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta 2, each of which specifically blocks both
      the receptor binding and biological activity of each of these peptides. With
      these immunological reagents we describe sensitive and specific immunological
      assays for TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta 2 in complex biological fluids. Using these
      assays we show that both TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta 2 are secreted by a variety of
      cultured cells, but that some cells secrete predominantly either TGF-beta 1 or
      TGF-beta 2 while others secrete both peptides in nearly equal amounts. Our
      results demonstrate that the expression of each of the two forms of TGF-beta is
      independently regulated.

PMID- 2910890
TI  - L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate stimulates collagen accumulation, cell proliferation,
      and formation of a three-dimensional tissuelike substance by skin fibroblasts.
AB  - Proliferation of human skin fibroblasts was stimulated significantly by the
      presence of L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate (Asc 2-P). The presence of Asc 2-P (0.1
      1.0 mM) in the culture medium for 3 weeks enhanced the relative rate of collagen
      synthesis to total protein synthesis 2-fold as well as cell growth 4-fold.
      Coexistence of L-azetidine 2-carboxylic acid (AzC), an inhibitor of collagen
      synthesis, attenuated both effects of Asc 2-P in a dose-dependent manner.
      Supplementation of the medium with Asc 2-P also accelerated procollagen
      processing to collagen and deposition of collagen in the cell layer. Among the
      acidic glycosaminoglycans (GAG), another major component of extracellular matrix
      (ECM), deposition of sulfated forms was increased by the additive. Electron
      microscopic observations showed multilayered, rough endoplasmic reticulum-rich
      cells surrounded by dense ECM. These results indicate that Asc 2-P is useful in
      culture systems as a long-acting vitamin C derivative and also that it promotes
      reorganization of a three-dimensional tissuelike substance from skin fibroblasts
      in culture by stimulating collagen accumulation in the fibroblasts.

PMID- 2910891
TI  - Measurement of blood-brain hexose transport with dynamic PET: comparison of
      [18F]2-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose and [11C]O-methylglucose.
AB  - Blood-to-tissue transport of [18F]2-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose (FDG) and [11C]O
      methylglucose (CMG) was compared by dynamic positron emission tomography in four
      patients with recent ischemic infarcts and in three patients with intracerebral
      tumors. Local blood volume, tracer transport from tissue to blood, and FDG
      phosphorylation rates were also determined. A regional analysis of parametric
      images showed a close correlation of FDG and CMG transport rate constants in
      pathological tissue. Transport rates of FDG and CMG showed correspondingly less
      asymmetric remote effects than FDG phosphorylation rates. Transport rate
      constants were consistently higher for FDG than for CMG in pathological and
      normal tissue, in accordance with the higher affinity of carrier enzymes to FDG.
      There was a significant correlation between fitted regional blood volume values
      and correspondence of average absolute values with both tracers. It is concluded
      that dynamic FDG PET for measurement of cerebral glucose metabolism is also
      useful to measure alterations of hexose transport and local blood volume in
      pathological tissue.

PMID- 2910892
TI  - Hypothesis: vasoconstriction contributes to amaurosis fugax.
AB  - Platelets play a critical role in the pathophysiology of amaurosis fugax. Emboli
      to retinal vessels apparently produce amaurosis but, in addition, we propose that
      augmented vasoconstrictor responses and vasospasm may contribute to amaurosis. In
      this study we tested the hypothesis that constrictor responses of retinal vessels
      to serotonin, which is released when platelets aggregate, are potentiated in
      experimental atherosclerosis. Blood flow to the retina was measured in normal and
      atherosclerotic cynomolgus monkeys. In normal monkeys, infusion of serotonin did
      not alter flow to the retina. In atherosclerotic monkeys, infusion of serotonin
      reduced retinal blood flow (in milliliters per minute per 100 g) from 66 +/- 7
      (mean +/- SE) to 5 +/- 2. Infusion of serotonin in atherosclerotic monkeys
      abolished the retinal response to light. Thus, atherosclerosis greatly
      potentiates constrictor responses to serotonin in the retinal circulation and
      produces a profound but reversible impairment of retinal function. We propose
      that altered responses to vasoactive substances that are released by platelets
      may contribute to the pathogenesis of amaurosis fugax.

PMID- 2910893
TI  - Effects of traumatic brain injury on regional cerebral blood flow in rats as
      measured with radiolabeled microspheres.
AB  - To clarify the effect of experimental brain injury on regional CBF (rCBF),
      repeated rCBF measurements were performed using radiolabeled microspheres in rats
      subjected to fluid-percussion traumatic brain injury. Three consecutive
      microsphere injections in six uninjured control rats substantiated that the
      procedure induces no significant changes in hemodynamic variables or rCBF.
      Animals were subjected to left parietal fluid-percussion brain injury of moderate
      severity (2.1-2.4 atm) and rCBF values were determined (a) prior to injury and 15
      min and 1 h following injury (n = 7); and (b) prior to injury and 30 min and 2 h
      following injury (n = 7). At 15 min post injury, there was a profound reduction
      of rCBF in all brain regions studied (p less than 0.01). Although rCBF in the
      hindbrain had recovered to near-normal by 30 min post injury, rCBF in both
      injured and contralateral (uninjured) forebrain areas remained significantly
      suppressed up to 1 h post injury. At 2 h post injury, recovery of rCBF to near
      normal values was observed in all brain regions except the focal area of injury
      (left parietal cortex) where rCBF remained significantly depressed (p less than
      0.01). This prolonged focal oligemia at the injury site was associated with the
      development of reproducible cystic necrosis in the left parietotemporal cortex at
      4 weeks post injury. Our results demonstrate that acute changes in rCBF occur
      following experimental traumatic brain injury in rats and that rCBF remains
      significantly depressed up to 2 h post injury in the area circumscribing the
      trauma site.

PMID- 2910894
TI  - Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate protects astrocytes from hypoxic damage.
AB  - To determine the effects of glucose and fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (FDP) on
      hypoxic cell damage, primary cultures of astrocytes were incubated for 18 h in an
      air-tight chamber that had been flushed with 95% N2/5% CO2 for 15 min before it
      was sealed. Cultures containing 7.5 mM glucose without FDP or FDP without glucose
      showed evidence of significant cell injury after 18 h of hypoxia (increased
      lactate dehydrogenase content in the culture medium; cell edema and disruption by
      phase-contrast microscopy). Cultures exposed to glucose + FDP had normal lactate
      dehydrogenase concentrations and appeared normal microscopically. Maximal
      protection of hypoxic cells occurred at 6.0 mM FDP. Lactate concentrations of the
      culture medium of hypoxic cells increased 2.5 times above normoxic control values
      when glucose was present, but neither FDP alone nor glucose + FDP caused the
      lactate concentrations to increase further. This implies that anaerobic
      glycolysis was not increased by adding FDP to the medium. Cell volumes (water
      space) measured with [14C]-3-0-methyl-D-glucose were normal with glucose + FDP in
      the culture medium of hypoxic cells but were significantly larger than normal
      when glucose alone was present. Increases in cell volume paralleled changes in
      lactate dehydrogenase in the culture medium. Uptake of [14C]FDP occurred rapidly
      in normoxic cells and was maximal after 5 min of incubation. The data indicate
      that the presence of glucose + FDP in the culture medium protects primary
      cultures of hypoxic astrocytes from cell damage.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2910895
TI  - The deoxyglucose method in the ferret brain. I. Methodological considerations.
AB  - In the brain of the anesthetized ferret, the 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) transfer rate
      constants required to determine cerebral glucose utilization by the deoxyglucose
      method were calculated from regional gray matter time-radioactivity curves
      measured for 180 min after tracer injection. Results suggest that loss of
      metabolized tracer from brain occurs at a rate of about 1%/min for the first 180
      min after injection if the rate constant of the rate-limiting step for loss of
      metabolized tracer (k4*) represents a first-order kinetic process. A simulation
      experiment shows that, whether k4* is assumed to be 0 or 0.01 min-1, has a
      negligible influence on glucose utilization rates obtained in conventional 45 min
      autoradiographic experiments provided that the entire analysis, including lumped
      constant determination, is carried out in a consistent way. The 2-DG lumped
      constant for k4* = 0 is 0.54, and 0.68 for k4* = 0.01 min-1.

PMID- 2910896
TI  - The deoxyglucose method in the ferret brain. II. Glucose utilization images and
      normal values.
AB  - To measure cerebral glucose utilization with the autoradiographic deoxyglucose
      method, the tracer transfer rate constants and lumped constants must be known. 2
      Deoxyglucose (2-DG) and fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) constants were determined in 18
      gray and white matter brain structures of the anesthetized ferret. The ferret is
      a domestic carnivore particularly suitable for deoxyglucose studies because of
      its small brain size and low body weight. The average gray matter rate constants
      for tracer transfer across the blood-brain barrier are similar for 2-DG and FDG
      in the ferret brain (K*1 = 0.21 ml/g/min and k*2 = 0.39 min-1). The rate constant
      for the rate-limiting step of tracer phosphorylation, k*3, is 1.6 times higher
      for FDG than for 2-DG (0.21 vs. 0.13 min-1). Loss of metabolized tracer is about
      1-1.5%/min throughout the ferret brain for both tracers as estimated for a 180
      min experimental period. Taking into account this loss, the lumped constant is
      0.92 for FDG and 0.68 for 2-DG. Glucose utilization values in the brain of the
      anesthesized ferret range from 33 mumol/100 g/min in the corpus callosum to 104
      mumol/100 g/min in the caudate nucleus. Representative glucose utilization images
      of coronal sections of the ferret brain are shown. Brain structures are
      identified on the same slices counterstained with thionin.

PMID- 2910897
TI  - Cerebral carbohydrate metabolism during severe ischemia in fetal sheep.
AB  - The effect of cephalic hypotension on brain metabolism was studied in 10
      unanesthetized, normoxic (PaO2 greater than 17 mm Hg), late-gestation fetal
      lambs. Perfusion pressure (cephalic arterial minus sagittal venous pressure) was
      40 +/- 1 mm Hg (SEM) during control and was reduced to 10 +/- 1 by occlusion of
      the Grachio-cephalic artery. Cerebral blood flow was measured with microspheres,
      and arterial and sagittal vein blood samples were analyzed for oxygen content,
      glucose, and lactate. During the occlusion, oxygen consumption decreased from 125
      +/- 8 to 95 +/- 4 (p less than 0.05) (all values mumol 100 g-1 min-1), and
      glucose uptake increased from 20 +/- 3 to 25 +/- 1 (p less than 0.05). During the
      control period, there was no net lactate flux; during the occlusion, lactate
      excretion was 5.7 +/- 1.4 (p less than 0.005). The control glucose and oxygen
      uptakes demonstrated a normal 6:1 molar ratio; however, during the occlusion, 9.4
      mumol 100 g-1 glucose min-1 were taken up in excess of expected aerobic glucose
      metabolism. If all of this glucose were anaerobically metabolized to lactate,
      three times the measured efflux would be produced. The transport properties of
      the fetal blood-brain barrier may be important factors in perinatal brain injury.

PMID- 2910898
TI  - Nimodipine prevents hyperglycemia-induced cerebral acidosis in middle cerebral
      artery occluded rats.
AB  - The effects of acute moderate hyperglycemia on local cerebral pH (LCpH) and local
      cerebral blood flow (LCBF) were studied in rats infused with glucose before
      middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion, and compared with findings in MCA
      occlusion alone. The effects of nimodipine infusion on LCBF and LCpH in MCA
      occluded hyperglycemic rats were also studied. LCpH and LCBF were determined
      simultaneously by a double-label autoradiographic technique. Hyperglycemia was
      induced by an intraperitoneal injection of 2 g/kg D-glucose before MCA occlusion.
      Nimodipine-treated rats received the drug as an intravenous infusion of 0.5
      micrograms/kg/min starting 15 min after occlusion, and ending at decapitation 4 h
      postocclusion. Cortical LCpH of five structures in the MCA territory of
      hyperglycemic rats varied between 6.64 +/- 0.04 and 6.72 +/- 0.02 (mean +/- SEM).
      These values were significantly lower than LCpH in the same ischemic structures
      in the control rats, which varied between 6.76 +/- 0.04 and 6.82 +/- 0.03 (p less
      than 0.05 for four of five structures). Cortical LCpH of hyperglycemic nimodipine
      treated rats ranged between 6.94 +/- 0.02 and 7.05 +/- 0.02, indicating
      significant elevations in LCpH (p less than 0.001) compared with the untreated
      ischemic hyperglycemic animals. LCBF in the ischemic structures was not modified
      by hyperglycemia or nimodipine treatment. This suggests that nimodipine, by
      mechanisms other than improvement in blood flow, can prevent the enhanced
      cerebral tissue acidosis produced by hyperglycemia before incomplete focal
      ischemia.

PMID- 2910899
TI  - Transient blood-brain barrier permeability following profound temporary global
      ischaemia: an experimental study using 14C-AIB.
AB  - The influence of reperfusion after profound incomplete forebrain ischaemia on
      blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability to a small protein tracer was studied in
      male Sprague-Dawley rats. The mean cortical blood to brain transfer constant (Ki)
      for 14C-amino isobutyric acid (AIB) was significantly greater at 3 and 6 h of
      reperfusion, 2.5 times the mean values of controls (p less than 0.05) (2.5
      microliter g-1 min-1 and 1.0 microliters g-1 min-1 respectively), but had
      returned to control values after reperfusion for 24 h. Analysis of distribution
      of Ki values showed that following 15 min and 30 min of profound ischaemia, there
      was a significant increase in transfer of AIB across the blood-brain barrier
      (BBB) after recirculation for up to 6 h, though there was no evidence of protein
      extravasation as assessed by Evans Blue (EB) dye. After 24 h of reperfusion, the
      BBB to AIB was restored, and Ki values had returned to control values. It is
      concluded that following transient global ischaemia, the BBB may recover rapidly.

PMID- 2910900
TI  - Effect of acute electrode placement on regional CBF in the gerbil: a comparison
      of blood flow measured by hydrogen clearance, [3H]nicotine, and
      [14C]iodoantipyrine techniques.
AB  - Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was compared in the gerbil by means of
      [3H]nicotine, [14C]-iodoantipyrine, and hydrogen clearance techniques. In
      agreement with other studies, nicotine and iodoantipyrine methods gave virtually
      identical results. With these methods, it was observed that a reduction in blood
      flow occurred shortly after insertion of an electrode into the striatum for
      hydrogen clearance measurement, affecting rCBF throughout the impaled hemisphere.
      The reduction was moderate (30%) in the striatum and hippocampus, but much
      greater (70%) in cortical regions. Identical deficits were observed following
      brief penetrations involving only cortex. Following chronic electrode placement
      in the striatum, regional blood flow values obtained with [3H]nicotine returned
      to the control range within 6 h. Blood flow estimates obtained in the striatum
      with the implanted electrode increased with a similar time course, so that by 6
      24 h, hydrogen clearance gave values indistinguishable from control values
      obtained with [3H]nicotine. These results clearly demonstrate that reduction of
      CBF subsequent to electrode placement can account for the low values frequently
      obtained with the hydrogen clearance method in small animals. The distribution of
      the deficit and the time course of its recovery are similar to blood flow changes
      associated with spreading depression. While mechanisms responsible for this
      effect remain to be fully identified, chronic implantation is a practical
      solution that allows the continued use of hydrogen clearance as a convenient
      method for repeated measurement of blood flow in the same animal.

PMID- 2910901
TI  - Quantitative measurements of regional glucose utilization and rate of valine
      incorporation into proteins by double-tracer autoradiography in the rat brain
      tumor model.
AB  - We examined the rate of glucose utilization and the rate of valine incorporation
      into proteins using 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxyglucose and L-[1-14C]-valine in a rat
      brain tumor model by quantitative double-tracer autoradiography. We found that in
      the implanted tumor the rate of valine incorporation into proteins was about 22
      times and the rate of glucose utilization was about 1.5 times that in the
      contralateral cortex. (In the ipsilateral cortex, the tumor had a profound effect
      on glucose utilization but no effect on the rate of valine incorporation into
      proteins.) Our findings suggest that it is more useful to measure protein
      synthesis than glucose utilization to assess the effectiveness of antitumor
      agents and their toxicity to normal brain tissue. We compared two methods to
      estimate the rate of valine incorporation: "kinetic" (quantitation done using an
      operational equation and the average brain rate coefficients) and "washed slices"
      (unbound labeled valine removed by washing brain slices in 10% trichloroacetic
      acid). The results were the same using either method. It would seem that the
      kinetic method can thus be used for quantitative measurement of protein synthesis
      in brain tumors and normal brain tissue using [11C]-valine with positron emission
      tomography.

PMID- 2910902
TI  - Identification of a single nucleotide change in the hypoxanthine-guanine
      phosphoribosyltransferase gene (HPRTYale) responsible for Lesch-Nyhan syndrome.
AB  - Complete deficiency of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT)
      causes the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. Previous characterization of a mutant form of
      HPRT, HPRTYale, from a subject with the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome revealed normal mRNA
      and protein concentrations, no residual catalytic activity, and cathodal
      migration upon PAGE. We have cloned and sequenced HPRTYale cDNA. The nucleotide
      sequence of full-length HPRTYale cDNA revealed a single nucleotide substitution
      compared with normal HPRT cDNA: G----C at nucleotide position 211. This
      transversion predicts substitution of arginine for glycine at amino acid position
      71, explaining the cathodal migration of HPRTYale. Chou-Fasman secondary
      structure analysis predicts a change in the probability of beta-turn formation in
      the region containing the mutation. Inclusion of the bulky arginine side chain in
      place of glycine probably disrupts protein folding as well. Cloning mutant forms
      of cDNA allows identification of specific mutations, provides insight into
      mutational mechanisms, and facilitates structure-function analysis of mutant
      proteins.

PMID- 2910903
TI  - Adaptation of the distal convoluted tubule of the rat. Structural and functional
      effects of dietary salt intake and chronic diuretic infusion.
AB  - We studied the effects of dietary NaCl intake on the renal distal tubule by
      feeding rats high or low NaCl chow or by chronically infusing furosemide.
      Furosemide-treated animals were offered saline as drinking fluid to replace
      urinary losses. Effects of naCl intake were evaluated using free-flow
      micropuncture, in vivo microperfusion, and morphometric techniques. Dietary NaCl
      restriction did not affect NaCl delivery to the early distal tubule but markedly
      increased the capacity of the distal convoluted tubule to transport Na and Cl.
      Chronic furosemide infusion increased NaCl delivery to the early distal tubule
      and also increased the rates of Na and Cl transport above the rates observed in
      low NaCl diet rats. When compared with high NaCl intake alone, chronic furosemide
      infusion with saline ingestion increased the fractional volume of distal
      convoluted tubule cells by nearly 100%, whereas dietary NaCl restriction had no
      effect. The results are consistent with the hypotheses that (a) chronic NaCl
      restriction increases the transport ability of the distal convoluted tubule
      independent of changes in tubule structure, (b) high rates of ion delivery to the
      distal nephron cause tubule hypertrophy, and (c) tubule hypertrophy is associated
      with increases in ion transport capacity. They indicate that the distal tubule
      adapts functionally and structurally to perturbations in dietary Na and Cl
      intake.

PMID- 2910904
TI  - Identification of persistent defects in insulin receptor structure and function
      capillary endothelial cells from diabetic rats.
AB  - Insulin actions and receptors were studied in capillary endothelial cells
      cultured from diabetic BB rats and their nondiabetic colony mates. The
      endothelial cells from diabetic rats of 2 mo duration had persistent biological
      and biochemical defects in culture. Compared with normal rats, endothelial cells
      from diabetic rats grew 44% more slowly. Binding studies of insulin and insulin
      like growth factor I (IGF-I) showed that cells from diabetic rats had 50%
      decrease of insulin receptor binding (nondiabetic: 4.6 +/- 0.7; diabetic: 2.6 +/-
      0.4% per milligram protein, P less than 0.01), which was caused by a 50% decrease
      in the number of binding sites per milligram protein, whereas IGF-I binding was
      not changed. Insulin stimulation of 2-deoxy-glucose uptake and alpha
      aminoisobutyric acid uptake were also severely impaired with a 80-90% decrease in
      maximal stimulation, in parallel with a 62% decrease in insulin-stimulated
      autophosphorylation (P less than 0.05). 125I-insulin cross-linking revealed an
      140-kD alpha subunit of the insulin receptor similar to that in cells from
      nondiabetic rats, although bands at greater than 200 kD were also detected. The
      molecular weight of the insulin receptor beta subunit (by SDS-PAGE) was smaller
      in cells from diabetic than from normal rats (88-90 vs. 95 kD). Neuraminadase
      treatment of the partially purified insulin receptors decreased the molecular
      weight of the insulin receptors from nondiabetic rats to a greater degree than
      its diabetic counterpart. In contrast, Northern blot analysis of insulin receptor
      mRNAs using human cDNA probes revealed two species of 9.4 and 7.2 kb with no
      difference in mRNA abundance between cells from diabetic and nondiabetic rats. We
      conclude that the exposure of capillary endothelial cells to a diabetic milieu in
      vivo can cause specific and persistent changes in the insulin receptor and
      insulin action.

PMID- 2910905
TI  - Thyroxine transport and distribution in Nagase analbuminemic rats.
AB  - The postulate that thyroxine (T4) in plasma enters tissues by protein-mediated
      transport or enhanced dissociation from plasma-binding proteins leads to the
      conclusion that almost all T4 uptake by tissues in the rat occurs via the pool of
      albumin-bound T4 (Pardridge, W. M., B. N. Premachandra, and G. Fierer. 1985. Am.
      J. Physiol. 248:G545-G550). To directly test this postulate, and to test more
      generally whether albumin might play a special role in T4 transport in the rat,
      we performed in vivo kinetics studies in six Nagase analbuminemic rats and in six
      control rats, all of whom had similar serum T4 concentrations and percent free T4
      values. Evaluation of the plasma disappearance curves of simultaneously injected
      125I-T4 and 131I-albumin indicated that the flux of T4 from the extracellular
      compartment into the rapidly exchangeable intracellular compartment was similar
      in the analbuminemic rats (51 +/- 21 ng/min, mean +/- SD) and in the control rats
      (54 +/- 15 ng/min), as was the size of the rapidly exchangeable intracellular
      pool of T4 (1.13 +/- 0.53 vs. 1.22 +/- 0.36 micrograms). This latter finding was
      confirmed by direct analysis of tissue samples (liver, kidney, and brain). We
      also performed in vitro kinetics studies using the isolated perfused rat liver.
      The single-pass fractional extraction by normal rat liver of T4 in pooled
      analbuminemic rat serum was indistinguishable from that of T4 in pooled control
      rat serum (10.9 +/- 3.3%, n = 3, vs. 11.4 +/- 3.4%). When greater than 98% of the
      albumin was removed from normal rat serum by chromatography with Affi-Gel blue,
      the single-pass fractional extraction of T4 (measured by a bolus injection
      method) did not change (16.3 +/- 2.1%, n = 5, vs. 15.2 +/- 2.5%). These data
      provide the first valid experimental test of the enhanced dissociation hypothesis
      and indicate that there is no special, substantive role for albumin in T4
      transport in the rat.

PMID- 2910906
TI  - Unequal decrease in bone density of lumbar spine and ultradistal radius in
      Colles' and vertebral fracture syndromes.
AB  - We measured bone mineral density (BMD) at the lumbar spine (LS-BMD) and
      ultradistal radius (UDR-BMD) in 42 postmenopausal normal women and in 108
      postmenopausal osteoporotic women (55 with vertebral fracture, 34 with Colles'
      fracture, and 19 with both fractures). By receiver operating characteristic
      analysis, LS-BMD was better than UDR-BMD (P less than 0.01) as an indicator of
      vertebral fracture; the converse was true for Colles' fracture (P less than
      0.01). Although UDR-BMD and LS-BMD were lower in each of the three fracture
      groups than in controls (P less than 0.01), the pattern of bone loss differed (P
      less than 0.001, analysis of variance): with vertebral fracture, LS-BMD decreased
      relatively more than UDR-BMD; with Colles' fracture, UDR-BMD decreased relatively
      more than LS-BMD; and with both fractures, decreases in LS-BMD and UDR-BMD were
      similar. We conclude that both types of fracture are caused by excessive bone
      loss but the difference in bone loss at the two sites is a major factor in
      determining which will fracture.

PMID- 2910907
TI  - Muscle cell differentiation is associated with increased insulin receptor
      biosynthesis and messenger RNA levels.
AB  - Muscle is a major tissue for insulin action. To study the effect of muscle
      differentiation on insulin receptors, we employed cultured mouse muscle BC3H-1
      and C2 cells. In both cell lines differentiation from myoblasts to myocytes was
      associated with a 5-10-fold increase in specific 125I-insulin binding to intact
      cells. When 125I-insulin binding was carried out on solubilized myocytes and
      myoblasts, 125I-insulin binding to myoblasts was low. After differentiation the
      number of insulin receptors increased 5-10-fold. In contrast to insulin binding,
      insulin growth factor I receptor binding was elevated in myoblasts and was
      decreased by 50% in myocytes. Specific radioimmunoassay of the insulin receptor
      indicated that the increase in insulin binding to myocytes was due to an increase
      in insulin receptor content. Studies employing [35S]methionine indicated that
      this increase in insulin-binding sites reflected an increase in insulin receptor
      biosynthesis. To study insulin receptor gene expression, myoblast and myocyte
      mRNA was isolated and analyzed on Northern and slot blots. Differentiation from
      myoblasts to myocytes was accompanied by a 5-10-fold increase in insulin receptor
      mRNA. These studies demonstrate, therefore that differentiation in muscle cells
      is accompanied by increased insulin receptor biosynthesis and gene expression.

PMID- 2910908
TI  - Regulation of glucose transporter-specific mRNA levels in rat adipose cells with
      fasting and refeeding. Implications for in vivo control of glucose transporter
      number.
AB  - Fasting in the rat is associated with a rapid and progressive decrease in insulin
      stimulated glucose transport activity in adipose cells, which is not only
      restored to normal, but increased transiently to supranormal levels by refeeding.
      The mechanisms for these changes in glucose transport activity appear to involve
      alterations in both glucose transporter number and intrinsic activity (glucose
      turnover number). In this study, we use the human hepatoma Hep G2 glucose
      transporter complementary DNA clone to examine the molecular basis for these
      alterations. Extractable RNA per adipose cell is decreased 35% with 3 d of
      fasting and increased to 182% of control with 6 d of refeeding after 2 d of
      fasting. This parallels changes in adipose cell intracellular water, so that
      total RNA/water space remains relatively constant. When the changes in total
      RNA/cell are taken into account, Northern and slot blot analyses with
      quantitative densitometry reveal a 36% decrease in specific glucose transporter
      mRNA level in cells from the fasted rats. The mRNA level in cells from the
      fasted/refed rats is restored to normal. These observations correlate closely
      with previous measurements of glucose transporter number in adipose cell membrane
      fractions using cytochalasin B binding and Western blotting. The levels of
      specific mRNAs for tubulin and actin on a per cell basis show similar but more
      dramatic changes and mRNAs encoding several differentiation-dependent adipose
      cell proteins are also significantly affected. Thus, the levels of mRNA for
      multiple adipose cell genes are affected by fasting and refeeding. In particular,
      this demonstrates that in vivo metabolic alterations can influence the level of a
      glucose transporter mRNA in adipose cells. This may have implications for the
      regulation of glucose transporter number and glucose transport activity.

PMID- 2910909
TI  - Inhibition of activated protein C by platelets.
AB  - Activated protein C (APC), an anticoagulant that acts by inactivating Factors Va
      and VIIIa, is dependent on a suitable surface for its action. In this study we
      examined the ability of human platelets to provide this surface and support APC
      mediated anticoagulant effects. The activity of APC was examined in three
      systems: the Factor Xa recalcification time of Al(OH)3 adsorbed plasma, studies
      of thrombin generation in recalcified plasma, and assessment of the rate of
      inactivation of purified Factor Va. In comparison with phospholipid, intact
      platelets required significantly greater concentrations of APC to achieve a
      similar degree of anticoagulation. When washed platelet membranes were
      substituted for intact platelets, adequate support of APC was observed and the
      anticoagulant effect was similar to that obtained with phospholipid. Platelet
      releasate obtained by stimulation of platelets with thrombin and epinephrine
      contained an inhibitor that interfered with the ability of phospholipid and
      washed platelet membranes to catalyze the anticoagulant effects of APC. A
      noncompetitive inhibition was suggested by Dixon plot analysis of the interaction
      between platelet releasate and APC. The activity of the platelet APC inhibitor
      was immediate and was not enhanced by heparin, distinguishing it from the
      circulating protein C inhibitor. The presence of this inhibitor in the platelet
      and its release with platelet stimulation emphasizes the procoagulant role of
      this cell.

PMID- 2910910
TI  - Cytoplasmic pH regulation and chloride/bicarbonate exchange in avian osteoclasts.
AB  - Osteoclasts resorb bone by first attaching to the bone surface and then secreting
      protons into an isolated extracellular compartment formed at the cell-bone
      attachment site. This secretion of protons (local acidification) is required to
      solubilize bone hydroxyapatite crystals and for activity of bone collagen
      degrading acid proteases. However, the large quantity of protons required, 2
      mol/mol of calcium, would result in an equal accumulation of cytosolic base
      equivalents. This alkaline load must be corrected to maintain cytosolic pH within
      physiologic limits. In this study, we have measured cytoplasmic pH with pH
      sensitive fluorescent compounds, while varying the extracellular ionic
      composition of the medium, to determine the nature of the compensatory mechanism
      used by osteoclasts during bone resorption. Our data show that osteoclasts
      possess a chloride/bicarbonate exchanger that enables them to maintain normal
      intracellular pH in the face of a significant proton efflux. This conclusion
      follows from the demonstration of a dramatic cytoplasmic acidification when
      osteoclasts that have been incubated in bicarbonate-containing medium are
      transferred into bicarbonate-free medium. This acidification is absolutely
      dependent on and proportional to medium [Cl-]. Furthermore, acidification is
      inhibited by the classic inhibitor of red cell anion exchange, 4,4'
      diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonate, and by diphenylamine-2-carboxylate, an
      inhibitor of chloride specific channels. However, the acidification process is
      neither energy nor sodium dependent. The physiologic importance of
      chloride/bicarbonate exchange is demonstrated by the chloride dependence of
      recovery from an endogenous or exogenous alkaline load in osteoclasts. We
      conclude that chloride/bicarbonate exchange is in large part responsible for
      cytoplasmic pH homeostasis of active osteoclasts, showing that these cells are
      similar to renal tubular epithelial cells in their regulation of intracellular
      pH.

PMID- 2910911
TI  - Duodenal iron proteins in idiopathic hemochromatosis.
AB  - This study was undertaken to assess the relationship between iron absorption and
      the concentration of duodenal iron proteins in normal subjects and patients with
      idiopathic hemochromatosis (IH). Biopsies were obtained endoscopically from the
      duodenum in 17 normal subjects, 3 of whom were mildly iron deficient, and 7
      patients with untreated IH. The absorption of both heme and nonheme iron was
      increased in IH despite a 20-fold elevation in serum ferritin. Immunoassays using
      MAb were used to measure transferrin, H-rich ferritin, and L-rich ferritin in
      mucosal samples. Mucosal transferrin concentrations in normal subjects did not
      correlate with either iron status or iron absorption, indicating that mucosal
      transferrin plays no physiological role in iron absorption. Mucosal transferrin
      was significantly lower in IH, presumably because of a decrease in mucosal
      transferrin receptors. Mucosal H and L ferritin concentrations were directly
      related to body iron stores and inversely related to iron absorption in normal
      subjects. In IH, mucosal H and L ferritin failed to increase in parallel with the
      serum ferritin, but were appropriate for the level of iron absorption. The
      relationship of mucosal H/L ferritin in IH did not differ from that observed in
      normal subjects. Our findings indicate that the major abnormality in duodenal
      iron proteins in IH is a parallel decrease in the concentration of H- and L-rich
      ferritin. It is not evident whether this is the result or the cause of the
      absorptive abnormality.

PMID- 2910912
TI  - Fibrinogen-independent platelet adhesion and thrombus formation on subendothelium
      mediated by glycoprotein IIb-IIIa complex at high shear rate.
AB  - Platelet adhesion and thrombus formation on subendothelium, studied at a shear
      rate of 2,600 s-1, were inhibited by two synthetic peptides known to interact
      with GPIIb-IIIa. One peptide (HHLGGAKQAGDV) corresponds to the carboxyl terminal
      segment of the fibrinogen gamma-chain (gamma 400-411) and the other (RGDS)
      contains the amino acid sequence Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) common to fibronectin, von
      Willebrand factor, vitronectin and the alpha-chain of fibrinogen. Neither
      platelet adhesion nor thrombus formation were decreased in a patient with severe
      congenital fibrinogen deficiency and this was equally true when his blood was
      further depleted of the small amounts of fibrinogen present utilizing an anti
      fibrinogen antibody. In normal subjects, adhesion and thrombus formation were
      inhibited by the Fab' fragments of a monoclonal anti-GPIIb-IIIa antibody (LJ
      CP8), which interferes with the interaction of platelets with all four adhesive
      proteins in both the fluid and solid phase. However, another anti-GPIIb-IIIa
      antibody (LJ-P5) that had minimal effects on the interaction of platelets with
      fibrinogen, but inhibited to varying degrees platelet interaction with other
      adhesive proteins, was equally effective. The findings demonstrate that, at a
      shear rate of 2,600 s-1, adhesive proteins other than fibrinogen are involved in
      GPIIb-IIIa-mediated platelet adhesion and thrombus formation on subendothelium.
      In addition, since LJ-P5 inhibited the binding of soluble von Willebrand factor
      and vitronectin, these adhesive proteins may be involved in platelet thrombus
      formation. In contrast to the results obtained at a shear rate of 2,600 s-1,
      fibrinogen could play a role in mediating platelet-platelet interactions with
      weak agonists or lower shear rates.

PMID- 2910913
TI  - Biliary copper excretion by hepatocyte lysosomes in the rat. Major excretory
      pathway in experimental copper overload.
AB  - We investigated the hypothesis that lysosomes are the main source of biliary
      copper in conditions of hepatic copper overload. We used a rat model of oral
      copper loading and studied the relationship between the biliary output of copper
      and lysosomal hydrolases. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were given tap water with or
      without 0.125% copper acetate for up to 36 wk. Copper loading produced a 23-fold
      increase in the hepatic copper concentration and a 30-65% increase in hepatic
      lysosomal enzyme activity. Acid phosphatase histochemistry showed that copper
      loaded livers contained an increased number of hepatocyte lysosomes; increased
      copper concentration of these organelles was confirmed directly by both x ray
      microanalysis and tissue fractionation. The copper-loaded rats showed a 16-fold
      increase in biliary copper output and a 50-300% increase in biliary lysosomal
      enzyme output. In the basal state, excretory profiles over time were similar for
      biliary outputs of lysosomal enzymes and copper in the copper-loaded animals but
      not in controls. After pharmacologic stimulation of lysosomal exocytosis, biliary
      outputs of copper and lysosomal hydrolases in the copper-loaded animals remained
      coupled: injection of colchicine or vinblastine produced an acute rise in the
      biliary output of both lysosomal enzymes and copper to 150-250% of baseline
      rates. After these same drugs, control animals showed only the expected increase
      in lysosomal enzyme output without a corresponding increase in copper output. We
      conclude that the hepatocyte responds to an increased copper load by sequestering
      excess copper in an increased number of lysosomes that then empty their contents
      directly into bile. The results provide direct evidence that exocytosis of
      lysosomal contents into biliary canaliculi is the major mechanism for biliary
      copper excretion in hepatic copper overload.

PMID- 2910914
TI  - Antagonism of thyroid hormone action by amiodarone in rat pituitary tumor cells.
AB  - A thyroid hormone antagonist has not been previously described. A number of
      thyroid hormone analogues have been shown to compete with [125I]triiodothyronine
      ([125I]T3) for binding to the intranuclear thyroid hormone receptor and to have
      agonist activity proportional to their affinities for the receptors. We report
      that the benzofuran amiodarone acts as a competitive antagonist to thyroid
      hormone action as defined by its dose-dependent ability to (a) bind to the
      thyroid hormone receptor and (b) inhibit T3-induced increases in growth hormone
      mRNA levels in a cultured rat pituitary cell line, GC cells. Like T3 itself,
      amiodarone also decreases transport of [125I]T3 across GC cell membranes. An
      analysis of the amiodarone structure suggests that this compound has certain
      similarities to T3. These findings hold promise for the development of other
      thyroid hormone antagonists for clinical use and for understanding thyroid
      hormone action.

PMID- 2910915
TI  - Novel tool for the study of cholecystokinin-stimulated pancreatic enzyme
      secretion.
AB  - The molecular events that mediate cholecystokinin (CCK)-stimulated pancreatic
      secretion are not well defined because of the complex receptor-binding and
      concentration-response characteristics of this hormone. Functional models of
      receptor occupancy initiating the cascade leading to secretion have been
      complicated by the inhibition of secretion effected by supramaximal
      concentrations of CCK. Recent report of a CCK analogue that does not exhibit
      supramaximal inhibition led us to synthesize a similar analogue that could also
      be radiolabeled for studies of receptor binding and affinity labeling, and for
      studies of second messenger activity. This probe, D-Tyr-Gly-[(Nle28,31)CCK-26-32]
      phenethyl ester, was a fully efficacious secretagogue with no supramaximal
      inhibition, and, unlike native hormone, bound to a single class of sites present
      on both acini and membranes. Occupation of this site correlated well with
      stimulation of secretion. Evidence that this was indeed a CCK-binding site were
      the abilities of CCK and the antagonist L-364, 718 to inhibit binding of this
      analogue. Affinity labeling confirmed the identity of the site mediating
      secretory stimulation as a Mr = 85,000-95,000 protein. Whereas the
      nonhydrolyzable guanosine triphosphate analogue, 5'-guanylyl-imidodiphosphate,
      was a potent inhibitor of CCK binding, it had no effect on binding of this
      secretagogue, suggesting that a novel cascade not involving a guanine nucleotide
      binding protein mediates CCK stimulation of pancreatic secretion.

PMID- 2910916
TI  - Evidence that insulin-like growth factor I increases renal plasma flow and
      glomerular filtration rate in fasted rats.
AB  - The mechanisms whereby growth hormone may increase renal plasma flow (RPF) and
      GFR are not known, but circumstantial evidence has implicated insulin-like growth
      factor I (IGF-I) as a mediator of this effect. This study examined whether an
      infusion of IGF-I will increase RPF and GFR, whether this effect occurs quickly,
      and if this effect is dependent on eicosanoids or peptide hormones known to
      affect renal function. Rats fasted for 3 d to reduce IGF-I and IGF-I plasma
      binding proteins were anesthetized; then the rats received an intravenous
      injection of 25 micrograms/kg IGF-I, and an infusion of 25 micrograms/kg IGF-I
      within 20 min. Controls received infusion of the vehicle. RPF (para
      aminohippurate clearances), GFR (inulin clearances), renal vascular resistance
      (RVR), mean arterial blood pressure (MABP), plasma IGF-I, and glucose
      concentrations were measured repeatedly. At the end of the 20-min infusion,
      plasma IGF-I tended to be increased in the animals that received IGF-I (P =
      0.069), but did not increase in the control rats. IGF-I induced a significant and
      sustained fall in RVR and rise in RPF and GFR without any change in MABP. A
      small, transient, but significant decrease in plasma glucose concentrations was
      observed during IGF-I but not during vehicle infusion. Indomethacin, but not
      somatostatin, blocked the renal response to IGF-I infusion. Thus, IGF-I infusion
      increases RPF and GFR and reduces RVR in fasted rats. This effect requires the
      presence of eicosanoids but does not seem to require other peptide hormones
      suppressed by somatostatin.

PMID- 2910917
TI  - Alternative splicing of human glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase messenger RNA in
      different tissues.
AB  - Different forms of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) have been described
      in different tissues. Moreover, the directly determined amino acid sequence amino
      end of the red cell enzyme does not exactly match the sequence deduced from cDNA
      isolated from HeLa cells or lymphoblasts. We have therefore investigated the
      sequence of cDNA from sperm, granulocytes, reticulocytes, brain, placenta, liver,
      lymphoblastoid cells, and cultured fibroblasts. A novel human cDNA, which has
      extra 138 bases coding 46 amino acids, was isolated from a lymphoblastoid cell
      library. Sequencing of genomic DNA amplified by the polymerase chain reaction
      (PCR) revealed that the extra sequence was derived from the 3'-end of intron 7 by
      alternative splicing. This longer form of mRNA was also detected in sperm and
      granulocytes. Sequence analysis using PCR-amplified cDNA revealed that the 5'-end
      of the coding sequence of G6PD mRNA in reticulocytes is identical to those in
      other tissues.

PMID- 2910918
TI  - Effects of combined estrogen and progestin administration on plasma lipoprotein
      metabolism in postmenopausal women.
AB  - Treatment of postmenopausal women with low doses of estradiol-17 beta (1 mg/d)
      and dl-norgestrel (0.075 [corrected] mg/d) significantly reduced fasting serum
      levels of low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and lowered very low density
      lipoprotein (VLDL) triglycerides in four of five subjects. To explain these
      results, the kinetics of VLDL and LDL apolipoprotein (apo) B turnover were
      studied by injecting autologous 125I-labeled VLDL and 131I-labeled LDL into
      subjects before discontinuing long-term (4-yr) treatment with the estradiol-17
      beta and dl-norgestrel and again 7 wk after stopping treatment. The 24% mean
      decrease in VLDL apo B pool size during treatment was associated with a
      significant increase in VLDL apo B fractional catabolic rate (15 +/- 1 vs. 11 +/-
      1 pools/d), whereas production rate was similar to control (24 +/- 3 vs. 21 +/- 2
      mg/kg per d). There was a significant 25% mean decrease in LDL apo B pool size
      (27 +/- 2 vs. 36 +/- 3 mg/kg) due to a significant decrease in total (8.3 +/- 0.3
      vs. 11 +/- 1 mg/kg per d) and independent (3.3 +/- 0.5 vs. 6.6 +/- 0.8 mg/kg per
      d, P less than 0.05) LDL apo B production. Estradiol-17 beta together with dl
      norgestrel lowered plasma VLDL by enhancing their clearance and LDL by reducing
      their production.

PMID- 2910919
TI  - Splanchnic and renal exchange of infused fructose in insulin-deficient type 1
      diabetic patients and healthy controls.
AB  - Fructose raises blood glucose and lactate levels in normal as well as diabetic
      man, but the tissue origin (liver and/or kidney) of these responses and the role
      of insulin in determining the end products of fructose metabolism have not been
      fully established. Splanchnic and renal substrate exchange was therefore examined
      during intravenous infusion of fructose or saline in six insulin-deficient type I
      diabetics who fasted overnight and in five healthy controls. Fructose infusion
      resulted in similar arterial concentrations and regional uptake of fructose in
      the two groups. Splanchnic glucose output increased threefold in the diabetics
      but remained unchanged in controls in response to fructose infusion, and the
      arterial glucose concentration rose more in diabetics (+5.5 mmol/liter) than in
      controls (+0.5 mmol/liter). Splanchnic uptake of both lactate and pyruvate
      increased twofold in response to fructose infusion in the diabetics. In contrast,
      a consistent splanchnic release of both lactate and pyruvate was seen during
      fructose infusion in controls. In diabetics fructose-induced hyperglycemia was
      associated with no net renal glucose exchange, while there was a significant
      renal glucose production during fructose infusion in the controls. In both groups
      fructose infusion resulted in renal output of lactate and pyruvate. In the
      diabetics this release corresponded to the augmented uptake by splanchnic
      tissues. In two diabetic patients given insulin infusion, all responses to
      fructose infusion were normalized. Fructose infusion in diabetics did not
      influence either splanchnic ketone body production or its relationship to
      splanchnic FFA inflow. We conclude that in insulin-deficient, mildly ketotic type
      I diabetes, (a) both the liver, by virtue of lactate, pyruvate, and fructose
      derived gluconeogenesis, and the kidneys , by virtue of fructose-derived lactate
      and pyruvate production, contribute to fructose-induced hyperglycemia; (b)
      outcome of hepatic fructose metabolism; and (c) fructose does not exert an
      antiketogenic effect. These data suggest that while total fructose metabolism is
      not altered in diabetics, intermediary hepatic fructose metabolism is dependent
      on the presence of insulin.

PMID- 2910920
TI  - Insulin-like growth factor I mediates selective anabolic effects of parathyroid
      hormone in bone cultures.
AB  - PTH was studied for its effects on bone formation in cultured rat calvariae. 0.01
      10 nM PTH stimulated [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA by up to 4.8-fold.
      Although continuous treatment with PTH for 24-72 h inhibited [3H]proline
      incorporation into collagen, transient (24 h) treatment enhanced [3H]proline
      incorporation into collagen 24-48 h after the hormone was removed. The collagen
      stimulated by PTH was type I and the effect was observed in the periosteum-free
      bone and was not blocked by hydroxyurea. Furthermore, treatment with 1-100 nM PTH
      for 24 h increased insulin-like growth factor (IGF) I concentrations by two to
      fourfold, and an IGF I antibody prevented the PTH stimulation of collagen
      synthesis, but not its mitogenic effect. In conclusion, continuous treatment with
      PTH inhibits calvarial collagen, whereas transient treatment stimulates collagen
      synthesis, and the stimulatory effect is mediated by local production of IGF I.

PMID- 2910921
TI  - Reduction of dietary phosphorus absorption by phosphorus binders. A theoretical,
      in vitro, and in vivo study.
AB  - Antacids used to decrease phosphorus absorption in patients with renal failure
      may be toxic. To find more efficient or less toxic binders, a three-part study
      was conducted. First, theoretical calculations showed that phosphorus binding
      occurs in the following order of avidity: Al3+ greater than H+ greater than Ca2+
      greater than Mg2+. In the presence of acid (as in the stomach), aluminum can
      therefore bind phosphorus better than calcium or magnesium. Second, in vitro
      studies showed that the time required to reach equilibrium varied from 10 min to
      3 wk among different compounds, depending upon solubility in acid and neutral
      solutions. Third, the relative order of effectiveness of binders in vivo was
      accurately predicted from theoretical and in vitro results; specifically, calcium
      acetate and aluminum carbonate gel were superior to calcium carbonate or calcium
      citrate in inhibiting dietary phosphorus absorption in normal subjects. We
      concluded that: (a) inhibition of phosphorus absorption by binders involves a
      complex interplay between chemical reactions and ion transport processes in the
      stomach and small intestine; (b) theoretical and in vitro studies can identify
      potentially better in vivo phosphorus binders; and (c) calcium acetate, not
      previously used for medical purposes, is approximately as efficient as aluminum
      carbonate gel and more efficient as a phosphorus binder than other currently used
      calcium salts.

PMID- 2910922
TI  - Subcortical cerebral hemorrhages associated with cocaine abuse: CT and MR
      findings.
AB  - Four young individuals with histories of heavy cocaine abuse occurring several
      hours to days before the development of acute symptoms of severe headaches,
      disorientation, and subsequent stupor were shown to harbor subcortical cerebral
      hemorrhages. Thorough workup of these patients revealed no underlying pathology
      (i.e., arteriovenous malformations) or other possible causes such as hemorrhage
      into a tumor. It is well known that heroin, ephedrine, and methamphetamine use
      may result in cerebral vasculitis, but only one case study in the literature has
      reported on cerebral vasculitis with ischemic stroke secondary to cocaine abuse.
      The possibility of heavy cocaine use should be considered, along with the
      previously mentioned drugs, when a young, previously healthy person presents with
      a deep cerebral hemorrhage.

PMID- 2910923
TI  - CT appearance of mycotic abdominal aortic aneurysms.
AB  - The CT appearance of three cases of infected aortic aneurysms is reported with
      clinical and pathological correlation. Two of our cases had unique features: the
      disappearance of aortic calcifications, and an irregular, thickened aortic wall
      with peripheral enhancement. The nonspecific clinical presentation and high
      mortality make mycotic aneurysm an important consideration in the differential
      diagnosis of abnormal soft tissue contiguous with the aorta.

PMID- 2910924
TI  - MR imaging of anterior cruciate ligament repair.
AB  - Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is an accurate means of analyzing disruptions of
      the native anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). Various techniques may be used to
      repair a disrupted ACL. A common repair is the MacIntosh lateral-substitution
      over-the-top repair in which a strip of fascia lata from the iliotibial band is
      used as a "neoligament." The results of 27 MR examinations of 17 athletes with
      this repair were analyzed to determine the appearance of the neoligament on MR.
      Thirteen of the 17 patients had returned to full athletic activity and four were
      capable of strenuous activity. Examinations were made at both 0.5 and 1.5 T in
      varied extents of external rotation from 0 to 20 degrees, and at variable time
      intervals after surgery from 1 to nearly 40 months. Only two patients clinically
      required postrepair arthroscopy, but both had normal repairs. Neoligaments were
      classified as well-defined (n = 6 studies), ill-defined (n = 10), and not
      discernible (n = 11), based on clarity of appearance. Reasons for this variable
      appearance include the variable presence of fibrous and fatty tissue investing
      the neoligament. We conclude that the normal neoligament, unlike the normal
      active ACL, has a variable appearance, including nonvisualization on MR and that
      criteria used in evaluating the native ligament will be inadequate to assess the
      repair.

PMID- 2910926
TI  - Serial MR studies in Menkes disease.
AB  - We describe a characteristic combination of findings in a patient with Menkes
      disease who was serially imaged with magnetic resonance over 2 months. Abnormal
      intracranial vessels were demonstrated as was the progression of white matter
      disease.

PMID- 2910925
TI  - Sarcoidosis of the pineal region: CT and MR studies.
AB  - An isolated sarcoid involvement of the pineal region is reported. This case is of
      interest because of an unusual clinical onset, an exceptional location, and a
      positive response to radiotherapy after unsuccessful steroid therapy. The
      evolution of this case as shown by CT and magnetic resonance studies is
      discussed.

PMID- 2910927
TI  - MR findings in Meige syndrome.
AB  - A 65-year-old woman was diagnosed clinically to have Meige syndrome in the
      oromandibular dystonic clinical variant of Marsden. On magnetic resonance imaging
      a reduced signal intensity in the head of the caudate nuclei, more prominent on
      the right, and in both putamina was shown.

PMID- 2910928
TI  - Sneddon syndrome: CT, arteriography, and MR imaging.
AB  - We report a rare case of Sneddon syndrome, which consists of livedo reticularis
      and cerebrovascular lesions. The syndrome is characterized by occlusions of
      medium-sized arteries manifest particularly in the extremities and in the
      cerebrum. The spectrum of neuroradiological findings in this clinical entity are
      illustrated and discussed.

PMID- 2910929
TI  - Myxoma of the heart presenting with recurrent episodes of hemorrhagic cerebral
      infarction: MR findings.
AB  - A case of surgically proven left atrial myxoma presented with multiple episodes
      of cerebral infarctions, both ischemic and hemorrhagic, documented on serial CT
      and magnetic resonance (MR). Magnetic resonance studies showed, as well, dilated
      blood vessels in the hemorrhagic areas, proven by angiography to represent
      mycotic aneurysms. One of these lesions was surgically removed and confirmed to
      represent a combination of hematoma, infarction, myxomatous nodules, and
      underlying mycotic aneurysms, as shown on MR scans. This case demonstrates a
      known delayed neurologic complication of cardiac myxoma that can occur long after
      resection of the tumor.

PMID- 2910930
TI  - Computed tomography of mediastinal hematoma secondary to unusual esophageal
      laceration: a Boerhaave variant.
AB  - The Boerhaave syndrome is classically considered a panmural perforation of the
      distal esophagus secondary to forced vomiting or retching. A variant of the
      syndrome is described in which only the outer longitudinal muscle layer of the
      esophagus was torn, and in this case most of the usual radiological findings were
      absent. The clinical, radiological, and surgical findings are discussed.

PMID- 2910931
TI  - Benign mediastinal cysts: pointed appearance on CT.
AB  - A case of bronchogenic cyst and two cases of pericardial cysts are presented. Our
      report illustrates the diagnostic utility of a pointed contour and the dependence
      of contour on position on CT in establishing the cystic nature of mediastinal
      mass.

PMID- 2910932
TI  - Osler-Weber-Rendu disease: MR findings in the liver.
AB  - We report the magnetic resonance (MR) findings in the liver of a patient with
      known Osler-Weber-Rendu disease, a rare disorder characterized by arteriovenous
      malformations involving multiple organ systems. To the best of our knowledge, the
      MR findings in liver involvement have not been previously reported.

PMID- 2910933
TI  - Uncomplicated portal venous gas associated with duodenal perforation following
      ERCP: CT features.
AB  - Visualization of portal venous air in adults is usually an ominous sign of
      impending death. The case reported below demonstrates portal vein gas with a
      benign course in a patient with a duodenal perforation following endoscopic
      retrograde cholangiopancreatography.

PMID- 2910934
TI  - Pancreatic pseudotumor in pancreas divisum: CT characteristics.
AB  - We report a case in which a focally spared area of pancreatic tissue in a gland
      otherwise replaced by fat created a "pseudomass" mimicking neoplasm on sonography
      and CT. The "pseudomass" appearance was related to the anomalous ductal anatomy
      in pancreas divisum. The spared area of pancreas creating a "pseudomass" was
      drained by the dorsal duct and the remainder of the pancreas that had undergone
      relative fatty replacement was drained by the ventral duct.

PMID- 2910935
TI  - CT diagnosis of bowel herniation at pelvic fracture site.
AB  - We report the rare, but potentially fatal, complication of bowel herniation
      through a pelvic fracture. Findings on CT led to detection of this abnormality.

PMID- 2910936
TI  - Contrast material in posterior vaginal fornix mimicking bladder rupture: CT
      features.
AB  - Abdominopelvic CT of a 22-year-old woman who sustained blunt abdominal trauma
      revealed a collection of contrast material posterior to the bladder. This CT
      appearance was interpreted as evidence of bladder rupture, despite previously
      performed normal retrograde cystography. Subsequent urologic studies confirmed
      the absence of bladder injury. Retrospective review of CT revealed that
      collection was within the vagina. This case demonstrates an important false
      positive CT diagnosis of bladder rupture and confirms the importance of
      retrograde cystography for the diagnosis of bladder rupture.

PMID- 2910937
TI  - Computed tomography of elephantiasis neuromatosa.
AB  - A case of an unusually symmetric and grotesque elephantiasis neuromatosa of the
      trunk is presented. Computed tomography demonstrated the extent of the disease,
      which is essential if surgery is planned.

PMID- 2910938
TI  - MR image of localized giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath involving the knee.
AB  - A case of giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath is presented. The CT and magnetic
      resonance appearances are described, correlated with pathologic findings, and
      compared with those of villonodular synovitis.

PMID- 2910939
TI  - Sternocleidomastoid fibrosis in congenital muscular torticollis: MR appearance.

PMID- 2910940
TI  - Computed tomography of cervical epidermoid cysts.

PMID- 2910941
TI  - Stereoscopic MR imaging.
AB  - The visual fusion of two projection or slice-selective magnetic resonance (MR)
      images taken at two oblique angles imparts three-dimensional (3D) information
      within the projection or slice. This approach to 3D MR is rapid and
      straightforward, requiring only two oblique images and, at most, only a simple
      optical stereoscope for viewing. Stereoscopic images of the vascular system of a
      rat were obtained using the intravascular contrast agent albumin-(Gd
      diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid). Stereoscopic images of the human head
      showing CSF distribution were acquired using a long echo time sequence. These
      images illustrate the potential clinical applications of this technique.

PMID- 2910942
TI  - High quality zoomed MR images.
AB  - A zooming technique based on zero filling of the Fourier space is presented for
      high quality magnification of magnetic resonance magnitude images. Comparison
      with conventional linear interpolation methods on two clinical examples indicates
      that Fourier magnification is preferable because it avoids image artifacts and
      provides superior image quality. It is recommended that this technique become the
      standard method of magnification on all imagers.

PMID- 2910943
TI  - Gantry tilt technique for CT-guided biopsy and drainage.
AB  - An angled approach to percutaneous biopsy or drainage using CT guidance is often
      required to avoid transgressing vital intervening structures. We describe a
      simple technique for CT-guided angled biopsy. By tilting the CT gantry off the
      axial plane, CT scans can be obtained that directly demonstrate the appropriate
      angle of approach while avoiding intervening structures. The gantry tilt
      technique provides direct visualization of the pathway of the needle tract;
      direct visualization is not possible with previously described techniques such as
      stereotactic biopsy or the triangulation technique. The gantry tilt technique is
      a practical, simple means for performing angled CT biopsy or aspiration in many
      cases.

PMID- 2910944
TI  - MR imaging of lytic changes in Paget disease of the calvarium.
AB  - The authors present two patients with Paget disease, both showing lytic changes
      in the calvarium. On T1 contrast sequences, the first patient demonstrated an
      extraaxial soft tissue mass in the temporooccipital region. This abnormality was
      hypointense to the adjacent normal diploic tissue. The second patient
      demonstrated a hypointense frontal abnormality on the T1-weighted sequence.
      Intracranial extension of this lesion was associated with lysis in otherwise
      mixed signal pagetoid bone. The first patient had osteoclastic Paget disease or
      osteoporosis circumscripta. The second patient had sarcomatous degeneration.

PMID- 2910945
TI  - Gadolinium-DTPA enhanced MR imaging of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas.
AB  - To evaluate the role of magnetic resonance (MR) in the diagnosis of dural
      arteriovenous (AV) fistulas and the resulting myelopathy, the MR examinations of
      11 patients with symptoms and signs of slowly progressive myelopathy of the lower
      spinal cord have been reviewed. Patients with intradural or extradural AV
      malformations were excluded. Six patients have been examined without the use of a
      contrast agent. The other five patients were studied prior and after intravenous
      administration of gadolinium-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA).
      Serpentine linear areas of low signal due to flow void effects within the
      subdural space have been detected in seven patients. The T1-weighted sagittal
      images and T2-weighted sagittal and axial images demonstrated signal intensity
      changes within the center of the cord due to prolongation of T1 and T2 relaxation
      times. In addition, a relatively abrupt increase of the sagittal and transverse
      diameters of the lower thoracic cord was found in all cases. In nine patients T1
      weighted, proton-density and T2-weighted sagittal images presented "blurred"
      margins of the lower thoracic cord. After intravenous administration of Gd-DTPA
      (0.1 mmol/kg), contrast enhancement was present not only within these vessels but
      also within the lower spinal cord. There was only slight enhancement of the cord
      immediately after injection of the contrast agent, but significant enhancement
      was observed 40-45 min later.

PMID- 2910946
TI  - CT demonstration of spinal epidural emphysema complicating bronchial asthma and
      violent coughing.

PMID- 2910947
TI  - CT characteristics of orbital pseudotumors and other orbital inflammatory
      processes.
AB  - Orbital pseudotumor is a nonspecific inflammatory process of unknown etiology
      that may mimic a true orbital neoplasm, specifically lymphoma. It exhibits a
      highly variable clinical and radiographic presentation. Thirty-nine patients with
      a presumptive diagnosis of orbital inflammatory disease were examined with CT and
      evaluated with respect to 13 findings associated with inflammatory disease of the
      orbit. Pseudotumor was included as part of the differential diagnosis in 25
      patients. Twenty-one cases received a final (clinical) diagnosis of pseudotumor.
      The remainder were comprised of a broad range of orbital inflammatory conditions.
      Key radiographic features required to entertain or exclude the diagnosis of
      pseudotumor included establishing the presence of an orbital mass, extraocular
      muscle enlargement, bony erosion, enhancement, and associated paranasal sinus
      disease.

PMID- 2910948
TI  - Pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis: CT and pathologic findings.
AB  - We present two cases that illustrate the appearance of pulmonary
      lymphangioleiomyomatosis on high resolution CT. Both patients had numerous thin
      walled cystic airspaces of varying sizes distributed diffusely throughout the
      lungs. Most of the lung parenchyma surrounding the cystic spaces was normal. This
      pattern correlated closely with the surgical and pathologic findings and is
      distinct from other diffuse lung diseases.

PMID- 2910949
TI  - Recurrent esophageal carcinoma at thoracotomy incisions: diagnostic contributions
      of CT.
AB  - Three cases of surgical implantation of esophageal carcinoma during
      esophagogastrectomy are presented. The CT and radiographic appearance is
      demonstrated. A possible etiology and method for decreasing the risk of surgical
      spread of tumor are discussed.

PMID- 2910950
TI  - Gadolinium-phthalein complexone as a contrast agent for hepatobiliary MR imaging.
AB  - Gadolinium-phthalein complexone (Gd-PC) was developed as a hepatobiliary magnetic
      resonance (MR) contrast agent. Phthalein complexone is one of the iminodiacetic
      acid derivatives and a structural analogue of bromosulfophthalein. Gadolinium-PC
      substantially enhanced signal intensity of normal functioning livers on T1
      weighted MR images. Contrast enhancement of rabbit liver and gradual accumulation
      of high intensity bile in the gallbladder were observed after intravenous
      injection of 0.05 and 0.1 mmol/kg Gd-PC. However, 0.1 mmol/kg of Gd-DTPA caused
      little effect on liver MR.

PMID- 2910951
TI  - Computed tomography of unusual calcified pancreatic tumors.
AB  - Two unusual pancreatic tumors, a pancreatic fibroma and a solid and papillary
      neoplasm of the pancreas, are described. Both appeared to be heavily calcified on
      CT examination, a feature that has not been reported.

PMID- 2910952
TI  - Effects of lithotripsy on rat kidney: evaluation with MR imaging, histology, and
      electron microscopy.
AB  - Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging at 1.5 T was used to evaluate the effects of
      extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) in 30 rats and the findings on T1-
      and T2-weighted (spin echo 600/22, 1,600-2,000/90) images were compared with
      histology and scanning microscopy. The observed pathologic changes increased in
      severity with the number of shock waves given (500-5,000 15 kV). Post-ESWL MR
      findings in 54 kidneys included perirenal and subcapsular fluid (n = 30), diffuse
      loss of corticomedullary junction definition (n = 28), intrarenal foci of
      increased (n = 7) or decreased (n = 6) signal intensity, focal indentation of the
      renal contour (n = 5), and loss of distinction between the renal, splenic, or
      hepatic contour (n = 7). The subcapsular and intrarenal findings corresponded
      pathologically to areas of hemorrhage and hematoma formation--the contour changes
      to foci of renal scarring or perirenal adhesions. Electron microscopy
      demonstrated marked alterations of the renal tubules and vasculature. The study
      shows the feasibility of assessing the nature and chronology of renal damage post
      ESWL in a rat model by MR.

PMID- 2910953
TI  - Bladder involvement in Crohn disease: role of CT in detection and evaluation.
AB  - A retrospective review of 275 consecutive patients with symptomatic Crohn disease
      to determine the frequency and type of bladder involvement yielded 14 cases. All
      14 patients had a long standing history of Crohn disease with other positive
      radiologic features at the time of detection of bladder involvement. Patients
      were categorized into two groups based on the CT findings: Group I (n = 4) had
      focal bladder wall thickening adjacent to an extravesical soft tissue mass and/or
      focal bowel wall thickening; Group II (n = 10) had fistula formation with
      intravesical air with associated focal bowel wall thickening and/or extravesical
      soft tissue mass. Bladder involvement in Crohn disease is a progressive
      pathological process that can result in formation of an enterovesical fistula.
      The patient may come to radiologic attention at any stage in the course of the
      disease. Computed tomography is a sensitive and noninvasive method of evaluating
      the bladder and can be used to identify patients in the prodromal stage who are
      at risk of developing enterovesical fistulae. Timely intervention may prevent
      frank perforation into the lumen of the bladder by an inflammatory mass.

PMID- 2910954
TI  - Difference in amounts between titratable acid and total carboxylic acids produced
      by oral streptococci during sugar metabolism.
AB  - The acid produced by the resting cells of Streptococcus mutants NCTC 10449 and HS
      6 and S. sanguis ATCC 10556 during sugar metabolism was estimated with a pH-stat
      and a carboxylic acid analyzer. Lactic, formic, acetic, pyruvic, and carbonic
      acids were detected in the reaction mixtures, but propionic, citric, succinic,
      iso-butyric, butyric, iso-valeric, and valeric acids were not detected. The
      amount of titratable acid estimated by alkaline titration with the pH-stat was
      larger than the amount of total carboxylic acids estimated with the carboxylic
      acid analyzer. The difference in quantity between the titratable and the total
      carboxylic acids increased significantly with an increase in the period of
      incubation with sugar. Moreover, the value of the alkaline titration of standard
      lactic, formic, acetic, and pyruvic acids was equal to the amount analyzed with
      the carboxylic acid analyzer. The results indicated that these two streptococci
      produced not only these carboxylic acids but also other acid(s), possibly non
      carboxylic acid(s), during their sugar metabolism.

PMID- 2910955
TI  - Characterization of one phenotype of human periodontal granulation-tissue
      fibroblasts.
AB  - Human granulation-tissue fibroblasts were cultured from oral chronic inflammatory
      lesions and compared with fibroblasts of healthy gingival connective tissue with
      respect to cell-surface sialoglycoproteins, and the synthesis of extracellular
      matrix components. Granulation-tissue fibroblasts exhibited a slower growth rate
      and larger size than their controls. Their cell-surface sialoglycoproteins
      resembled those of the control cells, except that the relative amount of
      glycoproteins in the 140-kd region was lower. The ratio of mRNAs for pro alpha l
      (I) and pro alpha l (III) collagen chains was decreased in granulation-tissue
      fibroblasts, although electrophoretic fractionation of the proteins did not
      reveal consistent differences in type I/type III collagen ratio. Granulation
      tissue fibroblasts secreted into the culture medium a dermatan sulfate
      proteoglycan with a lower molecular weight. After digestion with chondroitinase
      ABC, the molecular weight of the core protein appeared to be identical with that
      of the control fibroblasts, suggesting a difference in the glycosylation of the
      core protein. These results support the theory that granulation-tissue
      fibroblasts represent a distinct phenotype of fibroblastic cells.

PMID- 2910956
TI  - Electron probe micro-analysis for subsurface demineralization and
      remineralization of dental enamel.
AB  - A quantitative study of fluoride distribution profile changes in dental enamel
      was conducted by means of electron probe micro-analysis (EPMA). Fluoride
      deposited hydroxyapatite powders were chosen as fluoride standards, and
      analytical conditions were optimized. The lower limit of detection for fluoride
      was estimated to be 270 ppm, with an accelerating voltage of 5 kV, a specimen
      current of 40 nA, and a counting time of 40 seconds. Fluoride profiles in
      fluoride-treated dental enamel, which exhibited intact surface layers and
      subsurface demineralization, were determined. The results were also compared with
      those of an acid-abrasion method, and reasonable consistency was found between
      these two methods, although the acid-abrasion procedure yielded a slightly lower
      fluoride content in the initial layers, followed by a higher content of fluoride
      in the deeper layers. The precision of fluoride profile data obtained from EPMA
      permits further studies to be conducted on the kinetics of subsurface
      demineralization and intact surface layer formation ("white spot" formation)
      which is observed during the acid challenge of dental enamel.

PMID- 2910957
TI  - Quantitative study of fluoride transport during subsurface dissolution of dental
      enamel.
AB  - Previous studies using bovine dental enamel as a model have shown that surface
      and subsurface dissolution of enamel may be governed by micro-environmental
      solution conditions. We have now investigated the demineralization phenomenon
      more rigorously with the primary objective of developing a method for deducing
      solution species concentration profiles as a function of time from appropriate
      experimental data. More specifically, in this report, a model-independent method
      is described for determination of the pore solution fluoride gradients in bovine
      enamel during subsurface demineralization. Microradiography was used to determine
      the mineral density profiles, and an electron microprobe technique to determine
      total fluoride (F) profiles associated with the enamel. In each case, matched
      sections of bovine enamel were exposed to partially saturated acetate buffers at
      pH = 4.5 containing 0.5 ppm F for various periods of time (from six to 24 hours).
      The treated enamel was found to have an intact surface layer and subsurface
      demineralization. The extent of the demineralization and the depths of the
      lesions increased with time in all cases. The data were first used to calculate
      (a) the total F gradients in the enamel at various times, and (b) the local
      uptake rate of F as a function of time and position. Then, by manipulation of the
      equations describing the uptake and transport of F, we calculated the pore
      diffusion rate of F and the micro-environmental solution F concentration in the
      aqueous pores as a function of time and of distance from the enamel surface. It
      was also possible to calculate an intrinsic F diffusion coefficient in the pores,
      which was about 1.0 X 10(-5) cm2/sec, in good agreement with reported values. 14C
      sucrose uptake and release experiments with identically prepared demineralized
      enamel sections were also conducted to provide an independent check on the
      assumed dependence of porosity on mineral density. The results of this
      investigation, especially the outcomes relative to this new method for
      determination of pore solution F gradients during acid attack of the dental
      enamel, should be valuable in future studies of the mechanism(s) of the action of
      F in inhibiting dental enamel demineralization.

PMID- 2910958
TI  - Jaw pain and stiffness levels after repeated maximum voluntary clenching.
AB  - Ten normal male volunteers performed six maximum voluntary isometric jaw-closing
      muscle contractions within an 80-minute experimental period. Each individual
      contraction was sustained until maximum pain tolerance was reached. Before and
      one, two, three, and seven days after the experiment, the following measures were
      made: (1) superficial masseter and anterior temporalis muscle tenderness (pain
      threshold), (2) jaw movement (opening and lateral excursion), and (3) current
      pain level for the right and left sides of the jaw. In this study, measures of
      current jaw pain, muscle pain threshold, maximum active opening, and maximum
      lateral excursions showed no significant post-experimental changes. These results
      challenge the idea that sustained isometric clenching in healthy male subjects
      could be used as a model for chronic or even subacute muscle pain, as has been
      suggested by previous investigators.

PMID- 2910960
TI  - 66th AADS annual session. American Association of Dental Schools. San Francisco,
      California, March 12-15, 1989. Abstracts of educational research and new
      educational programs presentations.

PMID- 2910959
TI  - Influence of milk and food on fluoride bioavailability from NaF and Na2FPO3 in
      man.
AB  - Aqueous solutions of NaF and sodium monofluorophosphate (MFP) were given to
      fasting young adults in an intra-individual cross-over study. Plasma fluoride (F)
      levels were measured by use of a F-ion-sensitive electrode, and eight-hour
      profiles of F concentrations in plasma were determined. F availability and
      pharmacokinetic data were identical for both substances. Furthermore, the same
      subjects were given tablets containing 2 mg F, either as NaF or as MFP, under
      different experimental regimens: (a) on a fasting stomach, (b) together with
      milk, or (c) together with breakfast and milk. Equal F availabilities were
      observed for both substances. Plasma peak levels were reduced when the tablets
      were taken together with food. Intake of milk reduced F availability by 30%
      compared with the fasting stomach experiment; this effect was abolished when milk
      was taken as part of the breakfast. It is suggested that formation of Ca salts
      and entrapment of F in coagulation products of milk are important factors causing
      reduction of F availability, and that prolonged stay of the chyme after
      concomitant ingestion of food allows F to become liberated from bound forms and
      coagulation products by digestion processes.

PMID- 2910961
TI  - Liposuction under local anesthesia.

PMID- 2910963
TI  - Narrow versus wide margins in malignant melanoma.
AB  - Although wide surgical excision is the accepted treatment for thin malignant
      melanomas, there is reason to believe that narrower margins may be adequate. A
      randomized prospective study to assess the efficacy of narrow excision (excision
      with 1-cm margins) for primary melanomas no thicker than 2 mm was conducted at
      the National Institute of Health in Milan, Italy, and five other countries.
      Narrow excision was performed in 305 patients and wide excision (margins of 3 cm
      or more) in 307 patients. The major prognostic criteria were well balanced in the
      two groups. The mean thickness of the melanomas was 0.99 mm in the narrow
      excision group and 1.02 mm in the wide-excision group. The subsequent development
      of metastatic disease involving regional nodes and distant organs was not
      different in the two groups (4.6% and 2.3%, respectively, in the narrow-excision
      group as compared with 6.5% and 2.6% in the wide-excision group). Disease-free
      survival rates and overall survival rates (mean follow-up period was 55 months)
      were also similar in the two groups. Only three patients had a local recurrence
      as a first relapse. All had undergone narrow excision, and each had a primary
      melanoma with a thickness of 1 mm or greater.

PMID- 2910962
TI  - Cystic tumors of the neck.

PMID- 2910964
TI  - Topical minoxidil used before and after hair transplantation.
AB  - A 2% solution of topical minoxidil was applied on the recipient bald scalp of 16
      patients aged 25 to 52 years with Hamilton classifications of androgenetic
      alopecia from III to VI. Therapy was begun 4 weeks before surgery, was
      interrupted for 3 weeks, and was started again and continued for 3 months. Four
      millimeter donor grafts were inserted into 3.5-mm recipient sites. Follow-up
      utilizing macrophotography was done for 3 months on 4 grafts near a tattooed
      area. In 71% of the 64 grafts, partial or total hair is still growing without the
      shedding that usually occurs 2-4 weeks after transplantation. Topical minoxidil
      seems to be an adjunct for a better evolution of grafts after hair
      transplantation surgery.

PMID- 2910965
TI  - Scarring following herpes simplex infection of postsurgical cutaneous sites.
AB  - Herpes simplex type 1 produces a perilabial vesicular eruption that normally
      resolves without scarring. Three cases of herpetic infection associated with
      different dermatologic surgical procedures are presented. Those procedures
      involving reduction of cutaneous macrovascular blood supply via undermining or
      flap creation were followed by clinical scarring. None of the recognized
      etiologies of tissue compromise (bacterial infection, tension, host vascular
      disease, excessive inflammation, or edema) could be identified. It is speculated
      that in the immunocompetent host, small vessel injury secondary to herpes simplex
      may eventuate in scarring if the subdermal vascular network is significantly
      compromised. Prophylactic oral acyclovir may be useful in select instances where
      tissue blood supply is judged clinically tenuous and the frequency of herpetic
      infection at the surgical site judged worrisome.

PMID- 2910966
TI  - Treatment of chromomycosis by cryosurgery with liquid nitrogen: a report on
      eleven cases.
AB  - Cryosurgery with liquid nitrogen was used to treat 11 cases of chromomycosis, 5
      with localized lesions and 6 with generalized ones. Freezing time varied from 30
      seconds to 4 minutes and the number of cycles from 1 to more than 40. All 5 cases
      with localized lesions responded extremely well to treatment, with no relapse for
      up to 53 months. Three patients with generalized lesions attained clinical and
      mycologic remission for up to 26 months, while 3 had significant improvement
      without cure. Cryosurgery with liquid nitrogen is therefore an effective
      treatment for chromomycosis, especially for cases presenting with localized
      lesions.

PMID- 2910967
TI  - The perialar arc rotation skin flap.
AB  - The perialar arc rotation skin flap is an excellent reconstructive option for
      defects of the lateral nose that do not significantly involve the ala. Design of
      this new skin flap and potential intraoperative problems are discussed. Use of
      microlipoextraction for some "trap door" skin flap deformities is presented.

PMID- 2910968
TI  - Verrucous hemangioma and angiokeratoma circumscriptum: clinical and histologic
      differential characteristics.
AB  - It is important, from a prognostic and therapeutic point of view, to make a
      correct diagnosis between verrucous hemangioma (VH) and angiokeratoma
      circumscriptum. The former needs a large and deep exeresis, while the latter
      responds to the common means of physical therapy. Two cases of verrucous
      hemangioma are reported that have allowed us to review the clinical and
      histologic differential characteristics of the two forms.

PMID- 2910969
TI  - Giving due credit for the design of a hemostat for hair transplantation.

PMID- 2910970
TI  - Hearing impairment as a determinant of function in the elderly.
AB  - This clinical, practice-based study explores the research question: Is there a
      relationship between hearing loss and functional disturbance in elderly patients?
      We analyzed the impact of hearing impairment on 153 patients over 65 years of age
      screened in primary care practice. Functional and psychosocial impairment were
      measured using the Sickness Impact Profile (SIP), a standardized measure for
      assessing sickness related dysfunction. Hearing level was determined with pure
      tone audiometry. Multiple linear regression was used to adjust for patient case
      mix differences and other clinical variables. After adjustment, a 10 dB increase
      in hearing loss was found to result in a 2.8 point increase in Physical SIP
      scores (95% confidence interval = 1.8-3.8), a 2.0 point increase in psychosocial
      SIP scores (95% confidence interval = 0.8-3.2) and a 1.3 point increase in
      overall SIP scores (95% confidence interval = 0.1-2.5). Poor hearing was
      associated with higher SIP scores and increased dysfunction. Thus, hearing
      impairment is an important determinant of function in the elderly.

PMID- 2910971
TI  - Clinical significance of sleep-disordered breathing in Alzheimer's disease.
      Preliminary data.
AB  - In a study of 15 probable Alzheimer's patients and 12 healthy elderly control
      subjects, Alzheimer's patients had a significantly higher apnea index (patients
      versus controls, mean +/- SD: 6.3 +/- 6.6 vs 1.8 +/- 2.7, P less than .05) and
      greater maximal duration of apnea (patients versus controls, median: 50.0 vs 28.5
      seconds, P less than .001), but no significant increase in oxyhemoglobin
      desaturation compared with controls. (The accepted normal threshold for
      abnormality is an apnea index more than 5.) Although three of seven psychometric
      tests (odd-even, category retrieval, face-hand test) showed diurnal effects on
      one or more of their subscores, with Alzheimer's patients having significantly
      poorer scores at the AM than at PM testing, overnight change scores in the
      psychometric tests were not significantly correlated with severity of sleep
      disordered breathing. Further, only 18.1% of the disruptive (ie, requiring
      intervention) nocturnal behaviors of the Alzheimer's patients were temporally
      linked to sleep-disordered breathing. The current data suggest that sleep
      disordered breathing in nonmedicated Alzheimer's patients is relatively mild and
      is not a predictor of either overnight mental status changes, of disruptive
      nocturnal behaviors, or of daytime behavioral fluctuations. Additional studies of
      more severely demented patients and possibly of sleeping pill effects would be
      useful in further evaluating the role of sleep apnea in Alzheimer behavioral
      changes.

PMID- 2910972
TI  - Correlation of estimated renal function parameters versus 24-hour creatinine
      clearance in ambulatory elderly.
AB  - This study evaluates the correlation between estimated renal function parameters
      (ie, creatinine clearance by the Cockcroft-Gault and Lott-Hayton formulas, serum
      creatinine and blood urea nitrogen) and 24-hour creatinine clearance in 15 young
      and 15 elderly subjects. Correlation coefficients (r) for the elderly group
      comparing Cockcroft-Gault and Lott-Hayton against 24-hour creatinine clearance
      were 0.73 (P less than .005) and 0.60 (P less than .02) respectively, and r for
      the young subjects were 0.37 (P greater than .05) and 0.57 (P less than .05),
      respectively. In 13 elderly subjects with creatinine clearance of 60 mL/minute or
      less, four (31%) had blood urea nitrogen of 20 mg/dL or less and 13 (100%) had
      serum creatinine between 1.0-1.5 mg/dL. We conclude that the formulas of
      Cockcroft-Gault and Lott-Hayton are valid in ambulatory elderly patients who are
      functionally independent without severe underlying disease, have normal body
      weight and are not on medication affecting renal function. Furthermore, in this
      select elderly population, an apparently normal serum creatinine (1.0-1.5 mg/dL)
      and blood urea nitrogen (20 mg/dL or less) may frequently represent a 24-hour
      creatinine clearance of 60 mL/minute or less.

PMID- 2910973
TI  - Acute confusion in elderly medical patients.
AB  - The acute confusional state (delirium) is a common presentation for a wide
      variety of medical conditions in the elderly. This paper reports a prospective
      study of acute confusion in elderly people admitted to general medical services
      in two acute care hospitals in Edmonton, Alberta. Eighty patients were studied,
      ranging in age from 65-91. Acute confusion was seen in one-fourth of these
      patients, who tended to be older, more ill, more likely to have chronic cognitive
      impairment and a higher mortality rate. In patients admitted with confusion,
      infection and congestive heart failure predominated. In those who developed
      confusion after hospitalization, iatrogenic disease was more common. Confusion
      was a sensitive sign of physical illness, and its resolution accompanied
      recovery. A diagnosis of the cause of the confusion state could be made in 22 of
      24 cases. These findings support the aggressive investigation and treatment of
      acute confusion in the elderly.

PMID- 2910974
TI  - Survival after cancer surgery of elderly patients in New Mexico, 1969-1982.
AB  - To examine the effects of advancing age, sex, and ethnicity on estimated 30-day
      survival after surgery for cancer, we reviewed population-based data on 16,130
      cancer cases collected by the New Mexico Tumor Registry from 1969-1982. For
      surgery at most sites, mortality increased with increasing age. The highest
      mortality was observed for sites requiring laparotomy or thoracotomy. Sex and
      ethnicity (Hispanic versus non-Hispanic white) had little effect on short-term
      survival. Comparison of short-term survival for two time periods, 1969-1975 and
      1976-1982, showed a strong trend of improving survival for many sites.

PMID- 2910975
TI  - Penile encrustation due to a condom catheter.
AB  - We report a 68-year-old man with penile encrustation caused by a condom catheter
      used for urinary incontinence. High-resolution x-ray crystallographic analysis of
      the encrustation revealed struvite [MgNH4PO4.6H2O] and apatite [Ca5(PO4)3(OH)].
      Physicians should be aware that penile encrustation may occur as a complication
      of condom catheter use. The problem of encrustation is discussed. A brief review
      of condom catheter complications is presented.

PMID- 2910976
TI  - Occult temporal arteritis: a cause of complete blindness.

PMID- 2910977
TI  - Re: "Decisions to leave home".

PMID- 2910978
TI  - Acute myocardial infarction in the elderly.

PMID- 2910979
TI  - Postcard reminders and influenza vaccination.

PMID- 2910980
TI  - Corrections re: Chemstrip LN.

PMID- 2910981
TI  - Direct assessment of ADL in Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 2910982
TI  - Asymptomatic bacteriuria and incontinence.

PMID- 2910983
TI  - Message to biologists from the GSA taskforce on minority issues in gerontology.

PMID- 2910984
TI  - Serum androgen levels in senescent Cr1:CD-1 (ICR)BR mice: effects of castration
      and testosterone treatment.
AB  - Serum levels of dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione, testosterone, and
      dihydrotestosterone were measured in intact, orchiectomized and orchiectomized
      androgen-treated CD-1 mice. Although dehydroepiandrosterone was not detectable in
      the serum of old mice, approximately half of the very substantial serum
      concentration of this hormone found in the mature mice appeared to be of adrenal
      origin. In contrast to dehydroepiandrosterone, serum levels of testosterone and,
      when detectable, the other androgens, were the same in mature and senescent
      intact males. Serum levels responded similarly to castration and testosterone
      replacement. Seminal vesicle weights reflected the similar serum androgen levels
      found in both age groups. The results indicate that there is neither an age
      associated decline in the serum concentration of testosterone nor an apparent
      alteration in the hepatic and/or peripheral metabolism of testosterone in aging
      CD-1 male mice.

PMID- 2910985
TI  - Evidence for the glycation hypothesis of aging from the food-restricted rodent
      model.
AB  - Glucose has been proposed as a mediator of aging processes by means of glycation
      reactions resulting in advanced glycosylation end-products, thereby altering
      protein and DNA function. Testing this provocative concept has a high priority in
      gerontologic research. In this study, food restriction of rats--a procedure which
      markedly retards aging processes--was used to test the glycation hypothesis. Food
      restricted rats were found to have a sustained plasma glucose concentration and
      percentage glycosylation of hemoglobin significantly lower than those of ad
      libitum fed rats. These findings are consistent with and provide support for the
      glycation hypothesis.

PMID- 2910986
TI  - Small intestinal crypt cell proliferation rates are increased in senescent rats.
AB  - Our previous studies implied that intestinal epithelial cell replication might be
      increased in senescent rats. Duodenal, jejunal, and ileal crypt cell production
      rates (CCPR) were measured in 3-4-mo and 26-28-mo female fed control, 3-day
      starved and 1-day refed, and in 4-5-mo and 26-28-mo male fed Fischer rats, using
      the vincristine-induced metaphase arrest technique. Fed aging rats had greater
      proximal intestinal crypt cell numbers which fell less during starvation than
      those of young controls. Metaphase accumulation also was higher in aging rat
      duodenum and jejunum, and CCPR were 30-100% more than in young rats. Starvation
      reduced CCPR by more than 40% in the duodenum of young, but only by 10% in older
      animals. Crypt proliferative patterns demonstrated a broadened proliferative zone
      in aging rats. These combined results directly demonstrate that small intestinal
      cell production is enhanced in senescent rats and that the nutritional controls
      of proliferation are blunted.

PMID- 2910987
TI  - Health status of aged minorities: directions for clinical research.

PMID- 2910988
TI  - Sleep fragmentation in patients from a nursing home.
AB  - Institutionalized elderly persons are said to have very disturbed sleep, yet few
      studies have collected empirical data on the sleep of these patients. We recorded
      sleep in 200 patients (131 females and 69 males; mean age = 81.9 years, SD = 8.6)
      in a skilled nursing facility. A modified Respitrace-Medilog portable recording
      system was used. In recordings averaging 15.4 hours, the patients were asleep for
      7 hours, 58 minutes and awake for 7 hours, 28 minutes. To obtain that amount of
      sleep, the patients spent an extended time in bed during the day, for they
      averaged no more than 39.5 minutes of sleep per hour in any hour of the night,
      and 50% woke up at least 2 to 3 times per hour. In summary, although nursing home
      patients slept on average only one hour longer than independently living elderly,
      they had to spend substantially more time in bed to obtain the same amount of
      sleep.

PMID- 2910989
TI  - Effects of aging and beta-adrenergic-blockade on standing-induced QT/QS2 changes.
AB  - In order to evaluate whether the changes in the electrical
      systole/electromechanical systole ratio (QT/QS2) may reflect the effects of beta
      adrenergic stimulation on the heart, we studied the variations of this ratio
      induced by active standing. We studied 45 healthy volunteers aged 15 to 82 years,
      subdivided into three groups; Group 1 (mean age 22 +/- 4 years), Group 2 (mean
      age 44 +/- 6 years), and Group 3 (mean age 74 +/- 6 years). Fifteen subjects
      repeated the test after propranolol administration (0.1 mg/kg iv). Resting QT/QS2
      ratio increased slightly, but not significantly, with age. Upright position
      significantly increased QT/QS2 ratio in all groups. Changes in heart rate (r = 
      .43), electromechanical systole (r = .55) and QT/QS2 were significantly
      correlated with age. Propranolol prevented the increase in QT/QS2 ratio induced
      by active standing. Therefore, QT/QS2 changes induced by standing are correlated
      with age and are inhibited or reduced by beta-blockade. QT/QS2 changes can be
      used to monitor adrenergic activity, even if their value is limited by the
      overlapping responses of the individual cases.

PMID- 2910990
TI  - Impaired sympathetic nervous system response to cognitive effort in early
      Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - Sympathetic nervous system responses to a cognitive challenge and a physiologic
      stimulus (upright posture) were compared in 10 patients with early Alzheimer's
      Disease and a group of healthy older adults. Plasma catecholamine and
      cardiovascular responses to upright posture were similar in the two groups.
      However, sympathetic activation during mental effort was impaired in the patient
      group; this difference did not appear to be attributable to motivational factors.
      Alzheimer's Disease is associated with a defect in sympathetic nervous system
      function that is specifically linked to cognitive effort and appears early in the
      course of the disease.

PMID- 2910991
TI  - Race, ethnicity, and psychological theory and research.

PMID- 2910992
TI  - Age-related differences in three-dimensional spatial memory.
AB  - This study focused on understanding age differences in spatial memory within a
      framework relating stimulus qualities to performance. It was hypothesized that
      elderly adults' spatial memory would be more disadvantaged, relative to young
      adults, with abstract, meaningless objects than with everyday objects. The study
      examined differences in memory for the horizontal, vertical, and depth
      dimensional planes of space in a 4 x 4 x 4 plexiglass cube. College students and
      community-dwelling adults studied and later reconstructed a three-dimensional
      arrangement of common or abstract objects located in a compartmentalized cube so
      that relocation errors could be independently measured within the horizontal,
      vertical, and depth dimensions. The principal findings were that (a) the
      magnitude of object displacement in the relocation task was greater for older
      adults; (b) young and elderly adults differed primarily in terms of large rather
      than small displacement errors; (c) the locations of meaningless items were more
      difficult to remember for both age groups; and (d) displacement errors in the
      vertical dimension were greater than the horizontal and depth dimensions,
      although this effect was only significant with meaningful items.

PMID- 2910993
TI  - Age differences in body consciousness.
AB  - Physical changes associated with the aging process have both private and public
      components, and this study investigated the degree to which elderly persons
      attend to these changes. Sixty subjects, elderly (n = 30) and young (n = 30),
      equated in terms of physical health, education, and depression, were compared on
      measures of private body consciousness, public body consciousness, and body
      competence. Results indicated that healthy elderly persons are more conscious of
      their external physical appearance and are more positive in their self
      evaluations of body competence than are young subjects.

PMID- 2910994
TI  - A longitudinal study of neuropsychological performance by hypertensives and
      normotensives: a third measurement point.
AB  - The neuropsychological test performance of hypertensive and normotensive subjects
      was compared at three times of measurement over a 10-year period. The tests used
      were among those that are most sensitive to brain impairment in the Halstead
      Reitan battery. In addition to individual test measures, a widely used clinical
      index of battery-wide performance--the Average Impairment Rating (AIR)--was used.
      Hypertensives exhibited lower mean levels of performance on the AIR at all times
      of measurement. However, the Blood Pressure Group x Time of Measurement
      interactions were not statistically significant, indicating that hypertensives
      and normotensives did not exhibit a differential rate of change (decline or
      improvement) over time. Hypertensives also performed more poorly for a measure of
      learning set formation (categories test) and two tests of memory for forms
      experienced by touch only (tactile perception memory and localization tests).
      However, Blood Pressure x Time of Measurement interactions were not observed for
      these measures.

PMID- 2910995
TI  - Behavioral treatments and pharmacotherapy: acceptability ratings for elderly
      individuals.
AB  - Two studies compared acceptability ratings of a positive behavioral treatment
      (differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior), a mildly aversive
      behavioral procedure (time-out), and pharmacotherapy used for older adults. In
      Study 1, college students were presented with descriptions and asked to rate the
      treatments of case clients who were depicted as either young or elderly,
      cognitively intact or impaired, and engaging in physical aggression, verbal
      abuse, or noncompliance. The respondents in Study 2 were adults aged 30-49, and
      senior center participants aged greater than or equal to 60 who were asked to
      evaluate only the scenarios involving elderly case clients. The Treatment
      Evaluation Inventory and a Semantic Differential Scale were used to assess
      acceptability. Results showed that: (a) college students rated medication higher
      for elderly case clients, and the behavioral treatments higher when applied with
      children; (b) adult and elderly respondents assigned the highest acceptability
      ratings to the differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior procedure,
      followed by medication and time-out; (c) all respondents assigned differential
      acceptability ratings depending on the behavior problem described, with more
      severe problems generally warranting more invasive treatments; (d) acceptability
      ratings of treatments did not differ as a function of cognitive capacity of case
      clients. Implications of these results for clinicians employing behavioral
      interventions with elderly clients are discussed, and suggestions are made for
      additional research.

PMID- 2910996
TI  - Age differences in processing expository and narrative text.
AB  - A dual-task procedure was used to examine the effects of text genre on prose
      processing, comprehension, and recall in 20 young (18-33 years) and 20 old (65-80
      years) adults. Response latencies on a secondary task provided an index of
      cognitive capacity used in reading narrative and expository passages. Both groups
      recalled more of narratives than of expository passages, although old subjects
      recalled less than young. Also, the narrative protocols of both age groups showed
      a greater difference for recall of main ideas as compared to details. Age
      differences in the pattern of text genre effects were found on measures of
      comprehension, capacity utilization, and processing efficiency. It appears that
      the narrative genre facilitated most measures of performance and partially
      compensated for some limitations in the older group.

PMID- 2910997
TI  - Reexamining the double jeopardy to health thesis.
AB  - The purposes of this article are twofold: (a) to clarify the evaluation of the
      double jeopardy thesis and (b) to evaluate two apparently contradictory sets of
      results on the double jeopardy to health derived from the same data (National
      Council on the Aging, 1975). The results offer no support for the double jeopardy
      thesis based on a subjective assessment of health problems. Both logistic
      regression analysis and multiple discriminant analysis were used to estimate the
      relationships among the variables considered.

PMID- 2910998
TI  - The health impact of living with a cognitively impaired elderly spouse:
      depressive symptoms and social functioning.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to identify the social and psychological
      consequences of living with a cognitively impaired spouse among community
      dwelling elderly individuals. The study sample consisted of 318 spouse pairs
      drawn from a representative sample of noninstitutionalized elderly individuals.
      Our principal findings were that: (a) Cognitive impairment in wives is
      significantly (p less than .05) associated with depressive symptomatology in
      husbands, whereas cognitive impairment in husbands is only weakly (p greater than
      .20) associated with depressive symptomatology in wives; (b) Decreased
      participation in social/leisure activities is selectively related to spouses'
      level of cognitive functioning among both men and women; (c) The relationship
      between wives' cognitive impairment and husbands' depressive symptoms is
      influenced by perceived availability of financial support from friends and
      relatives, but not by ADL limitations in wives, lack of emotional or instrumental
      support from wives, household responsibilities among husbands, or lack of
      participation in social/leisure activities in husbands.

PMID- 2910999
TI  - Minority aging research: opportunity and challenge.

PMID- 2911000
TI  - Orderly endings: do men know when they will retire?
AB  - In order to describe the subjective (as opposed to the statistical)
      predictability of the retirement event, this study examined the timing of men's
      retirement relative to their own expectations. On-time and off-time retirements
      were assessed in a panel of older workers, participants in the VA Normative Aging
      Study, who were surveyed about work and retirement in 1978, 1981, and 1984. Over
      spans of two years, 66 percent of workers accurately predicted their eventual
      date of retirement (+/- 1 year), and 40 percent were exact to within three
      months. However, approximately one-third of workers did not accurately foresee
      their date of retirement, having either unfulfilled plans or unanticipated
      retirements. From a life course perspective, we interpret retirement as an
      orderly event when two-thirds of a sample can retire as planned. From a practical
      perspective (e.g., an interest in program development or research design),
      retirement is not orderly enough when one-third of exits are unscheduled.

PMID- 2911001
TI  - Relative contributions of help by employed and nonemployed sisters to their
      elderly parents.
AB  - The relationship between daughters' employment status and involvement in the
      provision of services to old parents was examined using information collected
      from 50 pairs of sisters whose employment status differed. The Wilcoxon matched
      pairs, signed-ranks test was used to assess whether employment status affected
      perceptions of parents' needs, relative contributions to parents, and relative
      contributions when parents' health status was poorer. Nonemployed sisters
      contributed relatively more tangible services than their employed sisters when
      parents' health status was poorer. Qualitative analysis of the interviews
      indicated that although nonemployed sisters usually took disproportionate
      responsibility for medical appointments and day-time emergencies and care,
      employed sisters were expected to contribute in other ways. That the significance
      of individual attributes of family members makes sense only within the family
      context is stressed.

PMID- 2911002
TI  - Stress and religious involvement among older blacks.
AB  - We conducted this study in a nationwide sample of older Black Americans to
      determine whether religious involvement helps to reduce the negative impact of
      stressful life events. The major outcome measures were self-esteem and feelings
      of personal control. Three models of the stress process were evaluated
      empirically: the suppressor, moderator, and distress-deterrent models. The data
      provided support for the distress-deterrent model only. The findings from this
      model indicated that although life stress to erode feelings of self-worth and
      mastery, these negative effects were offset or counterbalanced by increased
      religious involvement.

PMID- 2911003
TI  - Rapid localization of carbon 14-labeled molecules in biological samples by ion
      mass microscopy.
AB  - We report here on the ability of secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) to
      provide rapid imaging of the intracellular distribution of 14C-labeled molecules.
      The validity of this method, using mass discrimination of carbon 14 atoms, was
      assessed by imaging the distribution of two molecules of well-known metabolism,
      [14C]-thymidine and [14C]-uridine, incorporated by human fibroblasts in culture.
      As expected, 14C ion images showed the presence of [14C]-thymidine in the nucleus
      of dividing cells, whereas [14C]-uridine was present in the cytoplasm as well as
      the nucleus of all cells, with a large concentration in the nucleoli. The time
      required to obtain the distribution images with the SMI 300 microscope was less
      than 6 min, whereas microautoradiography, the classical method for mapping the
      tissue distribution of 14C-labeled molecules, usually requires exposure times of
      several months. Secondary ion mass spectrometry using in situ mass discrimination
      is proposed here as a very sensitive method which permits rapid imaging of the
      subcellular distribution of molecules labeled with carbon 14.

PMID- 2911004
TI  - Cytochemical demonstration of increased phospholipid content in cell membranes in
      chlorphentermine-induced phospholipidosis.
AB  - We recently introduced a novel cytochemical approach to high-resolution
      cytochemistry of phospholipids in biological tissues. The technique consists of
      adsorption of bee venom phospholipase A2 to colloidal gold particles (PLA2-gold
      complex) and subsequent application of this complex for localization of the
      enzyme substrate, i.e., glycerophospholipids. In the present study, this
      technique was applied at the post-embedding level, in both light (LM) and
      transmission electron microscopy (TEM), to investigate drug-induced
      phospholipidosis, an experimental disorder in which the lysosomal catabolism of
      phospholipids is inhibited. Rats received one week of daily treatment (40 mg
      IP/kg) with chlorphentermine (CP), a cationic amphiphilic drug known to induce
      phospholipidosis in several tissues. Glutaraldehyde- and osmium-fixed lung and
      kidney tissues from both treated and control animals, were embedded in Epon and
      sections processed for labeling by PLA2-gold. In CP-treated specimens the
      presence of large osmiophilic inclusions in several cell types of lung parenchyma
      and kidney cortex confirmed the onset of phospholipidosis. These inclusions were
      densely labeled by PLA2-gold at both LM and TEM levels. Two general types of
      abnormal inclusions were distinguished on the basis of their ultrastructure and
      labeling pattern by PLA2-gold, suggesting different content or configuration of
      phospholipids. Moreover, quantitative evaluation of labeling density over various
      membrane compartments in lung alveolar cells evidenced significantly increased
      phospholipid content after CP treatment. In type II pneumocytes, such increases
      were measured in membranes of the RER, Golgi complex, outer and inner nuclear
      envelope, and the basolateral and apical domains of the plasma membrane. In
      capillary endothelial cells, the basal and luminal domains of the plasma membrane
      also showed an increase in labeling density. These results further demonstrate
      the potential usefulness of the PLA2-gold technique for in situ ultrastructural
      localization of phospholipids in normal and pathological tissues.

PMID- 2911005
TI  - Intracellular binding of wheat germ agglutinin by Golgi complexes, phagosomes,
      and lysosomes of Paramecium multimicronucleatum.
AB  - The compartments of the Paramecium digestive system were investigated with wheat
      germ agglutinin (WGA). By use of cryosectioning or Lowicryl K4M embedding
      combined with pulse-chase studies and WGA-gold labeling, WGA binding sites were
      located on membranes of the phagosome-lysosome system, including all four stages
      of digestive vacuoles, the discoidal vesicles, acidosomes, and lysosomes. In
      addition, the contents of lysosomes, cisternae at the trans face of Golgi stacks,
      and coated and uncoated blebs and vesicles at the putative trans Golgi network
      bind to WGA. Crystal-containing vacuoles characteristic of mid-log to stationary
      phase cultures are enclosed by heavily labeled membranes. Alveoli underlying the
      plasma membrane sometimes contain binding sites, particularly on their outer
      membranes. Ciliary membranes previously shown to be labeled with WGA-FITC are
      negative in frozen thin and Lowicryl K4M sections. The presence of WGA binding
      sites on the trans face of the Golgi stack is the first indication in ciliated
      protozoa, such as Paramecium, of probable Golgi complex involvement in
      glycosylation similar to that in higher organisms. WGA-labeled coated vesicles in
      the endoplasm apparently lose their coats and coalesce to form lysosomes. Our
      study shows that WGA can be used as a specific intracellular marker of all
      digestive system membranes and of lysosomal content. These results support and
      extend our published scheme of membrane flow and recycling in Paramecium by
      providing another means of demonstrating membrane relationships.

PMID- 2911006
TI  - Comparison of fixatives for maximal retention of radiolabeled glycoconjugates for
      autoradiography, including use of sodium sulfate to release unincorporated [35S]
      sulfate.
AB  - Previous studies have used [35S]-sulfate as a specific marker to
      autoradiographically localize sulfated glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and
      glycoproteins. Embryonic chicks were labeled with [35S]-sulfate, followed by
      previously reported routine fixation and processing techniques. Subsequent
      processing revealed loss of radiolabeled macromolecules and retention of
      unincorporated label in the tissue, using these procedures. Biochemical analysis
      after various fixation and processing procedures demonstrated that an additional
      agent, such as cetylpyridinium chloride, was necessary in the fixative to retain
      the highly aqueous soluble sulfated macromolecular components. Molecular sieve
      chromatography was used to monitor digestate solutions for the identity of
      glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans as indicated by selective enzymatic removal.
      Retained unincorporated [35S]-sulfate could be completely removed by rinsing the
      tissue in dehydration solutions containing exogenous sodium sulfate. This new
      procedure ensures the quantitative retention of sulfate labeled macromolecules in
      fixed tissue with the complete removal of unincorporated radiotracer, both of
      which are necessary for meaningful autoradiography.

PMID- 2911007
TI  - Ultracytochemistry of calmodulin binding sites in myocardial cells by staining of
      frozen thin sections with colloidal gold-labeled calmodulin.
AB  - Calmodulin (CaM) has been implicated as a multifunctional regulator of Ca2+ in
      the cytoplasm of cells. We have recently introduced biologically active colloidal
      gold-labeled CaM as a marker for identifying potential CaM binding sites
      (unoccupied by endogenous CaM at the time of fixation) by electron microscopy and
      have stained frozen thin sections of rat cardiac muscle with this conjugate. In
      the presence of Ca2+, gold particles indicating CaM binding sites were found
      localized on the sarcoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and gap junctions. Control
      tissue sections treated with EGTA or exposed to excess amounts of unlabeled
      native CaM before staining showed no binding. We believe that cytochemistry of
      potential CaM binding sites revealed by staining with labeled exogenous CaM is
      useful in correlating known biochemical reactions of CaM with particular cell
      activities.

PMID- 2911008
TI  - Demonstration of immunoreactive sites on cartilage after in vivo administration
      of biotinylated anti-type II collagen antibodies.
AB  - Administration of biotinylated monoclonal antibodies provides the basis of a
      simple technique for identifying immunoreactive sites in vivo. Biotinylated anti
      type II collagen antibodies were injected intraperitoneally into normal DBA/1
      mice. The mice were sacrificed after 96 hr and the front paws removed and
      decalcified to allow tissue sectioning before snap-freezing. Binding of
      antibodies in vivo was visualized with affinity cytochemical staining using
      avidin-biotin-peroxidase complexes. Specific binding of antibodies to
      cartilaginous structures was seen after injection of 20-500 micrograms
      biotinylated monoclonal or polyclonal anti-type II collagen antibodies, but not
      after injection of a biotinylated control antibody. This technique should further
      the detection and localization studies of tissue components involved in the
      dynamics of physiological and pathological processes.

PMID- 2911009
TI  - The xid mutation affects hemopoiesis in long term cultures of murine bone marrow.
AB  - Cells of the humoral immune system are particularly affected by a mutation at the
      X chromosome linked immunodeficiency disease (xid)locus. Although B cells are
      made in normal numbers, they fail to become phenotypically and functionally
      diverse. Consequently, poor antibody responses are mounted to certain types of
      Ag. There have been some indications that other types of hemopoietic cells may be
      influenced by the mutation and development of the humoral immune system is
      unusually dependent on the presence of T lymphocytes. We now describe an analysis
      of the lympho-hemopoietic environment studied with long term bone marrow
      cultures. Contrary to expectations, cultures initiated with cells from homozygous
      female or hemizygous male mice with the mutant allele established more quickly
      than normal. The accelerated initial growth pattern was clearly linked to the xid
      mutation. Artificial mixtures of marrow exhibited intermediate growth kinetics.
      Experiments with H-2 congenic and T6 chromosome marked cells did not reveal an
      intrinsic dominance of growth in nonadherent xid cells. Similar results were
      obtained with culture conditions which favored production of myeloid or lymphoid
      cells. These findings would be consistent with subtle changes in the bone marrow
      microenvironment resulting from the xid mutation. The pedigree of the mouse
      strains had a significant influence on lymphopoiesis in long term bone marrow
      cultures. Lymphocytes of BALB/c origin dominated over CBA/H background cells in
      cultures established from mixtures of the two, but this did not correlate with
      any functional deficiency in CBA/H stromal cells. In fact, establishment of an
      adherent layer was a rate-limiting step in initiating long term cultures and this
      could be achieved with a low dose inoculum of CBA/H marrow. Even more dramatic
      effects were found in hemopoietic cells from doubly defective C3H.nu/nu-xid mice.
      The bone marrow of these athymic animals contained normal numbers of
      granulocyte/macrophage progenitors. However, lymphoid cultures could not be
      reproducibly established with their cells and myelopoiesis was never observed in
      vitro. The relatively simple conditions which pertain in culture make it possible
      to appreciate effects of mutations and pedigree on hemopoiesis which are
      unremarkable in intact animals.

PMID- 2911010
TI  - Two steps in the intracellular transport of IgD are sensitive to energy
      depletion.
AB  - The secretory pathway of murine IgD can be dissected by the use of
      carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), which inhibits two distinct steps
      of intracellular transport. The newly synthesized IgD that accumulates at the
      first step contains high mannose type oligosaccharides which are partially
      trimmed. The IgD arrested at this step is less processed than the IgD arrested by
      treatment with monensin. The properties of this biosynthetic intermediate are
      consistent with inhibition of Ig passage from the endoplasmic reticulum to the
      Golgi complex. A second CCCP-sensitive step exists in the biosynthesis of IgD,
      and is characterized by delta-chains that are resistant to endoglycosidase H and
      contain galactose. This indicates that this second step occurs during or after
      the passage through the trans-Golgi compartment. The galactose-containing
      oligosaccharides of the delta-chains arrested at this step do not contain fucose
      (as do mature, secreted delta-chains). Fucosylation is not inhibited by CCCP, nor
      is the secretion of fucose-containing delta-chains. These results show that
      terminal sugars are added to secretory IgD in at least two transport
      compartments, separable by their sensitivity to CCCP. The inhibition of the
      secretory pathway at both steps is reversible; upon removal of the drug the
      arrested IgD is processed normally and is secreted. The sensitivity to CCCP
      probably reflects transport steps that are sensitive to even partial depletion of
      ATP, because treatments with other inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation yield
      similarly arrested Ig molecules. Thus, by using the protonophore CCCP, we
      demonstrate two energy-requiring steps in IgD transport which seem to be at two
      transitions in the secretory pathway. One step is during the passage from the
      endoplasmic reticulum to the mid-Golgi compartment and the other step is during
      Ig passage through the trans-Golgi, or subsequent transport to the cell surface.

PMID- 2911011
TI  - The murine complement receptor gene family. Analysis of mCRY gene products and
      their homology to human CR1.
AB  - The mouse genome contains two sets of gene sequences which are highly homologous
      to the gene encoding the human C3b/C4b receptor (CR1). These genes, termed murine
      CRY (mCRY) and murine CRX (mCRX) reside on murine chromosomes 1 and 8,
      respectively. Analysis of cDNA isolated by using these sequences as probes
      indicates that there are two related but distinct mRNA which are expressed in a
      wide variety of murine tissues including spleen, liver, lung, and brain. Both of
      these transcripts encode proteins which should contain a signal sequence for
      membrane insertion, a transmembrane/cytoplasmic tail region for membrane
      anchoring, and five extracellular domains made up of 60 amino acid consensus
      repeat sequences. The difference between the two is the presence of an additional
      exon of 129 bp immediately 3' of the signal sequence. This additional exon does
      not encode a 60 amino acid repeat. The sizes of the mature proteins predicted
      from the cDNA sequences are 43,998 Mr and 48,680 Mr; however, antisera raised
      against carboxy-terminal sequences detects a 70,000 Mr protein from murine
      fibroblasts suggesting a high degree of post-translational modification of the
      mature protein. A comparison of these murine gene sequences with a partial human
      CR1 sequence suggests that the human CR1 gene evolved by direct duplication of
      the ancestral coding sequences contained within these murine genes including
      those sequences important for membrane anchoring and cytoplasmic protein
      attachment.

PMID- 2911012
TI  - Recurrent somatic mutations in mouse antibodies to p-azophenylarsonate increase
      affinity for hapten.
AB  - Two mouse mAb specific for the hapten p-azophenylarsonate and encoded by the same
      combination of germ-line V, D, and J genes differ 200-fold in affinity for
      hapten. We determined the amino acid sequences of the V regions of the high
      affinity antibody and compared them to the published sequences of the low
      affinity antibody which is not somatically mutated. Of 19 amino acid
      substitutions, two, Ile57 and Thr58 in the H chain, also occur, either alone or
      together, in other somatically mutated antibodies specific for p
      azophenylarsonate; these antibodies have been independently isolated.
      Introduction of either one of these mutations alone into the low affinity
      antibody by oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis increased the antibody affinity
      for hapten three- to fourfold, whereas introduction of both mutations together
      conferred an eightfold increase in affinity. These results support the hypothesis
      that somatic mutations are selected on the basis of the affinity for antigen that
      they confer, and suggest that even relatively small increases in affinity may be
      selected, probably in a sequential manner.

PMID- 2911013
TI  - Identification of carboxypeptidase and tryptic esterase activities that are
      complexed to proteoglycans in the secretory granules of human cloned natural
      killer cells.
AB  - Human cloned 35S-labeled NK cells were disrupted by nitrogen cavitation, and
      their secretory granules were obtained by filtration through 5-micron and 3
      micron membrane filters followed by Percoll density-gradient centrifugation.
      These granule preparations, which contained 35S-labeled chondroitin sulfate A
      proteoglycans, were sonicated and were analyzed for carboxypeptidase activity and
      tryptic serine esterase activity. A carboxypeptidase activity that digested
      angiotensin I to des-Leu-angiotensin I, Ile-His-Pro-Phe to Ile-His-Pro and Phe,
      and hippuryl-L-phenylalanine to hippuric acid and Phe was detected in the
      granules of these NK cells. As determined by cleavage of the tetrapeptide, the pH
      optimum of the carboxypeptidase was 7.0. As assessed by the cleavage of N
      benzyloxycarbonyl-L-lysine thiobenzyl ester (BLTe), the granule preparations also
      contained a serine esterase with trypsin-like specificity that had a pH optimum
      of 8.5. When the isolated secretory granules were disrupted and chromatographed
      on columns of Sepharose CL-2B in PBS, greater than 60% of the BLTe serine
      esterase activity and essentially all of the carboxypeptidase activity filtered
      as a macromolecular complex with approximately 8% of the 35S-labeled
      proteoglycans. Whereas treatment with 4 M urea or nonionic detergent failed to
      disrupt the macromolecular complex, the serine esterase activity was dissociated
      from the macromolecular complex in the presence of 3 M NaCl, demonstrating an
      ionic interaction with the proteoglycans. No difference was observed in the
      disaccharide composition of the chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycans of the 35S
      labeled proteoglycans that were complexed with the enzymes as compared to those
      that were not complexed. These studies indicate that the secretory granules of
      human NK cells contain serine esterase activity and carboxypeptidase activity,
      both of which have neutral pH optima, and both of which are bound to protease
      resistant chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans.

PMID- 2911014
TI  - Dual mechanisms in priming of the chemoattractant-induced respiratory burst in
      human granulocytes. A Ca2+-dependent and a Ca2+-independent route.
AB  - After interaction with so-called priming agents, the respiratory burst in human
      granulocytes does not become activated, but is enhanced upon subsequent
      stimulation with the chemoattractant FMLP. Investigating the mechanism of the
      priming reaction, we found that a transient rise in the cytosolic free calcium
      concentration [( Ca2+]i) suffices to irreversibly prime human granulocytes. Thus,
      platelet-activating factor (PAF) induced a transient increase in [Ca2+]i and
      primed the cells to an enhanced respiratory burst upon subsequent interaction
      with FMLP. Artificially, the transient rise in [Ca2+]i was mimicked by addition
      and subsequent removal of the Ca2+ ionophore ionomycin; this treatment too,
      primed the respiratory burst of the granulocytes. The priming induced by
      ionomycin was completely abolished when [Ca2+]i changes were buffered during
      exposure of the cells to the ionophore. The priming induced by PAF was only
      partially inhibited under [Ca2+]i-buffering conditions during priming, indicating
      that multiple pathways exist in the priming of granulocytes by PAF.

PMID- 2911015
TI  - Structural requirements for IgM assembly and cytolytic activity. Effects of
      mutations in the oligosaccharide acceptor site at Asn402.
AB  - Glycosylation of IgG occurs at asparagine 297 of the gamma H chain and is
      necessary for the normal capacity of IgG to activate the classical pathway of
      complement-dependent cytolysis. IgM is glycosylated at five sites in the constant
      region of the mu H chain, of which glycosylation at asparagine 402 seems
      analogous to the glycosylation of IgG. In order to assess the importance of
      glycosylation at asparagine 402 for IgM cytolytic activity, we have used site
      directed mutagenesis to produce IgM which is not glycosylated at this position.
      In particular we have tested the effects of substituting Gln for Asn 402 and Thr
      Gly for Gly 403-Thr 404 in the third constant region domain. We tested the
      effects of these substitutions by expressing the mutant mu genes in hybridoma
      cells which produce the hapten-specific kappa-chain. The normal mu-chain is
      glycosylated at Asn 402, and, as expected, these mutations appear to abrogate
      glycosylation of the mutant mu-chains at position 402 and do not affect the
      hapten affinity of the IgM. However, both of these mutations cause the increased
      production of monomeric rather than polymeric IgM: the ratio of monomeric to
      polymeric IgM is 0.21, 3.5, and 10.3 for wild-type IgM, IgM-Gln 402, and IgM-Thr
      403-Gly 404, respectively. The wild-type and mutant polymeric IgM preparations
      were compared for their capacity to promote complement-dependent cytolysis: IgM
      Gln 402 and IgM-Thr 403-Gly 404 have approximately 31% and 4%, respectively, of
      the capacity of wild-type IgM.

PMID- 2911016
TI  - Binding of monomeric and aggregated immunoglobulin to enzymes. A source of
      artefact in antibody assays.
AB  - Pepsinogen has previously been shown to bind non-specifically to immune complexes
      and aggregated immunoglobulins. We demonstrate here using a solid-phase
      immunoassay that immunoglobulins aggregated by heat or glutaraldehyde bind non
      specifically to several different enzymes. Some of these, including pepsinogen
      (marketed as pepsin), hyaluronidase and trypsin, are used in the breakdown of
      tissues or biochemical preparations during the preparation of antigens.
      Contamination of impure antigens by enzyme is likely to lead to products which
      bind non-specifically to immune complexes. This can cause misidentification of
      complexes as antibodies. We recommend that all tests for specific antibody
      involving the use of antigens prepared by these or other enzymes should include a
      control with aggregated immunoglobulin substituted for the test serum.

PMID- 2911017
TI  - Specific and sensitive detection of purified HLA molecules in an ELISA using
      mouse, rabbit and human anti-HLA antibodies.
AB  - An ELISA detecting anti-HLA antibodies of rabbit, mouse or human origin was
      developed using plates coated with HLA molecules purified on affinity columns.
      The sensitivity of the assay was optimal when coating was performed in PBS, pH
      7.8 at 4 degrees C for 6-16 h and using a serum incubation period of 16 h at 4
      degrees C. The optimum protein concentration for coating was estimated to be 1
      micrograms/ml. With monoclonal anti-HLA sera, antipeptide antibodies from mice or
      rabbit and human alloantisera, this method appeared to be highly sensitive, very
      specific and reproducible.

PMID- 2911018
TI  - A single step centrifugation method for the enrichment of veiled cells from
      canine afferent lymph.
AB  - Veiled cells (VC) present in the afferent lymph of dogs with chronic lymphoedema
      could be enriched from 6% to about 50% VC by density gradient centrifugation on
      15% metrizamide or discontinuous Percoll gradients. The recovery of VC was about
      40% from 0.22 +/- 0.07 X 10(6) VC/ml of lymph. The cells were strongly Ia
      positive and had cytoplasmic S 100 protein. They were also strongly ATP-ase
      positive and showed heterogeneity in acid phosphatase, peroxidase and non
      specific esterase activity. Low density VC from canine afferent lymph were able
      to stimulate both blood and lymphatic lymphocytes in autologous mixed leukocyte
      reaction when present at concentration as low as 5% of cultured cells.

PMID- 2911019
TI  - Effect of fibronectin on antigen-induced lymphoproliferation and antibody
      synthesis in rats.
AB  - Macrophages are important positive and negative regulators of both primary and
      secondary antibody responses, and their activity may, in turn, be controlled by
      soluble mediators secreted by other cells. Fibronectin is a 440,000 dalton normal
      constituent of plasma and extracellular membranes that acts through macrophages
      to inhibit mitogen- and alloantigen-stimulated lymphoproliferation. We examined
      the effect of Fn on the antigen-stimulated lymphoproliferative and antibody
      responses in cells from trinitrophenol-derivitized keyhole limpet hemocyanin (TNP
      KHL) primed rats. Fn in concentrations equivalent to normal plasma levels
      inhibited TNP-KLH-stimulated lymphoproliferation by unseparated lymph node
      leukocytes. When the experiment was repeated using purified lymph node T cells
      and added thioglycollate-induced peritoneal exudate macrophages or splenic
      adherent macrophages, Fn alone and TNP-KLH alone stimulated lymphoproliferation,
      but in combination they were strongly inhibitory. The effect was not due to
      decreased lymphocyte viability in the presence of both TNP-KLH and Fn. Nor was it
      due to complexes between TNP-KLH and Fn or to a simple alteration in the kinetics
      of lymphoproliferation. Fn had to be present with the TNP-KLH within the 1st hour
      of incubation. If macrophages were coincubated with TNP-KLH and Fn for 24 h,
      washed, and added to enriched T cells, inhibition was equivalent to that seen
      with continuous coculture. Similarly, coculture of TNP-KLH and Fn inhibited both
      total immunoglobulin and TNP-KLH-specific antibody synthesis at optimal
      concentrations of splenic adherent cells. However, at suboptimal levels of
      splenic macrophages, the combination was synergistic, stimulating more total
      immunoglobulin synthesis than either TNP-KLH or Fn alone. These data suggest that
      the inhibitory effect was dependent upon the concentration and phenotype of
      macrophages present in culture.

PMID- 2911020
TI  - Biosynthesis of proteochondroitin sulfate by HL-60 human promyelocytic cells.
AB  - Human promyelocytic cells (HL-60) were labeled with 35S-sulfate and either 3H
      glucosamine or 3H-serine as precursors. Accumulation of 35S-labeled
      macromolecules was approximately linear for up to 96 h, with a mean cell:medium
      ratio of 5.5:1, although activity/10(5) viable cells reached a plateau level
      after 24 h. Virtually none of the cell-associated proteoglycan was removed by
      trypsinization, consistent with a predominantly intracellular localization.
      Proteoglycan heterogeneity was investigated by DEAE-Sephacel chromatography,
      isopyknic CsCl gradient centrifugation, and gel filtration chromatography. HL-60
      cells appeared to synthesize a single proteoglycan species, Kav = 0.46 on
      Sepharose CL-4B and Kav = 0.32 on Sepharose CL-6B, recovered primarily from the
      high-density fractions of a dissociative CsCl gradient (rho greater than 1.40
      g/l). Degradation products of lower charge density, lower buoyant density, and
      lower hydrodynamic size were also present, mainly in the cell pellets. The major
      proteoglycan was found to contain chondroitin sulfate chains of average Mr = 14.5
      kD, yielding virtually 100% 4-sulfated disaccharides on digestion with
      chondroitinase ABC. The proteoglycan was resistant to trypsin, chymotrypsin,
      plasmin, and papain, and the core protein Mr was approximately 20 kD by molecular
      sieve chromatography. Induction of HL-60 cells with 0.15 dimethyl sulfoxide
      (DMSO) resulted in differentiation to a more mature granulocytic phenotype and
      was associated with a reduction in 35S-sulfate incorporation to 45% of control
      values or 32%, expressed as activity/10(5) cells. Proteoglycans synthesized by
      DMSO-treated cells were identical to those from untreated cells in terms of
      hydrodynamic size, glycosaminoglycan Mr, and sulfation.

PMID- 2911021
TI  - Polyclonal anti-idiotypes influence macrophage chemotaxis in coxsackievirus
      induced murine myocarditis.
AB  - Investigation into the mechanism(s) whereby monocytes-macrophages are mobilized
      to the myocardium of coxsackievirus (CVB3)-infected mice was approached by
      assessing the role of anti-idiotypic antibodies against specific antiviral IgG
      molecules. Balb/c mice preinoculated with polyclonal anti-idiotypic, syngeneic
      antibodies resulted in significantly decreased myocarditis after virus challenge.
      On the other hand, oil-induced peritoneal exudate cells obtained from virus
      exposed animals demonstrated increased chemotaxis in the presence of polyclonal
      anti-Id preparations, whereas peritoneal exudate cells from normal animals did
      not. Specificity of the anti-Ids as confirmed by the binding of the syngeneic
      anti-anti-idiotypic antibodies (antibody 3) to solubilized viral antigen(s) and
      Fab fragments prepared from the anti-idiotypic antibodies. Paradoxic biological
      effects of anti-Id, demonstrated in vitro and in vivo, suggest possible and
      subtle immunoregulation of the macrophage effector arm by anti-idiotypes during
      the course of virus infection.

PMID- 2911022
TI  - Source of methyl groups in brain and nerve tissue in the rat.
AB  - Previous studies that demonstrated that mouse brain accumulated significantly
      more radioactivity from subcutaneously administered 5-methyltetrahydrofolate
      labelled in the methyl group compared to the label in the folate moiety are open
      to two interpretations. The methyl group could have been transferred to another
      compound (probably methionine) prior to its transport into the brain.
      Alternatively, if plasma 5-methyltetrahydrofolate per se is significantly
      involved in the provision of methyl groups to brain and nerve tissue it would be
      expected that the folate moiety would be returned to the plasma to complete the
      cycle and thus would appear not to have been taken up. In this article, using
      competition experiments that exploit the differences in the mechanism of
      transport of methionine and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate into brain and nerve,
      evidence is presented that in the rat the methyl group of 5
      methyltetrahydrofolate is transported after its conversion to methionine.

PMID- 2911023
TI  - Basal lipid peroxidation in substantia nigra is increased in Parkinson's disease.
AB  - Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) levels (an index of the amount of substrate
      available for lipid peroxidation) were measured in several brain regions from
      patients who died with Parkinson's disease and age-matched control human
      postmortem brains. PUFA levels were reduced in parkinsonian substantia nigra
      compared to other brain regions and to control tissue. However, basal
      malondialdehyde (MDA; an intermediate in the lipid peroxidation process) levels
      were increased in parkinsonian nigra compared with other parkinsonian brain
      regions and control tissue. Expressing basal MDA levels in terms of PUFA content,
      the difference between parkinsonian and control substantia nigra was even more
      pronounced. Stimulating MDA production by incubating tissue with FeSO4 plus
      ascorbic acid, FeSO4 plus H2O2, or air alone produced lower MDA levels in the
      parkinsonian substantia nigra, probably reflecting the lower PUFA content. These
      results may indicate that an increased level of lipid peroxidation continues to
      occur in the parkinsonian nigra up to the time of death, perhaps because of
      continued exposure to excess free radicals derived from some endogenous or
      exogenous neurotoxic species.

PMID- 2911024
TI  - Distribution of activity converting 4-aminobutyraldehyde to gamma-aminobutyric
      acid in subcellular fractions of mouse brain.
AB  - The subcellular distribution of activity of 4-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase
      (ABAL-DH) was studied in mouse brain. ABAL-DH was localized mainly in the crude
      mitochondrial fraction; most of the activity in this fraction was found in the
      subfraction containing synaptosomes, and the remainder was in the mitochondrial
      fraction. After osmotic disruption of synaptosomes, most of the activity was
      located in the synaptic cytosol, and the remainder was in the synaptic
      mitochondria. Sucrose density subfractionation of synaptosomes revealed that
      gamma-aminobutyric acid, glutamic acid decarboxylase, and ABAL-DH localized in a
      denser region of gradient fraction than the region containing
      acetylcholinesterase and choline acetyltransferase.

PMID- 2911025
TI  - Diurnal variation in the function of serotonin terminals in the rat hypothalamus.
AB  - The high-affinity binding of [3H]imipramine is associated with the serotonin (5
      hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) transporter in the brain and in platelets. In the rat
      hypothalamus it has been reported that the density of these sites is increased in
      the dark period of the day, and this could result in an alteration in the release
      of 5-HT. The electrically evoked release of [3H]5-HT was thus studied in
      preloaded hypothalamic slices prepared from rats kept under 12:12 h light/dark or
      dark/light schedules. The fractional release of [3H]5-HT evoked by electrical
      stimulation, but not by the 5-HT releasing agent fenfluramine, was significantly
      decreased during the dark period when compared with the light period. The effects
      of the 5-HT reuptake blocker citalopram, of the two 5-HT autoreceptor agonists 5
      methoxytryptamine and RU 24969, and of the 5-HT autoreceptor antagonist
      methiothepin on the release of [3H]5-HT were the same in both groups of rats. In
      conclusion, the release of [3H]5-HT from prelabelled rat hypothalamic slices is
      decreased during the dark period of the day. This modification is not reflected
      by changes in the effects of citalopram, an inhibitor of 5-HT reuptake, to modify
      the overflow of [3H]5-HT. The sensitivity and efficacy of agonists of the 5-HT
      autoreceptor are the same during the light and dark periods of the day.

PMID- 2911026
TI  - Ganglioside composition of normal and mutant mouse embryos.
AB  - The enrichment of gangliosides in neuronal membranes suggests that they play an
      important role in CNS development. We recently found a marked
      tetrasialoganglioside deficiency in twl/twl mutant mouse embryos at embryonic day
      (E)-11. The recessive twl/twl mutants die at embryonic ages E-9 to E-18 from
      failed neural differentiation in the ventral portion of the neural tube. In the
      present study, we examined the composition and distribution of gangliosides in
      twl/twl mutant mouse embryos at E-12. The total ganglioside sialic acid
      concentration was significantly lower in the mutants than in normal (+/-)
      embryos. The mutants also expressed significant deficiencies of gangliosides in
      the "b" metabolic pathway (GD3, GD1b, GT1b, and GQ1b) and elevations in levels of
      gangliosides in the "a" metabolic pathway (GM3, GM2, GM1, and GD1a). These
      findings suggest that the mutants have a partial deficiency in the activity of a
      specific sialyltransferase in the b pathway. Regional ganglioside distribution
      was also studied in E-12 normal mouse embryos. The ganglioside composition in
      heads and bodies was similar to each other and to whole embryos. Total
      ganglioside concentration and the distribution of b pathway gangliosides were
      significantly higher in neural tube regions than in nonneural tube regions. These
      findings suggest that b pathway gangliosides accumulate in differentiating neural
      cells and that the deficiency of these gangliosides in the twl/twl mutants is
      closely associated with failed neural differentiation.

PMID- 2911027
TI  - Effect of chronic nicotine treatment on nicotinic autoreceptor function and N
      [3H]methylcarbamylcholine binding sites in the rat brain.
AB  - It has been reported that N-methylcarbamylcholine (MCC), a nicotinic agonist,
      binds to central nicotinic receptors and causes an increase of acetylcholine
      (ACh) release from certain central cholinergic nerve terminals. The present
      experiments determine whether these two phenomena change in response to the
      chronic administration of nicotine, a procedure known to result in an increase in
      nicotinic binding sites. Chronic nicotine caused a brain region-specific up
      regulation of [3H]MCC sites; binding increased in the frontal cortex, parietal
      cortex, striatum, and hippocampus, but not in the occipital cortex or cerebellum.
      The effect of nicotine was selective to nicotinic binding sites, because
      muscarinic sites, both M1 ([ 3H]pirenzepine) and M2 ([3H]ACh), were unaffected by
      chronic nicotine treatment. MCC increased the release of ACh from the frontal
      cortex and hippocampus by a calcium-dependent mechanism; MCC did not alter ACh
      release from striatum or occipital cortex of control animals. The MCC-induced
      increase in ACh release was not apparent in those animals which had been treated
      with nicotine. There was a partial recovery of nicotinic autoreceptor function
      when animals were allowed to recover (4 days) following chronic nicotine
      treatment, but the density of binding sites remained increased compared to
      control. Chronic nicotine did not change the potassium-evoked release of ACh from
      the frontal cortex or hippocampus, but decreased this measure from striatum. It
      also decreased the ACh content of the striatum, but not that of the cortex or the
      hippocampus; the activity of choline acetyltransferase was not altered in any of
      the regions tested.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2911029
TI  - Highly basic 30- and 32-kilodalton proteins associated with synapse formation on
      polylysine-coated beads in enriched neuronal cell cultures.
AB  - Neuronal proteins involved in axonal outgrowth and synapse formation were
      examined in an enriched neuronal cell culture system of the cerebellum. In rat
      cerebellar cell cultures, 98.9% of the cells are neurons and the remaining 1.1%
      of the cells are flat nonneuronal cells. These enriched neuronal cultures,
      examined with two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, showed protein patterns
      similar to those of neonatal cerebellum, but very different patterns from glial
      enriched cultures. High levels of a neuronal membrane acidic 29-kilodalton (kD)
      protein were found. It has been shown previously that neuronal cultures incubated
      with polylysine-coated beads will develop numerous presynaptic elements on the
      bead surface. We report here that isolation of the beads from enriched neuronal
      cell cultures incubated with [35S]methionine showed, with two-dimensional
      nonequilibrium pH gradient gel electrophoresis (2D-NEPHGE), levels of a basic 32
      kD protein (pI 8) note detected in cultures alone, and increased levels of a 30
      kD protein (pI 10). When culture medium was examined with 2D-NEPHGE, three acidic
      proteins were identified that were secreted by the cultured neurons. In summary,
      a neuronal enriched cell culture system was used with isolated polylysine-coated
      beads to identify basic 30-kD and 32-kD proteins that may be involved in synapse
      formation.

PMID- 2911028
TI  - Transition metals, ferritin, glutathione, and ascorbic acid in parkinsonian
      brains.
AB  - The regional distributions of iron, copper, zinc, magnesium, and calcium in
      parkinsonian brains were compared with those of matched controls. In mild
      Parkinson's disease (PD), there were no significant differences in the content of
      total iron between the two groups, whereas there was a significant increase in
      total iron and iron (III) in substantia nigra of severely affected patients.
      Although marked regional distributions of iron, magnesium, and calcium were
      present, there were no changes in magnesium, calcium, and copper in various brain
      areas of PD. The most notable finding was a shift in the iron (II)/iron (III)
      ratio in favor of iron (III) in substantia nigra and a significant increase in
      the iron (III)-binding, protein, ferritin. A significantly lower glutathione
      content was present in pooled samples of putamen, globus pallidus, substantia
      nigra, nucleus basalis of Meynert, amygdaloid nucleus, and frontal cortex of PD
      brains with severe damage to substantia nigra, whereas no significant changes
      were observed in clinicopathologically mild forms of PD. In all these regions,
      except the amygdaloid nucleus, ascorbic acid was not decreased. Reduced
      glutathione and the shift of the iron (II)/iron (III) ratio in favor of iron
      (III) suggest that these changes might contribute to pathophysiological processes
      underlying PD.

PMID- 2911030
TI  - pros-methylimidazoleacetic acid in rat brain: its regional distribution and
      relationship to metabolic pathways of histamine.
AB  - pros-Methylimidazoleacetic acid (p-MIAA; 1-methylimidazole-5-acetic acid), an
      isomer of the histamine metabolite, tele-methylimidazoleacetic acid (t-MIAA), is
      present in brain and CSF. Its relationship to histamine synthesis and catabolism
      was assessed in brains of rats. p-MIAA distribution in brain regions was
      heterogeneous although the concentrations in regions with the highest
      (hypothalamus) and the lowest (medulla-pons) levels differed less than four-fold.
      There was no significant correlation between the regional distributions of p-MIAA
      with those of histamine or its metabolites. pros-Methylhistidine (1 g/kg, i.p.)
      produced a 20-fold increase in mean levels of p-MIAA and up to a 50-fold increase
      in levels of pros-methylhistamine (p-MH), a putative intermediate; levels of
      histamine and its metabolites were unaltered. L-Histidine (1 g/kg, i.p.) or alpha
      fluoromethylhistidine (100 mg/kg, i.p.), the irreversible inhibitor of histamine
      synthesis, did not alter the levels of p-MIAA in brain. Like the levels of t
      MIAA, the levels of p-MIAA were unaltered after probenecid administration.
      Contrary to its effects in lowering t-MIAA levels, pargyline (75 mg/kg, i.p.)
      produced a slight rise in levels of p-MIAA in all regions. These findings suggest
      that, in brain, the metabolic pathways of histamine are independent of pathways
      that generate p-MIAA. Further, since brain is capable of p-MH formation, its use
      as an internal standard in analytical methods merits caution.

PMID- 2911031
TI  - Effects of vitamin A and its analogs on nonenzymatic lipid peroxidation in rat
      brain mitochondria.
AB  - Vitamin A (retinol) and some of its analogs exhibited varying degrees of
      inhibition on induced iron and ascorbic acid lipid peroxidation of rat brain
      mitochondria. Malonyldialdehyde production was used as an index of the extent of
      in vitro lipid peroxidation. The fat-soluble vitamins retinol, retinol acetate,
      retinoic acid, retinol palmitate, and retinal at concentrations between 0.1 and
      10.0 mmol/L inhibited brain lipid peroxidation. Retinol and retinol acetate were
      the most effective inhibitors. It is concluded from this study that retinol and
      its analogs can be considered as potential antioxidant factors, more potent than
      some of the well-known antioxidants such as alpha-tocopherol and butylated
      hydroxytoluene.

PMID- 2911032
TI  - Effects of hypoglycaemia and hypoxia on the intracellular pH of cerebral tissue
      as measured by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance.
AB  - Changes in high-energy phosphate metabolites and the intracellular pH (pHi) were
      monitored in cerebral tissue during periods of hypoglycaemia and hypoxia using
      31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Superfused brain slices were loaded
      with deoxyglucose at a concentration shown not to impair cerebral metabolism, and
      the chemical shift of the resulting 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate (DOG6P) peak was
      used to monitor the pHi. In some experiments with low circulating levels of Pi,
      the intracellular Pi was visible and indicated a pH identical to that of DOG6P,
      an observation validating its use as an indicator of pHi in cerebral tissue. The
      pHi was found to be unchanged during moderate hypoglycaemia; however, mild
      hypoxia (PO2 = 16.4 kPa) and severe hypoglycaemia produced marked reductions from
      the normal of 7.2 to 6.8 and 7.0, respectively. Hypoglycaemia caused a fall in
      the level of both phosphocreatine (PCr) and ATP, whereas hypoxia affected PCr
      alone, as shown previously. However, the fall in pHi was similar during the two
      insults, thus indicating that the change in pH is not directly linked to lactate
      production or to the creatine kinase reaction.

PMID- 2911033
TI  - Choline acetyltransferase activities in single spinal motor neurons from patients
      with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
AB  - Activities of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) were microassayed in individual
      cell bodies of motor neurons, isolated from freeze-dried sections after autopsy
      of lumbar spinal cords from four patients with sporadic amyotrophic lateral
      sclerosis (ALS) and four control patients with nonneurological diseases. Numerous
      large neurons were found in the anterior horn at the early degeneration stage of
      ALS, but the cell bodies atrophied and decreased in number at the late advanced
      stage. The small, atrophied neurons were very fragile and were easily destroyed
      during the isolation procedure with a microknife. The average activity, expressed
      on a dry weight basis, of 58 ALS neurons was lower than that of 67 control
      neurons. The large, well-preserved neurons at the early nonadvanced stage had
      markedly lower ChAT activities than control neurons. The specific activity
      gradually increased with the progress of atrophy but did not return to the
      control level.

PMID- 2911034
TI  - Electroconvulsive shock (ECS) and the adenosine neuromodulatory system: effect of
      single and repeated ECS on the adenosine A1 and A2 receptors, adenylate cyclase,
      and the adenosine uptake site.
AB  - The effect of a single electroconvulsive shock (ECS) (30 min and 24 h after
      treatment) and repeated ECS (10 once-daily) on the adenosine neuromodulatory
      system was investigated in rat cerebral cortex, cerebellum, hippocampus, and
      striatum. The present study examined the adenosine A1 receptor using N6
      [3H]cyclohexyladenosine ([3H]CHA), the A2 receptor using 5'-N
      [3H]ethylcarboxyamidoadenosine ([ 3H]NECA), adenylate cyclase using
      [3H]forskolin, and the adenosine uptake site using [3H]nitrobenzylthioinosine
      ([3H]NBI). At 30 min after a single ECS, the Bmax of the [3H]NBI binding in
      striatum was increased by 20%, which is in good agreement with the well-known
      postictal adenosine release. The Bmax of [3H]forskolin binding in striatum and
      cerebellum was increased by 60 and 20%, respectively. In contrast to earlier
      reported changes following chemically induced seizures, [3H]CHA binding was not
      altered postictally. At 24 h after a single ECS, there were no changes for any
      ligand in any brain region. Following repeated ECS, there was a 20% increase of
      [3H]CHA binding sites in cerebral cortex, which lasted for at least 14 days after
      the last ECS. [3H]Forskolin binding in hippocampus and striatum was 20% lowered
      24 h after 10 once-daily ECS but had already returned to control levels 48 h
      after the last treatment. Evidence is provided that the upregulated adenosine A1
      receptors are coupled to guanine nucleotide binding proteins and, furthermore,
      that this upregulation is not paralleled by an increase in adenylate cyclase
      activity as labeled by [3H]forskolin.

PMID- 2911035
TI  - Oxidation of N-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline into the N-methyl
      isoquinolinium ion by monoamine oxidase.
AB  - N-Methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (NMTIQ) was found to be oxidized by
      monoamine oxidase (MAO) into N-methylisoquinolinium ion, which was proved to
      inhibit enzymes related to the metabolism of catecholamines, such as tyrosine
      hydroxylase, aromatic-L-amino acid decarboxylase, and MAO. NMTIQ was oxidized by
      both types A and B MAO in human brain synaptosomal mitochondria. Oxidation was
      dependent on the amount of MAO sample and the reaction time. Enzyme activity with
      respect to NMTIQ reached optimum at a pH of approximately 7.25, as was the case
      with other substrates. Type A MAO had higher activity for this substrate than
      type B. The Km and Vmax values of the oxidation by types A and B MAO were 571 +/-
      25 microM and 0.29 +/- 0.06 pmol/min/mg protein, and 463 +/- 43 microM and 0.16
      +/- 0.03 pmol/min/mg protein, respectively. The Vmax values of types A and B MAO
      for NMTIQ were much smaller than those for other substrates such as kynuramine.
      NMTIQ was the first tetrahydroisoquinoline shown to be oxidized into the
      isoquinolinium ion by MAO in the brain.

PMID- 2911036
TI  - Evidence for distinct 5-hydroxytryptamine2 binding site subtypes in cortical
      membrane preparations.
AB  - 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) displays a sixfold higher affinity for 5-HT2 binding
      sites labeled by [3H]ketanserin in rat (IC50 = 200 +/- 40 nM) and human (IC50 =
      190 +/- 50 nM) cortex than for 5-HT2 sites in bovine cortex (IC50 = 1,200 +/- 130
      nM). The Hill slopes of the 5-HT competition curves are 0.67 +/- 0.04 in rat,
      0.69 +/- 0.08 in human, and 0.96 +/- 0.02 in bovine cortex. Scatchard analysis of
      (+/-)-[3H]4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine ([3H]DOB) binding in the rat indicates
      a population of binding sites with a KD of 0.38 +/- 0.04 nM and a Bmax of 1.5 +/-
      0.05 pmol/g tissue. In contrast, specific [3H]DOB binding cannot be detected in
      bovine cortical membranes. These data indicate that species variations exist in 5
      HT2 binding site subtypes and that [3H]ketanserin appears to label a homogeneous
      population of 5-HT2 binding site subtypes in bovine cortex.

PMID- 2911037
TI  - Assessment of the purity of d,l HM-PAO from diastereomeric mixtures using NMR
      techniques.
AB  - We have shown that 1H NMR can serve as a suitable analytical tool for the
      assessment of relative amounts of d,l and meso HM-PAO isomers in a diastereomeric
      mixture and for the determination of the purity of either one of the two
      diastereomers alone. Therefore, we believe that this method will be useful for
      quality control in both academic and government regulatory laboratories as well
      as for radiopharmaceutical manufacturers. In addition, this analytical tool can
      provide rapid screening of possible suitable stereospecific reducing agents for
      the preferential formation of the d,l HM-PAO diastereomer without the necessity
      of completely working up the reduction reaction mixture.

PMID- 2911038
TI  - Discrepant sulfur colloid and radioparticle liver uptake in superior vena cava
      obstruction: case report.
AB  - The presence of collateral venous channels connecting the upper extremity veins
      and portal vein via the paraumbilical veins is considered the probable
      explanation for the observed scintigraphic hepatic "hot spot". This is seen in
      [99mTc]sulfur colloid liver imaging and perfusion lung imaging with 99mTc
      radiolabeled particles injected into an antecubital vein in the presence of
      superior vena caval (SVC) obstruction. The typical distribution is one of focal
      uptake centrally, anteriorly, and inferiorly. An unusual pattern is described in
      this report and mechanisms proposed for the "diffuse homogeneous" hepatic uptake
      also observed in a patient with SVC obstruction undergoing a perfusion lung scan.

PMID- 2911039
TI  - The use of radionuclide cisternography in the diagnosis of pleural cerebrospinal
      fluid fistulae.
AB  - Radionuclide cisternography (RNC) is an excellent method of studying
      cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics and fistulous communications. Two patients are
      described in which pleural cerebrospinal fluid fistulae were found by this
      technique. In addition, marking the area presurgically reduced operating room
      time in one patient. Such communications are important to locate since they can
      cause significant loss of CSF as well as provide a pathway for pathogens to enter
      the central nervous system.

PMID- 2911040
TI  - Excretion of radioiodine in breast milk.

PMID- 2911041
TI  - Excretion of radioiodine in breast milk.

PMID- 2911042
TI  - Forearm blood flow measurements using technetium-99m human serum albumin
      following brachial arteriotomy.
AB  - A simple, low cost method for measuring forearm blood flow during reactive
      hyperemia has been developed. Subjects are seated with hands and forearms over a
      large field-of-view gamma camera. Blood pressure cuffs inflated above the elbows
      isolate the blood in the forearms and hands and induce a hyperemic response. The
      remaining blood pool is labeled with technetium. The rate of increase of activity
      following release of the cuffs is measured from the gradient of time-activity
      curves and is calibrated for flow by counting a venous blood sample. The
      technique has been applied to a group of normal controls and to symptomatic and
      asymptomatic patients following right brachial arteriotomy. Forearm blood flow in
      normal subjects was 32.9 +/- 6.4 ml/100 ml/min and for subjects with occlusion of
      the brachial artery was 6.4 +/- 2.1 ml/100 ml/min. The method is simple, widely
      available, and reproducible. The good signal to noise ratio allows it to be used
      in cases of very low flow either as an aid to diagnosis or to measure treatment
      response.

PMID- 2911043
TI  - Improved radiolabeled monoclonal antibody uptake by lavage of intraperitoneal
      carcinomatosis in mice.
AB  - The effect of peritoneal lavage with saline on tumor and systemic uptake of
      intraperitoneally administered tumor-specific (131I-5G6.4) and nonspecific (125I
      UPC-10) radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies was evaluated in a nude mouse model of
      human intraperitoneal ovarian carcinomatosis (IP3 model). Peritoneal lavage at 2
      or 6 hr postintraperitoneal antibody injection significantly improves
      intraperitoneal tumor/nontumor uptake ratios of specific antibody apparently by
      limiting systemic exposure to antibody. This enhancement tends to be more
      dramatic if lavage is performed within 2 hr, rather than 6 hr, of intraperitoneal
      antibody administration, though both times result in significant improvements in
      target/background ratios over no lavage. Twenty-four-hour tumor/nontumor ratios
      for specific antibody 5G6.4 generally are 1.5-fourfold higher following lavage
      than those achieved in control animals, without decreasing absolute tumor uptake
      of specific radiolabeled antibody. By contrast, nonspecific antibody UPC-10
      binding is lower in tumor and normal tissues following lavage, with no lavage
      induced improvement in tumor/nontumor ratios seen. Peritoneal lavage is a simple
      method to allow for specific antibody binding to accessible intraperitoneal
      tumors yet to limit systemic exposure thus increasing the therapeutic margin.
      This method may have considerable applicability in the enhancement of
      intraperitoneal immunoconjugate delivery to intraperitoneal tumors.

PMID- 2911044
TI  - Rapid blood clearance of biotinylated IgG after infusion of avidin.
AB  - The techniques of immunotherapy and radioimmunoimaging suffer from the problem of
      background: intravenously injected antibodies remain in the circulation much
      longer than it is necessary for effective binding to the target. Various
      approaches, including the postinjection of second antibodies, were explored to
      overcome the problem with some success. The phenomenon of a 100-fold more rapid
      blood clearance of biotinylated immunoglobulins after postinjection of an
      equivalent dose of avidin is described. The concentration of 125I-labeled
      biotinylated IgG in the circulation of rats slowly decreased to 20% of initial in
      24 hr. Avidin injection at any interval during this period induced 90-95%
      reduction of radioactivity in blood in 15 min. Up to 70% of the radioactivity was
      recovered in the liver. Avidin-induced blood clearance of biotinylated
      immunoglobulins may find applications in immunotherapy and radio- or nuclear
      magnetic resonance immunoimaging.

PMID- 2911045
TI  - Dual tracer autoradiographic study with thallium-201 and radioiodinated fatty
      acid in cardiomyopathic hamsters.
AB  - To investigate the usefulness of myocardial scintigraphy with radioiodinated 15
      (p-iodophenyl)-3-R,S-methylpentadecanoic acid (BMIPP) in cardiomyopathy,
      quantitative dual tracer autoradiographic study with 201Tl and [125I]BMIPP was
      performed in 27 cardiomyopathic Bio 14.6 Syrian hamsters and eight normal
      hamsters. Furthermore, 16 Bio 14.6 Syrian hamsters aged 21 days were divided into
      verapamil-treated (during 70 days) and control groups (respectively, n = 8), and
      autoradiography with 201Tl and [125I]BMIPP was performed. Quantitative
      autoradiography demonstrated an uncoupling of 201Tl and [125I]BMIPP distributions
      and a regional heterogeneity of [125I]BMIPP distribution in cardiomyopathic
      hamsters aged more than 2 mo, while normal hamsters showed only mild
      heterogeneity of [125I]BMIPP distribution without an uncoupling of tracers. Age
      matched comparison between normal and cardiomyopathic hamsters (5-8 mo old)
      demonstrated that a difference between their [125I]BMIPP distributions are more
      marked than that between their 201Tl distributions. Furthermore, [125I]BMIPP
      visualized effects of verapamil on cardiomyopathy more distinctly than did 201Tl.
      In conclusion, myocardial imaging with [123I]BMIPP could be useful for
      investigating cardiomyopathy and evaluating the efficacy of therapeutic
      intervention in patients with cardiomyopathy.

PMID- 2911046
TI  - CNO and CEO decision-making patterns and compatability: Part 2, Using the MBTI.

PMID- 2911047
TI  - Preventing drug dependency: Part 2, Educating and supporting staff.
AB  - Nurse administrators can respond to the chemical abuse problem in one of two
      ways. They can deny it, ignore it, avoid confrontation, and terminate the
      employee. Such action jeopardizes both the nurse and patients. Alternatively,
      nurse administrators can deal with the problem by recognizing its prevalence in
      society, educating their personnel, providing support systems for staff, and
      establishing controls. By choosing this latter course of action, nurse managers
      evidence humanity and concern for patients, the profession, and individual
      practitioners.

PMID- 2911048
TI  - Self concept: improving the image of nursing.

PMID- 2911049
TI  - Developing investigators who will generate clinically relevant science.

PMID- 2911050
TI  - Computers: meeting the challenge of the information age.

PMID- 2911051
TI  - Choosing your treatments with care.

PMID- 2911052
TI  - Prognostic evaluation of ameloblastoma based on histologic and radiographic
      typing.
AB  - Ninety-one patients with ameloblastoma of the mandible were studied. Among the 23
      patients treated with radical surgery the recurrence rate was 8.7%, whereas the
      rate of 45.65% in the 68 conservatively treated patients. The prognoses of the
      patients treated by conservative surgery were analyzed based on the histologic
      and radiologic criteria of each lesion. The recurrence rate was significantly
      higher in the follicular type (56.8%) than in the plexiform type (32.3%).
      Recurrence was seen more frequently in the multilocular or soap bubble type
      (60.7%) than in the unilocular type (35.0%). When the recurrence rate was
      compared between patients aged less than 20 years and patients aged greater than
      or equal to 20 years, younger patients had better prognoses. It was concluded
      that there is a prognostic value in the histologic, radiographic, and age
      factors.

PMID- 2911053
TI  - The relationship between cervical cysts and tonsillar carcinoma in adults.
AB  - An investigation of the clinical results in 42 patients with lateral cervical
      cysts is presented. Fine needle aspiration biopsy suggested malignancy in three
      cases. After surgical removal, another six cases of malignancy were revealed by
      histologic examination. In six of the nine cases of malignancy, an ipsilateral
      tonsillar carcinoma was found on routinely performed tonsillectomy. However, the
      clinical appearance of the tonsils was normal in four of these patients. Analysis
      of all patients according to age revealed that the malignancy rate was 80% among
      those aged greater than 40 years. It is suggested that tonsillectomy for
      histologic examination should be performed routinely when lateral cervical cysts
      are removed in adults.

PMID- 2911054
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging of partial temporomandibular joint disc displacement.
AB  - Unilateral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the symptomatic temporomandibular
      joint (TMJ) was performed on 55 patients. The position of the articular disc in
      relation to the condyle was established on sagittal images. Particular attention
      was paid to partial or complete anterior positioning of the disc. MRI was
      correlated with clinical and, in 33 cases, surgical findings. The concept of
      partial anterior displacement may be useful in relation to treatment planning.

PMID- 2911055
TI  - An assessment for auriculotemporal syndrome following temporomandibular joint
      surgery through the preauricular approach.
AB  - Twenty temporomandibular joints (TMJs) were operated on for the correction of
      arthrographically confirmed internal derangements using a modified preauricular
      approach. Postoperatively, three of the 20 patients tested exhibited
      auriculotemporal syndrome as deduced from a starch-iodine test. The manifestation
      was subclinical and consisted of sweating only over the distribution of the
      auriculotemporal and great auricular nerves in response to a gustatory stimulus.
      The response was variable from patient to patient.

PMID- 2911056
TI  - Cephalometric norms for orthognathic surgery in black American adults.
AB  - Normal values for the Cephalometrics for Orthognathic Surgery (COGS) analysis for
      American black adults were developed in this study. The cephalometric radiographs
      of 33 black American adults with ideal dentitions were analyzed, and a
      statistical description of their hard and soft tissue cephalometric measurements
      is presented. In addition, mean values for black American adults were compared
      with those of white American adults. In black subjects, there was greater
      maxillary skeletal prognathism, skeletal lower face height, skeletal facial
      convexity, lower incisor proclination, anterior dental heights, upper and lower
      lip lengths, and soft tissue thickness of the lips and chin than in white
      subjects. There was less nasal depth and projection, less bony chin depth, and a
      smaller nasolabial angle in black subjects. The results of this study may be
      useful in providing racially specific cephalometric values for diagnosis and
      treatment planning for orthognathic surgery in American black adults.

PMID- 2911057
TI  - The in vivo behavior of gentamicin-PMMA beads in the maxillofacial region.
AB  - Gentamicin-PMMA beads were placed in maxillofacial wounds of ten dogs, and
      gentamicin levels from wound drain sites, serum, and urine were measured by
      radioimmunoassay. The results indicate extremely high wound and modest urine
      levels (which decrease exponentially) concurrently with negligible serum levels
      of gentamicin. The results of this study of a highly vascularized area were
      similar to other studies in which beads were placed in avascular areas.

PMID- 2911058
TI  - Malpractice litigation: the deposition.
AB  - A deposition is an important tool in the discovery process that can strengthen or
      weaken a defendant's position. It is critical that defendants understand the
      purposes and strategy of a deposition so that they can prepare themselves
      adequately.

PMID- 2911059
TI  - Anaphylactoid reaction to vancomycin: report of a case.
AB  - Although vancomycin produces excellent prophylaxis against staphylococci, the
      danger of hypotension, whether secondary to anaphylactoid response or myocardial
      depression, exists. Therefore, recommendation for the use of vancomycin before
      dental procedures must include the precaution of administration in a dilute
      solution over 30 minutes, with frequent monitoring of BP and heart rate.

PMID- 2911060
TI  - Myoglobinuria and elevated serum enzymes associated with partial glossectomy
      under enflurane anesthesia in a patient with muscular dystrophy.

PMID- 2911061
TI  - Spontaneous removal of foreign bodies from the maxillary sinus: report of a case.

PMID- 2911062
TI  - Treatment of a mandibular fracture in a neonate.
AB  - The treatment and long-term follow-up of mandibular fracture in a neonate have
      been presented. Early treatment can prevent the need for later extensive and
      expensive reconstructive surgery.

PMID- 2911063
TI  - Chondroma of the tongue.

PMID- 2911064
TI  - A simplified technique for percutaneous rigid fixation of sagittal ramus
      osteotomies.

PMID- 2911065
TI  - Modification of the interocclusal splint for orthognathic surgery.

PMID- 2911066
TI  - Temporomandibular joint retractors.

PMID- 2911067
TI  - Parish nursing's pioneer. A JCN interview.

PMID- 2911068
TI  - Profile of a young movement.

PMID- 2911070
TI  - Church nurse--caring for a congregation.

PMID- 2911069
TI  - Nursing's only hope.

PMID- 2911071
TI  - At the breaking point. When should an overworked nurse bail out?

PMID- 2911072
TI  - Visiting granddaddy one last time.

PMID- 2911073
TI  - American Public Health Association Resolution 8701: irrational response to the
      fear of the spread of the virus that causes AIDS.

PMID- 2911074
TI  - Oral hygiene instruction and health risk assessment in dental practice.
AB  - We studied oral hygiene instruction given to 109 patients in 19 Washington State
      dental practices to investigate the extent to which therapists targeted their
      efforts toward patients with high disease risk. Patients were examined prior to
      instruction and prophylaxes. Therapists' instructions were tape-recorded and
      their content analyzed: therapists' expectations were scored. There were no
      statistically significant associations between patients' initial plaque levels
      and the process/content of the oral hygiene instructions delivered. On average,
      therapists spent 9.4 minutes of each prophylaxis session discussing oral hygiene.
      Therapists were judged more genuine with those patients for whom they had higher
      expectations of compliance, i.e., those with less plaque and low disease risk. We
      conclude that dental practitioners were not employing effective risk assessment
      strategies in selection of patients most in need of intensive instructional
      efforts.

PMID- 2911075
TI  - How effective is oral hygiene instruction? Results after 6 and 24 weeks.
AB  - We studied the clinical effectiveness of oral hygiene instruction given to 71
      "high" plaque patients in 19 Washington State dental practices to determine the
      extent of plaque reduction. Patients were examined prior to instruction and
      prophylaxis. Therapist instructions were tape-recorded and content analyzed, and
      therapists' expectations were scored. Patients were surveyed as to oral health
      behaviors and general health habit characteristics. Only 20 of 71 (28%) initially
      "high" plaque patients had reduced mean plaque scores to 1.0 or less at six
      weeks. An additional 13 percent had deteriorated plaque levels at 24 weeks. We
      concluded that therapists did not consistently follow principles of effective
      instruction and often overestimated their effectiveness. Determinants of relapse
      involve the educational process, the patients' oral status, and patients' life
      situations.

PMID- 2911076
TI  - Oral health knowledge and sources of information among elementary schoolchildren.
AB  - The dental health knowledge and sources of health information of 848 elementary
      schoolchildren (aged 9-12) in southwestern Michigan were assessed. Demographic
      parameters (education level, percent below poverty level, median income level) of
      the area were similar to state and national averages. The children were found to
      have some knowledge of caries and periodontal disease prevention, yet basic
      misconceptions were evident. More than one-third of the children thought that
      plaque should only be removed by a dentist. While 75 percent of the subjects knew
      that fluoride protected teeth from decay, only 4 percent of the children
      identified fluoridated water as the best source of this preventive agent.
      Knowledge of pit and fissure sealants was limited. Extent of correct dental
      knowledge was not related to age, sex, or mean DMFS scores. Children who answered
      the most questions correctly named parents and family as their source of
      information; dentist's office was the second most frequently mentioned source.
      Findings suggest a need to correct basic misinformation about dental health and
      to inform children about current efficacious preventive agents.

PMID- 2911077
TI  - Uses and abuses of the news release/press conference.

PMID- 2911078
TI  - Oral health knowledge and attitudes of elementary schoolteachers in Michigan.
AB  - Teachers at elementary schools in two areas (urban and rural) of Michigan were
      surveyed to determine their sources of information about oral health and their
      knowledge and attitudes about dental diseases and disease prevention.
      Questionnaires were completed by 404 teachers (62% response rate). More than 80
      percent of respondents from both areas were female. Demographic characteristics
      that were significantly different between groups included: median ages of urban
      and rural respondents (P less than .01), median numbers of years in teaching (P
      less than .01), and median years in residence (P less than .03). Despite these
      differences, responses to the questionnaire varied little. For both groups, the
      most frequently cited sources of information about dental health were dentist's
      office (82%), followed by magazines and books (74%). The teachers considered
      preventing tooth decay as the most important reason for good oral hygiene. When
      asked to rank the effectiveness of ten methods of preventing caries in children,
      teachers ranked efficacious methods such as fluoridated water and pit and fissure
      sealants lower than making regular dental visits and reducing intake of sugared
      foods. Asked to rank the most effective method for children to receive fluoride,
      urban respondents ranked fluoridated water first, while rural respondents ranked
      this measure third. Findings suggest that teachers' knowledge about oral health
      and current methods of prevention is incomplete, is inaccurate in some instances,
      and varies little by geographic area.

PMID- 2911079
TI  - Health ecology and dental education.

PMID- 2911080
TI  - Assessment of a dental disease prevention program after three years.
AB  - This assessment compared routine data on selected clinical services provided
      within the Oklahoma City Area of the Indian Health Service during the first six
      months of fiscal year 1984, prior to implementation of a program emphasizing oral
      health promotion and disease prevention, to comparable data from 1987. The
      assessment revealed: similar absolute numbers of routine examinations and
      completed treatment among children; a 10 percent increase in total visits for
      persons of all ages, accomplished with comparable numbers of dental personnel;
      and an increase in the percent of services that were preventive, as well as a
      concomitant decrease in basic restorative services. The ratio of pit and fissure
      sealants to one-surface amalgam restorations was reversed dramatically. Although
      counts of services rendered do not measure oral health status directly, some
      conclusions are warranted. Clinical dental personnel can be reoriented to devote
      an increased proportion of available patient care time to primary preventive
      services, accomplishing a substantial increase in these services. That increase
      is associated with a corresponding decrease in the proportion of basic
      restorative services.

PMID- 2911081
TI  - Eruption pattern of permanent molars: implications for school-based dental
      sealant programs.
AB  - Dental caries remains a prevalent, chronic disease of childhood. The
      preponderance of dental caries is located on the pit and fissure surfaces of
      teeth, an area where dental sealants are most effective in preventing this
      malady. In the school year 1987-88, 4,879 Ohio schoolchildren participated in an
      assessment of dental health. Grades chosen for this assessment included 1, 2, 3,
      6, 7, 8, and 11. This study focuses on eruption of first and second permanent
      molars in development of a timing strategy for placement of occlusal sealants in
      a school-based program. An eruption score was developed for the determination of
      the first or second molar eruption status for each child. The data were analyzed
      for grade, sex, race, locale, fluoridation status, and percent of children on
      free or reduced-cost lunch programs. Analyses were performed on 2,215 children in
      grades 1-3 and 1,840 children in grades 6-8. Fifty-seven percent of first graders
      had all first permanent molars sufficiently erupted for sealant placement on the
      occlusal surface. Likewise, 23.6 percent of sixth graders had sufficient occlusal
      exposure on the second molar. Females showed an earlier eruption pattern than
      males for both first (P less than .05) and second (P less than .001) molars.
      Black children preceded white children only in the eruption of the second molar
      (P less than .001). This study provides dental public health decision makers with
      state-specific information on the earliest time to initiate a school-based
      occlusal sealant program.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2911082
TI  - Interaction between anti-Gal and human tumor cells: a natural defense mechanism?

PMID- 2911083
TI  - Smoking policies among private employers and public agencies in Texas: a
      statewide analysis.
AB  - The present study examined the prevalence, correlates, and perceived impact of
      smoking policies among private employers and public agencies in Texas. An
      identical survey instrument was administered to two groups of Texas employers: a
      random sample of private industries and all state agencies (excluding
      universities). Response rates were 62% (n = 420) for private industries and 73%
      (n = 130) for public agencies. Fifty-two percent of state agencies and 53% of
      private employers reported having a smoking policy, with the majority of policies
      having been implemented since 1986. Concern about employees' health or comfort
      was the most important reason for implementing a policy for both state agencies
      and private employers. Both groups believed that implementation of a policy
      resulted in fewer complaints from employees and less smoking in the workplace but
      had less impact on productivity or morale. This study on the prevalence of
      smoking policies in the workplace is the first to document that the majority of
      surveyed employers have a restrictive smoking policy in place. In addition, this
      study found minimal differences in the prevalence, rationale, and perceived
      benefits of smoking policies between private employers and state agencies.

PMID- 2911084
TI  - Reduction of tumor blood flow by flavone acetic acid: a possible component of
      therapy.
AB  - Flavone acetic acid (FAA) is active against normally refractory murine sc tumors.
      Clinical studies are disappointing despite achievement of plasma profiles
      associated with the antitumor murine activity in man. To clarify the mechanism of
      action, we have followed histologic changes, tumor blood volume, and drug
      concentrations in a well-differentiated, slow-growing cystic adenocarcinoma in
      mice. FAA causes massive tumor necrosis beginning 2 hours after treatment. Tumor
      plasma volumes are reduced by 2 hours after treatment and tumor blood vessels are
      shutdown, which suggests that tumor vasculature plays a role in the dramatic
      response of sc tumors in pure-strain male NMRI mice.

PMID- 2911085
TI  - Selective mutagenic activation by cytochrome P3-450 of carcinogenic arylamines
      found in foods.
AB  - Heterocyclic arylamines found in cooked foods including fish and beef are potent
      mutagens and carcinogens. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the
      specificity of cytochromes P1-450 and P3-450 toward the metabolic activation of
      these arylamines. We used a novel mutagenicity test system which combined human
      cells expressing either recombinant cytochrome P1-450 or P3-450 with Salmonella
      typhimurium to score mutants. Cytochrome P3-450, a single isoform of the
      cytochrome P-450 supergene family, bioactivated these food mutagens. Cytochrome
      P1-450 showed little or no activation of these arylamines but was the isoform
      predominantly responsible for the activation of the aromatic hydrocarbon
      benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-diol. This assay system should serve to define the
      specificities of individual cytochromes P-450 in the metabolic activation of
      carcinogens.

PMID- 2911086
TI  - Pressure wave injuries to rat dorsal root ganglion cells in culture caused by
      high-energy missiles.
AB  - A high-energy missile impact in an extremity of an animal creates a shock wave
      which is rapidly dispersed as a burst of oscillating pressure waves that
      traverses the entire body causing local, regional, and distant injuries. The
      present study was performed on dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells, cultured for 3
      weeks, to elucidate the cellular mechanism for damage of nerve cells, using a
      simplified test system. A model system was developed allowing exposure of DRG
      cultures to a burst of high-frequency oscillating pressure waves, comparable to
      those recorded in animals after high-energy missile extremity impact. The
      pressure waves were induced by impact of a high-energy missile in a rubber tube
      filled with water, in which nerve cell cultures were kept in a closed rubber
      glove filled with tissue culture medium. The pressure waves had a duration of 0.5
      1.5 ms and a frequency spectrum ranging from 0-250 kHz. Within minutes the
      neurites showed changes in their microtubules. In addition, varicosities,
      enriched with tubulin immunoreactive material, became irregularly studded along
      the nerve cell processes. Scattered DRG cells were initially permeable to the
      marker complex Evans-blue albumin (EBA), used as an indicator of the ability of
      the plasma membranes to exclude proteins. After 6 hr, however, almost every DRG
      neuron was intensely stained by EBA. Concomitantly, there was swelling of the
      nerve cell cytoplasm and organelles, and, to a variable extent, neurofilament
      tangles were observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2911087
TI  - Repair of the isolated cut flexor digitorum profundus tendon under intravenous
      regional anaesthesia.
AB  - Intravenous regional anaesthesia proved to be an effective anaesthetic agent for
      the repair of isolated cut flexor digitorum profundus tendons. Twenty-five
      patients underwent primary repair, of whom 20 were assessed 1 year later. Overall
      results were satisfactory regarding movement at the distal joint. Five of the
      cases were missed at initial examination and the repair carried out longer than 1
      week from the injury. In view of the generally accepted poor initial diagnosis in
      the Emergency Department for the isolated flexor tendon lesion, exploration under
      a simply performed local anaesthetic block has advantages where the diagnosis is
      in doubt. The main operative problem with this technique was the venous ooze
      which occurred during the operation, and this could be a contraindication to its
      use for more complicated hand surgery.

PMID- 2911088
TI  - Secondary infection of post-traumatic pulmonary cavitary lesions in adolescents
      and young adults: role of computed tomography and operative debridement and
      drainage.
AB  - Secondary infection of post-traumatic cavitary lung lesions is unusual. This
      report describes the clinical course of four patients who sustained severe blunt
      chest trauma and developed pulmonary pseudocysts that became foci for systemic
      sepsis. All four patients were adolescents or young adults. Hemophilus species
      and aerobic Gram-negative rods were the predominant pathogens recovered. Computed
      tomography of the chest was instrumental in establishing the diagnosis in each
      case. Despite appropriate antibiotic therapy, all four patients remained septic
      for weeks. One of the patients died as a result of this infectious process. One
      patient underwent successful operative debridement and drainage of the involved
      lung and pleural space. Because infected traumatic pseudocysts may not respond
      like typical lung abscesses to appropriate antibiotic management, early
      exploratory thoracotomy should be considered in those patients with prolonged
      fever and pulmonary deterioration.

PMID- 2911089
TI  - Mitral and tricuspid valve rupture from blunt trauma sustained during a motor
      vehicle collision.
AB  - The incidence of mitral valve injury resulting from blunt trauma is low. This
      report presents the case of a 36-year-old male who survived the rupture of both
      his mitral and tricuspid valves after striking the steering wheel during a motor
      vehicle accident. Echocardiograms were used to make the diagnosis.

PMID- 2911090
TI  - Rupture of the liver and right hemidiaphragm presenting as right hemothorax.
AB  - A young man hit by a car while riding his motorcycle presented with reversible
      hypotension, a compression fracture of C6, fractures of the left femur and of
      ribs 9-12 on the right, and right hemothorax. A falsely negative peritoneal
      lavage delayed laparotomy, which, when done, demonstrated two right diaphragmatic
      rents with bleeding into the right chest from a severe liver injury. Presentation
      of this case demonstrates that while peritoneal lavage is an excellent way to
      exclude intraperitoneal hemorrhage following blunt abdominal trauma, false
      negative results may occur in the setting of hemorrhage with diaphragmatic
      rupture.

PMID- 2911091
TI  - A unique closed abduction-external rotation ankle fracture.
AB  - A unique closed abduction-external rotation ankle fracture with a combined medial
      malleolar fracture and avulsion of the deltoid ligament is presented. Thorough
      literature search has not revealed a similar case. This report is well documented
      with an operative photograph, radiographs, and a 20-month followup. A mechanical
      basis for such an injury pattern is described. The magnitude and complexity of
      the injuring forces applied to the ankle region in road trauma may lead--as in
      this presentation--to unusual injury combinations.

PMID- 2911092
TI  - Triple dislocations in the index finger.
AB  - A dislocation of both interphalangeal joints in a single finger is a rare injury.
      Although there have been some reports in the English-language literature of such
      injuries (4, 6, 7, 12) and one report of a double dislocation in the thumb (3),
      we found no published case studies of triple dislocations in the same digit.

PMID- 2911093
TI  - Acromioclavicular dislocation associated with fracture of the coracoid process.
AB  - Two cases of acromioclavicular dislocation associated with fracture of the
      coracoid process are described. This association is unusual and the coracoid
      fracture may only be recognised on an axillary radiograph of the shoulder. Both
      the cases were treated conservatively, with good results. The management and
      outcome of other cases described in the literature are reviewed and discussed.

PMID- 2911094
TI  - Repair of suprahepatic caval lesions under extracorporeal circulation in major
      liver trauma.
AB  - A case of major hepatic injury with associated juxtahepatic trauma is reported.
      Repair of the injuries was effected with the aid of extracorporeal circulation.
      This aided exposure of the bleeding site while at the same time minimizing blood
      loss. Hypothermia is an added benefit of this approach, decreasing the risk of
      hepatic ischaemia.

PMID- 2911095
TI  - Acute carpal tunnel syndrome in a patient taking coumadin.
AB  - This is a case report of a 66-year-old female who had been taking coumadin for 4
      weeks for deep vein thrombosis. She developed acute carpal tunnel syndrome
      following minor trauma to her wrist. After conservative therapy failed to relieve
      her symptoms she underwent release of her carpal tunnel with resolution of her
      symptoms. While there are many patients taking coumadin, its association with
      acute carpal tunnel syndrome is quite rare: we were only able to find only one
      other reported case in the literature. While one is tempted to treat these
      patients conservatively, operative therapy may be indicated.

PMID- 2911096
TI  - The 'occult' compartment syndrome.
AB  - Two cases of compartment syndromes after tibial fractures are presented in
      patients who had no sensation in the involved compartments. The absence of any
      clinical symptoms in these patients emphasizes the need for routine monitoring of
      intra-compartmental pressure in this select group of patients.

PMID- 2911097
TI  - The 'occult' compartment syndrome.

PMID- 2911098
TI  - Outcome of acetabular fractures: a 7-year follow-up.
AB  - A 10-year series of 75 acetabular fractures has been reviewed. Traffic accidents
      (61%) and falls from heights (20%) were the most common etiologic factors. In 80%
      of the patients multiple injuries were recorded. Seventeen patients were treated
      operatively. Forty-three patients were examined clinically and radiologically at
      an average of 7 years after the accident. The outcome of posterior wall fractures
      was usually good. Most of the fair and poor results occurred in the group of
      transverse fractures, in which conservative treatment did not accurately align
      the fracture dislocation. Operative treatment is suggested in both-column
      fractures and severely dislocated transverse fractures.

PMID- 2911099
TI  - Lethal horse-riding injuries.
AB  - Riding accidents can be of a serious nature. Knowledge of risk factors is of
      essential value in the prevention of injuries. From the years 1969 through 1982 a
      series of 53 lethal riding injuries is analysed with reference to the rider, the
      horse, and the environment. Craniocerebral injuries dominate in this series,
      indicating the importance of adequately protecting helmets. Among the victims the
      female sex is dominating before the age of 25 and the males above this age. Older
      horses are less frequently involved in these accidents than younger ones. A long
      training period for riders under surveillance of a teacher is of outmost
      importance. Outdoor riding should be recommended only to experienced riders.

PMID- 2911100
TI  - The epidemiology of trauma in an intensive care unit in Bahrain.
AB  - Injuries resulting from trauma are over-represented in Bahrain's intensive care
      unit beds. Using data from 1984 and 1985, this study examines the most severe
      etiologic agents and high-risk population groups among ICU trauma patients. Road
      traffic accidents were the principal cause of admission, accounting for 57% of
      all injury admissions. Most occurred in pedestrians suffering from severe head
      injury. Poisonings were the second largest category, followed by falls. In
      comparison with medical cases admitted to the ICU during the same 2-year period,
      the trauma cases included a disproportionate number of children and males in
      their most productive years of life, further adding to the economic burden which
      injuries have inflicted on this small country. The authors call for a new
      approach, namely passive prevention such as environmental modifications and
      legislation and tertiary prevention such as improvement of the country's
      underutilized ambulance service.

PMID- 2911101
TI  - Chest injuries sustained in severe traffic accidents by seatbelt wearers.
AB  - In Finland during the period 1972-1985, there occurred 3,468 severe traffic
      accidents in which one or more of the drivers or passengers sustained an injury
      leading to a fatal outcome within 30 days. Of the victims who had been wearing
      seatbelts, 207 had fatal and 73 had severe chest injuries. The four leading
      causes of fatalities resulting from chest injuries were ruptures of the aorta
      (37%), ruptures of the heart (28.4%), and bilateral lung contusions (31.1%) or
      lacerations (15.5%). Seatbelt wearers with heart ruptures more often had
      concomitant rib fractures, lung injuries, and sternum fractures than those who
      had sustained ruptures of the aorta. The side of rib fractures was associated
      with the victim's location in the car, drivers seated on the left having more
      right-sided and right front passengers more left-sided rib fractures. In addition
      to chest injuries, 87% of the victims had other concomitant injuries, the most
      common abdominal injuries being liver injuries (40.2%) and spleen ruptures
      (26.5%). In seatbelt wearers chest injuries with a fatal outcome appear to be
      caused by impacts of exceptional severity, since in more moderate accidents
      seatbelt wearing has proved to save lives.

PMID- 2911102
TI  - Treatment of acute penetrating injuries of the spine: a retrospective analysis.
AB  - A retrospective review of 160 cases of penetrating spinal injury (PSI) was
      undertaken to assess the benefits and risks of operative treatment. Criteria for
      operation included incomplete deficits, worsening neurological status, and
      associated visceral perforation. Of the 160 cases, 142 had gunshot wounds (GSW)
      and 18 had stab wounds (SW). Laminectomy, with or without intradural exploration,
      was undertaken in 23% of cases. No significant differences in outcome were found
      between the surgical and nonsurgical groups. Meningitis, CSF leakage, and wound
      infections were complications that occurred more often in the surgically treated
      group (22%) than the conservatively managed group (7%). It has not been possible
      to demonstrate a benefit of surgery in PSI in this retrospective study. A
      prospective study is proposed that would allow better control of the variables
      affecting outcome.

PMID- 2911103
TI  - The effect of viable omentum on early bile leakage and healing of liver
      lacerations.
AB  - In order to determine if omental tissue accelerates the healing of liver
      lacerations, simulated bile leakage and collagen biosynthesis were studied in 53
      rabbits. After creating a standardized complex liver laceration, hemostasis was
      obtained by vessel ligation and electrocoagulation. The wound was either left
      open (OP) or viable omentum sutured to its base (OM). Simulated bile leakage was
      noted in all of eight animals (four OM, four OP) studied on day of injury. None
      of 18 OM and two of 17 OP animals demonstrated extravasation of dye from the
      wound on the second and third postinjury day (N.S.). The ratio of mRNA for alpha
      1(I) procollagen/actin, used as an indicator of wound healing, was 56.3 +/- 7.8
      for OM and 50.6 +/- 12.1 for OP at the wound edge, and 63.5 +/- 18.6 and 69.2 +/-
      7.5, respectively, for RNA isolated from the scar (N.S.). For alpha 1(III)
      procollagen mRNA, the ratio was 23.9 +/- 3.5 for OM and 22.4 +/- 8.3 for OP at
      the wound edge, and 32.4 +/- 6.5 and 31.8 +/- 7.9, respectively, for RNA isolated
      from the scar (N.S.). There was no difference in the scar hydroxyproline content
      between the two repair methods. In this model of hepatic injury and repair, bile
      leakage was minimal by the second postinjury day with both repair methods.
      Placing the omentum in liver lacerations did not contribute to accelerated wound
      healing as measured by simulated bile leakage and collagen biosynthesis.

PMID- 2911104
TI  - A microcomputer program for coding external cause of injury.
AB  - The publication of Injury in America emphasized a renewed interest in the
      scientific study of trauma. Collection and analysis of population-based data were
      viewed as necessary prerequisites for the establishment and evaluation of injury
      prevention programs. While it was noted that there is an existing broad-based
      gathering of injury mortality information, it was also made clear that there is a
      paucity of systematically collected morbidity data. A fundamental step toward
      correcting this deficiency is to identify and adopt a uniform system for coding
      causes of injury morbidity that is compatible with the large body of mortality
      data currently being collected. This paper describes a microcomputer-based
      program, which is intended to aid in the selection of External Cause of Injury
      Codes (E-codes). It is designed for coding both fatal and nonfatal injury causes
      and is appropriate for use in the hospital setting. The system is a modification
      of the one currently used for coding all injury deaths in the United States.

PMID- 2911105
TI  - The use of P.O.P. integrated transfixation pins as an improvisation on the
      Hoffmann's apparatus: contribution to open fracture management in the tropics.
AB  - With consideration to the relatively high complication rate of internal fixation
      methods in the management of open fractures, 16-36% (17), the use of 'fixateur
      externe' or Hoffmann's apparatus is widely accepted as the best method of
      management. We do not have this valuable apparatus in our hospital due to the
      socioeconomic constraints typical of developing countries. We found a valuable
      improvisation in the use of Bohler's transfixation methods and even to the extent
      of achieving osteotaxis and ambulation. The management method is described with
      our positive experiences of its use in 28 cases of open fractures and other bone
      and joint afflictions. The advantages and disadvantages of the method are
      discussed. The method is recommended as a valuable substitute for the 'fixateur
      externe.'

PMID- 2911106
TI  - Renal trauma and hypertension.
AB  - A retrospective study (1972-1983) was made of 622 consecutive patients who
      suffered renal trauma, in order to assess the incidence and prevalence of post
      traumatic renal hypertension. In 435 (76%) of the 569 survivors long-term
      followup data and blood pressure recordings were obtained, 13 months to 12 years
      after trauma (mean, 5.6 years). Renal trauma could not be linked to an increased
      incidence of hypertension: on first control, only 94 patients (21%) demonstrated
      a casual elevated blood pressure (greater than 140/90 mm Hg). The presence of a
      fixed hypertension was validated in only 14 patients. Twelve of them were
      extensively screened in the Department of Internal Medicine. In none of these
      patients could a definite relationship between hypertension and renal trauma be
      documented. Furthermore, an extensive review was done of 223 cases of post
      traumatic renal hypertension reported in the literature from 1951 until 1984.
      Careful analysis of these previously described cases (71 publications) leads us
      to criticize the widespread accepted cause-effect condition with regard to post
      traumatic renal hypertension. It is concluded that adequate management of renal
      injuries with early diagnosis and individualised surgical treatment can prevent
      this extremely rare complication.

PMID- 2911107
TI  - Quantitative measurement of bleeding following hypertonic saline therapy in
      'uncontrolled' hemorrhagic shock.
AB  - The effect of small volume hypertonic saline in "uncontrolled" hemorrhagic shock
      (UCHS) induced by partial resection of the tail was studied in rats. The rats
      were divided into three groups: in group 1 (n = 15) 10% of the terminal portion
      of the animal's tail was resected to induce UCHS. In group 2 (n = 14) UCHS was
      induced as in group 1 and after 5 min 5 ml/kg NaCl 0.9% (NS) was infused
      intravenously. In group 3 (n = 22) UCHS was induced as in group 1 and after 5
      min, 5 ml/kg NaCl 7.5% (HTS) was infused intravenously. Resection of the animal's
      tail was followed by bleeding of 3.5 +/- 0.3 ml within 5 min, fall in MAP to 63
      +/- 4 torr (p less than 0.001) and pulse to 300 +/- 18 per min (p less than
      0.05). The amount of bleeding, fall in MAP, and pulse after 5 min were similar in
      the three groups. Further blood loss after 60 min in group 1 was 3.7 +/- 0.8 ml,
      in group 2, 2.9 +/- 0.5 ml, and in group 3, 6.5 +/- 0.8 (p less than 0.01).
      Increased bleeding in group 3 showed two peaks: an early peak of 1.3 +/- 0.2 ml
      after 15 min (p less than 0.05) and a late peak of 1.2 +/- 0.4 ml at 45 min (p
      less than 0.05) and 1.7 +/- 0.5 ml at 60 min (p less than 0.01). MAP fell after
      60 min to 54 +/- 7 torr in group 1 (p less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2911108
TI  - Zero-time prehospital i.v.
AB  - Advances in prehospital stabilization and resuscitation of traumatized victims
      continue to have an impact on morbidity and mortality. Certain aspects of
      Advanced Trauma Life Support still remain controversial. Recent reports have
      questioned the usefulness of IV's started in the prehospital phase both because
      of delay in transport and because of the actual or theoretical lack of adequate
      volume infusion during transport. If IV lines can be started while an accident
      victim is en route to the hospital with no delay in transport, then much of the
      argument against prehospital IV's becomes irrelevant. From October 1985 through
      November 1986 we prospectively studied IV access attempts in 350 consecutive
      patients. Overall IV's started at the scene were 77% successful (n = 70) and en
      route 81% (n = 213) of attempts were successful. Of those with BP less than 100
      mm Hg, there were 66% successful on-scene attempts and 72% successful en-route
      attempts. Protocols for IV administration in non-trapped patients should initiate
      IV access only en route to the hospital while the ambulance is moving. Even if
      delay at the scene is minimal, it is not possible to justify any delay, since
      IV's can be successfully instituted en route.

PMID- 2911109
TI  - Evidence of increased gluconeogenesis during hemorrhage in fed and 24-hour food
      deprived rats.
AB  - Food withdrawal 24 hr before hemorrhage has been shown to increase experimental
      post-hemorrhage mortality, and survival is associated with the degree of
      hyperglycemia. Lack of hyperglycemic response has been attributed to depleted
      glycogen reserves after 24-hr food withdrawal. To investigate the effect of short
      term food deprivation on glucose metabolism during hemorrhagic stress, glucose
      production (rate of appearance, Ra), glucose uptake (rate of disappearance, Rd),
      glucose clearance, and glucose recycling were investigated in fed and 24-hr food
      deprived rats under basal conditions, and during hemorrhagic hypotension using 3
      H3-U-C14-glucose. During hemorrhage, blood glucose levels were higher in fed
      rats. Hemorrhage induced a decrease in glucose clearance irrespective of
      nutritional state in both 24-hr starved animals and rats in the postprandial
      state. Calculated glucose recycling increased in both groups after hemorrhage.
      The results indicate that hemorrhagic stress induces a rapid increase in
      gluconeogenesis, as reflected by increased glucose recycling.

PMID- 2911110
TI  - Carotid artery injuries: experience with 124 cases.
AB  - This is a retrospective study of 124 patients with carotid injuries. The common
      carotid artery was injured in 84% of the patients. Associated trauma to the
      internal jugular vein was present in 26%. Most patients (56%) were dead on
      arrival to the hospital and of those who were operated on, the mortality was 22%
      (overall mortality, 66%). All operative mortalities had severe shock or
      neurologic deficits on admission. We performed repair on all patients with
      preoperative neurologic deficits and the mortality was 64%. The use of a shunt
      did not influence the prognosis. We believe that there is no place for an
      emergency angiogram in order to diagnose a carotid injury or to plan the
      operation.

PMID- 2911111
TI  - The injury potential and lethality of stab wounds: a Folsom Prison Study.
AB  - The morbidity and mortality of stab wounds is unknown since much of the data is
      unobtainable. Folsom Prison, a closed system with respect to population at risk
      and medical care, represents a unique situation where all stab wounds and
      subsequent care are accounted for. A retrospective review of stabbing incidents
      at Folsom Prison identified 751 wounds in 270 prisoners. Overall mortality was
      3%. Thirty-five per cent of the victims were hospitalized. The overall chance of
      serious injury, defined as an assault victim requiring more than cleansing and
      suturing of his wounds, was 25%. The most common procedures were tube
      thoracostomy (performed 36 times) and celiotomy (performed 31 times). We believe
      that this is the first study of its kind involving a closed population to
      accurately assess the overall morbidity and mortality of stab wounds. The 3%
      mortality and the 25% requiring a procedure beyond suturing reflects the low
      injury potential long clinically suspected in stab wounds.

PMID- 2911112
TI  - Evidence for a ligation step in the DNA replication of the autonomous parvovirus
      minute virus of mice.
AB  - Newly replicated DNA of the autonomous parvovirus minute virus of mice was pulse
      labeled with 32PO4 during the time of maximal viral DNA replication in highly
      synchronized A9 cells. The subsequent processing of viral DNA-protein complexes
      was monitored during a chase period with no label. Several distinct classes of
      duplex replicative-form and progeny single-stranded DNA molecules were
      characterized and found to accumulate at different times during infection.
      Analysis of the terminal structures associated with these various forms provided
      new insights into the mechanism by which viral DNA replicates and, in particular,
      suggested that interstrand ligation occurs during this process.

PMID- 2911113
TI  - Drosophila S virus is a member of the Reoviridae family.
AB  - The S character of Drosophila simulans, the absence or malformation or both of
      bristles and other cuticular structures, was described by Comendador (Drosophila
      Inf. Serv. 55:26-28, 1980). Its characteristics (maternal transmission, low
      pathogenicity, and sensitivity to temperature) suggested the existence of a virus
      as the causative agent. Indeed, reoviruslike particles were found in subcuticular
      cells of S individuals, and its association with S phenotypic expression was
      shown. This virus was called Drosophila S virus (DSV) (C. Louis, M. Lopez-Ferber,
      N. Plus, G. Kuhl, and S. Baker, J. Virol. 62:1266-1270, 1988). We report here the
      purification and analysis of some properties of DSV particles, the morphology
      (spherical, 60 nm in diameter with an electron dense central core and less dense
      shell) and genome composition (double-stranded RNA divided into segments), which
      classify DSV as a new member of the family Reoviridae.

PMID- 2911114
TI  - Arrangement of repetitive sequences in the genome of herpesvirus Sylvilagus.
AB  - Herpesvirus sylvilagus is a lymphotropic (type gamma) herpesvirus of cottontail
      rabbits (Sylvilagus floridanus). Analysis of virion DNA of herpesvirus sylvilagus
      has revealed that the genome consists of one stretch of about 120 kilobase pairs
      of internal, unique DNA flanked by a variable number of 553-base-pair tandem
      repeats. The G + C content of the repetitive DNA is extremely high (83%), as
      determined by sequencing. The organization of the herpesvirus sylvilagus genome
      is, therefore, similar to that of the primate lymphotropic viruses herpesvirus
      saimiri and herpesvirus ateles.

PMID- 2911115
TI  - Genome structure of cottontail rabbit herpesvirus.
AB  - The genome structure of a herpesvirus isolated from primary cultures of kidney
      cells from the cottontail rabbit Sylvilagus floridanus was elucidated by using
      electron microscopy and restriction enzyme analysis. The genome, which was about
      150 kilobase pairs long and which had an average G + C composition of 45%,
      consisted of two regions with unique base sequences (54 and 47 kilobase pairs)
      enclosed by reiterations of a 925-base-pair sequence with a variable copy number.
      The internal repeats were in opposite polarity with respect to the terminal
      repeats, and both unique regions underwent inversion. The nucleotide sequence of
      the repeat unit was determined, and virion DNA termini were precisely localized
      within this sequence. Elements showing homology with the cleavage-packaging
      signals common to other herpesviruses were detected. The data indicate that this
      virus is different from the previously described herpesvirus sylvilagus.

PMID- 2911116
TI  - Adenovirus early region 4 is essential for normal stability of late nuclear RNAs.
AB  - H2dl808 is a deletion mutant of adenovirus type 2 lacking most of transcriptional
      early region E4. In most normal adenovirus host cells this virus displayed a
      complex mutant phenotype that included a dramatic reduction in the level of
      cytoplasmic late RNA, a corresponding defect in late protein synthesis, and a 5-
      to 10-fold defect in viral DNA accumulation. H5dl1004 is a deletion mutant of
      adenovirus type 5 that also lacks a portion of E4. It exhibited a reduction in
      levels of cytoplasmic late RNAs that was somewhat less severe than that of
      H2dl808 and a corresponding late protein synthetic defect but no defect in the
      production of viral DNA. In addition to the defect in the accumulation of late
      cytoplasmic mRNAs, HeLa cells infected by either H2dl808 or H5dl1004 showed
      substantially reduced levels of viral RNAs in their nuclei at late times after
      infection. Both mature mRNAs and apparent mRNA precursors were affected. The late
      transcription rates of the deletion mutant viruses were similar to that of wild
      type virus. These results suggest that the underaccumulation of RNA in H2dl808-
      and H5dl1004-infected cells is caused by a reduction in the stability of viral
      RNA in the nucleus, and they implicate E4 products in a novel aspect of the
      regulation of viral gene expression.

PMID- 2911117
TI  - Redundant control of adenovirus late gene expression by early region 4.
AB  - A series of human adenovirus type 5 derivatives carrying deletion mutations in
      early region 4 (E4) were constructed and characterized with respect to viral late
      protein synthesis, viral cytoplasmic late message accumulation, viral DNA
      accumulation, and plaquing ability. Viral late protein synthesis was essentially
      normal in cells infected by mutants expected to produce either the E4 open
      reading frame (ORF) 3 product or the E4 ORF 6 product. In cells infected by
      mutants lacking both ORF 3 and ORF 6, late protein synthesis was dramatically
      reduced. The basis for this reduction appears to be a concomitant reduction in
      cytoplasmic late message levels. Our results suggest that the products of ORFs 3
      and 6 are redundant, since they are individually able to satisfy the requirement
      for E4 in late gene expression. Two of the mutants examined were defective for
      viral late protein synthesis but showed no measurable defect in viral DNA
      accumulation. The defect in late gene expression is not, therefore, a reflection
      of a primary defect in viral DNA synthesis. Finally, mutants expected to express
      ORF 3 or ORF 6 formed plaques with normal or only modestly reduced efficiency,
      whereas mutants expected to express neither ORF formed plaques with an efficiency
      less than 10(-6) that of wild-type virus. Thus, plaque-forming ability reflected
      late protein synthetic ability, suggesting that among these mutants late protein
      synthetic proficiency is the principle determinant of plaquing efficiency.

PMID- 2911118
TI  - Characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 envelope glycoproteins:
      dimerization of the glycoprotein precursor during processing.
AB  - Four glycoproteins with apparent molecular weights of 300,000, 140,000, 125,000,
      and 36,000 (gp300, gp140, gp125, and gp36) were detectable in human
      immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2)-infected cells. gp125 and gp36 are the
      external and transmembrane components, respectively, of the envelope
      glycoproteins of HIV-2 mature virions. gp300 and gp140 are only detectable in
      virus-infected cells. They have identical isoelectric points, suggesting that
      gp300 might be a dimeric form of the immature precursor, gp140. The purified
      gp300 can be dissociated in a slightly acidic buffer to give rise to monomers of
      140,000 molecular weight. Such dissociated monomers and the purified gp140 showed
      identical patterns of polypeptides after partial proteolysis with Staphylococcus
      aureus V8 protease. Pulse-chase experiments indicated that gp300 is formed after
      synthesis of gp140 and before the detection of the mature external envelope
      glycoprotein, gp125. These results were confirmed by using various inhibitors of
      glycosylation and inhibitors of trimming enzymes. Dimer formation of the envelope
      glycoprotein precursor was also observed in cells infected with simian
      immunodeficiency virus (SIV), a virus closely related to HIV-2. On the other
      hand, the envelope glycoprotein precursor of HIV-1 did not form a dimer during
      its processing. Therefore, dimer formation seems to be a specific property of HIV
      2 and SIV envelope gene expression. Such transient dimerization of the
      glycoprotein precursor might be required for its efficient transport to the Golgi
      apparatus and for its processing.

PMID- 2911119
TI  - Infection of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells with a temperature
      sensitive mutant of measles virus.
AB  - A stable temperature-sensitive mutant of measles virus (MV ts38) was used to
      study the mechanism of virus-mediated immune suppression of peripheral blood
      mononuclear cells in vitro. Both unstimulated and phytohemagglutinin-stimulated
      cultures released infectious virus at 32 degrees C, whereas no virus was released
      at 37 degrees C, although both viral RNA and viral proteins were synthesized.
      However, the response of the lymphoid cells to phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin
      A, and herpes simplex virus antigen was decreased in the presence of MV ts38 at
      37 degrees C. The viability of infected cells was not diminished, therefore
      excluding cell death as a reason for immunosuppression. Interleukin 2 did not
      play a role in the inhibitory effect of MV ts38. Antibodies to alpha interferon
      partially reversed the inhibitory effect of the virus infection on lymphocyte
      mitogenesis, thus implying that alpha interferon plays a role in the
      immunosuppression. Depletion experiments indicated that adherent cells play a
      greater role in the measles virus-induced immunosuppression than nonadherent
      cells. However, monocyte maturation to macrophages had no effect on the degree of
      immunosuppression.

PMID- 2911120
TI  - Fine structure mapping of five temperature-sensitive mutants in the 22- and 147
      kilodalton subunits of vaccinia virus DNA-dependent RNA polymerase.
AB  - We have mapped the temperature-sensitive (ts) lesions of three mutants, ts51,
      ts53, and ts65, and two other mutants, ts7 and ts20, to regions on the vaccinia
      virus genome that encode the 147- and 22-kilodalton subunits of the viral DNA
      dependent RNA polymerase, respectively. Plasmid and bacteriophage clones from the
      HindIII J region and the region spanning the HindIII J-H junction were used in
      marker rescue experiments to map the mutations. Sequence analysis of the region
      encoding the 22-kilodalton subunit in the wild-type, ts7, and ts20 viruses
      revealed a single base change in the mutants compared with that in the wild-type
      virus. The identification of these RNA polymerase mutants provides us with tools
      to understand transcription and its regulation in vaccinia virus.

PMID- 2911121
TI  - Detailed phenotypic characterization of five temperature-sensitive mutants in the
      22- and 147-kilodalton subunits of vaccinia virus DNA-dependent RNA polymerase.
AB  - We have carried out detailed phenotypic characterization of five temperature
      sensitive (ts) mutants of vaccinia virus, the ts lesions of which have previously
      been mapped to two different subunits of the viral RNA polymerase. We have also
      attempted to determine the mechanism of temperature sensitivity in these mutants.
      Phenotypic characterization of each of the mutants showed that at the
      nonpermissive temperature, all five mutants exhibited normal levels of early
      viral mRNA and protein synthesis, but for an extended period of time, all mutants
      accumulated normal levels of DNA in abnormally large pools in the cell cytoplasm;
      all mutants were defective in the synthesis of late viral mRNA and proteins and
      in viral morphogenesis. In an attempt to address the mechanism of temperature
      sensitivity in these mutants, we measured the effect of a temperature shift on
      the ability of the mutants to direct late viral protein synthesis. If infected
      cells were shifted down from a nonpermissive temperature late during infection,
      late protein synthesis was initiated after a lag period of 1 to 2 h. If infected
      cells were shifted up from a permissive temperature early during infection, late
      protein synthesis continued to be defective. If infected cells were shifted up to
      the nonpermissive temperature after late protein synthesis had commenced, late
      protein synthesis was maintained at the nonpermissive temperature at the level
      observed when the temperature was shifted up. We interpret these results to mean
      that once a functional RNA polymerase has been assembled at the permissive
      temperature during a mutant infection, it remains functional at the nonpermissive
      temperature, but that the ts mutants are defective in the assembly of a newly
      synthesized RNA polymerase at the nonpermissive temperature. This interpretation
      implies that the virion RNA polymerase is responsible for early viral
      transcription and that a newly synthesized RNA polymerase transcribes late viral
      genes.

PMID- 2911122
TI  - Characterization of bovine respiratory syncytial virus proteins and mRNAs and
      generation of cDNA clones to the viral mRNAs.
AB  - We have characterized the proteins and mRNAs of bovine respiratory syncytial
      (BRS) virus strain 391-2 and constructed cDNA clones corresponding to 9 of the 10
      BRS virus mRNAs. The proteins of BRS virus-infected cells were compared with the
      proteins from human respiratory syncytial (HRS) virus-infected cells. Nine
      proteins specific to BRS virus-infected cells, corresponding to nine HRS virus
      proteins, were identified. Only a BRS virus polymerase protein remains to be
      identified. The BRS virus G glycoprotein showed major antigenic differences from
      the HRS virus G glycoprotein by immunoprecipitation and Western (immuno-) blot
      analysis, whereas the BRS virus F, N, M, and P proteins showed antigenic cross
      reactivity with their HRS virus counterparts. Analysis of RNAs from BRS virus
      infected cells showed virus-specific RNAs which had electrophoretic mobilities
      similar to those of mRNAs of HRS virus but which hybridized poorly or not at all
      with HRS virus-specific probes in Northern (RNA) blot analysis. To analyze the
      BRS virus RNAs further, cDNA clones to the BRS virus mRNAs were generated. Nine
      separate groups of clones were identified and shown to correspond to nine BRS
      virus mRNAs by Northern blot analysis. A 10th BRS virus large mRNA was identified
      by analogy with the HRS virus polymerase mRNA. These data show that like HRS
      virus, BRS virus has 10 genes coding for 10 mRNAs.

PMID- 2911123
TI  - Molecular genetic analysis of vaccinia virus DNA polymerase mutants.
AB  - To further our understanding of the structure and function of the vaccinia virus
      DNA polymerase, we have performed fine genetic analysis of three mutants with
      lesions in the polymerase gene. By performing marker rescue analysis with DNA
      fragments of decreasing size, each lesion was localized to within 500 base pairs
      of DNA. The relevant regions of the mutant alleles were then cloned and subjected
      to DNA sequence analysis, which allowed the assignment of a single nucleotide and
      amino acid change to each mutant. As well as providing structure-function
      correlations germane to an understanding of polymerase activity, these data have
      provided insights into the frequency and possible mechanisms of viral homologous
      recombination.

PMID- 2911124
TI  - Form-determining functions in Sindbis virus nucleocapsids: nucleosomelike
      organization of the nucleocapsid.
AB  - Purified intact Sindbis virus nucleocapsids were treated at different pH values
      or with various concentrations of divalent cations, cation chelators, salt, or
      formamide. The resulting structures were examined by velocity sedimentation,
      electron microscopy, and protein-protein cross-linking. Changes in each of the
      test conditions led to alterations in the sedimentation profile of treated
      nucleocapsids. Appropriate concentrations of formamide or divalent cations
      generated beaded strandlike structures similar in morphology to those generated
      from adenovirus cores and nucleosomes. The capsid protein and RNA remained
      associated with each other at NaCl concentrations less than or equal to 1 M or
      after treatment of the structures with alkaline pH up to and including pH 10.7.
      Protein and RNA were dissociated by salt concentrations of greater than 1 M,
      suggesting that the arginine-rich, amino-terminal portion of the capsid protein
      is responsible for binding the RNA. Protein-protein cross-linking also indicated
      that the capsid proteins remained associated in small aggregates under some of
      the conditions that caused dissociation of the nucleocapsid and suggested the
      presence of more than one type of protein-protein interaction in the
      nucleocapsids. Collectively, these data suggest that, like histones and
      adenovirus core proteins, the Sindbis virus capsid protein serves to package
      segments of the genome into nucleoprotein beads which are capable of interacting
      with each other to form the nucleocapsid structure.

PMID- 2911125
TI  - Liver-specific expression of hepatitis B virus is determined by the combined
      action of the core gene promoter and the enhancer.
AB  - The hepatitis B virus (HBV) enhancer and the core gene promoter regulate the
      expression of the core and polymerase genes, as well as of the 3.5-kilobase
      pregenomic RNA. RNA analysis and chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene
      expression by plasmids carrying the HBV enhancer linked to the heterologous beta
      globin or simian virus 40 early promoter demonstrated that the HBV enhancer is 3-
      to 20-fold preferentially expressed in human liver cells. Core gene promoter
      activity was mapped to a 100-base-pair fragment which was shown to be sufficient
      for accurate initiation of transcription. The partial tissue specificity of this
      promoter was demonstrated by transient transfection into various cell lines with
      a plasmid containing the core gene promoter linked to the heterologous simian
      virus 40 enhancer. When the HBV core gene promoter was examined under the control
      of the HBV enhancer, there was high tissue specificity in that activity could be
      observed only in differentiated human liver cells. These results suggest that the
      strict tissue specificity of HBV gene expression is determined by the
      combinatorial action of these two elements.

PMID- 2911127
TI  - Transactivation of human immunodeficiency virus promoter by human herpesvirus 6.
AB  - Patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) are often infected with a
      number of other heterologous viruses in addition to the initial human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and these agents could act as potential
      reactivating agents of latent HIV. A new antigenically distinct herpesvirus,
      designated human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), has recently been isolated from patients
      with AIDS and has been shown to infect a number of different human cells,
      specifically human T cells, B cells, and glial cells. Since these are some of the
      same cells that harbor the AIDS virus, it is quite important to determine any
      interaction between this new herpesvirus and HIV. In this report, we demonstrate
      that HHV-6 can trans-activate the HIV promoter in human T-cell lines as measured
      by the expression of the bacterial gene chloramphenicol acetyltransferase. This
      indicates that stimulation of HIV gene expression by HHV-6 could play a role in
      HIV pathogenesis.

PMID- 2911126
TI  - Modulation of ppp(A2'p)nA-dependent RNase by a temperature-sensitive mutant of
      vaccinia virus.
AB  - Activation of the ppp(A2'p)nA (2-5A)-dependent RNase was investigated during the
      abortive infection of BSC40 cells by a temperature-sensitive mutant of vaccinia
      virus, ts22. At the nonpermissive temperature, ts22 has an abortive late
      phenotype. At the onset of late-viral-gene expression, viral mRNA is degraded and
      rRNA is cleaved into discrete fragments in the absence of prior interferon
      treatment (R. F. Pacha and R. C. Condit, J. Virol. 56:395-403, 1985). Concomitant
      with rRNA cleavage, an increase in 2-5A occurred late during infection. Discrete
      18S- and 28S-rRNA degradation products from BSC40 cells infected with ts22 at the
      nonpermissive temperature comigrated in denaturing agarose gels with rRNA cleaved
      fragments produced by the activation of 2-5A-dependent RNase in uninfected cells
      transfected with exogenous 2-5A. An increase in 2-5A levels and a similar
      discrete and characteristic degradation of rRNA were observed in BSC40 cells
      infected with wild-type vaccinia virus in the presence of isatin-beta
      thiosemicarbazone. The results show that the ts22 lesion and the action of isatin
      beta-thiosemicarbazone may affect the same pathway, leading to the activation of
      latent 2-5A-dependent RNase and resulting in indiscriminate RNA degradation and
      inhibition of viral replication.

PMID- 2911128
TI  - Effect of Sindbis virus infection on induction of heat shock proteins in Aedes
      albopictus cells.
AB  - When Aedes albopictus cells (clone C7) were infected with Sindbis virus, the
      production of cytopathic effect CPE depended largely on the conditions under
      which the cells were cultured. We observed marked inhibition of cellular RNA and
      protein synthesis, as well as a loss of the ability to induce heat shock
      proteins, e.g., hsp70, under conditions which led to cytopathic effect. Infected
      cells in which heat shock proteins could no longer be induced contained much
      lower amounts of hsp70 mRNA after heat shock than did mock-infected cells which
      were similarly treated. It is suggested that this decreased level of hsp70 mRNA
      is due to a failure of these cells to synthesize hsp70 mRNA after heat shock.

PMID- 2911129
TI  - Plaque size phenotype as a selectable marker to generate vaccinia virus
      recombinants.
AB  - In this report, we provide a new method for selection of vaccinia virus
      recombinants expressing foreign genes. The method is based on the use of the gene
      encoding the viral 14,000-molecular-weight envelope protein that rescues the
      small-plaque-size phenotype of a vaccinia virus variant to large-plaque-size
      virus. Selection of recombinants is easily obtained after visual inspection of
      large viral plaques.

PMID- 2911130
TI  - Short-term and midterm results of an all-autogenous tissue policy for
      infrainguinal reconstruction.
AB  - Saphenous vein is the optimal conduit for infrainguinal vascular reconstruction.
      In instances in which this vein is unavailable or of "poor quality," reliance has
      been placed on a variety of prosthetic materials for bypass grafting. However,
      long-term patency with these prosthetic grafts has been disappointing. In January
      1985 we instituted a policy of using exclusively autogenous tissue for
      infrainguinal arterial reconstruction. During the ensuing 3-year period, 203
      patients underwent 266 arterial operations below the inguinal ligament, with a
      prosthetic graft used in only 11 instances (4%). No patient was denied surgery
      for limb salvage because of a lack of available autogenous vein. Thirty-three
      percent of procedures were performed for failure of prior revascularization and
      73% for limb salvage. The 3-year cumulative primary patency rate for all
      autogenous procedures was 72%. Procedures were divided into those that used
      greater saphenous vein (patency 77%) vs autogenous alternatives such as bypass
      with arm vein or lesser saphenous vein, vein patch angioplasty, and
      endarterectomy (patency 64%). The operative mortality rate was 1.4% and the 3
      year limb salvage rate was 89%. Autogenous infrainguinal reconstruction can be
      performed in almost every instance with acceptable results, suggesting that the
      need for prosthetic bypass grafts in the lower extremity is less than has been
      previously reported.

PMID- 2911131
TI  - Internal carotid artery occlusion: effect of contralateral flow reduction in
      inducing symptoms.
AB  - Cerebral ischemic attacks ipsilateral to an occluded internal carotid artery
      (ICA) continue in more than 16% of patients. With common carotid artery
      compression on the side of ICA occlusion in 53 patients, the mean (+/- SEM)
      ophthalmic systolic pressure/brachial systolic pressure (OSP/BSP) ratio fell from
      0.58 +/- 0.013 to 0.42 +/- 0.020 (p less than 0.001), without any cerebral
      ischemic symptoms. Compression of the contralateral patent common carotid artery
      resulted in the ophthalmic systolic pressure/brachial systolic pressure ratio
      dropping from 0.67 +/- 0.012 to 0.29 +/- 0.017 (p less than 0.001) on the patient
      side and from 0.58 +/- 0.013 to 0.48 +/- 0.018 (p less than 0.001). Twenty-six of
      53 patients (49%) developed ischemic symptoms in response to compression of the
      remaining patent ICA system. In contrast, only 8 of 122 patients (6.5%) without
      ICA occlusion developed any symptoms of cerebral dysfunction (p less than 0.001).
      This study suggests embolic events rather than flow reduction may be of greater
      importance in the production of new symptoms and that contralateral flow is
      critical to normal cerebral function in half the population with ICA occlusion.

PMID- 2911132
TI  - Results of supraceliac aortic clamping in the difficult elective resection of
      infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm.
AB  - We have used clamping of the aorta above the celiac axis (SC) in 30 of 431
      elective resections of infrainguinal abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) during the
      past five years as an alternative to a difficult aortic cuff dissection. The
      results of SC clamping in these 30 patients are compared with the results of 379
      routine aneurysm resections with infrarenal (IR) clamping and 22 additional
      aneurysm resections where the clamp was placed immediately above the renal
      arteries. These difficult cuff dissections occurred in 12 patients with
      inflammatory AAA, in 11 patients with juxtarenal AAA, and in seven patients with
      recurrent or noninfected false AAA of the proximal cuff. Patients with ruptured
      or suprarenal aneurysms and those undergoing combined operation for a visceral
      ischemic syndrome and an aneurysm were excluded from this study. Patients with SC
      clamping had similar operative mortality rates, comparable renal function, and
      frequency of cardiac events as patients with IR clamping. Blood loss was slightly
      higher in the SC group (p = 0.07) and serum aspartate amino transferase (AST)
      levels were three times higher than in the IR group; however, this was of no
      clinical significance. In contrast, those 22 patients whose aortas were clamped
      immediately above the renal arteries (AR) had higher perioperative mortality
      rates (2% IR, 3% SC vs 32% AR) and a higher incidence of kidney failure requiring
      dialysis (1% IR, 3% SC vs 23% AR). The mean values of serum creatinine and blood
      urea nitrogen were also significantly higher in the AR group when compared with
      both the IR and the SC groups (IR: 25 and 1.5 mg/dl, respectively; SC: 27 and 1.8
      mg/dl; AR: 41 and 3.5 mg/dl). The single most important risk factor accounting
      for the differences between clamping above the celiac artery and clamping above
      the renal arteries was the presence of atherosclerotic debris in the
      nonaneurysmal, juxtarenal aortic segment. Clamping the aorta with juxtarenal
      atherosclerosis caused either atheroembolization to kidneys, legs, and intestine
      or injury to the aorta, renal arteries, or both; it was the cause of morbidity in
      all five cases of kidney failure requiring dialysis and accounted for all seven
      of the deaths in the AR group. SC clamping does not add risk to the patient
      undergoing resection of an infrarenal AAA and is the preferred method of
      achieving proximal control of the infrarenal aorta when a a hazardous cuff
      dissection is likely.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2911133
TI  - Effects of thoracic aortic occlusion and cerebrospinal fluid drainage on regional
      spinal cord blood flow in dogs: correlation with neurologic outcome.
AB  - We studied the effect of thoracic aortic occlusion and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
      drainage on regional spinal cord blood flow and its correlation with neurologic
      outcome. Using isotope-tagged microspheres, we determined blood flow to the gray
      and white matter of five regions of the spinal cord in dogs: group I (control),
      group II (cross-clamp only), group III (cross-clamp plus CSF drainage). At 60
      minutes after thoracic aortic occlusion in group II, median gray matter blood
      flow (GMBF) in the lower thoracic and lumbar cord decreased from 23.1 and 27.0
      ml/100 gm/min at baseline to 4.0 and 2.5 ml/100 gm/min, respectively. The
      addition of CSF drainage improved GMBF during aortic cross-clamping in the lower
      thoracic and lumbar cord to 11.3 (p less than 0.05) and 15.1 ml/100 gm/min (p
      less than 0.03), respectively. After removal of the aortic cross-clamp, median
      blood flow more than tripled from baseline blood flow in group II, whereas CSF
      drainage prevented significant reperfusion hyperemia. Both low GMBF during cross
      clamping and reperfusion hyperemia were associated with a worse neurologic
      outcome. In group II, no dog was neurologically normal, and more than 60% of the
      dogs had spastic paraplegia. In contrast, almost 60% of dogs in group III were
      normal, and none had spastic paraplegia (p less than 0.001). We conclude that CSF
      drainage in dogs during thoracic aortic occlusion maintained spinal cord
      perfusion above critical levels, diminished reperfusion hyperemia, and improved
      neurologic outcome.

PMID- 2911134
TI  - Abnormalities of lymphatic drainage in lower extremities: a lymphoscintigraphic
      study.
AB  - Chronic lower-leg edema in patients with venous disorders was studied by means of
      lymphoscintigraphy. Lymphatic patterns of flow were evaluated prospectively in 26
      patients with technetium 99m antimony trisulfide colloid injected subcutaneously
      in the interdigital web spaces on the feet. Most patients in this study had
      postphlebitic syndrome, and all of these patients had abnormal
      lymphoscintigraphic flow patterns. Nine had evidence of lymphatic obstruction,
      and one had an enhanced flow pattern. Three patients had veins used for distal
      arterial bypass, and all these veins showed decreased lymphatic flow. Two
      patients with Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome (congenital varicose veins associated
      with limb elongation, a capillary nevus, and an abnormal deep venous system) had
      obstruction to lymphatic flow, and two others had normal and enhanced patterns.
      Normal studies were seen in four of five patients who had veins used for coronary
      artery bypass grafting. The finding of decreased lymphatic flow in patients
      appears to be the result of the length of time from an episode of deep venous
      thrombosis, the occurrence and number of episodes of cellulitis and lymphangitis,
      and mobilization of the vein for use in distal arterial bypass surgery. This
      study shows that the edema attributed previously to primary venous disorders may
      have a significant lymphatic component. The degree of lymphatic obstruction can
      be determined by lymphoscintigraphy with technetium-labeled antimony trisulfide
      colloid.

PMID- 2911135
TI  - Fibrinolytic treatment of residual thrombus after catheter embolectomy for severe
      lower limb ischemia.
AB  - Intraoperative intraarterial fibrinolytic therapy (IIFT) was employed in 28
      patients with acute limb ischemia. In 17 patients, significant residual calf
      thrombus was demonstrated by completion arteriography after standard balloon
      catheter thromboembolectomy, whereas in 11, pretreatment arteriography was not
      obtained. With the patient systemically heparinized, a bolus of fibrinolytic
      agent was instilled into the distal vessels below an inflow occlusion clamp.
      Among the 17 patients under angiographic control, arteriography was repeated
      after 30 minutes and a second bolus was injected if significant residual thrombus
      was still present. Successful lysis was achieved in 88% of these 17 limbs and
      streptokinase (SK) and urokinase (UK) were equally effective. The dosage of SK
      varied between 50,000 and 150,000 units (seven patients) and of UK between 35,000
      and 150,000 units (21 patients). Serum fibrinogen levels declined significantly
      after IIFT (t test; p less than 0.05), but the average level remained within the
      normal range. Major bleeding developed in two patients, both of whom received SK
      and underwent a concomitant major abdominal vascular procedure, with a severe
      fall in fibrinogen values to 10 and 17 mg/dl. A minor groin hematoma occurred in
      one patient treated with UK. There was a significant difference in the incidence
      of bleeding between SK (2/7) and UK (1/21) (chi 2; p less than 0.05). Compartment
      syndrome developed in six limbs (21%). Amputation was required in two patients
      (7%). There was no correlation between prolongation of ischemia time as a result
      of IIFT and the incidence of compartment syndrome.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2911136
TI  - Intraarterial urokinase increases skeletal muscle viability after acute ischemia.
AB  - Administration of intraarterial fibrinolytic agents has been recommended after
      balloon catheter thrombectomy to reduce retained thrombus and to improve the
      patency of collateral vasculature. However, the potential for improvement in the
      viability of skeletal muscle after ischemia as a result of this therapy has not
      been evaluated. We investigated the effect of intraarterial urokinase (UK) on the
      salvage of ischemic skeletal muscle in a bilateral, in vivo, isolated gracilis
      muscle model. In six anesthetized dogs each gracilis muscle was subjected to 5
      hours of ischemia by temporary occlusion of the gracilis artery. Before
      reperfusion, the experimental muscle received an intraarterial infusion of UK
      (30,000 units) whereas the control muscle received saline solution. Each muscle
      was then reperfused for 90 minutes. Triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining
      demonstrated infarction of 20.2% +/- 8.1% in control muscles compared with 8.6%
      +/- 6.2% in UK-infused muscles (p less than 0.01). Control muscles gained
      significantly more weight from edema (33.6 +/- 5.9 gm) than UK-infused muscles
      (18.2 +/- 4.1 gm; p less than 0.05). Coagulation studies confirmed that an
      isolated fibrinolytic effect occurred on the experimental side. These studies
      suggest that intraarterial UK may be a useful adjunctive therapy after
      revascularization of the acutely ischemic limb and that further clinical trials
      are recommended.

PMID- 2911137
TI  - Jugular-axillary vein bypass for salvage of arteriovenous access.
AB  - Stenosis or occlusion of the subclavian vein can cause incapacitating upper
      extremity swelling and venous hypertension in the patient with an arteriovenous
      (AV) access. A case of subclavian vein occlusion is reported that was treated
      with internal jugular-axillary vein bypass. This procedure resulted in salvage of
      the access and rapid resolution of the associated upper extremity swelling. It
      was concluded that jugular-axillary vein bypass should be considered in patients
      who have massive upper extremity edema resulting from a functioning AV access and
      ipsilateral subclavian vein occlusion. Patients undergoing creation of an AV
      access who have had previous temporary subclavian catheters or previous early
      failure of an AV access should have phlebography before surgery.

PMID- 2911138
TI  - Abdominal aortic and multiple iliac aneurysms associated with crossed-fused
      ectopia of the kidney: a case report and review.
AB  - We report the first case of an infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm associated
      with crossed-fused ectopia of the kidney. This is the second most common fusion
      defect of the kidney with an incidence in the general population of 1 in 1000.
      The different types of crossed renal ectopia with and without fusion are
      described. The renal artery anomalies associated with crossed renal ectopia are
      emphasized. Abdominal ultrasonography or CT scanning must be used to uncover
      renal anomalies before surgery so that a selective preoperative aortogram can be
      obtained to determine the location of the arterial supply to the kidneys.

PMID- 2911139
TI  - Direct noninvasive monitoring of spinal cord motor function during thoracic
      aortic occlusion.

PMID- 2911140
TI  - Renal artery aneurysm: selective treatment for hypertension and prevention of
      rupture.
AB  - Thirty-nine patients with renal artery aneurysm (RAA) were seen over a period of
      15 years. Among 20 women and 19 men, 31 were found to have solitary aneurysms,
      and eight had multiple RAA. Thirty-three patients had diastolic hypertension;
      nine of them proved to be of renovascular origin. Of the 18 patients who
      underwent RAA resection, 13 had reconstruction for treatment of hypertension,
      three had a solitary functional kidney, one had recurrent flank pain, and one had
      resection for prevention of rupture in a woman of childbearing age. Six of the 18
      patients had aneurysmorrhaphy with primary repair or patching, seven had a
      resection with an aortorenal bypass, and five patients had six ex vivo renal
      reconstructions with multiple anastomoses. Nephrectomy was performed in two
      patients with RAA rupture at the time of childbirth and in one patient with
      hypertension and RAA in a poorly functioning kidney. Reconstructive procedures
      for documented renovascular hypertension in seven patients resulted in
      improvement in all cases. Blood pressure improved in only six of 10 patients
      operated on with hypertension and no lateralization of renovascular studies.
      Eighteen patients were observed for one to 16 years without surgery, and none
      experienced rupture. Resection of RAA is indicated to treat patients with
      renovascular hypertension, patients with hypertension and a solitary functional
      kidney, and selected patients with severe hypertension and to prevent rupture in
      women who may become pregnant. Other patients with asymptomatic RAA can be safely
      observed clinically without serial arteriograms and without fear of
      rupture.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2911141
TI  - Does compliance mismatch alone cause neointimal hyperplasia?
AB  - To define the relationship between compliance mismatch and the development of
      neointimal hyperplasia, one 3 cm segment of common iliac artery was externally
      banded in seven dogs, thereby fixing the arterial diameter at end diastole. To
      quantify compliance, end-diastole diameter and its change with pulse pressure
      were measured by induction angiometry. This technique uses intravascular soft
      trifilar wire probes introduced through distally placed polytetrafluoroethylene
      sidearms. Compliance was checked in the banded and contralateral undissected
      unbanded control iliac arteries at 3 and 6 months, at which times the vessels
      were fixed by perfusion, excised, and examined histologically. Sustained (6
      month) compliance mismatch was successfully induced within the banded segments (p
      less than 0.0001), and no compliance mismatch was seen in the control segments (p
      = 0.357). The intima of all banded vessels was virtually indistinguishable from
      that in controls grossly and histologically. Mild focal intimal thickening, less
      than 3 cell layers thick involving less than 5% of the vessel circumference, was
      typically seen in both banded and control vessels (range 6.57 +/- 6.80 micron to
      38.86 +/- 57.16 micron). In marked contrast, at the sites of the
      polytetrafluoroethylene-to-femoral artery anastomosis, near-occlusive neointimal
      hyperplasia (1714 +/- 415.47 micron) was seen in all animals. Residual lumen area
      in the banded and control vessels was only minimally abnormal (range 98.65% +/-
      2.18% to 99.96% +/- 0.08%). These data indicate that compliance mismatch alone is
      an insufficient stimulus for the development of neointimal hyperplasia in the
      canine model.

PMID- 2911142
TI  - Renovascular hypertension in children. Surgical repair with special reference to
      the use of reinforced vein grafts.
AB  - Surgical correction of renovascular hypertension in children is especially
      challenging because there is high incidence of bilateral renal artery lesions and
      stenosis of the abdominal aorta. Seventeen patients with severe hypertension,
      whose ages ranged from 2 to 16 years (mean 10.2 years), had surgical repair of
      these lesions from 1974 to 1987. Twenty-nine renal artery lesions were repaired.
      Twelve (71%) were bilateral, five (29%) were unilateral, and eight patients (47%)
      had abdominal aortic lesions (midaortic stenosis). Twenty-eight saphenous vein
      grafts and one splenorenal graft were used to bypass the renal artery lesions.
      The midaortic lesions were bypassed with Dacron grafts from the superceliac aorta
      to the aortic bifurcation. No operative deaths occurred. Nineteen of the 28 vein
      grafts were reinforced with a 6 mm diameter tubular Dacron mesh to prevent
      aneurysmal degeneration seen in three of nine unsupported vein grafts. Follow-up
      arteriograms were available in 15 patients up to 11 years after operation (mean
      5.0 years). There has been no aneurysmal dilatation in the 19 mesh-supported
      grafts. The ratio of vein graft diameter to the diameter of the native aorta was
      1.25 +/- 0.38 (+/- standard deviation) in unsupported grafts and 0.65 +/- 0.09 in
      mesh-supported grafts, representing a 92% increased diameter in the unsupported
      grafts. Three vein grafts (10.3%) required percutaneous transluminal angioplasty
      for late postoperative vein graft stenoses, but no stenotic lesions have
      developed at the aortic suture lines. One graft occluded 7 years postoperatively
      after replacement of an aneurysmal vein graft, and one early postoperative graft
      occlusion occurred, for a graft failure rate of 7%. Seventy-six percent of
      patients (13 of 17) are normotensive without medication, and 24% (4 of 17) are
      considered improved with hypertension controlled with a lower dose of medication.
      Our results attest to the safety and efficacy of this complicated surgery.
      Saphenous veins, supported by external Dacron mesh, appear to be a suitable graft
      material for renal reconstruction in this population.

PMID- 2911144
TI  - The risk of stroke with occlusion of the internal carotid artery.
AB  - Reports of all cervicocephalic arteriograms (n = 1836) performed at one
      institution during a 10-year period were reviewed and the patients were
      classified into three groups according to the indication for arteriography. Group
      I included all patients with symptoms or findings compatible with occlusive
      disease of the carotid or vertebral artery (n = 806). Group II included patients
      with cerebrovascular symptoms unrelated to carotid or vertebral disease (e.g.,
      patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage) (n = 367). Group III consisted of patients
      with no evidence of cerebrovascular disease (e.g., patients with primary and
      metastatic brain tumors) (n = 663). One hundred ten atherosclerotic occlusions of
      the internal carotid artery (ICA) were found in 106 patients in group I. Fifty
      one percent of these patients had a history of stroke before arteriography, 24%
      had transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) or amaurosis fugax (AF), and 12% had
      nonhemispheric symptoms. Only 13% (1.7% of group I patients) were without
      symptoms. Ninety-one percent of the strokes and 75% of the TIAs or AF were
      ipsilateral to the ICA occlusion. Seventy-six percent of patients with stroke and
      80% with ipsilateral TIAs or AF vs only 29% of patients without symptoms had
      contralateral stenosis of 60% diameter reduction or greater (p less than 0.003).
      No occlusions of the ICA occurred in groups II or III. Three hundred forty-six
      patients in groups II and III were more than 60 years of age. Assuming either
      Poisson or binomial distributions, the incidence of silent ICA occlusion in the
      population at large older than 60 years was estimated at less than 1% (p less
      than 0.03).

PMID- 2911143
TI  - Carotid endarterectomy in the elderly population: a statewide experience.
AB  - The practice of carotid endarterectomy (CEA) was examined in all Medicare
      patients undergoing operation in the state of Kentucky during 1983 and during the
      first 6 months of 1984. CEA was performed 738 times on 705 patients in 1983 by 98
      surgeons in 41 hospitals. The average age of patients was 71 years, and only 15%
      had no symptoms of carotid disease. The stroke rate was 3.7%, and the combined
      stroke and mortality rate was 5.7%. In a follow-up period in 1984, the combined
      stroke and mortality rate was 4.3%. Patients who showed no symptoms of carotid
      disease had a combined stroke and mortality rate of 2.8%. Surgeons performing
      fewer than three CEAs per year had a tendency toward a higher complication rate
      than had surgeons performing more than 12 CEAs a year. Most stroke complications
      appeared as isolated events and did not seem to represent a practice pattern
      based on our follow-up into 1984.

PMID- 2911145
TI  - Particle size distribution of lipoproteins from human atherosclerotic plaque: a
      preliminary report.
AB  - It is commonly believed that low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) carry cholesterol
      into the artery wall. In addition, some epidemiologic studies have suggested that
      triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, such as very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs),
      may be much less important than LDLs in atherogenesis. To determine if VLDLs or
      their metabolic remnants could have a direct role in the formation of
      atherosclerotic plaque, we examined lipoproteins isolated from endarterectomy
      specimens. Atherosclerotic plaque was obtained from eight subjects who underwent
      aortoiliac endarterectomy (4), aortic aneurysm repair (2), or visceral/renal
      endarterectomy (2). Plaques were washed extensively, minced, and incubated with a
      buffered saline solution. Lipoproteins were recovered from this solution via a
      selected-immunoaffinity column by means of a polyclonal antibody to human LDL
      (apolipoprotein B-100). Particle sizing from electron photomicrographs of
      negatively stained specimens indicated that 8% of the lipoprotein particles were
      the size of plasma VLDL (350 to 800 nm). Thirty-six percent were the size of
      plasma VLDL remnant particles (250 to 350 nm), and 56% were consistent in size
      with plasma LDL (175 to 250 nm). We conclude that VLDL- and VLDL remnant-sized
      particles appear to comprise a significant percentage of the lipoproteins found
      in human atherosclerotic plaque and could have a direct role in the
      atherosclerotic process.

PMID- 2911146
TI  - Spontaneous lysis of deep venous thrombi: rate and outcome.
AB  - Ultrasonic duplex scanning was used to study the rates at which lysis of thrombi,
      valvular incompetence, and symptoms of the postthrombotic syndrome (edema)
      developed in 21 patients after deep venous thrombosis (DVT). Lysis of thrombi
      occurred rapidly in most patients. In 11 of 21 patients (53%), recanalization
      occurred in all segments by 90 days after presentation. In four patients,
      extension of the initial DVT occurred between 30 and 180 days, despite treatment
      with warfarin. Valvular incompetence developed in 13 patients during the study
      period. The number of patent venous segments with incompetent valves increased
      from the initial presentation to 180 days, at which time 25% of patent segments
      contained incompetent valves. Valvular incompetence developed in previously
      thrombosed segments that were initially competent after recanalization and in
      segments not previously thrombosed. This suggested that although incompetence may
      occur as a result of a direct effect of the thrombus on the valve, other
      mechanisms must also be involved. Patients with edema early after DVT (from 7 to
      30 days) were more likely to have residual occlusion than valvular incompetence.
      The late development of edema (from 90 to 270 days) was more closely correlated
      with valvular incompetence.

PMID- 2911147
TI  - Normal endothelial function and decreased vasoreactivity of experimental arterial
      grafts.
AB  - During autogenous vascular grafting endothelial cell damage inevitably occurs. In
      this study we examined the functional and morphologic integrity of experimental
      arterial grafts. The right external iliac artery was grafted into the right
      carotid artery of 12 male New Zealand white rabbits. The left external iliac
      artery was used as the control artery. Four weeks after surgery, isometric
      tension studies were performed on rings of control artery and arterial graft.
      Control arteries and arterial grafts precontracted with norepinephrine
      demonstrated endothelium-dependent relaxation of 28.3% +/- 5.6% and 16.1% +/-
      1.7%, respectively, in response to acetylcholine (5 x 10(-6) mol/L). Both control
      arteries and arterial grafts contracted in response to norepinephrine, histamine,
      and serotonin. The median effective dose (ED50) of norepinephrine was 4.1 +/- 1.3
      x 10(-7) mol/L for control arteries and 62.1 +/- 17.9 x 10(-7) mol/L for arterial
      grafts (p less than 0.005). Similarly, arterial grafts were less sensitive to
      histamine; the ED50 of histamine for control arteries was 4.6 +/- 1.3 x 10(-7)
      mol/L and 51.4 +/- 13.0 x -7 mol/L for arterial grafts (p less than 0.005). In
      contrast, reactivity to serotonin was unaltered. The ED50 was 4.1 +/- 1.3 x 10(
      7) mol/L for control arteries and 4.5 +/- 1.3 x 10(-7) mol/L for arterial grafts.
      Scanning and transmission electron microscopy revealed a largely intact
      endothelial surface. These data are markedly different from our previous findings
      with vein grafts in which serotonin supersensitivity was associated with an
      absence of endothelium-mediated relaxation to acetylcholine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2911149
TI  - Once again, mice come to research's rescue, this time as infection models in AIDS
      studies.

PMID- 2911148
TI  - Epidemiologists aim at new target: health risk of handgun proliferation.

PMID- 2911150
TI  - Artificial lenses under development to focus on near, as well as more distant,
      objects.

PMID- 2911151
TI  - Pregnancy Dx? Rx may now include condoms.

PMID- 2911152
TI  - Leads from the MMWR. Death investigation--United States, 1987.

PMID- 2911153
TI  - Leads from the MMWR. Impact of homicide on years of potential life lost in
      Michigan's black population.

PMID- 2911154
TI  - Leads from the MMWR. Update: influenza activity--worldwide.

PMID- 2911155
TI  - Chronic fatigue.

PMID- 2911156
TI  - Bondage, dominance, irrigation, and Aeromonas hydrophila: California dreamin'.

PMID- 2911157
TI  - Decisions to limit care.

PMID- 2911158
TI  - Fish oil.

PMID- 2911159
TI  - Fish oil and SI units.

PMID- 2911161
TI  - The quality of care is unmeasurable: an equation, a paralogism, a paraphrasis, a
      quackery ... and a reply.

PMID- 2911160
TI  - Spanish medicine.

PMID- 2911162
TI  - What happened? You can tell me: I'm a provider.

PMID- 2911163
TI  - Dorsal penile nerve block for circumcision.

PMID- 2911164
TI  - Glaucoma presenting as hiccups.

PMID- 2911165
TI  - Methemoglobinemia following neonatal circumcision.

PMID- 2911166
TI  - Invasive pneumococcal disease in an Alaska native population, 1980 through 1986.
AB  - From 1980 through 1986, one hundred fourteen Alaska Native patients from the
      Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta had community-acquired invasive pneumococcal disease
      confirmed by isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae from normally sterile body
      sites. The annual bacteremia rates per 100,000 persons were 105 cases for all
      ages, 1195 cases for infants under 2 years of age, and 130 cases for adults over
      59 years of age. These were six to 34 times higher than rates reported for other
      US populations. The most common underlying conditions in infants diagnosed before
      24 months of age were previously diagnosed anemia and pneumonia, while alcoholism
      and anemia were most common in adults. The case-fatality rate for infants under 2
      years of age was 3.2%, and the case-fatality rate for adults over 59 years of age
      was 30%. Serotyping of more than half the isolates identified 96% of these
      isolates to be present in the currently available pneumococcal polysaccharide
      vaccine. The pneumococcal disease rates reported herein are likely to be
      underestimates since most diseases that occur in this region are treated at the
      village level without laboratory confirmation.

PMID- 2911167
TI  - Risk of developing AIDS in HIV-infected cohorts of hemophilic and homosexual men.
AB  - The latency period and/or incidence of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
      (AIDS) may differ in persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus by
      different routes or having different "cofactors." We compared 79 hemophilic men
      in Pennsylvania and 117 homosexual and bisexual men in California, all having
      known dates of infection and long postinfection observation periods, to examine
      these hypotheses. By 1987, twenty-one percent of the hemophilic and 27% of the
      homosexual men had developed AIDS. However, seroconversion patterns differed for
      the two groups, and when this was taken into account, the conditional odds ratio
      for AIDS was 1.20. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed no significant
      difference in the cumulative proportion with AIDS, from time of infection. These
      results are limited by the small size and geographically localized nature of our
      study populations, but they suggest that currently the relative length of human
      immunodeficiency virus infection is of primary importance in comparing disease
      outcome for different populations.

PMID- 2911168
TI  - Pregnancy and travel.
AB  - The special problems of travel during pregnancy have become clinically important
      as more women are traveling to remote places for business or recreation. Optimal
      maintenance of fetal and maternal health under these circumstances entails
      specific considerations for which data, unfortunately, remain incomplete.
      Nevertheless, questions regarding immunizations, antimalarials, therapy for
      traveler's diarrhea, and even the risks of high altitude or vigorous exercise for
      the pregnant woman may be examined clinically. With a few important exceptions,
      sufficient information is available to ensure relatively safe travel in pregnancy
      provided precautions are taken and preparations are made.

PMID- 2911169
TI  - Incidence of acute mountain sickness at intermediate altitude.
AB  - The incidence of acute mountain sickness was determined by questionnaire in 454
      individuals who attended week-long continuing medical education programs at ski
      resorts in the Rocky Mountains with base elevations of about 2000 m. As a control
      group, 96 individuals who attended continuing medical education programs at sea
      level in San Francisco completed similar questionnaires. Study subjects were
      classified as having acute mountain sickness when they reported three or more of
      the five possible cardinal symptoms: headache, insomnia, dyspnea, anorexia, and
      fatigue. Only symptoms with an intensity of at least grade 2 (moderate) out of 5
      were analyzed. Acute mountain sickness-like symptoms occurred in 25% of subjects
      at 2000 m compared with 5% of subjects at sea level. The incidence of acute
      mountain sickness at 2000 m was greatest among subjects who had come from lower
      altitudes. Half of the subjects with symptoms took medication. The duration of
      symptoms was short, with 90% of all symptoms that were reported occurring in the
      first 72 hours. Acute mountain sickness is common at intermediate altitudes, and
      it is frequently severe enough to prompt self-medication.

PMID- 2911170
TI  - Effects of dexamethasone on the incidence of acute mountain sickness at two
      intermediate altitudes.
AB  - To test the value of dexamethasone acetate for ameliorating acute mountain
      sickness (AMS), we conducted a double-blind, randomized study that compared the
      effects of 4 mg of dexamethasone acetate or a placebo (given every six hours for
      six doses beginning at the time of exposure) at 2700 and 2050 m. Study subjects,
      who were recruited from health professionals who attended continuing medical
      education programs at ski resorts in the Rocky Mountains, were classified as
      having AMS when they reported three or more of the five usual symptoms (headache,
      insomnia, dyspnea, anorexia, and/or fatigue) on a single day. All symptoms with
      an intensity of at least grade 2 (moderate) out of 5 were analyzed. At 2700 m,
      there was a 50% decrease in the mean AMS symptom score in the dexamethasone group
      (0.94 +/- 1.11 vs 1.84 +/- 1.44 [mean +/- SD]) and the incidence of AMS was 20%
      of that in the control group (3/38 vs 14/35). At 2050 m, there was no difference
      between dexamethasone and a placebo in the mean AMS symptom score (1.52 +/- 1.50
      vs 1.24 +/- 1.33) and the incidence of AMS (5/25 vs 4/25). Dexamethasone
      ameliorates the usual symptoms of AMS at 2700 m but not at 2050 m.

PMID- 2911171
TI  - Innovations in monoclonal antibody tumor targeting. Diagnostic and therapeutic
      implications.

PMID- 2911172
TI  - Supporting the health care team in caring for patients with AIDS.

PMID- 2911173
TI  - The international congress on peer review in biomedical publication.

PMID- 2911174
TI  - The JAMA Journal Club.

PMID- 2911175
TI  - A piece of my mind. Belinda, asleep without dreams.

PMID- 2911176
TI  - Twenty years of medical advances.

PMID- 2911177
TI  - Animal rights activists distort issues.

PMID- 2911178
TI  - Animals in research: many alternatives exist.

PMID- 2911179
TI  - United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology. (United States-Canadian Division
      of the International Academy of Pathology). Annual meeting. San Francisco, March
      5-10, 1989. Abstracts.

PMID- 2911180
TI  - Society for Pediatric Pathology. Annual meeting. San Francisco, CS, March 4-6,
      1989. Abstracts.

PMID- 2911181
TI  - Type X collagen in avian tibial dyschondroplasia.
AB  - Tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) is an abnormality of the growth plate of growing
      chicks characterized by the presence of a mass of nonvascularized, nonmineralized
      cartilage. To determine if the morphologic changes observed in TD lesions are
      accompanied by biochemical abnormalities of the cartilage matrix, we performed
      quantitative and qualitative analyses of collagen in affected cartilage, placing
      special emphasis on the study of type X collagen, a recently described molecular
      species that may play a role in endochondral ossification. Collagen from TD
      lesions of 25-day-old chicks and from growth plate cartilage of normal age
      matched chickens and from hypertrophic cones of 1-day-old chicks was sequentially
      extracted, purified and characterized. No differences were noted in total
      collagen content and extractibility between these tissues. Determination of the
      relative amounts of the various collagens extracted showed that type X collagen
      in the TD lesion was markedly reduced since it was less than half of that found
      in pure hypertrophic cartilage. These results are consistent with previous
      morphologic and biochemical studies which suggest a failure of the chondrocytes
      to fully achieve maturation and hypertrophy. No differences were demonstrated in
      the CNBr peptide patterns or amino acid composition of type X collagen from
      normal or TD and hypertrophic cartilages, suggesting that the low content of type
      X collagen in TD lesion was due to alterations in type X collagen metabolism
      rather than to structural abnormalities in these molecules.

PMID- 2911182
TI  - X-radiation-induced differentiation of xenotransplanted human undifferentiated
      rhabdomyosarcoma.
AB  - A serially xenotransplantable strain of undifferentiated embryonal
      rhabdomyosarcoma originating from the nasal cavity of a 42-year-old woman has
      been established in our laboratory. After radiotherapy for the tumor donor,
      distinct rhabdomyoblastic differentiation of the undifferentiated sarcoma cells
      appeared in the primary lesion, and it is a reasonable assumption that X
      irradiation has a certain potentiality to induce morphologic differentiation of
      tumor cells. To study this possibility, tissue fragments of undifferentiated
      embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma that had grown to more than 10 mm after being
      transplanted to nude mice were selectively irradiated in situ. The degree of
      rhabdomyoblastic differentiation according to radiation dose was evaluated by
      light and electron microscopy and by immunostainability for myoglobin, creatine
      phosphokinase-MM, and desmin. Distinct morphologic differentiation of
      undifferentiated sarcoma cells could be induced by repeated X-irradiations at
      several-week intervals.

PMID- 2911183
TI  - Leukemic cell-endothelial cell interactions in leukemic cell dissemination.
AB  - In some human and experimental leukemias and lymphomas, the pattern of metastasis
      can be correlated with the homing sites of the normal progenitor cells. In vitro
      binding assays and homing experiments with murine lymphoma cell lines suggest
      that the nonrandom distribution of metastasis could be determined by specificity
      of cell-endothelium binding. A single subcutaneous inoculum of L2C cells in
      strain II guinea pigs resulted in a predictable stereotyped pattern of
      metastasis. Leukemic cell infiltrates were mainly observed around veins at
      specific locations in each organ: in brain, the most superficial leptomeningeal
      veins; in liver, veins of the portal triads; in lung, peribronchial veins; in
      kidney, veins of the renal columns; in adrenal gland, capsular veins and veins of
      the medulla. Those vessels also showed intense leukemic cell binding and
      diapedesis. This would suggest that the leukemic infiltrates were the result of
      transvenular traffic in these regions. Because leukemic cells were both in the
      intra- and extravascular compartments, the direction of the cell migration could
      not be determined. When L2C cells were injected into the right auricle of normal
      guinea pigs, leukemic cell binding occurred almost exclusively in veins located
      in areas of metastasis predilection. In addition, extravasation by diapedesis
      occurred in high endothelial venules in lymphoid organs, peribronchial veins and
      veins in the portal triads. Neither leukemic cell binding nor diapedesis occurred
      at the sinusoidal or capillary levels; extravasation in these vessels results
      from intravascular proliferation and secondary damage of the vessel wall, not by
      diapedesis. Our data suggest the existence in several organs of the guinea pig of
      a widely distributed, yet discrete, system of venular endothelial cells
      specialized in the traffic of leukemic cells.

PMID- 2911184
TI  - Progression to cancer in Barrett's esophagus is associated with genomic
      instability.
AB  - Barrett's esophagus is a condition in which metaplastic columnar epithelium
      replaces squamous esophageal epithelium as a consequence of chronic
      gastroesophageal reflux. Patients with this condition are at increased risk for
      the development of adenocarcinoma. To better understand the progression to
      adenocarcinoma in this disease, we studied abnormalities in DNA content of
      epithelial cells in Barrett's esophagus. Using flow cytometry, we examined the
      spatial distribution of abnormal nuclear DNA contents (aneuploidy) in the
      esophagi of 14 patients with Barrett's adenocarcinoma. Multiple (2 to 14)
      populations of aneuploid cells were seen in 12 of the 14 cases. Some early
      carcinomas appeared to be associated with a single aneuploid population of cells.
      Surrounding dysplastic epithelium often contained multiple, different overlapping
      aneuploid populations. These data suggest that neoplastic progression in Barret's
      esophagus is associated with a process of genomic instability which leads to
      evolution of multiple aneuploid populations, with the ultimate development of a
      clone of cells capable of malignant invasion. Thus, detection of multiple
      aneuploid populations of cells in Barrett's esophagus may indicate a high risk of
      cancer. Barrett's esophagus provides a unique and readily accessible model for
      the study of neoplastic progression in human epithelial malignancy.

PMID- 2911185
TI  - Asynergy of right ventricular wall motion in man.
AB  - Canine studies have shown a correlation between instantaneous segmental lengths
      in the right ventricular free wall and chamber volume, pressure, and stroke work.
      To determine whether such correlations exist in intact man, we studied the
      temporal relationships between chord dynamics in various regions of the right
      ventricle in 21 heart transplant recipients with apparently normal right
      ventricular function. Patients were examined by biplane radiography while
      performing various maneuvers (e.g., Valsalva maneuver). Computer-aided analysis
      of biplane radiograms of five surgically inserted radiopaque tantalum right
      ventricular myocardial markers was used to calculate interpoint chord lengths at
      33 msec sampling intervals. Two patterns of right ventricular chord asynergy were
      defined: (1) An akinetic chord had an amplitude of less than 2.0 mm during the
      course of at least one beat; (2) an out-of-phase chord was more than a quarter
      period out of phase from the average curve (derived from all concurrently
      measured marker pairs during each maneuver) for at least one beat. Considering
      all chords (n = 978), 60 chords (6.1%) were akinetic and nine chords (0.9%) were
      out of phase. Excluding the outflow tract markers (n = 581), 33 chords (5.7%)
      were akinetic and five chords (0.9%) showed out-of-phase movement. During some
      maneuver, at least one akinetic chord occurred in 57% of patients and out-of
      phase chords in 33% of patients. Most right ventricular regions were implicated
      in asynergic motion, including the right ventricular free wall, acute margin, and
      outflow tract. The frequency and distribution of asynergy in right ventricular
      chord dynamics observed in this study suggests that changes in a single right
      ventricular dimension may not accurately reflect global right ventricular events.

PMID- 2911186
TI  - A new technique for use of an anomalous subclavian artery for a systemic
      pulmonary arterial shunt.
AB  - Anomalous subclavian arteries were used as interposition grafts for systemic
      pulmonary arterial shunts in three infants and children with good early and long
      term results. This is the first report of the use of an anomalous subclavian
      artery as an interposition graft for a systemic-pulmonary arterial shunt. The
      advantages and effectiveness of the technique are discussed.

PMID- 2911187
TI  - Gangrene of the lung.
AB  - Case histories of four patients with gangrene of the lung are presented. All of
      these patients had characteristic radiographic features of the disease. Two
      patients had resection and survived. One patient who spontaneously coughed up
      necrotic tissue via the bronchus survived. One patient who died of an acute
      myocardial infarction was found at autopsy to have the characteristic pathologic
      findings of gangrene of the lung.

PMID- 2911189
TI  - Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, a complication of cardiothoracic surgery.
AB  - We identified 13 patients who contracted acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or
      human immunodeficiency virus-related disease after a cardiothoracic operation.
      The operations were performed between January 1981 and November 1984, and the
      diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus-related disease was established from 26
      to 54 months after operation. The survival time from diagnosis ranged from 8 days
      to 14 months in the 10 patients who have died. A clinical illness developed in
      three of the patients immediately postoperatively that was consistent with
      primary human immunodeficiency virus mononucleosis. The clinical features
      included a wide variety of opportunistic infections, but an abnormally high
      percentage of the patients first showed symptoms of dementia or neoplastic
      disease. In many patients, the diagnosis was not suspected for a prolonged period
      of time. On the basis of the prolonged incubation period, the incidence of this
      disease is likely to increase for several more years.

PMID- 2911188
TI  - Unusually low mortality of penetrating wounds of the chest. Twelve years'
      experience.
AB  - Within a 12-year period ending in March 1984, 1109 patients with penetrating
      thoracic injuries were treated at King-Drew Medical Center located in south
      central Los Angeles. The average age of the patients was 28.1 years. There were
      607 stab wounds and 502 gunshot wounds. Antibiotic prophylaxis was prescribed
      only for the 428 patients who had laparotomy, thoracotomy, and pulmonary
      contusion with hemoptysis. Of the 1109 patients, 105 had cardiac injuries. All
      patients with cardiac trauma underwent thoracotomy, and the mortality rate was
      18.1%. Specifically, the mortality rate of gunshot wound of the heart 24.5% and
      that of stab wound of the heart, 11.5%. In contrast, of the 1004 patients without
      cardiac injuries, only 115 required thoracotomy and the mortality rate in this
      group was 0.8% (8/1004). The mortality rate was 69.6% in patients who had a
      thoracotomy in the emergency room but only 2.8% in patients who had a thoracotomy
      in the operating room within the first 24 hours after admission. In the 242
      patients who had associated abdominal injuries, the mortality rate was 2.1%
      (5/242), as compared with 2.5% (22/867) for those who had isolated chest
      injuries. In the entire group, the incidence of complications was 5.1%, of which
      1.8% were infectious complications. The presence of associated abdominal injuries
      did not influence the outcome. The mortality rate in noncardiac thoracic injuries
      is very low compared with that of cardiac injury. Because of the complexity of
      the injury, gunshot wound of the heart has the highest mortality rate.

PMID- 2911190
TI  - Development of a new experimental model for total exclusion of the right heart
      without the aid of cardiopulmonary bypass.
AB  - A new experimental model for the total exclusion of the right heart was
      successfully developed in mongrel dogs without the use of cardiopulmonary bypass.
      A Y-shaped conduit was constructed with tube grafts spirally stented on the
      exterior (10 mm in diameter), and each upper limb of the conduit was provided
      with a 30F cannula. The foot of the conduit was anastomosed with the main
      pulmonary artery in an end-to-side way with a side clamp. After a closed
      atrioseptostomy was performed with a special knife of our design, the upper limbs
      of the graft were connected to the superior and inferior venae cavae by a
      cannulation method. The operative procedure was completed by tightening the
      occluding snares around the venae cavae and ligating the root of the pulmonary
      artery and azygos vein. Thus, without any use of the right atrium, venous blood
      from the venae cavae was totally diverted to the pulmonary circulation via the
      conduit, and only the coronary venous return was shunted to the left atrium. Five
      consecutive dogs tolerated the operative procedure. No pressure gradients were
      observed between the pulmonary arteries and venae cavae. The circulation with
      this model was able to be sufficiently sustained with mean pulmonary arterial
      pressures of about 25 mm Hg, and no significant changes were shown in the left
      ventricular pump function from the preoperative state. However, the decrease in
      the mean pulmonary artery pressure to 20 mm Hg resulted in severe circulatory
      failure, and two of the five dogs succumbed to this condition. Our new model will
      be useful for studying the hemodynamic characteristics of the circulation after
      operations that result in total exclusion of the right heart.

PMID- 2911191
TI  - Balloon electric shock ablation. Effects on ventricular structure, function, and
      electrophysiology.
AB  - We have recently developed a transatrial balloon approach for intraoperative
      endocardial mapping of ventricular tachycardia, which can be performed in the
      intact ventricle. In selected patients, we have eliminated the arrhythmia by
      passing a series of electric currents through specific beads on the balloon
      array. The goal of this new technique, balloon electric shock ablation, is to
      create a homogenous scar in the subendocardial target area identified by mapping.
      Experimental data exist on the effects of catheter delivery of electric
      discharges to the myocardium, but no data are available on the effects of balloon
      electric shock ablation. We have performed balloon electric shock ablation in
      animals (nine cathodal shocks of 100 J given through a 4 cm2 electrode grid).
      Ventricular function was assessed at 6 weeks and compared with function after a
      simple ventriculotomy and with function in control animals having no operation.
      Gated nuclear ventriculograms were obtained during volume loading. Myocardial
      performance and diastolic pressure volume relationships were determined for the
      three groups. After balloon electric shock ablation or ventriculotomy, left
      atrial pressures were increased at similar end-diastolic volumes, which indicated
      decreased ventricular compliance. The trend reached statistical significance
      (compared with data from control animals) only in the group undergoing balloon
      electric shock ablation. Myocardial performance (stroke work index/end-diastolic
      volume relationship) was unchanged in the three groups. In the long-term balloon
      electric shock ablation preparation, an electrophysiologic study (including burst
      pacing) failed to induce ventricular arrhythmias. At 6 weeks, the lesion created
      by balloon electric shock ablation was a layer of homogenous mature scar with
      sharply defined borders. There was no evidence of additional injury to the
      surrounding myocardium or to the mitral valve apparatus. These studies show that
      delivery of a series of electric shocks through a 1 cm balloon grid of electrodes
      can create an area of homogeneous, electrically inert scar and that this
      procedure when performed in healthy dog hearts has no significant effect on the
      structure and function of the rest of the left ventricle.

PMID- 2911192
TI  - Local excision of pulmonary nodular (coin) lesion with noncontact yttrium
      aluminum-garnet laser.
AB  - Local excision of pulmonary nodular lesions with the noncontact mode of the
      neodymium: yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser was done in 14 patients. This was
      achieved through a conventional limited thoracotomy and then by
      evaporation/fulguration of 0.5 to 1 cm of the healthy parenchyma surrounding the
      lesion, which produced a bloodless incision. In 10 patients the lesion was a
      primary (N = 7) or secondary (N = 3) malignant tumor. The remaining four had a
      benign nodule. Preoperative radiology has demonstrated a solitary nodule in all
      14 patients, but at operation in four patients (three with benign and one with
      malignant disease) there were two nodules. In each of these four patients the
      smaller nodule was evaporated entirely, without excision of normal pulmonary
      tissue. There were no hospital deaths or postoperative complications. One patient
      died 8 months postoperatively (carcinomatosis); the other 13 remain alive and
      well between 2 and 25 months after treatment. We believe that local excision of
      nodular pulmonary lesions with the laser should be considered whenever possible,
      particularly in high-risk patients, those with limited respiratory function, and
      in the elderly.

PMID- 2911193
TI  - Intraoperative evaluation of ventricular tachycardia.

PMID- 2911194
TI  - Aortic arch thrombosis in the neonate.

PMID- 2911195
TI  - Surgical resection of high cervical esophageal carcinoma with malignant
      tracheoesophageal fistula: a case report.

PMID- 2911196
TI  - Elective deep hypothermia with total circulatory arrest: changes in plasma
      creatine kinase BB, blood glucose, and clinical variables.
AB  - Serial measurements of a marker of brain ischemia, creatine kinase isoenzyme BB,
      were performed in arterial and internal jugular venous blood from 20 infants
      younger than 1 year of age before and during the first 20 hours after deep
      hypothermic total circulatory arrest procedures. A two-site monoclonal method was
      used, and the results were analyzed in relation to age, size, type of cardiac
      lesion, hemoglobin level, blood glucose level, pH, and duration of the total
      circulatory arrest. The creatine kinase BB concentrations increased after the
      arrest, more so in venous than in arterial blood, from 3.2 +/- 0.5 ng/ml to 17.5
      +/- 4.5 in arterial blood and from 3.5 +/- 0.5 ng/ml to 18.1 +/- 5.8 in venous
      blood. Arterial-venous concentration differences correlated with venous
      concentrations (r = 0.92, p less than 0.01). The duration of the arrest
      correlated with creatine kinase BB concentrations during reperfusion with
      correlation coefficients between 0.50 to 0.90 depending of what sequence of the
      20-hour sampling period was analyzed. The best correlation was obtained during
      the first 4 hours of reperfusion. Age, size of the child, and preoperative
      cyanosis correlated with postoperative creatine kinase BB but were less important
      than the arrest time, blood glucose level (r = 0.62, p less than 0.01), pH (r = 
      0.78, p less than 0.01), and hemoglobin level (r = 0.76, p less than 0.01) during
      reperfusion. It is suggested that a different control of blood glucose level and
      pH during reperfusion may be of importance to reduce biochemical signs of
      cerebral dysfunction after deep hypothermic total circulatory arrest procedures.

PMID- 2911197
TI  - Functional and metabolic protection of the neonatal myocardium from ischemia.
      Insufficient protection by cardioplegia.
AB  - The effects of ischemia and cardiac arrest by cardioplegia on the mechanical
      function and energy metabolism of the ventricular myocardium of the neonatal
      guinea pig were investigated in the isolated perfused heart preparation and
      compared with these effects in the adult guinea pig. Whereas reperfusion after
      ischemia resulted in better recovery of mechanical function and a higher
      adenosine triphosphase content in the neonatal myocardium than in the adult,
      recovery from cardiac arrest induced by St. Thomas' Hospital cardioplegic
      solution was not as good in the neonatal myocardium as in the adult. Contracture
      developed in the neonatal myocardium on administration of the cardioplegic
      solution, but did not in the adult. This was considered to be the reason that the
      protective effect of the cardioplegic solution was inferior in the neonatal
      myocardium to that in the adult.

PMID- 2911199
TI  - Postinfarction ventricular septal defect. An efficacious technique for early
      surgical repair.
AB  - Between December 1982 and June 1987, seven consecutive patients (52 to 77 years
      old) underwent early surgical repair of postinfarction ventricular septal defect.
      The defect was diagnosed 3 to 10 days after the myocardial infarction. A new
      repair technique was used which stresses that no part of the infarcted septum be
      resected. This technique consists of a transinfarction incision in the left
      ventricle, placement of a fine Dacron fabric patch that covers all the infarcted
      septum and closes the ventricular septal defect, and placement of a second Dacron
      fabric patch that reinforces the infarcted anterior wall of the heart and
      supports the buttressed double suture closure of the left ventriculotomy. One
      very ill patient of this series died during the operation (mortality rate 14.3%).
      Three patients required the help of intraaortic balloon counterpulsation
      postoperatively, and five needed inotropic drug support. None of the patients had
      excessive bleeding. Two initial patients had a small left-to-right
      interventricular shunt. Postoperative angiographic studies and Doppler
      echocardiography confirmed the existence of a nonsignificant residual ventricular
      septal defect in these two patients and showed good geometry of the left
      ventricle with no aneurysm formation in all six survivors. This technique seems
      to be efficacious. It can be expeditiously performed, and the risks of
      postoperative complications related to the technique appear to be minimal.

PMID- 2911198
TI  - Difference in the mechanical response to a cardioplegic solution observed between
      the neonatal and the adult guinea pig myocardium.
AB  - We attempted in two types of preparations to delinate the difference in responses
      to St. Thomas' Hospital cardioplegic solution between the neonatal and the adult
      guinea pig myocardium. Isolated guinea pig hearts were perfused with
      Langendorff's method and the tension of the papillary muscle of the right
      ventricle was recorded. Continuous infusion of St. Thomas' Hospital cardioplegic
      solution (37 degrees C) for 30 minutes resulted in a significantly higher
      elevation of the resting tension (development of contracture) in the neonatal
      myocardium than in the adult. The recovery of normal contractile tension after
      the resumption of perfusion with normal Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate solution was
      smaller in the neonate with increases in the myocardial water and calcium
      contents. The membrane potential of the papillary muscle preparation was recorded
      by means of conventional glass microelectrodes. There was no significant
      difference in the control values of the resting membrane potential and in the
      degree of depolarization during exposure to St. Thomas' Hospital cardioplegic
      solution between the neonate and the adult. Thus the greater elevation of the
      resting tension produced in the neonatal myocardium by St. Thomas' Hospital
      cardioplegic solution was not due to a greater depolarization of the surface
      membrane.

PMID- 2911200
TI  - Leaflet fracture in Edwards-Duromedics bileaflet valves.
AB  - Two cases of leaflet fracture in the Edwards-Duromedics valve at 36 and 38 months
      after implantation are reported. Both patients were immediately reoperated on and
      recovered well. In one valve an older housing fracture with partial tissue
      ingrowth was noted beside a recent transverse leaflet fracture. In the other
      valve the leaflet was fractured near the pivot mechanism. All larger embolized
      parts were detected in the iliac artery region by computed tomographic scan and
      were subsequently removed. Problems in diagnosis and the importance of immediate
      reoperation, even without exact diagnosis, are discussed. Technical evaluation of
      the valve revealed crack growth and arrest, giving evidence of fatigue fracture.
      Scanning electron microscopic examination revealed several areas of pitting and
      erosion. Although the exact cause of mechanical disruption remains speculative,
      pyrolytic carbon seems to have the characteristic of fatigue fracture as well as
      erosion damage. A connection between the two might exist.

PMID- 2911201
TI  - Mechanical failure of the Bjork-Shiley valve. Updated follow-up and
      considerations on prophylactic rereplacement.
AB  - The early production series of the 29 to 31 mm 70-degree convexo-concave (CC70)
      Bjork-Shiley heart valves constitutes a subgroup of CC70 values with an extra
      high risk of outlet strut fracture. The hazard function for mechanical failure
      among these valves has remained almost constant over a 7-year follow-up period,
      and the 7-year actuarial incidence of mechanical failure among these valves is
      12.5%. Selected patients with these valves will be considered for prophylactic
      rereplacement.

PMID- 2911202
TI  - Effects of desferrioxamine on normal and leukemic human hematopoietic cell
      growth: in vitro and in vivo studies.
AB  - The iron chelator desferrioxamine (DFO) has been previously shown to be an S
      phase inhibitor of cell proliferation. To investigate its potential as an
      antileukemic drug, we first studied the effects of DFO on the in vitro growth of
      normal human hematopoietic progenitors (CFU-GM and BFU-E) and clonogenic cells
      from human leukemic cell lines. Then we evaluated the effects of DFO on
      progression of leukemia refractory to conventional therapy in two individuals.
      Micromolar concentrations of DFO determined a dose-dependent inhibition of normal
      progenitor growth, with inhibitory dose 50% (ID50) for CFU-GM and BFU-E being 6.7
      and 5.5 microM/liter, respectively. Marked inhibitory effects were observed on
      clonogenic cells from HL-60 (ID50 = 1.4 microM/liter) and U-937 (ID50 = 3.6
      microM/liter) human leukemic cell lines grown in semisolid medium. When DFO was
      given intravenously to a patient with lymphoid blast crisis of chronic
      myelogenous leukemia, a marked reduction in circulating blast count was observed.
      On the contrary, no in vivo effect was observed in a patient with acute
      nonlymphocytic leukemia having transfusional iron overload. We conclude that: (a)
      DFO is an inhibitor of both normal and leukemic myeloid cell proliferation in
      vitro; (b) our limited in vivo observations and a previous case study suggest
      that intravenous administration of DFO to patients with normal to low plasma iron
      may result in leukemic cytoreduction in vivo.

PMID- 2911203
TI  - Prognostic value of immunological markers in acute myeloblastic leukemia.
AB  - In order to investigate the prognostic value of immunologic markers together with
      the most relevant clinical and hematological disease characteristics in acute
      myeloblastic leukemia (AML), the reactivity of blast cells from 102 patients with
      AML was analyzed with a panel of twenty monoclonal antibodies. The univariate
      analysis showed that five parameters had an adverse effect on both complete
      remission (CR) and survival: advanced age (greater than 60 years), anemia
      (hemoglobin concentration (Hb) less than 10g/dl), the expression of the antigens
      detected by the anti-megakaryocytic antibodies (CDw41/CDw42), the monocytic
      antibodies (CD14), and the CD9 (FMC56, FMC8) antigen. In addition, the failure to
      obtain CR had a significant adverse effect on survival (p less than 0.0001).
      Multivariate analysis showed that only age and Hb had a significant influence on
      CR while for predicting survival the most important independent prognostic
      factors were: CR, age, number of platelets and reactivity with the CD9 antibody.
      These results show that immunological markers could represent a valuable tool in
      the assignment of risk categories in AML patients.

PMID- 2911204
TI  - Phase II trial of intermediate dose ARA-C (IDAC) with sequential mitoxantrone
      (MITOX) in acute myelogenous leukemia.
AB  - Forty-seven patients with primary refractory, relapsed, and previously untreated,
      poor risk AML were entered into a phase II study of intermediate dose ARA-C
      (IDAC) (1 g/m2 i.v. over 6 hr, daily for 6 days) with sequential mitoxantrone
      (MITOX) (6 mg/m2 i.v. bolus 3 hr after the end of each ARA-C infusion). Overall,
      complete remission was induced in 31 patients (66%), and 1 additional patient
      entered a partial remission. Seven patients (15%) died of infection during marrow
      hypoplasia. Response to IDAC + MITOX was influenced by sensitivity to previous
      therapy: patients with primary refractory and early relapse AML responded less
      well to the regimen (CR rate 28% and 33%, respectively), as compared to those
      with previously untreated (CR rate 64%) or late relapse disease (CR rate 85%).
      Sixteen patients continue in CR at 1-12+ months. Except for the expected severe
      myelosuppression, the regimen was well tolerated with minimal extramedullary
      toxicity. The data indicate that the sequential combination of IDAC and MITOX is
      an effective and tolerable regimen for AML. Consideration should be given to
      applying this program at earlier stages of AML therapy.

PMID- 2911205
TI  - Comparative trial of cytarabine and thioguanine in combination with amsacrine or
      daunorubicin in patients with untreated acute nonlymphocytic leukemia: results of
      the L-16M protocol.
AB  - Ninety-six patients with de novo acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) were
      randomized to receive either daunorubicin (50 mg/m2, IV) on days 1-3; cytarabine
      (Ara-C) (25 mg/m2, IV) bolus, followed by 160 mg/m2 as a continuous IV infusion
      daily for 5 days and 6-thioguanine (6-TG) (100 mg/m2 po) every 12 hr daily for 5
      days (DAT); or amsacrine (190 mg/m2, IV) on days 1-3 with Ara-C and 6-TG at the
      above doses (AAT). Patients achieving complete remission (CR) then received two
      courses of consolidation therapy with the same combination that had induced
      remission but at slightly reduced total doses. Patients less than or equal to age
      40 with an HLA-identical sibling donor underwent allogeneic transplantation,
      usually after consolidation therapy. The remaining patients were then randomized
      to receive either maintenance therapy (alternating cycles of
      vincristine/methotrexate, cyclophosphamide/6-TG, daunorubicin/hydroxyurea and Ara
      C/6-TG) or no further treatment. Ninety-two patients were evaluable for response.
      Twenty-five of the 46 patients (54%) who received DAT and 32 of the 46 patients
      (70%) who received AAT achieved CR (p = 0.13). When patients were stratified by
      age, however, remission induction advantage with AAT became statistically
      significant (p = 0.03). Additionally, more patients achieved CR following one
      course of AAT than following one course of DAT (48% vs 28%, p = 0.03). Overall
      survival in the AAT group was improved as well (p = 0.01). Too few patients were
      randomized on the maintenance arm of the protocol to make interpretation
      meaningful. Non-hematologic toxicity was generally comparable in both arms. In
      conclusion, patients with de novo ANLL who received AAT had a higher remission
      incidence and slightly longer survival compared to patients who received DAT.
      Further investigation of this drug combination in untreated patients with ANLL is
      warranted.

PMID- 2911206
TI  - Clonal immunoglobulin gene rearrangements in primary mediastinal clear cell
      lymphomas.
AB  - Cells from two patients with primary mediastinal tumors of clear cell type were
      characterized by immunological and molecular biological techniques. In both cases
      a B cell immunophenotype was suggested by the positive staining for the B1
      (CD20), B4 (CD19), Leu 14 (CD22), as well as staining with other B monoclonal
      antibodies by immunohistochemistry. However, no definitive evidence for the
      expression of Ig light or heavy chains at the protein level was found. Southern
      blot analysis of Ig heavy and light chain gene rearrangements revealed clonal B
      cell populations in both cases. There was no indication of a somatic joining of T
      cell receptor (TCR) genes using probes for TCR beta and or TCR gamma genes. Thus,
      our results suggest a clonal B cell origin of clear cell lymphomas in the
      mediastinum.

PMID- 2911207
TI  - Human long-term bone marrow cultures (HLTBMCs) in myelomatous disorders.
AB  - Human long-term bone marrow cultures (HLTBMCs) were established with bone marrow
      (BM) collected from five patients with myelomatous disorders (four with multiple
      myeloma, one with plasma cell leukemia). In all cases, up to at least 6 weeks of
      culture, there was a persistence of the monoclonal plasma cell population in the
      adherent layer of the culture. In some cultures proliferating plasma cells could
      be demonstrated by the Ki-67 monoclonal antibody. In all instances a paraprotein
      could be shown in the conditioned medium. This study demonstrates that malignant
      plasma cells, in analogy to their normal counterparts, have an affinity for the
      BM stroma and suggests that their long-term survival might be enhanced by their
      interaction with it.

PMID- 2911208
TI  - Comparison of human long-term bone marrow cultures (HLTBMCs) established from
      fresh and post-cryopreservation bone marrow samples from living and cadaver
      donors.
AB  - Human long-term bone marrow cultures (HLTBMCs) were established from thawed post
      cryopreservation, as well as from cadaver donor bone marrow (BM) samples. The
      longevity was similar in the different series of HLTBMCs examined. CFU-GM could
      be cultured out of cadaver donor BM. This indicates that previously healthy
      people, under the conditions generally accepted as suitable for organ donation,
      could become suitable donors for allogeneic BM transplantation.

PMID- 2911209
TI  - Contemporary adolescent norms for the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
      -one perspective.

PMID- 2911210
TI  - Serodiagnosis of Wegener's granulomatosis: pathobiologic and clinical
      implications.

PMID- 2911211
TI  - Superficial granulomatous pyoderma.

PMID- 2911212
TI  - Pepto-bismol and salicylate levels.

PMID- 2911213
TI  - Quinacrine-associated mania.

PMID- 2911214
TI  - Superficial granulomatous pyoderma: clinicopathologic spectrum.
AB  - Superficial granulomatous pyoderma is a form of pyoderma gangrenosum
      characterized by superficial ulceration and a chronic course. Histopathologic
      examination shows a granulomatous response. We report two new cases of
      superficial granulomatous pyoderma in detail and briefly review the clinical data
      of five previous cases included in a recent series. These lesions typically begin
      as single furunculoid papules that most commonly occur on the trunk and that may
      arise at sites of surgical treatment or other pathergic stimuli. The lesions
      progress to superficial ulcers with a relatively clean base and vegetative
      borders. Tetracycline, minocycline, sulfapyridine, dapsone, and intralesionally
      administered corticosteroids have been effective anti-inflammatory agents,
      producing healing and allowing avoidance of the use of systemic corticosteroids
      in the management of most patients with superficial granulomatous pyoderma.

PMID- 2911215
TI  - Idiopathic granulomatosis manifesting as fever of unknown origin.
AB  - Twenty patients with fever of unknown origin were found to have idiopathic
      granulomatosis of the liver, lymph nodes, spleen, or bone marrow. At the time of
      initial examination, these patients had persistent or recurrent fever and
      pronounced constitutional symptoms but few physical findings. The most common
      laboratory abnormalities were increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate in 18,
      abnormal results of liver function tests in 12, anemia in 11, and
      hypergammaglobulinemia in 10. Of the 20 patients, 14 required corticosteroids at
      the beginning of the illness for control of symptoms, especially fever. After 5
      to 10 years of follow-up, an alternative diagnosis had been established in 5 of
      the 20 patients. Of the remaining 15 patients with fever and idiopathic
      granulomatosis, 6 are still receiving corticosteroids. Corticosteroid treatment
      did not result in progression or dissemination of an unrecognized infection. No
      clinical or laboratory abnormality helped to predict the need for long-term
      corticosteroid treatment.

PMID- 2911216
TI  - Carbon monoxide diffusing capacity of the lungs determined by single-breath and
      steady-state exercise methods.
AB  - We measured carbon monoxide diffusing capacity of the lungs (DL,CO) by both the
      resting single-breath (SB) and steady-state (SS) exercise methods in 95 patients
      referred for pulmonary function testing. A 10-second breath-holding method was
      used for the SB test. DL,CO (SS) was measured during the last minute of a 3
      minute exercise test on a 9-inch step. Results of the two methods showed good
      agreement, the SB-SS difference averaging -0.70 (SD, 3.39) ml/min per mm Hg. The
      difference between the two methods was not correlated with other measurements of
      pulmonary function except minute ventilation during the exercise performed in the
      DL,CO (SS) procedure. In a separate study of laboratory personnel, the day-to-day
      variabilities of the two tests were similar (SD, 1.4 ml/min per mm Hg). Alveolar
      volume obtained by helium dilution during the SB test was comparable to total
      lung capacity (TLC) estimated by multiple-breath nitrogen washout in patients
      without severe airway obstruction. In severe airway obstruction, the mean SB
      alveolar volume was 13.8% less than the TLC by nitrogen washout, a difference
      that may be useful as an indicator of inefficiency of gas mixing in the lungs. We
      conclude that the SB and SS exercise methods provide similar estimates of DL,CO
      in patients referred to a pulmonary function laboratory.

PMID- 2911217
TI  - Does having more time after retirement change the demand for physician services?
AB  - Various aspects of the demand for ambulatory services of physicians have been
      studied by researchers, but so far the effect of increased availability of
      nonwork time due to retirement on demand has not been examined. This study
      investigated whether discouraging early retirement (which was the intent of the
      1983 Amendments to the Social Security Act) will reduce the use of medical
      services because persons who continue to work have less time than retirees for
      visits to doctors. This study found that, for men whose health does not interfere
      with work and who have had no in-hospital care in the study year, retirement does
      not increase the demand for ambulatory services when compared with being a part
      time or full-time employee. However, compared with full-time self-employment,
      retirement increases the probability of using any physician services in the year
      by 14% and the number of physician visits by two visits. Although the self
      employed have more control over their work time than employees, they may be more
      affected than employees by the loss of output and earnings associated with
      absence from the workplace.

PMID- 2911218
TI  - Practice changes in response to the malpractice litigation climate. Results of a
      Maryland physician survey.
AB  - Data from a 1987 survey of Maryland physicians in three specialties (internal
      medicine, family or general practice, and obstetrics-gynecology) were used to
      study the types of changes physicians have made in their practices during the
      last 2 years as a result of the current malpractice litigation climate. Overall,
      51% reported making some type of practice change. The practice changes that
      physicians reported reflect both risk-reduction (e.g., increased use of tests)
      and risk-avoidance (e.g., cutting back high-risk patients) strategies, although
      risk-reduction actions were reported more frequently. Raising patient fees was
      also reported. Specialty predicts whether or not physicians make each type of
      change; in particular, obstetrician-gynecologists are more likely to report
      practice changes of all types. Prior litigation experience does not, in general,
      predict practice changes. The implications of the types of changes reported for
      access to care and costs of care were considered.

PMID- 2911219
TI  - Methods of analyzing physician practice patterns in hypertension.
AB  - A principal method of studying physician practice patterns has been to examine
      physicians' responses to brief written cases. We have compared this method with
      practice patterns of the same physicians derived from chart audit. Subjects were
      98 family practice residents for whom data were available in actual patient
      encounters for the workup of asymptomatic hypertension. Short, carefully
      structured case reports using four cues were designed and a checklist similar to
      the one used for test ordering in practice was employed. Chart reviews and
      billing encounter forms were used for comparison. Results indicated residents
      ordered fewer tests in clinical practice, due, in part, to practice constraints
      not represented in the written cases. Physicians tend to make the diagnosis of
      hypertension incrementally in practice, with no one visit adequately representing
      the point of diagnosis. Studies based on data bases using a patient encounter as
      the unit of analysis in chronic disease such as hypertension may spuriously
      underestimate the actual number of tests ordered for the workup. Judgment cases
      may better reflect the patterns of use of information in a well-defined problem.
      Prediction of number of tests ordered in the clinical setting has not been
      established in this case.

PMID- 2911220
TI  - Psychiatric severity of illness. A case mix study.
AB  - This study was undertaken to determine if a measure of severity of illness for
      psychiatric patients, the Psychiatric Severity of Illness Index, could produce
      psychiatric case mix groups that are more homogeneous with respect to resource
      use than the diagnosis-related groups (DRGs). Psychiatric Severity of Illness
      data were collected on 1,672 cases in ten hospitals of various types. Of these
      cases, 1,418 had enough information in the medical record to be scored using the
      Psychiatric Severity Index, 1,173 of which were in MDC 19 (mental diseases and
      disorders). We found that four Psychiatric Severity of Illness groups explained
      between 34% and 50% of the variation in length of stay of the combined hospital
      data in MDC 19, whereas nine DRGs explained between 6% and 14%. DRGs subdivided
      by Psychiatric Severity of Illness groups explained between 40% and 54% of the
      variation in length of stay. The implications of these results for cross-hospital
      comparisons are discussed.

PMID- 2911221
TI  - Substitution between prescribed and over-the-counter medications.
AB  - Using data from the Health Insurance Experiment (HIE), this article examines use
      of over-the-counter drugs (OTC) in a general, nonelderly population. Families
      from six areas of the country were assigned to health insurance plans that varied
      in the amount of medical care cost sharing. Thus, the out-of-pocket prices of OTC
      relative to prescription drugs were experimentally varied. The sites were chosen
      to represent markets with differing access to physician services. Multivariate
      methods were used to relate OTC use (collected from bi-weekly health diaries) to
      cost sharing and demographic variables. The empirical results do not support the
      expectation that people assigned less generous insurance for prescription drugs
      substitute OTC for prescriptions. People with complete insurance coverage
      purchased more of both types of drugs, suggesting OTC are an adjunct to formal
      medical care, rather than a substitute for it. Better educated and more
      knowledgeable consumers used more OTC drugs and spent more of their drug budget
      on OTC products. That there was greater OTC drug use in HIE sites with poorer
      access to formal medical care suggests there was some substitution between formal
      care and self-care with OTC drugs. Overall, however, better financial access to
      formal care promotes rather than substitutes for OTC use.

PMID- 2911222
TI  - Diagnosis and prevalence of obesity.
AB  - Obesity is a condition of increased adipose tissue mass. Many techniques are
      available for measurement of body fat, but none is available widely for clinical
      purposes. The new technique of bioelectrical impedance may change this in the
      future. For now, relative weight and BMI are used as indices of obesity, which
      may be defined as a BMI greater than 30 kg per m2. This corresponds to a relative
      weight approximately 120 per cent above desirable. According to this definition,
      obesity exists in 10 to 12 per cent of adult men and women in the United States
      and Canada.

PMID- 2911223
TI  - Physiological regulation of body weight and the issue of obesity.
AB  - The relationship described here between resting energy expenditure and the body
      weight set-point provides a framework for assessing an animal's regulatory
      status. Procedures based on this relationship have been used to evaluate the
      status of rats whose obesity was either of dietary or hypothalamic origin. In
      dietary obese rats, the body weight set-point appears to have elevated. Their
      normal rate of energy expenditure at an elevated weight, as well as their active
      adjustments of expenditure in defense of their obesity, supports this conclusion.
      Hypothalamic obese rats, in contrast, neither expend energy at a rate normal for
      their body mass nor display the adjustments in expenditure appropriate to
      defending their obesity. From these observations, a distinction is drawn between
      regulated and unregulated forms of obesity. It is suggested that weight disorders
      in humans, particularly obesity, may be amenable to similar sorts of analysis and
      categorization, eventually leading to the development of therapies appropriate to
      the specific type or form indicated.

PMID- 2911224
TI  - [Progress of alcohol consumption and alcohol-related damages in Sweden].

PMID- 2911225
TI  - [A cultural shock upon returning to Sweden with its drinking habits after a year
      in Arabic countries].

PMID- 2911226
TI  - [Improve the rights and care of abused children].

PMID- 2911227
TI  - [Future drug committees--institutions for cooperation and information].

PMID- 2911228
TI  - [Screening of cancer in ulcerative colitis].

PMID- 2911229
TI  - [It is not proved that the HIV/AIDS risk influences the sex behavior of the
      population].

PMID- 2911230
TI  - [Increased knowledge after every survey].

PMID- 2911231
TI  - [Amalgam poisoning--a medical reality].

PMID- 2911232
TI  - [Is it possible to teach high school pupils resuscitation?].

PMID- 2911233
TI  - [Acute aortic occlusion--management and prognosis].

PMID- 2911235
TI  - [Functional respiratory disorders as significant differential diagnosis in
      asthma].

PMID- 2911234
TI  - [Acute and chronic renal artery occlusion--etiology and therapeutic
      possibilities].

PMID- 2911236
TI  - [Have buying restrictions any place in Swedish alcohol policy?].

PMID- 2911237
TI  - [Support integrity of nurses].

PMID- 2911238
TI  - [Height and weight--a question of interpretation?].

PMID- 2911239
TI  - [Laparotomy is a better method in the treatment of intra-abdominal infections].

PMID- 2911240
TI  - [The unsolved case of ulcerations in the small intestine--what happened later
      on?].

PMID- 2911241
TI  - [Good results after non-pharmacologic treatment of hypertension provided by
      health centers].

PMID- 2911242
TI  - [Non-pharmacologic treatment is an effective method in hypertension].

PMID- 2911243
TI  - [How long is the necessary duration of antibiotic treatment?].

PMID- 2911244
TI  - [Medical ethics. Ethical problems of psychiatric surgery from the philosophical
      point of view].

PMID- 2911245
TI  - [Favourable surgery of cervical neck instability in rheumatism].
AB  - A team project commenced 20 years ago can now present results of 150 surgical
      stabilising procedures for cervical neck instability in rheumatoid arthritis. The
      favourable results indicate widened indications. MR examination demonstrated
      regression of soft tissue swelling ("pannus") after surgery, which possibly
      contributed to the good results.

PMID- 2911247
TI  - [The fight against doping intensifies. Only the careless get caught today].

PMID- 2911246
TI  - [Fertility surgery. A method for estimating pregnancy outcome].

PMID- 2911248
TI  - Comments on a commentary.

PMID- 2911249
TI  - On the clinical significance of hindsight bias.

PMID- 2911250
TI  - Dexamethasone for bacterial meningitis in children.

PMID- 2911252
TI  - The Viralizer for the common cold.

PMID- 2911251
TI  - Tiopronin for cystinuria.

PMID- 2911253
TI  - Ataxia-telangiectasia: a variant with altered in vitro phenotype of fibroblast
      cells.
AB  - The clinical and cellular phenotype of ataxia telangiectasia (AT) has been
      extensively documented in numerous patients of different ethnic groups and is
      characterized by several specific laboratory hallmarks, such as chromosomal
      instability, profound radiosensitivity and radioresistant DNA synthesis. Several
      recent reports have, however, shown variations on this theme. This article
      describes 2 Turkish siblings with AT, who showed a typical but somewhat more
      prolonged clinical course of the disease and altered characteristics of
      fibroblast cells, compared to the 'classical' AT cellular phenotype. Fibroblast
      strains derived from these patients showed a normal cellular life span, moderate
      degrees of chromosomal instability and sensitivity to the lethal effects of X
      rays and neocarzinostatin, and lack of radioresistant DNA synthesis. A
      compilation of the literature on 'AT variants' and 'AT-like' syndromes shows that
      in addition to the internal variability of AT, this disease occupies a limited
      segment within a large spectrum of clinical and cellular features, which are
      common to a variety of syndromes. Each of these syndromes covers a different
      segment in this spectrum. The genetic basis of this family of disorders might be
      complex.

PMID- 2911254
TI  - Shuttle vector system for the analysis of mutational events in mammalian
      chromosomal DNA.
AB  - cDNA of the human hprt gene was introduced into the BamHI cloning site of the
      retroviral shuttle vector pZipNeoSV(X)1. The mouse cell line 2TGOR, a
      hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase-deficient derivative of Balb/c 3T3, was
      transformed with the vector and some stably transformed HATrNEOr clones were
      established. One of the clones, VH-12, contained a single copy of the vector
      integrated stably into a chromosome in a proviral form. From this clone, we were
      able to recover efficiently the vector sequence preserving its intact structure
      by use of COS cell fusion. The relatively small size of the hprt cDNA (657 base
      pairs for the coding region) allowed quick determination of the entire DNA
      sequence. It was also notable that use of 6TG NEO double selection for mutant
      isolation could eliminate the 6TGr derivatives of VH-12 cells which arose from
      loss of the total vector sequence or from some epigenetic event, because such
      alterations would lead to inactivation of the neo gene as well as the hprt cDNA.
      The properties of our shuttle vector system were particularly useful for analysis
      of the molecular mechanisms of mutational events in chromosomal DNA of mammalian
      cells.

PMID- 2911255
TI  - The role of short-lived lesions in the induction of micronuclei in rat liver by
      ethylnitrosourea and methyl methanesulphonate: the importance of experimental
      design.
AB  - Rats received single injections of ethylnitrosourea (ENU) or methyl
      methanesulphonate (MMS) at the peak of DNA synthesis after partial hepatectomy.
      Hepatocytes were isolated 1-4 days later, and analysed for presence of
      micronuclei. With both chemicals, frequencies of micronucleated hepatocytes were
      increased in a dose-dependent manner, but ENU proved to be both more effective (6
      times; based on molar dose) and more efficient (18 times; based on total DNA
      alkylation) than MMS. In general, the micronucleus frequency was relatively low
      at 1 day after injection, then increased to reach a maximum at days 2 or 3
      (depending on the dose), after which it decreased strongly in case of MMS or
      remained stable in the case of ENU. The result with ENU is interpreted as a
      balance between loss and/or dilution of micronucleated hepatocytes and
      simultaneous formation of new ones. The present observations are in line with our
      earlier conclusion that ENU, in contrast with MMS, is able to induce persistent
      preclastogenic lesions in rat hepatocytes. ENU also proved to be more effective
      and efficient than MMS with respect to the formation of micronuclei in bone
      marrow cells. Our results with ENU and MMS indicate that administration of the
      genotoxin at the peak of DNA synthesis after partial hepatectomy, instead of
      before hepatectomy, increases the sensitivity of the liver micronucleus assay at
      least in the case of directly acting chemicals.

PMID- 2911256
TI  - Gene deletion, a mechanism of induced mutation by arabinosyl nucleosides.
AB  - 9-beta-D-Arabinofuranosyl-2-fluoroadenine (F-ara-A) and 9-beta-D
      arabinofuranosyladenine (ara-A) are purine nucleoside analogues which are
      incorporated into nucleic acids. This study demonstrates the mutagenic properties
      of F-ara-A and ara-A and provides evidence for mechanisms by which the arabinosyl
      nucleosides induce mutation. At the drug dosages that evoked exponential cell
      killing, F-ara-A and ara-A caused a significant increase in the number of 6
      thioguanine-resistant mutants in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Southern analyses
      showed that 15 of 16 drug-induced mutants had lost all or part of the HPRT gene,
      whereas no loss of the gene was found in 4 spontaneous mutants. We conclude that
      both F-ara-A and ara-A induced mutation predominantly by causing deletion of
      genetic material. The remarkable frequency of gene deletion among these drug
      induced mutations is discussed with respect to possible mechanisms of action of
      arabinosyl nucleosides in mutational studies.

PMID- 2911257
TI  - Chromosome malsegregation and embryonic lethality induced by treatment of
      normally ovulated mouse oocytes with nocodazole.
AB  - The mouse egg is ovulated with its nucleus arrested at the metaphase-II stage of
      meiosis. Sperm entry triggers the completion of the second meiotic division. It
      has been speculated that damage to the meiotic spindle of normally ovulated eggs
      at around the time of sperm entry could result in chromosome malsegregation and
      the death of conceptuses with numerical chromosome anomalies. This hypothesis was
      tested using nocodazole, a microtubule inhibitor. Nocodazole was administered
      either to maturing preovulatory oocytes or to normally ovulated eggs at one of
      the following stages: (1) the time of sperm entry, (2) early pronuclear stage,
      (3) pronuclear DNA synthesis, (4) prior to first cleavage division, (5) early 2
      cell stage, or (6) prior to the second cleavage division. Little or no effect was
      observed for treatment times other than the time of sperm entry, when the egg is
      being activated to complete the second meiotic division. Remarkably high
      frequencies of embryonic lethality, expressed at around the time of implantation,
      were induced at this stage. Cytogenetic analysis of first cleavage metaphases of
      zygotes treated at the time of sperm entry revealed a high incidence of varied
      numerical chromosome anomalies, with changes in ploidy being predominant.

PMID- 2911258
TI  - Lack of effect of maternal age on UV-induced DNA repair in mouse oocytes.
AB  - Oocytes at the dictyate stage from young (8-14 weeks) and old (12-15 months)
      BALB/c mice were manually isolated and UV-irradiated. They were cultured for 1 h
      in medium containing tritiated thymidine and chased for a further hour in cold
      thymidine medium before being incubated for 18-20 h in medium with no added
      thymidine. Oocytes which had developed to metaphase II were analysed following
      autoradiography. Pooled results from 14 replicate experiments revealed no
      significant age-related difference between the mean corrected grain count per
      cell [159.2 +/- 8.5 (86 cells) for young mice and 164.6 +/- 9.8 (70 cells) for
      the old animals]. Thus in the female mouse the oocyte's capacity to repair UV
      induced damage is apparently maintained at a high level throughout reproductive
      life.

PMID- 2911259
TI  - Effects of 50-hertz electromagnetic fields on proliferation and on chromosomal
      alterations in human peripheral lymphocytes untreated or pretreated with chemical
      mutagens.
AB  - Cultivation of human peripheral lymphocytes (HPL) in the presence of 50-Hz
      electromagnetic fields (EMFs) does not alter the spontaneous frequencies of
      sister-chromatid exchanges (SCE) and of chromosomal aberrations (CA), but leads
      to an enhancement of the cell cycle progression of HPLs in vitro. Pretreatment of
      HPLs with trenimon (TRN), diepoxybutane (DEB), or methylnitrosourea (MNU) in the
      G0 phase of the cell cycle results in dose-dependent elevations of the SCE
      frequencies. In some cases culturing of HPLs pretreated with MNU or TRN in the
      presence of EMFs led to significantly higher frequencies of SCEs when compared to
      cells cultivated in the absence of EMFs. Since we did not use multiple fixation
      times these data may rather result from differential influences on HPL subsets
      than from EMF exposure.

PMID- 2911260
TI  - Fetal anomalies produced subsequent to treatment of zygotes with ethylene oxide
      or ethyl methanesulfonate are not likely due to the usual genetic causes.
AB  - Earlier studies in this laboratory revealed that ethylene oxide (EtO) or ethyl
      methanesulfonate (EMS) induced high frequencies of midgestation and late fetal
      deaths, and of malformations among some of the surviving fetuses, when female
      mice were exposed at the time of fertilization of their eggs or during the early
      pronuclear stage of the zygote. Effects of the two mutagens are virtually
      identical. Thus, in investigating the mechanisms responsible for the dramatic
      effects in the early pronuclear zygotes, the two compounds were used
      interchangeably in the experiments. First, a reciprocal zygote-transfer study was
      conducted in order to determine whether the effect is directly on the zygotes or
      indirectly through maternal toxicity. And second, cytogenetic analyses of
      pronuclear metaphases, early cleavage embryos, and midgestation fetuses were
      carried out. The zygote transplantation experiment rules out maternal toxicity as
      a factor in the fetal maldevelopment. Together with the strict stage specificity
      observed in the earlier studies, this result points to a genetic cause for the
      abnormalities. However, the cytogenetic studies failed to show structural or
      numerical chromosome aberrations. Since intragenic base changes and deletions may
      also be ruled out, it appears that the lesions in question induced in zygotes by
      the two mutagens are different from conventional ones and, therefore, could be a
      novel one in experimental mammalian mutagenesis. Alternatively, the mechanism
      could involve a non-mutational 'imprinting' process that caused changes in gene
      expression.

PMID- 2911261
TI  - Detection of 6-thioguanine resistance in human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL)
      of industrial workers and lung cancer patients.
AB  - Human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were selected for 6-thioguanine (6-TG)
      resistance in short-term (42-h) cultures in 110 high-cancer-risk industrial
      workers, 131 primary lung cancer patients and 96 low-risk controls. The
      lymphocytes were cultured and stimulated by phytohemagglutinin (PHA). A labeling
      index (LI) was scored using light microscope autoradiography, based on the
      lymphocyte's ability to incorporate tritiated thymidine with or without selective
      agent 6-TG. The number of 6-TG-resistant cells increased in the high-occupational
      cancer-risk group of vinyl chloride- and mixed organic industrial dust (MOID)
      exposed workers as well as in the primary lung cancer patients. The results were
      compared with the low-occupational-cancer-risk groups and with samples taken from
      the 70 healthy individuals and 26 hospitalized, non-cancerous controls. In both
      risk-exposed groups the frequency of 6-TG-resistant lymphocytes was significantly
      higher (p less than 0.01) than in the controls. These results suggest that the
      original Strauss and Albertini (1977, 1979) method can be used to study
      qualitative risk assessment in carcinogen- or mutagen-exposed occupational
      groups.

PMID- 2911262
TI  - Radiosensitivity of lymphocytes from patients with Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - The response after gamma-irradiation of lymphocytes from 8 patients with
      Alzheimer's disease (AD), 3 patients with Huntington's disease and 13 normal
      subjects to stimulation by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) was assayed by incorporation
      of [3H]thymidine. The response of non-irradiated cells was found to be
      significantly lower in AD cells than in age-matched normals but not significantly
      lower in old normals than in young normals. However, the response of irradiated
      cells to PHA, expressed as a percentage of that in non-irradiated cells, was
      found to be similar in AD patients, young and old normals and in HD patients.

PMID- 2911263
TI  - Photoreactivation rescue and dark repair demonstrated in UV-irradiated embryos of
      the self-fertilizing fish Rivulus ocellatus marmoratus (Teleostei;
      Aplocheilidae).
AB  - The effects of photoreactivation (PR) rescue and dark repair on the survival of
      UV-irradiated embryos of the hermaphroditic fish (Rivulus ocellatus marmoratus)
      are reported. When UV-irradiated embryos were illuminated by photoreactivating
      light (PRL) from fluorescent lamps, survival at the hatching stage was markedly
      increased. The maximum recovery to UV damage was shown by embryos that were
      exposed to PRL for at least 6 h after UV irradiation. The effect of PRL decreased
      30 min after UV irradiation and no PR rescue was detected beyond 96 h. Treatment
      with 2 mM caffeine for 48 h after UV irradiation increased the sensitivity of the
      embryos in the dark. The above results demonstrate that Rivulus embryos have an
      efficient PR system and a caffeine-sensitive dark repair capacity.

PMID- 2911264
TI  - Nuclear DNA synthesis is blocked by UV irradiation in Dictyostelium discoideum.
AB  - We have used a thymidine auxotroph of the simple eukaryote, Dictyostelium
      discoideum and alkaline sucrose gradients of isolated nuclei to study alterations
      in DNA synthesis following irradiation of replicating haploid cells with 254 nm
      UV light. Three responses were characterized using pulse-chase protocols: (1)
      Lags in DNA synthesis as measured by the amount of label incorporated were 4, 9,
      and 20 h after 10, 50, and 200 J/m2. (2) The DNA synthesized during a 15-min
      pulse immediately after irradiation was of lower single strand molecular weight:
      7, 3.5, and 3 x 10(6) dalton after 0, 50, and 200 J/m2. (3) The time required for
      maturation of the nascent DNA to full-sized single strands of about 2 x 10(8)
      dalton was 45-50 min for unirradiated cells, 3 h after 10 J/m2, and 20 h after
      200 J/m2. The DNA of the irradiated cells did not mature uniformly during these
      delays; instead, a period of no increase in size was followed by a rapid, nearly
      control rate of maturation. We conclude: (a) at least some UV lesions block
      elongation of replicons; (b) the elongation of the replicons and their subsequent
      joining to yield mature high molecular weight DNA occurs after most of the
      lesions are repaired; (c) the timing of the different aspects of recovery suggest
      that initiation of replication is also inhibited.

PMID- 2911265
TI  - Existence and expression of photoreactivation repair genes in various yeast
      species.
AB  - Photoreactivation repair (Phr) activities in cell extracts of 13 different yeast
      species were measured by the Haemophilus influenzae transformation assay. Five
      species including Schizosaccharomyces pombe showed no or low enzymatic activity.
      In contrast to the other species, chromosomal DNAs of these 5 species did not
      show detectable hybridization using a DNA fragment of the photolyase PHR1 gene of
      Saccharomyces cervisiae as a probe even at a low stringency condition. When the
      PHR1 gene was attached to the 5'-flanking sequence of the iso-1-cytochrome c (CYC
      1) gene of S. cerevisiae and introduced into S. pombe cells, the transformants
      acquired a high Phr activity, indicating that the PHR1 gene alone can provide a
      Phr-negative species with this repair activity and the light-absorbing
      cofactor(s) must be present in S. pombe. Our results also demonstrated that the
      5'-flanking sequence of the S. cerevisiae CYC-1 gene works in S. pombe as a
      regulatory element.

PMID- 2911266
TI  - Protective role of potentially lethal damage repair in the neoplastic
      transformation of Balb/c 3T3 cells treated with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N
      nitrosoguanidine.
AB  - To determine the role of repair of potentially lethal damage (PLD) in the
      initiation process of neoplastic transformation, Balb/c 3T3 cells treated with N
      methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) were temporarily exposed to conditioned
      medium obtained from density-inhibited Chinese hamster cell cultures, as a post
      treatment for the induction of PLD repair. With or without this exposure, cell
      survival and transformation frequencies were simultaneously determined by colony
      formation and focus-formation assays, respectively. Temporary exposure to
      conditioned medium resulted in a 20-30% increase in cell survival compared with
      no exposure. Post-treatment with conditioned medium resulted in a 60-65%
      reduction in transformation frequencies. At the molecular level, the repair of
      MNNG-induced single-strand breaks of DNA occurred much more rapidly in
      conditioned medium. These data suggest that PLD repair reduces the in vitro
      neoplastic transformation through excision repair operative during the cessation
      of DNA replication. Thus, PLD repair appears to be preventive against neoplastic
      fixation in initiation of neoplastic development.

PMID- 2911267
TI  - Enhancement of UV-induced mutagenesis and sister-chromatid exchanges by nickel
      ions in V79 cells: evidence for inhibition of DNA repair.
AB  - With regard to contradictory results concerning the mutagenicity of nickel
      compounds in short-term assays, especially in bacterial test systems, Chinese
      hamster V79 cells were used to measure mutagenicity, comutagenicity and the
      induction of sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs) by NiCl2. We confirmed the
      induction of mutations at the HGPRT locus as well as SCEs. In addition, NiCl2
      shows a pronounced comutagenic effect towards UV. When using confluent cultures
      or resting cells due to serum deprivation, where more time is given for repair
      processes, the comutagenic effect is higher compared to logarithmically growing
      cells (10 and 4 times, respectively, compared to twice). Hence, we attribute this
      enhancement in mutagenicity to inhibition of DNA repair. Also the increase in
      induced SCEs after combined treatment with UV and NiCl2 supports this thesis.
      Furthermore, NiCl2 enhances the cyto-toxicity of cis-DDP about 12-fold. Since no
      comutagenic effect is observed in combination with MMS, we suggest that the
      inhibition of DNA repair by Ni(II) applies to all DNA changes that are repaired
      by the 'long-patch' excision repair system. This inhibition may occur via
      replacement of other divalent metal ions essential in repair and regulation
      processes.

PMID- 2911268
TI  - Chromosomal instability in an oxygen-tolerant variant of Chinese hamster ovary
      cells.
AB  - Background levels of chromosomal aberrations and sister-chromatid exchanges
      (SCEs) were determined in CHO-99 cells, an oxygen-tolerant variant substrain of
      Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-20) cells capable of stable proliferation under an
      atmosphere of 99% O2/1% CO2, a level of hyperoxia at which cultured mammalian
      cells normally cannot survive. The mean chromosomal aberration frequency in CHO
      99 cells was as high as 1 aberration per cell (mainly chromatid and chromosome
      gaps and breaks) versus 0.05 aberration/cell in CHO-20 cells, while the SCE
      frequency was 1.7- to 2.1-fold increased. While most aberrations were apparently
      distributed at random over the chromosomes, up to 31% of the aberrations appeared
      to be involved in site-specific fragility at a homologous site in chromosomes Z3
      and Z4. Immediately upon shifting CHO-99 cells to air-equilibrated conditions
      their SCE frequency decreased to the control level, whereas the aberration rate
      persisted at a still elevated level of 0.16-0.31 aberration per cell, even after
      a culture period of 14 weeks under normoxia. This indicates that at least part of
      the chromosomal instability is a constitutional property of the variant cells,
      i.e., not directly dependent upon hyperoxic stress. In CHO-99 X CHO-20 hybrids
      the occurrence of chromatid-type aberrations and fragile site but not that of
      chromosome-type aberrations was suppressed under normoxic conditions, suggesting
      that chromatid-type aberrations and fragile site expression on the one hand and
      chromosome-type aberrations on the other hand are mediated by different
      constitutional defects in CHO-99 cells. No gross alterations in
      (deoxy)ribonucleoside triphosphate pools were detected in CHO-99 cells that could
      be held responsible for their chromosomal instability. In addition, no increased
      level of DNA damage was detected by the technique of alkaline elution. The
      excessive chromosomal instability in CHO-99 cells, as observed under hyperoxic
      conditions, may originate from reactive intermediates giving rise to DNA double
      strand breaks and/or a type of DNA lesion that is resistant to the conditions of
      the alkaline elution technique. However, alternative mechanisms based upon
      reactive species interfering with DNA replication/repair processes cannot be
      excluded.

PMID- 2911269
TI  - Human lymphocytes aged in vivo have reduced levels of methylation in
      transcriptionally active and inactive DNA.
AB  - The amount of 5-methylated cytosine (5 mC) in the sequence CmCGG has been
      measured in DNA extracted from uncultured peripheral blood human lymphocytes
      obtained from 24 young (mean age 25) and 22 old (mean age 75) individuals. When
      compared with the young group the old group had significantly reduced levels of 5
      mC in total genomic DNA, in transcriptionally active DNA, and in genomic DNA from
      which transcriptionally active sequences had been removed. In both the young and
      old groups transcriptionally active DNA contained 10% less 5 mC than the residual
      'inactive' DNA. These results indicate that loss of genomic DNA methylation may
      be involved in aging in vivo and underscore the association of gene regulation
      with the distribution of methylation in DNA.

PMID- 2911270
TI  - Age-associated changes in DNA methylation and mRNA level of the c-myc gene in
      spleen and liver of mice.
AB  - Age-associated changes in DNA structure and mRNA level were studied for the c-myc
      gene in spleen and liver of mice at 2, 14 and 26 months of age. Neither
      amplification nor rearrangement of the gene was detected in either tissue at any
      age. However, a significant alteration was observed in the methylation profile.
      The profile of the gene and its vicinity was determined using various methylation
      sensitive restriction enzymes. In both tissues, the gene had an unmethylated
      domain ranging from -2 kb upstream of the 5' end of the first exon to the 3' end
      of the first intron. It was flanked by partially methylated regions, where age
      dependent changes as well as tissue specificity were observed. In the spleen, age
      related hypomethylation was observed at both the 3' and 5' sides of the domain.
      In contrast, hypermethylation was found in the liver only at the 3' side. The
      steady-state level of c-myc mRNA showed a drastic decrease in liver from youth to
      middle age, while splenic mRNA changed little. The correlation between the
      changes of mRNA and DNA methylation is discussed.

PMID- 2911271
TI  - Age and strain dependence of O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase activity in
      mice.
AB  - The activity of the DNA repair protein O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase
      (MT) was compared in liver extracts from female ICR and male C57BL/6 mice at
      various ages (3-130 weeks old). Similar patterns of overall enzyme activity were
      observed in both strains with O6-MT activity being relatively low in young mice
      (3 or 8 weeks old). However, the activity significantly increased after
      adolescence (middle age), thereafter decreasing with old age (over 100 weeks old)
      to a level equivalent to that found in young mice. In an additional strain
      difference study, O6-MT activities in liver extracts from 4 strains of mice were
      compared at 5 and 30 weeks of age. Although a similar age-associated increase of
      enzyme activity in adolescence was confirmed in all 4 strains investigated, the
      closed-colony ICR mice differed from the inbred strains in demonstrating
      significantly higher levels of O6-MT activity in females than in males. However,
      the same tendency was also observed in a comparison of the sexes in 30-week-old
      C3H/HeN, C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice.

PMID- 2911272
TI  - Chromatin and nucleolar changes in Xeroderma pigmentosum cells resemble aging
      related nuclear events.
AB  - Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a hereditary disease characterized by a defect in
      the excision-repair mode of ultraviolet light damage and a high incidence of skin
      tumors. Cultured fibroblasts from normal and XP cells at low population doubling
      times were compared by induction of mild spreading of their nuclear constituents
      in a highly alkaline solution containing detergent and formaldehyde. In each XP
      culture a certain fraction (10-80%) of the nuclei were abnormal (50-80% in cell
      lines from children with XP-C disorders and 10-35% from embryonic and adult XP
      cells). Although their chromatin threads appeared normal in structure, they were
      separated by intervals up to 5 times the normal spacing. In all XP cells having
      this abnormal spacing in the chromatin, fibrils of nucleolar origin were
      approximately doubled in thickness, denser and less tufted, and nucleolar
      granules were few and dispersed. We suggest that this study reveals an abnormal
      weakness of the chromatin in some XP cells which results in the breakage of some
      DNA fibers in our preparative alkaline conditions. This weakness may be related
      to single-stranded breaks induced by metabolism of a high level of active oxygen
      species. These nuclear changes in XP cells are similar to those which have been
      associated with normal or pathologic senescence.

PMID- 2911273
TI  - Nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide level in dimethylsulfate-treated or UV
      irradiated mouse epidermis.
AB  - The level of nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide (NAD) has been determined in the
      epidermis of 30 mice. Its value is 0.63 +/- 0.15 microgram/mg protein. Upon
      treatment with dimethylsulfate (DMS), the level of NAD drops in a dose-dependent
      fashion. This diminution is reversible when low doses of DMS are used. Upon
      irradiation with ultraviolet light, the level of NAD drops in the irradiated
      epidermis, the threshold of saturation being below 1200 J/m2. There is also a
      drop in the level of NAD in the epidermis protected against irradiation with a
      black rubber sheet.

PMID- 2911274
TI  - Mitochondrial DNA rearrangements are correlated with a delayed amplification of
      the mobile intron (plDNA) in a long-lived mutant of Podospora anserina.
AB  - A new long-lived mutant of Podospora anserina has been isolated and
      characterized. Its longevity is maternally inherited as revealed by reciprocal
      crosses. A molecular analysis resulted in the identification of an amplified DNA
      species (designated pAL2-1) with homology to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). The
      presence of this DNA species is correlated with mtDNA rearrangements and a
      delayed amplification of the mobile intron (plDNA).

PMID- 2911275
TI  - Frequencies of chromosomal aberrations in smokers exposed to pesticides in cotton
      fields.
AB  - Blood samples were collected from 50 smokers who were exposed to the pesticides
      DDT, BHC, endosulfan, malathion, methyl parathion, monocrotophos, quinolphos,
      dimethoate, phosphomidon, cypermethrin and fenvelrate. Samples were also
      collected from 20 non-smokers (control I) and 27 smokers (control II) who were
      unexposed to pesticides. Control II showed a significant increase in chromosomal
      aberrations when compared to control I. There was a significant increase in total
      chromosomal aberrations in smokers exposed to pesticides when compared to
      unexposed populations.

PMID- 2911276
TI  - Fixed and temporary fluctuations in the cell cycle of monomorphic lines of
      Trypanosoma brucei gambiense.
AB  - The growth rate of a cloned, monomorphic strain of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
      can be changed in both fixed and environmentally induced ways. The purpose of
      this study was to determine which phases of the cell cycle were affected by these
      changes in generation time. A slow-growing cloned line of T. b. gambiense and its
      fast growing, cloned derivative, were collected from immunosuppressed mice at low
      parasitemias. The percentages of cells in G1, S, and G2-M phases were determined
      by cytophotometric measurements of nuclear DNA. The percentages of cells in late
      G2-M and D phases were established by light microscopy. Over 70% of the fixed
      reduction of generation time in the cell cycle of the fast growing trypanosome
      occurred during G1, the remainder in G2. Apparently, the parasite had genetically
      altered a metabolic pathway necessary for both the initiation of DNA replication
      and karyokinesis. Both fast and slow growing trypanosomes significantly decrease
      their growth rates at high parasitemia levels in immunosuppressed rodents. To
      determine which phases of the cell cycle were affected, nuclear DNA of T. b.
      gambiense collected at low and high parasitemias were compared. Over 60% of the
      increase occurred during the S-phase, the remainder in G1. Apparently, DNA
      replication was affected by the parasite load. Finally, these monomorphic strains
      of T. b. gambiense, like tumors, apparently do not have a noncycling (G0) phase
      or a restriction point in G1 since slow growing trypanosomes in either optimal or
      suboptimal conditions did not accumulate in a diploid state or proceed through S
      to D phases in a constant length of time.

PMID- 2911277
TI  - Cysteine-rich variant surface proteins of Giardia lamblia.
AB  - Surface antigenic variation was previously demonstrated in vitro and in vivo
      using Giardia lamblia isolate WB. To determine whether other isolates undergo
      similar changes, isolates GS and N were cloned and exposed to cytotoxic anti
      isolate sera or monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific to particular surface
      antigen. The surviving Giardia (progeny) and clones showed different surface
      antigens as judged by resistance to cytotoxicity, loss of antigens determined by
      surface radiolabeling, and failure of MAbs to recognize epitopes by
      immunoprecipitation. The major varying surface antigens incorporate large amounts
      of [35S]cysteine compared to [35S]methionine. Surface antigenic variation occurs
      commonly in Giardia isolates, and the major surface antigens appear to comprise a
      family of cysteine-rich proteins.

PMID- 2911278
TI  - Schistosoma mansoni and its intermediate host Biomphalaria glabrata express a
      common 39 kilodalton acidic protein.
AB  - Two Schistosoma mansoni proteins of 43 and 39 kDa (Sm43 and Sm39) were shown to
      react with rabbit antibodies produced against Biomphalaria glabrata proteins. Two
      dimensional gel electrophoresis of miracidial proteins indicated that Sm43 and
      Sm39 were acidic proteins (pI 4.8 and 4.9 respectively) and were in vitro
      translated from miracidial messenger RNA in the same molecular forms. Sm43 and
      Sm39 were expressed by all parasite stages of S. mansoni. Using anti-Sm43 and
      anti-Sm39 mouse sera, we demonstrated that both parasite proteins were
      antigenically related and cross-reacted with a unique 39 kDa (pI 4.9) protein
      from B. glabrata (Bg39). Cross-reactive components were found in fresh water and
      land snails but not in vertebrate tissues, suggesting that the 39 kDa protein was
      specific for invertebrates.

PMID- 2911280
TI  - Predicted structure of a major Schistosoma mansoni eggshell protein.
AB  - The complete sequence for a major Schistosome mansoni eggshell protein gene has
      been determined from a genomic DNA fragment. The use of an open reading frame
      encoding a glycine-rich polypeptide was confirmed by in vitro translation of
      schistosome mRNA in the presence of [3H]glycine and comparison with the amino
      acid composition of purified, schistosome eggshells. Apart from the extraordinary
      abundance of glycine and tyrosine which are evenly distributed throughout the
      polypeptide chain, the most striking features of the deduced amino acid sequence
      are the presence of five well-conserved tandem repeats of 16-18 residues in the N
      terminal region and the asymmetrical distribution of charged residues. Acidic
      residues (Asp) are confined to the N-terminal region, while basic residues (Lys,
      His), with the exception of a single histidine, are found in the C-terminal
      region. A model structure composed of short anti-parallel beta-strands is
      proposed, in which glycines and residues with small side chains lie within the
      strands and tyrosines and cysteines are arranged at the bends, where they would
      be available for cross-linking. Four such strands form one of the tandem repeats
      which are predicted in turn to form a stack of five closely packed beta-sheets,
      each of three strands and linked by the more variable fourth strand. The C
      terminal region may form a similar but less compact structure. The ordered
      structure demonstrated by birefringence studies of the schistosome eggshell
      [Kusel, J. (1970) Parasitology 60, 79-88] could be formed by packing of the
      polypeptides such that the N-terminal domain contributes counter ions or cross
      links to the C-terminal domain of adjacent molecules.

PMID- 2911279
TI  - Qinghaosu does not affect the major thermotropic phase transition in model
      membranes of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine.
AB  - The effect of the antimalarial agent qinghaosu (artemisinin) on the major
      thermotropic phase transition in bilayer membranes of
      dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine has been studied by differential scanning
      calorimetry and by the use of fluorescent probes (pyrene excimer formation and
      depolarization of diphenylhexatriene fluorescence). Addition of up to 40 mol%
      qinghaosu to dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine bilayer caused no observable effect
      on the temperature or enthalpy of the phase transition. The results suggest that
      the antimalarial action of qinghaosu is not due to a direct effect on the lipid
      structure of the parasite membrane.

PMID- 2911281
TI  - Release of the variant surface glycoprotein during differentiation of bloodstream
      to procyclic forms of Trypanosoma brucei.
AB  - Investigations on the turnover of the membrane-form variant surface glycoprotein
      (mfVSG) of Trypanosoma brucei during cultivation in vitro of the monomorphic
      variant clones MIT at 1.2 and MIT at 1.4 showed that bloodstream forms slowly
      released the surface coat into the medium (time required to decline to half the
      initial amount, t50% = 32 +/- 3 h). VSG appeared in the medium in its soluble
      form (sVSG) which lacked the dimyristoylglycerol membrane anchor as judged by
      electrophoretic mobility and exposure of the cross-reacting determinant. The
      total VSG in the culture was very stable with a t50% = 189 +/- 24 h, compared to
      the other cellular proteins with a t50% approximately 28 h. Coat release during
      differentiation of bloodstream forms to procyclic cells could be distinguished
      from this turnover both by its more rapid kinetics (t50% = 13 +/- 1 h) and by the
      appearance in the medium of a predominant proteolytic fragment in addition to
      sVSG. Coat release during the transition to procyclic forms was not inhibited by
      the lysosomotropic agents ammonium chloride or chloroquine, by the proton
      ionophore monensin, or by the protease inhibitor tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl
      ketone. The experiments demonstrate that coat release during differentiation is a
      specific cellular event distinct from simple turnover. The possibility is
      discussed that VSG release under both conditions occurs by endocytosis of mfVSG,
      degradation by a phospholipase C or a protease or both in a non-acidic
      intracellular compartment and recycling to the surface by exocytosis.

PMID- 2911282
TI  - A national health program for the United States. A physicians' proposal.
AB  - Our health care system is failing. Tens of millions of people are uninsured,
      costs are skyrocketing, and the bureaucracy is expanding. Patchwork reforms
      succeed only in exchanging old problems for new ones. It is time for basic change
      in American medicine. We propose a national health program that would (1) fully
      cover everyone under a single, comprehensive public insurance program; (2) pay
      hospitals and nursing homes a total (global) annual amount to cover all operating
      expenses; (3) fund capital costs through separate appropriations; (4) pay for
      physicians' services and ambulatory services in any of three ways: through fee
      for-service payments with a simplified fee schedule and mandatory acceptance of
      the national health program payment as the total payment for a service or
      procedure (assignment), through global budgets for hospitals and clinics
      employing salaried physicians, or on a per capita basis (capitation); (5) be
      funded, at least initially, from the same sources as at present, but with all
      payments disbursed from a single pool; and (6) contain costs through savings on
      billing and bureaucracy, improved health planning, and the ability of the
      national health program, as the single payer for services, to establish overall
      spending limits. Through this proposal, we hope to provide a pragmatic framework
      for public debate of fundamental health-policy reform.

PMID- 2911283
TI  - Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological
      exercises. Case 2-1989. A 59-year-old woman with asthma and multiple pulmonary
      nodules.

PMID- 2911284
TI  - Universal health insurance: its time has come.

PMID- 2911286
TI  - Do physicians have an obligation to treat patients with AIDS?

PMID- 2911285
TI  - Technology and the allocation of resources.

PMID- 2911287
TI  - Diltiazem and mortality and reinfarction after myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2911288
TI  - Release of endogenous digitalis-like factor with sodium loading.

PMID- 2911289
TI  - Treatment of ethylene glycol poisoning with intravenous 4-methylpyrazole.

PMID- 2911290
TI  - Recognizing the alcoholic patient.

PMID- 2911291
TI  - Critical care medicine.

PMID- 2911292
TI  - Teenagers' concerns about nuclear war.

PMID- 2911293
TI  - Patterns of transmission in measles outbreaks in the United States, 1985-1986.
AB  - Since the licensing of measles vaccine in 1963, the incidence of reported measles
      in the United States has declined to less than 2 percent of previous levels. To
      characterize the current epidemiology of measles in the United States, we
      analyzed measles outbreaks that occurred during 1985 and 1986. There were 152
      outbreaks (defined as five or more cases related epidemiologically), which
      accounted for 88 percent of the cases reported during those two years. There were
      two major types of outbreaks: those in which most of the cases occurred among
      preschool-age children (those under 5 years of age) (26 percent) and those in
      which most of the cases occurred among school-age persons (those 5 to 19 years of
      age) (67 percent). The outbreaks among preschool-age children ranged in size from
      5 to 945 cases (median, 13); a median of only 14 percent of the cases occurred in
      vaccinated persons, and a median of 45 percent of the cases were classified as
      preventable according to the current strategy. Outbreaks among school-age persons
      ranged in size from 5 to 363 cases (median, 25); a median of 60 percent of the
      cases occurred in vaccinated persons, and a median of only 27 percent of the
      cases were preventable. The outbreaks among preschool-age children indicate
      deficiencies in the implementation of the national measles-elimination strategy.
      However, the extent of measles transmission among highly vaccinated school-age
      populations suggests that additional strategies, such as selective or mass
      revaccination, may be necessary to prevent such outbreaks.

PMID- 2911294
TI  - Rapid emergence of a focal epidemic of Lyme disease in coastal Massachusetts.
AB  - We describe a focal epidemic of Lyme disease, which spread from a nature preserve
      and affected an adjacent community of permanent residents in coastal
      Massachusetts. The attack rate from 1980 through 1987 was 35 percent among 190
      residents living within 5 km of the nature preserve and was greatest (66 percent)
      among those living closest to the preserve. The risk of infection bore little
      relation to sex or age. Late Lyme disease, which clustered near the preserve,
      occurred mainly in residents infected early in the epidemic who did not have a
      history of erythema migrans and did not receive antibiotic therapy. All the
      residents with serologic evidence of infection had early or late clinical
      manifestations of Lyme disease, or both, during the period of study. The seasonal
      risk of infection was bimodal--greatest in June, with a secondary peak in October
      -and corresponded to periods of increased transmission. In the nature preserve,
      the density of the vector tick, Ixodes dammini, exceeded that in other New
      England sites. The zoonosis rapidly became endemic, and the severity of its
      impact correlated with the abundance of deer. This epidemic of Lyme disease
      demonstrated that outbreaks can be focal and can spread rapidly within a
      community of permanent residents.

PMID- 2911295
TI  - Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological
      exercises. Case 3-1989. A 23-year-old man with recurrent bouts of abdominal pain
      and vomiting.

PMID- 2911296
TI  - A closer look at radiocontrast-induced nephropathy.

PMID- 2911297
TI  - The maturing of geriatrics.

PMID- 2911298
TI  - HIV infection in sexual partners of HIV-seropositive patients with hemophilia.

PMID- 2911299
TI  - Increased risk of Lyme disease for cat owners.

PMID- 2911300
TI  - The pressure to keep prices high at a walk-in clinic.

PMID- 2911301
TI  - Hired help: a physician's experiences in a for-profit staff-model HMO.

PMID- 2911302
TI  - Salaried physicians and economic incentives.

PMID- 2911303
TI  - For-profit medicine: a reassessment.

PMID- 2911304
TI  - How accurate are hospital scales?

PMID- 2911305
TI  - Oncologist-induced vomiting: the Igvid syndrome?

PMID- 2911306
TI  - Nosocomial acquisition of Clostridium difficile infection.
AB  - We studied the acquisition and transmission of Clostridium difficile infection
      prospectively on a general medical ward by serially culturing rectal-swab
      specimens from 428 patients admitted over an 11-month period. Immunoblot typing
      was used to differentiate individual strains of C. difficile. Seven percent of
      the patients (29) had positive cultures at admission. Eighty-three (21 percent)
      of the 399 patients with negative cultures acquired C. difficile during their
      hospitalizations. Of these patients, 52 (63 percent) remained asymptomatic and 31
      (37 percent) had diarrhea; none had colitis. Patient-to-patient transmission of
      C. difficile was evidenced by time-space clustering of incident cases with
      identical immunoblot types and by significantly more frequent and earlier
      acquisition of C. difficile among patients exposed to roommates with positive
      cultures. Of the hospital personnel caring for patients with positive cultures,
      59 percent (20) had positive cultures for C. difficile from their hands. The
      hospital rooms occupied by symptomatic patients (49 percent) as well as those
      occupied by asymptomatic patients (29 percent) were frequently contaminated.
      Eighty-two percent of the infected cohort still had positive cultures at hospital
      discharge, and such patients were significantly more likely to be discharged to a
      long-term care facility. We conclude that nosocomial C. difficile infection,
      which was associated with diarrhea in about one third of cases, is frequently
      transmitted among hospitalized patients and that the organism is often present on
      the hands of hospital personnel caring for such patients. Effective preventive
      measures are needed to reduce nosocomial acquisition of C. difficile.

PMID- 2911308
TI  - Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly Clinicopathological
      exercises. Case 4-1989. Sudden onset of abdominal pain and hematemesis in a 56
      year-old woman.

PMID- 2911307
TI  - Use of psychoactive medication and the quality of care in rest homes. Findings
      and policy implications of a statewide study.
AB  - Rest homes have become a major component of the health care system for frail
      elderly persons and deinstitutionalized psychiatric patients. Although
      psychoactive medications are frequently used in rest homes, there is little
      detailed information about the extent of such use, its supervision, or its
      effects. In a survey of a random sample of 55 rest homes in Massachusetts, we
      found that 55 percent of the residents were taking at least one psychoactive
      medication. Antipsychotic medications were being administered to 39 percent; of
      these, 18 percent were receiving two or more such drugs. In a follow-up
      investigation, we studied 837 residents in 44 rest homes with particularly high
      levels of antipsychotic-drug use. About half the residents had no evidence of
      participation by a physician in decisions about their mental health during the
      year of the study. A third of the residents had performance deficits on mental
      status testing that indicated serious cognitive impairment, although the causal
      relation of such impairment to medication use could not be determined. Six
      percent had evidence of moderate or severe tardive dyskinesia, probably as a side
      effect of medication. An assessment of staff competence revealed a low level of
      comprehension of the purpose and side effects of commonly used psychoactive
      drugs. We conclude that psychoactive drugs are widely used in rest homes, with
      little medical supervision or understanding by staff members of their possible
      side effects.

PMID- 2911309
TI  - Do bacteria cause chronic polyarthritis?

PMID- 2911310
TI  - Performing arts medicine.

PMID- 2911311
TI  - What have we learned about the treatment of idiopathic membranous nephropathy
      with steroids?

PMID- 2911312
TI  - Acute HIV infection after acupuncture treatments.

PMID- 2911313
TI  - Transmission of HIV infection from a woman to a man by oral sex.

PMID- 2911314
TI  - Antibodies to Strongyloides stercoralis in healthy Jamaican carriers of HTLV-1.

PMID- 2911315
TI  - Lack of antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi in patients with amyotrophic lateral
      sclerosis.

PMID- 2911316
TI  - Retinopathy of prematurity and bilirubin.

PMID- 2911317
TI  - Immunoreactivity of ceroid lipofuscin storage pigment in Batten disease with
      monoclonal antibodies to the amyloid beta-protein.

PMID- 2911318
TI  - Topical administration of 5-aminosalicylic acid: a therapeutic proposal for the
      treatment of pouchitis.

PMID- 2911319
TI  - Ciprofloxacin-induced vasculitis.

PMID- 2911320
TI  - Informed consent in interhospital patient transfer.

PMID- 2911321
TI  - Association of asthma with serum IgE levels and skin-test reactivity to
      allergens.
AB  - We investigated the association of self-reported asthma or allergic rhinitis with
      serum IgE levels and skin-test reactivity to allergens in 2657 subjects in a
      general-population study. Regardless of the subjects' status with respect to
      atopy or their age group, the prevalence of asthma was closely related to the
      serum IgE level standardized for age and sex (P less than 0.0001), and no asthma
      was present in the 177 subjects with the lowest IgE levels for their age and sex
      (greater than 1.46 SD below the mean). The log odds ratio increased linearly with
      the serum IgE level after we controlled for possible confounders and the degree
      of reactivity to skin tests. In contrast, allergic rhinitis appeared to be
      associated primarily with skin-test reactions to common aeroallergens,
      independently of the serum IgE level. We conclude that asthma is almost always
      associated with some type of IgE-related reaction and therefore has an allergic
      basis, although not all the allergic stimuli that cause asthma appear to have
      been included in the battery of common aeroallergens we used to assess atopic
      status. These findings challenge the concept that there are basic differences
      between so-called allergic ("extrinsic") and nonallergic ("intrinsic") forms of
      asthma.

PMID- 2911323
TI  - Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological
      exercises. Case 5-1989. A 27-year-old Greek woman with portal-vein thrombosis and
      an epigastric mass.

PMID- 2911322
TI  - Abnormalities in parathyroid hormone secretion and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3
      formation in women with osteoporosis.
AB  - We investigated the parathyroid hormone-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D)
      axis in osteoporosis by administering phosphate to 8 postmenopausal women with
      osteoporosis (49 to 78 years old) and to 10 normal women matched for age (50 to
      74 years). All subjects responded with a similar increase in the serum phosphorus
      concentration (women with osteoporosis, 1.15 +/- 0.06 to 1.79 +/- 0.09 mmol per
      liter; controls, 1.14 +/- 0.05 to 1.73 +/- 0.08 mmol per liter) and a fall in the
      ionized calcium concentration (women with osteoporosis, 1.12 +/- 0.03 to 1.06 +/-
      0.03 mmol per liter; controls, 1.17 +/- 0.01 to 1.11 +/- 0.02 mmol per liter).
      Parathyroid hormone levels rose 2.5-fold in the control group (15.4 +/- 2.2 to
      37.9 +/- 6.1 pg per milliliter) but increased by only 43 percent in the group
      with osteoporosis (14.8 +/- 2.8 to 21.2 +/- 4.1 pg per milliliter), an increase
      similar to that previously reported in young normal subjects (53 percent). In
      healthy older and younger subjects, the levels of 1,25(OH)2D did not change; in
      the subjects with osteoporosis, however, they decreased significantly (50
      percent). We conclude that older women require a greater parathyroid hormone
      stimulus than younger women to maintain vitamin D homeostasis, because of an age
      related decline in the formation of 1,25(OH)2D in response to parathyroid
      hormone, and that in osteoporosis the age-appropriate parathyroid hormone
      response to the same hypocalcemic signal is diminished. Our results are
      consistent with the presence of an abnormality in parathyroid hormone secretory
      function in osteoporosis in addition to the universal decline in 1,25(OH)2D
      responsiveness associated with aging.

PMID- 2911324
TI  - The regulation of discovery and drug development.

PMID- 2911325
TI  - The National Leadership Commission's health care plan.

PMID- 2911326
TI  - Mandatory testing for HIV in federal prisons.

PMID- 2911327
TI  - Needle-stick injury.

PMID- 2911328
TI  - Common inheritance of susceptibility to colonic adenomatous polyps and associated
      colorectal cancers.

PMID- 2911329
TI  - Microscopic nephrocalcinosis in cystic fibrosis.

PMID- 2911330
TI  - Diethylcarbamazine and human loiasis.

PMID- 2911331
TI  - Reliability of home pregnancy-test kits in the hands of laypersons.

PMID- 2911332
TI  - Making laboratory reports easier to read.

PMID- 2911333
TI  - Malpractice insurance: caught by the tail.

PMID- 2911334
TI  - Animal care at Stanford.

PMID- 2911335
TI  - Paying back student loans.

PMID- 2911336
TI  - Removing cockroaches from the auditory canal: a direct method.

PMID- 2911337
TI  - Lamarck, Dr. Steele and plagiarism.

PMID- 2911338
TI  - UNESCO chemical arms conference opens in Paris.

PMID- 2911339
TI  - President-elect Bush gets some free advice on science policy.

PMID- 2911340
TI  - FDA sceptical about link between breast cancer and the pill.

PMID- 2911341
TI  - More money needed for human genome mapping project.

PMID- 2911342
TI  - Complacent reviewing.

PMID- 2911343
TI  - HIV and Kaposi's sarcoma in mice.

PMID- 2911344
TI  - Parasitology. Seventy-five years of solicitude.

PMID- 2911345
TI  - Sexual selection. Is bigger always better?

PMID- 2911346
TI  - Immunology. MHC meets mother's milk.

PMID- 2911347
TI  - The recent excitement about neural networks.
AB  - The remarkable properties of some recent computer algorithms for neural networks
      seemed to promise a fresh approach to understanding the computational properties
      of the brain. Unfortunately most of these neural nets are unrealistic in
      important respects.

PMID- 2911348
TI  - The bicoid protein is a positive regulator of hunchback transcription in the
      early Drosophila embryo.
AB  - A gradient in concentration of the protein product of the bicoid gene is a
      determinant of the anterior-posterior axis of Drosophila embryos. By binding
      upstream of the segmentation gene hunchback the bicoid protein controls its
      transcription, thereby translating maternal pattern-generating information into
      differential activation of zygotic gene expression.

PMID- 2911349
TI  - Urea excretion as a strategy for survival in a fish living in a very alkaline
      environment.
AB  - Ammonia is toxic to all vertebrates. It can be converted to the less toxic urea,
      but this is a metabolically expensive process found only in terrestrial
      vertebrates that cannot readily excrete ammonia and marine fish that use urea as
      an osmotic filler. Freshwater fish mostly excrete ammonia with only a small
      quantity of urea. It seems the ornithine cycle for urea production has been
      suppressed in all freshwater teleosts except for some airbreathers which, when
      exposed to air, increase urea synthesis via the cycle. Here we show that the
      tilapia fish Oreochromis alcalicus grahami, the only fish living in Lake Magadi,
      an alkaline soda lake (pH = 9.6-10) in the Kenyan Rift Valley, excretes
      exclusively urea and has ornithine-urea cycle enzymes in its liver. A closely
      related species that lives in water at pH 7.1 lacks these enzymes and excretes
      mainly ammonia with small amounts of urea produced via uricolysis. It dies within
      60 min when placed in water from Lake Magadi. We suggest that urea production via
      the ornithine-urea cycle permits O. a. grahami to survive the very alkaline
      conditions in Lake Magadi.

PMID- 2911350
TI  - Female choice selects for a viability-based male trait in pheasants.
AB  - Recent theory on sexual selection suggests that females in species without
      paternal care choose mates by their secondary sexual characters because these
      indicate genotypic quality which will be transmitted to the offspring. These
      ideas are not yet empirically supported as data quantifying the relationship
      between female mate choice and female reproductive success are lacking. Only in
      one case, in Colias butterflies, has it been demonstrated unequivocally that
      females choose 'good genotypes' as mates and there is only one study, on
      Drosophila, demonstrating that mate choice increases one component of offspring
      fitness. Spur length of male pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) correlates with
      various fitness-related properties. We here present the first experimental field
      data showing that female pheasants select mates on the basis of male spur length
      and that female mate choice correlates with female reproductive success.

PMID- 2911351
TI  - Differential activation of myotube nuclei following exposure to an acetylcholine
      receptor-inducing factor.
AB  - A glycoprotein purified from chick brain, of relative molecular mass 42,000,
      increases the rate of appearance of acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) on the
      surface of chick myotubes. RNase protection assays have shown that this AChR
      inducing activity (ARIA) increases the amount of mRNA encoding the alpha-subunit
      of the AChR, with little or no effect on the amounts of gamma- and delta-mRNAs2.
      Here, we report that the mRNAs encoding the alpha- and gamma-subunits of the
      receptor detected by in situ hybridization are concentrated around nuclei in
      cultured myotubes. Consistent with previous results, ARIA selectively increased
      the amount of alpha-subunit mRNA, but we now find that all nuclei were not
      activated to the same extent, with a substantial number not responding at all.
      Assuming that ARIA is released by motor nerve terminals, our results indicate
      that only a subset of muscle nuclei are capable of contributing to the
      accumulation of AChRs at developing neuromuscular junctions.

PMID- 2911352
TI  - The mucosal vascular addressin is a tissue-specific endothelial cell adhesion
      molecule for circulating lymphocytes.
AB  - Tissue position-dependent or address-dependent expression of cell adhesion
      molecules has been proposed to play a part in cellular positioning in a variety
      of systems, for example during neural development, the metastasis of neoplasms,
      and the tissue-specific homing of lymphocytes. The extravasation of blood-borne
      lymphocytes is regulated by interactions with the endothelium of specialised
      venules, such as the high endothelial venules (HEV) in organized lymph nodes and
      mucosal lymphoid tissues. At least three separate lymphocyte-HEV recognition
      systems have been described, one mediating tissue-selective lymphocyte
      interactions with HEV in peripheral lymph nodes, another in mucosal lymphoid
      organs, and a third in inflamed synovium. We have previously identified a tissue
      specific 'vascular addressin' in the mouse which is selectively expressed by
      venules mediating lymphocyte-homing into mucosal tissues. To determine whether
      this addressin is a specific adhesion molecule for lymphocytes, we have isolated
      it by monoclonal antibody-affinity chromatography and inserted it into supported
      phospholipid planar membranes. Lymphocytes bind to membranes containing the
      addressin, but not to phospholipid bilayers or to control glycophorin
      reconstituted membranes. Only those lymphocytes and lymphoma cell lines capable
      of binding to mucosal HEV adhere well to the isolated addressin; peripheral lymph
      node HEV-specific or HEV-non-binding cell lines do not bind. Binding is blocked
      by anti-addressin antibody MECA-367. We conclude that the mucosal vascular
      addressin is a tissue-specific endothelial cell-adhesion molecule for
      lymphocytes, and suggest that it could regulate lymphocyte traffic into mucosal
      tissues by mediating attachment of blood-borne cells to endothelium.

PMID- 2911353
TI  - An Fc receptor structurally related to MHC class I antigens.
AB  - Maternal immunoglobulin G transmitted to the fetus or newborn provides humoral
      immunity for the first weeks of mammalian life. Fc receptors on intestinal
      epithelial cells of the neonatal rat (FcRn) mediate the uptake of IgG from milk.
      Affinity-purified FcRn is resolved by SDS-PAGE into components of relative
      molecular masses 45,000-53,000 (p51) and about 14,000 (p14). We report the
      identification of the smaller component as beta 2-microglobulin. Association of
      beta 2-microglobulin with p51 was confirmed by crosslinking in intestinal
      epithelial cell brush borders. We have cloned a cDNA encoding the presumptive Fc
      binding subunit, p51, and its predicted primary structure has three extracellular
      domains and a transmembrane region which are all homologous to the corresponding
      domains of class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens. This is the
      first time a function has been assigned to an MHC antigen-related molecule.

PMID- 2911355
TI  - AAU issues guidelines on dealing with scientific fraud.

PMID- 2911354
TI  - Coexistence of A- and B-form DNA in a single crystal lattice.
AB  - It is well known that DNA can exist in a variety of conformations which can be
      interconverted by relatively mild changes in conditions. The in vivo conformation
      of DNA is usually thought to be the B form, but there is recent evidence that
      other conformations may be important in DNA-protein recognition. Different
      fragments of DNA crystallized under virtually identical conditions can form A, B
      or Z helices. A fragment that adopted an A conformation in a crystal was found in
      the B conformation in solution, whereas NMR spectroscopy of A-DNA films revealed
      the presence of a substantial amount of disordered B-DNA. Until now, however, a
      DNA fragment of a given sequence has not been crystallized in more than one
      global conformation. We report here an X-ray diffraction study of crystals of the
      DNA octamer dGGBrUABrUACC. In addition to a 'framework' of A-DNA, which gives
      discrete X-ray reflections, there are partially disordered B-DNA helices,
      recognized by their diffuse scattering features.

PMID- 2911356
TI  - Indo-French agreement stresses vaccines.

PMID- 2911357
TI  - Anonymous peer refereeing.

PMID- 2911358
TI  - Polyhedra for helical proteins.

PMID- 2911359
TI  - Gene transcription. Waves of DNA supercoiling.

PMID- 2911360
TI  - Vertebrate neurobiology. Sound localization mechanisms.

PMID- 2911361
TI  - History revealed from bones.

PMID- 2911362
TI  - Circadian rhythms: mutant hamster in a hurry.

PMID- 2911363
TI  - Dominance of South American marsupials.

PMID- 2911364
TI  - Selective action of artificial membranes.

PMID- 2911365
TI  - Fitness costs of gestation and lactation in wild mammals.
AB  - Like a number of plants, some mammals commonly produce more progeny than they can
      afford to rear, terminating investment in some or even all of their offspring
      once the resources available for breeding are known. Adaptive interpretations of
      juvenile wastage rely on the argument that the costs of gestation are small
      compared to those of feeding offspring. Though energetic evidence supports this
      conclusion, it is unsafe to assume that the relative costs of gestation and
      lactation to the mother's survival and future reproductive success follow the
      same pattern because lactation commonly coincides with the period of maximum food
      availability. Controlling for individual variation, we show that in wild red deer
      (Cervus elaphus L) any costs of gestation to the mother's subsequent survival and
      reproductive success are slight compared to those of lactation.

PMID- 2911366
TI  - The potential role of pathogens in biological control.
AB  - It is now well established that pathogens such as viruses, fungi bacteria and
      protozoans can have profound effects on the dynamics of their invertebrate host
      populations. Theoretical models of invertebrate host-pathogen interactions which
      assume uniform structure of the pathogen population may reasonably explain the
      oscillatory behaviour observed in some systems, but do not adequately describe
      the existence of more constant populations found in other host-pathogen
      interactions. An examination of the literature relating to these relatively
      stable systems suggests that the common thread is the eventual transmission of
      some of the more protected, longer-lived stages of the pathogen occurring in
      reservoirs, such as the soil, host cadavers on trees, or the live host itself. In
      this letter, I propose a new theoretical model which incorporates this population
      structure and accounts for the range of dynamics observed in natural systems. In
      particular, I show that host populations may be regulated to low and relatively
      constant densities if sufficient numbers of pathogens are trans-located from
      pathogen reservoirs to habitats where transmission can occur. An understanding of
      pathogen reservoirs may be of value in the design of biological control
      programmes and may greatly increase the effectiveness of pathogens as biological
      control agents.

PMID- 2911367
TI  - Induction of endogenous IFN-alpha and IFN-beta genes by a regulatory
      transcription factor, IRF-1.
AB  - Interferons (IFNs) have an important role in cell growth and differentiation. The
      most well-known function of IFNs is their antiviral activity; viral infections
      result in induction of the transcription of the IFN-alpha and IFN-beta genes.
      Recently we isolated the gene encoding a transcription factor, IRF-1, that may
      play a part in the induction of IFN genes. Interestingly, the IRF-1 gene itself
      is virus-inducible, suggesting the importance of de novo production of IRF-1 in
      IFN gene induction. Here we show that high-level expression of the cloned mouse
      IRF-1 gene in monkey COS cells results in the induction of endogenous IFN-alpha
      and IFN-beta genes without viral stimulation. Furthermore, we demonstrate the
      induction of these genes by an IRF-1/yeast GAL4 chimaeric transcription factor.
      This may be the first demonstration of the specific induction of silent
      chromosomal genes by transfection of a single transcription factor gene in
      mammalian cells.

PMID- 2911368
TI  - Identification of specific binding proteins for a nuclear location sequence.
AB  - The nuclear envelope is a selective barrier against the movement of
      macromolecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm. Nuclear proteins larger than
      relative molecular mass 20,000-40,000 are probably actively transported across
      the envelope through the nuclear pore complex and are directed by specific
      nuclear location sequences (NLS) in the proteins. NLS mediate the nuclear import
      of isolated nuclear proteins after microinjection into whole cells and the
      nuclear accumulation of chimaeric proteins or of non-nuclear proteins conjugated
      to synthetic peptides. The best-characterized NLS is the simian virus 40 large T
      antigen sequence. We have identified two proteins of rat liver by chemical cross
      linking that interact with a synthetic peptide containing this sequence: this
      interaction is specific for a functional NLS, is saturable, and high affinity.
      The binding proteins are present in a post-mitochondrial supernatant, in nuclei
      and in a nuclear envelope fraction, which is consistent with a role in the
      transport of nuclear proteins from the cytoplasm to the nucleus.

PMID- 2911369
TI  - Mutation rates differ among regions of the mammalian genome.
AB  - In the traditional view of molecular evolution, the rate of point mutation is
      uniform over the genome of an organism and variation in the rate of nucleotide
      substitution among DNA regions reflects differential selective constraints. Here
      we provide evidence for significant variation in mutation rate among regions in
      the mammalian genome. We show first that substitutions at silent (degenerate)
      sites in protein-coding genes in mammals seem to be effectively neutral (or
      nearly so) as they do not occur significantly less frequently than substitutions
      in pseudogenes. We then show that the rate of silent substitution varies among
      genes and is correlated with the base composition of genes and their flanking
      DNA. This implies that the variation in both silent substitution rate and base
      composition can be attributed to systematic differences in the rate and pattern
      of mutation over regions of the genome. We propose that the differences arise
      because mutation patterns vary with the timing of replication of different
      chromosomal regions in the germline. This hypothesis can account for both the
      origin of isochores in mammalian genomes and the observation that silent
      nucleotide substitutions in different mammalian genes do not have the same
      molecular clock.

PMID- 2911370
TI  - Soviet nuclear dissent.

PMID- 2911371
TI  - More criticism for NIH over 'summary' cut of grants.

PMID- 2911372
TI  - NIH gives the go-ahead on genetic experiment.

PMID- 2911373
TI  - Vet schools to close.

PMID- 2911374
TI  - Guidelines produced for the use of transgenic animals in research.

PMID- 2911375
TI  - HIV a problem for Indian blood banks.

PMID- 2911376
TI  - Testing of in vitro embryos approved.

PMID- 2911377
TI  - Another blow for creationism in California.

PMID- 2911378
TI  - AIDS test law.

PMID- 2911379
TI  - Lessons from eugenic history.

PMID- 2911380
TI  - Suffer the animals.

PMID- 2911381
TI  - What, if anything, is Prochloron?

PMID- 2911382
TI  - Moving in on plant genes.

PMID- 2911383
TI  - Setting radiation standards.

PMID- 2911384
TI  - X-chromosome reactivation and ageing.

PMID- 2911385
TI  - Misidentified cell.

PMID- 2911386
TI  - A mutation that changes cell movement and cell fate in the zebrafish embryo.
AB  - The study of developmental patterning has been facilitated by the availability of
      mutations that produce changes in cell fate, in animals such as Caenorhabditis
      elegans and Drosophila melanogaster. We now describe a zygotic lethal mutation in
      the zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio, that also changes how particular embryonic
      cells develop. Severe pattern deficiencies are observed that are restricted to a
      single body region, the trunk. The mutation may directly affect mesoderm, as
      somites do not form in the trunk. Head and tail structures, including tail
      somites, are relatively undisturbed. The earliest detected expression of the
      mutation is during gastrulation, when movements of mesodermal cells occur
      incorrectly. We injected prospective trunk mesodermal cells with lineage tracer
      dye and observed that in mutants these cells may enter a new body region, the
      tail, and there may express a new fate appropriate for the changed position.

PMID- 2911387
TI  - Nerve growth factor regulates expression of neuropeptide genes in adult sensory
      neurons.
AB  - Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a trophic molecule essential for the survival of
      sympathetic and sensory neurons during ontogeny. The extent to which NGF is
      involved in the maintenance or regulation of the differentiated phenotypes of
      mature peripheral neurons is much less clear, however. Biochemical analysis of
      the actions of NGF upon peripheral neurons has been hampered by the lack of a
      preparation of neuronal cells that are responsive to NGF but do not require it
      for survival. We report here that in adult dorsal root ganglion neurons, which
      can be isolated, enriched and maintained in culture in the absence of neuronal
      growth factors, the expression of mRNAs encoding the precursors of two
      neuropeptides, substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide is regulated by
      NGF. Our results provide the first direct evidence of a continuous dynamic role
      for NGF in regulation of peptide neurotransmitter/neuromodulator levels in mature
      sensory neurons.

PMID- 2911388
TI  - Genetically haploid spermatids are phenotypically diploid.
AB  - Because chromosomal homologues segregate from one another during meiosis,
      spermatids are genetically different. Post-meiotic gene expression could lead to
      gametic differences, some of which might lead to preferential transmission of
      certain alleles over others. In both insects and mammals, however, all the cells
      derived from a single spermatogonial cell develop within a common syncytium
      formed as a result of incomplete cytokinesis at each of the mitotic and meiotic
      cell divisions. It has been proposed that the intercellular bridges connecting
      the cells, which are about 1 micron in diameter, permit the sharing of
      cytoplasmic constituents, thus ensuring the synchronous development of a clone of
      cells and gametic equivalence between haploid spermatids. By analysing the
      product of a transgene which is expressed exclusively in post-meiotic germ cells
      in hemizygous transgenic mice, we have shown that genetically distinct spermatids
      share the product of the transgene and hence can be phenotypically equivalent.

PMID- 2911389
TI  - The relationship of a prochlorophyte Prochlorothrix hollandica to green
      chloroplasts.
AB  - It is generally accepted that chloroplasts arose from one or more endosymbiotic
      events between an ancestral cyanobacterium and a eukaryote. Such an origin fits
      well in the case of the chloroplasts of rhodophytes that, like cyanobacteria,
      contain chlorophyll a and phycobilin pigments. The green chloroplasts from higher
      plants, green algae, and euglenoids however, contain chlorophyll b as well as
      chlorophyll a, and lack phycobilins. Consequently, it has been suggested that
      they arose independently of the rhodophyte chloroplasts, from an ancestral
      prokaryote containing that complement of pigments. The 'prochlorophytes'
      Prochloron didemni (an exosymbiont on didemnid ascidians) and Prochlorothrix
      hollandica (a recently discovered, free-living, filamentous form) have been
      suggested to be modern counterparts of the ancestor of the green chloroplasts
      because they are prokaryotes that also contain both chlorophylls a and b, and
      lack phycobilins. We report here a 16S rRNA-based phylogenetic analysis of P.
      hollandica. The organism is found to fall within the cyanobacterial line of
      descent, as do the green chloroplasts, but it is not a specific relative of green
      chloroplasts. Thus, similar pigment compositions do not necessarily reflect close
      evolutionary relationships.

PMID- 2911390
TI  - Declining trends in mortality from cerebrovascular disease at ages 10-65 years: a
      test of validity.
AB  - Recent reports of declining trends in mortality rates from cerebrovascular
      disease are based on underlying cause of death as stated on the death
      certificate, and may contain inaccuracies because death certificates are often
      completed without reference to all information in medical records, and because of
      changes in coding conventions and diagnostic fashion. This is a report of trends
      in mortality rates from cerebrovascular disease in Baltimore, Md., during 1950
      1970 using data validated by reference to individual medical records from 19
      hospitals. Overall accuracy of death certificate diagnoses did not change
      markedly during the study period. Death rates from subarachnoid hemorrhage
      increased in white women, but decreased in white men and in nonwhites of both
      sexes. Death rates from other cerebrovascular diseases declined in most sex and
      color groups, a result which cannot be attributed to errors in death certificate
      diagnoses. The increasing rates of subarachnoid hemorrhage observed in white
      women deserve further attention.

PMID- 2911391
TI  - Conditions associated at death with specific types of completed stroke in
      patients with and without hypertension: a case-control study.
AB  - Potential risk factors for various types of stroke were studied using a case
      control study design. All 1978 US death certificates for which the registered
      underlying cause of death was subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), cerebral hemorrhage
      (CH), or cerebral infarction (CI) were identified. The frequency with which other
      conditions appeared on the death certificates of cases with and without
      hypertension was compared with controls. These data provide new information, such
      as the occurrence of peripheral vascular disease in association with SAH, the
      risk of CH in epileptic and cirrhotic patients, and the association of benign
      neoplasms of the nervous system, motor neuron disease, and 'paralysis agitans'
      with CI.

PMID- 2911392
TI  - Risk of multiple sclerosis in relation to industrial activities: an ecological
      study in four European countries.
AB  - The pattern of industries, in terms of workers in any individual industry in
      relation to total population, was compared with multiple sclerosis (MS) risk, as
      reported in previous communications in Norway, Denmark, Sweden and Switzerland. A
      great number of correlations with MS was found but, when intercorrelations were
      considered, paper manufacturing appeared to be the most closely associated with
      MS. The possible relevance of these findings in view of the methodological
      limitations is discussed.

PMID- 2911393
TI  - Descriptive epidemiologic survey of head injury in the Army: 1983 hospitalized
      cases.
AB  - A descriptive epidemiologic study of head injury cases that were discharged from
      army medical facilities during fiscal year 1983 was performed. For the diagnosis
      of concussion, the male and female rates were approximately equal between the
      ages 18-24 and 25-34 and for the total, ages 18-34. For the diagnosis of other
      intracranial injury and the total of all head injuries, males between ages 18-24
      and 18-34 had statistically significantly higher rates than females. Cases were
      reviewed from Walter Reed Army Medical Center to test the hypothesis that alcohol
      and drug abuse were underreported risk factors for military personnel sustaining
      head injuries.

PMID- 2911394
TI  - Jugular vein distension: trouble in the heart's right side.

PMID- 2911395
TI  - Emergency interventions.

PMID- 2911397
TI  - A faith that moved hands.

PMID- 2911398
TI  - Maintaining a nasogastric tube.

PMID- 2911399
TI  - Of lullabies--and lifelines.

PMID- 2911400
TI  - Ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin--potent oral antiinfectives.

PMID- 2911401
TI  - Where you stand in the eyes of the law (continuing education credit).

PMID- 2911402
TI  - Remembering Danny.

PMID- 2911403
TI  - Dealing with serious depression in cancer patients.

PMID- 2911404
TI  - Performing CPR on children.

PMID- 2911405
TI  - Cocaine--the deadliest addiction.

PMID- 2911406
TI  - Discharge planning: the sooner, the better.

PMID- 2911408
TI  - Out of uniform.

PMID- 2911407
TI  - Insights on death & dying.

PMID- 2911409
TI  - Rush to judgment.

PMID- 2911410
TI  - Myths & facts about i.v. therapy.

PMID- 2911411
TI  - Think twice about sensory loss.

PMID- 2911412
TI  - Power in nursing: images and reality. Interview by Lyndon Keene.

PMID- 2911413
TI  - Single registration: NZNA's view.

PMID- 2911415
TI  - Financial planning for women.

PMID- 2911414
TI  - Individual employment contracts: beware.

PMID- 2911416
TI  - Killing the habit.

PMID- 2911417
TI  - Dying with dignity.

PMID- 2911418
TI  - Working for workers' health.

PMID- 2911419
TI  - Cocaine abuse during pregnancy: maternal and fetal implications.
AB  - Cocaine abuse during pregnancy has been reported to be associated with a variety
      of fetal complications and with preterm labor. In this cohort study, pregnancy
      outcome and health status of infants born to 53 cocaine abusers were compared
      with those of another group of 100 unexposed women and their infants.
      Significantly more (P less than .05) pregnancies of abusers were associated with
      preterm labor. In addition, significantly more (P less than .05) infants had
      complications at birth (ie, meconium, tachycardia). Infants born to cocaine
      abusers also had significantly lower (P less than .05) birth weight than infants
      of controls, and an excess of congenital cardiac anomalies (P less than .01).

PMID- 2911420
TI  - Twice a cesarean, always a cesarean?
AB  - The cesarean delivery rate has quadrupled during the past two decades, resulting
      in considerable attention focused on alternatives to cesarean birth. One option,
      vaginal birth after one previous cesarean, has come to be recognized as an
      acceptable alternative to routine elective repeat cesarean delivery. The purpose
      of this report was to evaluate whether women with two previous cesareans can
      safely undergo a trial of labor. Between July 1, 1982 and June 30, 1986, data
      were collected prospectively on all women with previous cesareans. Those with a
      known classical incision or a medical or obstetric contraindication to a trial of
      labor were excluded from an attempted vaginal delivery. During this period,
      67,784 patients were delivered, of whom 6250 (9.2%) had had a previous cesarean.
      Of the 6250 previous-cesarean patients, 1088 (17.4%) had had two previous
      cesareans; of these, 501 (46%) underwent a trial of labor and 346 (69%) delivered
      vaginally. Whereas the overall rate of uterine dehiscence was 3%, the rate in
      those women who attempted a vaginal delivery was 1.8%, versus 4.6% in those who
      did not. Overall, oxytocin was used in 284 (57%) and was associated with a
      dehiscence rate of 2.1%, versus 1.4% in the no-oxytocin group. Successful vaginal
      delivery was related significantly to the use of oxytocin and to a previous
      vaginal delivery. Trial of labor in patients with two previous cesareans appears
      to be a reasonable consideration.

PMID- 2911421
TI  - Changes in the pattern of uterine contractility in relationship to coitus during
      pregnancies at low and high risk for preterm labor.
AB  - This is a preliminary, prospective study of uterine contractility in response to
      sexual intercourse. The study population consisted of 30 pregnant subjects. Group
      I included 15 women treated for an episode of preterm labor with intravenous and
      oral tocolysis in this pregnancy, and group II was a matched control group of low
      risk volunteers. The availability of home uterine tocodynamometric systems
      permitted monitoring of uterine contractility for three 60-minute time periods
      related to coitus. A significant increase in uterine contractility in the
      immediate postcoital period was observed for the high-risk women, but not for the
      controls. This increased uterine activity subsided spontaneously within 2-3
      hours, returning to baseline. These initial preliminary observations of uterine
      response to coitus in a home environment are interesting; however, further
      research is suggested to establish their clinical implications.

PMID- 2911422
TI  - Erythrocyte and plasma magnesium during teenage pregnancy: relationship with
      blood pressure and pregnancy-induced hypertension.
AB  - A prospective study of 53 nulliparous teenagers was conducted to determine
      differences in erythrocyte and plasma magnesium concentrations between subjects
      who had normal full-term deliveries (normal pregnant group) and those who
      developed pregnancy-induced hypertension. Magnesium content of monthly blood
      samples was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Socioeconomic data
      and information on use of supplements, medicines, tobacco, and alcohol were
      obtained by interview and medical chart review. Erythrocyte magnesium levels in
      both groups remained stable during pregnancy, whereas plasma magnesium showed a
      slight decline (P less than .08). Plasma and erythrocyte magnesium did not differ
      significantly between the normal pregnant (N = 30) and pregnancy-induced
      hypertension (N = 12) groups. Overall, mean arterial pressure was not
      significantly related to plasma or erythrocyte magnesium values. Within the
      pregnancy-induced hypertension group, there was a slight (P less than .05)
      inverse relationship between mean arterial pressure and plasma magnesium. The two
      groups were similar for socioeconomic characteristics, gynecologic age, previous
      use of oral contraceptives, and use of tobacco and magnesium-containing
      supplements. Pregnancy-induced hypertension subjects reported more alcohol use
      than did normal pregnant subjects (P less than .02). In conclusion, there was no
      evidence of magnesium depletion among teens who developed pregnancy-induced
      hypertension, by measurement of erythrocyte or plasma magnesium.

PMID- 2911423
TI  - Meconium in the amniotic fluid and fetal acid-base status.
AB  - Of 323 pregnancies with meconium-stained amniotic fluid at 36-42 weeks'
      gestation, 68 (21%) had a pH less than 7.20 in umbilical arterial blood, 21 (7%)
      had a pH less than 7.15, and only three newborns (0.9%) had true metabolic
      acidemia. At birth, of the 74 newborns with normal electronic fetal heart rate
      (FHR) tracings, eight (11%) had an umbilical arterial pH less than 7.20. There
      was a significantly higher frequency of acidemia (defined as pH less than 7.20)
      in newborns with both baseline and periodic FHR abnormalities. Although there was
      a significant difference (P less than .05) in the frequency of meconium found
      below the cords in these neonates with an umbilical artery pH less than 7.20
      compared with those with values exceeding 7.20, there was no significant
      difference in the frequency of clinical meconium aspiration syndrome. We conclude
      that meconium-stained amniotic fluid correlates poorly with infant condition at
      birth as reflected by umbilical cord acid-base measurements.

PMID- 2911424
TI  - Umbilical cord blood serosurvey for human immunodeficiency virus in parturient
      women in a voluntary hospital in New York City.
AB  - The potential spread of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) to childbearing
      women in areas of high acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) endemicity is a
      major public health concern. As a private institution providing obstetric care to
      such a population of women, we undertook an anonymous HIV cord blood serosurvey
      to estimate the number of childbearing women at our institution at risk for
      perinatal transmission of the virus and to assess the success of our voluntary
      screening program to identify seropositive women. Between November 1987 and
      January 1988, cord blood samples from all clinic deliveries were analyzed for the
      presence of HIV antibody. For each sample obtained, the mother's age and site of
      prenatal care were known. Overall, 2.7% (six of 224) of the samples tested were
      seropositive; two of the 34 samples (5.9%) from teenage mothers were
      seropositive. All positive samples were from women who received prenatal care;
      none were identified through a voluntary screening program based on patient self
      acknowledged risk-behavior assessment. This confirms that risk factor history
      elicited by personal interview is not a reliable screening tool for initiating
      HIV antibody counseling and testing. The high seropositive rate in teenagers is
      disturbing and needs further assessment.

PMID- 2911425
TI  - Evaluation of maternal perception of sound-provoked fetal movement as a test of
      antenatal fetal health.
AB  - Maternal perception of sound-provoked fetal movement was correlated with the
      results of nonstress cardiotocography in 1097 women with obstetric or medical
      antenatal risk factors. Ninety-two percent of the mothers felt fetal movements
      with the stimulus; all but three had a reactive non-stress test (NST). These
      three women were taking multiple antihypertensive drugs and were less than 33
      weeks' gestation. Of 88 patients with no maternal perception of sound-provoked
      fetal movement, ten had nonreactive NSTs. Ultrasound confirmed the absence of
      fetal movement to the stimulus. The outcome in nine of these ten cases suggested
      some evidence of fetal compromise. Maternal perception of sound-provoked fetal
      movement correlated well with the results of the NST; the sensitivity (76.9%),
      specificity (92.8%), and negative predictive value (99.7%) were all high,
      although the positive predictive value was only 11.4%. Maternal perception of
      sound-provoked fetal movement may suffice as an inexpensive and simple method of
      evaluating antenatal fetal well-being in risk situations. When the mother is
      doubtful or does not feel the sound-provoked fetal movement, NST is indicated to
      evaluate the fetal health.

PMID- 2911426
TI  - Atypical luteinizing hormone rise and associated fertilization failure in non
      male factor in vitro fertilization patients.
AB  - The purpose of this investigation was to analyze fertilization failure in non
      male factor infertility in vitro fertilization (IVF) patients. Twenty-five
      nonfertilized IVF patients were compared with 57 successfully fertilized IVF
      patients. Patients were matched for age, ovulation-induction protocol, and cycle.
      The two groups were similar with respect to infertility etiology, peak estradiol,
      and total oocytes retrieved at laparoscopy. There was a greater incidence of
      primary infertility (64 versus 49%) and mean years of infertility (5.4 +/- 0.4
      versus 4.6 +/- 0.3) in the nonfertilization group, although these differences
      were not statistically significant. Most important, the nonfertilization patients
      had a greater incidence of an atypical LH rise prior to hCG administration (60
      versus 18%; P less than .001) and fewer mature oocytes (2.0 +/- 0.3 verus 3.4 +/-
      0.3; P less than .01). Stepwise linear regression analysis yielded four primary
      factors for predicting fertilization failure: infertility duration, primary
      infertility, number of mature oocytes, and presence of LH rise. These findings
      help characterize several potential factors other than oligozoospermia that are
      associated with nonfertilization, and support LH monitoring in IVF and gamete
      intrafallopian tube transport patients.

PMID- 2911427
TI  - Hysteroscopic metroplasty: six years' experience.
AB  - Seventy patients who underwent hysteroscopic metroplasty for uterine septa during
      a 6-year period were reviewed for subsequent gynecologic problems and obstetric
      outcome. Complete follow-up was obtained for 1 year in 60 patients and through
      the first pregnancy in 64. The 70 patients were divided into three groups based
      on obstetric history prior to surgery: 1) 40 with only first-trimester losses, 2)
      15 whose histories included second-trimester losses or premature delivery, and 3)
      15 with primary infertility. Long-term follow-up indicated no significant
      gynecologic abnormalities. Comparison of preoperative and postoperative obstetric
      outcomes indicated the following: 1) Hysteroscopic metroplasty was very effective
      in treating patients with septa and a history of first-trimester abortion; 2)
      patients with first-trimester loss and either second-trimester abortion or
      preterm birth benefited from metroplasty but were still at risk for preterm
      labor; and 3) hysteroscopic metroplasty does not "cure" unexplained infertility.
      When compared with abdominal metroplasty for efficacy, morbidity, and cost,
      hysteroscopic metroplasty appears to be the treatment of choice in patients with
      uterine septa associated with pregnancy loss. Those patients with a history of
      second-trimester loss and third-trimester preterm delivery continue to require
      close monitoring in subsequent pregnancies.

PMID- 2911428
TI  - Ectopic pregnancy and recurrent spontaneous abortion: two associated reproductive
      failures.
AB  - The association between spontaneous abortion and ectopic pregnancy was evaluated
      in a case-control study conducted on 161 women (cases) with recurrent spontaneous
      abortions (two or more consecutive spontaneous abortions) and 170 control
      subjects who delivered normal infants. The risk of ectopic pregnancy in women
      with a history of recurrent spontaneous abortion was about fourfold that of
      controls (relative risk adjusted for age and number of pregnancies = 4.3; 95%
      confidence interval 1.4-14.7). This association was confirmed by comparing the
      observed number of extrauterine pregnancies in women with recurrent spontaneous
      abortions with the expected number computed from regional data on the frequency
      of ectopic pregnancies; the estimated relative risk was 3.7, with a 95%
      confidence interval of 2.2-7.0. The present report found an association between
      spontaneous abortions and ectopic pregnancies, suggesting some common
      risk/etiologic factors for these two reproductive failures.

PMID- 2911429
TI  - Pathologic aspects of the umbilical cord after percutaneous umbilical blood
      sampling.
AB  - Percutaneous umbilical blood sampling (cordocentesis) appears to be a valuable
      new procedure for prenatal diagnosis. In order to evaluate whether focal injury
      of the umbilical vessels caused by the needle puncture is potentially harmful, we
      completely examined 50 umbilical cords collected between 1 hour and 20 weeks
      after cordocentesis. Macroscopic evidence of the needle entry was found in 37
      cases, including one giant hematoma of the cord. Within 48 hours after the
      procedure, microscopic examination of transverse sections taken at the puncture
      site revealed distinct perforation of the vessel wall, associated in four cases
      with a small hematoma encircling the vessel. One week after cordocentesis, the
      vessel wall was partially reformed. There were no histologic differences between
      needle entry in a vein or in an artery. No thromboses of the umbilical vessels
      were found.

PMID- 2911430
TI  - The acute effect of cordocentesis with or without fetal curarization and of
      intravascular transfusion upon umbilical artery waveform indices.
AB  - The systolic/end-diastolic ratio (S/D) and pulsatility and resistance indices
      were calculated before and after diagnostic cordocentesis in 46 fetuses, after 19
      intravascular transfusions in eight fetuses, and on two occasions 45 minutes
      apart in eight controls. The fetus was paralyzed with pancuronium (0.3 mg/kg
      sonographic estimate of fetal weight) for diagnostic cordocentesis on 19
      occasions (intravascularly in 17 and intramuscularly [IM] in two). Pancuronium
      (intravascularly in 16; IM in three) and furosemide (4 mg/kg intravenously) were
      administered during each transfusion. There were no significant differences
      between the first and second measurements for any of the three indices in the
      control group. Significant reductions were documented in the S/D ratio (P less
      than .0001), the pulsatility index (P = .043), and the resistance index (P less
      than .0001) after diagnostic cordocentesis. Pancuronium administration did not
      alter the magnitude of the decline, nor was there an association between the
      decline and the volume of blood removed. Significant relationships were observed
      between the magnitude of the decline and several respiratory blood gas
      measurements. As in the diagnostic cordocentesis group, there were significant
      reductions in each Doppler index after transfusion (S/D ratio, P = .003;
      pulsatility index, P = .002; resistance index, P = .0001). In addition, there was
      a significant relationship between gestational age and S/D ratio (r = 0.70, P =
      .002) in fetuses undergoing intravascular transfusion. The S/D ratio was most
      sensitive to changes in fetal oxygenation. We conclude that both diagnostic
      cordocentesis and intravascular transfusion as performed at the University of
      Iowa acutely lower the studied Doppler waveform indices.

PMID- 2911431
TI  - "Madame A is a 30-year-old housewife, gravida X, para Y ...".

PMID- 2911432
TI  - Fine-needle aspiration of inguinal lymph nodes in gynecologic practice.
AB  - Palpable inguinal lymph nodes are a common finding in gynecologic patients.
      Assessment of such nodes is especially important in the clinical staging of
      pelvic cancers. To determine the accuracy, safety, and usefulness of fine-needle
      aspiration in this setting, we retrospectively reviewed pathologic and clinical
      data from 62 consecutive aspirates of inguinal lymph nodes in 48 gynecologic
      patients, of whom 42 had cancer. Aspirates from 37 patients yielded diagnostic
      material. Aspirated tumor cells consistently reflected the primary tumor
      histology. Tumors included carcinomas of the vulva, vagina, and cervix, and
      carcinomas and mixed mesodermal cancers of the corpus and ovary. Node excision
      and clinical observations provided adequate follow-up for 19 positive and 15
      negative aspirates, and identified no false positives and two false negatives.
      The role of fine-needle aspiration varied with the tumor type and stage. It
      provided the first microscopic diagnosis of cancer in six patients and the first
      diagnosis of metastasis in six others. Decisions concerning surgery, radiation
      ports, and chemotherapy frequently depended on the results of fine-needle
      aspiration. There were no complications from the procedure. Fine-needle
      aspiration is an accurate, safe, and useful method for assessing clinically
      suspicious inguinal nodes.

PMID- 2911433
TI  - Pleuroamniotic shunting for decompression of fetal pleural effusions.

PMID- 2911435
TI  - The intrauterine device and pelvic inflammatory disease revisited: new results
      from the Women's Health Study.

PMID- 2911434
TI  - Birth asphyxia: does the Apgar score have diagnostic value?

PMID- 2911436
TI  - Fetal choroid plexus cysts.

PMID- 2911437
TI  - Comparison of image layer location among panoramic machines of the same
      manufacturer.
AB  - The central plane of the image layer was located in several panoramic machines of
      the same manufacturer by making radiographs of a spherical test object placed in
      different positions. A round image indicated that the test object was at the
      central plane. The inconsistency of the location of the central plane in machines
      tested indicates the need for establishing a quality assurance test to verify
      image-layer location before patient exposure.

PMID- 2911438
TI  - The effect of patient movement on resolution.
AB  - The effect of long exposure time on patient movement and resulting radiographic
      resolution was simulated and then measured by visual-light photographic
      techniques for four radiographic projections. A mathematic relation was then
      derived to transform these measurements to the maximum resolutions that could
      have been obtained with radiographs under similar conditions. The results
      indicate that radiographs of rigid structures such as bones and teeth can be
      taken with reasonable resolution at exposure times much longer than normally used
      in clinical practice. It was also found that radiographs taken with the film
      rigidly fixed to the object being studied will exhibit remarkably less blurring
      from patient motion than radiographs taken when the patient and the film are not
      coupled. In addition it was found that motion artifacts are reduced to a minimum
      when the plane of the film is perpendicular to the radiation beam.

PMID- 2911439
TI  - A classification of temporomandibular joint disk morphology.
AB  - Disk morphology has been recognized as an important feature of internal
      derangements of the temporomandibular joint and as a suspect in functional
      impediments. A classification of disk shapes was devised by means of corrected
      lateral cephalometric arthrotomograms and histopathologic sagittal sections. Five
      basic shapes were identified: bow tie (normal), straight, funnel, bulge, and Y.
      Statistical analyses were performed. The normal condyle-disk-fossa relationship
      and slight-to-moderate disk displacement occurred with disk shape 1 (bow tie).
      Severe disk displacement without reduction occurred predominantly with disk shape
      4 (bulge). Beaking of dye in the anterior recess of the inferior joint space was
      an indicator of abnormal disk morphology and displacement.

PMID- 2911441
TI  - Treatment of severe microstomia caused by swallowing of caustic soda.
AB  - Treatment of severe microstomia caused by swallowing of caustic soda is
      presented. The oral cavity was severely constricted because of mucosal adhesions.
      We used a free forearm flap for reconstruction of the oral cavity and vermilion
      flaps at the oral commissure, with satisfactory results. A technique is
      presented, and the problems with respect to the reconstruction of the oral cavity
      are discussed.

PMID- 2911442
TI  - Technical improvements in the sagittal split ramus osteotomy.
AB  - This article addresses the potential sources of morbidity associated with the
      sagittal split ramus osteotomy. Refinements in the instrumentation and technique
      are described; these enhance the exactness of the procedure, thereby minimizing
      the complications and improving the stability of the surgical result.

PMID- 2911440
TI  - Long-term follow-up after occlusal treatment to correct abnormal
      temporomandibular joint disk position.
AB  - Fifteen patients with temporomandibular joint disk displacement in whom a normal
      condyle-disk relationship could be established were treated with occlusal changes
      to maintain the disk in a recaptured position. Occlusal changes were achieved by
      prosthodontics in 11 patients and by orthodontics in four patients. Follow-up
      after about 3 years showed that joint function was improved, intensity of pain
      was reduced, and joint and muscle tenderness were less frequent than before
      treatment. Intermittent locking, use of analgesics, sleep disturbances, and
      absence from work because of temporomandibular joint symptoms were also less
      frequent. Radiographic examination performed in 11 patients at follow-up
      demonstrated anteroinferior condylar position in the majority of the patients,
      but only minor hard tissue changes. Arthrography showed the disk to be in a
      correct position relative to the condyle in 82% (9 of 11) of the patients. These
      results suggest that permanent change of the occlusion with the objective of
      eliminating abnormal disk position may be effective treatment for disk
      displacement when conventional methods of treatment have failed to alleviate the
      symptoms. The extent of dental treatment needed to maintain the disk in a correct
      position should, however, be considered relative to the severity of the symptoms.

PMID- 2911443
TI  - An interesting condylar fracture revealed by use of computed tomography. A case
      report.

PMID- 2911444
TI  - Oral erythema multiforme: clinical observations and treatment of 95 patients.
AB  - Erythema multiforme is a chronic, inflammatory mucocutaneous disease that can
      occur in both genders at any age. Although the cause remains obscure, a wide
      range of antigens and factors, including herpesvirus and other infections, has
      been suggested as triggering the disease. In the present study of 95 patients, we
      found that patients with oral involvement alone tend to predominate over those
      who have oral and lip, or oral, lip, and skin disease. There were also more women
      than men. Our study further confirmed that erythema multiforme cannot be
      characterized solely as a disease that is cyclical and self-limiting. The
      dramatic response to corticosteroids and to the immunoregulating agent
      levamisole, as well as the fact that patients with erythema multiforme are
      otherwise essentially healthy, suggests that erythema multiforme may be caused by
      a transient autoimmune defect, possibly triggered by multiple factors. Because 19
      patients with oral candidiasis responded to antifungal therapy, a possible
      antigenic role for these organisms is suggested.

PMID- 2911445
TI  - Cross-infection control: attitudes of patients toward the wearing of gloves and
      masks by dentists in the United Kingdom in 1987.
AB  - Dental patients in the United Kingdom were surveyed in February 1987 with respect
      to their views on whether dentists should wear gloves and/or masks. Most patients
      believed that gloves should be worn and few saw no need for either. Patients
      receiving care in a dental hospital were more enthusiastic than those seen in
      general practice in the belief that dentists should wear gloves and/or a mask.

PMID- 2911446
TI  - Spindle and epithelioid cell nevus of tongue at an unusual site.
AB  - A case of spindle and epithelioid cell nevus of the tongue is presented. It shows
      unusual and distinctive desmoplasia and cells containing melanosomes identified
      by histochemical and electron microscopic techniques. We believe this is the
      second case, but the first fully documented report, of this unusual nevus of
      tongue reported in the literature.

PMID- 2911447
TI  - Chronic pulmonary histoplasmosis with an oral lesion.
AB  - Histoplasmosis is a fungal disease resulting from inhalation of airborne spores
      of the organism Histoplasma capsulatum. The disease is endemic to the Ohio and
      Mississippi river valleys. Oral lesions are not common, but when present, they
      are usually associated with the severe disseminated form of histoplasmosis. This
      particular case is presented as an example of chronic pulmonary histoplasmosis in
      which a localized gingival lesion represented the initial clinical manifestation
      of the disease. Diagnosis was based on a positive biopsy and the results of chest
      radiographic examination. If, as in this case, serologic, hematologic, and
      physical examination results are negative, the biopsy of suspicious lesions is of
      paramount importance to the clinical differential diagnosis.

PMID- 2911448
TI  - Respiratory epithelium in an apical periodontal cyst of the mandible.
AB  - A cyst attached to the apex of a mandibular canine was partly lined with
      respiratory epithelium. This is an interesting observation for two reasons: (1)
      The few well-documented instances of this type of epithelium in apical
      periodontal cysts have been in the maxilla, where a plausible source for the
      respiratory epithelium for most of them was a breach in the floor of the
      maxillary sinus. (2) The mandibular location of the cyst reported here indicates
      that the respiratory epithelium within it was derived through proliferation and
      metaplasia of the rests of Malassez.

PMID- 2911449
TI  - Oral epithelial dysplasia in vitamin B12 deficiency.
AB  - Widespread soreness and focal ulceration of the oral mucosa developed in a woman
      with vitamin B12 deficiency shortly after hydroxocobalamin therapy had commenced.
      An oral mucosal biopsy showed disordered epithelial maturation with marked
      cytologic atypia. However, during the next month of treatment, the patient's oral
      mucosa became clinically and histologically normal. Pathologists should be aware
      that vitamin B12 deficiency may be associated with epithelial changes similar to
      those associated with premalignancy.

PMID- 2911450
TI  - Management of endodontic pain with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents: a
      double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
AB  - The ability of two nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents--piroxicam and
      diclofenac--to control endodontic pain was compared with that of a placebo
      control in a double-blind study of 267 patients requiring endodontic therapy.
      Endodontic treatment was carried out over three visits with an interval of 5 to 7
      days between each two consecutive visits. All patients were clearly instructed to
      take the medication only if they experienced pain, between the visits or
      postoperatively, for 3 consecutive days. The patients subjectively rated their
      pain on a scale of 1 to 4 as none, mild, moderate, or severe. The ratings were
      done preoperatively and at 2, 4 and 8 hours after the initial dose of medication
      was taken, as well as on the second and third days. Statistical analysis of the
      data revealed that both piroxicam and diclofenac significantly reduced the mean
      pain score at the end of all observations and were significantly superior to the
      placebo until the end of the study. More than 90% of the patients treated with
      piroxicam and more than 80% of the patients treated with diclofenac showed
      complete relief of pain. Overall, piroxicam was clearly more effective than
      diclofenac or the placebo. It provided more consistent relief of pain, beginning
      2 hours after the initial dose, and it continued to do so at every interval
      thereafter. Diclofenac required longer time to reach maximum effectiveness.
      Piroxicam's superiority was greater at the first and second days after the
      initial dose of medication was taken. With respect to side effects, piroxicam was
      better tolerated by the patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2911451
TI  - [Simultaneous occurrence of palmar and plantar fibromatosis].

PMID- 2911452
TI  - [Hyponatremia caused by water intoxication induced by diuretics].

PMID- 2911454
TI  - Wondering where the real power is? Look in the mirror.

PMID- 2911453
TI  - AARP voices concerns over RCT proposal.

PMID- 2911455
TI  - Nursing's presence and potential in alternative delivery systems.

PMID- 2911456
TI  - [Endoscopy or trial treatment of patients with dyspepsia?].
AB  - The predictive value of dyspeptic symptoms is low. Upper GI endoscopy is the
      diagnostic gold standard, giving optimal basis for adequate drug treatment and
      may have a positive influence on the prognosis of non ulcer dyspepsia.
      Accordingly, endoscopy tends to be recommended at an early stage of chronic
      dyspepsia. Age above 40 years, pains relieved by food or antacids, night pains,
      smoking and male sex enhances the probability of an organic disease and thus the
      need for endoscopy. Trial treatment is recommended if the waiting period for
      endoscopy exceeds two weeks. Patients previously endoscoped may often be treated
      in accordance with earlier diagnosis and drug experience when relapsing. Drug
      choice when there is no firm diagnosis, should be determined by the symptom
      pattern. Two weeks of treatment failure necessitates endoscopy. Individual trial
      packages containing both the active drug and placebo could improve decision
      making in clinical practice.

PMID- 2911457
TI  - [Altitude sickness].
AB  - The interest in mountain tracking and climbing has increased and there is a need
      for knowledge of altitude-related diseases. About one million non-acclimatized
      individuals annually frequent areas around 2,000 to 3,000 m above sea level and
      incur unpleasant symptoms in the form of acute altitude sickness or potentially
      fatal conditions such as pulmonary and/or cerebral oedema. Headache is the most
      prominent sign of acute altitude sickness but fainting fits, loss of appetite,
      hesitant gait, euphoria, or confusion also occur. Dyspnoea, cyanosis at rest, and
      a dry cough are signs of pulmonary oedema. Cerebral oedema may be feared when
      inexperienced climbers are afflicted by severe headaches, vomiting, and hesitant
      gait. Coma ensues relatively soon. Treatment consisting in descent to lower
      altitude, administration of oxygen, and possible medicinal therapy is effective
      if immediately introduced.

PMID- 2911458
TI  - [Irregularity of the work load and long on-duty periods are the worst problems in
      the working environment for physicians in the Scandinavian countries].

PMID- 2911459
TI  - About the residents' working conditions in the USA.

PMID- 2911460
TI  - [Endocytosis, intracellular transport and sorting of proteins].
AB  - A complicated interaction between outgoing and incoming protein transport occurs
      in eucaryotic cells. The incoming protein transport commences when protein
      molecules (ligands) cleave to specific glycoprotein- or glycolipid-receptors on
      the cell surfaces for endocytosis thereby. This can proceed in two types of
      membrane vesicle. Endocytosed ligands and receptors are transported from the
      surface of the cell to its endosomal system where a dissociation of the ligand
      from its receptor and sorting with regard to its next destination may occur.
      There are a good many possibilities of intracellular transport, depending on
      which ligand/receptor complex is at issue. Thus ligands and receptors can be
      transported back to the cell surface (recycling), across e.g. a polarized
      epithelial cell (transcytosis) to the lysosomes, and to the cell's Golgi
      apparatus. Apart from a large number of physiological ligands, viruses and
      diverse bacterial and plant toxins are also endocytosed. This allows scope for a
      therapeutic use of endocytosis.

PMID- 2911461
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of both reciprocal translocation junction regions in a
      patient with Ph positive acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, with a breakpoint within
      the first intron of the BCR gene.
AB  - Breakpoints on chromosome 22 in the translocation t(9;22) found in Philadelphia
      positive acute lymphoblastic leukaemia patients fall within two categories. In
      the first the breakpoint is localized within the breakpoint cluster region of the
      BCR gene, analogous to the chromosome 22 breakpoint in chronic myeloid leukaemia.
      The second category has a breakpoint 5' of this area, but still within the BCR
      gene. We have previously shown that these breakpoints occur within the first
      intron of the BCR gene and cloned the 9q+ junction from such a patient. We have
      now determined the sequences around the breakpoints on both translocation
      partners from this patient as well as the germline regions. The chromosome 9 ABL
      sequence around the breakpoint shows homology to the consensus Alu sequence
      whereas the chromosome 22 BCR sequence does not. At the junction there is a 6 bp
      duplication of the chromosome 22 sequence which is present both in the 9q+ and in
      the 22q- translocation products. Possible mechanisms for the generation of the
      translocation are discussed.

PMID- 2911462
TI  - Isolation of the Xenopus homolog of int-1/wingless and expression during neurula
      stages of early development.
AB  - We have isolated the Xenopus homolog (Xint-1) of the mouse protooncogene int-1
      from a neurula stage 17 cDNA library. The deduced protein sequence of Xint-1
      includes 371 amino acids. The Xint-1 protein is more similar to the mammalian int
      1 product (69%), than to the Drosophila counterpart of int-1, wingless (50%).
      Xint-1 shares several characteristics of secreted proteins with the other int-1
      homologs: it has a hydrophobic leader, multiple conserved potential N-linked
      glycosylation sites and is rich in cysteine residues. All 23 cysteines are
      conserved in the three proteins. Xint-1 is transiently expressed during the
      neurula stages of early Xenopus development.

PMID- 2911463
TI  - Different liver nuclear proteins binds to similar DNA sequences in the 5'
      flanking regions of three hepatic genes.
AB  - The proximal promoter region of the human transferrin gene contains an hepatocyte
      specific cis-element (PRI, nucleotides -76 to -51) whose DNA sequence is
      homologous to a sequence (nucleotides -89 to -68) present in the
      transcriptionally essential 5' region of the human antithrombin III gene and to
      another hepatocyte-specific sequence (A domain) of the human alpha 1-antitrypsin
      gene promoter. The results reported here lead to the conclusion that the liver
      trans-acting factor Tf-LF1, binding to the transferrin PRI cis-element interacts
      with the homologous antithrombin III region, but is different from the
      transcription factor LF-A1 interacting with the A domain of the alpha 1
      antitrypsin promoter. The distal region DRI (nucleotides -480 to -454) of the
      human transferrin gene promoter presents in its core the same 10 nucleotide-long
      sequence as the PRI cis-element. We have previously shown that the liver protein
      Tf-LF2, binding to the DRI element is different from the Tf-LF1 trans-acting
      factor. In this paper we also show that Tf-LF2 is different from the
      transcription factor LF-A1 interacting with the alpha 1-antitrypsin promoter. The
      results allow us to conclude that at least three distinct liver nuclear proteins
      bind to different subsets of 5' DNA regions containing similar sequences. These
      sequences are present in genes expressed essentially in liver.

PMID- 2911464
TI  - Mouse thymidine kinase: the promoter sequence and the gene and pseudogene
      structures in normal cells and in thymidine kinase deficient mutants.
AB  - The mouse genome carries one gene and two pseudogenes for cytoplasmic thymidine
      kinase. The overall structure of these genes was determined with the help of
      cosmids and lambda phage clones and the upstream sequence containing the promoter
      was determined. The data allow an allocation of bands seen in the complex
      patterns of genomic Southern blots obtained from the DNA of wild type cells and
      of thymidine kinase deficient mutants to the gene as well as to the two
      pseudogenes. The much used LTK cell line was found to lack the entire gene but to
      retain the pseudogenes. Two other TK cell lines had DNA patterns
      indistinguishable from the wild type. Whereas the LTK line did not produce any
      TKmRNA, the two other mutants had normal amounts of TKmRNA but no cytoplasmic TK
      activity.

PMID- 2911465
TI  - Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) replication by synthetic oligo
      RNA derivatives.
AB  - Several synthetic 2'-O-methyl-RNA oligomers and their derivatives have been
      evaluated for inhibitory effect against HIV-induced cytopathic effect and
      expression of the virus specific antigen in cultured MT-4 cells. In this study,
      oligo(2'-O-methyl)ribonucleoside phosphorothioates showed a potent inhibitory
      activity with size dependency (25-mer showed it at 1 microM), but by contrast
      both 2'-O-methylribo- and deoxy-oligomers with normal phosphate linkages failed
      to inhibit. However, it should be noted that the patched oligo(2'-O
      methyl)ribonucleotide (20-mer), in which five linkages at 5'- and three linkages
      at 3'-ends of normal phosphates were replaced with thiophosphates, has recovered
      the substantial inhibitory effect. These results show that the size of oligomer
      and phosphorothioate linkages, probably resistant to exolytic nucleases, are
      essential for exhibiting antiviral activity.

PMID- 2911466
TI  - 5' flanking and first intron sequences of the human beta-actin gene required for
      efficient promoter activity.
AB  - We have identified a CCAAT box element that is required for the efficient
      transcription of the human beta-actin gene. Both in vivo transient transfection
      assays in cultured HeLa cells and in vitro run-off transcription assays in HeLa
      whole cell extracts demonstrated the requirement of this element for efficient
      promoter activity. A gel mobility shift assay revealed a Hela nuclear factor that
      specifically interacted with the beta-actin CCAAT element in vitro; mutation of
      the first three base pairs of the CCAAT pentanucleotide abolished binding of this
      factor. Competition gel shift experiments revealed that three sequence elements
      located within the beta-actin promoter, each containing a CC(A/T)6GG motif
      similar to that contained within the c-fos serum response element, were able to
      bind a different nuclear factor, serum response factor (SRF). One of these
      CC(A/T)6GG motifs is contained within a first intron fragment that enhanced
      transcription from a heterologous promoter in vivo.

PMID- 2911468
TI  - Psoralen covalently linked to oligodeoxyribonucleotides: synthesis, sequence
      specific recognition of DNA and photo-cross-linking to pyrimidine residues of
      DNA.
AB  - The psoralen derivative 4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen was covalently linked to the 5'
      terminus of an 18mer oligodeoxyribonucleotide in the course of solid phase
      synthesis using phosphoroamidite chemistry. The derivative was introduced as a
      phosphitylation compound in the last cycle of the oligomer synthesis. The reagent
      was prepared by 4'-chloromethylation of 4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen, introduction of
      a linker by ethanediol and phosphitylation with chloro-[(beta-cyanoethoxy)-N,N
      diisopropylamino]-phosphine. After oxydation and deprotection the 5'-psoralen
      modified oligodeoxyribonucleotide was characterised by HPLC. Hybridisation of the
      psoralen-modified oligomer to a complementary single stranded 21mer followed by
      irradiation at 350 nm revealed a photo-cross-linked double-stranded DNA fragment
      analysed on denaturing polyacrylamide gels. The cross-link could be reversed upon
      irradiation at 254nm.

PMID- 2911467
TI  - A 12 megabase restriction map at the cystic fibrosis locus.
AB  - We have constructed a physical map of the chromosomal region containing the
      cystic fibrosis locus using seven DNA markers and pulsed-field gel
      electrophoresis methods. The map includes cleavage sites for 8 rare-cutting
      restriction enzymes and spans over 12 megabases (Mb) of DNA, with one unlinked
      probe covering an additional 5 Mb. To our knowledge, this is the largest segment
      of human DNA which has been restriction-mapped to date. We can identify thirteen
      putative HTF islands spaced at intervals of 0.3-3.2 Mb. The region between loci
      D7S8 and MET, where the CF gene lies, includes 1.4-1.9 Mb of DNA.

PMID- 2911469
TI  - Two tissue-specific factors bind the erythroid promoter of the human
      porphobilinogen deaminase gene.
AB  - We have studied the erythroid-specific promoter of the human gene coding for
      Porphobilinogen Deaminase (PBGD) by DNaseI footprinting, gel retardation and
      methylation interference assays. We show that this promoter, which is inducible
      during MEL cell differentiation, contains three binding sites for the erythroid
      specific factor NF-E1 and one site for a second erythroid-specific factor, which
      we name NF-E2. NF-E1 is a factor that also binds the promoter and the enhancer
      (present in the 3' flanking region) of the human beta-globin gene. NF-E2 has not
      yet been described and although it binds to a sequence containing the Ap1
      consensus, it appears to be different from Ap1.

PMID- 2911470
TI  - A test of 'polymerase handover' as a mechanism for stimulating initiation by RNA
      polymerase I.
AB  - On the tandemly linked ribosomal genes of Xenopus laevis, the RNA polymerase
      transcribes past the 3' end of the 40S coding region and terminates at T3 just
      upstream of the gene promoter. The close proximity of T3 to the gene promoter,
      and the functional interdependence of these two elements, has led to the
      suggestion that polymerase terminating at T3 might be passed directly to the gene
      promoter. Such a mechanism might be necessary to maintain the characteristic high
      rate of transcription initiation seen on the ribosomal genes. We have performed a
      direct test of this model by introducing chain-terminating psoralen adducts into
      a circular plasmid containing a single gene promoter with its attendant T3 region
      upstream. We find that the psoralen adducts can completely prevent polymerase
      from traveling around the template circle (and thus prevent polymerase from
      approaching the promoter from upstream) without affecting the rate of
      transcription initiation at the gene promoter. This result suggests that
      recycling of polymerase from T3 to the promoter is not a significant mechanism in
      maintaining high initiation rates.

PMID- 2911471
TI  - Solvent interactions stabilising nucleic acid conformers.
AB  - The transition of oligonucleotides from the B to the A conformation has been
      studied by the use of simple geometric calculations aimed at finding possible
      hydration sites which could stabilize these conformations. The method involves
      the classification of equally spaced grid points, surrounding the
      oligonucleotide, into groups depending on whether a water molecule, so placed,
      could form single, multiple or nil contacts to polar oligonucleotide atoms. The
      occurrence of the multiple, and therefore bridging, sites is more extensive for
      the 'A' than the 'B' conformation. Thus, more general evidence is presented in
      support of the economy of hydration hypothesis in which phosphate groups, in the
      low humidity 'A' form, have been seen to be bridged by single water molecules.
      Similar calculations for the 'Z' DNA conformation show a different preference for
      multiple bridging sites.

PMID- 2911473
TI  - Cloning and nucleotide sequence of an ovine prolactin cDNA.

PMID- 2911472
TI  - An extremely polymorphic locus on the short arm of the human X chromosome with
      homology to the long arm of the Y chromosome.
AB  - A genomic DNA clone named CRI-S232 reveals an array of highly polymorphic
      restriction fragments on the X chromosome as well as a set of non-polymorphic
      fragments on the Y chromosome. Every individual has multiple bands, highly
      variable in length, in every restriction enzyme digest tested. One set of bands
      is found in all males, and co-segregates with the Y chromosome in families. These
      sequences have been regionally localized by deletion mapping to the long arm of
      the Y chromosome. Segregation analysis in families shows that all of the
      remaining fragments co-segregate as a single locus on the X chromosome, each
      haplotype consisting of three or more polymorphic fragments. This locus
      (designated DXS278) is linked to several markers on Xp, the closest being dic56
      (DXS143) at a distance of 2 cM. Although it is outside the pseudoautosomal
      region, the S232 X chromosome locus shows linkage to pseudoautosomal markers in
      female meiosis. In determining the X chromosome S232 haplotypes of 138 offspring
      among 19 families, we observed three non-parental haplotypes. Two were
      recombinant haplotypes, consistent with a cross-over among the S232-hybridizing
      fragments in maternal meiosis. The third was a mutant haplotype arising on a
      paternal X chromosome. The locus identified by CRI-S232 may therefore be a
      recombination and mutation hotspot.

PMID- 2911474
TI  - The nucleotide sequence of cDNA for a Drosophila ribosomal protein with homology
      to rat ribosomal protein S26.

PMID- 2911475
TI  - The complete cDNA sequence of mouse elongation factor 1 alpha (EF 1 alpha) mRNA.

PMID- 2911476
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of 5S ribosomal RNAs of 'Amphibacillus xylanus' and
      Clostridium carnis.

PMID- 2911477
TI  - Novel cDNA sequence possibly generated by alternative splicing of a mouse
      glucocorticoid receptor gene transcript from Shionogi carcinoma 115.

PMID- 2911478
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of a gene cloned from Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies
      entomocidus coding for an insecticidal protein toxic for Bombyx mori.

PMID- 2911479
TI  - Sequence criteria for Z-DNA formation: studies on poly d(ACGT).

PMID- 2911480
TI  - An efficient procedure for the isolation of recombinant baculovirus.

PMID- 2911481
TI  - A rapid procedure for colony screening using nylon filters.

PMID- 2911482
TI  - A simple method for direct cloning and sequencing cDNA by the use of a single
      specific oligonucleotide and oligo(dT) in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

PMID- 2911483
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of a uniquely expressed human T cell receptor beta chain
      variable region gene (V beta) in Sjogren's syndrome.

PMID- 2911484
TI  - c2X75, a derivative of the cosmid vector c2XB.

PMID- 2911485
TI  - The nucleotide sequence of 5.8S rRNA from the moss Mnium rugicum Laur.

PMID- 2911486
TI  - Protein sequence homology between plant 4-coumarate:CoA ligase and firefly
      luciferase.

PMID- 2911487
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of a pseudogene for rat ornithine decarboxylase.

PMID- 2911488
TI  - Refined crystal structure of an octanucleotide duplex with I.T. mismatched base
      pairs.
AB  - The structure of the synthetic deoxyoctamer d(GGIGCTCC) has been determined by
      single crystal X-ray diffraction techniques to a resolution of 1.7A. The sequence
      crystallises in space group P6(1), with unit cell dimensions a = b = 45.07, c =
      45.49A. The refinement converged with a crystallographic residual R = 0.14 and
      the location of 81 solvent molecules. The octamer forms an A-DNA duplex with 6
      Watson-Crick (G.C) base pairs and 2 inosine-thymine (I.T) pairs. Refinement of
      the structure shows it to be essentially isomorphous with that reported for
      d(GGGGCTCC) with the mispairs adopting a "wobble" conformation. Conformational
      parameters and base stacking interactions are compared to those for the native
      duplex d(GGGGCCCC) and other similar sequences. A rationale for the apparent
      increased crystal packing efficiency and lattice stability of the I.T octamer is
      given.

PMID- 2911490
TI  - Upstairs, downstairs.

PMID- 2911489
TI  - GATAAG; a cis-control region binding an erythroid-specific nuclear factor with a
      role in globin and non-globin gene expression.
AB  - An erythroid-specific nuclear protein factor binds to a sequence motif (GATAAG)
      which is present in the promoter region of the mouse alpha and beta major globin
      genes, and in the erythroid-specific promoter of the human porphobilinogen
      deaminase (PBG-D) gene. The protein activity is conserved across species, being
      found in mouse erythroleukaemia (MEL) cells, chicken erythrocytes, the human
      erythroid K562 and KMOE cell lines, but not in a variety of non-erythroid mouse
      tissues or in HeLa cells. Functional analysis of this element in the alpha globin
      gene promoter by stable transfection experiments show that the GATAAG motif
      resides in a 68 bp sequence which has a stimulatory effect on transcription in
      mouse erythroleukaemia but not fibroblast cells. The GATAAG motif is conserved in
      the promoters and 3' enhancers of a variety of globin and non-globin genes
      implying that it is a cis-element involved in the tissue-specific up-regulation
      of several genes that are co-expressed during erythroid cell differentiation.

PMID- 2911491
TI  - Updating nursing's image.

PMID- 2911492
TI  - Nursing's image on the university campus.
AB  - Our study found that the faculty sampled held a different and more positive view
      of nursing than the one presented by the media. Nurses were perceived as
      educated, autonomous and compassionate individuals whose role is vital in health
      care. These findings might be explained by the high degree of personal contact
      that the sample had with nurses. It is possible that personal contact with nurses
      may mediate against the negative media image of nursing. As one respondent wrote,
      "Nursing care after recent surgery certainly erased all stereotyped notions...."
      The implications are tremendous for the role of the nurse in every encounter with
      the public. Nursing's energies might be best directed toward promoting nursing,
      not as it is portrayed in the media world of make-believe, but as it is lived by
      real nurses and their clients. Nurses must convey an image of caring, competent
      professionals who are capable of addressing society's health care needs. In the
      words of another respondent, "Unfortunately, the American public does not know
      the reality of professional nursing and the nurses have been treated unfairly,
      far from what they deserve.... I hope the American public will look on nursing as
      one of the most respectable professions and give the nurses credit for their
      efforts, devotion, and knowledge...."

PMID- 2911493
TI  - What high school texts say about nursing.

PMID- 2911494
TI  - Work behaviors of nursing faculty.

PMID- 2911495
TI  - Surviving nursing's enrollment slump.

PMID- 2911496
TI  - Relocating faculty to an outreach site.
AB  - Although relocation and added job responsibilities necessitate a tremendous
      adjustment, the ensuing career opportunities can be personally challenging and
      invigorating. Pioneering an outreach effort adds a stimulating dimension to
      teaching. The increase in responsibility brings with it an increase in
      accountability. The result is an autonomy rarely found in the academic realm.

PMID- 2911497
TI  - Whistle-blowing by nurses: a matter of ethics.

PMID- 2911498
TI  - Infant mortality and public health nursing: a history of accomplishments, a
      future of challenges.

PMID- 2911500
TI  - Rationing health care violates our ethical code.

PMID- 2911499
TI  - Educational level and job performance.

PMID- 2911501
TI  - Student attitudes toward treating AIDS patients.

PMID- 2911502
TI  - Are you a doctor or a nurse?

PMID- 2911503
TI  - "Must" reading.

PMID- 2911504
TI  - ANA and collective bargaining.

PMID- 2911505
TI  - Nursing: a job or a commitment?

PMID- 2911506
TI  - Stress process among mothers of infants: preliminary model testing.
AB  - Maternal employment, cesarean birth, and infant difficultness were used to test
      the mediating effect of perceived stress and the stress-buffering role of health
      practices on maternal identity. One hundred seventy-three mothers returned a
      parenting survey that focused on: stressors, perceived stress, health practices,
      maternal identity, and a demographic profile. Work status and infant
      difficultness were related to perceived stress. Neither had direct effects on
      maternal identity, but were related to it through the mediating effects of
      perceived stress. While health practices did not show buffering effects between
      stressors and perceived stress, these did contribute additively to the prediction
      of stress perception. Also, health practices contributed additively to the
      prediction of identity. Notable among the health practices predicting identity
      were self-actualizing expression, nutrition, interpersonal support, and stress
      management. These findings support a stress process model of parenting in which:
      (a) effects of stressors on maternal identity are mediated by perception of
      stress, and (b) health practices contribute positively and directly to maternal
      identity.

PMID- 2911507
TI  - A test of two explanatory models of women's responses to battering.
AB  - Two theoretical models, grief and learned helplessness, were compared for
      relative explanatory applicability for responses of women to battering. Ninety
      seven battered women were compared with 96 nonbattered women who were also having
      serious problems in an intimate relationship with a man. The two groups were
      similar on the majority of model variables, including self-esteem (TSCS), self
      care agency (DSCAI), self-blame, depression (BDI), and control in the
      relationship. Both groups scored significantly below normative groups in self
      esteem. The battered women had more frequent and severe physical symptoms of
      stress and grief and had thought of or tried more solutions to the relationship
      problems. Both models had significant explanatory power, especially for battered
      women, and were equally applicable for formulating theory and nursing care
      interventions.

PMID- 2911508
TI  - A meterstone.

PMID- 2911509
TI  - Appraisals of bereavement, coping, resources, and psychosocial health dysfunction
      in widows and widowers.
AB  - The purpose of the study was to test a model, based on Lazarus and Folkman's
      (1984) stress-coping framework, on widowed persons' psychosocial health
      dysfunction after conjugal bereavement. Older widows (n = 100) and widowers (n =
      59) were identified through church burial records and interviewed using the Ways
      of Coping Checklist, Sickness Impact Profile, and questionnaires to assess
      appraisal of bereavement and resources. Path analysis indicated that lower threat
      appraisal, more problem-focused and less emotion-focused coping, greater resource
      strength, and younger age had direct effects on reducing psychosocial health
      dysfunction, explaining 30% of the variance. Higher threat appraisal influenced
      the use of more problem- and emotion-focused coping strategies. Greater resource
      strength directly influenced lower threat appraisal. Sex and type of death
      affected psychosocial health dysfunction through their effect on resource
      strength.

PMID- 2911510
TI  - Perceived and received support: effects on health behavior during pregnancy.
AB  - The effects of several measures of social support on three health behavior
      practices during pregnancy--abstinence from alcohol, cigarettes, and caffeine-
      were explored. Both specificity of support and the distinction between perceived
      and received support were examined. The sample consisted of 529 pregnant women
      who completed written questionnaires and telephone interviews. Analyses showed
      that specific perceived and received support were significant and largely
      independent predictors of all three behaviors. General social support, however,
      was not a significant predictor of any of the behaviors. Although others have
      found perceived support rather than received support to be the critical component
      of social support in its stress-buffering effects on health, this study offers
      evidence that received support is also important for facilitating positive health
      behaviors.

PMID- 2911511
TI  - An evaluation of two indirect methods of blood pressure measurement in ill
      patients.
AB  - Direct (intraarterial) and two indirect (using a mercury sphygmomanometer [MS]
      and an automatic [auscultatory] device) methods of blood pressure measurement
      were compared in intensive care patients (N = 32). One trained observer blind to
      both automatic and direct measurements obtained all indirect MS measurements. All
      direct and indirect measurements were made on the same arm. Direct measurements
      were obtained from 10-second strip chart recordings. In normotensive patients
      both indirect measurements of systolic blood pressure (SBP) underestimated the
      direct SBP; however, only the SBP value obtained with the automatic device (106
      mm Hg) was significantly different, p less than .05, from the direct SBP value
      (120 mm Hg). No significant difference was noted between methods in measurement
      of normotensive diastolic blood pressure. In hypertensive patients direct SBP was
      significantly greater, p less than .05, from both values obtained by indirect
      measurement. In patients without hypotension the automatic device may be
      substituted for the MS and direct blood pressure methods. The automatic device
      may offer the advantage of decreasing observer bias and variability in blood
      pressure measurement.

PMID- 2911512
TI  - Interactional styles of nurse practitioners and physicians regarding patient
      decision making.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to describe interactional styles used by nurse
      practitioners and physicians in their attempts to influence patients' decision
      making. The ethical concepts of paternalism, maternalism, and shared decision
      making (operationalized as command, consequence, and concordance, respectively)
      formed the conceptual framework for the analysis of the interactions. Videotaped
      interactions of 85 physicians and 42 nurse practitioners in either joint or solo
      practice were analyzed. Tests of a priori hypotheses using hierarchical log
      linear modeling yielded the following significant results: Males and physicians
      in solo practice used more command statements and fewer consequence statements
      than females and nurse practitioners in solo practice, who used fewer command
      statements and more consequence statements. All groups used more
      command/consequence statements than concordance statements.

PMID- 2911514
TI  - Re: 'Perceived self-care agency: a LISREL Factor Analysis of Bickel and Hanson's
      Questionnaire'.

PMID- 2911515
TI  - The potential uses of pilot work.

PMID- 2911513
TI  - Examination of a survey methodology: Dillman's Total Design Method.

PMID- 2911516
TI  - Management of doxorubicin extravasation.

PMID- 2911517
TI  - Cancer rehabilitation. Facilitating early rehabilitation in limb-salvage
      patients.

PMID- 2911518
TI  - Sexual rehabilitation of the amputee.

PMID- 2911519
TI  - Discussing sexuality.

PMID- 2911520
TI  - Setting goals in rehabilitation.

PMID- 2911521
TI  - Use of the wheelchair in encouraging mobility.

PMID- 2911522
TI  - Lactation following breast irradiation.

PMID- 2911523
TI  - An understudied population: the homeless.

PMID- 2911524
TI  - Nutrition and cancer: educating the public through a health fair.
AB  - Minnesota has a high incidence of dietary-associated cancer, including
      colorectal, breast, and prostate. To increase public awareness of cancer risks
      and health benefits of dietary behaviors, the Metro Minnesota Chapter of the
      Oncology Nursing Society (ONS) participated in a public education health fair.
      Supported by a Special Project Funding Grant from the ONS, 42 chapter members
      assisted more than 700 Metro area residents at seven locations to assess and
      improve their diet according to the American Cancer Society (ACS) guidelines. To
      evaluate the effectiveness of the project, a postcard survey was sent to 200
      (29%) names randomly drawn from raffle entries. Seventy-five surveys were
      returned (38%). Ninety-five percent found the assessment helpful in evaluating
      their diet, and 80% made dietary changes in the two weeks following the health
      fair. Results indicate that nurses should continue to educate the public about
      the relationship between diet and cancer. Recommendations for further
      consideration include assessment of long-term effects of the health fair
      education format and provision of a brochure about ONS. Benefits included
      community education and ONS member participation in a chapter activity.

PMID- 2911525
TI  - Breast reconstruction using tissue expanders.
AB  - Breast reconstruction options are available to virtually all women undergoing
      mastectomy. Breast reconstruction may increase the woman's self-esteem and foster
      a more positive body image. Tissue expansion provides a means of developing
      breast symmetry with minimal surgical intervention. It can be used when the skin
      and soft tissue remaining after mastectomy are of good quality but inadequate
      quantity. The nurse's role encompasses physical and psychological support and
      patient education.

PMID- 2911526
TI  - Septic shock: special needs of patients with cancer.
AB  - Septic shock results in activated coagulation, cell injury, metabolic changes,
      and altered blood flow through the microcirculation. If left untreated, the end
      result is multiple organ failure and death. Patients with cancer are at increased
      risk of developing shock because of both host-related and treatment-related risk
      factors. Nursing cognizance of high-risk patients should promote close
      observation for signs and symptoms of early septic shock. Septic shock may be
      managed on the unit but signs of impending circulatory collapse and respiratory
      failure may warrant transferring the patient to the intensive care unit (ICU).
      Nursing measures include assessment, patient teaching, monitoring of all body
      systems, and special attention to the patient's psychosocial needs.

PMID- 2911527
TI  - Cancer survivors at work: job problems and illegal discrimination.
AB  - Approximately 25% of the five million people in the United States with a cancer
      history experience disparate treatment in employment solely because of their
      medical histories. Many employers do not realize that more than half of the
      people diagnosed with cancer in 1988 in the United States will overcome their
      illness, that cancer is not contagious, and that cancer survivors have relatively
      the same productivity rates as other workers. Decisions to deny employment
      opportunities to cancer survivors that are based on misconceptions about cancer
      instead of the individual's ability to perform the job may violate the survivor's
      legal rights. Discrimination against individuals with a history of cancer, who
      are qualified for jobs, violates most federal and state laws that prohibit
      employment discrimination based on actual or perceived disabilities. Health
      professionals, as well as survivors themselves, must take action on three fronts
      to combat cancer-based discrimination: public and professional education,
      individual and group advocacy, and appropriate use of legal remedies.

PMID- 2911528
TI  - Assessment of hope in patients with cancer: development of an instrument.
AB  - Hope has been identified as a vital component to individuals with cancer. This
      study focused on development of a reliable and valid instrument to measure hope
      following a stressful event as exhibited in a sample of well adults and a sample
      of patients with cancer. A review of the literature provided a conceptual
      framework for this study and the development of the Nowotny Hope Scale. Six
      dimensions of hope were identified and became the subscales for the instrument:
      confidence in the outcome, possibility of a future, relates to others, spiritual
      beliefs, comes from within, and active involvement. The sample consisted of 306
      adults, both well and with cancer. Cronbach coefficient alpha for the scale was
      0.90. Six factors were derived by principal components analysis. Study results
      established the instrument's initial reliability and validity. The hope scale,
      showing that hope is a measurable quantity, could be used in the assessment phase
      of the nursing process.

PMID- 2911529
TI  - The relationship between level of hope and level of coping response and other
      variables in patients with cancer.
AB  - This descriptive study investigated the relationship between hope using the Herth
      Hope Scale and coping using the Jalowiec Coping Scale in 120 adult patients
      undergoing chemotherapy in hospital, outpatient, and home settings. Also analyzed
      were length of time since diagnosis, family and job responsibilities, and
      religious convictions in relation to the level of hope and coping. The study
      found a significant relationship (p less than 0.05) between level of hope and
      level of coping among subjects in all three settings. In addition, strength of
      religious convictions and performance of family role responsibilities were
      significantly related to the variables of hope and coping regardless of setting.
      Length of time since diagnosis and performance of job role responsibilities were
      not significantly related to either the levels of hope or coping.

PMID- 2911530
TI  - Nurses' perspectives on the meaning of hope in patients with cancer: a
      qualitative study.
AB  - This study focused on developing an understanding of the meaning of hope for
      patients with cancer by eliciting vivid descriptions of hopeful cancer patients
      from clinical nurse specialists. The qualitative methodology for this study was
      based on one form of grounded theory. An inductive approach was applied to the
      development of generalized knowledge about the concept of hope. A conceptual
      model of hope was derived from critical attributes of hope identified within
      descriptions of hopeful cancer patients. Six oncology clinical nurse specialists
      were interviewed about their clinical experience with patients with cancer who
      were hopeful. Interviews were documented through process recordings. Attributes
      of hope were isolated and coalesced into six subthemes: goal setting, positive
      personal attributes, future redefinition, meaning in life, peace, and energy.
      Thematic analysis was used to develop a conceptual model of hope. Energy emerged
      as a strand running through each of the six subthemes and served as a focal point
      in the description and model of hope. Each of the subthemes described a component
      of the process whereby energy was exchanged, transformed, or moved, resulting in
      the preservation or loss of hope. This study generates a new way of viewing the
      patient with cancer and suggests several approaches for fostering hope.

PMID- 2911531
TI  - Why hope now?

PMID- 2911532
TI  - Ergotism masquerading as arteritis.

PMID- 2911533
TI  - Extreme pyrexia during bretylium administration.
AB  - Body temperatures exceeding 41.1 degrees C (106 degrees F) occur with relatively
      few conditions. In the unusual case reported here, the patient's temperature
      reached 42.3 degrees C (108.2 degrees F) during intravenous administration of
      bretylium for refractory ventricular fibrillation. The temperature started to
      drop as soon as the infusion was stopped and was close to normal within four
      hours. This appears to be the first report of extreme pyrexia resulting from use
      of this agent.

PMID- 2911534
TI  - Delirium in the elderly. A commonly misunderstood disorder.

PMID- 2911535
TI  - Health hazards of working with ceramics. Recommendations for reducing risks.
AB  - Ceramics artists are at risk for pulmonary disease, heavy metal poisoning, and
      other toxic reactions caused by exposure to clays, glazes, and kiln emissions.
      Stringent personal hygiene, awareness of hazardous materials, and appropriate
      safety measures may reduce the health risks of repeated exposures.

PMID- 2911536
TI  - Paraneoplastic syndromes. How to recognize the remote neurologic effects of
      cancer.
AB  - Neurologic paraneoplastic syndromes occur in patients with all forms of
      malignancy. Their effects on the central and peripheral nervous systems are
      devastating. A neurologic abnormality may be the first manifestation of
      malignancy or can occur late in the course of the disease. Early recognition can
      lead to effective treatment of a paraneoplastic syndrome and a potential cure of
      the underlying cancer.

PMID- 2911537
TI  - Fine-needle aspiration biopsy. Diagnosis of cancerous masses in the office.
AB  - Fine-needle aspiration biopsy is a rapid, inexpensive, atraumatic, and accurate
      way of diagnosing many cancers. It can be applied to any palpable mass. Deep
      lesions can also be sampled if visualization is guided by computed tomography,
      ultrasound, or fluoroscopy. Proper technique is essential in obtaining biopsy
      material, and interpretation of the smear requires special training. Patients
      accept the procedure, and even a repetition of it if necessary, very well.

PMID- 2911538
TI  - Major burns. What to do at the scene and en route to the hospital.
AB  - Patients with major burns should be transported by whatever conveyance seems
      appropriate to a facility capable of caring for such injuries. At the scene of
      the accident and en route to the hospital, adherence to standard principles of
      trauma care allows optimal resuscitation. Once rescuers have assessed the depth
      and extent of burns and conferred with hospital personnel, they need to do
      relatively little in the way of initial wound treatment except to prevent further
      injury and decrease pain. Careful, concise documentation is necessary to assure a
      continuum of good patient care.

PMID- 2911539
TI  - Hospital care of major burns.
AB  - The burn patient initially requires many of the same measures as any other trauma
      patient. Both depth and surface extent of the burn injury should be evaluated.
      Evaluation for smoke inhalation is important, since this is prevalent and life
      threatening among burn victims. A treatment plan begins with a realistic
      appraisal of the probability of survival. Once goals of management have been
      established, treatment is aimed at both physiologic and aesthetic rehabilitation.

PMID- 2911540
TI  - Treating minor burns. Ice, grease, or what?
AB  - Minor burns are common but require early and appropriate care to avoid infection
      and scarring. Damage can be arrested by immersing the burn in cold water as soon
      as possible. The goals of care are then to remove dead tissue and protect viable
      tissue during healing. Very superficial burns require only application of an
      emollient to limit inflammation and pain and prevent desiccation. Partial
      thickness burns that are clean and superficial may benefit from use of a
      biosynthetic bilaminar membrane dressing, which forms a skin substitute while
      protecting the wound. A patient with an infected wound or one on a primary area
      (hands, feet, face, or perineum) may have to be hospitalized to ensure proper
      care.

PMID- 2911541
TI  - Exercise during pregnancy. Guidelines and controversies.

PMID- 2911543
TI  - School phobia. Sometimes a child or teenager has a good reason.
AB  - School phobia is a syndrome of childhood characterized by marked anxiety about
      attending school or by absence from school. In most cases, the underlying cause
      is separation anxiety. Somatic complaints may accompany the refusal to attend
      school. The physician should first help parents to return the child to school as
      soon as possible and then try to determine and alleviate the cause of the phobia.
      The prognosis is relatively good in preadolescent children and relatively poor in
      older children.

PMID- 2911542
TI  - Antidepressants and the cardiac patient. Selecting an appropriate medication.

PMID- 2911544
TI  - Testing for human immunodeficiency virus. What to do if the result is positive.

PMID- 2911545
TI  - Joint pain. It isn't always arthritis.
AB  - When a history of trauma or overuse is absent in a patient presenting with pain
      and stiffness in a joint, bursitis and tendinitis should be considered,
      especially if the patient is elderly. Appropriate questioning can narrow the
      differential diagnosis, and physical examination confirms the impression gathered
      by history taking. Treatment may include one or more injections of a local
      anesthetic (with or without a long-acting corticosteroid), use of an oral
      corticosteroid or nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agent, and in some cases,
      surgery.

PMID- 2911546
TI  - Diabetic foot ulcers. What can be done to prevent and control them.

PMID- 2911547
TI  - Laboratory tests in the elderly. What is abnormal?
AB  - Comparison of studies on the elderly is difficult. This study is one of the
      largest done on healthy, ambulatory persons aged 65 and up. Findings indicate
      that most laboratory values in elderly persons fall in the normal range. A
      significantly abnormal test result should raise the suspicion of underlying
      disease. A small percentage of patients show an abnormality on specific tests
      (ie, for glucose, calcium, serum lipids). Changes in a few test values are to be
      expected with aging: These include an increase in alkaline phosphatase, a
      decrease in serum phosphorus, a decrease in creatinine clearance without a
      concomitant rise in serum creatinine, and an increase in postprandial glucose
      level. Vitamin deficiencies and decrease in serum albumin are usually the result
      of chronic malnutrition rather than aging.

PMID- 2911548
TI  - Muscarinic poisoning from medications and mushrooms. A puzzling symptom complex.
AB  - A mixture of signs and symptoms can occur with muscarinic poisoning from
      medications or mushrooms. Manifestations may vary even among persons who ingested
      mushrooms grown in the same patch and gathered at the same time. Confusion can
      occur if mushroom poisoning is attributed to a suspected species rather than to
      the toxin suggested by signs and symptoms. Accurate diagnosis depends on clinical
      suspicion and recognition of muscarinic manifestations, notably diaphoresis,
      salivation, bladder cramping, diarrhea, and difficulty with visual accommodation.
      Muscarinic toxicity due to medications necessitates an adjustment in drug dosage.
      In mushroom poisoning that produces primarily muscarinic effects, atropine is the
      treatment of choice.

PMID- 2911550
TI  - Use of lozenges may cause dry mouth.

PMID- 2911549
TI  - Reduce stress with a leisurely lunch.

PMID- 2911551
TI  - Modified vs conventional circumcision.

PMID- 2911552
TI  - Yet another hazard of smoking.

PMID- 2911553
TI  - Otitis media. Update on a common, frustrating problem.
AB  - Otitis media is extremely common in infants and young children and has important
      ramifications for the children, their families, and society in general. The
      essential elements of management are early diagnosis, adequate therapy with
      appropriate antibacterial agents, and conscientious follow-up to promptly detect
      and treat potential and actual complications. The primary care physician who
      treats young children is the critical health-care provider in the diagnosis of
      otitis media, initial treatment, and timely referral when appropriate.

PMID- 2911554
TI  - Management of basal cell carcinoma. Which option is best?
AB  - Basal cell carcinoma, the most common type of skin cancer, can be treated
      successfully by a variety of methods. The most commonly employed techniques are
      curettage with electrodesiccation, scalpel excision, Mohs' chemosurgery,
      cryosurgery, and radiation therapy, all of which have advantages and
      disadvantages. The primary care physician needs to be aware of available forms of
      therapy, problems with recurrent lesions, and the importance of adequate follow
      up.

PMID- 2911555
TI  - Don't treat nurses as if they were invisible.

PMID- 2911556
TI  - Using the laboratory effectively without running up the bill unnecessarily.

PMID- 2911557
TI  - Three-dimensional structures of proteins in solution by nuclear magnetic
      resonance spectroscopy.
AB  - Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has emerged in recent years as a
      powerful method for the determination of three dimensional structures of small
      proteins in solution. Major cornerstones towards these advances were the
      introduction of two dimensional NMR experiments in combination with high field
      superconducting magnets, as well as the development of computational procedures
      to convert NMR derived distances into a 3D structure. This article outlines the
      methodology employed and illustrates its applicability based on a variety of
      examples.

PMID- 2911558
TI  - Structural studies on the allergen Der p1 from the house dust mite
      Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus: similarity with cysteine proteinases.
AB  - A major allergen (Der p1) has been purified to homogeneity from faecal particles
      from the house dust mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus. Reversed-phase microbore
      HPLC was employed to fractionate and purify a number of tryptic peptides
      generated from approximately 20 nmol of purified Der p1. N-Terminal amino acid
      sequence analyses were performed on the intact polypeptide and six tryptic
      peptides yielding 89 unique assignments; this corresponds to 40% of the molecule.
      These data are compared with the cDNA-deduced amino acid sequence of the Der p1
      allergen. There is extensive similarity between the N-terminal amino acid
      sequence of Der p1 and the cysteine proteases actinidin and papain. A low Mr
      protein (approximately 17,000) was resolved from S-carboxymethyl Der p1 by gel
      permeation chromatography. Edman degradation of the first 24 residues of this
      material revealed no similarity with Der p1. It is not clear whether this
      component is a low Mr disulfide-linked chain derived from Der p1 or represents an
      unidentified mite component.

PMID- 2911559
TI  - Creation of a nuclear magnetic resonance data repository and literature database.
AB  - We believe the need exists for an organized and accessible repository of protein
      nuclear magnetic resonance data. The structure and dynamics of hundreds of
      proteins are being investigated by NMR. NMR data currently are spread throughout
      the world and often are not published for lack of journal space. Difficulties in
      locating, obtaining, and correlating these data with protein structures limits
      their usefulness to the scientific community. In time, the data may become lost
      or ignored. To provide a collection point for the results of protein NMR studies
      and a uniform means of distributing these data, we propose that a data bank be
      created consisting of two databases: a comprehensive and thoroughly indexed
      database for the NMR literature and a data repository for the storage of
      extensive protein NMR data sets. Our current specifications for the types of
      information to be stored in the NMR databases and their organization for
      dissemination are defined. The design is intended to be flexible, capable of
      expanding to include new techniques, new forms of data, and biopolymers other
      than proteins. This is a proposal to the community of NMR spectroscopists. Only
      through the active cooperation and support of those in the field of NMR
      spectroscopy can the proposed data bank succeed.

PMID- 2911560
TI  - Protein sequence database of the protein identification resource (PIR).

PMID- 2911561
TI  - Structure of the human insulin receptor gene and characterization of its
      promoter.
AB  - The human insulin receptor gene, INSR, and its promoter region have been isolated
      and characterized. The gene spans greater than 120 kilobase pairs (kbp) and has
      22 exons. All introns interrupt protein coding regions of the gene. The 11 exons
      encoding the alpha subunit of the receptor are dispersed over greater than 90
      kbp, whereas the 11 exons encoding the beta subunit are located together in a
      region of approximately 30 kbp. Three transcriptional initiation sites have been
      identified and are located 276, 282, and 283 bp upstream of the translation
      initiation site. In addition, a 247-bp fragment from the promoter region
      possessing 62.6% of the maximal promoter activity has been identified. This
      promoter-active fragment lacks a TATA-like sequence but has two possible binding
      regions for the transcriptional factor Sp1. Comparison of the exon structure of
      the tyrosine kinase domain of the INSR with the corresponding regions of the
      human SRC, ROS, and ERBB2 (NGL) protooncogenes indicates that the exon-intron
      organization of this region has not been well conserved.

PMID- 2911562
TI  - Rate, origin, and bidirectionality of Caulobacter chromosome replication as
      determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.
AB  - Cell division in Caulobacter crescentus yields progeny cells that differ with
      respect to cell structure and developmental program. Chromosome replication
      initiates in the daughter stalked cell but is repressed in the daughter swarmer
      cell until later in the cell cycle. To study cell-type-specific DNA initiation,
      chromosome replication was directly analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.
      Analysis of Dra I restriction fragments of DNA taken at various times from
      synchronized cell cultures labeled with 2'-deoxy[3H]guanosine has allowed us to
      determine the origin of DNA replication, the rate and direction of fork movement,
      and the order of gene replication. The first labeled Dra I fragment to appear
      contains the site of replication initiation. Based on the correlation of the
      physical and genetic maps derived by Ely and Gerardot [Ely, B. & Gerardot, C. J.
      (1988) Gene 68, 323-333], the origin was localized to a 305-kilobase fragment
      containing the rrnA gene. Furthermore, the sequential replication through
      unmapped Dra I fragments has enabled us to localize their positions on the
      genome. The order of appearance of labeled restriction fragments revealed that
      the chromosome replicates bidirectionally at a fork movement rate of 21 kilobases
      per minute.

PMID- 2911563
TI  - RNA polymerase II is capable of pausing and prematurely terminating transcription
      at a precise location in vivo and in vitro.
AB  - By using the minute virus of mice, we have shown that in vivo and in vitro RNA
      polymerase II pauses or prematurely terminates transcription at a specific
      location 142-147 nucleotides downstream from the P4 promoter. The attenuated RNA
      was found and mapped in vivo in A9 cell late after infection in both the nuclear
      and cytoplasmic fractions, and the terminal nucleotide was shown to have a 3' OH
      group. The 3' end of the attenuated RNA is capable of forming a hairpin structure
      that is followed by a stretch of uridines. To distinguish whether the attenuated
      RNA is formed as a result of processing, pausing, or termination and to dissect
      structural elements, factors, or mechanisms that are involved in its formation,
      we used in vitro systems: isolated nuclei and cell-free extracts from HeLa cells.
      The results of the in vitro studies show that the attenuated RNA is a result of
      pausing or termination and not processing. Additionally, a salt-soluble factor
      and RNA secondary structure were implicated in the process of termination.

PMID- 2911564
TI  - Limit-cycle oscillations and chaos in reaction networks subject to conservation
      of mass.
AB  - A cyclic network of autocatalytic reactions involving an unbuffered cofactor and
      a number of components subject to conservation of mass displays a surprising
      richness of dynamical behaviors. Limit-cycle oscillations are possible over a
      wide range of parameter values. Additionally, a cascade of period-doubling
      bifurcations leading to chaos can coexist with a multiplicity of stable steady
      states. These results draw attention to the role of unbuffering as a feedback in
      biochemical systems.

PMID- 2911565
TI  - Protein secondary structure prediction with a neural network.
AB  - A method is presented for protein secondary structure prediction based on a
      neural network. A training phase was used to teach the network to recognize the
      relation between secondary structure and amino acid sequences on a sample set of
      48 proteins of known structure. On a separate test set of 14 proteins of known
      structure, the method achieved a maximum overall predictive accuracy of 63% for
      three states: helix, sheet, and coil. A numerical measure of helix and sheet
      tendency for each residue was obtained from the calculations. When predictions
      were filtered to include only the strongest 31% of predictions, the predictive
      accuracy rose to 79%.

PMID- 2911566
TI  - Circadian regulation of bioluminescence in Gonyaulax involves translational
      control.
AB  - A 10-fold circadian variation in the amount of luciferin binding protein (LBP) in
      the marine dinoflagellate Gonyaulax polyedra is reported. This protein binds and
      stabilizes luciferin, the bioluminescence substrate. In early night phase, when
      bioluminescence is increasing and LBP levels are rising in the cell, pulse
      labeling experiments show that LBP is being rapidly synthesized in vivo. At other
      times, the rate of LBP synthesis is at least 50 times lower, while the rate of
      synthesis of most other proteins remains the same. The LBP mRNA levels, as
      determined by in vitro translations and by RNA (Northern) hybridizations, do not
      vary over the daily cycle, indicating that circadian control of bioluminescence
      in this species is mediated by translation.

PMID- 2911567
TI  - Chromatin architecture and nuclear RNA.
AB  - The maintenance of normal chromatin morphology requires ongoing RNA synthesis. We
      have examined the role of RNA in chromatin organization, using selective
      detergent extraction of cells, RNA synthesis inhibitors, and enzymatic digestion
      of nuclear RNA. Comparison of extracted and unextracted cells showed that the
      important features of chromatin architecture were largely unchanged by the
      extraction procedure. Normally, chromatin was distributed in small
      heterochromatic regions and dispersed euchromatic strands. Ribonucleoprotein
      granules were dispersed throughout the euchromatic regions. Exposure to
      actinomycin led to the redistribution of chromatin into large clumps, leaving
      large empty spaces and a dense clustering of the remaining ribonucleoprotein
      granules. When the nuclei of extracted cells were digested with RNase A, there
      was a rearrangement of chromatin similar to but more pronounced than that seen in
      cells exposed to actinomycin. The inhibitor 5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D
      ribofuranosylbenzimidizole also inhibits RNA synthesis but by a different
      mechanism that leaves no nascent RNA chains. The drug had little effect on
      chromatin after brief exposure but resembled actinomycin in its effect at longer
      times. We also examined the structure of the nuclear matrix to which most
      heteronuclear RNA remains associated. Pretreatment of cells with actinomycin or
      digestion of the nuclear matrix with RNase A caused the matrix fibers to collapse
      and aggregate. The experiments show a parallel decay of chromatin and of nuclear
      matrix organization with the depletion of nuclear RNA and suggest that RNA is a
      structural component of the nuclear matrix, which in turn may organize the higher
      order structure of chromatin.

PMID- 2911568
TI  - Macromolecular organization of human centromeric regions reveals high-frequency,
      polymorphic macro DNA repeats.
AB  - To analyze the macromolecular organization of human centromeric regions, we used
      alpha-satellite, or alphoid, repetitive DNA sequences specific to the centromeres
      of human chromosomes 6 (D6Z1), X (XC), and Y (YC-2) and the technique of pulsed
      field gel electrophoresis. Genomic DNA from 24 normal, unrelated individuals was
      digested and separated into fragments ranging from 23 kilobases (kb) to 2
      megabases (Mb) in length. Digestion with 12 different restriction enzymes with 4-
      to 8-base-pair recognition sequences and hybridization with alphoid sequences
      revealed chromosome-specific hybridization patterns. Similarities in the
      organization of the centromeric regions of the three chromosomes included NotI,
      SfiI, and SalI fragments of greater than 2 Mb and Sau3A1 and Alu I fragments of
      less than 150 kb. Each restriction enzyme with a 6-base-pair recognition sequence
      (Ava II, BamHI, HindIII, Hpa I, Pst I, Sal I, Sst I, and Xba I) detected
      polymorphic DNA fragments of 50 kb to 2 Mb. Forty percent or more of the
      individuals screened revealed a unique hybridization pattern with these enzymes
      and at least one of the three chromosome-specific alphoid probes. Five
      individuals differed from one another in hybridization pattern for each of the
      three enzymes HindIII, HpaI, and SstI and for each of the three centromeric
      probes. All 24 individuals could be distinguished on the basis of unique
      hybridization patterns with only two enzymes and one chromosome-specific alphoid
      probe. Family studies showed that these polymorphisms are inherited. The high
      frequency of these macro restriction fragment length polymorphisms illustrates
      the high degree of variability of the centromeric region among normal individuals
      and demonstrates its usefulness for DNA fingerprinting and pericentromeric
      mapping by linkage analysis.

PMID- 2911569
TI  - Expression and replication of hepatitis B virus genome in transgenic mice.
AB  - We produced transgenic mice by microinjecting a partial tandem duplication of the
      complete hepatitis B virus (HBV) genome into fertilized eggs of C57BL/6 mice. One
      of eight transgenic mice was a high producer for HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) and
      HBV e antigen (HBeAg) in the serum. The HBV genomes were transmitted to the next
      generation and these F1 mice also produced HBsAg and HBeAg. mRNAs of 3.5, 2.1,
      and 0.8 kilobases were detected in the livers and the kidneys of these mice. In
      addition, a 0.8-kilobase RNA was detected in the testis. Single-stranded and
      partially double-stranded HBV DNAs were shown to be produced in the cytoplasm of
      the liver and kidneys. These HBV DNAs were associated with the core particles,
      indistinguishable from nucleocapsid produced in an infected human liver. Viral
      genome DNA was detected in the serum. These results demonstrate that the HBV
      genome integrated into the mouse chromosome acted as a template for viral gene
      expression, allowing viral replication. Thus, these transgenic mice should be
      useful for detailed studies of the replication and expression of HBV and for
      pathological studies of hepatitis, including the development of hepatocellular
      carcinoma.

PMID- 2911571
TI  - Processing at the carboxyl terminus of nascent placental alkaline phosphatase in
      a cell-free system: evidence for specific cleavage of a signal peptide.
AB  - Alkaline phosphatase is anchored to the plasma membrane by a carboxyl-terminal
      phosphatidylinositol glycan moiety. To investigate the biosynthesis of mature
      alkaline phosphatase, nascent human placental alkaline phosphatase was expressed
      in a cell-free system and used as substrate for in vitro processing by microsomal
      extracts. By monitoring the processed product with three site-directed
      antibodies, it was shown that microsomal extracts from CHO cells that contain
      other recognized processing activities also remove the carboxyl-terminal signal
      peptide from the preproenzyme in an apparently selective manner. This peptidase
      like cleavage may be brought about by the action of a specific transamidase
      acting on the nascent protein in the absence of an appropriate
      phosphatidylinositol glycan cosubstrate.

PMID- 2911570
TI  - Rapid typing of tandemly repeated hypervariable loci by the polymerase chain
      reaction: application to the apolipoprotein B 3' hypervariable region.
AB  - The 3' flanking region of the apolipoprotein B (apoB) gene contains a
      hypervariable region consisting of a variable number of tandemly repeated short A
      + T-rich DNA sequences (VNTRs). We present a general method that utilizes the
      polymerase chain reaction to rapidly and accurately type this and other VNTR
      loci. We use tailored oligonucleotides and thermostable Taq polymerase to amplify
      the targeted region. The amplification products are directly visualized after
      agarose gel electrophoresis. Twelve alleles were readily identified in a sample
      of 125 unrelated individuals. The alleles differ with respect to the length of
      the amplified gene region. This genetic variability is inherited in an autosomal
      codominant manner. DNA sequence data indicate that individual alleles differ in
      the number of repeat units and the sensitivity of the technique is such that
      alleles differing in length by only 32 base pairs are readily distinguishable. A
      system of nomenclature based on the number of repeat units is suggested; an
      allele containing 37 repeat units is designated 3' beta 37, one containing 35
      units is 3' beta 35, and so on. The frequency distribution of the 12 apoB VNTR
      alleles is bimodal with peaks at 37 and 47 repeat units and a nadir near 43
      repeat units. We estimate that the 3' apoB VNTR locus has a heterozygosity index
      of 0.75 and a polymorphic information content of 0.73. It is a highly informative
      marker for genetic linkage studies on chromosome 2 and clinical and
      epidemiological studies involving the apoB gene. The high sensitivity and
      inexpensive nature of this technique make it superior to traditional Southern
      blot analysis for typing the 3' apoB VNTR. The method described is also directly
      applicable for rapid typing of other VNTRs in the human genome.

PMID- 2911572
TI  - Mapping to molecular resolution in the T to H-2 region of the mouse genome with a
      nested set of meiotic recombinants.
AB  - We describe a meiotic fine-structure mapping strategy for achieving molecular
      access to developmental mutations in the mouse. The induction of lethal point
      mutations with the potent germ-line mutagen N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea has been
      reported. One lethal mutation of prime interest is an allele at the quaking locus
      on chromosome 17. To map this mutation, quaking(lethal-1), we have intercrossed
      hybrid mice that carry distinct alleles at many classical and DNA marker loci on
      proximal chromosome 17. From this cross we have obtained 337 animals recombinant
      in the T to H-2 region. This number of crossovers provides a mapping resolution
      in the size range of single mammalian genes if recombinational hot spots are
      absent. DNA samples obtained from these recombinant animals can be used
      retrospectively to map any restriction fragment length polymorphism in the
      region. This set of DNA samples has been used to map the molecular marker D17RP17
      just distal of quaking(lethal-1). With the nested set of crossover DNA samples
      and appropriate cloning techniques, this tightly linked marker can be used to
      clone the quaking locus.

PMID- 2911573
TI  - Insect immunity: isolation from immune blood of the dipteran Phormia terranovae
      of two insect antibacterial peptides with sequence homology to rabbit lung
      macrophage bactericidal peptides.
AB  - We have isolated from the hemolymph of immunized larvae of the dipteran insect
      Phormia terranovae two peptides that are selectively active against Gram-positive
      bacteria. They are positively charged peptides of 40 residues containing three
      intramolecular disulfide bridges and differ from one another by only a single
      amino acid. These peptides are neither functionally nor structurally related to
      any known insect immune response peptides but show significant homology to
      microbicidal cationic peptides from mammalian granulocytes (defensins). We
      propose the name "insect defensins" for these insect antibiotic peptides.

PMID- 2911574
TI  - Sequence investigation of the major gastrointestinal tumor-associated antigen
      gene family, GA733.
AB  - The monoclonal antibody-defined, tumor-associated antigen GA733 was purified from
      the SW948 human colorectal carcinoma cell line and its partial amino acid
      sequence was determined. By using a synthetic oligonucleotide probe, two
      recombinants were isolated from a total human genomic library. We prove the
      existence of a family of GA733 genes. One of the genomic isolates is demonstrated
      to be an intronless gene, which is transcribed in pancreatic carcinoma cell lines
      and in placenta. The GA733 proteins were observed to contain sequences homologous
      to a repeat unit occurring 10 times in thyroglobulin and once in the HLA-DR
      associated invariant chain. A more evolutionarily distant relationship was found
      with the alpha chain of the interleukin 2 growth factor receptor.

PMID- 2911575
TI  - Protection of rhesus monkeys from fatal Lassa fever by vaccination with a
      recombinant vaccinia virus containing the Lassa virus glycoprotein gene.
AB  - Lassa fever is an acute febrile disease of West Africa, where there are as many
      as 300,000 infections a year and an estimated 3000 deaths. As control of the
      rodent host is impracticable at present, the best immediate prospect is
      vaccination. We tested as potential vaccines in rhesus monkeys a closely related
      virus, Mopeia virus (two monkeys), and a recombinant vaccinia virus containing
      the Lassa virus glycoprotein gene, V-LSGPC (four monkeys). Two monkeys vaccinated
      with the New York Board of Health strain of vaccinia virus as controls died after
      challenge with Lassa virus. The two monkeys vaccinated with Mopeia virus
      developed antibodies measurable by radioimmunoprecipitation prior to challenge,
      and they survived challenge by Lassa virus with minimal physical or physiologic
      disturbances. However, both showed a transient, low-titer Lassa viremia. Two of
      the four animals vaccinated with V-LSGPC had antibodies to both Lassa
      glycoproteins, as determined by radioimmunoprecipitation. All four animals
      survived a challenge of Lassa virus but experienced a transient febrile illness
      and moderate physiologic changes following challenge. Virus was recoverable from
      each of these animals, but at low titer and only during a brief period, as
      observed for the Mopeia-protected animals. We conclude that V-LSGPC can protect
      rhesus monkeys against death from Lassa fever.

PMID- 2911576
TI  - Cloning and expression of the gene cluster encoding key proteins involved in
      acetyl-CoA synthesis in Clostridium thermoaceticum: CO dehydrogenase, the
      corrinoid/Fe-S protein, and methyltransferase.
AB  - Acetogenic bacteria fix CO or CO2 by a pathway of autotrophic growth called the
      acetyl-CoA (or Wood) pathway. Key enzymes in the pathway are a methyltransferase,
      a corrinoid/Fe-S protein, a disulfide reductase, and a carbon monoxide
      dehydrogenase. This manuscript describes the isolation of the genes that code for
      the methyltransferase, the two subunits of the corrinoid/Fe-S protein, and the
      two subunits of carbon monoxide dehydrogenase. These five genes were found to be
      clustered within an approximately 10-kilobase segment on the Clostridium
      thermoaceticum genome. The proteins were expressed at up to 5-10% of Escherichia
      coli cell protein, and isopropyl beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside had no effect on
      the levels of expression, implying that the C. thermoaceticum inserts contained
      transcriptional and translational signals that were recognized by E. coli. The
      methyltransferase is expressed in E. coli in a fully active dimeric form with a
      specific activity and heat stability similar to the enzyme expressed in C.
      thermoaceticum. However, both the corrinoid/Fe-S protein and carbon dioxide
      dehydrogenase, although expressed in high amounts and with identical subunit
      molecular weights in E. coli, are inactive and less heat stable than are the
      native enzymes from C. thermoaceticum.

PMID- 2911577
TI  - Human anti-endoplasmic reticulum antibodies in sera of patients with halothane
      induced hepatitis are directed against a trifluoroacetylated carboxylesterase.
AB  - Previous studies have demonstrated that patients with halothane-induced hepatitis
      have serum antibodies that are directed against novel liver microsomal
      neoantigens and have suggested that these neoantigens may play an
      immunopathological role in development of the patients' liver damage. These
      investigations have further revealed that the antibodies are directed against
      distinct polypeptide fractions (100 kDa, 76 kDa, 59 kDa, 57 kDa, 54 kDa) that
      have been covalently modified by the reactive trifluoroacetyl halide metabolite
      of halothane. In this paper, the trifluoroacetylated (TFA) 59-kDa neoantigen (59
      kDa-TFA) recognized by the patients' antibodies was isolated from liver
      microsomes of halothane-treated rats by chromatography on an immunoaffinity
      column of anti-TFA IgG. Antibodies were raised against the 59-kDa-TFA protein and
      were used to purify the native protein from liver microsomes of untreated rats.
      Based upon its apparent monomeric molecular mass, NH2-terminal amino acid
      sequence, catalytic activity, and other physical properties, the protein has been
      identified as a previously characterized microsomal carboxylesterase (EC
      3.1.1.1). A similar strategy may be used to purify and characterized neoantigens
      associated with other drug toxicities that are believed to have an
      immunopathological basis.

PMID- 2911578
TI  - Characterization and expression of a cDNA encoding the human androgen receptor.
AB  - We report the isolation of a cDNA that encodes the complete human androgen
      receptor. The cDNA predicts a protein of 917 amino acids with a molecular weight
      of 98,918. Introduction of the cDNA into heterologous mammalian cells caused
      expression of high levels of a protein that binds dihydrotestosterone with the
      affinity, specificity, and sedimentation properties characteristic of the native
      human androgen receptor. Comparisons with the amino acid sequence of previously
      cloned steroid hormone receptors revealed a high degree of sequence conservation
      with the progesterone, glucocorticoid, and mineralocorticoid receptors in the
      putative hormone and DNA-binding domain regions.

PMID- 2911579
TI  - Marked in vivo antiretrovirus activity of 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine, a
      selective anti-human immunodeficiency virus agent.
AB  - 9-(2-Phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine (PMEA) is a potent and selective inhibitor of
      the replication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in vitro in human T
      lymphocyte MT-4, H9, and ATH8 cells. PMEA also inhibits Moloney murine sarcoma
      virus (Mo-MSV)-induced transformation of murine C3H embryo fibroblasts. Moreover,
      PMEA causes a dose-dependent suppression of tumor formation and associated
      mortality in mice inoculated with Mo-MSV. At a dose of 50 or 20 mg/kg per day
      PMEA effected a 90-100% protection of the mice against Mo-MSV-induced tumor
      formation and mortality. Even with a PMEA dose as low as 1 to 5 mg/kg per day,
      tumor formation was significantly delayed and the survival rate was significantly
      enhanced. In parallel experiments, azidothymidine exhibited a comparable
      inhibitory effect on Mo-MSV-induced tumor formation and associated death only at
      a 25-fold higher dose than PMEA. Because PMEA has stronger in vivo antiretrovirus
      potency and selectivity than azidothymidine and various other compounds currently
      being subjected to clinical trials, PMEA studies should be pursued to assess the
      potential of this compound in the treatment of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
      (AIDS) and other retrovirus infections in humans.

PMID- 2911580
TI  - Visual responses of neurons in somatosensory cortex of hamsters with
      experimentally induced retinal projections to somatosensory thalamus.
AB  - These experiments investigate the capacity of thalamic and cortical structures in
      a sensory system to process information of a modality normally associated with
      another system. Retinal ganglion cells in newborn Syrian hamsters were made to
      project permanently to the main thalamic somatosensory (ventrobasal) nucleus.
      When the animals were adults, single unit recordings were made in the
      somatosensory cortices, the principal targets of the ventrobasal nucleus. The
      somatosensory neurons responded to visual stimulation of distinct receptive
      fields, and their response properties resembled, in several characteristic
      features, those of normal visual cortical neurons. In the visual cortex of normal
      animals and the somatosensory cortex of operated animals, the same functional
      categories of neurons occurred in similar proportions, and the neurons'
      selectivity for the orientation or direction of movement of visual stimuli was
      comparable. These results suggest that thalamic nuclei or cortical areas at
      corresponding levels in the visual and somatosensory pathways perform similar
      transformations on their inputs.

PMID- 2911581
TI  - High-level erythroid expression of human alpha-globin genes in transgenic mice.
AB  - The human alpha 1-globin gene was fused downstream of two erythroid-specific
      DNase I super-hypersensitive sites that are normally located upstream of the
      human beta-globin locus. This construct was injected into fertilized mouse eggs,
      and expression was analyzed in 16-day fetal livers and brains. All 11 fetuses
      that contained intact copies of the transgene expressed correctly initiated human
      alpha-globin mRNA in the erythroid fetal liver but not in brain. Levels of
      expression ranged from 4% to 337% of endogenous mouse beta-globin mRNA. A human
      alpha-globin construct that did not contain super-hypersensitive sites was not
      expressed. These results demonstrate that human beta-globin locus activation
      sequences can stimulate high levels of human alpha-globin gene expression in
      erythroid tissue of transgenic mice. The results also provide a foundation for
      experiments designed to coexpress human alpha- and beta-globin genes in
      transgenic mice and suggest a feasible approach for production of a mouse model
      for human sickle cell disease.

PMID- 2911582
TI  - Sex- and hormone-dependent antigen immunoreactivity in developing rat
      hypothalamus.
AB  - Morphological sex differences in adults can result from differential gonadal
      steroid exposure during critical perinatal periods. This study describes the use
      of a monoclonal antibody we have developed to study mechanisms of sexual
      differentiation of brain structure and function. Used as a marker in
      immunocytochemistry, antibody AB-2 revealed subsets of cells, including radial
      glia, transiently during the perinatal period. Peak reactivity in radial glia was
      on embryonic day 19 in males and on postnatal day 1 in females. On postnatal day
      1, AB-2 immunoreactivity in radial glia was 2-fold greater in females than in
      males. Greater activity was detected in males on one side of the brain than the
      other (2- to 4-fold, depending on the region). To test the hormone dependence of
      this sex difference, pregnant rats were injected with testosterone propionate to
      expose fetal females to androgen on embryonic day 18. This resulted in lower
      levels of AB-2 immunoreactivity in radial glia of the treated female offspring on
      postnatal day 1 relative to control females, and the pattern was bilaterally
      asymmetric, approaching that of males. Thus the difference between sexes in
      immunoreactivity with AB-2 as a marker was hormone dependent in a predictable
      manner. Whether this marker is revealing a sex difference in accessibility of
      antigen by immunocytochemistry or a sex difference in intrinsic antigen levels is
      not yet resolved. In either case these results support the hypothesis that
      certain hormone-dependent molecular events occur transiently during development.

PMID- 2911583
TI  - Aldosterone stimulates K secretion across mammalian colon independent of Na
      absorption.
AB  - K transport across guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) distal colon was measured in
      vitro using isotopically determined unidirectional fluxes. Aldosterone stimulated
      electrogenic Na absorption, as measured by amiloride-sensitive short-circuit
      current (Isc), and reduced net K absorption from +2.5 +/- 0.2 microEq/cm2 per hr
      to +0.8 +/- 0.3 microEq/cm2 per hr (mean +/- SEM). Amiloride addition to the
      mucosal solution did not enhance net K absorption, as expected if inhibiting
      active Na absorption would reduce active K secretion as in the distal nephron.
      The amiloride-insensitive Isc was -1.0 +/- 0.2 microEq/cm2 per hr (mean +/- SEM)
      and was inhibited by mucosal addition of Ba, a K channel blocker. Addition of
      bumetanide to the serosal solution also inhibited this negative Isc, and K
      transport returned to the control level of net absorption. Thus, the amiloride
      insensitive, negative Isc is consistent with active K secretion stimulated by
      aldosterone. This stimulation of an active K secretory pathway by aldosterone
      occurred without altering the active K absorption pathway that also is present.
      These results indicate that the aldosterone-stimulated K secretory pathway
      operates independently of the amiloride-sensitive Na absorption pathway, which
      also is stimulated by aldosterone.

PMID- 2911584
TI  - Structure of human neutrophil elastase in complex with a peptide chloromethyl
      ketone inhibitor at 1.84-A resolution.
AB  - Human neutrophil elastase (HNE) has been implicated as a major contributor to
      tissue destruction in various disease states, including emphysema. The structure
      of HNE, at neutral pH, in complex with methoxysuccinyl-Ala-Ala-Pro-Ala
      chloromethyl ketone (MSACK), has been solved and refined to an R factor of 16.4%
      at 1.84-A resolution. Results are consistent with the currently accepted
      mechanism of peptide chloromethyl ketone inhibition of serine proteases, in that
      MSACK cross-links the catalytic residues His-57 and Ser-195. The structure of the
      HNE-MSACK complex is compared with that of porcine pancreatic elastase in complex
      with L-647,957, a beta-lactam inhibitor of both elastases. The distribution of
      positively charged residues on HNE is highly asymmetric and may play a role in
      its specific association with the underlying negatively charged proteoglycan
      matrix of the neutrophil granules in which the enzyme is stored.

PMID- 2911586
TI  - Submission of sequences.

PMID- 2911585
TI  - Heme oxygenase is the major 32-kDa stress protein induced in human skin
      fibroblasts by UVA radiation, hydrogen peroxide, and sodium arsenite.
AB  - We have shown that UVA (320-380 nm) radiation, hydrogen peroxide, and sodium
      arsenite induce a stress protein of approximately 32 kDa in human skin
      fibroblasts. The synthesis and cloning of cDNA from arsenite-induced mRNA
      populations have now allowed us to unequivocally identify the 32-kDa protein as
      heme oxygenase. By mRNA analysis we have shown that the heme oxygenase gene is
      also induced in cultured human skin fibroblasts by UVA radiation, hydrogen
      peroxide, cadmium chloride, iodoacetamide, and menadione. The known antioxidant
      properties of heme catabolites taken together with the observation of a high
      level of induction of the enzyme in cells from an organ not involved in
      hemoglobin breakdown strongly supports the proposal that the induction of heme
      oxygenase may be a general response to oxidant stress and constitutes an
      important cellular defense mechanism against oxidative damage.

PMID- 2911587
TI  - Submission of data to GenBank.

PMID- 2911588
TI  - Complete assignment of neurophysin disulfides indicates pairing in two separate
      domains.
AB  - The pairing of the 14 half-cystine residues of bovine neurophysin was established
      by sequential proteolytic digestion. Purified released peptides and the residual
      disulfide-linked core were monitored at each step by use of amino acid analysis,
      gas-phase sequencing, and mass spectrometry. The approach included application of
      gas-phase sequencing to assign disulfide pairs in peptides containing multiple
      disulfides. The results demonstrate that neurophysin disulfides are paired in two
      distinct domains--an NH2 domain (residues 10-54) containing four disulfides and a
      COOH domain (residues 61-85) containing three disulfides. The specific disulfide
      bridges are Cys-10 to Cys-54, Cys-13 to Cys-27, Cys-21 to Cys-44, Cys-28 to Cys
      34, Cys-61 to Cys-73, Cys-74 to Cys-79, and Cys-67 to Cys-85. The results place
      the internally duplicated segments of neurophysin (residues 12-31 and 60-77) in
      separate domains. Disulfide-pairing patterns within each domain are homologous
      with the exception of the Cys-10 to Cys-54 bond, which is unique to the NH2
      domain and which links the two ends of this domain together. The potential role
      of the Cys-10 to Cys-54 bond in organizing the hormone-binding site is discussed.

PMID- 2911589
TI  - Identical structural changes in inherited albumin variants from different
      populations.
AB  - Alloalbuminemia is rare and has a cumulative frequency of only approximately 1 in
      3,000 in Europeans and Japanese. The worldwide ethnic and geographic distribution
      of certain albumin genetic variants appears to be nonrandom. Moreover, we have
      found that structurally identical variants may occur at different frequencies in
      ethnically distinct populations, presumably owing to independent mutations. In
      this study, albumin B and two types of proalbumins, which as a group are the most
      common European albumin variants, have also been found in Asians. We have
      identified the amino acid substitution characteristic of albumin B (glutamic acid
      ---lysine at position 570) in alloalbumins from six unrelated individuals of five
      different European descents and also in two Japanese and one Cambodian. The two
      types of proalbumins most common in Europe (Lille type, arginine----histidine at
      position -2; Christchurch type, arginine----glutamic acid at position -1) also
      occur in Japan. These results provide evidence for independent mutations at
      single sites in the albumin genome. The clustering of these and of several other
      amino acid exchanges in certain regions of the albumin molecule suggests two
      possibilities: that certain sites are hypermutable or that mutants involving
      certain sites are more subject to selection than mutants involving others.

PMID- 2911590
TI  - Analysis of the sequence-specific interactions between Cro repressor and operator
      DNA by systematic base substitution experiments.
AB  - We measured quantitatively the binding affinities of purified Cro repressor to
      the chemically synthesized wild-type and mutant OR1 operators, consisting of all
      three possible base-pair substitutions and of thymine to uracil substitutions at
      each base-pair position of the 17-base-pair operator sequence. The sequence
      specific interactions between Cro repressor and the operator DNA occur at the
      symmetrically disposed outer 7-base-pair positions of each half operator and at
      the central base-pair position. The binding of Cro is almost symmetrical with
      respect to the pseudo-twofold symmetry of the binding site. The binding free
      energy changes calculated from the affinity changes are mostly additive for
      specific Cro binding. Also the binding affinities of Cro to the operators or any
      other DNA sequences can be predicted by simple addition of free energy changes of
      single base substitutions. We isolated cro mutants by site-directed mutagenesis
      and studied their DNA binding to the wild-type and base-substituted mutant
      operators. The sequence-specific contacts derived from such studies are
      significantly different from the models proposed by Ohlendorf et al. [Ohlendorf,
      D. H., Anderson, W. F., Takeda, Y. & Matthews, B. W. (1982) Nature (London) 298,
      719-723] and by Hochschild et al. [Hochschild, A., Douhan, J., III, & Ptashne, M.
      (1986) Cell 47, 807-816].

PMID- 2911591
TI  - ATP stimulates Ca2+ uptake and increases the free Ca2+ concentration in isolated
      rat liver nuclei.
AB  - Addition of ATP to a highly purified fraction of rat liver nuclei incubated with
      submicromolar concentrations of Ca2+ and trace amounts of 45Ca2+ resulted in the
      rapid accumulation of 45Ca2+ in the nuclei. This was associated with an increase
      in intranuclear free Ca2+ concentration as measured with the fluorescent dye 1-[2
      (5-carboxyoxazol-2-yl)-6-aminobenzofuran-5-oxy]-2-(2'-a mino-5'-
      methylphenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (fura-2). Inhibitors of
      microsomal and mitochondrial Ca2+ translocases had no effect on nuclear Ca2+
      sequestration, indicating that it was distinct from previously known
      intracellular Ca2+-transporting systems. Ca2+ uptake and the associated increase
      in intranuclear free Ca2+ concentration were prevented by calmidazolium, a potent
      calmodulin antagonist. Partial characterization of the ATP-stimulated nuclear
      Ca2+ uptake showed that maximal rates of Ca2+ uptake and increase in intranuclear
      free Ca2+ level occurred at concentrations of Ca2+ normally present in the
      cytosol of mammalian cells. Together, these results show that a distinct, ATP-
      and calmodulin-dependent Ca2+ uptake system exists in liver nuclei. This system
      may play an important role in the regulation of intranuclear Ca2+-dependent
      processes.

PMID- 2911592
TI  - Mitochondrial damage in muscle occurs after marked depletion of glutathione and
      is prevented by giving glutathione monoester.
AB  - Skeletal muscle degeneration associated with mitochondrial damage was found after
      marked depletion of glutathione produced by administration to mice of buthionine
      sulfoximine, an irreversible inhibitor of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. No
      mitochondrial damage was found in heart. These studies show that in the absence
      of applied stress (such as ischemia, drug toxicity), very marked depletion (to
      approximately 3% of the controls) of glutathione must occur before skeletal
      muscle mitochondria are affected and thus suggest that muscle has a large excess
      of glutathione. Depletion of glutathione followed a biphasic pattern in skeletal
      muscle and heart, probably reflecting, in the slow phase, loss of glutathione
      from mitochondria. Skeletal muscle degeneration did not occur when glutathione
      monoisopropyl ester was given together with buthionine sulfoximine; it did occur,
      however, when glutathione was given together with buthionine sulfoximine.
      Administration of the glutathione monoester (but not of glutathione) prevented
      the marked decline of mitochondrial glutathione produced by buthionine
      sulfoximine in skeletal muscle and increased the level of glutathione in heart
      mitochondria to values higher than the controls. The findings suggest that
      glutathione monoesters may be useful agents for protection of heart and skeletal
      muscle against toxicity.

PMID- 2911593
TI  - Expression of apolipoprotein B mRNAs encoding higher- and lower-molecular weight
      isoproteins in rat liver and intestine.
AB  - Two B apolipoproteins (apo) are present in human plasma, designated apoB-100 and
      apoB-48, and represent translational products from mature apoB mRNAs that differ
      by a single base. Either the glutamine codon encoded by the single-copy apoB gene
      at nucleotide 6666 is transcribed and translated to produce apoB-100 or an RNA
      editing mechanism substitutes a uracil for cytosine, altering this glutamine
      codon (CAA) to a stop codon (UAA), prematurely terminating translation to produce
      apoB-48. In the present report, editing of rat apoB transcripts was evaluated by
      amplification of RNA with the polymerase chain reaction by use of primers based
      on the apoB cDNA cloned from a rat liver cDNA library. The combined results of
      this study show that (i) a single copy of the apoB gene exists in the rat; (ii)
      the rat apoB gene encodes only the glutamine codon for the synthesis of apoB of
      higher molecular weight (apoBH); (iii) rat apoB transcripts undergo RNA editing;
      (iv) apoBH and apoB of lower molecular weight (apoBL) in the rat represent
      structural equivalents of apoB-100 and apoB-48 in humans, respectively; (v) RNA
      editing occurs in both the liver and intestine of the rat; (vi) rat hepatic apoB
      RNA is more extensively edited than is human hepatic apoB RNA, which is
      consistent with the marked increase in apoBL secretion by the rat liver when
      compared with human; and (vii) the definitive identification of apoBH mRNA as
      well as apoBL mRNA in the rat intestine provides a mechanism for the biosynthesis
      of both apoBH and apoBL by the rat intestine.

PMID- 2911594
TI  - Creation of phosphorylation sites in proteins: construction of a phosphorylatable
      human interferon alpha.
AB  - A phosphorylation site was introduced into human interferon alpha A (IFN-alpha A)
      by site-specific mutation of the coding sequence. Three slightly different
      phosphorylation sites were created by using the predicted amino acid consensus
      sequences for phosphorylation by the cAMP-dependent protein kinase. The resultant
      modified interferons (IFN-alpha A-P) were expressed in Escherichia coli and
      purified. The purified proteins exhibit antiviral activity on bovine and human
      cells similar to that of the unmodified IFN-alpha A. The IFN-alpha A-P proteins
      can be phosphorylated by the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase
      with [gamma-32P]ATP to high specific activity (2000-5000 Ci/mmol; 1 Ci = 37 GBq)
      with retention of biological activity. The 32P-labeled IFN-alpha A-P proteins
      bind to cells and can be covalently bound to the IFN-alpha/beta receptor with a
      bifunctional reagent as can human IFN-alpha A. The introduction of
      phosphorylation sites into proteins provides a procedure to prepare a large
      variety of radioactive proteins for research and clinical use.

PMID- 2911595
TI  - Behavioral evolution and biocultural games: vertical cultural transmission.
AB  - We consider an evolutionary game model in which strategies are transmitted
      culturally from parents to offspring rather than inherited biologically. Our
      analysis yields two noteworthy results. First, biocultural games show a greater
      diversity of dynamical behaviors than their purely biological counterparts,
      including multiple fully polymorphic equilibria. Second, biocultural games on
      average exhibit greater equilibrium strategy diversity because of the
      countervailing influences of cultural transmission and natural selection.
      Therefore, knowledge of a strategy's influence on Darwinian fitness is not
      sufficient to infer the evolutionary consequences of biocultural games. Further,
      our results suggest that cultural transmission in the presence of natural
      selection may be an important mechanism maintaining behavioral diversity in
      natural populations.

PMID- 2911596
TI  - Three-dimensional structure of Fab R19.9, a monoclonal murine antibody specific
      for the p-azobenzenearsonate group.
AB  - The crystal structure of Fab R19.9, derived from an anti-p-azobenzenearsonate
      monoclonal antibody, has been determined and refined to 2.8-A resolution by x-ray
      crystallographic techniques. Monoclonal antibody R19.9 (IgG2b kappa) shares some
      idiotopes with a major idiotype (CRIA) associated with A/J anti-p
      azobenzenearsonate antibodies. The amino acid sequences of the variable (V) parts
      of the heavy (VH) and light (VL) polypeptide chains of monoclonal antibody R19.9
      were determined through nucleotide sequencing of their mRNAs. The VL region is
      very similar to that of CRIA-positive anti-p-azobenzenearsonate antibodies as is
      VH, except for its third complementarity-determining region, which is three amino
      acids longer; it makes a loop, unique to R19.9, that protrudes into the solvent.
      A large number of tyrosine residues in the complementarity-determining region of
      VH and VL, with their side chains pointing towards the solvent, may have an
      important function in antigen binding.

PMID- 2911597
TI  - Increased clearance of plasma cholesterol after injection of apolipoprotein E
      into Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbits.
AB  - Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is known to play an important role in lipoprotein
      metabolism. We have studied the effect of apoE on the metabolism of plasma
      cholesterol by injecting apoE intravenously into rabbits deficient in low density
      lipoprotein receptors [Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic (WHHL) rabbits].
      Approximately 30 mg of apoE was injected per rabbit; a total of five WHHL rabbits
      were used. One hour later, plasma cholesterol levels fell 8.3% (from 488 +/- 192
      to 446 +/- 174 mg/dl). After 3 hr, cholesterol levels had fallen by 19% (to 392
      +/- 152 mg/dl). The reduced levels were maintained for at least 8 hr after
      injection of apoE. Cholesterol in very low density lipoproteins (VLDLs) and
      intermediate density lipoproteins fell rapidly during the first 2 hr after
      injection, followed by a reduction in the low density lipoprotein cholesterol
      level. Changes in apolipoprotein B levels in each lipoprotein fraction were very
      similar to those of cholesterol. Plasma apoE levels 3 min after injection were
      elevated 3-fold to 22.8 +/- 6.3 mg/dl and returned to initial levels 8 hr after
      injection. The rate of removal of intravenously injected 125I-labeled VLDL that
      had been incubated with apoE was 3-fold higher than that of unmodified VLDL. From
      these results, we conclude that the injected apoE is incorporated into VLDLs and
      that VLDL particles carrying more apoE are removed from the blood more rapidly,
      resulting in reduced formation of low density lipoprotein and lowered cholesterol
      levels.

PMID- 2911598
TI  - Evidence for increased in vivo mutation and somatic recombination in Bloom's
      syndrome.
AB  - The glycophorin A assay was used to estimate the frequency of mutations that
      accumulate in vivo in somatic cells of persons with Bloom's syndrome (BS). This
      assay measures the frequency in persons of blood type MN of variant erythrocytes
      that lack the expression of one allelic form of glycophorin A, presumably due to
      mutational or recombinational events in erythroid precursor cells. Samples of
      blood from persons with BS showed dramatic 50- to 100-fold increases in the
      frequency of variants of three types, those with a hemizygous phenotype, those
      with a homozygous phenotype, and those with what appears to be partial loss of
      the expression of one locus. The high frequency of homozygous variants, genetic
      evidence for altered allelic segregation of a specific biochemical locus,
      provides evidence for increased somatic crossing-over in vivo in BS. An increased
      generation of functional hemizygosity and homozygosity in their somatic cells may
      play an important role in the extreme cancer risk of persons with BS.

PMID- 2911599
TI  - De novo amplification within a "silent" human cholinesterase gene in a family
      subjected to prolonged exposure to organophosphorous insecticides.
AB  - A 100-fold DNA amplification in the CHE gene, coding for serum
      butyrylcholinesterase (BtChoEase), was found in a farmer expressing the "silent"
      CHE phenotype. Individuals homozygous for this gene display a defective serum
      BtChoEase and are particularly vulnerable to poisoning by agricultural
      organophosphorous insecticides, to which all members of this family had long been
      exposed. DNA blot hybridization with regional BtChoEase cDNA probes suggested
      that the amplification was most intense in regions encoding central sequences
      within BtChoEase cDNA, whereas distal sequences were amplified to a much lower
      extent. This is in agreement with the "onion skin" model, based on amplification
      of genes in cultured cells and primary tumors. The amplification was absent in
      the grandparents but present at the same extent in one of their sons and in a
      grandson, with similar DNA blot hybridization patterns. In situ hybridization
      experiments localized the amplified sequences to the long arm of chromosome 3,
      close to the site where we previously mapped the CHE gene. Altogether, these
      observations suggest that the initial amplification event occurred early in
      embryogenesis, spermatogenesis, or oogenesis, where the CHE gene is intensely
      active and where cholinergic functioning was indicated to be physiologically
      necessary. Our findings demonstrate a de novo amplification in apparently healthy
      individuals within an autosomal gene producing a target protein to an inhibitor.
      Its occurrence in two generations from a family under prolonged exposure to
      parathion indicates that organophosphorous poisons may be implicated in
      previously unforeseen long-term ecological effects.

PMID- 2911600
TI  - Retinal dopamine and form-deprivation myopia.
AB  - Investigation of retinal neurochemistry in a well-defined chick model of form
      deprivation myopia indicated that dopamine and its metabolite 3,4
      dihydroxyphenylacetic acid are reduced in myopic as compared to control eyes. The
      reduction in retinal dopamine is evident only during light adaptation and is
      accompanied by a decreased rate of dopamine biosynthesis. To test whether the
      alteration in dopamine metabolism is related to eye growth, agents known to
      interact with dopamine receptors were administered locally to deprived eyes.
      Remarkably, the expected growth in the axial dimension was reduced, while that in
      the equatorial dimension was not. Therefore retinal dopamine may participate in
      the pathway linking visual experience and the postnatal regulation of the eye's
      growth in the axial dimension. The mechanism for control of chick eye growth in
      the equatorial dimension remains unknown.

PMID- 2911601
TI  - Identification of the convulsant opiate thebaine in mammalian brain.
AB  - The convulsant opiate thebaine, an intermediate of morphine biosynthesis, was
      purified from bovine brain to homogeneity by gel filtration and high-performance
      liquid chromatography (HPLC) monitored by a radioimmunoassay. The immunoreactive
      material behaved identically to standard thebaine in two HPLC systems and was
      confirmed to be thebaine by combined gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. To our
      knowledge, the presence of thebaine in mammalian tissue has not been demonstrated
      previously. Codeine and morphine were also found to exist in ovine brain. The
      presence of thebaine in ovine brain provides strong evidence that morphine and
      codeine, in various mammalian tissues, are of endogenous origin and actually
      biosynthesized from a precursor.

PMID- 2911602
TI  - Angiotensin II receptors in paraventricular nucleus, subfornical organ, and
      pituitary gland of hypophysectomized, adrenalectomized, and vasopressin-deficient
      rats.
AB  - Angiotensin II has been implicated in the regulation of adrenocorticotropin and
      vasopressin secretion. Angiotensin II may influence the secretion of these
      hormones either directly at the pituitary gland or by increasing corticotropin
      releasing hormone or vasopressin release from cells that are located in the
      paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus. Pituitary hormone release may also be
      influenced by circulating angiotensin II through receptors outside the blood
      brain barrier in the subfornical organ. We have used alterations in angiotensin
      II receptors in hypophysectomized, adrenalectomized, and vasopressin-deficient
      Brattleboro rats as indicators of the activity of angiotensin II in the
      regulation of adrenocorticotropin and vasopressin secretion. Angiotensin receptor
      number in the paraventricular nucleus and the subfornical organ, but not in the
      anterior pituitary gland, was significantly decreased by adrenalectomy, and this
      effect was reversed by corticoids. Vasopressin deficiency decreased angiotensin
      receptors in the subfornical organ and increased them in the anterior pituitary
      gland but did not affect angiotensin II binding in either magnocellular or
      parvocellular subnucleus of the paraventricular nucleus. Our results suggest that
      angiotensin II may have a corticoid-dependent role in the regulation of
      corticotropin-releasing hormone secretion, which could be important in the
      adaptation to elevated corticosterone secretion in stress.

PMID- 2911605
TI  - Swimming-induced suppression of rat pineal melatonin is prevented by pretreatment
      with calcium channel blockers.
AB  - Young adult male rats were treated with isoproterenol during the day to induce
      high levels of pineal N-acetyltransferase (NAT) activity and melatonin. Roughly 2
      hr later when pineal NAT activity and melatonin levels were elevated, animals
      were given either an injection of a calcium channel blocker, i.e., either
      nifedipine or verapamil, or diluent. The rats were then forced to swim for 10 min
      in room temperature (22 degrees C) water. Fifteen minutes after swimming onset,
      pineal glands were collected for measurement of NAT activity and melatonin.
      Swimming caused a dramatic reduction in pineal melatonin content without
      influencing NAT activity. Nifedipine substantially and verapamil completely
      blocked the drop in pineal melatonin levels due to swimming without influencing
      NAT activity. The results suggest that calcium may be somehow directly or
      indirectly involved in melatonin release from the rat pineal gland.

PMID- 2911606
TI  - Intestinal uptake of fluorescent microspheres in young and aged mice.
AB  - Rhodamine B-labeled synthetic latex particles (microspheres), 1.8 micron in
      diameter, were administered by gavage 5 days per week to young (24 days) and aged
      (18 months) mice. After 25 days (19 gavages), the particles were assayed in
      solubilized tissues by depositing them on filters and counting under fluorescence
      microscopy. Aged mice exhibited significantly more fluorescent particle
      accumulation in Peyer's patches but significantly less in lungs than young mice.
      Mesenteric lymph nodes and Peyer's patch-free intestinal segments contained
      measurable latex, but differences between young and aged animals were not
      significant. Liver contained only trace amounts of latex, and spleen and kidney
      were latex free in both young and aged animals. Nonquantitative observations on
      KOH-glycerol-cleared whole Peyer's patches and slices of liver, lung, and
      mesenteric lymph node were similar.

PMID- 2911603
TI  - Peripheral nerve damage facilitates functional innervation of brain grafts in
      adult sensory cortex.
AB  - The neural pathways that relay information from cutaneous receptors to the cortex
      provide the somatic sensory information needed for cortical function. The last
      sensory relay neurons in this pathway have cell bodies in the thalamus and axons
      that synapse on neurons in the somatosensory cortex. After cortical lesions that
      damage mature thalamocortical fibers in the somatosensory cortex, we have
      attempted to reestablish somatosensory cortical function by grafting embryonic
      neocortical cells into the lesioned area. Such grafts survive in adult host
      animals but are not innervated by thalamic neurons, and consequently the grafted
      neurons show little if any spontaneous activity and no responses to cutaneous
      stimuli. We have reported that transection of peripheral sensory nerves prior to
      grafting "conditions" or "primes" the thalamic neurons in the ventrobasal complex
      so that they extend axons into grafts subsequently placed in the cortical domain
      of the cut nerve. In this report we present evidence that the ingrowth of
      ventrobasal fibers leads to graft neurons that become functionally integrated
      into the sensory circuitry of the host brain. Specifically, the conditioning
      lesions made prior to grafting produce graft neurons that are spontaneously
      active and can be driven by natural activation of cutaneous receptors or
      electrical stimulation of the transected nerve after it regenerates. Furthermore,
      oxidative metabolism in these grafts reaches levels that are comparable to normal
      cortex, whereas without prior nerve cut, oxidative metabolism is abnormally low
      in neocortical grafts. We conclude that damage to the sensory periphery
      transsynaptically stimulates reorganization of sensory pathways through
      mechanisms that include axonal elongation and functional synaptogenesis.

PMID- 2911604
TI  - Alternative mRNA splicing generates multiple forms of peptidyl-glycine alpha
      amidating monooxygenase in rat atrium.
AB  - Peptidyl-glycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase (PAM; EC 1.14.17.3) catalyzes the
      conversion of a variety of glycine-extended peptides into biologically active
      alpha-amidated product peptides in a reaction dependent on copper, ascorbate, and
      molecular oxygen. We have isolated and sequenced cDNAs representing the two major
      classes of PAM mRNA in the adult rat heart atrium. The two types of cDNA, rPAM-1
      and rPAM-2, are identical except for the deletion of a 315-base-pair segment
      within the protein coding region in rPAM-2, suggesting that rPAM-1 and rPAM-2
      arise by alternative splicing. Northern analysis using a cDNA probe derived from
      within the 315-base-pair region deleted in rPAM-2 visualized the larger of the
      PAM mRNAs in adult rat atrium and not the smaller, indicating that the presence
      or absence of this 315-nucleotide segment is a major feature distinguishing the
      two size forms of PAM mRNA. The 105 amino acid segment that distinguishes the two
      forms of atrial PAM contains a consensus N-glycosylation site and a paired basic
      amino acid site of potential importance in endoproteolytic processing. Comparison
      of the nucleotide sequences of rat, frog, and bovine PAM cDNAs reveals an
      extremely well conserved segment in the 3' untranslated region. The high degree
      of conservation in amino acid sequence throughout the catalytic, intragranular,
      and cytoplasmic domains of rat atrium, bovine pituitary, and frog skin PAM
      suggests that both the catalytic and noncatalytic domains of the protein subserve
      important functions.

PMID- 2911607
TI  - Effect of acute and chronic vanadate administration on sugar transport in rat
      jejunum.
AB  - Vanadate is known to have an insulin-like action which stimulates sugar transport
      in some systems like adipocytes and muscle cells, but in other systems it
      inhibits sugar transport by decreasing the activity of (Na+ +K+)-ATPase. To
      evaluate whether these two opposing actions may influence sugar transport across
      the intestine, we studied the effects of acute and chronic vanadate
      administration on the uptake of glucose, galactose, and 3-O-methylglucose in
      isolated rat intestinal cells. The sugar uptake measurements were also coupled by
      determinations of rubidium-86 uptake as a measure of the activity of the Na-K
      pump. Both acute and chronic vanadate administration reduced rubidium uptake by
      the cells but the reduction did not uniformly influence the uptake of the three
      sugars in question which were stimulated by the acute exposure of the cells to
      vanadate. Glucose uptake was also stimulated by chronic vanadate administration,
      but the uptakes of galactose and 3-O-methylglucose were respectively unaffected
      or inhibited by chronic vanadate. The findings suggest that the effect of
      vanadate on sugar transport is dependent on the net difference between two
      actions of vanadate: (i) stimulation of a receptor site (possibly an insulin
      receptor site) in the intestinal cell membrane and (ii) inhibition of the Na-K
      pump. During acute vanadate exposure, the stimulation of the receptor site was
      very likely a dominant feature which overwhelms the inhibition of the pump.
      Chronic exposure to vanadate led, on the other hand, to only a limited degree of
      stimulation of the receptor site and the inhibition of the Na-K pump became
      evident in the uptake measurements of galactose and 3-O-methyl-glucose. Glucose
      uptake, however, was stimulated by chronic vanadate ingestion due, very likely,
      to an increase in the metabolism of this sugar which occurred only with prolonged
      exposure of the rat intestine to vanadate.

PMID- 2911608
TI  - Lysozyme-induced inhibition of the lymphocyte response to mitogenic lectins.
AB  - Both human lysozyme (HL) and hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL) inhibited the
      proliferative response of peripheral blood lymphocytes to T cell mitogens such as
      the lectins phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A. This inhibition was observed
      both when HL or HEWL was added to the lymphocyte cultures in combination with
      phytohemagglutinin or concanavalin A and when lymphocytes were pretreated with
      either lysozyme and extensively washed prior to culture with mitogens. Under both
      conditions, the effects were strictly dose dependent; the lysozyme concentrations
      yielding maximal inhibitory effect were 5 micrograms/ml for HL and 1 microgram/ml
      for HEWL, while both lower and higher concentrations were less effective.
      Specific antilysozyme rabbit sera completely prevented the inhibitory effects of
      both HL and HEWL on the proliferative response of lymphocytes to phytohemagglutin
      or concanavalin A. Chitotriose (a lysozyme inhibitor) caused a strong reduction
      in the inhibitory effects of the two lysozymes on the lymphocyte response to
      either lectin. HL and HEWL also were found to markedly inhibit the polyclonal B
      cell proliferation and differentiation induced by pokeweed mitogen and T cells. A
      less marked inhibition was also obtained when T cells, but not B cells, were
      pretreated with HL or HEWL. Again, as in the experiments with T cell mitogens,
      the effects were dose dependent and 5 micrograms/ml HL and 1 microgram/ml HEWL
      proved to be the most effective concentrations. The possible mechanisms by which
      lysozyme inhibits the lymphocyte response to mitogenic lectins are considered and
      discussed. The enzymatic activity seemed to perform an essential function, as
      shown by the loss of effect when the heat- or trypsin-inactivated lysozymes were
      used and by the fact that only the enzymatically active compound, among certain
      semisynthetic derivatives of HEWL, inhibited the lymphocyte response to the
      mitogens. However, the cationic properties of the lysozyme molecule appeared to
      be essential too, since enzymes with a similar specificity of action showed
      effects similar to those observed with HL or HEWL only when they carried a strong
      positive charge. It is suggested that lysozyme, which is naturally secreted by
      monocytes and macrophages, might interact with lymphocyte surface receptor sites
      and participate in the complex mononuclear phagocyte-lymphocyte interactions and
      in the modulation of lymphocyte activation.

PMID- 2911609
TI  - Effect of maternal glucose concentration on uteroplacental glucose consumption
      and transfer in pregnant sheep.
AB  - The present study was designed to measure the relationships between maternal
      arterial glucose concentration [( GI]A) and fetal arterial glucose concentration
      [( GI]a), uteroplacental glucose consumption (UPGC), and the rate of
      uteroplacental glucose transfer to the fetus (UPGT) in pregnant sheep in late
      gestation. [GI]A was controlled by a glucose clamp technique and the glucose flux
      rates of the uteroplacenta were quantified by the Fick principle. [GI]A varied
      from 1.81 to 154.7 mg/dl; [GI]a was directly related to [GI]A: [GI]a = 0.374
      [GI]A + 1.81, r = 0.873, P less than 0.001. Fetal arterial blood oxygen content
      decreased with [GI]A (P less than 0.05) and fetal arterial blood lactate
      concentration increased with [GI]A (P less than 0.001). There was no significant
      effect of [GI]A on the rates of uteroplacental lactate production, uteroplacental
      oxygen consumption, fetal oxygen consumption, or uterine or umbilical blood flow.
      Both UPGC and UPGT were directly related to [GI]A: UPGC = -2.221 x 10(-3) chi 2 +
      0.646 x -6.016, r = 0.80; UPGT = -1.208 x 10(-3) chi 2 + 0.405 x -2.416, r =
      0.90. UPGC and UPGT were approximately parallel over the range of [GI]A studied
      (UPGC = 1.19 UPGT + 3.79, r = 0.764). These results demonstrate the importance of
      UPGC to maternal-fetal glucose homeostasis and indicate that factors regulating
      uteroplacental glucose consumption and transfer to the fetus become limiting at
      comparable levels of [GI]A and [GI]a. The estimated kinetic constants for UPGC
      represent the metabolism of glucose by the uteroplacental tissues, but the
      estimated kinetic constants for UPGT represent the metabolism of glucose by the
      fetus as well as the transfer of glucose by the uteroplacenta to the fetus.

PMID- 2911610
TI  - Oxidative metabolism of cocaine: comparison of brain and liver.
AB  - Norcocaine (NC) and N-hydroxynorcocaine (NHNC), products of the oxidative
      metabolism of cocaine, were examined in plasma, brain, and liver of mice injected
      intraperitoneally with cocaine. Plasma levels of NHNC were altered in vivo by
      inhibiting esterase activity with diazinon and chloral hydrate or activating
      esterase activity with phenobarbital, and activating the microsomal P-450 system
      with phenobarbital. Changes in plasma concentrations of NHNC resulted in similar
      changes in brain, which were often different from those in liver. After
      intracisternal administration of cocaine to mice, no appreciable amount of NC or
      NHNC could be detected in brain; the same results were obtained upon
      intracisternal and intraventricular administration to rats. Microsomal
      preparations from mouse brain were found to be considerably less active than
      those from liver in converting NC to NHNC. We conclude that the cerebral
      oxidative metabolism of cocaine is not appreciable and that most of the NC and
      NHNC found in the brain after systemic cocaine administration is derived from
      plasma rather than formed centrally by brain microsomal enzymes.

PMID- 2911611
TI  - Evaluation of an anti-inflammatory factor derived from hyperimmunized cows.
AB  - An anti-inflammatory factor isolated from milk of hyperimmunized cows was
      analyzed in vitro and in vivo. Macrophages collected from lacteal secretions of a
      unimmunized nonlactating cow showed increased ability to kill phagocytosed
      Staphylococcus aureus when incubated with the anti-inflammatory factor. Mice
      injected intraperitoneally with 10 mg/kg of anti-inflammatory factor demonstrated
      an increased LD50 to S. aureus when challenged intraperitoneally. Injected mice
      also demonstrated significantly (P less than 0.05) less mammary inflammation and
      involution and increased clearance of S. aureus when challenged intramammarily.
      Quantitative histologic analysis of mammary tissues from mice injected with anti
      inflammatory factor demonstrated significantly (P less than 0.05) more lumen,
      less interalveolar connective tissue, and less leukocytic infiltration compared
      with control mice. Mammary glands of mice injected with anti-inflammatory factor
      and challenged with S. aureus also contained fewer colony-forming units than
      control mice. The product appeared to exert its effect on the nonspecific defense
      system via modulation of leukocyte function.

PMID- 2911612
TI  - Composition of proteoglycans in the aortas of copper-deficient rats.
AB  - Copper deficiency adversely affects the extracellular matrix of the arterial
      wall, leading to cardiovascular lesions. To study the lesions resulting from
      copper deficiency, the composition of proteoglycans from aortas of copper
      deficient rats was compared with proteoglycans of aortas from copper-supplemented
      rats. Copper deficiency in rats was verified by copper levels in adrenal glands
      (mean +/- SE, 0.37 +/- 0.07 vs 1.03 +/- 0.17 micrograms/g wet wt in supplemented
      rats). The proteoglycans were isolated from the aorta by extraction with 4 M
      guanidine-HCl and by digestion of the tissue with elastase. The proteoglycans
      were purified by CsCl isopycnic centrifugation and fractionated by gel
      filtration. The fractions were characterized for molecular size and
      glycosaminoglycan composition. Total uronate in the aortas from copper-deficient
      rats was 25% greater than in aortas from copper-supplemented rats, and the
      proteoglycans from copper-deficient rat aortas were of greater molecular size.
      Among the glycosaminoglycans the concentration (microgram/mg tissue) of isomeric
      chondroitin sulfates, particularly dermatan sulfate, was greater in copper
      deficient animals than in copper-supplemented animals. These observations are
      similar to earlier findings in experimental atherosclerosis and to a response of
      cardiovascular connective tissue to injury.

PMID- 2911613
TI  - Pelvic exercise and gait in hemiplegia.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to describe and compare the gait of 20 patients
      with hemiplegia secondary to cerebrovascular accident (CVA) before and after a
      treatment regimen of resisted pelvic motions. Ten women and 10 men were studied,
      with a mean age of 48 years and a mean duration post-CVA of two months. Nine
      subjects (45%) were right hemiplegic, and 11 subjects (55%) were left hemiplegic.
      Treatment consisted of four sets of five repetitions each of manually resisted
      pelvic anterior-elevation and posterior-depression movements on the involved
      side. An insole footswitch system, knee electrogoniometer, and force walking aid
      were used in gait analysis performed before treatment, immediately after
      treatment (posttest 1), and 30 minutes after treatment (posttest 2). Results
      showed significant overall improvement in gait in posttest 1 (p less than .005)
      compared with the pretest. This improvement, however, was not maintained in
      posttest 2. Ten patients improved overall in posttest 1; only 4 patients also
      showed improvement in posttest 2. The major improvements seen immediately after
      treatment were observed in stance stability and limb advancement in the involved
      limb. More research is needed to identify an optimum treatment with carry-over
      using this technique.

PMID- 2911614
TI  - Salary, education, and managerial-level differences of physical therapists in
      Maryland.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine whether differences existed between a
      random sample of male and female physical therapists on selected factors. These
      factors included salary, managerial level, number of courses taken in management
      or administration, years of work experience in physical therapy, and years of
      seniority in an organization. A self-reported questionnaire was sent to 400
      licensed physical therapists in Maryland who were also American Physical Therapy
      Association members. Data were analyzed on the 244 respondents using chi-square
      tests, t tests, and critical ratios. Results showed that female physical
      therapists, when employed full time in Maryland as department managers, on
      average, earned significantly less than their male counterparts. A significant
      difference existed between male and female department managers for full-time work
      experience in physical therapy. Neither the number of management courses taken
      nor seniority in an organization were significantly different for male and female
      physical therapists, regardless of managerial level. Conclusions were that
      differences existed on several factors between male and female physical therapy
      department managers and that schools preparing physical therapists for entry into
      the profession should assess the need for management preparation.

PMID- 2911615
TI  - Impact of physical therapy weekend coverage on length of stay in an acute care
      community hospital.
AB  - This study compares the length of hospital stay of a group of patients treated in
      a community hospital during a period of five-day-a-week physical therapy coverage
      with the length of stay of a similar patient group treated during a period of
      seven-day-a-week physical therapy coverage. Comparisons of length of stay were
      made between the two groups and between subgroups based on diagnosis (stroke or
      orthopedic disorder) and surgical versus nonsurgical status. Multiple regression
      analysis was used to control for other factors influencing length of hospital
      stay. The mean length of stay was shorter for the seven-day-a-week group, and in
      a few subgroups the difference in length of stay was statistically significant.
      The results of this study suggest that weekend physical therapy may help reduce
      length of hospital stay. This finding should interest individuals concerned with
      the cost-effective use of physical therapy, especially under hospital
      reimbursement systems such as the Medicare diagnosis-related group.

PMID- 2911616
TI  - Resistance exercise effects on aging skeletal muscle in rats.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine whether a resistance exercise program
      could be initiated successfully at progressively older ages in rats. Forty female
      Sprague-Dawley rats, 7 to 10 in each age group (21, 24, 27, and 30 months,
      respectively), performed 60 manually resisted chin-ups (three sets of 10
      repetitions each twice daily) for three months. Twenty controls, 5 in each age
      group, were followed for three months but not exercised. Before the experimental
      period began, the rats' left palmaris longus (PL) muscle was removed, weighed,
      frozen, sectioned, and stained. After the three-month period, the right PL muscle
      was removed and the same tissue preparation procedure was followed. Muscle fiber
      types I and II were identified on photomicrographs, and areas of each fiber type
      measured. No significant change in muscle wet weight or fiber size occurred in
      the controls. Significant increases (p less than .01) in type II muscle fiber
      area occurred for the 21-, 24-, and 30-month-old rats that exercised. No
      histological evidence of exercise-related harm was observed in tissues from
      exercised rats. Results indicate that resistance exercise can be introduced
      successfully to an aging or aged rat without doing harm. Studies are needed to
      determine whether similar results can be achieved for elderly humans.

PMID- 2911617
TI  - Relationship between multiple predictor variables and normal knee torque
      production.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to develop predictive models relating isokinetic
      knee testing performance to anthropometric and demographic variables. The
      subjects were 134 healthy volunteers (70 female, 64 male) between the ages of 10
      and 80 years. The investigators measured subjects' peak knee flexion and
      extension torque production at two angular velocities. Stepwise regression
      analyses were used to examine the relationship between each torque-dependent
      variable and the following potential predictor variables: age, sex, side of lower
      extremity dominance, height, weight, percentage of body fat, and thigh girth. The
      investigators generated two sets of models designed to predict preinjury knee
      strength. Clinicians can use one set of models by assessing predictor variables
      before or immediately following injury. The second set of models involves the
      assessment of predictor variables postinjury, excluding an assessment of
      percentage of body fat and thigh girth. The results indicated that peak knee
      torque production can be predicted with statistically significant accuracy
      (multiple R = .78-.87). The predictive models generated in this study can be used
      to establish muscle strength goals for patient rehabilitative programs.

PMID- 2911618
TI  - Description of adult rolling movements and hypothesis of developmental sequences.
AB  - Physical therapists frequently evaluate and teach patients to roll from a supine
      to a prone position. The purposes of this study were 1) to describe the rolling
      movements of adults and 2) to determine whether the movement patterns used to
      roll might represent different developmental steps within three body regions.
      Thirty-six healthy adult subjects were videotaped during 10 trials of rolling
      from a supine to a prone position. Written descriptions of each subject's
      movements were reduced to general categorical descriptions of movement patterns
      for three body regions (upper extremities, lower extremities, and head and
      trunk). Stage theory criteria were used in an attempt to order the movement
      patterns into developmental sequences. The most common combination of movement
      patterns was used to describe adults' rolling action. Although stage theory
      criteria were not met, developmental sequences of movement patterns were proposed
      for the three body regions. Subjects were quite variable in their rolling
      movements. The most common form of rolling occurred in less than 12% of the
      subjects' trials. The descriptions of adults' rolling action gathered in this
      study provide physical therapists with a variety of movement patterns for
      teaching patients to roll.

PMID- 2911619
TI  - Exercise programs for patients with post-polio syndrome: a case report.
AB  - Several authors have reported on post-polio syndrome, indicating a decline in
      muscle strength in individuals years after the onset of poliomyelitis. These
      reports include suggestions that strenuous exercise programs are contraindicated
      and may have deleterious effects for patients with post-polio syndrome. The
      purpose of this case study was to examine the effects of an aggressive, six-week
      isokinetic exercise program on a 59-year-old patient with post-polio syndrome.
      Peak torque values were assessed before and during the exercise program, and 6
      and 22 weeks following cessation of the exercise program. The results indicate no
      deleterious effects secondary to the exercise program. The authors suggest future
      research strategies to investigate the efficacy of exercise programs for patients
      with post-polio syndrome.

PMID- 2911620
TI  - Cutaneous blood supply of the penis.
AB  - Twelve male cadaver specimens were injected with a latex solution to define the
      cutaneous blood supply of the penis. The cutaneous blood supply of the penile
      shaft is derived solely from a pair of axial arteries running in the dartos
      layer. Additional deep perforating arteries from the dorsal penile artery and
      corporal vessels supply the glans and subcoronal region. An understanding of this
      anatomy allows one to develop safely a variety of penile skin flaps for difficult
      reconstructive problems.

PMID- 2911622
TI  - Exogenous laminin induces regenerative changes in traumatized sciatic and optic
      nerve.
AB  - Laminin is an extracellular matrix component which can promote neuritic
      elongation in vitro and has been implicated in the promotion of nerve
      regeneration in vivo. The present study was undertaken to determine if
      implantation of Elvax pellets containing exogenous laminin distal to site of
      lesion could promote regenerative responses in vivo in the adult rat peripheral
      (sciatic) and central (optic) nerve. In peripheral nerve preparations, Elvax
      pellets containing laminin or collagen were assessed for their ability to "lure"
      transected axons into 5-mm-long silicone tubes. In optic nerve studies, laminin
      pellets were inserted distal to site of nerve crush, and the extent of axonal
      elongation 2.5 mm to the injury site was assessed. Laminin-containing pellets
      appeared to support appreciable axonal elongation in both systems. This effect
      was dose-dependent and not exerted by collagen pellets, substrate-free pellets,
      or pellets containing irradiated laminin. Collagen IV had some beneficial effect
      in peripheral, but not central, nerve preparations.

PMID- 2911621
TI  - Projection geometry and stress-reduction techniques in craniofacial surgery.
AB  - Since 1981, we have been able to modify the mathematical patterns of projection
      geometry to reshape the skull in craniofacial surgery. Unlike burring,
      morcellization, rotation, and plate switching, this technique actually changes
      the shape of individual sections of the skull by changing their radius of
      curvature. The technique is an adaptation of the principles used by engineers to
      build complex structures such as ships' hulls, airfoils, and domes. The result is
      a rigid form of the desired shape that becomes permanent with healing. This has
      several advantages: 1. An increase in the level of safety of craniofacial
      procedures for remodeling the skull. This is so because there is no need to
      dissect normal areas as in the standard plate-switching techniques. 2. Decreased
      operating room time. 3. An increased range of surgical manipulations. No longer
      is the surgeon limited to the shape of the material present. 4. Relief of edge
      pressure on the frontal lobes during scalp closure. 5. Creation of a solid bony
      form over which the pericranial scalp flap can be draped to form new layers of
      bone.

PMID- 2911623
TI  - The oculocardiac reflex in blepharoplasty surgery.
AB  - The oculocardiac reflex (OCR), a previously undescribed phenomenon in aesthetic
      blepharoplasty surgery, involves intraoperative bradycardia exceeding 10 percent
      of the preoperative heart rate or any dysrhythmia during ocular manipulation. It
      is a trigeminal-vagal-mediated reflex arc. The oculocardiac reflex was noted to
      occur in 25 of 100 patients (25 percent) undergoing blepharoplasty. A data sheet
      designed and distributed for use in the operating room identified a reflex-prone
      patient (RPP) as a young, anxious female, with a cardiac history, operated on
      under light anesthesia with aggressive fat pad resection. The oculocardiac reflex
      was more likely to occur in a reflex-prone patient during traction on the medial
      fat pads and in the left eye. Despite anticipating the fatigue phenomenon in
      those patients who exhibited a profound bradycardia (35 to 40 beats per minute),
      it was necessary to release traction in order to permit the heart rate to return
      to normal. Awareness and treatment of this potentially life-threatening
      oculocardiac reflex are necessary. Careful patient surveillance and monitoring
      are mandatory.

PMID- 2911624
TI  - The subcutaneous forehead lift.
AB  - A limited experience (27 patients, all female) is presented utilizing the
      subcutaneous approach to forehead lifting. This approach has been little utilized
      and has been condemned in the literature for being dangerous. However, no
      difficulties in wound healing or alopecia have been encountered, and the
      procedure has the advantages of more effectively removing the vertical and
      transverse wrinkles in the glabellar region, raising the brows, and preserving
      sensation to the scalp posterior to the incision.

PMID- 2911625
TI  - Anatomy of the buccal fat pad and its clinical significance.
AB  - Interest in the anatomy of the buccal fat pad was aroused by two clinical cases
      where the fat pad was involved by pathology. In one, there was an extensive
      lipoma of the buccal fat pad which had been unsuccessfully operated on on two
      previous occasions. The reason for the lack of success was incomplete removal of
      the fat pad. In the second case, there was an arteriovenous malformation
      involving the fat pad which necessitated complete removal. Fresh cadaver
      dissections were carried out to accurately determine the anatomy. Particular
      attention was paid to the temporal extension, since this area is frequently
      disregarded.

PMID- 2911626
TI  - Anatomy of the frontal branch of the facial nerve: the significance of the
      temporal fat pad.
AB  - The anatomy of the temporal region, with reference to the frontal branch of the
      facial nerve, was examined in 12 fresh cadaver dissections. In all dissections,
      the frontal branch traveled in a constant plane along the undersurface of the
      temporoparietal fascia and was quite superficial as it crossed the zygomatic
      arch. The deep temporal fascia and superficial temporal fat pad are anatomically
      important structures which adjoin the periosteum of the zygomatic arch and lie
      deep to the frontal nerve. Based on these relationships, a safe method of
      dissection within the temporal region is formulated.

PMID- 2911627
TI  - The prominent mandibular angle: preoperative management, operative technique, and
      results in 42 patients.
AB  - A prominent mandibular angle is considered to be unattractive in the Orient
      because it gives the face a square and muscular appearance. While described
      infrequently in the United States, this entity is commonly encountered in the
      Orient owing to different facial characteristics and different aesthetic
      sensibilities. We present a retrospective study of 42 female patients who
      presented requesting the reduction of a prominent mandibular angle for cosmetic
      reasons. We describe our approach, which utilizes formal planimetry,
      cephalometric tracings, and Panorex mandibular radiographs. We utilize the
      intraoral approach and use an oscillating saw to resect the predetermined segment
      of bone. In 18 of the 42 patients, we resected muscle as well. We also describe
      using the preauricular incision in a patient undergoing a concomitant
      rhytidectomy. Our cosmetic results have been generally satisfactory, with only
      one inaccurate osteotomy. We had three infections which resolved without
      sequelae.

PMID- 2911628
TI  - Plantar fibromatosis: an isolated disease.
AB  - Plantar fibromatosis is a relatively uncommon benign disease characterized by
      bilateral nodular thickening of the plantar fascia similar in appearance to the
      disease which occurs in the palm of the hand. Descriptions of plantar
      fibromatosis in the literature were usually included as a part of a syndrome
      described as ectopic diseases of Dupuytren. Isolated case reports have described
      Dupuytren-like contractures of the plantar fascia but often suggested a
      relationship with palmar lesions. We have recently treated four patients with
      isolated plantar fibromatosis without other stigmata of Dupuytren's disease.
      These patients were treated by removal of all the involved plantar fascia with a
      wide margin of normal-appearing fascia.

PMID- 2911629
TI  - Effect of a high-intensity static magnetic field on sciatic nerve regeneration in
      the rat.
AB  - The effect of a high-intensity static magnetic field on peripheral nerve
      regeneration is evaluated in rat sciatic nerve. Forty-four rats underwent sciatic
      nerve repair using polyethylene nerve guides. Postoperatively, the animals were
      exposed to a 1-tesla magnetic field for 12 hours per day for 4 weeks with
      appropriate controls. Our results demonstrate that a 1-tesla static magnetic
      field has no statistically significant effect on nerve regeneration as determined
      by myelinated axon counts and electrophysiologic studies. Also, the specific
      orientation of the sciatic nerve with respect to the magnetic field has no
      influence on axonal growth or nerve conduction. Periods of restraint of 12 hours
      per day for 4 weeks significantly inhibit weight gain but have no effect on
      peripheral nerve regeneration.

PMID- 2911630
TI  - Analysis of fibrogenic processes in denervated tissues of spinal cord injury
      patients.
AB  - To test the hypothesis that altered collagen metabolism is a contributing factor
      in the apparent delayed wound healing in denervated regions of spinal cord injury
      (SCI) patients, a tissue implant (PVA) was used to directly measure collagen
      deposition. Sterile PVA implants were placed subcutaneously in the inner aspect
      of the upper arm above the cord injury (innervated) and in the inner aspect of
      the upper leg below the cord injury (denervated) of 20 spinal cord injury
      patients and compared to eight healthy volunteers. On day 14, the implants were
      removed and analyzed histologically by trichrome stain and biochemically for
      hydroxyproline as a measure of collagen deposition. No remarkable histologic
      differences were observed in the sponge material removed from the upper regions
      compared to the lower denervated regions of the spinal cord injury patients.
      Sponges from both areas were infiltrated with fibroblasts containing well
      developed rough endoplasmic reticulum and large quantities of trichrome-positive
      collagen. Likewise, upper and lower histology of controls was identical and
      nondistinguishable from the corresponding sections obtained from the spinal cord
      injury patients. Quantitation of the hydroxyproline in the arms of the spinal
      cord injury patients (n = 20) showed 4.3 +/- 0.7 nmol hydroxyproline per
      milligram of sponge compared to 4.1 +/- 0.4 nmol/mg in the denervated regions of
      the lower limb. The hydroxyproline content in the arms of control volunteers was
      5.2 +/- 0.7 nmol/mg compared to 3.9 +/- 0.8 nmol/mg in the leg (n = 8). These
      observations suggest that fibrogenic processes in denervated regions are not
      reduced significantly compared to innervated regions.

PMID- 2911631
TI  - The lack of effect of pentoxifylline on random skin flap survival.
AB  - The effects of pentoxifylline on skin flap survival were studied in rabbits. A
      total of 40 rabbits had caudally based single-pedicle flaps measuring 4 x 14 cm
      raised on the mid dorsum of each animal. Twenty of these rabbits were given
      intraperitoneal injections of pentoxifylline in doses of 24 mg/kg per day
      beginning 48 hours prior to flap construction and continued daily for 7 days
      postoperatively. The remaining 20 control rabbits received intraperitoneal
      injections of saline in equal volumes as the experimental groups. At the end of 7
      days, viable flap length was visually inspected and measured in all 40 rabbits.
      There was no significant difference in skin flap viability in rabbits treated
      with pentoxifylline compared to the control group.

PMID- 2911632
TI  - Computer-aided analysis of Z-plasties.
AB  - Various Z-plasties were evaluated with a mathematical analytical method called
      the finite-element method. The lengthening and shortening effects on the skin
      proved to depend on the tip angle. Serial Z-plasties diminished the stress
      concentration after pairs of flaps had been transposed. Subdivided Z-plasties
      proved to be the most effective for lengthening. The finite-element method
      provided a good simulation of Z-plasties on a skin with complex properties. The
      lengthening and shortening effects on anisotropic skin were influenced not by the
      degree but by the direction of the anisotropy, whereas the total force required
      for transposing the two flaps was vice versa. The finite-element method was found
      to be useful for finding analytical solutions for biomechanical skin problems.

PMID- 2911633
TI  - Overobliging and underappreciated.

PMID- 2911634
TI  - Angioleiomyomas of the extremities: report of a case and review of the Mayo
      Clinic experience.
AB  - Angioleiomyomas are rare smooth-muscle tumors that occur anywhere in the body. We
      present the case of a 46-year-old woman with a 3-year history of a painless
      angioleiomyoma in the right-hand fourth web space with the typical histologic
      features of tortuous vascular channels and thick muscular walls. In the 39 cases
      of angioleiomyoma of an extremity treated at the Mayo Clinic, we found a male-to
      female ratio of 1:2.2, a mean age of 52 years, and pain as the presenting symptom
      in 67 percent of the patients. The lesions usually were less than 1 cm in
      diameter, and they decreased significantly in size with increasing patient age.
      Simple excision was curative. Angioleiomyoma should be considered in all patients
      with nodular lesions of an extremity.

PMID- 2911635
TI  - Malignant hyperthermia crisis.
AB  - Clearly the malignant hyperthermia crisis offers a significant challenge in the
      well cosmetic surgical patient. Aggressive early treatment is mandatory in these
      cases. Any delay can be disastrous. At times, the crisis may be aborted due to
      such therapy, leaving some doubt as to the current diagnosis. With such a disease
      entity, this is the hopeful scenario.

PMID- 2911636
TI  - One-stage reconstruction of a large upper lid defect in a newborn.
AB  - Full-thickness defects of the upper eyelids require immediate reconstruction to
      ensure protection of the cornea. A technique is described for a one-stage
      reconstruction of a large congenital defect of upper eyelid in a newborn. The
      reconstruction was composed of a mucosa-lined transpositional musculocutaneous
      flap. The advantages of this method over previous methods are discussed.

PMID- 2911637
TI  - Correction of the nasal tip deformity following repair of unilateral clefts of
      the upper lip.

PMID- 2911638
TI  - Bilobed flap in the release of postburn mentosternal contracture.
AB  - We have described in brief detail our experience with bilobed flaps in the
      release of postburn mentosternal synaechia. We have found this method handy, and
      it gives very good results. We reckon that this method has a prominent place in
      the release of this contracture, particularly in children who cannot provide
      adequate free-skin flaps for revascularization and in centers where the procedure
      is technically impossible.

PMID- 2911639
TI  - The modeling of skin expanders.
AB  - In this paper we present mathematical models of tissue expanders of several
      shapes. Within the restrictions of the models, relations are given between
      surface-area gain and volume of the expanders. It is shown that for the most
      frequently used expander shapes, the relevant formulas are simple and do not
      require computer facilities. It is discussed that the approach unavoidably leads
      to considerable overestimation of the area gain but may serve as a necessary
      starting point for further research. Furthermore, the rate of overestimation
      appears to follow such a regular pattern that it can quite easily be compensated
      for by means of a correcting factor.

PMID- 2911641
TI  - Continuing medical education.

PMID- 2911640
TI  - Charity, plastic surgery, and malpractice.

PMID- 2911642
TI  - Closing a difficult defect of the scalp.

PMID- 2911643
TI  - Medicine and charity, then and now.

PMID- 2911644
TI  - Involutional entropion revisited.

PMID- 2911645
TI  - The porcine gracilis musculocutaneous flap model.

PMID- 2911646
TI  - Skin punch biopsy in selected burn patients.

PMID- 2911647
TI  - The use of YAG-tipped contact laser in removing orbital lymphangiomas.

PMID- 2911648
TI  - Xomed nasal splints.

PMID- 2911649
TI  - Use of the expander for estimating required volume for breast reconstruction.

PMID- 2911650
TI  - Aneurysms and the sleeve technique for vessel anastomosis.

PMID- 2911651
TI  - Peer review for publication.

PMID- 2911652
TI  - Poor quality of clinical research in radiology: another indictment.

PMID- 2911653
TI  - Fine-needle aspiration of clinically occult breast lesions.

PMID- 2911654
TI  - MR imaging of treated mediastinal Hodgkin disease.

PMID- 2911655
TI  - Outpatient brachiocephalic angiography.

PMID- 2911656
TI  - Suspected recurrent rectosigmoid carcinoma after abdominoperineal resection: MR
      imaging and histopathologic findings.
AB  - Eleven patients who underwent abdominoperineal resection for rectosigmoid
      carcinoma were examined with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging for suspected
      recurrent tumor in the presacral space. There were 12 suspected masses in the 11
      patients. Ten lesions were malignant, and in two lesions only nonneoplastic
      inflammatory tissue was found. The signal intensity (SI) of each lesion relative
      to that of muscle was determined visually and correlated with the histologic
      findings at surgery or biopsy. The SIs of malignant and benign lesions were
      indistinguishable. All lesions showed areas of high SI that correlated with
      carcinoma and tumor necrosis or with non-neoplastic inflammation and edema. Areas
      of low SI corresponded to reactive fibrous tissue (desmoplastic reaction) with
      small islands of tumor or to nonneoplastic fibrosis. MR imaging can be useful in
      determining the extent of suspected tumors, but SIs on T2-weighted images do not
      permit histologic diagnosis. In particular, distinction of benign from malignant
      tissue is difficult in tumors with a desmoplastic reaction.

PMID- 2911657
TI  - Acute myocardial ischemia and reperfusion: MR imaging with albumin-Gd-DTPA.
AB  - The utility of a macromolecular, intravascular contrast agent, albumin-gadolinium
      diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), for the differentiation of acutely
      ischemic and reperfused myocardium on magnetic resonance (MR) images was
      investigated. Regional, reversible myocardial ischemia was produced in rats and
      confirmed. After reperfusion, flow to the compromised myocardial segment returned
      to baseline. Normal myocardium could not be differentiated from ischemic
      myocardium on nonenhanced MR images (n = 12). After 5 minutes of myocardial
      ischemia and after administration of albumin-Gd-DTPA, the ischemic zone involving
      the free wall of the left ventricle was characterized by the absence of
      significant enhancement. Normal myocardium appeared homogeneously enhanced (by
      145%). This pattern persisted for up to 1 hour of myocardial ischemia. In six
      rats that underwent myocardial reperfusion after 5 minutes of ischemia, the
      normal and reperfused myocardium became isointense. Radiotracer studies with
      albumin-Gd-153-DTPA confirmed the decreased distribution of contrast agent to the
      ischemic myocardium, possibly due to decreased blood pool or a blocked primary
      delivery system in the ischemic myocardium.

PMID- 2911658
TI  - Gated cardiac MR imaging and P-31 MR spectroscopy in humans at 1.5 T. Work in
      progress.
AB  - The authors describe a technique to acquire gated cardiac proton magnetic
      resonance images and localized hydrogen-1 and phosphorus-31 spectra with a doubly
      tuned surface coil probe. The probe reduces study time because the need to
      exchange imaging and spectroscopy coils is eliminated, while at the same time the
      sensitivity of singly tuned coils is retained. In addition, the probe enhances
      the ability of the investigator to localize cardiac spectra spatially and
      temporally during the cardiac cycle. Spectra were acquired from the left
      ventricular myocardium in five volunteers, and systolic and diastolic gated P-31
      spectra were shown.

PMID- 2911659
TI  - Intraoperative arteriography: comparison of conventional screen-film with
      photostimulable imaging plate radiographs.
AB  - This prospective study compared images obtained with a photostimulable imaging
      plate with matched images obtained with a conventional screen-film combination in
      26 patients undergoing intraoperative arteriography. Diagnostic accuracy of the
      two techniques was assessed objectively, and image quality was assessed
      subjectively. In 16 patients (62%), the radiation exposure was reduced by 50% for
      the imaging plate technique by decreasing the mAs level generally used for the
      screen-film combination. Because of the dynamic range of the imaging plate
      system, no repeat examinations were necessary, while 12% of the screen-film
      studies had to be repeated because of over- or under-penetration. Imaging plate
      studies required 6% more time for processing than screen-film studies. Receiver
      operating-characteristic analysis indicated no difference in diagnostic accuracy
      between the two imaging techniques. Subjective evaluation also revealed no
      difference in observer preference for imaging plate or screen-film studies. The
      imaging plate technique is an excellent alternative to screen-film studies in the
      operating room.

PMID- 2911660
TI  - Interstitial lymphangiography: initial clinical experience with a dimeric
      nonionic contrast agent.
AB  - Interstitial lymphangiography performed with intradermal injection of a new
      nonionic dimeric contrast agent was used to examine 34 normal lower extremities
      and 35 lower extremities with proved lymphedema. An infusion pump was used to
      inject 2 mL of the contrast agent into the intradermal interdigital space at a
      rate of 0.1 mL/min. In all normal extremities, the injection deposit appeared
      homogeneous, and one to five lymph vessels could be identified. Diffusion of
      contrast agent into perilymphatic tissue occurred 30-40 cm proximal to the
      injection site; inguinal lymph nodes were, therefore, not routinely visualized.
      The findings at interstitial lymphangiography were abnormal in all extremities
      with advanced lymphedema. The results indicate that interstitial lymphangiography
      with the use of a nonionic dimeric contrast agent allows morphologic assessment
      of lymphatic vessels and facilitates the diagnosis of lymphatic obstructive
      disease.

PMID- 2911661
TI  - Ergotism as a consequence of thromboembolic prophylaxis.
AB  - Vasospasm related to ergot intoxication is unusual. The authors report the case
      of 15-year-old boy who developed vasospasm necessitating amputation, due to an
      ergot derivative prescribed for thromboembolic prophylaxis. The importance of
      prompt angiographic recognition and therapy is stressed.

PMID- 2911662
TI  - Quality assessment of randomized controlled trials of contrast media.
AB  - Numerous randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have been conducted to define the
      relative benefits of low-osmolality contrast media (LOM) and high-osmolality
      contrast media (HOM). Because of the clinical and economic significance of the
      conclusions drawn from these RCTs, the authors used a standardized instrument to
      evaluate the quality of study design and data analysis of 100 RCTs published
      between 1982 and 1987 that compared LOM and HOM. The mean quality score (+/-
      standard deviation) was 39 +/- 12 (maximum possible score, 100). The largest
      number of patients studied in any RCT was 435; the smallest was five. A majority
      of the RCTs received high scores on three attributes of quality, intermediate
      scores on seven, and low scores on nine. These results underscore the difficulty
      of designing, performing, analyzing, and reporting high-quality RCTs.
      Nevertheless, limitations in study design and data analysis need to be considered
      when interpreting results of these RCTs. Future RCTs comparing LOM and HOM should
      be performed with greater attention to basic elements of good study design and
      data analysis.

PMID- 2911663
TI  - Mortalities associated with use of a commercial suspension of polyvinyl alcohol.
AB  - Two cases of symptomatic neonatal hepatic arteriovenous malformation (AVM) are
      presented. Both were treated with percutaneous transcatheter embolization and a
      commercially available polyvinyl alcohol suspension. Both infants died soon after
      AVM embolization. The results of laboratory examination of particle-size
      homogeneity of this commercial suspension demonstrate marked inhomogeneity of
      particle size very probably contributed to the death of these patients. A
      protocol has been developed to help determine appropriate particle size in
      individual cases; this may help prevent such catastrophic results during
      transcatheter embolization.

PMID- 2911664
TI  - Breast hamartomas: variable mammographic appearance.
AB  - The mammograms of 17 women with pathologically proved breast hamartomas were
      reviewed. Abnormal masses were detected on 12. Nine women had masses with benign
      features. Two of these had findings considered classic for hamartoma. In three
      cases, the appearance of the mass was suggestive of carcinoma. The breasts were
      very dense in four of five women without detectable mass. The findings suggest
      that the classic mammographic appearance of breast hamartomas is less common than
      previously reported, which may be explained by earlier detection of small
      hamartomas.

PMID- 2911665
TI  - Residual mediastinal masses in Hodgkin disease: prediction of size with MR
      imaging.
AB  - Eighteen patients with mediastinal involvement of Hodgkin disease were examined
      with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging before and during therapy to find out if
      size of residual masses could be predicted from the MR characteristics of the
      tumor at diagnosis. After the first treatment, a significant decrease in T2
      values and signal intensity ratios of tumor to fat and tumor to muscle was found
      in all patients. There was no significant change in T1 values. The relative
      decrease in tumor size correlated well with signal intensity ratios and poorly
      with T2 values of the original tumor. No correlation with T1 values was found.
      The authors conclude that size of the residual mass can be predicted from the
      initial size of the tumor and the signal intensity ratios at diagnosis. Since the
      degree of low signal intensity in the tumor before treatment probably reflects
      the amount of fibrotic tissue, these results support the hypothesis that residual
      masses after treatment are remnants of the fibrotic stroma of the original tumor.

PMID- 2911666
TI  - Laryngospasm-induced pulmonary edema.
AB  - Pulmonary edema after relief of airway obstruction due to laryngospasm is an
      uncommon but recognized entity. The authors report a case of a previously healthy
      young man who developed pulmonary edema after relief of laryngospasm following
      extubation of the trachea. Pulmonary edema after relief of acute airway
      obstruction should be included in the differential diagnosis of noncardiogenic
      pulmonary edema in the appropriate clinical setting.

PMID- 2911667
TI  - Complications of automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillators: radiographic,
      CT, and echocardiographic evaluation.
AB  - Automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillators (AICDs) were studied in three
      groups: (a) Serial radiographs were reviewed in 51 clinic patients. Twenty of 96
      (21%) AICD patches distorted with time. (b) Thirty-six postoperative computed
      tomographic (CT) scans of asymptomatic patients revealed that pericardial fluid
      collections were frequent during the month after surgery but rare beyond that.
      Echocardiography was insensitive for these collections. CT also demonstrated
      dense fibrosis around some distorted patches, months after surgery. (c) Five
      other patients with pericardial infection had distorted patches, and the four
      studied with CT had fluid beneath their patches. (d) A case of constrictive
      pericarditis had distorted patches but was not diagnosed with CT. The authors
      conclude that distorted patches may indicate postoperative complications and that
      CT is the imaging modality of choice.

PMID- 2911668
TI  - Comparison of information-preserving and information-losing data-compression
      algorithms for CT images.
AB  - Data compression increases the number of images that can be stored on magnetic
      disks or tape and reduces the time required for transmission of images between
      stations. Two algorithms for data compression are compared in application to
      computed tomographic (CT) images. The first, an information-preserving algorithm
      combining differential and Huffman encoding, allows reconstruction of the
      original image. A second algorithm alters the image in a clinically acceptable
      manner. This second algorithm combines two processes: the suppression of data
      outside of the head or body and the combination of differential and Huffman
      encoding. Because the final image is not an exact copy, the second algorithm is
      information losing. Application of the information-preserving algorithm can
      double or triple the number of CT images that can be stored on hard disk or
      magnetic tape. This algorithm may also double or triple the speed with which
      images may be transmitted. The information-losing algorithm can increase storage
      or transmission speed by a factor of five. The computation time on this system is
      excessive, but dedicated hardware is available to allow efficient implementation.

PMID- 2911669
TI  - Reduction of T2* dephasing in gradient field-echo imaging.
AB  - Fast gradient field-echo imaging is becoming more common in morphologic studies
      but is not as widespread as might be hoped because of its susceptibility to local
      field inhomogeneities that lead to spin dephasing (reducing T2 to T2*) and
      geometric distortion (frequency misregistration). These problems are manifested
      in both the in-plane and section-select directions. The authors show that
      reversal of many of these adverse effects is possible through the acquisition of
      the gradient field echo in a three- and four-dimensional mode for a fixed echo
      time (TE), since phase-encoding leads to the capture of the echo within the
      sampling window. This echo centering is shown to be equivalent to the reduction
      of dephasing across a pixel. Improvements are also obtained by reducing TE to as
      short a value as possible.

PMID- 2911670
TI  - Anxiety in patients undergoing MR imaging.
AB  - To determine and quantify the major sources of anxiety for patients undergoing
      magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and to suggest means by which to eliminate or
      diminish their negative effects, the authors studied anxiety in 46 subjects. Of
      these, 20 randomly selected subjects who successfully completed the examination
      participated in exit interviews. Six subjects who terminated the examination
      before completion also completed exit interviews. Pre-imaging and postimaging
      questionnaires (state-trait anxiety inventory) were administered to measure
      anxiety in the 20 other subjects. Anxiety was associated with the constrictive
      dimensions of the magnet bore, examination duration, coil noise, and temperature
      within the bore. Preparation at the point of referral was consistently absent,
      incomplete, or misleading. Patients used identifiable strategies to cope with the
      examination: blinding, breathing relaxation techniques, visualization of pleasant
      images, and performance of mental exercises.

PMID- 2911671
TI  - Lymphangiomas in children: MR imaging.
AB  - Seventeen lymphangiomas in 15 patients were imaged with magnetic resonance (MR)
      to define the nature, extent, and anatomic relationships of these lesions. The MR
      and pathologic findings were then compared to determine the histologic basis for
      the signal-intensity characteristics of these lesions. The signal intensity of 13
      lesions was similar to or slightly less than that of muscle on T1-weighted images
      and greater than that of fat on T2-weighted images. This appearance correlated
      with the presence of ectatic lymphatic channels containing clear fluid on
      histologic section. Four lymphangiomas had high signal intensity, approximately
      equal to that of fat, on T1-weighted images, reflecting the presence of clotted
      blood or small cystic spaces with a higher ratio of fat to fluid. Sixteen of 17
      lesions had visible septations on MR images. The authors' experience suggests
      that most lymphangiomas have a characteristic appearance on MR images. The
      information obtained with MR imaging can help in providing a preoperative
      diagnosis, in planning surgical resection, and in defining recurrence.

PMID- 2911672
TI  - Ileocolic intussusception: new sign on the supine cross-table lateral radiograph.
AB  - The ability to detect ileocolic intussusception on the supine cross-table lateral
      radiograph of the abdomen in infants was prospectively evaluated in 12 cases
      (including two recurrences) over a 2-year period. The intussusceptions (including
      one recurrence) were directly depicted on five radiographs as a homogeneous water
      density mass producing a convex interface with bowel gas at the anterior part of
      the abdomen. In another four patients, the intussusception produced an
      inappropriate craniocaudal separation of gas-filled bowel loops in the upper part
      of the abdomen, caudal to the liver shadow. The intussusception was prospectively
      recognized on the supine cross-table lateral radiograph in nine of 12 cases.

PMID- 2911673
TI  - Isthmic spondylolysis of the lumbar spine: MR imaging at 1.5 T.
AB  - The appearance on magnetic resonance (MR) images of the normal pars
      interarticularis in 13 patients was reviewed and contrasted with that of the pars
      in eight patients with spondylolysis. The pars defect usually had an intermediate
      signal intensity with all pulse sequences; however, this intensity was somewhat
      variable depending on the exact ratio of cartilage, fat, and fluid within each
      bone defect. The pars defect was best seen with spin-echo 600/20 (repetition time
      msec/echo time msec) images. In three cases, out-of-phase images showed the
      spondylolysis best, because of extension of fat to the borders of the defect. The
      sagittal view allowed one to separate spondylolysis from the joint space of
      posterior facets since the orientation of the defects is perpendicular to the
      facets; thus, a common pitfall encountered with cross-sectional axial imaging
      techniques is avoided. MR imaging poorly delineated bone fragments around the
      defect, which may produce nerve root impingement, but revealed other numerous
      complications that occur with spondylolysis, including spondylolisthesis and
      herniation of the disk above.

PMID- 2911674
TI  - Structure, function, and degeneration of bovine hyaline cartilage: assessment
      with MR imaging in vitro.
AB  - The basic magnetic resonance (MR) imaging pattern of normal and degenerated
      hyaline articular cartilage was studied in vitro in 40 fresh bovine patellae.
      With the use of an ample spectrum of strongly T1- to T2-weighted sequences, two
      zones of cartilage with different signal intensities were observed in all
      specimens. A superficial cartilaginous layer in the MR image with higher water
      content and longer T1 and T2 correlated with the tangential and transitional
      zones of normal articular cartilage, whereas a second MR imaging zone with
      shorter T1 and T2 was identified in the depth of the articular cartilage.
      Different functional properties in pressure resistance were observed in the two
      layers. In early cartilage degeneration without thinning, there was increased
      hydration of the superficial cartilage layer. This study suggests that strongly
      T1- and T2-weighted images are indispensable for evaluating details in articular
      cartilage degeneration.

PMID- 2911675
TI  - Axial bone density in rheumatoid arthritis: comparison of dual-energy projection
      radiography and dual-photon absorptiometry.
AB  - The usefulness of dual-energy projection radiography (DEPR) in the evaluation of
      rheumatoid arthritis was compared with that of dual-photon absorptiometry (DPA).
      Bone density measurements of the lumbar spine and the proximal femur were
      obtained with DPA in 75 patients (45 women and 30 men). For comparison, the bone
      density of the lumbar spine was measured with DEPR in a subset of 52 patients (33
      women and 19 men). High correlation was documented between DEPR and DPA
      measurements of the lumbar spine. No significant relationship between bone
      density and age was observed, in contrast to the known relationship in healthy
      subjects regardless of sex, site of measurement, or measurement technique. Bone
      density values in the spine and the proximal femur were significantly reduced for
      both sexes as compared with matched normative data. Interlevel variation in
      lumbar vertebral density as measured with DEPR was not significantly different in
      patients with rheumatoid arthritis as compared with control subjects. Significant
      correlation between bone density determination and body weight, as well as
      duration of menopause, was noted, whereas duration of disease, functional status,
      and cumulative corticosteroid dose were not predictive. Rheumatoid arthritis did
      not appear to influence the relationship between DEPR and DPA measurements of the
      spine, and neither method nor site of measurement exhibited a consistent
      advantage in discriminating patients with rheumatoid arthritis from healthy
      control subjects.

PMID- 2911676
TI  - Depth insufficiency of the proximal trochlear groove on lateral radiographs of
      the knee: relation to patellar dislocation.
AB  - The depth of the trochlear groove was frequently noted to be insufficient in
      knees with patellar instability, particularly in the proximal portion of the
      trochlea. To confirm this observation, the depth of the trochlear groove of the
      femur was measured on lateral radiographs of 218 knees: 40 knees in 20
      asymptomatic subjects, 116 knees in 69 patients undergoing radiography for
      various symptoms (96 without and 20 with patellar subluxation, determined on
      axial radiographs), and 62 knees in 34 patients who underwent surgery for
      recurrent dislocation or subluxation of one or both patellae (40 treated and 22
      contralateral knees). In the 40 knees that had been operated on, the proximal
      trochlear depth (measured 1 cm below the upper limit of the trochlear groove) was
      2.74 mm +/- 1.35, in contrast to 5.94 mm +/- 1.74 in the asymptomatic subjects
      and 5.84 mm +/- 1.53 in the patients with symptoms but no patellar instability.
      Recognition of depth insufficiency in the proximal portion of the trochlea should
      prompt a search for patellar instability. Axial views made with 30 degrees of
      knee flexion and lateral rotation of the leg are particularly helpful.

PMID- 2911677
TI  - Frostbite injury: prediction of tissue viability with triple-phase bone scanning.
AB  - Triple-phase bone scans were obtained in seven patients within 48 hours of
      admission for frostbite injuries. Three patterns of perfusion imaging and delayed
      bone imaging were observed: hyperemic blood flow with normal early blood pool and
      normal delayed bone images; absent blood flow and absent early blood pool
      depiction, but depiction of bone in delayed images; and absent perfusion and
      absent blood pool depiction, with no bone uptake in the delayed images. The first
      pattern indicated mild ischemia that required no surgical treatment, the second
      indicated ischemia with occasional superficial tissue infarction that required
      minor debridement, and the third pattern indicated deep-tissue and bone
      infarction that required amputation. The triple-phase bone scan is a useful
      indicator of tissue viability as early as 2 days after cold injury and appears to
      have a clinical role in the evaluation of frostbite injuries. The perfusion and
      blood pool images demonstrate the ischemic tissue at risk, while the delayed bone
      scan images demonstrate the extent of deep-tissue and bone infarction.

PMID- 2911678
TI  - Body fat distribution measured with CT: correlations in healthy subjects,
      patients with anorexia nervosa, and patients with Cushing syndrome.
AB  - Computed tomography (CT) was used to study fat distribution in three groups of
      women of comparable age: 39 healthy volunteers, 15 patients with anorexia
      nervosa, and seven with Cushing syndrome. Patients with anorexia nervosa had a
      fivefold decrease in subcutaneous fat and only a twofold decrease in
      intraabdominal fat compared with the values for the volunteers. Patients with
      Cushing syndrome had less than a twofold increase in subcutaneous fat and greater
      than a fivefold increase in intraabdominal fat compared with values for the
      healthy subjects. These findings suggest that fat in different body compartments
      responds differently to disease processes and that CT can be used to measure
      these changes.

PMID- 2911679
TI  - Head and neck lesions: MR-guided aspiration biopsy.
AB  - Aspiration biopsy guided with computed tomography (CT) has long been a valuable
      tool in the evaluation of head and neck disease. The ability to obtain diagnoses
      without the need for surgery has had a significant effect on patient treatment.
      Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is now rapidly replacing CT as the primary
      imaging study for many head and neck diseases. The standard stainless steel
      needles used for CT-guided biopsy are unsuitable for MR-guided biopsy because
      significant ferromagnetic artifacts obscure the underlying anatomy. A new needle
      has recently been designed specifically for use with MR imaging. This needle has
      far less magnetic susceptibility and therefore does not cause significant image
      distortion. The authors describe the use of this needle in MR-guided aspiration
      biopsy of a variety of lesions in the head and neck.

PMID- 2911680
TI  - Criteria for classifying normal and degenerated lumbar intervertebral disks.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to develop criteria for distinguishing normal and
      degenerated lumbar intervertebral disks. Cryomicrotome sections from and magnetic
      resonance images of 31 cadavers were reviewed. The immature nucleus pulposus,
      found up to age 2 years; the transitional nucleus pulposus, found in teenagers;
      and the adult nucleus pulposus were associated with an intact anulus fibrosus
      without tears except for small concentric or transverse tears in the periphery of
      the anulus fibrosus. Discoloration of the nucleus pulposus, diminishing disk
      height, and diminishing signal intensity were associated consistently with a
      radial tear of the anulus fibrosus. The severely degenerated nucleus pulposus was
      associated also with a radial tear or complete disruption of the anulus fibrosus.
      The results suggest that intervertebral disk normally progresses from the
      immature to the transitional to the adult nucleus pulposus. When a radial tear
      develops in the anulus there is shrinkage and disorganization of fibrocartilage
      in the nucleus pulposus and replacement of the disk by dense fibrous tissue and
      cystic spaces.

PMID- 2911681
TI  - Intraspinal synovial cysts: MR imaging.
AB  - Juxtaarticular intraspinal synovial cysts are unusual lesions of the spine
      associated with facet arthropathy. These lesions can cause radicular symptoms and
      may masquerade clinically as other, more common entities. Synovial cysts have
      been detected at myelography and have been well characterized at computed
      tomography as posterolateral epidural masses, typically at L4-5. Six synovial
      cysts of the lumbar spine were demonstrated on magnetic resonance (MR) images.
      The signal-intensity patterns of these lesions are variable. MR imaging can be
      used to document the presence of hemorrhage within the cyst, which may relate to
      the exacerbation of symptoms. Air-filled synovial cysts may be difficult to
      detect and distinguish from facet arthropathy.

PMID- 2911682
TI  - Recurrent postoperative sciatica: evaluation with MR imaging and enhanced CT.
AB  - Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and computed tomography enhanced with intravenous
      iodine injection (ECT) were prospectively compared in 80 patients in the
      diagnosis of recurrent postoperative sciatica. Diagnostic accuracy was determined
      with surgical verification. Isolated fibrosis was considered a contraindication
      to surgery. A decision to operate was made in 56 of the 80 patients on the basis
      of MR imaging findings; in 21 of the 56, the decision was also made on the basis
      of ECT findings. Of the 80 patients, 45 underwent surgery, In all but one of
      these patients, the diagnosis made on the basis of MR imaging findings was
      confirmed with surgical analysis. The only surgical finding that did not agree
      with MR imaging findings was a calcification of the common posterior ligament.
      The 21 diagnoses of disk herniation based on ECT findings were confirmed
      surgically, but among the 24 diagnoses of fibrosis made with the help of ECT,
      there were actually 19 recurrent herniations, four herniations with fibrosis, and
      one herniation at the level above the previously resected disk. MR imaging seems
      to be the investigation of choice in diagnosing the cause of recurrent
      postoperative sciatica.

PMID- 2911683
TI  - Pelvic actinomycosis associated with intrauterine devices.
AB  - The authors describe two women with pelvic pain, long-term use of an intrauterine
      device, and a pelvic mass due to Actinomyces israelii. The diagnostic imaging
      findings were nonspecific but included mass effect and mucosal irregularity of
      the rectosigmoid colon at barium enema examination and complex masses and
      inflammatory changes at computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging.
      Radiologists should be aware of the imaging findings of this potentially lethal
      but curable condition.

PMID- 2911684
TI  - Catheter for endoluminal bipolar electrocoagulation.
AB  - An interventional catheter was designed that can induce controlled endoluminal
      tissue lesions by means of bipolar radio-frequency (RF) electrocoagulation under
      fluoroscopic guidance. The technique was used to obtain safe and reproducible
      percutaneous occlusion of the porcine cystic duct by reactive endoluminal scar
      formation. The new triple-lumen, 7-F, polyethylene catheter contains two
      insulated active wires and accommodates a 0.038-inch steerable guide wire, which
      facilitates insertion and placement of the active catheter tip under fluoroscopic
      control. The coagulation technique is relatively simple and requires only a
      small, portable bipolar RF generator and ammeter.

PMID- 2911685
TI  - Hepatic transcatheter arterial embolization with gastroduodenal artery blocking
      by finger compression.
AB  - Hepatic transcatheter arterial embolization was performed in two patients by
      blocking the gastroduodenal artery with finger compression on the abdominal
      surface. The embolizing material, which was injected into the common hepatic
      artery, did not enter the gastroduodenal artery. No postoperative complications
      were experienced. This method may be useful for patients in whom superselective
      catheterization of the proper hepatic artery is not feasible.

PMID- 2911686
TI  - Manual compression device for fluoroscopy.
AB  - A device for manual compression and palpation during supine fluoroscopy has been
      designed. It enables effective use of the physiologic grasping and lever force
      potentials of the hand and wrist. The device permits optimal fluoroscopic
      palpation and compression techniques and prevents direct exposure to the lead
      gloved hand.

PMID- 2911687
TI  - Patellofemoral joint: 30 degrees axial radiograph with lateral rotation of the
      leg.
AB  - A method for axial radiography of the patellofemoral joint has been developed
      that combines a forced lateral rotation of the leg with 30 degrees flexion of the
      knee. This view can be obtained without any special device and is definitely
      superior to the 45 degrees routine axial view in the detection of lateral
      subluxation of the patella. It should be obtained when patellar instability is
      suspected.

PMID- 2911688
TI  - The procrustean bed and the self-anointed raters.
AB  - Taking the lead from a published rating of radiology/nuclear medicine journals in
      which, surprisingly, Radiology ranks number 3, the author critically analyzes the
      formalized statistics-based assessment of the diagnostic radiologic activities.
      The specific ranking in question is shown to result from an inconsistent
      treatment of the primary data. Generalizing the discussion, he argues that the
      radiodiagnostic process, based on image evaluation, is not a suitable candidate
      for rigidly codified statistical appraisal. Attempts at obtaining by such methods
      meaningful and timely information on the respective values of rapidly changing
      radiodiagnostic techniques are not likely to succeed.

PMID- 2911689
TI  - Can the newer interventional procedures replace cholecystectomy for
      cholecystolithiasis?

PMID- 2911690
TI  - Decreased breast cancer mortality through mammographic screening.

PMID- 2911691
TI  - Clinical history, radiographic reporting, and defensive radiologic practice.

PMID- 2911692
TI  - Impact of clinical history on fracture detection with radiography.

PMID- 2911693
TI  - Is reform needed in the book review process?

PMID- 2911694
TI  - Excellent anxiolytic effect achieved with low doses of Versed.

PMID- 2911695
TI  - A nurse-managed multiple sclerosis clinic: improved quality of life for persons
      with MS.
AB  - Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex disease, the symptoms of which may wax and
      wane on a daily basis. Conventional treatment for MS patients may involve
      numerous trips to a variety of clinics, physicians, and rehabilitation settings.
      This article describes a nurse-managed MS clinic which employs an
      interdisciplinary and holistic approach to treatment of MS patients with the goal
      of improving their quality of life and coordinating their health care. In this
      article, the services of the clinic are described, emphasizing the roles of the
      nurse practitioner (clinic manager), rehabilitation nurse specialist, and nursing
      director of the hospital-based home care program. A case study example of the
      interdisciplinary nature of this clinic's program with one MS patient is
      included.

PMID- 2911696
TI  - Falls in the rehabilitation setting: incidence and characteristics.
AB  - A prospective six-month study was conducted to determine a high-risk index for
      medical rehabilitation patients who fall. Variables studied for all patients
      included demographics, medical conditions, associated symptoms, orthostatic blood
      pressure measurements, physical function, posture control, proprioception, use of
      physical restraints, and medications, A detailed examination of the fall events
      was also conducted. Of the 143 patients studied, 46 (32%) fell at least once,
      making a total of 84 falls. Impaired ability to follow directions, impaired
      judgment, impaired proprioception, presence of physical restraints, use of major
      tranquilizers, use of sedatives, and presence of psychiatric diagnosis were all
      individually associated with patients who fell. Males fell more than females.
      Logistic regression identified altered proprioception as the only major predictor
      of falling. Of those who fell, only 26% called for assistance prior to the fall.
      Sixty-eight percent of the falls were from wheelchairs. Importantly, no patients
      had serious injury or morbidity from the falls.

PMID- 2911697
TI  - Hyponatremia in spinal cord injured persons.

PMID- 2911698
TI  - A personal view of independent living.

PMID- 2911699
TI  - Determinants of well-being in primary caregivers of spinal cord injured persons.
AB  - A study of well-being in middle-aged and elderly spinal cord injured persons
      (Decker & Schulz, 1985) found that long-term coping was facilitated by the
      presence of a primary support person or caregiver. The purpose of this study was
      to identify the determinants of life satisfaction and depression in 67 primary
      caregivers of middle-aged and elderly spinal cord injured persons. The study
      revealed that the availability of social support and feelings of control over
      one's life were important determinants of caregivers' well-being. In addition,
      those caregivers spending more time each day assisting the disabled person and
      feeling burdened by these responsibilities experienced more depression and less
      life satisfaction. In working with spinal cord injured persons, rehabilitation
      nurses must consider the well-being of the spinal cord injured person/primary
      caregiver dyad as an important focus of nursing assessment and intervention.

PMID- 2911700
TI  - Relationship between self-concept and successful rehabilitation.
AB  - One hundred fifty-seven spinal cord injured (SCI) individuals from three SCI
      centers were tested to investigate the relationship between self-concept and
      adjustment to rehabilitation. It was hypothesized that strong positive
      correlations would be found that neither time since injury nor level of injury
      would be a factor. The Tennessee Self-Concept Scale (TSCS) provided a measure of
      self-concept. Criteria for differentiating adjustment into a six-point scale was
      used by nurses to assess rehabilitation success. Thirteen subsets of the TSCS
      correlated significantly with the nurses assessment. A norm deviate score from
      the TSCS showed P less than .001. Variables of sex, inpatient/outpatient and time
      since injury were not significant; however, level of injury was slightly
      significant.

PMID- 2911701
TI  - I can't be calm about nursing's image.

PMID- 2911702
TI  - Taking charge. How to get people to follow your lead.

PMID- 2911703
TI  - Patient's advocate. When divorce complicates care.

PMID- 2911704
TI  - The anemias: causes and courses of action (continuing education credit).

PMID- 2911705
TI  - How to take nursing skills on the road.

PMID- 2911706
TI  - Zidovudine: flawed champion against AIDS.

PMID- 2911707
TI  - Are your i.v. chemo skills up-to-date?

PMID- 2911708
TI  - Managing an implanted infusion device.

PMID- 2911709
TI  - When the bile duct is blocked.

PMID- 2911710
TI  - The new risks of home care.

PMID- 2911711
TI  - Detecting the hidden UTI.

PMID- 2911712
TI  - Petition on Dugway facility.

PMID- 2911713
TI  - FDA approval of HTLV-I tests.

PMID- 2911714
TI  - Universities fight animal activists.

PMID- 2911715
TI  - NIH scientists agonize over technology transfer.

PMID- 2911716
TI  - NSF opens high-speed computer network.

PMID- 2911717
TI  - Is it chaos, or is it just noise?

PMID- 2911718
TI  - Neurotoxicity creates regulatory dilemma.

PMID- 2911719
TI  - Protein structure determination in solution by nuclear magnetic resonance
      spectroscopy.
AB  - Knowledge of three-dimensional protein structures is one of the foundations of
      protein design and protein engineering. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
      was recently introduced as a second method for protein structure determination,
      in addition to the well-established diffraction techniques with protein single
      crystals. This new approach enables one to carry out detailed structural studies
      of proteins in solution and other noncrystalline states, which may be similar or
      identical to the physiological environment, and promises new insights into the
      dynamics of protein molecules and the protein-folding problem.

PMID- 2911720
TI  - Phylogenetic meaning of the kingdom concept: an unusual ribosomal RNA from
      Giardia lamblia.
AB  - An analysis of the small subunit ribosomal RNA (16S-like rRNA) from the protozoan
      Giardia lamblia provided a new perspective on the evolution of nucleated cells.
      Evolutionary distances estimated from sequence comparisons between the 16S-like
      rRNAs of Giardia lamblia and other eukaryotes exceed similar estimates of
      evolutionary diversity between archaebacteria and eubacteria and challenge the
      phylogenetic significance of multiple eukaryotic kingdoms. The Giardia lamblia
      16S-like rRNA has retained many of the features that may have been present in the
      common ancestor of eukaryotes and prokaryotes.

PMID- 2911721
TI  - Pavlovian conditioning of rat mucosal mast cells to secrete rat mast cell
      protease II.
AB  - Antigen (egg albumin) injections, which stimulate mucosal mast cells to secrete
      mediators, were paired with an audiovisual cue. After reexposure to the
      audiovisual cue, a mediator (rat mast cell protease II) was measured with a
      sensitive and specific assay. Animals reexposed to only the audiovisual cue
      released a quantity of protease not significantly different from animals
      reexposed to both the cue and the antigen; these groups released significantly
      more protease than animals that had received the cue and antigen in a
      noncontingent manner. The results support a role for the central nervous system
      as a functional effector of mast cell function in the allergic state.

PMID- 2911722
TI  - Structural origins of high-affinity biotin binding to streptavidin.
AB  - The high affinity of the noncovalent interaction between biotin and streptavidin
      forms the basis for many diagnostic assays that require the formation of an
      irreversible and specific linkage between biological macromolecules. Comparison
      of the refined crystal structures of apo and a streptavidin:biotin complex shows
      that the high affinity results from several factors. These factors include the
      formation of multiple hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions between
      biotin and the protein, together with the ordering of surface polypeptide loops
      that bury the biotin in the protein interior. Structural alterations at the
      biotin binding site produce quaternary changes in the streptavidin tetramer.
      These changes apparently propagate through cooperative deformations in the
      twisted beta sheets that link tetramer subunits.

PMID- 2911723
TI  - Gating of retinal transmission by afferent eye position and movement signals.
AB  - Vision in most vertebrates is an active process that requires the brain to
      combine retinal signals with information about eye movement. Eye movement
      information may feed forward from the motor control areas of the brain or feed
      back from the extrinsic eye muscles. Feedback signals elicited by passive eye
      movement selectively gate retinal outflow at the first relay, the dorsal lateral
      geniculate nucleus. The gating predominantly facilitates retinogeniculate
      transmission immediately after eye movement and inhibits transmission when a new
      steady-state eye position is achieved. These two gating effects are distributed
      in a complementary fashion across the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus such that
      the spatiotemporal activity profile could contribute to object detection and
      localization.

PMID- 2911724
TI  - Progress at AAAS.

PMID- 2911725
TI  - The holly oak shell.

PMID- 2911726
TI  - Orangutan tool use.

PMID- 2911727
TI  - Science and the lame-duck budget.

PMID- 2911728
TI  - Europe bans boeuf a l'estradiol.

PMID- 2911730
TI  - Genome project under way, at last.

PMID- 2911729
TI  - Leadership and AIDS.

PMID- 2911731
TI  - "Fragile X" syndrome and its puzzling genetics.

PMID- 2911733
TI  - Observation of individual DNA molecules undergoing gel electrophoresis.
AB  - Individual DNA molecules undergoing agarose gel electrophoresis were viewed with
      the aid of a fluorescence microscope. Molecular shape and orientation were
      studied in both steady and pulsed electric fields. It was observed that (i) DNA
      macromolecules advanced lengthwise through the gel in an extended configuration,
      (ii) the molecules alternately contracted and lengthened as they moved, (iii) the
      molecules often became hooked around obstacles in a U-shape for extended periods,
      and (iv) the molecules displayed elasticity as they extended from both ends at
      once. A computer model has been developed that simulates the migration of the
      molecules in a rotating-field gel electrophoresis experiment.

PMID- 2911732
TI  - Molecular sorting in the secretory pathway.
AB  - Proteins can be secreted from animal cells by either a constitutive or a
      regulated pathway; those destined for regulated secretion are actively sorted
      into dense-core secretory granules. Although sorting is generally assumed to be
      accomplished by specific carriers, the nature of these carriers remains elusive.
      In this study, peptide hormones were used as affinity ligands to purify a set of
      25-kilodalton proteins from canine pancreatic tissue. Their ligand specificities
      and patterns of expression have the characteristics of sorting carriers.

PMID- 2911734
TI  - A new cluster of genes within the human major histocompatibility complex.
AB  - A 435-kilobase (kb) DNA segment, which is centromeric to HLA-B in the human major
      histocompatibility complex, was isolated by chromosome walking with overlapping
      cosmids. Within the cloned region, the genes for the tumor necrosis factors
      (TNFs) alpha and beta and HLA-B were 210 kb apart. The human homolog of a mouse
      gene, B144, was located next to TNF alpha. Moreover, the presence of additional
      genes was suggested by a large cluster of CpG islands. With cosmid probes,
      several distinct transcripts were detected in RNA samples from a variety of cell
      lines. Altogether, five novel genes were identified by isolation of corresponding
      complementary DNA clones. These "HLA-B-associated transcripts" (BATs) were mapped
      to different locations within a 160-kb region that includes the genes for TNF
      alpha and TNF beta. The presence of the genes for BAT1 and BAT5 in the vicinity
      of HLA-B again raises the question of which gene in this region determines
      susceptibility to ankylosing spondylitis.

PMID- 2911735
TI  - High-level recombinant gene expression in rabbit endothelial cells transduced by
      retroviral vectors.
AB  - By virtue of its immediate contact with the circulating blood, the endothelium
      provides an attractive target for retroviral vector transduction for the purpose
      of gene therapy. To see whether efficient gene transfer and expression was
      feasible, rabbit aortic endothelial cells were infected with three Moloney murine
      leukemia virus-derived retroviral vectors. Two of these vectors carry genes
      encoding products that are not secreted: N2, containing only the selectable
      marker gene neoR, and SAX, containing both neoR gene and an SV40-promoted
      adenosine deaminase (ADA) gene. The third vector, G2N, contains a secretory rat
      growth hormone (rGH) gene and an SV40-promoted neoR gene. Infection with all
      three vectors resulted in expression of the respective genes. A high level of
      human ADA expression was observed in infected endothelial cell populations both
      before and after selection in G418. G2N-infected rabbit aortic endothelial cells
      that were grown on a synthetic vascular graft continued to secrete rGH into the
      culture medium. These studies suggest that endothelial cells may serve as
      vehicles for the introduction in vivo of functioning recombinant genes.

PMID- 2911736
TI  - Dynamic expression pattern of the myc protooncogene in midgestation mouse
      embryos.
AB  - The c-myc protooncogene in mouse embryos was shown by RNA in situ hybridization
      to be preferentially expressed in tissues of endodermal and mesodermal origin.
      Most organs developing from the ectoderm, such as skin, brain, and spinal cord,
      displayed low levels of c-myc RNA. The thymus represented the only hematopoietic
      organ with high c-myc expression. In organs and structures strongly hybridizing
      to c-myc probes, for example the fetal part of the placenta, gut, liver, kidney,
      pancreas, submandibular glands, enamel organs of the molars, and skeletal
      cartilage, the level of expression depended on the stage of development.
      Expression was observed to be correlated with proliferation, particularly during
      expansion and folding of partially differentiated epithelial cells.

PMID- 2911737
TI  - Mental rotation of the neuronal population vector.
AB  - A rhesus monkey was trained to move its arm in a direction that was perpendicular
      to and counterclockwise from the direction of a target light that changed in
      position from trial to trial. Solution of this problem was hypothesized to
      involve the creation and mental rotation of an imagined movement vector from the
      direction of the light to the direction of the movement. This hypothesis was
      tested directly by recording the activity of cells in the motor cortex during
      performance of the task and computing the neuronal population vector in
      successive time intervals during the reaction time. The population vector rotated
      gradually counterclockwise from the direction of the light to the direction of
      the movement at an average rate of 732 degrees per second. These results provide
      direct, neural evidence for the mental rotation hypothesis and indicate that the
      neuronal population vector is a useful tool for "reading out" and identifying
      cognitive operations of neuronal ensembles.

PMID- 2911738
TI  - Predation on ocean krill.

PMID- 2911739
TI  - Habitat compartmentation and environmental correlates of food chain length.

PMID- 2911740
TI  - Cornell cat study.

PMID- 2911741
TI  - Asking America about its sex life.

PMID- 2911742
TI  - A corrosive fight over California's toxics law.

PMID- 2911743
TI  - Troubles encountered in gene linkage land.

PMID- 2911744
TI  - Prevalence and patterns of same-gender sexual contact among men.
AB  - The prevalence and patterns of same-gender sexual contact among men are key
      components of models of the spread of HIV infection and AIDS in the U.S.
      population. Previous estimates by Kinsey et al. from data collected between 1938
      and 1948 have been widely criticized for inadequacies of sample design. New lower
      bound estimates of prevalence developed from data from a national sample survey
      conducted in 1970 indicate that minimums of 20.3 percent of adult men in the
      United States in 1970 had sexual contact to orgasm with another man at some time
      in life; 6.7 percent had such contact after age 19; and between 1.6 and 2.0
      percent had such contact within the previous year. Although these estimates
      incorporate adjustments for missing data, the likelihood of underreporting
      suggests that these estimates might be lower bounds on the prevalence of same
      gender sex among men. Two sets of alternative estimates are derived to assess the
      sensitivity of these estimates to the assumptions made in imputing values to
      missing data. Detailed estimates are presented by frequency of contact, age,
      education, and marital status; and supporting estimates are derived from a 1988
      national survey. Data from both the 1970 and 1988 surveys indicate that never
      married men are more likely than other men to have had same-gender sexual
      contacts within the last year. The 1970 survey also indicates, however, that
      approximately half the men estimated to have such contacts are found among the
      more numerous population of currently or previously married men.

PMID- 2911745
TI  - Pheromone-mediation of host-selection in bont ticks (Amblyomma hebraeum koch).
AB  - The bont tick, Amblyomma hebraeum, is the principal vector to southern African
      ruminants of heartwater (Cowdria ruminantium infection). The role of feeding male
      ticks, which emit an aggregation-attachment pheromone, in attracting unfed ticks
      to cattle was investigated. Calves infested with feeding male ticks were more
      attractive to unfed adult ticks than were uninfested calves. The presence of the
      pheromone on previously infested cattle apparently allows unfed ticks to
      discriminate between hosts on which these parasites have fed successfully
      (suitable hosts) and those on which they have not (potentially unsuitable hosts).
      The use of acaricides is thus unlikely to reduce bont tick populations in areas
      where adequate numbers of alternate (wild) hosts are present. Also, cattle so
      treated may lose their resistance to heartwater through lessened exposure to
      infected ticks.

PMID- 2911746
TI  - The perception of intention.
AB  - Classical work on the perception of causality in humans is extended to the
      perception of intention. Two experiments explored the sensitivity of preschool
      children to intentional events that can be stated in terms of time and distance
      only. In habituation-dishabituation of attention tests, preschool children
      differentiated between intentional movement patterns of two balls and the
      nonintentional control events where the movements were desynchronized. Also,
      reversal of the roles of the balls produced more recovery of attention in the
      intentional case than it did in the nonintentional case.

PMID- 2911747
TI  - Direct observation of native DNA structures with the scanning tunneling
      microscope.
AB  - Uncoated double-stranded DNA dissolved in a salt solution was deposited on
      graphite and imaged in air with the scanning tunneling microscope (STM). The
      resolution was such that the major and minor grooves could be distinguished. The
      pitch of the helix varied between 27 and 63 angstroms in the images obtained.
      Thus the STM can be useful for structural studies of a variety of uncoated and
      isolated biomolecules.

PMID- 2911748
TI  - Increased expression of DNA cointroduced with nuclear protein in adult rat liver.
AB  - DNA and nuclear proteins were transferred into cells simultaneously at more than
      95% efficiency by means of vesicle complexes. The DNA was rapidly transported
      into the nuclei of cultured cells, and its expression reached a maximum within 6
      to 8 hours after its introduction. Moreover, when the plasmid DNA and nuclear
      protein were cointroduced into nondividing cells in rat liver by injection into
      the portal veins of adult rats, the plasmid DNA was carried into liver cell
      nuclei efficiently by nuclear protein. The expression of the DNA in adult rat
      liver, on introduction of the DNA with nuclear protein, was more than five times
      as great as with nonnuclear protein.

PMID- 2911749
TI  - Isolation and expression of functional high-affinity Fc receptor complementary
      DNAs.
AB  - Human and murine mononuclear phagocytes express a high-affinity receptor for
      immunoglobulin G that plays a central role in macrophage antibody-dependent
      cellular cytotoxicity and clearance of immune complexes. The receptor (FcRI) may
      also be involved in CD4-independent infection of human macrophages by human
      immunodeficiency virus. This report describes the isolation of cDNA clones
      encoding the human FcRI by a ligand-mediated selection technique. Expression of
      the cDNAs in COS cells gave rise to immunoglobulin G binding of the expected
      affinity and subtype specificity. RNA blot analysis revealed expression of a 1.7
      kilobase transcript in macrophages and in cells of the promonocytic cell line
      U937 induced with interferon-gamma. The extracellular region of FcRI consists of
      three immunoglobulin-like domains, two of which share homology with low-affinity
      receptor domains.

PMID- 2911750
TI  - The involvement of platelet activating factor in ovulation.
AB  - Follicle rupture during ovulation is associated with inflammation-like changes.
      Because platelet activating factor (PAF) participates in the inflammatory
      process, the effect of a PAF-specific antagonist, BN52021, on the ovulatory
      response was tested in rats. BN52021, administered locally, inhibited follicle
      rupture in rats stimulated to ovulate with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). In
      addition to suppressing rupture of the follicles, this antagonist suppressed the
      hCG-stimulated increase in ovarian collagenolysis and vascular permeability. The
      inhibition of ovulation of BN52021 could be reversed by simultaneous
      administration of PAF. Furthermore, PAF partially reversed the blockage of
      ovulation by inhibitors of eicosanoid synthesis. Collectively, these results
      suggest the involvement of PAF in ovulation. Its role seems to be closely related
      to the metabolism of arachidonic acid. Thus, modulation of PAF action may serve
      as an additional target for regulation of reproduction via its action on
      ovulation.

PMID- 2911752
TI  - Evolution and family homicide.

PMID- 2911751
TI  - Plasticity and differentiation of embryonic retinal cells after terminal mitosis.
AB  - The relation between terminal mitosis and the events that determine the
      developmental fate of embryonic precursor cells is not well understood. This
      relation has now been investigated with [3H]thymidine autoradiography to
      determine the time of cell birth and with a culture system that allows the
      testing of the developmental potential of cells isolated from the chick embryo
      retina. Contrary to the situation in vivo, where neuronal differentiation always
      precedes photoreceptor differentiation, photoreceptor differentiation occurs
      prematurely and precedes neuronal differentiation when precursor cells are
      isolated from the retina at early embryonic stages. Thus, cells born by embryonic
      day 5 (ED-5) give rise predominantly to photoreceptors when isolated for culture
      on ED-6 but develop mainly as neurons when isolated on ED-8. This suggests that
      retinal precursor cells retain after terminal mitosis the capacity to develop
      either as neurons or as photoreceptors. Moreover, photoreceptor differentiation
      appears to represent a constitutive or "default" pathway that precursor cells
      follow in the absence of neuron-inducing signals.

PMID- 2911753
TI  - Human gene transfer test approved.

PMID- 2911754
TI  - Are neural nets like the human brain?

PMID- 2911755
TI  - Inbreeding costs swamp benefits.

PMID- 2911756
TI  - Selective loss of hippocampal granule cells in the mature rat brain after
      adrenalectomy.
AB  - Adrenalectomy of adult male rats resulted in a nearly complete loss of
      hippocampal granule cells 3 to 4 months after surgery. Nissl and
      immunocytochemical staining of hippocampal neurons revealed that the granule cell
      loss was selective; there was no apparent loss of hippocampal pyramidal cells or
      of gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA)-, somatostatin-, neuropeptide Y-, calcium
      binding protein-, or parvalbumin-containing hippocampal interneurons. The
      hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells of adrenalectomized animals exhibited normal
      electrophysiological responses to afferent stimulation, whereas responses evoked
      in the dentate gyrus were severely attenuated. Corticosterone replacement
      prevented both the adrenalectomy-induced granule cell loss and the attenuated
      physiological response. Thus, the adrenal glands play a role in maintaining the
      structural integrity of the normal adult brain.

PMID- 2911757
TI  - Evidence that the leucine zipper is a coiled coil.
AB  - Recently, a hypothetical structure called a leucine zipper was proposed that
      defines a new class of DNA binding proteins. The common feature of these proteins
      is a region spanning approximately 30 amino acids that contains a periodic repeat
      of leucines every seven residues. A peptide corresponding to the leucine zipper
      region of the yeast transcriptional activator GCN4 was synthesized and
      characterized. This peptide associates in the micromolar concentration range to
      form a very stable dimer of alpha helices with a parallel orientation. Although
      some features of the leucine zipper model are supported by our experimental data,
      the peptide has the characteristics of a coiled coil.

PMID- 2911758
TI  - Emergency cardiac maneuvers.

PMID- 2911759
TI  - Economics of trauma in a small academic medical center.
AB  - The recent changes in the mechanisms of health care funding have complicated
      trauma care and trauma center development. Hard data are needed on the current
      financial position of trauma care to plan for the future. To reduce the cost of
      trauma care without sacrificing the quality, we must know how the trauma dollar
      is spent. We reviewed the records of 100 random admissions to the trauma service
      of our institution in 1985. The records were examined for length of stay (LOS),
      intensive care unit length of stay (ICU-LOS), total hospital bill, types of third
      party coverage, and overall collection rate. The hospital bill was broken down to
      identify the origins of trauma costs. To provide a control group, 100 patients
      admitted to the general surgical service and 100 other admissions were also
      analyzed. Trauma patients had greater LOS, ICU-LOS, total bills, and costs per
      day. Blunt trauma resulted in a greater LOS than penetrating trauma, but similar
      total bills. The collection rate from the blunt trauma patients was significantly
      greater. The greatest differences between trauma patients and others in resource
      utilization are the result of longer ICU-LOS and greater use of blood products.
      We did not identify any sites of potentially significant cost cutting that would
      not compromise patient care.

PMID- 2911760
TI  - Clostridial bloodstream infections.
AB  - In a ten-year review at a large community teaching hospital clostridia accounted
      for less than 1% of all positive bloodstream isolates (26 episodes in 25
      patients). All but one of the isolates were clinically significant. Twenty-two
      patients (88%) had a serious underlying medical condition, and 17 of the episodes
      (65%) were associated with a bowel source; twelve patients (48%) died of their
      infection. Clostridial bloodstream infections are particularly clinically
      significant in patients with serious underlying disease.

PMID- 2911761
TI  - Elderly patients' satisfaction with care under HMO versus private systems.
AB  - In one community, 100 elderly persons (25 HMO and 75 private patients) completed
      a 20-item scale that measured satisfaction with medical care. Data on
      demographics, health care utilization, and self-assessed health status also were
      collected to determine whether these variables would relate to HMO membership.
      Satisfaction scores were compared between HMO and private care groups by
      multivariate analysis of variance. Satisfaction with the doctor-patient
      relationship and convenience of care was higher in the private care group,
      whereas satisfaction with cost was higher in the HMO group. Interestingly, the
      HMO group evaluated private care and HMO care similarly. The private group rated
      HMO care less favorably. Additional comments reveal specific areas of
      satisfaction/dissatisfaction.

PMID- 2911762
TI  - Fever and abdominal pain in a southeast Asian man.
AB  - Oriental cholangitis is a common illness among immigrants from Southeast Asia. It
      is distinct from typical western cholangitis, and it is easily misdiagnosed
      unless a high index of suspicion is maintained. After stabilization with
      appropriate antimicrobial therapy, surgical drainage of the biliary tree is often
      advocated.

PMID- 2911763
TI  - Humor and the physician.

PMID- 2911764
TI  - Teaching the informed consent process to residents.
AB  - We believe the focus and emphasis of this committee on informed consent is
      unique, and that the development of an informed consent teaching process for
      residents will focus on the moral and ethical issues regarding informed consent.
      Even more important, we believe we will emphasize the patient care aspects of
      informed consent and also teach residents their responsibilities for long-term
      patient care with regard to patients' satisfaction and understanding of their
      disease process.

PMID- 2911765
TI  - Cocaine-associated rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure.
AB  - We have described four male patients, aged 21 to 39 years, who had rhabdomyolysis
      and acute renal failure during parenteral cocaine use. This complication has only
      recently been attributed to cocaine. Their illnesses behaved clinically like
      nonoliguric acute tubular necrosis, though renal biopsies were not done. No
      permanent nerve, muscle, or kidney damage resulted.

PMID- 2911766
TI  - Avulsion of the nongravid uterus due to pelvic fracture.
AB  - I have reported the case of a 21-year-old woman who was thrown from her car,
      sustaining multiple severe closed pelvic fractures with avulsion of the uterus at
      the corpocervical junction. Laparotomy showed massive hemoperitoneum due to
      avulsion of the uterus. After subtotal hysterectomy, she was placed in skeletal
      traction, and later had open reduction and internal fixation with a cancellous
      iliac bone graft. At two-month follow-up, she was ambulatory on crutches, and x
      ray films showed a stable pelvis with healing of the fractures.

PMID- 2911767
TI  - Stercoraceous perforation of the right colon.
AB  - We have reported a case of stercoraceous perforation of the right colon with
      peritonitis. Stercoraceous perforation should be considered in patients with an
      acute condition of the abdomen, radiologic evidence of a perforated viscus, and a
      long-standing history of constipation. The condition is rare and has a high
      mortality. The treatment of choice is always surgical.

PMID- 2911768
TI  - Health perceptions and medical care opinions of inner-city adults with sickle
      cell disease or asthma compared with those of their siblings.
AB  - Inner-city adults (n = 108) with a chronic disease (sickle cell disease or
      asthma) and their unaffected siblings (n = 50) were interviewed and ratings of
      health perceptions and opinions about medical care were compared. Persons with a
      chronic disease reported unfavorable ratings of their health (P less than .001).
      Their siblings reported moderately favorable health perceptions but much worry
      and concern about their health. When compared with the asthma subgroup, persons
      with sickle cell disease reported more adverse ratings of health outlook
      susceptibility to illness, sickness orientation, humaneness of medical care, and
      satisfaction with medical care (P less than .05). These observations demonstrate
      low health perceptions in adults with two chronic medical conditions and more
      negative perceptions in persons with sickle cell disease. They indicate possible
      opportunities for improving medical care for patients with these conditions to
      achieve better perceptions of health, outlook, and medical services.

PMID- 2911769
TI  - Pellegrini-Stieda syndrome mimicking acute septic arthritis.
AB  - This case illustrates the potential severity of an uncommon and generally benign
      condition of the knee--the Pellegrini-Stieda syndrome. The regional bone scan
      clearly showed the etiologic role of the inflamed ligamentous attachment site.
      Therapy should include joint rest, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, and
      possibly ice for symptomatic relief.

PMID- 2911770
TI  - Resolution of secondary amyloidosis 14 years after adequate chemotherapy for
      skeletal tuberculosis.
AB  - Despite available chemotherapy, survival of patients with skeletal tuberculosis
      and secondary amyloidosis for more than five years is extremely unusual. We have
      described a patient with inadequately treated tuberculous osteomyelitis and later
      concomitant pulmonary tuberculosis and secondary amyloidosis. After a prolonged
      course of antituberculous chemotherapy, the patient was found to be cured of the
      tuberculosis and to have complete resolution of the amyloidosis 14 years after
      the diagnosis.

PMID- 2911771
TI  - A simple test for detecting CSF.

PMID- 2911772
TI  - Listeria monocytogenes sepsis from an infected indwelling i.v. catheter in a
      patient with AIDS.

PMID- 2911773
TI  - Coronary thrombolysis in rural hospitals.

PMID- 2911775
TI  - Trauma, the scourge of modern society.

PMID- 2911774
TI  - Use of NSAIDs in long-distance runners: a risk factor for sudden death?

PMID- 2911776
TI  - An assessment of framelapse videography of the effect of cryopreservation on
      human sperm motility.
AB  - Sixteen sperm specimens collected from regular healthy donors at Groote Schuur
      Hospital Sperm Bank were assessed subjectively by phase contrast light microscopy
      and the results were compared with assessments made by framelapse videography.
      The same specimens were frozen and thawed and re-assessed by framelapse
      videography and the results compared with the pre-freeze assessments. The
      objective cryosurvival was found to be 53%. The subjective assessment varied by
      an average of 20% from the videographic method. Framelapse videography was found
      to be a practical reproducible method for assessment of sperm motility where
      accuracy is essential.

PMID- 2911777
TI  - Seminal carnitine, epididymal function and spermatozoal motility.
AB  - The carnitine content of semen from azoospermic subjects and subjects with either
      impaired motility or forward progression is reported. Within the azoospermic
      group, the values were not significantly different between those with testicular
      failure or obstruction. The patients with impaired motility (less than 40%) or
      impaired forward progression (less than 3) had a lower mean seminal carnitine
      content than those with good motility and forward progression (P less than 0.05).
      Seminal carnitine concentration was not an index of epididymal patency and could
      not be regarded as useful for locating the level of obstruction in the
      epididymis. Since carnitine plays an important role in the maturation process
      when sperm acquire motility, it would seem that seminal carnitine might be an
      indicator of epididymal dysfunction.

PMID- 2911778
TI  - Changes in sperm motility, morphology and concentration induced by the swim-up
      procedure.
AB  - Fifteen semen samples from normal donors were washed twice in Earle's medium by
      centrifugation and allowed to swim up into overlayered Earle's medium. Aliquots
      of 0.2 ml were drawn before and after the swim-up, for assessment of sperm
      motility, morphology and concentration. The percentage of sperm showing
      progressive motility improved by an average of 54.02 +/- 45.97%, and sperm with
      the normal morphology increased by 63.8 +/- 31.01%. Head and tail abnormalities
      decreased by 47.17 +/- 21.3% and 89.37 +/- 16.1% respectively. There was no
      statistical change in acrosomal abnormalities. Sperm concentration was reduced by
      89.02 +/- 7.4%. It is concluded that the standard swim-up technique resulted in
      an overall improvement in sperm quality, but that the technique was not effective
      in reducing the acrosomal abnormalities.

PMID- 2911779
TI  - Influence of the swim-up procedure on acrosome damage induced by freezing human
      semen.
AB  - Twenty frozen semen samples from normal donors were thawed, washed in Earle's
      medium, and allowed to swim up using standard techniques. The samples were
      evaluated before and after the swim up for progressive motility and
      concentration. Morphologically normal sperm were assessed for acrosomal integrity
      according to the relative percentages of normal, damaged or lost acrosomes. The
      motility improved by 75.07 +/- 90.38%, the count was reduced by 97.1 +/- 1.9%,
      but there was no significant change in the frequencies of the different types of
      acrosome state. It was concluded that although the swim-up technique is
      successful in reducing most major morphological abnormalities, influence over the
      frequencies of secondary acrosomal abnormalities could not be demonstrated.

PMID- 2911780
TI  - [By his letters shall the doctor be known].
AB  - The furnishing of information by doctors who refer patients to a hospital, be it
      by telephone or by letter, is of the greatest importance. Unfortunately, there
      are a great many doctors who underestimate the value of this serious
      responsibility towards the patient and as a result provide no or insufficient
      data.

PMID- 2911781
TI  - [Symptomatic treatment of the malignant carcinoid syndrome with octreotide].
AB  - Intractable diarrhoea and flushing due to the malignant carcinoid syndrome is
      seldom relieved by conservative medical treatment. Octreotide (Sandostatin;
      Sandoz) is a long-acting analogue of somatostatin and a powerful inhibitor of
      endogenous peptide release. A patient with severe diarrhoea and flushing due to
      the malignant carcinoid syndrome, in whom symptomatic control with octreotide was
      achieved, is described, and the value of octreotide treatment in the malignant
      carcinoid syndrome is discussed.

PMID- 2911782
TI  - Why marathon runners collapse.

PMID- 2911783
TI  - Haematological reference values in adult blacks at sea level.

PMID- 2911784
TI  - Nasomaxillo-acrodysostosis.
AB  - Thirteen patients with nasomaxillo-acrodysostosis are described. Some have the
      facial appearance of this syndrome only, although the others are more severely
      affected, with skull, eyes, ears, vertebrae and peripheral extremity involvement.
      The features of the 13 patients were studied and compared with those described in
      the literature as belonging to 'maxillonasal dysostosis' and 'acrodysostosis'. It
      seems certain that there is in fact only one syndrome, which differs only in
      extent of involvement.

PMID- 2911785
TI  - Thoracic trauma.

PMID- 2911786
TI  - Epidemiology of chest trauma.
AB  - Chest trauma ranks third behind head and extremity trauma in major accidents in
      the United States. The motor vehicle accident is the most common etiology (70 per
      cent). Within the thorax, the chest wall itself is the most often injured. Many
      of these injuries are of moderate severity and rarely require surgical
      intervention. The majority of chest trauma requires careful surveillance to
      identify those patients who require operative correction. Improvement in vehicle
      safety, moderation of speed, and continued education should reduce the incidence
      and severity of chest trauma.

PMID- 2911787
TI  - Pulmonary contusion. Evaluation and classification by computed tomography.
AB  - In thoracic trauma, as in all of medicine, diagnosis precedes therapy. Over the
      past 5 years, we have liberally used chest CT examinations to improve diagnosis
      in the severely injured patient. This approach has significantly increased our
      diagnostic yield and permitted early diagnosis and treatment of unsuspected
      injuries. Confidence in our method of quantitation has helped us to assess the
      severity of pulmonary parenchymal injuries. Correlation of the CT findings with
      histologic study has changed our concept of pulmonary contusion from that of
      interstitial disease to that of pulmonary laceration with blood pneumonia.

PMID- 2911788
TI  - Cannulation of inferior vena cava for long term central venous access.
AB  - Nineteen patients had a Silastic (silicone rubber) catheter placed into the
      inferior vena cava (IVC) by way of a vein of a lower extremity. All patients
      needed long term venous access but had conditions precluding access to the
      superior vena cava (SVC) or access sites of the upper torso. Precautions
      regarding operative technique for the placement of the catheter include incisions
      through healthy skin, maintenance of aseptic technique at the site of access, an
      atraumatic subcutaneous tunnel at least 25 centimeters in length and a long
      acting local analgesic effect. Catheters were in situ for a total of 2,215 days
      (a mean of 111 days per catheter). Catheters were also used to administer
      intravenously medications, blood and blood products, chemotherapeutic agents,
      parenteral nutrition and for sampling of blood. Four complications occurred: one
      instance each of catheter sepsis and infection of the subcutaneous tract and two
      of thromboses of the IVC. No deaths occurred. The complication rate was 0.18 per
      cent per catheter-day. Long term access to the IVC is feasible without undue
      concern in conditions in which access to the SVC is precluded but long term
      central access is essential.

PMID- 2911789
TI  - Late results of immediate primary end to end repair in accidental section of the
      common bile duct.
AB  - The late results of 43 patients with accidental section of the common bile duct
      are presented. Injuries located high at the hepatic duct were three times more
      frequent than those located more distally. A complete section occurred in 36
      while incomplete section was observed in seven patients. The final results of end
      to end repair revealed good late results in eight while 29 had a benign stricture
      four years postoperatively.

PMID- 2911790
TI  - Massive splenomegaly.
AB  - A 16 year review of 391 splenectomies performed at New England Medical Center was
      done to evaluate the morbidity and mortality of patients with drained splenic
      weights greater than 1,000 grams. Thirty-six met the criteria for study. Twenty
      men and 16 women with an average age of 55.4 years were identified.
      Myeloproliferative disorders were the most predominant cause of massive
      splenomegaly. Pancytopenia and hemolytic complications of the disease processes
      were the most acute indications for operations. The average time between
      diagnosis and operative intervention was 42 months. An average of 10 units of
      blood products were required to correct preoperative coagulopathy. Eleven of 36
      patients had postoperative complications. Eight of 21 with drains and an equal
      number of patients with preliminary splenic arterial ligation had complications.
      Eight-one per cent of all complications were infection related. Complication
      increased the length of stay 11 days. The 30 day mortality rate was 11.1 per
      cent. Sepsis was the major cause of mortality. Closed drainage system provided no
      demonstrable benefit nor appeared to be the cause of sepsis. No episodes of
      pulmonary embolic phenomenon or peripheral venous thrombosis were demonstrated.
      Elective splenectomy in patients with smaller spleens was performed without
      operative mortality and with 3 per cent morbidity rate. For patients with massive
      splenomegaly, the average survival time was 28.5 months. The majority of these
      patients died from complications of the disease. Preoperative coagulopathy,
      failure to demonstrate a hematologic response to splenectomy and reoperation were
      clear predictors for decreased long term survival periods.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2911791
TI  - An experimental study of susceptibility to infection after hemorrhagic shock.
AB  - Hemorrhagic shock has been associated with an increased risk of infection after
      injury. The immediate and long term effects of hemorrhagic shock without tissue
      injury on the susceptibility of an animal to infection and the efficacy of
      antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent infection in this setting were examined.
      Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to hemorrhagic shock (LD15) by bleeding to a
      mean arterial pressure of 45 millimeters of mercury for 45 minutes and were
      resuscitated with shed blood and normal saline solution. In one experiment,
      dorsal wounds were inoculated one hour before or after shock with either 10(6),
      10(8) or 10(10) Staphylococcus aureus. In a second experiment, rats were infected
      at one hour, or one, three or five days after shock with 10(6), 10(7) or 10(8) S.
      aureus. Equivalent numbers of rats received cefamandole nafate prior to bacterial
      challenge. Hemorrhagic shock increased the susceptibility to wound infection at
      all inocula. Infection increased whether rats were wounded before or after shock,
      and this effect was sustained for up to three days. Antibiotic prophylaxis was of
      limited value in reducing the incidence of wound infection after shock.

PMID- 2911792
TI  - Hemodynamic and metabolic alterations during experimental sepsis in young and
      adult rats.
AB  - Cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) has been extensively used as a model of sepsis
      in adult rats. It is not known if the response to sepsis is similar in young and
      adult rats. This investigation was done to compare hemodynamic and metabolic
      alterations in young (four to six weeks of age, 60 to 90 grams) and adult (12 to
      14 weeks of age, 270 to 340 grams) rats after CLP. In one series of experiments,
      survival rate was determined for 96 hours, and in other experiments, mean
      arterial blood pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), white blood cell count,
      hematocrit, platelets, plasma glucose, lactate, amino acids, blood urea nitrogen
      (BUN), blood and peritoneal cultures and resting energy expenditure (REE) were
      determined eight and 16 hours after CLP. Levels of glycogen in liver and muscle
      were determined 16 hours after CLP. Mortality rate was similar in young and adult
      rats. MAP was stable throughout the course of sepsis, with no significant
      differences between the two groups of rats. HR was higher in young rats at all
      times studied. The adult rats became hyperglycemic after CLP while the young were
      hypoglycemic eight hours after CLP but normalized at 16 hours. Plasma lactate and
      BUN were similar in the two groups of rats, and no alterations were seen during
      sepsis. Both young and adult rats became hypoaminoacidemic after CLP. The
      phenylalanine to tyrosine ratio increased in a similar manner during sepsis in
      both experimental groups. REE was higher in young than in adult rats, but no
      significant changes were observed during the course of sepsis in either
      group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2911793
TI  - Resectional surgical procedures for carcinoma of the head of the pancreas.
AB  - Of a total series of 103 patients with preoperatively diagnosed carcinoma of the
      head of the pancreas (including ampullary carcinoma, carcinoma of the distal part
      of the common bile duct and pancreatic duct and acinar cell carcinoma), 78
      underwent pancreatic resection. The remaining 25 had palliative surgical
      treatment, either a gastric or biliary bypass, and are not included in the
      present study. Three of the 78 patients who underwent pancreatic resection died,
      and ten patients required early reoperation. Predictive criteria could be
      formulated for the prognosis and outcome of the patients with carcinoma of the
      head of the pancreas. The most reliable index for survival time of the patients
      proved to be the radicality of the resection, which was directly related to the
      differentiation of the primary tumor. Forty-three of 48 patients who underwent
      radical resection are alive, with a survival time ranging from three to 49
      months. Eleven of 23 patients who underwent palliative resection are alive, with
      a survival time ranging from two to 29 months. Of 44 patients with well or
      moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma who underwent radical resection, 38 are
      alive, with a survival time ranging from six to 41 months (mean of 29 months).

PMID- 2911794
TI  - A multidisciplinary approach to reducing morbidity and operative blood loss
      during resection of carotid body tumor.
AB  - Seven carotid body tumors in six patients were successfully managed using a
      multimodality approach that included the vascular surgeon, head and neck surgeon
      and angiographer. Five tumors were managed with preoperative subselective
      embolization of tumor vessels. Two required vascular reconstruction. The mean
      operative blood loss was 332 milliliters. All of the patients survived, and the
      only morbidity was one instance of transient vocal cord paresis. Surgical
      resection remains the treatment of choice for carotid body tumors. After
      angiographic embolization, a combined surgical approach by both the vascular
      surgeon and the head and neck surgeon reduces the associated morbidity and blood
      loss during resection.

PMID- 2911795
TI  - Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy made easier.
AB  - The use of a Fogarty catheter instead of a silk suture in performing an
      endoscopic gastrostomy offers several advantages. It avoids the problems of
      stomach deflation, the stomach slipping off the intravenous cannula, the
      troublesome passage of a soft suture through a small caliber tube and grasping a
      soft mobile object in the stomach.

PMID- 2911796
TI  - Supraceliac aortorenal bypass with saphenous vein for renovascular hypertension.

PMID- 2911798
TI  - Combined endoscopic and fluoroscopic balloon dilatation of a complex proximal
      jejunal stricture.
AB  - Dilatation of esophageal strictures has been practiced for many years. More
      recently, balloon dilatation, with endoscopic guidance, has been applied to the
      stomach and the colon. The small bowel has been less accessible to the endoscope,
      and, as far as we have been able to determine, balloon dilatation of jejunal
      strictures has not been reported. We present a patient who was referred to us
      after curative resection of two abdomino-pelvic malignancies, external beam
      irradiation to the abdomen and pelvis, and multiple later operations for bowel
      obstruction and dehiscence of intestinal anastomoses. The bowel obstruction and
      anastomotic dehiscence occurred during the present hospitalization and resulted
      finally in the development of a high-output proximal jejunal fistula. The area of
      stricture, as seen by means of barium contrast, had two separate components with
      an associated acute angulation. We report the combined use of endoscopic and
      fluoroscopic manipulation and balloon dilatation of this complex stricture.

PMID- 2911797
TI  - Optimal hypothermic preservation of arrested myocardium in isolated perfused
      rabbit hearts: a 31P NMR study.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to (1) relate myocardial high-energy phosphate
      stores to functional recovery after ischemia and reperfusion, (2) assess the
      bioenergetics and functional influence of clinically relevant myocardial
      hypothermia, and (3) examine tissue pH as an independent indicator of
      postischemic recovery of function. Rabbit hearts were perfused via a modified
      Langendorff technique, monitored for developed pressure (DP) and left ventricular
      end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) via an isovolumic left ventricular balloon
      catheter, and placed in a Brucker NMR magnet (4.7 tesla) to measure
      phosphocreatine (PCr), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and pH. Hearts underwent 1
      hour of global ischemia at 7 degrees, 17 degrees, 27 degrees and 37 degrees C
      initiated by one dose of K+ cardioplegia followed by 30 minutes of reperfusion.
      After reperfusion, DP (expressed as a percentage of preischemic control) and
      LVEDP (mm Hg) in 7 degrees and 17 degrees C hearts were no different (96 + 5% vs
      97 +/- 3%; 5 +/- 2 mm Hg vs 6 +/- 2 mm Hg; p = NS), but were better (p less than
      0.01) than 27 degree hearts (72 +/- 6%, 17 +/- 6 mm Hg) and 37 degree hearts (31
      +/- 7%, 60 +/- 6 mm Hg). PCr was severely depleted in all groups. ATP was 90 +/-
      7% and 87 +/- 5% of preischemic control in the 7 degree and 17 degree hearts,
      which was significantly better than the 68 +/- 3% and 21 +/- 3% in the 27 degree
      and 37 degree groups (p less than 0.01). The pH at end ischemia was 6.83, 6.89,
      6.54, and 5.86 for the 7 degree, 17 degree, 27 degree, and 37 degree hearts,
      respectively (7 degrees vs 27 degrees or 37 degrees, p less than 0.01; 17 degrees
      vs 27 degrees or 37 degrees, p less than 0.01). Linear regression of DP on end
      ischemic ATP (EIATP) and end-ischemic pH revealed: DP = 0.96 (EIATP) + 20 (r =
      0.92) and DP = 60 (pH) -317 (r = 0.86). We conclude that (1) end-ischemic ATP
      predicts recovery of ventricular function, and, furthermore, there appears a
      threshold ATP concentration (80% of control) below which full recovery of
      function will not occur; (2) end-ischemic pH predicts recovery of ventricular
      function; (3) 7 degrees C hypothermic ischemia does not cause a clinically
      significant cold injury; and (4) in a single-dose crystalloid cardioplegia model,
      end-ischemic pH is linearly related to recovery of function (r = 0.86).

PMID- 2911799
TI  - High-compression elastic stockings.

PMID- 2911800
TI  - Aortoiliac reconstruction.

PMID- 2911801
TI  - Histologic features predictive of an increased risk of early local recurrence
      after treatment of breast cancer by local tumor excision and radical
      radiotherapy.
AB  - A histopathologic review was undertaken of 293 patients with breast cancer
      treated by local tumor excision and radical radiotherapy. In a 6-year period,
      there were 37 local treatment failures with 16 deaths, and an additional 20
      patients died without local recurrence. Pathologic data were available for 272
      patients. Multivariate analysis indicated that the pathologic features in an
      invasive tumor most predictive for local recurrence were the combination of a
      high proportion of intraduct carcinoma with extensive necrosis (comedocarcinoma).
      Of 18 patients with these features, nine have had early local recurrence (a risk
      of 50% with these features vs 10% in those without), and four have died (a risk
      of 22% against 12%). Despite the short follow-up, the results already appear
      significant, and the study is ongoing. The importance of comedonecrosis in the
      intraduct component as a prognostic indicator in invasive carcinoma of the breast
      is not widely recognized and might constitute a relative contraindication to
      conservative treatment of the breast.

PMID- 2911802
TI  - Exposure of the left hepatic duct through the hilum or in the umbilical of the
      liver: anatomic limitations.
AB  - Anastomosis to the left hepatic duct approached by dissecting the hilar plate is
      the most reliable method of drainage of the left side of the liver in that
      longitudinal incision of the left hepatic duct allows a long
      cholangiojejunostomy. However, the anatomy is not satisfactory in 30% of cases
      for adequate drainage of the left side of the liver. To further clarify this
      surgically important area, 107 vasculobiliary casts were reviewed with regard to
      the anatomy and relationship between the left biliary ductal and left portal
      venous systems. In cases in which anatomy is unfavorable for adequate drainage by
      anastomosis to the left hepatic duct in the hilum, several options are available.
      The anterior portion of the main portal fissure may be opened to gain wide access
      to the superior aspect of the biliary plate and reach a posterior duct that is
      more suitable for anastomosis. An anastomosis to an anterior duct may also be
      possible with this approach. If left portal ducts are inaccessible by division of
      the main portal fissure because of a retroportal location, then an anastomosis in
      the anterior portion of the umbilical fissure may give adequate drainage.
      Therefore a cholangiogram is imperative before any anastomosis in the hilum or
      the anterior portion of the umbilical fissure.

PMID- 2911803
TI  - Fatigue and cardiac and endocrine metabolic response to exercise after abdominal
      surgery.
AB  - Subjective feeling of fatigue was quantified before and 20 days after elective
      uncomplicated abdominal surgery in 16 otherwise-healthy patients and compared
      with changes in heart rate and various hormonal and substrate responses to a 10
      minute bicycle exercise (65% of preoperative maximal work capacity)
      preoperatively and postoperatively. Postoperatively, fatigue increased (p less
      than 0.001) from 3.0 +/- 0.5 to 5.3 +/- 0.5 arbitrary units (mean +/- SEM). Heart
      rate, plasma catecholamines, and serum growth hormone, lactate, alanine, and
      glycerol values always increased, whereas serum insulin values decreased in
      response to exercise (p less than 0.01). During exercise, only heart rate (p less
      than 0.01) and lactate (p less than 0.05) values were higher postoperatively
      compared with preoperatively. Increase in fatigue postoperatively correlated
      significantly to increase in heart rate (p less than 0.01) and correlated
      positively, but not significantly, to increase in plasma levels of noradrenaline
      (p = 0.08), growth hormone (p = 0.09), and alanine (p = 0.08) during exercise,
      but not to increase in serum lactate values (p greater than 0.8). Thus, after
      uncomplicated surgery, there was increased fatigue and amplified metabolic and
      cardiovascular response to a given absolute work load. These findings are similar
      to those observed during detraining and suggest a therapeutic role of exercise in
      the treatment of postoperative fatigue.

PMID- 2911804
TI  - Large bile duct stones treated by endoscopic biliary drainage.
AB  - One hundred five patients with obstructive jaundice and cholangitis (49
      patients), referred for diagnostic endoscopy, were found to have inextractable
      bile duct stones. Median age was 76 years and three quarters were more than 72
      years of age. Insertion of an endoprosthesis with or without a sphincterotomy
      relieved jaundice in 94% and settled cholangitis in 90%. Antibiotic cover during
      the procedure seems essential inasmuch as pyrexia and septicemia occurred in 6 of
      57 cases where it was not given. One case was lethal. Another patient died of
      acute pancreatitis. The patients were old. One quarter died before the follow-up,
      1 to 5 years after the initial intervention. The results indicate that the
      combination of endoscopic sphincterotomy, insertion of an endoprosthesis, and, if
      feasible, stone extraction on a later occasion when the acute phase of the
      illness had subsided brought the disease sufficiently under control among three
      quarters of the patients with large common duct stones or stenoses in the biliary
      tract. One quarter of the patients were treated surgically. This was accomplished
      without mortality, but morbidity was not negligible. A policy with a surgical
      approach restricted to selected cases with persistent symptoms in spite of
      sufficient endoscopic drainage is recommended.

PMID- 2911805
TI  - Crystalloid versus colloid fluid resuscitation: a meta-analysis of mortality.
AB  - Controversy persists over the best choice of fluid to use for resuscitation. A
      number of published articles promote the use of either colloid or crystalloid
      fluids. Most of the arguments for use of one fluid or the other are based on
      cardiopulmonary data collected during and after fluid resuscitation. Although
      many studies report the mortality rate of patients treated with both fluids, none
      have critically analyzed this most important aspect of therapy. Meta-analysis is
      a relatively new statistical method whereby data from a number of clinical trials
      can be pooled to produce more reliable data. In this study meta-analysis was used
      to pool mortality data from reports of eight previously published, randomized,
      clinical trials, in which the efficacy of crystalloid and colloid fluid
      resuscitation was compared. The overall treatment effect when the data from all
      the clinical trials were pooled showed a 5.7% relative difference in mortality
      rate in favor of crystalloid therapy. When the data from only those studies using
      trauma patients were pooled, the overall treatment effect showed a 12.3%
      difference in mortality rate in favor of crystalloid therapy. However, when data
      from studies that used nontrauma patients were pooled, there was a 7.8%
      difference in mortality rate in favor of colloid treatment. In patients with
      trauma who are septic and in whom the capillary leak syndrome leads to adult
      respiratory distress syndrome, it may be assumed that colloid resuscitation would
      be no better than crystalloid resuscitation. In this study the meta-analysis of
      published data showed that this form of treatment is deleterious. In patients who
      are nonseptic or having elective surgery, however, the basement membrane is
      intact, and meta-analysis of data in this setting showed that treatment with
      colloids would be efficacious.

PMID- 2911807
TI  - Texas' nursing shortage: situation & solutions.

PMID- 2911806
TI  - Self-rated psychiatric symptoms in patients operated on because of primary
      hyperparathyroidism and in patients with long-standing mild hypercalcemia.
AB  - Self-rated psychiatric symptoms were investigated in 30 patients referred for
      surgery because of primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT) (serum calcium, 2.87 +/-
      0.21 mmol/L) in 38 subjects detected in a health screening, with 15 years of mild
      hypercalcemia and probable HPT (serum calcium, 2.66 +/- 0.09 mmol/L), and in 38
      normocalcemic control subjects. The psychiatric symptomatology was evaluated by
      use of the Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL-56), a self-rating symptom scale. The
      patients with verified HPT had the highest mean HSCL score, 89.1 +/- 20.1 before
      surgery, compared with 76.6 +/- 17.0 (p less than 0.01) in the health survey
      hypercalcemic patients and 73.8 +/- 16.0 (p less than 0.001) in the controls. The
      factors for anxiety, depression, and cognitive symptoms were the most pronounced
      in the HPT patients and were also increased among the mildly hypercalcemic
      persons of the health survey, compared with the controls. Somatic symptoms such
      as headache, back pain, chest pain, and weakness were equally common in HPT and
      in the controls, and measurements of isometric muscle strength of knee extension
      did not demonstrate reduction of muscle strength in the health survey
      hypercalcemic patients. Follow-up of the HPT patients 1 year after parathyroid
      surgery revealed a marked improvement in mental health (HSCL score 73.2 +/- 13.7,
      p less than 0.001). In the health survey hypercalcemic patients, neither the
      psychiatric symptomatology nor the muscle strength were influenced by 6 months of
      oral vitamin D therapy (alphacalcidol). The results demonstrate that psychiatric
      symptoms are experienced frequently by patients with HPT and minimum to moderate
      increases in the serum calcium level and that these disturbances are reversed by
      parathyroid surgery.

PMID- 2911808
TI  - National Commission reports: nurses yearn time for nursing.

PMID- 2911809
TI  - [Hospitals and primary health care].

PMID- 2911810
TI  - [Day surgery--yesterday and today].

PMID- 2911811
TI  - [Vascular surgery in Norway].

PMID- 2911812
TI  - [Vascular surgery in Norway in 1986].
AB  - A questionnaire on vascular surgical activity in 1986 was sent to all Norwegian
      surgical departments (80). 78 units responded. Vascular surgery is not performed
      in the two hospitals who did not respond. Altogether 3,509 vascular operations
      were performed in 1986 (844 operations per million inhabitants). By comparison,
      2,529 operations were performed in 1981, 2,039 in 1978 and 1,100 in 1975. The
      largest increase was recorded in operations for abdominal aortic aneurysm,
      carotid artery stenosis, arterial emboli and angio-access surgery. Elective
      vascular operations were performed in 41 departments, whereas an additional 16
      did emergency vascular surgery only. 34% of the operations were performed by
      members of the junior staff. Differences between the five health regions have
      decreased since the investigation in 1981. The highest activity was observed in
      Health Region V, where 986 operations were performed per million inhabitants.
      Vascular surgical activity is increasing in Norway. This must be taken into
      account when estimating the number of residencies and staff positions for
      vascular surgery. The increasing need for vascular surgery should also influence
      priorities in our national health system.

PMID- 2911813
TI  - [Insurance and cancer. Low utilization of contributions].

PMID- 2911814
TI  - [An epidemic of ectopic pregnancies in Ostre Akershus. Looking for possible
      causes].
AB  - During the period 1969 to 1985, 640 women with a confirmed diagnosis of ectopic
      pregnancy were admitted to Sentralsykehuset i Akershus. The case histories were
      reviewed for possible predisposing factors. From 1969 to 1985 the frequency of
      ectopic pregnancy increased threefold in relation to the number of conceptions in
      the same region. Until 1978 the major part of this increase was observed among
      women with IUCD in situ. Women who had previously undergone surgery on the
      uterine tubes accounted for the greater part of the increase in extrauterine
      pregnancies after 1976. A large year-to-year variation was found among women with
      neither of the above predisposing factors. However, a rising frequency of ectopic
      pregnancies was also observed in this group. It appears that the risk of ectopic
      pregnancy is greater among women using IUCD than among women using other methods
      of contraception.

PMID- 2911815
TI  - [Isolation of Staphylococcus in Northern Norway. Identification and effects of
      antibacterial agents].
AB  - 53 Staphylococcus aureus and 100 Staphylococcus epidermidis consecutive routine
      isolates were collected from hospitalized (H) and non-hospitalized (NH) patients
      in Northern Norway. A coagulase slide test for rapid identification of the cell
      bound coagulase of S. aureus was just as sensitive as slower tests such as the
      tube test for free coagulase, anaerobic acid production from mannitol, and the
      DNase test. Close to 80% of S. aureus isolates showed beta-lactamase production.
      There was no difference in sensitivity between S. aureus strains isolated from H
      patients and NH patients respectively. All strains were sensitive to
      erythromycin, oxacillin, cephalothin, tetracyclin, trimethoprim, gentamicin,
      clindamycin, vancomycin, and rifampicin. Most isolates showed strong sensitivity
      to other cephalosporins than cephalothin (although less sensitive to 3.
      generation cephalosporins), fucidic acid and chloramphenicol. Thus, with
      exception of the first generation penicillins, in our region S. aureus is still
      strongly sensitive to most antimicrobial agents used both in hospital and in
      ambulatory practice. Approximately 50% of the 68 S. epidermidis isolates from
      urine showed beta-lactamase activity, as against almost 80% of other clinical
      specimens. Urine isolates were fairly often trimethoprim resistant (29.4%) and
      had a slightly higher resistance than S. aureus had to several antimicrobial
      agents. There was no difference in the resistance pattern among urinary isolates
      from H patients and from NH patients respectively. S. epidermidis isolates from
      32 other clinical specimens from H patients showed a substantially higher pattern
      of resistance compared with urine isolates. Resistance against gentamicin was
      found in 40.6%, and against oxacillin in 9.4%. Gentamicin resistant strains were
      also resistant to several other broad spectrum agents. All strains were highly
      sensitive to vancomycin and clindamycin.

PMID- 2911816
TI  - [Diathermy in surgery].
AB  - Unskilled handling of surgical diathermia units exposes patients, operators and
      assistants to unnecessary risks. This article briefly reviews the equipment's
      technical potential, possible risks of complication, and how risk factors can be
      eliminated by proper handling. Important issues are risk of local accidental
      burns and of unintended stimulation of muscles and nerves, precautions when
      treating patients with a pacemaker or metallic implant, and specific problems
      connected to endoscopy.

PMID- 2911817
TI  - [Surgical treatment of pancreatic injuries].
AB  - Major pancreatic traumas are not frequent, and diagnosis often difficult. In a
      retrospective study we found 11 verified cases of pancreatic trauma treated in
      the period 1977-86. Three were penetrating and eight blunt trauma victims. Five
      patients suffered serious lesions in other organs. Laparotomy was performed in
      nine patients. One patient died, due to other lesions. The patients can be
      separated clinically into two groups. In the first group emergency laparotomy is
      indicated because of bleeding or peritonitis, most often due to lesions in other
      abdominal organs. In the other group the initial symptoms and clinical signs are
      sparse, and the diagnosis is based on repeated clinical examinations, ultrasound
      CT, peritoneal lavage and repeated amylase determinations. Contusions and minor
      lacerations without injury to the duct are treated with revision and
      canalization. Resection and pancreatico-jejunostomy should be considered when the
      pancreas is heavily lacerated with damage to the duct system.

PMID- 2911818
TI  - [Heterosexual transmission of HIV--a predominantly female problem?].
AB  - Heterosexual dissemination of HIV is increasing in Norway. Women are apparently
      more exposed than men. 70% of Norwegian HIV-cases attributed to domestic
      heterosexual transmission are women. The two groups of sexual partners that most
      frequently infect Norwegian women with HIV are drug abusers and men from
      countries with a high prevalence of the disease. Physicians ought to be aware of
      this increase in heterosexual HIV-contamination, especially among younger women,
      so that they can undertake the public-health measures needed to delimit the
      spread of the disease. In particular, they should include sexual anamnesis in
      their examination of all cases where HIV-infection is a possibility.

PMID- 2911819
TI  - [A questionnaire study of day care. Big differences and unused possibilities
      among Norwegian hospitals].
AB  - We have studied the use of day care surgery in surgical, gynecological and ENT
      departments in Norwegian hospitals. A questionnaire was sent to 129 departments
      at 79 hospitals. The response rates were 95.3% and 98.7%. We asked about 28
      diagnoses and procedures and whether day care surgery was used systematically. We
      also asked how day care surgery was organized, how the operations were
      registered, how the patients were informed about the different procedures and if
      they had to pay part of the fee themselves. Many departments always hospitalize
      patients for minor and intermediate surgery, and there are big differences
      between the hospitals in regard to the extent of day care surgery. Many hospitals
      do not make full use of available resources because day care surgery is not
      organized as an alternative to hospitalization.

PMID- 2911820
TI  - [Day care. A seminar about why and how].
AB  - We describe a seminar on day care surgery and give a summary of the lectures and
      discussions. Updated waiting lists, good administration of waiting lists, and
      good planning of the operations are important for successful day care surgery.
      Many departments hospitalize patients for minor and intermediate surgery, such as
      hernia and varicose veins, which could have been treated by day care surgery. The
      general health of the patients and their social conditions are important when
      choosing between day care surgery and hospitalization. The distance to the
      hospital and the patients' age are less important. It is essential to inform the
      patients properly about the procedures. Day care surgery gives good medical
      results and a high quality of care at lower cost than hospitalization. Patients
      who can be treated by day care surgery should be given this opportunity.

PMID- 2911821
TI  - [Salt and blood pressure--one more time].

PMID- 2911822
TI  - Validity of cerebral arterial blood flow calculations from velocity measurements.

PMID- 2911823
TI  - Effect of nimodipine on canine cerebrovascular responses to 5-hydroxytryptamine
      and potassium chloride after exposure to blood.
AB  - The stainless steel cannula inserting method was used to investigate the blocking
      effects of nimodipine on vascular responses to intraluminal administration of 5
      hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) or potassium chloride (KCl) before and after application
      of abluminal blood containing thrombin in isolated and perfused canine basilar
      arteries. A transient elevation of perfusion pressure was observed initially, and
      during the course of the experiment the perfusion pressure gradually increased.
      Nimodipine significantly depressed both transient and prolonged changes of
      perfusion pressure. Dose-dependent vasoconstriction induced by 5-HT was
      significantly enhanced, while that evoked by KCl was significantly attenuated for
      up to 8 hours after the application of blood. Pretreatment with nimodipine
      inhibited vasoconstriction to 5-HT less effectively than to KCl both before and
      after application of blood. The proportion of the 5-HT-induced vasoconstriction,
      which was sensitive to nimodipine, was reduced after application of blood, while
      no such change was observed in the responses to KCl. It is suggested that the
      augmentation of cerebrovascular responses to 5-HT in the early stage of
      subarachnoid hemorrhage may be mediated mainly by changes in intracellular
      calcium utilization rather than by the increase of calcium influx through
      nimodipine-sensitive channels.

PMID- 2911824
TI  - Model of electrocardiographic changes seen with subarachnoid hemorrhage in
      rabbits.
AB  - We developed a new method for introducing drugs into the basal cistern of
      rabbits. With minimal surgical invasion, we used either the opening of the
      craniopharyngeal duct to access the chiasmatic cistern or the suture between the
      basisphenoid and basioccipital bones to access the interpeduncular cistern. With
      our method, 0.5 ml contrast medium injected into three rabbits was determined
      roentgenographically to remain in the basal cistern; histologically, all the
      brain tissue remained intact. Intracisternal injection of 0.5 ml physiological
      saline into five rabbits had no effect on the cardiovascular system. In 23
      rabbits, injection of 0.5 ml 0.1% prostaglandin F2 alpha led to a variety of
      electrocardiographic changes, including sinus bradycardia (in 43.5%), premature
      atrial contractions (in 17.4%), and premature ventricular contractions (in
      39.1%). In 15 rabbits with severe changes, arrhythmia was followed by ST
      depression (in 30.4%), ST elevation (in 8.7%), T wave inversion (in 4.3%),
      ventricular tachycardia (in 17.4%), or ventricular fibrillation (in 4.3%).
      Intracisternal injection of 0.5 ml 1.0% lidocaine into the 23 rabbits was very
      effective in overcoming bradycardia and arrhythmias. We conclude that the
      clinical features of electrocardiographic changes seen in patients with
      subarachnoid hemorrhage are reproducible in this rabbit model.

PMID- 2911825
TI  - Effect of lidocaine on forebrain ischemia in rats.
AB  - We examined the effect of lidocaine on ischemic neuronal injury in the rat
      forebrain ischemia model. Cerebral ischemia was achieved with bilateral carotid
      artery occlusion and controlled hypotension to a mean of 50 torr for 10 minutes.
      Perfusion-fixation was performed 7 days after ischemia, subsequent to which the
      brains were sectioned coronally and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Ischemic
      neuronal injury was quantitatively expressed (after direct counting) as a
      percentage of total neurons, that is, ischemic neurons divided by (ischemic
      neurons + normal neurons). Predictably, the selectively vulnerable hippocampal
      areas exhibited the most marked neuronal injury. In the CA1/CA2 sectors,
      lidocaine-treated rats demonstrated less injury (34 +/- 14%) than untreated (64
      +/- 9%) or saline-treated (70 +/- 10%) rats. However, these superficially
      pronounced numerical differences were not of statistical significance (p greater
      than 0.05). In the CA3 sector, neuronal injury in lidocaine-treated rats (31 +/-
      14%) was significantly different at p less than 0.05 from the untreated (80 +/-
      5%) but not the saline-treated (59 +/- 13%) group. We conclude that lidocaine may
      have an only marginal beneficial effect on forebrain ischemia in rats.

PMID- 2911826
TI  - Extracranial carotid artery disease in patients with arterial limb embolism.

PMID- 2911827
TI  - Multiple small-vessel occlusions in systemic lupus erythematosus.

PMID- 2911828
TI  - Intraluminal thrombus in the cerebral circulation.

PMID- 2911829
TI  - Decline in US stroke mortality. Demographic trends and antihypertensive
      treatment.
AB  - Stroke mortality has been falling rapidly in this country since 1973. To
      investigate age-race-sex effects on stroke mortality, we studied US vital
      statistics during 1950-1972 and 1973-1981 in 55-64-, 65-74-, and 75-84-year-old
      race-sex groups. The accelerated rate of decline in stroke mortality since 1973
      has had a substantial public health impact, with greater than 200,000 fewer
      stroke deaths than would otherwise have occurred. For all groups, stroke
      mortality declined at a greater rate (p less than 0.05) in 1973-1981 than during
      1950-1972. The rates of decline during 1973-1981 were greater with increasing age
      (p less than 0.05) and were more substantial for younger blacks. There were no
      consistent differences in the rate of decline by sex. The greater rate of decline
      in absolute stroke mortality in the older age groups and blacks was explained by
      higher baseline mortality in these groups. Overall, stroke mortality decreased by
      approximately 2%/yr in 1950-1972 and by approximately 7%/yr after 1973. Rank
      order of average annual percent decline after 1973 by age-race-sex groups did not
      correspond to rates of change in treatment or control of hypertension obtained
      from three national surveys. The accelerated rate of decline after 1973 may have
      resulted from improved antihypertensive therapy, but our findings fail to confirm
      this hypothesis and suggest that treatment of hypertension may not be the
      principal reason for the decline in stroke mortality.

PMID- 2911830
TI  - Infrequency of blacks among patients having carotid endarterectomy.
AB  - We reviewed demographic data on patients having 2,256 carotid endarterectomies in
      eight large hospitals in North Carolina to determine the frequency of blacks
      among these patients. Blacks comprised only 4.6% of the patients having carotid
      endarterectomy even though they comprised 26% of all patients discharged and 22%
      of the general population of the state. Data from the National Inpatient Profile
      of the Commission on Professional and Hospital Activities, which represents
      patients discharged from short-term, nonfederal hospitals throughout the United
      States, show that nationwide, blacks comprise only 2.7% of the patients having
      carotid endarterectomy, whereas they comprise 12.0% of all patients discharged,
      12.1% of the general population, and 10.7% of patients discharged following Class
      I surgical procedures. Blacks have only 67 carotid endarterectomies per 100,000
      patients discharged; this rate is five or more times higher in whites. Among
      black patients having carotid endarterectomy, women predominate, whereas men
      predominate among white patients having carotid endarterectomy (p = 0.006). The
      underrepresentation of blacks among patients having carotid endarterectomy lends
      support to the concept that carotid vascular disease in blacks is distributed
      intracranially rather than extracranially as opposed to the extracranial rather
      than intracranial distribution in whites.

PMID- 2911831
TI  - Indium-111-labeled platelet scintigraphy in carotid atherosclerosis.
AB  - We evaluated platelet accumulation in carotid arteries by means of a dual
      radiotracer method, using indium-111-labeled platelets and technetium-99m-labeled
      human serum albumin, in 123 patients (92 men, 31 women; median age 60 years).
      Sixty patients had symptoms of transient ischemic carotid artery disease, and 63
      patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease served as controls.
      Antiplatelet treatment with acetylsalicylic acid was taken by 53 of the 123
      patients. In 36 of the 60 symptomatic patients, platelet scintigraphy was
      repeated 3-4 days after carotid endarterectomy. Comparison of different
      scintigraphic parameters (platelet accumulation index and percent of the injected
      dose of labeled platelets at the carotid bifurcation) showed no significant
      differences between symptomatic and asymptomatic patients, and the severity of
      stenosis and the presence of plaque ulceration also had no influence on the
      parameters. There was no difference between patients with a short (less than 4
      weeks) or long (greater than 4 weeks) interval from the last transient ischemic
      attack to scintigraphy and no difference between patients with or without
      antiplatelet treatment. Classifying the patients according to plaque morphology
      judged by high-resolution real-time ultrasonography also demonstrated no
      differences. No significant correlation was found between any scintigraphic
      parameter and other platelet function parameters such as platelet survival time,
      platelet turnover rate, and concentration of platelet-specific proteins.
      Quantification of platelet deposition after carotid endarterectomy in 36 patients
      demonstrated a significant increase of the median platelet accumulation index and
      the percent injected dose index. There were no significant differences between
      patients receiving high-dose (1.0 g/day) or low-dose (1.0 g/day) acetylsalicylic
      acid in scintigraphic results.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2911832
TI  - Sex difference in antithrombotic effect of aspirin.
AB  - A number of clinical trials suggest that the antithrombotic effect of aspirin is
      limited to men. To test the possibility that this is due to a sex difference in
      the inhibitory effect of aspirin on platelet behavior, we studied whole-blood
      platelet aggregation in men and women and in male patients with carcinoma of the
      prostate receiving hormone therapy. The in vitro inhibitory effect of aspirin on
      so-called spontaneous platelet aggregation induced by stirring whole blood and
      monitored by the decrease in the number of singleton platelets was greater in men
      (mean +/- SD inhibitory ratio 1.54 +/- 0.30 in men, 1.23 +/- 0.22 in women; p
      less than 0.001). The inhibitory effect of aspirin was reduced in orchiectomized
      male patients and was restored by the addition of testosterone to blood samples.
      Estradiol had no detectable influence on the inhibitory effect of aspirin.
      Testosterone thus seems to influence platelet aggregation and its inhibition by
      aspirin as assessed by whole-blood in vitro aggregometry. Possible mechanisms for
      this effect of testosterone and its relevance to the choice of antithrombotic
      therapy are discussed.

PMID- 2911833
TI  - Whole blood platelet function in acute ischemic stroke. Importance of dense body
      secretion and effects of antithrombotic agents.
AB  - We studied platelet function in whole blood, a situation that better reflects the
      in vivo state, from 85 patients with acute ischemic stroke and from 19 healthy
      controls. Patients receiving no antithrombotic drugs demonstrated increased
      platelet dense body secretion without an associated increase in platelet
      aggregation, thus raising the possibility that dense body secretion may be of
      separate importance in cerebral infarction. Our results also suggest that dense
      body secretion may occur independently of aggregation. Heparin and heparin plus
      warfarin were ineffective in reducing the high level of dense body secretion seen
      in acute cerebral infarction, whereas treatment with aspirin plus dipyridamole
      inhibited both dense body secretion and platelet aggregation. It seems worthwhile
      to investigate the usefulness of antiplatelet drugs in the treatment of acute
      ischemic stroke wherein clinical outcome is correlated with the extent of
      suppression of platelet dense body secretion.

PMID- 2911834
TI  - Morbidity and mortality in the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program
      (SHEP) pilot study.
AB  - The pilot study of the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program was a
      randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of drug therapy for isolated
      systolic hypertension. It followed 551 elderly participants with untreated blood
      pressures of greater than 160/less than 90 mm Hg for an average of 34 months.
      Mean age of the participants was 72 years; 63% were women, and 82% were white.
      Pretreatment blood pressures averaged 172/75 mm Hg. Participants were randomly
      assigned to treatment with chlorthalidone or placebo as Step I medication. Blood
      pressures at annual visits averaged 141/68 and 157/73 mm Hg for the drug-treated
      and placebo-treated groups, respectively, with 60% and 33% of the survivors on
      blinded medication having systolic blood pressures of less than 160 mm Hg at
      their last annual visit. All-cause mortality rates for the drug-treated and
      placebo-treated groups were 25.4 and 22.7 deaths per 1,000 participant-years of
      risk, and rates for definite "first stroke" were 8.3 and 12.8 per 1,000 years of
      risk. Differences between groups were significant for systolic and diastolic
      blood pressure but not for death or stroke rates. A full-scale study has begun to
      determine the effects of drug therapy for isolated systolic hypertension on
      stroke and mortality rates.

PMID- 2911835
TI  - Blood velocity in the middle cerebral artery and regional cerebral blood flow
      during carotid endarterectomy.
AB  - Blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral artery, determined by transcranial
      Doppler ultrasonography, was monitored during 31 carotid endarterectomies.
      Electroencephalogram (EEG) was also monitored, and regional cerebral blood flow
      (rCBF) was measured. The relation between rCBF and mean velocity was dependent on
      the rCBF level; the correlation was strong if rCBF was less than 20 ml/100 g/min
      but weak if rCBF was greater than that level. Ipsilateral EEG suppression was
      related to a rCBF threshold of 9 ml/100 g/min and to a mean velocity threshold of
      15 cm/sec; the rCBF threshold was more specific for EEG change. Postischemic
      hyperemia was evident in measurements of mean velocity but not of rCBF. These
      disparities between mean velocity and rCBF seemed to be due to three factors: 1)
      disproportionately high mean velocity in patients with stenosis of the middle
      cerebral artery, 2) a nonlinear relation between mean velocity and rCBF, and 3)
      the anatomically different regions of the brain in which mean velocity and rCBF
      are measured. The velocity measurement appeared to be relatively more sensitive
      than rCBF to hemodynamic events in the corpus striatum and internal capsule.

PMID- 2911836
TI  - Clinical and radiologic features of lacunar versus nonlacunar minor stroke.
AB  - We determined the angiographic presence of extracerebral and intracerebral
      arterial disease in 122 patients with minor stroke within the carotid territory;
      we excluded patients with a recognized cardiac source of emboli. Based on
      clinical features and computed tomographic findings, patients were classified as
      having lacunar infarcts (n = 61), nonlacunar infarcts (n = 53), and infarcts of
      indeterminate type (n = 8). Severe carotid bifurcation disease (greater than or
      equal to 50% stenosis or occlusion) was significantly more common in nonlacunar
      than in lacunar infarcts, on both the ipsilateral (p less than 0.001) and the
      contralateral (p less than 0.01) sides; 79% of the patients with nonlacunar
      infarcts had severe carotid bifurcation and/or middle cerebral artery disease on
      the ipsilateral side compared with 3.3% of the patients with lacunar infarcts.
      Our data underscore the need for classification of patients by the underlying
      mechanisms in future studies of treatment of ischemic stroke.

PMID- 2911837
TI  - Clustering of strokes in association with meteorologic factors in the Negev
      Desert of Israel: 1981-1983.
AB  - Clinical observations of the apparent clustering of daily stroke admissions to a
      regional hospital in an arid climate prompted our investigation of possible
      meteorologic factors associated with stroke admissions. Daily hospitalization and
      meteorologic data were studied for 895 patients with stroke admitted to Soroka
      Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel, during 1981, 1982, and 1983. The average
      daily incidence of stroke was about twice as great on relatively warm days as on
      relatively cold ones. This increase may be explained by increases in
      thromboembolic mechanisms secondary to physiologic changes in response to heat.
      When heat waves are predicted, information on the added risk for stroke needs to
      be disseminated to both the population and to health care providers so preventive
      measures can be instituted. Special attention should be devoted to air
      conditioning and adequate consumption of liquids, and antiplatelet aggregation
      medication such as aspirin should be considered.

PMID- 2911838
TI  - Beneficial effect of nimodipine on metabolic and functional disturbances in
      rabbit hippocampus following complete cerebral ischemia.
AB  - We investigated the effects of intravenous application of nimodipine on the
      neurophysiologic, biochemical, and morphologic consequences of 15 minutes of
      global cerebral ischemia in seven rabbits. In vivo dialysis of the hippocampus
      was used to determine changes in extracellular concentrations of extracellular
      calcium and amino acids and blood-brain barrier permeability. Ischemia without
      treatment produced a rapid disappearance of electroencephalographic activity, a
      decrease in the concentration of extracellular calcium, the release of
      neuroactive amino acids, and leakage of methionine to the tissue fluid, plus a
      significant increase of the blood-brain barrier permeability to fluorescein.
      Except for permeability and electroencephalographic activity, these parameters
      normalized during 45 minutes of recirculation; permeability and activity failed
      to normalize completely during 3 hours of recirculation. After 3 hours of
      recirculation, morphologic changes in the CA1 hippocampal area were observed.
      Treatment with nimodipine significantly enhanced electroencephalographic activity
      recovery and normalization during recirculation, reduced the decrease in
      extracellular calcium concentration, and prevented the increased permeability of
      the blood-brain barrier. Nimodipine protected the CA1 area from early morphologic
      changes and reduced leakage of methionine from brain cells. The beneficial
      cytoprotective effect of nimodipine, probably related to normalization of calcium
      homeostasis and blood-brain barrier permeability after ischemia, may reflect both
      vascular and cellular sites of action.

PMID- 2911839
TI  - Nilvadipine attenuates ischemic degradation of gerbil brain cytoskeletal
      proteins.
AB  - We have previously demonstrated that transient cerebral ischemia induces marked
      decreases in concentrations of cytoskeletal proteins and have suggested putative
      involvement of calpain in the decrease of microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2)
      content. We examine the effect of nilvadipine, a new calcium channel blocker, on
      protein degradation in gerbil brains after 5 minutes of bilateral carotid artery
      occlusion and compare this effect with those of nimodipine and nicardipine. By
      densitometric quantification of the electrophoretically separated soluble
      proteins, mean +/- SEM MAP2 content in the hippocampus (14.4 +/- 1.8
      micrograms/mg protein) was depleted (5.4 +/- 0.5 micrograms/mg, p less than 0.01)
      4 days after ischemia; this depletion was significantly inhibited by 1 or 10 mg
      nilvadipine/kg/day. MAP2 content was also depleted in vitro when normal
      nonischemic brain extract was incubated with calcium, but this degradation was
      not inhibited by the calcium channel blockers. Our results suggest that calcium
      channel blockers do not act directly on calpain but act at the calcium channels
      of neurons and may suppress activation of the enzyme and attenuate ischemic
      degradation of cytoskeletal protein. We found nilvadipine to be the most potent
      drug among those studied, and we believe it could be useful for the treatment of
      cerebral ischemia.

PMID- 2911840
TI  - Focal ischemia enhances choline output and decreases acetylcholine output from
      rat cerebral cortex.
AB  - Choline concentration is rate limiting in the synthesis of acetylcholine. There
      is a negative arteriovenous difference for choline concentration across the
      brain, indicating the steady output of choline from this organ. Cerebral ischemia
      may increase extracellular choline concentration by interfering with its removal
      by the circulation and by enhancing its net production from phospholipids. We
      tested this hypothesis in six rats subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion.
      We determined choline and acetylcholine output from the ischemic cerebral cortex
      by analyzing their concentrations in the fluid contained in cortical cups by gas
      chromatography-mass spectrometry. Mean +/- SEM choline output over 40 minutes
      before ischemia (baseline value) was 31.1 +/- 1.6 pmol/min/cm2. During ischemia,
      mean +/- SEM choline output rose to 100.8 +/- 13, 97.3 +/- 12.7, 100 +/- 22.4,
      and 93.1 +/- 16.9 pmol/min/cm2 in four consecutive 10-minute periods,
      respectively. Mean +/- SEM acetylcholine output was 15.6 +/- 1.1 before and 5.9
      +/- 1.2, 8.3 +/- 2.6, 8.6 +/- 2.1, and 13.7 +/- 4.6 pmol/min/cm2 in the four 10
      minute collection periods during ischemia. All four choline values and the first
      acetylcholine value during ischemia were significantly different from their
      respective baseline values. We conclude that ischemia induces an increase in
      extracellular choline concentration with possible implications for acetylcholine
      metabolism. The attending transient decline in acetylcholine output may be due to
      impaired release due to local hypoxia or to decreased acetylcholine synthesis.

PMID- 2911841
TI  - Tetramethylpyrazine for treatment of experimentally induced stroke in Mongolian
      gerbils.
AB  - Tetramethylpyrazine, a drug originally isolated from the rhizome of Ligusticum
      walliichi, has been used routinely in China for the treatment of stroke and
      angina pectoris. We evaluated this drug by testing its effectiveness in
      increasing the survival rate in a stroke model using Mongolian gerbils. Our
      results indicate that tetramethylpyrazine can increase survival rate only if it
      is administered before the induction of cerebral ischemia. Since we administered
      the drug intraperitoneally, it is possible that pretreatment was necessary to
      increase its effective concentration in the blood. Receptor binding studies
      indicated that tetramethylpyrazine was inactive against a variety of
      pharmacologically active receptors.

PMID- 2911842
TI  - Interaction between digoxin and propafenone.
AB  - The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between digoxin and
      propafenone were investigated in 10 hospitalized patients with heart disease and
      cardiac arrhythmias. During steady state (0.25 mg/day) the glycoside was combined
      with 600 mg of propafenone daily for 1 week. The mean +/- SD serum digoxin
      concentration (SDC) was 0.97 +/- 0.29 ng/ml before and 1.54 +/- 0.65 ng/ml (p
      less than 0.003) during propafenone administration. Propafenone induced a mean
      decrease in 31.1 and 31.7% in total and renal digoxin clearances, respectively.
      The increase in SDCs was accompanied by a decrease in heart rate (HR) and
      shortening of QTC (QT interval corrected for HR). In patients receiving digoxin
      and propafenone simultaneously, the SDCs should be monitored and the digoxin dose
      reduced if there is evidence of toxicity.

PMID- 2911843
TI  - A rapid analysis of nafcillin using high-performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - A simple, rapid, and reproducible high-performance liquid chromatography method
      is described for the measurement of nafcillin using an internal standard (IS), 5
      (p-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin. A one-step protein precipitation was used
      for preparation of nafcillin and IS. The mobile phase included 0.02 M ammonium
      acetate buffered solution and acetonitrile (75:25 vol/vol). An Ultrasphere ODS
      reversed-phase column was used and the detector was set at 224 nm. The retention
      time of IS and nafcillin was 4.8 and 6.6 min, respectively. The absolute recovery
      for nafcillin ranged from 95-98%. The intraday coefficient of variation for the
      assay was 3.5% at nafcillin concentrations of 1.0 and 60 micrograms/ml. The
      interday coefficient of variation was 7.1 and 3.1% at the nafcillin
      concentrations of 1.0 and 60.0 micrograms/ml, respectively. The major advantages
      of this method include the single-step extraction and the use of a small volume
      (50 microliter) of serum samples for nafcillin measurement. The serum
      concentrations of nafcillin in a pediatric patient were determined to demonstrate
      the application of this method.

PMID- 2911844
TI  - Interpretation of excessive levels of inhaled tobramycin.

PMID- 2911845
TI  - A useful microscale method for monitoring furosemide by high-performance liquid
      chromatography?

PMID- 2911846
TI  - Interference of spironolactone metabolites in a digoxin radioimmunoassay.

PMID- 2911847
TI  - The need for a loading dose of gentamicin in neonates.
AB  - We studied pharmacokinetic variables in 100 neonates to evaluate the need for a
      loading dose of gentamicin. The mean volume of distribution for gentamicin in
      this population was .542 +/- .205 L/kg. Forty-five percent of these patients
      would not achieve peak serum concentrations of greater than or equal to 5
      micrograms/ml after one dose of 2.5 mg/kg. A loading dose of 4 mg/kg would result
      in a level of greater than or equal to 5 micrograms/ml in 92% of the patients.
      After this study, a 4 mg/kg loading dose was initiated at our institution. Peak
      and trough concentrations at steady state were compared in 50 patients receiving
      a loading dose and 40 patients who had not received a loading dose. No
      significant differences were found in peak or trough concentrations after three
      or more doses, verifying that a loading dose does not affect steady-state
      concentrations. Because gentamicin toxicities are related to accumulation over
      time, whereas therapeutic efficacy may be related to early attainment of
      therapeutic peak serum concentrations, we recommend a loading dose of 4 mg/kg in
      all neonates beginning gentamicin therapy.

PMID- 2911848
TI  - Fluctuations of carbamazepine concentrations during the day for two slow-release
      preparations.
AB  - Fluctuations in the carbamazepine (CBZ) concentration during the day were studied
      using the profiles of 88 patients on slow release CBZ preparations. Blood was
      taken at 800, 1100, 1400, 1700, 2000, 2200 and 800 hr of the following day. The
      CBZ dosage was divided into two equal doses and administered at 800 and 2000 h.
      The influence of different factors on the fluctuations in the CBZ concentration
      during the day was studied. The fluctuation correlated negatively (r = -0.51, p
      less than 0.001) with the level-dose ratio LDR (CBZ morning concentration-CBZ
      dose per body weight ratio). The co-medication and preparation had no additional
      significant influence on fluctuations in the CBZ concentration during the day.
      The maximal CBZ serum concentration during the day can be described for most
      patients as a function of the CBZ morning concentration and the level-dose ratio
      using a suitable regression equation (r = 0.93, standard error of estimate = 1.2
      mg/L).

PMID- 2911849
TI  - Prediction of individual dosage requirements for lignocaine: a validation study
      for Bayesian forecasting in Japanese patients.
AB  - The performance of the Bayesian feedback method for predicting lignocaine dosage
      developed by Vozeh et al. was evaluated in 53 Japanese patients, treated for
      either suppression or prophylaxis of ventricular arrhythmias, with respect to
      accuracy, precision, efficiency, and safety. The lignocaine serum concentrations
      at 12 h (C12) and 24 h (C24) after continuous infusion was started were predicted
      and compared retrospectively using the early concentration at 2-4 h (C2-4). The
      mean of the prediction error (PE) and the root mean-squared error (RMSE) were
      used as a measure of accuracy and precision. The 95% confidence interval of PE
      for C12 included zero, but those of PE for C24, whether C2-4 was used alone or in
      combination with C12, were less than zero, meaning that the prediction of C24 was
      significantly biased. The RMSE for C12 (13.2%) was less than that for C24
      (16.2%), but the difference was not statistically significant. The fraction of
      measurements lying within the statistically approximate 68% prediction interval
      (+/- 1 SD) was used to evaluate the estimate of the SD of prediction. The
      fraction of measurements inside the prediction interval was significantly larger
      than the expected 68% for both C12 and C24 (p less than 0.05), showing that the
      estimate of the size of the PE is biased on the safer side. The clinical effects
      of lignocaine were also evaluated from the viewpoints of suppression of number of
      ventricular premature beats, prevention of more severe grades of arrhythmias, and
      toxicity. At least the appearance of toxicity, which four patients exhibited, was
      related to the lignocaine serum concentration (greater than 6 micrograms/ml).

PMID- 2911850
TI  - Clinical pharmacology of continuous infusion doxorubicin.
AB  - Fifteen patients were studied during short-term (5 days at 10-15 mg/m2/day) or
      long-term (5-104 days at 3 mg/m2/day) doxorubicin infusion. Levels of doxorubicin
      and metabolites in serum and 24-h timed urine collections were determined by high
      performance liquid chromatography. Quantifiable anthracycline levels were
      identified in serum of 5 of 6 patients (6 courses) receiving drug at 10
      mg/m2/day. In 5 courses, total anthracycline levels were 10-80 ng/ml, whereas
      levels as high as 370 ng/ml were observed in a patient with hepatorenal failure.
      No detectable serum levels of anthracycline were seen in patients receiving long
      term doxorubicin therapy. Although analysis of 24-h timed urine collections
      revealed that doxorubicin was the predominant anthracycline, the extent of
      urinary elimination showed considerable interpatient variation (1.0-52.5% of the
      infused dose/24-h period on the short-term protocol and 5.3-57.2%/24-h period on
      the long-term protocol). Metabolic processing of doxorubicin administered by
      continuous infusion was found to be similar to that of drug given by bolus
      administration and showed no change in pattern with time. However, a greater
      variability in serum and urinary anthracycline levels was seen among patients on
      infusion schedules than has been noted with bolus drug treatment.

PMID- 2911851
TI  - The impact of a therapeutic drug monitoring program for phenytoin.
AB  - The current study was performed to document the cost savings and need for a
      therapeutic drug monitoring program for phenytoin. The methodology employed a
      prospective, randomized, crossover design that utilized two control and two
      therapeutic drug monitoring phases. The therapeutic drug monitoring program
      significantly decreased the average number of assays performed per patient from
      2.14 to 0.61. Withdrawal of the program resulted in a significant increase in the
      average number of assays performed per patient (from 0.61 to 2.41), the average
      number of assays drawn incorrectly (from 0.39 to 1.89), and in the average number
      of assays used inappropriately (from 0.50 to 2.07). Withdrawal of the program was
      also associated with a significant increase in the average number of readmissions
      (from 0 to 0.19) within 3 months of discharge. Reinstitution of the program was
      associated with a significant decrease in the average number of readmissions
      (from 0.19 to 0.03) within 3 months of discharge. The cost savings from
      decreasing the number of assays performed was estimated to be $100.00 for the
      first year.

PMID- 2911852
TI  - Aminoglycoside dosing in pediatric patients.
AB  - We assessed the performance of a predictive algorithm for dosing aminoglycoside
      antibiotics in 75 pediatric patients and Bayesian feedback in 36. The absolute
      errors for peak and trough concentrations were 1.83 and 0.80 micrograms/ml,
      respectively, which seem clinically acceptable for most patients. However, the
      algorithm had significant negative bias for both peaks and troughs.
      Implementation of Bayesian feedback eliminated bias in a second set of
      concentrations and significantly decreased its magnitude for both peaks (p =
      0.028) and troughs (p = 0.005). This method may allow more accurate dosing of
      aminoglycoside antibiotics in pediatric patients, though it would most likely be
      improved by better definition of population parameters and their variability.

PMID- 2911853
TI  - Comparison of aminoglycoside concentrations measured in plasma versus serum.
AB  - The terms "serum concentration" and "plasma concentration" are often used
      interchangeably in therapeutic drug monitoring, but few studies have addressed
      the comparability of serum and plasma drug concentrations. Before implementing a
      change in the procedure for measuring aminoglycoside concentrations in our
      institution, we prospectively compared values for tobramycin and gentamicin
      concentrations measured in serum and plasma. For the 208 samples that were
      tested, plasma aminoglycoside concentrations were significantly lower than those
      in serum. This relationship was similar for tobramycin and gentamicin, and was
      unaffected by the presence of concurrent therapy with ticarcillin. This
      difference, while statistically significant, was not, in our estimation, of
      sufficient magnitude to be of clinical importance. Plasma aminoglycoside
      concentrations may be considered equivalent to serum concentrations and, owing to
      the shorter processing time involved, appear to be the preferred medium for
      measuring these values.

PMID- 2911854
TI  - Erythromycin effects on multiple-dose carbamazepine kinetics.
AB  - To determine the effects of erythromycin on multiple-dose carbamazepine
      pharmacokinetics, seven healthy male volunteers were given 300-400 mg of
      carbamazepine each morning for 17 consecutive days. All subjects were given a
      placebo erythromycin form every 6 h on days 12, 13, and 14, then changed to
      erythromycin base 250 mg every 6 h for the final 3 days. Serial blood samples
      were drawn after the morning doses on days 14 and 17. Analysis of carbamazepine
      and carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide concentrations were made by high-performance
      liquid chromatography. Pharmacokinetic analysis showed carbamazepine half-life
      and 24-h postdose concentration to increase significantly (p less than 0.05) and
      oral clearance to decrease (p less than 0.05) during erythromycin administration.
      Decreases in carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide Cmax (p less than 0.001), area under the
      concentration-time curve0-24 (p less than 0.001), and carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide
      to carbamazepine ratio (p less than 0.01) also occurred during carbamazepine
      dosing. Erythromycin significantly inhibits the epoxide-diol metabolic pathway by
      which carbamazepine is transformed to carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide. Wide
      individual variability in this interaction should serve to warn practitioners of
      the unpredictability of this interaction.

PMID- 2911855
TI  - Isocratic separation of phenytoin metabolites by high-performance liquid
      chromatography from human and animal microsomes and urine.
AB  - A rapid and simple high-performance liquid chromatography analytical method is
      described for the quantitative determination of phenytoin and five of its
      metabolites--phenytoin dihydrodiol, catechol, methoxycatechol, para
      hydroxyphenytoin, and meta-hydroxyphenytoin--in biological materials. Following
      ethyl acetate extraction and incubation with beta-glucuronidase, samples were
      passed through a C18 Sep-Pak cartridge. The eluate was chromatographed on a
      reverse-phase 10 cm C18 Radial Nova-Pak (5 micron) column using a mobile phase of
      isopropanol:water (20:80) at a flow rate of 1.4 ml/min and monitored at 235 nm.
      Total chromatographic analysis time was 23 min, with complete baseline resolution
      of all metabolites. Five different columns and 10 different mobile phase
      conditions were studied to determine the best system. The 10-cm C18 Radial Nova
      Pak (5 micron) gave the best resolution, reproducibility, and durability. This
      method should prove applicable for clinical use as well as for research purposes.

PMID- 2911856
TI  - Improved liquid chromatographic fluorescence method for estimation of plasma
      sotalol concentrations.
AB  - This article reports a modified liquid chromatographic fluorescence assay that
      has proved in our laboratory to give robust performance for the purposes of
      therapeutic drug monitoring. The sample preparation involves extraction of
      alkalinized plasma into 1-pentanol/chloroform and back extraction into HCl.
      Acceptable reproducibility and accuracy data are presented over the concentration
      range normally encountered in patient samples. The detection limit (25 ng/ml) is
      approximately one-tenth the lowest calibration standard used in our laboratory
      for quantitating patient pre-dose specimens, making the method applicable to
      pharmacokinetic studies.

PMID- 2911857
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of trimethoprim in serum.
AB  - A procedure for determining trimethoprim in serum is reported. It employs the
      same high-performance liquid chromatographic system described previously for
      measurement of anticonvulsants, barbiturates, theophylline, caffeine,
      acetaminophen, and chloramphenicol in serum. The sample preparation for
      trimethoprim is nearly identical. As a method extension, quantitation of serum
      trimethoprim on clinical specimens can be easily accommodated as required.

PMID- 2911858
TI  - Determination of caffeine in saliva by high-performance liquid chromatography:
      new sampling method for saliva using filter paper.
AB  - We report an assay method for the determination of salivary caffeine
      concentrations by high-performance liquid chromatography. A simple, new method
      for collecting mixed saliva using a piece of filter paper has been developed. An
      arbitrary amount of saliva is absorbed and a fixed amount of internal standard is
      added. The mean coefficient of variation of measurements repeated by changing
      both volumes absorbed and caffeine concentrations of saliva was 5.6% with this
      method. The detection limit was determined to be 0.5 microgram/ml. Precision of
      measurements and recoveries did not depend upon the volume of saliva absorbed.
      Four volunteers were given a capsule of 230 mg caffeine, and saliva was collected
      by the ordinary method using chemical stimulation with citric acid and by our
      filter paper absorption methods; the methods were compared. Salivary caffeine
      concentrations were always lower than plasma concentrations, and there were no
      big differences between two methods, although salivary concentrations measured by
      our method was higher, with a significant difference at 1.5 h after dosing. From
      the practical viewpoint this method would be convenient and sufficiently
      accurate.

PMID- 2911859
TI  - Establishment of a system to standardize acceptability criteria for alanine
      aminotransferase activity in donated blood.
AB  - A multilaboratory study was conducted to develop a system for standardizing
      alanine aminotransferase (ALT) acceptability criteria ("cutoffs") for donated
      blood. Without standardized cutoffs, each laboratory must develop its own cutoff,
      and this may not make optimal use of ALT testing to reduce transmission of non-A,
      non-B hepatitis (NANB). Defining an ALT acceptability criterion in absolute terms
      is necessary because relative cutoffs based on local donor populations may be
      affected by the prevalence of NANB in each community. This study involved 16
      laboratories using 23 different analytic systems. The ALT results of the analysis
      of a plasma reference sample could be used to translate mathematically a single,
      absolute cutoff to units applicable to each analytic system. The distribution of
      ALT results in 1.4 million donations from across the country was established;
      basing the cutoff on this sample avoids the problems inherent in using a local
      donor base to establish a cutoff. We propose the implementation of a system to
      standardize ALT acceptability criteria to an activity level defined by analysis
      of a nationwide donor sample.

PMID- 2911860
TI  - Vancomycin-induced red cell aggregation.
AB  - Vancomycin, an antibiotic similar in structure to ristocetin, is used to treat
      staphylococcal infections. However, vancomycin-induced hemagglutination
      complicated red cell (RBC) serologic testing in the blood bank. At concentrations
      greater than 3.0 mg per ml, vancomycin caused spontaneous macroscopic red cell
      (RBC) aggregation; concentrations of 2.0 and 2.5 mg per ml were associated with
      weakly positive aggregation with anti-IgG and polyspecific antiglobulin reagents
      negative with anti-complement; and concentrations less than 1.5 mg per ml had no
      apparent effect. Ficin-treated RBCs demonstrated negative reactions with the
      antiglobulin reagents. Vancomycin-induced aggregation was reversed partially with
      0.2 M trisodium citrate, and supernatant transfer studies showed that normal RBCs
      retained a significantly (p less than 0.025) greater percentage of vancomycin
      than did ficin-treated RBCs. Vancomycin causes the aggregation of RBCs, which can
      be a source of confusion in the blood bank. The mechanism(s) through which
      vancomycin enhances aggregation may be related to its polycationic properties and
      to its direct protein binding to the RBC membrane, although other nonimmunologic
      mechanisms may be operative.

PMID- 2911861
TI  - Mood states in the volunteer blood donor.
AB  - Mood changes across time were evaluated as they applied to the process of
      volunteer blood donation. Measures of mood (from the Mood Adjective Check List)
      were taken before and at three different intervals after blood donations by 245
      college students. Anxiety scores were significantly higher before blood donation,
      and elation scores showed a significant increase following donation. Veteran
      donors experienced significantly less discomfort before donation. These findings
      imply that blood donations can be viewed as an "opponent-affective process," in
      which initial, mildly aversive feelings lead to positive aftereffects. Current
      findings suggest that blood donation can be explained, in part, by a self
      serving, addictive process.

PMID- 2911862
TI  - How should we test the tests?

PMID- 2911863
TI  - Paternity testing with an absent mother. The probability of exclusion of red cell
      surface antigen, Gm, Hp, and HLA systems in North American whites and blacks.
AB  - Blood tests in cases of disputed paternity can be extremely useful even when the
      mother's blood sample is not available. The mean probability of exclusion (A) of
      red cell surface antigen, Gm, Hp, and HLA systems was determined in this
      situation for North American whites and blacks by creating pairs of a man and an
      unrelated child. In whites, the most valuable of the systems investigated to
      indicate nonpaternity for false fathers were HLA, Rh, Fy, and MNSs, in that
      order. HLA, MNSs, and Gm were the most valuable systems in blacks. With all of
      the genetic systems used in this study, the combined probability of exclusion
      (CPE) of men falsely accused of paternity, in cases where the mother is absent,
      is approximately 95 percent for whites and 92 percent for blacks. Since only
      indirect exclusions are possible without the mother, the common test panel of HLA
      and red cell antigens may not always allow an adequate study. Extended testing is
      recommended to include additional genetic systems in order to achieve an average
      combined probability of exclusion of at least 95 percent.

PMID- 2911864
TI  - Bone marrow processing in the blood bank.

PMID- 2911865
TI  - An undetectable source of technical error that could lead to false negative
      results in enzyme linked immunosorbent assay of antibodies to HIV-1.
AB  - Since the institution of routine testing for antibodies to Human Immunodeficiency
      Virus (HIV) using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), the specificity
      and sensitivity of this assay system has received significant scrutiny. During
      previous use of this methodology, we have quantified rates of false biological
      positive results using commercial kit assays in a normal donor population. In
      this study, we have identified a potential source for false negative results.
      Using multiple lots of two different commercial ELISA kits, the absorbance
      readings at the test end point could not differentiate between normal non
      reactive donor samples and blanks containing no sample. These results occur using
      normal donor samples, even though the assays could distinguish between blank
      wells and the manufacturers' "normal controls", provided with the assay. Our
      findings suggest that a technical pipetting error is presently undetectable,
      either visually or by statistical methods, and could permit an untested,
      potentially HIV-1 positive, unit to be released into the transfusable blood
      supply. A possible solution is suggested.

PMID- 2911866
TI  - Risk factors of HIV-seropositive subjects detected through blood donation in
      France, 1985-1988.

PMID- 2911867
TI  - An unusual complication of FFP infusion: coagulation in the infusion set.

PMID- 2911868
TI  - Aluminum from glass vials contaminates albumin.

PMID- 2911870
TI  - Risk factors for sensitization by blood transfusions. Comparison of the
      UW/Madison and UC/San Francisco donor-specific transfusion experience.
AB  - We have tested the predictive model for risk of sensitization by donor-specific
      transfusions developed at the University of California, San Francisco for its
      applicability to the DST experience at UW/Madison. Patient sample sizes between
      the two groups were similar (n = 249 for UW/Madison, n = 261 for UCSF) and the
      two groups of patients had similar compositions in terms of mean age, ABO type,
      baseline panel-reactive antibody, and pregnancy rate. The two groups differed in
      that the UW/Madison group had a higher percentage of males, diabetic patients,
      previously transplanted patients, and 0 haplotype-matched (2 HLA-mismatched
      related and unrelated) recipients. In addition, all the UW/Madison patients
      received azathioprine (AZA) whereas only half the UCSF group was given AZA.
      Despite these differences, application of the UCSF model for prediction of
      sensitization by DST gave remarkably similar results in our patient population,
      with pregnancy, prior transplant, baseline PRA, and HLA antigen sharing giving
      similar odds ratios and P values. However, when female sex was included in the
      model along with the other variables, the significance of pregnancy risk
      disappeared. We have developed an alternative multivariate model using stepwise
      logistic regression that identifies baseline PRA greater than 40%, female sex,
      and prior transplant as significant risk factors for sensitization, while number
      of HLA (A, B, DR) antigens shared and increasing recipient age significantly
      decreased risk of sensitization by DST.

PMID- 2911869
TI  - Infection with human immunodeficiency virus in the Pittsburgh transplant
      population. A study of 583 donors and 1043 recipients, 1981-1986.
AB  - We performed a retrospective serologic survey of 583 organ donors and 1043
      transplant recipients for antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV
      1). Two (0.34%) of the 583 donors and 18 (1.7%) of the 1043 recipients had HIV-1
      antibodies by enzyme immunoassay and by Western blot. Two of 5 seropositive
      recipients tested also had blood cultures positive for HIV-1. Seven (0.7%) of the
      1043 transplant recipients had antibodies to HIV-1 before transplantation; 2 of
      these had hemophilia A, and 5 had previous transfusions. Eleven (1.3%) of 860
      recipients followed for 45 days or more seroconverted to HIV-1 a mean of 96 days
      after transplantation. Likely sources of HIV-1 infection for 3 of these 11
      recipients included a seropositive organ donor in 1 patient and high-risk blood
      donors in 2 patients. A definite source of HIV-1 infection was not found for the
      other 8 recipients, 3 of whom seroconverted to HIV-1 after institution of blood
      donor screening for HIV-1 antibodies. Seroconversion to HIV-1 was less common in
      kidney recipients than in liver, heart, or multiple-organ recipients (P less than
      0.02). Nine (50%) of the 18 HIV-1 seropositive transplant recipients died a mean
      of 6 months after transplant surgery, and 9 (50%) are still alive a mean of 43
      months after transplantation. AIDS-like illnesses occurred in 3 of the dead and 1
      of the living patients and included pneumocystis pneumonia (3 cases), miliary
      tuberculosis (1 case), and recurrent cytomegalovirus infection (1 case). These
      data suggest that the course of HIV-1 infection is not more severe in transplant
      recipients receiving cyclosporine than in other hosts and that, despite screening
      of blood and organ donors, a small number of transplant recipients will become
      infected with HIV-1.

PMID- 2911872
TI  - Histocompatibility antigen expression by myocytes.

PMID- 2911871
TI  - Selective depletion of Kupffer cells in mice by intact ricin.

PMID- 2911873
TI  - Enhancement of thyroid allograft survival following organ culture. Alteration of
      tissue immunogenicity.
AB  - Hyperbaric oxygen (95%, O2, 25 psi, 48-hr culture) resulted in prolonged thyroid
      allograft (B10.A) survival in both primary and sensitized recipients (B10.AQR).
      Recipients receiving noncultured thyroid allografts uniformly rejected the graft
      by 35 days, while 100% of cultured grafts survived. Noncultured thyroid grafts
      transplanted to skin-graft-primed recipients were rejected by 21 days. In
      contrast, 86% of cultured grafts transplanted to primed recipients were still
      functioning at 35 days. Donor spleen cells or peritoneal exudate cells
      transferred at the time of thyroid transplant were unable to stimulate cultured
      allograft rejection. Allografts histologically examined 35 days after transplant
      revealed, in some grafts, focal cellular infiltrates adjacent to normal,
      uninfiltrated tissue. To determine if tissue modification was the mechanism of
      prolonged allograft survival, hyperbaric-oxygen-cultured thyroids were examined
      for MHC class I expression. Immunoperoxidase staining with monoclonal antibody to
      MHC class I molecules showed that cultured thyroids were unstained in contrast to
      fresh thyroids that were uniformly stained. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for
      H-2Kk administered 10 days following thyroid transplant were unable to eliminate
      cultured grafts (80% survival) but completely destroyed noncultured grafts. These
      results indicate that hyperbaric oxygen culture altered MHC class I expression
      such that it was no longer detectable by monoclonal antibody or cytotoxic T
      lymphocytes. Thus, the mechanism, explaining graft prolongation after hyperbaric
      culture in addition to passenger cell depletion, may be alteration of graft
      antigenicity such that the graft is no longer perceived as foreign.

PMID- 2911874
TI  - Acceptance of murine thyroid allografts by pretreatment of anti-Ia antibody or
      anti-dendritic cell antibody in vitro.
AB  - A new method for thyroid allografts in mice was established. Thyroids of C67BL/6J
      mice were treated with collagenase, and the follicles were isolated using a
      Percoll density gradient technique. These follicles were treated with anti-Ia
      antibody (Ab) or anti-DC Ab plus complement in order to eliminate DCs. The
      follicles were then mixed with agarose and transplanted under the left renal
      capsule of BALB/c mice. One hundred days after transplantation, acceptance of the
      grafts was verified by both histological study and the incorporation of 125I into
      the grafts. Allografts treated with C were rejected, whereas allografts treated
      with Ab plus C were accepted. When nontreated thyroids of C57BL/6J mice were
      grafted under the right renal capsule of BALB/c mice that had accepted DC
      depleted thyroids of C57BL/6J mice, the nontreated thyroids were rejected. These
      findings indicate that DCs play a crucial role in the rejection of mouse thyroid
      allografts, and that the depletion of DCs permits allografts to be accepted
      without inducing donor-specific tolerance. Our method presented here may be
      developed as a viable strategy for the treatment of patients with congenital or
      acquired hypothyroidism.

PMID- 2911875
TI  - Graft-versus-host disease in fully allogeneic small bowel transplantation in the
      rat.
AB  - Small bowel and its mesentery contain considerable amounts of lymphoid tissue
      that can mediate graft-versus-host disease in small bowel transplant (SBT)
      recipients. Present studies determined the existence of GVHD in a fully
      allogeneic SBT model and examined the effect of donor pretreatment with ALS in
      eliminating GVHD. Adult male Lewis (Lew) rats received orthotopic small bowel
      transplants from untreated (LewxBN)F1 (LBNF1) donors (group 1) or Brown Norway
      (BN) donors that were untreated (group 2) or pretreated with ALS (days -2 and -1)
      (group 3). All recipients were treated with cyclosporine 15 mg/kg/day i.m. on
      days 0-6 postoperatively. Animals were weighed and examined daily for signs of
      rejection and GVHD. No animals in groups 1 or 3 showed any physical signs of
      GVHD, but all of those in group 2 had characteristic weight loss, diarrhea, and
      dermatitis between 4 and 6 weeks postoperatively, from which they all recovered.
      Histologic examination of skin and spleen at this time confirmed the presence of
      GVHD. The relative spleen weight [( spleen weight/body weight] x 100) of group 2
      animals was also significantly greater than that of unoperated control Lew
      animals. Spleen cells obtained from group 2 animals at the time of subclinical
      GVHD, but not cells from group 1 or 3 animals, caused enlargement of popliteal
      lymph nodes when they were injected into the footpads of Lew rats. This study
      shows that GVHD can manifest itself in recipients of a fully allogeneic small
      bowel transplant even when rejection is prevented by effective immunosuppression
      with CsA. However, combined use of recipient treatment with CsA and pretreatment
      of donor animals with ALS eliminates all manifestations of GVHD.

PMID- 2911876
TI  - [Diagnosis and treatment of vesico-intestinal fistula].
AB  - In a retrospective study of 28 patients with vesico-intestinal fistula, the
      maximal diagnostic latency was eight years. The most common causes were
      diverticulitis (16 patients) and carcinoma of the colon (4 patients). Recurrent
      urinary tract infections with pneumaturia and/or faecaluria were found in 23
      patients. The diagnosis was most accurately confirmed by cystoscopy and barium
      enema which showed evidence of a fistula in 20 patients. Patients suffering from
      diverticulitis were managed with excellent results while surgical intervention in
      malignancy was associated with brief survival. Diverting colostomy as a sole
      procedure in patients with infravesical obstruction involves the risk of rectal
      miction.

PMID- 2911877
TI  - [Effect of posture on the diuretic treatment of decompensated cirrhosis and heart
      failure].
AB  - The diuretic effect of the supine position was evaluated in six patients with
      cirrhosis and ascites and six with congestive cardiac failure. All patients
      received 1 mg bumethanide intravenously and were randomly assigned to either bed
      rest in the supine position or normal daily activity in the upright position for
      the next six hours. The diuretic response was similar in patients with heart
      failure and cirrhosis, and was significantly greater in the supine than in the
      upright position: mean 1,133 v 626 ml/6 h (p less than 0.01). The natriuresis was
      similarly greater during recumbency: mean sodium 96 v 45 mmol (mEq)/6 h (p less
      than 0.01), and the excreted potassium in six hours was similar in both postures.
      The glomerular filtration rate was 100 and 66 ml/min (p less than 0.01) and the
      heart rate 76 and 83 beats/min (p less than 0.05) in the supine and upright
      positions, respectively. Plasma concentrations of noradrenaline, renin, and
      aldosterone rose significantly during the upright position. The results suggest
      that the attenuated response to intravenous bumethanide in the upright position
      and during normal daily activity may be due to the activation of several,
      homoeostatic mechanisms which may reduce the excretion of water and salt.

PMID- 2911878
TI  - [Is earlier diagnosis of oral cancer possible?].
AB  - Study of patients with oral carcinomas from the Finsen Institute in a five-year
      period, shows the survival to be significantly correlated to the tumour stage on
      referral. In order to improve the prognosis for these patients, earlier diagnosis
      and earlier referral for treatment to the oncological centre are necessary.

PMID- 2911879
TI  - [Long-term results of ileorectal anastomosis in the treatment of ulcerative
      colitis].
AB  - During the period 1951 to 1987, ileorectal anastomosis in one or two seances,
      depending upon the activity of the disease, was carried out in 63 patients with
      ulcerative pancolitis. It is concluded that the operative procedure seen in
      relation to recent continence-retaining types of operation and despite the
      relatively great frequency of convertion of 20% will still constitute an
      alternative in surgical treatment of patients with ulcerative colitis.

PMID- 2911880
TI  - [CT in children with epilepsy. The value of cerebral CT in children with
      epilepsy].
AB  - In a retrospective material of 66 children with epilepsy, computed tomographic
      scanning had been undertaken in 30 cases. Abnormal computed tomographic findings
      were observed in five children in the form of cerebral tumour or sequelae of head
      injuries or perinatal asphyxia. All five children had focal EEG changes but none
      of these as the only positive finding. The investigation had therapeutic
      consequences in one case only, viz the case where computed tomographic scanning
      confirmed the clinical suspicion of tumour. The value of computed tomographic
      scanning in children with epilepsy is discussed, particularly in children with
      focal EEG changes.

PMID- 2911881
TI  - [Whipple's resection in cancer of Vater's ampulla and the pancreatic head].
AB  - A review is presented of 62 Whipple's resections between 1962 and 1984 for
      adenocarcinoma of the choledocho-duodenal junction (CDJ) and pancreatic head
      (PH). The operation was radical in 17 patients with CDJ (94%) and in 34 patients
      with PH cancer (77%). The cumulative 5-year survival rates were 22% and 9%,
      respectively. The overall perioperative mortality was 23%, but was lowered to 11%
      during the last five years. Histology, size of tumour and age also influenced
      survival. Sixteen of the 32 radically operated patients who survived more than
      three months had a period without pain. Whipple's resection is still the only
      hope for cure in otherwise fit patients with CDJ or PH cancer, estimated to be
      radically resectable by pre- and peroperative investigations. The operation
      should be centralized in a few departments.

PMID- 2911882
TI  - [Severe adverse effects of low-dose carbimazole treatment in hyperthyroidism. A
      retrospective study of 476 patients].
AB  - A material of 476 hyperthyroid patients treated with carbimazole and 69 patients
      treated with PTU in the period from 1978 to 1986 were studied retrospectively.
      The antithyroid treatment was given in low dosage without supplementary
      thyroxine. The total frequency of adverse effects, defined as symptoms leading to
      discontinuance of the treatment, was 8.0% for carbimazole and 2.9% for PTU. There
      were no cases of agranulocytosis in the group treated with carbimazole, and one
      case in the group treated with PTU. No relationship between age and adverse
      effects could be demonstrated. The relationship between adverse effects and
      dosage is discussed, and it is concluded that low dosage treatment with
      carbimazole has a very low frequency of adverse effects in terms of
      agranulocytosis and toxic hepatitis.

PMID- 2911883
TI  - [The legislation concerning insight into medical records. A questionnaire study].
AB  - A prospective questionnaire investigation including 105 patients was undertaken
      during the period 28.9.1987 to 15.11.1987 to investigate how much the patients
      knew and employed the legislation concerning insight into case records.

PMID- 2911884
TI  - [Aspiration pneumonia caused by an alternative drug].
AB  - A case of aspiration pneumonia caused by an alternative drug in a 86-year old
      women is presented. Complications in the form of acute myocardial infarction with
      pulmonary oedema and left bundle branch block led to the death of the patient.

PMID- 2911885
TI  - [Pindborg tumor in the maxillary sinus. An unusual case of atypical facial pain].
AB  - A woman aged 40 years had experienced left-sided facial pain for some months.
      Dental treatment did not result in any improvement. X-ray of the maxillary sinus
      revealed a tooth in the left maxillary sinus. At operation, this was shown to be
      a calcified epithelial odontogenic tumour (Pindborg tumour).

PMID- 2911886
TI  - [Crush accidents in mechanical revolving doors].
AB  - During recent years, mechanical revolving doors have become commoner. A hitherto
      unnoticed traumatic mechanism resulted in a case of crushing endangering life in
      a revolving door of this type is presented. Prophylactic measures are suggested.

PMID- 2911887
TI  - [Generalized argyria due to the use of eyedrops containing silver nitrate].
AB  - This paper describes a case of generalized argyria secondary to the excessive use
      of eye-drops containing silver nitrate. The diagnosis was confirmed by a skin
      biopsy showing deposits of metallic silver in the dermis.

PMID- 2911888
TI  - [Tension pneumoperitoneum].
AB  - A case of tension pneumoperitoneum is presented. The importance of immediate
      intervention is emphasized.

PMID- 2911889
TI  - [Basic cancer biology].

PMID- 2911890
TI  - [Ureteral stenosis following radiotherapy of uterine cervix cancer].
AB  - Stricture of the ureter following irradiation therapy for cancer of the uterine
      cervix is observed in 0.2-2.8% of all patients. The incidence in the literature
      is reviewed. The etiology, anatomical localization, time of development and the
      diagnostic problems are discussed. Old and more recent methods of treatment are
      mentioned and two cases treated with JJ-catheters are reported.

PMID- 2911891
TI  - [Congenital laryngo-tracheo-esophageal cleft].
AB  - A typical case of congenital laryngo-trachea-esophageal cleft (LTEC) is presented
      with a Review of the literature. LTEC is a rare congenital anomaly caused by
      defective fusion of the septum between larynx/trachea and hypopharynx/esophagus.
      The septum is formed by fusion of two lateral folds growing medially in very
      early foetal life. Fusion progresses in a cranial direction. Disturbances in
      septum formation result in LTEC. The disease gives respiratory problems with
      aspiration and excessive salivary production. The diagnosis is best made by
      intubating the larynx and examining the postcricoid region and anterior wall of
      the esophagus endoscopically. Stapling of the stomach, tracheostomy and secondary
      operative closure of the cleft has proved effective in the treatment of LTEC.

PMID- 2911892
TI  - [Obstruction of the larynx caused by an oncocytic papillary cystadenoma].
AB  - A case of oncocytic papillary cystadenoma in the larynx in an elderly woman forms
      the basis for a discussion of the causes of, the symptoms and diagnosis of
      chronic obstructive conditions of the upper respiratory tract.

PMID- 2911893
TI  - [Late postoperative wound infection].
AB  - In a retrospective study during the last ten years of postoperative wound
      infections, six cases of late infections were found with a maximum latency of 30
      years. A combination of non-absorbable suture materials together with underlying
      disease seems to have initiated the late formation of wound abscesses. The use of
      non-absorbable suture seems to involve a life long risk of infection.

PMID- 2911894
TI  - [Sacrococcygeal teratoma].
AB  - A rare case of sacrococcygeal teratoma in a newborn infant is reported. The
      clinical appearance is described, and the necessity of early detection and
      surgical removal of this potentially malignant tumour is emphasized.

PMID- 2911895
TI  - [Fish oil preparations].

PMID- 2911896
TI  - [Gallbladder polyps in the normal population].

PMID- 2911897
TI  - [AIDS epidemiology].

PMID- 2911898
TI  - [Imipenem/cilastin (Tienam)].

PMID- 2911899
TI  - [Cancer epidemiology in Denmark].

PMID- 2911900
TI  - [Fish oils].

PMID- 2911901
TI  - [Nocturnal erectile activity in erectile dysfunction. An examination of nocturnal
      penile tumescence and rigidity].
AB  - The historical background for the use of sleep-related erections (nocturnal
      penile tumescence) to distinguish organogenic from psychogenic impotence is
      reviewed. A commercially available system for continuous, non-invasive
      measurement of penile tumescence and rigidity is presented.

PMID- 2911902
TI  - [Prognosis in severe alcoholic intoxication].
AB  - Out of 489 patients admitted to the poisoning treatment centre in 1986, 122 had
      serum ethanol values of greater than or equal to 66 mmol/l (0.3 per cent). 55% of
      the patients were men and 45% women. 69.1% of this fraction was in the age range
      30-49 years. Verbal contact could be achieved in 69.9%. 4.9% of the selected
      patients had systolic blood pressures of less than 90 mmHg. 0.8% had rectal
      temperatures of less than 36.5 degrees C. Aspiration of the gastric contents was
      performed in 63%. Tracheal tubes were inserted in 6.6% and three of the patients
      required ventilation. A woman of 36 years with a serum ethanol value of 0.32%
      died. 58.5% were alcohol addicts, among these 64% were males. 53% had psychiatric
      histories. The average stay was 1.0 days. Signs of serious poisoning were rare
      and therapeutic problems moderate. Contrary to what might be expected, no excess
      of non-abusers was found among the patients without verbal contact. The
      importance of close observation of persons with severe alcohol poisoning is
      emphasized.

PMID- 2911903
TI  - [Use of alternative forms of treatment by patients attending a pediatric
      outpatient clinic. A questionnaire study].
AB  - A questionnaire investigation was sent to 402 patients attending a paediatric
      outpatient clinic. 94% replied. 31% had received alternative treatment. At the
      time of the investigation 8% were receiving treatment. In 70% of the children
      receiving alternative treatment, the reason for this treatment was identical with
      the diagnosis in the outpatient clinic. No sex differences were observed in
      seeking alternative treatment. The frequency was lowest for children aged 0-1
      years (21%) and highest for children aged 6-7 years (42%). Fewest of the children
      came from social group V (25%) and the most numerous were from social group II
      (38%). 49% had paid less than 1,000 Danish crowns (approximately 80 pounds: -)
      and 9% had paid more than 2,000 Danish crowns (approximately 160 pounds: -) for
      the treatment. In 60% of the children, alternative treatment was sought on
      prompting from the family and friends. The commonest reasons for treatment were
      asthma/allergy (47%) and back/joint symptoms (11%). The commonest forms of
      treatment were osteopathy (50%), zone therapy (19%) and homeopathy (18%). 41% of
      the children receiving alternative treatment received orthodox medical treatment
      simultaneously. 77% of these continued the orthodox treatment prescribed by their
      practitioner unchanged. Thus, the patients thus sought manual and technical forms
      of therapy, frequently as a supplement rather than a genuine alternative to the
      treatment prescribed by the practitioner.

PMID- 2911904
TI  - [Acyclovir in the treatment of facial palsy due to zoster virus].
AB  - The varicella zoster virus (VZV) is the cause of 7-10% of the cases of atraumatic
      facial palsy. In untreated cases, recovery is only partial. Out of five patients,
      treatment with acyclovir resulted in complete recovery after three weeks in four
      in whom treatment was commenced within three days of the onset of the palsy. In
      one patient in whom treatment was commenced more than four days after the onset
      of the palsy, only partial recovery had occurred after one year.

PMID- 2911905
TI  - [Brachial plexus injuries after catheterization of the internal jugular vein].
AB  - During a period of 17 months, four cases of lesions to the brachial plexus after
      cannulation of the internal jugular vein were observed in the Department of
      Thoracic Surgery in Odense Hospital. Other possible complications are mentioned
      and a method of catheterization with the fewest possible complications is
      reviewed. Patients who have been submitted to catheterization of the internal
      jugular vein should be observed with particular attention to nerve lesions. These
      symptoms usually regress within a relatively short period.

PMID- 2911907
TI  - [Immersion in a bath despite a safety bath chair].
AB  - A case of submersion is described. A mother left her child aged 8 1/2 months
      sitting in a "safety bath chair" in a full bath and found the child lying under
      the water shortly afterwards. The infant was hypotonic for a brief period but
      rapidly recovered without sequelae. Use of a "safety bath chair" gives a false
      sense of security and its use is warned against.

PMID- 2911906
TI  - [Alpine skiing--a hand injury despite safety hand grips].
AB  - During a fall, a skier sustained two fractures of the metacarpal bones despite
      special safety hand grips on the ski-sticks. Altered design of these grips is
      recommended as a prophylactic measure.

PMID- 2911908
TI  - [Accidental strangulation in a perambulator--again].
AB  - Three cases of accidental strangulation of children in prams are described. One
      of the cases has been described previously. The reason for the strangulation lies
      in the construction of the pram, so that the actual lower frame is collapsible,
      and when this occurs, the handle is folded over the collapsed frame. In the cases
      described, the security mechanisms were insufficient and the children were
      strangled between the handle and the bassinet. This construction is considered
      unsuitable and prams with different constructions are recommended.

PMID- 2911909
TI  - [Anterior dislocation of the shoulder caused by electric shock].
AB  - Dislocation of the shoulder caused by electric shock is extremely rare and is
      frequently diagnosed late in the course of the condition. Late diagnosis and
      treatment make reduction difficult and increase the risks of permanent injuries.
      A case of unilateral anterior dislocation of the shoulder after a shock of 380
      volts is presented here. The dislocation was diagnosed immediately and both
      reduction and recovery were uneventful.

PMID- 2911910
TI  - [Insects for human consumption].

PMID- 2911911
TI  - [Diagnosis and treatment in general practice. I. The course of illness in primary
      health service].
AB  - The purpose of this review is to present an outline of the use of the unifying
      concepts of "episodes of medical care" and "episodes of illness" in recent
      research. The review focuses on theoretical and methodical problems connected
      with the use of these concepts in research related to general practice. The
      concept of "episodes of medical care" has been accepted as a valid and useful
      method of clustering discrete units of services into cohesive entities in
      previous literature. The concept of "episodes of illness" is, on the other hand,
      not yet fully defined and further development of this concept is suggested in the
      paper. The major methodical problem in connection with the use of these concepts
      is how to define when an episode starts and ends. Three typical examples on how
      research workers have dealt with this problem are presented and the consequences
      their choice of definitions have on the results from such studies are outlined.
      The concept of "episodes of medical care" has hitherto been used mostly in
      various utilization and morbidity studies in the primary health care sector and
      psychiatry. In the last decade the concept has also been used especially in
      American research in connection with studies focussing on the performance of
      medical care systems. The concept of "episodes of illness" has only been used in
      connection with relatively few population studies.

PMID- 2911912
TI  - [Diagnosis and treatment in general practice. 2. Episodes of medical care of
      health problems during a period of 3 months].
AB  - The object of this article is to describe the working process in general
      practice. One hundred general practices were selected at random in the County of
      Copenhagen. Fifty-five general practices participated and registered the contacts
      during the period 13.9.1982 and the next three months for a random sample of
      group I patients from the low income group of the Danish Health Insurance and
      born on the 13th of a month. Where each contact is concerned, the individual
      health problems were registered together with the form of contact, the reason for
      contact, the wishes of the patient and the doctor's actions and also the
      diagnosis. Thirty-six % of the low income insurance group men and 37% of the
      women had at least one contact with general practice in the course of the three
      month period. Seventy-nine episodes of medical care per 100 persons were found in
      a period of investigation of three months and women had nearly twice as many
      episodes of medical care as the men. In 59% of the episodes of medical care, the
      patients had at least one symptom. In 22% of the episodes of medical care, the
      patients were referred to other persons or instances. In 73% of the episodes of
      medical care, the general practitioner established the final diagnosis.

PMID- 2911913
TI  - [Diagnosis and treatment in general practice. 3. Reasons for contact and
      diagnoses in episodes of medical care].
AB  - The object of this article is to describe the reasons for contact and the
      diagnoses in general practice by following the course of health problems in a
      random sample of patients (group 1 in the National Health Insurance System) for
      three months. In 55 general practices in the County of Copenhagen, all contacts
      concerning a given health problem in the single individuals were registered. This
      totalled 1,974 episodes of medical care in approximately 1,200 persons who formed
      47% of the random sample. This investigation assessed the various classifications
      of reasons for encounter with primary health care as regards employability for
      central coding, information value and agreement with the general medical disease
      model. Employing the Reason for Visit Classification (USA) supplemented by
      classifications elaborated by the authors, three dimensions of the concept of
      "reasons for encounter" could be described: symptoms, the patient's wishes for
      contact with the doctor and reasons for the current problem. Health problems are
      described as episodes of one or more contacts. In single-contact episodes, the
      symptoms and diagnoses are most frequently those of respiratory diseases whereas
      multi-contact episodes are most frequently found where musculo-skeletal diseases
      are concerned. It is concluded that a multi-dimensional description of the
      reasons for contact and a description of the disease pattern on the basis of
      episodes of medical care can provide more differentiated knowledge about health
      problems in general practice.

PMID- 2911914
TI  - [Diagnosis and treatment in general practice. 4. General practitioners' knowledge
      of their patients].
AB  - The object of this work is to describe aspects of general practitioners'
      knowledge of their patients and to analyse the connection between this knowledge
      and certain activities involving the patients in the practice (examination in the
      practice, prescription of medicine, information and referral). Fifty-five
      practices with a clientele of 81,600 patients in the lower income group of the
      Danish National Health Insurance over the age of 15 years participated. A random
      sample of 1/30 of the insured persons were characterized by the practice prior to
      a period of observation of three months on the basis of the doctors' knowledge of
      the persons. During the period of observation, all practice-patient contacts were
      registered. The characteristics of the patients included: curation of attachment
      to the practice, degree of knowledge, previous problems etc. Contact data
      included information about diagnoses, symptoms, patient's wishes, prescriptions,
      referrals, information given and examinations in the practice. During the three
      months, a total of 1,974 episodes of medical care occurred. We did not find any
      connection between the duration of knowledge (as a measure of knowledge) and the
      number of abovementioned activities in the practice. This investigation, however,
      cannot exclude such a connection. Information is still required to illustrate the
      significance of the knowledge of the patients for the solution of their problems
      and, in particular, for the course of their health problems.

PMID- 2911915
TI  - [Diagnosis and treatment in general practice. 6. Attitudes of general
      practitioners--a study in Copenhagen County].
AB  - We assume that general practitioners' (GPs) attitudes have considerable
      significance for their daily work, partly because the "free enterprise" structure
      permits GPs a fair degree of work autonomy, partly because several studies point
      to notable variations in GP behaviour which have not been explained by other
      variables. General practitioners seem to have developed an official professional
      ideology which differs in some respects from the ideology of other doctors. The
      core issues of Danish GP ideology, according to commission reports, textbooks and
      research can be summarized into four main principles: 1. A holistic (bio-psycho
      social) model of disease, 2. The GP as a family doctor, 3. The GP as a "gate
      keeper" (the central referral role) and 4. General practice as a "free
      enterprise". We mailed attitude questionnaires to a random sample of 100
      practices in the county of Copenhagen. The purpose of the study was to establish
      the extent to which GPs would agree to the above ideology, and also to look for
      systematic differences between groups of doctors. The response rate was 76%. We
      found overall agreement to the family doctor principle among GPs which is in
      accordance with earlier studies. Attitudes to the "free enterprise" principle of
      practice organization were favorable in a similarly homogeneous way, and a
      significant minority favored even further liberalization. Disagreements were more
      pronounced concerning the holistic (bio-psychosocial) model of disease. Just over
      half of respondents adhered fully to the model, but doctors from high-income
      areas were significantly less enthusiastic than other doctors about the model.
      Similarly, most general practitioners favored the "gate-keeper" role.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2911916
TI  - [Familial isolated thrombocytopenia. A family with autosomal dominant heredity].
AB  - Thrombocytopenia as a hereditary isolated phenomenon is recognized in an X-linked
      recessive form and also an autosomally dominant form. Investigation of a family
      with the autosomally dominant form is presented. This condition is important in
      the differential diagnosis in cases of suspected immune thrombocytopenia as the
      autosomally dominant form does not respond to splenectomy.

PMID- 2911917
TI  - [Severe toxic hepatitis during flutamide (Eulexin) treatment].
AB  - A case of severe toxic hepatitis in a patient with metastatic prostatic cancer
      treated for three months with flutamide (Eulexin) combined with an LHRH analogue,
      goserelin (Zoladex) is described. The patient developed severe liver failure with
      jaundice, ascites and severe encephalopathy. The condition reversed after
      discontinuation of flutamide. Less severe, but otherwise similar, adverse
      reactions have been reported in the literature, and the importance of considering
      the drug as a potential hepatotoxin is stressed.

PMID- 2911918
TI  - [Serious risk of anesthetic systems built over a Hafnia-D-system or a 3-way
      scuttle. Erroneous assembling of anesthetic systems might cause fatal pulmonary
      damage].

PMID- 2911919
TI  - [Muscular dystrophy and exercise--benefit of harm?].

PMID- 2911920
TI  - [Confusio congenialis epidemica].

PMID- 2911921
TI  - [Physicians should not only treat patients. They should sell health].

PMID- 2911922
TI  - Mortality in prostatic carcinoma.
AB  - One hundred forty-seven patients definitively irradiated for biopsy-proved
      adenocarcinoma of the prostate from December, 1975, to March, 1979, have either
      died after a median survival of forty-five months or have been followed up for a
      minimum of seven years. Seventy-six patients (52%) are currently alive, 62 of
      them with no evidence of disease. Seventy-one patients (48%) have died, 28
      without disease. In addition, 12 patients died with prostatic carcinoma but of
      other causes. In assessing the characteristics of those patients who remain
      disease-free following treatment, a significant difference in disease control was
      seen based on tumor stage, histologic differentiation, pelvic lymph node status,
      and whether or not tumor was present microscopically at rebiopsy. Of those
      deceased patients with recurrent prostate cancer, more than one-half had distant
      metastasis only. In all, 61 percent of patients had no further evidence of
      prostatic carcinoma after definitive irradiation, 20 percent had distant
      metastasis alone, and only 18 percent had locally recurrent disease along with
      distant disease spread.

PMID- 2911923
TI  - Use of prostaglandin E1 for papaverine-failed erections.
AB  - The use of prostaglandin E1 is introduced as a pharmacologic agent that can
      produce artificial erections in patients who have failed the initial papaverine
      test or who were on self-injection programs and later lost rigidity.

PMID- 2911924
TI  - Penile prosthesis surgery: review of ten-year experience and examination of
      reoperations.
AB  - Our ten-year experience from September, 1975, to December, 1985, with 417 penile
      prostheses in 290 patients is presented. Arteriosclerosis and diabetes mellitus
      were the two most common causes of impotence in our patient population. The Scott
      inflatable penile prosthesis accounted for the majority of all implants and all
      device failures. Complications leading to device failure and/or reoperation
      occurred in 36 percent of all prostheses. However, including repairs, 91 percent
      of patients were left with a functional prosthesis. Examination of reoperated
      patients showed an average increase in corporeal length of 1.67 cm with repeat
      prosthesis operations (p less than 0.001). No increase in incidence of prosthesis
      failure could be shown after multiple reoperations.

PMID- 2911925
TI  - Use of retrograde lavage catheter during ESWL treatments.
AB  - Use of a retrograde lavage catheter utilizing a Water-Pik for the removal of
      stone fragments during an extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL) treatment
      is described. Three of 4 patients treated to date have been essentially stone
      free at the end of their ESWL treatment. Urinary extravasation and ureteral
      stricturing have not occurred.

PMID- 2911926
TI  - Role of epididymis in sperm maturation.
AB  - One hundred ninety patients with obstructive azoospermia caused by bilateral
      epididymal blockage have been followed up for four years or longer after
      undergoing "specific tubule" vasoepididymostomy. When anastomosis was required in
      the corpus epididymis, the "patency" rate was 78 percent, and the overall
      pregnancy rate was 56 percent. The pregnancy rate for "patent" cases was 72
      percent, indicating that a high fertility rate can be obtained with sperm that
      have not transited the full length of corpus epididymis. By contrast, with
      vasoepididymostomy to the caput epididymis there was a 73 percent "patency" rate,
      but the overall pregnancy rate was only 31 percent. The pregnancy rate for
      "patent" cases was 43 percent. Sperm from the corpus epididymis have a higher
      rate of fertility than sperm from the caput epididymis, but sperm from proximal
      areas of the corpus have no less fertility than sperm from the distal corpus
      epididymis. The most remarkable observation is that in almost half the cases
      sperm that have never journeyed beyond the caput epididymis seem to be capable of
      causing pregnancy.

PMID- 2911928
TI  - Giant vesical calculus formed around arterial graft incorporated into bladder.
AB  - A case is described of a giant vesical calculus formed around an arterial graft
      incorporated into the bladder. Awareness that a variety of foreign bodies may
      serve as a nidus for a calculus is necessary to prevent catastrophic
      consequences.

PMID- 2911927
TI  - Invasive adenocarcinoma of bladder response to cisplatinum, methotrexate, and
      vinblastine chemotherapy.
AB  - Primary invasive adenocarcinoma of the bladder was diagnosed in a fifty-two-year
      old male with a two-month history of irritative voiding symptoms. He was treated
      with three courses of cisplatinum, methotrexate, and vinblastine with marked
      regression of tumor shown radiographically and cystoscopically. Subsequent
      prostatocystectomy and ileal loop diversion revealed invasive tumor through the
      bladder wall to regional lymph nodes. The patient had two postoperative courses
      of the same chemotherapeutic regimen and is without evidence of disease
      recurrence at one year.

PMID- 2911929
TI  - Late appearance of perineal implantation of prostatic carcinoma after perineal
      needle biopsy.
AB  - A case is reported of a patient with carcinoma of the prostate and perineal tumor
      implant five years after perineal needle biopsy. This is the second case of the
      rare complication in which the implant appeared years after the biopsy. He was
      treated with wide excision of the tumor.

PMID- 2911930
TI  - Tissue expansion of underdeveloped scrotum to accommodate large testicular
      prosthesis. A technique.
AB  - A contracted empty scrotum in a young man will not accept an artificial testis
      satisfactorily using any of the standard techniques. Previous operative scars, as
      from a failed orchiopexy, have often added to the difficulties. Greatly enlarging
      the scrotum by gradual distention of a tissue expander implanted in the
      contracted side has been successful in overcoming this problem, both cosmetically
      and functionally.

PMID- 2911931
TI  - Single fill bladder evacuation.

PMID- 2911932
TI  - Magnetic extraction of intravesical foreign body.

PMID- 2911933
TI  - Post-traumatic unilateral hydronephrosis with hypertension treated by
      embolization.
AB  - A case of post-traumatic renal hypertension secondary to unilateral
      hydronephrosis is presented. The patient was treated with embolization of the
      renal artery and remains normotensive two years after the procedure.

PMID- 2911934
TI  - Urologic aspects of tethered cord.
AB  - Tethered cord syndrome, a form of spinal dysrhaphism, may involve vesical
      neurologic dysfunction. We present herein 60 cases of tethered cord syndrome,
      including 24 patients who underwent preoperative urodynamics studies.
      Preoperative cystometrography revealed areflexic bladders in 71 percent of cases
      and hyperreflexic bladders in 29 percent. Eight patients had serial pre- and
      postoperative urodynamics testing. Slight improvement was noted in postoperative
      urodynamics studies performed on 4 of 6 areflexic bladders and in the only
      hyperreflexic bladder studied. In addition, of the 3 patients in the serial
      urodynamics groups who had urinary symptoms preoperatively, 2 noted clinical
      improvement postoperatively. The urologist's role is important in the early
      detection, evaluation, and treatment of tethered cord syndrome and the
      neuropathic bladders that may result.

PMID- 2911935
TI  - Nosocomial urinary tract infection.

PMID- 2911936
TI  - Urethral profilometry in Scott artificial urinary sphincter.

PMID- 2911938
TI  - Comparison of maternal to fetal transfer of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine versus
      thyroxine in rats, as assessed from 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine levels in fetal
      tissues.
AB  - Thyroxine (T4) is transferred from the mother to the hypothyroid rat fetus late
      in gestation, mitigating T4 and T3 deficiency in fetal tissues, the brain
      included. We have now compared the effects of maternal infusion with T3. Normal
      and thyroidectomized rats were started on methimazole (MMI) on the 14th day of
      gestation, given alone, or together with a constant infusion of 0.45 micrograms
      (0.69 nmol) T3 or of 1.8 microgram (2.3 nmol) T4/100 g per day. Maternal and
      fetal samples were obtained at the 21st day of gestation. The doses of T3 and T4
      were biologically equivalent for the dams, as assessed from maternal plasma and
      tissue T3, and plasma TSH levels. MMI blocked the fetal thyroid; T4 and T3 levels
      were low in all fetal tissues, and fetal plasma TSH was high. Maternal infusion
      with T4 mitigated both T4 and T3 deficiency in all fetal tissues, the brain
      included, and decreased fetal plasma TSH. In contrast, infusion of T3 normalized
      fetal plasma T3 and increased the T3 levels in several tissues, but not in the
      brain. Neither did it decrease the high fetal plasma TSH levels. The results show
      that when the fetus is hypothyroid, T3 crosses the rat placenta at the end of
      gestation, but does not affect all tissues to the same degree. In contrast to the
      effects of maternal T4, maternal T3 does not alleviate the T3 deficiency of the
      brain or, presumably, of the thyrotrope. Thus, end-points of thyroid hormone
      action related to TSH release should not be used to measure transfer of maternal
      T3 to the fetal compartment. Moreover, T4 should be given, and not T3 to protect
      the hypothyroid fetal brain.

PMID- 2911937
TI  - Effects of repetitive administration of growth hormone-releasing hormone on
      growth hormone secretion, insulin-like growth factor I, and bone metabolism in
      postmenopausal women.
AB  - This study sought to determine whether GH response to synthetic GHRH was impaired
      in 13 postmenopausal (55-71 years) as compared with that in 8 eugonadal women and
      whether IGF-I and bone metabolism were consequently depressed. Thereafter, the
      effects of daily iv injections of 80-micrograms GHRH-44 for 8 days were studied
      in the same postmenopausal group. In addition to significantly higher basal IGF-I
      and osteocalcin levels (P less than 0.005) in eugonadal as compared with the
      postmenopausal women, the administration of one GHRH-44 injection resulted in
      significantly higher 120-min postinjection GH maximum peak and cumulative
      responses in the former group as well (P less than 0.005). Highly significant
      correlations were observed between 17 beta-estradiol plasma levels and either GH
      maximum peak or cumulative responses to GHRH-44 when both groups were pooled
      together, but not when considered independently. In postmenopausal women, a
      correlation was found between both age and duration of menopause and GH
      responses. Repeated GHRH-44 injections in postmenopausal women induced a
      significant increase in GH response (P less than 0.001) as well as in IGF-I
      levels from day 4 to 8. No phospho-calcium parameters were modified except for a
      significant rise in osteocalcin from day 2 to 8. These data indicate an age
      related loss of sensitivity of somatotrope cells to GHRH-44 in postmenopausal
      women, partly corrected by repeated daily GHRH-44 injections. As a consequence of
      the GHRH-induced increase in GH secretion, IGF-I was also enhanced and may be
      responsible for a stimulatory effect on bone formation, as shown by the
      osteocalcin increase, uncoupled from bone resorption.

PMID- 2911939
TI  - Growth hormone (GH) responsiveness to GHRH in normal adults is not affected by
      short-term gonadal blockade.
AB  - The effects of changes in circulating gonadal steroids on GH secretion elicited
      by GHRH challenge (1 microgram/kg) in normal adults volunteers (aged 18-24
      years), were evaluated in 10 women and 10 men before and after gonadal blockade
      was achieved by a GnRH agonist (1500 micrograms/day by nasal spray for 40 days).
      To see if the effect of testosterone on GH secretion was dependent on its
      aromatization to estradiol (E2), GHRH tests were performed in 7 normal men prior
      to administration of testosterone enanthate (250 mg im), 8 days after this
      treatment had began, and again after E2 receptor blockade with tamoxifen (30 mg
      for 2 days plus 10 mg on the third day 2 h before the GHRH test, po) administered
      8 days after testosterone enanthate. The study of the functional status of the
      somatotropes at the time of GHRH testing was made according to our previous
      postulate. Short-term gonadal blockade did not affect the parameters of GH
      response to GHRH in neither women nor men. Thus, the functional blockade of the
      gonads may be advisable as an adjunct therapy in the treatment of hypothalamic GH
      deficiency during the peripubertal stage. In the other group of men,
      administration of testosterone enanthate significantly increased GHRH-elicited GH
      release, but this was reverted after E2 receptor blockade. Since the hypothalamic
      somatotrope rhythm was altered by both these pharmacological manipulations, it
      appears that testosterone acts on GH release mainly at the suprapituitary level,
      and that this action is secondary to its aromatization to E2.

PMID- 2911940
TI  - Naloxone affects the release of cortisol, but not of vasopressin or oxytocin, in
      dehydrated sheep.
AB  - Ovariectomized ewes (N = 7) were dehydrated for 24 h and then given iv injections
      of saline vehicle or 8 or 64 mg naloxone hydrochloride in saline. Blood samples
      were taken by jugular venepuncture before and after dehydration and at intervals
      during the 90 min period directly following naloxone treatment. Plasma
      concentrations of AVP, OT and cortisol were measured by radioimmunoassay. Plasma
      AVP levels and osmolality increased with dehydration, OT concentrations showed no
      consistent change, and cortisol levels were unaffected. After administration of
      naloxone, AVP and OT concentrations did not alter. The sampling procedure
      increased plasma cortisol levels and the duration of this response was prolonged
      by the 64 mg dose of naloxone.

PMID- 2911941
TI  - A correlative study between glucocorticoid receptor levels in human mononuclear
      leukocytes and biochemical data in Cushing's disease.
AB  - We determined glucocorticoid receptors in human mononuclear leukocytes in 9
      patients with Cushing's disease, in order to correlate them with laboratory data.
      Receptors were measured by a whole-cell assay method, after incubation with [3H]
      dexamethasone in the presence or absence of excess unlabelled hormone. In
      Cushing's disease, there were 4425 +/- 364 sites/cell (N = 9), similar to in the
      controls: 4473 +/- 476 (N = 10); average Kd was 2.42 +/- 0.52 nmol/l (N = 3)
      similar to in the controls: 2.0 +/- 0.20 nmol/l (N = 3). In Cushing's patients we
      found significant negative correlations between basal glucocorticoid receptors
      and: 1) morning blood cortisol (r = -0.67, P less than 0.05), and 2) 17-ketogenic
      steroids after 2 mg of dexamethasone (r = -0.85, P less than 0.01). No
      correlations were observed with afternoon blood cortisol, free urinary cortisol,
      basal and post-8-mg dexamethasone 17-ketogenic steroids, TRH-TSH area, urinary
      calcium, plasma glucose, or systolic blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS: In Cushing's
      disease, a subtle receptor down-regulation may exist, as suggested by the inverse
      relationship between glucocorticoid receptors and morning blood cortisol.
      Secondly, the relationship between basal receptors and 17-ketogenic steroids
      after 2 mg of dexamethasone suggests that glucocorticoid receptors in human
      mononuclear leukocytes could reflect the sensitivity of the nervous system
      pituitary-adrenal axis to dexamethasone inhibition.

PMID- 2911942
TI  - Properties of 5'-deiodinase of 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine in rat skeletal muscle.
AB  - To characterize rT3 5'-deiodinase (5'D) in rat skeletal muscle, the effects of
      altered thyroid status and PTU on rT3 5'D were studied. rT3 5'D activity was
      measured by incubating homogenates of rat skeletal muscle with [125]rT3, iodine
      labelled in the outer ring, in the presence of 20 mmol/l DL-dithiothreitol. This
      activity was observed to increase significantly 24 h after a single sc injection
      of T3 (75 micrograms/kg). The increase following the daily administration of this
      drug (15 or 75 micrograms/kg) for 3 and 14 days was dependent on the dose and
      number of previous days of injection. A significant decrease in activity was
      observed 2 weeks after thyroidectomy. The addition of 0.1 mmol/l 6-n-propyl-2
      thiouracil (PTU) to the incubation medium in vitro caused a marked reduction in
      the activity in homogenates of skeletal muscle from hypothyroid, euthyroid and
      hyperthyroid rats. PTU, present at 0.05% in the drinking water for 2 weeks
      virtually abolished it. The properties of rT3 5'D in rat skeletal muscle thus
      appear to be essentially the same as those of type I enzyme with respect to
      response toward altered thyroid status and PTU.

PMID- 2911943
TI  - The metabolic clearance rate, serum half-time and apparent distribution space of
      authentic biosynthetic human growth hormone in growth hormone-deficient patients.
AB  - We studied the metabolic clearance rate (MCR) serum half-time (t1/2) and apparent
      distribution space (DS) of unlabelled, authentic, biosynthetic human growth
      hormone (B-hGH) in 9 GH-deficient patients by means of the constant iv infusion
      to equilibrium technique. B-hGH was infused for 3 h at a rate of 33 ng.kg-1.min-1
      after which the disappearance from serum of GH was followed for 1 h. The mean +/-
      SEM values for MCR, t1/2 and DS were: 2.3 +/- 0.6 ml.kg-1.min-1, 21.1 +/- 1.7 min
      and 67.6 +/- 14.6 ml/kg, respectively. The disappearance of GH was
      monoexponential for the first 30 min, during which 75% of the GH had been
      cleared. The disappearance rate during the last 30 min of the observation period
      was somewhat lower, still approximately 90% of the GH had been eliminated after
      60 min.

PMID- 2911944
TI  - Adult education strategies important for nurses.

PMID- 2911945
TI  - Mother-preterm infant relationships in the NICU.

PMID- 2911946
TI  - What nurses are saying about nursing. Part One.

PMID- 2911947
TI  - Addiction among nurses: facing the issue.

PMID- 2911948
TI  - Sympathetic vascular control of the pig nasal mucosa (III): Co-release of
      noradrenaline and neuropeptide Y.
AB  - The overflows of noradrenaline (NA) and neuropeptide Y like immunoreactivity (NPY
      LI) and vascular responses upon sympathetic nerve stimulation were analysed in
      the nasal mucosa of pentobarbital anaesthetized pigs. In controls, a frequency
      dependent increase in NA overflow was observed whereas detectable release of NPY
      LI occurred only at 6.9 Hz. Parallel decreases in blood flow in the
      sphenopalatine artery and vein and in nasal mucosa volume (reflecting blood
      volume in the venous sinusoids) were observed. The laser Doppler flowmeter signal
      (reflecting superficial blood flow) increased upon low and decreased upon high
      frequency stimulation. Twenty-four hours after reserpine pretreatment and
      preganglionic decentralization, the NA overflow was abolished while a frequency
      dependent release of NPY-LI occurred. Forty, 60 and 80% of the vasoconstrictor
      responses then remained upon stimulation with a single impulse, 0.59 and 6.9 Hz,
      respectively. Both the vasoconstriction and NPY-LI overflow, however, were
      subjected to fatigue upon repeated stimulation. In reserpinized animals release
      of NPY-LI and vasoconstrictor responses were larger upon stimulation with
      irregular bursts at 0.59 Hz compared to effects seen at stimulation with
      continuous impulses. Pre-treatment with the alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist
      phenoxybenzamine or the monoamine reuptake inhibitor, desipramine, enhanced NA
      overflow by 2-3 and 1.5 times at 0.59 and 6.9 Hz, respectively. Phenoxybenzamine
      significantly reduced the nerve-evoked vascular responses while the release of
      NPY-LI at 6.9 Hz was increased. Desipramine increased the functional responses
      but reduced the NPY-LI overflow. During tachyphylaxis to the vasoconstrictor
      effects of the stable adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) analogue alpha-beta
      methylene ATP (mATP) in controls, the vasoconstrictor responses as well as the NA
      and NPY-LI overflow to nerve stimulation were unmodified. In reserpinized
      animals, however, the vascular responses and the overflow of NPY-LI were reduced
      after mATP tachyphylaxis. These data show that both NA and NPY are released upon
      sympathetic nerve stimulation in the nasal mucosa in vivo and this release seems
      to be regulated via prejunctional alpha-adrenoceptors. The lack of effect of mATP
      tachyphylaxis under control conditions makes it less likely that ATP serves as a
      major mediator of the large nonadrenergic vasoconstrictor component.

PMID- 2911949
TI  - Vagally mediated vasodilatation by motor and sensory nerves in the tracheal and
      bronchial circulation of the pig.
AB  - A new in vivo model is described in which anaesthetized pigs were used to study
      vascular responses in the bronchial, upper tracheal and laryngeal circulation
      upon electrical stimulation of the vagal or superior laryngeal nerves. Vagal or
      superior laryngeal nerve stimulation increased blood flow in the bronchial artery
      and the superior laryngeal artery, respectively. After pre-treatment with
      atropine the vasodilatory response in the bronchial artery upon stimulation was
      not modified while the increase in blood flow in the superior laryngeal artery
      was reduced. The ganglionic blocking agent chlorisondamine further reduced the
      nerve stimulation evoked decrease in vascular resistance in the superior
      laryngeal artery, but did not influence the response of the bronchial artery.
      Capsaicin induced a marked increase in blood flow both in the bronchial and
      superior laryngeal arteries after pre-treatment with atropine, guanethidine and
      chlorisondamine. After capsaicin tachyphylaxis, the vasodilatation upon nerve
      stimulation in the bronchial artery and the smaller remaining decrease in
      vascular resistance in the superior laryngeal artery were strongly reduced. Thus,
      antidromic stimulation of afferent C fibres may increase blood flow via release
      of vasodilatory peptides such as tachykinins and calcitonin gene-related peptide.
      The present findings show that local blood flow in the larynx and upper trachea
      is regulated by cholinergic and non-cholinergic parasympathetic mechanisms and a
      small capsaicin sensitive, sensory component. On the other hand, the vagal
      control of the bronchial circulation seems to exclusively involve capsaicin
      sensitive sensory nerves.

PMID- 2911950
TI  - The influence of antihypertensive treatment on the mesenteric arterial structure
      in spontaneously hypertensive rats. A morphometric study.
AB  - Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive
      rats (SHRSP) were treated with a combination of a beta 1-blocker (metoprolol) and
      a calcium antagonist (felodipine) from 1 to 4 or from 4 to 6 months of age. The
      main trunk and peripheral branches of the mesenteric arterial tree were fixed by
      immersion and embedded in plastic. The total length of the internal elastic
      membrane and the media area were measured in cross-sectioned arteries. The ratio
      between media thickness (m) and luminal radius (ri) was then determined for a
      calculated, standardized condition, assuming a smooth and circular internal
      elastic membrane. The treatment caused a significant decrease in blood pressure
      and a reduction in m/ri ratios in the mesenteric arterial trunk as well as in
      mesenteric arterial branches when initiated in young as well as in adult SHR and
      SHRSP, i.e. the therapy efficiently prevents as well as reverses hypertensive
      arterial changes. The m/ri ratios in the superior mesenteric arterial trunks were
      significantly smaller in treated 4-month-old SHR and SHRSP than in WKY, although
      their blood pressures were not fully normalized. There was a marked increase in
      luminal radius in the young treated rats, possibly secondary to a therapy-induced
      increase in splanchnic blood flow.

PMID- 2911951
TI  - A possible ionic basis for dendritic release of dopamine in the guinea-pig
      substantia nigra.

PMID- 2911952
TI  - Preoperative evaluation of the elderly patient.
AB  - Elderly patients are more likely to require surgery and to experience surgical
      complications than are younger patients. However, age should not be the sole
      factor in the decision for or against surgery. The surgical risk can be estimated
      on the basis of both age-related and disease-associated changes in the individual
      patient. Preoperative evaluation of the elderly patient requires assessment of
      cardiopulmonary and renal function, immune function, nutritional status and
      overall homeostatic capacity.

PMID- 2911953
TI  - Vasectomy technique.
AB  - Vasectomy is a safe and effective method of male sterilization. The procedure and
      necessary follow-up care can usually be performed in an office setting. Failure
      of the procedure may be due to incorrect identification of the vas,
      recanalization or presence of an accessory vas.

PMID- 2911954
TI  - The automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator.

PMID- 2911955
TI  - Anorexia nervosa in adulthood.
AB  - Family physicians and other primary care physicians can work with
      psychotherapists to provide effective treatment for adult women with anorexia
      nervosa. The major contributions of family physicians include evaluation and
      treatment of medical complications and supportive reinforcement of long-term
      psychotherapy. Family physicians can reassure patients that permanent physical
      disability can be avoided with successful treatment.

PMID- 2911957
TI  - New AIDS programs may improve system.

PMID- 2911956
TI  - Common questions about withdrawal of life support.
AB  - The case of William Drabick in California reflects mainstream legal trends and
      answers several common questions about life support. The Drabick court concluded
      that court intervention is usually not necessary before life support is
      withdrawn; that formal legal documents are not necessary; that the prior wishes
      of a patient must be considered in any decision; that when there have been no
      prior wishes, a surrogate must act in the patient's best interest, and that a
      court-appointed conservator is not always necessary.

PMID- 2911958
TI  - Vascular skin lesions associated with AIDS.

PMID- 2911959
TI  - Toxoplasma peritonitis in AIDS.

PMID- 2911960
TI  - Patient-controlled analgesia improves pain relief.

PMID- 2911961
TI  - HIV testing.

PMID- 2911962
TI  - Cancer risk factors.

PMID- 2911963
TI  - Managing the difficult patient.

PMID- 2911964
TI  - Comparison of three techniques for percutaneous balloon aortic valvuloplasty of
      aortic stenosis in adults.
AB  - Three different techniques for percutaneous balloon aortic valvuloplasty h have
      been described: retrograde single balloon, retrograde double balloon, and
      antegrade techniques. This report describes our experience using the three
      techniques in twenty-five consecutive procedures. All techniques resulted in a
      significant decrease in transvalvular pressure gradient and an increase in
      calculated aortic valve area, without significant difference among the three.
      There was no increase in the degree of aortic regurgitation after valvuloplasty
      by any of the techniques. Vascular complications occurred only with the
      retrograde double balloon technique. Cardiac tamponade during balloon inflation
      occurred with both the retrograde single and double balloon techniques. Three
      deaths occurred; two during the antegrade technique and one after the retrograde
      double balloon technique. Thus, balloon aortic valvuloplasty can be effectively
      performed using any of the three techniques. However, the differing techniques
      have inherent advantages in specific situations, as well as potential
      complications.

PMID- 2911965
TI  - Improved low energy defibrillation efficacy in man with the use of a biphasic
      truncated exponential waveform.
AB  - The standard implantable defibrillator waveform is a truncated exponential of
      approximately 6 msec duration. This study compares the defibrillation efficacy of
      a standard monophasic truncated exponential to a biphasic 12 msec truncated
      exponential waveform in 21 patients undergoing automatic implantable cardioverter
      defibrillator (AICD) surgery. For the biphasic waveform, the polarity was
      reversed and remaining capacitor voltage was attenuated by 75% after 6 msec. Two
      hundred thirty episodes of VF were induced with 115 "matched pairs" of monophasic
      and biphasic waveforms of identical initial capacitor voltages given over a range
      from 70 to 600 V (0.35 to 25.7 joules). The biphasic waveform was superior to the
      monophasic waveform (p less than 0.006), especially for "low energy"
      defibrillation. For initial voltages less than 200 V, the percent successful
      defibrillation was 28% for the monophasic waveform versus 64% for the biphasic
      waveform and from 200 to 290 V (energies less than 6.4 joules) it was 45% versus
      69%. There was no difference in the two waveforms in time to the first QRS
      complex or in the blood pressure following defibrillation. This study shows that
      a 12 msec biphasic truncated exponential is superior to a 6 msec monophasic
      waveform for defibrillation in man, especially at energies less than 6.4 joules.
      The waveform can be achieved in an implanted device without any increase in
      capacitor size or in battery energy consumption.

PMID- 2911966
TI  - Pulsed Doppler echocardiographic determination of the time course of left
      ventricular filling: validation with cineangiography.
AB  - Several noninvasive techniques are used to evaluate left ventricular diastolic
      function, but none has optimally characterized the time course of left
      ventricular filling. We have developed a method to characterize left ventricular
      filling, by integrating Doppler measurements of flow velocity across the mitral
      valve. The purpose of the present study was to compare this new method with
      contrast left ventriculographic assessment of left ventricular filling. Pulsed
      Doppler studies were obtained within 24 hours of left ventriculography in 15
      patients: three normal subjects, seven with coronary disease, two with mitral
      stenosis, and three with dilated cardiomyopathy. Patients with myocardial
      infarction, regional wall movement abnormalities, or aortic regurgitation were
      excluded. Doppler-derived relative left ventricular filling was compared to
      filling from right anterior oblique left ventriculograms. Doppler and
      angiographic filling curves were qualitatively different in normal subjects and
      in patients with mitral stenosis and cardiomyopathy. For individual patients,
      however, the Doppler and angiographic filling curves were qualitatively similar,
      with a strong correlation between Doppler and angiographic estimates of percent
      filling (r = 0.95; p less than 0.001). These preliminary observations suggest
      that Doppler echocardiography may provide a reliable assessment of the time
      course of left ventricular diastolic filling. Further studies are warranted and
      should include more patients with diverse cardiac abnormalities.

PMID- 2911967
TI  - Semiquantitative evaluation of aortic regurgitation by Doppler echocardiography:
      effects of associated mitral stenosis.
AB  - The accuracy of pulsed and continuous wave (CW) Doppler methods for evaluating
      aortic regurgitation (AR) was compared in patients with and without mitral
      stenosis (MS), with aortic root angiography as a gold standard. AR was diagnosed
      with pulsed Doppler echocardiography, by the detection of broad frequency
      spectral patterns in the isovolumic relaxation time. If these indications were
      present, AR was graded by examining the extent of diastolic turbulence in the
      left ventricular cavity (flow mapping method). With CW Doppler echocardiography,
      AR was diagnosed by the detection of a peak velocity of greater than 2 m/s; if
      this velocity was attained, AR was graded by measuring the time from the peak
      velocity to half the peak velocity (half-time method). The angiographic grade
      corresponded to that determined by the pulsed and CW Doppler methods in 37 and 37
      of 46 patients without MS, respectively. Angiographic grade corresponded to the
      grade determined by the pulsed and CW Doppler methods in 13 and 17 of the 23
      patients with MS, respectively. Eight of 10 discrepancies between pulsed Doppler
      and angiographic grades were due to overestimation of AR by the flow mapping
      method, apparently because the transmitral jet produces diastolic turbulence in
      the left ventricular cavity independent of AR. On the other hand, three of six
      discrepancies between CW Doppler and angiographic grades were due to the
      incapability of detecting signals of AR by CW Doppler echocardiography. Thus both
      the pulsed and the CW Doppler methods are useful to evaluate AR in patients
      without MS. In patients with MS, however, AR is most accurately diagnosed by the
      detection of AR signals in the isovolumic relaxation time by pulsed Doppler
      echocardiography, and the degree of AR is more accurately assessed by the CW
      Doppler half-time method.

PMID- 2911968
TI  - Ambulatory sudden cardiac death: mechanisms of production of fatal arrhythmia on
      the basis of data from 157 cases.
AB  - The study of the tapes of ambulatory patients who died while wearing Holter
      devices allows us to know the terminal electrical events of death in these cases
      and which are the electrical triggering mechanisms leading to the terminal event.
      From the evaluation of seven published series with 10 or more cases, we can see
      that the most frequent causes of sudden death are ventricular tachyarrhythmias
      (84% of cases) and bradyarrhythmias (16%). VF was the most frequent ventricular
      tachyarrhythmia, usually secondary to VT. The rest were due to torsades de
      pointes in patients often without heart disease but who were taking
      antiarrhythmic drugs. The VT leading to VF was often preceded by sinus
      tachycardia or new atrial tachyarrhythmia. Only a small percentage of patients
      presented ischemic ST changes. In patients who died due to bradyarrhythmias, this
      was more often due to sinus depression than to atrioventricular block.

PMID- 2911969
TI  - The noninvasive evaluation of syncope of suspected cardiovascular origin.
AB  - We have reviewed all available noninvasive diagnostic studies for the evaluation
      of syncope of suspected cardiovascular origin. This eight-step diagnostic
      approach covers the majority of available syncopal etiologies. In patients
      evaluated for syncope, we believe a complete noninvasive evaluation should be
      performed (if clinically indicated) before performing invasive electrophysiologic
      studies.

PMID- 2911970
TI  - Sudden death and silent myocardial ischemia.
AB  - Recent research indicates that silent myocardial ischemia may play a role in
      sudden cardiac death. To what extent treatment can reduce occurrence of silent
      ischemia remains to be assessed. Three classes of silent ischemia patients are
      identified: type 1--totally asymptomatic; type 2--post myocardial infarction; and
      type 3--noninfarcted with both silent ischemia and angina. An index of prognostic
      risk (PR), showing the percent of adverse events attributable to silent ischemia,
      is calculated to measure the potential impact of successful treatment of silent
      ischemia on population mortality. Type 1 individuals' PR is estimated at a low
      3.8%, suggesting that screening the general asymptomatic population would be
      unproductive. Type 2 patients exhibit an 80% PR. We lack the empirical
      information to estimate type 3 patients' PR, but silent ischemia is a recognized
      adverse prognostic factor in the subgroup exhibiting unstable angina. These
      results suggest that successful treatment of silent ischemia might favorably
      influence coronary artery disease patient outcomes.

PMID- 2911971
TI  - Doppler echocardiographic assessment of the effect of balloon aortic
      valvuloplasty on left ventricular systolic function.
AB  - In order to evaluate the effects of balloon aortic valvuloplasty on left
      ventricular systolic function and ejection dynamics, Doppler echocardiographic
      studies were performed on 29 patients before and following valvuloplasty.
      Continuous wave aortic velocity signals were digitized and (with catheterization
      laboratory before and after valvuloplasty valve areas) were used to calculate:
      stroke volume; ejection time; ejection rate; time to 25%, 50%, and 75% ejection;
      accelerative (onset systole to peak velocity) ejection volume, time, and rate;
      and decelerative (peak velocity to end systole) ejection volume, time, and rate.
      Following valvuloplasty, there were no significant changes in heart rate; time to
      25%, 50%, and 75% ejection; accelerative ejection time; and decelerative ejection
      time. There were significant increases in stroke volume, total ejection rate,
      accelerative ejection volume, decelerative ejection volume, accelerative ejection
      rate, and decelerative ejection rate, and a significant decrease in total
      ejection time. Balloon aortic valvuloplasty has a significant effect on the
      dynamics of left ventricular ejection. There is an increase in stroke volume and
      a decrease in ejection time, with relatively little effect on early systole, and
      a more pronounced effect in late systole. There are significant increases in
      accelerative and decelerative ejection volumes and rates, and a decrease in the
      time required for the last 25% of ejection. By improving the mobility of
      calcified leaflets, balloon aortic valvuloplasty may reduce the forces opposing
      forward blood movement during the decelerative phase of aortic ejection.

PMID- 2911972
TI  - Angiographic demonstration of plaque fissure associated with acute coronary
      occlusion.

PMID- 2911973
TI  - Coronary thrombosis induced by coronary spasm without myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2911974
TI  - Recurrent myocardial infarction and sudden death after sport.

PMID- 2911975
TI  - Postpartum myocardial infarction in a patient with intermittent ventricular
      preexcitation.

PMID- 2911976
TI  - Color Doppler findings in ventricular septal dissection following myocardial
      infarction.

PMID- 2911977
TI  - Balloon dilatation of a stenotic dura mater mitral bioprosthesis.

PMID- 2911978
TI  - An unusual artifactual cause of apparent atrial flutter.

PMID- 2911979
TI  - Effect of body position on the diagnostic accuracy of the electrocardiogram.

PMID- 2911980
TI  - Interatrial septal thickening preventing percutaneous mitral valve balloon
      valvuloplasty.

PMID- 2911981
TI  - Detection and management of patients with silent myocardial ischemia.

PMID- 2911982
TI  - Hypertension in the elderly: focus on nicardipine. Proceedings of a symposium.
      May 26, 1988, Kyoto, Japan.

PMID- 2911983
TI  - The potential use of nicardipine in cerebrovascular disease.
AB  - The efficacy of intravenous nicardipine in the prevention of vasospasm after
      subarachnoid hemorrhage has been investigated in a dose escalation study in 67
      patients admitted within 1 week of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Favorable outcomes
      were noted in 52 patients (78%). Vasospasm was found by arteriography in 31
      patients (46%). A dose-related trend was noted. At the lower dose levels,
      angiographic spasm was observed in 68% and symptomatic vasospasm in 27% of 34
      patients. Only eight of 33 patients (24%) treated at the highest dose level
      (approximately 10 mg/hr) developed arteriographic evidence of vasospasm.
      Symptomatic vasospasm was diagnosed in only two of 33 patients (6%) treated with
      this dose. No deaths from vasospasm occurred. Verification of changes in tissue
      calcium has been obtained from the rat middle cerebral artery occlusion model,
      and we concluded that nicardipine administered after permanent occlusion may
      offer protection against cerebral ischemia in this animal model. Nicardipine
      uptake was greater at the infarct site than in surrounding tissue, with the
      highest concentration in the area of maximal ischemia. Nicardipine appears to
      affect changes in Ca2+ more than other ions: it significantly reduced Ca2+
      accumulation in the territory of the middle cerebral artery by 60% at 6 hours,
      and significantly reduced Na+ and K+ shifts in the same territory by 40% and 50%,
      respectively, at 6 hours. Although much research remains to be done, a wide role
      for the dihydropyridines in a number of cerebrovascular conditions is emerging.

PMID- 2911984
TI  - Echophonocardiography in patients undergoing percutaneous mitral balloon
      valvotomy (PMV): the learning curve of PMV.
AB  - Percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy (PMV) was performed in 10 female patients
      with mitral stenosis; their mean age was 31 +/- 1 years. All patients underwent
      echophonocardiography (Echophono) before and less than 24 hours after PMV1.
      Cardiac catheterization and Echophono were repeated 10 and 22 months after PMV1.
      Eight patients with suboptimal results (defined as a post-PMV mitral valve area
      [MVA]/less than 1.0 cm2 and mean gradient greater than/10 mm Hg) underwent repeat
      PMV (PMV2) 10 months after PMV1. The Echophono data are correlated with clinical
      and hemodynamic changes produced by PMV1 and PMV2. MVA increased from 0.6 +/- 0.1
      to 1.1 +/- 0.01 cm2 (p = 0.0009) when PMV1 was performed with a mean effective
      balloon dilating area (EBDA) of 5 +/- 0.19 cm2. MVA increased from 1.0 +/- 0.1 to
      1.7 +/- 0.2 cm2 (p = 0.0002) when PMV2 was performed with larger EBDA (6.4 +/-
      0.34 cm2). Two factors related to the learning curve account for the superior
      result of PMV2: (1) use of larger EBDA and (2) optimal position of the balloons
      parallel to the long axis of the left ventricle. PMV1 resulted in Echophono
      changes consistent with decreased severity of mitral stenosis: shortening of Q-S1
      from 93 +/- 4 to 82 +/- 4 msec (p less than 0.05) and (Q-S1)-(S2-OS) from 1.8 +/-
      0.8 to -0.9 +/- 0.6 (p less than 0.01); prolongation of S2-OS from 75 +/- 5 to 91
      +/- 5 msec (p less than 0.05) and increase of EF slope from 7 +/- 1 to 17 +/- 4
      mm/sec (p less than 0.05). Compared with PMV1, post PMV2 Echophono showed a
      further decrease in the severity of mitral stenosis: Q-S1 decreased to 78 +/- 3
      msec and (Q-S1)-(S2-OS) decreased to -0.5 +/- 0.3 msec. S2-OS increased to 86 +/-
      5 msec and EF slope increased to 22 +/- 4 mm/sec. The hemodynamic and Echophono
      changes produced by PMV1 and PMV2 persisted at the corresponding follow-up
      studies. There was no evidence of restenosis. Thus Echophono is a simple, low
      cost method helpful in the evaluation and follow-up of patients undergoing PMV.

PMID- 2911985
TI  - Nicardipine in the elderly hypertensive: a review of experience in the United
      Kingdom.
AB  - Clinical trials in the United Kingdom have supported those conducted elsewhere in
      showing that nicardipine is an effective antihypertensive drug in the elderly,
      with a tendency to produce lower diastolic blood pressure than in younger
      patients. Side effects are mainly related to vasodilation and are no more common
      than in younger patients. Nicardipine does not cause any chronic activation of
      the sympathetic nervous system or the renin-angiotensin system.

PMID- 2911986
TI  - The clinical performance of nicardipine in elderly hypertensive patients with
      concomitant diseases.
AB  - The efficacy and tolerance of nicardipine were evaluated in 2184 ambulatory
      hypertensive patients with or without concomitant diseases in a 24-week Italian
      multicenter study. Of the total patient group 1083 had one or more concomitant
      diseases (diabetes mellitus, coronary heart disease, cardiac failure, mild renal
      failure, chronic cerebrovascular disease, obstructive lung disease, and
      peripheral vascular disease); of these patients, 419 were aged over 65 years.
      Patients were seen on an outpatient basis and after a 2- to 4-week washout period
      were admitted to the study. The initial nicardipine dose of 20 mg three times a
      day was titrated in subsequent weeks; thereafter a second antihypertensive drug
      was added if seated diastolic blood pressure was not reduced below 90 mm Hg. The
      nicardipine-based therapy significantly lowered seated blood pressure in the
      whole population (mean 185/102 to 152/86 mm Hg) without clinically and
      statistically significant differences between the patient subgroups with
      concomitant diseases. There were no changes in either symptoms, or biochemical
      and instrumental tests of the concomitant diseases. The incidence of side effects
      was low; in particular, there was no orthostatic hypotension. Nicardipine-based
      treatment is therefore effective, safe, and well tolerated in elderly
      hypertensive patients with concomitant disease.

PMID- 2911987
TI  - Enzymatic estimation of the extent of irreversible myocardial injury early after
      reperfusion.
AB  - To determine whether the extent of infarction can be estimated enzymatically soon
      after reperfusion, the rate of increase of creatine kinase (CK) activity in
      plasma early after coronary recanalization was compared with infarct size in 18
      dogs and 10 patients. In dogs, reperfusion was initiated 2 to 4 hours after
      coronary occlusion. CK activity was measured in serial plasma samples and infarct
      size was assessed histochemically at 24 hours. A substantial and consistent
      fraction of the total CK appearing in plasma over 24 hours (cumulative CK)
      appeared in plasma soon after reperfusion, i.e., 21 +/- 2% (SE) within 30 minutes
      and 38 +/- 3% within 1 hour. The rate of increase of plasma CK activity
      correlated closely with infarct size when CK release was measured during the
      first 30 minutes (r = 0.92) or 60 minutes (r = 0.92) after reperfusion (n = 18).
      Similarly, in patients the rate of increase of CK activity measured within 2.5
      hours of the time of reperfusion was closely related to infarct size delineated
      by positron emission tomography 1 to 2 weeks later (r = 0.93). Thus the rate of
      appearance of CK in plasma early after reperfusion reflects the extent of
      irreversible injury ultimately sustained and provides a criterion likely to be
      useful for prospective identification of patients at high risk after coronary
      recanalization.

PMID- 2911988
TI  - Myocardial salvage after regional beta-adrenergic blockade.
AB  - The aim of the study was to determine whether regional beta-adrenergic blockade
      via the coronary sinus limited myocardial damage after coronary artery occlusion
      in the canine model. Accordingly, open-chest anesthetized dogs were randomly
      allocated to one of three groups: a control group and groups treated with
      propranolol (in doses of 0.02, 0.2, and 2.0 mg/kg) given either intravenously or
      via the coronary sinus. The hypoperfused zone (i.e., risk area) and the extent of
      myocardial damage were assessed by autoradiography and triphenyltetrazolium
      chloride staining, respectively. Myocardial damage expressed as a percent of the
      hypoperfused zone was 84 +/- 5% in the control group (n = 9) and 78 +/- 7% (0.02
      mg/kg, n = 7, NS), 63 +/- 6% (0.2 mg/kg, n = 7, p less than 0.05), and 62 +/- 7%
      (2.0 mg/kg, n = 9, p less than 0.02) in the groups receiving intravenous
      propranolol and 73 +/- 6% (0.02 mg/kg, n = 7, NS), 58 +/- 7% (0.2 mg/kg, n = 7, p
      less than 0.01), and 44 +/- 9% (2.0 mg/kg, n = 9, p less than 0.001) in groups
      receiving propranolol via the cardiac veins. There was a significant enhancement
      of myocardial salvage with increasing doses of propranolol delivered via the
      cardiac veins (linear regression trend, p less than 0.05). In contrast,
      myocardial damage expressed as a percent of the hypoperfused zone remained
      comparable with propranolol doses of 0.2 and 2.0 mg/kg administered intravenously
      (linear regression trend, NS). IN CONCLUSION: (1) regional beta-adrenergic
      blockade via the cardiac veins afforded significant myocardial salvage and (2)
      the regional administration of propranolol resulted in significant reduction of
      myocardial damage in a dose-dependent fashion.

PMID- 2911989
TI  - Amelioration by beta-adrenergic blockade of regional myocardial dysfunction
      induced by coronary artery occlusion after, but not before collateral development
      in conscious dogs.
AB  - Effects of beta-adrenergic blockade on regional myocardial dysfunction induced by
      coronary artery occlusion were studied in chronically instrumented, conscious
      dogs before (n = 8) and after (n = 7) collateral development. Intravenous
      atenolol or propranolol produced no beneficial effects on systolic shortening in
      the area rendered ischemic during 2 minutes of circumflex occlusion, before
      collateral development. After the collateral development by repetitive 2-minute
      coronary occlusions, regional asynergy recovered to the preocclusive level during
      2 minutes of occlusion. Both atenolol and propranolol significantly improved the
      peak reductions of regional shortening by 19 +/- 9% and 18 +/- 9%, respectively
      (p less than 0.05 versus without beta-blockade). These beneficial actions of beta
      blockade were again noted during atrial tachypacing at matched heart rates of 160
      +/- 11 beats/min. Thus the beneficial effects of beta-blockade on regional
      asynergy during coronary occlusion depend on the level of functional state of the
      collaterals and cannot be totally accounted for by the reduction in heart rate or
      by the cardioselectivity.

PMID- 2911990
TI  - Regional metabolism during coronary occlusion, reperfusion, and reocclusion using
      phosphorus31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the intact rabbit.
AB  - Few studies have examined metabolic consequences of coronary occlusion and
      reperfusion using phosphorus31 nuclear magnetic resonance (31P-NMR) in an intact
      animal model. Accordingly, we developed a model to study serial changes in
      myocardial metabolism in the intact open-chest rabbit. Ten animals underwent 20
      +/- 2 minutes of regional coronary occlusion and 60 +/- 10 minutes of reperfusion
      followed by reocclusion. Cardiac-gated 31P-NMR spectra were obtained with a
      regional surface coil over the ischemic area during baseline, occlusion,
      reperfusion, and reocclusion conditions. Phosphocreatine fell with both the
      initial and second ischemic insults to 65% +/- 5% of baseline for the first
      occlusion (p less than 0.01) and tended to decrease to 89% +/- 8% of baseline for
      the second occlusion (p = 0.07), with normal levels reattained in the intervening
      period of reperfusion (99% +/- 5% of baseline, p = NS). Concordant inverse
      changes were seen with inorganic phosphates. At occlusion levels of inorganic
      phosphates were 135% +/- 10% of baseline (p less than 0.05) and 139% +/- 10% of
      baseline at reocclusion (p less than 0.05). Levels of adenosine triphosphate
      decreased during occlusion to 78% +/- 9% of baseline and were significantly lower
      than baseline during the second occlusion (75% +/- 5% of baseline, p less than
      0.01). The ratio of phosphocreatine to inorganic phosphates, when compared with
      values at baseline, decreased at occlusion (49.6% +/- 4.7% of baseline, p less
      than 0.01) and at reocclusion (64.7% +/- 4.9% of baseline, p less than 0.01),
      with a normal ratio reattained in the intervening period of reperfusion (93.3% +/
      3.1% of baseline, p = NS). We conclude that reperfusion restores levels of
      phosphocreatine and adenosine triphosphate while returning levels of inorganic
      phosphates to baseline. Deleterious changes in high-energy phosphate metabolism
      are not potentiated by reocclusion in this model. 31P-NMR spectroscopy holds
      promise as a technique to noninvasively monitor intracellular biochemical
      processes serially during various interventions in the intact animal model.

PMID- 2911991
TI  - Right ventricular infarction: diagnostic value of ST elevation in lead III
      exceeding that of lead II during inferior/posterior infarction and comparison
      with right-chest leads V3R to V7R.
AB  - The diagnostic accuracy of ST elevation in lead III exceeding that of lead II
      (ratio III/II greater than 1) in the diagnosis of right ventricular infarction
      was investigated in 24 autopsied patients with inferior/posterior myocardial
      infarction on ECG. The results were compared with the diagnostic accuracy of ST
      elevation greater than or equal to 1 mm in right-chest leads V3R to V7R recorded
      in the same patients. All had left ventricular infarction documented at autopsy,
      and 17 (71%) had concomitant right ventricular involvement. The highest
      specificity (100%) and positive predictive value (100%) were calculated for the
      right-chest leads, whereas values for ratio III/II greater than 1 were 88% and
      91%, respectively. The differences were not statistically significant. It is
      concluded that differences in ST elevation in leads III and II can be the basis
      for a diagnosis of right ventricular involvement in ECG-diagnosed
      inferior/posterior infarction. The diagnosis, however, may be achieved more
      easily with right-chest leads.

PMID- 2911993
TI  - A symposium: The goals of antihypertensive therapy--what really counts? March 26,
      1988, Atlanta, Georgia. Proceedings.

PMID- 2911992
TI  - Time-related decrease in sensitivity to ergonovine in patients with variant
      angina.
AB  - Eighteen patients with variant angina, a positive ergonovine test, and a
      favorable response to calcium antagonists were studied by serial ergonovine tests
      and Holter monitoring to assess the long-term changes in response to ergonovine
      and the relationship with the spontaneous activity of the disease. The number of
      patients with a positive test decreased from 18 of 18 in the acute phase to 12 of
      18 (66%) at 3 months, 10 of 17 (59%) at 6 months, and five of 17 (29%) at 12
      months. The mean dose level of ergonovine associated with a positive response and
      the percentage of positive tests with ST segment depression increased
      progressively during follow-up. The results of the ergonovine test were well
      correlated with the spontaneous activity of the disease in 94%, 83%, 76%, and 71%
      of the patients at initial observation and at 3, 6 and 12 months, respectively.
      Thus in patients with variant angina and a favorable response to calcium
      antagonists, a time-related decrease in sensitivity to ergonovine develops during
      follow-up. In most patients the response to ergonovine is well correlated with
      the spontaneous activity of the disease; thus the ergonovine test may be a useful
      tool in the assessment of the natural evolution of vasospastic angina.

PMID- 2911994
TI  - Postmarketing surveillance in 70,898 patients treated with a
      triamterene/hydrochlorothiazide combination (Maxzide)
AB  - A postmarketing surveillance study on triamterene 75 mg/hydrochlorothiazide 50 mg
      was conducted by the Philadelphia Association of Clinical Trials on 70,898
      patients. These patients received either a whole table (71% of patients) or half
      tablet (25.2% of patients); 61.3% of all patients continued to take the same dose
      throughout the 4-week study. The most frequent adverse reactions were generally
      nonspecific and typical of therapy with a diuretic. The withdrawal rate due to
      adverse events was significantly lower (p less than 0.005) with the smaller
      (4.4%) than with the larger (5.6%) dosage. Although not statistically significant
      overall, reported adverse reactions also favored a lower dose. In general,
      adverse reactions occurred more frequently in those taking concomitant
      medications. No significant difference relating to dose was detected in the
      percentage of initially normokalemic patients who became hyper- or hypokalemic by
      the end of the study. Older patients tended to achieve goal blood pressure more
      frequently than did younger patients. These results suggest that the potential
      for the development of thiazide-induced hypokalemia and other adverse effects
      appears to be greatly reduced by the use of a potassium-sparing agent combined
      with a thiazide diuretic, without incurring a greatly increased risk of
      hyperkalemia and without sacrificing efficacy.

PMID- 2911995
TI  - Creation of a regional medical-nutrition education network.
AB  - The Southeastern Regional Medical-Nutrition Education Network (SER-MEN) was
      developed to coordinate and improve nutrition education in a consortium of the
      medical schools in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina. SERMEN's
      central office is at the Medical College of Georgia with the testing office at
      the University of Alabama at Birmingham. Students, faculty, and consultants in
      nutrition, education, and computer networking work together on projects on each
      campus that are coordinated and planned through semiannual meetings. A
      standardized examination was developed with the Nutrition Test-Item Bank to
      assess nutrition knowledge at various years of medical students from network
      schools. Each SERMEN school is connected to a microcomputer system at the central
      office that provides access to a data base of nutrition education and resources
      on each campus for developing curricula and syllabi. Funding has been provided by
      societies, foundations, and government agencies.

PMID- 2911996
TI  - Relationship of vitamin A and vitamin E intake to fasting plasma retinol, retinol
      binding protein, retinyl esters, carotene, alpha-tocopherol, and cholesterol
      among elderly people and young adults: increased plasma retinyl esters among
      vitamin A-supplement users.
AB  - We studied the relationships of supplemental and total vitamin A and supplemental
      vitamin E intake with fasting plasma biochemical indicators of vitamin A and
      vitamin E nutritional status among 562 healthy elderly people (aged 60-98 y) and
      194 healthy young adult (aged 19-59 y) volunteers. All subjects were nonsmokers.
      For the young adults, plasma retinol was significantly greater in males than in
      females (p less than 0.01); retinol was not related to supplemental vitamin A
      intake for either group. Fasting plasma retinyl esters demonstrated a significant
      increase with vitamin A supplement use. For supplemental vitamin A intakes of
      5001-10,000 IU/d, a 2.5-fold increase over nonusers in fasting plasma retinyl
      esters was observed for elderly people (p less than 0.05) and a 1.5-fold increase
      for young adults (p greater than 0.20). For elderly people, greater fasting
      plasma retinyl esters were associated with long-term vitamin A supplement use
      (greater than 5 y) and biochemical evidence of liver damage. Elderly people who
      take vitamin A supplements may be at increased risk for vitamin A overload.

PMID- 2911997
TI  - Vitamin E supplementation in very-low-birth-weight infants: long-term follow-up
      at two different levels of vitamin E supplementation.
AB  - This study evaluates the need of vitamin E supplementation in very-low-birth
      weight infants by long-term follow-up of plasma vitamin E status during the first
      15 mo of life, with two different levels of supplementation. The subjects were 51
      newborn infants with birth weights less than or equal to 1520 g. During
      hospitalization the infants were fed human milk. On the third day of life oral
      vitamin E supplementation of less than or equal to 10 mg/d was started in all
      infants. In addition, 23 infants selected at random were given intramuscular
      vitamin E (20 mg/kg/d) during the first 3 d. The data indicate that the 10 mg/d
      supplement resulted in an adequate plasma concentration of vitamin E. After
      cessation of supplementation at age 3 mo, the risk of low plasma vitamin E levels
      increased. Although intramuscular administration resulted in long-lasting
      increments in mean plasma vitamin E values, some later levels in these infants
      were marginal.

PMID- 2911998
TI  - Biotin transport in the human intestine: inhibition by anticonvulsant drugs.
AB  - The effect of the anticonvulsant drugs carbamazepine and primidone on the
      transport of biotin in the human intestine was examined with purified brush
      border membrane vesicles (BBMVs) and basolateral membrane vesicles (BLMVs). Both
      agents inhibited biotin transport in BBMV in a concentration-dependent manner.
      The inhibition by both carbamazepine and primidone was competitive (inhibition
      constant [Ki] of 4.70 and 2.25 mmol/L, respectively) and appeared to be specific
      because the transport of D-glucose was not affected by different concentrations
      of these pharmacologic agents. The transport of biotin in BLMV was not affected
      by carbamazepine or primidone. These results demonstrate that carbamazepine and
      primidone are competitive inhibitors of biotin transport in the human intestine
      and that the inhibitory effect is directed toward the substrate transport system
      at the brush border membrane of the enterocyte. These findings may relate to
      possible impairment of biotin status in patients on long-term therapy with
      anticonvulsant agents.

PMID- 2911999
TI  - Iron absorption in man: ascorbic acid and dose-dependent inhibition by phytate.
AB  - The dose-dependent inhibitory effect of sodium phytate on iron absorption was
      studied in man by serving wheat rolls containing no phytates and rolls to which
      various amounts (seven dose levels between 2 and 250 mg expressed as phytate
      phosphorus) were added just before serving. Fe in the two kinds of rolls was
      labeled with two radioisotopes of Fe (55Fe, 59Fe) and the rolls were served on
      alternate days. The inhibition of Fe absorption was strongly related to the
      amount of phytate added; 2 mg inhibited absorption by 18%, (p less than 0.001),
      25 mg by 64% (p less than 0.001), and 250 mg by 82% (p less than 0.001). The
      addition of ascorbic acid significantly counteracted the inhibition whereas the
      corresponding effect of meat was less well defined and only seen at the highest
      phytate level. The marked inhibition of Fe absorption by phytates and the
      significant counteracting effect of ascorbic acid have wide nutritional
      implications.

PMID- 2912000
TI  - Iron, copper, and zinc status: response to supplementation with zinc or zinc and
      iron in adult females.
AB  - Response of iron, copper, and zinc status to supplementation with Zn or a
      combination of Zn and Fe was assessed in adult females in a 10-wk study. Group Z
      received 50 mg Zn/d as Zn gluconate; group F-Z received 50 mg Fe as ferrous
      sulfate monohydrate in addition to the Zn. For Group Z, serum ferritin,
      hematocrit, and erythrocyte Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (ESOD) were significantly
      lower (p less than 0.05) after 10 wk supplementation compared with pretreatment
      levels. Serum Zn increased (p less than 0.01) but no change occurred in serum
      ceruloplasmin, hemoglobin, or salivary sediment Zn with treatment. For Group F-Z
      ESOD decreased with treatment as did salivary sediment Zn (p less than 0.05).
      Serum ferritin and serum Zn increased significantly, but hemoglobin, hematocrit,
      and ceruloplasmin were not affected by this treatment. Supplementation with Zn
      poses a risk to Fe and Cu status. Inclusion of Fe with Zn ameliorates the effect
      on Fe but not on Cu status.

PMID- 2912002
TI  - Clinical nutrition accreditation.

PMID- 2912001
TI  - Manganese retention in man: a method for estimating manganese absorption in man.
AB  - Whole-body retention of 54Mn was studied in man by measurements in a sensitive
      whole-body counter after intake of an extrinsically labeled infant formula.
      Reproducible retention figures at day 10 were observed after repeated
      administrations to six subjects; 2.3 +/- 1.1, 3.3 +/- 3.1, and 2.4 +/- 1.4%
      (means +/- SD) for three separate occasions. Interindividual variation of
      manganese retention after intake of the same labeled diet was, however, shown to
      be substantial. Retention at day 10 was 2.9 +/- 1.8% (means +/- SD) and varied
      from 0.6 to 9.2% when measured in 14 healthy subjects. Large interindividual
      variations in rate of excretion were observed. The retention measurements for
      days 10-30, however, could be closely fitted to a single exponential function for
      each individual. The results regarding intraindividual and interindividual
      variation in Mn retention indicate that factors influencing Mn absorption can be
      identified only by repeated administrations using each subject as his/her own
      control.

PMID- 2912004
TI  - Estimation of lean body mass by bioelectrical impedance.

PMID- 2912003
TI  - Relationship of blood pressure, calcium intake, and parathyroid hormone.

PMID- 2912005
TI  - Body fat distribution and weight loss in obese women.

PMID- 2912006
TI  - The Surgeon General's Report on Nutrition and Health: policy implications and
      implementation strategies.
AB  - The Surgeon General's Report on Nutrition and Health was developed primarily as
      an authoritative source of information on which to base nutrition policy
      decisions. It presents a comprehensive review of the evidence that links diet to
      chronic disease, states the consensus of the Public Health Service on the policy
      implications of that evidence, and recommends specific dietary changes to reduce
      disease risk. It identifies reduction of fat consumption as the primary dietary
      priority and distinguishes recommendations appropriate for the general public
      from those for special populations. Its consensus on the scientific basis of diet
      disease relationships establishes a foundation from which to develop policies and
      programs to implement the report's recommendations. The federal role in
      implementation is necessary and desirable but not sufficient. Leadership and
      commitment from the state, local, private, and voluntary sectors are also
      essential for creation of an environment that promotes improved food choices by
      individuals.

PMID- 2912007
TI  - Reliability of fat-free mass estimates derived from total-body electrical
      conductivity measurements as influenced by changes in extracellular fluid volume.
AB  - Our study addresses the concern that the relationship between total-body
      electrical conductivity (TOBEC) measurements and the fat-free mass (FFM) or total
      body water (TBW) of an individual is altered if significant fluid and electrolyte
      changes occur. Body composition and TOBEC measurements were obtained from 11
      healthy miniature piglets before and after an intraperitoneal injection of
      physiological saline. The procedure expanded the extracellular fluid (ECF) volume
      by 11.8-34.1%, which represented an average increase in TBW of 7.9%. The linear
      regressions that related the preinjection and postinjection estimates of TBW or
      FFM to the corresponding transformed TOBEC signals were the same. Thus, the
      prediction equations derived for the untreated piglets accurately predicted both
      TBW and FFM in the piglets whose volume was expanded. These data suggest that
      prediction equations derived from healthy subjects should be equally valid for
      subjects with altered fluid status.

PMID- 2912008
TI  - Changes in fat-free mass during weight loss measured by bioelectrical impedance
      and by densitometry.
AB  - A group of 13 apparently healthy, premenopausal obese women (134-196% ideal
      weight) volunteered in a weight reduction study for 8 wk on a 4200 kJ (1000 kcal)
      diet. Before and after the weight reduction period body composition was measured
      by densitometry and by the bioelectrical impedance method. Changes in fat mass
      and fat-free mass were calculated. Mean weight loss was 10.0 +/- 2.8 kg and loss
      of fat-free mass was measured to be 2.3 +/- 1.7 kg (23%) by densitometry and 0.6
      +/- 1.9 kg (6%) by impedance measurements. The underestimation of the change in
      fat-free mass measured by the impedance method could be due to losses of water
      bound to glycogen after the weight-reduction period. For this reason the
      impedance method may be not applicable in studies in which changes in glycogen
      stores can be expected.

PMID- 2912009
TI  - Accuracy of heart-rate monitoring and activity diaries for estimating energy
      expenditure.
AB  - The accuracy of heart-rate monitoring and activity diaries for measuring energy
      expenditure in free-living individuals was studied in 12 women. Estimates of
      energy expenditure were calculated from heart-rate monitoring by use of four
      different prediction equations to describe the relationship between heart rate
      and energy expenditure. Estimates of energy expenditure from activity diaries
      were calculated using both individually measured and published values for the
      energy cost of activities. Energy intake adjusted for changes in body-energy
      stores was used as a reference. Heart-rate monitoring overestimated group energy
      expenditure from 2 to 9% and the errors in estimating individual energy
      expenditure ranged from -53 to 67%. Activity diaries underestimated group energy
      expenditure by 2-6% and the errors in estimating individual energy expenditure
      ranged from -39 to 56%. Heart-rate monitoring and activity diaries may prove
      useful for estimating the energy expenditure of groups but not individuals.

PMID- 2912010
TI  - Normal caffeine consumption: influence on thermogenesis and daily energy
      expenditure in lean and postobese human volunteers.
AB  - Single-dose oral administration of 100 mg caffeine increased the resting
      metabolic rate of both lean and postobese human volunteers by 3-4% (p less than
      0.02) over 150 min and improved the defective diet-induced thermogenesis observed
      in the postobese subjects. Measurements of energy expenditure (EE) in a room
      respirometer indicate that repeated caffeine administration (100 mg) at 2-h
      intervals over a 12-h day period increased the EE of both subject groups by 8-11%
      (p less than 0.01) during that period but had no influence on the subsequent 12-h
      night EE. The net effect was a significant increase (p less than 0.02) in daily
      EE of 150 kcal in the lean volunteers and 79 kcal in the postobese subjects.
      Caffeine at commonly consumed doses can have a significant influence on energy
      balance and may promote thermogenesis in the treatment of obesity.

PMID- 2912011
TI  - Gastric acid secretion, gastrin release, and gastric emptying in humans as
      affected by liquid meal temperature.
AB  - We investigated the effect of the temperature of a liquid meal on intragastric
      temperature, gastric acid secretion, gastrin release, and gastric emptying in
      normal human subjects. Coffee (360 mL) was infused into the stomach through a
      nasogastric tube at 58 (steaming hot), 37, or 4 degrees C (ice cold).
      Intragastric temperature, measured by an intragastric temperature sensor attached
      to the nasogastric tube, returned to body temperature 16.7 +/- 2.7 min after the
      hot meal and 23.8 +/- 1.1 min after the cold meal. Gastric acid secretion
      increased after hot, warm, and cold coffee but the initial temperature of the
      meal had no effect on gastric acid secretion. The temperature of the meal also
      had no effect on serum gastrin concentrations, which increased significantly
      after all the meals. Gastric emptying of hot, warm, or cold coffee meals was
      similar. These findings indicate that over a wide temperature range, the
      temperature of a liquid meal has little effect on gastric function in humans.

PMID- 2912012
TI  - Nonlipid formula components and fat absorption in the low-birth-weight newborn.
AB  - The relationship between nonlipid formula components and fat absorption in
      newborns is largely uninvestigated. Two formulas of identical fat blend but
      different protein quality and acid-base properties were fed to two groups of
      babies from birth and during 3-5 d balance periods in the third week of life.
      Babies receiving a formula of higher acidity containing predominantly curd
      protein absorbed a significantly lower percentage of their fat and nitrogen
      intake than babies receiving a curd-and-whey protein formula (fat absorptions of
      73 +/- 11.0 and 85 +/- 8.0%, means +/- SD, p less than 0.04; N absorptions of 90
      +/- 3.0 and 93 +/- 1.0%, p less than 0.03, respectively). The feces of the curd
      formula babies contained a smaller proportion of long-chain, saturated fatty
      acids and a larger proportion of shorter-chain and unsaturated fatty acids. Fatty
      acid type and triglyceride structure are not the only factors influencing fat
      absorption in newborns. Other formula components may need modification to achieve
      maximum fat absorption.

PMID- 2912013
TI  - Evaluation of urinary 3-methylhistidine excretion in infection by measurements of
      1-methylhistidine and the creatinine ratios.
AB  - When 3-methylhistidine (3MH) excretion is used as an indicator of myofibrillar
      protein catabolism, there are restricting factors, such as meat intake, incorrect
      24-h urine collections, and a large interindividual variation in basal excretion.
      1-Methylhistidine (1MH) was previously suggested as an indicator of meat intake.
      We studied the basal urinary excretion of 1MH and whether this was influenced by
      infection and we compared the use of 3MH vs the 3MH:creatinine ratio (3MH:Cr) in
      detecting changes during infection. The basal excretion of 1MH was 84.9 mumol/24
      h and its creatinine molar ratio (1MH:Cr) was 7.4 x 10(-3) with no change during
      infection. Because 1MH:Cr was significantly increased in 4 of 14 patients, their
      3MH values were considered influenced by meat intake and thus discarded. Among
      the remaining 10 patients, 9 showed a significant individual increase in 3MH:Cr
      during infection compared with only 4 in 3MH. This was due to a higher precision
      in 3MH:Cr despite the concomitant significant increase in urinary creatinine
      excretion.

PMID- 2912014
TI  - Calorie-restricted low-fat diet and exercise in obese women.
AB  - The effects of caloric restriction and exercise on body composition, resting
      metabolic rate (RMR), and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) were studied for 16 wk
      in 26 premenopausal obese women. Exercise (X) vs nonexercise (NX) was crossed
      with a low-fat, ad libitum-carbohydrate (AL) diet vs a restricted (R) (800 kcal)
      low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet in a 2 x 2 factorial design. Subjects were
      randomly assigned to one of the four treatment groups. Body-weight and percent
      fat losses were significant (p less than 0.05) in all groups but greater in
      subjects assigned to the R diet (p less than 0.05) and/or X (p less than 0.10)
      groups. Exercise increased (p less than 0.01) VO2 max but neither exercise nor
      diet influenced fat-free mass or RMR (kcal.m-2.h-1), both of which remained
      unchanged over time. A program similar to that followed by the ALX group is
      recommended for long-term weight control and overall health.

PMID- 2912015
TI  - Decreased caloric intake in normal-weight patients with bulimia: comparison with
      female volunteers.
AB  - Patients with bulimia (binge-purge syndrome) frequently complain that they
      consume a very restrictive diet to avoid gaining weight. To investigate this
      claim, 23 hospitalized bulimic patients were assessed daily for body weight,
      caloric intake, macronutrient diet content, activity measures, and body
      composition estimates during weight-stable periods. Bulimic patients ate fewer
      kilocalories per kilogram body weight (22.1 +/- 4.6 kcal/kg) than did age-matched
      normal women (29.7 +/- 6.5 kcal/kg) but had similar activity levels and body
      composition. Clinical variables, such as history of laxative abuse, anorexia, or
      obesity, and physiological characteristics, such as body weight, activity level,
      or dietary content, could not account for this difference in caloric consumption.
      Bulimic patients tended to eat a diet lower in fat and higher in protein than did
      control subjects. These results agree with observations of increased efficiency
      of caloric utilization in obese patients and support patient complaints of a
      tendency to gain weight easily.

PMID- 2912016
TI  - Sustained depression of the resting metabolic rate after massive weight loss.
AB  - To assess potential long-term effects of weight loss on resting metabolic rate
      (RMR), the RMRs of seven obese women were measured by indirect calorimetry before
      weight loss, during a protein-sparing modified fast, and for 2 mo while at a
      stable reduced weight. Body composition was also determined at each interval. RMR
      significantly decreased 22% (p less than 0.01) with initiation of the modified
      fast. RMR values during the modified fast and during the maintenance diet at
      stable reduced weight were not different and all were significantly lower than
      the prediet RMR. Loss of lean tissue could not account for the decrease because
      changes in RMR per fat-free mass paralleled the total RMR reduction. A sustained
      decrement in RMR accompanied weight loss and persisted for greater than or equal
      to 8 wk despite increased caloric consumption and body weight stabilization.

PMID- 2912017
TI  - Phase II study of diaziquone in untreated advanced gastric carcinoma. A Southwest
      Oncology Group Study.
AB  - Twenty-nine patients with a diagnosis of advanced adenocarcinoma of the stomach
      with gross unresectable or measurable residual disease and no prior therapy were
      entered into a study utilizing diaziquone (AZQ) in an intermittent 3-week
      schedule of 40 mg/m2. Of 28 eligible patients, 1 (4%) experienced a partial
      response, 7 (25%) had stable disease of no response, and 18 (64%) developed
      increasing disease. Two (7%) were unevaluable. Median survival was 3.8 months.
      Major toxicities were myelosuppression and gastrointestinal, 11 of which were
      considered to be life-threatening. AZQ used as a single intermittent agent
      appears to have no significant activity to warrant use in untreated advanced
      gastric carcinoma. However, recognizing the short plasma half-life of AZQ,
      significant responses by other schedules of administration are not precluded.

PMID- 2912018
TI  - Oral idarubicin in measurable gastric cancer.
AB  - Seventeen patients with advanced gastric adenocarcinoma, previously untreated
      with chemotherapy, have been included in a Phase II study with idarubicin (IDA),
      15 mg/m2/day, orally, for three consecutive days every 3 weeks. All cases had
      measurable disease. Sixteen of 17 patients are evaluable for response. Complete
      or partial responses were not observed. Two patients had partial response less
      than 50%, one patient no change, and the remaining 13 patients disease
      progression. The median leukocytes and platelets nadir was 3600 and 186,000/mm3,
      respectively. Gastrointestinal toxicity was mild. The median total cumulative
      dose of IDA was 90 mg/m2 (range 45-180 mg/m2). Clinical cardiac toxicity was not
      observed. IDA, at the dose and by the route used, is not active in gastric
      cancer.

PMID- 2912019
TI  - Radiation therapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the supraglottic larynx.
AB  - Sixty-five patients with invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the supraglottic
      larynx received irradiation with curative intent between 1975 and 1984, with a 5
      year actuarial survival of 48% and a local control rate of 70%. Five-year
      survivals for clinical Stages I, II, and III + IV were 60, 53, and 52%,
      respectively; local control rates were 88, 76, and 63%, respectively. These
      patients included one treated with preoperative irradiation, 35 treated with
      surgery followed by postoperative irradiation, and 29 treated with radiation
      therapy alone. In the surgery plus irradiation group, 5-year local control was
      93% for clinical Stages I + II (14 patients), and 61% for clinical Stages III +
      IV (21 patients). Three patients had pathologic Stage II disease, with the
      remainder demonstrating a higher pathologic than clinical stage. Multiple
      positive nodes predisposed to local/regional recurrence, while no relationship
      could be established between recurrence and extracapsular nodal spread, positive
      margins, emergency tracheostomy, total versus less-than-total laryngectomy,
      radiation field size, radiation dose, or delay until radiation therapy, probably
      because of patient numbers. Six patients, five with positive nodes, developed
      distant metastases, and three developed second primary tumors outside the head
      and neck region. In the radiation therapy alone group, 5-year local control rates
      were 86, 59, and 53% for clinical Stages I (7 patients), II (11 patients), and
      III + IV (11 patients), respectively. However, three of four Stage II
      local/regional failures were surgically salvaged for periods greater than 30
      months, for an ultimate Stage II local control of 89%. No relationship could be
      established between local control and radiation dose or field size, again
      probably because of small patient numbers. Three patients developed distant
      metastases, and eight developed second malignancies, one within the irradiated
      volume. Fifteen patients developed acute toxicity during irradiation, and there
      were eight chronic complications, five requiring surgery; toxicity was more
      common in the group treated with radiation alone. Radiation therapy alone with
      surgical salvage is an effective, function-preserving treatment for clinical
      Stages I and II carcinoma of the supraglottic larynx, and appears to yield local
      control and survival comparable with that of combined irradiation and surgery in
      more advanced disease.

PMID- 2912020
TI  - Phase II trial of N-methylformamide in advanced renal cancer.
AB  - N-methylformamide (NMF) (800-1,000 mg/m2 i.v. day 1) was given to 14 patients
      with measurable, advanced renal cell carcinoma in this Phase II trial. Treatment
      was repeated every 28 days. Significant toxicities included drug-induced
      hepatitis along with moderate nausea and vomiting. No objective responses were
      seen although several patients had stable disease with treatment for prolonged
      periods. NMF is not an active agent in renal cell cancer when administered by
      this schedule.

PMID- 2912021
TI  - Neoadjuvant or definitive alternating chemotherapy and radiotherapy for
      infiltrating bladder cancer.
AB  - Thirty-two patients with infiltrating bladder cancer were treated with
      transurethral resection followed by one course of alternating chemoradiotherapy
      before radical cystectomy (group A, 20 patients) or two courses as definitive
      procedure (group B, 12 patients). One course consisted of: cisplatin 20 mg/m2
      i.v. and 5-fluorouracil 200 mg/m2 i.v. for 5 consecutive days, the first and the
      fourth weeks; radiotherapy 20 Gy in 10 fractions in the second and third weeks.
      At the seventh week the same integrated therapy was restarted in group B. All 32
      patients were evaluable for toxicity after the first course: no grade IV toxicity
      was observed. Significant increase in hematological toxicity was observed in 12
      patients who received the second course of chemoradiotherapy: two patients had
      grade IV toxicity, and five patients had grade III. Fifteen patients of group A
      underwent radical cystectomy: 40% had a pathological (p) complete response (CR)
      and 13.3% a partial response Five patients in group A did not receive either the
      second course of therapy or cystectomy because of age (three patients), vascular
      obliteration (one patient) and enteritis (one patient). Actuarial disease-free
      survival in group A is 78% at 21 months. All patients of group B obtained
      clinical (c) CR and all but one have no evidence of disease at a median follow-up
      of 10 months (range 6-13). The high pCR and cCR obtained in patients of group A
      and group B, respectively, appears promising. A longer follow-up and a larger
      number of patients is required to determine the role of this integrated
      treatment.

PMID- 2912022
TI  - A phase II trial of intermittent leukocyte interferon and high dose chlorambucil
      in the treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma resistant to conventional therapy.
AB  - Thirteen patients with advanced non-Hodgkin's lymphoma who previously failed
      conventional chemotherapy protocols were treated with a combination of alpha
      interferon (IFN) 6,000,000 units i.m. days 1-5 and 8, plus chlorambucil (CLB) 16
      mg/m2 days 5-9 repeated every 4 weeks. There were five complete responses (CRs)
      and one partial response (PR) (46% total responses) with mean duration of
      remission of 456+ days. Responses were obtained in low and intermediate grade
      lymphomas. Toxicity was acceptable and easily managed. It is unlikely that IFN
      alone using this low dose intermittent schedule is responsible for the
      remissions. The combination of the two agents appears to be an effective
      treatment modality. IFN may be functioning as a biological response modifier when
      used in combination with a cytotoxic agent.

PMID- 2912023
TI  - The case in developing countries for routine postoperative radiotherapy after
      mastectomy in patients with histologically positive axillary nodes.

PMID- 2912024
TI  - Phase II trial of spirogermanium and vindesine in malignant glioma.
AB  - Fifty-four adults with recurrent malignant glioma were treated on an Eastern
      Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) trial. All had previous radiation therapy, and
      70% had previous chemotherapy. They were assigned to either vindesine 3 mg/m2
      weekly or spirogermanium 80 mg/m2 three times weekly with escalation to 120
      mg/m2. The response was 4% to vindesine, and 8% to spirogermanium. The duration
      of response was 53 days for a patient who had clinical improvement only, but
      greater than 151 days and greater than 1066 days for two patients who had
      achieved a greater than 50% reduction in tumor size by computed tomography (CT).
      The toxicities were hematologic for vindesine and neurologic for spirogermanium.
      Neither agent seems to have sufficient efficacy to warrant further trials in
      previously treated glioma patients.

PMID- 2912025
TI  - Cardiac response to upper gastrointestinal endoscopy.
AB  - In 54 subjects, cardiac function was investigated during upper gastrointestinal
      endoscopy with a Holter electrocardiorecorder. The heart rate of patients who
      were premedicated with an anticholinergic agent increased more than did that of
      patients who received no premedication. In the group who received no
      anticholinergic premedication, sinus tachycardia was evident during endoscopy,
      but the only clinically important change was in one patient who converted to
      atrial flutter from atrial fibrillation. The heart rate increased during
      endoscopy among patients undergoing the procedure for the first time, but it did
      not increase in the patients who had previously undergone endoscopy. These
      results show that endoscopy is a relatively safe examination from the view point
      of cardiac risk when performed without the administration of an anticholinergic
      agent, but that cardiac patients should be monitored carefully. The endoscopist
      should also take into consideration the psychological state of the examinees.

PMID- 2912026
TI  - The ileum is the major site of absorption of vitamin B12 analogues.
AB  - Non-cobalamin vitamin B12 analogues constitute a significant percentage of total
      corrinoids in human serum. The source and means of absorption of analogues and
      their significance are largely unknown. We studied the sites of production and
      absorption of B12 analogues by measuring serum vitamin B12 and analogues in 93
      patients with various gastrointestinal diseases: pernicious anemia (PA), ileal
      resections, ileitis, Crohn's colitis, ulcerative colitis, and irritable bowel
      syndrome (IBS). Patients with PA had normal analogue levels that were unchanged
      or that rose during cessation of B12 administration. Patients with IBS, Crohn's
      colitis, ulcerative colitis, and total colectomies had B12 analogues in the
      normal range. Patients with diseased or resected ileums had low B12 and
      analogues. These data suggest that serum B12 analogues are absorbed in the ileum
      by a mechanism independent of intrinsic factor, and that colonic bacteria and
      endogenous metabolism of vitamin B12 do not contribute significantly to their
      level.

PMID- 2912027
TI  - Fecal fat concentration in the differential diagnosis of steatorrhea.
AB  - Many approaches have been proposed to differentiate between steatorrhea due to
      pancreatic insufficiency and intestinal disease. Bo-Linn and Fordtran recently
      suggested that fecal fat concentration (FFC) is a useful screening test for this
      distinction. Our aim was to validate their result in a large group of patients.
      Fecal fat concentrations were calculated for 613 fecal fat tests in 538 patients.
      Included were 88 patients with pancreatic steatorrhea (13 pancreatic carcinoma, 6
      cystic fibrosis, and 69 chronic pancreatitis) and 525 with nonpancreatic
      steatorrhea. The mean FFC of patients with pancreatic disease (15.0 +/- 1.9 g%,
      mean +/- SEM) was significantly higher than that of patients with other diseases
      causing malabsorption (8.9 +/- 0.3 g%, p less than 0.001). Forty-two percent of
      patients with pancreatic steatorrhea had an FFC below 10 g%. The overlapping of
      the FFC of steatorrhea due to pancreatic disease and that produced by celiac
      disease, gastric resection, and other conditions suggests that this approach does
      not differentiate between pancreatic and intestinal steatorrhea.

PMID- 2912028
TI  - Cigarette smoking in Crohn's disease.
AB  - Crohn's disease is a chronic disease of unknown etiology. Previous reports have
      suggested that cigarette smoking may be associated with the development of
      Crohn's disease. To examine this association, we conducted a case-control study
      of patients referred to a single practice over a 7-month period. The cigarette
      smoking habits of 115 patients with Crohn's disease were compared with the
      cigarette-smoking exposure of 109 patients with the irritable bowel syndrome.
      Patients with Crohn's disease were more likely to smoke at the time of symptom
      onset than were irritable bowel syndrome controls (age and sex adjusted odds
      ratio 3.71, 95% confidence interval 1.93-7.13). After the diagnosis of Crohn's
      disease, patients were less likely to quit smoking (odds ratio 0.35, 95%
      confidence interval 0.18-0.69) than controls. This study demonstrates an
      association and a temporal relationship between cigarette smoking and Crohn's
      disease. For the exposure to be considered an etiologic factor for disease,
      biologic plausibility and pathophysiologic mechanisms require elucidation.

PMID- 2912029
TI  - Rectosigmoid motility in patients with quiescent and active ulcerative colitis.
AB  - We studied the pathophysiology of diarrhea in ulcerative colitis by evaluating
      and comparing rectosigmoid motility before, during, and after a 900-cal meal in
      healthy subjects, patients with quiescent ulcerative colitis, and patients with
      active ulcerative colitis. Three intraluminal pressure transducers were used for
      recording of rectosigmoid motility. Motility during fasting, eating, and after
      eating a meal was similar in patients with quiescent disease and controls.
      Motility increased significantly during eating in controls, but not in patients
      with quiescent disease. In patients with active colitis, motility was
      significantly reduced during fasting, eating, and after eating, compared with
      controls. Motility increased significantly during eating in patients with active
      disease. Propagated activity was similar in the three study groups; therefore,
      the decreased motility was due to decrease in segmental contractions. These
      findings suggest that diarrhea in patients with active colitis may be related to
      the loss of normal segmental contractions which delay distal stool transport.

PMID- 2912030
TI  - Bilateral ureteral obstruction: an unusual complication of pancreatitis.
AB  - A case of bilateral ureteral obstruction associated with alcoholic pancreatitis
      in a 40-yr-old male patient is reported. Although pancreatitis complicated by
      pseudocyst formation has been known to involve intra- and extraabdominal organs,
      bilateral ureteral obstruction has not been reported. We postulated that in the
      case reported herein, periureteral fat necrosis involving both ureters was the
      primary etiological mechanism.

PMID- 2912031
TI  - Heterotopic pancreas: gastric outlet obstruction secondary to pancreatitis and
      pancreatic pseudocyst.
AB  - Heterotopic pancreas, usually a silent gastrointestinal anomaly, may become
      clinically evident when complicated by a pathologic process. We report a unique
      case in which pancreatitis and pseudocyst formation in an antral lesion produced
      gastric outlet obstruction. The nature of heterotopic pancreas, its diagnosis,
      and management are discussed.

PMID- 2912032
TI  - Idiopathic benign stricture of the common bile duct.
AB  - An unusual case of idiopathic benign stricture of the intrapancreatic portion of
      the common bile duct is described. Because of the absence of a history of
      pancreatitis or an operation upon the biliary tract, the obstruction was thought
      to be due to malignancy. However, histologic studies of tissues removed by
      pancreaticoduodenectomy established that the lesion was a benign stricture.

PMID- 2912033
TI  - Hepatoportal arteriovenous fistula treated with detachable balloon embolotherapy.
AB  - Hepatic artery to portal vain fistulas were first reported in 1892. Symptoms of
      portal hypertension usually occur within weeks to months, once the fistula
      develops. Various attempts at surgical occlusion and embolization, with varying
      results, have been reported. This report is of a 33-yr-old woman who, 23 yrs
      after an automobile accident, was admitted with ascites and diagnosed as having a
      right hepatic artery-to-portal vein fistula (RHAPVF), which was successfully
      occluded via detachable balloon embolic therapy. The ascites resolved within 3
      days of the embolotherapy, and subsequent follow-up revealed no recurrence of
      ascites during the next 18 months.

PMID- 2912034
TI  - Severe hemolysis after distal splenorenal shunt.
AB  - We report a case of severe hemolysis after distal splenorenal shunt. Hemolysis
      was suddenly recognized at the time splenorenal venous anastomosis was completed,
      and it continued on the operative day and the first postoperative day. After the
      shunt, the intraoperative splenic venous blood flow was approximately double its
      previous level, as measured by electromagnetic flowmeter. Angiographic partial
      splenic embolization was performed on the second postoperative day, and then
      hemolysis stopped suddenly. This suggested that hemolysis after distal
      splenorenal shunt was related to increased splenic blood flow and acceleration of
      erythrocyte destruction.

PMID- 2912035
TI  - Gross hematuria following sclerotherapy of esophageal varices in patients with
      cystic fibrosis.
AB  - We report two patients with portal hypertension secondary to cystic fibrosis who
      developed transient gross hematuria following injection sclerotherapy of
      esophageal varices. Both patients developed this complication within 6 h of
      sclerosing sessions during which sodium morrhuate was used. Each cleared her
      hematuria within 4 days without developing oliguric renal insufficiency.
      Subsequent sclerotherapy was associated with no untoward effects. These are the
      only two pediatric patients among 40 whose varices we have sclerosed who have
      developed gross hematuria at the time of sclerotherapy, and they are our only two
      patients undergoing sclerotherapy who have had cystic fibrosis. The factors
      rendering them vulnerable to renal or urinary tract insult in the absence of
      other systemic complications are unclear. However, the therapeutic endoscopist
      should be cognizant of this potential adverse reaction when performing
      sclerotherapy.

PMID- 2912036
TI  - Metastatic hypernephroma to the ampulla of Vater: an unusual cause of
      malabsorption diagnosed at endoscopic sphincterotomy.

PMID- 2912037
TI  - Aeromonas hydrophila colitis presenting as medically refractory inflammatory
      bowel disease.

PMID- 2912038
TI  - Collagenous enterocolitis or colitis?

PMID- 2912039
TI  - Body weight and prognostic indicators in breast cancer. Modifying effect of
      estrogen receptors.
AB  - The relations of body weight, height, and Quetelet index to axillary node
      involvement at diagnosis, estrogen receptor status, and histologic features of
      the primary tumor were examined in 656 patients with a newly diagnosed
      infiltrating breast carcinoma first treated in Quebec City from July 1982 to
      December 1984. Node involvement increased with body weight and Quetelet index.
      This association was more regular and much stronger among patients with estrogen
      receptor-positive tumors than among those with estrogen receptor-negative breast
      cancers. Among patients with estrogen receptor-positive tumors, the percentage
      with involved nodes at diagnosis increased regularly from 32.9% among lean
      patients (Quetelet index less than 21 kg/m2) to 65.6% among obese women (Quetelet
      index greater than 27 kg/m2). This trend was seen even after adjustment for age
      and tumor size. In contrast, among patients with estrogen receptor-negative
      breast cancers, the association of weight and Quetelet index with node
      involvement were weak and irregular. The modifying effect of estrogen receptor
      status on the relation of obesity to node involvement was apparent in pre- and
      post-menopausal women. Body weight and Quetelet index were not related to
      estrogen receptor status or to any of the measured histologic features of breast
      tumors including nuclear grade, histologic grade, tubule formation, mitotic
      activity, and size of nucleus of cancer cells. These findings suggest that the
      observed deleterious effect of obesity on breast cancer prognosis is unlikely to
      be an artifact of delayed diagnosis in overweight patients. It may be due to
      hormonal changes associated with increases in body weight.

PMID- 2912040
TI  - Breast cancer before age 45 and oral contraceptive use: new findings.
AB  - The relation between the risk of breast cancer before 45 years of age and oral
      contraceptive use was examined in a case-control study conducted in New York,
      Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Boston from 1983 to 1986 of 407 patients with breast
      cancer and 424 controls. With allowance for confounding, for ever use, the
      multivariate relative risk estimate was 2.0 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.4
      2.9). For less than 10 years of use, the estimate approximated 2.0 in all
      categories of duration, including less than three months; for 10 or more years of
      use it was 4.1 (95% CI, 1.8-9.3). The association was apparent in virtually all
      subgroups examined, including younger and older women, and women at low and high
      underlying risk of breast cancer. Contrary to some previous reports, the
      association was not stronger for use before a first term pregnancy or at an early
      age. The results suggest that oral contraceptive users, particularly those with
      very long durations of use, may be at increased risk of breast cancer. However,
      information bias, particularly for short-term use, could not be ruled out. There
      may also have been selection bias if oral contraceptive users were under more
      intensive medical surveillance. It has not been possible to reconcile the
      findings of the various studies to date, including the authors' earlier results
      showing no association. The latter results were derived from data collected using
      methods almost identical to those used in the present study.

PMID- 2912041
TI  - High density lipoprotein cholesterol levels among US adults by selected
      demographic and socioeconomic variables. The Second National Health and Nutrition
      Examination Survey 1976-1980.
AB  - The distribution of serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL cholesterol)
      levels was determined on a nationally representative sample of 9,625 adults aged
      20-74 years, as part of the Second National Health and Nutrition Examination
      Survey, 1976-1980 (NHANES II). Mean HDL cholesterol levels were higher in women
      compared with men (an age-adjusted difference of 8.9 mg/dl for whites and 4.4
      mg/dl for blacks). HDL cholesterol levels were higher in blacks compared with
      whites (an age-adjusted difference of 7.4 mg/dl for men and 2.8 mg/dl for women).
      All differences were statistically significant (p less than 0.01). These
      relations remained after stratification by age, income, poverty index, education,
      body mass index, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, and physical activity.
      For whites, HDL cholesterol levels were highest in the highest category of
      earnings, whereas blacks generally had lower levels of HDL cholesterol with
      increased earnings. In a multivariate model, important predictors of higher HDL
      cholesterol levels were being female, being black, and reporting a higher
      frequency of alcohol consumption. Less strongly related were age, years of
      education, and reported high physical activity. Smoking and body mass index were
      strongly negatively related to HDL cholesterol levels. The findings in this
      national study support previous findings in selected populations in the United
      States.

PMID- 2912042
TI  - Methods and prevalence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in a biethnic
      Colorado population. The San Luis Valley Diabetes Study.
AB  - The San Luis Valley Diabetes Study was undertaken to determine the prevalence,
      risk factors, and complications of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in
      Hispanics and Anglos (non-Hispanic whites), using a geographically based case
      control design. The study was conducted in two southern Colorado counties that
      include 43.6% Hispanic and 54.9% Anglo persons. Medical practice records were
      reviewed to identify medically diagnosed diabetics. Controls without diabetes
      were identified by a two-stage random sample of households. Diabetics (n = 343)
      and controls (n = 607) attended a clinic where an oral glucose tolerance test or
      current hypoglycemic therapy confirmed or diagnosed non-insulin-dependent
      diabetes mellitus. The age-adjusted prevalence of confirmed non-insulin-dependent
      diabetes mellitus was 21/1,000 in Anglo males and 44/1,000 in Hispanic males,
      accounting for non-response. For Anglo females, the prevalence was 13/1,000
      compared with 62/1,000 for Hispanic females, accounting for nonresponse.
      Previously undiagnosed non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus was also higher
      among Hispanics. There was a 2.1-fold excess of confirmed non-insulin-dependent
      diabetes mellitus among Hispanic males and a 4.8-fold excess among Hispanic
      females, consistent with the excess non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus among
      Hispanics reported from comparable studies. Non-insulin-dependent diabetes
      mellitus is a major chronic disease problem for persons of Hispanic ethnicity.

PMID- 2912043
TI  - Large fluctuations in body weight during young adulthood and twenty-five-year
      risk of coronary death in men.
AB  - The hypothesis that large fluctuations in weight during young adulthood are
      associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease was investigated by
      comparing the 25-year mortality of three groups of middle-aged men with
      distinctly different patterns of self-reported weight during young adulthood: 98
      men who reported large gains and large losses, 133 who reported large gains and
      no losses, and 178 who reported no substantial change in weight. They were
      selected from a cohort of 2,107 men aged 40-56 years who participated in the
      Western Electric Study from 1957 through 1983. The 25-year crude risk of coronary
      death was 26% in the "gain and loss" group, 15% in the "gain only" group, 14% in
      the "no change" group, and 17% in the remaining 1,550 men. After adjustment for
      age and major coronary risk factors, the relative risk of coronary death in the
      gain and loss group as compared with the no change group was 2.0 (95% confidence
      interval 1.2-3.5). Risk of death from cancer was highest in the gain only group,
      and risk of death from all causes combined was lowest in the no change group.
      These results support the concept that large changes in weight during young
      adulthood increase the risk of coronary disease and of cancer.

PMID- 2912044
TI  - An outbreak of influenza A/Taiwan/1/86 (H1N1) infections at a naval base and its
      association with airplane travel.
AB  - In late October 1986, an outbreak of influenza-like illness was detected at the
      Naval Air Station in Key West, Florida. Between October 10 and November 7, 1986,
      60 active duty personnel reported experiencing a respiratory illness
      characterized by fever, cough, sore throat, and myalgia. Influenza A/Taiwan/1/86
      (H1N1) virus was recovered from three symptomatic patients. Forty-one (68%) of 60
      case-patients belonged to a 114-person squadron that had traveled to Puerto Rico
      for a temporary assignment from October 17-28, 1986. Among squadron members, the
      attack rate for persons previously vaccinated with the 1986-1987 trivalent
      influenza vaccine and for those unvaccinated was the same (37%). Transmission of
      infection among squadron personnel appeared to have commenced in Key West and
      continued in a barracks in Puerto Rico and aboard two DC-9 aircraft that
      transported the squadron back to Key West on October 28. There was no evidence
      that the outbreak spread to the surrounding civilian communities in Puerto Rico
      or Key West. This was the first reported outbreak of respiratory illness due to
      influenza A/Taiwan/1/86 (H1N1) in the continental United States in the 1986-1987
      influenza season.

PMID- 2912045
TI  - Congenital rubella syndrome in the United States, 1970-1985. On the verge of
      elimination.
AB  - The National Congenital Rubella Syndrome Registry, a passive surveillance system,
      and the Birth Defects Monitoring Program, a newborn hospital discharge data set,
      are used to monitor the incidence of congenital rubella syndrome in the United
      States. Reports to the registry contain clinical and laboratory data which allow
      cases to be classified into six categories according to the likelihood of having
      congenital rubella syndrome. The monitoring program records newborn discharge
      diagnoses, without detailed information, of a nonrandom sample of about one
      fourth of the births in the United States annually. To evaluate the two systems
      and to estimate the actual incidence of congenital rubella syndrome, the authors
      collected hospital discharge summaries on all cases as reported by the monitoring
      program from 1970-1985 and classified them by the registry criteria. Of the 392
      cases reported to the monitoring program during 1970-1985, 24% (n = 93) could be
      classified as confirmed or compatible compared with 79% (n = 415) of the 526
      cases reported to the registry (rate ratio = 3.3; 95% confidence interval (CI)
      2.9-3.8). Diagnosis of congenital rubella syndrome was made during the neonatal
      period for 68% (263 of 389) registry cases for whom such data were available.
      When the Lincoln-Peterson capture-recapture method of estimating population size
      for independent surveillance systems was used, an estimated 1,064 confirmed and
      compatible cases (95% CI 668-1,460) diagnosed during the neonatal period occurred
      during 1970-1979, for an average of 106 cases per year. During 1980-1985, an
      estimate of 122 neonatal confirmed and compatible cases (95% CI 8-236) occurred,
      for an average of 20 cases per year. A downward secular trend in the incidence of
      congenital rubella syndrome beginning in 1980 was observed. The registry detected
      22% of all neonatal confirmed and compatible cases, the monitoring program
      detected 8%, and the two systems combined detected a total of 28%. The results
      indicate that congenital rubella syndrome may be on the verge of elimination in
      the United States.

PMID- 2912046
TI  - Bacteriuria in pregnancy. Frequency and risk of acquisition.
AB  - A total of 3,254 pregnant women attending two antenatal clinics in Goteborg,
      Sweden, were screened for bacteriuria. The coverage of the pregnant population in
      the areas served by the two clinics was estimated to be 88%. Of the women who
      were registered at the two clinics, 99% took part in at least one screening; 71%
      were screened during each of the three intervals. The high frequency of screening
      of the women made it possible to estimate the risk of acquiring bacteriuria
      during pregnancy. This risk increased with the duration of pregnancy from 0.8% of
      bacteriuric women in the 12th gestational week to 1.93% at the end of pregnancy.
      The risk of onset of bacteriuria was highest between the ninth and 17th
      gestational weeks. The 16th gestational week was the optimal time for a single
      screening for bacteriuria calculated as the number of bacteriuria-free
      gestational weeks gained by treatment.

PMID- 2912047
TI  - Factors associated with past household exposure to tobacco smoke.
AB  - With data that were obtained in a private census in Washington County, Maryland,
      in 1963, the prevalence of household exposure to tobacco smoke was determined,
      and factors associated with passive smoke exposure were identified among 48,342
      white adults. In 1963, 52% of men and 72% of women were exposed to smoke from
      others at home. Smokers of both sexes were more likely to live with other smokers
      than were nonsmokers. However, 30% of men who never smoked and 64% of women who
      never smoked lived with smokers. Marriage was a primary determinant of exposure
      for women but not for men, with 75% of married women who did not smoke exposed
      but only 38% of unmarried women who did not smoke exposed. Conversely, among men
      who did not smoke, exposure was more common among those who were not married than
      among those who were married. After control for other factors associated with
      exposure, exposure prevalence increased with years of school among men who did
      not smoke but decreased with years of school among women who did not smoke.
      Exposure prevalence also varied slightly with housing quality and location of
      residence. Smoking by spouse was an accurate reflection of household exposure for
      women but not for men; 88% of the exposure among women who did not smoke was
      contributed by the spouse, whereas only 62% of exposure among men who did not
      smoke was from the spouse.

PMID- 2912048
TI  - Papanicolaou test coverage without a cytology registry.
AB  - Because of problems in following women over time, it is difficult to assess the
      degree of Papanicolaou test coverage among the general population. In a region
      with no cytology register or recall system, the authors used data from Manitoba's
      universal health insurance plan to determine the actual number of women tested
      and the number of tests per woman from 1970 to 1984 inclusive. By cross-sectional
      analysis, the proportion screened annually was found to be highest for women aged
      25-34 years (50-57%) and decreased with increasing age. The proportion screened
      annually for women over 25 remained essentially unchanged over the 15 years (34
      39%). From a probability sample of women aged 35-64 years (n = 17,711), it was
      found that 91% had at least one test and 78% had three or more tests over 15
      years. Untested women tended to be single, older, and from rural or remote areas.
      To assess multiple testing, the authors used the cross-sectional data to
      determine the number of women with two or more tests per year. About 4% of women
      had two or more tests annually, and 60% of these were accompanied by a diagnosis
      suggestive of an abnormal gynecologic condition. On the basis of published
      recommended schedules for Papanicolaou testing, the authors conclude that the
      widespread testing in Manitoba shows that the voluntary system has been working
      fairly well. High rates of coverage were achieved but with a degree of
      overtesting for some women.

PMID- 2912049
TI  - Selection of neighborhood controls for a study of coronary artery disease.
AB  - This report describes the selection process for a neighborhood control group
      recruited between February 1985 and July 1986 to augment a hospital-based case
      control study investigating the relation of traditional and nontraditional risk
      factors to coronary artery atherosclerosis. A total of 219 cases with
      angiographically defined coronary artery disease residing within a 60-mi (96-km)
      radius of Winston-Salem, NC, were assigned to surveyors to be matched. Thirty
      seven per of the study population were rural, 92% were white, 58% were male, and
      52% were older than 50 years of age. One hundred and eighty-seven controls were
      age-(+/- five years), sex-, and race-matched pairwise to cases. After locating
      the residence of the case, the surveyor systematically visited neighboring
      households to ascertain eligibility status of residents. To achieve a match, a
      maximum of three visits was made to the neighborhood; up to 25 households were
      surveyed per visit. Refusal rate was less than 5% of eligible matches. Young
      white urban males were the easiest to match, while rural females, especially
      older persons, were the most difficult. Average time to complete an assignment
      included 129 minutes for travel, 237 minutes for surveying the neighborhood, and
      62 minutes for clerical tasks. Average distance traveled was 85 mi (136 km) per
      case. As expected, the time and distance to complete a case were greater in rural
      than urban areas. The average cost per case was $122.97.

PMID- 2912050
TI  - A study of repeatability of dietary data over a seven-year period.
AB  - A repeatability study of dietary intake has been carried out using 94 control
      subjects from a previously reported case-control study of diet and colorectal
      cancer. Dietary histories readministered on average seven years after an initial
      interview were used to estimate intake of various macro- and microdietary
      components. Comparisons of current intake with intake of seven years previously
      yielded good reliability for macrocomponents among subjects reporting no dietary
      change during the time period. Reliability was poorer for microcomponents and for
      subjects reporting a dietary change. Comparisons were also made between diet
      measured seven years previously with subjects' recall of that diet. It is
      concluded that current diet is at least as reliable a measure of past diet as
      that assessed by a questionnaire addressed to the past period.

PMID- 2912051
TI  - Estimating the morbidity risk of illness from survey data.
AB  - A method is proposed for using survey data to estimate lower and upper bounds for
      the lifetime risk of an illness (morbidity risk). The mathematical model used,
      which is based on a three-state Markov process, assumes that the illness is
      irreversible, but allows differential mortality. The data required include
      information on age at onset collected from prevalent cases, and an estimate of
      the magnitude of differential mortality, which ordinarily must come from
      published research. The method is illustrated using data from a community survey
      of psychiatric illness conducted in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.

PMID- 2912052
TI  - Epidemiologic programs for computers and calculators. A microcomputer program for
      multiple logistic regression by unconditional and conditional maximum likelihood
      methods.
AB  - A frequent procedure in matched case-control studies is to report results from
      the multivariate unmatched analyses if they do not differ substantially from the
      ones obtained after conditioning on the matching variables. Although conceptually
      simple, this rule requires that an extensive series of logistic regression models
      be evaluated by both the conditional and unconditional maximum likelihood
      methods. Most computer programs for logistic regression employ only one maximum
      likelihood method, which requires that the analyses be performed in separate
      steps. This paper describes a Pascal microcomputer (IBM PC) program that performs
      multiple logistic regression by both maximum likelihood estimation methods, which
      obviates the need for switching between programs to obtain relative risk
      estimates from both matched and unmatched analyses. The program calculates most
      standard statistics and allows factoring of categorical or continuous variables
      by two distinct methods of contrast. A built-in, descriptive statistics option
      allows the user to inspect the distribution of cases and controls across
      categories of any given variable.

PMID- 2912053
TI  - A dietary and risk factor questionnaire and analysis system for personal
      computers.
AB  - The authors report the adaptation of a dietary and risk factor questionnaire and
      analysis system for use with IBM (or compatible) personal computers. This system
      includes a flexible computer-assisted interview program which may be modified to
      suit investigator needs while preserving a standard output format. It also
      includes a nutrient analysis program for calculation of usual dietary intake.
      Each of these two major components has its own set of utilities and options, so
      that investigators may tailor the system to particular research areas. The nature
      and capabilities of the two main programs are described, as well as the
      development of the underlying system and the general flow of data in the system.

PMID- 2912054
TI  - Re: "Animal product consumption and subsequent fatal breast cancer risk among
      Seventh-day Adventists".

PMID- 2912055
TI  - Re: "Occupational working conditions and preterm birth: a reliable scoring
      system".

PMID- 2912056
TI  - Re: "Epidemiology of rabies virus variants: differentiation using monoclonal
      antibodies and discriminant analysis".

PMID- 2912058
TI  - National Kidney Foundation, 18th annual scientific meeting. Abstracts.

PMID- 2912057
TI  - Re: "Evaluation of two food frequency methods of measuring dietary calcium
      intake".

PMID- 2912059
TI  - Proceedings from the International Symposium on Preventing the Kidney Disease of
      Diabetes Mellitus: Public Health Perspectives. Washington, DC, December 16-18,
      1987.

PMID- 2912060
TI  - The problem of diabetic renal failure in the United States: an overview.
AB  - Native Americans, blacks, and other minorities are at high risk for diabetic
      renal failure, most of which is caused by non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Many of
      these patients receive care in publicly supported health programs. Recent
      evidence of the efficacy of hypertension control in slowing the decline in renal
      function and our ability to detect those at highest risk for renal deterioration
      with inexpensive microalbuminuria tests suggest major opportunities for concerted
      efforts to reduce the incidence of end-stage renal disease. Guidelines for
      management of high-risk patients are needed to translate effective management
      strategies into routine clinical practice.

PMID- 2912061
TI  - The predictive value of microalbuminuria.
AB  - An elevated urinary albumin excretion (termed microalbuminuria) has been proposed
      as a predictor for later development of clinical diabetic nephropathy
      (hypertension, falling glomerular filtration rate [GFR], and urinary albumin
      excretion greater than 300 mg/24 h). However, review of the original reports on
      the predictability of microalbuminuria revealed a concomitant presence of
      elevated BP and a propensity to falling GFR. Thus, the predictability of
      microalbuminuria rests on the added evaluation of BP and GFR. Additional
      investigation is needed to address the possibility that microalbuminuria and
      either a rising BP or a falling GFR or both indicates established diabetic
      nephropathy rather than predicting its development.

PMID- 2912062
TI  - 'Microalbuminuria' and diabetes: a critique--assessment of urinary albumin
      excretion and its role in screening for diabetic nephropathy.
AB  - Abnormal albumin excretion in the range not previously detectable by routine
      clinical methods can now be readily quantified, and has been shown to predict the
      development of clinically significant nephropathy in insulin-dependent diabetes
      mellitus (IDDM) and to predict excess mortality in non-insulin-dependent diabetes
      mellitus (NIDDM). Albuminuria of this degree has been inappropriately called
      "microalbuminuria," a misleading term which should be abandoned. In IDDM,
      persistent minimal elevation of albumin excretion predicts the development of
      more severe proteinuria and clinical diabetic nephropathy, which frequently
      progresses to renal failure. In NIDDM, the predictive value for renal failure
      remains to be established, but excess mortality occurs in those with abnormal
      albumin excretion, suggesting that it is an indicator of generalized vascular
      disease. However, the normal range of albumin excretion in older subjects is not
      well established. The relationship of glomerular injury to mildly elevated
      albumin excretion is uncertain. Several means of reducing the excretion rate have
      been described, but whether these can halt or prevent progression of glomerular
      injury is unknown. Thus, at the present time detection of mildly elevated albumin
      excretion and intervention to reduce the incidence of diabetic nephropathy or
      other diabetes-related complications fail to meet generally accepted criteria for
      prescriptive screening. However, such measurements of albumin excretion provide
      an important tool for research into the natural history and pathogenesis of
      diabetic nephropathy.

PMID- 2912063
TI  - Biologic variation of urinary albumin: consequences for analysis, specimen
      collection, interpretation of results, and screening programs.
AB  - Studies on the analytic and biologic variability of albumin concentration,
      albumin/creatinine ratio, and albumin excretion rate in first morning, random,
      and 24-hour urine specimens from healthy subjects suggest that (1) first morning
      specimens are preferred, (2) results should be expressed as albumin
      concentration, (3) assay of creatinine confers little advantage, (4) an
      analytical precision of coefficient of variation (CV) less than 18% is
      satisfactory, and (5) semiquantitative or qualitative analyses are suitable for
      screening programs. The intraindividual variation of albumin concentration in
      first morning specimens from diabetics is such that no threshold value gives the
      desired 100% nosological sensitivity. However, a threshold value of 30 mg/L
      confers 100% specificity, and a single abnormal result therefore requires
      initiation of therapy. Patients with negative results should continue to be
      monitored regularly.

PMID- 2912064
TI  - New parameters to monitor the progression of diabetic nephropathy.
AB  - The possible differential elimination of the anionic IgG4 and of the other
      cationic IgG molecules whose pH differs but whose other characteristics are
      similar, has been hypothesized as a possibly useful parameter in monitoring
      preclinical diabetic nephropathy. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method has
      been developed, based on a sandwich technique with subclass-specific
      antiimmunoglobulin monoclonal antibodies, which detects about 2 ng/mL IgG4. A
      sensitive radioimmunoassay method has been used to detect IgG. Normoalbuminuric,
      microalbuminuric, and macroalbuminuric patients, together with normal control
      subjects, were included in the cross-sectional study. Whereas IgG levels were
      elevated, as expected, in macroalbuminuric patients, it was interesting to note
      that IgG4, but not total IgG, levels were elevated in microalbuminuric patients.
      The IgG4/IgG ratio was increased almost to the same extent in microalbuminuric
      and macroalbuminuric patients. These findings are strongly in favor of the
      selective elimination of the acid medium-sized protein, IgG4, in incipient
      diabetic nephropathy. The measurement of immunoglobulin subclasses in the urine
      appears to be a promising parameter to characterize and subgroup diabetic
      patients with preclinical diabetic nephropathy.

PMID- 2912065
TI  - Alternate-day prednisone therapy in children with IgA-associated nephritis.
AB  - IgA nephropathy (IgAN) leads to renal failure in up to 30% of affected children
      and adults. There is currently no consensus on therapy in IgAN. Six patients with
      risk factors for disease progression were identified based on clinical or
      histologic findings. These patients were treated with alternate-day prednisone
      for 12 to 60 (mean, 36) months and followed for 28 to 60 (mean, 54) months.
      Follow-up biopsies were available in four patients. At last examination all
      treated patients had normal urinalysis and serum creatinine level. Follow-up
      biopsies showed stable or improved glomerular histology in three of four
      patients. One patient had a slight worsening of the interstitial disease. No
      steroid toxicity was observed. The outcome of these treated patients was compared
      with that of 15 comparable patients from another center who received no treatment
      and with patients from two published clinical pathology series. A normal
      urinalysis was found at follow-up in all treated patients, compared with one of
      15 untreated patients (P = 0.003). None of the patients in the published series
      with comparable disease had normal urinalysis at follow-up. End-stage renal
      disease or renal insufficiency occurred in seven of 15 untreated and no treated
      patients (P = 0.19). The data strongly support the need for a prospective control
      trial of prednisone therapy in IgAN.

PMID- 2912066
TI  - Genetic testing of identity and relationship.

PMID- 2912067
TI  - Galactocerebrosidase activity in somatic cell hybrids derived from twitcher
      mouse/control human fibroblasts is associated with human chromosome 17.
AB  - Somatic cell hybrids derived from twitcher mouse cells and from control human
      fibroblasts were selected by two different methods. One method utilized 6
      thioguanine-resistant twitcher cells as a parental line and the other used
      neomycin-resistant control human fibroblasts as a parental line so that hybrid
      lines could be selected in either HAT or in G-418 medium, respectively. The
      hybrid lines were analyzed for galactocerebrosidase activity. Since the twitcher
      cell lines are deficient in galactocerebrosidase activity, the presence of this
      activity in these hybrid lines depends upon the presence of human chromosome
      contents. Both galactocerebrosidase-positive and -deficient hybrid lines were
      analyzed for their human chromosome contents by the use of isozyme markers. In
      hybrids derived from both selection methods the expression of
      galactocerebrosidase activity was associated with the presence of human
      chromosome 17 marker isozymes. This was confirmed cytogenetically by means of
      trypsin-banded Giemsa staining of intact human chromosome 17 in three
      galactocerebrosidase-positive hybrid lines.

PMID- 2912068
TI  - Identifying pedigrees segregating at a major locus for a quantitative trait: an
      efficient strategy for linkage analysis.
AB  - Having found evidence for segregation at a major locus for a quantitative trait,
      a logical next step is to identify those pedigrees in which major-locus
      segregation is occurring. If the quantitative trait is a risk factor for an
      associated disease, identifying such segregating pedigrees can be important in
      classifying families by etiology, in risk assessment, and in suggesting treatment
      modalities. Identifying segregating pedigrees can also be helpful in selecting
      pedigrees to include in a subsequent linkage study to map the major locus. Here,
      we describe a strategy to identify pedigrees segregating at a major locus for a
      quantitative trait. We apply this pedigree selection strategy to simulated data
      generated under a major-locus or mixed model with a rare dominant allele and
      sampled according to one of several fixed-structure or sequential sampling
      designs. We demonstrate that for the situations considered, the pedigree
      selection strategy is sensitive and specific and that a linkage study based only
      on the pedigrees classified as segregating extracts essentially all the linkage
      information in the entire sample of pedigrees. Our results suggest that for large
      scale linkage studies involving many genetic markers, the savings from this
      strategy can be substantial and that, compared with fixed-structure sampling,
      sequential sampling of pedigrees can greatly improve the efficiency for linkage
      analysis of a quantitative trait.

PMID- 2912069
TI  - Two point mutations are responsible for G6PD polymorphism in Sardinia.
AB  - The human X-linked gene encoding glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is
      highly polymorphic; more than 300 G6PD variants have been identified. G6PD
      deficiency in different geographical areas appears to have arisen through
      independent mutational events, but within the same population it may also be
      heterogeneous. One example is the island of Sardinia, where careful clinical and
      biochemical studies have identified four different G6PD variants. We cloned and
      sequenced the four G6PD variants from Sardinia and found that only two mutations
      are responsible for G6PD deficiency in this area: one mutation is the cause of
      the G6PD Seattle-like phenotype, a milder form of G6PD deficiency; the other
      mutation is responsible for all forms of very severe G6PD deficiency in Sardinia
      and, possibly, in the Mediterranean.

PMID- 2912070
TI  - Lowe oculocerebrorenal syndrome: DNA-based linkage of the gene to Xq24-q26, using
      tightly linked flanking markers and the correlation to lens examination in
      carrier diagnosis.
AB  - The Lowe syndrome (LS), or oculocerebrorenal syndrome, has been studied using DNA
      based linkage analysis, and the findings have been correlated with the result of
      a thorough ophthalmologic examination. It was found that the LS gene was linked
      to markers in the Xq24-q26 region and that the locus DXS42 was the most closely
      linked marker, giving a LOD score of 3.12 at zero recombination distance.
      Combined with earlier data, this forms the basis for carrier detection and
      prenatal diagnosis by using tightly linked flanking markers. A summary of our and
      other data suggests that the loci DXS17, DXS11, DXS87, and DXS42 are located on
      the proximal side, and DXS86 and DXS10 on the distal side of the Lowe locus. In
      isolated cases of LS the question of whether the mother is a carrier of the
      mutation arises. It was found that a lens examination with slit-lamp illumination
      and a count of the total number of lenticular opacities is a reliable method of
      ascertaining the carrier state.

PMID- 2912072
TI  - Requirements for submission of manuscripts.

PMID- 2912071
TI  - The economics of clinical genetics services. III. Cognitive genetics services are
      not self-supporting.
AB  - We investigated the amount of time required to provide, and the charges and
      reimbursement for, cognitive genetics services in four clinical settings. In a
      prenatal diagnostic center, a mean of 3 h/couple was required to provide
      counseling and follow-up services with a mean charge of $30/h and collection of
      $27/h. Only 49% of personnel costs were covered by income from patient charges.
      In a genetics clinic in a private specialty hospital, 5.5 and 2.75 h were
      required to provide cognitive services to each new and follow-up family,
      respectively. The mean charge for each new family was $25/h and for follow-up
      families $13/h. The amount collected was less than 25% of that charged. In a
      pediatric genetics clinic in a large teaching hospital, new families required a
      mean of 4 h and were charged $28/h; follow-up families also required a mean of 4
      h, and were charged $15/h. Only 55% of the amounts charged were collected. Income
      from patient charges covered only 69% of personnel costs. In a genetics outreach
      setting, 5 and 4.5 h were required to serve new and follow-up families,
      respectively. Charges were $25/h and $12/h, and no monies were collected. In all
      clinic settings, less than one-half of the total service time was that of a
      physician, and more than one-half of the service time occurred before and after
      the clinic visit. In no clinic setting were cognitive genetics services self
      supporting. Means to improve the financial base of cognitive genetics services
      include improving collections, increasing charges, developing fee schedules,
      providing services more efficiently, and seeking state, federal, and foundation
      support for services.

PMID- 2912073
TI  - Reduced serum inhibition of platelet-activating factor activity in preeclampsia.
AB  - We determined in normal nonpregnant (group 1) women, normal pregnant (group 2)
      women, and patients with preeclampsia (group 3) the serum inhibition of platelet
      activating factor activity, the presence of detectable amounts of platelet
      activating factor in the blood, and platelet responsiveness in vitro to platelet
      activating factor, and to other agonists (adenosine diphosphate, collagen, and
      ristocetin), and prostacyclin (prostaglandin I2). In patients with preeclampsia
      (group 3) the serum inhibition of platelet-activating factor activity was
      significantly lower than that in groups 1 and 2. However, no detectable amounts
      of platelet-activating factor were observed. The mean values of platelet
      aggregation induced by platelet-activating factor, adenosine diphosphate,
      collagen and ristocetin, and the prostaglandin I2-inhibitory concentration of 50%
      which is inversely correlated with platelet sensitivity to prostaglandin I2, were
      not significantly different between groups 2 and 3. It is suggested that in
      preeclampsia the defect in serum inhibitory potential of platelet-activating
      factor--induced platelet aggregation may contribute to the disturbance in the
      homeostatic balance between proaggregant and antiaggregant substances.

PMID- 2912074
TI  - Fetal premature atrial contractions associated with hydralazine.
AB  - Echocardiography documented fetal premature atrial contractions after maternal
      hydralazine treatment for hypertension. No signs of fetal congestive heart
      failure were noted, and other tests of fetal surveillance remained reassuring.
      The arrhythmia spontaneously subsided after discontinuation of hydralazine. A
      possible cause-and-effect relationship of hydralazine and premature atrial
      contractions has not been previously reported.

PMID- 2912075
TI  - The biologic significance of cytologic atypia in progestogen-treated endometrial
      hyperplasia.
AB  - Eighty-five menopausal women (mean age 56 years) with endometrial hyperplasia
      without (65 patients, group 1) and with cytologic atypia (20 patients, group 2)
      were followed up prospectively from 2 to 12 years (mean 7 years) to shed insight
      into their respective response to oral medroxyprogesterone acetate therapy. In
      group 1 9 of 65 patients (14%) had persistence, 4 (6%) had recurrence, and none
      developed carcinoma. In group 2 10 of 20 patients (50%) had persistence and 5 had
      recurrence with cytologically atypical disease. Five of 20 patients (25%)
      developed adenocarcinoma at 2 to 7 years (mean 5.5 years) after starting
      medroxyprogesterone acetate therapy. The data suggest that most women with
      hyperplasia respond to progestogenic therapy and are not at increased risk of
      developing cancer. The patients with an unfavorable response to
      medroxyprogesterone acetate and a significant elevation in cancer risk can be
      identified on the basis of cytologic atypia.

PMID- 2912076
TI  - Detection of bacterial vaginosis in Papanicolaou smears.
AB  - In a prospective study of 145 women, bacterial vaginosis was clinically diagnosed
      in 46 women. Compared with clinical diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis, detection
      of so-called clue cells in Papanicolaou smears showed a sensitivity of 90% and a
      specificity of 97%. The positive and negative predictive values were 94% and 95%,
      respectively. The study results indicate that demonstration of clue cells in
      Papanicolaou smears is a useful method for identification of women with probable
      bacterial vaginosis. This provides a basis for the use of archival material in
      retrospective studies with regard to possible links between bacterial vaginosis
      and development of cervical cancer.

PMID- 2912077
TI  - Abnormal fetal heart rate patterns and placental inflammation.
AB  - Can acute inflammation in the placental membranes, amniotic fluid, or both,
      predispose to the development of abnormal fetal heart rate patterns? One hundred
      cases in which bradycardia was noted were compared with 48 cases in which
      abnormal fetal heart rate patterns did not occur. Case and control subjects were
      matched to provide an equivalent risk of developing ascending infection in the
      two groups. Fetoplacental weight ratio and the presence of other placental
      diseases were also considered. The presence of acute inflammation in the
      umbilical cord (p = 0.03), amnion (p = 0.01), and choriodecidua (p = 0.03), and
      higher grades of inflammation in chorionic plate (p = 0.03) were linked to the
      presence of abnormal fetal heart rate patterns. No other placental factors were
      associated with increased risk of fetal bradycardia. The association of abnormal
      fetal heart rate patterns with acute inflammation suggests that intra-amniotic
      inflammation is important in the genesis of fetal bradycardias. The inflamed
      amniotic fluid could alter fetal metabolism via effects on the pulmonary or
      gastrointestinal systems or effects on umbilical and chorionic vessels.

PMID- 2912078
TI  - Case-fatality rates for tubal sterilization in U.S. hospitals, 1979 to 1980.
AB  - To update a 1977 to 1978 case-fatality estimate for tubal sterilization in U.S.
      hospitals, we reviewed the medical records of women reported by the Commission on
      Professional and Hospital Activities to have died after tubal sterilization
      procedures in 1979 or 1980. We project that the most reasonable case-fatality
      rate estimate is slightly greater than 9 per 100,000 sterilizations if all deaths
      associated with the procedure are considered. Rate estimates that assume minimum
      and maximum numbers of all associated deaths in our sample are approximately 6
      per 100,000 and 10 per 100,000 sterilizations, respectively. However, when only
      deaths that can be attributed to sterilization per se are considered, the most
      reasonable case-fatality rate is estimated at between 1 and 2 per 100,000
      procedures, a lower rate than previously reported. Rate estimates that assume
      minimum and maximum numbers of attributable deaths in our sample are
      approximately 1 per 100,000 and 5 per 100,000 sterilizations, respectively. These
      results further indicate that death attributable to tubal sterilization is rare.

PMID- 2912079
TI  - The preterm nonstress test: effects of gestational age and length of study.
AB  - The application of the nonstress test between 24 and 32 weeks' gestation has been
      limited by high rates of "false" nonreactivity in normal fetuses, by use of term
      criteria, and the lack of age-appropriate interpretative standards. To establish
      such standards, we studied 30 normal fetuses undergoing 90-minute fetal heart
      rate recordings at 2-week intervals from 24 to 32 weeks' gestational age. Using a
      specially programmed computer we quantified (1) baseline fetal heart rate, (2)
      incidence of 10- and 15-beat accelerations, and (3) incidence of fetal heart rate
      decelerations. With a criterion of three 15-beat accelerations per 30 minutes 91%
      of tests were reactive within 90 minutes. A criterion of three 10-beat
      accelerations per 30 minutes was associated with 100% reactivity within 60
      minutes. Suitable interpretative criteria may be established for nonstress tests
      before 32 weeks' gestation by extending the testing time or by decreasing the
      minimum amplitude required of fetal heart rate accelerations.

PMID- 2912081
TI  - Appraising a clinical journal article in obstetrics and gynecology.
AB  - Although some physicians have the opportunity to participate in a journal club
      during residency, many infrequently receive formal instruction on how to
      critically evaluate a journal article. Systematic guidelines for appraising a
      clinical journal article are presented and illustrated with examples. Considering
      each guideline in its respective order may lead to a better understanding of what
      the literature may offer one's practice.

PMID- 2912080
TI  - Effects of estrogen on urethral function in women with urinary incontinence.
AB  - In a prospective study, 2 gm of conjugated estrogen vaginal cream was
      administered daily for a total of 6 weeks in a group of 11 postmenopausal women
      with urodynamically proved genuine stress incontinence. Midurethral cytologic
      studies and a complete clinical and urodynamic evaluation were performed twice at
      6-week intervals. Clinically, six of the 11 patients (54.5%) were cured or
      improved significantly after estrogen treatment, whereas the other five patients
      (45.5%) were clinically unchanged. The favorable clinical response correlated
      with urodynamic findings of increased urethral closure pressure and improved
      abdominal pressure transmission to the proximal urethra (p less than 0.05); in
      the patients who had a poor clinical response to estrogens, no significant
      changes in urethral dynamics were noted. Changes in urethral cytologic findings
      also correlated well with clinical and urodynamic findings. Patients with a
      favorable response to estrogen showed a maturation change from transitional to
      intermediate squamous epithelium (p less than 0.02), whereas nonresponders showed
      no significant changes in urethral cells.

PMID- 2912082
TI  - Correlation of human spermatozoa heparin binding with the zona-free hamster egg
      in vitro penetration assay.
AB  - The purpose of our research was to determine whether heparin-binding
      characteristics of human spermatozoa are related to fertilizing potential, as
      determined by the hamster egg in vitro penetration assay. Penetration rates were
      standardized (hamster egg in vitro penetration assay index) by comparison with
      semen from fertile controls in each bioassay. Saturation of heparin-binding
      domains was achieved in 100% of raw ejaculates (prewash), but in only 53% of
      "swim-up" (postwash) samples. The dissociation constants ranged from 0.31 to
      48.75 nmol/10(6) cells, and binding site concentrations from 0.47 to 20.82 x
      10(17) binding sites/cell. Heparin-binding affinity was significantly greater in
      prewash compared with postwash samples (p less than 0.01). In prewash samples the
      number of binding sites differed significantly between subjects having low and
      high penetration indices (5.67 +/- 1.05 vs 2.01 +/- 0.34 x 10(17) binding
      sites/cell, p less than 0.05). In prewash samples, binding affinity for heparin
      significantly correlated with hamster egg in vitro penetration assay indices (R2
      = 0.142, p less than 0.05). In contrast, the number of binding sites in prewash
      samples was negatively correlated with hamster egg in vitro penetration assay
      indeces (R2 = 0.201, p less than 0.05). These data indicate that the heparin
      binding assay may prove to be a rapid, sensitive, and inexpensive means of
      assessing fertilizing potential of human spermatozoa.

PMID- 2912083
TI  - Umbilical artery creatine kinase brain-band isozyme as a predictor of neonatal
      periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage.
AB  - In low-birth-weight neonates, an elevation in the percentage of creatine kinase
      brain-band isozyme in the umbilical artery was significantly correlated with
      future development of neonatal grade III and grade IV periventricular
      intraventricular hemorrhage, when compared with levels in those neonates who did
      not show periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage or who developed grade I and
      grade II periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage (p = 0.025). In these
      neonates the relative levels in maternal venous, umbilical arterial, and
      umbilical venous samples indicated that the source of the isozyme was fetal.

PMID- 2912084
TI  - An obstetric analysis of fifty consecutive pregnancies after transfer of
      cryopreserved human embryos.
AB  - This report describes the obstetric outcome in 50 pregnancies resulting from the
      transfer of human embryos that had been cryopreserved for up to 2 years. The
      duration of cryopreservation did not influence the pregnancy rate after thawed
      embryo transfer. Thirty-one babies have been born from 28 pregnancies and a
      further seven pregnancies are currently in the second and third trimesters.
      Twenty-eight percent of the pregnancies failed to progress beyond the first
      trimester. One pregnancy was terminated at 22 weeks' gestation because of severe
      fetal malformation. Important antenatal events included premature uterine
      activity in six patients although only one patient with a singleton pregnancy
      ultimately was delivered prematurely. Retroplacental hemorrhage occurred in four
      patients but was of clinical consequence in only one. There was a high incidence
      of breech presentation at term in singleton pregnancies (12%). The cesarean
      section rate in this series was 21%. An international registry of cryopreserved
      pregnancies would facilitate data collection in this relatively new clinical
      field.

PMID- 2912085
TI  - Diagnosis of trisomy 18 in monozygotic twins by cordocentesis.
AB  - The incidence of monozygotic twins with trisomy 18 is 1 in 1,000,000 births. We
      report a case diagnosed prenatally with lymphocyte culture from fetal blood
      samples obtained by cordocentesis. Fetal growth lag and structural malformations
      detected by ultrasonography indicated chromosomal abnormality. A saline solution
      infusion technique ensured that cordocentesis obtained a sample from each twin.

PMID- 2912086
TI  - A functional and structural study of the innervation of the human uterus.
AB  - We characterized the innervation of human myometrial tissues by electrical field
      stimulation and electron microscopy. Nerve-specific parameters (pulse duration
      0.6 msec) were used for electrical field stimulation to selectively activate
      intrinsic nerves. In specimens from nonpregnant, nonparous women (n = 6),
      tetrodotoxin (10(-6) mol/L) significantly reduced the response to electrical
      field stimulation by 70%. Contractions to electrical field stimulation were also
      inhibited to 60% by atropine (10(-5) mol/L) as well as by guanethidine (10(-5)
      mol/L) and phentolamine (10(-5) mol/L). Propranolol (10(-5) mol/L) had no
      detectable effect. We obtained similar results from about 50% of the specimens
      from nonpregnant, parous women (n = 15). The contractile responses of specimens
      from the term pregnant uterus (n = 13) to electrical field stimulation were not
      influenced by tetrodotoxin. Ultrastructurally we found nerve profiles in close
      proximity to muscle cells. About 30% of nerve varicosities in tissues from
      nonpregnant, nonparous patients could be classified as adrenergic (small, dense
      cored vesicles), 53% as cholinergic (small, agranular vesicles), and about 17% as
      indeterminant (sometimes large, dense-cored vesicles). However, nerve
      varicosities were rarely observed in term pregnant specimens. These results
      indicate the presence of tetrodotoxin-sensitive, excitatory innervation of human
      myometrium consisting of alpha-adrenergic and cholinergic components.
      Furthermore, denervation may be nearly complete at term and recovery of
      innervation occurs at a considerable length of time after delivery.

PMID- 2912087
TI  - Pharmacodynamic study of maturation and closure of human umbilical arteries.
AB  - The contractile effects of 19 factors on isolated human arterial segments at term
      pregnancy were quantified, and 14 contractile agents were similarly applied to
      preterm (23 to 35 weeks) umbilical arteries. Responses to potassium chloride were
      used to normalize the data. At comparison with the term vessel, the preterm
      artery contracted more to angiotensin II and arachidonic acid and was more
      sensitive to oxytocin. Contractions were greater in term arteries to vasopressin,
      norepinephrine, prostaglandin D2, and prostaglandin E2 but similar in both group
      of arteries to bradykinin, histamine, acetylcholine, and prostaglandin F2 alpha.
      Neuropeptide Y, linoleic acid, uridine triphosphate, and thrombin were
      ineffective. Hyperoxia inconsistently induced weak, short-lived contractions.
      Contractions to cooling manifested marked desensitization and tachyphylaxis.
      Serotonin was the only agonist that displayed the pharmacodynamic features most
      likely to be important for closure: potency, efficacy, and long duration of
      action (greater than 2.5 hours). It was postulated that cellular elements
      surrounding umbilical vessels are primary sources of vasoactive agents that are
      important to closure of the fetoplacental circulation at birth.

PMID- 2912088
TI  - The effect of estrogen on placental delivery after fetectomy in baboons.
AB  - In baboons, the placenta remains in situ and functional with respect to the
      potential for aromatization after removal of the fetus (fetectomy). Fetectomy
      therefore was used to study effects of the fetus and estrogen on placental
      delivery. By term, serum estradiol levels in untreated, intact baboons had
      increased to 4 to 8 ng/ml, and fetoplacental delivery occurred on day 184 +/- 1
      (mean +/- SE). Fetectomy at midgestation resulted in a nondetectable serum
      estradiol level and a marked decline in progesterone level; however, placentas
      were maintained in situ and were delivered on day 171 +/- 6. After fetectomy
      therefore the initiation of placental delivery and, presumably, myometrial
      contractility did not require an elevation in estrogen. Administration of
      estradiol (1 to 10 mg/day) to baboons after fetectomy resulted in normal serum
      estradiol concentrations, but placental delivery was prevented. When estrogen was
      discontinued on days 215 to 250, the serum estradiol level declined, and
      placental delivery occurred on day 262 +/- 18, a value greater than in intact
      baboons or untreated baboons after fetectomy (p less than 0.001). Thus estrogen
      prevented placental delivery in baboons after fetectomy.

PMID- 2912089
TI  - Calcium ion-dependent regulation of uterine smooth muscle thin filaments by
      caldesmon.
AB  - Native thin filaments were extracted from rabbit uterus by the procedure of
      Marston and Smith. The protein content was actin, tropomyosin, and caldesmon in
      molar ratios of 1:0.2:0.03. Some filamin, myosin, and calcium-binding protein
      were also present. The thin filaments activated skeletal or smooth muscle myosin
      magnesium adenosine triphosphatase at least 30-fold. Activation was regulated by
      Ca2+; maximum observed Ca2+ sensitivity was greater than 10 times. The thin
      filaments were dismantled into component proteins by the method of Smith and
      Marston. Actin and actin-tropomyosin-activated myosin magnesium adenosine
      triphosphatase, but the activation was not Ca2+-regulated. Added caldesmon
      inhibited adenosine triphosphatase activation by as much as 80%, with 50%
      inhibition at 1 caldesmon per 50 actin. Caldesmon inhibition was not Ca2+
      dependent, but inhibition could be reversed by further addition of Ca2+ and
      calmodulin. It is concluded that the thin filaments of uterine smooth muscle are
      Ca2+ regulated and that this regulatory system could be involved in control of
      uterine smooth muscle contractility. A mechanism for thin filament regulation,
      mediated by caldesmon, is proposed.

PMID- 2912090
TI  - Blunted vasoreactivity in pregnant guinea pigs is not restored by meclofenamate.
AB  - Pregnant women show a reduced pressor responsiveness to angiotensin II, but the
      mechanism responsible in unclear. We sought to determine whether reduced pressor
      responsiveness was due to decreased vasoreactivity and the involvement of
      increased vasodilator prostaglandin production in decreases observed. We found
      that pregnancy decreased systemic vascular resistance and the systemic vascular
      resistance response to angiotensin II infusion but not to phenylephrine
      hydrochloride infusion in awake, unstressed guinea pigs. The decreased systemic
      vascular resistance response to angiotensin II in the pregnant animals was
      accompanied by a reduced pressor response. Contractility to phenylephrine
      hydrochloride and norepinephrine was reduced in aortic rings isolated from
      pregnant, compared with nonpregnant, guinea pigs. Treatment with meclofenamate, a
      prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor, did not restore vasoreactivity in either the
      pregnant animal or the isolated vessel to levels observed in the nonpregnant
      state. We concluded that pregnancy reduced systemic vascular resistance and
      vasoreactivity but that mechanisms other than increased vasodilator prostaglandin
      production were likely responsible.

PMID- 2912091
TI  - Antibiotics in treatment of chorioamnionitis.

PMID- 2912092
TI  - The oral glucose tolerance test with one abnormal value.

PMID- 2912093
TI  - Management of pregnancy in diethylstilbestrol-exposed patients.

PMID- 2912094
TI  - Effects of progestins on estrogen-induced lipoprotein changes.

PMID- 2912095
TI  - Maternal temperature during labor.

PMID- 2912096
TI  - Second-assessment procedure for ovarian epithelial carcinoma.

PMID- 2912097
TI  - Mixed cord compression.

PMID- 2912098
TI  - Inactivation of prostaglandins in human decidua vera (parietalis) tissue:
      substrate specificity of prostaglandin dehydrogenase.
AB  - Prostaglandin dehydrogenase catalyzes the initial reaction in the inactivation of
      prostaglandin E2 and F2 alpha. To address the potential importance of this enzyme
      in regulating the tissue levels of active prostaglandins, we evaluated the
      kinetic properties of prostaglandin dehydrogenase in uterine decidua vera tissue
      of women. Specifically, we characterized the enzyme activity under optimal in
      vitro conditions in cytosolic fractions of uterine decidua vera tissue obtained
      at term and compared the substrate and cosubstrate specificities of prostaglandin
      dehydrogenase in cytosolic fractions of decidual tissues. The incubation
      conditions were optimized with either prostaglandin E2 or F2 alpha and
      nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide or nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate
      as substrates to ensure linearity of product formation with time of incubation
      and protein concentration. The apparent Michaelis-Menten constant of nicotinamide
      adenine dinucleotide-dependent prostaglandin dehydrogenase for prostaglandin E2
      was 5.5 mumol/L. The apparent Michaelis-Menten constant of nicotinamide-adenine
      dinucleotide phosphate-dependent prostaglandin dehydrogenase for prostaglandin F2
      alpha was 15 mumol/L. Prostaglandin E2 serves as a better substrate for
      prostaglandin dehydrogenase than does prostaglandin F2 alpha, irrespective of the
      cosubstrate. In cytosolic fractions of decidual tissues, the specific activity
      (apparent Vmax) of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide-dependent prostaglandin
      dehydrogenase was greater than that of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide
      phosphate-dependent prostaglandin dehydrogenase. In addition, we found that in
      decidual tissue obtained before or after the onset of labor, the specific
      activity of prostaglandin dehydrogenase varied widely. In tissues obtained after
      delivery by cesarean section, no significant differences were apparent in the
      specific activity of the enzyme before (9.3 to 125.8 nmol/min/mg protein) and
      after (27.8 to 103.4 nmol/min/mg protein) the onset of labor. In cytosolic
      fractions of decidual tissue obtained after vaginal delivery, the specific
      activity of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide-dependent prostaglandin
      dehydrogenase ranged from undetectable levels to 38.4 nmol/min/mg protein. We
      speculate that nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide-dependent prostaglandin
      dehydrogenase in decidua serves to regulate the levels of bioactive
      prostaglandins in decidua vera tissue and the amounts of prostaglandins (and
      metabolites) produced in decidua or fetal membranes that reach myometrium and
      fetal membranes and enter maternal blood and amniotic fluid.

PMID- 2912099
TI  - Antepartum improvement of abnormal umbilical artery velocimetry: does it occur?
AB  - Absence of end-diastolic velocity on umbilical artery velocimetry suggests
      extreme elevation of placental vascular resistance and is associated with adverse
      pregnancy outcome. This study was undertaken to assess whether antepartum
      improvement of abnormal umbilical artery waveforms occurs. Thirty-one fetuses
      identified with absence of end-diastolic velocity between July 1985 and December
      1987 at Women's Hospital underwent sequential umbilical artery velocimetry at 1-
      to 3-day intervals. The presence of end-diastolic velocity on subsequent scans
      was considered an improvement in waveforms. The mean diagnosis-to-delivery
      interval (20.5 +/- 4 days), gestational age at delivery (32.5 +/- 1.2 weeks), and
      birth weight (1440 +/- 210 gm) were significantly higher in five fetuses that
      showed improvement in waveforms, compared with the 26 fetuses that did not show
      improvement in waveforms (9.5 +/- 3.5 days, 29.5 +/- 0.9 weeks, and 940 +/- 70
      gm, respectively). Ten perinatal deaths occurred, for a perinatal mortality rate
      of 32.3%. There was significant perinatal morbidity in the overall group as
      judged by intrauterine growth retardation, meconium, 5-minute Apgar scores less
      than 7, and cesarean section for fetal distress. We conclude that although
      absence of end-diastolic velocity is associated with adverse pregnancy outcome,
      antepartum improvement in umbilical artery waveforms occurred in 15% of the
      fetuses studied and was associated with an improvement in perinatal outcome.
      Factors that influenced this improvement, though unclear, might be related to
      maternal bed rest or medication and require further investigation.

PMID- 2912100
TI  - Effect of ovarian endometriosis on ovulation in rabbits.
AB  - To study the relationship between endometriosis and ovulatory dysfunction, we
      induced ovarian endometriosis in the rabbit model Adipose tissue was placed in
      the contralateral ovary as a control. Ovulation was induced with human chorionic
      gonadotropin, and ovulation points were counted before and after induction of
      endometriosis. Periovarian adhesions were graded, and ovaries were histologically
      examined. A significant decrease in the number of ovulation points was observed
      in ovaries with endometrial tissue (p = 0.001) but not in ovaries that contained
      adipose tissue (p = 0.095). Periovarian adhesions decreased the number of
      ovulation points (p less than 0.01) in ovaries that contained adipose or
      endometrial tissues. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that an increase in
      adhesion severity was correlated with a decrease in the number of ovulation
      points (p less than 0.05), but endometrial tissue was not (p = 0.45). We conclude
      that, in the rabbit model, minimal ovarian endometriosis impairs ovulation
      primarily through a mechanism related to periovarian adhesions.

PMID- 2912101
TI  - Progesterone antagonist (RU 486) for cervical dilation, labor induction, and
      delivery in monkeys: effectiveness in combination with oxytocin.
AB  - A progesterone antagonist (RU 486), combined with oxytocin, was effective in
      achieving cervical dilation, labor induction, and early delivery in near-term
      monkeys. Effects of RU 486 included accelerated flow of colostrum and transiently
      enhanced weight gain in infants. No overt toxicity on fetuses, mothers, or
      newborns was detected with the use of a single oral dose of 25 mg.

PMID- 2912102
TI  - Vascular catecholamine sensitivity during pregnancy in the ewe.
AB  - Four pregnant and four castrated ewes were chronically instrumented for the
      measurement of external iliac blood flow to test the hypothesis that pregnancy
      alters alpha-adrenergic sensitivity in a major regional circulation. Complete
      dose-response curves were generated to methoxamine, phenylephrine, and
      norepinephrine. Pregnancy was associated with no change in methoxamine
      sensitivity, an increase in phenylephrine sensitivity, and a decrease in
      norepinephrine sensitivity. These differential changes in drug sensitivity
      suggest (1) the alpha 1-receptor population is functionally similar between the
      two groups of animals, (2) uptake 1 is inhibited, and (3) either catechol-O
      methyltransferase activity is increased or the alpha 2- or beta-receptor
      population changes in this circulation during pregnancy. These data illustrate
      the complexity of the change in the adrenergic system during pregnancy.

PMID- 2912103
TI  - Surrogacy and Shakespeare: the Merchant's contract revisited.
AB  - Despite measures intended to assure that adequate information, reasonable
      understanding, and willing participation are involved in surrogacy contracts,
      questions of economic coercion remain for surrogate mothers. Surrogate contracts
      have been voided in several states. Nevertheless, obstetricians may be caught
      between their wish to help the infertile couple desirous of a baby through
      surrogacy and the ethical and legal questions about the use of surrogacy as a
      medical treatment. Obstetricians should not be placed in the position of Portia
      in The Merchant of Venice, that of an arbiter of an unethical contract.
      Obstetricians should not prescribe or acknowledge surrogacy as a medical
      treatment and should not knowingly participate in contracts that lead to
      surrogate pregnancy.

PMID- 2912105
TI  - Cesarean section: the House of Horne revisited.
AB  - In 1983, obstetricians from Dublin, Ireland, alleged that the perinatal mortality
      rate in the United States could be achieved with a cesarean section rate of
      approximately 5%. We responded in 1985 that population and infant outcome
      differences precluded such a low rate of cesarean sections at Parkland Memorial
      Hospital. The Dublin obstetricians responded 3 years later that it was unfair to
      compare obstetric services for only 1 year (1983). We respond again.

PMID- 2912104
TI  - Thyrotoxicosis complicating pregnancy.
AB  - During the 12-year period from 1974 through 1985, nearly 120,000 women were
      delivered of infants at Parkland Hospital, and pregnancy was complicated by overt
      thyrotoxicosis in 60 of them (1:2000). Initial treatment was based on clinical
      assessment, and propylthiouracil was usually given in doses of 300 to 800 mg
      daily. In compliant women seen by midpregnancy, euthyroidism was achieved by a
      mean of 8 weeks; however, the daily dose was decreased to less than or equal to
      150 mg by delivery in only 10%. Metabolic status at delivery correlated directly
      with pregnancy outcome, and women treated earlier in pregnancy were more likely
      to be euthyroid at delivery and to have good outcomes. Diagnosis of
      thyrotoxicosis antecedent to pregnancy was associated with earlier treatment, and
      80% of 28 such women were euthyroid by delivery. Conversely, 32 women with a
      first diagnosis during pregnancy had the preponderance of morbidity, including
      five of six stillbirths and six of seven cases of heart failure. This group was
      characterized by a relative delay in gestational age at diagnosis. Preterm
      delivery, perinatal mortality, and maternal heart failure were more common in
      women who remained thyrotoxic despite treatment and in those who were never
      treated. Although we infrequently achieved maintenance doses recommended by most,
      because there were minimal adverse effects from therapy described here and
      because uncontrolled thyrotoxicosis caused significant maternal and perinatal
      morbidity, aggressive medical therapy seems appropriate, especially when
      pregnancy is advanced.

PMID- 2912106
TI  - Respiratory failure in asthma during the third trimester: report of two cases.
AB  - We are reporting the cases of two pregnant women with life-threatening asthma,
      who required mechanical ventilation of the lungs and later were delivered of
      healthy infants. Maintenance of an adequate PaO2 is essential in such cases. To
      accepted asthma therapy, we added a warm metaproterenol-saline solution
      irrigation and suction, which functions like bronchoalveolar lavage to facilitate
      recovery.

PMID- 2912107
TI  - Gynecologic screening examinations: does the obstetrician-gynecologist's spouse
      comply?
AB  - The practicing obstetrician-gynecologist has certainly moved toward more active
      teaching and encouragement of preventive medical measures during the past decade.
      The purpose of this study was to determine how these measures espoused by the
      practitioner are applied in the physician's family setting. To accomplish this,
      5000 questionnaires were sent to actively practicing obstetrician-gynecologists.
      Questions pertained to health habits as well as social and demographic issues.
      The results revealed that preventive medical practices, which have a high impact
      on morbidity and mortality, were not practiced to a significant degree by the
      spouses of obstetrician-gynecologists. Approximately 17% of the spouses did not
      have yearly Papanicolaou smears. Women older than 55 years of age were less
      likely to have this screening test than their younger cohorts. Only 65% perform
      breast self-examination, and 36% did not have screening mammography performed
      when recommended. In the postmenopausal group, 57% of the spouses did not receive
      estrogen replacement therapy, whereas 32% had both estrogen- and progesterone
      replacement therapy and 11% took estrogen alone. Contraceptive measures used by
      respondents indicated essentially equal distribution among methods available. The
      majority of the physicians who responded indicated they did not smoke (84%), did
      not use illegal drugs (99%), and used alcohol occasionally or not at all (71%).

PMID- 2912108
TI  - Gravidic macromastia: case report.
AB  - Gravidic macromastia is a rare condition. Breast enlargement in pregnancy is
      influenced by several hormones, including ovarian steroids and somatotropic or
      lactogenic polypeptide hormone. Evaluation showed minimal reactive stromal and
      periductal fibrosis. The treatment is surgical.

PMID- 2912109
TI  - Recurrent thromboembolism in pregnancy and puerperium. Is there a need for
      thromboprophylaxis?
AB  - By sending a questionnaire (response rate 93%) to 321 women with a history of
      venous thromboembolism and previous coagulation tests, 72 patients were
      identified who had a total of 87 pregnancies after the thromboembolic episode.
      The main aim of the study was to analyze the influence of prophylaxis during
      pregnancy and delivery on the development of further thromboembolic
      complications. During pregnancy there was no difference in frequency of
      thromboses between the group given prophylaxis (n = 20) and the group not
      receiving it (n = 67). At delivery the frequency of thrombosis was 5.3% among the
      57 women given prophylaxis and 11.1% among the 30 without prophylaxis, a
      difference that is not significant. The implication of these findings is
      discussed both concerning the indications for giving prophylaxis and concerning
      the problem of designing relevant prophylactic trials.

PMID- 2912110
TI  - Trabecular repopulation by anterior trabecular meshwork cells after laser
      trabeculoplasty.
AB  - To study further the transient increase in trabecular cell division within the
      first two days after laser trabeculoplasty in human corneoscleral explant organ
      cultures, we used a pulse-chase protocol in which immediately after laser
      treatment 3H-thymidine was added to the culture medium for 48 hours (the pulse
      period). Fresh medium without radiolabel was then added for variable times (the
      chase period) before termination of the experiment. Autoradiography was used to
      follow changes in the regional distribution of the cells that divided during the
      pulse period and had 3H-thymidine-labeled DNA. Laser-treated explants, evaluated
      after a pulse with no chase, showed a fourfold increase in cell division (P less
      than .001) over nontreated controls. Nearly 60% of this cell division was
      localized to the anterior, nonfiltering region of the trabecular meshwork where
      it inserts into the cornea beneath Schwalbe's line. Trabecular cell division in
      other regions of the meshwork was not increased over controls at this time. After
      seven or 14 days of chase without radiolabel, the regional distribution of
      radiolabeled cells changed in laser-treated explants but not in controls. By 14
      days, only 26% of the labeled cells remained in this anterior insert region,
      while 60% were found in the region of the burn sites. Macroautoradiography of
      whole explants corroborated these observations. Our data support the hypothesis
      that laser trabeculoplasty causes early cell division by a population of cells in
      the anterior meshwork; these new cells then migrate and repopulate the burn sites
      over the next few weeks.

PMID- 2912111
TI  - Intraocular pressure after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery.
AB  - The ocular effects of cardiopulmonary bypass surgery were prospectively studied
      in 46 patients. We examined preoperative and post-operative visual acuity,
      intraocular pressure, body weight, fluids infused during surgery, hematocrit, and
      cardiopulmonary bypass time. On the first postoperative day mean intraocular
      pressure increased 2.1 mm Hg (P = .003) from baseline preoperative levels. Over
      the first postoperative day intraocular pressure increased in 29 (63%) of the
      patients. Three patients (7%) had a greater than 10 mm Hg rise. The mean
      intraocular pressure returned to baseline by the third postoperative day. Patient
      weight increased from preoperative levels an average of 9.3 lbs (P less than
      .0001) on day 1 and 6.5 lbs on day 3. Mean hematocrit decreased 11.3% (P less
      than .0001) on day 1 from baseline and remained at that level through day 3. None
      of the patients complained of visual dysfunction during the course of this study
      and none showed more than a two-line decrease in near visual acuity. The increase
      in intraocular pressure did not correlate with the postoperative weight gain or
      hemodilution. However, the medications necessary after cardiac surgery may be a
      significant confounding variable. This study demonstrates that one cause of
      ocular problems from cardiopulmonary bypass surgery may be related to the
      dynamics of intraocular pressure.

PMID- 2912112
TI  - Intractable diplopia after vision restoration in unilateral cataract.
AB  - Twenty-four patients lost their ability to fuse when their binocular function was
      disrupted for at least 2 1/2 years by a unilateral traumatic cataract or a
      unilateral traumatic cataract followed by uncorrected aphakia. Three patients
      were 6 years old, one was 8 years old, and the remaining 20 patients were aged 10
      years or older at the time of the injury. All patients had intractable diplopia
      when the cataract was removed and the aphakia corrected. Aniseikonia was not the
      cause of this inability to fuse and the insertion of an intraocular lens provided
      no relief. The prognosis for the elimination of diplopia, other than by occlusion
      of one eye, was poor.

PMID- 2912113
TI  - Nd:YAG laser photodisruption of hemorrhagic detachment of the internal limiting
      membrane.
AB  - We used a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser to create an opening in the internal limiting
      membrane in three eyes with hemorrhagic detachment of the internal limiting
      membrane. In all instances, after membranotomy blood was rapidly cleared from the
      preretinal space resulting in prompt improvement in visual acuity. No retinal
      injury was observed. Nd:YAG laser photodisruption may be useful in the treatment
      of some cases of subinternal limiting hemorrhages.

PMID- 2912114
TI  - Subretinal hemorrhage in atrophic age-related macular degeneration.
AB  - In eight eyes of eight patients we retrospectively studied the outcome of
      subretinal hemorrhage occurring in areas of atrophy of retinal pigment epithelium
      and choriocapillaris secondary to age-related macular degeneration. These
      patients were followed up for one to 20 months after the initial appearance of
      the hemorrhage. No subretinal new vessels were associated with these hemorrhages,
      which resolved over one to 15 months. Our findings indicated that hemorrhages
      occurring within areas of atrophy are not necessarily associated with subretinal
      new vessels, and that this type of hemorrhage has a good prognosis for
      resolution.

PMID- 2912115
TI  - Irregular astigmatism after radial and astigmatic keratotomy.
AB  - Eleven eyes of six patients, who had been referred for management of irregular
      astigmatism after receiving crossed incisions for myopic astigmatism, had
      moderate to marked irregular corneal astigmatism with marked flattening in the
      meridians of intersecting incisions. All six patients had a decrease in best
      corrected visual acuity with spectacles after surgery. Visual acuity with
      spectacles was 20/40 in five of 11 eyes; with contact lenses it reached 20/40 in
      ten of 11 eyes. However, two patients could not wear the contact lenses because
      of lens decentration caused by the marked distortion in corneal topography. Even
      with contact lenses, visual acuity could only be improved to 20/25 or better in
      six of 11 eyes.

PMID- 2912116
TI  - Edema of the corneal stroma induced by cold in trigeminal neuropathy.
AB  - A patient with a left sensorimotor trigeminal neuropathy was found to have edema
      of the corneal stroma induced by cold. Examination at room temperature
      demonstrated an anesthetic left cornea with minimal injection of the left eye and
      multiple punctate epithelial erosions. Corneal thickness, mean endothelial cell
      size, coefficient of variation of cell size, endothelial permeability to
      fluorescein, and aqueous humor flow rate, measured at room temperature were
      similar in the two eyes. After 47 minutes in a cold room at 4 C, the corneal
      thickness in the left eye increased from 0.55 to 0.65 mm, whereas that of the
      right eye remained at 0.55 mm. During the period of maximum swelling, the left
      cornea had clinical stromal edema with folds in Descemet's membrane but no
      epithelial edema. After return to room temperature there was a gradual return to
      normal corneal thickness over three hours. Fluorophotometry showed no evidence of
      increased endothelial permeability during corneal swelling in the left eye.
      Specular microscopy after 15 minutes of cold exposure demonstrated many swollen
      and irregular endothelial cells with darkened areas between cells in the left
      eye. Sensory nerve deficiency in the human cornea can produce an abnormal
      sensitivity to cold, resulting in defective control of corneal hydration. This
      study suggests that this effect may be on the endothelium.

PMID- 2912117
TI  - Rapid streptococcal antigen detection in experimental keratitis.
AB  - We assessed the role of commercially available immunodiagnostic procedures in
      comparison to Gram stain and culture in experimental bacterial keratitis. Rabbit
      corneas were inoculated with Streptococcus pneumoniae, S. pyogenes, S. faecalis,
      or Haemophilus influenzae. Corneal scrapings were processed before and during
      antibacterial therapy using a coagglutination assay to detect pneumococcal
      capsular antigen (Phadebact Pneumococcus test) and an enzyme immunoassay to
      detect group A streptococcal cell-wall antigen (TestPack Strep A test). In
      untreated infected eyes, both immunoassays were highly specific and as sensitive
      as Gram stain for detection of the respective microorganisms. For S. pneumoniae
      keratitis, the sensitivity of coagglutination was 82% and Gram stain, 73%. For S.
      pyogenes keratitis, the sensitivity of enzyme immunoassay was 100% and Gram
      stain, 62%. Immunoassays and Gram stain were less sensitive than culture during
      antibacterial therapy. Successful clinical application of the coagglutination
      assay in a patient with pneumococcal keratitis permitted early use of specific
      cephalosporin treatment.

PMID- 2912118
TI  - DNA cell cycle studies in uveal melanoma.
AB  - We histologically studied uveal melanomas treated with surgery only (enucleation
      or ciliochoroidectomy), low-dose (20 Gy) preenucleation radiation followed by
      enucleation, or enucleated melanomas after high-dose (50 to 80 Gy) charged
      particle beam therapy. There was significantly less bromodeoxyuridine uptake in
      irradiated vs nonradiated melanomas (P less than .0001). Similarly, tissue
      culture growth of irradiated tumors was significantly less (P less than .007).
      These data demonstrate destruction of reproductive integrity of helium ion
      irradiated melanomas. The incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine and fine needle
      aspiration biopsy techniques may be useful in the delineation of successfully
      irradiated tumors from tumors with apparent growth secondary to radiation
      vasculopathy.

PMID- 2912119
TI  - Effects of carbachol and acetylcholine on intraocular pressure after cataract
      extraction.
AB  - We compared the effect of carbachol and acetylcholine on intraocular pressure 24
      hours after extracapsular cataract extraction. All agents were administered
      intracamerally at the time of surgery. Sixty patients scheduled for routine
      extracapsular cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation were randomly
      assigned into one of three treatment groups: (1) carbachol, (2) acetylcholine, or
      (3) 0.5% balanced salt solution (placebo). Baseline intraocular pressures were
      determined the day before surgery, and postoperative pressures were measured
      approximately 24 hours after surgery. The group intraocular pressures averaged
      over preoperative and postoperative values were 21.06 mm Hg in the acetylcholine
      group, 19.36 mm Hg in the control group, and 17.30 mm Hg in the carbachol group.
      The average difference between preoperative and postoperative intraocular
      pressure measurements for the three groups were 7.33 mm Hg for the acetylcholine
      group, 8.73 mm Hg for the control group, and 2.20 mm Hg for the carbachol group.
      Only carbachol was significantly different from placebo on statistical subsequent
      testing. Carbachol is suggested as the agent of choice both for achieving
      intrasurgical miosis and prophylaxis of increasing intraocular pressure after
      cataract surgery.

PMID- 2912120
TI  - Contralateral trochlear nerve paresis and ipsilateral Horner's syndrome.
AB  - Two patients had paresis of the trochlear nerve contralateral to the site of
      lesions in the brainstem. Both patients had ipsilateral blepharoptosis and miosis
      suggesting oculosympathetic paresis from involvement of the descending
      sympathetic tract, adjacent to the fourth cranial nerve nucleus and its
      fascicles, in the caudal mesencephalon. Cerebral antiography documented an
      arteriovenous malformation of the brainstem in Case 1. Magnetic resonance imaging
      disclosed a lesion of high signal intensity on T2-weighted images involving the
      dorsal mesencephalon in Case 2. Involvement of the superior cerebellar peduncle
      produced ipsilateral dysmetria and ataxia. Lesions involving the fourth cranial
      nerve nucleus or its fascicles, before decussation in the superior medullary
      velum, and adjacent sympathetic fibers may produce an ipsilateral Horner's
      syndrome and contralateral superior oblique muscle paresis.

PMID- 2912121
TI  - The expanding ophthalmologic spectrum of Lyme disease.

PMID- 2912122
TI  - Pseudotumor cerebri syndrome associated with Lyme disease.

PMID- 2912123
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging of retrobulbar changes in optic nerve position with
      eye movement.

PMID- 2912124
TI  - Discordance of accommodative esotropia in monozygotic twins.

PMID- 2912125
TI  - Sudden unilateral visual loss after autologous fat injection into the glabellar
      area.

PMID- 2912126
TI  - Staphylococcus aureus conjunctivitis and sepsis in a neutropenic patient.

PMID- 2912127
TI  - Iridoschisis associated with syphilitic interstitial keratitis.

PMID- 2912128
TI  - Ocular myasthenia gravis associated with autoimmune hemolytic anemia and
      Hashimoto's thyroiditis.

PMID- 2912129
TI  - Nasolacrimal drainage system obstruction after orbital decompression.

PMID- 2912130
TI  - Modulation of angiotensin II binding sites in neuronal cultures by
      mineralocorticoids.
AB  - Previous studies have determined that mineralocorticoid hormones are able to
      increase the number of angiotensin II (ANG II)-specific binding sites in rat
      diencephalon and in neuronal cultures and also increase the drinking response
      elicited by centrally injected ANG II. In the present study, we have examined the
      specificity and mechanisms of this mineralocorticoid action. In neuronal cultures
      from the hypothalamus and brain stem (H/BS), both D-aldosterone and
      deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) caused significant time- and dose-dependent
      increases in 125I-labeled ANG II-specific binding. This effect was not mimicked
      by the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone, or by testosterone, beta-estradiol
      or progesterone. However, the steroid corticosterone induced a moderate increase
      in [125I] ANG II binding. This may have occurred as a result of its high affinity
      for the mineralocorticoid type I receptor. DOCA was ineffective in increasing
      [125I]ANG II specific binding both in neuronal cultures prepared from the
      cerebellum and in pure astrocytic glial cultures, indicating that this
      mineralocorticoid effect is specific both for neurons and for certain brain
      regions. The increase in [125I]ANG II-specific binding elicited by DOCA was
      abolished by cotreatment with the mineralocorticoid receptor blockers mespirenone
      or ZK97894 and by cotreatment with cycloheximide. Taken together, these
      observations suggest that the mineralocorticoid-induced increase in [125I]ANG II
      specific binding in H/BS neuronal cultures is a specific event, which is mediated
      via mineralocorticoid type I receptors and which requires protein synthesis.

PMID- 2912131
TI  - Improved propagation in myometrium associated with gap junctions during
      parturition.
AB  - The hypothesis that gap junction (GJ) formation between myometrial cells at term
      improves electrical coupling was tested. We measured the spread of electrical
      excitation from six extracellular electrodes aligned on uterine strips in either
      the longitudinal (axial) or transverse (circumferential) direction. Spontaneous
      bursts propagated over the entire 15-mm recording distance in the axial direction
      at both preterm and parturition and showed some characteristics of a system of
      coupled relaxation oscillators. However, individual spikes within the bursts
      propagated further and with higher velocity at parturition than at preterm. In
      the circumferential direction, both bursts and individual spikes propagated
      further at parturition than before. Propagation in this axis at parturition
      appeared to require an intact circular muscle layer. Spikes evoked by electrical
      stimulation also propagated further and with higher velocity in both axes at
      parturition. Electron microscopy showed many GJs between uterine smooth muscle
      cells during parturition, but few and sometimes no GJs at preterm. Thus improved
      propagation was associated with increased GJ contact between myometrial cells,
      consistent with the hypothesis that gap junction formation at term improves
      electrical coupling.

PMID- 2912132
TI  - Relationship between cytosolic free Ca2+ and Na+-Ca2+ exchange in aortic muscle
      cells.
AB  - We examined the relationship between extracellular Na+ ([Na+]o) and cytosolic
      free Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) in primary and passaged cultures of aortic muscle cells.
      Removing [Na+]o increased [Ca2+]i by approximately 10-fold in cells that were Na+
      loaded. Decreasing [Na+]o from 140 to 32 mM caused the half-maximal increase in
      [Ca2+]i. [Ca2+]i exhibited a sigmoidal dependence on [Na+]o. Mg2+, a competitive
      inhibitor of Na2+-Ca2+ antiport in these cells, antagonized the increase in
      [Ca2+]i produced by lowering [Na+]o. High K+ decreased the potency of Mg2+ 6.5
      fold as previously reported for Na+ gradient-dependent 45Ca2+ influx. In contrast
      to the Na+-loaded cells, removing [Na+]o caused no detectable change in [Ca2+]i
      in cells with normal Na+ even though the calculated electrochemical driving force
      for Na+-Ca2+ exchange was large enough to almost maximally increase [Ca2+]i in
      the Na+-loaded cells. We conclude that Na+-Ca2+ antiport activity is latent in
      the unstimulated cell at basal intracellular Na+ and Ca2+.

PMID- 2912133
TI  - Metabolic alterations induced in cultured skeletal muscle by stretch-relaxation
      activity.
AB  - Avian pectoralis muscle cells differentiated in vitro are mechanically stimulated
      by repetitive stretch-relaxations of the cell's substratum. Their metabolic
      response to mechanical activity is determined by measuring rates of [3H]deoxy-D
      glucose uptake and lactate efflux. These two metabolic parameters show a similar
      biphasic response to mechanical stimulation. During the first 4-6 h of activity,
      [3H]deoxy-D-glucose uptake and lactate efflux increase 34 and 26%, respectively;
      at 8 and 24 h of activity, [3H]deoxy-D-glucose uptake and lactate efflux are no
      longer elevated relative to control values. With continued activity beyond 24 h,
      their rates are again significantly elevated (150 and 93% by 48 h, respectively).
      The long-term increases in [3H]deoxy-D-glucose uptake and lactate efflux occur
      independently of medium growth factors. Protein synthesis is required for the
      short-term increase in [3H]deoxy-D-glucose uptake, but muscle electrical activity
      is not required for either short- or long-term increases in [3H]deoxy-D-glucose
      uptake because both occur in the presence of tetrodotoxin. This new model system
      allows for the analysis of mechanically induced metabolic alterations in aneural
      skeletal muscle cells under the defined conditions of tissue culture.

PMID- 2912134
TI  - Temperature-controlled perfusion apparatus for microscope using transparent
      conducting film heater.
AB  - We describe a novel temperature-controlled perfusion apparatus for
      electrophysiological studies on isolated cells or membrane patches. The apparatus
      uses a transparent conducting film of indium-tin-oxide as a heating element. The
      film heater deposited on a glass sheet allows us to construct a structurally
      simple apparatus that is able not only to heat directly the bath chamber but also
      to preheat the perfusion solution on the stage of an inverted microscope. The
      structure ensures a uniform temperature in a bath chamber that has a working area
      of approximately 6 X 12 mm2 and a capacity of 1 ml. A control unit, designed for
      operation of the apparatus, regulates the temperature of the bathing solution
      without introducing electrical noise in a range from ambient temperature to
      greater than 37 degrees C with an accuracy within +/- 1 degree C. The apparatus
      is 12 mm in height and designed to fit on the stage of a standard inverted
      microscope. Since the bath chamber for perfusion experiments is readily
      interchanged with others, the apparatus can be used widely in microscopic studies
      of various cells in static solutions.

PMID- 2912135
TI  - Response of aequorin-loaded platelets to activators of protein kinase C.
AB  - The protein kinase C activators phorbol ester 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and 1
      oleyl-2-acetylglycerol (DAG) cause platelet aggregation, secretion, and a rise in
      aequorin-indicated cytoplasmic Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i), but the importance of this action
      to platelet activation by these agonists has not been established. We found that
      the previous addition of PMA or DAG either enhanced or inhibited the platelet
      response if thrombin was subsequently added, depending on the latter's
      concentration. The effects of PMA or DAG on the response to thrombin were
      obtained only if the agonists were added in concentrations sufficient to elevate
      [Ca2+]i themselves. A [Ca2+]i rise also occurred after the second agonist
      (thrombin), but its magnitude did not necessarily correlate with subsequent
      aggregation, secretion, or the activation of protein kinase C as reported by the
      phosphorylation of a 47-kDa protein (p47). The protein kinase C inhibitor
      sphingosine inhibited aggregation and p47 phosphorylation caused by PMA or DAG
      alone or with thrombin, but the [Ca2+]i rise in response to the first agonist was
      not affected. PMA-induced aggregation and p47 phosphorylation were inhibited by
      quin2, which also inhibited protein kinase C activity in a cell-free system. We
      conclude that a rise in aequorin-indicated [Ca2+]i is necessary for PMA or DAG to
      activate platelets or to alter the subsequent platelet response to thrombin; this
      [Ca2+]i rise may be a prerequisite for activation of protein kinase C.

PMID- 2912136
TI  - Electrogenic Na+-ascorbate cotransport in cultured bovine pigmented ciliary
      epithelial cells.
AB  - The high level of ascorbic acid (AA) in the aqueous humor of many mammals
      suggests an active transport of AA across the double-layered ciliary epithelium
      from blood to aqueous humor. We used [14C]AA to study AA uptake in bovine
      pigmented ciliary epithelial cells in tissue culture. We observed a 40-fold
      intracellular accumulation of AA, which was dependent on extracellular Na+. With
      labeled dehydroascorbate (DHA, the oxidized form of the vitamin) in the medium,
      there was a 20-fold intracellular accumulation of the label. However, the time
      course of DHA uptake was different compared with AA uptake and was not Na+
      dependent, suggesting different transport systems for AA and DHA. AA uptake was
      inhibited by 1 mM phloretin and in the presence of isoascorbate. Furthermore, AA
      uptake was markedly reduced when intracellular Na+ was elevated by preincubation
      with ouabain or amphotericin B. With increasing AA concentration, Na+-dependent
      AA uptake exhibited first-order saturation kinetics with half-maximal uptake at
      76 microM AA. Na+ dependence of AA uptake revealed a sigmoidal curve of Na+
      dependent AA uptake vs. Na+ concentration with a half-maximal AA uptake at 45.4
      mM Na+. The slope of the Hill plot from these data was 1.94, suggesting a
      transport system translocating two or more Na+ for one AA. This stoichiometry
      implies electrogenicity of the transporter. We, therefore, measured membrane
      potentials using conventional microelectrodes. Addition of 200 microM AA resulted
      in a depolarization of the membrane voltage by 4.9 +/- 0.5 mV (n = 22), which was
      absent in Na+ free medium and was markedly reduced by phloretin.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2912137
TI  - Capillary and size interrelationships in developing rat diaphragm, EDL, and
      soleus muscle fiber types.
AB  - The effects of maturation on the interrelationship between skeletal muscle fiber
      area and capillarization was investigated in specific fiber types (I, IIa, IIb,
      IIc) of male Wistar rats at seven developmental periods ranging from 8 to 85 days
      postnatal. Fiber type specific developmental properties were compared in three
      different muscles, the diaphragm (DIA), extensor digitorum longus (EDL), and
      soleus (SOL), which are known to differ widely in function. All fiber types in
      each of the three muscles examined exhibited large increases in area (FA), the
      magnitude and time course of the increase being related to both the type of fiber
      and the muscle in which the fiber was located. For type I fibers, areas increased
      from 3- to 18-fold (SOL greater than EDL greater than DIA), whereas in type IIa
      fibers, area increased ranged between 5- to 11-fold (SOL greater than EDL greater
      than DIA). Growth rates in IIb fibers were more homogeneous between muscles
      ranging from 11- to 14-fold. Capillarization, as indicated by the capillary
      contacts per fiber (CC), increased in all fiber types regardless of muscle
      origin. These increases ranged between 1.7- and 2.2-fold for type I fibers,
      between 2.4- and 2.5-fold for type IIa fibers, and between 2.0- and 3.0-fold for
      type IIb fibers. In general, capillary density expressed as the ratio of the
      number of capillary contacts divided by the fiber area (CC/FA) progressively
      declined in all fiber types with age. The rate of the decline in CC/FA was
      mediated in large part by the changes in fiber area.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2912138
TI  - Inhibition of colonic Na+ transport by amiloride analogues.
AB  - The potency of several amiloride analogues to inhibit electrogenic Na+ transport
      in colon from dexamethasone-treated rats was compared. Short-circuit current
      (Isc) across the colonic mucosa and 22Na+ uptake into membrane vesicles derived
      from colonic enterocytes was determined in dexamethasone-treated rats. Kinetic
      analysis of inhibition of Isc and 22Na+ uptake revealed the presence of a high-
      and low-affinity amiloride pathway. One pathway had a high affinity [(Ki-Isc; Ki
      uptake] to benzamil (15.5 nM; 5.4 nM), phenamil (19.4 nM; 7.0 nM), 3',4'
      dichlorobenzamil (29.0 nM; 25.2 nM), and amiloride (115 nM; 12.4 nM) but a much
      lower affinity to 5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl)amiloride (EIPA) (greater than 100
      microM; greater than 9.9 microM) and 5-(N-propyl-N-butyl)-2'-4'-dichlorobenzamil
      (PBDCB) (greater than microM; greater than 32.8 microM). The high-affinity
      pathway accounted for 75-83% of the transport of Na+. The second pathway had
      nearly the same low affinity for each of the analogues (e.g., amiloride Ki-Isc 1
      microM; Ki uptake 4 microM) and accounted for only 15-25% of the transport of
      Na+. The results demonstrate that the structure-inhibitory pattern of these
      amiloride analogues for the high-affinity pathway is the pattern observed in
      other electrogenic Na+-transporting epithelia and that this pharmacological
      profile is preserved in membrane vesicles derived from colonic enterocytes. In
      addition, the potency of EIPA and benzamil to inhibit electroneutral Na+
      transport across the colon from normal rats (i.e., not treated with
      dexamethasone) was also investigated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2912139
TI  - Volume-sensitive, Cl-dependent K transport in resealed human erythrocyte ghosts.
AB  - Potassium influx and efflux in Cl and NO3 media were measured in resealed ghosts
      prepared from human red cells. Cl-dependent K influx was three times that in
      intact cells and, as in intact cells, was partially supported by Br but not by
      thiocyanate (SCN). In other properties, this flux differed from that in intact
      cells: substitution of N-methylglucamine for Na did not decrease but rather
      increased Cl-dependent K influx, the affinity for external K was reduced, with a
      Km of 21.3 +/- 12.5 mM, and inhibition by furosemide and bumetanide was
      incomplete. Furosemide at 1 mM inhibited Cl-dependent influx by 26 and 51% at 4
      and 20 mM K, respectively. Bumetanide inhibited Cl-dependent K influx by 0 and
      55% at concentrations of 10 microM and 1 mM, respectively, in 4 mM K, with no
      further inhibition at 20 mM K. Neither the magnitude nor the properties of the
      flux were altered by preparing ghosts in the presence of 1,4-dithiothreitol,
      indicating that sulfhydryl oxidation was not responsible for the altered flux in
      ghosts. Treatment with N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) either before or after ghost
      preparation did not increase Cl-dependent K influx. However, Cl-dependent influx
      in ghosts could be augmented by increasing ghost volume or ATP content. Resealed
      human erythrocyte ghosts thus exhibit a volume- and ATP-sensitive, Cl-dependent K
      flux that differs substantially from the putative Na-K-Cl cotransport in intact
      cells in that it is independent of Na, is relatively resistant to furosemide and
      bumetanide, and has a low affinity for K.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2912140
TI  - Ion microprobe analysis of mouse calvariae in vitro: evidence for a "bone
      membrane".
AB  - It is not clear whether the bone mineral is in passive physicochemical
      equilibrium with the extracellular fluid (ECF) or is separated from it by a
      metabolically active partition, a so-called "bone membrane." We used a sensitive
      high spatial resolution scanning ion microprobe utilizing secondary ion mass
      spectrometry to compare the relative concentrations of 23Na, 39K, and 40Ca on the
      surface, subsurface, and cross section of cultured live bone with the
      concentrations in similar regions of dead bone. Calvariae from neonatal mice were
      dissected and either incubated for 24 h (live) or subjected to 3 freeze-thaw
      cycles to kill the bone cells prior to incubation (dead). The live bone has
      abundant surface Na and K relative to Ca and the Na/K is approximately unity.
      With dead bone there is a dramatic fall in the K/Ca and an increase in the Na/K.
      These findings are most consistent with an egress of bone K after cell death.
      Flux measurements indicate a net influx of Ca into the dead bone. The marked
      change in relative ion concentrations with cell death indicates that live bone is
      not in passive physiochemical equilibrium with the surrounding medium. There
      appears to be a metabolically active partition, a so-called bone membrane,
      between the mineral and the culture medium that utilizes bone cells to maintain
      ion gradients.

PMID- 2912141
TI  - Regulation of branched-chain 2-oxo acid dehydrogenase activity during exercise.
AB  - The levels of the branched-chain amino and oxo acids were measured in muscle and
      plasma after exercise and 10 min postexercise. Leucine was increased in both
      muscle and plasma after exercise and 10 min postexercise. The muscle levels of
      the branched-chain oxo acids were not increased immediately after exercise but
      were increased 10 min postexercise. Exercise caused a large increase in the
      plasma levels of the oxo acids of leucine and isoleucine that was further
      increased 10 min postexercise. The activity of branched-chain 2-oxo acid
      dehydrogenase (BCOAD) was increased immediately after exercise but returned to
      the control value by 10 min postexercise. The lack of correlation between the
      muscle and plasma levels of the branched-chain amino and oxo acids and BCOAD
      activity suggests that these amino and oxo acids are not the primary
      physiological regulators of BCOAD activity during exercise. On the other hand, an
      excellent correlation was found between the muscle ATP level and BCOAD activity,
      with the ATP content decreasing in tandem with an increase in BCOAD activity
      during exercise and decreasing during the recovery period after exercise.

PMID- 2912143
TI  - Ca2+ concentration influences the hepatic extraction of bioactive human PTH-(1
      34) in rats.
AB  - The regulation of bioactive human parathyroid hormone [hPTH-(1-34)] hepatic
      extraction was studied in vitro by means of an isolated rat liver perfusion
      system. A standard buffer containing 20% red blood cells, 2% albumin, and
      variable concentrations of hPTH-(1-34) and Ca2+ was used in nonrecirculation
      experiments. Hepatic blood flow was kept constant at approximately 1.8 ml.g liver
      1.min-1. hPTH in portal and hepatic veins was measured by a radioimmunoassay
      specific for hPTH-(1-34), and the results obtained were validated by gel
      chromatography analysis of the hormone measured. Results are expressed as mean +/
      SD of five to six different experiments. In normocalcemic conditions (Ca2+
      approximately 1.2 mmol/l), the hepatic extraction ratio of hPTH remained stable
      at 0.357 +/- 0.011 and 0.370 +/- 0.010 for hPTH-(1-34) concentrations of 0.156 +/
      0.002 and 1.314 +/- 0.014 pmol/ml; it decreased to 0.145 +/- 0.013 (P less than
      0.001) for a hPTH-(1-34) concentration of 5.817 +/- 0.167 pmol/ml. Kinetics
      analysis of the normocalcemic data disclosed a Vmax of 1.971 +/- 0.18 pmol.min
      1.g liver-1 and a Km of 1.410 +/- 0.39 pmol/ml. When hPTH-(1-34) concentration
      was kept stable with varying Ca2+ concentrations, elevated (1.62 +/- 0.01 mmol/l)
      Ca2+ gave an hepatic extraction ratio similar to normocalcemic conditions (0.335
      +/- 0.014 vs. 0.357 +/- 0.011 mmol/l), whereas it significantly decreased in
      hypocalcemia (0.78 +/- 0.01 mmol/l) to 0.219 +/- 0.014 mmol/l (P less than
      0.001). Kinetics were similar to normocalcemic conditions when Ca2+ concentration
      was elevated but appeared modified by hypocalcemia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2912142
TI  - Effect of thyroid status on catecholamine stimulation of thyroxine 5'-deiodinase
      in brown adipocytes.
AB  - We examined type II 5'-iodothyronine deiodinase activation by adrenergic agonists
      in dispersed brown adipocytes from euthyroid and hypothyroid rats. In euthyroid
      cells, basal deiodinase activity was 30-100 fmol I-.h-1.10(6) cells-1 and
      increased four- to fivefold during exposure to norepinephrine, an effect that was
      enhanced by alprenolol. In cells from hypothyroid rats, norepinephrine caused a
      three- to fourfold greater deiodinase stimulation than occurred in euthyroid
      cells but alprenolol inhibited the response. In euthyroid cells, phenylephrine
      caused greater stimulation than did norepinephrine, but this was inhibited by
      alprenolol. Isoproterenol and 8-bromoadenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8
      BrcAMP) inhibited the phenylephrine response but were modestly stimulatory alone.
      Although both alpha 1- and beta-adrenergic agonists increased deiodinase activity
      modestly in hypothyroid cells, in combination they caused a marked synergistic
      stimulation. This synergism was induced by 8-BrcAMP and forskolin, as well as by
      isoproterenol. The stimulation of deiodinase in both cell types was due to an
      increase in Vmax without an alteration in the Km and required mRNA synthesis. The
      markedly greater deiodinase response of the hypothyroid brown adipocyte to
      catecholamines may serve to enhance the impaired thermogenic response of this
      tissue to cold exposure.

PMID- 2912144
TI  - Prostaglandins augment muscarinic responses in the rabbit cecum.
AB  - Effects of prostaglandin E2, F2 alpha, and synthetic thromboxane A2 (PGE2, PGF2
      alpha, and STA2, respectively) on electrical and mechanical responses of the
      rabbit cecum were investigated. Transmural electrical stimulation evoked an
      excitatory junction potential (EJP) and contraction, events that were inhibited
      by 1 microM atropine or 0.3 microM tetrodotoxin. Indomethacin (up to 30 microM)
      modified neither the membrane potential nor the muscle tone but did inhibit
      amplitudes of the EJP and the twitch contraction. In the presence of 30 microM
      indomethacin, PGE2 (below 1 nM) had no effect on the membrane potential or muscle
      tone, while PGE2 (above 10 nM) contracted the cecal tissues, without
      depolarization. PGE2 enhanced the twitch contraction and restored the EJP in the
      presence of 30 microM indomethacin. Acetylcholine (0.1-3 microM) depolarized the
      membrane, but in the presence of 30 microM indomethacin, this depolarization was
      inhibited. PGE2 (0.1-100 nM) prevented these inhibitory actions of indomethacin.
      PGF2 alpha (0.1-100 nM) had weaker actions than PGE2 while STA2 (0.1-100 nM) had
      no effect on muscarinic responses. Thus muscarinic responses are augmented by
      primary prostaglandins.

PMID- 2912145
TI  - Sphincteric action of the diaphragm during a relaxed lower esophageal sphincter
      in humans.
AB  - We studied the effects of involuntary and voluntary contraction of the diaphragm
      on esophagogastric junction (EGJ) pressure during esophageal distension in
      healthy human volunteers. The EGJ pressure was monitored using a Dent sleeve
      device. Along with the pressure we concurrently monitored diaphragm
      electromyogram (EMG) using intra-esophageal bipolar electrodes that were placed
      on the nonpressure sensing surface of the sleeve device. Graded esophageal
      distensions were performed by graded inflations of a 2-cm-diameter balloon that
      was positioned 7 cm above the EGJ. The graded esophageal distensions caused a
      graded increase in the amplitude of lower esophageal sphincter (LES) relaxation
      (end-expiratory EGJ pressure). In a majority of the subjects, esophageal
      distension had no effect on spontaneous inspiratory EGJ pressure increase and
      diaphragm EMG. During sustained LES relaxation of greater than 70% induced by
      sustained esophageal distention, graded voluntary contractions of the diaphragm
      induced proportional increases in the EGJ pressure and diaphragm EMG. The EGJ
      pressure and diaphragm EMG were similar during diaphragmatic contraction both
      before and during esophageal distension. During a maximal and sustained diaphragm
      contraction, esophageal distension had no effect on the EGJ pressure. We conclude
      that there are two distinct sphincteric mechanisms at the EGJ, the LES and crural
      diaphragm, and they respond differently to distension of the distal esophagus.

PMID- 2912146
TI  - Saturated fatty acid diet prevents radiation-associated decline in intestinal
      uptake.
AB  - Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were fed isocaloric semipurified diets
      containing a high content of either polyunsaturated (P) or saturated (S) fatty
      acids; these diets were nutritionally adequate, providing for all known essential
      nutrient requirements. On day 3 after beginning S or P, one group of animals was
      exposed to a single 6-Gy dose of abdominal radiation, and the other half was sham
      irradiated. S or P diets were continued for a further 14 days. Brush-border
      membrane purification and sucrase-specific activities were unaffected by diet or
      by abdominal irradiation. In rats fed P, irradiation was associated with an
      increase in jejunal brush-border membrane total phospholipid and the ratio of
      phospholipid to cholesterol; these changes were not observed in animals fed S. In
      irradiated rats, ileal brush-border membrane phospholipid per cholesterol was
      high in animals fed S compared with P. In irradiated animals fed P, there was
      reduced jejunal and ileal uptake of several medium- and long-chain saturated and
      unsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol, and the ileal uptake of higher
      concentrations of glucose was reduced in irradiated animals fed P. In contrast,
      lipid uptake was similar in control and irradiated animals fed S except for
      cholesterol uptake, which was reduced. Ileal uptake of higher concentrations of
      glucose was increased in irradiated animals fed S. Quantitative autoradiography
      failed to demonstrate any change in the distribution of leucine or lysine
      transport sites along the villus 1 or 2 wk after abdominal irradiation or in
      response to feeding S or P. Also, these differences in transport achieved by
      feeding S to radiated animals were not explained by variations in the animals'
      food consumption or intestinal mucosal surface area. Thus the use of short-term
      feeding with a saturated fatty acid diet in the prevention of acute irradiation
      damage to the intestine warrants further investigation in humans.

PMID- 2912147
TI  - Influence of distension on absorption and villous structure in rat jejunum.
AB  - In urethan-anesthetized rats the appearance rates of urea (U), antipyrine (A),
      and alpha-methyl-D-glucoside (MG) in the venous blood of perfused jejunal segment
      were measured in the undistended state and after elevation of the intraluminal
      pressure up to 10 cmH2O. Serosal and inner cylindrical surface area of the
      jejunal segment were enlarged by maximally 100 and 150%, respectively. The
      absorption rates, however, increased only by 34 (U), 28 (A), and 26% (MG). The
      increase of the supravillous diffusion resistance contributed only partially to
      this effect. The "cylindrical" permeability coefficient (Pcyl, average
      permeability coefficient related to inner cylindrical area, neglecting villous
      structure) decreased by 39, 57, and 50%, respectively. Due to circular
      stretching, broad intervillous spaces were formed that covered finally
      approximately 40% of the mucosal surface area. The additional intervillous
      diffusion resistance in these spaces was more effective than the absorption
      through the lateral surface of the villi. Thus the overall permeability of the
      mucosa, i.e., Pcyl, was reduced. Calculations based on a simplified model of the
      mucosa confirmed the experimental results.

PMID- 2912149
TI  - Central neurotensin affects rat gastric integrity, prostaglandin E2, and blood
      flow.
AB  - The aim of this study is to define the effect(s) of centrally administered
      neurotensin (NT) on gastric mucosal integrity, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)
      generation, and blood flow during stress induced by cold-water restraint (CWR) in
      rats. Intracerebroventricular (icv) NT reduced macroscopic and microscopic
      damage. The former effect was dose dependent and was totally blocked by
      indomethacin pretreatment. Gastric mucosal PGE2 increased 27 and 30% at 30 and 60
      min, respectively, in nonrestrained rats given icv NT. PGE2 generation was
      reduced in control rats during CWR but was maintained in CWR rats treated with
      icv NT. Gastric mucosal blood flow (GMBF) was significantly reduced in control
      rats during CWR. Mucosal blood flow was maintained at nonrestraint levels in the
      presence of icv NT during CWR; however, this effect was abolished by parenteral
      indomethacin pretreatment. Similarly, intravenous 16,16-dimethyl-PGE2 (200
      micrograms.kg-1.h-1) maintained GMBF of non-CWR levels as well as preventing the
      macroscopic damage normally associated with CWR. These data suggest a protective
      role for central NT on the gastric mucosa, mediated, at least in part, by PGE2
      generation and gastric mucosal blood flow.

PMID- 2912148
TI  - Relation between biliary glutathione excretion and bile acid-independent bile
      flow.
AB  - Glutathione efflux into bile of the fluorocarbon-perfused isolated rat liver was
      altered with eight different agents (L-buthionine-[S,R]-sulfoximine, cefamandole,
      sodium arsenite, phenobarbital, furosemide, nitrofurantoin, aminopyrine, and
      benzylamine), and correlations were established between bile flow and biliary
      excretion of 1) glutathione, 2) endogenous bile acids, and 3) glutathione plus
      bile acids. Biliary efflux of endogenous bile acids was relatively low (0.5-5
      nmol.min-1.g liver-1) and was minimally affected by these agents. Biliary
      glutathione excretion in control livers was between 4 and 9 nmol.min-1.g-1 and in
      treated livers ranged from 1 to 21 nmol.min-1.g-1. For each of the various
      interventions, an increase or decrease in glutathione excretion was always
      accompanied by a change in bile flow in the same direction; however, these
      changes were not always directly proportional when comparisons were made between
      treatment groups. Nevertheless, when bile flow (microliter.min-1.g-1; ordinate)
      was plotted against glutathione excretion into bile for the pooled data, a
      significant correlation was observed that was adequately described by a straight
      line: y = 0.071 chi + 0.72 (r2 = 0.62, P less than 0.001). A similar function
      described the relation between bile flow and the sum of bile acids and
      glutathione in bile: y = 0.077 chi + 0.55 (r2 = 0.62, P less than 0.001). In
      contrast, the taurocholate- or glycocholate-induced choleresis had only minimal
      effects on glutathione efflux. These findings support the hypothesis that
      glutathione is one of the osmotic driving forces in bile acid-independent bile
      formation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2912150
TI  - Cholecystokinin in pig plasma: release of components devoid of a bioactive COOH
      terminus.
AB  - Using radioimmunoassays specific for different sequences of cholecystokinin
      (CCK), we studied the intestinal release of CCK in pigs. After stimulation by
      intraduodenal infusion of HCl, plasma CCK concentrations, measured with an
      antiserum specific for the sulfated, bioactive sequence of CCK, increased from
      1.4 +/- 0.7 to 42.7 +/- 11.7 pM in portal plasma and from 0.5 +/- 0.3 to 12.3 +/-
      1.5 pM in peripheral plasma. The concentrations measured with an antiserum
      specific for the NH2-terminal sequence 5-10 of CCK-33 were considerably higher,
      increasing from 64 +/- 17 to 139 +/- 14 pM in portal plasma and from 69 +/- 7 to
      102 +/- 9 pM in peripheral plasma. Chromatography suggested that the NH2-terminal
      immunoreactivity consisted of large CCK fragments devoid of the bioactive COOH
      terminal octapeptide, i.e., desocta and/or desnona CCK-58, CCK-39, and CCK-33.
      The bioactive forms in both portal and peripheral plasma comprised CCK-58-, CCK
      33-, CCK-22-, CCK-12-, and CCK-8-like forms. Generally, the CCK-22-like component
      predominanated, but although CCK-8 was more abundant than CCK-33 in portal
      plasma, these forms occurred in equal amounts in peripheral plasma. Large amounts
      of NH2-terminal immunoreactivity were also found in the venous effluent of the
      isolated perfused duodenum after stimulation with gastrin-releasing peptide; the
      venous perfusate contained mainly CCK-22- and CCK-8-like material, which together
      constituted greater than 80% of the bioactive CCK components. Both duodenal and
      jejunal mucosa contained components resembling NH2-terminal fragments as well as
      large amounts of intact CCK-58 and CCK-33.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2912151
TI  - Effect of coinfusion of cholic acid and sulfated cholic acid on bile formation in
      rats.
AB  - The effect of combined infusion of sulfated cholic acid and nonsulfated cholic
      acid on bile formation was investigated. The data show that the secretion of
      sulfated cholic acid is slower and does not share the same transport mechanism(s)
      as nonsulfated cholic acid. Sulfated cholic acid significantly increased bile
      flow and reduced the secretion of biliary phospholipids, cholesterol, and protein
      associated with the secretion of exogenous nonsulfated cholic acid, only when
      they were infused in a ratio higher than 2:1 (sulfated:nonsulfated). Thus it is
      concluded that sulfated bile acids may protect the liver against the toxic effect
      of high concentration of bile acids. The relevance of these findings to human
      cholestasis remains to be determined because sulfated bile acids do not
      predominate in serum during cholestasis.

PMID- 2912152
TI  - Reduction of 7-ketolithocholic acid by human liver enzyme preparations in vitro.
AB  - The formation of chenodeoxycholic and ursodeoxycholic acids from 7
      ketolithocholic acid by human liver preparations was examined in vitro. Liver
      preparations were incubated with 7-ketolithocholic acid at pH 5.5 in a sodium
      potassium-phosphate buffer containing NADPH or NADH. The products formed were
      analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results
      showed that chenodeoxycholic and ursodeoxycholic acids could be formed from 7
      ketolithocholic acid by human liver enzyme(s). The enzyme(s) required NADPH but
      not NADH as coenzyme and was localized largely in the microsomes. The conjugated
      7-ketolithocholic acid, especially the taurine conjugated, was predominantly
      reduced to chenodeoxycholic acid, whereas the unconjugated 7-ketolithocholic acid
      was not reduced well to either chenodeoxycholic acid or ursodeoxycholic acid.
      Thus the reduction of 7-ketolithocholic acid by human liver enzyme(s) was found
      to be dependent on whether the substrate was conjugated or not.

PMID- 2912153
TI  - Uptake of bumetanide into isolated rat hepatocytes and primary liver cell
      cultures.
AB  - Uptake of bumetanide into rat liver cells was investigated using isolated
      hepatocytes and primary cell cultures. The kinetics of [3H]-bumetanide uptake
      revealed two saturable components in addition to an unsaturable component.
      Saturable bumetanide uptake consists of a high-affinity, sodium-dependent uptake
      and a low-affinity transport system. Bumetanide uptake into isolated rat
      hepatocytes is energy dependent and temperature sensitive. At low temperatures,
      bumetanide uptake is due to diffusion with a permeability coefficient of 1.16 x
      10(-6) cm/s. In primary liver cell cultures, uptake of bumetanide decreases
      rapidly over 3 days. AS-30D ascites hepatoma cells do not take up bumetanide but
      bind small amounts of the loop diuretic. Hepatocytes metabolized bumetanide
      extensively. The metabolites were secreted into the surrounding incubation
      buffer. Two hydroxylated and at least one conjugated biotransformation product
      could be separated by thin-layer chromatography. Isolated rat hepatocytes possess
      carrier proteins for uptake of bumetanide and very likely also for uptake of
      other loop diuretics like furosemide, piretanide, and torasemide. Several
      inhibitors of multispecific transport systems in the kidney and liver were tested
      as potential inhibitors of hepatocellular bumetanide or furosemide uptake.
      Probenecid, 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid, iodipamide,
      digitoxin, bile acids, and bromosulfophthalein inhibited uptake of loop
      diuretics. Inhibition by taurocholic acid was competitive with a Ki of 24 microM.
      Taurocholic acid inhibited [3H]bumetanide uptake in the presence but not in the
      absence of Na+. Deoxycholic acid and bromosulfophthalein were noncompetitive
      inhibitors of hepatocellular bumetanide uptake.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2912154
TI  - Zinc absorption in human small intestine.
AB  - We determined the intestinal site of zinc absorption in humans and investigated
      the interaction between intestinal absorption of zinc and other solutes using the
      triple-lumen steady-state perfusion technique. Twenty-one healthy subjects
      participated in the study. During intestinal perfusion of a balanced electrolyte
      solution containing 0.1 mM zinc acetate, zinc absorption occurred throughout the
      entire small intestine. However, the jejunum had the highest rate of absorption
      (357 +/- 14 nM.min-1.40 cm-1) compared with the duodenum (230 +/- 33 nM.min-1.40
      cm-1) and ileum (84 +/- 10 nM.min-1.40 cm-1). Over a range of zinc concentrations
      infused into the jejunum (0.1, 0.9, and 1.8 mM) there were linear increases in
      the rate of zinc absorption (P less than 0.05). Intestinal absorption of zinc was
      significantly stimulated by the addition of glucose (20 mM). Zinc absorption
      increased from 459 +/- 39 to 582 +/- 45 nM.min-1.40 cm-1 (P less than 0.05).
      Conversely, zinc (0.9 mM) also enhanced the absorption of glucose, which was
      increased from 293 +/- 43 to 447 +/- 27 microM.min-1.40 cm-1 (P less than 0.05).
      The enhanced absorption of zinc or glucose was not accompanied by any increase in
      absorption of water and sodium. In contrast, increasing the concentration of zinc
      in the perfusate resulted in decreased absorption of sodium and water in a dose
      related manner. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that zinc absorption is
      concentration dependent and occurs throughout the small intestine. The jejunum
      has the highest rate of absorption of zinc. The interactions between absorption
      of zinc and other solutes suggest that the transport process of zinc is carrier
      mediated.

PMID- 2912155
TI  - Tubular handling of neurotensin in the rat kidney as studied by micropuncture and
      HPLC.
AB  - Micropuncture studies were performed to assess the reabsorption and metabolism of
      the vasoactive peptide neurotensin (NT) in individual nephron segments and
      compare it to the handling of the closely related peptide bradykinin (BK). Rat
      proximal and distal convoluted tubules were microinfused with [3H]NT or [3H]BK.
      In a second set of experiments, [3H]NT and its metabolites in the ureteral urine
      were separated and characterized using high-performance liquid chromatography
      (HPLC) technique. The urinary recovery of 3H-labeled material was 31% when
      proximal tubules were microinfused with [3H]NT and 94% when distal tubules were
      infused. For proximal tubules the label recovered in the ureteral urine consisted
      exclusively of metabolites of NT and appeared as tyrosine, NT1-11, probably NT9
      13, and two uncharacterized products. For distal tubules, 9% chromatographed as
      intact NT in the urine and except for the proportion the metabolites were almost
      identical to those found when proximal tubules were microinfused. Following
      microinfusion of [3H]BK into proximal tubules, the urinary recovery of 3H-labeled
      material was 19%. There was no correlation between fractional reabsorption of 3H
      labeled material and proximal tubular length when [3H]NT or [3H]BK was
      microinfused. In vitro incubation studies with rat ureteral urine showed
      extensive degradation of NT yielding tyrosine, NT1-6, probably NT9-13, NT, and
      two uncharacterized products. In contrast, there was no detectable breakdown of
      BK over a 32-min period. Finally, [3H]NT was incubated in rat serum, and these
      experiments also showed degradation of the peptide but not to the extent as when
      incubated in ureteral urine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2912156
TI  - Regulation of organic osmolyte concentrations in tubules from rat renal inner
      medulla.
AB  - Glycerophosphorylcholine, inositol, and sorbitol were measured in rat kidney
      homogenates and tubules from inner medulla and papilla by enzymatic
      spectrophotometric techniques. Organic osmolytes exhibited their highest
      concentrations in the papillary tip. In contrast to glycerophosphorylcholine and
      sorbitol, inositol was of similar high concentrations in inner and outer medulla.
      Freshly prepared inner medullary tubules maintained tissue osmolyte
      concentrations under control, antidiuretic, and furosemide diuretic conditions.
      When tubules were incubated in vitro over 90 min, tubular organic osmolyte
      concentrations decreased as a function of extracellular NaCl, but not urea
      concentrations. Organic osmolyte disappearance from cells was quantitatively
      recovered from the medium. In contrast, medium lactate dehydrogenase activity did
      not rise in parallel and tubular ATP remained constant. Glucose up to a
      concentration of 200 mM increased tubule and medium sorbitol. The results
      obtained indicate that glycerophosphorylcholine, sorbitol, and inositol rapidly
      adapt their intracellular concentrations to extracellular NaCl osmolality by a
      change in tubular plasma membrane permeability. In addition sorbitol levels are
      regulated by the extracellular glucose concentration.

PMID- 2912157
TI  - Correlation of structure and function in developing proximal tubule of guinea
      pig.
AB  - Unlike the case in rat, rabbit, and other species in which nephron formation
      continues into the newborn period, nephrogenesis in the guinea pig is completed
      well before the time of birth. Therefore, the marked increase in proximal tubule
      reabsorption that occurs during the postnatal period in that species can be
      attributed entirely to an increase in the absorptive capacity of existing nephron
      units. The purpose of the present morphometric studies was to correlate that
      change in proximal tubule function with changes in the apical and basolateral
      cell membrane surface areas. The apical and basolateral membrane surface
      densities were found to be approximately equal to each other and to remain
      constant throughout development. Because of increasing tubule volume, however,
      both membranes doubled in size between 1 and 3 wk of age and eventually increased
      by a factor of 3.5 in the adult. At the same time, there was little change in the
      length of tight function complexes measured in the plane of the luminal surface.
      Using previously published functional data and tubule length data, a good
      correlation was found between absolute absorption and total basolateral membrane
      surface area throughout the entire period of development in proximal tubules.
      Absorption per unit area of basolateral membrane was approximately 0.55, 0.41,
      0.56, and 0.42 X 10(-6) nl.min-1.micron-2 in the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd wk, and in
      adult animals, respectively, and thus was similar to that reported for proximal
      tubule segments of adult rabbit and juvenile to adult rat.

PMID- 2912158
TI  - K activity of CCD principal cells from normal and DOCA-treated rabbits.
AB  - We used liquid ion exchanger and conventional microelectrodes to evaluate the
      effects of mineralocorticoids on the intracellular K activity (aiK) and K
      transport properties of principal cells (PC) of isolated cortical collecting
      ducts (CCDs). Hoffman modulation optics and electrophysiological methods were
      used to identify PC. K activity was measured with two single-barreled electrodes.
      We found that aiK of PC from deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-treated rabbits
      (97.6 mM) was not different from controls (94.8 mM). The driving forces for K
      transport across the basolateral membrane favored cell to bath (reabsorption) in
      PCs from controls and bath to cell (secretion) in PCs from DOCA-treated rabbits.
      However, the driving force for K secretion across the apical membrane was not
      significantly different between the two groups. We used the intracellular aiKs
      and bath ion substitutions (gluconate for Cl and K for Na) to evaluate the
      effects of DOCA on the ion-selective properties of the basolateral membrane of
      PC. DOCA increased PK/PCl from 0.33 to 0.89. Our conclusion was as follows: in PC
      of control rabbits K is above electrochemical equilibrium across the basolateral
      membrane. However, the basolateral K conductance is probably too small for
      significant K recycling. In PC of DOCA-treated rabbits the aiK is below
      electrochemical equilibrium across the basolateral membrane and the K conductance
      is increased. These effects enhance K secretion across this border while
      maintaining cell K constant.

PMID- 2912159
TI  - Low-conductance K channels in apical membrane of rat cortical collecting tubule.
AB  - Low-conductance, K-selective channels were identified in the apical membrane of
      the rat cortical collecting tubule (CCT) by use of the patch-clamp technique.
      Isolated, split tubules were bathed in K gluconate medium to depolarize the cell
      while keeping the intracellular K concentration high. With the patch-clamp
      pipette containing predominantly either Na+ or Li+ but no K, outward currents
      were observed through channels that had a single-channel conductance (g) of 9 pS
      and a probability of being open (Po) of greater than 0.9, independent of the
      voltage (+/- 40 mV) applied to the pipette (Vp). Similarly, only outward currents
      were observed when the patch was excised into high-K solution, implying a high
      selectivity of the channel for K+. When 1 mM BaCl2 was added to the pipette, Po
      decreased to 0.36 at Vp = 0; however, g was not changed but the channels
      flickered rapidly between open and blocked states; Po decreased as Vp was made
      positive, and increased as Vp was made negative. With the pipette filled with KCl
      + 1 mM Ba, the channels conducted K+ in both directions. The inward currents (at
      positive Vp were larger than the outward currents (at negative Vp) and g near Vp
      = 0 increased to 25 pS. When the pipette was filled with RbCl + 1 mM Ba the
      inward and outward currents were similar in magnitude, suggesting that the
      channels can conduct Rb, although not as well as K. With the tubules bathed in
      NaCl Ringer solution and the pipette containing KCl, inward currents were
      observed that could be attributed to the same pathway for K.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2912160
TI  - Intrarenal vasoconstriction during hyperchloremia: role of thromboxane.
AB  - The role of thromboxane (Tx) in chloride-induced renal vasoconstriction was
      studied in Munich-Wistar rats. Hyperchloremia (induced by changing an intra
      aortic, super-renal infusion of 1.2 M Na acetate to 1.2 M NaCl) reduced the
      glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by 31 +/- 3% (P less than 0.001; n = 27), and
      the clearance of p-aminohippurate (CPAH) by 36 +/- 4% (P less than 0.01). The Tx
      synthetase antagonists (25 mg/kg) UK-38,485 or OKY-046 prevented these changes.
      Pretreatment with indomethacin (5 mg/kg) also prevented Cl-induced changes in GFR
      and CPAH and blunted (P less than 0.05) the Cl-induced increase in renal vascular
      resistance (RVR, vehicle +55 +/- 11%, n = 8, indomethacin +27 +/- 7%, n = 6).
      Hyperchloremia reduced the hydraulic pressures (mmHg) in the outer cortical
      efferent arteriolar star vessels (PEA, 23.9 +/- 1.6 vs. 17.9 +/- 0.9; P less than
      0.01) and proximal tubules (PT, 21.1 +/- 1.5 vs. 15.8 +/- 1.4; P less than 0.01)
      but not in the glomerular capillaries (PGC, 47.0 +/- 2.5 vs. 49.5 +/- 2.2; NS).
      Therefore the hydraulic pressure drop across the glomerular capillaries (PGC -
      PT) increased (24.9 +/- 2.8 vs. 34.6 +/- 2.9; P less than 0.02). UK-38,485
      prevented significant Cl-induced changes in these pressures. The calculated
      resistances of the afferent and efferent arterioles both increased during
      hyperchloremia (+56 +/- 19%; P less than 0.05 and +195 +/- 66%; P less than 0.01,
      respectively) but were blunted after UK-38,485 (+23 +/- 8 and +21 +/- 10%,
      respectively).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2912161
TI  - In vivo generation of hydrogen peroxide by rat kidney cortex and glomeruli.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to demonstrate in vivo generation of hydrogen
      peroxide by rat renal cortex and glomeruli. Aminotriazole irreversibly
      inactivates catalase only in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, and previous
      studies have shown that aminotriazole-mediated inhibition of catalase is a
      measure of in vivo changes in the hydrogen peroxide generation. Aminotriazole
      injected intraperitoneally caused a dose-dependent (0.1-1 g/kg) and a time
      dependent (15, 30, 60, 90, 120 min) inhibition of the catalase activity in renal
      cortex. We confirmed that catalase inactivation by aminotriazole was due to
      formation of a catalase-hydrogen peroxide intermediate (compound I) because
      catalase inactivation was prevented by ethanol (2 g/kg), a competitive substrate
      for compound I. The specific activity of catalase in the glomeruli [0.27 +/-
      0.026 k/mg protein (where k is the first-order reaction rate constant), n = 5]
      was significantly lower than the specific activity in the tubules (1.04 +/- 0.15
      k/mg protein, n = 5) obtained from the same rats. The residual catalase activity
      (RCA) in the glomeruli (0.05 +/- 0.01 k/mg protein) was 19% of control values at
      90 min after aminotriazole injection (1 g/kg). Taken together these data provide
      evidence for in vivo generation of hydrogen peroxide by rat renal cortex and
      glomeruli under normal conditions. Aminotriazole-mediated inhibition of catalase
      has been used in previous studies as a measure of in vivo changes in the hydrogen
      peroxide generation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2912162
TI  - Effect of renal perfusion pressure on renal interstitial hydrostatic pressure in
      rats.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that changes in renal
      perfusion pressure may be transmitted to the renal interstitium and cause
      alterations in renal interstitial hydrostatic pressure and sodium excretion. A
      method that utilizes a chronically implanted polyethylene matrix that allows for
      direct continuous measurement of renal interstitial hydrostatic pressure, and
      agrees well with subcapsular measurement in rats, was developed. Renal
      interstitial hydrostatic pressure, fractional excretion of sodium, and urine flow
      rate were 3.0 +/- 0.3 mmHg, 0.35 +/- 0.13%, and 19.44 +/- 3.00 microliter/min,
      respectively, when renal perfusion pressure was 101 +/- 0.8 mmHg. When renal
      perfusion pressure was increased to 123 +/- 0.9 mmHg renal interstitial
      hydrostatic pressure, fractional excretion of sodium, and urine flow rate
      increased significantly to 5.8 +/- 0.6 mmHg, 1.29 +/- 0.29%, and 50.76 +/- 8.83
      microliter/min, respectively, in anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats. These
      changes occur despite a well-autoregulated glomerular filtration rate and renal
      blood flow. In conclusion, increasing renal perfusion pressure caused a
      significant increase in renal interstitial hydrostatic pressure as measured
      directly by the implanted polyethylene matrix method and was associated with a
      significant increase in sodium excretion.

PMID- 2912163
TI  - Differential permeabilities of rat renal brush-border and basolateral membrane
      vesicles.
AB  - Potassium chloride permeability and relative ionic conductances of rat renal
      cortical brush-border (BBMV) and basolateral (BLMV) membrane vesicles were
      examined using the fluorescent probe 3,3'-dipropylthiadicarbocyanine iodide [diS
      C3-(5)]. Vesicles were simultaneously isolated and separated by free-flow
      electrophoresis. These studies demonstrated that neither BBMV nor BLMV
      equilibrated in 100 mM KCl despite prolonged incubation. In both, an inwardly
      directed KCl gradient was sustained for 3 h. The low intravesicular KCl
      concentration of BLMV was confirmed utilizing the response of electrogenic Na+
      dependent [3H]glutamine transport to variations in the membrane potential.
      Chloride conductance was significantly less than potassium conductance in BBMV
      and BLMV. Consequently, an inside-positive potential was maintained across both
      membranes. BLMV were significantly more fluid, less permeable, had a lower
      relative chloride conductance, and maintained a greater inside-positive potential
      than BBMV. The KCl permeabilities of BBMV and BLMV were inversely related to
      endogenous membrane copper content and were significantly reduced by exogenous
      copper. Permeability did not correlate with membrane magnesium content, nor was
      it affected by exogenous magnesium. These studies suggest that endogenous copper
      as well as intracellular factors may regulate the permeabilities of the brush
      border and basolateral membranes of proximal tubule cells in vivo.

PMID- 2912164
TI  - Bicarbonate reabsorption by the kidney of the newborn rabbit.
AB  - Bicarbonate reabsorption by the immature kidney in response to acute acid-base
      changes was assessed in 50 anesthetized newborn rabbits before the end of
      nephrogenesis. The normal newborn rabbit (age 5-12 days) is in a state of
      hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis (PHCO3-, 31.9 +/- 0.6 mmol/l; PCl-, 83.1 +/-
      1.0) and excretes a hypertonic (Uosmol = 578 +/- 41 mosmol/kgH2O), alkaline (UpH
      = 7.40 +/- 0.15) urine containing 50 +/- 9 mmol/l Cl- and 13 +/- 4 mmol/l Na+.
      The alkalosis is probably generated by an alkaline load contained in the mother's
      milk and maintained by a state of chloride wasting and volume contraction. In
      this alkalotic model, bicarbonate reabsorption, expressed per milliliter
      glomerular filtration rate (GFR), correlates positively with arterial CO2
      pressure (PaCO2). The ability of the immature kidney to reclaim filtered
      bicarbonate in response to an elevation of the plasma carbon dioxide tension
      remains unlimited up to PaCO2 of 110 mmHg (y = 20.7 + 0.15 x, r = 0.82, P less
      than 0.001). Hypercapnia is associated with a marked fall in GFR, so that the
      positive correlation between bicarbonate reabsorption and PaCO2 vanishes when the
      bicarbonate reabsorption rate is expressed in absolute terms. Bicarbonate
      reabsorption is strongly dependent on the filtered load during both acutely
      induced metabolic acidosis and alkalosis. The acid-base state of the newborn
      rabbit is in sharp contrast with that of most animal species, and the renal
      handling of bicarbonate as a function of GFR does not show signs of tubular
      immaturity.

PMID- 2912165
TI  - Glomerular responses to platelet-activating factor in the rat: role of
      thromboxane A2.
AB  - In view of its role as a pro-inflammatory mediator in glomerular injury, we
      investigated the renal cortical microcirculatory responses to the intrarenal
      arterial administration of platelet-activating factor (PAF) in the anesthetized
      euvolemic Munich-Wistar rat. Close arterial administration of PAF led to dose
      dependent reductions in renal plasma flow rate (RPF), glomerular filtration rate
      (GFR), and filtration fraction (FF), in the absence of hypotension or
      hemoconcentration. Single-nephron (SN) plasma flow rate (QA), SNGFR and SNFF also
      fell [126 +/- 7 to 101 +/- 6 nl/min (P less than 0.005), 40.6 +/- 2.1 to 21.5 +/-
      2.5 nl/min (P less than 0.005), and 0.33 +/- 0.03 to 0.21 +/- 0.03 (P less than
      0.025)]. PAF increased pre- and postglomerular arteriolar resistances [2.32 +/-
      0.14 to 2.73 +/- 0.19 (P less than 0.005) and 1.32 +/- 0.13 to 1.45 +/-
      0.10(10)dyn.s.cm-5 (P less than 0.05)]. PAF infusion also led to a dramatic
      reduction in the mean value for the glomerular capillary ultrafiltration
      coefficient, Kf [0.058 +/- 0.012 to 0.020 +/- 0.003 nl.s-1.mmHg (P less than
      0.025)]. PAF-induced changes in renal hemodynamics were abolished in the presence
      of the cyclooxygenase inhibitors, indomethacin and ibuprofen. When administered
      concomitantly with a thromboxane A2 (TxA2) receptor antagonist, PAF led to
      significant increases in RPF and GFR. In isolated glomeruli, PAF stimulated the
      biosynthesis of TxB2 in a dose-dependent manner. Thus PAF depresses rat
      glomerular function by inducing contraction of arteriolar and mesangial smooth
      muscle. These effects are likely mediated via the secondary release of TxA2.

PMID- 2912166
TI  - Renal metabolism of the oxidized form of ascorbic acid (dehydro-L-ascorbic acid).
AB  - We evaluated whether specific transport and metabolic properties exist in rat and
      guinea pig kidney for handling the immediate oxidative product of ascorbic acid,
      dehydro-L-ascorbic acid. Isolated tubules were used to measure uptake of 10
      microM [14C]-dehydro-L-ascorbic acid over an 8-min incubation period. Uptake did
      not show dependence on the bathing media electrolyte composition but was
      inhibited to some extent by glucose. In tubules of both animal species the
      majority of 14C label present in the tissue extract was in the reduced form. No
      degredative enzymatic effect on dehydro-L-ascorbic acid is evident. Thirty-six
      percent of the [14C]dehydro-L-ascorbic acid reduced by the tubules was released
      during an 8-min incubation. Recently formed ascorbic acid is not substantially
      bound to cellular components. A factor necessary for dehydro-L-ascorbic acid
      reduction in renal cortex was found primarily in the 55-70% ammonium sulfate
      fraction. It is retained by mol wt 12,000 dialysis tubing, is heat labile, pH
      sensitive, inhibited by thiol reagents, and is most active in the presence of
      NADPH and glutathione. It has a molecular weight between that of blue dextran and
      cytochrome c as indicated by gel chromatography. We suggest that a cytosolic
      enzyme functions in reduction of dehydro-L-ascorbic acid and thereby is important
      in maintaining the redox state of ascorbic acid derived from the glomerular
      filtrate or from peritubular fluid.

PMID- 2912167
TI  - Role of renal interstitial hydrostatic pressure in the pressure diuresis
      response.
AB  - The present study examines the role of renal interstitial hydrostatic pressure
      (RIHP) in the pressure-diuretic and -natriuretic response. The relationships
      between RIHP, sodium excretion, and renal perfusion pressure (RPP) were
      determined in antidiuretic and volume-expanded (VE) rats with an intact or
      decapsulated kidney. RIHP was measured by use of the implanted capsule technique.
      RIHP increased significantly from 7.5 +/- 0.8 to 12.0 +/- 1.4 mmHg in VE animals
      and from 3.3 +/- 0.4 to 5.2 +/- 0.7 mmHg in antidiuretic rats after RPP was
      varied from 100 to 150 mmHg. The pressure-natriuretic response of the
      antidiuretic rats was blunted compared with that observed in the VE rats.
      Decapsulation of the kidney in VE rats lowered RIHP and reduced, but did not
      eliminate, the pressure-natriuretic response. To determine whether this residual
      response was related to changes in interstitial pressure in the medulla, cortical
      (CIHP) and medullary interstitial hydrostatic pressures (MIHP) were
      simultaneously measured in VE rats with an intact or decapsulated kidney. In
      control rats CIHP and MIHP were similar at all levels of RPP studied. In rats
      with the renal capsule removed MIHP was higher than CIHP and rose significantly
      from 6.7 +/- 0.8 to 9.2 +/- 0.8 mmHg when RPP was varied from 100 to 150 mmHg.
      These results indicate that pressure diuresis and natriuresis is accompanied by
      changes in RIHP and the response is modulated by the basal level of RIHP. These
      findings suggest that changes in MIHP may serve as an intrarenal signal for this
      response.

PMID- 2912168
TI  - Cyclosporine nephrotoxicity: blood volume, sodium conservation, and renal
      hemodynamics.
AB  - Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal blood flow (RBF) are depressed by
      chronic cyclosporine treatment. We examined the hypothesis that depletion of
      extracellular or intravascular fluid volume contributes to the renal
      vasoconstriction of early cyclosporine nephrotoxicity (CCN). Control and CCN rats
      were given 10 mg/kg cyclosporine A or vehicle intramuscularly daily for 7 days.
      The effects of extracellular volume expansion, both acute (AVE, 10% body wt
      saline) and chronic (CVE, 10% body wt/day saline ip, 10 days including
      cyclosporine A treatment period), on renal hemodynamics were measured. In CCN,
      AVE completely normalized GFR and RBF, whereas CVE partially prevented the
      development of CCN. Renal autoregulatory ability was depressed in CCN but was
      largely restored by AVE. Intravascular volumes were measured with Evans blue and
      51Cr-labeled red cells. Plasma and red cell volumes were reduced by 24% in CCN,
      indicating circulatory hypovolemia. Acute repletion of the deficit in blood
      volume by acute administration of an isoncotic solution (1.8 ml/100 g body wt of
      5% albumin in isotonic saline) restored GFR and RBF to levels similar to those in
      control rats. Extracellular fluid volume, estimated as inulin space, was similar
      in both CCN and control groups. A metabolic study (7 day) showed stool Na loss in
      CCN to be twice that in controls but both groups remained in sodium balance. We
      conclude that the renal vasoconstriction produced in the rat by short-term
      cyclosporine treatment is, at least in part, prerenal in origin and related to
      the development of circulatory hypovolemia.

PMID- 2912169
TI  - Electrophysiology of collecting duct H+ secretion: effect of inhibitors.
AB  - Segments of the outer medullary collecting duct were isolated from the inner
      stripe of the rabbit kidney (OMCDi), perfused in vitro, and impaled across their
      basolateral membranes with voltage-recording microelectrodes. The disulfonic
      stilbene 4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (SITS) (10(-4)
      M) and the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor acetazolamide (10(-4) M) depolarized the
      lumen-positive transepithelial voltage (VT) toward 0 mV when added to the bath
      solution. Concurrently, the basolateral membrane voltage (Vbl) hyperpolarized.
      The hyperpolarization of Vbl, which averaged 19.3 +/- 2.9 mV (n = 11) for SITS
      and 22.7 +/- 3.5 mV (n = 11) for acetazolamide, was not due to an alteration in
      the ionic selectivity of the basolateral membrane, which was highly Cl-
      selective. The hyperpolarization of Vbl could best be explained by a decrease in
      the intracellular [Cl-], and the associated shift in the emf for Cl- (ECl) across
      the basolateral membrane. The decrease in intracellular [Cl-] could be attributed
      to inhibition of a Cl-HCO3 antiporter in the basolateral membrane. SITS appeared
      to inhibit this antiporter directly, whereas the effect of acetazolamide was
      indirect, probably secondary to a decrease in the intracellular [HCO3-]. Finally,
      both SITS and acetazolamide induced or unmasked an electroneutral K+-coupled
      transport system in the basolateral membrane.

PMID- 2912170
TI  - Role of BBM lipid composition and fluidity in impaired renal Pi transport in aged
      rat.
AB  - Renal tubular phosphate (Pi) transport is impaired in the aged rat. The decrement
      in Pi transport is manifested as a decrease in the Vmax of the luminal brush
      border membrane (BBM) sodium-dependent Pi transport. In the present study we
      determined the potential role of alterations in cortical BBM lipid composition
      and fluidity in the age-related phosphaturia observed in rats. In the aged rat
      there are significant increases in the BBM cholesterol (Chol, 504 vs. 422 nmol/mg
      protein in adult, P less than 0.01) and sphingomyelin (Sph, 41.8 vs. 37.5 mol% in
      adult, P less than 0.01) and a decrease in the BBM fluidity [increase in
      fluorescence anisotropy of diphenylhexatriene (DPH), rDPH, 0.221 vs. 0.215 in
      adult, P less than 0.01]. The BBM lipid compositional and fluidity alterations
      may also play an important role in the impaired renal adaptation to a low-Pi diet
      in the aged rat. In the adult rat the renal adaptation to a low-Pi diet is
      associated with a decrease in BBM Chol (370 to 307 nmol/mg protein, P less than
      0.01) and an increase in fluidity (decrease in rDPH 0.207 to 0.201, P less than
      0.05). In the aged rat the renal adaptation to a low-Pi diet is incomplete and is
      associated with impaired ability to lower BBM Chol (441 to 429 nmol/mg protein, P
      = NS) and to increase fluidity (rDPH 0.211 to 0.211, P = NS). The results of this
      study therefore suggest that in the aged rat the increase in BBM Chol and Sph
      content, and the decrease in BBM fluidity play an important role in the impaired
      renal tubular Pi transport and adaptation to a low-Pi diet.

PMID- 2912171
TI  - Pressor responses to vasopressin in pigs and sheep with DOCA hypertension.
AB  - Pressor responses to vasopressin were determined in pigs and sheep during three
      experimental periods: 1) before deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) treatment, 2)
      21 days after DOCA implantation (100 mg/kg) when a stable hypertension had
      developed, and 3) after reversal of the hypertension by removing the implant in
      the sheep or by decreasing the dietary sodium intake in the pigs. The infusion of
      lysine (LVP) or arginine (AVP) vasopressin into pigs and sheep, respectively,
      resulted in dose-dependent increases in plasma vasopressin concentration. The
      levels of plasma LVP or AVP achieved by these infusions were not altered in any
      of the experimental periods. The administration of vasopressin resulted in dose
      dependent increases in mean arterial blood pressure. However, pigs required five
      times more LVP than sheep required AVP to achieve similar pressor responses. The
      pressor responsiveness to vasopressin was attenuated when either species was made
      hypertensive. This effect was reversed when normal blood pressure was restored by
      reducing sodium intake in the pigs or by removing the DOCA implant from the
      sheep. These data establish that an increased pressor response to vasopressin
      does not contribute to DOCA hypertension in pigs or sheep.

PMID- 2912172
TI  - Sympathetic outflow to resting muscles during static handgrip and postcontraction
      muscle ischemia.
AB  - Simultaneous microneurographic recordings were made of muscle sympathetic
      activity (MSA) in the radial and the peroneal nerves of seven healthy subjects
      during 2-min static handgrip (30% of maximal voluntary contraction) followed by 2
      min of forearm ischemia induced by arterial occlusion. At rest sympathetic burst
      frequency was similar in both nerves, but relative burst strengths differed
      between the two neurograms, suggesting that sympathetic outflows to arm and leg
      were not identical. Both radial and peroneal MSA were unchanged during the first
      minute of handgrip and increased to a similar degree during the second minute.
      Thus previously reported differences in vascular resistance between forearm and
      calf during static handgrip cannot be explained by differences in MSA to arm and
      leg muscles. During forearm ischemia after handgrip, peroneal MSA remained at the
      same level as during the second minute of handgrip but there was a further
      increase of radial MSA. This shows that stimulation of chemosensitive endings in
      forearm muscles induces differentiation of sympathetic neural outflow to muscles
      in the leg and the contralateral arm.

PMID- 2912173
TI  - Heart rate and blood pressure changes during sleep-waking cycles and cataplexy in
      narcoleptic dogs.
AB  - Cataplexy is the abrupt loss of muscle tone experienced by narcoleptics. It is
      usually precipitated by strong emotions or athletic activity. It has been
      hypothesized that cardiovascular variables have a role in the triggering of
      cataplexy. In the present study, we have utilized the narcoleptic canine model to
      directly investigate changes in heart rate and blood pressure in relation to
      cataplectic episodes. We found that heart rate increased 18% on average in the 20
      s preceding cataplexy onset and then fell during cataplexy. Thus, from a
      cardiovascular standpoint, cataplexy can be subdivided into two very different
      periods, the cataplexy onset period with very high and declining heart rate, and
      the period greater than or equal to 10 s after onset, with greatly reduced heart
      rate. Heart rate at cataplexy onset was significantly higher than heart rate in
      rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep, non-REM sleep, and quiet waking. Blood pressure
      did not markedly change before the onset of spontaneous cataplexies but decreased
      significantly during cataplexy. Although blood pressure increases did not precede
      spontaneous cataplexies, sudden increases in blood pressure, induced
      pharmacologically or by obstruction of the descending aorta, triggered cataplexy
      in the most severely affected subjects. A hypothesized role for cataplexy as a
      homeostatic reflex, triggered by interactions between blood flow, central
      chemoreceptors, and atonia control mechanisms in the medial medulla, is
      discussed.

PMID- 2912174
TI  - Role of prostanoids in cerebrovascular responses during seizures in piglets.
AB  - We examined the role of prostanoids to bicuculline-induced seizures in newborn
      pigs. Using the closed cranial window method and radioimmunoassay for
      prostanoids, we found that pial arterioles dilated during seizures; this dilation
      was associated with increased cortical periarachnoid cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
      levels of prostaglandin E2, 6-ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha, prostaglandin F2 alpha,
      and thromboxane B2. Using radioactive microspheres, we found cerebral blood flow
      (CBF) increased dramatically during seizures in piglets. To examine the effects
      of pharmacological blockade of cyclooxygenase, we determined CBF in piglets
      pretreated with indomethacin (5 mg/kg) and in a corresponding group of piglets
      made hypothermic to be sure preseizure CBF values were similar. In the
      hypothermic group, CBF increased during seizure, but the increase in CBF during
      seizure in the indomethacin group was reduced dramatically in all brain areas. We
      conclude that 1) bicuculline-induced seizures result in pial arteriolar dilation
      and increased CBF; 2) CSF levels of prostanoids increase during seizures; and 3)
      pretreatment with indomethacin severely blunts increases in CBF during seizures.

PMID- 2912175
TI  - Microvascular rarefaction and tissue vascular resistance in hypertension.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to quantitatively estimate the relative
      contribution of arteriolar rarefaction (disappearance of microvessels) and
      arteriolar constriction to the increases in total peripheral resistance and
      changes in the patterns of flow distribution observed in hypertension. A
      mathematical model of the hamster cheek pouch intraluminal microcirculation was
      constructed based on data from the literature and observations from our own
      laboratory. Separate rarefaction and constriction of third-order (3A) and fourth
      order (4A) arterioles were performed on the model, and the results were
      quantified based on the changes of the computed vascular resistance. The degree
      of increase in resistance depended both on the number and the order of vessels
      rarefied or constricted and also on the position of those vessels in the network.
      The maximum increases in resistance obtained in the model runs were 21% for
      rarefaction and 75% for constriction. Rarefaction, but not constriction, produced
      large increases in the degree of heterogeneity of blood flow in the various
      vessel orders. These results demonstrate that vessel rarefaction significantly
      influences tissue blood flow resistance to a degree comparable with vessel
      constriction; however, unlike constriction, microvascular rarefaction markedly
      altered blood flow distribution in our model of the hamster cheek pouch vascular
      bed. These findings conform with the hypothesis that a significant component of
      the increase in total peripheral resistance in hypertension may be due to vessel
      rarefaction.

PMID- 2912176
TI  - Transfer function analysis of autonomic regulation. I. Canine atrial rate
      response.
AB  - We present a useful technique for analyzing the various functional components
      that comprise the cardiovascular control network. Our approach entails the
      imposition of a signal with broad frequency content as an input excitation and
      the computation of a system transfer function using spectral estimation
      techniques. In this paper, we outline the analytical methods involved and
      demonstrate the utility of our approach in studying the dynamic behavior of the
      canine cardiac pacemaker. In particular, we applied frequency-modulated pulse
      trains to either the right vagus or the cardiac sympathetic nerve and computed
      transfer functions between nerve stimulation rate and the resulting atrial rate.
      We found that the sinoatrial node (and associated automatic tissue) responds as a
      low-pass filter to fluctuations in either sympathetic or parasympathetic tone.
      For sympathetic fluctuations, however, the filter has a much lower corner
      frequency than for vagal fluctuations and is coupled with a roughly 1.7-s pure
      delay. We further found that the filter characteristics, including the location
      of the corner frequency and rate of roll-off, depend significantly on the mean
      level of sympathetic or vagal tone imposed.

PMID- 2912177
TI  - Transfer function analysis of autonomic regulation. II. Respiratory sinus
      arrhythmia.
AB  - An efficient new technique was developed to investigate heart rate control at all
      physiologically relevant frequencies by using respiratory activity as a frequency
      probe of the autonomic nervous response. The transfer function from respiratory
      activity to heart rate was determined during 6-min periods in which the
      respiratory rate was voluntarily controlled in a predetermined but erratic
      fashion. Changes in posture were used to manipulate autonomic balance.
      Respiratory sinus arrhythmia was determined to be a frequency-dependent
      phenomenon with the magnitude and phase characteristics of a low-pass filter. In
      agreement with previous work, at typical respiratory frequencies (greater than
      0.15 Hz) increases in heart rate occurred simultaneously with the onset of
      inspiratory activity; however, at frequencies less than 0.15 Hz the phase
      relationship was quite different, such that increases in heart rate preceded
      inspiration. Between 0.15 and 0.45 Hz, the transfer magnitude was consistently
      lower while the subjects were in the upright posture than when in the supine
      posture, but below 0.15 Hz, it was equal in both postures. A model for
      respiratory modulation of heart rate, based on the atrial rate response
      characteristics determined in the companion paper [Am. J. Physiol. 256 (Heart
      Circ. Physiol. 25): H142-H152, 1989], suggests that the magnitude and phase
      characteristics of the subjects in the supine and upright postures differ because
      of relatively increased sympathetic outflow in the upright posture. A precise and
      efficient characterization of respiratory sinus arrhythmia can yield considerable
      insight into the autonomic regulation of the heart.

PMID- 2912178
TI  - Thoracic duct lymph flow and its measurement in chronically catheterized sheep
      fetus.
AB  - A method was developed for chronic catheterization of the left thoracic lymph
      duct at the base of the neck in the sheep fetus, which did not disrupt the other
      major lymphatic vessels that join the venous circulation at the same location.
      The lymphatic catheter was connected to a catheter in a jugular vein when lymph
      flow was not being recorded, so that the lymph continuously returned to the fetal
      circulation. Special consideration of catheter size to minimize flow resistance
      and treatment to prevent clotting were required. Individual animals were
      maintained up to 17 days with lymph flow continuing. In 13 fetuses averaging 128
      days gestation (term = 147 days) at the time of catheterization, lymph flow rate
      was measured for 1 h each day for the first 7 postsurgical days with an on-line
      computer technique that continuously calculated lymph flow rate. Lymph flow
      averaged 0.64 +/- 0.17 (SD) ml/min in fetuses weighing 2.3-4 kg and tended to
      undergo a nonsignificant increase with time. Lymph and plasma protein
      concentrations did not change with time. In individual fetuses, large spontaneous
      variations in lymph flow rate occurred over periods of several seconds to a few
      minutes. Analysis showed that these variations in flow rate were not associated
      with fetal breathing movements. Thus the present study describes a technique for
      studying the dynamics of lymph flow in the unanesthetized sheep fetus in utero
      over a time period limited primarily by the length of gestation. In addition, it
      appears that thoracic duct lymph flow rate in the fetus per unit body weight
      averages three to four times that in the adult.

PMID- 2912179
TI  - Regional venous outflow, blood volume, and sympathetic nerve activity during
      severe hypoxia.
AB  - We examined the dynamic changes in venous outflow from the splanchnic, coronary,
      and remaining other vascular beds and changes in systemic blood volume (SBV) in
      response to severe hypoxia (PO2 = 17 mmHg) in dogs using cardiopulmonary bypass
      and a reservoir. Splanchnic venous outflow, which also includes renal outflow in
      this study, decreased by 40%, and coronary venous outflow increased by 400% at
      3.5 min after initiating severe hypoxia. Severe hypoxia caused a marked decrease
      in SBV of 23 +/- 1 and 9 +/- 2 ml/kg in spleen-intact and splenectomized dogs,
      respectively. The decrease in SBV was attenuated by 60 (P less than 0.01) and 83%
      (P less than 0.01) after the carotid and aortic chemoreceptor denervation (which
      was accompanied by baroreceptor denervation) and after hexamethonium infusion (10
      mg/kg), respectively. Sympathetic efferent nerve activity revealed a tremendous
      augmentation, which began to rise at a PO2 of 40 mmHg before chemoreceptor
      denervation and at a PO2 of 22 mmHg after denervation. These results show that
      severe hypoxia causes a marked decrease in SBV, 60% of which is caused by active
      splenic contraction, and suggest that the sympathetic efferent nerve activity,
      which is augmented by the stimulation of chemoreceptors as well as the central
      nervous system, contributes greatly to those hypoxic changes.

PMID- 2912180
TI  - Effects of hemodilution on gastric and intestinal oxygenation.
AB  - To determine the effects of hemodilution on gastric and intestinal oxygenation,
      isolated segments of canine stomach and small bowel were perfused by a
      pressurized reservoir with blood at hematocrits of 40 and 20%. Arteriovenous O2
      difference, blood flow, and arterial and venous pressures were monitored
      continuously as perfusion pressure was reduced in 30-mmHg steps from 180 to 30
      mmHg. O2 consumption was calculated as the product of the steady-state
      arteriovenous O2 difference and blood flow at each perfusion pressure. Gastric
      and intestinal O2 uptake were relatively well maintained over most of the
      pressure range when the hematocrit was set at 40%. After hemodilution, gastric O2
      uptake decreased significantly only at 90 and 60 mmHg, but intestinal O2 uptake
      was significantly reduced except at 30 mmHg. When gastric and intestinal O2
      uptake were plotted as a function of blood flow, the O2 uptake vs. blood flow
      relationship were shifted down and to the right by hemodilution. Hemodilution
      also linearized the O2 uptake vs. blood flow relationship in the intestine.
      However, when O2 uptake was plotted as function of O2 delivery, the gastric O2
      uptake vs. delivery curves at the two hematocrits were superimposed on each
      other, but the O2 uptake vs. delivery curves for the intestine diverged except at
      low rates of O2 delivery. We conclude that by reducing the O2-carrying capacity
      of the blood, hemodilution adversely affects gastric and intestinal oxygenation.
      Our results also indicate that hemodilution lowers gastric O2 uptake by reducing
      O2 delivery; however, hemodilution lowers intestinal O2 uptake not only by
      reducing O2 delivery but also by impairing O2 extraction.

PMID- 2912181
TI  - Filtration coefficient in cat hindlimb using protein concentration changes.
AB  - The maximum value of capillary filtration coefficient (CFC) in maximally
      vasodilated cat skeletal muscle is disputed. It was hypothesized that the wide
      range of reported values was caused by the inability of gravimetric and
      volumetric measurements of tissue volume to separate transcapillary filtration
      from vascular volume changes. Consequently, we developed a method of measuring
      filtration rates from changes in venous protein concentration using Evan's blue
      labeled albumin in the isolated hindlimb (pentobarbital sodium anesthesia). The
      filtration coefficient (PFFC) calculated from these filtration rates after a step
      in venous pressure should not be influenced by vascular volume changes. When the
      perfusate flow rate through the hindlimb was greater than 15 ml.min-1.100 g
      muscle-1, PFFC was 0.0085 +/- 0.0015 (SD, n = 8) ml.min-1.mmHg-1.100 g muscle-1.
      PFFC was observed to be unvarying from 1 to 12 min after the venous pressure
      elevation, in contrast to CFC values, which fall during the same period. It is
      argued that the difference between CFC and PFFC values is caused by vascular
      volume changes.

PMID- 2912182
TI  - Magnesium and reperfusion of ischemic rat heart as assessed by 31P-NMR.
AB  - Isolated rat heart perfusion and high-resolution phosphate-31 nuclear magnetic
      resonance (31P-NMR) spectroscopy were used to elucidate the effects of Mg during
      reperfusion of the ischemic myocardium. After an ischemic period of 9 min, the
      hearts were reperfused with 0, 0.6, or 2.4 mM Mg during the entire 24-min
      reperfusion period or with 15 mM Mg during the first 12 min before returning to
      the physiological concentration of 0.6 mM during the last 12 min. Free
      intracellular Mg calculated by 31P-NMR rose during ischemia and fell gradually
      during reperfusion. The two groups reperfused with 15 mM Mg exhibited a
      significantly enhanced rate of recovery of adenosine triphosphate, creatine
      phosphate, intracellular pH, and coronary flow rate than the three other groups.
      Myocardial potassium was significantly higher, and inorganic phosphate was
      significantly lower at the end of the reperfusion period in these groups. The
      hearts reperfused with 0 mM Mg presented a significantly higher frequency of
      ventricular fibrillation (VF) than the other groups. It is concluded that
      reperfusion with high Mg improves the postischemic recovery of metabolism and
      function in the rat heart, whereas a Mg-free reperfusion solution increases the
      frequency of VF.

PMID- 2912183
TI  - Circulatory effects of PAF-acether in newborn piglets.
AB  - Platelet-activating factor (PAF-acether) is a lipid mediator that can exhibit
      potent vasoconstrictor influence in the pulmonary vessels. Therefore, the release
      of PAF-acether during inflammatory conditions in newborns might cause deleterious
      increases in pulmonary vascular tone. Thirty-four anesthetized open-chest newborn
      piglets were given 0.01-1 nmol PAF-acether iv. In separate experiments, animals
      were untreated or treated with either indomethacin (a cyclooxygenase inhibitor),
      SQ 29548 (a thromboxane receptor blocker), or LY 171883 (a leukotriene receptor
      blocker). The primary hemodynamic change was a 67 to 1,537% increase in the
      pulmonary vascular resistance index (PVRI) (P less than 0.01): mean pulmonary
      artery pressure (PAP) rose significantly at all doses tested, whereas only the
      largest dose consistently decreased cardiac index. Treatment with indomethacin or
      SQ 29548 prevented the decrease in cardiac index and attenuated the PAF-acether
      induced rises in PAP and PVRI. Vehicle and LY 171883 had no effect. The
      inhibitory influence of indomethacin and SQ 29548 suggests that an important
      component of PAF-acether's pulmonary vasoconstrictor action is mediated (at least
      in the newborn piglet) by cyclooxygenase products, most likely thromboxane.

PMID- 2912184
TI  - Ischemia-induced and reperfusion-induced arrhythmias: importance of heart rate.
AB  - The relationship between heart rate and ischemia-induced and reperfusion-induced
      arrhythmias was studied using 573 isolated rat hearts. Hearts (12/group),
      subjected to 7 min of coronary occlusion and 10 min reperfusion, were paced at
      300, 330, 360, 390, 420, 480, or 540 beats/min. Pacing either throughout the
      experiment or during ischemia alone led to a rate-dependent increase in the
      incidence of reperfusion-induced ventricular fibrillation (VF) from 25% in the
      unpaced hearts to greater than 90% when the rate was 420 beats/min or higher.
      However, pacing during reperfusion alone did not increase the incidence of
      reperfusion-induced VF. In separate hearts, the right atrium was removed to
      permit examination of both low and high rates (167 +/- 2, 240, 336 +/- 3, or 480
      beats/min throughout the experiment) over a wide range of durations of occlusion
      (3, 5, 7, 10, 15, 20, or 40 min). Ischemia-induced VF incidence was critically
      dependent on heart rate, low rates being protective. During reperfusion, the
      incidence of VF was also highly rate dependent if reperfusion was initiated
      within 10 min of the onset of ischemia (ranging from 8% when rate was 167 +/- 2
      beats/min to 100% when rate was 480 beats/min) but was unrelated to heart rate
      when reperfusion occurred at later times (ranging from 33 to 50% when ischemia
      duration was 40 min). Heart rate can therefore influence susceptibility to
      ischemia- and reperfusion-induced arrhythmias, probably as a result of an effect
      on the rate of development of ischemic injury.

PMID- 2912185
TI  - Attenuated microvascular alterations in coarctation hypertension.
AB  - Arteriolar vasoconstriction, structural reductions in dilated diameter, and
      rarefaction have been observed in vascular beds with chronic renal hypertension.
      To determine their pressure or flow dependence, these functional and structural
      parameters were studied in the developing and chronic stages of coarctation
      hypertension in the cremaster muscle, a normotensive skeletal muscle bed that is
      protected from the effects of elevated microvascular pressures. Hypertension was
      produced in rats by placing a silver clip around the abdominal aorta above the
      branches of the renal arteries. In hypertensive rats, resting diameters were
      reduced in second-order arterioles after 4 and 8 wk, in third-order arterioles
      after 2, 4, and 8 wk, and in fourth-order arterioles after 4 and 8 wk, vs.
      controls. Vascular tone was elevated in second-order arterioles after 2, 4, and 8
      wk and in third- and fourth-order arterioles after 8 wk in hypertensive rats. No
      increases in medial-intimal area were found at any stage of hypertension in any
      arteriolar order. The density of small arterioles (3rd-5th orders) was reduced by
      20% in hypertensive rats at 8 wk but was unchanged at the other time periods.
      These arteriolar alterations, especially the absence of structural reductions in
      diameter, are attenuated compared with those observed in one-kidney, one-clip
      hypertension and suggest that most of the arteriolar alterations that occur in
      renal hypertension are pressure or flow dependent.

PMID- 2912186
TI  - Influence of nonuniformity on rate of left ventricular pressure fall in the dog.
AB  - We examined the influence of nonuniformity in regional ventricular function on
      the rate of left ventricular pressure fall in 10 anesthetized dogs. Ultrasonic
      segment gauges were implanted in the midwall of the anterior, lateral, and
      posterior left ventricle. In seven dogs, nonuniformity was produced by infusing
      isoproterenol (0.4 microgram/ml) into the mid-left anterior descending coronary
      artery at low flow (0.5 +/- 0.7 ml/min) and high flow (1.5 +/- 1.2 ml/min) rates,
      for total doses of 0.1 +/- 0.1 and 0.3 +/- 0.2 micrograms, respectively. This
      produced a dose-dependent increase in anterior segment shortening so that
      shortening was completed earlier and marked segment lengthening occurred during
      isovolumic relaxation. Lateral and posterior segments were not directly
      stimulated. The heart rate, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, and peak
      systolic pressure remained constant. However, tau, the time constant of left
      ventricular pressure fall, increased from 32 +/- 8 to 37 +/- 10 ms with the low
      dose, and from 35 +/- 6 to 49 +/- 12 ms with the high dose of isoproterenol.
      Similar results occurred in two dogs when isoproterenol was infused into the
      proximal, mid, or distal left anterior descending and in three dogs with
      infusions in the left circumflex coronary artery. We conclude that nonuniformity
      of regional left ventricular function is an important and independent factor
      regulating the rate of pressure fall in the intact ejecting left ventricle.

PMID- 2912187
TI  - Adrenergic receptors of adrenal medullary vasculature.
AB  - The present study evaluates possible effects of adrenal catecholamines, released
      by splanchnic nerve stimulation, on adrenal medullary blood flow (MQ) and adrenal
      catecholamine secretion (CS). Twelve pentobarbital-anesthetized mongrel dogs were
      subjected to three identical splanchnic nerve stimulations (5 V, 20 Hz, for 3
      min) at 30-min intervals, and MQ (radiolabeled microsphere technique) and CS
      (high-performance liquid chromatography) were measured before and during each
      nerve stimulation. Animals were assigned to one of three groups and administered
      either saline, pindolol (1 and 4 mg/kg), or prazosin (1 and 4 mg/kg) before the
      second and third nerve stimulation, respectively. In the saline control group,
      each nerve stimulation resulted in similar increases in MQ and CS. Pindolol
      attenuated nerve stimulation-induced increases in MQ and CS by 50%, but had no
      effect on medullary catecholamine concentration. Prazosin augmented nerve
      stimulation-induced MQ, CS, and medullary catecholamine concentration by 35%.
      These data suggest that adrenal adrenergic receptors modulate elicited CS and
      mediate changes in adrenal medullary vascular tone.

PMID- 2912188
TI  - Oxygen exchange in the microcirculation of hamster retractor muscle.
AB  - We determined percent hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SO2) in arterioles and
      venules of the hamster retractor muscle at rest. We found that SO2 decreased from
      69.9 +/- 1.4% (SE) in large input arterioles (first order, 1A, ID = 60 +/- 3
      micron) to flow-weighted values of 56.7% in small arterioles (4A, ID = 20 +/- 1
      micron), 51.3% in small venules (4V, ID = 28 +/- 1 micron), and to 50.6 +/- 1.0%
      in large venules (1V, ID = 147 +/- 13 micron). Thus approximately two-thirds of
      the net decline in SO2 for this tissue occurred by diffusion of oxygen from
      arterioles, whereas only about one-third occurred by diffusion from capillaries.
      Furthermore, no net shunting of oxygen from the arterioles to the venules was
      detected as evidenced by the absence of any significant change in venular SO2. By
      determining the SO2 at upstream and downstream ends of arterioles in four
      consecutive branching orders (1A-4A), we found that the decrease in SO2 per unit
      length (delta SO2/L) increased approximately 20-fold from 1A to 4A. This increase
      in delta SO2/L was directly proportional to estimated luminal minus tissue oxygen
      tension and inversely proportional to red blood cell flow.

PMID- 2912189
TI  - Relation between phosphate metabolites and oxygen consumption of heart in vivo.
AB  - The relation between induced increases in cardiac work and phosphate metabolites
      was investigated in the canine heart in vivo to evaluate the role of ATP
      hydrolysis products, ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi), in the control of
      myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2). In these studies, myocardial blood flow and
      oxygen consumption were simultaneously measured with the 31P-nuclear magnetic
      resonance (NMR)-detected phosphate metabolites. Three protocols were used to
      increase myocardial work: pacing, epinephrine, and phenylephrine infusions. When
      these protocols were used, no or only slight changes in myocardial ATP, Pi, and
      creatine phosphate were observed with a greater than threefold increase in MVO2.
      The calculated intracellular free Mg concentration, ADP, and pH were also only
      slightly affected by these increases in work. These data indicate that a simple
      model involving the feedback of cytosolic ADP and Pi to the mitochondria
      regulating respiration is inadequate to explain respiratory control in vivo.
      These data suggest that some other parameters or cooperativity effects involving
      the phosphate metabolites must play a role in the feedback between respiration
      and work in the heart in vivo.

PMID- 2912190
TI  - Measurement of osmotic reflection coefficient for small molecules in cat
      hindlimbs.
AB  - Capillary osmotic reflection coefficients (sigma) for NaCl, urea, sucrose, and
      raffinose were measured in the isolated, perfused cat hindlimb using the osmotic
      transient technique. sigma were determined from the ratio of the maximum rate of
      transcapillary absorption [delta Jv(max)] to the increase in the osmotic pressure
      (25-35 mosmol/kg H2O) in the arterial inflow (delta pi a) produced by adding one
      of the molecules to an albumin-electrolyte perfusate containing isoproterenol
      (greater than 10(-7) M). delta Jv (max) was determined from organ weight and
      delta pi a from perfusate osmolalities. For each molecule, the delta
      Jv(max)/delta pi a ratio increased monotonically with perfusate flow rates (Q) to
      Q greater than 100 ml.min-1.100 g-1. This ratio was independent of the size of
      the delta pi a. Apparent sigma values were calculated by dividing these ratios by
      the capillary hydraulic capacity determined in other studies. At low Q, apparent
      sigma was comparable to the approximately 0.1 values found by others in skeletal
      muscle. At the highest Q, apparent sigma for these molecules were at least 0.5.
      These data are consistent with at least 50% of transcapillary water flow moving
      through a water-exclusive pathway.

PMID- 2912191
TI  - Relative importance of four pressoregulatory mechanisms after 10% bleeding in
      rabbits.
AB  - Four physiological mechanisms are known to be important for recovery of arterial
      pressure (AP) after acute hemorrhage. These are the sino-aortic baroreflex (SA),
      the vagally mediated cardiopulmonary baroreflex (CP), the renin-angiotensin
      system (RA), and the vasopressin system (VP). We evaluated in anesthetized
      rabbits the relative importance of these mechanisms by repeating rapid, 10%
      arterial hemorrhage (6.5 ml/kg) once before and once after eliminating one of
      them and comparing the posthemorrhage hypotension. The study was conducted in two
      series. In the first series, we randomly grouped 24 rabbits into four groups,
      i.e., a sinoaortic baroreceptor-denervated group (SA) a vagotomized group (CP), a
      renin-angiotensin-blocked group (RA), and a vasopressin-blocked group (VP). In
      control conditions, AP fell to 88% at 2 min and 92% at 6 min after completing the
      hemorrhage. Significantly greater hypotension (e.g., 74% at 6 min) occurred only
      in the SA group. In the second series, we randomly classified 18 rabbits into
      three groups, i.e., an autonomic ganglion-blocked group (AB) plus a RA group and
      a VP group as before. Hypotension significantly greater than control (68% opposed
      to 91% at 6 min) occurred only in the AB group. We submit that as far as
      restoration of arterial pressure after rapid, mild hemorrhage in the rabbit is
      concerned, the arterial baroreceptor reflex system plays a far more important
      role than the vagally mediated cardiopulmonary baroreflex, the vasopressin
      system, or the renin-angiotensin system triggered directly by a fall in renal
      arterial pressure.

PMID- 2912192
TI  - Distribution of perfusate flow during vasodilation in isolated guinea pig heart.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of vasodilation on the
      distribution of perfusate flow in the isolated guinea pig heart. Hearts were
      perfused retrogradely through the aorta with oxygenated Krebs-Henseleit buffer
      solution at 37 degrees C. Regional myocardial flows were measured with 15-micron
      radioactive microspheres. Each heart was subdivided into 45 pieces (average size
      44 mg), and heterogeneity of flow was quantified as the relative dispersion
      (standard deviation/mean). Under control conditions at a perfusion pressure of 46
      mmHg (60 cm water), the relative dispersion of left ventricular (LV) flow was 30
      +/- 2% (n = 8). Vasodilation was induced via infusion of dipyridamole (10(-5) M).
      When flow was held constant at the resting value, relative flow dispersion
      increased to 43 +/- 6% (n = 8). When perfusion pressure was held constant and
      flow allowed to increase, relative dispersion fell to 20 +/- 5% (n = 5).
      Heterogeneity for the heart as a whole was higher than for the left ventricle but
      followed the same pattern with vasodilation. In a separate series of hearts (n =
      5) equipped with LV balloons but without microsphere flow measurements,
      vasodilation at constant flow decreased LV pressure development, dP/dt, and O2
      consumption. Vasodilation at constant pressure increased O2 consumption, but did
      not increase LV pressure or dP/dt. We conclude that vasodilation in this
      preparation will increase flow heterogeneity during constant-flow perfusion but
      decrease heterogeneity during constant-pressure perfusion. Furthermore, increased
      flow heterogeneity can compromise ventricular function.

PMID- 2912193
TI  - Errors in microsphere determination of cardiac output: a computer simulation in
      fetal sheep.
AB  - Through use of a compartmental model, we simulated the measurement of cardiac
      output and distribution by means of radioactively labeled microspheres in fetal
      lambs with weights between 0.5 and 3 kg. A systematic error in measured cardiac
      output caused by artifactual changes in blood volume caused by the injection and
      withdrawal of fluids during the procedure was less than 5% for fetal weights
      greater than or equal to 1 kg but increased for fetal weights less than 1 kg and
      when hypovolemia was simulated at all fetal weights. Sensitivity analysis
      disclosed no significant effect of changes in vascular resistance. We examined
      the effects of recirculation of microspheres and found no significant increase in
      error in the measured value of cardiac output due to 20% recirculation of all
      spheres entering a single isolated organ system; however, errors between 7 and
      14% were observed with simulations of 20% recirculation in more than one
      compartment simultaneously. Recirculation also introduced significant errors in
      the measured distribution of cardiac output in certain cases. The effect on the
      measured cardiac output of a temporary change in the true cardiac output was
      dampened by the artifactual blood volume changes mentioned above and the fact
      that the measurement is a time-weighted average. We also evaluated four different
      experimental designs. We conclude that the microsphere technique provides a
      remarkably reliable means of quantifying cardiac output and individual organ flow
      in the fetus. The nonrandom errors inherent in the procedure examined in this
      study are of the order of 10%, which is likely to be less than the moment-to
      moment variation in the true cardiac output.

PMID- 2912194
TI  - Hypoxic reperfusion attenuates postischemic microvascular injury.
AB  - The results of several recent studies have demonstrated that reactive oxygen
      metabolites are responsible for a major portion of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)
      injury in skeletal muscle. Presumably, the cytotoxic oxidants are produced during
      reperfusion when molecular oxygen (the source of the reactive oxygen metabolites)
      is reintroduced to the tissues. The purpose of this study was to test the
      hypothesis that molecular oxygen must be provided at reperfusion to produce I/R
      injury in skeletal muscle. Isolated, maximally vasodilated (papaverine) canine
      gracilis muscles were reperfused, after 4 h of inflow occlusion, from reservoirs
      containing autologous blood equilibrated with either 95% O2-5% CO2 or 95% N2-5%
      CO2 gas mixtures. Arterial PO2 fell from approximately 120 mmHg to less than 3-5
      mmHg, during the use of nitrogen. The solvent drag reflection coefficient for
      total plasma proteins (sigma f) and total vascular resistance was determined for
      the following conditions: control (no ischemia), reperfusion with oxygenated
      blood after 4 h ischemia; and reperfusion (after 4 h ischemia), first with anoxic
      blood and then oxygenated blood. Reperfusion with oxygenated blood, after 4 h of
      ischemia, significantly reduced solvent drag reflexion coefficient (sigma f) from
      0.93 +/- 0.02 to 0.63 +/- 0.02, indicating a dramatic increase in vascular
      permeability. Total vascular resistance increased from 6.1 +/- 1.1 mmHg.ml
      1.min.100 g during the preischemic period to 12.9 +/- 3.0 mmHg.ml-1.min.100 g
      during normoxic reperfusion. In muscles reperfused with anoxic blood, sigma f
      averaged 0.82 +/- 0.06, whereas vascular resistance increased by 56 +/-
      13%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2912195
TI  - A rate-sensitive component to the myogenic response is absent from bat wing
      arterioles.
AB  - The responses of three sequential branching orders of arterioles in the bat wing
      to rapid and slow changes in transmural pressure were studied. Arterial and
      venous pressures to the wing were elevated simultaneously by pressurizing a box
      containing the body of the animal, while the wing was exposed to atmospheric
      pressure. Box pressure was elevated from 0 to +48 mmHg at two rates: 24 and 0.6
      mmHg/s. During this time, continuous recordings of hydrostatic pressure and
      diameter were made in single arterioles using intravital microscopic techniques.
      Second-order arterioles and arcuate arterioles from skin and skeletal muscle
      constricted in response to elevated transmural pressure but did not show an
      enhanced response to rapid pressure changes. There was a trend for terminal
      arterioles to show a transient peak constriction during rapid stretch, but this
      response was always associated with a biphasic change in arteriolar pressure.
      These results suggest that the transient arteriolar resistance changes associated
      with rapid transmural pressure increases in previous experiments may be primarily
      a result of transient pressure changes in small arterioles. We find no evidence
      that arterioles in this preparation exhibit a rate-sensitive component to their
      myogenic response.

PMID- 2912196
TI  - Characterization of adenosine receptors in human pulmonary arteries.
AB  - We have characterized the effects of adenosine, the A1-receptor agonist N6-(L-2
      phenylisopropyl)-adenosine (PIA) and the A2-receptor agonist 5'-(N-ethyl)
      carboxamido-adenosine (NECA), in isolated human pulmonary vessels. Fresh human
      lung tissue was obtained from nine patients, and small pulmonary arteries (200
      400 micron ID) were dissected and mounted in an organ bath. The effects of the
      adenosine antagonist 8-phenyltheophylline (8-PT) and endothelial denudation were
      also studied. Adenosine, NECA, and PIA (1-300 microM) all caused a dose-dependent
      vasodilation with log EC30 values of -4.31, -4.31, and -3.53, respectively. 8-PT
      (10 microM) caused a rightward shift of the adenosine dose-response curve,
      significantly decreasing the effect of adenosine (pKB = 6.3). Mechanical removal
      of endothelial cells had no significant effect on adenosine-mediated
      vasodilation. We also compared the effects of adenosine on eight large (7-10 mm
      ID) and eight small (200-400 micron ID) arteries and found no significant
      difference in the sensitivity to adenosine between these vessels. Our findings
      suggest that the pulmonary vasodilator effects of adenosine in humans are
      mediated through A2 receptors that are localized to vascular smooth muscle.
      Adenosine may function as a regulator of pulmonary vascular tone in humans and
      may have therapeutic potential.

PMID- 2912197
TI  - Electrical and mechanical responses of rat saphenous vein to short-term pressure
      load.
AB  - The magnitude and mechanism of myogenic response of vascular smooth muscle (SM)
      in rat distal saphenous vein was assessed from SM membrane potential (Em)
      measured in situ and in vitro with glass microelectrodes and from active and
      passive stress and strain calculated from changes in vessel diameter measured in
      vitro via videomicroscopy. Elevation of intraluminal pressure from 2.2 +/- 0.2
      (SE) mmHg (control) to 15 +/- 0.8 mmHg for 1 h in a series of in vitro vessel
      segments perfused with physiological salt solution at 0.2 ml/min induced a
      maintained and reversible depolarization of 18 +/- 0.9 mV. A 7.6 +/- 0.4-mmHg
      pressure increase induced a 12.9 +/- 1.2-mV depolarization in a second series. In
      a third series, 5-mmHg pressure increments induced significant increments in
      active isometric stress and isobaric strain. Opening an acute, reversible in situ
      femoral artery to saphenous vein shunt caused a 4- to 5-mmHg venous pressure
      elevation, a 10-fold increase in venous blood flow, and a 12.1 +/- 0.9-mV venous
      SM depolarization. Thus a short-term pressure load causes sustained, reversible
      venous SM cell depolarization both in vitro and in situ, coupled with active
      strain and stress generation in the vein wall. These results support our
      hypothesis that SM of peripheral veins can contribute to an intrinsic capacity
      autoregulation.

PMID- 2912198
TI  - Single-beat evaluation of left ventricular inotropic state in conscious dogs.
AB  - Two competing left ventricular elastic-resistive (ER) models were used to predict
      parameter values from pressure, volume, and time data of a single ejective beat
      in conscious dogs during control, enhanced (dobutamine), and decreased
      (propranolol) inotropic states. The animals were instrumented with three pairs of
      microcrystals and a transducer to measure intraventricular volume and pressure.
      Results showed that with the ER nonlinear model (ERNL), parameter values in all
      animals lay within the physiological range. These were the slope (Emax) and the
      intercept (V0) of the isovolumic end-systolic pressure-volume relationship
      (ESPVR), the slope of the end-diastolic pressure-volume relationship (Ed), the
      time to Emax (Tmax), the normalized time to end of activation (A), and the
      resistive constant (K). In the two models, the normalized SE of the estimate of
      data fitting was below 0.2 Emax, as estimated from a single beat, responded to
      changes in contractility in a significantly more consistent fashion than the
      slope of ESPVRs (Ees) generated by preload maneuvers in conscious dogs. Single
      beat estimated Tmax and K with the ERNL model did also respond consistently to
      contractility changes, whereas with the elastic resistive linear (ERL) model, K
      did not reproduce the experimental findings with decreased inotropic state. We
      conclude that 1) the ERNL model can be employed to assess contractility changes
      in conscious dogs from data of a single ejective beat, and 2) these changes are
      better indicated by single-beat estimated Emax than by Ees calculated from
      conventional ESPVRs.

PMID- 2912199
TI  - Alterations of coronary blood flow and reserve with aging in Fischer 344 rats.
AB  - To determine whether aging affects the coronary circulation, left and right
      ventricular coronary blood flow and vascular resistance at rest and after maximal
      vasodilation were measured by left atrial injection of radioactive microspheres
      in conscious, unrestrained male Fischer 344 rats at 4, 12, and 20 mo of age. As a
      function of age, maximal coronary blood flow per 100 g of tissue decreased by 43%
      in the left ventricle at both 12 and 20 mo, whereas a 44 and a 47% reduction was
      found in the right side of the heart at the same time intervals. Minimal coronary
      vascular resistance per 100 g of myocardium increased by 56 and 36% in the left
      ventricle and by 48 and 44% in the right at 12 and 20 mo, respectively. No change
      was found in total minimal coronary resistance for either ventricle despite an
      increase in myocardial mass. Maximal coronary blood flow per 100 g to the
      endocardium was depressed more than epicardial flow, leading to a 24% reduction
      in the endocardial-to-epicardial flow ratio at 20 mo. Coronary vascular reserve
      per 100 g, expressed as the increase in coronary blood flow during maximal
      coronary vasodilation, was greater in the right than in the left ventricle at all
      ages. It is concluded that the changes in coronary hemodynamics associated with
      maturation and aging are comparable with those seen in pressure overload
      hypertrophy with an increased vulnerability potential of the myocardium to
      ischemic episodes, particularly of the subendocardial region of the left
      ventricle.

PMID- 2912200
TI  - Shunting of leukocytes in rabbit tenuissimus muscle.
AB  - Leukocyte distribution was studied in 58 arterioles and capillaries constituting
      eight networks in the fascia adjacent to the rabbit tenuissimus muscle.
      Fluorescence video microscopy (acridine red) and digital image processing were
      used to visualize the leukocytes. Leukocyte concentration in the transverse
      arterioles leaving the muscle proper to irrigate the fascia was significantly
      elevated to 143 +/- 13% (mean +/- SE) of the systemic count. Leukocytes were
      found to further accumulate along the arteriolar tree, reaching 244 +/- 16% of
      systemic in the most remote branches. Leukocyte accumulation in the connective
      tissue can be calculated to lead to a decrease of leukocyte concentration in
      muscle capillaries to 89% of the systemic value. This shunting effect may be
      important in preventing leukocyte-induced capillary obstruction. At individual
      arteriolar bifurcations, leukocytes were found to preferentially enter the
      downstream branch with higher flow rate (regression coefficient 1.11 +/- 0.04, n
      = 100). This preferential distribution is quantitatively sufficient to account
      for the observed leukocyte distribution in the network.

PMID- 2912201
TI  - Ventricular function and fatty acid metabolism in neonatal piglet heart.
AB  - Studies in which subcellular systems were used suggest that neonatal myocardium
      has a sharply limited capacity to metabolize fatty acids. The relationship of
      these findings to the intact heart was tested on piglets, 8 h to 12 days of age.
      Left ventricular (LV) performance, O2 consumption (MVO2), and fatty acid (FA)
      uptake and oxidation were measured. Hearts were perfused at 70 cmH2O pressure
      with buffer containing 2% bovine serum albumin, insulin (100 microU/ml), 5 mM
      glucose, and 1.5 mM lactate. 14C-labeled palmitate was added (net FA, 0.5 mM).
      Washed erythrocytes were used to assure adequate O2 delivery. LV end-diastolic
      pressure (EDP) was controlled with a fluid-filled balloon. FA oxidation was
      estimated by measuring 14CO2 production. Hearts less than 24 h (group I, n = 6),
      those approximately 3 days (group II, n = 5), and those 6-12 days of age (group
      III, n = 10) were compared. Measurements at a low EDP (2-4 cmH2O) and at a higher
      EDP (7-9 cmH2O) were compared. At the low EDP, rates of FA oxidation for groups I
      III averaged 30.0 +/- 3.0, 31.4 +/- 2.9, and 50.2 +/- 2.6 nmol.min-1.g-1,
      respectively. These values increased to 43.8 +/- 3.7, 42.6 +/- 2.5, and 63.8 +/-
      4.0 nmol.min-1.g-1, respectively, at the higher EDP level (P less than 0.01 for
      each group). Thus within a few hours of birth, pig hearts are able to oxidize
      long-chain FA, and the rate of oxidation is linked to mechanical function.
      However, both the oxidation rate and the percentage of MVO2 accounted for by FA
      oxidation are greater in older hearts.

PMID- 2912202
TI  - Thermal acclimation induces adaptive changes in subcellular structure of fish
      skeletal muscle.
AB  - Stereological analyses of electron micrographs were used to quantify
      physiologically important ultrastructures of slow-twitch oxidative (red) and fast
      twitch glycolytic (white) muscle fibers from striped bass (Morone saxatilis)
      acclimated to 25 and 5 degrees C. The fraction of cell volume occupied by the
      mitochondria [volume density, Vv (mit,f)] of red fibers increases from 0.286 +/-
      0.018 to 0.448 +/- 0.024 between 25 and 5 degrees C; Vv (mit,f) of white fibers
      increased from 0.027 +/- 0.003 and 0.040 +/- 0.004 at 25 and 5 degrees C,
      respectively. Because of a concomitant increase in the mass of oxidative muscle,
      acclimation from 25 to 5 degrees C results in an increase in total mitochondrial
      volume per 100 g body wt from 2.58 to 6.73 cm3 in oxidative muscle and from 2.46
      to 3.40 cm3 in fast glycolytic muscle. Mitochondria of red fibers are in more
      clustered arrays after cold acclimation. Size and cristae surface densities of
      individual mitochondria are not affected markedly by acclimation, suggesting true
      cold-induced proliferation rather than enlargement of organelles. Harmonic means
      of intermitochondrial spacing in red fibers decreases from 2.64 to 1.43 micron
      between 25 and 5 degrees C. This reduces diffusion path lengths between
      sarcoplasmic and mitochondrial compartments proportionately, compensating for
      decreases in diffusivity of aqueous solutes. Intracellular lipid droplets of red
      fibers markedly increase in volume density from 0.006 +/- 0.003 at 25 degrees C
      to 0.079 +/- 0.014 at 5 degrees C.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2912203
TI  - Bright morning light advances the human circadian system without affecting NREM
      sleep homeostasis.
AB  - Eight male subjects were exposed to either bright light or dim light between 0600
      and 0900 h for 3 consecutive days each. Relative to the dim light condition, the
      bright light treatment advanced the evening rise in plasma melatonin and the time
      of sleep termination (sleep onset was held constant) for an average approximately
      1 h. The magnitude of the advance of the plasma melatonin rise was dependent on
      its phase in dim light. The reduction in sleep duration was at the expense of
      rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep. Spectral analysis of the sleep
      electroencephalogram (EEG) revealed that the advance of the circadian pacemaker
      did not affect EEG power densities between 0.25 and 15.0 Hz during either non-REM
      or REM sleep. The data show that shifting the human circadian pacemaker by 1 h
      does not affect non-REM sleep homeostasis. These findings are in accordance with
      the predictions of the two-process model of sleep regulation.

PMID- 2912204
TI  - Two-phase change of sympathetic rhythms in brain ischemia, Cushing reaction, and
      asphyxia.
AB  - The present study was designed to determine the extent to which the brain stem
      neural networks, normally capable of synchronizing the sympathetic nerve
      discharge (SND) into 2- to 6- and 10-Hz rhythmic fluctuations, contribute to the
      control of autonomic reactions during brain hypoxia and/or hypercapnia.
      Vertebral, cardiac, and renal nerve discharges were recorded
      electrophysiologically in 34 anesthetized, curarized, and artificially ventilated
      cats. The sympathetic nerve responses to cerebral ischemia (elicited by reducing
      the blood supply to the brain), intracranial pressure elevation (Cushing
      reaction), and systemic asphyxia were tested with special focus on the rhythmic
      structure of the SND. It has been found that there are two phases of SND changes
      during cerebral ischemia differing mainly in the frequency content of the signals
      and less in the compound action potential amplitude. During the first phase the
      rhythmic generators controlling the tonic sympathetic outflow are more strongly
      activated, which is reflected in a stronger, more regular, and more widespread
      manifestation of these rhythms on the efferent neurograms. After some time the
      normal SND structure abruptly changes to a desynchronized activity with loss of
      the three main sympathetic rhythms and responsiveness to baroreceptor reflex
      activation. The same stereotyped changes can be observed regardless of the way in
      which the brain hypoxia and/or hypercapnia has been produced. Nor does the
      denervation of peripheral baro- and chemoreceptors substantially alter the
      general pattern of the responses.

PMID- 2912205
TI  - Intracranial ethanol and ambient anoxia elicit selection of cooler water by
      goldfish.
AB  - Goldfish were either subjected to anoxia for 5 h at 10 degrees C, normoxia for 5
      h at 10 degrees C, or were implanted with an intracranial microinjection cannula.
      All groups were subsequently tested in a temperature gradient. The previously
      anoxic goldfish selected cooler temperatures (12.8 +/- 1.0 degrees C; mean +/-
      SE) than the corresponding normoxic control group (17.5 +/- 0.7 degrees C) for
      the first 20 min in the gradient. Intracranial microinjections of 0.0475 ng
      ethanol in 0.2 microliter 0.7% NaCl led to the immediate selection of water 8.7
      +/- 1.5 degrees C below that of base-line levels, whereas control animals
      injected with 0.7% NaCl selected water 0.9 +/- 1.0 degree C cooler. Increased
      effects were obtained with higher concentrations of ethanol. The effective site
      was limited to the anterior aspect of the nucleus preopticus periventricularis;
      injections into 54 other loci were without effect. Goldfish tolerate anoxia by
      the conversion of lactate to ethanol, which diffuses across the gills. As the
      lost ethanol cannot be oxidatively metabolized, this process is energetically
      inefficient. Because the concentration of the ethanol injections was considerably
      lower than reported ethanol concentrations in the tissues of anoxic goldfish,
      endogenously produced ethanol may have induced the selection of cooler water by
      the anoxic goldfish. This alteration in thermoregulatory behavior would lead to a
      lower metabolic rate, significantly increasing survival time during anoxia.

PMID- 2912206
TI  - Antidiuretic and pressor actions of vasopressin in age-dependent DOCA-salt
      hypertension.
AB  - The role of antidiuretic and pressor effects of vasopressin (VP) in
      deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt hypertension was studied in young and
      adult Brattleboro rats. The antidiuretic VP action was a necessary prerequisite
      for the development of severe DOCA-salt hypertension. The insufficient expansion
      of extracellular fluid volume in DOCA-salt-treated VP-deficient (DI) rats was
      associated with the attenuation of their hypertensive response, although they had
      highly increased blood volume and extracellular sodium. Chronic [deamino]-D
      arginine vasopressin supplementation that restored volume and distribution of
      body fluids in DI rats permitted the full development of DOCA-salt hypertension.
      Blood pressure response to DOCA-salt treatment was always greater in young than
      in adult Brattleboro rats (even in animals lacking pressor or both VP effects).
      In animals in which antidiuretic VP effects were present, the pattern of body
      fluid response to DOCA-salt treatment was also age dependent. There was a
      tendency to intravascular expansion in young hypertensive rats, whereas an
      increase of interstitial fluid volume was found in adult animals. The elimination
      of VP pressor action lowered systemic resistance much more in adult than in young
      hypertensive rats. We conclude that 1) in adult but not in young rats
      antidiuretic VP effects are essential for the occurrence of blood pressure
      response to DOCA-salt treatment, 2) the restoration of body fluids due to
      antidiuretic VP action enables the development of hypertension in both age groups
      of DI rats, and 3) pressor VP effects contribute to the maintenance of
      hypertension, especially in adult animals.

PMID- 2912207
TI  - Rare fatty acids in brown fat are substrates for thermogenesis during arousal
      from hibernation.
AB  - Because brown adipose tissue lipids are the preferred substrate for thermogenesis
      during arousal from hibernation, the fatty acid composition of brown fat lipids
      was followed during cold acclimation and during a hibernation bout. In control
      golden hamsters (living at 22 degrees C), the fatty acid composition of the white
      adipose tissue closely resembled that of the food, but brown adipose tissue
      contained more animal-derived fatty acids. As an effect of acclimation to cold,
      the fatty acid composition of brown adipose tissue changed to resemble that of
      the food, and no marked differences between white and brown adipose tissue were
      then evident. During a hibernation bout, a major part of the fatty acids
      accumulated in brown fat during entry into hibernation consisted of "rare" acids,
      such as homo-gamma-linoleic acid. Homo-gamma-linoleic, together with
      eicosadienoic acid and lignoceric acid, was preferentially utilized during the
      early phase of arousal. During this phase, "bulk" fatty acids, such as linoleic
      acid, were spared, whereas in late arousal, linoleic acid was the preferred
      substrate. It was concluded that rare fatty acids are of quantitative
      significance in brown adipose tissue during hibernation and arousal.

PMID- 2912208
TI  - Adrenal and sympathetic catecholamines in exercising rats.
AB  - The effects of adrenodemedullation and/or adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists
      on plasma epinephrine (E) and norepinephrine (NE) concentrations during exercise
      were investigated in rats. Exercise consisted of strenuous swimming against a
      countercurrent for 15 min in a pool with water of 33 degrees C. Before, during,
      and after swimming, blood samples were taken through a permanent heart catheter.
      E was not detectable in plasma of adrenodemedullated (Adm) rats. A marked
      reduction in the normal exercise-induced increase in plasma NE concentrations
      occurred in both Adm rats as well as in intact rats injected with the beta 2
      selective adrenoceptor antagonist ICI 118551. Intravenous infusion of either E or
      the beta 2-selective agonist fenoterol restored the increase in plasma NE in Adm
      rats. Injection of the alpha 2-selective antagonist yohimbine in combination with
      infusion of the beta 2-selective agonist fenoterol into Adm rats caused an
      enormous increase in plasma NE. It is concluded that all NE in plasma as released
      during exercise originates from the peripheral nerve endings of the sympathetic
      nervous system. Adrenal E influences the release of NE via activation of
      presynaptic beta 2-adrenoceptors.

PMID- 2912209
TI  - Hyperprolactinemia prevents short photoperiod-induced changes in brown fat.
AB  - Previous studies demonstrated that short photoperiod exposure significantly
      decreases circulating prolactin levels. The present study investigated the
      possibility that concomitant changes in brown fat tissue mass, protein content,
      thermogenic capacity, and carcass composition are dependent on this change in
      prolactin levels. Male golden (Syrian) hamsters were sham operated and exposed to
      a short (10L:14D) or long (14L:10D) photoperiod. A third group was implanted with
      exogenous pituitaries under the right kidney capsule and exposed to a short
      photoperiod. In experiment I, 4 wk of short- vs. long-photoperiod exposure did
      not result in significant changes in circulating prolactin levels, nor was there
      an increase in brown fat mass, protein content, or thermogenic capacity. Four
      weeks of short-photoperiod exposure did significantly increase carcass lipid
      content. However, this increase did not occur in hamsters exposed to 4 wk of
      short photoperiod but made hyperprolactinemic (implanted with two exogenous
      pituitaries). Ten weeks of short photoperiod significantly reduced circulating
      prolactin levels. Concomitantly, brown fat mass, protein content, and thermogenic
      capacity, as well as carcass fat, were increased. These short-photoperiod-induced
      changes were not observed in similarly exposed hamsters that were made
      hyperprolactinemic via two implanted pituitaries. In experiment II, similar
      changes in brown fat and body composition occurred in sham-operated hamsters
      exposed to 10 wk of short photoperiod. These changes were prevented in hamsters
      exposed to 10 wk of short photoperiod but made hyperprolactinemic via only one
      implanted pituitary. These results suggest that decreased prolactin is a
      necessary condition for the increased brown fat mass, protein content, and
      thermogenic capacity that occurs when golden hamsters are exposed to short
      photoperiod.

PMID- 2912210
TI  - Effects of bombesin on food intake and gastric acid secretion in cats.
AB  - The brain and gut peptide bombesin has been reported both to stimulate gastric
      secretion and to induce satiety. To understand how the peripheral administration
      of bombesin affects food intake and whether gastric mechanisms are involved, a
      comparative study of the doses of bombesin active on gastric secretion, gastric
      emptying, and food intake was undertaken in cats provided with a gastric fistula
      and a denervated Heidenhain pouch. The smallest dose of intravenous bombesin that
      stimulated significantly basal acid secretion (20 pmol.kg-1.h-1) by the gastric
      fistula also enhanced meal-stimulated acid secretion by the Heidenhain pouch
      (+138%, P less than 0.01), delayed gastric emptying of a liquid protein meal (
      30%, P less than 0.01), and suppressed food intake when the test meal was allowed
      to reach the stomach (-15%, P less than 0.01). Conversely, in sham-feeding
      experiments, the same dose of bombesin increased food intake (+35%, P less than
      0.01). In full-day experiments conducted in nonfasted cats, bombesin decreased
      both the food intake in the 4-h period after the infusion and the daily food
      intake, whereas octapeptide cholecystokinin induced a transient satiety but did
      not decrease daily food intake. These results indicate that in cats the
      interaction of bombesin with "pregastric" mechanisms is not sufficient to induce
      satiety and that a relation could exist between the effects of bombesin on
      gastric secretion, emptying, and food intake. A single class of receptors might
      be involved in these peripheral effects of bombesin.

PMID- 2912211
TI  - Morphological dynamics of ureteral transport. I. Shape and volume of constituent
      urine fractions.
AB  - Ureteral transport was studied in 50 urinary systems by urography with video
      recording in the upright and recumbent positions using low-osmolality and high
      osmolality contrast media. Morphometry and volumetry were applied to right
      urinary systems in which the urine-filled segments had a circular cross section
      at maximum peristaltic distension. The filling of the lumbar segment was composed
      of four fractions, each entering that segment by a specific mechanism: 1) the
      residual urine left behind by the preceding contraction ring, 2) the
      postcontraction injection from the pyelocalyceal system, 3) the extraperistaltic
      flow, and 4) the peristaltic injection produced by the pyelocalyceal contraction
      rings. The variations in the precontraction filling by fractions 1-3 and in the
      volume of fraction 4 gave rise to four types of transport. The junction between
      the lumbar and pelvic segments constituted a constant point of resistance to flow
      that prevented fractions 1-3 from entering the pelvic segment, the peristaltic
      injection into that segment being determined solely by the resistance at the
      junction and the volume of the bolus in the lumbar segment. Extraperistaltic flow
      to the bladder constituted a separate type of transport.

PMID- 2912212
TI  - Cardiovascular responses to intrathecal vasopressin in conscious and anesthesized
      rats.
AB  - Increases in mean arterial pressure and heart rate have been documented after the
      intrathecal administration of [Arg8]vasopressin (AVP) in rats. Prior studies in
      our laboratories with conscious rats indicated that these cardiovascular changes
      were associated with a marked hindlimb sensorimotor dysfunction. In this study,
      which represents the first systematic comparison of the effects of intrathecal
      AVP in conscious and anesthesized rats, we demonstrate that in conscious male
      Sprague-Dawley rats 1) the motor dysfunction induced by intrathecal AVP is
      accompanied by a rise in mean arterial pressure that is significantly greater
      than that produced by an equal intravenous dose of AVP, and 2) both paralytic and
      pressor effects of intrathecal but not intravenous AVP are blocked by the
      intrathecal administration of the V1-receptor antagonist d(CH2)5[Tyr(Me)2]AVP (V1
      ANT) but are not blocked by intravenous phenoxybenzamine, hexamethonium, or
      [Sar1, Thr8]angiotensin II, an angiotensin II antagonist. In contrast, in
      anesthesized rats the arterial pressor response to intrathecal AVP was blocked by
      intrathecal V1-ANT, intravenous hexamethonium, and intravenous phenoxybenzamine.
      Furthermore, conscious but not anesthesized rats exhibited a tachyphylaxis to
      intrathecal AVP. These results indicate that intrathecal AVP produces both the
      cardiovascular changes and the sensorimotor deficits through interactions with
      centrally located V1-receptors. In addition, sympathetic catecholaminergic
      mechanisms mediate the rise in mean arterial pressure produced by intrathecal AVP
      in anesthesized rats, but they do not in conscious rats.

PMID- 2912213
TI  - Skeletal muscle calcium uptake in bacteremic rats.
AB  - To determine whether cellular Ca2+ regulation is altered in bacteremic rat
      skeletal muscle, 45Ca2+ uptake was measured in soleus muscles 12 h after an
      intraperitoneal bacterial (Escherichia coli) injection. Some rats received
      diltiazem (2.4 mg/kg iv) 10 h after bacterial injection to determine whether
      calcium blockers could inhibit changes in Ca2+ regulation. Cellular exchangeable
      Ca2+ was measured in soleus muscles incubated for 5 min to 4 h in Krebs-Ringer
      bicarbonate (KRB) media (pH 7.4) containing 45Ca2+ (1.5 muCi/ml) and subsequently
      "washed" in La3+-containing, Ca2+-free KRB media. Bacteremia had no effect on
      steady-state exchangeable Ca2+, but it significantly reduced the time required to
      reach half-maximal uptake compared with controls. Diltiazem treatment returned
      the half-maximal Ca2+ uptake toward control values in bacteremic rat muscles.
      Depolarization of soleus muscles with high K+ (60 mM) transiently increased Ca2+
      uptake in control and bacteremic rat muscles, although the increase was
      significantly greater (P less than 0.05) in bacteremic rat muscles. The altered
      skeletal muscle Ca2+ regulation may be due to excessive stimulation of Ca2+
      messenger systems, sarcolemmal Ca2+ channels, and/or Ca2+ release from the
      sarcoplasmic reticulum in response to bacteremia.

PMID- 2912214
TI  - Central action of acidic fibroblast growth factor in feeding regulation.
AB  - A phasic increase in activity similar to that of acidic fibroblast growth factor
      (aFGF) was detected in the cerebrospinal fluid of rats after feeding or after an
      intraperitoneal injection of glucose. This FGF-like activity in the cerebrospinal
      fluid was bioassayed in two systems: depression of the feeding response of Hydra
      and DNA synthesis-stimulating activity in BALB/c 3T3 cells after fractionation on
      a heparin affinity column. Dynamic feeding-related changes in activity of aFGF,
      basic FGF, and other growth factors were detected by both bioassay systems.
      Intracerebroventricular microinfusion of aFGF suppressed food intake in rats.
      Central infusion of inactivated aFGF, or peripheral administration of aFGF, in
      doses equivalent to or higher than those administered centrally was without
      effect. Electrophoretically applied aFGF specifically suppressed the activity of
      glucose-sensitive neurons in the lateral hypothalamus. Glucose-insensitive
      neurons were only slightly affected. The results suggest that aFGF may
      participate in the regulation of feeding at the level of the central nervous
      system.

PMID- 2912215
TI  - Adrenergic receptors on cerebral microvessels: pericyte contribution.
AB  - R224-R230, 1989.--[125I]iodocyanopindolol ([125I]ICYP) and [3H]rauwolscine were
      used to quantitate, respectively, the beta- and alpha 2-adrenergic receptors in
      freshly isolated bovine cerebral microvessels and in pericyte cultures derived
      from these microvessels. Morphological and immunocytochemical criteria
      distinguished the pericytes from endothelial cells. Competitive binding studies
      established the specificity of the radioligand binding. The maximal number of
      binding sites (Bmax) for [125I]ICYP in the pericytes constituted only 8% of that
      in the microvessels (3.5 +/- 1.3 vs. 44.4 +/- 6.6 fmol/mg protein). In contrast,
      the Bmax for [3H]rauwolscine in the pericytes was 50% of that in the microvessels
      (55.4 +/- 11.8 vs. 111.1 +/- 9.5 fmol/mg protein). The dissociation constants for
      both [125I]ICYP and [3H]rauwolscine were similar in the two preparations. No
      alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, as defined by the specific binding of [3H]prazosin,
      were identified either in the pericytes or microvessels. Overall, our results
      suggest that pericytes contribute minimally to the total beta-adrenoceptor number
      of cerebral microvessels, and thus the beta-adrenoceptors must be located
      predominantly on endothelial cells. However, the contribution of pericytes to the
      total alpha 2-adrenoceptor number of the microvessels may be substantial.

PMID- 2912216
TI  - Contribution of neurogenic mechanisms to control of intrinsic heart rate.
AB  - Altered autonomic tone as well as humoral factors can change the intrinsic rate
      of the cardiac pacemaker. To study the relationships of neurogenic and humoral
      factors on intrinsic heart rate (IHR) we used sinoaortic deafferentation (SAD) to
      increase sympathetic activity, lesion of nucleus ambiguus to reduce central
      parasympathetic activity, and one-kidney, one-clip (1K1C) renal hypertension to
      transiently increase the activity of the renin-angiotensin system and the
      combination of 1K1C hypertension with SAD. In conscious rats, IHR was determined
      using combined blockade with atropine and propranolol. Rats with 1K1C
      hypertension (7th day) showed increased mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate
      (HR), and IHR. Rats with SAD (4th day) demonstrated increased MAP and HR, but in
      contrast, had decreased IHR. Lesion of nucleus ambiguus increased HR and
      decreased IHR. When 1K1C hypertension was combined with SAD an additional
      increase in MAP and HR occurred, whereas IHR was reduced compared with renal
      hypertension alone. These data suggest that IHR is influenced greatly by
      autonomic tone and that the tachycardia in renal hypertension is linked to
      increased IHR that is dependent on integrity of the baroreflex.

PMID- 2912217
TI  - Relationship between respiratory state and intracardiac shunts in turtles.
AB  - Injection of radioactively labeled microspheres and blood O2 analysis from
      central vascular sites was utilized to assess intracardiac shunts in the
      unanesthetized and unrestrained turtle, Pseudemys scripta, at 15 degrees C. Both
      methods indicated a simultaneously occurring right-to-left (R-L) and left-to
      right (L-R) shunt during ventilation and apnea. During ventilation, the O2 method
      estimated a R-L shunt of 24%. In contrast, injection of microspheres during
      ventilation estimated a R-L shunt of 65%, which was significantly greater than
      the value determined from the O2 method. During apnea, both methods indicated a
      significantly larger R-L shunt. Estimates of the R-L shunt from O2 analysis were
      between 60 and 90% of the venous return. The R-L shunt estimated from the O2
      content of left aortic arch blood was significantly greater than the value
      determined from right aortic arch blood. During apnea, the microsphere method
      estimated a R-L shunt of 79%, which was in the intermediate range calculated by
      the O2 method using two aortic arches. Our results verify previous reports of
      significant differences in R-L shunt levels between ventilation and apnea during
      the normal ventilatory cycle of turtles.

PMID- 2912218
TI  - Release of hypothalamic cholecystokinin in cats: effects of nutrient and volume
      loading.
AB  - Systemic cholecystokinin (CCK) suppresses food intake in various species and has
      therefore been proposed to act as a satiety factor. Because CCK is also present
      in the hypothalamus and furthermore meets neurotransmitter criteria, the
      hypothesis was tested whether CCK participates in the transmission of satiety
      messages at the lateral hypothalamic (LH) level. The results of this study
      demonstrate that in halothane-anesthetized cats, neurons located in the LH will
      indeed release CCK-like material after a carbohydrate-protein meal in a time
      dependent fashion. This release, as water loads demonstrate, is most likely due
      to volumetric distension rather than to the nutrient content. The releasable CCK
      does not originate from peripheral sources, since intravenously infused CCK
      octapeptide (CCK-8) does not appear in the perfusate. The release occurs only in
      discrete neurons and is not universal to CCK-releasing systems within the LH, and
      also, CCK-releasing systems are not present at all locations. The molecular form
      of CCK in feline hypothalamus is the COOH-terminal octapeptide (CCK-8) as shown
      by high-performance liquid chromatography. No gastrin-17 is present. CCK-8 is
      also the predominant form found in meal-induced as well as in KCl-induced CCK
      released from hypothalamic neurons. These results suggest a correlated role for
      hypothalamic CCK in the termination of food intake.

PMID- 2912219
TI  - Biomechanical and biochemical changes in lumbar vertebrae of rapidly growing
      rats.
AB  - Although growth-related biochemical, morphological, and biomechanical properties
      of rat cortical bone have been investigated, similar properties of immature rat
      vertebral bone have not been well characterized. Information about these
      properties is necessary, however, for comparative analyses of rat vertebral bone
      adaptation. Thus a method was developed to characterize growth-related
      differences in immature rat vertebral bone. The centra of sixth lumbar vertebrae
      (L6) of 44-day-old and 54-day-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were compressed to 50%
      of their initial height at a 50%/s strain rate while immersed in a potassium
      phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.4, 37 degrees C). Structural and material
      properties for the 54-day-old group that were significantly greater than those
      for the 44-day-old group included load, stress, and energy at the proportional
      limit; initial maximum load and stress; and load and energy at 50% strain. The
      structural stiffness of L6, as well as its elastic modulus, was significantly
      greater in the older animals. The calcium concentrations and calcium-to-collagen
      ratios in 54-day-old vertebrae were significantly greater than in younger
      animals. These results indicated that the specimen preparation and testing
      protocol developed for rat vertebrae produced reliable biomechanical results,
      even with the relatively small size of rat vertebrae bodies, and that the
      quantity and quality of the matrix of immature rat vertebral bone changed
      significantly during this period of rapid growth. Our test protocol will be
      useful for investigating the responses of rat vertebral bone to exercise,
      disease, and spaceflight.

PMID- 2912220
TI  - Brain stem mechanisms and the inhibition of angiotensin-induced drinking.
AB  - The present studies examine the effect of lesions of the ventrolateral region of
      the lateral parabrachial nucleus (VLLPBN) and of the area postrema and medial
      region of the nucleus of the solitary tract (AP/mNTS) on water intake induced by
      intracerebroventricular administration of angiotensin II (ANG II) and of the
      cholinergic receptor agonist, carbachol. Water intake was measured in rats with
      bilateral electrolytic lesions of the VLLPBN or thermocautery ablation of the
      AP/mNTS after intracerebroventricular delivery of ANG II (50 and 100 ng/2
      microliter), carbachol (100 and 250 ng/2 microliter), and isotonic saline (2
      microliter). Rats with lesions of the VLLPBN drank significantly more water
      during a 30-min test period to both doses of ANG II, but not to carbachol, than
      did sham lesion rats. Similarly, AP/mNTS lesion rats drank significantly more
      than sham lesion animals in response to the high dose of ANG II but not to
      carbachol. These results suggest that the previously reported exaggerated
      drinking responses to systemically administered ANG II demonstrated by rats with
      either VLLPBN or AP/mNTS lesions is not the result of a direct peripheral action
      of the octapeptide. Furthermore, the similarity of the induced drinking responses
      produced by these two lesions suggests that the AP/mNTS and the VLLPBN may be
      linked in a common thirst-mediating pathway.

PMID- 2912221
TI  - Prolactin stimulates food intake in a dose-dependent manner.
AB  - Lactation in the rat is marked by pronounced hyperphagia and suppression of brown
      fat (BAT) thermogenic capacity. We previously examined the possibility that
      elevated prolactin levels mediate these changes. The present study evaluated the
      effect of varying prolactin levels on food intake, BAT mitochondrial GDP binding,
      and carcass adiposity. Female rats were injected daily for 10 days with ovine
      prolactin at one of three doses: high = 3.0, medium = 1.0, or low = 0.3
      micrograms/g body wt. Controls were injected with 0.9% NaCl. A group of
      uninjected rats served as an additional control. Cumulative food intake was
      significantly elevated in a dose-dependent manner in the prolactin-treated
      animals relative to the saline-injected and uninjected controls. Compared with
      the saline controls, the mean cumulative food intake was greatest at the high
      dose (20% increase), intermediate at the medium dose (17%), and smallest at the
      low dose (12%). Prolactin-treated rats gained significantly more weight during
      the experiment than did controls. Despite the hyperphagia in the prolactin
      treated rats, no significant differences in BAT mitochondrial GDP binding were
      observed among the five groups. These data indicate that elevated prolactin
      levels stimulate food intake in a dose-dependent manner and that this hyperphagia
      is not accompanied by an increase in BAT mitochondrial GDP binding.

PMID- 2912222
TI  - Sleep patterns in the genetically obese Zucker rat: effect of acarbose treatment.
AB  - Sleep patterns were continuously recorded in the genetically obese Zucker rat.
      Under normal feeding conditions, Zucker rats showed large amounts of slow-wave
      sleep (SWS) and normal amounts of pardoxical sleep (PS). In addition, both SWS
      and PS were equally distributed throughout the nychthemeron. When acarbose (an
      alpha-glucosidase inhibitor that slows absorption of glucose, reduces plasma
      insulin, and increases plasma somatostatin) was added to food pellets, the daily
      duration of SWS was markedly decreased, whereas PS was significantly increased.
      These results clearly show that sleep in the Zucker rat differs substantially
      from that classically observed in normal lean rats. In addition, they suggest
      that anomalies of insulin and somatostatin production and/or levels may cause the
      sleep disturbances observed in Zucker rats.

PMID- 2912223
TI  - Morphological dynamics of ureteral transport. II. Peristaltic patterns in
      relation to flow rate.
AB  - To study in the human the conditions for the flow regimes inherent in urinary
      systems with a dependence of the contraction interval on urine flow rate (boluses
      in-contact, leaky-bolus, and open-tube flow regimes), 50 urinary systems were
      examined at low and high flow rates. Morphometry and volumetry were applied to
      eight urinary systems. The bolus frequently contacted the preceding contraction
      ring but the mechanisms differed categorically from that conventionally
      postulated. Thus the contraction interval proved independent of flow rate,
      leading to boluses in contact not only at high but also at low flow rates, which
      is impossible in flow-dependent urinary systems. Likewise, contact proved
      possible with small as well as large boluses. Furthermore, the contact was
      invariably interrupted at the points of resistance to flow, the total contact
      period being only 4% of the ureteral transit. Leaky-bolus flow and open-tube flow
      were absent. The flow regimes as conventionally defined thus proved to be absent
      from and inconsistent with normal human urinary transport.

PMID- 2912224
TI  - Brown fat thermogenesis during hibernation and arousal in Richardson's ground
      squirrel.
AB  - The thermogenic activity [mitochondrial guanosine 5'-diphosphate (GDP) binding]
      and capacity (uncoupling protein concentration, cytochrome oxidase activity) of
      brown adipose tissue have been investigated at different phases of the seasonally
      linked hibernation cycle in Richardson's ground squirrel. The amount of axillary
      brown adipose tissue and the total mitochondrial content of the tissue were
      substantially greater in hibernating squirrels than in squirrels caught
      posthibernation in April or May; cold acclimation induced qualitatively similar
      differences. The specific mitochondrial concentration of uncoupling protein was
      high under all conditions (compared with other species), differing little between
      hibernating, posthibernating, and cold-acclimated squirrels. The thermogenic
      capacity of brown adipose tissue in Richardson's ground squirrels is therefore
      modulated almost exclusively by changes in the mitochondrial content of the
      tissue. Mitochondrial GDP binding was increased on cold acclimation, but similar
      binding levels were observed in hibernating and posthibernation (May) animals.
      GDP binding and the GDP-sensitive component of acetate-induced mitochondrial
      swelling were increased during the early stages of arousal from hibernation.
      These changes, which indicate an activation of the thermogenic proton conductance
      pathway in arousal, occurred without an alteration in the specific mitochondrial
      concentration of uncoupling protein. Increased GDP binding during arousal is
      clearly due to the unmasking of binding sites, reflecting an acute activation of
      preexisting uncoupling protein.

PMID- 2912225
TI  - Differential effects of cooling in hibernator and nonhibernator cells: Na
      permeation.
AB  - Unidirectional Na influx is less inhibited by cooling in guinea pig red blood
      cells than in ground squirrel cells. To isolate the source of this difference,
      component pathways of 24Na entry were estimated by use of selective inhibitors
      (ouabain, bumetanide, amiloride). Amiloride slightly inhibited influx in ground
      squirrel cells at every temperature between 37 and 5 degrees C. Amiloride did not
      consistently inhibit Na influx at 37 degrees C in guinea pig cells but caused a
      44% inhibition at 25 degrees C and a 35% inhibition at 5 degrees C. Cytoplasmic
      acidification caused an increase in amiloride-sensitive influx in guinea pig
      cells, which was greater at 20 degrees C than at 37 degrees C; cytoplasmic
      acidification decreased amiloride-sensitive Na influx in ground squirrel cells at
      37 degrees C and had no effect at 20 degrees C.

PMID- 2912226
TI  - Gastric emptying changes are neither necessary nor sufficient for CCK-induced
      satiety.
AB  - If gastric emptying plays a significant role in the satiety produced by exogenous
      cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) then 1) the effects on emptying and feeding
      should share similar kinetics and 2) peptides that inhibit emptying should also
      inhibit feeding. In the first experiment, CCK-8 (5.6 micrograms/kg) injected
      immediately before the introduction of an intragastric load (10 ml saline) or
      presentation of a test meal (15% sucrose) produced a rapid inhibition of both
      emptying and feeding. In contrast, the same dose administered 15 min before
      testing caused no inhibition of emptying, even though it retained the ability to
      reduce meal size. In experiment 2, the abilities of the peptides pentagastrin
      (100 micrograms/kg), bombesin (8 and 16 micrograms/kg), and secretin (2.86, 14.3,
      and 28.6 micrograms/kg) to reduce food intake and inhibit emptying were tested.
      Pentagastrin influenced neither food intake nor gastric emptying. Bombesin caused
      a small transient delay in emptying but a large and sustained eating suppression.
      However, a high dose of secretin caused no significant reduction of food intake,
      in spite of the fact that it inhibited emptying to the same degree as 1.4
      micrograms/kg CCK-8, which does reduce intake. These results suggest that the
      inhibition of emptying by CCK is not sufficient to explain the satiety effect of
      CCK-8.

PMID- 2912227
TI  - Differences in perinatal NaCl exposure alters blood pressure levels of adult
      rats.
AB  - To determine the effect of differences in NaCl intake early in development on
      adult blood pressure levels, adult Sprague-Dawley female rats were maintained on
      diets containing either 0.12, 1.0, or 3.0% dietary NaCl throughout pregnancy and
      lactation. The offspring were continued on these same diets to 30 days
      postpartum. Thereafter, all offspring were maintained on the same stock diet
      containing 1% NaCl. Beginning at 60 days, systolic blood pressure and heart rate
      were measured weekly for the next 6 wk by tail-cuff plethysmography in lightly
      etherized rats. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart responses to the
      subcutaneous sequential administration of 100 micrograms/kg angiotensin II and 15
      micrograms/kg isoproterenol were then obtained from the catheterized femoral or
      carotid artery in awake unrestrained rats. Rats raised on 3% NaCl diet had
      significantly higher base-line MAPS (127.1 mmHg) than rats raised on the 1%
      (117.4 mmHg) or 0.12% (115.8 mmHg) salt diets. The highest salt group was also
      significantly more responsive to the pressor effects of angiotensin II (+46.4
      mmHg) and the depressor effects of isoproterenol (-41.4 mmHg) than the mid-
      (+35.6 and -32.2 mmHg) and low- (+26.9 and -32.5 mmHg) salt groups. Thus there is
      a sensitive period early in ontogenesis of the normotensive Sprague-Dawley rat
      during which blood pressure and blood pressure responsiveness to angiotensin II
      and isoproterenol may be influenced permanently by dietary NaCl.

PMID- 2912228
TI  - Systemic vascular autoregulation amplifies pressor responses to vasoconstrictor
      agents.
AB  - Experiments were performed in seven conscious dogs to evaluate the contribution
      of total systemic autoregulation to the increase in mean arterial pressure (MAP)
      produced by the intravenous administration of pressor agents. Each dog was
      instrumented for the measurement of aortic pressure, central venous pressure, and
      cardiac output, and all dogs received hexamethonium to block autonomic ganglionic
      transmission. Angiotensin II (ANG II), arginine vasopressin (AVP), or
      norepinephrine (NE) were titrated over a 15- to 20-min period until MAP was
      increased to a new steady-state value approximately 50-55% above the normotensive
      control. Then while a constant infusion of the pressor agents was maintained, MAP
      was controlled via a gravity reservoir for 15-min periods at either the
      hypertensive value or at the animal's normotensive value. With all three pressor
      agents, total peripheral resistance (TPR) was greater when MAP was controlled at
      the hypertensive value than when the vasculature was protected from the elevated
      pressure by controlling MAP at the normotensive value. Thus a portion of the
      increase in TPR during the infusion of ANG II, AVP, or NE was due to
      autoregulatory-mediated vasoconstriction elicited by the increase in MAP. The
      fractions of the increases in TPR and MAP contributed by primary vasoconstriction
      vs. autoregulation were determined from the pressure-flow relationships. The
      pressure-induced increases in TPR accounted for 74% of the total increase in MAP
      produced by AVP, 62% of the pressor response to NE, and 34% of the response to
      ANG II. These results demonstrate that the direct vasoconstrictor effects of
      pressor agents can be significantly amplified by secondary autoregulatory
      responses.

PMID- 2912230
TI  - Correction to a 1980 article on CSF lactate and age.

PMID- 2912229
TI  - Self-induced water intoxication and alcohol abuse.
AB  - According to Feighner criteria, alcohol abuse was significantly more common among
      17 schizophrenic male inpatients with self-induced water intoxication than among
      17 matched schizophrenic control inpatients. The alcohol abuse had begun 8-22
      years before the diagnosis of water intoxication.

PMID- 2912231
TI  - Clomipramine for bowel obsessions.

PMID- 2912232
TI  - Mania associated with high percentage of inhibition of monoamine oxidase.

PMID- 2912233
TI  - Acute distress after switch from Norpramin to generic desipramine.

PMID- 2912234
TI  - Diet-induced panic symptoms.

PMID- 2912235
TI  - DST response and pre-DST sodium levels.

PMID- 2912236
TI  - Polydipsia, hyponatremia, and psychosis.

PMID- 2912237
TI  - More on idiosyncratic reaction to naltrexone.

PMID- 2912238
TI  - Alcoholism and responsibility.

PMID- 2912239
TI  - Lying and the paranoid personality.

PMID- 2912240
TI  - Training in empathy.

PMID- 2912241
TI  - Certainty in medicine.

PMID- 2912242
TI  - In reluctant defense of dualism in psychiatry.

PMID- 2912243
TI  - Induction of mania by antidepressants.

PMID- 2912244
TI  - Basal ganglia calcification and organic mood disorder.

PMID- 2912245
TI  - Confidentiality in consultation-liaison psychiatry.

PMID- 2912246
TI  - Misconceptions about mentally ill patients.

PMID- 2912247
TI  - Pitfalls of inductivism.

PMID- 2912248
TI  - The current status of psychiatric education in alcoholism and drug abuse.
AB  - The authors conducted a survey of psychiatric education in alcoholism and drug
      abuse in the United States. Ninety-seven percent of 106 undergraduate training
      programs and 91% of 169 residency programs offered curriculum units in this
      field. Most of these programs also provided supervised clinical care. Areas of
      reported faculty dissatisfaction included problems with attitude and interest of
      psychiatric faculty and with the amount of curriculum time allotted. The authors
      conclude that although the amount of curriculum time devoted to training in
      alcoholism and drug abuse is growing, further investment in developing faculty
      and fellowships is warranted to increase the quality of teaching commitment.

PMID- 2912249
TI  - Treatment of cocaine-induced panic disorder.
AB  - The authors describe 10 patients who developed panic attacks only after
      substantial cocaine use. The timing of the onset of symptoms, i.e., after 1-6
      years of cocaine use, and the fact that only one patient had a first-degree
      relative with panic disorder were more suggestive of acquired than primary panic
      disorder. The patients' atypical symptoms and responses to medications may be
      explained in terms of limbic-neuronal hyperexcitability induced by cocaine
      through a kindling mechanism.

PMID- 2912250
TI  - Observations of interactions of depressed women with their children.
AB  - Dysfunctional interactions between mothers with major affective disorders and
      their children may contribute to the children's high risk of disorder. This study
      investigated the behavior of mothers with recurrent unipolar depression, bipolar
      disorder, or chronic medical illness and of normal subjects toward their children
      during a directly observed conflict discussion task. In addition, lifetime
      history of depression, current mood, and chronic stress were investigated as
      predictors of maternal interaction. Unipolar depressed women displayed relatively
      more negative, less positive, and less task-focused behaviour toward their
      children. Current mood and chronic stress, more than psychiatric history,
      contributed to the prediction of interaction style.

PMID- 2912251
TI  - Use of DSM-III axis IV in clinical practice: rating etiologically significant
      stressors.
AB  - This study compared the etiologically significant stressors listed on DSM-III
      axis IV (severity of psychosocial stressors) with life events elicited by the
      Psychiatric Epidemiology Research Interview (PERI). Multiaxial evaluations of a
      diagnostically heterogeneous group of 362 patients were made, and all patients
      were subsequently administered the PERI by interviewers blind to the clinical
      assessments. The results indicated that axis IV functions well as a shorthand
      method for identifying the more severe psychosocial stressors. However, the DSM
      III requirement that the stressor be important in the development or exacerbation
      of the current disorder resulted in discrepancies between the axis IV and PERI
      assessments.

PMID- 2912252
TI  - Religious beliefs and practices among 52 psychiatric inpatients in Minnesota.
AB  - The authors studied the religious beliefs, practices, and experiences of 52
      psychiatric inpatients. The rate of belief in the major tenets of faith (God, the
      Devil, and an afterlife) was uniformly high and in accord with national and local
      public poll results. Patients with depressive and anxiety disorders tended to
      score lower than those with other diagnoses on a wide variety of indexes of
      religion. The authors conclude that religion is an important factor in most
      patients' lives and that individual inquiry and systematic research into this
      neglected area are both feasible and important.

PMID- 2912253
TI  - Subspecialty training in alcoholism and drug abuse.

PMID- 2912254
TI  - Psychiatric resident dismissal: a national survey of training programs.
AB  - The authors report on a nationwide survey of psychiatric residency training
      directors who responded to a questionnaire designed to elicit information on the
      magnitude of the problem of unacceptable performance by residents. One hundred
      six program directors reported on 5,591 internship or residency positions from
      1981 to 1985. A total of 184 residents (3.3%) were prematurely terminated or
      persuaded to resign; departmental deliberations were held on an additional 139
      residents (2.5%). Reasons for dismissal and indications during the selection
      process that a trainee might prove problematic are discussed. A provocative
      finding was that 37% of terminated residents were accepted into other psychiatry
      training programs.

PMID- 2912255
TI  - Quantification of corpus callosum and ventricles in schizophrenia with nuclear
      magnetic resonance imaging: a pilot study.
AB  - Twelve chronic schizophrenic patients and 12 normal control subjects underwent
      magnetic resonance imaging of the brain. The schizophrenic patients had a
      significantly smaller corpus callosum area and higher ventricle-brain ratio than
      the control subjects.

PMID- 2912256
TI  - Salus populi.

PMID- 2912257
TI  - Four studies of mental health commitment.

PMID- 2912258
TI  - An empirical comparison of the stone and dangerousness criteria for civil
      commitment.
AB  - Massachusetts civil commitment criteria were compared in an emergency setting
      with a set of criteria developed by Dr. Alan Stone. Contrary to expectations, the
      Stone criteria proved to be more restrictive in a sample of 503 patients. Few
      patients would be newly committable under the Stone criteria; of the 35 patients
      committable under the Stone standard, 32 also met the current Massachusetts
      criteria for commitment. The clinical and policy implications of the adoption of
      the Stone criteria are discussed.

PMID- 2912259
TI  - Commitment: the consistency of clinicians and the use of legal standards.
AB  - The reliability and validity of the application of legal criteria for commitment
      were investigated as part of a larger study. Evaluations of 411 patients by 96
      different clinicians showed good interrater reliability for assessment of
      dangerousness and committability. A strong relationship between ratings of
      committability and ratings of dangerousness suggests that clinicians were
      conforming to the logic of the commitment law. Discrepant cases involved patients
      who desired voluntary admission or whose commitment was completed elsewhere.
      Results suggest fair application of commitment standards but that two issues of
      statutory interpretation confused participating clinicians.

PMID- 2912260
TI  - An empirical study of emergency commitment.
AB  - The authors examine the emergency commitment process in one Oregon county and
      present data that document the impact of a local detention facility. The study
      reconfirms the dependence of commitment processes on the mental health system in
      which they occur, illustrates the relative inability of specific laws to
      determine the actual nature of commitment processes, provides support for the
      concept of community care for the people involved, and points to the need for
      additional research to clarify the effects of commitment procedures.

PMID- 2912261
TI  - Civil commitment standards and patient mix in England/Wales, Italy, and the
      United States.
AB  - Although England/Wales, Italy, and the United States share a common policy of
      deinstitutionalization, their mental health systems differ considerably. Each
      country's civil commitment standards define patient eligibility criteria along
      one of two primary dimensions--need for treatment or degree of dangerousness.
      These differential selection criteria result in mental health systems serving
      different subgroups of the total population. The criteria in England/Wales target
      older women; in the United States, younger men; and in Italy, a group balanced in
      age and sex. Implications for the current debate on civil commitment policies are
      considered.

PMID- 2912262
TI  - Premorbid sociosexual functioning and long-term outcome in schizophrenia.
AB  - Chronic schizophrenic patients with the most severe social deterioration have
      been shown to differ from other chronic schizophrenic patients with respect to
      measures of left-to-right ventricular asymmetry, negative symptoms, and response
      to haloperidol treatment. In the current study, the authors investigated the
      social antecedents of these characteristics of very poor outcome schizophrenia in
      69 chronic schizophrenic patients. Poor premorbid sociosexual functioning was
      associated with more severe left-to-right ventricular asymmetry, greater severity
      of negative symptoms, fewer positive symptoms, and worse current social
      functioning. These data suggest that factors associated with severe social
      deterioration in the end stage of schizophrenia are also associated with
      premorbid sociosexual impairment.

PMID- 2912263
TI  - Hierarchy of characteristics associated with depressive symptoms in an urban
      elderly sample.
AB  - In contrast to the uncertainty about the prevalence and importance of late-life
      depressive disorders, a consistent pattern of risk factors for depressive
      symptoms has been shown by studies using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies
      Depression Scale (CES-D). The authors surveyed a representative sample of 2,137
      elderly community residents with the CES-D and found a hierarchy of
      characteristics associated with substantial levels of depressive symptoms:
      illness, disability, isolation, bereavement, and poverty. If these findings are
      confirmed by prospective studies, addressing modifiable factors in the emergence,
      persistence, and remission of depressive symptoms might extend the independent
      survival of older adults.

PMID- 2912264
TI  - Parents' attitudes and patients' behavior: a prospective study.
AB  - The authors studied the behavior of 67 psychiatric inpatients and the attitudes
      of their parents toward their hospitalization. They found that certain parental
      concerns at admission correlated with particular aspects of patient behavior and
      ability to engage in treatment during the first 6 weeks of hospitalization. These
      findings have implications for the management of inpatient treatment.

PMID- 2912265
TI  - Social phobic symptoms in patients with panic disorder: practical and theoretical
      implications.
AB  - Of 35 patients with DSM-III-R diagnoses of panic disorder, 16 also received
      diagnoses of social phobia, and 15 of these 16 reported past episodes of major
      depression. Only nine of the 19 panic patients without social phobia had
      histories of depression. The panic patients with histories of depression had
      significantly higher self-ratings of social anxiety and avoidance, but not
      agoraphobic fear and avoidance, than those without histories of depression. Panic
      disorder and social phobia may coexist in many cases, and the presence of social
      phobia may be associated with a higher morbid risk for major depression in this
      population.

PMID- 2912266
TI  - Childhood sexual histories of women with somatization disorder.
AB  - The author interviewed 60 women with somatization disorder and 31 women with
      primary affective disorders who were matched for race, age at interview, and
      level of education to obtain their childhood sexual development histories. The
      two groups of women reported similar sexual experiences at similar ages, except
      that significantly more women with somatization disorder had been molested as
      children.

PMID- 2912267
TI  - High prevalence of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in patients with Sydenham's
      chorea.
AB  - The 20-item Leyton Obsessional Inventory--Child Version was completed by children
      and adolescents who had had Sydenham's chorea (N = 23) or rheumatic fever without
      chorea (N = 14). The Sydenham's chorea subjects had significantly more obsessive
      thoughts and compulsive behaviors and significantly greater interference from
      these behaviors. Three Sydenham's chorea patients but no rheumatic fever patients
      had substantial obsessional interference and met criteria for obsessive
      compulsive disorder when interviewed by telephone. This suggests that obsessive
      compulsive disorder, at least in some patients, may be due to basal ganglia
      dysfunction.

PMID- 2912268
TI  - Water excretion and plasma vasopressin in psychotic disorders.
AB  - To investigate the pathogenesis of water intoxication in psychotic disorders, a
      standard water load test was given to 23 unmedicated patients with schizophrenic
      or schizoaffective disorders. Levels of plasma arginine vasopressin were measured
      concurrently. Compared with 28 healthy volunteers, the psychotic patients had
      significantly smaller cumulative urine output and higher minimum urine
      osmolalities. Patients whose current illness had lasted less than 24 weeks
      exhibited the most severe antidiuretic state and also had the highest plasma
      arginine vasopressin levels. Water intoxication in acute exacerbations of
      psychosis may develop as a result of impaired excretory mechanisms.

PMID- 2912269
TI  - Continuing in treatment as a form of selection bias.
AB  - Panic patients who continued treatment (N = 12) did not have symptom scores
      significantly different from those of patients who declined or discontinued
      treatment (N = 12) but they did have lower pretreatment MHPG levels. Continuing
      in treatment may itself cause selection bias for biochemical variables under
      study.

PMID- 2912270
TI  - Ventricle-brain ratio and alogia in 19 young patients with chronic negative and
      positive schizophrenia.
AB  - In a group of 19 young patients with chronic mixed (both negative and positive)
      schizophrenia, the authors found that alogia was the only symptom to show a
      significant relationship to ventricle-brain ratio.

PMID- 2912271
TI  - Autoimmune thyroiditis and panic disorder.
AB  - Contrary to reports on depression, the prevalence of antithyroid antibodies was
      not significantly higher in 38 patients with panic disorder than in 38 matched
      control subjects. Autoimmune thyroiditis is not commonly associated with panic
      disorder but may play a role in some specific clinical circumstances.

PMID- 2912272
TI  - DSM-III subclassification of dissociative disorders applied to psychiatric
      outpatients in India.
AB  - In subclassifying 62 cases of DSM-III dissociative disorders in India, the
      authors found that 56 (90.3%) fell into the atypical subcategory. These cases
      could be easily separated into two additional subcategories, simple dissociative
      disorder and possession disorder, by using specified diagnostic criteria.

PMID- 2912273
TI  - Dangerously aggressive behavior as a side effect of alprazolam.

PMID- 2912274
TI  - Delirium in runners.

PMID- 2912275
TI  - Should dementia be recorded on axis II?

PMID- 2912276
TI  - Anticoagulant therapy for aggressive dementia patients.

PMID- 2912277
TI  - Patients' surreptitious taping of forensic psychiatric examinations.

PMID- 2912278
TI  - Psychoanalysis in the Soviet Union.

PMID- 2912279
TI  - Occult thyroid dysfunction in refractory depression.

PMID- 2912280
TI  - Deficit or negative syndrome?

PMID- 2912281
TI  - Imipramine and clonazepam for panic disorder.

PMID- 2912282
TI  - Unilateral ECT: medications and monitoring.

PMID- 2912283
TI  - Ethical concerns about new socioeconomic trends in mental health care.

PMID- 2912284
TI  - Videotape recording of assaultive inpatients.

PMID- 2912285
TI  - Need for geriatric psychiatrists.

PMID- 2912286
TI  - Effects of diagnosis and context on dangerousness.

PMID- 2912287
TI  - Countertransference and supervision.

PMID- 2912288
TI  - Decision making in the emergency room.

PMID- 2912289
TI  - Abstracts of papers and posters presented at the International Anesthesia
      Research Society, 63rd congress. Lake Buena Vista, Florida, March 4-8, 1989.

PMID- 2912290
TI  - A change in format for Anesthesiology.

PMID- 2912291
TI  - Effects of methemoglobinemia on pulse oximetry and mixed venous oximetry.
AB  - The performance of three commercially available pulse oximeters was assessed in
      five anesthetized dogs in which increasing levels of methemoglobin were induced.
      Hemoglobin oxygen saturation in each dog was monitored with three pulse oximeters
      (Nellcor N-100, Ohmeda 3700, and Novametrix 500) and a mixed venous saturation
      pulmonary artery catheter (Oximetrix Opticath). Arterial and mixed venous blood
      specimens were analyzed for PaO2, PaCO2, and pHa using standard electrodes. An IL
      282 Co-oximeter was used on the same specimens to determine oxyhemoglobin and
      methemoglobin as percentages of total hemoglobin. Methemoglobin levels of up to
      60% were induced by intratracheal benzocaine. As MetHb gradually increased while
      the dogs were breathing 100% inspired oxygen, the pulse oximeter saturation
      (SpO2) overestimated the fractional oxygen saturation (SaO2) by an amount
      proportional to the concentration of methemoglobin until the latter reached
      approximately 35%. At this level the SpO2 values reached a plateau of 84-86% and
      did not decrease further. When, at fixed methemoglobin levels, additional
      hemoglobin desaturation was induced by reducing inspired oxygen fraction, SpO2
      changed by much less than did SaO2 (regression slopes from 0.16 to 0.32). Thus,
      at high methemoglobin levels SpO2 tends to overestimate SaO2 by larger amounts at
      low hemoglobin saturations. Plots of SpO2 versus functional saturation
      (oxyhemoglobin/reduced hemoglobin plus oxyhemoglobin) show an improved but still
      poor relationship (regression slopes from 0.32 to 0.46). The Oximetrix Opticath
      pulmonary artery catheter behaves similarly but provides somewhat better
      agreement with functional saturation than do the pulse oximeters in the presence
      of methemoglobinemia. Pulse oximetry data (SpO2) should be used with caution in
      patients with methemoglobinemia.

PMID- 2912292
TI  - Hyperbilirubinemia does not interfere with hemoglobin saturation measured by
      pulse oximetry.
AB  - This prospective clinical study evaluated the influence of high bilirubin plasma
      levels on the Nellcor pulse oximeter readings (SpO2). Twenty-nine icteric
      patients (mean total bilirubin 19.2 mg/dl, range 2.3-84.3 mg/dl) were compared
      with 46 controls. The difference between SpO2 and oxyhemoglobin percentage of
      hemoglobin (HbO2corr) or fractional saturation as measured by a seven wavelengths
      Corning Co 2500 Co-oximeter and corrected for the spectral error induced by
      hyperbilirubinemia in that co-oximeter was greater in icteric patients (bias and
      precision: 2.9% +/- 2.2% vs. 1.7% +/- 2.7%, P less than 0.03). However, icteric
      patients had also higher corrected carboxyhemoglobin levels (CoHbcorr) (1.8% +/-
      0.7% vs. 1.3% +/- 0.8%, P less than 0.005) due to production of carbon monoxide
      during the catabolism of hemoglobin. Pulse oximeters read most of CoHb as
      oxyhemoglobin. After correcting SpO2 for carboxyhemoglobin in both groups of
      patients, the 99% confidence limits from the obtained regression line were the
      same in icteric patients (-0.81%, 1.03%) as in controls (-0.89%, 1.08%). There
      was thus no demonstrable direct influence of high bilirubin plasma levels on SpO2
      as measured by a Nellcor pulse oximeter.

PMID- 2912293
TI  - Evaluation of a blood gas and chemistry monitor for use during surgery.
AB  - An observational study was performed to evaluate a new blood gas and chemistry
      monitor (GEM-6 Diamond Sensor Systems, Ann Arbor, Michigan) in nine patients
      during cardiac surgery. Paired blood samples were analyzed by the instrument
      under test and by standard clinical laboratory instruments. The differences
      between the measurements of the new and the standard instruments are summarized
      as follows (mean +/- standard deviation, units of measure, number of samples): pH
      (-0.039 +/- 0.02, 154); PCO2 (2.63 +/- 1.8 mmHg, 154); venous PO2 (-2.0 +/- 3.0
      mmHg, 72), hematocrit (4.7 +/- 2.7%, 98), potassium (0.18 +/- 0.13 mmol, 100),
      and ionized calcium (0.195 +/- 0.11 mmol, 100). Because the differences in
      arterial PO2 measurements were markedly heteroscedastic, a logarithmic
      transformation was employed, which upon retransformation gave the test
      instrument's 95% confidence limits as within 5.1% below to 46% above the nominal
      value on 82 samples. However, on the 14 samples having nominal values below 165
      mmHg (the upper limit of the calibrated range of the GEM-6) the 95% confidence
      limits were from 5.4% below to 23.6% above the nominal reading. No failures of
      the test instrument occurred during the evaluation, and quality control standards
      run before, midway through, and again after sampling from each patient all gave
      readings within the manufacturer's tolerance. For all variables except hematocrit
      and ionized calcium, this instrument matches the values from the laboratory well
      enough over the clinically important range to supplant it for intraoperative
      monitoring purposes.

PMID- 2912294
TI  - Effect of intercostal nerve blockade on respiratory mechanics and CO2
      chemosensitivity at rest and exercise.
AB  - Lower intercostal and abdominal muscles interact with other respiratory muscles
      to produce inspiration as well as expiration. Intercostal nerve blockade from T6
      T12 was produced in seven healthy males to study its effect on: 1) supine
      pulmonary function, 2) inspiratory effort, 3) hypercapnic ventilatory response,
      including mouth occlusion pressures with and without an expiratory load, and 4)
      ventilation during progressive exercise on a cycle ergometer. Studies during
      control and blocked states were performed on different days. Lower chest and
      abdominal wall paralysis was documented with electromyography. Findings include a
      minimal decrease in peak expiratory flows with intercostal blockade (P = 0.02),
      but no other changes in supine resting pulmonary function tests, inspiratory
      effort, or hypercapnic ventilatory response slopes. Minute ventilation,
      respiratory rate, and VT/TI during exercise were also minimally increased,
      indicating an increase in the drive to breathe, which was unrelated to a change
      in metabolic rate. During exercise, total time to exhaustion was decreased
      following intercostal nerve blockade. Bilateral intercostal nerve blockade
      produced minimal decreases in peak expiratory flow at rest in supine subjects.
      During seated exercise, there was a slight increase in respiratory drive,
      probably due to minor alterations in the mechanics of breathing induced by
      intercostal blockade. The authors conclude that, in healthy young subjects,
      intercostal nerve blockade does not exert a clinically significant adverse affect
      on pulmonary mechanics and that ventilatory function is well-maintained even at
      extremes of ventilatory demand.

PMID- 2912295
TI  - Treatment of isorhythmic A-V dissociation during general anesthesia with
      propranolol.

PMID- 2912296
TI  - Fiberoptic endobronchial intubation for resection of an anterior mediastinal
      mass.

PMID- 2912297
TI  - Postpartum seizure after epidural blood patch and intravenous caffeine sodium
      benzoate.

PMID- 2912298
TI  - Caudal epidural anesthesia in an infant with epidermolysis bullosa.

PMID- 2912299
TI  - Pain of delayed traumatic splenic rupture masked by intrapleural lidocaine.

PMID- 2912300
TI  - Dose-response relationship for succinylcholine in a patient with genetically
      determined low plasma cholinesterase activity.

PMID- 2912301
TI  - Determination of decay constants from time-varying pressure data.

PMID- 2912302
TI  - Succinylcholine and trismus.

PMID- 2912303
TI  - An infant model to facilitate endotracheal tube fixation in the pediatric ICU
      patient.

PMID- 2912304
TI  - An alternative method for management of accidental dural puncture for labor and
      delivery.

PMID- 2912305
TI  - High-pressure uterine displacement.

PMID- 2912306
TI  - Midazolam in a malignant hyperthermia-susceptible patient.

PMID- 2912307
TI  - Air entrainment through a multiport injection system.

PMID- 2912308
TI  - A tracheal tube extension for emergency tracheal reanastomosis.

PMID- 2912310
TI  - Appropriate facilitation of intravenous regional techniques in RSD.

PMID- 2912309
TI  - The relationship between malignant hyperthermia and neuroleptic malignant
      syndrome.

PMID- 2912311
TI  - Comparison of hemodynamic, electrocardiographic, mechanical, and metabolic
      indicators of intraoperative myocardial ischemia in vascular surgical patients
      with coronary artery disease.
AB  - To compare mechanical, electrocardiographic, and metabolic indices of myocardial
      ischemia, the cardiokymogram (CKG), the V5 ECG, left anterior descending coronary
      artery territory lactate extraction, and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure
      (PCWP) were measured in 53 vascular surgical patients with coronary artery
      disease. Measurements were performed preoperatively and at four specific
      intraanesthetic intervals: after tracheal intubation, before surgery, and 10 and
      30 min after incision. Measurements and sampling sequence took 5-7 min, and
      therapy for the probable cause of ischemia was instituted following completion of
      this sequence. Myocardial ischemia was defined as type II or III CKG, 0.1 mV or
      greater horizontal or downsloping depression of V5 ECG ST segment, 0.2 mV or
      greater elevation of V5 ECG ST segment, or myocardial lactate production. Thirty
      nine patients (74%) had a total of 89 episodes of myocardial ischemia. Seventy
      four episodes (83%) were detected by the CKG, 31 (44%) were evident on the ECG,
      and 13 (15%) by evidence of lactate production. The concordance among the indices
      of myocardial ischemia was poor. Patients with an abnormal preoperative ECG
      experienced a greater number of ischemic episodes (P less than 0.001). Elevation
      of PCWP or the presence of A-C or V-waves greater than 5 mmHg above the mean did
      not individually reflect ischemia reliably. Intraoperative myocardial ischemia is
      common in vascular surgical patients and is most sensitively detected by
      ventricular wall motion abnormality.

PMID- 2912312
TI  - Changing perspectives in monitoring oxygenation.

PMID- 2912313
TI  - Transurethral resection of the prostate, serum glycine levels, and ocular evoked
      potentials.
AB  - Complications of transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP syndrome) when
      glycine is used as the irrigating fluid include cardiovascular and central
      nervous system abnormalities that occasionally include transient blindness. Serum
      sodium, glycine, potassium, chloride, ammonia, osmolality, carbonate, and blood
      urea nitrogen of 17 patients having TURP and 10 having cystoscopic examination
      were measured. Electroretinograms and visually evoked potentials (VEPs) were
      recorded in the preanesthetic preparatory area and in the recovery room
      immediately after surgery. Four patients reported visual aberrations coincident
      with increases in serum levels of glycine from a mean before surgery of 137.7 +/-
      45.1 to 7,812.2 +/- 2,486.6 microM/l, mean +/- SD, after TURP. These patients
      also showed a reduction of serum sodium from 138 +/- 4.5 to 122 +/- 8.6 mEq/l
      that correlated significantly with serum levels of glycine (rho = -0.81). There
      were no statistically significant changes of serum ammonia and osmolality.
      Electroretinograms consistently demonstrated complete loss of oscillatory
      potentials. Thirty hertz flicker-following was also abolished. VEPs were more
      variably affected with prolongation of component "P100" latency found in both
      groups and probably resulting from sedative effects of diazepam. Patients
      experiencing the TURP syndrome showed abolishment of 30 Hz flicker-following in
      their VEPs. The elevated serum levels of glycine may contribute directly to
      visual aberrations resulting from glycine's role as an inhibitory transmitter in
      the retina.

PMID- 2912314
TI  - Studies in animals should precede human use of spinally administered drugs.

PMID- 2912315
TI  - Determination of intra-abdominal pressure using a transurethral bladder catheter:
      clinical validation of the technique.
AB  - The determination of intra-abdominal pressures (IAP) may be useful in many
      clinical situations. The authors recently demonstrated in the canine model a
      close correlation between actual IAP and the bladder pressure measurements
      obtained from a transurethral catheter. The purpose of this study was to
      clinically validate this technique. The authors studied 16 patients, and compared
      IAP in three positions (supine, with compressions, and semi-erect) utilizing both
      direct intraperitoneal pressure monitoring and the pressure obtained with a
      transurethral bladder catheter. Their results demonstrated a linear relationship
      between the two methods described, with a mean r value of 0.95 in the supine and
      semi-erect positions, and 0.99 with abdominal compressions (P less than 0.0001).
      The authors conclude that transurethral monitoring of bladder pressure offers a
      safe, simple, and highly accurate method for evaluating IAP at the bedside.
      Studies evaluating the indication for its use in the operating room and intensive
      care settings appear warranted.

PMID- 2912317
TI  - The influence of dextrose administration on neurologic outcome after temporary
      spinal cord ischemia in the rabbit.
AB  - The influence of dextrose administration on neurologic outcome after temporary
      spinal cord ischemia was examined in New Zealand white rabbits. Spinal cord
      ischemia was produced by infrarenal balloon occlusion of the aorta in
      unanesthetized animals. Animals were observed for 3 days for neurologic
      evaluation. Fasted animals received intravenous dextrose, 0.5 g.kg-1, or placebo
      before a period spinal cord ischemia. The dextrose was administered as either a
      bolus of a 50% solution (D50) 15 min before ischemia or as an infusion of a 5%
      solution (D5W) over 90 min before ischemia. With either mode of administration,
      preocclusion plasma glucose level was moderately increased as compared with that
      in animals that received lactated Ringer's solution in equivalent volume, i.e.,
      for the D50 bolus: 291 +/- 82 (SD) versus 166 +/- 67 mg.dl-1 (P less than 0.005);
      and for D5W infusion: 177 +/- 38 versus 137 +/- 13 mg.dl-1 (P less than 0.01).
      With either mode of administration, neurologic outcome was poorer (P less than
      0.025) at 72 h in the animals that had received dextrose. For example, of the 10
      animals that received D5W by infusion, nine were paraplegic (unable to walk) 72 h
      after ischemia, whereas only three of 10 control animals were paraplegic. The
      adverse effect of an increased blood glucose level has been demonstrated
      previously for cerebral ischemia. The present results are the first demonstration
      that increased plasma glucose may result in a worsened neurologic outcome after
      spinal cord ischemia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2912316
TI  - Epidural clonidine analgesia in obstetrics: sheep studies.
AB  - Epidural clonidine administration produces analgesia by a nonopiate, spinal
      mechanism, and offers advantages over other epidural agents for labor analgesia.
      To examine clonidine's acute maternal and fetal effects, the authors injected
      clonidine, 300 micrograms, epidurally in seven chronically prepared, near term
      ewes. Unlike epidural saline injection, clonidine increased maternal and fetal
      serum glucose (by 178 +/- 30% and 190 +/- 30%, respectively; mean +/- SEM, P less
      than .01) 1 h following injection. Maternal and fetal serum cortisol and arterial
      blood gas tensions were unchanged following clonidine. Epidural clonidine
      injection produced minor decreases (10-15%) in heart rate in ewe and fetus,
      without altering maternal and fetal blood pressure, intra-uterine pressure, or
      uterine blood flow. Maternal and fetal serum clonidine concentrations peaked at
      58 +/- 8 and 73 +/- 5 min following injection, respectively, and declined with
      similar half-lives. Heart rate correlated negatively with serum clonidine
      concentration in both ewe and fetus (P less than .05). Apart from hyperglycemia,
      which does not occur in humans, these results in sheep suggest that epidurally
      administered clonidine does not adversely affect the fetus and may be evaluated
      as an analgesic in obstetrics.

PMID- 2912318
TI  - Tachyphylaxis to local anesthetics does not result from reduced drug
      effectiveness at the nerve itself.
AB  - Possible development of tachyphylaxis to local anesthetics in the nerve itself
      (time-dependent change in axonal conduction properties) was studied in the aortic
      nerve of eight rabbits anesthetized with urethane. The nerve was immersed in
      Tyrode solution with or without bupivacaine at pH 7.4 and 38 degrees C in a
      trough molded from the surrounding tissues. After control measurements the nerve
      was exposed to increasing bupivacaine concentrations until complete nerve block
      at minimal blocking concentration. Subsequently, bupivacaine concentrations were
      reduced and kept constant for 4 h (partial block). Finally, intact nerve function
      was confirmed after bupivacaine washout with Tyrode solution. For quantification
      total nerve activity was recorded continuously and related to drug
      concentrations. Two findings argue against the occurrence of tachyphylaxis at the
      nerve itself: 1) nerve activity decreased rather than increased over time in the
      presence of constant bupivacaine concentrations during partial block; and 2) for
      the same bupivacaine concentration, nerve activity during partial block was
      always lower than during the initial blocking experiments. Thus, drug
      effectiveness increased rather than decreased over time, which cannot be
      reconciled with the theory that tachyphylaxis might be mediated by changes in
      axonal conduction properties.

PMID- 2912319
TI  - Comparison of the effects of halothane on skinned myocardial fibers from newborn
      and adult rabbit. I. Effects on contractile proteins.
AB  - The effect of halothane on maximal and submaximal Ca2+-activated tension
      development of the contractile proteins of newborn and adult cardiac muscle from
      rabbits was determined. Right ventricular muscle was removed from newborn and
      adult rabbits, and the sarcolemma was disrupted (skinned) by homogenization.
      Fiber bundles were dissected from the homogenate and mounted on tension
      transducers. Fiber bundles were alternately immersed in relaxing solution [(
      Ca2+] less than 10(-9) M) and contracting solutions (various [Ca2+] from 10(-5.6)
      to 10(-3.8) M), which were saturated with 100% N2 alone or with three
      concentrations of halothane-N2 mixture. In the absence of halothane, newborn
      skinned myocardial fibers were slightly more sensitive to submaximal Ca2+
      concentrations than were adult myocardial fibers. [Ca2+] required for 50% maximum
      tension were 10(-5.43) M and 10(-5.31) M, respectively (P less than 0.05).
      Halothane (1-3%) decreased the maximal Ca2+-activated tension (at [Ca2+] = 10(
      3.8) M) similarly in adult and newborn myocardial fibers in a dose-dependent
      fashion. Tension was reduced by 5.9% for each 1% increase in halothane
      concentration. Halothane also decreased the sensitivity of adult myocardial
      skinned fibers to submaximal Ca2+ concentrations (10(-5.6) M to 10(-5.0) M) by
      shifting the Ca2+-tension response curve to the right. Only 3% halothane
      decreased the sensitivity of newborn myocardial skinned fibers to Ca2+. The
      authors conclude that halothane causes less depression of Ca2+ activation of the
      contractile proteins in newborn than adult rabbit myocardium and that this effect
      of halothane cannot account for greater negative inotropy of halothane in the
      newborn.

PMID- 2912320
TI  - Regional differences in left ventricular wall motion in the anesthetized dog.
AB  - Data regarding left ventricular function suggest that the extent of shortening
      may differ between regions. This study was undertaken to determine the effects of
      negative inotropic drugs used during anesthesia on different areas of the left
      ventricle. Forty mongrel dogs were anesthetized and instrumented for measurement
      of global and regional function. Regional function in the short axis of the basal
      and apical territories of the left ventricle was assessed by subendocardial
      sonomicrometry. Three different interventions were performed: In the first group
      67% N2O, replacing 67% N2, was added to opiate anesthesia; in the second group
      halothane was given by stepwise increases in inspired concentration to 2%; in the
      third group verapamil (60 micrograms.kg-1.h-1) was infused during isoflurane
      anesthesia. Apical and basal segmental shortening were compared. During baseline
      conditions and with agents in concentrations that caused minimal myocardial
      depression (67% N2O or 1.0% as opposed to 0.5% halothane) differences in systolic
      shortening between regions were statistically significant. Further myocardial
      depression affected the apex significantly more than the base: when substantial
      myocardial depression was induced by halothane (1.5 or 2%) or verapamil,
      differences in regional function were abolished. Thus, the apical region of the
      left ventricle is more dynamic and more sensitive to negative inotropic
      interventions than the basal region. This should be borne in mind when segmental
      myocardial function is evaluated.

PMID- 2912321
TI  - Additives contained in drug formulations most frequently prescribed in
      Switzerland.
AB  - The presence of substances known to induce pseudoallergic reactions was
      investigated by means of a questionnaire to the manufacturers of 1,467 frequently
      administered formulations. Benzoates were found in 15% of the formulations,
      sorbates in 5.5%, sulfites in 3.8%, and benzalkonium in 3.0%. The occurrence of
      the seven artificial colours studied was as follows: indigotin 7.8, erythrosine
      7.4, sunset yellow 6.6, tartrazine 4.9, quinoline yellow 2.8%, ponceau (new
      coccine) 2.6, and amaranth 1.7%. A significant risk of exposure to preservatives
      and dyes likely to induce asthma, urticaria, or other pseudoallergic reactions
      exists for all individuals taking commercial drug products.

PMID- 2912322
TI  - Effect of an aerosol delivery system on bronchodilator activity.
AB  - Metered dose inhalers (MDIs) are often used incorrectly by patients who find
      difficulty using MDI for drug inhalation. The study was performed in 11 asthmatic
      patients in four days in order to evaluate the efficiency of a new Drug Delivery
      System (DDS-InspirEase) for metered dose inhalers. Clenbuterol was administered
      via DDS and via conventional MDI in a randomized manner. On the first two days,
      DDS and MDI were used by patients without any physician's help. On the subsequent
      days, clenbuterol was administered via DDS and via conventional MDI directly by
      the physician. FEV1 and MEF75 values were measured 15', 30', one hour, and two
      hours post-drug inhalation. Statistical analysis (ANOVA) showed that clenbuterol
      delivered by DDS, administered by patients or by physician, produced a greater
      increase in FEV1 values (P less than .05) and MEF75 values (P less than .01) in
      comparison to the conventional MDI on each test day. No significant differences
      existed between physician or patient administration of clenbuterol with DDS and
      MDI. The results showed a greater bronchodilator effect obtained by clenbuterol
      delivered by DDS.

PMID- 2912323
TI  - Analysis of indoor environment and atopic allergy in urban populations with
      bronchial asthma.

PMID- 2912324
TI  - Two rapid methods for determination of serum theophylline concentrations: a
      comparison.
AB  - Two methods for determining serum theophylline concentrations were compared
      against a standard laboratory assay. Each method was evaluated for ease of use,
      accuracy, and precision. Although both methods were found to be easy to use,
      there were major differences between the assays in both accuracy and precision.

PMID- 2912325
TI  - Inability to elicit vagal responses from the acid-infused esophagus of pigs.
AB  - Acid application in the esophagus and esophageal distension were undertaken in
      pigs. One group (n = 9) had operatively induced esophagitis. The other group (n =
      7) was normal. We found no discrepancy between the groups neither in inspiratory
      pressure nor in expiratory PCO2 nor in plasma concentrations of pancreatic
      polypeptide. The results indicate inability to elicit vagal responses from the
      acid-infused esophagus of pigs.

PMID- 2912326
TI  - The superiority of combination beclomethasone and salbutamol over standard dosing
      of salbutamol in the treatment of chronic asthma.
AB  - We studied the clinical effect of a combination aerosol containing salbutamol and
      beclomethasone dipropionate in comparison to doubling the standard dose of
      salbutamol from an inhaler. Fifty-seven patients completed the double-blind,
      crossover study. They were treated with either an aerosol of 100 micrograms
      beclomethasone dipropionate and 200 micrograms salbutamol or 400 micrograms
      salbutamol alone. Both regimens were administered four times a day for 4 weeks.
      The patients showed significant improvement in FEV1, PEFR, and symptom scores
      after treatment with beclomethasone dipropionate and salbutamol compared with pre
      trial values and with treatment with double the dose of salbutamol. The patients
      demonstrated a clear preference for treatment with the combination of
      beclomethasone dipropionate and salbutamol. Regular treatment with beclomethasone
      dipropionate in addition to salbutamol as a combination inhaler provides much
      better control of asthma than merely increasing the dose of salbutamol in those
      patients poorly controlled on standard doses of inhaled bronchodilators.

PMID- 2912328
TI  - Mycobacteria and AIDS mortality.

PMID- 2912327
TI  - Recurrent swelling, abdominal pain, and vomiting in a 72-year-old male.

PMID- 2912329
TI  - Prostaglandin E1 in the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Benefit for
      pulmonary hypertension and cost for pulmonary gas exchange.
AB  - Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) has been reported to improve survival in patients with
      the adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). However, the effects of this
      pulmonary vasodilating compound on gas exchange have been little documented. We
      therefore measured hemodynamics, blood gases, and the distributions of
      ventilation-perfusion ratios (VA/Q), using the multiple inert gas elimination
      technique, at baseline and during infusion of PGE1 0.02 to 0.04 microgram.kg
      1.min-1 in six patients with pulmonary hypertension secondary to ARDS ventilated
      with 10 cm H2O positive end-expiratory pressure. PGE1 decreased systemic arterial
      mean pressure (-16%) and pulmonary arterial mean pressure (-15%) and increased
      cardiac index (+20%) and heart rate (+11%). Arterial PO2 decreased from 99 +/- 6
      to 77 +/- 8 mm Hg (p less than 0.01, mean +/- SEM) with no change in mixed venous
      PO2 and in O2 consumption. PGE1 increased true shunt from 21 +/- 4 to 32 +/- 5%
      of total blood flow (p less than 0.01) with no significant modification in the
      pattern of VA/Q distribution. Thus, in ARDS, pulmonary hypertension is reduced by
      PGE1 at the price of a deterioration in pulmonary gas exchange. The clinical
      relevance of these findings remains to be evaluated.

PMID- 2912330
TI  - Enhancement of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction by low dose almitrine
      bismesylate in normal humans.
AB  - The effect of almitrine bismesylate on hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV)
      remains controversial. We therefore investigated in a double-blind, placebo
      controlled, randomized design the effects of low dose of almitrine bismesylate (4
      micrograms/kg/min given intravenously) on blood gases, pulmonary hemodynamics,
      and ventilation-perfusion (VA/Q) distributions in normal subjects breathing a
      hypoxic mixture (FIO2, 0.125), room air (FIO2, 0.21), and oxygen (FIO2, 1.0) in a
      random sequence. In the placebo group (7 subjects), no change was recorded. In
      the almitrine group (10 subjects), arterial PO2 improved during hypoxia (from 42
      +/- 2 to 47 +/- 1 mm Hg, p less than 0.05, mean +/- SEM) and normoxia (from 99 +/
      3 to 104 +/- 2, p less than 0.05). Pulmonary arterial mean pressure and
      pulmonary vascular resistance index increased with almitrine during hypoxia,
      respectively, from 20 +/- 1 to 23 +/- 1 mm Hg (p less than 0.01) and from 207 +/-
      22 to 283 +/- 35 dyne.s.cm-5.m2 (p less than 0.01), and during normoxia,
      respectively, from 12 +/- 1 to 14 +/- 1 mm Hg (p less than 0.05) and from 90 +/-
      11 to 137 +/- 13 dyne.s.cm-5.m2 (p less than 0.05). The VA/Q distribution
      improved during hypoxia, with a shift of the blood flow distribution to better
      oxygenated lung units with higher VA/Q ratios. We conclude that in normal humans
      low dose of almitrine improves gas exchange by an enhancement of HPV.

PMID- 2912331
TI  - Nifedipine reduces pulmonary pressure and vascular tone during short- but not
      long-term treatment of pulmonary hypertension in patients with chronic
      obstructive pulmonary disease.
AB  - We evaluated in patients suffering from COPD-related pulmonary hypertension
      whether nifedipine therapy lowers acutely and chronically pulmonary vascular
      pressure and resistance and whether pulmonary transmural pressure may be further
      lowered by the combined use of nifedipine and oxygen. Changes of the pulmonary
      vascular tone were determined on the pulmonary driving pressure/flow curve, which
      was generated by upright exercise. Fifteen patients with COPD and mean pulmonary
      pressure greater than or equal to 20 mm Hg were studied at control (Week 0) and
      after 1 wk of nifedipine treatment (180 mg daily, Week 1). It was possible to
      pursue the same nifedipine daily dosage for 2 months in 10 patients, who were re
      evaluated after 8 wk of treatment and after nifedipine withdrawal the following
      week. At Week 1, mean pulmonary transmural pressure was reduced (32.8 +/- 4.1
      versus 27.3 +/- 2.8 mm Hg, mean +/- SE, p less than 0.05) via active pulmonary
      vasodilation because the pulmonary driving pressure/flow curve was shifted right
      and downward. Both mean transmural pulmonary pressure lowering effect and active
      pulmonary vasodilatation regressed during long-term nifedipine treatment. Oxygen
      reduced pulmonary transmural pressure (32.8 +/- 4.1 versus 28.6 +/- 2.9 mm Hg, p
      less than 0.05, Week 0); however, this effect always disappeared during
      nifedipine treatment. We conclude that nifedipine should not be used as long-term
      treatment for COPD-related pulmonary hypertension and that nifedipine inhibits
      the oxygen capability to reduce pulmonary pressure.

PMID- 2912332
TI  - Diltiazem, verapamil, and nifedipine inhibit theophylline-enhanced diaphragmatic
      contractility.
AB  - The ability of theophylline to limit diaphragmatic fatigue and to improve
      contractility appears to be dependent upon alterations in calcium metabolism. The
      mechanism responsible for these actions, however, remains unclear. We used
      perfused, contracting, intact rat diaphragm to measure the influence of
      therapeutic theophylline levels (10(-4) M) on tension development, in the
      presence or absence of the three most commonly used calcium channel blocking
      agents, or in the absence of calcium. Concentrations of diltiazem (10(-4) M),
      verapamil (10(-5) M), or nifedipine (10(-6) M) sufficient to completely block
      transmembrane calcium channels, were used. During the experiment, each diaphragm
      preparation was subjected to one of two fatiguing procedures: one to mimic that
      encountered during tachypnea and one to mimic that encountered during increased
      respiratory resistance. Our findings showed that therapeutic levels of
      theophylline were related to statistically significant (p less than 0.0005)
      increases in diaphragmatic contractility under control conditions and to
      statistically significant reductions in the sensitivity of the preparation to
      fatigue. All three calcium channel blockers negated the positive influence of
      theophylline. Zero calcium also prevented theophylline from enhancing the
      contractile properties of the diaphragm. It is our conclusion that theophylline
      enhances the contractile properties of the diaphragm by altering the
      transmembrane movement of calcium. Calcium antagonists, in turn, inhibit the
      beneficial effects of theophylline on diaphragm function.

PMID- 2912333
TI  - The bacteriology of bronchiectasis in Hong Kong investigated by protected
      catheter brush and bronchoalveolar lavage.
AB  - Bacteria often colonize the lower respiratory tract of patients with
      bronchiectasis. Although the role of these bacteria in the pathogenesis of the
      disease is uncertain, their accurate identification is important for
      epidemiologic and treatment purposes. Therefore, the aims of this study were: (1)
      to identify these bacteria in patients with bronchiectasis without cystic
      fibrosis using the protected catheter brush (PCB) in order to avoid oropharyngeal
      contamination, and (2) to compare the results of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)
      with PCB. Quantitative culture was performed on PCB and BAL specimens obtained
      from the most severely affected lobes of 23 patients with bronchiectasis. Results
      of PCB showed no significant growth (less than 10(3) colony-forming units
      [cfu]/ml) in nine patients and 17 significant isolates (greater than 10(3)
      cfu/ml) in the rest: H. influenzae, 5; P. aeruginosa, 4; K. ozaenae, 2; S.
      aureus, 2; P. fluorescens, 1; S. pneumoniae, 1; Veillonella, 1; and coag.-ve
      Staph., 1. For BAL, the results were the same (20 isolates) regardless of whether
      10(4) or 10(5) cfu/ml was chosen as the cutoff point. More organisms were
      cultured from BAL specimens, and these included all but one of the organisms
      cultured from PCB. We conclude that the bacteriology of bronchiectasis in Hong
      Kong is different from that reported in sputum studies in the West (mainly H.
      influenzae, S. pneumoniae, and S. aureus), and with 10(4) cfu/ml as the cutoff
      point, BAL gives comparable results to PCB.

PMID- 2912334
TI  - Mechanism of rib cage inspiratory muscle recruitment in diaphragmatic paralysis.
AB  - Paralysis of the diaphragm promotes an increase in the activation of the rib cage
      inspiratory muscles, and previous studies have suggested that this compensation
      is primarily due to vagal mechanisms (6). To test this hypothesis, we have
      assessed the effect of diaphragmatic paralysis on the electrical response of 19
      parasternal intercostal muscles in eight anesthetized, vagotomized, spontaneously
      breathing dogs in the supine posture. Complete diaphragmatic paralysis was
      induced by section of the C5, C6, and C7 phrenic nerve roots in the neck. With
      the animals breathing room air, diaphragmatic paralysis resulted in a mean 94%
      increase in the peak height of integrated parasternal activity (p less than
      0.001) associated with a 14 mm Hg decrease in arterial PO2 (p less than 0.05) and
      an 8 mm Hg increase in arterial PCO2 (p less than 0.001). The augmented
      parasternal activity was unrelated to the duration of inspiration and persisted
      when the animals were given a hyperoxic gas mixture. Thus the rib cage
      inspiratory muscles still compensate for diaphragmatic paralysis in the absence
      of vagal signals and of hypoxemia. This compensation probably results from the
      considerably augmented CO2 load placed on the extradiaphragmatic muscles.

PMID- 2912335
TI  - Voluntary versus reflex regulation of maximal exercise flow: volume loops.
AB  - We determined the efficiency with which maximal exercise ventilatory output could
      be mimicked voluntarily. Five normal subjects exercised to maximal volitional
      effort and flow:volume and pressure:volume loops, and end-expiratory lung volume
      (EELV) and breathing pattern were measured. All subjects increased expiratory
      flow rate and reduced EELV sufficiently so that the forced vital capacity loop
      was approximated during at least some portion of expiration, but the generation
      of pleural pressure remained effective, i.e., equal to or only slightly in excess
      of that required to produce maximal expiratory flow (Pmax). Subsequently, while
      at rest, subjects used visual feedback and were able to closely mimic the
      flow:volume, EELV, and breath-timing achieved in maximal exercise; however: (1)
      expiratory pressures were excessive and usually exceeded average Pmax; (2)
      abdominal expiratory muscle activity was increased, as indicated by positive
      shifts in expiratory gastric pressure; and (3) total ventilatory work was
      increased 15 to 40% greater than that achieved in maximal exercise. Maximal
      voluntary efforts (MVV) caused EELV to increase and ventilatory work was
      increased 20 to 300% greater than during maximal exercise. We conclude that
      accurate determination of maximal effective ventilatory output available for
      maximal exercise or precise quantitation of the metabolic cost of producing
      maximal exercise ventilation requires replication of the pressure:volume, breath
      timing, and EELV characteristics achieved in maximal exercise.

PMID- 2912336
TI  - Long-term follow-up of symptoms, pulmonary function, respiratory muscle strength,
      and exercise performance after botulism.
AB  - Respiratory muscle weakness occurs commonly at presentation in patients with
      botulism. Although clinical improvement occurs over several months, symptoms such
      as fatigue and dyspnea persist in many patients in the long term. To determine
      whether continued respiratory muscle weakness might contribute to these symptoms,
      we compared lung function tests, respiratory muscle strength, and exercise
      performance in 13 patients 2 years after type B botulism. We found that residual
      symptoms including dyspnea and fatigue were common in botulism patients at 2
      years postintoxication. Lung function tests had returned to normal in all
      patients. Maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures were similar between
      botulism patients and control subjects. Evaluation of individual results showed
      evidence of inspiratory muscle weakness in four of 13 patients with botulism
      (Plmax less than 65% predicted). Maximal oxygen consumption and maximal workload
      during exercise were reduced in botulism patients in comparison to control
      subjects. During exercise, botulism patients had a more rapid and shallow
      breathing pattern and a higher dyspnea score at a given minute ventilation in
      comparison to control subjects. Reasons for premature exercise termination in
      botulism patients were multifactorial. Although respiratory muscle weakness may
      have been contributory in some patients, most appeared to be limited by reduced
      cardiovascular fitness, leg fatigue, or reduced motivation.

PMID- 2912337
TI  - Effect of salicylate on upper airway dilating muscles in anesthetized dogs.
AB  - It is well documented that salicylate given in large doses stimulates
      ventilation. As increased ventilatory drive is often associated with augmented
      upper airway dilating muscle activity, we evaluated in anesthetized dogs the
      effect of salicylate on the electrical activity of three upper airway muscles,
      the alae nasi, the genioglossus, and the posterior cricoarytenoid. The
      electromyograms of these muscles were compared with those of the diaphragm before
      and at 15-min intervals after intravenous salicylate administration (250 mg/kg).
      Salicylate induced a gradual increase in ventilation and in the electrical
      activity of all muscles examined (p less than 0.001). Compared to baseline
      activity, salicylate increased the electrical activity of the genioglossus more
      than that of the diaphragm (p less than 0.01). The increase in upper airway
      muscle activity was observed also in vagotomized dogs, and was not accounted for
      by changes in arterial blood gases or pH. Increases in upper airway muscle
      electrical activity were associated with a significant decrease in upper airway
      resistance to airflow (mean reduction of 62 +/- 7% SE, p less than 0.01). The
      preferential increase in genioglossus electrical activity and the decrease in
      upper airway resistance observed in this study with salicylate suggest that
      salicylate, and possibly other pharmacologic agents that stimulate ventilation,
      may improve upper airway patency.

PMID- 2912338
TI  - Spirometric abnormalities in young smokers correlate with increased
      chemiluminescence responses of activated blood phagocytes.
AB  - Spirometric values determined from the flow-volume loops of 60 healthy young
      smokers (mean age, 28 +/- 0.6 yr) were correlated with measurements of the
      release of extracellular and intracellular reactive oxidants (RO) as determined
      by luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence (LECL) from peripheral blood activated with
      the synthetic chemotactic tripeptide FMLP combined with cytochalasin B (CB).
      Fractionation and reconstitution experiments revealed that LECL originated
      predominantly from polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL). Circulating total
      leukocyte counts and serum thiocyanate levels were also determined. The data were
      analyzed using Spearman's correlation coefficient and by multiple regression
      analysis. Cigarette smoking was associated with elevated intracellular and
      especially extracellular LECL responses, the latter being strongly correlated (p
      less than 0.0001) with cigarettes smoked per day, serum thiocyanate levels,
      circulating leukocytes, and PMNL counts. Abnormalities of the spirometric
      parameters FEV1/FVC, FEF50/FVC, FEF25, FEF25-75, and FEF75-85 correlated best
      with extracellular LECL (p less than 0.0002 to p less than 0.0001), but also with
      pack-years (p less than 0.006 to p less than 0.0001), cigarettes smoked per day
      (p less than 0.008 to p less than 0.0002), thiocyanate levels (p less than 0.04
      to p less than 0.002) and leukocyte counts (p less than 0.03 to p less than
      0.002). According to stepwise multiple regression analysis of the data the
      combination of the independent variables extracellular LECL, pack-years, and
      numbers of circulating PMNL accounts for 35.6% of the variation in lung function
      in the group of cigarette smokers, with LECL being the most important contributor
      (26%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2912339
TI  - Effect of inhaled leukotriene C4 on cardiopulmonary function.
AB  - The changes in transcutaneous oxygen saturation (SaO2%) and airway responses to
      inhaled histamine and leukotriene C4 (LTC4) were examined in 10 asthmatic
      patients, and the effect of inhaled LTC4 (16 nmol) on cardiopulmonary
      hemodynamics was examined in seven nonasthmatic patients undergoing diagnostic
      cardiac catheterization. In asthmatic patients, LTC4 produced oxygen desaturation
      on two occasions. At a lower dose (2.0 nmol) LTC4 produced a marked fall in SaO2%
      that lasted less than 15 min and occurred in the absence of significant
      bronchoconstriction as measured by changes in FEV1, FEF25-75, and SGaw. At a
      higher cumulative dose (7 nmol), LTC4 caused prolonged oxygen desaturation with
      slow recovery and this was associated with significant bronchoconstriction. In
      contrast, histamine inhalation produced a single response with a fall in both
      FEV1 and SaO2% of short duration. The dose-response characteristics of LTC4 and
      histamine on oxygen desaturation in asthmatic patients appear to differ
      significantly and probably are dependent on relative sensitivities of pulmonary
      vascular and bronchial smooth muscle to these agonists. A single inhaled dose of
      LTC4 in nonasthmatic subjects produced a marked drop in PaO2 with significant
      increase in AaPO2, and this was associated with a mean (SEM) decrease in FEV1 of
      14% (2.5) from the baseline. The mean cardiac output fell by 15% (3.4) without
      significant changes in blood pressure and heart rate. There was no
      electrocardiographic evidence of myocardial ischemia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2912340
TI  - Association of cigarette smoking with decreased numbers of circulating natural
      killer cells.
AB  - To investigate the relationship between cigarette smoking and the level of
      circulating natural killer (NK) cells, we studied 282 subjects from a population
      based, stratified random sample of healthy persons. NK cells were enumerated by
      flow cytometry using the monoclonal antibody anti-Leu 11A. Cigarette smokers had
      a significantly lower proportion of NK cells than did subjects who had never
      smoked (5.5 +/- 0.3% versus 7.4 +/- 0.4% of lymphoid cells; p = 0.0002). NK cells
      were also decreased among ex-smokers (5.6 +/- 0.4%; p = 0.002), including
      subjects who had not smoked for more than 20 yr. The white blood cell and
      lymphocyte counts were increased in smokers compared with those in never smokers
      (p less than 0.0001). In contrast to NK cells, the smoking-related changes in
      leukocyte count were not present in ex-smokers, even those who had stopped
      smoking within the past year. Multivariate analysis confirmed that both current
      and past smokers had significant decreases in both the number and proportion of
      NK cells after controlling for age, sex, and lymphocyte count. These data
      indicate that cigarette smoking is associated with a decrease in the number and
      proportion of circulating NK cells, and that this effect is present many years
      after smoking cessation. This quantitative NK cell deficit may contribute to the
      elevated risk of malignancy in this population.

PMID- 2912341
TI  - Biosynthesis of the third and fifth complement components by isolated human lung
      cells.
AB  - Increasing research efforts have been directed at determining the contribution of
      locally synthesized (cell-derived) complement in host defense and inflammation.
      In the studies presented here, we determined the ability of a continuous cell
      line of type II pneumocytes (A549) and a cell line of human lung fibroblasts (WI
      38) to produce complement components in vitro. Complement biosynthesis by A549
      pneumocytes and WI-38 fibroblasts was demonstrated by incorporation of
      [35S]methionine into immunoprecipitable complement proteins. Using this
      technique, A549 pneumocytes were demonstrated to synthesize Clr, Cls, C4, C3, C5,
      C6, C7, C8, C9, Factor B, Factor H, Factor I, and C1s inactivator. In comparison,
      WI-38 fibroblasts were shown to synthesize Cls, C4, C3, C5, C6, C8, and C9.
      Because previous work has demonstrated the central role of C3, C5, and their
      activation products in regulating lung inflammation and tissue injury, we further
      investigated the production of C3 and C5 by both lung pneumocytes and fibroblasts
      using enzyme-linked immunospecific assays. A549 cells cultured in the presence of
      15% fetal bovine serum (FBS) produced antigenic C3 (135 ng C3/ml/24 h) at a
      greater rate than did identical cells maintained in serum-free culture conditions
      (70 ng C3/ml/24 h). Similarly, antigenic C5 production by A549 pneumocytes was
      greatest in the presence of FBS when compared with cells maintained in serum-free
      culture conditions (245 ng C5/ml/24 h versus 155 ng C5/ml/24 h).(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2912342
TI  - Alveolar macrophage proliferation in situ after thoracic irradiation of rats.
AB  - Saline lavage was performed on rat lungs at weekly intervals for as long as 6 wk
      after thoracic irradiation (24 Gy). The number of alveolar macrophages recovered
      by lavage was significantly increased compared with that in control animals
      beginning at 4 wk after irradiation (p less than 0.05). Autoradiographic analysis
      of macrophages recovered demonstrated an increased labeling index compared with
      that in control animals beginning 3 wk after irradiation (p less than 0.05).
      Macrophage proliferation in vivo was also assessed by injecting rats with
      vincristine and evaluating macrophages recovered by lung lavage for arrested
      mitoses. The number of arrested mitoses noted was significantly increased in rats
      at 4 wk after irradiation compared with that in control animals (p less than
      0.05). These data indicate that after high dose thoracic irradiation there is an
      expansion of the alveolar macrophage population that is due at least in part to
      increased local proliferation of alveolar macrophages.

PMID- 2912343
TI  - A 16-month study of the development of genetic emphysema in tight-skin mice.
AB  - The tight-skin (tsk) mouse has been recently proposed as a model of genetically
      determined emphysema. In the present study, the development of this lung lesion
      was investigated morphometrically in both male and female tsk mice from 4 days to
      16 months of age. "Pallid" (pa) mice with a closely related genetic background
      served as controls. Despite small differences in the mean linear intercept seen
      at 1 and at 16 months, both male and female tsk mice were found to be similarly
      susceptible to the development of the emphysematous lesion. Three main phases
      were observed in the evolution of the emphysema. The first phase, from 4 days to
      2 months after birth, included enlargement of the peripheral lung units, already
      evident at 4 and at 15 days, and destruction of the lung parenchyma, which
      occurred between 15 days and 1 month and rapidly progressed for as long as 2
      months. A second phase of stabilization or of mild progression of the
      emphysematous lesion occurred between 2 and 8 months of age. A third phase, in
      the advanced age between 8 and 16 months, included a further exacerbation of the
      parenchymal destruction. At 16 months of age, the lungs of the pa mice also
      showed some patchy areas of air-space enlargement with destruction of the
      alveolar septa.

PMID- 2912344
TI  - Long-term follow-up of drug abusers with intravenous talcosis.
AB  - Six patients who injected talc containing drugs intended for oral use were
      assessed over a period of ten or more years from the time of initiation of this
      habit. Despite discontinuation of the drug abuse, all developed severe
      respiratory disability and three died from their disease. An evolving spectrum of
      roentgenographic and functional patterns is considered to be virtually diagnostic
      of this disorder. Roentgenographically, an initial diffuse, pin-point
      micronodularity subsequently becomes associated with conglomerates, usually in
      the upper lobes, closely resembling the progressive massive fibrosis (PMF) of the
      pneumoconioses. The lower lobes, on the other hand, become relatively
      translucent, in some instances with bulla formation and the development of
      pneumothorax. Pulmonary function, initially with both restrictive and obstructive
      features, eventually becomes markedly obstructive with hyperinflation and air
      trapping. At this late stage, pathologic examination reveals emphysema in
      addition to the granulomatous inflammation and fibrosis surrounding the talc
      particles in the pulmonary interstitium.

PMID- 2912345
TI  - The mechanics of airway narrowing in asthma.
AB  - This study was designed to determine the potential importance of airway wall
      thickening in the pathogenesis of the excess airways narrowing of asthma. The
      airways in postmortem specimens of lung obtained from 18 patients who suffered
      from asthma were compared to similar airways from 23 patients without asthma.
      Each airway was projected onto a digitizing board of a microcomputer to trace the
      internal and external perimeter of the airway and to calculate the submucosal and
      mucosal thicknesses. The relaxed length of the airway smooth muscle and the
      shortening required to occlude the airway lumen were calculated. These data show
      that the wall area was greater (p less than 0.001) in the membranous and
      cartilaginous airways of asthmatic patients and the airway smooth muscle
      shortening required to occlude the lumen was less in asthmatic than nonasthmatic
      airways (p less than 0.001). The increased wall area was due to increased areas
      of epithelium, muscle, and submucosa. We conclude that the walls of the airways
      of patients with asthma are thickened by chronic inflammation and that this
      thickening could be as important as smooth muscle shortening in determining the
      airway responsiveness of these patients.

PMID- 2912346
TI  - Provocation test coupled with bronchoalveolar lavage in diagnosis of propranolol
      induced hypersensitivity pneumonitis.
AB  - A 59-yr-old man was given over a 30-month period a cumulative dose of 36 g of
      propranolol for treatment of angina pectoris. He then presented with respiratory
      disease, having all the clinical, radiologic, and functional characteristics of
      interstitial pneumonitis. No other cause of pneumonitis was found.
      Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) showed a lymphocytic alveolitis with lymphocyte
      subset inverted ratio. After a 9-wk period of drug withdrawal, clinical and
      radiologic improvement was observed along with resolution of BAL abnormalities.
      Propranolol therapy was resumed for 6 wk and induced the recurrence of BAL
      abnormalities. Propranolol treatment was finally stopped, and 15 wk later,
      clinical symptoms abated, chest roentgenogram and pulmonary function tests were
      improved, and BAL data returned to normal. This observation seems to exemplify
      the possible diagnostic value of coupling provocation test with BAL cell data in
      some hypersensitivity pneumonitis induced by drugs. In addition, these data
      support the role of a cell-mediated immunologic mechanism in the pathogenesis of
      propranolol-induced pneumonitis.

PMID- 2912347
TI  - Acute eosinophilic pneumonia: a hypersensitivity phenomenon?
AB  - A previously healthy young man presented with acute respiratory distress and
      diffuse bilateral infiltrates on chest radiograph. Eosinophilic pneumonia was
      diagnosed by bronchoalveolar lavage and confirmed by transbronchial lung biopsy.
      There was no evidence of an infectious etiology, and the patient rapidly improved
      with corticosteroid therapy. Most cases of eosinophilic pneumonia reported
      previously have followed a chronic course. The case presented here was acute in
      onset, suggesting a hypersensitivity reaction. High levels of bronchoalveolar
      lavage eosinophils indicate the diagnosis but not the etiology of eosinophilic
      pneumonia.

PMID- 2912348
TI  - Cavitary pulmonary metastases in angiosarcoma. Diagnosis by transthoracic needle
      aspiration.
AB  - An unusual case of cavitary pulmonary metastases from an angiosarcoma of the
      scalp is described. Transthoracic needle aspiration biopsy of one of the cavitary
      nodules was successful in establishing the diagnosis.

PMID- 2912349
TI  - Maximal static respiratory pressures in the normal elderly.
AB  - To determine if a relationship exists between maximal static respiratory
      pressures measured at the mouth and age greater than 55 yr, and if so, whether
      regression equations can be derived that accurately reflect this, we measured
      maximal inspiratory (Plmax) and expiratory (PEmax) pressures in 64 normal women
      and 40 normal men older than 55 yr of age. We found no relationship between PImax
      and PEmax and age greater than 55 yr (all r squared values less than 0.14). We
      tested the reproducibility of our measurements of PImax and PEmax in 13 and 12
      subjects, respectively, on three separate occasions. Repeated measures analysis
      showed no significant differences in these measurements. Using the measurements
      obtained in this large study, we calculated 95% confidence limits for PImax and
      PEmax values in men and women older than 55 yr of age. The 95% confidence limits
      for PImax in men were 55 to 161 cm H2O, and 26 to 124 cm H2O in women. The 95%
      confidence limits for PEmax in men were 90 to 256 cm H2O, and 46 to 184 cm H2O in
      women. We conclude that given the large interindividual variation, a cross
      sectional study such as this or other previous studies may not be able to reveal
      age-dependent changes unless very large numbers are used, and even then potential
      for bias exists. However, with the small intraindividual coefficients of
      variation in repeated measurements of PImax and PEmax, a longitudinal study may
      provide more pertinent information.

PMID- 2912350
TI  - Lymphocyte populations in lung tissue, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and
      peripheral blood in rats at various times during the development of silicosis.
AB  - Inflammatory cells and lymphocyte populations were examined in the
      bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, lung tissues, and peripheral blood from rats
      at various times after the intratracheal instillation of silica. In lavage fluid,
      there was a rapid initial increase in the percentage and number of
      polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN), which slowly decreased during the course of
      the experiment. In addition, compared to controls, there was an increased number
      and percentage of lymphocytes throughout the 75 days of the experiment. The
      lymphocytic populations, which were determined by an indirect immunofluorescence
      method with monoclonal antibodies to lymphocyte surface markers, showed a
      predominance of the T-helper phenotype from Day 14 through the end of the
      experiment (Day 75). The number of PMNs obtained from collagenase digest of the
      lung was increased over control levels up to Day 7 after silica administration
      and remained at a relatively constant level until Day 14, after which time they
      decreased slightly in number. The total number of lymphocytes peaked on Day 14,
      with cells of the T-helper phenotype predominating after this time. In the
      peripheral blood, T-helper cells from silicotic rats were significantly increased
      over control rats on Days 7 and 14 but returned to normal control values after
      this time. The lymphocyte subsets in the BAL, but not in the peripheral blood,
      more closely reflect the lymphocyte patterns in the lung. The results of these
      experiments suggest that T-helper cells may play an important role in the
      inflammatory-fibrotic events in the lungs of rats with silicosis.

PMID- 2912351
TI  - Glasnost and communication.

PMID- 2912352
TI  - The effects of controlled oxygen therapy on ventricular function in patients with
      stable and decompensated cor pulmonale.

PMID- 2912353
TI  - Worsening oxygenation in the mechanically ventilated patient.

PMID- 2912354
TI  - Bronchoalveolar lavage cell and lymphocyte phenotype profiles in healthy asbestos
      exposed shipyard workers.
AB  - The cellular and lymphocyte phenotypic composition of bronchoalveolar lavage
      (BAL) fluid and peripheral blood (PB) from 15 healthy, nonsmoking, asbestos
      exposed shipyard workers (AEW) and 10 nonsmoking, age-matched unexposed workers
      (UEW) were compared. None of the AEW had clinical, radiographic, or physiologic
      evidence of asbestosis, but six had radiographic evidence of pleural plaques
      and/or thickening. The mean duration of asbestos exposure was 16.3 +/- 2.3 yr,
      and the mean period since exposure was 10.8 +/- 0.5 yr. All but three of the AEW
      and none of the UEW had asbestos bodies detected in the first 20 ml of BAL fluid
      recovered (0.1 to 35 asbestos bodies/ml). The AEW had a significantly higher mean
      percentage (19.1 +/- 2.8% versus 9.7 +/- 1.6%) and concentration (31.6 +/- 5.2 x
      10(3) cells/ml versus 14.7 +/- 2.5 x 10(3) cells/ml) of BAL lymphocytes compared
      with that in the UEW, with an increased mean concentration of each phenotype
      measured. In PB, the mean lymphocyte concentration was also higher in the AEW
      than in the UEW (2.0 +/- 0.3 x 10(3) cells/ml versus 1.5 +/- 0.3 x 10(3)
      cells/ml), but the difference was not statistically significant, and there was no
      increase of any phenotype measured. BAL lymphocytosis did not correlate with
      exposure history or BAL asbestos body count, but was greater in AEW with pleural
      abnormality (30.1 +/- 2.9% versus 11.8 +/- 1.6%). BAL concentrations of CD-20, CD
      3, and CD-4, but not of CD-8 cells were significantly increased compared with
      those in the AEW without pleural abnormality. Further longitudinal studies are
      needed to determine the prognostic significance of these findings.

PMID- 2912355
TI  - The epidemiology of disseminated nontuberculous mycobacterial infection in the
      acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
AB  - We analyzed cases of disseminated nontuberculous mycobacterial infection (DNTM)
      in patients with AIDS reported to the Centers for Disease Control. Between 1981
      and 1987, 2,269 cases were reported. In 96% of cases, infection was caused by M.
      avium complex (MAC). The number of cases has risen steadily since 1981, but the
      rate as a percentage of AIDS cases has remained stable at 5.5%. DNTM was seen
      less frequently in AIDS cases with Kaposi's sarcoma than in other AIDS cases (p
      less than 0.01). Rates of DNTM were lower in Hispanics and declined with age but
      were not significantly different by patient sex or means of acquiring HIV
      infection. Rates of disseminated MAC varied by geographic region from 3.9% to
      7.8% (p less than 0.0001). As assessed by helper/suppressor T-cell ratios, AIDS
      patients with DNTM were not more immunologically impaired than those with other
      opportunistic infections. Life table analysis revealed that AIDS patients with
      DNTM survived a shorter time (median, 7.4 months) than did other AIDS patients
      (median, 13.3 months; p less than 0.0001). We conclude that DNTM is acquired by
      unpreventable environmental exposures. Because DNTM adversely affects survival of
      AIDS patients, effective therapeutic agents must be vigorously sought.

PMID- 2912356
TI  - Can mild bronchospasm reduce gastroesophageal reflux?
AB  - During attacks of asthma, changes in the transdiaphragmatic pressure gradient may
      impair the antireflux barrier and provoke gastroesophageal reflux (GER). If GER
      triggers asthma and asthma causes GER, a vicious circle could arise with an
      increase in the severity of asthma symptoms. The aim of this investigation was to
      determine whether postprandial reflux in asthmatics with GER disease is increased
      during histamine-induced bronchospasm and also if theophylline increases GER
      during provoked episodes of bronchospasm. Ten patients with chronic asthma and
      pathologic GER were challenged with either histamine or saline in randomized
      order with and without their regular dose of oral slow-release theophylline. FEV1
      was recorded at regular intervals during the hour of provocation, and acid reflux
      (pH less than 4) was monitored by antimony pH electrodes in the esophagus. GER
      was not more pronounced during the provoked bronchospasm period irrespective of
      theophylline treatment or not. It seems unlikely that mild bronchospasm provokes
      reflux in patients with asthma and GER. It would appear that mild bronchospasm is
      rather protective against gastroesophageal reflux.

PMID- 2912358
TI  - Response of normal infants to inhaled histamine.
AB  - The age at which nonspecific bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) is first seen in
      humans is unknown, though both genetic and environmental factors have been
      implicated in its development. The current study aimed to establish whether BHR
      to histamine can be demonstrated in normal infants. Twelve infants, mean age of
      7.8 months (range, 3 to 18 months), were studied. None had any history of a
      previous significant respiratory illness. Respiratory function was monitored
      using the maximal flow at function residual capacity (VmaxFRC) obtained with the
      forced expiratory flow-volume technique. Histamine was inhaled in doubling
      concentrations from 0.125 to 8 g.L-1. A greater than 30% fall in VmaxFRC was
      considered a response. All infants responded to histamine, the geometric mean
      concentration for their response being 1.4 g.L-1. Associated transient changes
      for the group were an increase in respiratory rate (p less than 0.02) and a fall
      in SaO2 (p less than 0.001). Forced expiratory flow-volume curves were concave in
      all infants after the last dose of histamine. We speculate that humans are born
      with "bronchial hyperresponsiveness" and that genetic or environmental factors
      determine which infants lose it thereafter.

PMID- 2912359
TI  - Screening for endometrial cancer: is it effective?

PMID- 2912357
TI  - Short-term pulmonary function change in association with ozone levels.
AB  - As part of the ongoing Harvard Six Cities study of the respiratory effects of air
      pollution, repeated measurements of pulmonary function (FVC, FEV75, MMEF, and
      Vmax75) were taken at approximately weekly intervals in a population of 154
      school children living in Kingston and Harriman, Tennessee. A series of as many
      as six measurements were obtained for each child over approximately a 2-month
      period beginning in February 1981. Concurrent measurements of ambient ozone, and
      fine particle and fine sulfate concentrations were obtained at a site near the
      study community. The maximal hourly ozone concentration observed during the study
      was 78 ppb. Child-specific linear regressions were fit that related short-term
      pulmonary function changes to air pollution or temperature. We found that
      decrements in FVC, FEV75, MMEF, and Vmax75 were associated with ozone, but not
      with particulate levels. Decrements in FVC, MMEF, and Vmax75 were also associated
      with temperature. Although slopes of pulmonary function on ozone varied across
      children, in general there was no evidence that this variation represented
      heterogeneity of response as opposed to random estimation errors. In addition, no
      evidence was found that individual response to ozone was related to sex, presence
      of asthma, respiratory illness before 2 yr of age, or the MMEF/FVC ratio, a rough
      surrogate for airway size. We conclude that ambient exposures to ozone at levels
      well below the National Ambient Air Quality Standard of 120 ppb are associated
      with transient decreases in lung function, the long-term significance of which is
      uncertain.

PMID- 2912360
TI  - Increased lung water and ascites after massive cocaine overdosage in mice and
      improved survival related to beta-adrenergic blockage.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of massive cocaine intoxication on lung
      water and ascites accumulation and the effect of beta- and alpha-adrenergic
      blockade on survival in massive cocaine intoxication in the mouse. DESIGN: The
      effect of massive cocaine intoxication on lung water, ascitic fluid accumulation,
      and survival following LD 100 doses of intravenous cocaine with and without alpha
      and beta-adrenergic blockade was determined. INTERVENTIONS: Cocaine
      hydrochloride (0.15 mg/g body weight) was administered intravenously with no
      other interventions; with propranolol hydrochloride intravenously (0.5 mg per
      mouse) before and after cocaine; and with phentolamine intravenously (10.5
      micrograms per mouse) before cocaine. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Intravenous
      cocaine hydrochloride resulted in an increase in lung water (saline controls,
      4.17 +/- 1.3 [standard deviation] mg water per g mouse; cocaine hydrochloride,
      5.94 +/- 0.9 mg water per g mouse; P less than 0.002). Cocaine hydrochloride
      always resulted in the accumulation of transudative ascitic fluid (saline
      controls, no measurable ascitic fluid; cocaine administration, 20.2 +/- 12.9
      micrograms per mouse; ascitic fluid protein concentration, 23.5 +/- 8.5 g/L).
      Propranolol hydrochloride administered before or after intravenous cocaine
      hydrochloride resulted in a striking reduction in mortality (84 of 84 mice
      without propranolol died [mortality = 100%]; 7 of 39 mice with propranolol died
      [mortality = 18%]; P less than 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Massive cocaine intoxication
      is associated with increased lung water and transudative ascites. Fluid
      accumulation is not prevented by either alpha- or beta-adrenergic blockers.
      Propranolol, administered either before or after cocaine, sharply reduces
      mortality. The results should be extrapolated to treatment in humans with
      caution.

PMID- 2912361
TI  - Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) distribution shown by 99mtechnetium-LDL imaging in
      patients with myeloproliferative diseases.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: To image and identify by noninvasive methods the sites of low
      density lipoprotein (LDL) catabolism in patients with myeloproliferative disease
      in whom chronic hypocholesterolemia was previously reported. STUDY DESIGN: The
      99mTechnetium-LDL (Tc-LDL) distribution in patients with myeloproliferative
      diseases was compared with that in normal subjects. The Tc-LDL distribution was
      also compared with the distribution and organ uptake of a macrophage-seeking
      radiotracer. 99mTc-sulfur colloid (Tc-SC). SETTING: Major metropolitan referral
      center and institutional practice. PATIENTS: Three normal subjects, two patients
      with polycythemia vera, two with post polycythemia myeloid metaplasia, and one
      with agnogenic myeloid metaplasia. The patients were being managed with
      hydroxyurea or phlebotomy. INTERVENTION: Ten mCi of Tc-LDL (homologous) was
      injected intravenously. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Gamma camera images of Tc
      LDL biodistribution and organ uptake were obtained 4 hours after injection of the
      tracer. In normal subjects, the Tc-LDL was predominantly taken up by the liver,
      with relative nonvisualization of spleen and central or peripheral marrow.
      Patients with myeloproliferative disease showed marked splenic uptake of Tc-LDL.
      Peripheral bone marrow uptake extended to the lower tibia in two patients with
      post-polycythemia myeloid metaplasia. Splenic and bone marrow uptake paralleled
      that of Tc-SC. Hypercellularity of central and peripheral marrow at the sites of
      Tc-LDL uptake was confirmed by biopsy specimens. The Tc-LDL uptake, however, was
      not correlated with collagen fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that
      spleen and bone marrow are sites of LDL catabolism in patients with
      myeloproliferative disease and suggest the role of macrophages in the
      hypocholesterolemia and accelerated LDL catabolism of myeloproliferative disease.

PMID- 2912362
TI  - Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: recommendations for diagnosis, staging, and
      response criteria. International Workshop on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia.

PMID- 2912363
TI  - Fatal delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction without previous blood transfusion.

PMID- 2912364
TI  - The sand-trap hazard in magnetic resonance imaging.

PMID- 2912365
TI  - Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy.

PMID- 2912366
TI  - Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and peptic ulcer.

PMID- 2912368
TI  - Nomenclature for pulmonary findings.

PMID- 2912367
TI  - Better housestaff schedules.

PMID- 2912369
TI  - Correction: Gastric function in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

PMID- 2912370
TI  - Selective induction of heme oxygenase-1 isozyme in rat testis by human chorionic
      gonadotropin.
AB  - A radioimmunoassay was developed to assess the response of testicular HO-1 to
      agents known to increase the microsomal heme oxygenase activity. Treatment of
      rats with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) increased the microsomal heme
      oxygenase activity in rat testis. The following data suggest that the increase
      was specific to the HO-1 isozyme: (a) The elution profile of heme oxygenase
      activity from a DEAE-Sephacel column showed an increase in the HO-1 peak, but not
      in the HO-2 peak, (b) the Western immunoblot of the testis microsomes showed an
      increase in HO-1 protein, and (c) the amount of HO-1 protein that was present in
      the microsomes, when measured by radioimmunoassay, was doubled. Using
      radioimmunoassay, it was shown that other agents known to increase the testicular
      heme oxygenase, sodium arsenate and sodium arsenite, also increased the
      microsomal content of HO-1. An inhibitor of the testicular microsomal heme
      oxygenase activity, cadmium, also increased the microsomal HO-1 protein. The
      findings suggest that inducibility of HO-1 extends to tissues other than the
      liver, in this instance, the testis, and further support the possibility that HO
      1 is the only inducible form of heme oxygenase.

PMID- 2912371
TI  - Uridine-5'-phosphate synthase: evidence for substrate cycling involving this
      bifunctional protein.
AB  - Uridine 5'-phosphate (UMP) synthase contains two sequential catalytic activities
      for the synthesis of orotidine 5'-phosphate (OMP) from orotate (EC 2.4.2.10,
      orotate phosphoribosyltransferase) and the decarboxylation of OMP to form UMP (EC
      4.1.1.23, OMP decarboxylase). Previous kinetic studies had indicated that partial
      channeling of OMP might occur [T.W. Traut and M.E. Jones (1977) J. Biol. Chem.
      252, 8374-8381]; in the presence of a nucleotidase, there was no measurable
      formation of orotidine from OMP under conditions where OMP was maintained at a
      steady-state concentration [T.W. Traut (1980) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 200, 590
      594]. Recently claims were made that (i) the steady-state activities of UMP
      synthase could be modeled by Michaelis-Menten kinetics, and (ii) the nucleotidase
      activity in Ehrlich ascites cells was insufficient to degrade any significant
      amount of OMP [R.W. McClard and K.M. Shokat (1987) Biochemistry 26, 3378-3384].
      The present studies show that UMP synthase has cooperative kinetics toward OMP,
      and that a substrate cycle involving orotate phosphoribosyltransferase,
      cytoplasmic nucleotidase, and uridine phosphorylase maintains the cyclic
      interconversion: orotate----OMP----orotidine----orotate, etc. It is therefore the
      complex steady-state kinetics of UMP synthase in the presence of OMP, and the
      existence of a substrate cycle that account for the results which were
      interpreted as channeling in the earlier studies.

PMID- 2912372
TI  - Menstrual cycle-associated alteration of sulfogalactosylceramide in human uterine
      endometrium: possible induction of glycolipid sulfation by sex steroid hormones.
AB  - The human uterine endometrium is a tissue in which cell proliferation and
      differentiation are strictly controlled by sex steroid hormones, and these
      hormone-controlled cellular events occurring in association with the menstrual
      cycle of the uterine endometrium should be accompanied by characteristic
      molecular and metabolic changes. To characterize the menstrual cycle at the
      molecular level, we analyzed the glycolipids of human uterine endometrium in the
      proliferative and secretory phases of the menstrual cycle. Neutral
      glycosphingolipids from uterine endometrium comprised globo-series
      glycosphingolipids, such as GlcCer, LacCer, Gb3Cer, and Gb4Cer, and the relative
      concentrations remained constant in the two phases. However, in the case of
      acidic glycosphingolipids, although the concentrations of sialoglycosphingolipids
      remained at constant levels in the two phases, sulfatide, I3-SulfoGalCer,
      dramatically increased from the proliferative to the secretory phase, amounting
      to 7-17 nmol/g dry weight in the proliferative phase and 115-245 nmol/g dry
      weight in the secretory phase. Since sulfatide was the only glycolipid that
      changed in association with the menstrual cycle, it is likely that the
      sulfotransferase responsible for the synthesis of sulfatide might be induced by
      sex steroid hormones, estrogen and progesterone, and that sulfatide might play an
      essential biological role in the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle in the
      uterine endometrium.

PMID- 2912373
TI  - Methoxyflurane acts at the substrate binding site of cytochrome P450 LM2 to
      induce a dependence on cytochrome b5.
AB  - Rabbit cytochrome P450 isozyme 2 requires cytochrome b5 to metabolize the
      volatile anesthetic methoxyflurane but not the substrate benzphetamine [E. Canova
      Davis and L. Waskell (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 2541-2546]. To determine whether
      the requirement for cytochrome b5 for methoxyflurane oxidation is mediated by an
      allosteric effect on cytochrome P450 LM2 or cytochrome P450 reductase, we have
      investigated whether this anesthetic can induce a role for cytochrome b5 in
      benzphetamine metabolism. Using rabbit liver microsomes and antibodies raised in
      guinea pigs against rabbit cytochrome b5, we found that methoxyflurane did not
      create a cytochrome b5 requirement for benzphetamine metabolism. Methoxyflurane
      also failed to induce a role for cytochrome b5 in benzphetamine metabolism in the
      purified, reconstituted mixed function oxidase system. Studies of the reaction
      kinetics established that in the absence of cytochrome b5, methoxyflurane and
      benzphetamine are competitive inhibitors, and that in the presence of cytochrome
      b5, benzphetamine and methoxyflurane are two alternate substrates in competition
      for a single site on the same enzyme. These results all indicate that the
      methoxyflurane-induced cytochrome b5 dependence of the mixed function oxidase
      cytochrome P450 LM2 system is a direct result of the interaction between
      methoxyflurane and the substrate binding site of cytochrome P450 LM2 and suggest
      the focus of future studies of this question.

PMID- 2912374
TI  - Heart mitochondrial creatine kinase revisited: the outer mitochondrial membrane
      is not important for coupling of phosphocreatine production to oxidative
      phosphorylation.
AB  - The state of mitochondrial creatine kinase (CKmi-mi) in intact dog heart
      mitochondria and mitoplasts and the mechanism of its functional coupling with the
      oxidative phosphorylation system have been reinvestigated under different osmotic
      conditions and ionic compositions of the medium. It has been established that in
      a medium which mimics the cardiac cell cytoplasma, dissociation of CKmi-mi from
      the membrane of mitoplasts increases when the mitoplasts are swollen due to
      hypoosmotic treatment. It was shown by EPR that hypoosmotic treatment results in
      the enhancement of the mobility of phospholipids in the membrane bilayer. It has
      been also shown that when CKmi-mi is detached from the inner membrane in intact
      mitochondria in isotonic KCl solution, the effects of the coupling between CKmi
      mi and oxidative phosphorylation via ATP/ADP translocase disappear in spite of
      the presence of CKmi-mi in the intermembrane space and intactness of the outer
      mitochondrial membrane. Therefore, this coupling cannot be explained by the
      "compartmented coupling" mechanism or "dynamic adenine nucleotide
      compartmentation" in the intermembrane space due to diffusion limitation for
      adenine nucleotides through the outer mitochondrial membrane, as has been
      supposed by several authors (F.N. Gellerich et al. (1987) Biochim. Biophys. Acta
      890, 117-126; S.P.J. Brooks and C.H. Suelter (1987) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 253,
      122-132). The data obtained show that the displacement of the enzyme from the
      membrane results in significantly increased sensitivity of the coupled processes
      of aerobic phosphocreatine synthesis to inhibition by the product,
      phosphocreatine. Thus, all results show that under physiological osmotic and
      ionic conditions CKmi-mi remains firmly attached to the inner mitochondrial
      membrane and effectively coupled with ATP/ADP translocase due to intimate dynamic
      interaction between those proteins.

PMID- 2912375
TI  - Characteristics of an adenosine A1 binding site in human placental membranes.
AB  - Binding sites were solubilized from human placental membrane using 1.5% sodium
      cholate and were assayed using polyethylene glycol precipitation. These soluble
      binding sites had properties of an adenosine A1 binding site. 2
      [3H]Chloroadenosine and N-[3H]-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA) binding were time
      dependent and reversible. Scatchard plots indicate two classes of binding sites
      with Kd values of 6 and 357 nM for 2-chloro[8-3H]adenosine and 0.1 and 26 nM with
      [3H]NECA. The specificity of [3H]NECA binding was assessed by the ability of
      adenosine analogs to complete for binding sites. Using this approach the
      estimated IC50 values were 60 nM for (R-PIA), 160 nM for S-PIA, 80 nM for NECA,
      and 20 nM for 2-chloroadenosine. Binding of [3H]NECA to the soluble sites is
      inhibited to 48% of the control value by 100 microM guanylyl-5'-imidodiphosphate
      (Gpp(NH)p). The IC50 value for NECA binding to the soluble binding site was
      increased from 80 nM to 1500 by Gpp(NH)p. There was a shift of binding affinity
      from a mixture of high and low affinity to only low affinity with 100 microM
      Gpp(NH)p. Despite these alterations a NECA prelabeled molecular species of 150
      kDa did not decrease in molecular weight upon the addition of 100 microM Gpp(NH)p
      during high-performance liquid chromatography on a Superose 12 column. Other
      evidence to support the concept of preferential solubilization and assay of a
      small population of A1 binding sites was obtained. Following solubilization
      adenosine A2-like binding sites could be detected only in reconstituted vesicles.
      The existence of small amounts of A1 binding sites in intact human placental
      membranes was directly demonstrated using the A1 agonist ligand N6
      [3H]cyclohexyladenosine and the A1 antagonist ligand 8-[3H]cyclopentyl-1,3
      dipropylxanthine. JAR choriocarcinoma cells have "A2-like" membrane binding
      sites. In contrast to placental membranes, only A2-like binding sites could be
      solubilized from JAR choriocarcinoma cells. These observations indicate that
      human placental membranes contain adenosine A1 binding sites in addition to A2
      like binding sites. These sites are guanine nucleotide sensitive, but do not
      shift to a lower molecular weight form upon assumption of a low affinity state.

PMID- 2912376
TI  - Fish muscle cytoskeletal network: its spatial organization and its degradation by
      an endogenous serine proteinase.
AB  - The extraction of white croaker skeletal myofibrils with KI rendered a residue in
      which a network of longitudinal and transverse filaments could be observed by
      scanning electron microscopy. A trypsin-like serine proteinase isolated from the
      same muscle was able to produce a complete and rapid disruption of the network,
      while major myofibrillar proteins were only slightly modified. This fact suggests
      that the disassembly of the cytoskeletal network may be an early event in the
      proteolysis of myofibrils. Desmin was not attacked by the proteinase under the
      assayed conditions, which indicates that some other unidentified component of the
      network would be the primary target of the action of the enzyme on myofibrils.

PMID- 2912377
TI  - Evaluation of equilibrium constants from precipitin curves: interaction of alpha
      crystallin with an elicited monoclonal antibody.
AB  - A simple procedure, based on the precipitin curve and the antibody:antigen ratios
      of the precipitates, is described for evaluation of the intrinsic association
      constant (k) governing the interaction between a multivalent antigen and a
      bivalent antibody. Its application is illustrated with a study of the interaction
      between alpha-crystallin and an elicited monoclonal antibody, which is shown to
      exhibit essentially identical affinities (k = 9 X 10(4) M-1) for the alpha m and
      alpha c forms of the antigen.

PMID- 2912378
TI  - Binding of ions and hydrophobic probes to alpha-lactalbumin and kappa-casein as
      determined by analytical affinity chromatography.
AB  - The technique of analytical affinity chromatography was extended to characterize
      binding of ions and hydrophobic probes to proteins. Using the immobilized protein
      mode of chromatography, alpha-lactalbumin and kappa-casein were covalently
      attached to 200-nm-pore-diameter controlled-pore glass beads and accommodated for
      high-performance liquid chromatography. The existence of a high affinity binding
      site (Kdiss = 0.16 microM) (site I) for calcium ion in alpha-lactalbumin was
      confirmed by chromatography of [45Ca2+]. In addition, chromatography of the
      hydrophobic probes, 1-(phenylamino)-8-naphthalene-sulfonate (ANS)2 and 4,4'-bis[1
      (phenylamino)-8-naphthalenesulfonate (bis-ANS) indicated that Ca2+ bound to a
      second site (presumably the zinc site or site II) with weaker affinity.
      Dissociation constants obtained for apo-alpha-lactalbumin were about 80 microM
      for ANS and 4.7 microM for bis-ANS in the absence of sodium ion. Addition of Ca2+
      initially caused a reduction in surface hydrophobicity (lowered affinity for the
      probe dyes) followed by an increase at higher Ca2+ concentrations (greater than
      0.5 mM), suggesting that occupancy of site II restores an apo-like conformation
      to the protein. Moreover, the effect of Zn2+ was similar to that observed in the
      higher Ca2+ concentration range, whereas Na+ apparently bound to site I. A
      calcium binding site of moderate affinity also exists in kappa-casein (Kdiss =
      15.6 microM). A cluster of negative charges, probably including the
      orthophosphate group, most likely comprise this binding site. By preventing self
      association, analytical affinity chromatography permits microscale
      characterization of ligand equilibria in proteins that are unaffected by protein
      protein interactions.

PMID- 2912379
TI  - Deamidation of calmodulin at neutral and alkaline pH: quantitative relationships
      between ammonia loss and the susceptibility of calmodulin to modification by
      protein carboxyl methyltransferase.
AB  - Measurements of ammonia release provide the first direct evidence that calmodulin
      becomes extensively deamidated during incubations at 37 degrees C, pH 7.4 or pH
      11. A stoichiometry of 0.5 mol of NH3 released/mol of calmodulin is observed
      after 2 h at pH 11 or after 8-9 days at pH 7.4. These treatments also increase
      the ability of calmodulin to serve as a substrate for the isoaspartate-specific
      protein carboxyl methyltransferase from bovine brain. The stoichiometries of
      methylation are highly correlated with the stoichiometries of ammonia release.
      Deamidation and increased methyl-accepting capacity also occur in parallel for
      seven other proteins (aldolase, bovine serum albumin, cytochrome c, lysozyme,
      ovalbumin, ribonuclease A, and triosephosphate isomerase) upon incubation at pH
      11. However, in comparison to calmodulin, these other proteins show very little
      deamidation and increased methylation capacity following incubation at pH 7.4.
      Deamidation of calmodulin at pH 7.4 is unaffected by the addition of 10(-7) M
      Ca2+; however, at 4 X 10(-6) M Ca2+, the rate of deamidation is inhibited by
      approximately 70%. The Ca2+-protection effect is consistent with the suggestion
      (B. A. Johnson, N. E. Freitag, and D. W. Aswad, (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 10913
      10916) that deamidation occurs preferentially at Asn-60 and/or Asn-97, each of
      which resides in a distinct Ca2+-binding domain.

PMID- 2912380
TI  - Asparagine catabolism in rat liver mitochondria.
AB  - A large portion of mitochondrial asparagine (Asn) is degraded by asparagine amino
      transferase to produce alpha-ketosuccinamate (alpha KSA), which is then
      hydrolized by omega-amidase to produce oxaloacetate (OAA) and ammonia. This is in
      contrast to the catabolism in the cytosol, where the main catabolic route for Asn
      occurs initially via asparaginase-catalyzed hydrolysis to form aspartate and
      ammonia. Mitochondrial production of OAA from Asn was followed by monitoring the
      decrease in the rate of succinate oxidation (which is inhibited by OAA) in both
      coupled and uncoupled mitochondria. Rapid OAA production was found to be
      dependent on the presence of both Asn and glyoxylate, and was eliminated by the
      aminotransferase inhibitor, aminooxyacetate (AOX). HPLC separation and
      quantitation of alpha-keto acids and amino acids allowed direct observation of
      the proposed mitochondrial pathway. Studies using L-[U-14C]Asn in mitochondria
      yielded labeled carbon in alpha KSA, OAA, and CO2 when either an alpha-keto acid
      or glyoxylate was provided. The extent of the labeled carbon in these products
      was greatly influenced by factors that affected the citric acid cycle and
      oxidative phosphorylation. Carbon dioxide production from Asn alone, even in the
      presence of AOX, suggested the existence of at least one additional Asn catabolic
      pathway in the rat liver mitochondria which does not involve alpha KSA as an
      intermediate.

PMID- 2912381
TI  - Ethanol causes decreased partitioning into biological membranes without changes
      in lipid order.
AB  - One of the adaptive responses of cell membranes to chronic ethanol consumption is
      the acquisition of a resistance to fluidization or disordering of the lipids by
      ethanol in vitro and a reduced partitioning of ethanol into the membrane
      (membrane tolerance). The degree to which the effects on partitioning and lipid
      disordering share common features has not previously been explored and in
      addition the relevance of the value of lipid order in the absence of added
      ethanol (baseline lipid order) to membrane tolerance has not been established.
      The location in the bilayer and the nature of the modification underlying these
      effects is also unknown. The effect of chronic ethanol treatment was examined
      using 5-doxyl decane as a model hydrophobic compound. Its partitioning into the
      membranes was determined by utilizing its ability to quench fluorophores (1,6
      diphenyl-2,3,5-hexatriene and 3- and 12-anthroyl stearates) by collisional
      quenching. The partition coefficient of 5-doxyl decane into the bilayer central
      region was reduced as a result of the chronic ethanol treatment. The effect could
      also be demonstrated in vesicles of phospholipids and was lost 4 days after
      withdrawal of the ethanol from the diet. These results closely parallel those
      relating to resistance to lipid disordering and suggest that both techniques
      detect a common modification. Lipid order was assessed using fluorescence
      anisotropy measurements of a range of fluorophores, including those used to
      determine the partitioning properties of the membrane. No effect of chronic
      ethanol treatment on lipid order was found, either in the intact membranes or in
      vesicles of extracted phospholipids. This suggests that changes in baseline order
      are not critical features of membrane tolerance in liver microsomes. In addition
      it appears that the altered partitioning of the 5-doxyl decane into the central
      region of the membrane is not related to lipid order changes in this region. The
      reduced partitioning of 5-doxyl decane may be a reflection of a redistribution in
      the lipid bilayer, perhaps due to modifications in other locations in the
      membrane, such as the lipid head group region.

PMID- 2912382
TI  - Purification and characterization of human lysosomal membrane glycoproteins.
AB  - Two human cell lysosomal membrane glycoproteins of approximately 120 kDa, hLAMP-1
      and hLAMP-2, were identified by use of monoclonal antibodies prepared against
      U937 myelomonocytic leukemia cells or blood mononuclear cells. The two
      glycoproteins were purified by antibody affinity chromatography and each was
      found to be a major constituent of human spleen cells, representing approximately
      0.05% of the total detergent-extractable protein. Both molecules were highly
      glycosylated, being synthesized as polypeptides of 40 to 45 kDa and
      cotranslationally modified by the addition of Asn-linked oligosaccharides. NH2
      terminal sequence analysis indicated that each was approximately 50% identical to
      the corresponding mLAMP-1 or mLAMP-2 of mouse cells. Electron microscopic studies
      of human blood monocytes, HL-60, and U937 cells demonstrated that the principal
      location of these glycoproteins was intracellular, in vacuoles and lysosomal
      structures but not in the peroxidase-positive granules of monocytes. Transport of
      the proteins between organelles was evidenced by their marked accumulation in the
      membranes of phagolysosomes. A fraction of each glycoprotein was also detected on
      the plasma membrane of U937 and HL-60 cells but not on a variety of other tissue
      culture cells. This cell-surface expression may be differentiation related, since
      the proteins were not detected in the plasma membrane of normal blood monocytes
      and their expression on U937 and HL-60 cells was reduced when the cells were
      treated with differentiating agents. Cell-surface expression of both
      glycoproteins was markedly increased in blood monocytes but not in U937 cells
      after exposure to the lysosomotropic reagent methylamine HCl, indicating
      differences in LAMP-associated membrane flow in these cell types.

PMID- 2912383
TI  - Adriamycin-dependent release of iron from microsomal membranes.
AB  - Microsomes incubated with NADPH and the cardiotoxic anticancer drug adriamycin
      reductively release their bound nonheme iron, which is accounted for by ferritin
      and an as yet uncharacterized nonferritin pool. The reaction is mediated by one
      electron reduction of adriamycin to semiquinone radical and subsequent
      reoxidation of this radical at the expense of membrane iron to regenerate
      adriamycin and promote Fe2+ release. The semiquinone radical of adriamycin can
      also reoxidize at the expense of molecular oxygen to form superoxide. However,
      superoxide dismutase does not inhibit Fe2+ release, indicating either that
      superoxide is not involved in iron reduction or that superoxide reacts at sites
      which are sterically inaccessible to the enzyme. It is proposed that the
      reductive mobilization of membrane-bound iron may mediate the therapeutic or
      toxic effects of adriamycin, irrespective of the superoxide dismutase content of
      the target cells.

PMID- 2912384
TI  - Inhibition of Na+-dependent phosphate transport by group-specific covalent
      reagents in rat kidney brush border membrane vesicles. Evidence for the
      involvement of tyrosine and sulfhydryl groups on the interior of the membrane.
AB  - The effects of tyrosine- and sulfhydryl-specific reagents on the Na+-dependent
      transport of phosphate in brush border membrane vesicles prepared from rat renal
      cortex were investigated. This study is the first to show that the tyrosine
      specific reagents 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole and tetranitromethane
      inactivate the transporter in a concentration- and time-dependent fashion while
      the membrane impermeant tyrosine reagent, N-acetylimidazole, has no effect on
      phosphate uptake. The membrane permeant sulfhydryl reagent N-ethylmaleimide also
      caused a time- and concentration-dependent inactivation of this transport process
      but the membrane impermeant reagents 7-chloro-4-sulfobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole and
      eosin-5-maleimide had little effect on phosphate uptake. The inhibitory effects
      of both tyrosine- and sulfhydryl-specific reagents were additive, but no
      protection from inactivation by tyrosine-specific reagents could be achieved by
      preincubation of the vesicles with the substrates of the transporter or with
      competitive inhibitors of the transport process. These results suggest that the
      amino acids modified by these agents are located either within the membrane or on
      the cytosolic surface of the transporter. These residues may not participate in
      substrate binding, but may be important for the conformational change of the
      transporter necessary for the translocation of phosphate across these membranes.
      This study also shows that Na+-dependent phosphate transport can be inactivated
      by other reagents which covalently modify histidine, carboxyl, and amino groups
      on proteins.

PMID- 2912385
TI  - Adenosine triphosphate hydrolysis by purified rubisco activase.
AB  - Activation of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rubisco) in vivo is
      mediated by a specific protein, rubisco activase. In vitro, activation of rubisco
      by rubisco activase is dependent on ATP and is inhibited by ADP. Purified rubisco
      activase hydrolyzed ATP with a specific activity of 1.5 mumol min-1 mg-1 protein,
      releasing approximately stoichiometric amounts of ADP and Pi. Hydrolysis was
      highly specific for ATP-Mg and had a broad pH optimum, with maximum activity at
      pH 8.0-8.5. ATPase activity was inhibited by ADP but not by molybdate, vanadate,
      azide, nitrate, or fluoride. Addition of rubisco in either the inactive or
      activated form had no significant effect on ATPase activity. Incubation of
      rubisco activase in the absence of ATP resulted in loss of both ATPase and
      rubisco activation activities. Both activities were also heat labile, with 50%
      loss in activity after 5 min at 38 degrees C and complete inhibition following
      treatment at 43 degrees C. Both activities showed a sigmoidal response to ATP
      concentration, with half-maximal activity at 0.053 mM ATP. Rubisco activation
      activity was dependent on the concentrations of both ATP and ADP. The results
      suggest that ATPase activity is an intrinsic property of rubisco activase.

PMID- 2912386
TI  - [Future prediction of cancer deaths in Japan].
AB  - The number of cancer deaths and age-adjusted cancer death rates up to 2000 in
      Japan were predicted based on cancer death rates in 1972-1986. A simple linear
      regression model (y = a + bt, where t is calendar year and y is cancer death rate
      per 100,000 population) was fitted to the sex-age specific cancer mortality rates
      from 1972 to 1986 and cancer death rates in 1990, 1995 and 2000 were predicted by
      extrapolation method. The number of future cancer deaths was estimated after
      taking into account future population in Japan. The age-adjusted cancer rates up
      to 2000 were also estimated. The present study revealed that the numbers of
      deaths from stomach cancer (both sexes), uterine cancer and esophageal cancer
      (females) would keep declining, while all other cancers would increase in the
      future. The total number of cancer deaths in 2000 was estimated to be about
      310,000 which is 1.62 times that of the total cancer deaths in 1986 (191,654). It
      was estimated that in 2000, lung cancer would rank top accounting for 22.2% of
      all cancer deaths, followed by cancers of the large intestine, liver, stomach,
      pancreas, biliary tract, leukemic, lymphoma and breast.

PMID- 2912387
TI  - [Technics in molecular biology in cancer research. DNA blot . hybridization].

PMID- 2912388
TI  - [The combined effect of cisplatin and aclarubicin on human lymphocytes in vitro].
AB  - The combined effect of cisplatin (CDDP) and aclarubicin (ACR) which was reported
      to inhibit the repair of the sublethal and the potentially lethal X-ray damages,
      was studied with human lymphocytes. The cell kinetics during administration of
      CDDP or ACR were analysed by flow cytometry. CDDP at the concentration of 0.5
      microgram/ml had no effect on the cell progression. ACR blocked the cell
      progression at G1 period at the concentrations of 100 and 200 ng/ml, but the
      number of dead cells was not increased. When these two agents were combined, the
      number of dead cells increased more than 10 times compared to that of ACR alone.
      In conclusion, it was found that the combination of CDDP with ACR had a
      synergistic effect.

PMID- 2912389
TI  - [Chemo-sensitivity of a human salivary adenocarcinoma cell line to several anti
      cancer drugs and enhancement of the antitumor effects by combination with filipin
      or verapamil].
AB  - A human salivary adenocarcinoma cell line, HSGc, was tested for the
      chemosensitivity and compared with a human squamous cell carcinoma cell line, KB.
      From IC50 values of anti-cancer drugs on the cells, it was found that HSGc was
      sensitive to CDDP, 5-FU and DTIC but resistant to ADM, MTX, VCR, PEP and MMC as
      compared to KB. The chemosensitivity of HSGc was in agreement with previously
      reported clinical data on the therapeutic results of salivary gland tumors. This
      suggests that HSGc may be an useful model for understanding the biological
      response of salivary adenocarcinoma cells to anti-cancer drugs. We further
      examined the combined effects of filipin and verapamil with these anti-cancer
      drugs. Filipin was found to enhance cell-killing effect of 5-FU and PEP on HSGc,
      while the combination of filipin with either DTIC or PEP was also effective on
      KB. Verapamil was effective in combination with 5-FU, VCR or PEP on HSGc and with
      DTIC, VCR or PEP on KB. Especially the most predominant enhancement on HSGc was
      observed in combination of filipin or verapamil with PEP. These findings suggest
      that even low-sensitive drug, PEP, is also useful when combined with either
      filipin or verapamil.

PMID- 2912390
TI  - Technique and results with a roller pump left and right heart assist device.
AB  - During the last 10 years we have inserted a roller pump-driven left heart assist
      device in 72 patients and a right heart assist device in 7 patients for profound
      heart failure after a variety of cardiac surgical procedures. In addition a
      percutaneous left heart assist device (transseptal insertion of left atrial
      cannula via a femoral vein) was employed in 5 patients with profound cardiogenic
      shock after acute myocardial infarction. Thirty patients (41.7%) were weaned from
      the left heart assist device and 21 (29.2%) were discharged from the hospital.
      Two patients (40.0%) were weaned from the right heart assist device, but both
      later died during the postoperative period. Of the 5 patients in whom a
      percutaneous left heart assist device was inserted, 4 underwent successful
      emergency percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, but all 5 patients
      died. Causes of death included severe coagulopathy, irreversible extensive
      myocardial infarction and cardiac failure, refractory arrhythmias, severe "shock"
      lung, and multisystem failure. In summary, satisfactory results can be achieved
      with a roller pump-driven left and right heart assist device for severe
      postoperative heart failure. Further experience should be obtained with the
      percutaneous technique to assess its efficacy in treating patients with acute
      myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock.

PMID- 2912391
TI  - Use of the Pierce-Donachy ventricular assist device in patients with cardiogenic
      shock after cardiac operations.
AB  - In spite of recent improvements in cardiac surgery, a small percentage of
      patients have severe postcardiotomy ventricular failure refractory to drugs and
      the intraaortic balloon. In our experience, the Pierce-Donachy external pneumatic
      ventricular assist device has proved to be one of the most effective devices for
      these patients. Since 1981, 30 patients aged 15 to 71 years (mean age, 52 years)
      with profound cardiogenic shock refractory to conventional therapy after
      cardiotomy were supported with the Pierce-Donachy ventricular assist device.
      Fourteen required left ventricular support, 7 needed right ventricular support
      with an intraaortic balloon, and 9 had biventricular assistance. Duration of
      support ranged from three hours to 22 days (mean length, 3.6 days). Seven of the
      first 11 patients seen died in the operating room of bleeding, biventricular
      failure, or both. However, 16 patients (53%) had improved cardiac function, 15
      (50%) were weaned, and 11 (37%) were discharged. Of the last 19 patients in the
      series, 47% survived. Factors affecting survival were myocardial infarction (75%)
      and renal failure (90%). Common complications were bleeding (73%) and
      biventricular failure (83%).

PMID- 2912392
TI  - Current status of permanent total artificial hearts.
AB  - Pneumatic total artificial heats, although demonstrating utility as temporary
      mechanical circulatory support devices, have not demonstrated a great deal of
      promise as permanent cardiac replacements. The increasing number of patients who
      would be candidates for total heart replacement suggests a large role for a
      permanent implantable total artificial heart. To that end, the Pennsylvania State
      University is developing an electric motor-driven total artificial heart; the
      results with implants in calves are encouraging. In this device, a roller-screw
      mechanism is used to translate the rotation of a brushless direct-current motor
      into rectilinear motion of a pusher-plate assembly, which in turn empties the
      blood sacs. The total artificial heart of the future will function under
      automatic control without percutaneous leads, and this should provide the patient
      with a nearly normal life-style. Although further experimental efforts are
      necessary to prepare the device for clinical trials, the technology to provide a
      safe and reliable electric blood-pump system is at hand.

PMID- 2912393
TI  - The asymptomatic child a long time after the Mustard operation for transposition
      of the great arteries.
AB  - We studied 36 asymptomatic children 7.7 +/- 2.5 years after a Mustard operation.
      Fifteen children had sinus rhythm on all electrocardiograms made during follow
      up. Only 2 had normal 24-hour Holter recordings throughout follow-up, 6 had
      periods of supraventricular tachycardia, and 3 had periods of atrial flutter. The
      electrophysiological evaluation of sinus node function was normal in 5 of the 31
      children who were studied. The behavior of the atrial myocardium was
      electrophysiologically abnormal in most of the children. Atrioventricular node
      function, on the contrary, was normal in nearly all of the children. Eleven
      children had normal hemodynamics. Four had severe or complete obstruction of the
      superior vena cava, 1 had a severe pulmonary venous obstruction, 3 had a severe
      left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, and 2 had a large left-to-right
      shunt. Only 3 children had normal hemodynamic and electrophysiological studies.
      We conclude that the absence of symptoms and a normal routine examination of
      children a long time after a Mustard operation does not exclude hemodynamic and
      electrophysiological abnormalities, which can sometimes be severe. In view of
      these disappointing results, we decided to replace the Mustard operation with the
      arterial switch operation in children with transposition of the great arteries.

PMID- 2912394
TI  - Use of a total wash-out method in an open heart operation.
AB  - Pathological cold agglutinins may induce hemolysis in patients who need
      hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass and blood transfusion. A simple technique,
      termed the total wash-out method, was used in a patient with high thermal
      amplitude, moderate-titer cold agglutinin before hypothermic cardiopulmonary
      bypass. The patient's cold agglutinin titer decreased abruptly after operation.
      None of the preoperative hemolysis phenomena were found during her 6 months of
      follow-up.

PMID- 2912395
TI  - Circulatory Support 1988. Topical meeting of the Society of Thoracic Surgeons.
      February 6-7, 1988, St. Louis, MO.

PMID- 2912396
TI  - Circulatory Support 1988. Patient selection.

PMID- 2912398
TI  - Circulatory Support 1988. Intraoperative management.

PMID- 2912399
TI  - Circulatory Support 1988. Bleeding and anticoagulation.

PMID- 2912400
TI  - Circulatory Support 1988. Other postoperative complications.

PMID- 2912401
TI  - Infectious disease among Ethiopian immigrants in Israel.
AB  - From 1980 to 1985, 14,465 refugees arrived in Israel from Ethiopia. Typhoid
      fever, tuberculosis, or malaria was present in 1.8% to 9% of immigrants; as many
      as 93% were infested with intestinal parasites. Extreme malnutrition was common,
      and serologic evidence of syphilis and hepatitis B was frequently encountered. A
      program for diagnosis, therapy, and immunoprophylaxis following the massive
      influx of African refugees is described.

PMID- 2912402
TI  - Estrogen replacement therapy. A survey of women's knowledge and attitudes.
AB  - Because the significant health risks related to postmenopausal osteoporosis can
      be reduced by estrogen replacement therapy (ERT), this study assessed women's
      attitudes toward ERT to assess factors that might increase its use. Results
      showed that women taking ERT were more likely to know that decreased estrogen
      levels lead to osteoporosis, to perceive that menopause is a medical condition,
      to believe that natural approaches to menopause are less preferable, to be seeing
      a gynecologist for care, and to believe that women should take ERT for hot
      flashes. The study suggests that a systematic educational approach could
      influence women's willingness to take ERT, especially if the recommended therapy
      does not cause withdrawal bleeding.

PMID- 2912403
TI  - Results of a television-advertised public screening program for colorectal
      cancer.
AB  - We report the results of a free, television-advertised mass screening program for
      colorectal cancer using stool guaiac kits. A total of 57,000 test kits were
      picked up and 29,619 (53%) were returned; 3.9% (1165) of the tests were positive.
      Ninety-three percent of persons with a positive screen sought medical evaluation
      after screening. Detailed follow-up was available on 744 persons. Fifty-eight
      persons had large-bowel carcinomas diagnosed, 80% of which were localized. One
      hundred sixty persons had adenomatous polyps removed. Forty percent of cancers
      and 58% of polyps were detected in persons with only one or two positive test
      slides out of a total of six. In 33% of persons with a positive screen, the
      diagnostic workup consisted of a repeated stool guaiac test and/or sigmoidoscopy
      only. A major drawback to improving the results of mass screening programs for
      colorectal cancer is the limited gastrointestinal workup conducted by physicians
      in many persons with a positive fecal occult blood test.

PMID- 2912404
TI  - Diagnostic studies for systemic necrotizing vasculitis. Sensitivity, specificity,
      and predictive value in patients with multisystem disease.
AB  - Forty patients with multisystem disease and suspected systemic necrotizing
      vasculitis were evaluated with a protocol designed to confirm the diagnosis with
      sequential testing. All patients underwent initial laboratory testing. Subsequent
      studies were individualized to the patient starting with "safe" tests (skin,
      muscle, rectal biopsies) and progressing to "invasive" tests (arteriography,
      kidney and lung biopsies). No single laboratory study was found to have adequate
      predictive value. Skin biopsy, rectal biopsy, and arteriography were insensitive,
      nonspecific, or had poor predictive values. Muscle biopsy was the most valuable
      safe procedure (sensitivity, 50%; specificity, 100%; predictive value, 100%;
      predictive value of negative biopsy, 76%; efficiency, 64%). A diagnostic approach
      to the patient with possible systemic necrotizing vasculitis is described.

PMID- 2912405
TI  - Community- and hospital-acquired pneumonia associated with Chlamydia TWAR
      infection demonstrated serologically.
AB  - Serum specimens from 198 patients with pneumonia hospitalized in Seattle between
      October 1980 and April 1981 were retrospectively tested for antibody against a
      recently described Chlamydia organism called TWAR. They had been previously
      tested for antibody for some viruses and Mycoplasma. Twenty (10%) had serologic
      evidence of recent TWAR infection. The hospital records of the patients with
      acute TWAR antibody and an equal number of matched controls were examined for
      clinical characteristics, laboratory tests, treatment, and course during the
      hospital stay. It was not possible clinically or roentgenographically to
      distinguish pneumonia associated with TWAR antibody from pneumonia in the
      controls. Nine of 20 patients with TWAR antibody acquired pneumonia during their
      hospital stay. The mode of transmission in the hospital was not determined. All
      the patients with hospital-acquired pneumonia had been intubated, and all had had
      some surgical procedure. Ten of 20 control patients had onset of their pneumonia
      in the hospital. Fifteen (11%) of 142 of the patients with pneumonia had evidence
      of influenza A virus infection. The clinical characteristics of their pneumonias
      were similar to those of the patients with acute TWAR antibody.

PMID- 2912406
TI  - Reported illness and compliance in US travelers attending an immunization
      facility.
AB  - Two hundred fourteen international travelers were retrospectively interviewed by
      telephone. The incidence of diarrhea was found to be highest in East Africa (44%)
      and Southeast Asia (42%). Other reported illnesses were rare, the highest
      incidence occurring in China with four upper respiratory tract infections
      reported among ten travelers. Antimalarial compliance was assessed and found to
      be age-related, with noncompliance reported in 41% of patients younger than 40
      years and in only 19% of patients older than 40 years. Eight of 35 women who were
      receiving chloroquine phosphate reported menstrual irregularities. Further
      investigation of this possible association is underway. We continue to stress
      compliance with antimalarial medication.

PMID- 2912407
TI  - Constrictive pericarditis presenting as pleural effusion of unknown origin.
AB  - Despite the known association of pleural effusion with constrictive pericarditis,
      the presentation of constrictive pericarditis as pleural effusion of unknown
      origin has, to our knowledge, never been described. After evaluating such a case,
      we retrospectively analyzed all cases of established constrictive pericarditis
      seen in this institution in the last six years. The clinical and laboratory
      features of this cohort of 30 patients are similar to those of other reported
      series. Pleural effusion was present in 18 (60%) of 30 cases. In six (12%) of the
      18 cases, pleural effusion was a major component of the clinical presentation,
      and in three (10%) of these six cases, the persistence of pleural effusion of
      unknown origin was the indication for referral to this institution. Analysis of
      pleural fluid in four cases revealed three exudates and one transudate. We
      believe this is the first report of unexplained pleural effusion as the
      presenting manifestation of constrictive pericarditis, and this diagnosis should
      be added to the list of causes of unexplained pleural effusion.

PMID- 2912408
TI  - Protein intake and kidney function in humans: its effect on 'normal aging'.
AB  - The effect of dietary protein on kidney function expressed by creatinine
      clearance was studied in healthy subjects following a "normal" unrestricted
      protein diet and compared with a group of vegetarians maintained on a long-term
      low-protein diet. Both groups had similar kidney function and displayed the same
      rate of progressive deterioration in renal function with age. These results
      suggest that, in contrast with the important therapeutic effect of low-protein
      intake on the progressive deterioration of kidney function in diseased kidneys,
      such a diet does not significantly affect kidney function with "normal aging" in
      healthy subjects.

PMID- 2912409
TI  - Improved safety of glucagon testing for pheochromocytoma by prior alpha-receptor
      blockade. A controlled trial in a patient with a mixed
      ganglioneuroma/pheochromocytoma.
AB  - The glucagon stimulation test has been superseded in recent years by the
      clonidine suppression test because it can provoke dangerous increases in blood
      pressure in patients with pheochromocytomas. We describe the first patient in
      whom a pheochromocytoma was diagnosed by a glucagon test, after which the blood
      pressure (but not the plasma catecholamine) response to a second injection of
      glucagon was blocked by pretreatment with phenoxybenzamine. After the tumor
      (which contained both pheochromocytoma and ganglioneuroma tissue) was removed, a
      third glucagon test result was negative. This experience suggests that patients
      with normal plasma catecholamine levels who are suspected of harboring a
      pheochromocytoma may be accurately diagnosed, but potentially dangerous increases
      in blood pressure may be minimized, by performing the glucagon test after alpha
      adrenergic blockade.

PMID- 2912410
TI  - Diltiazem and sinus arrest in connection with atenolol and digoxin.

PMID- 2912411
TI  - Exercise in controlling serum lipid levels.

PMID- 2912412
TI  - Pitting edema and hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy.

PMID- 2912413
TI  - Disseminated gonococcal infection.

PMID- 2912414
TI  - Training of family members of high-risk cardiac patients in cardiopulmonary
      resuscitation. Skills performance and need for physician recommendations.

PMID- 2912415
TI  - Effects of nandrolone decanoate and antiresorptive therapy on vertebral density
      in osteoporotic postmenopausal women.
AB  - Conventional antiresorptive therapy for osteoporosis can delay bone loss, but
      secondary inhibition of bone formation appears to prevent an increase in bone
      density. Recently, anabolic steroid therapy has been shown to increase total body
      calcium and forearm density in osteoporotic patients, perhaps by causing an
      increase in bone formation. It is not known if these agents affect vertebral
      density. We have measured vertebral mineral density in 71 postmenopausal
      osteoporotic women before and after treatment with either the anabolic steroid
      nandrolone decanoate or antiresorptive therapy. After a mean treatment period of
      14 months, there was a mean increase of 20% in vertebral mineral density in the
      former group, and no significant change in the latter group. The difference in
      the time-weighted mean rates of change between the two groups was significant.
      The results suggest that nandrolone decanoate therapy increases bone formation.

PMID- 2912416
TI  - Can family members of high-risk cardiac patients learn cardiopulmonary
      resuscitation?
AB  - The immediate delivery of bystander-administered cardiopulmonary resuscitation
      (CPR), coupled with the rapid delivery of advanced cardiac life support, can
      significantly reduce mortality from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Because the
      majority of sudden cardiac deaths occur in the victim's home with family members
      present, family members of cardiac patients at high risk for sudden death are the
      logical focus of CPR training. However, previous research has shown that only a
      small minority of family members of cardiac patients actually learn CPR and that
      health care professionals have failed to recommend CPR training in this
      population, in part due to concerns about their ability to learn CPR. The purpose
      of this study was to describe learning capabilities in this population and to
      identify characteristics of unsuccessful learners. To this end, we taught CPR to
      83 family members of cardiac patients who were at risk for sudden cardiac death.
      Subjects had no CPR training within the past two years. Eighty-one percent of the
      subjects successfully learned CPR. Of the demographic and psychological
      characteristics examined, only gender, age, and depression were significant in
      explaining differences in CPR skills attainment ability. The elderly, the
      depressed, and males were more likely to be unsuccessful in demonstrating
      adequate CPR skills. Our results suggest that the majority of family members of
      cardiac patients can learn CPR successfully. Specific training strategies may
      need to be developed and tested to enhance CPR training in those family members
      of cardiac patients predicted to have difficulty learning CPR.

PMID- 2912417
TI  - Intensive care unit patient follow-up. Mortality, functional status, and return
      to work at six months.
AB  - Six months after hospital discharge, we followed up 1545 patients who had
      received care in the general medical-surgical intensive care unit (ICU) of a
      tertiary care hospital. Vital status could not be ascertained for 200 of these
      patients. Of the 1345 former ICU patients for whom a determination of vital
      status could be made, 1261 (94%) were alive and 84 (6%) had died. Of those known
      to be living, 887 (70%) responded to a questionnaire regarding employment,
      functional, and social status. A large proportion of survivors less than 40 years
      of age had returned to work. Younger patients admitted to the hospital for
      elective surgery reported as much compromise of physical and psychological
      activity as did older patients admitted for emergency reasons. Older survivors
      reported an increase of interaction with family members and a decrease of social
      interaction with those other than family.

PMID- 2912418
TI  - Influenza A among hospital personnel and patients. Implications for recognition,
      prevention, and control.
AB  - An outbreak of influenza A/Philippines H3N2 at a 1156-bed Veterans Administration
      Hospital involved 118 hospital personnel and 49 patients. Prospective
      surveillance methods that had been established within the hospital were not
      useful in identifying the number of involved individuals. Community indicators of
      influenza, which were reviewed retrospectively, would not have identified
      circulating influenza in this population. Control of the outbreak was
      accomplished using a creative approach that immunized over a third of the
      physician and nursing staff. This immunization program was successfully used in
      subsequent years to increase personnel compliance with the Immunization Practices
      Advisory Committee recommendations to annually immunize hospital personnel.

PMID- 2912419
TI  - A comparison between a conventional and a fiberoptic flow-directed thermal
      dilution pulmonary artery catheter in critically ill patients.
AB  - Invasive hemodynamic monitoring is frequently required in the management of
      patients in intensive care units. A fiberoptic flow-directed thermal dilution
      pulmonary artery catheter capable of continuously monitoring the mixed venous
      saturation, while more expensive than a conventional pulmonary artery catheter,
      theoretically could result in better patient care, and might be cost-effective if
      it resulted either in fewer blood tests being ordered or in less time in the
      intensive care unit. To test this hypothesis, we designed a randomized trial in
      our Medical Intensive Care Unit to compare a standard pulmonary artery catheter
      with a fiberoptic catheter. Twenty-six patients received a standard catheter and
      25 patients received the fiberoptic catheter. There were no statistical
      differences between the groups in age, time in the intensive care unit, number of
      tests ordered, hours of mechanical ventilator therapy, hours of vasoactive drug
      therapy, or mortality rate. The only statistically significant differences
      between the groups were that (1) the fiberoptic catheter required a longer
      insertion time and (2) there were more technical problems in consistently
      obtaining the wedge pressure in the patients with the fiberoptic catheters. We
      conclude that routine substitution of a fiberoptic catheter for the standard
      pulmonary artery catheter is not indicated.

PMID- 2912420
TI  - The Apoprotein and Antibody Standardization Program. The Apoprotein and Antibody
      Standardization Program Planning Committee.

PMID- 2912422
TI  - Dietary fish oil increases conversion of very low density lipoprotein apoprotein
      B to low density lipoprotein.
AB  - Dietary fish oils, which are rich in omega-3 fatty acids, are known to produce a
      marked lowering of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) triglyceride
      concentrations, but they have a less marked effect on low density lipoprotein
      (LDL) cholesterol. Our previous apolipoprotein (apo) B kinetic studies in
      miniature pigs demonstrated that conversion of VLDL apo B to LDL apo B accounted
      for 15% to 20% of total VLDL apo B catabolism. In addition, 75% to 80% of LDL apo
      B was derived independent of plasma VLDL or intermediate density lipoprotein
      (IDL) apo B catabolism. The present studies were carried out to determine if fish
      oil diets influenced: 1) the conversion of VLDL to LDL, and 2) the pathways of
      LDL apo B synthesis. Autologous 125I-VLDL and 131I-LDL were injected into four
      pigs after both a corn-oil (30 g/day for 18 days) and a Maxepa (30 g/day for 18
      days) dietary period. Analysis of apo B specific activity curves demonstrated
      that fish oil reduced the VLDL pool size by 38% (p less than 0.05) due to an
      increase in fractional catabolic rate (0.83 +/- 0.13 vs. 0.48 +/- 0.03 hr-1), as
      the synthesis rate was unaffected. However, the proportion of VLDL apo B
      converted to LDL increased significantly (56 +/- 7% vs. 17 +/- 3%, p less than
      0.01) whereas the proportion cleared directly decreased (46 +/- 5% vs. 83 +/- 3%,
      p less than 0.005). Fish oil reduced total LDL apo B synthesis (0.6 +/- 0.1 vs.
      1.1 +/- 0.2 mg/hr/kg, p less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2912421
TI  - Apolipoprotein E2(Arg158----Cys) frequency in a hyperlipidemic French-Canadian
      population of apolipoprotein E2/2 subjects. Determination by synthetic
      oligonucleotide probes.
AB  - An underlying cause of type III hyperlipoproteinemia is the presence of variant
      forms of apolipoprotein (apo) E that are defective in binding to apo B,E low
      density lipoprotein receptors. This disorder is associated almost exclusively
      with the apo E2/2 phenotype. However, structural and functional heterogeneity
      have been demonstrated within this phenotype. The apo E2(Arg158----Cys) variant,
      displaying 1% of normal apo E3 binding activity, is the most defective known
      form. In this study, we describe a method in which a pair of 19-mer synthetic
      oligonucleotide probes were used to distinguish between DNA coding for arginine
      or cysteine at position 158 in apo E. The specificity of the probes was
      demonstrated by using DNA from subjects whose apo E protein sequence or phenotype
      was known. The probes were used to screen a French-Canadian population of 34 apo
      E2/2 subjects to determine the frequency of the apo E2(Arg158----Cys) variant.
      All 34 subjects, most of whom displayed clinical or biochemical features of type
      III hyperlipoproteinemia, were found to be homozygous for apo E2(Arg158----Cys),
      strongly suggesting that this variant is the most common form of apo E2 within
      this ethnic and clinical population. In addition, the utility of this approach in
      detecting new apo E mutants was demonstrated when DNA from one of the apo E3/3
      control subjects, whose family has a history of hyperlipidemia and coronary
      artery disease, reacted with both probes. This result suggests that this subject
      is heterozygous for normal apo E3 and a new apo E3 variant that is likely to be
      functionally equivalent to apo E2(Arg158----Cys).

PMID- 2912423
TI  - Intralipid infusion abolishes ability of human serum to cholesterol-load cultured
      macrophages.
AB  - Intralipid is widely used for intravenous alimentation and contains triglyceride
      emulsion particles and phospholipid liposomes. After infusion, triglyceride
      emulsion particles resemble chylomicron remnants and thus may be atherogenic. On
      the other hand, intravenous infusion of phospholipid liposomes produces
      regression of experimental atherosclerosis and abolishes the ability of
      hypercholesterolemic rabbit plasma to cholesterol-load cultured macrophage foam
      cells. To determine the net effect of intralipid infusion on cellular cholesterol
      balance, J-774 macrophages were incubated for 18 hours with human serum obtained
      before, during, and after a 6-hour infusion of 10% Intralipid. Compared to serum
      free medium, pre-infusion serum increased cellular unesterified cholesterol by
      76% and cholesteryl ester by 78%. In contrast, serum obtained after the 6-hour
      infusion reduced cellular unesterified cholesterol by 23% and cholesteryl ester
      by 15%. Serum obtained 18 hours after the end of the infusion still showed
      impaired cholesterol-loading ability. Mouse peritoneal macrophages incubated with
      these serum samples behaved similarly. Compared to pre-infusion serum,
      postinfusion serum inhibited cellular uptake of 125I-low density lipoprotein and
      125I-very low density lipoprotein by 50% and 80%, respectively, and also enhanced
      the efflux of cellular cholesterol by 46%. We conclude that the ability of human
      serum to cause cholesterol accumulation in cultured macrophages is abolished by
      an infusion of Intralipid. This effect is mediated by a reduction in cholesterol
      uptake by the cells and by an increase in cell cholesterol efflux. If similar
      events occur in the arterial wall, Intralipid infusion might inhibit foam cell
      formation in vivo.

PMID- 2912425
TI  - International Symposium on Familial Hypercholesterolemia. Oslo, Norway, August 28
      29, 1987. Proceedings.

PMID- 2912424
TI  - Structure of apolipoprotein B-100 of human low density lipoproteins.
AB  - We have analyzed low density lipoproteins (LDL) apolipoprotein (apop) B structure
      by direct sequence analysis of LDL apo B-100 tryptic peptides. Native LDL were
      digested with trypsin, and the products were fractionated on a Sephadex G-50
      column. The partially digested apo B-100 still associated with lipids was
      recovered in the void volume (designated trypsin-nonreleasable, TN, peptides).
      The released peptides (designated trypsin-releasable, TR, peptides) in subsequent
      peaks were repurified on two successive high-performance liquid chromatography
      (HPLC) columns. The TN peak was delipidated and redigested with trypsin, and the
      resulting peptides were purified on two successive HPLC columns. Using this
      approach, we sequenced over 88% of LDL apo B-100, extending and refining our
      previous study (Nature 1986;323:738-742) which covered 52% of the protein. TN
      peptides made up 31%, and the TR peptides, 34% of the apo B-100 sequence; 23.7%
      were found under both TN and TR categories. Based on its differential trypsin
      releasability, apo B-100 can be divided into five domains: 1) residues 1----1000,
      largely TR; 2) residues 1001----1700, alternating TR and TN; 3) residues 1701---
      3070, largely TN; 4) residues 3071----4100, mainly TR and mixed; and 5) residues
      4101----4536, almost exclusively TN. Domain 1 contained 14 of the 25 Cys residues
      in apo B. Domain 4 encompassed seven N-glycosylation sites, and contained the
      putative receptor binding domains. All 19 potential N-glycosylation sites were
      directly sequenced: 16 were found to be glycosylated and three were not. Three
      pairs of disulfide bridges were also mapped. Finally, a combination of cDNA
      sequencing, direct mRNA sequencing, and comparison of published apo B-100
      sequences allowed us to identify specific amino acid residues within apo B-100
      that seem to represent bona fide allelic variations. Our study provides
      information on LDL apo B-100 structure that will be important to our
      understanding of its conformation and metabolism.

PMID- 2912426
TI  - Optimal nutritional therapy in treatment of hyperlipoproteinemias.
AB  - Nutritional therapies should play a key role in the treatment of elevated blood
      lipids. However, lack of adherence to these therapies has limited their
      widespread application. The contemporary challenge is to design care programs
      that maximize the potential for compliance. In this article, compliance is
      defined, and the factors that support patient adherence are described. The
      conditions necessary to produce behavioral change are outlined and related to
      program components. Finally, the selection of dietary goals and therapeutic
      eating patterns that provide the basis for the definition of these behavioral
      changes necessary for compliance are presented.

PMID- 2912428
TI  - Treatment of familial hypercholesterolemia with drugs in children.
AB  - We assessed plasma lipid levels in children and adolescents who were on various
      drug regimens and who were attending a specialized lipid treatment center. All
      subjects had familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), and the study group included 30
      subjects with heterozygous (He) and three with homozygous (Ho) FH. In the 30 He
      FH subjects treated with 5 to 30 g/day of a bile-acid-binding resin, plasma lipid
      levels were still substantially above optimal (less than or equal to 50th
      percentile for age and sex), although statistically significant (p less than
      0.001) reductions in total and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol of 15%
      and 21% compared with baseline were achieved. In eight subjects who received
      resin plus niacin, additional reductions in total and LDL cholesterol of 15% and
      17%, respectively, were achieved. Even though the combination therapy produced
      reductions in total, LDL, and LDL/high density lipoprotein cholesterol of 29%,
      37%, and 47%, respectively, compared with baseline, resulting absolute levels
      were still well above optimal. Six subjects with severe He FH received a 3
      hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase inhibitor (lovastatin, 80
      mg/day or simvastatin, 40 mg/day), and substantial total and LDL cholesterol
      reductions on the order of 35% and 41%, respectively, were found compared with
      diet alone. The decreases were substantially greater than those achieved with
      either resin or resin plus niacin. In a number of these subjects, absolute lipid
      levels were approaching optimal levels. In the three Ho FH subjects, the response
      to HMG CoA reductase inhibitors was variable but generally poor.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2912427
TI  - Effects of combined therapy with lovastatin and colestipol in heterozygous
      familial hypercholesterolemia. Effects on kinetics of apolipoprotein B.
AB  - This investigation was carried out in 10 male patients with heterozygous familial
      hypercholesterolemia to determine the effects of combined drug therapy with
      lovastatin and colestipol on the kinetics of apolipoprotein B (apo B) in low
      density lipoproteins (LDL) and very low density lipoproteins (VLDL). Drug
      treatment produced reductions in plasma total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol
      averaging 41% and 48%, respectively. Levels of LDL apo B declined by only 34%,
      which resulted in a reduction in LDL cholesterol/apo B ratios. The major change
      in LDL apo B kinetics was a marked increase in fractional catabolic rate for LDL
      apo B, while production rates for LDL apo B were not changed. Combined drug
      therapy likewise produced a striking reduction in VLDL cholesterol. This change
      was associated with an increased clearance of a slowly catabolized fraction of
      VLDL apo B. Production rates for total VLDL apo B were unchanged. Overall, the
      combination of lovastatin and colestipol reduced plasma cholesterol and
      lipoprotein fractions to an acceptable range, and the primary mechanism appeared
      to be via an increase in the activity of LDL receptors and not by a reduction in
      production rates of lipoproteins.

PMID- 2912429
TI  - Plasmapheresis in familial hypercholesterolemia.
AB  - Twelve years' experience confirms that plasma exchange beneficially influences
      the course of homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Pilot studies with low
      density lipoprotein (LDL) apheresis using a dextran sulphate affinity column
      suggest that this procedure has advantages over plasma exchange, which it may
      eventually replace. Combination therapy with lovastatin and LDL apheresis is
      currently being assessed as a means of inducing regression of coronary lesions.
      Preliminary results of a pilot study in four patients with heterozygous familial
      hypercholesterolemia are encouraging.

PMID- 2912431
TI  - Lipoprotein metabolism in familial hypercholesterolemia.
AB  - Low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor deficiency, which causes homozygous
      familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), is accompanied by a gross disturbance in the
      metabolism of apolipoprotein (apo) B-containing lipoproteins. Not only is plasma
      LDL increased, but also the less dense lipoproteins (of very low and intermediate
      density) accumulate to a similar extent. Only the largest triglyceride-rich
      subfraction of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) is not affected. The metabolic
      disturbance is characterized by oversynthesis of apo B and a defect in its
      clearance along the length of the delipidation cascade from VLDL to LDL. This
      phenomenon leads to delayed transit of particles through the system, extending
      the residence time of the B protein in the plasma by three- to fourfold. Receptor
      deficiency, therefore, results in accumulation of a number of lipoprotein species
      that have been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.

PMID- 2912430
TI  - Evolution and progression of atherosclerotic lesions in coronary arteries of
      children and young adults.
AB  - In an autopsy study of the evolution of atherosclerotic lesions in young people,
      we obtained the coronary arteries and aortas of 1160 male and female subjects who
      died between full-term birth and age 29 years. In this article, we report the
      light and electron microscopic observations of the coronary arteries of 565 of
      these subjects in which we fixed the coronary arteries by perfusion with
      glutaraldehyde under pressure. From birth, the intima was always thicker in the
      half of the coronary artery circumference opposite the flow-divider wall of a
      bifurcation (eccentric thickening). In cases where we found lipid in the intima,
      there was always more in eccentric thickening. Isolated macrophage foam cells in
      the intima of infants were the earliest sign of lipid retention. These cells
      occurred in 45% of infants in the first 8 months of life but decreased
      subsequently. At puberty, more substantial accumulations of macrophage foam cells
      reappeared in more children. Foam cells were now accompanied by lipid droplets in
      existing smooth muscle cells and by thinly scattered extracellular lipid. Sixty
      five percent of children between ages 12 and 14 years had such lesions. An
      additional 8% of children had progressed beyond this early stage and had
      developed advanced preatheroma or atheroma stages. Such advanced lesions, located
      only in areas of eccentric thickening, were characterized by the addition of
      massive extracellular lipid that displaced normal cells and matrix and, thus,
      damaged and weakened the arterial wall.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2912432
TI  - Identification of low density lipoprotein receptor abnormalities by assaying
      functional receptors on proliferating lymphocytes.
AB  - Lymphocyte proliferation stimulated by mitogenic lectins is dependent on
      exogenously supplied cholesterol when endogenous cholesterol synthesis is blocked
      with the specific inhibitor mevinolin. Lymphocytes from patients homozygous for
      familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) lack low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors,
      and, therefore, these patients cannot use LDL cholesterol to support
      proliferation when endogenous sterol synthesis is blocked. Thus, LDL receptors
      are required for the uptake of exogenous lipoprotein cholesterol by proliferating
      lymphocytes. As a result, the number of functional receptors can be assessed when
      endogenous sterol synthesis is inhibited and when limiting concentrations of LDL
      are employed to support lymphocyte proliferation. Lymphocytes from patients
      heterozygous for LDL receptor abnormalities can be distinguished from normal
      lymphocytes since the former require twice the concentration of LDL for
      proliferation. By contrast, in hyperlipidemia not caused by FH, lymphocyte LDL
      receptor activity is normal, indicating that plasma cholesterol levels do not
      account for abnormalities in LDL receptor function assayed in this way. Therapy
      with cholesterol-lowering drugs, however, can alter lymphocyte LDL receptor
      activity in patients with heterozygous FH. Patients with heterozygous FH respond
      to therapy with mevinolin and a bile-acid-binding resin by lowering plasma
      cholesterol levels. In some patients, treatment with cholesterol-lowering plasma
      cholesterol levels. In some patients, treatment with cholesterol-lowering plasma
      cholesterol agents is also associated with normalization of functional lymphocyte
      LDL receptor activity, thereby providing direct evidence that therapy can alter
      LDL receptor expression.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2912433
TI  - Clinical features of familial hypercholesterolemia.
AB  - The clinical consequences of familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) result from its
      metabolic peculiarities that persist from very early childhood, leading to the
      accumulation of cholesterol in the form of xanthomas in skin and tendons and
      atheromatous lesions in the arterial wall, in particular, in the aorta and the
      stem of coronary arteries. Plasma cholesterol concentration markedly increases
      during the suckling period, soon attaining a level near 1000 mg/dl in homozygotes
      and 200 to 400 mg/dl in heterozygotes. By age 50, about 80% of FH males suffer
      from ischemic heart diseases, while only 20% to 30% of the females are moderately
      affected by coronary atherosclerosis. In addition to the low density lipoprotein
      (LDL) cholesterol level, higher triglyceride and lower high density lipoprotein
      (HDL) cholesterol levels correlate with an increased risk of ischemic heart
      diseases. A very important problem is that most of these patients do not feel
      themselves to be seriously ill until a severe myocardial infarction (often
      leading to sudden death) takes place during the third to fifth decades of life.
      Among the different types of receptor mutations, the incidence of ischemic heart
      diseases was much higher and more extensive among patients with the receptor
      negative type than among those with the receptor-defective type with a residual
      receptor activity.

PMID- 2912434
TI  - Genotypic and phenotypic variation in familial hypercholesterolemia.
AB  - Familial hypercholesterolemia is characterized by an increase in low density
      lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, tendon xanthomata, and premature atherosclerosis.
      In homozygotes, phenotypic expression of the disorder is dominated by genotypic
      variation at the LDL-receptor gene locus, with other influences, like gender,
      exerting relatively little effect. In contrast, phenotypic variation in
      heterozygotes is influenced not only by the nature of the underlying gene
      mutation but also by gender, diet, and other forms of genetic polymorphism,
      including the apolipoprotein E genotype.

PMID- 2912435
TI  - Progression of coronary atherosclerosis in patients with probable familial
      hypercholesterolemia. Quantitative arteriographic assessment of patients in NHLBI
      type II study.
AB  - A computer-assisted method for quantitatively assessing progression and
      regression of coronary atherosclerosis has been applied, in a fully blinded
      fashion, to a set of 116 5-year-interval coronary arteriograms obtained between
      1972 and 1981 in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Type II
      Study. Coronary changes are described in 54 of these patients who had tendinous
      xanthomata and hypercholesterolemia consistent with the diagnosis of familial
      hypercholesterolemia. Among 468 patent lesions of all degrees of severity and
      among 25 total occlusions identified on the initial arteriogram, 11% progressed
      by the 95% confidence criterion for assessing change in percent stenosis (+/-
      17%), and 1% regressed by using the same criterion. Among 54 patients, 50% had
      progression only, 6% had regression only, and 4% had mixed progression and
      regression. Because half of these patients were treated with cholestyramine,
      these frequencies may underestimate the natural history of their disease
      progression. Comparable frequencies were obtained by using the 95% confidence
      criterion for change in stenosis resistance (Rp ratio outside range, 0.35 to
      2.9). In properly obtained arteriograms, the Rp parameter is physiologically
      relevant and is a sensitive index of lesion change with a high signal-to-noise
      ratio; we advocate its use for detection of progression and regression.
      Morphologic features, including luminal irregularity and ulceration, increased
      the likelihood of progression by 1.8- to 5-fold. Surprisingly, significant
      arterial flexing at the site of the lesion predicted anatomic stability. A lumen
      narrowed by visible thrombus was 100-fold more likely to regress than were those
      without it. The initial severity of stenosis correlated strongly with new total
      occulusion and with disease progression as assessed by Rp change. Because lesion
      specific features are important determinants of lesion change, intervention
      trials that statistically account for the contributions of lesion morphology are
      likely to provide a more insightful assessment of the therapeutic benefit.

PMID- 2912436
TI  - The agony and the ecstasy.

PMID- 2912437
TI  - Amoxycillin with clavulanic acid.

PMID- 2912438
TI  - Sharing research ideas.

PMID- 2912439
TI  - Nurse and the law.

PMID- 2912440
TI  - The third age.

PMID- 2912441
TI  - Staurosporine, a protein kinase C inhibitor interferes with proliferation of
      arterial smooth muscle cells.
AB  - Staurosporine (10 ng/ml and more), a protein kinase C inhibitor, inhibited the
      serum-stimulated growth of smooth muscle cells. This inhibitory effect proved to
      be linked to the inhibition of transition from the G0 to the S phase of the cell
      cycle, as measured by 5-bromodeoxyuridine incorporation into the nuclei. As this
      inhibitory effect of staurosporine was restricted to the first 10 hours of the
      stimulation, reactions which are essential for the signal transduction may be
      associated with actions of protein kinase C. The possibility that staurosporine
      may inhibit cell growth via inhibition of this step warrants further attention.

PMID- 2912442
TI  - Reversibility of the thermal transitions of chloroplast thylakoid membranes.
AB  - Thylakoid membranes from cucumbers and peas have been examined by high
      sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry. Data was collected during both
      heating and subsequent cooling scans in order to observe reversibility. Cucumber
      thylakoids exhibited almost no reversibility; a very small reversible exothermic
      peak was observed at approximately 12 degrees C in cooling scans. However,
      thylakoids from peas had reversible transitions at 50 and 68 degrees C, as well
      as other transitions which were visible as shoulders in a second heating scan.
      When pea grana thylakoids were unstacked, the high temperature transitions were
      sharpened and their reversibility was enhanced. This is the first report of
      chloroplast thylakoid membranes exhibiting reversible high temperature
      transitions. The results indicate that considerable variation can occur in the
      calorimetric profiles of thylakoids from different plants.

PMID- 2912443
TI  - Distal His----Arg mutation in bovine myoglobin results in a ligand binding site
      similar to the abnormal beta site of hemoglobin Zurich (beta 63 His----Arg).
AB  - Carbon monoxide binding to a myoglobin mutant with distal arginine in place of
      histidine has been examined. The mutant is derived from a cDNA clone for Mb mRNA
      from fetal bovine skeletal muscle. The mutation only slightly perturbs
      visible/Soret spectra whereas the infrared spectrum of liganded CO is greatly
      modified to become nearly identical to Hb Zurich beta-subunit spectrum. The
      mutant IR spectra differ substantially from spectra of wild-type MbCO and normal
      HbCO beta-subunit. For both the Mb and the Hb the distal His----Arg mutation
      increases the affinity for CO and reduces the number of observed conformers.
      These results demonstrate that this mutation greatly reduces the differences
      between Mb and Hb in the structure and properties of its ligand binding sites.

PMID- 2912444
TI  - Intrasubstrate steric interactions in the active site control the specificity of
      the cAMP-dependent protein kinase.
AB  - The cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit phosphorylates serine
      residues more efficiently than threonine residues in synthetic peptides. In
      marked contrast, both amino acids are phosphorylated at similar rates when
      contained within the appropriate intact protein substrate. The structural basis
      for the discriminatory behavior observed in small peptides has been investigated
      and found to be a result of intrapeptide steric interactions in the vicinity of
      the threonine alcohol moiety. Leu-Arg-Arg-Gly-Thr-Leu-Gly, which is nearly free
      of these interactions, is phosphorylated at a rate that is almost comparable to
      its serine-containing counterpart.

PMID- 2912445
TI  - Identification and tissue distribution of messenger RNA for the growth hormone
      receptor in the rabbit.
AB  - Rabbit liver, a rich source of specific growth hormone (GH) receptors, contains
      three mRNA transcripts (4.2-4.5 kb, 3.1-3.2 kb, and 1.8-2.0 kb) which hybridize
      strongly to oligonucleotide probes complementary to nucleotide sequences in the
      extracellular and cytoplasmic regions of the rabbit liver GH receptor. The
      approximately 4.5 kb transcript was the most abundant and showed some sex
      difference (male greater than female) and a significant, approximately 2 fold
      increase in late pregnancy - observations consistent with changes seen in the
      specific 125I-hGH binding capacity of rabbit liver membranes prepared from the
      same tissue samples. The approximately 4.5 kb mRNA species, but not the smaller
      transcripts, was also detected, at lower abundance, in rabbit kidney, heart and
      lung but not in mammary gland, which is known to lack 125I-GH binding activity.
      These studies have identified the nature of the mRNA transcripts coding for the
      GH receptor in recognized/potential GH target tissues in the rabbit. The
      regulation of the major GH receptor mRNA in rabbit liver appears to broadly
      reflect known changes in expressed receptor protein.

PMID- 2912446
TI  - Suppression of TNF-stimulated proliferation of diploid fibroblasts and TNF
      induced cytotoxicity against transformed fibroblasts by TGF-beta.
AB  - Human transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) dose-dependently inhibited
      proliferation of WI-38 cells, normal human diploid fibroblasts, stimulated by
      tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Inhibition occurred at 1 ng/ml concentration of TGF
      beta. Also, TGF-beta dose-dependently suppressed cytotoxicity of TNF against L
      929 cells, murine transformed fibroblasts. The concentration of TNF required for
      50% cytolysis of L-929 cells was changed from 30 ng/ml to 350 ng/ml by 10 ng/ml
      TGF-beta. This suppression was abolished when L-929 cells were treated with
      actinomycin D or cycloheximide, suggesting that TGF-beta might inhibit the action
      of TNF via de novo protein synthesis. This response was not due to down
      regulation of TNF receptors nor to alteration of the affinity of TNF for its
      receptor.

PMID- 2912447
TI  - Increased dolichol content in glucocorticoid-sensitive human T-cell leukemia line
      grown in the presence of dexamethasone.
AB  - Two cell lines, derived from human T-cell acute leukemia, one glucocorticoid
      sensitive (CEM-C7) and the other glucocorticoid resistant (CEM-C1) were grown in
      the presence of 1 x 10-7 M dexamethasone and were analyzed for their dolichol
      content. After 24 hrs of incubation, dolichols became significantly elevated in
      the sensitive but not in the resistant line. Lovastatin, the specific inhibitor
      of cholesterol synthesis did not affect dolichol levels in either of the two cell
      lines. The results raise the possibility that dolichol accumulation might be
      involved in the early stages of the glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis (directed
      cell killing).

PMID- 2912448
TI  - Identification of the clathrin-binding domain of assembly protein AP-2.
AB  - The clathrin binding domain of the assembly protein AP-2 has been identified by
      proteolytically cleaving AP-2 into 2 discrete moieties, termed light and heavy
      mero-AP (LM-AP and HM-AP), and testing their ability to bind to clathrin
      assembled into cage structures or to clathrin trimers immobilized on Sepharose.
      The smaller product (LM-AP), which contains 20-40-kD fragments of the parent 100
      kD polypeptides and which comprises two small appendages in the native AP-2
      molecule, did not significantly interact with clathrin under either condition. In
      contrast, the HM-AP complex, which forms the larger central mass of the native AP
      2 structure and contains uncleaved 50-kD and 16-kD polypeptides as well as 60-66
      kD fragments of the parent 100-kD polypeptides, retained binding activity for
      both dissociated and assembled clathrin.

PMID- 2912449
TI  - Antibody-mediated targeting of differentiation inducers to tumor cells:
      inhibition of colonic cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo. A preliminary
      note.
AB  - A differentiation inducer (sodium butyrate) encapsulated in liposomes that are in
      turn covalently linked to anti-Lex monoclonal antibody, SH1 (IgG3 isotype), was
      successfully targeted to human colonic adenocarcinoma HRT-18 and HT29 cells
      expressing Lex antigen in vitro as well as in vivo in athymic nu/nu mice. Tumor
      cell growth was significantly inhibited and was associated with changes in cell
      morphology and increases in membrane-bound alkaline phosphatase and gamma
      glutamyltranspeptidase, indicating the occurrence of butyrate-induced
      differentiation.

PMID- 2912450
TI  - Polyamines are sufficient to drive the transport of the precursor of ornithine
      carbamoyltransferase into rat liver mitochondria: possible effect on
      mitochondrial membranes.
AB  - The polyamines spermidine, spermine and putrescine, by themselves, at
      physiological concentrations, induce the transport of the precursor of ornithine
      carbamoyltransferase into isolated rat liver mitochondria. The presence of
      polyamines in the transport medium results in the approach of both mitochondrial
      membranes, suggesting a possible role of these molecules in the transport of the
      precursor of ornithine carbamoyltransferase into mitochondria, by the formation
      and/or stabilization of mitochondrial structures involved in the transport
      system.

PMID- 2912451
TI  - TPA- and agonist-induced force development in myometrium from pregnant and non
      pregnant rats.
AB  - In myometrium from pregnant rats, 100 nM-TPA elevated resting tension and
      initially slightly enhanced the contraction induced by 138 mM-KCl. After 20 min
      this force development significantly declined. In saponin-treated skinned
      myometrial cells from pregnant rats, 100 nM-TPA enhanced the contraction induced
      by 0.3 microM-Ca2+, but reduced that induced by 1 microM-Ca2+. These findings
      suggest that the excitatory and inhibitory actions of TPA on the myometrium are
      probably due to its action on the contractile proteins. In myometrium from non
      pregnant rats, TPA affected neither the resting tension, nor the amplitude of the
      evoked contractions, nor the Ca2+-induced contractions in skinned myometrium.
      While TPA only affected tension development in pregnant rats, both 1 mM-carbachol
      and 90 nM-oxytocin induced a tonic contraction in Ca-free solution independently
      of the hormonal status of the rats. The latter finding makes it unlikely that
      activation of protein kinase C is involved in the agonist-induced tonic force
      development in Ca-free solution.

PMID- 2912452
TI  - Tumor necrosis factor enhances replication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
      in vitro.
AB  - The effect of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) on the replication of human
      immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) was investigated in several T4 lymphocyte
      cell lines. TNF markedly enhanced the cytopathogenicity of HIV-1, virion
      associated reverse transcriptase (RT) activity in the cell culture supernatant,
      and viral antigen expression in MOLT-4 cells as early as 3 days after HIV-1
      infection. A slight increase in RT activity was also observed in the supernatant
      of H9 cell cultures exposed to TNF. However, TNF did not increase either RT
      activity in MT-4 cell supernatants or viral antigen expression in HUT-78 cells.
      Thus, TNF is able to stimulate the replication of HIV-1 in de novo infected T4
      cells although not all T4 cells seem to be sensitive to this stimulatory effect.

PMID- 2912453
TI  - alpha B subunit of lens-specific protein alpha-crystallin is present in other
      ocular and non-ocular tissues.
AB  - alpha-Crystallin, a tissue specific structural protein of the ocular lens, is
      known to be composed of two subunits, alpha A and alpha B. By using a specific
      antibody in an immunoblotting procedure we have found that one of the subunits,
      alpha B is present in a number of non-lenticular tissues including the retina,
      heart, skeletal muscle, skin, brain, spinal cord and lungs. Interestingly, in the
      rat, this protein is present in significantly higher concentrations in adult than
      in fetal tissues and, with the exception of the lens, fetal and adult heart has
      the highest concentration among the tissues examined. That the protein in
      question is, in fact, alpha B, was confirmed a) by the remarkable similarity of
      Staphylococcus aureus protease peptide maps of the protein in the heart and
      purified alpha-crystallin and b) by the sequence analysis of a rat heart cDNA
      clone identified by the alpha B antibody. Based on these observations we conclude
      that while alpha A has a tissue-specific role, alpha B is a polypeptide of
      independent function not restricted to the ocular lens.

PMID- 2912454
TI  - A novel citrulline-forming enzyme implicated in the formation of nitric oxide by
      vascular endothelial cells.
AB  - An enzyme in homogenates of porcine vascular endothelial cells forms L-citrulline
      from L-arginine. This enzyme is soluble and NADPH-dependent. In addition, the
      enzyme is inhibited by NG-monomethyl-L-arginine, suggesting that it is involved
      in the formation of nitric oxide by vascular endothelial cells.

PMID- 2912455
TI  - Staurosporine, a protein kinase C inhibitor, attenuates Ca2+-dependent stretch
      induced vascular tone.
AB  - The effects of protein kinase C inhibition by staurosporine was studied on Ca
      dependent tone of the rabbit facial vein. Tone was produced either by stretch or
      by readmission of Ca2+ in a non-depolarizing Ca2+-free salt solution. Stretch
      induced tone was inhibited by staurosporine. When tissues were incubated in a
      Ca2+-free solution, staurosporine (50 nM) inhibited the contractile responses
      produced by readmission of Ca2+. These observations suggest that maintenance of
      stretch-induced extracellular Ca2+-dependent tone may be regulated by protein
      kinase C.

PMID- 2912456
TI  - Antibody-antigen binding in organic solvents.
AB  - We describe, for the first time, the action of antibodies in anhydrous organic
      solvents. It has been demonstrated that the binding of a hapten, 4-aminobiphenyl,
      to the immobilized monoclonal antibody 2E11 is strong and specific not only in
      water but also in a variety of non-aqueous media. Further, the strength of
      interaction between antibody and hapten has been related to the hydrophobicity of
      the solvent: the more hydrophobic the solvent, the weaker the protein-ligand
      interaction.

PMID- 2912457
TI  - Treatment of chronic knee synovitis with arthroscopic synovectomy after failure
      of intraarticular injection of radionuclide.
AB  - Although satisfactory results have been obtained with conventional synovectomy of
      the knee, there are frequent complications, and a long period of rehabilitation
      is necessary after this surgery. We performed arthroscopic synovectomy of the
      knees of 30 patients (33 knees), 22 of whom had rheumatoid arthritis. These
      patients underwent the procedure after failure to respond to an intraarticular
      injection of either osmic acid or yttrium 90. The operated knee was moved 3-5
      hours after the arthroscopy, and the patients walked the next day. No
      rehabilitation was needed. The followup period ranged from 6 months to 36 months,
      with an average of 17.7 months. Except for 1 patient with severe arthritis, all
      patients experienced improvement. Results were rated as "good" or "very good" in
      27 knees. Six months after synovectomy, the patients were asked to rate their
      improvement; the mean +/- SEM degree of improvement was 79.1 +/- 22.9%. All
      patients had significant improvement in the range of motion of the knee. One
      patient required manipulation of the knee (while under anesthesia) soon after the
      arthroscopy. There were no other complications. There was no detectable
      radiographic evidence of disease progression in 24 patients who were seen 1 year
      after the procedure or in 9 patients who were seen 2 years after the arthroscopy.
      Thus, arthroscopic synovectomy appears to be an effective and simple treatment
      for chronic knee synovitis, and has a low morbidity rate.

PMID- 2912458
TI  - Arthroscopic synovectomy by rheumatologists: time for a new look.

PMID- 2912459
TI  - Folic acid treatment in methotrexate-treated rheumatoid arthritis patients:
      comment on the article by Furst and Kremer.

PMID- 2912460
TI  - Comment on the article by Weinblatt et al.

PMID- 2912461
TI  - Rheumatoid arthritis: rheumatoid factors, immune complexes, and C-reactive
      protein are raised shortly after the onset of symptoms.

PMID- 2912462
TI  - Multiple autoimmune diseases in a predisposed patient.

PMID- 2912463
TI  - Development and evaluation of a scale to measure perceived self-efficacy in
      people with arthritis.
AB  - There is evidence that the psychological attribute of perceived self-efficacy
      plays a role in mediating health outcomes for persons with chronic arthritis who
      take the Arthritis Self-Management Course. An instrument to measure perceived
      self-efficacy was developed through consultation with patients and physicians and
      through study of 4 groups of patients. Tests of construct and concurrent validity
      and of reliability showed that the instrument met appropriate standards. Health
      outcomes and self-efficacy scores improved during the Arthritis Self-Management
      Course, and the improvements were correlated.

PMID- 2912464
TI  - Insulin-like growth factor stimulation of chondrocyte proteoglycan synthesis by
      human synovial fluid.
AB  - We investigated the role of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) as regulating
      factors of cartilage metabolism in human synovial fluid (SF), using a bovine
      explant culture system that was shown to respond to recombinant IGF-1 in vitro.
      SF from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and from control patients was found to
      stimulate chondrocyte proteoglycan synthesis in bovine articular cartilage. A
      monoclonal antibody directed primarily against IGF-1 (and to some extent, IGF-2)
      partially blocked the stimulatory action of serum and totally blocked the
      stimulation by SF. These findings indicate that IGFs are major regulating factors
      of cartilage proteoglycan synthesis in human SF. In addition, we measured serum
      and SF levels of IGF-1 in RA patients and control patients, using a
      radioimmunoassay. No difference in immunoreactive serum IGF-1 was detected
      between patients and controls. The IGF-1 levels in SF were consistently lower
      than in serum, for both patient groups. No differences in IGF-1 concentration
      were found between RA and non-RA SF. The relevance of these data with respect to
      joint inflammation is discussed.

PMID- 2912465
TI  - Relative role of genetic and environmental factors in disease expression: sib
      pair analysis in ankylosing spondylitis.
AB  - Forty-two sib pairs concordant for ankylosing spondylitis (mean disease duration
      20.1 years) were assessed to define the relative role of genetic and
      environmental factors in determining age and calendar year of disease onset,
      systemic features, functional outcome and prognosis, and radiologic progression.
      Twenty-seven pairs were of the same sex (male/male n = 21, female/female n = 6).
      The correlation coefficient was not significant for age at onset (rs = 0.235),
      but was much higher for calendar year of onset (rs = 0.702, P less than 0.01).
      These data were confirmed by two-way analysis of variance: between sibs, the F
      probability was 0.07 for age at onset (41 degrees of freedom, F ratio 1.6) and
      was less than 0.001 for calendar year of onset (41 degrees of freedom, F ratio
      5.45). Thus, it is suggested that environmental factors play the greater role in
      the timing of onset. Concordance for the presence or absence of uveitis was only
      43%, again suggesting that genetic factors are less significant than the
      environment. Conversely, genetic factors are more important in influencing
      prognosis. A disability and pain index revealed that sibs had a closer score than
      expected by chance alone (P = 0.035); also, the correlation coefficient for
      blinded radiologic analysis (pelvic and lumbar views) was significant for pairs
      of sibs (rs = 0.859, P less than 0.01), but was not significant for random pairs
      of subjects (rs = -0.144). In contrast, within-sib pair and random subject-pair
      analyses of hip radiographs revealed rs = -0.111 and -0.033, respectively,
      neither of which was significant.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2912466
TI  - Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value of abdominal fat aspiration for
      the diagnosis of amyloidosis.
AB  - Samples of abdominal fat aspirates from 73 patients were sent to us for staining
      and interpretation. Ten samples were positive for amyloid. We calculated the
      sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value of the procedure based on the
      findings and the clinical information and other biopsy data about these patients.
      Using the results from more traditional biopsies as the "gold standard,"
      sensitivity was 57%, specificity was 100%, and the predictive value was 100% for
      positive findings in the abdominal fat aspirate. Although the sample size in this
      study was relatively small, the procedure was found to be a minimally invasive
      test of high clinical utility.

PMID- 2912467
TI  - The beneficial outcomes of the arthritis self-management course are not
      adequately explained by behavior change.
AB  - Evaluation of the Arthritis Self-Management Course revealed significant positive
      changes in the practice of behaviors that were taught and in health outcomes.
      However, utilizing a variety of statistical techniques, we were able to
      demonstrate only weak associations between changes in behavior and changes in
      health status. This suggests the need to examine the mechanisms by which health
      education affects health status.

PMID- 2912468
TI  - Eosinophilic fasciitis in a pair of siblings.
AB  - Two siblings, a 38-year-old woman and a 33-year-old man, developed eosinophilic
      fasciitis within a period of 6 months. They were found to have identical HLA-A,
      B, DR, and DQ antigens, raising the possibility of a genetic influence in the
      development of this disease. No common environmental factors close to the time of
      onset were identified; however, the possibility of a common, remote environmental
      factor cannot be discounted.

PMID- 2912469
TI  - Comparison of the geometric and the contrast models of similarity by presentation
      of visual stimuli to the left and the right visual fields.
AB  - In this study we investigated by means of the "same-different" decision task the
      process of comparing visual stimuli (schematic faces, familiar objects,
      houseplants, and nonsense figures) when presented for 100-150 msec to the right
      or to the left visual hemifields. The analysis of incorrect "same" responses
      showed that the addition of a common component (e.g., glasses, buttons) to a pair
      of nonidentical stimuli increased the percentage of incorrect same responses
      whereas the addition of the same component to one stimulus only in the pair
      decreased the percentage of incorrect "same" responses. This pattern, which is in
      accordance with Tversky's contrast model of similarity, is incompatible with any
      geometric model. Second, for schematic faces the results revealed that the left
      hemisphere is more sensitive to common than to distinctive features, whereas the
      right hemisphere is more sensitive to distinctive than to common features. No
      such interaction was obtained for the other type of stimuli. The implications of
      these results for models of similarity and the difference between the present
      findings and the findings of Sergent (1984) are discussed.

PMID- 2912470
TI  - Evidence for cerebral asymmetries in a finger sequencing task.
AB  - Visual input was lateralized using a specially designed contact lens system.
      Subjects performed a sequence of two keypresses in response to a light stimulus
      with either the left or the right hand in a choice reaction time paradigm. Two
      choice reaction time conditions were used: (A) hand certainty, sequence
      uncertainty and (B) hand uncertainty, sequence certainty. Reaction time (RT)
      results indicate that there are no significant differences between the left and
      right hemisphere in selecting a sequential response in either of the two
      conditions. Interfinger time (IFT) results show a relative left eye (right
      hemisphere)-left hand advantage when there was hand certainty, sequence
      uncertainty and a relative left eye (right hemisphere) disadvantage for both
      hands when there was hand uncertainty, sequence certainty. The RT results do not
      support the concept of a center in the left hemisphere for selection of the
      components of a two-element sequential keypress, prior to movement initiation.
      However, the IFT results indicate that there are differences in the processing
      ability of the left and right hemispheres in a sequencing task, after movement
      initiation.

PMID- 2912471
TI  - Hemispheric asymmetries in interpreting forms vs colors in ambiguous patterns.
AB  - Prior to receiving briefly lateralized presentations of ambiguous visual patterns
      (Rorschach inkblots), 28 normal right-handed males heard two words, each
      describing a different interpretation of the pattern, e.g., one word might
      describe an interpretation based on attending to shapes or forms (form choices)
      and the other might describe an interpretation based on attending to chromatic
      color (e.g., color choices). Color choices were more frequent than form choices
      on left-hemisphere (LH) presentations of the patterns, and form choices were more
      frequent than color choices on right-hemisphere (RH) presentations. These results
      were interpreted as consistent with the theory that the LH's favored mental
      representation is semantic (i.e., frequent choices of concepts associated with
      names of colors in the patterns) and the RH's favored representation is imaginal
      (i.e., frequent choices of concepts associated with difficult-to-label forms in
      the patterns).

PMID- 2912472
TI  - Stimulus intensity, attentional instructions, and the ear advantage during
      dichotic listening.
AB  - The present experiment was designed to investigate the effects of the following
      two variables on the identification of dichotically presented CV syllables: (1)
      the relative difference in intensity levels of the stimuli presented to the two
      ears and (2) the instructions to attend to both ears or to focus attention on one
      ear. As expected for a verbal task, more CV's were identified from the right ear
      than from the left ear. Furthermore, identification of stimuli presented to one
      ear improved when (1) those stimuli were relatively higher in volume than the
      stimuli presented to the other ear and (2) when subjects were instructed to focus
      attention on only that ear rather than distribute attention across both ears. Of
      particular importance is the finding that the effects of relative stimulus
      intensity are the same under conditions of focused attention as under conditions
      of divided attention. This finding is inconsistent with an attention explantation
      of the relative intensity effects. Instead, the results are consistent with a
      model of dichotic listening in which ear of stimulus presentation and relative
      stimulus intensity influence a perceptual stage of information processing and
      attentional instructions influence a subsequent response selection stage.

PMID- 2912473
TI  - Childhood prosopagnosia.
AB  - K.D. has been unable to recognize people's faces since sustaining cerebral injury
      in infancy. Investigation of this disorder carried out when K.D. was aged 8 to 11
      years showed that although her basic visual abilities were impaired, they were no
      poorer than those of other children who recognized faces without difficulty. K.D.
      had learned to read, but had not regained ability to recognize people's faces;
      instead she relied primarily on voices as a cue to person recognition. There was
      no evidence of any degree of overt or covert recognition of familiar faces, and
      K.D. also experienced problems in visual object recognition. She could, however,
      classify a visual input as a face, was able to perceive and imitate facial
      expressions, and was able to perform face matching tasks to an extent limited by
      her use of a feature by feature matching strategy. It is suggested that K.D.'s
      impairment affected higher order perceptual abilities, and is in a number of
      respects comparable to the impairments found in adult prosopagnosic patients.

PMID- 2912474
TI  - Duplex perception: some initial findings concerning its neural basis.
AB  - Duplex perception is the simultaneous perception of a speech syllable and of a
      nonspeech "chirp," and occurs when a single formant transition and the remainder
      (the "base") of a synthetic syllable are presented to different ears. The current
      study found a slight but nonsignificant advantage for correct labeling of the
      fused syllable when the chirp was presented to the left ear. This advantage was
      amplified in the performance of a "split-brain" subject. A subject with a left
      pontine lesion performed at chance level when the chirp was presented to her left
      ear. These findings suggest that some, if not complete, ipsilateral suppression
      does occur in the dichotic fusion procedure, and that identification of the fused
      syllable is maximal when the left hemisphere fully processes the linguistic
      characteristics of the base (through contralateral presentation), and at least
      minimally processes the frequency transition information of the chirp (through
      ipsilateral presentation).

PMID- 2912475
TI  - Selective spatial attention and length representation in normal subjects and in
      patients with unilateral spatial neglect.
AB  - The aim of this study was to assess whether perceptual representation along the
      horizontal axis is affected by hemispace position of the stimulus or by orienting
      attention to one side. Ten control subjects and 10 right brain damaged patients
      with left unilateral spatial neglect (USN) were asked to bisect lines of five
      lengths in three space positions (left, center, right) and under three cueing
      conditions (no cue, left cue, right cue). Normal controls showed significant
      displacement of bisection opposite to the side of hemispace presentation and
      toward the side of cueing. USN patients showed a bisection error toward the right
      end which increased with lines placed in the left hemispace and decreased with
      lines placed in the right hemispace and when attention was oriented toward the
      left side. We conclude that (1) In absence of cues normal subjects tend to
      overestimate the portions of space closer to their body midline; (2) both normal
      and USN patients tend to overestimate portions of space that they direct their
      attention to; (3) USN patients' performance without cueing is consistent with an
      attentional shift toward the right hemispace implying a gradient of
      overestimation of the right-most portions of space. A common neural substratum
      for directing attention and space representation can explain these findings.

PMID- 2912476
TI  - Memory for action events in Alzheimer-type dementia: further evidence of an
      encoding failure.
AB  - The purpose of the present research was to examine the nature of the encoding
      problem in patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) using a
      nonstrategic memory task, namely the recall of action events or subject-performed
      tasks (SPTs). The first experiment investigated the retention of SPTs and the
      verbal descriptions of action events in patients with mild-to-moderate DAT,
      young, and old adults. While the healthy older adults showed significantly higher
      recall for SPTs than for verbal descriptions, the DAT patients failed to exhibit
      this effect. A follow-up study replicated this same pattern using SPTs and tasks
      performed by the experimenter. As the multimodal and contextually rich encoding
      environment present in SPTs had no effect on the patients' retention, this
      suggests that manipulations designed to enhance encoding in this population will
      be unsuccessful. The relevance of the results to (1) memory compensation in the
      aged, and (2) the development of mnemonic training programs for the elderly are
      discussed.

PMID- 2912477
TI  - Memory for internally generated words in Alzheimer-type dementia: breakdown in
      encoding and semantic memory.
AB  - The "generation effect" is a phenomenon in which words that are generated by the
      subject are remembered better than words which are read. The present experiments
      examined this effect in patients with mild-to-moderate dementia of the Alzheimer
      type (DAT), healthy elderly adults, and young adults under a variety of different
      encoding and retrieval conditions. Experiment 1 employed an intentional learning
      task with multiple study/test trials using the same list of words. While both the
      young and elderly adults exhibited higher recall for internally generated words
      than read words, the DAT patients failed to demonstrate the effect even after
      repeated exposures to the same stimulus list. Experiment 2 replicated this same
      pattern of results using an incidental learning paradigm with both recall and
      recognition tests. Various explanations as to why the DAT patients failed to show
      the generation effect were discussed with particular emphasis placed on the role
      of semantic memory and encoding failure.

PMID- 2912478
TI  - Permeability studies on protective gloves used in dental practice.
AB  - The recent guidelines issued by the DHSS and the BDS recommend that to prevent
      cross-infection gloves should be worn by dentists and their assistants whilst
      treating all patients. Little information is available on the permeability of the
      various types of glove available; this pilot study was therefore conducted, to
      test five commonly used brands of gloves for permeability to air, electrolytes,
      dye and bacteria. Tests were carried out before and after using the gloves for
      varying periods. From these studies it was found that only one brand of glove
      passed all the tests before wearing. After wearing the gloves for up to 3 hours,
      between 20% and 50% of the gloves, depending on type, allowed bacteria to pass
      across the glove. The visual test was less critical than the ion passage and
      bacterial tests, in that some gloves without obvious perforations allowed ions
      and bacteria to pass through.

PMID- 2912479
TI  - Acute herpetic stomatitis: referrals to Leeds Dental Hospital 1978-1987.
AB  - The clinical data of 102 patients referred to Leeds Dental Hospital from 1978 to
      1987 with acute herpetic stomatitis confirmed by laboratory investigations were
      analysed. No gender difference was found. Differences in age distribution were
      marked. Only 5% of patients were aged less than 11 years, whereas the majority of
      cases (51%) occurred during the third decade. Statistical analysis confirmed a
      general trend for the mean age of patients to have increased progressively over
      the 10-year period.

PMID- 2912480
TI  - Psychiatric disorders in a dental clinic.
AB  - This paper describes the psychiatric disorders seen in 138 consecutive attenders
      at a psychiatric clinic in a dental hospital. The disorders were rated using a
      standardised interview, and assigned a diagnosis in accordance with a multiaxial
      classification known as the DSM-III. The rate of psychiatric disorder seen in
      these patients was over 90% and the implications of this are discussed.

PMID- 2912481
TI  - Resorption of a first permanent molar.
AB  - A case is presented of an unerupted maxillary second premolar causing the severe
      resorption of a first molar tooth. This case underlines the need for adequate
      radiographic evidence before recommending the extraction of teeth for the relief
      of crowding.

PMID- 2912482
TI  - Beginning to work together.
AB  - Ten people met for the first time as trainees after lunch on Thursday, 4
      February, 1988 at an hotel near Ipswich. They were to live and work together
      until teatime on Saturday. Twelve trainers joined them from late afternoon on
      Friday, staying on after the trainees left, until lunchtime on the Sunday. The
      occasion was the start of the 1988 vocational training schemes for East Anglia
      and North East Thames Regions. In this article, J. K. Horrocks and W. R. Allen
      given an account of what happened during this time, and how people felt about it.

PMID- 2912483
TI  - Community orthodontic services: a local review.
AB  - A review is presented of orthodontic treatment and working conditions in one area
      of the Community Dental Service over a typical period of one year (1984).
      Treatment totals, case load, working facilities and schedules are discussed,
      drawing comparisons with the hospital service and specialist practice and with
      previously published surveys of orthodontics in the community service. An
      estimate of the size of school population likely to support a full-time community
      orthodontist is made together with the number of referring practitioners.
      Comments are also made on the range of treatment provided, patients' attitudes,
      cooperation and such problems as missed appointments. A short section is devoted
      to actual timings of specific procedures in orthodontics, followed by discussion
      of the hospital attachment for community orthodontists, with some recommendations
      on working conditions and comments on career structure.

PMID- 2912484
TI  - Spare a thought for the resident hospital dental surgeon.

PMID- 2912485
TI  - Remuneration for oral mucosa screening.

PMID- 2912486
TI  - 'Dental sedation. A review'.

PMID- 2912488
TI  - Relativity theory for dentists.

PMID- 2912487
TI  - Cash incentive for MCCD qualifier.

PMID- 2912489
TI  - Unprofessional conduct.

PMID- 2912490
TI  - Observations on the substrate specificity of prostaglandin hydroxylases of monkey
      seminal vesicles and sheep vesicular glands.
AB  - Prostaglandin (PG) 19-hydroxylase of monkey seminal vesicles metabolizes PGE1 and
      PGE2 to their 19-hydroxy metabolites, while PGE2 20-hydroxylase of ram vesicular
      glands metabolizes PGE2 to 20-hydroxy-PGE2. The purpose of the present study was
      determine whether PGF2 alpha is a substrate of these enzymes. Deuterated 20
      hydroxy-PGF2 alpha was employed as an internal standard to study the
      hydroxylation of PGF2 alpha (0.2 mM) by microsomes of monkey (Macaca
      fascicularis) seminal vesicles in the presence of NADPH, and the biosynthesis was
      compared with the hydroxylation of PGE2 under identical conditions. 19-Hydroxy
      PGF2 alpha was formed at a rate of 3.5% of the formation of 19-hydroxy-PGE2.
      Microsomes of ram vesicular glands also hydroxylated PGE2 more efficiently than
      PGF2 alpha, which was converted to both 20-hydroxy-PGF2 alpha and 19-hydroxy-PGF2
      alpha at a combined rate of 5% of the biosynthesis of 20-hydroxy-PGE2 under the
      same conditions. 20-Hydroxy-PGF2 alpha was demonstrated in ram semen, but the
      concentration was low (0.1 microM) in comparison with 20-hydroxy-PGE2 (24
      microM). The two genital PG hydroxylases thus metabolize PGF2 alpha much less
      efficiently than PGE2. This finding may suggest that 19-hydroxy- and 20-hydroxy
      PGF2 alpha in seminal fluids also could be formed by other mechanisms, e.g., from
      19-hydroxy- and 20-hydroxy-PGE2 by the PGE 9-keto reductase enzyme.

PMID- 2912491
TI  - Altered acyl chain compositions of alkylacyl, alkenylacyl, and diacyl subclasses
      of choline and ethanolamine glycerophospholipids in rat heart by dietary fish
      oil.
AB  - The effects of dietary fish oil containing n - 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on
      the fatty acid compositions of the alkylacyl and alkenylacyl species of choline
      glycerophospholipids (CGP) and ethanolamine glycerophospholipids (EGP) were
      studied in rat heart and compared with the corresponding
      diacylglycerophospholipids. After a 7 week feeding period, all phospholipid
      classes from the fish oil group exhibited much higher levels of the n - 3
      polyunsaturated fatty acids including eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5(n - 30)),
      docosapentaenoic acid (22:5(n - 3)) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6(n - 3)), as
      well as lower levels of the n - 6 series (18:2, 20:4, 22:4 and 22:5), relative to
      animals given sunflower seed oil-enriched in 18:2(n - 6). However, the
      docosahexaenoic acid rather than eicosapentaenoic acid provided a much greater
      contribution to the n - 3 accumulation (fish oil group) in the ether-containing
      CGP, as indicated by the 20:5(n - 3)/22:6(n - 3) molar ratios of 0.32, 0.26 and
      0.56 in the alkylacyl, alkenylacyl and diacyl classes, respectively. In addition
      to accumulating very high levels of docosahexaenoic acid (e.g., 47.2 mol% of
      fatty acids in alkenylacylglycerophosphoethanolamine of fish oil group), both
      ether-linked classes of EGP exhibited significantly higher levels of
      docosapentaenoic acid than the diacylglycerophosphoethanolamine (GPE) and all
      classes of CGP. These findings may bear relevance to possible beneficial effects
      of dietary fish oil on pathophysiological states (including myocardial ischemia)
      in cardiac tissue and their mediation via platelet-activating factor, 1-alkyl-2
      acetylglycerophosphocholine (PAF) and arachidonic acid (20:4(n - 6))-derived
      eicosanoids.

PMID- 2912492
TI  - Interaction of lipid peroxidation products with nuclear macromolecules.
AB  - The interaction of lipid peroxidation products with nuclear macromolecules was
      investigated in rat liver nuclei labelled with [3H]arachidonic acid. Lipid
      peroxidation reactions were driven both non-enzymatically and enzymatically by
      the addition of ascorbate-Fe2+ or NADPH-ADP-Fe3+, respectively, to the incubation
      mixtures. The extent of peroxidation was evaluated by the formation of
      thiobarbituric acid chromophore and of radioactive hydrophilic peroxidation
      products. The results obtained show that: (1) nuclear membrane lipid peroxidation
      products formed during incubation interact with DNA and total nuclear proteins;
      (2) non-enzymatic lipid peroxidation processes induced a 40% larger association
      of peroxidation products to DNA compared to processes driven enzymatically,
      whereas the corresponding interaction with total nuclear proteins was similar in
      both peroxidation systems; (3) the radioactivity associated with histones
      decreased during incubation in the presence of ascorbate-Fe2+ or NADPH-ADP-Fe3+,
      and increased in control samples (no additions); (4) inhibition of lipid
      peroxidation by the iron chelator Desferrioxamine B prevented the association of
      peroxidation products to nuclear macromolecules; (5) the levels of radioactivity
      found in DNA after 180 min of incubation would represent the formation of 0.6-1.0
      adducts per 10(6) DNA bases. The results obtained provide evidence for an
      interaction between lipid peroxidation products and chromatin in the interior of
      the cell nucleus.

PMID- 2912493
TI  - Circulating and liver-bound salt-resistant hepatic lipases in the golden hamster.
AB  - The serum of male golden hamsters was found to contain a circulating
      triacylglycerol hydrolase activity (serum lipase). In vitro, the enzyme activity
      was slightly activated by 1 M NaCl (+20%) and inhibited by rat serum (-29%). The
      hamster liver contained an enzyme with similar characteristics (liver lipase).
      This enzyme was released into the circulation after intravenous administration of
      heparin. Both lipase activities were further characterized and compared. The
      serum lipase had a pH optimum of 9, which was higher than that of the liver
      enzyme (pH 8.0). The serum enzyme did not bind to Sepharose-heparin columns in
      contrast to the liver lipase, which could be eluted from the column with 0.75 M
      NaCl. A polyclonal antibody preparation raised against the heparin-releasable
      salt-resistant lipase from rat liver inhibited both the hamster serum enzyme and
      the liver enzyme completely. The affinity of the antibodies towards the hamster
      enzymes was lower than the affinity towards the rat liver enzyme, but similar
      with that towards the hamster enzymes in the serum and the liver. A panel of five
      monoclonal antibodies raised against the rat enzyme did not bind either of the
      hamster enzymes. If the hamsters were fed a normal lab chow, the lipase activity
      in the serum amounted up to 110 +/- 20 mU (mean +/- S.D., n = 16) per ml serum
      (about 600 mU per animal), the liver contained 200 +/- 41 mU per g tissue (total
      about 800 mU per animal). In animals fed a cholesterol-enriched diet, the serum
      activity increased by 82% and the liver activity by 27%.

PMID- 2912494
TI  - Polar lipids and fatty acids of Pseudomonas cepacia.
AB  - The polar lipids and fatty acids produced by the reference strains for seven
      different O serogroups of Pseudomonas cepacia have been identified. Similar
      results were obtained for all strains. Contrary to a previous report, the only
      significant phospholipids in this species are phosphatidylethanolamine and
      bis(phosphatidyl)glycerol, which contributed 57-83% and 17-43%, respectively, of
      the total lipid phosphorus. The former lipid was found as two chromatographically
      distinct fractions. In the less polar fraction and in bis(phosphatidyl)glycerol,
      the major fatty acids were hexadecanoic acid, cis-9,10-methylenehexadecanoic
      acid, cis-octadec-11-enoic acid, and cis-11,12-methyleneoctadecanoic acid. In the
      more polar fraction of phosphatidylethanolamine, the fatty acid in one position
      is a 2-hydroxy acid, mainly 2-hydroxyhexadecenoic acid, 2-hydroxyhexadecanoic
      acid, 2-hydroxyoctadecenoic acid, or 2-hydroxymethyleneoctadecanoic acid.
      Compared with other phospholipids, this fraction of phosphatidylethanolamine was
      depleted in cis-9,10-methylenehexadecanoic acid. Each strain also produced two
      ornithine amide lipids. In the major lipid, 3-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid was amide
      bound to the alpha-amino group and was itself probably esterified by a 2-hydroxy
      acid, mainly 2-hydroxyoctadecenoic acid or the derived cyclopropane acid. In the
      minor ornithine amide lipid, the ester-bound acids were mainly
      methyleneoctadecanoic acid and hexadecanoic acid. The unusual lipid profiles of
      P. cepacia are of chemotaxonomic interest.

PMID- 2912495
TI  - Formation of bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate by a macrophage transacylase.
AB  - Formation of bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate (BMP) from lysophosphatidyl[U
      14C]glycerol was studied in rabbit pulmonary alveolar macrophages. The majority
      of the activity was found in the particulate fraction (lysosome-enriched)
      sedimenting between 2000 and 12,000 rpm and it was maximal at pH 4.5. The
      activity in this fraction was stimulated by 2-mercaptoethanol and additional
      lipids from the fraction and inhibited by 5 mM CaCl2, 0.5 mM acyl-CoA, 1.0 mM
      chlorpromazine and by detergents, whereas chloroquine, cholesterol and butanol
      had no effect. The activity was retained by the particles after repeated freezing
      and thawing. After treatment with n-butanol, most of the activity was lost, but
      84% could be recovered in the aqueous phase if the butanol-extracted lipids were
      added back giving an activity of 266 nmol/h per mg of protein. Lipids most
      effective in restoring activity were the total lipids extracted by butanol from
      the particulate fraction, fractions of the total lipids containing phospholipids
      and phosphatidylcholine from both native and commercial sources, with native BMP
      and commercial phosphatidylglycerol and sphingomyelin having a much smaller
      effect. The complexity of the lipid requirements was further indicated by the
      finding that addition of pure lipids to the total lipid extract reduced the
      efficacy of the latter. A direct transfer of [14C]oleic acid to BMP from labelled
      macrophage microsomal lipids was catalyzed by the soluble enzymes as was transfer
      from dioleoylphosphatidylcholine in the presence of lysophosphatidylglycerol. The
      particulate enzyme also catalyzed the transfer of [14C]oleic acid from 2
      oleoylphosphatidylcholine to BMP in the presence of lysophosphatidylglycerol.
      These findings indicate that the transacylase involved in conversion of
      lysophosphatidylglycerol to BMP utilizes complex lipids other than
      phosphatidylinositol as acyl donors and has complex requirements for lipids as
      physicochemical activators. They further suggest that the transacylation might be
      catalyzed by lysosomal phospholipase A2.

PMID- 2912496
TI  - Stimulation of surfactant secretion by vasopressin in primary cultures of adult
      rat type II pneumocytes.
AB  - The current study examined the effect of vasopressin on the secretion of
      phosphatidylcholine, the principal component of pulmonary surfactant, from adult
      rat alveolar type II pneumocytes in primary culture. Vasopressin stimulated
      secretion in a time- and dose-dependent manner. At a concentration of 10 nM,
      vasopressin stimulated release by 6-fold over the basal secretory rate. The
      concentration producing half the maximal response for vasopressin-induced
      secretion was 0.4 nM. The stimulation of phosphatidylcholine release by
      vasopressin was duplicated by the vasopressin fragment, amino acids 4 through 9.
      [Lys8]vasopressin and the selective vasopressin-2 agonist [deamino-8-D
      Arg]vasopressin did not stimulate surfactant secretion effectively. The
      vasopressin- and fragment-induced secretion was inhibited by the vasopressin-1
      receptor antagonist d(CH2)5TDAVP and the protein kinase C inhibitor, tetracaine,
      but not by the beta-adrenergic antagonist alprenolol. Vasopressin did not
      activate adenylate cyclase, which suggests that stimulation by vasopressin was
      independent of cyclic AMP. When vasopressin and isoproterenol were added
      concomitantly, the effects on phosphatidylcholine secretion were additive. This
      suggests that these two secretagogues operate via separate mechanisms.

PMID- 2912497
TI  - Prostaglandin-E2 9-ketoreductase from swine kidney. Production of antisera and
      application to development of a radioimmunoassay.
AB  - Prostaglandin-E2 9-ketoreductase (PGE2-9-KR, EC 1.1.1.189), the enzyme which
      catalyzes the reaction from prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) to prostaglandin F2 alpha
      (PGF2 alpha), was purified 580-fold from swine kidney. The molecular mass of the
      enzyme determined by SDS-gel electrophoresis was 33 kDa. Antiserum against the
      purified enzyme was raised in three rabbits. The antiserum was able to
      precipitate PGE2-9-KR from swine kidney and to crossreact with pGE2-9-KR from
      several reproductive organ tissues, such as rabbit ovary, rabbit corpus luteum,
      rabbit endometrium and human decidua vera. When swine kidney PGE2-9-KR was
      labelled with 125I and incubated with affinity-purified antiserum in the presence
      of increasing amounts of unlabelled enzyme, competitive binding of the unlabelled
      enzyme to the antibody was observed. A radioimmunoassay for the quantitation of
      the enzyme was developed. The standard curve was linear from 5 to 500 ng enzyme.
      The intra- and interassay coefficients of variation were 6.4 and 13.2%,
      respectively. The assay may be useful for the quantitation of PGE2-9-KR in
      several tissues under various physiological conditions.

PMID- 2912498
TI  - Synthesis, modification, and flotation properties of rat hepatocyte
      apolipoproteins.
AB  - We have studied apolipoprotein synthesis, intracellular modification and
      secretion by primary adult rat hepatocyte cultures using continuous pulse or
      pulse chase labeling with [35S]methionine, immunoprecipitation and two
      dimensional isoelectric focusing/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The
      flotation properties of the newly secreted apolipoproteins were studied by
      discontinuous density gradient ultracentrifugation and one- and two-dimensional
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. These studies showed that rat hepatocyte apoE
      is modified intracellularly to produce minor isoproteins that differ in size and
      charge. One of these minor isoproteins represents a monosialated apoE form
      (apoE3s1). Similarly, apoCIII is modified intracellularly to produce a disialated
      apoCIII form (apoCIIIs2), whereas newly synthesized apoA-I and apoA-IV are not
      glycosylated and overlap on two-dimensional gels with the proapoA-I and the
      plasma apoA-IV form, respectively. Both unmodified and modified apolipoproteins
      are secreted into the medium. Separation of secreted apolipoproteins by density
      gradient ultracentrifugation has shown that 50% of apoE, 80% of apoA-I, and more
      than 90% of apoA-IV and apoCIII are secreted in a lipid-poor form, whereas apoB
      100 and apoB-48 are 100% associated with lipids. ApoB-100 floats in the VLDL and
      IDL regions, whereas apoB-48 is found in all lipoprotein fractions. ApoE and
      small amounts of apoA-I, apoA-IV and apoCIII float in the HDL region. Small
      amounts of apoE and apoCIII are also found in the VLDL and IDL regions, and apoE
      in the LDL region. Ultracentrifugation of nascent lipoproteins in the presence of
      rat serum promoted flotation of apoA-I and apoA-IV in the HDL fraction and
      resulted in increased flotation and distribution of apoE and apoCs in VLDL, IDL
      and LDL regions. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that
      intracellular assembly of lipoproteins involves apoB-48 and apoB-100 forms,
      whereas a large portion of apoA-I, apoCIII and apoA-IV can be secreted in a lipid
      poor form, which associates extracellularly with preexisting lipoproteins.

PMID- 2912499
TI  - Nonenzymatically glycated serum albumin: interaction with galactose-specific
      liver lectins.
AB  - The possible interaction of galactose/glucose-specific liver lectins with
      nonenzymatically glycated human serum albumin was analyzed. The binding activity
      of the asialoglycoprotein receptor on hepatocytes and of the corresponding lectin
      on Kupffer cells was determined using freshly isolated liver cells from Wistar
      rats. Nonenzymatically glucosylated or galactosylated human serum albumin (HSA)
      did not inhibit lectin binding in a competitive adhesion assay (less than 15%
      inhibition). In contrast, lactosylated HSA strongly interacted with the two liver
      lectins (more than 80% inhibition). Lectin binding increased with lactosylation
      reaching a maximum at 44-49 mol D-galactose bound per mol HSA. In conclusion, at
      least in certain cases, nonenzymatically glycated proteins may interact with
      endogenous lectins.

PMID- 2912501
TI  - Parathyroid hormone degradation by chymotrypsin-like endopeptidase in the clonal
      osteogenic UMR-106 cell.
AB  - Parathyroid hormone (PTH) -degrading activity was studied using osteoblast-like
      UMR-106 cells. PTH-degrading activity was assessed by the amount of PTH fragments
      produced in the medium after exposure of intact human PTH-(1-84) to UMR-106
      cells. PTH immunoreactivity recovered in trichloroacetic acid-soluble products of
      the medium and in fractions eluted from reverse-phase high-performance liquid
      chromatography (HPLC) was measured by radioimmunoassay using an antibody specific
      for the mid-region and C-terminus of PTH. In this study, intact UMR-106 cells but
      not extracellular enzymes cleaved human PTH(1-84) into fragments which were
      released into the medium (in a time- and temperature-dependent fashion). HPLC
      analysis of the PTH fragments depicted three immunoreactive peaks (peaks 1, 2 and
      3) besides intact PTH, indicating a limited PTH-hydrolyzing activity of the
      cells. Furthermore, a 1000-fold molar excess of either hPTH-(3-34) or
      [Nle8,Nle18,Tyr34]hPTH-(3-34)amide inhibited PTH-degrading activity by 63% and
      80% of control, respectively, whereas neither calcitonin, vasopressin nor growth
      hormone suppressed it. Additionally, HPLC analysis of the samples treated with
      [Nle8,Nle18,Tyr34]hPTH-(3-34)amide showed a reduction of the three peaks,
      suggesting an involvement of PTH receptor in the production of PTH fragments.
      This PTH-degrading activity was strongly inhibited by phenylmethylsulfonyl
      fluoride and chymostatin, but not by soybean trypsin inhibitor, elastatinal or
      inhibitors of cysteine, aspartic or metalloproteinases, indicating that it is due
      to a seryl chymotrypsin-like endopeptidase. Chymotrypsin-like activity seems to
      be solely responsible for PTH-degrading activity in intact UMR-106 cells, since
      all three PTH fragments were predominantly suppressed in the presence of
      chymostatin. Further analysis of chymotrypsin-digested products of hPTH-(1-84)
      eluted from HPLC exhibited five fragments detected by ultraviolet absorbance at
      210 nm, three of which were measurable by PTH radioimmunoassay, each
      corresponding to the three PTH fragments produced by UMR-106 cells. To explore
      the cleavage sites of PTH further, amino acid analysis of chymotrypsin-cleaved
      products was performed. The results strongly support the view that the
      chymotrypsin-like enzyme in UMR-106 cells cleaved the hormone between residues 23
      24 and 34-35, to produce, at least, hPTH-(24-84) and -(35-84). Our present study
      indicates that a chymotrypsin-like endopeptidase is solely responsible for
      limited hydrolysis of PTH by intact UMR-106 cells.

PMID- 2912500
TI  - The cyanogen bromide fragment I of asialoorosomucoid is transported more
      efficiently than asialoorosomucoid in rat hepatocytes.
AB  - Cultured rat hepatocytes internalized and degraded 125I-labeled asialoorosomucoid
      (125I-ASOR) through asialoglycoprotein receptor at rates about half that of its
      cyanogen bromide fragment I (125I-ASCNBr-I). Reduction and carboxymethylation of
      the fragment resulted in decreased rates of internalization and degradation which
      were still greater than those of 125I-ASOR. In the presence of 5 microM
      colchicine, degradation of all three ligands was inhibited. However, the
      intracellular level of 125I-ASOR at steady state remained unchanged, while those
      of the fragments increased continuously. Study of the binding of these ligands to
      hepatocytes at 4 degrees C indicated that there was no significant difference in
      binding parameters between ASOR, ASCNBr-I and RC-ASCNBr-I (reduced and carboxymet
      ASCNBr-I). Studies of the fate of these ligands preloaded in the cell at 37
      degrees C indicated that a higher fraction of the internalized ASOR than of the
      fragments was released by diacytosis. In contrast to ASOR, diacytosis of the
      fragments was not enhanced by colchicine. Studies of the distribution of
      intracellular ligands by Percoll density gradient centrifugation indicated that
      they were internalized initially into two early endosomal compartments of d =
      1.037 g/ml and d = 1.045 g/ml. In the presence of colchicine, accumulation of the
      ligands in a third endosomal compartment of d = 1.08-1.095 g/ml was revealed,
      while in the presence of leupeptin accumulation of the ligands in lysosomes was
      observed. The results of a kinetic analysis indicated that both cyanogen bromide
      fragments were transported to all these compartments more rapidly than was ASOR.
      It appears that they are internalized and degraded more rapidly than ASOR due to
      a more efficient sorting of the internalized ligand into the pathway of lysosomal
      degradation.

PMID- 2912502
TI  - Uptake of ferritin and iron bound to ferritin by rat hepatocytes: modulation by
      apotransferrin, iron chelators and chloroquine.
AB  - Rat liver ferritin is an effective donor of iron to rat hepatocytes. Uptake of
      iron from ferritin by the cells is partially inhibited by including
      apotransferrin in the culture medium, but not by inclusion of diferric
      transferrin. This inhibition is dependent on the concentration of apotransferrin,
      with a 30% depression in iron incorporation in the cells detected at
      apotransferrin concentrations above 40 micrograms/ml. However, apotransferrin
      does not interfere with uptake of 125I-labeled ferritin, suggesting that
      apotransferrin decreases retention of iron taken up from ferritin by hepatocytes
      by sequestering a portion of released iron before it has entered the metabolic
      pathway of the cells. The iron chelators desferrioxamine (100 microM), citrate
      (10 mM) and diethylenetriaminepentaacetate (100 microM) reduce iron uptake by the
      cells by 35, 25 and 8%, respectively. In contrast, 1 mM ascorbate increases iron
      accumulation by 20%. At a subtoxic concentration of 100 microM, chloroquine
      depresses ferritin and iron uptake by hepatocytes by more than 50% after 3 h
      incubation. Chloroquine presumably acts by retarding lysosomal degradation of
      ferritin and recycling of ferritin receptors.

PMID- 2912503
TI  - Phosphorus-31 and water proton relaxation in living erythrocytes. Application to
      uremia.
AB  - We measured the spin-lattice and spin-spin relaxation times (T1 and T2,
      respectively) and the nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) of 31P nuclei of 2,3
      diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) in living erythrocytes. The relaxation of water
      protons was also studied. Phosphorus relaxation is pH-dependent due to a
      modification of the binding of 2,3-DPG to hemoglobin. We compared the results
      obtained with normal and uremic erythrocytes. In uremic erythrocytes the 31P
      relaxation rates are increased, but the intraerythrocytic pH variation in uremic
      erythrocytes cannot itself explain this increase. A possible role of dialysable
      substances may explain the increased relaxation rate.

PMID- 2912504
TI  - Partial structure and hormonal regulation of rabbit liver inhibitor-1;
      distribution of inhibitor-1 and inhibitor-2 in rabbit and rat tissues.
AB  - Inhibitor-1 purified from rabbit liver could not be distinguished from the
      skeletal muscle protein by chromatographic, electrophoretic and immunological
      criteria. Amino acid sequences comprising 68% of rabbit liver inhibitor-1 were
      identical to the skeletal muscle protein indicating that they are products of a
      single gene. Total inhibitor-1 activity in heat-treated rabbit liver extracts was
      similar to that in skeletal muscle extracts, and the phosphorylation state of
      inhibitor-1 increased from 14% to 42% in rabbit liver in vivo after an
      intravenous injection of glucagon. Monospecific antibodies to rabbit skeletal
      muscle inhibitor-1 recognised a single major protein of identical electrophoretic
      mobility (26 kDa) in each rabbit tissue examined (skeletal muscle, liver, brain,
      heart, kidney, uterus and adipose). The antibodies also recognised a single major
      (30 kDa) protein in the same rat tissues, except liver. The results show that
      while there are interspecies differences in apparent molecular mass, inhibitor-1
      is likely to be the same gene product in each mammalian tissue. Inhibitor-1 was
      not detected in rat liver, either by activity measurements or immunoblotting,
      irrespective of the age, sex or strain of the animals. Immunoblotting also failed
      to detect inhibitor-1 in mouse liver, although it was present in guinea pig,
      porcine and sheep liver. The absence of inhibitor-1 in rat liver indicates that
      phosphorylation of this protein cannot underlie the increased phosphorylation of
      hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase observed after stimulation by glucagon.
      Monospecific antibodies to rabbit skeletal muscle inhibitor-2 recognised a 31 kDa
      protein in each rabbit tissue, and a 33 kDa protein in all rat tissues including
      liver. The results suggest that inhibitor-2 is the same gene product in each
      mammalian tissue.

PMID- 2912505
TI  - Modulation of prostaglandin E2 catabolism and action by fuel substrates in rat
      hepatocytes.
AB  - The hepatic level of prostaglandins will reflect the balance between synthesis of
      prostaglandins and their rapid catabolism via beta-oxidation by hepatocytes. In
      the present study we examined the effect of physiological fuel substrates on the
      breakdown and action of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in isolated rat hepatocytes.
      Palmitic acid (0.32 mM), a long-chain fatty acid, inhibited the rate of PGE2
      breakdown (10(-7) M) by approx. 80%. As the palmitic acid concentration was
      increased from 0 to 0.8 mM, the percentage of PGE2 remaining in the incubation 5
      min following prostaglandin addition was raised from approx. 10% to over 98%.
      Octanoic acid (0.8 mM) also inhibited PGE2 catabolism, while butyric acid (0.8
      mM) and pyruvic acid (2.5 mM) were without effect. The inhibition of glucagon
      stimulated glycogenolysis by PGE2 was increased in the presence of 0.6 mM
      palmitic acid, consistent with decreased PGE2 catabolism. These studies
      demonstrate that changes within the range of free fatty acid concentrations seen
      physiologically in vivo may dramatically alter PGE2 catabolism and, therefore,
      the effect of PGE2 to modulate hormonal action in the liver.

PMID- 2912506
TI  - Specificity determinants of maize casein kinase-IIB are related to but distinct
      from those of rat liver casein kinase-2.
AB  - The site specificity of maize seedling casein kinase-IIB, a type-2 casein kinase
      exhibiting an unusually low Mr, has been studied with the aid of model acidic
      peptide substrates for rat liver casein kinase-2. Like the animal enzyme, casein
      kinase-IIB also readily phosphorylates peptides SEEEEE, SEAEEE and SEEEAE, but
      not SEEAEE. Maize seedling casein kinase-IIB, however, is almost inactive toward
      peptides SAEEEE, SAEEEEE and SAAEEEEE which are good substrates for liver casein
      kinase-2. This indicates that casein kinase-IIB requires acidic residues not only
      at position +3, similar to rat liver casein kinase-2, but also at position +1,
      where the animal enzyme tolerates a neutral residue. This and other differences
      outlined in this report support the view that protein kinases of the same type
      from different sources may have significant differences in their substrate
      specificity.

PMID- 2912507
TI  - Effects of ATP reduction on the pattern of force development and myosin light
      chain phosphorylation in intact arterial smooth muscle.
AB  - The effect of reduction of ATP content on phosphorylation of the 20 kDa light
      chain of myosin (MLC) and force development in intact carotid arterial smooth
      muscle was investigated. With reduction of ATP to 23% of control by treatment
      with 2-deoxyglucose there was reduction in basal, in peak and 30 min MLC
      phosphorylation during contraction (P less than 0.001). The rate of force
      development was reduced, but maximal force was the same as control. By treatment
      with 50 microM iodoacetate, the resting ATP content was unchanged but fell to 22%
      after 30 min contraction. Basal MLC phosphorylation was the same as control, but
      peak (P less than 0.001) and 30 min phosphorylation were lower (P less than
      0.005), even though the rate and magnitude of force development were greater. The
      results indicate that neither rate nor magnitude of force development correlate
      with MLC phosphorylation. Basal and initial MLC phosphorylation may play a
      cooperative role in contractile function.

PMID- 2912508
TI  - Triiodothyronine, thyroxine, and TSH response to dexamethasone in depressed
      patients and normal controls.
AB  - In view of recent investigations concerning alterations of thyroid function in
      depression, the pre- and postdexamethasone levels of T3, T4, and TSH of 14
      patients during depression and after recovery were studied, in addition to those
      of 27 healthy controls. A reduction of T3 and TSH levels was shown to be
      dependent on the depressive state, with a tendency to lower T4 levels after
      recovery. Dexamethasone had a pronounced suppressive effect on TSH levels in
      healthy controls and in patients after recovery, but not during the depressive
      episode. These results point to an inadequate suppressibility of the hypothalamo
      pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis to dexamethasone during depression. There are close
      interrelations between the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) and the HPT axes
      that are possibly affected during depressive illness.

PMID- 2912509
TI  - Psychotic symptoms and the longitudinal course of senile dementia of the
      Alzheimer type.
AB  - Delusions, misidentifications and hallucinations occur frequently throughout the
      course of senile dementia of the Alzheimer type (SDAT). Rates of psychosis among
      subjects with moderate to severe SDAT range from 42% to 84% in our study group;
      at least half of persons with SDAT with no prior psychiatric history will display
      psychosis at some point during the course of dementia. Furthermore, psychotic
      symptoms are associated with accelerated cognitive deterioration, but not with
      increased mortality.

PMID- 2912510
TI  - Serum thyroxine change and clinical recovery in psychiatric inpatients.
AB  - Serum free thyroxine (FT4), total thyroxine (TT4), and Brief Psychiatric Rating
      Scale (BPRS) measurements were obtained following hospital admission and at 2
      week intervals during hospitalization in 80 male psychiatric inpatients with a
      variety of major psychotic and affective disorders. A strong correlation between
      the range values for BPRS sum and for FT4 (p less than 0.005) and TT4 (p less
      than 0.001) levels indicated that change in overall symptom severity was linked
      to change in thyroxine levels during clinical recovery. We found the relationship
      not to be a simple one, but to require definition of criteria for three patient
      subgroups for each hormone, taking into account the initial absolute thyroxine
      level, as well as the direction and magnitude of hormonal change during recovery.
      The hormonally defined "good recovery" subgroup included patients with high
      initial thyroxine levels that then fell substantially, patients with low initial
      thyroxine levels that then rose substantially, and patients with initial
      thyroxine levels in the middle range that subsequently changed substantially. The
      hormonally defined "poor recovery" subgroup included those patients not meeting
      these criteria. The degree of clinical improvement in the hormonally defined good
      recovery group was significantly greater by almost twofold than the poor recovery
      group both for FT4 (p less than 0.04) and TT4 (p less than 0.02). These findings
      suggest that a "normalizing" principle underlies the relationship between
      clinical recovery and thyroxine levels and that both FT4 and TT4 levels within
      the normal range appear to have clinical significance in either reflecting or
      contributing to the course of a variety of psychiatric disorders and possibly
      having a role in pathogenesis.

PMID- 2912511
TI  - EEG sleep in young depressives: first and second night effects.
AB  - The sleep electroencephalogram (EEG) of young, drug-free, recurrently depressed
      outpatients was analyzed for 2 nights and was compared to age-matched controls
      using a variety of standard and computerized measures of sleep activity. On the
      first night, young depressives showed significantly greater difficulty in falling
      asleep and decreased sleep efficiency. Sleep architecture differences between the
      young depressives and controls were highlighted by increased percentages of Stage
      2 sleep and major decreases in Stages 3 and 4 (delta wave) sleep among the
      depressives, as indicated by either period analyses or spectral analysis. The
      greatest differences in delta wave activity during night 1 were found in the
      first two (non-rapid eye movement (NREM) periods as measured by period analysis
      (NREM period 1, p less than 0.04; NREM period 2, p less than 0.001--average delta
      wave count) or by spectral analysis for the first 100 min of sleep (0.5-2.0 Hz).
      In contrast to the NREM sleep findings, various REM variables, including REM
      latency did not significantly distinguish the two subject groups for either night
      1 or 2. Stepwise discriminant analysis demonstrated that night 1 sleep latency
      and delta wave counts during the second NREM period correctly classified 100% of
      all 16 individuals studied. The only differences between the young depressed
      patients and controls that remained on night 2 were significant reductions in
      slow-wave sleep as quantified by the computerized methods. Taken together, these
      findings suggest that the EEG response of young outpatients to the first night's
      stay in a sleep laboratory may be a useful tool for the diagnosis of depression
      in this age group. In addition, the use of computerized methods in this study
      point to an underlying deficit in delta sleep waveforms as being a prominent
      feature of the sleep of young depressed subjects.

PMID- 2912512
TI  - Biophysics Society: program and abstracts, thirty-third annual meeting. February
      12-16, 1989, Cincinnati, Ohio.

PMID- 2912513
TI  - The place of the dream in psychotherapy.
AB  - The dream assumed an exceptional place in clinical practice beginning with
      Freud's extraordinary use of dream interpretation in his early presentations of
      psychoanalytic theory. Early students of analysis misconstrued this emphasis on
      the dream in theoretical exposition to apply to clinical practice as well.
      Eventually this difference was clarified, but there is still something
      exceptional about the dream in clinical practice that survives clarifications of
      this early misapprehension. The author reviews the historical issues, identifies
      the exceptional aspects of the dream in psychoanalytic practice, discusses some
      problems this phenomenon creates for the analyst, and describes several
      stereotypical attitudes toward the practice of dream interpretation.

PMID- 2912514
TI  - Acting out of separation conflicts in borderline pathology. An empirical case
      study.
AB  - The acting out of highly conflictual fantasies and feelings that develop around
      separations from significant others is a typical and challenging phenomenon for
      psychotherapists who treat borderline patients. The authors present a case study
      of a hospitalized 27-year-old woman with borderline pathology. Their account
      focuses on her experience and enactment of separation conflicts that emerged in
      psychotherapy (in dreams and transference) and in the inpatient milieu. To
      quantify and study the phenomena, the authors used an observational scheme and an
      acting-out scale.

PMID- 2912515
TI  - Adolescent gangs in the hospital.
AB  - Gang formation is common among adolescents, and the sociological dynamics of this
      phenomenon have been studied in depth. However, gang formation on mental health
      treatment units has not been extensively addressed. In this setting, gang members
      may disrupt treatment, threaten the safety of patients and staff, and leave the
      facility without receiving effective treatment. This impact motivated the authors
      to look beyond psychoanalytic and sociological models for an explanation of this
      phenomenon. After reviewing the literature and describing gang formation in a
      hospital, they apply a paradigm of moral development theory and suggest
      therapeutic interventions.

PMID- 2912516
TI  - The time limit in brief psychotherapy.
AB  - The time limit in psychoanalytically oriented brief psychotherapy has been
      construed as a motivation for the patient and the therapist to work more
      efficiently in therapy and as a stimulation of the patient's unconscious
      conflicts relating to separation and loss. The authors show that the time limit,
      in addition to the above functions, affects all focal conflicts in brief
      psychotherapy, whether or not they relate to separation issues. The time limit
      helps both patient and therapist to examine aspects of the patient's focal
      conflicts that tend to perpetuate symptoms or maladaptive patterns of behavior-
      that is, the primary gain of the symptom--and may therefore play a crucial role
      in the efficacy of brief psychotherapy. The authors also discuss implications for
      technique.

PMID- 2912517
TI  - Rorschach correlates of treatment difficulty in a long-term psychiatric hospital.
AB  - There are no studies of the use of the Rorschach test to predict possible
      treatment difficulties with hospitalized psychiatric patients. To explore this
      area, the authors assessed the Rorschach protocols of 114 patients using 19
      example-anchored rating scales. They conducted a factor analysis of the scales
      and correlated the resulting factor scores with the extent and type of treatment
      difficulty. Although there were few significant findings, the Rorschach factors
      of Dysphoric Affect, Mirroring, and Depreciation may warrant further
      investigation of their predictive value for treatment difficulty. Rorschach
      measures of severity of psychological disturbance, inability to represent
      aggression in ideation, and depreciation may help treaters anticipate types of
      treatment difficulty.

PMID- 2912518
TI  - Types of institutional transference.
AB  - Institutional transference is a common clinical phenomenon. The patients in whom
      it was originally described represent but one subset of this entity. The author
      describes four types of patients who manifest institutional transference and
      demonstrates how and why it develops. He notes that institutional transference
      does not preclude transference and emotional attachment to an individual
      clinician, and emphasizes that understanding which type of institutional
      transference appears in a patient aids the diagnosis and treatment of that
      patient.

PMID- 2912519
TI  - Low-dose cytosine arabinoside in acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia.
AB  - Eighteen previously untreated patients with acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia
      (ANLL) were treated with cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) in low doses (10 mg/m2
      every 12 hours) subcutaneously for 3 weeks. Complete remission (CR) was achieved
      in four patients (22.2%), and myelosuppression was observed in nearly all of
      them. Thrombocytopenia (20 X 10(3)/microliters) was pronounced in the third week
      of treatment and six patients (33.3%) needed platelet support. Contrary to
      earlier claims, our experience suggests that treatment with low-dose Ara-C is
      associated with significant cytopenias. Ara-C does not obviate the need for
      intensive supportive care and CR rates are no longer better. Low-dose Ara-C does
      not seem to be a choice in previously untreated ANLL patients who otherwise have
      a high probability of achieving a CR with standard multidrug chemotherapy
      protocols.

PMID- 2912521
TI  - High-dose cisplatin for locally advanced or metastatic head and neck cancer. A
      phase II pilot study.
AB  - High-dose cisplatin (40 mg/m2 every day X5) was administered to 14 patients (11
      men, three women) with locally advanced or metastatic head and neck cancer not
      curable by surgery or refractory to previous chemotherapy and/or radiation
      therapy. All 14 patients were evaluable for toxicity; one patient was inevaluable
      for response due to early death. A total of 24 courses of therapy were
      administered. The dose-limiting toxicity was myelosuppression with 73% of
      patients experiencing Grade III or IV neutropenia. Grade II or above
      thrombocytopenia occurred in 30% of the patients. Renal and neurologic toxicity
      was minimal. Two patients experienced laryngeal edema from vigorous hydration
      with one of them requiring a tracheostomy for respiratory compromise. Partial
      responses were seen in six patients (46%). Two of the six patients had received
      previous treatment with standard dose cisplatin. Two patients achieved long-term
      responses (54+, 44+ months, respectively). Both of these patients were previously
      untreated, inoperable (T4N3M0, T3N1M0), and subsequently received radiation
      therapy after two cycles of chemotherapy. Median duration of response in the
      remaining responders was 3 months (range, 3-10 months). High-dose cisplatin may
      benefit selected patients with inoperable, advanced head and neck tumors.
      However, further randomized trials need to be conducted before firm conclusions
      can be established.

PMID- 2912520
TI  - Low-dose continuous infusion 5-fluorouracil. Evaluation in advanced breast
      carcinoma.
AB  - Low-dose continuous infusion 5-fluorouracil (LDCI-FU) was administered to 28
      women with advanced breast carcinoma. Daily doses ranged from 175 to 250 mg/m2.
      The LDCI-FU was delivered continuously until the appearance of toxicity and was
      reinstituted at a 20% dose reduction after toxicity completely resolved. Patients
      with a median age of 56 years and a median performance status of 60% (Karnofsky)
      had been previously treated with combination chemotherapy. Complete responses
      were observed in two patients with soft tissue metastases. Thirteen patients
      experienced partial responses with a median duration of response of 4+ months.
      Partial responses were predominantly observed in soft tissue disease; however,
      five patients with visceral metastases experienced partial tumor regression.
      Median survival for the study group was 4+ months. Hormonal receptor status did
      not predict response to LDCI-FU. Toxicities included stomatitis, ten patients;
      hand-foot syndrome, eight patients; mild leukopenia, two patients; moderate
      thrombocytopenia, two patients; diarrhea, three patients; ataxia, three patients.
      Catheter-related toxicities of sepsis and/or thrombosis occurred in six patients.
      Because of the demonstrated activity in previously treated patients (53% response
      rate), LDCI-FU should be investigated in combination chemotherapy regimens in
      untreated breast cancer patients.

PMID- 2912522
TI  - Jaundice and intrahepatic cholestasis following high-dose megestrol acetate for
      breast cancer.
AB  - High-dose megestrol acetate, a synthetic progestin, has been advocated recently
      in treating patients with metastatic breast carcinoma; no significant increase in
      adverse effects has been reported. This report describes a patient with jaundice
      and intrahepatic cholestasis after high-dose megestrol acetate therapy. This
      cholestatic lesion may have a pathogenesis similar to that observed with
      estrogens and oral contraceptives.

PMID- 2912523
TI  - Prognostic factors for relapse after complete response in patients with
      metastatic germ cell tumors.
AB  - Among 216 patients with metastatic germ cell tumors who achieved a complete
      response (CR) to cisplatin-based chemotherapy (CT), 38 have experienced a
      relapse. Prognostic factors for time to relapse from time of response were
      considered using the Cox proportional hazards model. Compared with patients who
      responded to CT and did not require surgery and patients whose surgery showed
      only either necrotic debris or mature teratoma, those who required surgery for
      residual tumor after CT were at much higher risk for relapse, although their
      residual tumor was totally resected. Of the 19 patients who required this
      surgery, eight have experienced a relapse. Other prognostic factors for relapse
      included lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and human chorionic gonadatropin (hCG) at
      the time of initial CT. Although those who require surgery for residual tumor
      after CT receive additional CT, there is still a high risk of relapse.

PMID- 2912524
TI  - High concentrations of chromium in lung tissue from lung cancer patients.
AB  - The pulmonary chromium content was determined by plasma atomic emission
      spectrometer (DCP-AES) from 53 lung cancer and 43 control patients, and compared
      with smoking habits, severity of emphysema and occupational history. The chromium
      content from the lung cancer patients was higher than that from the smoking (P
      less than 0.025) or nonsmoking control patients (6.4 +/- 4.3, 4.0 +/- 4.0, and
      2.2 +/- 0.6 microgram/g dry weight, respectively). A positive correlation between
      the pulmonary chromium and smoking time (P less than 0.025) and the severity of
      emphysema (P less than 0.001) was found in the control but not in the cancer
      patients. The difference in the pulmonary chromium content was greatest between
      those lung cancer and control patients who were light smokers or had mild
      emphysema. This group of lung cancer patients included subjects with occupational
      exposure to chromium. The possibility of occupational cancer should be considered
      especially with light smokers. The grade of emphysema and metals such as chromium
      accumulating from tobacco could serve as objective indicators of smoking.

PMID- 2912525
TI  - Nucleolar organizer regions in Spitz nevi and malignant melanomas.
AB  - Nucleolar organizer regions (NOR) are loops of DNA that transcribe ribosomal RNA;
      they can be easily identified in formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue using a
      silver (Ag) method. It has been suggested that the number of AgNOR per cell can
      differentiate between benign and malignant melanocytic lesions of skin. We have
      studied 29 Spitz nevi (SN) and 39 invasive malignant melanomas (MM) by the same
      silver method. SN showed between 1.0 and 1.6 AgNOR per cell with a mean of 1.2.
      MM counts ranged from 1.2 to 4.2 with a mean of 2.0. It is concluded that the
      AgNOR method cannot reliably differentiate SN from MM; however, a count of more
      than 2.0 AgNOR per cell would favor a diagnosis of MM rather than SN.

PMID- 2912526
TI  - Characterization of pyruvate kinase from human rhabdomyosarcoma in relation to
      immunohistochemical and morphological criteria.
AB  - We have compared the pyruvate kinase (PK) isoenzyme pattern of three
      rhabdomyosarcomas with foetal skeletal muscle tissue of 19 and 23 weeks of
      gestation, together with adult muscle in relation to immunohistochemical and
      morphological criteria. In foetal tissue of 19 weeks of gestation a focal
      immunopositivity for desmin and myoglobin was observed, whereas in tissue of 23
      weeks an overall positivity for these proteins was present. Two of the three
      neoplasms were poorly differentiated and of the alveolar subtype. They were
      desmin immunoreactive. Some large spindle-shaped cells expressed myoglobin. The
      third one was more differentiated in microscopic characteristics and all cells
      showed immunoreactivity for desmin and myoglobin. In the foetal tissues five
      forms of pyruvate kinase isoenzymes were present with K2M2 as the predominant
      form. In adult muscle tissue only M4 was present. The tumors were characterized
      by a profound shift to the K-type, whereas the M4-type was not expressed at all.
      A difference in isoenzyme composition of pyruvate kinase was found between the
      morphologically less differentiated tumors and the more differentiated tumor; in
      the latter more M-subunits were expressed.

PMID- 2912527
TI  - Prognostic relevance of urinary neopterin in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.
AB  - Neopterin excretion levels were assessed in 66 consecutive patients affected by
      non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL). The logarithm of the mean value of the whole
      series was 2.71 (log [mumol neopterin/mol creatinine]), significantly higher (P
      less than 0.001) than the control value (2.12). Fifty-six of 66 patients had a
      raised excretion of neopterin in amounts statistically related to the stage of
      disease. The mean value (2.51) of patients in Stages I-II was lower than the mean
      value (2.86) of patients in Stage III-IV (P less than 0.001). The 2-year
      probability of survival was 64% for patients in Stages I-II and 34% for patients
      in Stages III-IV. However, patients with lower neopterin excretion (less than
      2.65) fared better than patients with higher neopterin excretion, regardless of
      the stage. Longitudinal analysis showed a trend toward a correlation between
      response to therapy and neopterin excretion. In NHL, the raised neopterin
      excretion appears to be a consequence of activation of the host immune system
      rather than a product of the malignant cells. But this excessive activation of
      the monocytes-macrophages, as reflected by urinary neopterin levels, is not
      accompanied by a better outcome. In conclusion, although neopterin cannot be
      considered a typical tumor marker, nevertheless it is an useful prognostic marker
      in NHL.

PMID- 2912528
TI  - S-100 protein-positive dendritic cells in colorectal adenocarcinomas.
      Distribution and relation to the clinical prognosis.
AB  - Dendritic cells (DC) in 121 colorectal adenocarcinomas were investigated
      immunohistochemically, using anti-S-100 protein antibody. S-100(+)DC were
      recognized among the malignant cells and/or around the tumor and differed in
      distribution either from lysozyme-positive macrophages or from neuron-specific
      enolase-positive neural tissue. Patients with many S-100(+)DC (more than 30 cells
      per 10 high-power fields) in the tumor survived longer than did those with few
      such cells (less than 30 cells), most often with no metastases (P less than
      0.001). The grade of S-100(+)DC infiltration was related to both density of
      lymphocytic infiltration in the primary tumor and the degree of paracortical
      hyperplasia in the regional lymph nodes (P less than 0.05). Dendritic cells,
      therefore, as antigen-presenting cells, conceivably mediate cell immunity in a
      tumor with lymphoid infiltration and in the regional lymph nodes. The number of S
      100(+) DC in the primary colorectal carcinomas represents one aspect of such a
      series of antitumor immunoreaction, in vivo.

PMID- 2912529
TI  - Giant-celled glioblastoma of brain. A clinico-pathological and radiological study
      of ten cases (including immunohistochemistry and ultrastructure).
AB  - Giant-celled glioblastoma multiforme is characterized by bizarre multinucleated
      giant cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm, paucity of vascular endothelial
      proliferation, and increased reticulin fibers. It is considered by Rubinstein to
      be a variant of glioblastoma multiforme and by Zulch to be of mesenchymal origin.
      We studied retrospectively ten cases of giant-celled glioblastoma to correlate
      clinical and pathological features including immunohistochemistry and
      ultrastructure, radiology and survival time. Seven men and three women ranging in
      age from 23-75 years had variable clinical presentations and well defined lesions
      on computed tomography (eight patients). Well-defined at surgery, the tumor was
      located in temporal (six patients), frontal (three patients), and parieto
      occipital (one patient) lobes. Besides characteristic histology, glial-fibrillary
      acidic protein was positive in all, along with intracytoplasmic fibrils on
      electron microscopy. Three patients died within 3 days of surgery. Of the
      surviving seven treated with radiation and/or chemotherapy, three had a survival
      time of more than 36 months and four less than 15 months. Our study identifies
      this tumor to be of astrocytic lineage, with temporal lobe predilection, and
      overall a longer survival rate than glioblastoma multiforme.

PMID- 2912530
TI  - An index for estimating the probability of lymph node metastasis in rectal
      cancers. Lymph node metastasis and the histopathology of actively invasive
      regions of cancer.
AB  - We examined resected specimens from 40 cases of advanced rectal cancer to
      determine the extent of microtubular cancer nests and undifferentiated cancer
      cells (budding). We investigated the relationship between this budding and
      lymphatic invasion (ly), venous invasion (v), and lymph node metastasis (n),
      respectively. Moreover, we examined the relationship between ly, budding, and n
      in the preoperative biopsy specimens of 112 patients, including those of the 40
      cases mentioned above. The degree of budding, which was abundant in the actively
      invasive region, showed a strong correlation with the degree of ly and the
      existence of n in the resected specimens. Also, budding was recognized in a
      relatively large portion of the biopsy specimens (52 of 112 [46.4%]) and lymph
      node metastasis was found in 41 of 52 specimens (78.8%). In 57 specimens, neither
      ly nor budding was found, and 16 of these specimens (28.1%) had positive lymph
      nodes. These results implied that the degree of budding in the actively invasive
      region can be a great help in predicting the presence of n. The presence or
      absence of budding in preoperative biopsy specimens also can be an important
      factor (along with the degree of differentiation and ly) in estimating the
      probability of n.

PMID- 2912531
TI  - Clinical and histopathologic characteristics of early lesions of subungual
      malignant melanoma.
AB  - Twenty-one Japanese cases of subungual malignant melanoma were investigated
      clinically and histologically. In the majority of the cases, the initial sign of
      the disease was confirmed to be melanonychia striata. Five cases of Clark's Level
      I melanoma were found in the series. Melanonychia striata had appeared as the
      initial sign in these five cases. Melanonychia striata is frequently observed in
      persons who are not white and is attributed to various local and systemic causes.
      Detailed clinical analysis of the five cases of early subungual melanoma showed
      that melanonychia striata with the following characteristics may increase the
      risk of early subungual melanoma developing: it is noticed during adulthood, it
      is broader than 6 mm, it is brownish with variegated shades or homogenously
      black, and it is accompanied by periungual pigmentation (Hutchinson's sign).
      Detection of early lesions of subungual melanoma is beneficial not only for the
      improvement of prognosis, but also for the preservation of the affected phalanx.

PMID- 2912532
TI  - Muscle cramps in cancer patients.
AB  - We prospectively evaluated 50 cancer patients with new complaints of muscle
      cramps. Neurologic examination and laboratory evaluation identified disorders
      related to neural, muscular, or biochemical abnormalities in 41 (82%) patients.
      Abnormalities were confined mainly to the peripheral nervous system and included
      peripheral neuropathy in 22 patients, root and plexus pathology in 17 patients
      (six with leptomeningeal metastases), and polymyositis in two patients.
      Hypomagnesemia accounted for muscle cramps in only one patient. Identifiable
      causes of muscle cramps were related mostly either to metastatic or nonmetastatic
      complications of the underlying malignancy (14 patients) or to complications of
      its treatment (21 patients). Cramps, or rather complaints of cramps, were the
      presenting symptom of recognizable and previously unsuspected neurologic
      dysfunction in 64% (27 of 42) of the identified causes. Therefore, we conclude
      that muscle cramps in cancer patients may not be a benign complaint and that they
      usually mark the presence of an identifiable neurologic disorder. The use of
      simple clinical and laboratory measures is rewarding in the evaluation of these
      patients and leads to diagnosis in the majority of them.

PMID- 2912533
TI  - Metoclopramide versus metoclopramide and lorazepam. Superiority of combined
      therapy in the control of cisplatin-induced emesis.
AB  - Sixty-four patients treated with cisplatin-containing regimens were entered into
      a randomized, double-blinded study examining the antiemetic efficacy of
      metoclopramide with and without lorazepam for control of cisplatin-induced
      emesis. Metoclopramide was administered to all patients at 2 mg/kg,
      intravenously, 30 minutes before chemotherapy and 1.5, 3.5, and 5.5 hours
      posttreatment. Patients randomized to receive combined antiemetic therapy were
      administered lorazepam at 2 mg/m2 (maximum, 4 mg dose) intravenously, 30 minutes
      before chemotherapy. Those patients not receiving lorazepam were given normal
      saline placebo. Degree of nausea and number of vomiting episodes were recorded on
      a data flow sheet with a visual analogue scale. Drug toxicities were evaluated
      before each administered dose. Patients receiving both metoclopramide and
      lorazepam experienced significantly less vomiting episodes (P less than 0.05) and
      nausea (P less than 0.01) when compared to patients given metoclopramide alone.
      Forty-four percent of those receiving the combined therapy reported no nausea or
      vomiting episodes compared to only 22% receiving metoclopramide alone. Sedation
      was significantly more common in patients receiving lorazepam (88%) as opposed to
      patients receiving only metoclopramide (43%), P less than 0.01. Amnesia was seen
      in 25% receiving lorazepam. No significant difference in diarrhea, dystonia, or
      disinhibition was observed between the two arms. The authors conclude that the
      combination of lorazepam and metoclopramide was superior to metoclopramide alone
      in the prevention of cisplatin-induced nausea and vomiting, with sedation and
      amnesia more commonly observed in the combined regimen.

PMID- 2912534
TI  - Expanded role for fine needle aspiration of the prostate. A study of 335
      specimens.
AB  - In 279 patients, 335 cytologic samples were obtained from the prostate and
      correlated with histology obtained by core needle biopsy in 189 cases.
      Approximately 6% of the cytologic specimens were inadequate for diagnosis. The
      unconfirmed positive rate for malignancy was 1.6%, the false-negative rate was
      27.9%, and the accuracy rate was 89.6%. Granulomatous inflammation was diagnosed
      in 19 cases, and three cases of tumors other than acinar carcinoma of the
      prostate were encountered. Based on our experience, cytologic criteria for the
      diagnosis of prostatic adenocarcinoma are described.

PMID- 2912535
TI  - Is there an increased incidence of adenomatous polyps in breast cancer patients?
AB  - Using flexible proctosigmoidoscopy, the incidence of adenomatous polyps was
      studied in 161 patients previously operated on for breast cancer and also in 147
      hospitalized controls not presenting with colorectal symptoms. The acceptance and
      tolerance of the examination were good in both populations. The mean age and
      length of the colons explored were not statistically different for the two
      groups. The incidence of adenomas was high in the breast cancer group (14.2%) in
      comparison to the control group (4.7%) (P less than 0.01). This strong incidence
      especially concerned very small polyps with a diameter smaller than 3 mm. There
      were also two polyps with superficial carcinomas in the breast cancer group.
      Breast cancer does indeed seem to represent a condition with a high risk of
      colorectal adenomas. Our results prompt us to propose the adoption of systematic
      screening measures and a surveillance schedule as soon as the breast cancer is
      found.

PMID- 2912537
TI  - [The Nurses' Association of New Brunswick and AIDS].

PMID- 2912536
TI  - Side effects and emotional distress during cancer chemotherapy.
AB  - Chemotherapy side effects, patient distress, and patient-practitioner
      communication were evaluated in an inception sample of 238 patients with breast
      cancer or malignant lymphoma. Participants were interviewed at five points during
      their first six cycles of therapy, and a subsample kept brief daily symptom
      diaries. Nausea, hair loss, and tiredness were each experienced by more than 80%
      of patients. By cycle 6, 46% of patients had thoughts about quitting therapy, but
      only a few had told medical staff. Patients' ratings of the objective difficulty
      of treatment increased over time, varied by treatment regimen, and were predicted
      by the experience of side effects, with the number of different side effects
      serving as the best predictor. In contrast, emotional distress was less sensitive
      to the directly assessable characteristics of treatment. Communication between
      patient and practitioner was found to be inadequate in a number of respects
      (i.e., patients did not fully anticipate the toxicities of treatment and did not
      report their concerns to medical staff). Communication may be impeded by
      inaccuracies in a patient's recall of treatment difficulties and by a patient's
      inability or unwillingness to attend to all presented information. More frequent
      opportunities for patient-practitioner discussion are necessary.

PMID- 2912538
TI  - I have AIDS.

PMID- 2912539
TI  - Children and tobacco.

PMID- 2912540
TI  - Nurses' smoking behavior.

PMID- 2912541
TI  - Nursing up North.

PMID- 2912542
TI  - Neonatal heel puncture.

PMID- 2912543
TI  - [Care of persons with cognitive deficiencies].
AB  - Care of those with cognitive deficits. Even a decade ago, articles on aging and
      those with cognitive deficits attracted relatively little attention. Now,
      educators, health care professionals and researchers alike consider the aged and
      maintenance of their autonomy to be priorities. Yet in spite of the good
      intentions of these groups, there will be no significant changes in care of the
      elderly and those with cognitive deficits without the cooperation and commitment
      of health care administrators, say these authors. As such, they raise questions
      about the way health institutions and more precisely care services and units are
      administered. The article also examines how history affects the organization of
      care--in particular, daily care. It is written in administrative terminology.

PMID- 2912544
TI  - [Prevention, why resist it?].
AB  - Prevention, why resist it? Based on a 1988 speech the author gave to infection
      control professionals in Montreal, this article draws a parallel between
      individuals' resistance to change and their reaction to infection control
      programs. Gladly, many of the same well-honed techniques that help change along
      can be applied to infection control efforts, he says. Analyzing the
      implementation of an infection control program for AIDS in a health center, the
      author emphasizes do's and don'ts and explores appropriate and inappropriate
      approaches to leadership, conflict prevention and problem solving. To sell your
      program, he says, you must also sell yourself; you must be convincing and
      credible.

PMID- 2912545
TI  - Effects of human bone marrow stroma on the growth of human tumor cells.
AB  - As some tumors metastasize frequently to marrow we modified the clonogenic assay
      for human tumor cell growth by culturing tumor cells in the presence of human
      bone marrow stromal cells. In a bilayer soft agar assay, human tumor cells which
      had been passaged in nude mice were plated in the agar overlayer on an underlayer
      containing a suspension of trypsinized human bone marrow stromal cells. These
      marrow stromal cells stimulated the growth of tumor cells in a dose-dependent
      fashion, with a growth peak at a stromal cell density of 5-10 x 10(5)/ml. The
      maximal stimulation of tumour cell growth was 13-fold. We evaluated clonal growth
      of six separate tumors of five different histological types (small and large cell
      bronchogenic carcinoma; mammary carcinoma; malignant melanoma; pleural
      mesothelioma) and demonstrated that in 9 of 11 experiments tumor cell colonies
      formed in the absence of stromal cells, but colony growth was markedly stimulated
      by stromal cells in every case. Stromal stimulation persisted after irradiation
      of the stromal cells with 10 Gy. Growth of five fresh human tumor samples was
      similarly stimulated by the presence of human bone marrow stromal cells. Tumor
      cell colonies were characterized morphologically by Pappenheim stain and
      immunologically for surface antigens by peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunostaining
      utilizing monoclonal antibodies (carcinoembryonic antigen 26/3/13 and 26/5/1,
      EMA, HEA125, Sam 2 and Sam 10) which detected epithelial cell antigens. Colonies
      consisted of cytologically malignant cells which expressed epithelial cell
      antigens. Thus, the tumor cell origin of colonies from mammary carcinoma and
      bronchogenic small cell, large cell, and adenocarcinoma was proven. This tumor
      stem cell assay permits further analyses of human tumor cell biology and may be
      useful for testing drug sensitivity.

PMID- 2912546
TI  - Resistance to neoplastic transformation induced by nonterminal differentiation.
AB  - Cell clones derived from undifferentiated 3T3 T mesenchymal stem cells show a low
      rate of spontaneous transformation but can be efficiently transformed by a
      variety of carcinogens. In contrast, it is now reported that cell clones derived
      from nonterminally differentiated 3T3 T stem cells are highly resistant to
      neoplastic transformation induced by physical and chemical carcinogens.
      Differentiation-induced resistance to neoplastic transformation is evident in
      both in vitro and in vivo transformation assays and can be stably expressed for
      greater than 50 population doublings. These results establish that resistance to
      neoplastic transformation can be regulated in mammalian stem cells by the process
      of nonterminal differentiation.

PMID- 2912547
TI  - Modulation of growth and epidermal growth factor receptor activity by retinoic
      acid in human glioma cells.
AB  - The growth-inhibitory activity of beta-all-trans-retinoic acid (RA) was examined
      on seven cultured human gliomas and cells derived from one normal brain. Response
      in monolayer cultures was heterogenous: three cell lines were completely
      resistant whereas five cell lines were growth inhibited with 50% inhibitory dose
      ranging from greater than 10(-5) to 1 x 10(-8) M. Two glioma cell lines capable
      of forming colonies in soft agar exhibited dose-dependent sensitivity to RA
      induced growth inhibition, whereas another cell line was not affected by RA under
      either growth condition. Cell cycle analysis of the glial-derived cells has shown
      that the RA-sensitive cells accumulated in the G0-G1 phase. The cell surface
      expression of epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptors displayed by the various
      cells was either slightly increased or not affected by RA. In addition, the
      affinity of binding was slightly decreased in some sensitive cells. The activity
      of EGF receptor as assessed by immunocomplex-kinase assays revealed a dose
      dependent decrease in autophosphorylation activity that appeared to correlate
      with the growth inhibition. The decrease in phosphokinase activity represented a
      dose-dependent inhibition of phosphorylation on tyrosine residues on EGF receptor
      as well as several other substrates. Furthermore, the autophosphorylation of
      either RA-treated or untreated EGF receptors occurred on similar amino acid
      residues. These results demonstrate that RA exhibits a heterogeneous growth
      inhibitory activity against human glioma cells and suggest that the effects of RA
      may be mediated, at least in part, by modulation of EGF receptor phosphotyrosine
      kinase activity.

PMID- 2912548
TI  - Study of the ability of phenacetin, acetaminophen, and aspirin to induce
      cytotoxicity, mutation, and morphological transformation in C3H/10T1/2 clone 8
      mouse embryo cells.
AB  - Use of the analgesic compounds acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), phenacetin, and
      acetaminophen has been correlated with increased risk of renal cancer in humans.
      Hence, we studied these compounds for ability to induce cytotoxicity, mutation to
      ouabain resistance, and morphological transformation in cultured C3H/10T1/2 clone
      8 (10T1/2) mouse embryo cells. All three compounds were cytotoxic from 0.5-mg/ml
      to 2-mg/ml concentrations as evidenced by decreased plating efficiency. None of
      the compounds induced detectable base substitution mutations to ouabain
      resistance even at cytotoxic concentrations. Aspirin did not induce morphological
      transformation. Both phenacetin and acetaminophen induced low but concentration
      dependent numbers of atypical, weak type II morphologically transformed foci; at
      equimolar concentrations, phenacetin was 1.1- to 3.0-fold more active in inducing
      these foci. Neither phenacetin nor acetaminophen was cotransforming with 3
      methylcholanthrene, and neither compound promoted cell transformation when added
      to 3-methylcholanthrene-initiated 10T1/2 cells. The focus-inducing potency of
      both compounds was increased by addition of an Arochlor-induced hamster liver S9
      fraction as an exogenous metabolizing system. However, seven putative metabolites
      of phenacetin and acetaminophen that were tested--N-hydroxyphenacetin, p
      phenetidine, p-aminophenol, p-nitrosophenol, benzoquinone, acetamide, and N
      acetyl-p-benzoquinoneimine--were inactive in transformation assays at the
      concentrations reducing plating efficiency of treated cells to 50% of the plating
      efficiency of nontreated (control) cells. Several acetaminophen- and phenacetin
      induced foci were cloned, expanded into cell lines, and characterized. These cell
      lines stably formed type II foci when maintained at confluence for 2 to 4 wk in
      reconstruction experiments with nontransformed 10T1/2 cells; however, they did
      not exhibit significantly increased saturation density compared to 10T1/2 cells,
      and they did not grow in soft agarose. These results suggest that metabolic
      intermediates of high concentrations of phenacetin and acetaminophen induce a low
      frequency of nonneoplastic morphological transformation of 10T1/2 mouse embryo
      cells.

PMID- 2912549
TI  - Analgesics, cigarette smoking, and other risk factors for cancer of the renal
      pelvis and ureter.
AB  - Results from a population-based case-control study of cancer of the renal pelvis
      and ureter are reported. Telephone interviews were conducted with 187 residents
      of Los Angeles County diagnosed with cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter over a
      4-year period ending December 31, 1982, and with individually sex-, age- and race
      matched neighborhood controls. The major risk factor identified for cancer of the
      renal pelvis and ureter was cigarette smoking. Subjects who smoked more than 25
      years had a relative risk of 4.5 of developing these tumors, compared to
      nonsmokers (P less than 0.0001). Heavy use of over-the-counter analgesics was
      also associated with a significant increase in risk; it appears that an elevated
      risk was conveyed by all the major active constituents of those compounds
      currently marketed in the United States, aspirin, caffeine, and acetaminophen.
      Persons who had used these drugs for 30 consecutive days at any time in their
      life preceding diagnosis had twice the risk of developing cancer of the renal
      pelvis or ureter compared to persons not reporting such use (P less than 0.01).
      Heavy coffee drinkers (greater than or equal to 7 cups/day) had a 1.8-fold
      increase in risk compared to nondrinkers. Although risk tended to increase with
      increasing consumption, this result was not statistically significant. The risk
      associated with heavy coffee consumption was reduced to 1.3 after adjusting for
      smoking. Nine cases compared to no controls reported a first degree relative with
      kidney cancer. A history of kidney stones was associated with an increased risk
      of cancer of the ureter (relative risk = 2.5) that was not, however,
      statistically significant.

PMID- 2912550
TI  - Coffee consumption and digestive tract cancers.
AB  - The relationship between coffee drinking and the risk of digestive tract
      neoplasms was analyzed in a case-control study of 50 cases of cancer of the mouth
      or pharynx, 209 of the esophagus, 397 of the stomach, 455 of the colon, 295 of
      the rectum, 151 of the liver, 214 of the pancreas, and 1944 control subjects
      admitted for acute, non-digestive tract disorders. There was no significant or
      consistent association between coffee and cancers of the mouth or pharynx,
      esophagus, stomach, liver, or pancreas. In particular, for pancreatic cancer, the
      multivariate relative risks for the intermediate and upper tertiles were 1.05 and
      1.01, respectively. There were significant inverse trends in risk with measures
      of coffee consumption for colon and rectal cancers, the multivariate relative
      risks according to tertiles of coffee consumption being 0.86 and 0.64 for colon
      and 0.97 and 0.66 for rectum. This apparent protection is in agreement with some
      (but not all) previous epidemiological evidence and finds a possible biological
      interpretation in terms of interference on bile secretion, causing reduced bile
      acid and neutral sterol concentrations in the bowel. In conclusion, the results
      of this study, the major interest of which lies in the opportunity of drawing up
      an overall pattern of risk for various digestive neoplasms, offer further
      reassurance as regards the effects of coffee on digestive tract carcinogenesis.

PMID- 2912551
TI  - Classification of lung cancer patients and controls by chromatography of modified
      nucleosides in serum.
AB  - A wide spectrum of modified nucleosides has been quantified by high-performance
      liquid chromatography in serum of 49 male lung cancer patients, 35 patients with
      other cancers, and 48 patients hospitalized for nonneoplastic diseases. Data for
      29 modified nucleoside peaks were normalized to an internal standard and analyzed
      by discriminant analysis and stepwise discriminant analysis. A model based on
      peaks selected by a stepwise discriminant procedure correctly classified 79% of
      the cancer and 75% of the noncancer subjects. It also demonstrated 84%
      sensitivity and 79% specificity when comparing lung cancer to noncancer subjects,
      and 80% sensitivity and 55% specificity in comparing lung cancer to other
      cancers. The nucleoside peaks having the greatest influence on the models varied
      dependent on the subgroups compared, confirming the importance of quantifying a
      wide array of nucleosides. These data support and expand previous studies which
      reported the utility of measuring modified nucleoside levels in serum and show
      that precise measurement of an array of 29 modified nucleosides in serum by high
      performance liquid chromatography with UV scanning with subsequent data modeling
      may provide a clinically useful approach to patient classification in diagnosis
      and subsequent therapeutic monitoring.

PMID- 2912552
TI  - Enhancement of experimental gastric carcinogenesis induced in spontaneously
      hypertensive rats by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine.
AB  - The incidence, number, and histological types of gastric cancers induced by N
      methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and the tissue norepinephrine concentration of
      the gastric wall were investigated in spontaneously hypertensive rats and in
      control Wistar Kyoto rats and Wistar rats. All rats were given drinking water
      containing 25 micrograms/ml of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine for 25 weeks.
      During Week 52, the incidence and number per rat of gastric cancers were
      significantly greater in spontaneously hypertensive rats than in Wistar Kyoto and
      Wistar rats. All tumors induced in the glandular stomach were adenocarcinomas,
      but no significant difference was found in the histological types of
      adenocarcinoma in the three strains of rats. At Weeks 15, 30, and 52,
      norepinephrine concentrations in the fundic and antral portion of the gastric
      walls and labeling indices in the antral and fundic mucosa were significantly
      higher in spontaneously hypertensive rats than in Wistar Kyoto and/or Wistar
      rats. These findings indicate that increased sympathetic nervous system activity
      enhances the development of gastric cancers, but immunological dysfunction in
      spontaneously hypertensive rats may contribute to the increased susceptibility to
      gastric cancer.

PMID- 2912553
TI  - Purification and characterization of cytochrome P-450 induced by
      benz(a)anthracene in mouse skin microsomes.
AB  - Topical application of benz(a)anthracene to mouse skin elicited a 2-fold increase
      in cytochrome P-450 content, with accompanying increases in monooxygenase
      activities such as benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylation, 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylation,
      and acetanilide 4-hydroxylation, in the microsomes. A major form of cytochrome P
      450 was purified from skin microsomes of mice treated with polycyclic aromatic
      hydrocarbon. A specific content of 1.95 nmol/mg of protein, which corresponded to
      48-fold purification from the microsomes, was observed. The purified protein
      produced a single major band on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis having a molecular weight of 55,000. Using Western blotting, the
      band immunochemically cross-reacted with antibody which had been raised against
      rat liver cytochrome P-450MC-1. The purified preparation efficiently catalyzed
      benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylation and 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylation when
      reconstituted with NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase. These activities were
      inhibited by 7,8-benzoflavone as well as anti-cytochrome P-450MC-1 antibody, but
      not by P-450PB-1 antibody. The results indicate that, in mouse skin microsomes, a
      cytochrome P-450 induced by benz(a)anthracene is enzymatically and
      immunochemically similar to rat liver cytochrome P-450MC-1. It is suggested that
      this enzyme plays an important role in the activation of carcinogenic polycyclic
      aromatic hydrocarbons.

PMID- 2912554
TI  - Examination of urokinase protein/transcript levels and their relationship with
      laminin degradation in cultured colon carcinoma.
AB  - Conditioned medium derived from the colon cancer cell lines was ineffective in
      solubilizing immobilized radiolabeled laminin. However, substantial degradation
      was observed in the presence of plasminogen and could be largely blocked by
      preincubation with polyclonal anti-urokinase antibody. Sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the solubilized products generated either
      by the conditioned medium or by authentic urokinase supplemented with plasminogen
      yielded identical results. Analysis of the spent medium for urokinase by an
      enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method revealed a similar profile to that
      achieved with the laminin degradation assays for the six cell lines tested.
      However, Northern analysis of urokinase-specific mRNA indicated that protein
      levels could not be entirely predicted by steady-state levels of the transcript.
      In a previous study, undifferentiated colon cancer cell lines expressed larger
      amounts of the plasminogen activator into the conditioned medium compared with
      their well-differentiated counterparts. However, these earlier studies were
      performed using cells grown in defined medium which lacked epidermal growth
      factor (EGF). EGF has been reported to affect plasminogen activator levels.
      Consequently, to investigate the role of EGF in the modulation of urokinase
      protein/activity, cell types representative of well- and poorly differentiated
      colon cancer were examined for their sensitivity of expression to this growth
      factor. In the absence of EGF, primitive cell types secreted, on average, 5 times
      more urokinase than their well-differentiated counterparts. In response to EGF,
      however, well-differentiated cell lines exhibited 4- to 6-fold increases in these
      parameters while the primitive cell lines were refractory to the peptide.
      Consequently, the differences in urokinase protein expressed by the well- and
      poorly differentiated groups of cells were abolished by the presence of EGF. The
      expression of a well-differentiated phenotype by colon cancer cell types in vivo
      probably depends to some extent on laminin within a basement membrane. The data
      presented herein are consistent with the idea that depletion of this glycoprotein
      from a basement membrane by urokinase-dependent mechanisms may contribute to the
      undifferentiated phenotype seen with many of these malignancies.

PMID- 2912555
TI  - Excretion and metabolism of mitoxantrone in rabbits.
AB  - The hepatic clearance of mitoxantrone was evaluated in rabbits using both bile
      duct cannulated animals and freshly isolated hepatocytes in suspension or in
      primary culture. Mitoxantrone metabolic behavior was assessed by high-performance
      liquid chromatography using a method which specifically resolved mitoxantrone
      from its mono- and dicarboxylic acid derivatives. Excretion of mitoxantrone in
      bile and urine was studied over a 6-h period of observation following i.v. bolus
      injection of 0.04, 0.20, and 1.0 mg [14C]mitoxantrone/kg. Bile route represented
      the main excretion pathway for mitoxantrone and its metabolites--mainly the
      monocarboxylic acid derivative. Biliary excretion was very rapid (maximum biliary
      concentration achieved 9 to 18 min following drug administration) and amounted to
      29.5 +/- 9.3%, 27.6 +/- 7.9%, and 28.3 +/- 3.8% of administered drug,
      respectively. Urinary excretion amounted to 7.3 +/- 0.2%, 7.1 +/- 4.6%, and 6.0
      +/- 1.5%, respectively. Both biliary and urinary excretions of mitoxantrone and
      its metabolites remained linear over the range of concentrations routinely used
      in clinic. Metabolism of mitoxantrone was first studied using rabbit hepatocytes
      in suspension. Since metabolic rate was slow under these incubation conditions
      (observation period, 1 h), mitoxantrone metabolism was investigated in primary
      cultures of rabbit hepatocytes. Mitoxantrone was rapidly accumulated within the
      cells and metabolized to its various metabolites which rapidly effluxed in the
      extracellular medium. After a 48-h exposure of hepatocytes to a broad range of
      mitoxantrone concentrations (1 to 20 microM), it could be seen that (a) drug
      accumulation and metabolism did not exhibit saturation processes, (b)
      mitoxantrone was the main intracellular form, while (c) metabolites rapidly
      effluxed in the extracellular compartment and (d) the monocarboxylic acid
      derivative represented the main extracellular metabolite. This data demonstrates
      the important role played by the liver in the pharmacokinetic behavior of
      mitoxantrone and suggests a careful drug monitoring in patients with severe liver
      dysfunction.

PMID- 2912556
TI  - Sensitization of noncycling human diploid cells to X-irradiation by pretreatment
      with 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine.
AB  - The interactions between X-irradiation and 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine (ara
      A) were studied in confluent, density-inhibited cultures of normal human diploid
      fibroblast cell strain AG1522. ara-A (0.1 to 3.0 x 10(-3) M) was added to the
      cultures either 2 or 24 h prior to irradiation. The cells were subcultured at low
      density to measure the surviving fraction either immediately after irradiation,
      or they were returned to the incubator in the continued presence of ara-A for an
      additional 4 or 24 h. In cells subcultured immediately after irradiation,
      pretreatment with ara-A greatly enhanced cell killing by X-rays in a
      concentration-dependent fashion. The D0 of the survival curve decreased from 143
      cGy to 74 or 49 cGy following pretreatment with 1.0 or 3.0 x 10(-3) M ara-A,
      respectively. ara-A by itself had little effect on the cloning efficiency of
      nonirradiated cells at concentrations up to 10(-3) M, but higher levels were
      cytotoxic. When subculture was delayed for 4 or 24 h, the enhancement in survival
      reflecting potentially lethal damage recovery was not reduced by continuing
      incubation with ara-A at concentrations up to 10(-3) M. Higher levels
      significantly inhibited potentially lethal damage repair, as well as producing
      marked sensitization. With 24-h delayed subcultivation, the D0 of the survival
      curve decreased from 324 cGy to 63 cGy following incubation with 3.0 x 10(-3) M
      ara-A. These results indicate that pretreatment with nontoxic concentrations of
      ara-A can markedly sensitize human cells to the lethal effects of X-rays. This
      effect appears to be independent of its ability to inhibit postirradiation
      cellular recovery processes.

PMID- 2912557
TI  - Promotion by neurotensin of gastric carcinogenesis induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N
      nitrosoguanidine in Wistar rats.
AB  - The effects of neurotensin on the incidence and histology of gastric cancers
      induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine were investigated in Wistar rats.
      Rats were given 100 or 200 micrograms per kg of body weight of neurotensin s.c.
      every other day in depot form after 25 wk of p.o. treatment with the carcinogen.
      Prolonged alternate-day administration of neurotensin at 200 micrograms per kg of
      body weight resulted in a significant increase in the incidence of gastric
      cancers of the glandular stomach by Wk 52. However, it did not influence the
      histological appearance of the gastric cancers. Furthermore, it caused a
      significant increase in the labeling indices of the epithelial cells of the
      antrum and of gastric cancers. In contrast, the administration of neurotensin at
      100 micrograms per kg of body weight had a slight, but not significant, influence
      on the development of gastric cancers. These findings indicate that neurotensin
      promotes gastric carcinogenesis, and that this effect may be related to its
      effect in increasing proliferation of epithelial cells in the antral mucosa and
      in gastric cancers.

PMID- 2912558
TI  - Studies on the control of gene expression of the carcinoembryonic antigen family
      in human tissue.
AB  - The control of expression of genes of the carcinoembryonic antigen family was
      investigated in 22 specimens of malignant and nonmalignant human colonic tissues.
      These surgical specimens included seven colonic adenocarcinomas that were
      compared with normal adjacent colonic mucosal tissues from the same individual.
      mRNA preparations from all colonic tissues expressed three bands of 3.5, 3.0, and
      2.6 kilobases on Northern blots probed with carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
      complementary DNA probe while normal liver and spleen were negative. The major
      band of 3.0 kilobases was 6 to 10 times more intense in the colon tumor specimens
      than in the matched normal mucosa. However, the tumor/normal ratios of
      immunoreactive CEA in these pairs varied from 2- to greater than 100-fold.
      Furthermore, there was no direct proportionality between mRNA levels and gene
      product expression, suggesting that the known variations in CEA expression in
      human colonic tissues result from both transcriptional and posttranscriptional
      control mechanisms. Southern blots of DNA from these specimens did not reveal any
      gene rearrangements or amplifications accompanying expression. Finally, Southern
      blots of DNA digested with methylation-sensitive endonucleases and probed with a
      genomic DNA fragment upstream of CEA gene coding regions demonstrated that CEA
      expression is correlated with a decreased level of methylation in the 5' region
      of the CEA gene.

PMID- 2912559
TI  - Monoclonal antibody against human colonic sulfomucin: immunochemical detection of
      its binding sites in colonic mucosa, colorectal primary carcinoma, and
      metastases.
AB  - Previous studies using metabolic labeling of fresh colonic mucosa and colorectal
      carcinoma with [35S]sulfate followed by biochemical analysis demonstrated that
      the amount of a sulfated high-molecular-weight glycoprotein expressed in primary
      colorectal carcinoma was lower than that in normal mucosa, and that the amount
      further decreased in liver metastases. This suggested that this sulfated molecule
      represented a sulfomucin previously defined by histochemical reactivity with a
      cationic dye. We have extracted and partially purified this high-molecular-weight
      sulfated glycoprotein from normal human colonic mucosa. We immunized mice with
      the partially purified sulfomucin and generated hybridomas. One cloned hybridoma,
      designated as 91.9H, produced a monoclonal antibody strongly reactive with a
      component which migrated at an identical position as the metabolically
      [35S]sulfate-labeled high-molecular-weight glycoprotein after polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The reactive molecules
      appeared to have a polydisperse nature with a molecular weight ranging between
      400,000 and 900,000. The [35S]sulfate-labeled high-molecular-weight glycoprotein
      was bound to Staphylococcus Protein A-agarose coated with this monoclonal
      antibody but did not bind to unconjugated Protein A-agarose. The
      immunoprecipitated substance also migrated at an apparent molecular weight range
      of 400,000 to 900,000. The reactivity of monoclonal antibody 91.9H with the
      extracts of normal mucosa, colorectal primary carcinoma, and metastasis was
      compared by dot blot assay on a nitrocellulose membrane. This antibody was more
      reactive with the extracts of mucosa adjacent to carcinoma tissues than with the
      carcinoma extracts. Primary tumors showed higher reactivity than metastases in
      most of the cases. These results strongly suggest that this antibody is specific
      to colonic sulfomucins or at least to mucins closely related to colonic mucins
      previously identified by metabolic labeling with [35S]sulfate.

PMID- 2912560
TI  - Expression of the tumor-specific and calcium-binding protein oncomodulin during
      chemical transformation of rat fibroblasts.
AB  - An in vivo-in vitro approach to studying neoplastic development in carcinogen
      exposed rat fibroblasts was evaluated. In the model described, oncomodulin (Mr
      12,000; pI 3.9), a tumor-associated and Ca2+-binding protein, was used as a
      specific marker of malignant transformation. A rapidly proliferating granulation
      tissue was exposed in vivo or in vitro to potent carcinogens like N-methyl-N'
      nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and procarbazine. As an endpoint of transformation
      anchorage independent (AI) colony formation in the soft agar assay was chosen.
      Exposure to various doses of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in vivo or in
      vitro, or to procarbazine in vivo, led to induction of AI, transformed cells.
      Exposure of the cells to various doses of procarbazine in vitro produced neither
      formation of AI cells in the agar nor expression of oncomodulin in extracts of
      the exposed cell population. Almost all of the chemically induced AI cell lines
      tested have been found to be tumorigenic in athymic mice. In contrast, a very low
      rate (zero to two colonies per 10(6) cells tested) of spontaneous AI populations
      derived from untreated cells. None of these control AI colonies yielded tumors.
      In our transformation assay the appearance of neoplastic phenotypes seems very
      rapid, probably due to the increased cell division at the time of carcinogen
      exposure. Expression of oncomodulin was found in extracts of transformed cells
      harvested from agar colonies, derived from carcinogen-exposed granulation tissue,
      but not from normal, untreated fibroblasts, as shown by two-dimensional
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and high-performance liquid chromatographic
      analysis, as well as 45Ca2+-transblot electrophoresis. The presence of
      oncomodulin in extracts of transformed cells correlates well with the chemically
      induced colony formation in the soft agar assay. Oncomodulin might be a suitable
      neoplastic marker to study chemical carcinogenesis.

PMID- 2912561
TI  - Comparison of DNA-protein cross-links induced by 4'-(9-acridinylamino)
      methanesulfon-m-anisidide and by gamma-radiation.
AB  - The antitumor agent 4'-(9-acridinylamino)methanesulfon-m-anisidide (m-AMSA)
      inhibits topoisomerase II activity through the formation of a complex of DNA and
      covalently bound enzyme which, upon protein denaturation, yields DNA breaks
      (single strand breaks). In the present study, this complex served as a standard
      for analysis of radiation-induced DNA-protein cross-links (DPC). Following the
      treatment of exponentially growing mouse L929 cells with 0-100 ng/ml of m-AMSA
      for 1 h, a linear dose-dependent increase was found in the amount of DNA retained
      on nitrocellulose filters during subsequent analysis. This result indicates that
      the assay can detect DPC that have a single protein bound to each DNA fragment.
      The results of fractionation of nuclear DNA show that m-AMSA induces 20- to 45
      fold more DPC in nuclear matrix-associated DNA than in the majority distal loop
      DNA, supporting the notion that topoisomerase II is located at the nuclear
      matrix. The frequency of single strand breaks induced by m-AMSA, which should be
      equal to the frequency of DPC, was determined by alkaline elution. Results of the
      alkaline elution assay could be correlated with the percentage of DNA retained on
      nitrocellulose filters; i.e., 1% DNA retention corresponded to 2560 DPC per log
      phase L929 cell, which has been determined to have a DNA content of 22.25 pg.
      Using this standard curve, DPC induced by gamma-irradiation in air were estimated
      to be formed at a frequency of 133 DPC/cell/Gy, a frequency approximately 3% that
      of gamma-ray-induced single strand breaks. The radiation dose response for DPC
      production was unaffected by the high levels of DPC present in cells previously
      treated with m-AMSA. In addition, DPC induced by m-AMSA were rapidly reversed
      after the removal of the drug, in contrast to a slower removal of DPC induced by
      gamma-radiation. These observations suggest that although m-AMSA and gamma
      radiation both preferentially induce DPC with matrix-attached DNA, they produce
      independent types of DPC.

PMID- 2912562
TI  - In vitro hepatotoxicity of SR 4233 (3-amino-1,2,4-benzotriazine-1,4-dioxide), a
      hypoxic cytotoxin and potential antitumor agent.
AB  - SR 4233 (3-amino-1,2,4-benzotriazine-1,4-dioxide) is presently undergoing
      investigation as an antitumor agent because of its high selective toxicity for
      hypoxic cells in vitro and in vivo. It has been found to be 15 to 200 times more
      toxic to hypoxic rodent and human cell lines than their normoxic counterparts. We
      investigated the toxicity of SR 4233 in primary cultures of hepatocytes under
      various oxygen tensions, ranging from 1% to 20% oxygen. The 50% lethal dose of SR
      4233 was found to be 50 times lower in hepatocyte monolayers at 1% O2 versus 20%
      O2. Even at 4% O2, a concentration that prevails in the pericentral area of the
      liver under conditions of normal blood flow, SR 4233 was an order of magnitude
      more toxic than at 20% O2. All samples were analyzed for metabolites, and
      metabolism was found to be dependent on both the SR 4233 concentration and the
      oxygen tension. Formation of the major metabolite SR 4317 occurred to the
      greatest extent at the lowest oxygen concentration and the highest SR 4233
      concentration. Very little metabolism occurred at 10 to 20% O2, which is in
      agreement with data in Chinese hamster ovary cells under aerobic conditions.

PMID- 2912563
TI  - Inhibition of experimental liver tumor growth in mice by liposomes containing a
      lipophilic muramyl dipeptide derivative.
AB  - The ability of liposomes containing a synthetic lipophilic muramyl dipeptide
      derivative, N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamyl-sn-glycerol dipalmitate (MDP
      GDP), to inhibit the growth of experimental B16-F1 melanoma liver metastases in
      syngeneic C57BL/6 mice has been determined. Multiple i.v. injections of
      distearoylphosphatidylcholine:dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol liposomes (1 mumol,
      10:1 molar ratio) containing 0.1 to 1 microgram of MDP-GDP given at 3- to 4-day
      intervals after seeding the livers with tumor cells resulted in a significant
      inhibition of the number of experimental B16 liver metastases. Control liposomes
      or free MDP (100 micrograms) failed to affect the number of experimental
      metastases. A single prophylactic injection of liposomes containing MDP-GDP was
      equally effective in eliciting a reduction in the number of experimental liver
      metastases. The ability of liposomal MDP-GDP to inhibit the growth of liver
      metastases correlated with its ability to induce Kupffer cell tumoricidal
      activity against the tumor cell targets; activation of C57BL/6 Kupffer cell
      activity in vitro was most effective with liposomal MDP-GDP, followed by
      liposomal MDP and free MDP. Only liposomal MDP-GDP and liposomal MDP were able to
      induce Kupffer cell tumoricidal activity in situ, free MDP being inactive.
      Liposomal muramyl dipeptide therapy using lipophilic derivatives would appear to
      be an effective treatment for hepatic metastases derived from primary tumors.

PMID- 2912565
TI  - Evolutionary trends in cardiovascular catheterization.

PMID- 2912564
TI  - Toxicity of intrathecally administered cytotoxic drugs and their antitumor
      activity against an intrathecal Walker 256 carcinosarcoma model for meningeal
      carcinomatosis in the rat.
AB  - Meningeal carcinomatosis in humans is refractory to most attempts at therapy and
      has a grave prognosis. As part of a search for new agents to treat meningeal
      carcinomatosis, the toxicity of a series of antitumor agents administered through
      an implanted catheter directly into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of the lumbar
      spinal cord of 200-g rats has been examined. The highest non-toxic dose (HNTD) of
      the agents producing no signs of histological damage, motor dysfunction, or
      neurobehavioral changes was bleomycin (80 micrograms), cytarabine (640
      micrograms), dacarbazine (1 microgram), doxorubicin (20 micrograms), 5
      fluorouracil (150 micrograms), methotrexate (1000 micrograms), mitomycin C (10
      micrograms), and triethylene phosphoramide (800 micrograms). No toxicity was
      observed at the highest dose that could be administered because of limited
      solubility of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (100 micrograms), or
      diaziquone (70 micrograms). The rat model gave reasonable prediction of the
      toxicity of antitumor agents that have been administered intra-CSF to humans but
      with a tendency to underpredict toxicity. The antitumor activity of the agents
      administered intra-CSF at the HNTD against a Walker 256 carcinosarcoma model for
      meningeal carcinomatosis in the rat was examined. Diaziquone, doxorubicin,
      methotrexate, and mitomycin C gave a 25% or greater increase in lifespan and
      diaziquone and mitomycin C gave some long-term survivors. BCNU, bleomycin and 5
      fluorouracil gave less than a 25% increase in lifespan. When mitomycin C was
      administered intra-CSF at the HNTD and diaziquone at the limit of solubility
      daily for 4 days there was no toxicity and an increase in survival of Walker 256
      carcinosarcoma tumored animals compared to animals administered a single daily
      dose. Intrathecal diaziquone was more active against meningeal Walker 256
      carcinosarcoma than i.v. diaziquone. Intravenous methotrexate had no activity
      against meningeal Walker 256 carcinosarcoma. We conclude that intra-CSF
      administration of some anticancer agents such as diaziquone and mitomycin C at
      doses that do not produce toxicity can significantly increase the survival of
      rats with experimental meningeal carcinomatosis.

PMID- 2912566
TI  - Practical considerations in pericardiocentesis.

PMID- 2912567
TI  - Percutaneous radial artery approach for coronary angiography.
AB  - Percutaneous entry into the distal radial artery and selective coronarography
      using a French 5 sheath and preshaded catheters were attempted in 100 patients
      with a normal Allen test. Cannulation of the radial artery was not possible in
      ten patients, and selective catheterization of the coronary arteries was
      unsuccessful in two. Manipulation of catheters presented no problem, and arterial
      spasm was rarely observed, only before the use of a 23-cm-long sheath. Only two
      complications without symptoms were observed: arterial dissection of the brachial
      artery in one patient and occlusion of the radial artery in another. With
      experience, this approach may become as effective and possibly safer than the
      transbrachial entry.

PMID- 2912568
TI  - Variability and reproducibility of quantitative left ventricular angiography.
AB  - To evaluate the reproducibility of left ventricular angiography for the
      assessment of left ventricular (LV) function and regional wall motion, two
      ventriculographies were performed in the 30 degrees right anterior oblique (RAO)
      projection, at 15-minute intervals, in 19 patients undergoing coronary
      angiography. Heart rate, left ventricular systolic pressure, and end-diastolic
      pressure were measured 15 minutes after the first angiography returned to the
      baseline values (71.0 +/- 14.1 vs. 72.2 +/- 15.5 beats/minute, 153.6 +/- 18.0 vs.
      152.8 +/- 19.9 mm Hg, 21.7 +/- 8.6 vs. 20.9 +/- 7.3 mm Hg, respectively). Global
      and regional LV performance was analyzed by two observers with a computer
      assisted technique. Intraobserver mean variation of end-diastolic volume and
      ejection fraction was less than 3% of the control value. Interobserver mean
      variations for the same parameters were less than 4% of control values. For both
      observers, there was no significant variation of LV end-diastolic volume and
      ejection fraction from one study to the other. Under stable hemodynamic
      conditions, the mean observed variations were, depending on the observer, 5-6% of
      the control value for LV end-diastolic volume and 5% for ejection fraction.
      Analysis of segmental wall motion was also highly reproducible. The mean
      intraobserver variation (% of control value) of wall motion ranged from 4.4% to
      9.2%, depending on the sectors studied. The mean interobserver variation,
      whatever the sector, ranged from 6.9% to 13.5%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2912569
TI  - Administration of nifedipine.

PMID- 2912570
TI  - The state of plant molecular biology: is there a second chance for Ag schools?

PMID- 2912571
TI  - Autonomous replication in mouse cells: a correction.

PMID- 2912572
TI  - Germ line transmission and expression of a corrected HPRT gene produced by gene
      targeting in embryonic stem cells.
AB  - The deletion mutation in the HPRT-deficient mouse embryonic stem (ES) cell line
      E14TG2a has been corrected by gene targeting. The presence of plasmid sequences
      in the correcting vector DNA did not affect the frequency of correction. We have
      characterized three different HPRT gene structures in correctants. Cells from one
      corrected clone have been introduced into mouse blastocysts, and germ line
      transmission of the ES cell-derived corrected gene has been achieved. The
      corrected gene has the same pattern of expression as the wild-type gene, with the
      characteristic elevated level of expression in brain tissue. Hence, we have
      demonstrated the feasibility of introducing targeted modifications into the mouse
      germ line by homologous recombination in ES cells.

PMID- 2912573
TI  - On the maternal transfer of 4-aminobiphenyl in rats.
AB  - The potential for 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP) to be transferred from circulating
      blood into the milk of lactating Sprague-Dawley rats was determined. The
      distribution of 14C-labeled 4-ABP into milk was examined at time intervals of
      less than 1, 20, 60, 120, 240 and 480 min after i.v. dose administration.
      Elimination of radioactivity from blood and milk was determined to be biphasic.
      The levels of 4-ABP and/or metabolites were lower in milk than in blood at all
      time points examined. The levels of radioactivity detected in blood declined less
      rapidly than in milk. That is, the percent of the dose per ml of blood declined
      from 0.81-0.45, while the percent of the dose per ml of milk declined from 0.38
      0.06 during the 8 h time period. The radioactivity present in milk was partially
      extractable with ethyl acetate with 43% of the radioactivity being extractable at
      the earliest time point while only 16% was extractable after 8 h. The level of
      radioactivity associated with the protein precipitate of the milk samples
      increased from 4-21% within 4 h after treatment. The potential of 4-ABP or its
      metabolites to exert a genotoxic effect on newborn pups via maternal transfer was
      also examined. Dams were treated on day 1 post partum and then daily with 4-ABP
      (10 mg/kg) in corn oil or corn oil alone for 2 weeks. Each experimental group had
      four liters of pups each containing 5 pups. Pups were sacrificed at 15 days of
      age, separated by sex and the levels of 4-ABP:DNA adducts in liver determined
      using 32P-postlabeling. DNA adduct profiles were similar between male and female
      pups with total adduct levels of 332 and 338 fmol of adducts/mg of DNA,
      respectively. These results indicate that the genotoxic effects of 4-ABP can be
      transmitted from exposed dams to the nursing offspring.

PMID- 2912574
TI  - Enhancement of methylnitrosourea-induced skin tumorigenesis and carcinogenesis in
      hairless mice by pretreatment with a mitosis-inhibiting epidermal pentapeptide.
AB  - Two groups of 48 hr/hr mice (24 males, 24 females) were pretreated i.p. with 0.03
      nmol of a synthetic epidermal mitosis-inhibiting pentapeptide (EPP), pGlu-Glu-Asp
      Ser-GlyOH, dissolved in bovine serum albumin solution (BSA) at -6, -3 and 0 h
      before a topical skin application of 1 mg N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) in 100
      microliters reagent-grade acetone. A control group was pretreated with three
      solvent injections only -6, -3 and 0 h before application. The results were also
      compared with a large, historical control group of 333 animals treated once with
      1 mg MNU and without any pretreatment. The production of benign and malignant
      skin tumours was recorded and the results were assessed statistically. There was
      no statistically significant difference between the large control group without
      pretreatment and the actual control group pretreated with BSA. Pretreatment with
      EPP led to significant enhancement of the number of tumour-bearing animals with
      time and to a very significant increase in the total number of tumours. The group
      pretreated with EPP also developed more malignant skin tumours. The results are
      in agreement with earlier findings after i.p. pretreatment with crude skin
      extracts, hydroxyurea, or when MNU was applied in relation to diurnal rhythms in
      epidermal cell proliferation. They are also consistent with the assumption that
      EPP is one of the active growth-inhibitory substances in the epidermal extracts,
      and support the hypothesis that epidermal basal cells may be more sensitive to
      MNU-induced carcinogenesis when the rate of cell proliferation is low, because
      then more cells are in late G1 or early S phase where MNU binding to DNA may be
      relatively strong.

PMID- 2912575
TI  - Fluorescence and mass spectral evidence for the formation of benzo[a]pyrene anti
      diol-epoxide-DNA and -hemoglobin adducts in humans.
AB  - Highly specific methods are required to detect and quantitate carcinogen
      macromolecular adducts in humans who are exposed to complex mixtures of chemical
      carcinogens. High performance liquid chromatography and fluorescence spectroscopy
      have been used successfully to detect and identify residues of benzo[a]pyrene
      7,10/8,9-tetrahydrotetrol (BP-7,10/8,9-tetrol) that were released upon mild acid
      hydrolysis of human DNA or hemoglobin. Synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy data
      indicate that levels of benzo[a]pyrene-diol-epoxide-DNA (BPDE-DNA) adducts as
      high as 1.54 fmol BPDE/micrograms DNA are formed (1 adduct in 5 million
      nucleotides) in peripheral blood lymphocytes of coke-oven workers; these data
      were subsequently corroborated by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy single ion
      monitoring analysis (m/z 404+). Additionally, among lung cancer patients, 5
      samples of tumor DNA were found to be negative and 1 of 4 samples of
      corresponding lung tissue was found to be positive. Extraction and purification
      of BP-7,10/8,9-tetrol from the hemoglobin of smokers suggested levels of bound
      carcinogen in excess of 1 ng BPDE/gm of hemoglobin. High performance liquid
      chromatography combined with synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy provides a
      highly specific method for the detection of covalently bound BP residues in both
      human hemoglobin and DNA.

PMID- 2912576
TI  - Effect of sulfite on the covalent reaction of benzo[a]pyrene metabolites with
      DNA.
AB  - Sulfur dioxide (SO2) potentiates the carcinogenicity of polycyclic aromatic
      hydrocarbons. To investigate the mechanism of SO2 cocarcinogenesis, the effect of
      sulfite, the hydrated form of SO2, on the covalent reaction of benzo[a]pyrene
      (BaP) metabolites with DNA in vitro was measured. [14C]BaP was incubated with rat
      lung or liver post-mitochondrial supernatant (S9), an NADPH generating system,
      calf thymus DNA and sodium sulfite (0-20 mM). In the presence of lung S9,
      covalent reaction increased linearly from 0.66 to 1.20 pmol BaP metabolites per
      mg DNA with increasing sulfite concentrations. Addition of sulfite to rat liver
      S9 also increased BaP-DNA adduct formation with BaP-DNA adducts increasing from
      80 to 120 pmol per mg DNA. Sulfite altered the amount and pattern of BaP
      metabolites formed by either lung or liver enzyme preparations. BaP was
      metabolized more extensively and the amount of water soluble BaP metabolites
      formed increased significantly with sulfite present. With lung S9, the amount of
      BaP-tetrols, diols, and phenols increased slightly. With liver S9, diol and
      phenol formation was significantly lower while tetrol formation was unchanged.
      Incubation of rat lung S9 with sulfite resulted in formation of glutathione S
      sulfonate (GSSO3H), a known inhibitor of glutathione S-transferases mediating the
      conjugation of glutathione (GSH) and BaP epoxides. Our results suggest that
      sulfite may, by altering the overall metabolic activation and detoxication of
      BaP, or by reacting directly with DNA, subsequently affect the covalent reaction
      of BaP metabolites with DNA. These are offered as possible mechanisms to explain
      the cocarcinogenic effect of SO2.

PMID- 2912577
TI  - Effect of a Prudhoe Bay crude oil on hepatic and renal peroxisomal beta-oxidation
      and mixed-function oxidase activities in rats.
AB  - The effect of oral administration of a Prudhoe Bay crude oil (PBCO) to male rats
      (PBCO, 2.6 g/kg body weight, daily) for 5-12 days on hepatic and renal microsomal
      monooxygenase activities and peroxisomal beta-oxidation has been investigated.
      PBCO administration leads to liver enlargement. This is associated with induction
      of microsomal cytochrome P-450 levels (1.6- to 2.0-fold) and dependent mixed
      function oxidase activities (7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase and 7
      pentoxyresorufin-O-depentylase, representing cytochrome P-450I and cytochrome P
      450IIB isoenzymes respectively, 9- to 15-fold; omega-oxidation of lauric acid
      representing the cytochrome P-450IVA1 isoenzyme, 1.4- to 1.5-fold) along with
      peroxisomal beta-oxidation (palmitoyl CoA oxidation, 2- to 5-fold). It was
      observed that rats exposed to PBCO showed an increase in renal microsomal
      cytochrome P-450 content (1.6- to 2.3-fold), cytochrome P-450I activity (5- to 8
      fold) and omega-oxidation activity (1.3- to 1.4-fold). However, renal peroxisomal
      beta-oxidation was unaltered. Serum total triglycerides were lowered by 41-46%
      after PBCO exposure. These results suggest that induction of peroxisomal beta
      oxidation and possibly mono-oxygenases may be related to the
      carcinogenic/tumorigenic potential of crude oil.

PMID- 2912578
TI  - Supplementation with selenium, vitamin E and their combination in gynaecological
      cancer during cytotoxic chemotherapy.
AB  - The biochemical responses to 8-week supplementary treatment with selenium and/or
      vitamin E were evaluated in 41 patients with gynaecological cancer during
      cytotoxic chemotherapy, in Finland, a selenium-deficient country. After the
      control course of 1-day treatment with cytostat agents, 11 patients received a
      combination of selenium and vitamin E (sodium selenate, 200 micrograms/day +
      vitamin E, 300 mg/day), 11 received selenium (sodium selenate, 200
      micrograms/day) and seven received vitamin E (300 mg/day) as supplementary
      therapy, while 12 patients had no supplementary drugs. Sodium selenate alone and
      combined with vitamin E significantly increased the serum selenium levels, but
      the activity of serum glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) increased significantly
      only in the selenium- and vitamin E-treated patients with low initial GSH-Px
      activity. The cytotoxic chemotherapy did not change the activity of GSH-Px, while
      the concentrations of lipid peroxides decreased. Sodium selenate alone or with
      vitamin E did not modify this decrease. Sodium selenate alone significantly
      decreased the capacity of the platelets to produce thromboxane A2; it increased
      high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and prevented the cytotoxic
      chemotherapy-associated increase of creatine kinase. Selenium supplementation
      might thus be beneficial during cytotoxic chemotherapy in ovarian cancer patients
      with low selenium levels.

PMID- 2912579
TI  - Determination of S-phenylmercapturic acid in the urine--an improvement in the
      biological monitoring of benzene exposure.
AB  - In an inhalation study rats were exposed to different doses of benzene, ranging
      from 1 to 500 p.p.m. The urine was sampled during the inhalation period of 8 h
      and for 24 h after exposure. S-Phenylmercapturic acid (S-PMA) in the urine was
      determined by amino acid analysis. Phenol was measured by gas chromatography/mass
      spectrometry. In both cases the correlation between benzene uptake and the
      excretion of the urinary metabolites was significant at the level of P = 0.01.
      The same significant correlation (P = 0.01) was demonstrable after i.p.
      administration of benzene at doses between 0.7 and 140.0 microliters/kg body
      weight. In the case of two collectives of workers who were exposed to air
      concentrations of up to 0.15 p.p.m. for 8 h and of up to 1.13 p.p.m. for 12 h
      respectively, the amount of S-PMA in the first urine samples after the shift was
      significantly higher than in samples collected at the beginning of the shift (P =
      0.01). In the first collective the mean values and the standard deviations of the
      S-PMA concentrations in the samples at the beginning of the shift were 12.0 +/-
      16.7 compared with 48.5 +/- 64.5 micrograms/g creatinine at shift end. In the
      second collective they were 25.1 +/- 25.1 compared with 70.9 +/- 109.2
      micrograms/g creatinine. The level of significance of the difference between the
      concentration values of S-PMA at the beginning and end of the shift was P = 0.01.
      The phenol concentration did not differ significantly. These results suggest that
      S-PMA can be regarded as a useful indicator for monitoring individuals and
      collectives exposed to benzene at levels even less than 1 p.p.m.

PMID- 2912580
TI  - Tumour-promoting and hyperplastic effects of phorbol and daphnane esters in CD-1
      mouse skin and a synergistic effect of calcium ionophore with the non-promoting
      activator of protein kinase C, sapintoxin A.
AB  - Using an 18 week two-stage protocol we have compared the tumour-promoting
      properties of a range of phorbol and daphnane esters on female CD-1 mice. The
      induction of epidermal hyperplasia in this mouse strain by these compounds has
      also been assessed by comparison with the standard phorbol ester, 12-O
      tetradecanoylphorbol-13-O-acetate (TPA). Two compounds, sapintoxin D (SAP D) and
      thymeleatoxin A (TA) (a daphnane structurally related to the second-stage
      promoter mezerein) were shown to be second-stage promoters using 5 nmol TPA as a
      first-stage promoter and 0.2 mumol 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) as
      initiator. Both compounds at a dose of 17 nmol were hyperplasiogenic. Two further
      derivatives, sapintoxin C (SAP C) and 4 alpha-sapinine (alpha-SAP) were inactive
      as promoters and hyperplastic agents. 4 alpha-sapinine, which prevents in vitro
      stimulation of protein kinase C (PKC), by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-O-acetate
      (TPA) failed to inhibit significantly TPA-induced promotion and hyperplasia at a
      dose of 20 nmol and 100 nmol respectively. Sapintoxin A (SAP A), a potent
      activator of PKC, was neither a complete nor second-stage promoter at doses of up
      to 20 nmol. A series of in vivo and in vitro experiments which were carried out
      to determine the metabolic fate of this compound under experimental conditions
      showed that SAP A was not metabolized to any significant extent up to 48 h. When
      SAP A was co-administered with sub-hyperplastic doses of the calcium ionophore
      A23187 (5 micrograms and 10 micrograms) tumours appeared in a dose-dependent
      manner. This combination was also hyperplasiogenic in mouse skin. SAP A may be a
      useful probe for studying the involvement of PKC isozymes in tumour promotion and
      cell proliferation.

PMID- 2912581
TI  - Transfection of a human cytochrome P-450 gene into the human lymphoblastoid cell
      line, AHH-1, and use of the recombinant cell line in gene mutation assays.
AB  - We have demonstrated that the human cytochrome P1-450 gene can be transfected
      into the AHH-1 human lymphoblastoid cell line using the pHEBo vector and
      hygromycin selection. The transfected gene was expressed when regulatory
      sequences derived from the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene were
      incorporated in appropriate orientations. Gene expression was monitored at the
      enzyme level using assays for 7-ethoxyresorufin deethylase, 7-ethoxycoumarin
      deethylase and benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase activities. Bulk transformed cell
      populations had 2- to 3-fold more of these enzyme activities compared with
      control populations. Subclones of the bulk population expressing still higher
      levels of 7-ethoxyresorufin deethylase activity were also obtained. Expression of
      the transfected cytochrome P1-450 gene was stable for 20-30 days in the presence
      of hygromycin B. The transformed cell populations were found to be suitable for
      use in gene locus mutation assays and the mutagenicity of aflatoxin-B1 and 2
      acetylaminofluorene (AAF) were examined. Aflatoxin-B1 was found to be 2-3 times
      more mutagenic to cells bearing the transfected cytochrome P1-450 activity as
      compared with control cells. In contrast, no difference in AAF mutagenicity was
      observed. Analysis of the AAF metabolite profile indicated that cells expressing
      the transfected cytochrome P1-450 gene produced 8-fold more N- and 7-hydroxy-AAF
      than control cells. The similarity in mutagenic responses between control cells
      and cells bearing the transfected cytochrome P1-450 gene may be due to the low
      deacetylase activity of AHH-1 cells. These observations indicate that this vector
      and expression system are suitable for introducing novel metabolic activities
      into the AHH-1 cell line.

PMID- 2912582
TI  - Effect of chronic dietary ethanol consumption on the initiation and promotion of
      chemically-induced esophageal carcinogenesis in experimental rats.
AB  - Preliminary dose finding studies showed that 22 mg/kg of N
      nitrosomethylbenzylamine (NMBZA) delivered over 5 days did not induce esophageal
      lesions, but 18 mg/kg administered over a period of 2 or 3 weeks did induce these
      lesions. Based on these results, Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with 2.5 mg/kg
      NMBZA three times a week for 3 weeks to initiate esophageal carcinogenesis. The
      experimental animals were administered isocaloric ethanol diet either before and
      during NMBZA initiated carcinogenesis, or after initiation as a tumor promoter.
      The esophagi of rats that died or who were terminated at 18 months of age were
      examined for nodules and tumors. When ethanol was administered before and during
      initiation, the mean frequency of esophageal lesions was 8.04 +/- 3.04/rat with
      an average size of 1.44 +/- 0.27 mm versus 12.41 +/- 2.12/rat and 0.92 +/- 0.17
      mm respectively for the controls. Only three out of 13 of the ethanol-fed rats
      had tumors (mainly squamous papillomas) versus 10 out of 26 of the control-fed
      animals. Ethanol consumption before and during initiation, therefore, decreased
      the incidence of esophageal nodules and tumors. With ethanol administered as a
      promoter, on the other hand, while incidence of the total lesions was not
      affected appreciably, the incidence of tumors was remarkably increased. With
      ethanol promotion the mean frequency of lesions was 8.75 +/- 1.07/rat with an
      average size of 1.02 +/- 0.09 mm versus 10.94 +/- 1.49/rat and 1.32 +/- 0.13 mm
      respectively for the controls. In this case, the ethanol-consuming rats had
      tumors in 14 out of 75 animals versus one small tumor in 32 of the controls. The
      results indicate that the occurrence of esophageal tumors is inhibited by
      simultaneous ethanol administration, but promoted when ethanol is administered
      post-initiation ostensibly by allowing extensive dysplastic proliferation of the
      carcinogen-induced lesions.

PMID- 2912583
TI  - The molecular structures of 11-methyl and 1,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene: purely
      theoretical semi-empirical AM1 calculations are able to predict accurate
      structures of these polycyclic hydrocarbons.
AB  - Semi-empirical self consistent field calculations are reported on 11-methyl and
      1,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene using the AM1 method. Comparison of the results of
      complete geometry optimizations with experimental X-ray structures shows that it
      is now possible to compute the structure of these large molecules with errors in
      bond lengths of less than 0.02 A and in bond angles of less than 1.5 degrees.

PMID- 2912584
TI  - Hydrolysis of bisphenol A diglycidylether by epoxide hydrolases in cytosolic and
      microsomal fractions of mouse liver and skin: inhibition by bis
      epoxycyclopentylether and the effects upon the covalent binding to mouse skin
      DNA.
AB  - Synergistic interactions have been reported in the carcinogenicity of two epoxy
      resin components to mouse skin. A mixture of bisphenol A diglycidylether and bis
      epoxycyclopentylether was highly carcinogenic, despite the fact that neither
      compound gave positive results when applied individually. To elucidate the
      mechanism of this synergistic interaction we have investigated the effects of bis
      epoxycyclopentylether upon the hydrolysis and DNA-binding of bisphenol A
      diglycidylether. This glycidylether was rapidly hydrolysed by microsomal and
      cytosolic fractions of mouse liver and skin. In three different mouse strains the
      specific epoxide hydrolase activities were 28.3-48.5; 33.0-38.8; 7.9-10.2 and
      0.85-0.98 nmol/mg protein/min for liver microsomal and cytosolic and skin
      microsomal and cytosolic fractions respectively. This is the first demonstration
      of an epoxide hydrolase activity in skin cytosolic fractions. Bis
      epoxycyclopentylether inhibited the microsomal activities. This inhibition
      appeared to be slightly more effective with microsomal fractions from liver. The
      effect of this inhibition upon the binding of bisphenol A diglycidylether to
      mouse skin DNA was investigated using bisphenol A diglycidylether radiolabelled
      at two different positions. When high doses of bisphenol A diglycidylether were
      applied to the mouse skin one major DNA adduct was observed which was identified
      as a glycidaldehyde adduct. This adduct was not detectable at the lowest
      bisphenol A diglycidylether dose tested, unless bis epoxycyclopentylether was
      applied simultaneously. These findings suggest that glycidaldehyde may be formed
      from bisphenol A diglycidylether. At low doses, however, the epoxide groups are
      hydrolysed before glycidaldehyde can be formed, unless the epoxide hydrolase is
      inhibited. Such inhibition and the associated increased production of
      glycidaldehyde may account for the potentiation of the carcinogenic response in
      the epoxide mixture.

PMID- 2912585
TI  - Hypersensitivity of human tumor xenografts lacking O6-alkylguanine-DNA
      alkyltransferase to the anti-tumor agent 1-(4-amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)methyl
      3-(2-chloroethyl)-3-nitros ourea.
AB  - Human tumor cell strains having different activities of O6-alkylguanine-DNA
      alkyltransferase (ATR) were transplanted into nude mice and chemotherapeutic
      responses of tumor xenografts were compared after intraperitoneal injection of
      the anti-tumor drug 1-(4-amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)methyl-3-(2-chloroethyl)-3
      nitrosourea (ACNU). The tumor strains used were four Mer+ strains possessing high
      ATR activity and three Mer- strains lacking this activity. Included in these Mer+
      strains was a clone 5'dD which expresses the Escherichia coli ATR in Mer- HeLa
      cells and thus shows the Mer+ phenotype. All the Mer- tumor xenografts were much
      more sensitive than tumors of Mer+ strains, including the clone 5'dD; after the
      highest ACNU dose (three injections of 50 mg/kg), some Mer- tumors disappeared
      completely and the growth of other tumors was severely retarded, whereas all Mer+
      tumors continued to grow. These results demonstrate that ATR activity in tumor
      cells is a major determinant of tumor response to ACNU, and further suggest that
      measurement of ATR activity in biopsy specimens may provide a useful guide to
      predict the response to chemotherapy.

PMID- 2912587
TI  - Dose-dependence and stability of cisplatin binding to tissue DNA and blood
      proteins in rats.
AB  - Two experiments were carried out by using atomic absorption spectroscopy on the
      stability and dose-dependence of cisplatin [cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II)]
      binding to blood proteins and tissue DNA of male Han/Wistar rats. The dose
      dependence was studied by injecting 17 rats i.p. either with cisplatin (4.4, 8.0
      or 11.0 mg/kg) or 0.9% NaCl (controls). The Pt concentrations in blood proteins
      (plasma proteins and hemoglobin) and DNAs of different tissues (kidney, liver,
      lung and testis) were measured 24 h after the treatment. The binding of cisplatin
      to blood proteins and tissue DNAs correlated with each other and the dose. The
      stability was studied by treating 17 rats i.v. with 8.0 mg cisplatin/kg. The Pt
      concentrations in kidney, liver and lung DNA were determined 5 h, 1, 3 or 5 days
      after the treatment. The disappearance of Pt was faster in kidney DNA than in
      liver or lung DNA; in 5 days the Pt concentration in kidney DNA decreased by 63%
      while the Pt content in liver or lung decreased by 40%. Both of these experiments
      showed that the binding of cisplatin to kidney DNA exceeded the other tissue DNAs
      examined. Testicular DNA showed the lowest level of binding. The present animal
      data suggest that the platination level of blood proteins may be used as a
      measure of Pt concentration in tissue DNA.

PMID- 2912586
TI  - Activation of the food-derived mutagen 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5
      b]pyridine by rabbit and human liver microsomes and purified forms of cytochrome
      P-450.
AB  - The specificity of rabbit cytochrome P-450 involved in the mutagenic activation
      of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) was assessed using
      control and induced rabbit liver and lung microsomes, and six purified forms of
      cytochrome P-450. The number of revertants produced/2.5 micrograms PhIP by
      control rabbit liver was 260 +/- 196/10 micrograms of microsomal protein (mean +/
      SD; n = 3), and this increased to 1265 +/- 248 when 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p
      dioxin (TCDD)-induced liver microsomes were used as the activation source in the
      Ames test. Microsomes form phenobarbital-, rifampicin- and acetone-pretreated
      rabbits showed no increase in activity over controls. Control lung microsomes did
      not activate PhIP to a mutagen, whereas TCDD-induced lung microsomes produced
      1443 +/- 136 (mean +/- SD; n = 4) Ames/Salmonella revertants/100 micrograms
      protein. In reconstitution experiments cytochrome P450 forms 4 and 6 were found
      to be efficient activators of PhIP to a mutagen Form 6 was 3.1-fold more active
      than form 4 and produced 4577 revertants/10 pmol with a 20-min preincubation step
      in the Ames test. Cytochrome form 5 produced 17 revertants/10 pmol and forms 2,
      3b and 3c were not active in metabolizing PhIP to a mutagen. A highly significant
      statistical correlation existed between the capacity of control and induced liver
      microsomes to activate PhIP to a mutagen and their cytochrome P-450 form 4 (r =
      0.97, r2 = 0.94) and form 6 (r = 0.95, r2 = 0.90) content. These data strongly
      support the involvement of polycyclic hydrocarbon-inducible forms of cytochrome
      P450 in the activation of PhIP in the rabbit. Anti-rabbit forms 4 and 6 IgGs
      recognized proteins in seven human liver microsomes of comparable mol. wt to
      rabbit cytochrome P-450 forms 4 and 6. However, no correlation existed between
      the content of these proteins and the capacity of human liver microsomes to
      activate PhIP.

PMID- 2912588
TI  - Comparative tumorigenicity of 6-nitrochrysene and its metabolites in newborn
      mice.
AB  - The tumorigenic activities of 6-nitrochrysene and its metabolites were evaluated
      in the newborn mouse model. Groups of mice were treated with the appropriate
      compounds in DMSO by i.p. injections on the 1st, 8th and 15th day of life. Seven
      hundred nmol/mouse of 6-nitrochrysene induced significant incidences and
      multiplicities of lung tumors in both sexes; only males were susceptible to liver
      tumor induction. At 100 nmol/mouse, 6-nitrochrysene had significant
      tumorigenicity in both lung and liver but was less active than at the higher
      dose. Administration of 100 nmol/mouse of 6-nitrochrysene, only on day 1, caused
      about the same tumor yield as was observed after treatment with 700 nmol/mouse
      given over 3 days. Among the metabolites of 6-nitrochrysene which were tested at
      100 nmol/mouse, 6-nitrosochrysene and 6-aminochrysene were significantly less
      active in the lung and in the liver than 6-nitrochrysene. In the lung, trans-1,2
      dihydro-1,2-dihydroxy-6-nitrochrysene and trans-1,2-dihydro-1,2-dihydroxy-6
      aminochrysene had activities comparable to those observed in mice treated with
      equimolar doses of 6-nitrochrysene. In the liver, trans-1,2-dihydro-1,2-dihydroxy
      6-nitrochrysene was more active than 6-nitrochrysene based on the number of
      tumors per mouse. These observations support our hypothesis that 6-nitrochrysene
      is metabolically activated by ring-oxidation to trans-1,2-dihydro-1,2-dihydroxy-6
      nitrochrysene, followed by nitro-reduction to trans-1,2-dihydro-1,2-dihydroxy-6
      aminochrysene and, finally, oxidation to a diol-epoxide.

PMID- 2912589
TI  - Inhibition of the induction of ornithine decarboxylase activity by 12-O
      tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate in mouse skin by sphingosine sulfate.
AB  - We investigated the effect of sphingosine sulfate on the induction of ODC
      (ornithine decarboxylase) activity by TPA (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate)
      in mouse skin. When applied topically to the shaved skin of SENCAR mice at
      dosages of 10-40 mumol per animal, 30 min before the superficial application of
      8.5 nmol of TPA, sphingosine sulfate dramatically inhibited the induction of ODC
      activity by the tumor promoter. Significant inhibition of TPA-induced ODC
      activity was observed at 4, 6 and 8 h after TPA treatment in separate studies.
      The results indicate that sphingosine sulfate is an effective inhibitor of ODC
      induction by TPA in mouse skin.

PMID- 2912590
TI  - Genotoxic effects of intragastrically administered benzo[a]pyrene in rat liver
      and intestinal cells.
AB  - The genotoxic effects of intragastrically administered benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) were
      studied in isolated rat liver and intestinal cells. We found that BaP was unable
      to induce unscheduled DNA synthesis in rat parenchymal liver cells in vivo. In
      contrast, alkaline elution showed that at 5 h after administration of BaP a
      considerable number of alkali-labile sites was present in the DNA of both
      intestinal cells and parenchymal liver cells, but not in that of non-parenchymal
      liver cells. The possibility is discussed that these sites were induced by
      radical intermediates, generated during the metabolization of BaP.

PMID- 2912591
TI  - Development of neoplastic phenotype following transfection of HNF cells with
      sarcoma DNA.
AB  - DNA isolated from chondrosarcoma cells effectively transformed NIH-3T3 cells and
      human foreskin fibroblasts. The transfected NIH-3T3 cells, directly implanted
      three or four passages later, formed progressively growing tumors (greater than
      or equal to 2.0 cm in diameter) subcutaneously in nude mice. No metastasis was
      evident upon pathological examination of the tumor bearing mice. Transfected
      human foreskin fibroblasts that exhibited anchorage independent growth formed
      only small tumors in nude mice (less than 0.6 cm in diameter). The transfected
      human cells which exhibited anchorage independent growth reacted with the
      monoclonal antibody 345.134S, specific for an epitope expressed by human sarcoma
      cells. The transfected NIH-3T3 cells did not exhibit reactivity with the same
      monoclonal antibody. Southern blot analysis of the DNA prepared from the
      transfected NIH-3T3 cells, that developed as a progressively growing tumor in a
      nude mouse, revealed the presence of human repetitive DNA sequences.

PMID- 2912592
TI  - Peroxidative in vitro metabolism of diethylstilbestrol induces formation of 8
      hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine.
AB  - The generation of superoxide and hydroxyl radicals is known to be implicated in
      the hydroxylation of 2'-deoxyguanosine (dG) at the C-8 position and of guanine
      base residues in DNA. It was also shown previously that in the presence of
      horseradish peroxidase, hydrogen peroxide and Fe3+ - EDTA complex,
      diethylstilbestrol (DES) induces single strand breaks in DNA, caused by the
      production of superoxide anion (O2-) and hydroxyl (OH.) radicals. By means of
      high-pressure liquid chromatography and electrochemical detection a strong
      indication is adduced that dG is oxidized to 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine during
      peroxidative in vitro metabolism of DES, which might be at the basis of DES
      induced cell transformation.

PMID- 2912594
TI  - Regional differences in the in vivo synthesis and degradation of myosin subunits
      in rabbit ventricular myocardium.
AB  - To test for regional differences in the rates of synthesis and degradation of
      contractile proteins during normal physiological growth of the heart in vivo,
      fractional rates of protein accumulation and synthesis were assessed for total
      protein, myosin heavy chain, myosin light chain, phosphorylatable myosin light
      chain, and actin in the right and left ventricular free walls of growing, New
      Zealand White rabbits. Fractional rates of protein accumulation were determined
      from regional protein content growth curves of total and individual myofibrillar
      proteins measured in 82 animals ranging from 1 day to 9 weeks of age. In vivo
      right and left ventricular fractional rates of protein synthesis were determined
      by the [3H]leucine constant infusion method in 9-week-old rabbits. At this age,
      right and left ventricular fractional accumulation rates for total protein,
      myosin subunits, and actin were found to be identical, thus allowing for the
      comparison of the effect of regional hemodynamic load on protein degradation
      independent of its effect on growth. Total protein and individual myofibrillar
      protein fractional degradative rates were then derived as the difference between
      fractional rates of synthesis and accumulation. The results indicate increased
      fractional synthesis and degradation of myosin heavy chain and light chains, but
      not actin, in the left compared to the right ventricular free wall. Accelerated
      left ventricular replacement of myosin subunits may be related to regional
      differences in hemodynamic load. These results help explain the apparent increase
      in the in vivo rate of myocardial protein degradation observed in several
      experimental models of ventricular hypertrophy.

PMID- 2912593
TI  - Protection against polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-induced skin tumor initiation
      in mice by green tea polyphenols.
AB  - Green tea is a popular beverage in China and Asia and has been shown to possess
      antipyretic, diuretic and several other pharmacological activities. The major
      constituents of green tea are polyphenols which have been found to possess
      antioxidant and antimutagenic properties. In this study green tea polyphenols
      (GTP) were evaluated as an anti-initiating agent against the skin tumorigenicity
      induced by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in mice. In a complete skin
      tumorigenesis protocol using 3-methylcholanthrene the topical application of GTP
      to female BALB/c mice resulted in substantial protection against the onset and
      subsequent development of tumors. In the two-stage skin tumorigenesis protocol
      using 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) as the initiating agent followed by
      twice weekly applications of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate; (TPA) as tumor
      promoter, topical application of GTP to female SENCAR mice afforded significant
      protection against skin tumorigenicity. Oral feeding of GTP in drinking water to
      female SENCAR mice also protected against skin tumorigenesis in DMBA - TPA
      treated animals. GTP when administered topically or orally significantly
      inhibited PAH - DNA adduct formation in epidermis after topical application of
      [3H]benzo[a]pyrene or [3H]DMBA. Our results suggest that GTP has substantial anti
      skin-tumor-initiating activity against PAHs and could prove useful in protecting
      against some forms of human cancer.

PMID- 2912596
TI  - Effect of reduced energy metabolism and reperfusion on the permeability and
      morphology of the capillaries of an isolated rete mirabile.
AB  - The effects of reduction in energy metabolism were explored in the eel rete
      mirabile, an organ composed predominantly of capillaries. In vitro experiments
      showed that glycolysis is the major pathway of energy production in this
      capillary tissue, and that iodoacetate, KCN, and low PO2 in combination markedly
      reduce its ATP generation. When in situ energy generation was inhibited by this
      combination during countercurrent perfusion of the arterial and venous
      capillaries of the rete, an approximate doubling of the intercapillary barrier
      permeability for human [125I]albumin, [14C]sucrose, and 22Na was found.
      Structural damage was evident, but the intercellular junctions remained intact.
      The effect of cessation of flow for 30 minutes, followed by reperfusion, was then
      explored. Stasis alone altered the structure, chiefly of the venous capillary
      endothelium, but not the permeability of the intercapillary barrier. Stasis with
      a hypoxic medium containing the inhibitors of energy generation, followed by
      reperfusion with oxygenated control medium, resulted in a progressive breakdown
      of the intercapillary barrier, with a threefold to fourfold increase in solute
      (labeled albumin, sucrose, and sodium) permeability, evolving during early
      reperfusion, but no change for labeled water permeability. Morphologically, the
      endothelial cells, especially those in venous capillaries, showed substantial
      damage; they appeared vacuolated, their cytoplasm was extracted, and cytoplasmic
      and membrane debris were found in the lumen; intercellular junctions remained
      intact. Local pericyte detachment with interstitial edema also appeared. Thus,
      stasis and reperfusion amplified the effects of reduction in energy generation
      and hypoxia on both permeability and morphological change.

PMID- 2912595
TI  - Electrophysiological properties of cultured dog myocytes obtained by
      endomyocardial biopsy.
AB  - Right ventricular cardiac tissue (10-20 mg wet weight) was obtained from
      anesthetized adult dogs by endomyocardial biopsy. The biopsy could be repeated in
      one dog every 2 weeks for up to 3 months. Fifty to 200 cardiomyocytes, dispersed
      with collagenase and trypsin, were collected by centrifugation of the cells with
      50% polysucrose-sodium diatrizoate solution (Ficoll-Paque). Single cardiomyocytes
      were suspended in a minimum essential medium containing 20% fetal bovine serum
      and 8-bromoadenosine 3': 5'-cyclic monophosphate (0.1 mM) for up to 3 weeks.
      Approximately 70-80% of the cultured cardiomyocytes were rod shaped after 24
      hours (10-20% after 7 days). Cytoplasmic organelles of the cultured cells,
      examined with a transmission electron microscope, were within the normal range of
      canine heart morphology in vivo. Resting membrane potential of the cells was
      about -80 mV when superfused with a Krebs' solution containing 4.7 mM potassium
      ions. The action potential lasted for 300 msec and had a peak amplitude of about
      120 mV. Voltage-clamp experiments demonstrated the presence of an inward calcium
      current (congruent to 0.9 nA at +9 mV), which was facilitated by isoproterenol
      (0.1-1 microMs). The background potassium current showed typical inward
      rectification at potentials more negative than -80 mV. The results indicate that
      morphological, electrophysiological, and pharmacological properties of the
      cultured cardiomyocytes were intact. We propose that the culture techniques we
      have developed can be useful for repeated investigation on functional aspects of
      cardiac muscles in myocardial disease.

PMID- 2912597
TI  - Long-term versus intrabeat history of ejection as determinants of canine
      ventricular end-systolic pressure.
AB  - We studied the effect of ejection on end-systolic pressure in isolated heart
      preparations. Ejecting beats were compared with isovolumic beats having the same
      volume as at end systole. While holding end-systolic volume constant, various
      stroke volumes, including negative stroke volumes (volume injected during
      systole), were imposed using a predetermined volume command. After switching
      contraction mode between ejecting and isovolumic, we measured the immediate and
      steady changes in end-systolic pressure. In the first isovolumic beat after
      switching from steady-state ejecting beats, the change in end-systolic pressure
      was variable, depending on the stroke volume. The end-systolic pressure of the
      ejecting beat exceeded that of the isovolumic beat on average by up to 18 mm Hg
      with small stroke volume, but the ejecting end-systolic pressure became lower
      than isovolumic with either large stroke volume (stroke volume/end-systolic
      volume less than 0.96) or with negative stroke volume. During the transient phase
      following a switch from ejecting to isovolumic, the end-systolic pressure
      gradually decreased to a steady state. Consequently, even in steady state,
      ejecting end-systolic pressure exceeded isovolumic pressure over a significant
      range of stroke volume (stroke volume/end-systolic volume less than 1.18). After
      returning contraction mode from isovolumic back to ejecting, we observed
      responses that were a mirror image. These results indicated that in addition to
      negative uncoupling effect, ejection exerts positive effects on ventricular end
      systolic pressure that are manifest both quickly and gradually. We hypothesized
      that the mechanism responsible for the positive effect is length-dependent
      activation via the larger volume (both at the initiation of contraction and
      averaged over a cardiac cycle) of a beat that ejects compared to one held
      isovolumic at end-systolic volume. The results with volume injection were
      consonant with this concept.

PMID- 2912598
TI  - End-systolic pressure as a balance between opposing effects of ejection.
AB  - Ejection has previously been thought to exert only negative effects on end
      systolic left ventricular pressure, via mechanisms like shortening deactivation
      and the force-velocity relation. Whether ejection also exerted a positive
      influence on pressure generation was tested by comparing two successive beats: 1)
      the last beat of steady-state ejection versus 2) a totally isovolumic contraction
      at the end-systolic volume. In 12 isolated, blood-perfused canine hearts loaded
      with a simulated arterial system, ejecting end-systolic pressure exceeded
      isovolumic pressure by approximately 10 mm Hg when ejection fraction was 0.3.
      With both higher and lower ejection fractions, the excess of ejecting end
      systolic pressure was smaller; beyond an ejection fraction of roughly 0.5, the
      trend reversed so that ejecting end-systolic pressure fell below isovolumic
      pressure. The maximum excess in ejecting end-systolic pressure was quite variable
      (1-17 mm Hg), but the pattern of its variation with ejection fraction was
      consistent. A correlate of the positive effect of ejection on ventricular
      pressure was found in the timing of end systole. For an ejection fraction of 0.4,
      the systolic duration of ejecting beats was approximately 45% longer than in
      isovolumic beats (range, 23-67%). Potentially, a positive effect of ejection
      might be due to a residual influence of the stronger activation of cardiac
      myofilaments early in ejecting systole during which the sarcomeres were at longer
      lengths than in the isovolumic beat at end-systolic volume (length-dependent
      activation). A hypothetical model based on this mechanism reproduced both of the
      positive effects of ejection that were observed: excess end-systolic pressure and
      prolonged duration of systole. Thus, the approximate load independence of end
      systolic pressure could result from the counter balance between opposing
      influences of ejection.

PMID- 2912599
TI  - Effects of calcium channel antagonists on carotid sinus baroreflex control of
      arterial pressure and heart rate in anesthetized dogs.
AB  - Our study was designed to determine whether the calcium channel antagonists
      verapamil, diltiazem, and nifedipine and the nitrate vasodilator sodium
      nitroprusside modulate carotid sinus (CS) baroreflex control of mean arterial
      pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR). Pentobarbital-anesthetized, vagotomized dogs
      were surgically prepared for reversible vascular isolation of the CS regions.
      Open-loop performance of the CS baroreflex was determined under control
      conditions and after intravenous infusion of each agent for 20 minutes at four
      rates (nitroprusside: 0.3-10 micrograms/kg/min; verapamil and diltiazem: 1-30
      micrograms/kg/min; nifedipine: 0.1-3 micrograms/kg/min). With the CS baroreflex
      loop closed, each vasodilator decreased MAP from control (nitroprusside: 127 +/-
      3 to 69 +/- 5 mm Hg; verapamil: 137 +/- 7 to 86 +/- 5 mm Hg; diltiazem: 137 +/- 9
      to 100 +/- 5 mm Hg; nifedipine: 140 +/- 6 to 109 +/- 7 mm Hg). Each compound also
      caused a dose-dependent downward shift in the open-loop CSP-MAP relations. The
      higher doses of each vasodilator also depressed the total range of control of MAP
      (i.e., maximum MAP minus minimum MAP) by the baroreflex and significantly
      attenuated the peak open-loop MAP/CSP gains (nitroprusside: 1.21 +/- 0.19 to 0.56
      +/- 0.12; verapamil: 1.36 +/- 0.16 to 0.64 +/- 0.10; diltiazem: 1.52 +/- 0.34 to
      0.89 +/- 0.11; nifedipine: 1.35 +/- 0.20 to 0.83 +/- 0.14) but did not alter the
      CSP at which the peak gain was manifest. Only verapamil and diltiazem
      significantly shifted downward the CSP-HR relations, whereas none of the drugs
      affected the total range of baroreflex control of HR (i.e., maximum HR minus
      minimum HR) or the peak open-loop HR/CSP gains. Our results suggest that 1) it is
      unlikely that calcium channel antagonists act directly on the baroreceptors or
      the neural components of the baroreflex loop (i.e., afferent, central and
      efferent nerves) because they impair CS baroreflex control of MAP but not HR and
      2) the impairment of MAP control is predominantly due to a nonspecific blunting
      of adrenergic vasoconstriction.

PMID- 2912600
TI  - Duration of ischemia is vital for collateral development: repeated brief coronary
      artery occlusions in conscious dogs.
AB  - The effects of two types of repeated transient coronary artery occlusions on
      collateral development were examined in chronically instrumented, conscious dogs.
      A 2-minute coronary occlusion at 32-minute intervals (group 1, n = 11) or a 15
      second occlusion at 4-minute intervals (group 2, n = 7) were repeated day and
      night without interruption. In both groups, the total duration of coronary
      occlusions each day was the same (90 minutes). Before and after repetitive
      occlusions of either group, effects of transient 2-minute coronary occlusion on
      regional segment shortening in the ischemic area were examined to assess the
      functional state of the collateral vessels. In group 1, systolic segment
      shortening in the area rendered ischemic was reduced to -97.8 +/- 17.7% of the
      preocclusive control value during 2 minutes of coronary occlusion. After 125-478
      repetitive occlusions (3-11 days), the degree of hypokinesia during the 2-minute
      occlusion was significantly improved to -0.6 +/- 4.6% of the preocclusive value
      (p less than 0.001 vs. before the repetition). In group 2, it remained unchanged
      even after 3,500-5,450 repetitive occlusions (11-16 days): -111.8 +/- 8.2% before
      and -111.4 +/- 13.8% after the repetition of 15-second occlusions (NS). The ratio
      of peripheral coronary arterial pressure to aortic pressure during transient
      coronary occlusion, measured by selective catheterization, was significantly
      higher in group 1 than in group 2 (64.4 +/- 5.3% vs. 20.7 +/- 1.3%, p less than
      0.001). These findings suggest that myocardial ischemia of 2 minutes but not 15
      seconds is vital to provide effective stimuli for angiogenesis.

PMID- 2912602
TI  - Writing.

PMID- 2912601
TI  - Anti-cholinergic effects of quinidine, disopyramide, and procainamide in isolated
      atrial myocytes: mediation by different molecular mechanisms.
AB  - Effects of quinidine, disopyramide, and procainamide on the acetylcholine (ACh)
      induced K+ channel current were examined in single atrial cells, using the tight
      seal, whole-cell clamp technique. The pipette solution contained guanosine-5'
      triphosphate (GTP) or guanosine-5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (GTP-gamma S, a
      nonhydrolysable GTP analogue). In GTP-loaded cells, not only ACh but also
      adenosine induced a specific K+ channel current via GTP-binding proteins (G) by
      activating muscarinic ACh or adenosine receptors. Quinidine and disopyramide
      depressed the ACh-induced K+ current quite effectively. Procainamide had a weak
      inhibitory effect. Quinidine also depressed adenosine-induced K+ current, while
      the effect of disopyramide on adenosine-induced current was much smaller than
      that on ACh-induced current. In GTP-gamma S-loaded cells, the K+ channel was
      uncoupled from the receptors and was activated irreversibly, probably due to
      direct activation of G proteins by GTP-gamma S. Quinidine depressed the GTP-gamma
      S-induced K+ current just as in the cases of ACh- and adenosine-induced currents
      of GTP-loaded cells. Disopyramide had only a weak inhibitory effect and
      procainamide showed no effect. From these results, it is strongly suggested that
      the major mechanisms underlying the anti-cholinergic effects of quinidine,
      disopyramide, and procainamide are different; quinidine may inhibit the
      muscarinic K+ channel itself and/or G proteins, while disopyramide and high doses
      of procainamide may mainly block functions of muscarinic ACh receptors in atrial
      myocytes.

PMID- 2912603
TI  - The eccentric coronary atherosclerotic plaque: morphologic observations and
      clinical relevance.
AB  - Five hundred consecutive coronary artery segments histologically narrowed 76 to
      95% in cross-sectional area by atherosclerotic plaque were classified into
      concentric and eccentric luminal types. Of the 500 segments, 365 (73%) were
      eccentric and 185 (27%) were concentric. Of the eccentric lesions, an arc of
      disease-free wall accounted for 2.3 to 32% (mean 16.6%) of the circumference of
      the internal elastic membrane. The average thickness of the coronary artery media
      was thinner in diseased segments (mean 88.4 micron) compared to disease-free wall
      segments in the same vessel (mean 202.9 micron). The presence of disease-free
      wall segments has clinical importance in at least three areas: (1) the accuracy
      with which angiography reflects the morphologic features of the diseased vessel,
      (2) coronary artery spasm, and (3) the mechanism of coronary balloon angioplasty
      and subsequent "restenosis" of previously dilated vessels.

PMID- 2912604
TI  - Echocardiographic monitoring of mental stress test in ischemic heart disease.
AB  - Mental stress testing can induce ischemia in coronary patients, but often may not
      induce chest pain and/or electrocardiographic changes. Therefore, we tested the
      utility of echocardiography to increase the sensitivity of the method. For this
      purpose, 56 patients undertook arithmetic mental stress tests and then were
      subjected to coronary angiography. During the test we evaluated left ventricular
      function, electrocardiography results, and emotional involvement measured by STAI
      (State Trait Anxiety Inventory). Echocardiography was positive in 21 patients,
      and electrocardiogram only in 2 patients. No patient complained of chest pain.
      The remaining 35 patients were negative. Comparing echo data with coronary
      angiography, in all the cases, sensitivity was 73.5%, specificity 93.3%. Analysis
      of the STAI revealed that the negative test we observed could be due to a low
      stressor efficacy. In conclusion, echocardiography in mental stress testing
      permits improved sensitivity, with loss of specificity in comparison with
      conventional electrocardiographic monitoring.

PMID- 2912605
TI  - A new device for balloon inflation during valvuloplasty: a preliminary report.
AB  - A new device using a lever concept has been designed to facilitate rapid
      inflation and deflation of balloons during valvuloplasty. This report summarizes
      and illustrates the design features of the balloon inflation device as well as in
      vitro results of testing of times for balloon inflation, deflation, and bursting.

PMID- 2912606
TI  - Lymphocyte subsets in acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease.
AB  - Lymphocyte subsets in 53 patients with acute rheumatic fever and 78 patients with
      chronic rheumatic heart disease were compared with 20 normal control subjects and
      39 patients suffering from uncomplicated streptococcal pharyngitis to obtain
      information about the pathogenesis of the disease. Twenty patients with rheumatic
      fever were followed for 24 weeks to evaluate changes occurring over the course of
      the disease. Total leukocyte and lymphocyte counts were increased in patients
      with rheumatic fever and to a lesser extent in those with rheumatic heart
      disease, when compared with controls. The difference between the two groups was
      significant. Patients with acute rheumatic fever had an increased number of B
      cells and a smaller increase in total T and T-helper-inducer (CD-4) cells. The
      proportion of B cells increased, while that of T-suppressor-cytotoxic (CD-8)
      cells fell. An increased number and proportion of B cells was also seen in
      patients with rheumatic heart disease. Total T and T-helper lymphocyte
      percentages and numbers were significantly higher in patients with rheumatic
      fever compared with those of patients with rheumatic heart disease. Follow-up
      studies at 6, 12, and 24 weeks revealed no significant differences from the entry
      point studies, although there was a trend toward reduction in the degree of
      derangement from normal values. Patients with uncomplicated streptococcal
      pharyngitis, however, did not show perturbations in the T-cell and T-subset
      counts. Our study suggests that the immunoregulatory defect in acute rheumatic
      fever is characterized by a relative reduction of suppressor T cells with an
      absolute increase in helper T cells and B cells, resulting in an increased
      cellular as well as humoral immune response.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2912607
TI  - EKG screening program for school athletes.
AB  - Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is the most common cardiovascular cause of sudden
      death in adolescent athletes. The electrocardiogram is abnormal in more than 90%
      of these individuals. An EKG screening program was developed in order to
      ascertain the role of the electrocardiogram in identifying athletes at risk for
      sudden death. A training program was created to instruct school nurses on how to
      perform electrocardiograms. A questionnaire/consent form was sent to the parents
      of the athletes. This form asked basic questions concerning the child's past
      medical history and family history. The electrocardiograms were interpreted by
      staff pediatric cardiologists. A total of 1,424 students, ages 13 to 18, had 12
      lead electrocardiograms performed. In 88.8% the electrocardiogram was normal and
      the health screening questionnaire revealed no abnormalities in family or
      personal medical history. In 6.5% of the students, the family history or
      screening blood pressure recording justified further evaluation. In 72 students
      abnormalities on the electrocardiogram were noted (5.1%). There were 87
      abnormalities noted in the 72 students. Conduction disturbances and arrhythmias
      were the most common abnormalities noted. In 12 students evidence of ventricular
      hypertrophy was found. Echocardiograms and stress tests were normal in these
      individuals. No student was found to have hypertrophic myopathy and no student
      was restricted from participating in competitive athletic activities. Despite the
      apparent negative results of this program there were benefits of the screening
      project. The program resulted in a closer working relationship between school
      health officials and a major health care facility.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2912608
TI  - Hyperthyroid-induced atrial flutter-fibrillation with profound sinoatrial nodal
      pauses due to small doses of digoxin, verapamil, and propranolol.
AB  - Atrial fibrillation due to hyperthyroidism is characterized by a rapid
      ventricular response which is typically resistant to digoxin therapy. We report a
      patient with atrial flutter-fibrillation who developed cyclic sinus node
      dysfunction with profound ventricular pauses in response to small doses of
      digoxin, verapamil, and propranolol, which resolved with discontinuation of the
      medications. Caution is necessary to avoid paradoxical ventricular slowing when
      treating hyperthyroid-induced atrial fibrillation.

PMID- 2912609
TI  - Myxomatous mitral valve degeneration complicating asymptomatic cor triatriatum.
AB  - Cor triatriatum presenting in adulthood is extremely rare. This paper reports a
      case of cor triatriatum initially masquerading as mitral stenosis, which was
      later complicated by myxomatous mitral valve degeneration with severe
      regurgitation, which necessitated mitral valvular replacement. To the authors'
      knowledge, such a combination has not been reported in the literature.

PMID- 2912610
TI  - Imaging of degenerative disease of the cervical spine.
AB  - The introduction of new techniques to the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
      armamentarium is beginning to provide an MRI examination that overcomes many of
      the disadvantages noted in earlier reports. An analysis of the various advantages
      and disadvantages of MRI, plain film myelography, and computed tomographic
      myelography points to a potential revision of the sequence of diagnostic studies
      and the workup of cervical degenerative disease. MRI might now be the appropriate
      first test for the evaluation of the cervical spine in a patient with symptoms
      referable to degenerative disease when therapeutic intervention is considered. An
      initial T1-weighted sagittal image with a 3-mm slice thickness will provide
      excellent contrast evaluation of the vertebral body marrow, disc space height,
      neural canal, and spinal cord. Disc herniation, canal stenosis, subluxation, and
      malalignment can be appreciated. Next, a fast, variable flip angle, gradient-echo
      sequence can be performed to increase the signal density of the cerebrospinal
      fluid relative to the extradural elements and cord. This provides an increased
      conspicuousness of extradural disease. Axial gradient-echo fast sequences, with
      low flip angles, will provide a second orthogonal plane with increased
      conspicuousness of extradural changes relative to the neural foramen and thecal
      sac. If necessary, additional oblique views through the neural foramen can be
      obtained. Finally, if intramedullary disease is considered in the differential, a
      gated, refocused, T2-weighted examination in the sagittal plane will provide the
      necessary soft-tissue contrast to detect pathology without unwanted artifact.
      Thus, unlike plain film or computed tomographic myelography, an examination of
      the entire cervical region including the osseous structures, extradural
      cerebrospinal fluid interface, and the spinal cord can be obtained with a single
      modality in an outpatient setting and in a noninvasive fashion. MRI can certainly
      replace plain film myelography for the overwhelming majority of situations. If
      surface-coil MRI fails to demonstrate an abnormality responsible for the
      patient's clinical symptoms, then a high-resolution computed tomographic scan
      with or without intrathecal contrast can be obtained. While the cost at first may
      seem prohibitive, the additional information that MRI is capable of providing in
      a noninvasive outpatient setting more than compensates for the expense.

PMID- 2912611
TI  - The halo skeletal fixator. Principles of application and maintenance.
AB  - The halo skeletal fixator, originally developed for use in patients with
      poliomyelitis, is now widely used with many types of cervical spine
      instabilities. Despite its demonstrated effectiveness, certain problem areas,
      including pin loosening and infection, have been identified. These problems have
      subsequently inspired detailed studies of skull osteology, biomechanics of pin
      fixation, and comparisons of techniques of application. Based on these studies,
      specific recommendations concerning the application and maintenance of the halo
      have developed. Anterior pin sites should be located in the safe zone
      approximately 1 cm superior to the orbital rim, cephalad to the lateral two
      thirds of the orbit, and below the greatest circumference of the skull. The
      optimal posterior pin sites are located posterolaterally, diagonal to the
      corresponding contralateral anterior pins. Pins should be inserted perpendicular
      to the skull, tightened to eight inch/pounds (0.90 Newton-meter), and retightened
      once at 48 hours. A subsequent loose pin may be retightened once to eight
      inch/pounds if resistance is met; otherwise, it should be removed and a new one
      placed in a different location. Infected pins require antibiotic therapy, wound
      care, and possibly pin-site change and wound debridement.

PMID- 2912612
TI  - Vertical settling in rheumatoid arthritis. Diagnostic value of the Ranawat and
      Redlund-Johnell methods.
AB  - The usefulness of the recently developed Ranawat and Redlund-Johnell craniometric
      methods was compared with that of the conventional McGregor method for diagnosing
      vertical settling (VS) of the skull and the atlas on the axis in 209 patients
      with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Statistical analysis of the values obtained from
      roentgenograms revealed close correlations among the three methods. The first two
      methods were superior to the McGregor method because the measuring points could
      be identified on plain roentgenograms of the cervical spine in virtually all
      cases. The McGregor value could not be determined in 38 (18%) patients. Since
      medullary compression could be detected by magnetic resonance imaging in all
      patients who showed abnormal Redlund-Johnell values, the Redlund-Johnell method
      may be useful for diagnosing advanced VS. It also detects not only atlantoaxial
      lesions but also atlantooccipital lesions. Thus, the Redlund-Johnell method
      appears to be the best method for diagnosing VS in RA patients.

PMID- 2912613
TI  - Occipitoatlantoaxial fusion utilizing a rectangular rod.
AB  - Atlantoaxial subluxation has been treated conventionally by Gallie posterior
      fusion. This technique, however, has disadvantages such as the frequent
      occurrence of pseudarthrosis, a high probability of relapse, and the necessity of
      long-standing strict external fixation until bone fusion. To overcome these
      problems, posterior occipitoatlantoaxial fusion was performed using a rectangular
      rod that assures strong internal fixation in 16 patients with atlantoaxial
      subluxation. The condition was complicated by superior migration of the dens in
      five patients. Clinical and roentgenographic examinations before and after the
      operation showed improvements in neurological symptoms and in pain in the neck
      and occipital region in all patients. Bone fusion was observed in all patients
      and reduction, performed to the extent possible during the operation, was
      retained adequately. The present method, which provides strong internal fixation,
      allows bone fusion and early initiation of rehabilitation with a simple external
      support of the neck. It also facilitates laminectomy of C1 in patients with
      associated myelopathy. This procedure, therefore, is particularly effective in
      patients with marked instability or with rheumatoid arthritis and makes
      postoperative application of a halo vest or skull traction unnecessary.

PMID- 2912614
TI  - The effect of collar and distal stem fixation on micromotion of the femoral stem
      in uncemented total hip arthroplasty.
AB  - Collar seating and tight distal stem fit were evaluated for their effects on
      micromotion of the implant in the proximal femur. Collared and collarless
      implants were inserted with a cementless technique in 42 preserved femoral
      specimens from adult cadavers and cyclically axially loaded in a 9 degree valgus
      position. Micromotion was registered with dial indicators. Micromotion was
      minimized distally and proximally by achieving tight distal fixation. Collar
      seating prevented distal migration and failure of fixation, but it did not have a
      detectable effect on mediolateral or anteroposterior proximal micromotion. Toggle
      appears to be controlled primarily by the distal portion of the stem. Axial load
      transfer appears to be primarily controlled by collar seating. The least
      micromotion was achieved with a tight fit distally.

PMID- 2912615
TI  - The treatment of pigmented villonodular synovitis of the hip. A case report and
      literature review.
AB  - Pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVS) is a rare occurrence in the hip joint. A
      33-year-old female with PVS of the right hip was successfully treated by
      synovectomy and total hip arthroplasty. The literature includes 64 cases of PVS
      involving the hip, with an average patient age of 34.8 years. Multiple methods of
      initial treatment were encountered including synovectomy alone, synovectomy and
      total hip arthroplasty, radiation therapy, and arthrodesis. Synovectomy is only
      effective when articular cartilage is preserved. Total hip arthroplasty, although
      of concern in such a young population, appears to be the procedure of choice for
      either advanced cases of PVS or those that have failed joint-sparing procedures.

PMID- 2912616
TI  - Medial unicompartmental arthroplasty of the knee. Use of the L-cut and comparison
      with the tibial inset method.
AB  - Forty-four medial unicompartmental arthroplasties were performed between August
      1982 and August 1985 using the L-cut resection and guides. These were compared
      with 19 medial unicompartmental arthroplasties performed between September 1974
      and August 1982 in which the tibial plateau was prepared by the conventional
      tibial inset method. The L-cut was more precise due to the use of guides. This
      method allowed the tibial component to be seated directly on the cortical rim of
      the medial proximal tibial plateau for better support. There was a direct
      relationship between the placement of the tibial component and the clinical
      results. In both groups, those patients approaching a tibial prosthesis placement
      of 90 degrees in the coronal plane and 80 degrees in the sagittal plane had the
      best clinical results.

PMID- 2912617
TI  - Load transfer characteristics of a noncemented total knee arthroplasty.
AB  - This study evaluated load transfer characteristics of femoral and tibial
      components of a total knee prosthesis that was designed to achieve distal femoral
      and proximal tibial compressive load-bearing. Strain gauge readings were highest
      on the cortex of the tibial metaphyseal flare. Roentgenograms of 110 patients
      with noncemented total knee arthroplasty (TKA) with follow-up periods of 12-24
      months were evaluated. Cancellous bone hypertrophy bridging from the undersurface
      of the tibial component to the metaphyseal cortical bone was noted on all
      roentgenograms at six months, suggesting stress transfer through cancellous bone
      to this area. Anterolateral sinking was noted in six of the first 46 patients but
      was not seen again in the series after a design change was made to more rigidly
      fix the stem in the bone of the upper tibia. Roentgenograms of the femoral
      components demonstrated distal bone hypertrophy suggesting compressive load
      bearing. None of the femoral components migrated or sank.

PMID- 2912618
TI  - Porous-coated knee arthroplasty. A case report concerning bone ingrowth.
AB  - The area of bone-metal interaction in uncemented implants is regarded by many
      investigators as the key to the success or failure of the implant. The nature of
      the interaction is poorly understood because the zone is technically difficult to
      visualize and analyze. In order to test the power of modern imaging, analyzing,
      and metallurgical methods in this context, a well-functioning porous-coated knee
      prosthesis (tibial component) removed from the knee of a 65-year-old man was
      sectioned and examined by light microscopy, roentgenogram, scanning electron
      microscopy, and radiologic energy dispersive analysis. Independently, these
      methods demonstrated that the prosthesis was held in situ by collagenous tissue
      between and below the metal pellets of the prosthesis. Calcified bone did not
      appear to interact with the prosthesis and is probably not a major factor for
      prosthesis fixation. The various analytic methods described are suitable and
      sufficient for further exploration on a larger scale of the zone of bone-metal
      contact in cementless implants.

PMID- 2912619
TI  - Gait analysis in patients with gonarthrosis treated by high tibial osteotomy.
AB  - The basic parameters of gait were studied in 14 patients with medial gonarthrosis
      before and eight to 12 months after high tibial osteotomy. In seven patients, the
      osteotomy was fixed with staples. The patient was placed in plaster
      immobilization for six weeks and weight bearing was allowed after ten weeks. In
      the other seven patients, the osteotomy was fixed with a T-plate, and immediate
      joint motion and weight bearing were allowed after six weeks. There was no
      difference in any parameter of gait among patients treated with the two
      techniques. For all patients, the mean maximal velocity preoperatively was 65% of
      that of normal people, with only a slight, nonsignificant increase at the follow
      up examination. An additional indication of insufficient rehabilitation was the
      decrease in stride length at constant maximal velocity at the follow-up
      evaluation. Positive correlations were found between stride length and muscle
      torque in the thigh. Positive correlations were also found between a subjective
      score and maximal velocity. Simple tests of velocity, stride length, and stride
      frequency are recommended as an easy and decisive method of follow-up evaluation.

PMID- 2912620
TI  - Care of the multiply injured patient with cervical spine injury.
AB  - Cervical spine injuries can be disastrous. The treatment begins at the accident
      scene by obtaining an appropriate history, physical examination, and evaluation
      of the mechanics of the accident. Emergency medical stabilization takes
      precedence, but the cervical spine should be stabilized until an injury in this
      area is ruled out. If the patient has suffered a head injury or is violent,
      cervical spine precautions should be maintained until spinal column injuries have
      been ruled out roentgenographically. Because of the complexities of the
      evaluation and treatment of cervical spine injury in the multiply injured
      patient, an algorithm to assist in the management and evaluation of the patient
      has been developed, and a multidisciplinary, specialized evaluation and treatment
      team is employed. Through this approach, mortality in the multiply injured
      patient with a cervical spine injury has been reduced to 22%. Of 58 patients with
      cervical spine injuries evaluated by this aggressive approach, 14 patients had
      associated spine fractures, and 9 patients had positive peritoneal lavage
      requiring surgical exploration. Injuries involving other organ systems were also
      diagnosed and treated. Formal, rigid evaluation plans and aggressive
      multidisciplinary treatment are useful in saving the lives and salvaging
      neurologic function of these patients.

PMID- 2912621
TI  - The relationship of stride characteristics to pain before and after total knee
      arthroplasty.
AB  - The relationship between the changes in stride characteristics and the changes in
      pain that occurred before and after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) were examined
      in 18 patients with a diagnosis of osteoarthritis. The patients were observed
      after either bilateral or unilateral TKA. Measurements of stride characteristics
      by footswitch analysis and assessments of pain by visual analog scale were
      performed preoperatively and at five months and at 13 months postoperatively.
      Stride characteristics improved and pain diminished after surgery. Improvements,
      from preoperative to five months postoperative, were noted in seven of eight
      stride characteristics. The improvements in velocity and stride length were
      related to the decreases in pain over that period. Improvements from five months
      to 13 months postoperative were independent of the decrease in pain over that
      period and independent of the increase in active knee flexion angle. When
      evaluating stride characteristics after TKA, it is necessary to consider the
      effect of pain relief and to monitor the patient's ambulatory progress after pain
      diminishes.

PMID- 2912622
TI  - Tibialis posterior tendon dysfunction.
AB  - Dysfunction of the tibialis posterior tendon evolves through a series of stages.
      The pain symptoms, clinical signs, and roentgenographic changes for each of these
      stages are characteristic. This staging system permits clarification and
      individualization of dysfunction, expected pathologic changes, and surgical
      treatment. The importance of the tibialis posterior tendon in normal hindfoot
      function and its treatment when injured are now being properly appreciated.

PMID- 2912623
TI  - The treatment of cervical spine disorders.

PMID- 2912624
TI  - A long-term follow-up study of tibiotalar dislocations without associated
      fractures.
AB  - A retrospective review of 19 cases of pure tibiotalar dislocation without
      associated fractures showed that most patients with closed injuries will have a
      good long-term result. Closed injuries generally have functionally insignificant
      instability, loss of motion, and no roentgenographic evidence of degenerative
      changes. The long-term results were worse in open dislocations that had a high
      incidence of concurrent neurovascular injury. These neurovascular injuries were
      of minimal functional significance. The role of primary ligament repair is
      difficult to delineate.

PMID- 2912625
TI  - Stress fracture of the lateral metatarsals following double-stem silicone implant
      arthroplasty of the hallux metatarsophalangeal joint.
AB  - Stress fractures of the lateral metatarsal bones occur frequently and are most
      commonly seen following repetitive trauma. However, such fractures rarely occur
      after reconstructive operations involving the hallux metatarsophalangeal joint.
      The authors report four patients who developed a lateral metatarsal stress
      fracture during the first year following use of a double-stem silicone implant to
      reconstruct the hallux and, in addition in the case of one patient, the second
      metatarsophalangeal joint. An analysis of all these patients established the
      incidence of this complication to be 3%. The etiology of these fractures appears
      to be an overloading of the lateral metatarsals secondary to some shortening of
      the hallux metatarsal or in reestablishing motion to the hallux
      metatarsophalangeal joint. All fractures healed without complication and did not
      result in further forefoot symptoms or deformities. However, this complication
      should be suspected when lateral metatarsalgia develops following silicone
      implant arthroplasty because roentgenograms initially may be normal.

PMID- 2912626
TI  - The lateral approach compared with the volar approach for exposure of the hook of
      the hamate.
AB  - Two cases of delayed union of the hook of the hamate were satisfactorily treated
      by excisional surgery. The volar surgical approach through the palm is common,
      but to expose the hook some hypothenar muscles and cardinal ligaments must be
      divided. Care must be taken to avoid injury of the motor and sensory branches of
      the ulnar nerve that occur close to the hook. The lateral approach between the
      abductor digiti minimi muscle and the fifth metacarpal bone is easier and less
      traumatic. This approach is also safer for the ulnar neurovascular bundle, which
      is protected by volar retraction and the hypothenar muscles. The lateral approach
      is advantageous unless the injury is complicated by ulnar nerve palsy or flexor
      tendon injury.

PMID- 2912627
TI  - The effect of the CAT-CAM above-knee prosthesis on functional rehabilitation.
AB  - Five, rehabilitated, unilateral above-knee amputees (average age, 34.4 years)
      using quadrilateral sockets were converted to Contoured Adducted Trochanteric
      Controlled Alignment Method (CAT-CAM) sockets to determine the effect on
      ambulatory function. Patients were evaluated before and after conversion for
      subjective acceptance, gait deviations, relative femoral shaft inclination,
      coronal-plane hip abduction torque, and ambulatory metabolic demands. The CAT-CAM
      socket was subjectively rated superior by four patients. Most gait deviations
      improved or disappeared. Femoral shaft inclination angles improved an average of
      6.5 degrees toward adduction by roentgenographic measurements in four patients.
      Film records suggest that the compensatory lateral trunk lean, seen in patients
      with quadrilateral sockets, diminished after conversion. These four patients
      increased their customary gait velocities, and all showed a reduction in the
      quantity of oxygen consumed per meter traveled by up to 50%.

PMID- 2912628
TI  - The tension-stress effect on the genesis and growth of tissues: Part II. The
      influence of the rate and frequency of distraction.
AB  - To assess the influence of both the rate and the frequency of distraction on
      osteogenesis during limb elongation, a canine tibia was used with various
      combinations of distraction rates (0.5 mm, 1.0 mm, or 2.0 mm per day) and
      distraction frequencies (one step per day, four steps per day, 60 steps per day).
      The distractions were performed after both open osteotomy and closed osteoclasis.
      Histomorphic and biochemical studies were conducted on the elongated osseous
      tissue, fascia, skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, blood vessels, nerves, and skin.
      It was determined that distraction at a rate of 0.5 mm per day often led to
      premature consolidation of the lengthening bone, while a distraction rate of 2.0
      mm per day often resulted in undesirable changes within elongating tissues. A
      distraction rate of 1.0 mm per day led to the best results. It was also observed
      that the greater the distraction frequency, the better the outcome. With optimum
      preservation of periosseous tissues, bone marrow, and blood supply at the time of
      osteotomy, stability of external fixation, and 1.0 mm per day of distraction in
      four steps, osteogenesis within the distraction gap of an elongating bone takes
      place by the formation of a physislike structure, in which new bone forms in
      parallel columns extending in both directions from a central growth zone. The
      growth plate that forms under the influence of tension-stress has features of
      both physeal and intramembranous ossification, yet is neither; instead, the
      distraction regenerated bone is unique, providing numerous applications in
      clinical traumatology, orthopedics, and other medical disciplines.

PMID- 2912629
TI  - The origin of the osteoclast.
AB  - The origin of the osteoclast remains controversial even though investigations
      using light microscopy, tissue culture, electron microscopy, microcinematography,
      autoradiography, parabiosis, quail chick nuclear markers, giant lysosomal markers
      in beige mice, Y chromosomes, bone marrow cell culture, and monoclonal antibodies
      have been performed since its discovery. Concepts of the origin of the osteoclast
      have been changing. The classic concept was that the osteoclast originated from
      connective tissue cells. Others hypothesized that it originated from mature
      hematopoietic cells, particularly from monocyte or macrophage cells. A recent
      concept proposed an origin from hematopoietic stem cells. The hematopoietic stem
      cell was believed to differentiate into two cell lineages: one of monocytes and
      the other of preosteoclasts. The authors' concept, based on experimental
      observations as well as alternate interpretations stemming from experimental
      reports of other researchers, proposes an origin from local, nonhematopoietic,
      possibly perivascular mesenchymal cells. However, the relationship of the
      hematopoietic stem cells to perivascular mesenchymal cells in the periosteum at
      an early stage of enchondral ossification is still not well known. Therefore, the
      origin of the osteoclast also remains uncertain.

PMID- 2912630
TI  - Periosteal bone formation elicited by partially purified bone morphogenetic
      protein.
AB  - A small amount of partially purified, water-soluble murine osteosarcoma-derived
      bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) was implanted into the dorsal muscles of mice in
      combination with calf skin gelatin or collagen as carriers. Changes in the ribs
      adjacent to the implants were then chronologically observed. On implantation of
      BMP with gelatin, the gelatin was rapidly absorbed and no ectopic bone formation
      was observed, but periosteal cellular proliferation with subsequent formation of
      periosteal cartilage and bone was seen in ribs adjacent to the implant.
      Implantation of the same amount of BMP fraction or gelatin alone as controls did
      not result in either any ectopic bone formation in situ or any periosteal bone
      formation in adjacent ribs. Implantation of BMP with collagen resulted
      consistently in both ectopic bone formation in situ and periosteal bone formation
      in adjacent ribs. These results suggest that BMP is diffusible in vivo and is
      capable of eliciting a response from periosteum to stimulate periosteal bone
      formation.

PMID- 2912631
TI  - Subaxial injuries.
AB  - Injuries to the subaxial cervical spine must be suspected in any patient who
      suffers a head injury or complains of neck pain or neurologic symptoms of the
      arms or legs following an accident, particularly a motor vehicle or diving
      accident. Careful neurologic examination and lateral roentgenograms are indicated
      in all patients with suspected injury. If there is any neurologic deficit,
      fracture, or dislocation seen on roentgenogram, skull-traction tongs should be
      applied to provide stability and prevent further damage. If the neurologic
      examination and roentgenograms are normal, a stretch-test roentgenogram may be
      indicated to detect an occult ligamentous injury. Muscular strains and first
      degree sprains may be treated with a collar and early active exercise.
      Subluxation and facet dislocations are most reliably treated with a posterior one
      level fusion. Comminuted body fractures are best treated with an anterior strut
      graft. Complex fracture-dislocations of both anterior and posterior columns may
      be best treated with skull traction followed by combined anterior and posterior
      stabilization. Halo-jacket immobilization has few indications in subaxial
      injuries. It does not provide enough stability to maintain reduction of unstable
      mid- and low-cervical injuries. It may be used for postoperative immobilization
      in very unstable situations, but its greatest use is in immobilization of C1 and
      C2 fractures.

PMID- 2912633
TI  - The primary link in the chain of events in osteoarthrosis is a biochemical
      failure of the cartilage.

PMID- 2912632
TI  - Prevalence and coincidence of degenerative changes of the hands and feet in
      middle age and their relationship to occupational work load, intelligence, and
      social background.
AB  - The occurrence and coincidence of degenerative changes in hands and feet were
      studied in 574 55-year-old residents of Malmo, Sweden. The prevalence of
      Heberden's nodes and arthrosis of the first carpometacarpal joints (CMC-I) was
      15% and 2% higher in women, respectively. Degenerative changes in the feet, again
      more common in women, occurred in 16%. In men there was a coincidence between
      degenerative changes in hands and feet. Women with Heberden's nodes had more
      physically demanding jobs. Otherwise, factors such as intelligence and social
      background could not be demonstrated to correlate with hand and foot conditions.

PMID- 2912634
TI  - The halo. A spinal skeletal traction fixation device. By Vernon L. Nickel,
      Jacquelin Perry, Alice Garrett, and Malcolm Heppenstall, 1968.

PMID- 2912635
TI  - The quadrangular fragment fracture. Roentgenographic features and treatment
      protocol.
AB  - The quadrangular fragment fracture is a clinically discrete type of cervical
      lesion that poses a difficult management problem. Physically, it resembles the
      triangular fragment fracture or teardrop fracture, but it responds very poorly to
      posterior fusion, the conventional treatment for these fractures. It is
      characterized by a quadrangular-shaped fragment from the anterior one-third of
      the vertebral body, a significant degree of posterior subluxation, an angular
      kyphosis, and an increased interspinous space with facet subluxation due to
      disruption of the soft tissues. Recognition of the quadrangular fragment may help
      determine the treatment protocol. A group of 23 patients with quadrangular
      fragment fracture was treated with the standard protocol and had poor results,
      including difficulty in maintaining reduction, neck pain, and significant
      residual kyphosis. A second group of 15 patients received kyphosis. A second
      group of 15 patients received the second treatment protocol, which consisted of
      one to two weeks of skull traction over an extension bolster, followed by an
      anterior interbody strut graft to stabilize the fracture and further traction
      over an extension bolster until four weeks postinjury. Treatment minimized the
      angular kyphosis apparent at bony healing, and all patients achieved satisfactory
      union with good alignment and no significant neck pain.

PMID- 2912636
TI  - Traumatic spondylolisthesis of the axis.
AB  - Hanging, a common method of execution, began in antiquity and continues to this
      date. Unfortunately, the exact cause of a victim's demise was not always obvious,
      and many victims died as the result of asphyxiation from the hangman's noose. In
      the latter part of the 19th century, scientific curiosity led to autopsy studies
      of the cervical spine; Paterson in 1890 first described the lethal lesion.
      Experimental work in 1913 demonstrated that when the hangman's knot was placed
      beneath the chin, death rapidly occurred because of a traumatic spondylolisthesis
      of the second cervical vertebra. This knot placement then became standard as the
      most efficient method of execution. It was not until the mid-20th century that
      the similarity between judicial and civilian injury was recognized. The reports
      were infrequent, and most of the pars interarticularis fractures resulted from
      automobile accidents in which the victim was thrown forward and struck his or her
      face against the windshield which caused sudden violent hyperextension. The
      similarity between civilian and vehicular injuries was recognized in 1965 by
      Schneider who, together with his associates, reported eight cases; it was this
      group who introduced the term "hangman's fracture". Garber presented his thoughts
      on this subject, noting that there was a difference between the forces generated
      by judicial hanging and those caused by motor vehicle accidents and other similar
      civilian injuries. The former results in axial loading and hyperextension, and,
      rarely, in flexion or axial loading. Since the lesion occurs at the pars
      interarticularis of C2, Garber suggested that a more appropriate term might be
      traumatic spondylolisthesis of the axis.

PMID- 2912637
TI  - Traumatic lesions of the occipitoatlantoaxial complex.
AB  - Injuries of the occipitoatlantoaxial complex are relatively rare but form a group
      of ligamentous and bony lesions that may unnecessarily confuse the clinician.
      Since fractures of the dens and traumatic spondylolisthesis of the axis have been
      well described in a number of large series, this article concentrates on the
      lesions less frequently seen and described. The ligamentous injuries are
      occipitoatlantal dislocation, rupture of the transverse ligament, and
      atlantoaxial rotatory fixation. The bony injuries are fractures of the occipital
      condyles, atlas, and the lateral masses of C2. The incidence, diagnostic
      criteria, and treatment modalities depend on the nature of localization of the
      traumatic lesions.

PMID- 2912638
TI  - Critical care: when is enough enough?

PMID- 2912639
TI  - Withholding and withdrawing treatments: ethics at the bedside.

PMID- 2912640
TI  - Surgery of intracranial tumors: aspects of operating room design with integration
      and use of technical adjuvants.

PMID- 2912641
TI  - Difficult decisions in managing patients with benign brain tumors.

PMID- 2912642
TI  - Surgical decision-making for malignant brain tumors.

PMID- 2912643
TI  - Domains in the neurosciences: a 3-dimensional view of the brain.

PMID- 2912644
TI  - Commitment and contribution.

PMID- 2912645
TI  - Malignancy as it affects the patient.

PMID- 2912646
TI  - The rational use of analgesics in the management of patients with acute and
      chronic pain.

PMID- 2912647
TI  - Use and abuse of drug pumps in cancer pain.

PMID- 2912648
TI  - The status of dorsal root entry zone lesions in 1987.

PMID- 2912649
TI  - Are randomized clinical trials of surgical procedures feasible?

PMID- 2912650
TI  - The art and science of evaluating neurosurgical treatment.

PMID- 2912651
TI  - Alternatives in the surgical treatment of herniated lumbar disks.

PMID- 2912652
TI  - What are the determinants of a competent neurosurgeon?

PMID- 2912653
TI  - Risky business: is personal risk an obligation in treating patients?

PMID- 2912654
TI  - Neurosurgical critical care: who's in charge?

PMID- 2912655
TI  - The intensive care unit: who's in charge?

PMID- 2912656
TI  - Subspecialty certification in critical care.

PMID- 2912657
TI  - ICU management of pulmonary dysfunction in neurosurgical patients.

PMID- 2912658
TI  - Hyponatremia in neurosurgical patients.
AB  - Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte disturbance seen in a neurosurgical
      ICU. The most common cause is impaired excretion of water, which may be due to
      many causes. The hyponatremia itself is of importance only because of its effect
      on ECF osmolality, which, when low, causes cellular swelling and dysfunction.
      While a low serum sodium is most commonly associated with an increased ECF, it
      may also be associated with a normal or low ECF. In any of these situations,
      however, the symptomatology will be the same. On the other hand, the examination
      of the patient and the laboratory examinations will help in determining whether
      it is an instance of overhydration or underhydration. The urgency and type of
      treatment are dictated by the severity of the patient's symptoms.

PMID- 2912659
TI  - University Hospital reorganization.

PMID- 2912660
TI  - Cough induced by angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors.

PMID- 2912661
TI  - FDA announces new procedures to speed drug availability for life-threatening and
      severely debilitating conditions.

PMID- 2912662
TI  - FDA approves marketing of octreotide.

PMID- 2912663
TI  - Comparative dosage and toxicity of heparin sodium in the treatment of patients
      with pulmonary embolism versus deep-vein thrombosis.

PMID- 2912664
TI  - Risk of renal dysfunction in critically ill trauma patients receiving
      aminoglycosides.

PMID- 2912665
TI  - Computer-simulated effect of errors in infusion duration and blood sampling times
      on pharmacokinetic calculations for gentamicin.

PMID- 2912666
TI  - Variability of indocyanine green pharmacokinetics in healthy adults.

PMID- 2912667
TI  - Effect of source of population data on phenytoin dosage predictions in black
      patients.

PMID- 2912668
TI  - Comparative bioavailability of procainamide in capsule versus syrup form.

PMID- 2912669
TI  - Calculation of heparin dosage in a morbidly obese woman.

PMID- 2912670
TI  - Rational loop-diuretic combinations.

PMID- 2912671
TI  - Dermatographism in a horse.
AB  - An eight-year-old Thoroughbred gelding with dermatographic urticaria is
      presented. Forelimb edema and generalized urticaria were the presenting clinical
      signs. All hematologic and serum biochemical values were normal. Immunologic and
      histologic evaluation failed to reveal specific abnormalities. During
      hospitalization, an urticarial response to mechanical pressure (dermatographism)
      was identified. Clinical responses to corticosteroid and antihistaminic (H1)
      therapy were equivocal. The condition resolved in five weeks and an etiology was
      not discovered. A discussion of the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of
      dermatographic urticaria in humans is included with the report.

PMID- 2912672
TI  - Changes in equine carpal joint synovial fluid in response to the injection of two
      local anesthetic agents.
AB  - The effects of repeated arthrocentesis and injection of local anesthetic agents,
      lidocaine HCl or mepivacaine HCl on the equine middle carpal joint were
      investigated. Synovial fluid samples were evaluated before, and 12, 24 and 48
      hours following, treatment. The greatest changes from pretreatment values
      occurred in synovial fluid cellularity. Repeated arthrocentesis caused a moderate
      increase in cell counts, while injection of local anesthetics caused a greater
      increase. Alterations in mucin clot quality, hyaluronic acid content, fluid
      viscosity, total protein and immunoglobulin G were generally of no significance.
      The most sensitive sampling time to detect changes caused by a given treatment
      was 24 hours following treatment while the 12 hour sampling period appeared to be
      the best at detecting differences between treatments. Repeated arthrocentesis has
      a definite effect on synovial fluid composition but the effects appear to
      decrease with repeated centesis. Lidocaine HCl and mepivacaine HCl are irritating
      to the synovial environment. Clear differences between responses to the drugs
      could not be identified.

PMID- 2912673
TI  - Pine needle abortion in cattle: associated changes in serum cortisol, estradiol
      and progesterone.
AB  - Nineteen spring-calving cows were used in an experiment to study the effect of
      feeding pine needles on incidence of premature parturitions (abortions) and the
      associated changes in serum cortisol, estradiol-17 beta and progesterone. The
      study was conducted over 2 years (1983, seven cows fed pine needles and three
      controls; 1984, six cows fed pine needles and three controls). Experimental
      feeding started at an average of 250 d of gestation and continued until
      parturition. Daily blood samples were taken from the start of feeding through 2
      to 4 d after parturition. Feeding pine needles shortened gestation by 16 d and
      induced a premature normal rise in cortisol and estradiol-17 beta associated with
      parturition. Cortisol concentrations were also high at the beginning of the
      bleeding period and remained higher in pine needle-fed cows. An abrupt rise in
      progesterone concentration occurred after the start of pine needle feeding which
      then decreased sharply for 7 to 8 d before parturition and did not decrease to
      control concentrations until after parturition. We conclude that feeding pine
      needles to pregnant cows in late gestation causes abortions and that these
      abortions are directly caused by or are associated with changes in steroid
      metabolism.

PMID- 2912674
TI  - Pine needle abortion in cattle: pathological observations.
AB  - Grazing of ponderosa pine needles by pregnant cows may cause abortion. The
      abortions are frequently accompanied by retained placenta. Death is not uncommon
      in cows that abort. Ten cows were placed on a ponderosa pine needle experiment.
      Six of these cows were fed pine needles and four served as controls. All six cows
      receiving pine needles aborted, and three of them died shortly after the
      abortion. Death was due to a severe septicemia. Although the cows were necropsied
      shortly after death, all tissues were necrotic. Other lesions are described.
      Three of the six calves died shortly after the abortion. The other three were
      small and weak but survived due to intensive care.

PMID- 2912675
TI  - Evaluation of a digitonin disk assay to discriminate between acholeplasma and
      mycoplasma isolates from bovine milk.
AB  - A study was undertaken to evaluate effectiveness of a digitonin disk inhibition
      test to discriminate between Acholeplasma laidlawii and Mycoplasma sp. isolated
      from bovine milk. The test measured zone diameters of growth inhibition
      surrounding a digitonin-containing disk on solid medium. Zones of inhibition for
      20 isolates of A. laidlawii, ranging from 8-14 mm, did not overlap those of 261
      isolates of Mycoplasma sp., ranging from 16 to 38 mm. Examination of variation in
      zone diameters for M. bovis found that inhibition was not appreciably affected by
      agar dehydration. Zones of inhibition increased with increasing dilutions of
      stock culture and decreased with increasing incubation time. Analysis of variance
      and Fisher's least significant difference test of logn zone diameters revealed
      that differences in mean logn zone diameters were different at the 0.01 level of
      significance between some of the six species of mycoplasma examined, indicating
      that growth among some species of mycoplasma was effected differently by
      digitonin. The digitonin test was found to clearly discriminate between A.
      laidlawii and Mycoplasma sp. indicating that the test would be useful as a
      practical screening test of individual-cow and bulk tank milk for mycoplasmas.

PMID- 2912676
TI  - Ileal impaction in the horse: 75 cases.
AB  - Records of 75 horses with ileal impactions were examined retrospectively. There
      was a sex predilection towards mares. Arabians were over-represented compared to
      the hospital population. The average age was 8.3 years. Abdominal pain was
      observed in 96% of horses. Nasogastric reflux was present in 56% of horses, small
      intestinal distention was found on rectal palpation in 96% and an ileal impaction
      in 25%. Exploratory celiotomy was performed in 69 horses, the mass was reduced by
      extramural massage in 67 horses, and ingesta was removed via enterotomy in 2.
      Jejunocecostomies were performed in 47 horses. Twenty-five horses developed
      postoperative ileus, and 11 developed laminitis. Twenty-seven horses survived.
      Significant differences (p less than 0.05) between survivors and non-survivors
      were found for rectal temperature (37.7 and 38.2 degrees C, respectively), plasma
      protein concentration (7.8 and 8.9 g/dl, respectively) and anion gap (15 and 21.3
      mEq/l, respectively). Survival decreased with increasing duration of clinical
      signs. Enterotomy, enterectomy, and/or jejunocecostomy performed during surgery
      had a deleterious effect on survival.

PMID- 2912677
TI  - [Agranulocytosis in primary biliary cirrhosis].

PMID- 2912678
TI  - [Is there a specific therapy for primary glomerulonephritis?].

PMID- 2912679
TI  - [Brain abscess. Prognostic factors].
AB  - Thirty-eight cases of cerebral abscess were analysed retrospectively for any
      factors that might influence outcome. Using the "Glasgow outcome score", age,
      history, level of consciousness, as well as various computed tomography findings
      (cisternal swelling, compression of the ventricular system, degree of oedema and
      size of abscess) were considered for their prognostic value. It was found that
      age over 40 years and clouded consciousness exerted a statistically significant
      unfavourable effect (P less than 0.05). Outcome was also unfavourable in half the
      patients with multiple abscesses, but the number of cases (six) was too small to
      be statistically significant. All other variables had no statistically
      significant influence on prognosis.

PMID- 2912680
TI  - [Exacerbation of psoriasis during alpha-interferon therapy].
AB  - In three female patients with metastasising malignant melanoma psoriasis
      exacerbated during the third week of treatment with recombinant interferon-alpha
      2b, at a weekly dosage of three times 10 million IU. The psoriatic lesions
      vanished almost completely after discontinuing the drug and systemic
      administration of corticosteroids. It appears that induction of psoriasis
      exacerbation is yet another important side effect of interferon, at least at
      elevated doses, whereas low alpha-interferon dosage levels may improve psoriasis
      in nononcological patients.

PMID- 2912681
TI  - [Proarrhythmic effect of ajmaline in idiopathic ventricular tachycardia].
AB  - A 23-year-old woman was hospitalized because of life-threatening monomorphic
      ventricular tachycardia (VT) of 150 beats/min. An intravenous bolus of lidocaine
      was without effect but 25 mg ajmaline converted the tachycardia to sinus rhythm.
      A total of 70 mg ajmaline was subsequently infused because of frequent
      ventricular premature systoles. During this treatment polymorphic VT with very
      wide QRS complexes developed, but spontaneously disappeared after ajmaline had
      been discontinued. The case demonstrates the need for taking into account the
      potential risk of a proarrhythmic effect of anti-arrhythmic drugs.

PMID- 2912682
TI  - 3,5,3'-Triiodothyronine determines the viability of GC cells after heat shock.
AB  - The heat shock (HS) response is a characteristic disruption of protein synthesis
      which occurs in cells exposed to a variety of noxious stimuli. The effects of HS
      on thyroid hormone-responsive GC cells were studied in an attempt to devise an in
      vitro model for the adaptive changes in thyroid hormone action caused by
      nonthyroidal disease. HS enhanced GC cell synthesis of 70 K and 90 K proteins in
      a manner previously described as characteristic of the HS response in many
      tissues. A step-wise decrease in GC cell viability occurred when cells were
      exposed to 45 C for 10 to 35 min. HS (45 C, 20 min) resulted in a rapid decrease
      in binding of T3 to nuclear receptors. Two hours after HS, analysis of T3 binding
      to isolated nuclei showed a 50% fall in binding capacity (240 fmol/100 micrograms
      DNA) compared to non-HS control cells (540 fmol/100 micrograms DNA); no
      difference in dissociation constant (Kd) was observed. The effect of thyroid
      hormone on cell viability after HS was then determined. Thyroid hormone depletion
      (less than or equal to 0.02 nM T3) resulted in significantly (P less than 0.05)
      enhanced cell viability compared to cells cultured with physiological T3 (0.2 nM)
      after incubation at 45 C for intervals of 10-35 min. This inverse relationship
      between medium T3 content and cell tolerance of HS occurred over a wide range of
      T3 concentrations. Mean cell viability after exposure to 45 C for 20 min was 44
      +/- 3% in T3-depleted cultures (less than or equal to 0.02 nM), 27 +/- 1% to 32
      +/- 5% in cultures containing 0.07-0.5 nM T3, and 13 +/- 3% in cultures
      containing 5 nM T3. Our results thus characterize the response to HS in GC cells
      and the relationship of this response to medium T3. Similar to the effect of
      various nonthyroidal diseases on rat hepatocytes in vivo, HS resulted in a
      decrease in T3 nuclear receptors. Similar to the adverse effect of thyroid
      hormone on morbidity in animals with experimental diseases or injury, GC cell
      viability after HS was inversely related to medium T3 content. Thus the HS
      response in GC cells may be a valuable in vitro model relevant to the effect on
      thyroid hormone action caused by nonthyroidal disease.

PMID- 2912683
TI  - Interaction of rat liver glucocorticoid receptor with histones.
AB  - The activated glucocorticoid-receptor complexes (GRC) from rat liver bind tightly
      to histone (from calf thymus)-agarose and cannot be eluted with 3 M KCl or 50%
      ethylene glycol, but can be eluted with 20 mM pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PALP).
      Purified activated GRC were found to have much higher affinity for histones H3
      and H4 (arginine-rich histones) than for histones H2A and H2B (slightly lysine
      rich histones) and to have negligible affinity for histone H1 (lysine-rich
      histone). The GRC bound to immobilized histones could be eluted with PALP, but
      not with its related compounds, such as pyridoxamine, pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate,
      pyridoxal, and pyridoxine, suggesting a specific effect of PALP. Not only
      activated GRC but also unactivated GRC were found to bind to immobilized
      histones. However, from their profiles of elution from a histone-agarose column
      by 20 mM PALP, the activated GRC seemed to have higher affinity than unactivated
      GRC for histone. Our results suggest that the binding of GRC to histones could be
      associated with a mechanism for alteration of the chromosome structure by the
      hormonal signals, before the binding of the GRC to a specific sequence of DNA in
      regulatory elements of glucocorticoid-responsible genes.

PMID- 2912684
TI  - Subcellular localization of prolactin in the anterior pituitary cells of the
      female Japanese house bat, Pipistrellus abramus.
AB  - We investigated the subcellular localization of PRL and GH in the pituitary gland
      of the female Japanese house bat by the double immunolabeling procedure using the
      protein A-gold method combined with electron microscopy and demonstrated a
      seasonal alteration in the distribution of PRL within the cells. The seasonal
      changes were related to the different phases of the bats' reproductive cycles.
      Mammosomatotrophs (MS cells) containing both PRL and GH were constantly present
      throughout the reproductive cycles of the female bats and they were remarkably
      hypertrophied during pregnancy. The distribution pattern of PRL and GH within the
      MS cells was extremely variable owing to the different phases of reproductive
      cycles of the bats. We divided MS cells into the following four types: the cell
      containing 1) only mixed granules containing both PRL and GH, 2) both mixed and
      PRL granules, 3) mixed, PRL and GH granules, 4) both mixed and GH granules. While
      pure PRL-containing cells were observed in pregnant and lactating bats, they were
      not observed in bats obtained during prehibernation, midhibernation, and arousal
      periods. These results suggest that MS cells in the female bats hypertrophy
      during pregnancy and that some of them may be transformed into PRL-producing
      cells.

PMID- 2912685
TI  - Vasoactive intestinal peptide in the anterior pituitary is increased in
      hypothyroidism.
AB  - Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and PRL have been reported to be colocalized
      in rat lactotropes. To determine whether induced hypothyroidism, known to reduce
      pituitary PRL concentration, also reduces pituitary concentration of VIP, rats
      were treated with antithyroid drugs for 3 weeks. Pituitary PRL concentration in
      male rats (micrograms/mg protein) was markedly reduced by this treatment (9.4 +/-
      1.0 vs. 2.3 +/- 0.4 when extracted at pH 1.1, 17.9 +/- 3.0 vs. 3.4 + 0.4 when
      extracted at pH 7.4, 21.8 +/- 3.3 vs. 6.7 + 1.3 when extracted at pH 10.0).
      Contrary to expectation, pituitary VIP concentration was markedly increased in
      hypothyroidism; in males from 169.5 +/- 20.3 to 834.0 +/- 82.2 pg/mg protein, and
      in females (whose pituitary PRL had been similarly reduced) from 103.1/I +/- 34.1
      to 771.6 +/- 100.9 pg/mg protein. Serum PRL was significantly reduced in
      hypothyroid males (7.4 +/- 1.6 vs. 28.9 +/- 12.2 ng/ml) whereas in females, serum
      PRL was not significantly altered (41.4 +/- 11.6 vs. 38.8 +/- 14.3 ng/ml). The
      effect of hypothyroidism was reversed by administration of T4 in physiological
      doses. The authenticity of pituitary immunoreactive VIP was further established
      by demonstrating chromatographic patterns by Sephadex G-50 gel exclusion and
      reverse phase HPLC separations identical to synthetic VIP. Immunohistochemically
      reactive VIP cells could not be demonstrated in normal pituitaries, but the
      marked increase in VIP in hypothyroid animals made it possible to visualize a
      population of VIP immunoreactive stellate cells which appear to be distinct from
      hypothyroid lactotropes and thyrotropes.

PMID- 2912686
TI  - Perturbation of intracellular calcium ion concentration in single rat granulosa
      cells by angiotensin II.
AB  - A physiological role of angiotensin II (Ang II) on the ovary has been suggested
      recently, but the mechanism of action is not understood. In 18 out of 44
      individual rat granulosa cells loaded with fura-2, Ang II caused a rapid and
      transient increase in intracellular free calcium ion concentration, [Ca2+]i. In
      12 of these cells, 10(-5) M Ang II caused a 3.7 +/- 0.5-fold increase in [Ca2+]i.
      After 74 +/- 4 sec, [Ca2+]i returned to the resting levels (96.0 +/- 3.7 nM).
      Angiotensin I was without effect (n = 9). The effect of Ang II on [Ca2+]i changes
      could be completely blocked by a potent long-acting Ang II antagonist, [Sar1,
      Thr8]-angiotensin II, suggesting a receptor-mediated mechanism. The present
      results strongly indicate that rapid alterations in [Ca2+]i is an early step in
      the signal transduction of Ang II in a subpopulation of cells in the rat ovary.

PMID- 2912687
TI  - Human parathyroid hormone carboxyterminal peptide (53-84) stimulates alkaline
      phosphatase activity in dexamethasone-treated rat osteosarcoma cells in vitro.
AB  - Previous studies in our laboratory have demonstrated relatively large numbers of
      cell surface binding sites for the carboxylterminal (53-84) region of PTH on ROS
      17/2.8 rat osteosarcoma cells, a clonal osteoblast-like cell line. In order to
      gain insight into the significance of these carboxylterminal binding sites, we
      studied the effect of intact bovine PTH (1-84), its aminoterminal fragment bovine
      PTH (1-34), and the human PTH carboxylterminal fragment (53-84) on alkaline
      phosphatase activity in dexamethasone-treated rat osteosarcoma (ROS) 17/2.8
      cells. While bovine PTH (1-84) and its aminoterminal 1-34 fragment inhibited
      alkaline phosphatase activity, we saw a dose-related stimulation of activity by
      human PTH (53-84), with maximal stimulation occurring after 120 hours, at a
      concentration of 10(-8) M. The effect was not seen in dexamethasone-untreated
      cells. To our knowledge, this is the first published demonstration of biological
      activity of this carboxylterminal PTH peptide, previously thought to be inactive.
      It is likely that dexamethasone caused differentiation of cells to a type more
      sensitive to human PTH (53-84). Further studies are necessary to elucidate the
      physiological significance of these findings.

PMID- 2912688
TI  - Regulation of blood flow to the rabbit corpus luteum: effects of estradiol and
      human chorionic gonadotropin.
AB  - We tested the hypothesis that estrogen and hCG can modify blood flow in the
      rabbit corpus luteum. Radioactively labeled microspheres were used to measure
      luteal blood flow in pseudopregnant rabbits in which estrogen had been withdrawn
      to initiate premature luteal regression and in pseudopregnant rabbits injected
      with hCG. Removal of estradiol-filled Silastic capsules on day 10 of
      pseudopregnancy caused an 80% decrease in the serum progesterone concentration
      within 24 h. Despite the decline in progesterone secretion, luteal blood flow
      remained at very high levels and was not different from that in control rabbits
      treated continuously with estradiol. Replacement of estradiol-filled capsules for
      3 h did not change the high rate of blood flow to the corpus luteum, but blood
      flow in the uterus, vagina, and ovarian stroma was increased. The injection of
      hCG (10 IU, iv) on day 10 of pseudopregnancy caused a 3-fold increase in blood
      flow to the nonluteal portion of the ovary and a 3-fold increase in the serum
      progesterone concentration, but luteal blood flow did not change. We conclude
      that the acute actions of estradiol or hCG in the rabbit corpus luteum are not
      mediated by changes in luteal blood flow. Further, the results suggest that the
      luteal vasculature is regulated differently from the vasculature of other
      estrogen-responsive tissues and that blood flow in the nonluteal tissues of the
      ovary can be regulated independently of blood flow in the corpus luteum.

PMID- 2912689
TI  - Evidence for a role of testosterone-androgen receptor interactions in mediating
      masculine sexual behavior in male rats.
AB  - The purpose of this study was 2-fold: 1) to use gonadal steroid hormone exposures
      in the physiological range to assess the relative roles of testosterone (T),
      estradiol (E2), and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in the expression of male sexual
      behavior, and 2) to determine whether androgen receptor (AR) or estrogen receptor
      (E2R) occupation is increased after exposure to these various gonadal steroid
      hormones. Sexually experienced, castrated male rats implanted sc with Silastic
      capsules containing T, 10% E2, DHT, 10% E2 plus DHT, or blanks provided hormone
      levels in the physiological range. Copulatory behavior was measured on days 2-4,
      5-7, 10-12, and 14-16 of steroid treatment. Although T, E2, and E2 plus DHT
      treatments all activated mounting, only T was effective in restoring ejaculation
      in 100% of the males. DHT alone had no effect on any aspect of male sexual
      behavior. Brains of males given these various hormone treatments were assayed for
      both cell nuclear AR and cell nuclear E2R binding in the hypothalamus, preoptic
      area, amygdala, and septum. Results indicate that when hormone levels in the
      physiological range were employed, T and DHT bind primarily to AR, whereas E2
      binds to E2R. In a second experiment, 0.5% E2 plus DHT was found to yield AR and
      E2R levels comparable to those in rats receiving T capsules. Male rats bearing
      these capsules showed virtually no sexual behavior, demonstrating that elevation
      of AR and E2R levels comparable to those generated by T is not sufficient to
      induce male sexual behavior. We then measured intact AR and E2R levels and
      determined that in intact males E2R levels were higher than in T-treated males.
      These E2R levels could be replicated using 1.0% E2. Males exposed to 1.0% E2 plus
      DHT failed to display male sexual behavior. These data suggest that 1) relatively
      high and prolonged levels of E2R occupation are required for estrogen activation
      of male sexual behavior, 2) high levels of AR occupation induced by DHT are not
      sufficient to activate male sexual behavior, and 3) in intact male rats T, acting
      via androgen receptors, plays a primary role in mediating the expression of
      masculine sexual behavior.

PMID- 2912690
TI  - 5 alpha-reductase, aromatase, and androgen receptor levels in the monkey brain
      during fetal development.
AB  - To elucidate the metabolic fate and possible role of androgens and their
      derivatives during primate fetal development, aromatase (AROM), 5 alpha-reductase
      (5 alpha R), and androgen receptor (AR; cytosolic) levels were assessed in the
      brain, heart (HRT), lung (LNG), and skeletal muscle (MUS) of fetal rhesus
      monkeys. Analyses were performed on tissues taken on days 100 and 160
      postconception. Five male and four or five female fetuses were examined at each
      stage. Brain tissues analyzed included medial basal hypothalamus (MBH), amygdala
      (AMG), cerebellum (CB), corpus callosum (CAL; splenial region), cerebral cortex
      (CTX), and cingulate cortex (CNG). In the following, enzyme activities are
      reported as picomoles per mg protein/h, while receptor levels are femtomoles per
      mg protein. 5 alpha R activity was measurable in all tissues. Analysis of
      variance revealed significant tissue differences [P less than 0.001, combined
      stages and sexes; CAL (2.05) greater than MBH (1.08) greater than AMG (0.63)
      greater than CB (0.4)-CNG-CTX-LNG-HRT-MUS (0.02); -indicates not significantly
      different]. A significant age x tissue interaction (P less than 0.001) was noted
      which could be explained by higher MBH and CAL levels in older vs. younger
      fetuses and higher AMG levels in younger vs. older fetuses. There was also a
      significant sex x tissue interaction which was attributed to higher female values
      in the MBH and CAL. AROM activity was detected in all tissues. Levels varied
      significantly among tissues [P less than 0.001, combined stages and sexes; MBH
      (0.80)-AMG (0.76) greater than CAL (0.4)-CNG-CB-CTX-LNG-HRT-MUS (0.07)].
      Significant age (P less than 0.001) and age x tissue (P less than 0.001) effects
      were noted, which were due to higher MBH and AMG levels in younger vs. older
      fetuses. No sex difference in AROM levels was evident in any tissue. AR was
      measurable in all cases. Although stage and sex differences were not significant,
      tissue levels varied significantly [P less than 0.001; LNG (2.8)-MUS (2.6)-MBH
      (2.2) greater than HRT-AMG-CB-CTX-CAL-CNG (0.9)]. These findings indicate that
      neural and nonneural fetal primate tissues have the potential for transforming
      androgens to products that could have greater or lesser biological activity. AR
      were also noted through which dihydrotestosterone or testosterone could effect a
      genomic response. Since stage, tissue, and sex differences were evident in neural
      tissues, metabolic and receptor activities may be important for the normal
      differentiation of sexually dimorphic behavioral systems in monkeys as well as
      for potential teratogenic changes under abnormal metabolic or physiological
      conditions.

PMID- 2912691
TI  - Carbohydrate reactivation of thyroxine 5'-deiodinase (type II) in cultured mouse
      neuroblastoma cells is dependent upon new protein synthesis.
AB  - The T3 concentration in brain predominantly reflects local production from T4
      rather than T3 uptake from the circulating pool. We recently demonstrated that
      rat brain T3 content is increased by glucose feeding compared to chow feeding.
      One possible mechanism for this effect is an increase in brain T4 5'-deiodinase
      (5'-D) activity. Our recent preliminary studies of neuroblastoma (NB) cells
      demonstrate that renewal of RPMI-1640 medium stimulates T4 5'-D type II (NB T4 5'
      D II) activity in these cells. The present studies were performed to determine
      the mechanism of this response. Studies were performed on NB cells supported in
      thyroid hormone-depleted (deficient) medium. This approach increased NB T4 5'-DII
      activity 4-fold compared to that in thyroid hormone-replete medium. Medium
      renewal further stimulated enzyme activity (7- to 9-fold; maximum at 6 h) in each
      group. The difference between the hypothyroid group and control was sustained
      over a 24-h period. Subsequent studies demonstrated that glucose (11 mM) was the
      specific medium ingredient mediating the medium renewal response. A progressive
      increase in NB T4 5'-DII activity was noted over 8 h during RPMI-1640 salt plus
      glucose (11 mM) incubation. This was equivalent to the effect of complete medium
      containing glucose (11 mM). Coincubation with insulin (10(-7)-10(-9) M) did not
      modify the enzyme response to glucose. In addition, fructose (10 mM) had a
      similar effect on enzyme activity. Glycerol and essential and nonessential amino
      acids also modestly increased NB T4 5'-DII activity compared to that in the
      control group (P less than 0.01). Actinomycin-D (1 microM), cycloheximide (100
      microM), and puromycin (100 microM) significantly (P less than 0.001) decreased
      the glucose effect on T4 5'-DII by 5-, 9-, and 17-fold, respectively, after 6 h
      of incubation. In addition, puromycin (10-200 microM) inhibited both NB T4 5'-DII
      activity and [3H]amino acid incorporation during incubation in glucose. There was
      a significant correlation between these parameters (r = 0.8; P less than 0.001).
      The enzyme activity decay curves in the glucose-activated and control groups
      subsequent to puromycin (100 microM) addition at 8 h were parallel. The
      fractional turnover rate was 13%/h in the controls and 11%/h in the glucose
      groups. The calculated enzyme production rate was significantly higher (P less
      than 0.005) in the glucose group compared to that in the control group (17.4 vs.
      6.8 fmol/mg protein.h).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2912692
TI  - Synthetic parathyroid hormone-like protein-(1-74): biochemical and physiological
      characterization.
AB  - PTH-like protein-(1-74) [PTHLP-(1-74)] was synthesized and purified. On the basis
      of chromatographic criteria and amino acid composition of the full-length
      peptide, direct amino acid sequencing of the N-terminus, and amino acid
      composition and internal sequence of proteolytic fragments of PTHLP-(1-74), the
      synthetic peptide appears to be of high quality and purity. Physiological
      comparison of PTHLP-(1-74) to [Tyr36]-PTHLP-(1-36) amide and bovine (b) PTH-(1
      34) indicates that all three peptides are of equivalent potency in the fetal rat
      long bone and rat osteosarcoma 17/2.8 adenylate cyclase assays. However, as in
      earlier studies with native and N-terminal PTHLPs, PTHLP-(1-74) is considerably
      less potent (2%) in stimulating the canine renal cortical adenylate cyclase assay
      than is bPTH-(1-34). Further, PTHLP-(1-74) displayed only 12% of the activity of
      bPTH-(1-34) in inducing hypercalcemia when infused into rats in vivo. These
      studies support the possibility that subclasses of PTH receptors or varying PTH-
      and PTHLP-signalling transduction mechanisms may exist. In addition, they
      emphasize the need to precisely define the naturally occurring secretory and
      circulating species of this novel class of peptide hormones.

PMID- 2912693
TI  - The effect of age on prostaglandin E2 stimulation of growth hormone release from
      cultured rat pituitary cells.
AB  - Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a potent secretagogue of GH in mature mammals.
      Although PGs are produced by the fetus and newborn of many species, the ontogeny
      of PGE2's GH stimulatory effect and the interaction of PGE2 with GHRF in the
      developing animal are not known. We examined the effects of 0.01-10 microM PGE2
      and 0.01-10 nM rat GHRF, alone and in combination, on GH release from cultured
      pituitary cells of 2-day(d)-old, 7-d-old, 15-d-old, and adult (3- to 4-month-old)
      male rats (n = 4-7 experiments/age group). The effect of PGE2 on GH release was
      markedly age dependent. The GH response to all doses of PGE2 over 0.01 microM was
      greatest in pituitary cells of adult and 15-d-old rats and least in those of 2-d
      old pups. PGE2 (0.1 microM) did not cause significant GH release from pituitary
      cells of 2-d-old pups (110 +/- 3% of control values), but increased that from 7-d
      old, 15-d-old, and adult pituitary cells to 126 +/- 8%, 155 +/- 8%, and 156 +/-
      9% of respective control values (by analysis of variance: F = 7.28; P less than
      0.001). PGE2 (1 microM) increased GH release to 123 +/- 8%, 145 +/- 12%, 259 +/-
      24%, and 260 +/- 17% of control values from pituitary cells of these same
      respective age groups (F = 12.3; P less than 0.001). The highest dose of PGE2
      studied (10 microM) yielded similar results. The influence of PGE1 on GH release
      was also age dependent and similar to that of PGE2. In contrast to PGE2, GHRF
      stimulated GH release most in pituitary cells of 2-d-old pups and least in those
      of adults, similar to our previous observations with human GHRF-40. Coincubation
      with PGE2 and low dose GHRF resulted in partial additivity of GH response in
      adult rats, but no additivity in newborn pups. These results indicate that in
      rats, the sensitivity of the somatotroph to PGE2 increases with advancing age
      after birth. The contrasting developmental patterns of somatotroph sensitivity to
      PGE2 and GHRF support the concept that these GH secretagogues act, at least in
      part, by different intracellular mechanisms, which are subject to differential
      rates of maturation.

PMID- 2912694
TI  - Properties of an adenosine triphosphate-stimulated factor that enhances the
      nuclear binding of activated glucocorticoid-receptor complex: binding to histone
      agarose.
AB  - Recently we have purified and characterized a factor in rat liver cytosol that
      enhances nuclear binding of the activated glucocorticoid-receptor complex in the
      presence of ATP [an ATP-stimulated translocation promoter (ASTP)]. It has a mol
      wt of 93,000, S value of 6.5, and pI of 4.5. Here we report studies on the
      binding of ASTP to histones from calf thymus. Higher salt concentrations were
      required to disrupt the binding of ASTP to histone-agarose than to disrupt its
      binding to the anion exchanger diethylaminoethyl-cellulose (half-maximal
      concentration for inhibition: 200 mM vs. 60 mM KCl). ATP decreased the binding of
      ASTP to histone-agarose in a dose-dependent fashion, but ADP and AMP had no
      appreciable effect on the binding. Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (10 mM) inhibited the
      binding of ASTP to histone-agarose, whereas 10 mM pyridoxal, pyridoxamine 5'
      phosphate, pyridoxamine, and pyridoxine were not inhibitory. ASTP did not bind to
      histone-agarose that had been pretreated with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and then
      reduced with sodium borohydride. In contrast, ASTP pretreated in the same way
      could bind to histone-agarose. Therefore, modification of lysine residues of
      histones by pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (Schiff base) presumably inhibited the binding
      of ASTP to the immobilized histone. Competition experiments with various histones
      (H1, H2A, H2B, H3, and H4) indicated that ASTP bound to the arginine-rich
      histones H3 and H4, with preference for H4. These observations together suggest
      that lysine residues in H4 and H3 are essential for the binding of ASTP to
      histone. The implications of this interaction are discussed.

PMID- 2912695
TI  - Neonatal organization of the brain opioid systems controlling prolactin and
      luteinizing hormone secretion.
AB  - It is known that the neural mechanisms which control PRL and gonadotropin
      secretion are different in male and female rats. The present experiments have
      been designed in order to analyze: 1) whether sexual differences exist in the
      responses of PRL and LH to the opioid antagonist naloxone; and 2) the mechanisms
      underlying these possible differences. To this purpose the responses of PRL and
      LH to the sc injection of either saline (0.5 ml) or naloxone (2.5 mg/kg) have
      been tested in the following four groups of animals: 1) normal male rats; 2)
      normal female rats; 3) female rats treated on the second day of life with 1.25 mg
      testosterone (androgenized female rats); and 4) male rats orchidectomized 2 days
      postnatally (demasculinized male rats). The naloxone challenge has been provided
      when the animals were 16, 26, and 60 days old; the animals were killed in the
      afternoon 20 min after treatment. The results obtained have shown that the acute
      injection of naloxone significantly decreases serum levels of PRL in normal males
      and in androgenized females at all ages considered. On the contrary, the opioid
      antagonist was always ineffective in normal females and in neonatally castrated
      males. The treatment of male rats with naloxone was without any effect on LH
      release before puberty (at 16 and 26 days of age), but induced a significant
      increase of serum LH titers after sexual maturation (60 days). In normal females,
      naloxone brought about a significant increase of serum LH only at 16 and 60 days
      (animals in estrus), but not at 26 days. Treatment with naloxone did not exert
      any significant effect on LH release in androgenized females and in
      deandrogenized males of any age. The present data suggest that, in the rat a
      sexual difference exists in the opiatergic control of PRL secretion; apparently,
      the central opioid systems which regulate PRL secretion develop towards a male
      pattern because of the presence of androgens in the neonatal period. On the
      contrary neonatal androgens do not seem to exert any important effect in
      directing the organization of the opiatergic mechanisms controlling LH release.

PMID- 2912696
TI  - Membrane receptor-mediated electrophysiological effects of glucocorticoid on
      mammalian neurons.
AB  - The nongenomic membrane receptor-mediated mechanism is an important but not fully
      explored facet in the action of steroid hormones. In the present study the action
      of glucocorticoid on nerve cell membrane was studied using isolated and
      superfused coeliac ganglion preparations by an intracellular electrophysiological
      technique. Glucocorticoid hyperpolarized the membrane potential of guinea pig
      ganglion neurons in vitro with a latency of less than 2 min. The effect persisted
      under low Ca2+/high Mg2+ superfusion conditions and could be abolished by
      RU38486, a competitive antagonist of glucocorticoid cytosolic receptor. Bovine
      albumin glucocorticoid conjugant exhibited the same effect. In neurons with
      spontaneous discharges the glucocorticoid-caused hyperpolarization of membrane
      potential decreased or eliminated the discharges. The results strongly suggest
      that glucocorticoid can act nongenomically through its neuronal membrane
      receptor. The steroid-induced hyperpolarization was accompanied by a change in
      the input resistance of the cell, indicating an involvement of some kind(s) of
      ion channel(s) in the action of glucocorticoid.

PMID- 2912697
TI  - Developmental pattern of 5 alpha-reductase activity in the rat gubernaculum.
AB  - 5 alpha-Reductase and aromatase activities were measured in fetal and newborn rat
      gubernaculum and other tissues by radiometric assays using [1 beta
      3H]testosterone as substrate. Aromatase activity was measured by the
      stereospecific release of tritium into the incubation medium, and 5 alpha
      reductase was assessed by measuring the amount of 5 alpha-reduced steroids
      produced during the same incubations. Aromatase activity was low (less than 0.2
      pmol/h.mg protein) in gubernaculum at all ages studied, whereas the activity in
      postnatal ovary ranged from 3.9-20 pmol/h.mg protein. 5 alpha-Reductase activity
      was relatively high in day 18 fetal gubernaculum (approximately 115 pmol/h.mg
      protein), but 2 days later in development (fetal day 20), 5 alpha-reductase
      activity had declined to approximately 21 pmol/h.mg protein. 5 alpha-Reductase
      activity was very low (less than 10 pmol/h.mg protein) in the postnatal
      gubernaculum. Histological examination of day 18 fetal gubernaculum indicated
      that it is composed of dense, poorly organized, mesenchymal tissue. By day 20 of
      gestational development, primitive muscle cells are recognizable in the periphery
      of the gubernaculum, and by day 3 of postnatal development the gubernaculum is
      composed almost entirely of muscle. These findings suggest that 5 alpha-reductase
      activity may be located in the mesenchymal cells and may be important in early
      differentiation of the gubernaculum in the male. The administration of a 5 alpha
      reductase inhibitor to pregnant rats from days 14-22 of gestation inhibited the
      normal growth rate of the gubernaculum, as assessed by measuring the protein
      content of the gubernaculum in control and treated rats, but did not have any
      profound effect on the histological development of the gubernaculum.

PMID- 2912698
TI  - Increased plasma 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine sulfate in rats with inhibited type I
      iodothyronine deiodinase activity, as measured by radioimmunoassay.
AB  - In contrast to the glucuronide conjugate, T3 sulfate (T3S) undergoes rapid
      deiodinative degradation in the liver and accumulates in rats and rat hepatocyte
      cultures if type I iodothyronine deiodinase activity is inhibited. We here report
      the RIA of plasma T3S in rats treated with the antithyroid drugs propylthiouracil
      (PTU) or methimazole (MMI), of which only PTU inhibits type I deiodinase. Male
      Wistar rats were treated acutely by ip injection with 1 mg PTU or MMI/100 g BW
      and subsequently for 4 days by twice daily injections with these drugs together
      with 0.5 microgram T4 or 0.25 microgram T3/100 g BW. Blood was obtained 4 h after
      the last injection, and plasma T4, rT3, T3, and T3S were determined by RIA and
      compared with pretreatment values. Serum concentrations (mean +/- SEM; nanomoles
      per liter) in untreated rats were: T4, 51 +/- 1; T3, 1.37 +/- 0.03; T3S, 0.09 +/-
      0.01; and rT3, 0.03 +/- 0.002. Serum T3 was decreased, and T3S and rT3 were
      increased by acute PTU treatment [T3, 1.16 +/- 0.05 (P less than 0.01); T3S, 0.33
      +/- 0.04 (P less than 0.001); rT3, 0.27 +/- 0.02 (P less than 0.001)], but
      unaffected by acute MMI treatment (T3, 1.37 +/- 0.05; T3S, 0.09 +/- 0.01; rT3,
      0.02 +/- 0.003). In T4-treated rats, serum T3 was decreased and T4, T3S, and rT3
      were increased by PTU vs. MMI [T4, 86 +/- 5 vs. 58 +/- 4 (P less than 0.001); T3,
      0.51 +/- 0.07 vs. 0.88 +/- 0.06 (P less than 0.001); T3S, 0.38 +/- 0.03 vs. 0.12
      +/- 0.01 (P less than 0.001); rT3, 0.86 +/- 0.19 vs. 0.08 +/- 0.01 (P less than
      0.005)]. In T3-substituted rats T3S was increased by PTU vs. MMI (1.09 +/- 0.13
      vs. 0.25 +/- 0.03; P less than 0.001). The T3S/T3 ratio in the PTU-treated T3 
      replaced rats (0.60 +/- 0.09) was in agreement with that determined by HPLC of
      serum radioactivity in animals that in addition to this treatment also received
      about 10 microCi [125I]T3 with the last two injections (0.92 +/- 0.13). In
      conclusion, this investigation demonstrates the feasibility of the measurement of
      serum T3S by RIA. Our findings confirm previous observations with radioactive
      isotopes, suggesting that sulfation is an important pathway for the metabolism of
      T3 in rats. Analogous to rT3, the accumulation of T3S in PTU-treated rats
      indicates that this conjugate is metabolized predominantly by type I
      deiodination.

PMID- 2912699
TI  - Kinetic studies on the development of the adult population of Leydig cells in
      testes of the pubertal rat.
AB  - The objective of this study was to determine whether postnatal increases in rat
      Leydig cell number result from differentiation of precursor cells, division of
      existing Leydig cells, or both. Our approach was 1) to examine changes in the
      absolute number of Leydig cells and potential precursor cells (macrophages,
      pericytes, and mesenchymal, endothelial, and myoid cells) per testis on day 19 of
      gestation (day -2) and days 7, 14, 21, 28, and 56 postpartum; 2) to examine the
      frequency with which mesenchymal and Leydig cells divide during prenatal and
      postnatal development; and 3) to identify and examine the fate of the progeny of
      Leydig and mesenchymal cell divisions during prenatal and postnatal development.
      Stereological methods were used to show that mesenchymal cells comprised 44% of
      the total interstitial cell population and Leydig cells 16% on day -2, whereas by
      day 56 postpartum the relationship had reversed; mesenchymal cells comprised 3%
      and Leydig cells 49%. These results suggested a precursor-product relationship
      between mesenchymal and Leydig cells because no such reciprocal relationship was
      observed between Leydig cells and macrophages, pericytes, endothelial, or myoid
      cells. Autoradiographic analysis of [3H]thymidine incorporation into mesenchymal
      and Leydig cells was consistent with this interpretation. In a series of pulse
      chase experiments, the percentage of labeled mesenchymal and Leydig cells was
      measured after a single injection of [3H]thymidine on days 2, 14, 28, and 56
      postpartum, each followed by sampling at timed intervals (between 1 h and 14
      days) thereafter. Starting on day 14, the percentage of labeled Leydig cells was
      approximately 1% immediately after injection of [3H]thymidine and increased
      significantly to approximately 6% by 6 days after injection. No such increase was
      observed when rats were similarly injected starting on days 2, 28, and 56
      postpartum. The rise in Leydig cell labeling between days 14 and 28 postpartum
      did not result in a decline in the number of silver grains over labeled Leydig
      cell nuclei, indicating that the increase in the percentage of labeled cells was
      not caused by Leydig cell division. These observations led us to conclude that
      the increase in Leydig cell labeling from days 14 to 28 was the result of
      recruitment from a compartment of labeled mesenchymal cells. In contrast, our
      analysis indicated that from day 28 postpartum and thereafter until the mature
      number of Leydig cells is attained, Leydig cells are generated by division of
      morphologically recognizable Leydig cells.

PMID- 2912700
TI  - The androgen receptor of the testicular-feminized (Tfm) mutant mouse is smaller
      than the wild-type receptor.
AB  - The physicochemical and immunological properties of androgen receptors from
      kidney and brain of testicular-feminized (Tfm) mutant mice and wild-type mice
      were compared. Analysis by gel filtration and sucrose density gradients revealed
      that the mol wt of the mutant receptor was 66K (38A; 3.8S) which was
      significantly smaller than the 110K (53A; 4.6S) size of the wild-type androgen
      receptor (P less than 0.05). Mixing experiments failed to demonstrate any role
      for differential proteolysis in the size differences between these receptors.
      Interaction of the mutant androgen receptor with specific polyclonal antiandrogen
      receptor antibodies produced significantly smaller immune complexes than that
      formed with wild-type receptor (12S vs. 17S; P less than 0.01). This confirmed
      the smaller size of the Tfm mutant androgen receptor and suggested that it
      contained fewer epitopes. The Tfm kidney cytosols also demonstrated a decreased
      concentration of androgen receptor-binding activity relative to that of the wild
      type. Together, these results suggest that the androgen insensitivity associated
      with the Tfm phenotype is due to a deficiency of androgen receptor in target
      tissues and a qualitative defect in the androgen receptor protein itself.

PMID- 2912701
TI  - Evidence that neurotensin participates in the central regulation of the
      preovulatory surge of luteinizing hormone in the rat.
AB  - Neurotensin (NT) has been implicated in the central regulation of LH and PRL
      secretion in the rat. We investigated the importance of NT release to the neural
      events that trigger the preovulatory LH surge and coincident PRL surge, using as
      our animal model ovariectomized (OVX) rats treated with estrogen and progesterone
      to induce reliable and robust surges. To interfere with the action of endogenous
      NT in the basal forebrain, we administered a NT antiserum (NTAS) in a series of
      bilateral microinjections aimed at the anterior border of the medial preoptic
      area. One week after OVX, rats bearing cerebral guide cannulae received Silastic
      capsules (3 x 15 mm; sc) containing 17 beta-estradiol. Two days later, beginning
      at 0830 h, conscious rats were administered either NTAS or control serum
      bilaterally in a series of four 100-nl injections spaced at 30-min intervals.
      After an initial blood sample, rats received progesterone (4 mg, sc) at 1200 h;
      blood samples were then taken at 1-h intervals from 1400-2100 h. Blood samples
      were obtained from conscious, freely moving rats via a chronic atrial catheter
      implanted previously. Plasma levels of LH and PRL were measured by RIA, and the
      location of microinjection sites was verified histologically. Administration of
      NTAS caused a 66% reduction in the magnitude of the LH surge without altering its
      timing, whereas the PRL surge was unaffected. These results provide strong
      evidence that NT in the basal forebrain participates in the steroid-induced LH
      surge and suggest that NT plays a role in the preovulatory LH surge.

PMID- 2912702
TI  - Ovariectomy permits progesterone to increase the binding of [3H]spiperone to the
      anterior pituitary gland in estrogen-primed rats.
AB  - The binding of the dopamine (DA) D2 antagonist spiperone to DA receptors in the
      anterior pituitary gland was evaluated in intact and ovariectomized (OVX)
      estrogen-primed rats in which circulating levels of progesterone (P) were varied.
      Nembutal (PB; 35 mg/kg, ip) was administered at 1130 h to intact proestrous
      animals to prevent the LH-stimulated release of ovarian P. Two hours later some
      of these intact rats were QVX to remove the endogenous ovarian steroids. Both
      intact and OVX rats were given exogenous P. All rats were killed on the following
      morning, and adenohypophysial binding of [3H]spiperone was evaluated at a
      saturating concentration. The binding in intact PB-blocked rats that received P
      was only 52% of that in PB-blocked rats that were OVX and received P. The binding
      of [3H]spiperone in PB-treated rats that were OVX and given P did not differ
      statistically from that in normal estrous rats. A parallel experiment was
      conducted on other rats that had been OVX 7 days before the sc implantation (on
      day 0) of Silastic capsules containing estradiol (E2). Two days later (day 2),
      some of these rats were injected with Nembutal at 1130 h. Two hours later, the E2
      capsules of some rats were removed to simulate ovariectomy; Silastic capsules
      containing P were implanted into both E2-bearing and non-E2-bearing rats. All
      rats were killed the following morning (day 3), and the density of
      adenohypophysial DA receptors was assessed. Binding densities were greatest in
      rats bearing both E2 and P capsules and in rats from which E2 capsules were
      removed and replaced with P capsules. We conclude that treatment of OVX rats with
      the sequential combination of E2 and P increases the density of DA receptors in
      the anterior pituitary gland. However, in intact rats an additional ovarian
      product prevents the P-induced increase in the density of adenohypophysial DA
      receptors.

PMID- 2912703
TI  - Oxytocin mediates the hypothalamic action of vasoactive intestinal peptide to
      stimulate prolactin secretion.
AB  - The ability of centrally administered vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) to
      stimulate PRL secretion when injected intracerebroventricularly could be due to
      leakage to the pituitary, where it is known to exert direct PRL-releasing
      activity, or to a hypothalamic action on its own release or that of another
      possible PRL-releasing factor. When 3 micrograms VIP were injected into the third
      ventricle of conscious ovariectomized rats, a significant (P less than 0.005) and
      transient elevation of plasma oxytocin (OT) levels was observed. When OVX rats
      were injected iv with 1 ml anti-OT serum 30 min before the central administration
      of 3 micrograms VIP, the PRL surge seen after VIP injection in normal rabbit
      serum-treated controls was completely absent. The PRL surge seen after central
      VIP administration was not significantly altered by iv saline infusion (1 ml over
      30 min) or by infusion of a VIP antagonist [D-4-Cl-Phe6,Leu17]VIP at a dose of
      0.5 microgram/kg.min in 1 ml saline for 30 min before the VIP injection. This was
      not due to the inability of the VIP antagonist to block the PRL-releasing factor
      activity of VIP, since it significantly antagonized that action both in vitro and
      in vivo in the suckling stimulation paradigm. However, the PRL surge was
      completely absent in ovariectomized rats pretreated by iv infusion of an OT
      antagonist, [deamino Cys1,D-Trp2,Val4,Orn8]OT, at a similar dose. This
      recruitment of OT by VIP indicates that it may act at more than one locus within
      the hypothalamo-pituitary axis to insure the coordinated control of PRL
      secretion.

PMID- 2912704
TI  - Induction of insulin-like growth factor I messenger ribonucleic acid during
      regeneration of rat skeletal muscle.
AB  - Expression of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) was studied in regenerating
      skeletal muscle. Irreversible damage to muscle cells was induced in the extensor
      digitorum longus muscle of adult rats by ischemia, preceded by glycogen
      depletion. IGF-I mRNA levels during the regeneration process were studied for
      periods up to 10 days after injury using a solution hybridization assay.
      Increased IGF-I mRNA levels could be demonstrated within 24 h after injury;
      maximum levels were achieved in 3 days and decreased to approximately normal
      levels by 10 days. Changes in IGF-I mRNA levels could not be seen in undamaged
      contralateral extensor digitorum longus muscles during the experimental period.
      An increase in IGF-I mRNA was also evident in injured muscles of
      hypophysectomized animals. In situ hybridization at the time of maximum induction
      showed the presence of IGF-I mRNA in proliferating myoblasts and in satellite
      cells. IGF-I, thus, may act as a locally produced non-GH dependent trophic factor
      during regeneration of skeletal muscle after injury.

PMID- 2912705
TI  - The effects of high extracellular Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentrations on the levels of
      inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate in bovine parathyroid cells.
AB  - We examined the effects of calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), and fluoride ion (F
      ) on inositol phosphate accumulation in bovine parathyroid cells prelabeled with
      [3H] inositol to determine whether these agents might modulate cytosolic Ca2+
      through accumulation of intracellular inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate (IP4),
      which has been postulated to be a mediator of the influx of extracellular Ca2+.
      Both Ca2+ and Mg2+ produced dose-dependent increases in IP4 in the presence of
      Li+, with maximal 19- and 4-fold increases with 5.0 mM Ca2+ and 20 mM Mg2+,
      respectively. A 50% rise in IP4 was evident within 1 min in response to 5.0 mM
      Ca2+. In the absence of Li+, a 2-fold increase in IP4 was seen with 5.0 mM Ca2+
      only after 15 min. Fluoride ion generated a dose-dependent increase in IP4, with
      a 48% rise at 10 mM F-, presumably by activating phospholipase-C through a
      guanine nucleotide regulatory (G) protein-dependent process. We conclude that
      inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate generated in response to high extracellular Ca2+ and
      Mg2+ concentrations can be converted to IP4 in parathyroid cells. The slow
      kinetics for the increase in IP4 with high Ca2+ in the absence of Li+, however,
      do not support a role for IP4 in the early phase of the sustained increase in
      cytosolic Ca2+ produced by high extracellular Ca2+ concentrations.

PMID- 2912706
TI  - The influence of genetic background on the expression of mutations at the
      diabetes locus in the mouse. V. Interaction between the db gene and hepatic sex
      steroid sulfotransferases correlates with gender-dependent susceptibility to
      hyperglycemia.
AB  - Steroid sulfurylation represents a potential mechanism for controlling the level
      of active steroids within a tissue. We have elucidated an inbred strain
      background-dependent interaction between the diabetes (db) mutation and steroid
      sulfotransferase (ST) enzymes, potentially modulating the level of active steroid
      hormones or their precursors in the liver. Gonadectomized mutants were analyzed
      to correlate how strain- and gender-dependent variation in ST activities
      interacted with db to achieve diabetogenesis. Both sexes on the C57BL/KsChp (BKs)
      background developed severe early-onset hyperglycemia, and gonadectomy failed to
      prevent diabetes. In contrast, C3HeB/FeChp (C3HeB)-db/db males, but not females,
      were diabetes susceptible, and the male susceptibility was completely dependent
      upon endogenous testes-derived testosterone. The female resistance, in turn, was
      dependent upon ovarian sex steroids. The differential requirements of BKs- and
      C3HeB-db/db males and females for gonadal sex steroids could be explained on the
      basis of the differential strength of the interaction between the db mutation and
      hepatic ST activities. Hepatic ST from normal adult females sulfurylated
      dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), whereas this activity disappeared in cytosols of
      normal adult males by 8 weeks of age. This sexually dimorphic inability to
      sulfurylate (pre)androgens was controlled by testosterone. Diabetogenic
      susceptibility in BKs mutant mice of both sexes was associated with marked
      depression of preandrogen/androgen sulfurylation [female mutants exhibiting at
      least a 5-fold reduced DHEA sulfurylation at a near-physiological concentration
      (0.2 microM)]. This reduced preandrogen/androgen sulfurylation occurred
      concomitant with a 10-fold acceleration of estrone (E1) sulfurylation at a
      limiting (0.2 microM) concentration, essentially producing a hyperandrogenized
      hepatic tissue state. These extreme shifts in ST substrate preferences were not
      observed in the diabetes-resistant C3HeB-db/db females. Kinetic analysis of
      semipurified hepatic ST from BKs-db/db females showed a 10-fold decrease in Km
      for E1 (apparent Km = 0.9 microM in mutants vs. 9.0 microM in normals). Whereas
      the Km for DHEA did not differ from the control value, hepatic ST from BKs-db/db
      females showed a 10-fold decreased maximal velocity for DHEA sulfurylation (1230
      vs. 12750 pmol/mg.h in control preparations). The antihyperglycemic effects of
      dietary E1 therapy were associated with enhanced androgen sulfurylation in BKs
      db/db females and restoration of androgen sulfurylation in BKs-db/db
      males.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2912707
TI  - Effect of thyroid hormone and growth hormone on recovery from hypothyroidism of
      epiphyseal growth plate cartilage and its adjacent bone.
AB  - Hypothyroidism was induced in young female Sprague-Dawley rats by the addition of
      methimazole (0.67 mg/ml) to drinking water for a period of 7 weeks (7-14 weeks of
      age). The responses of the articular cartilage, epiphyseal growth plate
      cartilage, epiphyseal trabecular bone, and metaphyseal trabecular bone in the
      proximal tibia were assessed by structural parameters. In addition, replacement
      therapies were introduced for the last 2 weeks of the experimental period. These
      included 0.7 U/kg BW human GH (hGH), 15 micrograms/kg BW L-T4 (T4), and a
      combination of hGH and T4 at the same doses. In the hypothyroid rats, the width
      of epiphyseal growth plate cartilage decreased by 27%, that of articular
      cartilage by 35%, epiphyseal trabecular bone volume by 30%, and metaphyseal
      trabecular bone volume by 66% relative to those in age-matched control tissues.
      T4 treatment led to a full restoration of the epiphyseal trabecular bone and
      surpassed by 40% the control value. The magnitude of the articular cartilage and
      the epiphyseal trabecular bone volume returned to control values, while that of
      metaphyseal trabecular bone was 68% of control values. Treatment with hGH did not
      improve the epiphyseal growth plate cartilage or articular cartilage. It did
      restore epiphyseal trabecular bone to almost normal values, but metaphyseal
      trabecular bone improved to only a small though significant level (45% of control
      value). The combination of T4 and hGH resulted in an additional enlargement in
      the width of the epiphyseal growth plate cartilage and an increase in metaphyseal
      trabecular bone volume compared to those in the T4 group. Qualitative
      examinations indicated that it was only in the T4 and T4 plus hGH groups that the
      lowest chondrocytes in the epiphyseal growth plate cartilage resumed their normal
      hypertrophied size. These results suggest that the change in the hypothyroid
      state do not rely solely on the lack of pituitary GH synthesis and secretion, as
      replacement by exogenous GH did not restore normal epiphyseal growth plate
      cartilage morphology or its remodeling into metaphyseal trabecular bone.
      Treatment with T4 (which restored endogenous pituitary GH to 30% of control
      levels) results in full recovery of the epiphyseal growth plate cartilage
      morphology along with its associated metaphyseal trabecular bone. In addition, it
      can also be concluded that the decrease in epiphyseal trabecular bone volume
      observed in the hypothyroid animals was due solely to the GH-deficient state that
      accompanied hypothyroidism.

PMID- 2912708
TI  - Homologous desensitization of ovarian luteinizing hormone/human chorionic
      gonadotropin-responsive adenylyl cyclase is dependent upon GTP.
AB  - Homologous desensitization of ovarian LH/hCG-responsive adenylyl cyclase in cell
      free systems has been reported to be dependent upon either ATP or GTP. We
      investigated LH/hCG-dependent desensitization of adenylyl cyclase in rabbit or
      pig ovarian follicular membranes and included adenyl-5'-yl imidodiphosphate to
      prevent nucleotide triphosphate degradation. It was found that GTP supported
      LH/hCG-induced desensitization with an apparent Km of approximately 0.1 microM in
      rabbit or pig ovarian membranes. Other nucleotide triphosphates were 100-1000
      times less potent than GTP in supporting desensitization. Several nonhydrolyzable
      GTP analogs and the GDP analog guanosine-5'-O-(2-thiodiphosphate) would not
      support hCG-induced desensitization of ovarian adenylyl cyclase. Instead, these
      guanine nucleotide analogs were all inhibitors of GTP-supported hormone-dependent
      desensitization. Cholera toxin had no effect on LH-dependent desensitization.
      These results establish that GTP is the preferred nucleotide for homologous
      desensitization of the LH/hCG-sensitive adenylyl cyclase and that the GTP
      dependent mechanism differs from that typically associated with guanine
      nucleotide-binding proteins. The GTP-dependent mechanism of desensitization of
      the LH receptor distinguishes it from the ATP-dependent desensitization of the
      beta-adrenergic receptor.

PMID- 2912709
TI  - Uptake of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine by cultured rat hepatoma cells is inhibitable
      by nonbile acid cholephils, diphenylhydantoin, and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory
      drugs.
AB  - Cellular uptake of T3 was examined using rat H4 hepatoma cells. Uptake of
      [125I]T3 (10(-11) M) from serum-free medium was measured as the cell-associated
      counts retained by washed cells (2 X 10(6) per well). Displaceable uptake was 84%
      of total uptake at 2 min (2.9% of total counts). T4, tetraiodothyroacetic acid,
      triiodothyroacetic acid, rT3, and D-T3 were 2-5% as effective as T3 in displacing
      uptake. Nonequilibrium kinetics indicated a half-maximal uptake at 680 nM T3 with
      approximately 7 million sites per cell. Displaceable uptake was time and
      temperature dependent and was 73% inhibited by 2 mM KCN and 52% by 10 mM
      bacitracin but not by 2 mM ouabain or 10 microM cytochalasin B. Phloretin, 100
      microM, inhibited uptake by 66%. T3 uptake was directly related to the free T3
      concentration over the range of albumin concentrations, 0-10 g/liter. The nonbile
      acid cholephil compounds, bromosulfophthalein, iopanoic acid, and indocyanine
      green (all 100 microM) inhibited T3 uptake to 62%, 17%, and 5% of control,
      respectively. Taurocholate, methylaminoisobutyric acid, and oleic acid were
      noninhibitory. The half-inhibitory concentrations of reactive nonsteroidal
      antiinflammatory drugs were: meclofenamic acid (25 microM), mefenamic acid (45
      microM), fenclofenac (69 microM), flufenamic acid (100 microM), and diclofenac
      (230 microM). Aspirin, ibuprofen, oxyphenbutazone, and phenylbutazone (all 100
      microM) were noninhibitory. Diphenylhydantoin inhibited uptake to 50% at 75
      microM. These findings suggest that T3 uptake by cultured rat hepatocytes is by
      an energy-dependent, saturable, stereo-selective mechanism that is dependent on
      cell membrane proteins. This mechanism appears to be shared by a number of other
      ligands, including nonbile acid cholephils and several nonsteroidal
      antiinflammatory drugs of the anthranilic and phenylacetic acid classes, as well
      as diphenylhydantoin. The bile acid taurocholate, oleic acid, and a probe for
      type A amino acid uptake were inactive. The extent to which these effects may
      modify expression of thyroid hormone action remains to be established.

PMID- 2912710
TI  - Stage dependent expression of inhibin alpha and beta-B subunits during the cycle
      of the rat seminiferous epithelium.
AB  - In order to elucidate the putative role of inhibin in regulation of
      spermatogenesis, expression of inhibin subunits was examined at defined stages of
      the cycle of the rat seminiferous epithelium. Twenty 2-mm segments of
      seminiferous tubules at stages XIII-I, II-VI, VII-VIII, and IX-XII were dissected
      using the transillumination technique and subunit specific messenger RNAs (mRNAs)
      were quantitated by filter hybridization. The alpha and beta-B subunit mRNAs
      varied significantly in different stages, the highest levels of both alpha and
      beta-B subunit expression were seen in stages XIII-I and the lowest in stages VII
      VIII. The hybridization signals obtained with beta-actin probe were not
      significantly different between different stages indicating that the differences
      in the quantities of subunit mRNAs in different stages were not due to different
      amounts of RNA blotted. beta-A subunit mRNA levels were below the detection limit
      of the filter hybridization method. These data demonstrate that expression of
      inhibin alpha and beta-B subunits in the rat testis is stage dependent and
      suggest a paracrine role for inhibin-related peptides in regulation of
      spermatogenesis.

PMID- 2912711
TI  - Developing genetically epilepsy-prone rats have an abnormal seizure response to
      flurothyl.
AB  - Development of clonic-tonic flurothyl-induced seizures was examined in both
      normal and genetically epilepsy-prone rats (GEPRs). At each age, from 10 to 30
      days, clonus occurred at significantly shorter latencies in GEPRs than in normal
      rats. The latency to onset of clonic seizures did not change with age, however,
      in either GEPRs or normal rats. A different pattern of response was observed in
      the progression to tonic seizures. As normal animals matured, the latency to
      tonic seizures became longer and, by day 30, the duration of flurothyl exposure
      necessary to induce tonus was almost 70% greater in normal rats than in the
      GEPRs. In contrast, in GEPRs, tonic extension occurred immediately following the
      onset of clonus throughout development. A subset of GEPRs failed to have
      audiogenic seizures in a 40-day posttest. These animals had a flurothyl response
      identical to their audiogenic-susceptible litter mates. These data suggest that
      (a) a protective mechanism which develops against tonic seizures in normal rats
      fails to mature in the GEPR, and (b) seizure inducing gene-linked neural
      abnormalities occur in the GEPR independent of pathologies underlying audiogenic
      seizures.

PMID- 2912712
TI  - Experience with the International League against Epilepsy proposals for
      classification of epileptic seizures and the epilepsies and epileptic syndromes
      in a pediatric outpatient epilepsy clinic.
AB  - The International League Against Epilepsy proposals for classification of
      epileptic seizures (1981) and of the epilepsies and epileptic syndromes (1985)
      have been used in daily practice in a pediatric epilepsy clinic in Bogota,
      Colombia. Most patients can be classified by these schemes, and the
      classifications are useful in everyday diagnosis and management. However, there
      are some drawbacks and difficulties with the classifications. Some syndromes are
      unnecessarily separated as different entities, artificially contributing to the
      complexity of the Classification.

PMID- 2912713
TI  - Oculoclonic status epilepticus.
AB  - Continuous oculoclonic status epilepticus occurred for 90 min in a 4-year-old
      girl. The seizure consisted of continuous contralateral horizontal nystagmus
      concurrent with left occipital spike discharges, occasional vomiting and no loss
      of consciousness. Oculoclonic status epilepticus may be a variant form of versive
      status epilepticus.

PMID- 2912714
TI  - Effects of antiepileptic drugs on GABA responses and on reduction of GABA
      responses by PTZ and DMCM on mouse neurons in cell culture.
AB  - The mechanisms of action of antiepileptic drugs effective against generalized
      absence seizures (antiabsence AEDs) remain uncertain. Antiabsence AEDs are
      generally effective against seizures induced in experimental animals by
      pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) and methyl-6,7-dimethoxy-4-ethyl-beta-carboline-3
      carboxylate (DMCM), drugs which reduce GABAergic inhibition. Thus, antiabsence
      AEDs have been suggested to enhance GABAergic inhibition. We studied the effects
      of several AEDs on GABA responses recorded from mouse spinal cord neurons grown
      in primary dissociated cell culture. Four antiabsence AEDs were included:
      ethosuximide (ESM), dimethadione (DMO), sodium valproate (VPA), and diazepam
      (DZP). Two experimental AEDs, CGS 9896 and ZK 91296, with anticonvulsant action
      against PTZ- or DMCM-induced seizures were also included. Possible effects of the
      antiabsence and experimental AEDS on PTZ- and DMCM-induced inhibition of GABA
      responses were also evaluated. PTZ and DMCM reversibly reduced GABA responses in
      a concentration-dependent manner. PTZ completely inhibited GABA responses at 10
      mM (IC50 of 1.1 mM), whereas DMCM-induced inhibition of GABA responses reached a
      plateau level of 39% of control values at 1 microM (IC50 of 33 nM). ESM (1,200
      microM), DMO (6 mM), VPA (200 microM), CGS 9896 (2 microM), and ZK 9896 (2
      microM) did not alter GABA responses. DZP enhanced GABA responses in a
      concentration-dependent manner. The inhibition of GABA responses produced by PTZ
      1 mM was unaltered by ESM (600 microM), DMO (6 mM), CGS 9896 (1 microM), or ZK
      9896 (1 microM). Coapplication of VPA (200 microM) and PTZ (1 mM) slightly
      enhanced the PTZ effect. DZP (greater than 10 nM), however, reversed the PTZ
      induced reduction of GABA responses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2912715
TI  - Upregulation of adenosine A1 receptors and forskolin binding sites following
      chronic treatment with caffeine or carbamazepine: a quantitative autoradiographic
      study.
AB  - The effects of feeding a diet enriched in caffeine or carbamazepine (CBZ) were
      investigated in rats in a quantitative autoradiographic study of adenosine A1
      receptors (labeled by [3H]cyclohexyladenosine, [3H]CHA) and adenylate cyclase
      (labeled by [3H]forskolin). Although regional distribution of [3H]CHA and
      [3H]forskolin binding sites differed in some areas, chronic CBZ as well as
      chronic caffeine upregulated both of them. The changes in receptor densities
      occurred in the same brain microregions, suggesting that caffeine and CBZ act as
      antagonists at similar subpopulations of adenosine A1 receptors and [3H]forskolin
      binding sites. Therefore, a selective interaction of these two drugs with
      distinct adenosine A1 receptors (and adenylate cyclase) probably does not explain
      the differential effects of caffeine and CBZ on neuronal activity.

PMID- 2912716
TI  - Lack of effect of naloxone on prolactin and seizures in electroconvulsive
      therapy.
AB  - Both opiate agonist and antagonist injection have been reported to modulate
      prolactin secretion, alter brain excitability and produce seizures, and modify
      the postictal state. We studied the effects of administration of high-dose
      naloxone, an opiate antagonist, on postictal prolactin levels, seizure duration,
      and postictal behavior, using patients undergoing electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
      as a seizure model. Seven patients had 8 mg naloxone injected prior to one ECT
      treatment and saline injected prior to another treatment, with the order of
      injection randomized. Before ECT and 15 min after ECT, prolactin levels were
      drawn, and no blunting of the expected postictal prolactin elevation by naloxone
      injection was observed. We found no evidence that endogenous opiates trigger
      prolactin secretion during seizures. Seizure duration was also similar in saline
      and naloxone groups, and naloxone did not reverse postictal depression, as has
      been reported in an animal model.

PMID- 2912717
TI  - Carbamazepine therapy and long-term prognosis in epilepsy of childhood.
AB  - Sixty-seven of 90 patients (74% who had been treated with carbamazepine (CBZ)
      alone were seizure-free for greater than 3 years. The EEG of the patients given
      CBZ monotherapy was more often normal in those without neurologic abnormalities
      other than mental retardation or a genetic predisposition. The prognosis of
      patients with partial seizures secondarily generalized was poorer than that of
      the other patients. Patients without mental retardation more often had
      monotherapy CBZ. The lowest blood level of CBZ for maintenance was considered to
      be 4 micrograms/ml, although the therapeutic blood level was between 6 and 12
      micrograms/ml. Most of the side effects were mild.

PMID- 2912718
TI  - Neuroocular side effects of carbamazepine and phenobarbital in epileptic patients
      as measured by saccadic eye movements analysis.
AB  - The effect of carbamazepine (CBZ) and phenobarbital (PB), alone and in
      association, on the function of specific brain structures was studied in
      chronically treated epileptic patients by means of saccadic eye movements (SEMs)
      analysis. The relationship between daily fluctuations of CBZ plasma levels and
      the occurrence of intermittent side effects was also evaluated. All treatments
      produced a significant impairment (p less than 0.001) of SEM function as compared
      with a group of controls. SEM abnormalities appeared to change in relation to
      daily fluctuation of CBZ plasma levels. When the SEM parameters were considered
      separately, PB showed a significantly (p less than 0.001) more relevant sedative
      effect, whereas both drugs appear to produce the same effect on cerebellar and
      pontine functions. Although impairment of SEM function was most likely far from
      reaching clinical significance, it represents important information for the
      clinician.

PMID- 2912719
TI  - Comparison of steady-state blood levels of two carbamazepine formulations.
AB  - The steady-state plasma level produced by brand-name carbamazepine (CBZ)
      (Tegretol, Ciba-Geigy) was compared with a generic formulation (Parke-Davis) in
      10 subjects with partial epilepsy in a randomized, double-blind, cross-over
      clinical trial. In addition, seizure frequency and clinical and laboratory signs
      of toxicity were evaluated. Our results failed to show any difference in CBZ
      blood levels, seizure frequency, or clinical or laboratory signs of toxicity in
      patients receiving either the brand-name or generic formulation.

PMID- 2912720
TI  - Anticonvulsant drugs selectively affect kindled and penicillin epilepsy,
      especially during seizure-prone sleep or awakening states in cats.
AB  - Carbamazepine (CBZ) selectively suppressed kindled convulsions, whereas
      ethosuximide (ESM) suppressed spike-wave activity accompanying systemic
      penicillin epilepsy in cats. Evoked potential data indicated that CBZ acted at
      the thalamic level, whereas ESM acted at cortex. Reduction of seizures and
      thalamic or cortical excitability occurred throughout the sleep-wake cycle, but
      effects were most pronounced in seizure-prone sleep or awakening states. These
      findings extend previous work showing differential antiepileptic drug (AED)
      effects on temporal lobe and absence seizures. The results are also consistent
      with recent work suggesting that thalamocortical pathways provide a final common
      pathway for the manifestation of sleep and awakening epilepsy and also reflect a
      chronic, latent pathophysiology.

PMID- 2912721
TI  - Successful treatment of massive carbamazepine overdose.
AB  - Overdose of carbamazepine (CBZ) can be fatal. We report the case of a patient
      with near-lethal toxicity due to delayed absorption of drug. A 36-year-old woman
      was admitted with coma, hypotension, and unusual movements. Carbamazepine (CBZ)
      level several hours later was 36 mg/L. Gastric lavage revealed no pill fragments,
      and activated charcoal was administered. CBZ level initially fell, reaching 28
      mg/L 36 h after admission. Blood level then rose sharply, reaching 54 mg/L 64 h
      after admission. The pattern of rise suggested renewed absorption of drug.
      Vigorous cathartics were given, and further doses of charcoal were administered.
      Three hours after onset of diarrhea, roving eye movements occurred. Two hours
      later she grimaced to pain. Eight hours after the onset of diarrhea, she was
      awake. In CBZ overdose, activated charcoal therapy coupled with aggressive
      intestinal purging helps prevent continued absorption of drug, late exacerbation
      of symptoms, and potentially fatal outcome.

PMID- 2912722
TI  - Effect of gamma-vinyl GABA on interictal spikes and sharp waves in patients with
      intractable complex partial seizures.
AB  - The effect of gamma-vinyl GABA (GVG) on the interictal electroencephalogram (EEG)
      was studied in 13 patients with intractable complex partial seizures who
      participated in a single-blind, add-on, multicenter clinical trial of GVG.
      Precise operational definitions of epileptiform paroxysms were used to evaluate
      records before and after 3 months and 1 year of treatment with GVG. After 3
      months of treatment, six patients exhibited reduction of both epileptiform
      paroxysms and seizure frequency, four had no change in seizure frequency nor in
      the EEG, and three had a reduction in seizure frequency but no concomitant
      reduction of epileptiform paroxysms in the EEG. Ten patients remained in the
      study after 1 year of treatment. In 4 patients both seizure frequency and EEG
      epileptiform paroxysms continued to decrease, in 1 patient both seizure frequency
      and number of EEG paroxysms increased, and in the remaining 3 there was no
      correlation between seizure frequency and EEG changes.

PMID- 2912723
TI  - The binding of double-stranded RNA and adenovirus VAI RNA to the interferon
      induced protein kinase.
AB  - The protein kinase from human cells dependent on double-stranded (ds) RNA is a 68
      kDa protein (p68 kinase), the level of which is enhanced significantly in cells
      treated with interferon. When activated by low concentrations of dsRNA, the p68
      kinase becomes phosphorylated and thereby catalyzes the phosphorylation of the
      protein-synthesis initiation factor, eIF2. Here, we have purified the p68 kinase
      to homogeneity using a specific monoclonal antibody to investigate its capacity
      to bind dsRNA, poly(I).poly(C). Our study suggest that p68 kinase has high- and
      low-affinity binding sites: the high-affinity binding site is responsible for the
      activation and the low-affinity binding site for the inhibition of kinase
      activity. This is in accord with the fact that autophosphorylation of p68 kinase
      occurs at low concentrations of dsRNA whereas high concentrations of dsRNA
      inhibit its autophosphorylation. We have also investigated the binding of
      adenoviral VAI RNA to the purified p68 kinase and have found that the affinity of
      this binding is lower than that of poly(I).poly(C). We show that VAI RNA can
      activate or inhibit autophosphorylation of p68 kinase in a dose-dependent manner,
      i.e. activation at less than or equal to 1 microgram/ml or inhibition at greater
      than 1 microgram/ml of VAI RNA. In spite of its lower affinity of binding, VAI
      RNA cannot be displaced by poly(I).poly(C) or reovirus dsRNA. These data confirm
      our previous results to illustrate that VAI RNA can bind p68 kinase and cause its
      inactivation irreversably.

PMID- 2912724
TI  - Altered expression of myosin light-chain isoforms in chronically stimulated fast
      twitch muscle of the rat.
AB  - Fast-twitch tibialis anterior muscle of the rat was chronically stimulated for
      periods of 18 days, 28 days and 56 days. Changes in the myosin light-chain (LC)
      pattern consisted in an increase in LC1f, concomitant with a decrease in LC3f. In
      contrast to previous findings in chronically stimulated fast-twitch tibialis
      anterior muscle of the rabbit, no substantial increases occurred in the slow
      myosin light-chain isoforms. In vivo labeling using [35S]methionine incorporation
      revealed differences in relative turnover between the fast myosin light chains.
      The relative turnover of the fast myosin light chains appeared to increase in
      normal muscle in the order LC2f less than LC1f less than LC3f. As judged from
      [35S]methionine incorporation, the changes in light-chain tissue content mainly
      resulted from altered synthesis rates. However, in the case of LC3f the decrease
      in protein content could not only be explained by a reduced synthesis, but,
      additionally, appeared to be due to enhanced degradation. Parvalbumin, which was
      included in the present study, was also found to decrease in the stimulated
      muscle. However, its decrease appeared to result primarily from reduced
      synthesis.

PMID- 2912725
TI  - cDNA cloning and complete primary structure of the small, active subunit of human
      carboxypeptidase N (kininase 1).
AB  - The human plasma metallo-protease carboxypeptidase N of Mr 280,000 consists of
      two small, enzymatically active subunits of Mr 50,000 and two large subunits.
      Only the large subunits are glycosylated. They may have a function in stabilizing
      the complex in plasma. The N-terminal sequence of the small subunit was
      determined from the isolated protein and used to specify a unique 59-mer
      oligonucleotide probe. A cDNA clone of 1.7 kbp containing the entire coding
      sequence of the small subunit of carboxypeptidase N was isolated from a human
      liver cDNA library. The cDNA clone encodes a signal sequence of 20 amino acids
      and the 438 amino acids of the mature subunit. There is a remarkable primary
      structure similarity of 49% to bovine carboxypeptidase E (enkephalin convertase).
      A more distant relationship to the bovine pancreatic, digestive carboxypeptidases
      A and B or even to the metallo-endopeptidases is based mainly on the occurrence
      of conserved, mechanistically important residues.

PMID- 2912726
TI  - Tropomyosin in the sea urchin egg cortex.
AB  - Tropomyosin was purified from the Triton-treated cortex fraction of fertilized
      sea urchin egg. Egg tropomyosin showed characteristics typical of nonmuscle
      tropomyosins such as low molecular mass, short periodicity of Mg2+-paracrystals,
      low lysine/arginine ratio, high Mg2+ requirement in binding to F-actin, in
      addition to the properties of all tropomyosins, namely, stability to high
      temperature, anomalous migration of SDS/urea gel, dissociation from F-actin under
      high ionic conditions and very acidic isoelectric point. Co-sedimentation assay
      of egg tropomyosin with actin in the presence of the previously purified high
      molecular-mass actin binding protein (260-kDa protein) showed that these two
      proteins bind to actin filaments in a non-competitive manner. This suggested that
      both the proteins play a cooperative role in the formation of actin-filament
      based cytoskeletal structure in the cortex.

PMID- 2912727
TI  - A 19F-NMR study of 2-fluoro-4-demethoxydaunomycin intercalation complexes with
      the decanucleotides d(G-C)5 and d(A-T)5.
AB  - Binding configurations and equilibria of intercalation complexes formed by the
      novel anthracycline drug, 2-fluoro-4-demethoxydaunomycin (2FD), with the
      decanucleotides d(G-C)5 and d(A-T)5 have been studied by 19F-NMR spectroscopy.
      The 19F chemical shift of 2FD bound to d(A-T)5 was approximately 1.5 ppm
      downfield of that observed for 2FD bound to d(G-C)5. By mixing equimolar amounts
      of aqueous d(G-C)5, d(A-T)5 and 2FD, the distribution of drug between the
      nucleotides was followed by observing relative peak intensities and showed no G-C
      or A-T binding preference at room temperature. It was shown that each
      decanucleotide duplex bound three 2FD molecules, giving a neighbour exclusion
      parameter, n, of n = 3 for this drug. The stoichiometric complexes, which we
      denote by [d(A-T)5][2FD]3 and [d(G-C)5][2FD]3, were also purified and isolated in
      this study.

PMID- 2912728
TI  - Heme may not be a positive regulator of cytochrome-P450 gene expression.
AB  - It has been proposed that transcription of cytochrome-P450 genes is positively
      regulated by heme, the prosthetic group of cytochrome-P450 proteins. We have
      investigated this proposal in rats treated with succinylacetone, a known specific
      inhibitor of the heme biosynthetic pathway. While 2-allyl-2-isopropylacetamide,
      phenobarbitone, dexamethasone, beta-naphthoflavone and clofibrate induced
      specific cytochrome-P450-mRNA species in rat liver, the levels of these induced
      mRNAs were not affected by succinylacetone administration. Synthesis of the first
      enzyme of the heme biosynthetic pathway, 5-aminolevulinate synthase, is known to
      be regulated by the end-product heme, with heme inhibiting 5-aminolevulinate
      synthase-gene transcription. Hepatic 5-aminolevulinate-synthase mRNA was induced
      by drugs and the level increased further by succinylacetone. Furthermore,
      treatment of rats with succinylacetone alone resulted in elevated levels of 5
      aminolevulinate-synthase mRNA but did not affect cytochrome-P450-mRNA levels. The
      results show that while lowered heme levels lead to an increase in 5
      aminolevulinate-synthase-mRNA synthesis there is no effect on cytochrome-P450
      mRNA levels, implying that heme is not required for the cytochrome-P450-gene
      transcription.

PMID- 2912729
TI  - A crystallographic study of the glutathione binding site of glutathione reductase
      at 0.3-nm resolution.
AB  - The binding of glutathione, some related molecules and two redox compounds to
      crystals of glutathione reductase has been investigated by X-ray crystallography
      at 0.3-nm resolution. Models for several bound ligands have been built and
      subjected to crystallographic refinement. The results clearly show the residues
      involved in glutathione binding as well as the geometry of the disulfide
      exchange. Glutathione-I is bound in a V-shaped conformation, while glutathione-II
      is extended. The zwitterionic glutamyl end of glutathione-II appears to be the
      most tightly bound part of the substrate. All glutathione conjugates and
      derivatives studied show binding dominated by the interactions at this site. In
      the reduced enzyme, glutathione-I forms a mixed disulfide intermediate with
      Cys58. Other structural changes are observed on reduction of the enzyme, and it
      is demonstrated that the carboxamidomethylated enzyme is a good model for the
      reduced species. Lipoate, a weak substrate of the enzyme, assumes a defined
      binding site where its disulfide is available for being attacked by Cys58-S
      gamma. A second region with affinity for a number of compounds has been found in
      a large cavity at the dimer interface of the enzyme. No functional role of this
      site is known.

PMID- 2912730
TI  - Photochemically-induced dynamic nuclear polarization proton-NMR of aequorin
      discharged by calcium-independent light emission.
AB  - Photochemically-induced dynamic nuclear polarization was used to identify exposed
      amino-acid residues and to assign resonances in the 1H-NMR spectrum of Ca(II)
      independent discharged (inactivated) aequorin. A previous nuclear magnetic
      resonance, circular dichroism and fluorescence study [Ray, B.D., Ho, S., Kemple,
      M. D., Prendergast, F. G. and Nageswara Rao, B.D. (1985) Biochemistry 24, 4280
      4287] indicated that as the Ca(II)-activated bioluminescent protein aequorin from
      jellyfish spontaneously emits light in the absence of Ca(II), it changes from a
      rigid, fully active form to a discharged form in which a number of amino-acid
      residues are more mobile than in the native protein. Laser-photochemically
      induced dynamic nuclear polarization experiments identified tryptophan and
      tyrosine residues, but not histidine residues, in Ca(II)-independent discharged
      aequorin to be accessible to the flavin dye used. These exposed residues are also
      among the mobile residues of the Ca(II)-independent discharged protein.
      Resonances of all the protons (including the alpha protons) of the accessible
      tryptophan and tyrosine residues were assigned with the aid of two-dimensional
      photochemically-induced dynamic nuclear polarization J-correlated spectroscopy.
      The oxidized chromophore, from which light is emitted in aequorin, was not
      accessible to the dye in the Ca(II)-independent discharged protein. No exposed
      residue was detected in the photochemically-induced dynamic nuclear polarization
      spectrum of Ca(II)-independent discharged aequorin from which the oxidized
      chromophore was removed, corroborating the previous finding that in this apo
      discharged form the protein partially refolds and thereby loses some of the
      mobility acquired in the formation of the Ca(II)-independent discharged protein.

PMID- 2912731
TI  - Interactions of concanavalin A with asparagine-linked glycopeptides.
      Structure/activity relationships of the binding and precipitation of oligomannose
      and bisected hybrid-type glycopeptides with concanavalin A.
AB  - We have recently demonstrated that certain oligomannose and bisected hybrid-type
      glycopeptides are bivalent for concanavalin A (ConA) binding and that they can
      precipitate the lectin [Bhattacharyya, L., Ceccarini, C., Lorenzoni, P & Brewer,
      C. F. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 1288-1293]. Two protein-binding sites on each
      glycopeptide were identified: one on the alpha(1-6) arm of the core beta-mannose
      residue which binds with high affinity (primary site); the other on the alpha(1
      3) arm of the core beta-mannose residue which binds with lower affinity
      (secondary site). In the present study, we have investigated the relationship
      between the structures of the primary sites of oligomannose-type glycopeptides
      and their affinities for ConA. Two mechanisms of binding at the primary sites of
      oligomannose-type glycopeptides have been identified which account for the 3000
      fold increase in affinity of a Man9 glycopeptide relative to that of methyl alpha
      D-mannopyranoside. Changes in the structures and affinities of both the primary
      and secondary sites are observed to influence the precipitation activities of the
      glycopeptides. These findings have important consequences for the specificity of
      ConA binding in solutions containing mixtures of the carbohydrates.

PMID- 2912732
TI  - Conformational analysis of the sialyl alpha(2----3/6)N-acetyllactosamine
      structural element occurring in glycoproteins, by two-dimensional NOE 1H-NMR
      spectroscopy in combination with energy calculations by hard-sphere exo-anomeric
      and molecular mechanics force-field with hydrogen-bonding potential.
AB  - The conformation is described of the sialyl alpha(2----3/6)N-acetyllactosamine
      structural element, frequently occurring in glycoproteins. NOE spectroscopy of
      NeuAc alpha(2----3)Gal beta(1----4)GlcNAc beta(1----N)Asn and NeuAc alpha(2---
      6)Gal beta(1----4)GlcNAc beta(1----N)Asn is presented and for each glycosidic
      linkage, except for the alpha(2----6)-linkage, a number of interglycosidic NOEs
      are measured. The analysis of these effects is performed using a full relaxation
      matrix. Analysis of intraresidue NOEs provides a calibration of the calculation
      method. Hard-sphere exo-anomeric (HSEA) energy calculations indicate a single
      conformation for the beta(1----4)-linkage in both compounds, both being
      consistent with the NOE data. HSEA and molecular-mechanics force-field with
      hydrogen-bonding potential energy calculations both indicate the existence of
      three preferred conformations for the alpha(2----3)-linkage. The analysis of the
      NOE spectra are consistent with a distribution over two or three of these
      conformations; by combination with the energy diagram for this linkage the
      existence of onyl a single conformation can be excluded. The NOE spectrum of the
      compound with the alpha(2----6)-linkage indicates a gt orientation for the Gal C
      6 hydroxymethyl group. On this basis, the HSEA energy calculations for the
      alpha(2----6)-linkage indicate an extended low-energy surface with a number of
      preferred conformations. The absence of NOEs across this linkage is interpreted
      in terms of a non-rigid, but overall folded conformation of the NeuAc alpha(2---
      6)Gal beta(1----4)GlcNAc beta structural element. This provides an explanation
      for the shift effects induced by alpha(2----6) attachment of NeuAc to the N
      acetyllactosamine unit.

PMID- 2912733
TI  - Interactions between discrete neuronal membrane binding sites for the putative K+
      channel ligands beta-bungarotoxin, dendrotoxin and mast-cell-degranulating
      peptide.
AB  - 1. beta-Bungarotoxin, a presynaptically active neurotoxin from the venom of
      Bungarus multicinctus, was radiolabelled with 125I and its binding to synaptic
      membranes from rat brain was analyzed. The interaction of these binding sites
      with those for dendrotoxin (a convulsant polypeptide from mamba venom) and mast
      cell-degranulating peptide (from bee venom) was examined in the light of the
      known effects of all three toxins on voltage-dependent K+ currents. 2. When
      measured in Krebs/phosphate buffer, the binding appeared monotonic at low
      concentrations of radioiodinated beta-bungarotoxin (Kd 0.4 nM; Bmax 0.42 pmol/mg
      protein); higher concentrations of labelled toxin revealed an additional binding
      component of lower affinity, but computer analysis of the data failed to provide
      well-defined estimates of its Kd and Bmax values. 3. Equilibrium binding
      experiments conducted in imidazole-based buffers yielded distinctly biphasic
      Scatchard plots; computer analysis of the data revealed two populations of sites
      [Kd 0.26 (+/- 0.30) nM and 6.14 (+/- 5.68) nM; Bmax 0.16 (+/- 0.20) and 2.65 (+/-
      1.21) pmol/mg protein]. 4. In Krebs medium, beta-bungarotoxin was a very weak
      antagonist of the binding of 125I-labelled dendrotoxin. In imidazole medium,
      however, the efficacy of the inhibition was markedly increased; analysis of this
      inhibition showed it to be non-competitive. 5. Dendrotoxin inhibited the binding
      of radioiodinated beta-bungarotoxin in Krebs medium with high potency, although
      the interaction was by a complex, non-competitive mechanism. 6. Mast-cell
      degranulating peptide inhibited non-competitively the binding of both
      radiolabelled dendrotoxin and beta-bungarotoxin but with relatively low potency.
      7. A speculative schematic model of the dendrotoxin/beta-bungarotoxin/mast-cell
      degranulating peptide binding component(s) is proposed. Findings are discussed in
      terms of the likely involvement of these sites with voltage-dependent K+-channel
      proteins.

PMID- 2912734
TI  - Regulation of ornithine decarboxylase in murine erythroleukemic cells by N,N'
      diacetyl-1,6-hexanediamine and N-acetyl-1,6-hexanediamine.
AB  - The levels at which the ornithine decarboxylase gene is regulated in murine
      erythroleukemic cells treated with N,N'-hexamethylene bisacetamide (N,N' diacetyl
      1,6-hexanediamine) and with N-acetyl-1,6-hexanediamine, the monoacetylated
      catabolite of this inducer of erythrodifferentiation, have been investigated.
      Although these two molecules are structurally related and both cause a decrease
      in ornithine decarboxylase activity, they did not similarly affect ornithine
      decarboxylase mRNA. In the presence of 4 mM N,N'-hexamethylenebisacetamide, at
      the concentration generally used to induce differentiation in these cells, a
      decreased steady-state level of ornithine decarboxylase mRNA, due to decreased
      gene transcription, was observed. In the presence of N-acetyl-1,6-hexanediamine
      the decrease in enzyme activity was shown to be associated with a decrease in the
      half-life of the enzyme in the absence of a change in gene transcription. These
      results show that in proliferating cultured cells changes in ornithine
      decarboxylase-gene transcription can be uncoupled from changes in cell growth and
      that N-acetyl-1,6-hexanediamine only regulates ornithine decarboxylase expression
      post-transcriptionally.

PMID- 2912735
TI  - Developmental regulation of expression of the regulatory subunit of the cAMP
      dependent protein kinase of Blastocladiella emersonii.
AB  - A monospecific polyclonal antiserum to the regulatory subunit (R) of the cAMP
      dependent protein kinase of Blastocladiella emersonii has been developed by
      immunization with purified regulatory subunit. In Western blots, the antiserum
      displays high affinity and specificity for the intact R monomer of Mr = 58,000,
      as well as for its proteolytic products of Mr = 43,000 and Mr = 36,000, even
      though the antiserum has been raised against the Mr = 43,000 fragment. Western
      blots of cell extracts prepared at different times during the life cycle of the
      fungus indicate that the increase in cAMP-binding activity occurring during
      sporulation, as well as its decrease during germination, are associated with the
      accumulation of the regulatory subunit during sporulation and its disappearance
      during germination, respectively. Pulse labeling with [35S]methionine and
      immunoprecipitation indicate that the accumulation of R is due to its increased
      synthesis during sporulation. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of affinity
      purified cell extracts obtained after [35S]methionine pulse labeling during
      sporulation confirms de novo synthesis of R during this stage and furthermore
      shows that the protein is rapidly phosphorylated after its synthesis. In vitro
      translation studies using RNA isolated from different stages of the life cycle
      followed by immunoprecipitation have shown that the time course of expression of
      the mRNA coding for the regulatory subunit parallels the rate of its synthesis in
      vivo.

PMID- 2912736
TI  - Quantitation of erythropoietin stimulatory activity using [3H]thymidine uptake by
      K562 cells.
AB  - A microassay for erythropoietin (Ep) activity in serum using [3H]thymidine uptake
      by K562 cells is presented. The method is similar to that of Krystal except that
      cells of the K562 human pluripotent leukemia cell line replace spleen cells from
      phenylhydrazine-treated anemic mice. Response to the hormone by K562 cells and
      spleen cells was colinear. Using the Krystal bioassay, 14 young hemoglobin S
      homozygotes had Ep activity levels of 17.9-113.8 mU/ml serum, whereas the new
      method with K562 cells gave a range of 19.2-115.3 mU/ml. The correlation
      coefficient between the two sets of data (r) was 0.999 (p less than 0.001). With
      the modified technique we have assayed 34 sickle cell patients, whose sera ranged
      from 19.2 to 1400 mU of Ep/ml with corresponding hemoglobin concentrations of
      10.7 g % to 3.0 g %. Values for normal subjects were 22.1 +/- 2.1 mU/ml (n = 7).
      The stimulation of [3H]thymidine uptake is significantly inhibited by an anti-Ep
      antiserum. The assay permits quantification of stimulatory activities in a large
      number of samples with relative ease and is also suitable to explore the
      interactions of erythropoietic factors with their appropriate receptors on stem
      cells.

PMID- 2912737
TI  - Development of neomycin-resistant WEHI-3B D+ murine cells as an in vivo model of
      acute nonlymphocytic leukemia.
AB  - pSV2 neomycin DNA was electroporated into exponentially growing WEHI-3B D+ cells,
      and clones containing integrated pSV2 neomycin DNA were selected by treatment
      with the antibiotic Geneticin. Southern analysis after Eco RI or Bam HI and Hind
      III digestion demonstrated that two clones, Y1 and Y2, stably incorporated a
      single copy of intact pSV2 neomycin DNA into different sites. Exposure of
      parental WEHI-3B D+ cells to retinoic acid, aclacinomycin A, or adriamycin
      resulted in their differentiation to mature granulocytic cells. Clone Y1 had
      growth kinetics and numbers of differentiated cells comparable to those of the
      parental line when exposed to these differentiation-inducing agents. Furthermore,
      this clone was leukemogenic in BALB/c mice. The disease presented as a moderate
      anemia, a peripheral blood granulocytosis, a shift in the differential to
      immature granulocytic forms, and a thrombocytopenia. Although there was no change
      in bone marrow cellularity, in situ hybridization to identify the presence of the
      neomycin resistance gene mRNA indicated infiltration of leukemia cells (up to
      30%) into this tissue compartment. The observed hematological parameters were
      indicative of a late stage of disease resembling human acute nonlymphocytic
      leukemia. Clone Y1, therefore, would appear to be an in vivo model of acute
      nonlymphocytic leukemia that may be useful for the development of therapeutic
      strategies to more successfully treat these diseases. Because we have
      demonstrated that this line is capable of differentiation in vitro and can be
      stably carried in vivo, it would also be useful for the identification of
      therapeutic agents capable of initiating the differentiation of leukemia cells in
      situ.

PMID- 2912738
TI  - Sexual dimorphism of erythropoietin-degrading activity in mouse submaxillary
      gland extracts.
AB  - In the course of investigation of submaxillary gland (SG) extracts from mice as a
      possible source of extra-renal erythropoietin (EPO) we have extended our previous
      studies of the degradation of EPO added to SG and kidney extracts. The
      discrepancy between estimates of EPO obtained with two radioimmunoassays (RIAs)
      differing only in time of incubation with 125I-labeled recombinant human EPO (r
      HuEPO) (20 h and 72 h) has been used as an indicator of tracer degradation
      occurring during the RIA incubation. Degradation of 125I-labeled r-HuEPO by male
      mouse SG extracts was not prevented by addition of inhibitors of monodeiodinases
      or proteolytic enzymes. Degradation of added 125I-labeled r-HuEPO was monitored
      using gel filtration fast protein liquid chromatography. SG extracts from male
      and androgen-treated female mice both degraded tracer r-HuEPO to a greater extent
      than extracts from female mice. Tracer degradation increased with time and tissue
      concentration and could give rise to invalid estimates of EPO in SG extracts by
      RIA. In contrast, none of the kidney extracts degraded r-HuEPO. Recovery of mouse
      serum EPO added to and incubated with male mouse SG or kidney extracts was 13%
      and 93%, respectively, estimated by RIA under conditions that excluded
      degradation of the RIA tracer antigen.

PMID- 2912739
TI  - The validity of salivary gland Epo estimates by radioimmunoassay (RIA)

PMID- 2912740
TI  - Mutagenicity of merocyanine 540-mediated photosensitization.
AB  - Merocyanine 540 (MC 540) is a photosensitizing dye with antineoplastic and
      antiviral properties. Because photoexcited MC 540 generates singlet molecular
      oxygen and possibly other reactive oxygen species there is concern that MC 540
      mediated photosensitization may be mutagenic. In this paper, we report on the
      induction of ouabain- and 6-thioguanine-resistant mutants in Chinese hamster
      ovary (CHO) cells by MC 540 and light. Incubation with merocyanine 540 in the
      dark was not mutagenic. Simultaneous exposure to dye and high-intensity (70-75
      W/m2) white or green light caused a small but significant increase in the
      frequency of both ouabain- and 6-thioguanine-resistant mutants. Similar increases
      in mutation frequencies were observed when the cells were exposed to white or
      green light in the absence of dye. When the fluence rate of the white light
      source was reduced by 50% (i.e., to 35 W/m2) but the duration of exposure doubled
      to keep the fluence constant, dye-mediated photosensitization and exposure to
      light alone generated few if any mutants. These results indicated that MC 540
      mediated photosensitization is not mutagenic (as defined by the employed assays)
      as long as a nonmutagenic light source is used to excite the photosensitizer.
      They caution against the use of very powerful light sources in clinical
      applications of MC 540-mediated photosensitization.

PMID- 2912742
TI  - Natural killer cell-mediated inhibition of growth of myeloid and lymphoid
      clonogenic leukemias.
AB  - We have shown that peripheral blood (PB) lymphocytes of normal donors inhibit
      colony formation by myeloid (K-562) and lymphoid (Molt-4) leukemia cell lines in
      a clonogenic assay in vitro. The inhibitor cells were identified as natural
      killer (NK) cells based on their large granular lymphocyte (LGL) morphology and
      CD16+CD5- cell surface phenotype. The levels of inhibition were dependent both on
      the leukemia: effector (L:E) cell ratio, as well as on the time of preincubation
      of the leukemic and effector cells; maximum inhibition was observed at a 1:20 L:E
      cell ratio, and required 6-16 h preincubation of the leukemia and effector cells.
      Colony formation of both K-562 and Molt-4 was also inhibited by a soluble factor
      derived from coculture of K-562 and PB lymphocytes. The finding that the growth
      of clonogenic Molt-4 cells was almost completely abolished following treatment
      with interferon (IFN)-alpha rA in the dose of 10(3) U/ml, whereas growth of K-562
      cells was only slightly affected by similar treatment, suggested that NK cells
      may mediate inhibition of clonogenic leukemias through various mechanisms.

PMID- 2912741
TI  - The concentration and resolution of primitive hemopoietic cells from normal mouse
      bone marrow by negative selection using monoclonal antibodies and Dynabead
      monodisperse magnetic microspheres.
AB  - High proliferative potential colony-forming cells (HPP-CFC) detected in clonal
      agar culture in the presence of the combined stimulus of colony-stimulating
      factor 1 (CSF-1) + interleukin 3 (IL-3) + interleukin 1 alpha (IL-1 alpha) are
      closely related to developmentally early progenitor cells capable of
      reconstituting the hemopoietic system of lethally irradiated mice following
      transplantation. Flow cytometric analysis and sorting of normal, unperturbed bone
      marrow has shown that HPP-CFC are B220- and 7/4-, whereas the committed
      progenitors of the macrophage lineage responsive to CSF-1 alone (CSFCSF-1) are
      B220- and 7/4+. Negative immunomagnetic selection using an anti-7/4, anti-B220
      antibody cocktail and second-antibody-coupled Dynabead microspheres to replace
      flow cytometry results in the highly reproducible and specific enrichment of HPP
      CFC, and simultaneous resolution of HPP-CFC from CFCCSF-1. The tenfold enrichment
      of HPP-CFC compared with unfractionated bone marrow cell suspensions was
      comparable to that obtained by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Enrichment
      was achieved with negligible loss of HPP-CFC at the immunomagnetic bead selection
      step, and 65% of HPP-CFC were recovered. The method is rapid, highly
      reproducible, and efficient, and has wide application to the separation of rare
      hemopoietic cells from normal bone marrow.

PMID- 2912743
TI  - Long-term effects of high doses of cytosine arabinoside on pluripotent stem cells
      (CFU-S).
AB  - The purpose of this work was to investigate the long-term effects of high doses
      of cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) on the pluripotent stem cell (spleen colony
      forming units; CFU-S) compartment in mice. Studies were carried out on mice that
      survived the administration of repeated high doses of Ara-C (HDAra-C) with or
      without the injection of a partially purified CFU-S inhibitor or a bone marrow
      graft. The following features were examined 1, 1.5, and 5-7 months after
      treatment: CFU-S number, proliferative ability, and differentiation into
      different lineages. The results indicate that these parameters, which were
      severely disturbed soon after drug administration, returned to control levels
      within a month and remained unchanged as compared to age-matched controls for the
      following 6 months. Therefore, HDAra-C, given alone or with a CFU-S inhibitor or
      prior to bone marrow grafting, did not seem to induce long-lasting damage of the
      CFU-S compartment. However, our studies cannot eliminate the possibility of some
      residual stromal damage or some impairment of other properties of stem cells. It
      would be of importance to further clarify these points because HDAra-C are now
      used in the treatment of leukemias and prior to bone marrow transplantation.

PMID- 2912744
TI  - Correlation between erythropoietic activity and body growth rate in
      hypertransfused polycythemic growing rats as the result of an erythropoietin
      dependent operating mechanism.
AB  - The established relationship between erythropoietic activity and body growth rate
      in the polycythemic growing rat could be the result of either an erythropoietin
      (EPO)-dependent or an EPO-independent operating mechanism. The present study was
      thus undertaken to elucidate the nature of the aforementioned mechanism by
      assessing the ratio between plasma immunoreactive EPO (iEPO) concentration and
      erythropoietic activity in young hypertransfused rats for different body growth
      rates. Red blood cell (RBC)-59Fe uptake was about 75% in 21-day-old rats; it
      rapidly decreased with time when the animals were placed on a protein-free diet,
      approaching a level of about 1% by the 10th day of protein starvation. Over the
      same period plasma iEPO decreased from 55 mU/ml to 7 mU/ml. Body growth rate was
      0. Following this "protein depletion period" the rats received diets containing
      different amounts of casein ("protein repletion period") added isocalorically to
      the protein-free diet to elicit a rise in body growth rate. Statistically
      significant relationships (p less than 0.001) were found between dietary casein
      concentration and body growth rate (r = 0.991), dietary casein concentration and
      RBC-59Fe uptake (r = 0.991), dietary casein concentration and plasma iEPO level
      (r = 0.992), body growth rate and RBC-59Fe (r = 0.986), and body growth rate and
      plasma iEPO level (r = 0.994) in hypertransfused polycythemic rats during the
      protein repletion period. These findings suggest that the correlation between
      erythropoietic activity and growth rate in the growing rat is the result of an
      erythropoietin-dependent operating mechanism, which appears to be independent of
      the ratio tissue oxygen supply/tissue oxygen demand.

PMID- 2912745
TI  - An in vitro model of wound healing in the CNS: analysis of cell reaction and
      interaction at different ages.
AB  - We have developed an in vitro model in which cells responding to trauma in the
      immature and mature CNS can be isolated, placed into serum-free culture, and
      characterized. By implanting nitrocellulose filters into the brains of neonatal
      and adult rats under different conditions, we are able to harvest populations of
      cells responding to trauma in the neonate (critical period implant), in the adult
      (scar implant), and in implants that have remained in vivo past the critical
      period (postcritical period implant). Upon placement in culture, we have found
      that astrocytes represent the majority of cells occupying both the critical
      period and postcritical period implants, whereas fibroblasts and macrophages
      represent the majority of cells in the glial-fibroblastic scar. The morphologies
      of the astrocytes on the surface of the different implants, after 3 days in
      culture, differs markedly--the critical period astrocytes exhibiting a more
      ordered distribution compared to the haphazard arrangement of astrocyte processes
      on the surface of the postcritical and scar implants. After migration from the
      implant, critical period astrocytes assume an epithelioid morphology and cluster
      together setting up definite boundaries between themselves and the endothelial
      cells. In contrast, postcritical period astrocytes exhibit a more elongated
      morphology under the same culture conditions and appear to be randomly dispersed
      among the endothelial cells. The scar astrocytes exhibit a wide range of
      morphologies and, although they tend to cluster, do not exhibit the ordered
      association seen with the critical period astrocytes. We propose that the
      plasticity of the neonatal astrocytes and the rapid and ordered cellular response
      seen in vitro reflect the ability of the immature CNS in vivo to respond to
      injury without the formation of a glial-fibroblastic scar.

PMID- 2912746
TI  - The convulsant effects of kainic acid microinjections into cerebral cortex are
      concentration but not laminar dependent.
AB  - The direct excitatory glutamate analog, kainic acid, when injected into different
      layers of the cat visual cortex, has two effects on this tissue that are
      fundamentally different from those exerted by the disinhibitory agents
      penicillin, bicuculline, and strychnine. First, both concentration-dependent
      suppression and convulsant activity was seen. Second, these concentration
      dependent influences were produced effectively in each cortical layer challenged
      despite a reported preferential localization of kainic acid receptors to layer 6.
      In contrast, the disinhibitory agents generally produce only convulsant effects,
      do so in a laminar-specific manner, and at significantly lower concentrations in
      intact brain (i.e., 50 microM vs 15 mM). These results suggest that kainic acid,
      in the concentrations employed here, has a generalized excitatory effect on all
      cortical circuitry and that it's convulsant influences are nonspecific and less
      potent than those of the inhibitory blockers. Further, a common neural trait
      shared by these different modes of epileptogenesis is discussed.

PMID- 2912747
TI  - Differentiation of substantia gelatinosa-like regions in intraspinal and
      intracerebral transplants of embryonic spinal cord tissue in the rat.
AB  - The differentiation of intracerebral and intraspinal transplants of fetal (E14
      E15) rat spinal cord was studied to determine the extent to which myelin-free
      zones in these embryonic grafts exhibit cytological features and
      immunocytochemical characteristics of the substantia gelatinosa (SG) of the
      normal spinal cord. Immunocytochemical staining with antiserum to myelin basic
      protein (MBP) revealed myelin-free areas of varying proportions within fetal
      spinal cord grafts. These regions were identified in both newborn and adult
      recipients regardless of whether donor tissue was grafted to heterotopic
      (intracerebral) or homotopic (intraspinal) sites. As in the SG of the intact
      spinal cord, the myelin-free regions consisted mainly of small (7-15 microns)
      diameter neurons. At the ultrastructural level, these cells were surrounded by a
      neuropil composed of numerous small caliber, unmyelinated axons and intermediate
      sized dendrites. Synaptic terminals in these areas were primarily characterized
      by the presence of clear, round vesicles, although granular vesicles were
      occasionally found within these terminals. Immunocytochemical staining
      demonstrated met- and leu-enkephalin-, neurotensin-, substance P-, and
      somatostatin-like immunoreactive elements within these myelin-free areas. Thus,
      regions within embryonic spinal cord grafts undergo some topographical
      differentiation which parallels that of the normal superficial dorsal horn. The
      presence of SG-like regions illustrates the potential capacity of fetal spinal
      cord transplants for replacing some intraspinal neuronal populations at the site
      of a spinal cord injury in neonatal and adult animals. These graft regions may
      serve as a source of intersegmental projection neurons or establish an extensive
      intrinsic circuitry similar to that seen in the normal SG. In addition, the
      definition of these areas provides a useful model to study the innervation
      patterns of host axons that typically project to the substantia gelatinosa of the
      normal spinal cord.

PMID- 2912748
TI  - Correlative analyses of lesion development and functional status after graded
      spinal cord contusive injuries in the rat.
AB  - The development of both histopathological changes and functional deficits was
      quantitatively assessed after mild, moderate, and severe spinal cord contusive
      injuries. The cross-sectional area of the spinal cord at the epicenter (region of
      maximal damage) and the areas of hemorrhage, lesion, and remaining gray and white
      matter were determined from 15 min to 8 weeks after injury. From 24 h to 8 weeks
      after injury, functional deficits were quantified using a combined behavioral
      score (CBS) based on the results from a number of behavioral tests of function.
      Regression analysis was used to examine the correlations between the amount of
      residual white matter and both the severity of contusive impact and the
      functional deficit over time after injury. The area of hemorrhage at 15 min and
      24 h was greater in the mild and moderate injury groups than after the severe
      contusive injury. Significant loss of gray and white matter occurred primarily
      between 24 h and 1 week after injury along with concomitant increases in the area
      of lesion. In the mild injury group the rate of lesion development appeared
      slower than that in the moderate and severe injury groups and significant white
      matter loss continued to occur between 1 and 4 weeks after injury. Behavioral
      tests of functional deficit were performed at 24 h and weekly thereafter. The
      development of stable functional deficits was observed beginning at 3 weeks after
      injury. There was a significant correlation between residual white matter and the
      degree of initial injury at 24 h after injury and all subsequent time points.
      However, a significant correlation between residual white matter and functional
      deficit, as measured by the CBS, was not observed at 24 h or 1 week but did
      develop by 4 weeks after injury.

PMID- 2912749
TI  - Bulbospinal and intraspinal connections in normal and regenerated salamander
      spinal cord.
AB  - The salamander is the only limbed adult vertebrate which can regenerate portions
      of cervical, thoracic, or lumbar spinal cord. While the salamander has been a
      popular model for regeneration of the spinal cord, it is still not known what
      portions of the nervous system participate in the regeneration process. In the
      experiments reported here we examine the bulbospinal and intraspinal projections
      to the lumbar spinal cord in normal and regenerated salamanders (Notophthalmus
      viridescens). HRP application to the lumbar enlargement of normal salamanders
      labeled cells in the ventral thalamus, the rostral tegmentum in the proposed
      homolog of the red nucleus, the reticular neurons of the rhombencephalon, and the
      midline regions of the rhombencephalon which are possibly equivalent to raphe
      nuclei of other vertebrates. In the brachial spinal cord HRP-labeled cells were
      located in dorsal, intermediate, and ventral regions of the spinal gray matter
      and tended to be located at the periphery of the gray matter. To examine the
      spinal circuitry of regenerated salamanders, animals received complete spinal
      transections at the junction of the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord, abolishing
      all spontaneous coordinated hindlimb and tail movements. Animals exhibited
      walking and swimming within 60 days at which time a pledget of HRP was inserted
      into a gap in the spinal cord made by a transection 10.0 mm (six animals) or 5.0
      mm (one animal) caudal to the first lesion. On average, the number of HRP labeled
      brain stem neurons in regenerated animals was 40% of that found in normal
      animals. The number of labeled cells in the brachial spinal cord was within the
      range of normal animals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2912750
TI  - Facial nerve regeneration in the silicone chamber: the influence of nerve growth
      factor.
AB  - The role of nerve growth factor (NGF) was examined in the neural repair of adult
      rabbit facial nerves using an in vivo preparation. A 35-microliters nerve growth
      chamber was created by suturing the proximal and distal ends of a transected
      facial nerve (superior buccal branch) into a silicone tube. A gap of 8 mm in the
      chamber remained after removal of a 5-mm piece of nerve and insertion of the
      proximal and distal stumps into the tube. Animals were operated bilaterally; one
      side of the chamber was filled with NGF and the contralateral side was filled
      with Ringer's solution. Regeneration of the nerves was examined 1 to 5 weeks
      following the surgery. The caliber of the nerve bundle, the distribution pattern
      of regenerating motoneurons, axon number per fascicle, size distribution, and the
      total number of cells were compared to the preoperative morphology pattern found
      for that animal. Each buccal branch served as its own control. The NGF-filled
      chambers demonstrated an overall larger caliber of nerve regeneration at 5 weeks
      and a higher density distribution of axon growth at 3 and 5 weeks. In the early
      regeneration case (3 weeks), the axon growth profile exhibited more fascicles and
      less axons than the preoperative controls. In the more advanced state (5 weeks),
      the fascicle number was reduced and the axon number was increased. After 5 weeks
      of regeneration the number of fascicles was still more than that found in the
      preoperative state. Axon size at 5 weeks was 80% that of the preoperative
      controls and the thickness of the myelin sheath was less than the preoperative
      level. The histogram of the size distribution revealed the same distribution as
      in the preoperative control section.

PMID- 2912751
TI  - Allylnitrile: a compound which induces long-term dyskinesia in mice following a
      single administration.
AB  - A single oral dose of allylnitrile (ALN) in mice pretreated with CCl4 induced
      behavioral abnormalities such as circling, hyperactivity, and head twitching,
      which lasted for a 4-month observation period. Histopathologically hemorrhage,
      demyelinated fibers and necrotic neurons were observed in the midbrain and pons
      40 to 50 days after the administration of ALN. The head twitching was either
      reduced by treatment with serotonin and dopamine antagonists or enhanced by a
      serotonin releaser, suggesting that both serotonin and dopamine systems are
      involved in the behavioral abnormalities by ALN. These disorders by ALN may be
      used as an animal model of the dyskinetic syndrome.

PMID- 2912752
TI  - Effect of hind-limb suspension on young and adult skeletal muscle. I. Normal
      mice.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of hind-limb suspension
      (HS) on morphometric, histologic, and contractile characteristics of fast
      extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and slow soleus (SOL) twitch muscles in adult and
      immature mice. Hind-limb suspension for 2 weeks was used to produce atrophy in
      two groups of mice, ages 4 and 12 weeks, with nonsuspended animals serving as
      controls. Young HS mice exhibited marked decreases in SOL weight, length, cross
      sectional area (CSA), twitch and tetanic tensions, and rates of tension
      development and relaxation, with increases in fatigue resistance. HS reduced the
      diameter of both type I and IIA fibers, increased the percentage of type I
      fibers, and decreased the percentage of type IIA fibers in both young and adult
      SOL. Muscle weight, length, CSA, IIA and IIB fiber areas, and maximum rate of
      tetanic tension development were decreased in EDL of young HS mice; fatigue
      resistance and EDL half-relaxation times were increased. For most parameters
      evaluated, slow twitch muscle was more affected than fast twitch. HS affected
      contractile characteristics less than morphometric or histologic parameters.
      Rates of tension development and relaxation were the contractile parameters most
      affected by HS, and the time parameters of contraction were least affected. For
      all measurements young mice were more affected than adult mice.

PMID- 2912753
TI  - Effect of hind-limb suspension on young and adult skeletal muscle. II. Dystrophic
      mice.
AB  - Disuse atrophy induced by limb immobilization reportedly protects dystrophic
      mouse muscle from histopathological changes. This study was conducted to
      determine whether disuse atrophy induced by hind-limb suspension (HS) limits the
      histopathology and contractile abnormalities typically observed in the dystrophic
      mouse. Two weeks of hind-limb suspension were applied to dystrophic mice (line
      129B6F1) at two ages, 4 weeks (6 mice) and 12 weeks (8 mice). Thirty-one
      untreated dystrophics served as controls. In general, HS exaggerated the
      dystrophic signs, especially in the younger mice; it reduced animal weight,
      muscle weight, maximum tetanic and twitch tensions, and rates of tetanic and
      twitch tension development. HS further slowed the contractile properties of
      soleus (SOL) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles, and increased their
      fatigue resistance. HS reduced the size of type I and IIA fibers in the 6-week
      SOL and EDL, but not in the 14-week muscles. HS produced a preferential atrophy
      of SOL type I fibers, with a parallel increase in type IIA fibers. However, it
      did not alleviate the fiber size variability, degree of necrosis, central
      nucleation, inflammation, or muscle fibrosis in dystrophic muscles. These data
      demonstrate that disuse by hind-limb suspension does not prevent the
      histopathological deterioration or loss of muscle function in 6- and 14-week
      dystrophic mice.

PMID- 2912754
TI  - Effects of limited postnatal ethanol exposure on the development of myelin and
      nerve fibers in rat optic nerve.
AB  - This study was designed to morphologically evaluate the effects of limited
      postnatal alcohol exposure on the development of myelin and axons in the rat
      optic nerve. Rat pups were artificially reared on Days 5-18 with a supplemented
      milk diet fed via a chronic gastrostomy tube. Experimental animals received 4%
      ethanol in their diet on Days 5-9, otherwise the experimental and control animals
      received identical diets in identical volumes. Optic nerve tissues were prepared
      for electron microscopy on Days 10, 16, 22, 29, and 90. The cross-sectional areas
      of optic nerves were smaller, there were fewer myelinated nerve fibers per unit
      area, and the progress of myelination was slowed on Day 10 in the ethanol-exposed
      animals. All of these effects were compensated for at later times. The ratio of
      myelin thickness to axon diameter was similar in experimental and control
      animals, indicating that the interaction between axon size and myelin formation
      was not affected by alcohol. The general distribution of axon sizes was
      unaffected by ethanol except at 10 days when the largest fibers were smaller.
      There was no evidence of alcohol-induced degeneration of axons, myelin, or glial
      structures. Thus, alcohol exposure during myelin development causes a delay in
      myelin acquisition that is later compensated for.

PMID- 2912755
TI  - Schwann cell recruitment from intact nerve fibers.
AB  - Two proximal branches of the rat facial nerve were transected and anastomosed end
      to-end within a silicone tube, each of them being exposed to a massive invasion
      of ascending regenerating axons. The proximal nerves contained extremely large
      bundles of regenerated fibers, often associated with preexistent "parent fibers."
      The bundles showed many signs of rash and disordered cell proliferation and
      myelination. These included multiple Schwann cells surrounded by a common
      basement membrane, occurrence of different phases of myelination and even
      myelination of two axons by one Schwann cell. There was no evidence of mitogenic
      signals for fibrocytes. This model may be used for studying the mitogenic effect
      of axons on Schwann cells. It also suggests that so-called "groups of
      regenerating fibers" in neuropathy are caused by Schwann cell recruitment.

PMID- 2912756
TI  - Snug tubular enclosures reduce extrafascicular axonal escape at peripheral nerve
      repair sites.
AB  - A method of fascicular nerve repair utilizing silicone rubber tubes has been
      developed and tested in the dog whose nerves, like those of man, have a thick
      epineurial sheath. The closely fitting tubes provide a noncompressive enclosure
      which minimizes axonal escape and facilitates axon regeneration in at least two
      ways: First, they provide an impermeable conduit for endoneurial fluid whose
      constituents create an environment favoring the regeneration of axons and Schwann
      cells. Second, the biocompatible tube induces rapid development of a highly
      organized capsule which isolates the repair site, prevents adhesions, and
      strengthens the discontinuity. Enclosure of coapted fascicles also improves
      alignment of endoneurial components while providing space for the resolution of
      edema. The inert, noncompressive enclosures appear to minimize unregulated axonal
      growth at the site of injury by providing a qualitatively distinct environment
      from that in loose or open tubes.

PMID- 2912757
TI  - Assessment of peripheral nerve crush injury with cortical somatosensory evoked
      potentials in the cat.
AB  - Somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) were recorded from anesthetized cats to
      assess regeneration of the superficial radial nerve after crush injury. SEPs were
      recorded by epidural electrodes chronically implanted over the primary
      somatosensory cortex (SI) and elicited by electrical stimulation of the dorsal
      surface of the contralateral forepaw. The stimulation intensity and impedances
      measured across the skin-stimulating electrodes were maintained constant for each
      animal throughout the experimental period. SEPs which disappeared after the
      radial nerve crush were elicited within the first week by stimulation applied to
      skin nearest the nerve crush site. Radial nerve crush also affected the SEP
      elicited by stimulating the intact ulnar side of the forepaw. In all animals
      examined, the SEP amplitude evoked by stimulation of the skin supplied by the
      ulnar nerve increased immediately after radial nerve crush. As early as 4 days
      after nerve crush, SEPs were elicited by stimulating the distal region of the
      digits that had been denervated. This phenomenon might be accounted for by
      peripheral collateral sprouting of intact neighboring nerves and/or by central
      unmasking of ulnar median input from the denervated radial skin area. Within 117
      days, SEPs were elicited by stimulation applied anywhere in the previously
      denervated forepaw area. The topographical amplitude distribution of SEPs after
      reinnervation was not identical to that obtained under baseline conditions. The
      use of SEPs for chronic recording is an effective means to monitor reinnervation
      of skin after peripheral nerve injury.

PMID- 2912758
TI  - Spinal cord lesions block seizures or delay their onset in myelin-deficient rats:
      evidence that generalized tonic seizures can be triggered by abnormal spinal cord
      activity.
AB  - The myelin-deficient mutant rat develops generalized tonic seizures and dies
      during the fourth postnatal week. Surgical constriction of the lower thoracic
      spinal cord, performed either after the seizures have appeared or before,
      eliminates the seizures, or delays their onset, and prolongs the life of the
      animals. These observations support the view that the seizures in these animals
      can be triggered by abnormal activity originating in the myelin-deficient spinal
      cord and can be blocked by preventing that activity from ascending to higher
      levels. Similar seizures and "paroxysmal" phenomena occur in other myelin
      deficient conditions including multiple sclerosis.

PMID- 2912759
TI  - Cortical muscarinic receptor function following quinolinic acid-induced lesion of
      the nucleus basalis magnocellularis.
AB  - Phosphatidylinositol metabolism, linked to muscarinic receptor activation, was
      studied in rat cortical slices after a unilateral quinolinic acid lesion to the
      nucleus basalis magnocellularis (nbM) or the cortex itself. The incorporation of
      [3H]inositol into inositol phosphate was measured in the presence of LiCl,
      followed by anion exchange chromatography to separate inositol phosphates.
      Carbachol produced a dose-related increase in the amount of inositol phosphate in
      both the control and the cortex from rats with lesions to the nbM. No significant
      difference in the accumulation of inositol phosphate was observed between the two
      groups. Destruction of cortical cells with quinolinic acid almost completely
      eliminated the activation of phosphatidylinositol metabolism by carbachol. These
      results suggest that muscarinic receptors linked to phosphatidylinositol
      metabolism in the cortex are localized on intrinsic cortical neurons and not on
      afferent terminals from basal forebrain cholinergic neurons.

PMID- 2912761
TI  - Aortic occlusion and reperfusion and conduction, blood flow, and the blood-nerve
      barrier of rat sciatic nerve.
AB  - We studied the effect of ischemia and reperfusion on blood flow,
      electrophysiology, and the blood-nerve barrier of the sciatic nerve of the rat.
      Ischemia for 10 to 60 min, with up to 3 h of reperfusion, was produced by closure
      and then release of a noose around the abdominal aorta. Nerve blood flow and
      function were measured serially using microelectrode-hydrogen polarography and
      electrophysiologic recordings, respectively. The integrity of the blood-nerve
      barrier was assessed using the permeability surface area product to [14C]sucrose.
      Ischemia of up to 30 min did not impair reperfusion. One hour of ischemia
      resulted in reperfusion abnormalities that affected about half of the nerves. The
      ischemic and reperfusion stresses did not disrupt the blood-nerve barrier to
      [14C]sucrose nor produce conduction block. Possible mechanisms for this
      resistance to ischemic and reperfusion injury are discussed.

PMID- 2912760
TI  - Short-term effects of intrathecal baclofen in spasticity.
AB  - Six patients with long-lasting spasticity resistant to different drug therapies
      including oral baclofen received a bolus injection of lumbar intrathecal
      baclofen. Electromyographic (EMG) reactions of leg muscles (soleus, tibialis
      anterior, quadriceps, and hamstrings) to standard stimuli and during attempts at
      voluntary activation were recorded before the drug injection and up to 3 h after
      the injection. Responses to joint movements, H-reflexes, ankle clonus, and
      defensive reactions were noticeably suppressed within 30-45 min after the
      injection and had practically disappeared after 2 h. Ankle clonus was seen only
      in patients with H-reflexes, and clonus disappeared when the reflex responses to
      the n. tibialis stimuli were absent. A decrease in clonus EMG burst amplitudes
      was accompanied by a decrease in the clonus frequency. These observations favor
      the autooscillation hypothesis of clonus. Baclofen injection led to improvement
      in selective voluntary activation of leg muscles in patients with residual motor
      control. These results suggest that execution of voluntary motor commands in the
      patients suffered from functionally abnormal spinal circuitry rather than from
      changes in the descending motor commands. Intrathecal baclofen appears to be an
      effective way of eliminating increased muscle tone and spasms which can allow for
      voluntary motor function when it is present.

PMID- 2912762
TI  - Role of endogenous adenosine in recurrent generalized seizures.
AB  - We induced generalized seizures by cortical injection of penicillin in
      anesthetized, paralyzed cats. After they had developed recurrent ictal-interictal
      ECoG cycling and fictive tonic-clonic motor convulsions (status epilepticus), we
      studied the effect of systemically administered neuropharmacological agents on
      the seizure cycling. Antagonists of adenosine receptors, theophylline and 8
      cyclopentyltheophylline, increased the cycle period due to marked prolongation of
      duration of ictal discharge, often to more than 30 min. Dipyridamole, an
      inhibitor of adenosine reuptake, lengthened the interictal phase of the seizure
      with no effect on ictal duration. Antagonists of gamma-aminobutyric acid and
      opioid peptides had no effect on either ictal or interictal phases nor did the
      nonspecific neural excitant, doxapram. These findings suggest that a major
      mechanism of ictal-interictal cycling during status epilepticus is the
      alternating accumulation during the ictal phase and clearance during the
      interictal phase of the inhibitory neurochemical, adenosine.

PMID- 2912764
TI  - Radiation effects on man and animals.

PMID- 2912763
TI  - The uptake of [14C]deoxyglucose into brain of young rats with inherited
      hydrocephalus.
AB  - The effect of hydrocephalus on cerebral glucose utilization as reflected by
      deoxyglucose uptake has been examined in rats with inherited hydrocephalus at 10,
      20, and 28 days after birth using a semiquantitative method. Injection of
      [14C]deoxyglucose intraperitoneally was followed by freezing the brain,
      sectioning, and quantitative autoradiography of 10 brain regions. Brain [14C]
      concentration, cortical thickness, and plasma glucose concentrations were
      measured. Maximal thinning of the cerebral cortex had already occurred by 10 days
      after birth, although obvious symptoms such as gait disturbance developed after
      20 days. In control rats, the cerebral isotope concentration was lower and more
      homogeneous at 10 days than at 20 or 28 days, which may be a reflection of the
      use of metabolic substrates other than glucose in younger animals. In order to
      make comparisons between control and hydrocephalic groups, tissue isotope
      concentrations were normalized to cerebellar cortex which was not affected by the
      hydrocephalus at any age. In hydrocephalic rats at 10 and 20 days, the
      concentration of [14C] was lower in all areas except the inferior colliculi and
      pons but the reduction was only significant in the sensory-motor cortex at 10
      days and in the caudate nuclei at 20 days. By 28 days after birth, all areas
      except the cerebellum (six cortical regions, inferior colliculi, pons, and
      caudate) had significantly lower isotope concentrations in the hydrocephalic
      group. It is concluded that cerebral glucose metabolism is significantly reduced
      by 28 days after birth in H-Tx rats with congenital hydrocephalus and that less
      marked reductions occur prior to 28 days.

PMID- 2912765
TI  - Effects of photoperiod, temperature and testosterone-treatment on plasma T3 and
      T4 levels in the Djungarian hamster, Phodopus sungorus.
AB  - The effects of photoperiod, temperature and testosterone treatment on plasma T3
      and T4 levels were investigated in the Djungarian hamster. Plasma T3 level was
      affected by temperature (25 degrees C less than 7 degrees C) but not by
      photoperiod. Plasma T4 level was affected by photoperiod (short day less than
      long day) at 25 degrees C. Administration of testosterone increased plasma T4
      level under short photoperiod at 25 degrees C. Thus, higher plasma T4 level under
      long photoperiod at 25 degrees C might be induced by testosterone.

PMID- 2912766
TI  - Effect of consumption of green and black tea on the level of various enzymes in
      rats.
AB  - Drinking of both green and black tea as the only liquid ingested resulted in
      significant decreases in the activity of transketolase in whole blood of rats
      both before and after the in vitro addition of thiamin diphosphate. Liver
      transketolase activity was decreased only by green tea. Mucosal transketolase
      activity was not affected by either type of tea. The activity of lactate
      dehydrogenase (LDH) was not affected by either type of tea, while whole blood LDH
      was decreased by both green and black tea. Neither tea had any affect on mucosal
      alkaline phosphatase, but thiamin diphosphatase activity was decreased by both
      teas. An increase in liver total thiamin resulted from the drinking of both types
      of tea.

PMID- 2912767
TI  - Lipid characterization and 14C-acetate metabolism in catfish taste epithelium.
AB  - The catfish, Ictalurus punctatus is an important model system for the study of
      the biochemical mechanisms of taste reception. A detailed lipid analysis of
      epithelial tissue from the taste organ (barbel) of the catfish has been
      performed. Polar lipids account for 62 +/- 1% of the total, neutrals for 38 +/-
      1%. Phosphatidyl-cholines, serines and ethanolamines are the major constituents
      of the polar fraction. Plasmalogen concentration is high relative to that of non
      neural tissues. [14C]-Acetate is incorporated into cell lipid fractions after
      incubation of barbel tissue at 37 degrees C for 60 min. Percentage amounts of
      most lipids change with time during this in vitro incubation. The phospholipids
      are the most metabolically active fractions. This work yields information for
      continuing reconstitution experiments and indicates that the taste epithelium of
      this important model system is a metabolically active tissue capable of
      supporting lipid turnover/synthesis.

PMID- 2912768
TI  - Analysis of three laboratory tests used in the evaluation of male fertility:
      Bayes' rule applied to the postcoital test, the in vitro mucus migration test,
      and the zona-free hamster egg test.

PMID- 2912769
TI  - Polycystic ovaries treated by laparoscopic laser vaporization.
AB  - Eighty-five anovulatory women with polycystic ovaries were treated
      laparoscopically by argon, carbon dioxide (CO2) or potassium-titanyl-phosphate
      (KTP) laser vaporization. Ovulation occurred spontaneously postoperatively in
      71%. Twenty of 38 (53%) women resistant to standard clomiphene citrate (CC)
      therapy ovulated spontaneously after laparoscopic laser vaporization of the
      ovaries. Seventeen of the remaining 18 patients responded to CC postoperatively.
      Of 47 patients ovulating preoperatively with CC, 40 (85%) ovulated spontaneously
      postoperatively. Postoperatively, 56% conceived within six months of laparoscopy.
      This included 58% of postoperative spontaneous ovulators and 52% of postoperative
      CC stimulated patients. The results suggest that selected patients with
      polycystic ovaries can be induced to ovulate and subsequently conceive by
      laparoscopically partially vaporizing their ovaries with laser energy.

PMID- 2912770
TI  - Videolaseroscopy for the treatment of endometriosis associated with infertility.
AB  - Recent advances in laparoscopic surgery have enabled the gynecologic surgeon to
      treat an increased number of diseases of the reproductive organs by using the
      laser through the laparoscope. This article reviews the results of 243 patients
      with infertility associated with endometriosis ranging in severity from mild to
      extensive who were treated by the same surgeon using CO2 laser laparoscopically
      with videocamera augmentation and control. Of the 243 infertility patients, 168
      (69.1%) achieved pregnancy. The pregnancy rates were 71.8% in 39 patients with
      stage I disease, 69.8% in 86 patients with stage II disease, 67.2% of 67 patients
      with stage III disease, and 68.6% in 51 patients with stage IV disease. The life
      table and two-parameter exponential model were used to calculate monthly
      fecundity, "cure," and "probability of pregnancy" rates. The results indicate
      that videolaseroscopic treatment of endometriosis associated with infertility, in
      surgically experienced hands, is at least as efficacious as other forms of
      therapy for mild and moderate cases of disease, but appears to be more successful
      than laparotomy for the more severe and extensive stages of disease.

PMID- 2912771
TI  - Tubocornual anastomosis: surgical considerations and coexistent infertility
      factors in determining the prognosis.
AB  - To assess factors that may alter the pregnancy rate in women undergoing
      tubocornual anastomosis, the cases of 42 women were studied. Because a
      combination of surgical procedures was performed, the operative side deemed to be
      the best side was distinguished from the other side. The overall cumulative
      normal pregnancy rate was 56.0% after 2 years. Deep resection of the intramural
      tube and cases with technical difficulty had a reduced pregnancy rate. Neither
      the cornual pathology nor the presence of adnexal adhesions adversely affected
      the pregnancy rate. Associated infertility factors reduced the chances of
      conceiving. These factors should give a reliable prognosis to aid in the
      direction of postoperative management, particularly with regard to in vitro
      fertilization.

PMID- 2912772
TI  - Dieting causes menstrual irregularities in normal weight young women through
      impairment of episodic luteinizing hormone secretion.
AB  - Thirteen healthy, normal weight young women were studied throughout a control
      cycle and a diet cycle, during which they lost 1 kg per week on a vegetarian 800
      kcal diet. Blood was sampled daily in the morning, and at weekly intervals,
      collected at 10-minute intervals for 6 hours. Follicle growth was monitored by
      ultrasonic measurement. All subjects showed normal cyclic gonadal function during
      the control cycle. Cyclic gonadal function remained unaltered in two subjects
      during the diet cycle. No dominant follicle developed in seven others, while
      another four showed apparently normal follicular development but impaired
      progesterone secretion by the corpus luteum. Comparison of both cycles revealed
      that episodic luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion during the follicular phase was
      altered by dieting. Average LH concentrations and the frequency of episodic
      secretions were significantly reduced during the follicular phase but not during
      the luteal phase. Follicle-stimulating hormone was unaltered.

PMID- 2912773
TI  - Effectiveness of vaginal bromocriptine in treating women with hyperprolactinemia.
AB  - Treatment of hyperprolactinemia with oral bromocriptine has been associated with
      a high incidence of side effects. The authors recently demonstrated that, in
      normal women, the vaginal route of administration was an effective and safe
      alternative to oral bromocriptine. To evaluate the effectiveness of vaginal
      bromocriptine in treating women with hyperprolactinemia, the authors treated 15
      hyperprolactinemic women with daily vaginal administration of 2.5 mg tablets of
      bromocriptine. Serum prolactin (PRL) levels and vital signs were measured daily
      for 6 days, then weekly for 4 weeks. Gastrointestinal side effects were limited
      to a single episode of mild nausea, and two cases of transient constipation. In
      all patients there was a dramatic initial reduction in PRL in response to a
      single 2.5 mg dose of bromocriptine. In 13 patients PRL levels were maintained
      within the normal range with daily administration of 2.5 mg, whereas in two
      patients, PRL levels remained higher than normal despite an increase in
      bromocriptine dose to 5 mg. These results suggest that short term use of vaginal
      bromocriptine is a safe and effective method of therapy for hyperprolactinemia.

PMID- 2912774
TI  - Luteal phase defect: the possibility of an immunohistochemical diagnosis.
AB  - Monoclonal antibody D9B1 has been shown to bind to a carbohydrate epitope
      associated with high molecular weight secretory sialoglycoprotein(s) of human
      endometrium. The authors demonstrate that, in a group of 28 patients diagnosed on
      the basis of histopathologic assessment as exhibiting luteal phase defect, 68%
      reveal significantly diminished expression of the epitope. Furthermore,
      histologic assessment of the secretory activity in single glands does not
      correlate simply with the level of expression of the epitope. Of specimens from
      patients complaining of infertility, 92% showed defective production of the D9B1
      epitope. Thus, D9B1 immunohistochemistry provides a new molecular criterion for
      defective endometrial function.

PMID- 2912776
TI  - Prognostic value of in vitro sperm penetration into hormonally standardized human
      cervical mucus.
AB  - To analyze the prognostic value of the sperm cervical mucus penetration test
      (SCMPT), fresh semen samples of 99 male patients under infertility investigation
      were exposed to capillary tubes filled with freshly obtained cervical mucus (CM)
      of the patients' wives (WCM), fertile donors (DCM), and bovine CM (BCM). The
      quality of the human CM was standardized by oral administration of estrogens. The
      overall pregnancy rate after 6 months was 17.2% (17/99), and was significantly
      different in couples with poor and good SCMPT with WCM (1/44, 2.3% versus 16/55,
      29%; P less than 0.001) in a prospective study. Human CM was superior to BCM as a
      penetration medium in providing more information about sperm function. The
      results suggest that in vitro sperm penetration testing with hormonally
      standardized CM of female partners adds an important dimension to sperm analysis
      with regard to fertility prognosis.

PMID- 2912775
TI  - Subclinical autoimmunity in recurrent aborters.
AB  - Thirty-four women with habitual abortion (HA) were evaluated for the presence of
      lupus-associated autoantibodies, antisperm antibodies, and evidence of complement
      abnormalities. A control group of women who had only successful pregnancy
      outcomes also was studied. Fourteen HA women had anatomic, genetic, or hormonal
      causes for their pregnancy losses ("explained losses"), and 20 had no apparent
      causative factors ("unexplained losses"). Fifty percent of HA women with
      unexplained losses and 34% of women with explained losses had at least one
      abnormal result, but multiple autoimmune abnormalities were found only in women
      with unexplained losses. Anticardiolipin antibodies were found most commonly (30%
      of all HA women and 8% of controls). Two clinically normal HA women had multiple
      autoantibodies detected. This study suggests that recurrent pregnancy loss may be
      a marker for subclinical autoimmune disease.

PMID- 2912777
TI  - The clinical value of conventional semen analysis.
AB  - The objectives of this study were, firstly, to relate semen variables to
      treatment independent conception rates by life-table analysis after having
      accounted for known female factors; secondly, to assess the relationship between
      the length of involuntary infertility before investigation and the predictive
      value of semen parameters; and thirdly, to examine the relationship between the
      type of progressive spermatozoal motility and fertility outcome. Laboratory error
      in the assessment of semen variables was minimized by using one consistent
      observer. Seven hundred thirty-nine subjects were recruited to the study over a
      34-month period, and a 96.5% follow-up rate was achieved. Where the female
      partner had regular spontaneous ovulation, no pelvic pathology, and more than 48
      months' preceding infertility, the Grade 2 motile sperm density (the
      concentration of spermatozoa exhibiting slow or sluggish linear or nonlinear
      motility) was the variable that best predicted fertility outcome (X1(2) = 20.24,
      P less than 0.0001). Where the Grade 2 motile sperm density was below 5 X
      10(6)/ml in the latter group (19%), no conceptions were reported at 32 months'
      follow-up. Semen variables were not of predictive value where there were fewer
      than 48 months' infertility before investigation, or where the female partner had
      ovulatory dysfunction or pelvic pathology.

PMID- 2912778
TI  - The measurement of hyaluronidase activity in human spermatozoa by substrate slide
      assay and its clinical application.
AB  - Acrosomal hyaluronidase activity of individual sperm can be detected by a halo
      formation around the sperm head on hyaluronic acid substrate slides. The
      following results were obtained by this method in clinical practice. A
      significant correlation was found between hyaluronidase activity and sperm
      concentration in male infertility. Hyaluronidase activity increased as the
      concentration of sperm increased, and the least hyaluronidase activity was
      determined at less than 10 X 10(6)/ml. The group with more than 40% motility had
      a higher hyaluronidase activity than other groups with poor motility. Although
      there was no significant correlation between hyaluronidase and cumulus dispersion
      and fertilization rates in immature oocytes, there was an excellent correlation
      in mature oocytes in human in vitro fertilization. These findings suggest that a
      newly developed assay will be useful for evaluating sperm fertilizing capacity.

PMID- 2912779
TI  - A new method of transcervical female sterilization: preliminary results in
      rabbits.
AB  - In search of an outpatient procedure for female sterilization, the authors
      performed the following animal study. Two groups of seven rabbits were subjected
      to laparotomy, hysterotomy, and hysteroscopy. The uterotubal junction (UTJ) was
      destroyed with bipolar electrical current, and a plug (Aqualloy, Drachten, The
      Netherlands) was inserted. The plug on the right side contained quinacrine (Q) in
      group A and platelet extract (PE) in group B. Histologic assessment by serial
      sections indicated occlusion of the UTJ in all but one case (96% success rate).
      This one failure is attributed to the technical difficulties associated with
      hysteroscopy in the rabbit. The authors project that this method may have the
      potential of becoming an acceptable outpatient procedure for female sterilization
      in the human.

PMID- 2912780
TI  - The clinical value of salpingoscopy in tubal infertility.
AB  - A specially designed rigid salpingoscope has been developed to allow inspection
      of the tubal mucosa during laparoscopy. The presence and extent of intratubal
      adhesion formation can be evaluated more accurately by this technique than by
      either HSG or laparoscopy. In 22 patients with bilateral hydrosalpinges, an
      intrauterine pregnancy rate of 59% was achieved in the group of patients with
      very mild mucosal lesions and absence of mucosal adhesions.

PMID- 2912781
TI  - Hyperglycemia and hyponatremia during operative hysteroscopy with 5% dextrose in
      water distention.
AB  - Operative hysteroscopy may result in profound hyperglycemia and hyponatremia when
      crystaloids containing glucose are used as a distention medium. Four patients
      undergoing operative hysteroscopy developed hyperglycemia in proportion to
      increasing operative time. None of five monitored patients undergoing diagnostic
      hysteroscopy developed clinically significant hyperglycemia.

PMID- 2912782
TI  - Assay characteristics of the immunoradiometric method for CA-125.
AB  - A nonlinear standard curve for the immunoradiometric method for determining CA
      125 may result in an overestimation of values below 20 U/ml. Since the
      modification of the assay as described in the report eliminates the problem, we
      propose the use of this simple modification when using CA-125 determinations for
      evaluating women with endometriosis.

PMID- 2912783
TI  - Human chorionic gonadotropin levels in various compartments in disturbed early
      pregnancy.
AB  - The hCG level in the uterine cavity was higher than in peripheral blood in a case
      of choriocarcinoma and in patients with spontaneous expulsion of the conceptus.
      In two patients with missed abortion, the hCG concentrations in peripheral blood
      and in serum from the uterine cavity did not differ. In contrast, the hCG
      concentrations in PF in these patients were lower than in peripheral blood. The
      measurement of hCG in these compartments may provide evidence concerning the
      location of the trophoblast.

PMID- 2912785
TI  - Pregnancies in cancelled gamete intrafallopian transfer cycles.
AB  - Forty-four percent of started GIFT cycles were cancelled. Insemination and
      intercourse in the cancelled cycles yield a 23% and 10% pregnancy rate,
      respectively.

PMID- 2912784
TI  - Intramural ectopic pregnancy implanting in adenomyosis.
AB  - The clinical course of this 33-year-old gravida presenting at 16 weeks' gestation
      with hemoperitoneum was typical for suspected uterine rupture. Pathologic
      examination of the hysterectomy specimen supports the diagnosis of intramural
      pregnancy, representing the 15th case reported to date in the literature.
      Furthermore, there was histologic evidence of adenomyosis both within the sinus
      tract leading to the implantation site and throughout the myometrium.
      Documentation of implantation and development of ectopic pregnancy in adenomyotic
      myometrium should alert the clinician to the possibility of this rare pregnancy
      complication.

PMID- 2912786
TI  - Hypoosmotic sperm swelling test as a sperm function test.

PMID- 2912787
TI  - Sex selection.

PMID- 2912788
TI  - [Surgical methods for the management of impacted upper cuspids].
AB  - Four methods are used which are: looping, wire-loop glueing, surgical
      transposition, preparing the "window".

PMID- 2912789
TI  - [Evaluation of the Schmuth index in orthodontic diagnosis].
AB  - In the publication the orthodontic diagnostical systems of Pont and Schmuth are
      compared as the result of which in judging the premolar distance the Schmuth.

PMID- 2912790
TI  - [Possibility of follow-up evaluation of single-piece fixed dentures].
AB  - The method of the so called "Silodent"-type (silicon gum impression material of
      medium flowing eonsisteney, Ferrokemia, Budapest) is reported on.

PMID- 2912791
TI  - [Principles and practical questions of oral endosseous implantation of DIAKOR
      aluminum oxide bioceramics. I. The implant].
AB  - The dental enossal implants made of Hungarian base material, the artificial
      aluminium oxide bioceramics artificial roots are put into circulation under the
      trade name DIAKOR./. By this type of the oral enossal implants the frames of
      prosthetical activity employing the surgical and prosthetical methods in
      combination are extended.

PMID- 2912792
TI  - Effect of unbalanced diets on the long-term metabolism of a toxicant. 1. Lead in
      rats: preliminary note.
AB  - The aim of this study was the evaluation of the effect of dietary imbalances on
      absorption and distribution of lead in the female Sprague-Dawley rat. In this
      note preliminary results on the relationship between blood concentrations of lead
      and unbalanced diets are presented. Hyperproteic, hyperglycidic, hyperlipidic and
      balanced diets were prepared, and most of them included 15 mg/kg lead. Blood
      samples were collected at day 0, 21, 36, and 95 of the diets and analyzed by
      anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV). Lead uptake as a function of feed consumption
      was found to decrease in the order: balanced, hyperproteic and hyperglycidic,
      hyperlipidic diet. On the other hand lead blood levels were as follows
      (decreasing order): hyperlipidic, hyperproteic, hyperglycidic, balanced. Further
      research is being carried out on the influences of dietary imbalances on whole
      body distribution of lead.

PMID- 2912793
TI  - Digestible energy value of gums in the rat--data on gum arabic.
AB  - Male Wistar rats were fed a defined formula diet free from non-starch
      polysaccharides and either containing no additive or supplemented with gum arabic
      or cellulose or starch. Food and faeces were analysed by bomb calorimetry both to
      assess the effect of these substances on the apparent digestibility of dietary
      gross energy and to ascribe digestible energy values to the supplements. The
      former was not affected by starch and was decreased more by cellulose than by gum
      arabic. The energy values obtained were 17.4 +/- 0.4 kJ/g starch, 1.7 +/- 0.6
      kJ/g cellulose and 14.7 +/- 0.5 kJ/g gum arabic. The latter is consistent with
      the high apparent digestibility of gum arabic in vivo and casts doubt on the
      validity of growth assay procedures that suggest a near-zero energy value for gum
      arabic.

PMID- 2912794
TI  - Volatile N-nitrosamines in Polish malt and beer.
AB  - A survey of Polish malt and beer for volatile N-nitrosamines has been conducted.
      N-Nitrosodimethylamine was found in malt at levels ranging from 0.2 to 3.6
      micrograms/kg (average 1.5 micrograms/kg) and in beer at levels up to 0.3
      microgram/kg (average 0.2 micrograms/kg). The use of indirect malt dryers is
      credited with the low levels of N-nitrosamines found.

PMID- 2912795
TI  - Excretion of tetracycline and chlortetracycline in eggs after oral medication of
      laying hens.
AB  - After dosing laying hens orally with tetracycline (TC) through either drinking
      water (0.25 and 0.5 g/l for 5 days) or feed (300 and 600 ppm for 7 days), and
      chlortetracycline (CTC) through feed (600 ppm) residues were determined by an
      agar plate diffusion technique in cylinders with Bacillus cereus as test
      organism, separately for albumen and for yolk. The sensitivity threshold was 0.07
      micrograms/g in albumen and 0.15 micrograms/g in yolk for TC and 0.01
      micrograms/g in albumen and 0.06 micrograms/g in yolk for CTC. Drug excretion via
      egg was 3-fold higher for TC than for CTC. The drug was excreted preferentially
      into the yolk (about 75% of the total amount) and the elimination period lasted
      between 6 and 11 days for TC and 9 days for CTC, after treatment. Tetracycline
      use in laying hens is discussed, taking into consideration the proposals
      presented by the joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives.

PMID- 2912796
TI  - Excretion of penicillins and cephalexin in bovine milk following intramammary
      administration.
AB  - The elimination into bovine milk of beta-lactam antibiotic residues (procaine
      penicillin G, cloxacillin, ampicillin, oxacillin, cephalexin) following
      intramammary administration of 10 preparations marketed in France was studied.
      The quantitative analysis of residues was carried out by a microbiological agar
      diffusion method using Bacillus stearothermophilus. Sensitivity ranged from 0.001
      I.U./ml for procaine penicillin G and 0.001 micrograms/ml for ampicillin to 0.02
      micrograms/ml for cephalexin. The mean periods of elimination on which
      withholding times are based were between four and seven milkings according to the
      drugs administered.

PMID- 2912797
TI  - Compatible limb patterning mechanisms in urodeles and anurans.
AB  - We have experimentally tested the similarity of limb pattern-forming mechanisms
      in urodeles and anurans. To determine whether the mechanisms of limb outgrowth
      are equivalent, we compared the results of two kinds of reciprocal limb bud
      grafts between Xenopus and axolotls: contralateral grafts to confront anterior
      and posterior positions of graft and host, and ipsilateral grafts to align
      equivalent circumferential positions. Axolotl limb buds grafted to Xenopus hosts
      are immunologically rejected at a relatively early stage. Prior to rejection,
      however, experimental (but not control) grafts form supernumerary digits. Xenopus
      limb buds grafted to axolotl hosts are not rejected within the time frame of the
      experiment and therefore can be used to test the ability of frog cells to elicit
      responses from axolotl tissue that are similar to those that are elicited by
      axolotl tissue itself. When Xenopus buds were grafted to axolotl limb stumps so
      as to align circumferential positions, the majority of limbs did not form any
      supernumerary digits. However, in experimental grafts, where anterior and
      posterior of host and graft were misaligned, supernumerary digits formed at
      positional discontinuities. These results suggest that Xenopus/axolotl cell
      interactions result in responses that are similar to axolotl/axolotl cell
      interactions. Furthermore, axolotl and Xenopus cells can cooperate to build
      recognizable skeletal elements, despite large differences in cell size and growth
      rate between the two species. We infer from these results that urodeles and
      anurans share the same limb pattern-forming mechanisms, including compatible
      positional signals that allow appropriate localized cellular interactions between
      the two species. Our results suggest an approach for understanding homology of
      the tetrapod limb based on experimental cellular interactions.

PMID- 2912798
TI  - Calmodulin-binding proteins are developmentally regulated in gametes and embryos
      of fucoid algae.
AB  - Calcium-binding proteins and calmodulin-binding proteins were identified in
      gametes and zygotes of the marine brown algae Fucus vesiculosus, Fucus distichus,
      and Pelvetia fastigiata using gel (SDS-PAGE) overlay techniques. A calcium
      current appears to be important during cell polarization in fucoid zygotes (K.R.
      Robinson and L.F. Jaffe, 1975, Science 187, 70-72; K.R. Robinson and R. Cone,
      1980, Science 207, 77-78), but there are no biochemical data on calcium-binding
      proteins in these algae. By using a sensitive 45Ca2+ overlay method designed to
      detect high-affinity calcium-binding proteins, at least 9-11 polypeptides were
      detected in extracts of fucoid gametes and zygotes. All samples had calcium
      binding proteins with apparent molecular weights of about 17 and 30 kDa. A 17-kDa
      calcium-binding protein was purified by calcium-dependent hydrophobic
      chromatography and was identified as calmodulin by immunological and enzyme
      activator criteria. A 125I-calmodulin overlay assay was used to identify
      potential targets of calmodulin action. Sperm contained one major calmodulin
      binding protein of about 45 kDa. Eggs lacked major calmodulin-binding activity. A
      72-kDa calmodulin-binding protein was prominent in zygotes from 1-65 hr
      postfertilization. Both calmodulin-binding proteins showed calcium-dependent
      binding activity. Overall, the data suggest that the appearance and distribution
      of certain calcium-binding and calmodulin-binding proteins are under
      developmental regulation, and may reflect the different roles of calcium during
      fertilization and early embryogenesis.

PMID- 2912800
TI  - Slowing of synapse elimination by alpha-bungarotoxin superfusion of the neonatal
      rabbit soleus muscle.
AB  - To examine the role of postsynaptic activity in regulating the rate of
      neuromuscular synapse elimination, contractile activity of neonatal rabbit soleus
      muscles was decreased by chronic superfusion of alpha-bungarotoxin (alpha-BGT)
      over their surfaces. Superfusion was begun at 6 days postnatal and continued for
      a variable duration (2 to 5 days) before muscles were analyzed. The percentage of
      polyinnervated fibers was assessed both physiologically and anatomically for
      alpha-BGT-treated muscles and their contralateral muscles, in addition to normal
      and control muscles of the same age. Within muscles exposed to alpha-BGT,
      polyinnervation was significantly greater than that for muscles from each of the
      control groups. The anatomical assay further revealed that the retention of
      polyinnervation in alpha-BGT-treated muscles was most pronounced near the
      muscle's surface, although end plates at the center were also affected. This
      finding, coupled with evidence that only a small percentage of the muscle fibers
      were completely inactivated, suggests that the activity block was also most
      pronounced near the surface and relatively low at the muscle's center. The
      percentage of end plates at which synapse elimination was delayed was greater
      than the estimated percentage whose activity was completely blocked, suggesting
      that synapse loss was slowed even in muscle fibers retaining some postsynaptic
      activity. These observations indicate that the rate of synapse elimination
      depends on the levels of functional acetylcholine receptors. This process could
      be mediated in a graded fashion by changes in postsynaptic activity (subthreshold
      or suprathreshold) or by a nonelectrical effect of blocking postsynaptic
      receptors.

PMID- 2912799
TI  - Expression of acetylcholinesterase during visual system development in
      Drosophila.
AB  - As in other insects acetylcholine (ACh) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) function
      in synaptic transmission in the central nervous system of Drosophila. Studies on
      flies mutant for AChE indicate that in addition to its synaptic function of
      inactivating acetylcholine, this neural enzyme is required for normal development
      of the nervous system (J.C. Hall, S.N. Alahiotis, D.A. Strumpf, and K. White,
      1980, Genetics 96, 939-965; R.J. Greenspan, J.A. Finn, and J.C. Hall, 1980, J.
      Comp. Neurol. 189, 741-774). In order to understand what role AChE may play in
      neural development, it is necessary to know, in detail, where and when the enzyme
      appears. The use of monoclonal antibodies to localize AChE in the developing
      visual system of wild type Drosophila has yielded the novel observation that AChE
      appears in photoreceptor (retinula) cells 4-6 hr after they differentiate and 3
      to 4 days before they are functional. Three days later the staining in the cell
      body of these cells is reduced. Because retinula cells have no functional
      connections at the time when AChE is first detected, AChE can not be performing
      its standard synaptic function. Subsequent to the reduction of AChE in the
      retinula cells, midway through the pupal stage, the enzyme accumulates rapidly in
      the neuropils of the optic lobes of the brain. Thus, there is a biphasic
      accumulation of AChE in the developing visual system with the enzyme initially
      being expressed in the retinula cells and accumulating later in the optic lobes.

PMID- 2912801
TI  - Gastrulation and larval pattern in Xenopus after blastocoelic injection of a
      Xenopus-derived inducing factor: experiments testing models for the normal
      organization of mesoderm.
AB  - When a Xenopus XTC cell-derived mesoderm-inducing factor (MIF) is injected into
      the blastocoel of Xenopus embryos before gastrulation, they develop almost
      normally until just after the onset of mesoderm involution at the internal
      blastoporal lip. Cells from the entire lining of the blastocoel roof and inner
      marginal zone then undergo a synchronous, sudden change of contact and
      arrangement which resembles the transformation undergone by normal mesoderm at
      its time of involution at the vegetal edge of the marginal zone. We describe a
      dose-dependent spectrum of subsequent abnormalities in gastrulation and, in cases
      where gastrulation partially recovers, in the resulting larval pattern. Because
      of such recovery, embryos injected with widely different doses may appear equally
      abnormal at the early gastrula stage but very different by control larval stages.
      Extra spinocaudal axial patterns, in the area of ectopic mesoderm, are seen after
      MIF doses that just permit recovery of gastrulation. The sudden cellular
      transformation corresponding to involution, in the ectopically specified
      mesoderm, spreads throughout the animal cap within 15 min in individuals, at a
      time significantly later than the earliest normal transformation in the marginal
      zone. No systematic alteration could, however, be detected in its timing, in
      relation to a 250-fold range of injected MIF concentration or a 3.5-hr difference
      in time of injection. The severity of the effects on final embryonic pattern is
      largely independent of the blastular stage of injections. Splitting of the total
      injected dose into two, separated by 2 to 3 hr of blastular development, reveals
      that the degree of effect on gastrulation and patterning depends only upon the
      highest experienced concentration at any time before response. When fibroblast
      growth factor (bFGF), a different effective mesoderm inducer, is similarly
      injected, a similar abnormal cell behavior and ectopic mesoderm formation are
      seen, but beginning only at midgastrular stages some 1.5 hr beyond that
      characteristic of XTC-MIF. The findings are introduced and discussed in terms of
      models for the natural organization of the time course of gastrulation and
      mesodermal pattern.

PMID- 2912802
TI  - Tissue-specific transcriptional control of alpha- and beta-tropomyosins in
      chicken muscle development.
AB  - During muscle maturation, isoform switching of contractile proteins to attain the
      adult phenotype involves both stage-specific and muscle-specific regulatory
      mechanisms. Chicken pectoralis major (PM) provides an interesting model to study
      the latter since a specific pattern of tropomyosin (TM) with repression of the
      beta TM isoform is displayed by the adult PM. The developmental pattern of alpha
      and beta fast skeletal muscle tropomyosins' (alpha f and beta TM) RNAs was
      investigated with 3' untranslated region specific probes. In PM, the beta TM
      messenger ceased to accumulate after hatching through a transcriptional control,
      as shown by run-on assays, so that, at Day 8 ex ovo, no beta TM mRNA was
      detected. In this same muscle, in parallel with the disappearance of the beta TM
      mRNA, there was a boost in the accumulation of the alpha f TM mRNA. In the leg
      muscles, following hatching, there was only a moderate increase in the level of
      the alpha f TM mRNA, together with a slight decrease in the accumulation of the
      beta TM mRNA. Taken together, these results show that chicken muscle maturation
      involves tissue-specific transcriptional control of tropomyosin genes and could
      suggest a possible coordinate regulation of the two genes.

PMID- 2912803
TI  - Sperm from tw32/+ mice: capacitation is normal, but hyperactivation is premature
      and nonhyperactivated sperm are slow.
AB  - The t complex in the mouse is a large group of linked genes that affect sperm
      function in fertilization. In t/+ males, sperm carrying the t complex (t sperm)
      have normal fertilizing ability, while sperm carrying the normal homolog (+t
      sperm) are dysfunctional (P. Olds-Clarke and B. Peitz, 1985, Genet. Res. 47, 49).
      The specific step in fertilization which is dysfunctional, however, is not known.
      Two characteristics of fertilizing sperm, capacitation (the process by which
      sperm become capable of undergoing the acrosome reaction) and hyperactivation
      (the change in swimming behavior concomitant with capacitation), were assayed by
      objective methods in epididymal sperm from tw32/+ males of two strains, and
      compared to sperm from +/+ males of the same strains. Capacitated and acrosome
      reacted sperm were identified by a chlortetracycline assay (C.R. Ward and B.T.
      Storey, 1984, Dev. Biol. 104, 287). Hyperactivated sperm were identified by their
      path shape and swimming speed, using a computer-assisted motion-analysis system
      (J.M. Neill and P. Olds-Clarke, 1987, Gamete Res. 18, 121). Hyperactivation
      occurred significantly sooner among sperm from tw32/+ mice than among sperm from
      +/+ mice of the same strain, while the rates and maximal levels of capacitation
      and spontaneous acrosome reactions were normal. Of the nonhyperactivated motile
      sperm from tw32/+ mice, almost all were slower than sperm from +/+ mice of the
      same strain. While the effect of premature hyperactivation on fertilization is
      not clear, slow movements are likely to impair fertilizing ability. These results
      raise the possibility that the slow sperm are the dysfunctional +t sperm.

PMID- 2912804
TI  - Expression and function of the neurotransmitter serotonin during development of
      the Helisoma nervous system.
AB  - Exogenous serotonin has been shown to evoke a neuron-selective inhibition of
      neurite outgrowth and synaptogenesis in identified Helisoma neurons in vitro. We
      demonstrate here that serotonin is present in the embryonic nervous system of
      Helisoma and can act as a regulator of neuronal development in vivo. Serotonin
      like immunoreactivity was first observed in neurons at an early stage of nervous
      system development (E20). Throughout embryogenesis, the number of serotonin
      immunoreactive neurons increased in a stereotypic pattern that was unique for
      each type of ganglion. Strikingly, the number of serotonin-immunoreactive neurons
      continued to increase throughout adult life. Transient perturbation of endogenous
      serotonin levels during embryogenesis had profound effects on the development of
      specific identified neurons. Embryos treated with 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine and
      raised to maturity showed aberrations in neuronal morphology, neuronal dye
      coupling, and strength of electrical synaptic connections. These effects were
      restricted to neurons known to be sensitive to the growth-inhibitory effects of
      serotonin in vitro. These results support the hypothesis that neurotransmitters
      are an important class of regulatory factors during normal development of the
      nervous system.

PMID- 2912805
TI  - Disassembly of the nuclear envelope of spisula oocytes in a cell-free system.
AB  - Nuclei isolated from oocytes of the surf clam Spisula solidissima are
      disassembled when exposed to extracts from maturing oocytes. In the course of
      this process the nuclear lamina undergoes a marked reduction in size and the
      nuclear membrane appears to be fragmented into vesicles. These events are
      accompanied by extensive phosphorylation of the oocyte 67-kDa lamin and its
      solubilization. The changes observed are similar to those which occur in vivo in
      activated Spisula oocytes. Nuclear envelope breakdown in vitro requires ATP and
      Mg2+, but not Ca2+. It is not affected by protease inhibitors and is inhibited by
      alkaline phosphatase.

PMID- 2912806
TI  - Central projections of peripheral mechanosensory cells with increased
      excitability in Drosophila mosaics.
AB  - The formation and maintenance of the central projections of identified bristle
      mechanosensory neurons with altered excitability were examined in Drosophila
      mosaics. Two mutants, eag (ether a go-go) and Sh (Shaker), are known to increase
      excitability of both nerve and muscle cells and enhance synaptic transmission by
      affecting different types of K+ currents. The eag Sh double mutant produces a
      synergistic effect, resulting in a greatly increased level of spontaneous
      neuronal activity and extreme behavioral phenotypes. By constructing mosaic flies
      containing small patches of doubly mutant cuticle, it was possible to alter the
      excitability of only one or two identified sensory cells without affecting the
      surrounding tissue. In these mosaic flies, the doubly mutant sensory cells were
      more responsive to tactile stimulation. A CoCl2 backfilling technique was
      utilized in staining the sensory cell projections. Both qualitative and
      quantitative comparisons were made between projections of cells having normal and
      increased levels of excitability. The length, branching characteristics, and
      number of terminal varicosities were analyzed for each sensory cell projection.
      Results indicate that, at the light microscopy level, these characteristics were
      not obviously altered by an increased level of excitability.

PMID- 2912807
TI  - Reorganization and stabilization of acetylcholine receptor aggregates on rat
      myotubes.
AB  - Aggregation of acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) is an important early feature of
      the postsynaptic development of the vertebrae neuromuscular junction. At later
      stages of differentiation, aggregates are remodeled and stabilized. Aggregation
      of AChRs can be induced on rat myotubes in culture within 4 hr by treatment with
      embryonic pig brain extract (EBX). In this study, further sequential changes in
      the distribution of AChRs were followed by video-intensified fluorescence
      microscopy. These studies have revealed that groups of AChR aggregates that have
      formed after 4 hr in EBX are reorganized during the exposure to EBX for 20
      additional hr to form a smaller number of larger, oval-shaped aggregates. We have
      named these two types of aggregates "4-hr aggregates" and "24-hr aggregates".
      This reorganization occurs by the expansion and merging of individual aggregates
      within a group, and by the incorporation of newly inserted AChRs. The 24-hr
      aggregates are an average of 15 times greater in area than 4-hr aggregates, and
      contain regions with an apparent AChR site density (fluorescence intensity) that
      is more than twice that of 4-hr aggregates. Electron microscopy of mapped 24-hr
      aggregates revealed that folded plasma membrane is associated with these regions,
      probably accounting for the elevated fluorescence. The 24-hr aggregates are more
      stable than 4-hr aggregates, as determined by their significantly slower
      disassembly after removal of EBX, elevation of temperature (38 degrees C),
      reduction of extracellular calcium levels (0.1 mM), or the addition of sodium
      azide (7 mM). This was determined by following disassembly both statistically
      (using fixed cultures) and by direct observations of living myotubes. These
      findings were confirmed by measuring the sequential changes in relative AChR site
      density over time in individual living myotubes. Thus, 24-hr aggregates form by
      the reorganization of 4-hr aggregates; exhibit a more regular, compact shape; and
      are more stable than 4-hr aggregates. These changes in AChR organization and
      aggregate stability resemble the changes occurring after the initial formation of
      junctional AChR aggregates during embryonic development, demonstrating additional
      similarities between this model system and the developing neuromuscular junction.

PMID- 2912808
TI  - Satellite cell proliferation and increase in the number of myonuclei induced by
      testosterone in the levator ani muscle of the adult female rat.
AB  - We injected adult female rats with 0.25 mg/100 g body weight of testosterone to
      test the sensitivity to androgens of the levator ani muscle (LAM). Testosterone
      induced marked hypertrophy characterized by fiber size enlargement, but did not
      increase the number of fibers. Morphological observations and quantitative data
      indicated that hypertrophy was accompanied by satellite cell proliferation
      between Days 1 and 3 after testosterone treatment, and by an increase in the
      number of myonuclei, which started between Days 2 and 3 after treatment. On Day
      30, this increase reached 80% of the initial number of myonuclei. The new
      myonuclei seemed to result from satellite cell proliferation and from the fusion
      of some of them with preexistent muscle fibers. These results strongly suggest
      that testosterone-induced cell proliferation might have a role in developing the
      sexual dimorphism of the LAM. They also indicate the need to reconsider the
      currently accepted notion that sexual dimorphism is owing to female LAM
      involution.

PMID- 2912810
TI  - Chimeras between parthenogenetic or androgenetic blastomeres and normal embryos:
      allocation to the inner cell mass and trophectoderm.
AB  - A series of chimeras was generated by injecting single normal, parthenogenetic,
      or androgenetic blastomeres carrying transgenic markers under the zona pellucida
      of nontransgenic eight-cell embryos. These chimeras were cultured to the
      blastocyst stage and sectioned, and the transgenic component was detected by in
      situ hybridization. No statistically significant difference was found among the
      normal, parthenogenetic, and androgenetic chimeras in the number of chimeric
      blastocysts with a transgenic contribution to the inner cell mass (ICM), the
      trophectoderm, or both the ICM and trophectoderm. Since androgenetic and
      parthenogenetic cells were present in chimeras at a high frequency in both the
      ICM and trophectoderm at the blastocyst stage, but not in similar chimeras at
      late gastrulation, these cells must not respond normally to developmental signals
      subsequent to blastocyst formation and prior to late gastrulation.

PMID- 2912809
TI  - Centrosome inheritance in starfish zygotes: selective loss of the maternal
      centrosome after fertilization.
AB  - The mature egg inherits a centrosome from the second meiotic spindle, and the
      sperm introduces a second centrosome at fertilization. Since only one of these
      centrosomes survives to be used in development, specific mechanisms must exist to
      control centrosome inheritance. To investigate how centrosome inheritance is
      controlled we used starfish eggs as a model system, because they undergo meiosis
      after fertilization. As a result, the fate of the maternal and paternal
      centrosomes can be followed by light microscopy and experimentally manipulated in
      vivo. We show initially that only the paternal centrosome is used in starfish
      zygote development; the maternal centrosome retained from meiosis II is
      functionally lost before first mitosis. We then tested a number of possible ways
      in which the zygote could exert this differential control over the stability of
      centrosomes initially residing in the same cytoplasm. The results of these
      experiments can be summarized as follows: (1) Although the microtubule organizing
      center activity of the maternal centrosome is not degraded after meiosis, the
      ability of this centrosome to double at successive mitoses is lost. (2) The sperm
      centrosome is not "masked" from cytoplasmic conditions which could destabilize
      all centrosomes during or after the meiotic sequence. (3) The functional loss of
      the maternal centrosome is not due to its cortical location. (4) The loss of this
      doubling capacity is determined by the egg, not by putative inhibitory factors
      from the fertilizing sperm. (5) The destabilization of the maternal centrosome is
      not due to the complete loss of its centrioles. Together, these results
      demonstrate that all maternal centrosomes are equivalent and that they are
      intrinsically different from the paternal centrosome. This intrinsic difference,
      in concert with a change in cytoplasmic conditions after meiosis, determines the
      selective loss of the maternal centrosome inherited from the meiosis II spindle.

PMID- 2912811
TI  - Body scale and the development of prehension.
AB  - This study examined whether common dimensionless ratios define the critical point
      in the shifts in the grip coordination pattern of preschoolers and adults engaged
      in a displacement grasping activity with cubes that varied in object size. The
      findings indicated that there was an interaction between task constraints and
      organismic constraints in determining the grasping pattern utilized. However,
      when the object size is scaled to hand size there are common dimensionless ratios
      that correspond to the grasping patterns and the limb orientations employed
      across the age range utilized. Furthermore, 5 grip configurations accounted for
      the majority of grip variance in both age groups. The findings suggest a strong
      role for the impact of body scale on the development of coordination and provide
      preliminary evidence for the view that the development of prehension is a
      reflection of the constraints imposed on action.

PMID- 2912812
TI  - Maternal behavior of SHR rats and its relationship to offspring blood pressures.
AB  - In Part I of this study maternal behavior of 15 spontaneously hypertensive (SHR)
      and 11 Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rat mothers was recorded throughout the preweaning
      period. SHR mothers were observed: 1) in arched-and blanket-nursing postures more
      often, and in passive-nursing posture less often, 2) licking their pups more
      often, and 3) resting less often. Further, SHR mothers retrieved their pups more
      quickly than did WKY. In the second part of this study we found that a composite
      maternal behavior score, derived from summing occurrences of mother/pup contact,
      arched-nursing, and pup-licking, was positively correlated with the offspring
      blood pressures. This relationship, which accounted for 43.5% of the variance in
      adult blood pressure, suggests that certain types of interactions between mothers
      and their pups may contribute to individual differences in cardiovascular system
      development.

PMID- 2912813
TI  - Relationships between maternal behavior of SHR and WKY dams and adult blood
      pressures of cross-fostered F1 pups.
AB  - In this experiment SHR and WKY dams reared genetically identical F1 pups derived
      from SHR x WKY matings. We found that a composite maternal behavior score was
      positively correlated with adult blood pressures of the fostered offspring. This
      replicated a similar finding from our previous study in which SHR and WKY mothers
      reared their own pups. Unlike this previous study, WKY dams rearing F1 pups
      exhibited maternal behavior patterns similar to SHR dams. Finally, we found there
      was no effect of the strain of foster mother upon adult blood pressures of the F1
      offspring. These results indicate that some aspects of maternal behavior may
      change as a function of pup characteristics, and support our hypothesis that the
      cardiovascular system may be shaped by experiences of early life which are
      embedded in mother/young behavioral interactions.

PMID- 2912814
TI  - Amount of training and retention by infants.
AB  - In studies of animals and adult humans, more training typically leads to better
      retention. The generality of this finding was assessed in two studies with human
      infants in which amount of training was manipulated in two different ways. In the
      first study, 3-month-olds were trained for either 1, 2, or 3 sessions, each 9 min
      long; in the second, they were trained for a single session that was either 6, 9,
      12, or 18 min long. Retention of independent groups was measured after delays
      ranging from 1 to 21 days. In both studies, different amounts of training did not
      yield group differences on any of the standard measures of acquisition or after a
      retention interval of 1 day. After intervals of a week or longer, however, more
      training led to better retention. Across studies, the long-term retention of
      groups that were trained for the same amount of time differed. We speculate that
      subjects learn different things in these two training regimens.

PMID- 2912815
TI  - Male rat pups are more hesitant to urinate in response to anogenital stimulation
      than are their female sibs.
AB  - Male rat pups required more anogenital stimulation before they began to urinate
      than did their sisters and males produced more urine than their female sibs
      during a fixed period of anogenital stimulation. These findings are interpreted
      as consistent with the view that neonatal mammals can manipulate the behavior of
      their dams.

PMID- 2912816
TI  - Gender and adjustment to chronic disease. A study of couples with colon cancer.
AB  - The adjustment of 39 couples in which one partner has cancer of the colon was
      assessed. The main findings were that the adjustment of male patients was
      superior to that of female patients. In the spouses' group the opposite was
      found, namely the adjustment of husbands was far worse than that of wives of
      cancer patients.

PMID- 2912817
TI  - Psychiatry and internal medicine resident education in an acute care medical
      psychiatry unit.
AB  - A Medical-Psychiatry Program has been developed at the University of Iowa. It
      includes a medical-psychiatry unit, a medical-psychiatry lecture series, a
      medical-psychiatry residency program, and a medical-psychiatry fellowship. The
      program enables residents pursuing straight psychiatry or internal medicine
      training to participate in a rotational experience requiring that they evaluate
      and treat patients for illnesses in both specialties under the supervision of
      both a staff psychiatrist and internist. During the rotation the resident learns
      how psychiatric and medical disease in the same patient complicates patient care
      and the skills needed to diagnose and treat such patients in the climate of their
      own specialty. The rotation is considered a valuable training experience by the
      majority of residents going through the rotation.

PMID- 2912818
TI  - Length of stay on a psychiatry-medicine unit.
AB  - To assess the efficiency of a medical-psychiatric unit over 3 years, several
      studies were carried out on one combined psychiatry-medicine unit. On the
      Behavior Evaluation and Treatment Unit of the Medical College of Wisconsin,
      Division of General Hospital Psychiatry, average length of stay was calculated in
      successive cohorts of 28-31 consecutive patients (total 358 patients). Medical
      surgical and psychiatric diagnoses were compared over a 2 1/2-year span;
      psychiatry diagnoses were compared to those on other units; and acuity of illness
      was measured comparatively by various methods. Length of stay decreased from more
      than 20 to less than 15 days. This effect did not appear to be directly related
      to diagnostic changes. Only minor increases in range of psychiatric diagnostic
      categories and changes in proportion of certain disorders were found. The acuity
      level was descriptively intermediate between that of a general medicine and that
      of a general psychiatry unit. Factors that could be related historically to these
      findings were discussed.

PMID- 2912819
TI  - Anxiety and depression in patients with the abdominal pelvic pain syndrome.
AB  - The authors matched gynecologic patients with the abdominal pelvic pain syndrome
      (N = 41) with other gynecologic patients. They administered to both groups self
      rating scales of anxiety, depression, anger-hostility, and somatization of the
      Hopkins Symptom Checklist and of the Symptom Questionnaire, a questionnaire about
      disruptions in early home life, and a questionnaire of recent stressful events.
      Patients with pain rated themselves on the average significantly more anxious,
      depressed, and hostile, and had more somatic symptoms than other patients; 56% of
      the patients with pain rated themselves within the normal ranges on all scales.
      There were no significant differences between the two groups in reports of
      disruptions of early home life and recent losses. The findings are consistent
      with the view that patients with the abdominal pelvic pain syndrome are
      psychologically a heterogeneous group; in many patients, depression and anxiety
      may be consequences of persistent pain.

PMID- 2912820
TI  - Differentiating multiple personality disorder and complex partial seizures.
AB  - A number of reports have suggested that some cases of multiple personality
      disorder might be due to temporal lobe epileptic discharges. We have administered
      a structured interview, the Dissociative Disorders Interview Schedule, to 20
      subjects with multiple personality disorder, 20 with complex partial seizures,
      and 28 neurologic controls. Subjects also completed the Dissociative Experiences
      Scale. Results show that multiple personality can be differentiated from complex
      partial seizures on a large number of items. The seizure patients did not differ
      from controls. The data indicate that the phenomenologies of these two disorders
      are distinct, and, therefore, there is little reason to assume a common etiology.

PMID- 2912821
TI  - Teaching behavioral medicine in a primary care setting. An integrated approach.
AB  - The identification and management of psychosocial complaints is increasingly
      being recognized as an important function of primary care physicians. Residency
      programs are slowly incorporating training in behavioral medicine into their
      curricula. A wide variety of methods for teaching behavioral medicine have been
      used. This article describes a model in which behavioral medicine education is
      fully integrated into a primary care setting.

PMID- 2912822
TI  - Effects of a smoking ban on a general hospital psychiatric unit.
AB  - On January 1, 1987, the Board of Trustees of Southwest Washington Hospitals
      instituted a smoking ban in all of its facilities, including the 17-bed general
      psychiatry unit. Our study of ward atmosphere, PRN medications, and negative
      incidents related to that change are reported. We feel the change was introduced
      successfully with minimal impact on the successful function of our service.
      Others are encouraged to proceed with validation of our experience.

PMID- 2912823
TI  - Evaluation and treatment of sleep disorders in the medical setting.

PMID- 2912824
TI  - Catatonic syndrome associated with enteric fever. A case report.

PMID- 2912825
TI  - Effect of ambient oxygen concentration on lipofuscin accumulation in cultured rat
      heart myocytes--a novel in vitro model of lipofuscinogenesis.
AB  - The objective of this study was to elucidate the factors involved in the
      accumulation of lipofuscin in post-mitotic cells. The hypothesis that oxidative
      stress accelerates the rate of lipofuscin accumulation was tested by examining
      the effects of 5%, 20%, and 40% ambient oxygen concentration on lipofuscin
      content in cultured rat cardiac myocytes. Lipofuscin was quantified by
      microspectrofluorometry at 7 and 12 days of in vitro age. Lipofuscin-emitted
      yellow autofluorescence increased in direct relationship to ambient oxygen
      concentration with age. Transmission electron microscopic examination of the
      cells after 3, 8, and 12 days in culture indicated a progressive time and oxygen
      dependent increase in the frequency and size of lipofuscin organelles. The
      results are interpreted to suggest that oxidative stress is one of the causal
      factors in the accumulation of lipofuscin.

PMID- 2912826
TI  - Anoxic hepatocyte injury: role of reversible changes in elemental content and
      distribution.
AB  - Examination of anoxic isolated hepatocytes by light and electron microscopy
      indicated that initial morphologic changes were largely localized to the
      periphery of the cells. This early phase consisted of surface bleb formation but
      was not accompanied by alterations in parameters of plasma membrane integrity
      (leakage of cellular enzymes, exclusion of trypan blue). The time course of
      changes in structure was temporally related to alterations in the elemental
      distribution and content of various subcellular compartments. These studies,
      which employed electron probe X-ray microanalysis, demonstrated that rapid
      increases in the sodium and chlorine content and decreases in the potassium
      content of the cytoplasm, mitochondria and nucleus occurred, whereas no change in
      the calcium content of any subcellular compartment was detected. Concurrently,
      two cellular functions known to be dependent upon ion homeostasis, sodium
      dependent taurocholate uptake and mitochondrial respiratory control, became
      markedly impaired. Reoxygenation within 30 min resulted in the restoration of
      both elemental distribution and the latter two functions to baseline. These data
      are consistent with the hypothesis that some early functional changes may be
      mediated by altered ion homeostasis. In contrast, additional studies indicated
      that sodium and water fluxes could be dissociated from the appearance of plasma
      membrane blebs. Thus, this study provides direct evidence that the structural and
      functional changes of early anoxic hepatocyte injury cannot be explained by a
      single mechanistic cascade, but apparently involve multiple mechanisms which may
      not be directly linked.

PMID- 2912827
TI  - Hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptor-mediated binding of human polymeric
      immunoglobulin A.
AB  - In the rat, asialoorosomucoid and rat dimeric immunoglobulin A are both taken up
      by hepatocytes via receptor-mediated endocytosis. The fate of these two proteins,
      however, differs significantly. Rat dimeric IgA is taken up into smooth vesicles,
      transported to the bile canaliculus and secreted intact into the bile, whereas
      asialoglycoproteins are internalized via coated vesicles and transported to
      lysosomes for degradation. Recently, several studies both in the rat and in
      cultured human hepatoma cells have suggested that the receptor for
      asialoglycoproteins may play a role in the hepatic uptake and processing of human
      polymeric IgA. Using receptor-binding techniques, we have provided quantitative
      data for the competition of human monomeric, polymeric and secretory IgA with
      asialoorosomucoid for its receptor on liver plasma membrane preparations from
      rat, monkey and man. Some IgA molecules required desialylation with neuraminidase
      to enhance markedly their efficacy for asialoorosomucoid inhibition.
      Quantitatively, human IgA molecules showed an affinity for the ASOR receptor
      similar to that for asialoceruloplasmin. Rat dimeric IgA does not compete for
      this binding site. We conclude that human IgA can compete with ligands for the
      asialoglycoprotein receptor of rat, monkey and human liver. This receptor may
      provide an alternative pathway for the hepatic processing of IgA and IgA immune
      complexes when secretory component-mediated uptake is not available as in the
      monkey and man, particularly under pathological conditions where serum IgA
      concentrations accumulate to abnormally high levels.

PMID- 2912828
TI  - Differential regulation of glutathione S-transferases in cultured hepatocytes.
AB  - Specific cDNA probes were used to determine steady-state mRNA levels for the
      multiple glutathione S-transferases in primary hepatocyte cultures. In the first
      24 hr of culture, gene transcripts for the Ya family decreased sharply, Yb3
      disappeared completely, but changes in levels of mRNA for Yb1 and Yb2 were
      smaller. These results suggest that the isoenzymes are regulated independently.
      Yp mRNA, which is present at greatly elevated levels in hyperplastic nodules and
      hepatocellular carcinomas but not in normal adult livers, was hardly detectable
      in freshly isolated hepatocytes, but Yp transcripts rapidly accumulated in the
      first 24 hr in culture and continued to increase for 72 hr. Decreased levels in
      Ya and Yc and increases in Yp were detected by immunoblotting methods, indicating
      that translation products changed together with mRNA levels in the cultured
      cells. The appearance of Yp transcripts in hepatocytes was effectively blocked by
      addition of dexamethasone to the culture medium. Elevations of Yp levels are
      characteristic of the cell culture system and factors regulating Yp transcription
      in nodules and carcinomas may also be operative in cultured hepatocytes.

PMID- 2912829
TI  - Discrepancy between portal pressure and systemic hemodynamic changes after
      incremental doses of propranolol in awake portal hypertensive rats.
AB  - The effects of increasing doses of propranolol were studied in awake portal
      hypertensive rats in order to elucidate the relative effects of the beta-blocker
      on systemic and splanchnic circulation. Hemodynamic responses to 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4
      mg per min infusions of propranolol were compared with placebo in awake rats with
      portal hypertension due to portal vein stenosis. Heart rate significantly and
      progressively decreased from 356 +/- 13 to 293 +/- 10 beats per min (mean +/-
      S.E.). Cardiac output significantly decreased from 54 +/- 3 to 42 +/- 3 ml per
      min per 100 gm body weight at the highest dose. Significant decrease in portal
      tributary blood flow from 27 +/- 1 to 18 +/- 1 ml per min, at 0.4 mg per min
      dose, was due not only to the decrease in cardiac output but also to a
      significant increase in portal tributary vascular resistance from 269 +/- 17 to
      368 +/- 31 dyne per sec per cm5 x 10(3). However, portal pressure showed only an
      insignificant decrease from 14.9 +/- 1.1 to 14.1 +/- 1.4 mmHg. The reduction in
      portal pressure being minimal, in spite of a significant decrease in portal
      tributary blood flow, is explained by an increase in combined hepatic and
      collateral resistance from 44 +/- 2 to 66 +/- 4 dyne per sec per cm5 x 10(3), p
      less than 0.05, at 0.4 mg per min dose. We conclude that the systemic and
      splanchnic effects of propranolol show discrepancy at two levels.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2912830
TI  - Incomplete compensation of enhanced hepatic oxygen consumption in rats with
      alcoholic centrilobular liver necrosis.
AB  - Centrilobular hypoxia mediated by enhanced hepatic consumption of oxygen has been
      hypothesized to be a factor of pathogenetic importance in ethanol-induced liver
      injury. In the present study, this hypothesis was tested in a rat model which
      developed alcoholic centrilobular liver necrosis. Male Wistar rats were infused
      with high fat diet plus ethanol or isocaloric glucose for 7 weeks, a duration
      which resulted in induction of balloon cell degeneration, focal necrosis, and
      inflammation in the centrilobular region of the liver of the ethanol-fed animals.
      Hepatic blood flow, oxygen consumption and oxygen delivery were determined by the
      radiolabeled microsphere method and measurement of oxygen content in arterial,
      portal venous, and hepatic venous blood. Hepatic oxygen consumption was markedly
      increased by 159% in the ethanol-fed animals compared to that in the controls
      when results were expressed as relative to body weight. Even after these results
      were standardized per gram of liver weight, hepatic oxygen consumption was still
      significantly elevated in the ethanol-fed group, but the magnitude of the
      elevation was reduced to 70%, due to marked hepatomegaly observed in these
      animals. There was a concomitant 59% increase in hepatic oxygen delivery in the
      ethanol-fed rats when expressed per kilogram of body weight, and this effect was
      attributable entirely to increased portal blood flow. However, the increment of
      this increase in oxygen delivery was much too small to compensate for the 159%
      increase in oxygen consumption. In addition, this increase in hepatic oxygen
      delivery was no longer observable when the results were reexpressed based on the
      liver weight.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2912831
TI  - The pre-S2 region of hepatitis B virus: more questions than answers.

PMID- 2912832
TI  - Relapsing or reinfectious lyme hepatitis.

PMID- 2912833
TI  - The nonspecificity of electroencephalographic triphasic waves: the emperor
      defrocked.

PMID- 2912834
TI  - Gluconeogenesis from nitrogen precursors and hyperammonemia of cirrhosis: is
      there a cause-effect relationship?

PMID- 2912835
TI  - C4 function in children with autoimmune chronic active hepatitis.

PMID- 2912836
TI  - Protecting child witnesses in sexual abuse cases.

PMID- 2912837
TI  - Elderly widow develops panic attacks, followed by depression.

PMID- 2912838
TI  - Developing local resources to enrich the practice of rural community psychology.

PMID- 2912839
TI  - Staff injuries from inpatient violence.
AB  - A one-year study of staff injuries from inpatient violence at a large forensic
      state hospital found that 121 staff members sustained 135 injuries. Nursing staff
      sustained 120 of the injuries, for a rate of 16 injuries per 100 staff, and
      professional staff sustained three injuries, for a rate of 1.9 injuries per 100
      staff. The majority of injuries to nursing staff (9.9 per 100 staff) were
      sustained while containing patient violence, and the rest were the result of
      assault (6.1 per 100 staff). Male nursing staff were nearly twice as likely as
      female staff to be injured and nearly three times as likely to receive
      containment-related injuries. The highest rates of injury were noted among ward
      nursing leadership. Injuries by assault were more likely than containment-related
      injuries to be head injuries, to cause more than three weeks' absence from work,
      and to affect more recently hired staff. The usefulness of the methodology in
      analyzing patterns of staff injury from inpatient violence is discussed.

PMID- 2912840
TI  - State hospitals as acute care facilities.

PMID- 2912841
TI  - Use of electroconvulsive therapy at a university hospital: 1970 and 1980-81.
AB  - The use of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) at a university teaching hospital in
      1970 and in 1980-81 was reviewed. The percentage of psychiatric patients who
      received ECT declined modestly over the period, from 4.4 percent to 2.9 percent,
      despite compelling evidence of its safety and efficacy. Its use as a first-line
      treatment appeared to drop markedly in 1980-81, however, as indicated by a
      significantly longer mean period of hospitalization before administration of ECT.
      Overall length of hospitalization was significantly longer for patients who
      received ECT in 1980-81. These patients were also more likely to have had
      previous psychiatric admissions, suggesting they may have been more seriously
      ill. The findings are compared with use of ECT in other settings.

PMID- 2912842
TI  - Policing sexuality in a modern state hospital.
AB  - In 1985 a grand jury was convened by the district attorney to investigate
      conditions at the Rochester (N.Y.) Psychiatric Center following the center's
      decision not to notify police of the sodomy of a patient by another patient. The
      grand jury brought no civil or criminal indictments, but the incident touched off
      a wave of negative publicity about the hospital and prompted local police and the
      district attorney to demand that the hospital report any incident of sexual
      activity involving a mentally incompetent patient. As a result, the hospital
      instituted a stringent policy requiring extensive investigation and physical
      examination of patients found having sex. This article discusses legal and
      clinical issues that were raised by the incident, the impact of public scrutiny
      on the policing of patient sexuality. The negative aspects of overreporting
      sexual activity at a state hospital are described.

PMID- 2912843
TI  - Medical disorders associated with psychiatric comorbidity and prolonged hospital
      stay.

PMID- 2912845
TI  - PTSD in minorities.

PMID- 2912844
TI  - Compliance with less restrictive aggression-control procedures.

PMID- 2912846
TI  - Dice therapy.

PMID- 2912847
TI  - The medically indigent mentally ill: approaches to financing.

PMID- 2912848
TI  - Execs: government ignores duty to help the poor.

PMID- 2912849
TI  - Gains outweigh costs of quicker bill collection.

PMID- 2912850
TI  - Jittery investors may chill low-end capital market.

PMID- 2912851
TI  - Quality--thy name is nursing care, CEOs say.

PMID- 2912852
TI  - New process lets hospital make hips that fit.

PMID- 2912853
TI  - 'Underautomated' medical records clog system.

PMID- 2912854
TI  - PROs: peering harder in the '90s.

PMID- 2912855
TI  - Marketing to seniors: time, attention, and TLC.

PMID- 2912856
TI  - CEO advice on consultants: buy wisely; use well.

PMID- 2912857
TI  - Home i.v. market is healthy hospital option.

PMID- 2912858
TI  - National, state efforts address nurse shortage.

PMID- 2912859
TI  - CRNA rates linked to surgical access.

PMID- 2912860
TI  - 'You don't find many patients in in-boxes'. Interview by Alden Solovy.

PMID- 2912861
TI  - Private sector courts low-cost subacute care.

PMID- 2912862
TI  - Hospitals, unions preparing for labor showdown.

PMID- 2912863
TI  - PPOs join forces for economy, market leverage.

PMID- 2912864
TI  - Critics seek changes in nursing home survey.

PMID- 2912865
TI  - While some indices level, patient margin slips.

PMID- 2912866
TI  - Study finds bedside terminals prove their worth.

PMID- 2912867
TI  - Leave out the glitz; conservative wins the job.

PMID- 2912868
TI  - The next generation of health care quality.

PMID- 2912869
TI  - Considering dementia.

PMID- 2912870
TI  - Lymphocytic ("microscopic") colitis: a comparative histopathologic study with
      particular reference to collagenous colitis.
AB  - Lymphocytic colitis, previously termed "microscopic colitis", is a
      clinicopathologic syndrome of watery diarrhea, grossly normal colonoscopy, and
      mucosal inflammatory changes. Since lymphocytic colitis is a new, incompletely
      characterized entity, a histopathologic study was performed to compare
      lymphocytic colitis (n = 16), collagenous colitis (n = 17), idiopathic
      inflammatory bowel disease (n = 16), acute colitis (n = 16), and histologically
      normal colon (n = 12). The study was a blinded semiquantitative analysis of
      histologic features in the surface epithelium, lamina propria, and crypts. The
      most distinctive feature of lymphocytic colitis was increased intraepithelial
      lymphocytes, particularly in the surface epithelium (P = .0001 v idiopathic
      inflammatory bowel disease, acute colitis, and normal colon). Other prominent
      features of lymphocytic colitis included surface epithelial damage (P less than
      .005 v idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease and normal colon), increased lamina
      propria chronic inflammation (P less than .01 v normal), and minimal crypt
      distortion or active cryptitis. There were striking similarities between
      lymphocytic colitis and collagenous colitis, but subepithelial collagen
      thickening was seen only in collagenous colitis. Idiopathic inflammatory bowel
      disease showed prominent crypt distortion and greater active inflammation, in
      addition to minimal intraepithelial lymphocytes. Acute colitis occasionally
      demonstrated prominent surface epithelial damage, but was otherwise dissimilar
      from lymphocytic colitis. We reached the following conclusions: (1) the entity
      "microscopic colitis" shows characteristic histopathology including prominent
      lymphocytic infiltration of epithelium, and thus, a more appropriate designation
      is lymphocytic colitis; (2) although lymphocytic colitis closely resembles
      collagenous colitis, each entity is distinct on biopsy; and (3) lymphocytic
      colitis is readily distinguishable from idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease,
      acute forms of colitis, and normal colorectum.

PMID- 2912871
TI  - Paragangliomas: assessment of prognosis by histologic, immunohistochemical, and
      ultrastructural techniques.
AB  - To predict clinical outcome, we studied 42 paragangliomas from 37 patients by
      routine histology, immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopy. A panel of
      antisera to neuron-specific enolase (NSE), chromogranin, and met-enkephalin was
      used to identify chief (type I) cells, and S-100 protein and glial fibrillary
      acid protein (GFAP) sustentacular (type II) cells. The intensity of staining of
      type I cells and the density of type II cells were assessed semiquantitatively (0
      to 4+) in a total of 38 tumors. A total of 23 of 24 low-grade tumors (solitary,
      multiple, or associated with other neoplasms; 95.8%) contained type II cells
      immunoreactive with either S-100 protein or GFAP, and all were positive when S
      100 protein and GFAP were used in combination. Five of the nine intermediate
      grade (recurrent and/or locally aggressive) tumors were identified as glomus
      jugulare tumors (GJT). Three intermediate-grade GJTs were devoid of GFAP-reactive
      type II cells and four GJTs were negative for S-100 protein. Type II cells were
      identified in only one of five high-grade (malignant) paragangliomas and that
      tumor contained vanishingly rare cells that were weakly S-100 protein positive
      but GFAP negative. Sustentacular cell density and chief cell staining intensity
      were both inversely related to tumor grade. The most sensitive chief cell marker
      was NSE (92.1%), followed by chromogranin (84.2%). The least sensitive (73.0%)
      and specific marker was met-enkephalin. Combinations of NSE or chromogranin with
      met-enkephalin identified chief cells in all cases. Electron microscopy
      identified neurosecretory granule-containing chief cells, but was of less value
      in delineating sustentacular cells because of their scarcity and the absence of
      specific features. By comparison, immunohistochemistry was superior in
      identifying sustentacular cells. The use of an immunohistochemical panel, in
      addition to routine histology, can confirm the diagnosis of a paraganglioma and
      can give an indication of the likely prognosis for a patient.

PMID- 2912872
TI  - The issues in autologous transfusion.
AB  - Autologous transfusion should be recognized by patients and physicians as an
      important measure to provide safer transfusion therapy. This should be suggested
      to patients in general good health (who are not obviously frail) who have no
      significant medical problems and no likelihood of severe reaction, who can take
      iron supplements, and who have at least a 10% chance of using blood during
      surgery or are having surgery in which the average use is one or more units. Such
      patients should receive iron supplementation beginning 1 week before the first
      autologous donation, and should donate one to five units on a weekly basis, but
      no more frequently than every 72 hours, with their last unit donated 72 hours
      before surgery. Elderly individuals may donate if the risk of donor reaction
      seems low. In children and adults, the amount of blood removed should be reduced
      in proportion to the blood volume if the individual does not meet the standard
      weight of 50 kg for a 450-mL donation. "Fail-safe" identification systems should
      be used; these will insure that the correct donor/patient receives the
      transfusion. Processing of the units is preferred but still optional. Use of
      these units as homologous units should not be done unless the donor has a
      hematocrit level acceptable to an autologous donor, meets all the criteria for
      recipient safety, the unit is processed and negative for all viral markers, and
      the donor has recently (eg, within 3 years) participated in the volunteer donor
      program. The unit should be transfused to the patient in situations in which
      homologous blood would be indicated. Safeguards to prevent volume overload are
      needed when the unit is stored as whole blood. Future research objectives should
      include the use of recombinant erythropoietin to prevent donation-induced anemia,
      delineation of medical conditions which should contraindicate the donation, and
      determination of the real costs involved in autologous transfusion. Education of
      the general public, patients, and physicians about the desirability of autologous
      transfusion should proceed. Third-party carriers also need to be educated about
      the cost implications and the need to pay for this activity. However, such
      education should also stress that autologous units will only cover planned,
      elective surgery and that major blood needs for emergency surgery, trauma, and
      chronic transfusion will still need to be met by homologous blood from altruistic
      community blood donors.

PMID- 2912873
TI  - Granulomatous mastitis caused by histoplasma and mimicking inflammatory breast
      carcinoma.
AB  - Two cases of a lobular, necrotizing granulomatous process causing a unilateral
      painful breast mass mimicking carcinoma are presented for comparison. While the
      morphologic appearance in each case was that of lobular granulomatous mastitis,
      the etiologic agent in one case appeared to be Histoplasma capsulatum, based on
      Grocott methenamine silver staining, and represents the second reported case of
      histoplasmosis involving only breast parenchyma. Awareness of the rare entity,
      granulomatous mastitis, is important for the pathologist because the definitive
      diagnosis is made microscopically. Thorough evaluation of the breast tissue is
      essential for its management and should eventually contribute to the
      clarification of its etiology.

PMID- 2912874
TI  - Immunohistochemical distinction of malignant mesothelioma from pulmonary
      adenocarcinoma with anti-surfactant apoprotein, anti-Lewisa, and anti-Tn
      antibodies.
AB  - Nine cases of malignant mesothelioma of pure epithelial and biphasic types (five
      pleural, three peritoneal, and one pericardial mesotheliomas), seven cases of
      benign adenomatoid tumor of the uterus, and 21 cases of peripheral pulmonary
      adenocarcinoma of non-mucus-producing type were examined immunohistochemically
      for expression of keratin, vimentin, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), surfactant
      apoprotein, Lewis blood group antigens, and Tn antigen. The majority (78%) of the
      malignant mesotheliomas expressed keratin, but CEA and surfactant apoprotein were
      not detected in any mesotheliomas. On the other hand, pulmonary adenocarcinomas
      expressed not only keratin (100%), but also CEA (62%) and surfactant apoprotein
      (62%). The expression of Lewisa blood group antigen and Tn antigen was detected
      in 76% and 62% of the pulmonary adenocarcinomas, respectively, but only one
      mesothelioma was stained for Lewisa antigen. This study reveals that the majority
      of malignant mesotheliomas can be distinguished from pulmonary adenocarcinomas by
      immunohistochemcial staining for CEA, surfactant apoprotein, Lewisa antigen, and
      Tn antigen. Immunohistochemically, adenomatoid tumors behaved similarly to
      malignant mesotheliomas.

PMID- 2912875
TI  - Nodular proliferation of calcifying connective tissue in the rete testis: a study
      of three cases.
AB  - We report the first description of a bilateral rete testis lesion. The lesion was
      found in three adult men with histories of myocardium infarct or hemorrhage. The
      histologic study of the rete testis in these men revealed nodular sessile or
      pediculate formations which protruded into the rete testis channels. These
      polypoid formations consisted of an axis of connective tissue covered by a
      flattened epithelium. The axis contained a variable number of fibroblasts, areas
      with fibrin-like material, and small to large calcium deposits. Inflammatory
      infiltrates were neither observed in the rete testis nor in the testicular
      parenchyma. The testicular pattern varied from seminiferous tubules with complete
      spermatogenesis (two cases) to tubules with Sertoli cells and a few
      spermatogonia, surrounded by a thickened tunica propia. The term "nodular
      proliferation of calcifying connective tissue in the rete testis" is proposed to
      designate this lesion.

PMID- 2912876
TI  - Unexpected splenic nodules in leukemic patients.
AB  - We reviewed a series of five splenectomy specimens from patients with various
      leukemias (three cases of chronic myelocytic leukemia, one case of acute
      myelocytic leukemia, and one case of hairy cell leukemia). In addition to diffuse
      red pulp disease, we unexpectedly encountered nodules grossly in each of the
      specimens. These represented sea blue histiocytosis (one case), focal hairy cell
      leukemia (one case), localized blast transformation (one case), and concentrated
      foci of treated leukemia (two cases), with a prominence of immature granulocytic
      precursors on a background of trilineage hyperplasia. These cases are reported
      because they are unusual and because they furnish interesting correlates of gross
      and microscopic anatomy.

PMID- 2912877
TI  - Distinction between metastatic melanoma and primary parotid gland carcinoma using
      monoclonal HMB 45 antimelanoma antibody: report of a case.
AB  - A case of malignant melanoma primary of the facial skin presenting with pre
      auricular and submandibular masses, both thought to be metastatic melanoma, is
      reported. The case illustrates the practical application of a recently developed
      and commercially available specific anti-melanoma monoclonal antibody, HMB 45,
      which is useful in distinguishing between metastatic melanoma to a submaxillary
      lymph node and a synchronous primary parotid, poorly differentiated
      adenocarcinoma. The value of specific anti-melanoma antibody in conjunction with
      an antibody panel that includes S100, keratin, and epithelial membrane antigen in
      the distinction of melanomas from anaplastic carcinomas is discussed.

PMID- 2912878
TI  - Leiomyoma of the uterus with multiple extrauterine smooth muscle tumors: a case
      report suggesting multifocal origin.
AB  - A 17-year-old woman underwent hysterectomy for removal of a "mitotically active"
      (six to seven mitoses per 10 high-power fields) yet otherwise benign-appearing
      cellular smooth muscle tumor. Eleven years later, she developed multiple
      histologically benign smooth muscle tumors in the posterior mediastinum, deep
      soft tissues of the neck, paravertebral region, incisional scar, and mesentery.
      The distribution and histologic appearance of the tumors, as well as the
      protracted clinical course, suggest multifocal origin rather than widespread
      metastases from a low-grade uterine leiomyosarcoma. This case raises the
      possibility that some similar cases reported as so-called benign metastasizing
      leiomyoma may be more satisfactorily explained by the concept of multifocality.

PMID- 2912879
TI  - Simultaneous occurrence of medullary and follicular carcinoma in the same thyroid
      lobe.
AB  - A rare case of the simultaneous development of medullary and follicular carcinoma
      of the thyroid gland in a 51-year-old Japanese woman is examined. A preoperative
      diagnosis was made by needle aspiration cytology. Neoplastic cells of the
      medullary carcinoma were positive for calcitonin and carcinoembryonic antigen,
      whereas the tumor cells of the follicular carcinoma were negative for these
      substances. This case presents evidence that, in rare cases, two malignant
      epithelial neoplasms of different origins can occur in the same lobe of the
      thyroid.

PMID- 2912880
TI  - More on AIDS autopsies: the importance of compliance with universal precautions.

PMID- 2912881
TI  - A genetic and anthropological study of atlanto-occipital fusion.
AB  - Families of 20 probands with atlanto-occipital fusion were studied, and the
      neurological complications in these patients described. In X-ray studies of 115
      close relatives, 4 additional cases (3.5%) with the same anomaly were detected.
      In a comparison of adult patients with closely related age- and sex-matched
      controls, all anthropological measurements except length and breadth of the head
      tended to be smaller in the patients; for height, weight, leg and foot length,
      and the robusticity index, these differences were statistically significant.

PMID- 2912882
TI  - Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia. Clinical study of a family of 30 over three
      generations.
AB  - A family carrying the X-linked gene for hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia
      (hereditary ectodermal polydysplasia or Christ-Siemens-Touraine syndrome) over
      three generations was monitored for more than 15 years. Two prenatal diagnoses
      were carried out by fetoscopy on skin biopsies. Polymorphic probes were used in
      the segregation analysis of the Xq11-21 region carried out on 30 members of the
      family. Current screening possibilities for the carriers and prenatal diagnosis
      are discussed.

PMID- 2912883
TI  - Centromeric association of a microchromosome. A new category of non-random
      arrangement of metaphase chromosomes.
AB  - A supernumerary microchromosome measuring 0.5-1 microns found in over half of the
      metaphases of a CREST scleroderma patient and his daughter has been characterized
      by various cytogenetic techniques. The microchromosome consisted of constitutive
      heterochromatin and contained nuclear antigens reacting with specific anti
      kinetochore antibodies. The most remarkable property of the microchromosome was
      its non-random position: it was closely associated with the centromere of any of
      the normal chromosomes in the majority of the metaphases. Furthermore, an
      inordinately high rate of Y chromosome aneuploidy was found in the CREST
      scleroderma patient. The origin and structure of the microchromosome, its
      possible connection with the CREST variant of scleroderma, and the phenomenon of
      centromeric association are discussed.

PMID- 2912884
TI  - Localization of Y chromosome sequences and X chromosomal replication studies in
      XX males.
AB  - By in situ hybridization, Y-specific DNA sequences were localized on Xp22.3-Xpter
      of one of the two X chromosomes in all of eleven XX males studied. In nine of the
      cases the presence of the Y-specific DNA did not affect random X inactivation in
      fibroblasts. Fibroblasts of the other two cases showed a preferential
      inactivation of the Y DNA-carrying X chromosome. In only one of these two
      exceptions blood lymphocytes could also be studied, and here, random inactivation
      of the Y DNA-carrying X chromosome occurred. Furthermore, the gene dosage of
      steroid sulfatase (STS) was examined by Southern blot analysis. In ten of the
      cases including the one showing random X-inactivation in lymphocytes but not in
      fibroblasts, a double dosage of the STS gene is present. The remaining case with
      non-random inactivation shows a single STS gene dosage. This case was reported
      previously to have STS enzyme activity in the male range. It is assumed that, as
      a consequence DNA sequences may result in the preferential inactivation of the Y
      DNA-carrying X chromosome.

PMID- 2912885
TI  - Chromosomal assignment of a glutamic acid transfer RNA (tRNAGlu) gene to 1p36.
AB  - A gene for tRNAGlu has been assigned to human chromosome 1p36 by in situ
      hybridisation using a [3H]-labelled or biotinylated 2.4-kb (human) DNA fragment
      containing a tRNAGlu gene as a probe. With the biotinylated DNA probe a secondary
      statistically significant site of hybridisation was observed at 1q21-22 which
      might represent a pseudogene or related sequence. In fibroblasts from gorilla
      (Gorilla gorilla) using biotin labelling, a single site of hybridisation occurred
      at 1qter which provides further support for homology of 1q in the higher apes and
      human 1p.

PMID- 2912886
TI  - Chronic nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia (CNSHA) and glucose 6 phosphate
      dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency in a patient with familial amyloidotic
      polyneuropathy (FAP). Molecular study of a new variant (G6PD Clinic) with
      markedly acidic pH optimum.
AB  - A new glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) variant with severe erythrocytic
      G6PD deficiency and a unique pH optimum is described in a young patient with
      chronic nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia (CNSHA) and familial amyloidotic
      polyneuropathy (FAP). Chronic hemolysis was present in the absence of infections,
      oxidant drugs or ingestion of faba beans. Residual enzyme activity was about 2.6%
      and 63% of normal activity in erythrocytes and leucocytes, respectively. A
      molecular study using standard methods showed G6PD in the patient to have normal
      electrophoretic mobility (at pH 7.0, 8.0 and 8.8), normal apparent affinity for
      substrates (Km, G6P and NADP) and a slightly abnormal utilization of substrate
      analogues (decreased deamino-NADP and increased 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate
      utilization). Heat stability was found to be markedly decreased (8% of residual
      activity after 20 min of incubation at 46 degrees C) and a particular
      characteristic of this enzyme was a biphasic pH curve with a greatly increased
      activity at low pH. Although molecular characteristics of this variant closely
      resemble those of G6PD Bangkok and G6PD Duarte, it can be distinguished from
      these and all other previously reported variants by virtue of its unusual pH
      curve. Therefore the present variant has been designated G6PD Clinic to
      distinguish it from other G6PD variants previously described.

PMID- 2912887
TI  - Erythrocyte acid phosphatase (ACP1) activity. In vitro modulation by adenosine
      and inosine and effects of adenosine deaminase (ADA) polymorphism.
AB  - Erythrocyte acid phosphatase (ACP1) activity was determined in the absence of
      modulators and in the presence of either adenosine or inosine as modulators in
      154 samples of red blood cells collected from adult donors. Adenosine and inosine
      showed modulating effects (activation), that were genotype dependent in the
      allele order pb less than pa less than pc; the activation by inosine was much
      higher than by adenosine. The modulating effect was dependent on adenosine
      deaminase (ADA) genotype: In carriers of ADA2 allele the activation with ACP1
      phenotype A was lower and that with phenotypes CA and CB was higher than in
      ADA1/ADA1 subjects. In addition, the basic ACP1 activity (i.e., without
      modulators) also appeared to be dependent on ADA genotype: The lowest ACP1
      activity was observed in A and BA subjects carrying the ADA2 allele. Since the
      deamination of adenosine to inosine associated with ADA2-1 phenotype is slower
      than that associated with ADA1, the interaction of ADA on ACP1 activity may in
      fact be explained by a lower intracellular concentration of inosine in ADA2
      carriers and, therefore, by a lower modulating effect of this on acid phosphatase
      activity.

PMID- 2912888
TI  - Sublocalization of the human protein C gene on chromosome 2q13-q14.
AB  - The localization of human protein C gene on chromosome 2 was investigated by in
      situ hybridization using a partial cDNA for protein C. Silver-grain analysis
      indicates that the protein C gene is located on 2q13-q14.

PMID- 2912889
TI  - Detection of Duchenne muscular dystrophy carriers by dosage analysis using the
      DMD cDNA clone 8.
AB  - Deletion screening in 11 unrelated DMD patients has been performed using DMD cDNA
      clones 1-8. Of these 11 patients, 6 exhibit deletions of the cDNA clone 8. The
      carriership of 18 female relatives from these six DMD families has been
      investigated by dosage analysis. It is shown that dosage analysis is an available
      method to determine the carrier status of the female relatives of DMD patients
      showing a deletion within a DMD cDNA clone.

PMID- 2912890
TI  - Familial transmission of 16p trisomy in an infant.
AB  - Based on four reported cases including the present case, 16p trisomic infants
      have remarkably similar features. These are severe developmental delay,
      psychomotor retardation, typical facies, and anomalies of extremities.

PMID- 2912891
TI  - A new rare PGD variant, PGD Mediterranean.
AB  - The authors report a rare slow PGD variant observed in seven individuals in
      different Israeli population groups.

PMID- 2912892
TI  - Recombination between DXS7, DXS84 and a rare form of X-linked retinitis
      pigmentosa (McK-30320).

PMID- 2912893
TI  - Isolation of a corncob (coaggregation) receptor polypeptide from Fusobacterium
      nucleatum.
AB  - Corncobs, which are distinct morphological units formed by the ordered
      coaggregation of a filamentous microorganism and streptococci, can be made in
      vitro by using oral strains of Fusobacterium nucleatum and Streptococcus sanguis.
      Previous studies have shown that strains of F. nucleatum contain one of at least
      two different types of corncob receptor. The objective of this study was to
      isolate the receptor from F. nucleatum ATCC 10953 as the first step in the
      elucidation of the molecular basis of corncob formation. The cell envelope
      fraction from this bacterium was treated with trypsin, delipidated with
      chloroform-methanol, and subjected to ion-exchange chromatography. A single
      polypeptide (apparent Mr, 39,500), which was eluted from the column with 0.5 M
      sodium chloride and extracted with dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide to remove
      contaminating lipopolysaccharide, inhibited corncob formation between strain ATCC
      10953 and S. sanguis CC5A. Similarly derived cell fractions from either F.
      nucleatum FDC 364 or Fusobacterium necrophorum failed to effect coaggregation in
      the inhibition assay. Amino acid analysis of the polypeptide showed a moderately
      hydrophobic character (polarity index, 41) and 11% basic residues. Antiserum made
      against the purified polypeptide agglutinated F. nucleatum ATCC 10953,
      neutralized the ability of this bacterium to form corncobs, and agglutinated
      whole cells of S. sanguis CC5A that were precoated with the receptor polypeptide.
      The identification and isolation of this receptor should greatly enhance our
      ability to define some of the complex intergeneric coaggregation mechanisms that
      are thought to occur in the human oral cavity.

PMID- 2912894
TI  - Impaired antipneumococcal activity of bronchoalveolar lining material of neonatal
      rats.
AB  - Pulmonary clearance of inhaled pneumococci is markedly impaired in neonatal rats
      compared with that in adult rats. To determine whether this impairment is due to
      a deficiency of extracellular bactericidal factors, the antipneumococcal activity
      of free fatty acids (FFA) in lung surfactant and the levels of lysozyme and
      transferrin in lavage fluids were quantified. Surfactant from adult rats averaged
      68 U of antipneumococcal activity per g (dry weight) of lung, compared with less
      than 0.25 U for rats less than 1 week old (P less than 0.001). The kinds of FFA
      in surfactant of neonatal and adult rats were essentially identical, and the
      antipneumococcal activity of highly purified FFA from surfactant of neonatal and
      adult rats was also the same. However, the quantity of FFA in surfactant varied
      significantly with age, and rats less than 3 weeks old had much lower levels of
      surfactant FFA than did adults (P less than 0.001). In addition, lavage fluids
      from neonatal rats inhibited the antipneumococcal activity of surfactant FFA more
      than lavage fluids from adults did (P less than 0.02). This inhibitory activity
      did not appear to be due to protein binding. Lavage fluids from neonates showed
      an age-related deficiency of lysozyme (P less than 0.001), but lysozyme appeared
      to play no role in pneumococcal killing by the surfactant fraction of lavage
      fluids in vitro. Transferrin levels in lavage fluids were similar for neonates
      and adults. It was concluded that lung surfactant from neonatal rats was
      deficient in antipneumococcal activity, due mostly to low levels of FFA and to a
      lesser degree to increased levels of inhibitor(s) in lavage fluids.

PMID- 2912895
TI  - Somnogenic activities of synthetic lipid A.
AB  - Bacterial infections and various immune response modifiers, including endotoxin
      and its lipid A moiety, alter sleep duration. The purpose of this study is to
      amplify our understanding of lipid A structure-somnogenic-pyrogenic activity
      relationships. Four synthetic disaccharide analogs of lipid A (LA-15-PP, LA-15
      PH, LA-16-PH, and LA-18-PP) and a biosynthetic monosaccharide analog of lipid A
      (lipid X) were tested in rabbits for their effects on slow-wave sleep, rapid-eye
      movement sleep, electroencephalographic slow-wave (0.5- to 4.0-Hz) amplitudes,
      and brain-colonic temperatures. Substances were injected intravenously and
      intracerebroventricularly. Compound LA-15-PP was the most potent; it
      significantly increased slow-wave sleep, delta electroencephalographic
      amplitudes, and brain-colonic temperatures while reducing rapid-eye-movement
      sleep. Compound LA-15-PH (monophosphoryl analog of LA-15-PP) induced effects
      similar to those of LA-15-PP, although the responses were weaker. Compound LA-18
      PP induced increases in slow-wave sleep and delta amplitudes only after high
      doses, whereas compound LA-16-PH was devoid of these activities at the doses
      tested. Intracerebroventricular, but not intravenous, injections of lipid X
      induced small but significant increases in both slow-wave sleep and rapid-eye
      movement sleep without affecting delta amplitudes or brain-colonic temperatures.
      These data suggest that the somnogenic actions of these lipid A analogs depend on
      the acylation or phosphorylation pattern and backbone structures of the
      molecules. Their soporific activities parallel their relative behaviors in other
      biological assays.

PMID- 2912896
TI  - Human immune response to Vibrio cholerae O1 whole cells and isolated outer
      membrane antigens.
AB  - The serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and mucosal secretory IgA (SIgA) response of
      human volunteers challenged with Vibrio cholerae O1 was analyzed for reactivity
      to V. cholerae O1 antigens by the immunoblot technique. Components of both in
      vitro- and in vivo (rabbit ligated ileal loop)-grown V. cholerae O1 were
      separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-urea-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
      Postchallenge serum IgG reacted uniquely with 15 antigens and with greater
      intensity than did prechallenge serum with at least 16 antigens. Serum IgG and
      SIgA reacted with antigens present in preparations from the homologous challenge
      strain of V. cholerae as well as antigens from strains of heterologous biotype or
      serotype. These heterologous antigens may represent antigens responsible for
      protection to rechallenge with a heterologous strain of V. cholerae. All the
      antigens detected by postchallenge jejunal fluid SIgA had an apparent molecular
      size of less than 25 kilodaltons. Serum IgG and jejunal fluid SIgA also reacted
      with antigens unique to in vivo-grown cells and several antigens in outer
      membrane preparations, suggesting that studies of protective immunity and V.
      cholerae O1 pathogenesis should include examination of both in vitro- and in vivo
      grown V. cholerae O1 cellular antigens.

PMID- 2912897
TI  - Effects of Histoplasma capsulatum on murine macrophage functions: inhibition of
      macrophage priming, oxidative burst, and antifungal activities.
AB  - Histoplasma capsulatum yeast cells fail to trigger an oxidative burst response in
      normal murine macrophages. The results of this study, in which an in vitro assay
      of macrophage antifungal effects was used, extend these findings. During 18 h of
      incubation, unprimed elicited murine macrophages inhibited H. capsulatum growth
      only when macrophages were present in great excess. Gamma interferon (IFN-gamma)
      primed macrophages showed enhanced fungal growth inhibition but a similar
      requirement for an excess of phagocytes. Macrophages containing heat-killed H.
      capsulatum exhibited diminished antifungal effects toward viable H. capsulatum
      and Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. Parallel experiments showed no comparable
      effect of ingested latex particles on macrophage antifungal activity. Using
      chemiluminescence as a measure of the oxidative burst, we found that macrophages
      primed in vitro with IFN-gamma alone failed to exhibit a significant response to
      triggering by H. capsulatum yeast cells unless a second priming agent (tumor
      necrosis factor alpha or bacterial lipopolysaccharide) was added to IFN-gamma.
      Furthermore, macrophage priming with single agents was blocked by the prior
      ingestion of heat-killed H. capsulatum. These studies provide evidence that
      ingestion of H. capsulatum yeast cells can induce a prompt and enduring
      deactivation of murine macrophages.

PMID- 2912898
TI  - Purification, location, and immunological characterization of the iron-regulated
      high-molecular-weight proteins of the highly pathogenic yersiniae.
AB  - We have previously shown that under iron limitation, different Yersinia species
      synthesize new polypeptides. Two of them, the high-molecular-weight proteins
      (HMWPs), are expressed only by the highly pathogenic strains. In the present
      study, the HMWPs from Y. enterocolitica serovar O:8 were purified by gel
      filtration, and specific antibodies were obtained. Using these antibodies, we
      show that the two polypeptides were synthesized de novo during iron starvation
      and that they were found essentially in the bacterial outer membrane fractions,
      although the majority of the molecules were not exposed on the cell surface. We
      also demonstrate that the two proteins had common epitopes and that the HMWPs of
      the high-virulence-phenotype species Y. pestis, Y. pseudotuberculosis, and Y.
      enterocolitica serovar O:8 (a strain different from the one used to purify the
      proteins) are antigenically related. The less pathogenic and nonpathogenic
      strains did not exhibit cross-reacting material, suggesting that these strains do
      not synthesize even an altered form of the HMWPs.

PMID- 2912899
TI  - Antibodies raised against synthetic peptides from the Arg-Gly-Asp-containing
      region of the Leishmania surface protein gp63 cross-react with human C3 and
      interfere with gp63-mediated binding to macrophages.
AB  - The Leishmania surface glycoprotein gp63 binds to complement receptor type 3 on
      the macrophage surface. Antibody raised against a synthetic peptide containing
      the Arg-Gly-Asp region of the amino acid sequence of gp63 recognizes both gp63
      and the alpha-chain of human C3. Monovalent Fab fragments from this antibody
      block gp63-mediated binding to macrophages.

PMID- 2912900
TI  - Immunoglobulin-binding activity among pathogenic and carrier isolates of
      Haemophilus somnus.
AB  - Nonimmune binding of immunoglobulin to whole bacteria was quantitated for North
      American isolates of Haemophilus somnus recovered from cattle with pneumonia,
      reproductive failure (abortion), or thromboembolic meningoencephalitis or from
      the vagina or prepuce of carrier cattle. Quantitative binding activity covered a
      wide range, with most pathogenic and carrier isolates demonstrating significant
      immunoglobulin-Fc binding. Isolates for which Fc binding was not detectable were
      recovered only from the prepuces of asymptomatic bulls. Expression of Fc-binding
      activity correlated with the presence of the 41,000-molecular-weight protein (41K
      protein) and 270K protein. Isolates that lacked Fc-binding activity did not
      possess 41K or 270K protein. A 33K protein was detected in isolates that lacked
      Fc-binding activity but not in isolates that bound Fc.

PMID- 2912901
TI  - Ceruloplasmin can substitute for rabbit serum in stimulating the growth of
      Treponema denticola.
AB  - The growth of Treponema denticola in a complex medium was stimulated by human
      ceruloplasmin and, to a lesser extent, albumin, alpha-1-antitrypsin, alpha-1-acid
      glycoprotein, and alpha-2-macroglobulin. Human ceruloplasmin could stimulate
      growth of T. denticola as well as or better than 5% rabbit serum, with a dose
      response relationship of between 1 and 5 mg of ceruloplasmin per ml of culture
      medium. These results suggest that ceruloplasmin could substitute for rabbit
      serum in stimulating the growth of T. denticola.

PMID- 2912902
TI  - Citrobacter freundii produces an 18-amino-acid heat-stable enterotoxin identical
      to the 18-amino-acid Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin (ST Ia).
AB  - We purified and sequenced the heat-stable enterotoxin produced by Citrobacter
      freundii. The toxin was detected during purification by reaction with monoclonal
      antibody to Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin. The C. freundii toxin amino
      acid sequence was identical to that of the 18-amino-acid heat-stable enterotoxin
      (STa) produced by toxigenic E. coli.

PMID- 2912903
TI  - The heterogeneous group for chronically physically ill and physically healthy but
      emotionally disturbed children and adolescents.
AB  - The homogeneous group has been the most common form of group therapy for
      chronically physically ill children and adolescents. The goals of these groups
      have included the provision of peer support, adaptation to the realities of
      physical illness, and acceptance of and cooperation with the medical management
      of the disease. The refinement of the theory of developmental ego psychology
      suggests that the heterogeneous group has potential for aiding the emotional
      maturation of the chronically physically ill. This paper presents examples of
      groups of latency-age children, early adolescents, and middle adolescents that
      included chronically physically ill with physically healthy peers. The groups
      were planned under the assumption that despite external differences, children and
      adolescents of a similar age identify with peers in terms of normal age-specific
      developmental needs and conflicts.

PMID- 2912904
TI  - Making society's groups more therapeutic.
AB  - This paper represents the author's Presidential Address to the American Group
      Psychotherapy Association, delivered at the annual meeting on February 11, 1988,
      in New York. The author poses a challenge: What can we teach society about how to
      make our groups more healing and productive? He suggests certain guidelines
      relating to effective communication, empathic understanding, willingness to
      assume responsibility, and, most importantly, recognition that groups exist for
      the individuals who comprise them. For groups to function well, individuals must
      play their role and sacrifice themselves for the good of the whole; yet for
      groups to function well, the needs of the individual must never be lost.

PMID- 2912905
TI  - Effect of depression on processing interactions in group psychotherapy.
AB  - Two studies were conducted to investigate the possibility of individual
      differences in the ability of inpatients to process interactions in group
      psychotherapy. The first was a pilot study conducted on groups of major
      depressive patients and matched normal subjects. Subjects were asked to give
      process comments after viewing simulations of typical group therapy interactions.
      These comments were later rated on the extent to which they reflected process
      qualities and accuracy. These data led to a more rigorous and extensive study
      that included more appropriate control groups as well as measures of potential
      confounding factors, such as simulation realism, verbal ability, and interaction
      comprehension. Results indicated that major depressives suffer from deficits in
      the ability to process group interactions, relative to three types of control
      groups, including normals. These differences in processing were not significantly
      positively correlated with any of the potential confounding factors. The
      implications for understanding interactional processing and group psychotherapy
      are discussed.

PMID- 2912906
TI  - Ultrastructural effects of sodium chloride on the corneal epithelium.
AB  - Ten excised rabbit corneas were bathed posteriorly with glutathione bicarbonate
      Ringers solution (GBR), while anteriorly the bathing solution was either GBR or
      sodium chloride solution (NaCl). All solutions had an osmolarity of 305 +/- 2
      mOsm/kg. The corneas were fixed after 150 min exposure to the solutions, and
      prepared for electron microscopy. Morphometric analysis of the electron
      micrographs was conducted by an observer unaware of the anterior bathing
      solution. In each case, the epithelium was examined along a 1500 micron stretch
      of the basement membrane. Cells were categorized as normal, abnormal, and
      sloughing. Abnormal cells showed cytoplasmic and nuclear pallor, and disrupted
      cell membranes. Sloughing cells showed partial separation from the underlying
      epithelium. Corneas exposed to NaCl showed statistically significant differences
      from those exposed to GBR; the differences occurred in both the number of
      abnormal cells, and the number of sloughing cells. All observed ultrastructural
      changes were limited to the surface region of the epithelium. It is concluded
      that sodium chloride solution is inadequate at maintaining the epithelial
      surface.

PMID- 2912908
TI  - IgG and IgA antibody in tears of rabbits immunized by topical application of
      ovalbumin.
AB  - Rabbits were immunized by daily topical conjunctival application of ovalbumin.
      Control rabbits received ovalbumin intravitreally or intravenously. The direct
      plaque assay was used to detect IgM antibody-producing cells in lymph node,
      conjunctival, lacrimal gland and Peyer's patch tissues. A culture ELISA test was
      used to detect IgG and IgA antibody-producing cells. Serum and tears were tested
      for IgG antibody by ELISA and passive hemagglutination tests, and for IgA
      antibody by an ELISA assay. The conjunctival and cervical lymph node cells of
      topically immunized rabbits produced IgG and IgM antibodies. Neither IgG nor IgM
      antibody-producing cells were found in the Peyer's patches or lacrimal glands.
      Serum IgG antibody was detected by both ELISA and HA tests. IgG antibody was
      found (by the ELISA assay) in tears collected from most topically immunized
      rabbits, and from some intravitreally immunized rabbits, but not from the
      intravenously immunized animals. IgA antibody was found in tear samples collected
      after several weeks of daily topical immunization. IgA antibody-producing cells
      were detected in the conjunctival tissues, but not in the lymph nodes of those
      rabbits.

PMID- 2912907
TI  - Glucocorticoid-induced cataract in chick embryo monitored by Raman spectroscopy.
AB  - Glucocorticoid-induced cataract lens in chick embryo was monitored by laser Raman
      spectroscopy. The lens opacity that appeared in chick embryo is a reversible one.
      Raman spectra show no significant change in the relative content of water or
      secondary structure of the proteins upon lens opacification. The intensity ratios
      of tyrosine doublet bands in Raman spectra between clear and opaque lens portions
      are changes. This change is reversible, and is interpreted as a protein-water
      phase separation that occurred during lens opacification.

PMID- 2912909
TI  - Adaptation to telescopic spectacles: vestibulo-ocular reflex plasticity.
AB  - The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) is a mechanism for the production of rapid
      compensatory eye movements during head movements. To investigate the adaptation
      of this reflex to spectacle magnifiers, the effect on the VOR of a brief period
      of wearing telescopic spectacles during head rotation was studied in normal
      subjects. VOR gain, as measured in darkness, was defined to be the ratio of
      compensatory slow phase eye velocity to head velocity. Initial VOR gain as
      measured for vertical axis sinusoidal head rotation at 0.1 Hz, amplitude 60
      degrees/sec, was about 0.7. After 15 min adaptation by sinusoidal rotation during
      the viewing of a remote video display through X2, X4, or X6 binocular telescopic
      spectacles, 47-70% of subjects exhibited significant VOR gain increases of 7-46%.
      These increases were measured with occlusion of the unmagnified visual field
      peripheral to the telescopes during adaptation. There was considerable
      interindividual variability in adaptation to telescopic spectacles. Telescopic
      spectacle power had little or no effect on the amount of VOR change after
      adaptation, although all telescope powers produced a greater VOR gain change than
      did adaptation without telescopes. Testing of VOR gain at multiple frequencies
      indicated that adaptation to telescopic spectacles by rotation at a single
      sinusoidal frequency induces VOR gain changes across a broad spectrum of
      frequencies of head rotation. When the unmagnified peripheral visual field was
      unobstructed during adaptation, VOR gain increases were significantly less than
      when the unmagnified peripheral visual field was occluded, and were similar to
      those observed during adaptation without the wearing of telescopic spectacles at
      all. VOR gain adaptation was associated with amerlioration of symptoms of
      oscillopsia and motion discomfort initially experienced by about 20% of subjects
      wearing telescopic spectacles.

PMID- 2912910
TI  - Effects of selenium on ion homeostasis and transparency in cultured lenses.
AB  - Selenium toxicity was investigated in cultured rabbit lenses to provide further
      information about the role of Ca++ in Se cataract. At a dose of 0.1 mM for 20 hr,
      Se induces a 10% change in Na levels within 6 hr, a 30% increase after 20 hr, and
      a three-fold increase within 48 hr of subsequent culture after removal of Se. In
      contrast, Ca++ levels remained normal throughout the first 24 hr. Only a small,
      25% decline in GSH was noted. Not until lenses begin to swell and become
      noticeably opaque and turbid were Ca++ levels found to be elevated. Thus, at 72
      hr, 48 hr following the removal of selenium, Ca++ had increased to a
      concentration of 0.7 mM. Ca++ accumulation appears to be a consequence of osmotic
      stress rather than pump inhibition while Na accumulation is a direct consequence
      of Se-inhibited Na pump.

PMID- 2912911
TI  - Factors associated with visual outcome after photocoagulation for diabetic
      retinopathy. Diabetic Retinopathy Study Report #13.
AB  - Six risk factors for severe visual loss despite panretinal (scatter)
      photocoagulation were identified by analyzing data collected during the first 5
      years after randomization in the Diabetic Retinopathy Study. Proportional hazards
      regression revealed NVD (neovascularization on/around the optic disc) to be the
      most important risk factor. The risk of severe visual loss rose with increasing
      NVD, hemorrhages/microaneurysms, retinal elevation, proteinuria, and
      hyperglycemia and fell with increasing "treatment density." These results are
      similar to previous DRS findings on untreated eyes. The importance of "treatment
      density" as an independent predictor of visual outcome is a new finding and lends
      support to the common clinical practice of repeating photocoagulation if initial
      treatment does not reduce or stabilize retinal neovascularization.

PMID- 2912912
TI  - Failure of vitamin E to protect the retina against damage resulting from bright
      cyclic light exposure.
AB  - Cumulative light-mediated damage to the retina over a long time period may be
      involved in the development of age-related retinopathies. Light is thought to
      produce retinal damage by initiating autoxidative reactions among the molecular
      components of the retina. Experiments were therefore conducted (1) to confirm
      that long-term differences in cyclic light intensity affect the rate of age
      related photoreceptor cell loss from the retina; and (2) to determine whether the
      antioxidant, vitamin E, is an effective inhibitor of damage to the retina by
      bright cyclic light. Albino rats were fed a basal diet either supplemented with
      or deficient in vitamin E. Each dietary group was divided into two light
      treatment groups which were exposed to 12 hr cyclic light of either 15 lux or 750
      lux. After 10 and 17 weeks of treatment, retinal photoreceptor cell densities
      were determined for animals in each group. Vitamin E deficiency resulted in
      moderate decreases in photoreceptor cell densities in the dim-light groups after
      both 10 and 17 weeks. Rats exposed to the bright-light condition suffered a
      pronounced loss of photoreceptor cells by 10 weeks, and an even greater cell loss
      by 17 weeks. Vitamin E deficiency did not enhance the effect of bright cyclic
      light in reducing photoreceptor cell densities. Thus, it appears unlikely that
      retinal damage by cyclic light occurs via an autoxidative mechanism.

PMID- 2912913
TI  - Retinal light damage reduces autofluorescent pigment deposition in the retinal
      pigment epithelium.
AB  - Lipofuscin in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is thought to be derived from
      phagocytosed photoreceptor outer segment disc membranes. Based on this
      hypothesis, one would predict that the rate of lipofuscin deposition in the RPE
      would be proportional to the density of photoreceptor cells in the retina. In
      previous studies it was demonstrated that specific loss of photoreceptor cells
      due to a genetic defect resulted in a substantial decrease in the rate of age
      related lipofuscin accumulation in the RPE. In order to confirm that this
      decreased RPE lipofuscin deposition was directly related to reduced photoreceptor
      cell density, experiments were conducted to determine whether light-induced
      photoreceptor cell destruction affected RPE lipofuscin content. The effects of
      retinal light damage on RPE autofluorescent pigment accumulation resulting from
      both normal aging and vitamin E deficiency were examined. Starting immediately
      after weaning, albino Fisher 344 rats were fed diets either containing or lacking
      vitamin E. All animals were maintained on a 12 hr/12 hr light/dark cycle. During
      the light phases of the cycles, the cage illuminance for one-half the animals in
      each dietary group was 750 lux, while the remaining rats were exposed to a light
      level of 15 lux. Illumination was provided by 40 watt cool-white fluorescent
      lamps. After 17 weeks, rats in both dietary groups that were maintained under the
      higher light intensity had substantially reduced photoreceptor cell densities
      relative to animals in the same dietary group maintained under dim light
      conditions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2912914
TI  - Four cone types characterized by anti-visual pigment antibodies in the pigeon
      retina.
AB  - Using three antibodies to visual pigments (monoclonal antibodies COS-1 and OS-2,
      and a polyclonal anti-opsin serum), four different types of cone cells could be
      distinguished in the red area (dorsoposterior part with the highest density of
      cones) of the pigeon retina. Both members of the double cone and the single cone
      with the red oil droplet were labelled with our monoclonal antibody COS-1 (type I
      cone). The single cone with the orange oil droplet was positive both with anti
      opsin and monoclonal antibody OS-2 (type II cone). The single cone exhibiting a
      yellowish-green oil droplet, fluorescent in ultraviolet light, also reacted with
      anti-opsin but lacked the antigenic determinant recognized by OS-2 (type III
      cone). The thin cone with the small colorless oil droplet was negative with both
      COS-1 and anti-rhodopsin (type IV cone). We propose that the four immunologically
      distinguishable cone types correspond to cones expressing visual pigments with
      different (long-, middle-, short-wavelength and ultraviolet) color sensitivities.

PMID- 2912915
TI  - The formation of autofluorescent granules in cultured human RPE.
AB  - Although the incomplete degradation of phagocytosed outer segment discs is
      thought to result in the formation of lipofuscin, there has to date been no proof
      of this concept. We report for the first time that cultured human retinal pigment
      epithelial (RPE) cells fed daily doses of isolated rod outer segments for periods
      of up to 3 months were capable of developing intracellular autofluorescent
      granules whose morphology and fluorescence characteristics were similar to
      lipofuscin. These autofluorescent granules were observed as early as 2 weeks
      following daily challenge with rod outer segments and the number of granules
      increased with the number of challenge doses until the experiment was terminated
      after 3 months of daily feeding. We also studied the effects of the antioxidant
      vitamin E and a drug, Centrophenoxine, which has been purported to slow the
      formation of lipofuscin formation in vivo. Neither of these additives given
      either with the challenge or subsequently had any effect on the formation of the
      intracellular granules. In conclusion, the development of these "lipofuscin-like"
      inclusions in cultured RPE may provide a model with which to study ageing
      processes and may provide an understanding of the increased lipofuscin
      accumulation observed in certain retinal pathologies.

PMID- 2912916
TI  - Corneal surface ablation by 193 nm excimer laser and wound healing in rabbits.
AB  - The 193 nm argon fluoride excimer laser was used to ablate a 6 mm diameter area
      of the central rabbit cornea under various conditions of power, beam
      configuration and exposure time. High repetition rates or prolonged exposures
      produced charring and prevented rapid epithelial wound closure. Endothelial
      vacuolization, reduction in density, and displacement of cell material into
      Descemet's layer resulted in these experiments. A beam of low and uniform power
      intensity (40 pulses per second, 100 seconds at 23 mJ/cm2) reduced stromal
      damage, cellular infiltration, and epithelial irregularities including punctate
      staining and cell exfoliation. Epithelial rehealing occurred within two days.
      Basal lamina and hemidesmosomes were reformed by one week. Endothelial damage was
      not detected. Excimer laser ablation may allow removal of superficial dystrophies
      or scars, followed by rapid healing from normal corneal reparative processes.

PMID- 2912917
TI  - Femtosecond optical ranging of corneal incision depth.
AB  - Excimer laser ablation has been proposed as a technique for keratorefractive
      surgery. Clinical acceptance of linear-incision laser keratectomy may depend on
      the availability of a method for accurately and noninvasively monitoring incision
      depth during the ablation process. We have developed a femto-second optical
      ranging technique for measurement of corneal incision depth. This technique uses
      nonlinear optical cross-correlation to determine the time-of-flight of an
      ultrashort laser pulse between the anterior corneal surface and the bottom of the
      keratectomy incision. Longitudinal and transverse resolution are estimated to be
      5 micron and 10 micron, respectively.

PMID- 2912918
TI  - Near drowning consensus and controversies in pulmonary and cerebral
      resuscitation.

PMID- 2912919
TI  - Thermal dilution measurements of cardiac output.

PMID- 2912920
TI  - Legislation to legalize active euthanasia.

PMID- 2912922
TI  - Suggestions for health care providers in critical care units.

PMID- 2912921
TI  - Stress ulceration in the critically ill.

PMID- 2912923
TI  - Noninvasive temporary pacing: experience in a community hospital.
AB  - During a 1-year period 37 patients who underwent treatment with a noninvasive
      temporary pacemaker were followed to evaluate effectiveness and outcome of
      therapy. The device was most frequently used in the emergency department and
      coronary care unit and was applied by a nurse in 51% of cases. Pacing thresholds
      ranged from 20 to 110 mA (mean 43 mA) with 91% obtaining capture. Pacing was
      continuous in 11 patients for 5 to 180 minutes (mean 32 minutes) and intermittent
      in 16 patients for up to 72 hours. Pacing did not take place in 10 patients
      because of failure to capture or because a satisfactory intrinsic rate was
      maintained. After external pacing, six patients received permanent pacemakers, 14
      required temporary transvenous pacemakers, 10 required no further pacing, and
      seven (19%) died. Few problems were encountered, although eight of the 20
      responsive patients had severe discomfort related to pacing, with two of these
      requiring discontinuation of pacing. The number of temporary transvenous
      pacemaker insertions in the coronary care unit decreased 32% over a 6-month
      period after introduction of the noninvasive temporary pacemaker. We conclude
      that the noninvasive temporary pacemaker is safe and effective although
      discomfort may limit its use in some patients.

PMID- 2912924
TI  - Smoking practices of critical care nurses.
AB  - This study examined smoking practices of 499 critical care nurses, their
      knowledge about the health effects of smoking, and their perceptions regarding
      responsibility for promoting and supporting antismoking efforts. Approximately
      20% of the critical care nurses surveyed were current smokers. Overall,
      respondents were knowledgeable about the serious consequences of smoking.
      Although they tended to view themselves as responsible for taking an active role
      in smoking cessation efforts, they had reservations about their ability to
      achieve successful outcomes. This information provides a data base for designing
      smoking cessation strategies for critical care nurses and educational
      interventions aimed at increasing skills in helping patients cope with the abrupt
      withdrawal from nicotine imposed by an episode of acute illness.

PMID- 2912925
TI  - Effects of conversation on intracranial pressure in comatose patients.
AB  - In this time series design study we investigated the effects of conversation on
      intracranial pressure (ICP). Two conversation types were used, and continuous
      measurements of ICP were recorded. Type 1 conversation was an emotionally
      referenced conversation that reflected an actual nursing report on the patient's
      current condition. Type 2 conversation was a predetermined dialogue unrelated to
      the patient. Two hypotheses were tested to determine the existence of differences
      between the ICP measurements at baseline and the ICP measurements during any
      conversation, and differences between the ICP measurements recorded during type 1
      conversation and during type 2 conversation. Eight subjects served as their own
      control. T tests were performed between the mean scores of the minimum, maximum,
      and average ICP measurements before, during, and after both conversations. The
      hypotheses were not supported by the findings. There was, however, a
      statistically significant decrease in ICP when minimum ICP measurements before
      type 2 conversations were compared with measurements recorded during type 2
      conversation. The data also demonstrated a wide variation of individual patient
      responses. The results of the current study suggest that the direction of
      influence from conversation on the ICP is individual and may be influenced
      greatly by the patient's level of consciousness.

PMID- 2912926
TI  - Critical care nursing: future challenges.

PMID- 2912927
TI  - Effectiveness of oxygen concentrations of less than 100% before and after
      endotracheal suction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
AB  - This within-subject study compared the effects of hyperinflations with 20% above
      maintenance oxygen (O2) level and 100% O2 hyperinflations before and after
      endotracheal suction in 11 acutely ill patients with chronic obstructive
      pulmonary disease. Four hyperinflations were delivered at 1.5 times the
      calculated tidal volume (10 ml/kg) with 100% O2 or 20% above maintenance O2 level
      via resuscitator bag, followed by 10 seconds of continuous endotracheal
      suctioning. This sequence was repeated three times. No statistically significant
      differences (p less than 0.05) were found between the two protocols for arterial
      oxygen saturation, blood pressure, or heart rate (analysis of variance for
      repeated measures). There was no change in heart rhythm for any of the subjects.
      The results of this study suggest that hyperinflation with 20% above maintenance
      O2 level can be used for oxygenation in patients with chronic obstructive
      pulmonary disease before and after endotracheal suctioning. Replication is needed
      before clinical implementation.

PMID- 2912928
TI  - Cardiac rhythm responses. 1. An important phenomenon for nursing practice,
      science, and research.
AB  - The human responses to actual or potential health problems that are of interest
      to nursing encompass physiologic, psychologic, and sociocultural responses.
      Measurement of cardiac rhythm responses provides a unique opportunity to look at
      the complex interplay of physiologic, emotional, and environmental factors at a
      particular time. A model depicting the relationships between cardiac rhythm
      responses and the central nursing domain concepts of individual, environment,
      health, transitions, and nursing therapeutics is presented. Measurement of
      cardiac rhythm responses provides an objective, quantifiable, noninvasive,
      inexpensive, readily accessible, reliable, and valid tool for measuring human
      responses. Study of the phenomenon holds promise for nursing practice, science,
      and research fostering links among the three. Study of cardiac rhythm responses
      will have direct applicability to practice with the potential for narrowing the
      research-practice gap. Moreover, study of the phenomenon will contribute to
      nursing knowledge and foster advancement of nursing science by the development of
      theory.

PMID- 2912929
TI  - Nephrotic syndrome: a nursing care plan based on current pathophysiologic
      concepts.
AB  - The classic conception of the pathophysiology of the nephrotic syndrome (NS) is
      now being seriously questioned, on the basis of current research findings. New
      conceptions of the syndrome, with its proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and edema,
      are providing explanations for the discrepancies between the original theory and
      clinical data from individual patients, particularly related to edema formation.
      Many of the edema-preventing mechanisms are normal in patients with NS, but may
      fail when plasma osmotic pressure falls significantly. Plasma volumes, blood
      volumes, and blood pressures of patients with NS have been found to be generally
      normal or slightly increased, in contrast to the classic "hypovolemia" theory.
      Activation of the renin-angiotension-aldosterone system is variable and cannot
      fully explain the sodium and water retention. The decreased renal filtration
      rates and abnormal sodium retention/excretion rates are now best explained by an
      intrarenal defect, on the basis of multiple research approaches. These research
      conceptions of the pathophysiology of NS are significant for nurses because they
      can be used in patient assessment, interpretation of patient data, monitoring
      during treatment, collaboration about the plan of care, development of nursing
      care plans, and patient teaching. Several nursing diagnoses may be appropriate
      for patients with NS: alteration in fluid volume: excess; potential for
      infection; alteration in nutrition: less than body requirements, potential
      alteration in comfort; knowledge deficit; and potential disturbance in self
      concept: body image.

PMID- 2912930
TI  - Social advocacy.

PMID- 2912931
TI  - Quantitative morphology of late renal radiation injury.
AB  - Late radiation injury manifests itself in all morphologic compartments of the
      kidney, but loss of cell mass is most significant in the proximal convoluted
      tubules. Development of an end stage or nonfunctional kidney requires 12 or more
      months after single fraction X ray exposures of about 12 Gy (2, 5, 13) and is
      associated with marked morphologic alterations of renal tubules. Radiation
      induced changes were studied at 6 months after irradiation, a time interval when
      histological alterations appear minor, but in previous studies were shown to
      correlate with the later end stage alterations (5, 8, 9). Renal alterations were
      graded objectively based on renal weight, variation in size of tubule cell
      nuclei, and glomerular nuclear volume fraction. Irradiation was associated with
      loss of renal weight, increased variability of tubule nuclear size, and
      previously unappreciated changes in glomerular nuclear volume fraction. A
      classification index derived from a weighted combination of renal weight ratio
      and tubule cell nuclear variability correlates with radiation dose and with
      previously established subjective histologic grading of renal damage, and allows
      objective comparisons of various fractionation schedules.

PMID- 2912932
TI  - The use of CT densitometry in the assessment of radiation-induced damage to the
      rat lung: a comparison with other endpoints.
AB  - Changes in rat lung following irradiation have been assessed on the basis of
      survival, histopathology, function (breathing rate assay), and density changes
      measured by computed tomography (CT) scanning. CT densitometry is a non-invasive
      procedure which may be used without modification to assess lung damage in
      experimental animals and in man. An increase in the breathing rate is seen
      following irradiation of the thorax, the time of onset and severity of which are
      dose dependent and correlate with histopathological changes occurring at the same
      time. Lung density changes occurring after irradiation are more complex. For the
      lowest dose used (10.75 Gy) no density increase was observed and in fact density
      decreased with time after irradiation to a slightly greater extent than in non
      irradiated controls. A post-irradiation increase in lung density was seen for
      rats given 13.0 Gy, but values fluctuated with maxima at 50 and 225 days after
      irradiation. Higher radiation doses (14.5, 16.0 Gy) were followed by a transient
      decrease in density before a dose-related density increase was observed. Density
      averaged over the whole lung proved to be a sub-optimal index of radiation
      induced lung damage because of the focal nature of radiation-induced lung lesions
      and because of the apparently anomalous changes in post-irradiation damage which
      are observed. Further studies are being made to determine if regional density
      values will provide a more sensitive index.

PMID- 2912933
TI  - Response of the canine lung to fractionated irradiation: pathologic changes and
      isoeffect curves.
AB  - Canine lungs were irradiated with a range of total doses given in 2, 3, or 4 Gy
      per fraction. Sequential histopathologic evaluations were done at 1, 3, 6, and 12
      months. Pathologic changes in canine lungs were found to be similar to those
      found in other species demonstrating a clinically latent period, a pneumonitis
      phase, and late fibrosis and vascular damage. The relative impact of endothelial
      cell and pneumocyte injury on either early or late radiation injury of the lung
      is difficult to resolve. Therefore, it is not possible to define a target cell
      for lung injury at this time. The alpha/beta ratios determined in this study
      indicate that the target cell or cells associated with lung consolidation are
      slowly proliferating and represent late responding tissues. Lungs were evaluated
      histomorphometrically for alveolar air space and radiographically for alveolar
      consolidation at 6 months after irradiation. Alpha/beta ratios of 3 Gy and 4 Gy
      were calculated respectively. Both assays demonstrated an increasing effect on
      lung damage with increasing fraction size from 2 to 4 Gy. Application of the LQ
      model and use of alpha/beta ratios for calculation of dose adjustments remains
      theoretical. Clinical data are insufficient to define specific alpha/beta ratios
      for the various normal tissues at risk in radiation therapy. The data are
      sufficient to demonstrate the sparing effects of decreasing size of dose per
      fraction for late responding tissue. Results of this study suggest caution
      against the use of large doses per fraction for radiation therapy fields which
      include large lung volumes.

PMID- 2912934
TI  - Response of human tumor cell lines in vitro to fractionated irradiation.
AB  - The surviving fraction of human tumor cell lines after 2 Gy (SF2) varies between
      0.1 and 0.8. It has been postulated that differences in inherent radiosensitivity
      of tumor cells are a major determinant of radiation response in vivo. Assays of
      inherent radiosensitivity based on acute survival are being developed as
      predictors of tumor response which often assume that the same inherent
      radiosensitivity persists throughout a fractionated treatment. We have
      investigated the response of 2 human tumor cell lines (A549 and MCF7) with
      different inherent radiosensitivities to in vitro fractionated irradiation. A549
      cells had an SF2 of 0.62 and a mean inactivation dose (D) of 3.07 Gy whereas MCF7
      cells had an SF2 of 0.30 and a D of 1.52 Gy. Split dose repair capacity (at equal
      survival levels) was less for A549 than for MCF7 cells and recovery kinetics for
      both cell lines were substantially longer than those of rodent cell lines.
      Survival after 5 fractions of 2 Gy given 12 hr apart at 37 degrees C was near to
      that predicted from the acute survival curve, assuming complete repair and no
      proliferation. Acute survival of A549 cells which survived 5 fractions of 2 Gy
      given 12 hr apart was similar to the acute survival of unirradiated cells. When
      A549 cells were incubated at 22 degrees C between 5 fractions of 2 Gy given 12 hr
      apart, proliferation and split dose repair were substantially inhibited. These
      studies support the proposals to use in vitro inherent radiosensitivity assays
      for the prediction of in vivo response of tumors to fractionated treatment.

PMID- 2912935
TI  - Tumor bed effect-induced reduction of tumor radiocurability through the increase
      in hypoxic cell fraction.
AB  - Two murine tumors, designated FSA and SA-NH, that exhibit strong tumor bed effect
      (TBE), were found to be less radiocurable if they grew in the preirradiated s.c.
      tissue. Tumors were transplanted into the right thighs irradiated with 30 Gy one
      day earlier, and were irradiated when they grew to 6 mm. The TBE-caused reduction
      in tumor radiocurability was manifested by the increase in TCD50 values. Tumor
      irradiation under hypoxic conditions increased TCD50 values less, and the hypoxic
      cell radiosensitizer misonidazole reduced TCD50 values more, when tumors grew in
      preirradiated than when they grew in unirradiated legs. This implies that TBE
      induced increase in TCD50 was due to increase in hypoxic fraction of tumor cells.
      For 6 mm SA-NH tumor the estimated increase in hypoxic cell fraction was from the
      control value of 3% to 12%. Thus, TBE causes the reduction in tumor
      radiocurability through the increase in hypoxic fraction of tumor cells.

PMID- 2912936
TI  - 3H-misonidazole labeling and viability of hypoxic cells in the sandwich system,
      an in vitro tumor analogue.
AB  - 3H-misonidazole was used as a marker of hypoxic cells in an in vitro tumor
      analogue, the sandwich system. MISO binding was assessed in situ, using
      autoradiography. Binding profiles indicate that there are regions of
      radiobiological hypoxia surrounding the necrotic center in sandwiches of the V79
      cell line and in sandwiches of the 9L cell line. Grains per cell were counted and
      detailed statistics on the variation of intrinsic binding among cells in the same
      microenvironment are presented. There is a systematic decrease in the standard
      deviation of grains per cell as one examines populations of cells further and
      further from the nutrient and oxygen source. Kinetic studies show that the growth
      fraction of the cell population also decreases with distance from the nutrient
      source. These findings taken together suggest that MISO binding is proportional
      to cell size and cells in the inner noncycling portion of the sandwich are more
      nearly uniform in size. Sandwich cells which exhibit heavy MISO binding, and are
      presumably radiobiologically hypoxic, were shown to be still viable if restored
      to good nutrient and oxygen conditions.

PMID- 2912937
TI  - Phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy and blood perfusion of the RIF-1
      tumor following X-irradiation.
AB  - Phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectra were obtained from the RIF-1 tumor in
      C3H mice before and up to 2 days after various doses of X rays. Parallel studies
      were performed to measure relative changes in tumor blood perfusion using
      [14C]iodo-antipyrine and changes in % tumor necrosis using Chalkley's method.
      Tumor ratios of phosphocreatine to inorganic phosphate (PCr/Pi) and nucleotide
      triphosphates to inorganic phosphate (NTP/Pi) as well as pH as measured by 31P
      MRS increased significantly at most time points after irradiation with doses of
      5, 10, and 20 Gy. Tumor blood perfusion was found to significantly improve after
      a dose of 20 Gy but not after a dose of 2 Gy. Percent tumor necrosis increased to
      about 3 times its control level at 1 day after a dose of 20 Gy and then declined
      to about twice its control value at 2 days. The magnitude of the changes in the
      31P-MRS parameters makes it unlikely that any of them are entirely due to
      radiation-induced changes in the radiobiologically hypoxic fraction of these
      tumors. Changes in the necrotic fraction did not appear to influence the tumor
      spectra. However, the observed improvement in tumor blood perfusion may have
      resulted in an increase in oxidative phosphorylation of the whole tumor
      population as well as a clearance of inorganic phosphate and acid metabolites, so
      that 31P-MRS changes may indirectly reflect changes in tumor blood perfusion.

PMID- 2912938
TI  - A comparison of the roles of surgery and radiation therapy in the management of
      craniopharyngiomas.
AB  - Fifty-two patients with craniopharyngioma were seen between January 1961 and July
      1986. Of these, 40 were treated with surgery alone, 8 with surgery and
      postoperative radiotherapy, and 3 with radiotherapy alone. One patient received
      no treatment. For the group treated with surgery alone, 33% (13/40) had local
      tumor control, 42.5% (17/40) developed major complications, and 71% (25/35)
      survived 5 years. With surgery and postoperative radiotherapy, 100% (8/8) had
      local tumor control, 25% (2/8) developed major complications, and 100% (7/7)
      survived 5 years. Two of the three patients treated with radiotherapy alone had
      local tumor control and the third was salvaged with surgery. The "complete
      resection" rate for 32 patients treated with radical surgery was 63% (20/32).
      Tumor control was achieved in 50% (10/20) of the patients treated with "complete
      resection" without radiotherapy, in 15% (3/20) of the patients treated with
      "incomplete resection" without radiotherapy, and in 100% (8/8) of the patients
      treated with "incomplete resection" and postoperative radiotherapy. In this
      series, doses of 5000-5500 cGy were as effective in achieving control as 5500
      6000 or 6000-7000 cGy.

PMID- 2912939
TI  - Auger electron contribution to bromodeoxyuridine cellular radiosensitization.
AB  - Halogenated thymidine analogs become incorporated into the DNA of proliferating
      cells during S-phase and may be used clinically to radiosensitize tumors that are
      otherwise poorly responsive to radiation. Although radiosensitization has been
      studied for years, mechanisms of radiosensitization are poorly understood. One
      possible mechanism involves the release of short range, high-LET, Auger electrons
      following photoelectric absorption of an X ray by the K-shell of the incorporated
      halogen. Such absorption occurs only with X ray energies slightly greater than
      the K-shell binding energy. We report the results of an experiment designed to
      measure this effect, in which cultured monolayers of Chinese hamster V79 cells,
      with 32% replacement of thymidine by bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR), were exposed to
      monoenergetic X rays just below (13.450 KeV) or above (13.490 KeV) the K-edge
      (13.475 KeV) of bromine. Enhancement ratios calculated in five different ways
      were slightly increased (3-12%) above the K-edge compared to below. However, only
      a calculation using a linear-quadratic fit to the data and a surviving fraction
      of 0.01 demonstrated a statistically significant increased enhancement ratio
      (12%) above the K-edge. We conclude that Auger electrons produced following
      photoelectric absorption of X rays by the K-shell of bromine contribute minimally
      to observed BUdR cellular radiosensitization.

PMID- 2912940
TI  - Interaction between the microtubule inhibitor tubulozole and gamma-irradiation in
      murine tumors in vivo.
AB  - The combined effect of the microtubule inhibitor tubulozole and gamma-irradiation
      has been investigated in vivo in subcutaneous MO4 fibrosarcomas and Lewis Lung
      carcinomas. A marked interactive effect on tumor growth was observed when 160
      mg/kg tubulozole was orally administered before the tumors were treated with 10
      Gy radiation. Dose dependency and optimal effect were obtained on tumor growth of
      MO4 tumor bearing animals when the drug treatment was given 6 hr prior to the
      irradiation. The optimal pretreatment time coincided with the time at which a
      peak mitotic index in the tumor tissue was observed. An enhancing effect is also
      noticed at other doses of radiation in MO4 tumors pretreated 6 hr before with 160
      mg/kg tubulozole. The interactive effect is maintained in a clinically relevant
      dose fractionation schedule whereby 8 fractions of 2 Gy each were pretreated 6 hr
      before with 80 mg/kg tubulozole. Tubulozole-T, the stereo-isomer of tubulozole,
      neither exhibits any antimicrotubular action nor exerts an antitumoral effect on
      its own or in combination with gamma-irradiation. The possible mechanisms of
      interaction between tubulozole and gamma-irradiation in tumor tissue are
      discussed.

PMID- 2912941
TI  - Hyperthermic "dose" dependent changes in intralesional pH.
AB  - Following hyperthermia a dramatic drop in intra-lesional pH has occurred in a
      variety of experimental tumor systems. To date, no direct observations have been
      made that document the time course of such changes or the recovery from such
      changes over prolonged periods of time. These experiments were designed to
      measure intralesional pH as a function of time following "doses" of hyperthermia
      related to specific biological end points. All studies were conducted in the C3H
      mammary carcinoma tumor model system. Intralesional temperature was continuously
      monitored throughout treatment and post treatment pH was measured with
      microelectrodes at several specific time points ranging from 4 hrs to 7 days. The
      pretreatment control value of mean pH was 6.73. At the TCD90 "dose" level the
      mean value of pH dropped to a level of 6.22 +/- .095 while following the TCD10
      "dose" the value obtained was 6.55 +/- .148. Recovery of the pH to higher values
      followed similar time courses returning to maximum values approximately 3 days
      post treatment. The recovery, plateau levels of pH were however, separated by
      approximately .3 pH units with the higher "dose" curve always at lower values
      than that achieved following the lower "dose".

PMID- 2912942
TI  - The effect of hyperthermia on the uptake and cytotoxicity of melphalan in Chinese
      hamster ovary cells.
AB  - The effect of temperature on the cytotoxicity of melphalan in CHO cells was
      studied in an in vitro clonogenic assay. The cytotoxicity of melphalan was
      significantly increased at elevated temperatures with a 4 fold increase in
      cytotoxicity at 42 degrees C compared to 37 degrees C. The effect of temperature
      on membrane permeability to melphalan was studied to determine whether the
      increase in cytotoxicity was due to increased intracellular drug levels.
      Melphalan influx and efflux rates both increase with increasing temperature.
      There is, however, a small net increase in steady state intracellular drug levels
      with increasing temperature with a 20% increase in intracellular drug levels at
      42 degrees C compared to 37 degrees C. The increase in drug uptake observed in
      insufficient to explain the much greater increase in cytotoxicity with increasing
      temperature.

PMID- 2912943
TI  - Response of mediastinal Hodgkin's disease to radiotherapy: rate of tumor
      regression not predictive of outcome.
AB  - The record of 18 patients with Stage II Hodgkin's disease and large mediastinal
      masses, who received radiation therapy as sole treatment for their disease, were
      reviewed. The ratio of each patient's maximum tumor diameter to his maximum
      transthoracic diameter was measured from radiographs taken prior to treatment,
      and at two intervals approximating 1/3 and 2/3 the total radiation dose. The
      slopes of the resulting graphed data points were correlated with patient
      outcomes. No correlation could be drawn between prompt or slow tumor regression
      and freedom from tumor recurrence. It is concluded that the rate of tumor mass
      regression in Hodgkin's disease is not predictive of the ultimate success or
      failure of radiation therapy, and should not be used as a criterion by which to
      judge the need for additional systemic chemotherapy.

PMID- 2912944
TI  - Treatment planning for permanent and temporary percutaneous implants with custom
      made templates.
AB  - Nine patients who were presented at MSKCC with primary or recurrent pelvic or
      head and neck tumors and for whom surgery or further external radiation were
      excluded, were treated with percutaneous permanent or temporary implants, with
      individual pre-treatment planning and custom made templates. The tumor dose
      distributions achieved were as good as for implants performed at the time of
      surgical exploration. No serious complications have been encountered.

PMID- 2912945
TI  - A study of splenic irradiation in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
AB  - A retrospective study was performed to assess the effect of splenic irradiation
      (SI) on splenomegaly, splenic pain, anemia, and thrombocytopenia in patients with
      chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Twenty-two patients received 32 courses of SI. Of
      31 courses of SI given for splenomegaly there were 19 responders (61%). Ten
      courses of SI were given for splenic pain resulting in partial relief of pain in
      4 courses and complete relief in 4 courses. Only 4 of 16 courses given for anemia
      resulted in elevations of hemaglobin of 2 g/dL or more. Of the 14 courses of SI
      given for thrombocytopenia there were only 2 responses with platelet counts
      decreasing further in another 9 courses. The median duration of response was 14
      months (range: 3-116 months). There was no dose-response relationship detected
      for SI in CLL. Treatment related toxicity was hematologic and secondary to
      leucopenia and thrombocytopenia. We recommend the use of small fraction sizes of
      25 cGy to 50 cGy and close monitoring of hematological parameters. Splenic
      irradiation effectively palliates splenomegaly and reduces spleen size in CLL. It
      was of limited value in correcting anemia and thrombocytopenia in this patient
      population.

PMID- 2912946
TI  - The value of treatment planning using CT and an immobilizing shell in
      radiotherapy for paranasal sinus carcinomas.
AB  - This article describes a method which uses CT scans and immobilizing shells
      radiation treatment planning (CT-assisted planning) for paranasal sinus
      carcinomas and the value of this method on the treatment outcome. Results of the
      treatment for 82 patients who had CT-assisted planning were compared with that of
      88 patients who had no such treatment planning. It has been concluded that the
      combined use of CT and the shell in treatment planning permitted a 3-dimensional
      localization of both the tumor and critical normal structures with great
      accuracy, leading to an improved long-term survival and a reduced complication
      rate. The multivariate regression analysis for predicting significant prognostic
      factors also confirmed the valuable role of CT in terms of survival and primary
      tumor control. The actuarial 5-year survival rate was 51% in all patients,
      whereas, by using CT-assisted planning, it was improved to 61%. The improved
      survival was observed among the patients with tumors of the suprastructures where
      tumors were located adjacent to the critical organs (brain and eye). Major
      complications attributable to radiation have included instances of brain and
      ocular damage. CT-assisted planning, however, has been proven effective in
      avoiding brain necrosis and preserving eye sight.

PMID- 2912947
TI  - Postoperative irradiation for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: an
      analysis of treatment results and complications.
AB  - One hundred thirty-four patients with advanced head and neck cancer were treated
      with radical surgery and postoperative radiation therapy between October 1964 and
      October 1984. All patients had greater than or equal to 2 years and 84% had
      greater than or equal to 5 years of follow-up. All patients included in the study
      were scheduled to receive continuous-course irradiation following a major cancer
      operation for previously untreated squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity,
      oropharynx, hypopharynx, or larynx and began radiation treatment less than or
      equal to 3 months after the surgical procedure. Ninety-six percent had AJCC
      pathologic Stage III or IV cancer, and all were without evidence of gross disease
      at the start of irradiation. The majority of recurrences above the clavicles
      occurred in the primary field (84%) as opposed to the posterior strip (8%) or low
      neck (8%). Based on multivariate analysis and tabular comparisons, 4 factors were
      found to be significantly important for predicting disease control above the
      clavicles: (a) Surgical margin (5-year actuarial control with invasive cancer at
      the margin, 53%, versus 81% with negative margins, p = .009). Patients with close
      margins or in situ cancer at the margins had the same rate of control as those
      with negative margins. (b) Primary site (oral cavity, 64%, versus other sites,
      83%; p = .029). (c) Neck Stage (N0-1 versus N2-3). (d) Number of indications for
      irradiation--for example, bone invasion, multiple positive nodes, perineural
      invasion (1-3 indications, 85%, versus greater than or equal to 4, 62%; p = .06).
      The rate of disease control above the clavicles did not correlate well with AJCC
      pathologic stage: Stage I-II, 67%; Stage III, 81%; Stage IVA (T1-3, N2-3A), 68%;
      Stage IVB (T4 and/or N3B), 80%. The interval between surgery and the start of
      irradiation (range 1-10 weeks) also was not prognostically important, even with
      stratification by tumor dose, surgical margin, and number of indications for
      irradiation. At 5 years, the actuarial survival rate was 33% for the entire
      group; for patients with invasive cancer at the margin, the survival rate was
      approximately half that of those whose margins were free of invasive cancer (17%
      versus 37%). Based on multivariate analysis, 2 factors were found to
      significantly increase the probability of death due to cancer: (a) neck Stage (N0
      1 versus N2-3); (b) extension of tumor from the primary site into the skin or
      soft tissues of the neck.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2912948
TI  - A new technique for endocavitary irradiation of the esophagus.
AB  - Recently, high-dose rate intracavitary irradiation has been used as a boost
      therapy or a palliative therapy in the treatment of the esophageal carcinoma. The
      new intraesophageal device is based on a modified Sengstaken-Blackemore tube. On
      the surface of the esophageal balloon of the S-B tube Cyponil tubes are fixed as
      iridium containers. The device is placed at the level of the neoplastic lesion.
      Treatment tolerance is good.

PMID- 2912949
TI  - Three-dimensional display techniques in radiation therapy treatment planning.
AB  - Good radiation treatment planning requires that the target volume be treated with
      a high and uniform dose of radiation while irradiating normal tissue as little as
      possible. Even if the merits of a given treatment plan are judged only on the
      appearance of isodose lines in one or a few planes it can sometimes be difficult
      for the experienced radiation oncologist to select the best of several
      alternative plans. If consideration is given to the entire spatial distribution
      of dose, however, the problem becomes far more difficult because of the enormous
      amount of data that must be evaluated. We believe that the lack of suitable
      methods to display these data has greatly contributed to the slow incorporation
      of 3D considerations into routine radiation treatment planning. In the past few
      years there have been great advances in both the theory of how to produce
      effective 3D displays and in the display hardware itself. In this paper we survey
      some of the methods used at the University of North Carolina, and show specific
      examples of how these displays can be used in radiation therapy treatment
      planning.

PMID- 2912951
TI  - Methods: endocavitary irradiation.

PMID- 2912950
TI  - Semi-automated radiotherapy treatment planning with a mathematical model to
      satisfy treatment goals.
AB  - Iterative algorithms can provide a feasible solution, if any exists, to specified
      treatment goals. Our model subdivides both the patient's cross section into a
      fine grid of points and the radiation beam into a set of "pencil" rays. The
      anatomy, treatment machine parameters, dose limits and homogeneity, are all
      defined. This process of subdivision leads to a large system of linear
      inequalities with a solution that provides a radiation intensity distribution
      that will deliver a prescribed dose distribution. The clinical results from two
      different algorithms will be presented and contrasted. Once the anatomy,
      treatment, and machine parameters have been entered, the computerized algorithms
      yield an answer in several minutes. The Cimmino algorithm also allows "weights"
      or priority assignments of the treatment goals. The resulting solution is biased
      towards fulfilling the specified doses for the anatomic regions which were given
      greater weight. It is desirable to have a systematic search of possible treatment
      alternatives in complex clinical situations, including 3-dimensional radiation
      therapy treatment planning (RTTP). Our method has been applied to 2-D RTTP, but
      is equally applicable to 3-D RTTP with minor modifications.

PMID- 2912952
TI  - Long SSD endocavitary rectal irradiation technique.

PMID- 2912953
TI  - The role of cranial irradiation in low risk ALL.

PMID- 2912954
TI  - Molecular mechanisms of oxygen and "electron-affinic" radiosensitizers.

PMID- 2912955
TI  - Prognosis following local or regional recurrence after conservative surgery and
      radiotherapy for early stage breast carcinoma.
AB  - Factors which influence patient prognosis following a breast recurrence or
      regional nodal recurrence after initial treatment of early-stage invasive breast
      carcinoma with conservative surgery and radiotherapy are not well known. Ninety
      patients treated at the Joint Center for Radiation Therapy treated from 1968-1981
      had a recurrence in the treated breast before (84) or simultaneous with (6)
      distant metastases. Sixty-five patients had salvage mastectomy (median subsequent
      follow-up in patients without further disease, 32 months; range, 1-123 months).
      The five-year rate of further recurrence in this group was 37%. The most
      important variable associated with subsequent outcome was the histology of the
      recurrent tumor. There were no further recurrences among 10 patients with purely
      non-invasive cancer or 10 patients with predominantly non-invasive disease and
      only focal areas of invasion. In contrast, 17/45 patients (38%) with
      predominantly infiltrating tumors suffered further local-regional recurrences (6)
      or distant metastases (11) following mastectomy (5-year actuarial rate, 55%) (p
      less than 0.05). Ten patients developed regional nodal failures without evidence
      of simultaneous breast recurrence (1 internal mammary, 3 supraclavicular, 1 both
      supraclavicular and axillary, and 5 axillary). Only 3 of these 10 (all with
      axillary node failures) did not have simultaneous distant metastases; they remain
      alive without evidence of further distant or local-regional recurrence following
      salvage treatment 1, 59, and 87 months after recurrence. We conclude that the
      great majority of the patients (88% in this series) who have a breast recurrence
      following initial conservative surgery and radiation therapy for early stage
      breast carcinoma will have disease limited to the breast clinically and tumors
      amenable to salvage mastectomy. Salvage mastectomy appears to be effective
      treatment for patients with an isolated breast recurrence, especially if the
      recurrence is predominantly or wholly non-invasive.

PMID- 2912956
TI  - Prognostic value of hemoglobin concentrations and blood transfusions in advanced
      carcinoma of the cervix treated by radiation therapy: results of a retrospective
      study of 386 patients.
AB  - A retrospective study was carried out on 386 patients with advanced cervical
      carcinomas treated with radiation therapy between 1973 and 1983. The influence of
      hemoglobin concentrations and blood transfusions before and/or during treatment
      on the occurrence of distant and/or local regional failures were examined in a
      univariate and multivariate analyses. In the multivariate analysis hemoglobin
      concentrations were prognostic only during treatment and patients with at least
      one value below the threshold of 10 gm% had a significantly higher risk of local
      regional failure than the patients with all their values above the threshold.
      Moreover 70% of these high risk patients had less than half of their values below
      the threshold. It is possible that blood transfusions might be beneficial when
      given before treatment. However, although it was not significant, blood
      transfusions given during treatment tended to be an adverse prognostic factor
      suggesting that blood transfusions might not have completely offset acute anemia
      prior to transfusion. Our study suggests that anemia during treatment, even of
      short duration might be detrimental to patients.

PMID- 2912957
TI  - Solitary plasmacytoma of bone: Mayo Clinic experience.
AB  - A review of 46 cases of solitary plasmacytoma of bone was undertaken in an
      attempt to better define the clinical features and prognostic indicators
      associated with this disease. Criteria for inclusion in the study included the
      following: (a) solitary lytic bone lesion on skeletal survey; (b) histologic
      confirmation of the lesion; and (c) bone marrow plasmacytosis of less than 10
      percent. Patients with extramedullary plasmacytomas and osteosclerotic lesions
      were excluded. All patients were evaluated with serum and urine protein studies
      at the time of diagnosis. The median follow-up was 90 months with a minimum of 30
      months. Fifty-four percent of the lesions involved the vertebral column. The
      thoracic spine was the single most commonly involved site (13/46 patients). The
      initial lesion was treated with radiotherapy in all but three patients in whom
      complete surgical resection was achieved. Total doses ranged from less than 20 Gy
      to 70 Gy with a median of 39.75 Gy. Overall, 54% developed multiple myeloma, 2%
      failed with new bone lesions without multiple myeloma, and 11% developed local
      recurrences. No patient receiving 45 Gy or more to the solitary lesion had a
      local failure. While the median time to progression was 18 months, 23% of the
      failures occurred after 60 months. The five local failures occurred at 7, 12, 18,
      40, and 114 months. The overall survival was 74% at 5 years and 45% at 10 years.
      The 5- and 10-year disease-free survivals, however, were 43 and 25%,
      respectively. Evidence of abnormal serum and/or urine protein was found in 25 of
      46 patients. Neither survival nor disease-free survival was significantly
      influenced by the presence of abnormal proteins even if they persisted after
      irradiation.

PMID- 2912958
TI  - Results of a prospective study evaluating the effects of mantle irradiation on
      pulmonary function.
AB  - Thirty patients with Stages I-III Hodgkin's disease receiving mantle irradiation
      were prospectively evaluated prior to therapy with spirometry, lung volumes, and
      tests of diffusing capacity (DLCO). Follow-up examinations were performed at 3,
      6, and 12 months and then yearly. Sixteen patients had Hodgkin's disease
      involving the mediastinum at presentation, 10 were smokers, and 16 received
      either preirradiation or postirradiation chemotherapy. Mantle doses ranged
      between 2300 cGy and 4000 cGy (mode of 3750 cGy) given at 150 cGy to 170 cGy
      tumor dose per day with split-course technique. Pulmonary function test results
      were translated to percent change from predicted values obtained from normal
      standards for each age, sex, race, and height. These percent changes were then
      analyzed as a linear function of time. Twenty patients have been tested greater
      than or equal to 4 years after treatment with a median time from treatment to
      last pulmonary function test of 8 years. Changes over time in spirometry included
      an early, mild decrease in both forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory
      volume at 1 second (FEV1), which returned to baseline by 2 years and then
      gradually decreased to a 10-15% deficit as compared with predicted values at 6-10
      years. Additionally, there was a very slight decrease in FEV1/FVC beginning at 1
      year and gradually increasing to an 8% deficit at 6-10 years. Changes over time
      in lung volumes included a mild nadir of total lung capacity (TLC) and functional
      residual capacity (FRC) at 6 months to a year, which returned to baseline at 2-4
      years and then gradually dropped to a 5-10% deficit at 6-10 years. Mean DLCO for
      the study group was 20% below predicted values prior to treatment and dropped to
      a low of 30% below predicted at 6 months following treatment, then gradually
      returned to baseline by 4 years and showed continued improvement to an overall
      deficit of approximately 10% at 6-10 years. With the exception of FEV1/FVC, the
      changes noted in spirometry and lung volumes were of insufficient degree to be
      classified as abnormal. The decrease in FEV1/FVC is indicative of a significant
      and progressive obstructive ventilatory defect. The effects on pulmonary function
      tests of smoking, the presence of mediastinal involvement by Hodgkin's disease,
      and exposure to chemotherapy were assessed by statistical analysis. No subsets of
      patients demonstrated consistent evidence of a restrictive ventilatory defect
      expected after irradiation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2912959
TI  - Carcinoma of the cervix: analysis of bladder and rectal radiation dose and
      complications.
AB  - From April 1969 through December 1980, 527 patients with epidermoid carcinoma of
      the cervix received radical radiation therapy at North Carolina Memorial Hospital
      (NCMH). The treatment was designed to deliver a combined dose (external beam plus
      intracavitary) of 7000-8000 cGy to Point A and 5000-6500 cGy to the pelvic lymph
      nodes depending upon the stage of the disease. The maximum dose to the bladder
      and to the rectum were calculated from the orthogonal intracavitary placement
      films with contrast material in these organs. Thirty-three cases of cystitis and
      fifty-eight cases of proctitis were recorded. The mean bladder dose for the group
      of patients with cystitis was higher, 6661 +/- 1309 cGy, than that for the
      patients without cystitis, 6298 +/- 1305 cGy, p = .19. The risk of cystitis
      increased as a function of bladder dose ranging from 3% for patients receiving
      less than or equal to 5000 cGy to the bladder to 12% for patients receiving
      greater than or equal to 8001 cGy to the bladder. A similar correlation was also
      found for rectal dose and proctitis. The mean rectal dose for the group of
      patients with proctitis was higher, 6907 +/- 981 cGy, than that for the patients
      without proctitis, 6381 +/- 1290 cGy, p = .003. The risk of proctitis increased
      as a function of rectal dose ranging from 2% for patients receiving less than or
      equal to 5000 cGy to the rectum to 18% for patients receiving greater than or
      equal to 8001 cGy to the rectum. A study of the severity of the cystitis as a
      function of bladder dose revealed a relationship between bladder dose and the
      severity of the complication (Grade I cystitis = 6600 +/- 1318 cGy vs Grade III
      cystitis = 6856 +/- 853 cGy). A dose-response relationship was found between the
      rectal dose and the severity of the complication (Grade I proctitis = 6810 +/-
      906 cGy vs Grade III proctitis = 6997 +/- 1137 cGy). This relationship was
      statistically significant, p = .003. While there was no difference in the
      frequency of cystitis as a function of dose to the whole pelvis, the risk of
      proctitis did increase with increasing doses of external beam to the whole
      pelvis. It ranged from 3% for patients who received 2000 cGy or less to the whole
      pelvis to 14% for patients who received greater than 4000 cGy to the whole
      pelvis, p = .02.

PMID- 2912960
TI  - Studies on the mechanism of the iodination of tyrosine by lactoperoxidase.
AB  - Studies with lactoperoxidase showed that a highly reactive intermediate is
      produced (on the enzyme) from I- and H2O2 which then diffuses from the enzyme and
      very rapidly and indiscriminately iodinates any Tyr or peptides containing Tyr
      which are in the same solution. The evidence supporting these conclusions
      follows. 1) The rate followed the Michaelis-Menten pattern with I- and H2O2 while
      the concentration of Tyr peptides had no measurable effect on the rate; 2) the
      rates of reaction were independent of the type of peptide in which Tyr was
      located; 3) the amount of iodination which had occurred after the reaction had
      gone to completion and the amounts of monoiodination and diiodination after
      completion of the reaction were independent of the peptide type, the pH, the
      solvent polarity, or the ionic strength; 4) competition for reaction by two very
      different Tyr peptides depended only on their initial concentrations; and 5)
      iodination of a large protein occurred through a dialysis membrane. Free Tyr was
      iodinated at the same rate as Tyr peptides by lactoperoxidase, but
      monoiodotyrosine and m-fluorotyrosine were iodinated at one-half that rate. The
      results also showed that one can choose ratios of [peptide] to [H2O2] such that
      monoiodination is maximized relative to diiodination. It was also found that the
      iodination capacity of a mixture of I- and H2O2 with lactoperoxidase (when Tyr
      was absent) was only slowly dissipated. Finally, the results showed that
      lactoperoxidase can be used to brominate and chlorinate Tyr peptides at a slow
      rate.

PMID- 2912961
TI  - Identification of a Mr = 17,000 protein as the plastoquinone-binding protein in
      the cytochrome b6-f complex from spinach chloroplasts.
AB  - An azidoquinone derivative, 3-azido-2-methyl-5-methoxy-6-(3,7-dimethyl[3H]octyl)
      1,4-benzoquinone (azido-Q), was used to study the plastoquinone-protein
      interaction and to identify the plastoquinone-binding protein in the cytochrome
      b6-f complex from spinach chloroplasts. When the lipid- and plastoquinone
      deficient cytochrome b6-f complex is incubated with varying concentrations of
      azido-Q and illuminated with long wavelength UV light for 7 min at 2 degrees C,
      the enzymatic activity, assayed after reconstitution with lipid, decreases as the
      concentration of azido-Q increases. Maximum inactivation (45%) is observed when
      30 mol of azido-Q is used per mol of cytochrome f. The extent of the decrease in
      activity upon illumination correlates with the amount of azido-Q incorporated
      into the protein. The 50% inactivation is in good agreement with that expected
      based on the amount of plastoquinone deficiency of the isolated enzyme complex.
      When the photolyzed, [3H]azido-Q-treated sample is extracted with organic solvent
      and subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,
      radioactivity is found primarily in the Mr = 17,000 subunit. When the enzyme is
      pretreated with the electron transfer inhibitor 2,5-dibromo-3-methyl-6
      isopropylbenzoquinone or 5-n-undecyl-6-hydroxy-4,7-dioxobenzothiazole,
      significantly less radioactive label is observed in the Mr = 17,000 protein,
      suggesting that the action sites of these inhibitors are the same or near the
      plastoquinone-binding site. When the deficient complex is reconstituted with
      glycolipid prior to the addition of azido-Q, less than 5% inactivation is
      observed upon photolysis, and the amount of radioactive label on the Mr = 17,000
      protein decreases greatly, suggesting that the plastoquinone-binding site is
      easily masked by glycolipid when endogenous plastoquinone is absent. Plastoquinol
      2 apparently competes with azido-Q for the plastoquinone-binding site since it
      decreases the radioactive label on the Mr = 17,000 protein.

PMID- 2912962
TI  - Oocytes from the mutant restricted ovulator hen lack receptor for very low
      density lipoprotein.
AB  - Hens of the "Restricted Ovulator" (R/O) chicken strain are characterized by the
      absence of egg-laying and concomitant severe hyperlipidemia due to a single gene
      defect (Ho, K. J., Lawrence, W. D., Lewis, L. A., Liu, L. B., and Taylor, C. B.
      (1974) Arch. Pathol. 98, 161-172). However, the underlying biochemical defect has
      not been identified. Previous studies on receptor-mediated growth of chicken
      oocytes have led to the characterization of a 95-kDa oocyte plasma membrane
      receptor that binds very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) (George, R., Barber, D.
      L., and Schneider, W. J. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 16838-16847). The current
      experiments demonstrate the absence of this receptor from R/O oocytes. Ligand
      binding experiments showed that ovarian membranes from mutant hens failed to
      display high affinity, saturable, and specific binding of 125I-VLDL. Ligand
      blotting with 125I-VLDL and Western blotting with polyclonal anti-receptor
      antibodies visualized the 95-kDa receptor in normal oocytes, but R/O ovarian
      membranes were devoid of any cross-reactive protein. Finally, plasma clearance of
      intravenously injected 125I-VLDL was dramatically impaired in R/O in comparison
      to normal hens, with a concomitant decrease in the radioactivity accumulating in
      R/O oocytes. These data strongly suggest that the absence of the 95-kDa receptor
      for VLDL from oocytes is responsible for the R/O phenotype, and that the receptor
      not only binds VLDL, but also mediates its uptake. This animal model provides a
      powerful tool for investigations of receptor-mediated growth of chicken oocytes
      and for the elucidation of regulatory mechanisms in lipid and lipoprotein
      metabolism of laying hens.

PMID- 2912963
TI  - Kinetics of p-mercuribenzoate binding to sulfhydryl groups on the isolated
      cytoplasmic fragment of band 3 protein. Effect of hemoglobin binding on the
      conformation.
AB  - Hemoglobin binds to the cytoplasmic domain of band 3 protein (CDB3) at
      physiologic pH and ionic strength in an oxygen-linked fashion, with
      deoxyhemoglobin having the higher affinity. The evidence in the literature
      suggests functional communication between the hemoglobin-binding site on CDB3 and
      the anion transport sites within the membrane-bound domain of band 3. Since the
      hemoglobin-binding site is estimated to be over 200 A from the transport domain,
      the functional communication hypothesis would require the existence of long
      range, global changes in the CDB3 dimeric quaternary structure consequent to
      hemoglobin binding. In this report sulfhydryl reactivity toward p-mercuribenzoate
      is studied in an attempt to identify such long-range conformational changes.
      Formation of stoichiometric hemoglobin/CDB3 complexes is shown to produce major
      changes in sulfhydryl reactivity. Since the sulfhydryl pocket of CDB3 is known to
      lie at the dimeric interface over 100 A from the hemoglobin-binding site, the
      observed changes in reactivity suggest that hemoglobin complexation induces a
      global change in quaternary structure of the CDB3 dimer. This change offers a
      mechanism to explain functional connections between CDB3-binding sites and the
      anion transport sites on band 3. The existence of such long-range conformational
      changes would imply that the CDB3 dimer is poised to function as a cytosolic arm
      or lever in order to modulate the global structure of the porter.

PMID- 2912964
TI  - Analysis of the proteoglycans synthesized by corneal explants from embryonic
      chicken. I. Characterization of the culture system with emphasis on stromal
      proteoglycan biosynthesis.
AB  - Corneal explants with scleral rims were freshly prepared from day 18 chicken
      embryos and incubated in vitro for 3 h in the presence of various radioactive
      precursors. Radiolabeled proteoglycans were isolated from the stromal tissue and
      culture medium for analysis. Two predominant proteoglycans were identified in
      corneal stroma. One contains dermatan sulfate and the other contains keratan
      sulfate; a structural analysis of each is reported in the accompanying paper
      (Midura, R.J., and Hascall, V.C. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 1423-1430). A minor
      keratan sulfate proteoglycan distinct from the major form, a small amount of
      heparan sulfate proteoglycan, and some sulfated glycoproteins were also detected
      in stromal extracts. The biosynthesis of the dermatan sulfate proteoglycan was
      stable in vitro and in ovo, whereas that of the major keratan sulfate
      proteoglycan was stable only in ovo. Various treatments were tried to maintain a
      high rate of keratan sulfate synthesis with time in culture. Cooling the corneal
      explants to 5 degrees C was the only treatment that reduced this decline in
      keratan sulfate synthesis in vitro to any significant extent. Three major
      proteoglycans were observed in the culture medium. Two were dermatan sulfate
      proteoglycan and appeared to be mainly derived from the scleral tissue
      surrounding the corneal explant. The third proteoglycan contained keratan
      sulfate. It was smaller in size and lower in charge density compared to the
      keratan sulfate proteoglycan found in the stroma, but both appeared to have
      similar core protein sizes. It seems likely that this proteoglycan was
      synthesized in the stroma and secreted into the medium. A small amount of heparan
      sulfate proteoglycan and some sulfated glycoproteins were also detected in the
      medium.

PMID- 2912965
TI  - Phosphatidylethanol biosynthesis in ethanol-exposed NG108-15 neuroblastoma X
      glioma hybrid cells. Evidence for activation of a phospholipase D phosphatidyl
      transferase activity by protein kinase C.
AB  - 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) stimulates the release of free choline
      from intact NG108-15 cells into the medium, without affecting the release of
      phosphocholine (Liscovitch, M., Blusztajn, J.K., Freese, A., and Wurtman, R.J.
      (1987) Biochem. J. 241, 81-86). To test the hypothesis that this response
      reflects activation of cellular phospholipase D, via protein kinase C
      (Ca2+/phospholipid-dependent enzyme), I examined in NG108-15 cells the
      biosynthesis of the abnormal phospholipid phosphatidylethanol, produced by
      phospholipase D in the presence of ethanol by transphosphatidylation.
      Phosphatidylethanol production was quantitated by measuring the incorporation of
      phosphatidyl moieties (prelabeled metabolically with [3H]oleic acid) into
      phosphatidylethanol. The production of phosphatidylethanol in NG108-15 cells was
      virtually dependent on stimulation by TPA, in a time- and concentration-dependent
      manner (EC50 = 18 nM). The rate of 3H-phosphatidylethanol formation reached a
      peak after 10 min of incubation with TPA and declined gradually thereafter. The
      levels of 3H-phosphatidylethanol in TPA-treated cells were directly related to
      ethanol concentration in the physiologically attainable range (20-80 mM).
      Phosphatidylethanol production was activated only by phorbol derivatives that are
      activators of protein kinase C (i.e. TPA, 4 beta-phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate, and 4
      beta-phorbol-12,13-didecanoate) and could be mimicked by a cell-permeant
      diacylglycerol, 1,2-dioctanoyl-sn-glycerol, in a nonadditive manner. The effect
      of TPA was inhibited by the protein kinase C inhibitor 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)
      2-methylpiperazine (0.1 mM) by 70% but not by N-(2-guanidinoethyl)-5
      isoquinolinesulfonamide. Phosphatidylethanol formation was completely abolished
      in cells in which protein kinase C was down-regulated by pretreatment of the
      cells with TPA. These results indicate that phosphatidylethanol biosynthesis in
      NG108-15 cells depends largely on activation of protein kinase C. In contrast to
      its effects on the release of free choline and on the accumulation of
      phosphatidylethanol, TPA did not affect the levels of phosphatidic acid in NG108
      15 cells. It is therefore proposed that protein kinase C selectively activates
      the phosphatidyl transferase activity of phospholipase D, reflecting a signal
      termination mechanism which may be operative in phospholipase D-mediated signal
      transduction cascades.

PMID- 2912966
TI  - Host-range related structural features of the acidic extracellular
      polysaccharides of Rhizobium trifolii and Rhizobium leguminosarum.
AB  - Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and fast atom bombardment mass
      spectrometric analyses were performed on enzymatically derived oligosaccharides
      from the acidic excreted polysaccharides (EPS) from representative bacterial
      strains of the pea-nodulating symbiont, Rhizobium leguminosarum (128C53, 128C63,
      and 300) and the clover-nodulating symbiont, Rhizobium trifolii (NA-30, ANU843,
      0403, TA-1, LPR5035, USDA20.102, and 4S). The results revealed structural
      similarities and differences between EPS of these two species. Octasaccharide
      units containing galactose, glucuronic acid, alpha-L-threo-hex-4
      enopyranosyluronic acid, and glucose in a molar ratio of 1:1:1:5 were obtained
      from the EPS of the three R. leguminosarum strains and had the same primary
      glycosyl sequence and location of pyruvate, acetate, and 3-hydroxybutyrate
      substituents. About 80% of the galactose residues were acylated with 3
      hydroxybutyrate, and there were two acetyl groups per repeating unit distributed
      between the 2 glucose residues of the main chain-derived sequence of the
      octasaccharides. In contrast, the R. trifolii strains had varied EPS structures,
      each of which differed from the common R. leguminosarum EPS structure. The EPS
      from one group of R. trifolii strains (0403 and LPR5035) most closely resembled
      the R. leguminosarum EPS but differed in that a lower number of galactose and
      glucose residues were substituted by 3-hydroxybutyryl and acetyl groups,
      respectively. The EPS from a second group of R. trifolii strains (ANU843, TA-1,
      and NA-30) was even more different than the R. leguminosarum EPS. These R.
      trifolii octasaccharides bore a single acetyl group on O-3 of the glucuronic acid
      residue. In addition, the level of acylation by 3-hydroxybutyryl groups was 50%
      of that present in the R. leguminosarum EPS. The remaining two strains of R.
      trifolii (USDA20.102 and 4S) had very different patterns of acylation to each
      other and to all of the other strains. The EPS from strain USDA20.102 practically
      lacked 3-hydroxybutyryl groups and had a unique degree and pattern of
      acetylation. The oligomers from the EPS of R. trifolii strain 4S completely
      lacked 3-hydroxybutyryl groups and galactose. The latter EPS contained only one O
      1-carboxyethylidene group and had a different degree and pattern of acetylation.
      Interestingly, these two latter strains differ from the other R. trifolii strains
      in nodulation rates on rare clover species in the Trifolium cross-inoculation
      group. Thus, we define several groups of R. trifolii based upon their EPS
      structures and establish their similarities and distinct differences with the EPS
      of R. leguminosarum.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2912967
TI  - Specific binding of nuclear proteins to the promoter region of a maize nuclear
      rRNA gene unit.
AB  - The external spacer region of a nuclear rRNA gene unit of maize was analyzed for
      binding of nuclear proteins and revealed binding to the promoter region and to
      the 200-base pair repeat elements upstream of the promoter. The promoter binding
      site was further characterized by DNase I and exonuclease III foot-printing as
      well as by gel shift and South-Western experiments, revealing the binding of
      several proteins. Competition experiments indicate that the protein which
      interacts with the repeat units also binds to the promoter region. A model for
      the combined action of both binding regions in the regulation of transcription is
      presented.

PMID- 2912968
TI  - Phorbol ester stimulates the hydrolysis of phosphatidylethanolamine in leukemic
      HL-60, NIH 3T3, and baby hamster kidney cells.
AB  - Treatment of leukemic HL-60, NIH 3T3, and baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) cells,
      prelabeled with [2-14C]ethanolamine, with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate
      (TPA), a potent activator of protein kinase C, resulted in increased degradation
      of both 14C-labeled phosphatidylethanolamine and its alkenyl (plasmalogen)
      derivate. A half-maximal and a maximal (approximately 3.4-fold) stimulation of
      ethanolamine phospholipid degradation required 3 and 10-20 nM TPA, respectively.
      TPA had a similar concentration-dependent stimulatory effect on the hydrolysis of
      phosphatidylcholine in cells previously prelabeled with [methyl-14C]choline.
      Increased phospholipid degradation was not accompanied by the formation of
      lysophosphatidylethanolamine, indicating that a phospholipase A-type enzyme was
      not involved. About 80% of total water-soluble degradation products was
      ethanolamine, suggesting that phospholipid hydrolysis was catalyzed by a
      phospholipase D-type enzyme. Increased formation of ethanolamine with exposure of
      cells to TPA was observed only after a 10-min lag period. Mezerein, bryostatin,
      sn-1-oleoyl-2-acetylglycerol, and polymyxin B, all of which mimic the action of
      TPA on protein phosphorylation in vivo, also stimulated the hydrolysis of
      ethanolamine phospholipids in HL-60 cells, suggesting that the TPA effect was
      mediated by protein kinase C.

PMID- 2912969
TI  - Active and inactive forms of the transition-state analog protease inhibitor
      leupeptin: explanation of the observed slow binding of leupeptin to cathepsin B
      and papain.
AB  - Leupeptin and similar peptide argininal (arginine aldehyde) transition-state
      analog protease inhibitors exist in three covalent forms in aqueous solution, the
      leupeptin hydrate (IH), a cyclic carbinolamine form (IC) generated by the
      addition of the guanidino epsilon N to the aldehydic carbon, and the free
      aldehyde form (IA). 1H NMR in D2O show their equilibrium concentrations to be 42,
      56, and 2% for IH, IC (R and S enantiomers), and IA. The rates of conversion of
      (formula; see text) were determined by 1H NMR in D2O by trapping IA with
      semicarbazide. Application of a deuterium isotope effect of 2.8 led to rate
      constants in H2O for kC of 0.092 min-1 and kD of 0.73 min-1. The equilibrium
      concentration of IA and rates for kC and kD are then used to explain the lag
      phase in the inhibition of cathepsin B and papain by leupeptin. Two circumstances
      are observed. (i) At micromolar concentrations of leupeptin and papain the
      binding of leupeptin is biphasic with rate constants identical to kD and kC. (ii)
      At more dilute nanomolar concentrations of total leupeptin and proteases, the
      observed lag phase for approach to steady-state inhibition (with rate constant
      k') is now explained by the low values of the koff rate constants (0.072 min-1
      for cathepsin B and 0.024 min-1 for papain) together with the extremely low
      concentrations of the active inhibitor form IA, with k' = kon[IA] + koff. While
      kon[IA] is slow, the second-order rate constant kon is found to be quite fast,
      1.2 x 10(7) M-1 s-1 for cathepsin B and 1.8 x 10(7) M-1 s-1 for papain. Thus, the
      binding of leupeptin to cathepsin B and papain may show a lag phase, but this is
      not due to slow binding.

PMID- 2912970
TI  - Accumulation of unique globo-series glycolipids in PC 12h pheochromocytoma cells.
AB  - In a previous paper, we reported the presence of a unique globo-series glycolipid
      as one of the major neutral glycolipid: Gal alpha 1-3Gal alpha 1-4Gal beta 1-4Glc
      beta 1-1' Cer, in the subcloned PC 12h pheochromocytoma cells (Ariga, T., Yu, R.
      K., Scarsdale, J. N., Suzuki, M., Kuroda, Y., Kitagawa, H., and Miyatake, T.
      (1988) Biochemistry 27, 5335-5340). Recently we found that the subcloned PC 12h
      cells accumulated other unusual neutral glycolipids. In order to characterize
      these glycolipids, PC 12h cells were subcutaneously transplanted into rats. The
      induced tumor tissue accumulated four minor neutral glycolipids, which were
      purified by droplet counter-current, Iatrobeads column, and preparative thin
      layer chromatographies. These glycolipid structures were determined by fast atom
      bombardment-mass spectrometry, proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy,
      permethylation study, and sequential degradation with various exoglycosidases to
      be as follows: A, Fuc alpha 1-2Gal alpha 1-3Gal alpha 1- 4Gal beta 1-4Glc beta 1
      1'Cer; B, GalNAc beta 1-3Gal alpha 1-3Gal alpha 1- 4Gal beta 1-4Glc beta 1-1'Cer;
      C, Gal alpha 1-3Gal alpha 1-3Gal alpha 1- 4Gal beta 1-4Glc beta 1-1'Cer; and D,
      Gal alpha 1-3Gal alpha 1-3Gal alpha 1- 3Gal alpha 1-4Gal beta 1-4Glc beta 1
      1'Cer. Glycolipids A and B were tentatively characterized in normal rat small
      intestine (Breimer, M. E., Hansson, G. C., Karlsson, K.-A., and Leffler, H.
      (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257, 557-568; Angstrom, J., Breimer, M. E., Falk, K.-E.,
      Hansson, G. C., Karlsson, K.-A., and Leffler, H. (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257, 682
      688). Glycolipids C and D have not been reported in the literature.

PMID- 2912971
TI  - Structural determinants of heparin's growth inhibitory activity. Interdependence
      of oligosaccharide size and charge.
AB  - The glycosaminoglycan heparin inhibits the growth of several cell types in vitro
      including smooth muscle cells and rat cervical epithelial cells. The commercially
      available heparin which has antiproliferative activity is a structurally
      heterogeneous polymer that undergoes extensive modifications during maturation.
      In this report we have performed structure-function studies on heparin's
      antiproliferative activity using three different cell types: both rat and calf
      vascular aortic smooth muscle cells and rat cervical epithelial cells. The
      minimal oligosaccharide size requirements for antiproliferative activity were
      determined for the three cell types by using oligosaccharide fragments of defined
      length prepared by nitrous acid cleavage and gel filtration and a synthetic
      pentasaccharide. The size requirements are similar but not identical for the
      different cell types. Hexasaccharide fragments are antiproliferative for all
      three cell types but the synthetic pentasaccharide inhibits the growth of only
      the rat and calf vascular aortic smooth muscle cells. The interdependence between
      size and charge for antiproliferative activity was investigated using chemically
      modified oligosaccharides as well as oligosaccharides prepared from heparin and
      separated into fractions of differing charge by ion-exchange chromatography.
      There is a strong interdependence between size and charge for antiproliferative
      activity. For example, increasing the charge of inactive tetrasaccharide
      fragments by O-oversulfation makes them antiproliferative whereas reducing the
      charge of active larger fragments causes them to loose their antiproliferative
      activity. Finally the importance of 2-O-sulfate glucuronic acid moieties for
      antiproliferative activity was investigated using heparin preparations that lack
      2-O-sulfate glucuronic acid. These compounds possess antiproliferative activity
      indicating that 2-O-sulfate glucuronic acid is not required for antiproliferative
      activity.

PMID- 2912972
TI  - Primary structure of the Drosophila laminin B2 chain and comparison with human,
      mouse, and Drosophila laminin B1 and B2 chains.
AB  - Laminin, a major component of basement membranes, is a large glycoprotein
      consisting of three disulfide-bonded subunits, A, B1, and B2. We have isolated
      and sequenced a Drosophila laminin B2 chain cDNA clone that spans 5737
      nucleotides. The deduced amino acid sequence predicts that the mature and
      nonglycosylated polypeptide has a chain length of 1606 residues (Mr = 178,665).
      This B2 chain contains 100 half-cystine residues, most of which are located in
      two cysteine-rich domains, and 11 N-X-S or N-X-T sequences which are potential
      sites of N-linked glycosylation. The predicted secondary structure reveals the
      presence of six structurally distinct domains, of which two are mainly alpha
      helical, two are cysteine-rich with homologous repeats, and two are globular
      regions. The Drosophila B2 chain is 40.3 and 41.1% identical to the human and
      mouse B2 chains, respectively, and 29.6, 30.0, and 29.4% identical to the
      Drosophila, human, and mouse B1 chains, respectively.

PMID- 2912973
TI  - Amino acid sequence of crayfish troponin I.
AB  - Troponin I is the actomyosin ATPase inhibitory subunit present in the thin
      filament regulatory complex. The complete amino acid sequence of crayfish tail
      muscle troponin I has been determined. The protein is composed of 201 amino acid
      residues and has a molecular weight of 23,547. The N terminus is blocked, likely
      by an acetyl group. Crayfish troponin I shows a rather low (20-25%) sequence
      identity with vertebrate troponin Is as compared to the 60-82% identity within
      the vertebrate phylum. Similar to vertebrate cardiac troponin I, crayfish
      troponin I contains a 30-residue-long N-terminal extension. In crayfish troponin
      I, this segment bears significant sequence homology with the heavy or light
      chains of particular myosins. The actin-binding domain of crayfish troponin I,
      which displays 57% sequence homology with vertebrate troponin Is, possesses 2
      unusual trimethyllysine residues. The consensus sequence of this domain in five
      troponin Is is as follows: D-L-R-G-K-F-X-R*-P-X-L-R*-R*-V, where R+ stands for
      Arg/Lys, R* for Arg/trimethyllysine, and X for any amino acid residue. Troponin I
      possesses two Ca2+-dependent interactive sites for troponin C; one partly
      overlaps with the actin binding domain and is highly conserved, and the other,
      corresponding to the 30-residue-long segment following the N-terminal extension
      in vertebrate cardiac and crayfish troponin I, is poorly conserved in the
      different troponin Is. Troponin I also interacts with troponin T. The consensus
      sequence for the interacting site on troponin I is as follows: h-D- -X-D- -R+-Y-D
      h-E-h, where h stands for a hydrophobic residue, D- for Asp/Glu, R+ for Arg/Lys,
      and X for any residue. The five troponin Is further possess one more 15-residue
      long segment of high sequence identity near the C terminus. Its evolutionary
      conservation suggests that this domain is involved in protein-protein
      interaction.

PMID- 2912974
TI  - Resistance of heparinase-derived heparin fragments to biotransformation.
AB  - The biotransformation of heparinase-derived heparin fragments was examined via a
      combined approach using 35S-labeled heparin fragments as well as unlabeled
      chemically defined heparin fragments. Rats dosed with either [35S]di-, tetra-,
      hexa-, or octasaccharide fragments (2 mg/kg body weight, intravenously) excreted
      63-69% of the injected radioactivity into the urine within 24 h with two-thirds
      being excreted during the first 6 h. Gel permeation chromatography of the urinary
      material shows that the tetra- and octasaccharides have undergone minor
      (approximately 5%) depolymerization whereas no change was observed for the di-
      and hexasaccharides. No N-desulfation was demonstrated for any of the substances.
      The hexa- and octasaccharide metabolites present in the urine 24 h after dosing
      exhibited the same antifactor Xa activity as that of the injected material. A
      chemically defined trisulfated disaccharide and a hexasulfated tetrasaccharide
      were prepared and dosed in a similar manner. Only one metabolite was recovered
      from animals dosed with disaccharide. This compound was characterized by anion
      exchange chromatography, proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Fourier
      transform infrared spectrometry, and mass spectrometry and shown to be identical
      to the injected disaccharide. Five metabolites were isolated from the urine of
      rats dosed with the hexasulfated tetrasaccharide. The major metabolite,
      consisting of at least 65% of the total, was characterized as described for the
      disaccharide and shown to be identical to the injected compound. The remaining
      material appeared to be disaccharides and, possibly, a tetrasaccharide conjugate.
      Taken together, our results show that the heparinase-derived heparin fragments
      are very resistant to biotransformation compared with heparin and endogenous
      heparin fragments. These fragments may therefore be useful in defining structure
      activity relationships in vivo.

PMID- 2912975
TI  - Adrenodoxin with a COOH-terminal deletion (des 116-128) exhibits enhanced
      activity.
AB  - Adrenodoxin, purified from bovine adrenal cortex, was subjected to trypsin
      cleavage to yield a trypsin-resistant form, designated TT-adrenodoxin. Sequencing
      with carboxypeptidase Y identified the trypsin cleavage site as Arg-115, while
      Edman degradation indicated no NH2-terminal cleavage. Native adrenodoxin and TT
      adrenodoxin exhibited similar affinity for adrenodoxin reductase as determined in
      cytochrome c reductase assays. In side chain cleavage assays using cytochrome P
      450scc, however, TT-adrenodoxin demonstrated greater activity than adrenodoxin
      with cholesterol, (22R)-22-hydroxycholesterol, or (20R,22R)-20,22
      dihydroxycholesterol as substrate. This enhanced activity is due to increased
      affinity of TT-adrenodoxin for cytochrome P-450scc; TT-adrenodoxin exhibits a 3.8
      fold lower apparent Km for the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone. TT
      Adrenodoxin was also more effective in coupling with cytochrome P-450(11) beta,
      exhibiting a 3.5-fold lower apparent Km for the 11 beta-hydroxylation of
      deoxycorticosterone. In the presence of partially saturating cholesterol, TT
      adrenodoxin elicited a type I spectral shift with cytochrome P-450scc similar to
      that induced by adrenodoxin, and spectral titrations showed that oxidized TT
      adrenodoxin exhibited a 1.5-fold higher affinity for cytochrome P-450scc. These
      results establish that COOH-terminal residues 116-128 are not essential for the
      electron transfer activity of bovine adrenodoxin, and the differential effects of
      truncation at Arg-115 on interactions with adrenodoxin reductase and cytochromes
      P-450 suggest that the residues involved in the interactions are not identical.

PMID- 2912976
TI  - Structural determination of a cyclic metabolite of NAD+ with intracellular Ca2+
      mobilizing activity.
AB  - Incubation of NAD+ with extracts from sea urchin eggs resulted in production of a
      metabolite which could mobilize intracellular Ca2+ stores of the eggs. In this
      study we present structural evidence indicating that the metabolite is a cyclized
      ADP-ribose having an N-glycosyl linkage between the anomeric carbon of the
      terminal ribose unit and the N6-amino group of the adenine moiety. In view of
      this structure we propose cyclic ADP-ribose as the common name for the
      metabolite. The purification procedure for the metabolite consisted of
      deproteinizing the incubated egg extracts and sequentially chromatographing the
      extracts through three different high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC)
      columns. The homogeneity of the purified metabolite was further verified by HPLC
      on a Partisil 5 SAX column. Using radioactive precursor NAD+ with label at
      various positions it was demonstrated that the metabolite was indeed derived from
      NAD+ and that the adenine ring as well as the adenylate alpha-phosphate were
      retained in the metabolite whereas the nicotinamide group was removed. This was
      confirmed by 1H NMR and two-dimensional COSY experiments, which also allowed the
      identification of all 12 protons on the two ribosyl units as well as the two
      protons on the adenine ring. From the chemical shifts of the two anomeric protons
      it was concluded that the C-1 carbons of both ribosyl units were still bonded to
      nitrogen. The positive and negative ion fast atom bombardment mass spectra showed
      (M + Na)+, (M - H + 2Na)+, (M - H)-, and (M - 2H + Na)- peaks at m/z 564, 586,
      540, and 562, respectively. Exact mass measurements indicated a molecular weight
      of 540.0526 for (M - H)-. This together with the constraints imposed by the
      results from NMR, radioactive labeling, and total phosphate determination
      uniquely specified a molecular composition of C15H21N5O13P2. Analysis by 1H NMR
      and mass spectroscopy of the only major breakdown product of the metabolite after
      prolonged incubation at room temperature established that it was ADP-ribose, thus
      providing strong support for the cyclic structure.

PMID- 2912977
TI  - Free sialooligosaccharides found in the unfertilized eggs of a freshwater trout,
      Plecoglossus altivelis. A large storage pool of complex-type bi-, tri-, and
      tetraantennary sialooligosaccharides.
AB  - Unfertilized eggs of Plecoglossus altivelis (a kind of freshwater trout, "Ayu" in
      Japanese) were found to contain a relatively large pool of three
      sialooligosaccharides. These free oligosaccharides were accumulated in the
      cytoplasm up to concentrations of about 35 ng per egg, which correspond to about
      107 micrograms/g. Their structures were determined by a combination of chemical
      (composition and methylation analysis and Smith degradation) and instrumental
      (fast atom bombardment-mass spectrometry, secondary ion mass spectrometry, and
      400-MHz1H NMR) analyses. The structures established represent a typical type of
      bi-, tri-, and tetraantennary sialooligosaccharides all of which end with di-N
      acetylchitobiose structure (-GlcNAc beta 1-4GlcNAc) and alpha -2,3-linked NeuAc
      at reducing and nonreducing termini, respectively. These data show that these
      free sialooligosaccharides, which were originally protein-linked components, must
      be released during oogenesis. Although a specific functional requirement for
      their release is not known, the occurrence of such free sialooligosaccharides in
      normal animal cells or tissues has not been previously reported.

PMID- 2912978
TI  - Loss of a calcium requirement for protein synthesis in pituitary cells following
      thermal or chemical stress.
AB  - Ca2+ is required for the maintenance of high rates of translational initiation in
      GH3 pituitary cells (Chin, K.-V., Cade, C., Brostrom, C.O., Galuska, E.M., and
      Brostrom, M.A. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 16509-16514). Following thermal stress
      at 46 degrees C or chemical stress from exposure to sodium arsenite or 8
      hydroxyquinoline, rates of amino acid incorporation in Ca2+-restored GH3 cells
      were reduced acutely to those of unstressed, Ca2+-depleted control preparations.
      Sodium arsenite treatment resulted in loss of ability to accumulate polysomes in
      response to Ca2+. Stressed cells allowed to recover for 2-8 h either with or
      without Ca2+ in the medium exhibited comparable, increasing rates of amino acid
      incorporation and the induction of heat shock proteins (hsp). Abolition of the
      Ca2+-dependent component of translation was proportional to the intensity of the
      stress. Mild thermal stress (41 degrees C) resulted in the induction of hsp 68
      and the retention of Ca2+-dependent protein synthesis; hsp 68 was synthesized in
      a Ca2+-dependent manner. After arsenite stress, restoration of the Ca2+
      requirement for protein synthesis occurred by 24 h, and was preceded by a
      transitional period during which polysomes accumulated in response to Ca2+
      without concomitant increased rates of incorporation. Responses to stress are
      proposed to include an acute inhibition of normal protein synthesis involving the
      destruction of Ca2+-stimulated initiation and a protracted period of recovery
      involving synthesis of the hsp accompanied by Ca2+-independent amino acid
      incorporation and slowed peptide chain elongation.

PMID- 2912979
TI  - Ganglioside-specific binding protein on rat brain membranes.
AB  - A derivative of ganglioside GT1b (IV3NeuAc,II3(NeuAc)2-GgOse4) with an active
      ester in its lipid portion was synthesized and covalently attached to bovine
      serum albumin (BSA). The conjugate, having four GT1b molecules per albumin
      molecule [GT1b)4BSA) was radioiodinated and used to probe rat brain membranes for
      ganglioside binding proteins. A ganglioside-specific, high affinity (KD = 2-4
      nM), saturable (Bmax = 13-20 pmol/mg membrane protein) binding site for 125I
      (GT1b)4BSA was demonstrated on detergent-solubilized rat brain membranes adsorbed
      to filters. 125I-(GT1b)4BSA binding was tissue-specific (more than 35-fold
      greater to brain than to liver membranes) and was nearly eliminated by
      pretreatment of brain membrane-adsorbed filters with trypsin (1 microgram/ml).
      Underivatized gangliosides added as mixed detergent-lipid micelles blocked 125I
      (GT1b)4BSA binding to brain membranes; structurally related GQ1b, GT1b, and GD1b
      were the most potent (half-maximal inhibition at 70-110 nM), while half-maximal
      inhibition by other gangliosides (GD3, GD1a, GM3, GM2, and GM1) required 5-20
      fold higher concentrations. Other sphingolipids, neutral glycosphingolipids, and
      glycoproteins were poor inhibitors, and treatment of (GT1b)4BSA with
      neuraminidase attenuated its binding. Although most phospholipids were
      noninhibitory, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylglycerol inhibited half
      maximally at 400-600 nM. However, inhibition of 125I-(GT1b)4BSA binding by
      gangliosides was competitive and reversible while that by phosphatidylinositol
      and phosphatidylglycerol was not. Ganglioside-protein conjugate binding reveals
      ganglioside-specific brain membrane receptors.

PMID- 2912980
TI  - Purification of human transcription factor IIIA and its interaction with a
      chemically synthesized gene encoding human 5 S rRNA.
AB  - Transcription factor IIIA (TFIIIA) was purified from cytoplasmic extracts of HeLa
      cells by developing a simple and efficient procedure employing phosphocellulose
      under widely differing ionic conditions followed by affinity chromatography on
      immobilized human 5 S genes. This procedure yielded a fraction containing human
      TFIIIA activity and a protein of 35 kDa as its major component. Moreover, we
      succeeded in renaturing the activity of human transcription factor IIIA (hTFIIIA)
      isolated after preparative sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis and in identifying a polypeptide of 35 kDa with the transcription
      activity. This value differs from that reported for Xenopus TFIIIA. It could be
      demonstrated by footprinting analyses that hTFIIIA specifically binds to the
      internal control region of the human 5 S rRNA gene. The limits of protection
      slightly differ at the 3' border of the internal control region from those
      imprinted by Xenopus TFIIIA on the same gene. Comparative footprint analyses of
      hTFIIIA on the human and frog somatic 5 S rRNA gene, measured in titration,
      competition, and salt-stability experiments, demonstrated a higher affinity of
      the human factor to the homologous gene. These results, together with the
      difference in molecular mass of these functionally analogous proteins,
      reemphasize the importance of homologous systems for the analysis of mechanisms
      involved in gene regulation.

PMID- 2912981
TI  - Site-specific oxidative DNA damage at polyguanosines produced by copper plus
      hydrogen peroxide.
AB  - Oxidative DNA damage has been implicated in diverse biological processes
      including mutagenesis, carcinogenesis, aging, radiation effects, and
      chemotherapy. We examined the in vitro effect of low concentrations of Cu(II) or
      H2O2 alone and in combination on supercoiled plasmid DNA. As much as 10(-2) M
      Cu(II) or 10(-2) M H2O2 alone did not break the DNA. However, a mixture of 10(-6)
      M Cu(II) plus 10(-5) M H2O2 produced strand breaks and inactivated transforming
      ability. Strand breakage was proportional to incubation time, temperature, and
      Cu(II) and H2O2 concentrations. Abasic sites were not detected. Strand breakage
      was inhibited by metal chelators, catalase, and by high levels of free radical
      scavengers implying that Cu(II), Cu(I), H2O2, and .OH were involved in the
      reaction. The extent of DNA strand breakage was not affected by superoxide
      dismutase indicating that superoxide was not a major contributor to the DNA
      damage. DNA sequence analysis demonstrated that hot piperidine-sensitive DNA
      lesions were produced preferentially at sites of 2 or more adjacent guanosine
      residues. This sequence specificity was observed with Cu(II) plus H2O2 but not
      with Cu(I) alone. Polyguanosine sequence specificity for DNA damage induction
      appears to be unique among simple chemical systems. This reaction may be
      important in mechanisms of oxidative damage in vivo.

PMID- 2912982
TI  - Epidermal growth factor receptor of the intestinal enterocyte. Localization to
      laterobasal but not brush border membrane.
AB  - Interaction of epidermal growth factor (EGF) with its specific receptor (EGFR)
      was explored in the intact rat small intestine and in highly purified isolated
      enterocyte membrane preparations. Despite the fact that the EGF ligand is known
      to be present at physiological concentrations within the intestinal cavity, no
      significant binding of the ligand to the brush border surface was observed.
      Instead, binding of EGF to the EGFR was confined to other membrane populations,
      and correlation of ligand interaction with the laterobasal membranes (LBM) was
      nearly perfect (p less than 0.001) across a special equilibrium gradient enriched
      in brush border and LBM but devoid of intracellular membranes. Specific binding
      to another minor population of intracellular membranes that migrated to a
      position less dense than typical endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi vesicles on
      equilibrium gradients was also observed. Immunocytochemical exposure of intestine
      to EGFR antibody confirmed the localization of the EGFR to LBM and intracellular
      membranes. As estimated from the intensity of the staining, there may be
      immunologically active but nonbinding receptor species in the intracellular
      membrane compartment. Thus, despite the secretion of EGF into the intestinal
      lumen, the growth and maturational effects of EGF probably result from a specific
      interaction between EGF and EGFR solely at the laterobasal surface of the
      enterocyte. The functional role of the intracellular membrane species of EGFR,
      which remains to be established, may involve a source of inactive receptor that
      can be rapidly recruited and transferred to the LBM surface under changing
      environmental conditions.

PMID- 2912983
TI  - Characterization of a receptor for C5a anaphylatoxin on human eosinophils.
AB  - The complement anaphylatoxin peptide C5a is well known to activate human
      polymorphonuclear leukocytes through receptor-mediated processes. C5a has also
      been reported to activate eosinophils for both chemotaxis and hexose uptake. We
      characterized the receptor molecule for human C5a on human eosinophils and
      compared it with the receptor on human neutrophils. At 4 degrees C, uptake of 1
      nM 125I-C5a reaches equilibrium within 10 min on both cell types. Binding of 125I
      C5a occurs over a concentration range comparable to that which stimulates
      lysosomal enzyme release and hexose uptake in both cell types. Scatchard analyses
      of the data indicate the presence of two receptor populations on eosinophils; a
      high affinity receptor with 15,000-20,000 sites/cell and a Kd of 3.1 +/- 0.6 x
      10(-11) M, and a low affinity receptor with approximately 375,000 sites/cell and
      a Kd of 1 x 10(-7) M. Parallel experiments with neutrophils indicate the presence
      of a single receptor population with approximately 90,000 sites/cell and a Kd of
      4.8 +/- 0.1 x 10(-10)M. The eosinophil receptor molecule was further
      characterized by covalently cross-linking 125I-C5a to cells followed by sodium
      dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the solubilized material.
      Autoradiography indicates the presence of a dominant C5a-eosinophil receptor
      complex with an apparent mass of 60-65 kDa. The corresponding neutrophil-C5a
      receptor complex has an apparent mass of 50-52 kDa as observed by others. When
      the cross-linked 125I-C5a-receptor complex was treated with cyanogen bromide,
      different patterns were observed on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis for neutrophils and eosinophils. Thus, human eosinophils have a
      receptor for C5a anaphylatoxin which appears to be distinct from the C5a receptor
      present on human neutrophils.

PMID- 2912984
TI  - Analysis of the binding of high mobility group protein 17 to the nucleosome core
      particle by 1H NMR spectroscopy.
AB  - The binding of high mobility group (HMG) protein 17 to the nucleosome core
      particle has been studied in D2O solution using 1H NMR at 500 MHz. Spectra were
      obtained for purified HMG 17, purified nucleosome core particles, and the
      reconstituted HMG 17-nucleosome core particle complex at 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 M
      NaCl. Subtraction of the core particle spectra from spectra of the core particle
      reconstituted with HMG 17 demonstrated those regions of HMG 17 which interact
      with the nucleosome at different ionic strengths; the resonance peaks of
      interacting groups are broadened due to their restricted mobility. At 0.1 M NaCl,
      the mobility of all the amino acid side chains of HMG 17 was restricted,
      indicating complete binding of HMG 17 to the much larger nucleosome core
      particle. At 0.2 M NaCl most of the amino acids were free with the exception of
      arginine and proline which are confined to or predominant in the basic central
      region of HMG 17. These amino acids were completely free only at 0.4 M NaCl. We
      conclude that the entire HMG 17 molecule interacts with the nucleosome core
      particle at physiological ionic strength. The acidic COOH-terminal region of HMG
      17 is released from interaction with the core histones at an NaCl concentration
      between 0.1 and 0.2 M and so binds weakly at physiological ionic strength. The
      basic central region binds more strongly to the core particle DNA, being
      completely released only at much higher ionic strength, between 0.3 and 0.4 M
      NaCl.

PMID- 2912985
TI  - Adrenal glucocorticoids regulate adipsin gene expression in genetically obese
      mice.
AB  - Adipsin expression at the protein and mRNA levels is greatly reduced in several
      distinct syndromes of obesity in the mouse: genetic obesity due to the db/db and
      ob/ob genes, and a chemically induced model secondary to neonatal exposure to
      monosodium glutamate. We considered first the possibility that the adipsin gene
      might be identical to the db or ob locus and the lowered expression of this
      protein might result from a mutation in this gene. We show here that the adipsin
      structural gene is located on chromosome 10 and hence is physically distinct from
      any obesity genes so far identified in the mouse. A major role for the adrenal
      gland and adrenal glucocorticoids in the aberrant regulation of adipsin in these
      models of obesity is indicated by several experiments. Adrenalectomy of the ob/ob
      mouse raises the circulating levels of adipsin protein and the amount of this
      mRNA in epididymal fat pads (5-fold), although neither is increased to the levels
      seen in lean controls. Exogenous administration of corticosterone completely
      blocks the effects of adrenalectomy on adipsin, suggesting that the effect of
      this endocrine ablation is through reduction of adrenal glucocorticoids.
      Corticosterone administration also causes suppression in the levels of adipsin
      mRNA and protein in lean mice, although this decrease is never as severe as that
      seen in obese mice. The effect of exogenous corticosterone in lean mice occurs
      within 2 days and hence is not secondary to the obesity which these hormones
      eventually elicit. These results indicate that glucocorticoids can regulate
      adipsin expression in vivo and strongly suggest that the hyperglucocorticoid
      state seen in certain obese models plays a significant role in lowering adipsin
      mRNA and protein levels. Quantitative analysis of these experiments suggests that
      other as yet unknown neuroendocrine factors also function to suppress adipsin in
      obesity.

PMID- 2912986
TI  - Overexpression of a 123-kDa anion transport inhibitor binding protein and two
      cytoskeleton proteins in Drosophila Kc cell variants resistant to disulfonic
      stilbenes.
AB  - Drugs of the disulfonic stilbene class, which inhibit anion transport in the cell
      membrane in many cell types, have been found to inhibit anion transport and cell
      growth in Drosophila Kc cells. Cell variants selected by a stepwise selection
      protocol for the ability to grow in the presence of the disulfonic stilbenes are
      severalfold resistant to growth inhibition by the drugs. Both the resistant
      populations and a cloned cell line show dramatic overexpression of three
      polypeptides. The most highly overproduced protein is a 123-kDa plasma membrane
      protein which binds the reversible anion transport inhibitor, flufenamic acid, in
      a protection biotinylation experiment. The 123-kDa putative anion transport
      protein copurifies with, and immunologically cross-reacts with, two detergent
      insoluble cytoskeleton proteins of 46- and 62-kDa molecular weight, which are
      each overexpressed more than 8-fold in the variants. Resistance to growth
      inhibition by the disulfonic stilbenes and amplified expression of the 123-, 62-,
      and 46-kDa proteins are simultaneously lost over a period of 30 weeks in the
      absence of selective conditions, suggesting that the function of the overproduced
      polypeptides is related to growth control in Drosophila cells.

PMID- 2912987
TI  - Identification of proteolytic cleavage sites in the conversion of profilaggrin to
      filaggrin in mammalian epidermis.
AB  - Profilaggrin consists of multiple filaggrin domains joined by linker segments
      which are removed during proteolytic conversion to filaggrin. Analysis of tryptic
      peptides of filaggrin defined a 26-residue linker segment when aligned on the
      amino acid sequence of one repeat unit of mouse profilaggrin deduced from a cDNA
      sequence (Rothnagel, J. A., Mehrel, T., Idler, W. W., Roop, D. R., and Steinert,
      P. M. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 15643-15648). Two types of linker segments were
      distinguished by their different susceptibility to thermolysin and by the
      presence of a Phe-Tyr-Pro-Val sequence in only one type. These data led to a
      model of profilaggrin in which the two types of linker segments alternate along
      the length of profilaggrin. This model provides a structural basis for the two
      stages of proteolytic processing seen in vivo. In the first stage intermediates
      accumulate which have several filaggrin domains still joined by linker segments
      lacking Phe-Tyr-Pro-Val. In the second stage, the other linker segments are
      cleaved and mature filaggrin domains are released. Proteolytic activity with
      specificity consistent with first stage cleavage was partially purified from rat
      epidermis. Chymostatin inhibited both the in vitro enzymatic activity and the
      processing of profilaggrin in a cultured rat keratinocyte cell line. The products
      formed in vitro were 3-5 kDa larger than intermediates produced in vivo,
      suggesting that the linker segments are cleaved at one end only. This implies the
      existence of a third protease which completes the removal of the linker segments.

PMID- 2912988
TI  - Regulation of beta-galactoside alpha 2,6-sialyltransferase gene expression by
      dexamethasone.
AB  - The hepatic acute phase response is accompanied by increased levels of Gal beta 1
      4GlcNAc alpha 2,6-sialyltransferase activity in liver and in circulation.
      Previous studies suggested that cytokines and glucocorticoids mediate the
      induction of this sialyltransferase activity. In this study the regulation of
      sialyltransferase expression by dexamethasone in H35 rat hepatoma cells is
      assessed by Northern hybridization and enzyme activity assays. Exposure of H35
      cells to 1 microM dexamethasone for 24 h causes a 3-4-fold enrichment of
      sialyltransferase mRNA and a corresponding increase in enzymatic activity. The
      induction of sialyltransferase mRNA begins within 3 h of dexamethasone treatment
      and reaches a plateau within 24 h. Sialyltransferase mRNA induction is dose
      dependent; the minimum concentration of dexamethasone necessary for induction is
      10(-8) M, and induction was maximal at 10(-6) M. Induction is sensitive to
      actinomycin D, suggesting that regulation may be exerted by altering the rate of
      mRNA synthesis. Puromycin and cycloheximide are ineffective in blocking
      induction, suggesting that de novo protein synthesis is not required for
      induction. Finally, dexamethasone alone is sufficient for maximum induction of
      sialyltransferase mRNA. In contrast, maximal induction of alpha 1-acid
      glycoprotein, a well studied hepatic acute phase reactant, requires both
      dexamethasone and cytokines, implying that different pathways exist for the
      induction of participants in the acute phase response.

PMID- 2912989
TI  - Semenogelin, the predominant protein in human semen. Primary structure and
      identification of closely related proteins in the male accessory sex glands and
      on the spermatozoa.
AB  - The predominant protein in human semen, semenogelin, was characterized by lambda
      gt11 clones isolated from a seminal vesicular cDNA library. One clone, carrying a
      cDNA insert of 1606 nucleotides and a polyadenylated tail, coded for the entire
      semenogelin precursor. An open reading frame of 1386 nucleotides encodes a signal
      peptide and the mature protein of 439 amino acid residues, in which residues 85
      136 are identical with a previously characterized semenogelin fragment. The
      polypeptide chain displays a most conspicuous region of internal sequence
      homology where 46 of the 58 amino acid residues at positions 259-316 are repeated
      at positions 319-376. An abundant seminal vesicular transcript of 1.8 kilobases
      (kb) codes for semenogelin. Two additional transcripts, one seminal vesicular 2.2
      kb species and one epididymal 2.0-kb species, code for related proteins that have
      a close structural relationship as well as antigenic epitopes in common with
      semenogelin. Semenogelin and the semenogelin-related proteins are the major
      proteins involved in the gelatinous entrapment of ejaculated spermatozoa.
      Antigenic epitopes common to these proteins are localized to the parts of the
      spermatozoa involved in locomotion. The spermatozoa become progressively motile
      as the gel-forming proteins are fragmented by the kallikrein-like protease,
      prostate-specific antigen, and the gel dissolves.

PMID- 2912990
TI  - Perioperative red blood-cell transfusion.

PMID- 2912991
TI  - The use of dynamic electromyography to evaluate motor control in the hands of
      adults who have spasticity caused by brain injury.
AB  - A dynamic electromyographic analysis of grasp and release, performed on forty
      eight upper extremities of forty-two adults who had had injury to the brain
      causing spasticity, showed volitional motor control of the finger flexors in 80
      per cent and active extension of the fingers in 60 per cent. The flexor pollicis
      longus showed volitional control in 75 per cent of the hands and the extensor
      pollicis longus showed active control in 50 per cent. The extensor carpi radialis
      longus acted as an appropriate stabilizer of the wrist in 85 per cent of the
      extremities. Fourteen muscles had out-of-phase activity that could not be
      detected on clinical examination. The position of the elbow did not appreciably
      influence the electromyographic pattern of motor control in the hand.

PMID- 2912992
TI  - Development of a synovial cyst after arthroscopy of the shoulder. A brief note.

PMID- 2912993
TI  - Extension of monostotic Paget disease from the femur to the tibia after
      arthrodesis of the knee. A case report.

PMID- 2912994
TI  - Generalized enchondromatosis. A case report.

PMID- 2912995
TI  - Gaucher hemorrhagic cyst of bone. A case report.

PMID- 2912996
TI  - Emergency transport and positioning of young children who have an injury of the
      cervical spine. The standard backboard may be hazardous.
AB  - In ten children who were less than seven years old, an unstable injury of the
      cervical spine was found to have anterior angulation or translation, or both, on
      initial lateral radiographs that were made with the child supine on a standard
      flat backboard. In all ten patients, extension was the proper position for
      reduction of the injury of the cervical spine. Young children have a large head
      in comparison with the rest of the body. When a young child is positioned on a
      standard backboard, the neck may be forced into relative kyphosis. Supine and
      upright lateral radiographs that were made of seventy-two children who did not
      have a fracture also demonstrated more relative cervical kyphosis in younger
      children when they were in the supine position. Calculations from anthropometric
      data documented disproportionate rates of growth of the head and the chest. The
      circumference of the head grows logarithmically, but the circumference of the
      chest grows linearly. This disproportionate growth causes young children to have
      a relatively large head. When they lie supine, the neck is flexed. To prevent
      undesirable cervical flexion in young children during emergency transport and
      radiography, a standard backboard can be modified to provide safer alignment of
      the cervical spine. This can be accomplished by the use of a recess for the
      occiput to lower the head or of a double mattress pad to raise the chest.

PMID- 2912997
TI  - Low incidence of deep-vein thrombosis after cementless total hip replacement.

PMID- 2912998
TI  - Pain dysfunction syndromes. Teaching physicians how to recognize and treat them.

PMID- 2912999
TI  - Correlation of the findings of magnetic resonance imaging with those of bone
      biopsy in patients who have stage-I or II ischemic necrosis of the femoral head.
AB  - A prospective study was undertaken to determine the diagnostic accuracy of
      magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of a symptomatic hip for which a
      diagnosis of early ischemic necrosis of the femoral head was suspected. Fifteen
      patients (sixteen symptomatic hips), for whom the findings of magnetic resonance
      imaging were consistent with a diagnosis of osteonecrosis of the femoral head,
      had a core decompression and a biopsy of the contents of the core. Preoperative
      magnetic-resonance imaging was useful for planning which segment of the femoral
      head should be biopsied. Plain radiographs and tomograms of the hips were also
      made. On the basis of the plain radiographs, ten hips were determined to have
      Stage-I findings and six hips, Stage-II ischemic necrosis, according to the
      system of Ficat and of Arlet and Ficat. Histological study revealed evidence of
      necrosis in all of the biopsy specimens of bone. We concluded that findings of
      magnetic resonance imaging that are characteristic of osteonecrosis correlate
      well with the results of biopsies of bone in patients who have an early stage of
      ischemic necrosis. Magnetic resonance imaging is a highly sensitive and specific
      method for both the diagnosis and the location of Stage-I and Stage-II
      osteonecrosis.

PMID- 2913000
TI  - Intraoperative autologous transfusion in orthopaedic patients.
AB  - The cases of 175 consecutive patients who had intraoperative autologous
      transfusion during revision total hip arthroplasty, an elective operation on the
      spine, repair of trauma to the spine, or open reduction of a fracture of the
      acetabulum were reviewed to evaluate the applicability of this technique in
      orthopaedic operations. A separate group of forty-one consecutive patients who
      had open reduction of a fracture of the acetabulum or the spine before the
      introduction of the autotransfuser was reviewed and compared with the group that
      had autotransfusion. An autologous blood predeposit program was used for twenty
      five of fifty-two patients who had a procedure on the hip and for fifty-one of
      fifty-five patients who had an elective procedure on the spine. The mean rate of
      red blood-cell salvage using the autotransfuser was 60 per cent over-all. The
      mean transfusion requirements were significantly less (p less than 0.001) in all
      groups of patients in whom the autotransfuser was used. Use of the autotransfuser
      reduced the mean requirement for banked blood in patients who had a fracture of
      the acetabulum from 3.8 to 2.3 units per patient, and significantly reduced the
      mean need for banked blood in individuals who had trauma to the spine from 2.7 to
      1.8 units per patient (p less than 0.01). The use of prebanked autologous blood
      further reduced the mean requirement for homologous blood from 2.4 to 0.8 unit
      per patient in those who had revision total hip arthroplasty (p less than 0.005),
      and from 3.6 to 0.4 unit per patient in those who had an elective procedure on
      the spine (p less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2913001
TI  - Spinal fusion augmented by luque-rod segmental instrumentation for neuromuscular
      scoliosis.
AB  - Seventy-four patients who had deformity of the spine secondary to a neuromuscular
      disorder were treated using posterior fusion with Luque-rod segmental
      instrumentation. The mean curve was 73 degrees preoperatively and 38 degrees
      postoperatively. The mean loss of correction was 4 degrees at an average duration
      of follow-up of forty-two months (range, 2.0 to 7.3 years). Complications
      included one death, three deep wound infections, two pressure sores, six sets of
      broken rods, and one instance of distal rotation and migration of the rod. There
      were no major perioperative neurological complications. Failure of
      instrumentation occurred more frequently with 3/16-inch (4.8-millimeter) diameter
      than with 1/4-inch (6.4-millimeter) diameter stainless-steel rods. There was a
      tendency for cephalad progression of deformity when the fusion ended cephalad at
      or below the fourth thoracic vertebra. We concluded that Luque-rod segmental
      instrumentation with posterior spinal fusion is an effective treatment for
      patients who have neuromuscular scoliosis.

PMID- 2913002
TI  - The pathological anatomy of claw and hammer toes.
AB  - We sought to determine the optimum surgical treatment of claw and hammer toes
      (except for the hallux) on the basis of the specific pathological anatomy of each
      type of deformity. We dissected thirty-three fresh-frozen specimens that had been
      obtained from below-the-knee amputations. The specimens included ten normal feet,
      fourteen feet that had claw toes, six feet that had hammer toes, and three feet
      that had an uncategorized deformity. The contributions of abnormalities of the
      skin, tendons, joint capsule, and collateral ligaments to deformity of the
      metatarsophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints were determined by
      sequential sectioning of all of those soft-tissue components. Any alteration in
      the range of motion of the joints was recorded after each stage of the
      dissection. The findings of this study suggested that surgical correction of claw
      and hammer toes may necessitate more extensive sectioning of the soft tissues
      than had previously been believed.

PMID- 2913003
TI  - Size of the femoral head and acetabular revision in total hip-replacement
      arthroplasty.
AB  - Fifty-nine revisions that were done for aseptic acetabular loosening after 6,128
      total hip arthroplasties for degenerative arthritis or traumatic arthritis were
      studied. These revisions were in forty-four (approximately 1 per cent) of 4,576
      hips that had a twenty-two-millimeter femoral-head component, in two of 520 that
      had a twenty-eight-millimeter femoral-head component, and in thirteen
      (approximately 2.5 per cent) of 487 that had a thirty-two-millimeter femoral-head
      component. Therefore, the thirty-two-millimeter femoral component was associated
      with the highest rate of acetabular revision (p less than 0.001). The dimensions
      of the acetabular wall were thinner in the hips that had the thirty-two
      millimeter component than in those that had the twenty-two-millimeter component
      (p less than 0.05). Multivariate analysis demonstrated a significantly increased
      risk of acetabular loosening in men and in patients who were less than sixty
      years old.

PMID- 2913005
TI  - One-stage anterior cervical decompression and posterior stabilization with
      circumferential arthrodesis. A study of twenty-four patients who had a traumatic
      or a neoplastic lesion.
AB  - Twenty-four patients had a combined anterior cervical decompression and posterior
      stabilization with circumferential spinal arthrodesis for treatment of either a
      tumor or an injury. The indication for operation was a fixed kyphosis and an
      incomplete neurological deficit or cervical instability. All but two patients had
      substantial improvement, having regained strength or had a reduction in the
      deformity, or both. The two exceptional patients, both of whom were
      quadriparetic, had no change. The operation is formidable and requires an average
      of 6.9 hours of general anesthesia; however, its use is justified in patients who
      have the appropriate indications.

PMID- 2913004
TI  - In situ arthrodesis without decompression for Grade-III or IV isthmic
      spondylolisthesis in adults who have severe sciatica.
AB  - Eight adults who had back pain and sciatica that was caused by Grade-III or IV
      isthmic spondylolisthesis of the fifth lumbar vertebra on the sacrum were treated
      consecutively by in situ arthrodesis without decompression. The anterior
      displacement of the fifth lumbar vertebra averaged 82 per cent (range, 66 to 118
      per cent). The length of follow-up averaged 5.5 years (range, two to fourteen
      years). All of the arthrodeses resulted in a solid fusion and excellent relief of
      both the back pain and the sciatica. All of the preoperative neurological
      deficits resolved, with the exception of a decreased or absent Achilles-tendon
      reflex in two patients. There were no complications, and all of the patients
      returned to their preoperative occupations.

PMID- 2913006
TI  - Intraoperative autologous transfusion in revision total hip arthroplasty.
AB  - The records of ninety-eight patients (100 hips) who had revision total hip
      arthroplasty were reviewed to evaluate the efficacy of intraoperative autologous
      transfusion in reducing homologous blood-transfusion requirements. In the fifty
      hips in the study group, a mean of 685 milliliters of autologous blood, or 47 per
      cent of the estimated loss of blood, was transfused intraoperatively. During the
      entire course of hospitalization, the mean of the total homologous blood
      transfusion requirements was 795 milliliters in thirty-nine study-group patients,
      compared with 1160 milliliters in forty-six control-group patients who did not
      have autologous transfusion. This difference was statistically significant (p
      less than 0.029). Eleven patients in the study group and four patients in the
      control group did not receive homologous blood. Over-all, the use of
      intraoperative autologous transfusion was directly responsible for a 42 per cent
      reduction in the total amount of homologous blood that was transfused.

PMID- 2913007
TI  - The deleterious effects of drying on articular cartilage.
AB  - Knee joints of mature rabbits were exposed to room air for periods of time
      ranging from thirty minutes to one hour in an attempt to mimic the human
      situation in the operating room. The animals were killed after the joint had been
      closed and activity in a cage had been allowed for twenty-four hours. When the
      animal was killed, cartilage was removed and was incubated with radioactive
      proline for four hours before light microscopy autoradiographs were made. Other
      samples were prepared for study by electron microscopy. The results in the
      animals that were killed immediately after the cartilage was exposed to room air
      and in those that were killed twenty-four hours after closure of the joint were
      identical. Both the ultrastructural and the autoradiographic findings indicated
      that the entire thickness of the articular cartilage was necrotic after sixty
      minutes of drying. Forty-five minutes of drying produced complete necrosis of the
      cartilage in half of the animals. In the other half, some cells survived,
      although many areas of the cartilage had complete necrosis, top to bottom. Thirty
      minutes of drying produced patchy necrosis that extended only to the middle zone
      of the cartilage. In joints that were exposed to room air for one hour, necrosis
      of the chondrocytes was completely prevented by irrigating the joint every five
      minutes with Ringer lactate solution.

PMID- 2913009
TI  - Interdisciplinary quality assurance.

PMID- 2913010
TI  - Clinical laboratory and nursing personnel: collaboration in improving patient
      care.

PMID- 2913008
TI  - Supracondylar-intercondylar fractures of the femur. Treatment by internal
      fixation.
AB  - The records on fifty-two supracondylar-intercondylar fractures of the femur were
      reviewed twenty to 120 months after injury. More than one-third of the fractures
      had been open. All of the fractures were treated in a single trauma center,
      using: (1) a single lateral incision, (2) internal fixation with ASIF
      interfragmentary screws and plates, (3) bone-grafting of comminuted metaphyseal
      segments, (4) impaction of comminuted metaphyseal segments in osteoporotic
      elderly patients, and (5) repair of any associated torn ligaments and patellar
      fractures. Postoperatively, early active motion of the knee was encouraged, and
      for selected patients a brace was used only to protect the repair of associated
      disruptions of ligaments or of the extensor mechanism. The fractures were
      classified by the ASIF system, with C1 being a simple Y pattern, C2 having
      additional supracondylar comminution, and C3 having intra-articular comminution.
      The final results were rated using the system that was described by Neer et al.
      for fractures of the distal end of the femur. The average time between the
      operation and full weight-bearing (healing) was 13.6 weeks and ranged from 12.3
      weeks for C1 fractures (as graded using the ASIF classification) to 15.4 weeks
      for C3 fractures. The average final arc of motion of the knee was 107 degrees,
      ranging from 113 degrees for C1 fractures to 99 degrees for C3 fractures. C1
      fractures had a better outcome (92 per cent excellent and good results) than did
      C2 and C3 fractures (77 per cent excellent and good results). Two amputations and
      one arthrodesis were done to treat infection, and infection accounted for three
      of the four poor results. Age did not influence the final results, although
      elderly patients had a longer period of hospitalization. Supracondylar
      intercondylar fractures of the femur should be analyzed separately from other
      fractures of the distal end of the femur because of their intra-articular
      involvement and associated ligamentous injuries and patellar fractures. Rigid
      internal fixation permits early functional rehabilitation of the patient and
      decreases the incidence of malunion, non-union, and loss of fixation.

PMID- 2913012
TI  - Quality, standards, and criteria: a physician and nurse perspective.

PMID- 2913011
TI  - A multidisciplinary approach: assuring quality of care for the diabetic client.

PMID- 2913013
TI  - Multidisciplinary QA in a critical care unit.

PMID- 2913014
TI  - Implementing an interdepartmental QA program in a small rural hospital.

PMID- 2913016
TI  - Multidisciplinary discharge screen.

PMID- 2913015
TI  - Utilization management: improving patient care while maintaining cost control.

PMID- 2913017
TI  - Preoperative antibiotic administration: a case for interdisciplinary monitoring.

PMID- 2913018
TI  - Outcome standards: compliance is possible.

PMID- 2913019
TI  - Administering nursing support services based on perceptions about quality.

PMID- 2913020
TI  - Education, sharing, and visibility promote nursing QA.

PMID- 2913021
TI  - A rapid serum neutralization test in microplates for the detection of antibodies
      to hog cholera virus.
AB  - The fluorescent antibody serum neutralization (FASN) test for the detection of
      antibodies to hog cholera virus was developed utilizing 96-well and Terasaki
      microplates. This microtechnique, especially when performed in Terasaki plates,
      offers some advantage if compared with conventional FASN in coverslip cell
      cultures, being easier and more rapid, saving of reagents and allowing simple
      microscopic observation.

PMID- 2913022
TI  - Surveillance of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in Quebec, Canada,
      from 1984 to 1986: serotype distribution, antimicrobial susceptibility, and
      clinical characteristics.
AB  - Four hundred and sixty-eight strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from
      blood or normally sterile body fluids in 14 Quebec, Canada, hospitals between 1
      July 1984 and 31 December 1986 were serotyped, their susceptibilities to
      antimicrobial agents were determined, and the laboratory data were correlated
      with the clinical information. The distribution pattern of the serogroups and
      serotypes was similar to that observed previously in Quebec and to that in other
      parts of Canada and in the United States. No regional variation was observed. The
      distribution of serogroups and serotypes was different in pediatric patients
      (less than 18 years old) when compared with that of adults (P less than 0.001).
      Overall, 94% of the strains were represented in 23-valent vaccine. The total
      mortality rate was 12.8% and increased with age: 1.6% in pediatric patients,
      14.8% in patients 18 to 64 years old, and 31% in those greater than or equal to
      65 years old (P less than 0.001). In patients 18 to 64 years old, the mortality
      rate was higher when an underlying condition that could have justified prior
      vaccination was present (P = 0.008). In patients greater than or equal to 65
      years old, the mortality rates were similar in those with and those without
      underlying conditions, suggesting that vaccine use in all patients greater than
      or equal to 65 years old might be appropriate. Only six patients had received
      pneumococcal vaccine before infection. Only 15 strains (3.2%) were moderately
      susceptible or resistant to one or more of the antimicrobial agents tested. Six
      strains were moderately susceptible to penicillin G, and none was fully
      resistant.

PMID- 2913023
TI  - Monoclonal antibody solution hybridization assay for detection of human
      immunodeficiency virus nucleic acids.
AB  - In this report we describe a novel, nonisotopic hybridization assay for the
      measurement of viral RNA in biological samples. The assay involved a solution
      phase reaction between a biotinylated DNA probe and RNA target sequences. Labeled
      hybrids were detected in an immunoreaction by using a solid-phase anti-biotin
      antibody and an enzyme-labeled monoclonal antibody specific for DNA-RNA hybrids.
      This monoclonal antibody solution hybridization assay was compared with an
      antigen-capture immunoassay for the detection of human immunodeficiency virus in
      436 cell culture samples from 60 seropositive patients. The sensitivity and
      specificity of the hybridization assay were 93.5 and 94.6%, respectively.
      Detection of human immunodeficiency virus solely by hybridization in the initial
      sample but not subsequent samples from seven cultures may reflect detection of
      virus that was present in the patients' lymphocytes but did not replicate in
      vitro. Since the assay method is adapatable to the detection of either RNA or
      DNA, it could provide a means for the detection of a wide range of viral nucleic
      acids.

PMID- 2913024
TI  - Antigenically variable Borrelia burgdorferi isolated from cottontail rabbits and
      Ixodes dentatus in rural and urban areas.
AB  - Spirochetes were isolated from 71 subadult Ixodes dentatus removed from
      cottontail rabbits captured in Millbrook, N.Y., and in New York, N.Y. Spirochetes
      were also cultured from kidney tissues of six rabbits. While all isolates reacted
      with monoclonal antibody H9724, which identifies the spirochetes as borreliae,
      more than half did not bind with antibody H5332 and even fewer reacted with H3TS,
      both of which were produced to outer surface protein A of Borrelia burgdorferi.
      Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis protein profiles of
      three isolates differed from one another and from all previously characterized B.
      burgdorferi strains from humans, ticks, and wildlife in North America. The 12
      periplasmic flagella that originated subterminally from each pointed end of a
      rabbit Borellia isolate contrasted with the 11 or fewer flagella for B.
      burgdorferi reported previously from North America. Although DNA homology and
      restriction endonuclease analysis also revealed differences among a rabbit kidney
      isolate, an I. dentatus isolate, and B. burgdorferi B31, similarities were
      sufficient to lead us to conclude that the borreliae in rabbits and I. dentatus
      are B. burgdorferi. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay titers of sera from humans
      with diagnosed Lyme disease to rabbit tick B. burgdorferi were often similar to
      one another and to those recorded for a reference B. burgdorferi strain.

PMID- 2913025
TI  - Phenotypic characterization and DNA relatedness in human fecal isolates of
      Aeromonas spp.
AB  - Phenotypic characteristics were used to identify 189 Aeromonas strains isolated
      from human feces. One hundred forty-two of these strains were placed in 11 DNA
      hybridization groups, and the genetic and phenotypic data were compared.
      According to the criteria of Popoff, 66% of the strains were identified as
      Aeromonas caviae, 18% were identified as A. sobria, and 16% were identified as A.
      hydrophila. Some biochemical characteristics differed from the criteria of
      Popoff; 19 of 40 (48%) of tested strains were encapsulated, 42 of 124 (34%) of A.
      caviae strains were nonmotile, and all A. sobria strains were resistant to KCN.
      Gas production from D-glucose was temperature dependent; 11 of 64 (17%) A.
      hydrophila and A. sobria strains produced gas only at 22 degrees C. Of 142
      Aeromonas strains, 57% belonged to hybridization group 4, 25% belonged to group
      8, 11% belonged to group 1, 4% belonged to group 5A, 2% belonged to group 3, and
      1% belonged to group 2. Of 26 strains phenotypically identified as A. hydrophila,
      8 (31%) were in hybridization group 8, which contains strains of the new species
      A. veronii. It therefore appears that our ability to identify Aeromonas strains
      phenotypically is not sufficiently specific. Either additional definitive
      biochemical markers must be found or phenotypic identification, at least for some
      Aeromonas groups, must be regarded as only presumptive.

PMID- 2913027
TI  - Evaluation of NCS rapid plasma reagin card test, a new screening kit for
      syphilis.
AB  - Agreements in qualitative and quantitative test results between the recently
      marketed NCS rapid plasma reagin card test (NCS Diagnostics Corp.) and the Macro
      Vue rapid plasma reagin 18-mm circle card test (Hynson, Westcott and Dunning)
      were 99.2 and 99.1%, respectively, indicating the NCS RPR card test to be an
      acceptable alternative procedure for the serodiagnosis of syphilis.

PMID- 2913026
TI  - Passive hemagglutination test for detection of antibodies to human
      immunodeficiency virus type 1 and comparison of the test with enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay and Western blot (immunoblot) analysis.
AB  - A passive hemagglutination test (PHA) was developed for detecting antibodies to
      human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) utilizing sheep erythrocytes cross
      linked with purified envelope glycoprotein (gp160) of HIV-1. In an analysis of
      216 human serum samples, 100% correlation was observed in 86 reactive and 124
      nonreactive serum samples between PHA and commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent
      assays and Western blot (immunoblot) analysis. Serum samples from gp160-immunized
      chimpanzees also reacted equally well in PHA. The test is simple, rapid, and
      inexpensive, thus providing an alternate, quick method of detecting HIV
      antibodies. These advantages and the thermal stability of the reagents that are
      used make this an attractive alternative for detecting prior exposure of
      individuals to HIV-1.

PMID- 2913028
TI  - Bacteremia and urinary tract infection associated with CDC group Vd biovar 2.
AB  - A case of urinary tract infection and bacteremia caused by CDC group Vd biovar 2
      in a 23-year-old woman with Hodgkin's disease is described. This is the first
      report of CDC group Vd biovar 2 isolated from a clinical specimen and considered
      as a pathogen. Detailed antimicrobial susceptibility data are presented.

PMID- 2913029
TI  - Enzymatic extraction and spectral analysis of the chromophore from cell walls of
      nutritionally deficient streptococci.
AB  - We demonstrated by spectral analysis a method to enzymatically cleave the
      chromophore precursor from nutritionally deficient streptococcal cell walls by
      treatment with lysozyme. The peak absorbances without and with lysozyme
      pretreatment were 511.4 +/- 2.02 nm and 513.1 +/- 0.69 nm, respectively.
      Extraction yields varied among strains and were found to be growth phase
      dependent. A secondary peak of absorbance (mean of 477 nm) was found in only five
      of eight strains. The chromophore at a neutral pH undergoes a reaction with
      phenol consistent with that of a furan, indicating its carbohydrate composition.

PMID- 2913030
TI  - Detection of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica by using congo red-magnesium
      oxalate agar medium.
AB  - A Congo red-magnesium oxalate agar medium was developed to detect expression of
      virulence-associated calcium dependency and Congo red absorption in Yersinia
      enterocolitica. Of the 157 pathogenic serotypes tested, 119 (75.8%) were
      positive; 98% of nonpathogenic serotypes and strains of three other Yersinia
      species were negative.

PMID- 2913031
TI  - Endocarditis caused by relatively penicillin-resistant Stomatococcus
      mucilaginosus.
AB  - We report a case of Stomatococcus mucilaginosus endocarditis in which the isolate
      was relatively resistant to penicillins and cephalothin. The patient was treated
      successfully with vancomycin and valve replacement.

PMID- 2913032
TI  - Flavimonas oryzihabitans (Pseudomonas oryzihabitans; CDC group Ve-2): an emerging
      pathogen in peritonitis related to continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis?
AB  - A case of peritonitis caused by Flavimonas oryzihabitans (Pseudomonas
      oryzihabitans; CDC group VE-2) in a patient on continuous ambulatory peritoneal
      dialysis is reported. This is the seventh case of infection caused by this
      organism reported in the English literature and the third reported case of
      continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis caused by this
      organism; it is the first case of infection of any kind caused by this organism
      in England.

PMID- 2913033
TI  - Comparison of the virologic and immunologic responses of volunteers to live avian
      human influenza A H3N2 reassortant virus vaccines derived from two different
      avian influenza virus donors.
AB  - We compared the abilities of the six internal RNA segments of two avian influenza
      viruses, A/Mallard/Alberta/88/76 (H3N8) and A/Mallard/NY/6750/78 (H2N2), to
      confer attenuation on wild-type human influenza A/Bethesda/1/85 (H3N2) virus in
      seronegative adult volunteers. Live avian-human influenza A reassortant virus
      vaccines derived from either avian virus parent were comparable in the following
      properties: safety, infectivity, immunogenicity, and genetic stability. Since the
      avian influenza A/Mallard/Alberta/76 virus offered no clear advantage as a donor
      virus, we will conduct our future evaluations on live influenza A virus
      reassortants derived from the more extensively characterized avian influenza
      A/Mallard/NY/78 virus.

PMID- 2913034
TI  - Cytotoxin production by Campylobacter pylori strains isolated from patients with
      peptic ulcers and from patients with chronic gastritis only.
AB  - A total of 66.6% of Campylobacter pylori strains isolated from patients with
      peptic ulcers produced a cytotoxin active against mammalian cells in vitro,
      versus 30.1% of strains isolated from patients with chronic gastritis of various
      degrees of severity only. This difference was statistically significant and
      suggests that the toxic substance could be involved in the development of peptic
      ulcers.

PMID- 2913036
TI  - Detection of antigens in urine of mice and humans infected with Borrelia
      burgdorferi, etiologic agent of Lyme disease.
AB  - Lyme disease is a seasonal tick-borne malady which has worldwide distribution.
      Early and accurate diagnosis of Lyme disease is essential for successful
      antibiotic therapy. Symptoms are too vague to make an early diagnosis based on
      conventional criteria. We report the detection of antigens of Borrelia
      burgdorferi, causative agent of Lyme disease, in the urine of infected mice and
      humans. This technique may eventually provide a rapid diagnostic test for the
      early and accurate detection of this illness.

PMID- 2913035
TI  - Association of alpha interferon production with natural killer cell lysis of U937
      cells infected with human immunodeficiency virus.
AB  - Mononuclear leukocytes from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seronegative and 
      seropositive homosexual men lysed HIV-infected U937 cells to a significantly
      greater degree than uninfected U937 cells. Depletion of cell subsets with
      monoclonal antibodies and complement indicated that the effector cells were
      primarily of the CD16+ phenotype. Acid-stable alpha interferon (IFN-alpha)
      production induced by the HIV-infected cells correlated with, although was not an
      absolute requisite for, preferential lysis of the infected targets. The activity
      of these CD16+, natural killer (NK) cells decreased in relation to the duration
      of HIV infection and the presence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
      Pretreatment of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HIV-seronegative
      subjects, but not HIV-seropositive men, with IFN-alpha or recombinant interleukin
      2 enhanced lysis of both uninfected and HIV-infected U937 cells. These results
      suggest that IFN-alpha-associated, NK-like mechanisms are active in the cytotoxic
      response against HIV-infected cells and that HIV infection results in an early
      and progressive depression of such responses. Prospective investigations may be
      useful in determining the role of this NK cell response in the natural history
      and pathogenesis of HIV infection and the efficacy of therapeutic modalities.

PMID- 2913037
TI  - Immunoglobulin G subclass antibodies to measles virus in patients with subacute
      sclerosing panencephalitis or multiple sclerosis.
AB  - Mouse monoclonal antibodies specific for human immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclasses
      and a sensitive immunoassay were used to evaluate the IgG subclass antibody
      response to measles virus antigens in cerebrospinal fluid and serum samples from
      20 patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), 12 patients with
      multiple sclerosis (MS), and 11 controls with high measles virus antibody titers
      in serum. In patients with SSPE, measles virus-specific antibodies were found
      mainly in the IgG1 subclass and the IgG subclass distribution remained unchanged,
      irrespective of the clinical stage or duration of the disease. In patients with
      MS and in controls, measles virus activity was also associated mainly with IgG1.
      However, the activity was significantly lower than that found in patients with
      SSPE. The results suggest that there is no primary abnormality in humoral immune
      response to measles virus in patients with MS. The disproportionately high levels
      of the measles virus-specific IgG1 subclass found in patients with SSPE may be
      due to persistent antigenic stimulation or reflect a defect in immunoregulatory
      mechanisms in response to viral infection.

PMID- 2913038
TI  - Human disease associated with "Campylobacter upsaliensis" (catalase-negative or
      weakly positive Campylobacter species) in the United States.
AB  - Catalase-negative or weakly positive (CNW) thermotolerant campylobacteria, first
      isolated from dogs in 1983, were recently recognized as a new species,
      "Campylobacter upsaliensis," but their association with human illness has not
      been established. Twelve human isolates received at the Centers for Disease
      Control between 1980 and 1986 were identified as CNW campylobacteria by
      biochemical tests, cellular fatty acid composition, and antimicrobial
      susceptibility patterns. Eleven CNW Campylobacter strains tested by DNA-DNA
      hybridization (hydroxyapatite method) were all highly related and were related to
      two "C. upsaliensis" strains at the species level (86% under optimal conditions
      and 76% under stringent conditions). Clinical information was obtained for 11
      human isolates from three stool and eight blood specimens. They were isolated
      from four female and seven male patients 6.5 months to 83 years of age residing
      in 10 different states. The patients had a wide spectrum of illnesses. The stool
      isolates were obtained from two previously healthy persons during episodes of
      acute gastroenteritis and from one immunocompromised patient with persistent
      diarrhea and fever. The blood isolates were obtained from two infants with fever
      and respiratory symptoms; a young woman with a ruptured ectopic pregnancy; three
      elderly men with underlying chronic diseases; and two immunocompromised adults.
      In a bactericidal assay to assess sensitivity to serum, seven of eight blood
      isolates showed some resistance to killing by pooled normal human serum. These
      observations suggest that "C. upsaliensis" is a potential human pathogen
      associated with both gastroenteritis and bacteremia in normal hosts and with
      opportunistic infection in immunocompromised individuals.

PMID- 2913039
TI  - Staphylococcus intermedius in canine gingiva and canine-inflicted human wound
      infections: laboratory characterization of a newly recognized zoonotic pathogen.
AB  - Staphylococcal gingival flora was characterized in cultures from 135 dogs.
      Staphylococcus intermedius was isolated in 39% of the cultures, S. aureus was
      isolated in 10%, and both were isolated in 2.0%. S. aureus was isolated more
      often from dogs of working breeds with weights of greater than 40 lb (ca. 18 kg)
      and with outdoor habitats than was S. intermedius, which was associated with dogs
      of nonworking breeds with weights of less than 40 lb and indoor habitats. S.
      intermedius was distinguished from S. aureus by the following characteristics:
      coagulation of rabbit plasma at 4 h (26 versus 100%, respectively), hemolysis of
      sheep blood at 24 h (30 versus 79%, respectively), and mannitol fermentation at
      24 h (4 versus 93%, respectively). A clear separation of the two species was
      apparent only with the acetoin (modified Voges-Proskauer) reaction (100% of the
      S. aureus isolates versus 0% of the S. intermedius isolates) and beta
      galactosidase activity on the API Staph-Ident strip (0% of the S. aureus isolates
      and 100% of the S. intermedius isolates). Susceptibilities of S. intermedius and
      S. aureus were 72 and 7%, respectively, to penicillin G, and 100% of both species
      to oxacillin. Fourteen previously collected strains of coagulase-positive
      staphylococci from infected canine-inflicted human wounds were reanalyzed; 3 of
      14 (21%) isolates were S. intermedius. We conclude that S. intermedius is a
      common canine gingival flora and is responsible for some canine-inflicted human
      wound infections, thus representing a newly recognized zoonotic pathogen.

PMID- 2913040
TI  - Isolation of human immunodeficiency virus from peripheral blood lymphocytes
      stored in various transport media and frozen at -60 degrees C.
AB  - The peripheral blood lymphocytes from 48 heparinized blood specimens from human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody-positive individuals were divided into two
      aliquots. One aliquot was reconstituted in one of the following five media.
      Medium 1 consisted of tryptose broth with 0.5% gelatin; medium 2 consisted of
      RPMI 1640 containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS); medium 3 consisted of RPMI
      1640 containing 20% FBS, Polybrene, interleukin 2, and anti-alpha interferon;
      medium 4 consisted of medium 2 plus 10% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO); and medium 5
      consisted of medium 3 plus 10% DMSO. Lymphocytes were stored in these five media
      at -60 degrees C. The other aliquot of cells was stored at -190 degrees C in RPMI
      1640 containing 50% FBS and 10% DMSO. After 1 week, both aliquots were
      cocultivated with phytohemagglutinin-stimulated uninfected peripheral blood
      lymphocytes, and presence of HIV was detected by the reverse transcriptase test.
      Storage in medium 1, 2, or 3 did not result in satisfactory isolation rates, but
      storage at -60 degrees C in medium 4 or 5 gave equal or better isolation rates
      than did storage at -190 degrees C. Inactivation of HIV by freezing of the cells
      without DMSO correlated with high antibody titers to core and polymerase proteins
      as measured by Western (immuno-) blotting.

PMID- 2913041
TI  - Epidemiology of pharyngeal colonization of infants with aerobic gram-negative rod
      bacteria.
AB  - By using a selective medium, pharyngeal colonization with gram-negative rod (GNR)
      bacteria was determined in a cohort of 49 normal infants monitored from birth to
      6 months of age. Culture swabs were diluted in 1 ml of saline for quantitation.
      The prevalence of GNR in the first 72 h of life was 8% and rose to 29% during the
      first month, 52% at 2.5 months, 67% at 4.5 months, and 62% at 6 to 7 months.
      Colonization was with substantial numbers of organisms, generally greater than
      100 colonies per ml and frequently greater than 1,000 colonies per ml. The most
      common species were Klebsiella species, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter species,
      and Acinetobacter anitratus. Fewer infants who were breast fed rather than
      formula fed at the time of culture harbored GNR (26 versus 45%, P less than
      0.05). The point prevalence of pharyngeal GNR colonization in our special care
      nursery was 12 of 47 (26%), which was found to be similar to that of age-matched
      normal infants. GNR carriage in normal infants does not appear to be a residual
      of organisms acquired at birth, and interpretations of GNR carriage in ill or
      hospitalized infants should be evaluated by comparison with these data in healthy
      infants.

PMID- 2913042
TI  - Pneumococcosuria in children.
AB  - Streptococcus pneumoniae was present, in pure or mixed culture, in 43 (0.08%) of
      53,499 urine cultures submitted from a pediatric population over a 4-year period.
      Data were analyzed from 28 children, from whom 78% of these positive cultures
      originated. Ninety-six percent of the children were female, and the median age
      was 3 years (range, 0.4 to 17 years). Only five children had S. pneumoniae as the
      sole organism cultured from the urine, and all five had only a single urine
      culture. Urine from the other 23 children contained other organisms as well.
      Small numbers of pneumococci were found in most urines: 74% contained less than
      10(4) CFU/ml and 93% contained less than 10(5) CFU/ml. There was no association
      between genitourinary symptoms and pneumococcosuria, and complete resolution of
      symptoms occurred in both treated and untreated children. Pneumococcosuria could
      not be explained by pneumococcal bacteremia. We conclude that pediatric
      pneumococcosuria is not associated with urinary tract infections in children, or
      with pneumococcal bacteremia or invasive disease elsewhere. Pneumococcosuria
      probably reflects contamination of urine specimens with S. pneumoniae from
      perineal colonization.

PMID- 2913043
TI  - Immunohistochemical studies of adult human glial cells.
AB  - Using immunohistochemical techniques, we examined major histocompatibility
      complex (MHC) antigen expression on astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and macrophages
      microglia derived from surgically resected tissue from young adults and
      maintained in dissociated cell cultures supplemented with either fetal calf or
      human AB serum. The majority of these cells in culture expressed class I MHC
      antigens. MHC class II expression was observed on only a restricted proportion of
      astrocytes either under basal or induction conditions (gamma-interferon,
      activated lymphocyte supernatants), on the majority of macrophages-microglia
      under inducing conditions, and not on oligodendrocytes. MHC class II expression
      on astrocytes in culture did not correlate with the extent of in situ gliosis or
      with in vitro cell morphology. MHC antigen expression was not detected in situ
      immunohistochemically. These data extend observations on the dissociation of in
      vivo and in vitro expression of MHC antigens on glial cells. The apparent greater
      expression of MHC class II antigens on macrophages-microglia compared to
      astrocytes raises the issue of the relative roles of each of these cell types in
      promoting immune reactivity under pathologic conditions.

PMID- 2913044
TI  - Peripheral nerve lesion produces increased levels of major histocompatibility
      complex antigens in the central nervous system.
AB  - Proliferation of central nervous system (CNS) glia in response to peripheral
      nerve injury occurs without apparent participation of cells of the immune system.
      It is shown here that following transection of the rat facial nerve there is
      strongly elevated expression of class I, and to a lesser extent, class II
      antigens of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in the facial nucleus. It
      is demonstrated by double-immunofluorescence studies that the cells responsible
      for increased levels of MHC class I antigens are endogenous brain microglia.
      These findings emphasize the thought that microglia are immunocompetent cells,
      but, at the same time, raise the possibility for a non-immunological function of
      MHC antigens under conditions of neural regeneration.

PMID- 2913045
TI  - The adoptive transfer of chronic relapsing experimental allergic
      encephalomyelitis with lymph node cells sensitized to myelin proteolipid protein.
AB  - In this report we describe the transfer of chronic relapsing experimental
      allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) with in vitro-stimulated lymph node cells (LNC)
      from SJL/J mice immunized with human myelin proteolipid protein (PLP). No
      additional immune enhancing procedures were applied in the transfer recipients.
      Clinical and histological EAE was transferred with 10-30 X 10(6) LNC to 27/28
      mice. The LNC proliferated in vitro to PLP, but not to myelin basic protein
      (MBP), and induced delayed-type hypersensitivity. Enrichment for lymphoblasts by
      Ficoll centrifugation was essential for the disease development. The clinical
      course usually showed an early episode of acute paralytic illness, followed by
      chronic relapsing disease, and resembled the transfer of EAE using MBP-specific
      cells, both clinically and histologically.

PMID- 2913046
TI  - Differences between ocular and generalized myasthenia gravis: binding
      characteristics of anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody against bovine muscles.
AB  - We studied the binding characteristics of anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody
      (AChR Ab) in sera of nine patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) using affinity
      purified extraocular muscles (EOM) and foot muscles (FM) of bovine species. The
      titer of AChR Ab measured with EOM was the same as that measured with FM for both
      ocular and generalized MG. In patients with ocular MG, the affinity of AChR Ab,
      determined by Scatchard analysis, was higher for FM than for EOM (P less than
      0.05), whereas it was the same for EOM and FM in those with generalized MG. On
      the other hand, the affinity of AChR Ab for FM was lower in generalized MG than
      in ocular MG (P less than 0.05), but that for EOM did not differ between the two
      types of MG. The affinity of AChR Ab did not change after passing the patients'
      sera through an EOM-affinity column. The EOM-affinity column treatment of the
      sera decreased the AChR Ab titer measured with EOM in all patients, but the AChR
      Ab titer measured with FM was decreased in only some of the patients. These data
      indicate that there are polyclonal or heterogeneous AChR Abs in the sera of MG
      patients, which does not help to explain the clinical difference between ocular
      and generalized MG.

PMID- 2913047
TI  - Hepatic oleate uptake. Electrochemical driving forces in intact rat liver.
AB  - Recent observations suggest that the hepatic uptake of oleate may be sodium
      coupled. To assess the electrochemical forces driving fatty acid uptake, we used
      microelectrodes to monitor continuously the electrical potential difference
      across the plasma membrane in the perfused rat liver while simultaneously
      monitoring the rate of tracer [3H]oleate uptake from 1% albumin solutions.
      Isosmotic cation or anion substitution was used to vary the potential difference
      over the physiologic range. Depolarization of cells from -29 to -19 mV by
      substituting gluconate for chloride reduced steady-state oleate uptake by 34%.
      Conversely, hyperpolarization of cells to -52 mV by substituting nitrate for
      chloride increased uptake by 41%. Replacement of perfusate sodium with choline
      depolarized the cells to -18 mV and reduced uptake by 58%, an amount greater than
      expected from the degree of depolarization alone. Oleate in higher concentrations
      (1.5 mM in 2% albumin) depolarized cells by 3 mV in the presence of sodium, but
      had no effect in sodium-free buffer. These results suggest that a portion of
      oleate uptake in the intact liver occurs by electrogenic sodium cotransport.
      Uptake appears to be driven by both the electrical and sodium chemical gradients
      across the plasma membrane.

PMID- 2913048
TI  - Cachectin/tumor necrosis factor-alpha formation in human decidua. Potential role
      of cytokines in infection-induced preterm labor.
AB  - This study was conducted as part of an investigation to evaluate the hypothesis
      that bacterial toxins (LPS or lipoteichoic acid), acting on macrophage-like
      uterine decidua to cause increased formation of cytokines, may be involved in the
      pathogenesis of infection-associated preterm labor. We found that cachectin/tumor
      necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) was synthesized and secreted into the culture
      medium by human decidual cells and explants in response to treatment with LPS.
      LPS treatment also caused an increase in PGF2 alpha production by decidual cells
      and explants. In amnion cells in monolayer culture, TNF-alpha stimulated PGE2
      formation, and TNF-alpha was cytostatic (inhibited [3H]thymidine incorporation
      into DNA) but not cytolytic in amnion cells. TNF-alpha was not detectable (less
      than 0.34 ng/ml) in the amniotic fluid of normal pregnancies at midtrimester or
      at term before or after the onset of labor (n = 44); but TNF-alpha was present at
      concentrations between 2.8 and 22.3 ng/ml in amniotic fluids of 4 of 20
      pregnancies with intact membranes complicated by preterm labor (less than 34 wk
      gestational age). LPS was present in 10 of the 20 amniotic fluids of preterm
      labor pregnancies, including all four in which TNF-alpha was present. Bacteria
      were identified in only one of the four LPS-positive, TNF-alpha-positive fluids.
      Cytokine formation in macrophage-like decidua may serve a fundamental role in the
      pathogenesis of preterm labor, including increased prostaglandin formation and
      premature rupture of the membranes.

PMID- 2913049
TI  - Developmental changes in the relation between phosphate metabolites and oxygen
      consumption in the sheep heart in vivo.
AB  - This study examines the role of phosphate metabolites in the regulation of
      mitochondrial oxygen consumption of the heart in vivo as a function of
      development. We used an open chest lamb/sheep preparation in which myocardial
      oxygen consumption (MVO2) was monitored via an extracorporeal shunt from the
      coronary sinus. Phosphate metabolites were monitored simultaneously using 31P
      nuclear magnetic resonance with a surface coil overlying the left ventricle.
      Graded infusions of epinephrine were used to increase MVO2 in both neonatal lambs
      (age 5-12 d, n = 8), and mature sheep (26-86 d, n = 6). The maximal increase in
      MVO2 achieved was 220 +/- 38% in the newborns and 350 +/- 66% in the mature
      animals. Associated with these increases in MVO2 in the newborn lambs are
      significant (P less than 0.001) decreases in PCr/ATP, and increases in calculated
      ADP and intracellular Pi. This was in contrast to the mature sheep, in which
      there were no significant changes in PCr/ATP, ADP, or Pi. In conclusion, we find
      that (a) there are changes in PCr/ATP, Pi, and ADP in newborn animals with
      moderate increases in work that are not apparent in mature animals of the same
      species and (b) that these changes suggest that cytosolic ATP hydrolysis products
      may be more important in regulation of myocardial energy metabolism in the
      newborn than in the adult.

PMID- 2913050
TI  - Cardiovascular effects of acute hypercholesterolemia in rabbits. Reversal with
      lovastatin treatment.
AB  - Hypercholesterolemia was induced in New Zealand white rabbits by feeding them a
      0.5% cholesterol-enriched rabbit chow for 2 wk. Half of the cholesterol-fed
      rabbits were given lovastatin, a potent inhibitor of hydroxymethylglutaryl
      coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA reductase), the rate limiting enzyme in cholesterol
      biosynthesis, and the other half were given its vehicle (i.e., DMSO). At the end
      of 2 wk, the rabbits underwent experimental myocardial ischemia or a sham
      ischemia procedure. Ischemic animals fed the cholesterol-enriched diet for 2 wk
      experienced much greater cardiac damage than ischemic rabbits fed the control
      diet, despite the absence of any atherosclerosis. Lovastatin was shown to protect
      the ischemic rabbit myocardium by three different indices of ischemic damage: (a)
      maintenance of creatine kinase (CK) activity in the ischemic myocardium; (b)
      reduced loss of free amino-nitrogen containing compounds from the ischemic
      myocardium; and (c) blunting the rise of plasma CK activity. These effects were
      not due to differences in myocardial oxygen demand between the groups. Arteries
      isolated from animals fed the cholesterol-enriched diet developed defects in
      endothelium-dependent relaxation in both large vessels as well as coronary
      resistance vessels. Acute hypercholesterolemia increases the severity of
      myocardial ischemia while at the same time impairing endothelium-dependent
      relaxation. These deleterious changes can be significantly attenuated by
      treatment with lovastatin.

PMID- 2913051
TI  - Rearrangements and point mutations of P450c21 genes are distinguished by five
      restriction endonuclease haplotypes identified by a new probing strategy in 57
      families with congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
AB  - Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is caused by disorders of the P450c21B gene,
      which, with the P450c21A pseudogene, lies in the HLA locus on chromosome 6. The
      near identity of nucleotide sequences and endonuclease cleavage sites in these A
      and B loci makes genetic analysis of this disease difficult. We used a genomic
      DNA probe that detects the P450c21 genes (A pseudogene, 3.2 kb; B gene, 3.7 kb in
      Taq I digests) and the 3' flanking DNA not detected with cDNA probes (A
      pseudogene, 2.4 kb; B gene, 2.5 kb) to examine Southern blots of genomic DNA from
      68 patients and 165 unaffected family members in 57 families with CAH. Of 116 CAH
      bearing chromosomes, 114 could be sorted into five easily distinguished
      haplotypes based on blots of DNA digested with Taq I and Bgl II. Haplotype I (76
      of 116, 65.6%) was indistinguishable from normal and therefore bore very small
      lesions, presumably point mutations. Haplotype II (4 of 116, 3.4%) and haplotype
      III (8 of 116, 6.9%) had deletions and duplications of the P450c21A pseudogene
      but had structurally intact P450c21B genes presumably bearing point mutations;
      point mutation thus was the genetic defect in 88 of 116 chromosomes (75.9%).
      Haplotypes IV and V lack the 3.7-kb Taq I band normally associated with the
      P450c21B gene. Haplotype IV (13 of 116, 11.2%) retains all other bands,
      indicating that the P450c21B gene has undergone a gene conversion event, so that
      it is now also associated with a 3.2-kb band. Haplotype V (13 of 116, 11.2%)
      lacks the 2.4-kb Taq I fragment and the 12-kb Bgl II fragments normally
      associated with the P450c21A pseudogene, as well as lacking the 3.7-kb Taq I
      fragment, indicating deletion of approximately 30 kb of DNA, resulting in a
      single hybrid P450c21A/B gene. Most (114 of 116, 98%) CAH alleles thus can easily
      be classified with this new probing strategy, eliminating many ambiguities
      resulting from probing with cDNA.

PMID- 2913052
TI  - Quantitative assessment of canalicular bile formation in isolated hepatocyte
      couplets using microscopic optical planimetry.
AB  - Isolated rat hepatocyte couplets (IRHC) are primary units of bile secretion that
      accumulate fluid in an enclosed canalicular space with time in culture. We have
      quantitated the rate of canalicular secretion in IRHC cultured for 4-8 h by
      measuring the change in canalicular space volume by video-microscopic optical
      planimetry using high resolution Nomarski optics. Electron microscopic
      morphometric studies revealed significant increases in canalicular membrane area
      after 4-6 h in culture. Canalicular secretion in basal L-15 medium (3.8 +/- 1.3
      fl/min) increased significantly with the choleretic bile salts (10 microM),
      taurocholate, and ursodeoxycholate (14 +/- 7 fl/min each). Secretion rates after
      exposure to bile acids correlated directly with the canalicular surface area
      before stimulation. In contrast, expansion times after stimulation varied
      inversely with initial canalicular volumes. Ursodeoxycholic acid failed to
      produce a hypercholeresis at 10-, 100-, or 200-microM concentrations compared
      with taurocholate, either in normal or taurine-depleted IRHC. The present
      findings establish that rates of canalicular bile secretion can be quantitated in
      IRHC by serial optical planimetry, both in the basal state and after stimulation
      with bile acids. Furthermore, ursodeoxycholate does not acutely induce
      hypercholeresis at the canalicular level in this model. Rather, both taurocholic
      and ursodeoxycholic acids induced secretion in proportion to the surface area of
      the canalicular membrane. The IRHC are a useful model to identify canalicular
      choleretics and for studies of canalicular bile formation.

PMID- 2913053
TI  - A lethal variant of osteogenesis imperfecta has a single base mutation that
      substitutes cysteine for glycine 904 of the alpha 1(I) chain of type I
      procollagen. The asymptomatic mother has an unidentified mutation producing an
      overmodified and unstable type I procollagen.
AB  - A fraction of the pro alpha 1(I) and pro alpha 2(I) chains in type I procollagen
      synthesized by the fibroblasts from a proband with a lethal variant of
      osteogenesis imperfecta were overmodified by posttranslational reactions. After
      digestion with pepsin, some of the alpha 1(I) chains were recovered as disulfide
      linked dimers. Mapping of cyanogen bromide peptides indicated that the disulfide
      link was contained in alpha 1-CB6, the cyanogen bromide fragment containing amino
      acid residues 823-1014 of the alpha 1(I) chain. Nucleotide sequencing of cDNA
      clones demonstrated a substitution of T for G that converted glycine 904 of the
      alpha 1(I) chain to cysteine. A large fraction of the type I procollagen
      synthesized by the proband's fibroblasts had a thermostability that was 3-4
      degrees C lower than the normal type I procollagen as assayed by brief proteinase
      digestion. In addition, the type I procollagen synthesized by the proband's
      fibroblasts was secreted with an abnormal kinetic pattern in that there was a lag
      period of about 30 min in pulse-chase experiments. The mutation of glycine to
      cysteine was not found in type I procollagen synthesized by fibroblasts from the
      proband's parents. Therefore, the mutation was a sporadic one. However, the
      mother's fibroblasts synthesized a type I procollagen in which part of the pro
      alpha chains were overmodified and had a lower thermostability. Therefore, the
      proband may have inherited a mutated allele for type I procollagen from her
      mother that contributed to the lethal phenotype. The mother was asymptomatic. She
      was somewhat short and had slightly blue sclerae but no definitive signs of a
      connective tissue abnormality. The observations on the mother indicated,
      therefore, that a mutation that causes synthesis of a type I procollagen with a
      lowered thermal stability does not necessarily produce a heritable disorder of
      connective tissue.

PMID- 2913055
TI  - Intracellular and nuclear binding of [3H]dihydrotestosterone in cultured genital
      skin fibroblasts of patients with severe hypospadias.
AB  - Androgens stimulate the development and growth of the male external genitalia.
      Because hypospadias is the most common congenital defect of the male urethra and
      because in most cases the cause of this malformation is unknown, we examined the
      hypothesis that the etiology of the severe forms of this disorder, which is
      frequently associated with other genital anomalies, might be explained by
      receptor abnormalities. Intracellular and nuclear binding of androgens were
      determined in cultured genital skin fibroblasts from 10 males who underwent
      circumcision for phimosis (controls A), 2 patients with 5 alpha-reductase
      deficiency (controls B), and 11 patients with severe forms of hypospadias of
      unknown etiology. Genital skin fibroblast monolayers were incubated for 60 min at
      37 degrees C with varying concentrations of [3H]-dihydrotestosterone ([3H]DHT),
      and specific binding in whole cells and nuclei was measured. Maximum binding
      (Bmax) in the whole cell assay averaged 0.88 +/- 0.15 fmol . microgram DNA-1
      (mean +/- SD) in the control group (controls A, 0.89 +/- 0.16 fmol . microgram
      DNA-1; controls B, 0.85 fmol . microgram DNA-1) and 0.7 +/- 0.25 fmol . microgram
      DNA-1 in the patients with hypospadias. In the latter group, Bmax in six patients
      was below the minimum values determined in the controls. Maximum specific nuclear
      binding in the control groups averaged 43% (range, 30-55%) of the corresponding
      intracellular binding. In contrast, nuclear binding in strains from patients with
      hypospadias was lower (range, 0-12% of whole cell Bmax). In particular, no high
      affinity saturable nuclear [3H]DHT binding could be measured in 6 of the 11
      patients. We interpret these data to suggest that defective intracellular and/or
      nuclear binding might be the cause of defective genital development in some
      patients with severe hypospadias.

PMID- 2913054
TI  - Differential expression of the two human arginase genes in hyperargininemia.
      Enzymatic, pathologic, and molecular analysis.
AB  - Previous studies in our laboratory and others have demonstrated in humans and
      other mammals two isozymes of arginase (AI and AII) that differ both
      electrophoretically and antigenically. AI, a cytosolic protein found
      predominantly in liver and red blood cells, is believed to be chiefly responsible
      for ureagenesis and is the one missing in hyperargininemic patients. Much less is
      known about AII because it is present in far smaller amounts and localized in
      less accessible deep tissues, primarily kidney. We now report the application of
      enzymatic and immunologic methods to assess the independent expression and
      regulation of these two gene products in normal tissue extracts, two cultured
      cell lines, and multiple organ samples from a hyperargininemic patient who came
      to autopsy after an unusually severe clinical course characterized by rapidly
      progressive hepatic cirrhosis. AI was totally absent (less than 0.1%) in the
      patient's tissues, whereas marked enhancement of AII activity (four times normal)
      was seen in the kidney by immunoprecipitation and biochemical inhibition studies.
      Immunoprecipitation-competition and Western blot analysis failed to reveal
      presence of even an enzymatically inactive cross-reacting AI protein, whereas
      Southern blot analysis showed no evidence of a substantial deletion in the AI
      gene. Induction studies in cell lines that similarly express only the AII isozyme
      indicated that its activity could be enhanced severalfold by exposure to elevated
      arginine levels. Our findings suggest that the same induction mechanism may well
      be operative in hyperargininemic patients, and that the heightened AII activity
      may be responsible for the persistent ureagenesis seen in this disorder. These
      data lend further support to the existence of two separate arginase gene loci in
      humans, and raise possibilities for novel therapeutic approaches based on their
      independent manipulation.

PMID- 2913057
TI  - Morphology of fungiform papillae in canine lingual epithelium: location of
      intercellular junctions in the epithelium.
AB  - The localization and structure of intercellular junctions and barriers in the
      extragemmal epithelium of canine fungiform papillae were determined by using both
      morphological and electrophysiological methods. Gap junctions were located in all
      epithelial strata with the exception of the stratum corneum, suggesting that the
      epithelium functions as a syncytium. The extracellular space of the stratum
      corneum was composed of a discontinuous, three-dimensional network of tight
      junctions, modified desmosomes, and lamellar bodies. A zonula occludens, which
      stops the penetration of lanthanum, is present in the uppermost layer of the
      stratum granulosum. In freeze-fracture replicas, tight junctions appear as
      extended networks of ridges of variable thickness on the PF fracture face and
      complementary grooves on the EF fracture face. The relatively high resistance
      pathway resulting from the layers of corneocytes and networks of tight junctions
      and lamellar bodies in the stratum corneum is bypassed by the low-resistance
      pathway provided by the taste pore.

PMID- 2913058
TI  - Zonal organization of climbing fiber projections to the uvula in the cat.
AB  - Climbing fiber projections from the inferior olive to the uvula of the cerebellum
      were studied in the cat by using retrograde axonal transport of horseradish
      peroxidase. Following large and small injections into various parts of the uvula,
      the distribution of labeled cells in the inferior olive was investigated. The
      findings indicate six longitudinal zones extending throughout the dorsal and
      ventral uvula: the caudal part of the nucleus beta projects to a most medially
      located zone (caudal beta zone) with a width of about 0.4 mm; the rostral part of
      the nucleus beta projects to a zone located at about 0.6 mm from the midline
      (rostral beta zone); the caudal part of the medial accessory olive (MAO) projects
      to a zone (caudal MAO zone) located lateral to the rostral beta zone; the
      dorsomedial cell column projects to a zone (dorsomedial cell column zone) located
      in the intermediate part of the uvula at about 1.2 mm from the lateral edge of
      the uvula; the ventral lamella of the principal olive (PO) projects to a zone
      (ventral lamella of PO zone) about 0.7 mm from the lateral edge of the uvula;
      finally, the rostral part of the MAO projects to the most lateral zone (rostral
      MAO zone). These conclusions are in general agreement with those of earlier
      studies and also provide a more detailed zonal configuration of climbing fiber
      projections to the uvula.

PMID- 2913056
TI  - Erythromycin breath test as an assay of glucocorticoid-inducible liver
      cytochromes P-450. Studies in rats and patients.
AB  - The major P-450IIIA gene family member present in human liver is HLp which, like
      its rat liver orthologue P-450p, is inducible by glucocorticoids and catalyzes
      erythromycin N-demethylation. To develop a practical method to estimate the
      amounts of HLp in patients [14C]N-methyl erythromycin was injected into rats that
      had been pretreated with dexamethasone or with inducers of other forms of
      cytochrome P-450. The rate of demethylation of this substrate, measured simply as
      14CO2 in the breath, correlated well with the concentrations of immunoreactive P
      450p protein (r = 0.70), holocytochrome P-450p (r = 0.70), or with erythromycin N
      demethylase activity (r = 0.90) determined in the liver microsomes prepared from
      each rat. Next, [14C]N-methyl erythromycin was administered to 30 patients and
      there was a sixfold interindividual variation in breath 14CO2 production
      seemingly unrelated to medications, smoking status or age. However, the average
      breath test values were twofold greater in female as compared to male patients (P
      less than 0.01). Breath 14CO2 production rose in patients retested after
      treatment with the P-450IIIA inducers dexamethasone (P less than 0.05) or
      rifampicin (P less than 0.05) and was decreased after treatment with the HLp
      inhibitor triacetyloleandomycin (P less than 0.05). We conclude that the
      erythromycin breath test provides a convenient assay of P-450IIIA cytochromes in
      rats and in some patients.

PMID- 2913059
TI  - Differential mossy fiber projections to the dorsal and ventral uvula in the cat.
AB  - The brainstem afferents to the uvula were studied by using retrograde axonal
      transport of horseradish peroxidase in the cat. Findings indicate differential
      afferent projections to the ventral and dorsal uvula. Major sources projecting to
      the ventral uvula include the caudal parts of the medial and inferior vestibular
      nuclei, the x- and f-groups of the vestibular nuclei, the dorsal and central
      parts of the superior vestibular nucleus, the rostral dorsomedial part of the
      paramedian nucleus of the pontine nuclei, the caudal part of the prepositus
      hypoglossal nucleus, and the infratrigeminal nucleus. Labeled cells in the
      vestibular nuclei were 74.7% of the total number of labeled cells in cat 40. On
      the other hand, the major sources projecting to the dorsal uvula are the
      peduncular, paramedian, and lateral nuclei of the pontine nuclei at the rostral
      and intermediate levels. Labeled cells in the pontine nuclei comprised 82.1% of
      the total number of labeled cells in cat 1. Findings also indicate that the
      lateral part of the ventral uvula receives input mainly from the pontine nuclei,
      whereas the medial part of the ventral uvula receives input mainly from the
      vestibular nuclei. Mediolateral differences were not found for the dorsal uvula.
      These mossy fiber zones are mediolaterally wide, with a dorsoventral partition in
      the uvula, in contrast to the climbing fiber zones, which are narrow (about 0.4
      mm) and extend longitudinally throughout the uvula. There are quantitative
      differences in afferent sources to the ventral uvula and flocculus, both of which
      belong to the vestibulocerebellum. The largest afferent sources for the ventral
      uvula are the vestibular nerve and nuclei, whereas the largest sources for the
      flocculus are the reticular formation and raphe nuclei. These quantitative
      differences may have an important role for differential functions between the
      ventral uvula and flocculus. It has been suggested that the ventral uvula
      controls the velocity storage integrator of the vestibuloocular and optokinetic
      reflexes, whereas the flocculus is responsible for rapid changes of eye velocity
      in these reflexes.

PMID- 2913060
TI  - GABA-like immunoreactivity in the cat retina: light microscopy.
AB  - Semithin sections of the cat retina were stained with antibodies against GABA
      conjugated to bovine serum albumin with glutaraldehyde. Labelled cells were
      visualized by means of the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method. In the outer
      plexiform layer both A- and B-type horizontal cells and the B-type axon terminal
      system expressed GABA-like immunoreactivity. Approximately 25-30% of all amacrine
      cells and the whole inner plexiform layer were heavily labelled. Two types of
      putative GABA-ergic interplexiform cells could be distinguished. One of them also
      expressed tyrosine-hydroxylase-like immunoreactivity. A few bipolar cells were
      also GABA-immunolabelled. GABA-like immunoreactivity and 3H-muscimol uptake were
      colocalized in 90% of the amacrine cells labelled. However, horizontal cells did
      not accumulate 3H-muscimol.

PMID- 2913061
TI  - GABA-like immunoreactivity in the cat retina: electron microscopy.
AB  - The synaptic organization of the cat retina was studied with antibodies against
      the GABA-GA (glutaraldehyde)-BSA (bovine serum albumin) complex. The
      postembedding technique combined with immunogold labelling ensured
      ultrastructural preservation and made identification of synapses possible. The
      most common putative GABA-ergic synapses in the inner plexiform layer were
      amacrine-to-bipolar-cell synapses followed by amacrine-to-ganglion-cell and
      amacrine-to-amacrine-cell synapses. GABA-immunoreactive amacrine cells received
      most of their synaptic input from bipolar cells followed by other amacrine cells.
      Synapses between two labelled amacrine cells were common. Rod bipolar cells were
      the predominant input source and also the preferred output target of GABA
      labelled amacrine cells. OFF- and ON-ganglion cells received putative GABA-ergic
      synapses at their dendrites in laminas a and b, respectively, and also at their
      somata. In the outer plexiform layer, synapses of interplexiform cells onto
      bipolar cell dendrites expressed GABA-like immunoreactivity. In both the cone
      pedicles and the rod spherules, GABA-like immunoreactivity was observed in
      horizontal cell processes.

PMID- 2913062
TI  - Immunohistochemical distribution of serotonin in spinal autonomic nuclei: I.
      Fiber patterns in the adult rat.
AB  - The differential distribution of serotonin (5HT) fibers in spinal laminae VII and
      X is described for the adult rat. The results indicate that descending 5HT fibers
      preferentially innervate those regions of lamina VII that contain sympathetic and
      parasympathetic neurons. In lamina X, especially the dorsal commissural nucleus,
      large numbers of 5HT fibers are observed throughout the spinal cord. Moreover,
      sympathetic nuclei are more richly innervated with 5HT than the spinal
      parasympathetic nuclei. Spinal cord hemisections reveal that spinal autonomic
      nuclei are differentially innervated: ipsilateral serotoninergic projections to
      the intermediolateral cell column are preferentially interrupted. In addition, a
      large crossed 5HT projection exists throughout the length of the spinal cord that
      decussates five to six spinal segments rostral to its termination. Both crossed
      and uncrossed 5HT fibers span many spinal segments and have large numbers of
      collaterals. Spinal cord transections show that the vast majority of spinal 5HT
      descends from the brainstem but that some 5HT fibers are of intrinsic origin.

PMID- 2913063
TI  - Immunohistochemical distribution of serotonin in spinal autonomic nuclei: II.
      Early and late postnatal ontogeny in the rat.
AB  - These studies reveal that the postnatal ontogeny of serotonin (5HT) in the
      sympathetic nuclei of the rat spinal cord is protracted; the adult complement of
      5HT-immunoreactive fibers is not achieved until at least 60 days of age. As
      descending serotonin fibers innervate and demarcate the distribution of
      preganglionic sympathetic nuclei, rostral-caudal and temporal gradients exist.
      Additionally, a heterogeneous segmental 5HT ontogenetic pattern is observed in
      sympathetic nuclei. Most serotonin fibers in laminae VII and X are unorganized at
      birth except for some sympathetic nuclei in high thoracic regions where the 5HT
      sympathetic pattern is being initiated. By postnatal day 6 the framework of the
      5HT pattern is established in all sympathetic nuclei, and by postnatal day 16 a
      pattern is formed, which develops into the compact adult state by postnatal day
      60. The protracted period of sympathetic 5HT development corresponds with the
      length of time it takes for the autonomic nervous system to mature. In addition,
      5HT intraspinal cell bodies are observed at all time points examined, except for
      the day of birth, and are found in the same regions as adult 5HT neurons, i.e.,
      dorsal or lateral to the central canal in laminae VII and X and in all spinal
      segments except cervical levels. Many of the 5HT neurons are pericanalicular and
      bipolar in appearance. Multipolar 5HT neurons are first observed on postnatal day
      45.

PMID- 2913064
TI  - Intrinsic connections of rat primary visual cortex: laminar organization of
      axonal projections.
AB  - The organization of local projections within the rat primary visual cortex (area
      17) was investigated by tracing fibers with HRP in in vitro brain slices. The
      projections from different layers showed distinct laminar patterns. Layer 4 made
      a strong, topographically precise, projection to lower layer 2/3; weaker
      projections extended laterally and terminated diffusely in layer 2/3 but also ran
      vertically to layers 5 and 6. The connections of lower and upper layer 2/3 were
      reciprocal and point-to-point. Within layer 2/3, a large number of fibers ran
      horizontally and terminated at variable distances from the injection site without
      making terminal clusters. The main output from layer 2/3 was to layer 5. The most
      prominent projections from the upper half of layer 5 were to layers 2/3 and 6;
      lower layer 5, in contrast, made wide-ranging, clustered projections to layer 1,
      the bottom of layer 2/3, and the top of layers 4 and 5. The patches were 130-160
      micron wide and spaced apart by 230-260 micron. The main projection that arose
      from the superficial layer 6 terminated in layer 4 above the injection site. In
      contrast, lower layer 6 made clustered projections to the layer 3/4 border,
      extending up to 2 mm in the coronal plane. The patches were 190-220 micron wide
      and spaced apart by 320-390 micron. Additional projections went to the layer 5/6
      border and layers 1 and 2. These results indicate that geniculocortical input is
      processed through interlaminar connections that are topographically precise,
      widespread, or patchy. These connectivity patterns suggest a role for these
      connections in the transformation of functional maps between layers; focused
      projections preserve the architecture of the layers of origin, and diverging or
      patchy projections rearrange this organization and form new maps in the target
      layers (Lund: Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 11:253-288, '88). However, only a few
      interlaminar connections show one of these patterns in isolation, making it
      difficult to assign a single function to a particular connection. We, therefore,
      tentatively conclude that projections terminating in layers 1-4, with the
      possible exception of the connection between upper layer 6 and layer 4, transform
      functional maps. In contrast, the topographically precise projections from upper
      to lower layers preserve functional maps. The specific role of these connections
      in the construction of receptive field properties, however, is not
      known.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2913065
TI  - Prevention of optic nerve regeneration in the frog Hyla moorei transiently delays
      the death of some ganglion cells.
AB  - We have previously reported that a proportion of ganglion cells die during optic
      nerve regeneration in the adult frog Hyla moorei (Humphrey and Beazley, '85).
      Here we assess the effect of preventing optic nerve regeneration on this cell
      loss. The optic nerve was crushed unilaterally and regeneration was allowed to
      progress unimpeded in one experimental series but was prevented by ligating or
      capping the nerve in another. We estimated total cell numbers in the ganglion
      cell layer from cresyl-stained wholemounts, comparing each experimental retina
      with its unoperated partner. At 70-78 days postcrush, mean cell numbers had
      fallen by 31.5% for frogs with unimpeded regeneration (N = 9), a significantly
      greater reduction than the 21.5% (N = 8) loss for the impeded regeneration series
      (p less than 0.001). Thereafter, cell numbers were stable for frogs with
      unimpeded regeneration. Cell death continued in the series with impeded
      regeneration, and losses exceeded those of frogs with unimpeded regeneration from
      110 days postcrush. When regeneration was impeded, ganglion cell somas underwent
      an intense cell soma reaction and became arranged in rows radiating from the
      optic nerve head. Our findings indicate that some ganglion cells are transiently
      spared when regeneration of their axons is prevented. The abnormally extensive
      contacts formed between somas may delay ganglion cell loss. However, the eventual
      death of most ganglion cells shows them to be target-independent in the long
      term.

PMID- 2913066
TI  - Central projections of the rat radial nerve investigated with transganglionic
      degeneration and transganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase.
AB  - Transganglionic degeneration and transganglionic transport of HRP were used for
      investigation of the spinal cord and brainstem projections from the superficial,
      cutaneous (SR) and deep, muscular (DR) branches of the radial nerve. The HRP
      study included a numerical and size analysis of labelled dorsal root ganglion
      (DRG) cells. In degeneration experiments the SR nerve was found to project
      somatotopically to laminae III-IV, but degeneration was also found in lamina I
      and inconsistently in lamina II. Transection of the DR nerve was found to give
      rise to a small amount of degeneration, which in "sham" operations was
      established to result from the skin injury during dissection of the DR nerve.
      With the HRP method, the SR nerve was found to project somatotopically to laminae
      I-IV, whereas the DR nerve projected more diffusely to the medial part of laminae
      V-VII. HRP application to the SR and DR nerves resulted in labelling of a mean of
      1,024 and 310 DRG cells, respectively. These labelled neurons had a median cell
      area of 381 and 562 micron 2 for the SR and DR nerves, respectively, and both
      small and large cells were labelled in both types of experiments. In the lower
      brainstem, projections from the SR nerve were found only in the ipsilateral
      dorsal part of the main cuneate nucleus (MCN) with both methods. Brainstem
      projections from the DR nerve that were found only with the HRP method were found
      in the ipsilateral ventral part of the MCN together with a projection to the
      ipsilateral external cuneate nucleus. No projections were found to the central
      cervical nucleus. The present results indicate that cutaneous compared to
      muscular primary sensory neurons are much more prone to react with
      transganglionic degeneration after peripheral nerve transection. Furthermore, in
      the rat the SR nerve projects somatotopically, whereas the DR nerve does not.
      Both nerve branches are connected to small and large spinal ganglion cells,
      although the median cell area is larger in muscular neurons.

PMID- 2913067
TI  - Number of neurons in individual laminae of areas 3B, 4 gamma, and 6a alpha of the
      cat cerebral cortex: a comparison with major visual areas.
AB  - The number of neurons per mm3 of tissue (number per volume) and the number under
      1 mm2 of cortical surface (number per column) have been estimated for each lamina
      of seven cytoarchitectural areas of the cat cortex by using a method of size
      frequency distribution. The areas studied consisted of four visual areas (the
      binocular and monocular portions of area 17: 17B and 17M; area 18; and the
      posteromedial lateral suprasylvian area: PMLS), a somatosensory area (3B), and
      two motor areas (4 gamma and 6a alpha). For both series of measurements,
      significant differences could be demonstrated among the seven areas studied (one
      way ANOVA; P less than .001). The number of neurons per volume in the binocular
      and monocular regions of area 17 (approximately 49,000/mm3) is 85% greater than
      that of each of the other regions (approximately 27,000) with a P less than .01
      on an a posteriori Tukey test, but there are no significant differences between
      the latter areas. The number of neurons per column is greater in the binocular
      portion of area 17 (78,000 under 1 mm2 of cortical surface) than in any other
      area (P less than .01). Other sensory areas (17M, 18, PMLS, and 3B) have fewer
      neurons per column (P less than .01) and the numbers do not vary significantly
      between these regions (range from 56,100 to 61,900). Areas 4 gamma and 6a alpha
      have still fewer neurons (approximately 44,000; P less than .01, except P less
      than .05 when compared to PMLS). Thus, the seven areas studied fall under three
      different categories. Motor areas have the smallest number of neurons per column,
      sensory areas have more, and the greatest number is found in the binocular region
      of area 17. It appears that these differences are principally (but not
      exclusively) due to variations in the number of neurons in layer IV: These
      variations are largely responsible for the differences that we have found between
      the binocular portion of area 17 and other sensory areas as well as between the
      latter and motor areas. We thus cannot confirm the view of Rockel et al. (Brain
      103:221-244, '80) that there is a basic uniformity of the number of neurons per
      unit of cortical surface in different cortical areas of the cat.

PMID- 2913068
TI  - Collateralization of the amygdaloid projections of the rat prelimbic and
      infralimbic cortices.
AB  - Previous studies indicate that the distribution of corticoamygdaloid neurons in
      the rat prelimbic (PL) and infralimbic (IL) cortices overlaps with the
      distribution of neurons projecting to the contralateral medial prefrontal cortex
      (MPC), insular cortex, mediodorsal thalamus, and dorsal medulla. In view of the
      poorly differentiated cytoarchitecture of PL and IL, and their designation as
      cortical regions transitional between the allocortex and isocortex, the present
      study sought to determine whether several cortical and subcortical projections
      from these areas arise as collaterals of corticoamygdaloid neurons. Injections of
      the fluorescent dyes Fast Blue (FB) or bisbenzimide (BB) were made into the
      amygdaloid complex and the following areas: agranular and granular insular
      cortices; mediodorsal thalamic nucleus (MD); nucleus tractus solitarii/dorsal
      medulla (NTS); contralateral amygdaloid complex; and ipsilateral and
      contralateral MPC. Neurons projecting to the ipsilateral amygdaloid complex were
      located mainly in layers II and V with fewer cells in layer III. Concomitant
      injections into the insular cortex, MD, and NTS labeled populations of neurons
      arranged in laminae that partially overlapped with, but were essentially separate
      from, corticoamygdaloid neurons. Projections to the insular cortex arose from
      layers II and V; those to MD arose from layers V and VI. Corticobulbar
      projections from IL originated from neurons arranged in a thin lamina in the deep
      part of layer V. Very few neurons projecting to both the amygdaloid complex and
      any of these areas were observed. Bilateral injections of FB and BB into the
      amygdaloid complex producted very few double-labeled cells in PL and IL. Further,
      in layer V, ipsilaterally projecting corticoamygdaloid neurons tended to be
      located more deeply than contralaterally projecting neurons. Combined injections
      of BB and FB into the amygdaloid complex and the contralateral (but not
      ipsilateral) MPC resulted in significant numbers of double-labeled neurons in
      layers II, III, and V of PL and IL. Control injections of fluorescent dyes into
      the cerebrospinal fluid labeled few neurons in the superficial layers of PL and
      IL and a combined injection into the amygdaloid complex (FB) and subarachnoid
      space (BB) resulted in a very small number of double-labeled cells in layer II
      only. The results suggest that a significant proportion of neurons in PL and IL
      projecting to the amygdaloid complex issue collaterals innervating the
      contralateral MPC. Evidence is discussed that suggests that the interhemispheric
      collaterals of MPC corticoamygdaloid neurons may serve to correlate the
      amygdaloid outputs of the MPC bilaterally.

PMID- 2913069
TI  - Morphological study of flight motor neurons in the cricket.
AB  - The motor innervation of the major flight muscles powering the fore- and
      hindwings of the cricket Teleogryllus oceanicus was investigated. The morphology
      of the motor neurons was determined by filling them via their axons in the
      periphery with either Lucifer Yellow or cobalt chloride followed by silver
      intensification. Details of the location of branches of motor neurons within the
      ganglion were obtained by serially sectioning ganglia containing filled neurons.
      For each flight muscle at least two motor neurons were found. The somata of motor
      neurons were located in two clusters in the ganglion, the anterior lateral
      cluster and the posterior lateral cluster. Motor neurons in the same cluster had
      similar morphologies. Most of the arborizations of these motor neurons were in
      the dorsal neuropil with a few branches in the lateral intermediate neuropil. The
      morphology of flight motor neurons was compared with the morphology of leg motor
      neurons in consideration of the possible functional organization of the ganglion.
      A comparison was made between motor neurons innervating homologous muscles of the
      cricket and the locust to determine the extent of the difference between the
      flight systems of these two groups.

PMID- 2913070
TI  - Distribution of reduced-nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide-phosphate diaphorase
      positive cells and fibers in the cat central nervous system.
AB  - Previous histochemical studies have suggested that reduced nicotinamide adenine
      dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) diaphorase exists in distinct subsets of neurons
      that neither belong to a single transmitter type nor embrace all the neurons
      using a single transmitter. As a step toward establishing the role of this
      enzyme, the distribution of NADPH-diaphorase-positive neurons and fibers in the
      cat central nervous system was mapped by using a direct histochemical method.
      Heavily stained NADPH-diaphorase-positive neurons with many prominent cell
      processes were observed in the cerebral cortex, white matter, caudate nucleus,
      putamen, nucleus accumbens, septal nucleus, amygdala, anterior, lateral and
      posterior hypothalamic areas, dorsolateral part of the periaqueductal gray,
      superior colliculus, central tegmental field (Berman) (pedunculopontine tegmental
      area), dorsal tegmental nucleus, nucleus coeruleus, mesencephalic and pontine
      reticular formation, gigantocellular and magnocellular tegmental fields, nucleus
      facialis, and motor nucleus of the vagus. Moderately stained neurons with two or
      three prominent cell processes were observed in the nucleus of the diagonal band
      of Broca, globus pallidus, and substantia innominata. Medium-size, moderately
      stained neurons that had round large nuclei and no visible cell processes were
      found in the subthalamic nucleus, pontine gray, trapezoid body, and
      infratrigeminal, cochlear, and vestibular nuclei. Very dense NADPH-diaphorase
      positive nerve terminal fields were seen in the olfactory tubercle, cortex,
      caudate nucleus, putamen, dentate gyrus, and interpeduncular nucleus. Intensely
      stained NADPH-diaphorase-positive nerve fibers were found in the stria
      terminalis, marginal region of the central tegmental field, dorsal tegmental
      nucleus, and spinal trigeminal tract as well as around the brachium conjunctivum.
      Although the staining of neurons and tracts was highly selective, they did not
      correspond to any single known neuronal or neurotransmitter type. Positive
      staining occurred in discrete subsets of neurons known to be associated with a
      variety of peptides and classical neurotransmitters. The functional significance
      of high NADPH diaphorase activity is unknown.

PMID- 2913071
TI  - Morphological types of spinomesencephalic neurons in the marginal zone (lamina I)
      of the rat spinal cord, as shown after retrograde labelling with cholera toxin
      subunit B.
AB  - Retrogradely labelled lamina I neurons were studied after intramesencephalic
      injections of subunit B of cholera toxin. The tracer was visualized with a
      mixture of two monoclonal antibodies followed by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase
      technique that produced Golgi-like staining of the labelled cells. A
      morphological and morphometric analysis in the three anatomical viewing planes
      disclosed two structural neuronal types which were recognized as the fusiform and
      pyramidal cells of our Golgi-based classification of rat marginal cells. Fusiform
      cells had a bipolar longitudinally elongated dendritic arbor, were located in the
      lateral third of lamina I, and appeared to project mainly to the contralateral
      parabrachial nuclei. It is asserted that these cells may convey the spinal input
      which elicits visceral responses generated in that area. Pyramidal cells were
      longitudinally oriented pyramids with the triangular base straddling the dorsal
      horn/white matter border and a dendritic arbor extending lateromedially and
      mainly rostrocaudally throughout superficial lamina I and the dorsal funiculus.
      These cells occurred along the entire mediolateral extent of lamina I and seemed
      to have a prevalent projection to the contralateral caudal ventrolateral
      periaqueductal gray. They may represent the ascending branch of the spinal
      midbrain loop centered in that zone which controls nociceptive transmission
      postsynaptically in the dorsal horn.

PMID- 2913072
TI  - In situ malignant melanoma arising in a speckled lentiginous nevus.

PMID- 2913073
TI  - Possible significance of aqueous emulsified vitamin A in effective therapy for
      pityriasis rubra pilaris.

PMID- 2913074
TI  - Relapsing polychondritis associated with psoriasis vulgaris.

PMID- 2913075
TI  - Diagnosis and treatment of impetigo.

PMID- 2913076
TI  - Bald scalps and wrinkles.

PMID- 2913077
TI  - Chemotaxis in psoriasis.

PMID- 2913078
TI  - Rust remover rash.

PMID- 2913079
TI  - Human immunodeficiency virus infection and porphyria cutanea tarda.
AB  - A recent report documents three homosexual men with porphyria cutanea tarda
      associated with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). We report two
      brothers with hemophilia and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) exposure who
      developed porphyria cutanea tarda. These brothers are heterosexual, have familial
      porphyria cutanea tarda, and developed overt familial porphyria cutanea tarda in
      their early twenties. One brother's symptoms were provoked by attending an
      ultraviolet A suntanning parlor. Our two patients, unlike the previously reported
      three patients, have not developed AIDS, though one patient has evidence of
      defective cell-mediated immunity. Three of the five cases of porphyria cutanea
      tarda associated with HIV infection involved familial porphyria cutanea tarda. It
      now may be advisable to order HIV serology tests in patients who have porphyria
      cutanea tarda. We recommend that HIV-positive individuals avoid ultraviolet A
      radiation because of its immunosuppressive effects in persons already at risk of
      immunosuppression. Such exposure is further contraindicated in those individuals
      with porphyria cutanea tarda.

PMID- 2913080
TI  - Generalized granuloma annulare: clinical and laboratory findings in 100 patients.
AB  - Clinical and laboratory records of 100 biopsy-proved cases of generalized
      granuloma annulare seen at the Mayo Clinic between 1966 and 1986 were reviewed.
      The skin eruption involved predominantly annular lesions in 67 patients and
      predominantly nonannular papules in 33. The ratio of female-to-male patients was
      2.9:1 in the annular group and 1.4:1 in the nonannular group. The mean age at
      onset was 51.7 years. The eruption was symptomatic in 34 patients, and specific
      precipitating factors could be implicated in 16 patients. No consistently
      associated systemic disorders were identified. Diabetes mellitus was diagnosed in
      21% of our referral group of generalized granuloma annulare cases, compared with
      9.7% in 1350 cases of localized granuloma annulare and 10.3% in 1383 cases of all
      forms of granuloma annulare seen at the Mayo Clinic in the same period. Serum
      lipid abnormalities were more common in the generalized annular group. Follow-up
      data indicated a chronic, relapsing course in most patients.

PMID- 2913081
TI  - Feelings of stigmatization in patients with psoriasis.
AB  - The concept of stigma, defined as a discrediting mark that sets a person off from
      others, is used in a systematic, in-depth examination of how 100 adults with
      psoriasis experience their illness. Information on demographic and illness
      variables that might predict feelings of being stigmatized were obtained. Through
      factor analysis of a specially designed questionnaire, six dimensions of the
      stigma experience were identified: anticipation of rejection, feeling of being
      flawed, sensitivity to others' attitudes, guilt and shame, secretiveness, and
      positive attitudes. There was marked variability in the presence and magnitude of
      these feelings. Different predictors emerged for different dimensions of the
      stigma experience, the most frequent being age at onset, extent of bleeding,
      employment status, duration, and rejection experience. Of all the aspects of the
      illness, bleeding proved the strongest predictor of stigma feelings and of
      despair, which correlates highly with stigma. Despair and feeling stigmatized may
      lead to noncompliance with treatment, possibly worsening the status of the
      psoriasis.

PMID- 2913082
TI  - Treatment of neoplastic skin lesions with intralesional interferon.
AB  - Nineteen patients with skin neoplasms were treated with intralesional recombinant
      interferon-alpha 2. There were 11 basal cell carcinomas, 3 squamous cell
      carcinomas, 4 solar keratoses, and 1 keratoacanthoma. Biopsy specimens were taken
      before and 2 months after treatment in most cases. Lesions were injected three
      times weekly for 3 weeks (nine total injections) with 0.9 X 10(6) IU (0.3 ml) of
      interferon-alpha 2 (total dose 8.1 X 10(6) IU). Clinical and histologic
      examination revealed three squamous cell carcinomas that had cleared. No basal
      cell carcinomas had resolved but the keratoses were clinically clear and
      histologically less active. One keratoacanthoma resolved.

PMID- 2913083
TI  - Antipsoriatic effects of zidovudine in human immunodeficiency virus-associated
      psoriasis.
AB  - Four patients with psoriasis complicating human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
      infection showed marked improvement in their psoriasis after being treated with
      oral zidovudine. The antipsoriatic effect persisted in two patients in spite of
      worsening helper T cell depletion. The antipsoriatic effect appeared to be dose
      dependent and was associated with the development of erythrocyte macrocytosis, a
      known side effect of zidovudine. Zidovudine is useful for the therapy of HIV
      associated psoriasis and should be tested for efficacy in non-HIV-associated
      psoriasis.

PMID- 2913084
TI  - A retrospective study of bone changes in adults treated with etretinate.
AB  - Ninety patients aged 17 to 80 years were treated with etretinate for disorders of
      keratinization and were studied for bone changes. The treatment lasted from 0.1
      to 7.9 years, mean 2.4 years. The average dosage of etretinate was 0.57 mg/kg/day
      (range 0.21 to 1.32 mg/kg/day), and the total dose was 31 gm (range 1 to 197 gm).
      Standard radiographs of the axial and peripheral skeleton were evaluated. The
      films of 44 patients showed skeletal abnormalities such as periosteal thickening,
      hyperostosis of the vertebral column, disk degeneration, osteoporosis,
      calcification of the spinal ligaments, and slender long bones. The present data
      indicate that the risk of skeletal disorders in adults treated with etretinate is
      significant (44 of 90), but that the severity of changes is minor.

PMID- 2913085
TI  - Solitude: nurtured in infancy; enjoyed in adulthood.

PMID- 2913086
TI  - Orofacial trauma and mouth-protector wear among high school varsity basketball
      players.
AB  - This investigation surveyed the prevalence and types of orofacial injuries among
      1020 Florida high school basketball players during one season; it also examined
      the prevalence and types of mouth protectors used and their influence on
      sustained injuries. The results demonstrated a relatively high prevalence of
      players (31 percent) reporting orofacial trauma suffered during the organized
      playing of basketball. Most players reporting orofacial trauma indicated they
      received multiple injuries during the season. Only a small percentage (4.2
      percent) of the basketball players surveyed reported use of mouth protectors and
      this use was exclusively voluntary. Those players not wearing mouth protectors
      reported an approximately seven-fold increase in orofacial injuries; most
      involved trauma to the soft tissue. Many objections were cited to the use of
      mouth protectors by the players, which must be overcome if compliance with future
      mandatory wear is recommended. Results of this survey suggest that further
      investigation into orofacial injuries among basketball players should be pursued.

PMID- 2913087
TI  - Assessment of the clinical validity of a simple scale for rating children's
      dental anxiety.
AB  - This study was carried out to assess the Simple Scale's (using a 100-mm
      horizontal line between the poles of 'Low Anxiety--High Anxiety') clinical
      validity with an instrument of known reliability and validity (namely
      Spielberger's STAIC), with a Child's Dental Anxiety Scale, and with responses to
      a short Fear Statement questionnaire. By scoring episodes of 36 children
      undergoing dental treatment and then obtaining their self-reports, the Simple
      Scale was found to correlate significantly with the A-State score from the STAIC.
      Other significant correlations were found.

PMID- 2913088
TI  - The Surgeon General's report on nutrition and health.
AB  - The most important accomplishment of the Surgeon General's Report is its
      establishment of a sound scientific basis for dietary recommendations for chronic
      disease prevention. From this foundation, all levels of government, the food
      industry and the nutrition profession should be able to develop programs and
      policies that put dietary recommendations into common practice.

PMID- 2913089
TI  - National nutrition objectives for the years 1990 and 2000.
AB  - Development of nutrition objectives for the years 1990 and 2000 forms an
      important part of a national strategy to reduce preventable health risks. These
      initiatives present an opportunity for nutrition professionals to define
      priorities for nutrition in preventive health care and to establish the nation's
      nutrition policy agenda for the next decade.

PMID- 2913090
TI  - Gemination, fusion and supernumerary tooth in the primary dentition: report of
      case.

PMID- 2913091
TI  - Central hemangioma of the mandible: report of case.

PMID- 2913092
TI  - Intrabony tooth injuries: reports of two cases.

PMID- 2913093
TI  - Traumatic implantation of a toothbrush: an unusual hazard of oral hygiene.
AB  - Implantation of foreign bodies into the oral soft tissues is an accident that
      occurs with some frequency, particularly in young children, for whom the mouth is
      an important sensory organ. The offending object is usually sharp; pencils are
      the most commonly reported object. A case is presented of a child who fell,
      implanting a toothbrush into her buccal soft tissues. The problems incurred in
      removing such an object are presented. This case demonstrates the need for
      parental vigilance while children are performing oral hygiene procedures.

PMID- 2913095
TI  - Quality assurance for 21 years.

PMID- 2913094
TI  - Performance time and gloves.

PMID- 2913096
TI  - TMJ testing.

PMID- 2913097
TI  - Recommendations in radiographic practices: an update, 1988. Council on Dental
      Materials, Instruments, and Equipment.

PMID- 2913098
TI  - Long-term status of TMJ clicking.

PMID- 2913099
TI  - Helping patients quit.

PMID- 2913100
TI  - Tobacco use and oral health.

PMID- 2913101
TI  - Dentists as smoking cessation counselors.
AB  - Dentists can help people quit smoking because they are experts in oral health,
      are accustomed to counseling about oral preventive health, and have broad
      exposure to the general populace. To determine dentists' counseling practices
      with regard to smoking cessation, a randomly selected sample of 82 dentists
      practicing in the San Francisco Bay Area were surveyed. Also 106 internists in
      the same region were surveyed. Whereas the dentists believed smoking is dangerous
      to health and considered counseling as an important part of their practice, only
      17%, compared with 58% of the internists, frequently discussed quitting with
      their patients who smoke. The two groups also differed in the types of counseling
      they used. Dentists attributed their lack of counseling to poor insurance
      coverage, insufficient time, lack of training, and fear that patients might leave
      their practices if urged to quit. These issues must be addressed if dentists are
      to participate fully in helping their patients quit smoking.

PMID- 2913102
TI  - A statewide survey of dentists' smoking cessation advice.
AB  - The general practitioners of the Vermont State Dental Society (251) were surveyed
      in 1986 to determine their smoking cessation activities. Seventy-eight percent of
      the dentists completed the survey and 87% reported that they discussed concerns
      about smoking with their patients who smoke. They estimated spending an average
      of 2.4 minutes addressing cigarette smoking issues. Among those dentists who
      discussed smoking issues, the majority (60%) provided some advice on ways to
      change smoking behavior. The remaining 40% provided no guidance regarding smoking
      behavior change. The larger the proportion of smokers advised about smoking, the
      greater the dentists' interest in using incentives to help smokers make an
      attempt to quit.

PMID- 2913103
TI  - Helping smokers quit: a randomized controlled trial with private practice
      dentists.
AB  - Fifty private practitioners and their office staff members were randomly assigned
      to one of four groups: participants received a protocol for smoking management
      and a lecture on the consequences and management of smoking, or in addition, had
      nicotine gum freely available to patients, had stickers attached to their charts,
      or had gum and reminders. The percentage of patients in each group who had quit
      smoking a year later was 7.7, 16.3, 8.6, and 16.9, respectively, indicating a
      significant main effect for the gum conditions. The availability of nicotine gum
      also significantly increased the amount of time that patients reported they
      received smoking cessation counseling from the dentists and office staff.

PMID- 2913104
TI  - Stop-smoking program using nicotine reduction therapy and behavior modification
      for heavy smokers.
AB  - One hundred eighteen volunteers were studied in a hospital-based smoking
      cessation program in which nicotine polacrilex (Nicorette) was used as an adjunct
      to behavioral modification (group support). The "success" rate of 40% to 47% at 1
      year was chemically verified. The regimen for using the nicotine polacrilex was
      "within labeling" but decidedly different from the regimen used in most smoking
      cessation programs involving this product.

PMID- 2913105
TI  - A peripheral giant-cell granuloma manifestation of primary hyperparathyroidism:
      report of case.
AB  - Profuse granulomatous masses of the gingiva frequently occur in patients with
      gingival and periodontal disease. A 33-year-old female was seen for followup of a
      previously treated peripheral giant-cell granuloma. Two years earlier, a mass had
      been removed from the gingiva between the maxillary right central and lateral
      incisors. Current laboratory test results indicated hyperparathyroidism, and led
      to the discovery of a parathyroid adenoma. After the gingival lesion, adjacent
      teeth, and parathyroid adenoma were removed, the patient had no further
      recurrence of the lesion or signs of hyperparathyroidism.

PMID- 2913106
TI  - The fourth season.

PMID- 2913107
TI  - Ethics and esthetics.

PMID- 2913108
TI  - Slowly enlarging, asymptomatic mass in the upper lip.
AB  - A case of monomorphic adenoma, basal cell variant, is described. The clinician
      should be aware of this tumor and its histological differential diagnosis so that
      patients may be treated appropriately.

PMID- 2913109
TI  - Left ventricular shape, afterload and survival in idiopathic dilated
      cardiomyopathy.
AB  - Because idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy is characterized by elevated wall
      stress and a more spherical left ventricle, the relations among shape, afterload
      and survival were examined. Thirty-six patients with cardiomyopathy were
      prospectively studied by two-dimensional echocardiography. Data included
      echocardiographic short- and long-axis cavity dimensions, their ratio and, with
      cuff systolic blood pressure, meridional and circumferential end-systolic stress
      and their ratios. Survivors (n = 16) were followed up for 52 months (range 40 to
      76); nonsurvivors (n = 20) died an average of 11 months after study. Survivors
      had a smaller left ventricular end-diastolic short-axis dimension (6.4 versus 7.1
      cm, p less than 0.03) but a similar long-axis length (8.6 versus 8.3 cm).
      However, overall cavity shape or the ratio of short- to long-axis end-diastolic
      dimensions was more spherical in those with poorer survival (ratio 0.76 versus
      0.68, p less than 0.02). Meridional and circumferential end-systolic stresses
      were similar in the two groups, but stress was more evenly distributed in the
      long- and short-axis planes in nonsurvivors (meridional/circumferential stress
      ratio 0.57 versus 0.52 in survivors, p less than 0.05). Improved survival was
      associated with an end-diastolic short-axis dimension less than 7.63 cm, a short-
      to long-axis ratio less than 0.76 and a meridional to circumferential stress
      ratio less than 0.54. Life table analysis revealed a 28% mortality rate in
      patients with all three of these characteristics compared with 100% in patients
      with none. Survivors and nonsurvivors did not differ in systolic cavity
      dimension, wall thickness, relative wall thickness, cavity volume, percent
      posterior wall thickening or fractional shortening.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2913110
TI  - Left ventricular diastolic function: comparison of pulsed Doppler
      echocardiographic and hemodynamic indexes in subjects with and without coronary
      artery disease.
AB  - To evaluate the influence of left ventricular chamber stiffness and relaxation on
      Doppler echocardiographic indexes of diastolic function, 35 patients (mean age 60
      +/- 12 years) were examined; 24 had coronary artery disease and 11 (Group I) had
      no cardiovascular disease. Micromanometer left ventricular pressure was recorded
      simultaneously with Doppler echocardiograms of mitral valve inflow and M-mode
      echocardiograms of left ventricular diameter. The chamber stiffness constant (k)
      was derived from the pressure-diameter relation. Relaxation was assessed by the
      isovolumic relaxation time constant (tau) derived from the exponential left
      ventricular pressure decay. The patients with coronary artery disease were
      classified into two groups on the basis of complete (Group II; n = 10) and
      incomplete (Group III; n = 14) relaxation. In Group I (no coronary disease),
      significant correlations were demonstrated between the chamber stiffness constant
      and the peak early filling velocity (r = 0.73; p less than 0.02), peak early to
      atrial filling velocity ratio (r = 0.82; p less than 0.005), atrial time-velocity
      integral (r = -0.73; p less than 0.02), early to atrial time-velocity integral
      ratio (r = 0.70; p less than 0.05), percent atrial contribution to filling (r = 
      0.64; p less than 0.05) and one-half filling fraction (r = 0.73; p less than
      0.02). In Group II (coronary disease with complete relaxation), the chamber
      stiffness constant correlated with peak early filling velocity (r = 0.68; p less
      than 0.05), early filling time-velocity integral (r = 0.65; p less than 0.05) and
      early to atrial time-velocity integral ratio (r = 0.74; p less than 0.02). No
      correlations between k and Doppler indexes were found in Group III (coronary
      disease with incomplete relaxation). However, Group III demonstrated significant
      correlations between tau and the peak early filling velocity (r = -0.71; p less
      than 0.005), percent atrial contribution to filling (r = 0.56; p less than 0.05)
      and mean acceleration rate of early filling (r = -0.79; p less than 0.002). Thus,
      in subjects with normal relaxation, increasing chamber stiffness was associated
      with an enhanced peak early filling velocity and volume and decreased filling
      during atrial systole. This finding differs strikingly from the proposed
      influence of chamber stiffness on diastolic filling postulated by several
      researchers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2913111
TI  - Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction: early diastolic relaxation and late
      diastolic compliance.

PMID- 2913112
TI  - Determination of cardiac output in critically ill patients by dual beam Doppler
      echocardiography.
AB  - Recent technology in Doppler echocardiography has produced a dual beam Doppler
      instrument that is capable of insonating the total cross-sectional area of the
      ascending aorta. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of this
      instrument in measuring cardiac output in critically ill patients by comparing
      results with those of the thermodilution-derived cardiac output. A technically
      adequate Doppler cardiac output measurement was attained in 71 (91%) of 78
      patients. The range of thermodilution-derived cardiac output measurements was
      from 1.58 to 11.70 liters/min. To maximize thermodilution cardiac output
      reliability, several measurements were made for each patient. Those patients in
      whom the difference between the highest and lowest measurement varied by less
      than 10% from the averaged results were accepted into the 50 patient study. There
      was significant correlation between dual beam Doppler- and thermodilution-derived
      cardiac output (r = 0.96, SEE = 0.55 liters/min, p less than 0.0001). This study
      demonstrates that dual beam Doppler ultrasound is a promising noninvasive method
      of measuring cardiac output in the critically ill patient.

PMID- 2913113
TI  - Assessment of right ventricular anatomy and function by quantitative radionuclide
      ventriculography.
AB  - Determination of right ventricular ejection fraction and volumes from
      radionuclide studies is cumbersome and is subject to considerable methodologic
      error. Further, assessment of regional wall motion has only infrequently been
      approached in a systematic way. A system of right ventricular ejection fraction
      and volume measurements is described that utilizes the previously validated
      single plane geometric method applied to first pass radionuclide
      angiocardiograms. Five right ventricular chords were defined and used to assess
      regional wall motion; normal values were obtained from 14 patients who were
      without demonstrable cardiac disease. Among 23 patients with anterior myocardial
      infarction, the right ventricular ejection fraction was within 2 SD of normal in
      16; however, 3 of these patients showed regional wall motion abnormalities in the
      right ventricle. Of 21 patients with inferior myocardial infarction, right
      ventricular ejection fraction was reduced in 15; of the 6 with normal values, 3
      had regional wall motion abnormalities as demonstrated by the chord shortening
      method. Of 21 patients with dilated cardiomyopathy, right ventricular function
      was abnormal in 20; the presence of a wall motion abnormality in the conus
      segment separated these patients from patients with right ventricular dysfunction
      after recent myocardial infarction. Thus: 1) right ventricular ejection fraction,
      volumes and wall motion can be assessed by a simple, geometric technique; 2)
      analysis of chord shortening by this method provides information unavailable from
      global ejection fraction data alone; and 3) the clinical correlates of these data
      will require further investigation.

PMID- 2913114
TI  - Right ventricular performance assays: slowly coming of age.

PMID- 2913115
TI  - Fractionated endocardial electrograms are associated with slow conduction in
      humans: evidence from pace-mapping.
AB  - Fractionated ventricular electrograms recorded during catheter mapping may arise
      from areas of asynchronous depolarization associated with slow conduction, the
      substrate for reentrant ventricular tachycardia, but can also be a nonspecific
      abnormality or even artifact. To determine whether fractionated sinus rhythm
      electrograms are associated with slow conduction in humans, the results of
      endocardial catheter mapping and pacing at 133 endocardial sites in 13 patients
      were analyzed. Eleven patients had sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia
      and two patients had old myocardial infarction without ventricular tachycardia.
      Functional evidence of slow conduction at the recording site was assessed by
      pacing at that site and measuring the interval between the stimulus artifact (S)
      and the onset of the QRS complex in the 12 lead electrocardiogram (ECG). During
      pacing at 89 of 90 sites without fractionated sinus rhythm electrograms, the S
      QRS interval was less than 40 ms, a value consistent with rapid propagation of
      the stimulated wave front away from the pacing site. During pacing at 21 (49%) of
      43 sites with fractionated sinus rhythm electrograms, the S-QRS interval was
      greater than 40 ms (range 40 to 140), consistent with slow conduction at the
      pacing site (p less than 0.001 versus nonfractionated sites). In 9 of the 11
      patients with ventricular tachycardia analysis of the paced QRS configuration,
      electrograms during induced ventricular tachycardia or programmed stimulation
      during tachycardia suggested that a site with a long S-QRS interval during pacing
      was located at or near a ventricular tachycardia circuit. Therefore, fractionated
      sinus rhythm electrograms are often associated with slow conduction, which may be
      the substrate for reentrant ventricular tachycardia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2913116
TI  - Rapid self-terminating ventricular tachycardia induced during electrophysiologic
      study: a prospective evaluation.
AB  - The clinical significance of rapid self-terminating ventricular tachycardia
      induced during electrophysiologic study was prospectively evaluated in three
      patient groups with clinical ventricular arrhythmias. Group A (11 patients) had
      inducible rapid self-terminating ventricular tachycardia only (mean cycle length
      less than or equal to 250 ms and greater than or equal to 10 beats in duration).
      In Group B (22 patients) induction of this arrhythmia was followed by the
      induction of sustained ventricular tachycardia. In Group C (82 patients)
      sustained ventricular tachycardia was induced without preceding rapid self
      terminating ventricular tachycardia. All clinical characteristics of Group B
      patients were similar to those of Group C patients but differed markedly from
      those of Group A patients. Compared with Group A patients, Group B patients had a
      lower left ventricular ejection fraction (32 +/- 13% versus 52 +/- 17%, p =
      0.004) and a greater prevalence of coronary artery disease (82% versus 0%, p less
      than 0.0001), structural heart disease and a history of clinical sustained
      ventrical arrhythmias. Similarly, the induced self-terminating ventricular
      tachycardia differed in Group A and Group B patients. The arrhythmias in Group B
      patients were more often monomorphic, were more often induced with one or two
      extrastimuli and had a longer cycle length than those in Group A patients. In
      Group B patients, the electrophysiologic characteristics of the self-terminating
      and the sustained induced ventricular tachycardias were similar. Cardioversion
      was required in 50% of Group B patients compared with 27% of Group C patients (p
      = 0.038).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2913117
TI  - Concealed anterograde accessory pathway conduction during the induction of
      orthodromic reciprocating tachycardia.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine whether concealed anterograde
      accessory pathway conduction occurs during the induction of orthodromic
      tachycardia by an atrial extrastimulus (S2). Sixteen patients with an overt (n =
      9) or concealed (n = 7) accessory pathway had inducible orthodromic tachycardia
      by S2 during an atrial drive (S1) cycle length of 500 to 650 ms. A ventricular
      extrastimulus (S3) was introduced coincident with the His depolarization
      resulting from S2 during the longest S1S2 interval that reproducibly induced
      orthodromic tachycardia. The S1S3 interval was decreased in 10 ms steps until S3
      reached ventricular refractoriness. Retrograde accessory pathway conduction of S3
      in the presence and absence of S2 was compared at the same S1S3 intervals. In the
      absence of S2 there was retrograde accessory pathway conduction after S3 in each
      patient. In the presence of S2, in patients with overt pre-excitation, retrograde
      accessory pathway conduction after S3 was absent in one patient, prolonged in
      four patients and present only after long S1S3 intervals in three patients. Only
      one patient had unchanged retrograde conduction regardless of the presence or
      absence of S2. In patients with a concealed accessory pathway, retrograde
      accessory pathway conduction after S3 was absent in five patients and was
      prolonged in two. Thus, concealed anterograde accessory pathway conduction was
      present in 15 of 16 patients at the time of orthodromic tachycardia induction. In
      conclusion, concealed anterograde accessory pathway conduction occurs in a
      majority of patients with an overt or a concealed accessory pathway during
      induction of orthodromic tachycardia by an atrial extrastimulus.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2913118
TI  - Pulsatile diameter and elastic modulus of the aortic arch in essential
      hypertension: a noninvasive study.
AB  - A noninvasive evaluation of the aortic arch diameter was performed in 16 subjects
      with sustained essential hypertension and in 15 normal subjects of similar age,
      gender and body surface area. In all subjects, measurements were obtained of
      brachial mean arterial pressure and pulse pressure, cardiac mass (judged on
      echocardiography) and carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity together with
      ultrasound determinations of aortic arch diastolic and systolic diameter
      (suprasternal window). For each subject, pulsatile change in aortic diameter,
      strain and aortic arch elastic modulus were calculated. Compared with normal
      subjects, the hypertensive subjects showed an increase in aortic arch diameter
      (diastolic diameter 29.6 +/- 1.0 versus 25.4 +/- 1.0 mm, p less than 0.01), in
      elastic modulus (1.071 +/- 0.131 versus 0.526 +/- 0.045 10(5) N.m-2, p less than
      0.001) and pulse wave velocity (11.8 +/- 0.5 versus 8.9 +/- 0.3 m/s, p less than
      0.001). In the study group, a positive correlation was observed between diastolic
      aortic arch diameter and mean arterial pressure (r = 0.54, p less than 0.01) and
      between elastic modulus and cardiac mass (r = 0.60, p less than 0.01). Elastic
      modulus and age were positively correlated (r = 0.73, p less than 0.01) in
      hypertensive but not in normal subjects (r = 0.08, NS). This study is the first
      to demonstrate noninvasively that both the aortic arch diameter and the elastic
      modulus are increased in patients with sustained uncomplicated essential
      hypertension. These findings suggest that the increase in elastic modulus could
      influence the development of cardiac hypertrophy, and that both age and blood
      pressure act independently as factors that alter the arterial wall of subjects
      with sustained essential hypertension.

PMID- 2913119
TI  - Spectrum of findings in a family with nonsyndromic autosomal dominant
      supravalvular aortic stenosis: a Doppler echocardiographic study.
AB  - Nonsyndromic familial supravalvular aortic stenosis is an autosomal dominant
      disorder. However, for many reported families, systematic study of all family
      members with echocardiographic or hemodynamic techniques has not been performed
      and degree of penetrance has not been assessed. The supravalvular stenosis in
      these family members usually is not associated with mental retardation or other
      characteristics of Williams syndrome. Although some believe that autosomal
      dominant supravalvular aortic stenosis is part of the spectrum of Williams
      syndrome, others believe that these are separate entities. Doppler
      echocardiograms were analyzed on 23 members of a 34 member family with several
      known to have supravalvular aortic stenosis; 20 studies were performed by the
      authors and 3 were done elsewhere and made available for review. No family member
      had mental retardation, characteristic facies or other findings of Williams
      syndrome. Three of the 34 had supravalvular aortic stenosis requiring surgery. Of
      22 members examined echocardiographically who had not had prior surgical repair,
      13 had supravalvular aortic stenosis. Echocardiographic findings ranged widely,
      from calcification of the ascending aorta in a 71 year old man with minimally
      increased flow velocity (1.7 m/s) to mild narrowing with mildly increased flow
      velocity in six members to significant narrowing with impressively increased flow
      velocity (2 to 4 m/s) in seven. In addition, four patients had mild narrowing of
      pulmonary artery branches and eight had peak pulmonary artery flow velocity above
      normal. This study demonstrates complete penetrance with extremely variable
      expression in this family with autosomal dominant supravalvular aortic stenosis
      and emphasizes the importance of using echocardiographic techniques in studying
      the family members who are suspected of having an inherited cardiovascular
      disease.

PMID- 2913120
TI  - Long-term results of amiodarone therapy in patients with recurrent sustained
      ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation.
AB  - Four hundred sixty-two patients, all with either documented spontaneous sustained
      ventricular tachycardia or cardiac arrest unresponsive to other antiarrhythmic
      drugs (2.6/patient), were treated with amiodarone. Thirty-five patients (7.6%)
      failed to respond or died during the initial oral or intravenous loading phase.
      The remaining 427 patients were discharged on treatment with oral amiodarone and
      followed up for up to 98 months. Recurrence of ventricular tachycardia or sudden
      cardiac death at 1, 3 and 5 years by life-table analysis was 19%, 33% and 43%,
      respectively, for patients discharged on amiodarone therapy. The sudden cardiac
      death rate was 9%, 15% and 21%, respectively, at 1, 3 and 5 years. Side effects
      were reported by 45% of patients after 1 year, by 61% after 2 years and by 86%
      after 5 years. Amiodarone was discontinued because of side effects in 14%, 26%
      and 37% of patients after 1, 3 and 5 years, respectively. Incidence rates of
      recurrence of arrhythmia, sudden cardiac death and side effects were highest in
      the early months and then decreased. By multivariate analysis, advanced age, low
      ejection fraction and a history of cardiac arrest were independent risk factors
      for sudden cardiac death during amiodarone therapy.

PMID- 2913121
TI  - Assessment of regional myocardial blood flow with myocardial contrast two
      dimensional echocardiography.
AB  - It was hypothesized that regional myocardial blood flow could be measured using
      myocardial contrast echocardiography. Accordingly, arterial blood was perfused
      into the coronary circulation in 16 dogs. In Group 1 dogs (n = 8), blood flow to
      the cannulated left circumflex artery was controlled with use of a roller pump,
      whereas in Group 2 dogs (n = 8) blood flow to the left anterior descending
      coronary artery was controlled by a hydraulic occluder placed around it.
      Sonicated microbubbles (mean size 4 microns) were used as the contrast agent. In
      Group 1 dogs the microbubbles were injected subselectively into the left
      circumflex artery, whereas in Group 2 dogs they were injected selectively into
      the left main coronary artery and two-dimensional echocardiographic images were
      recorded. Computer-generated time-intensity curves were derived from these images
      and variables of these curves correlated with transmural blood flow measured with
      radiolabeled microspheres. A gamma-variate function (y = Ate-alpha t) best
      described the curves, and alpha (a variable of curve width) correlated well with
      transmural blood flow at different flow rates in all Group 1 and Group 2 dogs
      (mean r = 0.81 and 0.97, respectively). Other variables of the curve width also
      correlated well with myocardial blood flow, but peak intensity had a poor
      correlation with myocardial blood flow in both groups of dogs (r = 0.39 and r =
      0.63, respectively). When data from all dogs were pooled, Group 1 dogs still
      showed good correlation between variables of curve width and myocardial blood
      flow (r = 0.81); Group 2 dogs did not (r = 0.45). The difference between the two
      sets of dogs was related to the site of contrast agent injection. It is concluded
      that measurement of the transit time of microbubbles through the myocardium with
      two-dimensional echocardiography accurately reflects regional myocardial blood
      flow. Although injection of contrast agent selectively into the left main
      coronary artery only allows measurement of relative flow, it may be feasible to
      measure absolute flow by injecting contrast agent subselectively into a coronary
      artery. Myocardial contrast echocardiography may, therefore, offer the unique
      opportunity of simultaneously assessing regional myocardial perfusion and
      function in vivo.

PMID- 2913122
TI  - Influence of loading patterns on peak length-tension relation and on relaxation
      in cardiac muscle.
AB  - To analyze the influence of loading patterns on cardiac pump performance and
      cardiac relaxation [corrected], the effects of preload on peak length-tension
      relation [corrected] and of systolic load clamps on peak length-tension relation
      and on relaxation were analyzed in isolated cat papillary muscles. Preload
      reduction and early loading clamps induced a shift to the left of the peak length
      tension relation, that is, a smaller muscle length for the same tension at peak
      shortening. Unloading clamps induced a shift to the right of the peak length
      tension relation, that is, a larger muscle length for the same tension at peak
      shortening. The effects of load clamps on relaxation depended on when they were
      applied during isotonic shortening. Changes induced by load clamps could not be
      summarized in terms of enhanced or delayed relaxation, illustrating that
      shortening duration, isometric tension decline and isotonic lengthening have
      different determinants. In conclusion, not only peak or mean systolic pressure
      but also the entire loading pattern has to be taken into account whenever
      pressure-volume data or relaxation variables are interpreted.

PMID- 2913123
TI  - Catheter ablation of accessory pathways using radiofrequency energy in the canine
      coronary sinus.
AB  - Ablation of a left-sided accessory pathway with high energy direct-current shocks
      delivered by an electrode catheter in the coronary sinus is associated with the
      risk of coronary sinus rupture. The safety and effectiveness of closed chest
      catheter desiccation in the coronary sinus with use of radiofrequency energy was
      studied. Radiofrequency energy (174 +/- 74 J) was applied between the distal
      electrode of a standard electrode catheter placed 3 to 6 cm inside the coronary
      sinus and a large posterior chest wall patch in 16 dogs. No arrhythmias or
      hemodynamic changes were observed. Three dogs were killed approximately 1 h after
      ablation and 13 after 2 to 4 weeks. Lesions in the atrioventricular (AV) sulcus
      were observed in 14 of 16 dogs. Lesions were 11.6 +/- 6 mm in length, 4.3 +/- 2.3
      mm in width and 2.8 +/- 1.4 mm in depth. Microscopic examination showed well
      circumscribed areas of necrosis and fibrosis in the fat of the AV sulcus. The
      media and intima of the circumflex coronary artery were not involved nor was the
      endocardium or mitral apparatus damaged in any dog. Coronary sinus thrombus was
      present in 3 of 16 dogs. Large amounts of radiofrequency energy can be safely
      applied to the coronary sinus. The size and location of the lesions produced
      suggest that this technique may be useful for the interruption of left-sided
      accessory AV connections in humans.

PMID- 2913125
TI  - Clinical research in the United States--a threatened activity.

PMID- 2913124
TI  - Diet and cholesterol guidelines and coronary heart disease.

PMID- 2913126
TI  - The educational role of thrombolytic therapy.

PMID- 2913127
TI  - Color Doppler diagnosis of left ventricular pseudoaneurysm.

PMID- 2913128
TI  - President's address. Allergy: at the academic/clinical interface.

PMID- 2913129
TI  - Suppression of the late cutaneous response by immunotherapy.
AB  - In a prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, we examined the effect
      of mountain cedar (MC) immunotherapy on the MC-induced late cutaneous response
      (LCR). Fourteen MC-sensitive patients were intradermally skin tested before and
      after immunotherapy with MC extract. We measured the size of the wheal at 15
      minutes and the area of tissue swelling at 6 hours. Patients were matched by the
      size of the LCR and started receiving either MC immunotherapy or placebo
      immunotherapy. MC-specific immunoglobulins (MC sIgG, MC sIgG1, MC sIgG4, and MC
      sIgE) were measured by ELISA. Symptom-medication scores (SMSs) were recorded on a
      daily basis during the MC season and tabulated at the end of the study.
      Comparison of the 14 paired patients revealed no significant differences between
      MC-treated and placebo-treated groups in preimmunotherapy MC sIgG1 and SIgG4.
      However, when MC immunotherapy was compared to placebo immunotherapy, patients
      receiving MC immunotherapy developed significantly higher MC sIgG1 (p less than
      0.04) and MC sIgG4 (p less than 0.01) after immunotherapy. Patients receiving MC
      immunotherapy also demonstrated significantly greater suppression of the LCR
      after immunotherapy (p less than 0.005) with the postimmunotherapy LCR
      correlating significantly with both MC sIgG4 (rs = 0.715; p = 0.008) and
      cumulative dose of MC received (rs = 0.808; p = 0.004). MC sIgE was similar in
      both groups after immunotherapy. The reduction in SMSs in the MC-treated group
      did not reach significance, nor was there a correlation of SMSs with MC sIgE,
      sIgG, sIgG1, or sIgG4.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2913130
TI  - Plasma concentrations of complement-activation complexes correlate with disease
      activity in patients diagnosed with isolated central nervous system vasculitis.
AB  - Isolated central nervous system (CNS) vasculitis is rare medium- sized vessel
      disease limited to intracerebral vessels. The two most common symptoms of this
      inflammatory disorder observed at entry to a hospital are headaches and mild
      memory deficits. Further progression of this disease may result in focal
      neurologic alterations and seizures. Currently, the most common laboratory
      abnormality noted is an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate. The complement
      (C) system is known to play a role in many inflammatory processes; it may also be
      involved in CNS vasculitis. In this longitudinal study of patients with CNS
      vasculitis, we detected C activation by highly sensitive and specific assays that
      are capable of identifying breakdown products formed after C activation: C3a des
      arg, C4a des arg, C5a des arg, C1rC1s-C1-inhibitor complex, and terminal C
      complex (C5b-9). We present two cases of documented CNS vasculitis in which
      serial measurements of these C-activation products correlate with disease
      activity. Our results indicate that a temporal association exists between C
      activation and the clinical presentation of CNS vasculitis. We conclude that
      physicians should monitor C-activation by-products in plasma when they attempt to
      follow the clinical course of CNS vasculitis.

PMID- 2913131
TI  - Allergenic pollens in the southern Mediterranean area.
AB  - In the Mediterranean area there are characteristic climatic conditions (mildness
      of winter, summer dryness, etc.) that facilitate the growing of a typical
      vegetation with production of allergenic pollen, such as those from Parietaria
      and Olea europaea, very different from that of central and northern Europe. We
      present in this article the results of an 8-year pollen count in the atmosphere
      of Naples, Italy. The pollen content was examined with a volumetric spore trap
      (Lanzoni VPPS-2000) like that of Hirst. The results of the pollen counts were
      subsequently compared with results of skin tests of patients born and still
      living in and around Naples to determine the pollinosis of that area. We found
      that the most important allergenic pollen in the Naples area is Parietaria, with
      very long-lasting periods of pollination. The first period, more important,
      occurring from March to July, and the second period of much lower intensity,
      occurring from the end of August to the end of October. Pollen allergy to
      Parietaria was found to be present in 82.02% of pollen-allergic patients. It was
      followed by Gramineae (32.12%), Olea (23.11%), and Artemisia vulgaris (17.08%).
      These data are quite different from data of the pollinosis in northern Italy and
      in the northern Mediterranean area, as well as the southern coast of France,
      where allergic sensitization to Poaceae is the most important.

PMID- 2913132
TI  - Influence of food on the absorption of albuterol Repetabs.
AB  - A study was conducted in 12 healthy, nonsmoking male volunteers to examine the
      effect of food intake on the absorption profile of albuterol repeat-action
      tablets. This randomized crossover study consisted of two phases separated by a 1
      week washout period. All subjects fasted 10 hours preceding drug administration.
      Each subject received two 4 mg albuterol repeat-action tablets with and without a
      high fat content breakfast. Plasma albuterol concentrations were determined by a
      gas chromatographic/mass spectrophotometric assay. Relative bioavailability was
      assessed by comparing areas under the plasma-albuterol concentration time curves
      as well as peak concentrations and time to peak concentration. No significant
      differences were noted between the two treatment phases in the area under the
      curve or peak plasma concentrations. The areas under the curve were 100 and 105
      hr.ng/ml when the drug was administered with and without food, respectively. The
      corresponding peak plasma concentration values were 9.4 and 10.4 ng/ml,
      respectively. The only significant difference observed was in the maximum time to
      reach peak plasma concentrations, which was delayed by about 1 hour when the drug
      was administered with food. Therefore, food has minimal effect on the absorption
      of albuterol from repeat-action tablets.

PMID- 2913133
TI  - Characterization with monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies of a new major
      allergen from grass pollen in the group I molecular weight range.
AB  - We have purified a 24/25 kd allergen from orchard grass pollen (Dactylis
      glomerata) that has an allergenic potency similar to that of the major group I
      allergen. We provisionally named this allergen grass 4B1 after the monoclonal
      antibody used for its identification and purification. This monoclonal antibody
      was obtained by immunizing mice with whole Lolium perenne-pollen extract and by
      screening the antibody producing hybrids for reactivity with Dactylis glomerata
      pollen extract. Grass 4B1 is physicochemically separable from the group I
      allergen. Polyclonal rabbit antibodies to grass 4B1 do not react with group I
      allergen or vice versa. Ninety-five sera with IgE antibodies to grass pollen were
      tested for IgE antibodies to grass 4B1, and greater than 90% was positive in this
      test. The median response to grass 4B1 was 70% of that to Lol p I.

PMID- 2913134
TI  - Airway refractoriness to adenosine 5'-monophosphate after repeated inhalation.
AB  - Adenosine-5'-monophosphate (AMP) is a bronchoconstrictor agonist in subjects with
      atopic and nonatopic asthma. In this study we have investigated the effect of
      repeated airway challenge with AMP in 10 atopic, subjects without asthma. At the
      first visit, subjects had repeated inhalation challenges with increasing doubling
      concentrations of AMP, and the provocation concentration required to reduce FEV1
      by 20% of baseline was determined (PC20 AMP). When the FEV1 had returned to
      within 5% of the baseline, the AMP challenge test was repeated on a further one
      or two occasions. When the maximum concentration of AMP (400 mg/ml) failed to
      produce a PC20, a bronchial provocation test with histamine was performed and the
      PC20 was determined. On the second visit, the effect of three consecutive
      inhalation challenge tests with histamine on the airway response to this agonist
      was determined. On the third visit, the duration of induced refractoriness to AMP
      was assessed. With the first AMP challenge, all subjects demonstrated
      bronchoconstriction with a geometric mean (GM) PC20 of 332 mg/ml. With a second
      AMP challenge, five of the 10 subjects became refractory and failed to achieve a
      PC20. In the remaining five subjects, the GM PC20 increased from 110 to 583
      mg/ml. With a third AMP challenge, these subjects also failed to achieve a PC20.
      The initial GM PC20 histamine for the group was 22.9 mg/ml, which did not change
      significantly with two further histamine challenges or when the airways were
      refractory to AMP, suggesting that loss of AMP effect was not related to loss of
      contractility of airway smooth muscle or down regulation of H1-histamine
      receptors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2913135
TI  - Immunodeficiency in patients with hemophilia: an underlying deficiency and lack
      of correlation with factor replacement therapy or exposure to human
      immunodeficiency virus.
AB  - Nineteen patients with hemophilia, five of whom were classified as untreated,
      were immunologically evaluated by the measurement of cell surface markers,
      natural killer cell activity, mitogenic responses, polyclonal immunoglobulin
      production, and serologic evidence of human immunodeficiency virus infection. No
      correlations were found between human immunodeficiency virus infection and immune
      abnormalities, or between patients who did or did not receive factor therapy,
      although the abnormalities were more profound in those who received treatment. An
      intrinsic B cell abnormality in patients with hemophilia is suggested.

PMID- 2913136
TI  - Outcome of long-term hospitalization for asthma in children.
AB  - Children whose asthma continues to be poorly controlled with outpatient
      management are often referred to a long-term hospital program for care. Although
      these programs have been in existence since the 1950s, there has been no
      systematic study of their effectiveness. The purpose of the present study was to
      determine outcome in 103 children discharged consecutively after a long-term
      hospitalization. These children had both severe asthma and significant
      psychologic problems. Eighty-three of the 103 children had required continuous or
      frequent intermittent steroids for asthma control. In the year before admission,
      they had been hospitalized for asthma a mean of 2.6 times for 11.8 days and had
      had 4.6 visits to emergency rooms and 6.6 visits to physician offices for acute
      wheezing. Use of medical resources for asthma decreased significantly in the year
      after long-term hospitalization compared to the year before hospitalization
      (hospitalization: -34%, p less than 0.0001; hospital days: -39%, p less than
      0.0002; emergency room visits: -46%, p less than 0.00001; physician office visits
      for acute asthma, -42%; p less than 0.00001; and a composite score giving
      increasing weight to more intensive and costly care: -30%, p less than 0.0001).
      Long-term hospitalization for children with asthma not responsive to outpatient
      management is associated with improvement in their use of medical resources.

PMID- 2913137
TI  - Isolation and characterization of heat-stable allergens from shrimp (Penaeus
      indicus).
AB  - Shrimp are among the more common causes of immediate hypersensitivity reactions
      to food. To characterize better the allergenic substances within shrimp, extracts
      from heated shrimp were systematically examined with solid-phase radioimmunoassay
      and sera from patients clinically sensitive to shrimp. Two heat-stable protein
      allergens, designated as Sa-I and Sa-II, were identified from boiled shrimp
      (Penaeus indicus) extracts. Sa-I was isolated by ultrafiltration, Sephadex G-25,
      and diethylaminoethyl-Sephacel chromatography, whereas, Sa-II, the major
      allergen, was purified by successive chromatography on diethylaminoethyl
      Sephacel, Bio-Gel P-200, and Sepharose 4B columns. Sa-I, was homogeneous by
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), elicited a single band on sodium
      dodecyl sulfate-PAGE corresponding to a molecular weight of 8.2 kd. Sa-II was
      also found to be homogeneous by PAGE, crossed immunoelectrophoresis, and
      immunoblotting. On sodium dodecyl sulfate- PAGE, it elicited a single band with a
      molecular weight of 34 kd. Sa-II was found to contain 301 amino acid residues and
      was particularly rich in glutamate/glutamate and aspartate/asparagine. Solid
      phase radioimmunoassay-inhibition studies revealed that Sa-I and Sa-II share 54%
      of the allergenic epitopes, suggesting that Sa-I may be a fragment of Sa-II.

PMID- 2913138
TI  - Immunotherapy with cat- and dog-dander extracts. IV. Effects of 2 years of
      treatment.
AB  - Thirty-five patients (20 children and 15 adults) with animal-dander asthma
      completed 2 years of immunotherapy with partly purified and standardized cat- or
      dog-danger extracts. The first year of the study was performed double-blind with
      a placebo-treated control group. These 15 patients were transferred to active
      treatment for a second year. All patients were followed by use of the skin prick
      test (SPT), allergen and histamine bronchial challenges, and tests for allergen
      specific IgE, IgG1, and IgG4 levels. In the group treated with active extracts
      for 2 years (group A), the previously reported decrease in bronchial
      responsiveness to cat extract (p less than 0.001) and histamine (p less than
      0.01) was even more pronounced after the second year. After 1 year of active
      treatment in the original placebo group (group B), a significant decrease in the
      bronchial responsiveness to cat extract was noted (p less than 0.001). The
      responsiveness to histamine was decreased only in the patients treated with cat
      dander extracts (p less than 0.05). A significant decrease in the SPT (p less
      than 0.001) and an increase in the allergen-specific IgE (p less than 0.001) and
      IgG4 (p less than 0.001) was also noted in patients (group B) treated with cat
      dander extracts. The side effects in the two groups (A and B) were negligible,
      except for some systemic side effects, especially among the children during the
      initial phase of immunotherapy. The symptoms were mild and responded promptly to
      treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2913139
TI  - The effects of theophylline on the physical performance and work capacity of well
      trained athletes.
AB  - Theophylline, a pharmacologic agent presently permitted during international
      sporting competition, has come under scrutiny because of the suggestion that it
      may be ergogenic. This study examined the effects of serum theophylline levels of
      10 to 20 mg/L and the administration of a placebo on selected measures of
      physical performance and work capacity to determine any ergogenic outcomes. Seven
      male and three female elite athletes from a variety of team sports and aged 18 to
      30 years participated in the study. The variables measured were height, mass,
      maximal oxygen consumption, muscular endurance, muscular power, muscular
      strength, FVC, FEV1, and reaction time. When the scores obtained after ingestion
      of theophylline and a placebo with a double-blind, crossover technique were
      compared, no significant difference was found for any of these variables. A two
      way analysis of variance of FEV1 scores obtained before and after maximal
      exercise revealed no significant "F" ratios. This indicated that none of these
      trained athletes demonstrated exercise-induced asthma and that there was no
      difference in airway resistance after maximal exercise while they were under the
      influence of theophylline or placebo. We conclude that no ergogenic effects were
      attributable to theophylline therapy which should therefore remain an acceptable
      means of management of athletes with asthma participating in international
      sporting events.

PMID- 2913140
TI  - Flexible fiberoptic rhinoscopy in the diagnosis of sinusitis.
AB  - Two-hundred forty-six patients with undiagnosed headache, after unrewarding
      neurologic evaluation, were referred to an allergy clinic and were evaluated both
      by routine sinus radiographs and flexible fiberoptic rhinoscopy. Ninety-eight
      patients had only rhinoscopic evidence of sinusitis (group I), 84 patients had
      both rhinoscopic and radiographic evidence of sinusitis (group II), and 64
      patients had neither rhinoscopic nor radiographic evidence of sinusitis (group
      III). Antibiotic treatment resulted in relief of headaches in 94% of group I, 75%
      of group II, and 5% of group III patients. The distribution of sinus infections
      found by both rhinoscopy and radiography were similar; however, rhinoscopy may
      have found the disease earlier than radiography. Flexible fiberoptic rhinoscopy
      is an efficient method for the office diagnosis of sinusitis.

PMID- 2913141
TI  - Obtaining geriatric patient consent.

PMID- 2913142
TI  - Behavioral psychological intervention.

PMID- 2913143
TI  - Retirement attitudes and health status of preretired and retired men and women.

PMID- 2913144
TI  - Gynecological health needs of elderly women.

PMID- 2913145
TI  - Glimpses of China and Chinese elders.

PMID- 2913146
TI  - Learning to care about gerontological nursing.

PMID- 2913147
TI  - Impact of a recapping device on venepuncture-related needlestick injury.
AB  - In a 33-month prospective analysis of needlestick injuries, venepuncturists
      working under Centers for Disease Control (CDC) guidelines for handling used
      needles were shown to incur a needlestick injury for every 3,175 to 4,006 needle
      handling procedures. On the other hand, users of a simple device designed to
      reduce the risk of injury when recapping used needles were shown to incur a
      needlestick only once in every 16,100 venepunctures performed (P less than
      0.001). This represents a fourfold reduction in the rate of needlestick injuries.
      We thus question the effectiveness of the CDC nonrecapping policy.

PMID- 2913148
TI  - Urinary tract infection following instrumentation for urodynamic testing.
AB  - After identifying a temporal cluster of urinary tract infections in patients who
      had undergone urodynamic procedures, we examined the techniques within the
      urodynamic laboratory and retrospectively reviewed charts of all 155 patients
      tested in the previous six months. The rate of acquired urinary tract infections
      was 18.7%. Risk factors for infection included undergoing cystometrograms and
      being subject to the first procedure performed in a day. Technical errors in the
      performance of the urodynamic studies included failure to completely disassemble
      the apparatus upon completion of a procedure, failure to use sterile components,
      and lapses in aseptic technique. Bacteria implicated in the outbreak were
      isolated from tubing, transducers, and flush solutions. After the institution of
      appropriate technique, all patients tested in the subsequent six months were
      followed. The rate of acquired urinary tract infection dropped to 5%. Urodynamic
      apparatus should be completely disassembled following the completion of a
      procedure; reassembly using sterile components should occur immediately prior to
      the next procedure; aseptic technique should be maintained; and patients should
      undergo routine urine screening before a procedure. Surveillance of urodynamic
      procedures may reveal correctable flaws in technique.

PMID- 2913149
TI  - Management of HIV-1 infection in the hospital setting.

PMID- 2913150
TI  - Utilization review and management: a brief analysis of a growth industry.
AB  - Current evidence concerning the prevalence of inappropriate care indicates that
      there is an opportunity for significant utilization and cost reductions. Although
      the efficacy of some methods of utilization control has been demonstrated, the
      clinical impact and safety of these techniques are unclear. Although financial
      incentives have been successful in nonhealth industries, there is no evidence
      that fiscal rewards will eliminate inappropriate use rather than necessary care.
      Both short- and long-term quality assurance monitors should be combined with any
      utilization control method promoting "appropriate" use of inpatient beds and
      hospital services.

PMID- 2913151
TI  - Site-specific mutagenesis of the class I regulatory element the Q10 gene allows
      expression in non-liver tissues.
AB  - Classical transplantation Ag are found on nearly all cells, whereas Ag encoded by
      the genes of the Qa/Tla region have a restricted tissue distribution. To
      investigate the cause of these different patterns of expression, we have compared
      the regulatory regions of Q10, a Qa region gene that is expressed only in liver,
      with those of H-2Ld. Gel retardation analysis shows that the nuclear factor (rI)
      that binds to the inverted repeat (TGGGGATTCCCCA) of the class I regulatory
      element (CRE) present in H-2Ld and other classical class I genes does not bind to
      the equivalent region of the Q10 gene. However, the Q10 CRE binds another nuclear
      factor (rII) that binds to the H-2Ld CRE. The sequence of the Q10 CRE differs
      from the sequence present in classical class I genes by three nucleotides, two of
      these changes are within the inverted repeat sequence (TGaGGAcTCCCCA) and disrupt
      the region of dyad symmetry. We have used site-specific in vitro mutagenesis to
      individually change these two nucleotides and have investigated the ability of
      this region to promote transcription with and without these substitutions. A
      change of either base restores transcriptional activity in chloramphenicol acetyl
      transferase assays and allows for binding of the rI nuclear factor. These results
      suggest that the failure of the Q10 CRE to bind the rI nuclear factor may play a
      role in preventing Q10 expression in tissues other than the liver and fetal yolk
      sac. Thus, the dichotomy between the widespread tissue expression of classical
      class I genes and the restricted tissue expression of class I genes of the Qa/Tla
      region may be due in part to differences in the cis acting regulatory sequences
      that interact with trans-acting nuclear factors to direct transcription.

PMID- 2913152
TI  - Effect of recombinant murine tumor necrosis factor on hemopoietic reconstitution
      in sublethally irradiated mice.
AB  - Intravenous bolus administration of a single 2-micrograms dose of murine rTNF
      alpha to BALB/c mice 20 h before sublethal total-body irradiation (7.5 Gy)
      conferred significant protection against radiation-induced leukopenia. Murine
      rTNF-alpha administration not only reduced the decline of neutrophil and total
      blood cell counts after radiation, but also accelerated the subsequent
      normalization of peripheral blood cell counts. This was accompanied by
      accelerated regeneration of primitive hematopoietic progenitors, as determined by
      the in vivo spleen CFU assay, and the in vitro assay of the more mature
      hematopoietic cell compartment. This demonstrates that pretreatment with murine
      rTNF-alpha enhances hematopoietic reconstitution after sublethal irradiation, and
      indicates a possible therapeutic potential for this agent in the treatment of
      radiation-induced myelo-suppression.

PMID- 2913153
TI  - Biosynthesis of properdin.
AB  - Properdin (P) is synthesized by the human promyelocytic cell line, HL-60, after
      differentiation with DMSO. The secreted P was physiochemically indistinguishable
      from purified plasma P. It was polymerized and able to bind to C3IBb-Sepharose
      but not to C3i-Sepharose. No extracellular precursor was present. The
      intracellular form, detected between 1 and 4 h after labeling, was similar but
      had a slightly lower Mr. It also bound reversibly to C3iBb-Sepharose, and
      polymers could be demonstrated by cross-linking. Pulse-chase experiments
      suggested the existence of an earlier, but undetectable, intracellular
      precursor(s). This form could not be immunoprecipitated even when harsh
      solubilization conditions and/or antibodies against reduced and denatured P were
      utilized. Studies with endoglycosidases F and H and tunicamycin indicated that
      the detectable intracellular precursor contains high mannose N-linked
      carbohydrate that is processed to the complex form before secretion. The sugars
      are not required for polymerization, secretion, or functional activity, or
      responsible for the electrophoretic heterogeneity. Polymerization of P is
      therefore an early intracellular event, perhaps carefully controlled to prevent
      anomalous aggregation.

PMID- 2913155
TI  - A biotin-avidin sandwich ELISA for quantification of intact complement component
      C9. The sera from hereditary C9 deficient individuals completely lack C9.
AB  - A two-site sandwich ELISA method was developed for quantitating intact C9 protein
      using MoAb P40 (anti-C9b antibody). This antibody reacted with monomeric C9 but
      not with polymerized C9. MoAb P40 was used as a capture antibody and MoAb X195
      (anti-C9a antibody) as a detection antibody. This method is highly sensitive and
      can detect approximately 0.5 ng/ml of native C9. No cross-reactivities of either
      C6, C7, or C8 were observed even at concentrations of 10 micrograms/ml per
      component. In addition, this method allows for measurement of only intact C9
      molecules, eliminating the interference of polymerized C9 or inactivated C9.
      Using this assay, no C9 at all was detected in sera from inherited C9 deficient
      individuals, including both healthy blood donors and patients with meningococcal
      meningitis; although by hemolytic assay, C9 levels were reported to be less than
      0.2% those of NHS. Therefore, this two-site sandwich ELISA method can replace the
      hemolytic assay, and is especially useful for measuring small amounts of C9 in
      serum.

PMID- 2913154
TI  - Production of hybrid hybridomas based on HAT(s)-neomycin(r) double mutants.
AB  - A detailed procedure is described for the preparation of hybrid hybridomas, that
      produce bispecific antibodies. This is achieved by fusing two hybridoma cell
      lines that are phenotypically distinct (HAT(s)/neo(r) and HAT(r)/neo(s)) and
      thereby allow for the selection of the appropriate hybrid cells. HATs mutants
      were obtained from one of the two fusion partners by 8-azaguanine treatment;
      these mutant phenotypes were found in an unexpected high frequency. For the
      introduction of the dominant neo(r) marker gene in one of the HAT(s) fusion
      partners, a retroviral vector was used in order to obtain a high efficiency of
      gene transfer. Our method was very effective in the production of hybrid
      hybridomas, so-called quadromas. The detection of bispecific antibodies was based
      on simultaneous binding by one antibody of two different antigens, or on the
      presence of two different H chain isotypes in this molecule.

PMID- 2913156
TI  - Quantitation of a cationic antimicrobial granule protein of human
      polymorphonuclear leukocytes by ELISA.
AB  - The quantitation of CAP57, a highly hydrophobic, native cationic antigen of human
      polymorphonuclear leukocytes has been achieved using ELISA. An important feature
      determining the sensitivity and precision of the ELISA was the reduction of non
      specific protein-protein binding, particularly in the inhibition assays, thus
      eliminating high backgrounds obtained with presently available methodology.
      Washing of the solid phase-bound antigen and blocking of the non-specific binding
      sites using a potassium phosphate buffer containing heparin largely contributed
      to this increased sensitivity. The inhibition assays were conducted using antigen
      concentrations over the range of 0.9-120 ng. The assay is highly specific and can
      be performed using monoclonal antibodies and polyclonal antibodies. Non-specific
      reactions were observed only when high concentrations of antigen (greater than
      100 ng) were present in the inhibition mixture. The technique as described is
      extremely simple, highly reproducible and could be of value in the detection of
      cationic antimicrobial proteins in the clinical setting in the future.

PMID- 2913157
TI  - Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against human
      glycoalbumin.
AB  - Hybridomas secreting monoclonal antibodies specific for nonenzymatically glycated
      albumin were produced by fusion of SP2/0 myeloma cells with spleen cells from
      BALB/c mice immunized with unreduced nonenzymatically glycated albumin prepared
      from human plasma. Wells containing hybridomas secreting antibodies against
      glycoalbumin were identified by binding, in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,
      to glycoalbumin isolated from human plasma or to albumin that had been glycated
      in vitro. The colony designated A717, which secreted antibodies discriminating
      between glycated versus unglycated albumin, was cloned four times by limiting
      dilution and used for further study, performed with monoclonal antibody purified
      from mouse ascites fluid. Specificity of A717 was demonstrated by immunoblotting
      and by ELISA, wherein the monoclonal antibody reacted preferentially with
      glycated albumin but insignificantly with unglycated albumin. Immunoblotting of
      human plasma with A717 on nitrocellulose yielded a single band, the
      electrophoretic mobility of which corresponded with that of authentic glycated
      albumin, indicating site specificity for glycated epitopes residing in albumin
      but not in other nonenzymatically glycated serum proteins. A717 differs from
      other antibodies raised against glycated albumin and other proteins, which
      recognize glycated residues only after reductive conversion to glucitol-lysine
      and which do not discriminate between different glycated proteins. Thus, this
      report describes the establishment of the first hybridoma secreting monoclonal
      antibody raised against unreduced glycated albumin, which is the physiologic form
      occurring in vivo, and for the epitope when it resides in albumin but not other
      proteins.

PMID- 2913158
TI  - Purification of monoclonal antibodies raised against prostate-specific acid
      phosphatase for use in vivo in radioimaging of prostatic cancer.
AB  - In developing diagnostic reagents for the radioimaging of prostatic cancer,
      methods were optimized for the purification of two mouse IgG1 monoclonal
      antibodies raised against prostate-specific acid phosphatase and produced in cell
      culture. Two different two-step methods were selected. One method consisted of
      two successive ion exchange chromatographic steps on Mono S and Mono Q; in the
      other method, Mono S chromatography was followed by hydrophobic interaction
      (Alkyl Superose) chromatography. In both cases, fast protein liquid
      chromatography (FPLC) instrumentation was used. The antibodies were purified from
      cell culture media containing fetal calf serum (1-5%). Highly pure (greater than
      95%) IgG1 antibodies, free of contaminating serum-derived proteins or column
      materials, were obtained in good yield (greater than 90% recovery). The purified
      antibodies completely retained their immunological reactivity towards prostate
      specific acid phosphatase and were sterile and pyrogen-free. Since the monoclonal
      antibodies produced were intended for applications in vivo, an essential feature
      of the methods selected was the availability of in situ cleaning procedures for
      sterilization of the gel materials and for the inactivation of viruses and
      pyrogens in the gels. The methods developed could be readily scaled up for
      preparative purposes.

PMID- 2913159
TI  - An improved latex agglutination-inhibition test for the detection of human
      chorionic gonadotropin in urine.
AB  - A commercially available slide latex agglutination-inhibition test for pregnancy
      was used in a tube modification for the detection of human chorionic gonadotropin
      (hCG) in urine. The tube method used 100 microliters sample and small quantities
      of reagents which were mixed continuously for 30 min. The results obtained, based
      on flocculation, were 15-30-fold better than those obtained by slide
      agglutination using spiked samples or urine samples from pregnant women. The
      lowest concentration of hCG detected in the spiked samples was 31 IU/l. When 43
      clinical specimens were examined, the tube method detected four more samples than
      the 18 detected by the slide method. A good correlation (r = 0.96) was observed
      between the two methods in the determination of the hCG content in the positive
      samples.

PMID- 2913160
TI  - Time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay of 5-methyl-2'-deoxycytidine employing europium
      labeled antigen as tracer.
AB  - We describe a solid-phase fluoroimmunoassay, based on competition between
      europium-labeled 5 MeCyd (5-methylcytidine) and sample 5MedCyd (5-methyl-2'
      deoxycytidine) for polyclonal anti-5MedCyd antibodies (rabbit). Europium labeling
      of antigen was performed using a novel polylysine-5MeCyd conjugate. Standard and
      sample preparations containing 5MedCyd inhibited the binding of the europium
      labeled 5MeCyd to the antibody molecules. A second antibody, directed against
      rabbit IgG, was coated on the solid phase, and bound the IgG-5MeCyd-polylysine
      europium complex, giving rapid and complete separation of antibody-bound and free
      antigen. The measuring range was from 3.7 to 2500 pmol of 5MedCyd per assay. A
      good correlation between the results obtained with TR-FIA and HPLC was
      demonstrated when the methods were applied to the measurement of methylation in
      various DNA samples, enzymatically hydrolyzed to their constituent
      deoxyribonucleosides. This new TR-FIA possesses the same advantages (high
      sensitivity, wide assay range, rapidity, simplicity, and low cost) as the
      previous assay developed in our laboratories. The superiority of the new system
      is based on (i) its low inter- and intra-assay variation, (ii) low antiserum
      consumption, and (iii) a protocol, which permits the use of second-antibody
      coated microtitration strips common to other assays.

PMID- 2913161
TI  - Simultaneous measurement by flow cytometry of phagocytosis and hydrogen peroxide
      production of neutrophils in whole blood.
AB  - Bacterial ingestion and hydrogen peroxide production by polymorphonuclear
      leukocytes (PMN) were simultaneously measured using flow cytometry and 2',7'
      dichlorofluorescein diacetate and fluorescent Staphylococcus aureus. Only 100
      microliters of a whole blood specimen were required for these determinations, and
      the results were found to be independent of the absolute numbers of PMN, making
      the purification and adjustment of PMN numbers unnecessary. A positive
      correlation between phagocytosis and hydrogen peroxide production by individual
      PMN was demonstrated in healthy adults.

PMID- 2913162
TI  - Detection and reduction of protein A contamination in immobilized protein A
      purified monoclonal antibody preparations.
AB  - Protein A chromatography is an excellent technique for the purification of
      monoclonal antibodies. However, the presence of Protein A in therapeutic
      monoclonal antibody preparations due to leaching has been linked with toxicity in
      animals and humans. Two sandwich ELISAs were developed to monitor Protein A
      column leaching: (1) rabbit anti-Protein A for capture and anti-Protein A F(ab')2
      HRP for detection; and (2) rabbit anti-Protein A for capture and anti-Protein A
      biotin for detection. The biotin ELISA is sensitive to the subnanogram range. In
      addition, these assays were used to develop DEAE and gel filtration
      chromatography techniques that substantially reduce Protein A levels in
      monoclonal antibodies purified by Protein A chromatography.

PMID- 2913163
TI  - Adolescent substance abuse.

PMID- 2913164
TI  - State of Georgia's new informed consent law.

PMID- 2913165
TI  - A perspective on alternative delivery systems.

PMID- 2913166
TI  - Political involvement: the key to doctor-friendly legislation.

PMID- 2913167
TI  - Third Party Payors' view of AIDS.

PMID- 2913168
TI  - Repeat teen deliveries in Fulton County.

PMID- 2913169
TI  - Surgical treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms using cell saver.

PMID- 2913170
TI  - Toward 9 by '90: reducing infant mortality.

PMID- 2913171
TI  - Pediatric oncology update.

PMID- 2913173
TI  - Signs of ectopic pregnancy.

PMID- 2913172
TI  - Anaphylactoid reaction to diflunisal.

PMID- 2913174
TI  - Patient satisfaction and continuity of care.

PMID- 2913175
TI  - Papanicolaou smear techniques.

PMID- 2913176
TI  - Effectiveness of follow-up reminder methods.

PMID- 2913177
TI  - Family in family medicine.

PMID- 2913178
TI  - Chlamydia trachomatis genital infections in a community-based family practice
      clinic.
AB  - Primary care physicians must become aware of the epidemiology and current
      diagnostic and management approaches to genital infections caused by Chlamydia
      trachomatis, since they are the most common sexually transmitted diseases in the
      United States. Clinical information was obtained on 282 sexually active female
      and 54 male patients aged between 14 and 44 years presenting for either
      asymptomatic physical examination or urogenital symptoms at a community-based
      family practice clinic that primarily serves middle socioeconomic class patients.
      A direct fluorescein-conjugated monoclonal antibody staining test for C
      trachomatis was found to be positive in 34 (12 percent) of 282 women and 15 (28
      percent) of 54 men. Two (11 percent) of 19 pregnant women were found to be
      infected. Significantly more women presenting with urogenital symptoms or as a
      sexual contact of a symptomatic partner or those with abnormal findings on
      physical examination were found to have a positive test than were those who had
      no symptoms and no abnormal findings on physical examination. Similar trends were
      found in men, but were not statistically significant. It is recommended that
      primary care physicians presumptively treat those patients who have urogenital
      symptoms or have been exposed to sexual partners with urogenital symptoms and
      test asymptomatic patients who have signs of a possible C trachomatis infection.

PMID- 2913179
TI  - Physician and patient determinants of difficult physician-patient relationships.
AB  - In an effort to account for the effects of both physician and patient
      characteristics in understanding difficult physician-patient relationships,
      family physician participants in the Michigan Research Network, a practice-based
      research network in the state of Michigan, were assessed for their perceptions of
      "difficult" patients. Twenty-two family physicians responded to a mail survey in
      which they selected from among their respective practices a sample of patients
      whose care they considered to be particularly difficult. This sampling procedure
      resulted in a total of 205 difficult patients. Physicians' perceptions of these
      patients were obtained through ratings of the applicability of 40 behavioral and
      physical characteristics drawn from the literature. Factor analysis of these data
      resulted in the identification of two factors underlying physicians' perceptions
      of difficult patients: medical uncertainty, characterized by particularly vague,
      difficult to describe, undifferentiated medical problems; and interpersonal
      difficulty, reflected in a perceived abrasive behavioral style. In addition,
      physicians self-rated the importance of various motivations for practicing
      medicine. The top six ranked mean ratings indicate that the primary motivations
      for practicing medicine were satisfaction derived from solving medical problems
      and the desire to help people. The interaction of these physician and patient
      characteristics is offered as a partial explanation for the development of
      difficult physician-patient relationships.

PMID- 2913180
TI  - Family physicians' perceptions of the family conference.
AB  - Ninety-one of 127 graduates (72 percent) of one family practice residency
      returned a questionnaire in which they estimated the likelihood that their
      patients would want a physician-family conference for each of 21 clinical
      situations. For each situation the physicians also rated their own preferences
      regarding patients' interest in family conferences. Serious medical illnesses
      received the highest ratings for both sets of ratings. For all 21 situations,
      physicians' estimates of patients' responses were significantly lower than
      physicians' preferred response ratings. The physicians' estimates and preferences
      regarding patients' interest in family conferences were compared with actual
      patients' ratings obtained in a previous study. The patient ratings were
      significantly greater than the physicians' estimates of patient ratings for 14 of
      21 situations; the physicians' preferences ratings were significantly higher than
      the actual patient ratings for 11 situations and lower for three situations. The
      mean number of actual family conferences conducted in the previous month was 2.6,
      and 66 percent of respondents had conducted at least one such conference during
      this time. These data indicate that physicians may be more interested in family
      conferences than their patients are, but that they may underestimate the degree
      to which patients do, in fact, want them. The implications of these data for
      teaching, practice, and research are discussed.

PMID- 2913181
TI  - Patients' attitudes toward physician involvement in family conferences.
AB  - Patients' interest in family conferences was investigated using Doherty and
      Baird's concept of level of physician involvement with families. Patients
      entering two primary care clinics (N = 239) completed a questionnaire assessing
      their interest in physician level of involvement for each of six representative
      clinical situations: hospitalization for serious illness, new diagnosis of
      serious illness, depression, marital or relationship problems, stress-related
      symptoms, and frequent visits without improvement. Most patients indicated that
      they would want family conferences with their primary physician if a family
      member experienced hospitalization, new diagnosis of a serious illness, or
      depression. Slightly less than one half of the patients indicated that they would
      want family conferences for the remaining situations. Among those patients
      desiring family conferences, majorities responded that they would want their
      primary physician to provide all of Doherty and Baird's levels 2 through 5
      (ongoing medical information and advice, feelings and support, systematic
      assessment and planned intervention, and family therapy), especially for
      hospitalization for serious illness and for depression. Most patients who
      indicated that they would want their physician to provide family therapy in the
      family conference also responded that they would want referral to a mental health
      professional for family therapy. The implications of these findings for clinical
      practice, residency training, and future research are discussed.

PMID- 2913182
TI  - Utilization of hospital services. A comparison of internal medicine and family
      practice.
AB  - Five hundred twenty new patients were randomly and prospectively assigned to
      receive care in the Internal Medicine Clinic or Family Practice Clinic of a large
      university hospital. Previous analyses of outpatient data demonstrated that the
      frequency of visits to the clinic of primary care, acute care clinic, emergency
      room, and consultant clinics were all significantly higher for patients
      randomized to internal medicine compared with family practice. In the present
      study, patients' charts were reviewed for information regarding hospitalizations.
      During the 3.4-year study period, there were a total of 61 hospital admissions
      for internal medicine (35 of 249 patients), and 58 for family practice (27 to 271
      patients). Age (mean 47 years) and sex of patients in both groups were
      equivalent. The average total cost of hospitalization for each patient was
      greater for those randomized to the Internal Medicine Clinic: $7,193 for internal
      medicine patients as compared with $5,764 for family practice patients. The
      professional costs per hospitalization showed greater variation: $913 for
      Internal Medicine Clinic patients and $629 for Family Practice Clinic patients.
      Internal Medicine Clinic patients had a longer mean length of hospitalization
      (7.5 days) when compared with that of Family Practice Clinic patients (6.3 days).
      It can be concluded that in this clinical environment the hospitalization
      patterns are different for patients assigned to the Internal Medicine Clinic
      compared with the Family Practice Clinic: both cost and length of care for
      hospitalization are less for those followed by the Family Practice Clinic.

PMID- 2913183
TI  - The peer-review process--and an acknowledgement of our peerless reviewers.

PMID- 2913184
TI  - The post-operative electrocardiogram and creatine kinase: implications for
      diagnosis of myocardial infarction after non-cardiac surgery.
AB  - The objective of this study was to evaluate different approaches to the diagnosis
      of post-operative myocardial infarction. A total of 232 patients, mostly
      hypertensive and/or diabetic patients, who were undergoing elective non-cardiac
      surgery were evaluated pre-operatively. They were followed serially from the day
      of operation to discharge or the sixth post-operative day with daily clinical
      evaluations, electrocardiograms, creatine kinase and creatine kinase isoenzymes.
      In total 22% (51/232) of the patients had post-operative ECG changes in two or
      more leads. Only 1% developed new Q waves; most of the changes involved changes
      in the T or ST segments. Seventy percent of patients who had changes in their
      electrocardiogram were completely asymptomatic. The highest risk of ECG changes
      or symptoms occurred on the day of operation and the first post-operative day;
      evidence of post-operative infarction was infrequent after the second post
      operative day. Creatine kinase levels rose an average of 250-300 IU on the first
      and second post-operative day (also the peak time for post-operative ECG
      changes), reducing its utility as an adjunct to the diagnosis of post-operative
      infarctions. Importantly, 52% (12/23) of the patients who had greater than or
      equal to 5% MB isoenzyme had neither ECG changes nor symptoms; the diagnosis of a
      myocardial infarction should not be made in these patients. In summary, most
      patients who experience ischemia or infarction post-operatively are asymptomatic.
      Symptoms should not be required for the diagnosis of post-operative infarction.
      Seemingly minor differences in criteria can produce major discrepancies in post
      operative myocardial infarction rates (from 1 to 9%). The development of a final
      set of criteria will require further study but the diagnosis of post-operative
      infarction should probably be based on ECG changes, their duration and
      consistency, and the association of a positive MB fraction.

PMID- 2913185
TI  - Cause specific mortality following cerebral infarction.
AB  - Mortality from four causes (index stroke, subsequent stroke, cardiac disease and
      non-cardiovascular causes) was examined during a 5 year follow-up of 1694
      cerebral infarction patients admitted to 25 community hospitals between 1969 and
      1973. The hazard for mortality from the index stroke was high initially, but
      declined to a negligible level by 6 months post-stroke. In contrast, hazards for
      mortality from subsequent strokes, cardiac diseases and non-cardiovascular causes
      each peaked midway through the first year, declined during the remainder of that
      year, and then increased in the latter part of the follow-up. Proportional
      hazards analysis indicated that advanced age and increased stroke severity were
      the only factors significantly related to increased risk from each of the four
      causes of death. Other risk factors were significant only for one or two select
      causes of death. White patients were less likely to die from subsequent strokes,
      but more likely to die from cardiac diseases, than were non-white patients
      (primarily blacks). Males were more likely to die from both the index stroke and
      non-cardiovascular causes than females. A history of cardiac disease increased
      the risk of death from both the index stroke and from future cardiac events,
      while a history of hypertension or diabetes increased the risk of death from non
      cardiovascular causes, and a history of previous stroke increased the risk of
      death from subsequent stroke.

PMID- 2913186
TI  - Assessing methods for causality assessment of suspected adverse drug reactions.
AB  - Reproducibility and validity as currently defined are inappropriate criteria for
      the evaluation of methods for causality assessment. Reproducibility leads to
      suppression rather than resolution of real disagreements and the method used to
      establish validity relies on the tarnished gold standard of expert opinion. We
      describe six alternative criteria that attempt to address a potential user's main
      concerns--the need to know whether to believe the results in general and in a
      particular case. These criteria focus on the internal structure of a method
      rather than its output. When we assessed the published methods by these criteria
      most of the methods failed most of the criteria. We believe that the problem and
      its solution lie at a fundamental level--real understanding of the true nature of
      causality assessment, which we suggest is an inherently subjective evaluation
      based on the multiple uncertainties that an assessor has about a case and not an
      objective attribute of the drug-event connection that can be determined from
      unambiguous evidence elicited in response to "operational questions".

PMID- 2913187
TI  - Cyclical mastopathy: an evaluation of methods of assessment.
AB  - We have evaluated three methods of assessing patients with cyclical breast
      symptoms (cyclical mastopathy--CM). One method, a screening questionnaire, was
      used to identify women with CM, and two others, a symptom severity questionnaire
      and a daily diary, were used prospectively to record the severity of symptoms in
      relation to the menstrual cycle. The screening questionnaire was assessed for
      test-retest reliability and for agreement between the recalled severity of
      symptoms and those recorded during prospective measurement. The symptom severity
      questionnaire and diary were assessed by examining their ability to discriminate
      between pre- and postmenstrual phases of the menstrual cycle, differences in
      symptom severity at these times being the cardinal feature of CM. Test-retest
      reliability of premenstrual symptoms by the screening questionnaire gave
      correlation coefficients over 0.70 for 9 of the 11 items assessed. The symptom
      severity questionnaire showed significant differences between pre- and post
      menstrual scores for 8 of the 11 items assessed and the diary for each of the 2
      items assessed. Comparison of symptom severity as recalled and as prospectively
      recorded showed only modest agreement. These results show that the instruments
      used to assess symptom severity performed satisfactorily but that the screening
      questionnaire used to identify women with CM, although reliable, correlated only
      moderately well with prospective measurement.

PMID- 2913188
TI  - Alcohol consumption and mortality in aging or aged Finnish men.
AB  - The association between alcohol consumption and 10-year mortality by death cause
      was studied in 1112 men aged 55-74 years and living either in eastern or south
      western Finland. After adjustment for age, blood pressure, smoking, serum
      cholesterol, and other variables, the relative odds ratio of 10-year total
      mortality associated with consuming 1-273 g of absolute alcohol per month was 0.9
      (95% confidence interval of 0.6-1.2) and with consuming more than 273 g per month
      due to violence was small, 15, but relative odds of violent death associated with
      consuming 1-273 and 274 or more grams of alcohol per month were 3.4 and 16.2,
      respectively (95% confidence intervals of 0.4-31.9 and 1.9-141.2).

PMID- 2913189
TI  - Reliability and validity of screening scales: effect of reducing scale length.
AB  - Self-report measures are often useful as the first phase of a multiphase case
      identification procedure for estimating rates of untreated disorder, but such
      measures are susceptible to several sources of unreliability. The reliability of
      respondents' reports can be greatly improved by employing a well-established
      screening scale composed of multiple replicate items. A practical question that
      arises is whether interview time can be saved by using only a portion of the
      original scale. The cost of shortening established scales in terms of the
      sensitivity and specificity of the screen is modelled statistically, and the
      robustness of the model is assessed using mental health data obtained on samples
      of psychiatric patients and community controls. Both the statistical model and
      the empirical examples suggest that items from highly reliable measures can be
      dropped without much loss in sensitivity or specificity. Suggestions are made for
      selecting subsets of items when shortening a screening scale and these are
      illustrated with screening scales for depression.

PMID- 2913190
TI  - Public and private hypotheses.
AB  - The uses of hypothesis in scientific medicine and in clinical medicine are
      broadly similar; but they differ in subtle but important logical details. The key
      distinction is that scientific medicine deals with broad ("public") hypotheses
      about entire populations; and the predominant problem of inference is statistics
      in the face of epistemological uncertainty. In contrast, clinical medicine deals
      with individual, tailor-made ("private") hypotheses; the uncertainty (e.g. the
      diagnosis or recurrence risk in relatives) is ontological, and the main feature
      of the analysis is probability. The same logical rules are at times mistakenly
      applied to both. Disregard of these subtleties may lead to paradoxes,
      contradictions, and at times diastrously false conclusion. The basic principles
      and distinctions are laid out with illustrations that are most readily provided
      from medical genetics, but apply to all branches of medicine.

PMID- 2913191
TI  - Hectic families.

PMID- 2913193
TI  - Quality of life and cardiac disease.

PMID- 2913192
TI  - Plasma cholesterol and in situ cervical cancer: an Australian case-control study.

PMID- 2913194
TI  - Quality of life of elderly patients enrolled in cardiac rehabilitation.
AB  - The quality of life of 51 elderly subjects enrolled in cardiac rehabilitation is
      described to devise strategies for improving QOL as an outcome of a therapeutic
      regimen. Based on Chrisman and Fowler's Systems-in-Change Model, physical
      function, social function, and emotional function were assessed via the McMaster
      Health Index Questionnaire and the Cantril Self-Anchoring Scale during
      participation in cardiac rehabilitation. The greatest benefit of cardiac
      rehabilitation to subjects was in physical function, but benefits were also noted
      in social and emotional function.

PMID- 2913195
TI  - Life-style changes in a cardiac rehabilitation program: the client perspective.
AB  - Major life-style changes are required after an acute coronary event, although the
      vast majority of patients are unsuccessful in maintaining these changes. This
      study examines factors clients view as enabling or disabling their life-style
      changes for health promotion. Ten patients in a cardiac rehabilitation program
      were interviewed using grounded theory methodology. Both health protection and
      health promotion stimulated life-style change, as did instructions from the
      physician and life enjoyment. Enabling and disabling factors affecting the
      process of repatterning were individually defined, but changes in beliefs,
      attitudes, and plans facilitated repatterning. Specific precipitants to change,
      forces influencing change, and methods of repatterning life style are discussed,
      as are nursing implications.

PMID- 2913196
TI  - Nursing research. The use of grounded theory methodology to study the process of
      life-style changes.
AB  - This article describes a method of evaluating research with the use of grounded
      theory methology, a qualitative research technique. The preceding article by
      Frenn and colleagues, which uses this method to study the process of life-style
      change, is evaluated as an example. Sample procedures, data collection and
      analysis, and evaluation of scientific merit are discussed.

PMID- 2913197
TI  - Congenital heart diseases in adults. Nursing grand rounds.
AB  - Diagnosis of significant disease is a major stressor that may interfere with a
      patient's quality of life. This case study reports the nursing care of a 29-year
      old female marathon runner diagnosed with congenital heart disease. The nursing
      diagnoses, Alteration in Family Process, Disturbance in Self-Esteem, and
      Knowledge Deficit are addressed in care plan format.

PMID- 2913198
TI  - Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors.
AB  - The angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors are beneficial to hypertensive
      patients and those experiencing congestive heart failure. These agents appear to
      have fewer side effects than many other commonly used agents. Nursing
      interventions include monitoring for individual responses to the drugs and
      providing adequate education to ensure the patient's compliance with the drug
      regime.

PMID- 2913199
TI  - Determinants of patchy metabolic labeling in the somatosensory cortex of cats: a
      possible role for intrinsic inhibitory circuitry.
AB  - Despite repeated experimental demonstration that somatic stimulation leads to an
      intermittent, "column-like" pattern of 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) label in the
      somatosensory cortex, the functional significance of this pattern remains
      uncertain. A number of recent studies have suggested that the putative inhibitory
      neurotransmitter GABA may play an influential role in the cortical processing of
      sensory information. To test the possibility that GABA-mediated inhibitory
      processes might participate in the formation of the 2DG patches, the 2DG pattern
      obtained under "normal" experimental conditions was compared with the pattern
      observed when cortical inhibition was modified by topical application of the GABA
      antagonist, bicuculline methiodide (BIC). Under "normal" experimental conditions,
      we found that somatic stimulation led to an intermittent, patch like distribution
      of 2DG uptake in cat somatosensory cortex, which exhibited consistent features in
      animals studied using the same stimulus and experimental condition.
      Reconstructions of the stimulus-evoked activity patterns revealed that the label
      was confined to territories known to receive input from the stimulated body
      region and was organized into elongated strips. Topical application of BIC to the
      somatosensory cortex dramatically altered the dimension of the metabolic patches,
      which were often embedded in a field of elevated 2DG uptake. In BIC-treated
      hemispheres the average width of 2DG patches was 1266 microns, whereas the
      average width of patches in the opposite untreated hemisphere (elicited by
      identical stimuli) was 713 microns. Unfolded maps of the labeling pattern
      revealed that in the BIC-treated hemispheres adjacent "strips" of 2DG label
      tended to fuse, leading to a less intermittent distribution than that observed in
      the untreated hemispheres. An important role for GABA in the formation of the
      normal cortical response to somatic stimulation is suggested.

PMID- 2913200
TI  - The role of preparation in tuning anticipatory and reflex responses during
      catching.
AB  - The pattern of muscle responses associated with catching a ball in the presence
      of vision was investigated by independently varying the height of the drop and
      the mass of the ball. It was found that the anticipatory EMG responses comprised
      early and late components. The early components were produced at a roughly
      constant latency (about 130 msec) from the time of ball release. Their mean
      amplitude decreased with increasing height of fall. Late components represented
      the major build-up of muscle activity preceding the ball's impact and were
      accompanied by limb flexion. Their onset time was roughly constant (about 100
      msec) with respect to the time of impact (except in wrist extensors). This
      indicates that the timing of these responses was based on an accurate estimate of
      the instantaneous values of the time-to-contact (time remaining before impact).
      The mean amplitude of the late anticipatory responses increased linearly with the
      expected momentum of the ball at impact. The reflex responses evoked by the
      ball's impact consisted in a short-latency coactivation of flexor and extensor
      muscles at the elbow and wrist joints. Their mean amplitude generally increased
      with the intensity of the perturbation both in the stretched muscles and in the
      shortening muscles. We argue that both the anticipatory and the reflex
      coactivation are centrally preset in preparation for catching and are
      instrumental for stabilizing limb posture after impact. A model with linear, time
      varying viscoelastic coefficients was used to assess the neural and mechanical
      contributions to the damping of limb oscillations induced by the ball's impact.
      The model demonstrates that (1) anticipatory muscle stiffening and anticipatory
      flexion of the limb are synergistic in building up resistance of the hand to
      vertical displacement and (2) the reflex coactivation produces a further
      increment of hand stiffness and viscosity which tends to offset the decrement
      which would result from the limb extension produced by the impact.

PMID- 2913201
TI  - Adaptation to suppression of visual information during catching.
AB  - We address the problem of whether and how adaptation to suppression of visual
      information occurs in catching behavior. To this end, subjects were provided with
      advance information about the height of fall and the mass of a ball and an
      auditory cue signaled the time of release. Adaptation did occur, as indicated by
      the unimpaired ability to catch the ball without vision; however, it involved a
      major reorganization of the muscle responses. The subjects were unable to produce
      anticipatory activity consistently, but preset the responses elicited by the
      impact. These responses were more complex and prolonged than those observed in
      the control experiments (with vision). In particular, medium- and long-latency
      responses were much larger, and the changes in elbow, wrist, and
      metacarpophalangeal angles following impact were more oscillatory than in the
      control. The general pattern of the EMG responses switched from that
      characteristic of catching with vision to that characteristic of catching without
      vision from the first trial of each experiment. However, the responses produced
      without vision were calibrated adaptively in the course of an experiment. In
      fact, the limb oscillations induced by the impact were significantly larger in
      the first trial than in the following trials. This seems to suggest that the
      parameters of the responses are adjusted based on an internal model of the
      dynamic interaction between the falling ball and the limb. This model is
      initially constructed from a priori knowledge on impact parameters and is
      subsequently updated on the basis of the kinesthetic and cutaneous information
      obtained during the first trial.

PMID- 2913202
TI  - Expression of nerve-muscle topography during development.
AB  - Previous studies have indicated that in 2 muscles of the adult rat, the anterior
      serratus and the diaphragm, the rostrocaudal axis of the motoneuron pool projects
      topographically onto the rostrocaudal axis of the muscle. In the present work we
      have asked whether this orderly topography emerges as a function of postnatal
      synaptic rearrangement or whether this pattern is already established at birth.
      The anterior serratus muscle was studied over the period ranging from embryonic
      day 17 through postnatal day 30. Using 2 criteria of topography, average
      segmental innervation and average target field of cervical roots C6 and C7, we
      found that a topographic distribution of the motoneuron pool is already present
      prior to birth and maintained throughout the postnatal period. Moreover, both C6
      and C7 form an orderly map over the surface of the serratus in the embryo, and
      the topography is sharpened during postnatal periods. The diaphragm also is
      topographically innervated at birth and undergoes a comparable sharpening of the
      projection map postnatally. We conclude that the topographic projection of
      motoneurons is established prior to birth in these muscles, and postnatal
      synaptic rearrangement serves to sharpen the topographic map toward the adult
      pattern. These results also suggest that the pursuit of basic mechanisms
      underlying topography should be directed toward initial embryonic nerve-muscle
      contacts.

PMID- 2913203
TI  - Topographical organization of the entorhinal projection to the dentate gyrus of
      the monkey.
AB  - The topographic organization of the projections from the entorhinal cortex to the
      dentate gyrus in the macaque monkey was studied with anterograde and retrograde
      tracing methods. Injections of WGA-HRP or the fluorescent retrograde tracers,
      Fast blue and Diamidino yellow, were placed at various levels along the
      rostrocaudal axis of the dentate gyrus and hippocampus. In 5 experiments the
      fluorescent dyes were injected at 2 rostrocaudal levels of the same dentate
      gyrus. Labeled neurons were observed mainly in layers II and III of the
      entorhinal cortex, though some were also seen in layers V and VI. The labeled
      layer II cells resulting from each of the tracer injections were located
      throughout much of the rostrocaudal extent of the entorhinal cortex, though they
      tended to have a more limited distribution in the transverse or mediolateral
      axis. Injections of retrograde tracers located caudally in the dentate gyrus
      resulted in a rostrocaudally oriented zone of labeled cells that was situated
      laterally in the entorhinal cortex adjacent to the rhinal sulcus. The zone of
      labeled cells was not oriented strictly parallel to the rhinal sulcus since at
      caudal levels it extended medially to encompass the full transverse extent of the
      most caudal portion of the entorhinal cortex. When injections were placed more
      rostrally in the dentate gyrus and hippocampus, the rostrocaudally oriented zone
      of labeled cells was situated more medially in the entorhinal cortex. Anterograde
      tracing experiments using 3H-amino acid injections into different rostrocaudal
      and mediolateral positions of the entorhinal cortex confirmed the organization
      demonstrated by the retrograde tracers and further indicated that the entorhinal
      fibers terminate in the outer two-thirds of the molecular layer of the dentate
      gyrus. Unlike in the rat, where the entorhinal termination zone in the molecular
      layer is clearly bilaminate, projections from all portions of the entorhinal
      cortex appeared to terminate more diffusely throughout the outer two-thirds of
      the molecular layer. The results of the present study indicate that
      rostrocaudally oriented zones of cells that cut across several cytoarchitectonic
      subdivisions of the entorhinal cortex give rise to topographically organized
      projections to the dentate gyrus. Cells located laterally in the entorhinal
      cortex project to caudal levels of the dentate gyrus, whereas progressively more
      medially situated cells project to progressively more rostral parts of the
      dentate gyrus.

PMID- 2913204
TI  - The role of gonadal hormones in neuromuscular synapse elimination in rats. I.
      Androgen delays the loss of multiple innervation in the levator ani muscle.
AB  - The normal period of synapse elimination in the androgen-sensitive levator ani
      (LA) muscle occurs between 2 and 4 weeks after birth, well after the period of
      synapse elimination for most other rat muscles. To evaluate whether gonadal
      androgen might be involved in the delayed development of single innervation in
      the LA, we compared the time course of synapse elimination in LA muscles that
      lacked endogenous gonadal androgen or were exposed to exogenous androgen.
      Tetranitroblue tetrazolium was used to stain neuromuscular connections. Our
      results suggest that both endogenous and exogenous androgen delay the normal
      process of synapse elimination. Removing endogenous androgen resulted in lower
      levels of multiple innervation in the LA, suggesting that androgen may normally
      influence synapse elimination. Moreover, androgen treatment prevented much of the
      normal loss of multiple innervation in the LA. Androgen treatment during the
      normal period of synapse elimination also increased the diameter of LA muscle
      fibers, enhanced the development of preterminal branching, and increased the
      number of junctional sites on some LA fibers. Because androgen did not appear to
      induce the formation of new synapses through sprouting, we conclude that androgen
      maintained multiple innervation in the LA by preventing the normal ontogenetic
      process of synapse elimination.

PMID- 2913205
TI  - The role of gonadal hormones in neuromuscular synapse elimination in rats. II.
      Multiple innervation persists in the adult levator ani muscle after juvenile
      androgen treatment.
AB  - In the previous study (Jordan et al., 1989), we demonstrated that androgen
      treatment of juvenile male rats inhibits the elimination of synapses in the
      levator ani (LA) muscle. In the present study, we asked whether synapse
      elimination would occur once this juvenile androgen treatment ended. Castrated
      male rats were given androgen during a juvenile treatment period (7-34 d) and
      were killed 4 or 8 weeks after the end of androgen treatment (at 9 or 13 weeks
      after birth). The adult pattern of innervation in the LA was assessed (1)
      anatomically by counting the number of stained motor axons innervating single
      muscle fibers and (2) electrophysiologically by counting the number of components
      in intracellularly recorded endplate potentials. Based on the number of stained
      motor axons, the LA from juvenile androgen-treated castrates had as much multiple
      innervation 1 and 2 months after the end of androgen treatment (at 9 and 13
      weeks) as was present during androgen treatment at 4 weeks. This suggests that no
      further synapse loss occurred in the LA once androgen treatment ended. Based on
      electrophysiological measures, adult LA muscles previously exposed to androgen
      were found to contain significantly more polyneuronal innervation than normal
      adult LA muscles. Juvenile androgen treatment also increased the size but not the
      number of motoneurons in the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus which contains
      LA motoneurons. Thus, the increased level of multiple innervation in the LA is
      not due to a higher than normal number of motoneurons innervating this muscle.
      Because multiple innervation persists in the LA in the absence of continued
      androgen treatment, androgen may have permanently prevented synapse
      elimination.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2913206
TI  - Structural and functional properties of reticulospinal neurons in the early
      swimming stage Xenopus embryo.
AB  - This study presents direct evidence that in Xenopus laevis embryos ipsi- and
      contralaterally descending reticulospinal fibers from the caudal brain stem
      project to the spinal cord, where they directly contact primary motoneurons. At
      stage 30, occasional contacts between primary motoneurons and descending axons
      are present. These contacts are possibly already functional since presynaptic
      vesicles were sometimes observed. Furthermore, the physiological data obtained in
      this study suggest that reticulospinal neurons in the caudal brain stem are
      involved in the central generation of early swimming. The first ingrowth of
      reticulospinal axons was observed in the rostral spinal cord after application of
      HRP to the caudal brain stem of stage 27/28 embryos. By stage 32, many
      supraspinal axons could be found in the spinal cord at the level of the 12/13th
      myotome, near the time of the first rhythmic swimming. Both lamellipodial and
      varicose growth cones were found. Intracellular recordings from the brain stem
      and extracellular recordings from the myotomal muscles in curarized embryos
      around stage 30 revealed neurons in the caudal brain stem which were active
      during early fictive swimming. After intracellular staining with Lucifer yellow
      neurons with descending axons were found in the brain-stem reticular formation.
      These reticulospinal neurons showed "motoneuron-like" phasic activity, producing
      one spike each swimming cycle. Rhythmically occurring spikes with swimming
      periodicity were superimposed on a sustained depolarization level of some 5-30
      mV. Reticulospinal neurons in the brain stem resemble descending interneurons in
      the spinal cord by their morphology, projection pattern, and activity during
      early swimming. Reticulospinal neurons and descending interneurons might
      therefore form one continuous population of projecting interneurons with a
      different location but a similar function. In support of this we propose that the
      embryonic brain-stem reticular formation forms part of the swimming pattern
      generator.

PMID- 2913207
TI  - Responses of lateral geniculate neurons that survive long-term visual cortex
      damage in kittens and adult cats.
AB  - Damage to visual cortex (areas 17-19) in kittens or adult cats produces severe
      retrograde degeneration of neurons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus
      (LGN). However, some neurons survive in otherwise degenerated portions of the LGN
      after a visual cortex lesion at any age. Previous studies have shown that there
      are well-defined differences in potential retinal inputs, soma size, synaptic
      connections, outputs, and physiological properties of output targets of the
      surviving LGN cells in cats that received visual cortex damage at different ages.
      The present experiment investigated the relationships between these differences
      and the responses of surviving LGN neurons to visual stimulation. Recordings were
      made from surviving neurons in the degenerated A- and C-layers of the LGN in cats
      that had received a visual cortex lesion on the day of birth, at 8 weeks of age,
      or as adults (survival was 11.5-36 months). Normal adult cats were studied for
      comparison. The visual receptive field was mapped, and tests were carried out to
      classify each cell as X, Y, or W. In addition, quantitative methods were used to
      assess response amplitude, strength of receptive-field surround inhibition,
      spatial-frequency tuning to drifting or counterphased sine-wave gratings, and
      response to nondominant-eye stimulation for each cell. We found that surviving
      cells in all LGN layers respond to light, have normal receptive-field
      organization, and have normal eye dominance following a lesion at any age tested.
      In addition, gross retinotopic organization of the LGN is normal. However, 2 main
      abnormalities were observed following a lesion at all 3 ages. First, there is a
      reduction in the percentage of X cells in the A layers, from 62% in normal LGNs
      to about 15% in degenerated LGNs. Second, many surviving cells in both the A- and
      C-layers have abnormally large receptive-field centers. Other differences that
      were observed between normal A-layer cells and surviving A-layer cells could be
      attributed to the loss of X cells. These results indicate that cells within a
      structure that shows severe retrograde degeneration after brain damage can
      maintain relatively normal function and can take part in potentially important
      residual neural pathways. Previous studies indicate that these residual pathways
      can show both anatomical and physiological compensation for the brain damage, and
      the present findings bear on the consequences and mechanisms of this
      compensation.

PMID- 2913208
TI  - Cerebellar lesions and the nictitating membrane reflex: performance deficits of
      the conditioned and unconditioned response.
AB  - Unilateral cerebellar lesions abolished the occurrence of ipsilateral conditioned
      nictitating membrane responses during the 285 msec interval between onset of the
      conditioned and unconditioned stimuli on paired trials. This effect was obtained
      in 15 animals sustaining damage to the dorsolateral aspects of the interpositus
      nucleus and the adjoining white matter. However, conditioned responses did occur
      during the 800 msec observation interval employed on tone-alone test trials, and
      these responses exhibited the classic performance deficits normally associated
      with cerebellar damage: a low frequency of occurrence (14%, as compared with 96%
      before the lesion); a 3.1 mm decrease in amplitude; a 236 msec increase in onset
      latency; a 563 msec increase in latency of peak amplitude; and a 327 msec
      increase in rise time. Four of the 15 animals failed to demonstrate greater than
      5% responding during the test trials. These performance deficits were not
      specific to the learned, conditioned response. Unconditioned responses were also
      reduced in frequency and increased in latency of peak amplitude and rise time,
      especially when elicited at lower air-puff intensities. These deficits in the
      unconditioned response were observed in animals that failed to exhibit
      conditioned responses on either paired or test trials, as well as in animals
      demonstrating conditioned responses only during test trials. We conclude that the
      cerebellum has a general role in regulating the nictitating membrane reflex so
      that deficits in learned responses observed after cerebellar lesions are
      secondary to a broader deficit in performance. The performance deficits appear to
      consist of a sensory component, as reflected by an increase in stimulus threshold
      for elicitation of the nictitating membrane reflex, and a motor component, as
      reflected by the altered topography of the evoked response. The results of this
      study thus reaffirm the role of the cerebellum in regulating the sensorimotor
      processes necessary for the optimal performance of both conditioned and
      unconditioned responses and extends this role to the expression of a simple
      cranial nerve reflex.

PMID- 2913209
TI  - Sequence of pedal peptide: a novel neuropeptide from the central nervous system
      of Aplysia.
AB  - We report the identification of a novel neuropeptide from Aplysia nervous tissue.
      The peptide was termed Pedal peptide (Pep) because it was predominantly
      synthesized in the pedal ganglia. Pep was purified and sequenced from pooled
      extracts of pedal ganglia. The following sequence was proposed: Pro-Leu-Asp-Ser
      Val-Tyr-Gly-Thr-His-Gly-Met-Ser-Gly-Phe-Ala. Enzymatic hydrolysis procedures
      indicated that Pep had a free carboxyl terminal. A peptide with the proposed
      sequence was synthesized and compared with the native peptide. Chromatographic
      properties of the 2 peptides under 3 different conditioned were compared and
      found to be identical. Electrophysiological responses to the 2 peptides were
      compared on an identified neuron in the abdominal ganglia and found to be
      qualitatively and quantitatively very similar. Both peptides produced net inward
      currents that were associated with a decrease in membrane conductance. The
      results from these 2 procedures confirmed that the proposed Pep sequence was
      correct. Quantitative measurements of the incorporation of 35S-methionine into
      Pep suggest that cell bodies that synthesize Pep were present predominantly in
      the pedal ganglia but should also be found in other central ganglia as well. Pep
      like immunoreactive neurons are found predominantly in the pedal ganglia and less
      frequently in the other ganglia (Pearson and Lloyd, 1989). Quantitatively, Pep
      constitutes one of the predominant peptides in the nervous system of Aplysia. Pep
      does not appear to be a member of any other previously identified invertebrate or
      vertebrate peptide family.

PMID- 2913210
TI  - Immunocytological localization of pedal peptide in the central nervous system and
      periphery of Aplysia.
AB  - Immunocytology using antisera raised to conjugated pedal peptide (Pep) was used
      to localize the peptide in the CNS and periphery of Aplysia. A total of over 200
      neurons in the CNS exhibited Pep-like immunoreactivity. As expected from results
      presented in the previous paper, immunoreactive neurons were heavily concentrated
      in the pedal ganglia, primarily in a broad ribbon comprised of about 60 large
      contiguous neurons on the dorsal side of each ganglion. Smaller and less numerous
      immunoreactive neurons were found in the other ganglia. A number of neurons
      primarily located in the abdominal ganglia had dense networks of immunoreactive
      varicose fibers surrounding their cell bodies. Many immunoreactive axons were
      observed in peripheral nerves, particularly those nerves leaving the pedal
      ganglia. Analyses of sections of body wall indicated that Pep-like
      immunoreactivity was localized to a series of varicose axons that appeared to be
      associated with vascular spaces, muscle fibers, and other large cells. These
      axons likely arise from pedal ganglion nerves that were shown to transport large
      amounts of 35S-labeled Pep to the periphery. These results suggest that Pep is a
      transmitter-like neuropeptide that is likely to have a number of important
      physiological actions in Aplysia.

PMID- 2913211
TI  - Visual receptive fields in the striate-recipient zone of the lateral posterior
      pulvinar complex.
AB  - The lateral posterior (LP)-pulvinar complex of the cat is known to contain
      multiple visual areas. In the present study, we examined the receptive field
      properties of single neurons isolated in the lateral division of this complex
      (the LPI). The LPI is designated the striate-recipient zone because it is the
      only region of the LP-pulvinar receiving cortical projections from areas 17 and
      18. The recordings revealed that the striate-recipient zone of LP comprises 2
      subareas, which we have termed LPI-1 and LPI-2. In the main segment (LPI-1),
      virtually all cells responded securely to visual stimuli. The vast majority of
      these neurons were binocular, with relatively small and well-defined receptive
      fields. More than half of the cells were found to be directionally selective, and
      almost this many were orientation specific. The orientation tuning of these cells
      was found to be quite precise, comparable to complex cells in area 17. In
      contrast, in the small dorsolateral segment of the striate-recipient zone (the
      LPI-2), a substantial proportion of cells could not be visually activated. Here,
      the visual cells had very large receptive fields, and relatively few were
      direction or orientation selective. The LPI-2 receives subcortical inputs from
      the superficial layers of the superior colliculus, the hypothalamus, and
      cerebellum, while the LPI-1 is innervated only by cortical axons. It is suggested
      that the subcortical connections of the LPI-2 account for the differences in the
      response properties of the 2 striate-recipient areas. The present results, in
      conjunction with our previous findings on the principal tectorecipient zone
      (Chalupa et al., 1983), permit 2 generalizations regarding the functional
      organization of the cat's LP-pulvinar complex. First, there are clear differences
      among the visual areas of the LP-pulvinar in the cellular processing of visual
      information. Second, these functional differences can be related to the principal
      sources of visual input to the various divisions of the LP-pulvinar.

PMID- 2913212
TI  - Aplysia synaptosomes. I. Preparation and biochemical and morphological
      characterization of subcellular membrane fractions.
AB  - We prepared and characterized subcellular membrane fractions from the CNS of
      Aplysia californica that are enriched in isolated nerve terminals (synaptosomes).
      Ganglia were homogenized in 1.1 M sucrose and fractionated on a 2-step sucrose
      gradient, yielding 50 micrograms protein/animal in the synaptosomal fraction
      (P3), which was enriched 3-fold in plasma membrane as compared with the initial
      homogenate. Quantitative morphometry of electron micrographs revealed that P3
      contained 25% intact synaptosomes, a 5-fold enrichment over the homogenate.
      Although fractionation on a 5-step sucrose gradient reduced the yield of protein
      in the synaptosomal fraction to 40 micrograms/animal, this fraction (the 0.35
      M/0.75 M interface) was more enriched in plasma membrane than P3 and was less
      contaminated by lysosomes and free mitochondria. By electron microscopy, the 0.35
      M/0.75 M interface contained up to 50% synaptosomes. Synaptosomal fractions
      contained cAMP-, Ca2+/calmodulin-, and Ca2+/phospholipid-dependent protein kinase
      activities and were enriched in a Mr 40,000 pertussis toxin substrate, Gi/o. In
      the accompanying paper, we show that these synaptosomes retain the ability to
      release transmitters.

PMID- 2913213
TI  - Habituation and dishabituation of a cleaning reflex in normal and mutant
      Drosophila.
AB  - Upon tactile stimulation of its thoracic bristle(s), Drosophila cleans with a
      patterned set of leg movements the field covered by the stimulated bristles. We
      demonstrate that this cleaning reflex undergoes habituation and dishabituation.
      Repeated monotonous stimulation of the bristles by controlled air puffs leads to
      decrement, and finally to disappearance, of leg response. Spontaneous recovery of
      the response takes place in a time-dependent manner. Restoration of response can
      also be obtained by application of a high-frequency stimulus directed to other
      bristles. A mutant, rut, which is defective in learning and in adenylate cyclase
      activity, can habituate and dishabituate, but habituation is abnormally short
      lived. As opposed to both nonassociative and associative learning paradigms used
      in Drosophila to date, the cleaning reflex lends itself to some aspects of
      cellular analysis, since single sensory neurons that mediate the input and motor
      neurons that mediate the behavioral output are identifiable. The modified reflex
      should therefore be useful in establishing the effects of single gene mutations
      that affect behavioral plasticity on the development and properties of identified
      neurons that contribute to discrete modifiable behaviors.

PMID- 2913214
TI  - Cranial vault growth in craniosynostosis.
AB  - Skull growth after single suture closure was described in 1851 by Virchow, who
      noted that growth in the plane perpendicular to a fused suture was restricted.
      However, this observation failed to predict compensatory growth patterns that
      produce many of the deformities recognized as features of individual syndromes.
      The deformities resulting from premature closure of a coronal, sagittal, metopic,
      or lambdoid suture can be predicted on the basis of the following observations:
      1) cranial vault bones that are prematurely fused secondary to single suture
      closure act as a single bone plate with decreased growth potential; 2)
      asymmetrical bone deposition occurs mainly at perimeter sutures, with increased
      bone deposition directed away from the bone plate; 3) sutures adjacent to the
      prematurely fused suture compensate in growth more than those sutures not
      contiguous with the closed suture; and 4) enhanced symmetrical bone deposition
      occurs along both sides of a non-perimeter suture that is a continuation of the
      prematurely closed suture. These observations regarding growth in
      craniosynostosis are illustrated with clinical material in this report.

PMID- 2913215
TI  - Civilian gunshot wounds to the brachial plexus.
AB  - Many gunshot wounds (GSW's) to the brachial plexus do not improve spontaneously
      with time and are therefore candidates for surgery. Over an 18-year period, 141
      patients with GSW's were evaluated, 90 of whom were operated on; 75 of the
      surgical cases were followed for 2 years or more. Thirty operative patients had
      initial vascular repair, while eight required thoracotomies. Total plexus palsy
      was present in 19 of those selected for operation. The average interval between
      injury and operation was 17 weeks. Six patients required early operation for an
      expanding aneurysm with progressive neural loss. Persistent complete loss of
      function in the distribution of one or more elements and/or noncausalgic pain not
      managed by medications provided the major operative indications. Four patients
      required sympathectomies for causalgia. Of 166 lesions in continuity believed to
      be complete, based on clinical examination and electromyography, 48 with
      preserved intraoperative nerve action potentials (NAP's) were spared resection or
      were treated with a split repair with excellent eventual results on a weighted
      grading system. By comparison, only seven of 55 elements believed to have
      incomplete loss or to be recovering did not have NAP's and required repair. Fifty
      three of 98 lesions repaired by grafts and 18 of 26 wounds with suture repair
      recovered to a Grade 3 level or better. Most elements were in continuity but 14
      were found "blown apart" and required repair, usually by grafting. The best
      outcome was achieved with upper trunk and lateral and posterior cord lesions, but
      recovery occurred with some C-7 to middle trunk and medial cord to median
      repairs. Results with lower trunk and most medial cord lesions were poor unless
      early regeneration was proved by operative NAP's, in which case either neurolysis
      or split repair could be performed. Surgery is warranted for selected GSW's to
      the plexus.

PMID- 2913216
TI  - Polyol content of cerebrospinal fluid in brain-tumor patients.
AB  - In order to investigate whether cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) polyols are consumed by
      brain tissue, the concentration of seven polyols in the CSF and the serum of 30
      patients with intracranial tumor and 17 control individuals was measured by gas
      chromatography. The mean polyol content in the control samples showed that the
      fructose, inositol, and glucitol levels were significantly greater in CSF than in
      serum. A comparison of the lumbar CSF from control subjects and 11 patients with
      malignant tumors exposed to the CSF showed the fructose and inositol levels to be
      significantly lower (54% and 45%, respectively) and the glucose content to be
      slightly higher (110%) in the tumor cases. These differences were markedly
      greater in the ventricular than in the lumbar CSF and greater in patients with
      tumors exposed to the CSF space than in those with tumors buried in the brain
      tissue. In ventricular CSF obtained from seven patients with malignant brain
      tumors before and after radio- and/or chemotherapy, significant increases in
      fructose (34%) and glucitol (48%) levels were found, but the other polyols did
      not change significantly. In culture, the human glioblastoma cell growth rate was
      higher in the medium containing fructose and glucose than in that containing
      glucose alone. A notable amount of fructose and glucose was consumed by cultured
      glioblastoma cells. The roles of polyols contained in CSF and the effects of
      fructose on the growth of cultured glioblastoma cells are discussed in light of
      these findings and of previous reports.

PMID- 2913217
TI  - High-dose methotrexate for non-AIDS primary central nervous system lymphoma.
      Report of 13 cases.
AB  - Thirteen patients with primary lymphoma of the central nervous system (CNS) were
      treated with high-dose intravenous methotrexate (MTX), 3.5 gm/sq m, followed by
      calcium leucovorin rescue, at 3-week intervals, for three cycles. Eleven patients
      subsequently received radiation therapy to the whole brain, 30 to 44 Gy. Before
      radiation therapy, eight patients responded completely and four partially; there
      was one non-responder. The median Karnofsky score before high-dose MTX therapy
      was 60 and increased to 90 after treatment. Five of the eight complete responders
      reached a Karnofsky rating of 100. The three longest responders (one of whom
      received MTX only) were without recurrence of their disease at 29+, 32, and 32+
      months posttherapy. The median response period is 9+ months. The median survival
      time from the date of the first MTX treatment is 9+ months, and the three longest
      survival times are 29+, 32+, and 54+ months. All patients received
      corticosteroids in either unchanging or diminishing dosages during therapy. It is
      concluded that primary CNS lymphoma is sensitive to high-dose MTX, which provides
      a safe and easily administered adjuvant to radiation therapy for this neoplasm.

PMID- 2913218
TI  - Administration of intravenous urea and normal saline for the treatment of
      hyponatremia in neurosurgical patients.
AB  - Hyponatremia frequently complicates the care of neurosurgical patients and
      requires prompt effective therapy. These patients commonly fulfill the laboratory
      criteria of the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone
      (SIADH) or cerebral salt wasting; the classification depends on the volume status
      of the patient. The authors have been dissatisfied with the standard therapy of
      fluid restriction for the critically ill neurosurgical patient because of 1) slow
      rates of sodium correction; 2) poor applicability in patients requiring multiple
      intravenous medications and/or nutritional support; and 3) possible dangers of
      inducing or enhancing cerebral ischemia in patients who already may be fluid
      depleted. Reported successes in the treatment of hyponatremia due to SIADH by
      administration of urea and normal saline led to the authors' routine use of this
      therapy for hyponatremic neurosurgical patients. A retrospective review of an 18
      month period revealed 48 patients (3% of all neurosurgical inpatients) with
      hyponatremia from various causes who received 62 treatments of urea and normal
      saline. Treatment consisted of 40 gm urea dissolved in 100 to 150 ml normal
      saline as an intravenous drip every 8 hours and an intravenous infusion of normal
      saline at 60 to 100 ml/hr for 1 to 2 days. The mean pretreatment serum sodium
      level (+/- standard deviation) was 130 +/- 3 mmol/liter (range from 119 to 134
      mmol/liter). There was a significant mean posttreatment elevation to 138 +/- 4
      mmol/liter (range 129 to 148 mmol/liter) (p less than 0.001, Student's t-test).
      Average daily fluid intake and output on treatment days were 2719 +/- 912 and
      2892 +/- 1357 ml, respectively. There were no treatment complications in this
      group. It is concluded that urea and saline administration results in a rapid,
      safe, and effective correction of hyponatremia, making this method superior to
      fluid restriction in many neurosurgical patients.

PMID- 2913219
TI  - Polytetrafluoroethylene interposition grafts in vertebral to carotid artery
      transposition. A long-term follow-up study.
AB  - Eight patients undergoing an end-to-side vertebral artery (VA) to common carotid
      artery transposition between August, 1979, and July, 1982, had a
      polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) interposition graft placed when a direct
      anastomosis was believed not to be satisfactory. Five of these patients are
      living; clinical and radiographic follow-up studies over periods ranging between
      54 and 82 months show that their transpositions are patent. Two patients died
      perioperatively, one from an acute anterior myocardial infarction and the other
      from acute VA occlusion with a propagating thrombus. A third patient died of
      myocardial infarction 20 months after graft placement; the anastomosis had been
      found patent at 12 months. This report gives the clinical and radiographic follow
      up results in a previously reported group of patients with PTFE interposition
      grafts. Some of these patients have been followed for over 6 years after surgery:
      the average radiographic follow-up period in the five survivors is 60 months, and
      all grafts are patent without evidence of progressive stenosis. Expanded PTFE
      appears to be an acceptable material for short interposition grafts in operations
      involving the VA; however, direct artery-to-artery anastomosis is preferred. The
      results of longer PTFE grafts in reconstructive cerebrovascular surgery have not
      been adequately studied.

PMID- 2913220
TI  - Carotid cave aneurysms of the internal carotid artery.
AB  - In a series of 32 surgical cases of carotid-ophthalmic artery aneurysm, seven of
      the lesions were located in the "carotid cave." This special type of aneurysm is
      usually small and projects medially on the anteroposterior view of the angiogram.
      At surgery, it is located intradurally at the dural penetration of the internal
      carotid artery (ICA) on the ventromedial side, appears to be buried in the dural
      pouch (carotid cave), and is often difficult to find, dissect, and clip. The
      aneurysm extends into the cavernous sinus space, and the parent ICA penetrates
      the dural ring obliquely. An ipsilateral pterional approach was used in all 32
      cases, and ring clips were used exclusively because the aneurysms were located
      ventromedially. Clipping was successful in five cases. All patients returned to
      their preoperative occupation, although vision worsened postoperatively in two
      cases. The technical steps required for successful obliteration of this aneurysm
      are summarized as follows: 1) exposure of the cervical ICA; 2) unroofing of the
      optic canal and removal of the anterior clinoid process; 3) exploration of the
      ICA around the dural ring and opening of the cavernous sinus; 4) direct
      retraction of the ICA and optic nerve; and 5) application of multiple ring clips
      to conform to the natural curvature of the carotid artery; a curved-blade ring
      clip is especially useful. The relevant topographic anatomy is discussed.

PMID- 2913221
TI  - Cerebral arteriovenous oxygen difference as an estimate of cerebral blood flow in
      comatose patients.
AB  - The hypothesis that cerebral arteriovenous difference of oxygen content (AVDO2)
      can be used to predict cerebral blood flow (CBF) was tested in patients who were
      comatose due to head injury, subarachnoid hemorrhage, or cerebrovascular disease.
      In 51 patients CBF was measured daily for 3 to 5 days, and in 49 patients CBF was
      measured every 8 hours for 5 to 10 days after injury. In the latter group of
      patients, when a low CBF (less than or equal to 0.2 ml/gm/min) or an increased
      level of cerebral lactate production (CMRL) (less than or equal to -0.06
      mumol/gm/min) was encountered, therapy was instituted to increase CBF, and
      measurements of CBF, AVDO2, and arteriovenous difference of lactate content
      (AVDL) were repeated. When data from all patients were analyzed, including those
      with cerebral ischemia and those without, AVDO2 had only a modest correlation
      with CBF (r = -0.24 in 578 measurements, p less than 0.01). When patients with
      ischemia, indicated by an increased CMRL, were excluded from the analysis, CBF
      and AVDO2 had a much improved correlation (r = -0.74 in 313 measurements, p less
      than 0.01). Most patients with a very low CBF would have been misclassified as
      having a normal or increased CBF based on the AVDO2 alone. However, when
      measurements of AVDO2 were supplemented with AVDL, four distinct CBF patterns
      could be distinguished. Patients with an ischemia/infarction pattern typically
      had a lactate-oxygen index (LOI = -AVDL/AVDO2) of 0.08 or greater and a variable
      AVDO2. The three nonischemic CBF patterns had an LOI of less than 0.08, and could
      be classified according to the AVDO2. Patients with a normal CBF (mean 0.42 +/-
      0.12 ml/gm/min) had an AVDO2 between 1.3 and 3.0 mumol/ml. A CBF pattern of
      hyperemia (mean 0.53 +/- 0.18 ml/gm/min) was characterized by an AVDO2 of less
      than 1.3 mumol/ml. A compensated hypoperfusion CBF pattern (mean 0.23 +/- 0.07
      ml/gm/min) was identified by an AVDO2 of more than 3.0 mumol/min. These studies
      suggest that reliable estimates of CBF may be made from AVDO2 and AVDL
      measurements, which can be easily obtained in the intensive care unit.

PMID- 2913222
TI  - New long-wavelength Nd:YAG laser at 1.44 micron: effect on brain.
AB  - A wavelength-shifted Nd:YAG laser, tuned to coincide with the infrared absorption
      peak of water at 1.44 microns, was used to make lesions in normal rabbit brain. A
      total of 48 lesions were made with power up to 20 W, with energy up to 40 joules,
      and with two different spot sizes. These lesions were compared to lesions made
      with 1.06 microns radiation from an Nd:YAG laser under identical operating
      conditions. Measurements of blood-brain barrier damage and width, depth, and
      volume of tissue affected were obtained 30 minutes after placement of the
      lesions. It was found that 1.44-microns lesions produced photoevaporative tissue
      loss at the highest intensities used. The layer of coagulated tissue remaining
      after photovaporization had a mean thickness of 0.6 mm irrespective of the volume
      of tissue removed. There was no photovaporization in the 1.06-microns lesions. In
      addition, the amount of peripheral edema per unit volume of tissue coagulated was
      approximately half at the 1.44-microns wavelength. These findings suggest that
      the 1.44-microns Nd:YAG laser may be a useful surgical instrument since it
      combines the photoevaporative effect of the CO2 laser while maintaining the
      advantages of the conventional Nd:YAG laser (quartz fiber delivery and effective
      hemostasis).

PMID- 2913223
TI  - Effect of dorsal-column stimulation on gelatinosa and marginal neurons of cat
      spinal cord.
AB  - Single neuronal units with physiological characteristics of superficial dorsal
      horn neurons were recorded extracellularly in laminae 1, 2, and 3 of cat spinal
      cord. When focal electrical stimulation was applied to the ipsilateral dorsal
      column, most of the units were excited transsynaptically at various latencies
      consistent with an effect mediated by large myelinated axons. Units recorded in
      laminae 2 and 3 had earlier latencies of activation than units in lamina 1. Units
      with cutaneous receptive fields only for noxious stimuli were activated at
      significantly longer latencies than units responsive to innocuous stimuli. The
      time course of these effects was consistent with the concept that many cells in
      laminae 1 to 3 receive direct excitatory synaptic input from collaterals of
      dorsal-column fibers, and some lamina 1 cells receive excitatory synaptic input
      from lamina 2 neurons. Previous reports have emphasized the inhibitory action of
      dorsal-column stimulation on nociceptive responses of cells in laminae 4 and 5 of
      the dorsal-horn, particularly those of the spinocervical tract in cats and the
      spinothalamic tract in primates. The present study suggests that some of this
      inhibition might be sustained by a network of interneurons in or near the
      substantia gelatinosa and marginal layer. The therapeutic efficiency of dorsal
      column stimulation for pain relief in humans may depend in part on the activation
      of neurons in the superficial layers of the dorsal horn.

PMID- 2913224
TI  - Intrasellar persistent trigeminal artery associated with a pituitary adenoma.
      Case report.
AB  - The case of a patient with Cushing's disease and a pituitary macroadenoma, who
      also had a persistent trigeminal artery coursing through the sella turcica on
      preoperative imaging studies, is presented. The patient was treated by
      transsphenoidal resection of the tumor.

PMID- 2913225
TI  - Intracranial chondroma in a patient with Ollier's disease. Case report.
AB  - A case is presented in which a solitary chondroma arose from the clivus of a
      patient with Ollier's disease. These tumors are rare. The diagnostic value of
      computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging is discussed.

PMID- 2913226
TI  - A new insulated caudalis nucleus DREZ electrode. Technical note.
AB  - A new insulated radiofrequency electrode for making nucleus caudalis dorsal root
      entry zone lesions reduces the incidence of ataxia.

PMID- 2913227
TI  - Vertebral body impactor for posterior lateral decompression of thoracic and
      lumbar fractures. Technical note.
AB  - A hand-held impactor is described that allows secure impaction of retropulsed
      vertebral body bone fragments in burst fractures of the thoracic or lumbar spine.

PMID- 2913228
TI  - Recurrence of cerebellar astrocytoma.

PMID- 2913229
TI  - Results of Spinal Task Force survey.

PMID- 2913230
TI  - The future direction of nutrition research: a nutrition and food sciences agency
      is the key to progress.

PMID- 2913231
TI  - The future direction of nutrition research: increasing our scope and the
      application of new technology to nutritional science.

PMID- 2913232
TI  - Effect of dietary n-3 fatty acids on weight gain and liver polar lipid fatty acid
      composition of fingerling channel catfish.
AB  - A 10-wk experiment was conducted to determine the effect of supplementing a 5%
      tristearin basal diet with linoleic acid [18:2(n-6)], linolenic acid [18:3(n-3)],
      an n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acid (n-3 HUFA) mixture, cod liver oil, corn oil
      or linseed oil on growth and fatty acid composition of the liver polar lipid
      fraction of fingerling channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). The lowest weight
      gain was observed in fish fed the basal diet. Weight gain was improved by certain
      levels of supplemental n-3 fatty acids. Fish fed a diet containing 2% 18:3(n-3)
      grew at the same rate as fish fed a diet containing 2.5% cod liver oil plus 2.5%
      corn oil. The best growth rate was observed in fish fed diets containing either
      5% cod liver oil or 5% linseed oil. Growth rate was depressed by supplementation
      with 4% 18:3(n-3) or 1.25% n-3 HUFA mix. No improvement in growth rate was
      observed with dietary 18:2(n-6). Dietary linolenate was converted to
      docosahexaenoic acid [22:6(n-3)]. The ratio of 20:3(n-9) to 22:6(n-3) of the fish
      showing good growth was less than 0.4. The data obtained in this experiment
      indicate that n-3 fatty acids are essential for channel catfish and that the
      18:3(n-3) or n-3 HUFA dietary requirement is 1.0-2.0% or 0.5-0.75%, respectively.

PMID- 2913233
TI  - Effect of vitamin A deficiency on nitrogen balance and hepatic urea cycle enzymes
      and intermediates in rats.
AB  - After 12 wk of feeding a 4-d nitrogen balance was carried out in 8 vitamin A-
      deficient and 8 pair-fed control rats to understand the effect of vitamin A
      deficiency on protein metabolism. Urea nitrogen (UN) was lower and amino nitrogen
      (AN) was higher in plasma of deficient animals than in pair-fed controls. No
      significant alteration in the nitrogen retention or in the general pattern of
      other nitrogen metabolites in plasma and urine was observed in vitamin A-
      deficient rats as compared to controls. However, there was a significant increase
      in the excretion of urinary ammonium nitrogen (Am-N) in relation to creatinine
      (CR). Activities of hepatic carbamoylphosphate synthase-I (CPS-I) and ornithine
      transcarbamoylase (OTC) were significantly lower in vitamin A--deficient animals
      than in control rats at the end of 13 wk of feeding. While the liver levels of
      ornithine and polyamines were significantly greater, that of glutamine was lower
      in vitamin A--deficient rats than in pair-fed controls. The results suggest that
      vitamin A deficiency leads to a reduced efficiency of urea synthesis pathway,
      thus accounting for the increased Am-N excretion seen in vitamin A deficiency.

PMID- 2913234
TI  - The fate of dietary pyridoxine-beta-glucoside in the lactating rat.
AB  - [3H]5'-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl) pyridoxine (PN-glucoside) and [14C]pyridoxine
      (PN) were orally administered to lactating rats. Milk was collected from the dam,
      and the stomach contents and liver were collected from the suckling pups 24 and
      48 h after administration. Analysis of the isotopic ratio (3H/14C) in the milk
      and stomach contents indicated that the secretion of 3H in the milk was 20-25% as
      great as the secretion of 14C. The only labeled form of 3H and 14C in the stomach
      contents was pyridoxal phosphate (PLP), indicating that PN-glucoside was
      hydrolyzed to PN and subsequently metabolized prior to secretion by the mammary
      gland. The isotopic ratio in the livers of the pups was similar to that of the
      stomach contents. Furthermore, the relative distribution of the two isotopes
      among the hepatic metabolites of the pups was similar. The results of this study
      indicate that intact PN-glucoside is not secreted in milk, although vitamin B-6
      derived from the limited hydrolysis and metabolism of PN-glucoside is delivered
      to the mammary gland for secretion.

PMID- 2913235
TI  - Brain histidine and food intake in rats fed diets deficient in single amino
      acids.
AB  - Histidine (His) is elevated in plasma and brain during protein deficiency as well
      as in several pathological conditions, leading to the possibility of a direct
      effect on central nervous system (CNS) function. In this study, groups of
      weanling rats were fed diets containing graded levels of casein or a single
      indispensable amino acid (IAA: Leu, Val, Ile, Phe, Trp, Thr, Met or Lys) in order
      to produce nutritionally-deficient states. Body weight gains and food intakes
      were recorded daily for 2 wk. Whole brain and serum samples were obtained and
      analyzed for amino acid (AA) content. All weight gain and food intake responses
      could be predicted by the Saturation Kinetics Model. The only consistent pattern
      observed in AA profiles which could be correlated with food intake was an
      increase in brain His concentrations. Limiting dietary casein or IAA elevated
      brain His above controls 2.5- and 1.5-fold, respectively. Food intake was
      generally depressed by 50% at brain His concentrations above 105 nmol/g. Since
      His is the precursor of the depressant neurotransmitter histamine (HA), systemic
      increases may be significant in that HA could be a possible cause of the anorexia
      observed in protein and IAA deficiency.

PMID- 2913236
TI  - Effects of aspartame and carbohydrate administration on human and rat plasma
      large neutral amino acid levels and rat brain amino acid and monoamine levels.
AB  - Thirty fasted human volunteers were given 0.83 and 8.3 mg aspartame/kg body
      weight alone, as part of a basal low carbohydrate meal (648 kcal, 10%
      carbohydrate) or as part of a high energy carbohydrate-rich meal (1290 kcal, 34%
      carbohydrate). Amino acid concentrations in plasma were determined before and 30,
      60 and 180 min after the consumption of aspartame. Under these conditions, which
      mimic realistic aspartame consumption, aspartame had no significant effect on
      plasma concentration of any amino acid. In addition, the effect of aspartame
      alone or with carbohydrates on plasma and brain amino acid levels was studied in
      rats after acute or subacute (14 d) oral treatment. In subacute dosing
      experiments aspartame was included in the diet. Brain monoamine concentrations
      were also measured in the same animals. Plasma concentrations of large neutral
      amino acids were modified under acute conditions. In contrast, after subacute
      treatment no significant differences in plasma or brain amino acid concentrations
      or in brain monoamine concentrations were observed.

PMID- 2913237
TI  - The role of liquid diet formulation in the postnatal ethanol exposure of rats via
      mother's milk.
AB  - The nutritional adequacy of three liquid diets containing ethanol to support
      lactation was studied in rats. Diets 1 and 2 provided 18 and 25% kcal,
      respectively, as protein with 36% of total calories as ethanol, while in diet 3
      alcohol provided 28% and protein 25% of total calories. Three series of
      isoenergetically pair-fed rats, as well as an ad libitum group fed a solid diet,
      were studied. A primary maternal malnutrition was evident in rats fed diet 1.
      With respect to diet 2, the 96% postnatal mortality which occurred may have been
      due to an inhibition of milk production mediated by exaggerated blood alcohol
      concentrations present in the lactating dams. Diet 3 seemed to be nutritionally
      adequate for the extra requirements for lactation and a direct effect of ethanol
      was observed in the sucklings. High blood alcohol levels (25-50 mmol/1) were
      obtained in dams fed ethanol diets 1 and 3; however only 1% of maternal blood
      alcohol appeared in the blood of sucklings, demonstrating a low transfer of
      ethanol from mother to offspring through the milk. Finally the model for
      postnatal exposure to alcohol via mother's milk is discussed in terms of other
      indirect alcohol-related factors which make it difficult to evaluate the direct
      impact of ethanol per se in the normal development of the suckling pups.

PMID- 2913238
TI  - The effect of pectin on hepatic lipogenesis in the enterally-fed rat.
AB  - The fermentation of pectin by colonic bacteria produces short-chain fatty acids
      (SCFA) which are then absorbed by the host. The purpose of this study was to
      determine whether pectin, added to a chemically defined diet, would increase
      hepatic lipogenesis and whether this effect is mediated by intestinal bacteria.
      Eighteen Sprague-Dawley rats underwent placement of a feeding gastrostomy and a
      swivel apparatus. Postoperatively, rats were randomly assigned to one of three
      groups: 1) No Pectin received a fat-free chemically defined diet, 2) Pectin
      received the same diet with the addition of 1% (w/v) pectin, and 3) Neomycin
      received the same diet with 1% w/v pectin and neomycin (80 mg/kg of body weight
      daily). On the 5th postoperative d, all diets included 12.5% (v/v) deuterium as
      D2O. After the infusion of the labeled diets for 24 hr, the content and deuterium
      enrichment of liver palmitate, stearate and oleate were measured and the
      production rates calculated. The liver content and production rates of these
      fatty acids were higher in Pectin animals than in either the No Pectin or
      Neomycin animals. Since the effect of pectin on hepatic lipogenesis was reduced
      by the concomitant administration of the intestinal antibiotic neomycin, it
      appears that this effect depends on the bacterial fermentation of pectin. It is
      postulated that the SCFA produced during pectin fermentation promote lipogenesis
      via a direct stimulatory effect, in addition to being carbon donors.

PMID- 2913239
TI  - Biological actions of carotenoids. Symposium proceedings. Las Vegas, NV, May 2,
      1988.

PMID- 2913241
TI  - Are safety and personal freedom miles apart?

PMID- 2913240
TI  - Biological actions of carotenoids.
AB  - Of approximately 600 naturally occurring characterized carotenoids, fewer than
      10% serve as precursors of vitamin A in mammals. Apart from vitamin A formation,
      carotenoids show unique physicochemical properties and interesting biological
      effects. The inverse association between the ingestion of carotenoid-containing
      fruits and vegetables and the risk of certain forms of cancer has attracted
      significant attention. In considering the effects of carotenoids in mammals, a
      distinction should clearly be made among functions, actions and associations.
      Furthermore, carotenoids might well be classified in relation to defined
      biological actions, and not just in relation to nutritional activity.

PMID- 2913242
TI  - Different speeds for different needs.

PMID- 2913243
TI  - Saving lives by not drinking and driving.

PMID- 2913244
TI  - Open reduction of the dislocated, fractured condylar process: indications and
      surgical procedures.
AB  - The subject of this paper is the evaluation of the results after surgical
      management of 29 dislocated fractures of the condylar process. Only fractures
      with total dislocation of the condyle out of the articulate fossa were surgically
      treated. The surgical procedure, making a broad exposure necessary, is detailed.
      The low rate of complications as well as the satisfactory function of the joints
      in spite of severe dislocation seems to confirm the surgical treatment of this
      type of fractures.

PMID- 2913245
TI  - Stability following combined maxillary and mandibular osteotomies treated with
      rigid internal fixation.
AB  - Skeletal stability was examined in 16 patients following combined maxillary and
      mandibular osteotomies using rigid internal fixation. Postoperative changes (T2
      to T3) were generally less than 1.0 mm for linear measurements and less than 2.0
      degrees for angular measurements. The removal of maxillomandibular fixation (MMF)
      splints accounted for 85% to 95% of the counterclockwise rotation in the proximal
      and distal mandibular segments from T2 to T3. Maxillary inferior repositioning
      and large mandibular advancements exhibited the greatest tendency for relapse;
      however, the changes were less than with comparable procedures using nonrigid
      methods for stabilization. Except for large mandibular advancements, relapse was
      essentially unrelated to the magnitude of the surgical repositioning. Although
      the use of skeletal, maxillomandibular, and transosseous wire fixation have
      traditionally provided satisfactory clinical results, the use of rigid internal
      fixation in combined osteotomy procedures provides better stabilization of
      dentosseous segments when compared with these nonrigid methods, and may be
      particularly indicated in complex surgical procedures.

PMID- 2913246
TI  - Use of collagen tubes containing particulate hydroxylapatite for augmentation of
      the edentulous atrophic maxilla: a preliminary report.
AB  - Collagen tubes of specific configuration containing particulate hydroxylapatite
      were placed by a palatal approach to augment edentulous atrophic maxillas. Both
      the ability to chew and comfort of the denture were improved in the 12 reported
      cases. Eleven cases showed solidification of the implant between 8 and 16 weeks.
      There was no problem with particle migration or loss of vestibular height.

PMID- 2913247
TI  - The use of a pedicled temporalis muscle-pericranial flap for replacement of the
      TMJ disc: preliminary report.
AB  - Disc replacement in temporomandibular joint surgery has been troublesome.
      Problems such as migration, fragmentation, foreign body reactions, and
      unpredictable biodegradation have occurred. Autogenous tissue is presently the
      material of choice, but requires a second surgical site. In addition, it is a
      free graft, and thus its fate is unknown. A technique has been developed that
      uses a pedicled autogenous flap composed of a portion of the temporalis muscle
      and pericranium to act as an interpositional material in temporomandibular joint
      surgery. The flap, based on the deep temporal arteries, and pedicled off of the
      coronoid process, is rotated anterior to the articular eminence and then
      posteriorly into the temporomandibular joint where it is sutured to the
      retrodiscal tissue. This procedure allows maintenance of tissue viability and
      functional movement of the flap during mandibular excursions. The technique
      offers numerous advantages over the existing autogenous, allogeneic, and
      alloplastic materials presently used in temporomandibular joint surgery.

PMID- 2913248
TI  - Incidence of oxygen desaturation during oral surgery outpatient procedures.
AB  - The frequency, severity, and duration of oxygen desaturation during oral surgical
      procedures in outpatients was measured. Sixty patients divided into six groups
      received either lidocaine; lidocaine, diazepam, and meperidine; lidocaine,
      diazepam, meperidine, and headphone music; lidocaine, diazepam, meperidine, and
      nitrous oxide; lidocaine, diazepam, meperidine, methohexital, and nitrous oxide;
      or lidocaine and nitrous oxide. Forty-three percent of the 30 patients who did
      not receive supplemental oxygen experienced clinically significant oxygen
      desaturation (greater than 5%) with a mean duration of 4.6 minutes. Only 13% of
      the patients who received supplemental oxygen had significant desaturation
      ranging from ten seconds to 12.3 minutes with a mean duration of 1.4 minutes. An
      unexpected finding was hypoxia in patients receiving only lidocaine anesthesia.

PMID- 2913249
TI  - Eminectomy and discoplasty for correction of the displaced temporomandibular
      joint disc.
AB  - Eminectomy with or without a subsequent discoplasty was performed on 30 patients
      (36 joints) with internal derangement of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
      confirmed either arthrographically or with magnetic resonance imaging. The
      importance of the inclination of the TMJ eminence and the therapeutic value of
      eminectomy are discussed. The TMJs were clinically evaluated before and at least
      1 year after surgery in respect to opening function and symptoms. The results
      were promising (86.8% of the patients felt better). In five patients with a
      preoperative diagnosis of anterior disc displacement with reduction, only an
      eminectomy was performed. In these five cases eminectomy alone was sufficient to
      restore normal TMJ function.

PMID- 2913250
TI  - Duration of amnesia associated with midazolam/fentanyl intravenous sedation.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine the duration of amnesia associated
      with the intravenous usage of midazolam and fentanyl. The midazolam was
      administered in three different dosages based on the patient's weight in
      kilograms. Patients were shown a series of pen-and-ink drawings at various times
      throughout the procedure and tested the next day for memory of the drawings using
      both free recall and match-to-sample paradigms. The results indicate that the low
      dosage group (0.07 mg/kg) had insufficient amnesia, whereas the medium (0.10
      mg/kg) and high (0.13 mg/kg) groups displayed adequate amnesia in the
      intraoperative period.

PMID- 2913251
TI  - Inferior mandibular osteotomy and hyoid myotomy suspension for obstructive sleep
      apnea: a review of 55 patients.
AB  - Fifty-five patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) were evaluated
      following inferior mandibular osteotomy with hyoid myotomy and suspension.
      Patients were objectively examined by polysomnography before and 6 months
      following the surgical procedure. Thirty-seven patients (67%) had a good response
      from surgery, and 18 patients (33%) were considered nonresponders. Lung disease,
      mandibular deficiency, and obesity were factors found to affect the success of
      surgical treatment.

PMID- 2913252
TI  - A double-blind study on the effectiveness of tetracycline in reducing the
      incidence of fibrinolytic alveolitis.
AB  - This study presents the results of a double-blind study evaluating the
      effectiveness of topical tetracycline used as a suspension in a square of gelatin
      sponge and placed in the sockets of extracted mandibular third molars for the
      prevention of dry socket. An assessment of the relationship between the amount of
      bone relief (trauma) incidental to the surgery and the occurrence of dry socket
      also is made. Dry socket occurred in 20.4% of the placebo-treated sockets,
      whereas the incidence in the tetracycline-treated sockets was 3.9%. No
      correlation was observed between the amount of bone relief attendant to the
      surgery and the incidence of dry socket. It is concluded that tetracycline is an
      effective prophylaxis for fibrinolytic alveolitis.

PMID- 2913253
TI  - Granular cell odontogenic cyst: a unicystic ameloblastoma with late recurrence as
      follicular ameloblastoma.
AB  - This report is a follow-up of the original case of granular cell odontogenic cyst
      described by Gold and Christ in 1970. The lesion, originally treated by
      enucleation in 1965, recurred 18 years later as a follicular ameloblastoma with
      prominent plexiform and acanthomatous histologic patterns. No histologic evidence
      of granular cells was noted in the recurrent lesion. The recurrent ameloblastoma
      was treated by marginal resection of the body of the mandible and immediate
      reconstruction with an iliac bone graft. The anatomic restoration was excellent,
      and there is no recurrence 5 years postoperatively. This case supports the view
      that the granular cell odontogenic cyst is a unicystic (monocystic) granular cell
      ameloblastoma, and that the presence of granular cells in ameloblastoma is not a
      permanent feature and may be of little value as a prognostic indicator of
      aggressiveness.

PMID- 2913254
TI  - Surgical management of a large, complex mandibular odontoma by unilateral
      sagittal split osteotomy.

PMID- 2913255
TI  - Hemiplegic migraine following third molar extractions under intravenous sedation:
      report of a case.

PMID- 2913256
TI  - Modified rhytidectomy approach for total temporomandibular joint reconstruction:
      a case report.
AB  - A case is reported in which a modified rhytidectomy incision is used to access
      both the TMJ and the lateral ramus for total TMJ reconstruction. This approach
      hides the incision in the neck hairline and eliminates the retromandibular
      incision scar.

PMID- 2913257
TI  - Transmaxillary temporalis transfer for reconstruction of a large palatal defect:
      report of a case.
AB  - The infratemporal transmaxillary transfer of a temporalis myofascial flap for
      reconstruction of an extensive palatal defect in an adult cleft palate patient is
      described. A modified temporal approach is discussed.

PMID- 2913258
TI  - Modified reduction genioplasty.

PMID- 2913259
TI  - A method for repositioning a mandibular fracture with delayed union and/or
      nonunion.

PMID- 2913260
TI  - A technique of fixation of costochondral grafts for reconstruction of the
      temporomandibular joint.

PMID- 2913261
TI  - Multidisciplinary issues in intravenous therapy: therapeutic and clinical trends.

PMID- 2913262
TI  - Vascular access devices. Hospital to home care.

PMID- 2913263
TI  - What is the real price of cost containment?

PMID- 2913264
TI  - Iv specialization: current issues.

PMID- 2913265
TI  - Spontaneous regeneration of free muscarinic receptor after alkylation by BM 123.
      I. Recovery in vivo and in cell culture.
AB  - The recovery of rat muscarinic receptor number from the effects of a specific
      alkylating ligand, N-[4-(2-chloroethylmethylamino)-2-butynyl]-2-pyrrolidone (BM
      123), in three tissues is presented as an exponential function of time. No
      significant difference was found in the recovery rate constants derived from
      analysis of recovery time courses in corpus striatum, cerebral cortex and ileal
      longitudinal muscle. The single rate constant (0.021/hr) was also independent of
      amount and duration of BM 123 dose. Additional analysis of agonist-defined high
      and low affinity subsites in cortex revealed that recovery of these populations
      also followed similar time courses although the alkylation proceeds more slowly
      for the high affinity sites. The rate constant for recovery of both subsites was
      0.029/hr. Recovery from BM 123 alkylation occurred in NG108-15 neuroblastoma X
      glioma cells. The presence of cycloheximide in the recovery medium did not
      significantly inhibit this recovery process in the clonal cell line, suggesting
      that de novo receptor synthesis is unnecessary for regeneration of unalkylated
      receptors.

PMID- 2913266
TI  - Spontaneous regeneration of free muscarinic receptor after alkylation by BM 123.
      II. Recovery in broken cell preparations.
AB  - Muscarinic receptors from rat cerebral cortex were found to recover from
      alkylation by the specific ligand N-[-(2-chloroethyl-methylamino)-2-butynyl]-2
      pyrrolidone (BM 123) without the benefit of cellular integrity, i.e., in washed
      membranes incubated at 37 degrees C for relatively long times (days). Unalkylated
      receptor number increased in alkylated preparations whether viewed as femtomoles
      per milligram of protein or as a percentage of the atropine-protected control.
      The rate of recovery was independent of pH over the range 6 to 9 and it was
      slowed but not eliminated by incubation at 4 degrees C. Muscarinic receptor
      recovery from BM 123 was linearly dependent on the concentration of alkylated
      receptors, indicating first-order kinetics and yielding a rate constant 0.026/hr.
      Of the other chloroethylamines examined for evidence of in vitro muscarinic
      receptor recovery from alkylation, only one, phenoxybenzamine, exhibited
      irreversible receptor blockade under these conditions. Each of the others showed
      different rates for regeneration of free receptors.

PMID- 2913267
TI  - Acute opioid physical dependence in postaddict humans: naloxone dose effects
      after brief morphine exposure.
AB  - Antagonist-precipitated withdrawal after acute opioid administration (acute
      physical dependence) is an interesting phenomenon in that the opioid abstinence
      syndrome is generally thought to develop only after prolonged exposure to opioid
      agonists. The purpose of this study was to examine further this phenomenon in
      humans by characterizing the antagonist dose-response function. The effects of
      i.m. naloxone (0, 0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, 10 and 30 mg/70 kg) were assessed 6 hr after
      single i.m. injections of morphine (18 or 30 mg/70 kg) in six subjects with a
      history of chronic opiate use. Naloxone reversed residual morphine effects,
      including miosis and respiratory depression. The degree of reversal was dose
      related to 10 mg/70 kg of naloxone with no further increases at the highest
      naloxone dose. Simultaneously, observer ratings of withdrawal signs and
      subjective reports of withdrawal symptoms were increased in an orderly dose
      related manner to 30 mg/70 kg of naloxone. Reversal of residual morphine effects
      and onset of precipitated withdrawal were evident by 5-min postnaloxone; peak
      effects occurred within 15 min. This study confirmed the occurrence of antagonist
      precipitated withdrawal after brief opioid exposure in humans, demonstrated the
      rapid onset of withdrawal effects and characterized the naloxone dose-response
      function.

PMID- 2913268
TI  - Protection by L-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylate, a cysteine prodrug, against 1,1
      dichloroethylene hepatotoxicity in rats is associated with decreases in toxin
      metabolism and cytochrome P-450.
AB  - Our objective was to determine if the intracellular cysteine precursor, L-2
      oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylate (OTZ), would protect rats against the
      hepatotoxicity of 1,1-dichloroethylene (DCE) by altering the toxin's biologic
      fate. Fasted male rats were pretreated with 10 mmol of OTZ per kg s.c. in saline
      or with saline only 1 hr before administration of 14C-labeled DCE (50 mg/kg) p.o.
      in mineral oil. Serial blood samples were taken from permanent jugular cannulas
      between 1 and 24 hr to monitor the time course of injury and circulating levels
      of 14C-derived label. DCE caused less liver injury in the OTZ-pretreated group.
      This protection was associated with about 50% less total, acid soluble and acid
      precipitable 14C-label in serum; 30% less label in urine; and at 24 hr, 30 to 68%
      less covalently bound label in liver, kidney and lung. Extent of peak liver
      injury in individual animals correlated well with the amount of 14C-label in
      serum at early times and with the amount covalently bound to liver at 24 hr, but
      correlated poorly with label excreted into urine. An explanation for the apparent
      decrease in DCE metabolism by OTZ-pretreated animals was investigated by
      examining effects of OTZ on liver constituents known to have a role in DCE
      metabolism. Fasted rats given 10 mmol of OTZ per kg showed a persistent loss of
      hepatic cytochrome P-450 at 3 and 6 hr whereas their hepatic and renal reduced
      glutathione contents were transiently diminished at 3 hr.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2913269
TI  - Obesity as a risk factor in drug-induced organ injury. IV. Increased gentamicin
      nephrotoxicity in the obese overfed rat.
AB  - Obese humans suffer from excessive organ dysfunction, altered drug
      pharmacokinetics and may be at increased risk of various drug toxicities. A
      recent report shows that gentamicin nephrotoxicity in critically ill patients is
      more frequent and more severe than usual in individuals who are substantially
      overweight. The present study utilizes an overfed rat model to examine the
      influence of obesity on the nephrotoxic potential of gentamicin. After 52 weeks
      on an energy-dense diet, obese animals outweighed pellet controls by more than
      80% (913 +/- 86 vs. 507 +/- 52 g; X +/- S.D., n = 7). When animals were treated
      twice daily for 6 days with 30 mg/kg of gentamicin i.p. based on total body mass,
      obese rats sustained more cortical necrosis than control (median score 3+ vs. 0),
      higher serum creatinine (4.36 +/- 2.72 vs. 0.71 +/- 0.17) and greater creatinine
      adjusted N-acetyl hexosaminidase excretion. The impact of obesity on intrinsic
      susceptibility to gentamicin nephrotoxicity was assessed by dosing animals for 5
      days to ideal body mass plus 40% of excess body mass, the current clinical
      practice for achieving normal gentamicin concentrations in obese patients. Obese
      rats again sustained more frequent and severe cortical necrosis (2+ vs. 0) and
      excreted more N-acetyl hexosaminidase than control animals. Urine pH averaged 1.7
      U below normal in obese animals, but restoration to normal values by 2 weeks on
      the pellet diet did not diminish the toxicity increase. Results from the overfed
      rat closely resemble the recent clinical observation that obese patients sustain
      more frequent and severe kidney damage from aminoglycoside antibiotics.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2913270
TI  - Contribution of metabolites to the route- and time-dependent hepatic effects of
      di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate in the rat.
AB  - The effects of exposure to the plasticizer di-(2-ethyl-hexyl)phthalate (DEHP) and
      its two primary products of presystemic de-esterification, mono-(2
      ethylhexyl)phthalate and 2-ethyl-hexanol, on hepatic microsomal oxidation were
      investigated in rats. The metabolic clearance of antipyrine was utilized as an in
      vivo measure of the activity of the hepatic microsomal oxidative enzyme system.
      Subchronic (7 days) p.o. treatment of rats with DEHP, mono-(2
      ethylhexyl)phthalate or 2-ethylhexanol produced a substantial increase in both
      wet liver weight and antipyrine clearance relative to corn oil-treated controls.
      In contrast, i.p. administration of DEHP resulted in a minor but statistically
      significant stimulation of liver growth and antipyrine metabolism. Whereas
      chronic administration of the plasticizer or its metabolites produced apparent
      induction of hepatic microsomal oxidative enzymes, administration of a single
      dose of each compound was associated with immediate inhibition of the metabolism
      of antipyrine. The present data suggest that the products of deesterification of
      DEHP are primarily responsible for the stimulation of hepatic metabolism observed
      after long-term exposure to the plasticizer, whereas the parent compound and both
      metabolites have the potential to produce acute inhibition of hepatic microsomal
      oxidation in vivo.

PMID- 2913271
TI  - Immunochemical quantitation of 3-(cystein-S-yl)acetaminophen adducts in serum and
      liver proteins of acetaminophen-treated mice.
AB  - Using a recently developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay specific for 3
      (cystein-S-yl)acetaminophen adducts we have quantitated the formation of these
      specific adducts in liver and serum protein of B6C3F1 male mice dosed with
      acetaminophen. Administration of acetaminophen at doses of 50, 100, 200, 300, 400
      and 500 mg/kg to mice resulted in evidence of hepatotoxicity (increase in serum
      levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase) at 4 hr in the
      300, 400 and 500 mg/kg treatment groups only. The formation of 3-(cystein-S
      yl)acetaminophen adducts in liver protein was not observed in the groups
      receiving 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg doses, but was observed in the groups receiving
      doses above 300 mg/kg of acetaminophen. Greater levels of adduct formation were
      observed at the higher doses. 3-(Cystein-S-yl)acetaminophen protein adducts were
      also observed in serum of mice receiving hepatotoxic doses of acetaminophen.
      After a 400 mg/kg dose of acetaminophen, 3-(cystein-S-yl)acetaminophen adducts in
      the liver protein reached peak levels 2 hr after dosing. By 12 hr the levels
      decreased to approximately 10% of the peak level. In contrast, 3-(cystein-S
      yl)acetaminophen adducts in serum protein were delayed, reaching a sustained peak
      6 to 12 hr after dosing. The dose-response correlation between the appearance of
      serum aminotransferases and 3-(cystein-S-yl)acetaminophen adducts in serum
      protein and the temporal correlation between the decrease in 3-(cystein-S
      yl)acetaminophen adducts in liver protein and the appearance of adducts in serum
      protein are consistent with a hepatic origin of the adducts detected in serum
      protein.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2913272
TI  - Gradient in the effects of ethyl alcohol on canine gastric antral circular
      muscles.
AB  - The effects of ethyl alcohol on the electrical and mechanical activities of
      canine gastric antral circular muscle were studied. Recently it has been reported
      that the circular layer of the antrum is not homogenous in its electrical
      activity. Therefore, circular muscles from the regions adjacent to the myenteric
      and submucosal borders of the circular layer were studied separately to compare
      the actions of ethyl alcohol through the thickness of the circular layer. In the
      first series of experiments concentration-response data were collected to
      describe the effects of ethyl alcohol on the contractile activities of myenteric
      and submucosal muscles. The data show that ethyl alcohol is more effective as an
      inhibitor of myenteric contractions than submucosal contractions. Next,
      experiments were performed to determine the electrical mechanism responsible for
      the contractile effects. Circular cells of submucosal and myenteric regions were
      impaled, and the muscles were exposed to several concentrations of ethyl alcohol
      ranging from 0.1 to 1.5%. Slow wave activity was reduced in frequency and
      amplitude in both regions. The inhibitory effect of ethyl alcohol on electrical
      activity was greater in submucosal muscles, but mechanical activity was less
      affected in these muscles because excitation-contraction coupling occurs at more
      polarized levels in the submucosal portion of the circular layer.

PMID- 2913273
TI  - Manganese-mediated increase in the rat brain mitochondrial cytochrome P-450 and
      drug metabolism activity: susceptibility of the striatum.
AB  - The present study describes the high degree of sensitivity of the mitochondrial
      fraction of the striatum to Mn++-mediated perturbations in mixed-function oxidase
      activity. This study also defines the brain mitochondrial cytochrome P-450
      subject to increase by Mn++. In the striatum of Mn++-treated animals (7 days)
      hydroxylation of benzo(a)pyrene and D-amphetamine was significantly increased in
      both the mitochondrial and the microsomal fractions. The effects were more
      pronounced in the mitochondrial fraction where hydroxylation activities were
      increased by 2- to 3-fold. SKF-525A (2-diethylaminoethyl-2,2-di-phenylvalerate
      hydrochloride) effectively inhibited NADH-dependent hydroxylation of both
      substrates by the mitochondrial fraction. In the Mn++-treated animals,
      significant increases in mitochondrial and microsomal cytochrome P-450
      concentration were also noted. In the mitochondria, the hemoprotein concentration
      was increased by nearly 2.5-fold; in the microsomes the concentration of the
      cytochrome was increased by about 1.6-fold. Mn++ appeared to selectively increase
      cytochrome P-450 concentration since that of other cytochromes including the
      mitochondrial b, c1, c and a, and the microsomal cytochrome b5 was not increased.
      In addition, the activity of mitochondrial delta-aminolevulinate synthetase was
      not increased and that of the microsomal heme oxygenase was inhibited by Mn++
      treatment. It is suggested that increases in the microsomal and the mitochondrial
      cytochrome P-450 may reflect intrinsic properties of cytochrome P-450 isozymes in
      these organelles, including their turnover rate, preferential utilization of heme
      and/or susceptibility to degradation. The possible relevance of the findings to
      Mn++ neurotoxicity of dopamine pathways is discussed.

PMID- 2913274
TI  - Bradykinin stimulates electrogenic bicarbonate secretion by the guinea pig
      gallbladder.
AB  - We studied bradykinin effects upon electrogenic ion transport across voltage
      clamped guinea pig gallbladder, and found stimulation after both mucosal (EC50 =
      0.2 microM) and serosal addition (EC50 = 10 microM). The mucosal effect is dose
      dependent, reproducible and sustained. Responses to bradykinin were unaffected by
      amiloride (1 mM) or piretanide (1 mM) but were attenuated by acetazolamide (1
      mM), indicating the charge-carrying ion species to be bicarbonate. This was
      confirmed by abolishing the short circuit current response to bradykinin with
      bicarbonate-free solutions. Tetrodotoxin (1 microM) did not alter the response,
      indicating that neurons are not involved. This effect of bradykinin on
      gallbladder bicarbonate transport appears to be dependent upon arachidonate
      metabolism because the cyclooxygenase inhibitor piroxicam reversibly abolished
      the effect. In addition, prostaglandin E2 was more effective (EC50 = 0.01 microM)
      than bradykinin in stimulating short circuit current. This newly appreciated ion
      transporting effect of bradykinin occurs in a tissue where kinin effects upon
      afferent nerve endings and smooth muscle are also evident and raise several
      questions about kinin involvement in stone formation or local inflammatory
      events.

PMID- 2913275
TI  - Effects of ketoprofen and indomethacin on leukocyte migration in two models of
      pleurisy induced by carrageenan or zymosan-activated serum in rats.
AB  - The effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on the in vivo leukocyte
      migration is not understood fully. In the present study, the effects of
      indomethacin and ketoprofen on the intrapleural leukocyte accumulation induced by
      carrageenan or zymosan-activated serum (ZAS) were investigated. Rats were given
      indomethacin or ketoprofen p.o. (1, 3 or 9 mg/kg) 1 hr before intrapleural
      injection of carrageenan (1 mg) or ZAS (0.5 ml). Pleural exudates were harvested
      4 hr later. In each model of pleurisies, ketoprofen and indomethacin reduced the
      volume of exudate and leukocyte count in a dose-dependent manner but ketoprofen
      was more active than indomethacin. Ketoprofen and indomethacin had no effect on
      the protein concentration and the total complement activity of the exudates
      induced by carrageenan or ZAS. The spontaneous and directed migrations of
      leukocytes elicited by ZAS were unaffected by indomethacin and ketoprofen,
      whereas those of leukocytes elicited by carrageenan were more inhibited by
      ketoprofen than by indomethacin. These data demonstrate that ketoprofen is more
      active than indomethacin in reducing the in vivo leukocyte migration evoked by
      carrageenan or ZAS and suggest that the main effect of these two drugs is to
      reduce the increase in vascular permeability. Neutrophil chemotactic
      responsiveness and generation of chemotactic factors alone cannot explain the
      anti-inflammatory effect of ketoprofen and indomethacin.

PMID- 2913276
TI  - Beneficial effects of lidocaine and disopyramide on oxygen-deficiency-induced
      contractile failure and metabolic disturbance in isolated rabbit hearts.
AB  - The purpose of the present study was to determine whether antiarrhythmic agents,
      lidocaine and disopyramide, which reveal a membrane stabilizing action, may exert
      a beneficial effect on posthypoxic recovery of cardiac function and metabolism.
      Rabbit hearts were perfused for 20 min under hypoxic conditions, followed by 45
      min reoxygenation. Hypoxic insults induced cessation of cardiac contractile
      force, rise in resting tension, depletion of myocardial high-energy phosphates,
      accumulation of tissue calcium and release of creatine kinase and ATP metabolites
      such as adenosine, inosine and hypoxanthine. These alterations were not returned
      to the initial levels upon reoxygenation. Administration of either 69 microM
      lidocaine or 55 microM disopyramide after the onset of oxygen deficiency (between
      8th and 20th min of the hypoxia) resulted in a significant suppression of hypoxia
      induced rise in resting tension, tissue calcium accumulation and release of
      creatine kinase and ATP metabolites, whereas hypoxia-induced decline in cardiac
      contractile force and depletion of myocardial high-energy phosphates were not
      affected by the treatment. The latter two variables were improved markedly during
      45-min reoxygenation when the heart had been treated with the agents. The
      improvement was accompanied by a suppression of the release of creatine kinase
      and ATP metabolites and the tissue calcium accumulation. The results suggest that
      lidocaine and disopyramide are beneficial for posthypoxic recovery of cardiac
      function and metabolism.

PMID- 2913277
TI  - Paraxanthine metabolism in humans: determination of metabolic partial clearances
      and effects of allopurinol and cimetidine.
AB  - Paraxanthine (PX; 1,7-dimethylxanthine) is the major metabolite of caffeine in
      humans. Despite the continuous exposure of a large proportion of the population
      to PX, little is known about PX disposition in humans. The present study was
      performed to define the metabolic partial clearances of PX in humans and, by
      determining the effects of cimetidine and allopurinol pretreatments on PX
      disposition, assess the relative importance of cytochrome P-450 and xanthine
      oxidase in PX biotransformation. The combined formation of the 7-demethylated
      products 1-methylxanthine (1-MX), 1-methyluric acid (1-MU) and 5-acetyl-amino-6
      formylamino-3-methyluracil (AFMU) accounted for 67% of PX clearance. Formation of
      7-methylxanthine (7-MX) and 1,7-dimethyluric acid and renal excretion of
      unchanged PX comprised 6, 8 and 9% of PX clearance, respectively. Allopurinol
      pretreatment had no effect on PX plasma clearance but decreased 1-MU excretion
      and increased 1-MX excretion, with the combined excretion of these metabolites
      remaining constant. Cimetidine pretreatment decreased PX plasma clearance by 30%.
      Metabolic partial clearances to 1-MX + 1-MU and to AFMU were reduced to a similar
      extent (ca. 40%) in the cimetidine treatment phase, but other pathways were not
      significantly affected. These data are consistent with 1-MX and AFMU being
      derived from a common intermediate, the formation of which is mediated by
      cytochrome P-450. Xanthine oxidase catalyzes only the secondary conversion of 1
      MX to 1-MU.

PMID- 2913278
TI  - Plasma arginine vasopressin response to intravenous methadone and naloxone in
      conscious dogs.
AB  - The effect of naloxone and methadone on the systemic release of arginine
      vasopressin (AVP) was studied in six conscious dogs. After i.v. methadone
      administration (1 mg/kg b.wt.) plasma AVP levels rose significantly to a mean
      maximum value of 102.8 +/- 18.8 pg/ml at 15 min postinjection. Plasma sodium and
      plasma osmolality did not change significantly, whereas plasma potassium
      decreased significantly. Blood gas variables showed the development of a slight
      respiratory acidosis. Mean arterial blood pressure increased and heart rate
      decreased, both significantly, after methadone administration. Naloxone (0.1
      mg/kg b.wt.) administered i.v., 15 min before methadone, prevented the changes in
      plasma AVP levels as well as other variables, with the exception of the heart
      rate. Naloxone administration itself did not induce changes in any variable
      recorded. The dose-response study showed increasing plasma AVP levels upon
      administration of increasing doses of methadone above the 0.5 mg/kg level. On
      account of the magnitude of response and the lack of changes in biochemical and
      hemodynamic variables sufficient to explain the documented AVP response, we
      conclude that methadone exerts a stimulatory influence on the systemic release of
      AVP. We consider the documented release of AVP to be a direct effect of the
      methadone administration, on account of the findings from the dose-response study
      and on account of the total blockade of the response after naloxone
      administration before methadone.

PMID- 2913279
TI  - Interaction of the prejunctional inhibitory action of 5-hydroxytryptamine on
      noradrenergic transmission with neuronal amine uptake in rabbit isolated ear
      artery.
AB  - The interaction of the prejunctional inhibitory action of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5
      HT) on noradrenergic transmission with the neuronal amine uptake mechanism has
      been studied in rabbit isolated ear artery preparations. Release of
      norepinephrine in response to stimulation of periarterial sympathetic nerves (30
      pulses, 1 Hz) was deduced from the efflux of radioactivity which had been
      incorporated into the noradrenergic transmitter pool as [3H]norepinephrine. 5-HT
      (100 nM), applied alone, had no effect on the stimulation-induced efflux of
      radioactivity. However, in the presence of cocaine (1 microM), 5-HT reduced
      stimulation-induced efflux. The inhibitory effect of 5-HT, in the presence of
      cocaine, on stimulation-induced efflux was abolished by the nonselective 5-HT1/5
      HT2 receptor antagonist, methiothepin (30 nM), but not by the selective 5-HT2
      receptor antagonist, ketanserin (6 nM), or by the alpha adrenoceptor antagonist,
      phentolamine (30 nM). These findings indicate that the uptake of 5-HT into
      periarterial sympathetic nerves may limit its prejunctional "5-HT1-like" receptor
      mediated inhibitory effect on noradrenergic transmission. In arteries which were
      incubated with 5-HT (1 microM) and the monoamine oxidase inhibitor, pargyline (10
      microM), before loading the transmitter stores with [3H]norepinephrine,
      methiothepin (30 nM) enhanced stimulation-induced efflux markedly. The enhancing
      effect of methiothepin was not observed in arteries which were preincubated with
      cocaine (10 microM) together with 5-HT and pargyline. It is suggested that,
      following its uptake into periarterial sympathetic nerves, 5-HT may be coreleased
      with norepinephrine to activate prejunctional 5-HT1-like receptors and thereby
      mediate an autoinhibitory effect on transmitter release.

PMID- 2913280
TI  - In vivo mechanisms for the enhanced acetylation of sulfamethazine in the rabbit
      after hydrocortisone treatment.
AB  - The administration of hydrocortisone (HC; 75 mg/kg i.v. daily for 10 days) to
      rabbits significantly increased the metabolic clearance (Clm) of sulfamethazine
      (SMZ) from 1.92 +/- 0.05 to 2.85 +/- 0.06 liters/hr/kg (P less than 0.01).
      However, p.o. availability of SMZ was similar before (0.42 +/- 0.06) and after
      (0.39 +/- 0.03) steroid treatment. Furthermore, total liver blood flow as
      measured by the radioactive microsphere technique was increased (P less than
      0.01) from 3.64 +/- 0.15 to 5.12 +/- 0.54 liters/hr/kg by HC treatment. Estimates
      of presystemic intestinal extraction and hepatic extraction were derived. These
      data predicted that intestinal extraction ranged from 0.11 to 0.15 in untreated
      rabbits and from 0.11 to 0.16 in HC-treated rabbits. Moreover, intestinal
      clearance was shown to contribute less than 4% to Clm of SMZ on both study days.
      By comparison, estimates of hepatic extraction ranged from 0.51 to 0.53, and from
      0.54 to 0.56 in untreated and HC-treated rabbits, respectively. Based on the
      concept of a well-stirred, perfusion-limited model of hepatic elimination, the HC
      induced increases in hepatic enzyme activity and blood flow were shown to make
      comparable contributions to the increase in hepatic clearance. It is concluded
      that the liver is the major site of SMZ acetylation in untreated and HC-treated,
      rapid acetylator rabbits. Furthermore, the increase in Clm of SMZ observed in
      vivo after HC treatment is attributable primarily to increases in hepatic N
      acetyltransferase activity and liver blood flow.

PMID- 2913281
TI  - Altered responsiveness to sympathetic nerve stimulation and agonists of isolated
      left atria of diabetic rats: no evidence for involvement of hypothyroidism.
AB  - To clarify the role of hypothyroidism in diabetes-induced sympathetic neuropathy,
      we examined the responsiveness to sympathetic nerve stimulation and to agonists
      of the left atria of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, and compared it with
      those in hypothyroid, thyroxine(T4)-treated diabetic or T4-treated hypothyroid
      rats. Positive inotropic response of isolated left atria to transmural nerve
      stimulation (TNS) was examined in the presence of atropine. In diabetic rats,
      plasma triiodothyronine and T4 levels decreased markedly. The responses to TNS
      and norepinephrine (NE) also decreased. The decrease was greater in response to
      TNS, which may be due to the reduction of presynaptic NE release. As to the
      postsynaptic response, the maximal response to NE decreased without any
      significant change in ED50 value, and a similar decrease in the maximal response
      to Ca++ was also observed in spite of a slight decrease in the beta receptor
      density. Therefore, in diabetic rats the decreased response to TNS may result
      mainly from a decreased NE release from nerve endings and a decreased
      contractility beyond the adrenoceptor level. In hypothyroid rats, the response to
      TNS and NE decreased, and the decrease was again greater in response to TNS. The
      decrease in the NE response was due to the increased ED50 value without any
      change in the maximal response. Similarly, the maximal response to Ca++ did not
      change. Thus in the hypothyroid rats, the decreased response to TNS probably
      results from a decreased NE release from nerve endings as well as a decreased
      sensitivity to NE.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2913282
TI  - Effects of coronary flow, pacing rate, isoprenaline and diltiazem on ischemic
      ventricular arrhythmias in guinea pig hearts.
AB  - Although the Ca++ channel blockers can reduce early ischemic ventricular
      arrhythmias, the mechanisms are unclarified. The antiarrhythmic action of Ca++
      antagonists may either be due to vasodilation and negative chronotropism or to
      trans-sarcolemmal Ca++ influx inhibition. In these studies we investigated the
      possible individual and additive effects of coronary flow, heart rate and Ca++
      antagonism on ventricular arrythmia development in isolated, paced, globally
      underperfused guinea pig hearts. When the coronary flow during ischemia was
      raised from 5 to 7% of control and/or the stimulation frequency was decreased
      from 6 to 4 Hz, ATP and creatine phosphate levels were conserved and
      intraventricular conduction slowing leading to ventricular tachycardia (VT) was
      delayed. In contrast, when the coronary flow and pacing rates were fixed at 7%
      and 6 Hz and diltiazem (10(-6) M) was included in the perfusion medium, there was
      no effect on tissue high-energy phosphate depletion and development of VT. Even
      when the breakdown of ATP and the onset of VT were accelerated by isoprenaline
      (10(-6) M), diltiazem was not antiarrhythmic at this flow rate. Only when the
      coronary flow was reduced to 5% of control, in the absence and presence of
      isoprenaline, did diltiazem delay ventricular arrhythmias through a mechanism
      that was independent of changes in coronary flow and heart rate.

PMID- 2913283
TI  - Cholecystokinin, but not gastrin, induces gamma-aminobutyric acid release from
      myenteric neurons of the guinea pig ileum.
AB  - Effects of cholecystokinin (CCK) and gastrin on the release of acetylcholine
      (ACh) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) were examined in the longitudinal muscle
      with myenteric plexus (LM-MP) preparations of the guinea pig small intestine. CCK
      and gastrin induced the Ca++-dependent and tetrodotoxin-sensitive release of
      [3H]ACh from the LM-MP preparations preloaded with [3H]choline. Proglumide, but
      not scopolamine, hexamethonium and [D-Pro2,D-Trp7,9]substance P inhibited the
      release of [3H]ACh induced by CCK and gastrin. The desensitization to CCK and
      gastrin was observed with a 30-min exposure of the preparation to CCK and
      gastrin, respectively, and the cross-desensitization to peptides was not
      observed, thereby indicating that these peptides induce the release of ACh mainly
      via respective receptors. Bicuculline which inhibited completely the release of
      [3H]ACh induced by GABA inhibited the release of [3H]ACh induced by CCK but not
      by gastrin by 42.3 +/- 4.22%. CCK, but not gastrin, produced the Ca++-dependent
      and tetrodotoxin-sensitive release of endogenous GABA and [3H]GABA from LM-MP
      preparations preloaded with [3H]GABA. The release of [3H]GABA induced by CCK was
      antagonized by proglumide, but not by scopolamine, hexamethonium and [D-Pro2,D
      Trp7,9]substance P. These results provide evidence that the GABAergic neuron is
      stimulated by CCK, but not by gastrin and stimulates the cholinergic neuron.

PMID- 2913284
TI  - Pharmacological profile of moclobemide, a short-acting and reversible inhibitor
      of monoamine oxidase type A.
AB  - The novel antidepressant moclobemide is a reversible inhibitor of monoamine
      oxidase (MAO), preferentially of type A. Moclomide was active in three animal
      models considered predictive for antidepressant activity: 1) it prevented dose
      dependently akinesia and blepharospasm induced in mice and rats by Ro 4-1284, a
      short-acting amine releasing agent. Prevention of akinesia by moclobemide also
      depended upon the dose of Ro 4-1284. For comparison also, effects of cimoxatone,
      harmaline, tranylcypromine and clorgyline are presented: 2) in cats, it
      selectively and dose-dependently suppressed rapid eye movement sleep without
      disturbing the sleep-wakefulness cycle; and 3) in the behavioral despair test in
      mice, it decreased the immobility score to a similar degree as amitriptyline or
      imipramine. In addition, moclobemide potentiated 5-hydroxytryptophan-induced
      stereotypies in rats with a potency similar to cimoxatone and with a duration of
      action of less than 24 hr. Moclobemide had almost no effect on the spontaneous
      behavior in mice, rats, cats and monkeys. Only in higher doses, marginal sedation
      and slight impairment in motor performance were seen. Moclobemide did not prevent
      pilcarpine-induced salivation in mice, demonstrating the absence of
      anticholinergic activity. Blood pressure and heart rate of freely moving,
      spontaneously hypertensive rats were only slightly decreased for less than 3 hr.
      Moclobemide moderately potentiated the pressor effect of p.o. tyramine in rats.
      In conclusion, the reversible MAO inhibitor moclobemide is active in animal
      models sensitive to all major drugs used in the treatment of depression. In
      contrast to imipramine-like antidepressants, it lacks anticholinergic activity
      and it differs from classic MAO inhibitors by potentiating only weakly the
      pressor effect of p.o. tyramine.

PMID- 2913285
TI  - In vitro effects of ciprofloxacin and pefloxacin on growth of normal human
      hematopoietic progenitor cells and on leukemic cell lines.
AB  - The in vitro effect of ciprofloxacin and pefloxacin on growth of normal
      hematopoietic progenitor cells and on leukemic cell lines was investigated.
      Ciprofloxacin and pefloxacin caused dose-dependent inhibition of colony formation
      both from normal bone marrow cells and from the leukemic line K-562 cells. This
      inhibition exerted by ciprofloxacin and pefloxacin was statistically significant
      at concentrations of 25 micrograms/ml and above. Ciprofloxacin appeared to be the
      most potent inhibitor of colony formation among the antimicrobial agents tested.
      Although the inhibitory effect of pefloxacin on normal hematopoietic stem cells
      was similar to that of cefazolin and chloramphenicol, the inhibitory effect of
      pefloxacin on leukemic cells was more prominent than that of cefazolin and
      chloramphenicol. In a proliferation assay in liquid culture of the cell line HL
      60, ciprofloxacin and pefloxacin caused a dose-dependent inhibition of cell
      proliferation. Both drugs failed to induce cellular differentiation, as assessed
      by the nitrogen blue tetrazolium dye reduction assay. In therapeutic
      concentrations no cumulative toxic effect of the combination of ciprofloxacin
      with cytosine-arabinoside, vincristine, actinomycin D and doxorubicin on colony
      formation by HL-60 cells was observed. It is concluded that ciprofloxacin does
      not exert in vitro inhibitory effect on human leukemic cells when assayed at
      concentrations of less than or equal to 5 micrograms/ml. However, at
      concentrations of 25 and 50 micrograms/ml of ciprofloxacin alone and in
      combination with several antineoplastic agents exerts an inhibitory effect on
      colony formation.

PMID- 2913286
TI  - Renal clearance of substituted hippurates in the dog. I. Benzoylglycine
      (hippurate) and methyl-substituted benzoylglycines.
AB  - Plasma kinetics and renal excretion of benzoylglycine (hippurate) and methyl
      substituted benzoylglycines were studied in three Beagle dogs, after rapid i.v.
      administration of about 1 g of glycine conjugate. Benzoylglycine and the 3- and 4
      methyl analogs showed nonlinear plasma protein binding varying between 20 and 80%
      over a concentration range of 5 to 450 micrograms/ml. For 2-methylbenzoylglycine
      an extremely high protein binding, practically approaching 100%, was observed at
      low plasma levels (less than 50 micrograms/ml). All conjugates were cleared
      largely via the kidney (greater than 80% of the dose) and, except for the 2
      methyl analog, eliminated rapidly from plasma. Plasma concentration and renal
      excretion rate data were analyzed simultaneously with a previously developed
      physiologically based kidney model. Tubular secretion appeared to be a function
      of the total drug concentration in renal plasma, except for 2
      methylbenzoylglycine, presumably due to its tight protein binding. The average
      values of the parameters characterizing the tubular transport maximum (TM in
      milligrams per minute) and the apparent affinity for the secretory system (KT in
      micrograms per milliliter) were: benzoylglycine TM = 5.5 +/- 0.8, KT = 40 +/- 5;
      3-methylbenzoylglycine TM = 7.1 +/- 3.3, KT = 49 +/- 1; 4-methylbenzoylglycine TM
      = 8.0 +/- 1.6, KT = 14 +/- 6. Secretion of 2-methylbenzoylglycine was not
      saturated. Accordingly, only the ratio TM/KT = 163 +/- 54 ml/min could be
      calculated. An interesting observation was the partial deconjugation of 4
      methylbenzoylglycine to its corresponding benzoate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2913287
TI  - Renal clearance of substituted hippurates in the dog. II. 4-Amino-, hydroxy- and
      methoxy-substituted benzoylglycines.
AB  - Plasma kinetics and renal excretion of 4-aminobenzoylglycine (p-aminohippurate),
      hydroxy- and methoxy-substituted benzoylglycines were studied in three Beagle
      dogs after rapid i.v. administration of about 1 g. Plasma protein binding of 4
      amino-, 3-hydroxy- and 4-hydroxybenzoylglycine was low (less than 15%) and
      practically constant over a range of 5 to 450 micrograms/ml, whereas the 2
      hydroxy analog showed concentration-dependent protein binding (40-80%). The
      excretory patterns of the 4-amino, 3- and 4-hydroxy analogs were essentially the
      same; rapid elimination from plasma into urine (greater than 80% of the dose),
      mainly by very efficient supply-limited tubular secretion. Conversely, the
      excretion of 2-hydroxybenzoylglycine was characterized by a lower plasma
      clearance and total renal excretion (64% of the dose), and a limited capacity of
      the tubular secretory system. The methoxybenzoylglycines showed nonlinear plasma
      protein binding varying between 10 and 70%, rapid clearance from plasma, largely
      by renal excretion (72-84% of the administered dose). Tubular secretion of 2- and
      3-methoxybenzoylglycine was saturated, whereas complete saturation was not
      achieved for the 4-methoxy isomer. The kinetic parameters of tubular secretion
      were estimated with a physiologically based kidney model: 2-hydroxy, tubular
      transport maximum (TM) = 4.4 +/- 0.9 mg/min, Michael-Menten constant of the
      tubular secretion mechanism (KT) = 23 +/- 8 micrograms/ml; 2-methoxy-TM = 11.7 +/
      4.9 mg/min, KT = 42 +/- 9 micrograms/ml; 3-methoxy-TM = 8.8 +/- 1.0 mg/mn, KT =
      27 +/- 20 micrograms/ml. Inasmuch as secretion of the other compounds was not
      saturated, only the intrinsic secretion clearance (CLint) = TM/KT could be
      estimated; 4-amino-CLint = 145 +/- 50 ml/min, 3-hydroxy-CLint = 194 +/- 21
      ml/min, 4-hydroxy-CLint = 153 +/- 23 ml/min and 4-methoxy-CLint = 201 +/- 47
      ml/min. The 4-methoxy isomer was metabolized to some extent by deconjugation of
      the glycine moiety and the resulting benzoate was found in plasma but not in
      urine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2913288
TI  - Cardiovascular effects of cocaine: enhancement by yohimbine and atropine.
AB  - The cardiovascular effects of cocaine, alone and in combination with yohimbine
      and/or atropine, were studied in dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium. All
      dogs were instrumented for the measurement of arterial blood pressure, left
      ventricular contractile force, left circumflex coronary artery blood flow, lead
      II ECG and heart rate. Dogs were divided into two groups; one group received no
      pretreatment, the other group was pretreated with atropine sulfate, 2 mg/kg. Both
      groups received two i.v. doses of cocaine, 1 mg/kg, approximately 3.5 hr apart.
      Thirty minutes before administration of the second cocaine dose, yohimbine, 0.25
      mg/kg, i.v. was administered. In control animals which did not receive atropine
      or yohimbine, there was no difference in the cardiovascular responses to the two
      cocaine doses administered on this schedule. Administration of cocaine alone
      increased mean arterial blood pressure 9.6 +/- 2.2 mm Hg and increased the rate
      pressure product, an index of myocardial oxygen consumption, 12.6 +/- 4.7%.
      Coronary blood flow was increased 13.1 +/- 4%. Yohimbine pretreatment
      significantly enhanced the cardiovascular actions of cocaine and this enhancement
      was most pronounced in the presence of atropine. When cocaine was administered
      after treatment with both atropine and yohimbine, mean arterial blood pressure
      was increased 44.2 +/- 7.2 mm Hg, heart rate was increased 30 +/- 7.9 beats/min
      and the rate-pressure product was increased by 72 +/- 10.1%, whereas coronary
      blood flow was increased only 42.8 +/- 12%. These data suggest that presynaptic
      alpha adrenergic and cholinergic muscarinic blockade may significantly increase
      the risk of cocaine-induced cardiovascular toxicity.

PMID- 2913289
TI  - Effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on lipid synthesis and lipogenic
      enzymes in the rat.
AB  - A single i.p. administration of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) caused
      within 1 wk of exposure a dose-dependent progressive inhibition of liver fatty
      acid synthetic rate with concomitant decreases in hepatic fatty acid synthetase
      and acetylcoenzyme A carboxylase activities. Similarly, hepatic cholesterol
      synthetic rate was markedly inhibited with increasing dosage of TCDD, although
      the corresponding decrease in 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase
      activity was of lesser magnitude. Linear regression analyses of the reciprocals
      of the responses versus the dose revealed that the TCDD concentration which
      caused 50% inhibition of the activities of various lipogenic enzymes and of lipid
      synthetic rates ranged from 11 to 20 micrograms/kg (34-67 nM) with an average of
      15 micrograms/kg (47 nM). Hepatic cholesterol synthesis seemed to be more
      sensitive to inhibition than fatty acid synthesis whether it was based on TCDD
      dosage or duration of exposure. The degree of inhibition of all the above
      parameters except fatty acid synthesis in liver and adipose tissues increased
      from 1 to 2 wk of exposure but was less pronounced after 4 wk exposure.
      Significantly, the adipose tissue was found to be more sensitive than the liver
      with respect to inhibition of fatty acid synthesis by increasing dosage of TCDD.
      Thus, the biochemical mechanism of loss of adipose mass caused by TCDD exposure
      may well be mediated by strong inhibition of lipid synthesis in the adipose
      tissue coupled with increased mobilization of depot fat.

PMID- 2913290
TI  - Effects of experimental diabetes on biochemical and functional characteristics of
      bladder muscarinic receptors.
AB  - Bladder dysfunction is a common complication of diabetes mellitus and is
      attributed in part to peripheral neuropathy. We investigated the effects of
      experimental diabetes on muscarinic receptors in rat bladder smooth muscle, 2, 4
      and 8 weeks after i.v. injection of 65 mg/kg of streptozotocin. At all time
      points, diabetic animals had a lower body weight, higher serum glucose levels and
      reduced serum insulin levels than age-matched controls. Diabetic animals had a
      markedly increased urine output and significant enlargement of the bladder dome.
      The amount of muscarinic receptor labeled with [3H]quinuclidinyl benzylate (QNB)
      was higher in the bladder dome of diabetic animals than control animals, whereas
      the affinity of the labeled antagonist for its binding sites was similar in both
      groups. Muscarinic agonists and antagonists inhibited [3H]QNB binding with
      similar inhibitory constants (Ki) in control and diabetic dome. The rank order of
      Ki values in inhibition of [3H]QNB binding by muscarinic agonists and
      antagonists: atropine less than acetylcholine less than carbachol less than AF-DX
      116 = pirenzepine less than bethanechol, is consistent with the presence of M2
      muscarinic receptors in the bladder dome. In functional studies, muscarinic
      agonists induced a larger contractile response in bladder dome muscle strips from
      8-week-diabetic animals than from controls. ED50 values were similar in control
      and treated groups, with the rank order of ED50 values being in good agreement
      with the Ki values obtained from receptor binding studies, i.e., acetylcholine
      less than carbachol less than bethanechol. These data show a direct correlation
      between the diabetes-induced biochemical and functional alterations in muscarinic
      receptor properties of rat bladder.

PMID- 2913291
TI  - Synthesis and cytostatic activity of geiparvarin analogues.
AB  - In an attempt to determine some of the structural features of geiparvarin (1)
      that account for its cytostatic activity in vitro, a series of geiparvarin
      analogues (4a-g) modified in the 3(2H)-furanone moiety have been designed and
      synthesized. The preparation of 4a-g was achieved through a new approach to the
      3(2H)-furanone ring based on the elaboration of isoxazole derivatives. Among
      these synthetic analogues, 4b, the 5-methyl-5-ethyl derivative, proved as active
      as 1 in inhibiting the proliferation of murine and human tumor cell lines in
      vitro. As a rule, substitutions at the C5 atom of the 3(2H)-furanone moiety of 1
      slightly decreased the cytostatic activity of geiparvarin. Several geiparvarin
      analogues described in this study (i.e. the 5-methyl-5-ethyl derivative 4b, 3(2H)
      furanimine 4c, 5-methyl derivative 4f, and 5-ethyl derivative 4g) showed such
      activity in vitro and deserve further investigation for their antitumor
      potentials in vivo.

PMID- 2913292
TI  - Studies on angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. 4. Synthesis and angiotensin
      converting enzyme inhibitory activities of 3-acyl-1-alkyl-2-oxoimidazolidine-4
      carboxylic acid derivatives.
AB  - (4S)-1-Alkyl-3-[[N-(carboxyalkyl)amino]acyl]-2-oxoimidazolidine-4- carboxylic
      acid derivatives (3) were prepared by two methods. Their angiotensin converting
      enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activities and antihypertensive effects were evaluated,
      and the structure-activity relationships were discussed. The dicarboxylic acids
      3a-n possessing S,S,S configuration showed potent in vitro ACE inhibitory
      activities with IC50 values of 1.1 X 10(-8)-1.5 X 10(-9) M. The most potent
      compound in this series, monoester 3p, had an ID50 value of 0.24 mg/kg, po for
      inhibition of angiotensin I induced pressor response in normotensive rats and
      produced a dose-dependent decrease in systolic blood pressure of spontaneously
      hypertensive rats (SHRs) at doses of 1-10 mg/kg, po.

PMID- 2913293
TI  - Synthesis and radioprotective activity of dipeptide cysteamine and cystamine
      derivatives.
AB  - Some N-(dipeptidyl)-S-acetylcysteamine and N,N'-(dipeptidyl)cystamine salt
      derivatives were synthesized and evaluated as candidate radioprotector agents.
      Toxicity and radioprotective activity as the dose reduction factor (DRF) were
      determined in vivo on mice and compared to N-glycyl-S-acetylcysteamine
      trifluoroacetate. One of the most interesting compounds of this series was N
      glycylglycyl-S-acetylcysteamine trifluoroacetate (8).

PMID- 2913294
TI  - Carbamyl analogues of potent nicotinic agonists: pharmacology and computer
      assisted molecular modeling study.
AB  - To investigate how the substitution of NH2 for CH3 affects the activity of three,
      potent, semirigid nicotinic agonists, carbamyl analogues were synthesized. The
      carbamyl agonists were 1-methyl-4-carbamyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine methiodide
      (1), 1-methyl-4-carbamylpiperidine methiodide (2), and 1-methyl-4
      carbamylpiperazine methiodide (3). Their potencies (reciprocals of the equipotent
      molar ratios) at the frog neuromuscular junction with reference to
      carbamylcholine were 0.77, 0.052, and 0.15, respectively. The acetyl analogues
      were more potent by factors of 65, 175, and 17, respectively. Explanations for
      this variable reduction in activity were sought by using computer-assisted
      molecular mechanics and calculations of electrostatic potential contours.
      Bioactive conformations of 1-3 were assigned on the basis of a well-supported
      pharmacophore and the ground-state conformation of the highly potent (50 times
      that of carbamylcholine) prototype, isoarecolone methiodide (4). Agonist 3 and
      its acetyl analogue superimposed closely in their ground-state, bioactive
      conformations, and the differences in their electrostatic potential contours were
      the least among the three pairs. Accordingly, their potencies differed the least.
      Agonists 1 and 2 both showed greater differences (with respect to their acetyl
      analogues) in their electrostatic potential contours and greater differences in
      potency. Agonist 2, in addition, could achieve the bioactive conformation only at
      the expense of 2.8 kcal mol-1, and, correspondingly, its activity relative to its
      acetyl analogue was lowest of all.

PMID- 2913295
TI  - Selective thyromimetics. Cardiac-sparing thyroid hormone analogues containing 3'
      arylmethyl substituents.
AB  - Introduction of specific arylmethyl groups at the 3'-position of the thyroid
      hormone 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3), and its known hormonally active
      derivatives, gives liver-selective, cardiac-sparing thyromimetics, with potential
      utility as plasma cholesterol lowering agents. Selectivity-conferring 3'
      substituents include substituted benzyl, e.g. p-hydroxybenzyl, and heterocyclic
      methyl, e.g. 2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyrid-5-ylmethyl and 6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridazin-3
      ylmethyl. Correlations between in vivo and in vitro receptor binding affinities
      show that liver/heart selectivity does not depend on receptor recognition but on
      penetration or access to receptors in vivo. QSAR studies of the binding data of a
      series of 20 3'-arylmethyl T3 analogues show that electronegative groups at the
      para position increase both receptor binding and selectivity in vivo. However,
      increasing 3'-arylmethyl hydrophobicity increases receptor binding but reduces
      selectivity. Substitution at ortho and meta positions reduces both binding and
      selectivity. Replacement of the 3,5-iodo groups by halogen or methyl maintains
      selectivity, with 3,5-dibromo analogues in particular having increased potency
      combined with oral bioavailability. Diphenyl thioether derivatives also have
      improved potency but are less orally active. At the 1-position, the D enantiomer
      retains selectivity, but removal of the alpha-amino group to give a propionic
      acid results in loss of selective thyromimetic activity.

PMID- 2913296
TI  - Cardiotonic agents. 1-Methyl-7-(4-pyridyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-3 (2H)
      isoquinolinones and related compounds. Synthesis and activity.
AB  - A series of 1-methyl-7-(4-pyridyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-3(2H)-isoquinolinones and
      related compounds were synthesized and evaluated for positive inotropic activity.
      Most members of this series exerted a dose-dependent increase in myocardial
      contractility in the dog acute heart failure model, whereas they caused only
      slight changes in heart rate and blood pressure. Several derivatives, especially
      those with cyano, acetyl, and ethyl substituents at the 4-position, were more
      potent than milrinone, which was used as a reference. 4-Acetyl-1-methyl-7-(4
      pyridyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-3(2H)-isoquinolinone (MS-857) is one of the most
      potent positive inotropic agents in this series.

PMID- 2913297
TI  - Syntheses and biological activities of 13-substituted avermectin aglycons.
AB  - The reactions of sulfonate esters of the allylic/homoallylic 13-alcohol of 5-O
      (tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-22,23-dihydroavermectin B1a aglycon (1a) were
      investigated. Nucleophilic substitution gave 13 beta-chloro and 13 beta-iodo
      derivatives, while solvolytic reaction conditions yielded 13 alpha-methoxy, 13
      alpha-fluoro, and 13 alpha-chloro products. A mixture of 13 alpha- and 13 beta
      fluorides was obtained upon reaction with DAST. The 13 beta-iodide gave, upon
      elimination with lutidine, the 8(9),10(11),12(13),14(15)-tetraene. The 13 beta
      alcohol and the rearranged 15-ol 13(14)-ene and 15-amino 13(14)-ene derivatives
      were obtained by substitution via the allylic carbonium ion. MEM ethers 11 and 12
      of the two epimeric 13-ols were prepared by alkylation with MEM chloride. In
      contrast, methylation of 1a with MeI and Ag2O in CH2Cl2 occurred exclusively at
      the tertiary 7-hydroxy group and not at the secondary 13 alpha-ol. Oxidation of
      the allylic alcohol 1a proceeded under Swern conditions but not with MnO2 to the
      13-oxo aglycon, which was reduced by NaBH4 exclusively to the natural 13 alpha
      ol, while reductive amination with NaCNBH3-NH4OAc gave the 13 alpha-amine. The
      methoxime derivative was obtained in the form of the two geometric isomers.
      Anthelmintic activities against the sheep nematode Trichostrongylus
      colubriformis, miticidal activities against the two-spotted spider mite
      (Tetranychus urticae), and insecticidal activities against the southern armyworm
      (Spodoptera eridania) as well as the binding constants to a free living nematode
      (Caenorhabditis elegans) derived receptor assay were obtained and compared to
      avermectin B1a, 22,23-dihydroavermectin B1a, and the 13-deoxy-22,23
      dihydroavermectin B1 aglycon related to the milbemycins. None of the newly
      prepared derivatives exceeded the potency of the three reference compounds.
      Lipophilic 13-substituents such as halogen, alkoxy, and methoxime retained high
      biological activities in all assays, while the more polar substituents hydroxy
      and amino had weaker activities. Rearranged 15-substituted 13(14)-ene derivatives
      were completely inactive. The 13-oxo and the 12,13-dehydro analogues were only
      weakly active in vivo despite having good binding affinity to the receptor,
      possibly due to instability or poor absorption.

PMID- 2913298
TI  - Solid-phase synthesis of 16 potent (selective and nonselective) in vivo
      antagonists of oxytocin.
AB  - We describe the synthesis and some pharmacological properties of 16 new in vivo
      antagonists of oxytocin. These are based on modifications of three peptides: A,
      B, and C. A is our previously reported potent and selective antagonist of the
      vasopressor (V1 receptor) responses to arginine-vasopressin (AVP)/weak oxytocin
      antagonist, [1-(beta-mercapto-beta,beta-pentamethylenepropionic acid), 2-O
      methyltyrosine]arginine-vasopressin (d(CH2)5[Tyr(Me)2]AVP. B reported here, the
      Ile3 analogue of A, is d(CH2)5[Tyr(Me)2]AVT (5 below) and C is our previously
      reported potent nonselective oxytocin antagonist/AVP V1 antagonist, [1-(beta
      mercapto-beta,beta-pentamethylenepropionic acid),2-O- methyltyrosine,8
      ornithine]vasotocin (d(CH2)5[Tyr(Me)2]OVT). The following substitutions and
      deletions, alone or in combination, were employed in A, B, and C: 1
      deaminopenicillamine (dP); D-Tyr(Alk)2 (where Alk = Me or Et), D-Phe2; Val4,
      Thr4; delta 3-Pro7; Lys8, Cit8; desGly9, desGly-NH2(9), Ala-NH2(9); Leu-NH2(9);
      Arg-NH2(9). The 16 new analogues are (1) d(CH2)5[D-Tyr(Me)2]AVP, (2) d(CH2)5[D
      Tyr(Me)2, Val4,delta 3-Pro7]AVP, (3) d(CH2)5[D-Tyr-(Et)2, Val4,Lys8]VP, (4)
      d(CH2)5[D-Tyr(Et)2,Val4,Cit8]VP, (5) d(CH2)5[Tyr(Me)2]AVT, (6)
      d(CH2)5[Tyr(Me)2,Lys8]VT, (7) dP[Tyr(Me)2]AVT, (8) dP[Tyr(Me)2,Val4]AVT, (9)
      d(CH2)5[D-Tyr(Me)2, Val4]AVT, (10) d(CH2)5[D-Phe2,Val4]AVT, (11)
      d(CH2)5[Tyr(Me)2,Thr4]OVT, (12) d(CH2)5[Tyr(Me)2,Thr4,Ala-NH2(9)]OVT, (13)
      d(CH2)5[Tyr(Me)2,Thr4,Leu-NH2(9)]OVT, (14) d(CH2)5[Tyr(Me)2,Thr4,Arg-NH2(9)]OVT,
      (15) desGly-NH2(9),d(CH2)5[Tyr(Me)2,Thr4]OVT, (16)
      desGly9,d(CH2)5[Tyr(Me)2,Thr4]OVT. 1-4 are analogues of A, 5-10 are analogues of
      B, and 11-16 are analogues of C. Their protected precursors were synthesized
      either entirely by the solid-phase method or by a combination of solid-phase and
      solution methods (1 + 8 or 8 + 1 couplings). All analogues were tested in rats
      for agonistic and antagonistic activities in oxytocic (in vitro, without and with
      Mg2+, and in vivo) assays as well as by antidiuretic and vasopressor assays. All
      analogues exhibit potent oxytocic antagonism in vitro and in vivo. With an in
      vitro pA2 (in the absence of Mg2+) = 9.12 +/- 0.09, dP[Tyr(Me)2]AVT is (7) one of
      the most potent in vitro oxytocin antagonists reported to date. Fifteen of these
      analogues (all but 6) appear as potent or more potent in vivo oxytocin
      antagonists than C (pA2 = 7.37 +/- 0.17). Analogues 1-9 and 14 are potent AVP V1
      antagonists. Their anti-V1 pA2 values range from 7.92 to 8.45. They are thus
      nonselective oxytocin antagonists.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2913299
TI  - Potential antitumor agents. 57. 2-Phenylquinoline-8-carboxamides as "minimal" DNA
      intercalating antitumor agents with in vivo solid tumor activity.
AB  - A series of phenyl-substituted derivatives of the "minimal" DNA-intercalating
      agent N-[2-(dimethylamino)-ethyl]-2-phenylquinoline-8-carboxamide (1) have been
      synthesized and evaluated for in vivo antitumor activity, in a continuing search
      for active compounds of this class with the lowest possible DNA association
      constants. Substitution on the 2'-position of the phenyl ring gave compounds of
      lower DNA binding ability that did not intercalate DNA, indicating that it is
      necessary for the phenyl ring to be essentially coplanar with the quinoline for
      intercalative binding. An extensive series of 4'-substituted derivatives was
      evaluated, but there was no overall relationship between biological activity and
      substituent lipophilic or electronic properties. However, several compounds
      showed good solid tumor activity, with the 4'-aza derivative 18 being clearly
      superior to the parent compound, effecting about 50% cures in both leukemia and
      solid tumor models.

PMID- 2913300
TI  - Synthesis, cytotoxicity, and antiviral activity of some acyclic analogues of the
      pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine nucleoside antibiotics tubercidin, toyocamycin, and
      sangivamycin.
AB  - A number of 7-[(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxy)methyl]pyrrolo[2,3d-d]pyrimidine
      derivatives that are structurally related to toyocamycin and sangivamycin and the
      seco nucleosides of tubercidin, toyocamycin, and sangivamycin were prepared and
      tested for their biological activity. Treatment of the sodium salt of 4-amino-6
      bromo-5-cyanopyrrolo[2,3-d]-pyrimidine with 1,3-bis(benzyloxy)-2-propoxymethyl
      chloride afforded compound 3, which without isolation was debrominated to obtain
      4-amino-5-cyano-7-[[1,3-bis(benzyloxy)-2- propoxy]methyl]pyrrolo[2,3
      d]pyrimidine. Although catalytic hydrogenolysis failed, the benzyl ether
      functionalities of 4 were successfully cleaved by boron trichloride to afford 4
      amino-5-cyano-7-[(1,3-dihydroxy-2- propoxy)methyl]pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine.
      Conventional functional group transformation of the cyano group of 6 provided a
      number of novel 5-substituted derivatives. Tubercidin (8a), toyocamycin (8b), and
      sangivamycin (8c) were treated separately with sodium metaperiodate and then with
      sodium borohydride to afford the 2',3'-seco derivatives 9a-c, respectively. The
      acyclic nucleoside 4-chloro-2-(methylthio)-7-[[1,3-bis(benzyloxy)-2-
      propoxy]methyl]pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine was aminated, desulfurized with Raney Ni,
      and then debenzylated to provide the tubercidin analogue 11. Cytotoxicity
      evaluation against L1210 murine leukemic cells in vitro showed that although the
      parent compounds tubercidin (8a), toyocamycin (8b), and sangivamycin (8c) were
      very potent growth inhibitors, the acyclic derivatives 6, 7a-c, and 9a-c had only
      slight growth-inhibitory activity. Evaluation of compounds 6, 7a, 7b, 7c, 9a, 9b,
      9c, 11 for cytoxicity and activity against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and
      herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) revealed that only the carboxamide (7a) and
      the thioamide (7c) were active. Compound 7c was the more potent of the two,
      inhibiting HCMV but not HSV-1 at concentrations producing little cytotoxicity.

PMID- 2913301
TI  - Synthesis, tubulin binding, antineoplastic evaluation, and structure-activity
      relationship of oncodazole analogues.
AB  - In an attempt to identify a soluble oncodazole analogue that could be easily
      formulated, a series of substituted oncodazoles was synthesized and evaluated for
      tubulin binding affinity, in vitro cytotoxicity against cultured mouse B-16
      cells, and ability to prolong lifespan at the maximally tolerated dose in the
      P388 mouse leukemia model. Biological evaluation of all the isomeric
      methyloncodazoles demonstrated the thiophene 4'-position to be the only site of
      significant bulk tolerance, although substitution of this position with polar or
      charged functional groups abolished biological activity. Simple esters of the 4'
      carboxymethyloncodazole were shown to have enhanced antitumor activity and
      tubulin binding affinity relative to oncodazole. Despite a failure of this study
      to identify a water-soluble oncodazole with antitumor activity, the structure
      activity relationship developed led to a derivative with enhanced activity in the
      P388 leukemia model and facilitated the preparation of a biologically active
      photolabile analogue.

PMID- 2913302
TI  - Studies on hindered phenols and analogues. 1. Hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic
      agents with ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation.
AB  - A series of hindered phenols were investigated as hypolipidemic and/or
      hypoglycemic agents with ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation. 1,3
      Benzoxathioles (9 and 22), phenoxypentanoic acid (34), phenoxypentanol (35a),
      phenoxynonanol (35b), phenylchloropropionic acid having a chromanyl group (25),
      and a thiazolidine compound (27) derived from 25, all having a hindered phenol
      group, were prepared and examined. Compound 27 showed the expected biological
      properties in vivo and in vitro without any liver weight increase. Biological
      activities of the analogous thiazolidine compounds, 43-58, were compared. Thus,
      (+/-)-5-[4-[(6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-yl)methoxy]- benzyl]-2,4
      thiazolidinedione (27) (CS-045) was found to have all of our expected properties
      and was selected as a candidate for further development as a hypoglycemic and
      hypolipidemic agent.

PMID- 2913303
TI  - Studies on bioactive compounds. 13. Synthesis and lack of growth-inhibitory
      properties of cyclohexane-1,2,4-triol 1,2-diesters, which resemble ring C of the
      phorbol ester molecule.
AB  - It has been suggested that ring C of biologically active phorbol esters is an
      essential structural feature of the pharmocophore which confers activity on these
      compounds. In this study the hypothesis has been tested that compounds which
      resemble ring C of the phorbol ester molecule mimic the ability of phorbol esters
      to inhibit cell growth at nontoxic concentrations. All four diastereoisomers of
      (+/-)-1,2-di-O-octanoylcyclohexane-1,2,4-triol have been prepared from cyclohexen
      4-ol and tested for growth-inhibitory and cytotoxic properties. The phorbol ester
      12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate inhibited the growth of A549 human lung
      carcinoma cells by 50% at a concentration of 0.2 nM and exerted cytotoxicity at
      concentrations of greater than 1 microM. Diacylglycerols are the physiological
      ligands and activators of protein kinase C, the receptor via which phorbol esters
      are thought to mediate their effects. The diacylglycerols 1-oleoyl-2
      acetylglycerol and 1,2-dioctanoylglycerol and the cyclohexanetriol diesters
      inhibited the growth of A549 cells only at concentrations of 10(-5) to 10(-4) M,
      at which they were also cytotoxic. A computer-assisted analysis of the goodness
      of fit between the cyclohexanetriol diesters and ring C of the phorbol moiety
      revealed possible energetic grounds for conformational dissimilarities. The
      results suggest that activation of protein kinase C alone is probably not
      sufficient to reproduce phorbol ester induced growth arrest in A549 cells and
      that the cyclohexanetriol diesters may lack pivotal elements of the phorbol ester
      pharmacophore.

PMID- 2913304
TI  - New brain perfusion imaging agents based on 99mTc-bis(aminoethanethiol)
      complexes: stereoisomers and biodistribution.
AB  - In developing new brain perfusion imaging agents, we prepared 99mTc complexes of
      racemic mixtures of bis(aminoethanethiol) (BAT) derivatives containing an N'
      benzylpiperazinyl (BPA) side chain. Due to the presence of a chiral center, a
      mixture of diastereomers (syn and anti) following chelation with the 99mTc (no
      carrier-added) was obtained. The neutral and lipid-soluble 99mTc-BPA-BAT (99mTc,
      T1/2 = 6 h) isomers were separated. The syn and anti isomers of carrier-added
      99Tc-BPA-BAT (99Tc, T1/2 = 2 x 10(5) years) were also synthesized, separated, and
      crystallized. The X-ray crystallography of 99Tc-BPA-BAT showed the syn and anti
      conformations (in relationship with the central TC(=O)N2S2 core). Despite a
      similarity in the partition coefficients for the two isomers, the syn isomer
      showed a higher in vivo brain uptake and longer brain retention in rats (2.77 and
      1.08% dose/organ at 2 and 15 min) than that of the corresponding anti isomer
      (0.57 and 0.27% dose/organ at 2 and 15 min). This information is important and
      should be taken into consideration when new 99mTc-labeled brain perfusion imaging
      agents are being designed.

PMID- 2913305
TI  - Synthesis and structure-activity studies of some disubstituted phenylisoxazoles
      against human picornavirus.
AB  - A number of 2,6-disubstituted analogues of disoxaril, a broad spectrum
      antipicornavirus agent, have been prepared and evaluated against several
      rhinovirus serotypes. A QSAR study revealed that the mean MIC (MIC) against five
      rhinovirus serotypes correlated well with log P. The 2,6-dichloro analogue, 15,
      was highly effective in vitro against rhinoviruses with an MIC80 of 0.3 microM,
      as well as against several enteroviruses, and was also effective in preventing
      paralysis in mice infected with coxsackievirus A-9.

PMID- 2913306
TI  - Synthesis and evaluation of antileukemic activity of 5-thienyl- or 5-(2-furyl)
      2,3-dihydro-6,7-bis(hydroxymethyl)-1H-pyrrolizine bis(alkylcarbamates) and
      derivatives.
AB  - Treatment of N-(2-furoyl)proline or N-thenoylprolines and N-(2
      thenoyl)thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid with acetic anhydride and dimethyl
      acetylenedicarboxylate gave 5-substituted derivatives of dimethyl 2,3-dihydro-1H
      pyrrolizine-6,7-dicarboxylate and derivatives of dimethyl 5-(2
      thienyl)pyrrolo[1,2-c]thiazole. Reduction of 2 with lithium aluminum hydride gave
      the diols 3a, 3b, 3c and 3d. These diols yielded the corresponding diacetates 4
      by treatment with acetic anhydride. The bis(methylcarbamates) 5a, 5b, 5c, and 5d
      and bis(isopropylcarbamates) 6b and 6c are obtained with the appropriate
      isocyanates. The 1-substituted pyrrolizines were synthesized, the 1-acetoxy
      compounds 7b and 7c further transformed into 1-hydroxy and 1-oxo analogues. The
      action of hydrochloric acid on 1-acetoxy derivatives gave 3H-pyrrolizines.
      Evaluation of antileukemic activity was investigated on the leukemia L1210 in
      vivo, on several bis(alkylcarbamates). The compounds 5c and 5d show good
      antileukemic activity comparable with the mitomycin.

PMID- 2913307
TI  - Potent angiotensin II antagonists with non-beta-branched amino acids in position
      5.
AB  - Amino acids with lipophilic side chains that contain more than one functional
      group on the beta-carbon, i.e. a beta-branched hydrocarbon moiety, are required
      in position 5 of angiotensin II (AII) analogue with potent agonist activity. This
      requirement for agonist activity does not follow for AII analogues with potent
      antagonist activity. Straight-chain amino acids may be substituted into position
      5 of [Sar1,X5,Ile8]AII with retention or enhancement of antagonist activity, e.g.
      (X5,pA2 rabbit aorta) Phe, 9.15; Tyr, 9.6; His, 9.0; Glu,9.0; Nle, 8.85, compared
      to Ile, 9.1. beta-Branched side chains can still enhance the antagonist
      activities of [Sar1,X5,Ile8]AII analogues, e.g. X5 = (beta Me)Phe, pA2 = 9.3. An
      X-ray crystal structure of the Boc-(beta Me)Phe DCHA salt, prepared for the
      synthesis of [Sar1,-(beta Me)Phe5, Ile8]AII, revealed an S,S configuration of
      alpha- and beta-carbon atoms. Contrary to previous literature reports, chemical
      nonequivalence of the deta-protons of Pro was observed in the 1H NMR spectra of
      [Sar1,X5,Ile8]AII analogues bearing both beta-branched X5 side chains (X5 = Ile)
      and non-beta-branched X5 side chains (X5 = Ala, His).

PMID- 2913308
TI  - Conformationally restricted and conformationally defined tyramine analogues as
      inhibitors of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase.
AB  - In a search for a selective inhibitor for the epinephrine synthesizing enzyme
      phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT; EC 2.1.1.28), phenolic 2
      aminotetralins (12-15 as conformationally restricted analogues of tyramine) and
      phenolic benzobicyclo[3.2.1]octylamines (22-24 as conformationally defined
      analogues of tyramine) were used to gain information about the binding
      interactions of the catecholic hydroxyl groups in the natural substrate
      norepinephrine at the active site of PNMT. In addition, these analogues provided
      information about the effects of conformational flexibility on active-site
      interaction of the aminoethyl side chain in phenolic phenylethylamines that may
      aid in learning the manner in which norepinephrine binds at the active site of
      PNMT. Analogues 22-24 were synthesized by a nine-step sequence, in which a
      Friedel-Crafts type intramolecular cyclization was the key step in the
      construction of the benzobicyclo[3.2.1]octane skeleton. p-Tyramine (10, Ki = 294
      microM) was more potent than phenylethylamine (1, Ki = 854 microM) but m-tyramine
      (9, Ki = 1250 microM) was less potent than phenylethylamine as an inhibitor of
      PNMT. Similarly, in the conformationally restricted and conformationally defined
      tyramine analogues (12-15 and 22-24, respectively), the analogues with the p
      tyramine moiety (14, Ki = 4.7 microM; 23, Ki = 111 microM) bind to PNMT better
      than do the corresponding unsubstituted compounds (16, Ki = 6.8 microM; 25, Ki =
      206 microM) while the analogues with the m-tyramine moiety (13, 15, 22, and 24)
      have a lower binding affinity than do 16 and 25. The greatly enhanced activity of
      the phenolic 2-aminotetralins (12-15) compared with m- and p-tyramine (9 and 10,
      respectively) is likely due to the restriction of the side-chain conformation.
      The conformationally defined analogues 22-24 were less active than the
      conformationally restricted ones, 12-15, although the low-energy half-chair
      conformation of 2-aminotetralin is defined in 22-24. The reduced activity of 22
      24 compared with the activity of 12-15 is probably due to the steric hindrance
      from the extra bridging atoms in binding to PNMT. The interaction of the p
      hydroxyl group of the tyramine moiety may involve hydrogen bonding since the
      corresponding methyl ethers show a greatly reduced affinity for the active site
      of PNMT (Ki = 34 and 389 microM for methoxy analogues 28 and 35, compared to Ki =
      4.7 and 111 microM for the corresponding phenolic analogues 14 and 23).

PMID- 2913309
TI  - Synthesis and copper-dependent antimycoplasmal activity of 1-amino-3-(2
      pyridyl)isoquinoline derivatives. 2. Amidines.
AB  - In our search for new compounds with antimycoplasmal activity, a series of
      aromatic amidines derived from 1-amino-3-(2-pyridyl)isoquinoline (1) was
      synthesized. In the presence of 40 microM copper the most active compounds show
      growth inhibition of Mycoplasma gallisepticum in the nanomolar range. These
      compounds are 3 times as active as tylosin, an antimycoplasmal therapeutic agent
      that is used in veterinary practice. In the presence of copper, amidines derived
      from 1 are 2-3 times more active than the corresponding amides. Furthermore it
      was established that for these compounds too, the presence of a 2,2'-bipyridyl
      moiety is a necessary prerequisite for antimycoplasmal activity. As for the
      amides, antimycoplasmal activity of amidines derived from 1 is dependent on the
      hydrophobic fragmental value of the aromatic nucleus of the amidine moiety. A
      quantitative structure-activity relationship established the optimal hydrophobic
      fragmental value of this part of the molecule to be zero.

PMID- 2913310
TI  - Quaternary salts of 2-[(hydroxyimino)methyl]imidazole. 2. Preparation and in
      vitro and in vivo evaluation of 1-(alkoxymethyl)-2-[(hydroxyimino)methyl]-3
      methylimida zolium halides for reactivation of organophosphorus-inhibited
      acetylcholinesterases.
AB  - A series of structurally related mono- and bis-1,3-disubstituted 2
      [(hydroxyimino)methyl]imidazolium halides were evaluated in vitro for their
      ability to reactivate electric eel, bovine, and human erythrocyte (RBC)
      acetylcholinesterases (AChE) inhibited by ethyl p-nitrophenyl methylphosphonate
      (EPMP) and 3,3-dimethyl-2-butyl methyl-phosphonofluoridate (soman, GD). All new
      compounds were characterized for (hydroxyimino)methyl acid dissociation constant,
      nucleophilicity, octanol-buffer partition coefficient, reversible AChE
      inhibition, and kinetics of reactivation of EPMP-inhibited AChEs. For GD
      inhibited AChEs, maximal reactivation was used to compare compounds since rapid
      phosphonyl enzyme dealkylation "aging" complicated interpretation of kinetic
      constants. For comparison, we also evaluated three known pyridinium therapeutics,
      2-PAM, HI-6, and toxogonin. In vivo evaluation in mice revealed that when
      selected imidazolium compounds were coadministered with atropine sulfate, they
      were effective in providing lifesaving protection against both GD and EPMP
      challenges. This was a major accomplishment in the search for effective
      anticholinesterase therapeutics--the synthesis and preliminary evaluation of the
      first new monoquaternary soman antidotes with potencies superior to 2-PAM.
      Significantly, there was an apparent inverse relationship between in vitro and in
      vivo results; the most potent in vivo compounds proved to be the poorest in vitro
      reactivators. These results suggested that an alternative and possibly novel
      antidotal mechanism of protective action may be applicable for the imidazolium
      aldoximes. Selected compounds were also evaluated for their inhibition of AChE
      phosphorylation by GD and antimuscarinic and antinicotinic receptor blocking
      effects.

PMID- 2913311
TI  - Quaternary salts of 2-[(hydroxyimino)methyl]imidazole. 3. Synthesis and
      evaluation of (alkenyloxy)-, (alkynyloxy)-, and (aralkyloxy)methyl quaternarized
      2-[(hydroxyimino)methyl]-1-alkylimidazolium halides as reactivators and therapy
      for soman intoxication.
AB  - A series of structurally related monosubstituted 1-[(alkenyloxy)methyl]-, 1
      [(alkynyloxy)methyl]-, and 1-[(aralkyloxy)methyl]-2-[(hydroxyimino)methyl]-3
      methyli midazolium halides were prepared and evaluated. All new compounds were
      characterized with respect to (hydroxyimino)methyl acid dissociation constant,
      nucleophilicity, and octanol-buffer partition coefficient. The alkynyloxy
      substituted compounds were also evaluated in vitro with respect to reversible
      inhibition of human erythrocyte (RBC) acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and kinetics of
      reactivation of human AChE inhibited by ethyl p-nitrophenyl methylphosphonate
      (EPMP). In vivo evaluation in mice revealed that coadministration of alkynyloxy
      substituted imidazolium compounds with atropine sulfate provided significant
      protection against a 2 x LD50 challenge of GD. For the alkynyloxy-substituted
      imidazolium drugs there is a direct relationship between in vitro and in vivo
      activity: the most potent in vivo compounds against GD proved to be potent in
      vitro reactivators against EPMP-inhibited human AChE. These results differ from
      the observations made on the sterically hindered imidazolium compounds (see
      previous article) and suggest that several antidotal mechanisms of protective
      action may be applicable for the imidazolium aldoxime family of therapeutics. The
      ability of the alkynyloxy substituents to provide life-saving protection against
      GD intoxication was not transferable to the pyridinium or triazolium
      heteroaromatic ring systems.

PMID- 2913312
TI  - Coaggregation of black-pigmented Bacteroides species with other oral bacteria.
AB  - Coaggregation of Bacteroides gingivalis and other black-pigmented bacteroides
      with several oral bacteria was studied with "reagent" strains specially prepared
      by methods that have been described previously. B. gingivalis coaggregated with
      Veillonella, Capnocytophaga and Actinomyces spp., but not with any Streptococcus
      spp. Coaggregation of B. gingivalis with other bacteria was inhibited and
      reversed by lactose. Of the asaccharolytic black-pigmented bacteroides, only B.
      gingivalis demonstrated any coaggregation with other bacteria, whereas within the
      saccharolytic species, B. loescheii showed a marked ability to coaggregate with
      several species of oral bacteria. This property of coaggregation by B. gingivalis
      may be an important factor in the pathogenesis of periodontal infections.

PMID- 2913313
TI  - A new methicillin- and gentamicin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Dublin:
      molecular genetic analysis.
AB  - In June 1985 two new strains of methicillin- and gentamicin-resistant
      Staphylococcus aureus (MGRSA) were isolated in a Dublin hospital. Of these, one
      strain spread rapidly, affecting a total of 65 patients during the following 18
      months, and subsequently spread to a second Dublin hospital. Detailed laboratory
      studies, including plasmid screening, plasmid restriction enzyme digest pattern
      analysis, hybridisation analysis, location of resistance determinants, and
      bacteriophage typing with a set of experimental S. aureus typing phages,
      demonstrated that the "new" MGRSA organisms, termed Phenotype III Dublin
      isolates, were completely distinct from, and unrelated to, the MGRSA strains
      responsible for serious nosocomial infections in Dublin hospitals during the
      decade before June 1985. These Phenotype III isolates were very similar to MGRSA
      organisms isolated in a Baghdad hospital during 1984. Data from plasmid curing,
      plasmid transfer and hybridisation experiments indicated that 20% of the
      Phenotype-III isolates expressed chromosomally encoded, high level resistance to
      ethidium bromide (MIC 120 micrograms/ml), and that this was possibly due to
      chromosomal integration of a penicillinase-like plasmid.

PMID- 2913314
TI  - Characterisation of methicillin-resistant isolates of Staphylococcus aureus by
      analysis of whole-cell and exported proteins.
AB  - Thirty-four isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from
      patients in Glasgow Royal Infirmary were studied. Whole-cell protein profiles
      obtained by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE)
      were compared with banding patterns produced by immunoblots of exported proteins.
      Human plasma was used as a source of staphylococcal antibodies for the
      immunoblots. SDS-PAGE of whole-cell extracts did not usefully distinguish
      different isolates of MRSA. Reproducible banding patterns were obtained by
      immunoblots of exported proteins. Analyses of immunoblots by use of the Dice
      coefficient demonstrated that isolates of MRSA could be divided into two main
      groups. Immunoblots of exported proteins provided a rapid, reproducible and
      sensitive method for characterisation of MRSA.

PMID- 2913315
TI  - Rapid identification of Vibrio cholerae serotype O1 from primary isolation plates
      by a coagglutination test.
AB  - A coagglutination test was developed for identifying suspected colonies of Vibrio
      cholerae serotype O1 directly from primary isolation plates. Visible
      agglutination occurs when V. cholerae O1 antibody attached to cell-wall protein A
      of Staphylococcus aureus reacts with its homologous antigen. From 314 faecal
      samples from clinically suspected cases of cholera, 210 colonies from
      thiosulphate citrate bile salts sucrose (TCBS) agar and 222 colonies from
      taurocholate tellurite gelatin (TTG) agar were tested as suspect V. cholerae. In
      each case 204 isolates were identified as V. cholerae O1 by conventional methods
      and also gave positive results for V. cholerae O1 in the coagglutination test;
      with one partial exception, no other colonies tested gave positive results. The
      coagglutination test is simple and inexpensive and provides a result 24 h earlier
      than conventional methods.

PMID- 2913316
TI  - Cytotoxic activity of crude extracts of Bacteroides gingivalis.
AB  - The cytotoxic activities of culture supernates, crude cell extracts and cell-wall
      materials of Bacteroides gingivalis were investigated in vitro. Each component
      was cytotoxic to Vero cells and, to a lesser extent, Wi 38 cells. The cytotoxic
      agents had similar effects on the cell lines to butyric acid, propionic acid and
      a partially-purified trypsin-like protein extracted from a clinical isolate of B.
      gingivalis; the effects were eliminated by heat. Cytotoxic materials obtained
      from young cultures were more susceptible to heat than those from older cultures.
      The heart-labile substance inside and outside the bacterial cell in young
      cultures of B. gingivalis may contribute to its overall cytotoxic activity.

PMID- 2913317
TI  - Updated recommendations for ophthalmic practice in relation to the human
      immunodeficiency virus.

PMID- 2913318
TI  - Retinoblastoma. Case report.

PMID- 2913319
TI  - Parents and cataract kids. Supporting the family to treat the child.

PMID- 2913320
TI  - Computer applications in an ophthalmic practice.

PMID- 2913321
TI  - Personal action needed to win cancer war, NCAB says.

PMID- 2913322
TI  - In laboratory research, yesterday's visions are today's tools--and they are
      expensive.

PMID- 2913323
TI  - The pill and breast cancer: is there a connection?

PMID- 2913324
TI  - Cell proliferation kinetics and multistage cancer risk models.
AB  - Cell-kinetic multistage (CKM) cancer-risk models account for clonal proliferation
      of postulated intermediate (initiated, premalignant) cell populations during
      tumorigenesis. To date, almost all CKM models considered have assumed that
      intermediate, premalignant cells may proliferate exponentially over time in vivo.
      This "exponential growth" assumption, however, may not always be as biologically
      plausible as the alternative assumption that cells tend to grow geometrically in
      time. The general CKM model and applications of it that presume exponential cell
      growth are reviewed here. Geometric CKM models are then considered, previous
      erroneous analyses of these models are reviewed, and a corrected mathematical
      treatment is provided. It is pointed out that the presumption of exponential
      instead of geometric proliferation kinetics may lead to underestimates of small
      increments in CKM-predicted cancer risk above background if the geometric
      assumption is true. An evaluation of pertinent biological evidence is provided,
      which indicates that precancerous cells may typically proliferate geometrically.
      Consequently, if CKM models are used for environmental risk assessment, it may be
      prudent for one to presume geometric cell growth unless specific data support an
      alternative assumption.

PMID- 2913325
TI  - Calorie-providing nutrients and risk of breast cancer.
AB  - A case-control study was conducted in Italy to investigate the role of diet in
      breast cancer. Cases were 250 women with breast cancer, and controls were a
      stratified random sample of 499 women from the general population. A dietary
      history questionnaire was used to measure the intake of total fat, saturated fat,
      animal proteins, and other macronutrients. In multivariate analyses, the relative
      risks of breast cancer for women in the highest quintile of consumption of
      saturated fat and animal proteins were 3.0 (95% confidence interval, 1.9-4.7) and
      2.9 (1.8-4.6), respectively. A reduced risk was found for women who derived less
      than 28% of calories from fat versus greater than 36%. A similarly reduced risk
      was found for women who derived less than 9.6% of calories from saturated fat or
      less than 5.9% from animal proteins. These data suggest that during adult life, a
      reduction in dietary intake of fat and proteins of animal origin may contribute
      to a substantial reduction in the incidence of breast cancer in population
      subgroups with high intake of animal products.

PMID- 2913326
TI  - Improved detection of allele loss in renal cell carcinomas after removal of
      leukocytes by immunologic selection.
AB  - We used immunologic selection to remove contaminating leukocytes from primary
      renal cell carcinomas and to improve detection of chromosome 3p allele loss.
      Leukocytes were removed from disaggregated renal cell carcinomas by a double
      antibody, magnetic bead separation technique. Before immunologic selection, the
      preparations contained 26% +/- 15% (SD) tumor cells (n = 7); after immunologic
      selection, the preparations contained 76% +/- 12% tumor cells. The recovery of
      tumor cells in the purified preparations was about 10%. Detection of allele
      deletion was facilitated by immunologic selection. This method may be useful in
      allele deletion analysis of other human solid tumors that are contaminated with
      host leukocytes and, with appropriate modification, may be applied to tumors that
      are contaminated with other cell types.

PMID- 2913327
TI  - Adenovirus type 9-induced tumorigenesis in the rat mammary gland related to sex
      hormonal state.
AB  - Adenovirus type 9 was inoculated sc into newborn Wistar/Furth rats, divided into
      four groups: (1) six male rats, not treated further; (2) 11 male rats, castrated
      at 4 weeks of age; (3) 12 male rats, castrated at 4 weeks of age and subsequently
      treated repeatedly with estrogen; and (4) 12 female rats, not treated further.
      All of the rats in group 3 developed mammary hyperplasia and tumors
      (fibroadenomas and lipomas), in some cases with malignant histologic structure.
      Rats in group 4 developed similar mammary tumors, but with later appearance and
      significantly slower growth. A fifth group of rats, not virus inoculated but
      castrated and estrogen treated as in group 3, did not develop any demonstrable
      mammary lesions. The results show that the effects of the virus on the mammary
      gland are dependent upon an estrogenic background, which by itself cannot cause
      tumor development in males. It is suggested that viral DNA is incorporated into
      the cellular DNA in such a way that it influences the synthesis and/or activity
      of steroid receptors, triggering tumor development.

PMID- 2913328
TI  - Infused L-histidinol and cisplatin: schedule, specificity, and proliferation
      dependence.
AB  - The dose and schedule requirements found for the combination of L-histidinol and
      5-fluorouracil (5-FU) were concordant with those for the combination of L
      histidinol and cisplatin. Furthermore, cisplatin-L-histidinol was active against
      colon 26 tumor, an adenocarcinoma that developed in a BALB/c female mouse and
      that has been grown as a solid tumor. The toxicity of cisplatin was prevented
      only when cisplatin was given before L-histidinol. Studies of L-histidinol and 5
      FU had similar results. For (DBA/2 X BALB/c)F1 mice, 50 mg of L-histidinol per
      mouse was required for protection; for hematopoietic precursor cells, protection
      was dependent on the dose of L-histidinol. In contrast, both L1210 leukemia cells
      and colon 26 adenocarcinoma cells were more efficiently killed by combinations of
      L-histidinol and cisplatin. This effect depended on the doses of L-histidinol and
      cisplatin, a finding similar to the finding for hematopoietic precursor cells.

PMID- 2913330
TI  - Study of the effects of ozone in emphysematous rats.
AB  - The effects of short-term exposure to ozone on control and elastase-induced
      emphysematous rats were examined to investigate whether emphysema would change
      the pulmonary susceptibility to oxidant air pollution. Emphysema was induced in
      rats after a single intratracheal instillation of 0.2 IU elastase/g body weight.
      Histologically, panacinar emphysema was apparent at 2, 4, 8, and 16 wk, that is,
      the total duration of the experiment. The diagnosis was confirmed by morphometry:
      the mean linear intercepts (MLI) of elastase-treated rats were significantly
      increased at all observation times, whereas the internal surface areas (ISA) of
      the elastase-treated rats were significantly decreased. In addition, pulmonary
      function tests provided supportive evidence for the diagnosis of emphysema.
      Respiratory system compliance and functional residual capacity showed a
      significant increase in elastase-treated rats. No differences in inspiratory
      capacity or in forced vital capacity between control rats and elastase-treated
      rats were observed. The above data are indicative for a rat model for elastase
      induced emphysema. Short-term exposure to ozone of elastase-treated rats revealed
      panacinar emphysema, including an inflammatory response in the centroacinar
      region. No differences in MLI as well as in ISA between ozone-exposed rats (with
      or without emphysema) and their respective controls were observed. Short-term
      exposure to ozone induced an identical, significant increase in protein content,
      lactate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and glutathione
      peroxidase activities in lungs of normal and emphysematous rats. Moreover, these
      results strongly suggest that emphysematous rats are not more susceptible to
      ozone than nonemphysematous rats.

PMID- 2913329
TI  - Cancer risk in population examined with diagnostic doses of 131I.
AB  - Previously, we conducted a study of 35,074 patients receiving diagnostic doses of
      131I for suspected thyroid disorders between 1951 and 1969. We reported that,
      between 1958 and 1984, the incidence of thyroid cancers in these patients was
      insignificantly greater than the incidence expected in the general population.
      This increase was attributed to the underlying condition that prompted the
      examination and not to the administration of 131I. The purpose of the present
      study was to analyze the total cancer risk in the same cohort of patients
      examined with diagnostic doses of 131I. To further evaluate the underlying risk
      of disease in these patients, we compared the incidence of all cancers with that
      expected in the general population. The average radiation dose was approximately
      500 mGy to the thyroid and less than 10 mGy to other organs. In the 35,074
      patients, 3,746 cancers occurred following the first 5 years after examination,
      and the resulting standardized incidence rate (SIR) was 1.01 (95% confidence
      interval = 0.98-1.04). SIRs were significantly increased for endocrine tumors
      other than thyroid cancer (1.93) and for lymphomas (1.24), leukemias (1.34), and
      nervous system tumors (1.19). The risk of leukemia was similar for chronic
      lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) (SIR = 1.30) and non-CLL (SIR = 1.34). SIR was
      significantly decreased for cancers of the female genital organs (0.86). The risk
      for cancer of all sites and types combined was highest 5-9 years after
      examination (SIR = 1.07) and did not differ from unity thereafter. With greater
      than or equal to 10 years of follow-up, risk was not statistically associated
      with the dose of 131I. Overall, the data exclude cancer risk increments greater
      than 5% (SIR = 1.05) with 95% confidence. The significant increase in the risk of
      non-CLL, a prominent radiogenic malignancy, however, warrants special attention.
      We are continuing our study to determine the possible factors involved in the
      significant increase in the risk of leukemia.

PMID- 2913331
TI  - Phagolysosomal alterations induced by unleaded gasoline in epithelial cells of
      the proximal convoluted tubules of male rats: effect of dose and treatment
      duration.
AB  - Short-term oral administration of unleaded gasoline to male rats reproduces the
      accumulation of phagolysosomes (hyaline droplets) in epithelial cells of the
      renal proximal convoluted tubules (PCT) observed following long-term inhalation
      of wholly volatilized gasoline. Phagolysosomes are partially composed of alpha 2u
      globulin, a low-molecular-weight protein, unique to male rats. In this study,
      dose-dependent and chronologic alterations of phagolysosomes caused by gasoline
      were observed by transmission electron microscopy. Exposure to commercially
      available unleaded gasoline (0.4-2.0 ml/kg, po, once daily, 9 d) increased the
      number and size of phagolysosomes in epithelial cells of the PCT in male rat
      kidney. However, administration of 0.04 ml gasoline/kg or less was ineffective in
      inducing phagolysosomal accumulation. Subcellular analysis revealed that many of
      the phagolysosomes observed in treated rats (doses greater than 0.4 ml/kg) were
      angular and had cross-sectional diameters varying from 0.5 to 9 microns; in
      controls the majority of phagolysosomes were round and their diameter varied from
      0.5 to 2.5 microns. Treatment of male rats with gasoline (2.0 ml/kg body weight,
      po, 1-9 d) caused a progressive increase in the number and size of phagolysosomes
      in PCT epithelial cells dependent on treatment duration. Alterations in
      phagolysosomal morphology and quantity occurred within 20 h following a single
      dose of gasoline, emphasizing that the process of phagolysosome accumulation is a
      dynamic phenomenon. Many of the enlarged phagolysosomes contained a condensed,
      crystalline core of greater electron density than the surrounding matrix.
      Furthermore, the rapid increase in abnormal, condensed contents in the
      phagolysosomes may indicate that a derangement of renal protein catabolism is the
      primary mechanism by which fuel hydrocarbons cause hyaline droplet nephropathy in
      male rats.

PMID- 2913332
TI  - Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene levels in workers handling petroleum coke.

PMID- 2913333
TI  - Effects of parenteral di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) on gonadal biochemistry,
      pathology, and reproductive performance of mice.
AB  - Male and female mice were treated subcutaneously (sc) with 1-100 ml/kg of di-(2
      ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) on d 1, 5, and 10 of the experiment and evaluated at
      d 21 for reproductive performance, selected biochemical parameters of the gonads,
      and histological alterations of the gonads. In both male and female treated mice
      there was a reduction in incidence of pregnancy. There were biochemical
      suggestions of reduced anabolic activity in the gonads (as reflected by decreased
      ATPase activity and of RNA, DNA, and protein content), and of increased catabolic
      activity in the gonads (as reflected by an increase in lysosomal enzyme activity
      and histological damage). Testicular, but not ovarian, weight was reduced in
      treated animals. Of the other parameters examined, the ovaries exhibited
      histological injury at lower doses of DEHP than the testes, but unlike testes,
      there was not a significant dose-related increase in histopathology. Biochemical
      changes were dose-related, for the most part, in both ovaries and testes, with
      the changes being more pronounced in testes. In general, reduced fertility
      appeared to be the most sensitive indicator for gonadotoxicity from DEHP,
      followed by biochemical changes and histological evidence of injury to the
      gonads.

PMID- 2913334
TI  - Delayed neurotoxic effects of tri-o-tolyl phosphate in the European ferret.
AB  - The development of organophosphorus-induced delayed neurotoxicity (OPIDN) was
      studied in the European ferret (Mustela putorius furo). A single oral or dermal
      dose of 250, 500, or 1000 mg tri-o-tolyl phosphate (TOTP)/kg body weight was
      administered to adult male ferrets. Corn oil served as the vehicle in the oral
      test and 95% ethanol was the vehicle in the dermal test. At 48 h posttreatment,
      half the animals in each group were killed by cervical dislocation for assessment
      of whole-brain neuropathy target esterase (NTE) activity. The remaining 5 animals
      per group were observed and examined neurologically on a daily basis for a
      subsequent 54 d. All ferrets dosed dermally with 1000 mg TOTP/kg body weight
      developed clinical signs characteristic of OPIDN ranging from ataxia to partial
      paresis. Ferrets administered 250 and 500 mg TOTP/kg body weight via the dermal
      route displayed variable degrees of hind limb weakness and ataxia. Of the animals
      dosed orally, only those in the 1000 mg TOTP/kg body weight group showed clinical
      signs indicative of OPIDN. These signs did not progress beyond mild ataxia. Small
      amounts of axonal degeneration were noted in the dorsolateral part of the lateral
      funiculus and in the fasciculus gracilis of spinal cords in ferrets receiving
      dermal doses of 1000 mg TOTP/kg body weight. Whole-brain neuropathy target
      esterase activity was also maximally inhibited (46%) in animals receiving 1000 mg
      TOTP/kg dermally. These results suggest that the ferret is a species that is
      susceptible to OPIDN.

PMID- 2913335
TI  - Effects of purified altertoxins I, II, and III in the metabolic communication V79
      system.
AB  - Purified Alternaria alternata altertoxins I, II, and III were evaluated for
      comparative cytotoxicity and ability to inhibit gap junction communication in the
      Chinese hamster lung metabolic cooperation assay. The noncytotoxic test range for
      each altertoxin was determined for the metabolic communication assays: altertoxin
      I, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 micrograms/ml; altertoxin II, 0.02, 0.008, 0.006, 0.004, 0.002,
      0.0008 micrograms/ml; and altertoxin III, 0.2, 0.1, 0.08, 0.06, 0.04
      micrograms/ml. Altertoxin II was the most cytoxic in the V79 system, followed by
      altertoxins III and I. The last cytotoxic of the three, altertoxin I, weakly
      disrupted metabolic communication at two concentrations (4 and 5 micrograms/ml).
      Altertoxins III and II did not significantly inhibit gap junction communication
      more than the weak tumor promoter 4-O-methyl ether tetradecanoylphorbol 13
      acetate.

PMID- 2913336
TI  - Study of hepatotoxicity in isolated perfused liver versus cultures of rat
      hepatocytes.
AB  - Isolated perfused liver and cultures of rat hepatocytes were assessed for the
      quantitative evaluation of hepatotoxicity. Release of de novo biosynthesized
      plasma proteins and acid hydrolases into perfusion or culture media was taken as
      an indication of the integrity of hepatocytes in both systems. The activities of
      six acid hydrolases, alpha-L-fucosidase, alpha-D-galactosidase, beta-D
      galactosidase, beta-D-N-acetylgalactosaminidase, beta-D-N-acetylglucosaminidase,
      and cathepsin D, were assayed in collagenase-segregated hepatocytes and in
      monolayer cultures of rat liver cells obtained via collagenase perfusion of rat
      liver. In situ, liver perfusion with collagenase led to a loss of 45 +/- 5% of
      the total acid hydrolase activity in the mitochondrial-lysosomal pellet of the
      liver cells with concomitant increase of these enzymes in the cytosol. In
      monolayer cultures over a period of 30 h, increased activity of cathepsin D, beta
      D-galactosidase, and beta-D-N-acetylglucosaminidase in the mitochondrial
      lysosomal pellet and the cytosol fraction was evident with concurrent
      biosynthesis of plasma proteins. The use of radioactive tracing techniques with
      the isolated perfused liver revealed that the rate of catabolism of intracellular
      protein was approximately 5 times that of plasma protein synthesis. Both methods
      described here are suitable for the study of the effects of toxins on the
      function of hepatocytes.

PMID- 2913337
TI  - Pneumothorax and an azygos lobe.

PMID- 2913338
TI  - The diaphragm, chest wall, and pleura.

PMID- 2913339
TI  - Coil embolization in the treatment of pulmonary arteriovenous malformations.
AB  - Twenty-eight pulmonary arteriovenous malformations in six patients were treated
      with coil embolization. The technique of embolization and the precautions taken
      to avoid complications are described. All patients had good relief of their
      symptoms and an improvement in arterial oxygenation. The observed complications
      were minor and our technique has now been modified to avoid these.

PMID- 2913340
TI  - Ruminations and resolutions.

PMID- 2913341
TI  - Posterior transthoracic approach for adrenal surgery.
AB  - We present a modification of the posterior surgical approach for adrenalectomy
      wherein the pleura and diaphragm are directly incised to expose the adrenal
      gland. This technique has been used in 20 patients undergoing adrenalectomy for
      hyperplasia or a small benign adenoma. In our series chest tube drainage usually
      was not necessary, operative morbidity was minimal and most patients were
      discharged from the hospital within 1 week postoperatively. The posterior
      surgical approach remains an excellent method to perform adrenalectomy in
      selected patients. The transthoracic modification described can enhance operative
      exposure of a high-lying adrenal gland through this incision, particularly on the
      right side.

PMID- 2913342
TI  - The Cleveland Clinic experience with adrenal cortical carcinoma.
AB  - Between 1936 and 1987, 82 patients with adrenal cortical carcinoma were seen at
      our clinic. Of these patients 49 (72 per cent) have been seen during the last 25
      years. A total of 40 patients (48.8 per cent) presented with a hormonally
      functional tumor and 42 (51.2 per cent) had a nonfunctional tumor. Forty patients
      (48.8 per cent) presented with localized disease, 12 (14.6 per cent) with
      regional disease and 30 (36.6 per cent) with distant metastases. Complete
      surgical removal of all gross tumor was achieved in 49 patients. Over-all 3 and 5
      year patient survival rates in this series were 37.5 and 25.1 per cent,
      respectively. Survival was significantly improved (43.9 per cent at 5 years, p
      equals 0.0001) in patients with localized disease that was completely removed
      surgically; postoperative adjuvant therapy with op'-DDD was of no benefit in
      these patients. Survival in patients with metastatic disease was poor and was not
      improved by treatment with op'-DDD, cytotoxic chemotherapy or radiation therapy.

PMID- 2913343
TI  - Trichlormethiazide and oral phosphate therapy in patients with absorptive
      hypercalciuria.
AB  - In a short-term prospective study 36 patients with absorptive hypercalciuria were
      initially treated with diet alone followed by either trichlormethiazide (4 mg.
      per day) or oral neutral phosphate (1,500 mg. of elemental phosphorus per day)
      for 6 weeks. Study subjects were then crossed over to the second drug for an
      additional 6 weeks. In response to dietary treatment urinary calcium decreased
      from a pre-treatment value of 346 +/- 63 mg. per 24 hours to 308 +/- 90 mg. per
      24 hours. Oral phosphate therapy caused a further decrease in urinary calcium to
      218 +/- 85 mg. per 24 hours, an over-all decrease of 37 per cent. Parathyroid
      function did not change significantly with phosphate administration but
      circulating levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D decreased by 22 per cent (73 +/- 12
      to 57 +/- 16 pg. per ml., p less than 0.001). Pre-treatment renal phosphate
      threshold did not correlate with the response to oral phosphate administration.
      Trichlormethiazide treatment led to a 34 per cent decrease in urinary calcium
      with a mean value on treatment of 228 +/- 80 mg. per 24 hours. 1,25
      Dihydroxyvitamin D levels decreased by 10 per cent. Pre-treatment fasting calcium
      excretion, parathyroid function and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels did not
      correlate with the response to trichlormethiazide. We conclude that both drugs by
      pharmacological means improve the biochemical abnormalities in absorptive
      hypercalciuria and should be efficacious in its treatment.

PMID- 2913344
TI  - Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy of stones in the mid ureter.
AB  - We treated successfully 16 patients with stones in the mid ureter, that is
      overlying the pelvic bone, in the prone position with a Dornier HM3 lithotriptor.
      The lithotriptor was equipped with the original reflector and generator system,
      and all treatments were performed with only surface anesthesia of the skin and
      premedication with pethidine chloride and diazepam. Between 1 and 3 sessions were
      necessary with up to 2,000 shock waves at each session. The generator voltage was
      varied between 14 and 18 kv. After completion of extracorporeal shock wave
      lithotripsy all patients became free of stones without ureteroscopy or
      transureteral manipulation except for a ureteral catheter and fluid irrigation
      during treatment.

PMID- 2913345
TI  - Management of benign ureteral structures: open surgical repair or endoscopic
      dilation?
AB  - We reviewed 20 cases of ureteral strictures, 15 of which were secondary to
      ureteral trauma. Of the patients 6 were managed initially by open repair and 14
      underwent endoscopic manipulation. All 6 open repairs were successful, compared
      to 9 of the 14 patients who underwent endoscopic dilation of the ureteral
      stricture. Of the 5 failures 3 were due to the inability to cannulate the
      strictured ureter with a guide wire and 2 failed to respond to balloon dilation.
      Of these 5 patients 4 were treated successfully by an open operation. There were
      no serious intraoperative or postoperative complications. The average
      hospitalization was less for the endoscopic group (2.1 days) compared to the open
      surgical group (8.3 days). Followup ranged from 6 to 48 months.

PMID- 2913346
TI  - The management of chronic interstitial cystitis by substitution cystoplasty.
AB  - A total of 19 patients with interstitial cystitis symptoms intractable to
      conservative management underwent supratrigonal excision of the symptomatic
      bladder. Reconstruction to produce a low pressure reservoir was accomplished with
      a segment of remodeled intestine anastomosed to the bladder remnant. Patients
      were selected because of a history of typical intractable severe symptoms in the
      presence of characteristic endoscopic features. Of the patients 12 were cured of
      the pain and frequency, 4 experienced improvement, and 3 failed to improve and
      underwent urinary diversion. Preoperative features did not predict the outcome,
      although poor results occurred more often in those with large preoperative
      bladder capacities while under anesthesia and those who had postoperative voiding
      problems requiring self-catheterization.

PMID- 2913347
TI  - A study of functional recovery for urination and defecation in patients with
      myelodysplasia: a modified seromuscular ileal flap fixation to the bladder.
AB  - From 1978 to 1985, 57 myelodysplasia patients with urinary and defecatory
      dysfunction underwent surgical treatment by modified seromuscular ileal flap
      fixation to the bladder. Followup was 1 to 88 months. Bladder capacity did not
      decrease, and voiding time and urine flow rate significantly improved. A urinary
      substitute sensation appeared in 45 of 46 patients (97.8 per cent) and urinary
      incontinence improved in 36 of 37 (97.3 per cent). A fecal substitute sensation
      appeared in 31 of 46 patients (67.4 per cent) and constipation improved in 22
      (47.8 per cent). Operative complications were encountered in 5 of 57 patients
      (8.8 per cent), including 3 cases of prolonged paralytic ileus, 1 obstructive
      ileus and 1 wound herniation. Modified seromuscular ileal flap fixation to the
      bladder appears to be indicated for patients with the lower type of neurogenic
      bladder with neither a low compliance bladder nor high grade vesicoureteral
      reflux.

PMID- 2913348
TI  - Nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid ploidy in squamous cell bladder cancer.
AB  - Flow cytometric analysis of nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid content was performed
      on 76 primary squamous cell bladder carcinomas treated between January 1970 and
      December 1975. Patients were followed for a median of 10.1 years. Nuclei were
      extracted from paraffin-embedded archival material and isolated nuclei were
      stained with propidium iodide. Of the 76 tumors 73 were evaluable by flow
      cytometry providing high quality deoxyribonucleic acid histograms: 27 (37 per
      cent) showed a deoxyribonucleic acid diploid or normal pattern, 17 (23 per cent)
      exhibited a significant increase in the 4C peak (deoxyribonucleic acid
      tetraploid) and 29 (40 per cent) showed a distinct aneuploid peak. High grade
      (grades 3 and 4) and high stage (stages T2 to T4) tumors had a significantly
      higher incidence of abnormal (either tetraploid or aneuploid) deoxyribonucleic
      acid patterns than low grade (grades 1 and 2) and low stage (stages Tis/Ta/T1)
      tumors (p less than 0.005). The 5 and 10-year rate free of disease for patients
      with deoxyribonucleic acid diploid tumors was 67 per cent compared to 22 and 18
      per cent, respectively, for patients with tumors showing abnormal ploidy patterns
      (p less than 0.0005). At 5 and 10 years after diagnosis an estimated 18 per cent
      of the patients with deoxyribonucleic acid diploid tumors will die of bladder
      cancer. In contrast, an estimated 53 per cent of the patients with tetraploid
      tumors and 82 per cent and 86 per cent of those with aneuploid tumors will die of
      squamous cell bladder carcinoma by 5 and 10 years after diagnosis (p less than
      0.0001). These results demonstrate that nuclear deoxyribonucleic ploidy measured
      by flow cytometry is an important objective prognostic variable for patients with
      squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder.

PMID- 2913349
TI  - Behavioral training for post-prostatectomy urinary incontinence.
AB  - We treated 20 men with persistent post-prostatectomy incontinence by biofeedback
      assisted behavioral training procedures. Initially, scheduled 2-hour voiding
      resulted in a mean 33.1 per cent increase in urge incontinence, a mean 28.5 per
      cent decrease in stress incontinence and no change in continual leakage.
      Subsequently, biofeedback was used to teach selective control of the sphincter
      muscles and/or inhibition of detrusor contractions. Individualized home practice
      included a voiding schedule, sphincter exercises, active use of the sphincter to
      prevent urine loss and strategies to manage urgency. After 1 to 5 biofeedback
      sessions patients with urge incontinence demonstrated an average 80.7 per cent
      decrease in incontinence, while stress incontinence was decreased an average 78.3
      per cent and patients with continual leakage were less successful, with a mean
      17.0 per cent improvement. The findings indicate that biofeedback training is an
      effective intervention for episodic stress or urge incontinence after
      prostatectomy. However, its usefulness appears to be limited in patients with
      postoperative incontinence characterized by continual leakage.

PMID- 2913350
TI  - Experience with the artificial urinary sphincter model AS800 in 148 patients.
AB  - The latest version of the artificial urinary sphincter, AS800, was used in 148
      patients with urinary incontinence of different etiologies. Followup ranged from
      3 to 37 months, with an average of 20.8 months. There were 112 (76 per cent) male
      and 36 (24 per cent) female patients. The cuff was implanted around the bladder
      neck in 78 patients (53 per cent) and around the bulbar urethra in 70 (47 per
      cent). Socially acceptable urinary control was achieved in 90 per cent of the 139
      patients with active devices in place. It was necessary to remove the sphincter
      in 11 patients (7.4 per cent). The reasons for removal were infection and erosion
      in 8 patients (5.4 per cent), infection without erosion in 2 (1.3 per cent), and
      erosion due to excess pressure and poor tissues in 1 (0.7 per cent). Comparison
      of success and failure rates associated with incontinence of different etiologies
      revealed that patients with incontinence after failure of a conventional
      antistress incontinence operation and those with incontinence after transurethral
      resection or radical prostactectomy had the highest success rate, and that
      patients with incontinence secondary to pelvic fracture or exstrophy and
      epispadias had the highest failure rates. The deactivation feature (the lock) of
      the new artificial sphincter model was beneficial for primary deactivation,
      urethral catheterization or cystoscopy, or for elective nocturnal decompression
      of the bladder neck or urethral tissues.

PMID- 2913351
TI  - Bulbocavernosus reflex: its validity as a diagnostic test of neurogenic
      impotence.
AB  - Measurement of the bulbocavernosus reflex is used widely to diagnose underlying
      neurogenic disorders in erectile dysfunction. A prolonged bulbocavernosus reflex
      latency (that is more than 45 msec.) or the absence of a reflex response of the
      bulbocavernosus muscles during electrical stimulation of the glans penis is
      considered a sign of neurological disease. Since only a few experimental studies
      have been performed in man related to the neurophysiological mechanism of
      erection, and since the results of these studies were contradictory the
      diagnostic validity of bulbocavernosus reflex measurement was reassessed. We
      determine whether men with abnormal bulbocavernosus reflex latencies have
      concomitant organic erectile dysfunction as confirmed by nocturnal
      plethysmographic and rigidity recordings. The bulbocavernosus reflex was recorded
      in 90 subjects and 19 had abnormal bulbocavernosus reflex latencies. Of these 19
      subjects 8 had normal nocturnal erections, thus, confirming a diagnosis of
      psychogenic impotence. These results cast some doubts on the validity of
      bulbocavernosus reflex measurement for the diagnosis of organic erectile
      dysfunction due to a neurological disease.

PMID- 2913352
TI  - Primary erectile dysfunction.
AB  - We evaluated 67 patients 18 to 60 years old (mean age 28.5 years) with primary
      erectile dysfunction (absence of full sustained erections since early childhood
      or puberty) using a multidisciplinary approach. Organic causes of the erectile
      dysfunction were found in 57 of the 67 patients (85 per cent): 12 (18 per cent)
      had neurological, 35 (52 per cent) arteriogenic and 35 (52 per cent) venogenic
      abnormalities. Psychogenic factors were diagnosed in 11 patients (16 per cent),
      while in 4 (6 per cent) a classification was not possible. Concomitant
      psychogenic abnormalities were found in 39 of the 57 patients (68 per cent) with
      organic primary erectile dysfunction. Our results suggest that primary erectile
      dysfunction is caused mainly by organic factors. However, for successful therapy
      the frequent secondary psychogenic abnormalities must be considered.

PMID- 2913353
TI  - Vacuum constriction device for management of erectile impotence.
AB  - A mechanical device for treatment of impotence based on the concept of entrapment
      of blood in the penis following vacuum-assisted tumescence is described and more
      than 15,000 units have been marketed. A total of 1,517 users who acquired the
      device between 1974 and 1987 completed a questionnaire concerning the system. Of
      these patients 92 per cent either achieved an erection or an erection-like state
      that was satisfactory for intercourse and 77 per cent had intercourse at least
      every 2 weeks. No serious ill effect from use of the device has been reported a
      and it is particularly effective in the management of partial impotence. In
      selected patients the device is an alternative to either surgical placement of a
      penile prosthesis, intracavernous injection of vasoactive drugs or sexual
      abstinence.

PMID- 2913354
TI  - Intracavernous injection of prostaglandin E1 for the treatment of erectile
      impotence.
AB  - We administered intracavernous injections of 20 micrograms. prostaglandin E1 to
      135 patients with impotence, and evaluated the effects and side effects. Among
      135 patients who underwent intracavernous injection of prostaglandin E1 complete
      erection was observed in 83 (62 per cent), while incomplete erection was noted in
      33 (24 per cent). In both groups the erection was sufficient for sexual
      intercourse. Tumescence without rigidity was noted in 12 patients and no response
      was obtained in 7. Poor response was seen frequently in patients with disorders
      of the vascular system and/or damage to the cavernous body of the penis. Priapism
      after the injection was not observed. Moreover, we never observed any other
      severe side effects. Intracavernous injection of prostaglandin E1 could be
      applicable to the therapy of impotence, especially that due to neurogenic
      disturbance. Since prostaglandin E1 acts quickly and loses its validity rapidly
      it is considered to be a more suitable agent than other vasoactive drugs.

PMID- 2913355
TI  - Case-control study of men with suspected chronic idiopathic prostatitis.
AB  - We studied prospectively 50 asymptomatic men (24 men from infertile couples and
      26 normal volunteers) with no history of genitourinary infection and 34 men
      referred for symptoms of chronic prostatitis. Both groups were evaluated by
      urethral and prostatic secretion cultures for Chlamydia trachomatis, 4-glass
      prostatic localization cultures for facultative aerobic bacteria (Ureaplasma
      urealyticum, Mycoplasma hominis and selected fungi) and counts of prostatic fluid
      leukocytes. The men with symptoms of prostatitis had more than 1,000 leukocytes
      per mm. in prostatic secretions more often than did controls (11 of 27 versus 0
      of 44, p less than 0.001). The concentration of Ureaplasma urealyticum in
      prostatic secretions was 1 log higher in prostatic fluid localization cultures
      than in first voided urine in 0 of 30 patients versus 13 of 50 controls (p equals
      0.0014). Chlamydia trachomatis was not isolated from any patient or control. No
      other significant differences were found between patients and controls. We did
      not identify an infectious cause of chronic nonbacterial prostatitis.

PMID- 2913356
TI  - Morphometric measurement of tumor volume and per cent of gland involvement as
      predictors of pathological stage in clinical stage B prostate cancer.
AB  - Although tumor volume is an important factor in predicting prognosis in carcinoma
      of the prostate, direct and accurate estimation of tumor volume is not practical
      clinically at present because the tumor may not always be palpable (stage A) and
      when palpable it is difficult to estimate volume in 3 dimensions. For this reason
      the clinical staging of prostate cancer currently is based on estimations of the
      per cent of gland involved with tumor: in stage A by per cent of tissue involved
      with cancer and in stage B by digital palpation (less than 1 lobe, 1 lobe and 2
      lobes). In stage A prostate cancer the per cent of the specimen involved with
      tumor and the volume of tumor have been shown to correlate with tumor
      progression. Our study was designed to determine if either or both of these
      morphometric factors would be good predictors of pathological stage in stage B
      prostate cancer. We analyzed 56 step-sectioned radical prostatectomy specimens:
      28 without capsular penetration, 15 with capsular penetration only and 13 with
      seminal vesicle involvement. The per cent of gland involved with tumor
      (correlation coefficient 0.67, p less than 0.001) and tumor volume (correlation
      coefficient 0.55, p less than 0.001) correlated well with pathological stage.
      Stepwise linear regression showed that the combination of the per cent of gland
      involved with tumor and the total Gleason grade was statistically the best
      predictor of pathological stage.

PMID- 2913357
TI  - Transitional cell carcinoma of the prostate in cystoprostatectomy specimens
      removed for bladder cancer.
AB  - Specimens from 84 radical cystectomies for bladder carcinoma performed between
      January 1984 and July 1986 were reviewed to characterize the involvement of the
      prostate with transitional cell carcinoma. Whole-mount sectioning of the prostate
      was performed at 4 mm. intervals and processed in the same manner as radical
      prostatectomy specimens. A total of 36 patients (43 per cent) had transitional
      cell carcinoma of the prostate: 94 per cent of these had prostatic urethra
      involvement and 6 per cent had a normal prostatic urethra but transitional cell
      carcinoma was present in the periurethral structures. In situ prostatic duct or
      acini, ejaculatory duct and seminal vesicle involvement occurred, respectively,
      in 67, 8 and 17 per cent of the patients with prostatic involvement. Of the
      patients with prostatic involvement 39 per cent had stromal invasion (22 per cent
      focal and 17 per cent diffuse invasion). The incidence of carcinoma in situ of
      the bladder neck or trigone (59 per cent), previous intravesical chemotherapy (59
      per cent) and ureteral carcinoma (79 per cent) was significantly increased in
      patients with prostatic involvement. In patients with carcinoma in situ of the
      trigone or bladder neck, or in whom previous intravesical chemotherapy treatments
      have failed prostatic involvement should be suspected so that this disease can be
      detected before stromal invasion occurs.

PMID- 2913358
TI  - Trigonal sensitivity testing in women.
AB  - Tests of the integrity of bladder sensation are a poorly understood and often
      neglected part of urodynamic investigations. The electrical techniques that have
      been described to test sensation involve the use of costly and complex equipment;
      electrical current also is not the natural stimulator of bladder nerves. Trigonal
      sensitivity testing held promise as a simple, effective and inexpensive test of
      bladder sensation. We evaluated a modified version of this technique in 89 women:
      78 had urodynamically proved lower urinary tract dysfunction and 11 were control
      patients. The technique proved to be of no value in distinguishing among various
      urodynamic diagnoses. In particular, patients with detrusor instability or
      bladder hypersensitivity showed no characteristic patterns on trigonal
      sensitivity testing. Sensitivity values correlated neither with the first
      sensation to void nor the cystometric bladder capacity during urodynamic testing.
      It does not appear to contribute any clinically useful information in the
      evaluation of lower urinary tract dysfunction in women.

PMID- 2913359
TI  - The GAP (glans approximation procedure) for glanular/coronal hypospadias.
AB  - A modified glanuloplasty is described for the selective repair of glanular and
      coronal hypospadias with a wide, deep glanular groove and noncompliant urethral
      meatus. No urinary diversion is required, and cosmetic and functional results are
      excellent. A total of 24 children underwent the GAP (glans approximation
      procedure) during 20 months. Followup ranged from 3 months to 1.5 years with no
      evidence of meatal or urethral stenosis. One distal glanular fistula developed
      that required division of a 2 mm. skin bridge that separated the fistulous
      opening from the neomeatus.

PMID- 2913360
TI  - Abacterial prostatitis: more about what it isn't but what is it?

PMID- 2913361
TI  - A case of vesical varices as a complication of portal hypertension and manifested
      gross hematuria.
AB  - We report a unique case of vesical varices in a patient who presented with an
      episode of serious gross hematuria. He also had cirrhosis of the liver and portal
      hypertension, and had undergone transection of the esophagus 10 years ago. A
      hemangiomatous mass was discovered on cystoscopic examination, and sonographic
      examination, computerized tomography and abdominal angiography revealed vesical
      varices. The genesis of vesical varices and possible treatment in this case are
      discussed.

PMID- 2913362
TI  - Artificial urinary sphincter implantation after pubectomy for bone tumor.
AB  - We report 2 cases of unilateral and bilateral excision of pubic bone tumors
      (chondrosarcoma and giant cell tumor). Postoperative stress incontinence was
      corrected by implantation of an artificial sphincter (AMS800) following which
      both patients were continent. The etiology of the incontinence was lack of
      bladder and urethral support, which was not correctable by bladder neck
      suspension procedures.

PMID- 2913363
TI  - Vas deferens calculus.
AB  - We describe a patient with a radiopaque calculus in the vas deferens that was
      inappropriately diagnosed as a ureteral calculus.

PMID- 2913364
TI  - Isolated necrotizing granulomatous vasculitis of the spermatic cords.
AB  - Isolated necrotizing granulomatous vasculitis of the spermatic cord has not been
      described during the last 20 years. We report clinical, laboratory and
      histopathological features of an instance of contralaterally recurrent lesions of
      this type in a young photographic laboratory technician. Although to date the
      disease is considered to be isolated, it may well be a systemic one without yet
      obvious signs.

PMID- 2913365
TI  - Congenital pelvic arteriovenous malformation with massive prostatic hemorrhage: a
      case report.
AB  - Congenital arteriovenous malformations in the true pelvis are extremely rare:
      only 7 cases have been described in male patients. We report on a patient who
      presented with massive hemorrhage after transrectal prostatic biopsy and
      transurethral resection of the prostate. Diagnosis was established by means of
      magnetic resonance imaging and confirmed by arteriography. Our attempt at
      management by embolization and subsequent surgical ligation is described. A
      literature review and discussion of arteriovenous anomalies are presented.

PMID- 2913366
TI  - The Whitaker test: experimental analysis in a canine model of partial ureteric
      obstruction.
AB  - The Whitaker test has been described as a means of reaching a diagnosis in
      equivocal upper urinary tract obstruction, but there has been conflicting
      evidence regarding the validity of this test. The present study assesses the
      reliability of the test in an experimental model which creates an accurate and
      predetermined degree of partial obstruction of the ureter. The Whitaker test was
      performed using the standard perfusion rate of 10 ml./min. in male adult dogs
      using a long-term indwelling renal intrapelvic cannula before and after
      application of ureteric obstruction, and after one month. Control animals
      underwent a sham procedure. Results of in vivo and in vitro perfusion studies
      were compared. Perfusion studies at multiple flow rates were also performed. The
      Whitaker test reliably detected the presence of ureteric obstruction and the
      degree of partial obstruction could be determined. Multiple flow rate studies did
      not significantly improve test results. Provoked pressures in the highest grade
      of obstruction were less than expected and this may be due to pyelovenous reflux.

PMID- 2913367
TI  - Erectile response to acute and chronic occlusion of the internal pudendal and
      penile arteries.
AB  - We designed two animal experiments to elucidate the effect of obstruction of the
      internal pudendal artery on erectile function. In five dogs the internal pudendal
      or penile artery was acutely clamped unilaterally or bilaterally with a non
      crushing vascular clamp. In eight dogs, the internal pudendal or penile artery
      was ligated, unilaterally or bilaterally, and occlusion was maintained for two
      months. In both models, electrodes were implanted around the cavernous nerves for
      electroerection. In unilateral occlusion, blood flow in the contralateral
      internal pudendal artery was recorded via an ultrasonic probe. In both unilateral
      and bilateral occlusion, intracavernous pressure in both corpora cavernosa was
      recorded through a 21-gauge butterfly needle connected to a Statham transducer.
      In the chronic model, selective pudendal angiography was done after the erection
      study was completed; the dogs were then sacrificed and the penile tissue was
      examined histologically under light microscopy. Unilateral acute clamping of the
      internal pudendal or penile artery caused a compensatory increase in arterial
      flow in the contralateral pudendal artery with only moderate impairment of
      intracavernous pressure on the ipsilateral side, but bilateral occlusion resulted
      in a marked reduction in the intracavernous pressure response to
      neurostimulation. In contrast, chronic obstruction of penile vessels had a
      minimal effect on erectile function due to the development of a rich network of
      collaterals around the penis. Histological evaluation revealed mild local changes
      in the cavernous tissue with characteristic compensatory enlargement of branches
      of the cavernous artery on the control side in cases of unilateral occlusion.

PMID- 2913368
TI  - The effect of raveron on the detrusor muscle.
AB  - Raveron (a European pharmaceutical consisting of swine prostate extract and m
      creosal) was studied in vivo in female mongrel dogs and in vitro bladder studies
      were conducted on male New Zealand rabbits. Intravenous administration of raveron
      reduced both the passive and active pressure in dog detrusor in vivo. It did not
      act in a dose dependent fashion. Chronic treatment with raveron for three to four
      months caused changes in in rabbits with vesical neck obstruction. An increase in
      contractility along with a reduced rate of increase in passive force (measurement
      of bladder stiffness) was observed in relation to obstructed rabbits without
      treatment. Parallel morphological changes were also observed in this group,
      consisting of increased muscular hypertrophy, decreased bladder wall thickness
      and reduced collagen content (readings taken from Masson-Trichrome sections). No
      influence was observed with bladder specimens from rabbits with six to eight week
      vesical obstruction or normals that received treatment. In vitro dose response
      studies showed that a 3.3% dose of raveron significantly reduced passive force in
      two groups (treated normals and treated rabbits with six to eight week vesical
      obstruction). Pharmacology studies with potassium chloride and acetylcholine
      suggest that raveron acts as a calcium antagonist by blocking the influx of
      extracellular calcium.

PMID- 2913369
TI  - A histochemical and immunohistochemical study of the autonomic innervation of the
      lower urinary tract of the female pig. Is the pig a good model for the human
      bladder and urethra?
AB  - The detrusor muscle, bladder neck, proximal, middle and distal regions of the
      urethra of the female pig were studied by histochemical and immunohistochemical
      methods to localize catecholamine-containing, acetylcholinesterase-positive and
      peptide-containing nerves. The peptides examined included: vasoactive intestinal
      polypeptide, substance P, somatostatin, [Met]enkephalin, bombesin and gastrin.
      The greatest density of nerves was found in the smooth muscle of the distal
      urethra, followed by the bladder neck, middle urethra, and proximal urethra, with
      the least in the detrusor muscle. The greatest number of nerve fibres stained for
      acetylcholinesterase, followed by vasoactive intestinal polypeptide- and
      catecholamine-containing fibres. Substance P-immunoreactive nerve fibres were
      confined to the bladder neck and distal urethral regions. [Met]enkephalin-and
      gastrin-immunoreactive nerves were most dense in the distal urethra but absent in
      detrusor muscle, while somatostatin-immunoreactive nerve fibres were sparsely
      distributed throughout the lower urinary tract. No nerve fibres showing
      immunoreactivity to bombesin were found. Catecholamine-containing,
      acetylcholinesterase-positive, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-, substance P-,
      [Met]enkephalin- and gastrin-immunoreactive nerves were also found on the
      adventitial-medial border of blood vessels in the pig urinary tract. In the
      intrinsic external urethral sphincter, located in the distal urethra, vasoactive
      intestinal polypeptide- and gastrin-immunoreactive nerve fibres were found
      bordering a small number of individual striated muscle fibres, while
      catecholamine-containing nerves were found predominantly in the connective tissue
      surrounding the striated muscle fibres. Dense populations of acetylcholinesterase
      positive nerve fibres were found associated with the striated muscle fibres, with
      end plates on some of them. Intramural ganglia, composed of two to 30 neurones,
      were found in the bladder neck and middle and distal regions of the urethra. In
      the smooth muscle, and in the vicinity of the striated muscle regions of the
      intrinsic external urethral sphincter, there were small ganglia, containing two
      to three neurones, which were vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-, [Met]enkephalin
      and somatostatin-immunoreactive. The results are compared to the autonomic
      innervation of the human bladder and urethra as previously described and it is
      concluded that the lower urinary tract of the pig is a good model for some
      features of the lower urinary tract of man, but a poor model for others.

PMID- 2913370
TI  - Effect of oxalate on function of kidney mitochondria.
AB  - The effects of oxalate on kidney mitochondria were evaluated in vitro to test
      whether oxalate exposure leads to derangement(s) in mitochondrial function that
      could in turn promote the formation of kidney stones. Our previous studies
      demonstrated that oxalate is transported across the mitochondrial membrane via
      the dicarboxylate carrier. The present studies indicated that oxalate
      competitively inhibits the uptake and oxidation of exogenous malate and succinate
      in isolated mitochondria but has no effect on mitochondrial respiration in the
      presence of a mixture of glutamate plus malate or glutamate plus pyruvate.
      Oxalate attenuates the increase in mitochondrial respiration produced by the
      uncoupler CCCP or by the Ca2+ ionophore A23187, and the latter effect is more
      pronounced in kidney than in liver mitochondria. The apparent Ki of oxalate for
      the response to Ca2+ ionophore is 1.9 +/- 0.3 mM in kidney and 6.1 +/- 0.2 mM in
      liver mitochondria. Similarly, the ability of oxalate to attenuate calcium
      induced swelling of mitochondria is more dramatic in kidney than in liver
      mitochondria (apparent KiS of 1.7 +/- 0.1 and 18.2 +/- 0.7 mM, respectively).
      Oxalate has no effect on the rate of calcium uptake by energized mitochondria or
      on the rate of ruthenium red-insensitive calcium efflux from mitochondria in
      either tissue. The above findings indicate that oxalate interacts with the inner
      mitochondrial membrane or with processes controlling membrane integrity to a
      greater extent in kidney than liver mitochondria. The effects of oxalate on
      membrane permeability or integrity may be more important than its effects on
      mitochondrial energy production or calcium sequestration in the pathogenesis of
      calcium oxalate microlith formation in the kidney.

PMID- 2913371
TI  - Ureteral replacement using ileum in compromised renal function.
AB  - Ureteral replacement by ileum is an accepted technique in a highly selective
      patient population. Two major contraindications in using an ileal ureter are
      compromised renal function (serum creatinine greater than 2) and a functionally
      abnormal bladder. We used ileum to bridge a ureteral defect in animals with half
      of a solitary kidney and low grade azotemia to see if the antirefluxing mechanism
      of the lower ureter prevented further deterioration in renal function. Twelve
      female mongrel dogs underwent a right nephrectomy, followed by a left partial
      nephrectomy six weeks later. Group I (six dogs) had a six cm. segment of ileum
      interposed between the upper and lower ureteral segments (nonrefluxing). Group II
      (five dogs) had a ten cm. segment of ileum placed from the upper third of the
      ureter to the bladder (refluxing). Cystograms, intravenous pyelograms, serum
      electrolytes, BUN and creatinine were obtained preoperatively, six weeks after
      the right nephrectomy, one month after left partial nephrectomy and six months
      after ileal replacement prior to sacrifice. The BUN and creatinine deteriorated
      in Group II compared to Group I, p = .02 and p = 0.4 respectively (Mann-Whitney
      test). The BUN and creatinine also deteriorated between one month after left
      partial nephrectomy and six months after ileal replacement within Group II, p =
      .07 and p = .14, respectively (Wilcoxon matched-pairs test) but not in Group I.
      These data suggest that the antirefluxing mechanism of the lower ureter might
      prevent further deterioration in renal function. We feel that ileum can be used
      with caution, as an interposition in compromised renal function.

PMID- 2913372
TI  - Detailed anatomy of penile neurovascular structures: surgical significance.
AB  - In 10 formalin-preserved adult male cadavers, dissection of the penile veins,
      arteries and nerves revealed information of clinical importance. The main venous
      drainage of the corpora cavernosa is via the cavernous veins, with additional
      drainage through the circumflex, deep dorsal, and crural veins. The arterial
      supply of the cavernous bodies varied remarkably, and the incidence of an
      accessory internal pudendal artery was high. The cavernous nerves, previously
      believed to be microscopic structures, were in fact identifiable grossly, and we
      were able to follow them from the region of the hilum of the penis to the
      prostate. The nature of these nerves was then confirmed by serial histologic
      sectioning. This detailed knowledge of the venous drainage and arterial and
      nervous supply of the penis, as well as of the relationships among the cavernous
      structures in the hilum of the penis, can elucidate the cause of erectile
      dysfunction and provide a valuable guide for surgical correction of vasculogenic
      and neurogenic impotence.

PMID- 2913373
TI  - Distrust, rage may be 'toxic core' that puts 'type A' person at risk.

PMID- 2913374
TI  - New studies fuel controversy over universal cholesterol screening during
      childhood.

PMID- 2913375
TI  - Useful advice to patient whose spouse has died: 'establish a routine, mingle with
      other people'.

PMID- 2913376
TI  - Intensifying the war against drunken driving by discouraging alcohol consumption
      in general.

PMID- 2913377
TI  - Leads from the MMWR. Years of potential life lost before age 65--United States,
      1987.

PMID- 2913378
TI  - Leads from the MMWR. Measles prevention: supplementary statement.

PMID- 2913379
TI  - Sleep deprivation and performance of residents.

PMID- 2913380
TI  - Alcoholism as willful misconduct.

PMID- 2913381
TI  - Cessation of zidovudine therapy may lead to increased replication of HIV-1.

PMID- 2913382
TI  - Metronidazole and cancer.

PMID- 2913383
TI  - Nine-ball neck.

PMID- 2913384
TI  - Passive smoking on commercial airline flights.
AB  - In-flight exposure to nicotine, urinary cotinine levels, and symptom self-reports
      were assessed in a study of nine subjects (five passengers and four attendants)
      on four routine commercial flights each of approximately four hours' duration.
      Urine samples were collected for 72 hours following each flight. Exposures to
      nicotine measured during the flights using personal exposure monitors were found
      to be variable, with some nonsmoking areas attaining levels comparable to those
      in smoking sections. Attendants assigned to work in nonsmoking areas were not
      protected from smoke exposure. The type of aircraft ventilation was important in
      determining the levels of in-flight nicotine exposure. The environmental tobacco
      smoke levels that occurred produced measurable levels of cotinine (a major
      metabolite of nicotine) in the urine of passengers and attendants. Passengers who
      experienced the greatest smoke exposure had the highest levels of urinary
      cotinine. Changes in eye and nose symptoms between the beginning and end of the
      flights were significantly related both to nicotine exposure during the flight
      and to the subsequent urinary excretion of cotinine. In addition, subjects'
      perceptions of annoyance and smokiness in the airplane cabin were also related to
      in-flight nicotine exposure and urinary excretion measures.

PMID- 2913385
TI  - The limited reliability of physical signs for estimating hemodynamics in chronic
      heart failure.
AB  - The cardiovascular physical examination is used commonly as a basis for diagnosis
      and therapy in chronic heart failure, although the relationship between physical
      signs, increased ventricular filling pressure, and decreased cardiac output has
      not been established for this population. We prospectively compared physical
      signs with hemodynamic measurements in 50 patients with known chronic heart
      failure (ejection fraction, .18 +/- .06). Rales, edema, and elevated mean jugular
      venous pressure were absent in 18 of 43 patients with pulmonary capillary wedge
      pressures greater than or equal to 22 mm Hg, for which the combination of these
      signs had 58% sensitivity and 100% specificity. Proportional pulse pressure
      correlated well with cardiac index (r = .82), and when less than 25% pulse
      pressure had 91% sensitivity and 83% specificity for a cardiac index less than
      2.2 L/min/m2. In chronic heart failure, reliance on physical signs for elevated
      ventricular filling pressure might result in inadequate therapy. Conversely, the
      adequacy of cardiac output is assessed reliably by pulse pressure. Our results
      facilitate decisions regarding treatment in chronic heart failure.

PMID- 2913386
TI  - The ravelled sleeve of care. Managing the stresses of residency training.

PMID- 2913387
TI  - Adrenal insufficiency after operative removal of apparently nonfunctioning
      adrenal adenomas.
AB  - We describe a woman who developed adrenal insufficiency after removal of an
      apparently nonfunctional adrenal adenoma. She displayed no stigmata of Cushing's
      syndrome and had normal plasma and urinary cortisol levels. A second patient
      without clinical findings of Cushing's syndrome also had normal basal steroid
      levels. This patient displayed partial suppressibility with dexamethasone, had
      low-normal levels of serum corticotropin, and excreted a low concentration of
      urinary 17-ketosteroids. She also developed mild adrenal insufficiency after the
      operation. We believe the adrenal adenomas in these patients secreted enough
      cortisol to suppress the contralateral adrenal gland but not enough hormone to
      elevate basal steroid levels. Therefore, we suggest that all patients with
      adrenal masses be studied with the overnight dexamethasone suppression test
      rather than basal steroid hormone measurements to detect low levels of autonomous
      cortisol secretion. In addition, patients with adrenal masses that are not
      removed surgically should have serial adrenal function tests performed.

PMID- 2913388
TI  - Comparing tobacco cigarette dependence with other drug dependencies. Greater or
      equal 'difficulty quitting' and 'urges to use,' but less 'pleasure' from
      cigarettes.
AB  - About 1000 persons seeking treatment for alcohol or drug dependence were asked,
      relative to cigarettes, about the difficulty of quitting the use of the substance
      for which they were seeking treatment, the strength of their strongest urges to
      use, and the pleasure they derived from use. Fifty-seven percent said that
      cigarettes would be harder to quit using than their problem substance. These
      ratings were related to the level of cigarette dependence and the perceived
      difficulty of quitting the use of the problem substance. The alcohol-dependent
      persons were about four times more likely than the drug-dependent persons to say
      that their strongest urges for cigarettes were at least as great as their
      strongest urges for their problem substance. Cigarettes were generally rated as
      less pleasurable than alcohol or other drugs. Thus, experiential experts on
      dependence judge cigarette dependence as at least as "addictive" as other drug
      use, but not as pleasurable, indicating important similarities and differences
      between cigarette dependence and other forms of dependence on psychoactive
      substances.

PMID- 2913389
TI  - Options to control the rising health care costs of older Americans.

PMID- 2913390
TI  - No turning back: a blueprint for residency reform.

PMID- 2913391
TI  - A piece of my mind. An elegy.

PMID- 2913392
TI  - Abnormal methylation of estrogen receptor gene and reduced estrogen receptor RNA
      levels in human endometrial carcinomas.
AB  - Demethylation of specific sites or restricted genomic regions has been reported
      to correlate with gene activation and also with carcinogenesis. As abnormal
      expression of Estrogen Receptor (ER) could be involved in the genesis or
      progression of tumors in estrogen target tissues, the methylation of ER gene has
      been compared in 8 endometrial carcinomas and 29 normal endometria. In order to
      look for a correlation between methylation and expression, levels of ER RNA were
      also measured. While the 5' region of ER gene was found to be demethylated in
      both normal and carcinomatous tissues, there was demethylation of some specific
      sites in the internal part of the gene only in the carcinomas examined. In
      addition, in the carcinomatous tissues the levels of ER RNA were low, indicating
      that an increase of ER gene hypomethylation does not raise, and even may reduce,
      the ER expression in endometrium. The abnormal undermethylation observed in ER
      gene appears to be unrelated to general DNA hypomethylation which is frequently
      present in neoplastic tissues; nor has it been found in ER DNA isolated from
      breast carcinomas. These data strongly support the hypothesis that such a
      methylation is specifically related to endometrial transformation and therefore
      it can be considered an additional marker of this disease.

PMID- 2913393
TI  - A single-site allosteric model of intracellular androgen-receptor interaction.
AB  - We present a single-site, two-state model for analyzing the effect of time and
      ligand concentration on the extent and character of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone,
      methyltrienolone or mibolerone binding to the specific androgen receptor within
      cultured human genital skin fibroblasts. The model has three basic attributes:
      formation of the initial low-affinity androgen-receptor complex, and its
      transformation to a higher affinity state are irreversible, first-order
      processes; and receptors released from complexes in each state not only differ
      from each other and from their pre-liganded progenitor, but can also reassociate
      with androgen to yield complexes in their respective parental states. The rate
      constants of dissociation and apparent equilibrium binding constants of the two
      affinity states were determined for each of the three androgens within normal
      cells and those of a transformation-defective mutant. When these values are
      combined with estimates of the rate constants at which the complexes are formed
      and transformed, the model accurately simulates time-dependent changes in the
      slopes and character of experimental Scatchard plots. It can also generate
      Scatchard plots that are concave, convex or sigmoidal simply by making sequential
      changes in its formation or transformation constants. Thus, our model can explain
      complex ligand-receptor binding kinetics that have heretofore been interpreted
      according to alternate models of transformation and binding-site multiplicity
      with or without properties of cooperativity, and it supports the notion that
      receptor recycling involves intermediate receptor states.

PMID- 2913394
TI  - Transcortin biosynthesis and intracellular distribution of rat liver
      polyribosomes synthesizing transcortin.
AB  - Transcortin biosynthesis in rat has been examined using liver slices technique.
      The incorporation of 14C-labeled amino acids into the anti-transcortin
      precipitable material of liver slices has been measured and compared with that of
      serum transcortin. It was shown that liver synthesized transcortin with an
      apparent mol. wt of 66 kDa on SDS-electrophoresis which co-migrated with
      authentic rat serum transcortin. In order to determine an intracellular
      distribution of transcortin synthesizing polyribosomes, the binding character of
      [125J]anti-transcortin-IgG to free and membrane-bound rat liver polyribosomes has
      been studied. It was shown that after incubation of [125J]anti-transcortin-IgG
      with liver membrane-bound polyribosomes, the radioactivity was associated with
      the discrete polyribosome fraction in heavy polyribosome region. In similar
      experiments the radioactivity of [125J]anti-transcortin-IgG bound to the free
      polyribosomes was distributed throughout the polyribosome region. The results of
      our experiments obviously demonstrated that serum transcortin was synthesized
      exclusively on membrane-bound polyribosomes of rat liver; free polyribosomes were
      devoid of detectable antigenic material able to bind antibodies to transcortin.

PMID- 2913395
TI  - Estrogen effects on modifications of chromatin proteins in the rat uterus.
AB  - ADP-ribosylation and phosphorylation of chromatin proteins was studied in rat
      uterine nuclei isolated after estrogen treatment and then incubated with
      [adenylate-32P]NAD or [gamma-32P]ATP. Histone acetylation was studied in uteri
      from immature rats treated with estradiol by incubating the whole uterus in a
      medium containing [14C]acetic acid. Chromatin proteins were isolated from uterine
      nuclei and separated by electrophoresis on SDS polyacrylamide gels followed by
      autoradiography or fluorography. Chromatin proteins H1, H2B, H3, HMG 14 and HMG
      17 were almost exclusively ADP-ribosylated. Uterine histones H1, H3, H4, HMG 14
      and HMG 17 were phosphorylated. There was a general increase in [32P]ADP-ribose
      uptake in chromatin proteins after estrogen stimulation, whereas [32P]phosphate
      incorporation into chromatin proteins showed a biphasic pattern. The [14C]acetate
      activity associated with all histone proteins increased gradually after estrogen
      treatment.

PMID- 2913396
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of the antiprogesterone RU 486 in women during multiple dose
      administration.
AB  - Serum levels of RU 486 were measured by high performance liquid chromatography
      (HPLC) following oral intake of 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 mg twice daily (b.i.d.) for
      4 days, 50 mg b.i.d. for 7 days, as well as a single dose of 200 mg of RU 486.
      The pharmacokinetics of RU 486 were not linear: when the daily dose of RU 486 was
      100 mg or more, the serum levels were similar. The pharmacokinetic behaviour of
      RU 486 during the treatment period was similar between the study subjects,
      whereas the elimination phase pharmacokinetics showed wide individual variation.
      Also the mean elimination phase half-lifes (t 12) of RU 486 varied from 25.5 to
      47.8 h in the groups of different regimen, yet the variation between different
      groups was not statistically significant. The areas under the concentration
      curves (AUC) were calculated. In the multiple dose study (mds) the AUC0----12h:s
      decreased when the administered dose of RU 486 was increased. The AUC0----12h
      seen after administration of 100 mg b.i.d. x 4d. (mean +/- SEM = 0.43 +/- 0.04
      mumol/l x h/mg) was significantly (P less than 0.05) lower than the AUC0----12h:s
      obtained with administration of 12.5 mg b.i.d. x 4d. (1.49 +/- 0.37 mumol/l x
      h/mg), 25 mg b.i.d. x 4d. (1.09 +/- 0.15 mumol/l x h/mg), and 50 mg b.i.d. x 7d.
      (0.72 +/- 0.11 mumol/l x h/mg). The AUC0----infinity obtained by administration
      of a single dose of 200 mg of RU 486 (sds) was 0.67 +/- 0.21 mumol/l x h/mg. It
      is concluded that if multiple dose administration of RU 486 is preferred, daily
      administration of relatively small doses of RU 486 over several days seem to be
      advantageous.

PMID- 2913397
TI  - Isolation and characterization of a 50 kDa testosterone-binding protein from
      Pseudomonas testosteroni.
AB  - A testosterone-binding protein (Mr = 50,500) has been isolated from the Gram
      negative bacterium Pseudomonas testosteroni. The protein was partially purified
      by a combination of ion exchange chromatography and chromatofocusing. Final
      purification was achieved by electroelution of the 50 kDa protein from SDS
      polyacrylamide gels. Following renaturation from a diluted solution of guanidine
      HCl, specific binding of [3H]testosterone to the purified protein was observed.
      The native protein has a pI of 6.8. It appears to contain 428 amino acids, 39% of
      which are hydrophobic. There is only one cysteine residue. Both chymotrypsin and
      V8 protease were used to produce peptide maps of the protein for use in future
      identification. The first 10 amino acids situated at the N-terminal of the
      protein were Ser-Pro-Phe-Asp-Leu-Arg-Pro-Leu-Ser-Gly. Testosterone binding to the
      protein was saturable at approximately 3.8 nmol/mg protein; the binding constant
      was approximately 25 nM. Unlabelled testosterone, androstenedione, 5 alpha
      dihydrotestosterone and 5 beta-dihydrotestosterone were able to compete for
      [3H]testosterone bound to the protein; 17 beta-estradiol also competed for
      [3H]testosterone but to a lesser degree. Neither progesterone nor
      desoxycorticosterone competed for the testosterone-binding site. Binding of
      testosterone to the protein was stable at pH's ranging from 5.5 to 9.0 and at
      various temperatures ranging from 4 to 30 degrees C. The protein was unable to
      metabolize testosterone in either the presence or absence of the cofactor NAD.

PMID- 2913398
TI  - Tissue specific effects of progesterone on progesterone and estrogen receptors in
      the female urogenital tract.
AB  - The effect of progesterone administration on progesterone and estrogen receptors
      in the uterus, vagina and urethra of rabbits was studied. After 24 h of
      progesterone treatment the concentration of cytosolic progesterone receptors
      decreased to about 25% of the control value in the uterus, whereas no significant
      change in receptor concentration was observed in the vagina or the urethra. The
      concentration of the nuclear progesterone receptor did not change in any of the
      three tissues studied. The apparent dissociation constant (Kd) of nuclear
      progesterone receptor increased after progesterone treatment in all three
      tissues. Although the Kd of the cytosolic progesterone receptor also increased in
      all tissues, the difference was significant for only the vagina and urethra. The
      concentration of cytosolic estrogen receptors in the uterus decreased
      significantly (P less than 0.001) after progesterone treatment whereas the Kd
      value increased slightly (P less than 0.05). In vagina or the urethra, there was
      no change in either estrogen receptor concentration or Kd values after
      progesterone treatment. These data clearly showed that the reduction by
      progesterone of progesterone and estrogen receptor concentrations occurs only in
      the uterus and not in the vagina or the urethra.

PMID- 2913399
TI  - Estradiol receptor-nuclear interactions in aging mouse uteri: the role of DNA and
      nuclear matrix.
AB  - We have studied the interactions of estradiol receptor (ER) with nuclear DNA or
      matrix (NM) in the uteri from young, middle-aged and old mice. Recombination
      studies using heat-activated ER and nuclear subfractions from various age groups
      suggested a 30% reduction for DNA binding (P less than 0.05) but not for NM with
      aging. Cross-incubation studies of heat-activated ER with nuclear subfractions
      from mice of all three age subgroups showed that this reduced DNA binding ability
      followed the onset of anestrous and did not result from proteolytic degradation
      of ER complexes.

PMID- 2913400
TI  - Size heterogeneity of affinity labeled estrogen receptors in the MtTF4 tumor
      whose growth is inhibited by estradiol, in pituitary gland and uterus.
AB  - Estrogen receptors (ER) of the MtTF4 tumor whose growth is inhibited by estradiol
      (E2) were analyzed and compared to those of tissues whose growth is stimulated by
      E2 (uterus and pituitary gland). Cytosol prepared in buffer containing protease
      inhibitors was incubated with [3H]tamoxifen aziridine ([3H]TAZ) in the presence
      or absence of non-radioactive competitor. The labeled proteins were precipitated,
      separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in
      denaturing conditions and detected by fluorography. Two classes of ER were
      identified. The first class is of high molecular weight (Mr = 65,000-64,000). In
      normal tissues, it is indeed frequently made up of two subtypes as revealed by
      the presence of a doublet on autoradiograms. In the MtTF4 tumor these subtypes
      were only rarely suspected and never they were as marked and distinct as in
      normal tissues. The second class, of low molecular weight (Mr ! 54,000-52,000),
      is also frequently made up of two subtypes in the uterus and the proportion of
      this class is higher in the uterus of mature than of immature rats. The MtTF4
      tumor contains this class of ER but, due to the presence of non-specifically
      labeled proteins in this region, its relative amount cannot be estimated and the
      doublet was exceptionally revealed. In the pituitary gland, this small receptor
      has not been found. CONCLUSIONS: (i) On the basis of molecular weight analyses,
      estrogen receptors are heterogeneous, (ii) the ER pattern depends on the type of
      tissue and the sexual maturity of rats but all the tissues examined contained at
      least one type of the "classic" high molecular weight receptor, and (iii) no
      evident correlation was found between the ER pattern and the positive or negative
      response to estradiol.

PMID- 2913401
TI  - Reactivation of the androgen receptor from murine preputial gland by thioredoxin
      or GSH.
AB  - The androgen receptor from murine preputial gland was inactivated by density
      gradient centrifugation, affinity chromatography and isoelectric focusing. The
      hormone binding of the receptor could be partially restored (roughly 40%) by the
      thioredoxin-thioredoxinreductase system, by thioredoxin plus dithiothreitol or by
      glutathione. Dithiothreitol, by itself, was unable to reactivate the androgen
      receptor. These findings show that the receptor inactivation is, at least
      partially, due to thiol group oxidation and removal of SH-reducing and/or 
      stabilizing substances from the receptor during purification.

PMID- 2913402
TI  - Comparative affinity of the major genetic variants of human group-specific
      component (vitamin D-binding protein) for 25-(OH) vitamin D.
AB  - Binding studies with [3H] 25-(OH) D3 were performed under a variety of conditions
      using Gc (Vitamin D-binding protein) purified from individuals displaying
      different phenotypes. No significant differences in affinity of binding were
      found between Gc1f, Gc1s and Gc2 allelle products in either homozygous or
      heterozygous individuals, nor between Gc1 anodal and Gc1 cathodal isotypes.
      Affinity was not significantly affected by different reaction temperatures (4, 22
      or 37 degrees C), the presence or absence of Ca2+ ions, and binary and ternary
      interactions with G-actin and G-actin-DNase complexes respectively. However,
      reduction of pH caused a progressive decrease in binding with virtual abolition
      at pH less than or equal to 5.0. The latter might promote dissociation of D3
      metabolites from Gc carrier protein in acidic compartments of cells.

PMID- 2913403
TI  - Androgen metabolism in the male hamster--2. Aromatization of androstenedione in
      the hypothalamus and in the cerebral cortex; kinetic parameters and effect of
      exposure to different photoperiods.
AB  - It has been demonstrated that exposure of the hamster to a short photoperiod
      (light on less than 12 h/day) induces an increased sensitivity of the
      hypothalamic-pituitary axis to the feedback effect of testosterone. It was
      consequently felt of interest to investigate whether the photoperiod might act by
      increasing the formation of estrogens in the CNS and/or in the anterior
      pituitary. The aromatase activity was studied utilizing a sensitive in vitro
      assay that measures the amount of 3H2O formed during the conversion of [1 beta
      3H]androstenedione to estrone. First of all it has been investigated whether the
      aromatizing enzymes, previously found in the hypothalamus, were present also in
      the cerebral cortex and in the anterior pituitary; secondly, the kinetic
      parameters of the enzyme were determined; finally, the possible variation of the
      central aromatase activity in hamsters exposed to a long or to a short
      photoperiod was investigated. The results obtained indicate that both in the
      hypothalamus and in the cerebral cortex the aromatization of androstenedione is
      linear with respect to time of incubation and tissue concentration; moreover, in
      the two structures, the enzyme demonstrated a similar Michaelis-Menten constant
      (0.03 and 0.08 microM respectively). From a quantitative point of view, the
      hypothalamus seems to possess an aromatizing activity higher than that of the
      cerebral cortex. Exposure of the hamsters to a short photostimulation for 60 days
      resulted in a significant regression of the reproductive system (decreased
      testicular weight and serum LH levels) and in a decrease of the aromatase
      activity of the hypothalamus. There was no effect of the photoperiod on the
      aromatase of the cerebral cortex. Since androgens are known to stimulate the
      aromatase, the present data might be tentatively interpreted by suggesting that
      the variation in the formation of estrogens during the short photoperiod might be
      the consequence of the decreased serum testosterone levels typical of the hamster
      in the quiescent gonadal period.

PMID- 2913404
TI  - Evidence for kinetically distinct forms of corticosteroid 11 beta-dehydrogenase
      in rat liver microsomes.
AB  - In this paper we have characterized the 11 beta-dehydrogenase component of the 11
      beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase complex in rat liver microsomes. This enzyme
      oxidized cortisol and corticosterone to cortisone and 11-dehydrocorticosterone,
      respectively. Corticosterone was oxidized 10-20 times faster than cortisol to its
      11-oxo product. In freshly isolated microsomes enzyme activity was partially
      suppressed. Exposure of the microsomes to detergent or to prolonged incubation
      (24 h) released latent enzyme activity. Latency release was dependent on steroid
      concentration. The pH-activity profiles of latent and stimulated enzymes differed
      in shape (concave vs convex) and in pH optimum (pH 10 vs pH 8.5-9.5). Magnitude
      of latency release was greatest at pH 7. Corticosterone was a potent inhibitor of
      cortisol oxidation, but cortisol inhibited corticosterone oxidation poorly. With
      cortisol or corticosterone as substrates, low and high Km species were found. The
      high Km form represented about 90% of total enzyme activity in untreated
      microsomes. When latency was released, the low Km form was not detected. Our
      results suggest that at least two isozymic forms of corticosterone 11 beta
      dehydrogenase reside in rat liver microsomes, or that a single enzyme coexists in
      two kinetically distinguishable forms.

PMID- 2913405
TI  - Kinetic studies of inhibition of estradiol 2- and 16 alpha-hydroxylases with 17
      alpha-ethynyl and 17 beta-cyano steroids: preferential inhibition of the 16 alpha
      hydroxylase.
AB  - Substrate preference of estrogen 2- and 16 alpha-hydroxylases in male rat liver
      microsomes were determined by using estrone (E1) and estradiol (E2). Kinetic
      parameters of the hydroxylations showed that E2 is a better substrate for the
      hydroxylations than E1 and the preferences principally depend on the differences
      in Vmax values of the hydroxylations between the two substrates. Kinetic studies
      of inhibition of E2 2- and 16 alpha-hydroxylase activities in the male liver
      microsomes with ethynylestradiol (EE) and norethisterone (NET), the active
      ingredients in oral contraceptives, and 17 beta-cyano-16 alpha, 17 alpha-epoxy
      1,3,5(10)-estratrien-3-ol were extensively carried out. All of the steroids
      competitively blocked the two activities and the 16 alpha-hydroxylation was
      preferentially inhibited by them. Kinetic data, the apparent Ki's for the
      inhibitors and the apparent Km's for the substrate E2 in the assay, demonstrated
      that EE and NET are very potent inhibitors for the 16 alpha-hydroxylase. On the
      other hand, when female rat liver microsomes were used as an enzyme source in the
      inhibition experiments, the two hydroxylase activities were not so affected by EE
      and NET and the preferential inhibition was not observed with the ethynyl
      steroids.

PMID- 2913406
TI  - Proceedings of the XIII meeting of the International Study Group for Steroid
      Hormones. (Rome, Italy, 30 November-2 December 1987).

PMID- 2913407
TI  - Sertoli cell proteins in the human seminiferous tubule.
AB  - It is well known that rat Sertoli cells in culture secrete both testis-specific
      proteins, such as inhibin and androgen binding protein (ABP), and proteins which
      are very similar, if not identical, to serum proteins, such as transferrin (TF),
      ceruloplasmin, and IGF-I. It is also well known that very few data have been
      reported about the secretory activity and the hormonal regulation of the Sertoli
      cell in man, mainly because of the difficulties associated with the isolation of
      pure cell populations from human tissue. Using histoimmunochemical techniques we
      tried to localize, with specific antisera, Sertoli cell proteins and, when
      possible, their receptors in the human testis. The results obtained with our
      Light Microscopy studies suggest that: (1) human Sertoli cells produce and/or
      store transferrin (TF), IGF-I, an albumin-like protein and ABP; (2) TF receptors
      are localized in spermatocytes and early spermatids and are absent in
      spermatogonia, in the cytoplasm of Sertoli cells and in differentiated
      spermatids; (3) IGF-I type I receptors are localized in the same germ cells and
      in the cytoplasm of Sertoli cells. The results obtained with our Electron
      Microscopy studies suggest that TF and IGF-I are internalized through a receptor
      mediated endocytosis mechanism both in Sertoli cells (basal compartment) and in
      germ cells (spermatocytes and early spermatids).

PMID- 2913408
TI  - A new look to the andropause: altered function of the gonadotrophs.
AB  - After being controversial for a long time, the age associated decline in plasma T
      levels and secretion in normal men is now generally accepted. Although most data
      point towards a primary testicular origin for the decline in Leydig cell
      function, other data point towards alterations at the hypothalamo-pituitary
      levels: T levels in elderly men are decreased notwithstanding an important
      secretory reserve of both LC and gonadotrophs. Nycthemeral variations in plasma T
      levels are significantly decreased in elderly men. The increase in immunoreactive
      LH levels is dysproportionate to the increase of bioactive LH levels. Study of
      the activity of the LHRH pulse generator in 27 young and 21 elderly men revealed
      a significant decrease in frequency of high amplitude pulses for both LH and T.
      Moreover the sensitivity of the gonadostat to sex hormone feed back was
      significantly greater in the elderly men. Acute administration of an antiopoid
      (Naloxone), 2 mg i.v. both in young and elderly men at rest showed that in young
      and elderly men, Naloxone induced a comparable increase of LH levels. Naltrexone
      on the other hand increased LH pulse frequency in elderly but not in young men.
      The data show that opioids maintain their inhibitory effect on LHRH secretion in
      elderly men and suggest either that the opioid tone in the elderly men is
      decreased or that the response of the gonadotrophs to LHRH is decreased.

PMID- 2913409
TI  - Regulation of gonadotropin-stimulable adenylyl cyclase of the primate corpus
      luteum.
AB  - In an effort to understand the molecular mechanisms that control luteal function
      in the human and nonhuman primates, we have investigated the experimental
      conditions for expression of gonadotropin-induced adenylyl cyclase (AC) in
      membrane particles from primate corpus luteum (CL) and some of the factors
      modulating the enzyme activity. We also examined the usefulness of the cell-free
      model for studying the role of AC in the regulation of CL functions in human and
      nonhuman primates. Enzyme activity was dependent on guanine nucleotide and Mg
      ion. Dose-response curves showed that the AC activation constants for hCG was
      about 0.1 microgram/ml. This value did not shift after the addition of guanine
      nucleotide. Enzyme responsiveness to prostaglandin E2 was small and, in contrast
      to a number of other nonprimate species, AC from the human CL was not stimulated
      by catecholamines. Calcium directly inhibited responsiveness of hCG-sensitive AC;
      inhibition was significant at 0.5 mM CaCl2 (in the presence of 1 mM EDTA and 2 mM
      ATP), being 90% at 2.5 mM CaCl2. These results support the concept that Ca2+
      might play a role in the regulation of gonadotropin action and life span of human
      CL. Changes in AC activities during luteal phase and pregnancy were similar in
      the CL of monkeys and humans. Thus, in both cases, maximal gonadotropin
      responsiveness was observed during the midluteal phase. Also, during pregnancy
      (term and early pregnancies), responsiveness to exogenous hCG in vitro was very
      low, but the enzyme was readily responsive to NaF (10 mM) and forskolin (100
      microM). These activities suggest that the tissue remains functionally active
      during pregnancy. It is concluded that the cell-free AC system is an effective
      model to study the cellular mechanisms that regulate luteal function in human and
      nonhuman primates.

PMID- 2913411
TI  - A new form of the syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess.
AB  - The syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess combines the features of
      unexplained but spironolactone-correctable mineralocorticoid excess in
      association with a decreased rate of oxidation of cortisol to cortisone. No
      relationship was initially implied between the pathogenesis of the disorder and
      the metabolic disturbance as expressed by an elevated cortisol:cortisone
      metabolite ratio but the ratio itself has served as a biochemical marker for the
      disorder. Cortisol has been suggested as the mineralocorticoid in a setting of
      enhanced sensitivity to the steroid as a result of the incomplete oxidative
      metabolism of cortisol by the kidney. We present evidence that diminished
      conversion of cortisol to cortisone is not an obligatory mechanism in the
      syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess. A form of the disorder is
      described, designated the Type 2 variant, in which all features are preserved
      except that the cortisol:cortisone metabolite ratio is normal. An essential
      feature of both variants, however, is a decrease in the cortisol metabolic
      clearance rate. These findings require a more generalized definition of the
      syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess to include other deficient
      mechanisms of metabolic inactivation of cortisol.

PMID- 2913410
TI  - Identification and implications of new types of mineralocorticoid hypertension.
AB  - 200 patients with mineralocorticoid hypertension were studied at the Clinical
      Study Center. The study of 150 patients with primary aldosteronism revealed five
      distinct subsets based on their responses to the upright posture, after
      administration of intravenous saline, deoxycorticosterone acetate, and
      spironolactone. Two new types were identified--aldosterone producing responsive
      adenoma (AP-RA) and primary adrenal hyperplasia (PAH). Patients with AP-RA
      maintained normal physiologic responses to the above maneuvers. Patients with PAH
      had responses similar to patients with an aldosterone producing adenoma (APA) but
      no tumor was identified. Both types were cured by unilateral adrenalectomy. There
      has been no change in subtype in up to 20 years of follow-up. The notion of a
      continuum from low renin hypertension to APA is not supported. Primary
      deoxycorticosteronism caused by a benign adrenal adenoma, malignancy and
      hyperplasia is described. Uniquely, overproduction of the 17-deoxysteroids of the
      zona fasciculata occurs with normal 17-hydroxy function. After the removal of a
      benign adenoma the contralateral adrenal gland revealed a delay in the 17
      deoxysteroid responses to ACTH in the face of normal cortisol increases. This
      suggests that an independent pituitary regulator of the 17-deoxypathway may
      exist. Other hypertensive disorders with excessive deoxycorticosterone production
      are linked with increases of ACTH and cortisol levels. The hallmarks of primary
      deoxycorticosteronism are hypertension with hypokalemia, suppression of renin and
      aldosterone, and overproduction of the 17-deoxysteroids.

PMID- 2913412
TI  - Antialdosterones: incidence and prevention of sexual side effects.
AB  - The use of spironolactone in the treatment of hypertension has been limited by
      the occurrence of sexual side effects, mainly menstrual disturbances in women and
      gynaecomastia in men. In order to minimize this limitation on the use of an
      effective potassium-sparing antihypertensive agent, two strategies can be
      proposed: (1) A decrease in the daily dose of spironolactone. In 182 patients
      with essential hypertension treated with spironolactone alone for a mean follow
      up period of 23 months, daily doses of 75-100 mg were as effective on blood
      pressure as doses of 150-300 mg. In contrast, the development of gynaecomastia-
      91 cases among 699 men--was dose-related in 6.9% (50 mg/day) to 52.2% (150 mg or
      more/day) of the cases. (2) An improvement in the receptor-binding specificity of
      spironolactone. Three 9 alpha, 11 alpha-epoxy derivatives have been characterized
      in vitro in rats and in rabbits. They exhibited a 3- to 10-fold decrease of the
      antiandrogenic and progestagenic effect, compared with spironolactone. In humans,
      one of these derivatives counteracted the fall in urinary Na/K ratio induced by 9
      alpha-fluorohydrocortisone at a 25 mg dose.

PMID- 2913413
TI  - [Increase in the number of severely sick and wounded at emergency health services
      in the inner city of Stockholm].

PMID- 2913414
TI  - [Erroneous view on the humanities in medical education].

PMID- 2913415
TI  - [By whom should patients at occupational health services be treated?].

PMID- 2913416
TI  - [Anxiety neurosis or panic syndrome? The differences between mixing and linking
      definitions].

PMID- 2913417
TI  - [Cholesterol: give an evaluation of non-pharmacologic treatment priority].

PMID- 2913418
TI  - [Forgetfulness and lack of information are reasons why patients fail to appear].

PMID- 2913420
TI  - [Childrens' situation in the world. The march forward has changed to a retreat].

PMID- 2913419
TI  - [A growing research interest in liver sinusoidal cells].

PMID- 2913421
TI  - SCC-RIA in the diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.
AB  - A reliable circulating tumor marker, appropriate for head and neck malignancy, is
      not yet available. This manuscript reports the efficacy of using circulating
      squamous cell carcinoma antigen in evaluating patients with squamous cell
      carcinoma of the head and neck. Serum samples from 89 patients with squamous cell
      carcinoma of the head and neck were obtained before treatment and at intervals
      following treatment. Squamous cell carcinoma antigen levels were determined by
      radioimmunoassay. Elevated pretreatment serum levels of squamous cell carcinoma
      antigen were identified in 39 of 89 patients (44%) who had head and neck squamous
      cell carcinoma. Of the 16 patients evaluated from this group with recurrent or
      persistent disease, 15 (93.5%) demonstrated elevated levels of squamous cell
      carcinoma antigen. However, of the 21 evaluable patients who remained disease
      free, only 10 (48%) had post-therapy levels within the normal range. The possible
      use of this marker in aiding the clinical follow-up of head and neck cancer
      patients is discussed.

PMID- 2913422
TI  - Laryngotracheal injury following cricothyroidotomy.
AB  - Airway complications following elective cricothyroidotomy were reviewed in 48
      adult cardiothoracic surgery patients. A 52% incidence of airway complications
      was found and manifested by failed or delayed decannulation, extensive subglottic
      granulation tissue, stenosis, vocal cord paralysis, and aspiration pneumonia. The
      most common cause for decannulation difficulty was subglottic stenosis (50%).
      Several risk factors were specifically identified, including a period of
      cricothyroid cannulation exceeding 30 days, the presence of diabetes, and
      advanced age. These findings suggest that airway sequelae following
      cricothyroidotomy in cardiothoracic surgery patients is higher than previously
      reported. Indications and risk factors for cricothyroidotomy are discussed.

PMID- 2913423
TI  - Laser lingual tonsillectomy.
AB  - Diseases of the lingual tonsils are generally overlooked in both clinical
      practice and medical literature. Infections of the lingual tonsils are usually
      treated medically, although in patients with symptomatic chronic inflammation or
      hyperplasia of the lingual tonsils, surgical intervention may be indicated.
      Eighty-two patients with benign inflammatory problems of the lingual tonsils, who
      were not improved by medical management, underwent laser lingual tonsillectomy at
      four different medical centers, between 1984 and 1987. The procedure was
      tolerated well by all of the patients, with no significant operative
      complications. Short- and long-term results were satisfactory. Laser surgery is
      an effective method for the treatment of benign hyperplastic and inflammatory
      diseases of the lingual tonsils.

PMID- 2913424
TI  - Surgical management of severe laryngomalacia.
AB  - Infants and children with laryngomalacia exhibit varying degrees of upper airway
      obstruction and dysphagia. Although the disorder is usually self-limited, the
      potential exists for symptoms so severe that operative intervention cannot be
      avoided. Relief of progressive airway compromise traditionally has involved
      bypassing the obstruction with tracheotomy. Recently, endoscopic surgical
      management of the most severe cases has been reexamined by the authors and
      others. Thirteen infants and children underwent supraglottoplasty (also referred
      to as epiglottoplasty or partial arytenoidectomy) for severe, complicated
      laryngomalacia. Endoscopic laser removal of flaccid supraglottic tissue resulted
      in improvement of the airway in all patients. In most patients, associated
      symptoms improved or completely resolved. Supraglottoplasty is an effective
      alternative to tracheotomy in carefully selected patients with severe
      laryngomalacia.

PMID- 2913425
TI  - Paranasal sinus malignancy: a comprehensive update.
AB  - A retrospective analysis of 60 cases of paranasal sinus cancer in patients
      admitted between 1970 and 1985 was undertaken. Forty-six tumors originated in the
      maxillary sinus, and 14 originated in the ethmoid sinuses. Computed tomography,
      magnetic resonance imaging, and endoscopic sinus examination aided in early
      diagnosis of sinus cancer. Computed tomography aided in staging tumors; Caldwell
      Luc alone was inadequate for staging tumors invading deeper sites such as the
      orbits or pterygoid muscle. There were 15 early (T1 or T2) and 31 advanced (T3 or
      T4) maxillary sinus cancers. Multimodality therapy incorporated radiation,
      surgery, and chemotherapy. The 5-year survival rate was 49%. We prefer
      preoperative radiotherapy for advanced lesions and postoperative radiotherapy for
      early lesions. The use of preoperative radiation therapy has increased our globe
      salvage rate. All but one of the patients who developed recurrent disease showed
      recurrence at the primary site prior to developing regional or distant
      metastasis. Radiation therapy, combined with aggressive surgical management to
      remove all tumor, provided the best survival rates in advanced lesions.

PMID- 2913426
TI  - High-activity iodine-125 endocurietherapy for head and neck tumors.
AB  - Inoperable solid tumor recurrence within a surgical bed or within a previously
      irradiated field usually responds poorly to re-treatment with conventional
      external beam irradiation (EXRT) and/or chemotherapy. We present a new,
      alternative method of re-treatment used in two patients with recurrent head and
      neck cancer involving the parotid (adenocarcinoma) and neck nodes (squamous cell
      carcinoma). These patients were successfully re-treated with high-activity
      125iodine (I-125) permanent implantation.

PMID- 2913427
TI  - Acoustic neuroma--the patient's perspective: subjective assessment of symptoms,
      diagnosis, therapy, and outcome in 541 patients.
AB  - Surgical treatment of acoustic neuroma has been reviewed in the medical
      literature, but assessment of outcome from the patient's perspective has received
      little attention. The Acoustic Neuroma Association (A.N.A.) is a large
      organization of acoustic neuroma patients which provides information and support
      services. This article reports the subjective assessment of symptoms, diagnosis,
      treatment, and outcome as evaluated by 541 A.N.A. members. This retrospective
      study presents an extensive overview of the experience of acoustic neuroma
      patients treated at a variety of institutions, and provides a unique perspective
      not previously represented in the medical literature.

PMID- 2913428
TI  - Stomal complications and airflow line problems of the Communi-Trach I cuffed
      talking tracheotomy tube.
AB  - There have been no reports of stomal complications and airflow line problems
      associated with a cuffed talking tracheotomy tube. However, the results of this
      study showed that stomal complications, in the form of pressure necrosis and
      wound extension, and problems with airflow line kinking occurred with a 40% and
      80% frequency, respectively. Solutions to both difficulties are discussed.

PMID- 2913429
TI  - Alterations in glycoconjugate expression following malignant transformation of
      human oropharyngeal squamous mucosa.
AB  - Malignant transformation of the squamous mucosa in the human oropharynx may be
      accompanied by alterations in carbohydrate production. Glycoconjugate expression
      was assessed by examining lectin-binding patterns and ABH isoantigen expression
      in human biopsy specimens from nine cases of carcinoma in situ and ten cases of
      invasive squamous cell carcinoma as well as adjacent normal squamous mucosa. Ten
      different fluorescein-conjugated lectins were used. Each lectin binds to specific
      nonreducing end-terminal carbohydrate residues. Wheat germ agglutinin and peanut
      agglutinin displayed intense cytoplasmic and/or membrane binding in more than 90%
      of the carcinoma in situ and squamous cell carcinoma specimens. However, only 40%
      of normal squamous epithelium specimens displayed intense cytoplasmic and/or
      membrane binding with wheat germ agglutinin and peanut agglutinin. Bandieraea
      simplicifolia I and Helix pomatia exhibited weak binding in less than 35% of
      normal and neoplastic tissues. Weak canavalia ensiformis binding was identified
      infrequently in the superficial layers of normal squamous mucosa, but was not
      found in neoplastic epithelium. None of the cases displayed binding for Dolichos
      biflorus, Ulex europaeus I, Sophora japonica, Glycine maximus, or Ricinus
      communis. Monoclonal antibodies directed against ABH blood group isoantigens
      showed increased cytoplasmic immunoreactivity for anti-H in dysplastic and
      neoplastic tissues, when compared with normal squamous mucosa. These findings
      indicate that wheat germ agglutinin and peanut agglutinin and H isoantigen are
      useful markers of malignancy in squamoproliferative lesions of the oropharynx,
      apparently reflecting alterations in expression of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and
      galactose-related sugars, which appear following malignant transformation.

PMID- 2913430
TI  - A porcine model for multiple musculocutaneous flaps.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to develop and describe in detail a reproducible
      porcine model for musculocutaneous flap study. The model was required to
      demonstrate the following: 1. consistent, easily identifiable anatomical
      landmarks for muscles and muscular vascular pedicles; 2. flap survival,
      consistent with the musculocutaneous perforator arrangement of blood supply; 3.
      ease of islanded- or free-flap formation; 4. arrangement of flaps on each animal,
      allowing paired studies of control and experimental flaps; and 5. a maximum
      number of flaps per animal, without undue morbidity or mortality. Pilot
      dissections were made of the pectoralis, trapezius, latissimus dorsi, gracilis,
      biceps femoris, and tensor fasciae latae muscles and their major vascular
      pedicles. After establishing the anatomical landmarks, we formed musculocutaneous
      flaps at each site to verify the above five requirements. A total of 72
      muscle/vessel pedicle dissections were performed, incorporating formation of 61
      island musculocutaneous flaps. The skin component overlying an islanded muscle
      block survived in 60 instances, confirming the reliability of the flap model. We
      concluded that five pairs of musculocutaneous flaps could be fashioned on one
      pig, using the bilateral control/experimental paradigm if desired. The
      pectoralis, latissimus dorsi, trapezius, gracilis, and biceps femoris muscles
      were used. The ventral muscle group (pectoralis, gracilis) was raised in one
      operating session, and the lateral muscles (trapezius, latissimus dorsi, biceps
      femoris) were raised in one further session per side. Three new porcine flaps are
      described--the pectoralis, biceps femoris, and trapezius. Morbidity was confined
      to mild splinting of the limbs for one day. This is also the first example of the
      use of ten musculocutaneous island flaps on one pig, and represents an
      opportunity for performing physiological, pathological, or pharmacological
      experiments on the musculocutaneous flap.

PMID- 2913431
TI  - Sandwich graft tympanoplasty: experience, results, and complications.

PMID- 2913432
TI  - The endoscopic approach to the sphenoid sinus.

PMID- 2913433
TI  - Computer-fabricated custom mandibular replacement prostheses.

PMID- 2913434
TI  - GIA stapler in radical neck dissection.
AB  - I have used this procedure for over 7 years on approximately 150 radical neck
      dissections and have experienced no complications related to the use of this
      stapler, and operative time has been reduced. Approximately one third of these
      neck dissections have been done on patients who later received radiation therapy.
      In addition, approximately one third received preoperative radiation therapy. No
      problems with increased complications or recurrences in the area where the
      staples remain have been noted. This procedure has been discussed with radiation
      therapists at the University of Florida, where most of the patients received
      radiation therapy, and no increase in the complication rate or recurrence rate in
      this area of the neck was noted.

PMID- 2913435
TI  - Laryngeal complications of intubation: GER.

PMID- 2913436
TI  - The effects on complement component 3 of dietary variation of protein, fat and
      vitamin E during growth of young mice.
AB  - Some studies have shown that nutrition lowers overall immunity to disease. To
      further elucidate the role of nutrition on immunity, we have investigated the
      effect on serum Complement C3 by three nutrients, protein, lipid and vitamin E,
      in BALB/c mice for up to 24 weeks. The group with high dietary vitamin E had
      slightly higher C3 for the first four months but by the 22nd week was lower than
      control. The groups receiving high or low protein had, respectively, high or low
      C3. Injection of thymosin fraction 5 increased the C3, suppressed by the low
      protein diet. The group on the high lipid diet had high C3 until the 14th week
      whereupon it declined to control level by the 22nd week. The low lipid diet
      resulted in low C3 during the early weeks but increased to control level by the
      22nd week. We conclude that diet is important to complement mediated immunity of
      young mice.

PMID- 2913437
TI  - Caffeine-phenylethylamine combinations mimic the cocaine discriminative cue.
AB  - Twelve male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained in a two-choice, food reinforced,
      drug discrimination task utilizing 10 mg/kg cocaine and saline as discriminative
      stimuli. Subjects were tested for stimulus generalization with a wide range of
      cocaine doses and several dose combinations of caffeine, ephedrine, and
      phenylpropanolamine (CEP). Caffeine produced only partial generalization. The
      triple CEP combinations resulted in complete generalization at high doses. All
      drugs produced response rate decrements at high doses. These data clearly
      indicate that certain look-alike stimulant products mimic the cocaine cue. The
      present data parallel human self-report data regarding the similarity in
      subjective profiles between illicit cocaine and the legal look-alike stimulants.

PMID- 2913439
TI  - Society for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, seventh annual meeting. 25 February-1
      March, 1989, Los Angeles, California. Abstracts.

PMID- 2913438
TI  - Problems associated with the application of the Cheng-Prusoff relationship to
      estimate atropine affinity constants using functional tissue responses.
AB  - We have studied problems associated with the application of the Cheng-Prusoff
      relationship to the estimation of atropine dissociation constants from isolated
      guinea-pig tracheal responses. The values obtained have been compared to
      dissociation constants derived using Schild analysis. It was observed that when
      either carbachol (an agonist of high efficacy) or pilocarpine (an agonist of low
      efficacy) was used the dissociation constants estimated for atropine using the
      Schild analysis were very similar to those estimated using the Cheng-Prusoff
      relationship. In these latter experiments the agonist concentration used was the
      EC80. When the agonist concentration used was increased to supramaximal
      concentrations (3-fold greater than the EC100) the dissociation constants derived
      were overestimations by approximately 10-fold. It is concluded that in certain
      circumstances the results obtained using both the Cheng-Prusoff relationship and
      Schild analysis are comparable. However, it is unlikely that the Cheng-Prusoff
      relationship is generally applicable and that Schild analysis is clearly
      preferable in determining antagonist dissociation constants.

PMID- 2913440
TI  - [Radionuclide diagnosis of disorders of the central lymph dynamics in thoracic
      duct pathology].
AB  - The experience in using radiolymphography in the diagnosis of central lymph
      dynamics disorders in thoracic duct pathology has been analysed. For the first
      time in Soviet literature we encounter two observations over the state of lymph
      dynamics along the thoracic duct by means of lymphoscintigraphy with colloid
      113mIn in patients with lymphangiectasia of the thoracic duct and chylothorax. In
      importance of lymphoscintigraphy in determining the compensatory mechanisms of
      the lymph flow in primary pathology of the main lymph collector is emphasized.

PMID- 2913441
TI  - [Comparative evaluation of the transport of transit hepatotropic compounds based
      on mathematical modelling].
AB  - Specific features of kinetics by the hepatobiliary system 131I-BR, 131I-BS, 99mTc
      pVIDA and 99mTc-NIDA have been shown. There is a definite pattern for all
      coefficients: a1,2 greater than a2,1; a2,1 greater than a2,3 less than a3,4. In
      this case the phase of absorption (a1,2) six times exceeded that of isolation of
      an indicator from hepatocytes (a2,3). The main feature consists in the augmented
      speed of the passage of indicators through hepatocytes in the following sequence:
      131I-BR----131I-BS----99mTc-pVIDA----99mTc-NIDA. A three-chamber reversible model
      is suitable for various hepatotropic compounds.

PMID- 2913442
TI  - [Nonspecific resistance during preoperative chemoradiation treatment and UHF
      hyperthermia of osteogenic sarcoma].
AB  - The extent of metastatic spread and the life span depend on the level of
      nonspecific resistance of the body of patients with osteogenic sarcoma.
      Chemoradiation therapy reduces antitumoral resistance of patients, and the use of
      local UHF hyperthermia prevents this negative effect of complex treatment.

PMID- 2913443
TI  - [Intracavity thermo- and gamma-therapy of uterine cancer].
AB  - Some methodological problems of the use of intracavitary UHF hyperthermia
      combined with intracavitary gamma-beam therapy in combined radiation therapy of
      uterine cancer patients are considered. Indications for the use of this method
      and radiobiological substantiation of thermoradiotherapy for this group of
      patients are discussed. The advantages of the proposed method of
      thermoradiotherapy have been noted on the basis of immediate clinical
      observations, endoscopic, x-ray and morphometric findings.

PMID- 2913444
TI  - [Combined radiation therapy of cervical cancer using a split course].
AB  - The author studied the possibilities of combined radiation therapy conducted by a
      split (group I) and continuous course (group II) in 195 patients with neglected
      forms of cervix uteri cancer. The patients of the two groups were of the same
      age, had the same somatic diseases, the extent of the tumor spread and the
      anatomical and clinical forms of the tumor. The methods of radiotherapy used for
      them differed both in time and space parameters. The continuous course of
      treatment was presented as a conventional classic variant of radiotherapy, the
      split course included a break at a half of the focal cumulative dose brought to
      the tumor growth site. The author shows the advantages of the split method for
      the treatment of cervix uteri cancer. Indications for the split course of
      treatment are given.

PMID- 2913445
TI  - [Morphometric research in determining the absorbed dose in the lungs formed from
      aspirated radionuclides].
AB  - Macro- and microtopography of the distribution of aspirated colloidal 144CeF3 in
      autographs of rabbit lung total sections were examined with the help of a
      monitoring-measuring device "Videoplan" and microcomputer. Quantitative
      assessment of photoemulsion-blackening areas at the site of radionuclide
      concentration has confirmed that aspirated radionuclides are distributed in the
      lungs according to the same laws as nonradioactive aerosols: the relation of
      total microvolumes of actually irradiated pulmonary tissue to the entire lung
      volume long after radionuclide entry is shown; a possibility to use these data
      for determination of an actually absorbed dose in microvolumes of pulmonary
      tissue during aspiration of radionuclides is considered.

PMID- 2913446
TI  - [Test monitoring as a form of controlling student cognitive activities].
AB  - A test control of the initial, intermediate and the final level of knowledge of
      the course and a test control of the level of acquisition of the knowledge on
      radionuclide diagnosis were made in 179 students of the Therapy faculty. This
      form of the test allows one to evaluate the level of self-training, efficiency of
      the studies and the level of the knowledge of the course and its consolidation.
      The test control helps reveal problems and themes most difficult for mastering.
      The test control can be used for raising the efficiency of studies at all stages.

PMID- 2913447
TI  - [Functional activity of the thyroid during radiation therapy of cervical cancer].

PMID- 2913448
TI  - [Metastasis of penile cancer to the ischial bone].

PMID- 2913449
TI  - [The organization of roentgenologic and radiologic research in the USA (based on
      the data from a scientific mission)].

PMID- 2913450
TI  - If dancers ate their shoes: inductive reasoning with factual and counterfactual
      premises.
AB  - This experiment addressed the effect of precue information, which may be either
      familiar or novel, and either relevant or irrelevant, on the solution of
      inductive reasoning problems. Sixty undergraduate students each completed 216
      verbal inductive reasoning problems and five psychometric ability tests. The
      reasoning problems were equally divided among analogies, classifications, and
      series completions, with half of each kind of item presented in a standard,
      uncued format, and half presented with a precue. With respect to internal
      validation, it was found that for analogies and classifications, subjects take
      longer to process irrelevant than relevant information if the precue is familiar,
      but they take longer to process relevant than irrelevant information if the
      precue is novel. For series completions, this relation does not hold; rather,
      both novelty and irrelevance add time to the processing of information, with the
      time for irrelevance greater than that for novelty. The utility of precues for
      different tasks was explored, and it was found that familiar relevant precues
      facilitated solution of the more difficult kinds of items (classifications and
      series completions), but hampered solution of the easier, more automatically
      solved items (analogies). With respect to external validation, it was found that
      the nonentrenched induction tasks overlapped with psychometric tests in terms of
      abilities measured, that the abilities measured were fluid rather than
      crystallized, and that the precued (more nonentrenched) items were better
      measures of fluid abilities than were the uncued items.

PMID- 2913451
TI  - Word attributes and lateralization revisited: implications for dual coding and
      discrete versus continuous processing.
AB  - Three attributes of words are their imageability, concreteness, and familiarity.
      From a literature review and several experiments, I previously concluded (Boles,
      1983a) that only familiarity affects the overall near-threshold recognition of
      words, and that none of the attributes affects right-visual-field superiority for
      word recognition. Here these conclusions are modified by two experiments
      demonstrating a critical mediating influence of intentional versus incidental
      memory instructions. In Experiment 1, subjects were instructed to remember the
      words they were shown, for subsequent recall. The results showed effects of both
      imageability and familiarity on overall recognition, as well as an effect of
      imageability on lateralization. In Experiment 2, word-memory instructions were
      deleted and the results essentially reinstated the findings of Boles (1983a). It
      is concluded that right-hemisphere imagery processes can participate in word
      recognition under intentional memory instructions. Within the dual coding theory
      (Paivio, 1971), the results argue that both discrete and continuous processing
      modes are available, that the modes can be used strategically, and that
      continuous processing can occur prior to response stages.

PMID- 2913452
TI  - The belief-bias effect in the production and evaluation of logical conclusions.
AB  - In this study, we examined whether adult subjects' beliefs regarding the
      empirical truth of a conclusion affected their production as well as their
      evaluation of a logical conclusion in a reasoning task. In addition, the relation
      between the ability to resolve an abstract reasoning problem correctly and the
      effect of belief-bias was examined. The subjects were given one of four paper-and
      pencil reasoning tasks, two of them using an evaluation paradigm, and two of them
      using a production paradigm. Each paradigm comprised either neutral problems or
      belief problems. The neutral problems were constructed to be as similar as
      possible to the belief problems, in order to control for extraneous factors. All
      four tasks also included an abstract reasoning problem. The results indicate a
      significant belief-bias effect for both the evaluation and the production tasks.
      Qualitative analysis indicated that the belief-bias effect was more pervasive in
      the production condition. In addition, the belief-bias effect was found to exist
      independently of the subjects' abstract reasoning ability. The results are
      discussed with reference to a two-stage model, in which belief is used to resolve
      uncertainties in inferentially produced conclusions.

PMID- 2913453
TI  - The role of expectancy in comparative judgments.
AB  - Researchers interested in the processing of relational information have sought a
      satisfactory explanation for the congruity effect in linear orders. It is
      relatively easy to select either the greater of two objects that are high on a
      dimension or the lesser of two objects that are low on a dimension, but it is
      relatively difficult to determine the greater of two objects that are low in
      magnitude or the lesser of two objects that are high in magnitude. One
      explanation of the congruity effect is the expectancy hypothesis that claims that
      the choice of the comparative primes objects of particular magnitudes. We present
      two experiments that demonstrate that a congruity effect of equivalent magnitude
      is obtained when the comparative is presented after the stimulus pair. Moreover,
      this equivalence cannot be attributed to the salience of the dimensions we
      employed, because this equivalence held for stimuli that were classified as
      salient and for those classified as nonsalient. These findings are interpreted in
      the context of some current explanations of the congruity effect.

PMID- 2913454
TI  - Selectional processes in causality judgment.
AB  - Two experiments illustrate the way in which competition between potential causes
      occurs when subjects are asked to judge the extent to which an action is the
      cause of an outcome. In the first experiment, it was found that introducing
      occurrences of the outcome in the absence of the action reduced causality
      judgments, but this effect was attenuated if these outcomes were signaled by
      another stimulus. In the second experiment, a delay between the action and the
      outcome reduced judgments, but this could be abolished by inserting a stimulus
      between the action and the outcome. The results are discussed in terms of a view
      of causality judgment that assumes that such judgments are based on associations
      between the mental representations of the action and the outcome.

PMID- 2913455
TI  - Unconscious processing of dichoptically masked words.
AB  - In three experiments, the subjects' task was to decide whether each of a series
      of words connoted something good (e.g., fame, comedy, rescue) or bad (stress,
      detest, malaria). One-half second before the presentation of each such target
      word, an evaluatively polarized priming word was presented briefly to the
      nondominant eye and was masked dichoptically by either the rapidly following
      (Experiment 1) or simultaneous (Experiments 2 and 3) presentation of a random
      letter-fragment pattern to the dominant eye. (The effectiveness of the masking
      procedure was demonstrated by the subjects' inability to discriminate the left
      vs. right position of a test series of words.) In all experiments, significant
      masked priming effects were obtained; evaluative decisions to congruent masked
      prime-target combinations (such as a positive masked prime followed by a positive
      target) were significantly faster than those to incongruent (e.g., negative
      prime/positive target) or noncongruent (e.g., neutral prime/positive target)
      combinations. Also, in two of the three experiments, when subjects were at chance
      accuracy in discriminating word position, their position judgments were
      nevertheless significantly influenced by the irrelevant semantic content (LEFT
      vs. RIGHT) of the masked position-varying words. The series of experiments
      demonstrated that two very different tasks--speeded judgment of evaluative
      meaning and nonspeeded judgment of word position--yielded statistically
      significant and replicable influences of the semantic content of apparently
      undetectable words. Coupled with previous research by others using the lexical
      decision task, these findings converge in establishing the reliability of the
      empirical phenomenon of semantic processing of words that are rendered
      undetectable by dichoptic pattern masking.

PMID- 2913456
TI  - Detection of intraword and interword letter repetition: a test of the word
      unitization hypothesis.
AB  - Do words, as familiar units or gestalts, tend to swallow up and conceal their
      letter components (Pillsbury, 1897)? Letters typically are detected faster and
      more accurately in words than in nonwords (i.e., scrambled collections of
      letters), and in more frequent words than in less frequent words. However, a word
      advantage at encoding, where the representation of the string is formed, might
      compensate for, and thus mask, a word disadvantage at decoding and comparison,
      where the component letters of the representation are accessed and compared with
      the target letter. To better reveal any such word disadvantage, a task was used
      in this study that increased the amount of letter processing. Subjects judged
      whether a letter was repeated within a six-letter word or a nonword (Experiment
      1; intraword letter repetition) or was repeated between two adjacent unrelated
      six-letter words or nonwords (Experiment 2; interword letter repetition).
      Contrary to Pillsbury's word unitization hypothesis, both types of letter
      repetition (intraword and interword) were detected faster and just as accurately
      with words as with nonwords. In Experiment 2, however, interword letter
      repetition was detected less accurately on common words (but not on rare words or
      third-order pseudowords) than on the corresponding nonwords. Thus, although the
      familiar word does not deny access to its own component letters, it does make
      their comparison with letters from other words more difficult.

PMID- 2913457
TI  - Speakers' assumptions about the lexical flexibility of idioms.
AB  - In three experiments, we examined why some idioms can be lexically altered and
      still retain their figurative meanings (e.g., John buttoned his lips about Mary
      can be changed into John fastened his lips about Mary and still mean "John didn't
      say anything about Mary"), whereas other idioms cannot be lexically altered
      without losing their figurative meanings (e.g., John kicked the bucket, meaning
      "John died," loses its idiomatic meaning when changed into John kicked the pail).
      Our hypothesis was that the lexical flexibility of idioms is determined by
      speakers' assumptions about the ways in which parts of idioms contribute to their
      figurative interpretations as a whole. The results of the three experiments
      indicated that idioms whose individual semantic components contribute to their
      overall figurative meanings (e.g., go out on a limb) were judged as less
      disrupted by changes in their lexical items (e.g., go out on a branch) than were
      nondecomposable idioms (e.g., kick the bucket) when their individual words were
      altered (e.g., punt the pail). These findings lend support to the idea that both
      the syntactic productivity and the lexical makeup of idioms are matters of
      degree, depending on the idioms' compositional properties. This conclusion
      suggests that idioms do not form a unique class of linguistic items, but share
      many of the properties of more literal language.

PMID- 2913458
TI  - Back to Woodworth: role of interlopers in the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.
AB  - When a person reports that a word is on the tip of his or her tongue, that person
      often recalls instead another word that is similar in sound to the target word.
      Two opposite roles have been suggested for these interlopers. An older view
      (Woodworth, 1929) holds that they are instrumental in the development of tip-of
      the-tongue (TOT) states because they obstruct successful retrieval of intended
      targets. A more recent view (R. Brown & McNeill, 1966) holds, on the other hand,
      that interlopers tend to nullify TOT states by facilitating complete retrieval of
      the intended targets. A study is reported in which participants were explicitly
      presented with interloper words. The results provide two planks of support for
      Woodworth's hypothesis. First, more TOT states occurred when the interloper was
      similar in sound to the target than when it was not. Second, more TOT states
      occurred when the interloper was presented at the actual time of retrieval than
      when it was presented earlier. It appears that interlopers tend to induce TOT
      states by obstructing retrieval, rather than to nullify them by facilitating
      retrieval.

PMID- 2913459
TI  - Correlational analyses of explicit and implicit memory performance.
AB  - Sixty-four subjects were administered two tests of explicit memory (selective
      recall and recognition) and four tests of implicit memory (identification in a
      perceptual clarification procedure, word-fragment completion, tachistoscopic
      identification, and anagram solution). Each test drew on a different subset of a
      long list of previously displayed words. Although the four implicit memory tests
      showed sizable priming effects, correlational and factor analyses showed striking
      dissociations. On the one hand, performance on the perceptual clarification
      procedure and word-completion tests were related to one another, as well as to
      recall and recognition. On the other hand, performance on tachistoscopic
      identification and anagram solution were related to one another, but not to the
      measures for the other tasks. A framework is proposed to reconcile these new
      results with current knowledge on the explicit/implicit memory distinction, based
      in particular on studies of amnesic subjects. It is argued that a small number of
      tasks, especially tachistoscopic identification, may serve as relatively
      uncontaminated and ubiquitous indicators of implicit memory. However, explicit
      remembering could affect performance in so-called implicit memory tasks that
      allow for a strategy of controlled selection of candidate responses from
      accumulating cues, in experimental conditions that make the explicit remembering
      of relevant events possible.

PMID- 2913460
TI  - Imagery, memory, and size-distance invariance.
AB  - The size-distance invariance hypothesis (SDIH) was examined for remembered and
      imaged stimuli. In Experiment 1, subjects gave remembered and imaged distances of
      familiar objects and imaged distance of nondescript rods. The relationship
      between stated size and distance is more adequately described by power functions
      with exponents less than 1 than by the more restricted SDIH (exponent of 1). In
      Experiment 2, subjects gave distance estimates to recalled and imaged familiar
      objects and described the visual context in which each object was situated. A
      different group then sorted the contexts into categories based on general
      similarity. There were no significant differences between distance estimates
      based on memory and those based on imagery, and the visual contexts were not
      sorted according to whether they were generated in the memory or in the imagery
      conditions. In Experiment 3, subjects estimated the distances to objects in an
      outdoor setting. A linear relationship was found between estimated and physical
      distance, suggesting that the lower exponents obtained in Experiments 1 and 2
      were not artifacts of the distance judgment procedure.

PMID- 2913461
TI  - The properties of retrieval cues constrain the picture superiority effect.
AB  - In three experiments, we examined why pictures are remembered better than words
      on explicit memory tests like recall and recognition, whereas words produce more
      priming than pictures on some implicit tests, such as word-fragment and word-stem
      completion (e.g., completing -l-ph-nt or ele----- as elephant). One possibility
      is that pictures are always more accessible than words if subjects are given
      explicit retrieval instructions. An alternative possibility is that the
      properties of the retrieval cues themselves constrain the retrieval processes
      engaged; word fragments might induce data-driven (perceptually based) retrieval,
      which favors words regardless of the retrieval instructions. Experiment 1
      demonstrated that words were remembered better than pictures on both the word
      fragment and word-stem completion tasks under both implicit and explicit
      retrieval conditions. In Experiment 2, pictures were recalled better than words
      with semantically related extralist cues. In Experiment 3, when semantic cues
      were combined with word fragments, pictures and words were recalled equally well
      under explicit retrieval conditions, but words were superior to pictures under
      implicit instructions. Thus, the inherently data-limited properties of fragmented
      words limit their use in accessing conceptual codes. Overall, the results
      indicate that retrieval operations are largely determined by properties of the
      retrieval cues under both implicit and explicit retrieval conditions.

PMID- 2913462
TI  - Metabolism of branched-chain amino acids in leg muscles from tail-cast suspended
      intact and adrenalectomized rats.
AB  - Degradation of branched-chain amino acids was studied in muscles of unloaded hind
      limbs from rats subjected to six days of tail-cast suspension. The total
      production of 14CO2 from uniformly labeled 14C-leucine, isoleucine, or valine,
      and the fluxes through leucine aminotransferase and alpha-ketoisocaproate
      dehydrogenase, which were measured using L-1-14C-leucine, were generally greater
      in the soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles of unloaded than of weight
      bearing hind limbs. Adrenalectomy abolished any difference in flux through the
      aminotransferase, whereas the administration of cortisol to adrenalectomized
      animals restored the greater flux in the unloaded soleus muscle. Adrenalectomy
      partially diminished the greater flux through alpha-ketoisocaproate dehydrogenase
      in the unloaded soleus, whereas cortisol (2 mg/100 g body weight) treatment
      increased this difference. In the extensor digitorum longus, adrenalectomy
      abolished the differences in both enzyme fluxes due to hind limb suspension. In
      this muscle, cortisol treatment increased these fluxes to a similar extent in
      both weight-bearing and suspended, adrenalectomized animals so that the normal
      difference was not restored. These results suggest that leucine catabolism in
      hind limb muscles of suspended rats was influenced primarily by increased
      circulating glucocorticoid hormones, which are elevated twofold to fourfold in
      these animals.

PMID- 2913463
TI  - Ethanol: relative fuel value and metabolic effects in vivo.
AB  - A nasogastric formula infusion method was used to evaluate the steady-state fuel
      value of ethanol relative to that of glucose in eight chronically alcoholic men
      undergoing a 4- or 5-week balance experiment. Each subject received a maintenance
      infusion of the formula diet throughout the study. When control formula glucose
      (week 1) was isocalorically replaced with ethanol [week 2, 30% of kcal; week 3 or
      4 (5-week experiment) 40% to 60% of kcal], the following was observed: weight
      loss; zero energy balance and reduced or negative balances of N, K, P, Mg, and
      Na; increased urinary urea N and 3-methylhistidine; lowered urinary C-peptide; no
      change in indirectly or directly measured thermal energy losses; and a blood
      level related rise in breath and urinary ethanol losses. All of these changes
      promptly reversed during the middle (week 3 in 5-week experiment) and final
      control weeks. Accounting for all diet-related energy losses (urine, breath,
      thermal), the fuel value of the ethanol-containing diet relative to the glucose
      control formula varied between 0.95 and 0.99, depending upon the blood alcohol
      level. Hence weight loss during short-term (seven-day) ethanol infusion is
      unrelated to overall negative energy balance, stems primarily from decrements in
      protein, minerals, and fluid, and may in part be mediated by the reduction in
      insulin secretion that accompanies switching from dietary glucose to ethanol.

PMID- 2913464
TI  - Serum cholestanol and plant sterol levels in relation to cholesterol metabolism
      in middle-aged men.
AB  - Serum cholestanol was studied in relation to fecal cholestanol excretion and
      cholesterol metabolism in a random middle-aged population of 61 men. The serum
      concentrations of cholestanol ranged from 1.6 to 10.8 mumol/L and were positively
      correlated with those of serum total LDL and HDL cholesterol. In terms of
      millimole per mole of cholesterol, these correlations disappeared; inverse
      associations were found with VLDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels, the P/S
      ratio of dietary fat, and the amount of fecal plant sterols, but not with fecal
      cholestanol. The serum contents of cholestanol (1) were also closely positively
      associated with those of serum plant sterols (campesterol and sitosterol) and
      fractional cholesterol absorption, (2) were inversely related to the fecal
      excretion of neutral sterols and cholesterol synthesis which were measured either
      by the sterol balance technique or serum cholesterol precursor sterols
      (desmosterol and lathosterol), and (3) were unrelated to bile acid synthesis.
      Fecal cholestanol (mean = 12.5 mg/d) was (1) clearly higher than the dietary
      cholestanol intake (less than 2 mg/d), (2) unrelated to serum cholestanol, and
      (3) positively correlated with the intestinal cholesterol (dietary plus
      endogenous) flux as well as fecal plant sterols, neutral sterols, and bacterial
      products of cholesterol. The study emphasizes that, in normal men, high serum
      cholestanol levels reflect high efficiency of intestinal sterol absorption and
      low cholesterol synthesis. Thus, the changes in the serum contents of cholestanol
      are parallel with those of plant sterols and opposite to those of cholesterol
      precursor sterols.

PMID- 2913465
TI  - Effects of ethanol on glucose turnover in pregnant rats.
AB  - Glucose turnover was measured in term pregnant rats fed ethanol (30% of caloric
      intake) throughout gestation. Ethanol ingestion significantly reduced maternal
      weight gain and term fetal body weight when compared to pair-fed or ad libitum
      fed controls. At term the blood glucose level and 6-3H-glucose turnover were
      reduced when compared to either control group. The rate of gluconeogenic
      recycling, indicated by the difference between 6-3H and 6-14C-glucose turnover
      determinations, was reduced by ethanol ingestion to half that of the control
      groups. Glucose turnover correlated with both conceptus weight and blood glucose
      level. Impaired maternal glucose homeostasis, including a reduced gluconeogenic
      response to the metabolic demands of late pregnancy, may thus contribute to the
      effects of ethanol on intrauterine growth.

PMID- 2913466
TI  - Measurement of the subcutaneous fat in the distal forearm by single photon
      absorptiometry.
AB  - The influence of subcutaneous fat on single photon (125I) absorptiometry (SPA)
      measurement of bone mineral content of the distal forearm was investigated. A fat
      correction model was tested by measurements on eight lean subjects with different
      amounts of porcine fat around their forearm, and further validated from
      measurements on 128 females. In addition, it is shown that the fat content in the
      distal forearm can be measured by SPA with a short-term precision at 1.9% in an
      obese subject and that it correlates well with total body fat (r2 = .7) measured
      by dual photon absorptiometry, skinfold thickness (r2 = .5), and body mass index
      (r2 = .6). By using this method in a double-blind placebo-controlled trial,
      hormonal substitutional therapy significantly decreased the forearm fat content
      without affecting the body weight in postmenopausal osteoporotic women.

PMID- 2913467
TI  - Influence of growth hormone (GH) on natural killer (NK) activity in women with
      impaired endogenous growth hormone secretion.

PMID- 2913468
TI  - Fluorescence microscopy of living cells in culture. Part A. Fluorescent analogs,
      labelling cells, and basic microscopy.

PMID- 2913469
TI  - A fluorescent derivative of ceramide: physical properties and use in studying the
      Golgi apparatus of animal cells.

PMID- 2913470
TI  - Bone marrow biopsy in the initial staging of Hodgkin's disease.
AB  - Results of bone marrow biopsy were retrospectively evaluated in 120 previously
      untreated patients with Hodgkin's disease. The incidence of bone marrow
      involvement was 13%. All patients with marrow invasion had B symptoms and/or
      clinically advanced disease. When patients with bone marrow involvement were
      compared to those without there were significant differences in the incidence of
      B symptoms, the clinical stage, hemoglobin levels, leukocyte counts, platelet
      counts, and serum levels of lactate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase. None
      of 59 patients with clinical stage IA and IIA had evidence of marrow invasion.
      This study demonstrates that trephine bone marrow biopsy is of value in detecting
      marrow involvement in specific subgroups of untreated patients with Hodgkin's
      disease, i.e., those patients with constitutional symptoms and/or clinical stage
      III or IV. However, bone marrow biopsy adds little to the initial staging of
      patients with clinical stage IA and IIA. Routine use of this procedure in such
      patients may be unnecessary.

PMID- 2913471
TI  - Long-term survival after chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced squamous cell
      carcinoma of the esophagus.
AB  - Seven patients with locally far-advanced, inoperable, squamous cell cancer of the
      esophagus were given two cycles of concurrent radiation and chemotherapy. Each
      cycle consisted of 5-fluorouracil 1,000 mg/m2/day given as a continuous
      intravenous infusion over 96 hours, cisplatin 75 mg/m2 given as an intravenous
      bolus on day 1, and methotrexate 40 mg/m2 given as an intravenous bolus on days 8
      and 15. Three thousand rads of radiation were given in 15 fractions between days
      1 and 19. Six patients are evaluable for response. Symptomatic relief was
      obtained by all six and was complete in 4. Five patients achieved a complete
      response, and two remain alive and disease free. Five of the six evaluable
      patients survived for at least 12 months. Aggressive chemoradiotherapy may result
      in significant survival prolongation and symptomatic palliation in this poor
      prognosis subset of patients with esophageal cancer.

PMID- 2913472
TI  - Poor-risk non-lymphoblastic lymphoma of childhood: results of an intensive pilot
      study.
AB  - Children with "poor-risk" nonlymphoblastic lymphoma, especially those with marrow
      or nervous system (CNS) involvement at presentation, have fared poorly even on
      aggressive chemotherapy regimens. We report here the results of a pilot study of
      30 children treated with a highly intensive chemotherapy regimen. This regimen
      includes an intensive Induction Phase consisting of three cycles of CHOP therapy
      (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and corticosteroids) as well as
      intensive intrathecal therapy with each cycle. This is followed by a CNS
      Consolidation Phase consisting of a single cycle of CHOP therapy with five
      intrathecal doses of "triple" chemotherapy (methotrexate, cytosine arabinoside,
      and hydrocortisone). Thereafter, a Maintenance Phase consists of alternating
      cycles of 1) cytosine arabinoside and 6-thioguanine, 2) oral methotrexate and VP
      16, and 3) CHOP, for a duration that varied from 36 to 72 wk. Neither debulking
      surgery nor radiation therapy were recommended. There were 20 patients with Stage
      III disease (St. Jude's Staging System) and an additional ten patients with bone
      marrow and/or CNS involvement. The latter group included six patients with B-cell
      leukemia, three of whom also had CNS disease at presentation. Two additional
      patients had CNS disease without marrow involvement. Twenty-nine of 30 patients
      achieved a complete response. Six patients died with recurrent or progressive
      disease. Twenty-three patients are alive without any adverse events between 21
      and 65 mo after diagnosis, with the median time of survival not yet reached (at
      least 32 mo). All seven adverse events occurred within 7 mo of diagnosis. Event
      free survival for all patients is 77%, for Stage III patients is 80%, and for
      patients with marrow and/or CNS involvement is 70%. This pilot study offers
      encouragement for improvement in the prognosis of children with "poor-risk"
      nonlymphoblastic lymphoma and merits evaluation in a Phase III randomized trial
      in the multicenter cooperative group setting.

PMID- 2913473
TI  - Rhabdomyosarcoma, presenting as disseminated malignancy from an unknown primary
      site: a retrospective study of ten pediatric cases.
AB  - From 1962-1984, ten children were referred to St. Jude Children's Hospital with a
      metastatic poorly differentiated malignancy; extensive diagnostic workup had
      failed to disclose the site of the primary tumor. Multiple skeletal metastases as
      well as bone marrow involvement were common findings. Erythrocytes were detected
      in the cytoplasm of tumor cells in several cases, and cytochemical stains
      confirmed that these phagocytic cells did not have features of mononuclear
      phagocytes. Establishing a pathologic diagnosis in these cases was difficult, and
      most special studies including cytochemistry and electron microscopy were not
      helpful in elucidating the diagnosis. A diagnosis of rhabdomyosarcoma was made at
      presentation in six cases. In the remaining cases, the diagnosis of
      rhabdomyosarcoma was subsequently made after rebiopsy of new tumor masses during
      the course of the illness, by ultrastructural examination of a cell line derived
      from the tumor or at postmortem examination. Based on initial symptoms, clinical
      features, and postmortem findings, the primary tumor sites were assumed to be in
      the middle ear, paravertebral area, base of skull, retrobulbar space, chest wall,
      and retropancreatic area. In four patients the disease was confined to bone
      marrow, lymph nodes, and meninges so that a primary site could not be assigned.
      The approach to pediatric patients presenting with disseminated malignancy from
      an occult primary site should consist of an aggressive pursuit of a specific
      diagnosis and establishment of a primary site to better direct therapy,
      particularly for those children whose tumors may be responsive to specific
      therapy.

PMID- 2913474
TI  - Late relapses after treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia in childhood: a
      population-based study from the Nordic countries.
AB  - Seven late relapses of acute lymphoblastic leukemia occurring 5.5 to 12.3 years
      after cessation of therapy are reported in 986 patients who had discontinued
      treatment for leukemia acquired before the age of 15. The study covers patients
      from the five Nordic countries. Of the 434 patients with ALL who had passed 5
      years of follow-up without recurrence, seven have subsequently relapsed so far;
      an estimated cumulative proportion of 6.9% within the 10 years. In addition, we
      report a girl 15.9 years old at diagnosis who relapsed 7.3 years after cessation
      of therapy. These findings confirm that "cure" of acute lymphoblastic leukemia
      treated in the 1970s cannot be considered definite, even 5 years after
      discontinuation of therapy.

PMID- 2913475
TI  - Enhanced cis-platinum ototoxicity in children with brain tumours who have
      received simultaneous or prior cranial irradiation.
AB  - We report on four children who received cis-platinum simultaneously with, or in
      one case 10 months after, cranial irradiation and experienced exaggerated
      ototoxicity affecting all audible frequencies. The hearing loss was severe,
      affecting the critical areas for speech perception, and necessitated the
      provision of bilateral hearing aids. The audiograms of these patients are shown
      and compared to those of four children who had received cis-platinum as part of
      their treatment for neuroblastoma but without cranial irradiation. The
      precipitation of the exaggerated hearing loss with the administration of cis
      platinum in one patient 10 months after finishing cranial irradiation suggests
      that care should be taken in the timing of cis-platinum administration in
      relation to concurrent or previous cranial irradiation.

PMID- 2913476
TI  - Renal cell carcinoma in childhood.

PMID- 2913477
TI  - Response of agranulocytosis to thymectomy in a patient with thymoma and chronic
      lymphocytic leukemia.
AB  - A patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia presented with recurrent episodes of
      severe neutropenia. This neutropenia was initially responsive to prednisone but
      eventually became refractory. A spindle-cell thymoma was diagnosed and resected
      with dramatic improvement in his granulocytopenia. Both autologous and
      heterologous granulocyte macrophage colony growth were clearly inhibited by the
      patient's serum. This is the first reported case of severe granulocytopenia
      associated with a thymoma that seemed to be reversed following thymectomy.

PMID- 2913478
TI  - Chemotherapeutic management of epidural neuroblastoma.
AB  - Nine children with neuroblastoma and spinal cord compression were managed
      initially with chemotherapy induction without laminectomy or radiotherapy. Of the
      nine children seven are neurologically normal, one has minimal residual deficits,
      and one remains paraplegic. The excellent results in these children, plus nine
      patients previously reported, emphasizes the validity of this approach in
      children with epidural extension of neuroblastoma.

PMID- 2913479
TI  - Combination chemotherapy for adrenal carcinoma: response in a 5 1/2-year-old
      male.
AB  - Adrenocortical carcinoma is an uncommon tumor of childhood, and systematic
      studies of therapeutic options are not available. Children with very large
      tumours have a poor outlook with surgery alone, so that other treatment should be
      considered, but the literature is unhelpful in suggesting what this should be. In
      the case reported here, combination chemotherapy, including cisplatinum, gave a
      well-documented good partial response, suggesting a possible role for adjuvant
      chemotherapy using such a drug combination.

PMID- 2913481
TI  - Phase II trial of amsacrine in patients with multiple myeloma.
AB  - Seventy-four previously treated patients with multiple myeloma were treated with
      Amsacrine (m-AMSA) 120 mg/m2 every 3 weeks. A good response was observed in two
      patients (3%), and improvement was seen in three patients (4%). Severe toxicity
      was observed in 33% of patients who received three or more courses of treatment.
      This dose and schedule of m-AMSA in multiple myeloma is usually ineffective.

PMID- 2913480
TI  - 123I-metaiodobenzylguanidine scintigraphy of ectopic intracranial retinoblastoma.
AB  - Radioiodinated metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) has been used for diagnostic
      purposes to image neural crest tumors. We report the uptake of 123I MIBG in a
      child with ectopic intracranial retinoblastoma. It is felt that 123I MIBG
      scintigraphy may have a role in detecting occult metastatic disease in these
      patients.

PMID- 2913482
TI  - Wide-field radiation therapy plus simultaneous chemotherapy for refractory
      Hodgkin's disease.
AB  - Nine male patients with disseminated Hodgkin's disease who had relapsed and/or
      were refractory to two or more non-"cross-resistant" programs of combination
      chemotherapy (range, two to five previous programs; median, three) were admitted
      into a study of treatment with wide-field low-dose radiation therapy (2,000 cGy),
      to all lymph node bearing areas, the liver, the spleen, and in selected cases the
      lungs (1,000 cGy). Simultaneous with each course of radiation therapy,
      chemotherapy with BCNU and procarbazine given at 50% doses of a known program of
      chemotherapy (BOPP) with vincristine and prednisone was given. Treatment was
      completed in five patients. Three of these achieved a complete remission; the
      other two had a partial response. Of the other four, two died during treatment
      with interstitial pneumonitis (probably radiation induced), and two failed to
      respond. Remission durations were 18+, 38, and 44+ months. Pulmonary toxicity was
      severe; however, hematologic and other toxicities were acceptable. The
      incorporation of wide-field low-dose radiation should be considered in programs
      of rescue for patients with Hodgkin's disease who relapse or are refractory to
      standard combination chemotherapy.

PMID- 2913484
TI  - Estimation of ligand binding parameters by simultaneous fitting of association
      and dissociation data: a Monte Carlo simulation study.
AB  - A new procedure for analysis of ligand binding kinetics was evaluated by Monte
      Carlo simulations. In this, all association and dissociation data were fitted
      simultaneously to a set of nonlinear equations. This should have several
      advantages over more conventional methods; data are better used in a single
      fitting procedure in which the degrees of freedom are maximized and the error
      term is spread over more observations; all relevant parameters (Bmax, k1, and k
      1) are obtained directly; values obtained from measurements are not treated as
      errorless; and it yields a single residual term that can be used for statistical
      comparison among binding models and/or experiments. We have compared this
      approach with the common practice of analyzing the association and dissociation
      phases separately, either by nonlinear regression or by linear regression after
      suitable transformations. With respect to both the precision and accuracy of
      parameter estimates, the simultaneous procedure was superior to the other two
      methods. The properties of the simultaneous procedure were further investigated,
      concerning both parameter estimation and the probability of reliably detecting a
      second binding site. For the latter, the relative density of receptor subtypes
      and the dissociation rate constants were found to be of major importance, whereas
      association rate constants and ligand concentration were of minor importance in
      this respect. The probability of resolving two sites by kinetic or equilibrium
      data under similar conditions with the aid of a single labeled ligand was
      examined. When the selectivity of the ligand was low, the resolution was found to
      be more probable when based on kinetic, rather than equilibrium, data. This was
      true at higher selectivities as well, provided kinetic data were obtained at two
      different ligand concentrations.

PMID- 2913483
TI  - Secobarbital-mediated inactivation of rat liver cytochrome P-450b: a mechanistic
      reappraisal.
AB  - Administration of the allylbarbiturate secobarbital (SB) to phenobarbital
      pretreated rats is known to result in structural and functional loss of hepatic
      cytochrome P-450 and generation of N-alkylated prosthetic heme derivatives.
      Isozyme-selective functional markers have led us to confirm P-450b as the isozyme
      selectively inactivated by the drug. In contrast to its inactivation by
      allylisopropylacetamide, such SB-inactivated P-450b is not amenable to structural
      and functional repair by exogenous heme, for reasons that remain unclear. In an
      effort to gain some insight, we have explored various possible mechanisms. In the
      course of these studies with rat liver microsomes enriched in P-450b as well as
      isolated purified P-450b, we have found that, along with prosthetic heme
      alkylation, a significant fraction of the hemoprotein also undergoes drug
      mediated alkylation of the apocytochrome, presumably at the active site.
      Accordingly, an equimolar ratio of irreversibly bound drug to functionally
      inactive residual P-450b chromophore is observed after incubation of the purified
      isozyme with SB and NADPH. Thus, P-450b-mediated oxidative metabolism of SB
      appears to partition not only between prosthetic heme alkylation and epoxidation
      but apoprotein alkylation as well.

PMID- 2913485
TI  - Tacrine protection of acetylcholinesterase from inactivation by
      diisopropylfluorophosphate: a circular dichroism study.
AB  - Tacrine (1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-9-aminoacridine) showed an apparent noncompetitive
      inhibition of Torpedo acetylcholinesterase (AChE) with a dissociation constant,
      Ki, of 8.5 nM. It altered the CD bands of AChE in the near-UV region, which
      monitor the local conformation of aromatic side groups, but not those in the far
      UV region, which measure the secondary structure. An extrinsic CD band was
      induced at 348 nm, with a molar ellipticity of 35,000 deg cm2 dmol-1 (bases on
      tacrine), when each AChE subunit (Mr = 67,000) was saturated with one tacrine
      (mol/mol). With this band as a probe, the bound tacrine could be displaced by
      edrophonium or decamethonium, both of which are known to bind to the anionic site
      at the active center of AChE, but not by propidium, which binds to the peripheral
      site of the enzyme. Tacrine protected AChE from inactivation by
      diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP). AChE completely lost its enzymatic activity
      when 1 mol of DFP was bound per mol of subunit upon incubation of 7 microM AChE
      (subunit) with 100 microM DFP for 40 min, but tacrine-treated AChE retained 60%
      of its activity and bound only 0.2 mol of DFP per mol of subunit under similar
      conditions. The corresponding CD, at 348 nm, of the AChE-tacrine-DFP complex
      increased or decreased gradually, depending on the order of addition of tacrine
      and DFP, and reached an equilibrium value (80% of its original) after 2 days. The
      difference absorption spectrum of the AChE-tacrine-DFP complex was the same as
      that of the AChE-tacrine complex. These results suggest that the protective
      effect of tacrine may be due to steric hindrance at the esteratic site of the
      enzyme.

PMID- 2913486
TI  - Conformational and steric aspects of phenylethanolamine and phenylethylamine
      analogues as substrates or inhibitors of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase.
AB  - The conformational and steric aspects of binding to phenylethanolamine N
      methyltransferase (PNMT; EC 2.1.1.28) for phenylethanolamine substrates and
      phenylethylamine inhibitors were probed with three conformationally defined
      analogues (11, 12, and 13) of phenylethylamine (1) and phenylethanolamine (6)
      containing the benzobicyclo[3.2.1]octane skeleton. The 2-aminotetralin (2AT)
      moiety in conformationally defined analogues 11, 12, and 13 exists in a half
      chair conformation with an equatorial amino group. Although conformationally
      restricted phenylethylamine analogue 2AT (3, Ki = 6.8 microM) and
      conformationally restricted phenylethanolamine analogues (cis)- and (trans)-2
      amino-1-tetralol (9, Km = 22 microM; Vmax = 0.15; 100 X Vmax/Km = 0.68; 10, Ki =
      9.4 microM) are good ligands for PNMT, none of the analogues 11, 12, and 13
      showed activity as a substrate of PNMT. The fact that 11 (Ki = 206 microM) is
      more potent than analogues 4 (Ki = 1296 microM) and 5 (Ki = 479 microM), with a
      half-boat 2AT moiety, suggests that PNMT preferentially binds the half-chair
      conformation of 2AT at the active site. This is consistent with previous findings
      that a fully extended conformation for the aminoethyl side chain of
      phenylethylamine inhibitors is optimal for PNMT binding. The reduced activity of
      11, 12 (Ki = 1246 microM), and 13 (Ki = 3000 microM), compared with 2AT and (cis)
      and (trans)-2-amino-1-tetralol (9 and 10) is consistent with a negative steric
      interference from the extra ethano bridge in 11, 12, and 13. The results from 11,
      12, and 13, combined with previous findings, suggest that PNMT interacts better
      with relatively planar ligands.

PMID- 2913487
TI  - Chromosomal aberrations and sister-chromatid exchanges in tool and die workers.
AB  - Because tool and die workers are exposed to a number of potentially genotoxic
      agents, including mutagenic metals, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, and nitrosamines,
      and may be at increased cancer risk, the present study was undertaken to test
      whether chromosomal damage in peripheral blood cells is associated with work in
      the tool and die industry. Lymphocyte cultures were established from 27 tool and
      die fabrication workers from one manufacturing plant who had worked in the trade
      for more than 15 years. 15 of these workers also had some form of malignancy at
      the time of the study, but had not been treated with radiation or chemotherapies
      that could themselves induce chromosomal damage. The frequencies of chromosomal
      aberrations and sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs) were measured in workers and
      the data compared with those of a control group consisting of 7 non-fabrication
      workers from the same plant and 8 age-matched community controls. In addition,
      the relative rates of lymphocyte proliferation were estimated for each group by
      analyzing the percentages of first-, second- and third-division mitotic cells
      after 72 h of culture. The results of the chromosomal studies show that tool and
      die workers have significantly increased frequencies of aberrations whether
      engaged in fabrication work or not, compared to control subjects. The frequency
      of SCEs and the frequencies of 1st, 2nd and 3rd division figures are not
      different among the study groups. Among workers who are engaged in fabrication,
      including those who are cancer patients, the frequency of more complex
      aberrations (i.e., interstitial deletions and small acentric fragments) is
      increased. In a five-year follow-up of these workers, 2 of the 13 workers with
      these aberrations developed some form of colon cancer. Whether the presence of
      interstitial deletions and small acentric fragments is related to the occupation
      of these workers, or is tangentially related to the development of cancer, is
      presently under consideration.

PMID- 2913488
TI  - Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of extracellular generated singlet oxygen in
      human lymphocytes in vitro.
AB  - The induction of sister-chromatid exchanges (SCE) together with the proliferation
      rate index (PRI) were studied in human lymphocytes in vitro after treatment with
      singlet oxygen. When produced outside the cells, singlet oxygen can increase the
      duration of the cellular cycle as measured by an enhancement of the differences
      between the proliferation rate indexes of the control and the treated cells. A
      dose-dependent increase in the SCE rate per chromosome was also detected after
      contact between the singlet oxygen and lymphocytes.

PMID- 2913489
TI  - Comparative study of sister-chromatid exchanges and chromosomal aberrations
      induced by airborne particulates from an urban and a highly industrialized
      location in human lymphocyte cultures.
AB  - Cytogenetic effects induced by extracts of airborne particulates in human
      lymphocyte cultures were studied with regard to local and seasonal variations.
      Samples of airborne particulates were collected from an urban and a highly
      industrialized area in March and October, respectively. All extracts of
      particulates induced a significant increase of sister-chromatid exchanges (SCE)
      in a dose-dependent manner. Referring to the induction of sister-chromatid
      exchanges, local and seasonal differences were observed. Samples from the
      industrialized area revealed the highest activities. In addition, SCE rates found
      for March samples were always higher than those for October for both locations.
      Furthermore, a remarkable, significant induction of chromosomal aberrations
      occurred with all samples from both locations and sampling periods. Aspects of
      health risk evaluation for exposed human populations are discussed with respect
      to the observed cytogenetic effects of airborne particulates in human lymphocyte
      cultures.

PMID- 2913490
TI  - An adaptive response of Vibrio cholerae strain OGAWA 154 to furazolidone.
AB  - Since furazolidone is an antimicrobial drug, any possibility of its evoking an
      adaptive response appears to be very important. This response was studied in
      Vibrio cholerae cells as a model system. In order to determine this response, a
      dose-response relation of these cells to furazolidone and the kinetics of
      inactivation of the drug were studied. The study of the adaptive response of
      these cells to furazolidone reveals that cells treated with a low concentration
      of furazolidone for a particular period were 100% more resistant to the lethal
      effects of a subsequent challenging dose than control cultures. Variation of the
      challenging dose level showed better survival of adapted cells than control
      cells. A time-dependent response study reveals a maximum response at 15-30 min,
      and a gradual fall thereafter.

PMID- 2913491
TI  - Effects of pH in the in vitro chromosomal aberration test.
AB  - The relation between the pH of the medium and clastogenic activity was studied in
      Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) K1 cells in vitro. The pH was adjusted with NaOH,
      KOH, HCl or H2SO4. No clastogenic activity was observed over the initial pH range
      of 7.3-10.9 without S9 mix, but a few chromosomal aberrations were induced at pH
      10.4 with S9 mix. The frequency of aberrations increased with the increase in
      amount of S9. At acidic pH, many chromatid breaks were induced at initiatial pH
      5.5 or below without S9 mix, and aberrations such as chromatid breaks and
      chromatid exchanges were induced at initial pH 6.2 or below with S9 mix. Using
      MES and Bis-Tris as buffers instead of sodium bicarbonate, we observed that
      aberrations of the chromatid break type were inducible at pH 6.2 or below. These
      results show that the combination of strong alkalinity and S9 is clastogenic to
      CHO-K1 cells, and also that weakly acidic media are genetically active. The
      results indicate that incubations at non-physiological pH might give false
      positive responses.

PMID- 2913492
TI  - Provocation of bradycardia and hypotension by isoproterenol and upright posture
      in patients with unexplained syncope.
AB  - Neurally mediated hypotension and bradycardia are believed to be common causes of
      syncope. We used the "upright-tilt test" (duration, less than or equal to 10
      minutes) with or without an infusion of exogenous catecholamine (isoproterenol [1
      to 5 micrograms per minute], given intravenously) to elicit bradycardia,
      hypotension, or both in 24 patients with recurrent syncope and in 18 control
      subjects. A conventional electrophysiologic test performed before the tilt test
      was positive in 9 of the 24 patients, revealing arrhythmias that may have caused
      recurrent syncope, but was negative and thus nondiagnostic in 15 patients. The
      tilt test alone (i.e., without isoproterenol) induced symptomatic bradycardia or
      hypotension in 1 of the 9 patients with positive electrophysiologic tests (11
      percent), 4 of the 15 patients with negative electrophysiologic tests (27
      percent), and none of the controls. When the isoproterenol infusion was
      administered during the tilt test, 9 of the 11 patients with negative
      electrophysiologic and tilt tests had syncope, marked slowing of the heart rate,
      and hypotension. In contrast, isoproterenol was associated with tachycardia and
      only a slight decline in arterial pressure in the 8 remaining patients with
      positive electrophysiologic tests and the 18 control subjects, and syncope
      developed in only 1 of the 8 patients with positive electrophysiologic tests and
      negative tilt tests (13 percent) and 2 of the 18 control subjects (11 percent).
      We conclude that an isoproterenol infusion administered in conjunction with the
      upright-tilt test may be useful for identifying susceptibility to neurally
      mediated recurrent syncope.

PMID- 2913493
TI  - Comparative effectiveness and costs of inpatient and outpatient detoxification of
      patients with mild-to-moderate alcohol withdrawal syndrome.
AB  - We compared the effectiveness, safety, and costs of outpatient (n = 87) and
      inpatient (n = 77) detoxification from alcohol in a randomized, prospective trial
      involving 164 male veterans of low socioeconomic status. The outpatients were
      evaluated medically and psychiatrically and then were prescribed decreasing doses
      of oxazepam on the basis of daily clinic visits. The inpatient program combined
      comprehensive psychiatric and medical evaluation, detoxification with oxazepam,
      and the initiation of rehabilitation treatment. The mean duration of treatment
      was significantly shorter for outpatients (6.5 days) than for inpatients (9.2
      days). On the other hand, significantly more inpatients (95 percent) than
      outpatient (72 percent) completed detoxification. There were no serious medical
      complications in either group. Outcome evaluations completed at one and six
      months for 93 and 85 percent of the patients, respectively, showed substantial
      improvement in both groups at both follow-up periods. At one month there were
      fewer alcohol-related problems among inpatients and fewer medical problems among
      outpatients. However, no group differences were found at the six-month follow-up,
      nor were differences found in the subsequent use of other alcoholism-treatment
      services. Costs were substantially greater for inpatients ($3,319 to $3,665 per
      patient) than for outpatients ($175 to $388). We conclude that outpatient medical
      detoxification is an effective, safe, and low-cost treatment for patients with
      mid-to-moderate symptoms of alcohol withdrawal.

PMID- 2913495
TI  - Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological
      exercises. Case 6-1989. A 57-year-old man with increasing dyspnea and a
      mediastinal mass.

PMID- 2913494
TI  - A child with phenotypic Laron dwarfism and normal somatomedin levels.

PMID- 2913496
TI  - Ventricular syncope: is the heart a sensory organ?

PMID- 2913497
TI  - Left ventricular thrombi and cerebral embolism.

PMID- 2913499
TI  - Practicing intubation of the newly dead.

PMID- 2913498
TI  - Treatment of alcoholism.

PMID- 2913500
TI  - Prerenal failure.

PMID- 2913501
TI  - Gamma globulin deficiency in newborns with congenital nephrotic syndrome.

PMID- 2913502
TI  - Case 28-1988.

PMID- 2913503
TI  - Case 35-1988.

PMID- 2913504
TI  - Disinfecting barbers' instruments.

PMID- 2913505
TI  - Holiday heart type II.

PMID- 2913506
TI  - The effects of alcoholism on skeletal and cardiac muscle.
AB  - To determine the prevalence of alcoholic myopathy and cardiomyopathy, we studied
      a group of 50 asymptomatic alcoholic men (mean age, 38.5 years) entering an
      outpatient treatment program. Studies performed included an assessment of muscle
      strength by electronic myometer, muscle biopsy, echocardiography, and
      radionuclide cardiac scanning, with comparison to healthy control subjects of
      similar age. The patients' mean (+/- SEM) daily alcohol consumption was 243 +/-
      13 g over an average of 16 years. These patients had no clinical or laboratory
      signs of malnutrition or electrolyte imbalance. Forty-two percent of the
      patients, as compared with none of the controls, had strength of less than 20 kg
      as measured in the deltoid muscle. Muscle-biopsy specimens from 23 patients (46
      percent) had histologic evidence of myopathy. In the cardiac studies, when the
      alcoholic patients were compared with 20 healthy controls, the patients had a
      significantly lower mean ejection fraction (59 vs. 67 percent), a lower mean
      shortening fraction (33 vs. 38 percent), a greater mean end-diastolic diameter
      (51 vs. 49 mm), and a greater mean left ventricular mass (123 vs. 106 g per
      square meter of body-surface area). One third of the alcoholics had an ejection
      fraction of 55 percent or less, as compared with none of the controls.
      Endomyocardial biopsy specimens from six patients with ejection fractions below
      50 percent showed histologic changes of cardiomyopathy. The estimated total
      lifetime dose of ethanol correlated inversely with muscular strength (r = -0.65;
      P less than 0.001). In an analysis that also included six patients with
      symptomatic alcoholic cardiomyopathy, the estimated total lifetime dose of
      ethanol correlated inversely with the ejection fraction (r = -0.58; P less than
      0.001) and directly with the left ventricular mass (r = 0.59; P less than 0.001).
      We conclude that myopathy of skeletal muscle and cardiomyopathy are common among
      persons with chronic alcoholism and that alcohol is toxic to striated muscle in a
      dose-dependent manner.

PMID- 2913507
TI  - Treatment of children with port-wine stains using the flashlamp-pulsed tunable
      dye laser.
AB  - Thirty-five children, three months to 14 years of age, with disfiguring port-wine
      stains were treated with a flashlamp-pulsed tunable dye laser. All had complete
      clearing of the stains after an average of 6.5 laser treatments to each lesional
      area; skin over bony prominences required approximately half as many sessions as
      skin on the cheek. Children less than seven years old required fewer sessions
      (mean +/- SD, 5.8 +/- 1.1) than older children (7.1 +/- 1.1; P less than 0.05).
      Treated skin was identical in texture and color to adjacent normal skin in 33
      (94.3 percent) of the children, whereas 2 (5.7 percent) had small, isolated,
      depressed scars in areas accidentally traumatized soon after laser treatment. The
      only other side effect was transient hyperpigmentation, which occurred in 20
      patients (57 percent). These results can be attributed to two distinguishing
      characteristics of the flashlamp-pulsed tunable dye laser: an emission wavelength
      of 577 nm, theoretically ideal for selective absorption by the intravascular
      target oxyhemoglobin, and a pulse duration of 360 microseconds, which closely
      matches the thermal relaxation time for dermal blood vessels and hence avoids
      diffuse nonspecific thermal necrosis with subsequent scarring of the treated
      skin.

PMID- 2913508
TI  - Closed-chest ablation of retrograde conduction in patients with atrioventricular
      nodal reentrant tachycardia.
AB  - We applied a new technique of catheter ablation to treat atrioventricular nodal
      reentrant tachycardia and preserve anterograde conduction, performing this
      procedure in 21 patients with repetitive episodes of tachycardia refractory to
      antiarrhythmic drugs. Using atrial activation in the His-bundle lead as a
      reference, we selected the optimal site of ablation by positioning an electrode
      catheter so that atrial activation occurred simultaneously with or earlier than
      the reference activation during tachycardia. At this site, the His-bundle
      deflection was completely absent or was present only at a low amplitude (less
      than 0.1 mV). In the majority of patients, these criteria could be met by
      withdrawing the catheter 5 to 10 mm from the site of the His-bundle recording
      (adjacent to the reference catheter). Shocks of 160 or 240 J were delivered at
      this site (cumulative energy [mean +/- SD], 689 +/- 442 J). Treatment resulted in
      preferential abolition or impairment of retrograde nodal conduction. Anterograde
      conduction, although modified, was preserved in 19 patients; complete heart block
      persisted in 2 patients. Sixteen patients remained free of arrhythmia, without
      medication or implantation of a pacemaker, for a mean follow-up period of 14 +/-
      8 months (range, 7 to 42). Tachycardia was not inducible in 14 patients in a
      follow-up electrophysiologic study performed 3.6 +/- 6 months after the
      procedure. We conclude that catheter ablation is an effective alternative for the
      treatment of atrioventricular nodal tachycardia in patients with drug-resistant
      tachycardia.

PMID- 2913510
TI  - Alcoholic myopathy and cardiomyopathy.

PMID- 2913509
TI  - Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological
      exercises. Case 7-1989. Unilateral exophthalmos three years after treatment of
      cervical and mediastinal Hodgkin's disease.

PMID- 2913511
TI  - Catheter techniques for ablation of supraventricular tachycardia.

PMID- 2913512
TI  - Screening for human immunodeficiency virus infections.

PMID- 2913513
TI  - More on transmission of HIV by blood transfusion.

PMID- 2913515
TI  - Emotional distress during magnetic resonance imaging.

PMID- 2913514
TI  - Dexamethasone therapy for bacterial meningitis.

PMID- 2913516
TI  - In defence of the psyche.

PMID- 2913517
TI  - General practitioners' attitudes to advertising and competition.

PMID- 2913518
TI  - Medicine in rural Kenya: a personal perspective.

PMID- 2913519
TI  - Health care and education.

PMID- 2913520
TI  - Health promotion and wellness.

PMID- 2913522
TI  - A standard for ethical committees.

PMID- 2913521
TI  - Myalgic encephalomyelitis.

PMID- 2913523
TI  - Information and consent.

PMID- 2913524
TI  - The Mason report.

PMID- 2913525
TI  - Alternative medicine.

PMID- 2913526
TI  - Sudden infant death.

PMID- 2913527
TI  - The scientific method.

PMID- 2913528
TI  - Smoking and financial health.

PMID- 2913529
TI  - Autopsy and the cause of death.

PMID- 2913531
TI  - The indications for abortion.

PMID- 2913530
TI  - The fate of cervical smears with minimal abnormality.

PMID- 2913532
TI  - Prescription charges.

PMID- 2913533
TI  - Bed availability as a significant influence on rates of committal to New
      Zealand's psychiatric hospitals.
AB  - Analysis of the data on committal to psychiatric institutions shows that there is
      a wide variation in risk of committal between hospital board areas and that this
      risk is strongly related to the availability of psychiatric institutional beds.
      The risk of remaining in an institution as a committed patient is even more
      strongly related to bed availability. These findings, which suggest that
      committal may be less related to objective clinical criteria than to other
      external factors, are of concern in view of the revision to compulsory treatment
      procedures currently before Parliament.

PMID- 2913534
TI  - A presidential message.

PMID- 2913535
TI  - A survey of drug prescribing practices of dentists.
AB  - A survey of drug prescribing habits of 357 dentists practicing in five counties
      in Western New York was conducted in 1986. Respondents represented both general
      practitioners and specialists who were graduates of 25 different dental schools.
      From this study it can be concluded that dentists prescribe a wide range of drugs
      representing over 13 drug categories. The most frequently prescribed drug
      categories were antibiotics, narcotic analgesics, non-steroidal inflammatory
      agents, non-narcotic analgesics, and fluorides. The most frequent prescribers of
      drugs were oral surgeons, endodontists and periodontists.

PMID- 2913536
TI  - A new material and technique for appliance therapy.
AB  - A new material (thermoplastic) and clinical technique has been presented which
      can be utilized for appliance therapy. The major occlusal problems caused by
      distortion of acrylic appliances after traditional heat curing has been
      eliminated by this material. As a result, a clinical technique has been suggested
      that utilizes a relieved duplicate master cast that is mounted on the articulator
      for wax up and processing purposes. The inordinate accuracy of the material
      permits the finished appliance to be reseated on the master cast with great
      precision. The occlusion is refined and the appliance inserted with insignificant
      occlusal adjustment.

PMID- 2913537
TI  - Third party audit of dental records.

PMID- 2913538
TI  - A modified bruxism appliance.

PMID- 2913539
TI  - On infection control.

PMID- 2913540
TI  - Extraction of third molars.

PMID- 2913541
TI  - [Malignant arrhythmia].
AB  - About 5 percent of the arrhythmias are serious, life threatening, malignant
      arrhythmias (MA). The MA is regularly associated with organic heart diseases
      (coronary heart disease, cardiomyopathy, valvular heart diseases), but a MA can
      develop without cardiac disorders e.g. in long QT syndrome or WPW syndrome. The
      most frequent type of the MA is the ventricular tachycardia (VT), mostly the
      sustained VT, not rarely degenerating to ventricular fibrillation (VF). The
      primary VF represents a rarer form of MA. The usual type of MA is the
      tachycardiac form, but there exists a MA with dominating bradycardia (bradycardia
      syncope, tachycardia associated with long lasting bradycardia). In the diagnosis
      of MA new investigatory methods (signal averaged electrography with high
      amplification, Holter monitoring, programmed electrical stimulation) play an
      important role. In the therapy of the MA the first step is the treatment of the
      cardiac disease involved in the pathogenesis of the MA. At present only about the
      40% of the MA can be effectively treated with antiarrhythmic drugs. The pacemaker
      therapy is very efficacious in the bradycardiac type of MA. Cardiodefibrillator
      pacemaker can be used for the treatment of grave VT or VF. Electrical transvenous
      catheter ablation, heart surgical intervention can also be applied in the
      treatment of special MA. The prognosis of VA was very serious a decade ago, now
      with application of newer therapeutical procedure the prognosis of MA is
      permanently improving.

PMID- 2913542
TI  - [Management of thermal injuries].

PMID- 2913543
TI  - Selected topics in pediatric pathology.

PMID- 2913544
TI  - The value of the pediatric postmortem examination.
AB  - Requesting an autopsy is never a pleasant or comfortable experience, either for
      physician or for family members. Sometimes the family has had previous unhappy
      experiences with this procedure, and certainly many clinicians have been repelled
      by sights, sounds, and behaviors they have observed in morgues. Such experiences
      can have far-reaching negative effects and reflect poorly upon the profession of
      pathology. Berger's important paper contains important messages for pathologists
      concerned with the performance of pediatric autopsies and for clinicians
      requesting consent. His paper should be read and heeded by both groups. Several
      studies have looked at factors that might affect autopsy rates, especially in
      perinatal deaths. Early separation of mother from baby emerged as an important
      factor in one of these, whereas maternal age, race, and sociocultural background
      played no important role. One of these studies investigated attitudes and
      experiences of the requesting physicians, and found these factors to be key
      determinants in the family's response to a request to perform a postmortem
      examination. One result of that study was that more experienced physicians were
      more likely to request a postmortem examination, and to receive an affirmative
      answer. The pediatric postmortem examination remains an indispensable part of
      clinical management. Its importance for science, clinical practice, and medical
      administration is beyond question. However, its greatest and most unique value is
      to the families of the deceased children. Clinicians and pathologists must
      continue to work together to ensure that this procedure is performed whenever
      indicated, that the information gained is maximized, and that the results are
      communicated to the family promptly, accurately, clearly, and with
      sensitivity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2913545
TI  - Pediatric specimen collection for chemical analysis.
AB  - Laboratory tests can be an important factor in patient care and health care
      costs. To maximize their utility and cost effectiveness, one must be aware of
      factors that can compromise their accuracy. The process from choice of tests to
      interpretation of results is complex, but it can be successfully completed if the
      variables discussed in this article are minimized. Note: Since submission of this
      manuscript, an article summarizing the neonatal experience at Columbus Children's
      Hospital and several surveyed pediatric hospitals has been published. This
      article reviews methods and provides numerous suggestions on improving technique.

PMID- 2913546
TI  - Laboratory detection of metabolic disease.
AB  - This article describes the clinical signs, abnormal chemistry, histopathology,
      and biochemical tests that assist in the diagnosis of many inherited metabolic
      diseases. Small molecule diseases (for example, amino acid disorders, organic
      acidurias, and galactosemia) may present with acute illness and lead to
      unexplained death. Diagnosis of the specific enzyme defect may permit treatment
      by dietary changes or vitamin supplementation. Large molecule diseases are
      degenerative disorders due to storage of glycogen, glycoproteins, or
      mucopolysaccharides. Table 7 presents a compendium of laboratory investigations
      one should consider using when abnormalities are found in multiple organ systems.
      The investigation of a child with a mucopolysaccharidosis is used as an example
      of the use of this table. Investigating pediatricians should realize that many
      laboratory tests involved in the diagnosis of metabolic disease required special
      collection and handling by the laboratory.

PMID- 2913547
TI  - Delayed cerebrospinal fluid sterilization and adverse outcome of bacterial
      meningitis in infants and children.
AB  - To determine the clinical importance of CSF cultures that are persistently
      positive for pathogens in patients treated for meningitis with the new
      cephalosporins, the records of 301 infants and children with bacterial meningitis
      enrolled prospectively in four clinical efficacy trials of cefuroxime or
      ceftriaxone therapy were reviewed. CSF culture results were positive for 20
      patients and they were sterile at 18 to 36 hours after start of therapy for 281
      patients. Seizures, subdural effusions, and hemiparesis were found significantly
      more often during hospitalization in those with delayed sterilization of CSF.
      Children with persistently positive cultures had a significantly higher incidence
      of neurologic abnormalities at the time of hospital discharge (45% v 19%) and at
      follow-up (41% v 13%) and of moderate to profound hearing impairment (35% v 15%)
      than did those with prompt sterilization of CSF. Repeat CSF examination is a
      useful prognostic indicator in infants and young children with bacterial
      meningitis.

PMID- 2913548
TI  - Socioeconomic differentials and neonatal mortality: racial comparison of
      California singletons.
AB  - The median family income of the zip code of maternal residence was used to
      estimate the presence and determine the extent of socioeconomic differentials in
      the neonatal mortality rates of a cohort of 401,399 white and of 66,577 black
      Californian singletons born from 1982 to 1983. The neonatal mortality rate in the
      white infants increased from 3.99 in mothers residing in zip codes with a median
      family income greater than $25,000 to 12.1 for mothers residing in zip codes with
      a median family income less than $11,000. With decreasing socioeconomic status
      there was also a significant increase in the percentage of white infants weighing
      less than 2,500 g (percentage of low birth weight increased from 3.75 to 8.33)
      and weighing less than 1,500 g (percentage of very low birth weight increased
      from 0.56 to 1.46). When the source of the socioeconomic difference in white
      neonatal mortality was partitioned, 77.4% was due to deterioration in the birth
      weight distribution and 22.6% to deterioration in the birth weight-specific
      mortality rates. For the black cohort, the neonatal mortality rate increased from
      5.9 in the most, to 9.0 in the least affluent strata. Although decreasing
      residential median family income was associated with an increase in the percent
      low birth weight (8.19 v 12.86), the percentage of very low birth weight was not
      significantly different (1.59 v 2.10). When the source of the differential in
      black neonatal mortality was partitioned, only 29% was due to deterioration of
      the birth weight distribution, whereas 71% was secondary to less favorable birth
      weight-specific mortality rates.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2913549
TI  - Cognitive and motor differences among low birth weight infants: impact of
      intraventricular hemorrhage, medical risk, and social class.
AB  - The independent impacts of severe intraventricular hemorrhage, other common
      medical complications of prematurity, and socioeconomic status on the development
      in the second year of life of 32 low birth weight subjects were explored. Outcome
      measures included standard tests of mental and motor development, an evaluation
      of language competence, and an assessment of information processing ability in a
      habituation/recovery paradigm. Partial correlations indicated that
      intraventricular hemorrhage influences cognitive and motor development
      independently of the other predictor variables. Socioeconomic status predicted
      language ability and recovery of attention to a novel stimulus independent of the
      other predictors. Medical complications other than intraventricular hemorrhage
      also made an independent contribution to the variance in language outcome.
      Implications of these findings are discussed.

PMID- 2913550
TI  - Hospital-acquired urinary tract infection.
AB  - From 16,534 admissions, 60 patients, 4 days to 15 years of age, with one or more
      hospital-acquired urinary tract infections were identified during a 5-year period
      by a prospective surveillance system. The patient charts were subsequently
      reviewed to characterize the population at risk for such infections and to
      describe the course and consequences of these infections. Infections in
      individual patients ranged from one to greater than 50. The hospital-acquired
      urinary tract infection rate for the study period was 14.2 infections per 1,000
      admissions. In the patients in whom all urinary tract infections were well
      documented, the following characteristics were defined: (1) 92% (97 of 105) of
      the infections occurred in catheterized patients; (2) almost half (49 of 105) of
      the infections occurred in patients exposed to only intermittent catheterization;
      (3) 28% (29 of 105) of the infections were asymptomatic; (4) fever was the most
      frequent finding in the symptomatic patients and occurred in 66% (60 of 105); (5)
      pyuria was found in only 51% (35 of 69) of the urinalyses performed at diagnosis;
      (6) 85% (89 of 105) of the infections were single-organism infections; (7) 82%
      (101 of 123) of the causative organisms were Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas sp,
      coagulase-negative staphylococci, Enterococcus spp, Klebsiella spp, or
      Enterobacter sp. The urinary tract infections in the 60 patients were not
      complicated by bacteremia, and no direct relationship between the infections and
      the minimal mortality in our patients could be established.

PMID- 2913551
TI  - Self-esteem in children medically managed for attention deficit disorder.
AB  - Self-esteem was measured initially in a group of 21 eight- to 12-year-old
      children with newly diagnosed attention deficit disorder/hyperactivity and
      remeasured after 1-month courses of treatment with methylphenidate and placebo
      given in double-blind crossover fashion. Multimodal management of all patients
      included diagnosis, demystification, medication, close follow-up with supportive
      counseling, and referral as indicated for psychosocial and educational
      assistance. Long-term follow-up of 12 children who continued to receive
      methylphenidate was done for an average of 16 months. Initial total self-esteem
      was low in 30% of all subjects, intermediate in 55%, and high in 15%. No
      statistically significant changes occurred in self-esteem during the short-term
      phase of the study despite clinically significant behavioral responses to
      medication as assessed by serial questionnaires. At long-term follow-up, total,
      general, and academic self-esteem scores were improved significantly, however.
      These findings indicate that many preadolescents with attention deficit
      disorder/hyperactivity exhibit low self-esteem. Despite clinical response to
      medication, short-term improvement in self-esteem may not occur; however, long
      term, multimodal management that includes medication does appear to improve self
      esteem.

PMID- 2913552
TI  - Language growth in children with expressive language delay.
AB  - Developmental expressive language disorder is a frequently occurring condition in
      children, characterized by severe delay in the development of expressive language
      compared with receptive language and cognitive skills. Opinions differ regarding
      whether expressive language delay is a disorder worthy of active intervention or
      an indication of normal variation in the onset of expressive language. The
      purpose of this research was to follow for 5 months 26 2-year-old children in
      whom expressive language disorder had been carefully diagnosed to discover the
      rate of improvement and its predictors. Improvement was variable, with
      approximately one third of the children showing no improvement, one third showing
      mild improvement, and one third in the normal range at posttest. Nearly two
      thirds of the variance in improvement could be accounted for by three child
      variables measured by the pretest: parentally reported vocabulary size,
      parentally reported problems with having regular meals, and observed frequency of
      quiet activity not requiring the parent's management. A screening procedure
      involving only one of those variables, reported vocabulary size, was 81% accurate
      in identifying children's improvement status. The implications of these results
      for the management of children with expressive language disorder are discussed.

PMID- 2913553
TI  - Systemic lupus erythematosus in the first decade of life.
AB  - To evaluate whether the onset of systemic lupus erythematosus in the first decade
      of life was associated with a unique pattern of racial preponderance, sexual
      preponderance, genetic predisposition, or disease expression, the medical records
      of 23 children with systemic lupus erythematosus prior to their tenth birthdays
      were compared with the medical records of 82 children in whom lupus was diagnosed
      between their tenth and 20th birthdays. No statistically significant differences
      in sex distribution, racial (ethnic) background, family history, mode of onset,
      morbidity, or mortality rates were found between the two age groups. The
      frequently held view that children with early-onset lupus do worse probably
      relates to the fact that even though they survive as long as children with the
      older-onset disease, they die younger because they have the onset of their lupus
      at a younger age.

PMID- 2913554
TI  - Normative arm and calf blood pressure values in the newborn.
AB  - Indirect BP measurement was obtained in the right upper arm in 219 healthy
      newborn infants with the Dinamap monitor and was compared with values obtained
      from the calf to establish normative BP values and to help establish a diagnosis
      of hypertension and coarctation of the aorta in the newborn. There were 174
      Mexican-Americans (79.5%), 33 whites (15.0%), and 12 blacks (5.5%). The width of
      the BP cuff was selected to be 0.4 to 0.5 times the circumference of the
      extremities. Three supine position readings of BPs and heart rate were obtained
      from each site and were averaged for statistical analyses. Mean arm BP values (+/
      SD) of the neonate less than 36 hours of age were 62.6 +/- 6.9/38.9 +/- 5.7 mm
      Hg (48.0 +/- 6.2 mm Hg). Neonates older than 36 hours had slightly but
      significantly (P less than .05) greater values (4 to 6 mm Hg) than did infants
      younger than 36 hours of age. Active neonates had values 6 to 10 mm Hg greater
      than quiet neonates (P less than .05). BP values in the calf obtained with the
      same-sized cuff were almost identical with those obtained from the arm.
      Differences in consecutively obtained arm and calf BPs (arm values minus calf
      values) were 1.1 +/- 7.7 mm Hg systolic, -0.01 +/- 6.2 mm Hg diastolic, and 0.9
      +/- 6.9 mm Hg mean pressures. Mean heart rate (+/- SD) of neonates less than 36
      hours of age was 129.4 +/- 13.2 beats per minute and that of neonates older than
      36 hours of age was 139.4 +/- 14.1 beats per minute.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2913555
TI  - Nocturnal hypoventilation in children with nonprogressive neuromuscular disease.
AB  - Eight patients between 4 and 24 years of age with nonprogressive neuromuscular
      disease sought medical attention because of severe nocturnal hypoventilation.
      There were two types of findings: subacute with progressive early morning
      headaches and daytime drowsiness and acute with ventilatory failure and cor
      pulmonale. Seven patients were ambulant. Seven were successfully treated with
      either a cuirass negative pressure ventilator or a positive pressure ventilator
      via a tracheostomy. The ventilatory assistance was only used at night and
      resulted in rapid resolution of early morning symptoms and a return to full
      daytime activity. One patient died as a result of an intercurrent respiratory
      infection before respiratory support could be given. It is important to be aware
      of this potentially life-threatening complication in patients with an otherwise
      good prognosis and of the benefit to be derived from active treatment.

PMID- 2913556
TI  - Cow's milk whey protein elicits symptoms of infantile colic in colicky formula
      fed infants: a double-blind crossover study.
AB  - There are several causes of infantile colic. The aim of this study was to
      evaluate, under controlled conditions, whether bovine whey proteins can elicit
      symptoms of infantile colic in colicky formula-fed infants. The mean age for
      entering the study was 6.4 weeks and the mean age for colic debut was 3.7 weeks.
      In 24 of 27 infants with severe colic, the symptoms disappeared when they were
      given a cow's milk-free diet (Nutramigen). These 24 infants were entered into a
      double-blind crossover study. The infants (receiving cow's milk-free diet) were
      given the contents of identical capsules with each meal during day 6. The same
      procedure was repeated on day 10. The capsules contained either whey protein
      powder (with Nutramigen added) or human albumin powder (with Nutramigen added).
      Eighteen infants receiving the whey protein-containing capsules reacted with
      colic, two infants receiving placebo reacted with colic (P less than .001), and
      four infants did not react at all. Crying hours per day for the 24 infants were
      5.6 hours for formula-fed infants and 0.7 hour for cow's milk-free diet-fed
      infants (P less than .001). Crying hours per day were 3.2 hours for the infants
      receiving whey protein capsules and 1.0 hour for those receiving placebo (P less
      than .001). In conclusion, bovine whey protein can elicit symptoms of infantile
      colic in colicky formula-fed infants.

PMID- 2913557
TI  - Fatal farm injuries among young children.
AB  - Death certificate data concerning farm-related injury deaths among children 0 to
      9 years of age in Wisconsin and Illinois for the period of 1979 to 1985 were
      reviewed. Average annual farm-related injury death rates were 3.2 per 100,000
      rural children in Wisconsin (62 deaths) and 1.5 per 100,000 in Illinois (32
      deaths). Rates were three times higher among boys than girls. The occurrence of
      two harvest-related peaks and the absence of fatality in children less than 1
      year of age suggest that presence of children on the farm when supervision is
      diminished is a key factor in farm-related fatalities. Moving machinery
      (tractors, wagons, and trucks) was the source of injury in approximately 55% of
      all deaths. Drowning accounted for 15% of all farm-related deaths. Two fatalities
      related to gravity box wagons could have easily been prevented with simple safety
      devices. These findings suggest a need for developing environmental interventions
      in farms. This will require the allocation of more resources to farm safety
      programs and a revision of current farm safety legislation.

PMID- 2913558
TI  - Psychologic morbidity of children subjected to Munchausen syndrome by proxy.
AB  - Munchausen syndrome by proxy is being recognized and reported with increasing
      frequency, which suggests that it is more common and occurs with a wider spectrum
      of severity than was previously suspected. In past reports, the difficulties of
      detecting and documenting the syndrome have been emphasized, as well as its
      physical morbidity and mortality. The psychologic morbidity of Munchausen
      syndrome by proxy in six children is described. The children reacted with
      developmentally appropriate behavior problems ranging from feeding disorders in
      infants, withdrawal and hyperactivity in preschool-aged children, to hysterical
      disorders and personal adoption of Munchausen syndrome behavior in adolescents.
      Parental psychologic and behavioral styles, family dynamics, and responses from
      legal and children's protective services systems make protection of the child
      within the home difficult, if not impossible. Even with protection from further
      physical injury, severe psychologic trauma remains likely. Extreme caution is
      suggested in allowing these children to remain in the family.

PMID- 2913559
TI  - Ethical issues in preventive pediatrics.

PMID- 2913560
TI  - American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Medical Liability: Professional
      liability coverage for residents.

PMID- 2913561
TI  - American Academy of Pediatrics Committee of Medical Liability: Guidelines for
      expert witness testimony.

PMID- 2913562
TI  - American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Communications: Impact of rock lyrics
      and music videos on children and youth.

PMID- 2913563
TI  - Syllabic pitch perception in 2- to 3-month-old infants.
AB  - The pitch patterns present in speech addressed to infants may play an important
      role in perceptual processing by infants. In this study, the high-amplitude
      sucking procedure was used to assess discrimination by 2- to 3-month-old infants
      of rising versus falling pitch patterns in 400-msec synthetic [ra] and [la]
      tokens. The syllables' intonation contour was modeled on infant-directed speech,
      and covered a range characteristic of an adult female speaker (180-300 Hz). Group
      data indicated that the 2- to 3-month-old infants discriminated the pitch contour
      for both stimuli. Results are discussed with reference to previous studies of
      syllabic pitch perception.

PMID- 2913564
TI  - Color correspondence in apparent motion.
AB  - To maintain figural identity during motion perception, the visual system must
      match images over space and time. Correct matching requires a metric for
      identifying "corresponding" images, those representing the same physical object.
      To test whether matching is based on achromatic (black/white) polarity and
      chromatic (red/green) color, observers viewed an ambiguous motion display and
      judged the path of apparent motion. Matching preserved black/white identity
      regardless of whether frames were viewed binocularly or dichoptically. Red/green
      identity was also preserved, but coherence of motion depended in part on the
      number of frames in the motion sequence and on the background luminance. These
      results suggest that correspondence is computed by a weighted metric containing
      terms for image features coded early in visual processing.

PMID- 2913565
TI  - Auditory discrimination of tone-pulse onsets.
AB  - Two experiments are reported in which difference limens (DLs) were measured for
      onset times of a 1000-Hz tone pulse. An adaptive two-alternative forced-choice
      procedure and (mostly) well-trained subjects were used. In the first experiment,
      DLs were measured for the rise time of linear onset ramps at rise-time values
      between 10 and 60 msec. The DLs follow Weber's law up to a rise time of about 50
      msec, and do not support the notion that rise times are perceived in a
      categorical manner. In the second experiment, DLs were obtained for linear,
      exponential, and raised-cosine onset envelopes at rise-time values between 10 and
      40 msec. When energy differences in the critical band around 1000 Hz are computed
      for just-discriminable onsets, values between 0.7 dB (10-msec rise time) and 0.3
      dB (40-sec rise time) are found. These equivalent intensity DLs show the same
      "near miss to Weber's law" behavior as do intensity DLs for pure tones.

PMID- 2913566
TI  - A comparison of discrimination and identification of vibrotactile patterns.
AB  - Both discrimination and identification tasks have been used to assess subjects'
      abilities to perceive vibratory spatial patterns presented to the skin. The
      present study examined discrimination and identification performance under
      comparable conditions. In Experiment 1, subjects attempted to discriminate a pair
      of patterns on some blocks of trials and to identify both members of a pair on
      other blocks. For both tasks, the time between the members of the pair was
      varied. Discrimination performance could be predicted accurately from
      identification data. Analysis of performance on identification trials indicated
      that subjects used discriminability information to identify pairs. In Experiment
      2, discrimination and identification were compared when the temporal separation
      between patterns was fixed and a masking stimulus followed each pattern after a
      variable delay. Results suggest that temporal masking, rather than the time
      available for processing pattern information, is the major limitation in both
      discrimination and identification of sequences of tactile patterns.

PMID- 2913567
TI  - Perception of slant-in-depth is automatic.
AB  - Two experiments assessed perception of the slant-in-depth of static irregularly
      contoured shapes when attention was withdrawn from processing slant-in-depth. The
      experiments showed that when the memory load of the experimental task is minimal,
      discrimination of slant-in-depth is evidenced even when attention has not been
      directed to slant discrimination. The findings are brought to bear on a model of
      perceiving shape-at-a-slant (Epstein & Lovitts, 1985) that partitions the
      components of the process into automatic and attention-demanding operations.

PMID- 2913568
TI  - The role of visual information in the processing of place and manner features in
      speech perception.
AB  - Visual information provided by a talker's mouth movements can influence the
      perception of certain speech features. Thus, the "McGurk effect" shows that when
      the syllable (bi) is presented audibly, in synchrony with the syllable (gi), as
      it is presented visually, a person perceives the talker as saying (di). Moreover,
      studies have shown that interactions occur between place and voicing features in
      phonetic perception, when information is presented audibly. In our first
      experiment, we asked whether feature interactions occur when place information is
      specificed by a combination of auditory and visual information. Members of an
      auditory continuum ranging from (ibi) to (ipi) were paired with a video display
      of a talker saying (igi). The auditory tokens were heard as ranging from (ibi) to
      (ipi), but the auditory-visual tokens were perceived as ranging from (idi) to
      (iti). The results demonstrated that the voicing boundary for the auditory-visual
      tokens was located at a significantly longer VOT value than the voicing boundary
      for the auditory continuum presented without the visual information. These
      results demonstrate that place-voice interactions are not limited to situations
      in which place information is specified audibly.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2913569
TI  - The vista paradox: a natural visual illusion.
AB  - Suppose an observer views a distant object through a window in the far wall of a
      room or corridor--a visual scene constituting a vista. If the observer moves
      toward the window, then the distant object will shrink in apparent size and
      appear farther away. These effects are paradoxical, because the distant object
      appears smaller as its visual angle increases. The vista paradox occurs under
      many other real-world conditions, such as viewing a distant object while moving
      out of the mouth of a valley, or driving across a topographic crest. In the
      present study, framing effects and the equidistance tendency are considered as
      possible factors. However, an explanation based on the dynamic relationship
      between the visual angle of the framing portion of a vista and the visual angle
      of a distant object appears more promising.

PMID- 2913571
TI  - Instructional and probability manipulations of bias in multiletter matching.
AB  - Ratcliff (1985) performed fits of his diffusion model to the results of
      multiletter-matching experiments conducted by Ratcliff and Hacker (1981) and
      Proctor, Rao, and Hurst (1984), in which bias to respond "same" or "different"
      was manipulated by instructions and probabilities, respectively. The fits showed
      that both bias manipulations affected settings of a goodness-of-match criterion,
      whereas instructions also affected sensitivity. Evaluations of the experimental
      procedures and of Ratcliff's model-fitting procedures were performed in the
      present study. Three experiments showed that instructions and probabilities had
      similar effects, regardless of whether the different pairs were blocked or
      randomized according to the number of mismatching positions. The most salient
      feature of the results--that "same" reaction times were traded off more than were
      "different" reaction times, with no corresponding asymmetry in the error rates-
      was evident in all situations. The evaluation of Ratcliff's model-fitting
      procedures indicated that the apparent influence of instructions on sensitivity
      likely is an artifact of unequal variance for the sets of same and different
      pairs. Moreover, the effects of bias can be explained in terms of settings of
      response criteria, rather than of the goodness-of-match criterion, as in
      Ratcliff's fits.

PMID- 2913570
TI  - Texture perception in sighted and blind observers.
AB  - The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the utility of visual imagery
      for texture perception. In Experiment 1, sighted, early-blind, and late-blind
      observers made relative smoothness judgments of abrasive surfaces using active or
      passive tough. In Experiment 2, subjects compared vision and touch in the
      accuracy of smoothness detection, using a broad range of textures, including very
      fine surfaces. No differences appeared between the sighted and the blind, and it
      did not matter if touch were active or passive. Vision and touch showed similar
      performance with relatively coarse textures, but touch was superior to vision for
      much finer surface textures. The results were consistent with the notion that
      visual coding of tactual stimuli is not advantageous (or necessary) for texture
      perception, since touch may hold advantages for the detection of the smoothness
      of surfaces.

PMID- 2913572
TI  - An investigation of the facilitation of simple auditory reaction time by
      predictable background stimuli.
AB  - Two experiments explored a surprising result reported by Emmerich, Pitchford, and
      Becker (1976): Simple reaction time (RT) to an auditory stimulus can be
      facilitated by the presence of a tonal background (or masker). In the first
      experiment, simple RT to a tonal signal was investigated for a variety of
      background frequencies and loudness levels, and significant facilitation of RT
      was found for low levels of the background. In the second experiment, no evidence
      of facilitation was found when the background stimulus was a randomly varying
      narrow-band noise, although evidence for facilitation was again found with a
      constant tonal background.

PMID- 2913573
TI  - Classification behavior and measures of intelligence: dimensional identity versus
      overall similarity.
AB  - Individuals tend to adopt either analytic or holistic modes of categorizing
      objects. In two studies, we examined the relation between these categorization
      tendencies and cognitive abilities as measured by standard psychometric
      instruments. The participants in both studies were pretested with a restricted
      classification task in which it was possible for them to classify simple stimuli
      by dimensional identity or overall similarity. Those making a large number of
      either type of categorization were then tested with subtests of the WAIS-R and
      with the Raven's progressive matrices. Across both studies, the analytic
      individuals (many dimensional identity classifications) scored higher than the
      holistic individuals (many overall similarity classifications) on some but not
      all of the subtests. The results are consistent with the idea that holistic modes
      of categorization may be more "primitive" than analytic modes. The findings are
      discussed in terms of the association between categorization mode and either
      general or specific cognitive abilities.

PMID- 2913574
TI  - Cross-modal, auditory-visual Stroop interference: a reply to Cowan and Barron
      (1987).
AB  - This series of experiments was performed to verify Cowan and Barron's (1987)
      reported effect of auditory color-word interference on a visual Stroop task.
      Extant theory predicts effects of irrelevant speech on visual memory tasks
      involving immediate, ordered recall of the items. Interference between the two
      sources of information (visual and auditory) is assumed to be located at the
      phonological store component of the articulatory loop. Perceptual tasks such as
      the Stroop task, which do not require use of the articulatory loop for rehearsal
      purposes, should not be similarly susceptible. The present data fail to replicate
      Cowan and Barron's findings, and are thus consistent with contemporary theory.

PMID- 2913575
TI  - The reality of cross-modal Stroop effects.

PMID- 2913576
TI  - Brightness contrast, brightness constancy, and the ratio principle.

PMID- 2913577
TI  - Qualitative relationships are decisive.

PMID- 2913578
TI  - Shoulder kinesthesia after anterior glenohumeral joint dislocation.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to examine kinesthesia in normal (uninjured)
      shoulders and in shoulders with a history of glenohumeral joint dislocations.
      Both shoulders of 10 healthy subjects and 8 subjects with a history of unilateral
      anterior dislocation were tested for accuracy of angular reproduction, threshold
      to sensation of movement, and end-range reproduction using a motor-driven
      shoulder-wheel apparatus. An analysis of variance revealed significant
      differences (p less than .001) between the injured and uninjured shoulders for
      all three tests. Post hoc analysis showed significant differences (p less than
      .02) between the involved shoulders and all uninvolved shoulders. No significant
      difference was found among the uninvolved shoulders. The results of this study
      indicate that kinesthetic deficits occur after glenohumeral dislocation and may
      result in abnormal neuromuscular coordination and subsequent reinjury of the
      shoulder. Clinicians should consider rehabilitation of shoulder kinesthesia using
      therapeutic activation of the shoulder joint and muscle receptors when treating
      patients with previous dislocations.

PMID- 2913579
TI  - Use of ultrasound to enhance percutaneous absorption of benzydamine.
AB  - The influence of ultrasound on the percutaneous absorption of benzydamine
      hydrochloride from a gel base was investigated in a double-blind, placebo
      controlled clinical study of 10 healthy volunteers. Using two similar
      experimental protocols, the effect of both 1:1 (2 msec on, 2 msec off) pulsed
      output ultrasound (3.0 MHz at 1.0 W/cm2 and 0.0 W/cm2 [control]) and continuous
      output ultrasound at a range of frequencies (0.75, 1.5, and 3.0 MHz at 1.5 W/cm2)
      were investigated. A placebo control (benzydamine gel massaged with ultrasound
      applicator switched off) was incorporated into each protocol. Percutaneous
      absorption of benzydamine was assessed by measurement of the residual amount of
      drug in the formulation base after treatment. Drug assay was by reversed-phase
      high-performance liquid chromatography and ultraviolet detection. Statistical
      analysis of the results for both continuous and pulsed ultrasound treatment
      showed that no significant differences existed between data for ultrasound
      treatment versus no ultrasound. In conclusion, although phonophoresis has been
      alleged to enhance percutaneous absorption of numerous drugs, ultrasound did not
      enhance the percutaneous absorption of benzydamine under the experimental
      conditions of this study.

PMID- 2913580
TI  - Effects of upper limb immobilization on isometric muscle strength, movement time,
      and triphasic electromyographic characteristics.
AB  - The effects of short-term immobilization on isometric muscle strength, movement
      time, and triphasic integrated electromyographic characteristics were assessed
      during a simple ballistic elbow flexion and extension movement. The nondominant
      upper limbs in six subjects (two female, four male) were immobilized in a plaster
      cast for 14 days. Testing consisted of isometric muscle strength output of elbow
      flexors and extensors; movement time; and IEMG output of the agonist, antagonist,
      and second agonist contractions during the ballistic movements. An analysis of
      variance revealed a decrease in flexor strength of the casted limb (p less than
      .05). Movement time was not significantly slowed. Antagonist IEMG amplitude was
      decreased (p less than .01) during flexion, and agonist IEMG amplitude (p less
      than .05) and antagonist IEMG amplitude (p less than .05) were diminished during
      extension of the casted limb. In conclusion, short-term upper limb immobilization
      affects primarily elbow flexion strength and some IEMG characteristics during a
      ballistic forearm movement, suggesting an influence on the neuromuscular aspects
      of the affected muscles.

PMID- 2913581
TI  - Effect of altering handle position of a rolling walker on gait in children with
      cerebral palsy.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine whether altering the handle position
      on a rolling walker would affect the gait pattern of children with spastic
      cerebral palsy (CP). Sixteen children with CP (2-10 years old) performed six gait
      trials, three with the handle on the rolling walker positioned horizontally and
      three with the handle positioned vertically. Using the footprint-on-paper method,
      gait characteristics of right and left step width, step length, and stride
      length; cadence; and velocity were determined. A two-way analysis of variance for
      two repeated measures indicated no significant differences in the measured gait
      characteristics between handle positions. Significant differences between the
      first trial and subsequent trials for both horizontal and vertical handle
      positions were found using Duncan's multiple comparison test. This study suggests
      that in this sample of children, altering the handle position did not lead to any
      immediate statistically significant changes in the gait characteristics measured.
      Results suggest that walkers with vertical handles should not be prescribed under
      the assumption that the gait characteristics of the child using the walker will
      be changed. This study does not rule out other changes that might occur with the
      use of vertical-handled walkers.

PMID- 2913582
TI  - Influence of head-neck rotation on static elbow flexion force of paretic side in
      patients with hemiparesis.
AB  - The purpose of this investigation was to examine the influence of bead and neck
      (HN) position in the transverse plane on the static production of elbow flexion
      force in the involved (paretic) upper extremity of patients with hemiparesis.
      Thirty-one patients who had experienced a cerebrovascular accident a mean of 44
      days before testing participated in the study. Static elbow flexion force was
      tested with a hand-held dynamometer, twice with the HN rotated toward the paretic
      side and twice with the HN rotated toward the nonparetic side. Elbow flexion
      force did not differ with the HN in the two positions (F = 0.008, p = 931).
      Results of this study support the conclusion that HN position in the transverse
      plane does not influence the production of static elbow flexion force on the
      paretic side in patients with stroke. Clinicians, therefore, may wish to
      reexamine any emphasis they place on HN position for facilitating elbow flexion
      force production on the paretic side of patients with hemiparesis.

PMID- 2913583
TI  - Peak torque-to-body weight ratios in the trunk: a critical analysis.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to document the relationships between body weight
      and isokinetic extension and flexion peak torque produced by the trunk
      musculature. Using a dynamometer, we collected isokinetic measurements during
      trunk flexion and extension at speeds of 60 degrees and 120 degrees/sec on 61
      healthy subjects (29 men, 32 women; 20-60 years old) while standing. Extension
      and flexion peak torque measurements were calculated for each subject at each
      speed. Male and female subjects' data were analyzed separately. Each subject's
      body weight was paired with peak torque at each speed, and Pearson product-moment
      correlation coefficients (r) were calculated. The correlation coefficients ranged
      from .27 to .39 for extension and from .66 to .70 for flexion, establishing a
      positive linear relationship between body weight and each of the isokinetic
      measurements. Body weight accounted for very small proportions of the variance
      (as low as 7%-15% in extension isokinetic measurements). In attempting to use a
      client's body weight to predict isokinetic peak torque measurements, the
      clinician should be aware that a great deal of unaccounted for variance exists.
      We recommend that clinicians use other variables (eg, activity level, age) in
      addition to body weight to control for individual differences among healthy
      subjects when measuring isokinetic trunk extension muscle performance.

PMID- 2913584
TI  - Comparison of gait of young men and elderly men.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to describe and compare the free-speed gait
      characteristics of healthy young men with those of healthy elderly men. Data
      collection consisted of high-speed cinematography resulting in synchronized front
      and side views of 24 healthy male volunteers, 12 between 20 and 32 years of age
      and 12 between 60 and 74 years of age. Young men were recruited to match the
      elderly men on the basis of right-leg length. Each subject participated in three
      filmed trials of free-speed ambulation down a 14-m walkway. The processed film
      was analyzed for eight gait characteristics. Differences in characteristics
      between the two groups were examined using a correlated t test (p less than .01).
      No significant differences were observed between the groups for step and stride
      length, velocity, ankle range of motion, vertical and horizontal excursions of
      the center of gravity, and pelvic obliquity; however, the younger men
      demonstrated a significantly larger stride width than the elderly men (p less
      than .01). The results suggest that the two populations of healthy adult men have
      similar gait characteristics.

PMID- 2913585
TI  - Effects of foot orthoses on center-of-pressure patterns in women.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of foot orthoses on the
      pattern of center of pressure in women with forefoot deformities during walking.
      Nine subjects with a forefoot varus and nine subjects with a forefoot valgus
      walked across a force platform three times for each of the following five
      treatment conditions: 1) barefoot, 2) shoes only, 3) rigid orthoses with shoes,
      4) semi-rigid orthoses with shoes, and 5) soft orthoses with shoes. Force data
      were analyzed to determine the area under the center-of-pressure curve. A
      significant omnibus F ratio was obtained for treatments (p less than .001) and
      the deformity X treatments interaction (p less than .05) using a two-factor,
      mixed analysis of variance for repeated measures. Tukey's post hoc comparisons
      for the Varus Group resulted in significant differences (p less than .05) between
      the following treatment conditions: 1) barefoot and shoes only, 2) barefoot and
      rigid orthoses with shoes, 3) barefoot and semi-rigid orthoses with shoes, and 4)
      barefoot and soft orthoses with shoes. Tukey's post hoc comparisons for the
      Valgus Group resulted in significant differences (p less than .05) between the
      following treatment conditions: 1) barefoot and rigid orthoses with shoes, 2)
      barefoot and semi-rigid orthoses with shoes, and 3) barefoot and soft orthoses
      with shoes. The shoes-only treatment condition, in comparison with the barefoot
      condition, significantly reduced the center-of-pressure area for the Varus Group
      only.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2913587
TI  - Diagnosis: defining the term.

PMID- 2913586
TI  - Problem-knowledge coupling: a tool for physical therapy clinical practice.
AB  - The purposes of this article are 1) to summarize the development, function, and
      philosophy of the Problem-Knowledge Coupler (PKC), a computerized tool that is
      designed to aid the clinical decision-making process in medical practice, and 2)
      to speculate on the value this system has in meeting clinical practice, needs and
      addressing professional practice issues in physical therapy. The evolution of the
      PKC system from its origins in the problem-oriented system of medical care is
      described, and the philosophy of problem-knowledge coupling is contrasted to the
      basic philosophy of traditional clinical medical practice and never computerized
      expert decision-support systems. We suggest that problem-knowledge coupling could
      be a useful tool in physical therapy because it improves the collection and
      synthesis of patient information and uses the unique nature of individual patient
      problems coupled with the clinical literature as the bases for clinical practice
      decisions.

PMID- 2913588
TI  - [Psychotherapeutic activity as a realization of therapeutic heuristics. A process
      comparison of 3 therapy forms from a new perspective].
AB  - A new research perspective for analyzing the psychotherapeutic process is
      discussed. Instead of the usual method-oriented thinking, a heuristic
      understanding of psychotherapy is presented that focuses on the goals of
      therapeutic activity. The instrument developed for this purpose, the Heuristic
      Rating Scales, is described. Using data from a comparative treatment study, the
      suitability of these rating scales for analyzing therapeutic activity is tested
      statistically. Finally, the three therapy forms examined are described in terms
      of the realization in terms of the realization of therapeutic goals (heuristics)
      and compared with each other.

PMID- 2913589
TI  - [Temporal markers of analytic psychotherapy in relation to health insurance
      management].
AB  - A sample (N = 1142) of applications for psychotherapy made at the health
      insurances was analyzed of characteristics as status of therapist, total number
      of sessions and weekly frequency of sessions. Analytic individual psychotherapy
      was the most often applicated (40%) of the four analyzed methods (depth
      psychologically founded respectively analytical, individual respectively group
      psychotherapy). With regard to individual analytic psychotherapy low-frequent
      therapies (one or two sessions weekly) are as usual as higher-frequent ones
      (three or four sessions weekly). Only 20% of these higher-frequent therapies
      seemed to last more than 240 sessions totally.

PMID- 2913590
TI  - [Control beliefs and patient compliance: an empirical study exemplified by
      adolescents with diabetes mellitus, bronchial asthma and alopecia areata].
AB  - The present paper focuses on the relation between control beliefs and the
      compliance of adolescents suffering from chronical diseases. It is assumed that
      the compliance will be high when the own behavior is regarded as most important
      for the improvement during illness (internal locus of control). A high compliance
      is also expected when the own state of health is seen as dependent from other
      persons, who are engaged in the therapeutic process (powerful others locus of
      control). Little compliance is expected when the state of health is regarded as
      dependent from fate or chance influences (chance locus of control). Thereover, it
      is assumed that the control beliefs are influenced by the specific disease of a
      patient, since diseases are controllable by the patients in different degrees and
      therefore should result in specific control beliefs. The theoretical assumptions
      were proved in an empirical study with 80 patients suffering from different
      diseases (Diabetes mellitus, Asthma bronchiale, Alopecia areata) and 366 healthy
      adolescents and adults. The results show a clear dependency of the control
      beliefs from the kind of disease of the patients. However, the relations between
      control beliefs and compliance are discrepant to the expectations which is shown
      mainly by null or negative correlations between internality and compliance. The
      empirical relations are explained by the self-reliant behavior of the internal
      patients which perhaps shows little compatibility to traditional concepts of
      compliance. The implications of the present results for the enhancement of
      compliance and for the definition of the compliance-concept are elaborated and
      discussed.

PMID- 2913591
TI  - [Current developments in the area of consultation/liaison psychiatry.
      Information, definition of the concept, perspectives].
AB  - Recent developments in cooperation of clinical and psychosomatic medicine are
      reviewed for the Federal Republique of Germany and the European neighbour
      countries. Central are: Development of concepts and modes of cooperation. The
      starting point are consultations, the goal is to "liaison" with most clinical
      areas. Research is focussed on: Dynamics of the process of cooperation, efficacy
      and efficiency as well as interactions of clinical course and coping.
      International comparison sheds more light on the relationship of psychiatry and
      psychosomatics/psychotherapy. The further development will try to stabilise
      existing cooperations as well as experiences from university medicine to every
      day clinical practise. The newly founded European Consultation Workgroup prepared
      a European collaborative study as well as a first European conference on
      consultation liaison.

PMID- 2913592
TI  - A manic episode in the course of anorexia nervosa with bulimia.

PMID- 2913593
TI  - ECT treatment of an elderly mentally retarded man.

PMID- 2913594
TI  - Bradycardia induced by an interaction between phenelzine and beta blockers.

PMID- 2913595
TI  - Anorexia nervosa and reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome.

PMID- 2913596
TI  - Treating chronic pain.

PMID- 2913597
TI  - Vomiting, chemoreceptor trigger zone, and dopamine.

PMID- 2913598
TI  - Anxiety, depression, and somatization in DSM-III hypochondriasis.
AB  - To assess the severity of distress and of somatization in hypochondriasis, the
      authors administered several validated self-rating scales of depression, anxiety,
      somatic symptoms, and anger/hostility to 21 psychiatric outpatients with the DSM
      III diagnosis of hypochondriasis and to matched groups of other nonpsychotic
      psychiatric patients, family practice patients, and employees. Anxiety and
      somatic symptoms were highest in hypochondriacal patients; depression and
      anger/hostility did not differ from those of other psychiatric patients but were
      higher than in the other groups. The findings do not support the theory that
      hypochondriasis is a defense against anxiety or that it is a masked depression or
      depressive equivalent. The findings are consistent with the view that the
      interaction of severe anxiety and severe somatic symptoms is a common feature of
      the psychopathology of hypochondriasis.

PMID- 2913599
TI  - Geriatric psychiatry patients' care by primary care physicians.
AB  - Primary care physicians were surveyed regarding their perceptions from recall of
      psychiatric disorders in, and their use of treatment approaches for, their
      geriatric patients. Affective disorders, organic mental syndrome, and generalized
      anxiety disorders were the three most common problems reported, and they were
      felt to be among the three most common problems by 89%, 56%, and 39% of the
      physicians, respectively. The three most common disorders for which they sought
      psychiatric consultation or referral were affective disorders, "psychosis," and
      organic mental syndrome, by 61%, 22%, and 18% of the respondents. The use of
      various psychiatric treatments and various sources of consultation and referral
      are analyzed and reported by age, primary care specialty, and practice setting of
      responding physicians.

PMID- 2913600
TI  - Sexual abuse in patients with anorexia nervosa and bulimia.
AB  - Few studies have documented the extent and nature of sexual abuse among women who
      later come to treatment for anorexia nervosa or bulimia. This comparison study
      reports on a sample of 158 patients admitted to an eating-disorder unit, of whom
      60 gave a history of sexual abuse, compared to 98 with no history of abuse. Fifty
      percent of the anorexic and bulimic patients had suffered sexual abuse, compared
      to only 28% of patients admitted with other eating-disorder diagnoses; this was a
      significant difference (p less than 0.001). Of the four types of abuse surveyed,
      only those patients suffering rape were likely to have sought help from
      caregivers prior to admission (p less than 0.001). The authors report on likely
      perpetrators of abuse, age of first abuse, and frequency of depressive symptoms
      in the abused population. The data from this study strongly suggest that the
      possibility of sexual assault or abuse must be assessed and the results included
      in a comprehensive therapy plan for eating-disorder patients.

PMID- 2913601
TI  - Vulnerability and the psychological disturbances of cancer patients.

PMID- 2913602
TI  - Parkinson's disease, depression, and the on-off phenomenon.

PMID- 2913603
TI  - ECT following craniotomy.

PMID- 2913604
TI  - The electronic spectrum of adenine by electron impact methods.
AB  - The electron energy loss spectrum of adenine has been recorded over an excitation
      energy range of approximately 3-22 eV for scattering angles of 3 degrees and 6
      degrees. In addition to reporting accurate vapor phase peak positions, the
      present work supports the long-held contention that the group of peaks in the 6-
      to 10-eV range belong to transitions that originate from valence pi orbitals. In
      the vapor phase spectrum, a Rydberg transition corresponding to an n----3s
      excitation is readily observed with a term value of 3.45 eV relative to the first
      long-pair ionization potential.

PMID- 2913605
TI  - Neutron-energy-dependent oncogenic transformation of C3H 10T1/2 mouse cells.
AB  - The relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of a range of neutron energies
      relative to 250-kVp X rays has been determined for oncogenic transformation and
      cell survival in the mouse C3H 10T 1/2 cell line. Monoenergetic neutrons at 0.23,
      0.35, 0.45, 0.70, 0.96, 1.96, 5.90, and 13.7 MeV were generated at the
      Radiological Research Accelerator Facility of the Radiological Research
      Laboratories, Columbia University, and were used to irradiate asynchronous cells
      at low absorbed doses from 0.05 to 1.47 Gy. X irradiations covered the range 0.5
      to 8 Gy. Over the more than 2-year period of this study, the 31 experiments
      provided comprehensive information, indicating minimal variability in control
      material, assuring the validity of comparisons over time. For both survival and
      transformation, a curvilinear dose response for X rays was contrasted with linear
      or nearly linear dose responses for the various neutron energies. RBE increased
      as dose decreased for both end points. Maximal RBE values for transformation
      ranged from 13 for cells exposed to 5.9-MeV neutrons to 35 for 0.35-MeV neutrons.
      This study clearly shows that over the range of neutron energies typically seen
      by nuclear power plant workers and individuals exposed to the atomic bombs in
      Japan, a wide range of RBE values needs to be considered when evaluating the
      neutron component of the effective dose. These results are in concordance with
      the recent proposals in ICRU 40 both to change upward and to vary the quality
      factor for neutron irradiations.

PMID- 2913606
TI  - Vascular and epithelial damage in the lung of the mouse after X rays or neutrons.
AB  - The response of the lung was studied in CFLP mice after exposure of the whole
      thorax to X rays (250 kVp) or cyclotron neutrons (16 MeV deuterons on Be, mean
      energy 7.5 MeV). To measure blood volume and leakage of plasma proteins, 51Cr
      labeled red blood cells and 125I-albumin were injected intravenously and 24 h
      later lungs were lavaged via the trachea. Radioactivities in lung tissue and
      lavage fluid were determined to estimate the accumulation of albumin in the
      interstitial and alveolar spaces indicating damage to blood vessels and alveolar
      epithelium respectively. Function of type II pneumonocytes was assessed by the
      amounts of surfactant (assayed as lipid phosphorous) released into the lavage
      fluid. During the first 6 weeks, lavage protein and surfactant were increased,
      the neutron relative biological effectiveness (RBE) being unity. During
      pneumonitis at 12-24 weeks, surfactant levels were normal, blood volume was
      decreased, and both interstitial and alveolar albumin were increased. Albumin
      levels then decreased. At late times after exposure (42-64 weeks) alveolar
      albumin returned to normal but interstitial albumin was still slightly elevated.
      Values of RBE for changes in blood volume and interstitial and alveolar albumin
      at 15 weeks and for changes in blood volume and interstitial albumin at 46 weeks
      were 1.4, comparable with that for animal survival at 180 days. The results
      indicate that surfactant production is not critical for animal survival. They
      suggest that changes in blood vessels and alveolar epithelium occur during acute
      pneumonitis; epithelial repair follows but some vascular damage may persist. The
      time course of the changes in albumin levels did not correlate with increases in
      collagen biosynthesis which have been observed as early as 1 month after exposure
      and persist for up to 1 year. Furthermore, a dose which had no effect on leakage
      caused a marked increase in collagen biosynthesis. Thus the present results do
      not support a causal relationship between exudation of vascular protein during
      pneumonitis and the later development of fibrosis.

PMID- 2913607
TI  - Radiation factors and their influence on induction of oxygen resistance.
AB  - Shortly after gamma irradiation, flour beetles exhibited a decline in resistance
      to oxygen toxicity. Then, about 2 weeks after irradiation, the 50% lethal dose
      (LD50) exposure time in pure oxygen was much greater than that of nonirradiated
      beetles, and this enhanced resistance persisted for about 6 months. The magnitude
      of the enhancement was a function of dose, decreased with increasing age at
      irradiation, and was modified by radiation factors. Both dose protraction and
      dose fractionation reduced the development of oxygen resistance to approximately
      the same degree that it reduced acute radiation lethality. This suggests that
      both the initial sensitization and the later enhancement of resistance are
      correlated with the residual biological damage rather than with the physical dose
      or initial damage.

PMID- 2913608
TI  - Radiosensitization of human colorectal tumor cells by 4-nitro-5
      sulfonatoimidazoles.
AB  - Misonidazole, a clinically-effective 2-nitroimidazole hypoxic cell radiation
      sensitizer, and 12 4-nitro-5-sulfonatoimidazoles were tested in cultured human
      SW1116 colorectal adenocarcinoma cells for radiosensitizing efficiency. Octanol
      water partition coefficients and HPLC capacity factors were determined for all
      agents as measurements of lipophilicity, and an excellent correlation was found
      between the two measurements. Cytotoxicity, in vitro glutathione reactivity, and
      one-electron reduction potential were also determined for each compound to
      evaluate potential utility as macromolecularly transported radiosensitizers. Ten
      members of the set were found to be 40 to 300 times more radiotoxic than
      misonidazole, but no correlation was found between their radiosensitizing
      efficiencies and the chemical and physical parameters.

PMID- 2913609
TI  - Biochemical mechanisms underlying the development of radioresistance by cultured
      peritoneal exudate macrophages.
AB  - We investigated changes in radiosensitivity of peritoneal exudate macrophage
      colony-forming cells (PE-CFC) when exudative peritoneal macrophages were cultured
      in vitro. The change in the shape of the dose-response curve of PE-CFC to
      ionizing irradiation was partly dependent on the concentration of oxygen in the
      gas phase of the incubators. When cells were incubated in an environment
      containing 20% oxygen, the value of both Dq and D0 for PE-CFC increased. The dose
      response curve of PE-CFC cultured for 3 days resembled that of alveolar
      macrophage colony-forming cells (AL-CFC). The changes in radiosensitivity were
      accompanied by an increase in the level of three antioxidant enzymes: superoxide
      dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. However, when they were cultured
      in a 6% oxygen environment, only the value of Dq increased. When alveolar
      macrophages were incubated in vitro, no significant change in the shape of the
      dose-response curve of AL-CFC was noted whether they were cultured in gas phase
      containing either 20 or 6% oxygen. It is concluded that the radiosensitivity of
      PE-CFC changes when they are cultured in vitro. The increase in D0 appears to be
      related to the intracellular level of antioxidant enzymes.

PMID- 2913610
TI  - Cell proliferation as a requirement for development of the contact effect in
      Chinese hamster V79 spheroids.
AB  - Chinese hamster V79 cells grown for several hours in suspension culture form
      spheroids which are more resistant to killing by ionizing radiation than cells
      grown on petri dishes, a phenomenon known as the "contact effect." Previous
      results using the alkali-unwinding assay as a measure of DNA damage have
      implicated differences in DNA conformation as contributing to this effect;
      spheroid DNA denatures more slowly in dilute alkali than monolayer DNA, perhaps
      due to the presence of constraints to DNA unwinding. In this paper, the rate of
      development of radiation resistance is shown to be similar when either cell
      survival or DNA unwinding is used as an end point. At the midpoint for
      development of resistance, approximately 10 h, the unwinding kinetics indicate
      that either half of the cells contain constraints to DNA unwinding, or half of
      the DNA in all of the cells contains constraints. The latter explanation appears
      more likely since all cells seem to develop these constraints at the same rate,
      regardless of position in the cell cycle or the degree of contact with other
      cells. Results using the microelectrophoresis assay to measure damage to
      individual nuclei confirm the fact that 10-h cultures show a homogeneous
      radiation response intermediate between that of monolayers and spheroids.
      Incubation of cells at room temperature or in the presence of drugs which inhibit
      cell cycle progression prevents full development of the contact effect.
      Conversely, incubation of cells in medium containing inhibitors of polyamine
      synthesis, adenylcyclase, glutathione synthesis, poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase,
      topoisomerase II, or cell-cell communication does not inhibit development of the
      contact effect as measured by DNA-unwinding kinetics.

PMID- 2913612
TI  - Case 7. Pelvic fibrolipomatosis.

PMID- 2913611
TI  - Analysis of the DS86 atomic bomb radiation dosimetry methods using data on severe
      epilation.
AB  - This report presents a reanalysis of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki data on severe
      epilation as an acute radiation effect using both the new DS86 and the old T65D
      dosimetries. The focus of the report is on several aspects of the data which have
      previously been examined by Jablon et al (ABCC TR 12-70, 1970) and Gilbert and
      Ohara [Radiat. Res. 100, 124-138 (1984)]. The report examines the uniformity of
      epilation response across shielding category, across sex and age, and in terms of
      interactions between city, sex, age, and shielding category; it also investigates
      the apparent relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of neutrons in the DS86 dose
      compared with the T65D dose, using both within- and between-city information. In
      addition the report discusses evidence for nonlinearity in epilation response.
      The epilation response function exhibits nonlinearity in terms of both a marked
      increase in slope at about 0.75 Gy, and then, beginning at about 2.5 Gy, a
      leveling off and eventual decrease in response. The principal conclusions of the
      report are as follows. The use of the DS86 dosimetry rather than T65D increases
      the apparent RBE of neutrons compared with gamma dose from approximately 5 to 10.
      At these values of RBE the slope of the dose response, in a middle range from
      0.75-2.5 Gy, is about 165% greater using DS86 than T65D. With respect to the
      interactions of sex, city, and shielding method, the size and significance of
      virtually all nonuniformities in epilation response seem using T65D are also
      evident with DS86. Additionally it seems difficult to find any evidence that DS86
      is an improved predictor of epilation response over T65D. Finally, the fact that
      the nonlinearity in dose response and apparent actual downturn in epilation
      occurrence rate at the high end of dose is more striking with DS86 than with T65D
      is found to be due primarily to the common practice of truncating all T65D doses
      to 600 rad.

PMID- 2913613
TI  - Case 8. Osteogenesis imperfecta tarda.

PMID- 2913614
TI  - Case 10. Vertebral (thoracic) chordoma.

PMID- 2913615
TI  - Technetium-99m hysterosalpingography in infertility: an accurate alternative to
      contrast hysterosalpingography.
AB  - Thirteen infertile women who had undergone tubal surgery within the previous year
      for the correction of tubal obstruction, were studied with both conventional and
      radionuclide hysterosalpingography. The studies were performed on the same day,
      were interpreted independently, and the results were then compared. Three cases
      were excluded from analysis because of the technical inadequacy of one of the
      studies. Assuming the findings of the conventional studies to represent "truth,"
      the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of the radionuclide studies were 100%,
      60% and 80% respectively.

PMID- 2913616
TI  - Diaphyseal bone disease: scintigraphic-radiographic correlation.
AB  - Though generally nonspecific, the patterns of diaphyseal uptake of bone seeking
      radionuclides, when correlated with the radiographic findings and clinical
      histories, often suggest specific diagnoses and may obviate the need for further
      imaging. Diaphyseal uptake is considered in terms of "hot spots," unilateral long
      segment lesions and bilateral processes that may be symmetric or asymmetric in
      distribution. Scintigrams and corresponding radiographs of 18 different lesions
      are illustrated.

PMID- 2913617
TI  - A demonstration comparing film mammography with the new high sensitivity
      xeromammography.
AB  - The author has performed a subjective comparison of breast images recorded with a
      new liquid-toner xerographic system and images of the same breasts recorded on
      Kodak OM-1 film exposed with a MinR screen and a 5 to 1 grid. The xeromammograms
      are judged to be superior to the mammograms recorded on film with respect to: (1)
      the demonstration of calcifications, circumscribed masses, and the back of the
      breast; (2) the "resolution" of dense connective tissue; and (3) the overall
      image quality. Radiation doses to the breast associated with the two types of
      study are said to be comparable. Thirteen pairs of excellent images comparing
      xeromammograms with conventional breast films are presented.

PMID- 2913618
TI  - Computed tomography of chest wall masses.
AB  - The authors argue that CT is superior to other imaging techniques for the
      examination of the bones and soft tissues of the chest wall. They also note the
      importance of CT in planning therapy for lesions involving these structures. In
      support of these theses they present computed tomograms showing 26 different
      types of lesion involving the chest wall ranging from sternal fracture to
      malignant fibrous histiocytoma. Malignant neoplasms involving the chest wall by
      metastasis or direct extension from the breast, lung or mediastinum are
      emphasized.

PMID- 2913619
TI  - MR imaging: vascular anatomy of the abdomen.
AB  - In support of the thesis that MRI may replace more invasive angiography in some
      applications, a total of 28 MR sections are presented to illustrate the vascular
      anatomy of the abdomen in coronal, transverse and sagittal planes. More than 20
      vessels are identified ranging in size from the aorta to the left inferior
      adrenal vein and the spermatic veins. There is no anatomic continuity in sections
      made in the coronal and transverse planes; sequential sections of a single
      patient are presented in sagittal and parasagittal planes, however. The polarity
      of the images is reversed for ease of comparison with angiograms.

PMID- 2913620
TI  - Image interpretation session. The Radiological society of North America 74th
      scientific assembly and annual meeting. November 27, 1988. Proceedings.

PMID- 2913621
TI  - Case 1. Hughes Stovin syndrome.

PMID- 2913622
TI  - Case 2. Primary malignant lymphoma of the heart.

PMID- 2913623
TI  - Case 3. Follicular thyroid carcinoma with metastases to bone.

PMID- 2913624
TI  - Case 4. Sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma with osteogenic metaplasia.

PMID- 2913625
TI  - Case 5. Mycotic sinusitis caused by Bipolaris specifera.

PMID- 2913626
TI  - An open letter to hospital administrators.

PMID- 2913627
TI  - Performance evaluations that help nurses grow.

PMID- 2913628
TI  - Let patients be partners in their care.

PMID- 2913629
TI  - The high-pressure demands of compartment syndrome.
AB  - When increased pressure limits blood flow to muscles and nerves, prompt action is
      the key to preventing permanent disability.

PMID- 2913630
TI  - How much would you earn as an office nurse?
AB  - Office nurses are paid only about three-fourths the hourly rate hospital nurses
      receive. A survey of the physicians who employ them provides details on what
      these RNs are earning.

PMID- 2913631
TI  - Two stages of care for pleural effusion.
AB  - When the patient's pleural space is filled with fluid, palliative treatment
      measures--thoracic drainage and pleurodesis--and diligent nursing care can help
      her breathe easier.

PMID- 2913632
TI  - Drugs that keep AIDS patients alive.
AB  - A battery of once-obscure drugs is buying time for AIDS patients. Expect toxicity
      when you administer them, and know the interventions that can keep the patient's
      discomfort at a minimum.

PMID- 2913633
TI  - What's his ECG telling you? A guide for nurses (continuing education credit)
AB  - Knowing how to interpret an ECG will help every nurse--no matter what unit she
      works on--improve assessment skills and patient care. Here's how to organize your
      approach to mastering the basics.

PMID- 2913634
TI  - EP studies: when they're called for, what they reveal.
AB  - Electrodes in the right atrium, across the tricuspid valve, and at the right
      ventricle's apex give inside information on electrical activity.

PMID- 2913635
TI  - How you can use that federal report on nursing.
AB  - There are 16 recommendations and 81 strategies to alleviate the nursing shortage.
      Every nurse has a part to play in making goals like competitive salaries and
      nursing autonomy a reality.

PMID- 2913636
TI  - When a phone call is your liability lifeline.

PMID- 2913637
TI  - Don't let weight gain keep a smoker from quitting.

PMID- 2913638
TI  - How to create patient education tools.

PMID- 2913639
TI  - [Professional risk of infection by the AIDS virus].

PMID- 2913640
TI  - [Microbiologic in vitro comparison of plaque-inhibiting mouthwashes].
AB  - The colonization on rat molars of S. sobrinus OMZ 176, S. mutans OMZ 376, or a
      combination S. sanguis OMZ 9 and S. sobrinus OMZ 176 after a short exposition to
      various fluoride solutions and disinfectants was tested in vitro. The test
      solutions included Act, Candida, Veadent, sodium fluoride, amine fluoride,
      stannous fluoride, zinc fluoride hexetidine, stannous fluoride/amine fluoride
      solutions, chlorhexidine and water. The sterilized rat molars were immersed in
      the above test solutions for 60 seconds, then incubated with streptococci in
      broth for 8 hours, again dipped into the same test solutions for 60 seconds and
      reincubated for an additional 30 hours. The streptococcal suspension contained
      14C labelled sucrose solutions. The deposits on the molars were dissolved in 6N
      potassium hydroxide during 16 hours. Finally, the beta rays emitted by the
      dissolved radiolabelled suspension were counted using a scintillation counter.
      The sodium fluoride containing solutions exerted no or a very limited effect on
      the bacterial deposits. In contrast to the other test solutions, sanguinaria
      extract (Veadent mouth rinse) mildly inhibited the S. sobrinus and S. mutans
      deposits, but plaque formation by the combination of streptococci was not
      hampered. Zinc fluoride/hexetidine, amine fluoride and stannous fluoride/amine
      fluoride solutions had a distinct and significant inhibitory effect on S.
      sobrinus and S. mutans deposits, but only a weak effect when mixed cultures were
      used for plaque formation. Chlorhexidine significantly inhibited the deposits of
      the three bacterial strains used in these experiments.

PMID- 2913641
TI  - Digital image processing in cephalometric analysis.
AB  - Digital image processing methods were applied to improve the practicability of
      cephalometric analysis. The individual X-ray film was digitized by the aid of a
      high resolution microscope-photometer. Digital processing was done using a VAX
      8600 computer system. An improvement of the image quality was achieved by means
      of various digital enhancement and filtering techniques.

PMID- 2913642
TI  - No effect of waxed dental floss on enamel fluoride uptake or on enamel
      dissolution changes.
AB  - Enamel specimens were flossed in vitro with "waxed" dental floss and then treated
      with water, Act, Meridol, or Elmex Gel to evaluate the effect of "waxed" floss on
      the enamel fluoride uptake and on the enamel dissolution rate. The flossed and
      treated enamel was etched 4 times successively in 2N HCl for 5, 10, 15 and
      another 15 s. The concentrations of fluoride, calcium and phosphorus were assayed
      in the etching solutions. The enamel fluoride concentration was significantly
      increased in only the first layer of the Elmex Gel group compared to the other 3
      groups. Respective etching depths were similar for the water, Act and Elmex Gel
      groups. However, the first layer in the Meridol group was less etched than that
      in the 3 other groups. This study showed that "waxed" dental floss did not
      compromise the fluoride uptake by surface enamel after treatment with a
      concentrated acidic topical fluoridating agent. Moreover, previously reported
      results showing that Meridol solution containing SnF2 and amine fluoride 297
      significantly decreased the in vitro dissolution rate of enamel were confirmed by
      the present study. Even though the enamel was first treated with "waxed" dental
      floss, the SnF2/amine fluoride 297 still produced a decreased enamel dissolution
      rate.

PMID- 2913643
TI  - [Toxicology of amalgams. The information status of the Swiss population].

PMID- 2913644
TI  - [Amalgam recovery from waste water].

PMID- 2913645
TI  - [A control office for dental alloys and amalgams?].

PMID- 2913646
TI  - Exercising choice. Case (almost) closed: fitness does seem to prolong life.

PMID- 2913647
TI  - Labeled therapy. A gene-transfer experiment may improve a cancer treatment.

PMID- 2913648
TI  - A tiny mouse came forth.

PMID- 2913649
TI  - Prominent ascending aorta.

PMID- 2913650
TI  - Diseases of the major thoracic vessels with emphasis on CT: Seminar A.

PMID- 2913651
TI  - Azygos lobe and azygos continuation of the inferior vena cava.

PMID- 2913652
TI  - Bowel perforation following microsurgical lumbar discectomy. A case report.

PMID- 2913653
TI  - Spinal epidural abscess following steroid injection for sciatica. Case report.

PMID- 2913654
TI  - Acute massive dural compression secondary to methyl methacrylate replacement of a
      tumorous lumbar vertebral body.

PMID- 2913655
TI  - Postoperative lordoscoliosis causing extrinsic compression of the right main stem
      bronchus and respiratory insufficiency. A case report.

PMID- 2913656
TI  - Spontaneous unstable burst fracture of the thoracolumbar spine in osteoporosis. A
      report of two cases.

PMID- 2913657
TI  - The perpendicular nerve root sign.

PMID- 2913658
TI  - Myelopathy secondary to spinal epidural lipomatosis. A case report.

PMID- 2913659
TI  - Enhancement of lumbar spine fusion by use of translaminar facet joint screws.
AB  - From January 1983 to March 1986 the authors have performed 88 consecutive
      lumbosacral spine fusion, enhanced with translaminar facet screws, as described
      by F. Magerl of St. Gallen, Switzerland. Forty-three patients have a follow-up of
      12 months or greater, for a mean follow-up time of 16 months. The median time to
      fusion in this group was 6 months, with a range of 6 weeks to 10 months. Ninety
      three percent of the patients were found to be clinically improved, and 91% of
      patients were judged solidly fused on evaluation of motion radiographs. Compared
      with our previously reported results for lumbar fusion without internal fixation,
      supplementation of lumbar fusion by translaminar facet screw fixation
      significantly improved the clinical results, as well as the time required for
      fusion, with no significant increased risk.

PMID- 2913660
TI  - C6-7 dislocation in a neurologically intact neonate. A case report.

PMID- 2913661
TI  - Gas-filled intraspinal synovial cyst. A case report.

PMID- 2913662
TI  - Traumatic retrolisthesis of the lumbosacral junction. A case report.

PMID- 2913663
TI  - Failure to diagnose conus ependymomas by magnetic resonance imaging.

PMID- 2913664
TI  - Acro-osteolysis of the fingers in a spinal cord injury patient. A case report.

PMID- 2913665
TI  - Comparison of CT scan muscle measurements and isokinetic trunk strength in
      postoperative patients.
AB  - The present study compared the computed tomography (CT) scan muscle area/muscle
      density and isokinetic trunk strength of a group of spinal surgery patients (35
      males and 11 females) 3 months postoperatively. Analyses showed trunk strength
      means to be below 50% of gender-specific "normal" values obtained by evaluating a
      normative sample. Extensor strength was more significantly affected than flexors.
      Single-cut CT scans performed at the time of isokinetic trunk strength assessment
      demonstrated psoas and erector spinae atrophy through a significant decrease in
      muscle density, with only a trend towards decreased cross-sectional area.
      Findings also indicated that there was a significant correlation between
      increased mechanical trunk strength performance and greater muscle density on CT
      scan. Strength was significantly lower for the male patients undergoing spinal
      fusion compared with those undergoing disc excision. However, no significant
      difference was found in strength measures between: males with high versus low
      pain level and working versus nonworking males at the time of evaluation.

PMID- 2913666
TI  - Clinical presentation of spinal cord concussion.
AB  - Spinal cord concussion is a transient disturbance of spinal cord function, with
      or without vertebral damage and no demonstrable pathologic changes, that results
      from a rapid change in velocity following trauma, and resolves within 48 hours.
      In a retrospective review of patients with spinal injury referred to a tertiary
      care center, spinal cord concussion was observed in 3.7% of patients. Thirteen
      cases are presented. A variety of clinical presentations may occur, all of which
      can be explained on the basis of the magnitude or direction of acceleration of
      the spinal cord. The cervical cord is most commonly affected, but concussion can
      occur at any level of the spinal cord. Spinal cord concussion is often associated
      with pre-existing vertebral abnormalities that result in narrowing of the spinal
      canal or areas of hypermobility.

PMID- 2913667
TI  - Simulift: a simulation model of human trunk motion.
AB  - In this paper, the authors present a deterministic simulation model, which they
      call Simulift, of trunk-muscle activity and intra-abdominal pressure during a
      sagittally symmetric trunk exertion. Simulift is a descriptive model that
      quantifies the time-varying loading of the spine based on observed internal
      forces. Recent findings about the time sequence of events during trunk motion and
      established equilibrium formulas provide the theoretical bases for the
      simulation. A profile of electromyographic activity in ten trunk muscles and
      intra-abdominal pressure is updated as simulated time passes, or as the trunk
      motion is simulated. Input to the model includes a list of motion-event times and
      a set of profile-component-behavior data. Simulift is an "impulse" model that
      computes instantaneous and time-integrated statistics on individual muscle
      activity, intra-abdominal pressure, compression, lateral shear, and anterior
      shear as the profile components of the simulated subject change. Computer results
      for the simulation model are presented.

PMID- 2913668
TI  - Estimation of lumbar disc areas by means of anthropometric parameters.
AB  - In order to standardize the results of different biomechanical studies concerning
      stresses on lumbar discs, it may be useful to estimate the disc dimensions of the
      examined subjects and to refer the stress values to a unit surface area (square
      centimeter). The association between anthropometric parameters and discal areas
      at the L3-L4, L4-L5 and L5-S1 levels, examined by computed axial tomography, was
      studied in a group of 32 subjects (16 male; 16 female) with the aim of estimating
      lumbar disc areas with a simple method. Bony structure weight, which is computed
      by an equation that takes into account the diameters of the wrist, elbow, knee,
      and ankle and the stature, is the anthropometric parameter best associated with
      the areas of lumbar discs. The wrist diameter also shows a good association with
      the same areas. On the contrary, the association between body weight and disc
      areas was found to be less adequate for this purpose. The equations of the
      relative regression lines are reported as well as the criteria for their
      practical applications.

PMID- 2913669
TI  - Intra- and postoperative complications in lumbar disc surgery.
AB  - In a prospective study, 412 primary and 69 reoperations for herniated lumbar disc
      were observed and intra- and postoperative complications compiled. Only surgeons
      with the experience of more than 100 surgical procedures on lumbar discs entered
      this study. The complication rates of the micro- and macrosurgical techniques are
      compared. Intraoperative complications range from 7.8% in the microdiskectomies
      and 13.7% in the macrodiskectomies to 27.5% in the reoperations. Postoperative
      complications range from 1.4% in reoperation, 3.9% in the microdiskectomies up to
      4.2% in the macrodiskectomies. The risk of complications correlates with the age
      of the patient and the operating time.

PMID- 2913670
TI  - The influence on spinal cord evoked potentials of chymopapain applied to the rat
      lumbar spine canal.
AB  - Electrically evoked compound action potentials were used to quantify the
      neurophysiologic abnormalities caused by application of chymopapain into the
      lumbar spinal canal in rats. A branch of the sciatic nerve was stimulated with
      voltage impulses of constant amplitude (40 V) and duration (0.1 msec) at the
      right external malleolus. The responses were recorded at the dorsal root entry
      zone L1. The authors used different doses of chymopapain (low dose = 100 IU,
      middle dose = 250 IU, and high dose = 500 IU). The control rats were subjected to
      exactly the same stimulus and recording procedures, but the test solution was a
      corresponding volume of isotonic saline. The prolongation of the latency of the
      electrically evoked potential due to chymopapain is very clear at the doses of
      250 IU and 500 IU, being about 10 to 15% relative to the mean latency before
      application of the drug. This study indicates that locally applied chymopapain
      has a dose-dependent effect on nerve conduction properties.

PMID- 2913671
TI  - Experimental instability in the rabbit lumbar spine.
AB  - The authors performed mechanical, biochemical, and histologic analyses of changes
      in the rabbit lumbar spine occurring after instability had been induced by facet
      removal to find whether this intervention produced an experimental model for
      intervertebral disc degeneration. Sham operated animals and an unoperated control
      group were used for comparison. Half of the operated animals were housed under
      conditions to promote higher physical activity than the other animals housed
      individually in small cages. Acutely, the removal of facet joints increased the
      flexibility of intervertebral joints. Over the following year, this increase in
      flexibility was reduced to close to control levels in all groups of animals.
      Within the intervertebral discs, there was no significant change in proportions
      or solubility of collagen or proteoglycans after surgery, nor was there
      microscopic or macroscopic evidence of disc degeneration. The surgical procedure
      produced hypermobility of the spine, but there was a subsequent restabilization,
      and the intended disc degeneration was not produced. These findings indicate that
      some as yet unidentified soft tissue repair process, facilitated by activity,
      overcame the hypermobility created at surgery, so degenerative changes in the
      intervertebral discs did not result. We suggest that other animal models of disc
      degeneration may represent a failure of reparative response to acute injury.

PMID- 2913672
TI  - Concordance of back surface asymmetry and spine shape in idiopathic scoliosis.
AB  - In order to determine why topographic methods have shown a poor correlation with
      radiographically measured scoliosis in clinical studies, the accuracy of
      detection of the presence, side, apex, and magnitude of a scoliosis curve was
      determined topographically (by moire fringe photography and by projected raster
      photography) in 104 patients attending a scoliosis clinic. The presence or
      absence of thoracic curves was correctly shown by the topograms in 77% of cases,
      and in the lower region (lumbar and thoracolumbar curves) in 79% of cases. For
      correctly identified curves, the greatest back surface rotation was, on average,
      1.0 vertebral levels below the skeletal curve apex in the thoracic region and 0.5
      levels below the apex in the lower region. The moire fringe with the greatest
      asymmetry occurred on average at 1.5 and 1.8 vertebral levels above the spinal
      apex in upper and lower regions, respectively. The magnitude of the Cobb angle
      was determined to within +/- 5 degrees in 24% of cases by moire measurements, and
      in 27% by the raster technique. The side of the scoliosis was incorrectly
      diagnosed by topography in ten patients with minimal or 'nonstandard' vertebral
      rotation. It was concluded that the presence, level, and side of a scoliosis
      curvature is well demonstrated by back surface topography in patients with
      'standard' rotation, but the magnitude of the scoliosis cannot be determined from
      topograms sufficiently accurately for most clinical purposes.

PMID- 2913674
TI  - Computed tomographic investigation of the effect of traction on lumbar disc
      herniations.
AB  - The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of static horizontal traction on
      disc herniations by computed tomographic investigation. Changes occurring under
      the effect of a traction load of 45 kg have been evaluated in 30 patients with
      lumbar disc herniation. The herniated nuclear material (HNM) has retracted in 11
      (78.5%) of median, six (66.6%) of posterolateral, and four (57.1%) of lateral
      herniations. Clinical response of these cases to conservative treatment varied
      with the amount and location of HNM, the retraction of HNM, and calcification of
      protruded disc. Static lumbar traction showed variable effects on lumbar disc
      herniations, especially in relation with the amount and location of HNM.

PMID- 2913673
TI  - Limited surgical discectomy and microdiscectomy. A clinical comparison.
AB  - This study was performed in an attempt to determine if there was any clinical or
      cost benefit of microdiscectomy over surgical discectomy. Each patient was asked
      to rate his pain or neurologic deficit on a scale from 1 to 10 (1 = no pain or
      deficit and 10 = the most severe pain or deficit). Thirty patients underwent
      microdiscectomy. Average preoperative back pain was rated 8.03 and leg pain 8.53.
      Preoperative numbness was rated 5.29 and weakness 5.38. The median time off work
      preoperatively was 4 weeks. The mean hospitalization was 2 days, and a
      postoperative median of 8 weeks for returning to work. Average follow-up was 17.4
      months. Mean back pain was 1.8, with 57% having no back pain at follow-up. Mean
      leg pain at follow-up was 1.3, with 67% having no leg pain. Numbness was rated
      0.97, with 85% having none at follow-up. Weakness was rated 1.4, with 76% having
      none at follow-up. Thirty-four patients underwent surgical discectomy. Average
      preoperative back pain was rated 7.56 and leg pain 9.32. Preoperative numbness
      was rated 6.94 and weakness 5.88. The median time off work preoperatively was 6
      weeks. The mean hospitalization was 7 days, and a median of 7 weeks postoperative
      before returning to work. Average follow-up was 18.5 months. The mean pain rating
      for back pain was 1.09, with 74% having no back pain at follow-up. The average
      leg pain was 1.09, with 74% having no leg pain at follow-up.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2913675
TI  - Reconstruction of the lumbar spine using AO DCP plate internal fixation.
AB  - Augmentation of lumbar spine fusion with internal fixation using pedicle screw
      systems has gained wide currency because it offers rigid stabilization to foster
      fusion healing. The AO DCP plate has been employed in Europe as a spinal implant
      with pedicle fixation using 6.5 mm, full-threaded cancellous bone screws with
      success. This report details the experience of using this device for lumbar spine
      fusion in a series of 46 North American patients with a mean follow-up of 1.25
      years (range 1-2.5 years). Thirty-one patients had had prior lumbar spine surgery
      with poor outcomes, and 15 had had no prior surgery. All were treated surgically
      for lumbar degenerative disease with canal decompression, internal fixation with
      AO plates, and fusion with autologous bone grafting posterolaterally.
      Complications included two early and one delayed wound infection; five cases of
      screw loosening; three cases of screw breakage; and three cases of screw
      impingement upon a nerve. Results of surgery in 17 patients with failed interbody
      fusion included good to excellent pain relief in 59%, and solid fusion in 76%. In
      14 patients with failed posterior surgery the good to excellent pain relief rate
      was 79%, and the fusion rate was 86%. In 15 patients undergoing primary surgery
      there was 89% good to excellent pain relief and a solid fusion rate of 87%. The
      benefits accruing from augmentation of the fusion with internal fixation using AO
      DCP plates are positive and justify its continued use. Complications encountered
      in the early experience have been significantly reduced in subsequent series,
      indicating the existence of a "learning curve" effect which would mandate
      specific training of spinal surgeons in the technique.

PMID- 2913676
TI  - Strain in fibers of a lumbar disc. Analysis of the role of lifting in producing
      disc prolapse.
AB  - A three-dimensional nonlinear finite element model has been used to predict the
      strain in the disc fibers of a lumbar motion segment under various single and
      combined loads such as those representing symmetric and non-symmetric liftings. A
      progressive failure analysis also has been performed under loads representing
      lifting while bending to one side: assuming yield and ultimate fiber strains of
      14 and 16%, respectively. Large tensile strains of about 10% in the disc fibers
      are predicted under the maximum loads simulating symmetric lifting. Addition of
      lateral bending and twisting significantly increases the maximum fiber strain to
      more than 20%, and hence augments the risk for disc rupture. The maximum fiber
      strain occurs in the innermost annulus layer at the posterolateral location. Loss
      of intradiscal pressure or volume has a marked diminishing effect on the
      magnitude of maximum fiber strain predicted under flexion loadings. Failure
      analysis indicates that rupture initiates in the fibers in the innermost layer at
      the posterolateral location. With a slight increase in the loads, rupture
      progresses radially to the adjacent outer layer. Further progress of rupture in
      the fibers toward the annulus outer periphery resulting in complete radial
      fissure and disc prolapse appears to require additional increase in the loads. In
      the presence of large intradiscal pressure, the generated partial or complete
      radial fissure is likely to result in annulus protrusion or disc herniation,
      respectively. The results of clinical, epidemiologic, and experimental studies
      support the failure mechanism predicted in the present study.

PMID- 2913677
TI  - Antineutrophil cytoplasmic auto-antibodies in the diagnosis and management of
      vasculitis.

PMID- 2913678
TI  - Medical microbiology and recombinant DNA.

PMID- 2913679
TI  - [An evaluation of the hematological response to iron dextran by pregnant women
      with iron deficiency].
AB  - The haematological response after infusion of total and two-thirds doses of iron
      dextran (Imferon; Fisons) was studied in 31 pregnant women with iron deficiency
      in the second and third trimesters. The increase in serum ferritin values was
      found to be greater with the full dose than with the two-thirds dose. Although
      haemoglobin values and mean corpuscular volume improved, the response was not
      statistically significant.

PMID- 2913681
TI  - Standardisation of statistics for health service management.

PMID- 2913680
TI  - Management of term pregnancy with premature rupture of the membranes and
      unfavourable cervix.
AB  - Sixty pregnant patients at term, who had premature rupture of the membranes and
      an unfavourable cervix were randomised to compare expectant management with
      oxytocin induction and with the use of prostaglandin E2 vaginal tablets for
      cervical ripening/induction of labour. Patients treated expectantly were placed
      on bed rest and observed for labour and infection. Patients managed by
      intervention were given intravenous oxytocin or 2 prostaglandin E2 tablets (0.5
      mg) intravaginally every 6 hours. Between the three groups the duration of labour
      was longer in the oxytocin group and all 6 caesarean sections were performed on
      patients in this group. There was only 1 case of proven neonatal sepsis; this
      occurred in the oxytocin group. Patients with prostaglandin cervical ripening had
      a shorter hospital stay compared with patients treated expectantly. It is
      concluded that prostaglandin-induced cervical ripening is the method of choice in
      handling term patients with premature rupture of the membranes and an
      unfavourable cervix.

PMID- 2913682
TI  - Observations on the use of some known and suspected toxic Liliiflorae in Zulu and
      Xhosa medicine.
AB  - The usage as well as some of the known family chemical characteristics of Xhosa
      and Zulu traditional medicinal plants belonging to various families of the
      superorder Liliiflorae are related to some of the clinical effects of Xhosa
      medicine observed by Solleder in 1972. Symptoms and effects of some fatal cases
      of human and animal poisoning are tabled. Fewer cases of acute poisoning appear
      to take place than might be expected. If hospital staff were seen to be more
      understanding in their attitude towards herbal medicine, tracing and eventually
      discouraging the use of harmful plants and practices might be easier.

PMID- 2913683
TI  - [Surrogate motherhood as a question in the context of a biomedical research
      ethic].
AB  - The most important question in biomedical ethics is really whether a researcher
      should do what he can do. The interventional model of modern medicine, which
      makes medical decisions on medical grounds, can threaten human values. In a
      Christian perspective we are responsible to God for our humanity. Surrogate
      motherhood is a very complicated question which concerns the problem of
      childlessness. Biomedical ethics, in the Christian context, cannot merely condone
      surrogate motherhood as a human and standard medical procedure. Ethically
      speaking, an unqualified no or an unqualified yes cannot be given. The parents'
      motives for their decision and the quality of their marriage are of the greatest
      importance before a decision about surrogate motherhood can be reached. The
      position of the woman who undertakes to be a surrogate mother is also
      questionable. Pregnancy is not just physical fact, it is an existential and human
      concern. The human womb is thus more than just an organ--it is a part of a
      woman's identity.

PMID- 2913684
TI  - AIDS and the dentist.

PMID- 2913685
TI  - Action limits for serum cholesterol.

PMID- 2913686
TI  - [A persistent case of kennel cough caused by Filaroides osleri].
AB  - A dog showing chronic symptoms of cough, which was treated for kennel cough for
      nearly twelve months, was found to be infected with Filaroides osleri. A single
      course of treatment with 0.2 mg/kg of ivermectin was followed by subsidence of
      the symptoms which disappeared within a fortnight.

PMID- 2913687
TI  - [Determination of estrone sulfate levels in the blood and urine of pigs].
AB  - The concentration of oestrone sulphate was determined in plasma as well as in
      urine to verify early pregnancy in pigs (within 24-29 days after mating). The
      threshold level in plasma was 0.70 ngr/ml. and in urine 50 ngr/ml. Accuracy was
      ninety-nine per cent in samples of plasma and ninety-two per cent in samples of
      urine respectively.

PMID- 2913688
TI  - [Postpartum torsion of the right uterus horn in a cow].
AB  - Four cases of torsion, 180 degrees to the left of the right uterine horn in cows
      are reported. Two cases appeared about the time of parturition, two within two
      and four weeks after parturition. The uterine horn was reducible following
      laparotomy in three animals. It had to be amputated in one case. The authors
      suppose the size of the uterus to be a factor in the pathogenesis of the uterine
      anomaly referred to.

PMID- 2913689
TI  - [A comparison of parrot food commercially available in The Netherlands].
AB  - The composition of a number of parrot foods commercially available in the
      Netherlands was put to the test for the (partly hypothetical) needs of the larger
      psittacine birds such as African Grey parrots, Amazon parrots, macaws and
      cockatoos. These studies showed that the majority of the foods is multideficient.
      When the deficient foods are supplied to parrots without any additions, this will
      give rise to the appearance of disease. However, some of the products recently
      put on the market (Bogena and Kasper Fauna Food) comply better with the
      requirements of a 'complete parrot food'. As regards public enlightenment, food
      producers, petshops, consumer organisations and veterinarians are obviously
      responsible.

PMID- 2913690
TI  - [Effect of the laying nest on cortisone levels in the plasma of laying hens prior
      to oviposition].
AB  - The effects of a laying nest on egg-laying behaviour and plasma corticosterone
      levels are described. Three causes of increasing corticosterone levels are
      discussed: (1) an increase during egg-laying behaviour; (2) an increase during
      oviposition; (3) an increase due to removal of the laying nest.

PMID- 2913691
TI  - [Persistent cough].

PMID- 2913692
TI  - [Nature in the news (2)].

PMID- 2913693
TI  - [Benveniste's study].

PMID- 2913695
TI  - The traveling adventures of a traveling nurse.

PMID- 2913694
TI  - Perioperative care of the spinal cord injured patient.

PMID- 2913696
TI  - Bridging the nursing gap.

PMID- 2913697
TI  - Productive interpersonal communications.

PMID- 2913698
TI  - Increase efficiency with custom packs.

PMID- 2913699
TI  - [Freedom for research in Germany?].

PMID- 2913700
TI  - [Modern possibilities of prosthetic management of the skeletal and locomotor
      system and its effect in assessing disability].
AB  - After casting a retrospective glance at the history of total hip replacements
      models currently in use are surveyed. Reasons for aseptic loosening of different
      prosthesis models as well as the rate of loosening are discussed. After
      presenting own results it is attempted to give an indications list for various
      current types of prosthesis. Finally the consequences of insurance aspects are
      described.

PMID- 2913701
TI  - [The aged human as an accident patient].
AB  - An older person has very limited resources at his disposal for physical and
      psychological compensation and he is thus particularly affected in the case of
      accident. Therapy must therefore be aimed at retaining or reestablishing the
      general mobility of the patient, above all his physical re-mobilization, within
      the shortest possible space of time. Practical consequences are discussed here.

PMID- 2913702
TI  - [Differentiation of "accident" and "accident sequelae" in private accident
      insurance].
AB  - In legal and private accident insurance you can find a distinction between
      "accident" and "results of an accident". In the system of the AUB (general terms
      of accident insurance) the insurant's injury is a notional part of the accident,
      which has been criticized by some medical experts. In fact, this distinction
      could entail different meanings and interpretations of the term "results of an
      accident", especially in section 10.1 AUB. In the author's point of view, section
      10.1 AUB is applicable whenever different factors due and not due to the accident
      combine to produce the injury or the further damage (e.g. death, disablement).

PMID- 2913703
TI  - Degeneration of cartilage canal vessels associated with lesions of
      osteochondrosis in swine.
AB  - Articular-epiphyseal cartilage complexes from the distal femur and humerus of
      five 3-month-old pigs were collected and preserved using either a conventional or
      a ruthenium hexammine trichloride (RHT)-supplemented fixation technique. Lesions
      were similar regardless of the fixation technique. Areas of necrosis were in
      epiphyseal but not articular cartilage from both sites of all pigs. Cartilage
      canals were confined to epiphyseal cartilage and contained vessels which had
      endothelial cells in varying stages of degeneration and necrosis. Areas of
      necrotic cartilage often were adjacent to or surrounded degenerate cartilage
      canals. Lipid emboli (up to 40.0 micron in diameter) were infrequently located in
      vessels within cartilage canals. Associated with the lipid emboli were
      leukocytes, erythrocytes, necrotic cell remnants, and flocculent material.
      Restriction of necrosis to epiphyseal cartilage and the association of these
      necrotic areas with degenerating vessels in cartilage canals strongly implicate a
      defect in cartilage canal blood supply in the pathogenesis of osteochondrosis.
      The RHT fixation technique resulted in excellent cellular detail at the light
      microscopic level, but ultrastructurally there was marked vacuolation of
      chondrocytes and matrix. The conventional technique caused shrinkage of all
      chondrocytes, resulting in a wide halo of pericellular matrix surrounding each
      cell.

PMID- 2913704
TI  - Increased levels of DNA synthesis in hyperplastic renal tubules of aging
      nephropathy in female F344/NCr rats.
AB  - Histoautoradiography was done to evaluate cell turnover by measuring levels of
      DNA synthesis in the different anatomic areas of the kidney in aging (76 to 103
      weeks of age) female F344/NCr rats after injection of tritiated thymidine (3H
      thymidine). All areas showed increased 3H-thymidine labeling indices (LI),
      including cortical and medullary tubules and interstitium. The extent of increase
      was directly correlated with increasing severity of the nephropathy. Atrophic,
      degenerative, and hyperplastic cortical tubules in areas of nephropathy had LI
      eight to nine times greater than nonaffected areas and more normal kidneys. These
      observations suggest that the hyperplastic responses of renal tubules to the
      unknown etiologic agents of aging nephropathy may be similar to those of tubules
      responding to chemical toxins.

PMID- 2913705
TI  - Epididymal interstitial (Leydig) cell tumors in B6C3F1 mice.
AB  - Six primary interstitial cell tumors of the epididymis were identified from
      46,752 male B6C3F1 mice used in chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity studies.
      Five of the tumors occurred at the end of 2-year studies; none were attributed to
      treatment. None of the mice with epididymal tumors had a primary testicular
      tumor. Histologically, tumors were characterized by a nodular or diffuse
      proliferation of tumor cells in the epididymal interstitium. Most cells were
      polygonal with highly vacuolated cytoplasm (vacuolated cells) or eosinophilic
      cytoplasm (eosinophilic cells). Smaller hyperchromatic cells with scant
      basophilic cytoplasm (basophilic cells) and cells with yellow-brown pigment
      characteristic of lipofuscin (pigmented cells) were less common. In each tumor
      two or more cell types were present. Extension of these tumors through the
      capsule, invasion of the testis, or metastasis did not occur. By electron
      microscopy both eosinophilic and vacuolated cell types had a large round or oval
      nucleus with sparse heterochromatin, abundant mitochondria with tubulovesicular
      cristae, and frequent desmosome structures between cell membranes. Vacuolated
      cells contained numerous lipid droplets. Morphological features of the epididymal
      tumors are similar to those of the testicular interstitial (Leydig) cell tumor in
      mice and rats.

PMID- 2913706
TI  - Hematological, osmotic, and scanning electron microscopic study of erythrocytes
      of dogs given beta-acetylphenylhydrazine.
AB  - Hematologic examinations, osmotic fragility tests, and scanning electron
      microscopy of erythrocytes were done on blood of dogs given 5 mg/kg of beta
      acetylphenylhydrazine for 5 weeks. Reticulocytes, Heinz bodies, and serum total
      bilirubin values increased in the 1st week. Reticulocyte numbers peaked in the
      2nd week, and reticulocytosis persisted through the 5th week. Erythrocyte, packed
      cell volume, and hemoglobin values decreased markedly and became lowest in the
      2nd week. Mean corpuscular volume increased in the 1st week and remained
      increased for the duration of treatment. Erythrocyte osmotic fragility was
      increased after 1 week of treatment. Echinocytes were increased with a peak level
      of 47.6% at week 1 of treatment. Increased numbers of acanthocytes and
      schizocytes also were detected.

PMID- 2913707
TI  - Ultrastructural pathology of hemopoietic organs in Trypanosoma vivax infection of
      goats.

PMID- 2913708
TI  - Radiographic examination of eyes fixed in Zenker's solution.

PMID- 2913709
TI  - Large granular lymphocyte tumor in a horse.

PMID- 2913710
TI  - Spontaneous gastric carcinoid tumor in an aged Sprague-Dawley rat.

PMID- 2913711
TI  - Multilobular osteosarcoma of the mandible and orbit in a dog.

PMID- 2913713
TI  - 4,055 pounds shed, salt cut.

PMID- 2913712
TI  - Renal dysplasia with multiple urogenital and large intestinal anomalies in a
      calf.

PMID- 2913714
TI  - Ischemic cerebrovascular disease in the young adult. Emergence of oral
      contraceptive use and pregnancy as the major risk factors in the 1980s.
AB  - Although oral contraceptives and pregnancy are recognized risk factors for
      stroke, epidemiological studies in young adults have not demonstrated these as
      the major risk factor of ischemic stroke in this age group. Our experience
      suggests that pregnancy and oral contraceptives have emerged as the major current
      risk factors for ischemic stroke in young adults.

PMID- 2913715
TI  - Adenocarcinoma of unknown primary site.
AB  - A retrospective review of 108 patients with adenocarcinoma of unknown primary
      site (ACUPS) seen at Charleston Area Medical Center from 1979 to 1987 was
      performed. The liver and bones were the most common presenting sites of
      metastases. Only three patients had their primary site found after extensive
      radiologic and endoscopic workup. The pancreas and biliary tract were the most
      frequent laparotomy or autopsy-proven primary sites. Four of the 27 patients
      treated with chemotherapy responded (14.8 per cent). Eleven of 12 patients who
      survived for longer than 12 months had predominantly localized disease which
      permitted local therapy (i.e. surgery and/or radiotherapy). The median survival
      of the entire cohort was four months. The search for the primary site should
      include investigation of the patients' signs and symptoms, and limited screening
      tests.

PMID- 2913716
TI  - Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm: the persistent challenge.
AB  - Despite improvement in anesthetic and postoperative care, ruptured abdominal
      aortic aneurysms (AAA) continue to have a high mortality. Thirty-three patients
      from 1980-1986 underwent surgery at West Virginia University for ruptured AAA,
      with 12 survivors (36.4 per cent). Age, use of MAST trousers, initial hemoglobin
      and blood pressure as well as operative time and estimated blood loss were not
      found to be significantly different between survivors and non-survivors. The
      blood pressure at the time of induction, during surgery, at the end of surgery,
      and the final temperature were significantly different. Our results show that the
      chance of survival is much greater if the patient responds to the initial fluid
      resuscitation prior to induction, and if blood pressure and temperature are
      maintained during the operation.

PMID- 2913717
TI  - Methotrexate therapy in rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common disease with a significant economic and
      social impact on Americans. Many patients with RA are unresponsive to or
      intolerant of conventional therapy or the limited therapeutic options available.
      For many of those patients, immunosuppressive drugs have been the mainstay of
      therapy. Our experience with methotrexate for these patients indicates that this
      drug provides symptomatic relief and improvement in objective parameters.
      Significant toxicity was uncommon. Methotrexate should be considered for selected
      patients with severe rheumatoid arthritis when conventional measures have been
      exhausted.

PMID- 2913718
TI  - Spectator sensitivities.

PMID- 2913719
TI  - Wise words for physicians.

PMID- 2913720
TI  - Several dozen call AIDS hotline.

PMID- 2913721
TI  - Carnitine deficiency, mitochondrial dysfunction and the heart. Identical defect
      of oxidative phosphorylation in muscle mitochondria in cardiomyopathy due to
      carnitine loss and in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
AB  - Cardiomyopathies are often caused by a metabolic defect. Carnitine deficiency and
      mitochondrial defects in the metabolism of acyl-CoA, including defects in
      oxidative phosphorylation, start the same circular mechanism of mitochondrial
      doom. Patients with cardiomyopathy due to carnitine loss are cured by carnitine
      supplementation. In such a patient we found defective oxidative phosphorylation
      in isolated muscle mitochondria. The stimulation of the respiratory rate with all
      substrates by ADP was decreased, probably the cause of inhibition of the adenine
      nucleotide translocator by accumulating long-chain acyl-CoA. The same condition
      was encountered in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, who often get
      cardiomyopathy in the course of the disease process.

PMID- 2913722
TI  - [L-carnitine therapy and myocardial function in children treated with chronic
      hemodialysis].
AB  - Six out of 14 chronically hemodialysed children with significantly decreased
      serum carnitine levels were substituted with L-carnitine (15-30 mg/kg/day
      Biocarn) up to normal and above normal carnitine levels. None of these patients
      were digitalised. During the time of investigation plasma carnitine levels were
      investigated monthly and, simultaneously, three echocardiographic parameters in M
      mode were quantitatively und qualitatively determined: shortening fraction (SF
      %), ratio of left ventricular pre-ejection/ejection time (LVPT/LVET) and velocity
      of circumferential fibre shortening (Vcf). Carnitine substitution produced
      measurable changes in echocardiographic parameters, and a significant
      quantitative improvement in left ventricular function and performance: after 6
      months of carnitine substitution a 24% improvement was seen, after 18 months a
      44% mean improvement. No side effects of carnitine were observed; the
      compatibility was good. Beside these positive effects all patients reported
      decreased dialysis-associated spasms and polyneuropathic symptoms and increased
      somatic ability.

PMID- 2913723
TI  - [Energy-supplying metabolism of the volume overloaded and hypoxia stressed heart
      in children].
AB  - This study summarizes results obtained with regard to atrial and ventricular
      enzymes of energy supplying metabolism in children with different types of
      congenital heart disease. In all groups of patients - normoxemic as well as
      hypoxemic - significant atrio - ventricular differences were observed: the right
      ventricle is amply equipped for utilization and oxidation of all major nutrients,
      while the right atrium utilizes glucose predominantly. Myocardial metabolism in
      children with congenital heart disease was significantly influenced by hypoxemia:
      the capacity of aerobic enzymes in cyanotic patients was significantly lower,
      both in atrial and ventricular tissue, whereby the atrial changes were even more
      striking. No marked differences were found between atrial and ventricular septal
      defects in normoxemic patients; the only difference was a lower capacity of fatty
      acid catabolism in children with atrial septal defect.

PMID- 2913724
TI  - Endomyocardial fibrosis in the child.
AB  - Endomyocardial fibrosis is a rare disease in children and has been mainly
      observed in tropical Africa, seldom in Europe. Its precise aetiology remains
      unknown. New surgical procedures have recently led to better survival. Four
      children, a 5 year old Swiss boy and 3 African girls, aged 12 to 14 years, were
      submitted with global heart failure class III to IV of the NYHA classification.
      Two patients had eosinophilia on admission. A third had a history of transient
      eosinophilia. The echocardiographic examination showed a very typical picture. In
      3 patients (2 f and 1 m) both ventricles were involved; in one girl only the left
      ventricle. Decreased ventricular distensibility with impaired filling of the left
      and/or right ventricle was present in all. Diastolic pressures ranged between 24
      and 35 mmHg; the systolic function was satisfactory in 3 children (ejection
      fraction [EF] of 44 to 61%) and severely decreased in the fourth (EF 10%). Three
      patients underwent endocardectomy: both ventricles in 1 case, only the left in 2
      cases. Mitral valve repair by means of the Carpentier ring was done once, valve
      replacement once (Starr-Edwards prothesis). One child died; the 2 surviving
      patients showed a distinct improvement in their clinical state and are now in
      class II of the NYHA classification. Echocardiographic and catheter
      investigations show, however, persistence of the restrictive cardiomyopathy.
      Thus, surgical intervention must be considered a palliative procedure in these
      cases. The diagnosis can clearly be made nowadays with bidimensional and Doppler
      echocardiography.

PMID- 2913725
TI  - [Serial determination of anthracycline poisoning in children].
AB  - Dose-related cardiotoxicity limits enthracycline administration in patients with
      solid tumours or leukaemia. Many patients (70%) would probably benefit by
      receiving more than a total accumulative dose of 500 mg/m2. As a measure of
      myocardial function the left ventricular ejection fractions (EF) were determined
      from serial radionuclide angiograms in 62 children who had at least 3 studies
      (mean age 8.4 +/- 5.4 years). Seven patients who had clinical evidence of cardiac
      involvement and/or a marked decline in their EF underwent endmyocardial biopsy (9
      x). The EF declined progressively from 63 +/- 7% prior to chemotherapy to 60 +/-
      5%, 58 +/- 7% and 54 +/- 7% after low, medium and high-dose anthracycline,
      respectively in the non-biopsied children vs 58 +/- 4%, 54 +/- 7% and 48 +/- 4%
      in the biopsied patients. Anthracycline dosage was 129 +/- 42, 307 +/- 68 and 471
      +/- 61 mg/m2 and 103 +/- 64, 303 +/- 73 and 536 +/- 93 mg/m2, respectively. The
      biopsies were obtained at a mean anthracycline dose of 408 mg/m2 when the EF was
      46 +/- 5%, and graded according to the modified Billingham score; grade 1 (6 x),
      1.5 (2 x) and 2.5 (1 x). A decline in the EF was seen in 89% of our patients
      throughout their chemotherapy course, with a statistical significance of p less
      than 0.02 in the biopsied patients after medium dose therapy which was not seen
      in the non-biopsied children until they were receiving anthracyclines.

PMID- 2913726
TI  - [Changes in fatty acid metabolism in dilated cardiomyopathy and hypertrophic
      cardiomyopathy in childhood].
AB  - The aetiology and the pathomechanisms in both types of cardiomyopathy (CM) are
      still unknown. In vivo measurements of myocardial metabolism in CM may be useful,
      but there is hardly any information on this subject. Free fatty acids (FFA) are
      the main source of energy for the normal myocardium. A method for external
      measurement of the FFA extraction rate (FFA-ER) in different myocardial regions
      by the simultaneous use of two isotopes has been developed. 201 TI indicates the
      myocardial perfusion and 15-(p-123 I-phenyl)-pentadecanoid acid (IPPA) represents
      the FFA uptake. The relation of IPPA/TI reflects the FFA-ER. 8 patients with
      hypertrophic CM (HCM), age 0.2-20 years, and 8 patients with dilated CM (DCM),
      age 0.2-18 years were investigated. 12 healthy adults and 4 infants after an
      arterial switch operation were used as a control group. All patients with HCM
      showed normal myocardial perfusion but the FFA uptake was strongly diminished,
      resulting in a reduction in FFA-ER to 42 +/- 12% of the normal value. The maximal
      influx rate (IR) of FFA was diminished too. In patients with DCM both the
      myocardial perfusion and the FFA uptake were globally reduced, resulting in a
      virtually normal FFA-ER. The IR was slightly increased. In HCM and DCM FFA
      utilisation was disturbed. The alterations were significantly different in both
      types of CM and different pathomechanisms can be assumed.

PMID- 2913727
TI  - The development of the chondrocranium of Gallus gallus.
AB  - An account of six stages of the development of the chondrocranium up to the
      beginning of ossification is given. The tip of the chorda does not pierce the
      anterior surface of the acrochordal in the early stages and the fenestra
      basicranialis posterior develops through resorption of the basal plate. The
      posterior part of the orbital cartilage develops a laterally situated
      orbitocapsular commissure and a medially situated pila antotica spuria. The pila
      antotica is resorbed leaving the posterior orbital cartilage connected to the
      basal plate only by the pila antotica spuria. In the earliest stage the cochlear
      portion of the otic capsule is fused to the basal plate, but can be distinguished
      from the basal plate and the canalicular portion. The tectum synoticum is
      attached to the otic capsule by two roots with the ventral attachment spreading
      over the lateral surface of the pila occipitalis. The trabecula communis forms
      without the intervention of an intertrabecula. The interorbital and nasal septa
      develop from the trabecula communis. An ethmoid plate forms the roof of the nasal
      capsule and the rest of the capsule develops as outgrowths from the roof. A
      transitory floor for the posterior part of the nasal capsule is present in the
      young stages and an incomplete floor for the anterior part develops late during
      the ontogeny.

PMID- 2913728
TI  - Adipose fatty acid composition and the risk of serious ventricular arrhythmias in
      acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - The relation between subcutaneous adipose tissue fatty acid composition and
      serious ventricular arrhythmias during acute myocardial infarction was studied in
      2 groups of patients. In group 1 (n = 42), studied retrospectively, patients with
      ventricular fibrillation or tachycardia had a higher concentration of long-chain
      saturated fatty acids than those without (32.5 +/- 0.8% vs 29.7 +/- 0.4% [mean +/
      standard error of the mean], p less than 0.01). In a prospective study, patients
      with arrhythmias (n = 106) had higher levels of long-chain saturated fatty acids
      (32.1 +/- 0.5% vs 30.7 +/- 0.4%, p less than 0.05) and of stearic acid (4.9 +/-
      0.2% vs 4.4 +/- 0.1%, p less than 0.02) and a lower concentration of palmitoleic
      acid (7.3 +/- 0.3% vs 8.1 +/- 0.2%, p less than 0.005). When peak plasma creatine
      kinase concentrations were included with the individual fatty acid levels in a
      multiple logistic regression, only creatine kinase correlated significantly with
      ventricular arrhythmias (p less than 0.01). Thus, saturated fatty acids in
      cardiac membranes may lead to greater vulnerability to ventricular arrhythmias,
      although infarct size is the only statistically significant predictor after
      multiple regression analysis.

PMID- 2913729
TI  - Comparison of mortality and myocardial infarction rates in stable angina pectoris
      with and without ischemic episodes during daily activities.
AB  - The prognostic significance of ischemic changes during daily activities was
      assessed in 56 patients with stable angina pectoris. All patients had positive
      results on the treadmill stress test and angiographic evidence of significant
      coronary artery disease. Forty-three (77%) had ischemic episodes on Holter
      monitoring during everyday activities. During the follow-up period (mean 2
      years), there were 6 deaths and 6 myocardial infarctions among the 43 patients
      with ischemic episodes, compared with none among the 13 patients without such
      changes (p less than 0.03). All 14 patients referred for coronary bypass surgery
      belonged to the group with ischemic episodes (p less than 0.02). The extent of
      coronary disease, the treadmill test parameters, and the duration and frequency
      of ischemia during daily activities were identical in the patients with and
      without subsequent cardiac events. Patients with only symptomatic ischemic
      episodes or those with both silent and symptomatic episodes had a frequency of
      cardiac events similar to that of patients with only silent episodes. Thus, it
      seems that patients with stable angina pectoris and ischemic episodes during
      daily activities have a worse prognosis than patients free from such episodes.

PMID- 2913730
TI  - Clinical and hemodynamic effects of long-term administration of gallopamil in
      patients with coronary artery disease and normal or impaired left ventricular
      function.
AB  - The hemodynamic and clinical profiles of gallopamil, a new calcium antagonist,
      were evaluated in 20 patients with severe coronary artery disease in a placebo
      controlled, single-blind study. The patients were divided into 2 groups depending
      on baseline ejection fraction (greater than 45 or less than or equal to 45%) and
      underwent nuclear ventriculography, both at rest and during bicycle exercise
      under electrocardiographic monitoring, after 3 weeks of therapy (50 mg 3 times
      daily) and the 1-week run in and washout placebo periods. The mean anginal weekly
      frequency per patient was significantly reduced, from 3.4 to 0.5 (p less than
      0.001). The left ventricular ejection fraction, cardiac volumes, ejection and
      filling indexes at rest and for the same workload were not altered in the
      population as a whole or in each of the 2 groups. The rate pressure product
      during exercise was reduced for the same workload from 18.0 +/- 5.0 X 10(3) to
      16.8 +/- 4.7 X 10(3), while the regional ejection fraction in ischemic regions
      was not significantly changed. Individual variations of ventriculographic
      parameters in both groups were not related to basal values. Gallopamil increased
      the total duration of exercise from 432 +/- 201 to 537 +/- 188 s (p less than
      0.001). Six patients did not complain of angina and their exercise was
      interrupted because of muscular weakness. The hemodynamic and clinical responses
      did not differ when the results in the population as a whole and in each of the 2
      groups were compared. Gallopamil was effective and well tolerated, even in
      patients with very depressed cardiac function.

PMID- 2913731
TI  - Cryoablation of refractory sustained ventricular tachycardia due to coronary
      artery disease.
AB  - Thirty-nine patients with medically refractory sustained monomorphic ventricular
      tachycardia (VT) due to coronary artery disease underwent map-guided cryosurgery.
      Locations of prior myocardial infarctions had been inferior in 22, anterior in 16
      and combined in 1. Mean age was 61 +/- 9 years and the mean number of drug trials
      per patient before surgery was 3.8 +/- 1.4. Intraoperative endocardial mapping
      induced 67 tachycardias in 35 patients. Each patient received 6 to 18 (11 +/- 3)
      endocardial cryothermic applications (15 mm, -60 degrees C, 2 minutes) at areas
      of earliest activation during VT. Encircling endocardial cryoablation was
      performed in 4 patients who had unsuccessful mapping. In addition, 11 patients
      had subendocardial resection of their well-demarcated septal scars as well as
      cryosurgery. There were 2 in-hospital deaths. At postoperative programmed
      ventricular stimulation, 28 of the 37 patients (76%) had no inducible or
      spontaneous VT before hospital discharge. Six patients (16%) with spontaneous or
      inducible VT had a single morphology and were controlled with antiarrhythmic
      drugs that had previously failed. Therefore, surgery alone or in combination with
      drugs was efficacious in 92% of the population surviving surgery. The remaining 3
      patients (8%) received automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillators. No
      significant difference in surgical outcome was seen between patients who had
      cryosurgery alone and those who had subendocardial resection together with
      cryoablation. Mean left ventricular ejection fractions before and after surgery
      were 33 and 39%, respectively (p less than 0.01). Clinical follow-up ranged from
      2 to 36 months (18 +/- 12). One patient died of heart failure and another
      underwent heart transplantation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2913732
TI  - Bundle branch block during orthodromic reciprocating tachycardia onset in
      infants.
AB  - Transesophageal electrophysiologic studies were performed in 58 infants (age less
      than or equal to 1 year, median 10 days) with electrocardiographically documented
      orthodromic reciprocating tachycardia (ORT). The aim was to evaluate the
      occurrence, type and electrophysiologic effects of bundle branch block (BBB)
      during ORT onset. Of the 58 infants, 25 (43%) had BBB with pacing-induced
      tachycardia onset. BBB was initiated by single or double premature atrial
      extrastimuli and by burst atrial pacing; 4 infants also demonstrated BBB with
      spontaneous ORT onset during transesophageal study. Two of 25 infants had BBB
      only after intravenous procainamide. Comparison of the 25 infants exhibiting BBB
      at ORT onset with the 33 infants not demonstrating BBB revealed that age was not
      statistically different in the 2 groups, but that severity of illness (based on a
      1 to 3 scale) was greater (p less than 0.05) and normal QRS ORT cycle length was
      shorter (p less than 0.02) in the infants with BBB. Of the 25 infants with BBB at
      ORT onset, 17 had left BBB, 3 had right BBB and 5 had both left and right BBB.
      Ventriculoatrial interval or cycle length increases during ORT with BBB in 16 of
      25 (64%) infants suggested left free wall-accessory atrioventricular
      connections.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2913733
TI  - Comparison of cardiovascular and skeletal features of primary mitral valve
      prolapse and Marfan syndrome.
AB  - The association of primary mitral valve prolapse (MVP) with thoracic bony
      abnormalities has led to the suggestion that MVP may be a forme fruste of the
      Marfan syndrome. Echocardiographic, skeletal and anthropometric findings in 59
      subjects with primary MVP and 59 age- and sex-matched patients with Marfan
      syndrome were compared with those in 59 control subjects. Subjects with mitral
      prolapse were similar to control subjects and differed (p less than 0.025 to p
      less than 0.001) from the patients with Marfan syndrome in aortic root
      dimensions, height, arm span, upper/lower segment ratio and prevalences of
      arachnodactyly, scoliosis and pectus carinatum. Subjects with mitral prolapse and
      patients with Marfan syndrome had similar body mass indexes and prevalences of
      pectus excavatum and straight back. All 3 groups were similar in arm span/height
      ratio. The 5 subjects with MVP and arachnodactyly had lower weights, smaller body
      surface areas and smaller aortic root dimensions, and were more likely to have
      scoliosis than subjects with MVP without arachnodactyly. Thus, primary MVP
      differs from the Marfan syndrome in all major skeletal and cardiovascular
      features.

PMID- 2913734
TI  - Size of the normal aortic root in normal subjects and in those with left
      ventricular outflow obstruction.
AB  - This study establishes normal values and growth curves of the aortic root to
      determine when it is unusually small. The aortic root diameter was measured by 2
      dimensional echocardiography in 188 normal subjects (group 1) and in 33 patients
      (group 2) with left ventricular outflow obstruction in whom the diagnosis of
      small aortic root was made during surgery for aortic root and valve replacement.
      In group 2 the aortic root was also measured by M-mode echocardiography and was
      compared to measurements during surgery. Growth curves of the normal aortic root
      were obtained. In group 2 the aortic root was smaller than normal except in 3
      patients. When corrected for body surface area all were smaller than normal. The
      2-dimensional echocardiographic and surgical measurements were almost identical.
      M-mode values were higher (p less than 0.01). The normal values and growth curves
      of the aortic root diameter are thus established and the small aortic root can be
      identified preoperatively.

PMID- 2913735
TI  - Assessment and follow-up of patients with ventricular septal defect and elevated
      pulmonary vascular resistance.
AB  - Cardiac catheterization was undertaken in 87 patients (for a total of 89 studies)
      with ventricular septal defects, including 58 patients with moderate or severe
      elevation of pulmonary arteriolar resistance. When resting resistance was less
      than or equal to 7.9 U . m2, it always decreased with isoproterenol and no
      postoperative problems were experienced with pulmonary vascular obstructive
      disease. In 36 patients resting resistance measured greater than or equal to 8 U
      . m2. In 17 of these patients it decreased to less than 7 U . m2 with
      isoproterenol. Fifteen patients were operated on and postoperative problems with
      pulmonary vascular disease were experienced only in the single patient whose
      repair broke down. Surgery was undertaken in 4 of 19 patients in whom resistance
      did not decrease to less than 7 U . m2 with isoproterenol and advanced pulmonary
      vascular disease was evident in the 3 patients with follow-up observation.
      Correlation between measured resistance and other hemodynamic parameters was only
      fair. A pulmonary to systemic resistance ratio greater than or equal to 0.75
      always indicated high absolute resistance but resistance ratios less than 0.75
      were found quite frequently in the group with limited response to isoproterenol.
      These data argue that a reliable estimate of resistance, less than 7 U . m2, with
      a vasodilator predicts a good postoperative response regardless of measurements
      at rest or other hemodynamic parameters. Although observations on postoperative
      progress of patients with resistance greater than 7 U . m2 with a vasodilator are
      limited, a good postoperative course is unlikely unless resistance can be lowered
      to a level close to 7 U . m2.

PMID- 2913736
TI  - Two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiographic evaluation after arterial switch
      repair in infancy for complete transposition of the great arteries.
AB  - The most recent postoperative echocardiographic examinations of all children who
      underwent arterial switch repair of transposition of the great arteries from
      August 1985 to December 1987 were reviewed. The patients included 35 children
      whose age at operation was 12 +/- 16 days and whose weight was 3.6 +/- 0.4 kg.
      Thirty-three patients are alive and well; 1 died intraoperatively and 1 died
      immediately postoperatively. The time of the follow-up echocardiographic
      examination ranged from 1 day to 2.5 years (mean 9.2 months) with 11 patients
      examined greater than 1 year after surgery. Complete examination of the repair
      site was possible in all patients. Echocardiographic visualization of distortion
      of the great arteries at the suture lines was seen in all patients; however,
      Doppler evidence of hemodynamically significant obstruction at the repair site
      was uncommon. On Doppler examination in the surviving 33 patients, 16 had no
      supravalvular pulmonary stenosis and 14 had mild to moderate supravalvular
      pulmonary stenosis with peak systolic pressure gradients ranging from 16 to 56 mm
      Hg (mean 31). Three patients had severe supravalvular pulmonary stenosis and peak
      systolic pressure gradients of 66, 74 and 77 mm Hg (2 have had reoperation, 1 is
      awaiting surgery). On Doppler examination, 4 patients had mild supravalvular
      aortic stenosis with peak systolic gradients ranging from 10 to 29 mm Hg. Doppler
      gradients were confirmed in 10 patients who had catheterization 12 +/- 3 months
      after surgery. Three patients had mild pulmonary regurgitation by Doppler
      examination, 5 had mild aortic regurgitation, 4 had mild tricuspid regurgitation
      and 2 had mild mitral regurgitation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2913737
TI  - Noninvasive evaluation of world class athletes engaged in different modes of
      training.
AB  - This study evaluated by noninvasive methods the cardiac structure and functional
      characteristics of world class athletes participating in different types of
      training programs. Fourteen subjects, including 4 strength-trained (discus and
      shot put), 4 endurance-trained (long distance runners), 4 decathlon-trained
      (strength and endurance), 2 wheelchair athletes and 31 college-age control
      subjects were evaluated using electrocardiography, M-mode echocardiography and
      maximal oxygen consumption. M-mode echocardiography measurements of left
      ventricular structure and function were compared before and after normalization
      for lean body weight. As expected, endurance athletes had greater maximal O2
      consumption than the other groups (p less than 0.05). Before normalization for
      lean body weight, there were no significant differences in end-diastolic
      dimensions. After normalization, the endurance, wheelchair and control subjects
      had end-diastolic dimensions larger than those of strength athletes. Strength
      athletes appeared to have a much larger posterior wall and septal thickness than
      all groups except the decathlon athletes. However, when normalized, there was no
      difference among any of the groups. Previous investigators have attempted to
      determine "normalcy" of cardiac hypertrophy by looking at the ratio of left
      ventricular wall thickness to left ventricular radius. In the present study, the
      thickness to radius ratio in strength athletes was 33% greater than that in
      endurance athletes. It appears that the left ventricular wall thickness in the
      strength athletes occurred without a concomitant increase in left ventricular
      radius and that the left ventricular hypertrophy of world class athletes is
      related to the total increase in lean body weight. However, ventricular
      dimensions may be related more to the type of overload experienced.

PMID- 2913738
TI  - Cardiovascular risk factors and graded treadmill exercise endurance in healthy
      adults: The Framingham Offspring Study.
AB  - To help describe the association between exercise endurance and cardiovascular
      risk factor profiles, 2,606 young and middle-aged healthy adults in the
      Framingham Offspring Study were given submaximal treadmill tests. For both men
      and women, exercise endurance was inversely related to resting heart rate (p less
      than 0.001), body mass index (p less than 0.001), systolic blood pressure (p less
      than 0.001) and blood glucose (p less than 0.01), and positively related to high
      density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (p less than 0.05). In men, cigarette
      smoking (p less than 0.05), high levels of total cholesterol (p less than 0.01)
      and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol (p less than 0.001) were also
      associated with poor exercise endurance. After adjusting for age, resting heart
      rate and body mass index, significant independent associations persisted for HDL
      cholesterol (p less than 0.05) in both sexes and for systolic blood pressure,
      VLDL cholesterol, blood glucose and cigarette smoking in men (p less than 0.05).
      Risk factors associated with overt cardiovascular disease in older individuals
      are also associated with poor exercise endurance in those who are younger and
      asymptomatic.

PMID- 2913739
TI  - Left ventricular aneurysm and prognosis after first anterior wall acute
      myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2913740
TI  - Acute myocardial infarction during Holter recording.

PMID- 2913741
TI  - Resting left ventricular ejection fraction in elderly patients without evidence
      of heart disease.

PMID- 2913742
TI  - Frequency of mitral valve prolapse in systemic lupus erythematosus, progressive
      systemic sclerosis and mixed connective tissue disease.

PMID- 2913743
TI  - Prophylactic aspirin use among US physicians.

PMID- 2913744
TI  - Sudden death immediately after a record-setting athletic performance.

PMID- 2913745
TI  - Complete heart block during retrograde left-sided cardiac catheterization.

PMID- 2913746
TI  - Angiographic evidence of cardiac ventricular diastolic suction.

PMID- 2913747
TI  - Variant angina in two brothers with left anterior descending coronary arterial
      spasm.

PMID- 2913748
TI  - Compound pulsus alternans: independent alternation within weak beats.

PMID- 2913749
TI  - Effect of pregnancy on pressure gradient in mitral stenosis.

PMID- 2913750
TI  - Cardiac-compressing intrapericardial teratoma at birth.

PMID- 2913751
TI  - Cardiac resuscitation using emergency aortic balloon valvuloplasty.

PMID- 2913752
TI  - Use of emergency balloon dilation to reverse acute hemodynamic decompensation
      developing during diagnostic catheterization for aortic stenosis (bailout
      valvuloplasty).

PMID- 2913753
TI  - A simple method of differentiating between atrial septal defect and patent
      foramen ovale.

PMID- 2913754
TI  - Correlation, causation and agreement.

PMID- 2913755
TI  - A symposium: Acute blood pressure elevation and the brain. April 7, 1988, Leuven,
      Belgium. Proceedings.

PMID- 2913756
TI  - Arterial hypertension in neurosurgical emergencies.
AB  - The Cushing, or ischemic response, is a useful mechanism in intracranial
      hypertension because it restores normal cerebral perfusion pressure and cerebral
      circulation. In patients with acute intracranial hypertension due to mass
      expanding lesions such as brain edema, hydrocephalus or brain tumor, cerebral
      perfusion pressure decreases and plateau waves occur. In experimental animals,
      spontaneous or induced arterial hypertension can compensate for the reduction of
      cerebral perfusion pressure. The interrelation between arterial pressure,
      intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure in an experimental model of
      hydrocephalus in dogs was investigated. Plateau waves were preceded by a decrease
      in cerebral perfusion pressure and a Cushing response was seen 5 to 15 seconds
      before abolition of the wave. Arterial hypertension, induced by intravenous
      infusion of Aramin, restored cerebral perfusion pressure and intracranial
      pressure became normal. Arterial hypertension appears to be an efficient stimulus
      to abort plateau waves. Hypertensive patients in whom subarachnoid bleeding
      develops from ruptured aneurysm are at high risk of bleeding again and need
      antihypertensive treatment together with drainage of cerebrospinal fluid. Induced
      arterial hypertension is the most effective treatment of vasospasm but increases
      the danger of aneurysmal rebleeding and can only be safe after clipping of the
      aneurysm. This is one of the strongest arguments for early operation on cerebral
      aneurysms.

PMID- 2913757
TI  - How should we treat a hypertensive emergency?
AB  - Hypertensive emergencies are life-threatening situations caused by acute blood
      pressure elevation. They require immediate treatment with antihypertensive drugs.
      Such emergencies include hypertensive crisis, acute left ventricular heart
      failure or intracranial bleeding in patients with hypertension, malignant
      hypertension resistant to treatment, and serious blood pressure elevations after
      vascular surgery. A hypertensive crisis may be defined as a sudden increase in
      systolic and diastolic blood pressure that causes functional disturbances of the
      central nervous system, the heart or the kidneys. In patients with hypertensive
      crisis, treatment should be started with an alpha receptor-blocking agent if
      pheochromocytoma has not been excluded by previous workup. Antihypertensive
      agents with a rapid onset of action--nifedipine, clonidine, dihydralazine,
      diazoxide and sodium nitroprusside--are being used.

PMID- 2913758
TI  - Primary lymph node presentation of angiocentric lymphoma associated with features
      of a hemophagocytic syndrome.
AB  - The spectrum of post-thymic T-cell neoplasia includes the angiocentric
      immunoproliferative lesions, a group of disorders histologically exhibiting
      vascular infiltration and destruction; included among these disorders is
      angiocentric lymphoma. In contrast to the typical extranodal presentation seen in
      the angiocentric immunoproliferative lesions, this report describes a case of
      angiocentric lymphoma presenting as primary lymph node disease with
      clinicopathologic findings mimicking a hemophagocytic syndrome. Rearrangement of
      the T-cell receptor beta chain documents this case to be a clonal T-cell
      neoplasm. The association of this distinct histologic type of T-cell malignancy
      with hemophagocytic syndromes is reviewed.

PMID- 2913759
TI  - Apparent response of refractory post-transfusion purpura to splenectomy.
AB  - Post transfusion purpura (PTP) is a rare disorder characterized by the abrupt
      onset of severe thrombocytopenia following transfusion. A patient with PTP and
      massive bleeding was refractory to corticosteroids, gamma globulin, and plasma
      exchange but developed an immediate and sustained rise in platelet count
      following splenectomy. Splenectomy may be a useful therapeutic modality in
      patients with refractory PTP.

PMID- 2913760
TI  - Antileukemic effect of nitrous oxide in a patient with chronic myelogenous
      leukemia.

PMID- 2913761
TI  - Sex practice correlates of human immunodeficiency virus transmission and acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome incidence in heterosexual partners and offspring of
      U.S. hemophilic men.
AB  - We assessed the risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission from
      heterosexual seropositive hemophilic men to their female sex partners through an
      HIV serosurvey and questionnaire study conducted during 1984-1987. Five percent
      of 21 female partners of asymptomatic men and 11% of 35 partners of HIV
      symptomatic (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome [AIDS], AIDS-related complex
      [ARC], peripheral generalized lymphadenopathy [PGL]) hemophilic men had been
      infected when first tested. One of 19 seronegative women tested about 1 year
      later reportedly seroconverted. Only 18% of a sample of the serosurvey women
      responding to sex practices questions said their partners used condoms "nearly
      always." Over 60% engaged in oral/genital sex in addition to vaginal intercourse.
      Only 12% of still-seronegative women followed the preventive strategy of
      consistent avoidance of oral/genital sex, together with consistent condom use by
      the male partner. Further evidence for heterosexual transmission comes from the
      CDC national AIDS surveillance reports showing 25 women who acquired HIV
      infection through heterosexual contact with U.S. hemophilic men (September 6,
      1988). Seven (28%) were diagnosed and reported in the first 6 months of 1988.
      Their ages range from 20 years to more than 70 years. The dates of infection for
      the women are unknown but must have been at least 5 years before AIDS diagnosis
      for at least one. Only approximately 30% of their male partners had already
      manifested any HIV-associated illness. Through May 18, 1988, six cases of AIDS
      have occurred in children whose infection was acquired through exposure of the
      mother to a hemophilic partner. Four were diagnosed in latter 1987. The median
      age at diagnosis was 4.5 months. Four had died. None of their mothers is as yet
      diagnosed.

PMID- 2913762
TI  - Erythrocyte enzyme activities in myelodysplastic syndromes: elevated pyruvate
      kinase activity.
AB  - The erythrocyte enzyme activities in twenty-six cases of myelodysplastic
      syndromes were determined. There were remarkably abnormal levels in seven cases;
      namely, four cases showed increased hexokinase activity, three cases showed
      increased pyruvate kinase activity, and two cases showed increased adenosine
      deaminase activity. Among these, one case with elevated pyruvate kinase activity
      showed the novel expression of M2-type pyruvate kinase activity, in addition to
      the R-type pyruvate kinase activity normally found in erythrocytes. Southern
      blotting of peripheral leucocyte DNA revealed only an amplified PK-LR genome,
      which derived from the chromosomal abnormality of a 1;7 translocation. The
      mechanism responsible for switching M2-type to R-type during erythroid maturation
      was considered to be partially disrupted in this case.

PMID- 2913763
TI  - Blood pressure reduction and coronary heart disease risk factor management: a
      conjoint approach. New York, New York, June 22, 1988. Proceedings.

PMID- 2913764
TI  - Importance of coronary heart disease risk factors in the management of
      hypertension. An overview.

PMID- 2913765
TI  - Effect of atenolol or prazosin on maximal exercise performance in hypertensive
      joggers.
AB  - We evaluated maximal performance during cycle ergometry and treadmill exercise in
      14 hypertensive male joggers treated with prazosin or atenolol in an unblinded,
      placebo-controlled, crossover design. Maximal oxygen uptake was measured during
      both exercise modalities; cardiac output was measured only during cycle ergometry
      using the acetylene rebreathing technique. Both drugs reduced resting systolic
      and diastolic blood pressures. Prazosin reduced total peripheral resistance
      during submaximal exercise but had little effect on maximal cycle and treadmill
      performance. Atenolol, in contrast, reduced treadmill duration, maximal oxygen
      uptake, and heart rate compared with placebo. Atenolol also increased stroke
      volume and the arterial venous oxygen difference and reduced cardiac output
      during cycle exercise. Both drugs produced similar reductions in exercise
      diastolic pressure, but exercise systolic pressure was lower only during atenolol
      treatment. Prazosin was better tolerated by the subjects and was preferred by 10
      of the men. We conclude that both drugs effectively reduced resting blood
      pressure, but that atenolol decreased exercise cardiac output and may impede
      exercise performance in physically active hypertensive subjects.

PMID- 2913766
TI  - Comparative effects of prazosin and hydrochlorothiazide on sexual function in
      hypertensive men.
AB  - Evidence suggests that there may be differences in the incidence of drug-induced
      sexual dysfunction among the antihypertensive agents. This study assessed
      objective and subjective aspects of sexual dysfunction in hypertensive male
      patients in relation to two antihypertensive agents--prazosin and
      hydrochlorothiazide. A total of 12 hypertensive patients were evaluated in a
      crossover study utilizing a sleep laboratory to obtain polysomnographic
      evaluations of sleep patterns along with changes in nocturnal penile tumescence
      and buckling pressure. Objectively, no significant changes were observed between
      the two antihypertensive agents in relation to rapid eye movement-related sleep
      architecture, serum testosterone levels, or penile blood flow. Decrements in
      buckling pressure and subjective aspects of sexual dysfunction were greater
      during hydrochlorothiazide treatment than during prazosin treatment. Both drugs
      were effective in controlling blood pressure.

PMID- 2913767
TI  - Treatment strategies: an evaluation of antihypertensive therapy.

PMID- 2913769
TI  - Effect of alpha- and selective beta-blockade for hypertension control on plasma
      lipoproteins, apoproteins, lipoprotein subclasses, and postprandial lipemia.
AB  - Fourteen male patients (mean age +/- SD, 52 +/- 11 years) with a history of
      hypertension (systolic blood pressure, 148 +/- 10 mm Hg; diastolic blood
      pressure, 99 +/- 2 mm Hg) were enrolled in a cross-over trial of prazosin and
      atenolol, with a minimum of eight weeks of treatment with each drug. Measures of
      lipoprotein metabolism included levels of: total plasma cholesterol,
      triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein
      cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein2 cholesterol. Lipoprotein mass was
      measured by analytical ultracentrifugation in low-density to very low-density
      lipoprotein flotation rate intervals of 0 to 12, 12 to 20, and 20 to 400, and
      high-density lipoprotein flotation rate intervals of 0 to 3.5 and 3.5 to 9.0.
      Apolipoproteins A1 and B, postheparin lipoprotein and hepatic lipase activities,
      and magnitude of postprandial lipemia also were determined. Mass of intermediate
      density lipoproteins (flotation rate, 12 to 20) was significantly lower (p =
      0.05) following prazosin therapy compared with atenolol therapy. Other lipid
      parameters, including triglycerides and low- and high-density lipoprotein
      cholesterol, were not significantly different for the two drug treatments.

PMID- 2913768
TI  - Effects of prazosin on hemodynamics, hemostasis, and serum lipid and lipoprotein
      levels in normal and hypercholesterolemic monkeys.
AB  - The effect of prazosin on hemodynamics, hemostasis, and serum lipid and
      lipoprotein levels was investigated in normal and hypercholesterolemic rhesus
      (Macaca mulatta) and cynomolgus (Macaca fascicularis) monkeys. Administration of
      prazosin (2 mg/kg bodyweight, orally, twice a day) for three weeks caused
      significant reductions in plasma cholesterol, including low- plus very low
      density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, and triglyceride levels. Drug
      therapy was associated with increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol
      levels, although in one group of monkeys this rise also was associated with a
      reduction in apolipoprotein A1. Prazosin treatment significantly decreased mean
      arterial pressure in normal and hypercholesterolemic monkeys. As was expected,
      acute administration of phenylephrine caused mean arterial pressure to rise, with
      animals receiving normal- or high-cholesterol-containing diets showing similar
      responses. After prazosin treatment, however, a greater inhibition in the
      phenylephrine pressor response was observed in hypercholesterolemic monkeys
      compared with normal animals. Platelet aggregation in response to adenosine 5'
      diphosphate, prothrombin time, and activated partial thromboplastin time were not
      altered by prazosin. Thus, in our nonhuman primate models of
      hypercholesterolemia, administration of prazosin resulted in reduction in lipid
      and apoprotein levels with no change in hemostasis.

PMID- 2913771
TI  - Effects of antihypertensive agents on serum lipids and lipoproteins.

PMID- 2913770
TI  - Comparative effects of prazosin and propranolol on blood lipid profiles in
      hypertensive, hypercholesterolemic patients. Preliminary results.
AB  - Preliminary results are presented for the first 13 patients to complete an
      ongoing crossover study comparing the effects of prazosin and propranolol on
      blood pressure control, in which blood lipid profiles were monitored. The study
      population consisted predominantly of white men (mean age, 67.5 years) with mild
      to-moderate hypertension and coexisting hypercholesterolemia (mean plasma
      cholesterol level, 244 mg/dl). Both agents resulted in statistically significant
      reductions in diastolic blood pressure. It is recognized that with prazosin use,
      there are generally no adverse changes noted between pre- and post-treatment
      lipid levels. The results of this study demonstrated a 243.5 mg/dl total
      cholesterol level at baseline and 229.5 mg/dl maintenance levels following
      prazosin treatment. In contrast, the results following propranolol treatment
      showed a tendency to increase plasma levels of triglycerides and very low-density
      lipoprotein cholesterol, and to reduce levels of high-density lipoprotein
      cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein2 cholesterol. Because of a great deal of
      variability in lipid responsiveness to the study drug, none of the above changes
      attained statistical significance. Additional data from this ongoing study are
      required to confirm these preliminary observations.

PMID- 2913772
TI  - Interaction of diabetes with hypertension and lipids--patients at high risk. An
      overview.

PMID- 2913773
TI  - Forearm and finger hemodynamics, blood pressure control, and lipid changes in
      diabetic hypertensive patients treated with atenolol and prazosin. A brief
      report.
AB  - Hypertension and diabetes mellitus frequently coexist and are independent risk
      factors for reduced peripheral perfusion. Antihypertensive medications that
      reduce blood pressure and improve peripheral perfusion would have advantages in
      diabetic hypertensive patients. In a randomized, two-placebo-period, single
      blind, two-way, crossover study, finger and forearm blood flow, lipid levels, and
      blood pressure control were determined in 19 diabetic hypertensive patients given
      prazosin and atenolol, with each drug and placebo period lasting four weeks. Both
      drugs reduced blood pressure (sitting, 157/95 to 142/84 mm Hg for atenolol and
      155/95 to 138/82 mm Hg for prazosin; standing, 154/94 to 144/84 mm Hg for
      atenolol and 154/94 to 133/81 mm Hg for prazosin). Lipid levels did not change,
      except that low-density lipoprotein levels decreased from 148 to 127 mg/dl with
      prazosin. Atenolol did not change forearm or finger blood flow or vascular
      resistance. Prazosin increased blood flow and reduced vascular resistance in both
      finger and forearm. In conclusion, prazosin demonstrated a potentially more
      appropriate hemodynamic profile than atenolol in diabetic hypertensive patients
      in this study.

PMID- 2913774
TI  - Effects of prazosin on blood pressure and diabetic control in patients with type
      II diabetes mellitus and mild essential hypertension.
AB  - The effects of prazosin treatment on blood pressure and diabetic control were
      assessed in 22 patients with stable non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and
      hypertension. After an initial six-week baseline period, patients were titrated
      to optimal therapeutic doses of prazosin (mean daily dose, 12.9 +/- 6.5 mg). Both
      sitting and standing systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly
      decreased (p = 0.01) with prazosin therapy from a mean of 152/99 mm Hg sitting
      and 144/99 mm Hg standing to a mean of 139/84 mm Hg and 133/85 mm Hg,
      respectively, at the end of titration and throughout the 12-week prazosin
      maintenance therapy period. Seventy-seven percent of patients achieved the goal
      sitting diastolic blood pressure of 85 mm Hg or less. Total cholesterol, high
      density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglyceride levels were not significantly
      altered during prazosin therapy compared with baseline measurements. Diabetic
      control and renal function were maintained during prazosin treatment with no
      significant changes from baseline noted. No unexpected adverse experiences were
      reported. In summary, prazosin treatment effectively reduced blood pressure
      without compromising diabetic control or renal function in this group of
      hypertensive patients with concomitant diabetes mellitus.

PMID- 2913775
TI  - Assessment of the effects of alpha- and beta-blockade in hypertensive patients
      who smoke cigarettes.
AB  - A 24-week, crossover, comparison study was conducted to observe the effects of
      alpha-blockade with prazosin and beta-blockade with propranolol on blood pressure
      and plasma lipoprotein levels in 15 hypertensive cigarette smokers. Before
      treatment, mean sitting blood pressure was 140/100 mm Hg and rose to 147/105 mm
      Hg after the patients smoked two cigarettes. Treatment with prazosin and
      propranolol lowered sitting blood pressure to 127/89 mm Hg and 129/91 mm Hg,
      respectively (not significant), and did not alter the pressor response to
      smoking. The total cholesterol level at baseline was 207.3 +/- 11.0 mg/dl. This
      increased to 210.5 +/- 10.2 mg/dl with propranolol treatment and decreased to
      201.0 +/- 11.1 mg/dl with prazosin treatment. The low-density lipoprotein
      cholesterol level was 132.5 +/- 8.1 mg/dl at baseline, 136.9 +/- 8.3 mg/dl with
      propranolol treatment, and 129.4 +/- 9.0 mg/dl with prazosin treatment (0.05 less
      than p less than 0.10 between-group comparison). The data indicated that whereas
      prazosin and propranolol are equally effective in controlling blood pressure in
      hypertensive cigarette smokers, effects on plasma lipoproteins also may need to
      be considered when selecting a first-step antihypertensive agent in this coronary
      prone population.

PMID- 2913776
TI  - The long-term antihypertensive effects of prazosin and atenolol.
AB  - The efficacy and tolerability of the alpha-blocker prazosin was compared with
      that of atenolol, a beta-blocker, in the long-term treatment of uncomplicated,
      essential hypertension. Twelve patients were randomly assigned to prazosin
      treatment and 15 to treatment with atenolol. Drug therapy was titrated to reduce
      diastolic blood pressure by 10 mm Hg or to below 89 mm Hg, whichever was lower.
      If monotherapy with either study drug failed to do this, hydrochlorothiazide was
      added to the regimen. Once blood pressure control was established, patients
      received maintenance therapy at that dosage and were followed for up to 12
      months. Blood pressure, side effects, and plasma lipid levels were monitored
      during this period. Seventy-five percent of patients receiving prazosin
      monotherapy attained blood pressure goals, compared with 60 percent of patients
      given atenolol monotherapy. With the addition of low-dose hydrochlorothiazide,
      those patients not having an adequate response to monotherapy attained blood
      pressure control. Blood pressure reductions were maintained without dosage
      adjustment throughout the maintenance period; patient acceptance was good, and
      there was no evidence of tolerance. Treatment with atenolol produced slight
      increases in plasma triglyceride levels and little change in total or low-density
      lipoprotein cholesterol. In contrast, patients treated with prazosin demonstrated
      no adverse effects with regard to lipid levels. Although a higher percentage of
      patients reached goal blood pressure with prazosin monotherapy than with
      atenolol, the response rates were comparable when hydrochlorothiazide was added
      to the regimens.

PMID- 2913777
TI  - Prazosin in hypertensive patients with chronic bronchitis and asthma: a brief
      report.
AB  - The effects of prazosin therapy were recently evaluated in ambulatory patients
      with essential hypertension and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Both the
      ability of prazosin to control high blood pressure and its effects on pulmonary
      function were observed. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly
      reduced at the end of the maintenance period. Of the 17 patients completing the
      trial, 82.4 percent attained a target diastolic blood pressure of less than 90 mm
      Hg, and 70.6 percent attained a diastolic reduction of greater than 10 mm Hg.
      Results of six-hour pulmonary function tests showed no significant differences
      after dosing with placebo or with prazosin. There was a significant increase in
      the number of patients who noted increased wheezing, but these patients did not
      have any increase in cough or sputum symptoms.

PMID- 2913778
TI  - Lowering blood pressure in patients without affecting quality of life.

PMID- 2913779
TI  - Effects of antihypertensive therapy on blood pressure control, cognition, and
      reactivity. A placebo-controlled comparison of prazosin, propranolol, and
      hydrochlorothiazide.
AB  - A randomized, placebo-controlled trial was conducted to compare the effects of
      treatment with prazosin, propranolol, or hydrochlorothiazide on the following
      variables: blood pressure, cognitive and psychomotor skills, cardiovascular
      reactivity to natural and laboratory challenges, and serum lipid and lipoprotein
      levels. Side effects were recorded and patients evaluated how they felt during
      their treatment. Sixty-nine men, 35 percent black, aged 25 to 55 (mean 51.3)
      years, with diastolic blood pressures between 90 and 104 mm Hg (mean, 93.3 mm
      Hg), completed the study. There were no differences between active treatment
      groups in the proportion of patients with controlled blood pressure during the
      maintenance phase of the study. In the cognitive and psychomotor tests, the
      hydrochlorothiazide group showed significantly less improvement from baseline
      than the other treatment groups on the block design subscale of the Wechsler
      Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised, and there was a trend for the propranolol group
      to have less improvement from baseline than the other groups on the digit span
      subscale. There were no other significant pretreatment to post-treatment changes
      in the other cognitive or psychomotor tests, the Russell Revision of the Wechsler
      Memory Scale, or a number of computerized reaction-time and signal-detection
      tasks. In the reactivity testing, there was a significantly lower increase in
      heart rate in the prazosin group compared with placebo during the second
      laboratory challenge of the Stroop Color Interference Test. Post-treatment
      declines in ambulatory blood pressure were seen in all of the drug treatment
      groups in average and maximal diastolic and systolic blood pressures. Both
      propranolol and hydrochlorothiazide treatment resulted in low-density lipoprotein
      cholesterol levels that were higher than baseline and the hydrochlorothiazide
      treatment had significantly increased total cholesterol levels. In contrast, the
      prazosin-treated group experienced no adverse changes in these parameters.
      Overall, the propranolol group had significantly more moderate and severe side
      effects than did the other three groups. Considering the pattern of blood
      pressure control, cognitive and psychomotor effects, changes in lipid levels, and
      magnitude of side effects, prazosin seems to have the most advantageous profile
      in this study of the three anti-hypertensive agents evaluated.

PMID- 2913780
TI  - Should the elderly be resuscitated following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest? Why
      not?

PMID- 2913781
TI  - Should the elderly be resuscitated following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest?
AB  - PURPOSE: Elderly and younger patients who were successfully resuscitated and
      hospitalized following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest were studied to determine
      if there was a significant difference in hospital course and long-term survival
      between the two groups. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study consisted of 214
      consecutive patients, divided into two age groups: elderly (more than 70 years, n
      = 112) and younger (less than 70 years, n = 102). Hospital charts and paramedic
      run data were retrospectively reviewed for each patient and findings were
      compared between the two age groups. RESULTS: Prior to cardiac arrest, 47 of 112
      (42 percent) elderly patients had a history of heart failure, compared with 19 of
      102 (18 percent) younger patients, and were more commonly taking digitalis (51
      percent versus 29 percent) and diuretics (47 percent versus 26 percent). Younger
      patients, however, more often had an acute myocardial infarction at the time of
      the cardiac arrest (33 percent versus 16 percent). At the time of cardiac arrest,
      83 percent of younger patients demonstrated ventricular fibrillation, compared
      with 71 percent of the elderly. In contrast, electromechanical dissociation was
      five times more common in the elderly patients. Although hospital deaths were
      more common in the elderly (71 percent versus 53 percent), the length of
      hospitalization and stay in intensive care units were not significantly different
      between the age groups. The number of neurologic deaths was similar in both age
      groups, as were residual neurologic impairments. Only five elderly patients and
      six younger patients required placement in extended-care facilities. Calculated
      long-term survival curves demonstrated similar survival in both age groups, with
      approximately 65 percent of hospital survivors alive at 24 months after hospital
      discharge. CONCLUSION: Resuscitation of elderly patients in whom out-of-hospital
      cardiac arrest occurs is reasonable and appropriate, according to the findings of
      this study. Even though elderly patients are more likely than younger patients to
      die during hospitalization, the hospital stay of the elderly is not longer, the
      elderly do not have more residual neurologic impairments, and survival after
      hospital discharge is similar to that in younger patients.

PMID- 2913782
TI  - Delayed diagnosis of gynecologic tumors in elderly women: relation to national
      medical practice patterns.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate the hypothesis that less aggressive cancer screening
      practices might result in later diagnosis of cancer in the elderly, we analyzed
      the stage of diagnosis of tumors by age in the Connecticut Tumor Registry.
      PATIENTS AND METHODS: Using Registry data from 1960 to 1975 and 1976 to 1983, we
      compared the proportion of tumors that were diagnosed at a localized stage among
      white women of various age groups. Thirteen specific tumor sites were analyzed,
      accounting for 55,688 tumors between 1960 and 1975 and 38,715 tumors between 1976
      and 1983. RESULTS: Only gynecologic cancers demonstrated a significant inverse
      relationship between the relative proportion of tumors that were diagnosed at a
      localized stage and advancing patient age during both time periods. Specifically,
      when the youngest women (aged 25 to 34) were compared with the oldest women (aged
      85 and over), between 1960 and 1975, the relative proportion of localized
      cervical, uterine, and ovarian cancer dropped from 98 percent to 59 percent, 92
      percent to 77 percent, and 59 percent to 27 percent, respectively. Similar
      declines were also seen between the intermediate-age groups, and data from 1976
      to 1983 demonstrated identical age-related trends. CONCLUSION: Our study reveals
      that the probability of diagnosing cancer of the cervix, uterus and ovaries at a
      localized and potentially curable stage decreases with advancing age. Published
      national health practice patterns demonstrated a similar age-related decline in
      gynecologic examinations and Pap smears even after adjustment for the exclusion
      of women who would have undergone previous hysterectomy. This decreasing use of
      gynecologic examinations may in part explain the age-related decline in localized
      gynecologic cancers.

PMID- 2913783
TI  - Occult polymicrobial endocarditis with Haemophilus parainfluenzae in intravenous
      drug abusers.
AB  - PURPOSE AND PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fewer than 8 percent of intravenous drug
      abusers are found to have polymicrobial endocarditis. We report on cases of
      occult polymicrobial infective endocarditis with Haemophilus parainfluenzae in 10
      intravenous drug abusers. Clinical and laboratory data on all 10 patients were
      obtained from hospital charts, and information on illicit drug use methods was
      given by five patients. Blood cultures were performed, as well as susceptibility
      testing to antibiotics. Subsequent molecular epidemiologic studies were performed
      on selected Staphylococcus aureus and H. parainfluenzae strains. Phage typing of
      S. aureus and biotyping of H. parainfluenzae strains were also done. RESULTS:
      Results of the initial blood cultures were positive on the second to fifth days
      (mean, 2.6 days), demonstrating a gram-positive pathogen in nine patients and
      Bacteroides asaccharolyticus in one. Significantly, in each case, H.
      parainfluenzae alone was subsequently identified from additional blood cultures,
      with a mean delay of 20.4 days (range, five to 57 days) to the isolation of this
      organism. Epidemiologic data indicated that our cases did not represent a point
      source outbreak. Antibiotic therapy uniformly failed until an agent active
      against H. parainfluenzae was added. The constellation of clinical,
      microbiologic, and epidemiologic findings was similar, and permitted prospective
      diagnosis and therapy in three patients. Despite the absence of S. aureus
      bacteremia in four, all 10 patients had right-sided endocarditis with septic
      pulmonary emboli. Five patients had initial blood cultures that were positive for
      two facultative gram-positive cocci (S. aureus and commensal oral streptococcal
      species). CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that polymicrobial endocarditis with
      H. parainfluenzae in intravenous drug abusers is a distinct clinical syndrome,
      and should be considered in all patients if the response to appropriate
      antibiotics is atypical or if pulmonary emboli continue with therapy.

PMID- 2913784
TI  - Cocaine-associated acute myoglobinuric renal failure.
AB  - PURPOSE: Abuse of cocaine is associated with serious medical complications
      involving the heart, central nervous system, and gastrointestinal tract. Renal
      complications appear to be uncommon. We describe herein four patients with
      rhabdomyolysis and acute myoglobinuric renal failure temporally related to
      cocaine use. CASE REPORTS: Acute cocaine intoxication was the most common
      presentation and rhabdomyolysis was an unexpected finding. Renal failure
      progressed rapidly in all patients, necessitating dialysis in two. The prognosis
      was good, and all patients survived. The mechanism of cocaine injury is unclear;
      possibilities include increased muscle activity, muscle compression,
      hyperthermia, and vasospasm with muscle ischemia. CONCLUSION: Rhabdomyolysis with
      acute renal failure should be recognized as a possible complication of cocaine
      abuse.

PMID- 2913785
TI  - A question of velleity.

PMID- 2913786
TI  - Migratory polyarthritis, pulmonary nodules, and chest pain in a 60-year-old man.

PMID- 2913787
TI  - Unsuspected Cushing's disease in a patient with fatal staphylococcal bacteremia
      and multiple pituitary adenomas.

PMID- 2913788
TI  - Celiac axis compression syndrome caused by sarcoidosis: an acquired form of the
      syndrome.

PMID- 2913789
TI  - Mild sickle cell anemia associated with alpha globin mutant alpha Montgomery.

PMID- 2913790
TI  - Unusual longevity in primary systemic amyloidosis: a 19-year survivor.

PMID- 2913791
TI  - Streptokinase and splenic rupture.

PMID- 2913792
TI  - Unilateral hyperlucent lung due to interstitial pulmonary hemorrhage from aortic
      dissection.

PMID- 2913793
TI  - Yersinia enterocolitica bacteremia in a patient with the acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome.

PMID- 2913794
TI  - Priapism following testosterone administration for delayed male puberty.

PMID- 2913795
TI  - Recurrent bacteremia in a university hospital.

PMID- 2913796
TI  - Generation of reactive metabolites during spontaneous degradation of atracurium
      in vitro.
AB  - The hypothesis was tested in vitro that the spontaneous degradation of atracurium
      leads to formation of electrophilic metabolites. Variable amounts of atracurium
      were incubated in saline (0.9% NaCl) for 120 minutes at pH 8.0 and 37 degrees C.
      Subsequently, cysteine was added to the incubation solutions and the incubation
      was continued at pH 7.4 and 37 degrees C. Frequent determination of the mercapto
      groups of cysteine revealed a progressive diminution of the mercapto groups
      remaining in the incubation solutions. The consumption of sulfhydryl groups was
      maximal at 20 minutes after the addition of cysteine and amounted to
      approximately twice the molar amount of atracurium. Kinetic analysis indicated
      that one mercapto group was consumed almost instantly, whereas the consumption of
      the other proceeded with a half-life of 4 minutes. No consumption of mercapto
      groups was observed when laudanosine was incubated with cysteine. Incubation of
      atracurium or of its degradation products with carboxylesterase markedly reduced
      the amount of reactive metabolites present in the incubation solutions. The
      results are compatible with the working hypothesis that spontaneous degradation
      of atracurium via Hofmann elimination results in generation of two equivalents of
      reactive electrophilic esters, probably acrylates. We propose that in vivo the
      portion of the aliphatic chain in the atracurium molecule that is converted to
      acrylates by Hofmann elimination may be eliminated in part in urine as a
      conjugate of mercapturic acid.

PMID- 2913798
TI  - Allocating research space in the university medical center: use of a mathematical
      formula.
AB  - Allocation of research space often is one of the most emotional and contentious
      issues facing a university medical center. With decreasing dollars available for
      building new research laboratories in medical schools, the assignment of
      laboratory space to basic science and clinical departments presents a difficult
      problem for deans, chairmen, and faculty. In this article, the authors outline a
      formula in which net square feet of traditional research space (ie, wet-bench
      laboratories) may be allocated on the basis of research dollars, output of
      manuscripts and abstracts averaged over 3 years, and the number of personnel who
      will use the space. Caution is urged for arbitrarily applying a space formula
      when it does not apply, ie, nontraditional research, and when insufficient
      consideration has been given to the individual case. The formula is most useful
      when applied within a specific institution and primarily for comparative
      purposes. Nonetheless, once the formula is established, it provides an objective
      mechanism by which the need for space and the relative merits of space
      assignments within a department or among departments can be more effectively
      determined and managed.

PMID- 2913797
TI  - Recovery of thyroid function in primary hypothyroidism.
AB  - In recent years transient primary hypothyroidism has reported with increasing
      frequency. Physicians are often unsure whether withdrawal of thyroid hormone to
      identify the transient hypothyroidism is indicated and cost-effective and in
      which patients this should be done. To study these questions, thyroid hormone
      therapy was withdrawn from 63 patients with proven primary hypothyroidism at 6
      months and again at 1 and 3 years to determine if there was recovery of thyroid
      function. Of the 49 patients with primary hypothyroidism (PH) that was not
      attributable to such causes as drug therapy, surgery, iodine-131 therapy, or
      silent or subacute thyroiditis, only two patients recovered thyroid function. In
      the other 14 patients, hypothyroidism developed within 6 months postpartum. Nine
      of these 14 recovered thyroid function. Therefore, it appears that when PH is not
      related to certain specific causes or states, it is likely to be permanent.
      Furthermore, withdrawal of thyroid hormone therapy to assess recovery of thyroid
      function is unnecessary and not cost-effective.

PMID- 2913799
TI  - Gallium-67 uptake by the thyroid associated with progressive systemic sclerosis.
AB  - Although thyroidal uptake of gallium-67 has been described in several thyroid
      disorders, gallium-67 scanning is not commonly used in the evaluation of thyroid
      disease. Thyroidal gallium-67 uptake has been reported to occur frequently with
      subacute thyroiditis, anaplastic thyroid carcinoma, and thyroid lymphoma, and
      occasionally with Hashimoto's thyroiditis and follicular thyroid carcinoma. A
      patient is described with progressive systemic sclerosis who, while being scanned
      for possible active pulmonary involvement, was found incidentally to have
      abnormal gallium-67 uptake only in the thyroid gland. Fine needle aspiration
      cytology of the thyroid revealed Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Although Hashimoto's
      thyroiditis occurs with increased frequency in patients with progressive systemic
      sclerosis, thyroidal uptake of gallium-67 associated with progressive systemic
      sclerosis has not, to our knowledge, been previously described. Since aggressive
      thyroid malignancies frequently are imaged by gallium-67 scintigraphy, fine
      needle aspiration cytology of the thyroid often is essential in the evaluation of
      thyroidal gallium-67 uptake.

PMID- 2913800
TI  - Prognosis in pyelonephritis: promise or progress?
AB  - Prognosis in pyelonephritis, or upper urinary tract infection, is provided. This
      infection is not responsible for progressive renal disease in young or elderly
      patients but accounts for frequent febrile episodes in women of all ages and men
      after the age of 50. Vigorous local immune response develops with the infection,
      which never succeeds in eradicating bacteria but does limit the infection and
      provides a diagnostic test: the antibody-coated bacteria test. Emphasis is placed
      on the need for a localization test for upper tract infection because studies
      based exclusively on clinical criteria are invalid. Appropriate therapy for
      mildly ill patients is given with recommendations of combination therapy for
      severely ill persons. Long-term follow-up is critical because most patients with
      recurrent infections can be given preventive therapy without subjecting them to
      needless urologic evaluation.

PMID- 2913801
TI  - Acute aluminum toxicity associated with oral citrate and aluminum-containing
      antacids.
AB  - The authors report the development of a rapidly progressive encephalopathy marked
      by confusion, myoclonus, seizures, coma, and death in a group of women with renal
      failure who received an oral solution of citrate and aluminum hydroxide gel
      concurrently. Two patients were documented as having marked hyperaluminemia far
      exceeding blood aluminum levels encountered in the chronic state of aluminum
      intoxication. We ascribe the toxicity to enhanced gastrointestinal absorption of
      aluminum when complexed with citrate.

PMID- 2913802
TI  - Pseudotumor cerebri induced by danazol.
AB  - Intracranial hypertension with papilledema occurred in two patients receiving
      danazol therapy for either cyclic neutropenia or immune hemolytic anemia. Results
      of clinical, laboratory, and neuroradiologic studies showed no apparent cause for
      the condition in Case 1 and the papilledema resolved one month after
      discontinuing danazol. Carotid angiography in Case 2 demonstrated cerebral venous
      sinus thrombosis; the papilledema showed gradual improvement after cessation of
      danazol. An additional seven cases of pseudotumor cerebri presumed secondary to
      danazol therapy have been reported to the Food and Drug Administration. The
      papilledema resolved in all seven cases soon after discontinuing danazol. A drug
      induced complication should be suspected, and alternative therapy sought, in
      patients who develop intracranial hypertension associated with administration of
      danazol.

PMID- 2913803
TI  - Orbital hemorrhage and eyelid ecchymosis in acute orbital myositis.
AB  - We examined two patients with acute orbital myositis associated with orbital
      hemorrhage and eyelid ecchymosis. Both patients were young women (aged 22 and 30
      years) who had painful proptosis, diplopia, and computed tomographic evidence of
      single extraocular muscle involvement with spillover of inflammatory edema into
      the adjacent orbital fat. Patient 1 showed contralateral preseptal eyelid
      inflammation and did not suffer an orbital hemorrhage until after an episode of
      vomiting. In Patient 2, the diagnosis of occult orbital varix was initially
      considered but an orbital exploration and a biopsy specimen showed no vascular
      anomaly. Both patients were treated successfully with high-dose systemic
      corticosteroids. Some cases of idiopathic orbital inflammation may be related to
      preexisting vascular anomalies or orbital phlebitis.

PMID- 2913804
TI  - Effect of various doses of radiation for uveal melanoma on regression, visual
      acuity, complications, and survival.
AB  - We reviewed 284 choroidal and ciliary body melanomas treated with 50, 60, 70, or
      80 gray equivalents (GyE) of helium ion radiation. Multivariate methods of data
      analysis were used to adjust for differences between dose groups with respect to
      the characteristics of patients (and their tumors). Radiation dose level did not
      affect survival, complications, visual outcome, or tumor regression in this
      model. The minimum radiation dose necessary to achieve tumor control with charged
      particles may be less than 50 GyE.

PMID- 2913805
TI  - Seven cases of trilateral retinoblastoma.
AB  - Of 245 consecutive children with retinoblastoma referred to the Oncology Service
      at the Wills Eye Hospital between January 1974 and August 1988 and followed up
      for three months to 15 years, seven (3%) developed midline intracranial
      malignancies consistent with the diagnosis of trilateral retinoblastoma. Six of
      the seven had bilateral retinoblastoma, and four had a family history of
      retinoblastoma. The time of diagnosis of retinoblastoma varied between five
      months after the intracranial tumor was diagnosed and four years before the
      intracranial tumor was diagnosed. The midline intracranial malignancies were
      pineal tumors (five cases), suprasellar neuroblastoma (one case), and a
      parasellar undifferentiated calcified mass (one case). Despite control of the
      intraocular tumors, five of the seven children have died of the intracranial
      tumors.

PMID- 2913806
TI  - Effect of intracameral carbachol on intraocular pressure after cataract
      extraction.
AB  - Thirty-two patients were randomly assigned to a treatment or a control group to
      determine the dose-response and duration of action of intracameral carbachol on
      immediate postoperative intraocular pressure after extracapsular cataract
      extraction using a viscoelastic substance. Patients in the treatment group
      received 0.5, 0.25, or 0.1 ml of 0.01% intracameral carbachol. Patients in the
      control group received 0.1 or 0.5 ml of balanced salt solution. Intraocular
      pressures of all patients were measured preoperatively and at three, six, 12, 24,
      and 48 hours postoperatively. The control group as a whole showed a 9.5-mm Hg
      intraocular pressure rise at three hours, a 10.0-mm Hg rise at six hours, a 9.0
      mm Hg rise at 12 hours, and a 7.2-mm Hg rise at 24 hours postoperatively. The
      group treated with 0.5 ml of carbachol maintained stable intraocular pressures
      through the 48-hour measurement period. The groups treated with 0.25 and 0.1 ml
      of carbachol maintained stable intraocular pressures through 24 hours
      postoperatively. The differences in intraocular pressure were statistically
      significant for all treated groups through the 24-hour measurement.

PMID- 2913807
TI  - Pseudoglaucomatous physiologic large cups.
AB  - Using planimetric analysis of stereoscopic optic disk photographs, we studied 21
      optic nerve heads of 11 subjects who shared the common feature of optic cups that
      were larger than the mean + 2 S.D. within the normal population. A comparison of
      these findings to those of 571 normal optic disks and 706 optic nerve heads in
      eyes with chronic primary open-angle glaucoma showed the following morphologic
      characteristics: (1) abnormally large optic disk area (mean +/- S.D., 4.49 +/-
      0.56 mm2), (2) large cup/disk ratios with the horizontal ratio (0.78 +/- 0.03)
      significantly (P less than .001) larger that the vertical (0.71 +/- 0.03), (3)
      increased incidence of cilioretinal arteries, (4) normal neuroretinal rim area
      (2.06 +/- 0.35 mm2), (5) normal neuroretinal rim configuration, inferiorly (0.43
      +/- 0.08 mm) broader (P less than .001, Wilcoxon test) than superiorly (0.33 +/-
      0.06 mm), smallest (P less than .0001) temporally (0.20 +/- 0.04 mm), (6) normal
      form of zone alpha (irregular hypopigmentation and hyperpigmentation) of the
      parapapillary chorioretinal atrophy with its widest extension in the temporal
      horizontal area, (7) no zone beta (visible large choroidal vessels and sclera),
      (8) normal caliber of the parapapillary retinal vessels, and (9) normal
      parapillary retinal nerve fiber layer. These characteristics are helpful in the
      differentiation of primary and secondary large cups.

PMID- 2913808
TI  - Large optic disks in the Marshallese population.
AB  - On routine examination, asymptomatic patients from the Marshall Islands were
      noted to have large optic disks associated with high cup/disk ratios and normal
      intraocular pressure. We retrospectively analyzed color fundus photographs of 54
      eyes and 22 eyes of 15 patients had optic disks greater than 2.10 mm, or
      megalopapilla. Of 36 patients with cup/disk ratios exceeding 0.6, 31 (86%) had
      visual acuities of better than or equal to 20/30. The optic nerve rim and disk
      areas varied directly as did disk and cup diameters. Three large disks with an 18
      year photographic follow-up showed no change. Optic disk characteristics can vary
      widely among genetically isolated populations.

PMID- 2913809
TI  - Punctal occlusion and topical medications for glaucoma.
AB  - We studied the effects of punctal occlusion on the intraocular pressures of
      patients treated with topical medications for glaucoma. Silicone punctal plugs
      were used to occlude the inferior punctum of one eye in each of 19 patients
      treated with identical antiglaucoma eyedrops in both eyes. The intraocular
      pressures before and after punctal occlusion were compared. The eyes with the
      punctal plugs showed a statistically significant (P less than .0001) decrease in
      pressure of 1.32 mm Hg after punctal occlusion when compared to that of the
      fellow control unplugged eyes. The intraocular pressures in the plugged eyes
      decreased an average of 1.82 mm Hg after punctal occlusion when compared to
      before punctal occlusion (P = .001). The intraocular pressure in the unplugged
      control eyes did not change significantly after punctal occlusion of the fellow
      treated eye.

PMID- 2913810
TI  - Acute closed-angle glaucoma after arteriovenous fistulas.
AB  - Unilateral secondary acute closed-angle glaucoma was associated with a
      ciliochoroidal detachment in two patients. One patient, aged 17 years, had an
      orbital arteriovenous fistula. The other patient, aged 73 years, had a dural
      arteriovenous fistula that originated from branches of the right internal
      maxillary artery. In each patient there was increased intraocular pressure, a
      moderately shallow central anterior chamber, and a flat peripheral anterior
      chamber. The ciliochoroidal detachment was postulated to displace the iris-lens
      diaphragm, resulting in the closed angle. Closure of the orbital fistula in the
      17-year-old patient reduced the ciliochoroidal detachment and relieved the
      glaucoma, but visual acuity was reduced to 20/200. The glaucoma in the 73-year
      old patient was relieved with topical instillation of timolol 0.5%, homatropine
      5%, and systemic administration of acetazolamide. The fistula closed
      spontaneously, with relief of other ocular signs of the arteriovenous fistula.

PMID- 2913811
TI  - The management of retinal detachment complicating degenerative retinoschisis.
AB  - We repaired six retinal detachments complicating degenerative retinoschisis by
      using simultaneous external subretinal fluid drainage and intraocular gas
      injection without a scleral buckle or vitrectomy. The outer wall breaks were 30
      to 135 degrees in size, and in three cases, extended close to the arcade vessels.
      We achieved retinal reattachment and collapse of the schisis cavity at surgery in
      all six cases. In one case, the retina redetached postoperatively, but it was
      repaired with a scleral buckle and gas injection. This technique simplified the
      management of retinal detachments complicating degenerative retinoschisis,
      particularly those with large or posterior outer-layer breaks.

PMID- 2913812
TI  - Ultrastructural studies of vitreomacular traction syndrome.
AB  - We performed electron microscopic studies on seven specimens removed from the
      posterior retina at the time of vitrectomy for vitreomacular traction syndrome.
      Fibrous astrocytes were the predominant cell type in all cases. Fibrocytes were
      present in two cases and myofibrocytes were seen in three cases. Additional
      cellular and extracellular features included fragments of internal limiting
      membrane in six cases, old collagen in all cases, new collagen in one case,
      occasional macrophages in four cases, and fibrous astrocytes with myofibroblastic
      differentiation in one case.

PMID- 2913813
TI  - Intraocular pressure and glaucoma.

PMID- 2913814
TI  - Transient comitant esotropia in a child with migraine.

PMID- 2913815
TI  - Previtreous space gas sequestration during pneumatic retinopexy.

PMID- 2913816
TI  - Incidence of corneal crystals in the monoclonal gammopathies.

PMID- 2913817
TI  - Capnocytophaga keratitis.

PMID- 2913818
TI  - Keratitis associated with disposable soft contact lenses.

PMID- 2913819
TI  - Spelling of anhidrosis.

PMID- 2913820
TI  - Management of anterior and posterior proliferative vitreoretinopathy XLV Edward
      Jackson memorial lecture.

PMID- 2913821
TI  - Incorporation of tritiated thymidine by epithelial and interstitial cells in
      bronchiolar-alveolar regions of asbestos-exposed rats.
AB  - Inhaled asbestos causes progressive interstitial lung disease. The authors have
      performed a series of studies to elucidate early pathogenetic events at sites of
      fiber deposition in asbestos-exposed rats. This study reports that a single 5
      hour exposure to chrysotile asbestos induces significant increases in
      incorporation of tritiated thymidine (3HTdR) into nuclei of epithelial and
      interstitial cells of bronchiolar-alveolar regions. No cell populations in air
      exposed or carbonyl iron-exposed control animals exhibited more than 1% labeling
      at any point in time. Immediately after the 5-hour asbestos exposure,
      incorporation was normal. By 19 hours after exposure there was a significant
      increase in incorporation of 3HTdR, particularly by Type II epithelial cells of
      the first alveolar duct bifurcations. The greatest increase in degree of
      incorporation (up to 18-fold) was observed 24 hours after exposure, and increased
      percentages of 3HTdR-labeled cells were maintained through the 48 hours
      postexposure period. Normal labeling was present by 8 days after exposure, and
      this level remained through the 1-month period studied. This apparent mitogenic
      response correlates with increased numbers of bronchiolar-alveolar epithelial and
      interstitial cells demonstrated by ultrastructural morphometry in correlative
      studies. The authors speculate that the incorporation of 3HTdR could be induced
      by the direct effects of inhaled fibers or by mitogenic factors released from
      macrophages attracted to the inhaled asbestos.

PMID- 2913822
TI  - The clonal origin of thyroid nodules and adenomas.
AB  - The clonal origin of thyroid tumors in female mice heterozygous for a deficiency
      of the X-linked enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) was studied.
      Tumor phenotype was demonstrated by enzyme histochemistry. Because monophenotypia
      is not synonymous with monoclonality, a method to estimate the degree of mingling
      of the two cellular phenotypes in normal tissue was devised. Twenty-five point
      three percent of 624 randomly chosen pairs of adjacent follicular cells were of
      unlike phenotype, suggesting that if tumors were derived from 2 or more cells at
      least a quarter would express polyphenotypia. Four hundred fifty-three thyroid
      lesions induced in 20 GPDX (enzyme-deficient) mice, 20 C3H (normal) mice, and 48
      heterozygous (C3HxGPDX) mice by radiation and long-term goitrogen treatment were
      studied. One hundred twenty-eight adenomas (sharply defined or encapsulated
      hypercellular lesions) were found in heterozygotes; 108 (84%) were
      monophenotypic, and 20 (16%) were largely monophenotypic with degenerate areas or
      included normal cells. None were clearly polyphenotypic. Seventy-five nodules
      (circumscribed but not encapsulated, largely normocellular lesion with prominent
      stroma) were found in heterozygotes; 25 (33%) only were monophenotypic. It is
      concluded that thyroid adenomas are monoclonal and nodules polyclonal. The
      variegated pattern of polyphenotypia in the nodules together with their prominent
      stromal component leads to the suggestion that there is a causative role for the
      stroma in their generation.

PMID- 2913823
TI  - Rapid fragmentation and reorganization of Golgi membranes during frustrated
      phagocytosis of immobile immune complexes by macrophages.
AB  - The authors have observed the rapid reorganization of the cellular membranes of
      macrophages during Fc receptor-mediated frustrated phagocytosis of immune complex
      coated surfaces. As the macrophages spread, large, clear basal vacuoles and
      anastamosing tubules were formed, occasionally contiguous with the adherent
      surface. Coated vesicles also were observed. This process was accompanied by a
      rapid reorganization of the Golgi complex region of the macrophages, which was
      observed using trimetaphosphatase histochemistry and an antibody to a Golgi
      membrane antigen as markers. On contact of the macrophages with the immune
      complexes, the Golgi complexes, which were tightly clustered around the
      centrioles, dispersed into vesicles and reorganized near the basal surface. The
      Golgi cisternae swelled, fragmented, and decreased in number. Golgi membrane
      antigen was found in the large basal vacuoles and also associated with the
      adherent basal surface of the macrophages. This indicates that the Golgi
      complexes were reorganized, in part, by a direct recruitment of their membranes
      to the increasing basal surface area of the spreading macrophages. The changes in
      the structure of the Golgi complexes were reversible; by 2 hours, the complexes
      had recovered their normal organization, with an accompanying decrease in the
      number of large basal vacuoles. These data suggest that the dynamic
      interrelationship among the Golgi membranes, intracellular vacuoles, and the
      plasma membrane can be perturbed by membrane spreading on a nonphagocytosable
      surface.

PMID- 2913826
TI  - Papillary renal cell carcinoma. A morphologic and cytogenetic study of 11 cases.
AB  - Most renal cell carcinomas are characterized by constant loss of the 3p13-pter
      chromosome segment and a frequent gain of the 5q22-qter segment. A comparative
      histologic and cytogenetic investigation of large series of renal cell carcinomas
      now shows that purely papillary tumors differ from the more common nonpapillary
      form not only in their morphologic characteristic, but also in karyotype changes
      observed. All of the 11 papillary tumors of this study failed to show any
      rearrangement of the critical 3p segment, and trisomy of the 5q22-qter segment
      has never been found. The gain of chromosome 17 was detected only in papillary
      renal cell carcinomas. Other nonrandom karyotype changes occurred with the same
      incidence in both types of tumor. Thus, some karyotype alterations in renal cell
      carcinomas could perhaps be regarded as a genetic mechanism responsible for the
      phenotype of conversed tubular cells.

PMID- 2913825
TI  - Immune complex-induced enteropathy. Effects of repeated injections of immune
      complexes on the small intestine of the rat.
AB  - Rats injected intravenously with immune complexes (IC) prepared in 5x antigen
      excess were reported previously to develop a distinctive striped pattern of
      serosal hyperemia of the small intestine accompanied by mucosal edema and
      hemorrhage. This study tested the effect of repeated injections of IC given at 3
      day intervals. After the last of four, six, or nine injections, rats continued to
      show the same gross and histologic lesions observed in rats injected once with
      IC. After serial injections, however, the distal small intestine was more
      severely involved than the proximal intestine. In addition, villous shortening,
      stromal hemosiderin deposits, and gut-associated lymphoid tissue and mesenteric
      lymph node sinus hemorrhage and hemosiderin deposits were seen in rats given nine
      injections. There was a remarkable absence of stromal infiltration of the villi
      by inflammatory cells. Experiments conducted with 125I-labeled IC plus sufficient
      "cold" IC to induce intestinal lesions showed that IC were deposited at
      extravascular sites in the gut. The failure of such IC to provoke cellular
      infiltration in the gut is unexplained.

PMID- 2913827
TI  - Cell cycle perturbation and cell death after exposure of a human lymphoblastoid
      cell strain to N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine.
AB  - The mechanisms involved in cell death caused by carcinogens that methylate DNA
      are poorly understood. In this study, the cytotoxicity of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N
      nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) was studied in exponentially growing T5-1 human
      lymphoblastoid cells. MNNG exposure killed cells and inhibited proliferation of
      the remaining viable cells. Reduction in cell viability, which coincided with the
      accumulation of cells in the late S phase of the cell cycle, was not apparent
      until the population had completed one doubling. Fluorescence-activated cell
      sorting of fluorescein diacetate-stained, MNNG-treated cells into live and dead
      subpopulations revealed that all cycle phases were well represented in the live
      fraction, whereas the dead fraction consisted primarily of cells with a sub-G1
      DNA content. Thus, cell death after MNNG exposure occurred during the second cell
      cycle after treatment apparently as a consequence of perturbation of DNA
      replication and the degradation of nuclear DNA.

PMID- 2913824
TI  - Perturbation of the sarcolemmal membrane in isoproterenol-induced myocardial
      injury of the rat. Permeability and freeze-fracture studies in vivo and in vitro.
AB  - The mechanism whereby cardiotoxic doses of isoproterenol (ISO) induces early
      permeability alteration of the sarcolemmal membrane is unknown; both beta
      receptor overstimulation and direct toxic effect of ISO oxidation products have
      been implicated. There has been no morphologic observation, furthermore, on the
      structural basis of permeability alteration during this process. The purpose of
      the present study was to compare the morphology of cardiocyte injury induced by
      ISO and oxidized ISO (ISO-O2) and to visualize perturbation of the sarcolemma
      correlating with the leaky membrane. The authors studied the left ventricular
      myocardium of rats 10 and 60 minutes after subcutaneous administration of 85
      mg/kg ISO and isolated perfused rat hearts exposed for 10 minutes either to ISO
      or ISO-O2 in a dose of 100 mg/l (10(-4) M) to determine the permeability of the
      sarcolemmal membrane using the extracellular diffusion tracer horseradish
      peroxidase (HRP) by light and thin section electron microscopy, the morphology of
      the sarcolemmal membrane by means of freeze-fracture electron microscopy, and the
      density of intramembrane particles (IMP) in the sarcolemmal membrane by
      planimetry using freeze-fracture electron microscopy. In in vivo rat hearts both
      10 and 60 minutes after ISO and in vitro (isolated perfused) rat hearts exposed
      to either ISO or ISO-O2 for 10 minutes, HRP labeled the sarcoplasm of focally
      located cardiocytes implicating leakiness of the sarcolemmal membrane. HRP
      positive cardiocytes (with the exception of the in vivo 10 minute group) showed
      characteristic features of contraction band necrosis (both on light and thin
      section electron microscopy) in all groups. Freeze-fracture electron microscopy
      of sarcolemmal protoplasmic (P) membrane faces revealed two populations of
      cardiocytes in all groups. P-membrane faces in one population of cardiocytes
      appeared as in the control. In the other population of cardiocytes, P-membrane
      faces showed irregular tears. Planimetry demonstrated a significant decrease of
      IMP numerical densities in P-membrane faces with tears in the in vivo 10 minute
      group and both with or without tears in the in vivo 60 minutes group and the in
      vitro groups compared with the control values. Furthermore, with the exception of
      the 10 minute in vivo group, IMP densities significantly decreased in sarcolemmal
      membranes with tears compared with those without tears in all experimental
      groups. These observations are consistent with the view that catecholamine
      induced myocardial injury is, at least partly, related to the direct toxic effect
      of catecholamine oxidation products on the sarcolemmal membrane.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2913829
TI  - Tobacco and health.

PMID- 2913830
TI  - Smoking and health: a 25-year perspective.

PMID- 2913828
TI  - Effects of formaldehyde on normal xenotransplanted human tracheobronchial
      epithelium.
AB  - Epithelial cells obtained from autopsies of full-term fetuses or infants less
      than 1 year old were isolated, amplified in primary cultures and inoculated in
      deepithelialized rat tracheas. These tracheas were then sealed and transplanted
      subcutaneously into irradiated athymic nude mice. Four weeks after
      transplantation the tracheal lumen was completely covered by epithelium, most of
      which was of mucociliary respiratory type. At this stage, tracheal transplants
      containing tracheobronchial epithelium from 20 different donors were exposed to
      silastic devices containing 0, 0.5, 1 and 2 mg paraformaldehyde. The tracheal
      transplants were examined histologically at 2, 4, 8, and 16 weeks after
      transplantation. Before sacrifice, all animals were injected with a single pulse
      of tritiated thymidine. Important epithelial alterations could be seen in the
      formaldehyde treated transplants with a maximum effect visible at 2 weeks after
      exposure. The highest dose of 2 mg produced, in most cases, numerous areas of
      epithelial erosion and inflammation whereas this effect was not as evident with
      the lower doses. All doses produced areas of hyperplastic epithelium alternating
      with areas of pleomorphic-atrophic epithelium. Although the differences in
      predominance of different types of epithelium was not clearly dose-dependent, the
      labeling index (LI) showed dose dependence between 2 and 4 weeks after initiation
      of exposure. The maximum mean LI was three to four times higher than normal,
      although in some focal hyperplastic-metaplastic lesions the LI was increased up
      to 20 times. These studies show that formaldehyde, although toxic at higher
      doses, is able to elicit at lower doses a proliferative response of the human
      respiratory epithelium that is not preceded by a massive toxic effect. This
      response is similar, although less intense than that of the rat respiratory
      epithelium in which formaldehyde proved to be a carcinogen.

PMID- 2913831
TI  - Effects of the antismoking campaign: an update.
AB  - In the absence of the antismoking campaign, adult per capita cigarette
      consumption in 1987 would have been an estimated 79-89 per cent higher than the
      level actually experienced. The smoking prevalence of all birth cohorts of men
      and women born during this century is well below that which would have been
      expected in the absence of the campaign. As a consequence, in 1985 an estimated
      56 million Americans were smokers; without the campaign, an estimated 91 million
      would have been smokers. As a result of campaign-induced decisions not to smoke,
      between 1964 and 1985 an estimated 789,200 Americans avoided or postponed smoking
      related deaths and gained an average of 21 additional years of life expectancy
      each; collectively this represents more than 16 million person-years of
      additional life. The greatest health benefit lies in the future, however, as
      younger individuals reach the ages at which smoking claims its greatest toll, and
      as middle-aged former smokers realize relative reductions in smoking mortality
      risks as a result of long-term abstinence from smoking. For example, campaign
      induced decisions not to smoke made prior to 1986 will result in the postponement
      or avoidance of an estimated 2.1 million smoking-related deaths between 1986 and
      the year 2000.

PMID- 2913832
TI  - International comparisons of trends in cigarette smoking prevalence.
AB  - Data on smoking prevalence since 1974 are presented for the United States,
      Canada, Great Britain, Australia, Norway and Sweden. During this period, sex
      specific prevalence has decreased in all the countries studied, with the
      exception of Norway, where women showed an increase. There was also a
      considerable decline in uptake of smoking by the young over this period,
      suggesting that the observed decline in prevalence is likely to continue. In the
      United States, the rate of decline in adult smoking prevalence has been linear.
      This linear pattern is probably similar in prevalence in most other countries
      studied, with the notable exception of Australia, which demonstrated no change
      for the majority of the period. Among the six countries studied, the United
      States had neither the lowest smoking prevalence nor the fastest rate of decline
      over the period. Differential patterns of change infer that the successful public
      health interventions in some countries are not being applied in others. While the
      lack of change in Australia prior to 1983 is surprising, this was followed by a
      sizable drop in smoking prevalence for both higher and lower educational groups
      in conjunction with the introduction of mass media-led antismoking campaigns.
      Most of the other countries report an ever increasing gap in prevalence between
      higher and lower educational groups. These findings suggest that all countries
      might benefit from a greater exchange of antismoking ideas and public health
      action.

PMID- 2913833
TI  - The influence of smoking on vitamin C status in adults.
AB  - To further define the relation between smoking and vitamin C status, the dietary
      and serum vitamin C levels of 11,592 respondents in the second National Health
      and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES II) were analyzed. Smokers of 20
      cigarettes daily had the lowest vitamin C dietary intake (79 mg, 95% CI:73, 84)
      and serum levels (0.82 mg/dl, 95% CI: 0.77, 0.86; 46.6 mumol/L, 95% CI: 43.7,
      48.8), while smokers of 1-19 cigarettes daily had decreased vitamin C intake (97
      mg; 95% CI: 90, 104 mg) and serum levels (0.97 mg/dl, 95% CI: 0.92, 1.03; 55.1
      mumol/L, 95% CI: 52.2, 58.5) compared to respondents who had never smoked (109
      mg, 95% CI: 105, 113 and 1.15 mg/dl, 95% CI: 1.11, 1.18; 65.3 mumol/L, 95% CI:
      63.0, 67.0, respectively). This inverse association between both intake and serum
      levels of vitamin C and smoking was independent of age, sex, body weight, race,
      and alcoholic beverage consumption. Following further adjustment for dietary
      vitamin C intake, the negative correlation between cigarette smoking and serum
      vitamin C levels persisted. The risk of severe hypovitaminosis C (serum levels
      less than or equal to 0.2 mg/dl; 11.4 mumol/L) was increased in smokers,
      particularly when not accompanied by vitamin supplementation (odds ratio 3.0, 95%
      CI: 2.5, 3.6). These data suggest that even though smoking adversely affects
      preferences for vitamin C rich foods, the inverse association between smoking and
      serum vitamin C levels occurs independently of dietary intake.

PMID- 2913834
TI  - Deaths from all causes in non-smokers who lived with smokers.
AB  - Mortality associated with passive smoking was evaluated in a 12-year study of
      27,891 White adult smokers and 19,035 never smokers identified in 1963. Death
      rates were calculated using an estimate of the person-years at risk. Adjusted for
      age, marital status, education, and quality of housing, the estimated relative
      risks of death from all causes were 1.17 (approximate 95% confidence interval
      1.01, 1.36) for men and 1.15 (1.06, 1.24) for women with passive exposure. These
      relative risks were similar to those for ex-smokers and for pipe or cigar
      smokers. Risks increased slightly with level of exposure. The relative risk from
      passive smoking was greatest for men under age 50 (RR = 2.09, 1.31-3.34). Risks
      from passive smoking were slightly elevated for several causes among men and
      women, and may be broader than those previously reported. On the other hand,
      these small nonspecific increases in death rates may reflect other
      characteristics of passive smokers that increase mortality.

PMID- 2913835
TI  - Nicotine intake in young smokers: longitudinal study of saliva cotinine
      concentrations.
AB  - Smoking habits and smoke intake were studied over three consecutive years in 197
      girls, initially aged 11 to 14 years. Saliva cotinine concentrations in girls who
      were smokers throughout the three years increased over each year of the study,
      the greatest increase occurring during movement from occasional to daily smoking.
      Cigarette consumption also increased over the two years. For a group of
      continuing daily smokers (n = 23), inhalation of smoke per cigarette as indexed
      by the ratio of cotinine concentration to average daily cigarette consumption did
      not change over time. Cotinine concentrations in 16 girls who were smoking on a
      daily basis within a year of starting to smoke suggested the early development of
      inhalation. Our findings suggest that young smokers learn to inhale cigarette
      smoke very early in their smoking careers, that further increases in smoke intake
      mainly reflect increased cigarette consumption, and that the pharmacological
      effects of nicotine are already important in reinforcing their smoking.

PMID- 2913836
TI  - A survey of smoking and quitting patterns among black Americans.
AB  - A sample of adult Black policyholders of the nation's largest Black-owned life
      insurance company was surveyed in 1986 to add to limited data on smoking and
      quitting patterns among Black Americans, and to provide direction for cessation
      initiatives targeted to Black smokers. Forty per cent of 2,958 age-eligible
      policyholders for whom current addresses were available returned a completed
      questionnaire. Population estimates for smoking status agree closely with
      national estimates for Blacks age 21-60 years: 50 per cent never-smokers; 36 per
      cent current smokers; 14 per cent ex-smokers. Current and ex-smokers reported a
      modal low-rate/high nicotine menthol smoking pattern. Current smokers reported a
      mean of 3.8 serious quit attempts, a strong desire and intention to quit smoking,
      and limited past use of effective quit smoking treatments and self-help
      resources. Correlates of motivation to quit smoking were similar to those found
      among smokers in the general population, including smoking-related illnesses and
      medical advice to quit smoking, previous quit attempts, beliefs in smoking
      related health harms/quitting benefits, and expected social support for quitting.
      Methodological limitations and implications for the design of needed Black
      focused quit smoking initiatives are discussed.

PMID- 2913837
TI  - A randomized trial of a serialized self-help smoking cessation program for
      pregnant women in an HMO.
AB  - We report the results of a population-based randomized clinical trial that tested
      the effectiveness of a prenatal self-help smoking cessation program. The
      intervention consisted predominantly of printed materials received through the
      mail. The population (n = 242) consisted of a socioeconomically and ethnically
      diverse group of pregnant women enrolled in a large health maintenance
      organization (HMO) who reported they were smoking at the time of their first
      prenatal visit. Biochemical confirmation of continuous abstinence achieved prior
      to the 20th completed week of pregnancy and lasting through delivery revealed
      22.2 per cent of the women in the eight-week serialized program quit versus 8.6
      per cent of controls with usual care. The adjusted odds ratio was 2.80 (95 per
      cent CI = 1.17, 6.69). We conclude that a low-cost prenatal self-help
      intervention can significantly affect the public health problem of smoking during
      pregnancy and its associated risks for maternal and child health.

PMID- 2913838
TI  - Compensation as a risk factor for lung cancer in smokers who switch from
      nonfilter to filter cigarettes.
AB  - The likelihood of increasing the number of cigarettes per day (cpd), a common
      method of compensation, in smokers switching from nonfilter to filter cigarettes,
      was examined in newly diagnosed and histologically confirmed lung cancer cases
      including all cell types; 1,242 lung cancer cases and 2,300 sex and age matched
      hospital controls were interviewed in 20 hospitals from nine United States cities
      between 1969 and 1984. The mean increase in cpd for lung cancer cases was about
      twice that of controls. Using switchers who did not increase cpd as the referent
      group, there was a linear dose-response relationship between the odds of lung
      cancer and increasing level of compensation. The odds ratio increased from 1.19
      to 2.37 in males and from 1.66 to 3.83 in females corresponding to increases of 1
      10 to 21+ cpd after switching. Findings from this study suggest that increasing
      cpd after switching to filter cigarettes is an important risk factor for lung
      cancer that needs to be emphasized in epidemiologic studies. Proponents of the
      idea that switching cigarettes is of some benefit, should also advocate that
      individuals who continue smoking should avoid compensation after switching.

PMID- 2913839
TI  - A comparative evaluation of a restrictive smoking policy in a general hospital.
AB  - The impact of a restrictive smoking policy on the behavior and attitudes of
      smokers and non-smokers was assessed by surveying random cross-sectional samples
      of hospital employees before, six months after and 12 months after the policy was
      implemented, and comparing responses with those of employees of a hospital with
      no restrictive policy. Effectiveness of policy implementation was also evaluated.
      Results indicated that the policy was well-publicized and was approved by
      virtually all the non-smokers and the majority of the smokers. Following
      implementation, employees in the smoking policy hospital were less likely to
      report being bothered by smoke at their work stations than were employees of the
      comparison hospital. Six months and one year after the policy change, smokers
      reported lower smoking rates while at work, although quit smoking rates and home
      smoking rates were similar in both hospitals.

PMID- 2913841
TI  - Evidence for limits on the acceptability of lowest-tar cigarettes.
AB  - The sales of the lowest yield cigarettes (1-3 mg tar) seem to have been
      particularly resistant to the effects of promotion and advertising, while the
      sales of other low-yield cigarettes (4-9 mg tar) seem to have been increased by
      promotional efforts. This finding is consistent with the existence of a boundary
      of tar and nicotine acceptability below which consumers in general are not
      prepared to go. Use of lower tar cigarettes may be helpful for those who cannot
      stop smoking, but, since 1979, the percentage of cigarettes under 16 mg tar has
      changed little.

PMID- 2913840
TI  - Cigarette smoking among San Francisco Hispanics: the role of acculturation and
      gender.
AB  - We conducted a phone survey of 1,669 San Francisco Hispanics ages 15 to 64 years.
      The age-adjusted overall smoking prevalence was 25.4 per cent (95% CI = 23.3,
      27.5) with more men (32.4 per cent) smoking than women (16.8 per cent). Age
      adjusted smoking rates were higher among the less acculturated males (37.5 vs
      26.7 per cent) and among the more acculturated females (22.6 vs 13.6 per cent).
      The more acculturated, however, smoked a greater number of cigarettes per day
      independent of gender. Community-based smoking cessation interventions, adapted
      to local conditions, may have a greater potential for success among Hispanics.

PMID- 2913842
TI  - Accuracy of recalled smoking data.
AB  - Validity of recalled cigarette data was assessed among 87 middle-aged adults by
      comparing recall to longitudinal records. Agreement on smoking status and amount
      smoked 20 years ago occurred for 87 per cent and 71 per cent of subjects,
      respectively. Corresponding proportions for 32-year recall were 84 per cent and
      55 per cent. Gender did not influence recall accuracy. Ex-smokers tended to make
      the most errors. Accuracy of recalled smoking information 20 years ago was
      comparable to that of alcohol status and consumption frequency category.

PMID- 2913843
TI  - Validity of telephone surveys in assessing cigarette smoking in young adults.
AB  - Self-reports of cigarette smoking in a sample of young adults, aged 17 to 21 (n =
      359) obtained by telephone were validated by home interview and saliva cotinine
      measurement. While most subjects were in agreement for their reported behaviors,
      the telephone methodology underestimated cigarette smoking rates by 3 to 4 per
      cent. Reported quitting by telephone was an unstable category with 35 per cent of
      quitters reporting smoking on home interview. Reliance on telephone methods alone
      may underestimate smoking behavior. Validation of surveys, preferably by
      biochemical methods, is recommended.

PMID- 2913844
TI  - Patient literacy and the readability of smoking education literature.
AB  - This study was designed to determine if primary care clinic patients read at a
      level congruent to the reading grade level of available smoking literature.
      Reading estimates of smoking education literature (N = 49) ranged from grade 3 to
      college level (median = 9.5). Reading skills of 258 smoking patients were
      estimated by reported years of schooling (median = 10), and by scores on the Wide
      Range Achievement Test (median = 6). A serious disparity existed between the
      reading estimates of smoking education literature and the literacy skills of
      patients in our sample.

PMID- 2913845
TI  - Age of initiation and switching patterns between smokeless tobacco and cigarettes
      among college students in the United States.
AB  - A stratified, random, multi-stage, cluster sample of physical activity classes
      among 72 colleges and universities throughout the United States yielded 5,894
      usable responses (males = 2,888); (females = 3,006). Twenty-three per cent of the
      students who began smoking before the age of 10 were current smokers, while 61
      per cent of those who began using smokeless tobacco before the age of 10 were
      current smokeless tobacco users. College students were more likely to switch from
      smokeless tobacco to cigarettes than from smoking cigarettes to smokeless
      tobacco.

PMID- 2913846
TI  - Children's health promotion.

PMID- 2913847
TI  - Prophylactic transdermal scopolamine patches reduce nausea in postoperative
      patients receiving epidural morphine.
AB  - To evaluate the efficacy of prophylactic transdermal scopolamine in reducing
      nausea associated with postoperative epidural analgesia, we studied 32 healthy
      adult women undergoing major gynecologic surgery. The patients were randomized in
      a double blind fashion to receive either a cutaneous scopolamine patch or a
      visually identical cutaneous placebo patch. Postoperative analgesia was provided
      solely with epidural morphine. Nausea was treated with metoclopramide and
      droperidol. At 24 hours postoperatively, the mean nausea score was significantly
      lower with scopolamine than with placebo (1 +/- 2 vs 51 +/- 42, respectively, P
      less than 0.05). The number of patients reporting "zero nausea" was significantly
      greater with scopolamine patches than with placebo patches (13 vs 1, P less than
      0.01). The mean number of times antiemetic drugs were administered per patient
      was lower with scopolamine than with placebo patches (0.2 +/- 0.4 vs 2.8 +/- 2.6,
      P less than 0.05). It is concluded that prophylactic transdermal scopolamine
      patches reduce nausea in postoperative patients receiving epidural morphine.

PMID- 2913848
TI  - Metabolism of I-653 and isoflurane in swine.
AB  - Fluoride ion concentrations were measured in plasma samples taken from
      chronically instrumented domestic swine before, immediately after, and 4 hours
      after exposure to either I-653 or isoflurane. Each anesthetic was administered at
      concentrations between 0.7 and 1.6 MAC and the total dose of anesthetic given was
      approximately 5.5 MAC hours for each agent. Plasma fluoride ion concentrations
      immediately after and 4 hours after exposure to isoflurane were approximately
      three times greater than values obtained in awake swine before anesthesia. In
      contrast, swine given I-653 had no detectable elevation in plasma fluoride
      concentration immediately after anesthesia, but a 17% (P less than 0.05) increase
      in plasma fluoride ion concentration 4 hours after anesthesia. These results
      imply that I-653 is metabolized less than is isoflurane in swine.

PMID- 2913849
TI  - The lumbar epidural space in patients examined with epiduroscopy.
AB  - Percutaneous epiduroscopy was performed in 10 patients with the aim of comparing
      the lumbar epidural space of the patients with the findings made earlier in
      autopsy subjects. The patients were scheduled for partial laminectomy for a
      herniated lumbar disc. A complete examination was possible in eight subjects. The
      extent of view was very limited. The epidural space opened up only temporarily as
      air was injected. The dura mater lay very close to the dorsal aspect of the
      epidural space and was attached to the flaval ligaments by a dorsomedian
      connective tissue band. The band was identified in all eight subjects and was
      found to cause a dorsal fold in the dura mater. An epidural catheter was
      introduced 2-5 cm into the space by midline puncture in four patients and by the
      paramedian approach in the other four. The catheter was visualized in two
      patients only when the paramedian approach was used. None of the midline
      catheters could be seen in the space. In 2 of the 10 subjects a moderate bleeding
      impaired the view and made complete examination impossible. Smaller bleeding
      occurred in three other subjects. The partial laminectomy performed one to two
      interspaces caudad to the level of endoscopy did not reveal any evidence of
      epidural bleeding in any subject. The postoperative course of all patients was
      uneventful.

PMID- 2913850
TI  - Anesthesia unmasking benign Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.

PMID- 2913851
TI  - General anesthesia and fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva.

PMID- 2913852
TI  - Is magnesium sulfate an anesthetic?

PMID- 2913853
TI  - Epidural fentanyl as a test dose.

PMID- 2913854
TI  - Caudal anesthesia in pediatric surgery: success rate and adverse effects in 750
      consecutive patients.
AB  - The success rate and occurrence of adverse effects are reported in a
      retrospective study of 750 caudal analgesias in children. In 94% of the patients,
      the blocks were performed under light general anesthesia. Standard IM or short
      beveled needles were used in all. Four anesthetic solutions of lidocaine and/or
      bupivacaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine were injected in volumes ranging from 0.5
      to 1.25 ml/kg. The overall success rate of caudal blocks was 96%, but several
      attempts were necessary in 25% of patients. Most failures occurred in children
      more than 7 years old. The use of short-beveled needles considerably decreased
      the number of traumatic punctures. The upper limit of analgesia varied widely and
      appropriate distribution of anesthesia was reliably obtained only after the
      injection of 0.75 to 1.0 ml/kg of local anesthetic solution. Conscious children
      tolerated surgery poorly (from a psychological point of view) although they were
      free of pain. Conversely, breathing difficulties occurred in 12% of lightly
      anesthetized patients. Hemodynamic disturbances were infrequent, as were adverse
      effects except for postoperative vomiting (17%). Motor block, present in 54% of
      patients, was poorly tolerated postoperatively by 10% of patients. Long-lasting
      postoperative pain relief was usually obtained. There were no major complications
      or neurological sequelae and good patient and parental acceptance of caudal
      anesthesia. Caudal anesthesia is a reliable and safe technique in young children.

PMID- 2913855
TI  - Clinical pharmacokinetics of carbonated local anesthetics. III: Interscalene
      brachial block model.
AB  - To compare serum levels of lidocaine resulting from 1.1% lidocaine carbonate and
      1.0% lidocaine hydrochloride, the two salts were administered to ten healthy
      adult patients undergoing upper extremity surgery under interscalene brachial
      plexus block. Epinephrine (1:200,000) was added to both the solutions just prior
      to injection, and, following performance of the blocks, venous blood samples were
      drawn at 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 60 and 120 minutes. The concentration of lidocaine
      tended to rise more rapidly and to achieve higher levels in the first 10 minutes
      following injection of the carbonated lidocaine. However, no significant
      differences were found in the parameters of Cmax, Tmax or AUC for the two salts,
      and the serum levels in both groups at all times were well below the levels known
      to produce systemic toxicity. Therefore, while previous studies appear to
      indicate that the carbonate salt enhances diffusion, penetration, and uptake of
      neural tissues as compared with the hydrochloride salt, the present study
      indicates that vascular uptake is not similarly affected.

PMID- 2913856
TI  - Anesthetics, coronary artery disease, and outcome: unresolved controversies.

PMID- 2913858
TI  - Fentanyl-induced ventilatory depression: effects of age.
AB  - To determine whether infants are more sensitive than older patients to the
      ventilatory-depressant effects of fentanyl, patients were anesthetized with
      fentanyl and nitrous oxide (N2O) and ventilatory depression was assessed
      following elimination of N2O and in the immediate postoperative period. Three
      groups of patients were studied: infants (1-12 mo old, n = 14), children (1-5 yr
      old, n = 14), and adults (23-38 yr old, n = 13). Skin-surface PCO2 was measured
      to determine the peak PCO2 occurring at the end of anesthesia when end-tidal N2O
      concentration was less than 6%. Naloxone was administered if PCO2 exceeded 70
      mmHg. During recovery from anesthesia, ventilatory pattern was recorded using
      impedance pneumography to determine the longest breath-to-breath interval and the
      number of episodes of central apnea (defined as breath-to-breath intervals
      greater than or equal to 10 s in infants and children and greater than or equal
      to 20 s in adults). Elevation of PCO2 correlated with increasing plasma fentanyl
      concentrations but did not differ between groups. Four patients (two infants, one
      child, and one adult) required naloxone. The only subject who had a low plasma
      fentanyl concentration but required naloxone was a 6-wk-old infant; this was the
      only subject younger than 3 mo. For each range of fentanyl concentrations, the
      incidence of apnea increased with age, as did the number of episodes of apnea per
      subject. Fentanyl-induced ventilatory depression, as assessed by elevation of
      resting PCO2 during emergence from anesthesia and disruption of ventilatory
      pattern during recovery from anesthesia, is not greater in infants older than 3
      mo than in children and adults.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2913857
TI  - Effect of pulmonary artery catheterization on outcome in patients undergoing
      coronary artery surgery.
AB  - Previous studies have suggested that low-risk cardiac surgical patients may be
      safely managed without pulmonary artery catheterization (PAC). However, no
      prospective studies have determined whether PAC improves outcome in higher risk
      patients compared with that following central venous pressure (CVP) monitoring
      alone. The authors prospectively examined the incidence of and factors related to
      perioperative morbidity and mortality in 1094 consecutive patients undergoing
      coronary artery surgery managed with elective PAC (n = 537) or with CVP (n =
      557). Perioperative risk factors and demographics that predict morbidity and
      mortality after cardiac surgery were used to quantify risk classification.
      Outcome was judged by length of ICU stay, occurrence of postoperative myocardial
      infarction, in-hospital death, major hemodynamic aberrations, and significant
      noncardiac systemic complications. No significant differences in any outcome
      variables were noted in any group of patients with similar quantitative risk
      classification managed with or without PAC, including those in the highest risk
      class. In addition, there were no significant differences in outcome among the 39
      patients who would have been managed with CVP monitoring only, but who
      subsequently developed a clinical need for PAC based on the occurrence of serious
      hemodynamic events compared to patients who had PAC performed electively. This
      study suggests that PAC does not play a major role in influencing outcome after
      cardiac surgery, that even high-risk cardiac surgical patients may be safely
      managed without routine PAC, and that delaying PAC until a clinical need develops
      does not significantly alter outcome, but may have an important impact on cost
      savings.

PMID- 2913859
TI  - Intrathecal fentanyl depresses nociceptive flexion reflexes in patients with
      chronic pain.
AB  - To investigate the selective role of intraspinal opioids on the perception and
      modulation of pain, seven subjects with chronic hip or back pain and one subject
      with C-6 quadriplegia received 25 micrograms of intrathecal fentanyl. The effect
      of lumbar intrathecal fentanyl on reported pain, nociceptive flexor withdrawal
      reflexes, a monosynaptic motor arc (H-reflex), and supraspinal effects such as
      miosis, nausea, respiratory depression was evaluated. In five of eight subjects
      the flexor withdrawal reflex was completely abolished within 15 min. In the
      others the reflex was significantly depressed from control values. Decreases in
      reported pain paralleled the decrease in the flexor reflex, H-reflexes remained
      unchanged, and no supraspinal side effects were observed. It is likely that these
      selective changes observed were from the isolated effect of fentanyl modulating
      nociception at the spinal cord level.

PMID- 2913860
TI  - Cerebral blood flow and cerebral oxygen consumption during nitroprusside-induced
      hypotension to less than 50 mmHg.
AB  - The authors determined the effect of profound induced hypotension (i.e., mean
      arterial blood pressure less than 50 mmHg) during craniotomy for cerebral
      aneurysm on cerebral blood flow and cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen before,
      during, and after (20 min and 40 min after) the hypotensive period. The study was
      performed on nine adults (mean age, 29.2 yr) who were awake and conscious without
      peripheral neurologic deficits at the time of surgery. The study was conducted
      with the dura open with the use of a radial artery cannula, a 7-Fr thermodilution
      flow-directed pulmonary artery catheter, and an internal jugular vein catheter.
      The 133xenon intraarterial injection technique was used to determine regional
      cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in the nonoperated hemisphere. rCBF remained unchanged
      (from 22.8 +/- 4.1 ml.100 g-1.min-1 to 23.8 +/- 4.6 ml.100 g-1.min-1) during the
      hypotensive period (MAP from 87.8 +/- 10.4 mmHg to 40.0 +/- 4.4 mmHg; P less than
      0.001) despite an increase in cardiac index since cerebral perfusion pressure and
      cerebrovascular resistance decreased to a similar degree. No gross cerebral
      metabolic disturbances were observed. A period of decreased cerebrovascular
      resistance and increased rCBF followed induced hypotension. rCBF increased from
      23.8 +/- 4.6 ml.100 g-1.min-1 to 30.0 +/- 5.8 ml.100 g-1.min-1 (P less than
      0.001) 20 min after sodium nitroprusside (SNP) was stopped without rebound
      hypertension. These modifications disappeared 20 min later. Reduction of mean
      arterial blood pressure to 40 mmHg by SNP was apparently safe for the brain,
      although the possibility of low perfused regions and local brain and
      cerebrospinal fluid lactoacidosis, particularly in the retracted hemisphere,
      cannot be excluded.

PMID- 2913861
TI  - Protamine inhibits plasma carboxypeptidase N, the inactivator of anaphylatoxins
      and kinins.
AB  - Protamine given to neutralize heparin after extracorporeal circulation can
      trigger a catastrophic reaction in some patients. While searching for a
      biochemical basis for this reaction, protamine was tested as an inhibitor of
      human plasma carboxypeptidase N (CPN) or kininase I, the inactivator of
      anaphylatoxins and kinins. Human plasma and CPN purified from human plasma, (Mr =
      280 K) or its isolated active subunit (Mr = 48 K) were the sources of enzyme. The
      hydrolysis of furylacryloyl (FA)-Ala-Lys was measured in a UV spectrophotometer
      and that of bradykinin and the synthetic C-terminal octapeptide of anaphylatoxin
      C3a (C3a8) by high performance liquid chromatography. Protamine inhibited the
      hydrolysis of FA-Ala-Lys by CPN, (IC50 = 3.2 X 10(-7) M); added human serum
      albumin (30 mg/ml) increased the IC50 to 7 X 10(-6) M. When plasma was the source
      of CPN, the IC50 was 2 X 10(-6) M. Protamine more effectively inhibited the
      hydrolysis of bradykinin and C3a8. The IC50 for protamine was 5 X 10(-8) M with
      CPN and bradykinin, 7 X 10(-8) M with CPN and C3a8 and with the 48 K subunit and
      bradykinin it was 7 X 10(-8) M of protamine. Heparin competes with CPN for
      protamine, because in high concentration (18 U/ml) it reverses the inhibition by
      protamine. Protamine did not inhibit angiotensin I converting enzyme (kininase
      II) or the endopeptidase 24.11 (enkephalinase). Kinetic studies showed the
      mechanism of protamine inhibition to be partially competitive; about 10-20% of
      the hydrolysis of bradykinin by CPN was not inhibited by protamine. Thus, by
      blocking the inactivation of mediators released in shock, protamine inhibition of
      CPN may be partially responsible for the catastrophic reaction observed to occur
      in some patients.

PMID- 2913862
TI  - Phenylephrine increases regional cerebral blood flow following hemorrhage during
      isoflurane-oxygen anesthesia.
AB  - Using the radioactive microsphere technique regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF)
      and total CBF (tCBF) were examined in rats at three time periods: baseline (CBF1)
      during 1.5 MAC inspired isoflurane-oxygen anesthesia, CBF2; during 1.5 MAC
      inspired isoflurane anesthesia combined with hypotension induced by hemorrhage
      and CBF3; during isoflurane and hemorrhage plus phenylephrine infused to restore
      mean arterial pressure (MAP) to baseline. For CBF1 MAP was 89 +/- 3 mmHg (mean +/
      SEM, n = 9) with PaCO2 44 +/- 1 mmHg. For CBF2 following graded hemorrhage MAP
      was 48 +/- 2 mmHg and PaCO2 43 +/- 1 mmHg. For CBF3 MAP was 93 +/- 2 and PaCO2 45
      +/- 1 mmHg, following infusion of phenylephrine (PE) at 13.9 +/- 4.0
      micrograms.kg-1.min-1. Total CBF1 was 1.84 +/- 0.18 ml.g-1.min-1, tCBF2 1.32 +/-
      0.09 ml.g-1.min-1 (P less than 0.05 vs. tCBF1) and tCBF3 2.60 +/- 0.18 (P less
      than 0.05 vs. tCBF1 and 2). For tCBF3 hemoglobin concentration had decreased 23%
      from 14.2 +/- 0.2 g.100 ml-1 to 11.0 +/- 0.5 g.100 ml-1 (P less than 0.05).
      Regional CBF decreased significantly in seven of 12 regions examined from CBF1 to
      CBF2 and was significantly higher in all regions for CBF3. For CBF1-3
      infratentorial blood flows (cerebellar and brain stem) were significantly higher
      than flows to the supratentorial structures (cerebral cortical and basal
      ganglia). During isoflurane anesthesia, phenylephrine infused to support MAP
      following hemorrhagic hypotension effectively maintains rCBF and tCBF. There is
      no indication that phenylephrine infused to increase MAP following hemorrhage
      results in cerebral vasoconstriction in rats anesthetized with isoflurane.

PMID- 2913863
TI  - The magnitude and duration of direct myocardial depression following
      intracoronary local anesthetics: a comparison of lidocaine and bupivacaine.
AB  - Direct myocardial depression plays a role in the cardiovascular toxicity of local
      anesthetic agents, but this role is obscured by concomitant cardiac, systemic,
      and CNS events: seizures, hypoxia, acidosis, sympathetic activation, bradycardia,
      and A-V heart block. Direct injection of small bolus doses of lidocaine and
      bupivacaine into a branch of the left coronary artery was used to minimize these
      systemic effects. Regional contraction in the zone supplied by the coronary
      artery was measured with a sonomicrometer. Both agents caused a dose-dependent
      reduction in the extent of systolic contraction, and a 4.9:1
      (lidocaine:bupivacaine) dose ratio produced a 50% depression of contraction. The
      duration of depression, taken as the time for 95% recovery of systolic
      contraction, was about 25% (P less than 0.05) longer with bupivacaine for an
      equal degree of depression. Coronary blood flow was reduced modestly by both
      agents. These results suggest that differences in the magnitude or duration of
      direct myocardial depression cannot explain the clinical perception that the
      cardiovascular toxicity of bupivacaine is greater than that of lidocaine.

PMID- 2913864
TI  - The effect of intravenously administered 2-chloroprocaine upon uterine artery
      blood flow velocity in gravid guinea pigs.
AB  - The purpose of the present study was to assess the effect of intravenously
      administered 2-chloroprocaine upon uterine artery blood flow velocity (UBFV) in
      gravid guinea pigs. Ten experiments were performed in ten chronically
      instrumented animals between 0.7 and 0.9 of timed gestation. Each animal received
      four solutions of 2-chloroprocaine in random order: 1) 0.67 mg/kg; 2) 1.34 mg/kg;
      3) 2.0 mg/kg; and 4) 1.34 mg/kg, with epinephrine 0.2 microgram/kg. Six animals
      received a fifth solution, 0.2 ml of saline control. 2-Chloroprocaine 1.34 mg/kg
      significantly increased maternal mean arterial pressure (MMAP) at 30 s after
      injection, and 2-chloroprocaine 2.0 mg/kg significantly increased MMAP through 2
      min. 2-Chloroprocaine 1.34 mg/kg, with epinephrine 0.2 microgram/kg, also
      significantly increased MMAP through 2 min. No other solution significantly
      altered MMAP. 2-Chloroprocaine 2.0 mg/kg significantly decreased UBFV at 30 s
      after injection. 2-Chloroprocaine 1.34 mg/kg, with epinephrine 0.2 microgram/kg,
      significantly decreased UBFV through 2 min. No other solution significantly
      altered UBFV. The authors conclude that iv administration of 2-chloroprocaine
      with epinephrine significantly decreased UBFV in pregnant guinea pigs. In
      contrast, only the largest dose (i.e., 2.0 mg/kg) of 2-chloroprocaine alone
      transiently decreased UBFV. These data suggest that, in doses up to 1.34 mg/kg, 2
      chloroprocaine alone may not decrease uterine blood flow when used as a marker
      for intravenous injection in obstetric patients.

PMID- 2913865
TI  - The opiate antagonist naloxone counteracts the inhibition of sympathetic nerve
      activity caused by halothane anesthesia in rats.
AB  - The study was undertaken to examine if endogenous opioid systems mediate the
      response of the sympathetic nervous system to halothane anesthesia. Steady state
      values of renal sympathetic nerve activity (rSNA), mean arterial pressure (MAP),
      and heart rate (HR) were continuously recorded in the conscious state and at
      three depths of halothane anesthesia (0.6%, 1.2%, and 2.4%) in rats. Halothane
      caused an inhibition of rSNA and hypotension and a decrease in HR at the three
      halothane concentrations. Repeated bolus doses of the opiate antagonist (
      )naloxone given iv during 1.2% halothane anesthesia did not significantly
      increase any of the variables. However, pretreatment with (-)naloxone (2 or 15
      mg.kg-1) induced an increase in rSNA at 0.6% halothane, and subsequently the rSNA
      inhibition was less pronounced at the two higher halothane concentrations
      compared with control. HR showed a similar pattern, whereas the hypotension was
      essentially unaffected. Pretreatment with the pharmacologically inactive compound
      (+)naloxone had no effect on the halothane-induced depression of rSNA. The ED50
      halothane concentration concerning nociceptive aversive behavior was not
      significantly changed with (-)naloxone pretreatment (2 mg.kg-1). In order to
      determine if sympathoinhibitory bulbospinal serotonin pathways are activated
      during halothane anesthesia, rSNA, MAP, and HR were recorded in rats pretreated
      with the serotonin synthesis inhibitor parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA). However,
      PCPA pretreatment did not affect the rSNA response to halothane compared with
      control. These findings indicate that the halothane-induced inhibition of rSNA
      might partially result from a stereospecific activation of opioid receptors,
      whereas halothane analgesia does not seem to be mediated by opioid mechanisms.

PMID- 2913866
TI  - Effect of midazolam and diazepam premedication on central nervous system and
      cardiovascular toxicity of bupivacaine in pigs.
AB  - To determine the effect of benzodiazepine premedication on central nervous system
      and cardiovascular effects of bupivacaine, the authors administered toxic doses
      of bupivacaine to awake spontaneously breathing pigs after intravenous
      premedication with midazolam (0.06 mg/kg), diazepam (0.15 mg/kg), or saline. Five
      minutes after administration of one of these solutions, they began an infusion of
      bupivacaine at 2 mg.kg-1.min-1. The bupivacaine infusion was continued until
      cardiovascular collapse. They then attempted to resuscitate the animals via open
      chest cardiac massage and a standard resuscitation protocol. Premedication with
      midazolam or diazepam significantly delayed the onset of ventricular dysrhythmias
      (P less than 0.05), decreased the incidence of seizures (P less than 0.05), and
      prevented the increase in blood pressure and heart rate following bupivacaine
      infusion (P less than 0.05). Benzodiazepine premedication did not affect the dose
      of bupivacaine or the blood concentration required to produce cardiovascular
      collapse. The ability to resuscitate animals premedicated with midazolam did not
      differ from control; however, significantly fewer animals premedicated with
      diazepam were resuscitated (P less than 0.05). A clinically relevant observation
      was that almost all animals premedicated with a benzodiazepine progressed
      directly to cardiovascular collapse without first manifesting seizures.

PMID- 2913867
TI  - The measurement of expiratory oxygen as disconnection alarm.
AB  - The efficacy of an oxygen-monitoring alarm in the expiratory limb of an
      anesthetic circuit was evaluated as a method of detecting disconnections of the
      patient from the anesthetic machine. Oxygen concentrations were determined in the
      expiratory limb of a semiclosed anesthetic circuit with a ventilator and a 2-1
      reservoir bag serving as a simple lung model. Adjustments of ventilation during
      the different measurements were a PEEP of 5 cmH2O, respiratory rates of 10/min
      and 5/min, and tidal volumes of 1,000 and 500 ml, respectively. The alarm time
      measured with a stopwatch was the time that elapsed between disconnection and the
      acoustical alarm. The circuit was always disconnected at the y-piece when the
      reservoir bag had been fully expanded after an inspiration. With various fresh
      flow rates and oxygen concentrations ranging from 33% to 52%, disconnection
      always was evident within 30 s. Measurement of the oxygen concentration with an
      alarm time of 30 s after disconnection may be an effective backing system for
      detecting a disconnection.

PMID- 2913868
TI  - Insufficient anesthetic potency of nitrous oxide in the rat.
AB  - Nitrous oxide (N2O) is frequently used for maintenance of anesthesia in research
      animals because of its minimal effect upon circulatory variables and the ability
      to rapidly alter its anesthetic concentration. However, N2O's low anesthetic
      potency may result in inadequate levels of anesthesia under experimental
      conditions; thus, the ability of N2O to provide adequate anesthesia during
      tracheal stimulation in rats, following withdrawal of halothane was evaluated.
      Twenty rats of similar ages and weights were anesthetized with halothane (1.44%
      inspired) and their tracheas orally intubated. Ten minutes prior to the
      conclusion of a 90-min halothane stabilization period, either 70% N2O (n = 10) or
      70% nitrogen (n = 10) was added to the inspired anesthetic gas mixture. The
      halothane was discontinued at the conclusion of the 90-min period and each rat
      was observed for spontaneous motor behavior while end-expiratory anesthetic gases
      were intermittently measured with mass spectrometry. The halothane concentrations
      present at the times of four specific, consistently occurring behaviors were
      measured, and comparisons were made between the N2O and nitrogen groups by a mean
      t test. There were no significant differences (P less than 0.05) in the halothane
      concentration between the N2O and nitrogen groups in three of the four behaviors
      compared: 1) change in respiratory pattern, 2) purposeful movement of the torso,
      and 3) purposeful self-extubation. In the fourth behavior (purposeful movement of
      an extremity) the halothane concentration was higher in the N2O group than in the
      nitrogen group. A mean halothane concentration of 0.49% was required to prevent
      the purposeful behaviors in the presence of N2O.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2913869
TI  - Clinical evaluation of a Raman scattering multiple gas analyzer for the operating
      room.
AB  - A Raman spectrometer multiple gas analyzer was used to monitor inspired and
      expired concentrations of oxygen (O2), nitrogen (N2), carbon dioxide (CO2),
      nitrous oxide (N2O), halothane, and isoflurane in 10 patients. The Raman
      spectrometer and a dedicated mass spectrometer were connected to each patient to
      provide a comparison of the two instruments. Results show that readings from the
      Raman spectrometer are within 0.62 vol% of known gas standards for O2, N2, N2O;
      within 0.03 vol% for CO2; and within 0.04 vol% for halothane, enflurane and
      isoflurane. Clinical results show that Raman spectrometer readings are within
      1.36 vol% of the mass spectrometer readings for O2, N2, N2O; within 0.01 vol% for
      CO2; and within 0.22 vol% for halothane and isoflurane. The clinical and
      laboratory results indicate the Raman spectrometer monitors airway gases and
      vapors as accurately as a dedicated mass spectrometer.

PMID- 2913870
TI  - The processed electroencephalogram may not detect neurologic ischemia during
      carotid endarterectomy.

PMID- 2913871
TI  - Posterior arytenoid dislocation following uneventful endotracheal intubation and
      anesthesia.

PMID- 2913872
TI  - Sevoflurane anesthesia with adenosine triphosphate for resection of
      pheochromocytoma.

PMID- 2913873
TI  - Reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome in pregnancy.

PMID- 2913874
TI  - Prevention of hypokalemia during axillary nerve block.

PMID- 2913875
TI  - The needle tilt test: an aid to epidural needle insertion.

PMID- 2913876
TI  - Blood flow limits and signal detection comparing five different models of pulse
      oximeters.

PMID- 2913877
TI  - A greengrocer's model of the epidural space.

PMID- 2913878
TI  - Skin circulation and the thermoregulatory threshold.

PMID- 2913879
TI  - More on thermoregulatory thresholds with halothane.

PMID- 2913880
TI  - Inhibition of carnitine palmitoyltransferase by malonyl-CoA in human muscle is
      influenced by anesthesia.

PMID- 2913881
TI  - Caution when using a Tubex cartridge without the injector.

PMID- 2913882
TI  - A new adapter for fiberoptic endotracheal intubation for anesthetized patients.

PMID- 2913883
TI  - The "destructive index" in nonemphysematous and emphysematous lungs. Morphologic
      observations and correlation with function.
AB  - We examined the relationship of the newly described "Destructive Index" (DI) to
      emphysema using nine nonemphysematous and 13 emphysematous lungs obtained at
      autopsy. The amount of emphysema was assessed by the panel method (emphysema
      grade, EG) and measurement of the mean linear intercept (Lm). The DI depends on
      three components--alveolar wall/duct disruption, DId; alveolar fibrosis, DIf; and
      classic emphysema, DIe. DIf was a minor component in our series. The mean DI was
      5.8 +/- 2.5, 10.9 +/- 3.9, and 55.7 +/- 7.0% (+/- 1 SEM) in the nonemphysematous
      (panel grade EG = 0), mild (0 less than EG less than or equal to 25), and
      moderate to severe (30 less than or equal to EG less than or equal to 60)
      emphysematous lungs, respectively. The increase in the DI in mild emphysema did
      not reach significant levels (p less than 0.2). The mean DId was 5.6 +/- 2.5,
      10.0 +/- 4.0, and 12.8 +/- 3.9% in the above categories, and the DId in mild
      emphysema did not differ significantly from that of the nonemphysematous lungs.
      Lm showed a similar trend and alveolar disruption did not precede airspace
      enlargement, rather both changes appeared to advance in parallel. The DI
      correlated closely with EG (r = 0.83, p less than 0.01), but this was due to the
      component of DIe. The DIe increased steeply in the lungs with EG greater than or
      equal to 30.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2913884
TI  - Surfactant phosphatidylcholine metabolism and surfactant function in preterm,
      ventilated lambs.
AB  - Preterm lambs were delivered at 138 days gestational age and ventilated for
      periods up to 24 h in order to study surfactant metabolism and surfactant
      function. The surfactant-saturated phosphatidylcholine pool in the alveolar wash
      was 13 +/- 4 mumol/kg and did not change from 10 min to 24 h after birth. Trace
      amounts of labeled natural sheep surfactant were mixed with fetal lung fluid at
      birth. By 24 h, 80% of the label had become lung-tissue-associated, yet there was
      no loss of label from phosphatidylcholine in the lungs when calculated as the sum
      of the lung tissue plus alveolar wash. De novo synthesized phosphatidylcholine
      was labeled with choline given by intravascular injection at 1 h of age. Labeled
      phosphatidylcholine accumulated in the lung tissue linearly to 24 h, and the
      labeled phosphatidylcholine moved through lamellar body to alveolar pools. The
      turnover time for alveolar phosphatidylcholine was estimated to be about 13 h,
      indicating an active metabolic pool. A less surface-active surfactant fraction
      recovered as a supernatant after centrifugation of the alveolar washes at 40,000
      x g increased from birth to 10 min of ventilation, but no subsequent changes in
      the distribution of surfactant phosphatidylcholine in surfactant fractions
      occurred. The results were consistent with recycling pathway(s) that maintained
      surface-active surfactant pools in preterm ventilated lambs.

PMID- 2913885
TI  - Relationship between alveolar saturated phosphatidylcholine pool sizes and
      compliance of preterm rabbit lungs. The effect of maternal corticosteroid
      treatment.
AB  - The relationship between alveolar saturated phosphatidylcholine pool size and
      compliance was evaluated in control and maternal corticosteroid-treated 27-, 28-,
      and 29-day gestational age preterm ventilated rabbits. Surfactant pool sizes
      below about 0.7 mumol saturated phosphatidylcholine/kg body weight did not alter
      compliance in either group. Compliance increased to values comparable to
      surfactant-treated or term newborn rabbits over a narrow range of saturated
      phosphatidylcholine pool sizes from about 0.7 to 1.2 mumol/kg for corticosteroid
      treated rabbits and from about 0.9 to about 2.3 mumol/kg for control rabbits (p
      less than 0.01). When these results are compared with those from surfactant
      treated rabbits, almost an order of magnitude less endogenous surfactant than
      exogenous surfactant is needed to alter compliance in preterm ventilated rabbits.

PMID- 2913886
TI  - Glutathione deficiency in the epithelial lining fluid of the lower respiratory
      tract in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
AB  - Glutathione (L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine, GSH), a sulfhydryl-containing
      tripeptide produced by most mammalian cells, is an efficient scavenger of toxic
      oxidants, including hydrogen peroxide, an oxidant that plays a major role in the
      oxidant burden placed on the epithelial surface of the lower respiratory tract in
      chronic inflammatory states. GSH is present in the epithelial lining fluid of the
      normal lower respiratory tract, where it is thought to play a major role in
      providing antioxidant protection to the epithelial cells. In this regard, we
      hypothesized that the lower respiratory tract of patients with IPF may be
      chronically depleted of this antioxidant, thus leading to an increased
      susceptibility of lung epithelial cells to oxidant injury. To evaluate this
      concept, the concentration of glutathione was determined in the epithelial lining
      fluid of the lower respiratory tract of 15 patients with IPF and compared to that
      of 19 normal subjects. Strikingly, whereas ELF glutathione concentrations were
      high in normal subjects (429 +/- 34 microM), a fourfold decrease was found in
      patients with IPF (97 +/- 18 microM, p less than 0.001). In the context of the
      known oxidant burden present in the lower respiratory tract of patients with IPF,
      these observations of a "GSH deficiency" in IPF ELF suggest that there is a
      marked oxidant-antioxidant imbalance at the alveolar surface of these persons,
      thus increasing the susceptibility to the severe epithelial cell damage
      characteristic of this disease.

PMID- 2913887
TI  - 5-Hydroxytryptamine uptake in oxygen radical-mediated acute lung injury.
AB  - Pulmonary endothelial cell function (ECF) studies have been shown to be a
      sensitive indicator of chronic lung injury. We attempted to correlate changes in
      5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) uptake with an acute oxygen radical-mediated lung
      injury in dogs. Beta-d glucose/glucose oxidase was injected intravenously in an
      experimental group (n = 10), while the control group (n = 5) received saline. 5HT
      uptake, measured using a multiple indicator dilution technique before and 20 min
      after injection, was calculated for both the percent total uptake and the peak
      extraction ratio of 5HT during a single passage through the lung. The mean
      pulmonary and systemic arterial pressures (PAP, SAP), total pulmonary resistance
      (TPR), extravascular lung water (EVLW), and wet-to-dry weight ratios were also
      determined. The experimental group showed an acute rise in PAP and TPR and a fall
      in SAP after the injection, all returning to normal by 20 min; total 5HT uptake
      fell from 81 +/- 2.3% to 47 +/- 6.5% (p = 0.0002) as did the peak extraction
      ratio from 0.87 +/- 0.013 to 0.44 +/- 0.066 (p = 0.0001). No change in 5HT uptake
      was observed in the control group. EVLW did not change in either group, but wet
      to-dry weight ratio was elevated in the experimental group (5.21 +/- 0.12 versus
      4.73 +/- 0.06, p less than 0.01). ECF studies of 5HT uptake appear to be a
      sensitive indicator of acute lung injury in this large-animal, oxygen radical
      induced injury model.

PMID- 2913888
TI  - Polyamines, DNA synthesis, and tolerance to hyperoxia of mice and rats.
AB  - Adaptation to hyperoxia has been attributed to increased activities of protective
      enzymes, but we suggest that an additional factor may be the lung's capacity to
      repair itself in hyperoxia. Such repair would require increased polyamines, but
      there are reports that two key enzymes of polyamine metabolism are suppressed by
      hyperoxia or oxidants. Because rats can adapt to hyperoxia but mice cannot, we
      compared their changes of polyamine metabolism and judged cell repair by using
      [3H]thymidine to estimate DNA synthesis. Both species developed increased
      ornithine decarboxylase activity and putrescine content, but the mouse did not
      develop increased S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase activities or increases of
      spermidine and spermine as did the rat when exposed to 85% O2. Furthermore, we
      confirmed that the rat lung does respond to hyperoxia with increased DNA
      synthesis, but the mouse lung does not. The results suggest that in addition to
      increased activities of protective enzymes, increased repair processes in the rat
      lung may play a role in its capacity to adapt to hyperoxia. The incomplete
      response of polyamine metabolism in mice may contribute to their inability to
      adapt in hyperoxia.

PMID- 2913889
TI  - Ozone-induced inflammation in the lower airways of human subjects.
AB  - Although ozone (O3) has been shown to induce inflammation in the lungs of
      animals, very little is known about its inflammatory effects on humans. In this
      study, 11 healthy nonsmoking men, 18 to 35 yr of age (mean, 25.4 +/- 3.5), were
      exposed once to 0.4 ppm O3 and once to filtered air for 2 h with intermittent
      exercise. Eighteen hours later, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed and
      the cells and fluid were analyzed for various indicators of inflammation. There
      was an 8.2-fold increase in the percentage of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN)
      in the total cell population, and a small but significant decrease in the
      percentage of macrophages after exposure to O3. Immunoreactive neutrophil
      elastase often associated with inflammation and lung damage increased by 3.8-fold
      in the fluid while its activity increased 20.6-fold in the lavaged cells. A 2
      fold increase in the levels of protein, albumin, and IgG suggested increased
      vascular permeability of the lung. Several biochemical markers that could act as
      chemotactic or regulatory factors in an inflammatory response were examined in
      the BAL fluid (BALF). The level of complement fragment C3 alpha was increased by
      1.7-fold. The chemotactic leukotriene B4 was unchanged while prostaglandin E2
      increased 2-fold. In contrast, three enzyme systems of phagocytes with
      potentially damaging effects on tissues and microbes, namely, NADPH-oxidase and
      the lysosomal enzymes acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase, were increased
      neither in the lavaged fluid nor cells. In addition, the amounts of fibrogenic
      related molecules were assessed in BALF.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2913890
TI  - Enhanced aerosol deposition in the lung with mild airways obstruction.
AB  - We investigated the sensitivity of aerosol deposition to airways obstruction by
      measuring total deposition fraction of inert aerosol in normal conscious sheep (n
      = 6) after challenging cholinergic agent, pilocarpine (PL) (0.5 mg/kg
      intravenously) with and without a prior challenge of beta 2-adrenergic agonist,
      terbutaline sulfate (TS) (0.025 mg/kg subcutaneously). Aerosol deposition was
      measured by a light-scattering aerosol photometer in situ while sheep rebreathed
      1.0-micron-diameter inert oil droplets from a 0.2-L collapsible bag at a rate of
      30 breaths/min. Total accumulated deposition at the fifth breath (AD5) as a
      percentage of initial aerosol concentration was determined and compared with mean
      pulmonary airflow resistance (RL). After PL, both AD5 and RL increased
      significantly from baseline values by 51 +/- 9% and 597 +/- 118% (mean +/- SE),
      respectively, whereas AD5 and RL decreased significantly by 16 +/- 4% and 34 +/-
      6%, respectively after TS (p less than 0.05). After PL subsequent to TS (TS-PL),
      AD5 increased in all six sheep by 33 +/- 7% from post-TS values (p less than
      0.05). However, RL did not change from post-TS values. Greater changes in RL than
      in AD5 after PL (bronchoconstriction) or TS (bronchodilation) suggest a greater
      sensitivity of RL than AD5 to airway patency in the large airways. Lack of
      increase of RL after TS-PL indicates that bronchoconstrictive effect of PL was
      blocked by prior challenge with TS. Therefore, the increase in AD5 after TS-PL
      may be related to the peripheral airway obstructions which might have been caused
      by increased secretions induced by a potent secretagogue PL.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2913891
TI  - Falls in peripheral eosinophil counts parallel the late asthmatic response.
AB  - Peripheral eosinophil counts were measured at intervals before and after control
      and allergen inhalation in 14 asthmatic subjects. A relative fall in eosinophil
      counts was noted 9 h after allergen challenge, in contrast to the diurnal
      increase seen on the control day (p = 0.005). This fall in eosinophil count
      correlated strongly with the magnitude of the late asthmatic response (r = -0.72,
      p = 0.003) and with the changes in bronchial responsiveness to histamine at 3 and
      24 h after allergen was given (r = 0.54, p = 0.044 and r = 0.82, p less than
      0.001, respectively). The findings demonstrate eosinophil kinetics are related to
      the occurrence of late-phase reactions and to the associated worsening of
      bronchial hyperreactivity.

PMID- 2913892
TI  - Circadian variations in theophylline concentrations and the treatment of
      nocturnal asthma.
AB  - The nocturnal worsening of asthma is a common problem that can be difficult to
      treat. Two different sustained-release theophylline preparations were used to
      determine (1) if the serum theophylline concentrations (STC) depend on the type
      and dosing schedule of the preparation, (2) the relationship between STC and the
      circadian variations in asthma, and (3) the effect of STC on sleep quality and
      respiratory patterns during the night. In 16 subjects with nocturnal asthma, the
      STC were significantly higher during the daytime on twice-daily versus once-daily
      theophylline preparations given at 7 P.M., but the FEV1 values were similar.
      During the night, the STC were significantly higher with the once-daily regimen,
      and the awakening FEV1 value was also improved (p less than 0.05). All
      polysomnographic variables were similar between the two preparations, except that
      with the once-daily preparation there was a decreased number of hypopneas (p less
      than 0.05) and fewer minutes below an oxygen saturation of 90% (p less than
      0.05). We conclude that patients with nocturnal asthma need their treatment
      focused on the nocturnal portion of the circadian cycle and that higher STC
      during this critical time period are beneficial without interfering with sleep
      quality.

PMID- 2913893
TI  - The effect of prolonged submaximal warm-up exercise on exercise-induced asthma.
AB  - The effect of a prolonged warm-up period of exercise on subjects with exercise
      induced asthma (EIA) has been studied. Seven asthmatic subjects with known EIA
      were exercised according to two different protocols on two separate days, which
      were randomized. On Day A, subjects performed a standard 6-min treadmill run
      (S1A), which increased heart rate to 98% predicted maximum, followed 45 min later
      by an identical run (S2A). Refractoriness was demonstrated on the second exercise
      test, with a mean maximal fall in FEV1 of 29 +/- 3.1% and a PEFR of 32 +/- 2.8%
      after S2A, compared with a mean maximal fall in FEV1 of 46 +/- 2.6% and a PEFR of
      51 +/- 4.0% after S1A. On Day B, subjects performed a 30-min treadmill run at a
      lower gradient (W1B), followed 21 min later by another standard 6-min treadmill
      test (S2B). W1B was followed by significantly less EIA (mean maximal fall in FEV1
      of 17 +/- 5.4% and a PEFR of 21 +/- 6.3%) than followed S1A. Nevertheless, when
      subjects subsequently performed a standard 6-min run (S2B), significant
      refractoriness to bronchoconstriction, comparable to that observed after S2A,
      developed, with a mean maximal fall in FEV1 of 26 +/- 3.6% and a PEFR of 27 +/-
      2.3% (p less than 0.05). We conclude that a warm-up period of exercise can induce
      refractoriness to EIA without itself inducing marked bronchoconstriction.

PMID- 2913894
TI  - Pulmonary hemodynamics and gas exchange during exercise in liver cirrhosis.
AB  - We have recently shown that ventilation-perfusion (VA/Q) mismatching at rest in
      cirrhosis is due to an abnormal pulmonary vascular tone. It has been suggested
      that in patients with cirrhosis, O2 transfer might become diffusion-limited
      during exercise. This study examined pulmonary hemodynamics and mechanisms
      modulating gas exchange during exercise (60 to 70% VO2max) in six patients (41 +/
      5 yr, mean +/- SEM) with cirrhosis but with normal lung function tests. At rest,
      QT was high (8.4 +/- 0.5 L/min), pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) was low
      (0.61 +/- 0.17 mm Hg/L/min), and there was mild to moderate VA/Q mismatching
      (LogSD Q, 0.79 +/- 0.09; normal range, 0.3 to 0.6). However, hyperventilation
      (PaCO2, 29 +/- 2 mm Hg) and high QT (thus, high PVO2, 41 +/- 2 mm Hg) contributed
      to the maintenance of PaO2 within normal values (99 +/- 7 mm Hg). Exercise VO2
      (1,278 +/- 122 ml/min) was normal relative to work load, but, contrary to that in
      normal subjects, QT was higher and PVR did not fall. During exercise, PaO2 showed
      a trend to decrease (to 90 +/- 5 mm Hg) and PaCO2 to rise (to 35 +/- 2 mm Hg),
      but the differences failed to reach statistical significance (p = 0.07 each).
      PVO2 fell significantly with exercise (41 +/- 2 to 33 +/- 0.3 mm Hg, p less than
      0.05), but neither AaPO2 (15 +/- 7 to 21 +/- 6 mm Hg) nor VA/Q inequality (LogSD
      Q, 0.82 +/- 0.11) changed. No systemic difference was noticed between predicted
      and measured PaO2 values, suggesting no O2 diffusion impairment during
      exercise.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2913895
TI  - Tannin induces endothelium-dependent contraction and relaxation of rabbit
      pulmonary artery.
AB  - The effects of tannin purified from cotton bracts were studied on pulmonary
      artery rings isolated from rabbit lungs. Tannin (2 to 50 micrograms/ml) caused
      concentration-dependent contractions of resting vessels, and maximal responses
      averaged 25% of the contraction induced by 10(-4) M exogenous norepinephrine.
      Tannin-induced contractions were blocked by removal of the endothelium and by
      pretreatment of intact tissues with either indomethacin or SQ 29,548, a
      thromboxane A2 receptor antagonist. In contrast, tissues contracted with 3 x 10(
      7) M norepinephrine relaxed by 49 +/- 8% in response to 50 micrograms/ml tannin.
      Tannin-induced relaxations were unaltered by pretreatment of tissues with
      indomethacin but were significantly reduced by pretreatment with hemoglobin. We
      conclude that tannin causes the release of both smooth muscle contracting and
      relaxing factors from pulmonary artery endothelial cells. Thromboxane A2 is the
      contracting factor, whereas an endothelium-derived relaxing factor such as nitric
      oxide appears to be the primary relaxing factor that is released.

PMID- 2913896
TI  - Cardiopulmonary effects of high frequency positive-pressure ventilation versus
      jet ventilation in respiratory failure.
AB  - Conventional ventilators are frequently used at high rates in the intensive care
      nursery to achieve adequate oxygenation and ventilation with reduced peak
      inspiratory pressure. The efficacy and limitations of high frequency positive
      pressure ventilation (HFPPV) using a conventional ventilator were studied by
      comparing the cardiopulmonary effects of HFPPV with those of high frequency jet
      ventilation (HFJV) in an animal model of respiratory failure. Sixteen saline
      lavaged rabbits were ventilated with either HFPPV or HFJV for 2 h using rates of
      200 breaths/min, inspiratory to expiratory ratio of 1:2, and FIO2 of 1.0. As
      controls an additional eight lavaged rabbits were ventilated at conventional
      rates (40 to 60 breaths/min). Proximal peak inspiratory pressure as indicated on
      the ventilator manometer or drive pressure was adjusted to maintain acceptable
      blood gases. Cardiac output (CO) was measured by thermodilution. Although there
      was a significant decrease in cardiac function over time, there were no
      significant differences between the groups in CO or stroke volume. Satisfactory
      oxygenation and ventilation were maintained in all groups. Static respiratory
      system compliance and mean airway pressure were similar among the groups.
      Histologic examination of the lungs revealed no differences between the three
      ventilator groups. The results of this study indicate that both HFPPV and HFJV
      are effective in short-term maintenance of normal blood gases in respiratory
      failure without any discernable differences in their effects on cardiovascular
      function. At very high rates, however, increases in VT are not possible with
      HFPPV, which limits its usefulness and flexibility in respiratory failure.

PMID- 2913897
TI  - Effects of acute hyperinflation on the mechanical effectiveness of the
      parasternal intercostals.
AB  - We studied the mechanical effectiveness of the parasternal intercostals at FRC
      and near TLC in 14 supine, vagotomized, and anesthetized dogs. First, we
      determined the relationship between parasternal intramuscular pressure (Pps),
      measured with Gaeltec 12 CT-mini-transducers, and parasternal EMG activity (Eps)
      during breathing at FRC and near TLC. Second, we examined the changes in Pps and
      the changes in parasternal force (Fps) generated during bilateral parasternal
      stimulation at FRC and near TLC with a given supramaximal stimulus. Before
      phrenicotomy, the inspiratory increases in Pps remained relatively constant near
      TLC (FRC, 50.4 +/- 16.5 versus TLC, 48.7 +/- 13.3 cm H2O, NS), whereas the Eps
      clearly decreased (82.9 +/- 5.5% FRC, p less than 0.01). This indicates that the
      gain converting electrical activity into pressure for the parasternals is greater
      near TLC than at FRC. A similar pattern of changes in Pps and in Eps was observed
      during quiet inspiration at FRC and near TLC after phrenicotomy. During bilateral
      parasternal stimulation the increases in Pps near TLC tended to be greater than
      those at FRC (140.7 +/- 28.6 versus 100 +/- 28.3 cm H2O, NS), whereas the
      increases in Fps were significantly greater near TLC than at FRC (277.4 +/- 60.6
      versus 214.2 +/- 47.1 g, p less than 0.05). Therefore, we conclude that the
      mechanical effectiveness of the parasternal contraction near TLC remains
      relatively unchanged and is even greater in relation to that at FRC.

PMID- 2913898
TI  - Reversible respiratory muscle weakness in hyperthyroidism.
AB  - Breathlessness is a common complaint in patients with hyperthyroidism, and
      respiratory failure requiring artificial ventilation, although rare, can occur.
      While a proximal myopathy is frequently recognized, diaphragm muscle function has
      not hitherto been studied in detail in thyrotoxicosis. The strength of the
      quadriceps femoris and respiratory muscles was therefore assessed in seven
      consecutive thyrotoxic patients, on presentation and during medical treatment,
      when euthyroid. Prior to therapy, reduced quadriceps muscle strength, vital
      capacity, and global expiratory and inspiratory muscle strength were found.
      Diaphragmatic weakness was present in one of four patients studied by measuring
      transdiaphragmatic pressures during maximal sniffs and during bilateral phrenic
      nerve stimulation at 1 Hz (twitch). After treatment, significant improvement
      occurred in quadriceps muscle strength, vital capacity, and global respiratory
      muscle strength. Sniff and twitch transdiaphragmatic pressures also increased
      significantly. These results indicate that respiratory muscle weakness occurs in
      hyperthyroidism and that such weakness is reversible with medical treatment. It
      is important to realize that respiratory muscles may be directly affected when
      assessing thyrotoxic patients with breathlessness, as severe involvement of the
      respiratory muscles may cause respiratory failure.

PMID- 2913899
TI  - Quantitative bacterial cultures of bronchoalveolar lavage fluids and protected
      brush catheter specimens from normal subjects.
AB  - Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is quite useful in the diagnosis of nonbacterial
      lung infections, especially in immunocompromised patients, and recent studies
      have suggested that BAL may be useful in the diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia as
      well. Because previous studies indicated that bronchoscopic aspirates are usually
      contaminated by oropharyngeal flora, we anticipated that BAL fluid would also
      likely be contaminated. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to perform
      quantitative bacterial cultures on BAL fluids obtained from eight normal
      subjects. Prior to each procedure, saline was aspirated through the bronchoscope
      and submitted for culture. A protected brush catheter (PBC) specimen was obtained
      from each subject's right middle lobe, and then a BAL specimen was obtained from
      the same location. All specimens were quantitatively cultured for aerobic and
      anaerobic organisms. In addition, lidocaine concentrations were measured in the
      BAL fluids and the PBC specimens. Six of the eight bronchoscope cultures were
      sterile. Seven of the eight PBC specimens were sterile and one yielded less than
      10(3) cfu/ml of normal oropharyngeal flora. One BAL fluid specimen was sterile
      and seven yielded from one to four bacterial strains each; however, quantitation
      revealed less than 10(4) cfu/ml in all specimens. Lidocaine concentrations (mean
      +/- 1 SD) were as follows: PBC specimen, 0.81 microgram/ml (+/- 0.62); BAL fluid
      specimen, 62.6 micrograms/ml (+/- 43). We conclude that BAL fluid obtained from
      normal subjects is frequently contaminated by oropharyngeal bacterial
      flora.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2913900
TI  - Clinical and laboratory features of acute sulfur dioxide inhalation poisoning:
      two-year follow-up.
AB  - We present clinical and laboratory results (including nuclear imaging) obtained
      over a period of two years in two nonsmoking miners who were exposed to high
      concentrations of sulfur dioxide (SO2) after a mine explosion. Within 3 wk of the
      accident, both miners had evidence of severe airways obstruction, hypoxemia,
      markedly reduced exercise tolerance, ventilation-perfusion mismatch, and evidence
      of active inflammation as documented by positive gallium lung scan. Serial
      ventilation-perfusion scans over the first 12 months showed progressive
      improvement without returning to normal. After the initial recovery, there has
      been no significant change over the subsequent two years postinjury. Pulmonary
      function and exercise tests also displayed a similar pattern of initial
      improvement. We conclude that (1) acute exposure to high concentrations of SO2
      results in severe airways obstruction, (2) pulmonary function abnormalities are
      partially reversible, and (3) most of the improvement occurs within 12 months
      after the initial injury.

PMID- 2913901
TI  - Early and late-phase bronchoconstriction after allergen challenge of
      nonanesthetized guinea pigs.

PMID- 2913902
TI  - Fatal respiratory syncytial virus pneumonitis in a previously healthy child.

PMID- 2913903
TI  - Gastroscopic screening of the post-gastrectomy stomach. Relationship of dysplasia
      to remnant cancer.
AB  - In July 1980, an aggressive screening program for benign disease of the stomach
      in 163 patients at risk for carcinomatous change of the gastric remnant was
      instituted. All patients were at least ten years post-gastrectomy. Three gastric
      remnant cancers were identified during esophago-gastroduodenostomy (EGD) on 45
      patients undergoing only one screening endoscopic examination during the study.
      One hundred and eighteen additional patients underwent two or more screening
      gastroscopic studies between July 1980 and July 1985. Of this group, seven
      patients (5.8%) had gastric biopsies showing mild to moderate dysplasia in the
      gastric remnant. During the period July 1985 to July 1987, these seven patients
      underwent two to four additional gastroscopic examinations that revealed
      carcinoma of the gastric remnant in two patients (28%) with progression of the
      dysplastic changes in three of these seven patients (42%). The post-gastrectomy
      interval in these seven patients ranged from 10 to 27 years with a mean of 21.5
      years. This study supports the concept of neoplastic change in the gastric
      remnant as a function of time from initial gastric resection. EGD and biopsy are
      important in identifying dysplastic changes which may be harbingers of invasive
      carcinoma of the gastric remnant. Aggressive endoscopic screening is recommended
      for patients with dysplasia in order to identify gastric remnant cancer while
      potentially curable.

PMID- 2913904
TI  - Hepatico-jejuno-duodenostomy reconstruction following excision of choledochal
      cysts in children.
AB  - Ten children with choledochal cysts were treated at Children's Memorial Hospital
      in Chicago between 1979 and 1980 and at Henrietta Egleston Hospital for Children
      or Grady Memorial Hospital in Atlanta between 1980 and 1987. Age at the time of
      operation ranged from one to 46 months. There were eight girls and two boys with
      Type I choledochal cysts. One child with a dilated but histologically normal
      common bile duct underwent a choledochoduodenostomy. The remaining nine patients
      had excision of the choledochal cyst. Continuity with the GI tract was then re
      established with a valved isolated jejunal segment interposed between the common
      hepatic duct and the duodenum. The valve serves to prevent reflux of enteric
      contents up into the biliary tract. The short jejunal segment allows bile to
      drain into the duodenum with minimal stasis; this more closely approximates the
      natural physiologic state than does a Roux-en-Y reconstruction. There was no
      mortality, with follow up ranging from six months to over eight years. Two post
      operative complications (one anastomotic stricture and one small bowel
      obstruction) occurred, both in the same patient. There were no anastomotic leaks
      and no episodes of post-operative cholangitis. All patients are currently free of
      jaundice and none have signs of portal hypertension. The treatment of choledochal
      cysts is excision. Biliary tract reconstruction with the valved common hepatico
      jejuno-duodenostomy is safe, effective, and physiologically appealing.

PMID- 2913905
TI  - Distal pancreatectomy with and without splenectomy. A comparative study.
AB  - Twenty-one patients undergoing distal pancreatectomy from January 1980 through
      April 1987 were studied retrospectively. Group I (n = 10) had distal
      pancreatectomy with splenectomy, and Group II (n = 11) had distal pancreatectomy
      with splenic preservation. The groups were comparable in mean age and extent of
      pancreatic resection. Operative time in Group I patients who did not require
      additional major procedures was 3.74 +/- 1.01 hours, compared with 2.86 +/- 1.68
      hours for similar Group II patients. The overall complication rate in Group I was
      40 per cent, including two pancreatic fistulas, one subphrenic abscess, and one
      gastric fistula. In Group II the overall complication rate was 36.4 per cent,
      with one pancreatic fistula, one subphrenic abscess, and one colonic fistula.
      Splenic infarction occurred in only one patient (Group II), in whom both splenic
      vessels were ligated. No patient developed insulin-dependent diabetes. There were
      no deaths. The mean hospitalization time was 18.8 days in Group I, and 17.5 days
      in Group II. Splenectomy should not be considered a routine part of distal
      pancreatic resection. Splenic preservation can be achieved in selected cases with
      no increase in complication rate, operative time, or length of postoperative
      hospitalization.

PMID- 2913906
TI  - Pseudo-pseudo-obstruction. A clinically relevant concept.
AB  - Four patients with small bowel obstruction were treated nonoperatively after
      being misdiagnosed as chronic idiopathic intestinal pseudo-obstruction. Three
      patients with pseudo-pseudo-obstruction developed significant morbidity, and one
      patient died while being treated medically. Differentiation between pseudo
      obstruction and mechanical obstruction can be difficult and may require
      laparotomy to establish the diagnosis. Intestinal manometry suggested a
      mechanical cause for obstruction in two patients and should be done in all
      patients that carry the diagnosis of intestinal pseudo-obstruction. Other clues
      to the diagnosis of intestinal pseudo-obstruction are discussed. Intestinal
      pseudo-obstruction is an uncommon disease that should not be a diagnosis of
      exclusion but should be diagnosed using historical, radiographic, manometric,
      pathologic, and operative data.

PMID- 2913907
TI  - Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis. A clinical and pathologic study of twelve
      cases.
AB  - Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis often presents as a severe chronic
      cholecystitis associated with abdominal pain, fever, and leukocytosis. Gallstones
      are present in most cases. At operation, there are adhesions to surrounding
      tissues, and sometimes a mass is found, mimicking tumor of the gallbladder. The
      gross and microscopic appearances are characteristic with multiple intramural
      nodules composed of foamy histiocytes and inflammatory cells. Cholesterol
      contents of these nodules are high. Involvement of the Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses
      with liberation of bile lipids into the adjacent tissue is implicated in the
      pathogenesis of this lesion.

PMID- 2913908
TI  - Abdominal candidiasis in surgical patients.
AB  - Although abdominal candidiasis in critically ill surgical patients is becoming
      increasingly common, optimal management has not been defined. We treated 16
      patients with abdominal candidiasis over a 36 month period. Violation of the
      gastrointestinal tract mucosa was the most common precipitating event (13
      patients). Predisposing factors included: CVP catheters, broad spectrum
      antibiotics, and parenteral hyperalimentation in all patients, H2
      blockers/antacids in 14 patients, as well as malnutrition (7 patients), DM (3
      patients), alcoholism (3 patients), and steroids/chemotherapy (3 patients).
      Candida was isolated from an abscess in seven patients, peritoneal fluid in six
      patients and both in three patients. In four patients abdominal candidiasis was
      preceded by positive cultures from blood or two peripheral sites which had not
      been treated. All patients were treated with amphotericin B (146-4000 mg) without
      any major adverse effects. Fungal infection was eradicated in ten patients; three
      patients succumbed to candidiasis. Patients treated within seven days required
      less Amphotericin B and appeared to have a better outcome than those having
      delayed treatment. The authors conclude that abdominal candidiasis is a
      potentially lethal infection in critically ill surgical patients that should be
      aggressively treated. Amphotericin B can be safely administered and concurrent
      antibiotics need not be stopped.

PMID- 2913909
TI  - Gastrointestinal disconnection and the treatment of intra-abdominal sepsis.
AB  - Current operative treatment for intra-abdominal sepsis secondary to internal
      gastrointestinal fistulas is aimed at wide drainage of septic foci and
      elimination of continued peritoneal soilage. Although methods for surgical
      drainage of abscesses and fistulous tracts are well established, the optimal
      method for surgical prevention of continued peritoneal soilage remains
      controversial. The authors applied the principle of complete gastrointestinal
      disconnection and performed diversion of the gastrointestinal tract and tube
      decompression proximal to the fistulous opening in the treatment of 22 critically
      ill patients with intra-abdominal sepsis from gastric or small bowel fistulas.
      Patient survival varied according to the level of the site of gastrointestinal
      leakage. All patients (5 out of 5) who had leakage in the distal small bowel
      survived. Six of nine (66%) patients with leakage from the proximal jejunum and
      six of eight (75%) of patients with gastroduodenal leakage survived. The overall
      survival rate of 77 per cent observed in this group of patients supports the
      authors' hypothesis that complete gastrointestinal disconnection is a valuable
      adjunct in the treatment of these severely ill patients.

PMID- 2913910
TI  - Factors affecting mortality in patients operated upon for complications of peptic
      ulcer disease.
AB  - Surgical treatment of complicated peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is associated with a
      high mortality in selected, high-risk patients. The authors reviewed their
      operative experience for PUD over a five year period beginning in July 1982. One
      hundred and sixty-two operative procedures were performed on 160 patients. The
      indications for surgery were intractability (18); perforation (50); hemorrhage
      (81); and obstruction (13). The average ages of the survivors and those who died
      was 49.0 and 65.7 years respectively. Partial gastric resection (PGR), with or
      without vagotomy, was the most commonly performed procedure (54% of cases) while
      vagotomy and drainage (V & D) was used in 31 per cent of patients. The overall
      mortality in this series was 8 per cent; it was highest in the hemorrhage group
      (10%). Pre-operative transfusion requirements in this population were greater in
      those who died versus those who survived (12.1 and 7.3 units respectively, P less
      than 0.005). In addition, 75 per cent of the deaths were over 60 years of age. In
      elderly patients operated upon for hemorrhage, the procedure-related mortality
      for V & D and PGR was 24 per cent and 13 per cent respectively. (These groups
      were similar with regard to co-morbidity, hemodynamic stability, and transfusion
      requirements). It is the authors contention that PGR may be safely used for the
      treatment of bleeding peptic ulcer disease (particularly GU) in selected elderly,
      high-risk patients.

PMID- 2913911
TI  - Metastatic colon carcinoma to the biliary tract mimicking choledocholithiasis.
AB  - This case is reported because of its rarity and in order to demonstrate that,
      using ERCP, it can be difficult at times to differentiate not only primary from
      metastatic diseases of the common duct, but also both of these malignant
      conditions from benign choledocholithiasis.

PMID- 2913912
TI  - Polypropylene mesh closure of infected abdominal wounds.
AB  - The management of extensive abdominal tissue loss in the presence of
      intraabdominal infection or wound dehiscence challenges the surgeon's ingenuity
      in wound care. Radical debridement and primary fascial closure may be impossible
      due to tissue loss or extensive bowel edema. The use of a synthetic mesh to
      bridge the fascial defect and maintain the integrity of the abdominal cavity may
      initially appear to be an attractive alternative to simply leaving the viscera
      exposed. However, this report and review of the literature document the frequent
      complications and high morbidity associated with this technique. An overall
      complication rate approaching 80% can be anticipated if polypropylene mesh is
      used in this emergency situation. Two modifications of wound care appear to
      markedly diminish the incidence of serious complications. Covering the mesh with
      full-thickness skin or muscle flaps in the early postoperative period, or
      removing the mesh at the earliest time conducive to fascial closure (within 2
      weeks) reduced the overall complication rate from 55% to 15% in this review.
      However, it is often impossible to predict which patients will be amenable to
      early mesh removal, and full-thickness coverage of a persistently infected wound
      is usually doomed to failure. Despite the occasional usefulness of these
      modifications, this review suggests that polypropylene mesh in the emergency
      setting has an unacceptably high complication rate, and alternative methods of
      wound care in these complex situations should be considered.

PMID- 2913913
TI  - Self-report questionnaire scores in rheumatoid arthritis compared with
      traditional physical, radiographic, and laboratory measures.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: To assess whether scores on a simple self-report questionnaire
      to depict the clinical status of patients with rheumatoid arthritis are
      correlated with traditional measures of physical, radiographic, laboratory,
      functional, and global status. DESIGN: The self-report questionnaire was
      administered at the same time the following variables were assessed: American
      Rheumatism Association functional class, joint count, hand radiograph,
      erythrocyte sedimentation rate, rheumatoid factor titer, walking time, grip
      strength, button test, and global self-assessment. SETTING: University
      rheumatology clinic, the rheumatology clinic of a Veterans Administration
      hospital, and a private rheumatology practice. PATIENTS: The study included 259
      patients who met the criteria of the American Rheumatism Association for a
      diagnosis of definite or classic rheumatoid arthritis. INTERVENTIONS: Standard
      rheumatologic care for patients with rheumatoid arthritis. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN
      RESULTS: Self-report questionnaire scores were significantly correlated with the
      joint count, radiographic score, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, grip strength,
      button test, walking time, American Rheumatism Association functional class, and
      global self-assessment. Patients were categorized into five questionnaire score
      categories of 1.00, indicating no dysfunction, and 1.01 to 1.50, 1.51 to 2.00,
      2.01 to 3.00, and 3.01 to 4.00, indicating progressive dysfunction. In these five
      categories, more than ten involved joints were seen in 11%, 37%, 67%, 79%, and
      100% of patients, respectively, and erythrocyte sedimentation rates greater than
      20 mm/h in 29%, 49%, 64%, 74%, and 85% of patients, respectively. Similar results
      were seen for other physical and radiographic measures. The questionnaire score
      was as effective in explaining other measures of clinical status as was any other
      available measure. CONCLUSIONS: A simple self-report questionnaire provides
      information similar to many traditional measures in rheumatoid arthritis and
      appears to be an attractive, cost-effective approach to assessing and monitoring
      quantitatively the status of an individual patient.

PMID- 2913914
TI  - Calcitriol treatment is not effective in postmenopausal osteoporosis.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine if calcitriol is an effective treatment in
      postmenopausal osteoporosis. DESIGN: Double-blind, randomized clinical trial of 2
      years' duration. SETTING: University medical center with patients recruited by
      media announcements. PATIENTS: Eighty-six postmenopausal women with vertebral
      compression fractures. INTERVENTIONS: Patients were treated with calcitriol or
      placebo. Mean dose was 0.43 micrograms/d. Dietary calcium was 1000 mg/d (24.9
      mmol/d). The medication dose and dietary calcium were adjusted for hypercalciuria
      or hypercalcemia. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: No significant differences
      between placebo and control groups were seen in the percent change in total body
      calcium (0.4% +/- 1.0 compared with 0.0% +/- 0.9), single photon absorptiometry (
      0.5% +/- 1.2 compared with -3.1% +/- 0.9) or dual photon absorptiometry (0.0% +/-
      1.7 compared with -1.0% +/- 2.2). New fractures were seen in 16% of the placebo
      group and 26% of the calcitriol groups, so the difference in percent fractures
      was 10% (95% CI, -5.7% to 25.7%). Bone biopsies did not show changes in either
      group. The calcitriol group had significantly higher serum and urine calcium
      values, but renal function was not worse than in the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS:
      Calcitriol is not an effective treatment for established postmenopausal
      osteoporosis.

PMID- 2913916
TI  - The histologic diagnosis of myocarditis.

PMID- 2913915
TI  - Diagnosis of sulfonamide hypersensitivity reactions by in-vitro "rechallenge"
      with hydroxylamine metabolites.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine whether differences in in-vitro detoxification of
      sulfonamide-reactive metabolites can be detected among the lymphocytes from
      controls, patients with sulfonamide hypersensitivity reactions, and patients with
      nonhypersensitivity reactions to the sulfonamide agents. DESIGN: In-vitro
      toxicity assay on lymphocytes. SETTING: Clinics for adverse drug reactions in an
      adult and pediatric tertiary care center. PATIENTS: Peripheral blood lymphocytes
      were obtained from 46 normal volunteers and 76 patients referred to the clinic
      for assessment of adverse drug reactions to sulfonamide agents. Thirty-one
      patients had clinical histories consistent with a diagnosis of hypersensitivity
      reaction, whereas 45 patients had clinical histories felt to be inconsistent with
      a diagnosis of hypersensitivity reaction. INTERVENTIONS: Lymphocytes were assayed
      with tetrazolium to determine toxicity from the hydroxylamine of
      sulfamethoxazole. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The lymphocytes from patients
      with a history of hypersensitivity reactions showed markedly increased toxicity
      across a tenfold-concentration toxicity-concentration curve compared with those
      from controls and patients with a history of nonhypersensitivity reactions. These
      differences were highly significant (P less than 0.01). No difference was found
      between the toxicity shown by the lymphocytes from controls and that shown by the
      lymphocytes from patients with a history of nonhypersensitivity reactions.
      CONCLUSIONS: Metabolic differences in the production and detoxification of
      reactive metabolites of sulfonamide agents are important determinants of
      hypersensitivity reactions to these agents. These results suggest that the
      hydroxylamine derivative of sulfamethoxazole may be a reactive metabolite
      mediating these reactions. Sulfonamide hydroxylamines are useful in the diagnosis
      and study of the pathogenesis of hypersensitivity reactions to sulfonamide
      agents.

PMID- 2913917
TI  - A subclavian bruit in the thoracic outlet syndrome.

PMID- 2913918
TI  - Rimantadine and seizures.

PMID- 2913919
TI  - Large-volume paracentesis in outpatients.

PMID- 2913920
TI  - Exacerbation of hypercalcemia after needle biopsy of a parathyroid cyst.

PMID- 2913922
TI  - Transposition of the abdominal viscera and "nonvisualization of the gallbladder".

PMID- 2913921
TI  - Diltiazem and thrombocytopenia.

PMID- 2913923
TI  - APACHE: a nonproprietary measure of severity of illness.

PMID- 2913924
TI  - Phenotypic heterogeneity in familial Alzheimer's disease: a study of 24 kindreds.
AB  - We report the clinical and neuropathological characteristics occurring in 180
      demented individuals from 24 kindreds with familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD).
      Each family had at least two affected generations, and at least one autopsy or
      brain biopsy was compatible with the diagnosis of AD. Forty-nine
      neuropathological specimens or reports were reviewed. Mean age of onset for the
      total group was 54.7 years +/- 11.5, with a large range of 30 to 84 years. Mean
      age at death was 63.5 years +/- 12.2, with a range of 46 to 85. Mean duration of
      disease was 8.8 years +/- 4.4, with a range of 1 to 23 years. Six findings
      suggested phenotypic heterogeneity in FAD. (1) Five families represented an early
      age of onset group with mean onset at 42 years (range 30 to 51 years) and mean
      disease duration of 6.7 years. (2) Eight families represented a late onset group
      with mean onset at 68 years (range 59 to 78 years) and a mean duration of 8.5
      years. (3) Seven families were of Volga German ancestry, all originating from the
      same two villages in Russia. Mean age of onset was 55.9 years (range 40 to 72
      years), with a mean disease duration of 10 years. This group probably represents
      the genetic founder effect of an autosomal dominant gene for AD. (4) One family
      had the unusual characteristics of neurofibrillary tangles and granulovacuolar
      change but no amyloid plaques, a mean disease duration of more than 11 years, and
      a "schizophrenia-like" onset. (5) One family with late onset also had clinical
      and pathological evidence for anterior horn cell disease. (6) Two autopsies in 1
      family both showed remarkable rarefaction of myelin and expansion of perivascular
      spaces in centrum semiovale (etat crible), with marked leptomeningeal and
      cortical amyloid angiopathy, distinct from the other FAD brains. It remains to be
      determined whether the clinical and pathological differences between these
      families represent genetic heterogeneity at the biochemical or molecular level.

PMID- 2913925
TI  - Metabolic changes in rabbit spinal cord after trauma: magnetic resonance
      spectroscopy studies.
AB  - Combined phosphorus and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), using
      double-tuned surface coils, was used to monitor certain metabolic changes in the
      L-3 spinal segment of anesthetized rabbits prior to and following experimental
      spinal cord trauma. Following severe trauma, resulting in spastic paraplegia,
      there was a delayed and progressive accumulation of lactic acid, a decline in
      intracellular pH, and a loss of high-energy phosphates. Maximal alterations
      occurred between 2 and 3 hours after the trauma, with little further change by 4
      hours. Histological examination 2 weeks after trauma showed tissue necrosis and
      cavitation. These findings support the concept of secondary tissue injury after
      spinal cord trauma and suggest that early changes in metabolism, as shown by MRS,
      may predict irreversible tissue damage.

PMID- 2913926
TI  - Intraventricular hemorrhage in the premature infant--current concepts. Part I.
AB  - Although the incidence of periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) has
      decreased in recent years, the increasing survival rates for the smallest
      premature infants indicate that the lesion will continue to be a major problem in
      neonatal intensive care facilities. The neuropathology is characterized by an
      elemental lesion, bleeding into the subependymal germinal matrix, with subsequent
      rupture into the lateral ventricle. Important neuropathological consequences are
      germinal matrix destruction, posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus, and periventricular
      hemorrhagic infarction. The last of these appears to be a venous infarction and
      is a critical determinant of neurological outcome. Neuropathological
      accompaniments, not caused by the IVH, include periventricular leukomalacia and
      pontine neuronal necrosis. The pathogenesis of IVHs is related to intravascular,
      vascular, and extravascular factors. Intravascular factors involve primarily
      control of blood flow and pressure in the microcirculation of the germinal
      matrix. Particular pathogenetic importance can be attached to fluctuations in
      cerebral blood flow, abrupt increases in flow, decreases in flow with injury to
      matrix vessels, increases in cerebral venous pressure, and, in selected infants,
      disturbances of platelet function and coagulation. Vascular factors relate to the
      microcirculation of the matrix, the site of the initial bleeding. A maturation
      dependent alteration in vascular integrity and a vulnerability of matrix vessels
      to ischemic injury appear important. Extravascular factors include those relevant
      to mesenchymal and glial support for matrix vessels and to local fibrinolytic
      activity in the germinal matrix. The latter may be a manifestation of the
      proteolytic activity now recognized to be of general importance in developmental
      remodeling of the mammalian central nervous system.

PMID- 2913927
TI  - Stretch reflex dynamics in spastic elbow flexor muscles.
AB  - Previous studies of stretch reflexes in patients with spastic hypertonia have
      emphasized the dynamic character of stretch reflex output. In contrast, our own
      studies of stretch reflex dynamics in spastic elbow flexor muscles of 14
      hemiparetic human subjects have shown that stretch-evoked torque displays a
      relatively weak dependence on stretch velocity, and there is generally no
      preferential enhancement of dynamic as compared with static reflex output.
      Moreover, stretch reflex dynamics are broadly similar in voluntarily activated
      spastic and normal elbow flexor muscles. These findings support our hypothesis
      that spastic hypertonia results primarily from a decrease in stretch reflex
      threshold. The strong velocity dependence of stretch-evoked electromyographic
      activity in initially inactive spastic muscles could be due to a decrease in
      reflex threshold with increasing stretch velocity, rather than an abnormal
      velocity-dependent increase in stretch reflex responsiveness.

PMID- 2913928
TI  - Serial magnetic resonance scanning in multiple sclerosis: a second prospective
      study in relapsing patients.
AB  - A prospective study of serial magnetic resonance (MR) scans of the brain was
      carried out every 2 weeks for 4 to 6 months in 9 patients with mild, clinically
      definite, relapsing/remitting multiple sclerosis (MS). Six of the 9 patients
      developed a total of 12 asymptomatic new lesions in various parts of the brain.
      In none of the patients were the changes on MR scan accompanied by relevant new
      neurological symptoms or signs. New MR lesions had a characteristic temporal
      profile, reaching a maximum size in approximately 4 weeks before gradually
      shrinking, usually leaving a small residual abnormality indistinguishable from
      chronic MS lesions. The frequent occurrence of new asymptomatic lesions indicates
      that MS may be a more active process even in mildly affected asymptomatic
      patients than has been previously realized. The results emphasize the potential
      importance of using MR scanning to measure disease activity in laboratory studies
      of MS and in the assessment of treatment, particularly in asymptomatic patients
      in the early stages. We suggest that the expanding and contracting new lesions
      are the basic or primary lesion in MS, that the characteristic demyelinated
      plaque is represented by the small residual area that these lesions shrink down
      to, and that the typical collection of scattered white matter lesions in chronic
      MS may represent the accumulated residua of dozens or more of these active
      lesions occurring over many years.

PMID- 2913929
TI  - Cerebrospinal fluid biogenic amines and biopterin in Rett syndrome.
AB  - We evaluated cerebrospinal fluid biogenic amine metabolites in 32 patients with
      Rett syndrome. Significant reductions were noted in the metabolites of
      norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin, as compared with controls of similar age
      (p less than 0.001, p less than 0.001, and p less than 0.05, respectively).
      Tetrahydrobiopterin is an essential cofactor and may be rate-limiting for the
      synthesis of catecholamines and serotonin. Accordingly, total cerebrospinal fluid
      biopterin was measured and found to be elevated in patients compared with
      controls (p less than 0.002). These findings constitute the only biochemical
      changes detected in Rett syndromes so far.

PMID- 2913930
TI  - A comparison of somatosensory evoked and motor evoked potentials in stroke.
AB  - Nineteen patients with radiologically confirmed stroke, and varying degrees of
      hemiparesis, were studied using somatosensory evoked potentials and the recently
      developed technique of transcutaneous motor cortex stimulation. The functional
      deficit caused by stroke was assessed at the time of evoked potential testing and
      again on follow-up 2 months after stroke. Stroke location and degree of recovery
      were compared with the evoked potentials elicited an average of 8 days after the
      acute event. The motor response was better (p less than 0.01) than somatosensory
      response at predicting an outcome in terms of functional recovery, both overall
      and when comparing patients with similar degrees of weakness. Normal
      somatosensory evoked potentials also predicted recovery but were not as sensitive
      as the motor evoked potentials (0.01 less than p less than 0.05). Motor evoked
      potentials in conjunction with clinical assessment may offer a means of more
      accurately predicting functional outcome following stroke than can be achieved
      with clinical assessment, with or without somatosensory evoked potentials. The
      additional finding that cortically evoked motor evoked potentials were delayed
      only by subcortical lesions is of interest and may extend the understanding of
      the pathophysiological mechanism of this response in humans.

PMID- 2913931
TI  - Benign versus chronic progressive multiple sclerosis: magnetic resonance imaging
      features.
AB  - The extent of disease as detected by magnetic resonance imaging was compared
      between 32 patients with benign multiple sclerosis (MS) and 32 patients with the
      chronic progressive form matched for age, sex, and disease duration. Computer
      assisted quantitation of magnetic resonance images revealed a higher mean lesion
      load in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis (CPMS); however, in approximately
      20% of benign MS patients the lesion load was higher than that in the CPMS
      patients. CPMS patients had a higher number of infratentorial lesions, yet
      similar numbers of supratentorial lesions, when compared with benign MS patients.
      The degree of confluency of lesions and the clinical expression of infratentorial
      lesions were typically higher in the CPMS patients. Benign MS was characterized
      by a lower degree of confluency and a higher number of asymptomatic
      infratentorial lesions. Thus, magnetic resonance imaging shows characteristic
      differences in magnetic resonance-detected changes between MS patients with
      different clinical courses.

PMID- 2913932
TI  - Speech manifestations in lateralization of temporal lobe seizures.
AB  - To evaluate the role of speech manifestations in lateralization of temporal lobe
      seizures, we reviewed videotapes of 100 complex partial seizures in 35 patients
      who underwent temporal lobectomy for intractable epilepsy. All patients had
      prolonged electroencephalographic video monitoring with scalp and subdural
      electrodes, and their speech dominance was determined with an intracarotid
      amobarbital test. Speech manifestations were observed in 79 seizures and were
      classified as vocalization, normal speech, or abnormal speech. Vocalization of
      sounds without speech quality occurred ictally in 48.5% of patients. Normal
      speech (identifiable speech) occurred ictally in 34.2% of patients. Abnormal
      speech (speech arrest, dysphasia, dysarthria, and nonidentifiable speech)
      occurred in 51.4% of patients, either ictally or postictally. Of all the above
      speech manifestations, only postictal dysphasia and ictal identifiable speech had
      significant lateralizing value: 92% of patients with postictal dysphasia had
      their seizures originating from the dominant temporal lobe (p less than 0.001),
      and 83% of those with ictal identifiable speech had their seizures from the
      nondominant side (p = 0.013). This study shows that speech manifestations are
      common in complex partial seizures of temporal lobe origin and can provide an
      excellent clinical tool for lateralization of seizure onset.

PMID- 2913933
TI  - Chemotherapy for malignant gliomas? Committee on Health Care Issues, American
      Neurological Association.

PMID- 2913934
TI  - Bilateral opercular polymicrogyria.
AB  - Foix-Chavany-Marie syndrome (FCMS), or faciopharyngoglossomasticatory diplegia,
      is an uncommon syndrome that can result from vascular or developmental lesions of
      the anterior opercula bilaterally. We report the first pathological documentation
      of the developmental form of this disorder. Pathological examination revealed
      bilateral failure of opercular closure, opercular polymicrogyria, periventricular
      gray-matter heterotopias, and absence of the septum pellucidum.

PMID- 2913935
TI  - The prevalence of primary Sjogren's syndrome in a multiple sclerosis population.
AB  - A central nervous system illness closely resembling multiple sclerosis has been
      described in patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome. From these reports, the
      estimated prevalence of this syndrome could be similar to that of multiple
      sclerosis in a high-frequency area. We evaluated 192 consecutive patients in our
      multiple sclerosis clinic to determine if such cases had gone unrecognized. We
      did not find any patients with clinical or serological evidence of primary
      Sjogren's syndrome. We conclude that it is rare for neurological manifestations
      of Sjogren's syndrome to mimic multiple sclerosis in our population.

PMID- 2913936
TI  - Patterns of serum IgM antibodies to GM1 and GD1a gangliosides in amyotrophic
      lateral sclerosis.
AB  - We studied the incidence and clinical correlates of serum antibodies to GM1 and
      GD1a gangliosides in patients with classical amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
      and other "motor nerve" syndromes. Serum antibodies to GM1 and GD1a gangliosides
      were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Our results showed that
      polyclonal immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to the GM1 or GD1a ganglioside or
      both were present at serum dilutions of 1:25 to 1:4,000 in 78% (57/73) of
      patients with ALS. Only 8% of normal controls had similar antibodies. The pattern
      of serum antibody reactivity correlated with the pattern of clinical involvement
      in our patients. Selective reactivity to GD1a ganglioside was common when upper
      motor neuron signs were prominent. IgM reactivity to GM1 ganglioside was common
      in ALS patients with prominent lower motor neuron signs. Most patients with motor
      neuropathies had serum reactivity to both GM1 and GD1a gangliosides. These
      results provide further evidence of ongoing autoimmune processes in ALS patients.
      There is a strong relationship between serum antiganglioside antibodies and
      patterns of clinical involvement in ALS.

PMID- 2913937
TI  - Ilizarov orthopedic methods. Innovations from a Siberian surgeon.

PMID- 2913938
TI  - Arthroscopically assisted anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.

PMID- 2913939
TI  - Pacemaker implant. Implications for perioperative nurses.

PMID- 2913940
TI  - Curriculum terms. Speaking the language.

PMID- 2913941
TI  - Proposed recommended practices. Laser safety in the operating room. Association
      of Operating Room Nurses.

PMID- 2913942
TI  - Using a survey to assess perioperative staff learning needs.
AB  - The learning needs survey is an effective means of ranking staff learning needs.
      The learning needs survey should be used every year to reevaluate the staff's
      needs and to incorporate new content areas. Newly hired nurses should take the
      survey only after they have been employed six months. The survey allows the
      educator to differentiate the needs of the new versus experienced staff, and it
      involves the staff in planning for their personal needs. The use of a learning
      needs survey keeps the content focused on the learner as opposed to the
      instructor's interest or needs. The staff rated needs differently than the
      instructor. For example, the staff rated a review of pediatrics growth and
      development low (13) even though there is an increased number of outpatient
      pediatric cases at our facility. Staff members' comments also provide data for
      follow-up and more specific surveys. A learning needs survey is the first step in
      providing continuing education for the perioperative staff.

PMID- 2913943
TI  - Thermal denaturation profiles of deoxypolynucleotide-ligand complexes:
      semiempirical studies.
AB  - We have semiempirically studied the thermal denaturation profiles of complexes
      formed between double strand polynucleotides and pure stabilizer nonspecific
      binding ligands. By using the McGhee model (J. D. McGhee, (1976) Biopolymers 15,
      1345-1375) we have found a simple, analytical relationship between the melting
      temperature (Tm) and the Kh (intrinsic association constant), nh (apparent site
      size), and wh (cooperativity constant) values of the interaction. The validity of
      this approach strongly depends on the sigma value (sigma being the nucleation
      parameter of the DNA). Through the equation so obtained it is possible to
      calculate the Kh, nh, and wh values from the melting temperature of three
      experimental thermal denaturation profiles at different r (ligand/polynucleotide
      ratio) values. The method has been checked by studying the thermal denaturation
      profiles of daunomycin-poly(d(A-T)).poly(d(A-T)) complexes in two different salt
      concentrations. The results so obtained are compared with those previously
      described using other techniques. The applicability of the method here developed
      is discussed in relation with both the nature of the ligands and the value of the
      nucleation parameter (sigma).

PMID- 2913944
TI  - Partial purification of the acyl-CoA elongase of Allium porrum leaves.
AB  - Acyl-CoA elongase has been partially purified from leek (Allium porrum L.)
      epidermal cells. The microsomal elongase is first solubilized by Triton X-100.
      The solubilized proteins are then submitted to anion exchange chromatography on
      DEAE-cellulose and, finally, to gel filtration on Ultrogel 34 AcA. The
      purification of the elongase activity is accompanied by the enrichment in three
      major protein bands of 59, 61, and 65 kDa. The partially purified elongase is
      highly delipidated (about 10 mol lipid/mol of 60- to 65-kDa protein) and
      phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine account respectively for 60 and
      40% of the remaining phospholipids. The partially purified elongase retains some
      activities associated with fatty acid biosynthesis. The overall activity is
      strongly stimulated by the addition of exogenous lipids. In the presence of a
      mixture of PS, PE, and PC the C18-CoA elongase activity is increased more than
      sixfold. The Km value of stearoyl-CoA, in the presence of lipid vesicles, was
      determined to be 1.7 microM.

PMID- 2913945
TI  - The temporal relationships between P450E protein content, catalytic activity, and
      mRNA levels in the teleost Fundulus heteroclitus following treatment with beta
      naphthoflavone.
AB  - P450 induction occurs in some marine organisms following chemical exposure. The
      mode of 3-methylcholanthrene (MC)-type induction was evaluated by examining
      hepatic isozyme P450E content, catalytic activity, and mRNA levels in the marine
      teleost Fundulus heteroclitus after exposure to a single dose of beta
      naphthoflavone (BNF). P450E is the major teleost P450 induced by MC-type
      compounds and is the catalyst for aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) and
      ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activities. In a 20-day experiment, EROD
      activity was elevated in BNF-treated animals from Day 4 through Day 20. Increases
      in immunodetectable P450E showed the same trend as EROD activity, with
      consistently low control values and at least a 19-fold increase in the BNF
      treated fish. Precipitation of liver RNA in vitro translation products with anti
      P450E antibody gave no detectable signal from control fish, while the BNF-treated
      animals showed incorporation of [3H]leucine in a single 6,000 Mr band. In a
      shorter term experiment, EROD activity and P450E levels were again coordinately
      increased in response to BNF treatment, and immunoprecipitation of translation
      products from these fish showed a clear trend of increased P450E mRNA levels for
      all time points 6 h or more post-treatment. Hybridization of RNA from BNF-treated
      Fundulus with a trout P450IA1 cDNA also showed increases in a single band with
      time. The increases in P450E mRNA preceded increases in P450E protein and enzyme
      activity by about 25 h. However, P450E mRNA declined rapidly, reaching control
      levels by 5 days, while protein levels remained elevated for at least 13 days.
      The results support a hypothesis that transcriptional enhancement is involved in
      induction of MC-inducible P450s in fish, but indicate that P450E induction is
      also under other forms of regulatory control.

PMID- 2913946
TI  - Fluorescence energy transfer detects changes in fibronectin structure upon
      surface binding.
AB  - We report here the changes in intramolecular distances in human plasma
      fibronectin (Fn) detected, upon adsorption of the protein to the surface of the
      Cytodex dextran microcarrier, using a fluorescence energy transfer technique. The
      glutamine-3 residue, near the amino terminus of each chain, was labeled
      enzymatically with either monodansylcadaverine (dansyl) or monofluoresceinyl
      cadaverine (fluorescein) by use of coagulation factor XIIIa. Using this donor
      (dansyl)-acceptor (fluorescein) pair, and steady-state measurements, we
      demonstrated previously that the two amino termini of plasma fibronectin in
      solution were juxtaposed and separated by 23 A (C. Wolff and C.-S. Lai (1988)
      Biochemistry 27, 3483-3487). Upon adsorption to the microcarrier, the energy
      transfer was found to be completely abolished, suggesting that the surface
      binding induces a conformational change by which the distance between the two
      amino termini is increased to more than 70 A. Moreover, we have labeled the amino
      terminus of each chain with fluorescein and the two free sulfhydryl groups of
      each chain with coumarinyl-phenylmaleimide which serves as an energy donor. The
      emission spectra of the double-labeled protein in solution showed the occurrence
      of energy transfer, indicating that the relative distances between the amino
      termini and the free sulfhydryl group(s) are within 70 A. Upon surface binding, a
      decrease in the energy transfer between this donor-acceptor pair was also noted.
      The results presented here are consistent with the notion that plasma Fn
      undergoes a drastic conformational change upon surface binding, perhaps changing
      from a compact form to an extended form. This process may be important for the
      surface activation of the fibronectin molecule.

PMID- 2913947
TI  - Characterization of rat heart tropoelastin.
AB  - Several overlapping rat tropoelastin cDNA clones were isolated from a lambda gt11
      rat heart cDNA library and their nucleotide sequence was determined. The
      corresponding deduced amino acid sequence of rat tropoelastin revealed strong
      homology to bovine and human tropoelastins although possessing some unique
      features including greater size (18%) and composition of repetitive units.
      Comparison of the amino acid sequence of rat tropoelastin to four other
      tropoelastin species reveals that the hydrophobic peptide repeat regions in the
      middle of each molecule and the crosslinking areas containing three lysine
      residues are remarkably conserved. A possible function for the clustering of
      three lysine residues in providing a mechanism for the in vivo reduction of
      dehydrolysinonorleucine via a redox shuttle with dihydrodesmosine is proposed. In
      addition, the COOH-terminal sequence of the rat tropoelastin is virtually
      identical to tropoelastins of other species in possessing a
      cysteine/arginine/lysine containing segment. There are no obvious amino acid
      insertions or substitutions in the COOH-terminal half of the rat tropoelastin
      molecule which would signal unique cleavage or glycosylation sites. Examination
      of the steady-state levels of rat tropoelastin mRNA in 8- and 12-day neonatal
      lung, heart, and aortic tissues showed that the amount of tropoelastin mRNA was
      abundant and of similar size (3.9 kb) in all three tissues.

PMID- 2913948
TI  - The de novo synthesis of molecular species of phosphatidylinositol from
      endogenously labeled CDP diacylglycerol in alveolar macrophage microsomes.
AB  - The de novo synthesis of molecular species of phosphatidylinositol (PI) from
      endogenously labeled CDP diacylglycerol (CDP-DG) and phosphatidic acid (PA), with
      [14C]-glycerol 3-phosphate, in microsomes of macrophages was studied using a
      recently developed HPLC technique. Endogenously labeled PA, CDP-DG, and PI were
      sequentially formed from labeled glycerol 3-phosphate through the addition of
      CoA, CTP, and then inositol into microsomes. The rate of formation of CDP-DG from
      endogenously labeled PA was low as compared with those of PA and PI. The low rate
      of CDP-DG synthesis suggests that it may be the rate-limiting step in the de novo
      synthesis of PI. Analysis of newly synthesized molecular species of PI by HPLC
      revealed that large proportions of radioactivity were associated with the 16:0
      18:1, 16:0-18:2, 18:1-18:2, and 18:2-18:2 species, and a small amount, 2-3%, of
      radioactivity was associated with the 18:0-20:4 species. The profiles of newly
      synthesized PA and CDP-DG species were quite similar to those of PI species. This
      suggests that the enzymes involved in the formation of PI species from glycerol 3
      phosphate show little specificity toward different molecular species of
      substrates. The results of the present study also suggest that free fatty acid
      composition in microsomes greatly affect the composition of the molecular species
      of PI synthesized through the de novo pathway, since the proportion of fatty
      acids utilized for the de novo synthesis of PI species was similar to that of
      free fatty acids in the microsomal membrane.

PMID- 2913949
TI  - Lipid peroxidation inhibitory factors in liver and muscle of rat, mouse, and
      chicken.
AB  - Glutathione- or sulfhydryl-dependent antioxidant factors that act to prevent
      lipid peroxidation have been reported in both microsomes and cytoplasm from rat
      liver. The cytoplasmic factor has been identified in several other tissues and
      species, but the distribution of the microsomal factor has not been reported.
      Chicken and mouse livers had much lower activities of the glutathione-dependent
      membrane-associated and cytoplasmic antioxidant factors than rat liver.
      Peroxidative damage to membranes has been hypothesized as a mechanism of tissue
      damage in muscular dystrophy. However, neither the chicken, mouse, nor rat had
      significant activities of the antioxidant factors in muscle. There was also no
      significant difference between normal and dystrophic chicken livers in the
      activity of the antioxidant factors associated with the microsomes or the
      cytoplasm, nor of the liver microsomal factor in normal and dystrophic mice. The
      results do not support an important role for the antioxidant factors in the
      pathogenesis of muscular dystrophy, and raise questions as to whether such
      factors are physiologically important in species other than rat or in tissues
      other than liver.

PMID- 2913950
TI  - Rat aglycotransferrin and human monoglycotransferrin: production and metabolic
      properties.
AB  - Rat transferrin (rTf), containing one complex glycan, and human transferrin
      (hTf), containing two complex glycans, were treated with peptide:N-glycosidase F
      (PNGase) under nondenaturing conditions. Apo rTf with a nonfucosylated standard
      biantennary glycan, but not its diferric counterpart, yielded satisfactory
      amounts (approximately 55% in 7 h) of aglyco Tf (AgTf). The presence of a
      chitobiose core fucose reduced yields to approximately 30%, whereas an additional
      NeuAc on the GlcNAc in the Man(alpha 1-3) branch had no adverse effect. Triton X
      100 impaired deglycosylation. The main product (approximately 65%) obtained from
      apo hTf was monoglyco Tf (MgTf). Analysis of the cyanogen bromide fragments of
      MgTf revealed that PNGase did not discriminate between the two glycosylation
      sites of hTf. A negligible portion (2-4%) of AgTf, that was also obtained during
      the reaction, probably resulted from PNGase action on denatured hTf molecules.
      Modified Tfs were separated by affinity chromatography, radiolabeled, mixed with
      another preparation of interest, and injected in rats. Total-body radiation
      measurements showed that the half-life of rat AgTf was 19-20% shorter than that
      of rTf but 9% longer than that of asialo Tf. This suggests that close to 76% of
      the change in the degradative rate observed after desialylating rTf is referable
      to charge loss rather than the exposure of Gal residues. Human MgTf was
      catabolized by rats 8-9% faster than the parent protein, while human AgTf behaved
      in vivo like a denatured protein. It is concluded that sialyl carboxyls are a
      codeterminant of the normal lifetime of transferrins.

PMID- 2913951
TI  - Adsorptive endocytosis of lysosomal enzymes by human fibroblasts: presence of two
      different functional systems that deliver an acid hydrolase to lysosomes.
AB  - Endocytosis of human spleen beta-glucuronidase by human fibroblasts can be
      completely impaired by the competitive inhibitor mannose 6-phosphate or by
      pretreatment with acid phosphatase or endoglycosidases H or F. However,
      endocytosis of bovine spleen and liver beta-glucuronidase is partially impaired
      by the same treatments, suggesting that the bovine enzyme contains two
      endocytosis recognition markers located in separate enzyme domains. The mannose 6
      phosphate recognition marker seems to be responsible for approximately 23% of the
      bovine enzyme endocytosis. The existence of two lysosomal endocytosis systems in
      human fibroblasts is supported by the following facts: (a) the rate of
      endocytosis of mannose 6-phosphate-containing human beta-glucuronidase was not
      affected by the presence of high levels of the bovine enzyme (which has only the
      other marker). (b) Anti-215K mannose 6-phosphate receptor antibodies selectively
      impair the endocytosis of the beta-glucuronidase containing mannose 6-phosphate.
      (c) Weak bases exert a differential effect on human and bovine endocytosis. beta
      Glucuronidase internalized by either system is targeted to secondary lysosomes of
      human beta-glucuronidase-deficient fibroblasts, where it is able to degrade
      accumulated glycosaminoglycans. These results suggest that human fibroblasts have
      two different and independent endocytic systems for targeting of acid hydrolases
      to lysosomes.

PMID- 2913952
TI  - Nitrogen metabolism in tumor bearing mice.
AB  - In experiments with whole animals infested with a highly malignant strain of
      Ehrlich ascites tumor cells, serial concentrations of amino acids were determined
      for host plasma, ascitic fluid, and tumor cells, throughout tumor development.
      Concentration gradients of glutamine, asparagine, valine, leucine, isoleucine,
      phenylalanine, tyrosine, histidine, tryptophan, arginine, serine, methionine, and
      taurine from the host plasma toward the ascitic liquid were established; while on
      the other hand, concentration gradients from the ascitic liquid toward the plasma
      were established for glutamate, aspartate, glycine, alanine, proline, and
      threonine. With the exception of aspartate the concentrations of these amino
      acids were highest inside the cells. Arginine was the only amino acid not
      detected in tumor cells. In vitro incubations of tumor cells in the presence of
      glutamine and/or glucose, as the energy and nitrogen sources, confirmed the amino
      acid fluxes previously deduced from the observed relative concentrations of amino
      acids in plasma, ascitic liquid, and tumor cells, suggesting that glutamate,
      alanine, aspartate, glycine, and serine can be produced by tumors. These findings
      support that changes in amino acid patterns occurring in the host system are
      related to tumor development.

PMID- 2913953
TI  - Coregulation of electron transport and Benson-Calvin cycle activity in isolated
      spinach chloroplasts: studies on glycerate 3-phosphate reduction.
AB  - Glycerate 3-phosphate-dependent O2 evolution was measured in intact chloroplasts
      in the absence of CO2. At all concentrations of added glycerate 3-phosphate
      oxygen evolution ceased before stoichiometric amounts of oxygen were evolved. The
      inhibition of glycerate 3-phosphate-dependent-O2 evolution increased with
      increasing concentrations of substrate added. A similar response was observed in
      chloroplasts treated with KCN which inhibits ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate
      carboxylase-oxygenase. Oxygen uptake via the oxygenase activity of this enzyme is
      therefore not the cause of the discrepancy in stoichiometry of oxygen release in
      this system. The addition of NaHCO3 to chloroplasts in which oxygen evolution was
      inhibited by glycerate 3-phosphate caused an immediate sustained rate of oxygen
      evolution in the absence of KCN but not with KCN present. Simultaneous
      measurements of chlorophyll a fluorescence showed that qQ remained oxidized,
      although net O2 evolution had ceased. As O2 evolution decreased, qE and delta pH
      increased. Upon the addition of the NaHCO3, QA became more oxidized while delta
      pH and qE were decreased, suggesting that the inhibition of electron transport at
      high glycerate 3-phosphate concentrations was mediated by photosynthetic control
      via delta pH. However, the levels of ATP, ADP, ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate, and Pi
      concentrations and ATP/ADP ratio. The stromal glycerate 3-phosphate content
      declined upon illumination until O2 evolution ceased. At this time a constant
      stromal glycerate 3-phosphate concentration of 8-10 mM was maintained while net
      import of glycerate 3-phosphate into the stroma had virtually ceased. The stromal
      triosephosphate content remained at a constant low level throughout but the
      glycerate 3-phosphate level increased slightly after addition of NaHCO3. The data
      provided by the measurements of thylakoid reactions and stromal metabolites
      suggest that photosynthetic electron transport is tightly coupled to the
      requirements of the stroma for ATP and NADPH. Glycerate 3-phosphate reduction
      requires much less ATP than the operation of the complete Benson-Calvin cycle
      since the stoichiometry of ATP and NADPH utilization is reduced to 1:1. We
      conclude that thylakoid electron flow is not sufficiently flexible to maintain
      NADPH and ATP production in the ratio of 1:1. This situation will favor
      overenergization of the thylakoid membrane, increased leakiness of protons,
      increased electron drainage to O2, and result in progressive inhibition of
      noncyclic electron flow.

PMID- 2913954
TI  - Immunological approach to the regulation of nitrate reductase in Monoraphidium
      braunii.
AB  - The effects of different culture conditions on nitrate reductase activity and
      nitrate reductase protein from Monoraphidium braunii have been studied, using two
      different immunological techniques, rocket immunoelectrophoresis and an enzyme
      linked immunosorbent assay, to determine nitrate reductase protein. The nitrogen
      sources ammonium and glutamine repressed nitrate reductase synthesis, while
      nitrite, alanine, and glutamate acted as derepressors. There was a four- to
      eightfold increase of nitrate reductase activity and a twofold increase of
      nitrate reductase protein under conditions of nitrogen starvation versus growth
      on nitrate. Nitrate reductase synthesis was repressed in darkness. However, when
      Monoraphidium was grown under heterotrophic conditions with glucose as the carbon
      and energy source, the synthesis of nitrate reductase was maintained. With
      ammonium or darkness, changes in nitrate reductase activity correlated fairly
      well with changes in nitrate reductase protein, indicating that in both cases
      loss of activity was due to repression and not to inactivation of the enzyme.
      Experiments using methionine sulfoximine, to inhibit ammonium assimilation,
      showed that ammonium per se and not a product of its metabolism was the
      corepressor of the enzyme. The appearance of nitrate reductase activity after
      transferring the cells to induction media was prevented by cycloheximide and by 6
      methylpurine, although in this latter case the effect was observed only in cells
      preincubated with the inhibitor for 1 h before the induction period.

PMID- 2913955
TI  - Relationship of syphilis to drug use and prostitution--Connecticut and
      Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

PMID- 2913956
TI  - Multistate outbreak of sporotrichosis in seedling handlers, 1988.

PMID- 2913957
TI  - The rash of roses.

PMID- 2913958
TI  - Effect of investigator bias on clinical trials.
AB  - Two clinical trials were performed to determine the relative efficacy of
      tioconazole, a new antifungal agent for treating patients with tinea pedis. One
      study compared the new agent with a placebo cream and the other with miconazole
      nitrate, an established effective antifungal agent. The investigators found a
      much higher "cure" rate for tioconazole when both treatment groups were known to
      receive active agents than the cure rate for tioconazole found in the placebo
      controlled study. These results showed that the expectations of investigators can
      influence their clinical evaluations. Such bias could also influence the results
      of clinical trials.

PMID- 2913959
TI  - Surgical correction of venous incompetence restores normal skin blood flow and
      abolishes skin hypoxia during exercise.
AB  - Posture has long been recognized to be a crucial factor in the etiology of venous
      leg ulcers. Activation of the stretch receptors in the veins by venous distention
      induces reflex vasoconstriction and hypoxia. In patients with defective venous
      return, exercise fails to reduce venous pressure when the legs are dependent;
      therefore, hypoxia persists during exercise. Surgical treatment of venous
      incompetence abolishes the abnormal venous reflux and restores the normal
      vasodilator response to exercise, thereby correcting the sustained hypoxia
      observed in patients with venous leg ulcers.

PMID- 2913960
TI  - Topical methotrexate therapy for psoriasis.
AB  - In vitro percutaneous penetration of methotrexate is enhanced with 1
      dodecylazacycloheptan-2-one (laurocapram [Azone]). Laurocapram-containing
      methotrexate formulations provide effective local inhibition of epidermal DNA
      synthesis in the in vivo hairless mouse and minipig models, providing the
      biochemical rationale for topical use in the treatment of psoriasis. Topical
      methotrexate (0.1%, 0.5%, and 1%) in a laurocapram-containing formulation was
      tested in a two-center double-blind pilot clinical study of 42 patients with
      plaque psoriasis. Drugs were applied twice a day for six weeks, and lesions were
      scored weekly for erythema, scale, and elevation. An overall improvement of 50%
      or more in the combined scores for erythema, scale, and elevation was obtained
      with 0.1% methotrexate (64% of patients), 0.5% methotrexate (59%), and 1%
      methotrexate (56%) vs the vehicle alone (25%). These preliminary findings suggest
      that methotrexate preparations that provide adequate percutaneous absorption may
      have a beneficial effect in the treatment of psoriasis.

PMID- 2913961
TI  - Implications of dietary oils and polyunsaturated fatty acids in the management of
      cutaneous disorders.
AB  - A major proinflammatory metabolite of arachidonic acid, leukotriene B4, is known
      to accumulate in the lesions of psoriasis. Most of this metabolite is
      biosynthesized by the polymorphonuclear cells that infiltrate into the psoriatic
      lesions. Epidermal 15-lipoxygenase, on the other hand, metabolizes arachidonic
      acid into 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-20:4n-6), presumably serving as a
      negative feedback to inhibit the local generation of leukotriene B4.
      Eicosapentaenoic acid, a major polyunsaturated fatty acid in fish oil, and gamma
      linolenic acid, a poly-unsaturated fatty acid in certain vegetable oils, are both
      metabolized by epidermal 15-lipoxygenase into 15-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid (15
      OH-20:5n-3) and 15-hydroxyeicosatriaenoic acid (15-OH-20:3n-3), respectively.
      Both of these monohydroxy acids are potent in vitro inhibitors of leukotriene B4
      generation. It seems reasonable, therefore, that adequate dietary supplementation
      with eicosapentaenoic acid or gamma-linolenic acid may offer a novel and nontoxic
      approach to suppressing cutaneous inflammatory disorders.

PMID- 2913962
TI  - Etretinate. Persistent serum levels after long-term therapy.
AB  - In 47 patients who received long-term etretinate therapy, we measured serum
      etretinate concentrations from one to 244 weeks after the discontinuation of
      therapy. The earliest posttreatment, nondetectable serum concentration of
      etretinate was observed at five weeks after treatment. Detectable serum
      concentrations (0.05 to 1.2 micrograms/dL) were observed more than two years
      (108, 111, 131, 136, and 150 weeks) following the discontinuation of therapy.
      Sequential serum concentrations obtained on eight individual patients were used
      to determine half-lives for this late-phase elimination. The median half-life for
      the 12 curves obtained was 12.5 weeks (range, 5.3 to 24.8 weeks). Since
      etretinate is stored in fat, we compared each patient's deviation from ideal body
      weight as a measure of excess body fat with various pharmacokinetic factors of
      etretinate elimination. Overweight patients tended to have slower elimination,
      maintain higher serum concentrations, and clear etretinate later.

PMID- 2913963
TI  - Reduced DNA repair in cultured melanocytes and nevus cells from a patient with
      xeroderma pigmentosum.
AB  - Patients with xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) have more than a 1000-fold increased
      risk of cutaneous melanoma. To determine if the XP DNA repair defect is present
      in cutaneous pigmentary cells, nevus cells and melanocytes from four large,
      pigmented nevi were cultured from a 12-year-old girl with XP. Cultured
      melanocytes showed dendritic morphologic features, contained mature melanosomes,
      and reacted with monoclonal antibody to tyrosinase. Nevus cells were spindle
      shaped and expressed nevus cell-associated antigens. Melanocytes, nevus cells,
      and dermal fibroblasts from the patient with XP all had a similar reduction in
      DNA repair: unscheduled DNA synthesis was 30% to 50% of that in normal
      fibroblasts following a 30 J/m2 ultraviolet dose. After a 6 J/m2 ultraviolet
      dose, the proliferative ability of XP nevus cells and fibroblasts was reduced to
      10% of that of normal fibroblasts. This study indicates that cultured melanocytes
      and nevus cells express the characteristic XP DNA repair defect.

PMID- 2913964
TI  - Falsely elevated urinary level of vanillylmandelic acid induced by griseofulvin.
AB  - A 6-year-old girl with mild hepatitis was found to have an elevated urinary level
      of vanillylmandelic acid (VMA), but no cause for the elevation was found. The
      patient was receiving griseofulvin for treatment of tinea capitis, and this drug
      was suspected of causing a falsely elevated urinary VMA level. Four other
      patients receiving griseofulvin were also found to have elevated urinary VMA
      levels. In one patient, urinary VMA level determined by an alternate method was
      normal.

PMID- 2913965
TI  - Diffuse, ulcerating plaques and nodules. Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma (NXG) with
      paraproteinemia.

PMID- 2913966
TI  - Yellow papules on a middle-aged woman. Eruptive xanthomatosis (EX).

PMID- 2913967
TI  - Borrelia burgdorferi and localized scleroderma.

PMID- 2913968
TI  - Hyperpigmentation of the lower extremities associated with porphyria cutanea
      tarda.

PMID- 2913969
TI  - Elastic fibers in congenital melanocytic nevus.

PMID- 2913970
TI  - Cessation of illicit drug use in young adulthood.
AB  - The predictors of cessation of marijuana and cocaine use were examined in a
      longitudinal cohort of young adult men and women (N = 1222). Six domains of
      predictors were examined: socioeconomic background variables, participation in
      the social roles of adulthood, degree of drug involvement, social context of drug
      use, health status, and deviant activities and conventionality of life
      experiences. Factors that predicted cessation of use in adulthood paralleled
      those that predicted lack of initiation in adolescence: conventionality in social
      role performance, social context unfavorable to the use of drugs, and good
      health. A most important predictor was prior degree of involvement in licit and
      illicit drugs. In multivariate analyses, degree of prior drug involvement
      remained the strongest predictor of drug cessation for of marijuana use, while
      friends' use was the most important for cocaine. Those who use drugs in response
      to social influences are more likely to stop using them than those who also use
      drugs for psychological reasons.

PMID- 2913971
TI  - A comparison of male and female cocaine abusers.
AB  - Little has been written about the differences between male and female cocaine
      abusers. We therefore compared sociodemographic characteristics, reasons for
      cocaine use, drug effects, depressive symptoms, and psychiatric diagnoses in 95
      men and 34 women hospitalized for cocaine abuse. Men were more likely to be
      employed, to hold higher status jobs, and to be self-supporting. Women were more
      likely to cite specific reasons for drug use, while men tended to use cocaine as
      part of a larger pattern of antisocial behavior. Women were diagnosed more often
      as having major depression, and their depressive symptoms improved much more
      slowly than men's when drug free. These findings suggest that women cocaine
      abusers may initially experience more residual problems, eg, depression and job
      dissatisfaction, than men after becoming drug free. Drug treatment centers should
      be alert to possible differences based on gender.

PMID- 2913972
TI  - Cortisol and sodium lactate-induced panic.
AB  - Sodium lactate infusions induce panic attacks in patients with panic disorder,
      but not in normal controls, by an unknown mechanism. We studied the plasma
      cortisol response to infusion of 0.5 mol/L of sodium lactate in 103 patients with
      panic disorder or agoraphobia with panic attacks, and 32 normal controls.
      Baseline cortisol levels did not distinguish early panickers from non-panickers
      and controls, but late panickers had significantly elevated baseline cortisol
      levels. In addition, a higher percentage of late panickers manifested an increase
      in cortisol during the baseline period compared with the other groups. Despite
      the fact that late panickers manifested elevated baseline cortisol levels, early
      panickers had significantly greater somatic distress as measured by the Acute
      Panic inventory. There was no increase in cortisol with lactate-induced panic,
      and cortisol levels fell significantly during the lactate infusion in all groups.
      Cortisol elevation occurred with moderate anxiety but not with severe panic
      anxiety. These results suggest different pathophysiologic mechanisms of early and
      late panic, and differences between anticipatory anxiety and panic anxiety.

PMID- 2913973
TI  - Lactate and hyperventilation substantially attenuate vagal tone in normal
      volunteers. A possible mechanism of panic provocation?
AB  - Many aspects of panic attacks, eg, palpitations, tremor, sweating, and an
      emotional sense of "fear," have been theorized to arise from sympathetic nervous
      system activation. However, most studies have not demonstrated clearly increased
      levels of catecholamines during an attack, which is contrary to this hypothesis.
      To explore another possible cause for the physiological changes known to occur
      during a panic attack, we assessed parasympathetic nervous system activity by
      measuring vagal tone during treatments known to produce panic symptoms: sodium
      lactate administration and hyperventilation. Our findings showed a marked
      reduction in vagal tone during both procedures. We postulate that withdrawal of
      parasympathetic activity may explain some of the physiological changes occurring
      in panic attacks and be contributing to the origin of panic.

PMID- 2913974
TI  - Electroencephalographic sleep in panic disorder. A focus on sleep-related panic
      attacks.
AB  - Sleep electroencephalograms were studied in 13 patients with panic disorder, six
      of whom experienced panic from sleep, and seven controls. Sleep was disturbed in
      the patients, as manifested by increased sleep latency, decreased sleep time, and
      decreased sleep efficiency. Rapid eye movement (REM) latencies were not reduced
      in the patient group. All six of the panic awakenings were preceded by non-REM
      sleep, which could be further characterized as a transition from stage II toward
      delta sleep. The overall degree of sleep disturbance (ie, sleep latency, sleep
      efficiency) did not appear to be influenced by the occurrence of sleep panic.
      There was also an association of increased REM latency with nights of sleep
      panic.

PMID- 2913975
TI  - Who can say no to illicit drug use? Response to a new study.

PMID- 2913976
TI  - Light therapy and the seasonal affective disorder.

PMID- 2913977
TI  - Prevention of thromboembolism in hip-fracture patients. Comparison of low-dose
      heparin and low-molecular-weight heparin combined with dihydroergotamine.
AB  - In a prospective, double-blind, controlled study, we compared the antithrombotic
      efficacy of low-dose heparin with dihydroergotamine (A), low-molecular-weight
      heparin with dihydroergotamine (B), and placebo (C). Two hundred and thirteen
      patients surgically treated for fractures of the hip were randomly divided into
      three groups. One hundred and sixty-one patients were analyzed. All thrombi were
      verified by ascending phlebography. Nine patients died within 1 month after
      operation. A and B proved to be equally safe but failed to provide any protection
      against deep-vein thrombosis, although B showed a tendency to reduce the
      incidence. Mortality within 1 month of operation was unaffected by the type of
      prophylaxis.

PMID- 2913978
TI  - The influence of mediolateral deformity, tibial torsion, and foot position on
      femorotibial load. Prediction of a musculoskeletal computer model.
AB  - The influence of mediolateral deformity, tibial torsion, and different centers of
      foot support was studied with a three-dimensional computer model that
      incorporates the significant muscles of the lower extremities needed for quasi
      static walking. This theoretical method avoids the variability in gait pattern
      from the pain and discomfort associated with deformity in patients. The study
      illustrates the possible importance of the muscle force on the load across the
      knee and ankle. High strains in the medial gastrocnemius and the medial hamstring
      created particularly high loads in the medial compartment of the knee. Internal
      torsion and varus deformity were associated with the highest loads in the medial
      compartment of the knee, although the peak load for each deformity occurred in
      different phases of the gait cycle. Both external torsion and valgus deformity
      generally decreased the load in the medial compartment, but early in the gait
      cycle external torsion increased the loads on the medial side. In addition, when
      the center of support of the body was in the forefoot, the loads through the knee
      were lower than when foot support was at the heel. As expected, if the center of
      support was on the lateral foot line, the lateral compartment was subjected to
      more load and, conversely, when the center of support was on the medial part of
      the foot the medial compartment of the knee was more loaded. Although the
      predicted forces agree well with those found with other methods, we think that
      the model is best used to measure the direction of influence of specific factors.

PMID- 2913979
TI  - Advantages of diagnosing bacterial spondylitis with magnetic resonance imaging.
AB  - We report on 16 cases of suspected spondylitis in which we used magnetic
      resonance (MR) imaging to confirm or exclude the diagnosis. MR has several
      advantages, one of which is to permit diagnosis of this disease in the early
      stages without major risks. In addition, MR permits recognition of complications
      such as paravertebral or intraspinal abscess formation with a high security and
      accuracy. Moreover, it is possible to show spondylitic alterations in three
      different planes. To differentiate this disease from metastatic or tumorous
      lesions the technique with T1- and T2-weighted images is helpful. As a result, MR
      imaging can shorten the time between onset and diagnosis of spondylitis.

PMID- 2913980
TI  - Trochanteric fractures--a clinical and radiologic evaluation of McLaughlin,
      Ender, and Richard's osteosynthesis.
AB  - Four hundred and thirty femoral trochanteric fractures operated with nail-plate
      (McLaughlin), Ender, or sliding screw-plate (Richard) osteosynthesis were
      followed up radiographically and clinically. For each method of osteosynthesis
      the initial nail position was correlated to the occurrence of late mechanical
      complications. Unstable fractures were associated with a higher incidence of one
      or more clinical complications such as repeated surgery, post-operative death, or
      increased pain. For Ender osteosynthesis correlations were found between several
      mechanical and clinical complications, while for Richard's osteosynthesis
      mechanical complications were significantly correlated to repeated surgery only.
      McLaughlin and Ender osteosyntheses had a higher incidence of reoperations than
      Richard's osteosynthesis, whereas the mobility and ADL function were the same at
      4 months.

PMID- 2913981
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging of tibial shaft fracture repair.
AB  - Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of normal fracture repair was evaluated in six
      randomly chosen adult patients with solitary, closed fractures of the tibial
      shaft by obtaining serial MRI scans until union of the fracture. The mean time to
      union was 14.3 weeks. Ultralow-field 0.02-Tesla magnet equipment was used. The
      MRI scans showed a characteristic pattern of events common for all the patients
      studied and compatible with the recognized histomorphology of fracture repair.
      The intramedullary cavity demonstrated a marked decrease in the signal intensity.
      In the soft tissues surrounding the fracture the initially evenly high signal
      intensity gradually developed a granular appearance with embedded low-intensity
      nodules. These nodules corresponded to the first areas to become mineralized, as
      could be seen on plain radiographs several weeks later. The question of whether
      MRI renders it possible to predict delayed union calls for continued
      investigations.

PMID- 2913982
TI  - Experimental photoablation of meniscus cartilage by excimer laser energy. A new
      aspect in meniscus surgery.
AB  - Excimer lasers have been demonstrated to provide a very precise and circumscribed
      ablation of synthetic polymers and biological tissues. We investigated in vitro
      the use of ultrashort pulsed ultraviolet excimer-laser energy for controlled
      removal of meniscus cartilage under the aspects of arthroscopic meniscectomy. A
      krypton-fluorine gas mixture was used to achieve laser emission of 248-nm
      wavelength. A total of 22 human menisci obtained either by operation or necropsy
      were irradiated over a range of energy fluence (2.15-3.07 J/cm2/pulse),
      repetition rates (5-20 Hz), and exposure time (15-60s). Ablation rates of 4.00
      5.76 microns per pulse were obtained. Light-microscopic examinations demonstrated
      tissue ablation without any evidence of pathological changes associated with
      continuous-wave laser irradiation. Effects of laser energy were clearly limited
      to the target of the laser beam, and tissue removal proceeded without production
      of heat or smoke. Due to the lack of pathological alterations observed, excimer
      laser irradiation of meniscus cartilage may prove to be advantageous for
      precisely cutting and removing menisci without injury to the surrounding normal
      tissue. Clinical application of excimer-laser irradiation includes the
      development of suitable fiberoptics and laser coupling, as well as modification
      of fiber tips.

PMID- 2913983
TI  - Torsional characteristics of the Minns meniscal knee prosthesis.
AB  - A quasi-static analysis of axial rotation of the femoral component and the
      torsional forces at different angles of knee flexion was performed on knee
      preparations. The meniscal knee design had very much lower axial torque against
      axial rotation characteristics through the whole range of knee flexion than the
      total condylar design and could be rotated up to 59 degrees in both internal and
      external rotation before dislocating (i.e., a total axial rotation of 118
      degrees). The sliding plateau design had torque-rotation characteristics
      comparable to those of the total condylar design. Torsional strain was measured
      on cemented and uncemented preparations, and little difference between the two
      was observed.

PMID- 2913984
TI  - Haematogenous osteomyelitis of the first metatarsal sesamoid. A case report and
      review of the literature.
AB  - A rare case of haematogenous osteomyelitis of the sesamoid of the first
      metatarsophalangeal-joint visualized by a CT-scan have been presented. The
      characteristics of this disease have been stressed. When the diagnosis had been
      considered treatment should be surgical drainage with debridement of all infected
      tissues. Previous authors recommend antibiotic treatment, but it was not given to
      this patient. There was total cure after three months.

PMID- 2913985
TI  - Traumatic anterior dislocation of the hip.
AB  - A discussion is presented of traumatic anterior dislocation of the hip joint on
      the basis of three representative case reports. One patient had an iliac or pubic
      dislocation, the other two were obturator dislocations, including one with an
      associated femoral head fracture. All three patients were treated without
      surgery. After an average follow-up time of twenty-seven months, the results were
      excellent. Therapeutic guide-lines and recommendations are given for this
      infrequent type of injury.

PMID- 2913986
TI  - Impalement injuries.
AB  - Impalement injuries are still seen today and constitute a challenging form of
      trauma. Our experience with four cases is presented. The management of each case
      has to be individualised. It may not be necessary to lay open the tract taken by
      the impaling object in every case.

PMID- 2913987
TI  - Dislocation of the shoulder with ipsilateral humeral shaft fracture.
AB  - A case of dislocation of the shoulder and ipsilateral fracture of the shaft of
      the humerus is reported. The mechanism of this injury is detailed. The use of the
      limb lengthening apparatus as an external fixator, which rendered the management
      of this combination injury easy, is described. The literature on this subject is
      reviewed.

PMID- 2913988
TI  - Neurotrauma in country hospitals: the role of computerized tomography scanning.

PMID- 2913989
TI  - Cervical spine injuries in road traffic crashes in South Australia, 1981-86.
AB  - The records of all cases of injury to the cervical spine sustained in road
      crashes for the 6 year period (1 January 1981 to 31 December 1986) which were
      admitted to the Spinal Injuries Unit of the Royal Adelaide Hospital, to the
      Adelaide Children's Hospital, or were identified at post-mortem examination were
      examined, and the relevant data extracted. There were 291 cases in the non-fatal
      group, and 161 in the fatal group. These represent a complete enumeration of all
      such patients in the state of South Australia over the 6 year period, given that
      up to 50% of cervical injuries in fatal cases can be missed. Comparison of the
      two groups showed that the fatal group had a much higher proportion of
      pedestrians, and persons over 50 years of age. About one-half of the fatal group
      had injuries at the level of C1 or the atlanto-occipital articulation. The most
      frequent level of injury in the non-fatal group was C2 (29.2%). About 30% of the
      non-fatal cases had some spinal cord damage. Case fatality rates were calculated,
      and ranged from 100% for injury at the atlanto-occipital articulation to 8% at
      C2. The fatality rate of pedestrians was about 4 times higher than that of
      vehicle occupants. About three-quarters of all cervical spine injuries occurred
      in vehicle occupants. There was an increase in the number of cases occurring in
      each year of the period studied. This rise was noted in non-fatal cases, in
      males, in vehicle occupants, and in crashes in the country.

PMID- 2913990
TI  - Cervical spine injuries in road traffic crashes.

PMID- 2913991
TI  - How useful is pre-operative computerized tomography scanning in staging rectal
      cancer?
AB  - This study evaluates prospectively the reliability of computerized tomography
      (CT) in the pre-operative staging of 80 patients with rectal cancer. The scans
      were performed and reviewed by one radiologist without knowledge of either the
      operative findings or the final clinicopathological stage of the tumours.
      Fourteen of 60 patients (23%) who had a potentially curative resection were
      correctly staged by CT. The tumour was understaged in 28 patients (47%) and was
      overstaged in 18 patients (30%). CT did not identify the one patient with
      histological demonstration of invasion of an adjacent organ was equivocal or
      incorrect in 10 others on the question of adjacent organ invasion. CT failed to
      define accurately local tumour spread confined to the rectal was (positive
      predictive value (PPV) 23%), identify venous invasion (PPV 35%) or involved
      regional lymph nodes (PPV 42%). However, the negative predictive value for
      excluding synchronous liver metastases was 90%, and 11 patients who subsequently
      developed histologically confirmed local recurrence were all correctly diagnosed
      on CT. These findings suggest that pre-operative examination of patients with
      rectal cancer by CT is not routinely justified specifically for purposes of
      staging the disease.

PMID- 2913992
TI  - Predicting survival in bilateral breast carcinoma.
AB  - Survival in 38 patients with bilateral breast cancer has been studied. The
      tumours were synchronous in 14 patients and metachronous in 24. Survival was less
      than that predicted for either tumour on the basis of a previously developed
      index involving lymph node status, oestrogen receptor content, progesterone
      receptor content, and patient age. Simple addition of the indices for the two
      tumours gave better predictor although this also overstated the prospects for
      survival for both synchronous and metachronous tumours. This experience suggests,
      therefore, that the prospects for survival for patients with suggests, therefore,
      that the prospects of survival for patients with synchronous or metachronous
      bilateral breast carcinoma is poor, and worse than might reasonably be
      anticipated.

PMID- 2913993
TI  - Cancer of the tongue and oral cavity in Auckland, New Zealand, 1970-86.
AB  - This report comprises a retrospective review of the clinical data on 157 patients
      seen in the Auckland area having a diagnosis of cancer of the tongue, floor of
      the mouth, inferior alveolus, or buccal mucosa (retromolar area, vestibule of the
      mouth, and cheek mucosa) during 1970-86. One hundred patients were male, 95% were
      European, 85% were cigarette smokers, and 58% had a history of high alcohol
      intake. All primary tumours were squamous cell carcinomas, 50% were located in
      the tongue, 27% in the floor of the mouth, and 11.5% each in the buccal mucosa
      and inferior alveolus. The majority (60%) of patients with tongue cancer were
      clinically stage I at presentation while other intra-oral tumours were evenly
      distributed between stages I and IV. Surgical resection of the primary intra-oral
      lesion produced local control in 90% of stage I tumours, but this fell to below
      70% in stage II-IV tumours. Most patients (82%) who recurred locally had positive
      or 'close' margins, and this rate of local tumour recurrence as a consequence of
      narrow margins did not decrease with the addition of adjuvant radiotherapy. Of
      those patients with stage I disease who received only treatment of the primary
      lesion, 20% later developed regional nodal disease which was controlled in more
      than half by neck dissection, but control was achieved only in 11% of patients
      treated with radiation. The presence of regional disease at presentation was
      associated with a poor prognosis. It is concluded that local control of inferior
      oral cavity tumours can be achieved if resection is accomplished with clear
      margins.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2913994
TI  - Fine needle aspiration in the diagnosis of salivary gland lesions.
AB  - Fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) of salivary glands was performed in 187
      patients. In 106 patients with satisfactory FNAB smears who proceeded to surgery,
      the original cytologic diagnosis was compared with subsequent histopathology.
      There were 74 benign tumours and 25 malignant tumours. Nineteen of the latter
      were primary malignant neoplasms of the salivary glands, and 6 were metastatic.
      The cytologic diagnosis by FNAB correlated exactly with the histologic diagnosis
      in 95% of benign neoplasms and in 68% of malignant neoplasms, with an overall
      accuracy of 88%. A false negative diagnosis for malignancy was made in five cases
      and a false positive diagnosis in one case. Hence the sensitivity for malignancy
      was 80% and the specificity was 99%. The most frequently misdiagnosed lesions
      were pleomorphic adenoma and muco-epidermoid carcinoma. FNAB of salivary gland
      lesions is easy to perform and free of complications, but the cytologic patterns
      may be difficult to interpret, and considerable experience is necessary in order
      to achieve a high diagnostic accuracy.

PMID- 2913995
TI  - Colostomy closure.
AB  - One hundred and forty-seven colostomies were closed in 146 patients at Wellington
      Hospital between 1 January 1978 and 1 January 1987. The majority of stomata were
      formed in patients with colorectal cancer. At least one additional significant
      procedure was undertaken at the time of stoma closure in 10 patients. The overall
      complication rate was highest in those patients undergoing closure of a sigmoid
      end-colostomy (50%). Three complications resulted in death (2%). Twenty-four
      patients (16.3%) developed wound infections. Five patients developed 'leaks'
      (3.4%). The use of prophylactic antibiotics appeared to reduce the rate of
      infection significantly. The highest rates of wound infection and leakage
      occurred in patients in whom drains were used. Wound infections increased
      hospital stay. Thirty-one non-bowel or wound-related complications occurred in 25
      patients.

PMID- 2913996
TI  - D-dimer levels in blood salvage for autotransfusion.
AB  - Autotransfusion of operatively salvaged blood is an increasingly attractive and
      used practice. The fear of precipitating a coagulopathy, however, has retarded
      the acceptance of autotransfusions and the efficiency and convenience of banked
      homologous blood has proved too competitive in recent years. The risk of
      transmitting diseases with bank homologous blood has seen a resurgence in the
      development of autotransfusion. The current alternatives to pre-operative
      autologous banking or dilution are the reinfusing of filtered salvaged blood, and
      of blood which has been further processed by washing which involves the extra
      cost of time, personnel and equipment. Washing removes possible harmful products,
      but also removes coagulation factors. D-Dimer levels were estimated by monoclonal
      antibody techniques in salvaged blood before and after washing in 10 patients
      undergoing aortic surgery and in 10 u of homologous banked blood. The D-Dimer
      levels in the unwashed blood were increased 85 times, but were normal in the
      washed blood. D-Dimers are an indication of activation of the coagulation and
      fibrinolytic systems and the presence of fibrin degradation products.

PMID- 2913997
TI  - Spinal arachnoiditis following subarachnoid haemorrhage.
AB  - Two cases of chronic adhesive spinal arachnoiditis following documented
      subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) are reported. Both cases progressed to severe
      spinal cord dysfunction with paraplegia. It is hoped that this case report will
      highlight this uncommon but extremely disabling complication of SAH.

PMID- 2913998
TI  - Hydrofluoric acid burns of the hands: a case report and suggested management.
AB  - Hydrofluoric acid is a strong inorganic acid. It is used commercially in a number
      of industrial settings. Injuries sustained from this acid are infrequent and the
      management of such cases is therefore not well known. Tissue destruction caused
      by this acid is rapid and severely painful and may result in disfigurement if
      treatment is not instituted promptly. Methods of management of hydrofluoric acid
      burns are still controversial and no single type of therapy has yet been
      determined. The patient was managed according to the guideline in the literature,
      but, in the presence of severe digital oedema, intra-arterial infusion of
      gluconate was performed. This resulted in rapid relief of pain and prevention of
      continuing tissue destruction.

PMID- 2913999
TI  - Kienbock's disease in an 8 year old boy.
AB  - Kienbock's disease is an uncommon condition occurring in adults but rarely in
      children. A case occurring in an 8 year old boy is presented. This patient showed
      a strongly negative ulnar variant, which may have been an aetiological factor in
      his young presentation.

PMID- 2914000
TI  - One-session treatment for specific phobias.
AB  - A rapid and effective treatment for specific phobias, in which the treatment is
      done in one single session, is described in detail. The treatment method consists
      of a combination of exposure in vivo and modeling. The short- and long-term
      outcome for a consecutive series of 20 patients are reported. Mean treatment time
      was 2.1 h and at follow-up after an average of 4 yr 90% were much improved or
      completely recovered.

PMID- 2914001
TI  - Fears in children and adolescents: reliability and generalizability across
      gender, age and nationality.
AB  - In this study, the reliability and generalizability of the FSSC-R was explored
      across gender, age and nationality. 594 normal children and adolescents from the
      United States and 591 normal youths from Australia participated. Results
      confirmed that the schedule is internally consistent across these subject
      parameters, and that the factor structure is fairly robust. Future directions,
      including use of the schedule with client populations, are addressed.

PMID- 2914002
TI  - Children's strategies for coping with depression.
AB  - Rippere (1974-1983) has investigated adults' commonsense beliefs concerning
      behavioural strategies for coping with depression. The study report here was
      concerned with the developmental aspects of the concept of 'common knowledge'. It
      was designed in order to investigate, through conversations with children of
      various ages, the hypothesis that children may possess a common knowledge
      concerning the 'things to do' when they are feeling depressed. 120 children
      distributed across seven age groups (ranging from 4-11 yr) were asked in an open
      ended interview "What's the thing to do when you're feeling depressed?". Their
      responses were subjected to frequency counts and content analysis. Content
      analysis of the data indicated that 50% of all responses mentioned 'Play'
      strategies, 12% mentioned 'Help and comfort seeking', and 11% mentioned
      'avoidance' activities. There was an inverse relationship between the frequency
      with which items were mentioned and the number of items mentioned at that
      frequency. This finding supports the notion of the existence of a canon of
      commonsense 'things to do' when feeling unhappy, and accords well with the
      findings of Rippere.

PMID- 2914003
TI  - The effects of post-stress exposure to alcohol upon the development of alcohol
      consumption in rats.
AB  - A preference-drinking situation was used to test the effects of conditioned
      inhibition training upon relative alcohol preference. Using a backward,
      conditioned inhibition paradigm, water-deprived rats received daily shock
      presentations, followed immediately by alcohol exposure in a different neutral
      chamber. This post-shock exposure to alcohol drinking cues increased daily
      alcohol intake in the home cage, as tested 5 h later, relative to a no-shock
      control group. Results were interpreted in terms of a conditioned antagonistic
      response interpretation of conditioned inhibition--increased relative preference
      for alcohol cues developed as a result of the association of alcohol cues with a
      post-shock, relief/relaxation response. These results have implications for the
      role of conditioned inhibitory processes in the initial development of
      alcoholism.

PMID- 2914004
TI  - A longitudinal study of the intrusiveness of cognitions in test anxiety.
AB  - Medical students who had to undergo an important set of examinations were asked
      to fill out two questionnaires, the first early in the term, the second 1 or 2 wk
      before the exams. Students whose anxiety increased substantially between the two
      questionnaire administrations reported that their thoughts had become more
      intrusive on a number of parameters including distress, frequency and
      dismissability. Subjects whose anxiety increased only moderately or not at all
      reported correspondingly smaller changes in intrusiveness. There was considerable
      stability in reported cognitions over time, but changes in anxiety were related
      to changes in reports of thought content. The perceived probability of negative
      outcomes did not vary over time. These results indicate that changes in anxiety
      levels over time are related to several parameters of intrusiveness as well as
      thought content.

PMID- 2914005
TI  - Dental phobias and anxieties: evidence for conditioning processes in the
      acquisition and modulation of a learned fear.
AB  - The present study investigated some of the factors which differentiate
      individuals with dental anxieties and phobias from those without such fears. In
      particular, two questions were addressed: (i) What differentiates subjects who
      have never been anxious about dental treatment from subjects who at some time
      have been anxious? and (ii) What factors lead to subjects changing their
      attitudes either from anxious to relaxed or from relaxed to anxious? The results
      suggest that the factors which influence the acquisition and modulation of dental
      anxieties are consistent with the associative and representational processes
      portrayed in contemporary models of human conditioning. Subjects who reported
      never having had anxieties about dental treatment were less likely to have had a
      painful dental treatment than subjects who did report an anxiety. Subjects who
      did report a painful dental experience but did not acquire anxiety reported a
      history of dental treatment favourable to the operation of latent inhibition.
      Subjects who reported that they were good at enduring pain were more likely to
      report a longer interval between their very first dental treatment and their
      first painful dental treatment. Under some conditions in which latent inhibition
      should have precluded the acquisition of a dental fear, an anxiety appeared to be
      acquired because a very painful experience had attenuated the latent inhibition
      process. Subjects whose dental anxiety did not remit reported significantly more
      painful and traumatic dental experiences than subjects whose anxiety did remit.

PMID- 2914006
TI  - Leisure interest patterns and subjective stress in college students.
AB  - A first study of the Leisure Interests Checklist (LIC) is reported based on a
      large (N = 670) normative sample of college students. Acceptable reliability was
      found on the total interest scores, and on both rationally- and factorially
      derived LIC subscales. The BAROMAS stress scales were also studied concurrently
      with the same college students, and normative data are provided from that sample.
      Interest in very active diversions and Sports on the LIC did correlate with
      confidence in doing sports on the BAROMAS. Otherwise, the two instruments showed
      little overlap. Comparisons between ethnic and gender groupings mainly agreed
      with advance expectations by disclosing culturally conventional differences in
      response patterns. The LIC appears promising for future use in both applied and
      research contexts.

PMID- 2914007
TI  - Memory deficits in compulsive checkers: replication and extension in a clinical
      sample.
AB  - Thirteen checkers and twelve noncheckers, identified on the basis of their
      responses to the checking subscale of the Maudsley Obsessional-Compulsive
      Inventory (MOCI; Rachman and Hodgson, 1980), were recruited from a sample of 99
      consecutive admissions to the outpatient department of a community mental health
      center. Consistent with our previous research with nonclinical samples of college
      students (Sher et al., 1983, 1984), checkers were found to show deficits in
      memory, especially recall for recently completed actions, compared to
      noncheckers. This result demonstrates the replicability of our previous findings
      across different types of samples and implicates deficits in memory for actions
      as a potentially important determinant of checking behavior. Assessment of
      spontaneous imagery associated with the anamnestic process suggested that
      checkers utilized less imagery, especially visual imagery, when recalling
      biographical information. Additional measures collected at the time of testing
      indicated that checkers were more neurotic and reported more psychological
      distress than noncheckers.

PMID- 2914008
TI  - A controlled comparative investigation of psychological treatments for chronic
      sleep-onset insomnia.
AB  - A sample of physician-referred chronic insomniacs was randomly allocated to
      either progressive relaxation, stimulus control, paradoxical intention, placebo
      or no treatment conditions. Treatment process and outcome were investigated in
      terms of mean and standard deviation (night to night variability) measures of
      sleep pattern and sleep quality. Only active treatments were associated with
      significant improvement, but the nature of treatment gains varied. In particular,
      stimulus control improved sleep pattern, whereas relaxation affected perception
      of sleep quality. All improvements were maintained at 17 month follow-up. Results
      are discussed with reference to previous research and guidelines are given for
      clinical practice.

PMID- 2914009
TI  - The incubation theory of fear/anxiety: experimental investigation in a human
      laboratory model of Pavlovian conditioning.
AB  - The aim of this work was to test Eysenck's incubation theory of fear/anxiety in
      human Pavlovian B conditioning of heart rate (HR) responses. The conditioned
      stimuli (CSs) were phobia-relevant slides (snakes and spiders) and the
      unconditioned stimuli (UCSs) were aversive noises. The subjects were presented
      with two levels of noise intensity during acquisition and three levels of
      nonreinforced CS presentation (CS-only) in a delay differential (CS+/CS-)
      conditioning paradigm (2 x 3 x 2). Consistent with the incubation theory,
      conditioned HR acceleratory responses were sustained (resistance to extinction)
      for high-noise intensity and short-presentations of CS-only subjects. During the
      extinction phase, HR acceleratory responses quickly extinguished in low-noise
      intensity groups after the first presentations of CS-only. These findings were
      interpreted as support for the incubation theory of phobic fear.

PMID- 2914010
TI  - Interspecies homology of liver microsomal cytochrome P-450. A form of dog
      cytochrome P-450 (P-450-D1) crossreactive with antibodies to rat P-450-male.
AB  - P-450-male is a male specific form of cytochrome P-450 in rat liver microsomes.
      Cytochrome P-450 crossreactive with anti-P-450-male antibodies was purified to an
      electrophoretical homogeneity from liver microsomes of male beagle dogs. The
      specific content of the purified cytochrome P-450 (P-450-D1) was 16.9 nmol/mg
      protein. The apparent monomeric molecular weight of P-450-D1 was 48,000, which
      was smaller than P-450-male (51,000). P-450-D1 showed similarities in spectral
      properties, N-terminal amino acid sequence, and catalytic activities with some
      limited exceptions: P-450-D1 did not catalyze 2 alpha-hydroxylation of
      testosterone and progesterone and catalyzed 21-hydroxylation of progesterone.
      Based on these results, we propose that P-450-D1 is a form of cytochrome P-450 in
      the same gene subfamily as P-450-male.

PMID- 2914011
TI  - Covalent binding of 4,4'-methylenebis-(2-chloroaniline) to rat liver DNA in vivo
      and of its N-hydroxylated derivative to DNA in vitro.
AB  - The binding of [ring-3H]4,4'-methylenebis(2-chloroaniline) (MOCA) to rat liver
      DNA following i.p. injection is demonstrated. Three discrete adducts were eluted
      on HPLC following enzymic hydrolysis to the nucleoside level. Three adducts, with
      the same retention times on HPLC, were present after i.p. injection of the N
      acetyl derivative of MOCA tritiated in the benzene rings. Only two of these
      adducts were found when the N-acetyl derivative, tritiated on the acetyl group,
      was used. Thus, at least one of the adducts formed by MOCA is not acetylated. The
      N-hydroxy derivative of MOCA was synthesised and reacted with DNA in vitro.
      Following enzymic hydrolysis of this DNA, the major product was shown to co-elute
      with the radiolabelled non-acetylated adduct produced in the liver DNA of animals
      injected with [ring-3H]MOCA. This same compound was also isolated following the
      reaction of N-hydroxy-4-amino-3-chlorobenzyl alcohol with DNA, and subsequent
      enzymic hydrolysis. The NMR and mass spectra of the synthetic adduct were
      consistent with N-(deoxyadenosin-8-yl)-4-amino-3-chlorobenzyl alcohol. Thus, the
      major adduct formed in vivo has involved cleavage of the bond between the
      methylene bridge and one of the aromatic nuclei of MOCA.

PMID- 2914012
TI  - Effect of glucose and gluconeogenic substrates on fasting-induced suppression of
      acetaminophen glucuronidation in the rat.
AB  - Previous studies in rats have shown that an acute fast decreases the apparent
      rate constant for glucuronidation of hepatotoxic doses of acetaminophen which
      results in a prolongation of the mean residence time of the drug in the animals
      and, hence, increased acetaminophen reactive metabolite formation and liver
      injury. Since acetaminophen glucuronidation under these conditions is limited by
      UDPGA formation, we have attempted to reverse the potentiating effects of fasting
      by administering glucose or gluconeogenic substrates. Histological and
      pharmacokinetic studies revealed that glucose (2 g/kg, i.p.) given 0.25 and 1.5
      hr after acetaminophen (700 mg/kg, i.p.) did not protect the rats from liver
      injury or enhance acetaminophen glucuronidation. The administered glucose did not
      increase hepatic levels of UDP-glucose or UDPGA either basally or following
      administration of a hepatotoxic dose of acetaminophen. Administration of the
      gluconeogenic substrates, lactate, alanine, fructose and galactose, raised blood
      glucose levels, but did not protect the rats from liver injury or enhance
      glucuronidation, suggesting that the glucose-6-phosphate formed from these
      compounds was not available for UDPGA production for acetaminophen
      glucuronidation. Collectively, these studies indicate that administration of
      glucose and these gluconeogenic substrates does not reverse the fasting-induced
      potentiation of acetaminophen hepatotoxicity, and that the rate-determining step
      for UDPGA synthesis for glucuronidation of hepatotoxic doses of acetaminophen is
      prior to UDP-glucose formation.

PMID- 2914013
TI  - Glutathione conjugation and induction of a 32,000 dalton stress protein.
AB  - Chinese hamster ovary cells were exposed to various concentrations of
      diethylmaleate in order to produce various levels of intracellular glutathione
      (GSH) depletion. Exposure to a 20 microM concentration or more of diethylmaleate
      depleted the intracellular glutathione concentration by 80% or more and resulted
      in enhanced synthesis of two 32 kDa proteins which exhibited a pI of about 6.5.
      Exposure of cells to 50 microM buthionine sulfoximine for 24 hr reduced GSH
      levels by 95% but did not enhance the synthesis of this protein. Addition of
      diethylmaleate to buthionine sulfoximine-treated cells resulted in enhanced
      synthesis of the 32 kDa protein however. Exposure to 0.4 mM diamide triggered the
      synthesis of several heat shock proteins but did not induce the synthesis of the
      32 kDa protein. These results indicated that enhanced synthesis of the 32 kDa
      protein occurred only after glutathione depletion exceeded 80% and required
      formation of a glutathione conjugate.

PMID- 2914014
TI  - Membrane potential differences between adriamycin-sensitive and -resistant cells
      as measured by flow cytometry.
AB  - Using the fluorescent membrane potential probe, 3,3'-dihexyl-oxacarbocyanine
      (DiOC6(3], we found a 4-fold higher uptake in Adriamycin (ADM)-sensitive versus 
      resistant Friend leukemia cells (FLC). When sensitive cells were treated in the
      presence of high potassium (120 mM K+), there was a greater than 80% reduction of
      DiOC6(3) uptake. Using carbonylcyanide 4-trifluoromethoxy-phenylhydrazone (FCCP),
      a specific inhibitor of mitochondrial membrane potential, DiOC6(3) accumulation
      was reduced by less than 30% in these cells. Both results support the conclusion
      that a greater uptake of DiOC6(3) in ADM-sensitive than in -resistant cells
      indicates an increased plasma transmembrane potential. Since electronegative
      plasma membrane potentials are a driving force for the transport of lipophilic
      positively-charged compounds, differences in membrane potentials between
      sensitive and multiple drug resistant (MDR) tumor cells could have an important
      influence on drug accumulation and cytotoxicity. The drugs which our ADM
      resistant FLC display multiple drug resistance to are positively charged. In MDR
      FLC, the calcium channel antagonist, verapamil, has been shown to block the
      efflux of Rhodamine 123 (Rho 123) and other positively-charged compounds. Since
      DiOC6(3) is also positively-charged, we used verapamil to investigate its effects
      on drug uptake. In MDR FLC, verapamil increased DiOC6(3) accumulation by 1.9
      fold, whereas in sensitive cells it was increased 1.5-fold. In contrast,
      verapamil increased the levels of Rho 123 in resistant cells 7.8-fold but lowered
      them in sensitive cells 1.5-fold. The minimal loss of DiOC6(3) from both
      sensitive and MDR cells and the above results can best be interpreted as
      indicating that DiOC6(3) is not transported by the efflux "pump" system but that
      verapamil induces a plasma membrane potential increase in sensitive and resistant
      cells that DiOC6(3) is sensitive to. On the other hand, since Rho 123 did appear
      to be actively effluxed from these resistant cells, the enhancement of this
      compound by verapamil was more likely due to inhibition of the MDR "pump." How,
      or whether, plasma membrane potentials and the MDR efflux "pump" are related
      remains to be investigated. In the resistant cells, verapamil also induced an
      increase (13-fold) in the accumulation of the electrically neutral fluorescent
      probe for calcium, INDO-1/AM. However, verapamil had no effect on the efflux of
      this compound, which was equivalent in both resistant and sensitive cells. Thus,
      a new effect of verapamil on drug accumulation in MDR cells is identified here.

PMID- 2914016
TI  - Inhibition by volume expansion of phosphate uptake by the renal proximal tubule
      brush border membrane.
AB  - Clearance studies and examination of brush border membrane (BBM) vesicle
      transport were performed in rats that had been volume expanded by 10% of body
      weight. The results were compared to those obtained in control animals. The data
      indicate that the phosphaturia which resulted from the expansion procedure was
      accompanied by an inhibition of proximal BBM phosphate uptake. The BBM uptake of
      proline and glucose was unchanged. Furthermore, since plasma calcium did not
      change, the findings are compatible with the view that the membrane transport
      changes resulted from alterations induced by the saline loading itself, rather
      than (or in addition to) any changes caused by parathyroid hormone excretion.

PMID- 2914015
TI  - Decreased estrogen hydroxylation in male rat liver following cimetidine
      treatment.
AB  - Administration of cimetidine (600 mumol/kg x 5) to adult male rats resulted in 55
      and 25% decreases, respectively, in estradiol 2- and 16 alpha-hydroxylation. The
      same treatment also decreased the activities of ethylmorphine demethylase, aryl
      hydrocarbon hydroxylase, aniline hydroxylase and heme oxygenase but did not
      inhibit the activities of 7-ethoxycoumarin de-ethylase and delta-aminolevulinic
      acid synthase or decrease cytochrome P-450 content. In vitro addition of
      cimetidine (10-300 microM) also inhibited estradiol hydroxylations, and the
      effect was additive in rats pretreated with cimetidine in vivo; the other enzymic
      activities studied were completely unaffected by in vitro addition of cimetidine.
      In contrast, there was no effect of cimetidine either in vivo or in vitro on any
      of these activities in female rats. The results point to a wide variation in the
      susceptibilities of different isozymes of cytochrome P-450 to inhibition by
      cimetidine and suggest that such differential susceptibilities are also highly
      dependent on the sex of the animal.

PMID- 2914017
TI  - Drug-DNA dissociation kinetics. In vitro transcription and sodium dodecyl
      sulphate sequestration.
AB  - The rate of dissociation of actinomycin D from DNA was measured by sodium dodecyl
      sulphate (SDS) sequestration (37 degrees) from calf thymus DNA and a 24 base pair
      (bp) synthetic DNA containing one high affinity AGCT site for the drug. The time
      constants were 276 and 142 sec, respectively, and suggest a stabilising effect
      though positive cooperativity in heterogenous DNA, or from specific neighbouring
      sequences. The time constant for dissociation of actinomycin D from the AGCT site
      was 2900 sec as measured by an in vitro transcription assay at 37 degrees, and
      suggests that, under conditions of active transcription of the DNA, the drug-DNA
      complex has additional stabilising contributions, possibly by a cage effect from
      RNA polymerase, or by additional drug-RNA polymerase contacts.

PMID- 2914018
TI  - Effect of polyglutamylation of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate on the binding of 5
      fluoro-2'-deoxyuridylate to thymidylate synthase purified from a human colon
      adenocarcinoma xenograft.
AB  - CH2-H4PteGlu and H4PteGlu exist in human colon adenocarcinoma xenografts
      predominantly in the form of polyglutamate species at concentrations of less than
      3 microM. The interaction of polyglutamates of [6R]CH2-H4PteGlu in the formation
      and stability of [6-3H]FdUMP-thymidylate synthase-CH2-H4PteGlun ternary complexes
      has therefore been examined using enzyme purified from a human colon
      adenocarcinoma xenograft. Dissociation of these complexes was first-order and was
      dependent upon the concentration of folate. [6R]CH2-H4PteGlu3-6 (0.9 to 1.6
      microM) were greater than 200-fold and [6R]CH2-H4PteGlu2 (18.2 microM) was 18
      fold more effective than [6R]CH2-H4PteGlu1 (335 microM) at stabilizing ternary
      complexes for a T1/2 for dissociation of 100 min. Polyglutamylation of CH2
      H4PteGlu also increased the affinity of binding of [6-3H]FdUMP to thymidylate
      synthase as determined by Scatchard analysis at folate concentrations of 10
      microM, where the Kd in the presence of [6R]CH2-H4PteGlu1 was in the order of 4.0
      x 10(-8) M, and for [6R]CH2-H4PteGlu3-5 was between 3.7 and 5.5 x 10(-9) M. To
      examine whether this effect was due to differences in the rates at which [6
      3H]FdUMP was bound (kon) or dissociated (koff) from the enzyme, the apparent rate
      of [6-3H]FdUMP binding was determined in the presence of [6R]CH2H4PteGlu1,
      [6R]CH2-H4PteGlu3 and [6R]CH2-H4PteGlu4. The kon values were similar and were in
      the range of 1.7 to 2.3 x 10(6) M-1 min-1 for 10 or 20 microM folate
      concentrations. Differences in binding affinity determined for [6R]CH2-H4PteGlu1
      and longer polyglutamate forms of [6R]CH2-H4PteGlu were thus due to differences
      in koff. The Vmax for the initial velocity of [6-3H]FdUMP binding was achieved at
      10 microM folate. Consequently, at concentrations of CH2-H4PteGlu polyglutamates
      present in tumors, inhibition of thymidylate synthase by FdUMP in vivo would be
      expected to be transient, based upon the concentration of [6R]CH2-H4PteGlun
      required for maximal formation and stability of the covalent ternary complex. It
      would be advantageous for modulation of CH2-H4PteGlun pools to increase the
      concentrations of the longer polyglutamate species (n greater than or equal to 3)
      to maximize the interaction between FdUMP, thymidylate synthase and CH2-H4PteGlu.

PMID- 2914019
TI  - Experimental values of the ionization constants for L-3,5-di-iodotyrosine and a
      model for ionic interactions of thyroid hormone (T3) and its nuclear receptor.
AB  - Ionization characteristics of L-3,5-di-iodotyrosine have been measured under
      various conditions. These data, which correct an erroneous report of pK3 in the
      literature, have been used to estimate the ionization constants of the thyroid
      hormone L-3',3,5-tri-iodothyronine (T3). On this basis a reinterpretation has
      been made of the pH-dependent binding of the hormone to its solubilized rat liver
      nuclear receptor (Wilson BD and Gent WL, Biochem J 232: 663-667, 1985). The
      interaction may depend on the ionization of the phenolic group of T3 and an
      acidic group (pK'7.6) in the receptor site, leading to the formation of a
      hydrogen bond between the two groups. The changes of the number of binding sites
      with pH must then result independently from alterations in the conformation of
      the receptor protein.

PMID- 2914020
TI  - Effect of D- or L-methionine and cysteine on the growth inhibitory effects of
      feeding 1% paracetamol to rats.
AB  - Rats fed 1% paracetamol in the diet failed to grow and a dose-dependent
      inhibition of growth was observed and found to be independent of hepatoxicity.
      Addition of 0.5% D- or L-methionine, or L-cysteine to a diet containing 1%
      paracetamol restored growth. Addition of L-methionine to the drinking water was
      equally effective. Feeding D-cysteine or sodium sulphate were ineffective. Acute
      paracetamol toxicity was also prevented by D- as well as by L-methionine. It is
      concluded that the inhibition of growth was due to depletion of sulphur amino
      acids in the course of paracetamol metabolism. This was sometimes followed by
      episodes of liver cell injury. Since the normal human dosage of paracetamol is up
      to 4 g/day, which is equivalent to 1% of the diet, the possibility of induction
      of amino acid deficiency by chronic use of paracetamol in normal dosage is
      raised.

PMID- 2914021
TI  - Properties of the microsomal and cytosolic glutathione transferases involved in
      hexachloro-1:3-butadiene conjugation.
AB  - Hexachloro-1,3-butadiene (HCBD) is a substrate for the hepatic microsomal
      glutathione transferases and is metabolised at higher rates by these enzymes than
      their cytosolic counterparts. Conjugation reactions catalysed by the microsomal
      and cytosolic transferases have been studied and characterized using this
      substrate and 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB). In rat liver microsomes the Km
      values for HCBD and CDNB were 0.91 and 0.012 mM and in cytosol 0.51 and 0.10 mM
      respectively. Vmax values for HCBD were 1.39 and 0.35 nmol conjugate
      formed/min/mg protein for microsomes and cytosol respectively. In microsomal
      systems HCBD was a potent competitive inhibitor of the metabolism of CDNB with a
      Ki value of approximately 10 microM. However, CDNB did not inhibit HCBD
      metabolism significantly. These data suggest that more than one microsomal enzyme
      is involved in HCBD metabolism. The microsomal membrane could be solubilized
      without significant inhibition of HCBD activity; however, some detergents did
      inhibit the conjugation reaction. Activity was also lost on treatment of
      microsomal membranes with trypsin indicating the enzyme is localized on the
      cytoplasmic surface of the endoplasmic reticulum. Pretreatment of the rats with
      Aroclor 1254, 3-methylcholanthrene or phenobarbital did not change the microsomal
      conjugation of HCBD or CDNB with glutathione. Of seven species investigated, a
      human liver sample showed the highest ratio of microsomal to cytosolic
      glutathione transferase activity for HCBD (in microsomes 40-fold higher specific
      activity than in cytosol). Glutathione conjugation appears to play a critical
      role in the toxicity and carcinogenicity of some halogenated hydrocarbons. These
      data substantiate the potentially important role for the microsomal glutathione
      transferase in catalysing these reactions.

PMID- 2914022
TI  - Species differences in the effects of bezafibrate, a hypolipidemic agent, on
      hepatic peroxisome-associated enzymes.
AB  - The effects of bezafibrate on hepatic peroxisome-associated enzymes of rats,
      mice, guinea pigs, hamsters, rabbits, dogs and monkeys were examined. Dogs and
      monkeys were given bezafibrate orally at 30 mg/kg body wt daily for 2 weeks and
      at 125 mg/kg body wt daily for 13 weeks, respectively, and other species at 100
      mg/kg daily for 2 weeks. In male rats, marked changes were observed in the
      activities of catalase (1.73-fold), D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO; 0.56-fold), fatty
      acyl-CoA oxidizing system (FAOS; 12.9-fold) and carnitine acetyltransferase (CAT;
      35.8-fold); in female rats, the changes were less than in the males. In mice,
      there were no apparent sex differences in the responses of hepatic peroxisomal
      enzymes to bezafibrate and the increases in the activities of catalase, FAOS and
      CAT were 1.76-, 3.75- and 7.94-fold respectively. In guinea pigs, only slight
      increases in the activities of FAOS (3.00-fold) and CAT (2.83-fold) were
      observed. In hamsters, the increases in catalase, FAOS and CAT activities, were
      1.23-, 2.19- and 2.77-fold respectively. Although rabbits and dogs showed slight
      increases in CAT activity, no significant response to the drug was observed in
      monkeys. Hepatomegaly and the increase of hepatic content of peroxisome
      proliferation-associated polypeptide (PPA-80), which has been recognized as a
      peroxisomal bifunctional protein in the fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway, were
      observed only in rats and mice. These results show that there were marked species
      differences in the effects of bezafibrate on hepatic peroxisomes, and that
      bezafibrate induced hepatic peroxisome proliferation in rodents, especially rats
      and mice.

PMID- 2914023
TI  - Platelet activating factor antagonist L-652,731 inhibits thymidine transport.

PMID- 2914024
TI  - Changes in polyamine content in primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes.

PMID- 2914025
TI  - Effects of salicylate on rat liver in short-term toxicity studies.

PMID- 2914026
TI  - Services in the schools. Serving school children. Finding solutions and rewards
      in the educational setting.

PMID- 2914027
TI  - Software that works in school settings. A framework for choosing the right
      program.
AB  - The use of the computer as a tool in therapy is a relatively new concept. As with
      any new concept, there are many questions, concerns, and problems in
      implementation. Those who do not know how to use a computer should seek help from
      the individual in their school who is responsible for the care and maintenance of
      the computer equipment. A majority of software programs require very little
      knowledge about operating a computer. Those who do not have the funds to purchase
      needed software programs should request support from their school's PTA and
      community businesses, apply for a state or federal grant, or use a nearby college
      or university lending library. If local computer stores only carry business
      oriented software, software catalogues or computer magazines such as Teaching and
      Computers are sources for products. The magazines not only advertise but also
      critique software. Finally the computer application framework (Figure 1) should
      help clinicians determine how an individual piece of software can be chosen and
      implemented, based on a student's need and a clinician's work situation. No
      single piece of software is perfect for every student, nor is the public school
      environment perfect for the utilization of software. It is hoped that this
      article will help clinicians extract the best from both worlds by suggesting how
      the microcomputer can be used for therapy in a school setting.

PMID- 2914028
TI  - Atrial fibrillation induced by breath spray.

PMID- 2914029
TI  - Minorities, jobs, and health: an unmet promise.

PMID- 2914030
TI  - Occupational disease among minority workers: a common and preventable public
      health problem.
AB  - 1. Minority workers are overrepresented in the most hazardous jobs and, as a
      result, are at high risk of developing occupational diseases. 2. Due to various
      social and economic factors, minority workers with occupational diseases are less
      likely than white workers to come to health care attention and be correctly
      diagnosed as having an occupational disease. 3. Occupational health clinics and
      providers need to discuss options for treatment clearly with the client and, when
      appropriate, be persistent in negotiating with employers to reduce or eliminate
      harmful exposures, while remaining sensitive to the very real threat of job loss.

PMID- 2914031
TI  - Prevalence of hypertension in bus drivers.
AB  - 1. To test whether prevalence of hypertension was higher among these bus drivers
      than among employed individuals in general, drivers were compared to three
      groups: individuals from both a national and local health survey and individuals
      undergoing baseline health exams prior to employment as bus drivers. 2. After
      adjustment for age and race, hypertension rates for bus drivers were
      significantly greater than rates for the three comparison groups. 3. These
      findings support previous results from international studies of bus drivers
      suggesting that exposure to the occupation of driving a bus may carry increased
      health risk.

PMID- 2914032
TI  - Scope of practice. Part I. Case law.

PMID- 2914033
TI  - AAOHN position statement and action proposal. The registered care technologist.

PMID- 2914035
TI  - Use of computers in emergency medicine.

PMID- 2914034
TI  - A comparison of four methods of testing emergency medical technician triage
      skills.
AB  - Triage skills are requisite for all providers of prehospital care. Methods of
      assessing the acquisition of triage skills vary in complexity and expense. In
      this study, 61 prehospital care providers classified 20 cases, divided into four
      groups of five cases each: moulaged live trauma victims, nonmoulaged live trauma
      victims, nonmoulaged manikin trauma victims, and written scenarios. The providers
      were asked to classify the cases in each group by assigning triage tags to
      indicate injury severity and to rank the trauma victims in each group according
      to the urgency of care required. Analysis of variance revealed statistically
      significant differences among the four methods in both mean tagging scores
      (F3,235 = 8.63, P less than .0001) and mean ranking scores (F3,232 = 6.09, P less
      than .001). Multiple comparisons using Scheffe's test revealed that the mean
      tagging and ranking scores for moulaged live victims and written scenario methods
      were comparable and that both were significantly superior to the scores of the
      two other methods. However, a qualitative evaluation revealed that the providers
      greatly preferred triage of moulaged live victims to the other three methods.

PMID- 2914036
TI  - Toxic smoke inhalation.

PMID- 2914037
TI  - Distant injury pneumothorax.

PMID- 2914038
TI  - Acute hydrofluoric acid exposure.

PMID- 2914039
TI  - Magnesium sulfate termination of torsades de pointes following failure of
      cardioversion.

PMID- 2914040
TI  - Seizure associated with low-dose naloxone.

PMID- 2914041
TI  - Sudden death temporally related to vaginal cocaine abuse.

PMID- 2914042
TI  - A national survey of pediatric emergency medicine: a growing subspecialty.

PMID- 2914043
TI  - Emergency department detection and follow-up of high blood pressure: use and
      effectiveness of community health workers.
AB  - This study introduced trained paraprofessionals, community health workers (CHWs),
      into the emergency department (ED) to supplement providers' routine efforts in
      high blood pressure (HBP) detection, treatment, and follow-up among high-risk
      black men. In a demonstration project over a 2-year period, CHWs provided (1) BP
      and pulse measurements, and educational counseling regarding HBP and
      cardiovascular risk factors; (2) telephone preappointment reminders to improve ED
      follow-up visit rates; and (3) recontact of patients failing to show for their ED
      follow-up visits to improve return rates even after missed BP appointments.
      Results of preappointment reminders by CHWs showed a 19% improvement in
      appointment keeping (P less than .001). With a sample of patients who had failed
      to return for a follow-up visit, CHW contact was also effective, showing an
      overall improvement rate of 7% (P less than .001). The results reported support
      the idea that individuals from the community, trained as paraprofessionals, can
      improve appointment keeping as well as be useful in assisting in screening and
      counseling for chronic conditions within the ED. These CHWs are seen as having
      the additional advantage of enhancing the integration of the ED, the community,
      and continuing care sites. The approaches used in this study should be applicable
      and may serve as a model for the approach to other chronic conditions experienced
      in urban high-risk communities.

PMID- 2914044
TI  - Regional use of violent suicide methods: an analysis of suicide attempts in
      Houston, Texas.
AB  - A number of changes in the demographics of suicide and suicide attempters have
      occurred in the last 10 to 15 years. To assess some of the factors that may be
      involved in these changes, this study examines a group of suicide attempters in
      Houston, Texas, where a large percentage of the attempts were violent. These
      violent attempters are compared with nonviolent attempters, and the entire
      population of attempters is compared with suicide attempters in New Haven,
      Connecticut. Finally, the two attempter populations are compared with the
      underlying general population demographics of two regions (Houston and New
      Haven). Several differences emerged between attempters in Houston and in New
      Haven, including larger proportions of violent attempters, male attempters, and
      married attempters in Houston. Demographic factors in the general populations for
      the two regions are different, but these differences are not directly reflected
      in the nature of the attempter populations. Reasons for observed differences are
      discussed.

PMID- 2914045
TI  - Concrete impaction of the external auditory canal.
AB  - A case of accidental impaction of the external auditory canal by concrete in a
      construction worker seen at Orlando Regional Medical Center is reported. A
      general discussion of the pathophysiology of concrete-related injuries is
      included. Recommendations are made for the optimal emergency management of these
      type injuries.

PMID- 2914046
TI  - Magnesium toxicity secondary to catharsis during management of theophylline
      poisoning.
AB  - Multiple doses of oral activated charcoal are used increasingly to promote
      elimination of toxins that have already reached the bloodstream; this is often
      referred to as gastrointestinal dialysis. Cathartics usually are used in
      conjunction to hasten transit of the charcoal-adsorbed toxin. In the present
      case, a regimen of activated charcoal and magnesium citrate was used to treat a
      patient with theophylline poisoning. It was effective in lowering the patient's
      serum theophylline concentration but produced an elevated magnesium level
      associated with decreased responsiveness, confusion, and diminished deep tendon
      reflexes. Magnesium citrate may not be the optimal cathartic for use in
      gastrointestinal dialysis, at least in selected patients. Sorbitol has been shown
      to produce a more rapid catharsis without disturbing magnesium serum
      concentrations. Therefore, the use of sorbitol in place of magnesium citrate, at
      least in selected patients, may be preferred.

PMID- 2914047
TI  - The generation of acetonemia/acetonuria following ingestion of a subtoxic dose of
      isopropyl alcohol.
AB  - A subtoxic dose of isopropyl alcohol was ingested by three subjects to evaluate
      the time to and extent of acetone generation and to explore its detection in the
      urine. Maximal serum isopropyl alcohol concentrations were observed by 30 minutes
      after ingestion of approximately 1 oz 70% isopropyl alcohol (0.4 mL/kg), but
      maximal serum acetone concentrations were not recorded until at least four hours
      postingestion. Urine tested positive (small) for acetone within three hours of
      ingestion using Acetest urine testing tablets (Ames Labs, Elkhart, IN). It was
      concluded that acetonemia occurs early after ingestion of isopropyl alcohol and
      increases as serum isopropyl alcohol concentrations decline. In addition,
      acetonuria may be qualitatively measured by three hours postingestion with rapid
      urine screening tests and may remain positive for 24 hours.

PMID- 2914048
TI  - Clinical features and consequences of seizures due to cyclic antidepressant
      overdose.
AB  - The charts of 30 patients with seizures caused by cyclic antidepressant toxicity
      were reviewed to determine the natural history of these seizures and their effect
      on outcome. Mortality was 10%. Onset of seizures was within 1.5 hours of
      admission in all but two patients. Both patients with seizures occurring later
      than 1.5 hours had also ingested ethanol. Antecedent mental status did not
      predict the occurrence of seizures; 23% of seizures occurred when patients were
      alert. The majority of patients (25 of 30) had one or two brief (less than 2
      minute), self-limited, generalized, tonic/clonic seizures that terminated without
      anticonvulsant therapy. Six patients had prolonged or repetitive seizures. Most
      seizures, even when multiple or sustained, had no sequela. However, four patients
      developed marked cardiovascular deterioration immediately following seizures,
      with hypotension and ventricular tachycardia or bradyarrhythmias. All four had a
      QRS duration greater than 200 msec at some time during their hospitalization. It
      is concluded that most seizures associated with cyclic antidepressant toxicity
      occur soon after admission, are brief, and terminate without specific
      anticonvulsant therapy. Even when brief, however, seizures may occasionally lead
      to abrupt cardiovascular deterioration and death. It is not clear which patients
      are at risk for severe cardiovascular complications.

PMID- 2914049
TI  - Cervical spine injury masquerading as a medical emergency.
AB  - Two cases of cervical spine fractures presenting as cardiac arrest in one case
      and as a coma with pneumonia and cervical osteomyelitis in the other are
      discussed. They demonstrate the need for careful history taking as well as a
      cautious approach to the cervical spine when accurate historical data are not
      available.

PMID- 2914050
TI  - Ventricular fibrillation during rectal examination.
AB  - The case of a 74-year-old man who developed ventricular fibrillation during a
      digital rectal examination is presented. The patient was subsequently
      resuscitated and developed cardiac enzyme elevation without ECG changes,
      indicating a nontransmural myocardial infarction. Although controlled studies
      have not shown any ill effects of rectal examination in patients with acute
      myocardial infarction, there have been multiple case reports of bradycardia,
      ectopy, and ventricular arrhythmias resulting from rectal examination. The
      postulated etiology of the ectopy is twofold; increased vagal tone from rectal
      parasympathetic innervation or increased sympathetic tone from anxiety-stimulated
      catecholamine release. Rectal examination is definitely indicated in a subset of
      patients including those with gastrointestinal or genitourinary complaints,
      unexplained hypotension or anemia, trauma, and neurological deficits, and those
      who will receive anticoagulation or thrombolytic therapy. In the remaining
      patients, the decision must be made on a case-by-case basis. Awareness of and
      precautions for possible ill effects of the examination are prudent.

PMID- 2914052
TI  - Changing environment and the academic medical center: the Johns Hopkins School of
      Medicine.
AB  - Both academic and economic goals must be served by the academic health center. In
      response to ongoing stresses on medicine, the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
      and the Johns Hopkins Hospital rapidly developed and implemented an expanded
      system of medical care. Vertical integration included provision of both acute and
      chronic care facilities and both primary and specialty care, as well as insurance
      products, in particular a health maintenance organization. Horizontal integration
      was accomplished by acquisition of or affiliation with other hospitals. The
      realignment of medical resources and patients shifted the locus of medical
      education somewhat, from the traditional hospital setting to the ambulatory care
      setting (in which many students and residents will eventually practice anyway).
      In addition, many physicians in the new settings are not traditional Johns
      Hopkins faculty members. Results of educational efforts in these altered
      circumstances so far have been mixed, partly because the capacity of the
      individual center to train students and residents is necessarily limited, and the
      fragmentation of the system makes inevitable problems of quality control and
      management. These issues are being worked out. The drain on faculty resources for
      research imposed by the need to expand clinical practice has been offset by a
      system of awards for research to faculty members. Efforts are being made to
      sustain the excellence of the traditional Johns Hopkins faculty's reputation
      while assuring doctors newly affiliated with the Hopkins system that they are no
      less important to the system. Opportunities to learn and to teach more economical
      medicine while retaining quality are discussed.

PMID- 2914051
TI  - Pediatric and adult emergency management assistance using computerized
      guidelines.
AB  - This study was performed to determine if computer assistance is able to improve
      the initial management of pediatric patients in critical emergencies. A computer
      program that provides an easily accessible, concise set of information to assist
      in the management of medical emergencies is described. It provides size- and age
      specific endotracheal tube sizes, drug doses, continuous intravenous (IV) drug
      infusion preparation instructions, and emergency management guidelines for
      pediatric and adult patients with one of several acute emergencies. These
      emergencies include asystole, respiratory failure, anaphylaxis, shock, myocardial
      infarction, cardiac arrhythmias, seizures due to several common causes, and rapid
      sequence anesthesia induction. The use of this program was shown to reduce the
      time required for the preparation and administration of emergency therapy while
      minimizing management errors. A lap-top computer running this program may be a
      worthwhile addition to emergency departments and hospital resuscitation carts as
      a resource, especially for physicians less experienced in the care of children.

PMID- 2914053
TI  - The difficulty of diffusing innovations.

PMID- 2914054
TI  - International health.

PMID- 2914055
TI  - Recent W. K. Kellogg Foundation initiatives in medical education.

PMID- 2914056
TI  - Future health opportunities--the 101st Congress.

PMID- 2914058
TI  - Alternatives to animal use.

PMID- 2914057
TI  - Resident stress: sleep deprivation.

PMID- 2914059
TI  - Training for foreign medical graduates.

PMID- 2914060
TI  - Effect of a major curriculum revision on students' perceptions of well-being.
AB  - The impact of a major curriculum revision on students' perceptions of the quality
      of the medical school learning environment, social supports, and their own mental
      and social well-being was determined. First-year students' perceptions one year
      before the curriculum revision were compared with first-year students'
      perceptions two years after the introduction of the new curriculum. In the new
      curriculum, students reported better overall quality of the learning environment
      (p = .019), a trend toward fewer stresses (p = .091), no difference in social
      supports (p = .721), better mental well-being (p = .043), and a trend toward
      better social well-being (p = .099). Students at a comparison school that did not
      undergo curriculum revision did not have more favorable perceptions during the
      study period. The findings suggest that well-considered and well-executed efforts
      to improve the quality of a medical school's learning environment can be
      successful and can raise students' perceptions of their overall well-being.

PMID- 2914061
TI  - Effects of sleep deprivation on cognitive ability and skills of pediatrics
      residents.
AB  - The stress and long working hours of medical residency have become the basis for
      controversy over whether current training structures and processes adversely
      affect residents' skills and well-being and the quality of patient care. The
      authors measured cognitive and skills performances of 45 sleep-deprived
      pediatrics residents by using questions like those on the pediatrics board
      certification examination and using patient-care tasks that required coordination
      and dexterity. The residents were randomly divided into two groups--one stayed
      awake for 24 hours, the other for 34 hours--and were tested on cognitive and
      skills performances before and after sleep deprivation. Sleep deprivation did not
      have a significant effect on cognitive performance. Of the three skills tested,
      the residents overall needed more time to perform umbilical artery
      catheterization, but the group deprived of sleep for 34 hours performed vein
      cannulation more quickly than the group deprived for 24 hours. Implications for
      these findings are discussed in the context of the ongoing controversy over the
      structure and process of medical education.

PMID- 2914062
TI  - Prior training and recommendations for future training of clinical research
      faculty members.
AB  - A survey was conducted of the first authors of half of the research papers
      published in 18 leading peer-reviewed medical journals over a six-month period in
      1986. The first authors of every other article (that is, alternate articles)
      published during this period were sent a questionnaire that assessed their
      previous research training and their recommendations for training of clinical
      research faculty members. Of the 772 physicians sent the questionnaire, 482
      responded. Of these, 57% had had some research training in medical school, 52%
      had received such training during residency, and 87% had received it during their
      fellowships. Fifty-six percent had taken a formal statistics course, 31.4% had
      taken some computer training, and 87% had received research supervision in a
      nonstructured format (that is, no formal course work). Introductory biostatistics
      was the only formal course in any of the seven subject areas listed in the
      questionnaire that more than one-third of the respondents had taken, yet at least
      two-thirds recommended that researchers take formal courses in all of the seven
      areas listed. The investigators recommend for medical students and postgraduate
      trainees a graduated experience of research training and exposure that includes
      formal courses.

PMID- 2914063
TI  - Teaching medical students in ambulatory settings in departments of internal
      medicine.
AB  - Clinical training in ambulatory settings is an increasingly prominent topic in
      medical education, but most descriptions of internal medicine programs in the
      literature concern training for residents. The authors undertook a survey of
      departments of internal medicine to obtain and assess information about
      requirements for ambulatory clinical experiences for medical students. The
      results show that few departments (24% of the 101 departments responding)
      required ambulatory care experiences for undergraduates. Most of the required
      programs had a goal of broad exposure to ambulatory-patient problems; almost none
      had special educational interventions to complement students' care of patients.
      The experiences that were incorporated into the clerkship in a single block of
      time were more favorably rated than the experiences that occurred intermittently
      throughout the clerkship. Inability to provide continuity-of-care experience was
      an important concern of the departments. Most programs had logistical problems,
      the most serious and frequently cited being the lack of faculty time for
      teaching. The authors raise concerns about the educational effectiveness of many
      existing programs and, given the problems with faculty involvement, about the
      long-term viability of these programs.

PMID- 2914064
TI  - Noncognitive criteria for assessing students in North American medical schools.
AB  - In 1986 the authors mailed a one-page questionnaire to 135 North American medical
      schools requesting information about written expectations for students that
      contain noncognitive criteria. Eighty-eight questionnaires (65.2%) were returned,
      and 48 schools (54.5%) indicated they possessed written noncognitive criteria.
      Those schools having noncognitive criteria were asked to submit the criteria for
      review and were questioned about their reasons for establishing such criteria.
      Those schools not having noncognitive criteria were asked whether they perceived
      a need for such criteria and had plans for developing them. The study showed an
      increasing trend to create criteria that assist in administrative actions when
      problems arise. In the 31 sets of noncognitive criteria submitted for the study,
      the rank order of specific expectations was, from most to least frequently
      mentioned: honesty, professional behavior, dedication to learning, appearance,
      respect for law, respect for others, confidentiality, aid to others, substance
      abuse, and financial responsibility. The authors make recommendations for schools
      wishing to create noncognitive criteria and explain why they feel such criteria
      should receive the recognition and importance given to cognitive criteria.

PMID- 2914065
TI  - A program of management training for residents.
AB  - To help prepare residents in preventive medicine and occupational medicine for
      their future management roles, the University of Arizona College of Medicine
      incorporated administrative training into many aspects of its residency programs,
      beginning in 1983. Training focuses on seven skill areas seen as needed to meet
      the management demands of the physicians' future specialties. The authors discuss
      the career choices of University of Arizona graduates and advocate long-term
      administrative training for all specialties.

PMID- 2914066
TI  - Attribution of control in psychiatric residents.
AB  - At quarterly intervals in 1986-87, attribution of control and subjective symptom
      ratings were assessed among the 42 general psychiatry residents in the University
      of Cincinnati's training program. Within each of the four groups of residents
      (that is, the residents in each postgraduate year), ratings remained stable over
      time. Between-group differences were significant for ratings of internal locus of
      control, but the external locus of control ratings showed no corresponding
      fluctuation. The internal locus of control scores were inversely correlated with
      psychological distress as reported in the Brief Symptom Inventory.

PMID- 2914067
TI  - Evaluation of emergency medicine residents by nurses.
AB  - Emergency medicine residents at William Beaumont Hospital are evaluated quarterly
      by the nursing staff. The nurse discuss each resident and reach consensus on each
      evaluation item. Copies of the evaluations are given to each resident, and a copy
      is used at the resident's biannual evaluation meeting with the program director.
      Between September 1985 and December 1987, 45 residents in all three years of
      training were evaluated by the nursing staff on four aspects of performance:
      managerial skills, communication, teamwork, and clinical organization. The nurses
      were able to evaluate behavior not usually seen by supervising physicians.
      Although the residents' attitudes toward these evaluations have not been entirely
      favorable, overall their behavioral interactions have improved markedly.

PMID- 2914069
TI  - A useful and cost-effective way to provide feedback from students to community
      physician preceptors.

PMID- 2914068
TI  - A course in diagnostic test evaluation for senior medical students.

PMID- 2914070
TI  - Changing environment and the academic medical center: the Johns Hopkins Hospital.
AB  - Academic medical centers need strong patient bases and strong financial bases to
      educate and to support research. After careful delineation of its mission with
      regard to patient care, research, and education, the Johns Hopkins Hospital
      expanded its health care delivery capabilities and strengthened its position in
      the health care marketplace by acquisitions of and mergers with other hospitals
      and a health maintenance organization in the Baltimore area. The resulting
      conglomerate, operating under the direction of a holding company, the Johns
      Hopkins Health System, has achieved its goals of expanding patient care
      capabilities, broadening the patient base, and enlarging the asset base and cash
      flow. Half the medical residents at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine receive
      training at nontraditional sites, and further expansion of teaching activities is
      being explored. Potential roles of traditional and nontraditional teachers in
      these activities are discussed.

PMID- 2914071
TI  - Sensory evidence for olfactory receptors with opposite chiral selectivity.
AB  - Human odor responses to alpha-ionone enantiomers were measured by psycho-physical
      methods. Surprisingly, subjects' relative sensitivities for these enantiomers
      were found to diverge widely, some subjects being much more sensitive to (+) than
      to (-) and vice versa. In 63 subjects the (+)/(-) threshold concentration ratio
      varied over 4 orders of magnitude. Nine subjects with extreme (+)/(-) ratios were
      further tested several times over a 7-month period and retained stable ratios.
      These same nine subjects, when tested for threshold sensitivity to carvone
      enantiomers, showed (+)/(-) ratios that varied only in a narrow range and did not
      correlate with their ionone ratios. It is suggested that odor discrimination of
      alpha-ionone enantiomers involves at least two receptor types of opposite chiral
      selectivity and that their distribution varies independently in the human
      population.

PMID- 2914072
TI  - A comparison of the effects of fornix transection and sulcus principalis ablation
      upon spatial learning by monkeys.
AB  - In each of three experiments with Cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis), there
      was a group of normal control animals, a group with bilateral cortical ablations
      in the principal sulcus, and a group with fornix transection. In Expt. 1, half of
      each group learned problems in which the position of a pair of visual stimuli, to
      the monkey's left or right, indicated which of the visual stimuli was the correct
      (rewarded) one. The other animals learned problems in which visual stimuli
      indicated, irrespective of their own spatial position, whether reward was to be
      found on the monkey's left or on the right. The animals with fornix transection
      were impaired in both tasks. The animals with sulcus principalis ablation were
      also impaired in both tasks. The impairment caused by fornix transection was more
      severe than that caused by sulcus principalis ablation. Within each of the two
      operated groups, the degree of impairment in the two tasks was equal, when
      assessed in proportion to the difficulty of each task for control animals. Expt.
      2 showed that neither of the operated groups was impaired in visual
      discrimination learning with spatial position irrelevant. Expt. 3 tested spatial
      discrimination learning (acquisition and reversal of a left-right discrimination)
      with irrelevant visual cues. Here the fornix-transected group was impaired but
      the group with sulcus principalis ablations was normal. It is suggested, on the
      basis of these findings and previous results, that fornix transection produces a
      general deficit in remembering the spatial arrangement of whole scenes, while
      sulcus principalis ablation produces a deficit in high-order integration
      involving spatial information.

PMID- 2914073
TI  - Enhanced detection of nucleus basalis magnocellularis lesion-induced spatial
      learning deficit in rats by modification of training regimen.
AB  - Bilateral excitotoxic lesions of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM) in the
      rat cause deficits in the water maze, a spatial memory paradigm. Previous
      investigations aimed at reversing the water maze performance deficit with
      anticholinesterase treatments have been unable to demonstrate a consistent drug
      effect due to the relatively good acquisition of the task seen following NBM
      lesions. The present investigation tested three different water maze training
      regimens designed to separate the learning curves. F-344 rats received bilateral
      NBM injections of ibotenic acid; sham-operated rats served as controls. The
      animals were tested in three groups in the water maze as follows: (1) four trials
      per day with no intertrial interval (standard paradigm), (2) four trials per day
      with a 10-minute intertrial interval, and (3) two trials per day with no
      intertrial interval. Each group was tested in the water maze for five consecutive
      days, followed by two days of rest, and then tested for an additional five days.
      The two-trial per day paradigm was more difficult than the standard paradigm for
      both lesions and controls and yielded the most difference between lesions and
      controls as compared to the other two testing regimens. The 10-min intertrial
      interval schedule was more difficult than the standard paradigm for lesioned
      animals but acquisition was not affected in control rats. These data demonstrate
      that the nucleus basalis lesions cause a deficit in the water maze task
      regardless of training parameters. Further, while all rats showed some
      acquisition of the water maze task, training schedule affected the level of
      learning of both lesioned and control rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2914074
TI  - The effects of ibotenic acid lesions of the nucleus accumbens on spatial learning
      and extinction in the rat.
AB  - Rats with ibotenic acid lesions of the nucleus accumbens (N. Acc) were studied in
      two spatial learning paradigms: a T-maze and a Morris water maze. Learning of a
      spatial discrimination task and its reversal in the T-maze were disrupted by the
      N. Acc lesions. As both original and reversal learning were impaired, there was
      no evidence of a specific lesion effect on reversal learning. The lesioned rats
      did not perseverate excessively in their choice of the previously reinforced arm.
      There was evidence of behavioural inflexibility during extinction when the
      lesioned rats failed to slow the pace at which they ran the maze in the absence
      of reward. Spontaneous alternation was not significantly affected by the lesion.
      Acquisition of the second spatial task, locating the hidden platform in the
      Morris water maze, was also impaired. The lesioned rats did eventually learn the
      task and successfully reached the platform with similar latencies and heading
      errors to controls. Thus, the N. Acc lesion impaired but did not abolish spatial
      learning in the T-maze and the water maze. The deficits observed in this study
      may reflect a role for the N. Acc in the reorganisation of behaviour in response
      to external change.

PMID- 2914075
TI  - Effects of lesions of the dorsal noradrenergic bundle on conditioned suppression
      to a CS and to a contextual background stimulus.
AB  - The aim of the experiment was to determine whether the dorsal noradrenergic
      bundle (DB) plays a role in conditioning to context. Rats received either
      bilateral lesions of the DB by local injection of 6-hydroxydopamine, vehicle
      injections only, or sham operations. All animals were then trained to barpress
      for food on a variable interval (VI) schedule. Two 5-min intrusion periods were
      superimposed on the VI baseline during each session. An 'envelope' stimulus
      (flashing light) was on throughout each intrusion period. In addition, embedded
      in the two intrusion periods of each session, there occurred 8 presentations of a
      'punctate' conditioned stimulus (CS) (a 15-s clicker), and 8 presentations of a
      0.5-s footshock. Within each surgical condition rats were randomly allocated to
      one of three conditioning groups, receiving 100%, 50% or 0% temporal association
      between CS and shock. Conditioning to the punctate CS and to the context provided
      by the envelope stimulus was assessed by the degree of suppression of the
      barpress response relative to the VI baseline. Responding was most suppressed in
      the punctate CS in the 100 and 50% conditions, and most suppressed in the
      envelope stimulus in the 0% condition. DB lesions released response suppression
      to the punctate CS, had no effect on suppression to the envelope stimulus, and
      reduced sensitivity to CS-shock probability as measured by response suppression
      during the punctate CS. These results confirm previous reports that DB lesions
      alleviate response suppression to shock-associated cues, identify some of the
      parameters that affect this phenomenon, but fail to support a role for the DB in
      contextual conditioning.

PMID- 2914076
TI  - The role of the lateral cortico-cortical prefrontal pathway in self-stimulation
      of the medial prefrontal cortex in the rat.
AB  - Effects of electrolytic and kainic acid lesions at several stereotaxic planes of
      the lateral cortico-cortical prefrontal efferent pathway on self-stimulation of
      the medial prefrontal cortex were investigated. Electrolytic bilateral lesion of
      the sulcal prefrontal cortex, the first terminal area of this pathway, produced
      no effects on self-stimulation of the medial prefrontal cortex. However,
      bilateral electrolytic lesion of this pathway at the rostral part of the external
      capsule produced a permanent abolition of self-stimulation of the medial
      prefrontal cortex. These effects seemed selective since operant behaviour to
      obtain water, similar to that performed for self-stimulation and used as a
      control, was not affected by the lesion except on the 1st, 3rd (P less than 0.01)
      and 5th (P less than 0.05) days postlesion. Interestingly, bilateral
      microinjections of kainic acid (10 nmol in 0.8 microliters) at the same
      stereotaxic planes of the external capsule where electrolytic lesion was
      produced, had no effects on self-stimulation. These results suggest that fibres
      of-passage through the external capsule are responsible for the abolition of self
      stimulation. Bilateral electrolytic lesion of the entorhinal cortex, one of the
      caudal terminal areas of this descending set of fibres, produced a short
      transient decrease of self-stimulation of the medial prefrontal cortex. These
      results are discussed on the basis that complex, rather than single circuits are
      involved in maintaining self-stimulation in this neocortical area.

PMID- 2914077
TI  - Circling behavior: ethological analysis and functional considerations.
AB  - Head-turning and circling movements evoked by substantia nigra (pars compacta)
      (SNpc) stimulation have been ethologically analyzed in order to attribute a
      functional meaning to these lateralization processes. It has been shown that
      these motor acts, separated by a constant interval, may be considered a fixed
      action pattern. The duration of the single acts depends on the SNpc stimulation
      parameters: the increase in the stimulus strength produces an increase in the
      number of turns but does not induce the disappearance of the orientation
      movement. The body movement is always preceded by the head-movement. Haloperidol
      administration induces a dose-related increase of the orientation component of
      the motor pattern. These data together with others in the literature suggest the
      participation of the SNpc in the mechanism of shift in the focus of attention
      from one point to another in the contralateral surrounding environment.

PMID- 2914078
TI  - The influence of dopaminergic A10 neurons on the motor pattern evoked by
      substantia nigra (pars compacta) stimulation.
AB  - The influence of the mesolimbic-mesocortical dopaminergic (DA) system on the
      motor pattern evoked by substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) stimulation was
      studied. Electrical stimulation of the A10 group of neurons caused an inhibitory
      effect preferentially directed towards the orientation movement. Sulpiride
      administration at low dosages (50 mg/kg i.p.) did not modify this movement at the
      basal condition, but abolished the increase of its duration induced by ventral
      tegmental area (VTA) co-stimulation. Mesolimbic activation opposes the effects of
      SNpc stimulation, restraining the animal in its antero-posterior axis by means of
      orientation movement inhibition. The results suggest a role of the DA mesolimbic
      mesocortical system in the maintenance of focused attention.

PMID- 2914079
TI  - Kindling facilitates acquisition of discriminative responding but disrupts
      reversal learning of the rabbit nictitating membrane response.
AB  - The effect of kindling the hippocampal perforant path-dentate projection on
      subsequent discrimination-reversal conditioning of the rabbit nictitating
      membrane (NM) response was examined. Kindling facilitated acquisition of the
      initial discriminative response but severely impaired performance during reversal
      training. The facilitative effect on initial acquisition is highly similar to
      previously reported effects of long-term potentiation on NM discrimination
      learning, and thus may reflect a kindling-induced increase in perforant path
      dentate synaptic strength. The learning deficit during reversal training is
      similar to the effects of hippocampal ablation; i.e. characterized by a continued
      high response rate to the CS- rather than an inability to respond to the CS +.
      These findings demonstrate that kindling-induced seizures can have profound
      effects on associative learning. The effects are different for the discrimination
      and reversal phases of the task, however, which may reflect the multi-dimensional
      effects of kindling at the cellular level.

PMID- 2914080
TI  - Rats can learn a roughness discrimination using only their vibrissal system.
AB  - Rats learned to discriminate between two degrees of roughness, detecting the
      stimuli only with their vibrissal system. After bilateral trimming of the
      vibrissae, performance abruptly dropped to chance levels and remained there
      throughout the period in which the vibrissae were kept trimmed. After the
      vibrissae regrew to approximately normal lengths, rats again exhibited high
      performance levels and demonstrated retention of the task. This discriminative
      procedure would appear to be appropriate for psychophysical assessment of
      vibrissal system function.

PMID- 2914081
TI  - Direct and transcallosal contribution to the cortical visual evoked response in
      rats.
AB  - The averaged visually evoked cortical potential (VECP) in response to contrast
      reversal of a grating was measured on striate cortex over a range of spatial
      frequencies and contrasts. The response to binocular or monocular stimulation was
      almost abolished by unilateral section of the optic tract on the side of the
      recording, indicating that the transcallosal pathway makes little contribution to
      the VECP. Additional section of the corpus callosum, and application of spreading
      depression to the normal hemisphere shows that the small response following tract
      section was transcallosal. It was confined to stimuli of low spatial frequencies
      and high contrast.

PMID- 2914082
TI  - Effects of oral calcium, potassium, digoxin, and nifedipine on natriuresis in
      normal humans.
AB  - Many factors influence renal sodium excretion and blood pressure. We tested the
      independent effects of dietary calcium (Ca; 500 mg twice daily), potassium (KCl;
      20 mEq three times daily), sodium-potassium dependent ATPase inhibition
      (digoxin), calcium channel blockade (nifedipine), and placebo, on acute
      natriuresis in 14 normal subjects while receiving 150 mEq/d sodium diets and 2 L
      normal saline intravenously over four hours. Each subject received each regimen
      in random sequence. Sodium balance before infusion was not different among the
      regimens. Plasma renin activity (PRA) was increased in subjects receiving
      nifedipine, while the plasma aldosterone concentration (PA) was not different
      among the regimens. None of the regimens influenced the clearance of inulin or
      paraaminohippurate (PAH) either before or after saline infusion. Only KCl and
      nifedipine affected sodium excretion compared to controls. KCl and nifedipine
      increased the amount of sodium excreted after the infusion was terminated. In the
      case of nifedipine, this natriuresis was sufficient to increase the 24-hour
      sodium excretion on that day to above that of the other regimens. The data
      support the notion that potassium and nifedipine may decrease blood pressure by
      facilitating sodium excretion. Nifedipine may also uncouple renin from
      aldosterone. Oral calcium supplementation and sodium-potassium dependent ATPase
      inhibition did not facilitate natriuresis.

PMID- 2914083
TI  - Effects of spontaneously hypertensive rat plasma on blood pressure and tail
      artery calcium uptake in normotensive rats.
AB  - Previous studies have described the presence of humoral hypertensive factors in
      spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Other studies have described factors that
      increase calcium uptake in vascular tissue. In this study, we attempted to
      confirm, and thereby correlate, the presence of both types of factors in SHR
      plasma. Intravenous infusion or bolus administration of dialyzed SHR plasma
      consistently induced an increase in blood pressure in normotensive rats. This
      hypertensive response was somewhat delayed, with peak blood pressures occurring
      45 minutes after bolus administration and 90 minutes after infusion of SHR
      plasma. Spontaneously hypertensive rat plasma also increased 45Ca uptake in
      isolated normotensive rat tail arteries in a dose-dependent manner, with a time
      course similar to that for the hypertensive response to bolus administration.
      These findings suggest, therefore, that a substance exists in SHR plasma that can
      increase intracellular calcium in vascular tissues and thereby increase blood
      pressure.

PMID- 2914084
TI  - Cultured hypothalamic explants from spontaneously hypertensive rats have
      decreased vasopressin and oxytocin content and release.
AB  - To investigate the central nervous system (CNS) changes in the spontaneously
      hypertensive rat (SHR), a tissue culture model was used to examine the content
      and release (24 hour) of the peptide hormones, vasopressin (VP) and oxytocin
      (OT), from brain explants. Nuclear regions consisting of the paraventricular
      (PVN) or supraoptic (SON) nuclei were microdissected from prehypertensive SHR and
      Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. Media levels of VP and OT were measured at 1, 3, 4, and
      7 days of culture. After three days of culture, the PVN explants from SHR
      secreted significantly less VP and OT (both reduced 80%) than did those from WKY.
      Release of both VP and OT in the SON explants was significantly lower
      (approximately 50% lower) in the SHR only at seven days of culture. Additionally,
      tissue content of the peptides was measured after 0, 1, 4, and 7 days of culture.
      Tissue content of VP and OT was decreased (40% or more) in the SHR in both
      nuclear regions after four and seven days of culture. In addition, nicotine was
      found to stimulate the release of VP from SON, but not PVN, cultures in both SHR
      and WKY explants. Immunohistochemical data showed that there was not a
      preferential loss of VP or OT neurons in explants from the SHR. Therefore, this
      in vitro model would indicate that there is a difference in the ability of
      cultured explants of PVN and SON from SHR and WKY (four-week-old) to synthesize
      and/or release the peptide hormones VP and OT.

PMID- 2914085
TI  - Forearm hemodynamics at rest and stress in borderline hypertensive adolescents.
AB  - Cardiovascular adaptations to mild elevations of blood pressure (BP) may occur
      early in the development of essential hypertension (EH). We used strain gauge
      plethysmography to study forearm hemodynamics in adolescents. Ten normotensive
      males (N) were compared to ten males with borderline hypertension (H).
      Measurements of forearm blood flow (FBF) were obtained after supine rest, during
      ten minutes of mental stress (mental arithmetic) and five minutes post stress.
      Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and forearm vascular resistance (FVR) were
      calculated. The H maintained higher MAP and FVR (P less than or equal to .05)
      throughout the study. The vascular response patterns were assessed by comparing
      the slopes of the linear regression equation FBF = a ln FVR + b (where a = slope
      and b = intercept). From baseline to stress, the N exhibit a significant change
      in slope (P less than .05), shifting to a decrease in FVR per unit FBF change.
      However, the H maintain a constant slope and FVR per unit FBF change remains
      constant. The study suggests that a primary peripheral vascular abnormality may
      be present even in the young with marginally elevated BP.

PMID- 2914086
TI  - Risk factors for glomerular injury in rats with genetic hypertension.
AB  - Systemic and glomerular hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and massive proteinuria
      have been described as risk factors for the development of focal
      glomerulosclerosis (FGS). Previous studies have shown that Dahl salt-sensitive
      (S) rats with severe hypertension have elevated glomerular pressures and develop
      extensive FGS. In the present study, we determined whether Dahl S rats exhibit
      other risk factors for FGS. Dahl S rats were found to have elevated serum
      triglycerides at six weeks of age, compared to Dahl salt-resistant (R) rats.
      Between six and 24 weeks, systemic hypertension and progressive increases in both
      serum lipids and albuminuria occurred in Dahl S rats fed high salt (4% NaCl)
      chow. No changes in blood pressure or serum lipids occurred in Dahl R rats fed
      high salt. At 30 weeks, the incidence of FGS was 20 times greater in hypertensive
      Dahl S than in Dahl R. In a separate study, we compared risk factors for FGS in
      Dahl S rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). The magnitude of
      glomerular capillary pressure, serum lipid levels, and urine albumin excretion
      were measured in male Dahl S rats and male SHR between 12 and 20 weeks of age.
      Normal values for the various parameters were established in a group of
      normotensive male Sprague-Dawley rats. For this study, all rats were fed standard
      chow containing 0.6% NaCl. Blood pressure was elevated (P less than .01) in Dahl
      S (142 +/- 2 mm Hg) and in SHR (173 +/- 3 mm Hg) compared to the Sprague-Dawley
      rats (117 +/- 3 mm Hg). Glomerular capillary pressure, however, was similar in
      all three groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2914087
TI  - The versatile midforehead browlift.
AB  - Ptosis of the brow is a significant and often unrecognized portion of aging of
      the upper face. It contributes to both cosmetic and functional aging. Correction
      is often mandatory prior to blepharoplasty in that functional problems may be
      worsened without elevating the brow. Direct and coronal browlifts are the most
      common approach to the problem. Midforehead browlifts have been reserved for men
      with receding hairlines. We have, for the past three years, performed midforehead
      browlifts on all our patients needing ptotic brow correction. Our review of 72
      patients treated in this way, including 52 women, shows excellent and long
      lasting cosmetic and functional improvement. There have been few complications,
      and the resultant incisional scars have been very well accepted. Therefore, we
      feel that the midforehead browlift, performed as we describe, is the ideal
      surgical correction for the ptotic brow.

PMID- 2914088
TI  - The effects of pentoxifylline on random skin flap survival.
AB  - Random skin flaps are an important and frequently used technique in head and neck
      reconstruction. Pentoxifylline has been shown to improve the deformability of red
      blood cells by increasing their intracellular adenosine triphosphate content and,
      therefore, improving their flow properties. This is especially important in
      ischemia and low blood flow states present in the distal portions of random skin
      flaps. The rheologic properties of pentoxifylline were studied in the swine
      model. Swine in group I (eight flaps) served as controls with no pharmacologic
      manipulations. Swine in group II (16 flaps) received pentoxifylline (20 mg/kg/d)
      for ten days preoperatively and ten days postoperatively. Necrosis in swine in
      group I (controls) averaged 32.6%, which substantiated previous reports. Necrosis
      in swine in group II (pentoxifylline) averaged 2.57%. This study has shown a
      statistically significant enhancement of random skin flap survival using
      pentoxifylline in a swine model.

PMID- 2914089
TI  - Acute blood flow changes in rapidly expanded and adjacent skin.
AB  - Random flaps raised in expanded skin demonstrate increased survival lengths when
      compared with flaps raised on an acute basis. Nutritive blood flow studies
      performed after skin expansion and elevation show augmented blood flows similar
      to those seen in conventionally delayed skin flaps. We utilized dermofluorometric
      analysis to study acute blood flow changes in sequentially, rapidly expanded
      porcine skin. Four subcutaneous pockets were developed in each of six pigs. The
      pockets were divided into the following three groups: (1) those with placement of
      a tissue expander inflated sequentially to 300 mL over four days and then totally
      deflated on day 6, (2) those with placement of a tissue expander that was not
      inflated, and (3) those with no tissue expander placed. Measurements were taken
      immediately before and after tissue expander manipulation in group 1 and daily in
      groups 2 and 3. Fluorescence was determined at points over and 4, 7, and 10 cm
      distal to the expander. Blood flow decreased immediately after skin expansion in
      areas over the tissue expander on days 0 and 1 and returned to baseline levels
      within 24 hours. Blood flow increased after tissue expander deflation on day 6
      but returned to predeflation levels within 24 hours. Capillary blood flow
      increased over the duration of the study in all three groups. There was no
      significant difference in blood flow between and among the three groups on day 8,
      nor was there a significant difference in blood flow between and among sites over
      and distal to the tissue expander.

PMID- 2914090
TI  - Pericranial free grafts in the face.
AB  - The pericranium is a thin connective tissue coating of the neurocranium that can
      be used as a free graft for selected facial surgery. To assess the potential use
      of this graft in the face, we describe our experience over a period of 33 months
      on 34 patients. Eighty-two individual pericranial grafts were used, with an
      average of 2.4 grafts per patient. The pericranium was used for augmentations,
      coatings, and suspensions, with the latter two proving to be the most useful.
      Like other autogenous grafts, the pericranium may eventually undergo some
      resorption; however, with experience, overcorrection can be planned. The graft is
      convenient and easy to harvest, with little or no defect at the donor site. With
      a mean follow-up of 13.6 months, rejection or infection has not been experienced
      to date.

PMID- 2914091
TI  - A technique to treat wrestlers' auricular hematoma without interrupting training
      or competition.
AB  - Auricular hematoma is a common injury occurring among high school and collegiate
      wrestlers. Conventional pressure dressings applied over the auricle make it
      impossible for the athlete to continue to train and to compete, resulting in a
      high degree of noncompliance. We describe a technique that permits treatment of
      the hematoma while the athlete continues to train. It involves an incision and
      drainage followed by the immediate application of a pressure dressing sutured to
      the auricle. This approach was used to treat 24 auricular hematomas in 19
      wrestlers. The analysis demonstrates a low complication rate and documents a
      rapid return to competition.

PMID- 2914092
TI  - The effects of allopurinol and superoxide dismutase in a rat model of skin flap
      necrosis.
AB  - Oxygen-free radicals have been implicated as mediators of ischemic damage in a
      number of tissues, including heart, kidney, small intestine, and skin. Superoxide
      dismutase, a free radical scavenger, and allopurinol, an inhibitor of xanthine
      oxidase (a catalyst in the formation of superoxide) have been shown separately to
      decrease ischemic damage to tissue. Sixty-two male Sprague-Dawley rats (220 to
      280 g) were divided into five groups: control, superoxide dismutase only,
      allopurinol only, high-dose combined allopurinol and superoxide dismutase, and
      low-dose combined allopurinol and superoxide dismutase. An 18-cm2 ventral island
      skin flap, based on a single inferior epigastric vessel, was raised and replaced.
      Blood flow was assessed with a perfusion fluorometer immediately after the flap
      was replaced, and on postoperative days 1 and 3. Gross necrosis was assessed on
      postoperative day 7. Gross necrosis was reliably reduced in all groups as
      compared with the control; however, necrosis in any one experimental group was
      not significantly different from any other experimental group. Necrosis
      (expressed as a percentage of the area of the random [distal] half of the flap)
      was as follows for each group: control, 74%; superoxide dismutase, 43%;
      allopurinol, 43%; high-dose combined, 48%; low-dose combined, 33%. Blood flow, as
      represented by the dermofluorescence index, was not changed by any of the
      treatments. Blood flow was also related to the eventual survival or necrosis for
      any one portion of tissue. All experimental groups survived with significantly
      less blood flow than the control.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2914093
TI  - Intraocular pressure as an index of ocular injury in orbital fractures.
AB  - An improved method of screening for ocular injuries in patients sustaining
      orbital fractures is proposed. We performed a retrospective study of 107 patients
      who sustained orbital fractures. Intraocular pressures were measured on
      presentation in 17 patients and were found to be elevated on the side of the
      injury in eight patients, five (63%) of whom had significant ocular injury. No
      patient with normal intraocular pressure was found to have an ocular injury. In a
      prospective study, the intraocular pressures of 30 patients sustaining orbital
      fractures were measured. Twelve patients (40%) had normal (less than 22 mm Hg)
      and bilaterally symmetric (less than 3 mm Hg difference) intraocular pressures.
      One (8%) of these patients sustained ocular injury. In contrast, 18 patients
      (60%) had either an elevated intraocular pressure (greater than 22 mm Hg) or a
      difference between eyes of greater than or equal to 3 mm Hg. Eleven (61%) of
      these patients were found to have sustained an ocular injury. We conclude that
      intraocular hypertension or significant interocular pressure differences should
      alert the physician to a potential ocular injury.

PMID- 2914094
TI  - Extension of neuromuscular pedicles and direct nerve implants in the rabbit.
AB  - Extension of neuromuscular pedicles and direct nerve implants was investigated in
      ten rabbits. All rabbits underwent facial nerve resection bilaterally. In five
      rabbits a neuromuscular pedicle, based on the ansa cervicalis nerve, was
      implanted into the denervated mentalis muscle unilaterally. On the opposite side,
      reinnervation was attempted using a neuromuscular pedicle with an interposed
      nerve graft. In the other five rabbits, reinnervation was attempted using a
      direct nerve implant on one side and a direct nerve implant extended with a nerve
      graft on the opposite side. Evoked electromyographic muscle tension and
      histologic studies were used to evaluate reinnervation. Functional neuromuscular
      units were consistently produced with neuromuscular pedicles, direct nerve
      implants, and extended direct nerve implants, while extended neuromuscular
      pedicles failed to produce detectable reinnervation.

PMID- 2914095
TI  - Clavicular division technique. A new approach for lengthening the pectoralis
      flap.
AB  - Complications associated with using the pectoralis major myocutaneous flap
      increase significantly when a portion of the paddle is randomized and/or the flap
      is closed under tension. The clavicular division technique was devised to
      increase the length of the flap to help alleviate this problem. Thirty pectoralis
      major muscle flaps were dissected in fresh cadavers, using the clavicular
      division technique. The length of the flap after transposition was measured and
      recorded before and after clavicular division. The distance from the sternal
      notch to the clavicular division point was also recorded. The average gain in
      length was found to be 2.9 cm, with a range of 0.5 cm to 6.5 cm. The clavicular
      division technique has been used since in five patients. The increase in length
      has allowed us to discard some or all of the random portion of the flap. We
      advocate the use of this procedure on any patient where the surgeon is concerned
      about the viability of the random portion of the flap and/or when it is felt that
      the tension on the suture line is excessive.

PMID- 2914096
TI  - A new cocaine abuse complex. Involvement of nose, septum, palate, and pharynx.
AB  - A new complex of findings caused by cocaine abuse is presented. The complex
      consists of nasal collapse, septal perforation, palatal retraction, and
      pharyngeal wall ulceration. The findings and their causes are described.
      Pathologic evaluation to ensure that a concomitant disease, such as Wegener's
      granuloma, malignant reticulosis, autoimmune lesion, or various other destructive
      diseases, was not present was performed on only one patient. Although three
      patients presented with the findings caused by cocaine abuse, only one patient
      consented to the biopsy examinations. This case is presented in detail.

PMID- 2914097
TI  - Parotitis and facial nerve dysfunction.
AB  - Paralysis of the facial nerve in association with suppurative parotitis is rare,
      with only ten previously reported cases. In some situations, inflammation
      surrounding a benign neoplasm accounted for the observed paralysis. In this
      article, three new cases of parotitis with associated facial nerve dysfunction
      are described, none of which was associated with a neoplasm. In one, an occult
      abscess was present and in another an aggressive necrotizing process was seen.
      The treatment of this disease should initially be conservative management with
      high doses of wide-spectrum antibiotics. In the majority of cases, resolution of
      the facial paralysis should follow. However, persistence of a parotid mass with
      continued facial palsy mandates surgical exploration to exclude the presence of
      an underlying neoplasm.

PMID- 2914098
TI  - Pathologic quiz case 2. Leiomyoma of the nasal vestibule.

PMID- 2914099
TI  - Diplophonia?

PMID- 2914100
TI  - Evaluation of single-dose cefazolin prophylaxis for toxic shock syndrome.

PMID- 2914101
TI  - Intermittent herpes simplex.

PMID- 2914102
TI  - Preservation of the eye in paranasal sinus cancer surgery.

PMID- 2914103
TI  - Evaluation of the combination effects of ampicillin or vancomycin combined with
      streptomycin, gentamicin, tobramycin or netilmicin against enterococci.
AB  - Seven strains of Streptococcus faecalis, of which two possessed high-level
      resistance to streptomycin (MIC greater than or equal to 2000 mcg/ml), and two
      strains of Streptococcus faecium were evaluated with respect to killing-effect
      and duration of post-antibiotic effect (PAE) of ampicillin and vancomycin in
      combination with streptomycin, gentamicin, tobramycin and netilmicin. No
      synergistic combination effects were seen with the two strains highly-resistant
      to streptomycin or with the two Streptococcus faecium strains to netilmicin and
      tobramycin. When these strains were excluded, no significant difference in
      average killing could be detected between the four aminoglycosides. The mean
      prolongation in recovery period of susceptible strains was significantly longer
      with combinations of ampicillin and netilmicin or streptomycin as compared with
      either gentamicin or tobramycin. A similar relationship was seen for combinations
      of vancomycin with the four aminoglycosides.

PMID- 2914104
TI  - Phenotypic complexity in Mobiluncus.
AB  - A total of 74 Mobiluncus strains were collected from various laboratories and
      examined morphologically, biochemically and serologically. Repeated Gram-staining
      showed a greater variety of cell morphology than hitherto reported with some
      strains changing their appearance between long and short. All strains except two
      were motile. Sixty-five of 74 strains were designated M. curtisii and M. mulieris
      in contrast to atypical strains. In spite of this several of them reacted
      aberrantly in one or more tests. Biochemical tests and antigenic characterization
      by monoclonal antimobiluncus antibodies placed most but not all strains in their
      species groups. One atypical strain had the cellmorphology and biochemical
      profile of a M. mulieris but reacted only with anticurtisii antibodies. One M.
      mulieris had the cellmorphology and biochemical profile of a M. curtisii but
      reacted with an antimulieris antibody. We conclude that there is a greater
      variance in Mobiluncus' phenotypic appearance than has so far been appreciated.

PMID- 2914105
TI  - Susceptibility testing of Danish isolates of Capnocytophaga and CDC group DF-2
      bacteria.
AB  - Twelve Capnocytophaga and seven DF-2 strains were tested for their susceptibility
      to 14 antimicrobial agents using an agar dilution and an agar diffusion method.
      Twenty-three other antibiotics were evaluated using the diffusion test only. All
      strains were fully susceptible to penicillin, ampicillin, cefuroxime, cefotaxime,
      erythromycin, clindamycin, chloramphenicol, doxycycline, rifamycin and ofloxacin
      using both methods. Clindamycin, rifamycin and cefotaxime were most active. Using
      agar dilution some strains were susceptible to gentamicin, but agar diffusion
      showed total resistance. One Capnocytophaga strain was susceptible and another
      moderately susceptible to metronidazole, other strains were resistant. The agar
      diffusion test showed that both Capnocytophaga and DF-2 were resistant to most
      other aminoglycosides, to fosfomycin, polymyxin and trimethoprim. All strains of
      both taxa were fully susceptible to piperacillin, cefoxitin, imipenem and fusidic
      acid and showed different susceptibilities to the other agents. Susceptibility
      testing by means of agar diffusion using an enriched chocolate agar and 5% CO2
      atmosphere could be used to test Capnocytophaga and DF-2 strains and gives
      sufficient accuracy for routine use, when revised inhibition zone breakpoints are
      employed.

PMID- 2914106
TI  - Detection of antibody responses in rabbits hyperimmunized with Campylobacter
      pylori. Enzyme immunoassay indicates extensive antigenic similarities.
AB  - Acid glycine extracts from four Campylobacter pylori strains and one GCLO strain
      were used as antigens in enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Immune responses of rabbits
      immunized with C. pylori strains, the GCLO-strain and other campylobacter strains
      were studied. All 14 rabbit antisera against C. pylori reacted with all four C.
      pylori extracts and there were extensive cross-reactions between these extracts.
      Antisera against C. jejuni and C. coli strains did not react with a C. pylori
      extract but reached with the GCLO antigen. Acid glycine extracts proved to be
      very satisfactory in C. pylori serology and the use of an extract prepared from
      only one strain instead of a combination of strains seems justified.

PMID- 2914107
TI  - Influence of prostanoids on gastrointestinal mucosal injury in experimental
      septic shock.
AB  - Capillary stasis and mucosal injury in the stomach and small intestine were
      studied in septic shocked pigs. Septicemia was induced by live E. coli i.v. in 28
      animals. Additionally, five animals were infused with Ringer's solution and
      served as sham controls. The 28 E. coli-infused animals were pretreated with
      either a cyclooxygenase inhibitor--indomethacin, n = 6, a thromboxane (TxA2)
      synthetase inhibitor--UK 38,485 alone, n = 6, or combined with a serotonin
      antagonist--ketanserin, n = 9. Seven E. coli-infused animals were left untreated
      and served as septic controls. The sham controls were hemodynamically stable and
      had normal histological findings. All bacteria-infused animals exhibited signs of
      septic shock with pronounced hemodynamic reactions. Attenuation of the bacteria
      induced increase in pulmonary arterial blood pressure was found in all pretreated
      animals but most pronounced in the indomethacin-pretreated group which also
      showed protection against gastric mucosal injury and capillary stasis. TxA2
      inhibited animals had aggravated capillary stasis and mucosal injuries. It is
      concluded that gastric mucosal damage could be modified by drugs influencing the
      prostanoid system. The "cytoprotective" effect of prostaglandins seem to be of
      minor importance for the prevention of the gastro-intestinal mucosal injury seen
      in some series.

PMID- 2914108
TI  - A case of granulomatous sialadenitis of the submandibular gland.
AB  - Granulomatous inflammation of the major salivary glands is very rare and may be
      due to obstruction. Little attention has been paid to this condition. The
      reaction is caused by extravasation of mucus, as seen in the common mucocele of
      the minor salivary glands. A case of granulomatous inflammation of the
      submandibular gland caused by obstruction is presented. The etiology of
      granulomatous sialadenitis is reviewed.

PMID- 2914109
TI  - Cell association of HIV in AIDS-related encephalopathy and dementia.
AB  - The presence of HIV gag and env proteins (HIV Ag) and virus replicating cells was
      studied by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, respectively, in brain
      specimens from five HIV infected patients. HIV antigens were detected in 3 of 5
      brains in micronodular areas characterized by increased cellularity and the
      presence of multinuclear giant cells. By double immunostaining, HIV Ag positive
      cells were shown to express markers common to macrophages and microglia i.e. Leu
      M5+, My4+, HLA-Dr+, RCA-1+, and to a lesser extent CD4+ (Leu3+). Another
      macrophage specific marker, KiM6, was found only on HIV+ cells in HIV infected
      specimens and not in uninfected, control brains. Medium-sized, virus replicating
      cells were found exclusively in micronodular areas, but in much smaller
      quantities than HIV Ag+ cells. Our observations provide further evidence to
      support the hypothesis that macrophages play an important role in CNS infection
      by HIV and additionally support the concept that reactive microglial originate
      from activated macrophages infiltrating the brain. Both direct effects of viral
      components and cell mediated reactions can be implicated from our findings as
      mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of the CNS lesions.

PMID- 2914110
TI  - Evaluation of a rapid test for detection of antibodies against human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
AB  - A new test for rapid detection of HIV antibodies (HIVCHEK) was evaluated. A total
      of 107 sera were examined. Of these, 60 were from healthy blood donors and the
      rest from a serum panel containing HIV positives and samples with false positive
      reactions in ELISA and unspecific bands in the western blot (WB). There was close
      agreement (100%) between the methods. The specificity of the HIVCHEK was 100% in
      this study. The sensitivity was acceptably high based on testing of consecutive
      serum samples from two seroconversion patients. The test was rapid and easy to
      perform, and no extra equipment was needed.

PMID- 2914111
TI  - Repeated computed tomography in lacunar infarcts of the brain.
AB  - This prospective and consecutive study of 74 patients with completed stroke
      elucidates occurrence, localization and evolution of lacunar infarcts on repeated
      CT examinations. Twenty patients had large infarcts (diameter greater than 3 cm),
      25 medium-sized infarcts (diameter greater than or equal to 1.5 cm - less than or
      equal to 3 cm), and 16 had lacunar infarcts (diameter less than 1.5 cm). In 13
      patients no infarct was seen. The lacunar infarcts were characterized by delayed
      appearance on CT, low incidence of fog effect, and infrequent presence of
      contrast enhancement. In 9 of the 16 patients (56%) the lacunar infarct could be
      identified on the first CT, performed approximately 3 days after the stroke. In 2
      patients the infarct was first revealed on the second (2 weeks post stroke) and
      in 5 on the third CT (6 months post stroke). The delayed appearance might be due
      to a partial volume effect. Early development of fog effect may also be
      considered. As contrast enhancement was observed in only 8 per cent of the
      patients with lacunar infarcts on CT, and in 70 per cent of the entire group of
      patients in our series with ischemic infarcts, contrast enhancement seemed to be
      a function of lesion size.

PMID- 2914112
TI  - Computed tomography in massive pulmonary embolism.
AB  - The usefulness of computed tomography (CT) for the diagnosis of pulmonary
      embolism (PE) was demonstrated in two cases. Employing dynamic, contrast-enhanced
      CT, both direct and indirect signs of PE may be rapidly and conveniently
      demonstrated. Possible contraindications for therapy may be diagnosed
      simultaneously and follow-up examinations after therapy may be readily performed.
      The method serves as a good complement when PE must be verified before treatment
      with potent agents.

PMID- 2914114
TI  - Computed tomography of ano-rectal anomalies. Correlation between radiologic
      findings and clinical evaluation of faecal incontinence.
AB  - Computed tomography (CT) was performed in 9 patients with faecal incontinence
      more than 8 years after rectoplasty for high imperforate anus. The radiologic
      findings were correlated with the clinical evaluation of faecal incontinence. No
      statistically significant correlation was found between function and anatomic
      findings as demonstrated by CT. Thus, although CT demonstrates the post-operative
      anatomy in a detailed way, the information does not seem to be directly
      applicable when selecting the type of reoperation for faecal incontinence.

PMID- 2914113
TI  - Esophageal motor function evaluated by scintigraphy, video-radiography and
      manometry in diabetic patients.
AB  - Prolonged esophageal scintigraphic transit time is frequent in diabetic patients
      and is related to autonomic neuropathy. In this study, esophageal scintigraphic
      transit time was correlated to esophageal motor function as evaluated by video
      radiography and manometry in 13 diabetic patients. An abnormal scintigraphic
      transit time (greater than 15 s) occurred in 6 patients. All patients with
      abnormal transit time showed abnormal results at video-radiography (n = 4) and/or
      manometry (n = 5), which were observed in only 2 of 7 patients with normal
      transit time (both with abnormal video-radiography and manometry). A prolonged
      scintigraphic transit appears reliable as an indicator of disturbed esophageal
      smooth muscle function since it is well correlated with abnormalities shown by a
      combination of video-radiography and manometry.

PMID- 2914115
TI  - MR-cholangiography with a double contrast technique.
AB  - The combination of superparamagnetic particles (SPP) as a 'negative' contrast
      agent for the liver parenchyma and Cr-HIDA as a 'positive' one for the bile ducts
      was tested in dogs. The maximum effect of SPP was present about 30 minutes after
      injection with a reduction of the image intensity of the liver close to the
      background noise level at the highest dosages. This effect lasted for about 4 to
      5 hours and it had disappeared after 24 hours. Before any contrast administration
      or after Cr-HIDA the bile ducts were not discernible, but a high signal in the
      gallbladder was present 15 to 30 minutes after injection of Cr-HIDA. After SPP
      the wider bile ducts were discernible because of the lowering of the signal
      intensity in the liver. When SPP were followed by Cr-HIDA, the bile had a higher
      signal intensity, and even tiny bile ducts were visible. After cholecystokinin
      visualization of the choledochus duct was achieved as well as contrast filling of
      the duodenum. The blood, urine, and liver function tests were found normal during
      the experiments. The combination of superparamagnetic particles and Cr-HIDA seems
      to be a promising method for MR-cholangiography. An evaluation of the anatomic
      structures of the liver should be possible with this method in different
      pathologies.

PMID- 2914116
TI  - Demonstration of splenic and portal veins at routine celiac angiography. A
      clinical investigation of metrizoate and ioxaglate.
AB  - The demonstration of splenic and portal veins during routine celiac angiography
      was prospectively investigated and blindly scored in 25 patients. Two identical
      angiographic series were performed with randomized intraindividual injections of
      either metrizoate 280 mg I/ml and ioxaglate 280 mg I/ml or metrizoate 370 mg I/ml
      and ioxaglate 320 mg I/ml. The splenic and portal veins were significantly better
      demonstrated when ioxaglate 280 mg I/ml was used, compared with metrizoate 280
      mg/ml. No significant difference was found between metrizoate 370 mg I/ml and
      ioxaglate 320 mg I/ml. Ioxaglate and metrizoate adequately demonstrated the
      splenic veins but ioxaglate did so at a lower iodine concentration. A slower
      transcapillary diffusion rate combined with a lower osmolality of ioxaglate
      compared with metriozate is considered the major explanation for the better
      demonstration of the veins.

PMID- 2914117
TI  - Absorbed dose resulting from a specially designed computed tomography technique
      for examination of the urinary bladder.
AB  - The absorbed spatial dose distribution resulting from a specially designed CT
      protocol for examination of the urinary bladder has been investigated with TLD
      rods in a body phantom containing tissue equivalent material. The CT examination
      consisted of scout view and both pre- and postcontrast scan series with 5 mm
      slice thickness and 5 mm unscanned intervals between successive scans. Cross
      sectional dose distribution for one scan in the plane of the ovaries was measured
      as well as the dose profile for one scan along a line through the ovary parallel
      to the axis of rotation. Based on these measurements, the dose resulting from the
      whole CT examination was calculated, both with contiguous and noncontiguous
      scans. The ovarian dose was calculated for different positions of the ovaries in
      relation to the scanned area. The absorbed dose varied between 8.3 mGy and 9.7
      mGy with the actual technique used. When contiguous scans with the same thickness
      were taken, the ovarian dose increased with a factor from 1.7 to 1.9. The dose
      resulting from the CT protocol of the urinary bladder was of the same magnitude
      as absorbed dose resulting from urography. When the diagnostic gain from a
      precise definition of tumor extent was taken into account, the dose resulting
      from the CT protocol was judged acceptable.

PMID- 2914118
TI  - Roentgenologic assessment of spondylolisthesis. II. An evaluation of progression.
AB  - Different degrees of artificial L5-S1 spondylolisthesis were created using a
      lumbar specimen. Lateral radiographs were obtained of each, with the specimen
      tilted and/or rotated. The true spondylolisthesis was determined
      stereophotogrammetrically. The slip, measured on the radiographs, was calculated
      according to two methods modified from Boxall et coll. No significant difference
      in accuracy was found between these two methods. The difference in calculated
      slip between examinations needs to be at least 20 per cent of the sagittal length
      of L5 to be regarded as a true progression. A true progress of slip of less than
      20 per cent is difficult to detect with statistical certainty.

PMID- 2914119
TI  - Evaluation of three methods for measurement of femoral neck anteversion. Femoral
      neck anteversion, definition, measuring methods and errors.
AB  - A variety of methods exist for determining femoral neck anteversion. There is,
      however, no consistent definition or reference method by which the correctness of
      the measurements can be determined. In this report the precision of a specific
      definition of femoral neck anteversion is estimated by means of a reference
      method. Three different radiologic measuring methods based on fundamentally
      different principles are evaluated by comparison with this reference. It is
      concluded that: 1) The Dunlap/Rippstein method can be recommended as the standard
      method. 2) Computed tomography may have substantial sources of error. 3) Methods
      based on arbitrary projections have poor precision.

PMID- 2914120
TI  - Multicystic acoustic neuroma. Case report and differential diagnosis.
AB  - A rare case of a multicystic acoustic neuroma is reported. At computed tomography
      (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) the tumor was found to cause
      hydrocephalus, and displacement of the brainstem. The multicystic character was
      revealed on CT, while MRI only showed the mass lesion and the common signal
      intensities for an acoustic neuroma. The differential diagnosis of a multicystic
      lesion in the cerebellopontine angle is discussed.

PMID- 2914121
TI  - Assessment of tibial torsion employing fluoroscopy, computed tomography and the
      cryosectioning technique.
AB  - Accurate assessment of tibial torsion, particularly the rotational deformity of a
      stabilized tibial fracture, demands precise anatomic landmarks at the proximal
      and distal measuring sites of the tibia. A fluoroscopic method has been proposed,
      utilizing the orientation of the femoral condyles and the medial malleolus to
      constitute two lines of reference. The relevance of using these structures for
      the assessment was studied while employing fluoroscopy, computed tomography, and
      the cryosectioning technique in 10 necropsy specimens of the human tibia. In all
      specimens the lines of reference were determined by each method and the tibial
      torsion was measured as the angle between the lines. The medial malleolus and the
      femoral condyles were found to present reliable anatomic landmarks for
      determination of the lines of reference in all employed techniques. The maximum
      difference between results obtained with different methods in a given specimen
      was 5.4 degrees. The average difference between results with two techniques and
      two observers varied from 1.0 to 1.5 degrees. The reproducibility of the
      fluoroscopic method, described by the estimated standard error of a single
      determination, was 1.3 degree.

PMID- 2914122
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of three contrast media in experimental pancreatography.
AB  - Diatrizoate, iohexol and ioxaglate were compared in experimental pancreatography
      in piglets. Outflow of contrast medium (CM) through the pancreatic papilla was
      permitted (n = 14) or impaired (n = 17) during examination. The CM concentrations
      were measured in portal and systemic plasma and in lymph to study the absorption
      of CM. Absorption of diatrizoate and iohexol was similar in both types of
      experiment, but radiographically, diatrizoate escaped significantly earlier from
      the pancreatic duct when outflow was permitted (p less than 0.01), suggesting
      that the CM was absorbed mainly during injection. Ioxaglate concentrations rose
      more slowly in systemic plasma and lymph, and fell more slowly in the portal
      plasma than those of diatrizoate and iohexol, which suggests that ioxaglate was
      absorbed over a longer period. When outflow was impaired, ioxaglate
      concentrations remained on a lower level, indicating less penetration in the
      pancreatic parenchyma. CM absorption varied markedly within each group,
      suggesting that variations in intraductal pressure and flow are more important in
      absorption than the type of CM used.

PMID- 2914123
TI  - Urinary excretion of iohexol after intestinal administration in rats with bowel
      ischaemia. The effects of mesenteric arterial and/or venous occlusion.
AB  - Serum and urinary levels of iohexol (Omnipaque) were evaluated in 28 rats after
      instillation of 1.5 ml of contrast medium directly into closed small bowel
      segments of equal length. Ten rats had a ligature applied to the anterior
      mesenteric artery and vein via laparotomy, 10 animals had a ligature of the vein
      only and 8 had no vascular occlusion (operated controls). In addition, 3 rats
      (non-operated controls, normals) were gavaged with a similar volume of the same
      contrast medium. Radiographs were obtained every hour. Biopsy samples and blood
      and urine tests were taken at the end of the 4-hour observation period. On
      radiographs, a marked increase of urinary bladder opacity was observed after 2 to
      4 hours in the rats with both vessels tied. Correspondingly high iodine levels
      were measured in the urine and serum at 4 hours by x-ray fluorescence analysis.
      Urinary levels were 27 times and serum levels 8 times that of operated controls,
      respectively, and 81 and 25 times that of normals. Venous occlusion affected the
      bladder opacity to a lesser extent, giving urinary iodine levels 12 times and
      serum levels twice that of normal controls. Neither urinary nor serum iodine
      levels were significantly different from the operated controls. The operated
      controls had urinary concentrations of contrast medium 3 times that of the
      gavaged normal controls, but a barely visible urinary bladder on radiographs.
      Measuring iodine levels in serum or urine may be helpful in the evaluation of the
      degree of mucosal injury induced by intestinal ischaemia.

PMID- 2914124
TI  - Granulocyte chemotaxis. Chemoattractive properties of a synthetic tripeptide are
      inhibited by radiographic contrast media.
AB  - The under agarose method for evaluation of leucocyte chemotaxis was used to
      investigate the effect of radiographic contrast media (CM) on granulocyte
      locomotion. The CM tested had no chemoattractive properties. CM inhibited N-fmlp,
      a synthetic formylated Met-tripeptide, which is a strong chemotactic agent and an
      analogue to chemotatic peptides produced by bacteria. The inhibition of N-fmlp
      was most pronounced for diatrizoate. Equiosmolal saline was not so inhibitive.
      Therefore, some part of the inhibition was caused by factor(s) other than
      hyperosmolality inherent in the CM solution.

PMID- 2914125
TI  - Characterization of Rose Bengal binding to sinusoidal and bile canalicular plasma
      membrane from rat liver.
AB  - The binding of Rose bengal, a model organic anion, to sinusoidal and bile
      canalicular membrane fractions isolated from rat liver was compared. The
      fluorescence change of Rose bengal after being bound to liver plasma membranes
      was utilized for measuring the binding. The dissociation constants (Kd = 0.1-0.12
      microM) and the binding capacities (n = 11-15 nmol/mg protein) for Rose bengal
      are comparable between the two membrane fractions, although the n value for
      sinusoidal membrane is somewhat larger than that for bile canalicular membrane.
      The Rose bengal binding to both membrane fractions was inhibited by various
      organic anions at relatively low concentrations, i.e., the half-inhibition
      concentrations (IC50) for Indocyanine green, sulfobromophthalein, Bromophenol
      blue and 1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonate were 0.1, 100, 1.5-2.5 and 100 microM,
      respectively, while taurocholate did not inhibit the Rose bengal binding to
      either membrane fraction at these low concentration ranges. The type of
      inhibition of sulfobromophthalein and Indocyanine green for Rose bengal binding
      is different between the two membrane domains. That is, in sinusoidal and bile
      canalicular membrane fractions, these organic anions exhibit mixed-type and
      competitive-type inhibition, respectively. It was suggested that the fluorescence
      method using Rose bengal may provide a simple method for detecting the specific
      organic anion binding protein(s) in the liver plasma membrane.

PMID- 2914126
TI  - Influence of plasmalogen deficiency on membrane fluidity of human skin
      fibroblasts: a fluorescence anisotropy study.
AB  - The influence of plasmalogen deficiency on membrane lipid mobility was determined
      by measuring fluorescence anisotropy of trimethylammoniumdiphenylhexatriene (TMA
      DPH) and diphenylhexatrienylpropanoylhydrazylstachyose (glyco-DPH) inserted in
      the plasma membranes of human skin fibroblasts deficient in plasmalogens. The
      cells used were from patients affected with cerebrohepatorenal (Zellweger)
      syndrome (CHRS) or rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata. Their plasmalogen
      content (0-5% of total phospholipid) is significantly reduced compared with that
      of control cells from healthy donors (13-15% of total phospholipid) or of CHRS
      fibroblasts supplemented with the plasmalogen precursor, hexadecylglycerol.
      Plasmalogen-deficient cells consistently showed lower fluorescence anisotropies
      of membrane-bound DPH fluorophores corresponding to higher membrane lipid
      mobilities as compared to controls. However, very similar lipid mobilities were
      found for sonicated aqueous dispersions of phospholipids extracted either from
      CHRS or control cells. Therefore, the differences observed with living cells are
      not due to differences in the overall physical properties of the membrane lipid
      constituents. Other phenomena such as lipid asymmetry and/or plasmalogen-protein
      interactions may be responsible for the effects observed in the biomembranes.

PMID- 2914127
TI  - Quinine inhibits multiple Na+ and K+ transport mechanisms in Ehrlich ascites
      tumor cells.
AB  - The interaction of quinine with K+ and Na+ transport mechanisms has been
      investigated in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Quinine affects both Ca2+-dependent
      K+ channel and total K+ influx. Activation of Ca+-dependent K+ channels by
      propranolol is abolished by quinine (1 mM). In addition, quinine inhibits the
      ouabain-sensitive component of K+ influx with an apparent Ki of 0.32 +/- 0.02 mM
      and the furosemide-sensitive component with a Ki of 0.24 +/- 0.01 mM.
      Furthermore, a significant fraction (52%) of Na+ influx is inhibited by quinine.
      The same component is sensitive to amiloride, suggesting that it represents
      Na+/H+ antiport. Concomitant with the inhibition of K+ and Na+ transport, quinine
      stimulates ATP hydrolysis by 57%. The results suggest that quinine exerts broad,
      nonspecific effects on cellular mechanisms which serve to regulate cation
      transport in Ehrlich cells.

PMID- 2914128
TI  - The characterisation of liposomes with covalently attached proteins.
AB  - The problem of characterising liposomes with covalently attached proteins has
      been analysed theoretically in terms of a normal weight distribution of liposome
      diameters. The polydispersity of protein conjugation is considered in terms of
      the width (standard deviation) of the liposome size distribution. It is shown
      that the weight-average number of proteins per liposome is a convenient parameter
      to use to define the protein content of proteoliposomes. Two types of
      proteoliposome have been prepared (small unilamellar vesicles and reverse phase
      evaporation vesicles) in which wheat germ agglutinin is covalently coupled to the
      liposomal surface. The liposomes cover a range of weight average diameter from 65
      to 240 nm and of polydispersity (weight to number average diameter (dw/dn) from
      2.6 to 11.4. The liposomes have been characterised by chemical analysis and
      photon correlation spectroscopy and the results are discussed in terms of the
      theoretical consequences of an equivalent normal weight distribution of
      diameters.

PMID- 2914129
TI  - Modulation of the Ca2+- or Pb2+-activated K+-selective channels in human red
      cells. II. Parallelisms to modulation of the activity of a membrane-bound
      oxidoreductase.
AB  - Modulation of Ca2+-activable K+ permeability was compared with modulation of a
      membrane-bound oxidoreductase activity in human erythrocytes. Changes in the K+
      permeability were monitored by flux measurements and single-channel recordings.
      The enzyme activity was detected by measuring reduction of ferricyanide. Pb2+,
      Atebrin and menadione had parallel effects on the channel protein and the enzyme.
      In contrast, propranolol stimulates K+ permeability, but is without effect on
      enzyme activity. The results demonstrate that the K+ channel and the enzyme are
      distinct membrane proteins but that the enzyme activity may influence channel
      gating.

PMID- 2914130
TI  - Characterization of Ca2+-binding proteins from Ehrlich ascites tumor cell
      cytoplasm and their binding to membranes.
AB  - A set of proteins in the 33-37 kDa range have been isolated from the cytoplasm of
      the Ehrlich ascites tumor cell. The proteins are characterized by their Ca2+
      dependent binding to cell membranes. This property has been used for isolation of
      the proteins by Ca2+-dependent affinity binding to inside-out vesicles of the
      human red cell membrane. The proteins display Ca2+-binding properties as shown by
      gel-filtration studies. The Ca2+-dependent binding of the 33 and 34 kDa proteins
      to red cell membranes was studied after labelling of the proteins with tritium by
      reductive methylation. The average number of Ca2+ bound per protein molecule was
      4.8 with a Kd of 3.4.10(-4) M Ca2+. The proteins are distinct from most other
      Ca2+-binding proteins of comparable molecular weights by not incorporating
      phosphate.

PMID- 2914131
TI  - Preparation of hemoglobin-containing liposomes using octyl glucoside and
      octyltetraoxyethylene.
AB  - Hemoglobin (Hb) was encapsulated in phosphatidylcholine vesicles by removal of
      the detergent n-octyl beta-D-glucoside (OG) or n-octyltetraoxyethylene (C8E4) out
      of mixed detergent-lipid micelles in Hb solution. Three types of apparatus were
      used for dialysis. Dialysis buffer flow rates, the surface area of the dialysis
      membranes, and detergent-lipid interactions determined the rate of dialysis,
      which influenced liposome size and lamellarity. Slow dialysis led to the
      formation of multilamellar liposomes, at increased dialysis rates Hb liposomes
      became smaller and unilamellar. Hb was enclosed at highest concentrations in
      larger liposomes, which included the negatively charged lipid phosphatidylserine
      or phosphatidic acid as a membrane component. Co-encapsulation of the allosteric
      factor inositol hexaphosphate led to oxygen dissociation curve values almost
      identical to those of whole blood. The oxygen-release capacity of Hb liposome
      suspensions in the physiological partial pressure range was comparable to whole
      blood. Storage of Hb liposomes for 2 months leaves oxygen-carrying
      characteristics virtually unchanged, with met-Hb levels increasing to only 11% of
      total Hb. Preparation of Hb liposomes by dialysis of octyl glucoside or C8E4 is a
      mild and efficient method for encapsulation of Hb. Since these Hb liposomes can
      be produced in scale-up batch sizes, they are a candidate for use as an oxygen
      carrying blood surrogate.

PMID- 2914132
TI  - Sodium-calcium exchange in transverse tubules isolated from frog skeletal muscle.
AB  - Transverse tubule vesicles isolated from frog skeletal muscle display sodium
      calcium exchange activity, which was characterized measuring 45Ca influx in
      vesicles incubated with sodium. The initial rates of exchange varied as a
      function of the membrane diffusion potentials imposed across the membrane
      vesicles, increasing with positive intravesicular potentials according to an
      electrogenic exchange with a stoichiometry greater than 2 sodium ions per calcium
      ion transported. The exchange activity was a saturable function of extravesicular
      free calcium, with an apparent K0.5 value of 3 microM and maximal rates of
      exchange ranging from 3 to 5 nmol/mg protein per 5 s. The exchange rate increased
      when intravesicular sodium concentration was increased; saturation was approached
      when vesicles were incubated with concentrations of 160 mM sodium. The isolated
      transverse tubule vesicles, which are sealed with the cytoplasmic side out, had a
      luminal content of 112 +/- 39 nmol calcium per mg protein. In the absence of
      sodium, the exchanger carried out electroneutral calcium-calcium exchange, which
      was stimulated by increasing potassium concentrations in the intravesicular side.
      Calcium-calcium exchange showed an extravesicular calcium dependence similar to
      the calcium dependence of the sodium-calcium exchange, with an apparent K0.5 of 6
      microM. Sodium-calcium and calcium-calcium exchange were both inhibited by
      amiloride. The sodium-calcium exchange system operated both in the forward and in
      the reverse mode; sodium, as well as calcium, induced calcium efflux from 45Ca
      loaded vesicles. This system may play an important role in decreasing the
      intracellular calcium concentration in skeletal muscle following electrical
      stimulation.

PMID- 2914133
TI  - Curvature and composition-dependent lipid asymmetry in phosphatidylcholine
      vesicles containing phosphatidylethanolamine and gangliosides.
AB  - The effect of curvature on transbilayer lipid asymmetry in vesicles is
      investigated using vesicles of different sizes (30-140 nm) prepared by sonication
      and polycarbonate filter extrusion techniques. The transbilayer distributions of
      phosphatidylethanolamine and gangliosides are measured using 2,4,6
      trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid and Clostridium perfringens neuraminidase as non
      penetrating probes, respectively. The distribution of phosphatidylethanolamine in
      a phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylethanolamine (4:1, molar ratio) system is more
      or less symmetric and curvature seems to have little effect. However, the
      distribution of gangliosides in a phosphatidylcholine/ganglioside (10:1, molar
      ratio) system is asymmetric in favour of the outer layer in smaller vesicles, the
      asymmetry disappearing as the degree of curvature decreases. In a
      phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylethanolamine/ganglioside (8:2:1, molar ratio)
      system, both phosphatidylethanolamine and gangliosides distribute asymmetrically,
      indicating a composition-dependent asymmetric distribution of
      phosphatidylethanolamine. In this system asymmetry also increases with increasing
      curvature. The asymmetric distribution of gangliosides in vesicles of low
      curvature may be due to their long headgroup and larger headgroup surface area in
      accordance with the theoretical predictions of Israelachvili et al. (Biochim.
      Biophys. Acta 470 (1977) 185-201).

PMID- 2914134
TI  - Interaction of trichorzianines A and B with model membranes and with the amoeba
      Dictyostelium.
AB  - Trichorzianines A (TA) and B (TB) are microheterogeneous mixtures of antibiotic
      nonadecapeptides of the peptaibol class which interact with lipidic membranes and
      modify their permeability properties. The TB differ from the TA by replacement of
      the Gln-18 by a Glu, giving rise to a C-terminal negative charge at neutral pH.
      The role of this charge on the trichorzianine-lipid interaction was investigated
      with model membranes by fluorescence spectroscopy and the results were correlated
      with the biological activity toward the amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum. The
      interaction of the acidic trichorzianine TB IIIc (Glu-18) with phospholipid
      bilayers and the subsequent induced permeability were weaker than that exhibited
      by the uncharged TA IIIc (Gln-18) and MeTB IIIc (TB IIIc monomethyl ester). The
      unfavourable effect of the negative charge in TB IIIc was strongly enhanced by
      incorporation of cholesterol in the bilayer. Similarly, TA IIIc as well as MeTB
      IIIc induced growth inhibition and lysis of the amoeba Dictyostelium at four
      times lower concentrations than TB IIIc. The results suggested that the
      interaction of trichorzianines with the phospholipid bilayer and the subsequent
      modifications of permeability were involved in the inhibitory properties and cell
      lysis induced by trichorzianines toward Dictyostelium.

PMID- 2914135
TI  - Temperature-sensitive release of adriamycin, an amphiphilic antitumor agent, from
      dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine-cholesterol liposomes.
AB  - Drugs for temperature-sensitive liposomes have been limited to the hydrophilic
      drugs, such as methotrexate and cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum, with a low affinity
      for the lipid bilayer. It was, however, of importance to investigate whether the
      concept of temperature-sensitive liposomes can be extended to amphiphilic or
      lipophilic compounds, because some useful drugs are amphiphilic or lipophilic. In
      this study we tried to use adriamycin, an amphiphilic antitumor agent, as a drug
      for temperature-sensitive liposomes. In the absence of serum, the liposomes
      prepared from dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine released adriamycin in a temperature
      sensitive manner, i.e., they retained the major portion of entrapped adriamycin
      at a lower temperature 32 degrees C, and released around 70% of the drug at 42
      degrees C, a temperature higher than the phase-transition temperature of the
      phospholipid. However, when serum was present, the liposomes were leaky even at
      32 degrees C. To raise the stability of the liposomes, we included various mol%
      of cholesterol in the liposomal membrane and examined temperature sensitivity and
      stability of the liposomes in the presence of serum. Our results indicated that
      the liposomes including 20 mol% cholesterol were considerably stable and
      exhibited the maximal temperature-sensitive release of adriamycin in the presence
      of serum.

PMID- 2914137
TI  - Wave-guide spectroscopy on planar lipid bilayers doped with hydrophobic ions.
AB  - Wave-guide spectroscopy exploits the light pipe properties of planar lipid
      bilayers by propagating a light wave along the plane of the bilayer. Applying
      this technique to the optical absorption of chromophore in the membrane, results
      in an enhanced sensitivity when compared to normal incidence spectroscopy. This
      gain factor is of the order of 100 per mm optical path along the bilayer, thus
      transforming the weak absorbances in lipid membranes into easily measurable
      quantities. Wave-guide spectroscopy has been used to measure the adsorption
      isotherm of hydrophobic dipicrylamine ions in a phosphatidylcholine membrane. The
      adsorption isotherm is linear for low aqueous concentrations, in the micromolar
      range however, it changes into a sublinear dependence. The addition of an inert
      alkali salt to the electrolyte favours the adsorption of hydrophobic ions.
      Current saturation is observed with the transition to the sublinear isotherm.
      When using the time constant for current relaxation as an indicator of changes in
      the magnitude of the surface potential, it does not seem to vary with the
      additional dipicrylamine which adsorbs in the presence of high concentrations of
      alkali salt in the electrolyte. A compensation of hydrophobic charge by the
      alkali ions from the inert electrolyte is proposed.

PMID- 2914136
TI  - Human platelets mediate iron release from transferrin by adenine nucleotide
      dependent and -independent mechanisms.
AB  - We assessed the ability of platelet sonicates and mediators secreted by
      unstimulated and thrombin-stimulated platelets to facilitate the release of iron
      from transferrin. Platelet sonicates and platelet conditioned media potentiated
      the release of iron from transferrin. The rate of release of iron was dependent
      on the pH of the reaction and amount of platelet sample added. Conditioned media
      from thrombin-stimulated platelets was more effective in mediating the release of
      iron from transferrin than was conditioned media from unstimulated cells. The
      rate of iron released from transferrin following addition of ATP and ADP in
      amounts equivalent to that present in platelet conditioned media was
      significantly less than the rate of iron released following the addition of
      conditioned media from platelets. Depletion of ATP and ADP in platelet
      conditioned media by incubation with apyrase only partially inhibited their
      ability to enhance the rate of iron release from transferrin. These observations
      indicate that platelets enhance the release of iron from transferrin by adenine
      nucleotide-dependent and -independent mechanisms. These observations are
      consistent with the hypothesis that platelets promote oxidant-induced tissue
      injury at sights of inflammation secondary to their ability to enhance the local
      release of iron from transferrin.

PMID- 2914138
TI  - Topography of surface-exposed amino acids in the membrane protein
      bacteriorhodopsin determined by proteolysis and micro-sequencing.
AB  - The topography of membrane-surface-exposed amino acids in the light-driven proton
      pump bacteriorhodopsin (BR) was studied. By limited proteolysis of purple
      membrane with papain or proteinase K, domains were cleaved, separated by SDS
      PAGE, and electroblotted onto polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes.
      Fragments transferred were sequenced in a gas-phase sequencer. Papain cleavage
      sites at Gly-65, Gly-72, and Gly-231, previously only deduced from the apparent
      molecular weight of the digestion fragments, could be confirmed by N-terminal
      micro-sequencing. By proteinase K, cleavage occurred at Gln-3, Phe-71, Gly-72,
      Tyr-131, Tyr-133, and Ser-226, i.e., in regions previously suggested to be
      surface-exposed. Additionally, proteinase-K cleavage sites at Thr-121 and Leu-127
      were identified, which are sites predicted to be in the alpha-helical membrane
      spanning segment D. Our results, especially that the amino acids Gly-122 to Tyr
      133 are protruding into the aqueous environment, place new constraints on the
      amino-acid folding of BR across the purple membrane. The validity of theoretical
      prediction methods of the secondary structure and polypeptide folding for
      membrane proteins is challenged. The results on BR show that micro-sequencing of
      peptides separated by SDS-PAGE and blotted to PVDF can be successfully applied to
      the study of membrane proteins.

PMID- 2914139
TI  - Aminophospholipid translocase in the plasma membrane of Friend erythroleukemic
      cells can induce an asymmetric topology for phosphatidylserine but not for
      phosphatidylethanolamine.
AB  - The ATP-dependent translocation of phospholipids in the plasma membrane of intact
      Friend erythroleukemic cells (FELCs) was studied in comparison with that in the
      membrane of mature murine erythrocytes. This was done by following the fate of
      radiolabeled phospholipid molecules, previously inserted into the outer monolayer
      of the plasma membranes by using a non-specific lipid transfer protein. The
      transbilayer equilibration of these probe molecules was monitored by treating the
      cells--under essentially non-lytic conditions--with phospholipases A2 of
      different origin. Rapid reorientations of the newly introduced aminophospholipids
      in favour of the inner membrane leaflet were observed in fresh mouse
      erythrocytes; the inward translocation of phosphatidylcholine (PC) in this
      membrane proceeded relatively slow. In FELCs, on the other hand, all three
      glycerophospholipids equilibrated over both halves of the plasma membrane very
      rapidly, i.e. within 1 h; nevertheless, an asymmetric distribution in favour of
      the inner monolayer was only observed for phosphatidylserine (PS). Lowering the
      ATP-level in the FELCs caused a reduction in the rate of inward translocation of
      both aminophospholipids, but not of that of PC, indicating that this
      translocation of PS and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) is clearly ATP-dependent.
      Hence, the situation in the plasma membrane of the FELC is rather unique in a
      sense that, though an ATP-dependent translocase is present and active both for PS
      and PE, its activity results in an asymmetric distribution of PS, but not of PE.
      This remarkable situation might be the consequence of the fact that, in contrast
      to the mature red cell, this precursor cell still lacks a complete membrane
      skeletal network.

PMID- 2914140
TI  - Anion transport through the contraluminal cell membrane of renal proximal tubule.
      The influence of hydrophobicity and molecular charge distribution on the
      inhibitory activity of organic anions.
AB  - Three different mechanisms of anion transport have been identified for the
      contraluminal membrane in the proximal tubule of the rat kidney. These mechanisms
      are specific for the transport of sulfate, dicarboxylate and p-aminohippurate
      anions. Sulfate transport is inhibited by bivalent organic anions with a distance
      between the charges of less than 7 A. The sulfate system acts in two modes: in a
      planar mode for anions with flat charged residues such as COO- and a charge
      separation of 3-4 A or in a bulky mode for groups such as SO3H- and a charge
      separation of 4-7 A. Monovalent anions can be accepted if there is a hydrophobic
      core next to the negative charges. Dicarboxylate transport is inhibited
      exclusively by anions with two charge centers located within 5 to 9 A, one of
      those possibly being a partial charge of -0.5 elementary charges. p
      Aminohippurate transport is inhibited by monovalent anions, if these have a
      hydrophobic domain with a minimal length of about 4 A. Bivalent anions inhibit,
      if they have a charge distance of 6-10 A; both charges can be partial charges of
      about -0.5 elementary charges. Longer bivalent anions can be effective provided
      they have a sufficiently large hydrophobic domain. For the sulfate and p
      aminohippurate systems it is found that anions with high acidity yield good
      inhibition. The overlapping specificities of the three systems with respect to
      charge distance and hydrophobicity allow them to accept a large variety of
      organic anions.

PMID- 2914141
TI  - Electric pulse induced membrane permeabilization. Spatial orientation and
      kinetics of solute efflux in freely suspended and dielectrophoretically aligned
      plant mesophyll protoplasts.
AB  - Asymmetric breakdown (occurring in only one hemisphere of the cell) was induced
      in freely suspended and dielectrophoretically aligned vacuole-containing or
      evacuolated plant protoplasts as well as in isolated vacuoles. In suspended cells
      breakdown was restricted to the hemisphere facing the anode and in isolated
      vacuoles to the opposite hemisphere. This difference in the orientation of the
      asymmetric breakdown can be explained by the opposite direction of the intrinsic
      membrane potentials of isolated vacuoles and of cells on which the generated
      potential difference is superimposed. The ensuing permeabilization of the
      membrane was microscopically monitored by dye uptake and by release of
      chloroplasts and of cytoplasmic and/or vacuolar solutes. The asymmetric release
      of intracellular substances (organic acids and/or amino acids) was detected by
      accumulation of chemotactic bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) close to the
      permeabilised membrane area of the cells or vacuoles. Maximum bacteria
      accumulation required about 5 min and subsequently disappeared after a further 20
      min presumably because of the restoration of the original membrane
      impermeability. With vacuoles retention of the accumulated bacteria was shorter
      indicating that the resealing process of the tonoplast membrane was faster than
      that of the plasmalemma. From the kinetics of bacteria accumulation and retention
      it is therefore possible to deduce information about the life-span and the
      resealing properties of electropermeabilized membrane areas on the single-cell
      level. Symmetric breakdown in both hemispheres of the cells could be achieved by
      electric field-mediated cell rotation of about 180 degrees between two pulses of
      the same polarity or by application of two pulses of alternating polarity. In
      dielectrophoretically aligned protoplasts of comparable diameter, breakdown
      occurred in both hemispheres, even though the breakdown was still asymmetric. It
      could be demonstrated by the uptake of the vital dye neutral red that the size of
      the membrane area which was permeabilized was much larger in that hemisphere
      oriented to the anode than in the other one. The relevance of these observations
      for further improvement of electroinjection of macromolecules and of
      electrofusion is discussed. In particular, it is pointed out that positioning of
      differently sized cells in electric field-mediated hybridisation and the polarity
      of the breakdown pulse is of great importance with respect to hybrid yield.

PMID- 2914142
TI  - Adsorption of the cationic antitumoral drug celiptium to phosphatidylglycerol in
      membrane model systems. Effect on membrane electrical properties.
AB  - The binding of the cationic antitumoral drug Celiptium to the anionic
      phospholipid phosphatidylglycerol was studied by measuring surface potentials and
      surface pressures in monolayers, and by determination of electrophoretic mobility
      on liposomes. Surface potential and zeta potential data were interpreted in terms
      of the Gouy-Chapman-Stern theory of the diffuse electrical double layer. A unique
      drug-to-lipid adsorption constant KaD, could not be calculated. KaD was observed
      to increase rapidly from 10(4) M-1 to 10(6) M-1 with an increase in drug
      concentration from 5 x 10(-7) M to 7 x 10(-6) M. This was accompanied by a marked
      decrease (in absolute value) in the corresponding electrophoretic mobilities
      which, from negative at low drug concentrations, became positive at drug
      concentrations of 10(-5) M and above. This indicates that the drug-to-lipid
      binding cannot be accounted for by a simple Langmuir adsorption isotherm, but
      corresponds to a more complex process, probably of a cooperative nature.
      Comparison of delta V and zeta potential data shows that adsorption of Celiptium
      to phosphatidylglycerol not only lowers the electrical surface potential, psi 0
      (in absolute value) but also markedly reduces the polarization potential, delta
      Vp. These observations suggest that Celiptium destabilizes the electrical
      properties of cell plasma membranes.

PMID- 2914143
TI  - Carrier-mediated transport system for cephalexin in human placental brush-border
      membrane vesicles.
AB  - The uptake of cephalosporin antibiotics, cephalexin, was studied with brush
      border microvillous plasma membrane vesicles prepared and purified from human
      full-term placental syncytiotrophoblasts. The uptake of cephalexin by the
      membrane vesicles was not stimulated in the presence of an Na+ gradient from the
      outside to the inside of the vesicles, whereas alpha-(methylamino)isobutyrate
      uptake into the vesicles of the same preparation was stimulated by an Na+
      gradient. The equilibrium level of cephalexin uptake decreased with increasing
      osmolarity of the medium, which indicates that cephalexin is transported into the
      membrane vesicles. When cephalexin concentrations were varied, the initial rate
      of uptake obeyed Michaelis-Menten kinetics with Km and Vmax values of 2.29 mM and
      2.98 nmol/mg of protein per 60 s, respectively. The uptake of cephalexin was
      inhibited by structural analogues and sulfhydryl modifying reagents. These
      results indicate the existence of a carrier-mediated transport system for
      cephalexin in the human placental brush-border membranes.

PMID- 2914144
TI  - Depth-dependent photolabelling of membrane hydrophobic core with 9-diazofluorene
      2-butyric acid.
AB  - Hydrophobic photoactivable reagents, which readily partition into membranes, have
      proved very useful for studying membrane hydrophobic core. These reagents have
      been linked to fatty acids in order to obtain amphipathic photoactivable reagents
      which label membranes more effectively. By varying the length of these
      amphipathic reagents, an attempt to label membrane hydrophobic core at different
      depths can be made. We report here 9-diazofluorene-2-butyric acid as a new
      photoactivable reagent which labels the single bilayer vesicles prepared from egg
      phosphatidylcholine. The labelling site on the fatty acyl chains could be traced
      to be between the carbon atom 4 and 6. The new probe thus labels the membrane at
      a site which is proximal to what can be predicted from its length and transverse
      location in membranes.

PMID- 2914145
TI  - The effects of homologous series of anaesthetics on a resting potassium
      conductance of the squid giant axon.
AB  - The effects of n-alkanes (n-pentane to n-octane), n-alkanols (n-pentanol to n
      undecanol) and two carboxylic esters (methyl pentanoate and methyl octanoate) on
      the conductance of squid giant axons in a high potassium, zero sodium bathing
      solution have been examined. Sodium and delayed rectifier potassium channels were
      as far as possible pharmacologically blocked. A substantial fraction of the
      measured conductance is attributed to a recently-described, voltage-independent,
      potassium channel. Anaesthetics block this channel but its sensitivity is
      markedly different from those of other squid axon ion channels.

PMID- 2914146
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies against different domains of cellobiohydrolase I and II
      from Trichoderma reesei.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies have been produced against two functionally different
      domains present in two cellobiohydrolases from Trichoderma reesei (CBH I and CBH
      II). Four groups of antibodies were obtained, which specifically recognized
      (Western blotting, ELISA) (a) the core protein within CBH I, (b) the core protein
      within CBH II, (c) the BA region of CBH I, and (d) the ABB' region of CBH II. No
      cross-reactivities within these four groups were observed. The antibodies reacted
      also specifically with proteins of similar size to CBH I and CBH II (SDS-PAGE)
      from other Trichoderma strains (Western blotting), whereas no reaction was
      observed with cellulases from other fungal sources. Analysis of culture filtrates
      of T. reesei QM 9414 harvested at various times of growth on cellulose under
      buffered conditions (pH 5-6) indicated the presence of only single bands of CBH I
      and CBH II, even after prolonged cultivation (160 h). Cultivation on cellulose in
      unbuffered media, however, showed the appearance (Western blotting) of additional
      lower molecular weight proteins, which reacted with the monoclonal antibodies
      directed against the cores of CBH I and II, but not with those recognizing the
      respective BA and ABB' regions. The appearance of these lower molecular weight
      bands was most pronounced in unbuffered media, supplemented with a 3-fold (w/w)
      amount of organic nitrogen (peptone). Analysis of some commercial cellulase
      preparations from T. harzianum revealed the same pattern of lower molecular
      weight proteins, in contrast to samples from other fungal cellulases. Those
      samples or preparations, showing a multiple pattern of CBH I and CBH II,
      exhibited higher activities of an acid proteinase. These results imply that the
      use of unbuffered, high nitrogen-supplemented culture conditions for production
      of cellulases may lead to considerable proteolytic modification of the secreted
      cellobiohydrolases.

PMID- 2914147
TI  - Conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin induced by preferential release of
      fibrinopeptide B.
AB  - Fibrin clot-promoting enzyme preferentially releasing fibrinopeptide B from
      fibrinogen was isolated from the crude venom of Agkistrodon contortrix and its
      mode of action was studied in detail. A purification procedure involving affinity
      chromatographies on immobilized lectin and arginine removed plasmin-like and
      kallikrein-like activities towards low-molecular-weight chromogenic substrates.
      Fibrin-promoting enzyme cleaved off only fibrinopeptides A and B from fibrinogen.
      The initial relative rate of release of fibrinopeptide B/fibrinopeptide A
      depended strongly on the presence of Ca2+. In the absence of Ca2+ the amount of
      fibrinopeptides released by fibrin-promoting enzyme at the gel point was greater.
      Fibrinopeptide B was no longer released before fibrinopeptide A from the non
      polymerizing N-terminal disulphide knot of fibrinogen. Catalyzed by activated
      factor XIII, complete gamma-dimer and alpha-polymer formation was observed in
      fibrin from which only 23% of fibrinopeptide A, but 100% of fibrinopeptide B was
      released by fibrin-promoting enzyme. gamma-dimer formation markedly preceded
      alpha-polymer formation. These results strongly imply a similar overall
      arrangement of monomer molecules in this fibrin when compared with a thrombin
      induced fibrin in which fibrinopeptide A is released before fibrinopeptide B.
      These observations support the concept that on fibrinopeptide B release from
      fibrinogen polymerization sites are exposed which reinforce the sites exposed on
      the release of fibrinopeptide A.

PMID- 2914149
TI  - Purification and characterization of a cofactor that controls the oxidative phase
      of the pentose phosphate cycle in liver and other tissues of rat.
AB  - We have recently reported the presence, in rat liver, of a cofactor characterized
      as a protein of Mr 10(5), which cooperates with GSSG to prevent the inhibition of
      glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase by NADPH. The inhibition that this coenzyme
      also exerts on 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase is similarly prevented by a
      cofactor-GSSG system. The activity of the cofactor increases in the livers of
      rats fed on carbohydrate-rich diets. Purification of the components in rat liver
      homogenate by ion-exchange chromatography and preparative polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis showed that the deinhibitory effect on both dehydrogenases is
      exerted by the same cofactor. The purified cofactor appeared as a unique protein
      of Mr 37.10(3) in SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Rat kidney and adipose
      tissue were the only nonhepatic tissues showing a cofactor-GSSG deinhibitory
      effect on both dehydrogenases of the oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate
      cycle. The deinhibitory activity, also corresponding with a cellular component of
      Mr 10(5), was only diet-inducible in adipose tissue. The neutralization of the
      kidney and adipose tissue deinhibitory activity by rat liver cofactor antibodies
      suggested that there was a structural relationship between the cofactors prepared
      from these tissues.

PMID- 2914148
TI  - Compartmentation of dicarboxylic acid beta-oxidation in rat liver: importance of
      peroxisomes in the metabolism of dicarboxylic acids.
AB  - Peroxisomal and mitochondrial beta-oxidation of dicarboxylic acids (DCAs) were
      investigated and compared. When isolated hepatocytes were incubated with DCAs of
      various chain lengths, H2O2 was derived from peroxisomal beta-oxidation, the
      rates of its generation being comparable to those seen with monocarboxylic acids
      (MCAs), whereas the rates of ketone body production, a measure of mitochondrial
      beta-oxidation, were much lower than those with MCAs. Peroxisomal beta-oxidation
      measured by cyanide-insensitive NAD reduction exhibited similar chain-length
      specificities for both dicarboxylyl-CoAs (DC-CoAs) and monocarboxylyl-CoAs (MC
      CoAs), except that the activities for DC-CoAs with 10-16 carbon atoms were about
      half of those of the corresponding MC-CoAs. In contrast, mitochondrial beta
      oxidation measured by antimycin A-sensitive O2 consumption had no activity for
      DCAs. In the study with purified enzymes, the reactivities of mitochondrial
      carnitine palmitoyltransferase and acyl-CoA dehydrogenase for DC-CoAs were much
      lower than those for MC-CoAs, while the reactivity of peroxisomal acyl-CoA
      oxidase for DC-CoAs was comparable to that for the corresponding MC-CoAs.
      Accordingly, the properties of carnitine palmitoyltransferase and acyl-CoA
      dehydrogenase must be the rate-limiting factors for mitochondrial beta-oxidation,
      with the result that DCAs might hardly be oxidized in mitochondria. Comparative
      study of beta-oxidation capacities of peroxisomes and mitochondria in the liver
      showed that DC12-CoA was hardly subjected to mitochondrial beta-oxidation, and
      that the beta-oxidation of DCAs in rat liver, therefore, must be carried out
      exclusively in peroxisomes.

PMID- 2914150
TI  - Spectroscopical studies on the structural organization of the lectin discoidin I:
      analysis of sugar- and calcium-binding activities.
AB  - One of the common characteristics observed in different families of sugar-binding
      proteins is the presence of aromatic residues in the proximity of the functional
      sugar-binding site (Quiocho, F. (1986) Annu. Rev. Biochem. 55, 287-315). This
      general property has made these proteins a very appropriate subject for studies
      using intrinsic fluorescence assays. In the present report we have studied the
      sugar binding activity of the lectin discoidin I, using a fluorescence-monitored
      titration assay. The galactose binding has been estimated, with an affinity
      constant of 1.8.10(-7) M-1 in the absence of calcium. In the presence of 1 mM
      Ca2+, the Kd of galactose binding is lowered to 2.7.10(-8) M-1. Calcium binding,
      by itself, seems to occur as two components with Kd values of 10(-7) and 10(-6) M
      1. From these data, and sequence comparison of discoidin I with other lectins, a
      general model for ligand binding has been proposed in which a sequence from
      position 176 to 188, together with another region close to an apolar tryptophan
      residue, most probably Trp-50, would participate in the calcium- and sugar
      binding site(s) of this protein.

PMID- 2914151
TI  - Delayed emergence of striatal dopaminergic hyperactivity after anterolateral
      ischemic cortical lesions in humans; evidence from turning behavior.
AB  - To test the hypothesis that striatal dopaminergic hyperactivity in humans may be
      an aftermath of anterior cortical ischemic insults, we utilized earlier
      observations that in several species, including humans with hemiparkinson's
      disease, asymmetric striatal dopaminergic activity results in spontaneous
      asymmetric turning away from the hemisphere with higher dopaminergic activity. In
      this study, electronic monitoring showed that, compared to normal controls,
      outpatients with old frontal and inferior-parietal cortical strokes exhibit a
      marked tendency to turn away from the side of the lesion. This delayed
      ipsilateral neglect suggests a delayed emergence of lasting ipsilateral striatal
      dopaminergic hyperactivity after unilateral anterolateral cortical insult in
      humans. Old ischemic insults to anterolateral cortical areas could be one
      etiological mechanism in human brain disorders that are associated with cortical
      dysfunction and delayed subcortical dopamine hyperactivity.

PMID- 2914152
TI  - Hemispheric asymmetries and schizophrenia: a preliminary magnetic resonance
      imaging study.
AB  - A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study of 20 chronic schizophrenic outpatients
      (5 women and 15 men) and 20 healthy volunteers, individually matched for age and
      sex, was conducted. Schizophrenics showed a statistically significant lateral
      ventricular enlargement and smaller corpus callosum: brain ratio than controls.
      There were no statistically significant differences in hemispheric measurements
      between groups. Nevertheless, we found a wider right frontal width versus the
      left in the patient group but not in the control group, and more frontal
      protuberances in the right hemisphere in the patient group. Possible meanings and
      implications of these findings for a pathophysiological hypothesis are discussed.

PMID- 2914153
TI  - Cardiovascular responses to cocaine placebo in humans: a preliminary report.
AB  - Cardiovascular responses after placebo-cocaine injections were in the same
      direction as the effect of cocaine iv in 22 male volunteers. Subjects received iv
      placebo in a room where they had been given repeated doses of iv cocaine. The
      placebo response consisted of an increase from baseline values of systolic and
      diastolic blood pressure and pulse rate. The control group, 8 subjects, which was
      not exposed to a conditioning phase, showed a smaller increase in the pulse rate
      and systolic blood pressure after the placebo injection. The results, in
      accordance with animal literature, suggest the existence of cocaine-conditioned
      effects in humans.

PMID- 2914154
TI  - Circadian rhythms of melatonin and cortisol in aging.
AB  - The relationship of age to the circadian rhythms of melatonin and cortisol was
      investigated in 44 men and 27 women (age range 19-89 years). Subjects were
      physically and psychiatrically normal. Four hourly serial blood samples were
      drawn from 8:00 AM until 8:00 AM the next day, with additional samples at 10:00
      PM and 2:00 AM. The indoor illumination was restricted to 300 lux during day and
      50 lux during the night. Plasma melatonin and cortisol were estimated by
      radioimmunoassay. Results show that the means of melatonin and cortisol values
      decreased significantly with age when the subjects were divided into three age
      groups, i.e., 19-25 years, 42-65 years, and 66-89 years. They also showed a
      significant negative correlation with age. The acrophases of the two hormonal
      rhythms, however, showed different relationships to age. The acrophase of
      melatonin rhythm showed a positive correlation with age (r = 0.38, p less than
      0.001), and cortisol showed a negative correlation with age (r = -0.56, p greater
      than 0.001). It is suggested that this may indicate a weakened responsiveness of
      the circadian system in the elderly to the day-night cycle and an altered
      relationship between the pacemakers driving melatonin and cortisol circadian
      rhythms. This may thus represent a biomarker for the intrinsic process of the
      aging of the brain.

PMID- 2914156
TI  - Suicidal behavior in depression: relationship to noradrenergic function.
AB  - We examined for relationships between suicidal behavior and noradrenergic
      function in depression. We compared depressed patients who had or had never
      attempted suicide and controls on cerebrospinal fluid, plasma, and urinary
      indices of noradrenergic function. There was no consistent pattern of significant
      findings in relationship to depressed patients who had attempted suicide. Thus,
      these essentially negative results suggest that the noradrenergic system is
      probably not a major determinant of suicidal behavior in depressed patients.

PMID- 2914155
TI  - REM latency in Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - Latency to the first episode of rapid eye movement sleep (REML) has been proposed
      as a potential biomarker for Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, we compared
      REML values from 28 AD patients and 28 age- and sex-matched controls. We employed
      multiple definitions of REML and multiple cutoffs to classify patients and
      controls. Results indicated that the best REML definition and optimal cutoff
      criterion resulted in only 65% correct classifications. We discuss the longer
      REML in AD patients relative to controls in terms of both overall sleep
      disturbance and selective deterioration of the REM-cholinergic system. As REML
      may be relatively short in other forms of psychopathology (e.g., affective
      disorders), REML may still hold promise in the differential diagnosis of dementia
      and pseudodementia.

PMID- 2914157
TI  - Psychoses associated with propranolol withdrawal.

PMID- 2914158
TI  - Effects of a suppression test dose of dexamethasone on tryptophan metabolism and
      disposition in the rat.

PMID- 2914159
TI  - Thalamic dopamine and norepinephrine ratios in schizophrenia.

PMID- 2914160
TI  - DST in India.

PMID- 2914161
TI  - Melatonin secretion and age.

PMID- 2914162
TI  - Alprazolam for psychotic depression.

PMID- 2914163
TI  - [Comparative volume of membrane microflora and morphology of the epitheliocytes
      during irradiation of chronic stomach ulcer with helium-neon laser in association
      with vagotomy].
AB  - Effect of complex influence of subdiaphragmal vagotomy (VT) and experimental
      chronic gastric ulcers (GU) thrice-repeated radiation with helium-neon laser
      (HNL) on mucosal morphology and relative membrane microflora (MM) volume has been
      studied with the methods of transmission electron and light microscopy in 77
      Wistar rats. Observed MM relative volume increase in GU and VT decreases with GU
      HNL radiation. This is due to fundal glands epitheliocytes "disregenerative"
      alterations decrease.

PMID- 2914164
TI  - [Characteristics of the cultivation of epidermocytes on collagen substratum].
AB  - Epidermocytes obtained from human split-thickness skin were cultured in
      hypocalcium medium (ion calcium content was 0.14 mM). The half bottoms of culture
      plastic dishes were coated with collagen film before bringing cells in these
      dishes. It was proved that epidermocytes attach more quickly to collagen, than to
      plastic substratum, incorporate H3-thymidine (at early periods of cultivation)
      with larger rate and form and monolayer more quickly, than on the plastic
      substratum.

PMID- 2914165
TI  - [EEG changes and symptomatic parkinsonism after intracaudate administration of
      dopamine antibodies].
AB  - Intracaudate bilateral injection of the dopamine antibodies caused the formation
      of the generator of pathologically enhanced excitation in caudate nuclei. All the
      rats exhibited the oligokinesia, rigidity and head tremor were observed in most
      animals. These abnormalities could be observed during 24 hours. The possible role
      of dopamine antibodies in parkinsonism pathogenesis is discussed.

PMID- 2914166
TI  - [Determination of serum and plasma erythropoietin in mice with phenylhydrazine
      induced anemia].
AB  - The simple, specific and sensitive erythropoietin bioassay in serum and plasma
      from phenylhydrazine treated mice is described, based on H3-thymidine
      incorporation into divided hemopoietic cells. Spleen cells taken from mice on the
      third day following the second of 2 daily injections of phenylhydrazine were
      cultured in 24 hours in the presence of test material. Following incubation for 2
      hours with H3-thymidine solution radioactivity was measured.

PMID- 2914167
TI  - [Effects of K+-depolarization on the physical state of membrane lipids in brain
      synaptosomes of the rat].
AB  - The microstructure of lipid bilayer in synaptosomes from rat brain upon K+
      depolarization (30 mM) was studied using the inductive resonance energy transfer
      (IRET) from proteins to the fluorescent probes, pyrene and DMC (4
      dimethylaminochalcone). The effectiveness of IRET was not changed by the K+
      depolarization. The monomer-to-eximer ration (Fm285/Fe285) of pyrene fluorescence
      intensities in IRET was 1.5 times lower upon depolarization than in controls.
      This suggested a decreased microviscosity of the lipid bilayer in immediate
      environment to proteins of the synaptosomal membrane. The Fm338/Fee338 ratio as
      well as polarization of DMC fluorescence indicative of the bulk lipid phase were
      not altered under these conditions. Neither cytochalasin B not colchicine had any
      effect on fluorescence polarization of DMC both in control and depolarized
      synaptosomes. It is suggested that the increased lateral mobility of protein
      associated lipid molecules found in depolarized synaptosomes may be caused by
      alterations in the activity of ion channels and ion pumps or by restructuring of
      the cytoskeletal network.

PMID- 2914168
TI  - [Cardiodepressive effect of platelet activating factor].
AB  - The cardiodepressive effect of PAF has been studied on the electrical and
      mechanical activities of isolated auricles of guinea pig. Intracellular resting
      potential, action potential (AP) and isometric contractions elicited by
      electrical stimulation (0.5 Hz) were measured. PAF (10(-7) M) induced negative
      inotropic effect, which reached its peak after 5 min with 23.5 +/- 6.6% in
      respect to prechallenge values (n = 8). After 20 min negative inotropic effect
      relaxed to 39.6 +/- 8.8%. 1 min after the beginning of washing in Tyrode
      solution, positive inotropic effect of PAF was evident, that reached its peak
      (217 +/- 49.5%) after 2 min, decayed after 5-10 min to normal values. PAF did not
      modify the resting membrane potential, produced a decrease in the amplitude and
      Vmax of the upstroke AP, shortened the AP duration. Ca-AP and contractions,
      elicited in partially depolarized myocardium were decreased by PAF (10(-7) M).
      PAF-produce the change of the AP and the negative effect on auricle contractile
      force was inhibited in muscles pretreated with 3mM 4 aminopyridine. Histamine
      (10(-4) M) was also capable of neutralizing the depressant effect of PAF. The
      obtained results suggested that PAF effects on the membrane of cardiac cells
      could be related to a change in Ca and K conductance.

PMID- 2914169
TI  - [Generation of blood anticoagulant and fibrinolytic activity after intravenous
      administration of protein C-a in rats].
AB  - Protein C--vitamin K-dependent protein of the blood coagulation system possessing
      anticoagulant and fibrinolytic activities was under investigation. Activated
      partial thromboplastin time was shown to prolong to 214 +/- 8.9% from the first
      minute after intravenous administration of 0.51 mg per rat bovine protein Ca.
      After 5 minutes the activity of plasminogen activators increased to 339 +/-
      52.8%. Both effects gradually diminished and came back to the starting level
      within 60-90 minutes. The factor V activity reduced two-fold and didn't return to
      basal level. We propose that protein Ca reveals its enzymatic activity within
      first minutes after administration and is blocked then with its inhibitor.

PMID- 2914170
TI  - [Effects of preliminary fasting on the development of D-galactosamine-induced
      acute lesion of the liver in rats].
AB  - The effect of 48-hour preliminary fasting on the development of acute hepatitis
      in 24 h after the use of 1,855 mmol D-galactosamine per 1 kg bw has been studied
      on rats. Both intensification of dystrophic and necrotic processes in the liver
      and aggravation of ultrastructural changes and disorders have been observed.
      Concentrations of reduced glutathione in the liver and D-glucaric acid in the
      urine are not changed under the effect of intoxication.

PMID- 2914171
TI  - [Primary structure of histidine decarboxylase].
AB  - The results of investigation of the primary structure of the Histidine
      Decarboxylase Micrococcus sp. n. are reported. A comparison of the primary
      structure of the Histidine Decarboxylase Micrococcus sp. n. with that of the
      Lactobacillus 30a enzyme suggests the alignment with a 52% identity. It is
      therefore highly probable that two proteins have evolved from common ancestry.
      The conservative amino acid sequences with residues (pyruvate, cysteine) of the
      active center have been found.

PMID- 2914172
TI  - [Lowering of adriamycin toxicity by its combined administration with a copper Cu
      2 complex].
AB  - Cu-2, a new Soviet copper-complexed cytostatic, decreased acute and hematologic
      toxicity after lethal doses of adriamycin (AD) were given to male CBA mice. Cu-2
      (3.5 mg/kg) was first injected 10 minutes after AD was given, and a second
      injection followed 50 minutes after the first. Relative to controls given AD
      alone, the mortality of Cu-2 treated mice was decreased and their lifespan
      increased. Leukopenia also was less pronounced and of shorter duration. The
      observed effect of Cu-2 may be related to its superoxide dismutase activity,
      which may inactivate free radical by-products of AD metabolism known to
      contribute significantly to the toxicity of this anti-cancer antibiotic.

PMID- 2914173
TI  - [Neuroanatomical dissociation of reinforcing and analgetic effects of morphine].
AB  - Pain-relieving and reinforcing effects of morphine after microinjections into
      brain structures have been studied. Reinforcing effects were revealed after
      administration into n. accumbens, while analgesic--after injections into
      periventricular area of the midbrain and dorsomedial hypothalamus. Data obtained
      demonstrate neurotopographic heterogeneity of two important effects of morphine.

PMID- 2914174
TI  - [Effects of corazol on the dynamics of membrane-bound calcium in the structures
      of the cerebral cortex].
AB  - Using the complex methodical approach on the basis of in vivo microscopy and
      chlortetracycline fluorescent probe of the cat brain cortex preparation the
      authors studied the changes in the content of the bound calcium in the structures
      of II-III motor cortex layers in response to influence by metrasol. Correlation
      between rapid decrease of some part of the bound calcium and development of
      neuron seizures was discovered. Moreover process of calcium absorption by
      intracellular membranes in response to influence of metrasol in high doses was
      revealed. Apparently functional different intracellular membranes are involved in
      this process.

PMID- 2914175
TI  - [Effects of repeated acupuncture action on pain sensitivity and beta-endorphin
      contents of the hypothalamus and midbrain of the rat].
AB  - Changes in latencies (L) of nociceptive (NC) reactions of hot plate (HP) tail
      flick (TF) tests and dynamics of beta-endorphin (beta-ED) in hypothalamus and
      midbrain were studied in albino rats receiving 15 sessions of acupuncture (A) (20
      min daily in bilateral Ho-Ku). It was shown that repeated A facilitated
      prolongation of LHP and LTF as compared to baseline and control levels. A
      decrease of the anti-NC systems capacity for activation in response to each A
      stimulation was observed. The dynamics of beta-endorphin in hypothalamus showed
      an opposite tendency as compared to that in midbrain. It is suggested that such a
      correlation of beta-ED activities in midbrain and hypothalamus might be one of
      the reasons for anti-NC mechanisms adaptation to A.

PMID- 2914176
TI  - [Ultrastructural analysis of interactions of neutrophil leukocytes and
      macrophages in the center of inflammation].
AB  - The authors have developed the method of investigating the interaction between
      neutrophil leukocytes and macrophages using a modified model of experimental
      peritonitis by Gallily and Feldman. The results of electron microscopy studies
      with quantitative assessment of phagocytosis allowed to demonstrate the sequence
      of staphylococcus phagocytosis in the peritoneal cavity of rats during the
      development of experimental peritonitis as well as the interaction between
      neutrophils and macrophages.

PMID- 2914177
TI  - [Characteristics of the membranes and functional activity of phagocytic alveolar
      macrophages].
AB  - Alveolar macrophages (AM) accumulate products of lipid peroxidation (PLP) in the
      time of phagocytosis of zymosan particles (ZP) during 4 hours, that lead to
      increase of lipid viscosity and decrease surface membrane area, which were
      studied by fluorescent probes pyrene and HSPH-14. Preliminary stimulation of AM
      by i/v ZP-injection of A(100 mg/kg before 5 days) lead to a decrease of lipid
      membrane viscosity and intensification of AM functional activity. During
      phagocytosis of ZP experimental cells accumulate much less PLP, than control
      cells, and promote support of viscosity on a more low level, and functional
      activity (phagocytic, adhesion properties)--on more high level, than in control
      cells.

PMID- 2914178
TI  - [Role of the rise of pressure in the pulmonary artery in the distribution of
      perfusion and gas exchange in bronchial obstruction].
AB  - The experiments on the dogs revealed that the damage of lobar bronchus conduction
      resulted in the decrease of O2 tension in pulmonary venous blood of this lobe.
      The decrease in the ventilation and blood flow was found in the zone of
      obstruction by using tracers 133Xe and 99mTc. The pressure rise in the pulmonary
      artery caused by the spread of bronchial obstruction is one of the factors
      promoting the redistribution of perfusion into the reserve zones of lungs. The
      decrease of pressure by the ganglio-blocking preparation results in the increase
      of arterial hypoxemia.

PMID- 2914179
TI  - [Suppression of Lewis carcinoma metastasis in mice by an interferon-inducing
      vasodilator curantil].
AB  - The intravascular (iv) or intramuscular (im) inoculations of a suspension of
      Lewis carcinoma cells induced metastatic tumor nodules in the lungs of C57Bl/6
      mice. The administration of curantil (dipyridamole) (500 mg per 20 g-mouse, per
      os) once a week beginning one day after iv tumor cells inoculation (2 X 10(5)
      cells) reduced 4-fold the number of tumor nodules. The administration of curantil
      one day after im tumor cells inoculation (2 X 10(6) cells) reduced 2-fold the
      number of tumor nodules. The combined treatment of curantil (4-, 10-days after
      inoculation) and well-known inducer of interferon poly I:poly C (50 mg per 20 g
      mouse, 1-, 7-, 14-days after inoculation tumor cells) had no synergistic effect.

PMID- 2914180
TI  - [Morphogenesis of neural derivates after transplantation of the rat embryo
      telencephalon to the testis of sexually mature animals].
AB  - Some aspects of proliferation (the number of DNA synthesizing cells) and
      differentiation of forebrain (telencephalon) isolated from a 14.5 day old rat
      embryo and then transplanted into the testis of syngenetic animals were studied
      for 90 days. The embryonic cells proliferated for 12 days then their
      differentiation started and many types of differentiated neuronal and glial cells
      of the definitive brain were found in the transplant. Histological structure of
      the transplant was without cytoarchitecture of cerebral cortex. The comparison of
      the obtained data and literature allows us to make a conclusion that realization
      of morphogenetic potencies of the rat forebrain anlage are the same not only
      after transplantation into definitive brain, but after being transplanted into
      different ectopic places; including testis.

PMID- 2914181
TI  - [Cellular repair of sublethal radiation damage in 2 subpopulations of the CFUs
      from embryonal liver and bone marrow of adult mice].
AB  - The authors studied the ability of the CFU-s, forming colonies on the 8 and 11
      day after transplantation of cells from fetal liver (FL) of 14-18 day gestation
      and adult mouse bone marrow (BM), to repair the sublethal radiation damages
      (SRD), according to Elkind's model. The ability to repair the SRD of 11-day CFU-s
      (both EL- and BM-derived) was lower than the ability of 8-day CFU-s. Both
      subpopulations of CFU-s (as 8-, as 11-day) from FL have a reduced index of SRD
      reparation as compared with the corresponding meanings for BM.

PMID- 2914182
TI  - [Sensitivity of the rabbit embryonal Leydig cells to the action of different
      pituitary hormones].
AB  - Leydig cells reaction of rabbits testis to choriogonin action has been
      investigated during the prenatal period of ontogenesis. It has been found, that
      these cells sensitivity to the hormones studied has been detected at the early
      stages of embryogenesis. The specialization of Leydig cells response to
      choriogonin, thyrotrophin and prolactin in the process of prenatal period has
      been shown.

PMID- 2914183
TI  - [Comparative radiosensitivity of CFUs of the mouse bone marrow and embryonal
      liver forming 7- and 11-day colonies].
AB  - The authors studied the radiosensitivity of CFU-s, forming 7- and 11-day colonies
      from fetal liver (FL) of 14 and 17 day gestation and bone marrow (BM) of adult
      mice. The index of D0 for 7-day colonies, formed by CFU-s from 14-day, 17-day FL
      and BM was 2.02; 1.57 and 0.78 Gy, accordingly. 11-day CFU-s both from FL, and
      from BM did not distinguish statistically at their radiosensitivity (their D0 was
      1.25 Gy).

PMID- 2914184
TI  - [Identification of digitonin binding sites on the plasma membrane of the rabbit
      aorta endotheliocytes].
AB  - Specific reagents comprising digitonin bound to latex spheres were used as visual
      markers for the detection of cholesterol sites on the endothelial cell surface by
      scanning electron microscopy. The distribution of latex markers in the
      plasmolemma of the endothelial cells was investigated. These markers have strong
      bonds with the ligands. This interaction guarantees high specificity of binding
      between labeled markers and cellular membrane cholesterol.

PMID- 2914185
TI  - [Early post-toxic defects in hepatocyte membranes revealed by electron microscopy
      with the aid of a lanthanum transmembrane tracer].
AB  - At early stages of CCl4 treatment defects of hepatocyte membranes are formed as a
      result of free radical oxidation lipids and Ca2+ accumulation by cells from
      extracellular media. The formation of membrane's pores precedes the development
      of ultrastructural changes of hepatocytes during CCl4 treatment and this is the
      result of membrane damage.

PMID- 2914186
TI  - High-resolution computed tomography in pulmonary cystic fibrosis.
AB  - Twenty-one patients with established cystic fibrosis were examined using high
      resolution, narrow-section computed tomography. The bronchiectasis of cystic
      fibrosis is described and is shown to be characteristic in many respects.
      Computed tomography was found to be more accurate than standard radiography in
      locating the disease process and demonstrated pleural involvement which was not
      apparent on chest radiographs.

PMID- 2914187
TI  - Some indicative parameters on diagnostic radiology in Spain: first dose
      estimations.
AB  - The Medical Physics Group at the Complutense University of Madrid has been co
      ordinating, for approximately 1 year, a project on optimization of radiation
      protection in diagnostic radiology, in co-operation with the other states of the
      European Community. Exhaustive data on the subject, which offer accurate results
      on patient dosimetry for the different types of examination, are the final aim of
      the project. So far, it has been possible to analyse in detail the data from the
      National Institute of Health (NIH), which manages the care of about 96% of the
      Spanish population, plus the findings from several hospitals, outpatient centres
      and private clinics of the community of Madrid, which allowed us to perform the
      first dose estimations and to extrapolate them to the rest of Spain. The
      following estimations are presented: annual frequency of different examinations,
      their variation from 1985 to 1986, number of diagnostic rooms used for a given
      minimum of annual examinations, organ doses for different examinations, effective
      dose-equivalent, genetically significant dose for some examinations, as well as
      the collective dose.

PMID- 2914188
TI  - Transient diverticula of the colon.
AB  - Transient diverticula are radiological phenomena that can be observed in a
      minority of patients undergoing barium enema. Radiographs before and after smooth
      muscle relaxation are required. Diverticula seen on the early radiographs may, in
      some patients, disappear following the intravenous administration of 20 mg
      hyoscine-N-butylbromide (Buscopan). Using this technique in 441 examinations,
      transient diverticula have been observed in 18 patients (4.1%). They exhibit many
      features of established diverticula which suggests that they represent an
      incipient stage of the disease.

PMID- 2914189
TI  - Technetium-99m hydroxymethylene diphosphonate scanning of acute injuries to the
      lateral ligaments of the ankle.
AB  - Technetium-99m hydroxymethylene diphosphonate scans were performed on 29
      consecutive patients with acute ankle ligament injuries. Scanning reliably
      differentiated a severe from a minor injury. Severe injuries gave a diffuse
      uptake on the scan and the minor injuries a more localized increase in uptake.

PMID- 2914190
TI  - Cell kinetic changes in the follicular epithelium of pig skin after irradiation
      with single and fractionated doses of X rays.
AB  - Changes in the cell kinetics of the follicular epithelium of the pig have been
      studied after irradiation with single and fractionated doses (30 fractions/39
      days) of X rays and the results compared with previously published data for the
      epidermis. In the follicular epithelium there was an initial degenerative phase,
      during which the rate of cell depletion was independent of the radiation dose and
      the mode of administration. Evidence for repopulation was seen between the 14th
      and 18th days after single doses (15 or 20 Gy) and by the 28th day after the
      start of irradiation with fractionated doses (52.3-80.0 Gy). However, the degree
      of cell depletion and the subsequent rate of repopulation were independent of
      dose. The regenerative phase was characterized by an increased cell proliferation
      as indicated by an elevation of the labelling index. Islands of cells (colonies),
      with an appearance similar to cells in the normal follicular epithelium, were
      seen 18 days after a single dose of 20 Gy and 42 days after the start of
      fractionated irradiation. When compared with the epidermis, the follicular
      epithelium exhibited considerably less evidence of damage after both single and
      fractionated doses of X rays. There was a lower incidence of degenerate cells and
      reduced levels of cell depletion in the follicular epithelium, suggesting that
      cells from this region play an important role in the repopulation of the
      epidermis after high-dose irradiation.

PMID- 2914191
TI  - Precision of determining compliance with prescribed fields from conventional
      portal films.
AB  - Three hundred and seventy measurements of field placement errors (FPEs) have been
      made by a total of 16 observers on 20 prescription-treatment film pairs taken
      during routine radiotherapy for cancer of the prostate. Analysis of the
      distributions of the measured FPEs has yielded the precision of the measurement
      under a variety of conditions. We report here the influence on the precision of
      determining FPEs of the following factors: the clinical duties of the observers,
      the quality of the treatment film, the relative magnification of prescription and
      treatment films, and whether double-exposure techniques were employed.

PMID- 2914192
TI  - Discriminant analysis on the treatment results of interstitial radium tongue
      implants.
AB  - Discriminant analysis was carried out for 48 tongue cancer patients who were
      treated with radium single-plane implantation. The 48 patients were grouped into
      32 successfully cured without complications, five successfully cured with
      complications, six successfully cured but requiring additional boost therapy and
      five with local recurrence. To evaluate the relation between the dose
      distribution and the local treatment results, the analysis was based on a volume
      dose relationship. The functions introduced by this discriminant analysis were
      linear, and the parameters used were modal dose, average dose and shape factors
      of histograms. Each group of treatment results had a correction rate of greater
      than 80%, except for the successfully cured group with ulcers. The discriminant
      functions were useful as an index to obtain a final clinical treatment result at
      the early time of implantation, and these functions could be used as a criterion
      for the optimal treatment of tongue carcinoma. We were also able to recognize the
      limitation of the actual arrangement of sources in the single-plane implant.

PMID- 2914193
TI  - Results of treatment of carcinoma of the uterine cervix using the Newcastle
      afterloading technique.
AB  - Eighty-seven patients with carcinoma of the uterine cervix were seen between 1
      August 1977 and 31 December 1985. Seventy-one patients were treated radically. A
      combination of intracavitary radiotherapy, using the Newcastle manual
      afterloading technique, and external-beam radiotherapy was used. The actuarial 4
      year survival for all Stage 1 cervical carcinomas was 84.9%. For Stage 2 cancers
      the actuarial local control rate was 71.1% and the survival 49.2% and for Stage 3
      cancers the 4-year actuarial local control rate was 24.3% and the survival 14.8%.
      Complications of treatment were confined to the bowel and bladder and occurred in
      11.5% of cases. The results of treatment of Stage 1 cancer suggest that the
      intracavitary technique gives a satisfactory distribution of radiation. The
      results of treatment of more advanced cases are disappointing and suggest that
      improvements are possible for some patients (i.e. wedge malalignment patients).
      There is sufficient flexibility in the technique for it to be applied
      satisfactorily for most anatomical situations.

PMID- 2914194
TI  - An indwelling intrauterine tube to facilitate intracavitary radiotherapy of
      carcinoma of the cervix.

PMID- 2914195
TI  - A source localizing technique for the microSelectron-HDR afterloading system.

PMID- 2914196
TI  - Anomalous superior vena cava causing non-visualization of the lungs in perfusion
      scintigraphy.

PMID- 2914198
TI  - Primary extranodal lymphoma in muscle.

PMID- 2914197
TI  - Ossified leiomyoma of the stomach: demonstration on computed tomography.

PMID- 2914199
TI  - A colonic double bubble.

PMID- 2914200
TI  - Functional changes in the irradiated rat ureter: assessment by transit-time
      renography.

PMID- 2914201
TI  - Late normal tissue reactions in patients with breast carcinoma.

PMID- 2914202
TI  - Diagnostic radiation, pregnancy and termination.

PMID- 2914203
TI  - Leakage from a caesium-137 needle.

PMID- 2914204
TI  - Proceedings of the British Institute of Radiology. Too much radiation in
      radiodiagnosis? Abstracts. London, March 9, 1988.

PMID- 2914205
TI  - The astroglial response to autonomic tissue grafts.
AB  - Autonomic (superior cervical) ganglia were grafted either into the IV ventricle
      where minimal trauma occurred or directly into the cerebral cortex which was
      necessarily traumatic. Previous studies have shown that host astroglia may
      migrate into autonomic tissue grafts. The purpose of the present study was to
      compare and contrast the astroglial response in allo- and autografts. By
      monitoring the host response in the two model sites using glial fibrillary acidic
      protein (GFAP) immunostaining in 1 micron plastic sections we sought to determine
      the role of injury stimulus in astroglial migration. In addition, these models
      could be used to investigate any potential differences in glial reactivity
      produced by allo- or autograft antigenic stimulation. In both ventricular and
      parenchymal locations, astroglia migrated progressively into allografts.
      Migration, which could have taken place along anastomotic vascular connections,
      began after one week and was continual, eventually replacing graft neural tissue.
      Astrocytic processes appeared enlarged and highly immunoreactive only as they
      entered the allografts or were in close association with the choroid plexus;
      adjacent host astrocytes were unaltered. Glial migration was greatly reduced in
      ventricular autografts but in the parenchymal site was nearly comparable to that
      of allografts. It was suggested that certain immunological factors may be
      involved in glial reactivity or migration considering the observed differences in
      the non-traumatic model whereas tissue damage stimulus played a major role in
      migration in both allo- and autografts. In no instances were typical astrocytic
      end-feet found on the autonomic graft vessels. The host astrocytic response to
      grafted autonomic tissue occurred significantly later (5-7 days) than the host
      endothelial response. This observation indicates that the graft vessels were
      original, intrinsic ones and the astrocytic invasion played no role in
      influencing endothelium with regards to brain-barrier properties.

PMID- 2914206
TI  - Immunocytochemical characterization of neuron-rich rat brain primary cultures:
      calbindin D28K as marker of a neuronal subpopulation.
AB  - The function in neurons of the vitamin D-dependent calcium ion-binding-protein of
      28 kDa mol. wt., calbindin D28K, is unknown. In order to find a simple system for
      studying the function of this protein, neuron-rich primary cultures derived from
      brains of 16-day-old rat embryos were analyzed for the presence of calbindin D28K
      by immunocytochemical mono- and double-labelling techniques. The studies were
      carried out between the 5th and 23rd day after seeding. In contrast to the
      neuronal marker neuron-specific enolase which was found in nearly all cells in
      the culture, calbindin D28K was expressed only in a subpopulation of neurons.
      Calbindin D28K-positive cells were intensely stained in their cell bodies and
      were also stained in their processes. Astroglial cells identified by the presence
      of the processes. Astroglial cells identified by the presence of the specific
      marker glial fibrillary acidic protein did not express calbindin D28K. Therefore,
      calbindin D28K is a useful marker for defining a neuronal subpopulation in neuron
      rich primary cultures. Such cultures may be employed as a tool in searching for
      function(s) of calbindin D28K.

PMID- 2914207
TI  - GABA-immunoreactivity in ganglion cells of the rat retina.
AB  - Ganglion cells in the rat retina were labeled with the fluorescent dye, Diamidino
      yellow, by retrograde transport from the superior colliculus and subsequently
      reacted for GABA-like immunoreactivity with a rhodamine-conjugated antiserum.
      Examination of sectioned retinas by fluorescence microscopy showed double
      labeling in approximately 6% of the ganglion cells. The presence of GABA in these
      neurons suggests that they may be involved in providing direct inhibitory input
      to the rat tectum.

PMID- 2914208
TI  - The pretectum as a site for relaying dorsal column input to thalamic VL neurons.
AB  - Intracellular recording techniques were used to study dorsal column input to 122
      feline ventral thalamus (VL) relay neurons, before (61 cells) and after (61
      cells) lesioning the pretectum. Prior to the lesions, 75% (46/61) of the neurons
      responded with short and longer latency postsynaptic potentials to dorsal column
      stimulation. Latencies of the postsynaptic potentials ranged from 4 (short) to 20
      ms (long). After the lesions, only long latency responses were encountered, and
      those responses were seen in only 16% (10/61) of the cells. These data indicate
      that the pretectum may play an important role in mediating dorsal column
      information to VL, ultimately influencing cerebellar commands to the motor
      cortex.

PMID- 2914209
TI  - The cholinergic input to the superficial layers of the superior colliculus: an
      ultrastructural immunocytochemical study in the ferret.
AB  - The cholinergic innervation of the superficial layers of the ferret's superior
      colliculus was investigated with a combination of electron microscopy and choline
      acetyltransferase immunohistochemistry. Cholinergic boutons in the superficial
      layers of the superior colliculus possess spherical vesicles and make
      predominantly asymmetrical synapses onto the profiles of small dendrites, as do
      the terminals of cortical and retinal axons. In most areas of the brain studied
      so far, cholinergic terminals tend to form synapses of the symmetrical variety.

PMID- 2914210
TI  - Cholinergic activation of medial pontine reticular formation neurons in vitro.
AB  - Direct microinjection of cholinergic compounds into pontine reticular formation
      furnishes an excellent phenomenological model of the rapid eye movement phase of
      sleep (REM), but the mechanisms underlying this effect and whether they mimic the
      cellular events of natural REM remain unknown. Data presented here from
      intracellular recordings in vitro in the rat demonstrate that two-thirds of
      medial pontine reticular formation neurons respond to application of 0.5-1.0
      microM carbachol with a depolarization characterized by a decreased conductance
      and a linear I/V curve. The resultant mimicry of REM cellular events by carbachol
      extends to membrane potential depolarization, increased cellular excitability,
      enhancement of PSPs from reticular stimulation, and the absence of a burst
      discharge pattern. The presence of these effects with tetrodotoxin and their
      blockade by atropine imply a direct, muscarinic cholinergic mediation. Other
      neurons tested responded with either a biphasic hyperpolarization-depolarization
      or a hyperpolarization. The hyperpolarization was associated with an increased
      conductance which exhibited pronounced inward rectification, an effect novel for
      cholinergic agonists in vertebrate CNS but described in heart cells.

PMID- 2914211
TI  - Paradoxical sleep deprivation does not affect neuronal excitability in the rat
      hippocampus.
AB  - Before, during and after paradoxical sleep deprivation, field potentials, evoked
      in the CA1 region and in the fascia dentata of the hippocampus by means of paired
      pulse stimulation, were measured. Paradoxical sleep deprivation was applied for 3
      days, using the platform and the pendulum technique. No changes were observed on
      evoked field potential amplitude, population spike or paired pulse depression
      during and after the deprivation period. These results suggest that the neuronal
      excitability in the rat hippocampus, measured with the evoked potential
      technique, does not change as a result of paradoxical sleep deprivation.

PMID- 2914212
TI  - Habituation of monosynaptic field potentials in the dentate gyrus of freely
      moving rats interferes with LTP.
AB  - In 30 male Wistar rats, monosynaptically evoked field potentials in the dentate
      gyrus were registered under different conditions of repetitive stimulation and
      the long-term changes in synaptic transmission studied. Low-frequency stimulation
      induces a habituation-like decrement of the field-EPSP, but not of the population
      spike which interferes with the maintenance of LTP when administered after
      tetanic stimulation. The habituation-like response decrement, however, does not
      influence paired pulse-depression seen with an interstimulus interval of 20.0 ms.
      The paired pulse-plasticity, on the other hand, can be influenced by the tetanic
      stimulation (diminution of facilitation or depression), being dependent on the
      intensity of test stimuli. The results can be interpreted in terms of a complex
      influence of low-frequency- and tetanic stimulation on the elements of the
      dentate local circuitry and point to the necessity of considering long-term
      plastic changes in the investigation of substance- or stimulation-induced
      deviations of neuronal responses.

PMID- 2914213
TI  - Absence of electrographic seizures after transient forebrain ischemia in the
      Mongolian gerbil.
AB  - EEG was continuously recorded from Mongolian gerbils for 4 days after transient
      bilateral forebrain ischemia, to determine whether ischemic brain damage in this
      species is necessarily associated with seizures. Gerbils were chronically
      implanted with EEG recording electrodes in hippocampal area CA1, striatum and
      frontal neocortex and were subjected to a 5-10 min occlusion of both common
      carotid arteries. During the first few hours after the occlusion, the EEG was
      dominated by slow waves similar to those recorded from human brain after a
      damaging episode of cerebral ischemia. Amplitudes of the hippocampal and striatal
      EEG declined markedly with time, presumably as a result of neuronal degeneration.
      Ictal activity was never recorded, even from animals that suffered extreme damage
      to the hippocampal formation and striatum. Therefore ischemic brain damage in the
      gerbil does not result from seizure activity.

PMID- 2914214
TI  - Adenosine deaminase containing fiber pathway from the superior colliculus to the
      lateral posterior nucleus of the rat.
AB  - Presence of a projection containing adenosine deaminase (ADA)-like
      immunoreactivity from the stratum opticum (SO) to the dorsomedial portion of the
      lateral posterior nucleus of the thalamus (LPN) of the rat was demonstrated using
      a method combining retrograde tracing by horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and
      immunohistochemistry for ADA. In the caudal two thirds of the LPN, a clearly
      delimited ADA-like immunoreactive fiber plexus was located. Injection of HRP into
      the lateral posterior nucleus labeled many neurons in the medial portion of the
      SO where medium-sized neurons with ADA immunoreactivity were concentrated.
      Simultaneous immunostaining showed that some of the HRP-labeled neurons are ADA
      positive.

PMID- 2914215
TI  - Low frequency stimulation of the locus coeruleus reduces regional cerebral blood
      flow in the spinalized cat.
AB  - Regional cerebral blood flow (RCBF) was studied during low frequency (15/s) and
      high frequency (50/s) electrical stimulation of the locus coeruleus (LC) in the
      alpha-chloralose-anesthetized cat using the freely diffusible tracer
      [14C]iodoantipyrine and regional brain dissection. The responses were determined
      in animals spinalized at the C1/C2 level to eliminate systemic effects of pontine
      stimulation such as alterations in blood pressure and heart rate. The
      spinalization, itself, did not alter resting RCBF or reactivity to hypercapnia.
      Low frequency stimulation reduced regional cerebral blood flow in the cortex,
      basal ganglia and white matter of the corpus callosum. The reductions in RCBF
      were maximal (35%) in the occipital cortex whereas no changes were seen in the
      colliculi. No changes were seen in any brain areas with high frequency
      stimulation. The relevance of this brainstem effect on cerebral blood flow to
      pathological states such as stroke and migraine is discussed.

PMID- 2914216
TI  - Memory enhancement with intra-amygdala post-training naloxone is blocked by
      concurrent administration of propranolol.
AB  - Sprague-Dawley rats were first trained on an inhibitory avoidance task (IA) and
      then, two weeks later, on a Y-maze discrimination task (YMD). Bilateral intra
      amygdala injections were given through implanted cannulae immediately post
      training. Retention was evaluated one week following training on each task.
      Naloxone (0.1, 0.3 or 1.0 microgram) facilitated retention performance in both
      tasks. The most effective doses were 0.1 microgram for the IA task and 0.3
      microgram for the YMD task. Since naloxone (0.1 microgram) did not affect
      retention when administered via cannulae implanted in either the caudate-putamen
      or cortex dorsal to the amygdala, the effects of intra-amygdala naloxone is not
      due to diffusion of the drug to these brain regions. Intra-amygdala injections of
      the beta 1,2-adrenoceptor blocker propranolol (0.3 microgram) blocked the memory
      enhancing effects of intra-amygdala naloxone (IA: 0.1 microgram; YMD: 0.3
      microgram) administered concurrently immediately post-training. We interpret
      these findings as indicating that the enhancing effects of intra-amygdala
      naloxone are mediated by the activation of beta-noradrenergic receptors within
      the amygdala. Such effects are presumably due to blocking of inhibitory effects
      of opioid peptides on the release of norepinephrine.

PMID- 2914217
TI  - Failure to detect antibody to bovine respiratory syncytial virus in bovine fetal
      serum.
AB  - Sera obtained from 147 bovine fetuses estimated to be between 120 and 270 days of
      gestation at an abattoir were tested for antibody to bovine respiratory syncytial
      virus. Antibody to bovine respiratory syncytial virus was not detected in any of
      the sera examined. Based on the results of this study and a review of the
      literature, it appears that transplacental infection by bovine respiratory
      syncytial virus does not occur, or is uncommon.

PMID- 2914218
TI  - Detection of African swine fever virus antibodies by immunoblotting assay.
AB  - An immunoblotting assay has been adapted to detect antibodies against African
      swine fever virus. The electrophoretic transfer of proteins and the
      immunoreaction conditions were optimized, using 4 mA/cm2 of current intensity and
      10 micrograms of soluble cytoplasmic antigen of infected cells per strip. Filters
      of polyvinylidene difluoride showed the highest capacity for protein absorption,
      but nitrocellulose filters showed lower backgrounds. The specificity and the
      pattern of the proteins induced by African swine fever virus that react with the
      antisera were determined in immunoblotting assay, IP30 being the most reactive
      protein.

PMID- 2914219
TI  - Delayed resumption of development of inhibited Cooperia oncophora in a yearling
      calf.
AB  - During a study of larval inhibition, resumption of development of Cooperia
      oncophora was observed in one calf to occur over a prolonged period of time. This
      animal had grazed for 14 weeks, was treated with thiabendazole and stabled for
      eight weeks prior to grazing the same pasture for ten days in late fall. A marked
      increase in Cooperia egg output started about six months after restabling. Worm
      egg outputs persisted for about 14 months with counts of up to 1000 eggs per gram
      during the first eight months of this period followed by a period with low counts
      of 50 to 150 eggs per gram.

PMID- 2914220
TI  - Experimental trichinosis in sheep.
AB  - Trichinella spiralis spiralis infections were established in sheep by
      administering infective larvae via gavage or feeding infected musculature.
      Trichinella spiralis nativa infective larvae had a low infectivity for sheep
      although light infections may be established in some animals with large infective
      doses. For the most part, sheep were averse to ingesting musculature mixed in a
      grain ration unless it was camouflaged with molasses. The heaviest infections
      usually occurred in the masseter muscle. The fact that sheep are averse to
      ingesting muscle tissue may reduce the likelihood of trichinosis. Anti
      Trichinella antibodies to both T: spiralis spiralis and T. spiralis nativa were
      produced as demonstrated by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Seroconversion
      occurred in several sheep challenged with T. spiralis nativa even though larvae
      were not recovered from the musculature by pepsin-digestion.

PMID- 2914221
TI  - Pharmacokinetics and body fluid and endometrial concentrations of ormetoprim
      sulfadimethoxine in mares.
AB  - Six healthy adult mares were each given an oral loading dose of ormetoprim(OMP)
      sulfadimethoxine (SDM) at a dosage of 9.2 mg of OMP/kg and 45.8 mg of SDM/kg,
      followed by four maintenance doses of 4.6 mg of OMP/kg and 22.9 mg of SDM/kg, at
      24 h intervals. Ormetoprim and SDM concentrations were measured in serum,
      synovial fluid, peritoneal fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, urine and endometrium. The
      highest mean serum OMP concentration was 0.92 micrograms/mL 0.5 h after the first
      dose; the highest mean SDM concentration was 80.9 micrograms/mL 8 h after the
      first dose. The highest mean synovial fluid concentrations were 0.14 microgram of
      OMP/mL and 28.5 micrograms of SDM/mL 12 h after the first dose. The highest mean
      peritoneal fluid concentrations were 0.19 micrograms of OMP/mL 6 h after the
      first dose and 25.5 micrograms of SDM/mL 8 h after the fifth dose. The highest
      mean endometrial concentrations were 0.56 micrograms of OMP/g and 28.5 micrograms
      of SDM/g 4 h after the fifth dose. The mean cerebrospinal fluid concentrations
      were 0.08 micrograms of OMP/mL and 2.1 micrograms of SDM/mL 5 h after the fifth
      dose. Mean trough urine drug concentrations were greater than or equal to 0.4
      micrograms of OMP/mL and greater than or equal to 172 micrograms of SDM/mL. Two
      of the mares were each given a single intravenous (IV) injection of OMP and SDM
      at a dosage of 9.2 mg of OMP/kg and 45.8 mg of SDM/kg. Excitation and muscle
      fasciculations were observed in both mares after IV administration and all
      scheduled blood samples could be collected from only one of the two
      mares.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2914222
TI  - Effects of perinatal high dose dexamethasone on skeletal muscle development in
      rats.
AB  - Five litters of suckling rats were given either dexamethasone (DEX), 1 mg/kg,
      subcutaneously, three times daily (n = 4/litter) or vehicle control (n =
      4/litter) from day 3 through day 7 after birth. Rats were weighed weekly and were
      weaned on day 30. On day 60, rats were killed and the soleus (SOL) and extensor
      digitorum longus (EDL) were removed for the following analyses: 1) wet weight, 2)
      light microscopic examination of hematoxylin and eosin stained transverse
      sections, 3) quantitative morphometric analysis of myosin ATPase stained
      transverse sections (fiber numbers, fiber type percentages and mean fiber
      diameters), and 4) DNA (total and mg/g wet weight). The following parameters were
      significantly reduced in treated rats: 1) body weight, 2) wet weight of SOL and
      EDL, and 3) mean diameter of SOL type I fibers. There was a trend for total DNA
      of SOL and EDL to be decreased in treated rats but this was not statistically
      significant. In a second experiment, pregnant rats (n = 4) were given DEX, 1
      mg/kg, subcutaneously, twice daily, on days 17 and 18 of gestation. Two rats
      served as vehicle controls. The prenatally DEX-exposed rats weighed significantly
      less on weeks 3, 4, 6, 7 and 8. There were significant reductions in the
      following parameters for treated rats: 1) SOL wet weight, and 2) total number of
      SOL type I fibers. There was a trend for SOL DNA to be reduced but this was not
      statistically significant.

PMID- 2914223
TI  - Nephrotoxicity of amphotericin B in dogs: a comparison of two methods of
      administration.
AB  - Two methods of administration of amphotericin B were compared for their ability
      to produce nephrotoxicity in 12 dogs. Six dogs received six alternate day doses
      of amphotericin B: 1 mg/kg administered as a rapid bolus in 25 mL 5% dextrose in
      water. Another six dogs received alternate day treatments of the same dose of
      amphotericin B in 1 L 5% dextrose in water over 5 h. Both treatment groups
      experienced significant reductions in glomerular filtration rate, as measured by
      inulin clearance, 24 h endogenous creatinine clearance, serum creatinine and
      serum urea. This reduction in glomerular filtration rate was most marked in the
      group receiving the drug as a rapid bolus. The inulin clearances decreased from
      3.54 +/- 0.30 mL/min/kg (means +/- SEM) on day 0 to 1.15 +/- 0.25 mL/min/kg on
      day 12 in the slow infusion group and from 3.24 +/- 0.25 mL/min/kg on day 0 to
      0.46 +/- 0.11 mL/min/kg on day 12 in the rapid bolus group. Renal lesions
      characteristic of amphotericin B administration were observed in all dogs tested.
      The dogs which received amphotericin B as a rapid bolus had a significantly
      greater number of tubular lesions than the slow infusion group. Systemic side
      effects, such as vomiting, diarrhea and weight loss, were observed in both
      treatment groups but were most severe in the rapid bolus group.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2914224
TI  - Plasma and liver copper values in horses with equine degenerative
      myeloencephalopathy.
AB  - Equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy (EDM) is a common spinal cord disease in
      the horse. The etiology of EDM currently is unknown. In other species, there are
      similarities in the clinical signs and neuropathological changes observed in EDM
      and in copper deficiency. The objective of this study was to determine if horses
      affected with EDM had low levels of plasma or liver copper. Plasma copper values
      were determined in 25 EDM affected horses and 35 normal horses. Liver copper
      levels were determined on 13 EDM affected horses and 22 normal horses. Plasma and
      liver copper values were not significantly lower in EDM affected horses than in
      control horses.

PMID- 2914225
TI  - Environmental source of mycobacteriosis in a California swine herd.
AB  - Between July 1985 and April 1986, mycobacterial lymphadenitis was recorded in six
      of 2407 slaughter pigs from a commercial swine herd in which the majority of pigs
      were raised in confinement. Records showed that all six affected pigs had access
      to dirt-floored pens at least 81 days prior to slaughter. The mycobacteriosis
      lesion rate for pigs exposed to dirt pens was 9.4% while in nonexposed pigs the
      lesion rate was zero. The risk associated with movement of pigs from concrete
      floored pens to dirt pens was evaluated by a field trial. In the field trial, two
      litters (5 of 15 pigs) exposed to dirt pens at 12-24 days of age but none of nine
      nonexposed litters (39 pigs) developed lesions. Mycobacterium avium-complex
      bacteria were recovered from both exposed litters (9 of 15 pigs) but from none of
      nine nonexposed litters. Serovars of M. avium-complex isolated from trial pigs
      included 1, 4, 8, 9, the dual serovar 4/8, and an untypable serovar. Incense
      cedar bark (Calocedrus decurrens) used as a flooring material in the pens was
      demonstrated to be a potential source of M. avium-complex serovar 9. The dual
      serovar 4/8 and an untypable M. avium-complex were isolated from the dirt-floored
      pens. No evidence of cross-transmission of M. avium-complex infection was
      detected. The sporadic pattern of mycobacteriosis observed in the herd probably
      resulted from infrequent exposure to a common environmental source.

PMID- 2914226
TI  - Plasmid mediated antimicrobial resistance in Ontario isolates of Actinobacillus
      (Haemophilus) pleuropneumoniae.
AB  - The genetic basis of antimicrobial resistance in Ontario isolates of
      Actinobacillus (Haemophilus) pleuropneumoniae was studied. Two Ontario isolates
      of A. pleuropneumoniae were found to be resistant to sulfonamides (Su),
      streptomycin (Sm) and ampicillin (Amp). Resistance to Su and Sm was specified by
      a 2.3 megadalton (Mdal) plasmid which appeared to be identical to pVM104, which
      has been described in isolates of A. pleuropneumoniae from South Dakota. Southern
      hybridization showed that the 2.3 Mdal Su Sm plasmid was highly related to those
      Hinc II fragments of RSF1010 known to carry the Su Sm genes, but was unrelated to
      the remainder of this Salmonella resistance plasmid. Resistance to Su and Amp was
      specified by a 3.5 Mdal plasmid and appeared identical to pVM105 previously
      reported. The beta-lactamase enzyme had an isoelectric point of approximately
      9.0. Southern hybridization showed no relationship to the TEM beta-lactamase. A
      third isolate of A. pleuropneumoniae was found to be resistant to chloramphenicol
      (Cm), Su and Sm by virtue of a 3.0 Mdal plasmid which specified a chloramphenicol
      acetyl transferase. We conclude that resistance to Su, Sm, Amp and Cm is mediated
      by small plasmids in A. pleuropneumoniae. Although the Su and Sm resistance
      determinants are highly related to those found in Enterobacteriaceae, the
      plasmids themselves and the beta-lactamase determinant are different.

PMID- 2914227
TI  - Immunization of foxes by the intestinal route using an inactivated rabies
      vaccine.
AB  - Approximately 30% of foxes given two doses of an inactivated rabies antigen
      delivered directly into the intestinal tract developed an immune response as
      measured by rabies serum neutralizing antibodies. Seven of ten previously
      immunized foxes showed an anamnestic response following a booster dose of
      inactivated rabies antigen delivered to the intestinal lumen. Stomach and
      particularly intestinal contents were destructive to rabies antigen and virus.
      This effect could be partially neutralized in vitro by the addition of Questran
      and soybean trypsin inhibitor. Small enteric coated tablets fed to foxes in a
      hamburger bolus remained in the stomach for up to 13 hours and therefore would
      provide a poor vehicle for the delivery of antigen to the intestinal tract.

PMID- 2914228
TI  - Comparison of serum biochemical profiles of male broilers with female broilers
      and White Leghorn chickens.
AB  - Male broiler chickens were compared to female broiler chickens and male White
      Leghorns with respect to a 15-parameter serum biochemical profile at 9, 20, 30
      and 42 days of age in order to determine which, if any, of the parameters tested
      might be useful in the identification of birds susceptible to sudden death
      syndrome. In comparison to female broilers, male broilers had significantly lower
      (p less than 0.01) total protein levels at 20 days of age and significantly
      higher (p less than 0.01) cholesterol levels at 30 days of age. Compared to male
      White Leghorns, in which sudden death syndrome has not been reported, male
      broilers had significantly lower (p less than 0.01) levels of cholesterol and
      creatinine at nine days of age, total protein at 9 and 20 days of age and albumin
      at 20 days of age and significantly higher (p less than 0.01) levels of potassium
      at nine days, uric acid at 9, 20 and 30 days, lactate dehydrogenase at 20, 30 and
      42 days and cholesterol at 30 days of age.

PMID- 2914229
TI  - Destruction of Trichinella spiralis spiralis during the preparation of the "dry
      cured" pork products proscuitto, proscuittini and Genoa salami.
AB  - Genoa salami, proscuittini and proscuitto were prepared from pork carcasses that
      were heavily infected experimentally with Trichinella spiralis spiralis. Genoa
      salami was prepared with salt concentrations of 2.0%, 2.75% and 3.3%. Proscuitto
      was prepared by two procedures approved by Agriculture Canada. At various times
      postpreparation, samples of the various cured products were taken and examined by
      pepsin digestion and rat bioassay for the presence of viable trichinae. Water
      activity and pH of the cured meat were also determined. Curing of the various
      products was shown to destroy the Trichinella larvae. Pepsin digestion revealed
      that larvae progressively became loosely coiled, uncoiled and more subject to
      digestion (ghost larvae) during the curing process. Rat bioassay revealed the
      presence of viable trichinae in the proscuitto prepared using a sodium chloride
      salt mixture at day 34 but not at day 48 postpreparation. All other bioassays
      carried out on Genoa salami between 13 and 42 days postpreparation, on
      proscuittini between days 27 and 69 and on proscuitto between days 34 and 69 were
      negative for viable trichinae. Under the conditions of this study, preparing
      Genoa salami with salt concentrations as low as 2% did not appear to affect the
      destruction of Trichinella larvae.

PMID- 2914231
TI  - Blood gas stability and hematological changes in experimentally-induced acute
      porcine pleuropneumonia.
AB  - Blood gas and hematological responses to acute, mild Actinobacillus
      pleuropneumoniae infection of growing pigs was studied. Six pigs (average weight
      10.1 kg) were experimentally infected intranasally with A. pleuropneumoniae
      serotype 5. Four pigs served as controls. Rectal temperatures and arterial blood
      for gas analysis and hematology were taken at 0, 8, 16, 24, 48 and 72 h
      postinfection. All infected pigs became febrile showing clinical signs typical of
      mild to moderate porcine pleuropneumonia; controls remained asymptomatic.
      Neutrophilia with bands and lymphopenia were observed only in infected pigs.
      Arterial partial pressures of O2 and CO2, and pH did not change in infected pigs.
      All pigs were killed after 72 h, and lungs were examined and cultured. Gross and
      microscopic lesions consistent with porcine pleuropneumonia were seen in 3/6 and
      5/6 infected lungs, respectively. Control lungs were grossly normal with no
      histological evidence of pleuropneumonia. We conclude that in mild, acute porcine
      pleuropneumonia as established experimentally, a leukogram typical of acute
      inflammation and stress is seen; however, hypoxemia and alveolar hypoventilation
      are not features of this form of the disease.

PMID- 2914230
TI  - Prognosis in equine colic patients using multivariable analysis.
AB  - Multiple logistic regression was used to investigate prognosis in 308 horses
      referred to the University of Minnesota veterinary teaching hospital with colic.
      Bivariate results identified the following significant individual parameters:
      absent or hypomotile abdominal sounds, medical or surgical classification,
      peritoneal fluid total protein, anion gap, serum glucose, capillary refill time,
      blood pH, heart rate, packed cell volume, base excess, serum chloride, plasma
      bicarbonate, serum urinary nitrogen and age. Two multivariable prognostic models
      were developed using logistic regression. Model I (based on 257 cases with a
      mortality rate of 39%) included age, sex, medical or surgical classification,
      capillary refill time, packed cell volume and heart rate. Model II (based on 138
      cases with a mortality rate of 48%) included age, sex, medical or surgical
      classification, capillary refill time, serum bicarbonate, serum chloride and
      respiratory rate. Predictive performance of the models was evaluated by treating
      the calculated probability of death for each horse as a continuous test result.
      The influence of varying the probability cutoff point for death on test
      characteristics (sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive
      values) was determined. These models have not been validated and thus their
      performance in a different population is uncertain.

PMID- 2914232
TI  - Informed consent to HIV testing.

PMID- 2914233
TI  - Stress among emergency medical staff: the US solution.

PMID- 2914234
TI  - Licensure: competence to do what?

PMID- 2914235
TI  - Excrement, effluent and exhalations.

PMID- 2914236
TI  - Is abortion a medical act?

PMID- 2914237
TI  - Glass is detectable on plain radiographs.

PMID- 2914238
TI  - Emergency department overcrowding.

PMID- 2914239
TI  - How we solved the overcrowding problem in our emergency department.
AB  - Overcrowding in emergency departments presents serious problems to both patients
      and hospital staff. At Scarborough (Ontario) General Hospital this problem was
      becoming potentially dangerous until a hospital committee instituted a series of
      changes that dramatically improved the situation. A geriatrician was appointed to
      assess and care for the increasing number of elderly and chronic care patients.
      The beds in various services were reallocated, and more beds were given to the
      medical service. Surgeons agreed to perform more surgery on an outpatient basis,
      and the Short-Stay and Ambulatory Procedures units were expanded to handle more
      procedures. In addition, the implementation of a physician-managed admission
      system ensured the appropriate admission of patients. The entire system is
      monitored, and the committee meets regularly to deal with any problems.

PMID- 2914240
TI  - Endocervical Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Canadian adolescents.
AB  - The highest prevalence rate of sexually transmitted chlamydial infection is among
      adolescent girls. To determine the rate among predominantly asymptomatic girls
      who were seen at a pediatric gynecology unit and to identify those at high risk
      we screened 541 such patients from Jan. 1 to Dec. 31, 1986, by means of direct
      fluorescent antibody testing; 422 (78.0%) were asymptomatic. The most common
      reason for presentation was a request for contraceptive advice (the reason for
      59.2% of the patients). Of the 446 patients (82.4%) who were sexually active 66
      (14.7%) had evidence of chlamydial infection; none of the 93 sexually inactive
      patients were infected. Neisseria gonorrhoeae was isolated from eight (1.5%) of
      the patients. The risk factors that correlated with chlamydial infection were
      abnormal vaginal discharge, abdominopelvic pain and an abnormal Papanicolaou test
      result. Because of the high morbidity rate associated with genital chlamydial
      infection and the high prevalence rate among adolescent girls, most of whom are
      asymptomatic, all sexually active teenagers should be screened.

PMID- 2914242
TI  - The year of living cautiously.

PMID- 2914241
TI  - Anemia causing cerebral infarction in a child.

PMID- 2914243
TI  - Family medicine departments not doing their job, rural MD asserts.

PMID- 2914244
TI  - Canada's health care legislation: good intentions, bad laws.

PMID- 2914245
TI  - After lean years group therapy making comeback, conference told.

PMID- 2914246
TI  - The doctor's office: poor design may cost you patients.

PMID- 2914248
TI  - Competence, evaluation and learning.

PMID- 2914247
TI  - There are some questions residency interviewers have no right to ask.

PMID- 2914249
TI  - Choosing interns: an exercise in frustration.

PMID- 2914250
TI  - Helping "heavy drinkers" recover.

PMID- 2914251
TI  - Insurance against medical misadventure?

PMID- 2914252
TI  - Abortion: defining right and wrong.

PMID- 2914253
TI  - Chronic fatigue syndrome.

PMID- 2914254
TI  - When is it time to quit?

PMID- 2914255
TI  - Amyloidosis associated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.

PMID- 2914256
TI  - Capital punishment in Turkey.

PMID- 2914257
TI  - Glass is detectable on plain radiographs.

PMID- 2914258
TI  - Determining medical fitness to drive: physicians' responsibilities in Canada.
AB  - Current legislation indicates that physicians in Canada have a legal
      responsibility to know which medical conditions may impede driving ability, to
      detect these conditions in their patients and to discuss with their patients the
      implications of these conditions. The requirements to report unfit drivers vary
      among the provinces, and the interpretations of the law vary among the courts;
      therefore, physicians' risks of liability are unclear. Physicians may be sued by
      their patients if they fail to counsel the patients on the dangers of driving
      associated with certain medications or medical conditions. Physicians may also
      face legal action by victims of motor vehicle accidents caused by their patients
      if the court decides that the physicians could have foreseen the danger of their
      patients' continuing to drive. Physicians' legal responsibilities to report
      patients with certain medical conditions override their ethical responsibilities
      to keep patients' medical histories confidential.

PMID- 2914259
TI  - Efficacy of empirical cardiac pacing in syncope of unknown cause.
AB  - Cardiac pacing is often considered in patients with recurrent syncope after
      repeated attempts to document the cause have failed. To assess the results of
      this tactic we reviewed the records of 104 patients who had received pacemakers
      for known or suspected bradycardia between September 1973 and March 1985. The
      patients were classified retrospectively into three groups: group 1 (31 patients
      with a mean age of 73 years) had unequivocal documentation of bradycardia during
      syncope, group 2 (42 patients with a mean age of 71 years) had
      electrocardiographic or electrophysiologic evidence of potential bradycardia but
      no documentation during spontaneous syncope, and group 3 (31 patients with a mean
      age of 69 years) had a history "suggestive of" bradycardia-related syncope but no
      other evidence to support the diagnosis. The rates of recurrence of syncope
      during follow-up were 6.3%, 7.3% and 32.2% in groups 1, 2 and 3 respectively (p
      less than 0.01). In group 3 recurrence was more probable in patients with loss of
      consciousness for more than 2 minutes than in those who were unconscious for 2
      minutes or less (p less than 0.05). The results suggest that pacemaker
      implantation is justified for recurrent syncope after extensive attempts to
      document a spell have failed if abnormal diagnostic test results suggest
      bradycardia as a possible cause. Empirical pacing is less satisfactory in
      patients with normal results of evaluation but may arguably be justified when
      patients have recurrent syncope with injury.

PMID- 2914260
TI  - Incidence of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in Saskatchewan, 1970-85.
AB  - We reviewed the incidence rates of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS)
      and pylorospasm in Saskatchewan from 1970 to 1985 and found a marked decrease in
      the rates after 1976. As expected, there was a preponderance of males among those
      with IHPS and among those with pylorospasm discharged from hospital between 1 and
      3 months of age. No seasonal pattern was observed. We believe that the decrease
      in incidence rates was related to environmental influences, such as changes in
      the methods of feeding observed since 1977.

PMID- 2914261
TI  - Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis: a study of feeding practices and other
      possible causes.
AB  - We carried out a case-control study of the hospital charts of 91 infants with
      infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) to determine the feeding practices
      at the time of discharge from the neonatal nursery. We excluded infants whose
      feeding might have been influenced by confounding factors. The infants were
      matched with controls for gestational age. The mean birth weight of the IHPS
      group was 3501 g and of the control group 3543 g. The male:female ratio for the
      IHPS group was 5.5. The odds ratio of male predominance was 4. We found that
      bottle-feeding was 2.9 times more prevalent among the infants with IHPS than
      among the control subjects. We speculate that the recently observed decrease in
      the incidence of IHPS is due to the decline in bottle-feeding.

PMID- 2914262
TI  - Primary lipoprotein-lipase-activity deficiency: clinical investigation of a
      French Canadian population.
AB  - We examined 56 French Canadians, aged 1 week to 54 years, from eastern Quebec who
      were referred to the Laval University Lipid Research Centre and in whom
      coincidental finding (in 46% of the cases), abdominal pain (in 32%) or family
      screening (in 22%) led to the diagnosis of primary lipoprotein-lipase-activity
      deficiency (familial hyperchylomicronemia). Half of the patients had one or more
      of the following signs: lipemia retinalis, eruptive xanthomas, splenomegaly and
      hepatomegaly; the plasma triglyceride concentrations were significantly higher
      (greater than 40 mmol/L) among these patients than among those without clinical
      signs (mean 21.7 [standard deviation 13.5] mmol/L). The prevalence rate of this
      disorder was 30 times higher than the previously published rate and was highest
      in the counties of Charlevoix and Saguenay-Lac-St-Jean (200 and 100 cases per
      million respectively) because of the distinct demographic history of these areas.
      Because of a founder effect an autosomal recessive gene involved in lipoprotein
      lipase expression or activation has probably been disseminated among this
      isolated French Canadian population.

PMID- 2914263
TI  - Coin rolling misdiagnosed as child abuse.

PMID- 2914264
TI  - Attempts to improve rail safety run head on into CMA concerns.

PMID- 2914265
TI  - Hopelessness and helplessness: treating the doctors who treat AIDS patients.

PMID- 2914266
TI  - What do women patients want? Tridont thinks it has the answer.

PMID- 2914267
TI  - Caring for Canada's VIPs.

PMID- 2914268
TI  - A long-term follow-up study of patients with gastric cancer detected by mass
      screening.
AB  - This report is based on 1,139 patients with gastric cancer (GC) detected by mass
      screening conducted by the Center for Adult Diseases, Osaka during 1961-1985.
      Early GC totalled 527 patients and advanced GC totalled 612 patients. In 859
      patients curative resection was performed. Their vital status was traced yearly
      and six patients were lost to follow-up. Relative survival rates of screening
      detected GC patients were 69-70% and almost constant after 5 years from
      operation/diagnosis. The survival curve in which only death from GC was counted
      as a death was almost equal to the relative survival curve in its shape and
      value. The hazard rates of screening detected GC patients decreased rapidly
      within 7 years and remained low after 7 years. It was confirmed by this long-term
      follow-up study that about two thirds of GC patients detected by screening were
      successfully cured of their disease.

PMID- 2914269
TI  - Lung function following treatment of malignant tumors with surgery, radiotherapy,
      or cyclophosphamide in childhood. A follow-up study after 11 to 27 years.
AB  - A group of 40 individuals were restudied at a median follow-up time of 18 years
      after chest surgery, chest irradiation, or cyclophosphamide treatment. Their
      median age at diagnosis was 4.5 years. Nineteen subjects were operated on in the
      chest area. Radiotherapy of the chest had been used in 21 and cyclophosphamide in
      35 patients. Chest deformity was evident in 17 subjects. Chest radiographs showed
      some evidence of fibrosis in eight subjects and late effects of surgery in three
      subjects. In nine subjects some evidence of fixed obstruction was seen in
      spirometry. In three subjects pulmonary diffusion capacity was abnormal.
      Spirometry commonly showed a restrictive pattern of findings. The incidence of
      abnormalities in pulmonary function was highest among the patients diagnosed
      before age 3 years. Spirometry was more likely to reveal abnormalities in
      patients who had received irradiation to the chest. However, abnormalities in
      pulmonary function were fewer than anticipated.

PMID- 2914270
TI  - Ifosfamide-induced renal tubular defects.
AB  - Unexpected nephrotoxicity has been described in high-dose, bolus ifosfamide (IFF)
      therapy. Renal injury is not thought to occur in patients receiving fractionated
      schedules, although microscopic hematuria from bladder irritation is not
      uncommon. IFF is undergoing trials in patients with malignant lymphomas,
      gynecologic malignancies, and advanced sarcomas and has shown promising results.
      This report describes renal abnormalities in four patients with malignant
      lymphoma receiving single-agent, fractionated IFF and suggests a proximal tubular
      defect in two patients who were studied in greater detail. These findings suggest
      an unreported and unique toxicity of IFF when given in smaller, fractionated
      doses.

PMID- 2914271
TI  - Interstitial brachytherapy for metastatic brain tumors.
AB  - Since December 1979, 14 patients with progressive metastatic brain lesions have
      been treated with temporary implantation of high-activity iodine 125 sources
      using stereotaxic techniques. Four patients had prior surgical resections, and 13
      had been treated with external whole-brain radiotherapy. Nine patients had
      brachytherapy performed at recurrence 4 to 16 months after conventional radiation
      therapy; the other four had implants as an adjuvant "boost" to the tumor area
      from 2 to 4 weeks after external radiation. Six patients have since died: two
      with stable brain lesions at 4 and 22 weeks, respectively; three with progressive
      systemic and CNS tumors at 23, 24, and 29 weeks, respectively; and one with
      progressive CNS disease 116 weeks postimplant. The remaining eight patients are
      alive with a median follow-up of 63 weeks (range, 52-239+ weeks). Median survival
      for the entire group is 80 weeks. Brain tumor brachytherapy may be useful for
      palliation and possible long-term survival in selected patients with solitary
      metastatic disease.

PMID- 2914272
TI  - Ethylchlorformate polymerized tumor protein immunotherapy of the murine bladder
      tumor.
AB  - Using murine transplantable transitional cell carcinoma (MBT2), the effect of
      ethylchlorformate (ECF) polymerized tumor protein was compared with that of
      bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG). Seventy-five C3H/He mice were challenged with an
      intradermal inoculation of 5 X 10(5) viable MBT2 tumor cells and divided into
      five groups. Each group was intradermally administered with 0.01 mg of ECF (low
      ECF), 0.25 mg of ECF (high ECF), 0.1 mg of ECF and 10(6) CFU BCG (ECF/BCG), 10(6)
      CFU of BCG alone or normal saline (control) weekly for 10 weeks. The mean
      survival rate for the treatment groups was 64 to 73 days and significantly longer
      than that for the control group (P less than 0.001, Savage). The incidence of
      biologically active tumor progression was significantly less for the treatment
      groups (low ECF, 53%; high ECF, 33%; ECF/BCG, 7%; BCG, 27%) compared with the
      control group (87%; P less than 0.5, chi-square. The mean rate of tumor growth
      was significantly lower for all treatment groups than for the control group (P
      less than 0.001, ANOVA and SNK), and the ECF/BCG group had the lowest growth rate
      despite a higher incidence of local granulomatous reaction. In this study,
      immunotherapy significantly prolonged the survival rate, decreased the incidence
      of biologically active tumor progression, and slowed the rate of tumor growth.
      The combination of ECF polymerized tumor protein and BCG had the greatest effect,
      suggesting that the effect of the vaccine was increased with BCG.

PMID- 2914273
TI  - Establishment of tumor cell lines from a patient with head and neck cancer and
      their different sensitivities to anti-cancer agents.
AB  - The authors established five cell lines from a human head and neck tumor. The
      five cell lines (HC-2, HC-3, HC-4, HC-7, and HC-9) exhibited different
      sensitivities to Adriamycin, cisplatin, bleomycin, 5-fluorouracil, vincristine,
      and daunomycin. The D50 was 200 ng/ml Adriamycin (doxorubicin) for HC-7 and 45
      ng/ml for HC-2. At the inception of long-term culture (11 months) in the absence
      of any drug, the sensitivity to Adriamycin of HC-7-5 (subcloned from HC-7) was
      3.4 times greater than that of HC-2-6 (subcloned from HC-2); by 11 months, it
      decreased to 1.6 times that of HC-2-6. The cytocidal action of Adriamycin on HC-2
      6 and HC-7-5 was potentiated when Adriamycin was combined with verapamil or
      cepharanthine. Cepharanthine also potentiated daunomycin and vincristine (VCR)
      against HC-2-6 and HC-7-5 cells, and it almost completely overcame drug
      resistance to daunomycin and vincristine in HC-7-5/VCR, a multidrug-resistant
      variant isolated after long exposure to vincristine of HC-7-5 cells in culture.
      The cellular accumulation of [3H]-daunomycin by HC-7-5 cells was about 70% that
      of HC-2-6 cells. By Northern blot analysis, using a multidrug-resistance gene
      (mdr-1) probe, neither HC-2-6 nor HC-7-5 expressed the mdr-1 gene, but HC-7-5/VCR
      or other multidrug-resistant variants showed active expression of the mdr-1 gene.
      Differential sensitivities among the five cell lines to 5-fluorouracil,
      cisplatinum, and bleomycin appear to be mediated through other mechanism beside
      the mdr-1 gene.

PMID- 2914274
TI  - Mesenchymal differentiation of cell lines obtained from human gliomas inoculated
      into nude mice.
AB  - Tumor formation in nude mice (nu/nu Balb c outbred) inoculated with cells from
      four new permanent human glioma cell lines was studied. Three of these lines had
      previously been shown to display features of striated muscle in vitro.
      Histochemical and immunochemical techniques together with electron microscopic
      study confirmed that striated muscle differentiation continued to be expressed in
      vivo. Two of the cell lines arguably showed greater striated muscle
      differentiation in vivo, whereas one has lost this ability. In one of the two,
      further mesodermal differentiation was evident with the formation of cartilage.

PMID- 2914275
TI  - Ability of a benign tumor to decrease spontaneous food intake and body weight in
      rats.
AB  - Malignant tumors induce anorexia and decrease spontaneous food intake and weight
      loss. Whether these effects are in part due to the tumor's physical size was
      investigated by inducing a benign cystic tumor mass with carrageenan in rats and
      then studying them for 21 days. Forty-two control rats were given subcutaneous
      injection of 3 ml of normal saline. Fifty-six study rats were given 3 ml of a
      1.5% carrageenan solution subcutaneously, both in the right flank. Daily
      spontaneous food intake, body weight, and tumor weight were measured. Eight study
      and six control rats were randomly sacrificed on days 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, and 21.
      Blood was obtained by cardiac puncture for albumin determination, and the tumor,
      carcass, liver, and spleen were removed and weighed. Tumor and tissue samples
      were histologically examined. All rats injected with carrageenan developed a
      benign cystic tumor mass. Early cystic wall consisted mainly of foamy macrophages
      with a light lymphoplasmacytic chronic inflammatory infiltrate and moderate
      vascularization. At day 21, cystic wall was more compact. The vasculature had
      collapsed and there were more pronounced fibroblastic response and collagen
      bundles. Average tumor weight by day 21 was 41 g. Average spontaneous food intake
      was depressed by about 15% from day 8 on in study rats as compared to controls. A
      significant decrease in carcass weight of 15.2% was observed in study as compared
      to control rats at day 21. Serum albumin was significantly decreased in study
      rats after day 5. Liver weight was significantly lower and spleen weight higher
      in study rats as compared to controls. These data suggest that some
      characteristics associated with cancer anorexia can be found in the absence of
      malignancy.

PMID- 2914276
TI  - Fine needle aspiration biopsy in the management of children and young adults with
      peripheral lymphadenopathy.
AB  - To determine the effectiveness of fine needle aspiration (FNA) of the lymph node
      in the management of young patients with peripheral lymphadenopathy, all patients
      30 years of age and under who had a lymph node aspirate and who then had
      subsequent excisional biopsy, autopsy, or clinical follow-up for a minimum of one
      year were examined. One hundred twenty-seven aspirates from one hundred twenty
      six patients fulfilled the criteria of the study. Diagnoses of eighty-three
      benign and thirty-seven malignant lymphadenopathies were confirmed. There were
      three false negative and four false positive diagnoses. Sensitivity, specificity,
      and positive and negative predictive values were 0.93, 0.95, 0.90, and 0.97%,
      respectively. Of the one hundred twenty-six patients, twenty-five had a previous
      history of malignancy. Results of aspiration biopsy in this group were examined
      to determine FNA ability to predict recurrent disease. In this group the
      sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive values were 0.95,
      0.80, 0.95, and 0.80 respectively. Finally, the group of patients with clinically
      suspicious primary lymphadenopathy without an antecedent history of malignancy
      were examined to determine the effectiveness of the technique for selecting
      patients for surgical biopsy. This group included a total of one hundred two
      patients. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values
      were 0.93, 0.96, 0.90, and 0.97, respectively. Based on the data from this
      retrospective study, we conclude that fine needle aspiration provides a useful
      tool in the management of young patients with peripheral lymphadenopathy, both in
      monitoring recurrent disease and in triaging patients with clinically suspicious
      primary lymphadenopathy to determined the next appropriate step in management.

PMID- 2914277
TI  - Mucoepidermoid tumors of the salivary glands. Correlation of cytophotometrical
      data and prognosis.
AB  - The mucoepidermoid tumors of the Salivary Gland Registry, Institute of Pathology,
      University of Hamburg, Western Germany, were evaluated retrospectively with
      regard to epidemiologic data, clinical follow-up, and cytophotometric data.
      Clinical data were obtained in 71 cases. Tissue from 46 cases was studied by
      single cell scanning cytophotometric analysis. Two thirds of the tumors were
      located in the major salivary glands, the parotid being the most common site, one
      third occurred in the minor salivary glands. The age range was from 6 to 81
      years; peaks were observed in the fourth and seventh decades; the sex
      distribution was almost equal. By means of a single cell scanning cytophotometric
      device, a division into "diploid" and "atypical" patterns was possible. The
      clinical course was well correlated with these two groups, the atypical group
      showing generally an unfavorable course. Especially in poorly differentiated
      tumors, selection of clinically aggressive tumors was possible by their atypical
      DNA distribution pattern. Consequently, single cell DNA assessment can be a
      useful supplementary tool in the clinicopathologic and prognostic evaluation of
      mucoepidermoid tumors of the salivary glands.

PMID- 2914278
TI  - Sources of diagnostic error in fine needle aspiration of the thyroid.
AB  - Smears obtained from 795 patients with suspicious thyroid nodules by fine needle
      aspiration (FNA) of the thyroid gland were seen over a 5-year period at the UCLA
      Center for the Health Sciences. From 72 patients who underwent subsequent
      surgical excision of their nodules, inadequate or discrepant FNA diagnoses were
      noticed in 20 cases (27.8%). These errors could be attributed to inadequate
      material for diagnosis (n = 6), sampling errors (n = 2), and cytodiagnostic
      errors (n = 12). If the diagnosis of follicular neoplasm was treated as
      indeterminate for malignancy, the overall efficiency of FNA was 88.9%. All false
      negative diagnoses were related to procedure (i.e., inadequate smears or missed
      sampling of the lesion). The frequency of inadequate smears, in turn, was
      strongly related to the type of physician performing the aspiration. The
      frequency was highest among community-based clinicians (32.4%) and lowest among
      hospital-based cytopathologists (6.4%). With adequate sampling, the finding of
      100% sensitivity in the diagnosis of malignant neoplasms by FNA cytology
      reaffirms its role as the procedure of choice in the initial screening of thyroid
      nodules.

PMID- 2914279
TI  - Use of the copper/zinc ratio in the diagnosis of lung cancer.
AB  - Serum zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and the Cu/Zn ratio were evaluated in 84 patients
      with pulmonary lesions before surgery and in 100 healthy normal controls. There
      were 20 patients with benign and 64 with malignant lung tumors. Only the mean (+/
      SD) Cu/Zn ratio was significantly higher in malignant tumors (2.24 +/- 0.78)
      than in benign tissue (1.63 +/- 0.33) (P less than 0.001). In the normal group,
      the Cu/Zn ratio was significantly lower (1.43 +/- 0.29). Patients with advanced
      disease (Stage III) had higher Cu/Zn ratio than patients in Stages I and II (2.65
      +/- 0.86 versus 1.9 +/- 0.27) (P less than 0.001). At a cutoff value of 1.72,
      Cu/Zn ratio had a sensitivity of 89%, specificity of 84%, positive predictive
      value of 78%, and negative predictive value of 92% between controls and lung
      cancer patients. Between lung cancer patients and patients with benign pulmonary
      lesions the aforementioned values were 89%, 70%, 90%, and 70% respectively. A
      correlation between increasing Cu/Zn ratio and tumor extension and postoperative
      survival was observed. These findings suggest that Cu/Zn ratio may be used as a
      diagnostic test in lung cancer patients.

PMID- 2914280
TI  - Characterization of ovarian dysplasia by interactive morphometry.
AB  - This study defines, by morphometric analysis, criteria for the diagnosis of
      ovarian dysplasia. Areas of surface epithelium, adjacent to Stage I ovarian
      serous papillary adenocarcinoma, were diagnosed as dysplastic and evaluated for
      architectural and cytologic changes by means of two specially designed
      interactive morphometric procedures. Statistical evaluation was based on stepwise
      discriminant analysis of multiple quantitative descriptors. A data base was
      generated by analyzing histologic slides from eight normal (control), and 13
      malignant ovarian tissues. Confirmation of the diagnosis was achieved in each
      case. The histologic criteria for ovarian dysplasia differ from those used for
      ovarian borderline malignancy. Interactive morphometric image analysis offers an
      objective method for delineating cancer precursors that could be used in ovarian
      biopsies taken by laparoscopy or during incidental abdominal surgery. It could be
      applied to cancer precursors in other locations.

PMID- 2914281
TI  - Failure of preoperative staging to assess unresectability in M0 bronchogenic
      carcinoma.
AB  - Despite extensive preoperative staging, unresectability of a bronchogenic
      carcinoma may not be known until an exploratory thoracotomy is done. Failures in
      anatomic staging occur because of inability to detect local extent of hilar
      lesions and inability to detect small deposits of metastatic disease. At the
      University of South Carolina, nine of 75 patients who underwent thoracotomies
      were found to be unresectable. Using an extensive staging protocol, the "back
      out" thoracotomy rate can be reduced to a minimum whereas no patient is denied a
      chance for surgical cure.

PMID- 2914282
TI  - Reactive changes in the esophageal epithelium and predictability of survival for
      patients with adenocarcinoma of the upper third of the stomach.
AB  - In 93 patients with an adenocarcinoma in the upper third of the stomach and
      involving the lower esophagus, the authors examined the histopathologic changes
      of the esophageal epithelium at the involved lesion, and the prognosis. Changes
      in the esophageal epithelium were histologically divided into four groups:
      hyperplastic (34 cases), atrophic (26 cases), hyperplastic and atrophic (mixed,
      20 cases), and no change (13 cases) types. The hyperplastic type was closely
      related with the expanding mode of invasion and depth of the invasion was less
      than seen with the atrophic type (P less than 0.05). The rate was significantly
      higher in cases of a curative resection and the outcome was better than seen with
      the other types (P less than 0.01-0.001). The atrophic type was related with
      Borrmann type IV of the gross type and infiltrative mode of invasion, and had a
      significantly longer length of esophageal invasion than did the hyperplastic and
      the no change types (P less than 0.01). The prognosis was significantly poorer
      than seen with the hyperplastic (P less than 0.001) or the mixed types (P less
      than 0.01). Our study shows that histopathologic changes in the esophageal
      epithelium provide the surgeon with useful prognostic indicators in cases of an
      adenocarcinoma in the upper third of the stomach and involving the lower
      esophagus.

PMID- 2914283
TI  - Chest wall tumors in infancy and childhood.
AB  - The chest wall is an infrequent site of malignancy in infancy and childhood.
      Management of these tumors, however, is of particular concern because of their
      aggressive behavior and the functional impairment which may result from local
      treatment. From 1976 to 1987 we have treated seventeen infants and children with
      tumors of the chest wall. Askin's tumors and Ewing's sarcoma were considered as a
      single entity, malignant small round cell tumor (MSRCT), and account for the
      majority (11 of the 17 patients). Other tumors represented were infantile
      fibrosarcoma (1), undifferentiated spindle cell sarcomas (2), osteogenic sarcoma
      (1), large cell lymphoma (1), and synovial sarcoma (1). Nine of 17 patients have
      survived (median follow-up of survivors 5 years); six patients died of disease
      and two from complications of therapy. All four patients with MSRCT and
      metastasis at diagnosis died of disease despite chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
      Four of the seven patients with localized MSRCT, who received combined modality
      therapy including resection (two after initial chemotherapy), radiotherapy, and
      chemotherapy, were continuously disease-free 16 months to 10 years following
      diagnosis. One of the three patients who failed died of complications of surgery
      to her extensive primary. A second patient had a relapse of disease in a hilar
      node four years after finishing vincristine, actinomycin, and cytoxan (VAC)
      chemotherapy; she was retreated with Adriamycin (doxorubicin, Adria Laboratories,
      Columbus, Ohio), vincristine, and cyclophosphamide as well as radiotherapy to her
      hilum and remains in second remission 56 months following her recurrence. The
      third patient suffered a distant relapse in bone and, before succumbing to his
      MSRCT, developed acute monocytic leukemia and died during a remission induction
      attempt. Mixed results were obtained for the patients with other tumor types.

PMID- 2914284
TI  - Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma associated with gastric adenocarcinoma.
AB  - Adenocarcinoma of the stomach occurred in six of 425 consecutive patients with
      esophageal squamous cell cancer. In two cases, the gastric cancer, which was
      recognized at 17 and 29 months, respectively, after the nonsurgical treatment of
      the esophageal tumor, was treated by surgical resection. In three cases, the
      tumors which were diagnosed simultaneously, were treated by surgery (one case)
      resection of the gastric tumor and nonsurgical therapy for the esophageal tumor
      (one case), and nonsurgical therapy for both tumors (one case). In one case, a
      gastric cancer was resected 6 years before diagnosis of an esophageal tumor and a
      second cancer in the gastric stump. A nonsurgical protocol was then adopted for
      both tumors. The association of these two cancers raises questions concerning
      their epidemiology, diagnosis, prognosis, and management. There is room for
      nonsurgical multimodality protocols and, in association with surgery, survival
      was prolonged for more than 1 year in five of six patients.

PMID- 2914285
TI  - Gastric cancer heterogeneity.
AB  - This study was carried out on 222 samples from 37 gastric carcinomas to assess
      the incidence of multiple stem lines in primary tumors and metastasis as
      reflected by multiple DNA stem lines and their relationship to epidermal growth
      factor (EGF) receptor expression, histologic grade, tumor size, and degree of
      wall infiltration. Fifteen primary tumors (40.5%) were homogeneously
      diploid/peridiploid whereas 22 (59.5%) were aneuploid. In the lymph node
      metastasis, seven patients (29.2%) had an homogeneous diploid/peridiploid pattern
      in all metastatic lymph nodes. On the other hand, 17 (70.8%) had at least one
      aneuploid peak in the lymph node metastasis. DNA content heterogeneity was seen
      in 12 (33%) of primary tumors whereas 14 (66.6%) of 21 patients had multiple cell
      clones in the metastasis. Therefore, 12 patients had a metastatic clone which was
      not observed in the primary tumor. DNA content heterogeneity was seen even in
      tumors with submucosal invasion suggesting that this phenomenon is also present
      at earlier stages. No correlation between the histologic grade and the DNA
      distribution was observed. Furthermore, histologic heterogeneity was independent
      of DNA content heterogeneity. The EGF receptor expression was observed in six of
      the 23 patients in whom this analysis was done. The EGF receptor expression was
      constant in all samples which were studied and even samples with a different DNA
      content and histologic grade were stables for the EGF receptor expression.

PMID- 2914286
TI  - Dedifferentiated parosteal osteosarcoma of the femur with aneuploidy and lung
      metastases.
AB  - In this report, the pathologic findings and the results of cellular DNA
      measurements of a tumor that on first presentation seemed to be a classical
      parosteal osteosarcoma are described. After resection 8 months later, part of the
      tumor appeared to display highly malignant features. DNA flow cytometry of this
      part of the tumor showed an aneuploid cell population. The aggressive nature of
      the tumor was confirmed by the development of lung metastases approximately 1
      year after resection of the primary tumor.

PMID- 2914288
TI  - Etoposide admixed with cisplatin. Phase I clinical investigation of 72-hour
      infusion.
AB  - The compatibility of etoposide (VP-16-213) and cisplatin (CDDP) in an admixture
      solution was established by High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) studies in
      vitro at room temperature. A Phase I dual-dose escalation study of the admixture
      was subsequently carried out utilizing a 24-hour continuous infusion schedule
      administered for 3 consecutive days and repeated at 3 to 4 week intervals. Twenty
      seven patients received a total of 42 treatment courses. The daily dose rates for
      VP-16-213 were 50, 75, and 100 mg/m2/day. Cisplatin was delivered at 20, 30, and
      40 mg/m2/day for each dose level of VP-16-213. Dose-rate limiting toxicity was
      observed first at the VP-16 dose of 50 mg/m2/day and CDDP at 30 mg/m2/day. At 100
      mg/m2/day for VP-16-213, six of 17 courses were associated with life-threatening
      leukopenia and four of six patients died with sepsis. All but one of the patients
      developing severe or life-threatening leukopenia had associated acute renal
      failure with serum creatinine levels greater than 2 mg/dl. The optimal dose rate
      of delivery for VP-16 and CDDP administered as a 72-hour infusion admixture is 75
      mg/m2/day and 30 mg/m2/day, respectively.

PMID- 2914287
TI  - Phase II study of low-dose continuous infusion homoharringtonine in refractory
      acute myelogenous leukemia.
AB  - Thirty-one patients with a diagnosis of refractory acute myelogenous leukemia
      received homoharringtonine as their first (15 patients) or second (16 patients)
      salvage therapy. Homoharringtonine was given as a continuous infusion of 2.5
      mg/m2 daily for 15 to 21 days to 13 patients (schedule 1), and of 3.0 mg/m2 daily
      for 15 days in 18 patients (schedule 2). Overall, one patient achieved complete
      remission (3%), and three (10%) had a hematologic improvement with normalization
      of the marrow and peripheral blood picture except for persistent
      thrombocytopenia. Six patients (19%) demonstrated prolonged myelosuppression,
      three (23%) on schedule 1 and three (17%) on schedule 2. Cardiovascular
      complications were minimal consisting of hypotension in one patient (3%) and
      supraventricular arrhythmias in two patients (6%). Hyperglycemia was observed in
      42% of patients and was significant in 10%. The authors conclude that
      homoharringtonine, at the dose schedule investigated, has definite but low
      antileukemic efficacy. The low-dose continuous infusion schedule was associated
      with prolonged myelosuppression but no serious cardiovascular complications. The
      role of such therapy in myeloproliferative disorders, especially chronic
      myelogenous leukemia, deserves consideration.

PMID- 2914289
TI  - Cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil in a three-drug admixture.
      Phase I trial of 14-day continuous ambulatory infusion.
AB  - The compatibility and stability at room temperature for up to 7 days of a three
      drug admixture of cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) (CMF)
      was established permitting the practical delivery of the combination as an
      infusion in an ambulatory setting. Fourteen patients received 20 courses of CMF
      administered on a continuous infusion schedule for 14 days of a 28-day cycle. The
      dose rates were fixed for 5-FU (300 mg/M2/day) and methotrexate (0.75 mg/M2/day).
      The cyclophosphamide dose was escalated from 25 to 50, 75, and 100 mg/M2/d.
      Leukopenia and thrombocytopenia were observed in two of five patients receiving
      the maximal dose of cyclophosphamide. No other toxicities were observed including
      alopecia, stomatitis or liver function abnormalities. This Phase I trial suggests
      that the cumulative doses of cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 5-FU are
      comparable to the maximum doses delivered as single agent infusions. Furthermore,
      when the infusion CMF is compared to the "standard" bolus schedule for CMF, the
      infusion schedule delivers 116%, 8%, and 350% of the respective three component
      drugs (cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 5-FU).

PMID- 2914290
TI  - The role of serum CEA as a prognostic indicator in stage II and III breast cancer
      patients treated with adjuvant chemotherapy.
AB  - Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) values in 529 patients treated in two consecutive
      adjuvant chemotherapy protocols were analyzed to determine if CEA values
      correlated with disease-free status or prognostic utility. CEA values were
      evaluated preoperatively, before chemotherapy, at the conclusion of chemotherapy,
      and during postchemotherapy followup. The sensitivity of CEA for predicting
      disease recurrence was low; however, any abnormal CEA at the conclusion of
      chemotherapy and during followup significantly correlated with reduced disease
      free and overall survival. A CEA value greater than or equal to 20 ng/ml at the
      end of chemotherapy or during followup was highly specific and a strongly
      positive predictor for the presence of metastases. Abnormal CEA values before
      chemotherapy that became normal at the conclusion of chemotherapy were associated
      with a significantly reduced recurrence rate. An abnormal CEA value obtained
      before or after adjuvant chemotherapy is clinically useful and can provide
      prognostic information.

PMID- 2914291
TI  - Results of chemotherapy in advanced carcinoma of the fallopian tube.
AB  - Forty-six patients with measurable disease received chemotherapy for advanced
      primary or recurrent carcinoma of the fallopian tube. The response rate was 9%
      with single-agent therapy, 29% with multiagent therapy without cisplatin, and 81%
      with cisplatin-containing combination therapy. Survival was significantly
      improved in Stage III/IV with the addition of cisplatin-based combination
      therapy.

PMID- 2914292
TI  - Systemic doxorubicin and intraarterial cisplatin preoperative chemotherapy plus
      postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with osteosarcoma.
AB  - The role of adjuvant chemotherapy for osteosarcoma has been well defined.
      Recently, the use of preoperative chemotherapy has been further enhanced by the
      use of intraarterial cisplatin. The authors describe the use and results of
      systemic doxorubicin and intraarterial cisplatin as a preoperative regimen for
      eight pediatric patients with nonmetastatic osteosarcoma of an extremity. The
      therapy was well tolerated. Six patients achieved satisfactory local tumor
      control and were able to receive the surgical procedure to permit limb salvage.
      Two of these six patients subsequently developed metastatic disease. Of the two
      patients who did not achieve satisfactory local tumor control to permit a limb
      salvage procedure, both underwent amputation and one later developed metastatic
      disease. Five patients have remained continuously free of disease for a median of
      18 months (range, 12-21 months). This report confirms the observations that
      intraarterial cisplatin and doxorubicin can be used as a safe and effective
      regimen preoperatively for pediatric patients with osteosarcoma of an extremity.

PMID- 2914293
TI  - Radiation therapy in stage II carcinoma of the endometrium.
AB  - A retrospective analysis of 61 patients with Stage II carcinoma of the
      endometrium was carried out. Our results suggest that when given carefully and
      adequately, radiation therapy alone is as effective as a combination of surgery
      and irradiation and is well tolerated. Five-year actuarial survival was 74.5% in
      patients treated with radiation therapy alone (16 patients) as compared to those
      patients who received either preoperative radiation (35 patients) or
      postoperation radiation (ten patients) where the survival was 70.8% and 78.3%,
      respectively (P greater than or equal to 0.05). Tumor was controlled in the
      pelvis in 93.4% of patients. Complications of treatment were seen in 8.2%. With
      the exception of one patient with bowel obstruction requiring surgery, the rest
      of the complications were minor. From these results, it appears that a planned
      radiotherapy is a good alternative to combination of surgery and irradiation.

PMID- 2914294
TI  - Immunophenotypic spectrum of plasma cell leukemia.
AB  - Four cases of plasma cell leukemia (PCL) are reported that illustrate the
      variable immunotype of this disorder in contrast with the immunologic profile
      described for normal B-cell maturation and typical multiple myeloma (MM). Mature
      B-lymphocytes express B1 antigen (Ag) and surface immunoglobulin (SIg) whereas
      maturation to the plasma cell stage is accompanied by loss of these immunologic
      markers and expression of T10 Ag, plasma cell Ag (PCA), and cytoplasmic
      immunoglobulin (CIg). Plasma cells from patients with MM have previously been
      found to express the immunophenotype of normal plasma cells. In contrast, none of
      the four cases reported here express an immunologic profile typical for specific
      B-cell differentiation stages. Only one of four cases was strongly positive for
      PCA but additionally expressed B1 Ag and SIg. Of the remaining three cases, all
      expressed T10 Ag and CIg; two cases also expressed SIg, weak PCA, and B1 Ag. All
      four cases were monoclonal for lambda light chains and negative for common ALL Ag
      (CALLA). The variable expression of mature B-cell markers and plasma cell markers
      demonstrates the immunophenotypic spectrum of PCL; the prognostic significance of
      this heterogeneity needs to be more closely examined.

PMID- 2914295
TI  - Porokeratosis as a premalignant condition of the skin. Cytologic demonstration of
      abnormal DNA ploidy in cells of the epidermis.
AB  - Clinical evidence has accumulated of malignant epithelial tumors developing on
      the lesions of porokeratosis. To determine the cytologic basis for the malignant
      change of porokeratosis, the nuclear DNA content of epidermal cells from
      porokeratotic lesions was measured using microfluorometry. A total of 42% of 33
      porokeratotic skin lesions in eight of the 16 patients showed DNA
      polyploidization in the epidermis. Most of the porokeratotic skin lesions, with
      or without DNA polyploidization, increase cell proportions in the S and G2/M
      phase range. DNA indices of cells from these porokeratotic lesions distributed
      widely from the level of normal control epidermis to that of malignant epidermal
      conditions. These findings suggest that porokeratosis is undergoing the
      neoplastic process, and is a precursor of malignant tumors.

PMID- 2914297
TI  - The WHO histological classification of thyroid tumors: a commentary on the second
      edition.
AB  - This article introduces the revised WHO classification of thyroid tumors, giving
      an account of the major changes made and the reasons behind the changes, as well
      as listing the actual classification now recommended. It is intended to draw
      general attention to the revision, the full version of which will be published
      separately.

PMID- 2914296
TI  - Effects of sodium ascorbate (vitamin C) and 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (vitamin
      K3) treatment on human tumor cell growth in vitro. I. Synergism of combined
      vitamin C and K3 action.
AB  - The effects of sodium ascorbate (vitamin C) and 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone
      (vitamin K3) administered separately or in combination on the in vitro cultured
      human neoplastic cell lines MCF-7 (breast carcinoma), KB (oral epidermoid
      carcinoma), and AN3-CA (endometrial adenocarcinoma) have been examined. When
      given separately, vitamin C or K3 had a growth inhibiting action only at high
      concentrations (5.10(3) mumol/1 and 10(5) nmol/l, respectively). Combined
      administration of both vitamins demonstrated a synergistic inhibition of cell
      growth at 10 to 50 times lower concentrations. At this level separately given
      vitamins are not toxic. The sensitivity to this treatment was somewhat different
      in the three cell lines, being slightly higher for KB line. This tumor cell
      growth inhibitory effect was completely suppressed by the addition of catalase to
      the culture medium containing vitamins C and K3, suggesting an excessive
      production of hydrogen peroxide as being implied in mechanisms responsible for
      the above-mentioned effects.

PMID- 2914298
TI  - Diagnostic accuracy of sialic acid in the diagnosis of malignant ascites.
AB  - The authors evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of sialic acid and its lipid-bound
      fraction in ascites and compared these tests with others (fibronectin,
      cholesterol) recently claimed as valuable in the differential diagnosis of
      ascites. Fibronectin yielded the best diagnostic accuracy (85%) with no false
      positive and 37% of false-negative (10/27). The authors also found higher
      concentration of sialic acid in malignant ascites than in nonmalignant ascites (P
      less than 0.001) and, taking 300 mg/l as the cutoff value, the false-positive
      rate was 10% (four of 40), the false-negative rate 30% (eight of 27), and the
      overall diagnostic accuracy 82%, comparable to that of the fibronectin. The
      authors conclude that both fibronectin and sialic acid determinations in ascites
      may be regarded as accurate markers of neoplastic involvement of the peritoneum,
      although no test is useful in the ascites with hepatocellular carcinoma and
      cirrhosis of the liver.

PMID- 2914299
TI  - Patterns of metastasis in uterine sarcoma. An autopsy study.
AB  - The autopsy findings of 73 patients with uterine sarcoma were studied to
      determine the sites and possible modes of metastasis. Homologous mixed mesodermal
      tumors were the most frequent (41%) followed by leiomyosarcoma (26%),
      heterologous mixed mesodermal tumor (18.3%), stromal sarcoma (12%), and
      endolymphatic stromal myosis (3%). The peritoneal cavity and omentum were the
      most frequently involved sites (59%), followed by the lung (52%), pelvic lymph
      nodes (41%), paraaortic lymph nodes (38%), and liver parenchyma (34%). The
      presence of lung metastasis was not associated with pelvic or paraaortic node
      metastasis or intraperitoneal disease. Metastasis to other distant sites
      including the brain, heart, kidney, and bone were independent of pelvic and
      paraaortic nodal metastasis or intraperitoneal disease. Metastatic sites were not
      different among various histologic types. Distant metastatic sites were
      statistically associated with lung metastasis. Hematogenous metastasis best
      explains this metastatic pattern and adjuvant systemic therapy seems indicated.

PMID- 2914300
TI  - Prognostic factors in the diagnosis and treatment of primary central nervous
      system lymphoma.
AB  - The authors describe the results of multimodality therapy in 27 patients with
      biopsy-proven primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma treated between 1976
      and 1986. Treatment included surgical resection (15 patients), radiotherapy (27
      patients), and chemotherapy (nine patients). Actuarial survival rates for the 27
      patients at 1, 2, and 5 years after diagnosis were 70%, 54%, and 45%,
      respectively. Nine patients were recurrence-free at 8 to 106 months follow-up. A
      multivariate risk analysis identified five factors which had a favorable impact
      on survival: (1) age less than 60 years (P less than 0.02); (2) preoperative
      Karnofsky performance score greater than or equal to 70 (P less than 0.02); (3)
      presence of strictly hemispheric tumor (P less than 0.0003); (4) whole-brain
      radiation dose between 4000 and 5000 cGy (P less than 0.05); and (5) addition of
      chemotherapy to radiotherapy (P less than 0.002). Patients with complete tumor
      resolution on computed tomography 6 months after beginning treatment also had
      longer survival (P less than 0.01). The presence of malignant cells on
      cerebrospinal fluid cytologic examination correlated with an increased risk of
      distant metastasis (P less than 0.05). In those patients whose disease eventually
      recurred, the administration of an additional therapeutic modality significantly
      increased the length of postrecurrence survival (P less than 0.05). Although
      surgical resection provided no increase in survival, the addition of chemotherapy
      to postoperative cranial irradiation significantly enhanced the duration of
      survival. Our experience suggests that pretreatment clinical and diagnostic
      factors can help in predicting survival and in planning treatment.

PMID- 2914301
TI  - Influence of exogenous estrogens, proliferative breast disease, and other
      variables on breast cancer risk.
AB  - The authors reevaluated 10,366 consecutive breast biopsy specimens of benign
      lesions performed between 1950 and 1968. Follow-up information was obtained on
      3303 women with a median duration of follow-up of 17 years. This sample contained
      84% of the patients originally selected for follow-up. The relative risk (RR) of
      developing breast cancer was 0.98 for women who took exogenous estrogens as
      compared to 1.8 for women who did not. Exogenous estrogens lowered the observed
      breast cancer risk in women with atypical hyperplasia (RR = 3.0 versus 4.5),
      proliferative disease without atypia (RR = 0.92 versus 1.9), and in women without
      proliferative disease (RR = 0.69 versus 0.91). Women who took estrogens before
      1956 were at 2.3 times the risk of other estrogen users, presumably due to a dose
      effect. There was no significant association between breast cancer risk and birth
      control pills, cigarette smoking, or alcohol consumption. Exogenous estrogens are
      not associated with increased breast cancer risk in women with benign breast
      disease. A previous history of benign breast disease does not contraindicate
      replacement estrogen therapy.

PMID- 2914302
TI  - Breast cancer in aging women. A population-based study of contrasts in stage,
      surgery, and survival.
AB  - Over 43% of the newly diagnosed breast cancers in the US occur in women 65 years
      or older. Yet little attention is devoted to the age-associated aspects of this
      malignancy. This study uses data on more than 125,000 women diagnosed from 1973
      to 1984 to examine the influence of advancing age on breast cancer. The National
      Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program provides
      information on disease stage, surgery, histologic type, and survival time to
      compare and contrast women in all age groups. Women who present initially with
      distant disease are more likely to be elderly. Certain surgical procedures are
      used less frequently for older women. No unusual age variations in histologic
      features are noted. Elderly women do as well as younger patients in survival time
      for localized and regional stages of breast cancer; for distant disease, they
      fare worse. Results emphasize the need to focus on elderly women for screening,
      early detection, diagnostic evaluation, and therapy.

PMID- 2914303
TI  - Contribution of socioeconomic status to black/white differences in cancer
      incidence.
AB  - Blacks and Whites have very different cancer incidence rates for many sites, but
      this may largely be due to the racial differences in socioeconomic status (SES).
      The authors tested this hypothesis by determining the effect of adjustment for
      SES on the black/white incidence ratios for 12 cancer sites. Race-specific census
      tract-level SES variables (median family income, percent below poverty level, and
      years of education) were obtained from the 1980 US census and applied to
      approximately 20,000 black and 88,000 white cancer cases from the National Cancer
      Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program for the
      years 1978 to 1982. For each cancer site (with each sex considered separately),
      Poisson regression was used to produce age-adjusted black/white incidence ratios,
      with and without adjustment for SES. The SES variable with the strongest
      adjusting power was percent below poverty level. For many sites (breast, in situ
      and invasive cervix, esophagus, male lung, pancreas, stomach) poverty accounted
      for much or all of the racial differences. For several sites (bladder, multiple
      myeloma, prostate, uterine corpus), large racial differences persisted after
      adjustment for poverty, and these findings suggest directions for investigating
      the etiology of these cancers.

PMID- 2914305
TI  - Caring for colleagues.

PMID- 2914304
TI  - Long-term follow-up of parental adjustment following a child's death at home or
      hospital.
AB  - The adjustment of parents whose children had died from cancer 6 to 8 years
      earlier was assessed using structured interviews and standardized inventories.
      Forty parents had participated in a home hospice program during the terminal
      phase of their child's illness whereas 22 were parents of children who died in
      the hospital. Home care parents reported significantly stronger relationships
      with spouse and remaining children, firmer religious convictions, more adequate
      coping abilities, and less residual guilt than non-home care parents. On the
      Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), non-home care parents
      exhibited more frequent indications of maladjustment including somatization,
      depression, and interpersonal problems. The results confirm that the more optimal
      adjustment of home care parents which was first reported 5 years earlier has been
      maintained. Support and expansion of pediatric home hospice programs are strongly
      encouraged in light of the positive results of our longitudinal studies.

PMID- 2914306
TI  - Caribou bones and labrador tea.

PMID- 2914307
TI  - Learning from Mark.

PMID- 2914308
TI  - The birth control clinic.

PMID- 2914310
TI  - Baccalaureates for RNs.

PMID- 2914309
TI  - Write right.

PMID- 2914311
TI  - [Facing AIDS in Zambia].
AB  - An alternative approach to AIDS in Zambia. Zambians have lived with what we now
      call AIDS for 20 years. Today, an estimated eight percent of newborns are
      infected with the virus. Yet dealing with AIDS in this traditional society is an
      onerous task. While the country's 10,000 nurses are educated in the ways of
      modern medicine, they are matched by an equal number of traditional healers. And
      it is traditional values that Zambians turn to when faced by diseases for which
      modern medicine has few answers--diseases like cancer and AIDS. This author, a
      nurse educator with The Missionary Sisters of Our Lady of Africa, challenges
      young nurses to help Zambians respond effectively to this complex situation.

PMID- 2914313
TI  - Heart disease in women.

PMID- 2914312
TI  - [The dreams of the young are dashed against reality].
AB  - The dreams of the young collide with reality. In their professional trends class,
      third year nursing students at Algonquin College in Ottawa studied proposals from
      the College of Nurses of Ontario (CNO), the licencing body in that province. For
      example, the College is considering the development of a third level of nurse
      beyond the RNA and RN: a nurse specialized in advanced practice. The students
      expressed their concerns about the proposals in this letter to the College.

PMID- 2914314
TI  - Intercoronary and intracoronary communications in four cases of vasospastic
      angina.
AB  - Persistent intercoronary and intracoronary communications were observed on
      cineangiograms in four patients having vasospastic angina without significant
      coronary narrowings. On provocation of coronary spasm using ergonovine maleate,
      these communications seemed to protect myocardium from ischemia, at least
      partially.

PMID- 2914315
TI  - Mitral valve rupture during percutaneous dilation of aortic valve stenosis.
AB  - A 62-year-old patient underwent catheter balloon valvuloplasty for aortic valve
      stenosis. During the procedure, iatrogenic severe mitral regurgitation was
      induced, requiring emergency surgery. At operation, extensive laceration of the
      septal mitral leaflet was found; chordae tendinae were intact. Retrospective
      examination of the cineangiogram revealed the presence of balloon indentation at
      the chordal level during inflation, which disappeared at full inflation. Mitral
      valve rupture was probably related to balloon entrapment in chordae tendinae,
      severe chordal stretching at inflation, and subsequent valve laceration. This
      severe complication or aortic valvuloplasty in adults has not been reported
      previously and probably could be avoided by careful observation of guidewire and
      balloon position before inflation.

PMID- 2914316
TI  - Fatal aortic rupture: an unusual complication of percutaneous balloon
      valvuloplasty for acquired valvular aortic stenosis.
AB  - A case report complicated by a perforation of the ascending aorta during
      percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty for acquired aortic stenosis in a bicuspid
      aortic valve is presented. The clinical and pathological findings are discussed.
      It is suggested that in patients with hard calcified valve cusps and
      calcifications of the aortic annulus balloon sizes exceeding the aortic diameter
      should be avoided.

PMID- 2914317
TI  - Aortic annular tear after valvuloplasty: the role of aortic annulus
      echocardiographic measurement.
AB  - Following percutaneous transluminal aortic valvuloplasty, 2/100 patients (2%)
      developed significant aortic insufficiency as a result of an aortic annular tear.
      Both patients underwent emergency aortic valve replacement and survived the
      operation. One patient died 4 weeks postoperatively from sepsis and multiorgan
      failure, and the other patient had a benign postoperative course. In both cases,
      the balloon area significantly exceeded the aortic annular area and caused the
      complication. Review of the balloon area-aortic annular area ratio in our series
      showed that a value of less than 1.2 was not associated with this complication.

PMID- 2914318
TI  - Severe aortic regurgitation complicating percutaneous aortic valve valvuloplasty.
AB  - An 88-year-old patient undergoing percutaneous aortic balloon valvuloplasty of a
      tricuspid aortic valve is described. The patient had mild aortic regurgitation
      prior to the procedure but developed severe aortic regurgitation after balloon
      dilatation of the valve. At the time of surgery there was no anatomic disruption
      of the valve or supporting structures. Development of severe aortic incompetence
      following balloon valvuloplasty has not been previously reported.

PMID- 2914319
TI  - "Banding" of the pulmonary artery with an inflated Swan-Ganz catheter in a
      patient with postinfarction ventricular septal rupture.

PMID- 2914320
TI  - Successful permanent pacing via a unilateral left sided superior vena cava.

PMID- 2914321
TI  - Thromboembolic complications in coronary angiography associated with the use of
      nonionic contrast medium.

PMID- 2914322
TI  - Left heart catheterization by direct ventricular puncture: withstanding the test
      of time.
AB  - If retrograde arterial catheterization of the left ventricle fails because of a
      stenosed native or tissue valve or is contraindicated because of the presence of
      a mechanical aortic prosthesis, then alternative routes of access to the left
      ventricle are either transseptal or direct (transapical) left ventricular
      puncture. The transseptal approach is contraindicated in the presence of a
      mechanical mitral valve prosthesis. Under these circumstances we have used direct
      transapical left ventricular puncture in the treatment of 112 patients and have
      found this technique to be successful with little associated risk. A major
      complication occurred in 3% of the patients, but the study provided the required
      data in 95%, and these figures compare favorably with the reported results of
      transseptal catheterization.

PMID- 2914323
TI  - Angina and vasospasm at rest in a patient with an anomalous left coronary system.
AB  - An anomalous left main coronary artery with passage between the right ventricular
      infundibulum and aortic root has been incriminated as the causation of sudden
      death in a small number of individuals, many of whom are quite young. Mechanical
      features such as angulation and compression are most often incriminated. A 59
      year-old man with such a coronary anomaly who had chest pain at rest, ST segment
      elevation, and ventricular tachycardia, but who had no evidence of effort-related
      myocardial ischemia, is reported. Improvement in the degree of coronary tone in
      the anomalous left main coronary with intracoronary nitroglycerin administration
      was demonstrated. This represents the first report of an individual with an
      anomalous left main coronary system with ventricular tachycardia/ventricular
      fibrillation and documented vasospasm in the anomalous artery.

PMID- 2914324
TI  - Biased hypermutation of viral RNA genomes could be due to unwinding/modification
      of double-stranded RNA.

PMID- 2914326
TI  - Nursing in the public sector: views from two public health nursing leaders.

PMID- 2914325
TI  - Major nucleolar proteins shuttle between nucleus and cytoplasm.
AB  - Nucleolin is a 92 kd nucleolar protein implicated in regulating polymerase I
      transcription and binding of preribosomal RNA. Another abundant nucleolar protein
      of 38 kd (B23/No38) is thought to be involved in intranuclear packaging of
      preribosomal particles. Although both proteins have previously been detected only
      in nuclei, we conclude that they shuttle constantly between nucleus and
      cytoplasm. This conclusion is based on monitoring the equilibration of these
      proteins between nuclei present in interspecies heterokaryons, and on observing
      the antigen-mediated nuclear accumulation of cytoplasmically injected antibodies.
      Our unexpected results suggest a role for these major nucleolar proteins in the
      nucleocytoplasmic transport of ribosomal components. Moreover, they suggest that
      transient exposure of shuttling proteins to the cytoplasm may provide a mechanism
      for cytoplasmic regulation of nuclear activities.

PMID- 2914327
TI  - Clinical indicators of the ability to sustain spontaneous ventilation: a pilot
      study.

PMID- 2914328
TI  - Effect of the glutathione S-transferase inhibitor, tienilic acid, on biliary
      excretion of sulphobromophthalein.
AB  - Tienilic acid, a phenoxyacetic acid diuretic, reduces the amount of total
      sulphobromophthalein (BSP) excretion in the isolated perfused rat liver (IPRL).
      This reduction was primarily by reduction in excretion of conjugated BSP, with
      excretion of unchanged BSP being relatively unaffected. TA also reduces the
      amount of conjugated BSP formed in vitro, indicating that its effect in the IPRL
      may be by means of inhibiting the glutathione S-transferase enzymes involved in
      the formation of the conjugate. It would appear that a reduction in the biliary
      excretion of BSP cannot be taken to be an indication of reduced liver function in
      a general sense.

PMID- 2914329
TI  - Metabolism of selectively methylated and deuterated analogs of 1,2-dibromo-3
      chloropropane: role in organ toxicity and mutagenicity.
AB  - In vitro bromide release and in vivo glutathione (GSH) depletion in rat liver,
      kidney and testis by 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP) and selectively
      methylated and deuterated DBCP analogs were studied. With liver microsomes from
      phenobarbital-pretreated rats the bromide release from the C1-C3-D4- and the
      perdeuterated DBCP analogs were 54% and 26% of that of DBCP, respectively.
      Inhibitors of P-450 reduced the bromide release to 10-20% of that without
      additions. This correlated with the effects of deuterium substitution and
      additions of P-450 inhibitors on DBCP-induced bacterial mutagenicity as reported
      elsewhere by this laboratory. To study the importance of GSH-dependent metabolism
      in DBCP toxicity, bromide release was assayed in cytosolic preparations using
      methylated analogs of DBCP. With the C1-methyl-derivative, bromide release was
      markedly reduced compared to that with DBCP in cytosols from liver, kidney and
      testis. A similar reduction in in vivo nephrotoxicity and testicular damage has
      recently been reported. The obtained correlation between in vitro GSH-dependent
      metabolism of methylated DBCP analogs and their in vivo organ damaging potential,
      points to an involvement of GSH-dependent metabolism in DBCP-induced in vivo
      toxicity. Both DBCP and the methylated analogs (360 mumol/kg i.p.) depleted the
      GSH levels in liver after 1 and 3 h and in kidney after 1 h, whereas in the
      testis no significant depletion of GSH was obtained. As kidney and testis are
      reported to be the primary target organs for DBCP, there was an apparent lack of
      correlation between tissue depletion of GSH and organ toxicity.

PMID- 2914330
TI  - Studies on the mechanism of reduction of azo dye carcinogens by rat liver
      microsomal cytochrome P-450.
AB  - This laboratory has described the azoreduction of p-dimethylaminoazobenzene (1c)
      by rat liver microsomal cytochrome P-450. To elucidate the mechanisms involved,
      the reduction of structurally related azobenzenes by hepatic microsomes was
      investigated. High substrate reactivity was observed for 1c, its corresponding
      secondary (1a) and primary (1b) amines and p-hydroxyazobenzene (1d). In contrast,
      only negligible rates were obtained for unsubstituted azobenzene (1g),
      hydrazobenzene (2g), p-isopropylazobenzene (1e) and 1f, the benzoylamide
      derivative of 1b. These results clearly indicate that electron-donating groups,
      such as hydroxyl or primary, secondary and tertiary amines, are essential for
      binding of azo dye carcinogens to liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 and, by
      implication, their enzymic reduction. No inhibition of azoreduction of 1c or 1d
      was obtained by addition of 1e, 1g, or 2g to the reaction mixture. In the
      presence of hepatic microsomes, a type I binding spectrum was obtained for 1d and
      type II binding spectra for 1a, 1b and 1c, the reactive azo dyes. In contrast,
      very weak binding was observed for the unreactive compounds 1e, 1f, 1g and 2g.
      Thus, there is good correlation between binding and substrate reactivity. The
      apparent lack of binding may explain the inability of the non-reactive compounds
      to inhibit azoreduction. The difference in the reduction rate observed for 1g vs.
      1d suggested that hydroxylation would facilitate the reduction of an otherwise
      non-reactive azo dye. Support for such a mechanism was obtained in two
      experiments. In the first, marked facilitation of azoreduction of both the
      inactive compounds, 2g and 2f, was seen when they were incubated with microsomes
      under aerobic conditions where preliminary hydroxylation can occur. In the
      second, azobenzene was initially incubated aerobically with microsomes from
      phenobarbital- or beta-naphthoflavone-induced rats. The hydroxyazobenzene formed
      was then readily reduced anaerobically by microsomes from untreated rats.

PMID- 2914331
TI  - In vitro studies of the inhibition of protein kinase C from rat brain by di-(2
      ethylhexyl)phthalate.
AB  - The environmental contaminant di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) has been shown to
      inhibit the phosphorylation of histone by purified protein kinase C (PK-C) from
      rat brain in a concentration-dependent manner. The inhibition does not involve
      making the substrate unavailable, although DEHP does bind to some extent to
      histone. DEHP displaces phorbol dibutyrate from PK-C, indicating that DEHP binds
      to the regulatory domain of the enzyme. Since DEHP does not affect the PK-C
      dependent phosphorylation of protamine, DEHP probably does not bind at the
      catalytic site. DEHP non-competitively blocked activation of PK-C by either
      phosphatidyl serine or calcium ion. Inhibition of histone phosphorylation by DEHP
      was enhanced if diglyceride was present, and the enhancement was stereoselective
      for the isomeric form of the diglyceride. The mechanism of the inhibition is
      thought to involve interference with the interaction between calcium ion and the
      regulatory domain of PK-C, and would have significance only for those PK-C
      substrates that require calcium activation of the enzyme. Thus the presence of
      DEHP in the high nanomolar concentration range alters the effective substrate
      specificity of PK-C.

PMID- 2914332
TI  - Outpatient anaesthetic consultations for pregnant patients.

PMID- 2914333
TI  - Hyperbaric pressure does not affect the analgesia produced by nitrous oxide in
      the mouse.
AB  - Hydrostatic pressure antagonizes some, but not all, of the phenomena associated
      with general anaesthesia. For example, while unconsciousness produced by general
      anaesthesia in a wide variety of species is reversed by compression, anaesthetic
      induced inhibition of synaptic transmission is potentiated by application of
      pressure. To date, the effect of pressure on analgesia has not been evaluated. In
      this study, hyperbaric pressure of 75 ata did not antagonize analgesia which had
      been produced by exposure of mice to 1.2 ata of nitrous oxide. However, the same
      hyperbaric pressure restored righting in animals which had been anesthetized with
      1.5 ata of nitrous oxide. These data add to the suggestion that the multiple
      effects of general anaesthetics may be mediated at different loci.

PMID- 2914334
TI  - The influence of collateral vascularisation on haemodynamic performance during
      abdominal aortic surgery.
AB  - The extent of periaortic collateral vascularisation has been proposed as a
      possible mechanism of an altered haemodynamic response to infra-renal aortic
      cross-clamp in patients undergoing by-pass grafting for aorto-iliac occlusive
      disease (AOD) compared with patients undergoing abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA)
      resection. The haemodynamic responses following clamping, during the clamp time
      and following clamp release were studied in 18 patients undergoing AAA resection
      and 12 patients undergoing bypass grafting for AOD. The role of preoperative
      aortography in predicting cardiovascular performance during aortic vascular
      surgery was assessed. During the cross-clamp period LVSWI and CI decreased while
      SVR increased in the AAA group while the AOD group showed an improved CI, stable
      LVSWI and reduced SVR, which correlated with the extent of periaortic
      vascularisation on preoperative aortography. Chronic collateral circulation
      associated with AOD may permit continuous lower extremity perfusion during aortic
      cross-clamp. The extent of periaortic collateralisation may influence the choice
      of monitoring techniques and anaesthetic management.

PMID- 2914335
TI  - Measuring gastric contents during general anaesthesia: evaluation of blind
      gastric aspiration.
AB  - Various medications have been reported to decrease gastric content volume and
      thus risk for pulmonary aspiration. The majority of studies have used blind
      gastric tube aspiration of stomach contents as the method of measuring the volume
      of gastric contents. This study evaluated the accuracy of this method by first
      measuring gastric content volume using blind gastric aspiration and then
      aspirating residual content in the stomach, using a visually guided flexible
      fiberoptic gastroscope. Ten obese patients undergoing elective surgery were
      studied. Gastric contents were collected using a multi-orificed gastric tube and
      blind aspiration. Immediately after this was completed, residual gastric volume
      was collected using a visually guided gastroscope. The sum of these two aspirate
      volumes (true total gastric volume) was statistically compared with the blind
      aspirate volume. The blind aspirate volume underestimated true total gastric
      volume by an average of 14.7 ml and was significantly different from true total
      gastric volume (p less than 0.05). Blind gastric aspiration was thus demonstrated
      only to approximate true gastric volume. Its use to measure precisely gastric
      volume cannot, therefore, be recommended.

PMID- 2914336
TI  - The effect of preoperative apple juice on gastric contents, thirst, and hunger in
      children.
AB  - The effect of 3 ml.kg-1 of apple juice given 2.6 +/- 0.4 hours preoperatively was
      investigated in 80 healthy children of ages five to ten years in this
      prospective, randomized, single blind study. The children who drank apple juice
      preoperatively had decreased gastric volume, thirst, and hunger (p less than
      0.05). The gastric volume in the control group was 0.43 +/- 0.46 ml.kg-1 and in
      the patients who received apple juice the gastric volume was 0.24 +/- 0.31 ml.kg
      1. The gastric pH was not significantly different, with the control group's
      gastric pH being 1.7 +/- 0.6 and the treated group's pH was 2.2 +/- 1.2. Further
      studies of the effects of different volumes and timing of preoperative clear
      fluids are indicated in paediatric patients.

PMID- 2914337
TI  - Interscalene brachial plexus blockade with lidocaine in chronic renal failure--a
      pharmacokinetic study.
AB  - Plasma lidocaine concentrations, latency of onset, and duration of anaesthesia,
      were determined after interscalene brachial plexus block in 16 patients
      presenting for elective upper limb surgery. Eight patients had normal renal
      function and eight had chronic renal failure, as determined by creatinine
      clearance. Significantly higher plasma lidocaine levels were recorded ten minutes
      after infiltration in patients with chronic renal failure (p less than 0.05).
      Cmax plasma levels for normal patients (5.6 +/- 1.1 micrograms.ml-1) and for
      patients with chronic renal failure (6.6 +/- 1.6 micrograms.ml-1) were not
      significantly different. The latency of onset and duration of anaesthesia were
      similar in both groups. One per cent lidocaine solution may be administered to
      patients with normal and impaired renal function to provide effective brachial
      plexus blockade for short surgical procedures.

PMID- 2914338
TI  - Pneumomediastinum during general anaesthesia: a case report.
AB  - A case is reported of a pneumomediastinum which presented as an unexplained
      dysrhythmia during a routine general anaesthestic in a previously fit 19-year-old
      girl. The possible precipitating factors in this case are discussed along with a
      description of the signs and symptoms and an outline of its management.

PMID- 2914339
TI  - Rewarming following hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass in the malignant
      hyperthermia-susceptible patient: implications for diagnosis and perioperative
      management.
AB  - A 55-year-old, malignant hyperthermia-susceptible patient underwent myocardial
      revascularization without incident. Six hours postoperatively, he developed what
      was initially diagnosed as an MH crisis, for which he received intravenous
      dantrolene. The resultant muscle weakness prolonged the duration of postoperative
      mechanical ventilation and likely contributed to the development of a
      postoperative pneumonia. Plasma dantrolene levels were measured for the first 48
      hours postoperatively and correlated with clinical findings. On reviewing the
      patient's perioperative course, it was felt that the hypermetabolic state was not
      due to MH. The patient's pattern of rewarming following hypothermic
      cardiopulmonary bypass was similar to non-MH-susceptible patients. Because of the
      difficulty in diagnosing a MH crisis after hypothermic bypass, it is recommended
      that patients receive prophylactic dantrolene preoperatively and after bypass.
      Nondepolarizing muscle relaxants should be given postoperatively to prevent
      shivering and respiratory acidosis while patients rewarm.

PMID- 2914340
TI  - Immediate detection of irrigant absorption during transurethral prostatectomy:
      case report.
AB  - A transurethral prostatic resection is described in which immediate detection of
      a rapid massive irrigant absorption could be made by the use of ethanol-tagged
      irrigating fluid and repeated measurements of the ethanol concentration in the
      patient's expired breath. This monitoring enabled the surgeon to prevent further
      absorption by concluding the operation before symptoms resulted. Furosemide was
      given immediately to promote renal excretion of the absorbed irrigant, and the
      intravenous infusions were temporarily restricted to limit the intravascular
      fluid load. In retrospect, volumetric measurement showed that a total of 2410 ml
      of irrigant had been absorbed.

PMID- 2914341
TI  - Anaesthesia for a patient with Friedreich's ataxia and cardiomyopathy.
AB  - Friedreich's ataxia is an inherited neuromuscular disorder often associated with
      significant cardiac disease. We report a case of Friedreich's ataxia in a 13-year
      old girl with ulcerative colitis and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy who was
      successfully managed for subtotal colectomy with general anaesthesia and epidural
      narcotic. Anaesthetic considerations included the maintenance of fluid volume and
      stable cardiovascular variables in the intra- and postoperative periods.

PMID- 2914342
TI  - Postoperative ventilatory and circulatory effects of extended rewarming during
      cardiopulmonary bypass.
AB  - Postoperative effects of extended rewarming (ECR) after hypothermic
      cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) were studied. All (n = 28) patients were rewarmed to
      a nasopharyngeal temperature exceeding 38 degrees C before terminating CPB. In 12
      patients (control group) the rectal temperature (Tre) was 33.8 +/- 1.7 degrees C
      (mean +/- sd) at termination of CPB. In sixteen patients (ECR group) rewarming
      during CPB was continued to a Tre of 36.8 +/- 0.5 degrees C. Postoperative body
      temperatures, heat content, shivering, oxygen uptake, CO2 production and
      haemodynamic variables were measured. ECR reduced the heat gain required to
      complete core rewarming to 665 +/- 260 kJ, compared with 1037 +/- 374 kJ in the
      control group (p less than 0.01). The incidence of shivering was reduced (p less
      than 0.05) as well as shivering intensity and duration. In seven non-shivering
      ECR group patients this coincided with significantly reduced metabolic and
      ventilatory demands but these improvements were not valid for the group as a
      whole. The required ventilation temporarily during postoperative rewarming in
      both groups increased to 250 per cent of the basal need. Extending CPB rewarming
      (to at least 36 degrees C Tre) was inefficient when used as the sole measure to
      reduce the untoward effects of residual hypothermia during recovery after cardiac
      surgery with hypothermic CPB.

PMID- 2914343
TI  - Development of coronary heart disease in familial hypercholesterolemia.
AB  - We studied the development of coronary artery disease in 10 homozygous and 692
      heterozygous patients with familial hypercholesterolemia. Seventy-five (22%) male
      heterozygotes and 35 (10%) female heterozygotes were affected by myocardial
      infarction, which was first noted in men in the 3rd decade of life and in women
      in the 4th decade of life. Thirty-eight (70%) out of the deceased 54 heterozygous
      patients died of coronary heart disease. The mean age at death was significantly
      less in male heterozygotes (54 years) than in female heterozygotes (69 years).
      Five homozygous and 105 male and 56 female heterozygous patients received
      coronary angiographic evaluation. The regression equations between age (X) and
      coronary stenosis index (Y) obtained by assigning score (0 to 5) to each of 15
      coronary artery segments were Y = 1.57X - 20.43 (r = 0.956, p less than 0.05) in
      the homozygotes, Y = 0.52X - 9.11 (r = 0.438, p less than 0.001) in the male
      heterozygotes, and Y = 0.47X - 12.54 (r = 0.343, p less than 0.01) in the female
      heterozygotes. From these data, we can assume that coronary artery stenosis
      detectable by angiography will occur after 17 and 25 years of age in male and
      female heterozygotes, respectively, and the treatment of heterozygotes with lipid
      lowering drugs can be delayed until late adolescence.

PMID- 2914344
TI  - Visualization of subendocardial myocardial ischemia with myocardial contrast
      echocardiography in humans.
AB  - Previous studies indicate the degree of myocardial echo contrast enhancement may
      be related to regional myocardial perfusion. In this study, myocardial contrast
      echocardiography was used to characterize changes in the transmural myocardial
      blood flow distribution that were provoked by rapid atrial pacing in 11 patients
      with one-vessel coronary artery disease. Ten patients without coronary artery
      disease served as controls. Myocardial contrast echocardiography was performed by
      intracoronary injection of 2 ml hand-agitated amidotrizoate sodium meglumine
      (Urografin-76) and by imaging a short-axis view of the left ventricle with two
      dimensional echocardiography before and during injection of the contrast agent.
      The two-dimensional echocardiographic images at end diastole, before and after
      injection of the contrast agent, were digitized off-line into a 512 x 512 pixel
      matrix with 256 gray levels/pixel to quantify the degree of the enhancement of
      the peak gray level after injection. Transmural myocardial blood flow
      distribution was evaluated by measuring the ratio of the enhanced gray level in
      the endocardial half (endo) to that in the epicardial half (epi) (endo:epi gray
      level ratio) in the anteroseptal, posterolateral, and inferior segments before
      and just after rapid atrial pacing in each patient. In patients without coronary
      artery disease, there were no differences in the endo:epi gray level ratio
      between any of the three segments both before and after pacing. Mean values of
      the three segments were 0.95 +/- 0.08 before pacing and 0.90 +/- 0.13 after
      pacing, respectively. In contrast, in patients with coronary artery disease, the
      endo:epi gray level ratio for the segment supplied with stenotic coronary artery
      decreased after pacing (0.40 +/- 0.21 vs. 0.93 +/- 0.18, p less than 0.01),
      probably reflecting subendocardial myocardial ischemia, whereas that for the
      segment supplied with nonstenotic coronary artery remained unchanged (0.88 +/-
      0.20 vs. 0.99 +/- 0.23, NS). Thus, changes in transmural myocardial blood flow
      distribution with rapid pacing, which may be due to transient subendocardial
      ischemia, are visualized with myocardial contrast echocardiography.

PMID- 2914345
TI  - Sustained bundle branch reentry as a mechanism of clinical tachycardia.
AB  - The incidence of sustained bundle branch reentrant (BBR) tachycardia as a
      clinical or induced arrhythmia or both continues to be underreported. At our
      institution, BBR has been the underlying mechanism of sustained monomorphic
      ventricular tachycardia in approximately 6% of patients, whereas mechanisms
      unrelated to BBR were the cause in the rest. Data gathered from 20 consecutive
      patients showed electrophysiologic characteristics that suggest this possibility.
      These include induction of sustained monomorphic tachycardia with typical left or
      right bundle branch block morphology or both and atrioventricular dissociation or
      ventriculoatrial block. On intracardiac electrograms, all previously published
      criteria for BBR were fulfilled, and in addition, whenever there was a change in
      the cycle length of tachycardia, the His to His cycle length variation produced
      similar changes in ventricular activation during subsequent complexes with no
      relation to the preceding ventricular activation cycles. Compared with patients
      with ventricular tachycardia due to mechanisms unrelated to BBR, patients with
      BBR had frequent combination of nonspecific intraventricular conduction defects
      and prolonged HV intervals (100% vs. 11%, p less than 0.001). When this
      combination was associated with a tachycardia showing a left bundle branch block
      pattern, BBR accounted for the majority compared with mechanisms unrelated to BBR
      (73% vs. 27%, p less than 0.01). The above finding in patients with dilated
      cardiomyopathy should raise the suspicion of sustained BBR because dilated
      cardiomyopathy was observed in 95% of the patients with BBR. Twelve of the 20
      patients were treated with antiarrhythmic agents, and the other eight were
      managed by selective catheter ablation of the right bundle branch with electrical
      energy. Our data suggest that sustained BBR is not an uncommon mechanism of
      tachycardia; it can be induced readily in the laboratory and is amendable to
      catheter ablation by the very nature of its circuit. The clinical and
      electrophysiologic features outlined in this study should enable one to correctly
      diagnose this important arrhythmia.

PMID- 2914346
TI  - The human atrial strength-interval relation. Influence of cycle length and
      procainamide.
AB  - We defined the atrial strength-interval relation in 23 patients at cycle lengths
      of 600, 450, and 300 msec before and after procainamide. The atrial diastolic
      threshold was similar at cycle lengths of 600 and 450 msec, but the threshold at
      300 msec was significantly higher than that determined at 600 and 450 msec both
      before and after procainamide. Procainamide significantly increased the diastolic
      threshold only at a cycle length of 300 msec. The strength-interval relation was
      nonlinear, showing progressively decreasing decrements in the measured refractory
      period as the stimulating current was increased. Progressive decreases in the
      drive cycle length from 600 to 450 to 300 msec caused similar decreases in
      refractory periods. The shape of the curves was similar at cycle lengths of 600
      and 450 msex. However, at low current strengths, the slope of the curve
      determined at 300 msex was significantly more vertical than the slopes of the
      curves at the longer drive cycle lengths. Procainamide caused similar increases
      in apparent refractory periods at each paced cycle length. Procainamide did not
      alter the shape of the curves at any paced cycle length. These observations
      confirm the importance of stimulation frequency on atrial excitability. They
      suggest that the effects of procainamide on the effective refractory period of
      the atrium are not cycle length dependent, although the drug effects on threshold
      are dependent on the drive cycle length.

PMID- 2914347
TI  - Evidence of endothelial dysfunction in angiographically normal coronary arteries
      of patients with coronary artery disease.
AB  - Acetylcholine causes endothelium-dependent dilation of normal arteries in most
      animal species. The effect of acetylcholine on normal human coronary arteries is
      controversial. Pathologic studies and epicardial echocardiography have shown that
      diffuse atherosclerosis is often present despite angiographic evidence of
      discrete coronary artery disease (CAD). Therefore, we postulated that
      acetylcholine would cause vasoconstriction of coronary arteries that are
      angiographically normal in patients with CAD. Coronary artery diameter, measured
      by automated quantification of digitized cineangiograms, was determined before
      and after the intracoronary infusion of 0.2 mM acetylcholine at 0.8-1.6 ml/min.
      The diameter of stenotic or irregular segments of six atherosclerotic coronary
      arteries decreased from 1.80 +/- 0.42 mm before acetylcholine to 1.26 +/- 0.46 mm
      after acetylcholine (p = 0.0025). Acetylcholine had a significantly different
      effect on the diameter of two groups of coronary arteries that are
      angiographically normal. Acetylcholine caused a 0.16 +/- 0.09-mm increase in the
      diameter of 14 normal coronary arteries in patients without CAD, whereas it
      caused a 0.26 +/- 0.12-mm decrease in the diameter of 14 normal coronary arteries
      in patients with CAD (p less than 0.01). Thus, the normal response to
      intracoronary acetylcholine is vasodilation, suggesting that endothelium-derived
      relaxing factor is released from normal human coronary endothelium. The
      vasoconstrictive effect of acetylcholine in the angiographically normal coronary
      arteries of patients with CAD suggests the presence of a diffuse abnormality of
      endothelial function.

PMID- 2914348
TI  - A decision scheme for coronary angiography after acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - It is important to select patients in the convalescent phase of acute myocardial
      infarction in whom knowledge of coronary anatomy may identify those potentially
      suitable for intervention aimed at improving prognosis. However, differing
      guidelines have been proposed, and by applying some of these guidelines to our
      large database of patients after acute myocardial infarction, several problem
      areas were identified. These include lack of considering patients with resting
      ischemia beyond day 5 of hospitalization, management of patients with reduced
      ventricular function or patients not exercise tested, and the role of coronary
      angiography in the elderly. Based on this experience and further analysis in
      1,848 patients surviving beyond day 5 of hospitalization, a modified decision
      scheme for coronary angiography was developed and then tested in a second
      population (n = 780). In the new scheme, patients over 75 years of age are
      considered individually. Those under 75 years of age with severe resting ischemia
      in the hospital at any time beyond the first 24 hours (18% mortality between day
      6 and year 1), and hospital survivors with a history of previous myocardial
      infarction and clinical or radiographic signs of left ventricular failure in the
      hospital (25% 1-year mortality after discharge), are recommended for coronary
      angiography. Among the remaining patients, some will perform an exercise test,
      and those with an ischemic response or poor workload (11% 1-year mortality) are
      also assigned to coronary angiography. When an exercise test is not performed, a
      resting radionuclide left ventricular ejection fraction is recommended, and
      coronary angiography is considered if the value lies between 0.20 and 0.44 (12% 1
      year mortality). This relatively simple scheme does not make general
      recommendations in the elderly, considers patients with in-hospital left
      ventricular failure or reduced left ventricular function or both, and approaches
      the problem of patients who do not perform an exercise test. This general
      approach would avoid early coronary angiography in patients with an average 1
      year mortality risk after discharge of 3% and recommend coronary angiography in
      those at increased risk (average mortality rate, 16%) who make up about 55% of
      this population under 75 years of age.

PMID- 2914349
TI  - Leisure time physical activity and coronary heart disease death. The US Railroad
      Study.
AB  - Seventeen to 20 years of mortality follow-up were used to study the relation of
      leisure time physical activity (LTPA) to coronary heart disease mortality and to
      all-cause mortality in white male US railroad workers (n = 3,043). This cohort
      was initially examined from 1957 to 1960, reexamined from 1962 to 1964, and
      followed until 1977 or death. LTPA was ascertained by a precursor of the
      Minnesota Leisure Time Physical Activity Questionnaire. The risk estimate for
      coronary heart disease death, after adjusting for age, was 1.39 for sedentary men
      who expended 40 kcal/wk in LTPA compared with very active men who expended 3,632
      kcal/wk. This relation was attenuated by adjusting for other coronary heart
      disease risk factors, but it remained independent and significant. Caloric
      expenditure in light and moderate activity, as well as that performed in any
      intense activity, showed independent relations to cardiovascular death and all
      cause mortality. Associations were slightly stronger in occupationally sedentary
      men. These results support the hypothesis that physical activity protects against
      death from coronary heart disease and all-cause mortality.

PMID- 2914350
TI  - Exercise training in patients with chronic heart failure delays ventilatory
      anaerobic threshold and improves submaximal exercise performance.
AB  - We have recently demonstrated that exercise training can induce important
      hemodynamic and metabolic adaptations in patients with chronic heart failure due
      to severe left ventricular dysfunction. This study examines the accompanying
      changes in submaximal exercise performance and the ventilatory response to
      exercise in these patients. Before and after 16-24 weeks of exercise training,
      subjects underwent two symptom-limited bicycle exercise tests, one with an
      incremental graded workload, and one with a constant workload that represented 79
      +/- 11% of the pretraining peak oxygen consumption. Breath-by-breath expired gas
      analysis was performed continuously during each test, and central hemodynamic,
      leg blood flow, and blood lactate measurements were obtained during the
      incremental protocol. The ventilatory anaerobic threshold was determined during
      the incremental exercise study from coplotted breath-by-breath ventilatory data
      with standard criteria by observers who were unaware of patient identity or
      training status. As previously reported, exercise training increased peak oxygen
      consumption by 23% from 16.8 +/- 3.8 to 20.6 +/- 4.7 ml/kg/min and reduced blood
      lactate levels during submaximal exercise. The training-induced decrease in
      lactate accumulation was accompanied by a decrease in carbon dioxide production,
      respiratory exchange ratio, and ventilation during submaximal exercise. The
      ventilatory anaerobic threshold was delayed from 284 +/- 43 to 352 +/- 91 seconds
      of exercise (p = 0.02), and it occurred at an increased oxygen consumption (10.1
      +/- 1.2 vs. 12.1 +/- 2.6 ml/kg/min, p = 0.01). Exercise duration during the
      constant workload protocol increased from 938 +/- 410 to 1,429 +/- 691 seconds (p
      less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2914351
TI  - Mitral prosthesis malfunction. Comparative Doppler echocardiographic studies of
      mitral prostheses before and after replacement.
AB  - To assess the influence of mitral prosthesis malfunction on various Doppler
      echocardiographic indexes, we studied the changes in the peak mitral flow
      velocity during early diastolic filling phase (Vmax), the mean transprosthesis
      pressure drop from the simplified Bernoulli equation, the mitral valve area by
      the pressure half-time method, and the left ventricular isovolumic relaxation
      time in 15 patients before and after replacement of the malfunctioning mitral
      prosthesis using continuous wave Doppler echocardiography. Examination of the 15
      replaced prostheses revealed a torn or perforated leaflet in 12 valves and a
      sewing ring dehiscence in one valve. Additional restricted leaflet motion
      (classified as mild obstruction) was seen in three of these 13 valves. In the
      remaining two valves, severe prosthesis obstruction was noted. Changes in the
      Doppler indexes between the preoperative and postoperative study were present in
      all patients regarding Vmax (mean, 2.2 +/- 0.3 versus 1.6 +/- 0.2 m/sec; p less
      than 0.001), mean gradient (mean, 9 +/- 5 versus 5 +/- 0.8 mm Hg; p less than
      0.001), and isovolumic relaxation time (mean, 47 +/- 12 msec versus 80 +/- 13
      msec; p less than 0.001). The mean mitral valve area remained virtually unchanged
      (2.3 +/- 0.9 versus 2.6 +/- 0.3 cm2; p = NS) but increased postoperatively in
      each patient with preoperative mild or severe prosthesis obstruction without
      concomitant aortic regurgitation. Our conclusion is that the peak mitral flow
      velocity, the mean gradient, and the isovolumic relaxation time are useful
      parameters in the differentiation of normal and abnormal mitral prosthesis
      function but may not define the underlying lesion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2914352
TI  - Differentiation of constrictive pericarditis and restrictive cardiomyopathy by
      Doppler echocardiography.
AB  - Doppler ultrasound recordings of mitral, tricuspid, aortic, and pulmonary flow
      velocities, and their variation with respiration, were recorded in 12 patients
      with a restrictive cardiomyopathy and seven patients with constrictive
      pericarditis. Twenty healthy adults served as controls. The patients with
      constrictive pericarditis showed marked changes in left ventricular isovolumic
      relaxation time and in early mitral and tricuspid flow velocities at the onset of
      inspiration and expiration. These changes disappeared after pericardiectomy and
      were not seen in patients with restrictive cardiomyopathy or in normal subjects.
      The deceleration time of early mitral and tricuspid flow velocity was shorter
      than normal in both groups, indicating an early cessation of ventricular filling,
      but only patients with restrictive cardiomyopathy showed a further shortening of
      the tricuspid deceleration time with inspiration. Diastolic mitral and tricuspid
      regurgitation was also more common in the patients with restrictive
      cardiomyopathy. These results suggest that patients with constrictive
      pericarditis and restrictive cardiomyopathy can be differentiated by comparing
      respiratory changes in transvalvular flow velocities. In addition, although
      baseline hemodynamics in the two groups were similar, characteristic changes were
      seen with respiration that suggest differentiation of these disease states may
      also be possible from hemodynamic data.

PMID- 2914353
TI  - Activation mapping of reentry around an anatomic barrier in the canine atrium.
      Observations during entrainment and termination.
AB  - We determined total right atrial activation sequences during entrainment and
      termination of flutter induced in dogs with a surgically induced atrial lesion.
      This type of atrial flutter is due to circus movement of an impulse around the
      tricuspid valve orifice. We recorded simultaneously from 96 bipolar intracavity
      electrodes in the right atrium of the isolated, perfused heart. By constructing
      isochronal maps, we demonstrated the pattern of atrial activation during atrial
      pacing protocols that either entrained or entrained and then terminated the
      reentrant rhythm. We show that during pacing the antidromic wavefront from the
      paced impulse (An) collides with the orthodromic wavefront from the previous
      paced impulse (On-1). During entrainment, the site of collision of the
      orthodromic and antidromic wavefronts was constant during pacing at a fixed rate
      but shifted in the antidromic direction as the pacing rate increased.
      Furthermore, the last paced beat was entrained only up to the site of collision
      of the previous paced beat. During one period of entrainment, termination of the
      reentrant arrhythmia occurred because On-1 blocked in the reentrant pathway due
      to refractory tissue left by On-2. However, subsequent An did not collide
      directly with On as was expected, but rather On blocked by an interaction with
      tissue left refractory by An. Because On was blocked, no reentry occurred when
      pacing ended.

PMID- 2914354
TI  - A new mechanism for atrioventricular nodal gap-vagal modulation of conduction.
AB  - The well-known paradoxic behavior of atrioventricular conduction, the so-called
      gap phenomenon, that occurs when impulses within a certain range of coupling
      intervals are blocked while impulses with shorter coupling intervals are
      conducted is attributed to differences in properties of refractoriness in
      neighboring regions of the conduction system. In contrast, in the present study a
      model was developed showing a similar phenomenon, dependent on different
      electrophysiologic mechanisms and localized within the atrioventricular node in
      an isolated rabbit heart tissue preparation (n = 11). The hearts were paced at
      cycle length of 400-500 msec, and atrioventricular nodal conduction times (A2H2)
      were measured versus atrial extrastimulus (A1A2) coupling intervals by standard
      extrastimulus techniques. Postganglionic vagal stimulation was applied in the
      atrioventricular node as short bursts of subthreshold (for myocardium) stimuli
      with duration of 50-150 msec, amplitude of 20-800 microA, and absolute phase
      (delay after A1) of 0-500 msec. Vagal bursts with appropriate parameters
      consistently produced bimodal conduction curves. Initially, gradual shortening of
      the A1A2 coupling interval was associated with an increasing A2H2, with an
      accentuated increase (or even atrioventricular block) within an intermediate A1A2
      range. However, further shortening of the A1A2 coupling interval produced a
      decrease in A2H2, which subsequently was followed by a block at the effective
      refractory period. Microelectrode recordings indicated that this characteristic
      bimodal pattern of conduction curves, demonstrating a gap, reflected transient
      vagally induced hyperpolarization in the N region of the node. In those instances
      where conduction block occurred and gap was manifest, the most marked
      hyperpolarization coincided with the time of arrival of midcycle premature
      extrastimuli, whereas the conduction of extrastimuli with either more or less
      prematurity was under less-marked vagal influence. Thus, this study demonstrates
      a new electrophysiologic mechanism producing anomalous conduction curves and the
      gap phenomenon within the atrioventricular node based on vagal-induced nonuniform
      recovery of diastolic excitability.

PMID- 2914355
TI  - Preload-induced curvilinearity of left ventricular end-systolic pressure-volume
      relations. Effects on derived indexes in closed-chest dogs.
AB  - End-systolic pressure-volume relations (ESPVRs) were analyzed in 10 closed-chest
      autonomically blocked dogs before and after volume loading that restored end
      diastolic volume to its value measured in the control conscious state. Dogs had
      been previously instrumented with a left ventricular pressure micromanometer and
      ultrasonic crystals for measurements of major, anteroposterior, and septum-free
      wall diameters. Left ventricular volume was calculated with an ellipsoidal model
      in the left ventricular cavity. ESPVRs obtained during caval occlusion after
      volume loading were curvilinear as shown by the division of the relation into two
      parts. The initial part of the relation had a significantly smaller ESPVR slope
      (Ees, 12.0 +/- 1.8 mm Hg/ml) and ESPVR volume-axis intercept (Vd, - 3.5 +/- 0.8
      ml) than the final part of the relation (19.5 +/- 3.1 mm Hg/ml and 0.0 +/- 0.6
      ml, respectively, p less than 0.01). The end-diastolic volume-peak dP/dt relation
      showed a similar curvilinearity when end-diastolic volumes were larger than 1.5
      1.7 times the minimal end-diastolic volume reached during caval occlusion. ESPVRs
      were not different during aortic constriction and caval occlusion when end
      diastolic volume was small. In contrast, with large end-diastolic volumes, Ees
      and Vd were significantly smaller during caval occlusion than during aortic
      constriction. The final part of ESPVR (with small end-diastolic volume) had the
      same slope and intercept as that during aortic constriction. We conclude that
      preload produces a curvilinearity of ESPVR that significantly modifies derived
      indexes when the range of preload changes is large.

PMID- 2914356
TI  - Myocardial reperfusion, limitation of infarct size, reduction of left ventricular
      dysfunction, and improved survival. Should the paradigm be expanded?

PMID- 2914358
TI  - Early cardiac care centers.

PMID- 2914357
TI  - Improvements in exercise electrocardiography.

PMID- 2914359
TI  - Assessing risk associated with carotid endarterectomy. A statement for health
      professionals by an Ad Hoc Committee on Carotid Surgery Standards of the Stroke
      Council, American Heart Association.
AB  - This position statement provides guidelines for assessing risk associated with
      carotid endarterectomy and defines the point at which risk is too high to perform
      surgery for specific indications described below. Morbidity and mortality levels
      are discussed. This statement does not address indications for surgery or merits
      of specific medical or surgical treatments. Results of current studies that
      compare relative risk of various treatments for carotid artery disease are not
      yet available.

PMID- 2914360
TI  - Cerebral arteriography. A report for health professionals by the Executive
      Committee of the Stroke Council, American Heart Association.

PMID- 2914361
TI  - Isoenzymes and isoforms of CK: what is the score?

PMID- 2914362
TI  - Free 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol determined in plasma by liquid
      chromatography with coulometric detection.
AB  - We describe a simple "high-performance" liquid-chromatographic method for
      determining free 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) in plasma, with
      coulometric detection and with 4-methoxy-3-hydroxyphenylglycol (iso-MHPG) as the
      internal standard. MHPG and iso-MHPG are extracted from plasma into ethyl acetate
      and the extract is washed with a sodium bicarbonate solution, evaporated,
      reconstituted, and injected into a 25 x 0.4 cm column packed with 3-micron
      particles of C18 material. We used a mobile phase of acetate buffer (100 mmol/L,
      pH 5.0) and methanol (92:8 by vol) and an oxidation voltage of 0.5 V. The
      detection limit of the assay is 0.1 micrograms/L. The interassay CV for a sample
      with a mean MHPG concentration of 3.84 micrograms/L was 5.2%. The average
      absolute recovery for the method was 37%.

PMID- 2914363
TI  - Heterogeneity of serum creatine kinase isoenzyme MM in myocardial infarction:
      clinical significance and post-synthetic conversion of "abnormal" sub-bands.
AB  - We investigated the "abnormal" sub-bands of serum creatine kinase (CK; EC
      2.7.3.2) isoenzyme MM in acute myocardial infarction (AMI), using isoelectric
      focusing in polyacrylamide gels, and compared the patterns with those for non-AMI
      patients and for athletes with increased CK. The "abnormal" sub-bands a (pI
      7.55), b (pI 7.35), c (pI 7.25), d (pI 7.05), e (pI 6.85), f (pI 6.72), g (pI
      6.50), h (pI 6.40), i (pI 6.28), j (pI 6.20), and k (pI 6.15), in common with
      "normal" sub-bands 1 (pI 6.91), 2 (pI 6.65), and 3 (pI 6.35), were less uniformly
      distributed in the AMI and demonstrated a faster rate of anodal conversion than
      in the non-AMI patients and athletes. "Abnormal" sub-bands a and b were detected
      only in the AMI patients. Incubation of myocardial CK-MM, predominantly CK-MM 1,
      with 2-mercaptoethanol, 15 mmol/L, resulted in conversion to the "abnormal" sub
      bands b and c. Incubation of myocardial CK-MM with normal serum of low total CK
      yielded CK-MM 3, which on further incubation with 2-mercaptoethanol, 15 mmol/L,
      resulted in conversion to the "abnormal" sub-bands f and g. Comparable in vitro
      incubation of serum from AMI patients gave pattern changes consistent with
      conversion of CK-MM 1 to b, c; CK-MM 2 to d, e; and CK-MM 3 to f, g.

PMID- 2914364
TI  - Optimized microturbidimetric assay for fibrinogen.
AB  - In this assay we measure the turbidity produced by precipitation of plasma
      fibrinogen with a reagent composed of ammonium sulfate, EDTA, and guanidine
      hydrochloride. The two-step reagent addition, and use of fixed reaction times,
      eliminates interference from bilirubin, hemoglobin, and chylomicrons. We checked
      135 monoclonal proteins for interference, finding the probability of encountering
      major interference in samples from adults to be very low, P = 0.0002. The method
      is calibrated with purified fibrinogen and the response is linear over the range
      0-10 g/L. Within-run precision (CV) is less than 2% from 1 to 10 g/L.
      Correlations with the immunoturbidimetric (r = 0.99), chronometric (r = 0.99),
      and clotting (r = 0.97) methods were extremely high.

PMID- 2914365
TI  - Alkaline phosphatase activity from human osteosarcoma cell line SaOS-2: an
      isoenzyme standard for quantifying skeletal alkaline phosphatase activity in
      serum.
AB  - Earlier we described a kinetic assay for quantifying skeletal alkaline
      phosphatase (ALP) isoenzyme activity in serum. The precision of the assay depends
      on including ALP standards for the skeletal, hepatic, intestinal, and placental
      isoenzymes. We wondered whether human osteosarcoma cells could provide an
      efficient alternative to human bone or Pagetic serum as a source of the skeletal
      ALP standard. ALP activities prepared from five human osteosarcoma cell lines
      were compared with a bone-derived ALP standard with respect to heat stability and
      sensitivity to chemical effectors. Two of the cell lines (SaOS-2 and TE-85)
      contained ALP activities that resembled the bone-derived standard. We selected
      SaOS-2 cells for additional evaluation (as a potential source of isoenzyme
      standard), because they contained 40-50 times more ALP activity than did the TE
      85 cells. To include the SaOS-2 cell-derived ALP activity in the quantitative
      isoenzyme assay, we diluted the enzyme in a solution containing heat-inactivated
      (i.e., ALP-negative) human serum. Surprisingly, this dilution caused a 60-125%
      increase in maximum enzyme activity. In the quantitative assay of ALP isoenzyme
      in serum, the SaOS-2 derived ALP was indistinguishable from the serum skeletal
      ALP standard, with respect to the above criteria and assay variations. Evidently
      ALP from SaOS-2 cells is suited as a standard for measuring skeletal ALP activity
      in this assay.

PMID- 2914366
TI  - Nonenzymatic stopped-flow fluorimetric method for direct determination of uric
      acid in serum and urine.
AB  - A simple, direct, sensitive, and selective stopped-flow method for the
      fluorimetric determination of uric acid in serum and urine samples is described.
      The variation of fluorescence intensity during the reaction between uric acid and
      1,1,3-tricyano-2-amino-1-propene (triap) in the presence of hydrogen peroxide is
      monitored. For these kinetic measurements peroxide is monitored. For these
      kinetic measurements we used a versatile stopped-flow module that can be fitted
      to any fluorimeter. The linear range of the proposed method is 0.08-3.00 mg of
      uric acid per liter, and the detection limit is 0.03 mg/L. Within- and between
      assay CVs and selectivity data are reported. Results for serum and urine samples
      correlated well with those obtained by the uricase method The proposed method is
      inexpensive and requires no sophisticated detection equipment.

PMID- 2914367
TI  - Relative importance of estrogen and progesterone receptor assays as prognostic
      indicators in primary breast cancer: a short-term study.
AB  - This short-term study of the relative importance of estrogen and progesterone
      receptors shows that progesterone receptor correlates better than estrogen
      receptor with tumor recurrence regardless of lymph-node status. Life-table
      analysis has effectively identified only two groups of patients that may be
      classified by progesterone receptor status alone. Progesterone-receptor
      negativity correlated well with tumors of histological Grade III; estrogen
      receptor positivity correlated with Grade I and II tumors. The earlier recurrence
      of Grade III breast tumors may explain why progesterone receptor is a better
      prognostic indicator than estrogen receptor in short-term studies.

PMID- 2914368
TI  - A simple liquid-chromatographic method for measuring vitamin B6 compounds in
      plasma.
AB  - This relatively simple high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for
      measuring all seven known forms of vitamin B6 in plasma from individuals
      supplemented with pyridoxine hydrochloride shows good analytical recovery (85
      98%) and precision. Within-run and between-run CVs for plasmas supplemented with
      standards were 4% and 7%, respectively. The major forms of B6 found in
      unsupplemented plasma from normal subjects were pyridoxal phosphate and 4
      pyridoxic acid, with pyridoxal just detectable. The HPLC procedure correlated
      well (r = 0.94) with a modification of an enzymatic method involving
      apotryptophanase (Anal Biochem 1972;45:567-76) for measuring plasma pyridoxal
      phosphate, and also (r = 0.94) with a routine method for determining 4-pyridoxic
      acid in urine (Clin Chem 1964;10:479-89). Elimination of pyridoxine from the
      plasma of both normal and hyperoxaluric individuals was shown to be very rapid,
      with half-lives (t1/2) of 45 and 40 min, respectively. Finally, we present
      evidence for the existence of two other forms of B6 and discuss the possibility
      of a new metabolic pathway in vitamin B6 metabolism.

PMID- 2914369
TI  - Measurement of autoimmune response against collagen types I, III, and IV by
      enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and its application in infective endocarditis.
AB  - In these enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for determination of autoantibodies
      (IgG, IgM) against collagen type I (ACA I), III (ACA III), and IV (ACA IV), we
      use commercially available antigen preparations. Inhibition curves showed limited
      cross-reactivity between these different collagen preparations, the major
      interference being observed after addition of collagen type III in the ACA I
      procedures. Imprecision (CVs) for high- and low-titer samples ranged between 1.5%
      and 7.9% (within-run) and 5.5% and 12.7% (between-run) for ACA I, between 2.2
      8.7% and 4.5-10.7% for ACA III, and between 1.3-5.9% and 7.4-11.6% for ACA IV.
      Significantly increased humoral immune response against collagen types I and III
      (P less than 0.001) could be demonstrated during the first month of infective
      endocarditis. In contrast, only borderline increases, however constant, of
      autoimmune response against basement-membrane collagen (ACA IV) were noticed
      during 90 days of follow-up.

PMID- 2914370
TI  - Strong association of a single nucleotide substitution in the 3'-untranslated
      region of the apolipoprotein-CIII gene with common hypertriglyceridemia in Arabs.
AB  - A potential genetic marker for hypertriglyceridemia and coronary disease, an
      apolipoprotein-CIII gene allele displaying a single nucleotide substitution, was
      found in 71% of Arabs with primary hypertriglyceridemia. Over 96% of the
      unrelated adults possessing this allele showed hypertriglyceridemia. The same
      allele was found rarely among normotriglyceridemic subjects. In further support
      of involvement in hypertriglyceridemia, this allele was co-inherited with
      increased serum triglycerides in a three-generation family. Moreover, a gene
      dosage effect was also found. A mechanism of action for the allele is suggested
      by the findings that the subjects possessing the allele show markedly increased
      very-low-density lipoproteins, decreased high-density lipoproteins, and
      borderline chylomicronemia demonstrable by lipoprotein electrophoresis.
      Electrophoresis of the selectively amplified-restricted apolipoprotein-CIII DNA
      on agarose gel provides a rapid diagnostic test that allows identification of the
      subjects with this allele in less than a day.

PMID- 2914371
TI  - A dual-precipitation method evaluated for measurement of cholesterol in high
      density lipoprotein subfractions HDL2 and HDL3 in human plasma.
AB  - The dual-precipitation method for measurement of cholesterol in high-density
      lipoprotein subfractions HDL2 and HDL3 (Warnick et al., Clin Chem 1982;28:1574)
      was compared with quantification of cholesterol in HDL2 and HDL3 by zonal
      ultracentrifugation (Patsch et al., J Lipid Res 1974;15:356-66). For 39 plasma
      specimens differing widely in their HDL subfraction cholesterol concentration,
      the coefficient of correlation between the two methods was 0.94 for HDL2
      cholesterol, 0.82 for HDL3-cholesterol. Storage of plasma specimens at -70
      degrees C decreased the apparent content of HDL3-cholesterol by 5%; no
      significant changes in HDL2-cholesterol were observed. In frozen plasma,
      interference by apoB-containing lipoproteins and by lipoprotein(a) was
      negligible. Mean weight ratios of apoA-I to cholesterol were twice as high for
      HDL3 as for HDL2, reflecting the increased cholesterol content of HDL2. The study
      suggests that quantification of HDL2 and HDL3 cholesterol by precipitation is
      appropriate for use in epidemiological studies.

PMID- 2914372
TI  - A longitudinal study of thyroid function in pregnancy.
AB  - We undertook a prospective longitudinal study of thyroid function in 36 pregnant
      women. There were significant increases in thyroxin-binding globulin,
      thyrotropin, and triiodothyronine. Albumin, free thyroxin (measured by an analog
      and a nonanalog method), and the free thyroxin index were significantly
      decreased. Results for the free thyroxin methods were correlated with each other
      in each trimester. We could find no evidence for artifacts related to albumin or
      thyroxin-binding globulin with either method for free thyroxin.

PMID- 2914373
TI  - Greater than expected alanine aminotransferase activities in plasma and in hearts
      of patients with acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - Early increases in the activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT, EC 2.6.1.2) in
      plasma are observed in about 7% of patients with acute myocardial infarction
      (AMI), of whom about half die. Some type of liver injury, secondary to AMI, could
      be responsible for this phenomenon. However, quantitative analysis shows that the
      release of ALT in most of these patients conforms to the myocardial release
      pattern. Moreover, extra release of hepatic aspartate aminotransferase (EC
      2.6.1.1) is not observed. These findings suggest that the heart may occasionally
      contain a high ALT activity. This hypothesis was verified by determination of
      enzyme activities in 10 hearts obtained from patients who died after AMI. The
      mean ALT activity in these hearts, 21 (SD 12) U per gram wet weight,
      significantly (P less than 0.01) exceeds the value of 7.7 (SD 4.9) U/g found for
      seven control hearts and may reflect increased amino acid metabolism in the
      energy-depleted heart muscle, as described earlier for skeletal muscle.

PMID- 2914374
TI  - Choosing quality-control systems to detect maximum clinically allowable
      analytical errors.
AB  - Critical systematic and random analytical errors for 17 common clinical chemical
      components were estimated from published values for analytical imprecision,
      biological variation, and "medically important changes." Appropriate quality
      control systems for these analytes are discussed on the basis of power
      considerations. The simple rule 1(3)s, with one control per run, is minimally
      sufficient for the analytes (about one quarter of those considered here) for
      which the magnitude of critical error is at least 3 analytical standard
      deviations. The more powerful rule 1(2)s, with one control per run, is the
      minimal requirement for analytes for which critical errors are about 2 analytical
      standard deviations; these are about half the remaining analytes. Greater power
      values are achieved by using multiple rules based on several controls per run. In
      general, this study does not support the view put forward by some authors that
      the quality-control rules in use today are too restrictive.

PMID- 2914375
TI  - How sensitive are immunometric assays for thyrotropin?
AB  - The usual method for calculation of the "sensitivity" of thyrotropin immunometric
      assays is multireplicate analysis of the zero analyte standard. Although this is
      a statistically valid estimate of the scatter likely to be found in the response
      variable, it is unrelated to normal analytical practice (usually analysis in
      duplicate) and estimates intra-assay errors only. This study was designed to
      assess the analytical performance of 10 immunometric assays used routinely for
      measurement of thyrotropin in human serum. Response data from each assay were
      accumulated to provide (a) an estimate of "sensitivity" from multireplicate
      analysis and (b) an estimate of "minimum detection limit," relating directly to
      errors associated with routine performance and derived from a minimum of 500
      duplicate analyses. We conclude that the "minimum detection limit" should be
      promoted as a more meaningful measure of assay performance at low analyte
      concentrations than the "sensitivity" derived from multireplicate analysis of the
      zero-analyte standard.

PMID- 2914376
TI  - Determination of physostigmine in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid by liquid
      chromatography with electrochemical detection.
AB  - Physostigmine (Phy) was determined in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) by
      HPLC with electrochemical detection, with use of a normal-phase column and
      methanolic sodium acetate buffer, pH 4.6. The detection limit of the method was
      0.5 micrograms/L for a 2-mL sample of plasma or 0.5 mL of CSF. Analytical
      recovery of Phy in the range from 0.5 to 40 micrograms/L was 60% (SD 5%) for
      plasma and 78% (SD 8%) for CSF. Excellent chromatographic separation of Phy
      without column deterioration during extended usage and constant recovery for a
      wide range of Phy concentrations makes the routine monitoring of plasma from
      patients with Alzheimer's disease economically feasible. Using our method, we
      measured Phy in 13 such patients' plasmas at 105 and 135 min after a 135-min
      intravenous infusion of 300, 600, and 900 micrograms of Phy per square meter of
      body surface. Mean values significantly increased with dose (P = 0.001), but
      differences between 105 and 135 min (P = 0.229) or between dose and time (P =
      0.949) were not significant.

PMID- 2914377
TI  - Detection of poisoning by plant-origin cardiac glycoside with the Abbott TDx
      analyzer.
AB  - Cardiac glycoside poisoning caused by ingestion of plant material is common in
      tropical and sub-tropical areas. In evaluating the use of the Abbott TDx Digoxin
      II assay to detect such cases of poisoning, we found it a rapid and convenient
      method for confirming the ingestion of glycosides from the plants Nerium
      oleander, Thevetia peruviana, and Adonis microcarpa, and from the toad Bufo
      marinus. Here we report some clinical cases illustrating our experience with the
      use of this assay, and describe results of cross-reactivity studies with
      compounds structurally similar to digoxin. Because of the competitive nature of
      the immunoassay as well as the complexity of the mixture of cross-reacting
      cardiac glycosides present in the plant material, the measured apparent digoxin
      concentration is not linearly related to the cardiac glycoside concentration.

PMID- 2914378
TI  - Simultaneous determination of pentoxifylline and three metabolites in biological
      fluids by liquid chromatography.
AB  - We describe a sensitive and specific liquid-chromatographic assay for
      pentoxifylline and three of its metabolites in human plasma and urine. Addition
      of hydrochloric acid to the sample before extraction, and incorporation of acetic
      acid in the chromatographic eluent, allow the simultaneous determination of the
      four compounds plus an internal standard in one chromatographic run. Unlike gas
      chromatographic procedures, this method does not involve derivatization no
      similar analysis of serum or plasma samples has been described before now. The
      method has been applied successfully to routine analysis and to pharmacokinetic
      studies.

PMID- 2914379
TI  - Patterns of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes 1 and 2 in serum of patients
      performing an exercise test.
AB  - Values for total lactate dehydrogenase (LD, EC 1.1.1.27) activity and LD
      isoenzymes were determined in serum from 56 patients and 40 healthy subjects
      before and 24, 48, and 72 h after they performed an exercise test. The mean (for
      all four times) total LD activity concentration and proportion of LD-2 were
      within the normal range for all 96 subjects. Mean LD-1 values for serum, although
      within the normal range in all subjects, were significantly higher in patients
      with positive exercise test results than in subjects with negative results: 75
      (SD 12) U/L in 35 patients with ST depression greater than 2 mm; 63 (SD 14) U/L
      in 16 patients with ST depression of 1-2 mm; 43 (SD 11) U/L in subjects with
      negative test results, by 48 h after the test. The LD 1:2 ratio was also markedly
      higher in the group of patients with positive test exercise results, especially
      in those with ST depression greater than 2 mm (1.02, SD 0.06), compared with
      those subjects with negative results (0.60, SD 0.04). A similar trend was also
      found 24 and 72 h after the exercise test. We conclude that exercise-myocardial
      ischemia may lead to an increased LD 1:2 ratio in serum, and demonstrate a
      correlation between the degree of ischemia and the LD 1:2 ratio. Determination of
      the LD 1:2 ratio, even in the presence of normal total LD activity, may assist in
      the clinical evaluation of patients performing an exercise test.

PMID- 2914380
TI  - Automated enhanced latex agglutination assay for rheumatoid factors in serum.
AB  - This improved assay of rheumatoid factors in serum, described here for use with
      the Baker "Encore" centrifugal analyzer, is efficient, with 250-sample throughput
      per hour; reproducible, with between-batch CV = 5% and within-batch CV = 2% (mid
      assay range); and results correlate well (r = 0.9) with those by other methods.
      The method is fully quantitative and automated, involves no predilution steps,
      and can be adapted for use in a wide range of systems. It has a sensitivity of
      96% and specificity of 80% in diagnosing rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 2914381
TI  - Screening for microalbuminuria in patients with diabetes mellitus: frozen storage
      of urine samples decreases their albumin content.
AB  - The influence of storage on urinary albumin concentration was prospectively
      studied with use of overnight urine specimens (Albustix negative) from 73
      diabetic patients. From each urine sample four aliquots were taken. One was
      stored at 4 degrees C and assayed within two weeks, the other three were stored
      at -20 degrees C and assayed within two weeks and after two and six months.
      Albumin concentration was measured with laser immunonephelometry. The detection
      limit, 1 mg/L, suffices for the screening of diabetic patients for
      microalbuminuria. After storage for two and six months at -20 degrees C,
      significantly lower albumin concentrations were found. The difference was mainly
      caused by lower concentrations found in urine samples in which a precipitate had
      formed, which was the case in 22 and 25 samples, respectively. Thus, freezing of
      urine samples for determination of low concentrations of albumin may yield
      falsely low results. Urine samples are best stored at 4 degrees C and assayed
      within two weeks.

PMID- 2914382
TI  - Concentrations of carotenoids, retinol, and tocopherol in plasma, in response to
      ingestion of a meal.
AB  - Field studies and epidemiological surveys may necessitate obtaining a blood
      sample from a nonfasted subject for nutritional assessments. We measured the
      effect of a standardized test meal, eaten after an overnight fast, on the
      concentrations of seven carotenoid fractions, retinol, and tocopherol in plasma
      of eight healthy adults. The 790-calorie test meal did not alter the measured
      concentrations. We conclude that blood sampled up to 4 h after breakfast can be
      validly used for these measurements.

PMID- 2914383
TI  - Assessment of renal function by inulin clearance: comparison with creatinine
      clearance as determined by enzymatic methods.
AB  - We compared creatinine clearances determined by enzymatic (Kodak Ektachem 700
      single-slide, Boehringer Mannheim creatinine PAP) and nonenzymatic (Jaffe, HPLC)
      methods with glomerular filtration rate measured by inulin clearance in patients
      with varying degrees of renal function. The Kodak enzymatic assay gave values for
      creatinine 2 to 3 mg/L higher than the other methods. This resulted in
      significantly lower creatinine clearances than inulin clearances and creatinine
      clearances determined by the other methods. However, correlations between all
      methods for serum and urinary creatinine values and clearances were good. To
      avoid between assay (enzymatic vs nonenzymatic) discrepancies, manufacturers
      should agree to an acceptable standard of calibration under the usual conditions
      used with patients.

PMID- 2914384
TI  - Effectiveness of sodium fluoride as a preservative of glucose in blood.
AB  - How effective is sodium fluoride as a preservative of blood glucose? We compared
      changes in glucose concentration in fluoride-treated blood specimens with those
      of heparin-treated specimens. The former declined rapidly during the first hour;
      thereafter the rate of decrease was slower, and after 4 h the glucose
      concentration in the blood samples remained stable for up to three days. In
      contrast, the glucose concentration in the heparin-containing samples declined
      continuously. During the first hour, however, the rates of decline in the two
      types of samples were similar. Evidently sodium fluoride takes effect slowly but
      effectively in preserving glucose in blood for at least three days. Its use,
      however, is unnecessary if the concentration of glucose is to be measured within
      the first hour after sampling.

PMID- 2914385
TI  - Homogentisic acid determined in biological fluids by HPLC.
AB  - In this rapid, specific, and sensitive high-performance liquid-chromatographic
      method of analysis for homogentisic acid in biological fluids, homogentisic acid
      is separated on a column of Nucleosil CN. This method, which we applied to the
      diagnosis of three cases of alcaptonuria, represents a suitable analytical tool
      for the diagnosis of alcaptonuria.

PMID- 2914386
TI  - Indole compounds do not cause false positives with the TDx cannabinoid assay.

PMID- 2914387
TI  - Comparison of free digoxin and total digoxin: extent of interference from digoxin
      like immunoreactive substances (DLIS) in a fluorescence polarization assay.

PMID- 2914388
TI  - Evaluation of the Ames Seralyzer for therapeutic drug monitoring of phenobarbital
      and phenytoin.

PMID- 2914389
TI  - An enzymatic method for lactate in whole blood adapted to the Cobas Bio.

PMID- 2914390
TI  - Pyruvate measured in whole blood with the Cobas Bio analyzer.

PMID- 2914391
TI  - Chemiluminescent determination of nonesterified fatty acids in serum.

PMID- 2914392
TI  - Enzymatic assay of salicylate adapted to the Monarch centrifugal analyzer.

PMID- 2914393
TI  - Commercially available dissociation-enhanced lanthanide fluoroimmunoassay kit
      evaluated for quantifying ferritin in serum.

PMID- 2914394
TI  - Relationship between plasma cholesterol and total and ionized calcium
      concentrations in serum from postmenopausal women.

PMID- 2914395
TI  - Measurement of alkaline phosphatase activity by kodak Ektachem 700 XR analyzer
      compared with other routine analytical methods.

PMID- 2914396
TI  - Sampling distribution of skewness and kurtosis.

PMID- 2914397
TI  - Sample treatment for long-distance transport of plasma for hormone assay.

PMID- 2914398
TI  - Interactions of copper with some analytes in human serum.

PMID- 2914400
TI  - Nonprotein components of urine interfere with colorimetry of urinary albumin with
      bromphenol blue.

PMID- 2914399
TI  - Plasma malondialdehyde, lipid peroxides, and the thiobarbituric acid reaction.

PMID- 2914401
TI  - More on oligoclonal bands and diagnosis of multiple sclerosis.

PMID- 2914402
TI  - Follow-up of monoclonal gammopathies in asymptomatic HIV-infected subjects.

PMID- 2914403
TI  - Assay of "intact" parathyrin in the immediate and long-term postoperative follow
      up of patients treated for hyperparathyroidism or thyroid tumor.

PMID- 2914404
TI  - Deposition of immune complexes containing cationized antibodies in myocardial
      small blood vessels of mice.
AB  - Small myocardial blood vessels constitute a site for preferential deposition of
      preformed cationic immune complexes. This preferential deposition was
      demonstrated with a limited dose (100 micrograms) of cationized rabbit antibodies
      to human serum albumin, injected into C57B1/6J mice either alone or in the form
      of preformed immune complexes. Heart, kidney, liver, intestine, and skeletal
      muscle were examined for immune deposits by immunofluorescence microscopy. Highly
      cationized antibodies injected alone showed deposition in glomeruli and in the
      liver along the sinusoids but not in other tissues. Immune complexes containing
      native rabbit antibodies deposited only in liver in a Kupffer cell pattern.
      Moderate and highly cationized antibodies in immune complexes deposited in
      myocardial small blood vessels, liver, and glomeruli, but not in intestine or
      skeletal muscle. These complexes deposited via electrostatic interactions since
      unrelated polycationic molecules, protamine sulfate or cationized rabbit serum
      albumin, injected 1 min prior to cationic antibodies in immune complexes blocked
      deposition in myocardial small vessels, glomeruli, and liver. Administration of
      protamine or cationized rabbit serum albumin 1 min after deposition of cationized
      immune complexes resulted in displacement of the immune deposits in heart,
      kidney, and liver, but not when the injection was given 1 hr later. The presented
      data indicate that with passage of time the immune deposits rearrange and forces
      other than charge-charge interactions retain them in myocardial vessels.

PMID- 2914405
TI  - Improved sexual function in hemodialysis patients on recombinant erythropoietin:
      a possible role for prolactin.
AB  - As it was reported that correction of anemia in long-term hemodialysis patients
      by recombinant human erythropoietin (r-HuEPO) is associated with improved sexual
      function, we conducted the present study to further delineate the mechanism(s) by
      which this is brought about. Serum prolactin, testosterone, and parathyroid
      hormone (PTH) levels were followed during 4 months of r-HuEPO therapy. Within 4
      months of treatment with r-HuEPO, hematocrit values rose from 23.7 +/- 1.2 to
      35.7 +/- 0.2% and hemoglobin increased from 7.3 +/- 0.3 to 11.3 +/- 0.4 g/100 ml.
      In parallel, serum prolactin values decreased significantly from 66.9 +/- 9.3 to
      9.6 +/- 2.6 ng/ml in females and from 39.5 +/- 10.5 to 10.3 +/- 1.0 ng/ml in male
      dialysis patients. Testosterone concentrations were low in male patients and
      remained unchanged during r-HuEPO therapy. Baseline PTH values were elevated
      (1,880 +/- 220 pg/ml) in patients of both sexes and declined to 1,410 +/- 180
      pg/ml during treatment with r-HuEPO. However, this difference did not reach
      statistical significance. Sexual function improved in 4 out of 7 males and 5 out
      of 9 female patients began to menstruate regularly again. It appears that
      treatment of anemia in end-stage renal disease by r-HuEPO improves sexual
      function via normalization of elevated serum prolactin concentrations.

PMID- 2914406
TI  - Evidence for an HIV-related nephropathy: a clinico-pathological study.
AB  - The existence of an HIV-related nephropathy as a distinct disease entity is
      controversial. We observed a high incidence of renal disease in our AIDS
      patients. Of 182 patients, 59 patients (32.4%) were found to have heavy
      proteinuria (greater than 2 g/24 h). Of these, 24 patients had slow progression
      of renal insufficiency and 2 patients had rapid deterioration to end stage renal
      disease. There was a notable absence of hypertension in these cases. The
      incidence of proteinuria was similar in blacks and hispanics; however 22.8% of
      blacks had renal insufficiency as compared to 6.9% of hispanics. There was no
      difference in the incidence of heavy proteinuria between intravenous drug abusers
      (32.3%) and nonabusers (33.3%). Renal morphology when examined showed
      characteristic changes, including cytomembranous structures and virus-like
      particles. These changes were similar in patients with heavy or light
      proteinuria, though they were less severe in the latter. We conclude that a HIV
      related nephropathy exist and the presence of cytomembranous structures and virus
      like particles in the renal tissue raises the possibility of a viral etiology for
      this disorder.

PMID- 2914407
TI  - Contrasting response to cyclosporin in refractory nephrotic syndrome.
AB  - We studied the effects of cyclosporin A (CsA), given for three months, in 14
      patients with nephrotic syndrome refractory to treatment with prednisone and/or
      other immunosuppressants. CsA was given in a starting dose of 6 mg/kg and plasma
      through levels (RIA) were kept between 50 and 150 ng/ml. Diagnosis included:
      idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis (n = 6), focal segmental
      glomerulosclerosis (n = 3), minimal change disease (n = 3) and
      membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (n = 2). Three patients with non
      immunologically mediated nephrotic syndrome due to Alport's syndrome were studied
      as well. Considering all patients and diagnostic groups together, proteinuria
      decreased from 9.0 +/- 4.3 to 4.7 +/- 3.8 g/24 h during CsA treatment (mean +/-
      SD; p less than 0.01). However, serum creatinine increased from 121.8 +/- 60.5 to
      150.4 +/- 64.6 mol/l (p less than 0.01) and glomerular filtration rate as
      estimated by 24-hour creatinine clearance fell from 85.5 +/- 33.7 to 72.1 +/-
      37.2 ml/min (p less than 0.05). When compared to other diagnostic groups,
      fractional excretion of protein, i.e. protein excretion corrected for changes in
      glomerular filtration rate, fell only in IMGN (ANOVA, p less than 0.05). We
      conclude that CsA reduced proteinuria in patients with refractory nephrotic
      syndrome. In the majority of these patients this reduction could be due to a
      renal hemodynamic, rather than an immunomodulatory effect of the drug. Only in
      IMGN the latter action of the drug may be of importance.

PMID- 2914408
TI  - The effect of vitamin C supplementation and withdrawal on the mortality and
      morbidity of regular hemodialysis patients.
AB  - The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of vitamin C
      supplementation (VC-S) on the morbidity and mortality of 61 clinically stable
      outpatients maintained on regular hemodialysis (HD). All patients were given
      vitamin C (500 mg daily) for 2 years and observed for a further 2 years on no
      treatment. VC-S significantly increased the plasma levels of ascorbic acid up to
      7.8 mg/dl (mean 3.3 +/- 0.4 s.e.m.) which fell after withdrawal to the normal
      range (mean 1.2 +/- 0.2 mg/dl). Hyperoxalemia was aggravated by VC-S (mean 61.5
      +/- 3.3 mumol/l, range 33.3 to 165.5) while plasma oxalate levels in the
      unsupplemented period decreased to 36.3 +/- 3.3 mumol/l (p less than 0.01). There
      were no differences in creatinine, hematocrit, blood transfusion requirement,
      morbidity (including hospitalization) or mortality between the two periods of
      time in the same patients. In conclusion, we could not find any beneficial
      effects on morbidity or mortality as a result of using VC-S in regular HD
      patients. However, secondary hyperoxalemia was aggravated. As a result of these
      observations it appears that VC-S is harmful and unnecessary in these patients
      provided they are on an adequate diet.

PMID- 2914409
TI  - Hyperaluminemia in renal failure: the influence of age and citrate intake.
AB  - Following the occurrence of aluminum encephalopathy in four patients with chronic
      renal failure, we studied 34 azotemic patients seen during the same year and five
      volunteers who took varying combinations of aluminum hydroxide and an
      alkalinizing citrate (Shohl's) solution. We found that the four encephalopathic
      cases were older than the 34 azotemic patients (68 years +/- 14 SD, vs 50 +/- 13,
      p less than 0.05), had a higher mean serum aluminum value (727 micrograms/l +/-
      320 vs 92 +/- 73, p less than 0.005), had taken more aluminum hydroxide (5 g/day
      +/- 0.9 vs 1.6 +/- 1.8, p less than 0.01), and more Shohl's solution (64 ml/day
      +/- 19 vs 20 +/- 29, p less than 0.01). In all 38 patients the serum aluminum
      values correlated directly with age (p = 0.01), aluminum hydroxide (p = 0.001)
      and concomitant citrate intake (p = 0.004). In the five healthy volunteers the 24
      hour urinary aluminum excretion increased from a baseline of 22 micrograms +/- 19
      SD to 167 +/- 109 (p = 0.05) during aluminum hydroxide intake, rising to 580 +/-
      267 (p = 0.01) during the simultaneous intake of citrate and aluminum hydroxide.
      Corresponding serum aluminum values were 11 micrograms/l +/- 2 SD, 44 +/- 34 (p =
      0.1), and 98 +/- 58 (p less than 0.05). Thus citrate seems to enhance aluminum
      absorption and may cause encephalopathy in patients with chronic renal failure,
      especially the elderly.

PMID- 2914410
TI  - Berger's disease: Henoch-Schonlein syndrome/one disease entity.

PMID- 2914411
TI  - Fatal acute renal failure after piroxicam.

PMID- 2914412
TI  - Hemodynamics of patients with renal failure treated with recombinant human
      erythropoietin.
AB  - Hemodynamics were evaluated in 8 patients with uncomplicated renal failure on
      regular dialysis before and after partial correction of anemia by treatment with
      recombinant human erythropoietin (r-huEPO). Under r-huEPO treatment, mean (+/-
      SD) hemoglobin increased from 7.51 (0.60) to 10.27 (0.92) g/dl. Mean blood
      pressure, body weight, total blood volume and extracellular fluid compartment
      remained unchanged. Cardiac output as measured with a radionuclide method
      increased significantly from 4622 (1069) to 5393 (1285) units (p less than 0.02)
      and peripheral resistance decreased from 22 (4) to 19 (3) units (p less than
      0.02). 6-keto-1-alpha-prostaglandin decreased from 96.9 (54.4) to 61.6 (18.0)
      pg/ml (p less than 0.05) but plasma renin activity, noradrenalin and atrial
      natriuretic peptide remained unchanged comparing pre- and post-treatment levels.
      This observation suggests that an increase of red blood cell mass can improve
      heart function in patients undergoing regular dialysis treatment.

PMID- 2914413
TI  - Insurability of pediatric gastrointestinal disorders.
AB  - To assess the insurability of children with gastrointestinal disorders, the
      authors surveyed by questionnaire 106 health-insurance companies concerning their
      handling of an application for health insurance for a child with a diagnosed
      gastrointestinal disorder. They received 24 responses (23%) of which only ten
      companies (42% of the respondents, 9% of the companies surveyed) completed the
      questionnaire. Insurance companies generally were not receptive to their
      inquires. The consensus of the responses was that ultimate insurability is
      dependent upon review of the medical record. For individual gastrointestinal
      diseases, responses were variable and often not easily categorized. Many
      companies encourage applicants previously denied coverage to reapply at a later
      date. Most pediatric gastrointestinal disorders are not insurable or insurable
      only at increased rates. Since insurability is dependent upon review of the
      medical record, the medical record must reflect the diagnosis and prognosis
      accurately. Education of the insurance industry regarding pediatric
      gastrointestinal disorders is encouraged.

PMID- 2914414
TI  - Iron-fortified formulas. Pediatricians' prescribing practices.
AB  - Primary care pediatricians in Washington State were surveyed regarding their
      attitudes about iron-fortified formula. Of the 210 responding physicians who
      stated an opinion 70 (33%) feel that there are definite indications for non
      fortified formula, and 33 (16%) routinely recommend formula without added iron.
      Despite evidence that adding iron to formula has helped reduce the prevalence of
      anemia in children and does not cause gastrointestinal symptoms, iron-fortified
      formula is not universally recommended by pediatricians.

PMID- 2914415
TI  - Ulcerative esophagitis. A rare source of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in a
      neonate. Use of fiberoptic endoscopy for diagnosis.
AB  - A case of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage in a newborn infant due to ulcerative
      esophagitis is described. This is a previously undescribed cause of upper
      gastrointestinal neonatal bleeding. This case further illustrates the safety and
      efficacy of fiberoptic endoscopy in elucidating the source of upper
      gastrointestinal bleeding in the immediate newborn period.

PMID- 2914416
TI  - Breast feeding preference of Hispanic and Anglo women. 1978-1985.
AB  - Hispanic women of Mexican origin are one of the fastest growing minority groups
      in the United States, but little information is available regarding the rate of
      breast feeding among this group of women. The breast feeding preferences of
      Hispanic women delivering at a southern California university hospital were
      determined by retrospective analysis of birth log records from 1978 to 1985.
      Approximately 95 percent of the Hispanic women delivering at this institution
      were of Mexican origin. Hispanic women had a preference for breast feeding
      similar to the national average for the same time period. The rate of breast
      feeding among Hispanic women of Mexican descent was consistently higher than
      previous reports from other regions of the United States.

PMID- 2914417
TI  - Purpura fulminans. A case for heparin therapy.
AB  - A 6.5-year-old boy developed purpura fulminans. He had no evidence of congenital
      protein C deficiency. He responded readily to heparin therapy with resolution of
      his coagulopathy. The coagulopathy resumed rapidly after heparin therapy was
      interrupted to allow for surgical procedures. Despite correction of his
      coagulopathy with heparin, surgical amputation of his leg was necessary because
      of inadequate perfusion.

PMID- 2914419
TI  - American Society for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Abstracts of papers.
      Ninetieth annual meeting. March 8-10, 1989, Nashville, Tennessee.

PMID- 2914418
TI  - Typhoid fever. Unusual hepatic manifestations.
AB  - Four cases of typhoid fever with unusual hepatic manifestations are described.
      Two cases had hepatitis and two had hepatic abscess. These complications are
      documented for the first time in the pediatric age group. Awareness of these rare
      manifestations may be helpful in avoiding unnecessary morbidity and mortality.

PMID- 2914420
TI  - Rerandomization tests for analyzing correlated data from dental studies.
AB  - Dental research studies often produce relatively small data sets in which
      observations are serially or spatially correlated. Rerandomization tests are
      presented as alternatives to analysis of variance and multivariate analysis for
      assessing group differences using such data. Rerandomization tests are
      particularly useful when the investigator is unwilling to make strong assumptions
      about the nature of the serial correlation or the distribution of the data. Two
      examples are discussed that demonstrate these techniques.

PMID- 2914421
TI  - Calculation of survival curves and statistical comparison of two censored
      populations: a computer program in BASIC.
AB  - In experimental aging research the handling of censored data imposes a serious
      problem in the calculation of survival curves of partly censored populations and
      the statistical comparison of such populations. The presented computer program
      combines a method to calculate a corrected survival curve and a test to compare
      two censored populations. In both methods, the proportion of the animals that
      survive or die during an interval and the number at risk at the start of that
      interval is used in the calculation of relative survival or death during that
      interval. The program is written in an elementary BASIC and will run on
      practically every computer programmable in BASIC. The presented method can be
      used for testing the difference between survival characteristics of two animal
      populations but might also be employed in evaluating the effect of a medical
      treatment.

PMID- 2914422
TI  - Frequency content of the QRS notching in high-fidelity canine ECG.
AB  - High-fidelity ECGs, defined as ECG signals including high-frequency components,
      have been studied and variations in the incidence of fine notches and slurs on
      the QRS complex were reported in different myocardial pathologies. These
      observations might be of clinical importance since they suggested a noninvasive
      marker for cardiac dysfunctions. We studied high-fidelity ECG waveforms
      displaying pronounced notches and slurs. Signals were obtained from 12
      anesthetized dogs. Computer analysis included digital averaging, followed by
      digital filtering in different frequency bands in order to determine the
      frequency range corresponding to notches and slurs. Low-pass filtering of the low
      noise average waveforms was performed while gradually lowering the upper
      frequency limit, until the fine notch (or slur) could no longer be visually
      detected, thus determining the lower limit of its frequency content. A band
      cutoff filter was then applied to the original average waveform. The lower limit
      of the band cutoff filter was set at the frequency previously determined as the
      lower limit of the notch (or slur), and its upper limit was determined by gradual
      raising until the notch (or slur) was visually indistinct. Following this
      approach, the notches were found to contribute to a frequency range of 40-185 Hz,
      whereas the slurs contributed only to the lower subrange of this frequency band
      below 100 Hz.

PMID- 2914423
TI  - Three-dimensional reconstruction of human limbs from tomographic views.
AB  - The recently developed medical imaging technique of tomography can be used with
      amazing success to learn about the interior of a human body. Each tomograph,
      however, is limited to only one section of the specific human limb. A series of
      tomographs taken at irregular intervals and various angles would provide three
      dimensional information of the interior of the limb. Currently available 3-D
      surface display algorithms have limitations, particularly when applied to
      clinically important image data requiring fast and flexible interactive analysis.
      In addition to the problem of computation time is the cost of specialized
      hardware. A new algorithm has been designed for use with three-dimensional
      medical images which attempts to overcome these limitations. A computer graphics
      system is described which reconstructs three-dimensional images from tomographic
      sectional data. This 3-D surface algorithm can be exploited in planning
      reconstructive bone surgery. An example which illustrates the versatility and
      speed of the new algorithm is presented.

PMID- 2914424
TI  - BUMP: a FORTRAN program for identifying dose-response curves subject to
      downturns.
AB  - BUMP is a FORTRAN implementation of a modified Jonckheere-Terpstra test, proposed
      by Simpson and Margolin, to test nonparametrically for a dose-response curve when
      a downturn is possible at high doses. The Jonckheere-Terpstra statistic is
      commonly used to test for increasing or decreasing trends in dose-response
      relationships. In many experimental settings, however, a test agent has more than
      one effect, and a "bump"-shaped dose-response can occur. For instance, increasing
      the concentration of a certain nutrient on a petri dish may increase the growth
      rate at low doses yet decrease the growth rate at high doses because of toxicity.
      The modified test allows one to assess the significance of the initial increase
      in the dose-response curve and yet to minimize the effect on the conclusions of
      any downturn at higher doses. A complete system which operates directly on
      SYSTAT/MYSTAT files is available for the IBM-PC and compatibles; it includes a
      utility which converts ASCII data files to the SYSTAT/MYSTAT format. The FORTRAN
      77 source code is available for those who would like to run BUMP on other
      machines.

PMID- 2914425
TI  - Pattern conserving data structure and algorithms for computations on dendritic
      trees.
AB  - The linked list is offered as a pattern conserving data structure, useful for
      storing neuronal dendritic trees. A BASIC language algorithm is described.
      Modifications of this algorithm for building linked lists, graphing dendritic
      trees, and tarry ordering trees are presented. Brief mention is made of the last
      in first out stack as a alternative data structure for computations on dendritic
      trees.

PMID- 2914426
TI  - A computer graphics program for measuring two- and three-dimensional form change
      in developing craniofacial cartilages using finite element methods.
AB  - Allometric analysis of chondrocranial growth seeks to provide objective measures
      of morphogenetic form change during ontogeny of the primordial skull. Linear
      measures, typically employed to study differential growth, become problematic at
      the histological level since an external referencing system is impossible to
      achieve for microscopic anatomies in embryos. The purpose of this paper is to
      describe a computer graphics program which generates spatially invariant measures
      of two- and three-dimensional form change using finite element methods.
      Anatomical form change is viewed as a continuous deformation of an initial finite
      element representing an anatomical unit into a second configuration. The
      algorithm consists of isoparametric scaling of finite elements, strain matrix
      formulation, and size/shape variable derivation. The routine includes four
      segments serving to extract nodal data, generate the strain matrix relating the
      two morphologies as well as deriving corresponding size/shape variables,
      reference the major and minor axes of form change, and provide graphic display of
      the anatomical geometries. Applications are provided measuring two- and three
      dimensional form change in the developing craniofacial cartilages of rats
      subjected to treatment with the known teratogen diazo-oxo-norleucine (DON). The
      finite element routine provides craniofacial form change variables which are
      expected in light of cellular alterations induced by DON administration. Finally,
      computational differences between this routine and similar approaches using
      finite element methods for analyzing biological form change are examined.

PMID- 2914427
TI  - Detection of the P and T waves in an ECG.
AB  - A method for the detection of the P and T waves, as well as the identification of
      their onset and offset boundaries in an ECG, is described in this paper. This
      method is based on a recently proposed "length" transformation, which exhibits
      some very interesting characteristics and can be utilized for one-channel or
      multichannel waveforms. The utilization of this transformation for the detection
      of the P and T waves in ECGs is exemplified in this paper. Experimental results
      are also given with real ECGs taken from the standard CSE ECG library.

PMID- 2914428
TI  - Preparing a medical informatics research grant proposal: general principles.

PMID- 2914429
TI  - Why is the USA the only country with compulsory cosmetic labeling?

PMID- 2914430
TI  - Topical cyclosporine: effects on allergic contact dermatitis in guinea pigs.
AB  - Cyclosporine (CSA) is an effective immunosuppressive agent and is used in tissue
      transplantation. The present investigation was undertaken to determine the effect
      of topical delivery of CSA on allergic contact dermatitis in guinea pigs. Topical
      15% CSA in an azone (1-dodecylazacycloheptan-2-one)-containing vehicle blocked
      local elicitation in previously dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) sensitized animals
      that received a single topical application just prior to elicitation. Elicitation
      was not blocked at a distant site, indicating a local effect of topical CSA. In
      contrast, topical CSA when applied twice daily for a total of 5 applications
      during sensitization only, did not block subsequent elicitation. These
      experiments suggest that cyclosporine may be beneficial in the therapy of human
      contact dermatitis, as well as other T cell mediated dermatoses.

PMID- 2914431
TI  - Patch testing with nickel chloride in a hydrogel.
AB  - Various concentrations of NiCl2 in a hydrogel were evaluated as a possible
      alternative to the standard patch test material of 5% NiSO4 pet. Patch test
      responses were recorded on a total of 430 patients with known or suspected
      contact allergy. A NiCl2 concentration of 1% or less in the hydrogel failed to
      elicit a response in some patients who reacted to 5% NiSO4 pet. The 2% NiCl2
      hydrogel produced a small increase in response frequency and may reduce false
      negative reactions. Along with the ability of the material to improve the topical
      bioavailability of nickel ions, more irritant reactions were observed. However,
      in cases with a positive history and a negative patch test with petrolatum, the
      hydrogel prepared from Methocel-E-4M seems to be a useful alternative vehicle for
      water-soluble allergens.

PMID- 2914432
TI  - The irritancy and allergenicity of 2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (Skane M-8),
      with recommendations for patch test concentration.
AB  - Preparations of 2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (Skane M-8) at 1000 p.p.m. a.i.
      and 500 p.p.m. a.i. in pet. induced allergy in a cumulative insult human patch
      test. Challenge patch testing using 250 p.p.m. a.i. Skane M-8 elicited allergy in
      6 out of 6 sensitized individuals. Sensitized individuals did not cross react
      with Kathon biocide, (Kathon CG), a mixture of 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3
      one and 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one. All pretrolatum preparations to which
      Tween 85 was added at 2.5% produced mild irritation in cumulative insult patch
      tests, but no irritation was observed with Tween 85 at 0.625%. We conclude that
      Skane M-8, 250 p.p.m. a.i. with Tween 85 0.625% in petrolatum is appropriate for
      patch testing for Skane M-8 allergy.

PMID- 2914433
TI  - Sensitization experiments with textile dyes in guinea pigs.
AB  - Experimental sensitization of guinea pigs with 6 azo and anthraquinone dyes used
      frequently as disperse dyes for fabrics (stockings, pantyhose) revealed that the
      blue dyes were moderate sensitizers while the red, yellow and orange dyes were
      only weak ones. This was found to be in contrast with the order based on the
      frequency of observed allergic sensitization, which showed the yellow and orange
      dyes at the top of the list and the blue dyes at the bottom.

PMID- 2914434
TI  - Immediate contact reactions to benzoic acid and the sodium salt of pyrrolidone
      carboxylic acid. Comparison of various skin sites.
AB  - Benzoic acid (BA) and the sodium salt of pyrrolidone carboxylic acid (NaPCA) were
      tested in 13 healthy persons to obtain information about, firstly, the irritant
      properties of NaPCA and, secondly, the reactivity of various skin sites. BA at
      16, 8, and 4 mM pet., and NaPCA at 50, 25, 12.5, and 6.25% in water, were applied
      to the forehead, cheek, neck and upper back. Erythema reactions were observed
      visually, and the changes in the skin blood flow were monitored using a laser
      Doppler flowmeter. BA at 16 mM increased blood flow on the cheek of 12 test
      subjects, and on the neck, forehead and upper back of 6 subjects, but 8 and 4 mM
      BA elicited reactions only on the cheek. NaPCA caused reactions on the upper back
      of 3 test subjects only, but not on other test sites.

PMID- 2914435
TI  - Contact allergy due to colophony (III). Sensitizing potency of resin acids and
      some related products.
AB  - 7 resin acids, 3 synthetically prepared derivatives and the neutral fraction of
      Chinese colophony were studied by experimental sensitization using a modified FCA
      method. 4 resin acids, laevopimaric, abietic, podocarpic and tetrahydroabietic,
      proved to be weak sensitizers. Neoabietic, dehydroabietic, isopimaric acid and
      larixol remained negative. However, the derivatives, methyl abietate and calcium
      abietate, were shown to be moderate sensitizers, and the maleic-modified adduct
      to be a moderate to strong sensitizer. As laevopimaric acid plays only a minor
      role in colophony, abietic acid must be considered a major, even if weak,
      allergen in non-modified colophony. The neutral fraction of colophony is also
      partially involved in colophony allergy.

PMID- 2914436
TI  - A left versus right side comparative study of Epiquick patch test results in 100
      consecutive patients.
AB  - 4 strips of 5 Epiquick patch tests (19 allergens plus 1 control) were applied
      symmetrically in duplicate on the left and right sides of the upper back in 100
      consecutive patients. 70 positive allergic patch test reactions were recorded on
      the left side and 67 on the right side. 67 positive reactions were concordant on
      both sides (64 with the same score of intensity and 3 with a different score). 3
      positive reactions (in 2 patients) on the left side were negative on the right
      side (1 TMTD, 1 cobalt chloride and 1 wool alcohols). At rechallenge 6 weeks
      later, they were positive. No explanation could be found for negative results at
      the first challenge on one side and not on the other. The rate of non
      reproducible positive results to the overall number of positive reactions was
      4.2%. The good reproducibility rate (95.8%) provides useful information for
      further comparative studies.

PMID- 2914437
TI  - Contact urticaria from dog saliva.

PMID- 2914438
TI  - Contact urticaria from a chemical textile finish.

PMID- 2914439
TI  - Contact dermatitis from methyl methacrylate in an above-knee prosthesis.

PMID- 2914440
TI  - Contact dermatitis from methylionone fragrance.

PMID- 2914441
TI  - Contact allergy to Eusolex 8021.

PMID- 2914442
TI  - Risk of sensitization to Kathon CG.

PMID- 2914443
TI  - Admission of AIDS patients to a medical intensive care unit: causes and outcome.
AB  - As the number of cases of AIDS increases, it is important to determine whether
      ICUs can be productively and safely used for this patient population. From July
      1981 to March 1987, 216 patients were admitted to the medical ICU: 166 (77%) were
      admitted for procedures and 50 (23%) were admitted for life-sustaining support.
      Most of the patients were admitted for respiratory failure (36 of 50), primarily
      as a result of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Other patients were admitted for
      cardiovascular instability (six of 50 patients), CNS dysfunction (four patients),
      or other reasons (four patients). Of 50 patients admitted to the ICU, 13 (26%)
      were alive 3 months after hospital discharge. Despite 25 needle-stick injuries
      and 56 mucosal splashes involving human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected
      patients and staff, no staff member converted HIV serology. These results suggest
      that AIDS patients may benefit from ICU admission. These patients appear to pose
      a low risk to the hospital staff in terms of occupationally acquired HIV
      infection, but strong emphasis needs to be placed on minimizing accidental
      exposures to potentially infected body fluids and to adhering to universal
      precautions.

PMID- 2914444
TI  - Cardiovascular, pulmonary, and renal effects of massively increased intra
      abdominal pressure in critically ill patients.
AB  - Massive elevation of intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) causes cardiovascular,
      respiratory, and renal dysfunction. We managed eight patients with high IAP (mean
      51 +/- 7 cm H2O), six of whom had hemodynamic measurements; a clinical syndrome,
      characterized by hemodynamic, respiratory, and renal dysfunction, then became
      apparent. We report a) a baseline cardiopulmonary profile and response to an
      acute vascular volume challenge in six patients and b) surgical decompression of
      the abdomen in four patients. The clinical impression of hypovolemia was confused
      by small to normal left ventricular end-diastolic volume (64 +/- 14 ml) and
      normal ejection fraction (55 +/- 6%) despite very high right and left atrial
      filling pressures. Complete ventilatory support was necessary to maintain
      oxygenation and ventilation; oliguria (urine output less than 10 ml/h) was
      present. Pericardial effusion was absent. After fluid challenge (10 ml/kg of
      colloid or crystalloid infused iv over 10 min), filling pressures, cardiac
      output, and stroke volume all increased significantly (p less than .025) while
      heart rate decreased. Surgical decompression of the abdomen improved oxygenation,
      ventilation, cardiac output, atrial filling pressures, and urine output within 15
      min. The cardiovascular effects of massively elevated IAP compounded by the
      requisite supportive care may require surgical relief.

PMID- 2914445
TI  - Decision not to treat: "do not resuscitate" order for the burn patient in the
      acute setting.
AB  - For some burn victims who are recognized early to be nonsurvivors, the decision
      to "make comfortable" is a treatment option. The guidelines for a "do not
      resuscitate" order must be based on an individual center's experience, but
      general principles can be formulated.

PMID- 2914446
TI  - Weaning from mechanical ventilation: adjunctive use of inspiratory muscle
      resistive training.
AB  - We used inspiratory resistive training (IRT) in an effort to improve the
      respiratory muscle endurance of 27 patients with respiratory failure who had
      failed repeated weaning attempts using standard techniques. Seven patients had
      primary neuromuscular diseases; the other 20 had primary lung diseases. All
      patients had stable respiratory failure, without gross malnutrition or
      electrolyte disorders. Their best initial T-piece duration averaged 6.4 +/- 8.4
      (SD) h, with pHa 7.33 +/- 0.09 and PCO2 63 +/- 4 torr at the end of the T-piece
      trial. We provided a mean of five weekly training sessions of spontaneous
      breathing through an adjustable nonlinear resistor, with gradually increasing
      duration and resistance. When initial T-piece tolerance was less than 2 h, two to
      ten breaths of mechanical ventilation were provided during IRT sessions. No
      training session exceeded 30 min, and mechanical ventilation was provided between
      IRT sessions. Under this regimen, maximal inspiratory pressure improved from -37
      +/- 15 to -46 +/- 15 cm H2O (p less than .001) and vital capacity improved from
      561 +/- 325 to 901 +/- 480 ml (p less than .001). Twelve of the 27 patients were
      successfully weaned after 10 to 46 days; five more were weaned to nocturnal
      ventilation, for a total of 63%. We conclude that IRT can improve respiratory
      muscle strength and endurance in patients with respiratory failure, and can allow
      many of them to be weaned from mechanical ventilation.

PMID- 2914448
TI  - Organ blood flow and cardiovascular effects of high-frequency oscillation versus
      conventional ventilation in dogs with right heart failure.
AB  - Mongrel dogs underwent a large (apex to pulmonary valve) right ventriculotomy to
      produce right ventricular dysfunction. Right ventriculotomy decreased cardiac
      output from 2.47 +/- 0.43 to 1.34 +/- 0.16 L/min (p less than .01), increased CVP
      from 3.7 +/- 1.5 to 8.3 +/- 2.4 mm Hg (p less than .01), and decreased mean
      systemic arterial pressure (MAP) from 143 +/- 16 to 121 +/- 21 mm Hg (p less than
      .01). There was no effect on mean pulmonary artery pressure (MPAP) or pulmonary
      artery occlusion pressure. After stabilization a randomized crossover controlled
      comparison of conventional mechanical ventilation (CMV) and high-frequency
      oscillation (HFO) was performed. FIO2, pH, PCO2, core temperature, and preload
      were held constant. Mean airway pressure (Paw) was 4.8 +/- 0.7 cm H2O on CMV vs.
      3.5 +/- 1.0 cm H2O on HFO (p less than .05). There was no difference in PaO2. We
      found no statistically significant differences between the two modes of
      ventilation with respect to cardiac output, MAP, MPAP, systemic vascular
      resistance, and pulmonary vascular resistance. Blood flows to cerebral cortex,
      renal cortex, adrenal, hepatic artery, left ventricular myocardium, and skeletal
      muscle were not different when comparing CMV to HFO. Despite the ability to
      attain equivalent oxygenation and ventilation at lower Paw, HFO offers no
      hemodynamic advantage over CMV in the presence of right ventricular dysfunction.

PMID- 2914447
TI  - Aminoglycoside pharmacokinetics: dosage requirements and nephrotoxicity in trauma
      patients.
AB  - We evaluated prospectively gentamicin and tobramycin pharmacokinetics in 37
      patients with multiple system trauma and seven patients with isolated closed head
      trauma. The mean apparent volume of distribution (Vd) was 0.38 +/- 0.10 and 0.27
      +/- 0.04 L/kg actual body weight (ABW) in patients with multiple trauma and
      closed head trauma, respectively. The difference in Vd between the two groups of
      patients was significant (p less than .002). Vd was not predictable on the basis
      of age, sex, weight, trauma score, or hospital day that therapy was initiated.
      Mean aminoglycoside clearance (Cl) was 123 +/- 46 ml/min. Neither serum
      creatinine nor estimated creatinine Cl predicted aminoglycoside Cl with
      sufficient accuracy to be clinically useful (r = .33 and .67, respectively). The
      mean daily dose was 6.1 +/- 1.6 mg/kg. The mean peak serum level was 5.8 +/- 1.3
      micrograms/ml. Only one patient developed clinically significant renal
      dysfunction. Our data indicate that a loading dose of gentamicin or tobramycin of
      3 mg/kg ABW in patients with multiple trauma and 2.5 mg/kg ABW in patients with
      isolated head trauma will obtain a mean initial peak serum level of 6.6
      micrograms/ml. Although adequate maintenance dosing requires individualization
      based on pharmacokinetic analyses, large aminoglycoside doses can be used safely
      in patients with blunt trauma if appropriate monitoring is employed.

PMID- 2914449
TI  - Selective pulmonary vasodilatory effect of ZSY-27 in dogs with pulmonary
      hypertension due to pulmonary embolism.
AB  - The pulmonary vasodilator effect of ZSY-27, a newly synthesized phosphodiesterase
      inhibitor, was studied in dogs with pulmonary hypertension resulting from
      autologous muscle-induced pulmonary embolism (PE). A bolus injection of ZSY-27 (1
      mg/kg) significantly decreased mean pulmonary arterial pressure from 32 +/- 4 to
      24 +/- 5 mm Hg and pulmonary vascular resistance index from 415 +/- 60 to 316 +/-
      94 dyne.sec/cm5.m2. ZSY-27 did not change mean arterial pressure. The cardiac
      index was slightly increased and the systemic vascular resistance index was
      slightly decreased after ZSY-27 injection, but these changes were not
      statistically significant. This study suggests that ZSY-27 is a possible
      therapeutic agent for pulmonary hypertension secondary to PE.

PMID- 2914450
TI  - Role of Fluosol-DA 20% in prehospital resuscitation.
AB  - Fluosol-DA 20% (FDA-20) resuscitation has been proposed for prehospital therapy
      of hemorrhagic shock (HS). Acute HS (mean arterial pressure 60 mm Hg X 90 min,
      then 40 mm Hg X 30 min) in 24 splenectomized dogs was treated with 50 ml/kg of
      lactated Ringer's solution (RL) plus a volume equal to 105% of shed blood volume
      of FDA-20 (group 1), FDA-20 carrier Annex solution (group 2), or RL (group 3).
      Cardiopulmonary, hemopoietic, hemodynamic, and organ function parameters were
      measured preshock, at the end of shock, and at 30 and 60 min, and 24 h after
      resuscitation. FDA-20 produced effective volume expansion, oxygen delivery, and
      oxygen consumption. The FDA-20 appeared to affect organ function and cells
      adversely as reflected by a fall in red cell mass and platelet levels and by a
      rise in liver enzymes, BUN, and serum creatinine. Both the FDA-20 and Annex
      solution led to a reduction in serum proteins including serum albumin, serum
      globulin, immunoglobulin-G, and fibrinogen. These reductions are probably due to
      an oncotically driven factor which appears to maintain an optimal lymph to plasma
      oncotic ratio. The hydroxyethyl starch in the FDA-20 and the Annex solution,
      thus, would drive the plasma proteins into the interstitial space. The prolonged
      prothrombin times and the activated partial thromboplastin times after FDA-20 may
      be due, in part, to a reduction in the coagulation proteins, although these were
      not measured. Pending further studies designed to assess the effects of FDA-20 on
      possible cellular and multiple organ toxicity, clinical studies are premature and
      unwarranted.

PMID- 2914451
TI  - New pigtail catheter for pleural drainage in pediatric patients.
AB  - The conventional method of pleural drainage is tube thoracotomy, accomplished by
      chest wall dissection and blunt puncture. While this method is successful, it is
      relatively traumatic. We have designed a pigtail catheter which may be inserted
      into the pleural space by a modified Seldinger technique. This 8.5-Fr
      polyurethane catheter has six side ports inside its circular distal end. An
      airtight plastic bag is attached to the insertion needle to confirm pleural
      placement. Nineteen catheters were inserted in 16 neonates and small children
      with either pneumothorax or pneumomediastinum. No complications were noted. All
      but one pneumothorax was successfully evacuated; however, the pneumomediastinum
      reaccumulated. Insertion proved to be safe, simple, and atraumatic. This pigtail
      pleural drainage catheter provides an alternative to standard tube thoracotomy.

PMID- 2914452
TI  - Comparison of two formulas to calculate alveolar oxygen tension in canine oleic
      acid pulmonary edema.
AB  - Alveolar oxygen tension (PAO2) is calculated by either of two mathematical
      formulas incorporating various respiratory variables. The first formula, Equation
      1, assumes a constant RQ of 0.8; the second formula, Equation 2, uses the mixing
      equation and requires analysis of inspired, mixed expired, and end-tidal gas
      samples. We tested the consistency of these formulas before and after asymmetric
      oleic acid pulmonary edema, then calculated and compared venous admixture values
      using the PAO2 value derived from each formula. Before oleic acid, Equations 1
      and 2 were similar (213 +/- 22 vs. 211 +/- 22 [SD] torr, respectively), as were
      venous admixture values (8.7 +/- 2.9% vs. 8.5 +/- 2.9%, respectively). After
      oleic acid injury, Equation 1 was significantly lower than Equation 2, thus
      slightly but consistently underestimating venous admixture (29.9 +/- 12.2% vs.
      30.2 +/- 12.3%; p less than .01). However, the venous admixture values obtained
      after oleic acid injury calculated from Equations 1 and 2 correlated closely (r2
      = .998; p less than .001), and the clinical differences yielded by the two
      formulas would be minimal. We recommend using the simpler formula (Eq. 1) when
      calculating PAO2.

PMID- 2914453
TI  - Low dose norepinephrine in patients with septic shock and oliguria: effects on
      afterload, urine flow, and oxygen transport.

PMID- 2914454
TI  - Bretylium intoxication resembling clinical brain death.

PMID- 2914455
TI  - Adverse effects of sublingual nifedipine in acute myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2914456
TI  - Tongue-tied in the burn intensive care unit.

PMID- 2914457
TI  - Patient controlled anxiolysis with midazolam.

PMID- 2914458
TI  - Balloon dislodgment: a complication of attempted pulmonary artery
      catheterization.

PMID- 2914460
TI  - Cytotoxic effector mechanisms.

PMID- 2914459
TI  - Use of an ultrathin fiberoptic catheter for neonatal endotracheal tube problem
      diagnosis.

PMID- 2914461
TI  - Contact urticaria from chlorhexidine.

PMID- 2914462
TI  - Cutaneous sinus of dental origin: a diagnosis requiring clinical and radiologic
      correlation.
AB  - Cutaneous sinuses may arise from chronic dental infections. These sinus tracts
      usually appear as suppurative lesions of the chin or neck. Diagnosis is made by
      palpating the lesion and by radiologic examination demonstrating periapical
      dental abscess. Treatment with dental extraction or root canal results in
      resorption of the inflammatory fistula. Since many patients with sinus tracts of
      dental origin do not have any complaints of tooth or mouth pain, the correct
      diagnosis may be overlooked by the unsuspecting clinician.

PMID- 2914463
TI  - Silent bowel perforation occurring during corticosteroid treatment for pemphigus
      vulgaris.
AB  - We present the case of a patient who experienced a silent colonic perforation
      while being treated for pemphigus vulgaris with prednisone and azathioprine.
      Dermatologists are experienced in the management of pemphigus vulgaris with
      prednisone. We report a well-recognized but rarely reported adverse effect of
      this standard therapy for pemphigus vulgaris.

PMID- 2914464
TI  - Asymmetrical growth of scalp hair in syringomyelia.
AB  - Trophic alterations in the skin take place consequent to interruption of its
      motor, sensory, and autonomic innervation. The hair in denervated areas is often
      less abundant and grows more slowly. Syringomyelia is a common cause of cutaneous
      trophic alterations that are often unilateral. They occur predominantly in the
      upper extremities and seldom involve the skin over the face and scalp. A patient
      with syringomyelia exhibited a unilateral impairment of pain and temperature
      sensation in the entire right side of the scalp. A dissimilarity of hair length
      between the right and left side of the scalp was noticed, with a sharp
      demarcation along the midline. This peculiar trophic change has not been
      previously described in the medical literature.

PMID- 2914465
TI  - Fuchs' heterochromic iridocyclitis.
AB  - A 32-year-old man with Fuchs' heterochromic iridocyclitis is described, and a
      review of the pertinent medical literature is presented.

PMID- 2914466
TI  - Three vignettes about modern health care.

PMID- 2914467
TI  - Tinea versicolor of the face in black children in a temperate region.
AB  - Tinea versicolor is a common superficial fungal infection that typically affects
      young adults in warm, humid climates. We describe two young black children in the
      temperate northeastern Ohio area with tinea versicolor limited to the face. The
      occurrence of tinea versicolor on the face is unusual, as is its appearance
      before puberty. The mycologic and pathophysiologic characteristics of tinea
      versicolor infection are discussed, and several hypothesis are offered to explain
      the presence of tinea versicolor in these patients.

PMID- 2914469
TI  - Interpretation of the serum magnesium level.

PMID- 2914468
TI  - Cell kinetics of the inflammatory reaction. Papers from a symposium. Sundvolden,
      Norway, September 1987.

PMID- 2914470
TI  - Intravenous dipyridamole infusion causes severe bronchospasm in asthmatic
      patients.

PMID- 2914471
TI  - Withholding life support. An ethical guide for the perplexed.

PMID- 2914472
TI  - Evaluation of conventional circulatory assist devices. Intraaortic balloon
      pumping, venoarterial bypass, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
AB  - This study was undertaken to reveal the limitations and problems with the
      conventional mechanical circulatory assist devices by analyzing the results in 70
      cases; intraaortic balloon pumping (IABP group, n = 42), venoarterial bypass
      pumping (VAB group, n = 18), and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO group,
      n = 10). The IABP could significantly prevent the development of postoperative
      low cardiac output state, and the best survival rate (62 percent) was obtained in
      the coronary arterial disease group. In the VAB group, eight (44 percent) cases
      were weaned, and four (22 percent) cases survived. These conventional assist
      devices could, though with limitations, certainly support the circulation and/or
      provide a period for it to recover, otherwise bridging the patients to new
      methods. The early decision not only for initiation of mechanical assist devices
      but also for moving to more definite procedures will improve the results with
      such devices.

PMID- 2914473
TI  - Submaximal invasive exercise testing and quantitative lung scanning in the
      evaluation for tolerance of lung resection.
AB  - Lung resection in patients with cardiopulmonary dysfunction is associated with
      increased risk. We studied 52 elderly male patients with airflow obstruction and
      a lung mass. Studies were performed at rest with routine ventilatory tests and
      lung scan quantitation of right-left lung function. Cycle ergometry exercise was
      then performed at 2 submaximal work loads (25 and 40 watts). Data were obtained
      using systemic and pulmonary artery catheterization for blood pressures, thermal
      dilution cardiac output, and blood gases. Twenty-nine patients underwent lung
      resection and seven failed to tolerate the procedure (death within 60 days or
      prolonged ventilator dependence). Those parameters most clearly separating the
      group tolerating surgery (n = 22) from the intolerant group (n = 7) were obtained
      during exercise and included: cardiac index (tolerant 5.5 +/- 1.3 vs intolerant
      3.9 +/- 0.3 L/min/m2, p less than .01), O2 delivery (p less than .01) and
      calculated VO2 ml/kg/min (tolerant 11.3 +/- 2.1 vs intolerant 7.8 +/- 1.5
      ml/kg/min, p less than .001). Pulmonary vascular pressures and calculated
      resistance did not predict intolerance. Calculated VO2 at 40 watts did not
      separate those patients who had survivable complications from those who did not
      (p much greater than .05). Multivariate analysis suggests that exercise VO2 is an
      important predictor of tolerance of lung resection because it reflects the
      effects of cardiac function and O2 transport. In our patients with COPD,
      submaximal exercise testing predicted intolerance of lung resection better than
      calculation using quantitative lung scanning. Exercise testing may accomplish
      this goal by uncovering deficits in O2 transport.

PMID- 2914474
TI  - Nocturnal oxygen therapy does not improve snorers' intelligence.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine whether nasal oxygen therapy at 2 L/min would (1)
      reverse nocturnal hypoxemia and (2) improve neuropsychologic function in men who
      snore heavily. DESIGN: To select heavy-snoring subjects for a treatment protocol,
      volunteers were screened for one night, breathing air the first half and oxygen
      the second half of the night. If nocturnal oxygen desaturation occurred in the
      first half and was improved in the second half of the night, the subject entered
      a two-month treatment program. In random order, either nocturnal air or nocturnal
      oxygen was administered for one month each at 2 L/min in a double-blind crossover
      design. Neuropsychologic testing was done before and after each month. SETTING:
      Oxygen concentrators were modified to produce either greater than 96 percent
      oxygen or air at 2 L/min. Machines were delivered to the home of the subject and
      the machines were used each night, administering inspirate by nasal cannula.
      PARTICIPANTS: Seventeen asymptomatic men who snored heavily and volunteered for
      minimal payment of $75. INTERVENTIONS: Air was administered for one month, and
      oxygen was administered for one month. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: On the screening
      night, oxygen administration did not improve obstructive sleep apnea, but did
      improve oxygenation. After one month of oxygen therapy at night, there was no
      significant benefit to multiple measures of neuropsychologic function.
      CONCLUSION: In this study, oxygen therapy at night had no effect on
      neuropsychologic function in men who snore heavily.

PMID- 2914475
TI  - Intracranial pressure and obstructive sleep apnea.
AB  - In order to describe variation in AP and ICP during OSA, six patients with severe
      OSA were examined, with determination of ICP, AP, CVP, respiration, tcPO2,
      tcPCO2, and nocturnal sleep polygraphy. During apnea, elevations of AP and ICP
      were observed, related to the apneic episodes. The elevations in pressure were
      only observed in relation to apneic episodes. While awake, none of the patients
      showed pressure elevations. There were highly significant correlations between
      duration of apnea and variation in AP and ICP and between variations in AP and
      ICP. Values for ICP while awake were above normal (greater than 15 mm Hg;
      intracranial hypertension) in four of six patients. Morning ICP was higher than
      evening ICP. Systolic, mean, and diastolic ICP and AP increased during sleep
      above awake values. The ICP increased during NREM stages 1 to 4, and the highest
      values were observed during REM sleep. Vascular response was not changed during
      REM sleep, and the higher ICP during REM could solely be explained by the longer
      apneas during REM sleep. The CPP decreased during apnea.

PMID- 2914476
TI  - Acute inferior vena cava thrombosis. Early results of heparin therapy.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine, during heparin therapy, the embolic risk
      associated with acute inferior vena cava thrombosis compared with noncaval
      thrombosis. DESIGN: Prospective controlled study. SETTING: University-affiliated
      general hospital. PATIENTS: Of 68 consecutive patients considered, 18 with
      cavographically proved inferior vena cava thrombosis and 45 with phlebography
      proved noncaval proximal thrombosis met all other eligibility criteria and
      completed the study. INTERVENTIONS: All patients received adjusted continuous IV
      heparin therapy for ten days. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: All 63 patients underwent
      systematic baseline and "day 10" perfusion lung scanning and phlebocavography.
      None suffered pulmonary embolism within the ten days, but 11/63 patients showed
      thrombus extension on day 10 phlebocavograms. Retrospectively, no significant
      difference could be found between the groups with and without extension.
      CONCLUSIONS: (a) The early embolic risk associated with heparin-treated venous
      thromboses appears low and does not seem to depend on the location (caval or more
      peripheral) of venous clots. (b) Thrombus extension may occur in spite of
      apparently "adequate" anticoagulation with heparin.

PMID- 2914477
TI  - Acute ventricular septal rupture. Angiographic-morphologic features and clinical
      assessment.
AB  - Twenty patients with acute ventricular septal rupture underwent cardiac
      catheterization. Prior to catheterization, 17 patients were in Killip class 3-4.
      Mean cardiac index and cardiac output were 2.03 +/- 0.81 L/min/m2 and 3.55 +/-
      1.33 L/min, respectively. Based on a recent pathologic description of septal
      rupture, we encountered by angiography and during surgery, two morphologic types
      of rupture: simple type which appears as a direct through-and-through
      communication between the ventricles, and complex type which presents hemorrhagic
      tracts in the septum with the opening into the ventricles at different levels.
      Considering the management of patients with septal rupture and the clinical
      outcome in our series, it is suggested that there is a need to minimize invasive
      angiographic procedures prior to early surgical correction of the ruptured
      septum.

PMID- 2914478
TI  - Safety and efficacy of using high-dose topical and nebulized anesthesia to obtain
      endobronchial cultures.
AB  - We evaluated the safety and efficacy of high-dose topical and nebulized airway
      anesthesia in normal volunteers and in patients undergoing diagnostic fiberoptic
      bronchoscopy. Lidocaine solution (4 percent) was used for gargling, for spraying
      the palate and oropharynx with an atomizer, and for nebulization with an air
      powered nebulizer (mean total dose, 1,682 mg) and 2 percent lidocaine (Xylocaine)
      jelly for anesthetizing nasal passages. In six normal subjects and in eight
      patients, lidocaine blood levels were measured at baseline, after gargling, after
      spraying, after nebulization, and then at 5, 10, 15, 30, and 60 min; 19 normal
      subjects and ten patients underwent the same anesthesia protocol but had no blood
      drawn. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy was performed in 21 normal volunteers and in 18
      patients and cultures obtained using the protected specimen brush. Additional
      endobronchial lidocaine (mean 256 mg) was given to the 18 patients after
      collecting the microbiology specimens. Peak lidocaine blood levels remained below
      6 micrograms/ml in all cases. Cough and discomfort during bronchoscopic
      examination was absent or minimal in 17 of 21 normal subjects (80 percent) and in
      14 of 18 patients (77 percent) and was severe in only one instance (5 percent).
      There were no related complications. Using only topical and nebulized anesthesia
      is safe and effective for performing fiberoptic bronchoscopy, especially when
      bacterial cultures are to be obtained and endobronchial instillation of lidocaine
      must be avoided.

PMID- 2914479
TI  - Diagnosis of peripheral lung cancer in cases of tumors 2 cm or less in size.
AB  - This study evaluates the results of preoperative diagnosis on 108 resected cases
      of peripheral lung cancer with a tumor size of 2 cm or less.
      Transbronchofiberscopic curettage was performed in 85 cases under x-ray TV
      fluoroscopy. Only 65 of 85 patients were positive on the initial bronchoscopy
      (76.5 percent), with repeated bronchoscopy, and 71 of 85 were positive for
      malignant cells (83.5 percent). The cases for which diagnosis could not be
      obtained with curettage were those in which the tumor shadow was not visible by x
      ray TV fluoroscopy, those in which the lesions arose extramurally compressing the
      bronchi, or in cases of subpleural lesions. Curettage did not yield a diagnosis
      in cases with lesions less than 1.1 cm. In cases of small lung cancer lesions,
      peripheral transbronchofiberscopic curettage should be expected to yield a false
      negative rate of approximately 15 percent. Therefore, even when the results of
      curettage are negative, further detailed examinations including needle biopsy,
      are necessary to obtain a definitive diagnosis.

PMID- 2914480
TI  - Clinical relevance of the interaction of theophylline with diltiazem or
      nifedipine.
AB  - The results of previously published studies indicate that calcium channel
      blockers are capable of competitively inhibiting cytochrome P-450 activity in
      hepatic microsomes, the pathway of theophylline metabolism. In addition, case
      reports have suggested that theophylline serum concentrations change when a
      calcium channel blocker has been added to or deleted from a stable theophylline
      regimen. To determine the clinical relevance of this potential interaction in
      patients with chronic asthma, we measured a peak steady-state theophylline serum
      concentration in 21 subjects while receiving theophylline alone (400 to 1,500
      mg/day), and again, at least seven days later, after the addition of continuous
      therapy with maximally tolerated doses of either diltiazem (n = 18) or nifedipine
      (n = 16). The diltiazem dose was increased in 120 mg/day increments, as
      tolerated, to a maximum of 240 to 480 mg/day, while the nifedipine dose was
      increased in increments of 40 mg/day, to a maximum dose of 80 to 160 mg/day. The
      mean +/- SEM theophylline serum concentrations were 13.6 +/- 1.4 micrograms/ml
      before and 14.0 +/- 1.2 micrograms/ml during concurrent diltiazem therapy, and
      12.6 +/- 1.0 micrograms/ml before and 12.2 +/- 1.1 micrograms/ml during
      nifedipine (p greater than 0.05). With this sample size there is a 5 percent
      chance that we missed a 20 percent change in serum concentration (type II error).
      Thus, maximum tolerated doses of diltiazem or nifedipine do not impair the
      metabolism of theophylline to a clinically relevant degree and adjustment of
      theophylline dosage is not required after the addition or discontinuation of
      diltiazem or nifedipine. In addition, these data suggest that currently available
      in vitro techniques for evaluating drug interactions in the hepatocyte do not
      predict the clinical relevance of such an interaction in patients who might
      require both drugs for different therapeutic indications.

PMID- 2914481
TI  - Prednisone pretreatment leads to histaminic airway hyporeactivity soon after
      resolution of the immediate allergic response.
AB  - We assessed the effect of prednisone pretreatment (50 mg/day for three days) on
      the development of the early increase in histamine reactivity that occurs soon
      after resolution of the immediate response in allergic humans. Four allergic
      subjects who were known to develop only isolated immediate responses upon
      Kentucky bluegrass inhalation, as well as four mild allergic asthmatic subjects
      known to develop typical dual phase responses, were evaluated. All testing was
      done more than nine weeks after the grass pollen season had ended. Allergen
      inhalation produced an immediate response in all subjects. However, upon
      resolution of the immediate response to allergen in these pretreated subjects,
      the PC200His in all dual responding asthmatics and in three of the four isolated
      immediate responders had substantially increased above baseline values. We
      conclude that prednisone pretreatment leads to histaminic hyporeactivity soon
      after resolution of the immediate allergic response in both dual responding
      asthmatics and isolated immediate responders. It would seem that this prednisone
      effect is independent of its potential influence on the influx of inflammatory
      cells into diseased airways.

PMID- 2914482
TI  - Survival time of patients with pleural metastatic carcinoma predicted by glucose
      and pH studies.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine the survival time of patients with pleural
      metastatic carcinoma diagnosed by thoracoscopy, as related to the pleural glucose
      and pH levels, and to the extension of pleural neoplastic lesions. DESIGN: Cohort
      analytic prospective study. Follow-up of the patients from diagnostic
      thoracoscopy to death (range: one to 29 months). SETTING: Referral Pneumology
      Service at a Tertiary Care Center. PATIENTS: Consecutive sample of 50 patients
      with pleural metastatic carcinoma diagnosed by thoracoscopy. Three patients were
      lost in the follow-up. INTERVENTIONS: Talc pleurodesis was performed after
      diagnosis and with the same technique in every case. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: In
      all the cases, the extension of the tumorous lesions was determined by
      thoracoscopy (classified on a scale from 0 to 9) and the survival time was
      studied from the time that thoracoscopic diagnosis was made. On the same or the
      previous day as the exploration, blood and pleural fluid glucose levels as well
      as arterial and pleural pH and gas tensions were determined.

PMID- 2914483
TI  - Pulmonary hypertension due to toxic oil syndrome. A clinicopathologic study.
AB  - Clinical and pathologic findings in seven patients who died of severe pulmonary
      artery hypertension due to toxic oil syndrome are assessed. These cases
      correspond to a late stage of evolution of the disease characterized by
      progressive deterioration in clinical features--increasing dyspnea, chest pain,
      syncope, and death (in low-output heart failure). The main pathologic pulmonary
      vascular findings consisted of plexiform lesions, thromboses, and venous lesions.
      Endothelial damage induced by the toxic agents is suggested as an initial
      causative mechanism, perpetuated by intimal proliferation and in situ thrombosis.
      Plexiform lesions appear late and active histologically. This new cause of
      pulmonary artery hypertension, with pathologic findings similar to those found in
      primary pulmonary hypertension, may help in understanding the pathophysiology of
      this unknown disease.

PMID- 2914484
TI  - Prospective study of a standardized questionnaire to improve clinical estimate of
      pulmonary embolism.
AB  - A standardized questionnaire was administered to 100 patients suspected of having
      pulmonary embolism to investigate whether clinical data may be reliably used in
      the decision-making process of such patients. Questionnaire data were compared
      with lung scintigraphy outcome and 16 variables were selected as significantly
      associated with the scintigraphic diagnosis. Based on these variables, patients
      with abnormal scintigraphy compatible with pulmonary embolism and patients with
      scintigraphy not compatible with embolism were classified in accordance with the
      scintigraphic diagnosis. When these 16 variables were tested in an additional
      validation group, clinical and scintigraphic diagnosis matched in most cases.
      These results show that clinical data can be used to predict the outcome of lung
      perfusion scintigraphy in patients suspected of pulmonary embolism. Use of a
      standardized questionnaire can improve the accuracy of pretest assessment of such
      patients and positively influence the decisions to start heparin coverage or
      obtain pulmonary angiography.

PMID- 2914485
TI  - Transmural pressure measurements. Importance in the assessment of pulmonary
      hypertension in obstructive sleep apneas.
AB  - Seven patients with OSAS were studied during nocturnal sleep in order to assess
      the trend of PAP throughout apneas and to identify factors possibly associated
      with such a trend. All patients underwent a polysomnography including the
      monitoring of PAP and esophageal pressure. While intravascular PAP decreased
      during apneas and increased at the resumption of breathing, transmural PAP values
      (ie, corrected for intrathoracic pressure swings) showed a trend toward a
      progressive increase throughout apneas and toward a decrease once ventilation had
      been resumed. The measurement of transmural values allowed a reliable assessment
      of PAP changes occurring during apneas, and different degrees of such changes
      shown by different patients may be related to a host of factors relevant to
      wakefulness and sleep, including individual responsivity to hypoxic stimulus.

PMID- 2914486
TI  - The quality of well-being in cystic fibrosis.
AB  - Traditional outcome measures in CF include PFTs, exercise tests, and several
      scoring systems that depend on pulmonary status and are largely subjective. The
      Quality of Well-being scale (QWB) is a widely used tool for measuring quality of
      life by three subscales: mobility, physical activity, and social activity, with
      points assigned within each subscale. The QWB has been shown to be valid in
      patients with COPD. We administered the QWB scale to 44 patients with CF, aged 7
      to 36 years, and examined the relationship between QWB and PFTs, and in 15
      patients the QWB vs exercise performance (peak VO2) on a progressive cycle
      ergometer test. QWB was significantly correlated with each variable examined: QWB
      vs FEV1, r = 0.5518 (p less than .0001); QWB vs FEF25-75%, r = 0.4793 (p less
      than .001); QWB vs PEFR, r = 0.4018 (p less than .01); QWB vs peak VO2, r =
      0.5778 (p less than .01). The QWB scale is an objective measure that is
      significantly correlated with measures of performance and pulmonary function in
      CF. The relationship is not one of identity; further, the QWB is broad based and
      takes into account general well-being, not just pulmonary health, adding an
      important dimension to the care of patients with CF.

PMID- 2914487
TI  - Unconjugated pteridines in bronchoalveolar lavage as indicators of alveolar
      macrophage activation.
AB  - Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) has shown great efficacy in clarifying the role of
      immune processes in many disorders of the lower respiratory tract. Following the
      in vitro demonstration that neopterin is an indicator of the activation of
      macrophages, neopterin was measured in the BAL fluid and cells from patients with
      various pulmonary diseases. In most of the patients, high levels of neopterin
      were found in the serum, BAL fluid and BAL cells. Because neopterin in BAL fluid
      results from local production as well as from plasma transudation, neopterin in
      BAL cells seems to reflect the macrophage stimulation more directly. In addition,
      the correlation between cellular neopterin and lymphocyte count was found to be
      more significant than the correlation between cellular neopterin and macrophage
      count. Neopterin in BAL fluid and cells may be a useful measurement in the
      investigation and elucidation of pulmonary pathologies involving the cellular
      immune system.

PMID- 2914488
TI  - Single-chamber cardiac pacing with two forms of respiration-controlled rate
      responsive pacemaker.
AB  - Ventilatory changes correlate with the heart rate response during exercise, and
      such changes have been used to determine an appropriate chronotropic response in
      the Biorate (RDP3 and MB-1) and Meta pacemakers, both of which use a thoracic
      impedance measurement principle. Ten patients with the Biorate and 11 patients
      with the Meta were studied. In both groups, significant rate response and
      improvement in exercise duration compared with fixed rate ventricular pacing were
      achieved during symptom-limited treadmill exercise tests, with good correlations
      between the pacing rate and estimated oxygen consumption. Motion artefacts
      affected the measured impedance of both pacemakers, with rate response occurring
      during arm movements in the absence of respiratory activity. This observation
      suggested that both pacemakers have the potential of activity sensing. The
      earlier version of the Biorate (RDP3) was limited by myopotential interference,
      and erosion of the auxiliary lead can be problematic in some patients.

PMID- 2914489
TI  - Left ventricular dysfunction in symptomatic mitral valve prolapse.
AB  - Idiopathic MVP is characterized by a late systolic click or murmur from
      myxomatous mitral valvular dysfunction. It may be complicated by atypical chest
      pain, ventricular arrhythmias, and ECG changes that can mimic the symptoms of
      coronary artery disease. We prospectively performed radionuclide cineangiograms
      before and after stress tests in MVP patients with chest pain compared with
      asymptomatic MVP patients and symptomatic normal control patients. In ten
      patients with MVP, chest pain, and normal coronary anatomy, the LVEF remained
      essentially unchanged (increase of -0.5 +/- 4 percent) after exercise. In ten
      patients with MVP and no chest pain and in nine with normal cardiovascular system
      and chest pain, the exercise LVEF increased by 11.5 +/- 2 percent (p less than
      0.05) and 17.4 +/- 3 percent (p less than 0.005), respectively. The resting LVEF
      was significantly lower (p less than 0.02) in the symptomatic MVP patients (59 +/
      3 percent) than in the asymptomatic MVP (76 +/- 5 percent) or symptomatic normal
      patient control subjects (70 +/- 3 percent). Patients with MVP and chest pain had
      a lower resting LVEF and an abnormal left ventricular functional response to
      exercise compared with asymptomatic MVP patients or symptomatic normal subjects.
      Therefore, exercise radionuclide ventriculography may not adequately
      differentiate between chest pain due to MVP or coronary artery disease.

PMID- 2914490
TI  - Surgical transsternal treatment of bronchopleural fistula postpneumonectomy.
AB  - An original method of treatment for main bronchus fistula occurring after
      pneumonectomy was described in 1961. The operation is performed via a median
      sternotomy and the carinal region exposed. The main bronchi can then be divided
      in an area not involved with infection. We describe ten patients who underwent
      this procedure. The left bronchus was divided in seven patients and the right in
      three. Nine patients were long-term survivors, and one patient died in the early
      postoperative period from myocardial infarction. The transmediastinal approach
      for the control of bronchopleural fistula seems an effective means of managing
      this difficult postoperative problem.

PMID- 2914491
TI  - Acute myocardial infarction after heart irradiation in young patients with
      Hodgkin's disease.
AB  - Forty-seven patients younger than 40 years at the time of the diagnosis, and
      irradiated to the mediastinum for Hodgkin's disease at Turku University Central
      Hospital from 1977 to 1982, were regularly followed for 56 to 127 months after
      therapy. Two patients developed an acute myocardial infarction ten and 50 months
      after cardiac irradiation at the age of only 28 and 24 years, respectively. None
      of the patients died from lymphoma within five years from the diagnosis, but one
      of the infarctions was eventually fatal. Since acute myocardial infarction is
      rare in this age group, the result suggests strongly that prior cardiac
      irradiation is a risk factor for acute myocardial infarction. The possibility of
      radiation-induced myocardial infarction should be taken into account both in
      treatment planning and follow-up of patients with Hodgkin's disease.

PMID- 2914492
TI  - Hypomagnesemia in patients in postoperative intensive care.
AB  - In order to study the clinical consequences of postoperative hypomagnesemia, the
      serum magnesium (Mg) concentration was measured in samples of blood collected
      from 193 patients admitted to two postoperative ICUs. On admission to the ICU,
      117 patients (61 percent) had hypomagnesemia (serum Mg less than 1.5 mEq/dl), 66
      patients (34 percent) had normomagnesemia (1.5 to 2.0 mEq/dl), and ten patients
      (5 percent) had hypermagnesemia (greater than 2.0 mEq/dl). There were no
      correlations between the severity of illness score (r = 0.145) or the degree of
      hypoproteinemia (r = 0.01) and the postoperative serum Mg level. Patients with
      severe hypomagnesemia (serum Mg less than or equal to 1.0 mEq/dl) experienced
      hypokalemia more often (p less than 0.02) than the others in the study.
      Furthermore, those with severe hypomagnesemia had a higher mortality rate (7/17
      or 41 percent) than the remainder of the population studied (22/176 or 13
      percent) (p less than 0.02). Those with severe hypomagnesemia had received
      aminoglycosides more often (p less than 0.001) than those with normal serum Mg
      concentrations. The serum Mg level was not a sensitive (68 percent) or specific
      (37 percent) predictor of survival. Our conclusions were as follows: (1)
      hypomagnesemia is common in postoperative ICU patients; and (2) patients in the
      postoperative ICU who have severe hypomagnesemia have a higher mortality and more
      hypokalemia than similarly ill patients with normomagnesemia. Because of the
      association between aminoglycoside therapy and severe hypomagnesemia, we
      recommend measurement of this variable in those patients receiving
      aminoglycosides. Furthermore, Mg replacement therapy is recommended for those
      patients with serum Mg values of 1 mEq/dl or less.

PMID- 2914493
TI  - Determinants of weaning and survival among patients with COPD who require
      mechanical ventilation for acute respiratory failure.
AB  - The decision to institute MV in patients with COPD and ARF is difficult because
      the risk of complications is high and the long-term prognosis is poor. We
      reviewed our experience with 95 COPD patients with ARF requiring MV. Fifty-five
      patients required MV for more than two weeks, 72 were weaned successfully, and 59
      died within one year of follow-up. Survival was associated with premorbid level
      of activity (p less than .001), FEV1 (p less than .01), serum albumin level (p
      less than .05), and severity of dyspnea (p less than .01). Cor pulmonale on ECG,
      premorbid hypercarbia, and history of left ventricular failure were also more
      common among those who died. Weaning from MV was associated with premorbid level
      of activity (p less than .001), FEV1 (p less than .001), albumin level (p less
      than .05), and negative inspiratory pressure (p less than .001) and respiratory
      rate during T-piece trial (p less than .01). The duration of intubation was
      associated only with premorbid level of activity (p less than .01). Predictive
      models for the weaning success and the one-year survival were developed.

PMID- 2914494
TI  - Catheter balloon valvuloplasty treatment of adult patients with mitral stenosis.

PMID- 2914495
TI  - Respiratory management after cardiac surgery.

PMID- 2914496
TI  - Roentgenogram of the month. A middle-aged man with a right upper lobe mass.
      Rounded atelectasis of the right upper lobe with bilateral pleural thickening.

PMID- 2914497
TI  - Bradycardia-dependent bundle branch block during Mobitz I second degree heart
      block.

PMID- 2914498
TI  - Cavitary lung disease with skin lesions.

PMID- 2914499
TI  - Massive tracheal necrosis complicating endotracheal intubation.
AB  - There are significant complications associated with endotracheal intubation.
      Massive tracheal necrosis secondary to tracheoesophageal space abscess developed
      in a 71-year-old man during mechanical ventilation. Elevated endotracheal tube
      cuff pressures, sepsis, hypotension, and other risk factors predispose to this
      disastrous consequence.

PMID- 2914500
TI  - A rare endobronchial neurilemmoma (Schwannoma).
AB  - Primary neurogenic tumors of the lung are rare. Often, their histologic behavior
      presents a treatment dilemma. We present a case of benign endobronchial
      neurilemmoma managed by means of YAG laser resection together with a brief
      discussion of the management options available for these tumors.

PMID- 2914501
TI  - Rapid development of cor pulmonale following acute tonsillitis in adults.
AB  - We describe two adult patients in whom acute tonsillitis resulted in the rapid
      development of cor pulmonale in the absence of clinically evident upper airway
      obstruction or diffuse obstructive airway disease. Both patients had developed
      symptoms of sleep apnea and all-night polysomnography confirmed the presence of
      severe obstructive sleep apnea. These cases emphasize the potentially severe
      cardiovascular consequences of acute tonsillar hypertrophy in the obese adult
      patient.

PMID- 2914502
TI  - Bilateral exudative pleural effusions following intravenous ethchlorvynol
      administration.
AB  - A 26-year-old man had bilateral alveolar infiltrates and exudative pleural
      effusions following self-administration of intravenous ethchlorvynol (ECV). The
      effusions and pulmonary edema resolved by 72 h with supportive therapy only. As
      no other etiology was established, we concluded that the pathogenesis of the
      pleural fluid was the transvisceral pleural leak of the increased extravascular
      lung water induced by ECV. Current experimental and clinical evidence support the
      concept that pleural effusions probably develop in most states of permeability
      pulmonary edema.

PMID- 2914503
TI  - Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. Occurrence with metastatic melanoma to lung.
AB  - Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis is characterized by excessive accumulation of
      surfactant-like material in the alveoli, resulting in part from defective
      alveolar clearance by macrophages. We present a case of alveolar proteinosis in a
      patient with malignant melanoma metastatic to lung and discuss possible
      alteration in macrophage function in the pathogenesis of these two concomitant
      processes.

PMID- 2914504
TI  - Subaortic stenosis by solitary rhabdomyoma. Successful excision in an infant
      following 2D echocardiogram and Doppler diagnosis.
AB  - A seven-month-old girl had subaortic stenosis caused by a single intracavitary
      rhabdomyoma unassociated with tuberous sclerosis. Diagnosis was formulated on the
      basis of two-dimensional echocardiography and Doppler technique findings alone,
      and surgery was successful.

PMID- 2914505
TI  - Effect of temporary external stabilization on ventilator weaning after sternal
      resection.
AB  - The role of mechanical fixation of the chest wall in the treatment of flail chest
      remains controversial. We report a case of flail chest resulting from major
      sternal resection. The application of a temporary external stabilization device
      improved pulmonary mechanics by decreasing the respiratory rate from 36/min to
      10/min while increasing tidal volume and vital capacity from 140 +/- 85 ml and
      195 +/- 90 ml, respectively, to 450 +/- 110 ml and 905 +/- 310 ml, respectively.
      The improvement with the temporary device facilitated weaning from mechanical
      ventilation. We recommend consideration of this technique in selected cases of
      flail chest resulting from major chest wall resection.

PMID- 2914506
TI  - Chest trauma and subvalvular left ventricular aneurysms.
AB  - Two patients were discovered to have pulsatile saccular lesions at the base of
      the left ventricle and mitral regurgitation following blunt trauma to the chest.
      These aneurysms resembled annular subvalvular aneurysms which have previously
      been reported as congenital defects in African blacks and as acquired lesions
      following endocarditis or mitral valve replacement. The first patient had two
      aneurysms, while the second had an aneurysm in continuity with a traumatic
      ventricular septal defect. These aneurysms were detected by echocardiography and
      magnetic resonance imaging and should be sought in patients who develop valvar
      regurgitation following chest trauma.

PMID- 2914507
TI  - Airway complications from free-basing cocaine.
AB  - The majority of the deaths due to fires result from smoke inhalation, hypoxia,
      and systemic toxicity. Lower airway injury from chemical byproducts carried in
      the smoke is less frequent and thermal injury to the lower airways is a rare
      occurrence. We report a case of severe thermal injury to the conducting airways
      due to either inhalational injury or to intratracheal ignition of the ether
      vehicle used in free-basing cocaine resulting in severe reactive airways disease
      and tracheal stenosis requiring reconstructive surgery.

PMID- 2914508
TI  - Calcified right atrial myxoma demonstrated by magnetic resonance imaging.
AB  - Cardiac myxoma of the right atrium was diagnosed in a 64-year-old woman by use of
      MRI. With the MRI technique, an absence of signal intensity was shown within
      parts of the tumor, indicating the presence of intratumoral calcification. The
      MRI also demonstrated an intratumoral area of high signal intensity which was
      related to the presence of hemorrhage within the tumor. Both MRI findings were
      confirmed on pathologic examination of the surgical specimen. Magnetic resonance
      imaging may be a useful test to evaluate the heart for mass lesions in those
      patients in whom echocardiography is inadequate.

PMID- 2914509
TI  - Acute pulmonary edema associated with the use of oral ritodrine for premature
      labor.
AB  - We describe a patient who developed acute pulmonary edema while taking oral
      ritodrine for the treatment of premature labor and recovered after its
      discontinuation. The mechanism of development of pulmonary edema associated with
      beta-sympathomimetic agents is still not fully understood. Patients taking oral
      ritodrine should be observed for cardiopulmonary signs and symptoms.

PMID- 2914510
TI  - Assessing the work of breathing.

PMID- 2914511
TI  - The role of transthoracic needle biopsy.

PMID- 2914512
TI  - The cost of lavage.

PMID- 2914513
TI  - Pneumomediastinum or auto-PEEP?

PMID- 2914514
TI  - The newest quinolone antibacterial agents and theophylline.

PMID- 2914515
TI  - 2nd ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic Therapy. American College of Chest
      Physicians. June 21, 1988. Proceedings.

PMID- 2914516
TI  - Rules of evidence and clinical recommendations on the use of antithrombotic
      agents.

PMID- 2914517
TI  - Living in the war zone: mothers and young children in a public housing
      development.
AB  - This paper explores how mothers who live in two Chicago neighborhoods share the
      possibility of real danger with their preschool children. A structured interview
      was conducted with 20 mothers: ten who live in a high-rise public housing
      development and ten residents of a nearby community. The initial findings raise
      critical questions for those concerned with mental health issues in child
      development.

PMID- 2914519
TI  - A comprehensive program for pregnant adolescents: parenting and prevention.
AB  - Beginning in 1981 as an effort to reduce mortality rates of at-risk infants, the
      Teen Pregnancy Project of this agency has grown steadily into a multiservice
      program with many approaches, yet all services for its help-resistant population
      depend upon an outreach, home-visiting initiative to establish useful
      relationships with its clients.

PMID- 2914518
TI  - Pregnant teens: differential pregnancy resolution and treatment implications.
AB  - Profiles on three groups of pregnant teens in a comprehensive social service
      agency were identified: those who followed through with a parenting plan, those
      who followed through with an adoption plan, and those who switched from an
      adoption plan to a parenting plan. Pregnant teens who switched plans were
      identified as high risk in terms of health histories and psychosocial profiles.
      Since they represent as much as one-third of the total population, service plans
      must be made for them that focus on these risk areas. This article addresses the
      identification of new subgroups in the universe of pregnant teenagers, and
      treatment implications.

PMID- 2914520
TI  - Training mental health practitioners to work with adoptive families who seek
      help.
AB  - The lack of appropriate therapeutic resources for adoptive children and their
      adoptive families who seek treatment is a national problem. The mental health
      community has failed to recognize the specific knowledge and expertise that
      therapists must have if they are to help this population. This article describes
      the initiative taken by one organization to attack this problem in its state.

PMID- 2914521
TI  - Caring for day care: a pilot project.
AB  - Day care in Israel is not always of high quality, and the current forecast for
      upgrading the standards of the existing centers is bleak, due to economic and
      social factors that do not place high priority on quality infant care in group
      settings. The agency attempted, therefore, to develop a low-cost, efficient
      method of early intervention, wherein skilled social workers were hired, given
      special training, and worked alongside the caregivers of day care centers to help
      children and parents defined as at risk. This article describes the observations
      that were made and the interventions that were chosen.

PMID- 2914522
TI  - Resection and sutured peranal anastomosis for carcinoma of the rectum.
AB  - Resection and peranal suture is now an accepted technique for low rectal
      carcinoma; however, long-term results of large numbers are not known. Eighty-four
      patients who had this procedure at a specialist institution between 1972 and 1985
      are reviewed. There was a low operative mortality (2.4 percent), but a high
      complication rate with pelvic sepsis in 34 (40.5 percent) and anastomotic
      dehiscence (either partial or complete) in 40 (47.6 percent). The crude five-year
      survival rate was 56 percent. Isolated local recurrence occurred in seven
      patients (9.2 percent) and in a further seven patients it was associated with
      systemic recurrence. The functional results were satisfactory with 92 percent of
      assessed patients having three or less bowel actions per day. Subsequent
      incontinence occurred in 8 of the 60 patients assessed and 5 of these needed
      proximal diversion. For patients in whom the only alternative is abdominoperineal
      excision of the rectum, these results confirm that there is no disadvantage in
      terms of potential cure and that the functional results are acceptable.

PMID- 2914523
TI  - Age and sex distribution of patients with colorectal cancer.
AB  - A retrospective review of 922 colorectal cancer patients was undertaken to
      determine whether the nonuniform anatomic distribution of colorectal cancer was
      influenced by age and/or sex. The mean age of patients with right colon lesions
      (71.2 years) was significantly higher than for either patients with left colon
      lesions (68.2 years) or rectal lesions (65.6 years). Further analysis disclosed
      that patients with proximal tumors were older than patients with distal tumors
      primarily because of the later presentation of females with cecal or ascending
      colon cancers. Comparison of the anatomic distribution of tumors in patient
      groups above and below the age of 70 revealed that right colon cancers accounted
      for a greater percentage of colorectal tumors in the older patient group than in
      the younger patient group. These findings support the roles played by both age
      and sex in influencing colorectal cancer location. Furthermore, these data
      provide a plausible explanation for the increasing incidence of proximal colonic
      lesions.

PMID- 2914524
TI  - The external anal sphincter. Relationship between anal manometry and anal
      electromyography and its clinical relevance.
AB  - Anal manometry and anal electromyography (EMG) were performed in 45 patients to
      evaluate the external anal sphincter. Their symptoms were soiling (N = 6),
      incontinence (N = 10), and obstipation (N = 19). Clinical diagnoses were previous
      anal surgery (N = 16), rectal prolapse--partial, total, intussusception (N = 16),
      puborectalis syndrome (N = 4), neurologic disorders (N = 3), and others (N = 6).
      The relationship between the maximum squeeze pressure (MSP) measured with anal
      manometry and the maximum (voluntary) contraction pattern (MCP) and signs of
      denervation (DEN) measured with anal EMG were examined. The correlation
      coefficient between MSP and MCP was 0.55 (P less than .001) and between MSP and
      DEN 0.13 (NS). A normal MSP always showed a normal MCP, a normal MCP showed an
      abnormal MSP in 43 percent only. In conclusion, the clinical value of anal EMG
      seems limited. Assessment of an additional anal EMG seems indicated in
      incontinent patients with previous anal surgery with a low MSP to estimate muscle
      function, whenever anal surgery is considered. Anal EMG during straining can
      easily confirm the clinical diagnosis of puborectalis syndrome.

PMID- 2914525
TI  - Perforating and nonperforating Crohn's disease. An unpredictable guide to
      recurrence after surgery.
AB  - Four hundred eighty-six patients who have had resections for Crohn's disease at
      the Cleveland Clinic were reviewed. The patients were categorized by indication
      for surgery into three groups: perforating (P) (135 patients), nonperforating
      (NP) (278 patients), and miscellaneous (M) (77) patients. One hundred ninety-four
      patients had two or more resections and 56 underwent a third resection. Patients
      were no more likely to have the same indication for surgery at the time of the
      second resection (P = 25 percent; NP = 44 percent; M = 57 percent) or the third
      resection (P = 11 percent; NP = 65 percent; M = 55 percent). There was also no
      difference in the interval between resections for the P and NP groups. The lack
      of agreement between resections suggests that the categorization of patients into
      P and NP groups does not facilitate prediction of the nature of recurrent
      disease. The concept of aggressive perforating and indolent nonperforating
      Crohn's is not substantiated by this study.

PMID- 2914526
TI  - An analysis of survival and voiding, sexual function after wide iliopelvic
      lymphadenectomy in patients with carcinoma of the rectum, compared with
      conventional lymphadenectomy.
AB  - Records of four hundred thirty-seven patients with lower and middle rectal cancer
      who underwent resection for cure at National Cancer Center Hospital from 1969 to
      1983 were reviewed. There were significantly lower recurrence rates in the
      extended excision group compared with the conventional excision group. The
      recurrence rates between these two groups with Dukes' A were 0 percent (0 of 23)
      vs. 5.2 percent (5 of 96), those with Dukes' B were 6.3 percent (5 of 80) vs.
      21.9 percent (14 of 64), Dukes' C were 23.6 percent (20 of 89) vs. 32.8 percent
      (28 of 85). The differences between the two groups with Dukes' B and C were
      statistically significant (P less than .05). The cumulative five-year survival
      rates in the extended excision group were 94 percent with Dukes' A stage, 88
      percent with Dukes' B stage, and 61 percent with Dukes' C stage, compared with 91
      percent (Dukes' A), 74 percent (Dukes' B), and 43 percent (Dukes' C) in the
      conventional excision group. There were also statistically significant
      differences between the two groups with Dukes' B and C stages (P less than .05).
      Although wide iliopelvic lymphadenectomy was successful as far as decreasing the
      incidence of local recurrence and also in prolonging survival, there were
      increased incidences of urine-voiding failure (loss of sense of bladder being
      full of urine detected in 39.4 percent of the extended excision group vs. 8.8
      percent of the conventional excision group) and sexual impotency (76 percent vs.
      37.5 percent).

PMID- 2914527
TI  - Treatment of patients with rectal cancer.
AB  - During a 20-year period (1965 to 1985), 4673 patients with rectal cancer
      underwent surgical treatment, with 3500 of them being subjected to radical
      surgery. Postoperative mortality was 6.1 percent. During the last five years, the
      mortality rate decreased dramatically down to 4.9 percent, despite an increase in
      the group of elderly patients (35.7 percent) and performance of a considerable
      percentage of simultaneous, extensive, and combined operations (33.7 percent).
      The trend of employing sphincter-saving operations (in more than 60 percent of
      patients, the anterior resection and abdominoanal resection with a pull-through
      were performed) accounts for the favorable five-year survival rate (62 to 69
      percent) and results in a good functional outcome in 80 percent of patients. The
      use of a combination of conservative and operative methods of rehabilitation
      contributes to the professional readaptation of 75 to 80 percent of patients
      after surgery with construction of a stoma. In 223 cases, a Soviet magnetic
      occlusive device was implanted, while in 67 patients an artificial sphincter
      mechanism was constructed from the flap of the adductor longus femoris muscle. It
      should be emphasized that surgical methods of rehabilitation are used both in
      primary and reconstructive operations. The experience with management of 124
      patients with recurrent cancer after resection and extirpation of the rectum
      shows that local excision or repeated resections of the rectum cure 20 to 29
      percent of those operated on.

PMID- 2914528
TI  - Massive gangrene of the colon--a complication of fecal impaction. Report of a
      case.
AB  - A case of extensive gangrene of the colon secondary to fecal impaction is
      reported. The role of ischemia in the management of colonic obstruction and the
      pathogenesis and treatment of colonic gangrene are discussed.

PMID- 2914529
TI  - Recurrent squamous-cell carcinoma arising in pilonidal sinus tract--multiple flap
      reconstructions. Report of a case.
AB  - Squamous-cell carcinoma arising from a pilonidal sinus tract is an unusual
      complication of a common condition. Approximately 36 cases of carcinoma related
      to pilonidal disease have been reported in the literature. Wide excision with
      tumor-free margins has yielded five-year disease-free states in 55 percent of
      patients. Recurrence rates have been 44 percent to 50 percent in several large
      series. Regional (inguinal) nodal metastasis occurs in 14 percent of patients,
      heralding a dismal prognosis. Radiation and chemotherapy are of minimal
      palliative value. Reconstruction of these patients has consisted of split
      thickness skin grafts or local cutaneous and myocutaneous flaps. Some authors
      have allowed healing by secondary intention. A case of squamous-cell carcinoma
      arising in a chronic pilonidal sinus tract is reported. Local recurrence required
      an extensive resection resulting in a large sacral/perineal defect. A single
      stage reconstruction of this defect with multiple muscle and musculocutaneous
      flaps is described.

PMID- 2914530
TI  - Colopleural fistula presenting as tension pneumothorax in strangulated
      diaphragmatic hernia. Report of a case.
AB  - A case of colopleural fistula, resulting from strangulation and perforation of a
      diaphragmatic hernia and presenting as tension pneumothorax, is reported. The
      hernia was most likely a consequence of a stab wound to the left side of the
      chest four years before admittance. Colopleural fistula as a cause of tension
      pneumothorax is an extremely rare entity, reported only once in past English
      medical literature.

PMID- 2914531
TI  - Use of thoracoabdominal incision for cancer of the splenic flexure in the obese
      patient.
AB  - The thoracoabdominal incision is not a common incision in colonic surgery.
      However, it may be of unique benefit in tumors of the splenic flexure in which
      adequate mobilization and adequate lateral resection margins may otherwise be
      difficult to achieve. These tumors are believed to carry a poorer prognosis in
      part because of reduced accessibility. Specifically, exposure in short, obese
      patients with locally advanced lesions may be improved significantly with a
      thoracoabdominal incision. This report presents a patient with a tumor of the
      splenic flexure invading the diaphragm, greater curvature of the stomach, splenic
      hilum, and tail of the pancreas. The exposure provided by this incision made a
      radical cancer operation possible, which would not have been possible with an
      abdominal incision.

PMID- 2914532
TI  - Finger clubbing, inflammatory bowel disease, and circulant vasodilators.

PMID- 2914533
TI  - Reflections.

PMID- 2914534
TI  - Effect of sucralfate on experimental colitis in the rat.
AB  - The therapeutic effect of sucralfate on ulcerated gastric and duodenal mucosa is
      well known. There is, however, almost no information about its activity in
      colitis. Experimental colitis was produced in rats by rectal instillation of 1 ml
      of 10 percent acetic acid, and 1.5 ml of a 20 percent suspension of sucralfate
      was then administered every 12 hours for various lengths of time. Study animals
      and appropriate controls were killed after 3, 7, 10, or 14 days. The distal
      colons were studied macroscopically and histologically. Colonic prostaglandin E2
      levels were measured in animals killed after 3, 7, 10, or 14 days. The
      macroscopic score was significantly improved 10 and 14 days after induction of
      colitis, although the histologic appearance was unchanged. Acetic acid
      administration increased and sucralfate treatment reduced prostaglandin E2 levels
      in colitic animals on days 3 and 7, but not later. The present study supports a
      role for sucralfate in the treatment of colitis, but further studies on the
      mechanism of its effect and on its clinical activity are indicated.

PMID- 2914535
TI  - Elevated gastrin levels in patients with colon cancer or adenomatous polyps.
AB  - Gastrin has been shown to stimulate the growth of carcinogenic-induced colon
      cancer in animals, and some human colon cancers grown in vitro or as xenografts
      in nude mice. We determined fasting plasma gastrin levels in control subjects and
      patients with adenomatous polyps or adenocarcinoma of the colon to determine
      whether abnormal levels occurred in either patient group. Blood samples were
      obtained from 73 patients undergoing colonoscopy, primarily for evaluation of
      Hemoccult-positive stools. Fasting plasma gastrin was significantly greater in
      patients with adenomatous polyps (24.2 +/- 5.7 pM, N = 25) or colon cancer (84.5
      +/- 28.5 pM, N = 20) than in controls (9.9 +/- 0.9 pM, N = 28). Elevations were
      due to gastrin values greater than control mean + 2 SD in nine patients with
      polyps (19.5-150.2 pM) and eight with cancer (20.7-403.2 pM). None of the
      patients had identifiable causes (drugs, prior surgery) for elevated gastrin
      levels. Our results indicate that elevated plasma gastrin occurs in subgroups of
      patients with adenomatous polyps or adenocarcinoma of the colon. The cause and
      potential role of elevated gastrin for polyp and tumor growth in these patients
      is not known.

PMID- 2914536
TI  - Immune-related alterations in aged gut-associated lymphoid tissues in mice.
AB  - To study whether senescence-induced changes in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue
      (GALT) are mainly quantitative, several parameters were examined in three age
      groups of BALB/c mice (1-2, 12-14, and 24-28 months old). A substantial
      senescence-associated decline in the number of lymphoid cells was found in the
      mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) and spleen (SPN), and especially in the Peyer's
      patches (PP), but not in the lamina propria (LP). The distribution of lymphocyte
      subsets in these tissues was also altered with an absolute reduction of T cells-
      in particular, a L3T4+ helper/inducer T-cell marker-bearing subset. These changes
      were most remarkable in PP, followed by MLN. The in vitro proliferative
      reactivity and the production of each isotype-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) by PP,
      MLN, and SPN were profoundly affected when T-cell-dependent (Td) B-cell mitogens
      were used, but minimally affected when T-cell-independent (Ti) B-cell mitogens
      were used. The isotype-specific Ig content of small-intestinal perfusates was
      also influenced by aging, but only to a minor extent, as exemplified by a
      decrease in IgA levels in the fasting condition. Thus, despite the defects in the
      quantity and distribution of lymphocytes in aged PP and MLN, the finding of
      little change in the total amount of secreted IgA in aged intestine suggests that
      gut IgA-mediated luminal immune responses could remain nearly unaltered with
      senescence. The constancy of intraluminal IgA levels could be of physiological
      significance in host defense at the gut mucosal surface in aged mice.

PMID- 2914538
TI  - Cerebral responses evoked by electrical stimulation of rectosigmoid in normal
      subjects.
AB  - We used electroencephalographic methods to evoke and record cerebral responses to
      electrical stimulation of the rectosigmoid colon in eight healthy male
      volunteers, 20-40 years old. The stimulus was applied via a probe equipped with
      bipolar ring electrodes which were attached by suction to the mucosa. The probe
      was positioned 20 cm above the anus. Cerebral responses were recorded by EEG
      electrodes. Evoked potentials (EPs) in response to electrical stimulation
      consisted of a series of successive peaks and troughs in the EEG with good
      reproducibility within and between subjects. The shape and latencies of the
      intestinal EPs were comparable to other types of EPs reported before. It is
      concluded that reproducible EPs can be recorded from the scalp after electrical
      stimulation of the rectosigmoid. The similarity in appearance of these EPs to
      those previously reported suggests that visceral afferents were stimulated. The
      technique may become a useful tool to study visceral nervous connections to the
      brain in health and disease.

PMID- 2914537
TI  - Loss of absorptive capacity for sodium chloride as a cause of diarrhea following
      partial ileal and right colon resection.
AB  - Previous studies have emphasized the role of bile acid and fat malabsorption as
      the cause of the diarrhea that may follow ileal and right colon resection;
      unabsorbed bile acids and fat are believed to reduce sodium chloride and water
      absorption in the remaining colon. In this paper we report studies in eight
      patients with severe postresection diarrhea, in search of a more basic defect in
      sodium chloride absorption, ie, a loss of sodium chloride absorptive capacity as
      a direct consequence of resection of sodium chloride absorption sites. First, we
      determined whether or not diarrhea persisted during a 48-hr fast; in all patients
      diarrhea and large fecal electrolyte losses continued during a fast. Second, we
      measured sodium chloride and water absorption rates during total gut perfusion
      with a balanced electrolyte solution; compared to normal controls, the patients
      absorbed 23-31% less water, sodium, and chloride. In three patients who could be
      studied further, the absorptive defect was markedly accentuated when the
      perfusing solution was such that sodium chloride absorption had to take place
      against a concentration gradient. These observations indicate that postresection
      diarrhea patients have a reduced capacity to absorb sodium chloride, particularly
      when there is a concentration gradient between lumen and plasma. Although all of
      these patients had malabsorption of radiolabeled taurocholic acid, there was only
      a modest and statistically insignificant reduction in daily stool weight during
      treatment with large doses of cholestyramine, suggesting that bile acid
      malabsorption was not responsible for a major part of their diarrhea.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2914539
TI  - Effects of enteric neural stimulation on chloride transport in human left colon
      in vitro.
AB  - Nonpathological segments of muscle-stripped left colon from patients undergoing
      surgery for carcinoma, diverticulitis, or other causes were set up in flux
      chambers in order to determine the influence of intrinsic neurons on ion
      transport. In the basal state, both sodium and chloride were actively absorbed,
      and there was no significant residual ion flux. Electrical field stimulation of
      the intrinsic mucosal innervation evoked an increase in short-circuit current
      that was dependent on stimulus frequency and strength. The response was mimicked
      by scorpion venom, which is known to depolarize neurons, and was nearly abolished
      by tetrodotoxin, which prevents neurotransmitter release. Atropine reduced, but
      did not abolish, the response to neural stimulation. Carbachol, aminophylline,
      and theophylline significantly increased short-circuit current above basal
      levels. Electrical field stimulation evoked an increase in short-circuit current
      that could be accounted for by a decrease in net chloride absorption without any
      significant effect on sodium absorption or residual ion flux. These results
      suggest that ion transport in the human left colon is regulated by intrinsic
      submucosal cholinergic neurons as well as other neuronal types, and activation of
      these nerves could provide the basis for certain diarrheal disorders.

PMID- 2914540
TI  - Effects of sennosides on colonic myoelectrical activity in man.
AB  - The effects of sennosides on colonic myoelectrical activity were investigated in
      man. Spiking activity of the left and sigmoid colons was continuously recorded in
      seven constipated patients during two sessions from 5:00 PM to 9:00 AM. Each
      patient received orally at 7:00 PM on two consecutive days 30 mg of sennosides
      one day (sequence S) and placebo on the other (sequence P) in a random fashion. A
      significant (P less than 0.05) increase of peristaltic activity (migrating long
      spike bursts or MLSBs) after sennosides was observed between 1:00 and 7:00 AM,
      and a corresponding decrease between 7:00 and 9:00 AM. No change was noted in
      total short spike burst (SSB) activity or in SSBs characteristic of the
      rectosigmoid area. This study indicates that the main modification of colonic
      motility induced by sennosides was a stimulation of propulsive activity (MLSBs),
      which occurred between 6-12 hr after oral administration, the delay required for
      orocecal transit and metabolism of the drug.

PMID- 2914541
TI  - Different innervation mechanisms between the lesser and greater curvature of
      guinea pig antrum.
AB  - Transmural stimulation (TS) produced a frequency-dependent contraction of the
      longitudinal muscles from the lesser curvature of the guinea pig antrum, which
      was abolished by atropine. On the other hand, a response to TS of the strips from
      the greater curvature was biphasic: a rapid contraction followed by a relaxation,
      which was abolished by tetrodotoxin. By pretreatment with atropine, rapid
      contraction of the biphasic response evoked by TS in the greater curvature was
      abolished and relaxation was augmented. Relaxation to TS of the greater curvature
      was not affected by prazocine, yohimbine, phentolamine, propranolol,
      theophylline, apamin, alpha-chymotrypsin, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide
      receptor antagonist. Different innervation mechanisms were suggested to be
      present in the longitudinal muscles between the lesser curvature (innervated with
      excitatory cholinergic neurons) and the greater curvature (innervated with
      excitatory cholinergic neurons and nonadrenergic inhibitory neurons) of the
      guinea pig antrum.

PMID- 2914542
TI  - Impaired oxygenation of gastric mucosa in portal hypertension. The basis for
      increased susceptibility to injury.
AB  - Increased susceptibility to mucosal damage is a prominent feature of portal
      hypertensive gastropathy. Since the portal hypertensive gastric mucosa has
      extensive microvascular changes, we postulated that the increased sensitivity to
      mucosal damage could have an ischemic basis. We measured distribution of gastric
      serosal and mucosal oxygenation in a group of portal hypertensive and sham
      operated rats, and then studied the effects of intragastric aspirin. In the basal
      state, gastric mucosa of portal hypertensive rats had significantly reduced
      oxygenation compared to controls (24 +/- 5 vs 45 +/- 7 mm Hg PO2, P less than
      0.02), while serosal oxygenation was similar between the two groups. Intragastric
      aspirin produced significantly greater mucosal damage to portal hypertensive rats
      and mucosal oxygenation was almost one third that of sham-operated controls.
      Systemic arterial pressures and oxygenation were similar between the two groups.
      We conclude that there is impairment of gastric mucosal oxygenation and increased
      mucosal damage by aspirin in portal hypertensive rats compared with sham-operated
      controls. These results support our hypothesis that the increased sensitivity of
      the portal hypertensive mucosa to damage is a consequence of impaired mucosal
      oxygenation.

PMID- 2914543
TI  - Salicylsalicylic acid causes less gastroduodenal mucosal damage than enteric
      coated aspirin. An endoscopic comparison.
AB  - The gastroduodenal mucosal damage caused by aspirin and nonsteroidal
      antiinflammatory drugs is a common clinical problem. We compared two medications
      designed to diminish mucosal damage: enteric-coated aspirin and salicylsalicylic
      acid (salsalate). Ten healthy volunteers were randomized to receive either 1.5 g
      salsalate twice a day or 650 mg enteric-coated aspirin four times a day for six
      days and were then crossed over to the other drug after a one-week medication
      free period. Endoscopic inspection of gastroduodenal mucosa was performed at
      entry and again after six days of drug therapy for each medicine. Mean serum
      salicylate concentrations taken before the morning drug dose were 11.2 mg/dl for
      enteric-coated aspirin and 18.1 mg/dl for salsalate. Only one of 10 subjects
      receiving salsalate developed mild (grade 1) mucosal damage while six of 10
      receiving enteric-coated aspirin developed moderate to severe damage (grade 2-3)
      (P = 0.01). Symptoms were mild in both groups. We conclude that salsalate causes
      less gastroduodenal mucosal damage than enteric-coated aspirin.

PMID- 2914544
TI  - Refractory duodenal ulcers (nonhealing duodenal ulcers with standard doses of
      antisecretory medication).
AB  - To evaluate possible differences between patients with refractory duodenal ulcers
      and those with duodenal ulcers that respond to standard doses of antisecretory
      medications, we determined basal acid outputs by nasogastric suction and daily
      smoking histories in 75 patients with endoscopically documented active duodenal
      ulcers. Patients were treated for at least eight weeks with standard doses of
      antisecretory medications and endoscopic healing or nonhealing was documented.
      Fifty-five patients that had complete healing of their duodenal ulcers had a mean
      basal acid output of 6.6 +/- 5.3 meq/hr, and 18/55 had daily cigarette smoking
      histories, whereas 20 patients that had nonhealing duodenal ulcers had a mean
      basal acid output of 20.0 +/- 9.6 meq/hr, and 8/20 had daily cigarette smoking
      histories. There were no significant differences between the two groups with
      regard to age, duodenal ulcer size, or cigarette smoking history. However, there
      were significant differences in male-female ratio (P less than 0.02) and in mean
      basal acid output (P less than 0.001), and all patients with nonhealing duodenal
      ulcers had basal acid outputs of greater than 10.0 meq/hr. Patients with
      nonhealing duodenal ulcers were treated with increased doses of ranitidine, mean
      675 mg/day (range 600-1200 mg/day), and all had complete healing endoscopically
      documented. These results indicate that patients treated with standard doses of
      antisecretory medications with nonhealing duodenal ulcers have increased basal
      acid outputs of greater than 10.0 meq/hr, and the duodenal ulcers heal with
      increased doses of antisecretory medication.

PMID- 2914545
TI  - Effects of mepirizole and basic antiinflammatory drugs on HCl-ethanol-induced
      gastric lesions in rats.
AB  - Mepirozole, a basic antiinflammatory drug and duodenal ulcerogen in laboratory
      animals, macroscopically protected the gastric mucosa of rats from HCl-ethanol
      induced damage in a dose-dependent manner. These effects were evident when the
      agent was given orally, intraperitoneally, or subcutaneously at 3 or 10 mg/kg 0.5
      hr before HCl-ethanol administration. Histologically, the surface epithelial and
      pit cells were not protected by mepirizole, but most of the mucosal cells located
      in the deeper portions were well preserved. Gastric acid secretion in the pylorus
      ligated or acute fistula preparation was not affected by 10 mg/kg of mepirizole.
      Gastric motility determined by a balloon method was dose-dependently inhibited by
      the agent. Mepirizole protection was significantly reduced by pretreatment with
      subcutaneous indomethacin (5 mg/kg) and N-ethylmaleimide (10 mg/kg). The gastric
      motility inhibited by mepirizole was not reversed by indomethacin and N
      ethylmaleimide treatment. These results suggest that the mechanism underlying
      mepirizole protection relates to both endogenous prostaglandins and sulfhydryl
      compounds present in the gastric mucosa, but does not relate to an inhibition of
      gastric motility. Dulcerozine and other basic antiinflammatory drugs (tiaramide,
      tinoridine, and benzydamine) given either orally or intraperitoneally at 10-100
      mg/kg also dose-dependently prevented the development of HCl-ethanol-induced
      lesions. Mepirizole and other basic antiinflammatory drugs are cytoprotective in
      the rat stomach.

PMID- 2914546
TI  - Basal gastric acid secretion in nonulcer dyspepsia with or without duodenitis.
AB  - Nonulcer dyspepsia with or without duodenitis and duodenal ulcer disease are
      often considered to be a spectrum of the same acid-peptic process. Some reports
      evaluating basal gastric acid secretion in nonulcer dyspepsia and duodenal ulcer
      disease have supported that impression; however, results from different studies
      have been mixed. In order to compare basal gastric secretory profiles in nonulcer
      dyspepsia and duodenal ulcer disease, we determined basal acid outputs in 66
      consecutive patients with the diagnosis of nonulcer dyspepsia. All patients with
      nonulcer dyspepsia had at least a three-month history of epigastric abdominal
      pain, and all had negative upper gastrointestinal endoscopies except for 14 with
      duodenitis. The 66 patients with nonulcer dyspepsia were compared to 40
      asymptomatic normal subjects and 114 patients with endoscopically documented
      duodenal ulcer disease. There was no significant difference in mean basal acid
      output among all 66 patients with nonulcer dyspepsia (2.9 +/- 2.7 meq/hr), the
      group of normal subjects (3.2 +/- 2.7 meq/hr), the 14 patients with nonulcer
      dyspepsia with duodenitis (3.0 +/- 2.1 meq/hr), and the 52 patients with nonulcer
      dyspepsia without duodenitis (2.9 +/- 2.9 meq/hr). However, mean basal acid
      output of the patients with duodenal ulcer disease (9.1 +/- 7.6 meq/hr) was
      significantly higher than all the other groups (P less than 0.001). The gastric
      acid secretory profiles determined in this study do not appear to support the
      view that nonulcer dyspepsia with or without duodenitis and duodenal ulcer
      disease are a spectrum of the same acid-peptide process.

PMID- 2914547
TI  - Gastric acid secretion and gastric emptying of liquids in 99 male duodenal ulcer
      patients.
AB  - Gastric acid hypersecretion and accelerated gastric emptying are commonly
      considered as possible determinants of duodenal ulcer, but the relative
      frequencies of these gastric dysfunctions have never been evaluated in a
      homogeneous group of patients. We studied basal and pentagastrin-stimulated
      gastric acid secretion and gastric emptying of a radiolabeled caloric liquid meal
      in 99 consecutive male patients with endoscopically proven, active, uncomplicated
      duodenal ulcers. Compared to matched healthy subjects, ulcer patients presented
      increased basal and stimulated acid secretion (P less than 0.001). Sixty-nine
      patients had peak acid output values above the 95% confidence limits of the
      control population (14.2-30.6 meq/hr). Cigarette smoking was correlated with
      gastric acid hypersecretion. No significant difference was found between duodenal
      ulcer patients and controls in mean gastric emptying times. Ulcer patients showed
      a greater variance of gastric acid secretion and emptying values than healthy
      subjects. This reflects varied gastrointestinal function among ulcer patients. No
      significant correlation was found between gastric acid output and gastric
      emptying times. These findings suggest that gastric acid hypersecretion, but not
      accelerated gastric emptying of liquids, play a relevant role in the pathogenesis
      of duodenal ulcer.

PMID- 2914548
TI  - Postprandial disruption of migrating myoelectric complex in dogs. Hormonal versus
      extrinsic nervous factors.
AB  - Our aim was to determine the mechanism whereby the jejunoileum regulates
      postprandial gastroduodenal motility. Five dogs were prepared with a proximal
      jejunal infusion catheter and with gastric manometry catheters and serosal
      intestinal electrodes for recording gastric and intestinal motility. After two
      weeks, fasted dogs were studied during jejunal infusion of either isosmolar NaCl
      (154 mM) or isosmolar mixed nutrient solution (50% Meritene) on four separate
      days each. After completion of these baseline studies, the dogs underwent a model
      of autotransplantation of the entire jejunoileum (extrinsic denervation,
      disruption of intrinsic neural continuity with proximal duodenum). Two weeks
      later, identical studies as before were repeated with the now "autotransplanted"
      jejunoileum. Before transplantation, infusion of NaCl did not interrupt the
      characteristic interdigestive migrating motor complex either in the
      gastroduodenum or in the jejunoileum. However, infusion of nutrients interrupted
      the migrating motor complex both in the gastroduodenum and jejunoileum for the
      duration of the infusion (5 hr). After autotransplantation of the jejunoileum,
      the migrating motor complex continued to occur in the gastroduodenum and in the
      jejunoileum during infusion of NaCl, but the migrating motor complex cycled
      independently in each region without any temporal coordination. Jejunal infusion
      of nutrients interrupted the MMC in both regions for the duration of infusion (5
      hr). Because inhibition of the gastroduodenal and jejunoileal migrating motor
      complex continued to occur during infusion of nutrients into the transplanted
      jejunum, we concluded that jejunoileal regulation of postprandial inhibition of
      interdigestive motility in the stomach and duodenum is mediated by hormonal
      factors and does not require intrinsic neural continuity.

PMID- 2914549
TI  - Isolated granulomatous gastritis in an adolescent.
AB  - This is a case of a 14 1/2-year-old black male with isolated granulomatous
      gastritis. The case is unusual in several aspects. For the first time this
      disorder has been seen in the pediatric age group. The symptoms and signs were
      more acute and severe than previously reported, and the inflammatory process
      involved the entire gastric mucosa. Several findings suggested an (auto)immune
      pathogenesis. The patient had a good clinical and histologic response to
      prednisone therapy, but the disease recurred after two years when therapy was
      discontinued.

PMID- 2914551
TI  - Increase in ornithine decarboxylase activity associated with development of
      dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus.
AB  - A case of Barrett's esophagus of the specialized columnar type is described in
      which mucosal ornithine decarboxylase levels were measured in endoscopic biopsies
      at two intervals over which severe dysplasia had developed. The Barrett's mucosa
      extended 5 cm above the gastroesophageal junction, was free of dysplasia, and had
      no detectable ornithine decarboxylase activity at initial evaluation. On follow
      up endoscopy one year later, the Barrett's mucosa had become dysplastic with a
      markedly elevated ornithine decarboxylase activity of 1.56 units/mg protein. The
      patient underwent an esophagectomy because of persistent severe dysplasia and
      continues to do well postoperatively. Elevated ornithine decarboxylase activity
      has been described in other premalignant conditions, especially when dysplasia
      has been present. Further studies in Barrett's esophagus are warranted, since ODC
      activity might prove to be a useful biochemical marker for dysplasia and
      increased cancer risk.

PMID- 2914550
TI  - Barrett's mucosa of distal esophagus with concomitant isolated Crohn's disease
      and intramucosal adenocarcinoma. Report of a case and analysis of the literature.
AB  - The presence in the esophagus of three distinct entities--Barrett's mucosa,
      Crohn's disease, and adenocarcinoma--is a very rare finding. In a 60-year-old man
      with a long history of heartburn and recently developed dysphagia, narrowing of
      the distal esophagus was found to be related to the presence of Barrett's mucosa.
      A short time later repeated endoscopy revealed adenocarcinoma in this area. The
      patient underwent esophagogastrectomy and died a few days after surgery. Findings
      in the surgical specimen and upon autopsy were consistent with isolated Crohn's
      disease of the distal esophagus as well as with intramucosal adenocarcinoma.
      Analysis of the data available in the literature reveals that Crohn's disease of
      the esophagus, although rare, clearly possesses some definite characteristics of
      its own. It is suggested that the presence of these three features in a single
      patient constitutes no more than a chance coexistence.

PMID- 2914552
TI  - Transnasal biliary drainage for treatment of common bile duct leakage and bile
      peritonitis.
AB  - A new nonoperative method for treating postoperative common bile duct leaks by
      endoscopic placement of a nasobiliary stent is described. Two patients were
      treated successfully by placing a nasobiliary stent above the point of bile
      leakage, acting to divert the flow of bile and to allow the fistula to close.

PMID- 2914554
TI  - [Cauda equina syndrome in ankylosing spondylitis].
AB  - A 55-year-old man who has had ankylosing spondylitis for over 20 years developed
      gradually increasing pain and sensory disorders in the legs, as well as mild foot
      and toe elevator weakness. There was no evidence of inflammatory activity.
      Clinical, neurophysiological and neuroradiological examination revealed a cauda
      equina syndrome as a late complication of ankylosing spondylitis. There is no
      known causal treatment.

PMID- 2914553
TI  - [Air transportation of patients: a danger of hypoxic organ lesions?].
AB  - As illustrated by two cases, a fall in alveolar oxygen pressure at high altitude,
      such as during transportation by plane, can cause hypoxic pulmonary failure,
      especially in patients with already impaired pulmonary or circulatory functions.
      Arterial oxygen saturation was recorded by pulse oximetry in 14 healthy
      volunteers and eight patients during air transportation. Oxygen saturation
      decreased with reduced cabin pressure. Decreased saturation for each 100 mm Hg
      reduction in cabin pressure was markedly greater in the patients than the healthy
      volunteers. Pulmonary and circulatory status should be assessed before air
      transport of patients and if necessary departure delayed. Oxygen ought to be
      added to inspired air with appropriate supervision in all acutely ill patients.
      Indications for endotracheal intubation before flight should be generously
      defined. Continuous pulse oximetry is noninvasive and highly informative. It is
      urgently recommended that air ambulances be equipped with them.

PMID- 2914555
TI  - [Dietetic principles after gastrectomy].

PMID- 2914557
TI  - [Preparation of angiography catheters for reuse].

PMID- 2914556
TI  - [IgE-bearing dendritic cells of the skin. An indication of the pathophysiological
      importance of Langerhans cells in atopic eczema].

PMID- 2914558
TI  - [Cerebral complications in chronic acetylsalicylic acid poisoning].
AB  - A 60-year-old woman who for many years had been taking salicylate-containing
      tablets for headaches, was admitted to hospital, in a somnolent state, because of
      increasing weakness, tiredness, memory and speech disorders, and tinnitus.
      Laboratory tests revealed a decompensated metabolic acidosis (pH 7.25), renal
      insufficiency (creatinine 2.3 mg/dl) and a decreased Quick value (63%). Whole
      blood acetylsalicylic acid concentration was markedly elevated to 330
      micrograms/ml. After treatment of the acidosis with bicarbonate and forced
      diuresis she at first regained consciousness, but clouding of consciousness again
      occurred eight hours later progressing to coma with unequal pupils and seizure
      potentials in the electroencephalogram. Status epilepticus without motor
      component was diagnosed, perhaps the result of a dysequilibrium of acid-base
      balance between blood and cerebrospinal fluid. The signs and symptoms were
      quickly reversed under treatment with clonazepam.

PMID- 2914560
TI  - [What will become of the calculus detritus?].

PMID- 2914559
TI  - [Atrial myxoma and signs of autoimmune disease].
AB  - Raised erythrocyte sedimentation rate, mild proteinuria, erythrocyturia and
      slightly impaired renal function were revealed in a 45-year-old patient
      complaining of general physical fatigue, fever and pain in the right flank.
      Interstitial nephritis was confirmed by biopsy. Therefore, an autoimmune disease
      with renal involvement was diagnosed. Three years later a myxoma of the left
      atrium was found. After surgical removal of the myxoma the signs of the systemic
      disease receded and disappeared unexpectedly. At follow-up after 10 years the
      patient was completely free of symptoms. It is concluded that the signs of the
      autoimmune disease had been caused by the myxoma.

PMID- 2914561
TI  - On the release of asbestos fibers from weathered and corroded asbestos cement
      products.
AB  - The controversy on whether weathered and corroded asbestos cement products are
      emitting biologically significant asbestos fiber concentrations in ambient air
      has not been resolved. Nor is it known if the weathered and corroded asbestos
      cement products release asbestos fibers which have the same carcinogenic potency
      as "standard" chrysotile. The purpose of this research project was to develop a
      method for sampling and measuring asbestos fiber emissions from solid planar
      surfaces (i.e., roofs and facades) consisting of asbestos cement products and to
      develop methods for studying the physical and chemical changes and the
      carcinogenic potency of the emitted fibers. Using this method asbestos fiber
      emissions in ambient air have been measured in the FRG during 1984/1986. The
      emissions of asbestos fibers longer than 5 microns were in the range 10(6) to
      10(8) fibers/m2.hr. The ambient air concentrations of these asbestos fibers were
      for the most part less than 10(3) fibers/m3. It was shown that the emitted
      asbestos fibers were chemically changed and it was shown with animal experiments
      that their carcinogenic potency did not differ from the carcinogenicity of
      "standard" chrysotile fibers.

PMID- 2914562
TI  - A generalized model for the prediction of lead body burdens.
AB  - A compartmental model of a typical 70-kg male for lead intake, distribution, and
      transport has been developed based on previous pharmacokinetic models and
      experimental results for lead in the human body. A set of first-order, linear
      ordinary differential equations with constant coefficients is solved to predict
      lead levels in blood, bone, and other compartments as a function of time
      resulting from inputs from air and/or ingestion. The model has been shown to be
      in excellent agreement with the measurements of blood lead for a controlled study
      by M. B. Rabinowitz et al. (1976, J. Clin. Invest., 58, 260-270). Favorable
      agreement was also found with blood and urine results reported by T. B. Griffin
      et al. (1975, "Lead," pp. 221-240) providing that an allowance was made for an
      unmeasured input of lead, originating from smoking, snacks, etc. The predictions
      of the newly formulated model are compared with those of the established Bernard
      model (S. F. Bernard, 1977, Health Phys., 32, 44-46). Predictions of blood lead
      concentration for short periods (on the order of months) are fitted better by the
      new model, while both models predict similar behavior over the longer term (on
      the order of 5 years and greater).

PMID- 2914563
TI  - Age dependence of metals in hair in a selected U.S. population.
AB  - Concentrations of 28 metals were determined in hair samples from 199 children
      (age less than or equal to 12 years) and 322 adults (age 13-73) years. Levels of
      calcium, barium, magnesium zinc, and strontium all show a similar age-dependent
      increase up to about 12-14 years; levels of aluminum show a decrease with age.
      Relationships of elemental concentrations with age were examined by using
      correlation, linear regression, t tests, and discriminant analysis. Statistically
      significant differences in mean concentration values between children and adults
      were shown for these metals. Discriminant analysis gave about 95% accuracy in
      classifying a test data set into the categories of children and adults. A
      hypothesis suggested by the data is that there is an age-dependent excretion in
      hair of alkali metals during skeletal growth and development. The observed
      decrease in aluminum is largely unexplained at this time.

PMID- 2914564
TI  - Lung cancer in relation to residence in census tracts with toxic-waste disposal
      sites: a case-control study in Niagara County, New York.
AB  - Nine selected census tracts containing 12 toxic-waste disposal sites with known
      or suspected lung carcinogens were identified in Niagara County, New York.
      Analysis of death certificates of 339 lung cancer cases (decedents) and 676
      controls who died of other causes excluding respiratory diseases in 1978-1981
      showed no association between death from lung cancer and residence in the
      selected census tracts (odds ratio = 0.95; 95% confidence interval = 0.65-1.38).
      Analysis of mail questionnaires from surrogate respondents for 209 lung cancer
      decedents and 417 controls showed no significant association between lung cancer
      and a history of ever having resided in the selected census tracts (age-adjusted
      odds ratio = 1.17; 95% CI = 0.78-1.76) and no significant interaction between
      such residence and cigarette smoking. Duration of residence in the selected
      census tracts did not differ between cases and controls. The limitations of this
      low-cost study design, in terms of response rates and potential misclassification
      of exposure, were discussed along with its value in interim studies of
      potentially hazardous dumpsites (prior to more intensive case-control or other
      studies using better exposure data).

PMID- 2914565
TI  - Evaluation of the pleural malignant mesothelioma patients with the relation of
      asbestos exposure.
AB  - There has been a recent increase in the number of patients with malignant
      mesothelioma in parts of Japan where Naval shipyards were located during World
      War II. This can be attributed to asbestos exposure during work in the shipyard.
      We have studied eight patients who were seen between 1984 and 1986 in Kure Kyosai
      Hospital. All had a history of asbestos exposure, seven in a Naval shipyard. In
      these seven cases, the latent period between exposure and the appearance of
      mesothelioma was 43-49 years. Quantification of asbestos bodies in the lung
      indicated a high concentration in all patients, giving further weight to the
      concept that asbestos is an etiologic factor in the genesis of mesothelioma. The
      major types of asbestos fibers were crocidolite and amosite. The study of
      structural features of these two types may provide a clue to the pathogenesis of
      the disease.

PMID- 2914566
TI  - Effects of ingested crude and dispersed crude oil on thermoregulation in ducks
      (Anas platyrhynchos).
AB  - Thermoregulatory effects of ingested doses of Statfjord A crude oil and of this
      oil mixed with the dispersant Finasol OSR-5 were studied in adult domestic ducks
      (Anas platyrhynchos) exposed to ambient temperatures of +16 degrees C and -17
      degrees C. The data show that ingestion of both the crude and the oil-dispersant
      mixture resulted in an increased body temperature during exposure to the low
      ambient temperature (-17 degrees C). Neither contaminant had any effect on body
      temperature during exposure to +16 degrees C. Ingestion of the contaminants had
      no effect on metabolic heat production at either ambient temperature. The breast
      skin temperature of the ducks in both contaminated groups was significantly
      decreased when the ducks were exposed to the low ambient temperature. This
      indicates that the increase in body temperature observed in the contaminated
      ducks at the low ambient temperature is due to an increase in peripheral
      vasoconstriction.

PMID- 2914567
TI  - Response of the rat lung to respirable fractions of composite fiber-epoxy dusts.
AB  - It is unknown whether respirable dusts derived from the machining of composite
      fiber-epoxy materials pose a health risk. To evaluate the potential pulmonary
      toxicity of these materials, we studied the effects of six samples of dusts
      previously well characterized physically, chemically, and morphologically in the
      lungs of specific pathogen-free rats. A single intratracheal bolus of 5 mg of
      each sample was injected into separate groups of five rats each. For comparison,
      free crystalline silica (quartz) and aluminum oxide were used as positive and
      negative controls in additional animals. One month later, the lungs were fixed
      and sectioned for light microscopy. Histopathology scores for the six composite
      epoxy samples showed a continuum of lung injury that was between the negative and
      positive controls. None of the composite dusts had effects that paralleled those
      of quartz; however, four of the composite dusts produced reactions that were more
      severe than that seen with aluminum oxide. Therefore, respirable fractions of
      some types of composite materials can induce pathological changes in lungs of
      experimental animals. The features responsible for the variation in host response
      between samples are, as yet, unclear.

PMID- 2914568
TI  - Effects of short- and long-term exposure to ozone on heart rate and blood
      pressure of emphysematous rats.
AB  - Electrocardiogram and arterial blood pressure of elastase-treated emphysematous
      rats (E rats) and saline-treated control rats (S rats) were recorded continuously
      during exposure to either 1 ppm ozone (O3) for 3 hr or 0.5 ppm O3 for 6 hr. The
      heart rates (HRs) of both groups decreased to about 50 and 65% of the initial
      levels at the end of 1 ppm and 0.5 ppm O3 exposure, respectively. Mean arterial
      blood pressures (MAPs) also decreased to about 76 and 82%, respectively. There
      was no significant difference in these responses between E and S rats, although
      the levels of HRs and MAPs of the E rats were always a little lower than those of
      the S rats. Another group of E and S rats was continuously exposed to 0.2 ppm O3
      for 4 weeks. The HRs of both E and S groups decreased to about 81 and 88% of the
      initial levels on the first day, respectively, although they recovered completely
      by the third day. No significant difference in the variation of HRs during
      exposure was noted between E and S rats. However, the HR responses of these rats
      to a challenge exposure of 0.8 ppm O3 for 1.5 hr appeared to be different. That
      is, S rats were more tolerant of the challenge exposure to O3 for 1.5 hr than the
      E rats.

PMID- 2914569
TI  - Potentiation of the expression of nitrogen dioxide-induced lung injury by
      postexposure exercise.
AB  - Previous investigations have indicated that postexposure exercise (E) can can
      potentiate nitrogen dioxide (NO2)-induced lung injury. In this report, we (1)
      further characterize the potentiation of expression of NO2-induced lung injury in
      the rat by E; (2) characterize the postexposure period during which such
      potentiation by E can occur, i.e., "window of susceptibility"; (3) assess whether
      two E bouts performed during the "window of susceptibility" have even greater
      potentiating effects; and (4) determine if early postexposure E can extend the
      window of susceptibility. Groups of Fischer-344 rats were exposed to 100 ppm NO2
      for 15 min, exercised at times ranging from 30 min to 24 hr thereafter, and
      sacrificed during a 24-hr postexposure period. Other exposed rats were exercised
      30 min to 24 hr thereafter and sacrificed for lung studies 30 min following the E
      runs. Still other exposed animals were exercised immediately and at 8 or 24 hr
      postexposure and sacrificed 30 min after the last E run. NO2-exposed but rested
      rats, and sham-air-exposed and rested or exercised rats served as controls. E
      immediately or at 8 hr post-NO2 exposure caused marked increases in lung wet
      weight (LWW) and right cranial lobe dry weights (RCLDW) and more pronounced
      histopathologic disturbances beyond those following NO2 exposure and rest only.
      Potentiation of injury was not observed in rats exercised 24 hr after exposure.
      The pattern of subsidence of the LWW and RCLDW increases after immediate or 8 hr
      E differed with the increases in the former being more persistent. Two E bouts
      (30 min and 8 hr postexposure) caused lung changes consistent with an additive
      effect. E performed immediately after NO2 exposure extended the window of
      susceptibility to E beyond 24 hr.

PMID- 2914570
TI  - Another perspective and some immoderate proprosals on "teacher empowerment".

PMID- 2914571
TI  - Survey on prerefferal practices: responses from State deparetments of education.
AB  - A six-item survey was sent to state directors of special education (or their
      equivalent) in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Items were developed
      to assess the type and level of prereferral intervention usage reported by state
      level special education administrators. Despite a lack of empirical support and a
      relatively inconclusive success rate, many state level administrators reported
      that they require or recommended the use of prereferral intervention strategies.

PMID- 2914572
TI  - Effects of examiner familiarity on Black, Caucasian, and Hispanic children: a
      meta-analysis.
AB  - This article presents a quantitative synthesis of examiner familiarity effects on
      Caucasian and minority students' test performance. Fourteen controlled studies
      were coded in terms of methodological quality (high vs. low) and race-ethnicity
      (Caucasian vs. Black and Hispanic). An analogue to analysis of variance conducted
      on weighted unbiased effect sizes indicated that examiner familiarity produced a
      significant effect, with Caucasian and minority examinees' test performance
      raised by .05 and .72 standard deviations, respectively. Examiner familiarity's
      differential effect on Caucasian and minority examinees did not interact with the
      methodological quality of the studies. Nevertheless, limitations of the extant
      data base require caution in drawing implications for assessment practice.

PMID- 2914573
TI  - Community involvement of persons with severe retardation living in community
      residences.
AB  - A national survey was conducted with 294 community residential facilities (CRFs)
      serving adults with severe retardation. Respondents were asked to rate 38
      community-based activities twice: one rating representing the activity
      involvement of the residents living in the CRFs, and one rating representing the
      perceived activity involvement of "average," well-integrated community members.
      Nonhandicapped community members were perceived to have significantly more
      involvement in 30 activities than adults living in CRFs. Group home and foster
      home residents were perceived to be more involved in employment or day activities
      outside the residence, use of health care services, walking or wheelchair
      strolling for pleasure, and use of parks or zoos than nonhandicapped community
      members.

PMID- 2914574
TI  - Effects of a taped-words treatment on reading proficiency.
AB  - In an effort to increase reading proficiency, five 9th- and 10th-grade students
      with behavior disorders were instructed to read along with an audio type of
      vocabulary words recorded at 80 words per minute. Effects of the taped-words
      intervention on rate of reading vocabulary words as well as generalization
      effects of reading passages containing some of the same vocabulary words were
      assessed within a multiple baseline design. Results suggested significant effects
      due to practice. Minimal generalization from reading word lists to reading
      passages was demonstrated. The results of the present study are compared with
      similar investigations.

PMID- 2914576
TI  - Is AIDS a biasing factor in teacher judgment?
AB  - This study examined the effect that knowledge of a student having AIDS (Acquired
      Immune Deficiency Syndrome) would have on regular-education teacher judgment
      regarding special education placement. Regular-education, third-grade teachers in
      Indiana were sent one of two psychological reports. The reports were identical
      except that one report stated that the student had AIDS and the other stated that
      the student had rheumatic fever. AIDS was not found to be a biasing factor in
      teachers' judgments regarding special education services.

PMID- 2914575
TI  - Mathematics achievement of hearing impaired adolescents in different placements.
AB  - This study, involving 215 students and 63 teachers, addressed three concerns
      related to mainstreaming for hearing imparied students: the selection process,
      the difference between a mainstream placement with an interpreter and a self
      contained placement, and the quality of the educational experience. Almost half
      of the variance in achievement between the two settings is described. Three
      conclusions can be drawn. First, student background factors are a primary
      determinant of achievement. Second, mainstreaming with an interpreter has no
      specific effect on achievement for hearing impaired students. Third, the quality
      of instruction is the prime determinant of achievement, regardless of placement.

PMID- 2914577
TI  - Production and utilization of extracellular matrix components by human
      melanocytes.
AB  - Normal human melanocytes were separated from keratinocytes and maintained in
      culture using KGM medium supplemented with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol acetate and
      cholera toxin. The melanocytes were examined for the production of extracellular
      matrix molecules including fibronectin, laminin, and thrombospondin and for the
      utilization of these molecules in adhesion and motility assays. Melanocytes
      produced significant amounts of fibronectin as indicated by biosynthetic
      labeling/immunoprecipitation and by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
      Fibronectin was expressed on the surface of these cells. Laminin was also
      produced by melanocytes and expressed on the cell surface. The amount of laminin
      produced was significantly less than the amount of fibronectin. In contrast,
      melanocytes did not produce measurable thrombospondin as indicated by
      biosynthetic labeling/immunoprecipitation. Only traces of thrombospondin were
      detected by ELISA and no surface fluorescence was observed. When examined in
      adhesion and motility assays, melanocytes were found to utilize fibronectin for
      both processes. Laminin also stimulated adhesion but it was much less effective
      than fibronectin. Thrombospondin did not stimulate either attachment and
      spreading or motility. The pattern of extracellular matrix molecule production
      and utilization by melanocytes is significantly different from that shown
      previously for human epidermal keratinocytes (J. Varani et al., 1988, J. Clin.
      Invest. 81, 1537). These differences may underlie the differences with which the
      two cell types interact with basement membranes in vivo.

PMID- 2914578
TI  - Myogenic cells of regenerating adult chicken muscle can fuse into myotubes after
      a single cell division in vivo.
AB  - Autoradiographic studies were carried out on regenerating muscles of adult
      chickens. Three different muscles of hens were injured, and tritiated thymidine
      (1 microCi/g) was injected at various times after injury to label replicating
      muscle precursors. Detailed comparisons of grain counts over premitotic nuclei in
      samples removed one hour after injection of tritiated thymidine, and of
      postmitotic myotube nuclei in samples removed 10 days after injury (when labeled
      precursors had fused to form myotubes), revealed how many times some labeled
      precursors had divided before fusing into myotubes. DNA synthesis in muscle
      precursors was initiated 30 h after injury. Grain counts of myotube nuclei
      indicated that many muscle precursors labeled at the onset of myogenic cell
      proliferation had divided only once, or twice, before fusing into myotubes. The
      relationship of these in vivo results to the cell lineage model of myogenesis is
      discussed.

PMID- 2914579
TI  - Synthesis of shock proteins in cultured fetal mouse myocardial cells.
AB  - We examined the synthesis of shock proteins in cultured fetal mouse myocytes. The
      preparation is free from fibroblasts, and the cells are vital and morphologically
      intact with respect to beat frequency and electron microscopy. Cultured myocytes
      from fetal mouse heart respond to heat shock and cadmium chloride, H2O2,
      allylamine, cyclosporine, and azathioprine exposure with the synthesis of shock
      proteins. Heat shock induces the de novo synthesis of two proteins of 71 and 68
      kDa; cadmium chloride induces, in addition, a protein of 30 kDa. The other
      substances tested provoke the synthesis only of the 30-kDa polypeptide. The
      formation of heat shock proteins is concentration-dependent: Cyclosporine
      provokes the de novo synthesis of the 30-kDa polypeptide at concentrations above
      10 ng/ml, whereas azathioprine causes the same effect at concentrations above 50
      micrograms/ml. Hence cyclosporine might be cardiotoxic already at concentrations
      below the pharmacological dosages while azathioprine influences the myocytes only
      at concentrations much higher than the therapeutic level. Our results indicate
      that heat shock protein expression in cultured myocytes may be a useful tool to
      monitor cardiotoxicity.

PMID- 2914580
TI  - The protein composition of the nuclear matrix of murine P19 embryonal carcinoma
      cells is differentiation-stage dependent.
AB  - The protein composition of the nuclear matrix of murine P19 embryonal carcinoma
      (EC) cells was compared with that of clonal derivatives of P19 EC differentiated
      in vitro, and with that of P19 EC cells induced to differentiate with retinoic
      acid (RA). Several major differences in nuclear matrix protein composition were
      found between the cell lines tested. Some polypeptides were found to occur only
      in EC cells, whereas others proved to be restricted to one or more of the
      differentiated derivatives. During RA treatment of EC cells a transient
      expression of some matrix proteins was observed. Several new proteins appeared,
      and others disappeared. Our data indicate that the protein composition of the
      nuclear matrix is a sensitive gauge for the differentiation state of cells.

PMID- 2914581
TI  - Platelet-derived growth factor is not chemotactic for human peripheral blood
      monocytes.
AB  - PDGF is a mitogenic protein stored in platelets and released upon platelet
      degranulation. Recent evidence indicates that PDGF plays an important role in
      both physiologic and pathophysiologic processes, particularly in tumorigenesis,
      wound healing, pulmonary fibrosis, and atherogenesis. In addition to its
      mitogenic potential, it has been reported that PDGF stimulates monocyte
      chemotaxis. Since the recruitment of monocytes from the peripheral vasculature is
      an important event in vivo, the potential role of PDGF as a monocyte
      chemoattractant has significant biologic implications. However, we now report
      that homogeneous human PDGF from platelets and a recombinant PDGF-2 homodimer do
      not stimulate monocyte chemotaxis. In contrast to previous reports these results
      indicate that PDGF is not a monocyte chemoattractant.

PMID- 2914582
TI  - Lateral diffusion of lectin receptors in fibroblast membranes as a function of
      cell shape.
AB  - Anchorage-dependent fibroblasts respond to biochemical growth signals only when
      attached to and spread on a suitable substrate surface. Attachment of fibroblasts
      initiates a cytoskeletal assembly process that results in the organization of
      long actin stress fibers and microtubules which may be required for transmembrane
      signal transduction. Fibroblasts maintained in suspension, however, remain
      spherical with no apparent stress fibers or lengthy microtubules. Because of the
      significant differences in cytoskeletal organisation induced by shape
      modification, and the resulting possible changes in organization and dynamics of
      membrane receptors, the technique of fluorescence redistribution after
      photobleaching (FRAP) was employed to examine the lateral mobility of wheat germ
      agglutinin (WGA) and succinylated concanavalin A (sCon A) receptors in the plasma
      membrane of untransformed and Kirsten murine sarcoma virus-transformed Balb/c 3T3
      fibroblasts in the spread and spherical state. An examination of FITC-WGA and
      FITC-sCon A binding to the plasma membrane for both cell lines in a spread or
      spherical state demonstrated no significant differences in the number of WGA or
      Con A receptors as a function of shape or transformation. The primary
      observations from this study are (a) membrane WGA and sCon A receptors in
      spherical Balb/c 3T3 fibroblasts display mobility 12 times faster than in the
      spread state, while phospholipid mobility is similar and apparently shape
      independent, (b) transformed cells in the spread state have WGA and sCon A
      receptor mobilities similar to those of untransformed cells in the spread state,
      (c) flat adherent, but not unattached spherical, Balb/c 3T3 fibroblasts are
      subject to Con A-induced global modulation and (d) transformed cells in the
      spherical state contain a significant population of cells (approximately 30%)
      with WGA receptor mobilities faster than those observed in spherical
      untransformed cells. These observations are discussed in terms of a linked matrix
      model for membrane protein diffusion.

PMID- 2914583
TI  - Clonal selection by fluorescence redistribution after photobleaching (FRAP)--a
      "fast" lateral mobility fibroblast mutant (E7G1).
AB  - Fluorescence redistribution after photobleaching (FRAP) was utilized to select a
      "fast" lateral mobility clone from Kirsten murine sarcoma virus-transformed 3T3
      (KMSV-3T3) fibroblasts. The clone, E7G1, demonstrated a lateral mobility for
      membrane wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) and succinylated concanavalin A (sCon A)
      receptors of (2.1 +/- 1.6) X 10(-9) cm2/s and (2.7 +/- 2.3) X 10(-9) cm2/s,
      respectively. These mobilities were approximately equivalent to phospholipid
      mobility (2.8 +/- 1.9 X 10(-9) cm2/s). The fast mobility phenotype is observed
      when the cells are unattached and spherical. Upon attachment, the mobility
      decreases to (0.19 +/- 0.19) X 10(-9) cm2/s. In addition, the ability of Con A to
      initiate global modulation was completely lost in spread as well as spherical
      cells in the E7G1 fast mobility clone. A comparison of F-actin patterns between
      untransformed Balb/c fibroblasts and the E7G1-transformed line suggests a
      correlation between well-developed stress fiber assemblies and the ability to
      induce global modulation. The fast mobility clone was stable for at least 23
      passages.

PMID- 2914584
TI  - Translational regulation of the differential synthesis of nonmuscle tropomyosin
      isoforms.
AB  - Regulation of the differential synthesis of tropomyosin (TM) isoforms in chicken
      embryo fibroblasts was studied. Cell-free translation experiments with total RNA
      and Northern blot analyses of TM mRNAs from fractionated polysomes were
      performed. Unlike the major isoforms, mRNAs encoding at least one of the minor
      isoforms were only partially associated with the heavy polysomes. Thus, these
      experiments revealed that translational regulation plays a role in controlling
      the relative amounts of major and minor isoforms in the cell.

PMID- 2914585
TI  - HMG proteins released from the chromatin following incubation of mammalian nuclei
      with ethidium bromide.
AB  - The low-molecular-mass high-mobility group (HMG) chromosomal proteins, namely HMG
      14, HMG-17, and HMG-I, which have been found in several proliferating tissues,
      are released following incubation of nuclei isolated from young rat thymus and
      from human placenta in a low ionic strength medium containing the intercalating
      agent ethidium bromide. The amount of HMG proteins released is drug concentration
      dependent, but at very high concentrations (20-40 mM) other low- and high
      molecular-mass proteins, and even histones, are released. These results suggest a
      very weak interaction of the HMG proteins with DNA, so that they can be easily
      detached from the chromatin as a consequence of the interaction of DNA with the
      intercalating agent.

PMID- 2914586
TI  - No significant overreplication occurs in Ehrlich ascites cells during and after
      reversal of hypoxia.
AB  - Labeling with bromodeoxyuridine and analysis by isopycnic banding for emergence
      of DNA-helices density-labeled in both strands (HH-DNA) were used to examine
      whether transient controlled hypoxia induces significant overreplication in the
      DNA of cultured Ehrlich ascites cells within a single cell cycle. Diverse
      situations of the hypoxic period (4-8 h) within the BrdUrd labeling time (8-16 h)
      were tested. If transversal of more than one complete cell cycle by very fast
      cycling individual cells was avoided by using short BrdUrd labeling periods or by
      addition of colcemid, HH-DNA was never detected. This indicates that hypoxia does
      not induce significant overreplication under the conditions chosen and, in
      particular, that the burst of replicon initiations occurring after reoxygenation
      of hypoxic cells principally is not due to overreplication.

PMID- 2914587
TI  - Quiescent human peripheral blood lymphocytes do not contain a sizable amount of
      preexistent DNA single-strand breaks.
AB  - Sedimentation of nucleoids through neutral sucrose density gradients has shown
      that nucleoids isolated from phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated human peripheral
      blood lymphocytes (PBL) sediment faster than nucleoids derived from quiescent
      lymphocytes, which was attributed to rejoining of DNA single-strand breaks (SSB)
      present in the resting cells (A.P. Johnstone, and G.T. Williams (1982) Nature
      (London) 300, 368). We isolated PBL from donors and determined the amount of SSB
      in nonradiolabeled, untreated resting and PHA-stimulated cells by applying the
      alkaline filter elution technique. Calibration was based on dose-dependent
      induction of SSB by 60Co-gamma-radiation. Quiescent cells did not contain a
      sizable amount of SSB. Mitogen-stimulated cells showed equally low amounts of SSB
      per cell. The present study indicates that the interpretation of the results
      obtained with the nucleoid sedimentation technique concerning the supposed
      rejoining of SSB in PHA-stimulated human lymphocytes is incorrect. Other, equally
      sensitive, techniques such as alkaline filter elution appear to be preferable for
      studies on DNA damage and repair.

PMID- 2914588
TI  - Myasthenia gravis and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.

PMID- 2914589
TI  - Successful treatment of hemorrhagic syndrome due to an acquired, combined
      deficiency of factors VII and X in a patient with multiple myeloma and
      amyloidosis.

PMID- 2914590
TI  - Hypersensitivity reactions to heparin and the use of new low molecular weight
      heparins.

PMID- 2914591
TI  - Fatal paralytic ileus following vindesine chemotherapy in a patient with myeloma
      associated amyloidosis.

PMID- 2914592
TI  - Resistant multiple myeloma treated with mitozantrone in combination with
      vincristine and dexamethasone (MOD)

PMID- 2914593
TI  - Molecular analysis of the bcr rearrangement in a case of Ph'-negative blastic
      crisis of Ph'-positive chronic myelogenous leukemia.
AB  - We describe here a patient with Ph'-positive chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)
      who developed a Ph'-negative blastic crisis. The blast DNA was analyzed on two
      different occasions, at the beginning of the blastic phase and at the end,
      shortly before the patient's death. Although cells from both samples had no Ph'
      chromosome marker (not even a masked one) we could detect a rearrangement of the
      bcr gene in the second DNA sample, using a '3'-bcr' probe. The same probe and a
      '5'-bcr' probe failed to detect any rearranged band in the first DNA sample. No
      rearrangement was identified at the c-myc and N-ras loci, while a slight c-myc
      amplification was evident in both DNA samples tested.

PMID- 2914594
TI  - Immunological recovery and dose evaluation in IFN-alpha treatment of hairy cell
      leukemia: analysis of leukocyte differentiation antigens, NK and 2',5'
      oligoadenylate synthetase activity.
AB  - A low-dose interferon (IFN)-alpha regimen for the treatment of hairy cell
      leukemia (HCL) was evaluated by following changes in leukocyte differentiation
      antigens (LDA), natural killer cell (NK) and 2',5'-oligoadenylate (2-5A)
      synthetase activities. Due to hairy cells' (HC) weak expression of several
      antigens positive for T cells, B cells, NK cells and monocytes, the use of a
      double marker specific for hairy cells was needed to distinguish the different
      subpopulations. Analysis of LDA in peripheral blood (PB) showed a total
      normalization of the T cell and monocyte numbers within 90 days, the number of NK
      cells normalized in 90 to 180 d, whereas normalization of B cell number was seen
      only after 180 to 360 d of treatment. Mean pretreatment 2-5A synthetase activity
      was normal or low, but upon treatment the levels rose immediately to higher than
      normal values and remained high throughout the study. Pretreatment NK activity
      was low, but normalized after between 90 to 360 d, except in 2 patients with
      severe splenomegaly. In vitro incubation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells
      (PBMNC) with IFN-alpha induced activation of the NK and 2-5A synthetase activity
      in untreated patients, but with treatment these effects were gradually abolished,
      indicating an increasing effect of IFN-alpha in vivo with time. These results
      shows that the different PBMNC subpopulations and important immunological
      functions normalize with treatment. This normalization is, however, not seen
      until at least after 1 year of treatment, indicating that the treatment schedule
      should be longer. As no exhaustion to the effect of IFN was seen, as measured by
      the 2-5A synthetase activity, a continuing beneficial effect of treatment is
      anticipated. The increasing effect of IFN-alpha after the first signs of clinical
      effect suggests that the doses used in the present study were higher than
      necessary.

PMID- 2914595
TI  - Haem arginate treatment for hereditary sideroblastic anaemia.
AB  - It has been shown that haem arginate treatment increases blood cell counts,
      improves the sideroblast status of the bone marrow and normalises decreased
      activities of haem synthesising enzymes in some patients with acquired
      sideroblastic anaemia, or with other types of myelodysplastic syndromes. 4
      patients with hereditary sideroblastic anaemia (HSA), belonging to two families,
      were therefore treated with haem arginate infusions, 3 mg/kg, on 4 consecutive
      days, and thereafter weekly for 10 wk. No effect was observed on the mildly
      anaemic haemoglobin levels or on the red cell counts. However, the initially low
      or low-normal myeloid to erythroid ratio in the marrow increased in all patients.
      A consistent decrease in the percentage of ring sideroblasts and other abnormal
      sideroblasts was seen in 1 patient (Family A), and a temporary decrease of
      abnormal sideroblasts took place during the most intensive treatment period in 2
      other patients (Family B). Two of three initially abnormal haem synthesising
      enzyme activities became normal in Family A, whereas no clearly consistent
      effects on the haem synthesising enzymes were observed in Family B. The present
      study shows that haem arginate infusions can normalise the activities of haem
      synthesising enzymes in some patients with HSA. Further studies are needed to
      evaluate the impact of haem infusions on the iron balance of these patients.

PMID- 2914596
TI  - Trends in the incidence of multiple myeloma in Denmark 1943-1982: a study of 5500
      patients.
AB  - The incidence of multiple myeloma in Denmark during the period 1943-82 was
      examined, based on the files of the Danish National Cancer Registry. A total of
      5535 patients (3023 male and 2512 female) were registered. Over the period 1943
      62 the incidence increased 2- to 3-fold for both men and women, but the increase
      in men was steeper and was seen several years before the increase in women in all
      5-yr age groups from 50 to 75 yr of age. This pattern would be compatible with an
      impact of environmental factors. The increase, also percentagewise, rose with
      increasing age. Since 1963 the incidence has been virtually stable with a
      possibly decreasing trend during the latest 5- to 10-yr period.

PMID- 2914597
TI  - Childhood transient erythroblastopenia complicated by thrombocytopenia and
      neutropenia.
AB  - We report on 4 children with transient erythroblastopenia complicated by
      thrombocytopenia and/or neutropenia. Bone marrow examination revealed severe
      erythroid hypoplasia with normal granulopoiesis and thrombopoiesis. Human
      parvovirus B19 infection was confirmed serologically in 2 children. An in vitro
      study using autologous bone marrow cells after recovery demonstrated IgG-mediated
      inhibition of erythropoiesis in 4 children. Additionally, antibodies directed
      against platelets and neutrophils were detected. These findings suggest that the
      IgG-mediated mechanism may be pathogenetic for the transient pancytopenia of
      these children.

PMID- 2914598
TI  - Cultured human basophils with ultrastructural and ultracytochemical features of
      mast cells.
AB  - To clarify whether in vitro-cultured basophils have features of mast cells,
      basophils grown in semisolid and liquid culture were studied ultrastructurally
      and cytochemically and were compared with freshly isolated basophils and mast
      cells. Ultrastructurally, the cultured basophils had pleomorphic cytoplasmic
      granules, some of which were similar to mast cell granules. However, scroll
      formation, characteristic of mast cell granules, was not observed in cells grown
      in semisolid and liquid culture. Cytochemically, the reactivity patterns of
      acidic glycoconjugates in the cultured cells more closely resembled those of the
      freshly isolated basophils than of the mast cells. In addition, the basophils
      grown in liquid culture showed a more matured form and had stronger reactivity to
      glycoconjugates, acid phosphatase and peroxidase than did the cells grown in
      semisolid culture, suggesting that the liquid culture system was better for the
      basophil.

PMID- 2914599
TI  - Clinical manifestations and laboratory findings in patients with lupus
      anticoagulants.
AB  - Clinical and laboratory features were evaluated in 48 patients with lupus
      anticoagulants and the efficiency of three different assays in the detection of
      lupus anticoagulants was compared. The diagnosis of lupus anticoagulants was
      based on a prolonged activated partial thromboplastin test not corrected in a
      mixture of 1:1 with normal plasma and lack of specific inhibitors against
      coagulation factors. Platelet neutralization procedure was positive for lupus
      anticoagulants in 98% of the patients, tissue thromboplastin inhibition ratio in
      79%, and kaolin clotting time index in 77%. At least one of the assays was
      positive in 100% of the cases. The largest minority of the patients (31%)
      suffered from systemic lupus erythematosus. The others had a variety of non
      immunological disorders. In the 13 patients who had been operated on, only 1 with
      renal failure developed hemorrhagic complications after renal biopsy due to
      thrombocytopathy. The incidence of recurrent spontaneous miscarriage, immune
      thrombocytopenia and positive direct antiglobulin test, anti-nuclear and anti-DNA
      antibodies and VDRL was significantly higher in patients with lupus
      anticoagulants and systemic lupus erythematosus compared to patients with lupus
      anticoagulants but without systemic lupus erythematosus.

PMID- 2914600
TI  - Development of polycythaemia vera in a patient with myelofibrosis.
AB  - In March 1981, a 53-year-old man presented with itching and was diagnosed as
      having myelofibrosis. There was gradual enlargement of the spleen over the
      following 5 yr. His spleen had to be removed in February 1986 because of physical
      discomfort. 3 months post-splenectomy he became polycythaemic. Bone marrow
      examination was consistent with severe myelofibrosis. It was possible to
      demonstrate erythropoietin-independent BFU-E from peripheral blood, and
      ferrokinetic studies showed that erythropoiesis was localised to the liver with
      little bone marrow activity. Thus, despite severe marrow fibrosis, liver
      erythropoiesis was now polycythaemic, suggesting the coexistence of myelofibrosis
      and polycythaemia vera.

PMID- 2914601
TI  - A myelokathexis-like variant of myelodysplasia.
AB  - A 34-year-old woman presented with pancytopenia, profound neutropenia and
      repeated infections. A bone marrow specimen revealed hypercellularity with
      trilineage dysplasia and bizarre granulocytic morphology identical to that of the
      rarely reported myelokathexis. Investigations revealed defects in platelet and
      neutrophil functions and markedly reduced colony-to-cluster ratio in bone marrow
      culture. She required treatment with antibiotics, surgical intervention for a
      gangrenous abdominal wall, and eventually underwent a successful allogeneic bone
      marrow transplant from her sister. This case suggests that myelokathexis is an
      unusual form of myelodysplasia with a relatively benign course and presenting at
      a young age.

PMID- 2914602
TI  - A unique signature identifies a family of zinc-dependent metallopeptidases.
AB  - The primary sequence motif HExxH has been found in many zinc-dependent
      endopeptidases. We show that a larger signature comprising this sequence is
      common to most of the known zinc-dependent endopeptidases, and that the presence
      of the signature can be indicative of membership in the family. A search of the
      protein sequence databases for entries containing the signature retrieved several
      unexpected potential zinc endopeptidases.

PMID- 2914603
TI  - 87Rb NMR studies of the perfused rat heart.
AB  - We have studied 87Rb+ fluxes in the perfused rat heart using nuclear magnetic
      resonance spectroscopy (NMR). A simple model for the interpretation of the data
      is presented. A comparison of radioactively measured K+ fluxes and the K+ fluxes
      deduced from the 87Rb+ measurements shows them to be very similar. This method
      provides a means of noninvasively measuring uni-directional K+ fluxes in the
      heart.

PMID- 2914604
TI  - Improved strategies for the determination of protein structures from NMR data:
      the solution structure of acyl carrier protein.
AB  - The hybrid method that combines the early stages of a distance geometry program
      with simulated annealing in the presence of NMR constraints was optimized to
      obtain structures fully consistent with the observed NMR data. This was achieved
      by using more restrictive bounds of the NOE constraints than those usually used
      in the literature and by grouping the NOEs into classes dependent on the quality
      of the experimental NOE data. The 'floating' stereospecific assignment introduced
      at the simulated annealing stage of the calculations further improved the
      definition of the local conformation. An improved sampling and convergence
      property of the hybrid method was obtained by means of fitting the substructure
      obtained from the distance geometry program to different conformations. Compared
      to the standard hybrid methods, this procedure gave superior structures for a 77
      amino acid protein, acyl carrier protein from Escherichia coli.

PMID- 2914605
TI  - One of two subunits of masking protein in latent TGF-beta is a part of pro-TGF
      beta.
AB  - A high molecular mass latent form of transforming growth factor type-beta (TGF
      beta) was purified to homogeneity from rat platelets by a seven-step procedure
      involving group-specific affinity chromatographies on Red-Toyopearl and zinc
      chelating-Sepharose. The purified latent TGF-beta was a complex of TGF-beta (25
      kDa) and the binding protein previously named masking protein (approximately 400
      kDa) [(1986) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 141, 176-184]. Analysis of the
      peptide structure by gel electrophoresis showed that the masking protein
      consisted of two subunits of 39 kDa and 105-120 kDa linked by disulfide bonds. N
      terminal amino-acid sequencing of the 39 kDa subunit indicated that this subunit
      was identical to the N-terminal part of the TGF-beta precursor.

PMID- 2914606
TI  - The tetanus toxin light chain inhibits exocytosis.
AB  - The intracellular action on exocytosis of various forms of tetanus toxin was
      studied using adrenal medullary chromaffin cells, the membrane barrier of which
      has been removed by permeabilization with streptolysin O. Such cells still
      release catecholamines on stimulation with calcium. The two-chain form of tetanus
      toxin (67 nmol/l) strongly inhibited exocytosis, but only if dithiothreitol was
      present as a reducing agent. Purified light chain completely prevented
      [3H]noradrenaline release with a half-maximal effect at about 5 nmol/l. Heavy
      chain (up to 11 nmol/l) and unprocessed single-chain toxin (up to 133 nmol/l)
      were without effect. It is concluded that the original single-chain form of
      tetanus toxin has to be processed by proteolysis and reduction to yield a light
      chain which inhibits transmitter release.

PMID- 2914607
TI  - Calcium regulates the rate of rhodopsin disactivation and the primary
      amplification step in visual transduction.
AB  - The kinetics of the light-induced activation of transducin as well as the
      subsequent disactivation process can be monitored by means of a specific light
      scattering transient PA. In this communication it is demonstrated that the rate
      of transducin disactivation is calcium dependent, increasing when the calcium
      concentration is decreased. As a consequence of the accelerated recovery in low
      calcium, the time to the peak of the transducin activation process is shortened
      and the gain of the primary amplification step, i.e. the number of transducin
      molecules activated per bleached rhodopsin, is reduced. Experiments using
      hydroxylamine as an artificial quencher of rhodopsin activity suggest that
      calcium acts upon rhodopsin kinase and not upon the rate of the GTPase. This
      would indicate that calcium may control visual adaptation not only by regulating
      guanine cyclase activity, but also by affecting the primary step in the
      transduction cascade, the rhodopsin-transducin coupling.

PMID- 2914608
TI  - Ricin A-chain induces fusion of small unilamellar vesicles at neutral pH.
AB  - The interaction of ricin and its constituent polypeptides, the A- and B-chain,
      with small unilamellar vesicles of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) or
      dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) was investigated by means of differential
      scanning calorimetry measurements. The A-chain, at neutral pH, entirely shifted
      the endothermic peak of small unilamellar vesicles of DPPC from 37 degrees C to
      41 degrees C at low protein/lipid ratios. The potency of either ricin or the B
      chain to induce the shift of endothermic peak was much less than that of the A
      chain. The A-chain was also found to cause mixing of endothermic peaks of DMPC
      vesicles and DPPC vesicles. These data strongly suggest that the A-chain has the
      ability to induce fusion of phospholipid vesicles.

PMID- 2914609
TI  - One left-handed strand in DNA-oligonucleotide complexes?
AB  - A single strand of oligonucleotide can bind to double helical DNA under certain
      conditions. This must involve some unwinding of the original double helix in a
      process leading to the formation of a three-stranded region. The free energy for
      such an entropically unlikely reaction may come from a change in the degree of
      supercoiling of the original DNA. The conformation of the triple strand is
      investigated here using computer graphics and molecular mechanics calculations.
      It is suggested that on binding the oligonucleotide (strand 3) to two paired
      strands (1 and 2) in a supercoiled DNA molecule, strand 2 might adopt a left
      handed conformation whilst strand 1 and strand 3 pair in the normal Watson-Crick
      B-configuration.

PMID- 2914610
TI  - Selective cleavage of skeletal myosin subfragment-1 to form a 26 kDa peptide
      which shows ATP-sensitive actin binding.
AB  - A 26 kDa peptide has been cleaved from the C-terminus of the S1 heavy chain with
      formic acid. Cleavage occurs in the '50 kDa' domain probably at the Asp-600-Pro
      601 bond. This fragment has been renatured in the presence of the A2 light chain
      and the 26 kDa(A2) complex shown to interact with actin in an ATP-sensitive
      manner.

PMID- 2914611
TI  - The refined 2.0 A X-ray crystal structure of the complex formed between bovine
      beta-trypsin and CMTI-I, a trypsin inhibitor from squash seeds (Cucurbita
      maxima). Topological similarity of the squash seed inhibitors with the
      carboxypeptidase A inhibitor from potatoes.
AB  - The stoichiometric complex formed between bovine beta-trypsin and the Cucurbita
      maxima trypsin inhibitor I (CMTI-I) was crystallized and its X-ray crystal
      structure determined using Patterson search techniques. Its structure has been
      crystallographically refined to a final R value of 0.152 (6.0-2.0 A). CMTI-I is
      of ellipsoidal shape; it lacks helices or beta-sheets, but consists of turns and
      connecting short polypeptide stretches. The disulfide pairing is CYS-3I-20I, Cys
      10I-22I and Cys-16I-28I. According to the polypeptide fold and disulfide
      connectivity its structure resembles that of the carboxypeptidase A inhibitor
      from potatoes. Thirteen of the 29 inhibitor residues are in direct contact with
      trypsin; most of them are in the primary binding segment Val-2I (P4)-Glu-9I (P4')
      which contains the reactive site bond Arg-5I-Ile-6I and is in a conformation
      observed also for other serine proteinase inhibitors.

PMID- 2914612
TI  - The fast-twitch muscle calsequestrin isoform predominates in rabbit slow-twitch
      soleus muscle.
AB  - The major form of calsequestrin in rabbit slow-twitch soleus muscle is shown to
      be identical to that isolated and cloned from rabbit fast-twitch muscle on the
      following bases: identity of cDNAs cloned from mRNAs from the two muscle sources;
      equivalent hybridization of a fast-twitch calsequestrin cDNA probe to mRNAs
      isolated from fast-twitch and slow-twitch muscles; identity of the 23 amino
      terminal amino acids; strong binding of 45Ca2+ in a gel overlay of slow muscle
      sarcoplasmic reticulum protein to a band at the level of the fast-twitch
      calsequestrin isoform and only weak binding at the level of the cardiac isoform.
      No evidence was obtained for developmentally regulated alternative splicing of
      the calsequestrin transcript in mature slow or fast-twitch muscle.

PMID- 2914613
TI  - Identification of cholera toxin-binding sites in the nucleus of intestinal
      epithelial cells.
AB  - Post-embedding immunogold electron microscopy shows several binding sites for
      cholera toxin in mouse intestinal epithelial cells, particularly in the
      heterochromatin of the nucleus as well as in the plasma membrane. Anti
      ganglioside GM1 antibodies also bound to the nucleus, but did not interfere with
      the binding of toxin. 125I-labelled toxin bound specifically to a nuclear
      preparation from rabbit intestinal cells.

PMID- 2914614
TI  - Identification of the cartilage alpha 1(XI) chain in type V collagen from bovine
      bone.
AB  - Type V collagen prepared from bovine bone was resolved into three distinct alpha
      chains by high performance liquid chromatography and gel electrophoresis. Peptide
      mapping established two chains as alpha 1(V) and alpha 2(V) as expected and the
      third as the cartilage alpha 1(XI) chain (previously thought to be unique to
      cartilage). In adult bone, the type V collagen fraction was richer in alpha 1(XI)
      chains than in fetal bone (about 1/3 of the chains in the adult). How these
      polypeptides are organized into native molecules is not yet clear, though the
      stoichiometry suggests cross-type heterotrimers between the type V and XI chains.

PMID- 2914615
TI  - Cleavages of aromatic ring and beta-O-4 bond of synthetic lignin (DHP) by lignin
      peroxidase.
AB  - Lignin peroxidase from a white-rot basidiomycete, Phanerochaete chrysosporium,
      catalyzed cleavages of the aromatic ring and the beta-O-4 bond of a synthetic
      lignin, a dehydrogenation copolymer (DHP) of coniferyl alcohol and a (beta-O-4)
      (beta-beta) lignin substructure model trimer.

PMID- 2914616
TI  - Depolarization of human neuroblastoma cells as a result of muscarinic receptor
      induced rise in cytosolic Ca2+.
AB  - The role of intracellular free Ca2+ in muscarinic-receptor linked depolarization
      of SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells has been determined by using the bisoxonol
      membrane potential probe DiBaC4-(3) and intracellular Ca2+ indicator fura-2
      respectively. Carbachol and the Ca2+ ionophore, ionomycin, at concentrations
      which caused similar rises in intracellular Ca2+ increased the bisoxonol
      fluorescence (depolarization) to the same extent. The membrane potential
      responses, but not the changes in intracellular Ca2+, were dependent on
      extracellular Na+. Ionomycin depletion of intracellular Ca2+ with EGTA and
      ionomycin or loading the cells with a Ca2+ buffer, BAPTA, reduced the carbachol
      induced depolarization. The results suggest that a rise in intracellular Ca2+ may
      cause depolarization through an increase in the Na+ permeability.

PMID- 2914617
TI  - XANES spectroscopy sensitivity to small electronic changes. Case of carp
      azidomethemoglobin.
AB  - Spin states equilibrium of hemoglobin-iron varies with external conditions: pH,
      allosteric effectors, temperature. The small electronic reorganization of the
      iron caused by the spin state changes has been detected by X-ray absorption near
      edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy at room temperature. The iron K-edge region
      which is sensitive to spin state is located in 7110-7130 eV. Here are presented
      the 100% high spin and 100% low spin XANES spectra of carp azido ferric
      hemoglobin.

PMID- 2914618
TI  - Short model peptides having a high alpha-helical tendency: design and solution
      properties.
AB  - Secondary structure is not typically observed for small peptides in solution.
      Several of the properties of alpha-helical peptides are known which lead to the
      stabilization of the structure. The utilization of all the known factors
      important for alpha-helical stabilization in the design of model alpha-helical
      peptides (MAP) is reported. The peptides are based on the repeating eleven amino
      acid sequence, Glu-Leu-Leu-Glu-Lys-Leu-Leu-Glu-Lys-Leu-Lys (MAP1-11). The CD
      spectra of these peptides give evidence for more alpha-helical content than has
      been reported for any short peptide (less than 18 amino acids) to date. This
      alpha-helical tendency does not require the presence of lipid or reduced
      temperature. For instance, Suc-[Trp9]MAP9-3'' amide (5), a seventeen amino acid
      peptide has 100% and 80% alpha-helical contents at 1.7 x 10(-4) M and 1.7 x 10(
      5) M, respectively. Suc-[Trp9]MAP2-11 amide (3), merely ten amino acids in
      length, is 51% alpha-helical at 1.7 x 10(-4) M in 0.1 M phosphate buffer at room
      temperature. In the presence of lipid or trifluoroethanol, the alpha-helical
      content of these peptides is increased. This series of peptides demonstrates the
      complimentarity of various secondary structure design principles and the extent
      to which structure can be induced in small linear peptides.

PMID- 2914619
TI  - Hormone synthesis in human thyroglobulin: possible cleavage of the polypeptide
      chain at the tyrosine donor site.
AB  - At moderate iodination levels (20 iodine atoms/mol) human thyroglobulin (hTg)
      produces after reduction a hormone-rich peptide of 26 kDa which contains the
      preferential hormonogenic 'acceptor' tyrosine (Tyr 5) of the protein. The site of
      cleavage of the hTg chain was demonstrated by analysis of the 26 kDa tryptic
      hydrolysis products. It consistently yielded the peptide Gln-82-Val-129 which
      consequently made it possible to localize the hTg chain cleavage at tyrosine
      residue 130. Evidence for tyrosine involvement in hTg cleavage during thyroid
      hormone formation supports the hypothesis that peptide bond cleavage would occur
      at the 'donor' tyrosine residue and suggests that tyrosine 130 would be the donor
      site reacting with the major hormone-forming acceptor site (Tyr 5) of hTg.

PMID- 2914620
TI  - Developmental regulation of five subunit specific mRNAs encoding acetylcholine
      receptor subtypes in rat muscle.
AB  - The muscular content of the mRNAs encoding the five subunits of the nicotonic
      acetylcholine receptor was measured during postnatal development in the rat.
      Subunit specific mRNAs show differential regulation. The levels of the alpha-,
      gamma- and delta-subunit specific mRNAs decrease steadily after birth, while the
      beta- and epsilon-subunit mRNAs increase transiently and then decrease. The adult
      pattern of subunit specific mRNA levels is reached at 4-6 weeks postnatally. The
      content of gamma- and epsilon-subunit mRNA changes in a reciprocal fashion during
      the first 2 postnatal weeks, supporting the view that differential regulation of
      gamma- and epsilon-subunit mRNA during development is one mechanism mediating the
      appearance of the adult, epsilon-subunit containing, subtype of end-plate
      channel. Denervation of neonatal muscle increases the levels of all subunit
      specific mRNAs during further development. It prevents the postnatal decrease in
      gamma-subunit mRNA and enhances the initial increase in epsilon-subunit mRNA.
      This makes it appear that the epsilon-subunit gene is less sensitive to
      regulation by the nerve in the postnatal period than the gamma-subunit gene.

PMID- 2914621
TI  - cDNA cloning and nucleotide sequence of rat muscle-specific enolase (beta beta
      enolase).
AB  - The nucleotide sequence of rat muscle-specific enolase cDNA was determined by
      sequencing three cDNA clones encoding this enolase isozyme. The nearly full
      length cDNA consists of 13-bp 5'- and 84-bp 3'-noncoding regions and a poly(A)
      tail in addition to a 1302-bp coding region encoding a polypeptide composed of
      434 amino acid residues. The deduced primary structure of this enolase isozyme is
      about 80% similar to those determined previously for rat neuron-specific and non
      neuronal enolase isozymes. Southern blot analysis suggested strongly the
      existence of a single copy of the muscle-specific enolase gene per haploid
      genome. The mRNA for this enolase isozyme was detected in rat skeletal muscle on
      day 1 after birth and its level increased rapidly during 10-30 days after birth
      without any change in its size (1500 bases).

PMID- 2914622
TI  - Characterization of the two rRNA gene operons present in Thiobacillus
      ferrooxidans.
AB  - The organization of rRNA genes from the autotrophic, acidophilic bacterium
      Thiobacillus ferrooxidans has been examined. Two rRNA operons were found in this
      microorganism by means of genomic hybridization studies. Recombinant plasmids,
      pTR-3 and pTR-1 that carry a portion of 16/23 S rDNA from one operon and the 5'
      flanking region of the second operon, respectively, were identified and
      characterized.

PMID- 2914623
TI  - Dimethyl sulfoxide modulation of diabetes onset in NOD mice.
AB  - Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), a hydroxyl radical scavenger, is known as an
      immunosuppressive agent and can reduce autoantibody levels in experimental
      autoimmune diseases. Because classic diabetogens damage the DNA and membrane of
      the beta-cell by the generation of free radicals, the purpose of these
      investigations was to determine whether the intake of DMSO or its derivatives
      methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) and dimethylsulfide (DMS) could prevent the
      expression of autoimmune diabetes in the spontaneously diabetic NOD mouse. DMSO
      (2.5%), MSM (2.5%), and DMS (0.25%) were added to the drinking water of female
      NOD mice immediately after weaning. Control animals were maintained on regular
      drinking water. The presence of overt diabetes was monitored from the age of 2 mo
      by weekly urinary glucose testing until the animals either became overtly
      glucosuric or were greater than 240 days of age. In contrast to what we expected,
      DMSO (2.5%) markedly increased the rate at which the animals expressed overt
      diabetes (P less than .0004, log-rank test). MSM had no effect, whereas DMS
      reduced the incidence and rate of diabetes onset. When DMSO (2.5%) was
      administered to male NOD mice and control strains of mice (BALB/c and ICR), the
      control group did not develop glucosuria or insipidus, whereas DMSO increased the
      incidence of diabetes in the male NOD mice from 21 to 79%. In contrast, when DMSO
      was fed to female NOD mice on a purified AIN-76 diet, diabetes onset was reduced
      to 36%. We conclude that DMSO accelerates the uptake of dietary diabetogens into
      the beta-cell of genetically susceptible animals (NOD mice). The protective
      effect of the purified diet in such animals may be due to a lack of putative
      diabetogens in purified diet, or alternatively, the diet itself contains
      factor(s) that protect the beta-cell from autoimmune attack and/or destruction.

PMID- 2914624
TI  - Total gastrectomy and small intestinal cholesterol synthesis in diabetic rats.
AB  - Cholesterol synthesis is increased two- to threefold in the small intestine of
      diabetic rats. We have observed, in three separate experiments, that the
      characteristic increase in small intestinal cholesterol synthesis (SICS) in
      diabetic rats was prevented by total gastrectomy. Food intake was increased
      twofold, and the small intestine hypertrophied in the gastrectomized diabetic
      animals. In normal animals, total gastrectomy resulted in only a very small
      increase in intestinal cholesterol synthesis. In hyperphagic lactating animals,
      total gastrectomy did not prevent the characteristic increase in SICS that is
      usually observed in this hyperphagic model. These results indicate that the
      effects of total gastrectomy on preventing an increase in SICS are relatively
      specific for the diabetic state. The mechanism by which total gastrectomy
      prevents the increase in intestinal cholesterol synthesis in diabetic animals is
      unknown. Vagotomy did not prevent the typical increase in intestinal synthesis in
      diabetic animals. Additionally, selectively removing either the antrum or fundus
      of the stomach did not prevent the increase in SICS in diabetic animals,
      indicating that the inhibition requires the removal of the entire stomach. It can
      be speculated that the stomach produces a substance that induces the increase in
      SICS observed in diabetic animals and that total gastrectomy removes this
      stimulatory substance.

PMID- 2914625
TI  - Effects of streptozocin-induced diabetes on glucose metabolism and lactate
      release by isolated fat cells from young lean and older, moderately obese rats.
AB  - Streptozocin-induced diabetes (STZ-D) was produced in male Wistar rats at two
      stages of development: young, lean rats, weighing 150-220 g (6-8 wk), and older,
      moderately obese rats, weighing 450-500 g (6-8 mo). A comparable degree of
      hyperglycemia (420-500 mg/dl) without ketosis was generated by injection of 50
      mg/kg i.v. STZ for young, lean rats and 30 mg/kg i.v. for older, fatter rats. The
      animals were killed 8-11 days after injection. Insulin binding by the isolated
      adipocytes of both groups was not significantly altered on a per-cell basis by
      the presence of diabetes. Total adipocyte glucose metabolism, both basal and
      insulin stimulated, was reduced (63 and 88%, respectively) by the induction of
      diabetes in young, lean rats. In contrast, the induction of diabetes in the
      older, moderately obese rats had no suppressive effect on total glucose
      metabolism by their fat cells. Diabetes increased the relative conversion of
      glucose to lactate by fat cells from both groups of rats, but in absolute terms,
      the fat cells from the obese diabetic rats produced significantly more lactate
      from glucose than cells from the lean diabetic rats, both in the absence and
      presence of insulin. Diabetes did not alter the glucose concentration at which
      peak insulin response occurred in either group. We conclude that STZ-D in rats,
      at different stages of development and degrees of adiposity, results in
      quantitatively different alterations of adipocyte metabolism, which appear to be
      postreceptor in nature and result in an increase in glucose conversion to
      lactate.

PMID- 2914626
TI  - IOM study finds NIH's intramural program 'invaluable'. Urges some administrative
      changes.

PMID- 2914627
TI  - Danazol therapy renders red cells resistant to osmotic lysis.
AB  - Danazol, an attenuated androgen, is useful in endometriosis, idiopathic
      thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), and autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA). However,
      its mechanism of action is unknown. We investigated the possibility that danazol
      affects cell membranes directly. Red cell osmotic fragility was studied in
      patients receiving danazol. A significant decrease in osmotic fragility was
      observed. Accompanying the change, peripheral blood smears showed many target
      cells and electron microscopy revealed extra folds in erythrocyte membranes.
      Twenty-two patients were studied prospectively before and after danazol. Osmotic
      fragility decreased significantly (P less than 0.001) in 1 month of therapy and
      progressed with further treatment. A rebound increase (P less than 0.01) was
      observed in 1 month after discontinuation of danazol among 16 patients.
      Incubation experiments showed that danazol-induced changes are not reversed with
      normal sera. Patient sera did not induce the changes in normal red cells. Danazol
      in vitro protected red cells from osmotic lysis at low concentrations but
      enhanced lysis at high concentrations. We suggest that danazol alters red cell
      membranes directly to increase their surface area, inducing target cell formation
      and increasing their resistance to osmotic lysis.

PMID- 2914629
TI  - This is FASEB. The financial structure.

PMID- 2914628
TI  - Hepatocyte function and extracellular matrix geometry: long-term culture in a
      sandwich configuration.
AB  - Adult rat hepatocytes cultured in a collagen sandwich system maintained normal
      morphology and a physiological rate of albumin secretion for at least 42 days.
      Hepatocytes cultured on a single layer of collagen gel essentially ceased albumin
      secretion within 1 wk but could recover function with the overlay of a second
      layer of collagen gel. This culture configuration more closely mimics the
      hepatocytes' in vivo environment and provides a simple method for their long-term
      maintenance.

PMID- 2914630
TI  - Colloquium on scientific authorship: rights and responsibilities.
AB  - The Colloquium on Scientific Authorship was held at the National Institutes of
      Health (NIH) at a time of extraordinary scrutiny by the public of the ethics of
      scientists, as represented by intense interest of the press and the Congress of
      the United States. Indeed, several regulations dealing with scientific misconduct
      have been proposed during the last year in the Federal Register, and new
      legislation has been proposed in the Congress. As a result of these concerns,
      conferences have been organized by the Institute of Medicine, the American
      Association for the Advancement of Science/American Bar Association, the Council
      of Biology Editors, and other groups. The colloquium at NIH, which was held May
      31, 1988, and sponsored by the Intramural Scientists, focused on publication
      practices, especially multiple authorship, as contributing to perceived
      difficulties. The participants suggested various changes in conventions related
      to authorship that might help prevent future problems.

PMID- 2914632
TI  - Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. 73rd annual meeting.
      New Orleans, Louisiana, March 19-23, 1989. Part I. Abstracts 1-4022.

PMID- 2914631
TI  - Animal nutrition.

PMID- 2914633
TI  - Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. 73rd annual meeting.
      New Orleans, Louisiana, March 19-23, 1989. Part II. Abstracts 4023-6650.

PMID- 2914634
TI  - Sensitivity of the esophageal mucosa to pH in gastroesophageal reflux disease.
AB  - To determine the relation between the sensation of pain in gastroesophageal
      reflux and the pH of the refluxate, we studied 25 individuals with symptomatic
      gastroesophageal reflux and positive Bernstein tests. We quantitatively assessed
      the sensitivity of the esophageal mucosa to pain associated with the
      intraesophageal infusion of eight different HCl solutions (pH 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3,
      4, 5, and 6). Test solutions were infused at 8 ml/min through an eight-lumen
      catheter with the orifices placed 5 cm above the lower esophageal sphincter. Each
      subject received all eight solutions in a double-blind randomized fashion. The
      time-to-pain onset increased with increasing pH; i.e., there was a highly
      significant difference between the time-to-pain and pH (p less than 0.001), with
      the time-to-pain significantly longer with increasing pH (r = 0.77). In addition
      to more rapid onset of pain, all subjects experienced pain with the pH 1 and 1.5
      solutions, 80% had pain with the pH 2.0 solution, and half had pain with
      solutions of pH 2.5-6. Fifteen of these subjects underwent 24-h pH monitoring and
      these tests were examined for factors associated with pain. Only 64% of all pain
      episodes were associated with a pH drop of less than 4; the lowest pH obtained
      was not different between episodes with and without pain. Reflux episodes
      resulting in pain were significantly longer than those without pain and were more
      often associated with a recently preceding painful episode. Overall, none of the
      data from the 24-h pH monitoring was useful for predicting pain. The acid
      infusion studies and the 24-h pH data, taken together, suggest episodes of pain
      sensitize the patient for subsequent pain.

PMID- 2914635
TI  - Molecular heterogeneity of human motilinlike immunoreactivity explained by the
      processing of prepromotilin.
AB  - Results of studies on the molecular forms of canine motilin suggest that this
      hormone might be synthesized as a higher molecular weight precursor, as is the
      case for most other biologically active peptides. Chromatographic analysis of
      human duodenal mucosa extracts and of human serum, using motilin-specific
      antibodies, also shows the presence of multiple forms of motilinlike
      immunoreactivity. Cell free translation of human duodenal messenger ribonucleic
      acid (mRNA) and immunoprecipitation of nascent peptides with motilin antibodies
      confirm that motilin is synthesized as a 14-15-kilodalton polypeptide precursor.
      Sequence of the human intestinal motilin complementary deoxyribonucleic acid
      (cDNA) demonstrates that this precursor bears a 25-amino acid signal peptide, a
      single dibasic cleavage site immediately following the 22 amino acids of human
      motilin, and a 65-amino acid polypeptide (motilin-related peptide) following this
      dibasic processing site. Southern analysis of human genomic kilobases DNA
      demonstrates that only one motilin gene is contained within 3.5-4 of human
      genomic DNA. Northern analysis of human intestinal RNA reveals one species of
      motilin mRNA of an estimated 700 nucleotides in length. These results suggest
      that (a) only one gene encodes the synthesis of human motilin in the different
      tissues where this polypeptide is synthesized; (b) human intestinal motilin is
      translated from one mRNA species and the resulting precursor is processed within
      the duodenal mucosa by sequential proteolytic cleavage first at a site within the
      motilin-related peptide, which results in the liberation of a 6-kilodalton form
      of motilinlike immunoreactivity, and then at the dibasic amino acid cleavage
      site, thus freeing motilin 22 from its precursor.

PMID- 2914636
TI  - Activated aluminum complex derived from solubilized antacids exhibits enhanced
      cytoprotective activity in the rat.
AB  - Removing the buffering capacity of aluminum-containing antacids by acidification
      greatly increased their cytoprotective activity over the parent antacid.
      Commercially available antacids were acidified with 6 N HCl. Peak mucosal
      protective activity occurred at pH 2.5, and declined at lower pH. At pH 2.5, the
      antacid suspensions became solubilized and no acid-neutralizing capacity
      remained. This solution was named activated aluminum complex. Based on aluminum
      ion content, each aluminum-containing antacid suspension tested demonstrated a
      comparable increase in potency on acidification against ethanol-induced lesions.
      HCl (pH 2.5) was inactive against ethanol-induced lesions. At cytoprotective
      doses, activated aluminum complex did not cause gastric lesions when orally
      administered by itself, demonstrating that it is not acting as a local mucosal
      irritant. The data suggest that solubilization of aluminum-containing antacids in
      acidic medium enhances their mucosal protective activity, probably by releasing
      an activated species of aluminum ion reported to be a hexaaquoaluminum cation.

PMID- 2914637
TI  - Characterization of the human colon carcinoma cell line (Caco-2) as a model
      system for intestinal epithelial permeability.
AB  - Caco-2 cells develop morphologic characteristics of normal enterocytes when grown
      on plastic dishes or nitrocellulose filters. The purpose of this study was to
      determine whether Caco-2 cells undergo similar differentiation when grown on
      Transwell polycarbonate membranes, and to study the suitability of Caco-2
      monolayers as an intestinal epithelial transport model system. Transepithelial
      electrical resistance values after confluence were 173.5 omega.cm2 and remained
      unchanged through day 17. Permeabilities to the water-soluble fluid-phase markers
      that do not permeate the membrane, Lucifer yellow CH, [14C]inulin,
      [14C]polyethylene glycol, and [3H] dextran were less than 0.25% of the
      administered amount per hour after day 10. Qualitative evaluation of uptake and
      permeability to horseradish peroxidase confirmed the similarity in uptake and
      barrier properties between this cell system and the small intestinal epithelial
      layer. We conclude that Caco-2 cells grown on collagen-coated polycarbonate
      membranes should represent a valuable transport model system for the small
      intestinal epithelium.

PMID- 2914638
TI  - Immunoproliferative small intestinal disease without alpha-chain disease: a
      pathological study.
AB  - Biopsy specimens taken during exploratory laparotomy provided the material for a
      pathological study of 23 cases of nonsecreting immunoproliferative small
      intestinal disease (Mediterranean lymphomas without alpha-chain disease). The
      distinctive pathological feature of immunoproliferative small intestinal disease,
      i.e., a diffuse lymphoid infiltration, was present in the mucosa and submucosa of
      all or a major part of the small intestine. It was composed of a low- or
      intermediate-grade malignant lymphoid proliferation associated in 19 of 23 cases
      with benign-appearing follicular lymphoid structures. These follicular figures
      were surrounded and partially destroyed by the lymphoma cells. This association
      strongly resembles the newly described non-Hodgkin's lymphoma entities of
      perifollicular or parafollicular cell origin. Gross tumors of the small intestine
      were found in association with the diffuse lymphoid infiltration in 10 cases.
      They often constituted foci of lymphoma with a higher grade of malignancy.
      Mesenteric lymph node involvement was frequent and generally in direct ratio to
      the severity of intestinal involvement. A comprehensive study of the lesions
      observed in these cases led to the hypothesis that nonsecreting
      immunoproliferative small intestinal disease could result from the malignant
      change of perifollicular B cells; during an initial period the tumoral cells
      retain circulating and homing properties that explain their infiltrative and
      extensive method of spreading. The possible subsequent emergence of more
      aggressive subclones of noncirculating malignant cells could then explain the
      associated inconstant fungating tumor foci. Further studies using more
      sophisticated immunohistochemical techniques are necessary to establish the
      meaning of the hyperplastic lymphoid follicles, the possible etiologic role of
      benign nodular hyperplasia, the exact identification of the tumor cells, and the
      relationship of nonsecreting immunoproliferative small intestinal disease to
      closely related alpha-chain disease.

PMID- 2914639
TI  - Alterations in serum immunoglobulin G subclasses in patients with ulcerative
      colitis and Crohn's disease.
AB  - We have examined the concentration of immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclass antibodies
      in the sera of 27 patients with ulcerative colitis and 21 patients with Crohn's
      disease as well as in 11 normal controls and 11 patients with systemic lupus
      erythematosus. In comparison with a control mean serum IgG1 concentration of 5173
      micrograms/ml, patients with ulcerative colitis exhibited a significantly
      increased mean serum concentration of 7924 micrograms/ml (p less than 0.05),
      whereas patients with Crohn's disease had a near normal mean serum IgG1 level of
      5898 micrograms/ml. In contrast, control sera had a mean IgG2 level of 2477
      micrograms/ml and ulcerative colitis sera had a similar IgG2 level of 2269
      micrograms/ml, whereas Crohn's disease sera had a significantly increased mean
      IgG2 level of 5111 micrograms/ml (p less than 0.05). Patients with systemic lupus
      erythematosus, like those with ulcerative colitis, had a markedly elevated serum
      IgG1 level of 15,594 micrograms/ml (p less than 0.001) without a significantly
      increased IgG2 serum level (3271 micrograms/ml). Neither ulcerative colitis nor
      Crohn's disease sera exhibited altered levels of IgG3 or IgG4. These data show
      that alterations in IgG subclass concentrations occur in the sera of patients
      with active, untreated inflammatory bowel disease, similar to the previously
      noted changes in the IgG subclasses secreted by lymphocytes from involved
      inflammatory bowel disease intestinal specimens.

PMID- 2914640
TI  - Optical performance of electronic imaging systems for the colon.
AB  - Electronic (video) endoscopes are a significant new development in
      gastroenterology, offering the potential of enhanced teaching and permanent
      storage of pictorial data. The primary concern of gastroenterologists is the
      resolution and color performance of these instruments, as these parameters have
      important bearings on the ability to discern pathological changes in mucosa. We
      sought to determine the resolution and color capabilities of electronic
      colonoscopes and compare them with a conventional fiber colonoscope. Resolution
      was determined using a standard test chart at various distances and the number of
      picture elements (a measure of resolution) was calculated. The mean number of
      picture elements was Fujinon (219), Fiber (172), Pentax (169), Toshiba (142),
      Olympus (140), and Welch Allyn (133). In close focus examination (target
      distances less than 1 cm), the Fujinon and Toshiba endoscopes had significantly
      higher resolution than the other instruments. Color was measured quantitatively
      using a standard color chart and a color analyzer. Color polygons were plotted
      for each endoscope on a reference chromaticity diagram. All systems had an
      acceptable overall performance but color was undersaturated with some systems.
      The optical performance of electronic endoscopes has improved considerably since
      the inception of electronic endoscopy.

PMID- 2914641
TI  - Effect of proctocolectomy for chronic ulcerative colitis on the natural history
      of primary sclerosing cholangitis.
AB  - The effect of proctocolectomy on the primary sclerosing cholangitis that
      frequently is associated with chronic ulcerative colitis in patients with both
      conditions is unknown. We have studied prospectively the progression of clinical,
      biochemical, cholangiographic, and hepatic histologic features in 45 patients
      with both primary sclerosing cholangitis and chronic ulcerative colitis to
      compare these variables in the 20 patients who had undergone proctocolectomy with
      the 25 who had not. The two groups were similar initially with regard to
      clinical, biochemical, cholangiographic, and hepatic histologic findings. All
      patients were followed for a minimum of 1 yr and overall duration of follow-up
      was similar in both groups (4.1 vs. 3.9 yr). Clinically, new onset of
      hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, esophageal varices, and ascites did not differ in
      patients with and without proctocolectomy. Biochemically, the serial changes in
      bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, prothrombin time,
      and albumin were similar. Histologic progression on liver biopsy did not differ
      between groups, nor did changes on serial cholangiograms. Proctocolectomy also
      had no effect on survival. We conclude that proctocolectomy for chronic
      ulcerative colitis has no beneficial effect on the primary sclerosing cholangitis
      in patients with both diseases.

PMID- 2914642
TI  - Hapten-induced model of chronic inflammation and ulceration in the rat colon.
AB  - We have developed a simple and reproducible rat model of chronic colonic
      inflammation by the intraluminal instillation of a solution containing a "barrier
      breaker" and a hapten. Administration of the hapten 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic
      acid (5-30 mg) in 0.25 ml of 50% ethanol as the "barrier breaker" produced dose
      dependent colonic ulceration and inflammation. At a dose of 30 mg,
      trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid/ethanol-induced ulceration and marked thickening of
      the bowel wall persisted for at least 8 wk. Histologically, the inflammatory
      response included mucosal and submucosal infiltration by polymorphonuclear
      leukocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes, connective tissue mast cells, and
      fibroblasts. Granulomas were observed in 57% of the rats killed 3 wk after
      induction of inflammation. Langhan's-type giant cells were also observed.
      Segmental ulceration and inflammation were common. The characteristics and
      relatively long duration of inflammation and ulceration induced in this model
      afford an opportunity to study the pathophysiology of colonic inflammatory
      disease in a specifically controlled fashion, and to evaluate new treatments
      potentially applicable to inflammatory bowel disease in humans.

PMID- 2914643
TI  - Ileal ecology after pouch-anal anastomosis or ileostomy. A study of mucosal
      morphology, fecal bacteriology, fecal volatile fatty acids, and their
      interrelationship.
AB  - Ileal mucosal morphology, fecal bacteriology, fecal volatile fatty acids, and
      their interrelationships were studied in 15 patients with an ileal pouch-anal
      anastomosis and 14 patients with an ileostomy after proctocolectomy for
      ulcerative colitis. Pouch effluent, compared with ileostomy effluent, had a
      greater ratio of anaerobes to aerobes (p less than 0.05), and greater numbers of
      Bacteroides (p less than 0.01) and Bifidobacteria (p less than 0.05). Fecal
      volatile fatty acids, products of anaerobic bacterial fermentation, were also
      increased in pouch effluent compared with ileostomy effluent (propionate, p less
      than 0.05; butyrate, p less than 0.01). Mucosal change in the pouches showed no
      significant correlation with frequency of defecation, completeness of emptying,
      or pouch design, but the degree of villous atrophy was correlated with the number
      of Bacteroides (rs = 0.93, p less than 0.01) and with fecal butyrate (rs = 0.68,
      p less than 0.05). Fecal propionate was significantly correlated with the
      percentage of stool retained after defecation (rs = 0.82, p less than 0.01).
      These findings indicate that the bacterial ecology of ileal pouches has an
      important influence on the morphology of their mucosal lining.

PMID- 2914644
TI  - Ablation of rabbit liver, stomach, and colon with a pulsed holmium laser.
AB  - A pulsed holmium laser (wavelength 2.1 microns, pulse duration 250 microseconds)
      was used to ablate rabbit liver, stomach, and colon in vivo. Microscopic
      examination of the tissues revealed zones of thermal damage extending 0.5-1.0 mm
      from ablation sites. In addition, ablation rates were measured using a mass loss
      technique and found to increase linearly with delivered radiant exposure. The
      threshold radiant exposure for ablation was calculated to be 50 J/cm2 with a heat
      of ablation of 7000 J/cm3. Because the holmium laser produces less thermal
      necrosis than current endoscopic laser systems, such as the continuous-wave
      neodymium:YAG laser, and because the ablation rate can be precisely controlled,
      the holmium laser shows promise as an alternative method for endoscopic removal
      of tissue.

PMID- 2914645
TI  - Role of pancreatic enzymes and their substrates in autodigestion of the pancreas.
      In vitro studies with isolated rat pancreatic acini.
AB  - Intrapancreatic activation of proteases is believed to play a major role in the
      pathogenesis of acute necrotizing pancreatitis. Several authors have questioned,
      however, the central role of trypsin in autodigestion of the pancreas. To clarify
      the direct effects of pancreatic enzymes and other related factors on acinar
      cells, we used the model of isolated pancreatic acini. Acini were prepared from
      male Wistar rats by collagenase digestion. Protein synthesis was measured by
      incubation of acini with [35S]methionine. Acini were resuspended thereafter in
      fresh buffer and further incubated for 30-90 min under various conditions [e.g.,
      with pancreatic homogenates, ascites (from rats with pancreatitis induced by
      sodium taurocholate), pure pancreatic enzymes, and other factors]. The percentage
      of release of newly synthesized proteins into the culture medium was regarded as
      a biochemical parameter of cellular integrity. A morphologic score of cellular
      integrity was obtained via light microscopic evaluation of acini at the end of
      the various incubations by measuring the degree of cell lysis, loss of cell
      granules, ballooning, formation of vacuoles, and karyopyknosis. When normal
      [35S]methionine-labeled pancreatic acini were incubated with various factors, the
      percentage of release of labeled proteins into the medium was as follows:
      incubation with HEPES/Ringer's buffer, 1.8%; hemorrhagic pancreatic ascites,
      3.8%; pancreatic homogenates, 2.0%; lipase, 1.8%; phospholipase A2, 3.0%;
      phospholipase A2 + lecithin, 3.2%; trypsin, 2.5%; 5% olive oil, 1.8%; ascites +
      olive oil, 78.3%; ascites + homogenized epididymal fat, 79.9%; lipase + olive
      oil, 32.0%; pancreatic homogenates + olive oil, 28.0%; diolein, 2.65%; and oleic
      acid, 62.9%. The cellular release of radiolabeled proteins showed an inverse
      correlation with cellular integrity as shown by light microscopy. We postulate
      that interstitial release of degradation products from triglycerides by lipase
      causes cellular disruption. Whereas phospholipase A2 and proteases do not seem to
      be very harmful in the early phases of cellular damage, lipase may play a major
      role in acute necrotizing pancreatitis.

PMID- 2914646
TI  - Gallbladder motility before and after extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy.
AB  - To determine whether extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy of gallbladder stones
      alters gallbladder motility, gallbladder contraction in response to intravenous
      cholecystokinin was investigated by ultrasound. Twenty-one patients with
      symptomatic gallstones were studied before and after shock-wave lithotripsy, 12
      with and 9 without concomitant litholytic therapy (combination of ursodeoxycholic
      acid and chenodeoxycholic acid). Gallbladder emptying was significantly delayed
      and less complete in both groups of patients before shock-wave treatment (with
      bile salts: residual volume, 51% +/- 10% and half-ejection time, 40 +/- 5 min;
      without bile salts: residual volume, 46% +/- 7%; half-ejection time, 30 +/- 4
      min) compared with healthy controls (residual volume, 15% +/- 4%; half-ejection
      time, 18 +/- 2 min). Gallbladder motility was not altered in either group 1 day
      and 1 yr after lithotripsy. The findings indicate (a) that extracorporeal shock
      wave lithotripsy has no immediate or long-term adverse effects on gallbladder
      motility and (b) that the defect of gallbladder motility associated with
      gallstone disease is not abolished by removal of the stone.

PMID- 2914647
TI  - Effect of liver regeneration on hepatic cytochrome P450 isozymes and serum sex
      steroids in the male rat.
AB  - Partial hepatectomy in male adult rats results in raised serum estrogen levels
      and demasculinization of certain aspects of hepatic metabolism. Some constitutive
      forms of hepatic cytochrome P450 are sex-dependent and we have previously
      demonstrated demasculinization of cytochrome P450 isozyme distribution in a rat
      model of cirrhosis. As liver regeneration is an integral component of cirrhosis,
      the present study was performed to ascertain the effects of regeneration on
      hepatic cytochrome P450 isozyme composition and serum sex steroid concentrations.
      Adult male rats were subjected to 65% partial hepatectomy or sham-operation. The
      position-specific hydroxylation of androstenedione was used as a probe for
      isozyme activity. Serum sex steroids, hepatic enzymes, and hepatic
      deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis were measured in groups of animals at 0, 6, 24,
      48, and 72 h. By 72 h total microsomal cytochrome P450 in partially
      hepatectomized animals had fallen to 66% of that in nonoperated animals. In both
      partially hepatectomized and sham-operated animals, androstenedione 7 alpha- and
      16 beta-hydroxylase activity returned to preoperative levels by 48 h. However,
      the male-specific androstenedione 16 alpha- and 6 beta-hydroxylase activities and
      aromatase activity remained suppressed in partially hepatectomized liver. Serum
      estradiol increased eightfold in partially hepatectomized rats and peaked at 6 h
      followed by a gradual fall to control values. No change in serum estradiol was
      observed in sham-operated animals. We conclude that demasculinization of hepatic
      oxidative metabolism occurs in regenerating rat liver. The early rise in serum
      estradiol is consistent with a role for this hormone in the changes in cytochrome
      P450 observed, and possibly the process of liver regeneration.

PMID- 2914648
TI  - Calcium carbonate saturation in human pancreatic juice: possible role of ductal
      H+ secretion.
AB  - Saturation with calcium carbonate was measured in human pancreatic juice
      anaerobically collected for diagnostic purposes in 15 patients who were
      ultimately found not to have pancreatic disease. Bicarbonate, PCO2, proteins, and
      total and ionized calcium were measured in samples collected every minute during
      a 20-min period after intravenous administration of secretin (1 U/kg) and, 10 min
      later, caerulein (75 ng/kg). All samples were supersaturated with calcium
      carbonate. The first sample (washing-out sample) contained the highest
      concentrations of ionized calcium (Ca2+) and proteins but was least
      supersaturated with calcium carbonate. Washing-out samples also differed
      significantly from samples under caerulein by having a lower pH (7.52 +/- 0.30)
      and higher PCO2 (103.1 +/- 32.20 mmHg) versus 8.22 +/- 0.15 and 38.4 +/- 4.5
      mmHg, respectively. Values of PCO2 increased and bicarbonate concentration
      decreased linearly with protein concentration in washing-out samples but not
      under hormonal stimulation. This suggests that a concentration of pancreatic
      juice occurs in pancreatic ducts in association with luminal H+ secretion and CO2
      formation, which results from bicarbonate neutralization. During stimulation,
      ionized calcium concentration increased with protein concentration without any
      change of PCO2, so that supersaturation was more pronounced under caerulein than
      under secretin stimulation. Disturbances of the ductal concentration of
      pancreatic juice during interdigestive periods could be important for pancreatic
      stone formation in humans.

PMID- 2914649
TI  - Effect of body temperature on brain edema and encephalopathy in the rat after
      hepatic devascularization.
AB  - Brain edema is a fatal complication of fulminant hepatic failure and its
      pathogenesis remains unclear. To determine its presence in a model of ischemic
      hepatic failure, rats were subjected to a portacaval anastomosis followed by
      hepatic artery ligation. Brain water was measured using the sensitive gravimetric
      method. Preliminary studies revealed marked hypothermia in devascularized animals
      kept at room temperature (26.9 degrees +/- 2.8 degrees C). An additional group of
      devascularized rats was kept in an incubator. As expected for hypothermia, such
      animals had a lower arterial pressure and heart rate; the duration of
      encephalopathy was markedly prolonged. Water content of the cortical gray matter
      was only increased in normothermic devascularized rats: 80.14% +/- 0.31%, normal;
      80.06% +/- 0.22%, portacaval shunt only; 80.42% +/- 0.26%, devascularized at room
      temperature; 81.29% +/- 0.38%, devascularized at controlled temperature (p less
      than 0.001). Such differences could not be detected using the dry-weight
      technique in whole cerebral hemispheres. Astrocyte changes in the cortical gray
      matter were noted in both edematous and nonedematous devascularized groups,
      coupled with the presence of vesicles containing horseradish peroxidase in the
      endothelial capillary cell. This suggests that in this model, brain edema may be
      due to both a cytotoxic mechanism and changes in the permeability of the blood
      brain barrier. Future studies with this widely used model will require strict
      control of temperature to allow interpretation of experimental results. A
      therapeutic role for hypothermia in the management of brain edema deserves
      further attention.

PMID- 2914650
TI  - Increased procoagulant activity of peripheral blood monocytes in human and
      experimental obstructive jaundice.
AB  - We studied the procoagulant activity of peripheral blood monocytes in 41 patients
      with severe obstructive jaundice and in 27 nonjaundiced control patients using a
      one-stage clotting assay. Mononuclear cells from jaundiced patients, tested
      immediately after isolation, expressed low levels of procoagulant activity, which
      were, however, significantly higher than in cells from controls (p less than
      0.01). In addition, after incubation in short-term cultures with and without
      endotoxin, these cells generated more procoagulant activity than did the control
      ones (p less than 0.001). No significant difference in procoagulant activity was
      found between patients with and without malignancy in either group. The relief of
      biliary obstruction resulted in the reduction of both serum bilirubin levels and
      monocyte procoagulant activity. Endotoxin-induced monocyte procoagulant activity
      was about threefold higher in the jaundiced patients who died than in the
      survivors (p less than 0.001). In rabbits made icteric by bile duct ligation and
      separation (15 days), the endotoxin-induced monocyte procoagulant activity was
      markedly increased as compared with sham-operated animals (p less than 0.005). In
      all instances, procoagulant activity was identified as tissue factor. The
      increased capacity of mononuclear phagocytes to produce procoagulant activity
      might help explain the activation of blood coagulation in severe obstructive
      jaundice.

PMID- 2914651
TI  - Pancreaticobiliary ductal union in biliary diseases. An endoscopic retrograde
      cholangiopancreatographic study.
AB  - To assess whether the anatomy of the pancreaticobiliary ductal drainage into the
      duodenum has any relationship with biliary diseases we analyzed 259 endoscopic
      retrograde cholangiopancreatograms. These included 102 normal examinations
      (control group), 95 patients with gallstone disease, and 21 patients with
      carcinoma of the gallbladder. In the control group, 64 (63%) subjects had a
      common channel and 38 (37%) had separated openings for the common bile duct and
      the main pancreatic duct. By contrast, the prevalence rate of a common channel
      was significantly lower in gallstone disease [28 (30%); p less than 0.001]. No
      such difference, compared with controls, was observed in patients with carcinoma
      of the gallbladder. The length of the common channel in the control group (mean
      +/- SD, 4.7 +/- 2.5 mm) was similar to that in gallstone disease (4.6 +/- 2.6
      mm). However, patients with carcinoma of the gallbladder had a significantly
      longer common channel (8.3 +/- 4 mm; p less than 0.001) compared with the control
      group. An abnormally long common channel (greater than or equal to 8 mm) was seen
      more frequently in carcinoma of the gallbladder (8 of 21; 38%) compared with
      normal subjects (3 of 102; 3%) and patients with gallstones (1 of 95; 1%); the
      difference was highly significant (p less than 0.001 for each). These
      observations suggest a close association between the anatomy of the distal ends
      of the common bile duct and main pancreatic duct and the development of
      gallstones and carcinoma of the gallbladder.

PMID- 2914652
TI  - Evidence that vasoactive intestinal peptide induces ductular secretion of bile in
      humans.
AB  - The effect of intravenously administered vasoactive intestinal polypeptide on
      bile secretion was studied in 11 patients with complete biliary drainage. After
      infusion of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, bile volume increased by 65%. In
      the 2 patients investigated, the output of bicarbonate increased by approximately
      250% and the concentration by 50%-70%. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide thus
      caused a bicarbonate-rich choleresis. The output of biliary lipids was not
      affected by infusion of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, whereas the
      concentration decreased by approximately 40%. The canalicular bile flow, measured
      by the clearance of [14C]erythritol, was not affected by infusion of vasoactive
      intestinal polypeptide. The choleretic effect of vasoactive intestinal
      polypeptide thus seems to occur only at the ductular level. The ductular bile
      flow was calculated to be stimulated threefold to fourfold.

PMID- 2914653
TI  - Pancreatic secretory response to intravenous caerulein and intraduodenal
      tryptophan studies: before and after stepwise removal of the extrinsic nerves of
      the pancreas in dogs.
AB  - In two sets of 6 dogs with gastric and pancreatic fistulas, we studied the effect
      of atropine (14 nmol/kg.h i.v.) on the pancreatic secretory response to
      intravenous caerulein and to intraduodenal perfusion with tryptophan (both given
      with a secretin background) before and after stepwise removal of the extrinsic
      nerves of the pancreas, i.e., celiac and superior mesenteric ganglionectomy alone
      or truncal vagotomy alone and truncal vagotomy plus celiac and superior
      mesenteric ganglionectomy. Atropine significantly (p less than 0.05) depressed
      the protein output in the basal state and in response to secretin at each stage
      of innervation. The incremental protein response to caerulein was not altered by
      the various denervation operations nor by atropine. Truncal vagotomy alone
      significantly decreased the incremental protein response to low (0.12, 0.37, and
      1.1 mmol/h) but not high loads of tryptophan. Ganglionectomy in combination with
      vagotomy did not further depress the incremental protein response to low loads of
      tryptophan. Atropine significantly reduced the incremental protein response to
      low loads of tryptophan only in intact innervated animals. Ganglionectomy alone
      did not alter the incremental protein response to any load of tryptophan.
      Ganglionectomy, truncal vagotomy, and atropine did not alter basal or tryptophan
      stimulated levels of plasma cholecystokininlike immunoreactivity. We conclude
      that (a) neither the extrinsic nor the intrinsic cholinergic pancreatic nerves
      modulate the protein response to caerulein; (b) the sympathetic pancreatic nerves
      do not mediate the response to tryptophan; (c) the protein response to
      intraduodenal tryptophan is at least in part mediated by long, cholinergic,
      enteropancreatic reflexes with both afferent and efferent fibers running within
      the vagus nerves; and (d) release of cholecystokinin by intestinal tryptophan is
      not under cholinergic or splanchnic control.

PMID- 2914654
TI  - Role of biliary phospholipids in cholesterol gallstone formation.

PMID- 2914655
TI  - Generalized undifferentiated epithelioma.

PMID- 2914656
TI  - Spontaneous esophagotracheal fistula.

PMID- 2914657
TI  - Manpower in gastroenterology in the United States: a position paper of the
      Training and Education Committee of the AGA.

PMID- 2914658
TI  - Duodenal diaphragmatic lesions and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs.

PMID- 2914659
TI  - Storage of breath H2 in vacutainer and gaseous contamination.

PMID- 2914660
TI  - Food ingestion as a provocative manometric test for esophageal dysfunction.

PMID- 2914662
TI  - Going overboard with mini-mental exams.

PMID- 2914661
TI  - Does early antisecretory treatment limit ulcer development?

PMID- 2914663
TI  - Highlights of the 40th Institute on Hospital and Community Psychiatry.

PMID- 2914664
TI  - NIMH report. Carbamazepine: treatment option for bipolar patients.

PMID- 2914665
TI  - An extramural training program in psychopharmacology: one model for a state
      system.

PMID- 2914666
TI  - The management of HIV infection in state psychiatric hospitals.
AB  - Patients with AIDS and related illnesses are entering state mental hospitals in
      increasing numbers. State hospitals in New York City generally did not plan for
      patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) until the first patient
      appeared; however, over the past five years, approaches to managing these
      patients have evolved in the areas of admission policies, in-hospital care, and
      discharge planning. Strengthening infection control procedures through the
      adoption of universal precautions was the most straightforward aspect of in
      hospital care. Testing for HIV and confidentiality of the test results proved
      most controversial. Clinical leaders urged that testing be done only with pre-
      and posttest counseling and only if the patient has symptoms of HIV infection,
      has requested the test, or has exposed others to infection. The authors describe
      these and other policies addressing medical care, restraint and seclusion, sexual
      behavior, and education and training.

PMID- 2914667
TI  - Warning third parties at risk of AIDS: APA's policy is a barrier to treatment.
AB  - The American Psychiatric Association has adopted a policy stating that
      psychiatrists may warn third parties who are placed at risk by the behavior of a
      patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The author argues that
      although the policy appears reasonable and has well-established precedent, the
      public will ultimately be better served if HIV-infected patients are assured
      absolute confidentiality. He contends that the Tarasoff decision is not directly
      applicable to most HIV-infected patients, that education alone will not be
      sufficient to deter some infected patients from placing others at risk, that
      additional psychiatric interventions will be necessary to reduce the high-risk
      behaviors of those individuals, and that APA's policy will prevent many from
      seeking treatment.

PMID- 2914668
TI  - Warning third parties at risk of AIDS: APA's policy is a reasonable approach.
AB  - The author argues that the American Psychiatric Association's AIDS policy on
      confidentiality and disclosure provides reasonable guidelines for psychiatrists
      struggling to balance their obligation to maintain the confidentiality of
      individual patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) with their
      obligation to protect the community's health. The policy states that notification
      of third parties who may be exposed to infection through the behavior of an HIV
      positive patient is ethically permissible if the psychiatrist has exhausted
      efforts to work with the patient to terminate behavior that places others at risk
      and if the patient understands the limits of confidentiality. The author points
      out that judicious notification is within the medical tradition that includes
      disclosure of a patient's dangerousness in situations involving infectious
      diseases such as tuberculosis and is supported by the duty-to-warn precedent set
      by the Tarasoff decision.

PMID- 2914669
TI  - Characteristics of community support program clients in 1980 and 1984.
AB  - Results from a survey of 1,053 clients enrolled in the community support program
      in 1984 were compared with data on 1,471 clients enrolled in 1980. In 1984 the
      percentages of males and blacks treated was larger than in 1980, and clients made
      increased use of private homes and apartments and relied less on supported living
      arrangements. Both the percentage of clients receiving federal income supports
      and clients' median income as a percentage of the national median declined
      between 1980 and 1984. Fewer clients with schizophrenia and more clients with
      affective disorders were treated in 1984 than in 1980, probably due to
      implementation of DSM-III. Nationwide, the number of clients in the program grew
      from 4,288 in 1980 to more than 350,000 in 1984. The preponderance of
      schizophrenia, unemployment, and history of hospitalization in the 1984 cohort
      suggests the program is meeting its goal of treating the most severely mentally
      disabled.

PMID- 2914670
TI  - A community of buddies: support groups for veterans forced into early retirement.
AB  - Ongoing support groups for veterans who have made a poor adjustment to
      involuntary early retirement are offered by a mental hygiene clinic in a Veterans
      Administration hospital. Most of the veterans have been forced to retire for
      medical reasons. The groups are intended to strengthen their support systems and
      to reduce the negative psychosocial consequences of involuntary early retirement,
      such as isolation, boredom, depression, and impaired social relationships. A
      survey of group members indicated their functioning had improved after group
      participation. They reported better mental health, improved social relationships,
      higher activity levels, and greater satisfaction with retirement.

PMID- 2914671
TI  - A comparison of two crisis housing alternatives to psychiatric hospitalization.
AB  - This study compared outcomes for demographically matched clients four months
      after their admission to two short-term crisis programs. The programs provided
      crisis housing and case management services as alternatives to psychiatric
      hospitalization for clients with severe and persistent mental illness. One
      program met housing needs by purchasing shelter in hotels and boarding houses,
      and the other provided lodging in an eight-bed crisis house. In both programs,
      two-thirds of the clients avoided hospitalization during four-month follow-up,
      and both programs were effective in stabilizing clients' housing and financial
      situations. Clients in the purchase-of-housing program showed an increase in
      substance abuse problems at follow-up. Average client costs were similar in the
      two programs. A critical program difference was the substantially higher staff
      turnover in the crisis house, which was later replaced with scattered-site crisis
      housing.

PMID- 2914672
TI  - The hospitalizable patient as commodity: selling in a bear market.

PMID- 2914673
TI  - Differences between men and women with multiple personality disorder.

PMID- 2914674
TI  - How psychotherapy can help the schizophrenic patient.

PMID- 2914675
TI  - Case management.

PMID- 2914676
TI  - Drug noncompliance.

PMID- 2914677
TI  - Civil commitment.

PMID- 2914678
TI  - Adverse selection hurts competition among insurers.

PMID- 2914679
TI  - Trauma center closings threaten other hospitals.

PMID- 2914680
TI  - Hospitals seek role as venture capitalists.

PMID- 2914681
TI  - It's systematic, automatic quality at Humana.

PMID- 2914682
TI  - Breaking the medical gridlock.

PMID- 2914683
TI  - Enter exclusive contracts for right reasons.

PMID- 2914684
TI  - EPA plans to revise medical waste regulations.

PMID- 2914685
TI  - Asbestos claims to be processed.

PMID- 2914686
TI  - Marketing mammography: education key.

PMID- 2914687
TI  - Hospitals lag in human resources spending.

PMID- 2914688
TI  - Hospitals on hold for data bank protocols.

PMID- 2914689
TI  - Construction trends in health care.

PMID- 2914690
TI  - The first defense: improve MD productivity. Interview by Michele Robinson.

PMID- 2914691
TI  - Court decision offers price-fixing guidelines.

PMID- 2914692
TI  - Annual forecast shows where to beef up budgets.

PMID- 2914693
TI  - Endurance is key to successful turnaround.

PMID- 2914694
TI  - Risk managers need clout, backup to cut losses.

PMID- 2914695
TI  - Hospitals still prefer in-house data management.

PMID- 2914696
TI  - Networking is key to professional development.

PMID- 2914697
TI  - The pathologist as an educator: time for reappraisal.

PMID- 2914698
TI  - Minimal pathologic changes of the lung and asbestos exposure.
AB  - A group of 199 autopsy subjects was investigated for minimal pathologic pulmonary
      changes possibly resulting from asbestos exposure. According to the standards
      proposed by the Pneumoconiosis Committee of the College of American Pathologists,
      features consistent with asbestosis grade 1 (AG1) include findings of bilateral
      pleural plaques, high concentrations of asbestos bodies (ABs) in digested lung
      tissue, and a history of occupational risk. Similar changes without evidence of
      ABs on histologic section and referred to as small airway lesions (SALs) present
      a less well-correlated association. In this study, SALs showed significant
      differences when compared with the features observed in subjects without possible
      asbestos-related pulmonary fibrotic changes. Minimal bronchioloalveolar fibrotic
      changes with concomitant presence of ABs can be considered a mild pneumoconiotic
      lesion (AG1), and SALs may be regarded as an additional indicator of asbestos
      exposure.

PMID- 2914699
TI  - Familial mesothelioma: a report of two families.
AB  - Five reports of familial mesothelioma in which mesotheliomas occurred in two or
      more family members have been recorded in the medical literature. In this report,
      we describe two examples of familial mesothelioma. In one family, three brothers
      who worked in the asbestos insulation industry developed mesothelioma. In the
      second family, the father, who was occupationally exposed to asbestos, died from
      a tubulopapillary peritoneal mesothelioma 11 years before his son died from an
      identical histologic type of peritoneal mesothelioma. Our report, as with those
      previously recorded, suggests that genetic factors may be important in the
      genesis of some mesotheliomas.

PMID- 2914700
TI  - Immunohistochemical study of cytochrome P-45017 alpha in human adrenocortical
      disorders.
AB  - Cytochrome P-450 specific for steroid 17 alpha-hydroxylation (P-45017 alpha) was
      immunolocalized in normal and hyperfunctioning adrenal glands of pigs, bovines,
      and humans, using a specific IgG fraction raised against the enzyme. P-45017
      alpha was present in the zona fasciculata (ZF) and zona reticularis (ZR), but not
      in the zona glomerulosa (ZG), in pig, bovine, and human adrenal glands. In the
      adrenal glands of patients with Cushing's disease, the positive immunoreactivity
      to P-45017 alpha was intense in ZF and ZR, particularly in cortical micronodules,
      corresponding to the sites of active steroidogenesis. Cells of hyperplastic ZG
      and outer ZF in the adrenal glands of idiopathic hyperaldosteronism were negative
      for P-45017 alpha. In aldosteronoma, positive immunoreactivity was observed in
      some tumor cells, which is consistent with cortisol production and its
      responsiveness to ACTH in aldosteronoma. In the attached adrenal glands of
      aldosteronoma, the immunoreactive P-45017 alpha was clearly present in the inner
      ZF and ZR, suggesting persistent androgen production. In Cushing's adenoma, the
      positive immunoreactivity was intense in tumor cells, and the ZR of the attached
      adrenal glands was weakly immunoreactive.

PMID- 2914701
TI  - Occupational status variations in disagreements on the diagnosis of cause of
      death.
AB  - Studies of occupational status-related risk factors in specific-cause mortality
      assume that the proportions of disagreements concerning the diagnoses of the
      cause of death do not vary between different statuses. This assumption was
      verified by the addition of data concerning the occupation of the decreased
      (collected at death registration) to a data set comparing the clinicians' and the
      pathologists' diagnoses at autopsy of the cause of death. It was found that
      clinicians and pathologists were least likely to agree on the diagnoses of the
      cause of death of non-manual workers and were most likely to agree on the
      diagnosis of the cause of death of skilled manual workers. These occupational
      status differences in diagnostic disagreements reached levels of statistical
      significance in the neoplasm chapter of the International Classification of
      Diseases. Artefactual and clinical reasons for these occupational status
      differences are discussed.

PMID- 2914702
TI  - Invasive fibrous tumor of the tracheobronchial tree: clinical and pathologic
      study of seven cases.
AB  - We describe seven cases of invasive fibrous tumors of the trachea and major
      bronchi with distinctive histologies and patterns of growth. The tumors are
      composed of proliferating fibroblasts and have moderate nuclear pleomorphism and
      low mitotic activity. The tumors bear some resemblance to inflammatory
      pseudotumor of the lung, fibrous histiocytoma, and fibromatosis, but differ from
      each of these entities. The tumors are neoplastic and invade down to or between
      plates of cartilage. Because of their proximal location, these tumors are usually
      amenable to sleeve resection. Recurrence is possible. Metastasis has not
      occurred. Distinction from more malignant mesenchymal tumors of the trachea and
      bronchus will prevent unnecessarily radical surgery.

PMID- 2914703
TI  - Adenocarcinoid tumor of the periampullary region: a novel duodenal neoplasm
      presenting as biliary tract obstruction.
AB  - An adenocarcinoid tumor of the duodenum, similar to those arising in the
      appendix, is reported. The tumor presented as a periampullary mass causing
      pancreaticobiliary obstruction. The microscopic features were typical of
      adenocarcinoid with diffuse infiltration of mucosa, submucosa, and smooth muscle
      by tubuloglandular structures lined by enteroendocrine and goblet cells. Signet
      ring cells were also present. It is desirable to distinguish adenocarcinoids from
      adenocarcinomas and typical carcinoids in this setting as, by analogy with
      appendiceal tumors, adenocarcinoids may be expected to have an intermediate
      prognosis.

PMID- 2914704
TI  - The diagnosis of asbestosis.

PMID- 2914705
TI  - Mapping of four translocation breakpoints within the Duchenne muscular dystrophy
      gene.
AB  - There are over 20 females with Duchenne or Becker muscular dystrophy (DMD or BMD)
      who have X-autosome translocations that break the X chromosome within band Xp21.
      Several of these translocations have been mapped with genomic probes to regions
      throughout the large (approximately 2000 kb) DMD gene. In this report, a cDNA
      clone from the 5' end of the gene was used to further map the breakpoints in four
      X-autosome translocations. A t(X;21) translocation in a patient with BMD and a
      t(X;1) translocation in a patient with DMD were found to break within a large 110
      kb intron between exons 7 and 8. Two other DMD translocations, t(X;5) and
      t(X;11), were found to break between the first and the second exon of the gene
      within a presumably large intron (greater than 100 kb). These results demonstrate
      that all four translocations have disrupted the DMD gene and make it possible to
      clone and sequence the breakpoints. This will in turn determine whether these
      translocations occur by chance in these large introns or whether there are
      sequences that predispose to translocations.

PMID- 2914706
TI  - Twenty-eight loci form a continuous linkage map of markers for human chromosome
      1.
AB  - We have used a combination of 30 serological, protein electromorphic, and DNA
      markers defining 28 loci to construct a linkage map of chromosome 1. These
      markers form a continuous linkage group of 320 cM in males and 608 cM in females;
      female genetic distances were on average twofold higher than those of males
      across the map. Among the DNA markers are 10 highly polymorphic markers
      reflecting loci that contain a variable number of tandem repeats, well
      distributed over the length of the chromosome, that will be highly efficient
      anchor points for application of this map to studies of human genetic disease.

PMID- 2914707
TI  - A 1.5-megabase restriction map surrounding MYC does not include the translocation
      breakpoint in familial renal cell carcinoma.
AB  - A constitutional translocation t(3;8)(p14.2;q24.1) segregates concordantly with a
      familial form of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). This translocation moves the MYC
      oncogene, located at 8q24.1, onto the short arm of chromosome 3. Chromosome
      rearrangements that break in or near MYC can result in altered expression of this
      gene and are thought to be a primary change leading to the transformed phenotype
      in certain neoplastic diseases, particularly Burkitt lymphoma. Possible
      rearrangements of this gene in familial RCC have so far not been detected using
      standard Southern blot analysis. We used pulsed field gel (PFG) analysis to
      construct a restriction map that covers a 1500-kb region surrounding MYC,
      including over 1000 kb to the 5' and 550 kb to the 3' side of this gene. The 5'
      end of MYC contains a cluster of cleavage sites for rare-cutting restriction
      endonucleases, indicating the presence of an HTF island. PFG analysis of DNA
      containing the t(3;8) rearrangement shows that the breakpoint is not located in
      the mapped region, making it unlikely that MYC is involved in this form of renal
      cell carcinoma. The map should facilitate study of other chromosome 8
      rearrangements thought to break near MYC.

PMID- 2914708
TI  - Physical fine mapping of the choroideremia locus using Xq21 deletions associated
      with complex syndromes.
AB  - Characterization of several male-viable deletions and duplications with 20 random
      DNA probes has enabled us to subdivide the Xq21 region into seven discernible
      intervals. Almost all of the deletions spanning part of Xq21 are associated with
      choroideremia and mental retardation, with deafness being another common feature.
      The gene locus for choroideremia was assigned to interval 3 spanning the loci
      DXS95, DXS165, and DXS233. Genes for X-linked deafness and mental retardation
      were tentatively assigned to interval 2. Deletions of intervals 4 through 7 were
      not associated with any clinical abnormality. We have constructed a preliminary
      long-range restriction map of intervals 2 and 3 using field-inversion gel
      electrophoresis. The DXS232, DXS121, and DXS233 loci are located on the same SfiI
      fragment, whereas the DXS165 and DXS95 loci could not be linked to this cluster
      using SfiI and SalI.

PMID- 2914709
TI  - The human glucocerebrosidase gene and pseudogene: structure and evolution.
AB  - We report the sequence of the entire human gene encoding beta-glucocerebrosidase
      and that of the associated pseudogene. The gene contains 11 exons extending from
      base pair 355 to base pair 7232 in the overall sequence. The gene promoter
      contains TATA- and CAT-like boxes upstream of the major 5' end of the
      glucocerebrosidase RNA. The two TATA boxes lie between nucleotides (-23)-(-27)
      and (-33)-(-39) and the two possible CAT boxes reside between nucleotides (-90)-(
      94) and (-96)-(-99) in relation to the major 5' end of the mRNA. The
      functionality of the promoter region was monitored by coupling it to the
      bacterial gene coding for chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) and assaying
      the expression of the enzyme in cells transfected with this vector. The
      glucocerebrosidase promoter not only directs synthesis of the bacterial enzyme
      but also exhibits the same pattern of tissue-specific expression as that of the
      endogenous gene. An apparently tightly linked pseudogene is approximately 96%
      homologous to the functional gene. However, introns 2, 4, 6, and 7 have large
      "deletions" consisting of Alu sequences 313, 626, 320, and 277 bp in length,
      respectively. It is entirely possible that the ancestral gene lacks these
      sequences and that they have been inserted into the introns of the functioning
      gene. There is also a 55-bp deletion from a part of exon 9 flanked by a short
      inverted repeat. The sequence data should facilitate development of methods for
      diagnosis of Gaucher disease at the molecular level.

PMID- 2914710
TI  - Localization of nucleotide sequence which determines Mongoloid subtype of HLA
      B13.

PMID- 2914711
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of a rat class I cDNA clone.

PMID- 2914712
TI  - HLA-DP types of homozygous typing cells: DPw3 found in three Dw19 HTC.

PMID- 2914714
TI  - Percutaneous transhepatic cholecystoscopy and biliary endoscopic lithotripsy.
AB  - We have been developing procedures for percutaneous transhepatic cholecystoscopy
      (PTCCS) through the sinus tract of percutaneous transhepatic cholecystostomy
      since 1981, and have used this method on 67 patients with gall bladder diseases.
      We also performed biliary endoscopic lithotripsy with PTCCS and percutaneous
      transhepatic cholangioscopy (PTCS) using a Nd-YAG laser or electrohydraulic shock
      wave lithotripter to non-operatively treat 83 patients with cholangiolithiasis,
      11 with cholecystolithiasis, and four with cholecysto-choledocholithiasis. The
      present paper reports the PTCCS procedures and their usefulness for the precise
      diagnosis of early carcinoma of the gall bladder, and the usefulness and safety
      of biliary endoscopic lithotripsy techniques.

PMID- 2914715
TI  - Duodenoscopic sphincterotomy in a northern Indian hospital.
AB  - In a 36-month period, 154 duodenoscopic sphincterotomies (DS) were performed on
      120 patients in a Northern Indian hospital. The major indication for DS was
      choledocholithiasis (95.8%), the rest being done for indications like papillary
      stenosis, periampullary carcinoma and the sump syndrome. Seven patients (5.8%)
      had significant associated medical illnesses. An adequate sphincterotomy was
      achieved in 91.6% of patients, with successful stone extraction in 95.3% of them.
      Overall clearance of the common bile duct (CBD) was thus achieved in 87.5% of the
      patients subjected to DS. Two patients (1.7%) died after undergoing DS, and six
      (5%) experienced early complications that necessitated emergency operation in two
      of them (1.7%). DS appears to be the treatment of choice for the management of
      choledocholithiasis in the postcholecystectomy patient as well as in the patient
      with gallbladder in situ who has cholangitis or jaundice or associated medical
      illness that may constitute a high risk for surgery.

PMID- 2914713
TI  - Three new class I HLA alleles: structure of mRNAs and alternative mechanisms of
      processing.
AB  - Sixteen HLA class I clones have been isolated from a SV40-transformed human
      fibroblast line (GM637) cDNA library. The clones, characterized by hybridization
      to ABC locus-specific probes and sequence analysis, correspond to transcripts
      from four different class I genes: A2, A10, Cw4, and Cw6 (or Cw7), as implied by
      cell typing. Only the A2 sequence was known. The nucleotide and deduced amino
      acid sequence of the new alleles are reported here, and their structural features
      are discussed. Two independent cDNAs of A2 specificity display an unusual
      polyadenylation site located 100 bp upstream from the canonical one. Moreover,
      two cDNAs pertaining to the same C allele display two alternative mechanisms of
      splicing, which cause either presence or absence in mature transcripts of the
      transmembrane exon 5 sequence. Transcripts missing this region are predicted to
      synthesize a nonmembrane-bound, secreted antigen. A soluble protein, specifically
      reacting with class I-specific HLA antibodies, is found in the supernatant of the
      GM637 cells. The significance of HLA class I transcripts generated by
      differential processing is discussed.

PMID- 2914716
TI  - Lectin binding in colorectal mucosa.
AB  - Lectin binding of goblet cell mucin in human colonic mucosa was studied in
      patients with irritable bowel syndrome, colorectal malignancy and ulcerative
      colitis using plant lectins, Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA) and peanut
      agglutinin (PNA). Normal colonic mucosa demonstrated a strong binding with DBA
      (100%) but did not bind to PNA at all. Colonic carcinomas showed strong PNA
      binding (7 of 15 biopsies) while DBA binding was absent in 14 of 15 biopsies. The
      transitional mucosa showed reduced or absent DBA binding in 6 and positive PNA
      binding in 2 of 15 biopsies. During the active phase of ulcerative colitis, there
      was a loss of DBA binding in 10 of 15 biopsies, which was restored during
      remission in all. One biopsy with severe dysplasia showed PNA binding. It is
      concluded that normal colorectal mucosa binds DBA strongly but not PNA. Malignant
      tissue and transitional mucosa reveal PNA binding often, with decreased DBA
      binding. In ulcerative colitis DBA binding decreases during phases of activity.

PMID- 2914717
TI  - Effect of phenylbutazone on acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis in dogs.
AB  - Experiments were conducted on 24 mongrel dogs to study the effect of
      phenylbutazone on acute experimental pancreatitis. Necrotico-hemorrhagic
      pancreatitis was produced by local infiltration of autologous bile. The severity
      of pancreatitis was assessed by biochemical estimation and histopathological
      examination. Pretreatment with phenylbutazone reduced the severity of
      pancreatitis, both biochemically and histologically (total score 6.0 +/- 1.52 in
      the test group vs 8.33 +/- 1.80 in the control group; p less than 0.01).

PMID- 2914718
TI  - Comparison of serum bile acids with standard liver function tests in the
      diagnosis of liver disease.
AB  - Postprandial sera of seventy patients with liver disease (hepatitis 30, cirrhosis
      19, liver cancer 21) were analysed for total serum bile acids. The mean values
      observed in hepatitis (169.0 mumol/L), cirrhosis (112.15) and liver cancer
      (86.44) were significantly higher (p less than 0.001) than in normal (19.45). The
      frequency of abnormal bile acids was greater than that of the standard liver
      function tests except for alkaline phosphatase in liver cancer.

PMID- 2914719
TI  - Tube esophagogram: a better radiological technique for evaluation of esophageal
      diseases.
AB  - Forty-six patients with suspected esophageal disease were studied by tube
      esophagography. This was performed by positioning a rubber tube in the proximal
      esophagus, followed by swallowing of high density barium suspension and
      insufflation of air through the tube. Comparison in 20 cases showed superiority
      of tube study over conventional double contrast barium, with alteration in
      diagnosis in six cases and additional information in 14 cases. Tube esophagogram
      is a safe, simple and valuable adjunctive technique leading to accurate and
      definitive radiological diagnosis of esophageal disease.

PMID- 2914720
TI  - Saying Si to SI.

PMID- 2914721
TI  - A family with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome.
AB  - Three generations of a family with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome are described. The
      family chart is detailed.

PMID- 2914722
TI  - Hepatopetal flow in Budd-Chiari syndrome.

PMID- 2914723
TI  - Retained common bile duct stones: chemolysis with methyl-tert-butyl-ether.

PMID- 2914724
TI  - Jaundice due to albendazole.

PMID- 2914725
TI  - Omental tuberculosis causing acute intestinal obstruction.

PMID- 2914726
TI  - Percutaneous transhepatic endoscopic access to the biliary system.

PMID- 2914727
TI  - Role of immune serum globulin in post transfusion virus B infection.
AB  - Fifty four blood recipients were administered prophylactic immune serum globulin
      (31) or hepatitis B immune globulin (23) and followed up for six months. None of
      the patients developed either acute hepatitis B or HBsAg carrier state. However,
      7 (14%) had anicteric self limiting non-B post-transfusion hepatitis. Twenty
      (40%) of the blood recipients developed anti-HBs during the follow up period
      suggesting either HBV exposure by subdetectable levels of HBsAg present either in
      blood or immunoglobulin preparation or due to passive transfer by administration
      of immunoglobulins.

PMID- 2914728
TI  - Speciation of viridans streptococci & their significance in human infections.
AB  - Sixty strains of viridans streptococci recovered, from various infections,
      encountered in a large referral Hospital in Tamil Nadu (south India) from
      December 1983 to May 1985 were characterised by conventional tests. Of these, 57
      (95%) belonged to four species viz., Sanguis II, Mitis, Intermedius and
      Constellatus. Of the 40 strains that were assessed for their clinical
      significance, 23 (57.5%) were found to be either significant or of suggestive
      significance. The study suggested viridans streptococci are not particularly
      virulent pathogens. But local/systemic factors were found to predispose the
      subjects to this infection.

PMID- 2914729
TI  - Ischaemic mouse thigh model for evaluation of pathogenicity of non-clostridial
      anaerobes.
AB  - A mouse thigh model has been devised in which the growing culture of non
      clostridial anaerobe in the ischaemic tissue produces inflammatory swelling and
      death. The swelling of the right thigh served as an index of pathogenicity of the
      test strain in comparison to the negatively reacting left thigh which received
      injection of the control strain of Bifidobacterium infantis. Actinomyces
      naeslundii exceptionally caused death in all animals within 24 h. Mortality and
      thigh swelling were pronounced (greater than 75%) in case of Fusobacterium
      gonidiaformans and Propionibacterium acnes but less (less than 50%) in
      Acidaminococcus fermentans. High (less than 75%) rate of thigh swelling was also
      encountered in case of Bacteroides oralis, Bacteroides corrodens, Fusobacterium
      necrophorum, Fusobacterium prausnitzii, Fusobacterium plauti, Peptococcus
      prevotii, Streptococcus intermedius, Eubacterium lentum and Propionibacterium
      freudenreichii ss. shermanii.

PMID- 2914730
TI  - Phagocytic function of monocytes in murine model of Echinococcus granulosus of
      human origin.
AB  - Phagocytic function of monocytes was studied in E. granulosus infected Swiss
      albino mice, with haemolysin coated sheep erythrocytes, Staphylococcus aureus,
      latex particles and- Echinococcus antigen coated latex particles. No significant
      difference in percentage phagocytic activity was observed in mice in the early
      stages of infection when compared to non-infected controls (P greater than 0.05).
      However, in the later stages of infection, increase in the phagocytic activity
      was noticed. The activity was more prominent against latex particles coated with
      Echinococcus antigen (P less than 0.001). Although the significance of these
      responses is not clear, this study showed an intact inflammatory response with
      certain degree of specificity.

PMID- 2914731
TI  - Effect of permethrin impregnated bednets in reducing population of malaria vector
      Anopheles culicifacies in a tribal village of Orissa state (India).
AB  - The role of permethrin impregnated bednets at the application rate of 0.5 g
      (ai)/m2 in reducing A. culicifacies population in a tribal village of Orissa,
      highly endemic for Plasmodium falciparum was studied. The per man-hour density
      was significantly reduced in the Kenduguda village for about three months where
      impregnated bednets were supplied to the villagers, while in the control village
      Deulaguda where unimpregnated nets were supplied, vector density remained high
      during the study period. Bioassay carried out on the treated nets showed that
      there was 100 per cent mortality in A. culicifacies for over three months with
      the unwashed nets as well as with bednets washed once or twice.

PMID- 2914732
TI  - Mechanical properties of carotid arteries from DOCA hypertensive swine.
AB  - Carotid arteries from control and deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) hypertensive
      swine were examined for alterations in structure and in contractile properties.
      Vessels were excised 7 weeks after subcutaneous implantation of the steroid and
      subsequent elevation in mean arterial pressure from 102 to 133 mm Hg. The carotid
      media was 1.8 times thicker in arteries from hypertensive animals than in
      arteries from control animals. This enlargement was associated with an increase
      in muscle mass, as the fraction of the media composed of smooth muscle cells
      remained unchanged. Maximal active stress induced by several agonists normalized
      for cell cross-sectional area was unaltered. No change was observed in
      sensitivity or maximal response to norepinephrine, histamine, or KCl
      depolarization. Isotonic shortening rates were also comparable, as was the time
      course of shortening velocity to a constant afterload during tonic contractions.
      It is concluded that an enlargement of the carotid media develops in this model
      of hypertension. However, this response is not associated with detectable
      alterations in contractile system function.

PMID- 2914733
TI  - Baroreceptor influences on oxytocin and vasopressin secretion.
AB  - The objective of these studies was to investigate the role of arterial
      baroreceptors in the control of neurohypophyseal secretion. The effect of
      sinoaortic denervation on basal and osmotic-induced release of oxytocin and
      vasopressin and on blood pressure was determined. Hypertonic or isotonic saline
      was infused intravenously into sham-operated or denervated rats 3 days after
      surgery. Plasma oxytocin and vasopressin were measured at 5 and 15 minutes after
      the infusion. The control levels of oxytocin were increased in the denervated
      rats, but vasopressin levels were not significantly altered. The vasopressin and
      oxytocin responses to hypertonic saline were greater after baroreceptor
      denervation. Plasma oxytocin was increased from 4.7 +/- 0.9 to 72.2 +/- 8.7 pg/ml
      in the denervated rats and from 1.8 +/- 0.3 to 39.9 +/- 6.7 pg/ml in the sham
      operated control group at 5 minutes after the infusion (p less than 0.01). The
      plasma vasopressin response to hypertonic saline was 7.1 +/- 0.6 pg/ml in the
      sham-operated versus 11.1 +/- 1.6 pg/ml in the denervated rats (p less than
      0.05). There was no difference between sham-operated and denervated rats in the
      effect of hypertonic saline on plasma sodium and hematocrit. Mean arterial blood
      pressure was increased after sinoaortic denervation (116.3 +/- 4.2 mm Hg in the
      sham-operated vs. 138.2 +/- 8.3 mm Hg in the denervated rats, p less than 0.05);
      however, there was no difference in the pressor response to hypertonic saline.
      These results show that the baroreceptor system influences the secretion of both
      oxytocin and vasopressin, with effects on basal secretion as well as the response
      to an osmotic stimulus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2914734
TI  - Differential effect of dietary salt on renal growth in Dahl salt-sensitive and
      salt-resistant rats.
AB  - A high salt diet has been shown to increase renal mass of intact rats, although
      the mechanism by which this occurs has not been investigated. We used Dahl rats
      that are sensitive (DS) or resistant (DR) to the hypertensinogenic effect of salt
      to examine changes in renal size and composition caused by a high salt diet.
      Renal index, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), protein, water content, protein/DNA
      ratio, and cell number and size were measured in age-matched DR and DS on a high
      salt diet for 7, 14, or 28 days. The results were compared with those obtained
      from respective rats on a low salt diet. High salt diet elevated renal index and
      protein in DR and DS rats at each time point. After 7 days of a high salt diet,
      DNA increased in DS only. Protein/DNA ratio was progressively decreased by a high
      salt diet in DS and remained unchanged in DR rats. Cell number was increased 35%
      in DS versus only 13% in DR rats at 4 weeks. Cell size decreased 24% in DS and
      only 11% in DR rats. These results indicate that renal growth due to hyperplasia
      accompanies ingestion of a high salt diet in both DR and DS rats, but the rate of
      growth and the mechanism through which it occurs differ between strains. This
      difference may be important in delineating salt sensitivity and future
      development of hypertension.

PMID- 2914735
TI  - Hemodynamics and microcirculatory alterations in reduced renal mass hypertension.
AB  - The objectives of this study were to determine the hemodynamic and
      microcirculatory changes that occur during reduced renal mass hypertension in
      rats. In conscious animals with 75% reduction of total renal mass, mean arterial
      pressure was initially (4-8 hours) elevated by 15-20 mm Hg during intravenous
      infusion with isonatremic (145.4 mM) NaCl. Cardiac index was elevated by 15-20%,
      and total peripheral resistance index was normal or reduced. Cardiac index
      subsequently returned toward normal, but mean arterial pressure remained elevated
      (20-40 mm Hg), presumably because of an elevated total peripheral resistance.
      Cremasteric arterioles were actively constricted (35-50%) in rats with short-term
      (36 hours), but not chronic (5-6 weeks) reduced renal mass hypertension. Total
      microvessel density was approximately 15% lower in maximally dilated cremaster
      muscles of chronically hypertensive rats versus sham-operated controls, which
      suggests that arterioles are lost during sustained reduced renal mass
      hypertension. Arteriolar constriction in response to increased superfusate PO2
      (0% to 5% O2) was 2-4 times greater in rats with both short-term and chronic
      reduced renal mass hypertension than in normotensive controls, which suggests
      that oxygen-dependent autoregulatory mechanisms are altered. The hemodynamic and
      microcirculatory alterations observed in these experiments suggest that classic
      short-term autoregulatory mechanisms and an enhanced response of arterioles to
      increased oxygen availability contribute to the elevated total peripheral
      resistance in short-term reduced renal mass hypertension, whereas structural
      changes and altered vascular oxygen responses contribute to an elevated
      microvascular resistance in chronic reduced renal mass hypertension.

PMID- 2914736
TI  - Mixture analysis of erythrocyte lithium-sodium countertransport and blood
      pressure.
AB  - This study employs multivariate normal mixture analysis, a technique for
      identifying discrete subgroups within populations, to examine the relation of
      erythrocyte lithium-sodium (RBC Li+-Na+) countertransport and blood pressure in a
      group of 474 healthy adults. After adjusting for effects of age, gender, race,
      height, and weight, univariate mixture analysis of the distribution of mean
      arterial blood pressure (MAP) revealed the presence of only one group, whereas
      the distribution of RBC Li+-Na+ countertransport values was composed of a mixture
      of two groups (p less than 0.00005). When bivariate mixture analysis was applied
      to the combined distribution of MAP and RBC Li+-Na+ countertransport, two
      commingled subgroups were identified (p less than 0.00005). The smaller group
      (19%) had significantly higher values for both MAP (108.7 +/- 16.7 mm Hg, mean +/
      SD) and RBC Li+-Na+ countertransport (0.455 +/- 0.147 mmol Li+/l cells.hr) than
      the larger (81%) group (MAP 93.3 +/- 12.2 mm Hg, RBC Li+-Na+ countertransport
      0.247 +/- 0.080 mmol Li+/l cells.hr, p less than 0.0001 for both differences).
      The relation of MAP to RBC Li+-Na+ countertransport was distinctly different in
      these two subgroups. In the larger group, we found a weak positive (r = 0.21, p
      less than 0.0001) correlation for unadjusted values, which was not significant
      after adjustment. The smaller group, with higher levels of MAP and RBC Li+-Na+
      countertransport, showed significant negative correlations for both unadjusted (r
      = -0.28, p less than 0.008) and adjusted (r = -0.41, p less than 0.0001) values.

PMID- 2914737
TI  - Forearm blood flow responses of offspring of hypertensives to an extended stress
      task.
AB  - The forearm blood flow and other cardiovascular responses of 10 healthy young men
      with a parental history of hypertension to an extended laboratory stressor were
      compared with the responses of 10 age-matched men with normotensive parents. To
      eliminate the effects of the anticipation of stress on baseline measures, all
      subjects participated in a separate 1-hour counterbalanced baseline session in
      which no stress was presented. There were no significant differences between the
      two groups in resting blood pressure, heart rate, blood volume pulse, forearm
      blood flow and vascular resistance, and self-report anxiety, although offspring
      of hypertensive parents exhibited marginally greater (p = 0.08) forearm blood
      flow at rest. During the stress session, subjects played video games for 1 hour
      and avoided mild electric shocks depending on performance. Offspring of
      hypertensive parents exhibited significantly greater heart rate (+19 +/- 6 vs. +3
      +/- 2%), forearm blood flow (+52 +/- 14 vs. +9 +/- 4%), and self-report anxiety
      (+25 +/- 6 vs. +9 +/- 3%) responses to the task. There were no significant group
      differences in blood pressure response to the task. Significant positive
      correlations between forearm blood flow and heart rate responses to the task were
      observed. These findings extend earlier results that suggested healthy young
      offspring of hypertensive and normotensive parents may exhibit different patterns
      of hemodynamic response to stress in the absence of differences in resting blood
      pressure or blood pressure responsiveness to stress.

PMID- 2914738
TI  - Molecular evidence of genetic heterogeneity in Wistar-Kyoto rats: implications
      for research with the spontaneously hypertensive rat.
AB  - Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto ("WKY") rats
      are frequently employed in experimental studies of hypertension. Although both
      SHR and WKY rat strains have been presumed to be fully inbred, recent studies
      have revealed important biologic variability in WKY rats from different
      commercial sources. Genealogic evidence suggests that, in the United States,
      breeding stocks of WKY rats may have been distributed to major commercial
      suppliers as early as the F10 generation. To test the hypothesis that
      commercially available WKY rats are genetically heterogeneous, we performed
      deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) "fingerprint" analysis on genomic DNA of WKY rats
      from two of the largest vendors in the United States, Taconic Farms and Charles
      River Laboratories. We found molecular evidence of genetic variability not only
      among WKY rats from two different breeding facilities, but also among WKY rats
      within a single breeding facility (Taconic Farms). Although some studies have
      suggested the possibility of biologic variability in SHR from different sources,
      preliminary studies have not revealed molecular evidence of genetic heterogeneity
      in SHR from these vendors. In demonstrating genetic variability in WKY rats from
      different sources, the current study provides compelling evidence that rats
      designated WKY do not constitute an inbred strain. Accordingly, the results of
      studies in which SHR and WKY rats are compared might vary because of genetic
      heterogeneity in "the WKY rat control strain."

PMID- 2914739
TI  - Interatrial conduction block with retrograde activation of the left atrium and
      paroxysmal supraventricular tachyarrhythmias: influence of preventive
      antiarrhythmic treatment.
AB  - Patients with advanced interatrial conduction block with retrograde activation to
      the left atrium present a high incidence of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. We
      report the value of preventive antiarrhythmic treatment in these patients.

PMID- 2914740
TI  - Cardiac tamponade as the initial presentation of malignancy.
AB  - We describe a series of five patients who had cardiac tamponade at the time of
      initial presentation as a result of extracardiac malignancy. Three cases had
      adenocarcinoma and two had squamous cell carcinoma. The diagnosis of bronchogenic
      carcinoma was established after appropriate investigations in three cases. One
      patient possibly had a primary malignancy of the gastro-intestinal tract. The
      relevant literature is reviewed.

PMID- 2914741
TI  - Electrophysiologic evaluation of intravenous nicardipine in man.
AB  - The acute electrophysiological effects of intravenous nicardipine (0.014 mg/kg
      per min for 5 minutes) were studied in 12 subjects with estimated normal sinus
      node functions and atrioventricular conduction parameters. The most important
      effects were sinus cycle length shortening, increase of corrected sinus node
      recovery time and reduction of effective and functional refractory period of the
      atrioventricular node. Sinuatrial conduction time, atrial refractory periods,
      intranodal conduction, bundle branch refractoriness and ventricular
      refractoriness were unchanged. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure was reduced.
      The clinical implications of these properties of the drug are discussed and
      compared with those of verapamil, diltiazem and nifedipine.

PMID- 2914742
TI  - The atrial pacemaker: retrospective analysis of complications and life expectancy
      in patients with sinus node dysfunction.
AB  - The safety of atrial pacemakers is still a remaining cause of controversy. Since
      1972, we have implanted 111 atrial pacemakers and we were able to follow-up 100
      patients continuously. Mean follow-up time was 47 +/- 36 months (maximum 154
      months) with a total population time of 391 patient years. Over a period of 10
      years, the cumulative incidence of complete atrioventricular block was 4% (2
      patients). The cumulative incidence of atrial fibrillation was 11% (5 patients).
      Lead-related complications were strongly dependent on the type of the lead and
      the mode of fixation. The cumulative incidence of all lead-related problems was
      19% over a period of 5 years and 33% over a period of 10 years. The cumulative
      survival rate was 85% for 5 years and 61% for 10 years. These survival rates were
      not different from the survival rate of a matched cohort of the normal
      population. We conclude that atrial pacing could be done in patients with sick
      sinus syndrome. The risk of developing a complete atrioventricular block seems to
      be rather low. The main problem of the atrial pacemaker is the fixation of the
      lead which could be reduced by using screw-in-type leads.

PMID- 2914743
TI  - Assessment of right ventricular function in acute inferior myocardial infarction
      using 133-xenon imaging.
AB  - The detection of right ventricular dysfunction in acute inferior myocardial
      infarction is important because of its potentially serious consequences which may
      be remediable with the appropriate therapeutic manoeuvres. A technique has been
      developed to assess right ventricular function using 133-xenon. This technique
      was applied to 26 patients who had sustained an acute inferior myocardial
      infarction. Right ventricular ejection fractions ranged from 7-54%, mean 30 +/-
      11%, which was significantly lower than values obtained from normal volunteers (n
      = 21), mean 43 +/- 5%, and patients with arteriographically proven coronary
      artery disease without previous myocardial infarction (n = 12), mean 39 +/- 9%, P
      less than 0.001, and P less than 0.001, respectively. In the patients with acute
      inferior myocardial infarction 18 patients (69%) had evidence of right
      ventricular dysfunction (right ventricular ejection fraction less than 35%).
      13/26 patients (50%) had clinical evidence of right ventricular dysfunction with
      a mean right ventricular ejection fraction 26 +/- 11% (range 7-54%) which was
      significantly lower than the patients without evidence of right ventricular
      dysfunction, mean 35 +/- 9% (range 16-49%), P less than 0.001. The clinical signs
      had a sensitivity of 72% (13/18), a specificity of 87.5% (7/8) and a predictive
      accuracy of 76% (20/26) when compared to the imaging data. IN CONCLUSION: (1)
      gated 133-xenon imaging provides a method for assessing right ventricular
      function in the setting of acute myocardial infarction; (2) a wide spectrum of
      right ventricular dysfunction occurs following inferior myocardial infarction
      which may not manifest itself clinically.

PMID- 2914744
TI  - Evaluation of myocardial thallium tomography in patients with chest pain.
AB  - Thirty-seven patients with chest pain have been studied by exercise thallium
      tomography and coronary arteriography to assess the accuracy of thallium
      tomography in the identification of patients with coronary artery disease and to
      evaluate whether knowledge of clinical data improves this accuracy. Thallium
      tomography was also used to identify which coronary arteries were stenosed.
      Thallium tomography when compared with coronary arteriography has a sensitivity
      of 97%, a specificity of 75%, and an overall accuracy of 92% for the detection of
      coronary artery disease. When clinical information was made available, these
      results improved to a sensitivity of 100%, a specificity of 75%, and an overall
      accuracy of 95%. In the identification of which coronary arteries were stenosed,
      thallium tomography had a sensitivity of 85%, a specificity of 89%, and an
      overall accuracy of 86%. These results show that exercise thallium tomography can
      be an accurate non-invasive screening test in patients with chest pain thought to
      be angina.

PMID- 2914745
TI  - Surgical pathology of disease of the mitral valve, with special reference to
      lesions promoting valvar incompetence.
AB  - A consecutive series of 459 mitral valves, which had been surgically excised over
      a 6-year period, were evaluated by means of macroscopic and histologic study. Of
      the valves, 379 specimens showed evidence of rheumatic disease (82.6%), 51 were
      floppy (11.1%), while 29 (6.3%) belonged to a heterogeneous group. The last
      included cases of ischemic disease (2.4%), infective endocarditis (2.4%),
      congenital dysplasia (0.9%), rheumatoid arthritis (0.4%), and primary dystrophic
      calcification (0.2%). Eighty-seven patients had had pure mitral incompetence.
      Among these, floppiness of the leaflets was the major indication for valvar
      replacement (58.6%), followed by rheumatic disease (12.7%), ischaemic
      incompetence (12.7%), and infective endocarditis (11.5%). Particular attention
      was paid to the clinical-pathological profile of patients with floppy valves as
      the cause of severe incompetence. This confirmed the prevalence of male patients
      and the frequent incidence of complications, particularly rupture of tendinous
      cords (54.9%). A striking difference was also found between the mean age of those
      patients with and without Marfan's disease (15.3 vs. 53.9 years, P less than
      0.001). Although mitral incompetence in the presence of a floppy valve could
      simply be due to deformity of the leaflets, elongation of the cords and
      dilatation of the atrioventricular junction, in over half of the cases the
      precipitating event leading to surgery was rupture of tendinous cords.

PMID- 2914746
TI  - Facial and immunological anomalies associated with tetralogy of Fallot.
AB  - Dysmorphic facial features were present in 9 of 31 children with tetralogy of
      Fallot anatomy (29%). These anomalies included hypertelorism, low-set ears, small
      mouth, short philtrum, and micrognathia. Ten children had pulmonary atresia, 13
      (42%) had a right aortic arch, and 13 had extracardiac congenital anomalies.
      There were 16 children in the series (52%) who had hospital admissions for
      important or recurrent infections, and 18 who had immune deficiency: low levels
      of T lymphocytes were found in 9, low levels of complement in 8, and low
      immunoglobulins in 3. Embryologically, the cardiac outflow tracts, the aortic
      arch, the face, and the thymus develop at the same time, and all receive
      migrating cells from the neural crest. Teratogenic factors possibly produce this
      constellation of anomalies, which is in the spectrum of the Di George syndrome
      (third and fourth pharyngeal pouch syndrome). It is of importance for the
      management of such children, that their immune deficiency be recognized and
      treated appropriately.

PMID- 2914747
TI  - Double mitral valve orifice and primary pulmonary hypertension.
AB  - We describe the combination of double mitral valve orifice of the complete bridge
      variety, or type 1, and primary pulmonary hypertension, a previously unreported
      association. The complete diagnosis was established by two-dimensional Doppler
      echocardiography and the hemodynamics corroborated by cardiac catheterization.

PMID- 2914748
TI  - Right-sided heart with mirror-image atrial arrangement, complete transposition,
      ventricular septal defect and subpulmonary stenosis.
AB  - An infant is described with complete transposition in the setting of a right
      sided heart, and mirror-image atrial arrangement. A ventricular septal defect and
      subpulmonary stenosis were also present. We discuss the anatomic features of this
      patient, undescribed prior to this case, and their implications for surgical
      repair.

PMID- 2914749
TI  - Electrocardiographic correlates of hyperglycemia in acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - Clinical, biochemical and electrocardiographic parameters were studied in 10
      patients with uncomplicated acute myocardial infarction with hyperglycemia (but
      normal glycosylated hemoglobin), and 15 age- and sex-matched patients with
      uncomplicated acute myocardial infarction without hyperglycemia. The magnitude of
      hyperglycemia correlated with the site and extent of the infarct, the magnitude
      of ST-segment elevation and the levels of 17-ketosteroids in the urine.

PMID- 2914750
TI  - Primary cardiac amyloidosis with pathologic hip fracture secondary to bone
      amyloid.
AB  - A rare combination of primary cardiac amyloidosis and bone amyloidosis is
      described in a 39-year-old female. The presenting features were restrictive heart
      disease and a destructive bone lesion. The diagnosis was confirmed with the help
      of endomyocardial and bone biopsy.

PMID- 2914751
TI  - Degenerative changes in a retina affected with autosomal dominant retinitis
      pigmentosa.
AB  - The eyes of a 17-year-old male donor who was affected with autosomal dominant
      retinitis pigmentosa with variable expressivity have recently become available
      for study. Initial macroscopic examination of the fundus revealed bone spicules
      located in 180 degrees of the postequatorial fundus centered on the inferonasal
      quadrant. Light microscopic examination of the retina showed degeneration within
      each quadrant characterized by an absence of rods and cones in the equatorial
      areas, and the presence of photoreceptors in the more peripheral and central
      retina. Ultrastructural examination disclosed photoreceptors that were abnormal
      in all regions when compared to a control eye from a 26-year-old donor. Intact
      rods were restricted to the peripheral quadrants, and intact cones were
      identified in the fovea and far periphery. In areas of intermediate degeneration,
      many outer segments were either shortened and disorganized or absent. Regions of
      severe degeneration were characterized by the complete loss of the photoreceptors
      and apposition of the external limiting membrane to the retinal pigment
      epithelium. The density of rods and cones was found to be substantially lower
      than normal in all regions. In areas of relatively intact photoreceptor outer
      segments, we found ultrastructural evidence of recent phagocytic activity, and
      fluorescence microscopy revealed no unusual accumulation of lipofuscin within the
      pigment epithelium or subepithelial debris. The choroid and inner retina were
      normal throughout the eye. The normal condition of the choroid, retinal pigment
      epithelium, and inner retina implies that the primary disorder resides within the
      photoreceptor cell.

PMID- 2914752
TI  - Reversibility of retinal adhesion in the rabbit.
AB  - We have studied retinal adhesion in the rabbit using a new technique for
      quantifying adhesiveness by the observation of how much pigment remains adherent
      to the photoreceptors after separation. Previous in vitro work has shown that
      retinal adhesiveness falls within 3 min after enucleation, is weakened by low pH
      or the removal of calcium and magnesium, and is increased by cold temperature.
      This report shows that the effects of low pH, low calcium/magnesium and
      temperature are all rapidly reversible. Thus, restoring normal pH or normal
      calcium/magnesium will restore adhesiveness to control levels, and adhesion may
      be repeatedly weakened or strengthened by the adjustment of temperature or the
      ionic environment. The actions of pH and calcium/magnesium are in part additive,
      while cold temperature can maintain adhesion even in low pH or low
      calcium/magnesium. These findings suggest that irreversible processes such as
      metabolic or enzymatic decay are not primarily responsible for the loss of
      retinal adhesion which occurs so rapidly after enucleation or death. They also
      suggest that retinal adhesion is a multifactorial process.

PMID- 2914753
TI  - Hydrostatic pressure of the suprachoroidal space.
AB  - The hydrostatic pressure of the suprachoroidal space was measured in 18
      cynomolgus monkey eyes by one of two methods: (1) direct cannulation, or (2)
      silicone sponge implantation. The intraocular pressure (IOP) and suprachoroidal
      pressure were monitored simultaneously with the IOP being held at various levels
      between 5 and 60 mm Hg. In eyes with direct cannulation, at an IOP of 15 mm Hg,
      the pressure in the anterior suprachoroidal (supraciliary) space was 0.8 +/- 0.2
      mm Hg (n = 6, mean +/- SE) below the IOP, but the posterior suprachoroidal
      pressure was 3.7 +/- 0.4 mm Hg (n = 8) below the IOP. The suprachoroidal pressure
      in eyes with silicone sponge implant was 4.7 +/- 0.6 (n = 7) mm Hg below the IOP.
      A change in IOP produced a corresponding change in the supraciliary space
      pressure. However, the pressure difference between the anterior chamber and the
      posterior suprachoroidal space increased at higher IOP. This pressure
      differential is the driving force for uveoscleral outflow.

PMID- 2914754
TI  - Expression of transforming growth factor-beta in wound healing of vitamin A
      deficient rat corneas.
AB  - Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is a multifunctional peptide that
      modulates cell proliferation and differentiation in many cell types and
      accelerates tissue repair response. In this study, expression of TGF-beta was
      investigated immunohistochemically in the healing of central 3 mm epithelial
      wounds of vitamin A-deficient (A-) rat and pair-fed controls. In control rat
      corneas, a positive reaction to TGF-beta was not evident during wound healing. In
      A- rat corneas at 4 hr post-abrasion, acute inflammatory cells showing high
      positivity to TGF-beta appeared in the peripheral stroma and gradually spread to
      the central cornea. By 24 hr, these cells accumulated and formed a pseudomembrane
      in the epithelial defect, which also showed an intense positivity to TGF-beta,
      suggesting that the peptide participates even in the acute inflammatory response.
      From about 16 hr post-injury, many fibroblasts revealing intense positivity to
      TGF-beta infiltrated the entire stroma and were part of the healing process.
      Reepithelialization occurred over the pseudomembrane and was completed by 48 hr.
      The central cornea showed remodeling of collagen structure and
      neovascularization. Fibroblasts containing TGF-beta were seen in the stroma,
      indicating that TGF-beta plays an important role in corneal wound healing.
      Indeed, in the absence of vitamin A, a common modulator of cell differentiation,
      TGF-beta may play a more important role in wound healing than in the normal
      state.

PMID- 2914755
TI  - Expression of types I and IV collagen genes in normal and in modulated corneal
      endothelial cells.
AB  - Expression of type I and type IV collagen genes was studied in normal endothelial
      cells and in modulated endothelial cells (formerly designated as fibroblastic
      corneal endothelial cells: FCEC). There appear to be distinct collagen phenotypes
      in these cells; normal cells produce type IV collagen as a major type, while the
      modulated cells produce predominantly type I collagen. The absence of type I
      synthesis in normal cells, and absence of type IV collagen in FCEC were confirmed
      by immunoblot analysis of the accumulated collagen in the cellular and medium
      layers in cultures of these cells. When collagen mRNAs were translated in a cell
      free system, the results indicate that neither type I collagen RNAs in the normal
      cells, nor type IV collagen RNAs in the modulated cells were translated. Using
      cloned cDNA probes, the relative quantities of transcripts of these collagens
      were determined by slot blot hybridization; normal cells, which synthesize no
      detectable type I collagen, were found to contain type I collagen RNAs in similar
      amounts as did the modulated cells, while the levels of type IV RNAs in modulated
      cells were as high as those in normal cells, in spite of the absence of their
      translational products. Northern blot analysis demonstrated that there are no
      distinct differences in the size of type I collagen RNAs in the normal and
      modulated cells. In contrast, type IV collagen RNA in the modulated cells was
      much smaller than the normal cells, suggesting that the alpha 1(IV) RNA is
      readily degraded.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2914756
TI  - Effect of monocular visual loss upon stability of gaze.
AB  - Using the eye-coil/magnetic field method, we measured horizontal and vertical
      movements of both eyes in four patients with monocular loss of vision while they
      attempted steady, binocular fixation of a visual target. We also measured gaze
      stability in two normal subjects while they fixed upon a target monocularly, and
      in one patient with congenital, bilateral blindness. In the patients with
      monocular visual loss, gaze instability was greater in the blind eye, both
      vertically and horizontally, compared either with their seeing eye or with
      nonviewing eyes of control subjects. Gaze instability due to monocular blindness
      resulted from: (1) low-frequency, low-amplitude, bidirectional drifts that were
      more prominent vertically; and (2) unidirectional drifts, with nystagmus, that
      were more prominent in the horizontal plane. Gaze-evoked nystagmus, however, was
      not a feature of monocular blindness. Thus, the gaze instability of monocular
      blindness may reflect disruption of: (1) a monocular visual stabilization system;
      (2) fusional vergence mechanisms; or (3) both. In contrast, bilateral congenital
      blindness led to nystagmus with horizontal and vertical components and a
      wandering null point, indicative of an abnormal neural integrator.

PMID- 2914757
TI  - Analysis of spatial structure in eccentric vision.
AB  - The analysis of spatial structure, ie, the encoding of relative positions between
      pattern elements, was studied in central and eccentric vision. In a two
      alternative forced-choice task the observer had to discriminate between two
      patterns consisting of short line segments. At each trial the two patterns were
      flashed for 140 msec and the observer indicated whether the patterns were
      identical or mirror symmetric. Psychometric functions were measured by changing
      pattern size at each eccentricity in order to find the threshold size allowing
      75% of correct responses. The scaling factor, required for discriminating between
      mirror symmetric and identical patterns independent of eccentricity, was found to
      be similar to the size-scaling proposed by Levi et al (Vision Res 25:963, 1985)
      for vernier acuity tasks.

PMID- 2914758
TI  - Optic disc cupping: prevalence findings from the WESDR.
AB  - Increased cupping of the optic disc is considered to be an indication of pressure
      related damage of the optic nerve. This paper explores the relationship of
      intraocular pressure and cupping in persons with diabetes mellitus, a group of
      people whose optic nerves may be more susceptible to the effects of intraocular
      pressure. Stereoscopic fundus photographs of the seven standard fields were
      obtained in all persons participating in the Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of
      Diabetic Retinopathy at the time of the initial prevalence survey. Measurements
      of disc and cup diameters in the vertical and horizontal meridia were made by two
      trained graders. Cup-to-disc ratios were computed for both diameters of each eye
      and the mean of the two gradings was used. A history of glaucoma was
      significantly associated with larger cup-to-disc ratios at the prevalence
      examination. Cup-to-disc ratios were not larger in those with high IOP, nor in
      those who had panretinal photocoagulation.

PMID- 2914759
TI  - Optic disc cupping: four year follow-up from the WESDR.
AB  - Change in optic disc cupping was evaluated in a 4-year follow-up of a well
      defined cohort of people with diabetes mellitus. Cup-to-disc ratios were computed
      for both vertical and horizontal diameters of each eye at the baseline and 4-year
      follow-up examinations. Graders were masked as to the identity of participants
      and to the dates of the photographs. Increases of at least 0.1 between baseline
      and follow-up were used as clinically significant change in the ratios. None of
      the following factors at baseline were consistent predictors of such a change:
      intraocular pressure, age, duration of diabetes, hypertension or severity of
      diabetic retinopathy. People who developed proliferative retinopathy by the
      follow-up examination were not more likely to have such an increase in ratio at
      the follow-up. We conclude that clinically significant increases in cup-to-disc
      ratio cannot be consistently predicted in people with diabetes from the risk
      factors evaluated with the grading system used in this study.

PMID- 2914760
TI  - Intraocular antibody synthesis during experimental uveitis.
AB  - Determination of intraocular antibody synthesis against certain microorganisms is
      a diagnostic aid in identifying the causative agent in clinical uveitis. Little
      is known, however, concerning the kinetics and specificity of antibodies produced
      during intraocular inflammation. To investigate this subject we induced uveitis
      in rabbits by injecting small amounts of human serum albumin (HSA) into the
      vitreous. Aqueous humor and serum were taken before and after the induction of
      uveitis and levels of total IgG, rabbit albumin and anti-HSA-IgG were determined.
      The anti-HSA-IgG was quantitated using immunoaffinity purified anti-HSA-IgG as a
      standard. Six weeks after intravitreal HSA injection, high levels of total IgG
      (4.7 mg/ml) and albumin (15.4 mg/ml) were observed in the aqueous as compared to
      control eyes (IgG: 0.12 mg/ml; albumin: 0.48 mg/ml). Using albumin to correct for
      blood aqueous barrier breakdown we calculated that only 0.6% of the locally
      synthesized IgG was directed against intravitreally injected HSA. Two months
      after the intravitreal injection of HSA the main signs of the uveitis had
      subsided. A recurrent uveitis was subsequently induced by an intravenous HSA
      injection. This resulted in a marked increase of total IgG (14.3 mg/ml) and
      albumin (24.6 mg/ml) in the aqueous humor of the uveitis eyes. It was remarkable
      that the mean anti-HSA-IgG level (0.62 mg/ml) in the uveitis eyes was higher than
      that seen in serum (0.41 mg/ml). After this secondary uveitis, 9% of the locally
      synthesized antibodies were directed against HSA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2914761
TI  - Cell density of human lens epithelium in women higher than in men.
AB  - Flat preparations of the central lens epithelium in 181 human donor eyes, 120
      male, 61 female, were used to determine epithelial cell density. Donor age ranged
      from 13 to 91 years. A similar linear age-dependent decrease of cell density was
      found in both sexes. In addition, the epithelial cell density was significantly
      higher in females. The age-adjusted mean cell density in males was 5008.6
      cells/mm2, in females 5780.6 cells/mm2. A similar sex difference had been found
      before in lens epithelium of human cataracts. The cause and significance of this
      observation are unknown.

PMID- 2914762
TI  - Cytochalasin D disrupts outer segment disc morphogenesis in situ in rabbit
      retina.
AB  - Exposure of rabbit retina to cytochalasin D (CD) via a single intraocular
      injection results in basal rod outer segment (ROS) and cone OS (COS) discs with
      abnormally large diameters; the overgrown OS membranes extend along either the
      cell outer or inner segment. Twenty-four hours after the injection, basal ROS and
      COS discs appear to have recovered their normal diameter, indicating the
      reversibility of this drug's effect. These data support both the evagination
      hypothesis for disc morphogenesis and the hypothesis that f-actin's role at the
      ROS base is to regulate the initiation of membrane evagination and disc diameter.

PMID- 2914763
TI  - Topical phenylephrine for mydriasis affects rabbit retinal pigment epithelial
      transport.
AB  - Rabbit retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) has an alpha-1 adrenoreceptor that
      substantially reduces RPE short circuit current (Isc) when stimulated. Since
      phenylephrine is a potent alpha adrenergic agonist frequently used to obtain
      pupil dilation, we examined the effect of topically applied phenylephrine for
      pupil dilation on RPE transport. Naive black dutch-belted rabbits received either
      one drop of 10% phenylephrine applied at t = 0 and t = 30 min or one drop of 1%
      cyclopentolate applied at t = 30 min. At t = 50 min, RPE-choroid-sclera explants
      from these animals were sealed in an Ussing chamber. At t = 60-70 min, 1.4 X 10(
      4) M epinephrine was introduced into both sides of the Ussing chamber. The change
      in Isc produced by epinephrine was measured. The Isc reduction in rabbits
      receiving phenylephrine was 26% (+/- 5% SD, n = 6). The Isc reduction in rabbits
      receiving cyclopentolate was 39% (+/- 6% SD, n = 5). These values are
      significantly different (P less than 0.02, student two-tail t-test). These
      results indicate that topical phenylephrine reached the RPE in vivo and
      prestimulated the alpha-1 adrenoreceptors.

PMID- 2914765
TI  - Benefits for women.

PMID- 2914764
TI  - All part of being a woman?

PMID- 2914766
TI  - Osteoporosis--the silent epidemic.
AB  - Osteoporosis is a very common disorder which receives much less attention than it
      deserves, both from the general public and from a large section of the medical
      community. This article describes osteoporosis, the problems it causes and their
      scale, and looks at the prospects for prevention and treatment.

PMID- 2914767
TI  - Women's health--the feminist contribution.
AB  - Health visitor education and practice is seen within a feminist context with
      reference to the patriarchy of language, literature and academic studies.

PMID- 2914769
TI  - Screening: the political context.

PMID- 2914768
TI  - Aspects of women's health care in Finland.
AB  - The article is drawn from experience gained on a management study trip to
      Finland, and begins with a general explanation of the Finnish health care system,
      which is based on local government. Planning progress over the last fifty years
      is outlined, culminating in the present emphasis on primary care. There is a
      short section on family planning, followed by a description of abortion
      legislation and its effects on the birth rate. Antenatal care is also considered,
      particularly the important role of public health nurses and the lack of contact
      during pregnancy with the hospital staff who will attend the delivery. Finally
      the generous Finnish system of maternity leave is described.

PMID- 2914770
TI  - Well you can come in but i'm not having it. The role of the health visitor in
      computer-managed cervical screening.
AB  - Health visitors called on women who had not attended for a cervical smear test,
      following an invitation via a computer-managed scheme. Reasons for non-attendance
      were identified and the study showed that health visitors can be successful in
      encouraging some non-attenders to be screened. However, there are problems
      involved in undertaking such a role, which must be acknowledged if the health
      visitors's time is to be used effectively.

PMID- 2914771
TI  - The changing patterns of women's smoking.
AB  - Women's smoking habits from 1920 to 1986 are described. Nowadays, working class
      women and mothers on low incomes are more likely to be smokers. The attention of
      health visitors is drawn to the conflict these women demonstrate between health
      keeping and house-keeping.

PMID- 2914772
TI  - Women and alcohol.
AB  - The research for this article was carried out while the author was on ENB course
      962 (Recognition and Management of Substance Abuse). It describes the increase in
      alcohol consumption among women, its causes and effects, how women and society
      perceive alcohol, and the type of help available.

PMID- 2914773
TI  - The nutritional approach to pre-menstrual tension.

PMID- 2914774
TI  - Orthopedics in greyhounds.

PMID- 2914775
TI  - Radiographic signs of isolated splenic torsion in dogs: eight cases (1980-1987).
AB  - Abdominal radiographs of 8 dogs with confirmed isolated splenic torsions were
      evaluated retrospectively. Radiographic signs included suboptimal abdominal
      detail, displacement of other abdominal organs, loss of visualization of the body
      of the spleen in its normal position (in the left cranial portion of the abdomen)
      on the ventrodorsal radiographic view, identification of the spleen in an
      abnormal location or shape, splenomegaly, and splenic gas. When the spleen
      location and shape could be identified as abnormal (3 dogs), the spleen appeared
      folded into a C shape in the central portion of the abdomen on the lateral
      radiographic view.

PMID- 2914776
TI  - What is your diagnosis? Lysis of the right temporal bone adjacent to the
      temporomandibular joint.

PMID- 2914777
TI  - What is your diagnosis? Ectrodactyly.

PMID- 2914778
TI  - Death or resurrection for bulk drugs?

PMID- 2914779
TI  - Addison's disease drug available to veterinarians.

PMID- 2914780
TI  - Use of animals in research: can we find a middle ground?

PMID- 2914781
TI  - Animal technician shortage--any solution?

PMID- 2914782
TI  - Analyses needed to link food with listeriosis.

PMID- 2914783
TI  - CDC identifies listeriosis risks.

PMID- 2914784
TI  - Can it be true? A manpower shortage?

PMID- 2914785
TI  - More on benefits of animal research.

PMID- 2914786
TI  - Veterinarians and state reciprocity requirements.

PMID- 2914787
TI  - ECG of the month. The sudden death of a dog with dilatative cardiomyopathy.

PMID- 2914788
TI  - Efficacy of cefadroxil in the treatment of bacterial dermatitis in dogs.
AB  - Cefadroxil was found to be an effective antibiotic for the treatment of canine
      bacterial pyoderma. Bacterial pyoderma was diagnosed in 30 dogs, which were
      treated with cefadroxil administered orally at 22 mg/kg of body weight, q 12 h,
      for 21 to 30 days. Dogs were reexamined at the conclusion of antibiotic
      treatment, and 29 were found to have good to excellent response. On the basis of
      this study, cefadroxil is a good choice in the treatment of canine pyoderma when
      cephalosporins are necessary. Efficacy, frequency of administration, cost, and
      veterinary approval are the major advantages.

PMID- 2914790
TI  - More on living within the practice income.

PMID- 2914789
TI  - Euthanasia of healthy pets.

PMID- 2914791
TI  - Radiotherapy of soft tissue sarcomas in dogs.
AB  - Megavoltage radiotherapy was administered to 42 dogs with soft tissue sarcoma.
      Acceptable local control of these aggressive tumors was achieved after one year
      of treatment. Control rates of 48 and 67% were obtained at doses of 45 and 50
      gray (Gy), respectively. At 2 years, control rates decreased to 33% at the dose
      of 50 Gy. Serious complications developed in 4 of 42 dogs at doses of 40 to 50
      Gy. The estimated dose with a 50% probability for causing serious complications
      was 54 Gy, given in 10 fractions. We believe that the large doses per fraction
      used in this study probably led to an increased probability for necrosis.
      Hemangiopericytomas seemed to be more responsive than fibrosarcomas. Only 2 of 11
      recurrent tumors were controlled with surgery. Good local control was achieved
      with radiation alone for one year at doses with a low probability for serious
      complications; however, higher total radiation doses or combined modalities, such
      as surgery and radiation or radiation and hyperthermia, may be needed for longer
      term control.

PMID- 2914792
TI  - Avocado (Persea americana) intoxication in caged birds.
AB  - Avocados of 2 varieties were mashed and administered via feeding cannula to 8
      canaries and 8 budgerigars. Two control budgerigars were given water via feeding
      cannula. Six budgerigars and 1 canary died within 24 to 47 hours after the first
      administration of avocado. Deaths were associated with administration of both
      varieties of avocado. Higher dose was associated with greater mortality. The 2
      budgerigars given water were normal throughout the observation period. Results
      indicated that avocados are highly toxic to budgerigars and less toxic to
      canaries. Postmortem findings observed in some birds included subcutaneous edema
      in the pectoral area and hydropericardium.

PMID- 2914793
TI  - Branchial cyst in a dog.
AB  - A 7-year-old spayed German Shorthaired Pointer was determined to have a branchial
      cyst in the subcutaneous tissues of the cervical/facial area. Treatment had been
      attempted by aspiration and placement of drains, but without success; the final
      diagnosis was made after microscopic examination of the wall of the excised cyst.
      The means by which fluctuant swellings in this region may be differentiated are
      anatomic location and examination of full-thickness biopsy specimens of cyst
      walls.

PMID- 2914794
TI  - Clostridial myositis in a dog.
AB  - Myositis caused by Clostridium septicum was diagnosed in a 3-year-old Doberman
      Pinscher. The illness was characterized by signs of pain, swelling, and lameness
      of left forelimb. Despite treatment, the dog died. Necropsy revealed crepitant
      swelling over the entire left forelimb, thoracic and abdominal wall, and
      lumbosacral area. Subcutaneous edema and black, emphysematous muscles also were
      found. Histologically, hemorrhages, congested vessels, and degeneration and
      necrosis of myofibers with scattered infiltration of neutrophils were seen in the
      affected muscles.

PMID- 2914795
TI  - Struvite urolithiasis in cats.

PMID- 2914796
TI  - Pulmonic stenosis and right-to-left atrial shunt in three dogs.
AB  - Using cardiac catheterization, pulmonic stenosis and right-to-left atrial shunt
      were diagnosed in 3 young dogs that were evaluated because of weakness, cyanosis,
      and polycythemia. Injection of contrast material into the caudal vena cava or
      crossing the atrial septal defect with the catheter tip from the right atrium
      into the left atrium confirmed the diagnosis. Tetralogy of Fallot, with right-to
      left shunt through a ventricular septal defect, is a more common congenital
      malformation associated with the aforementioned clinical signs. Differentiation
      between the 2 defects is important, because surgical decompression of the right
      ventricle will lead to reduction of right atrial pressure and diminishment of the
      shunt.

PMID- 2914798
TI  - Primary vertebral hemangiosarcoma in a dog.
AB  - A 7-year-old spayed Cocker Spaniel was evaluated for recurrent hind limb
      paraplegia. Radiography and myelography revealed a compression fracture of T-9
      secondary to a lytic process. Findings at necropsy and histologic and
      immunohistochemical examinations revealed 3 sites of hemangiosarcoma in each of
      the bodies of T-9 to T-11. Primary vertebral hemangiosarcoma is rare, and in this
      dog may have represented a multicentric occurrence or a primary neoplasm with
      adjacent metastatic foci.

PMID- 2914797
TI  - Use of danazol for treatment of corticosteroid-resistant immune-mediated
      thrombocytopenia in a dog.
AB  - A routine health screen of a 7 1/2-year-old female Beagle participating as a
      control in a long-term study revealed thrombocytopenia. Immune thrombocytopenia
      was diagnosed on the basis of regenerative bone marrow findings (high number of
      megakaryocytes) and evidence of antiplatelet antibodies. Treatment with
      prednisone at dosages up to 1 mg/kg of body weight every 12 hours resulted in
      limited improvement, with relapses of severe thrombocytopenia thwarting attempts
      to taper the corticosteroid, and was further complicated by side effects of the
      drug. Addition of danazol to the treatment regimen (5 mg/kg, q 12 h) resulted in
      remission of the thrombocytopenia within 2 weeks and permitted the dosage of
      prednisone to gradually be reduced and discontinued. Associated with this
      response was a decrease in platelet-associated IgG to values comparable with
      control samples.

PMID- 2914799
TI  - Professional dental care.

PMID- 2914800
TI  - Arthrodesis of metatarsophalangeal joints in a dog.
AB  - Chronic osteomyelitis and septic arthritis involving the 3rd and 4th
      metatarsophalangeal joints were diagnosed in a Doberman Pinscher. Arthrodesis of
      the 3rd and 4th metatarsophalangeal joints resulted in a subtle persistent gait
      abnormality, but limb function was preserved. Arthrodesis of metatarsophalangeal
      joints is an alternative to amputation, especially when main weight-bearing
      digits are involved.

PMID- 2914801
TI  - Conservative management of fractures of the mandibular condyloid process in three
      cats and one dog.
AB  - Three cats and 1 dog with fracture of the mandibular condyloid process and
      concomitant fracture(s) of the rostral portion of the mandible were treated
      successfully by wire fixation of the rostral mandibular fracture(s) and by
      conservative management of the mandibular condylar fracture. All animals regained
      satisfactory dental occlusion and normal, pain-free motion of the jaw. Fracture
      of the mandibular condyloid process is an infrequently diagnosed injury that
      usually occurs with other mandibular fractures. If satisfactory dental occlusion
      can be achieved by surgical stabilization of the noncondylar fractures, surgical
      repair of the mandibular condyloid fracture may not be necessary.

PMID- 2914802
TI  - Traumatic urethral avulsion at the preputial fornix in a cat.
AB  - A cat with pelvic fractures from being hit by a car had voided no urine in 13
      hours despite iv administration of fluids. Abdominal radiography had revealed the
      pelvic fractures and apparently intact urinary bladder. Urine did not flow from a
      urethral catheter, and contrast radiography revealed the catheter to be extra
      urethral within the penis. Intravenous pyelography revealed intact ureters and
      urinary bladder; celiotomy confirmed intact urinary bladder. Cystotomy and
      normograde urethral catheterization allowed localization of the ruptured urethra
      within the deep subcutaneous tissues of the caudal portion of the abdomen. After
      closure of the cystotomy and celiotomy incisions, perineal urethrostomy was
      performed.

PMID- 2914803
TI  - Give and take on campylobacteriosis.

PMID- 2914804
TI  - Hypersomatotropism and insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus in a cat.
AB  - In this report, we described the clinical, radiographic, and echocardiographic
      findings in a cat with hypersomatotropism and insulin-resistant diabetes
      mellitus. Growth hormone determinations were made because of persistent
      hyperglycemia despite insulin requirements exceeding 2.2 U/kg of body weight, and
      the acromegalic features of the cat. Also, the results of a therapeutic trial in
      which a long-acting analogue of somatostatin was used are discussed.

PMID- 2914805
TI  - Excision arthroplasty for management of coxofemoral luxation in pet birds.
AB  - Coxofemoral luxation, although not a common injury, can cause considerable pelvic
      limb dysfunction in pet birds. Luxation usually is craniodorsal, as it is in
      dogs. Previously recommended treatments have not always been effective in
      managing the injury. Sequelae can include dorsolateral deviation of the pelvic
      limb, with loss of function and bumblefoot in the nonluxated limb, owing to
      abnormal weight-bearing. Excision arthroplasty combined with a muscular sling
      constructed from a segment of the iliofibularis muscle was used to treat
      coxofemoral luxation in a hyacinth macaw, a moluccan cockatoo, and an African
      gray parrot. The outcome was excellent in 2 of the 3 birds.

PMID- 2914806
TI  - Radiophosphorus (32P) treatment of bone marrow disorders in dogs: 11 cases (1970
      1987).
AB  - Between March 1970 and February 1987, radiophosphorus (32P) was used to treat
      bone marrow disorders in 6 dogs; 4 had polycythemia vera and 2 had essential
      thrombocythemia. Activities of 32P given initially ranged from 2.4 to 3.3 mCi/m2.
      Four dogs responded well to 32P treatment, with gradual resolution of high RBC or
      platelet counts. Two of these dogs died of intercurrent disease unrelated to
      their bone marrow disorder, before blood counts could be stabilized. Two dogs did
      not respond to the initial 32P treatment nor to additional treatments with 32P,
      and had clinical signs and blood counts stabilized by use of phlebotomy or
      chemotherapeutic agents. We reviewed and analyzed 5 other cases of bone marrow
      disorders in dogs treated with 32P and included the findings from their records
      with the records of our 6 dogs in this retrospective analysis. Of the 8 dogs with
      polycythemia vera treated with 32P, 5 were given a single treatment that
      controlled clinical signs and blood counts for the remainder of the follow-up
      period. Of the 3 dogs treated for thrombocytosis with 32P, 2 had blood counts
      that responded to a single treatment.

PMID- 2914807
TI  - Effects of contralateral sound on auditory-nerve responses. II. Dependence on
      stimulus variables.
AB  - The suppression by moderate-level contralateral sound of auditory-nerve-fiber
      responses to ipsilateral stimuli at the characteristic frequency (CF) was studied
      in barbiturate-anesthetized cats. The dependence of suppression strength on
      ipsilateral and contralateral stimulus variables, including level, frequency,
      bandwidth, and timing relationships, was investigated. The principal findings
      were: (1) Contralateral-sound suppression is greatest when the ipsilateral
      stimulus level is within the dynamic range of the unit. (2) When the
      contralateral stimuli are tones, suppression is greatest when the contralateral
      tone frequency is at or near CF. (3) Units with CFs above 3-4 kHz are only weakly
      suppressed by contralateral CF tones but more strongly suppressed by
      contralateral broad-band noise. (4) Continuous contralateral stimuli are
      significantly more effective suppressors than are gated stimuli. The
      characteristics of contralateral-sound suppression are compared with the
      physiology and anatomy of the uncrossed medial olivocochlear efferents, the
      subset of efferents which are the primary mediators of the effect.

PMID- 2914808
TI  - Acoustic responses recorded from the saccular bundle on the eighth nerve of the
      guinea pig.
AB  - Previous studies have demonstrated the existence of acoustic responses from the
      saccule in guinea pigs for stimulus intensities above 75 dB SPL. It is well known
      that the saccule receives a double afferent innervation: a bundle of the superior
      branch of the eighth nerve reaches its anterior part and another bundle of the
      inferior branch innervates its posterior part. These two bundles join just at the
      exit of the internal auditory meatus. An electrophysiological experiment was
      performed to investigate whether saccular acoustic responses could be similarly
      recorded from both bundles. Recordings from an electrode tip of 0.2 mm diameter
      were obtained in normal animals and also in animals with a complete and selective
      destruction of the cochlear sensory epithelium induced by treatment with an
      ototoxic antibiotic combined with a loop diuretic. In both normal and treated
      animals acoustic responses with the peculiar very short latency were specifically
      recorded in the area of the junction of the two bundles, they were of maximal
      amplitude on the bundle of the inferior branch. These data confirm in a more
      direct way the saccular origin of the short latency acoustic responses and
      indicate that they are probably conveyed in both saccular nerve bundles but
      mostly in that of the inferior branch of the eighth nerve. Finally these data
      show unequivocally that saccular acoustic responses exist in normal guinea pig
      ears.

PMID- 2914809
TI  - A degenerative disorder of the central auditory system of the gerbil.
AB  - A previously unidentified disorder which affects primarily the cochlear nucleus
      was observed in two species of gerbils, Meriones unguiculatus and M. libycus.
      Unusual lesions were observed in the cochlear nucleus bilaterally in all animals
      examined. In light and electron microscopic specimens these lesions were
      characterized by the presence of microcysts and vacuolar neuronal degeneration.
      The microcysts resembled large holes, containing trabeculae, organelles and
      cellular remnants. Also observed were light and dark degeneration of neuronal
      perikarya and degenerated axons, dendrites, and synapses, accompanied by
      phagocytosis. Astrocytosis was not conspicuous. In the one cochlea examined, no
      microcysts were observed. In young animals the microcysts were prevalent in the
      cochlear nerve root region and the posteroventral cochlear nucleus. In older
      animals the microcysts increased in number and area. In the oldest animals, the
      microcysts had spread to other central auditory structures, including the
      superior olivary complex, the nuclei of the lateral lemniscus, and the inferior
      colliculus. Other regions of the brain were largely free of microcysts. The
      etiology and behavioral manifestations of this disorder are unknown, although it
      is clearly neurodegenerative and perhaps genetically determined.

PMID- 2914810
TI  - The surface morphology of the avian tectorial membrane.
AB  - The structure of the tectorial membrane of the chick was evaluated by scanning
      electron microscopy (SEM), using standard techniques, and, for the first time, by
      studying unfixed tectorial membranes with video-enhanced light microscopy
      techniques (AVEC-DIC). The SEM pictures show a widely varying morphology, ranging
      from a fully perforated tectorial membrane to a completely closed upper boundary,
      with a smooth surface. Based on several indicators, it is concluded that the
      latter presents the more natural state. This was confirmed by the results of the
      AVEC-DIC technique, which show a highly homogeneous structure. In contrast to the
      bulk of the tectorial membrane, its lower surface shows discrete structures,
      especially regularly oriented fibril bundles.

PMID- 2914811
TI  - Effects of contralateral sound on auditory-nerve responses. I. Contributions of
      cochlear efferents.
AB  - The response properties of single auditory-nerve fibers in barbiturate
      anaesthetized cats were recorded with and without simultaneous presentation of
      sound to the contralateral ear. The tendons to the middle ear muscles on both
      sides were cut before all experiments, and contralateral stimuli were restricted
      to levels below the threshold for crosstalk to the ipsilateral ear. Contralateral
      tones and broad-band noise were found to suppress the responses of auditory-nerve
      afferents to ipsilateral tones at their characteristic frequency (CF), but not to
      tones off CF. The suppression due to contralateral sound required approximately
      100-200 ms to develop and to decay. When the contralateral stimuli were tones at
      the CF, the strongest suppression was observed in low- and medium-spontaneous
      rate units with CFs between 1 and 2 kHz. The suppressive effect of contralateral
      sound completely disappeared immediately after severing the entire olivocochlear
      bundle (OCB) within the internal auditory meatus. the completeness of the OCB
      cuts was assessed histologically. Most of the suppressive effect remained after
      lesions to the OCB in the floor of the IVth ventricle which eliminated the
      crossed olivocochlear projection but spared most of the uncrossed projection. It
      is argued that this suppressive effect of contralateral sound is mediated by the
      uncrossed olivocochlear efferents to the outer hair cells.

PMID- 2914812
TI  - A rapid micro method for counting cells "in situ" using a fluorogenic alkaline
      phosphatase enzyme assay.
AB  - A new method has been developed to count cells "in situ", based on a fluorogenic
      enzyme assay that measures the activity of alkaline phosphatase. Increasing cell
      number was shown to correlate closely with alkaline phosphatase activity and this
      relationship did not change with time in culture. The alkaline phosphatase assay
      (ALP assay) was able to estimate relative cell numbers over a range from about
      10(4) to 5 X 10(5) for many cell types, including Hep-2, a derivative of HeLa,
      several human colorectal cell lines SW1222, SW837, LS174T and HT29, a normal
      human diploid cell strain MRC5 and a rodent line NIH-3T3. The ALP assay is rapid
      and efficient, making it a useful method for studying growth assays.

PMID- 2914813
TI  - A simplified technique for the short-term tissue culture of rabbit corneal cells.
AB  - A technique for the short-term culture of pure populations of rabbit corneal
      endothelial and epithelial cells has been developed. Rabbit corneas were placed
      on concave agarose surfaces, treated briefly with a solution of trypsin and
      ethylenediamine tetracetic acid, and transferred, either epithelial cell surface
      or endothelial cell surface down, to microscope slide culture chambers. Within 6
      to 12 h the epithelial cells or endothelial cells attached to the slide chamber
      surface and the cornea was removed, leaving behind a pure population of cells
      which spread out and grew to fill the surface of the slide chamber. This
      technique provides a simple and economic means for the reproducible initiation of
      primary cultures of rabbit corneal epithelial and endothelial cells for us in a
      variety of experiments.

PMID- 2914814
TI  - A continuous alveolar macrophage cell line: comparisons with freshly derived
      alveolar macrophages.
AB  - Responses of a recently developed rat alveolar macrophage cell (NR8383.1) line
      were compared to those of freshly derived alveolar macrophages in vitro. Marked
      inter- and intraspecies heterogeneity in levels of phagocytosis of unopsonized
      Pseudomonas aeruginosa or zymosan was noted among freshly derived alveolar
      macrophages from rats, rabbits, and baboons. In contrast, phagocytic responses of
      alveolar macrophage cell line were predictable and highly reproducible. Similar
      results were obtained in measuring oxidative burst, as indicated by the
      production of H2O2 and luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence. Responses were again
      highly variable in freshly derived alveolar macrophages stimulated with zymosan
      or phorbol myristic acetate; moreover, freshly derived alveolar macrophages
      exhibited a wide range of chemiluminescence activity in unstimulated cultures.
      Results strongly suggest that data derived from the continuous alveolar
      macrophage culture NR8383.1 can be extrapolated to freshly derived alveolar
      macrophages of various species, and in many experiments will be useful in
      avoiding the significant animal-to-animal variance observed among freshly derived
      cell preparations.

PMID- 2914815
TI  - Biocompatibility testing of an experimental fluoride releasing resin using human
      gingival epithelial cells in vitro.
AB  - Cell culture is a valuable method of evaluating the biocompatibility of new
      dental materials. The purpose of this study was to compare the in vitro
      biocompatibility of an experimental fluoride composite resin with fluoride and
      non-fluoride-releasing materials currently available. The dental materials tested
      were: MQ Silicate (silicate cement), KETAC-CEM and FUJI (type II glass ionomer
      cements), VISIO DISPERS (a light-cured, nonfluoridated, microfilled composite
      resin), and FR-17 (an experimental fluoride-releasing composite resin). The
      Smulow-Glickman (S-G) human gingival epithelial cell line, which exhibits
      semidifferentiated characteristics, was used in the study as a test system.
      Biocompatibility was quantified by counting the viable cells per unit area
      remaining after 24 and 48 h at two radial distances from cured specimens immersed
      in the cell culture medium. The test materials were observed to be most toxic to
      cells nearest the materials. A Time-Distance Cytotoxicity Index (TDCI) was
      calculated to relate the percentage of dead cells to viable cells at each
      diffusion distance for each exposure time compared to a nontoxic control. The
      relative toxicity ranking of the materials tested based on the TDCI was VISIO
      DISPERS (91%), FUJI (82%), FR-17 (30%), MQ Silicate (23%), and KETAC-CEM (10%),
      which exhibited the least toxicity. The cytotoxicity of the experimental resin FR
      17 was within the range of cytotoxicity of currently accepted restorative
      materials.

PMID- 2914816
TI  - Meeting report: human fetal tissue transplantation research panel.
AB  - On September 14 through 16, 1988, a meeting on the use of human fetal tissue in
      transplantation was held at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda Maryland,
      USA. The meeting sponsored by NIH for the Human Fetal Tissue Transplantation
      Research Panel, a consultant group to the Advisory Committee to the Director. The
      consultant group was convened to deal with the scientific, judicial and moral
      questions associated with research involving transplantation of human fetal
      tissue obtained after induced abortions. The first day of the meeting was devoted
      to presentations addressing scientific issues. Included among the speakers was
      Dr. Lars Olson, Professor of Neurobiology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, who
      described the use of transplanted human fetal tissue in the treatment of patients
      with Parkinson's disease and Dr. Eugene Redmond, Professor of Psychiatry, Yale
      University School of Medicine, who showed results of work with transplantation of
      tissue to correct induced Parkinson-like disease in monkeys. Other speakers
      addressed the present, past or potential use of fetal tissue in the treatment of
      diabetes, immune disorders, and other diseases, as well as the use of fetal cells
      in the production of biologicals. At the conclusion of the meeting the panel did
      not recommend that research be halted on fetal tissue within the context
      discussed, although the recommendation of the committee is not binding, and an
      additional assembly of the panel will probably occur before the final
      recommendation to an NIH advisory committee is made in November. Other meetings
      on this subject include a meeting on the use of fetal tissue sponsored by the
      American Association of Tissue Banks, March 6-7, 1989, in Washington D. C.
      (Crystal City) and a meeting June 10, 1989, the day before the annual meeting of
      the Tissue Culture Association, USA, in Orlando, Florida, on fetal cells and
      ownership of cultured cells and products derived from clinical specimens.
      Following are statements to the Human Fetal Tissue Transplantation Research Panel
      presented September 14, 1988, by Dr. David Barnes, Associate Professor of
      Biochemistry and Biophysics in the Environmental Health Sciences Center at Oregon
      State University, USA, who was asked to address for the panel recent advances in
      cell culture related to fetal tissue, and Dr. Robert E. Stevenson, Director of
      the American Type Culture Collection, President of the Tissue Culture
      Association, USA, and Chairman of the Committee on Cells and Tumors of the
      American Association of Tissue Banks.

PMID- 2914817
TI  - Power analysis of statistical methods for comparing treatment differences from
      limiting dilution assays.
AB  - Six different statistical methods for comparing limiting dilution assays were
      evaluated, using both real data and a power analysis of simulated data. Simulated
      data consisted of a series of 12 dilutions for two treatment groups with 24
      cultures per dilution and 1,000 independent replications of each experiment. Data
      within each replication were generated by Monte Carlo simulation, based on a
      probability model of the experiment. Analyses of the simulated data revealed that
      the type I error rates for the six methods differed substantially, with only
      likelihood ratio and Taswell's weighted mean methods approximating the nominal 5%
      significance level. Of the six methods, likelihood ratio and Taswell's minimum
      Chi-square exhibited the best power (least probability of type II errors).
      Taswell's weighted mean test yielded acceptable type I and type II error rates,
      whereas the regression method was judged unacceptable for scientific work.

PMID- 2914818
TI  - Comparison of statistical methods for the analysis of limiting dilution assays.
AB  - This study reports the results of a critical comparison of five statistical
      methods for estimating the density of viable cells in a limiting dilution assay
      (LDA). Artificial data were generated using Monte Carlo simulation. The
      performance of each statistical method was examined with respect to the accuracy
      of its estimator and, most importantly, the accuracy of its associated estimated
      standard error (SE). The regression method was found to perform at a level that
      is unacceptable for scientific research, due primarily to gross underestimation
      of the SE. The maximum likelihood method exhibited the best overall performance.
      A corrected version of Taswell's weighted-mean method, which provides the best
      performance among all noniterative methods examined, is also presented.

PMID- 2914819
TI  - Morphologic changes induced in vitro by 2,5 hexanedione.
AB  - The effects of 2,5 hexanedione (2,5 HD), a metabolite of n-hexane, were
      investigated in different in vitro systems. A human mammary carcinoma cell line,
      a human melanoma cell line, and fetal mouse neuronal cells in primary culture
      were considered. Light and electron microscopic observations demonstrated clearly
      that changes in cell proliferation can be detected. Furthermore, morphologic
      differentiative phenomena characterized by a noticeable increase in cell
      protrusions and dendriticlike processes can occur. Differences in the features of
      these processes were also detected between the different cell lines. These data
      can indicate non-neuronal cells as possible further targets of the toxicant. The
      possibility could be hypothesized that toxic neuropathies are generalized
      disorders, being neuronal system exceptionally vulnerable to 2,5 HD. Moreover,
      results obtained suggest that the sensitivity of in vitro systems could represent
      a useful tool in studying the mechanisms of action of the neurotoxicant 2,5 HD.

PMID- 2914821
TI  - Preacademic screening for learning and behavior problems.
AB  - The relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and behavior problems in
      children at risk for developing learning difficulties was investigated by
      screening 1106 children who were completing kindergarten and identifying 292 as
      being at-risk. Data on SES, behavior problems, and preacademic reading skills
      were obtained on 204 at-risk children and 181 non-at-risk controls. A larger
      proportion of children from upper SES made up the non-at-risk sample and a
      smaller proportion of upper SES children were found in the at-risk sample.
      Children (N = 91) who demonstrated perceptual delays and inadequate preacademic
      reading skills were rated by their teachers as having significantly more behavior
      problems than children (N = 218) who were negative for these two signs. The
      results suggest that some children with perceptual problems demonstrate multiple
      behavior problems prior to experiencing reading failure.

PMID- 2914822
TI  - Prevalence of unsuspected language disorders in a child psychiatric population.
AB  - Nonretarded 5- to 12-year-old consecutive referrals to a child psychiatric
      outpatient clinic underwent a routine systematic language assessment. The
      assessment battery comprised standardized measures of the receptive and
      expressive components of syntax, semantics, and phonology. Standardized behavior
      rating scales also were completed by parents. Of the children referred solely for
      a psychiatric problem, 28% had a moderate or severe language disorder that
      previously had not been suspected or diagnosed. These children differed from a
      comparison group of children with both psychiatric and language disorders in that
      they were younger and more likely to have an externalizing behavioral problem.
      The findings indicate that there is a sizeable proportion of children whose
      language disorders are overlooked possibly because of their disruptive behavior.
      This suggests the need for routine screening of language in child psychiatric
      populations.

PMID- 2914820
TI  - Automated selective dissociation of cells from different regions of multicellular
      spheroids.
AB  - In this report we describe a new apparatus which has been developed for the
      automated selective dissociation of multicellular spheroids into fractions of
      viable cells from different locations in the spheroid. This device is based on
      the exposure of spheroids to a 0.25% solution of trypsin under carefully
      controlled conditions, such that the cells are released from the outer spheroid
      surface in successive layers. Study of the spheroid size, number of cells per
      spheroid, and sections through the spheroid with increasing exposure to trypsin
      demonstrate the effectiveness of this technique. The technique has been
      successfully used on spheroids from five different cell lines over a wide range
      of spheroid diameters. We also present data detailing the effect of varying the
      dissociation temperature, the mixing speed, the trypsin concentration, and the
      number of spheroids being dissociated. The new apparatus has several advantages
      over previous selective dissociation methods and other techniques for isolating
      cells from different regions in spheroids, including: a) precise control over
      dissociation conditions, improving reproducibility; b) short time to recover cell
      fractions; c) ability to isolate large numbers of cells from many different
      spheroid locations; d) use of common, inexpensive laboratory equipment; and e)
      easy adaptability to new cell lines or various spheroid sizes. Applications of
      this method are demonstrated, including the measurement of nutrient consumption
      rates, regrowth kinetics, and radiation survivals of cells from different
      spheroid regions.

PMID- 2914823
TI  - Empirical classification of speech/language impairment in children. I.
      Identification of speech/language categories.
AB  - Cluster analysis was employed to classify speech/language impairment in a sample
      of 347 children 5 years of age. Based on scores on a variety of speech and
      language tests, four groups of children with similar linguistic profiles were
      identified. These groups were labeled high overall, low overall, poor auditory
      comprehension, and poor articulation. Differences among these groups according to
      cognitive, developmental, demographic, and audiometry variables were examined.
      The low overall group was most disadvantaged on all measures, the high overall
      group was most advantaged, and the poor articulation and poor auditory
      comprehension groups were intermediate. The implications of these findings for
      the development of a theory of the relationship between speech/language and
      psychiatric disorders are discussed.

PMID- 2914824
TI  - Empirical classification of speech/language impairment in children. II.
      Behavioral characteristics.
AB  - Behavioral symptomatology in 188 children, 5 years of age, classified according
      to four different speech/language profiles, is described. Information was
      collected from the teacher, parent, child self-report, and psychiatric interview.
      The results indicated that risk for psychiatric disorder, particularly ADHD, is
      greatest among children with general linguistic impairment. Specific deficits
      such as poor auditory comprehension or articulation problems were not
      consistently associated with behavioral disturbance. It is postulated that
      neurodevelopmental immaturity may be the common underlying antecedent of both
      linguistic impairment and psychiatric disorder.

PMID- 2914825
TI  - Child psychiatry program directors' ratings of residency experiences.
AB  - Child and adolescent psychiatry program directors' (PDs) were asked to complete
      survey forms to rate the importance of required residency experiences and express
      views on length of training. There was a 93% return rate of questionnaires sent
      to the 129 academic programs represented in the Society of Professors of Child
      and Adolescent Psychiatry. The majority of PDs favor the status quo and do not
      want to add or subtract from the present requirements. Experiences most favored
      were those with older children, adolescents, and parents, and those in the use of
      psychopharmacology. Least favored experiences were with cognitive therapy,
      research, psychological testing, and teaching. There was little interest in
      eliminating the internship year or residency time with adults.

PMID- 2914826
TI  - Resolved: day care is the best care for children under age five of working
      Americans.

PMID- 2914827
TI  - The AACAP and hospitalization for children and adolescents.

PMID- 2914828
TI  - Motivation for child and adolescent psychiatry.

PMID- 2914830
TI  - Issues in child and adolescent psychiatric hospitalization.

PMID- 2914829
TI  - Games infants play.

PMID- 2914831
TI  - Administrative issues in inpatient child and adolescent psychiatry.
AB  - There has been a dramatic increase in the number of inpatient child and
      adolescent psychiatric inpatient beds within the past 5 to 10 years. Child
      psychiatrists have not been trained to play a leadership role in the development
      and management of these units. Important issues facing the administrative child
      psychiatrist include the role of the medical director, the development of the
      clinical program, staffing of the inpatient unit, the design of the physical
      plant, financing of inpatient care, promotion of the services, and relationship
      with medical staff.

PMID- 2914832
TI  - Goal-directed treatment planning and the principles of brief hospitalization.
AB  - Contemporary economic pressures to shorten hospitalization have produced serious
      confusion in child psychiatry, for no adequate rationale has been proposed to
      replace that appropriate to long-term inpatient care. In order to address this
      serious deficiency, the principle of hospital stabilization is introduced and
      discussed, along with the concept of goal-directed planning. The steps of goal
      directed planning are presented. It is contended that the educational,
      communicative, medicolegal, and research advantages of goal-directed planning
      outweigh its disadvantages and that goal-direction should replace intuitive
      therapy-oriented planning and problem-orientation.

PMID- 2914833
TI  - Focal inpatient treatment planning.
AB  - Focal Inpatient Treatment Planning (FITP) is a new method of organizing and
      choosing among the many data available to the inpatient clinician. FITP
      emphasizes one Focal Problem, provides criteria for defining it, makes it
      possible to formulate the problem in operational language, channels free-ranging
      case discussion into workaday terms, invites the clinician to make explicit a
      sophisticated view of pathogenesis; including developmental, dynamic, and
      contextual factors, and ties formulation to intervention through explicit
      objectives. By requiring language that is jargon-free and accessible to patients
      and parents, FITP fosters empathy and alliance between the treatment community
      and the domain of the patient. This paper describes and illustrates FITP and
      provides guidelines for its implementation by an inpatient child and adolescent
      psychiatry service.

PMID- 2914834
TI  - Transactional risk model for short and intermediate term psychiatric inpatient
      treatment of children.
AB  - The transactional model provides a novel guide for the psychiatric hospital
      treatment of children by improving the attunement between the child and his or
      her important interpersonal environment. Since children's development is highly
      context dependent, generalization of the gains made in the hospital will largely
      depend upon how well the child's parents and school can internalize the hospital
      experience. One method to implement this transactional model is to bring the
      child's parents and school into the hospital to join the child's treatment team.

PMID- 2914835
TI  - Research on a children's psychiatric inpatient service.
AB  - It is widely recognized that child psychiatry needs to expand its research
      enterprise. Psychiatric inpatient units that serve children and adolescents
      should serve important roles in clinical research in child psychiatry. This paper
      reviews the need for research on the nature and treatment of psychiatric
      disorders on children's psychiatric inpatient services and discusses the
      resources necessary for a productive inpatient research program. The intrinsic
      relationship between clinical care and clinical study is emphasized.

PMID- 2914836
TI  - Comparison of DISC with clinicians' DSM-III diagnoses in psychiatric inpatients.
AB  - A sample of 163 children and adolescents, consecutively admitted to a large,
      private psychiatric teaching hospital, was interviewed using the child version of
      the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (DISC-C). Patients, ages 12 to 16,
      were interviewed during the first month of admission. Kappa coefficients were
      obtained from cross-tabulated frequencies of DISC and clinician diagnoses.
      Agreement between clinical and DISC diagnoses was generally poor across
      diagnostic categories. In general, when algorithms of a higher threshold were
      used, the percentage of patients in a particular diagnostic group was closer to
      the percentage diagnosed by the clinician. Discussion focuses on factors that may
      contribute to the discrepancy between number and type of diagnoses that the DISC
      yields compared to those made by the clinicians.

PMID- 2914837
TI  - Psychometric properties of the K-SADS-P in an Israeli adolescent inpatient
      population.
AB  - Seventy adolescent admissions to a psychiatric unit were evaluated with a Hebrew
      translation of the Schedule for Affective-Disorders and Schizophrenia for School
      Aged Children (K-SADS-P). Interrater and test-retest reliability and mother-child
      agreement were evaluated for diagnoses, symptom clusters, and 20 affective
      symptoms. K-SADS diagnoses were also compared with 3-month unit evaluation
      diagnoses as a measure of consensual validity. The reliability of assessing
      psychosocial functioning was additionally examined. Reliability and validity of
      diagnoses were high and reliability of symptoms and syndromes was good to
      excellent. Mother-child agreement faired less well on all measures. The use of
      semistructured interviews and DSM-III criteria in an Israeli adolescent
      psychiatric setting are discussed.

PMID- 2914838
TI  - Clinical and demographic characteristics of child and adolescent partial hospital
      patients.
AB  - Eighteen child and adolescent partial hospital (PH) programs were surveyed
      through site visits. Demographic and diagnostic characteristics of 796 patients
      and clinical records of current and discharged patients were examined. Most
      current patients lived with relatives and 52% received Medicaid. Fifty-eight
      percent had a primary diagnosis of an externalizing disorder and 46% had been
      hospitalized. Forty percent of the former patients (N = 96) were discharged from
      PH when such services were no longer needed; another 36% left because of lack of
      improvement. Administrative implications of these findings are discussed.

PMID- 2914839
TI  - Events precipitating hospital treatment of adolescent drug abusers.
AB  - Recognition of and response to child and teenage drug abuse is poor. It seems
      that behavioral crises are necessary to bring a child and family to treatment,
      often after an extensive history of drug abuse. This study examines the events
      that occur immediately before hospitalization and lead to admission. Clusters of
      precipitating factors and psychosocial problems appear to accompany the use of
      alcohol and drugs. Recognition of these predictable behavior patterns (syndromes)
      may prove a more sensitive index of drug involvement than direct signs or
      sequalae of intoxication.

PMID- 2914840
TI  - An examination of social typologies in autism.
AB  - A system proposed by Wing and coworkers for subtyping autistic individuals on the
      basis of social interaction is examined in 78 autistic, 39 atypical, and 32
      nonautistic, developmentally disordered individuals. Clinical ratings and
      questionnaire data based on the proposed subtypology were employed. Clinicians
      were able to reliably group both autistic and nonautistic cases into the three
      subtypes; these subtypes were strongly related to IQ. Issues relating to the
      validity and utility of this subtypology are discussed.

PMID- 2914841
TI  - Long-term efficacy of haloperidol in autistic children: continuous versus
      discontinuous drug administration.
AB  - The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term efficacy of haloperidol in
      autistic children and to determine whether discontinuous drug administration was
      as effective as continuous drug administration. Sixty children, 48 males and 12
      females, ages 2.3 to 7.9 years (X 5.1) completed the study. They received
      haloperidol over a period of 6 months followed by a 4-week drug
      withdrawal/placebo period. Haloperidol remained effective, and the discontinuous
      treatment schedule did not diminish its efficacy. Children with prominent
      symptoms of irritability, angry and labile affect, and uncooperativeness were the
      best responders to haloperidol.

PMID- 2914842
TI  - Tourette-like symptoms associated with neuroleptic therapy in an autistic child.
AB  - A 5 1/2-year-old autistic boy developed a Tourette-like syndrome after
      neuroleptic withdrawal. The child was studied prospectively and any abnormal
      movements were compared with predrug baseline assessment and information.
      Differential diagnosis and some of the difficulties in evaluating neuroleptic
      related abnormal movements are discussed. The need for a baseline assessment of
      patients before the administration of neuroleptics is stressed.

PMID- 2914843
TI  - IQ and reading progress: a test of the capacity notion of IQ.
AB  - Concepts such as developmental reading disorder and dyslexia have been used to
      refer to children whose actual reading achievement is substantially below that
      predicted by performance on IQ tests. Such diagnostic concepts assume that IQ
      sets a limit on either the level of achievement or the rate of progress of which
      a child is capable. This assumption was investigated in a longitudinal study of
      an unselected cohort of 741 children whose reading achievement was assessed at
      ages 7, 9, 11, and 13 years. Findings on rates of progress and levels of
      achievement clearly indicate that IQ does not set a limit on reading progress,
      even in extreme low IQ children. Thus, the use of IQ tests to determine
      achievement potential in reading appears unwarranted.

PMID- 2914844
TI  - Involvement of coenzyme A thioesters in anaerobic metabolism of 4-hydroxybenzoate
      by Rhodopseudomonas palustris.
AB  - The initial steps of anaerobic 4-hydroxybenzoate degradation were studied in
      whole cells and cell extracts of the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas
      palustris. Illuminated suspensions of cells that had been grown anaerobically on
      4-hydroxybenzoate and were assayed under anaerobic conditions took up [U-14C]4
      hydroxybenzoate at a rate of 0.6 nmol min-1 mg of protein-1. Uptake occurred with
      high affinity (apparent Km = 0.3 microM), was energy dependent, and was
      insensitive to external pH in the range of 6.5 to 8.2 Very little free 4
      hydroxybenzoate was found associated with cells, but a range of intracellular
      products was formed after 20-s incubations of whole cells with labeled substrate.
      When anaerobic pulse-chase experiments were carried out with cells incubated on
      ice or in darkness, 4-hydroxybenzoyl coenzyme A (4-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA) was formed
      early and disappeared immediately after addition of excess unlabeled substrate,
      as would be expected of an early intermediate in 4-hydroxybenzoate metabolism. A
      4-hydroxybenzoate-CoA ligase activity with an average specific activity of 0.7
      nmol min-1 mg of protein-1 was measured in the soluble protein fraction of cells
      grown anaerobically on 4-hydroxybenzoate. 4-Hydroxybenzoyl-CoA was the sole
      product formed from labeled 4-hydroxybenzoate in the ligase reaction mixture. 4
      Hydroxybenzoate uptake and ligase activities were present in cells grown
      anaerobically with benzoate, 4-hydroxybenzoate, and 4-aminobenzoate and were not
      detected in succinate-grown cells. These results indicate that the high-affinity
      uptake of 4-hydroxybenzoate by R. palustris is due to rapid conversion of the
      free acid to its CoA derivative by a CoA ligase and that this is also the initial
      step of anaerobic 4-hydroxybenzoate degradation.

PMID- 2914845
TI  - Genetic evidence for an Azotobacter vinelandii nitrogenase lacking molybdenum and
      vanadium.
AB  - We have constructed a strain of Azotobacter vinelandii which has deletions in the
      genes for both the molybdenum (Mo) and vanadium (V) nitrogenases. This strain
      fixed nitrogen in medium that did not contain Mo or V. Growth and nitrogenase
      activity were inhibited by Mo and V. In highly purified medium, growth was
      limited by iron. Addition of other metals (Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Re, Ti, W, and Zn)
      did not stimulate growth. Like the V-nitrogenase, the nitrogenase synthesized by
      the double deletion strain reduced acetylene to both ethylene and ethane
      (C2H6/C2H4 ratio, 0.046). There was an approximately 10-fold increase in ethane
      production when Mo was added to the deletion strain grown in medium lacking Mo
      and V. This change in reactivity may be due to the incorporation of an Mo
      containing cofactor into the nitrogenase synthesized by the double-deletion
      strain. A strain synthesizing the V-nitrogenase did not show a similar increase
      in ethane production. The growth characteristics of the double-deletion strain,
      together with the metal composition reported for a nitrogenase isolated from a
      tungstate-tolerant strain lacking genes for the molydenum enzyme grown in the
      absence of Mo and V (J. R. Chisnell, R. Premakumar, and P. E. Bishop, J.
      Bacteriol. 170:27-33, 1988) show that A. vinelandii can synthesize a nitrogenase
      which lacks both Mo and V. Reduction of dinitrogen by nitrogenase can therefore
      occur at a center lacking both these metals.

PMID- 2914846
TI  - Three-dimensional structure of an open form of the surface layer from the fish
      pathogen Aeromonas salmonicida.
AB  - Cell-free culture supernatants of a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) O-polysaccharide
      deficient, single-insertion transposon mutant of the tetragonal surface protein
      array (S layer)-containing fish pathogen Aeromonas salmonicida were examined by
      electron microscopy. Negative staining showed that the S layer was released as
      sheets of tetragonal material, indicating that although surface retention of
      assembled S layer requires the presence of wild-type LPS oligosaccharides,
      initial assembly of S-layer subunits into sheets does not require the presence of
      O-polysaccharide chains. The three-dimensional structure of the S layer was
      reconstructed from tilted micrographs of the released sheets. Horizontal sections
      through this reconstruction showed that the released sheets were composed of two
      identical S layers that were perfectly in register. The reconstructed layer had a
      lattice constant of 12.5 nm. At a resolution of 1.6 nm, the layer consisted of a
      major tetragon at one fourfold axis of symmetry and a minor tetragon at the
      second fourfold axis of symmetry. The core, composed of four of the major
      domains, contained a large depression and was located toward the inside of the
      layer. The minor tetragon provided connectivity within the layer and was located
      toward the outer surface of the layer. Projections through the double layer gave
      a type I (closed) pattern (M. Stewart, T. J. Beveridge, and T. J. Trust, J.
      Bacteriol. 166:120-127, 1986), yet projections through the single layer indicated
      that the type II (open) pattern was present. This open pattern was
      indistinguishable from that seen in S layer released from the surfaces of wild
      type cells.

PMID- 2914847
TI  - Identification by sequence analysis of two-site posttranslational processing of
      the cysteine-rich outer membrane protein 2 of Chlamydia trachomatis serovar L2.
AB  - The 60,000-molecular-weight cysteine-rich outer membrane protein (OMP2) from
      Chlamydia trachomatis participates in the disulfide-mediated outer-membrane
      organization unique to this organism. In addition, this protein is a primary
      focus of the host immune response. We cloned and sequenced the gene for OMP2 from
      C. trachomatis serovar L2. A lambda gt11 recombinant that expressed an antigenic
      portion of this protein was selected by antibody screening and provided a probe
      for the selection in lambda 1059 of a clone containing the entire gene. DNA
      sequencing of this clone identified one open reading frame of 1,641 base pairs,
      starting with a methionine codon and coding for a polypeptide with a molecular
      weight of 58,792. Amino-terminal protein sequencing and analysis of the
      translated DNA sequence demonstrated that processing at alternate signal peptide
      cleavage sites accounts for the molecular-weight polymorphism of this protein.
      The mature proteins had a net positive charge and contained 24 cysteine residues.

PMID- 2914848
TI  - Phenoxyacetic acid degradation by the 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (TFD)
      pathway of plasmid pJP4: mapping and characterization of the TFD regulatory gene,
      tfdR.
AB  - Plasmid pJP4 enables Alcaligenes eutrophus JMP134 to degrade 3-chlorobenzoate and
      2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (TFD). Plasmid pRO101 is a derivative of pJP4
      obtained by insertion of Tn1721 into a nonessential region of pJP4. Plasmid
      pRO101 was transferred by conjugation to several Pseudomonas strains and to A.
      eutrophus AEO106, a cured isolate of JMP134. AEO106(pRO101) and some Pseudomonas
      transconjugants grew on TFD. Transconjugants with a chromosomally encoded phenol
      hydroxylase also degraded phenoxyacetic acid (PAA) in the presence of an inducer
      of the TFD pathway, namely, TFD or 3-chlorobenzoate. A mutant of one such phenol
      degrading strain, Pseudomonas putida PPO300(pRO101), grew on PAA as the sole
      carbon source in the absence of inducer. This isolate carried a mutant plasmid,
      designated pRO103, derived from pRO101 through the deletion of a 3.9-kilobase DNA
      fragment. Plasmid pRO103 constitutively expressed the TFD pathway, and this
      allowed the metabolism of PAA in the absence of the inducer, TFD. Complementation
      of pRO103 in trans by a DNA fragment corresponding to the fragment deleted in
      pRO101 indicates that a negative control-regulatory gene (tfdR) is located on the
      BamHI E fragment of pRO101. Other subcloning experiments resulted in the cloning
      of the tfdA monooxygenase gene on a 3.5-kilobase fragment derived from pRO101.
      This subclone, in the absence of other pRO101 DNA, constitutively expressed the
      tfdA gene and allowed PPO300 to grow on PAA. Preliminary evidence suggests that
      the monooxygenase activity encoded by this DNA fragment is feedback-inhibited by
      phenols.

PMID- 2914849
TI  - Isolation and nucleotide sequencing of an aminocyclitol acetyltransferase gene
      from Streptomyces rimosus forma paromomycinus.
AB  - A gene (aacC7) encoding an aminocyclitol 3-N-acetyltransferase type VII [AAC(3)
      VII] from Streptomyces rimosus forma paramomycinus NRRL 2455 was cloned in the
      Streptomyces plasmid pIJ702 and expressed in Streptomyces lividans 1326.
      Subcloning experiments located the aacC7 structural gene on a 1.05-kilobase DNA
      sequence. The direction of transcription of aacC7 was determined by using
      riboprobes synthesized in vitro from a DNA fragment internal to the gene. A DNA
      segment encoding the AAC(3)-VII activity and comprising 1,495 base pairs was
      sequenced. The aacC7 gene was located in an open reading frame of 864 base pairs
      that encoded a polypeptide of Mr 31,070, consistent with the Mr (32,000) of the
      AAC(3)-VII enzyme as determined by physicochemical methods. High-resolution S1
      nuclease mapping suggested that transcription starts at or near the A residue of
      the ATG initiator codon. A DNA fragment from the 5' region of aacC7 had promoter
      activity in the promoter-probe plasmid pIJ486. The -10 and -35 regions of this
      fragment showed limited sequence resemblance to other Streptomyces promoters. The
      primary structure of the AAC(3)-VII enzyme showed strong homology with those of
      the AAC(3)-III and AAC(3)-IV enzymes encoded by plasmids in gram-negative
      bacterial genera. Upstream of the aacC7 gene was an open reading frame of 357
      nucleotides which did not appear to be involved in controlling the expression of
      the aacC7 gene.

PMID- 2914850
TI  - Chromosome and cell wall segregation in Streptococcus faecium ATCC 9790.
AB  - Segregation was studied by measuring the positions of autoradiographic grain
      clusters in chains formed from single cells containing on average less than one
      radiolabeled chromosome strand. The degree to which chromosomal and cell wall
      material cosegregated was quantified by using the methods of S. Cooper and M.
      Weinberger, dividing the number of chains labeled at the middle. This analysis
      indicated that in contrast to chromosomal segregation in Escherichia coli and, in
      some studies, to that in gram-positive rods, chromosomal segregation in
      Streptococcus faecium was slightly nonrandom and did not vary with growth rate.
      Results were not significantly affected by strand exchange. In contrast, labeled
      cell wall segregated predominantly nonrandomly.

PMID- 2914851
TI  - Pattern of action of Bacillus stearothermophilus neopullulanase on pullulan.
AB  - The action of neopullulanase from Bacillus stearothermophilus on many
      oligosaccharides was tested. The enzyme hydrolyzed not only alpha-(1----4)
      glucosidic linkages but also specific alpha-(1----6)-glucosidic linkages of
      several branched oligosaccharides. When pullulan was used as a substrate, panose,
      maltose, and glucose, in that order, were produced as final products at a final
      molar ratio of 3:1:1. According to these results, we proposed a model for the
      pattern of action of neopullulanase on pullulan as follows. In the first step,
      the enzyme hydrolyzes only alpha-(1----4)-glucosidic linkages on the nonreducing
      side of alpha-(1----6) linkages of pullulan and produces panose and several
      intermediate products composed of some panose units. In the second step, taking
      6(2)-O-alpha-(6(3)-O-alpha-glucosyl-maltotriosyl)-maltose as an example of one of
      the intermediate products, the enzyme hydrolyzes either alpha-(1----4) (the same
      position as that described above) or alpha-(1----6) linkages and produces panose
      or 6(3)-O-alpha-glucosyl-maltotriose plus maltose, respectively. In the third
      step, the alpha-(1----4) linkage of 6(3)-O-alpha-glucosyl-maltotriose is
      hydrolyzed by the enzyme, and glucose and another panose are produced. To confirm
      the model of the pattern of action, we extracted intermediate products produced
      from pullulan by neopullulanase and analyzed the structures by glucoamylase,
      pullulanase, and neopullulanase analyses. The experimental results supported the
      above-mentioned model of the pattern of action of neopullulanase on pullulan.

PMID- 2914852
TI  - Hypervariability, a new phenomenon of genetic instability, related to DNA
      amplification in Streptomyces ambofaciens.
AB  - The wild-type strain Streptomyces ambofaciens DSM 40697 exhibits a high degree of
      genetic instability. Pigment-defective colonies were observed in the progeny of
      wild-type colonies at a frequency of about 0.01. While only 13% of these pigment
      defective colonies gave rise to homogeneous progeny exhibiting the mutant
      parental phenotype, 87% of the mutant colonies gave rise to hetergeneous progeny
      without a preponderant phenotype. This new phenomenon of instability was called
      hypervariability. In addition, 21% of the mutant strains arising in hypervariable
      progeny contained highly reiterated DNA sequences, while amplified DNA sequences
      could be detected in neither stable pigment-defective mutant clones nor in wild
      type clones. These results indicate a frequent association between genetic
      instability and hypervariability and a frequent association between
      hypervariability and amplification of DNA sequences.

PMID- 2914853
TI  - Structure and glycosylation of lipoteichoic acids in Bacillus strains.
AB  - The occurrence, structure, and glycosylation of lipoteichoic acids were studied
      in 15 Bacillus strains, including Bacillus cereus (4 strains), Bacillus subtilis
      (5 strains), Bacillus licheniformis (1 strain), Bacillus polymyxa (2 strains),
      and Bacillus circulans (3 strains). Whereas in the cells of B. polymyxa and B.
      circulans neither lipoteichoic acid nor related amphipathic polymer could be
      detected, the cells of other Bacillus strains were shown to contain lipoteichoic
      acids built up of poly(glycerol phosphate) backbone chains and hydrophobic
      anchors [gentiobiosyl(beta 1----1/3)diacylglycerol or monoacylglycerol]. The
      lipoteichoic acid chains of the B. licheniformis strain and three of the B.
      subtilis strains had N-acetylglucosamine side branches, but those of the B.
      cereus strains and the remaining two B. subtilis strains did not. The membranes
      of the B. licheniformis strain and the first three B. subtilis strains exhibited
      enzyme activities for the synthesis of beta-N-acetylglucosamine-P-polyprenol and
      for the transfer of N-acetylglucosamine from this glycolipid to endogenous
      acceptors presumed to be lipoteichoic acid precursors. In contrast, the membranes
      of the other strains lacked both or either of these two enzyme activities. The
      correlation between the occurrence of N-acetylglucosamine-linked lipoteichoic
      acids and the distribution of these enzymes is consistent with the previously
      proposed function of beta-N-acetylglucosamine-P-polyprenol as a glycosyl donor in
      the introduction of alpha-N-acetylglucosamine branches to lipoteichoic acid
      backbone chains.

PMID- 2914854
TI  - Peptidoglycan-polysaccharide complex in the cell wall of the filamentous
      prochlorophyte Prochlorothrix hollandica.
AB  - A peptidoglycan-polysaccharide complex composed of N-acetylglucosamine, N
      acetylmuramic acid, muramic acid 6-phosphate, L-alanine, D-alanine, D-glutamic
      acid, meso-diaminopimelic acid, N-acetylmannosamine, mannose, galactose, glucose,
      and phosphate was isolated from cell walls of the filamentous prochlorophyte
      Prochlorothrix hollandica; this complex was similar in chemical composition and
      structure to that found in cyanobacteria. Peptide patterns of partial acid
      hydrolysates of the isolated peptidoglycan revealed an A1 gamma structure with
      direct cross-linkage (m-diaminopimelic acid-D-alanine) of the peptide side
      chains. The degree of cross-linkage (63%) was found to be in the range of values
      obtained for gram-positive bacteria and cyanobacteria.

PMID- 2914855
TI  - Characterization of three choline transport activities in Rhizobium meliloti:
      modulation by choline and osmotic stress.
AB  - Choline has both a nutritional and osmoregulatory role in Rhizobium meliloti (T.
      Bernard, J. A. Pocard, B. Perroud, and D. Le Rudulier, Arch. Microbiol. 143:359
      364, 1986). In view of this fact, choline transport was studied in R. meliloti
      102F34 to determine how the rate of choline uptake is modulated. The effects of
      the cultural conditions on the kinetics of transport are presented. A high
      affinity activity and a low-affinity activity were found in cells grown in
      minimal medium. The addition of 0.3 M NaCl or other osmolytes to the medium
      resulted in a marked decrease in the high-affinity activity, whereas the low
      affinity activity remained fairly constant. Furthermore, results from osmotic
      upshock and downshock experiments indicate that the response of the cell to high
      osmolarity is rapid; hence, the mechanism of regulation by salt likely does not
      involve gene induction. A second high-affinity transport activity was induced by
      choline itself. Like the constitutive low-affinity transport activity, this
      activity was not greatly altered when the cells were grown in media of elevated
      osmotic strength. We conclude that although all three kinetically distinct
      transport systems are efficient at low osmolarity, only the induced high- and low
      affinity activities are important for osmoregulation. The characteristics of the
      three transport activities from R. meliloti are compared with those from other
      bacterial species that use choline for growth and/or osmoregulation.

PMID- 2914856
TI  - Roles of flagella, lipopolysaccharide, and a Ca2+-dependent cell surface protein
      in attachment of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae to pea root hair tips.
AB  - The relationship between Ca2+-dependent cell surface components of Rhizobium
      leguminosarum biovar viciae, motility, and ability to attach to pea root hair
      tips was investigated. In contrast to flagella and lipopolysaccharide, a small
      protein located on the cell surface was identified as the Ca2+-dependent adhesin.

PMID- 2914857
TI  - Protoporphyrinogen oxidation, a step in heme synthesis in soybean root nodules
      and free-living rhizobia.
AB  - Extracts of the crude bacteroid fraction of symbiotically grown Bradyrhizobium
      japonicum were much more active in oxidizing protoporphyrinogen to protoporphyrin
      than were extracts of cells grown under free-living conditions, especially when
      assayed in atmospheres containing only traces of oxygen. This correlates with the
      higher heme content of the microaerophilic nodules. Furthermore, the high level
      of oxidative activity in the crude bacteroid fraction was associated with an
      uncharacterized membrane fraction, probably of plant origin, that was separable
      from the bacteroids by Percoll gradient centrifugation.

PMID- 2914858
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of the gene for cholesterol oxidase from a Streptomyces sp.
AB  - The nucleotide sequence of a 2.1-kilobase-pair fragment containing the
      Streptomyces choA gene, which codes a secreted cholesterol oxidase, was
      determined. A single open reading frame encodes a mature cholesterol oxidase of
      504 amino acids, with a calculated Mr of 54,913. The leader peptides extend over
      42 amino acids and have the characteristics of a signal sequence, including basic
      amino acids near the amino terminus and a hydrophobic core near the signal
      cleavage site. Analyses of the total amino acid composition and amino acid
      sequencing of the first 21 amino acids from the N terminus of the purified
      extracellular enzyme agree with the values deduced from nucleotide sequencing
      data.

PMID- 2914859
TI  - Sequence analysis of the agrA gene encoding beta-agarase from Pseudomonas
      atlantica.
AB  - The nucleotide sequence of the agrA gene encoding an extracellular beta-agarase
      of Pseudomonas atlantica was determined. An open reading frame of 1,515
      nucleotides which corresponded to agrA was found. The nucleotide sequence
      predicts a primary translation product of 504 amino acids and Mr 57,486.
      Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences of beta-agarase from P. atlantica
      and the extracellular beta-agarase from Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) suggests
      that these proteins share several domains in common.

PMID- 2914860
TI  - Chemotaxis mutants of Spirochaeta aurantia.
AB  - Five Spirochaeta aurantia chemotaxis mutants were isolated. One mutant (the che
      101 mutant) never reversed, one (the che-200 mutant) flexed predominantly, two
      (the che-300 and che-400-1 mutants) exhibited elevated reversal frequencies, and
      one (the che-400 mutant) exhibited chemotactically unstimulated behavior similar
      to that of the wild-type strain. The che-101 and che-400 mutants were essentially
      nonchemotactic, whereas the che-200, che-300, and che-400-1 mutants showed
      impaired chemotactic responses. Protein methylation in response to attractant
      addition appeared normal in all of the mutants. Compared with the wild type, all
      of the mutants exhibited significantly altered membrane potential responses to
      the attractant xylose.

PMID- 2914861
TI  - Isolation and characterization of an archaebacterial viruslike particle from
      Methanococcus voltae A3.
AB  - Small amounts of a 23-kilobase covalently closed circular DNA molecule were
      isolated from unwashed cells of Methanococcus voltae A3. Further investigation
      indicated the presence of greater quantities of the circular DNA in the culture
      supernatant, complexed with protein in a manner rendering the DNA resistant to
      DNase. Electron-microscopic examination of supernatant material revealed the
      presence of particles which morphologically resemble virus. Phenol extraction of
      viruslike particle preparations resulted in the recovery of DNase-sensitive open
      circular DNA molecules. As many as 30 viruslike particles per cell were recovered
      from some cultures. Hybridization data clearly indicated the presence of a
      chromosomally integrated copy of the viruslike particle DNA. Although M. voltae
      PS was not observed to produce viruslike particles, DNA homologous to the
      viruslike particle DNA was detected in its chromosome. A mutant of M. voltae A3
      was isolated which produced no particles; its DNA was deleted for 80% of the
      integrated viruslike particle DNA. Despite any similarities to lysogenic
      bacteriophages of eubacteria, neither infectivity nor inducibility of the
      viruslike particles could be demonstrated.

PMID- 2914862
TI  - Multiple and tandemly arranged promoters of the cell wall protein gene operon in
      Bacillus brevis 47.
AB  - The genes encoding the major cell wall proteins, middle wall protein and outer
      wall protein, of Bacillus brevis 47 constitute a cotranscriptional unit (cwp
      [cell wall protein gene] operon). Primer extension assay of cwp operon
      transcripts showed the existence of six different 5' ends. This confirmed the
      results of the previous S1 nuclease protection assay and suggested the existence
      of several tandemly arranged promoters in the 5' region of the cwp operon.
      Promoter probe vectors carrying the Bacillus licheniformis alpha-amylase gene
      were constructed and used for deletion analysis of the 5' region. Three (P1, P2,
      and P3) of the six suggested promoters were shown to be located within three
      distinct fragments derived from the 5' region. The -35 and -10 regions of the P1
      and P3 promoters resemble the consensus sequence recognized by the sigma-43-type
      RNA polymerase of Bacillus subtilis. The P2 promoter resembles only the consensus
      sequence in the -10 region. The P1 and P3 promoters were used to the same extents
      in Bacillus subtilis as in B. brevis, whereas the P2 promoter was used much less
      frequently in B. subtilis than in B. brevis. The P2 promoter is used
      constitutively in B. brevis 47 at all stages of growth, whereas P3 is used only
      at the exponential phase of growth. P2 could be a promoter of an unknown type
      that is preferentially used in B. brevis and might be responsible for the
      constitutive synthesis and secretion of the cell wall proteins into the medium at
      the stationary phase of growth.

PMID- 2914863
TI  - Role of the flagellum in cell-cycle-dependent expression of bacteriophage
      receptor activity in Caulobacter crescentus.
AB  - The rate of adsorption of Caulobacter bacteriophage phi CbK to Caulobacter
      crescentus is dependent on the structural integrity of the flagellum. Cells
      lacking part or all of the flagellum because of either mutation or mechanical
      shear were defective in adsorption, and the extent of the defect in adsorption
      reflected the amount of flagellar structure missing. Maximal adsorption rates
      were also dependent on cellular motility and energy metabolism, since adsorption
      to cells with paralyzed flagella was slower than adsorption to motile cells and
      inhibition of cellular energy metabolism with azide also reduced adsorption
      rates, even for nonmotile cells. Nevertheless, the flagellum is not the receptor
      for phage phi CbK, since flagellumless mutants adsorbed phi CbK at detectable
      rates. While some portion of the fluctuation in the phi CbK receptor activity
      during the C. crescentus cell cycle can be ascribed to the periodicity of
      flagellar loss and reappearance, the phage receptor activity remaining in
      flagellumless mutants was periodic in the cell cycle. Therefore, the periodic
      expression of phage receptor activity is an intrinsic property of the C.
      crescentus cell cycle, although the amplitude of the oscillation may be altered
      by the periodic expression of flagellar motility.

PMID- 2914864
TI  - Modulation of alcohol dehydrogenase isoenzyme levels in Zymomonas mobilis by iron
      and zinc.
AB  - Zymomonas mobilis is an unusual microorganism which utilizes both iron-containing
      alcohol dehydrogenase (ADHII) and zinc-containing alcohol dehydrogenase (ADHI)
      isoenzymes during fermentative growth. This organism is obligately ethanologenic,
      and alcohol dehydrogenase activity is essential. The activities of ADHI and ADHII
      were altered by supplementing growth medium with iron or zinc salts and by iron
      starvation. Growth under iron-limiting conditions (chelators, minimal medium)
      reduced ADHII activity but did not prevent the synthesis of the ADHII protein.
      The inactive form of this enzyme appeared quite stable, was not renatured by iron
      addition, and persisted in the cell. The iron-induced increase in ADHII activity
      required de novo synthesis which was blocked by antibiotic additions. The ability
      of Z. mobilis to synthesize ADHII and ADHI may be advantageous in nature.

PMID- 2914865
TI  - Immunological characterization of Rhizobium leguminosarum outer membrane antigens
      by use of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Surface antigens of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae strain 248 were
      characterized by using polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. With Western
      immunoblotting as the criterion, an antiserum raised against living whole cells
      recognized mainly flagellar antigens and the O-antigen-containing part of the
      lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Immunization of mice with a peptidoglycan-outer
      membrane complex yielded eight monoclonal antibodies, of which three reacted with
      LPS and five reacted with various sets of outer membrane protein antigens. The
      observation that individual monoclonal antibodies react with sets of related
      proteins is discussed. Studies of the influence of calcium deficiency and LPS
      alterations on surface antigenicity showed that in normally grown wild-type
      cells, the O-antigenic side chain of LPS blocks binding of an antibody to a
      deeper-lying antigen. This antigen is accessible to antibodies in cells grown
      under calcium limitation as well as in O-antigen-lacking mutant cells. Two of the
      antigen groups which can be distinguished in cell envelopes of free-living
      bacteria were depleted in cell envelopes of isolated bacteroids, indicating that
      the monoclonal antibodies could be useful tools for studying the differentiation
      process from free-living bacteria to bacteroids.

PMID- 2914866
TI  - Purification and properties of glutathione transferase from Issatchenkia
      orientalis.
AB  - Glutathione transferase (GST) (EC 2.5.1.18) was purified from a cell extract of
      Issatchenkia orientalis, and two GST isoenzymes were isolated. They had molecular
      weights of 37,500 and 40,000 and were designated GST Y-1 and GST Y-2,
      respectively. GST Y-1 and GST Y-2 gave single bands with molecular weights of
      22,000 and 23,500, respectively, on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis. GST Y-1 and GST Y-2 were immunologically distinguished from each
      other. GST Y-1 showed specific activity 10.4-times and 6.0-times higher when 1
      chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene and o-dinitrobenzene were used as substrates,
      respectively, than GST Y-2. GST activity was not detected for either isoenzyme
      when other substrates such as bromosulfophthalein and trans-4-phenyl-3-buten-2
      one were used. GST Y-1 and GST Y-2 had Km values of 0.51 and 0.75 mM for
      glutathione, respectively, and of 0.16 and 4.01 mM for 1-chloro-2,4
      dinitrobenzene. GST Y-1 was significantly inhibited by Cibacron blue 3G-A, and
      GST Y-2 was significantly inhibited by bromosulfophthalein.

PMID- 2914867
TI  - Translation and processing of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens extracellular RNase.
AB  - Bacillus amyloliquefaciens extracellular RNase has been previously cloned and
      expressed in Bacillus subtilis. Site-specific mutagenesis experiments have
      identified codon -39 as the start site of translation. We have determined the
      primary signal peptide cleavage site of preprobarnase and propose a pathway for
      the conversion of probarnase to mature barnase.

PMID- 2914868
TI  - Spermidine synthesis by Pseudomonas sp. strain Kim, previously reported to lack
      this polyamine.
AB  - Pseudomonas sp. strain Kim has previously been reported to be the only known
      naturally occurring organism lacking spermidine. We now show that it synthesizes
      this polyamine. The apparent lack of intracellular levels of spermidine results
      from an efficient conversion of spermidine to putrescine and hydroxyputrescine.

PMID- 2914869
TI  - Isolation of a third lipoamide dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas putida.
AB  - Pseudomonads are the only organisms so far known to produce two lipoamide
      dehydrogenases (LPDs), LPD-Val and LPD-Glc. LPD-Val is the specific E3 component
      of branched-chain oxoacid dehydrogenase, and LPD-Glc is the E3 component of 2
      ketoglutarate and possibly pyruvate dehydrogenases and the L-factor of the
      glycine oxidation system. Three mutants of Pseudomonas putida, JS348, JS350, and
      JS351, affected in lpdG, the gene encoding LPD-Glc, have been isolated; all
      lacked 2-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, but two, JS348 and JS351, had normal
      pyruvate dehydrogenase activity. The pyruvate and 2-ketoglutarate dehydrogenases
      of the wild-type strain of P. putida were both inhibited by anti-LPD-Glc, but the
      pyruvate dehydrogenase of the lpdG mutants was not inhibited, suggesting that the
      mutant pyruvate dehydrogenase E3 component was different from that of the wild
      type. The lipoamide dehydrogenase present in one of the lpdG mutants, JS348, was
      isolated and characterized. This lipoamide dehydrogenase, provisionally named LPD
      3, differed in molecular weight, amino acid composition, and N-terminal amino
      acid sequence from LPD-Glc and LPD-Val. LPD-3 was clearly a lipoamide
      dehydrogenase as opposed to a mercuric reductase or glutathione reductase. LPD-3
      was about 60% as effective as LPD-Glc in restoring 2-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
      activity and completely restored pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in JS350. These
      results suggest that LPD-3 is a lipoamide dehydrogenase associated with an
      unknown multienzyme complex which can replace LPD-Glc as the E3 component of
      pyruvate and 2-ketoglutarate dehydrogenases in lpdG mutants.

PMID- 2914870
TI  - Buoyant density, growth rate, and the cell cycle in Streptococcus faecium.
AB  - The buoyant density in rapidly growing Streptococcus faecium 9790 cells varies
      over the cell cycle, in contrast to the density in Escherichia coli. Buoyant
      density in S. faecium was measured by using Percoll (Pharmacia Fine Chemicals,
      Piscataway, N.J.) density gradients. We found that the mean and coefficient of
      variation of the population density increased with growth rate; and within a
      population, the mean cell volume, which was measured electronically, increased
      with density. These results were compared with electron microscopic measurements
      of the size distributions of cell wall growth sites within each fraction of the
      density gradient. As the density increased within a population, the frequency of
      large cells increased and the frequency of newly initiated cell wall growth sites
      increased. These effects were more marked as the growth rate increased. Next,
      these data were regrouped by cell size by using the size of the central growth
      site as an index of cell cycle stage. Each frequency value was weighted by the
      proportion of the population represented by that density fraction. Then, the
      average buoyant density was calculated for each value of cell size. In all cell
      populations, the density decreased and then increased as the central site
      enlarged. Peripheral growth sites were initiated as density reached a maximum. At
      faster growth rates, density increased more steeply, and new peripheral growth
      sites opened up at a higher frequency. We suggest that the rate at which density
      increases during the cell cycle correlates with the initiation of new cell wall
      growth sites.

PMID- 2914871
TI  - Iron regulation of swarmer cell differentiation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus.
AB  - Vibrio parahaemolyticus has two distinct cell types, the swimmer cell and the
      swarmer cell, adapted for locomotion in different circumstances. The swimmer
      cell, produced when the bacterium is grown in liquid media, is a short rod with a
      single sheathed polar flagellum. The swarmer cell, produced when V.
      parahaemolyticus is grown on solidified media, is greatly elongated and
      synthesizes, in addition to the polar flagellum, numerous unsheathed lateral
      flagella which are responsible for translocation over surfaces. We are interested
      in understanding how this bacterium differentiates in response to contact with
      surfaces and have determined in earlier work that the polar flagellum acts as a
      tactile sensor which controls transcription of genes (laf) encoding the swarmer
      cell phenotype. Surface recognition involves sensing of forces that obstruct
      movement of the polar flagellum. In this report we show that a second signal,
      iron limitation, is also required for swarmer cell differentiation. Production of
      lateral flagella occurred only when polar flagellar function was perturbed and
      iron-limiting growth conditions were imposed. The same conditions were required
      to induce light production in strains of V. parahaemolyticus in which a laf gene
      was transcriptionally fused to the lux operon encoding the enzymes for
      bioluminescence. The lafA gene encoding the lateral flagellin subunit was cloned
      and used in Northern (RNA) blot measurements. Examination of mRNA levels revealed
      that transcription of lafA is dependent on growth in iron-depleted media. The
      control of differentiation by multiple environmental stimuli is discussed.

PMID- 2914872
TI  - Cloning, sequencing, and characterization of the principal acid phosphatase, the
      phoC+ product, from Zymomonas mobilis.
AB  - The Zymomonas mobilis gene encoding acid phosphatase, phoC, has been cloned and
      sequenced. The gene spans 792 base pairs and encodes an Mr 28,988 polypeptide.
      This protein was identified as the principal acid phosphatase activity in Z.
      mobilis by using zymograms and was more active with magnesium ions than with zinc
      ions. Its promoter region was similar to the -35 "pho box" region of the
      Escherichia coli pho genes as well as the regulatory sequences for Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae acid phosphatase (PHO5). A comparison of the gene structure of phoC
      with that of highly expressed Z. mobilis genes revealed that promoters for all
      genes were similar in degree of conservation of spacing and identity with the
      proposed Z. mobilis consensus sequence in the -10 region. The phoC gene contained
      a 5' transcribed terminus which was AT rich, a weak ribosome-binding site, and
      less biased codon usage than the highly expressed Z. mobilis genes.

PMID- 2914873
TI  - Demonstration, characterization, and mutational analysis of NahR protein binding
      to nah and sal promoters.
AB  - The nahR gene of plasmid NAH7 of Pseudomonas putida encodes a 36-kilodalton
      polypeptide which activates transcription of the nah and sal operons in response
      to the inducer salicylate. A gel mobility shift assay was used to identify a DNA
      binding activity which was present only in extracts from either P. putida or
      Escherichia coli containing a functional nahR gene. The binding activity was
      highly specific for DNA containing the nah or sal promoters, but the apparent
      affinity for the promoters was not altered by the presence of salicylate. DNase I
      protection experiments with a partially purified NahR protein preparation showed
      that NahR protects both nah and sal promoter sequences between -82 and -47. The
      location and amount of protection were not dramatically altered by the presence
      of salicylate. In vitro mutagenesis was used to make mutations in the protected
      region of the sal promoter. Analysis of the mutants showed that binding of NahR
      is required for transcription activation and identified two nucleotides in the
      protected region that are essential for binding and activation by NahR.

PMID- 2914874
TI  - Cloning and heterologous expression in Streptomyces lividans of Streptomyces
      rimosus genes involved in oxytetracycline biosynthesis.
AB  - The anhydrotetracycline (ATC) oxygenase enzyme which carries out the conversion
      of ATC to dehydrotetracycline was purified and the N-terminal amino acid sequence
      was determined. The sequence displays a significant similarity to that of the p
      hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase from Pseudomonas fluorescens. This is consistent with
      the activity of the oxygenase, i.e., addition of a hydroxyl moiety to an aromatic
      ring structure. Oligonucleotide probes were designed and used to clone the
      corresponding fragment of chromosomal DNA from Streptomyces rimosus. This DNA
      fragment was used to screen a cosmid library, allowing the isolation of flanking
      DNA sequences. Surprisingly, the gene was located within the previously cloned
      cluster of genes involved in the synthesis of the biosynthetic intermediate ATC
      and not as had been expected (P. M. Rhodes, N. Winskill, E. J. Friend, and M.
      Warren, J. Gen. Microbiol. 124:329-338, 1981) at a separate locus on the other
      side of the chromosome. Subcloning of an appropriate DNA fragment from one of the
      cosmid clones onto pIJ916 produced Streptomyces lividans transformants which
      synthesized oxytetracycline.

PMID- 2914875
TI  - Plasmid-determined inducible efflux is responsible for resistance to cadmium,
      zinc, and cobalt in Alcaligenes eutrophus.
AB  - In Alcaligenes eutrophus CH34, resistance to chromate is plasmid determined,
      inducible, and based on decreased net accumulation of the metal anion. Plasmid
      encoded resistances to zinc, cadmium, cobalt, and nickel are resulting from
      inducible, energy-dependent cation efflux systems.

PMID- 2914876
TI  - Cloning, nucleotide sequence, and characterization of genes encoding the
      secretion function of the Pasteurella haemolytica leukotoxin determinant.
AB  - The structural gene of the Pasteurella haemolytica leukotoxin determinant is
      highly homologous to that of the Escherichia coli hemolysin determinant, which
      also encodes a specialized set of genes involved in the secretion of the
      hemolysin. In this report, we describe the cloning and nucleotide sequence of the
      analogous secretion genes from P. haemolytica which make up the remainder of the
      leukotoxin determinant. The secretion genes were cloned directly from the P.
      haemolytica chromosome to form the recombinant plasmid pPH5B. By subcloning the
      secretion genes together with the leukotoxin structural gene, the cloned
      leukotoxin determinant was reconstructed on a single plasmid, pLKT52, which
      directs the synthesis of active leukotoxin to the culture supernatant when
      expressed in E. coli. DNA sequence analysis showed the presence of two secretion
      genes, designated lktB and lktD in order of their genetic organization, which
      code for proteins of 79.7 and 54.7 kilodaltons, both of which were detected when
      pLKT52 was expressed in E. coli minicells. The lktB and lktD genes were found to
      be highly homologous to the hlyB and hlyD secretion genes of the hemolysin
      determinant, and the predicted LktB-HlyB and LktD-HlyD proteins were 90.5 and
      75.6% homologous. Nucleotide sequence homology between the leukotoxin and
      hemolysin determinants was limited to the C, A, B, and D coding regions, although
      the presence of similar transcriptional terminators in the A-B intercistronic
      region is suggestive of a similar transcriptional organization. On the basis of
      these data, we hypothesize that the two determinants share a common evolutionary
      history and are prototypes for a widely disseminated family of virulence factors,
      the RTX cytotoxins.

PMID- 2914878
TI  - Increase of ornithine amino lipid content in a sulfonolipid-deficient mutant of
      Cytophaga johnsonae.
AB  - The gram-negative gliding bacterium Cytophaga johnsonae contains not only large
      quantities of unusual sulfonolipids but also, as we report here, a second class
      of unusual lipids. These lipids were detected and quantified by two-dimensional
      thin-layer chromatography of lipids from cells grown in the presence of
      [14C]acetate and shown by chemical studies to be alpha-N-(3-fatty acyloxy fatty
      acyl)ornithines. Like the sulfonolipids, these ornithine lipids were localized in
      the outer membrane (whereas phosphatidylethanolamine was the predominant lipid of
      the inner membrane). In a sulfonolipid-deficient mutant, the missing lipid was
      replaced, specifically, by an increased amount of ornithine lipid. Cells grown in
      liquid media contained predominantly ornithine lipids with nonhydroxylated
      residues in the O-fatty acyl position. In contrast, surface-grown cells contained
      a high proportion of ornithine lipids in which the O-fatty acyl group was 3
      hydroxylated. The sulfonolipids and ornithine lipids are apparently coregulated
      in the sense that, regardless of perturbations caused by mutation or growth
      conditions, their total amounts remain constant at 40% of total cell lipid.

PMID- 2914877
TI  - Biosynthesis of linkage units for teichoic acids in gram-positive bacteria:
      distribution of related enzymes and their specificities for UDP-sugars and lipid
      linked intermediates.
AB  - The distribution and substrate specificities of enzymes involved in the formation
      of linkage units which contain N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and N
      acetylmannosamine (ManNAc) or glucose and join teichoic acid chains to
      peptidoglycan were studied among membrane systems obtained from the following two
      groups of gram-positive bacteria: group A, including Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus
      licheniformis, Bacillus pumilus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Lactobacillus
      plantarum; group B, Bacillus coagulans. All the membrane preparations tested
      catalyzed the synthesis of N-acetylglucosaminyl pyrophosphorylpolyprenol (GlcNAc
      PP-polyprenol). The enzymes transferring glycosyl residues to GlcNAc-PP
      polyprenol were specific to either UDP-ManNAc (group A strains) or UDP-glucose
      (group B strains). In the synthesis of the disaccharide-bound lipids, GlcNAc-PP
      dolichol could substitute for GlcNAc-PP-undecaprenol. ManNAc-GlcNAc-PP
      undecaprenol, ManNAc-GlcNAc-PP-dolichol, Glc-GlcNAc-PP-undecaprenol, Glc-GlcNAc
      PP-dolichol, and GlcNAc-GlcNAc-PP-undecaprenol were more or less efficiently
      converted to glycerol phosphate-containing lipid intermediates and polymers in
      the membrane systems of B. subtilis W23 and B. coagulans AHU 1366. However,
      GlcNAc-GlcNAc-PP-dolichol could not serve as an intermediate in either of these
      membrane systems. Further studies on the exchangeability of ManNAc-GlcNAc-PP
      undecaprenol and Glc-GlcNAc-PP-undecaprenol revealed that in the membrane systems
      of S. aureus strains and other B. coagulans strains both disaccharide-inked
      lipids served almost equally as intermediates in the synthesis of polymers. In
      the membrane systems of other B. subtilis strains as well as B. licheniformis and
      B. pumilus strains, however, the replacement of ManNAc-GlcNAc-PP-undecaprenol by
      Glc-GlcNAc-PP-undecaprenol led to a great accumulation of (glycerol phosphate)
      Glc-GlcNAc-PP-undecaprenol accompanied by a decrease in the formation of
      polymers.

PMID- 2914879
TI  - Two highly related insecticidal crystal proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp.
      kurstaki possess different host range specificities.
AB  - Two genes encoding insecticidal crystal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis
      subsp. kurstaki HD-1 were cloned and sequenced. Both genes, designated cryB1 and
      cryB2, encode polypeptides of 633 amino acids having a molecular mass of ca. 71
      kilodaltons (kDa). Despite the fact that these two proteins display 87% identity
      in amino acid sequence, they exhibit different toxin specificities. The cryB1
      gene product is toxic to both dipteran (Aedes aegypti) and lepidopteran (Manduca
      sexta) larvae, whereas the cryB2 gene product is toxic only to the latter. DNA
      sequence analysis indicates that cryB1 is the distal gene of an operon which is
      comprised of three open reading frames (designated orf1, orf2, and cryB1). The
      proteins encoded by cryB1 and orf2 are components of small cuboidal crystals
      found in several subspecies and strains of B. thuringiensis; it is not known
      whether the orf1 or cryB2 gene products are present in cuboidal crystals. The
      protein encoded by orf2 has an electrophoretic mobility corresponding to a
      molecular mass of ca. 50 kDa, although the gene has a coding capacity for a
      polypeptide of ca. 29 kDa. Examination of the deduced amino acid sequence for
      this protein reveals an unusual structure which may account for its aberrant
      electrophoretic mobility: it contains a 15-amino-acid motif repeated 11 times in
      tandem. Escherichia coli extracts prepared from cells expressing only orf1 and
      orf2 are not toxic to either test insect.

PMID- 2914881
TI  - Comorbidity of bulimia nervosa and personality disorder.
AB  - Thirty patients meeting DSM-III-R criteria for bulimia nervosa with at least
      three bingeing episodes a week were compared with 30 age- and sex-matched
      controls on DSM-III personality measures. The bulimic patients were more likely
      to display cluster B (histrionic, narcissistic, antisocial, and borderline)
      personality abnormalities (odds ratio 15.0) and cluster C (avoidant, dependent,
      compulsive, and passive-aggressive) personality abnormalities (odds ratio 4.3)
      than were the community controls. This study supports the finding that
      personality disorder is a possible risk factor for bulimia.

PMID- 2914880
TI  - Effect of degradative plasmid CAM-OCT on responses of Pseudomonas bacteria to UV
      light.
AB  - The effect of plasmid CAM-OCT on responses to UV irradiation was compared in
      Pseudomonas aeruginosa, in Pseudomonas putida, and in Pseudomonas putida mutants
      carrying mutations in UV response genes. CAM-OCT substantially increased both
      survival and mutagenesis in the two species. P. aeruginosa strains without CAM
      OCT exhibited much higher UV sensitivity than did P. putida strains. UV-induced
      mutagenesis of plasmid-free P. putida was easily detected in three different
      assays (two reversion assays and one forward mutation assay), whereas UV
      mutagenesis of P. aeruginosa without CAM-OCT was seen only in the forward
      mutation assay. These results suggest major differences in DNA repair between the
      two species and highlight the presence of error-prone repair functions on CAM
      OCT. A number of P. putida mutants carrying chromosomal mutations affecting
      either survival or mutagenesis after UV irradiation were isolated, and the effect
      of CAM-OCT on these mutants was determined. All mutations producing a UV
      sensitive phenotype in P. putida were fully suppressed by the plasmid, whereas
      the plasmid had a more variable effect on mutagenesis mutations, suppressing some
      and producing no suppression of others. On the basis of the results reported here
      and results obtained by others with plasmids carrying UV response genes, it
      appears that CAM-OCT may differ either in regulation or in the number and
      functions of UV response genes encoded.

PMID- 2914882
TI  - Hallervorden-Spatz disease in a psychiatric setting.
AB  - Neurodegenerative disorders of sufficient severity to be lethal are also likely
      to generate psychiatric symptomatology. At times, behavioral changes may predate
      neurologic manifestations, whereas at other times disturbances in mental status
      and physical functioning may coexist. In either situation, accurate assessment
      and appropriate treatment may prove challenging. The case of Hallervorden-Spatz
      disease reported here illustrates this difficulty; the authors present it to
      highlight the general issues that often arise in this group of illnesses. In this
      patient, as well as in three of his relatives, initially subtle neurologic signs
      were preceded by and then intermingled with significant and sometimes severe
      symptoms of depression. The authors emphasize the importance of attending to the
      neurologic symptom picture and family history in order to more appropriately
      assess the psychiatric manifestations of the disorder. Knowledge of
      neurodegenerative illnesses, even those as admittedly rare as Hallervorden-Spatz
      disease, can facilitate accurate and prompt diagnostic assessment, guide
      treatment strategies (including avoidance of inappropriate interventions), and
      help to more realistically define outcome expectations.

PMID- 2914883
TI  - Capgras' syndrome following minor head trauma.
AB  - Capgras' syndrome, the delusion of substitution, has been reported in the setting
      of many different underlying functional and organic conditions. Only two cases of
      the syndrome following major head trauma have been reported. The authors present
      the first reported case of Capgras' syndrome following minor head trauma in an
      elderly woman.

PMID- 2914884
TI  - Jitteriness and panic disorder.

PMID- 2914885
TI  - Munchausen syndrome: new cause for concern.

PMID- 2914886
TI  - Human plasminogen kringle 4. Crystallization and preliminary diffraction data of
      two different crystal forms.
AB  - Human plasminogen kringle 4 has been crystallized in two different crystal forms:
      monoclinic, a = 32.78(3), b = 49.17(2), c = 46.27(3) A, beta = 100.67 degrees,
      space group P2(1), four molecules/unit cell, two molecules/asymmetric unit;
      orthorhombic, a = 32.09(7), b = 49.14(6), c = 49.47(9) A, space group P2(1)2(1)2,
      four molecules/unit cell. Both crystal forms have a large protein fraction (66%
      for monoclinic and 62% for orthorhombic) and diffract x-rays to 2.0 A resolution.
      A self-rotation function has been calculated with monoclinic data indicating a
      non-crystallographic 2-fold rotation approximately parallel to a* (peak height of
      14.3 x sigma). Cross-rotation function calculations are in progress utilizing the
      coordinates of the conserved structure of kringle 1 of prothrombin and
      plasminogen kringle 4.

PMID- 2914887
TI  - The effects of high pressure upon ligated and deoxyhemoglobins and myoglobin. An
      optical spectroscopic study.
AB  - The effects of high pressure (0.1-3.4 gigapascal (GPa)) on the ferrous heme
      active sites of human adult hemoglobin, sperm whale myoglobin, and Glycera
      dibranchiata hemoglobin (Fraction II) were probed using resonance Raman and
      absorption spectroscopies. High-to-low spin transitions of the heme iron occur
      for hemoglobin, myoglobin, and Glycera hemoglobin at 0.35, 0.75, and 0.50 GPa,
      respectively, for the deoxy species. These interspecies differences result from
      variations in the composition of the hemepockets and/or their rigidity to
      pressure-induced volume changes. Heme active sites initially bound to CO or O2
      exhibit distinctive behavior at high pressures. For all proteins studied, O2
      apparently dissociates from the heme at only moderately high pressure, while CO
      remains bound to the heme moiety even at extreme pressures. The Raman spectra
      demonstrate the differences in the ligated and deoxy species at 3.4 GPa in the
      high frequency region. Discrete changes (i.e. iron spin-state transitions and
      dissociation of O2) occur that are commensurate with the collapse of the distal
      pocket, while continuous shifts in the absorption and Raman spectra are observed
      at pressures above those required for pocket collapse.

PMID- 2914888
TI  - Human plasma lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase. Inhibition of the
      phospholipase A2-like activity by sn-2-difluoroketone phosphatidylcholine
      analogues.
AB  - Lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) is a plasma enzyme which catalyzes
      the transacylation of the sn-2-fatty acid of lecithin to cholesterol, forming
      lysolecithin and cholesteryl ester. We have recently proposed a covalent
      catalytic mechanism for LCAT in which lecithin cleavage proceeds via the
      formation of a transition state tetrahedral adduct between the oxygen atom of the
      catalytic serine residue and the sn-2-carbonyl carbon atom of the substrate
      (Jauhiainen, M., Ridgway, N.D., and Dolphin, P.J. (1987) Biochim. Biophys. Acta
      918, 175-188). This proposal is evaluated here by use of nonhydrolyzable sn-2
      difluoroketone phosphatidylcholine analogues, known to inhibit calcium-dependent
      phospholipase A2. These compounds inhibited the calcium-independent phospholipase
      A2 activity of LCAT in a time and concentration dependent manner. The most potent
      analogues had a 100-fold higher affinity for the enzyme than the substrate,
      lecithin, when present within lecithin/apoA-I proteoliposomes. The inhibition was
      dependent upon the presence of a difluoromethylene group alpha to the sn-2
      carbonyl carbon of the analogues. The inhibition is attributed to the formation
      of a tetrahedral adduct between the catalytic serine residue of LCAT and the sn-2
      carbonyl carbon atom of the analogues which is stabilized by the electronegative
      fluorine atoms present upon the carbon atom alpha to the carbonyl carbon. This
      adduct mimics that proposed by us to occur during lecithin cleavage by LCAT, and
      the data substantiate the existence of this transition state adduct prior to the
      release of lysolecithin and formation of a fatty acylserine oxyester of the
      enzyme.

PMID- 2914889
TI  - Purification and characterization of the epitectin from human laryngeal carcinoma
      cells.
AB  - The purification and partial characterization of epitectin (previously called Ca
      antigen) from a human cancer cell line is described. This glycoprotein, which is
      expressed on a wide range of human tumors and certain specialized normal
      epithelia, can be detected using monoclonal antibodies, Ca1, Ca2, and Ca3. The
      purified glycoprotein had a high density (1.40 g/ml) on isopycnic centrifugation
      indicating a high carbohydrate content. The molecular mass of epitectin as
      determined by size-exclusion chromatography ranged from 1.0 to 1.5 x 10(6)
      daltons. However, the purified epitectin gave two bands of apparent molecular
      weight 390,000 and 350,000 on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence
      of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The isoelectric points of epitectin and
      asialoepitectin were found to be 5.3-5.4 and 6.8, respectively. The
      oligosaccharides were isolated from metabolically labeled epitectin by alkaline
      borohydride treatment and their structures established based on high performance
      liquid chromatography and paper electrophoretic migration, sugar composition, the
      results of sequential exoglycosidase treatment, periodate oxidation, and
      methylation analysis. The structures of the three major fractions, which together
      account for about 80% of the radioactivity, were assigned as NeuNAc alpha 2---
      3Gal beta 1----(NeuNAc alpha 2----6)3GalNAc(OH), NeuNAc alpha 2----3Gal beta 1---
      3GalNAc(OH), and Gal beta 1----3 GalNAc(OH). The structures of the minor
      fractions were tentatively assigned as NeuNAc----Gal(NeuNAc----Gal----GlcNAc)---
      GalNAc(OH), Gal beta 1----(NeuNAc alpha 2----6)3GalNAc(OH), NeuNAc alpha 2---
      6GalNAc(OH), and GalNAc(OH). It is proposed that the protein sequence and/or the
      distribution of the saccharides on the protein core are the determinants on
      epitectin that are recognized by the Ca antibodies.

PMID- 2914890
TI  - Oxidation of cycloalkylamines by cytochrome P-450. Mechanism-based inactivation,
      adduct formation, ring expansion, and nitrone formation.
AB  - Mechanism-based destruction of cytochrome P-450 (P-450) and P-450 heme is
      observed during the oxidation of N-cyclopropyl and N-cyclobutyl benzylamines. The
      slower inactivation by the cyclobutylamines relative to cyclopropylamines is
      consistent with known relative rates of ring opening of cycloalkyl-substituted
      aminium radicals. Evidence was found that porphyrin meso adducts of the type
      reported for horseradish peroxidase and cyclopropanone hydrate (Wiseman, J. S.,
      Nichols, J. S., and Kolpak, M. X. (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257, 6328-6332) were not
      formed. Radiolabels from cyclopropylamine substrates were covalently attached to
      protein but essentially only from the cyclopropyl portion and not the benzylic
      portion. Neither label appeared to be bound to extractable heme; however, during
      oxidations with cyclopropylamines, labeled P-450 heme became covalently attached
      to protein. Oxidation of 1-phenylcyclobutylamine by P-450 yielded 2-phenyl-1
      pyrroline and 2-phenylpyrrolidine, and the ring expansion is interpreted as
      evidence for the existence of aminium radicals based on precedents with monoamine
      oxidase (Silverman, R. B., and Zieske, P. A. (1985) Biochemistry 24, 2128-2138).
      In addition, purified P-450PB-B oxidized N-(1-phenylcyclobutyl)-benzylamine to N
      (1-phenyl)cyclobutyl phenyl nitrone, identified using spectral techniques. This
      transformation involves two sequential oxidations with either a hydroxylamine or
      benzylidene intermediate. While P-450 oxidized the amine to both compounds, only
      the hydroxylamine was rapidly oxidized to give the nitrone. The ring expansion
      and nitrone products are interpreted in the context of aminium radical
      intermediates involved in the mechanism of P-450-catalyzed amine oxidation.

PMID- 2914891
TI  - A proton and fluorine-19 nuclear magnetic resonance and fluorescence study of the
      binding of some natural and synthetic thyromimetics to prealbumin
      (transthyretin).
AB  - Interactions between prealbumin and several thyromimetic compounds have been
      examined by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. One equivalent of thyroxine
      (T4) or reverse triiodothyronine (rT3) selectively broadens a number of protein
      signals, while addition of a second equivalent induces much less widespread
      changes. One equivalent of triiodothyronine (T3), however, produces much less
      dramatic changes, and effects comparable with T4 and rT3 are only apparent when a
      second equivalent binds. The broadening is ascribed to immobilization of flexible
      residues. The non-halogenated analogue 3,5-dimethyl-3'-isopropylthyronine induces
      qualitatively different changes suggesting incomplete entry into the thyromimetic
      binding channel. The fluorinated analogue SK&F 95049 (3,5-bis-thiotrifluoromethyl
      3'-isopropylthyronine) induces very similar changes to T3. A fluorine-19 NMR
      signal with a half-height line width of approximately 150 Hz can be observed from
      the bound ligand. Finally, a spin-labeled T4 analogue, with a nitroxyl on the
      alanyl moiety, induces changes identical to those induced by T4 itself, and
      additionally broadens some signals corresponding to residues at the opening of
      the ligand binding channel. The natural tryptophan fluorescence of the protein is
      shown to be a sensitive indicator of binding. The possible influence of the
      dynamic restrictions induced by binding the first molecule of T4 or rT3 on the
      protein's affinity for a second hormone is discussed. It is suggested that the
      first interaction confers rigidity on the second site and reduces its ability to
      flex open and accommodate a second thyromimetic, which results in the marked
      negative co-operativity associated with the occupancy of this site.

PMID- 2914892
TI  - Purification, characterization, and rapid inactivation of thermolabile ubiquitin
      activating enzyme from the mammalian cell cycle mutant ts85.
AB  - Conjugation of ubiquitin to certain proteins can trigger their degradation in the
      in vitro reticulocyte system. In order to determine whether ubiquitin conjugation
      serves as an intermediate step in the turnover of cellular proteins in vivo, it
      is necessary to isolate proteolytic intermediates, i.e. ubiquitin-protein adducts
      of specific cellular proteins. While the steady-state level of conjugates of
      rapidly turning over proteins is relatively high, that of long-lived proteins is
      presumably extremely low, and therefore undetectable. Therefore, mutant cell
      lines with conditionally altered function(s) of the ubiquitin system can serve as
      powerful tools in studying the degradation of stable cellular proteins. We have
      characterized a temperature sensitive cell cycle arrest mutant cell (ts85) with a
      thermolabile ubiquitin-activating enzyme (E1; Finley, D., Ciechanover, A., and
      Varshavsky, A. (1984) Cell 37, 43-55). Following incubation at the restrictive
      temperature (39.5 degrees C), these cells fail to degrade short-lived proteins
      (Ciechanover, A., Finley, D., and Varshavsky, A. (1984) Cell 37, 57-66). However,
      involvement of the ubiquitin system in the turnover of long-lived proteins has
      not been addressed in these cells. A slow rate of inactivation of E1 in vivo, and
      significant rate of cell death following long incubation periods at the
      restrictive temperature, make this question difficult to address experimentally.
      In the present study we show that incubation of the cells for 1 h at 43 degrees C
      leads to rapid inactivation of ubiquitin conjugation in the intact mutant cell.
      Following heat treatment, the cells can be incubated at 39.5 degrees C for at
      least 6 h in order to study the possible involvement of the system in the
      turnover of long-lived cellular proteins. The viability of the cells is excellent
      at the end of the incubation. Following extraction, we have shown that
      inactivation occurs much more rapidly in the cell lysate in vitro than in the
      intact cell (t1/2 of 10 min compared to 4 h at 39.5 degrees C). The enzyme from
      both the mutant cell and the wild-type cell was purified to homogeneity. The
      molecular mass of the native enzyme from both cells is approximately 220 kDa with
      a subunit molecular mass of about 108 kDa. The structure of the enzyme is
      therefore very similar to that purified from rabbit reticulocytes. At the
      permissive temperature, the enzymes from both cells catalyze ATP-PPi and ATP-AMP
      exchange in similar kinetics. However, at the high temperature, the mutated
      enzyme is at least 7-fold less stable than the wild-type enzyme.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2914893
TI  - Molecular cloning sequence and distribution of rat calspermin, a high affinity
      calmodulin-binding protein.
AB  - Calspermin is a heat-stable, acidic calmodulin-binding protein predominantly
      found in mammalian testis. The cDNA representing the rat form of this protein has
      been cloned from a rat testis lambda gt11 library. Sequence analysis of two
      overlapping clones revealed a 232-nucleotide 5'-nontranslated region, 510
      nucleotides of open reading frame, a 148-nucleotide 3'-untranslated region, and a
      poly(A) tail. Authenticity of the clones was confirmed by comparison of a portion
      of the deduced amino acid sequence with the sequence of a tryptic peptide
      obtained from the rat testis protein. The lambda gt11 fusion protein was
      recognized by affinity purified antibodies to pig testis calspermin and bound
      125I-calmodulin in a Ca2+-dependent manner. Calspermin cDNA encodes a 169-residue
      protein with a calculated Mr of 18,735. The putative calmodulin-binding domain is
      very close to the amino terminus of the protein. This region shows 46% identity
      with the calmodulin-binding region of rat brain Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein
      kinase II and 32% identity with the equivalent region of chicken smooth muscle
      myosin light chain kinase. The 5'-nontranslated region reveals significant
      homology with a portion of the catalytic region of the calmodulin-dependent
      protein kinase family. Calspermin contains a stretch of 17 contiguous glutamic
      acid residues in the central region of the molecule. Computer analysis predicts
      calspermin to be 81% alpha-helix and 14% random coil. Analysis of genomic DNA
      indicates calspermin to be the product of a unique gene. Northern blot analysis
      of rat testis RNA reveals a 1.1-kilobase mRNA. This RNA is restricted to testis
      among several rat tissues examined and could not be identified in total RNA
      isolated from testes of other mammals. Analysis of cells isolated from rat testis
      reveals calspermin mRNA to be predominantly expressed in postmeiotic cells
      indicating that it may be specific to haploid cells.

PMID- 2914894
TI  - The three-dimensional structure of bovine platelet factor 4 at 3.0-A resolution.
AB  - Platelet factor 4 (PF4), which is released by platelets during coagulation, binds
      very tightly to negatively charged oligosaccharides such as heparin. To date, six
      other proteins are known that are homologous in sequence with PF4 but have quite
      different functions. The structure of a tetramer of bovine PF4 complexed with one
      Ni(CN)4(2-) molecule has been determined at 3.0 A resolution and refined to an R
      factor of 0.28. The current model contains residues 24-85, no solvent, and one
      overall temperature factor. Residues 1-13, which carried an oligosaccharide
      chain, were removed with elastase to induce crystallization; residues 14-23 and
      presumably 86-88 are disordered in the electron density map. Because no heavy
      atom derivative was isomorphous with the native crystals, the complex of PF4 with
      one Ni(CN)4(2-) molecule was solved using a single, highly isomorphous Pt(CN)4(2
      ) derivative and the iterative, single isomorphous replacement method. The
      secondary structure of the PF4 subunit, from amino- to carboxyl-terminal end,
      consists of an extended loop, three strands of antiparallel beta-sheet arranged
      in a Greek key, and one alpha-helix. The tetramer contains two extended, six
      stranded beta-sheets, each formed by two subunits, which are arranged back-to
      back to form a "beta-bilayer" structure with two buried salt bridges sandwiched
      in the middle. The carboxyl-terminal alpha-helices, which contain lysine residues
      that are thought to be intimately involved in binding heparin, are arranged as
      antiparallel pairs on the surface of each extended beta-sheet.

PMID- 2914895
TI  - Identification of methyl resonances in the 1H NMR spectrum of incubated blood
      cell lysates.
AB  - The origin of low frequency methyl resonances which appear in the spin-echo 1H
      nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of incubated blood cell lysates was
      investigated by several techniques including 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic
      resonance spectroscopy, electrophoresis, high performance liquid chromatography,
      gel filtration, and amino acid analysis. These resonances were identified as
      arising from methyl moieties of leucine and valine. Other peaks which also
      appeared in the spectra of incubated blood cell lysates were assigned to methyl
      groups of alanine and threonine. The free amino acids are products of neutral
      proteases located on the leukocyte membrane or able to act on the extracellular
      medium. Since more than one enzyme appears to be implicated, it is possible that
      both membrane and granule proteases take part in the hydrolysis. Comparison of
      rates of product formation in white cell lysates incubated with human serum
      albumin, and with red cell lysate, suggests that erythrocyte peptidases also
      contribute to proteolysis in the latter case.

PMID- 2914896
TI  - Interaction of a positive regulatory factor(s) with a 106-base pair upstream
      region controls transcription of metallothionein-I gene in the liver.
AB  - The differential transcription of the cloned mouse metallothionein-I (MT-I) gene
      in tissues was studied in unfractionated and fractionated nuclear extracts from
      rat liver and brain. MT-I gene transcription was 10-fold greater in liver nuclear
      extract than in brain nuclear extract, whereas the level of transcription of the
      histone H4 gene was almost identical in both tissue extracts. 5' Deletion
      analysis of upstream sequences revealed that a 106-base pair (bp) region located
      between the -148- and -42-bp positions with respect to the transcription start
      site was responsible for the higher level of expression of the MT-I gene in the
      liver. Preincubation of the liver extract with the 106-bp fragment resulted in a
      significant decrease in MT-I gene transcription in the liver extract. In
      contrast, MT-I gene transcription in the brain nuclear extract was not altered by
      preincubation with the 106-bp upstream sequence. Mixing liver and brain extract
      did not diminish MT-I gene transcription normally occurring in liver nuclear
      extract. Preincubation of brain nuclear extract with the MT-I gene had no
      inhibitory effect on transcription of MT-I gene in liver nuclear extract. These
      studies suggest that neither an inhibitor nor a negative trans-acting factor in
      the brain is responsible for the differential transcription of MT-I gene; rather
      a positive regulatory factor(s) in the liver which interacts with the 106-bp
      upstream region contributes to the higher level of MT-I gene expression in this
      tissue.

PMID- 2914897
TI  - On the origin of the positive band in the far-ultraviolet circular dichroic
      spectrum of fibronectin.
AB  - The genesis of the positive bands in the far-ultraviolet circular dichroic
      spectra of human plasma fibronectin and its 31-kDa NH2-terminal heparin-binding
      fragment was studied. Spectra of ester derivatives of tyrosine, tryptophan, and
      phenylalanine and of model mixtures of these derivatives in which they are
      present in the same ratios as in the proteins indicate that all the aromatic side
      chains make substantial contributions to composite positive bands with maxima
      several nanometers below those of the proteins. In the presence of solvent
      perturbants such as polyethylene glycol and ethylene glycol, the bands of the
      model mixtures are red-shifted to the approximate positions they have in the
      spectra of the proteins. No additional red shift is seen with solvent
      perturbation of the proteins, suggesting that the conditions leading to this
      effect are satisfied within the proteins. A separate effect of solvent
      perturbation, an increase in amplitude of the positive band, occurs equally in
      solutions of free aromatic amino acid derivatives and in the proteins. This
      effect is used to estimate the relative accessibility of the chromophores of
      fibronectin and its fragment to different perturbants. The possible influence of
      protein secondary structure on the amplitude of the positive circular dichroic
      band is discussed.

PMID- 2914898
TI  - Purification and characterization of two classes of neurotoxins from the funnel
      web spider, Agelenopsis aperta.
AB  - Two classes of paralytic toxins were isolated from the venom of Agelenopsis
      aperta and their chemical and larvicidal properties characterized. Five
      acylpolyamine toxins (alpha-agatoxins) of molecular masses 452, 488, 489, 504,
      and 505 Da produce immediate but reversible paralysis in Manduca sexta following
      injection. Six insecticidal peptides (mu-agatoxins) produce a gradual but
      irreversible paralysis. The complete amino acid sequences (36-38 residues) of the
      mu-agatoxins are presented. These peptides contain eight half-cystines and are
      quite similar in sequence. At least four of these toxins are amidated at the
      carboxyl terminus. The secondary structure of one of these toxins (mu-Aga V) was
      investigated.

PMID- 2914899
TI  - Histone H1 binds to the putative nuclear factor I recognition sequence in the
      mouse alpha 2(I) collagen promoter.
AB  - It has previously been demonstrated that nuclear factor I (NF I) or a related
      protein binds to a region between -315 and -295 from the start of transcription
      in the mouse alpha 2(I) collagen gene promoter. In the present work we have
      purified this factor to homogeneity from rat liver. DNA sequence-specific
      proteins were isolated from nuclear extracts using heparin-agarose affinity
      chromatography and two successive chromatographies on a recognition site affinity
      matrix. Approximately 160 micrograms of the DNA binding proteins was obtained
      from 100 g of rat liver. More than 1700-fold purification over the nuclear
      extract and 58% recovery of the DNA binding activity was achieved. The purified
      preparation contained five to six protein components ranging in molecular weight
      from 30,000 to 35,000, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis. It was demonstrated using DNase I footprint analysis that the
      factor binds to the putative NF I binding site in the mouse alpha 2(I) collagen
      promoter. It has a dissociation constant of 7 nM for a short DNA fragment
      containing this binding site, while a constant of 0.45 nM was obtained for a
      similar-sized fragment containing the nuclear NF I consensus binding sequence.
      The purified factor is identical to histone H1 in several respects. They share
      similar amino acid compositions and they give similar V8-protease and N
      bromosuccinimide peptides. In addition, antibodies raised to bovine histone H1
      recognize the purified factor and interfere with its binding to DNA. Methylation
      interference and preparative gel shift assay show that histone H1 binds to the
      specific sequence from the preparation of the alpha 2(I) collagen promoter
      binding factor. It is thus evident from the present results, that histone H1
      binds to the NF I recognition sequence in the mouse alpha 2(I) collagen promoter.

PMID- 2914900
TI  - Evidence for an imipramine-sensitive serotonin transporter in human placental
      brush-border membranes.
AB  - Serotonin is actively transported into brush-border membrane vesicles isolated
      from normal human term placentas and an inward-directed NaCl gradient provides
      the driving force for this process. Uptake is negligible if Na+ is replaced by
      Li+, K+, Rb+, Cs+ or choline. The presence of Cl- seems necessary for the maximal
      activity of this Na+-dependent uptake system. Intravesicular K+ (20-40 mM)
      stimulates serotonin uptake, the stimulation being considerably greater at pH 7.5
      than at pH 6.5. But, in the absence of K+, uptake at pH 6.5 was twice the uptake
      at pH 7.5. Unlabeled serotonin and dopamine inhibit the uptake of radiolabeled
      serotonin and the IC50 values are 70 nM and 20 microM, respectively. Histamine
      and 5-hydroxytryptophan do not significantly interact with the system (IC50
      greater than 1 mM). Kinetic analysis reveals that serotonin uptake in these
      vesicles occurs via a single, saturable, high affinity system (Kt = 51 +/- 2 nM;
      Vmax = 6.4 +/- 0.1 pmol/mg of protein/15 s). The transporter is highly sensitive
      to inhibition by imipramine (IC50 = 32 nM) and desipramine (IC50 = 160 nM) but
      relatively insensitive to reserpine and hydralazine.

PMID- 2914901
TI  - Mammalian progesterone receptor shows differential sensitivity to sulfhydryl
      group modifying agents when bound to agonist and antagonist ligands.
AB  - Modulation of calf uterine progesterone receptor (PR), in relation to its binding
      to synthetic steroids with known agonist (R5020) and antagonist (RU486)
      properties, was studied in the presence of iodoacetamide (IA), N-ethylmaleimide
      (NEM), beta-mercaptoethanol (MER), and dithiothreitol (DTT). Pretreatment of
      uterine cytosol at 4 degrees C with NEM (4-10 mM) reduced the binding of
      [3H]RU486 to PR by 40%, but [3H] R5020 binding was completely abolished. Whereas
      IA (2-10 mM) treatment did not affect [3H]RU486 binding, [3H]R5020 binding was
      totally eliminated. DTT or MER increased the binding of both steroids slightly
      (15%). [3H]R5020- or [3H]RU486-receptor complexes (Rc) migrated in the 8 S region
      and were eliminated upon pretreatment with NEM. At 23 degrees C, DTT increased
      the amount of 4 S [3H]R5020-Rc, but had no effect on the [3H]RU486-Rc. In the
      control, [3H]RU486 binding to the 8 S PR could be competed with radioinert R5020
      or RU486, but R5020 failed to compete in the presence of IA. The heat-treated
      [3H]R5020- and [3H]RU486-Rc showed reduced binding to DNA-cellulose in the
      presence of NEM and IA. The results of our study suggest that SH group
      modifications differentially influence the properties of mammalian PR complexed
      with either R5020 or RU486. In the presence of IA, the [3H]RU486-Rc remained in
      the 8 S form when incubated at 23 degrees C, indicating that RU486 binding causes
      conformational changes in PR which are distinct from those that result upon R5020
      binding.

PMID- 2914902
TI  - Acidification and ion permeabilities of highly purified rat liver endosomes.
AB  - While it is well established that acidic pH in endosomes plays a critical role in
      mediating the orderly traffic of receptors and ligands during endocytosis, little
      is known about the bioenergetics or regulation of endosome acidification. Using
      highly enriched fractions of rat liver endosomes prepared by free flow
      electrophoresis and sucrose density gradient centrifugation, we have analyzed the
      mechanism of ATP-dependent acidification and ion permeability properties of the
      endosomal membrane. This procedure permitted the isolation of endosome fractions
      which were up to 200-fold enriched as indicated by the increased specific
      activity of ATP-dependent proton transport. Acidification was monitored using
      hepatocyte and total liver endosomes selectively labeled with pH-sensitive
      markers of receptor-mediated endocytosis (fluorescein isothiocyanate
      asialoorosomucoid) or fluid-phase endocytosis (fluorescein isothiocyanate
      dextran). In addition, changes in membrane potential accompanying ATP-dependent
      acidification were directly measured using the voltage-sensitive fluorescent dye
      Di-S-C3(5). Our results indicate that ATP-dependent acidification of liver
      endosomes is electrogenic, with proton transport being accompanied by the
      generation of an interior-positive membrane potential opposing further
      acidification. The membrane potential can be dissipated by the influx of permeant
      external anions or efflux of internal alkali cations. Replacement externally of
      permeable anions with less permeable anions (e.g. replacing Cl- with gluconate)
      diminished acidification, as did replacement internally of a more permeant cation
      K+ with less permeant species (such as Na+ or tetramethylammonium). ATP-dependent
      H+ transport was not coupled to any specific anion or cation, however. The
      endosomal membrane was found to be extremely permeable to protons, with protons
      able to leak out almost as fast as they are pumped in. Thus, the internal pH of
      endosomes is likely to reflect a dynamic equilibrium of protons regulated by the
      intrinsic ion permeabilities of the endosomal membrane, in addition to the
      activity of an ATP-driven proton pump.

PMID- 2914903
TI  - Subunit associations in the mammalian pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Structure
      and role of protein X and the pyruvate dehydrogenase component binding domain of
      the dihydrolipoyl transacetylase component.
AB  - We have further distinguished the structures and roles of the two lipoyl-bearing
      components of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, the dihydrolipoyl
      transacetylase (E2) component and the component designated as protein X. The
      amino acid sequences of the NH2-terminal regions of the lipoyl-bearing domain of
      the E2 component and protein X are different but related. The dihydrolipoyl
      dehydrogenase (E3) component but not the pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1) component
      protected protein X against proteolytic degradation by trypsin and protease Arg
      C. Protein X-specific polyclonal antibodies inhibit reconstitution of the overall
      reaction catalyzed by the complex (E2-X subcomplex recombined with the E1 and E3
      components). The rate of development of this inhibition was reduced by
      pretreatment of E2-X subcomplex with the E3 component. These data strongly
      suggest the E3 component associates with protein X. The E1 component (an alpha 2
      beta 2 tetramer), but not the E3 component, reduced trypsin cleavage of E2
      subunits at 4 degrees C and altered the patterns of cleavage at 22 degrees C. At
      22 degrees C a large (Mr congruent to 49,000) outer domain (E2LB) of the E2
      component was produced. E2LB had the same NH2-terminal amino acid sequence as the
      smaller (Mr congruent to 38,000) lipoyl-bearing domain (E2L). E2LB, in contrast
      to E2L, interacted with both the E1 component and the beta subunit of the E1
      component. Thus the E1 component is bound through an E1-binding domain that is
      located in E2 subunits between the inner domain and the outer, lipoyl-bearing
      domain.

PMID- 2914904
TI  - Human carboxypeptidase M. Purification and characterization of a membrane-bound
      carboxypeptidase that cleaves peptide hormones.
AB  - A membrane-bound neutral carboxypeptidase B-like enzyme was solubilized from
      human placental microvilli with 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)-dimethylammonio]-1
      propanesulfonate (CHAPS) and purified to homogeneity by ion-exchange
      chromatography and affinity chromatography on arginine-Sepharose. It gave a
      single band on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with an
      apparent Mr of 62,000 with or without reduction. The enzyme is a glycoprotein as
      shown by its high affinity for concanavalin A-Sepharose and reduction in mass to
      47,600 daltons after chemical deglycosylation. It has a neutral pH optimum, is
      activated by CoCl2, and inhibited by o-phenanthroline, 2-mercaptomethyl-3
      guanidinoethylthiopropanoic acid, or cadmium acetate, indicating it is a
      metallopeptidase. The enzyme cleaves arginine or lysine from the COOH terminus of
      synthetic peptides (e.g. Bz-Gly-Arg, Bz-Gly-Lys, Bz-Ala-Lys, dansyl-Ala-Arg,
      where Bz is benzoyl and dansyl is 5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonyl) as well
      as from several biologically active substrates: dynorphin A(1-13), Met5-Arg6
      enkephalin (Km = 46 microM, kcat = 934 min-1), bradykinin (Km = 16 microM, kcat =
      147 min-1), Met5-Lys6-enkephalin (Km = 375 microM, kcat = 663 min-1), and Leu5
      Arg6-enkephalin (Km = 63 microM, kcat = 106 min-1). Although the enzyme shares
      some properties with other carboxypeptidase B-like enzymes, it is structurally,
      catalytically, and immunologically distinct from pancreatic carboxypeptidase A or
      B, human plasma carboxypeptidase N, and carboxypeptidase H ("enkephalin
      convertase"). To denote that the enzyme is membrane-bound, and to distinguish it
      from other known carboxypeptidases, we propose the name "carboxypeptidase M."
      Because of its localization on the plasma membrane and optimal activity at
      neutral pH, carboxypeptidase M could inactivate or modulate the activity of
      peptide hormones either before or after their interaction with plasma membrane
      receptors.

PMID- 2914905
TI  - 5,6-Dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole inhibits transcription
      elongation by RNA polymerase II in vitro.
AB  - The purine nucleoside analog 5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole
      (DRB) is a selective inhibitor of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Although a
      wealth of in vivo studies have suggested that DRB inhibits transcription by
      enhancing the premature termination of elongating polymerase molecules, in vitro
      studies to date have been interpreted to suggest that DRB acts at the level of
      transcription initiation. We have analyzed the mechanism of DRB-mediated
      transcription inhibition in vitro both in HeLa whole cell extracts and in a
      partially purified transcription system. The results indicate that the extent to
      which DRB inhibits the synthesis of a RNA transcript is directly proportional to
      its length. For example, DRB was found to preferentially inhibit transcription in
      vitro of promoter-distal relative to promoter-proximal portions of the adenovirus
      major late transcription unit. A factor potentially involved in mediating this
      inhibitory effect is identified. We conclude that the mechanism of DRB inhibition
      of transcription in vivo and in vitro are similar.

PMID- 2914906
TI  - In situ phosphorylation of human platelet myosin heavy and light chains by
      protein kinase C.
AB  - Treatment of human platelets with 162 nM 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate
      (TPA) resulted in phosphorylation of a number of peptides, including myosin heavy
      chain and the 20-kDa myosin light chain. The site phosphorylated on the myosin
      heavy chain was localized by two-dimensional peptide mapping to a serine
      residue(s) in a single major tryptic phosphopeptide. This phosphopeptide co
      migrated with a tryptic peptide that was produced following in vitro
      phosphorylation of platelet myosin heavy chain using protein kinase C. The sites
      phosphorylated in the 20-kDa myosin light chain in intact cells were analyzed by
      two-dimensional mapping of tryptic peptides and found to correspond to Ser1 and
      Ser2 in the turkey gizzard myosin light chain. In vitro phosphorylation of
      purified human platelet myosin by protein kinase C showed that in addition to
      Ser1 and Ser2, a third site corresponding to Thr9 in turkey gizzard myosin light
      chain is also phosphorylated. The phosphorylatable myosin light chains from human
      platelets were found to consist of two major isoforms present in approximately
      equal amounts, but differing in their molecular weights and isoelectric points. A
      third, minor isoform was also visualized by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.
      Following treatment with TPA, both the mono- and diphosphorylated forms of each
      isoform could be visualized, and the sites of phosphorylation were identified.
      The phosphate content rose from negligible amounts found prior to treatment with
      TPA to 1.2 mol of phosphate/mol of myosin light chain and 0.7 mol of
      phosphate/mol of myosin heavy chain following treatment. These results suggest
      that TPA mediates phosphorylation of both myosin light and heavy chains in intact
      platelets by activation of protein kinase C.

PMID- 2914907
TI  - Purification and characterization of early pregnancy factor from human pregnancy
      sera.
AB  - Early pregnancy factor (EPF) is a pregnancy-associated protein detected in the
      maternal serum by using the rosette inhibition assay and by evaluating the
      suppression of adoptive transfer of contact sensitivity. Because of its
      inhibitory effect on the functional reactivity of immunocompetent cells, EPF is
      thought to be involved in immunoregulation of the maternal immune system during
      early pregnancy. EPF was purified six million-fold from the serum of pregnant
      women between 5 and 12 weeks of gestation. The specific activity of purified EPF
      was approximately 8 x 10(8) units/mg. The purification scheme involved sequential
      DEAE-cellulose chromatography, S-Sepharose chromatography, concanavalin A
      Sepharose chromatography, heparin-Sepharose chromatography, Mono S fast protein
      liquid chromatography, and preparative sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis. The purified protein has an apparent molecular weight of 21,500
      as analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and
      28,000 by gel permeation high pressure liquid chromatography. The isoelectric
      point of purified EPF moiety is 6.5. The biological activity was susceptible to
      the proteolytic enzyme trypsin, acidic pH conditions, organic solvents, and
      sodium dodecyl sulfate, but stable to heat treatment at 56 degrees C for 30 min
      and the reducing agent dithiothreitol. The biological and physicochemical
      properties of EPF appear to be distinct from other pregnancy-associated and
      immunoregulatory proteins.

PMID- 2914908
TI  - The binding of heparin to type IV collagen: domain specificity with
      identification of peptide sequences from the alpha 1(IV) and alpha 2(IV) which
      preferentially bind heparin.
AB  - Three distinctive heparin-binding sites were observed in type IV collagen by the
      use of rotary shadowing: in the NC1 domain and at distances 100 and 300 nm from
      the NC1 domain. Scatchard analysis indicated different affinities for these
      sites. Electron microscopic analysis of heparin-type IV collagen interaction with
      increasing salt concentrations showed the different affinities to be NC1 greater
      than 100 nm greater than 300 nm. The NC1 domain bound specifically to
      chondroitin/dermatan sulfate side chains as well. This binding was observed at
      the electron microscope and in solid-phase binding assays (where chondroitin
      sulfate could compete for the binding of [3H]heparin to NC1-coated substrata).
      The triple helix-rich, rod-like domain of type IV collagen did not bind to
      chondroitin/dermatan sulfate side chains. In solid-phase binding assays only
      heparin could compete for the binding of [3H]heparin to this domain. In order to
      more precisely map potential heparin-binding sites in type IV collagen, we
      chemically synthesized 17 arginine- and lysine-containing peptides from the alpha
      1(IV) and alpha 2(IV) chains. Three peptides from the known sequence of the alpha
      1(IV) and alpha 2(IV) chains were shown to specifically bind heparin: peptide Hep
      I (TAGSCLRKFSTM), from the alpha 1(NC1) chain, peptide Hep-II (LAGSCLARFSTM), a
      peptide corresponding to the same sequence in peptide Hep-I from the alpha 2
      (NC1) chain, and peptide Hep-III (GEFYFDLRLKGDK) which contained an interruption
      of the triple helical sequence of the alpha 1(IV) chain at about 300 nm from the
      NC1 domain, were demonstrated to bind heparin in solid-phase binding assays and
      compete for the binding of [3H]heparin to type IV collagen-coated substrata.
      Therefore, each of these peptides may represent a potential heparin-binding site
      in type IV collagen. The mapping of the binding of heparin or related structures,
      such as heparan sulfate proteoglycan, to specific sequences of type IV collagen
      could help the understanding of several structural and functional properties of
      this basement membrane protein as well as interactions with other basement
      membrane and/or cell surface-associated macromolecules.

PMID- 2914909
TI  - Alternative splicing mechanism in a cytochrome P-450 (P-450PB-1) gene generates
      the two mRNAs coding for proteins of different functions.
AB  - Two mRNAs for P-450PB-1 and P-450PB-1(ps) are about 2 kilobase pairs long and
      have identical sequences with each other except for one short region of high
      variability (Kimura, H., Yoshioka, H., Sogawa, K., Sakai, Y., and Fujii-Kuriyama,
      Y. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 701-707). To clarify the origin of the short
      replacement block between the two mRNAs, we isolated several genomic clones
      containing relevant gene sequences. Sequence analysis of these genomic clones
      revealed that the two short segments specific for the two mRNAs are tandemly
      arranged in a genomic sequence and form exonic sequences equipped with AG and GT
      sequences on their 5' and 3' ends, respectively, and the putative consensus
      sequences for the lariat formation. The two short sequences lie between the two
      exonic sequences coding for the common part of the two mRNAs. Taken together with
      the structure of the related P-450(M-1) gene (Morishima, N., Yoshioka, H.,
      Higashi, Y., Sogawa, K., and Fujii-Kuriyama, Y. (1987) Biochemistry 26, 8279
      8285), all these results clearly demonstrate that the two mRNAs are generated
      from a single gene by alternative splicing at the eighth exons. The synthesis of
      the two mRNAs is regulated temporally in livers of male and female rats and
      brains of the female animals. One of the two mRNAs codes for a monooxygenase of P
      450PB-1, and the other (P-450PB-1(ps) mRNA) lacks the sequence coding for the
      heme-binding site conserved among all species of P-450 molecules, and, therefore,
      it cannot function as a monooxygenase. The immunoblot analysis using an antibody
      specific for the 15-mer peptide uniquely encoded by P-450PB-1(ps) mRNA shows that
      the P-450PB-1(ps) peptide is synthesized at least in rat livers of both sexes in
      temporally regulated manners and is bound to the microsomal membranes. The
      function of this peptide remains to be seen.

PMID- 2914910
TI  - The human thymidine kinase gene promoter. Deletion analysis and specific protein
      binding.
AB  - We report a functional analysis of the human thymidine kinase (tk) gene promoter.
      We have linked the tk promoter to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT)
      gene to allow direct measurement of promoter strength by assaying chloramphenicol
      acetyltransferase enzyme activity after transfection into mouse L cells. Putative
      transcription elements have been identified by deletion and mutation analysis of
      this promoter. The promoter relies primarily on two "CCAAT" elements and a series
      of "GC" elements found farther upstream. Two-thirds of promoter activity is
      maintained by a construct containing 139 base pairs of sequence upstream of the
      initiation of transcription that contains only one GC and one of the CCAAT
      elements. In addition, an evolutionary comparison identifies two highly conserved
      promoter elements: the -40 CCAAT element and a "TATA" element located at -21. We
      have further characterized both CCAAT elements using a mutational as well as
      protein binding analysis. From this study we have determined that both the -70
      and -40 CCAAT elements bind strongly to the same factor, with a slightly higher
      affinity for the -40 CCAAT. Competition studies suggest that the CCAAT factor
      that binds to this promoter is homologous to protein nuclear factor Y, which
      binds to the major histocompatibility complex class II E alpha gene promoter. In
      addition, either CCAAT element is capable of supplying almost as much promoter
      strength as is supplied in the presence of both.

PMID- 2914911
TI  - A multisubunit transcription factor essential for accurate initiation by RNA
      polymerase II.
AB  - We have fractionated rat liver and identified a set of transcription factors that
      are essential for accurate initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase II.
      These factors were resolved into three distinct enzyme fractions. The factors in
      two of these fractions have been purified to apparent homogeneity. One fraction
      contains a single, 35-kDa transcription factor, designated alpha (Conaway, J. W.,
      Bond, M. W., and Conaway, R. C. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 8293-8297). Here we
      show that the other fraction contains a transcription factor, designated beta
      gamma, with a native molecular mass of approximately 250 kDa. This factor is
      composed of 67 kDa (beta) and 31 kDa (gamma) polypeptides. Both the beta and
      gamma polypeptides are required for runoff transcription. Comparison of purified
      transcription factors alpha and beta gamma reveals that (i) both factors act at
      initiation and (ii) neither alpha nor beta gamma is required for assembly of an
      initial complex that commits the template to be transcribed by RNA polymerase II.

PMID- 2914912
TI  - Rat pyruvate kinase M gene. Its complete structure and characterization of the 5'
      flanking region.
AB  - Genomic clones containing the rat pyruvate kinase M gene, which encodes the M1-
      and M2-type isozymes, were isolated and their exon sequences were determined.
      This gene contains 12 exons and 11 introns and is 20 kilobases (kb) long. The
      sequences specific to the M1- and M2-types exist in exons 9 and 10, respectively
      (Noguchi, T., Inoue, H., and Tanaka, T. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 13807-13812).
      The seventh intron begins with the GC dinucleotide instead of the consensus GT
      dinucleotide, but other exon-intron boundaries are consistent with the "GT-AG"
      rule. S1 mapping analysis showed that M1- and M2-type mRNAs had multiple, but the
      same transcription initiation sites. Thus, the M1- and M2-type isozyme mRNAs are
      concluded to be produced from the same M gene transcript by alternative RNA
      splicing. RNA blot hybridization analysis indicated that developmental changes of
      the isozymes in brain and skeletal muscle were regulated at the level of RNA
      splicing. The 5'-flanking region of the gene has no "TATA box" or "CAAT box," but
      contains potential Sp1 binding sites. Bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase
      assay revealed that a fragment of about 0.5 kb of the 5'-flanking region of the
      gene was sufficient for promotor activity in the rat hepatoma cell line, dRLh-84.
      This activity was not present in adult rat hepatocytes, indicating that the 0.5
      kb fragment has tissue-specific promoter activity. A processed-type pseudogene
      that resembles the M2-type pyruvate kinase cDNA was also characterized.

PMID- 2914913
TI  - Biosynthesis and processing of the mannose receptor in human macrophages.
AB  - The biosynthesis and processing of the human mannose receptor has been studied in
      monocyte-derived macrophages. Adherent cells were labeled for 60 min with
      Trans35S (a mixture of 35S-labeled methionine and cysteine), chased, and
      subjected to immunoprecipitation by antibody raised against the human placental
      receptor. The antibody immunoprecipitated a single protein of molecular mass 162
      kDa; precipitation of the labeled receptor could be inhibited by placental
      receptor. The results presented demonstrate that the receptor is synthesized as a
      154-kDa precursor which is processed to 162 kDa in 90 min. The precursor is a
      glycoprotein bearing endoglycosidase H-sensitive oligosaccharides; the 162-kDa
      form is endoglycosidase H-resistant but peptide:N-glycanase-sensitive.
      Desialylation of the mannose receptor with neuraminidase generates a protein
      which is recognized by peanut agglutinin, a lectin that specifically binds
      desialylated O-linked oligosaccharides. Thus, the human macrophage mannose
      receptor bears both N- and O-linked oligosaccharide chains. Newly synthesized
      mannose receptor exhibits a half-life of 33 h as determined by pulse-chase
      studies. This indicates that on the average, each molecule of receptor recycles
      between the cell surface and endosomes hundreds of times before degradation.

PMID- 2914914
TI  - Subunit composition of the estrogen receptor. Involvement of the hormone-binding
      domain in the dimeric state.
AB  - The purified estrogen receptor (ER) whether in 9 or 5 S molecular form, binds
      more than one molecule of the monoclonal antibody JS 34/32 (Redeuilh, G.,
      Moncharmont, B., Secco, C., and Baulieu, E.-E. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 6969
      6975). We now have investigated the effects of controlled trypsin proteolysis and
      of a dissociating chaotropic salt (NaSCN) on the structure of the estrogen
      receptor covalently labeled with radioactive tamoxifen aziridine. When the DNA
      binding transformed 5S ER was dialyzed against a buffer containing 0.5 M NaSCN,
      it was converted into a form sedimenting at 3.7 S +/- 0.1 (n = 3). It reverted to
      the 5 S molecular form when NaSCN was dialyzed away. Fluorographic analysis of
      both the 5 and 3.7 S ER following SDS-gel electrophoresis revealed one main band
      corresponding to Mr congruent to 66,000. After limited trypsin treatment of the 5
      S ER, tamoxifen aziridine-binding protein sedimented at 4.3 S +/- 0.1 (n = 5),
      had a Stokes radius of 3.6 nm (calculated Mr = 65,000), and did not bind DNA. The
      same form was obtained after limited trypsin digestion of the ER bound to DNA
      cellulose or to hsp 90 (the nontransformed 8-9 S ER molecular form). This 4.3 S
      trypsinized ER was reversibly dissociated by NaSCN into a congruent to 3 S +/-
      0.1 (n = 3) molecular form. Fluorographic analysis of both the 4.3 and 3 S ER
      after SDS-gel electrophoresis showed one main radioactive band of Mr congruent to
      30,000. Taken together our results suggest that 1) the 5 S ER is a homodimer of
      two Mr congruent to 66,000 hormone binding subunits which may be released as such
      from the nontransformed 8-9 S ER, 2) the trypsin digestion products yield two
      carboxyl-terminal fragments of Mr congruent to 30,000 that remain in the form of
      a dimer having lost their DNA-binding region, and 3) the trypsin cleavage would
      occur within the region located between the hormone-binding domain and the DNA
      binding domain. These data indicate that the dimerization of the receptor occurs
      through hydrophobic interaction of its hormone-binding domain but cannot exclude
      that other part(s) of the receptor may also contribute to the dimer formation.
      The dimerization may be critically involved in the mechanism by which estradiol
      receptor complexes promote change of gene transcription.

PMID- 2914915
TI  - Phorbol esters stimulate phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factors 3, 4B,
      and 4F.
AB  - Eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF) 4F, a multiprotein cap binding complex, was
      isolated by m7 GTP-Sepharose affinity chromatography from rabbit reticulocytes
      incubated with [32P]orthophosphate. Following treatment of reticulocytes with
      phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) for 30 min, stimulation of phosphorylation
      of both the p25 and p220 subunits was observed (2.5-5-fold). Two variants were
      observed for p25 in the absence and presence of PMA when analyzed by two
      dimensional gel electrophoresis. Only the more acidic of these was
      phosphorylated, with the level of phosphorylation increased upon PMA treatment.
      One main variant was observed for p220; following PMA stimulation, in addition to
      increased labeling of this variant, two more acidic phosphorylated variants were
      observed. Low levels of eIF-3 and -4B were associated with purified eIF-4F, and
      PMA treatment stimulated phosphorylation of eIF-3 (p170) by 2-4-fold and eIF-4B
      by 1.5-2.5 fold. Two-dimensional phosphopeptide mapping of p25 phosphorylated in
      the absence or presence of PMA generated a single tryptic phosphopeptide,
      suggesting a single phosphorylation site. A more complex phosphopeptide map was
      observed with p220 subunit. The maps for both subunits contained the same
      phosphopeptides as those obtained when eIF-4F was phosphorylated in vitro by the
      Ca2+/phospholipid-dependent protein kinase, indicating this protein kinase
      directly modulated eIF-4F in response to PMA.

PMID- 2914916
TI  - Thermostable D-amino acid aminotransferase from a thermophilic Bacillus species.
      Purification, characterization, and active site sequence determination.
AB  - D-Amino acid aminotransferase was found in several thermophilic Bacillus species
      and purified to homogeneity from the best producer, Bacillus sp. YM-1, which was
      newly isolated from a sauna dust. The enzyme has a molecular weight of about
      62,000 and consists of two subunits identical in molecular weight (30,000). It
      catalyzes transamination between various D-amino acids and alpha-keto acids,
      although the substrate specificity is narrower than the enzyme from the
      mesophile, Bacillus sphaericus (Yonaha, K., Misono, H., Yamamoto, T., and Soda,
      K. (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 6983-6989). The Bacillus sp. YM-1 enzyme is most
      active at 60 degrees C and stable at high temperatures. Automated Edman
      degradation provided the N-terminal sequence of the first 20 amino acids, and
      carboxypeptidase Y digestion provided the C-terminal sequence of the last 3 amino
      acids. The amino acid sequence in the vicinity of the lysyl residue, Lys(Pxy),
      that binds pyridoxal 5'-phosphate was determined as Cys-Asp-Ile-Lys(Pxy)-Ser-Leu
      Asn-Leu-Leu-Gly-Ala-Val-Leu-Ala-Lys- from the pyridoxyl peptide obtained by
      digestion with trypsin. The active site sequence is markedly different from those
      of L-amino acid aminotransferases and other pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-dependent
      enzymes.

PMID- 2914917
TI  - Reduced formation of bipyrimidine photoproducts in DNA UV irradiated at high
      intensity.
AB  - DNA was irradiated using an excimer laser (248 nm) at low intensity (3.15 x 10(7)
      watts/m2) or high intensity (1.25 x 10(11) watts/m2). Fluences up to 30 kJ/m2
      were delivered at either intensity. Following irradiation, DNA damage products
      were measured, yielding the following findings: 1) the rate of formation of
      thymine-thymine and thymine-cytosine cyclobutane dimers and the bipyrimidine
      photoadduct 6-4'-[pyrimidine-2'-one]thymine were reduced at high intensity by
      about 2-fold and 2) extensive release of free thymine and thymine decomposition
      fragments occurred at high intensity, but not at low intensity. The effects of
      high intensity UV are due to promotion of low-lying excited state(s) by
      absorption of a second photon, producing higher excited state(s) with consequent
      ionization and base loss. Possible excited state intermediates in this process
      are the lowest triplet state of DNA bases and prolonged singlet states associated
      with excimer formation. The depletion of these excited states via promotion may
      be the cause of the diminished yield of bimolecular pyrimidine photoproducts,
      suggesting that these photoproducts are formed at low UV intensity in part from
      long-lived excited states. Long-lived excited states present at conventional UV
      intensities may contribute to formation of some photoproducts that occur rarely,
      but are of potential biologic importance, such as dimers between nonadjacent
      pyrimidines on the same strand and interstrand dimers forming DNA cross-links.

PMID- 2914918
TI  - L-pipecolic acid oxidation in the rabbit and cynomolgus monkey. Evidence for
      differing organellar locations and cofactor requirements in each species.
AB  - L-Pipecolic acid oxidation was studied in the rabbit and cynomolgus monkey.
      Tissue homogenates from both species incubated with L-[2,3,4,5,6-3H]pipecolic
      acid produced a single radioactive product identified as alpha-aminoadipic acid.
      In the rabbit, L-pipecolic acid oxidation was greatest in kidney cortex with
      progressively lesser specific activities in liver, heart, and brain. When rabbit
      kidney cortex was fractionated by differential centrifugation or on Percoll
      gradients, activity paralleled that of the mitochondrial marker, glutamate
      dehydrogenase. In sonicated mitochondria, 92% of the activity was in the soluble
      fraction. Activity was inhibited by both rotenone and antimycin A and was maximal
      when FAD, phenazine ethosulfate, and glycerol were included in the assay; Km,app
      was 0.74 +/- 0.16 mM. Nipecotic acid, piperidine, and cis-2,4-piperidine
      dicarboxylic acid did not inhibit L-pipecolic acid oxidation, while L-proline had
      a Ki greater than or equal to 10 mM. D-Alanine and kojic acid, substrate and
      inhibitor of D-amino acid oxidase, respectively, were also not inhibitory. When
      monkey kidney cortex was fractionated on Percoll gradients, L-pipecolic acid
      oxidation activity paralleled that of the peroxisomal marker, catalase. After
      organellar subfractionation, the activity was membrane-associated and maximal at
      pH 8.5; Km,app was 4.22 +/- 0.30 mM. L-Pipecolic acid oxidation produced hydrogen
      peroxide, suggesting involvement of an oxidase in alpha-aminoadipic acid
      formation. Antimycin A did not inhibit the reaction. No specific cofactor
      requirements were identified and phenazine ethosulfate inhibited the reaction. D
      Pipecolic acid, L-proline, and the other compounds cited above did not
      significantly inhibit the activity.

PMID- 2914919
TI  - The reactivity of chicken liver xanthine dehydrogenase with molecular oxygen.
AB  - The reaction of 6-electron reduced chicken liver xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH)
      with molecular oxygen was studied using both stopped flow and steady-state
      turnover techniques at pH 7.8, 4 degrees C. Oxidation of fully reduced XDH
      proceeded via four phases, three of which were detected with the stopped flow
      spectrophotometer. The fastest phase was second order in oxygen (1900 M-1 s-1),
      resulted in the appearance of flavin semiquinone and yielded no superoxide. The
      next phase was also second order in oxygen (260 M-1 s-1), involved the loss of
      flavin semiquinone and yielded, on average, 1 mol of superoxide/mol of XDH
      oxidized. The last 2 electron equivalents were located in the iron-sulfur
      centers. They were released one equivalent at a time in the form of superoxide.
      Steady-state kinetics were found to be critically dependent on temperature and
      oxygen concentration. When these factors were carefully controlled, both the
      xanthine-oxygen and NADH-oxygen reductase reactions gave linear Lineweaver-Burk
      plots. The xanthine-oxygen data yielded a turnover number of 43 min-1, which was
      42% of that for xanthine-NAD turnover. During turnover, with xanthine and O2, 40
      44% of the electron equivalents introduced by xanthine appeared as superoxide.
      Reduced pyridine nucleotides, NAD and 3-aminopyridine adenine dinucleotide,
      dramatically reduced the formation of superoxide at levels which did not
      seriously inhibit oxygen reactivity.

PMID- 2914920
TI  - The reactivity of plasma phospholipids with lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase
      is decreased in fish oil-fed monkeys.
AB  - The size of low density lipoproteins (LDL) is strongly correlated with LDL
      cholesteryl ester (CE) content and coronary artery atherosclerosis in monkeys fed
      cholesterol and saturated fat. African green monkeys fed 11% (weight) fish oil
      diets have smaller LDL and less CE per LDL particle than lard-fed animals. We
      hypothesized that this might be due to a lower plasma lecithin:cholesterol
      acyltransferase (LCAT) activity in fish oil-fed animals. Using recombinant
      particles made of egg yolk lecithin-[14C]cholesterol-apoA-I as exogenous
      substrate, we found no difference in plasma LCAT activity (27 versus 28 nmol CE
      formed per h/ml) of fish oil- versus lard-fed animals, respectively; furthermore,
      no diet-induced difference in immunodetectable LCAT was found. However, plasma
      phospholipids from fish oil-fed animals were over 4-fold enriched in n-3 fatty
      acids in the sn-2 position compared to those of lard-fed animals. Additionally,
      the proportion of n-3 fatty acid-containing CE products formed by LCAT, relative
      to the available n-3 fatty acid in the sn-2 position of phospholipids, was less
      than one-tenth of that for linoleic acid. The overall rate of LCAT-catalyzed CE
      formation with phospholipid substrates from fish oil-fed animals was lower (5
      50%) than with phospholipid substrates from lard-fed animals. These data show
      that n-3 fatty acids in phospholipids are not readily utilized by LCAT for
      formation of CE; rather, LCAT preferentially utilizes linoleic acid for CE
      formation. The amount of linoleic acid in the sn-2 position of plasma
      phospholipids is reduced and replaced with n-3 fatty acids in fish oil-fed
      animals. As a result, LCAT-catalyzed plasma CE formation in vivo is likely
      reduced in fish oil-fed animals contributing to the decreased cholesteryl ester
      content and smaller size of LDL particles in the animals of this diet group.

PMID- 2914921
TI  - Characterization of rat ovarian lutropin receptor. Role of thiol groups in
      receptor association.
AB  - Rat ovarian lutropin receptor occurs predominantly as a monomer of an apparent
      molecular mass of 70 or 80 kDa determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under nonreducing and reducing conditions,
      respectively. The receptor contains 0.4% free cysteine and 1.9% cysteine as
      cystine, determined by amino acid analysis of the S-carboxymethyl receptor
      prepared before and after reduction. The presence of free thiol groups was
      further shown by the specific adsorption of the receptor on p
      chloromercuribenzoate-agarose and its susceptibility to 3H labeling with [3H]N
      ethylmaleimide or [3H]iodoacetic acid. The receptor readily undergoes association
      into homo-oligomers. Evidence suggests that the association was caused by the
      intermolecular oxidation of the free -SH groups to form disulfide bonds. The
      aggregation could be induced by H2O2 or molecular O2 and was inhibited by
      sulfhydryl protecting agents such as N-ethylmaleimide, iodoacetic acid,
      dithiothreitol, cysteine, and Zn(II). The oligomers could be dissociated by
      reduction into a monomer. 125I-Labeling of the S-carboxymethyl- or N-ethylmaleyl
      receptor gave a single band of molecular mass 70 kDa on sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. Furthermore, S-alkylation
      of the receptor did not affect its binding to the ligand. On reduction, however,
      it lost its ability to bind to the ligand, but the reduced receptor retained its
      ability to bind to a specific polyclonal rabbit antireceptor antibody indicating
      the separation of the ligand and antibody binding sites. Endoproteinase Glu-C
      cleaved the receptor at a single glutamyl residue to give two components, 46 and
      36 kDa. The 36-kDa component was extracellularly located since it contained the
      carbohydrate. On deglycosylation with endoglycosidase F, it yielded two
      components, 27 and 25 kDa. The deglycosylation of the reduced intact receptor (80
      kDa) with endoglycosidase F occurred in two steps giving 73- and 64-kDa
      polypeptides, indicating the presence of about 20% carbohydrate contained in two
      or more N-linked chains.

PMID- 2914922
TI  - Chick heat-shock protein of Mr = 90,000, free or released from progesterone
      receptor, is in a dimeric form.
AB  - A monoclonal antibody (BF4) has been used to characterize and purify the heat
      shock protein of Mr approximately 90,000 (hsp 90) present in the chick oviduct.
      In low salt cytosol, the sedimentation coefficient of hsp 90 is approximately 6.8
      S, the Stokes radius approximately 7.1 nm, and the calculated Mr approximately
      204,000, thus suggesting a dimeric structure. In 0.4 M KCl cytosol, only slightly
      smaller values were determined (approximately 6.5 S, approximately 6.8 nm, and
      approximately 187,000). Following purification by ion exchange and immunoaffinity
      chromatography, hsp 90 migrated as a single silver-stained band at Mr
      approximately 90,000 in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis, while the sedimentation coefficient 6.2 S, the Stokes radius
      approximately 6.8 nm, and the Mr approximately 178,000 confirmed the dimeric
      structure. However, in both antigen or antibody excess conditions, only one
      molecule of monoclonal antibody could be bound to the hsp 90 dimer. Whether
      steric hindrance in a homodimer or the presence of two different 90-kDa proteins
      in a heterodimer explains this result cannot yet be decided. The dimer is not
      dissociated by high salt (1 M KCl) or the chaotropic agent (0.5 M NaSCN), but is
      disrupted by 4 M urea, suggesting a stabilization of the structure by hydrogen
      bonds. The molybdate-stabilized progesterone receptor hetero-oligomer form of
      approximately 8 S sedimentation coefficient was purified, and its hsp 90
      component was then released by salt treatment. It was found to sediment at
      approximately 5.8 S and have a Stokes radius approximately 7.1 nm, giving Mr
      approximately 174,000. This observation is consistent with a previous report
      suggesting from specific activity determination, scanning of polyacrylamide gels,
      and cross-linking experiments that each purified nontransformed progesterone
      receptor molecule includes one progesterone binding unit per two 90-kDa protein
      molecules (Renoir, J. M., Buchou, T., Mester, J., Radanyi, C., and Baulieu, E. E.
      (1984) Biochemistry 23, 6016-6023). This work brings direct evidence that both
      free hsp 90 and the non-hormone binding hsp 90 component released from the
      nontransformed steroid receptor in the cytosol are in a dimeric form.

PMID- 2914923
TI  - Rat liver mitochondrial and cytosolic fumarases with identical amino acid
      sequences are encoded from a single gene.
AB  - By use of anti-cytosolic fumarase antibody, a cDNA clone was isolated from a rat
      liver cDNA library in the expression vector lambda gt11 and in the pBR 322
      vector. A clone with an insert of about 1.7 kilobases was isolated. Nucleotide
      sequence analysis of the insert revealed that the cDNA contained a 5'-noncoding
      region of 25 nucleotides, the coding region of 1,521 nucleotides, and a 3'
      nontranslated region of 43 nucleotides followed by a poly(A)+ tail. The open
      reading frame encoded a polypeptide of 507-amino acid residues (predicted Mr =
      54,462), which contained an additional sequence of 41-amino acid residues on the
      NH2 terminus of the mitochondrial mature fumarase (the presequence). Thus, this
      reading frame was concluded to encode the precursor of mitochondrial fumarase.
      The amino acid sequence predicted from the nucleotide sequence contained all the
      amino acid sequences of 12 proteolytic polypeptides produced by digestion of
      purified mitochondrial fumarase with V8 protease. The total amino acid sequence
      of the mitochondrial fumarase also contained all the sequences of 14 proteolytic
      peptides obtained from the cytosolic fumarase, indicating that the amino acid
      sequences of these two isozymes are identical. Furthermore, the results obtained
      by hybrid-selected translation, Northern and Southern blot, and primer-extension
      analyses using appropriate cDNA segments prepared with fumarase cDNA (1.7
      kilobases) as a probe or primer suggested that the mitochondrial and cytosolic
      fumarases with identical amino acid sequences are encoded from a single gene and
      a possibility that the precursors of both these fumarases were synthesized by one
      species of mRNA having a base sequence coding the presequence of the
      mitochondrial fumarase by some unknown post-transcriptional mechanism(s).

PMID- 2914924
TI  - A macrophage receptor that recognizes oxidized low density lipoprotein but not
      acetylated low density lipoprotein.
AB  - The formation of cholesterol-loaded macrophage foam cells in arterial tissue may
      occur by the uptake of modified lipoproteins via the scavenger receptor pathway.
      The macrophage scavenger receptor, also called the acetylated low density
      lipoprotein (Ac-LDL) receptor, has been reported to recognize Ac-LDL as well as
      oxidized LDL species such as endothelial cell-modified LDL (EC-LDL). We now
      report that there is another class of macrophage receptors that recognizes EC-LDL
      but not Ac-LDL. We performed assays of 0 degrees C binding and 37 degrees C
      degradation of 125I-Ac-LDL and 125I-EC-LDL by mouse peritoneal macrophages.
      Competition studies showed that unlabeled Ac-LDL could compete for only 25% of
      the binding and only 50% of the degradation of 125I-EC-LDL. Unlabeled EC-LDL,
      however, competed for greater than 90% of 125I-EC-LDL binding and degradation.
      Unlabeled Ac-LDL was greater than 90% effective against 125I-Ac-LDL; EC-LDL
      competed for about 80% of 125I-Ac-LDL binding and degradation. Copper-oxidized
      LDL behaved the same as EC-LDL in all the competition studies. Copper-mediated
      oxidation of Ac-LDL produced a superior competitor which could now displace 90%
      of 125I-EC-LDL binding. After 5 h at 37 degrees C in the presence of ligand,
      macrophages accumulated six times more cell-associated radioactivity from 125I-EC
      LDL than from 125I-Ac-LDL, despite approximately equal amounts of degradation to
      trichloroacetic acid-soluble products, which may imply different intracellular
      processing of the two lipoproteins. Our results suggest that 1) there is more
      than one macrophage "scavenger receptor" for modified lipoproteins; and 2)
      oxidized LDL and Ac-LDL are not identical ligands with respect to macrophage
      recognition and uptake.

PMID- 2914925
TI  - Affinity of single- or double-stranded oligodeoxyribonucleotides containing a
      thymine photodimer for T4 endonuclease V.
AB  - A gene for T4 endonuclease V was constructed by joining chemically synthesized
      oligodeoxyribonucleotides and expressed efficiently in Escherichia coli under the
      control of the E. coli tryptophan promoter. Overproduced T4 endonuclease V, which
      can cleave thymine photodimers as well as the corresponding phosphodiester
      linkage of DNA, was used to investigate the precise mode of the reaction with
      single- or double-stranded synthetic DNA fragments containing a thymine
      photodimer. The substrates, three oligodeoxyribonucleotides, d(GCGGTTGGCG) (10
      mer), d(CGAAGGTTGGAAGC) (14-mer), and d(CACGAAGGTTGGAAGCAC) (18-mer), were
      prepared by UV irradiation of the nascent oligonucleotides. These single-stranded
      oligonucleotides were cleaved by the enzyme with a concentration 100 times higher
      than that required for the corresponding duplexes. The Km values for the TT
      duplex (14- and 18-mer) were found to be on the order of 10(-8) M. Dissociation
      constants for the 14- and 18-mer duplexes were measured by a binding assay on a
      nitrocellulose filter and found to be 10(-9).

PMID- 2914926
TI  - 19F nuclear magnetic resonance as a probe of the spatial relationship between the
      heme iron of cytochrome P-450 and its substrate.
AB  - The distance between the heme iron of ferrous cytochrome P-450-CAM and a fluorine
      label attached to the 9-methyl carbon of its substrate, (1R)-(+)-camphor, has
      been determined using 19F NMR. This investigation uses the Solomon-Bloembergen
      equation to measure the distance from a paramagnetic heme iron to a fluorine
      probe incorporated into a substrate that is not in fast exchange. The structural
      identity of the substrate analogue, 9-fluorocamphor, has been established using
      one- and two-dimensional NMR methods and mass spectrometry. The relaxation rate
      of 9-fluorocamphor bound to high-spin paramagnetic ferrous P-450-CAM has been
      studied at 188, 282, and 376 MHz, and the correlation time has been directly
      determined from the frequency dependence of the relaxation rate. When the
      substrate analogue was bound to the low-spin diamagnetic ferrous-CO derivative of
      the enzyme, the relaxation rate was found to be 100 times slower and was
      therefore neglected in the distance calculation. The relaxation data for the
      paramagnetic system and the correlation time have been used to calculate a
      distance of 3.8 A between the heme iron and the C-9 fluoride. A fit of the
      distance and the chemical shift data to the pseudocontact shift equation predicts
      an angle of approximately 52 degrees between the heme normal and the Fe-F vector.
      The solution state Fe-F distance is somewhat shorter and the angle between the
      heme normal and the Fe-F vector slightly larger for the substrate-bound ferrous
      enzyme reported herein than the analogous values for the substrate-bound ferric
      enzyme determined in the solid state by x-ray crystallography. These differences
      may reflect a structural change at the substrate-binding site upon reduction of
      the iron.

PMID- 2914927
TI  - Amino-terminal propeptide of human pro-alpha 2(V) collagen conforms to the
      structural criteria of a fibrillar procollagen molecule.
AB  - We have determined the nucleotide sequence of a cDNA clone encoding the amino
      terminal portion of human alpha 2(V) procollagen and found that the structure of
      the 186-residue amino-terminal propeptide closely resembles those of the fibril
      forming procollagens. Juxtaposed to a 26-residue leader peptide, pro-alpha 2(V)
      exhibits a characteristic cysteine-rich globular region followed by 24 Gly-X-Y
      repeats which are interrupted by two short non-collagenous sequences. Upon closer
      examination, each of these two sequences was noted to display structural motifs
      characteristic of either pro-alpha 1(I) and pro-alpha 1(III) collagens or pro
      alpha 1(II) collagen, respectively. Finally, within the amino-terminal
      telopeptide, a putative amino-terminal proteinase cleavage site, Ala-Gln, was
      identified. This latter finding strongly suggests that the alpha 2(V) amino
      terminal propeptide can be potentially processed and thus leaves unresolved the
      issue pertaining to the nature of the collagenase-resistant sequence that is
      retained by mature type V collagen molecules.

PMID- 2914928
TI  - Alterations of phospholipid metabolism by phorbol esters and fatty acids occur by
      different intracellular mechanisms in cultured glioma, neuroblastoma, and hybrid
      cells.
AB  - Differences between the influences of phorbol esters (such as 4 beta-12-O
      tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate) and of fatty acids (such as oleic acid) on the
      synthesis and turnover of phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) and other phospholipids
      have been studied in glioma (C6), neuroblastoma (N1E-115), and hybrid (NG108-15)
      cells in culture using [methyl-3H]choline, [32P]Pi, [1,2-14C]ethanolamine, or 1
      14C-labeled fatty acids as lipid precursors. 100-500 microM oleic acid stimulated
      PtdCho synthesis 3- to 5-fold in all three cell lines, but had little influence
      on chase of choline label following a 24-h pulse. Phorbol ester (50-200 nM)
      stimulated PtdCho synthesis 1.5- to 3-fold in C6 cells, was without effect in N1E
      115 cells, and had intermediate effects on NG108-15 cells. Phorbol ester
      stimulated both uptake of extracellular choline and synthesis of PtdCho, whereas
      fatty acid stimulated only synthesis. Release of radioactivity from 24-h pulse
      labeled PtdCho to the medium was enhanced by phorbol ester in C6 cells.
      Incorporation of [32P]Pi, primarily into PtdCho, was stimulated, whereas
      utilization of [1,2-14C]ethanolamine or 1-14C-fatty acid was little altered by
      phorbol ester. C6 cells "down-regulated" with phorbol ester lost the stimulatory
      response of subsequent treatment with phorbol esters on PtdCho synthesis, but the
      response to fatty acid was enhanced. Fatty acid had little influence on the
      relative binding of phorbol ester or "translocation" of phorbol ester binding
      sites. Accordingly, metabolism of phospholipids in these cultured cells of neural
      origin is markedly influenced by cell type, phospholipid class, condition of
      incubation medium, and nature of stimulator. Phorbol esters and fatty acids
      appear to enhance phospholipid synthesis and turnover by distinct intracellular
      mechanisms.

PMID- 2914929
TI  - Comparative analysis of phosphorylation of translational initiation and
      elongation factors by seven protein kinases.
AB  - Four initiation factors (eIF-2, -3, -4B, and -4F), previously shown to be
      phosphorylated in vivo, are each phosphorylated to a significant extent in vitro
      (greater than 0.3 mol of phosphate/mol of factor) by at least three different
      protein kinases. An S6 kinase from liver, an active form of protease-activated
      kinase II which modifies the same sites on S6 as those phosphorylated in vivo in
      response to mitogens, phosphorylates the beta subunit of eIF-2, eIF-3 (p120
      p130), eIF-4B, and eIF-4F (p220). The Ca2+, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase
      phosphorylates eIF-2 beta, eIF-3 (p170, p120-p130), eIF-4B, and eIF-4F (p220,
      p25). The cAMP-dependent protein kinase significantly modifies eIF-4B and, to a
      lesser extent, eIF-3 (p130). Casein kinase I incorporates phosphate only into eIF
      4B, but to a limited extent. Casein kinase II phosphorylates eIF-2 beta, eIF-3
      (p170, p120), and eIF-4B, while protease-activated kinase I modifies eIF-3 (p170,
      p120-p130), eIF-4B, and eIF-4F (p220). The mitogen-stimulated S6 kinase from 3T3
      L1 cells, activated in response to insulin, does not phosphorylate any of the
      initiation factors. There is no significant incorporation of phosphate into eIF-2
      alpha or -gamma, eIF-4A, eIF-4C, eIF-4D, EF-1, or EF-2 by any of the protein
      kinases examined. Phosphopeptide mapping of tryptic digests of the phosphorylated
      subunits shows that the individual protein kinases modify different sites. The
      sites phosphorylated in vitro reflect those modified in vivo as shown with eIF-4F
      in concomitant studies with reticulocytes treated with tumor-promoting phorbol
      ester (Morley, S.J., and Traugh, J. A. J. Biol. Chem., in press). Thus, we have
      identified multipotential protein kinases which modify four initiation factors
      phosphorylated in vivo and have shown that phosphorylation of these translational
      components can be coordinately regulated.

PMID- 2914930
TI  - Deduced sequence of a malate synthase polypeptide encoded by a subclass of the
      gene family.
AB  - We analyzed five malate synthase cDNA clones from the higher plant Brassica napus
      L. We determined the complete mRNA sequence and showed that the longest cDNA
      clone, pMS1, contains the entire protein coding region. The deduced polypeptide
      consists of 561 amino acids with a molecular mass of 63,700 daltons. To discern
      whether the cloned mRNAs represent distinct malate synthase polypeptides, we
      compared restriction maps and partial nucleotide sequence of the cDNA clones as
      well as their pattern of hybridization with restriction fragments in nuclear DNA.
      The results suggest that the five cloned mRNAs are encoded by either a single
      gene or by highly conserved members of the gene family.

PMID- 2914931
TI  - Calcium-binding proteins in the parathyroid gland. Detailed studies of
      parathyroid secretory protein.
AB  - In order to identify calcium (Ca2+)-binding proteins in the parathyroid gland, we
      used electrophoretic blots of proteins separated by a two-dimensional
      nondenaturing/denaturing gel system and incubated them with 45Ca2+. Parathyroid
      secretory protein (PSP) and proteins with approximate molecular weights of
      98,000, 88,000, 58,000, and 30,000 were noted to bind Ca2+ in cytosolic fractions
      from bovine parathyroid, adrenal, and pituitary glands. However, differences in
      the binding affinity and capacity of the various proteins were observed. PSP
      displayed a low affinity and high binding capacity for Ca2+. In the presence of 5
      mM MgCl2 and 60 mM KCl, native PSP (immobilized on nitrocellulose filters) bound
      7.5 mol of Ca2+/mol of protein monomer with an apparent Kd of 1.1 mM.
      Immunoblotting identified the association of PSP with parathyroid cell membranes
      in a Ca2+-dependent manner. This property, together with its heat stability,
      distinguished PSP from other cytosolic Ca2+-binding proteins which were
      identified. There was also evidence for a Ca2+-dependent protein-protein
      interaction (aggregation) of PSP present in a Nonidet P-40 extract of cell
      membranes. The high Ca2+ binding capacity of PSP and its Ca2+-dependent membrane
      association may be features that make PSP a potentially important protein in
      secretory cells.

PMID- 2914932
TI  - Hisactophilin, a histidine-rich actin-binding protein from Dictyostelium
      discoideum.
AB  - The purification, cloning, and complete cDNA-derived sequence of a 17-kDa protein
      of Dictyostelium discoideum are described. This protein binds to F-actin in a pH
      dependent and saturable manner. It induces actin polymerization in the absence of
      Mg2+ or K+, and is enriched in the submembranous region of the amoeboid cells as
      indicated by immunofluorescence labeling of cryosections. The mRNA as well as the
      protein are present throughout growth and all stages of development. The protein
      is detected in both soluble and particulate fractions of the cells. From a plasma
      membrane-enriched fraction, minor amounts of the protein are stepwise solubilized
      with 1.5 M KCl, 0.1 M NaOH, and Triton X-100, but most of the protein is only
      solubilized with 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate. As judged by the apparent molecular
      mass in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels, immunological cross
      reactivity, and two-dimensional electrophoresis, the 17-kDa proteins from the
      soluble and particulate fraction resemble each other. The cDNA sequence does not
      reveal any signal peptide, trans-membrane region, or N-glycosylation site.
      Southern blots hybridized with a cDNA probe that spans the entire coding region
      show that the 17-kDa protein is encoded by a single gene. The most characteristic
      feature of the protein is its high content of 31 histidine residues out of 118
      amino acids. We designate this protein as hisactophilin and suggest that this
      histidine-rich protein responds in its actin-binding activity to changes in
      cellular pH upon chemotactic signal reception.

PMID- 2914933
TI  - Differences between enamel-related and cementum-related dentin in the rat incisor
      with special emphasis on the phosphoproteins.
AB  - In order to determine whether qualitative and quantitative differences exist
      between the non-collagenous proteins of crown and root dentin, rat incisors were
      separated into their enamel- and cementum-related dentin portions (ERD and CRD,
      respectively). Isolation of the mineral-bound proteins was performed under
      nondegradative conditions. Analytical procedures included DEAE-chromatography on
      high pressure liquid chromatography, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis, and determination of phosphate, protein, and hydroxyproline. The
      results have shown that considerable differences exist among the two dentins with
      respect to the quantity of the various phosphoproteins. For this group of
      proteins as a whole, the ERD contains about 2 times the amount of organic
      phosphate found in the CRD and about 1.4 times the amount of protein. The content
      of higher phosphorylated phosphoproteins was about 4 times higher in the ERD than
      in the CRD, whereas the reverse was shown for the lower phosphorylated
      phosphoproteins. All differences were found to be statistically significant.
      Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that while the
      ERD contains phosphoproteins with an apparent molecular mass of 98 kDa, the CRD
      contains two classes of phosphoproteins one of 98 and one of 88 kDa. The
      relevance of the observed differences in phosphoprotein distribution is discussed
      in relation to their possible role in mineralization.

PMID- 2914934
TI  - Phospholipid storage in the secretory granule of the mast cell.
AB  - A spontaneous membrane assembly process has been postulated to account for the
      rapid perigranular membrane enlargement which occurs during mast cell secretory
      granule activation. This process requires the presence of a phospholipid store in
      the quiescent granule. By using purified granules with intact membranes we have
      determined the total phospholipid content of the average quiescent granule. The
      results suggest that the average quiescent granule contains sufficient
      phospholipid to sustain at least a trebling of its perigranular membrane surface
      area during activation. As much as two-thirds of the total cellular phospholipid
      is found in the granules, and since a large portion of this phospholipid is
      extruded into the extracellular space along with the granule matrix during
      exocytosis, it is implied that this phospholipid can serve as the substrate for
      the formation of the lipid-derived mediators of inflammation.

PMID- 2914935
TI  - The calmodulin and F-actin binding sites of smooth muscle caldesmon lie in the
      carboxyl-terminal domain whereas the molecular weight heterogeneity lies in the
      middle of the molecule.
AB  - Caldesmons are major Ca2+-calmodulin regulated F-actin binding proteins of smooth
      and non-muscle cells that have been implicated as components of a thin filament
      regulatory system. Chicken gizzard caldesmons are monomeric proteins of Mr
      140,000 and 135,000. We have employed enzymatic and chemical cleavage methods in
      order to dissect the protein to locate the Ca2+-calmodulin and F-actin binding
      domain and the site of molecular weight heterogeneity. Using a novel mapping
      procedure that employs partial chemical cleavage at cysteine residues, we show
      that both caldesmon polypeptides contain 2 cysteine residues located
      approximately 28,000 from the protein's amino terminus and the second
      approximately 25,000 from the carboxyl terminus. Identification of the
      composition of partial cleavage products with region-specific antibodies is
      consistent with this derived map. The apparent molecular weight heterogeneity was
      found to lie in the approximately 80,000 region between the 2 cysteine residues
      and therefore is not due to proteolytic processing. Digestion with alpha
      chymotrypsin yields a relatively stable basic Mr 40,000 Ca2+-calmodulin and F
      actin binding fragment that we have purified and characterized. The chymotryptic
      40,000 fragment contains the 25,000 carboxyl-terminal fragment and therefore is
      derived from the carboxyl-terminal region of caldesmon. The 25,000 fragment
      obtained after chemical cleavage at cysteine under native conditions has also
      been purified and shown to bind F-actin and Ca2+-calmodulin. Surprisingly, the
      purified carboxyl 25,000 fragment, unlike the reduced intact monomer, cross-links
      F-actin into tightly ordered bundles in which the filaments are in register.

PMID- 2914936
TI  - Characterization of the dermatan sulfate proteoglycans, DS-PGI and DS-PGII, from
      bovine articular cartilage and skin isolated by octyl-sepharose chromatography.
AB  - Two forms of dermatan sulfate proteoglycans, called DS-PGI and DS-PGII, have been
      isolated from both bovine fetal skin and calf articular cartilage and
      characterized. The proteoglycans were isolated using either (a) molecular sieve
      chromatography under conditions where DS-PGI selectively self-associates or (b)
      chromatography on octyl-Sepharose, which separates DS-PGI from DS-PGII based on
      differences in the hydrophobic properties of their core proteins. The NH2
      terminal amino acid sequence of DS-PGI from skin and cartilage is identical. The
      NH2-terminal amino acid sequence of DS-PGII from skin and cartilage is identical.
      However, the amino acid sequence data and tryptic peptide maps demonstrate that
      the core proteins of DS-PGI and DS-PGII differ in primary structure. In DS-PGI
      from bovine fetal skin, 81-84% of the glycosaminoglycan was composed of IdoA
      GalNAc(SO4) disaccharide repeating units. In DS-PGI from calf articular
      cartilage, only 25-29% of the glycosaminoglycan was composed of IdoA-GalNAc(SO4).
      In DS-PGII from bovine fetal skin, 85-93% of the glycosaminoglycan was IdoA
      GalNAc(SO4), whereas in DS-PGII from calf articular cartilage, only 40-44% of the
      glycosaminoglycan was IdoA-GalNAc(SO4). Thus, analogous proteoglycans from two
      different tissues, such as DS-PGI from skin and cartilage, possess a core protein
      with the same primary structure, yet contain glycosaminoglycan chains which
      differ greatly in iduronic acid content. These differences in the composition of
      the glycosaminoglycan chains must be determined by tissue-specific mechanisms
      which regulate the degree of epimerization of GlcA-GalNAc(SO4) into IdoA
      GalNAc(SO4) and not by the primary structure of the core protein.

PMID- 2914937
TI  - Isolation and characterization of the gene and cDNA encoding human mitochondrial
      creatine kinase.
AB  - Creatine kinase (CK; EC 2.7.3.2) isoenzymes play prominent roles in energy
      metabolism. Nuclear genes encode three known CK subunits: cytoplasmic muscle
      (MCK), cytoplasmic brain (BCK), and mitochondrial (MtCK). We have isolated the
      gene and cDNA encoding human placental MtCK. By using a dog heart MCK cDNA
      derived probe, the 7.0-kb EcoRI fragment from one cross-hybridizing genomic clone
      was isolated and its complete nucleotide sequence determined. A region of this
      clone encoded predicted amino acid sequence identical to residues 15-26 of the
      human heart MtCK NH2-terminal protein sequence. The human placental MtCK cDNA was
      isolated by hybridization to a genomic fragment encoding this region. The human
      placental MtCK gene contains 9 exons encoding 416 amino acids, including a 38
      amino acid transit peptide, presumably essential for mitochondrial import.
      Residues 1-14 of human placental MtCK cDNA-derived NH2-terminal sequence differ
      from the human heart MtCK protein sequence, suggesting that tissue-specific MtCK
      mRNAs are derived from multiple MtCK genes. RNA blot analysis demonstrated
      abundant MtCK mRNA in adult human ventricle and skeletal muscle, low amounts in
      placenta and small intestine, and a dramatic increase during in vitro
      differentiation induced by serum-deprivation in the non-fusing mouse smooth
      muscle cell line, BC3H1. These findings demonstrate coordinate regulation of MtCK
      and cytosolic CK gene expression and support the phosphocreatine shuttle
      hypothesis.

PMID- 2914938
TI  - Gene family of male-specific testosterone 16 alpha-hydroxylase (C-P-450(16
      alpha)) in mice. Organization, differential regulation, and chromosome
      localization.
AB  - Three genes in the testosterone 16 alpha-hydroxylase (C-P-450(16 alpha)) family,
      ca, cb, and cc, are characterized. The sizes of the genes are approximately 4.5
      to 5.2 kilobase pairs, and all three consist of nine exons with junctions at
      identical sites. Gene ca is identified as the male-specific, androgen-dependent C
      P-450(16 alpha) gene in adult mice, since the exonic sequence matched 100% to the
      cDNA, pc16 alpha-2 (Wong, G., Kawajiri, K., and Negishi, M. (1987) Biochemistry
      26, 8683-8690). Gene cb and cc are organized in tandem within 18-kilobase pair
      DNA. Their encoded P-450s contain an approximate 94% nucleotide sequence
      similarity to the C-P-450(16 alpha). The high similarity in gene nucleotide
      sequences, including the introns and flanking regions, suggests a combination of
      an ancestral gene duplication and gene conversion as a mechanism for evolution of
      the C-P-450(16 alpha) family. Gene ca shows male-specific expression in mouse
      kidney as well as in liver; gene cb, neither sex-specific nor androgen-dependent,
      is seen only in liver; gene cc is not expressed in either adult mouse liver or
      kidney. Expression of these three genes is not detected in adult mouse lung. It
      appears, therefore, that the C-P-450(16 alpha) gene family includes a large
      number of genes whose expressions are differentially regulated. Southern
      hybridization of C-P-450(16 alpha) cDNA to genomic DNAs from mouse-hamster
      somatic hybrid cells localizes tentatively this gene family on mouse chromosome
      15. The recombination frequency in BXD recombinant inbred mice suggests that the
      C-P-450(16 alpha) gene family is approximately 16M from the 55-kDa locus.

PMID- 2914940
TI  - Purification and characterization of protein phosphatase 1I activating kinase
      from bovine brain cytosolic and particulate fractions.
AB  - The activating kinase of protein phosphatase 1I is distributed in approximately
      equal amounts between the cytosolic and particulate fractions of bovine brain
      homogenates. Both species of this protein kinase have been purified to near
      homogeneity. The cytosolic form, purified about 7,000-fold, has an apparent Mr =
      approximately 75,000, as estimated by gel filtration chromatography on Sephacryl
      S-300. The enzyme contains two subunits, with apparent Mr = 52,000 and 46,000, as
      determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Both
      subunits undergo phosphorylation when the enzyme is incubated with Mg2+ and
      [gamma-32P]ATP. Peptide maps of the two subunits are different, and rabbit
      antibodies to the 52-kDa subunit show only very minor cross-reactivity to the 46
      kDa subunit. These observations indicate that the two subunits are different. The
      species of protein phosphatase 1I activating kinase that is associated with the
      membrane fraction has an apparent Mr = approximately 105,000 as estimated by gel
      filtration. This species also contains two subunits, with apparent Mr = 52,000
      and 46,000, the properties of which are very similar, if not identical, to those
      of the two subunits comprising the cytosolic form of the protein kinase.

PMID- 2914939
TI  - A single gene codes for the beta subunits of smooth and skeletal muscle
      tropomyosin in the chicken.
AB  - A chicken genomic DNA library was screened with a full length cDNA corresponding
      to the beta subunit of smooth muscle tropomyosin. When hybridized with RNAs
      isolated from various tissues, this cDNA recognizes two mRNA species: one of 1.3
      kilobase pairs present only in smooth muscle and one of 1.6 kilobase pairs
      present only in skeletal muscle. Two overlapping recombinant phages were shown to
      contain the entire locus and were further characterized. This locus contains 11
      exons and spans approximately 13 kilobase pairs. Exon 1 (amino acids 1-38)
      contains the 5'-untranslated region which is common to the two mRNAs. Exons 6
      (amino acids 189-213) and 11 (amino acids 258-284) contain sequences which are
      present exclusively in the 1.3-kilobase pair smooth muscle mRNA while exons 7 and
      10, which code for an analogous region, contain sequences which are present
      exclusively in the 1.6-kilobase pair skeletal muscle mRNA (exons 10 and 11 also
      contain the entire 3'-untranslated regions of the corresponding mRNAs). Other
      exons, 2 to 5 (amino acids 39-188) and 8 and 9 (amino acids 214-257), contain
      sequences which are present in both mRNAs. Our results indicate that both the
      smooth and skeletal beta-tropomyosin mRNAs are derived from transcripts of a
      single gene with a unique promoter by a differential splicing mechanism.

PMID- 2914941
TI  - Transduction of cytochrome P3-450 by retroviruses: constitutive expression of
      enzymatically active microsomal hemoprotein in animal cells.
AB  - Cell lines were established which produce replication-defective ecotropic and
      amphotropic host range recombinant retroviruses containing the cDNA for mouse
      cytochrome P3-450 as well as the bacterial Neo gene for G418 resistance. The G418
      resistant clones derived from virus-infected cultures were analyzed for the
      expression, subcellular localization, and catalytic activities of the cytochrome
      P3-450. Southern blot analysis of the genomic DNAs indicates that the viral DNA
      was stably integrated into the cellular DNA. Western blot analysis of the
      proteins showed that the size of the constitutively expressed product was Mr
      54,000, indistinguishable from the cytochrome P3-450 found in mouse liver
      microsomes. Spectral characterization of the P3-450 proteins indicates that the
      newly synthesized apoprotein incorporated heme and integrated into the
      microsomes. Enzymatic analysis of the cell homogenates in vitro and of the
      dividing cells in situ showed very high acetanilide hydroxylase activity and very
      low aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity, a diagnostic feature of the cytochrome
      P3-450. The precise transmission of the recombinant retroviral sequences into the
      target cells and the exceptional fidelity of expression of the enzyme in cells
      will allow the analysis of an increasing number of cloned genes of cytochrome P
      450s by defining the individual enzyme specificities, their physiological role in
      cells, and consequences of their functional expression, such as in toxicity,
      mutagenesis, and carcinogenesis.

PMID- 2914942
TI  - A single base mutation that converts glycine 907 of the alpha 2(I) chain of type
      I procollagen to aspartate in a lethal variant of osteogenesis imperfecta. The
      single amino acid substitution near the carboxyl terminus destabilizes the whole
      triple helix.
AB  - Type I procollagen was examined in cultured skin fibroblasts from a patient with
      a lethal variant of osteogenesis imperfecta. About half of the pro-alpha chains
      were post-translationally overmodified and had a decreased thermal stability. The
      vertebrate collagenase A fragment had a normal thermal stability, but the B
      fragment had a decreased thermal stability. Therefore, there was a change in
      primary structure in amino acids 776-1014 of either the alpha 1(I) or alpha 2(I)
      chain. Three of five cDNA clones for the alpha 2(I) chain contained a single-base
      substitution of an A for a G that converted the codon for glycine at amino acid
      position 907 to aspartate. Complete nucleotide sequencing of bases coding for
      amino acids 776 to 1014 of the alpha 2(I) chain was carried out in one cDNA clone
      that contained the mutation in the glycine codon and in one that did not. Also,
      nucleotide sequencing was performed of bases coding for amino acids 776-1014 of
      the alpha 1(I) chain in seven independent cDNA clones. No other mutations were
      found. Therefore, the single base substitution that converts glycine 907 in the
      alpha 2(I) chain to aspartate is solely responsible for the decreased thermal
      stability of the type I procollagen synthesized by the proband's fibroblasts.
      Also, glycine 907 of the alpha 2(I) chain is an important component of a
      cooperative block that determines the melting temperature of the whole molecule.

PMID- 2914943
TI  - The isolation and chemical characterization of phosphorylated enkephalin
      containing peptides from bovine adrenal medulla.
AB  - There is increasing evidence that the opioid peptide precursor, proenkephalin A,
      and its products undergo extensive post-translational modification, in addition
      to the cleavage at dibasic amino acid sites. We have used an antiserum directed
      toward the C terminus of Met-enkephalin Arg6-Phe7 in a radioimmunoassay to
      monitor the purification to homogeneity of four peptide B variants from bovine
      adrenal medulla, using gel filtration, anion exchange chromatography, and reverse
      phase high performance liquid chromatography. Amino acid sequence analysis,
      together with immunochemical data, confirmed that each comprised the primary
      sequence, proenkephalin A-(209-239). In addition, three of the four variants were
      shown to be phosphorylated by alkaline phosphatase digestion, microphosphate
      analysis, and ethanethiol derivatization coupled with amino acid sequence
      analysis; these variants were shown to have 1, 2, or 3 phosphate groups per
      peptide chain, which corresponded to their increasing acidic nature. The
      phosphorylation sites were clustered together at positions Ser7, Ser13, and Ser15
      and were in close association with acidic residues. The clustering of
      phosphorylated residues is unique among regulatory peptide precursors. This
      region of proenkephalin A is well conserved, which suggests that it constitutes
      an important novel functional domain.

PMID- 2914944
TI  - Hormonotoxins. Preparation and characterization of ovine luteinizing hormone
      gelonin conjugate.
AB  - With the aim of targeting toxins to selected cells in the gonad, we have prepared
      conjugates of ovine luteinizing hormone (oLH) with a single chain ribosome
      inactivating protein called gelonin. The two proteins were thiolated by using N
      succinimidyl-3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate and subsequently reacted under
      appropriate conditions to form oLH-S-S-gelonin complex. A complete biochemical
      analysis of thiolated oLH and oLH-gelonin conjugates has been performed. The
      linkage of the hormone to the toxin probably occurred through a single amino
      group in the alpha-subunit, with the beta-subunit remaining free. Modification of
      a single amino group on the alpha-subunit reduced receptor binding and
      immunological reactivity of the thiolated oLH, but subsequent complexing with the
      toxin-gelonin did not seriously compromise these activities. oLH and gelonin were
      calculated to be present in a 1:1 ratio in the hormonotoxin preparation. The
      conjugate retained significant steroidogenic activity in rat granulosa cells.
      Upon reaction with mouse tumor Leydig cells (MA-10 cells), the toxin component of
      the complex became internalized to a sufficient degree to effectively inhibit
      protein synthesis. The studies provide a rational basis for the design and study
      of large hormonotoxins.

PMID- 2914945
TI  - 113Cd NMR of Cd2+-substituted carboxypeptidase. Support for a hexa-coordinate
      metal ion in the presence of inhibitors.
AB  - The liquid-state 113Cd NMR data of carboxypeptidase A in the presence and absence
      of inhibitors obtained by Gettins (Gettins, P. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 15513
      15518) are analyzed in terms of whether the inhibitors displace water from Cd2+
      upon binding to the protein. This question is addressed by applying the single
      crystal data and the methods introduced by Honkonen and Ellis (Honkonen, R. S.,
      and Ellis, P. D. (1984) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 106, 5488-5497). Calculations based
      upon these data demonstrate that displacement of water by a carboxyl group should
      lead to significant shielding of a 113Cd resonance by approximately 100 ppm.
      Since the observed 113Cd chemical shifts for carboxypeptidase A are modest and
      deshielding (12-17 ppm), it is argued that the chemical shifts imply that water
      is not displaced from the Cd2+ center upon binding of inhibitors to
      carboxypeptidase A. Rather, the Cd2+ ion increases its coordination number from
      five to six upon binding of the inhibitor.

PMID- 2914946
TI  - Chicken oocytes and fibroblasts express different apolipoproteins-B-specific
      receptors.
AB  - We have previously characterized a 95-kDa plasma membrane receptor for low and
      very low density lipoproteins in chicken oocytes (George, R., Barber, D. L., and
      Schneider, W. J. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 16838-16847). We now report that
      somatic cells of chickens, such as fibroblasts, express a different receptor for
      these lipoproteins. This receptor has a Mr of 130,000 and is part of a regulatory
      system for cholesterol homeostasis analogous to the low density lipoprotein
      receptor pathway in mammalian cells. Oocytes produce only the 95-kDa receptor,
      while fibroblasts synthesize exclusively the 130-kDa receptor. In addition to
      their different Mr values, another distinctive feature of the two proteins was
      revealed by ligand blotting experiments: the oocyte receptor bound rabbit beta
      VLDL (a class of apolipoprotein-B and -E containing lipoprotein particles),
      whereas the fibroblast receptor did not. Furthermore, polyclonal rabbit
      antibodies that recognize the oocyte 95-kDa receptor failed to cross-react with
      the 130-kDa protein on fibroblasts [corrected]. We suggest that different
      receptors have evolved in the chicken in order to facilitate the deposition of
      lipids into oocytes (i.e. yolk formation) with concomitant maintenance of
      cholesterol homeostasis in extraoocytic tissues.

PMID- 2914947
TI  - The reassociation of factor Va from its isolated subunits.
AB  - Factor Va is an essential cofactor for the activation of prothrombin catalyzed by
      factor Xa. The cofactor is a heterodimer composed of a light chain and a heavy
      chain that are associated noncovalently in the presence of divalent metal ions.
      The kinetics of the formation of factor Va from the isolated and separated
      subunits was examined by the time-dependent regain in cofactor activity using
      direct assays of prothrombin activation catalyzed by prothrombinase. The rate of
      reassociation at saturating concentrations of calcium ions was slow with a strong
      temperature dependence. The product of the association reaction was
      indistinguishable from native factor Va on the basis of activity. The second
      order rate constant for the process at 37 degrees C in the presence of 2 mM CaCl2
      was 1.58 X 10(5) M-1.min-1. Manganese ion increased the rate of regain of
      activity without influencing the extent of the reaction. The previous
      identification of a single reactive sulfhydryl in each subunit of factor Va
      permitted the modification of the separated subunits with sulfhydryl-directed
      fluorophores. Subunit reassociation was directly measured by fluorescence energy
      transfer using light chain modified with 6-acryloyl-2-dimethylaminonaphthalene
      (fluorescence donor) and heavy chain modified with fluorescein 5-maleimide
      (fluorescence acceptor). Fluorescence measurements indicate that the heavy and
      light chains associate tightly (Kd = 5.9 x 10(-9) M) and reversibly with a
      stoichiometry of 1:1. The dissociation of the subunits from the cofactor is first
      order with a rate constant of 1.03 X 10(-3) min-1. These interpretations were
      confirmed by physical measurements of subunit reassociation by sedimentation
      velocity studies.

PMID- 2914948
TI  - The major late promoter of adenovirus-2 is accurately transcribed by RNA
      polymerases IIO, IIA, and IIB.
AB  - Subunit IIa of mammalian RNA polymerase II contains at its C terminus 52 tandem
      repeats of the consensus sequence Tyr-Ser-Pro-Thr-Ser-Pro-Ser. This domain is
      unmodified in RNA polymerase IIA, extensively phosphorylated in RNA polymerase
      IIO, and absent from RNA polymerase IIB. In an effort to define the role of the C
      terminal domain, we have measured the transcriptional activity of purified RNA
      polymerases IIO, IIA, and IIB. The ability of each polymerase subspecies to
      transcribe the major late promoter of adenovirus-2 was examined in a polymerase
      dependent transcription system reconstituted from partially purified
      transcription factors. RNA polymerases IIO, IIA, and IIB are all capable of
      initiating specific transcripts from this promoter. The transcriptional activity
      was determined as a function of the concentration of RNA polymerase II, template
      DNA, and each of the essential general transcription factors. The transcriptional
      activities of RNA polymerases IIA and IIB were comparable and consistently
      greater than that of RNA polymerase IIO when assayed under the conditions
      described here. The kinetics of transcript formation is similar except that RNA
      polymerase IIO has a more pronounced lag. These results show that the C-terminal
      domain of subunit IIa is not essential for the accurate initiation of transcripts
      from the major late promoter of adenovirus-2 and that the effect of the C
      terminal domain is not likely mediated by the general transcription factors
      required for the expression of class II genes.

PMID- 2914949
TI  - Isolation, characterization, and synthesis of chrysobactin, a compound with
      siderophore activity from Erwinia chrysanthemi.
AB  - A catechcol-type siderophore, assigned the trivial name chrysobactin, was
      isolated from the phytopathogenic bacterium Erwinia chrysanthemi and
      characterized by degradation and spectroscopic techniques as N-[N2-(2,3
      dihydroxybenzoyl)-D-lysyl]-L-serine. Chrysobactin, which was also obtained by
      chemical synthesis, was shown to be active in supplying iron to a group of
      mutants of E. chrysanthemi defective in biosynthesis of the siderophore.

PMID- 2914950
TI  - Complex-type asparagine-linked oligosaccharides in glycoproteins synthesized by
      Schistosoma mansoni adult males contain terminal beta-linked N
      acetylgalactosamine.
AB  - Many studies have shown that the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni contains
      glycoproteins whose oligosaccharide side chains are antigenic in infected hosts.
      We report here that adult male schistosomes synthesize glycoproteins containing
      complex-type N-linked chains that have structural features not commonly found in
      mammalian glycoproteins. Adult male worms were incubated in media containing
      either [3H]mannose, [3H]glucosamine, or [3H]galactose, and the metabolically
      radiolabeled oligosaccharides on newly synthesized glycoproteins were analyzed.
      Schistosomes synthesize triantennary- and biantennary-like complex-type
      asparagine-linked chains that contain mannose, fucose, N-acetylglucosamine, and N
      acetylgalactosamine. Interestingly, none of the complex-type chains contain
      sialic acid, and few of the chains contain galactose. Since N-acetylgalactosamine
      is not a common constituent of mammalian-derived N-linked chains, we investigated
      the position and linkage of this residue in the schistosome-derived
      glycopeptides. Virtually all of the N-acetylgalactosamine was beta-linked and in
      a terminal position. The unusual features of the S. mansoni glycoprotein
      oligosaccharides support the possibility that they may be involved in the host
      immune response to infection.

PMID- 2914951
TI  - Sequence-specific binding of arc repressor to DNA. Effects of operator mutations
      and modifications.
AB  - A set of arc operators with transition and/or transversion mutations at each
      operator base pair has been constructed. By determining the ability of Arc to
      bind these variant operators, the importance of each base pair for Arc
      recognition has been assessed. Methylation protection experiments have also been
      used to probe points of close contact between Arc and most of the mutant
      operators. These data, together with phosphate interference results obtained
      previously for the wild type operator, provide information about the operator
      surface that is contacted when Arc binds.

PMID- 2914952
TI  - Recognition of (dG)n.(dC)n sequences by endonuclease G. Characterization of the
      calf thymus nuclease.
AB  - We report the purification of endonuclease G (Ruiz-Carrillo, A., and Renaud, J.
      (1987) EMBO J. 6, 401-407) from calf thymus nuclei and whole tissue. The enzyme
      has been enriched 29,000-fold, and the activity was unambiguously identified with
      a 26-kDa protein after renaturation following sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The native nuclease behaves as a 50-kDa
      species by gel filtration, suggesting that it is composed of two subunits,
      presumably identical. In terms of absolute amounts, endonuclease G (endo G) is a
      nuclear enzyme although it was also detected in purified mitochondria. Endo G is
      highly specific for (dG)n.(dC)n tracts in DNA, nicking either strand of relaxed
      substrates with similar kinetics. The sensitivity of the homopolymer tracts is
      proportional to their length (from n = 8 to 29), insofar as the flanking
      sequences are constant. However, the overall rate of cleavage is influenced by
      the composition of the flanking DNA. Minor cleavage sites contain shorter
      (dG)n.(dC)n clusters (n = 3-7). Endo G efficiently cleaves (dC)n but not (dG)n
      runs in single-stranded DNA, suggesting that it may recognize an asymmetric
      strand conformation of the homopolymer tracts. Endo G does not recognize other
      homo(co)-polymer sequences or cruciform structures in DNA.

PMID- 2914953
TI  - Oxidative inactivation of rhodanese by hydrogen peroxide produces states that
      show differential reactivation.
AB  - Controlled conditions have been found that give complete reactivation and long
      term stabilization of rhodanese (EC 2.8.1.1) after oxidative inactivation by
      hydrogen peroxide. Inactivated rhodanese was completely reactivated by reductants
      such as thioglycolic acid (TGA) (100 mM) and dithiothreitol (DTT) (100 mM) or the
      substrate thiosulfate (100 mM) if these reagents were added soon after
      inactivation. Reactivability fell in a biphasic first order process. At pH 7.5,
      in the presence of DTT inactive rhodanese lost 40% of its reactivability in less
      than 5 min, and the remaining 60% was lost more gradually (t 1/2 = 3.5 h). TGA
      reactivated better than DTT, and the rapid phase was much less prominent. If
      excess reagents were removed by gel filtration immediately after inactivation,
      there was time-independent and complete reactivability with TGA for at least 24
      h, and the resulting samples were stable. Reactivable enzyme was resistant to
      proteolysis and had a fluorescence maximum at 335 nm, just as the native protein.
      Oxidized rhodanese, Partially reactivated by DTT, was unstable and lost activity
      upon further incubation. This inactive enzyme was fully reactivated by 200 mM
      TGA. Also, the enzyme could be reactivated by arsenite and high concentrations of
      cyanide. Addition of hydrogen peroxide (40-fold molar excess) to inactive
      rhodanese after column chromatography initiated a time-dependent loss of
      reactivability. This inactivation was a single first order process (t 1/2 = 25
      min). Sulfhydryl titers showed that enzyme could be fully reactivated after the
      loss of either one or two sulfhydryl groups. Irreversibly inactivated enzyme
      showed the loss of one sulfhydryl group even after extensive reduction with TGA.
      The results are consistent with a two-stage oxidation of rhodanese. In the first
      stage there can form sulfenyl and/or disulfide derivative(s) at the active site
      sulfhydryl that are reducible by thioglycolate. A second stage could give
      alternate or additional oxidation states that are not easily reducible by
      reagents tried to date.

PMID- 2914954
TI  - Manganese peroxidase from the lignin-degrading basidiomycete Phanerochaete
      chrysosporium. Transient state kinetics and reaction mechanism.
AB  - Stopped-flow techniques were used to investigate the kinetics of the formation of
      manganese peroxidase compound I (MnPI) and of the reactions of MnPI and manganese
      peroxidase compound II (MnPII) with p-cresol and MnII. All of the rate data were
      obtained from single turnover experiments under pseudo-first order conditions. In
      the presence of H2O2 the formation of MnPI is independent of pH over the range
      3.12-8.29 with a second-order rate constant of (2.0 +/- 0.1) x 10(6) M-1 s-1. The
      activation energy for MnPI formation is 20 kJ mol-1. MnPI formation also occurs
      with organic peroxides such as peracetic acid, m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid, and p
      nitroperoxybenzoic acid with second-order rate constants of 9.7 x 10(5), 9.5 x
      10(4), and 5.9 x 10(4) M-1 s-1, respectively. The reactions of MnPI and MnPII
      with p-cresol strictly obeyed second-order kinetics. The second-order rate
      constant for the reaction of MnPII with p-cresol is extremely low, (9.5 +/- 0.5)
      M-1 s-1. Kinetic analysis of the reaction of MnII with MnPI and MnPII showed a
      binding interaction with the oxidized enzymes which led to saturation kinetics.
      The first-order dissociation rate constants for the reaction of MnII with MnPI
      and MnPII are (0.7 +/- 0.1) and (0.14 +/- 0.01) s-1, respectively, when the
      reaction is conducted in lactate buffer. Rate constants are considerably lower
      when the reactions are conducted in succinate buffer. Single turnover experiments
      confirmed that MnII serves as an obligatory substrate for MnPII and that both
      oxidized forms of the enzyme form productive complexes with MnII. Finally, these
      results suggest the alpha-hydroxy acids such as lactate facilitate the
      dissociation of MnIII from the enzyme.

PMID- 2914955
TI  - Characterization of a thyroid sulfotransferase responsible for the 3-O-sulfation
      of terminal beta-D-galactosyl residues in N-linked carbohydrate units.
AB  - Calf thyroid microsomes were found to contain an enzyme which catalyzes the
      transfer of sulfate from 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phospho[35S]sulfate (PAPS) to C-3
      of terminal galactose residues in beta 1----4 linkage to GlcNAc. This
      sulfotransferase is believed to be involved in the biosynthesis of the recently
      described Gal(3-SO4) capping groups present in the N-linked oligosaccharides of
      thyroglobulin (Spiro, R.G., and Bhoyroo, V. D. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 14351
      14358). Assays with various native and modified glycopeptides indicated that the
      enzyme acted optimally on complex-type carbohydrate units in which beta-linked
      Gal has been uncovered by desulfation or brought into a terminal position by
      removal of sialyl and/or alpha-galactosyl residues. With fetuin
      asialoglycopeptides as acceptors (Km = 0.1 mM) the transfer of sulfate from PAPS
      (Km = 6.3 microM) had a pH optimum of approximately 7.0, required Mn2+ ions (10
      50 mM) and was markedly stimulated by Triton X-100 (0.1%) and ATP (2 mM). The
      same enzyme apparently sulfated free N-acetyllactosamine (LacNAc; Km = 0.69 mM)
      and its ethyl glycoside, indicating that it had no absolute requirement for a
      peptide recognition site. Studies with a number of disaccharides related to
      LacNAc provided information relating to the specifying role of the beta 1----4
      galactosyl linkage and the configuration at C-2 of the sugar to which it is
      attached. Hydrazine-nitrous acid-NaBH4 treatment of the 35S-labeled products from
      sulfotransferase action on asialoglycopeptides as well as on the ethyl glycoside
      of LacNAc yielded the same disaccharide, Gal(3-SO4) beta 1----4 anhydromannitol,
      as is obtained from a similar treatment of thyroglobulin. Subcellular
      distribution studies indicated that the PAPS:galactose 3-O-sulfotransferase is
      located in the Golgi compartment which is consistent with the late occurrence of
      the requisite beta-galactosylation step. It is proposed that in certain tissues
      the ultimate nature of the capping groups attached to glycoproteins containing
      terminal Gal beta 1----4GlcNAc sequences could be the result of a competition
      between this 3-O-sulfotransferase and sialyl- and/or alpha
      galactosyltransferases.

PMID- 2914956
TI  - The molecular defect in a COOH-terminal-modified and shortened mutant of human
      serum albumin.
AB  - Albumin Venezia is a fast migrating genetic variant of human serum albumin which,
      in heterozygous subjects, represents about 30% of the circulating protein. The
      molecular defect in this variant was studied in a subject possessing an atypical
      level of the mutant (80% of the total protein) and in other members of his
      family. Albumins, isolated from the sera of the propositus and his heterozygous
      relatives, were treated with CNBr and the resulting fragments analyzed by
      isoelectric focusing. The peptides were then isolated in a homogeneous form by
      reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography and submitted to sequence
      analysis. The results show that albumin Venezia possesses a shortened polypeptide
      chain, 578 residues instead of 585, completely variant from residue 572 to the
      COOH-terminal end: sequence: (see text). This extensive modification may be
      accounted for by the deletion of exon 14 and translation to the first terminator
      codon of exon 15, which normally does not code for protein. The absence of a
      basic COOH-terminal dipeptide in the mature molecule can be explained by the
      probable action of serum carboxypeptidase N. Additional support for such action
      comes from examination of the remaining 20% of the total albumin of the
      propositus, which is found to contain an extra Arg at its COOH terminus, probably
      due to partial digestion by carboxypeptidase N. The low serum level of the
      variant in heterozygous subjects suggests that the COOH-terminal end of the
      molecule is critical for albumin stability.

PMID- 2914957
TI  - Increased incidence of CAD gene amplification in tumorigenic rat lines as an
      indicator of genomic instability of neoplastic cells.
AB  - It has been hypothesized that genomic instability is an important component of
      tumorigenesis. In an attempt to establish this relationship, we determined the
      frequencies with which two nontumorigenic and four tumorigenic rat liver
      epithelial cell lines underwent a particular type of genetic instability, gene
      amplification. By exposing cells to N-(phosphonoacetyl)-L-aspartate (PALA), a
      drug which specifically inhibits the aspartate transcarbamylase activity of the
      multifunctional CAD enzyme and selects for amplification of the CAD gene, we
      observed a striking parallel between the ability of these cell lines to become
      resistant to this drug and the ability of these same cells to form tumors after
      injection into day-old syngeneic rats. Cells of one highly tumorigenic line
      became resistant to PALA greater than 70 times more often than those of a non
      tumorigenic line. Molecular analyses of eight independent PALA-resistant
      subclones confirmed that, in each case, this resistance was due to amplification
      of the CAD gene. Thus, our results demonstrate the relationship between
      tumorigenicity and at least one measure of genomic instability, CAD gene
      amplification. The method developed in this study provides a quantitative, rapid
      indicator of tumorigenicity and should prove useful in trying to elucidate the
      underlying basis of genomic instability in neoplastic cells.

PMID- 2914959
TI  - High resolution proton NMR studies of gangliosides. Structure of two types of GD3
      lactones and their reactivity with monoclonal antibody R24.
AB  - Ganglioside GD3 was converted at room temperature to two stable lactones, denoted
      as GD3 lactones I and II. The reaction sequence was presumed to be GD3----GD3
      lactone I----GD3 lactone II based on the time course of their production. Lactone
      I behaved as a monosialoganglioside and lactone II as a neutral species. The two
      lactones were isolated by DEAE-Sephadex column chromatography. The positions of
      the inner ester linkages were investigated by two-dimensional J-correlated proton
      NMR spectroscopy. An ester linkage was most likely formed between the carboxyl
      group of the external sialic acid residue and C9-OH of the internal sialic acid
      residue in lactone I. In addition to this ester linkage, a second ester linkage
      between the carboxyl group of the internal sialic acid and C2-OH of the galactose
      residue was likely formed in lactone II. The structural changes induced by
      lactonization were further examined by their reactivity with the monoclonal
      antibody R24 (Puckel, C. S., Lloyd, K. O., Travassos, L. R., Dippold, W. G.,
      Oettgen, H. F., and Old, L. J. (1982) J. Exp. Med. 155, 1133-1147), which reacted
      with GD3. R24 was found to bind weakly to GD3 lactone I, but not to GD3 lactone
      II. The results suggest that the monoclonal antibody requires both sialic acid
      residues for high affinity binding, and the complete lactonization results in a
      loss of negative charges and/or a change in the overall conformation of the
      oligosaccharide moiety which may account for the loss of binding.

PMID- 2914958
TI  - Molecular phenotypes in cultured maple syrup urine disease cells. Complete E1
      alpha cDNA sequence and mRNA and subunit contents of the human branched chain
      alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex.
AB  - The activity of the branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex is
      deficient in patients with the inherited maple syrup urine disease (MSUD). To
      elucidate the molecular basis of this metabolic disorder, we have isolated three
      overlapping cDNA clones encoding the E1 alpha subunit of the human enzyme
      complex. The composite human E1 alpha cDNA consists of 1783 base pairs encoding
      the entire human E1 alpha subunit of 400 amino acids with calculated Mr = 45,552.
      The human E1 alpha and the previously isolated human E2 cDNAs were used as probes
      in Northern blot analysis with cultured fibroblasts and lymphoblasts from seven
      unrelated MSUD patients. The results along with those of Western blotting have
      revealed five distinct molecular phenotypes according to mRNA and protein-subunit
      contents. These consist of type I, where the levels of E1 alpha mRNA and E1 alpha
      and E1 beta subunits are normal in cells, but E1 activity is deficient; Type II,
      where the E1 alpha mRNA is present in normal quantity, whereas the contents of E1
      alpha and E1 beta subunits are reduced; Type III, where the level of E1 alpha
      mRNA is markedly reduced with a concomitant loss of E1 alpha and E1 beta
      subunits; Type IV, where the contents of both E2 mRNA and E2 subunits are
      markedly reduced; and Type V, where the E2 mRNA is normally expressed, but the E2
      subunit is markedly reduced or completely absent. Type V includes thiamin
      responsive (WG-34) and certain classical MSUD cells. These molecular phenotypes
      have demonstrated the complexity of MSUD and identified the affected gene in
      different patients for further characterization.

PMID- 2914960
TI  - Regulation of collagen VI expression in fibroblasts. Effects of cell density,
      cell-matrix interactions, and chemical transformation.
AB  - Collagen VI expression was studied in cultured human skin fibroblasts and mouse
      3T3 cells using cDNA probes specific for alpha 1(VI), alpha 2(VI), and alpha
      3(VI) chains. A 2-3-fold increase of these mRNAs was observed when fibroblasts
      were grown at increasing densities while only minimal changes occurred for the
      mRNA levels of collagens I and III, fibronectin, and beta-actin. Changes in mRNA
      correlated well with an increased production of corresponding proteins as
      determined by immunological assays. A comparable increase of alpha 1(VI) and
      alpha 2(VI) but not of alpha 3(VI) chain mRNAs was found for fibroblasts grown in
      a three-dimensional collagen gel after gel contraction. These conditions
      resulted, however, in a decrease of steady-state levels of collagens I and III
      and actin mRNAs. Transformation of 3T3 cells by phorbol ester did not change
      collagen VI mRNAs but caused a 3-5-fold reduction in mRNA levels for the other
      extracellular matrix proteins. These data strongly imply different regulatory
      mechanisms for the expression of collagen VI compared with collagens I and III
      and fibronectin. The differences may be correlated to changes in cell shape and
      reflect the requirement for collagen VI as a cell-binding protein.

PMID- 2914961
TI  - Molecular cloning, nucleotide sequence, and tissue distribution of malonyl-CoA
      decarboxylase.
AB  - Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase was purified from goose uropygial gland, reduced,
      carboxymethylated, and digested with trypsin. Several peptides were purified by
      high performance liquid chromatography and their amino acid sequences determined.
      Oligonucleotide probes were prepared based on their amino acid sequences. Size
      selected RNA from the goose uropygial gland was used to construct cDNA libraries
      in lambda gt11 and pUC9 vectors. Immunological screening of the lambda gt11 cDNA
      library yielded one clone, lambda DC1, which contained a 2.2-kilobase pair
      insert; hybridization with the synthetic oligonucleotide probes confirmed its
      identity as malonyl decarboxylase. Screening of the pUC9 cDNA library with the
      insert of lambda DC1 as a probe detected one clone, pDC2, with an insert of 2.9
      kilobase pairs. The nucleotide sequences of the two cDNAs revealed an open
      reading frame encoding a polypeptide of 462 amino acids. The deduced amino acid
      sequence was confirmed as malonyl-CoA decarboxylase by matching it to the amino
      acid sequences of three tryptic peptides derived from mature enzyme. Northern
      blot analysis of mRNA from goose brain, kidney, liver, lung, and gland revealed
      malonyl-decarboxylase mRNA of 3000 nucleotides. Since clone pDC2 contains a 2928
      nucleotide insert, it represents nearly the full length of mRNA. Brain, kidney,
      lung, and liver contained less than 1% of the malonyl-CoA decarboxylase mRNA in
      the gland. Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA showed a single band in both
      liver and gland, suggesting that malonyl-CoA decarboxylase is a single copy gene.

PMID- 2914962
TI  - Amplification of a polymorphic dihydrofolate reductase gene expressing an enzyme
      with decreased binding to methotrexate in a human colon carcinoma cell line, HCT
      8R4, resistant to this drug.
AB  - A methotrexate (MTX)-resistant human colon carcinoma cell line was obtained by
      growing HCT-8 cells in stepwise increasing concentrations of the drug. The
      resistant subline (HCT-8R4) was able to grow in the presence of 1 x 10(-4) M MTX
      and was found to have a 25-fold increase in the level of the target enzyme
      dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), with a corresponding increase in DHFR gene copies
      as well as DHFR transcripts. Southern blot analysis of DNA from HCT-8R4 cells
      revealed the amplification of an altered gene. The amplified DHFR gene lacks an
      EcoRI restriction enzyme site in the coding region, normally present in other
      human cell lines. Sequence analysis of cDNA synthesized from transcripts in the
      MTX-resistant cell line revealed a base transition T----C at nucleotide position
      91 resulting in a substitution of serine for phenylalanine. The dissociation
      constant for MTX binding to the HCT-8R4 enzyme was 1.25 nM, an 8-fold increase
      from the Kd 150 pM of purified wild type human DHFR. This decrease in binding of
      MTX to the HCT-8R4 DHFR is consistent with the predicted involvement of
      phenylalanine in the DHFR active site in hydrophobic interactions with MTX. This
      mutation plus the 25-fold increase in DHFR activity explains the high level of
      resistance of this subline to MTX.

PMID- 2914963
TI  - The lack of a role for protein kinase C in neurite extension and in the induction
      of ornithine decarboxylase by nerve growth factor in PC12 cells.
AB  - Nerve growth factor (NGF) causes pheochromocytoma cells (PC12) to undergo a
      number of physiological changes which mimic the differentiated neuronal cell,
      including neurite extension. We have examined protein kinase C (Ca2+/phospholipid
      dependent enzyme) as a potential signaling mechanism in NGF-stimulated neurite
      outgrowth and induction of the enzyme ornithine decarboxylase. Phorbol 12
      myristate 13-acetate (PMA) can activate protein kinase C and induce ornithine
      decarboxylase in PC12 cells with kinetics which are similar to those of NGF
      induction, but only to levels about 10-fold lower. The induction of ornithine
      decarboxylase by both NGF and PMA is inhibited by cycloheximide and actinomycin D
      suggesting that both agents increase enzyme activity by increasing gene
      transcription. The evidence presented here, however, shows that the induction
      produced by the two agents is through two different pathways. First, maximal
      induction by NGF is increased when PMA is included in the media showing that the
      two effects are synergistic. Second, NGF does not cause induction of ornithine
      decarboxylase in the mutant PC12nnr5 cell line (Green, S.H., Rydel, R.E.,
      Connolly, J.L., and Greene, L.A. (1986) J. Cell Biol. 103, 1967-1978) while added
      PMA does produce an induction of the enzyme. Finally, when protein kinase C is
      down-regulated by incubating PC12 cells with PMA in serum-containing or serum
      free medium for 24 h, the induction by PMA is completely inhibited, while the NGF
      induction is not affected. A recent study (Hall, F.L., Fernyhough, P., Ishii,
      D.N., and Vulliet, P.R. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 4460-4466) using sphingosine
      inhibition concluded that protein kinase C was required for NGF-stimulated
      neuritogenesis. In contrast, results presented here show that down-regulation of
      protein kinase C also has no effect on NGF-mediated neurite extension in PC12
      cells grown in serum-free medium. Our data demonstrate that induction of
      ornithine decarboxylase and formation of neurites in PC12 cells by NGF does not
      require a protein kinase C-mediated pathway.

PMID- 2914964
TI  - Induction of rat hepatic N-nitrosodimethylamine demethylase by acetone is due to
      protein stabilization.
AB  - The N-nitrosodimethylamine demethylase (P450I-IE1) is induced severalfold in
      liver by giving rats ethanol, acetone, pyrazole, and other related small
      molecular weight compounds. This induction is not the result of an increase in
      IIE1 mRNA, but could be due to either an increase in translation rate or a
      decrease in protein degradation. To determine the mechanism of induction, we
      measured IIE1 synthesis and degradation rates in untreated and acetone-treated
      rats. This was accomplished by immunopurification of radiolabeled IIE1 protein
      using a specific monoclonal antibody subsequent to in vivo labeling of total
      cellular protein with either NaH14CO3 or [3H]leucine. We found that in rats fed
      acetone, the rate of IIE1 synthesis was not changed; however, IIE1 degradation
      was markedly altered. In untreated rats, IIE1 protein was degraded via a biphasic
      pathway consisting of both a rapid and slow component with approximate half-lives
      of 7 and 37 h, respectively. However, in acetone-treated rats, only a monophasic
      curve with a half-life of 37 h was observed. The abolition of the rapid
      degradation component of the IIE1 turnover cycle indicates that induction of IIE1
      by acetone is primarily due to specific stabilization of IIE1 protein. Since
      acetone is also metabolized by IIE1, we believe that this may be a substrate
      induced enzyme stabilization.

PMID- 2914965
TI  - Antithrombin activity of fucoidan. The interaction of fucoidan with heparin
      cofactor II, antithrombin III, and thrombin.
AB  - Fucoidan, poly(L-fucopyranose) linked primarily alpha 1----2 with either a C3- or
      a C4-sulfate, is an effective anticoagulant in vitro and in vivo (Springer, G.
      F., Wurzel, H. A., McNeal, G. M., Jr., Ansell, N. J., and Doughty, M. F. (1957)
      Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 94, 404-409). We have determined the antithrombin
      effects of fucoidan on the glycosaminoglycan-binding plasma proteinase inhibitors
      antithrombin III and heparin cofactor II. Fucoidan enhances the heparin cofactor
      II-thrombin reaction more than 3500-fold. The apparent second-order rate constant
      of thrombin inhibition by heparin cofactor II increases from 4 x 10(4) (in the
      absence of fucoidan) to 1.5 x 10(8) M-1 min-1 as the fucoidan concentration
      increases from 0.1 to 10 micrograms/ml and then decreases as fucoidan is
      increased above 10 micrograms/ml. The fucoidan reaction with heparin cofactor II
      thrombin is kinetically equivalent to a "template model." Apparent fucoidan
      heparin cofactor II and fucoidan-thrombin dissociation constants are 370 and 1
      nM, respectively. The enhancement of thrombin inhibition by fucoidan, like
      heparin and dermatan sulfate, is eliminated by selective chemical modification of
      lysyl residues either of heparin cofactor II or of thrombin. The fucoidan
      antithrombin III reactions with thrombin and factor Xa are accelerated maximally
      285- and 35-fold at fucoidan concentrations of 30 and 500 micrograms/ml,
      respectively. Using human plasma and 125I-labeled thrombin in an ex vivo system,
      the heparin cofactor II-thrombin complex is formed preferentially over the
      antithrombin III-thrombin complex in the presence of 10 micrograms/ml fucoidan.
      Our results indicate that heparin cofactor II is activated by fucoidan in vitro
      and in an ex vivo plasma system and suggest that the major antithrombin activity
      of fucoidan in vivo is mediated by heparin cofactor II and not by antithrombin
      III.

PMID- 2914966
TI  - Revised amino acid sequence, crystallization, and preliminary x-ray diffraction
      analysis of acidic phospholipase A2 from the venom of Agkistrodon halys
      blomhoffii.
AB  - The complete amino acid sequence of acidic Agkistrodon halys blomhoffii
      phospholipase A2 has been redetermined by a combination of manual and automatic
      Edman degradations. Acidic A. halys blomhoffi phospholipase is a single
      polypeptide chain consisting of 122 amino acids and is highly homologous in
      sequence with corresponding regions of phospholipase A2 from a variety of
      sources. Prism crystals of acidic A. halys blomhoffii phospholipase have been
      reproducibly grown from 2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol solution adjusted to pH 8.0 with
      50 mM Tris-HCl buffer in the presence of 10 mM CaCl2. The crystals belong to
      space group P6(1)22 or P6(5)22 with hexagonal unit cell dimensions of a = b =
      76.22 A and C = 76.56 A. One molecule occupies the asymmetric unit of the
      crystal. The diffraction extends to at least 2.5 A.

PMID- 2914967
TI  - A planar model of the knee joint to characterize the knee extensor mechanism.
AB  - A simple planar static model of the knee joint was developed to calculate
      effective moment arms for the quadriceps muscle. A pathway for the instantaneous
      center of rotation was chosen that gives realistic orientations of the femur
      relative to the tibia. Using the model, nonlinear force and moment equilibrium
      equations were solved at one degree increments for knee flexion angles from 0
      (full extension) to 90 degrees, yielding patellar orientation, patellofemoral
      contact force and patellar ligament force and direction with respect to both the
      tibial insertion point and the tibiofemoral contact point. The computer-derived
      results from this two-dimensional model agree with results from more complex
      models developed previously from experimentally obtained data. Due to our model's
      simplicity, however, the operation of the patellar mechanism as a lever as well
      as a spacer is clearly illustrated. Specifically, the thickness of the patella
      was found to increase the effective moment arm significantly only at flexions
      below 35 degrees even though the actual moment arm exhibited an increase
      throughout the flexion range. Lengthening either the patella or the patellar
      ligament altered the force transmitted from the quadriceps to the patellar
      ligament, significantly increasing the effective moment arm at flexions greater
      than 25 degrees. We conclude that the levering action of the patella is an
      essential mechanism of knee joint operation at moderate to high flexion angles.

PMID- 2914968
TI  - Flow visualization of competitive swimming techniques: the tufts method.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of tufts to visualize the flow
      of water around the trunk and limbs of a swimmer. Numerous pilot studies were
      conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of different tuft materials, dimensions
      and methods of attachment for recording the characteristics of the flow around a
      swimmer performing various strokes and drills. Differences in the patterns of
      flow made visible by the tufts suggested that this method of flow visualization
      may well be useful in resolving both basic and applied questions concerning
      swimming techniques.

PMID- 2914969
TI  - Strain-induced reorientation of an intramuscular connective tissue network:
      implications for passive muscle elasticity.
AB  - The most abundant intramuscular connective tissue component, the perimysium, of
      bovine M. sternomandibularis muscle was shown to be a crossed-ply arrangement of
      crimped collagen fibres which reorientate and decrimp on changing muscle fibre
      sarcomere length. Reorientation of perimysial strands was observed by light
      microscopy and identification of these strands as collagen fibres was confirmed
      by high-angle X-ray diffraction. Mean collagen fibre direction with respect to
      the muscle fibres ranged from approximately 80 degrees at sarcomere length = 1.1
      micron to approximately 20 degrees at 3.9 microns. This behaviour was well
      described by a model of a crimped planar network surrounding a muscle fibre
      bundle of constant volume but varying length. Modelling of the mechanical
      properties of the perimysium at different sarcomere lengths produced a load
      sarcomere length curve which was in good agreement with the passive elastic
      properties of the muscle, especially at long sarcomere lengths. It is concluded
      that the role of the perimysial collagen network is to prevent over-stretching of
      the muscle fibre bundles.

PMID- 2914970
TI  - Simulation of quadrupedal locomotion using a rigid body model.
AB  - Locomotion of the horse is simulated using a mathematical model based on rigid
      body dynamics. A general method to generate the equations of motion for a two
      dimensional rigid body model with an arbitrary number of hinge joints is
      presented and a numerical solution method, restricted to tree-structured models,
      is described. Joint movements originating from muscular forces or moments are
      simulated, but the method also allows that parts of the model follow strictly the
      pattern of kinematic data. Moment-generators with first-order linear feedback
      were used as a rotational muscle-equivalent. Ground-hoof interaction forces are
      approximated by a viscoelastic model and pseudo-Coulomb friction in vertical and
      horizontal directions respectively. Results of model simulations are compared to
      experimentally recorded data. Subsequently, adjustments are made to improve the
      agreement between simulation and experimental results.

PMID- 2914971
TI  - Rotational and translational movement features of the pelvis and thorax during
      adult human locomotion.
AB  - The kinematics of the pelvis and thorax are important in gait studies since their
      movement patterns are closely related to gait efficiency and 'smoothness' of
      locomotion. The purpose of this study was to identify features of normal gait
      patterns for later comparisons with pathological and developmental gait patterns.
      A two camera SELSPOT system interfaced with an HP1000 minicomputer was used to
      obtain three-dimensional kinematic/temporal data for the pelvis and thorax. Data
      from treadmill walking of eight adults were used for within subject (at different
      speeds) analyses. The analyses revealed a very complex pattern with a set of
      breakpoints which was consistent over all subjects. Some features were invariant
      over a range of walking speeds although the total range of motion changed
      considerably.

PMID- 2914972
TI  - Effect of prosthetic mitral valve geometry and orientation on flow dynamics in a
      model human left ventricle.
AB  - Pulsatile flow dynamics through bileaflet (St Jude and Duromedics), tilting disc
      (Bjork-Shiley and Omniscience), caged ball (Starr-Edwards), pericardial (Edwards)
      and porcine (Carpentier-Edwards) mitral valves in a model human left ventricle
      (LV) were studied. The model human ventricle, obtained from an in situ diastolic
      casting, was incorporated into a mock circulatory system. Measurements were made
      at various heart rates and flow rates. These included the transvalvular pressure
      drop and regurgitation in percent and cm3 beat-1. The effect of valve geometry
      and the orientation of the valve with respect to the valve annulus was analyzed
      using a flow visualization technique. Qualitative flow visualization study
      indicates certain preferred orientations for the tilting disc and bileaflet valve
      prostheses in order to obtain a smooth washout of flow in the LV chamber.

PMID- 2914973
TI  - Validation of single-segment and three-segment spinal models used to represent
      lumbar flexion.
AB  - Changes in spinal posture between the erect and flexed positions were calculated
      using angular measurements from lateral photographs and radiographs of ten adult
      male subjects. For photographic measurements, the thoracolumbar vertebral column
      was modelled as either a single segment or as three segments. In the three
      segment model, there was a non-significant correlation between the decrease in
      lumbar concavity and intervertebral motion. In addition, there was a non
      significant negative correlation between the increase in thoracic convexity and
      lumbar motion determined radiographically. In the single-segment model, the
      decrease in angulation between the thoracolumbar spine and pelvis was a good
      representation of lumbar spine flexion as determined by the mean lumbar
      intervertebral angular change. Therefore, modelling the thoracolumbar vertebral
      column as a single segment allowed better estimation of lumbar intervertebral
      angular change during flexion than a three-segment model. The results indicate
      that large range dynamic motion of the lumbar vertebral column can be represented
      using photographic analysis of the positions of three easily identified
      anatomical landmarks: the anterior superior iliac spine, posterior superior iliac
      spine and the spinous process of the first thoracic vertebra.

PMID- 2914974
TI  - Comment on 'Multi-channel strain-gauged telemetry for orthopaedic implants'.

PMID- 2914975
TI  - Malignancy and joint replacement: the tip of an iceberg?

PMID- 2914976
TI  - The blood supply of the calcaneal tendon.
AB  - The microvascular anatomy of the calcaneal tendon was investigated in cadaver
      tendons by injection of barium sulphate and indian ink and a quantitative study
      of intratendinous blood supply was made, using a computer-assisted image analysis
      system. There was a reduction in both the number and the mean relative area of
      vessels in the mid-section of the tendon. This area of reduced vascularity may be
      of significance in the pathogenesis of rupture.

PMID- 2914977
TI  - Long posterior flap versus equal sagittal flaps in below-knee amputation for
      ischaemia.
AB  - We analysed the complication rate in 140 below-knee amputations in relation to
      surgical technique and the presence of diabetes. In all cases, the skin perfusion
      pressure was measured below the knee before operation to provide an objective
      evaluation of the microcirculation. In diabetic patients we found a significantly
      higher complication rate after using a long posterior flap than after equal
      sagittal flaps. No such difference could be demonstrated in non-diabetic
      patients. We suggest that the higher incidence of atherosclerotic lesions in the
      three major arteries below the knee in diabetic patients may account for the
      difference. We recommend the use of the sagittal technique for below-knee
      amputation in diabetic patients.

PMID- 2914978
TI  - Treatment of bone weakness in patients with femoral neck fracture by fluoride,
      calcium and vitamin D.
AB  - Twenty-three of 46 patients, aged 56 to 95 years, with fracture of the femoral
      neck (FNF) completed the first trial of 10 months treatment with oral sodium
      fluoride 60 mg and calcium 1800 mg on alternate days and 1 micrograms of vitamin
      D1 daily. Pre-treatment and post-treatment biopsy specimens and microradiographs
      of the iliac crest and metacarpal and spinal radiographs were evaluated together
      with biopsy material from seven untreated age-matched controls with FNF. In 17
      patients the treatment improved the amount and quality of trabecular bone.
      Cortical thickness increased in nine patients and there were no losses of amount
      or mineralisation. The treatment was well tolerated by most patients and there
      were no major side-effects or signs of bone demineralisation. The study also
      revealed an unexpected rapid post-fracture deterioration of bone tissue in
      untreated FNF patients; thus there is an increased risk of further fractures
      which calls for the use of an effective treatment to increase bone mass.

PMID- 2914979
TI  - Coronal fractures of the lateral femoral condyle.
AB  - We reviewed seven patients with coronal fractures of the lateral femoral condyle
      and studied the mechanism of injury and the radiological features. The influence
      of soft tissue attachments on the displacement and the blood supply were
      investigated by clinical and cadaveric studies. All three fractures which were
      initially undisplaced lost position early during conservative management.
      Internal fixation gave good results at review, and is recommended to avoid the
      risk of malunion and possible secondary osteoarthritis.

PMID- 2914980
TI  - Lateral release for recurrent dislocation of the patella.
AB  - We reviewed 41 knees after arthroscopic lateral release for recurrent dislocation
      of the patella at a mean follow-up of four years, and graded the results
      according to the criteria of Crosby and Insall (1976). There were no dislocations
      after operation in 28 knees (68%); the less satisfactory results were in patients
      with subluxation of the patella on extension of the knee and those with
      generalised ligamentous laxity. There were no complications. A characteristic and
      previously unreported lesion of the patellar surface was seen in eight of the 41
      knees. The results of lateral release are better than those reported for other
      techniques. This treatment, by either open or arthroscopic methods, is
      recommended.

PMID- 2914981
TI  - Arthroscopy under local anaesthesia.
AB  - Sixty patients underwent arthroscopy of the knee as day cases using a local
      anaesthetic technique. This provided satisfactory operating conditions and high
      patient acceptability.

PMID- 2914982
TI  - Meniscal lesions and chronic anterior cruciate ligament deficiency. Meniscal
      tears occurring before and after reconstruction.
AB  - We examined the menisci in 47 patients at the time of anterior cruciate ligament
      reconstruction. Twenty-one patients had abnormal menisci at a mean of 34 months
      after injury, but there was no difference between the Lysholm scores of patients
      with intact or damaged menisci. Eleven patients had a new meniscal injury between
      reconstruction and review at a mean of six years later; only 15 patients had both
      menisci intact nine years after injury. If pivot shift had been cured, the
      incidence of meniscal injury was reduced, but remained higher than normal. If
      pivot shift returned after reconstruction there was a significantly higher
      incidence of meniscal injury. Meniscal lesions appear to be the result of
      instability and not the cause.

PMID- 2914983
TI  - Epiphyseolysis for partial growth plate arrest. Results after four years or at
      maturity.
AB  - We reviewed 13 children with partial growth plate arrest who had been treated by
      epiphyseolysis. Eight were followed to skeletal maturity and five for at least
      four years. In three cases the affected limb was restored to normal and in five
      the operation was successful in improving angular deformity and leg length
      discrepancy such that further surgery was not necessary. In the five failures,
      angular deformity had progressed or limb length discrepancy had increased. There
      were no significant complications and the procedure did not prevent subsequent
      osteotomy or limb length equalisation. Epiphyseolysis was most effective for
      small bars and those affecting only the central area of the plate.

PMID- 2914985
TI  - Congenital dislocation of the hip--a misleading term: brief report.

PMID- 2914984
TI  - Entrapment of the superficial peroneal nerve. Diagnosis and results of
      decompression.
AB  - Entrapment of the superficial peroneal nerve was treated in 24 legs of 21
      patients by fasciotomy and neurolysis; 19 of the patients were reviewed after a
      mean period of 37 months. Nine were satisfied with the result, another six were
      improved but not satisfied because of residual limitation of athletic activity,
      three were unchanged and one was worse. Conduction velocity in the superficial
      peroneal nerve had increased after operation, but the change was not significant.
      In five patients the nerve had an anomalous course and in 11 there were fascial
      defects over the lateral compartment. Chronic lateral compartment syndrome is an
      unusual cause of nerve entrapment. Operative decompression produces cure or
      improvement in three-quarters of the cases, but is less effective in athletes.

PMID- 2914986
TI  - An axial rotation goniometer: brief report.

PMID- 2914987
TI  - Embolisation for aneurysm after knee replacement: brief report.

PMID- 2914988
TI  - An unusual pattern of radiocarpal injury: brief report.

PMID- 2914989
TI  - Intraneural leiomyoma: brief report.

PMID- 2914990
TI  - An aid to the treatment of supracondylar fracture of the humerus: brief report.

PMID- 2914991
TI  - Radiology of the humeral head in recurrent anterior shoulder dislocations: brief
      report.

PMID- 2914992
TI  - A sinister bias in hip socket wear: brief report.

PMID- 2914993
TI  - Familial synovial chondromatosis: brief report.

PMID- 2914994
TI  - A method of elbow arthrodesis: brief report.

PMID- 2914995
TI  - Lower femoral osteotomy in cerebral palsy: brief report.

PMID- 2914996
TI  - Soft tissue surgery in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.
AB  - Ten patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease have been reviewed at an average of
      14 years after soft tissue procedures to correct foot deformities. No patient has
      so far required triple arthrodesis and the overall results as regards function,
      appearance and symptoms are satisfactory in all patients. It is concluded that
      soft tissue procedures can certainly postpone the need for triple arthrodesis and
      in many cases may obviate it altogether.

PMID- 2914997
TI  - The management of soft tissue sarcomas.

PMID- 2914998
TI  - Dynamic inversion of the forefoot and dorsiflexion of the big toe treated by
      transfer of extensor hallucis longus.
AB  - Dynamic hyperextension of the big toe and supination of the forefoot may occur in
      the swing phase of walking in children with various neurological disorders.
      Symptoms arising from this have been successfully corrected in 13 feet of 11
      children by transfer of extensor hallucis longus to the insertion of peroneus
      brevis.

PMID- 2914999
TI  - Operations for forearm deformity caused by multiple osteochondromas.
AB  - We reviewed 36 cases of forearm deformity caused by multiple osteochondromas in
      30 patients and classified them into three types: Type I showed a combination of
      ulnar shortening and bowing of the radius secondary to osteochondromas of the
      distal ulna (22 forearms). Type II showed dislocation of the radial head, either
      with osteochondromas of the proximal radius (Type IIa, two forearms) or secondary
      to more distal involvement (Type IIb, five forearms). Type III had relative
      radial shortening due to osteochrondromas at the distal radius (seven forearms).
      Operations were performed on 16 forearms in 13 patients, with 92% of satisfactory
      results. For Type I deformity, excision of osteochondromas, immediate ulnar
      lengthening and corrective osteotomy of the radius are recommended. For Type IIa,
      excision of the radial head is necessary, and for Type IIb, we advise gradual
      lengthening of the ulna using an external fixator. Excision of osteochondromas
      alone gave good results in Type III deformity. Our classification gives a
      reliable indication of the prognosis and is a guide to the choice of surgical
      treatment.

PMID- 2915000
TI  - Physeal widening in children with myelomeningocele.
AB  - We report five examples of physeal widening in four children with
      myelomeningocele. In all cases there was rapid clinical resolution with the use
      of the patients' normal orthoses and minor limitation of activity, and there was
      no evidence of early epiphyseal closure or growth disturbance. We suggest that
      recognition of the pathological process before fracture occurred may explain the
      rapid return to normal.

PMID- 2915001
TI  - The effect of centrifuging bone cement.
AB  - We have tested the porosity and fatigue life of five commonly used bone cements:
      Simplex P, LVC, Zimmer regular, CMW and Palacos R. Tests were conducted with and
      without centrifugation and with the monomer at room temperature and, except for
      LVC, at 0 degrees C. We found that the fatigue life of different specimens varied
      by a factor of nearly 100. It did not depend on porosity alone, but was more
      influenced by the basic composition of the cement. Simplex P when mixed with
      monomer at 0 degrees C and centrifuged for 60 seconds had the highest fatigue
      life and was still sufficiently liquid to use easily.

PMID- 2915002
TI  - Examining infants' hips--can it do harm?
AB  - Attempts to eliminate congenital dislocation of the hip by detecting it early
      have not been completely successful. It is not known why some infants, checked by
      competent examiners, still appear late with dislocations. The usual explanations
      of a mistake by the examiner, or of spontaneous dislocation of a hip that was
      stable at birth, do not explain why some centres succeed while others fail, or
      why good examiners may become less effective with experience. The explanation
      suggested is that the examination itself could be responsible and may actually
      cause a hip to become unstable.

PMID- 2915003
TI  - Pre-operative evaluation for uncemented hip arthroplasty. The role of
      computerised tomography.
AB  - We have studied the role of computerised axial tomography in the assessment of
      the acetabulum before an uncemented Mittelmeier arthroplasty was performed in 20
      patients. In the absence of gross anatomical abnormality, computerised tomography
      did not provide additional information, but in eight patients it was useful in
      determining adequacy of acetabular depth, anterior acetabular cover, and
      thickness of the anterior and posterior walls. In these patients, the CT scans
      provided information which was not available from plain radiographs and greatly
      assisted in pre-operative planning.

PMID- 2915004
TI  - Abductor function after total hip replacement. An electromyographic and clinical
      review.
AB  - Electromyographic and clinical studies were performed on patients undergoing
      total hip replacement by the modified direct lateral (29 hips), the direct
      lateral (29 hips) and the posterior approaches (21 hips). Assessments were made
      three months after operation. The Trendelenburg test was positive (Grade II) in
      eight cases operated upon by the direct lateral route, but in only one of each of
      the other two groups. Denervation occurred in only five of the 28 hips with
      abductor weakness without statistical difference between the groups. In the
      modified direct lateral group, radiological evidence of union of the trochanteric
      sliver was associated with significantly better abductor function than in those
      with malunion or non-union.

PMID- 2915005
TI  - Total knee arthroplasty in the patient with Parkinson's disease.
AB  - We have reviewed nine patients with Parkinson's disease who had 12 primary total
      knee arthroplasties and one revision. Deformities were corrected by conventional
      techniques and semi-constrained resurfacing arthroplasties were used. Follow-up
      ranged from two to eight years (average 4.3 years). Nine of the 12 primary
      arthroplasties were rated as excellent by the Hospital for Special Surgery knee
      score system, and three were rated as good. Contrary to previous reports, we feel
      that total knee arthroplasty performed on patients with Parkinson's disease, is a
      highly satisfactory procedure, alleviating knee pain and improving function.

PMID- 2915006
TI  - Freezing of orthopaedic specimens before mechanical testing.
AB  - The effect of storage at sub-zero temperatures and subsequent thawing was
      investigated in dissected muscles, tendons, limbs and spines. Freezing caused a
      noticeable shortening of muscles which when thawed could easily be elongated; the
      same effects, though less pronounced, were observed with tendons. During
      freezing, myotomy or tenotomy led to the development of a striking deformity
      owing to unopposed shortening of the opposing muscles. After thawing, all frozen
      specimens containing muscles and joints showed an increased range of passive
      movements, easily demonstrable by mild tensile forces.

PMID- 2915007
TI  - Reliability of radiological measurements in the assessment of the child's hip.
AB  - We investigated the reproducibility of the various radiological methods of
      assessment of hip dysplasia by making 474 assessments of hips and quantifying the
      inter-observer and intra-observer variation. There was a wide range of
      variability between the readings made by different observers and by one observer
      on two occasions. A measurement of acetabular index has to be given a range of +/
      6 degrees in order to be 95% confident of including the true measurement. We
      found the most helpful measurements to be the acetabular index, up to the age of
      eight years; the centre-edge angle, over the age of five years; and Smith's c/b
      ratio and neck-shaft angle. We feel, however, that the change in value over a
      series of radiographs in the same child is much more valuable. Single readings of
      all the radiological measurements investigated in this study were unreliable.

PMID- 2915008
TI  - Operation for old sternoclavicular dislocation. Results in 12 cases.
AB  - Twelve patients were operated upon after unsuccessful conservative treatment for
      complete dislocation of the sternoclavicular joint. Three methods were used;
      stabilisation using fascial loops, reconstruction with a tendon graft, and
      resection of the sternal end of the clavicle. The results were good in only four
      patients, three treated with a tendon graft and one by fascial loops. Another
      four patients had fair results, but all four treated by resection of the medial
      end of the clavicle had poor results, with pain and weakness of the upper
      extremity. In our opinion resection of the sternal end of the clavicle should not
      be used in old traumatic dislocation.

PMID- 2915009
TI  - Closed reduction of fractures of the proximal radius in children.
AB  - We present a method for the reducing a displaced radial head in children, by
      rotating the forearm while pressing over the displaced fragment. This has been
      successful in a series of 10 cases.

PMID- 2915010
TI  - External fixation or plaster for severely displaced comminuted Colles' fractures?
      A prospective study of anatomical and functional results.
AB  - We report a prospective, randomised, controlled trial of 50 severely displaced
      comminuted Colles' fractures treated by either external fixation or manipulation
      and plaster. Each patient was assessed radiographically throughout treatment, and
      functionally by an independent observer at three and six months. The functional
      result correlated with the anatomical result, which was significantly better in
      patients treated by external fixation. This resulted in significantly improved
      function especially in young patients, and also a lower complication rate. We
      recommend the use of external fixation for young patients with comminuted
      displaced Colles' fractures unless manipulation and plaster show excellent
      reduction.

PMID- 2915011
TI  - Repair of rabbit articular surfaces with allograft chondrocytes embedded in
      collagen gel.
AB  - In an attempt to repair articular cartilage, allograft articular chondrocytes
      embedded in collagen gel, were transplanted into full-thickness defects in rabbit
      articular cartilage. Twenty-four weeks after the transplantation, the defects
      were filled with hyaline cartilage, specifically synthesising Type II collagen.
      These chondrocytes were autoradiographically proven to have originated from the
      transplanted grafts. Assessed histologically the success rate was about 80%, a
      marked improvement over the results reported in previous studies on chondrocyte
      transplantation without collagen gel. By contrast, the defects without
      chondrocyte transplantation healed with fibrocartilage. Immunological enhancement
      induced by transplanted allogenic chondrocytes or collagen was not significant at
      eight weeks after treatment, so far as shown by both direct and indirect
      blastformation reactions. Thus, allogenic transplantation of isolated
      chondrocytes embedded in collagen gel appears to be one of the most promising
      methods for the restoration of articular cartilage.

PMID- 2915012
TI  - Anterior approach to the upper thoracic vertebrae.
AB  - The anterior exposure of the upper thoracic spine using standard methods is often
      difficult and limited. We report our experience using a technique described by
      Sundaresan et al. (1984) in which the medial portion of one clavicle and part of
      the manubrium sterni are excised. In 10 cases we found this to be a useful and
      safe procedure.

PMID- 2915013
TI  - Ipsilateral sciatica on femoral nerve stretch test is pathognomonic of an L4/5
      disc protrusion.
AB  - The straight leg raising test and the femoral nerve stretch test exert traction
      on the sciatic and femoral nerve, and the lumbosacral plexus and roots. In 40
      patients with a suspected L4/5 disc protrusion, ipsilateral sciatica was induced
      by the femoral nerve stretch test. We believe that this is a pathognomonic sign
      of a lateral protrusion at L4/5 level.

PMID- 2915014
TI  - Diagnosis of acute atlanto-axial rotatory fixation.
AB  - We report three cases of atlanto-axial rotatory fixation in adults. Early
      diagnosis was made by clinical tests showing restricted head rotation in maximal
      neck flexion and asymmetry of the transverse processes of the atlas, confirmed by
      cineradiography. Early treatment by traction may obviate long-term problems of
      torticollis and instability.

PMID- 2915015
TI  - Does sublaminar wiring produce spinal stenosis?
AB  - Sublaminar wiring provides strong and effective fixation of the scoliotic or
      unstable spine, but its long-term effects on the spinal canal remain unknown. An
      animal model was developed to observe these effects on the growth and development
      of the immature spine over a two-year period. Laminar overgrowth occurred both
      longitudinally to produce a kyphoscoliosis and in the transverse plane to cause
      significant laminar thickening and growth into the spinal canal. However, the
      cross-sectional area of the spinal canal was not significantly compromised.

PMID- 2915016
TI  - The axis of rotation of the ankle joint.
AB  - The axis of the talo-crural joint was analysed by roentgen stereophotogrammetry
      in eight healthy volunteers. Examinations were performed at 10 degrees increments
      of flexion and pronation/supination of the foot as well as medial and lateral
      rotation of the leg. Results indicate that the talo-crural joint axis changes
      continuously throughout the range of movement. In dorsiflexion it tended to be
      oblique downward and laterally. In rotation of the leg, the axis took varying
      inclinations between horizontal and vertical. All axes in each subject lay close
      to the midpoint of a line between the tips of the malleoli. Our study indicates
      that the talo-crural joint axis may alter considerably during the arc of motion
      and differ significantly between individuals. This prompts caution in the use of
      hinge axes in orthoses and prostheses for the ankle.

PMID- 2915017
TI  - Capnocytophaga canimorsus sp. nov. (formerly CDC group DF-2), a cause of
      septicemia following dog bite, and C. cynodegmi sp. nov., a cause of localized
      wound infection following dog bite.
AB  - CDC group DF-2 is the vernacular name given to a slow-growing gram-negative
      bacterium that causes septicemia and meningitis in humans. Infections frequently
      (one-third of cases) occur following dog bites or close contact with dogs or
      occasionally with cats. Splenectomy and alcoholism appear to be strong
      predisposing factors for DF-2 infection. In addition to 150 DF-2 strains received
      for identification, we received 9 DF-2-like strains; 6 were isolated from wound
      or eye infections, 3 of which were associated with dog bites and 1 of which was
      associated with a cat scratch, and 3 were isolated from dog mouths. The major
      characteristics of DF-2 include production of acid but no gas from lactose and
      maltose and usually D-glucose; positive reactions for oxidase, catalase, arginine
      dihydrolase, gliding motility, and o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside; growth
      enhanced by serum and by incubation in a candle jar atmosphere; and negative
      reactions for sucrose, raffinose, inulin, melibiose, nitrate reduction, indole,
      and growth on MacConkey agar. DF-2-like strains had the same characteristics,
      except that acid was formed from sucrose, raffinose, inulin, and melibiose. By
      the hydroxyapatite method, DNAs from 12 DF-2 strains were 88% related in 60
      degrees C reactions and 84% related in 75 degrees C reactions. Related sequences
      contained 0.5 to 1.5% unpaired bases (divergence). Three DF-2-like strains were
      73 to 80% related at 60 degrees C (with 2.0 to 2.5% divergence) and 68 to 75%
      related at 75 degrees C. The relatedness of DF-2 and DF-2-like strains was 19 to
      31% at 60 degrees Celsius and 13 to 19% at 75 degrees Celsius. The relatedness of
      DF-2 and DF-2-like strains to Capnocytophaga species was 4 to 7%. The DNA
      relatedness date indicate that eh DF-2 and the DF-2-like strains are separate,
      previously undescribed species. Both groups are phenotypically and genetically
      distinct from Capnocytophaga species, although they do share several
      characteristics with Capnocytophaga species, including cellular morphology,
      gliding motility, cellular fatty acid composition, enhancement of growth in a
      candle jar atmosphere, and G+C content. The new species differ from
      Capnocytophaga species by their positive oxidase and catalase reactions. We chose
      to avoid creating a new genus and proposed the names Capnocytophaga canimorsus
      sp. nov. for group DF-2 and C. cynodegmi sp. nov. for the DF-2-like strains.

PMID- 2915018
TI  - Use of a cutoff range in identifying mycobacteria by the Gen-Probe Rapid
      Diagnostic System.
AB  - Commercial DNA probes (Gen-Probe Corp., San Diego, Calif.) for Mycobacterium
      tuberculosis complex Mycobacterium avium, and Mycobacterium intracellulare were
      compared with conventional methods for accuracy, applicability, and speed for the
      identification of putative isolates of the M. tuberculosis and M. avium
      complexes. Results are expressed as percent hybridization. Values of greater than
      15% were considered positive, and values of less than 5% were negative. Cultures
      having hybridization values within an indeterminate range of 5 to 15% were
      repeated. Mycobacterial isolates resembling M. tuberculosis and M. avium complex
      from cultures of 589 specimens, representing 432 patients, were entered into this
      study; 294 cultures were tested with the M. tuberculosis complex probe, and 326
      cultures were tested with the M. avium probe. In all cases, probe results agreed
      with our biochemical identification of the isolates. The M. intracellulare probe
      was used with 117 isolates morphologically resembling M. avium complex, and one
      false-negative result was observed. Seventy-two cultures gave initial
      hybridization results that fell within the indeterminate range and were repeated.
      If the manufacturer's recommended 10% cutoff value had been used, the original
      hybridization values would have resulted in 27 misidentified cultures, 16 false
      negatives and 11 false-positives.

PMID- 2915019
TI  - Prevalence of hydrogen peroxide-producing Lactobacillus species in normal women
      and women with bacterial vaginosis.
AB  - A predominance of Lactobacillus species in the vaginal flora is considered
      normal. In women with bacterial vaginosis, the prevalence and concentrations of
      intravaginal Gardnerella vaginalis and anaerobes are increased, whereas the
      prevalence of intravaginal Lactobacillus species is decreased. Because some
      lactobacilli are known to produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which can be toxic to
      organisms that produce little or no H2O2-scavenging enzymes (e.g., catalase), we
      postulated that an absence of H2O2-producing Lactobacillus species could allow an
      overgrowth of catalase-negative organisms, such as those found among women with
      bacterial vaginosis. In this study, H2O2-producing facultative Lactobacillus
      species were found in the vaginas of 27 (96%) of 28 normal women and 4 (6%) of 67
      women with bacterial vaginosis (P less than 0.001). Anaerobic Lactobacillus
      species (which do not produce hydrogen peroxide) were isolated from 24 (36%) of
      67 women with bacterial vaginosis and 1 (4%) of 28 normal women (P less than
      0.001). The production of H2O2 by Lactobacillus species may represent a
      nonspecific antimicrobial defense mechanism of the normal vaginal ecosystem.

PMID- 2915020
TI  - Recovery of Pseudomonas gladioli from respiratory tract specimens of patients
      with cystic fibrosis.
AB  - Pseudomonas gladioli was isolated from 11 patients with cystic fibrosis. It
      resembled Pseudomonas cepacia on the selective and differential medium OFPBL,
      producing yellow colonies after 48 to 72 h of incubation. Isolates were
      characterized biochemically, by DNA hybridization, and by cellular fatty acid
      analysis. A review of the clinical status of selected patients colonized by P.
      gladioli did not reveal any apparent association of this organism with infectious
      complications of cystic fibrosis. Thus, the clinical implications may differ
      depending on which of these two closely related species is reported by
      laboratories. Determination of the fatty acid profile of isolates by gas
      chromatography may be a useful adjunct to biochemical characterization as a means
      of identification. In contrast to P. cepacia, most isolates of P. gladioli
      contained 3-OH C10:0 fatty acid under the growth conditions used.

PMID- 2915021
TI  - Detection and quantitation of Anaplasma marginale in carrier cattle by using a
      nucleic acid probe.
AB  - Cattle which have recovered from acute infection with Anaplasma marginale, a
      rickettsial hemoparasite of cattle, frequently remain persistently infected with
      a low-level parasitemia and serve as reservoirs for disease transmission. To
      fully understand the role of these carriers in disease prevalence and
      transmission, it is essential that low levels of parasitemia can be accurately
      detected and quantitated. We have developed a nucleic acid probe, derived from a
      portion of a gene encoding a 105,000-molecular-weight surface protein, that can
      detect A. marginale-infected erythrocytes. The probe is specific for A. marginale
      and can detect 0.01 ng of genomic DNA and 500 to 1,000 infected erythrocytes in
      0.5 ml of blood, which is equivalent to a parasitemia of 0.000025%. This makes
      the probe at least 4,000 times more sensitive than light microscopy.
      Hybridization of the probe with treated blood from animals proven to be carriers
      of anaplasmosis showed that parasitemia levels were highly variable among
      carriers, ranging from greater than 0.0025 to less than 0.000025%. Parasitemia
      levels of individual animals on different dates were also variable. These results
      imply that, at any given time, individuals within a group of cattle may differ
      significantly in their abilities to transmit disease.

PMID- 2915022
TI  - Respiratory syncytial virus-specific antibody responses in immunoglobulin A and E
      isotypes to the F and G proteins and to intact virus after natural infection.
AB  - We studied the antibody response to the fusion (F) and attachment (G) proteins of
      respiratory syncytial virus and to purified intact virus in the respiratory
      secretions of 29 infants and children. The goal of the study was to determine
      whether the immune response to either of the glycoproteins occurred predominantly
      in the immunoglobulin A (IgA) as opposed to the IgE isotype, which would indicate
      that one protein subunit would be a better candidate as a potential vaccine.
      Antibody responses were determined by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
      with purified F and G proteins and sucrose gradient-purified intact virus as
      targets. Infants and children were capable of developing an antibody response in
      both the IgA and IgE isotypes to each target antigen. The magnitude of the
      antibody response to the F protein was essentially similar to that to the intact
      virus, while responses to the G protein were diminished in infants. A slightly
      more favorable ratio of IgA to IgE responses was observed against the F protein
      in comparison to the G protein. While neither protein subunit had the ideal
      characteristics of inducing an IgA response in the absence of an IgE response,
      the F protein seems to be a better candidate for use as a vaccine, on the basis
      of better IgA/IgE ratios.

PMID- 2915023
TI  - Immunoblot analysis of antibody responses to Sporothrix schenckii.
AB  - The serologic response to Sporothrix schenckii was investigated in patients with
      sporotrichosis by solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and
      Western immunoblot techniques. A soluble antigen preparation derived from an S.
      schenckii isolate contained 15 protein staining components ranging in molecular
      size from 22 to 70 kilodaltons (kDa) by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis. Sera from 40 patients with sporotrichosis demonstrated
      Sporothrix immunoglobulin G antibody by ELISA with titers between 128 and 65,200.
      No sera from 300 healthy individuals or 100 patients with various systemic
      mycoses other than sporotrichosis had ELISA titers greater than 64. By Western
      immunoblotting of the antigens separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide
      gel electrophoresis, sera from 10 patients with cutaneous sporotrichosis reacted
      with 8 to 10 antigen components (range, 40 to 70 kDa), while sera from 15
      patients with extracutaneous sporotrichosis reacted with a greater number of
      antigen components (15 to 20 bands) over a wider range of molecular sizes (22 to
      70 kDa). Antibody to 40- and 70-kDa antigen components was detected by
      immunoblots in all sera tested from patients with sporotrichosis. Antibody to 22-
      to 36-kDa antigen components was present in sera from 13 of 15 patients with
      extracutaneous sporotrichosis, but these lower-molecular-weight components were
      not detected by sera from patients with cutaneous sporotrichosis. Antibody to
      these components was not detected by Western blotting in sera from 19 of 20
      patients with other fungal diseases or from 30 healthy individuals. Purification
      of these specific antigen fractions could provide the basis of a sensitive and
      specific serodiagnostic test to indicate the presence and activity of
      extracutaneous sporotrichosis.

PMID- 2915024
TI  - Bacteremia with Streptococcus bovis and Streptococcus salivarius: clinical
      correlates of more accurate identification of isolates.
AB  - Two biotypes of Streptococcus bovis can be identified by laboratory testing and
      can be distinguished from the phenotypically similar organism Streptococcus
      salivarius. We assessed the clinical relevance of careful identification of these
      organisms in 68 patients with streptococcal bacteremia caused by these similar
      species. S. bovis was more likely to be clinically significant when isolated from
      blood (89%) than was S. salivarius (23%). There was a striking association
      between S. bovis I bacteremia and underlying endocarditis (94%) compared with
      that of S. bovis II bacteremia (18%). Bacteremia with S. bovis I was also highly
      correlated with an underlying colonic neoplasm (71% of patients overall, 100% of
      those with thorough colonic examinations) compared with bacteremia due to S.
      bovis II or S. salivarius (17% overall, 25% of patients with thorough colonic
      examinations). We conclude that careful identification of streptococcal
      bacteremic isolates as S. bovis biotype I provides clinically important
      information and should be more widely applied.

PMID- 2915025
TI  - Rapid detection of group C streptococci from animals by latex agglutination.
AB  - A group C latex agglutination reagent, included as the negative control in the
      PathoDx Strep A latex agglutination test (Diagnostic Products Corp., Los Angeles,
      Calif), was compared with culture for rapid detection of group C streptococci
      (Streptococcus equi, S. equisimilis, S. zooepidemicus, and S. dysgalactiae) from
      swabs of veterinary specimens. The overall sensitivity of the latex test was 78%,
      and specificity was 97.6%. Only 25% of S. dysgalactiae isolates were detected,
      thereby accounting for the relatively low sensitivity. Ninety-three percent of
      the group C streptococci other than S. dysgalactiae were isolated from horses.
      When the latex test was evaluated for detection of group C streptococci other
      than S. dysgalactiae from horses, the sensitivity and specificity were 95.3 and
      100%, respectively. We found the group C latex agglutination test to be a rapid
      and accurate method for the detection of the major pathogenic group C
      streptococci from swabs of equine specimens.

PMID- 2915026
TI  - Clonal nature of Salmonella typhi and its genetic relatedness to other
      salmonellae as shown by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis, and proposal of
      Salmonella bongori comb. nov.
AB  - Crude cell extracts of 26 isolates of Salmonella serotype typhi (S. typhi) and 48
      other Salmonella isolates representing 28 serotypes and seven DNA hybridization
      subgroups were analyzed for electrophoretic variants of 24 metabolic enzymes by
      starch gel electrophoresis. All strains of S. typhi had identical isoenzyme
      patterns, indicating that they were a single clone. All of the enzymes detected
      in the remaining strains were polymorphic, and the degree of genetic variation
      was quite high. The average number of alleles per enzyme locus was 4.7, and the
      mean genetic diversity per locus was 0.556. Thirty-two distinct allele profiles,
      or electrophoretic types (ETs), were found in these 48 strains of Salmonella
      serotypes other than S. typhi. Analysis of the genetic relationships of the ETs
      to each other showed that, with one exception, the ETs formed subgroups that were
      consistent with the subgroupings based on DNA hybridization studies. ET profiles
      were not always linked to specific serologic patterns. These data show that
      multilocus enzyme electrophoresis has a potential application in epidemiologic
      and taxonomic studies of salmonellae, although it is not differential for S.
      typhi. We also propose a new species, Salmonella bongori comb. nov., a new
      combination base on the elevation of Salmonella choleraesuis subsp. bongori to
      the level of species.

PMID- 2915027
TI  - Identification and classification of Campylobacter strains by using
      nonradioactive DNA probes.
AB  - Acetylaminofluorene-labeled genomic DNA probes were used for the identification
      and classification of Campylobacter strains. Relationships among 17 well-known
      strains of Campylobacter species and subspecies were studied by comparing
      acetylaminofluorene- or 32P-labeled probes. Results obtained with both methods
      were closely correlated and were in agreement with those already reported. In an
      identification experiment, hybridization with nonradioactive probes was performed
      on 60 strains isolated from stool samples after subculturing and quick DNA
      extraction; conventional biochemical tests were conducted in parallel. A good
      correlation was found between the results obtained by nonradioactive
      hybridization and by biochemical tests. Thus, the acetylaminofluorene-labeled
      genomic DNA probe method is an interesting alternative for laboratories without
      access to radioisotopes for the identification and classification of bacteria.

PMID- 2915028
TI  - Identification of Campylobacter pylori by using the rapID NH system.
AB  - Campylobacter pylori has been associated with chronic active antral gastritis.
      The organism was isolated from 19 of 45 gastric mucosal biopsies on blood agar
      plates with increased CO2 at 35 degrees C. The RapID NH system, a set of
      dehydrated substrates for preformed enzymes, was used to assist in the
      identification of C. pylori. All C. pylori gave the same biochemical profile, and
      it was different from those of all other organisms in the profile index of the
      manufacturer. The RapID NH system is useful in the identification of C. pylori.

PMID- 2915029
TI  - Corynebacterium aquaticum urinary tract infection in a neonate, and concepts
      regarding the role of the organism as a neonatal pathogen.
AB  - Corynebacterium aquaticum urinary tract infection developed in a neonate 8 days
      after uncomplicated vaginal delivery. Prior to definitive identification, the
      isolate was thought to be Listeria monocytogenes because of its microscopic
      morphology, catalase positivity, and tumbling motility. The infant responded to
      intravenous ceftriaxone. Because the presentation of C. aquaticum in this patient
      suggested systemic involvement, C. aquaticum may be regarded as a bona fide
      neonatal pathogen.

PMID- 2915030
TI  - Growth of Aeromonas spp. on Butzler Campylobacter selective agar and evaluation
      of the agar for the primary isolation of Aeromonas spp. from clinical specimens.
AB  - The fortuitous finding that Aeromonas spp. grew well on Butzler Campylobacter
      selective medium (BCSA) in a microaerobic atmosphere at 42 degrees C prompted us
      to evaluate the performance of BCSA for selective isolation of aeromonads in
      comparison with ampicillin (30 micrograms/ml) sheep blood agar (ASBA30). Overall
      recovery rates of aeromonads from 563 stool samples from patients with acute
      diarrhea were higher on ASBA30 (70.4%) than on BCSA (56.3%); however, 21 (29.5%)
      grew only on BCSA. The three human-associated Aeromonas spp. could be recovered
      on BCSA and ASBA30. We recommend the use of BCSA to laboratories reluctant to
      include a specific selective medium for aeromonads.

PMID- 2915031
TI  - Functional topography during sensorimotor activation studied with event-related
      desynchronization mapping.
AB  - Event-related desynchronization (ERD) of alpha components was studied in four
      subjects during self-paced voluntary movements and somatosensory stimulation. EEG
      was recorded from 29 electrodes with a common right ear reference; local average
      reference derivations were calculated and used for computing ERD maps at 250-ms
      intervals. It was found that upper alpha components were desynchronized close to
      electrodes C3 and C4 overlying the primary sensorimotor cortex during voluntary
      movements and somatosensory stimulation. ERD started contralaterally more than 2
      s before the movement and some hundreds of milliseconds before the stimulation.
      During the performance of unilateral movement and unilateral stimulation, ERD was
      bilaterally symmetric. Desynchronization of lower alpha components was found over
      the superior parietal cortex, clearly starting some hundreds of milliseconds
      after the desynchronization of upper frequency components. Therefore, the
      desynchronization of lower and upper alpha components reflects activation of
      different neuronal structures.

PMID- 2915032
TI  - Combined adductor transfer, iliopsoas release, and proximal hamstring release in
      cerebral palsy.
AB  - Twenty-two patients with cerebral palsy (CP) and progressive lateral migration of
      the hip who underwent a combined adductor transfer, iliopsoas release, and
      proximal hamstring release were reviewed retrospectively. The average age at
      surgery was 4 years 9 months, and clinical and roentgenographic follow-up
      averaged 21.9 and 19.2 months, respectively. Ninety-five percent of the patients
      demonstrated an improved range of motion. Roentgenographic analysis showed a
      statistically significant decrease in the migration percentage and the acetabular
      angle and an increase in the CE angle. We concluded that this procedure
      adequately addressed this complex problem, thereby limiting the number of
      hospitalizations and surgical procedures for this patient group. Longer follow-up
      will be necessary to determine if these results are maintained with time.

PMID- 2915033
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging in early diagnosis of Legg-Calve-Perthes disease.
AB  - Two male patients, aged 6 and 9 years, were suspected of having unilateral
      Perthes disease because of typical symptoms and clinical signs. Roentgenograms,
      including scintigraphy, were normal. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed
      definite avascular necrosis in the affected hip. Roentgenograms subsequently also
      became positive for Perthes disease. These two cases document the advantages of
      MRI in early diagnosis of Perthes disease prior to development of typical
      radiologic changes.

PMID- 2915034
TI  - Wrist pain and distal growth plate closure of the radius in gymnasts.
AB  - Three cases in which wrist pain developed in skeletally immature competitive
      gymnasts are presented. In all three cases there is radiographic evidence of
      premature growth plate closure, resulting in shortening of the radius and
      alterations in the normal distal radioulnar articulation. Repetitive compressive
      loading of the distal growth plate of the radius is proposed as a potential
      etiology of this condition. Treatment goals, including an example of successful
      ulnar shortening, are reviewed. The authors suggest activity limitation with the
      onset of symptoms, in order to avoid the permanent structural changes observed in
      our patients.

PMID- 2915035
TI  - Management of femoral shaft fractures in the adolescent.
AB  - Forty-four patients (45 fractures) with open physes (age range 11-16 years)
      underwent treatment for femoral shaft fractures. Seven malunions occurred in the
      24 fractures in the nonoperative group; none occurred in the 21 fractures treated
      by intramedullary nailing. Hospital stay was significantly shorter in the
      operatively treated patients. There was no premature growth arrest in the
      surgical group.

PMID- 2915036
TI  - The effect of limping on vertebral bone density: a study of children with tarsal
      coalition.
AB  - To determine whether limping is associated with decreased bone mineralization,
      the trabecular and integral bone densities (BDs) of 18 Caucasian children
      exhibiting computed tomographic evidence of tarsal coalition (14 boys, 4 girls,
      aged 9 years, 5 months to 16 years, 3 months) were compared with those of an age-
      and sex-matched control group. Patients with tarsal coalition had significantly
      lower trabecular (p less than 0.05) and integral (p less than 0.05) BD than
      controls. Trabecular spinal density was approximately 17% lower on the average in
      patients with tarsal coalition. Among the limping patients, neither the duration
      of symptoms nor bilaterality was associated with decreased BD. The findings
      suggest that painful tarsal coalition may decrease vertebral bone mass and
      predispose to spinal osteoporosis.

PMID- 2915037
TI  - Remodeling potential of long bones following angular osteotomies.
AB  - The radius and tibia of an immature monkey remodeled 5 degrees/year until
      maturity after osteotomies. The periosteum and the growth plate contributed
      equally to the correction. Valgus, varus, and flexion deformities corrected to
      the same degree. Epiphysiodesis of the adjacent growth plates did not prevent
      correction of the shaft. Remodeling at the osteotomy site was characterized
      radiographically by bone deposition on the concave side but no significant
      resorption on the convex side.

PMID- 2915038
TI  - Correction of idiopathic clubfoot: a comparison of results of early versus
      delayed posteromedial release.
AB  - The clinical and radiographic results of posteromedial release performed on 30
      patients (44 feet) were assessed. The patients were divided into three groups
      based on their average age at the time of operation (early, 4.4 months; middle,
      9.1 months; and late, 16.1 months). All patients had similar preoperative
      deformity, surgical management, and postoperative treatment. The outcomes of all
      three groups were similar with the exception of hindfoot-to-forefoot alignment
      and hindfoot varus correction. The early group demonstrated better clinical and
      radiologic foot alignment and had the lowest incidence of radiologic tarsal
      deformities (7 vs. 28% in the middle group and 35% in the late group).

PMID- 2915039
TI  - Comparative review of surgical treatment of the idiopathic clubfoot by three
      different procedures at Columbus Children's Hospital.
AB  - Ninety-nine feet in 54 children were both clinically and roentgenographically
      evaluated following one of three different procedures of soft tissue clubfoot
      release. A new rating system that weights dynamic functional results more heavily
      was used to compare results. Roentgenographic complications included both over-
      and undercorrection at the talonavicular articulation, avascular necrosis of the
      talus, navicular, and calcaneus, and talar dome flattening. Recommendations
      concerning technical aspects of operative approach to clubfeet include (a) more
      physiologic orientation of the bimalleolar axis, (b) anatomic alignment at the
      talonavicular joint, and (c) use of the hinged ankle cast brace to increase final
      ankle range of motion (ROM).

PMID- 2915040
TI  - Congenital generalized fibromatosis with predominant osseous involvement in a
      Chinese newborn.
AB  - A rare case of congenital generalized fibromatosis with predominant bone
      involvement in a Chinese newborn is reported. Radiological examination revealed
      multiple osteolytic lesions in all the long limb bones and the skull. Pathology
      showed a mixture of fibroblasts and smooth muscle-like cells. The spontaneous
      regression of most of the bone lesions after 18 months is highlighted.

PMID- 2915041
TI  - Deep volar compartment syndrome of the forearm following minor crush injury.
AB  - The case of an 11-year-old boy with an ischemic contracture of the forearm and
      hand, initiated by a minor injury, is reported. Awareness of the syndrome,
      careful examination, and observation are emphasized. The decompression must
      include opening of all the tight fascial envelopes.

PMID- 2915042
TI  - Intramuscular hemangioma in infancy: diagnostic and therapeutic considerations.
AB  - Two cases of intramuscular hemangioma occurring in infancy are reported. These
      lesions require skillful preoperative evaluation, as they must be differentiated
      from soft tissue malignancies. If possible, surgical treatment should be delayed
      to a later age.

PMID- 2915043
TI  - A new method of intra-oral open reduction using a screw applied through the
      mandibular crest of condylar fractures.
AB  - As a result of dry skull morphometry on 50 mandibles, the author has obtained
      evidence that the mandibular crest, the protuberance between the retromolar
      trigone and the condylar process, was the thickest portion of the ascending ramus
      of the mandible. This anatomical structure is available for osteosynthesis of
      condylar fractures when an appropriate surgical procedure is developed and
      applied. In this paper, a new intra-oral approach technique is presented which is
      devised for osteosynthesis of condylar fractures using a cancellous bone screw
      primarily applied through the mandibular crest.

PMID- 2915044
TI  - Treatment of mandibular fractures. Need for rigid internal fixation.
AB  - The treatment of 200 mandibular fractures was evaluated retrospectively with
      special reference to the need for rigid internal fixation (AO-plating), as
      indicated by the ASIF organization. It was shown that the treatment was most
      typically intermaxillary fixation (50%) followed by Gunning-type splints (17%),
      wire (16%) and plate (6%) osteosynthesis, while 11% received no active treatment.
      Complications during splinting were most common among patients treated by
      osteosynthesis via an extra-oral approach. Most of the fractures (73%) were
      estimated to be anatomically suitable for AO-plating. One fifth (22%) had
      relative indications for the use of rigid internal fixation, and 59% had absolute
      indications, mostly due to simultaneous condylar and corpus (body) fractures or
      due to fractures in the angle region.

PMID- 2915046
TI  - Extra-articular ankylosis of the coronoid processes to the base of the skull. A
      case report.
AB  - Extra-articular temporomandibular bony ankylosis between the coronoid process and
      the base of the skull is quite uncommon. In this paper we present a case of
      fusion of the right coronoid to the maxilla and sphenoid bone in an 18-year-old
      male. This bony ankylosis was the result of surgical removal of an odontogenic
      tumour from the right mandibular ramus when the patient was 4 years old. The
      ankylosis of the right coronoid resulted in hypoplasia of the mandible and
      fibrous fusion between the left coronoid and the base of the skull. The patient
      was treated by bilateral operation. Postoperative recurrent dislocation of the
      left condyle was attributed mainly to unbalanced muscle activity and to the
      flattening of the articular eminence of the left temporomandibular joint which
      had developed during the long duration of the ankylosis. This was successfully
      treated by left condylectomy.

PMID- 2915045
TI  - Use of a miniplate to provide intermaxillary fixation in the edentulous patient.
AB  - A case of severe facial trauma is presented. The fractures were stabilized using
      wire osteosynthesis and miniplates. Since no dentures were available
      intermaxillary fixation was achieved with a miniplate from the upper to the lower
      jaw, which resulted in a very satisfactory stabilization.

PMID- 2915047
TI  - Placement of a porous membrane underneath the mucoperiosteal flap and its effect
      on periodontal wound healing in dogs.
AB  - This study was designed to investigate the healing of surgically induced,
      horizontal periodontal defects in dogs following placement of a biocompatible,
      porous polytetrafluorethylene membrane around the roots of the treated teeth and
      to compare the healing to that of control teeth without membrane. Mandibular
      premolar teeth of 5 beagle dogs were used for experimentation. Specimen blocks
      were removed 3 months postoperatively for histological evaluation of
      contralateral experimental and control teeth. Mean apical migration of junctional
      epithelium among the experimental surfaces amounted to 0.1 mm as compared to 1.3
      mm for the control surfaces. Accordingly, the amount of connective tissue
      attachment, defined by the distance from the base of the junctional epithelium to
      the apical termination of root planing, was greater for experimental than for
      control surfaces. As this increased amount of connective tissue attachment was
      associated with more coronal bone apposition, a periodontal ligament space was
      more prevalent in experimental than in control surfaces. A limited amount of
      ankylosis was observed for both experimental and control surfaces. Root
      resorption was more prevalent in control than in experimental surfaces.
      Conceivable reasons for the differences in healing between experimental and
      control teeth are discussed.

PMID- 2915048
TI  - Histological evaluation of periodontal probe penetration in untreated facial
      molar furcations.
AB  - The purpose of this investigation was to histologically determine the position of
      the periodontal probe tip when probing the deepest interradicular pocket depth in
      grade II and III facial molar furcation sites. Facial furcation pockets (5.8 mm
      +/- 1.3) were probed with a pressure-sensitive probe set at 50 g pressure. The
      probe tip was attached to the tooth with an acid etched composite resin. Surgical
      block biopsies were removed, fixed, decalcified and processed for histological
      sectioning. Buccolingual serial sections (6 mu) were cut from 9 biopsies and
      apicocoronal serial sections were cut from 3 biopsies. The sections were
      histometrically analyzed. The probe tip penetrated the inflamed furcation
      connective tissue an average depth of 2.1 mm (+/- 0.6). The probe tip was located
      0.4 mm (+/- 1.4) apical to the crest of the interradicular bone. The % of
      inflammatory cell infiltrate in the connective tissue (ICT) around the probe tip
      was 56% (+/- 15%). There was no correlation between the % of ICT and the depth of
      probe penetration. This investigation demonstrated that probing of untreated
      facial molar furcation sites does not measure the attachment level of the
      interradicular root surfaces, but rather records the depth of probe penetration
      into the inflamed furcation connective tissue.

PMID- 2915049
TI  - Treatment of recurrent periodontal disease by root planing and Ornidazole
      (Tiberal). Clinical and microbiological findings.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of Ornidazole as an adjunct to
      root planing in the therapy of patients suffering from recurrent periodontal
      disease. In 10 individuals who had previously been treated with scaling, root
      planing and periodontal surgery and who had followed a regular maintenance
      program including recall visits every 3-5 months for 1-7 years, 2 sites with
      recurrent periodontitis and 1 shallow site were selected. Reinfected sites had a
      record of losing clinical attachment of more than 3 mm since the completion of
      initial therapy, were bleeding upon probing and had a mean pocket probing depth
      of 7.85 +/- 1.31 mm. They had been reinstrumented several times by a registered
      dental hygienist, when clinical signs of recurrence of disease had appeared and
      the root surfaces were judged to be smooth and free of deposits. Clinical
      parameters were recorded and microbial samples were collected twice prior to
      retreatment. Then, 500 mg Ornidazole, to be taken twice a day for 10 days, was
      administered, and the whole dentition was thoroughly scaled and root planed. At
      day 10 as well as 2, 5, 8 and 11 months thereafter, samples were again obtained.
      At baseline, reinfected sites showed over 20% spirochetes, over 20% motile rods
      and over 9% fusiform organisms in darkfield preparations of subgingival plaque
      samples. Culturally, over 1/10 of organisms were identified as black pigmenting
      Bacteroides and in 18% of all baseline samples collected, B. gingivalis was
      found.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2915050
TI  - Computer-assisted densitometric image analysis (CADIA) for the assessment of
      alveolar bone density changes in furcations.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to test the applicability of computer-assisted
      densitometric image analysis (CADIA) for the quantitative assessment of alveolar
      bone density changes in furcations of multirooted teeth. In 21 patients,
      standardized radiographs were obtained immediately after and at 1, 6 and 12
      months after periodontal flap procedures. Digitized images were obtained by means
      of a video-camera combined with an image processor that was linked to a computer.
      Quantitative information regarding density changes within windows covering
      furcation areas was obtained after superimposition and grey-level correction of
      images to be compared. 1 month after flap reflection, significantly more density
      loss was obtained in test furcations exposed to periodontal surgery, compared to
      the density changes in control furcation exposed to scaling and root planing. At
      12 months, however, significantly greater increase in density was measured in
      test furcations compared to the 1-month results. The radiographic data were
      compared to the clinical parameters. In test furcations, there was a negative
      correlation of r = -0.52 between the GI and the loss in density at 1 month, and a
      negative correlation of r = -0.61 between the loss in density at 6 months and the
      probing attachment level at 12 months. These results indicate that CADIA may give
      valuable additional diagnostic information regarding alveolar bone density
      changes in furcations in studies on periodontal therapy.

PMID- 2915051
TI  - Relative stability of deep- versus shallow-side bone levels in angular proximal
      infrabony defects.
AB  - The relative changes with time, in the position of the coronal margin of the
      mesial and distal bone of proximal, angular infrabony defects, were investigated.
      Tracings of the radiographs of 51 mandibular posterior sites, treated by flap
      curettage, with a mean post-surgical duration of 11.8 years, were measured using
      a digitizer pad. The group consisting of shallow-side sites (N = 51), exhibited
      no significant change in the bone height with time; however, there was a
      significant decrease in bone height in the deep-side group (N = 51). The mean
      area of proximal bone decreased significantly with time. The defects were divided
      into early (N = 25) and advanced (N = 26) angular groups, and then into deep- and
      shallow-side subgroups. In the early defect group, there was a significant
      decrease in the mean bone height of the deep-side subgroup. There were no
      differences in the changes of mean bone level of the remaining 3 subgroups with
      time. There was no correlation between changes in bone levels of adjacent mesial
      and distal sides of angular defects with time (r = 0.27). There was no difference
      between the deep- and shallow-side groups in the number of sites which gained,
      lost or evidenced no change in bone height. In the study population, the bone
      height of 73% of the deep-side, and 84% of the shallow-side sites was either
      unchanged or in a more coronal position.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2915052
TI  - Clinical parameters and transcutaneous oxygen measurements for the prognosis of
      venous ulcers.
AB  - Few data exist on the prognosis of venous ulcers. We therefore prospectively
      studied 14 patients with severe venous ulcers for up to 18 months and examined
      various possible prognostic factors, including transcutaneous oxygen tension
      (TcPO2) measurements of skin next to the ulcers. The ulcers had been present for
      a mean duration of 15.6 months before referral to our clinic. During the study
      only four patients (29%) had ulcers that were healed with conservative management
      consisting of topical and systemic antibiotics and conventional and occlusive
      dressings. We observed that the number of ulcers, their duration before admission
      to the study, and the extent of lipodermatosclerosis were more pronounced in the
      unhealed group. For all patients the mean ulcer TcPO2 level (5.6 +/- 1.5 mm Hg,
      mean +/- standard error) was significantly reduced when compared with the control
      chest site (62.4 +/- 2.1 mm Hg) (p less than 0.001; paired t test). The mean
      ulcer TcPO2 was not significantly different between the healed (4.5 +/- 2.0 mm
      Hg) and unhealed groups (6.1 +/- 2.0 mm Hg). We conclude that TcPO2 levels may
      not be predictive of the response to therapy in venous ulcers. TcPO2 levels may
      be markedly reduced, but even extremely low levels are not incompatible with
      healing.

PMID- 2915053
TI  - Ulcerated edematous limbs: effect of edema removal on transcutaneous oxygen
      measurements.
AB  - We studied the effect of edema removal on transcutaneous oxygen tension (TcPO2)
      in eight patients with leg ulcers. An external pneumatic compression device was
      effective in removing edema from the ulcerated limbs over a 5-day course of
      treatment, at which time all treated limbs were clinically free of edema. TcPO2
      levels at room air at the ulcer site were markedly reduced when compared with the
      control chest site, both before and after external pneumatic compression device
      therapy (p less than 0.001). Edema removal, however, did not significantly alter
      TcPO2 values (p greater than 0.9). No significant positional effects on TcPO2
      values were noted with patients supine, sitting, or with the affected limbs
      elevated. Five patients (63%) had increased TcPO2 values adjacent to the ulcer
      site when receiving supplemental oxygen. For these patients, TcPO2 values
      increased after oxygen inhalation, both before and after edema removal (p less
      than 0.05). We conclude that TcPO2 values are markedly reduced in ulcerated
      edematous limbs. Edema, however, may not constitute a barrier to oxygen diffusion
      through the skin and does not account for the low TcPO2 values in the ulcerated
      edematous limb. Therefore the positive therapeutic effect of removing edema is
      unlikely to be related to better oxygenation of the tissues.

PMID- 2915054
TI  - Papulonodular demodicidosis associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
AB  - We describe a papulonodular variant of demodicidosis seen in two patients with
      acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and its successful treatment with 1% gamma
      benzene hexachloride and 1% permethrin cream rinse. Alterations in T cell
      function may allow otherwise commensal organisms to proliferate to the point of
      causing disease.

PMID- 2915055
TI  - Late circumcision and lichen sclerosus et atrophicus of the penis.
AB  - We retrieved the records of 20 cases of lichen sclerosus et atrophicus of the
      penis from pathology service files at five metropolitan hospitals. Histologic
      sections were available for study in 16 cases. All patient records were
      available. All cases except one (that of a 14-year-old boy) occurred in men aged
      34 to 77 years. Most of the patients (14) were circumcised for phimosis, often
      with meatal stenosis, and the diagnosis was made on the foreskin specimen. The
      remaining six patients had already been circumcised, at ages 32 to 54 years, and
      had lichen sclerosus et atrophicus of the glans penis. Therefore in this series
      of patients, the condition occurred only in patients circumcised late in life.
      This must be considered when a decision about neonatal circumcision is made.

PMID- 2915056
TI  - Actinic lichen planus. A clinicopathologic study of 16 patients.
AB  - The clinical and histopathologic features of actinic lichen planus in 16 patients
      were studied. The majority of the patients were young, and men and women were
      almost equally affected. The relative incidence of this condition, compared with
      the incidence of all forms of lichen planus, was smaller than that reported in
      the literature. The eruption was distributed over sun-exposed areas, with
      particular predilection for the face. Covered areas and mucous membranes were
      spared except for one patient who had involvement of the vermilion border of the
      lower lip. In most cases the lesions consisted of erythematous brownish plaques
      with an annular configuration. Less commonly, discrete and confluent papules and
      hypermelanotic patches, sometimes assuming a melasma-like appearance, were
      present. The prominent histopathologic features consisted of an interface
      dermatitis characterized by coarse vacuolar degeneration of the basal cell layer,
      a mid-dermal perivascular predominantly lymphocytic inflammatory cell infiltrate,
      and a significant degree of pigment incontinence. Parakeratosis, eczematous
      changes confined to the follicular epithelium, and a variable degree of solar
      elastosis were seen in some patients. Mucin deposition was noted in the reticular
      dermis in two cases.

PMID- 2915057
TI  - Granuloma annulare in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infections.
AB  - We present four cases of granuloma annulare occurring in patients with human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. These patients had either an extensive
      localized form or generalized granuloma annulare. The patient with generalized
      granuloma annulare was clinically reminiscent of the previously described papular
      eruption seen in HIV-positive patients. In several patients with the localized
      form, Kaposi's sarcoma was considered in the differential diagnosis. In all
      patients, however, the eruptions were surprisingly transient. The similarity of
      the localized form of granuloma annulare to Kaposi's sarcoma and the generalized
      micropapular form to the papular eruption of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
      seen in HIV-positive patients illustrates the usefulness of skin biopsies in
      these patients.

PMID- 2915058
TI  - Subacute radiation dermatitis: a histologic imitator of acute cutaneous graft
      versus-host disease.
AB  - The histopathologic changes of radiation dermatitis have been classified either
      as early effects (necrotic keratinocytes, fibrin thrombi, and hemorrhage) or as
      late effects (vacuolar changes at the dermal-epidermal junction, atypical
      radiation fibroblasts, and fibrosis). Two patients, one exposed to radiation
      therapeutically and one accidentally, are described. Skin biopsy specimens showed
      an interface dermatitis characterized by numerous dyskeratotic epidermal cells
      with lymphocytes in close apposition (satellite cell necrosis); that is, the
      epidermal changes were similar to those in acute graft-versus-host disease.
      Because recipients of bone marrow transplants frequently receive total body
      irradiation as part of their preparatory regimen, the ability of radiation to
      cause persistent epidermal changes similar to those in acute graft-versus-host
      disease could complicate the interpretation of posttransplant skin biopsy
      specimens.

PMID- 2915059
TI  - Loose anagen hair of childhood: the phenomenon of easily pluckable hair.
AB  - We report two unrelated boys aged 4 and 9 years who had the recently delineated
      phenomenon of easily pluckable hair. Hair tufts could be pulled out without
      effort and without pain. Alopecia without any sign of scalp inflammation or
      scarring was noted. In the older child spontaneous remission occurred within 3
      months, whereas the condition remained active in the younger boy for a follow-up
      period of 1 year. Trichograms from clinically involved and uninvolved areas
      disclosed a striking predominance of anagen hairs (98% to 100%) and complete
      absence of telogen hairs. A loss of the normal round or oval configuration of
      many hair shafts could be well visualized by the shrinking tube technique.
      Horizontal and transverse sections of scalp obtained for biopsy revealed marked
      cleft formations between hair shafts and regressively altered inner root sheaths.
      We suggest the name loose anagen hair of childhood for this newly described
      disease.

PMID- 2915060
TI  - Loose anagen syndrome.
AB  - A distinctive new hair condition, the loose anagen syndrome, features anagen
      hairs that are loosely anchored and easily pulled from the scalp. The children
      studied had sparse hair that did not grow long and that pulled easily from the
      scalp. The majority of patients were blond girls, aged 2 to 5 years, but both
      sexes and those with dark hair can be affected. The hair was not fragile, and
      easily pulled hairs were misshapen anagen hairs without external root sheaths.
      Histologic examination of the hair showed abnormal premature keratinization of
      Huxley's and Henle's layers of the inner root sheath in some samples. Length and
      density of hair gradually increased with age, but anagen hairs remained loosely
      anchored in adulthood. This report describes findings in 22 children and five
      adults with the loose anagen syndrome.

PMID- 2915061
TI  - Effect of oral isotretinoin on dysplastic nevi.
AB  - We previously reported a favorable histologic response of dysplastic nevi to
      topical tretinoin in three patients. To investigate the anticancer and cancer
      preventive effects of retinoids we have examined the effect of systemic
      isotretinoin on dysplastic nevi. After confirmatory baseline biopsies, eleven
      patients with the dysplastic nevus syndrome were treated with oral isotretinoin,
      40 mg twice a day for 4 months. At completion of therapy, at least three
      previously identified and photographed clinically typical dysplastic nevi were
      rephotographed and removed for histologic evaluation. Eight patients completed
      the full course of medication. There were no clinical changes in the dysplastic
      nevi in these patients. Posttherapy biopsy specimens in six volunteers revealed
      most of the remaining lesions to be dysplastic nevi. The majority of lesions
      biopsied in two subjects showed normal, benign nevi only. This proportion of
      clinically typical dysplastic nevi that prove to be normal nevi histologically
      (28%) is not significantly different from that reported by others. Oral
      isotretinoin does not appear to have a significant biologic effect on the
      clinical or histologic appearance of dysplastic nevi in the treatment schedule
      employed.

PMID- 2915062
TI  - Generalized melanosis in occult primary melanoma.
AB  - Once encountered, generalized melanosis as a consequence of disseminated melanoma
      is not easily forgotten. Cases in the literature usually have resulted from
      primary cutaneous melanoma. A case of generalized melanosis caused by an occult
      primary melanoma is reported in a patient who originally complained of increased
      pigmentation. Findings of light microscopic studies of involved skin,
      pathogenesis of generalized melanosis, and possible sites of origin of the
      primary neoplasm are discussed.

PMID- 2915063
TI  - Acquired reactive perforating collagenosis.

PMID- 2915064
TI  - Lichen planus of the nail: treatment with antimalarials.

PMID- 2915065
TI  - Eruptive vellus hair cyst and steatocystoma multiplex.

PMID- 2915066
TI  - Treatment of recalcitrant pyoderma gangrenosum with cyclosporine.

PMID- 2915067
TI  - Syphilis associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection.

PMID- 2915068
TI  - Oral sex is not safe sex.

PMID- 2915069
TI  - Pruritus confined to scapular or subscapular region? Occult Becker's nevus with
      mild folliculitis.

PMID- 2915070
TI  - Skin tumors in the European PUVA study. Eight-year follow-up of 1643 patients
      treated with PUVA for psoriasis.

PMID- 2915071
TI  - Wells' syndrome.

PMID- 2915073
TI  - A walk in the woods.

PMID- 2915072
TI  - Atypical granuloma annulare in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency
      syndrome.

PMID- 2915074
TI  - Basal cell carcinoma at the base of the penis in a black patient.
AB  - Basal cell carcinoma is the most commonly diagnosed malignant skin tumor. It is
      found most frequently on sun-exposed skin. There is a higher incidence of basal
      cell carcinoma in white skin than in black skin. We report the thirteenth case of
      basal cell carcinoma on the penis. To our knowledge, this is the first reported
      such case in a black patient.

PMID- 2915075
TI  - Subcutaneous eosinophilic necrosis associated with refractory anemia with an
      excess of myeloblasts.
AB  - We followed up over a period of 10 months a Cambodian patient in whom refractory
      anemia with excess blasts was discovered after the onset of fever and chronic
      dermatologic involvement. Violaceous, firm, and painful subcutaneous nodules (1-3
      cm in diameter) were present on the arms, legs, trunk, scalp, neck, and chin and
      were associated with violaceous infiltrating plaques on the face and forehead.
      The microscopic examination of repeated biopsy specimens showed a predominantly
      lobular panniculitis characterized by an extensive eosinophilic necrosis,
      leukocytoclasia, and fibrinoid deposits within a few vessels. Such lesions might
      be the consequence of the immune response against leukemic clones, which have
      been shown to be present in a steady state in at least some cases involving
      myelodysplastic syndromes.

PMID- 2915076
TI  - Treatment of nevus comedonicus with ammonium lactate lotion.
AB  - A patient with an extensive nevus comedonicus, which is associated frequently
      with the development of large inflammatory cysts and abscesses within the nevus,
      responded dramatically within 1 month to a once-daily application of 12% ammonium
      lactate lotion. A marked beneficial effect on the comedonal component of the
      nevus was noted. One inflammatory cyst has developed in an area left untreated by
      the patient, but none have occurred in treated areas since therapy with ammonium
      lactate lotion was begun. Previous treatments, which were either ineffective or
      of minimal effectiveness, included oral isotretinoin, topical tretinoin,
      salicylic acid, lactic acid, and d-tartaric acid creams.

PMID- 2915077
TI  - Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis in a child with sclerosing lesion of the leg.
      Immunohistopathologic studies and therapeutic trial with systemic cyclosporine.
AB  - Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis affecting a 13-year-old boy induced a
      sclerosing change of the leg. The cellular infiltrate comprising activated T
      lymphocytes and macrophages and human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-DR expression by
      keratinocytes in lesional skin all suggest the involvement of cellular immune
      reactions. We administered systemic cyclosporine but could not obtain a favorable
      effect without a concomitant low dosage of prednisone.

PMID- 2915078
TI  - Abstracts of papers. 18th annual session, American Association for Dental
      Research. March 15-19, 1989, San Francisco, California.

PMID- 2915079
TI  - Construct and predictive validities of the Perceptual Ability Test.
AB  - The construct and predictive validities of the Perceptual Ability Test (PAT) were
      examined. The results indicate that the PAT is a multidimensional test of spatial
      abilities, with each of the PAT subtests exhibiting different predictive
      validity. Furthermore, a linear combination of the PAT subtest scores was found
      to be more predictive of first-year dental school technique performance than the
      total PAT score.

PMID- 2915080
TI  - The student survey of problems in the academic environment in Canadian dental
      faculties.
AB  - A survey of problems related to stress encountered by 1,255 Canadian dental
      students was conducted. Substantial experience with problems was reported
      infrequently, although most students were affected negatively by at least one
      problem. Most difficulties concerned students' doubts about harnessing their
      efforts and abilities to master large amounts of material, which, of necessity,
      reduced their opportunity to pursue other interests. Few demographic features
      predicted the level of students' problems, although there was an indication that
      those who perceived themselves above average academically reported fewer
      problems.

PMID- 2915081
TI  - Will oral and maxillofacial surgeons need a medical degree in the future?

PMID- 2915082
TI  - Performance flaws in root canal therapy by undergraduate students.

PMID- 2915083
TI  - The advantages of self-study CPR.

PMID- 2915084
TI  - Advisory committees for dental technology.

PMID- 2915085
TI  - Curriculum guidelines on ethics and professionalism in dentistry.

PMID- 2915086
TI  - Dental school curriculum--a 50-year update.

PMID- 2915087
TI  - Morphology and localization of sunburst varicosities: an electron microscopic and
      morphometric study.
AB  - The results of light and electron microscopy of 18 punch biopsies of sunburst
      varicosities are presented. Sunburst varicosities are widened cutaneous veins
      located within the superficial vessel net as well as within descending branches,
      often with an asymmetrically thickened wall. The thickened vessel walls contain
      collagenous and muscle fibers. Only a few elastic fibers have been detected, as
      opposed to numerous oxytalan fibers. Electron microscopy reveals an
      interfibrillar collagenous dysplasia, lattice collagen, and some matrix vesicles.
      The center of sunburst vessels is found at depths ranging from 175 to 382 microns
      below the stratum granulosum.

PMID- 2915088
TI  - Sclerotherapy: review of results and complications in 200 patients.
AB  - Sclerotherapy is enjoying great popularity as a technique to eliminate unsightly
      spider and varicose veins. This study of 200 charts reveals a high success rate
      and a low incidence of long-term adverse sequelae. To minimize complications,
      several suggestions are made based on clinical observations. As with any
      procedure, experience, meticulous technique, and good patient rapport are at the
      heart of its success.

PMID- 2915089
TI  - Injection sclerotherapy for spider telangiectasias: a 20-year experience with
      sodium tetradecyl sulfate.
AB  - A 20-year experience using sodium tetradecyl sulfate (Sotradecol, Elkins-Sinn,
      Inc., Cherry Hill, NJ) for the injection treatment of spider telangiectasias is
      reviewed. Of 1426 legs injected, 882 were treated with a 1%-solution injected
      directly into the spider veins, and 264 were injected directly with a 1/3%
      solution. With the 1/3%-solution, the remaining 280 legs had the blue veins
      feeding the spider telangiectasias injected rather than the spider itself. When
      injected directly into the spider veins, the lesser concentration gave fewer
      ulcerations and less pigmentation, but equal treatment results. Injecting the
      subcutaneous feeder veins appears to provide more permanent clearing of the
      lesions with fewer recurrences and no side effects. No allergic or other major
      complications occurred with the injection treatments.

PMID- 2915090
TI  - Applying theory from social psychology and cognitive behavioral psychology to
      dietary behavior change and assessment.

PMID- 2915091
TI  - Examination of specific nutrition/health behaviors using a social cognitive
      model.
AB  - Nutrition intervention programs are not always successful. In some cases, an
      insufficient understanding of the interrelationships among factors influencing
      health behaviors may be responsible for the failures. This study used social
      cognitive theory, a framework for studying behaviors, to structure the
      relationships between measurable factors important to the frequency of health
      oriented food consumption. We developed a model that incorporated factors for
      social environment, reinforcement, commitment, behavior modeling, knowledge, and
      attitude relative to the frequency of consumption of four beverages (whole milk,
      low-fat/skin milk, regular soda, and diet soda). Four-hundred fifty-seven middle
      aged adults (mean age, 47 years; 58% female) and 709 college students (mean age,
      21 years; 50% female) responded to a written questionnaire designed as a self
      report on frequency of consumption and measures for 10 social cognitive
      variables. For all four beverages, the model explained 35% or more of the
      variance in frequency of consumption, thus confirming its predictive power. We
      used the statistical approach known as path analysis to examine the relationships
      within the model. The analysis demonstrated that factors influencing the
      consumption varied between the two age groups (e.g., nutrition knowledge was
      related to attitude in adult soda-drinking models but not in student soda
      drinking models) and between forms of the beverages (e.g., for student models,
      nutrition knowledge was related to taste enjoyment for low-fat/skim milk but not
      for whole milk).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2915092
TI  - Validity of self-estimated and weighed dietary data for assessment of military
      rations.
AB  - Validity of food intake values, self-estimated by subjects and weighed by
      researchers, was evaluated during the assessment of a new military ration. As an
      addition to food intake measured by the two methods, a third set of intake values
      was generated by combining food intakes from the self-estimated and weighted
      data. This combined method is proposed as another reference for assessing
      validity. The new ration, Meal-Ready-to-Eat (MRE), was the sole source of food
      for an experimental group of 27 soldiers engaged in a 34-day field exercise. A
      control group of 30 soldiers ate a freshly prepared (A ration) breakfast and
      dinner and an MRE lunch. Agreement of mean nutrient intake values from self
      estimated and weighed data was high among both experimental and control groups
      (average coefficients of correlation for 16 nutrients, 0.948 and 0.884,
      respectively). Paired t-tests yielded no significant differences between self
      estimated and weighed means for nutrient intake but were significantly different
      from the means obtained by the combined method (p less than .0001). Mean nutrient
      intakes determined by both the self-estimated and weighed methods approached 90%
      of the intakes found by the combined method.

PMID- 2915093
TI  - A simple method for assessing calcium intake in Caucasian women.
AB  - Calcium intake has been implicated in the etiology of age-related osteoporosis.
      There is evidence to suggest that many postmenopausal women consume inadequate
      calcium to maintain calcium balance. One of the most accurate methods of
      calculating dietary intake is the weighed food record; however, that method is
      time consuming and unsuitable for large numbers of individuals. To determine the
      adequacy of calcium intake in the large numbers of postmenopausal women at risk
      of osteoporosis, simpler methods of assessing calcium intake are required. We
      therefore developed a food frequency questionnaire and tested it against a 4-day
      weighed food record in 54 Caucasian women, between 29 and 72 years of age. Twenty
      six of the women (Group 1) completed a 4-day record and questionnaire within 1
      week. Another 28 women (Group 2) completed the questionnaire 1 to 12 months after
      completing the 4-day food diary. A good correlation (r = .79, p less than .001)
      was found between the two methods of calculating calcium intake for the 54 women.
      Independent analysis of Group 1 and Group 2 showed correlation coefficients of
      0.81 and 0.78, respectively. The correlation for postmenopausal women (r = .84)
      was similar to that of premenopausal women (r = .79). The data show that a short,
      simple questionnaire can be used to rank individuals according to adequacy of
      calcium intake as a prerequisite to nutrition intervention.

PMID- 2915094
TI  - Comparison of estimated nutrient intakes by food frequency and dietary records in
      adults.
AB  - Sixteen days of dietary recall and records collected over 1 year for 228
      respondents were compared with an estimate of "usual" diet based on a 116-item
      food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for the study year. Respondents were white and
      black men and women aged 24 to 51. Mean energy values for the total group were
      2,111 kcal for the recall/records and 2,766 kcal for the FFQ, a 31% difference.
      The mean food energy and nutrient values obtained by the FFQ were consistently
      and significantly higher than the mean recall/record values for all four race-sex
      groups, although the degree of difference varied by nutrient, food group, and
      demographic characteristics of the respondents. For the nutrients compared, the
      smallest difference between methods was for protein--27% for the total group. The
      greatest difference was for vitamin A--123% for the total sample. Sex-race
      specific correlation coefficients between methods were relatively high for
      calcium, vitamin C, and iron.

PMID- 2915095
TI  - Calculating the nutrient composition of recipes with computers.
AB  - The objective of this research project was to compare the nutrient values
      computed by four commonly used computerized recipe calculation methods. The four
      methods compared were the yield factor, retention factor, summing, and simplified
      retention factor methods. Two versions of the summing method were modeled. Four
      pork entree recipes were selected for analysis: roast pork, pork and noodle
      casserole, pan-broiled pork chops, and pork chops with vegetables. Assumptions
      were made about changes expected to occur in the ingredients during preparation
      and cooking. Models were designed to simulate the algorithms of the calculation
      methods using a microcomputer spreadsheet software package. Identical results
      were generated in the yield factor, retention factor, and summing-cooked models
      for roast pork. The retention factor and summing-cooked models also produced
      identical results for the recipe for pan-broiled pork chops. The summing-raw
      model gave the highest value for water in all four recipes and the lowest values
      for most of the other nutrients. A superior method or methods was not identified.
      However, on the basis of the capabilities provided with the yield factor and
      retention factor methods, more serious consideration of these two methods is
      recommended.

PMID- 2915096
TI  - Drug-nutrient interaction counseling programs in upper midwestern hospitals: 1986
      survey results.
AB  - A mail survey was conducted to determine the characteristics of drug-nutrient
      counseling programs provided to hospitalized patients. The survey population
      included general medical-surgical type hospitals with 175 or more bed capacity in
      five upper Midwestern states: Illinois, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin.
      The average return from 289 surveys was 75%. A mean of 64% of responding
      hospitals provide patient counseling on drug-nutrient interactions. All
      statistical analysis was by chi-square. Calculations revealed that less than 50%
      of hospitals require a physician's order to provide drug-nutrient interaction
      counseling. More than 50% involve a registered dietitian in providing such
      counseling. The monoamine oxidase inhibitor drugs were cited most frequently as
      the group of drugs for which counseling was needed. Other drug groups for which
      patient counseling is needed include: diuretics, anticoagulants, tetracyclines,
      oral hypoglycemics, insulin, antihypertensives and/or cardiac drugs, antibiotics,
      and corticosteroids. Having the dietitian or other dietary personnel scan the
      patient chart was cited most often as the preferred method for detection of
      patients taking the drugs. A final statistical calculation revealed that there is
      no difference between teaching and nonteaching hospitals in the number providing
      a drug-nutrient counseling program.

PMID- 2915097
TI  - Development and testing of a statistical and graphics-enhanced nutrient analysis
      program.
AB  - The authors have developed and tested a nutrient analysis program that will
      compute and present graphically summary statistics of population and population
      subgroup nutrient intakes. The program analyzes for 44 nutrients from 5,800
      separate food items. Capabilities of the program include: storage of large
      numbers of diet records and evaluations of their nutrients; calculation of
      nutrient means and standard deviations; data sorting based on subject
      characteristics, such as age, sex, and supplement use; and generation of bar
      graphs and line plots for individual and/or group data. To test this computerized
      nutrient analysis program, two sets of 3-day diet records from 200 elderly
      individuals were analyzed. The program was then used to generate means,
      differences between means, and distribution frequencies of designated nutrients
      for various population subgroups (e.g., men greater than or equal to 65 years vs.
      men greater than or equal to 80 years) as well as comparisons with individual
      files (e.g., Mr. Smith vs. all men greater than or equal to 65 years). The
      statistical and graphics capabilities also function within the context of recipe
      analysis and menu planning, which enhances the application of this program in
      institutional and community nutrition settings.

PMID- 2915098
TI  - The nutrient intake of a group of older South African hospitalized persons.
AB  - Data from a dietary survey of patients in a rehabilitation hospital indicated
      that their nutrient intake was very low in comparison with the RDAs. Those
      patients are at risk of developing specific nutritional deficiencies.
      Recommendations to improve the nutrient intake of this group of elderly persons
      are given. Even if the "perfect diet" were served, however, a patient's food
      intake might not be sufficient to meet the RDAs because of lack of appetite or
      because of elevated requirements owing to various illnesses, multiple drug use,
      and physiological changes associated with aging. In such a patient, the
      potentially beneficial use of supplements must be considered.

PMID- 2915099
TI  - Nutrient intakes and iron status in female long-distance runners during training.

PMID- 2915100
TI  - Formative course evaluation: a positive student and faculty experience.
AB  - A formative evaluation of a senior-level coordinated undergraduate program course
      was conducted cooperatively by faculty and students and described by all
      participants as a worthwhile project. Everyone was given the opportunity to
      identify problems, strengths, and solutions. Students recognized that their
      concerns are of interest to the faculty. Students and faculty focused attention
      on solution identification in a format that promoted productive relationships.
      Concerns were not viewed as belonging to one individual or to students or
      faculty, but to the group as a whole. Therefore, recommendations were more likely
      to be accepted by all. Student participants and faculty agreed that the formative
      evaluation process was time-efficient and productive and fostered a sense of
      contribution, commitment, and pride in the continuing development of excellence
      in the program. The format is easily adaptable to the remaining coordinated
      courses. The formative evaluation gives evidence of the relative success of past
      endeavors and provides constructive recommendations for future endeavors.

PMID- 2915102
TI  - Nutrition information on food labels (ADA timely statement).

PMID- 2915101
TI  - Development of a rice flour muffin recipe.

PMID- 2915103
TI  - Marketing of infant formulas (ADA timely statement).

PMID- 2915104
TI  - President's page: grass roots involvement in nutrition policy.

PMID- 2915105
TI  - Spectacles for microscopists and astronomers.
AB  - A special set of spectacles with the lenses reversed (concave anteriorly) were
      fabricated for use with microscopic and/or telescopic eyepieces in order to
      reduce the vertex distance and improve the useful field of view. Although these
      spectacles were found to be of limited use to microscopists, they were essential
      to the astronomer whose astigmatism could not be corrected with contact lenses.

PMID- 2915106
TI  - Acanthamoeba dendriform keratitis.
AB  - A soft contact lens patient complained of persistent redness, blurry vision and
      photophobia of the right eye. Both tap water and distilled water were used in his
      contact lens care regimen. Atypical corneal epithelial dendriform patterns were
      noted and the patient was treated for presumed herpes simplex keratitis and
      corneal erosion. The definitive diagnosis of Acanthamoeba dendriform keratitis
      was made upon isolation of the offending organism from the patient's contact lens
      case. The clinical course is presented to help define early clinical signs of the
      disease.

PMID- 2915107
TI  - Effects of nearpoint visual stress on psycholinguistic processing in reading.
AB  - To date, there have been few studies to evaluate directly the relationship
      between binocular visual stress and reading performance. This study employed the
      cloze procedure to demonstrate the effects of nearpoint stress on performance and
      efficiency in reading comprehension. Using 19 third year optometry students as
      subjects, binocular stress was simulated by -2.00 D lenses. Performance, as
      determined by the time to complete the task, was significantly reduced (p less
      than .03), but no significant differences in accuracy scores were measured.

PMID- 2915108
TI  - Retinal arterial macroaneurysms.
AB  - Retinal arterial macroaneurysm is a distinct, infrequently occurring fundus sign
      usually found in older patients with systemic vascular disease. The lesion arises
      on a main branch of the retinal artery within the first three orders of
      bifurcation. Visual disturbance is uncommon, although it may occur as a result of
      vitreous or retinal hemorrhage or macular edema. This paper presents two cases of
      retinal arterial macroaneurysm and discusses the diagnosis, etiology, and
      management of this condition.

PMID- 2915109
TI  - Carcinoma metastatic to the eye.
AB  - Cancer is a leading cause of death in America. Cancer to the eye is being
      diagnosed with increasing frequency. It is now considered the most common
      intraocular malignancy in adults. Although most ocular metastases do not require
      treatment, they have important prognostic implications for the patient's overall
      survival. Diagnostic errors leading to enucleation could be reduced if the
      incidence of metastatic tumors was always well considered. Presented here are two
      patients with metastatic tumors and a brief discussion of the nature of this
      ocular disease.

PMID- 2915110
TI  - Computerized optometric records and the law.
AB  - Today, most computerized optometric records contain the financial and business
      data for a practice. As technology advances in both optometric instrumentation
      and computerization, data for the optometric examination is also becoming part of
      the computerized recordkeeping system. This paper discusses legal aspects of
      computerized optometric examination records with respect to content, patient
      confidentiality, authentication for litigation defense, and proper handling by
      staff.

PMID- 2915112
TI  - Progressive addition lenses.

PMID- 2915111
TI  - Alternative delivery systems and optometry.

PMID- 2915113
TI  - Releasing restraints--a nursing dilemma.
AB  - 1. Although there has been considerable discussion of the use of patient
      restraints in long-term care settings, the application and removal of restraints
      remain a major nursing dilemma. 2. External forces, such as hospital
      administration, legal, family and other societal pressures, and internal
      constraints such as the nurse's personal values and workload, continue to result
      in conflict for the staff nurse. 3. A report of a study on the behavioral effects
      of removing restraints is used as an example of exploring the experience and
      outcome of restraint removal and the ensuing staff experience of caregiving to
      the newly unrestrained patient. 4. Nursing actions and environmental conditions
      must change if patients considered to be problematic or at risk of injury are to
      be safely freed from restraints.

PMID- 2915114
TI  - Calming aggressive reactions--a preventive program.
AB  - 1. Aggressive behavior of nursing home residents towards caregivers, specifically
      nurse aides, is increasingly a problem in nursing homes. 2. The C.A.R.E. Program
      was developed to educate nursing personnel about prevention of aggressive
      incidents through early identification of residents most likely to become
      abusive. 3. The C.A.R.E. Program utilizes didactic presentation, role playing,
      sharing experiences, and group support as teaching strategies. 4. A major
      implication for professional nurses is to assume responsibility for identifying
      elders at risk for aggression and to provide the nursing team with the training
      to best care for these residents.

PMID- 2915115
TI  - A self-care project. The use of landmarks.
AB  - 1. As caregivers of the gerontological patient, our prime goal is to maintain as
      much patient independence as possible, thus promoting dignity, self-worth, and
      cooperation. 2. Knowledge of performance potential for the various stages of
      Alzheimer's Disease is essential in planning nursing goals which are realistic
      and useful in resolving self-care deficits. 3. Identification of facility
      landmarks, orientation checklists, and other visual aids, such as described in
      this article, are productive nursing interventions in teaching the confused
      patient to perform basic daily needs.

PMID- 2915116
TI  - The ISQ-P tool: measuring stress associated with incontinence.
AB  - 1. ISQ-P is a useful tool in measuring psychological stress associated with
      urinary incontinence. 2. ISQ-P can be used in conjunction with bladder training
      programs. 3. Patients with urinary incontinence show depressive symptoms, have
      somatic concerns regarding urinary incontinence, and exhibit a feeling of shame.

PMID- 2915117
TI  - Liposomes can function as targets for natural killer cytotoxic factor but not for
      tumor necrosis factor.
AB  - NK cells exert their lytic action through the release of NK cytotoxic factors
      (NKCF) after stimulation by the bound target cell. NKCF may be related to granule
      derived perforin/cytolysin on one hand and to the pleiotropic cytokine TNF on the
      other hand. In the present study, we show that NKCF can also lyse artificial
      lipid vesicles, as had been reported previously for cytotoxic granules and
      cytolysin. The lysis of large unilamellar vesicles was monitored by measuring the
      release of the encapsulated fluorescent dye carboxyfluorescein. NKCF-induced
      lysis was only observed with liposomes composed of a complex mixture of lipids
      including acidic phospholipids. No lysis could be demonstrated if the liposomes
      contained phosphatidylcholine as the only phospholipid, suggesting some kind of
      lipid specificity for the action of NKCF. A remarkable finding was that neither
      recombinant nor natural TNF were able to lyse large unilamellar vesicles,
      irrespective of their lipid composition, indicating different ways of interaction
      of NKCF and TNF with artificial (and presumably also biological) membranes.

PMID- 2915118
TI  - Inheritance of immune responsiveness, life span, and disease incidence in
      interline crosses of mice selected for high or low multispecific antibody
      production.
AB  - High (H) and low (L) antibody responder lines of mice separated by selective
      breeding present a maximal interline difference in antibody (Ab) response to Ag
      of different specificities (general genetic regulation). The analysis of SRBC
      agglutinin response in H line, L line, F1 hybrids, F2, and backcross segregants
      demonstrates that Ab responsiveness is a polygenic trait regulated by the
      additive interaction of 5 to 7 independent loci, with an incomplete dominance
      (44% +/- 7%) of the high response character, and a 30% +/- 10% impact of the
      environmental factors. The life span of H, L, F1, F2, and backcross populations
      is correlated positively with 2-ME-resistant agglutinin response (r = 0.97, p
      less than 0.001) and negatively with 2-ME-sensitive agglutinin response (r =
      0.95, p = 0.01) (interpopulation correlation). Similar correlations are also
      observed in individuals of the various populations, especially in F1 x L
      backcross, in which the largest phenotypic variance is found. The positive
      correlation between Ab responsiveness and life span was confirmed by ELISA
      titration for distinct IgG isotypes (intrapopulation correlation). Malignant
      lymphomas and chronic nephritis were the two most common diseases observed. The
      age-adjusted incidence of such diseases, which is largely affected by
      environmental factors, accounts for the longer life span of H, as compared with
      L, mouse populations. The longevity of the 30% or less survivors, chiefly
      determined by the rate of physiologic aging, is a polygenic character regulated
      by the cumulative interaction of 3 to 7 independent loci, with a complete
      dominance of the long life trait and an impact of the environmental factors of
      about 60%. Thus we have grounds for regarding general Ab responsiveness and life
      span as polygenic traits regulated by a small number of identical or closely
      linked gene loci, and immune responsiveness as a defense mechanism against
      neoplastic and inflammatory diseases.

PMID- 2915119
TI  - Surface aminopeptidase activity of human lymphocytes. I. Biochemical and biologic
      properties of intact cells.
AB  - Surface aminopeptidase activity in intact lymphocytes was studied and was shown
      to have the following properties when alanine-p-nitroanilide was used as
      substrate: 1) The activity was surface associated and not secreted as determined
      by extracellular location of product and the effect of proteases and diazotized
      sulfanilic acid on enzyme activity. 2) The enzyme activity was shown to have a pH
      optimum of 7.4 to 8.0. 3) Enzyme activity was shown to be inhibited by amastatin,
      bestatin, and 1,10 phenanthroline. Inhibition by amastatin consisted of a high
      affinity component (Ki = 3.5 x 10(-6) M) which accounted for approximately 20% of
      the total activity and a low-affinity component (Ki = 3.5 x 10(-5) M) which
      accounted for the remainder suggesting that two forms of aminopeptidase exist.
      Only a single component of inhibition was seen with bestatin (Ki = 3.5 x 10(-6)
      M) and 1,10 phenanthroline (Ki = 2.0 x 10(-4) M) which accounted for 80 and 90%
      of the total enzyme activity, respectively. Unlike the competitive inhibitors
      bestatin and amastatin, inhibition by 1,10 phenanthroline was shown to be non
      competitive. Finally, surface aminopeptidase activity essentially doubled in the
      presence of PHA (10 micrograms/ml) or Con A (10 micrograms/ml), at 72 h. This
      enhancing effect was shown to be dose dependent, time dependent, and mitogen
      dependent and correlated with the cellular state of activation as determined by
      [3H]TdR incorporation.

PMID- 2915120
TI  - The role of oxidant injury in tumor cell sensitivity to recombinant human tumor
      necrosis factor in vivo. Implications for mechanisms of action.
AB  - The intracellular glutathione levels of two human tumor lines and seven murine
      tumor lines were determined in order to investigate the role of oxidant injury in
      tumor cell sensitivity to human rTNF (rhTNF). Correlations were found between
      high intracellular glutathione levels and in vivo tumor resistance to rhTNF, and
      on the other hand, low glutathione levels and rhTNF sensitivity. The
      transplantable murine fibrosarcoma, Meth A, a TNF-sensitive line in vivo, was
      less sensitive to rhTNF and host toxicity was reduced when the hosts were
      pretreated with uric acid, a major reactive oxygen scavenger in humans and
      certain other primates. Conversely, pretreatment of the tumor-bearing hosts with
      DL-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine, an inhibitor of GSH biosynthesis, resulted in an
      increased sensitivity of Meth A to rhTNF. This effect was not limited to tumor
      bearing mice, as rats pretreated with diethyl maleate, a compound which
      irreversibly binds glutathione, were more sensitive to rhTNF toxicity than
      control rats. On the other hand, pretreatment with N-acetyl cysteine, an oxidant
      scavenger, reduced the toxicity of rhTNF treatment in rats. The data are
      consistent with the hypothesis that tumor cell sensitivity to rhTNF in vivo is
      dependent on its capacity to buffer oxidative attack. In addition, host toxicity
      is also related to the production of reactive oxygen species. Activated effector
      cells such as granulocytes and macrophages are hypothesized to produce most of
      this damage by their respiratory burst and oxidant release, although the direct
      action of rhTNF may also contribute to oxidative injury in vivo.

PMID- 2915121
TI  - Immunoreactivity of 111In and 131I fibrin-specific monoclonal antibody used for
      thrombus imaging.
AB  - Immunoreactivity of radiolabeled F(ab')2 fragment of anti-fibrin T2G1s monoclonal
      antibody was determined by affinity chromatography using fibrin-coated Sepharose.
      This preparation is useful for thrombus detection in vivo by gamma camera
      imaging, provided a high percentage of immunoreactivity is retained after
      labeling. For 111In labeling, DTPA/F(ab')2 molar ratios were varied from 1000 to
      6600/1, with little effect on immunoreactivity. Immunoreactivity of the F(ab')2
      fragment, labeled with imaging doses of 131I and 111In, remained high and ranged
      from 81% to 89%. Equilibrium binding analysis determined the affinity constants
      of 111In- or 125I-labeled T2G1s and its F(ab')2 and Fab fragments, to be
      equivalent (Kd approximately 3 X 10(-8) M). This suggests that only one binding
      domain of T2G1s binds to fibrin even though there are two antigenic sites/mol of
      fibrin.

PMID- 2915122
TI  - Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-free conditions allow growth and purification of
      postnatal brain macrophages (microglia)

PMID- 2915124
TI  - Detection, isolation and characterization of staphylococcal enterotoxin B in
      protein A preparations purified by immunoglobulin G affinity chromatography.
AB  - Studies were performed to detect and isolate trace contaminants of staphylococcal
      enterotoxin B (SEB) in various protein A preparations isolated by affinity
      chromatography employing human IgG covalently bound to Sepharose 4B. Utilizing an
      ELISA technique, trace amounts (0.018-0.138%) of SEB could be detected in protein
      A preparations after separation of the SEB employing a molecular sizing column in
      a high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) system. Trace contamination by SEB
      could be removed from protein A preparations by an additional DEAE ion exchange
      chromatography step employing a low ionic strength buffer system (0.005 M NaCl in
      0.01 phosphate buffer, pH 7.50). The resulting protein A preparations possessed a
      purity higher than that observed prior to the final purification step.
      Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) analyses of the trace contamination
      removed from protein A preparations by ion exchange chromatography revealed, in
      addition to SEB, several additional contaminating polypeptides of an unknown
      nature. These studies indicate that protein A preparations of high purity can be
      prepared by employing DEAE ion exchange chromatography in addition to affinity
      chromatography utilizing immobilized human IgG.

PMID- 2915123
TI  - The immunocytochemical preservation of IgE and mast cells of the rat.
AB  - The localisation of IgE to mast cells of rats infested with Nippostrongylus
      brasiliensis has been studied in an attempt to find a fixation procedure which
      will best preserve (a) the antigenicity of IgE for immunocytochemical
      demonstration, and (b) the histochemical staining properties of mast cells. A
      fixative comprising Carnoy's fluid and picric acid (CPA) best fulfilled these
      criteria, allowing localisation of IgE to both the plasma membrane and cytoplasm
      of mucosal mast cells of rat small intestine, but only to the plasma membrane of
      connective tissue mast cells of rat tongue. Formaldehyde-containing fixatives
      prevented labelling of IgE in the cytoplasm of mucosal mast cells.

PMID- 2915125
TI  - The influence of immune complexes, steric effects, and antigen-antigen
      interactions on the sensitivity of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.
AB  - Serum from mice hyperimmunized with 2,4,6-trinitrophenylated bovine gamma
      globulin (TNP-BGG) or keyhole limpet hemocyanin have been shown to have enhanced
      binding to several ligands unrelated to the antigen used for immunization.
      Addition of the immunizing antigen to the serum can result in increased binding
      to unrelated ligands and to the polyvinyl chloride surface of microtiter wells in
      solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. In a competitive binding assay
      using TNP-BGG-hyperimmune serum adsorbed to the microtiter well followed by an
      alkaline phosphatase conjugate of BGG in the presence or absence of TNP-BSA,
      substantial inhibition of BGG binding is seen. Steric hindrance appears to be the
      major cause of such inhibition since addition of hapten alone has little effect
      on BGG binding. An antigen-antigen interaction between KLH and TNP is also
      detectable. Immune complex formation, steric effects, and antigen-antigen
      interactions potentially have substantial influences on ELISA sensitivity and
      must be considered as possible sources of artifact in these assays.

PMID- 2915126
TI  - Direct adsorption of ssDNA to polystyrene for characterization of the DNA/anti
      DNA interaction, and immunoassay for anti-DNA autoantibody in New Zealand White
      mice.
AB  - DNA was adsorbed directly to polystyrene in concentrated NaCl (1.2 M) during
      simultaneous denaturation to single stranded form by high pH (12.0). Adsorption
      of single stranded DNA to polystyrene under these conditions (HsDNA) was complete
      within 15 min. DNA was not dissociated from polystyrene by NaCl concentrations as
      high as 5.0 M, nor by Tween 20 concentrations up to 50%. The method was
      ineffective for dT15 adsorption to polystyrene. HsDNA adsorption to polystyrene
      was compared to an indirect method in which methylated bovine serum albumin
      (mBSA) was adsorbed to polystyrene after which DNA was electrostatically bound to
      mBSA. DNA/mBSA interaction was affected by as low as 0.3 M NaCl. Using the
      DNA/mBSA assay, sera obtained from New Zealand White (NZW) mice showed IgG anti
      DNA activity in approximately 50% of mice tested. HsDNA assay found greater than
      62% of NZW mice have 10 micrograms anti-ssDNA or more per ml serum. Complex
      formation involving C1q complement and ssDNA in HsDNA assay were shown to be
      negligible. Anti-DNA autoantibody production by NZW implicated the NZW parental
      strain in autoimmunity of F1 progeny obtained from the New Zealand Black X NZW
      cross.

PMID- 2915127
TI  - Production of monoclonal antibody to human IgG allotype G3M T.
AB  - An efficient method for the production of monoclonal anti-G3M T antibody is
      described. IgG3 protein of GM B3ST phenotype was isolated by affinity
      chromatography on Ricinus communis lectin I-agarose and used for immunization. A
      mouse hybridoma clone was obtained by fusion of popliteal lymph node cells and
      P3U1 myeloma cells. The antibody produced was tested for allotype specificity by
      hemagglutination inhibition and ELISA methods using 101 IgG-allotyping control
      sera. The antibody was neutralizable by all G3M T-positive sera and entirely
      nonneutralizable by G3M T-negative sera in the inhibition test, and reacted only
      with G3M T-positive IgG coats in the ELISA test. The results prove the antibody
      to be allotype-specific, and therefore practically establishes its monoclonality.

PMID- 2915128
TI  - Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and disseminated histoplasmosis.

PMID- 2915129
TI  - Relapse of rickettsial Mediterranean spotted fever and murine typhus after
      treatment with chloramphenicol.
AB  - In the years 1975-1984, 132 patients with rickettsial Mediterranean spotted fever
      and murine typhus were treated with chloramphenicol or tetracycline. Among the 24
      patients who received chloramphenicol ten relapsed and one failed to respond at
      all. None of the 108 recipients of tetracycline suffered a relapse. It appears
      that tetracycline should serve as first-line therapy in several rickettsial
      diseases.

PMID- 2915130
TI  - Boric acid converts urine into an effective bacteriostatic transport medium.
AB  - Results of an experiment designed to assess the usefulness of boric acid for
      preserving urine before its bacteriological examination are reported. Boric acid
      at a concentration of 20 g/l was found to be usefully bacteriostatic, largely
      eliminating the false positive results obtained with unpreserved specimens when
      delay before culture was more than 90 min. The effect lasted for up to 48 h.
      There was no evidence that borate is toxic to the urinary pathogens encountered
      in naturally infected urine. Borate also preserves white blood cells in urine and
      thereby marginally improved the diagnosis of pyuria. The results confirm that
      boric acid may with benefit be added to bottles used for transporting specimens
      of urine to the laboratory.

PMID- 2915131
TI  - Endocarditis due to Streptococcus morbillorum.
AB  - Two cases of endocarditis due to Streptococcus morbillorum are described. Neither
      patient had any known history of valvular disease. These are believed to be the
      first such reported cases in the U.K. In the first case, previous anal surgery
      and, in the second, drainage of a dental abscess and extraction of a tooth are
      the likely procedures which initiated endocarditis. The first case is of further
      interest in that the incriminated strain showed marked tolerance to beta-lactam
      antibiotics. A combination of penicillin with gentamicin was shown to be required
      in order to give satisfactory bactericidal activity in vitro.

PMID- 2915132
TI  - Human immunodeficiency virus infection in the United Kingdom: quarterly report 3.
AB  - Up to 31 March 1988, 1429 cases meeting the World Health Organization/Centers for
      Disease Control (U.S.A.) definition of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome
      (AIDS) were reported in the U.K. of which 59 were in visitors and 1370 in U.K.
      residents. In the same period there were 8459 laboratory reports of human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody-positive tests. Since 1985 the median
      interval of 2 months between diagnosis and report of AIDS has not changed. Most
      patients with Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) as an indicator disease when AIDS was
      diagnosed were homosexual/bisexual males; the proportion in this category has
      declined. The data support the hypothesis for a co-factor in the aetiology of KS
      in homosexual/bisexual males and that the effect of this co-factor has
      progressively weakened. Injecting drugs was a risk factor for 48 patients with
      AIDS (4%), half of whom were also homosexual/bisexual males, and for 1406 (17%)
      persons reported as HIV antibody-positive of whom 63 were also
      homosexual/bisexual males. HIV-infected persons injecting drugs were reported
      from all parts of the U.K., apart from Northern Ireland, but the cumulative rate
      per million population in Scotland for such persons was more than six times the
      rate elsewhere. In the collaborative laboratory study in England, 2.3% of over
      3000 persons injecting drugs were HIV antibody-positive; among those who were
      asymptomatic the prevalence in London was 7.1% compared with 1.3% outside London.
      By 1987, the incidence rate of acute hepatitis B in persons injecting drugs in
      England had fallen to less than a third of that for 1985; in Scotland the figure
      for 1987 was only a quarter of that for 1985. Since the current rate of HIV
      transmission among persons in the U.K. injecting drugs is unknown, monitoring the
      prevalence of HIV in this risk group should be intensified.

PMID- 2915133
TI  - DF-2 septicaemia following a dog bite in the absence of local inflammation.

PMID- 2915134
TI  - Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome.

PMID- 2915135
TI  - Pulmonary complication in brucellosis.

PMID- 2915136
TI  - Caution advisable when interpreting gram-stained smears of material from
      peritoneal paracentesis.

PMID- 2915137
TI  - Klebsiella meningitis without pleocytosis in the cerebrospinal fluid.

PMID- 2915138
TI  - Zidovudine. Proceedings of a symposium. London, 27 September 1988.

PMID- 2915139
TI  - A review of the pharmacokinetics of zidovudine in man.
AB  - Initial pharmacokinetic and bioavailability data in man were obtained from a
      phase I, open-label, dose-escalating, multiple-dose study of intravenously and
      orally administered zidovudine. Dose-independent kinetics were observed over the
      dose-range 2.0 to 10 mg/kg (oral). Zidovudine is rapidly and extensively absorbed
      following oral administration. The mean half-life is approximately 1 h. The drug
      is capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier resulting in antiviral
      concentrations within the cerebrospinal fluid. The major route of elimination is
      by hepatic glucuronidation followed by rapid excretion of the metabolite in the
      urine. Consequently, factors affecting liver or kidney function may alter the
      pharmacokinetic profile. Although no systematic studies of potential drug
      interactions have been reported, data are accumulating on the concomitant use of
      zidovudine with other medications.

PMID- 2915140
TI  - Zidovudine--the first year of experience.

PMID- 2915141
TI  - Use of zidovudine for drug misusers infected with human immunodeficiency virus.
AB  - The use of zidovudine in drug misusers, especially current drug misusers, has not
      been extensively studied. Since periods of abstinence may be interspersed with
      drug misuse, it is necessary to establish the safety of zidovudine in injection
      drug misuse-related human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection under a variety
      of conditions. HIV serology became available in October 1985 and we have now
      examined medically 289 HIV seropositive patients, 85% of whom acquired their
      infection via injection drug misuse. Since March 1987 we have treated 40
      individuals with zidovudine, 25 of whom were former or current injection drug
      misusers and one who was a heterosexual contact of a drug misuser. Eighteen
      patients were taking various types of opiates. Six of this latter group injected
      either occasionally or regularly whilst taking zidovudine. There were no adverse
      clinical events associated with zidovudine treatment and continued opiate drug
      misuse whether by mouth or by injection. Although defaults from clinic visits
      were a problem, these defaults were not associated with any particular form of
      drug misuse. Compliance with zidovudine therapy as judged by change in the mean
      corpuscular volume was no different for the various risk groups. In our
      experience it is possible to treat safely current and former drug misusers with
      zidovudine.

PMID- 2915142
TI  - Zidovudine experience at the Hospitals for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street,
      London.

PMID- 2915143
TI  - A scanning electron microscope study of granulocytes of Oncomelania hupensis
      (Mollusca).

PMID- 2915144
TI  - Bioassay experiments on the dose response of Mesocyclops sp. copepods to
      meiospores of Amblyospora dyxenoides produced in Culex annulirostris mosquito
      larvae.

PMID- 2915145
TI  - Ingestion, dissolution, and proteolysis of the Bacillus sphaericus toxin by
      mosquito larvae.
AB  - Larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus are much more susceptible to the toxin of
      Bacillus sphaericus than are larvae of Aedes aegypti. In the present study, the
      rate of ingestion, dissolution, and the cleavage by midgut proteases of the B.
      sphaericus toxin were compared in larvae of these species to determine whether
      these factors account for the differences in susceptibility. During filter
      feeding, larvae of both species removed significant quantities of B. sphaericus
      toxin from suspensions. Filtration rates for 1 hr, the time at which C.
      quinquefasciatus exhibited marked intoxication, were higher for A. aegypti (576
      713 microliters/larva/hr) than for C. quinquefasciatus (446-544
      microliters/larva/hr). Within 24 hr of exposure, A. aegypti larvae ingested 97
      99% of the toxin particulates and suffered not more than 10% mortality in
      suspensions which induced complete mortality in C. quinquefasciatus within 2 hr
      of exposure. Quantification of the particulate toxin present in larvae after
      exposure to B. sphaericus suspensions revealed that larvae of both species
      contained only minor amounts of the toxin, suggesting the larvae had been able to
      solubilize the toxin after ingestion. Proteases recovered from the feces of
      larvae cleaved at 43-kDa protein isolated from B. sphaericus toxin extract to 40
      kDa in both species. Thus, differences in susceptibility to the B. sphaericus
      toxin between A. aegypti and C. quinquefasciatus are not due to differences in
      rates of ingestion, dissolution, or the specificity of proteases.

PMID- 2915146
TI  - Changes in infectious flacherie virus-specific polypeptides and translatable mRNA
      in the midgut of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, during larval molt.

PMID- 2915147
TI  - Leukemia cell specific protein of the bivalve mollusc Mya arenaria.
AB  - Soft shell clams, Mya arenaria, develop leukemias in the hemolymph which are
      fatal. Tissue sections and hemolymph samples from normal and tumor-bearing clams
      were tested with an anti-leukemic cell specific monoclonal antibody (Mab) "IEII."
      Evaluation of leukemic cells and normal hemocytes by sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blot analyses showed that Mab IEII
      bound to a large protein of approximately 200 kDa from the tumor cell, but not
      from the normal cell preparation.

PMID- 2915148
TI  - Infection of Aedes albopictus by Tolypocladium cylindrosporum.
AB  - The infection process of Tolypocladium cylindrosporum in Aedes albopictus is
      discussed. The integument is a common site of infection. Spores of T.
      cylindrosporum are able to adhere to the exoskeleton and penetrate it. During its
      early stages of development the fungus is always surrounded by a thick bacterial
      muff. However these bacteria did not invade the host, and no bacterial cell was
      observed on the intact cuticle. Conidia filtered by larvae rapidly filled the gut
      and most of them were hydrolyzed in the midgut. Even if germination occurred at a
      low level in the digestive tract, the peritrophic membrane and the mesenteral
      cells were not penetrated by fungus.

PMID- 2915149
TI  - Environmental factors affecting reproductive incompatibility in flour beetles,
      genus Tribolium.
AB  - This paper reports the effect of high temperatures on the reproductive
      compatibility of geographic strains of flour beetles, Tribolium confusum. Some
      geographic strains are reproductively incompatible with other strains owing to a
      maternally inherited microorganism: Males infected with the microorganism are
      reproductively incompatible with uninfected females. All other crosses are
      fertile. Previous reports indicated that infected strains can be cured of the
      microorganisms by culturing the beetles on medium containing tetracycline and
      that cured males become reproductively compatible. This study reports that
      raising larvae at high temperatures (37 degrees C) promotes curing. The
      proportion of individuals cured is a function of sex and the period of exposure
      to high temperature.

PMID- 2915150
TI  - Laboratory experiments on infection rates of Amblyospora dyxenoides
      (Microsporida: Amblyosporidae) in the mosquito Culex annulirostris.
AB  - Laboratory observations were made of the microsporidian parasite Amblyospora
      dyxenoides in its natural mosquito host, Culex annulirostris. There were no
      differences in the numbers of eggs laid and in the proportions which hatched
      between infected and uninfected females, indicating that the parasite did not
      affect fecundity. Unlike other species of Amblyospora which have been studied the
      development of binucleate spores in adult mosquitoes increase with age of the
      host in both sexes and in females it proceeds independently of egg development
      and blood feeding. The same trend is apparent for adult mosquitoes which acquired
      the infection in the larval stage by horizontal transmission from the
      intermediate copepod host as well as for mosquitoes which acquired oenocytic
      infections by transovarial transmission. There was considerable variation in the
      proportion of mosquitoes which became infected after exposure to A. dyxenoides
      infected copepods. Infections in larval progeny of female mosquitoes infected via
      spores produced in copepods ranged from 0 to 100% in individual batches and
      averaged 45.6% with meiospore infections, 19.3% with oenocytic infections, with
      the remaining 35.7% being uninfected. Similar variability was observed in the
      progeny of infected female mosquitoes in the second generation after exposure to
      infected copepods. During experiments in which the microsporidium was maintained
      in C. annulirostris through 9 successive transovarially transmitted cycles (by
      selectively rearing the progeny of females infected with binucleate spores after
      an initial exposure to infected copepods) the proportion of infected progeny with
      oenocytic infections increased from 25 to around 50% whereas the incidence of
      meiospore infections declined from 50 to 10%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2915151
TI  - Specificity and cross-reactivity of monoclonal antibodies reactive with the core
      and lipid A regions of bacterial lipopolysaccharide.
AB  - Twenty-nine murine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were prepared against antigenic
      determinants in the core and lipid A regions of Escherichia coli and Salmonella
      minnesota lipopolysaccharide (LPS). At least eight distinct MAb specificities
      were identified. Epitopes recognized by MAbs bearing these specificities were
      localized in the hexose, heptose, and 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid
      regions of the core oligosaccharide and on lipid A. Two groups of MAbs exhibited
      multispecificity for similar but distinct core- and lipid A-related epitopes.
      Some core-reactive MAbs cross-reacted with corresponding E. coli and Salmonella
      rough mutant chemotypes; others were specific for E. coli J5 LPS. Lipid A
      specific MAbs reacted with free lipid A from diverse sources. Few MAbs reacted
      with smooth LPS. Antibody cross-reactivity was restricted by inter- and
      intraspecies differences in covalent core structure and by epitope concealment by
      overlying O-side chain and core sugars. The putative cross-reactive and
      antiendotoxic properties of MAbs specific for the core-lipid A complex may be
      limited by the inability of such MAbs to recognize determinants on "native" LPS.

PMID- 2915152
TI  - Changes in IgM and IgG antibody concentrations in brucellosis over time:
      importance for diagnosis and follow-up.
AB  - Changes in concentrations of IgM and IgG antibodies to Brucella were monitored
      for at least 13 mo by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 52 patients
      with culture-positive brucellosis. Two main patterns were observed. After an
      initial peak, 29 patients (56%) had a steady drop in their IgG levels, whereas 23
      (44%) had more than one peak over time. All patients with a chronic form of
      brucellosis or a relapse were in the second group. In most cases, Brucella
      antibodies, although falling to low levels, remained measurable. Cutoff levels
      for IgM and IgG were calculated after considering serum antibody concentrations
      in people who had recovered from an infection. A separate normal range was
      established for occupationally exposed workers. On admission, sera from all
      patients contained Brucella antibody levels greater than established cutoff
      levels. Our results show that ELISA is an excellent method for diagnosis and
      follow-up of brucellosis.

PMID- 2915153
TI  - Detection of bladder bacteriuria in patients with acute urinary symptoms.
AB  - Quantitative culture of midstream urine fails to yield a significant
      microorganism in many patients with acute urinary symptoms. We cultured bladder
      urine, obtained by aspiration, from symptomatic adults with equivocal findings on
      standard testing of midstream urine for low numbers of conventional uropathogens
      and fastidious bacteria. We found 561 (31%) of 1817 women and 36 (12%) of 300 men
      to be culture positive. Five hundred eighty-one (70%) of 830 isolates were
      fastidious bacteria; 191 (34%) of 561 culture positive women and 0 of 36 culture
      positive men had polymicrobic bacteriuria. Bacterial counts were less than 10(5)
      colony-forming units/mL in 67% of samples; 204 of 406 patients with single
      species infections had increased leukocyte counts in urine. Patients with
      symptoms of urinary tract infection who are culture negative on standard testing
      may harbor fastidious bacteria or low numbers of conventional uropathogens in the
      bladder. In these patients, culture of bladder aspiration urine for low counts
      and fastidious species is necessary to diagnose bacteriuria.

PMID- 2915154
TI  - Piroxicam treatment protects mice from lethal pulmonary challenge with
      Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
AB  - The effect of treatment with the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent piroxicam
      on leukocyte migration to the lungs was investigated after aerosol administration
      of sublethal doses of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to mice. Piroxicam decreased, in a
      dose-related fashion, the polymorphonuclear leukocyte recruitment to, and the
      degree of perivascular and peribronchial infiltration in, the lungs. Piroxicam
      treatment also protected the animals in a dose-dependent manner from challenge
      with lethal doses of P. aeruginosa. The effect of piroxicam was not related to
      direct action of the drug on the microorganisms. Piroxicam treatment maintained
      the animal's pulmonary defenses against infection while diminishing inflammatory
      responses against P. aeruginosa, an occurrence decreasing the potential for
      tissue damage due to phagocytes migrating from circulation.

PMID- 2915155
TI  - Adult Ixodes dammini on rabbits: development of acute inflammation in the skin
      and immune responses to salivary gland, midgut, and spirochetal components.
AB  - Rabbits exposed to female Ixodes dammini (both uninfected and infected with
      Borrelia burgdorferi) or injected with B. burgdorferi showed an acute
      inflammatory response in the skin. Granulocytes and monocyte-histiocytes were the
      predominant infiltrating cells. Spirochetes were detected in the tick feeding
      cavities in the deep dermis. The inflammatory process was accompanied by
      polyclonal antibody responses to tick salivary gland components. Western blots
      showed that immune rabbit serum reacted with proteins of molecular masses of 8,
      24, and 36-41 kilodaltons in both unengorged and engorged tick salivary glands.
      Additional reacting bands in the immunoblot of the engorged salivary gland
      indicated that new antigenic components of the salivary gland are synthesized
      during engorgement. Rabbits did not produce antibodies to tick midgut components.
      Murine monoclonal antibody 11G1 detected outer surface protein A of B.
      burgdorferi in immunoblots of midguts from unengorged ticks, faintly in engorged
      salivary gland, and seldomly in unengorged salivary gland, findings suggesting
      that the spirochete is transmitted to the host via tick saliva during the later
      stages of feeding.

PMID- 2915156
TI  - Antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus in the semen of heterosexual men.

PMID- 2915157
TI  - Kinetics of the humoral immune response measured by antibody-dependent cell
      mediated cytotoxicity and neutralization assays in genital herpesvirus
      infections.

PMID- 2915158
TI  - Recurrences of Clostridium difficile diarrhea not caused by the original
      infecting organism.

PMID- 2915159
TI  - HLA antigen contamination of commercial Western blot strips for detecting human
      immunodeficiency virus.

PMID- 2915160
TI  - Severe African trypanosomiasis with spurious hypoglycemia.

PMID- 2915161
TI  - Purulent pericarditis due to Yersinia enterocolitica.

PMID- 2915163
TI  - Prepublication release of scientific data and the right of the public to know:
      adapting to our times.
AB  - Technical innovations for more rapid and cheaper communication have begun to blur
      the boundaries of professional and other expert fields. This change has greatly
      widened the market for reliable new medical information, but it has also brought
      new tensions among authors, journals publishing their papers, and the news media.
      Does informal publication of new medical information before its appearance in
      scientific documents injure the interests of authors, journals, and the wider
      public? The possible answers depend in large part on how physicians should be
      expected to function in this new age of expanding information and speedier
      communication. A possible solution for these new problems would be access for all
      interested parties to journal papers through an on-line system at the point of
      their acceptance.

PMID- 2915162
TI  - Aseptic meningitis associated with administration of carbamazepine.

PMID- 2915164
TI  - Public access to experimental drug therapy: AIDS raises yet another conflict
      between freedom of the individual and welfare of the individual and public.

PMID- 2915165
TI  - The case for patient access to experimental therapy.

PMID- 2915166
TI  - Resistance of influenza A virus to amantadine and rimantadine: results of one
      decade of surveillance.
AB  - All clinical isolates of influenza A viruses from patients in Huntington, West
      Virginia, during the decade 1978-1988 were tested, and 65 of 65 H1N1 and 176 of
      181 H3N2 viruses were susceptible to the antiviral action of amantadine and
      rimantadine. The five resistant viruses were obtained from three members of a
      family undergoing therapy or prophylaxis with rimantadine. Resistant influenza
      emerged during treatment with rimantadine and spread to two family contacts,
      causing typical influenza with fever, myalgia, and cough of 5 days' or less
      duration. Genetic characterization of the resistant viruses when compared to the
      susceptible virus isolated on day 1 from the index case revealed a single amino
      acid change in the transmembrane portion of the M2 protein. In vitro studies
      showed that rimantadine was significantly more active than amantadine against
      both H1N1 and H3N2 viruses. Although this resistant influenza was transmitted and
      caused illness in one family, the absence of naturally occurring resistant
      viruses suggests that the emergence of new strains of influenza A each few years
      may prevent the widespread emergence of resistant influenza A virus.

PMID- 2915167
TI  - Detection of HIV-1 RNA in the lamina propria of patients with AIDS and
      gastrointestinal disease.
AB  - Thirty formaldehyde-fixed, paraffin-embedded endoscopic biopsy specimens from the
      colon and rectum of 25 patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome were
      examined using a [35S]HIV-RNA in situ hybridization procedure. Nine of the
      specimens contained cells that bound significant amounts of probe. Cells were
      considered positive if more than 50 grains of silver (over background) per 200
      micron 2 were seen over cells that did not stain with eosin. Most of the positive
      cells resembled macrophages, although cells with condensed nuclei resembling
      lymphocytes were found. No epithelial cells expressing viral RNA were detected.
      Formaldehyde-fixed eosinophils gave spurious signals that could be reduced with
      sulfhydryl modifying agents. HIV-1 may be disseminated in the lamina propria of
      the gut at low concentrations in some patients but may not be detectable in
      others. The lower gut lining may be both a portal of initial infection with HIV
      and a target of disseminated HIV infection.

PMID- 2915168
TI  - An outbreak of ehrlichiosis in members of an Army Reserve unit exposed to ticks.
AB  - An outbreak of unexplained illness occurred in members of an army reserve unit
      after field training in an area of New Jersey endemic for Lyme disease. Nine
      (12%) of the 74 who attended the exercise had serological evidence of Ehrlichia
      infection, defined as a single rise in titer of antibody to Ehrlichia canis
      greater than or equal to 1:160 four weeks after training. Two reservists with
      early serum samples had documented seroconversion, defined by a four-fold or
      greater increase in titer of antibody to E. canis, with a peak titer of greater
      than or equal to 1:160. Reservists with serological evidence of Ehrlichia
      infection were more than three times as likely to report arthralgia, myalgia,
      headache, appetite loss, nausea, eye pain, and abdominal pain than the other
      reservists. No reservist with serological evidence of Ehrlichia infection was
      hospitalized and most had minimal or no symptoms. This outbreak of ehrlichiosis
      suggests that the usual symptoms of Ehrlichia infection are milder than
      previously reported and that ehrlichiosis must be considered in symptomatic
      persons with recent tick exposure.

PMID- 2915169
TI  - The epidemiology of AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma in San Francisco.

PMID- 2915170
TI  - Two cases of community-acquired Legionnaires' disease: evidence for association
      with a cooling tower.

PMID- 2915171
TI  - Human ehrlichiosis in Oklahoma.

PMID- 2915172
TI  - Serum IgG antibody to the outer membrane proteins of Campylobacter pylori in
      children with gastroduodenal disease.

PMID- 2915173
TI  - Comparative in vitro and in vivo activity of racemic praziquantel and its
      levorotated isomer on Schistosoma mansoni.

PMID- 2915174
TI  - The role of the pharmacist in antimicrobial agent therapy.

PMID- 2915175
TI  - Bacteremia associated with tympanostomy tube insertion.

PMID- 2915176
TI  - Bacterial endocarditis caused by Streptococcus suis type 2.

PMID- 2915177
TI  - Chronic travelers' diarrhea in a normal host due to Isospora belli.

PMID- 2915178
TI  - Tonsillar and pharyngeal tuberculosis in a patient without HIV antibodies.

PMID- 2915179
TI  - Reticuloendothelial iron stores and hereditary hemochromatosis: a paradox.

PMID- 2915180
TI  - In vivo distribution and elimination of hemoglobin modified by intramolecular
      cross-linking with 2-nor-2-formylpyridoxal 5'-phosphate.
AB  - Modified hemoglobin solutions have potential application as plasma expanders with
      oxygen-transporting capacity. In a previous study it was found that modification
      of hemoglobin by intramolecular cross-linking with 2-nor-2-formylpyridoxal 5'
      phosphate (NFPLP) improves the vascular retention time by a factor of three, and
      it also improves the oxygen-transporting properties. In the present study we
      investigated in rats how, after exchange transfusion of a clinically relevant
      dose, the modified hemoglobin (HbNFPLP) was distributed in the body compared with
      how the unmodified hemoglobin was distributed. By using a new technetium 99m
      labeling technique, we found in a scintigraphic study that accumulation of
      hemoglobin in the kidneys was greatly diminished by the intramolecular cross
      linking with NFPLP. These findings were confirmed by light-microscopic
      observations after diaminobenzidine staining. It was concluded that the
      impairment of kidney function caused by blockade of the tubuli is not to be
      expected from HbNFPLP. In the liver and spleen, where the free HbNFPLP is
      possibly eliminated, some accumulation of 99mTc label was observed, but the major
      part of the extravascular label was diffusely spread throughout the body. This
      led to the conclusion that important accumulation of undegraded HbNFPLP does not
      occur in the liver and spleen. Rapid appearance of both hemoglobin and HbNFPLP in
      the lymph showed that cross-linking with NFPLP does not prevent the distribution
      of hemoglobin over the interstitial space in the first hours after
      administration. However, pharmacokinetic analysis demonstrated that
      transcapillary transfer contributes only to a limited extent to the disappearance
      from the circulation. During 24-hour infusions of HbNFPLP, a steady state with a
      constant plasma concentration was easily reached. The latter experiment indicated
      that the eliminating system does not become saturated during prolonged
      administration of large doses of HbNFPLP.

PMID- 2915182
TI  - Preventive effect of malotilate on dimethylnitrosamine-induced liver fibrosis in
      the rat.
AB  - Dimethylnitrosamine-induced liver damage, which leads to hepatic failure and
      death of the animal, was prevented by treatment with malotilate. The accumulation
      of collagen and the morphologic changes caused by dimethylnitrosamine, such as
      inflammatory cell accumulation and fibrosis, were also prevented by this drug.
      Malotilate drastically reduced the increases in the amount of type I procollagen
      alpha 2-chain mRNA and activities of the enzymes prolyl 4-hydroxylase and
      galactosylhydroxylysyl glucosyltransferase, which are early events in liver
      fibrosis preceding the deposition of collagen. Even when started 14 days after
      dimethylnitrosamine induction, malotilate treatment was able to reduce liver
      damage. We suggest that the effect of malotilate is a result of the inhibition of
      inflammation.

PMID- 2915181
TI  - Fibronectin augments binding of fibrin to macrophages.
AB  - Because of the demonstrated ability of fibronectin to mediate particle uptake by
      macrophages and the demonstrated affinity of plasma fibronectin for fibrin, we
      investigated the ability of plasma fibronectin to augment macrophage binding of
      fibrin. Fibronectin significantly increased fibrin binding by elicited peritoneal
      macrophages and isolated hepatic Kupffer cells. The binding of fibrinogen was not
      augmented in the presence of fibronectin. The small amount of macrophage
      associated fibrin observed in the absence of fibronectin was primarily
      internalized, whereas the increment in fibrin binding in the presence of
      fibronectin remained primarily surface bound, as indicated by susceptibility to
      removal by trypsin. An amino terminal fibrin-binding fragment of plasma
      fibronectin could similarly support binding of fibrin by peritoneal macrophages.
      Greater quantities of fibrin were associated with the macrophages in the presence
      of protease inhibitors, which inhibited elastase activity, but not in the
      presence of those that inhibited cathepsin activity, suggesting that an elastase
      like protease may degrade surface-bound fibrin. Uptake of both fibrin and
      fibronectin was inhibited by prior treatment of cells with trypsin. Competitive
      binding studies suggested the presence of a high-affinity fibronectin receptor on
      peritoneal macrophages. Data from the current study thus support the conclusion
      that fibronectin augments binding of fibrin to the surface of mononuclear
      phagocytes.

PMID- 2915183
TI  - Lung and muscle water after crystalloid and colloid infusion in septic rats:
      effect on oxygen delivery and metabolism.
AB  - We compared the effect of crystalloid infusion with that of colloid infusion on
      extravascular lung water and muscle water in septic rats. We also examined the
      relationship of lung and muscle edema to arterial oxygenation and muscle energy
      metabolism during sepsis. Cecal ligation and perforation were used to induce
      sepsis. Five animals served as sham-operated controls. Five animals were infused
      with 0.9% saline solution and five with 10% low molecular weight hydroxyethyl
      starch (hetastarch). Thermodilution cardiac output, plasma colloid osmotic
      pressure, and arterial blood gases were sequentially measured over a 6-hour
      interval. At 6 hours, a biopsy specimen was taken from the rectus femoris and the
      lungs and adductor magnus muscle harvested for gravimetric analysis (wet-dry/dry
      weight ratio). The colloid osmotic pressure was 16.1 +/- 1.2 mm Hg in the control
      animals, 9.3 +/- 0.5 mm Hg in the saline solution-infused animals, and 21.6 +/-
      0.5 mm Hg in the hetastarch-infused animals at 6 hours (p less than 0.05 saline
      vs control, hetastarch). The lung wet-dry/dry weight ratio was 3.46 +/- 0.11 in
      the control animals, 3.74 +/- 0.13 in the saline group, and 3.64 +/- 0.11 in the
      hetastarch group (difference not significant). Arterial oxygenation was not
      significantly different in the three groups. Muscle wet-dry/dry weight ratio was
      3.11 +/- 0.16 in the control animals, 2.75 +/- 0.12 in the hetastarch-infused
      animals, and 3.06 +/- 0.08 in the saline-infused group (not significant). There
      were no significant differences in skeletal muscle energy production or
      lactate/pyruvate ratio between the three groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2915184
TI  - Lung mucociliary transport in asymptomatic asthma: effects of inhaled histamine.
AB  - Bronchial mucociliary clearance (CB) and tracheal mucus velocity (TMV) were
      measured during the course of repeated inhalations of histamine in six subjects
      with asthma who had no symptoms in a double-blind, crossover study with a
      radioaerosol technique. Subjects inhaled a technetium 99m-labeled ferric oxide
      aerosol with an aerodynamic diameter of approximately 8 microns. CB was recorded
      for 2.5 hours with a gamma camera, and TMV measured with a multidetector probe
      situated over the extrathoracic trachea. Histamine was administered repeatedly in
      concentrations previously shown to produce a 20% fall in forced expired volume in
      1 second and at intervals allowing 90% recovery of pulmonary function. Histamine
      produced a 28% increase in CB (p less than 0.001, analysis of variance) and an
      87% increase in TMV (p less than 0.001, analysis of variance) above control
      values, which was not significantly different from that previously observed in
      normal subjects receiving significantly higher concentrations of histamine. We
      conclude that histamine stimulates the mucus transport mechanism in subjects with
      asthma and that there is a relative hypersensitivity to histamine when these
      subjects are compared with normal subjects.

PMID- 2915185
TI  - Plasma kinetics of complement component C4: comparison of three models.
AB  - Plasma C4 kinetics were studied in members of a kindred with hereditary
      incomplete C4 deficiency and in control subjects. Test subjects received iodine
      125-labeled C4 intravenously, and plasma disappearance curves for 125I-C4 were
      plotted. By nonlinear least-squares analysis, we fit two-, three-, and four
      exponential models of plasma disappearance to the plasma curves of each subject.
      Goodness of fit was significantly better for all subjects with the three
      exponential versus the two-exponential model (p less than 0.0005). No further
      improvement in curve fit was accomplished by using a four-exponential model (p
      greater than 0.5). Metabolic rates and extravascular/plasma ratios calculated
      from the two- and three-exponential models were significantly different. As
      judged by extravascular/plasma ratio, the two-exponential model underestimated
      the amount of extravascular C4. Furthermore, the two-exponential model
      significantly over-estimated catabolic and synthetic rates. Hence, our results
      show that C4 kinetics are not optimally described by a conventional, two
      exponential model. A possible explanation for our findings is that in previous
      studies of C4 metabolism, the analysis of plasma radioactivity disappearance
      curves was done by inspection, whereas we used least-squares analysis, a method
      that determines the number of exponentials with greater reliability.

PMID- 2915187
TI  - Abnormal high-density lipoprotein composition in women with insulin-dependent
      diabetes.
AB  - To determine whether alterations in lipoprotein phospholipid composition might be
      an unrecognized factor that contributes to the unexplained acceleration of
      atherogenesis and the loss of sex-related protection from the development of
      coronary heart disease in women with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, we have
      estimated levels of neutral lipids, apolipoproteins (A-I, A-II, B), and free
      cholesterol (FC) in plasma and the four major phospholipid constituents of the
      very low-density lipoprotein + low-density lipoprotein and high-density
      lipoprotein (HDL) fractions in 12 ambulatory female patients with varying degrees
      of diabetic control. Although levels of triglyceride, cholesterol, HDL
      cholesterol, and lipoprotein phospholipids in whole plasma of the patients with
      diabetes were similar to those in controls, their FC levels and FC/lecithin
      ratio, a recently described index of cardiovascular risk, both were abnormally
      increased (p less than 0.01). In the HDL-containing plasma fraction,
      concentrations of sphingomyelin, lecithin, and lysolecithin all were
      significantly reduced (p less than 0.05; p less than 0.01, and p less than 0.02,
      respectively). These compositional changes may be potentially atherogenic,
      because a reduction in the phospholipid content of HDL may impair its capacity to
      promote the efflux of cholesterol from cells, and the transfer of cholesterol
      ester from HDL to the larger apo-B-containing lipoproteins is inhibited when
      their content of FC is increased relative to phospholipid. These previously
      unrecognized qualitative defects, which are inapparent in the routine estimation
      of plasma lipids, may compromise reverse cholesterol transport and thereby
      promote atherogenesis in women with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

PMID- 2915186
TI  - Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for human metallothionein: correlation of
      induction with infection.
AB  - Very little information is available concerning the relationship between
      metallothionein and disease in humans. Recently, investigators have used the Cd
      heme method to measure metallothionein levels in human liver samples obtained
      from autopsy. This assay, however, is not sensitive enough to measure
      metallothionein in small tissue biopsy specimens. As an alternative, we report
      the development of a human metallothionein enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
      (ELISA). This assay used high-performance liquid chromatography-purified human
      metallothionein-1 and purified sheep anti-human metallothionein-1 IgG. A limiting
      antigen coating concentration of 100 ng/ml and a minimal antibody dilution of
      1:4000 were chosen. The sensitivity of the ELISA extended to 300 ng/ml (15 ng).
      The coefficients of interassay and intraassay variation were 15.4% and 4.2%,
      respectively. Human livers obtained from autopsy were assayed by this method and
      the values compared with values obtained by the Cd-heme method. The livers were
      separated by their autopsy reports into four groups: normal, immunosuppression,
      cancer, and infection. Livers from the infection group (ELISA 2979 micrograms/gm,
      Cd-heme 1201 micrograms/gm) contained significantly more metallothionein than
      those from the normal (ELISA, 1035 micrograms/gm, Cd-heme 245 micrograms/gm) and
      the immunosuppression (ELISA 1272 micrograms/gm, Cd-heme 221 micrograms/gm)
      groups (p less than 0.05). The cancer group (ELISA 2415 micrograms/gm) also had
      significantly elevated liver metallothionein levels. We conclude that this ELISA
      is sensitive enough for the measurement of tissue samples. Furthermore this assay
      is comparable to the Cd-heme assay in its ability to reflect metallothionein
      values among various treatment groups. We postulate that hepatic metallothionein
      induction is mediated by disease-related mechanisms such as interleukin-1,
      glucocorticoid secretion, or both.

PMID- 2915188
TI  - CO production by feces and urine.
AB  - Virtually all CO production in humans and animals is thought to result from the
      catabolism of heme, and endogenous CO production (VCO) is used as a measure of
      heme turnover. Using a rebreathing technique, we found that previously fed mice
      had an apparent VCO that was 40% greater than that of mice that had been fasted
      before the study. This unexpected result was shown to reflect an excess CO
      production by the excreta (feces, urine, or both) of fed mice relative to the
      excreta of fasted mice. Incubation of feces and urine of humans, rats, and mice
      demonstrated CO release that was not inhibited by autoclaving or acidification to
      pH 1. CO release from excreta was markedly reduced, however, under anaerobic
      conditions, and fed and fasted animals excreted CO at the same rate when their
      excreta were maintained in an anaerobic state. We conclude that feces and urine
      can release CO via nonenzymatic, oxidative reactions and, under some
      circumstances, this source of CO can influence measurements of VCO.

PMID- 2915189
TI  - The pathogenesis of S. aureus endocarditis.

PMID- 2915190
TI  - Teaching adolescents with learning disabilities to generate and use task-specific
      strategies.
AB  - The effects of an intervention designed to enhance students' roles as control
      agents for strategic functioning were investigated. The goal was to increase the
      ability of students labeled learning disabled to generate new strategies or adapt
      existing task-specific strategies for meeting varying demands of the regular
      classroom. Measures were taken in three areas: (a) metacognitive knowledge
      related to generating or adapting strategies, (b) ability to generate problem
      solving strategies for novel problems, and (c) the effects of the intervention on
      students' regular classroom grades and teachers' perceptions of the students'
      self-reliance and work quality. A multiple baseline across subjects design was
      used. The intervention resulted in dramatic increases in the subjects' verbal
      expression of metacognitive knowledge and ability to generate task-specific
      strategies. Students' regular class grades increased; for those students who did
      not spontaneously generalize use of the strategy to problems encountered in these
      classes, providing instruction to target specific classes resulted in improved
      grades. Teacher perceptions of students' self-reliance and work quality did not
      change, probably because baseline measures were already high in both areas.
      Implications for instruction and future research are discussed.

PMID- 2915191
TI  - Social skills deficits as a primary learning disability.
AB  - Advances in the definition of social skills deficits in children and youth with
      learning disabilities are presented and critiqued. The proposed modified
      definition of learning disability by the Interagency Committee on Learning
      Disabilities, which includes social skills deficits as a specific learning
      disability, is presented and discussed. This definition is analyzed from primary,
      secondary, and social learning theory causative hypotheses. Development of an
      adequate assessment technology is viewed as critical to the identification and
      classification of social skills deficits in children and youth with learning
      disabilities.

PMID- 2915192
TI  - A computer analysis of written language variables and a comparison of
      compositions written by university students with and without learning
      disabilities.
AB  - The utility of computerized analysis of variables cited as predictors of success
      in written expression was examined. The analysis of compositions written by 423
      university students revealed a three-factor structure on 17 variables associated
      with written expression. A comparison of compositions written by university
      students with and without learning disabilities was conducted on the three
      factors identified as vocabulary/fluency, syntactic maturity, and
      vocabulary/diversity. Students with learning disabilities differed significantly
      on the factors labeled vocabulary/fluency and syntactic maturity. Students with
      learning disabilities were not as fluent in word production and in the number of
      different words used in their compositions as their non-learning-disabled peers.
      They did, however, produce longer sentences and T-units. The findings of this
      study suggest that emphasis on the postsecondary level needs to focus on
      expanding the use of written vocabulary skills, and that the T-unit may not be
      the best determiner of syntactic complexity at the adult level.

PMID- 2915193
TI  - Language skills and cognitive processes related to poor reading comprehension
      performance.
AB  - Eleven tests were administered to 20 high school readers with learning
      disabilities (LD) and 20 controls. The objective was to examine the relation
      between reading comprehension performance and performance on tests of language
      skills and cognitive processes. As a whole, the performance of the group with LD
      was significantly below the performance of the controls on all measures. However,
      the variance on nonverbal tests was greater for the group with LD than for
      controls; some individuals with learning disabilities performed as well as the
      controls. Results are discussed in terms of how performance deficits are amenable
      to remediation by instruction.

PMID- 2915194
TI  - On Larry B. Silver.

PMID- 2915195
TI  - More on the "magic cure".

PMID- 2915196
TI  - Phonological processing, language comprehension, and reading ability.
AB  - Previous research has indicated a relationship between reading ability and the
      integrity of certain phonological processing skills--skills that operate on the
      sound structure of language. This study shows how the deficient phonological
      processing skills of poor beginning readers can impair their comprehension of
      spoken phrases and sentences that are disambiguated by prosodic cues (i.e.,
      pitch, stress, and pause). Following a brief summary of the available research
      literature, two new experiments are reported to illustrate that poor readers do
      not interpret certain sentences as accurately as good readers do, because they
      are less able to hold phonological material temporarily in working memory.
      Further insight into the basis of these differences between good and poor readers
      is provided by two additional pieces of evidence: The differences between good
      and poor readers are analogous to those between older and younger children
      readers, and the performance of poor readers tends to resemble that of younger
      children reading at their same level (i.e., reading-ability-matched controls).
      Apparently, good and poor readers tend to differ in the rate at which they
      develop phonological processing skills.

PMID- 2915197
TI  - Ethics and resource allocation.

PMID- 2915198
TI  - Paradigms and family medicine.

PMID- 2915199
TI  - Prevention of breast cancer.

PMID- 2915200
TI  - The international classification of primary care--an update.

PMID- 2915201
TI  - Depression associated with a stroke.

PMID- 2915202
TI  - Myocardial infarction and denial.
AB  - Denial, a natural defense mechanism, can be either an appropriate or an
      inappropriate response to anginal pain. Myocardial infarction sufferers often
      delay several hours before seeking medical attention, and most deaths from
      infarction occur before hospitalization. These two facts indicate that denial may
      contribute to mortality from coronary artery disease. To encourage "stoical"
      patients to seek medical care, nonthreatening educational approaches to cardiac
      disease and concentrated efforts to reduce anxiety toward hospitals are needed.
      Family physicians knowledgeable about the effects of denial can screen cardiac
      prone patients for inappropriate denial and alter diagnostic approaches in an
      attempt to lessen the role denial plays in cardiac deaths.

PMID- 2915203
TI  - Illness visualization and therapeutic adherence.
AB  - In an attempt to identify a quick, inexpensive intervention for improving
      adherence to therapeutic plans for acute otitis media, a strategy supported by
      the health belief model was tested on 141 children and their caretakers. To
      augment education efforts, caretakers were shown the physical findings of acute
      otitis media in their child. Results of the intervention test show no effects on
      follow-up appointment-keeping behavior or on intermediate clinical outcome. The
      health belief model was not sustained by this test.

PMID- 2915205
TI  - Is community-oriented primary care a viable concept in actual practice? An
      affirmative view.

PMID- 2915204
TI  - Utilization of medical services by single-parent and two-parent families.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of family structure on the
      utilization of health care services. Data from the Family Health Utilization
      Survey, a six-month prospective study, showed that when confounders were
      controlled using a multiple regression model, being in a single-parent family was
      predictive of a statistically significant increase in overall utilization of
      ambulatory health care services. There were no differences between single-parent
      and two-parent families in rates of hospitalization or emergency room visits.
      There was a trend toward a higher rate for obtaining telephone advice by the
      single-parent families and a higher rate of after-hours care among the two-parent
      families. Single-parent families were also more likely to feel they needed care
      but did not obtain it. Differences that exist in the health care utilization
      patterns of single- and two-parent families should be considered in assessing
      health care needs of families.

PMID- 2915206
TI  - Is community-oriented primary care a viable concept in actual practice? An
      opposing view.

PMID- 2915207
TI  - Herniated lumbar disc associated with pertussis.

PMID- 2915208
TI  - Nonacute scrotal pain in adolescents.

PMID- 2915209
TI  - Family medicine as a career choice.

PMID- 2915210
TI  - Physiological role and selectivity of the in situ potassium channel of the
      sarcoplasmic reticulum in skinned frog skeletal muscle fibers.
AB  - The role of K+ as a counterion during Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic
      reticulum (SR) has been investigated. An optical technique using the Ca2+
      sensitive dye antipyrylazo III monitored Ca2+ release from skinned (sarcolemma
      removed) muscle fibers of the frog. Skinned fibers were used since the removal of
      the sarcolemma allows direct access to the SR membrane. Releases were stimulated
      by caffeine, which activates Ca2+ release directly by binding to a receptor on
      the SR. Two different methods were used to decrease the SR K+ conductance so that
      its effect on Ca2+ release could be assessed: (a) the SR K+ channel blocker, 1,10
      bis-quanidino-n-decane (bisG10) was used to eliminate current pathways and (b)
      substitution of the impermeant ion choline for K+ was used to decrease charge
      carriers. Both bisG10 and choline substitution caused a concentration-dependent
      decrease in the Ca2+ release rate. Therefore we conclude that K+ is an important
      counterion for Ca2+ during its release from the SR. The selectivity of the in
      situ SR K+ channel to several monovalent cations was determined by substituting
      them for K+ and comparing their effect on Ca2+ release. The substituted ions were
      expected to affect Ca2+ release in proportion to their ability to support a
      counterion flux, which is, in turn, a function of their relative conductance
      through the SR K+ channel. The selectivity sequence determined by these
      experiments was K+ = Rb+ = Na+ greater than Cs+ greater than Li+ greater than
      choline.

PMID- 2915212
TI  - Intracellular pH-regulating mechanism of the squid axon. Interaction between DNDS
      and extracellular Na+ and HCO3-.
AB  - Intracellular pH (pHi) of the squid axon is regulated by a stilbenesensitive
      transporter that couples the influx of Na+ and HCO3- (or the equivalent) to the
      efflux of Cl-. According to one model, the extracellular ion pair NaCO3-
      exchanges for intracellular Cl-. In the present study, the ion-pair model was
      tested by examining the interaction of the reversible stilbene derivative 4,4'
      dinitrostilbene-2,2'-disulfonate (DNDS) with extracellular Na+ and HCO3-. Axons
      (initial pHi approximately 7.4) were internally dialyzed with a pH 6.5 solution
      containing 400 mM Cl- but no Na+. After pHi, as measured with a glass
      microelectrode, had fallen to approximately 6.6, dialysis was halted. In the
      presence of both external Na+ and HCO3- (pHo = 8.0, 22 degrees C), pHi increased
      due to the pHi-regulating mechanism. At a fixed [Na+]o of 425 mM and [HCO3-]o of
      12 mM, DNDS reversibly reduced the equivalent acid-extrusion rate (JH) calculated
      from the rate of pHi recovery. The best-fit value for maximal inhibition was
      104%, and for the [DNDS]o at half-maximal inhibition, 0.3 mM. At a [Na+]o of 425
      mM, the [HCO3-]o dependence of JH was examined at 0, 0.1, and 0.25 mM DNDS.
      Although Jmax was always approximately 20 pmol cm-2 s-1, Km(HCO3-) was 2.6, 5.7,
      and 12.7 mM, respectively. Thus, DNDS is competitive with HCO3-. At a [HCO3-]o of
      12 mM, the [Na+]o dependence of JH was examined at 0 and 0.1 mM DNDS. Although
      Jmax was approximately 20 pmol cm-2 s-1 in both cases, Km(Na+) was 71 and 179 mM,
      respectively. At a [HCO3-]o of 48 mM, Jmax was approximately 20 pmol cm-2 s-1 at
      [DNDS]o levels of 0, 0.1, and 0.25 mM. However, Km(Na+) was 22, 45, and 90 mM,
      respectively. Thus, DNDS (an anion) is also competitive with Na+. The results are
      consistent with simple competition between DNDS and NaCO3-, and place severe
      restrictions on other kinetic models.

PMID- 2915211
TI  - B-wave of the electroretinogram. A reflection of ON bipolar cell activity.
AB  - Light-evoked intraretinal field potentials (electroretinogram, ERG) have been
      measured simultaneously with extracellular potassium fluxes in the amphibian
      retina. The application of highly selective pharmacologic agents permitted us to
      functionally isolate various classes of retinal neurons. It was found that: (a)
      application of APB (2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate), which has previously been shown
      to selectively abolish the light responsiveness of ON bipolar cells, causes a
      concomitant loss of the ERG b-wave and ON potassium flux. (b) Conversely, PDA
      (cis 2,3-piperidine-dicarboxylic acid) or KYN (kynurenic acid), which have been
      reported to suppress the light responses of OFF bipolar, horizontal, and third
      order retinal neurons, causes a loss of the ERG d-wave as well as OFF potassium
      fluxes. The b-wave and ON potassium fluxes, however, remain undiminished. (c) NMA
      (N-methyl-DL-aspartate) or GLY (glycine), which have been reported to suppress
      the responses of third-order neurons, do not diminish the b- or d-waves, nor the
      potassium fluxes at ON or OFF. This leads to the conclusion that the b-wave of
      the ERG is a result of the light-evoked depolarization of the ON bipolar neurons.
      This experimental approach has resulted in two further conclusions: (a) that the
      d-wave is an expression of OFF bipolar and/or horizontal cell depolarization at
      the termination of illumination and (b) that light-induced increases in
      extracellular potassium concentration in both the inner (proximal) and outer
      (distal) retina are the result of ON bipolar cell depolarization.

PMID- 2915213
TI  - Male alcoholics' perceptions of their fathers.
AB  - Male alcoholics who describe their fathers as alcoholic are significantly less
      likely to perceive themselves as like their fathers when compared with male
      alcoholics who do not describe their fathers as alcoholic. The findings are
      discussed in the context of the importance of family history as it relates to
      treatment interventions with male alcoholics.

PMID- 2915214
TI  - Some pros and cons of computer-assisted psychotherapy.
AB  - We briefly describe a method of short-term computer-assisted psychotherapy for
      stress-related conditions and then reply to a number of objections to the method
      that have been voiced by professional colleagues.

PMID- 2915215
TI  - Religious affiliations in mental health research samples as compared with
      national samples.
AB  - Religious affiliations of patients in research samples in four major psychiatric
      journals for the years 1978-1982 were compared with those reported in national
      samples. Protestants and the unaffiliated were underrepresented, whereas Jewish
      persons were overrepresented. Catholics used mental health services in
      proportions similar to their presence in the population at large. These findings
      suggest that religious affiliation may influence the use of mental health
      services.

PMID- 2915216
TI  - Oculocutaneous albinism and schizophrenia-like psychosis.

PMID- 2915217
TI  - Psychiatric symptoms in dental students.
AB  - Prior research has suggested that dentistry is a relatively stressful occupation
      that may place its practitioners at an increased mental health risk. Whether or
      not this susceptibility to mental distress is also evident in those who are being
      educated to enter the occupation has not been previously studied. The purpose of
      the present study was to examine the presence of psychiatric symptomatology in a
      sample of dental students by using the Hopkins Symptom Checklist. Results
      indicate that dental students evidenced considerably higher symptom levels than
      those previously reported in a general population survey. Compared with the
      general population, dental students showed a mild elevation in somatic
      symptomatology, a moderate elevation in anxiety and depressive symptomatology,
      and a marked elevation in obsessive-compulsive symptomatology and interpersonal
      sensitivity. It is possible that the marked elevations in obsessive-compulsive
      symptomatology and in interpersonal sensitivity may reflect in part a
      sensitization to excessive performance demands. This sensitization may manifest
      itself in cognitive inefficiencies such as indecisiveness, blocking or memory
      impairment, and excess sensitivity to the evaluative judgments of other people.
      In comparing dental students with other sample groups, dental students were also
      found to evidence more psychiatric symptomatology than general medical patients
      judged free of psychiatric illness, and to approach levels of symptomatology
      found in general medical patients judged psychiatrically ill or in need of
      psychiatric treatment.

PMID- 2915218
TI  - Medical student distress. A longitudinal study.
AB  - This longitudinal study investigated the relative importance of correlates of
      psychological distress in first year medical students (N = 312) in September and
      May. Anxiety levels were one SD above the mean when compared with nonpatient
      levels in both September and May, and the percentage of students reporting
      depression doubled over the study period. Problem-focused coping decreased,
      emotion-focused coping increased, and satisfaction with social supports decreased
      over the year. In contrast, type A behavior and anger expression were more
      stable. Students distressed in September were at higher risk for distress in May.
      Students distressed in May were also characterized by higher scores for
      suppressed anger and type A behavior in May, even after controlling for distress
      in September.

PMID- 2915219
TI  - A qualitative review of psychosocial treatments for bulimia.
AB  - This review covers 32 individual and group therapy studies of the psychosocial
      treatment of bulimia published between 1976 and 1986. Using 14 criteria to assess
      the quality of experimental methodology, three studies were rated as high, 17 as
      medium, and 12 as low. Common methodological problems included the failure to use
      a control group or to specify the experience level of the therapist, overreliance
      on self-report outcome measures, and small sample sizes. Great variability was
      found among studies in inclusion criteria, treatment length, and length of follow
      up. Thirty-eight percent of patients in group therapy and 41.5% of those in
      individual therapy were totally abstinent from bingeing and purging at follow-up.
      Although most studies used behavioral or cognitive-behavioral strategies, no
      modality of treatment has shown clear superiority. The results are discussed in
      terms of their implications for treatment, training, and future research.

PMID- 2915220
TI  - Childhood stress disorder behaviors in veterans who do and do not develop
      posttraumatic stress disorder.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to test a variation of the stress-evaporation
      theory, which maintains that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms are
      simply exacerbations of behaviors present before the trauma. Retrospective
      childhood self-ratings were made by 63 PTSD patients, 53 psychiatric controls,
      and 28 normals on 13 PTSD-like symptoms. The results did not support the
      hypothesis, and they give more support to the residual-stress model than to the
      stress-evaporation theory.

PMID- 2915221
TI  - Familiality of DSM-III dramatic and anxious personality clusters.
AB  - This double-blind family study was an investigation of the familiality of DSM-III
      avoidant, dependent, borderline, anxious cluster, and flamboyant cluster
      personality disorders (PDs) using a standardized DSM-III axis II measure. With
      the exception of borderline personality, there are no previous reports in this
      area. Avoidant, dependent, and anxious cluster PDs showed significant
      familiality. Borderline showed a trend in the direction of familiality but did
      not reach significance (p = .07). Relatives of flamboyant cluster PDs
      demonstrated significant but heterogeneous personality disorder pathology.

PMID- 2915222
TI  - Barbiturate effects on EEG abnormality in complex partial epilepsy.
AB  - Sixteen patients with drug-resistant complex partial epilepsy were, during
      preoperative investigations for surgical treatment, subjected to intravenous
      methohexital and amobarbital EEG activation tests. The interictal epileptic spike
      discharges were visually counted on the seizure-generating side and compared with
      those found in the contralateral hemisphere. The invasive recordings were made
      with depth electrodes implanted in the mesial temporal lobes of 5 patients, and
      with subdural strip electrodes in varying lateral positions over the
      frontotemporal-parietal lobes of the other 11 patients. The doses of 10%
      amobarbital, 50-200 mg, were too low to induce any significant activation. In
      eight patients with unilateral epileptic lesions, 10, 25 and 50 mg 1%
      methohexital, induced a dose-dependent increase in the interictal spiking, always
      higher on the side of the seizure-gererating focus. Asymmetric induction of beta
      activity was noted in five patients. The test gave valuable information when
      determining the type or location of the epileptic abnormality. Parallels were
      drawn with earlier studies on spike-activation tests after intracarotid
      amobarbital injections. Although administered differently, the barbiturates are
      supposed to act directly on the neurons, and not via integrative wakening
      mechanisms.

PMID- 2915223
TI  - Demonstration of zoster virus antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid cells.
AB  - A method is presented that allows the immunocytochemical detection of varicella
      zoster virus antigen-binding cerebrospinal fluid cells in zoster ganglionitis.
      Antigen-binding cells were found only in patients suffering from this disease.
      The technique is sensitive, specific, inexpensive and relatively fast, and is
      potentially applicable to other inflammatory central nervous system diseases with
      immunoglobulin-containing cells (ICC) in CSF. The detection of antigen-binding
      CSF cells may represent a very early diagnostic test comparable with the early
      IgM antibodies of the systemic immune response.

PMID- 2915224
TI  - Cryptococcosis in AIDS patients: observations concerning CNS involvement.
AB  - The clinical course and response to therapy of seven patients with cryptococcosis
      and AIDS were reviewed. One patient was still in the primary stage of
      cryptococcosis in AIDS, i.e. the stage that is characterized by the sole cultural
      detection of Cryptococcus neoformans in the respiratory tract. The other six
      patients were in the secondary stage, where C. neoformans can be detected from
      the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), blood, urine, faeces and other body sites. The
      main presenting features (headache, fever, nausea) were due to central nervous
      system involvement, although meningism and mental changes were rarely present,
      and CSF changes were very subtle. Treatment with amphotericin B and flucytosine
      was very effective, there being no more growth of fungi in cultures in most
      cases. Adverse reactions to the drugs used occurred frequently and consisted
      mainly of anaemia, hepatosis and fever. Diagnosis in the primary stage of
      cryptococcosis may improve the prognosis.

PMID- 2915225
TI  - Correlation between multimodal evoked potentials and magnetic resonance imaging
      in multiple sclerosis.
AB  - Sixty multiple sclerosis (MS) patients (33 definite, 13 probale and 14 suspected
      were investigated by computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI),
      multimodality evoked potentials (EPs) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
      electrophoresis. MRI abnormalities were found in 50 cases, while at least one
      abnormal evoked potential was detected in each of 52 cases. Brain-stem auditory
      evoked potentials were more sensitive than MRI for the detection of brain-stem
      involvement. All the patients with oligoclonal bands had abnormal MRI and none of
      the patients with normal MRI had oligoclonal bands in the CSF. The number and the
      extent of MRI lesions were significantly correlated with the duration of disease
      and with the degree of disability. Our observations stress the importance of the
      combined use of MRI and EPs in detecting silent CNS lesions in MS patients.

PMID- 2915226
TI  - Muscle hypertrophy in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. A pathological and
      morphometric study.
AB  - In order to investigate the pathological basis of muscle hypertrophy in Duchenne
      dystrophy, 9 biopsy specimens of the lateral gastrocnemius and 7 of the vastus
      lateralis were compared. All patients had calf hypertrophy and normal strength in
      gastrocnemius-soleus, whereas the quadriceps biopsied were all atrophied and
      weak. The patients' ages ranged from 4 to 11 years. The pathological and
      histochemical changes were assessed semi-quantitatively. Comparison of the
      gastrocnemius and quadriceps groups showed that the number of hypercontracted
      fibres, the degree of endomysial fibrosis and the degree of fat infiltration were
      significantly higher in the quadriceps. The fibre type differentiation was better
      in the gastrocnemius group. The mean fibre diameter was above normal in all
      gastrocnemius biopsies and showed no increase with age. In the quadriceps, fibre
      hypertrophy was found early in the disease but had changed into fibre atrophy in
      the three oldest patients. When present, fibre hypertrophy involved both fibre
      types. The amount of fat-fibrosis per unit area was increased in both groups, but
      more severely so in the quadriceps. These results indicate that there is no true
      muscle hypertrophy in the gastrocnemius, in which the fat-fibrosis component was
      increased in all patients and that the dystrophic process is more active in the
      quadriceps. The finding of persistent fibre hypertrophy in the gastrocnemius is
      discussed with respect to the postural abnormalities observed in the lower limbs
      in Duchenne dystrophy.

PMID- 2915227
TI  - Clinical correlation of CT changes in 64 Chinese patients with tuberculous
      meningitis.
AB  - CT changes in 64 Chinese patients with proven tuberculous meningitis were
      compared with the clinical features at diagnosis. In patients presenting with
      advanced disease, hydrocephalus and cerebral infarction were common, and the
      hydrocephalus in these patients was more likely to require surgery at a later
      date for control of raised intracranial pressure. New infarctions were only seen
      in follow-up scans of patients who had presented with disturbed consciousness.
      Meningeal enhancement, the commonest finding, and intracranial tuberculomata were
      not related to the severity of disease at presentation. A normal scan in a drowsy
      patient virtually excludes the diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis.

PMID- 2915228
TI  - Familial myopathy with scapulohumeral distribution, rigid spine, cardiopathy and
      mitochondrial abnormality.
AB  - A 37-year-old woman with scapulohumeral muscular atrophy, rigid spine and
      cardiopathy is reported. Muscle weakness, advanced atrioventricular block and
      contractures at the neck, elbows and ankles had occurred during her childhood. An
      autosomal dominant mode of inheritance was suggested because her mother, sister
      and brother had the same disorder. Pleomorphic mitochondria had accumulated in
      the subsarcolemmal space of the skeletal muscle. There was no evident enzyme
      defect in the mitochondrial electron transport system. Although the clinical
      features had some similarity with those of Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy or
      rigid spine syndrome, the pattern of inheritance and the muscle pathology
      differed.

PMID- 2915229
TI  - Kluver-Bucy syndrome in systemic lupus erythematosus.
AB  - The Kluver-Bucy syndrome has not been previously reported as a complication of
      systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). A 48-year-old female is described who
      sustained several cerebral infarcts, some of which were bitemporal, due to SLE
      vasculopathy. She developed a complex behavioural picture consisting of global
      aphasia, left-side neglect, hyperorality, hypermetamorphosis and hypersexuality.
      She displayed appropriate emotional reaction to visually presented objects,
      indicating that her Kluver-Bucy syndrome could not be explained by lack of visual
      recognition.

PMID- 2915230
TI  - T4, T3 and rT3 levels in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with
      amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
AB  - Thyronine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and reverse-triiodothyronine (rT3) levels
      were evaluated in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and in serum of 12 patients with
      definite amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) by specific radioimmunoassays.
      Circulating microsomal and thyroglobulin antibodies were also evaluated. In all
      patients serum levels of T4, T3 and rT3 were within normal limits. In CSF, the
      rT3 levels were significantly elevated to 0.118 micrograms/l (mean), the T4
      levels were not significantly elevated, and the T3 levels were below the
      detection limit of 0.03 micrograms/l. A correlation between the elevated rT3
      levels in CSF and the severity or type of ALS could not be demonstrated by this
      study. The antithyroid antibodies (thyroglobulin antibodies, microsomal
      antibodies) showed normal titres and did not suggest disturbances of thyroid
      autoimmunity in the patients with ALS.

PMID- 2915231
TI  - Limbic system symptomatology associated with colloid cyst of the third ventricle.
AB  - The clinical manifestations of olfactory and gustatory hallucinations are
      commonly attributed to temporal lobe involvement. The case is presented of a 46
      year-old man with prolonged episodes of olfactory and gustatory hallucinations,
      who was found to have a colloid cyst of the third ventricle. Exhaustive
      electroencephalographic and radiological studies were negative except for the
      cyst. Stereotaxic aspiration of the cyst resulted in immediate cessation of all
      symptomatology with a follow-up of 14 months.

PMID- 2915232
TI  - Relapse of multiple sclerosis following acute allergic reactions to plasma during
      plasmapheresis.
AB  - In a small pilot study of plasmapheresis in chronic progressive multiple
      sclerosis, two patients suffered relapses following an acute allergic reaction to
      plasma. It is suggested that allergic reactions may have played a role in the
      exacerbation and recommended that fresh frozen plasma be avoided in therapeutic
      trials for multiple sclerosis.

PMID- 2915233
TI  - Analgesic-induced chronic headache: long-term results of withdrawal therapy.
AB  - Headache characteristics are described in 139 patients with chronic daily or
      almost daily headaches due to regular intake of analgesics and the short- and
      long-term results of drug withdrawal. Drug-induced headache was described as
      dull, diffuse, and band-like, and usually started in the early morning. The mean
      duration of the original headache (migraine or tension headache) was 25 years;
      regular intake of drugs and chronic daily headache had started 10 and 6 years
      prior to withdrawal therapy, respectively. Patients took an average of 34.6
      tablets or analgesic suppositories or antimigraine drugs per week containing 5.8
      different substances. The drugs most often used were caffeine (95%),
      ergotalkaloids (89%), barbiturates (64%), and spasmolytics, paracetamol, and
      pyrazolone derivates (45%-46%). A total of 103 patients (68 migraine, 35 tension
      or combination headache) were available for interviews at a mean time interval of
      2.9 years after an inpatient drug withdrawal programme. Chronic headache had
      disappeared or was reduced by more than 50% in two-thirds of the patients.
      Positive predictors for successful treatment were migraine as primary headache,
      chronic headache lasting less than 10 years, and regular intake of ergotamine.
      Drug intake was significantly reduced and patients used single substances more
      often. Patients who originally suffered from migraine, superimposed on the daily
      headache, also experienced a significant improvement in the frequency of the
      migraines and their intensity. Migraine prophylaxis through beta-blocking agents
      and calcium channel antagonists was more efficient after drug-withdrawal therapy.

PMID- 2915234
TI  - Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas of childhood: an analysis of the histology, staging, and
      response to treatment of 338 cases at a single institution.
AB  - Between 1962 and 1986, a total of 338 consecutive newly diagnosed children and
      adolescents with non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHLs) were evaluated and treated at St
      Jude Children's Research Hospital (SJCRH). Median follow-up is 6.6 years (range,
      1.8 to 23 years). The patients ranged in age from 7 months to 21 years (median,
      10 years), and 71% were males. All cases were staged (I to IV) by a clinical
      staging system. Eighteen percent were stage I, 21% stage II, 43% stage III, and
      18% stage IV. Cases frankly leukemic at diagnosis (ie, greater than 25% marrow
      blasts) were excluded from the analysis. Pathologic material from all cases was
      reviewed and classified according to the Working Formulation. The histologic
      distribution of cases was as follows: 38.8% diffuse small non-cleaved cell
      (undifferentiated, Burkitt's and non-Burkitt's); 26.3% diffuse large-cell, mainly
      immunoblastic; 28.1% lymphoblastic; and 6.8% other. Treatment policy evolved over
      time to a stage- and histology-specific strategy for treatment assignment, and
      overall results significantly improved by era from 37% (+/- 5%) 2-year event-free
      survival (EFS) for patients treated before 1975 to 77% (+/- 4%) since 1978. By
      univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses, the era of treatment (hence,
      the protocol-specific treatment itself), the stage, and the log of the initial
      serum lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) emerged as the most powerful prognostic
      indicators, while histology per se was not significantly related to outcome. For
      the 154 patients treated since 1978, the 2-year EFS by stage was 97% (+/- 3%) for
      stage I, 86% (+/- 6%) for stage II, 73% (+/- 6%) for stage III, and 47% (+/- 11%)
      for stage IV (P less than .0001). Compared with our previous experience, we
      conclude that the cure rate of childhood NHL has doubled in the last decade with
      modern management.

PMID- 2915235
TI  - Results of intensive therapy in children with localized alveolar extremity
      rhabdomyosarcoma: a report from the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study.
AB  - Preliminary analyses of treatment results and prognostic factors from the first
      Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study (IRS I) suggested that alveolar histology and
      extremity site were among factors associated with an adverse outcome in clinical
      group I patients whose tumors had been completely resected. A high incidence of
      alveolar histology among the extremity tumors compounded the problem. These
      findings prompted an amendment to IRS II shortly after the study opened. Therapy
      for patients with alveolar extremity tumors in groups I and II was changed to
      more intensive repetitive pulse vincristine, dactinomycin, and cyclophosphamide
      (VAC) for 2 years. The outcome of 44 patients who received intensive therapy on
      IRS II is compared with a control series of 30 patients who were treated on IRS
      I. The control patients received standard VAC therapy for 2 years or VA for 1
      year. Half of group I control patients received local radiotherapy, whereas none
      was given to group I intensive therapy patients. In both studies group II
      patients received radiotherapy to the primary tumor site and to identified
      positive regional lymph nodes. Compared with the control group, patients given
      more intensive therapy had a longer disease-free survival (DFS) (69% v 43% at 3
      years), but this was of marginal significance (P = .06). The overall survival
      difference (77% v 57% at 3 years) was not significant (P = .23). Despite the
      limited statistical evidence, there is some indication that intensive therapy
      improved the prognosis of children with localized alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma
      (RMS).

PMID- 2915236
TI  - Therapy for localized Ewing's sarcoma of bone.
AB  - Fifty-two previously untreated patients with localized Ewing's sarcoma of bone
      were treated with nonintensive chemotherapy in combination with surgery or
      radiation therapy (RT). RT was delivered to limited volumes in a dose dependent
      on the initial response to induction chemotherapy (30 to 35 Gy v 50 to 55 Gy).
      Fifty of the 52 patients achieved complete or partial responses with induction
      chemotherapy, with one nonresponding patient rendered free of tumor with surgery.
      Fifty patients were evaluable for local control of tumor and overall response to
      protocol therapy. Seventeen relapses have occurred; three metastatic, four local
      plus metastatic, and ten local. Two factors predicted worse disease-free
      survival: high WBC count (P = .03) and size of primary tumor (P = .05). Of the 14
      local recurrences, 12 occurred in 28 patients who presented with primary tumors
      greater than 8 cm in size while only two of 22 patients with lesions less than 8
      cm had local recurrence. The Kaplan-Meier estimate of disease-free survival at 3
      years is 82% for those with small lesions and 64% for those with larger lesions.
      Site of primary was of no prognostic value (P = .27). The 5-year survival
      estimate for all patients is 80% (median time on study, 3.3 years).

PMID- 2915237
TI  - A prospective study of Hickman/Broviac catheters and implantable ports in
      pediatric oncology patients.
AB  - We prospectively studied the continuous function and complication rates of 286
      central venous catheters consecutively placed in 264 children and young adults at
      a single institution over a 19-month period (median follow-up, 376 days).
      Externalized catheters (91 Hickman [H], 113 Broviac [B]) and implantable ports (n
      = 82) were compared for complications, including infection and thrombosis. The
      most frequent major complication of all catheters was infection, although the
      rates of infection varied with the duration of catheter use and were generally
      lower than reported by others. Overall, when catheter failures (removal) for
      infection, obstruction, or dislodgement were considered, ports had a
      significantly longer failure-free duration of use (P = .0024) than did
      externalized catheters. Likewise, ports had a significantly longer infection-free
      (P less than .01) duration of use than H and B catheters. However, differences in
      patient age and clinical characteristics among the three catheter groups may have
      affected the outcome. In analysis of pairs matched for diagnosis, therapy, and
      age, ports had lower infection rates than did B catheters after 100 days (P =
      .053). This difference became significant at 400 days of catheter use (P = .029).
      Although there was a trend toward lower rates of infections for ports v H
      catheters, this difference was not significant. In view of our results in matched
      pairs, selection of catheter type based on clinical characteristics and patient
      preferences remains a reasonable therapeutic approach despite the apparent
      advantages of ports. The superiority of ports for long-term use (greater than 100
      days) needs to be confirmed in a large randomized clinical trial.

PMID- 2915238
TI  - Ten-year follow-up of patients receiving cisplatin, doxorubicin, and
      cyclophosphamide chemotherapy for advanced epithelial ovarian carcinoma.
AB  - Fifty-six patients were randomly assigned to receive either one-day cisplatin,
      doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide (PAC) chemotherapy (PAC-I) or five-day PAC (PAC
      V) for advanced epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Follow-up has been 120+ months or
      to death. Ninety-one percent had either suboptimal stage III or stage IV disease
      and 55% had grade 2 or 3 lesions. Two patients died of toxicity and were free of
      disease at autopsy. A third patient died of congestive heart failure with no
      disease at 103 months. Additionally, eight patients had a negative second-look
      laparotomy, and three (37.5%) are alive with no evidence of disease (NED) 133 to
      144 months after diagnosis. Five patients (62.5%) died of disease 2 to 123 months
      after negative second-look. Patients with optimal stage III disease had a longer
      median progression-free interval (PFI) and survival (33.3 and 44.5 months,
      respectively) than those with suboptimal or stage IV disease (16.4 and 22.5
      months, respectively), and the difference in median PFI is significant (P less
      than .02). Patients with ascites at diagnosis had a shorter median PFI and
      survival (14.7 and 18 months) than those without ascites (30.0 and 33.0 months).
      Both differences were significant (PFI, P less than .04; survival, P = .005). PAC
      produces response rates that are superior to those obtained historically with
      single-agent alkylating therapy. Late recurrences after negative second-look
      laparotomy suggest that 5-year survival data may be inadequate in ovarian
      carcinoma.

PMID- 2915239
TI  - Intraarterial cisplatin and concurrent radiation for locally advanced bladder
      cancer.
AB  - Between 1983 and 1987 25 patients with invasive bladder cancer (16 stage tumor 3
      (T3) and nine stage T4) were treated with intraarterial cisplatin and concurrent
      radical radiation (20/25) or intraarterial cisplatin, concurrent preoperative
      radiation, and cystectomy (5/25). One patient died from treatment-related
      toxicity. Other toxicities have been what one would expect from the individual
      treatment modalities except for a sensory sacral root neuropathy in 11 of 24
      (46%) patients. Twenty-three of 24 (96%) patients achieved a complete response
      (CR) and the projected actuarial 2-year survival is 90%. Only one of the 23
      complete responders has had an invasive local recurrence. The excellent complete
      local response and survival rates achieved warrant further study of the
      combination of intraarterial cisplatin and radiation as a bladder-preserving
      strategy.

PMID- 2915240
TI  - Excellent outcome of stage II neuroblastoma is independent of residual disease
      and radiation therapy.
AB  - The optimal management for patients with stage II neuroblastoma has not yet been
      established. In order to determine the impact of adding chemotherapy and/or
      radiation therapy to surgery, we reviewed by questionnaire 156 patients with
      stage II neuroblastoma treated by 28 Childrens Cancer Study Group (CCSG)
      institutions from 1978 to 1985. Survival and progression-free survival (PFS) were
      analyzed by life-table methods with respect to age at diagnosis, site and size of
      primary tumor, spinal cord involvement, extent of initial resection, and
      treatment in addition to surgery. The overall 5-year survival was 96%; the PFS
      was 90%, similar to previous CCSG studies. Age at diagnosis had a small impact on
      PFS, with 92% PFS for patients less than 2 years of age at diagnosis, and 84% for
      those greater than 2 (P = .10). The only site with an adverse outcome was the
      head and neck (n = 11), with a PFS of 68% compared with 93% for the remaining
      sites (P = .02). Size of primary and intraspinal extension of primary did not
      affect PFS. The extent of resection and subsequent treatment with radiation
      therapy and/or chemotherapy did not affect the PFS. The outcome for 75 patients
      treated with surgery alone (6-year PFS, 89%) was not significantly different from
      that of 66 patients receiving radiation therapy (6-year PFS, 94%). There was no
      significant difference between 40 patients with gross or microscopic residual
      disease treated with surgery alone (PFS, 92%) and 59 patients with residual
      disease who also received radiation (PFS, 90%). Five of seven patients who
      progressed after surgery alone have been salvaged with further therapy and are
      now free of disease. One survives with disease, so that the 6-year survival is
      98% for those treated initially with surgery alone, compared with 95% for those
      receiving radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy. These data suggest that surgery
      alone, even if complete resection is not achieved, is sufficient initial therapy
      for stage II neuroblastoma. The data also identify another stage of
      neuroblastoma, in addition to stage IV-S, for which almost all patients have a
      favorable prognosis because their tumor may be biologically limited in growth.

PMID- 2915241
TI  - Selective intraperitoneal biochemical modulation of methotrexate by dipyridamole.
AB  - Dipyridamole increases the toxicity of methotrexate in a concentration-dependent
      manner. We hypothesized that concurrent intraperitoneal administration of both
      drugs would result in high peritoneal concentrations with much lower plasma
      concentrations, permitting a selective increase in the activity of methotrexate
      against intraperitoneal tumors without enhancing systemic toxicity. Initially,
      2.16 mg/m2/d methotrexate and 12 mg/m2/d dipyridamole were delivered together as
      a constant intraperitoneal infusion for 48 hours. With escalation of
      chemotherapy, eventually 4.32 mg/m2/d methotrexate was administered for 168
      hours. Forty-seven courses were administered to 18 patients. The mean peritoneal
      to plasma concentration ratios of methotrexate and non-protein bound dipyridamole
      were 71.6 +/- 34.8 and over 2,300, respectively. Chemical peritonitis was the
      dose-limiting toxicity. Three patients had some evidence of a response (two with
      decreasing tumor markers, and the third with a reduction in ascites). We conclude
      that the drug concentrations are in an appropriate range for selective
      intraperitoneal biochemical modulation of methotrexate, and that it is feasible
      to expose tumors confined to the peritoneal cavity to these drugs for long
      periods of time.

PMID- 2915242
TI  - Abdominal lymphoma and intestinal perforation.

PMID- 2915243
TI  - Reversible acute and subacute myelopathy in patients with dural arteriovenous
      fistulas. Foix-Alajouanine syndrome reconsidered.
AB  - Acute or subacute neurological deterioration without evidence of hemorrhage in a
      patient with a spinal arteriovenous (AV) malformation has been referred to as
      "Foix-Alajouanine syndrome." This clinical entity has been considered to be the
      result of progressive vascular thrombosis resulting in a necrotic myelopathy; it
      has therefore been thought to be largely irreversible and hence untreatable. The
      authors report five patients with dural AV fistulas who presented in this manner,
      and who improved substantially after embolic and surgical therapy. The outcome of
      these patients indicates that acute and subacute progression of myelopathy in
      cases of spinal dural AV fistulas may be caused by venous congestion and not
      necessarily by thrombosis. Therefore, a clinical diagnosis of Foix-Alajouanine
      syndrome is of little practical use, as spinal cord dysfunction from venous
      congestion is a potentially reversible process whereas thrombotic infarction is
      not. This diagnosis may result in suboptimal management. The recognition of
      nonhemorrhagic acute or subacute myelopathy as a complication of a spinal dural
      AV fistula is important since what appears to be irreversible cord injury is
      often treatable by standard surgical techniques.

PMID- 2915244
TI  - Prognostic importance of DNA ploidy in medulloblastoma of childhood.
AB  - The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) content of 53 medulloblastomas was analyzed by
      means of flow cytometry and compared with the clinical and histological findings
      in the host patients. Analysis of DNA showed that about half of the tumors were
      diploid and the other half were aneuploid. More diploid tumors were found among
      patients of a young age, but the difference was without statistical significance.
      Cellular differentiation of the tumor did not correlate with DNA ploidy. No
      correlation was found between Chang's T staging system and the DNA ploidy,
      whereas the M staging correlated with the ploidy; diploid medulloblastomas had a
      greater tendency to metastasize than aneuploid medulloblastomas (p = 0.0003).
      Four-year survival was compared with the extent of resection and DNA ploidy. The
      patients with total resection and aneuploid medulloblastoma had a better
      prognosis than those with subtotal resection and diploid tumor (p = 0.001). There
      was only one survivor among eight patients with subtotally resected diploid
      medulloblastomas, while all of the seven patients with totally resected aneuploid
      medulloblastomas survived. Comparison of the G0/G1 phase fraction and S phase
      fraction in the surviving group and the deceased group offered no significant
      information.

PMID- 2915245
TI  - The management of "asymptomatic" epidural hematomas. A prospective study.
AB  - Standard neurosurgical management mandates prompt evacuation of all epidural
      hematomas to obtain a low incidence of mortality and morbidity. This dogma has
      recently been challenged. A number of authors have suggested that in selected
      cases small and moderate epidural hematomas may be managed conservatively with a
      normal outcome and without risk to the patient. The goal of this study was to
      define the clinical parameters that may aide in the management of patients with
      small epidural hematomas who were clinically asymptomatic at initial presentation
      because there was no clinical evidence of raised intracranial pressure or focal
      compression. A prospective study was conducted of 22 patients (17 males and five
      females) aged from 1 to 71 years, who had a small epidural hematoma diagnosed
      within 24 hours of trauma and were managed expectantly. Of these, 32%
      subsequently required evacuation of the epidural hematoma 1 to 10 days after the
      initial trauma. Analysis of the patients revealed that age, sex, Glasgow Coma
      Scale score, and initial size of the hematoma are not risk factors for
      deterioration. However, deterioration was seen in 55% of patients with a skull
      fracture transversing a meningeal artery, vein, or major sinus, and in 43% of
      those undergoing computerized tomography (CT) within 6 hours of trauma. In
      contrast, only 13% of patients in whom the diagnosis of a small epidural hematoma
      was delayed over 6 hours subsequently required evacuation of the epidural
      collection. Of patients with both risk factors, 71% required evacuation of the
      epidural hematoma. None of the patients suffered neurological sequelae
      attributable to this management protocol. It was concluded that patients with a
      small epidural hematoma, a fracture overlaying a major vessel or major sinus,
      and/or who are diagnosed less than 6 hours after trauma are at risk of subsequent
      deterioration and may require evacuation. Conversely, patients without these risk
      factors may be managed conservatively with repeat CT and careful neurological
      observation, because of the low risk of delayed deterioration.

PMID- 2915246
TI  - Microsurgical reoperation following lumbar disc surgery. Timing, surgical
      findings, and outcome in 92 patients.
AB  - Ninety-two patients who underwent microsurgical reoperation for persistent or new
      complaints following initial lumbar intervertebral disc surgery were evaluated
      retrospectively. Sixty percent of all pain relapses occurred within 1 year
      following the first operation; thereafter, the probability of a relapse declined
      steadily and was as low as 0.1% per year between 5 and 20 years. The results of
      microsurgical reoperation in terms of pain relief and working capability were
      considered "excellent" in 22% of patients, "good" in 30%, and "satisfactory" in
      29%. Thus, 81% of the patients could be considered as treated successfully and in
      19% the result was not successful. The most common intraoperative findings were:
      a true recurrence at the same level in 43% of cases, a new herniation at another
      level in 15%, and a small recurrent fragment embedded in epidural fibrosis in
      23%. Five percent of patients had severe epidural fibrosis as the only pathology.
      In 15%, reoperation was performed within 1 month to treat persisting pain, and
      either a missed disc fragment, an inadequately decompressed lateral recess, or an
      unrecognized second-level disc protrusion was found. The clinical outcome is
      affected predominantly by the intraoperative pathology and the time interval
      between the first and second operation. An excellent or good outcome was usually
      achieved in patients with a recurrence of pain after 1 year resulting from a true
      recurrent disc or a new herniation at another level. In contrast, very
      unfavorable results were noted with most reoperations performed during the 1st
      year when extensive epidural fibrosis (or fibrosis with a small recurrence) was
      present.

PMID- 2915247
TI  - One-stage posterolateral decompression and stabilization for primary and
      metastatic vertebral tumors in the thoracic and lumbar spine.
AB  - During the past decade, anterior approaches to the spine have been shown to be
      much more effective than laminectomy for the relief of pain and neurological
      deficits due to vertebral metastases. Laminectomy has failed because it does not
      allow adequate decompression of epidural lesions anterior to the thecal sac. In
      an effort to combine the advantages of the posterior approach with an adequate
      decompression, a one-stage posterolateral decompression-stabilization procedure
      was performed on nine patients with thoracolumbar spine tumors. The approach has
      been used for decompression and stabilization after thoracolumbar burst
      fractures. Marked lasting improvement was seen in all six patients with
      preoperative neurological deficits and in four patients with severe back pain
      and/or radiculopathy. Three nonambulators and two marginal ambulators could walk
      postoperatively without assistance. Of five patients who were working
      preoperatively, four returned full-time to their prior occupations. Three
      patients had serious complications, including one early postoperative death. No
      patient deteriorated neurologically due to the procedure. Although the series is
      small, it demonstrates that adequate one-stage decompression-stabilization of
      spinal epidural lesions is possible via the posterolateral approach and should be
      considered in certain cases as an alternative to the anterior approach.

PMID- 2915248
TI  - A comparison of the Minerva and halo jackets for stabilization of the cervical
      spine.
AB  - The motion at each intervertebral level permitted by the halo jacket and the
      thermoplastic Minerva body jacket was compared in 10 ambulatory patients with an
      unstable cervical spine. The thermoplastic Minerva body jacket is a new
      lightweight modification of a Minerva jacket which is fabricated from Polyform (a
      splinting material made of a polyester polycaprolactone) and Polycushion (a
      closed-cell foam for padding). Each patient served as his/her own control. The
      average movement from flexion to extension at each intervertebral level was
      significantly less in the thermoplastic Minerva body jacket (2.3 degrees +/- 1.7
      degrees) than in the halo jacket (3.7 degrees +/- 3.1 degrees) (p less than
      0.0025). This difference is attributable to the "snaking phenomenon" encountered
      with halo jacket immobilization and should be taken into account when considering
      an external splint for an unstable cervical spine. The thermoplastic Minerva body
      jacket also offered a substantial improvement in comfort for the patient over
      that experienced in the halo jacket. The apparent advantage with respect to
      stability and comfort of the thermoplastic Minerva body jacket over the halo
      jacket suggests that the former device is the orthosis of choice for ambulatory
      stabilization of most patients with an unstable posttraumatic cervical spine
      injury.

PMID- 2915249
TI  - Tic douloureux caused by primitive trigeminal artery or its variant.
AB  - Primitive trigeminal artery (PTA) is an extremely rare cause of tic douloureux.
      None of the reports on PTA variant, which is an anomalous cerebellar artery
      arising from the internal carotid artery without anastomosis to the basilar
      artery, has suggested the possibility of this vessel causing tic douloureux.
      Eight cases of tic douloureux are reported in which a PTA or PTA variant was
      found during microvascular decompression (MVD). These cases were derived from a
      series of 1257 patients treated with MVD for tic douloureux. In one patient, the
      neuralgia was caused by a combination of vessels: a PTA, the superior cerebellar
      artery, and the anterior inferior cerebellar artery. In the other seven cases, a
      PTA variant was compressing the root entry zone of the trigeminal nerve. All
      eight patients gained excellent pain relief after MVD of the root entry zone. The
      significance of PTA's and PTA variants as the cause of tic douloureux and the
      effectiveness of MVD in the management of such cases are discussed.

PMID- 2915250
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging and aneurysm clips. Magnetic properties and image
      artifacts.
AB  - The magnetic properties of 12 different types of aneurysm clip were investigated
      in order to identify which clips allow postoperative magnetic resonance (MR)
      imaging without risk. Clip-induced MR artifacts were also quantitatively studied
      using a geometrical phantom. Nonferromagnetic aneurysm clips like the Yasargil
      Phynox, Sugita Elgiloy, and Vari-Angle McFadden clips do not appear to
      contraindicate MR studies performed with a FONAR beta-3000M imager. There is no
      clip movement upon introduction of the phantom into the MR imager, and the image
      artifacts caused by the clips are so limited that patients harboring such clips
      may well be considered for MR imaging. This examination may reveal information
      not obtainable by any other radiological modality.

PMID- 2915251
TI  - Proton magnetic resonance studies of triethyltin-induced edema during perinatal
      brain development in rabbits.
AB  - To better understand the role of myelin-associated water in the differentiation
      of white and gray matter in magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, changes in MR
      relaxation processes were studied in rabbits during myelination and after
      induction of cytotoxic edema with triethyltin (TET). Normal rabbits were killed
      at various age intervals ranging from premature (28 days' gestation) to adult,
      and changes in MR relaxation times (T1 and T2) and in water and electrolyte
      content were determined for various areas of brain and muscle. Similar
      measurements were made in rabbits of comparable age exposed to TET. Light and
      electron microscopy and MR imaging were used to follow myelin development and
      morphological changes induced by TET. During the first 30 postnatal days, both T1
      and T2 declined by 50% in normal rabbits, a fall that paralleled the loss in
      brain water and sodium that occurred during the same period. Exposure to TET
      prolonged T1 and T2 in white but not gray matter, reflecting the accumulation of
      sodium and water (edema fluid) in white matter areas. Multiexponential analysis
      revealed a second, longer component in T2 magnetization decay of TET-exposed
      white matter, presumably attributable to accumulation of non-ordered water within
      intramyelinic vacuoles, a supposition consistent with electron microscopic and MR
      imaging findings. In contrast to reports by others, changes in T1 (but not T2)
      closely correlated with alterations in brain water (r = 0.93, df = 39). The
      absence of tissue disruption in the animals in the present study may account for
      these differences, but further studies will be required both to resolve this
      question and to fully understand MR images of white matter edema in mature and
      immature brain.

PMID- 2915252
TI  - Dissociated mesencephalic responses to medial and ventral thalamic nuclei
      stimulation in rats. Relationship to analgesic mechanisms.
AB  - To investigate the mechanism of analgesia noted with electrical stimulation of
      the thalamic sensory relay nucleus and medial thalamus, modulations of neuronal
      activities in the periaqueductal gray matter (PAG) were studied in response to
      electrical stimulations of the ventroposterolateral nucleus (VPL) and
      parafascicular nucleus (Pf) and to peripheral noxious stimulations in rats.
      Extracellular single-unit activities were recorded from 102 neurons in the PAG
      and the adjacent area in animals under halothane anesthesia. A large population
      (83%) of the PAG neurons reacted to Pf stimulations with a predominantly
      excitatory response, whereas smaller numbers (43%) responded to VPL stimulations.
      There was a significant correlation between the response characteristics of Pf
      and noxious stimulations, whereas no correlation was found between VPL and
      noxious stimulations. The PAG neurons that were verified antidromically to
      project to the nucleus raphe magnus showed a similar pattern of response. The
      excitatory response to the Pf stimulation was partially attenuated by systemic
      administration of naloxone, whereas that to the VPL stimulation was not affected.
      These results suggest that part of the analgesic mechanism of medial thalamus
      stimulation involves activation of the descending pain suppression system by
      exciting the PAG neurons through the opioid system, while the analgesia produced
      by sensory relay nucleus stimulation does not involve the PAG neurons or the
      opioid system.

PMID- 2915253
TI  - Papillary meningioma with pulmonary metastasis. Case report.
AB  - Successful surgical treatment by extirpation of remote metastases is extremely
      rare. A patient was admitted in whom multiple metastases to the lung occurred 8
      years after extirpation of a papillary meningioma of the posterior fossa. The
      meningioma did not recur at the original site. The pulmonary metastases were
      surgically removed. The histological and electron microscopic findings of this
      case are presented.

PMID- 2915254
TI  - Profound hypothermia and circulatory arrest for aneurysm surgery. Case report.
AB  - Direct surgical repair of technically difficult or otherwise inoperable vascular
      lesions of the brain may become possible or safer using profound hypothermia and
      circulatory arrest. Most surgeons who use this technique establish extracorporeal
      circulation by cannulating the femoral vessels. To avoid difficulties associated
      with this closed chest method, a method was devised to establish extracorporeal
      circulation, profound hypothermia, and circulatory arrest by direct cannulation
      of the right atrium and aorta through the chest. This technique is described in a
      patient whose otherwise inoperable vertebral artery aneurysm was successfully
      treated. This approach is simple and offers several advantages over the closed
      chest method.

PMID- 2915255
TI  - Suprainguinal ligament approach for surgical treatment of meralgia paresthetica.
      Technical note.
AB  - For relief of meralgia paresthetica the authors have developed a suprainguinal
      ligament approach for decompression of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve of the
      thigh. This proximal approach offers an alternative to the standard infraligament
      methods. Its chief advantage is that identification of the nerve trunk is easy
      and accurate. This avoids the tedious dissection involved in looking for small
      distal branches with their variable location. Lysis is easily performed, and
      angulation of the nerve in the iliac fossa is avoided. With this method, poor
      operative results can usually be eliminated.

PMID- 2915256
TI  - Cavernous angiomas and AVM's.

PMID- 2915257
TI  - Barbiturates in severe head injury.

PMID- 2915258
TI  - Treatment of Castleman's disease.

PMID- 2915259
TI  - Management of difficult basilar artery aneurysms.

PMID- 2915260
TI  - Optimum specimen positioning in the electron microscope using a double-tilt
      stage.
AB  - Optimal imaging of complex structures requires proper alignment relative to the
      optic axis of the electron microscope. This is especially important for high
      voltage and intermediate-voltage microscopes, which form an in-focus image
      throughout the entire thickness of the object. As a result, structures at
      different specimen heights form overlapping and confused images that severely
      curtail the usefulness of these instruments. The work described here provides a
      generalized, flexible method for optimizing specimen orientation and eliminating
      or limiting image overlap by means of a commonly used double-tilt stage. Analysis
      of the motion about the two axes provides accurate tilting for any azimuthal
      direction whether or not it corresponds to a mechanical axis of the stage. An
      object can be positioned to minimize image overlap, to record stereopairs for any
      parallax axis, and to record three-dimensional data sets by the conical
      collection geometry. Images of muscle paracrystals are shown after tilting about
      an axis perpendicular to a symmetry direction. The tilted image displays higher
      order symmetry, which is altered by changes of one degree. Precision double
      tilting for optimizing stereopairs is shown for a desmosome recorded using
      different parallax axes and pretilts. A tomographic conical data-collection
      scheme is demonstrated by imaging a microtubule axoneme for a specific cone half
      angle and arbitrary azimuthal angles.

PMID- 2915261
TI  - Determination of experimental and theoretical kASi factors for a 200-kV
      analytical electron microscope.
AB  - The relative sensitivity of an analytical electron microscope and energy
      dispersive x-ray detector to x-rays of various elements is investigated through
      an extensive kASi factor study. Elemental standards, primarily National Bureau of
      Standards multielement research glasses, were dry-ground into submicrometer-sized
      particles and analyzed at 200 kV accelerating potential. The effect of self
      absorption of x-rays by the particle has been corrected for, allowing the
      experimental kASi factors from this study to approximate those that could be
      obtained from "infinitely thin" specimens. Whenever possible, elemental k-factors
      were determined by the analysis of many (up to a maximum of nine) different
      standard materials. Experimental kASi factors were calculated for a wide range of
      K alpha, L alpha, and M alpha x-ray lines. For comparison, theoretical kASi
      factors, employing a variety of ionization cross sections, were computed. Good
      agreement is obtained between several of the theoretical k-factor models and the
      experimental results. Mass volatilization of Na and K from the small glass
      particles during analysis is discussed, as are observations that the grinding
      and/or dispersing of standard materials in a liquid (such as ethanol) may promote
      leaching of certain elements from the particle matrix.

PMID- 2915262
TI  - Preparation of cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy samples by
      electron beam lithography and reactive ion etching.
AB  - A cross-sectional sample preparation technique is described that relies on
      lithographic and dry-etching processing, thus avoiding metallographic polishing
      and ion milling. The method is capable of producing cross-sectional transmission
      electron microscopy samples with a large amount of transparent area (1 micron x
      2.5 mm) which allows the examination of many patterned test sites on the same
      sample from the same chip of a silicon wafer. An example of the application of
      the technique is given for localized oxidation through a mask.

PMID- 2915263
TI  - Experimental conditions for surface microanalysis with reflection electron energy
      loss spectroscopy.
AB  - Experimental conditions for obtaining the optimum signal-to-background (S/B)
      ratio in reflection electron energy-loss spectroscopy (REELS) are investigated.
      It is shown that the S/B ratio can be improved by lowering the incident energy of
      the electrons. The spectra taken from the GaAs (660) specular reflection spot
      under the surface resonance condition is demonstrated to have the best S/B ratio
      and lowest surface plasma excitation, which is capable of providing structural
      information on the top few atomic layers.

PMID- 2915264
TI  - A new freeze-drying device for platinum replica studies of cell surface and
      cytoskeleton: an example using immunogold-labeled human erythrocytes.
AB  - We designed and built a freeze-drying device that ensures the protection of the
      specimens against contaminants during mounting on the cold stage of the freeze
      fracture machine, transferring into the vacuum chamber and deep etching. The
      device consists of a copper cap that covers the specimen and a thermal connection
      that ensures thermal transfer between the microtome arm and the copper cap. This
      device was used to study the ultrastructural features of the erythrocyte membrane
      skeleton and the immunocytochemical localization of spectrin in an "in situ"
      approach, by freeze drying and platinum rotary shadowing. Human erythrocytes
      adhered to polylysine-coated coverslips and were broken by a stream of buffer
      that mimics the intracellular ionic environment ("inside buffer"). The samples
      were prefixed in periodate-lysine-paraformaldehyde fixative, labeled with
      antispectrin 5-nm gold particles, fixed in glutaraldehyde, mordanted in tannic
      acid, postfixed in OsO4, repeatedly washed in water, rinsed quickly in 30%
      ethanol, freeze-dried, and rotary-shadowed. Electron microscopic examination of
      the replicas revealed the skeletal network on the inner surface of the
      erythrocyte membrane. Immunocytochemical labeling proved that spectrin represents
      a fibrillar component of the network. Our data confirm the speculative model of
      the molecular organization of the erythrocyte skeleton, based on studies on in
      vitro association of proteic constituents. Both the technique and the device
      developed by us may lead to a deeper understanding of the spatial organization of
      the cytoskeletal network of more complex cell types.

PMID- 2915265
TI  - Image analysis of electron micrographs relating to mineralization in calcifying
      cartilage: theoretical considerations.
AB  - Biological mineralization kis a cell-mediated process which is believed to be
      triggered by a "nucleating agent." Various matrix structures, such as matrix
      vesicles, collagen fibrils and macromolecules, have been claimed to be the source
      of this substance, since these components have been found by transmission
      electron microscopy (TEM) of thin sections to be associated with early mineral
      crystals. Systematic image analysis of the relationships revealed in electron
      micrographs between specific matrix components and early mineral deposits has
      shown that unequivocal image interpretation is not possible. This is due
      principally to the problems posed by overprojection and truncation phenomena,
      since the structures being analyzed lie within the same dimensional range as thin
      section thickness. Various examples are illustrated and discussed. The site at
      which mineral crystals are initially laid down thus cannot be identified with any
      matrix structure using thin section TEM. Possible technical approaches to resolve
      this problem of image analysis are discussed.

PMID- 2915266
TI  - An inexpensive detector for water-vapour in the low temperature scanning electron
      microscope.

PMID- 2915267
TI  - Identifying suicide potential in primary care.
AB  - This research addresses two issues concerning the role of primary care physicians
      in suicide prevention: 1) Are there signals in a patient's medical record that
      identify patients at increased risk of suicide? 2) Is the pattern of utilization
      of suicides immediately prior to suicide different from those of other patients?
      To address these issues, medical records data for suicides and for
      symptomatically depressed and non-depressed enrollees of an HMO were compared.
      Suicidal ideation and behavior, selected psychiatric diagnoses, and interpersonal
      problems were associated with suicide. However, information recorded in the
      medical record did not reliably discriminate suicides from controls. There were
      no substantial differences in the use of general medical services between the
      suicides and the controls. Less than 20% of the suicides visited a primary care
      physician in the month prior to death. Only 39% of suicides received specialty
      mental health treatment in the 18 months prior to death.

PMID- 2915268
TI  - A new instrument for patients' ratings of physician performance in the hospital
      setting.
AB  - A new instrument to elicit patients' appraisals of physician performance has been
      developed from a previously-derived taxonomy of desired physician attitudes and
      behavior. The instrument allows patients to give ratings for their physicians'
      discrete, observable items of behavior, and also for complex, multidimensional
      attributes. When the instrument was administered to 131 randomly chosen medical
      inpatients, the results showed that technical competence and interpersonal (or
      humanistic) qualities were equally valued, and that physicians received high
      ratings for most features of performance. Except for less satisfaction in younger
      patients, clinical and demographic characteristics had little impact on the
      ratings. The performance characteristics of the instrument appear satisfactory,
      and its potential applications and proposals for further research are discussed.

PMID- 2915269
TI  - Residents' decisions to breach confidentiality.
AB  - This study assessed variables involved in physician decisions to breach
      confidentiality in cases of patients' self-reported past crimes. Seventy internal
      medicine residents completed a questionnaire containing case vignettes of
      patients' self-reports of crimes; likelihood of informing the police was
      ascertained. Results were analyzed according to the type and cost of the crime,
      previous criminal record, patient characteristics, and intent of the patient to
      commit future crimes. Results also were analyzed by postgraduate year of the
      resident. Patient characteristics of race and socioeconomic status had no effect
      on the decision (p less than 0.122 and p 0.182), although age did (p less than
      0.001). Reports of past violence (p less than 0.001), previous criminal record (p
      less than 0.001) and high-cost crime (p less than 0.007) increased the likelihood
      of breaching confidentiality. Future intent affected the decision (p less than
      0.005), but less than reports of past violence. No differences were seen among
      postgraduate years of respondents (p less than 0.873). Residents base decisions
      to breach confidentiality on factors other than the future intent of specific
      violence. This finding has legal and ethical implications.

PMID- 2915270
TI  - AIDS prevention in primary care clinics: testing the market.
AB  - To assess attitudes toward educational programs about AIDS, 540 patients and 36
      of their medical providers in primary care clinics were systematically sampled to
      ascertain what age groups should be exposed to a pamphlet entitled "Am I at Risk
      for AIDS?", as well as what was acceptable content for posters and pamphlets
      placed in clinic waiting rooms. Although fewer than 10% of patients and providers
      opposed asking both teenagers and adults to read a pamphlet listing risk groups
      and practices, 24% of patients and 51% of providers opposed exposing children to
      the pamphlets. Only 6% of patients and none of the providers opposed all posters
      about AIDS, but 30% of patients and 44% of providers opposed posters listing risk
      groups, and opposition was even greater to posters describing "safe sex."
      Regarding pamphlets acceptable for clinic waiting rooms, resistance among
      patients and providers was common (greater than 25%) only when sexual practices
      were specifically mentioned. Although 89% of patients stated they had never been
      asked about their sexual orientations by a doctor or nurse, 34% of providers
      stated that they "always" or "often" so inquire. In the primary care clinics
      surveyed, a wide variety of educational interventions about AIDS could be
      implemented with little opposition.

PMID- 2915271
TI  - Reliability of drug histories in a specialized geriatric outpatient clinic.
AB  - To examine the reliability of drug histories of elderly outpatients, records of
      122 frail elderly patients in a geriatric outpatient evaluation clinic were
      reviewed. Drug histories were taken by an internist during an initial clinical
      evaluation and by a nurse practitioner during a home visit. Home and office drug
      lists disagreed in 39 cases (32%). Roughly equal numbers of "extra" drugs were
      listed in the two settings. Number of medications (especially two or more),
      number of active medical problems (especially four or more), and depression were
      significant, independent predictors of an unreliable drug history. Neither
      dementia nor living situation was a significant predictor of an unreliable drug
      history. The only drugs associated with an unreliable history were megavitamins,
      beta-blockers, and centrally-acting antihypertensive agents. Using the home list
      as the reference, there were equal numbers of omission errors and commission
      errors in the office drug histories. Strategies to optimize the reliability of
      office drug histories need further investigation.

PMID- 2915272
TI  - Relation of the pre-employment drug testing result to employment status: a one
      year follow-up.
AB  - All employees hired over a six-month period at a large hospital underwent pre
      employment urinary toxicology screening. Results of the screening were kept
      confidential. After a year of employment, the personnel folders of all employees
      studied were reviewed. Twenty-two of 180 employees (12%) had tested positive for
      drug use. Employees in clerical/aide positions were significantly more likely to
      test positive than were employees in professional positions (17% vs. 6%). Drug
      positive employees were also more likely to be young and male. Comparison of job
      performance variables, job retention, supervisor evaluations, and reasons for
      termination showed no difference between drug-positive and drug-negative
      employees. Eleven drug-negative employees were fired during the study; no drug
      positive employee was fired. There was a strongly significant difference between
      clerical and professional employees on each of these variables. This study did
      not find a relation between drug use and job performance. The widespread use of
      drug screening prior to employment makes further studies of this issue important.

PMID- 2915273
TI  - Medical art and medical science: an exhortation to students on primary care.

PMID- 2915274
TI  - Resolving the cost/access conflict: the case for a national health program.

PMID- 2915275
TI  - Screening for hemochromatosis?

PMID- 2915276
TI  - Clinical problems in adolescent medicine.

PMID- 2915277
TI  - Recognition of depression by internists in primary care: a comparison of
      internist and "gold standard" psychiatric assessments.
AB  - In an effort to elucidate the process of internists' recognition of depression in
      primary care settings, a comparison of internist and "gold standard" psychiatric
      assessments of patients was undertaken in a rural primary care practice over a 15
      month period. Clinical characteristics and diagnoses, global assessments of
      psychosocial stress, and two aspects of chief-complaint presentation style,
      clarity and somatization, were recorded by the internists for each patient, who
      was independently assessed by a psychiatrist for the presence of any specific
      depressive disorder by structured interview. Internists correctly labeled 57% of
      the interview-assessed depressives as depressed; 13% of patients with "no
      psychiatric disorder" were assessed as depressed by internists. Clinical and
      demographic characteristics of the "false-negative" and "false-positive"
      internists' diagnoses were examined to clarify how internists think of
      "depression" in the primary care context.

PMID- 2915278
TI  - Substance abuse education during internal medicine training.

PMID- 2915280
TI  - Reviewing manuscripts reporting original research--do's and don'ts.

PMID- 2915279
TI  - Uncertainties in informed consent.

PMID- 2915281
TI  - The pediatrician's role in children's adjustment to divorce.

PMID- 2915282
TI  - Growth velocity, growth hormone therapy, and serum concentrations of the amino
      terminal propeptide of type III procollagen.
AB  - The relationship between serum concentrations of the amino-terminal propeptide of
      type III procollagen (PIIINP) and growth was assessed in 307 healthy subjects and
      82 children with disorders of growth (41 with insufficient growth hormone, 23
      with short stature and normal endocrinologic studies, 18 with tall stature) by
      means of a recently developed, simplified PIIINP radioimmunoassay. The PIIINP
      value appeared to be related to height velocity; in healthy children of each sex,
      the pattern of change with age mirrored the shape of the standard height velocity
      curve; in children with disorders of growth, there was a statistical correlation
      (p less than 0.001) between PIIINP concentration and height velocity. However,
      measurement of serum PIIINP alone had no diagnostic value because there was
      considerable overlap of PIIINP values in children with growth hormone
      insufficiency, short stature, normal stature, and tall stature. The most
      appropriate application of PIIINP may be in the monitoring of prepubertal
      children receiving exogenous growth hormone therapy; in these patients, increases
      in height velocity were reflected by increases in PIIINP, and early increases in
      PIIINP may have predictive value.

PMID- 2915283
TI  - Odontoid hypoplasia with vertebral cervical subluxation and ventriculomegaly in
      metatropic dysplasia.
AB  - Our experience with 12 patients with metatropic dysplasia has demonstrated two
      important and treatable complications: odontoid hypoplasia with subluxation of
      the first and second cervical vertebrae, and ventriculomegaly. Hypoplasia and
      lack of ossification of the odontoid process were noted in all cases. Subluxation
      of these two vertebrae was demonstrated in all six patients who had lateral
      flexion-extension radiographs; three had subluxation even in a neutral position,
      and sudden odontoid dislocation developed in another after a simple fall. Four
      individuals have had surgical fusion of the cervical vertebrae; one child died
      suddenly, 1 week before scheduled surgery. In the three patients in whom computed
      tomography scans of the head were obtained, enlarged ventricles were found; one
      had symptomatic increased intracranial pressure and required a shunt. We
      recommend that odontoid hypoplasia be evaluated in all patients with metatropic
      dysplasia. If subluxation is proved, atlantoaxial fusion should be performed
      before damage to the cervical part of the spinal cord results. Serial head
      circumference measurements and evaluation for hydrocephalus are also recommended.

PMID- 2915284
TI  - Relationship of procollagen type III propeptide-related antigens in serum to
      somatic growth in healthy children and patients with growth disorders.

PMID- 2915285
TI  - Inherited deficiency of ninth component of complement: an increased risk of
      meningococcal meningitis.

PMID- 2915286
TI  - Normal erythrocyte osmotic fragility in hereditary spherocytosis.

PMID- 2915287
TI  - Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis in a child.

PMID- 2915288
TI  - Clinical application of a new glucose analyzer in the neonatal intensive care
      unit: comparison with other methods.
AB  - We evaluated the operation of the Yellow Springs Instrument Co. (YSI) glucose
      analyzer (model 23A) by clinical nurses for the measurement of blood glucose in
      the intensive care nursery. In vitro performance was determined with the use of
      aqueous standards; with a 2-point calibration of 0.0 and 200 mg/dl, a precision
      of better than 1.0% of each standard (25, 50, 100, 200 mg/dl) was achieved, and
      the linearity was excellent (Y = 0.99X - 0.49, r = 0.99). The YSI correlated well
      with a manual spectrophotometric glucose oxidase method (r = 0.99) and the Kodak
      Ektachem analyzer (r = 0.98) using human umbilical cord blood samples. Five
      trained clinical nurses performed all YSI and glucose reagent strip analyses,
      including all in vitro and patient samples. Four reagent strip methods were
      compared with the YSI from 104 neonatal heel-stick blood samples: Glucometer II
      with memory (r = 0.73), Glucostix (r = 0.74), Dextrostix (r = 0.70), and
      Chemstrip bG (r = 0.83). We conclude that clinical nurses can and do learn to use
      the YSI with excellent precision and that the YSI represents an improved method
      for measuring glucose concentrations in the newborn intensive care nursery.

PMID- 2915289
TI  - Catch-up growth, muscle and fat accretion, and body proportionality of infants
      one year after newborn intensive care.
AB  - We studied catch-up growth, muscle and fat accretion, and body proportionality at
      4 and 12 months of age corrected for prematurity in 30 very low birth weight
      (VLBW) (less than 1500 gm), 30 low birth weight (LBW) (1500 to 2499 gm) and 30
      normal birth weight (greater than or equal to 2500 gm) infants who required
      newborn intensive care. At 4 and 12 months, the VLBW infants had significantly
      lower mean weight and length (p less than 0.01), but not lower occipitofrontal
      circumference percentiles, than the LBW and normal birth weight groups, and
      showed no catch-up weight or length growth between 4 and 12 months. All three
      groups had significant increases in mean upper mid-arm circumferences, mid-arm
      muscle circumferences, and arm muscle areas between 4 and 12 months. Mean mid-arm
      muscle circumferences and arm muscle areas were similar among the three groups at
      4 months but became significantly stratified by birth weight groups by 12 months,
      with VLBW infants having the lowest mean value. In contrast, analysis of fat
      stores by triceps skin-fold thickness and arm fat area demonstrated no
      significant increases in any group between 4 and 12 months, except for arm fat
      area in the LBW group. The VLBW infants had significantly less fat than normal
      birth weight infants at 4 and 12 months. All three groups had proportional growth
      at both visits, as assessed by mid-arm circumference/head circumference ratio and
      weight-length percentile for age. The VLBW infants were significantly lighter for
      their length than normal birth weight infants. We conclude that VLBW infants have
      no first-year catch-up growth, remaining smaller than higher birth weight
      infants, although appropriately proportional. Somatic growth during the first
      year is due more to muscle than to fat accretion, especially in VLBW infants.

PMID- 2915290
TI  - Misalignment of lung vessels and alveolar capillary dysplasia: a cause of
      persistent pulmonary hypertension.
AB  - Two infants with fatal persistent pulmonary hypertension are described.
      Morphologically there was misalignment of the lung vessels, with the veins and
      the arterioles anomalously related, often sharing the same adventitial sheet. The
      capillaries did not make contact with the alveolar epithelium. The arterioles had
      increased medial muscle, and there was extension of the arteriolar
      muscularization to the precapillary level. The fraction of the parenchyma that
      was septal and connective tissue was increased. The acini had a decreased
      complexity, with immature alveoli and with a decreased radial alveolar count. The
      cause appeared to be related to abnormal capillary and venous plexus formation
      and migration. This syndrome seems to be identical with that described in three
      previous reports and probably represents a specific cause of persistent pulmonary
      hypertension.

PMID- 2915291
TI  - Effect of postnatal steroid administration on serum vitamin A concentrations in
      newborn infants with respiratory compromise.

PMID- 2915292
TI  - Large airway collapse in bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

PMID- 2915293
TI  - Intravenous immune globulin treatment of pulmonary exacerbations in cystic
      fibrosis.
AB  - The effect of intravenously administered immune globulin (IVIG) on patients with
      cystic fibrosis with an acute exacerbation of pulmonary infection was evaluated
      in a double-blind study. Patients at least 12 years of age, with chronic
      respiratory tract colonization with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and hospitalized with
      a reduction in pulmonary function, were randomly assigned to receive 20% dextrose
      (control subjects: n = 8) or 100 mg/kg IVIG (Gamimune) (experimental subjects: n
      = 8) on days 1, 2, and 3; all patients received intravenous antibiotics and chest
      physiotherapy. There were no differences between groups on admission; patients
      had moderate to severe disease as measured by Shwachman-Kulczycki scores and
      pulmonary function tests. Both groups improved clinically. The IVIG treatment was
      associated with significant increases in forced vital capacity and forced
      expiratory volume in 1 second (p less than 0.01) and with greater percent
      improvement in forced expiratory volume and forced expiratory flow (25% to 75%)
      (p less than 0.05). There was no effect on length of hospitalization (18.3 +/-
      11.9 days control vs 17.6 +/- 6.5 experimental). The C3 level was decreased at
      discharge in IVIG-treated patients; circulating immune complex levels were
      unchanged. One patient in each group experienced side effects. There were no
      differences on follow-up at 6 weeks. We conclude that IVIG infusion early in
      treatment for pulmonary exacerbations in cystic fibrosis patients with moderate
      to severe disease may be associated with greater improvement in pulmonary
      function than standard treatment alone.

PMID- 2915294
TI  - Dose-response relationships of intravenously administered terbutaline in children
      with asthma.
AB  - The bronchodilator effect of three successive stable plasma terbutaline levels
      was studied in 10 children with asthma. Each terbutaline plateau was achieved by
      giving a rapid intravenous infusion of terbutaline, 0.9 microgram/kg, followed by
      a continuous infusion for 2 hours. Mean plasma terbutaline concentrations (18,
      36, and 53 nmol/L at the three plateaus) were found to correlate linearly with
      the maintenance dose of terbutaline (2.4, 4.5, and 6.3 micrograms/kg/hr,
      respectively). Mean forced expiratory volume in 1 second increased from 65% to
      96%, and mean forced mid-expiratory flow from 32% to 71% of the predicted normal
      value during the study (p less than 0.01); maximum bronchodilation was obtained
      at mean terbutaline levels of about 30 nmol/L (range 20 to 60). Effective plasma
      terbutaline levels were associated with side effects such as headache and tremor
      in all patients. In addition, heart rate increased from 84 to 116 beats/min,
      systolic blood pressure rose from 115 to 129 mm Hg, and diastolic blood pressure
      dropped from 72 to 61 mm Hg during the study. We conclude that a loading dose of
      2 micrograms terbutaline per kilogram of body weight over 5 minutes, followed by
      a continuous infusion of 4.5 micrograms terbutaline per kilogram per hour, is
      suitable for treatment of severe bronchoconstriction in children. Because of
      interindividual variations in drug metabolism and clinical effect, dose
      adjustment should be evaluated at regular intervals.

PMID- 2915295
TI  - Oxandrolone therapy in six boys with the Prader-Willi syndrome.

PMID- 2915296
TI  - Outbreak of acute rheumatic fever in northern Italy.

PMID- 2915297
TI  - Brain biopsy for suspected herpes encephalitis.

PMID- 2915298
TI  - HIV-associated nephropathy.

PMID- 2915299
TI  - Penicillamine for lead poisoning.

PMID- 2915300
TI  - C-reactive protein in cystic fibrosis.

PMID- 2915301
TI  - Skin crease formation and lack of formation.

PMID- 2915302
TI  - Withholding nutrition from hopelessly ill infants.

PMID- 2915303
TI  - Definition of Leigh syndrome.

PMID- 2915304
TI  - Health care status of the Bedouin in Israel.

PMID- 2915305
TI  - Vitamin C-induced damage of erythrocytes in neonates.

PMID- 2915306
TI  - Carbon monoxide and flu-like symptoms.

PMID- 2915307
TI  - Medical management of orbital subperiosteal abscess in children.
AB  - The traditional treatment of subperiosteal orbital abscess consists of surgical
      drainage and antibiotic therapy. We successfully treated with antibiotics alone
      nine children (age range 26 months to 12 years) with clinical signs and symptoms
      of orbital cellulitis and computerized tomographic (CT) evidence of subperiosteal
      abscess and contiguous ethmoid sinusitis. Two additional patients successfully
      treated with nonsurgical therapy were identified retrospectively. All patients
      were admitted to the pediatric service with normal vision. Their visual function
      was assessed twice daily during the early stages of their illness. All patients
      improved with intravenous antibiotic therapy. One additional patient required
      surgical drainage for persistent pain after 1 week of slow but steady clinical
      improvement. All other patients were clinically cured with medical therapy alone.
      Five of the medical "cures" had posttreatment CT, which documented the
      resolution. No patient had a recurrence. We conclude that orbital subperiosteal
      abscess, like some other abscesses located elsewhere, may be amenable to non
      surgical treatment, or that these patients may have had a phlegmon rather than an
      abscess and the currently accepted CT criteria for diagnosis of a subperiosteal
      abscess may require modification. We recommend that children with a subperiosteal
      abscess from contiguous ethmoidal sinusitis who have no evidence of compromised
      optic nerve function be given a trial of intravenous antibiotic therapy prior to
      consideration of surgical drainage.

PMID- 2915308
TI  - Characteristics of the iris in 100 neonates.
AB  - To better characterize the appearance of the iris at birth, we studied certain
      iris features of 100 normal newborns with slit lamp biomicroscopy. We noted the
      iris color, crypt-structure, and vascularity of the collarette and periphery of
      the iris. These features were considered in light of the child's birthweight,
      postnatal days of age, sex, and race. Iris vascularity correlated significantly
      with postnatal age at examination, and stage of crypt development was more
      advanced in males, and more evident in the blue and gray irides. Males also had a
      more advanced stage of iris development. In addition to our previous finding that
      iris vessels of cocaine intoxicated neonates were more tortuous and dilated than
      a control group, this study suggests that such vessels may also be more commonly
      found in sickly infants.

PMID- 2915309
TI  - The use of two-stage Molteno implants in developmental glaucoma.
AB  - Developmental glaucoma, which cannot be controlled by conventional techniques,
      poses a difficult problem. Twenty-three eyes of 18 patients with developmental
      glaucoma underwent a two-stage implantation of the double template Molteno valve
      with follow-up between 12 and 84 months. The final pressure with medication was
      less than 21 mm Hg in 78% of the cases. These results were obtained in four out
      of four eyes with primary congenital glaucoma, six out of eight eyes with
      secondary congenital glaucoma, and eight of 11 eyes in which glaucoma followed
      surgery for congenital cataract. We feel that two-stage implantation of Molteno
      valves has a place in the management of difficult developmental glaucomas and is
      a reasonable early option when glaucoma occurs following surgery for congenital
      cataract.

PMID- 2915310
TI  - Hang-back lateral rectus recessions for exotropia.
AB  - The hang-back recession is a simple, safe alternative to conventional recession.
      We evaluated the surgical results in 23 consecutive patients undergoing bilateral
      hang-back lateral rectus recessions and 24 consecutive patients undergoing
      bilateral conventional lateral rectus recessions. The 6-week postoperative
      success rate was 78% in the hang-back group and 75% in the conventional group. At
      the time of the most recent follow-up, the success rate was 64% in the hang-back
      group and 85% in the conventional group. Dose-response curves were similar for
      both methods. There were more late overcorrections with the hang-back technique.
      We suggest modified surgical guidelines for the hang-back recession technique.

PMID- 2915311
TI  - Eyelid depigmentation following corticosteroid injection for infantile ocular
      adnexal hemangioma.
AB  - We report an unusual case of development of upper eyelid depigmentation in a
      child 4 months following corticosteroid injection of a periocular capillary
      hemangioma. Depigmentation has been described with local steroid injections for
      other dermatologic conditions, but has not been reported previously with
      treatment of infantile ocular adnexal hemangiomas.

PMID- 2915312
TI  - Conservative management of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction.
AB  - Fifty-nine children 1 to 24 months of age with congenital nasolacrimal duct
      obstruction (CNDO) were treated with local hydrostatic massage and antibiotic eye
      drops. Children 1 to 12 months of age showed a cure rate of 93.3%; only two of
      them underwent nasolacrimal probing. Children 13 to 24 months of age had a cure
      rate of 79.3%, and six underwent probing. The initial probings were successful in
      both age groups. Fifty-one children (86.4%) were thus spared nasolacrimal
      probing.

PMID- 2915313
TI  - Primary and secondary orbital teratomas.
AB  - Two patients with primary teratomas of the orbit and a third patient with a
      teratoma invading the orbit from the maxillary sinus are presented. The clinical
      presentation of each patient was spectacular. In the primary teratomas, the globe
      was displaced out of the orbit by the attached tumor, causing extreme proptosis.
      Computed tomography was virtually diagnostic, showing a variegated orbital mass
      with solid and cystic components. Histologic examination showed multiple tissues
      derived from two or three germinal layers. The surgical removal of the tumors and
      reasons for the poor visual outcome are discussed. The appearance of teratomas in
      the orbit and other cephalic structures appears to arise from the survival and
      proliferation of germ cells deposited there during embryogenesis.

PMID- 2915314
TI  - Acquired divergent strabismus: presumed metastatic gastric carcinoma to the
      medial rectus muscle.
AB  - A patient with rapidly progressive metastatic gastric carcinoma developed
      diplopia and diminished adduction of the right eye. The right medial rectus
      muscle belly was enlarged, as shown by computed tomography. This case is unusual,
      because gastric carcinoma comprises only 1% of orbital metastases and less than
      5% of all orbital metastases localize to extraocular muscle.

PMID- 2915316
TI  - Child advocacy: the need is great.

PMID- 2915315
TI  - One versus two simultaneous goniotomies as the initial surgical procedure for
      primary infantile glaucoma.
AB  - To evaluate whether a more extensive incision of the tissue adjacent to the
      anterior trabecular meshwork resulted in more effective control of intraocular
      pressure (IOP), seven infants with bilateral congenital glaucoma underwent a
      single goniotomy in one eye and two simultaneous goniotomies at separate sites in
      the second. Sodium hyaluronate (Healon) was used in all eyes undergoing two
      simultaneous goniotomies and in three to seven eyes undergoing a single
      goniotomy. Success was not significantly different, at 1 month or 1 year
      postoperatively, for eyes which underwent two simultaneous and separate
      goniotomies. Successful control of IOP was, however, related to the preoperative
      IOP. Eyes for which the initial procedure was unsuccessful had a significantly
      higher IOP. The incidence of postoperative hyphemas was less in eyes in which the
      Healon was used intraoperatively, but the use of Healon did not favorably or
      adversely affect intraocular pressure control.

PMID- 2915317
TI  - Dispelling the common myths about pediculosis.
AB  - Pediculosis, the condition of being infested by head lice, is a major community
      health problem in the United States. Head lice, the most common species in
      humans, occupy considerable amounts of time and energy both within schools and
      the medical community. The condition creates school and family disturbances and
      personal embarrassment--consequences far exceeding its medical effects. Because
      parents are often embarrassed when they are informed about a head lice
      infestation, they often do not approach the subject with their health care
      providers. Pediatric nurse practitioners (PNPs) need to incorporate education
      relating the diagnosis and management of pediculosis in the well child visit.
      PNPs can dispel the common myths that have existed for so long to help open
      communication with parents and children to promote safe and proper treatment.
      Early detection is vital in preventing epidemics.

PMID- 2915318
TI  - Preventing the perinatal spread of hepatitis B.

PMID- 2915319
TI  - Sibling rivalry.

PMID- 2915320
TI  - Cytochemical demonstration of lysosomes in the chicken pineal gland: changes
      induced by light-dark cycle.
AB  - Light and electron microscopic demonstrations for acid phosphatase (AcPase)
      activity in the chicken pineal gland were studied with special reference to the
      changes induced by the light-dark cycle. AcPase-positive lysosomes and Golgi
      cisternae and vesicles located in the pinealocyte in the light period are well
      developed and more numerous than in the dark period. In a few cases, a type of
      lysosome wrapping mechanism is present in the pinealocyte during the light
      period. Therefore, the lysosomes in the chicken pinealocyte appear active during
      the light period. In addition, the lysosomes may have functional relationships
      with the lipid-like inclusions seen in the dark period.

PMID- 2915321
TI  - Stereological changes in rat ventral prostate induced by melatonin.
AB  - Effects of melatonin on the ventral prostate of castrated rats supplemented with
      testosterone were studied using light microscopy. Stereological measurements were
      made of volume fractions of acini and stroma and surface fractions of glandular
      epithelium. From these figures and the weights of the glands, the volumes and
      surface areas were calculated, as well as the mean epithelial heights, mean
      acinar diameters, and mean distances between glandular acini. Doses of melatonin
      were varied, to verify its physiological and pharmacological effects. Castration
      without hormonal treatments produced atrophic changes, with decreases in acinar
      and stromal volume and widenings in the mean distances between the acini. None of
      these measurements differed among intact controls, sham-operated controls, and
      testosterone-supplemented castrated rats. In the castrated rats receiving both
      testosterone and melatonin, however, there were changes according to the doses of
      melatonin given. The animals receiving low doses of melatonin (50 and 400
      micrograms daily) showed significant decreases in the volumes of the stroma and
      epithelium and the height of the epithelium. These stereological changes occurred
      without a significant reduction in the prostatic weights. The animals receiving
      the higher dose (800 micrograms daily) of melatonin showed no difference in any
      measurement compared with those of the testosterone-supplemented castrated rats.
      In rats receiving 2,000 micrograms of melatonin daily, there were significant
      reductions in the weights of the prostates and the volumes of the acini. These
      results suggest a direct action of melatonin on the ventral prostate, and the
      effects depend on the dose given.

PMID- 2915322
TI  - Preliminary evidence for pineal-mediated extraretinal photoreception in relation
      to tail regeneration in the Gekkonid lizard, Hemidactylus flaviviridis.
AB  - The tail of the Gekkonid lizard Hemidactylus flaviviridis was autotomized and the
      animals were subjected to eight different photoperiodic schedules during the
      process of tail regeneration. Our previous observation had shown that long-day
      photoperiods stimulate the regeneration process, whereas short-day photoperiods
      depress it. Furthermore, it has also been demonstrated that the lateral eyes, or
      retinae, do not participate in photoperiodically significant photoreception in H.
      flaviviridis, as blinded Hemidactylus regenerated their autotomized tails like
      their sighted counterparts exposed to similar experimental photoregimes. In a
      further attempt to localize the site(s) of photoreception in these animals, one
      group of lizards had their heads painted with a mixture of Indian ink and Nile
      blue sulphate (II-NBS) [NL (HP)] in order to prevent light from penetrating to
      the pineal gland, and another group had their pineal glands surgically removed
      (pinealectomy, Px); the regenerative potentials were compared with their normal
      (NL) counterparts. Our results showed that the initiation and onset of
      regeneration, the daily growth rate, the total new growth (regenerate) produced
      at the end of regeneration and the total percentage replacement of the lost
      (autotomized) tails were significantly retarded in Px and NL (HP) animals,
      compared with the NL (unoperated and nonpainted) ones. Since pinealectomy as well
      as light deprivation to the pineal abolished the stimulatory influence of long
      length photoperiods, the pineal gland is discussed here as a major transmitter of
      photic stimulus in lacertilian tail regeneration. It is presumed that in the
      lizard, as in mammals and some birds, the pineal gland acts by way of the
      neuroendocrine complex and/or the hypothalamohypophyseal axis.

PMID- 2915323
TI  - Presence of melatonin in the umbilical cord blood of full-term human newborns.
AB  - The present study was designed to determine whether melatonin circulates in the
      umbilical cord blood of healthy human newborns and whether the concentrations of
      this hormone follow a circadian rhythm at birth. Umbilical cord blood was
      collected from full-term human newborns at the time of delivery. Serum melatonin
      was extracted with diethylether and determined by radioimmunoassay by using
      radioiodinated melatonin and rabbit antimelatonin antiserum. Significant amounts
      of melatonin were detected in the sera obtained from umbilical cord blood. When
      serum melatonin concentrations of human newborns were represented over 6-h
      periods or hour by hour over the 24 h of 1 d, similar hormone concentrations were
      found consistently. These results indicate that melatonin is present in quite
      high levels in the umbilical cord blood, which may be, at least in part, of
      maternal origin. Also, our results suggest the absence of a melatonin circadian
      rhythm in human newborns, which may reflect an immaturity of the components
      involved in melatonin synthesis.

PMID- 2915324
TI  - Human melatonin suppression by light is intensity dependent.
AB  - Five intensities of artificial light were examined for the effect on nocturnal
      melatonin concentrations. Maximum suppression of melatonin following 1 hr of
      light at midnight was 71%, 67%, 44%, 38%, and 16% with intensities of 3,000,
      1,000, 500, 350, and 200 lux (lx), respectively. In contrast to some previous
      reports, light of 1,000 lx intensity was sufficient to suppress melatonin to near
      daytime levels, and intensities down to 350 lx were shown to significantly
      suppress nocturnal melatonin levels below prelight values. On the basis of these
      data, it is suggested that when examining the melatonin sensitivity of patient
      groups (such as bipolar affective disorders) to artificial light, an appropriate
      light intensity should be established in each laboratory. Light of less intensity
      (e.g., 200-350 lx) may be more suitable to dichotomize patient groups from
      control subjects.

PMID- 2915325
TI  - Seasonal variation in the daily pattern of plasma melatonin in a wild mammal: the
      mountain hare (Lepus timidus).
AB  - Seasonal differences in daily patterns of plasma melatonin concentration were
      investigated in both free-living and captive mountain hares, in relation to
      reproductive activity. There was a marked increase in plasma melatonin
      concentrations at night at all times of the year. The period of elevation of
      plasma melatonin above the daytime values was longer in winter than in summer,
      correlating with the longer duration of darkness. The magnitude of the nighttime
      rise in melatonin concentrations did not differ significantly between seasons.
      There was no change in the plasma melatonin profile under similar photoperiods
      before the summer solstice when hares are sexually active or after the summer
      solstice when gonadal regression occurs, indicating that melatonin is not
      directly pro- or antigonadal. These field and laboratory observations support the
      view that the daily rhythm of melatonin secretion plays a role in the
      transduction of photoperiodic information in the mountain hare. Furthermore, they
      favor the hypotheses that the circadian melatonin rhythm transduces photoperiod
      information by means of the duration of nocturnal melatonin secretion or by the
      coincidence of elevated melatonin with a particular sensitive period, rather than
      by the amplitude of the nocturnal rise.

PMID- 2915326
TI  - On the uptake and incorporation of thymidine by cultured chick pineal glands.
AB  - Cultured chick pineal glands showed a marked cycle in the incorporation of
      thymidine into DNA. They also accumulated exogenous thymidine in one, or more,
      endogenous thymidine pool(s). However, there was no significant variation in
      ability to take up thymidine during incubation with either standard medium or
      media of increased thymidine content. We could not eliminate the possibility of
      variation in size of a quantitatively minor, but metabolically extremely
      important, thymidine pool which "channels" precursor directly into DNA.

PMID- 2915327
TI  - On thymidine incorporation by the cultured chick pineal gland.
AB  - Explanted chick pineal glands exhibited a cycle in thymidine incorporation when
      cultured either under a cycle of illumination or in constant darkness. This cycle
      appeared to be entrained to the light cycle under which the birds were
      maintained. The incorporation reflected gene replication in a small fraction of
      the cell population that was largely, but not entirely, located in the stroma of
      the gland. Glands cultured with colchicine for 28 h contained a very small number
      of cells showing metaphase chromosomes.

PMID- 2915328
TI  - Radiographically detectable intraoral positional radiation stent.

PMID- 2915329
TI  - Method for denture identification.
AB  - Steps for using a plastic chip to identify a removable prosthesis are described.

PMID- 2915330
TI  - Microleakage at the gingival margin of class II composite restorations with glass
      ionomer liner.
AB  - Microleakage at the gingival margins is a major problem with class II posterior
      composite restorations. Gingival margins of class II restorations with a glass
      ionomer cement liner were evaluated for in vitro microleakage. At the end of 1
      year less microleakage occurred at the gingival margin of class II restorations
      when a glass-ionomer cement was used as a liner.

PMID- 2915331
TI  - A comparison of the physical properties of four prosthetic veneering materials.
AB  - Four resin materials used to veneer metal castings were compared by evaluating
      certain physical properties. Three of the materials were microfilled resins and
      one was an unfilled resin. Although no material proved to be superior in all of
      the tests, the microfilled materials were generally better than the unfilled
      materials. The heat- and pressure- polymerized microfilled material was inferior
      to the two light-polymerized microfilled materials in three of the physical
      property tests, superior to them in one test, and proved to be equivalent to them
      in two tests.

PMID- 2915332
TI  - Comparison of casting ability of castable ceramic and type III gold.
AB  - This study compared the property of castability of a castable ceramic to an
      American Dental Association-certified type II casting alloy. A wax pattern was
      made with a manifold-type structure from which monofilament lines projected
      approximately 5 to 6 mm. The diameter of the nylon lines ranged from 132 micron
      to 1270 micron. Each pattern was invested and cast according to the
      manufacturer's specifications. Each casting was divested and measured for length
      of casting of the monofilament on a measuring microscope. The castable ceramic
      and type II gold cast completely at diameters of 1270 micron, and 724 micron, but
      only type II gold cast completely at the 152 micron and 132 micron diameters.

PMID- 2915333
TI  - An efficient method for constructing a soft interocclusal splint.
AB  - A silicone rubber interocclusal splint can be made chairside in a few minutes and
      can be used in a variety of situations including MPD syndrome. A step-by-step
      technique is presented. Soft interocclusal splints are not intended to replace
      splints of hard plastic, but rather to supplement them.

PMID- 2915335
TI  - Presurgical radiographic assessment for implants.
AB  - A radiographic technique was developed to accurately assess bone available for
      the placement of intraosseous implants. Hypocycloidal tomographs were made at
      right angles to the long axis of the mandibular and/or maxillary alveolus while
      the patient was wearing a specially designed splint. Alveolar height and width
      measurements were obtained from the resulting films. Sensitivity results for this
      technique showed that the mean difference between the actual bone height and
      width and that measured in the radiographs was 0.49 mm and 0.35 mm, respectively.
      A paired difference test revealed a range of 0.25 mm to 0.73 mm in the expected
      error in the height and 0.20 mm to 0.50 mm in width measurements with a 95
      confidence interval.

PMID- 2915334
TI  - Relationship of the maxillary canines to the incisive papilla.
AB  - The positioning of denture teeth in a completely edentulous patient is dependent
      on many factors. Anatomic landmarks are frequently valuable in complete denture
      fabrication. The topography of the palatal soft tissue in relationship to tooth
      position in dentate patients may be an aid in the placement of denture teeth. By
      using casts formed from irreversible hydrocolloid impressions, 50 subjects were
      examined to determine the orthographic distance from the posterior of the
      incisive papilla to a line intersecting the distal contact points of the
      maxillary canines. In 92% of subjects the posterior point of the incisive papilla
      was approximately 3 mm anterior to the line between the distal points of the
      canines. Neither gender, age, nor maxillary tooth arch form affected this
      distance.

PMID- 2915336
TI  - Stabilization technique for mobile teeth.
AB  - A new technique for immobilization of teeth uses inexpensive, readily available,
      medically acceptable, and biocompatible nylon thread. Three monofilament nylon
      threads of sizes between Nos. 25 and 40 are interwoven to a braid to form, along
      with the threaded pins, the stabilization media. A channel along the stabilized
      teeth is prepared; the braid is placed in it and fastened onto the teeth with the
      help of pins, which are threaded on them through the braid. The advantages of
      this method are also presented and discussed.

PMID- 2915337
TI  - Pulp test response of the maxillary anterior teeth in cleft palate patients.
AB  - The relative pulpal responsiveness of the six maxillary incisors to electrical
      and cold thermal stimuli was tested in patients with complete unilateral and
      bilateral clefts. The six maxillary anterior teeth were tested at random to
      electrical stimuli. After a 5-minute interval, the same teeth were tested at
      random to cold stimuli with an ice pencil. Unilateral and bilateral cleft palate
      patients had statistically significant higher mean electrical pulp test
      thresholds for the maxillary anterior teeth than the noncleft palate patients. No
      statistically significant difference between unilateral and bilateral cleft
      palate patients was found in electric pulp test responses of the maxillary
      anterior teeth. No statistically differences in electric pulp test responses and
      cold test responses of the maxillary anterior teeth in both cleft palate and
      noncleft palate individuals based on differences in sex were observed. No
      statistically significant difference in cold test responses were observed between
      cleft palate and noncleft palate patients. Cleft palate patients who completed
      orthodontic treatment within 1 year of testing showed elevated mean electrical
      pulp test thresholds as did noncleft palate patients who received orthodontic
      treatment within 1 year of testing.

PMID- 2915338
TI  - Subjective symptoms in patients with temporomandibular joint disk displacement
      versus patients with myogenic craniomandibular disorders.
AB  - Signs and symptoms in the masticatory system can be caused by several specified
      diseases leading to diagnostic problems. This investigation compared patients
      with temporomandibular joint disk displacement and patients with complaint of
      myogenic craniomandibular disorders. In association with the onset of the
      patient's problem, a physical event was found in half the number of patients with
      permanent disk displacement, compared with only 27% in the myogenic
      craniomandibular disorders group. Patients with permanent disk displacement
      reported more pain in the temporomandibular joint ear and jaw region in
      association with jaw function whereas patients with myogenic craniomandibular
      disorders reported more bruxism and dental discomfort.

PMID- 2915339
TI  - Graphic tracings of condylar paths and measurements of condylar angles.
AB  - A study was carried out to determine the accuracy of different methods of
      measuring condylar inclination from graphical recordings of condylar paths.
      Thirty subjects made protrusive mandibular movements while condylar inclination
      was recorded on a graph paper card. A mandibular facebow and intraoral central
      bearing plate facilitated the procedure. The first method proved to be too
      variable to be of value in measuring condylar angles. The spline curve fitting
      technique was shown to be accurate, but its use clinically may prove complex. The
      mathematical method was more practical and overcame the variability of the
      tangent method. Other conclusions regarding condylar inclination are outlined.

PMID- 2915340
TI  - Therapeutic holding. Effective intervention with the aggressive child.

PMID- 2915341
TI  - Alcoholism. Prevention and treatment.

PMID- 2915342
TI  - Crosstalk. Assimilation of conflicting information among mental health
      professionals.

PMID- 2915343
TI  - Invasion. A hospital in transition following the 1983 Grenadian intervention.
AB  - Stress, confusion, and a sense of loss were inevitable during the hospital
      relocation, especially given the large number of clients, ward communities, and
      staff needed to move and adjust to change. Despite the fact that the change was
      perceived as a positive and progressive step in psychiatric-mental health care in
      Grenada, there were many obstacles and much resistance to overcome. As expected,
      staff's and clients' fears centered around themes of impending loss and
      abandonment. An understanding of the transition process, along with the
      availability of experienced hospital staff for support and guidance, greatly
      aided the relocation process. Relocation still presented problems and Mt. Gay
      Hospital continues to struggle to carry out the lasting and beneficial changes
      that will best promote a therapeutic and culturally sensitive client/staff
      environment. Despite the fact that the hospital relocation was not entirely self
      determined, but partially imposed by political circumstances, a positive
      resolution of the crisis occurred. The crisis brought about the change that, in
      this circumstance, is seen as synonymous with growth. It acted as a catalyst to
      bring about help from unexpected and much needed sources (U.S.A.I.D./Project
      Hope), which may not have otherwise been available to facilitate such a change.
      Richmond Hill Mental Hospital took control and advantage of a crisis situation
      and made it serve its immediate and pressing need for a new psychiatric hospital.

PMID- 2915344
TI  - How families cope.

PMID- 2915345
TI  - Direct identification of the rat hepatocyte arginine8 vasopressin receptor with a
      radiolabelled V1-selective antagonist.
AB  - We compared [3H] arginine8 vasopressin (AVP) and [3H] 1-beta-mercapto-beta, beta
      cyclopentamethylene propionic acid, O-methyl tyrosine2, arginine8 vasopressin
      (d(CH2)5 Tyr(Me)AVP), a selective V1 receptor antagonist, as radioligands for the
      rat hepatocyte V1 receptor. Both radioligands bound with high affinity to a site
      in partially purified membranes prepared from Long Evans rat hepatocytes. The
      binding site concentrations obtained with either radioligand, 608 +/- 101 fmol/mg
      protein (n = 5) with [3H] AVP and 603 +/- 62 fmol/mg protein (n = 5) with
      [3H]d(CH2)5 Tyr(Me)AVP, were not significantly (p greater than 0.5) different.
      Furthermore, the rank order of potency of a series of synthetic vasopressin
      analogs and related peptides were identical in competition studies using either
      radioligand and were consistent with a V1 receptor interaction. Our results
      demonstrate that [3H] d(CH2)5 Tyr(Me)AVP is a suitable radioligand to study the
      V1 receptor subtype.

PMID- 2915346
TI  - Competitive interaction of agonists and antagonists with 5-HT3 recognition sites
      in membranes of neuroblastoma cells labelled with [3H]ICS 205-930.
AB  - [3H]ICS 205-930 labelled 5-HT3 recognition sites in membranes prepared from
      murine neuroblastoma N1E-115 cells. Binding was rapid, reversible, saturable and
      stereoselective to an apparently homogeneous population of sites. Kinetic studies
      revealed that agonists and antagonists produced a monophasic dissociation
      reaction of [3H]ICS 205-930 from its recognition sites. The dissociation rate
      constant of the radioligand was similar whether the dissociation was induced by
      an agonist or an antagonist. Competition studies carried out with agonists and
      antagonists also suggested the presence of a homogeneous population of [3H]ICS
      205-930 recognition sites. Competition curves were best fit for a 1 site model.
      [3H]ICS 205-930 binding sites displayed the pharmacological profile of a 5-HT3
      receptor. The interactions of agonists and antagonists with [3H]ICS 205-930
      recognition sites were apparently competitive in nature, as demonstrated in
      kinetic and equilibrium experiments. In saturation experiments carried out with
      [3H]ICS 205-930 in the presence and the absence of unlabelled agonists and
      antagonists, apparent Bmax values were not reduced whereas apparent Kd values
      were increased in the presence of competing ligands. There was a good agreement
      between apparent pKB values calculated for the competing ligands in saturation
      experiments and pKd values calculated from competition experiments. The present
      data demonstrate that [3H]ICS 205-930 labels a homogeneous population of sites at
      which agonists and antagonists interact competitively.

PMID- 2915347
TI  - Potassium depletion and regulation of angiotensin II receptors in vascular smooth
      muscle cells.
AB  - Mesenteric artery smooth muscle cells were grown in culture media containing
      high, normal, or low concentrations of potassium to study the effects on
      angiotensin II (Ang II) receptor regulation. Cell growth was similar among cells
      grown in the different culture media. Cells grown in high potassium media (K =
      5.8 mEq/L) had an equilibrium dissociation constant, Kd, of 1.59 +/- 0.2 nM,
      whereas those grown in normal potassium media (K = 4.1 mEq/L) had a Kd of 1.79 +/
      0.2 nM and those grown in a low potassium media (K = 2.9 mEq/L) had a Kd of 1.19
      +/- 0.12 nM (not significantly different, NS). Binding capacity of smooth muscle
      cells grown in high potassium media was 81 +/- 16.7 fmol/mg prot, 95.1 +/- 12.4
      fmol/mg prot in those grown in normal potassium media and those grown in low
      potassium media 86.4 +/- 24.1 fmol/mg prot (NS). Binding of radiolabelled Ang II
      was reduced by approximately 70% in cells exposed to unlabelled Ang II for 30 or
      60 minutes. However, this effect of exposure to Ang II to reduce subsequent
      binding of Ang II was identical in cells grown in high and low potassium medium.
      Therefore, we were unable to identify a direct effect of low potassium to induce
      changes in Ang II receptor binding affinity or binding capacity. Previously
      observed changes in these Ang II binding parameters in potassium-depleted rats
      was probably a consequence of other factors which were simultaneously altered by
      potassium deficiency.

PMID- 2915348
TI  - Estimation of the relative fertilizing ability of frozen chicken spermatozoa
      using a heterospermic competition method.
AB  - Semen was collected from Rhode Island Red and White Leghorn roosters. After
      adjusting the sperm number from both breeds, half of the semen was frozen-thawed
      in the presence of glycerol. Frozen and unfrozen semen from both breeds was mixed
      1:1 with all four possible combinations and inseminated into Rhode Island Red
      hens. Feather colour of chicks was used to determine which breed fertilized the
      eggs. Results showed that sperm cells retained 19.7% [95% confidence interval =
      (12.8, 30.4)] of the relative fertilizing ability after freezing. Furthermore,
      Rhode Island Red spermatozoa had 1.5 times [95% confidence interval = (1.1, 2.0)]
      higher relative fertilizing ability than did White Leghorn spermatozoa. The
      heterospermic competition assay method is a powerful tool for estimating the
      relative fertilizing ability of the sperm cells.

PMID- 2915349
TI  - Immunohistochemical investigation of secretory component and immunoglobulin A in
      the genital tract of the female rat.
AB  - There was intense labelling of secretory component (sc) in the glandular and
      luminal epithelia of the uterine horns at pro-oestrus, oestrus and Day 1 of
      pregnancy, but at other stages labelling was weak or undetectable. There was also
      intense labelling of sc in the superficial layer of cells in the stratified
      epithelia of the cervix and vagina at pro-oestrus and Days 4-7 of pregnancy, but
      not at other stages. Plasma cells containing immunoglobulin A (IgA) were not
      observed in any region of the genital tract at any of the times studied. The
      presence of sc coupled with an absence of IgA-containing plasma cells suggest
      that IgA in genital tract secretions of the female rat may be derived mainly from
      serum.

PMID- 2915350
TI  - Reproduction of Angola free-tailed bats (Tadarida condylura) and little free
      tailed bats (Tadarida pumila) in Malawi (Central Africa) and elsewhere in Africa.
AB  - Angola free-tailed bats and little free-tailed bats occur in diverse habitats
      throughout most of Africa south of the Sahara. This study investigated the
      reproductive strategies and related biology of these species in Malawi where they
      were sympatric, and analysed data from elsewhere in Africa to show how the
      strategies varied along a gradient of habitats from approximately 12 degrees N to
      25 degrees S. Both the Angola free-tailed bat and the little free-tailed bat were
      normally monotocous. Angola free-tailed bats invariably had 2 births/year, and
      the interval between consecutive births decreased with increasing latitude. When
      the interval was shortest (approximately 90 days) a post-partum oestrus occurred.
      Little free-tailed bats differed by having a shorter gestation (approximately 60
      days), and the ability to have up to 5 births/year with a postpartum oestrus
      after each birth. The extent to which this potential is achieved varies with
      latitude and rainfall, mainly so that lactation can coincide with peaks in the
      abundance of food. The interaction between rainfall and reproductive
      characteristics results in the two species having patterns of reproduction which
      are sometimes similar, but more often different. Competition between the species
      is unlikely to be affected by differences in their reproduction.

PMID- 2915351
TI  - Quantitative autoradiographic study of FSH binding sites in prepubertal ovaries
      of three strains of rats.
AB  - Iodinated FSH was injected to 18- and 36-day-old rats of 3 strains (03, 04 and
      12) with different sensitivity to FSH (12 less than 03 less than 04) and
      autoradiography was performed on histological sections of the labelled ovaries.
      Specific labelling was quantified by microphotometry on histological slides, on
      granulosa cells of individual follicles with different sizes (greater than 80
      micron diameter) and qualities. In small preantral follicles (less than 160
      micron diameter) the labelling was low and homogeneous within the granulosa; it
      increased between 18 and 36 days of age in the 3 strains. At 36 days, ovaries
      were characterized by the presence of large preantral and antral follicles with a
      higher labelling in the outer layers of granulosa (near the theca), compared to
      the inner layers. In definitely atretic follicles, a loss of binding sites was
      detected in the outer layers. In rats of Strains 03 and 04, the number of binding
      sites for FSH in the outer layers of granulosa of follicles with a diameter of
      greater than 160 micron increased with follicular size; no change was detected in
      follicles of Strain 12 rats. The low number of binding sites for FSH and the lack
      of terminal maturation which characterize the follicles of strain 12 rats can be
      related to the poor and delayed follicular development, the low sensitivity to
      exogenous FSH and the low fertility of the animals of this strain.

PMID- 2915352
TI  - Survival of day-4 embryos from young, normal mares and aged, subfertile mares
      after transfer to normal recipient mares.
AB  - The estimated embryonic loss rate between Days 4 and 14 after ovulation for
      young, normal mares (9%) was significantly lower (P less than 0.01) than the
      estimated embryonic loss rate for aged subfertile mares (62%). Fertilization
      rates, which were based on the recovery of embryos at Day 4 after ovulation, were
      96% and 81% (P less than 0.1) for normal and subfertile mares, respectively. Day
      4 embryos were collected from the oviducts of normal and subfertile donors mares.
      These embryos were transferred to the uteri of synchronized, normal recipient
      mares to test the hypothesis that the high incidence of embryonic loss in
      subfertile mares was related to embryonic defects. The hypothesis was supported
      because embryo survival rates were significantly higher (P less than 0.05) for
      Day-4 embryos from normal compared to subfertile mares. These defects may have
      been intrinsic to the embryo or might have arisen due to the influence of the
      oviducal environment before Day 4 after ovulation.

PMID- 2915353
TI  - Contraception in mares heteroimmunized with pig zonae pellucidae.
AB  - Ten fertile feral mares and 6 domestic horses (4 fertile mares, 1 infertile mare,
      1 gelding) were immunized with heat-solubilized pig zonae pellucidae by 4
      injections equivalent to 2000 or 5000 zonae each at 2-4-week intervals and a
      booster injection of 20,000 zonae 6-10 months after the last of the initial
      inoculations. The immune response was reflected by high antibody levels as
      measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using immobilized pig
      zona antigen. In-vivo inhibition of fertility occurred in 12 (86%) of the 14
      fertile mares studied and persisted for a minimum of 7 months. Repeated mating of
      the fertile domestic mares resulted in conception when anti-pig zona antibody
      concentrations had decreased from initial peak absorbance ratios (greater than
      1.0) to relatively lower levels (0.64 or less with one exception). An indirect
      immunofluorescence assay, revealed a considerably lower cross-reactive antibody
      titre with horse oocytes as compared to pig oocytes. Clinical, endocrinological
      and histological analyses of the ovaries and their function following regained
      fertility after immunization revealed no abnormalities. One mare remained
      infertile.

PMID- 2915354
TI  - Time of the sidereal year affects responsiveness to the phase-resetting effects
      of photoperiod in the ewe.
AB  - Two groups of ovary-intact ewes were placed in separate photochambers on the day
      of the vernal equinox (VE). One group was exposed to a 16 h light:8 h dark
      (16L:8D) photoperiod and the other to 8L:16D. On the day of the summer solstice
      (SS) and at 90-91-day intervals thereafter [autumnal equinox (AE), winter
      solstice (WS), VE and SS], each group was changed to the opposite photoperiod.
      The latent period between each change and either onset or cessation of cycles, as
      determined by measuring blood progesterone concentrations, was recorded. The
      latent period between change to 8L:16D and onset of cycles was shortest after the
      exposure at AE and longest after exposure at WS (P less than 0.001). The latent
      period after AE was shorter (P less than 0.001) than after VE. The correlations
      were small between ambient temperature and interval to onset of cycles. The
      latent period to cessation of cycles in response to 16L:8D was shorter after SS
      exposure than after WS exposure (P less than 0.01), but other differences were
      not significant. There was a strong (r = -0.94, P less than 0.05) negative
      correlation between interval to cessation of cycles and ambient temperature.
      Cessation of cycles in response to 16L:8D occurred more rapidly (P less than
      0.001) than onset in response to 8L:16D. These results show that responsiveness
      to the inductive effects of photoperiod varies significantly with time of the
      sidereal year.

PMID- 2915355
TI  - Does inadequate luteal function limit the establishment of pregnancy in the early
      post-partum ewe?
AB  - In Exp. 1 the effect of lactation versus early weaning on luteal function was
      examined in seasonally anoestrous Finn Dorset ewes that were induced to ovulate
      at 21 (N = 14) or 35 (N = 14) days post partum by using a CIDR device and PMSG.
      Prolactin concentrations were significantly higher (P less than 0.001) in
      lactating compared with early weaned ewes throughout the study. The proportion of
      lactating ewes with inadequate luteal function (as assessed by daily progesterone
      concentrations) in the 21-day group was 0.43 (3 or 7) compared with 0.67 (4 of 6)
      for those weaned within 2 days after parturition. Corresponding values for the 35
      day group were 0 (0 of 4) and 0.14 (1 of 7) respectively. There was no evidence
      of abnormal luteal function in standard ewes (N = 8) for which the interval from
      parturition was greater than 150 days. In Exp. 2 we examined whether pregnancy
      can be successfully established during the breeding season following transfer of
      embryos into lactating or early weaned ewes in the early post-partum period.
      Embryos were donated from Border Leicester x Scottish Blackface ewes for which
      the interval from previous parturition was greater than 150 days. These embryos
      were transferred synchronously on Day 5 after behavioural oestrus to recipient
      ewes with the same breeding history as the donors (standard ewes, N = 15) or to
      lactating or early weaned recipients that had been induced to ovulate on Day 21
      (N = 16) or 35 (N = 24) post partum. In the 21-day group inadequate luteal
      function was observed in 2 of 7 (0.28) lactating and 4 of 9 (0.44) early weaned
      ewes compared with corresponding values of 1 of 13 (0.08) and 2 of 11 (0.18) in
      the 35-day post-partum group. Luteal function was normal in all standard ewes.
      The proportion of successful pregnancies in the standard ewes was 0.80 (12 of 15)
      compared with 0 in lactating and early weaned ewes in the 21-day group and 0.08
      (1 of 13) and 0.36 (4 of 11) respectively in the 35-day group. The incidence of
      inadequate luteal function is therefore independent of the suckling stimulus and
      is higher in ewes induced to ovulate on Day 21 than Day 35 post partum during
      breeding and non-breeding seasons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2915356
TI  - Effects of metalloendoprotease substrates on the human sperm acrosome reaction.
AB  - The substrates carbobenzyloxyserylleucylamide, carbobenzyloxyglycylleucylamide
      and carbobenzyloxyglycylphenylalanylamide were used as potential competitive
      inhibitors of endogenous metalloendoprotease activity. When the acrosome reaction
      was elicited by a potential physiological stimulus, human follicular fluid, each
      of the substrates (1-1.5 mM) inhibited exocytosis. Carbobenzyloxyserylleucylamide
      also inhibited the acrosome reaction when exocytosis was stimulated using the
      calcium ionophore ionomycin, but carbobenzyloxyglycylleucylamide was not
      inhibitory and carbobenzyloxyglycylphenylalanylamide actually enhanced exocytosis
      under these conditions. Experiments using the fluorescent indicator fura-2
      revealed that the increase in intracellular, free calcium stimulated by
      follicular fluid in human spermatozoa was depressed by
      carbobenzyloxyglycylphenylalanylamide but not by carbobenzyloxyserylleucylamide.
      The peptide carbobenzyloxyglycylglycylamide, which is not a substrate for
      metalloendoproteases, had no effect on the acrosome reaction, whether stimulated
      by follicular fluid or ionomycin. While the results with
      carbobenzyloxyserylleucylamide suggest a possible involvement of a
      metalloendoprotease in the human sperm acrosome reaction, our other results
      demonstrate that these carbobenzyloxy peptides have complex effects on the
      process of exocytosis in human spermatozoa, and suggest caution in interpretation
      of data obtained using such peptides on intact cells.

PMID- 2915357
TI  - Ovarian interstitial tissue of the wood mouse, Apodemus sylvaticus.
AB  - The ovary of the wood mouse contains an unusually large amount of interstitial
      tissue which appears to develop from undifferentiated cells of the ovarian stroma
      and also by transformation of theca or granulosa cells of atretic follicles. The
      cells are characterized by the presence of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, rounded
      mitochondria with tubular cristae, and abundant, large (1.5 micron diameter)
      lipid droplets containing cholesterol and its esters. 3 beta-Hydroxysteroid
      dehydrogenase activity occurs in the interstitial cells. Their ultrastructural
      characteristics suggest that the cells are not very active, but their abundance
      and the considerable amount of steroid hormone precursor they contain may
      compensate for low secretory activity and they may be an important and (from a
      developmental viewpoint) early source of steroid hormone.

PMID- 2915358
TI  - Ability of progesterone to reverse anti-androgen (hydroxyflutamide)-induced
      interference with the preovulatory LH surge and ovulation in PMSG-primed immature
      rats.
AB  - In Exp. 1, PMSG was injected to 26-day-old prepubertal rats to induce ovulations.
      On Day 2 (2 days later, the equivalent of the day of pro-oestrus) they received
      at 08:00 h 5 mg hydroxyflutamide or vehicle and at 12:00 h 2 mg progesterone or
      testosterone or vehicle. Animals were killed at 18:00 h on Day 2 or at 09:00 h on
      Day 3. Progesterone but not testosterone restored the preovulatory LH surge and
      ovulation in hydroxyflutamide-treated rats. In Exp. 2, 2 mg progesterone or
      testosterone were injected between 10:30 and 11:00 h on Day 2, to advance the pro
      oestrous LH surge and ovulation in PMSG-primed prepubertal rats. Injection of
      hydroxyflutamide abolished the ability of progesterone to advance the LH surge or
      ovulation. Testosterone did not induce the advancement of LH surge or ovulation.
      In Exp. 3, ovariectomized prepubertal rats implanted with oestradiol-17 beta
      showed significantly (P less than 0.01) elevated serum LH concentrations at 18:00
      h over those observed at 10:00 h. Progesterone injection to these animals further
      elevated the serum LH concentrations at 18:00 h, in a dose-dependent manner, with
      maximal values resulting from 1 mg progesterone. Hydroxyflutamide treatment
      significantly (P less than 0.003) reduced the serum LH values in rats receiving 0
      1 mg progesterone but 2 mg progesterone were able to overcome this inhibition. It
      is concluded that progesterone but not testosterone can reverse the effects of
      hydroxyflutamide on the preovulatory LH surge and ovulation. It appears that
      hydroxyflutamide may interfere with progesterone action in induction of the LH
      surge, suggesting a hitherto undescribed anti-progestagenic action of
      hydroxyflutamide.

PMID- 2915359
TI  - Plasma concentrations of progesterone and testosterone in captive woolly opossums
      (Caluromys philander).
AB  - Plasma testosterone and progesterone concentrations were measured in captive
      woolly opossums, a didelphid marsupial originating from neotropical forests in
      French Guyana. Although not exposed to cyclic environmental conditions as in the
      field, both sexes exhibited spontaneous circannual changes in sexual hormones.
      Males showed synchronous variations in plasma testosterone characterized by
      significant elevated concentrations during April and September (8.6 +/- 1 ng/ml,
      N = 5) and lower levels from May to July (3.6 +/- 0.4 ng/ml). In females,
      synchronous periods of 2-3 successive oestrous cycles occurred. Between these
      periods, females remained acyclic. The oestrous cycle, determined by urogenital
      smears, lasted 28-45 days (n = 14) and included a 20-day spontaneous luteal phase
      in which progesterone concentrations reached 30-40 ng/ml plasma. Even though
      testosterone concentrations in paired males increased significantly in response
      to oestrous periods of the paired females, spontaneous circannual rhythms of
      sexual activity were not well synchronized between the sexes in captivity. When
      compared to field data, sexual activity of captive animals followed a pattern
      similar to that in wild animals, without any changes in males but with a delay of
      3 months in females.

PMID- 2915360
TI  - Blood flow in the ovaries and ovarian follicles of Romanov and Prealpes-du-Sud
      ewes.
AB  - Radioactive microspheres (15 microns diameter) were used to measure capillary
      blood flow rates in the ovaries and ovarian follicles (Qf) in high fecund Romanov
      and low fecund Prealpes-du-Sud ewes at the preovulatory stage of the oestrous
      cycle. Additionally, assessments of the percentage of arterial blood passing
      through ovarian arterio-venous anastomoses were obtained. The mean +/- s.e.m. Qf
      per unit volume of theca [ml/min) x 10(4)/mm3) for non-atretic follicles in
      Romanov ewes was significantly greater (P less than 0.05) than that in Prealpes
      ewes (365.8 +/- 42.4, n = 19, compared with 241.3 +/- 30.1, n = 14). For each
      breed, the mean Qf value for non-atretic follicles was 8-10 times greater than
      that for atretic follicles. In Romanov ewes, total Qf [ml/min) x 10(4) and Qf per
      unit volume of theca was greatest in small-sized follicles (3.1-5.0 mm) while in
      Prealpes ewes, maximum flow was attained in larger-sized follicles (5.1-7.0 mm).
      The elevated Qf in small-sized follicles in Romanov ewes may be conducive to more
      follicles achieving maturation at a smaller diameter in this breed than occurs in
      the Prealpes ewes. The absence of flow through ovarian arterio-venous anastomoses
      in the Romanov, but not in the Prealpes, ewes suggests different mechanisms for
      controlling the distribution of the total ovarian blood supply in the 2 breeds.

PMID- 2915361
TI  - Influence of ejaculation frequency on semen characteristics in chimpanzees (Pan
      troglodytes).
AB  - Semen samples were obtained by masturbation from 6 chimpanzees and the
      spontaneously liquefied fraction and the remaining coagulum were studied
      separately. When semen was collected once or twice a week, large intra-individual
      variations were observed for all measures. The liquefied fraction represented
      26.5 +/- 3.2% (weighted mean +/- s.d.) of the total ejaculate but contained 51.3
      +/- 3.8% of all emitted spermatozoa. Fructose concentration was higher in the
      coagulum than in the liquefied fraction (29.3 +/- 3.0 mumol/ml vs 12.0 +/- 2.7
      mumol/ml, P less than 0.001) whereas acid phosphatase was less concentrated in
      the coagulum than in the liquefied fraction (3.5 +/- 0.3 x 10(3) IU/ml vs 13.0 +/
      0.9 x 10(3) IU/ml, P less than 0.001). L-Carnitine and citrate concentrations
      did not differ between the two fractions of the ejaculate. When semen collection
      was repeated every hour for 5 h, the ejaculate volume increased from 2.6 +/- 0.7
      to 4.7 +/- 0.6 ml (P less than 0.001), whereas total sperm count decreased from
      1278 +/- 872 x 10(6) to 587 +/- 329 x 10(6) (P less than 0.05) between the 1st
      and the 6th ejaculate. In the spontaneously liquefied fraction, the sperm count
      decreased from 984 to 369 x 10(6). The 6 successive ejaculates gave a total of
      20.2 +/- 7.6 ml and 4278 +/- 2884 x 10(6) spermatozoa. The increase of the
      ejaculate volume was essentially due to an increase of the volume of the coagulum
      which closely correlated with total amount of fructose (from seminal vesicles) (r
      = 0.913, P less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2915362
TI  - Cell-specific variations and hormonal regulation of immunoreactive cytochrome P
      450scc in the rat ovary.
AB  - Specific rabbit antibodies to the bovine cholesterol side-chain cleavage
      cytochrome P-450 (P-450scc) were used to cross-react with the enzyme in the rat
      ovary. The luteal cells of cyclic, pregnant, and pseudopregnant rats were
      immunostained. P-450scc was also expressed in the interstitial cells of
      prepubertal and cyclic adult rats, and in the thecal cells lining the
      preovulatory follicles. In cyclic females, RU 486 and oestradiol increased the
      intensity of P-450scc immunostaining. The granulosa cells of ovarian follicles
      whatever their stage of development, including preovulatory follicles, were not
      labelled, except after ovulation. The intensity of immunostaining of thecal and
      interstitial cells decreased during early pregnancy or pseudopregnancy, and
      disappeared after Day 9, whereas these cells were intensely labelled 24 h after
      parturition. The immunostaining of thecal and interstitial cells was again
      detected in 18-day pregnant rats, treated with the antiprogesterone RU 486. It is
      therefore concluded that both oestradiol and progesterone are involved in P
      450scc regulation.

PMID- 2915363
TI  - Seasonal changes of testis volume and sperm quality in adult fallow deer (Dama
      dama) and their relationship to the antler cycle.
AB  - Four adult male fallow deer were investigated for 1-4 consecutive years to study
      the relationships between annual changes in testis volume, sperm quality and
      antler status. Testicular volume started to increase in July/August, peaked just
      before the rut, declined until December to 50% of maximum, persisted at this
      level up to February/March and reached minimal volume after antler casting in
      late April. There was no apparent age effect on the seasonality of testis size
      fluctuations. Velvet shedding and antler casting occurred at about 80% and 25%,
      respectively, of maximal testis volume. Spermatozoa had the same general
      appearance as those of related ruminants. Viable spermatozoa appeared between
      August and early May which corresponds almost exactly to the time when fallow
      deer are in hard antler. From September to March sperm quality would fulfil
      artificial insemination standards for cattle semen. In June and the first half of
      July 14 out of 15 ejaculates were devoid of any sperm cells. There were no
      indications of a secondary seasonal peak in values monitored.

PMID- 2915364
TI  - Development of preovulatory follicles expected to form short-lived corpora lutea
      in beef cows.
AB  - Oestrus, expected to be followed by a short luteal phase, was induced in post
      partum cows by weaning their calves at 35 days after parturition. Ovaries
      containing the first preovulatory follicles (Type F) formed after parturition
      were collected 3 h after the onset of oestrus. For comparison, preovulatory
      follicles (Type C) were collected 3 h after the onset of oestrus in normally
      cycling cows. The number of granulosa cells was determined and the concentrations
      of receptors for follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
      in granulosa cells and for LH in theca cells were measured. Concentrations of
      oestradiol-17 beta, testosterone, androstenedione and progesterone in follicular
      fluid were also measured. Type F follicles contained about twice the number of
      granulosa cells (based on DNA) as did Type C follicles (45.8 +/- 11.3 and 24.5 +/
      3.9 micrograms DNA/follicle, respectively; P less than 0.05) but these cells had
      fewer receptors for LH (0.13 +/- 0.02 vs 0.29 +/- 0.03 fmol/micrograms DNA; P
      less than 0.01) and FSH (0.61 +/- 0.08 vs 1.3 +/- 0.29 fmol/micrograms DNA; P
      less than 0.08) than did those from Type C follicles. Additionally, there were
      fewer receptors for LH in theca tissue from Type F than from Type C follicles
      (28.3 +/- 5.2 vs 51.3 +/- 6.1 fmol/follicle; P less than 0.01). Concentrations of
      oestradiol-17 beta (475.8 +/- 85.6 vs 112.9 +/- 40.0 ng/ml; P less than 0.01) and
      androstenedione (214.1 +/- 48.7 vs 24.7 +/- 7.7 ng/ml; P less than 0.01) in
      follicular fluid were higher in Type C than in Type F follicles.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2915365
TI  - Protection of mice by a pseudodiffuse strain of Staphylococcus aureus possessing
      polyvalent capsular type antigen.
AB  - Staphylococcus aureus strain MC31 showed pseudodiffuse growth in serum-soft agar
      and reacted with immune rabbit sera to strains Smith diffuse (capsular type A),
      NS58D (type B) and NS41D (type C) but not with strain NS68D (type D) in serum
      soft agar. Immunisation of mice with 300 micrograms of cell-surface
      polysaccharide extracted from strain MC31 protected against lethal infection by
      strain MC31 and the strains of capsular types A, B and C. Immune rabbit serum
      prepared against strain MC31 passively protected mice against challenge infection
      with the homologous strain, but approximately 30 times more anti-MC31 serum was
      required to protect against infection with the strains of capsular types A, B and
      C. Absorption of the passive protective activity of immune sera raised against
      the three capsular type strains required at least 10 times the quantity of MC31
      cell-surface polysaccharide than the quantity of cell-surface polysaccharide from
      the homologous capsular strain. Electronmicrographs of strain MC31 treated with
      ferritin-labelled antisera to the three capsular strains showed only small
      amounts of ferritin granules around the cell wall.

PMID- 2915367
TI  - Establishment of an association between a virus and a human cancer.

PMID- 2915366
TI  - Comparison of preservation media and freezing conditions for storage of specimens
      of faeces.
AB  - To evaluate the long-term recoverability of bacterial enteropathogens, two
      freezing conditions (deep-freezing at -70 degrees C and liquid nitrogen) and
      three preservation media (Cary-Blair, Amies, and buffered glycerol-saline) were
      tested. These were compared with storage in containers with no preservation
      medium and refrigeration at 4 degrees C. At 4 degrees C, viability of organisms
      could not be consistently maintained beyond one month; Cary-Blair medium
      generally gave the best results and storage without preservation medium was the
      least efficient. Storage in liquid nitrogen and deep-freezing effectively
      preserved all organisms except Campylobacter jejuni for the entire period of
      study (12 months). There was no difference between the various preservation
      media, or between storage with or without medium. Storage in preservation medium
      was superior to storage without such supplement for C. jejuni. We conclude that
      most enteropathogens survive in faecal specimens for as long as 12 months when
      stored at very low temperatures (-70 degrees C) whether or not preservation media
      are used.

PMID- 2915368
TI  - Discover it today, tax it tomorrow: basic biomedical research spawns biotech
      industry.

PMID- 2915369
TI  - William Tipping leads American Cancer Society into 1990s. Interview by Adele
      Paroni.

PMID- 2915370
TI  - Covalent DNA damage in tissues of cigarette smokers as determined by 32P
      postlabeling assay.
AB  - Covalent DNA addition products (adducts) formed by the reaction of chemical
      carcinogens or their metabolites with DNA are critically involved in the
      initiation of chemical carcinogenesis and may serve as molecular markers and
      dosimeters for environmental carcinogen exposures. Using a highly sensitive 32P
      postlabeling assay for DNA adduct analysis, we studied DNA damage elicited by
      cigarette smoke in tissues of smokers. A multitude of characteristic smoking
      induced, presumably aromatic DNA adducts were found to occur in a dose- and time
      dependent manner in the lung, bronchus, and larynx of smokers with cancer of
      these organs and to decline only slowly after cessation of smoking. Low levels of
      adducts appeared to persist for up to 14 years in the lungs of exsmokers with
      high previous exposures. These results corroborate data of epidemiological
      studies showing that the lung cancer risk and mortality of smokers increase with
      the intensity and duration of smoking and decline only slowly after cessation of
      smoking. Tissue distribution studies in autopsy samples revealed the presence of
      smoking-associated DNA lesions also in the kidney, bladder, esophagus, heart,
      ascending aorta, and liver. The most extensive DNA damage was found in lung and
      heart, i.e., 1 aromatic adduct in about 10(7) DNA nucleotides. Our results
      suggest that cigarette smoking-induced DNA adduct formation is causally related
      to cancer in the target organs.

PMID- 2915371
TI  - Production and characterization of human glioma cell-derived monocyte chemotactic
      factor.
AB  - Since infiltration of monocytes into tumors may be mediated by tumor-derived
      chemoattractants, we characterized the monocyte-chemotactic activity (MCA)
      produced by glioma cell lines. The amount of MCA in the culture fluid of five
      lines tested differed by a factor of 25. U-105MG, the best producer, was selected
      for further study. After cells reached confluence and the medium was changed, MCA
      was detected by day 3 and remained at comparable levels on days 4 and 5. The
      molecular mass of MCA was approximately 17 kilodaltons, and the estimated
      isoelectric point ranged between pI 7 and pI 9. Because of the high constitutive
      production of MCA by U-105MG, sufficient material can be obtained for complete
      chemical characterization of this mediator of inflammation.

PMID- 2915372
TI  - Chromosomal characteristics and malignancy of urothelial cells from carcinogen
      treated rats.
AB  - Epithelial cells of bladders from male Fischer 344 rats that had been treated
      with N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (BBN) or N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2
      thiazolyl]formamide (FANFT) were cultured and examined for chromosomal changes,
      anchorage independence in vitro, and transplantability in vivo. Numerical but not
      structural changes of chromosomes were significantly greater in the FANFT group
      than in the BBN group. Urothelial cell lines that demonstrated prolonged life
      span and loss of anchorage dependency were established from 14 of these rats, but
      only nine of them demonstrated tumorigenicity in the nude mouse model. Two of
      these transplantable cell lines and R4909, a transplantable bladder cell line
      derived from a 3-methylcholanthrene-treated rat, have normal chromosomes. The
      present study demonstrates a carcinogen-related chromosome change in the
      urothelial cells, but the relationship between malignancy and specific
      chromosomal changes is not clear.

PMID- 2915373
TI  - Loss of heterozygosity on chromosomes 1p and 11p in sporadic pheochromocytoma.
AB  - We used 29 polymorphic DNA markers to analyze tumor DNA samples from six patients
      with sporadic pheochromocytoma for possible loss of chromosomal heterozygosity;
      four had benign disease and two had malignant disease. Loss of heterozygosity was
      observed on four chromosomes: 1p (three of four patients), 2p (one of one), 5q
      (two of six), and 11p (three of five). Chromosomes 1p and 11p frequently had
      allelic deletions in these tumors, and these deletions may play an important role
      in the development of pheochromocytoma.

PMID- 2915374
TI  - Frequency of 13q abnormalities among 203 patients with retinoblastoma.
AB  - We studied peripheral blood lymphocyte karyotypes of 203 patients with
      retinoblastoma. Twelve (5.9%) had a constitutional chromosomal abnormality
      involving 13q, of whom six had unilateral and six had bilateral disease. Two
      patients had mosaic deletions, eight had nonmosaic deletions, one had a de novo
      translocation, and one had a 13q14 deletion and a de novo direct insertion
      (10;6). Of the total, 4.9% of unilateral and 7.5% of bilateral patients had 13q
      abnormalities. None of 19 familial retinoblastoma patients had a visible
      cytogenetic abnormality. The unilateral patients with 13q abnormalities represent
      prezygotically determined (potentially heritable) cases which would have been
      classified as postzygotic (sporadic) without cytogenetic analysis. The observed
      1% frequency of mosaic deletions is lower than that previously reported.

PMID- 2915375
TI  - The ideal fetal head circumference calculation.
AB  - Various formulas have been employed to compute the circumference of an ellipse.
      These formulas can be separated into three groups: formulas for a circle,
      formulas for an incorrect ellipse, and a very complicated formula for a correct
      ellipse. The errors caused by the first two groups are termed systematic because
      they occur every time that one of these formulas is used. When measuring fetal
      head circumference, the errors increase as the fetal head is more ellipsoid,
      becoming more than 1% when the ratio of the biparietal to fronto-occipital
      diameter decreases to less than .70. Near term, when the fetal head is large,
      this could create an error in predicting gestational age of almost .8 weeks. The
      third group is associated with mathematical random errors because of the
      difficulty in using a cumbersome equation. All of these formulas and their
      shortcomings are analyzed. A calculation for the correct circumference of an
      ellipse is proposed using the simple formula for a circle times a correction
      factor. The correction factor depends solely on the ratio of the biparietal to
      fronto-occipital diameter. This formula should minimize random errors and
      eliminate systematic errors in the calculation of fetal head circumference and
      will permit a more accurate analysis of fetal age.

PMID- 2915376
TI  - Maternal transmission of retroviral disease and strategies for preventing
      infection of the neonate.
AB  - Moloney murine leukemia virus is efficiently transmitted from viremic mothers to
      offspring, primarily via virus-containing milk. To determine the level in the
      infectious process at which an antiviral agent can interfere most effectively
      with perinatal viral transmission, we examined the effect of the drug 3'-azido-3'
      deoxythymidine (AZT) on transmission of Moloney murine leukemia virus from
      viremic mothers to offspring. Although AZT treatment did not affect the titer of
      virus in milk, it did suppress the development of viremia in all offspring. AZT,
      however, did not prevent transmission of virus from viremic mothers to 25% of the
      offspring, but did lead to a marked reduction in virus load in these infected
      mice. These results provide evidence for effective antiretroviral therapy during
      gestation and in the perinatal period and are of potential significance for the
      management of maternal transmission of human retroviruses.

PMID- 2915378
TI  - Identification and nucleotide sequence of the glycoprotein gB gene of equine
      herpesvirus 4.
AB  - The nucleotide sequence of the glycoprotein gB gene of equine herpesvirus 4 (EHV
      4) was determined. The gene was located within a BamHI genomic library by a
      combination of Southern and dot-blot hybridization with probes derived from the
      herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) gB DNA sequence. The predominant portion of
      the coding sequences was mapped to a 2.95-kilobase BamHI-EcoRI subfragment at the
      left-hand end of BamHI-C. Potential TATA box, CAT box, and mRNA start site
      sequences and the translational initiation codon were located in the BamHI M
      fragment of the virus, which is located immediately to the left of BamHI-C. A
      polyadenylation signal, AATAAA, occurs nine nucleotides past the chain
      termination codon. Translation of these sequences would give a 110-kilodalton
      protein possessing a 5' hydrophobic signal sequence, a hydrophilic surface domain
      containing 11 potential N-linked glycosylation sites, a hydrophobic transmembrane
      domain, and a 3' highly charged cytoplasmic domain. A potential internal
      proteolytic cleavage site, Arg-Arg/Ser, was identified at residues 459 to 461.
      Analysis of this protein revealed amino acid sequence homologies of 47% with HSV
      1 gB, 54% with pseudorabies virus gpII, 51% with varicella-zoster virus gpII, 29%
      with human cytomegalovirus gB, and 30% with Epstein-Barr virus gB. Alignment of
      EHV-4 gB with HSV-1 (KOS) gB further revealed that four potential N-linked
      glycosylation sites and all 10 cysteine residues on the external surface of the
      molecules are perfectly conserved, suggesting that the proteins possess similar
      secondary and tertiary structures. Thus, we showed that EHV-4 gB is highly
      conserved with the gB and gpII glycoproteins of other herpesviruses, suggesting
      that this glycoprotein has a similar overall function in each virus.

PMID- 2915377
TI  - The second-largest subunit of the poxvirus RNA polymerase is similar to the
      corresponding subunits of procaryotic and eucaryotic RNA polymerases.
AB  - We have characterized the poxvirus gene encoding the second-largest subunit of
      the viral DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. This gene, designated rpo132, is located
      in the HindIII A fragment of the DNA of the Brighton Red strain of cowpox virus.
      A similar gene is located in the corresponding position in the HindIII A fragment
      of the DNA of the Western Reserve strain of vaccinia virus. The rpo132 gene is
      transcribed throughout the viral multiplication cycle. It has two transcriptional
      start sites; one is operative at late times only, and the other (80 base pairs
      downstream) is operative both at early times and at late times. Neither early nor
      late transcripts originating from the latter RNA start site contain long 5'
      terminal poly(A) sequences. The rpo132 gene has the capacity to encode primary
      gene products of two types. The RNA transcripts whose 5' ends correspond to the
      early RNA start site can encode a 133-kilodalton (kDa) protein. The RNA
      transcripts whose 5' ends correspond to the early RNA start site can encode a 132
      kDa protein. Transcripts of the latter type are more abundant, suggesting that
      the 132-kDa protein is the major primary product of this gene. The predicted
      amino acid sequences of both gene products share extensive similarities with the
      amino acid sequences of the second-largest subunits of the following enzymes: the
      RNA polymerase of Escherichia coli, the RNA polymerase II of Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae, and the RNA polymerase II of Drosophila melanogaster. This result
      provides further evidence of relatedness between multisubunit DNA-dependent RNA
      polymerases.

PMID- 2915379
TI  - Structural defect linked to nonrandom mutations in the matrix gene of biken
      strain subacute sclerosing panencephalitis virus defined by cDNA cloning and
      expression of chimeric genes.
AB  - Biken strain, a nonproductive measles viruslike agent isolated from a subacute
      sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) patient, contains a posttranscriptional defect
      affecting matrix (M) protein. A putative M protein was translated in vitro with
      RNA from Biken strain-infected cells. A similar protein was detected in vivo by
      an antiserum against a peptide synthesized from the cloned M gene of Edmonston
      strain measles virus. By using a novel method, full-length cDNAs of the Biken M
      gene were selectively cloned. The cloned Biken M gene contained an open reading
      frame which encoded 8 extra carboxy-terminal amino acid residues and 20 amino
      acid substitutions predicted to affect both the hydrophobicity and secondary
      structure of the gene product. The cloned gene was expressed in vitro and in vivo
      into a 37,500 Mr protein electrophoretically and antigenically distinct from the
      M protein of Edmonston strain but identical to the M protein in Biken strain
      infected cells. Chimeric M proteins synthesized in vitro and in vivo showed that
      the mutations in the carboxy-proximal region altered the local antigenicity and
      those in the amino region affected the overall protein conformation. The protein
      expressed from the Biken M gene was unstable in vivo. Instability was attributed
      to multiple mutations in both the amino and carboxy regions. A surprising number
      of mutations in both the coding and noncoding regions of the Biken M gene were
      identical to those in an independently isolated SSPE virus strain with a similar
      defect. These results offer insights into the basis of the defect in Biken strain
      and pose intriguing questions about the evolutionary origins of SSPE viruses in
      general.

PMID- 2915380
TI  - Growth and survival of reovirus in intestinal tissue: role of the L2 and S1
      genes.
AB  - Reovirus serotype 1 Lang can be recovered in high titer from the intestines of
      neonatal mice up to day 8 after peroral inoculation. By contrast, reovirus
      serotype 3 Dearing cannot be recovered from intestinal tissue past day 4 after
      peroral inoculation. This difference between the two reoviruses was mapped by
      using reassortants generated from nonmutagenized laboratory stocks. When the L2
      and S1 genes of reovirus serotype 3 Dearing were present in reassortants, the
      reassortants behaved like serotype 3 Dearing in exhibiting a decreased capacity
      to be recovered from intestinal tissue. Likewise, viruses which contained the L2
      and S2 genes from serotype 1 Lang exhibited an enhanced capacity to grow and
      survive, which is characteristic of serotype 1 Lang. Thus, the capacity of
      reovirus to survive in intestinal tissue was determined by the L2 and S1 genes.

PMID- 2915381
TI  - Purified influenza virus hemagglutinin and neuraminidase are equivalent in
      stimulation of antibody response but induce contrasting types of immunity to
      infection.
AB  - BALB/c mice immunized with graded doses of chromatographically purified
      hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) antigens derived from A/Hong Kong/1/68
      (H3N2) influenza virus demonstrated equivalent responses when HA-specific and NA
      specific serum antibodies were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays
      (ELISAs). Antibody responses measured by hemagglutination inhibition or
      neuraminidase inhibition titrations showed similar kinetic patterns, except for
      more rapid decline in hemagglutination inhibition antibody. Injection of mice
      with either purified HA or NA resulted in immunity manifested by reduction in
      pulmonary virus following challenge with virus containing homologous antigens.
      However, the nature of the immunity induced by the two antigens differed
      markedly. While HA immunization with all but the lowest doses of antigen
      prevented manifest infection, immunization with NA was infection-permissive at
      all antigen doses, although reduction in pulmonary virus was proportional to the
      amount of antigen administered. The immunizing but infection-permissive effect of
      NA immunization over a wide range of doses is in accord with results of earlier
      studies with mice in which single doses of NA and antigenically hybrid viruses
      were used. The demonstrable immunogenicity of highly purified NA as a single
      glycoprotein without adjuvant offers a novel infection-permissive approach with
      potentially low toxicity for human immunization against influenza virus.

PMID- 2915382
TI  - Characterization of a common high-affinity receptor for reovirus serotypes 1 and
      3 on endothelial cells.
AB  - During viremia, viruses may be cleared from the bloodstream and taken up by
      specific organs. The uptake of virus from the bloodstream is dependent on the
      association of viral particles with endothelial cells that line the luminal
      surfaces of large and small blood vessels. To understand the nature of this
      interaction, we have studied the binding of reovirus serotypes 1 and 3 to these
      cells in vitro. Both serotypes of reovirus productively infected endothelial
      cells. By using [35S]methionine-biolabeled reovirus as a tracer ligand, we found
      that both viruses rapidly bind to endothelial cells and that equilibrium is
      reached after 4 h. The binding of the radiolabeled viruses was saturable and
      mediated by a homogeneous population of cellular receptors with very high
      affinity (Kd = 0.5 nM) for the virus ligands. Both serotypes bind to the same
      receptor, since the attachment of each radiolabeled serotype is inhibited by both
      the homologous and heterologous unlabeled virus. Exposure of labeled virus to
      monoclonal antibodies directed against the viral hemagglutinin (sigma 1 protein)
      inhibited binding, demonstrating that the attachment of reovirus to endothelial
      cells is mediated by the hemagglutinin for both serotypes. By using a novel
      ligand-blotting assay, the binding of both viruses to a 54,000-dalton protein
      could be demonstrated. The binding of each radiolabeled serotype to this protein
      was inhibited by the homologous and heterologous unlabeled serotype. By using
      cell fractionation after homogenization, we demonstrated that this 54-kilodalton
      protein is a membrane protein, in agreement with its proposed role as a cell
      surface receptor for reovirus serotypes 1 and 3.

PMID- 2915385
TI  - mRNA sequence and deduced amino acid sequence of the mumps virus small
      hydrophobic protein gene.
AB  - The mRNA of a putative small hydrophobic protein (SH) of mumps virus was
      identified in mumps virus-infected Vero cells, and its complete nucleotide
      sequence was determined by sequencing the genomic RNA and cDNA clones and partial
      sequencing of mRNA. The SH mRNA is 310 nucleotides long excluding the poly(A) and
      contains a single open reading frame encoding a protein of 57 amino acids with a
      calculated molecular weight of 6,719. The predicted protein is highly hydrophobic
      and contains a stretch of 25 hydrophobic amino acids near the amino terminus
      which could act as a membrane anchor region. There is no homology between the
      putative SH protein of mumps virus and the SH protein of simian virus 5, even
      though the SH genes are located in the same locus in the corresponding genome.
      One interesting observation is that the hydrophobic domain of simian virus 5 SH
      protein is at the carboxyl terminus, whereas that of mumps virus putative SH
      protein is near the amino terminus.

PMID- 2915383
TI  - Natural history of woodchuck hepatitis virus infections during the course of
      experimental viral infection: molecular virologic features of the liver and
      lymphoid tissues.
AB  - In this study, the kinetic patterns of woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) infection
      were monitored in the liver and the five primary components of the lymphoid
      system (peripheral blood lymphocytes, lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen, and
      thymus). Groups of woodchucks experimentally infected with a standardized
      inoculum of WHV were sacrificed at different times over a 65-week period
      beginning in the preacute phase of viral infection and continuing to the period
      of serologic recovery or the establishment of chronic infections and subsequent
      hepatocellular carcinoma. Infection by WHV was not limited to the liver but
      involved the major components of the lymphoid system during all stages of virus
      infection. A complex series of kinetic patterns was observed for the appearance
      of WHV DNA in the different lymphoid compartments and the liver during the entire
      course of viral infection. A progressive evolution of different WHV genomic forms
      related to the replicative state of WHV was also observed. Lymphoid cells of the
      bone marrow were the first cells in which WHV DNA was detected, followed in order
      by the liver, the spleen, peripheral blood lymphocytes, lymph nodes, and finally
      the thymus. Several differences were observed in the cellular WHV DNA patterns
      between woodchucks that developed chronic WHV infections and those that
      serologically recovered from acute WHV infections. The observations compiled in
      this study indicate that the host lymphoid system is intimately involved in the
      natural history of hepadnavirus infections from the earliest stages of virus
      entry.

PMID- 2915384
TI  - Characterization of the major duck hepatitis B virus core particle protein.
AB  - The amino acid composition of the major duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) core
      particle proteins was determined. The results of this analysis indicated that
      cores are composed of a single major protein that initiates translation from the
      second available AUG in the DHBV core gene. Proteins isolated from core particles
      purified from the cytoplasm of DHBV-infected duck hepatocytes exhibited
      heterogeneity in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,
      independent of the stage of viral DNA maturation. Incubation of native cores with
      alkaline phosphatase removed this heterogeneity, indicating that phosphorylation
      of external amino acids was responsible. Core protein isolated from mature DHBV
      purified from serum of infected animals did not display heterogeneity, suggesting
      a possible role for dephosphorylation in virus maturation.

PMID- 2915386
TI  - Self-ligating RNA sequences on the antigenome of human hepatitis delta virus.
AB  - A 179-base fragment of RNA from the 1,679-base antigenome of hepatitis delta
      virus can not only self-cleave but, when the ends of the resultant fragments are
      brought into apposition by base pairing to another RNA, also self-ligate. Thus,
      processing events needed for genome replication in vivo may be strictly RNA
      mediated.

PMID- 2915387
TI  - Genetic recombination of human immunodeficiency virus.
AB  - We investigated genetic recombination of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
      in a tissue culture system. A clonal cell line expressing a single integrated HIV
      provirus with a termination codon affecting pol gene expression was transfected
      with different defective mutants derived from an infectious molecular clone of
      HIV. Replication-competent viral particles were recovered, passaged, and plaque
      purified. Restriction analyses of the proviral DNA corresponding to several of
      these viruses indicated that their emergence was the result of genetic
      recombination.

PMID- 2915388
TI  - raf/myc-infected erythroid cells are restricted in their ability to terminally
      differentiate.
AB  - A comparison was made of the in vitro erythroid colony-forming abilities of v-raf
      , v-myc-, and v-raf/v-myc-containing retroviruses. In methylcellulose, v-raf
      efficiently produced colonies of well-differentiated hemoglobin-synthesizing
      erythroid cells, whereas v-raf/v-myc-infected erythroid cells were inhibited from
      terminally differentiating but retained the ability to replicate extensively. In
      contrast, v-myc was unable to stimulate the formation of erythroid colonies.

PMID- 2915390
TI  - Bat rabies in Illinois: 1965 to 1986.
AB  - From 1968 to 1986, Illinois (USA) citizens and agencies submitted 4,272 bats to
      the Illinois Department of Public Health for rabies testing. Of this number, 6%
      tested positive, a rate comparable to similar studies from other parts of North
      America. Due to sampling biases, the true infection rate among bats in Illinois
      is probably lower than 6%. Additional analysis relied on a subsample (n = 2,433)
      of the specimens collected from 1965 to 1986. Prevalences were significantly
      different among years, but no linear trends were found over the study period.
      Evidence for a local outbreak of bat rabies was found. Prevalences for the
      species with sample sizes adequate for statistical analysis were, from high to
      low: hoary bat (Lasiurus cinereus), 11%; red bat (L. borealis), 5%; silver-haired
      bat (Lasionycteris noctivagans), 4%; little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus), 4%; big
      brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus), 3%; Keen's bat (Myotis keenii), 2%; and evening bat
      (Nycticeius humeralis), 2%. The higher prevalences found among the non-colonial
      species (hoary, red and silver-haired bats) were consistent with similar studies.
      Considerable annual variation in prevalences was found within species, and the
      prevalence rankings of the species varied over the study period. Prevalences were
      significantly higher in females (6%) than in males (4%) when species were pooled,
      but no significant differences between sexes were found within species. In
      contrast to the other species analyzed, all of which had sex ratios favoring
      females, the big brown bat sample had a large majority of males. Prevalences were
      significantly higher in adults (6%) than in juveniles (3%) when species were
      pooled. Within individual species, significant differences between age groups
      were found only for hoary and red bats; in two species, juveniles had higher
      prevalences. Above average prevalences were observed in May and August to
      November. Southern Illinois had the highest prevalences; prevalences were
      intermediate in the north and lowest in the central region. Overall, the patterns
      of rabies prevalence among bats submitted by the public in Illinois from 1965 to
      1986 were similar to those reported from other parts of North America.

PMID- 2915389
TI  - Acceptance of simulated oral rabies vaccine baits by urban raccoons.
AB  - In summer 1986, a study was conducted to evaluate raccoon (Procyon lotor)
      acceptance of oral baits that could be used for rabies vaccination. One thousand
      wax-coated sponge bait cubes were filled with 5 mg of a seromarker (iophenoxic
      acid), placed in polyethylene bags, and hand-distributed in an 80 ha area within
      an urban National Park in Washington, D. C. (USA). After 3 wk, target and
      nontarget animals were trapped and blood samples collected to evaluate bait
      uptake. Thirty-three of 52 (63%) raccoons had elevated blood iodine levels
      indicating they had eaten at least one bait, 13 (25%) were negative, and six
      (12%) had marginal values. These results indicate that sponge baits hand-placed
      at a density of 12.4/ha can reach a significant proportion of an urban raccoon
      population. Implications for oral rabies vaccination of raccoons are discussed.

PMID- 2915391
TI  - An unusual clinical and pathological variant of malignant catarrhal fever in a
      white-tailed deer.
AB  - A captive male white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) developed an acute
      illness over a 3-day period characterized predominantly by neurological, ocular
      and respiratory signs which were accompanied by prominent gross lesions of
      multiple organ systems. Histologically, a proliferative vasculitis consisting
      primarily of lymphocytic-lymphoblastic cellular infiltration was found in ocular,
      oral, respiratory, cardiac and neural tissues. The extensive nature of these
      infiltrations resulted in grossly apparent nodular foci in the lung, lymphoid
      tissue and myocardium which were suggestive of a lymphoproliferative disorder.
      This is contrasted to the more necrotizing nature of the vasculitis observed in
      other reported cases of malignant catarrhal fever in white-tailed deer. Although
      virus isolation was not attempted, serologic findings of antibodies to malignant
      catarrhal fever virus detected by indirect immunofluorescence and virus
      neutralization supported a diagnosis of malignant catarrhal fever in this deer.

PMID- 2915392
TI  - Vertebral osteomyelitis and suspected diskospondylitis in an Atlantic bottlenose
      dolphin (Tursiops truncatus).
AB  - A 21-yr-old male Atlantic bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) was performing
      at an aquatic park when it developed a soft tissue swelling anterior to the
      flukes. Subsequent radiographic evaluation revealed the animal to have vertebral
      osteomyelitis and suspected diskospondylitis. The case was successfully managed
      with long-term antibiotic therapy.

PMID- 2915393
TI  - Isolation of Aeromonas hydrophila from a captive caracal lynx (Felis caracal).
AB  - Aeromonas hydrophila was isolated from the internal organs of a captive caracal
      lynx (Felis caracal) which died of acute septicemia. Grossly, patchy areas of
      focal necrosis were found in the lungs, liver and kidney; there was ulceration in
      the stomach and intestines. Microscopically, lesions contained cellular debris,
      neutrophils, lymphocytes and gram-negative bacilli. This is the first report of
      isolation of Aeromonas hydrophila from a captive wild animal in Nigeria.

PMID- 2915394
TI  - Concurrent infection of a Patas monkey (Erythrocebus patas) by Citrobacter
      freundii and Trichuris trichiura.
AB  - Concurrent infection of Citrobacter freundii and Trichuris trichiura in a Patas
      monkey (Erythrocebus patas) is reported. A synergistic effect of both organisms
      contributing to host mortality in this case is suggested.

PMID- 2915395
TI  - Metacercariae of Diplostomum spathaceum in the eyes of fishes from Yellowstone
      Lake, Wyoming.
AB  - Fish were collected from Yellowstone Lake, Wyoming (USA). Metacercariae of
      Diplostomum spathaceum was found in the lens of 11 of 12 longnose suckers
      (Catostomus catostomus). The mean number of metacercariae per sucker was 59 and
      the average age of the fish was 11.6 yr. There was no correlation between age and
      intensity of parasites (r = 0.24). Of 10 cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki) examined,
      there were metacercariae present in six. The metacercariae were found outside of
      the lens tissue in the trout; they occurred in the vitreous humor and the retina.
      These may be a different species from those found in the suckers.

PMID- 2915396
TI  - Dirofilaria immitis in a raccoon (Procyon lotor).
AB  - A single juvenile male raccoon (Procyon lotor) was found naturally infected with
      Dirofilaria immitis. Two immature female worms were found in the heart of this
      raccoon at necropsy. Lesions attributable to the presence of these parasites were
      not found. Histopathologic examination of various tissues did not reveal any
      microfilariae. The raccoon may serve as an aberrant definitive host for this
      parasite, however, patent infections have not been reported.

PMID- 2915397
TI  - Acute arsenic toxication of a free-ranging white-tailed deer in New York.
AB  - An adult, female white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) died due to acute
      arsenic intoxication in an intensively managed northern hardwood forest in
      northern New York. We hypothesize that the deer licked trees injected with
      Silvisar 550, which contains monosodium methanearsonate. We believe this is the
      first report of death of a free-ranging white-tailed deer, due to ingestion of
      monosodium methanearsonate.

PMID- 2915398
TI  - Antagonism of xylazine hydrochloride sedation in raptors by yohimbine
      hydrochloride.
AB  - The mean time to initial reversal response (MTIRR) and the mean time to perching
      (MTP) were measured in 34 raptors sedated with xylazine hydrochloride with
      dosages ranging from 1.0 to 20 mg/kg intravenously (i.v.) and 2.5 to 20.0 mg/kg
      intramuscularly (i.m.). Yohimbine hydrochloride, given i.v. (0.2 mg/kg), 30 min
      after the injection of the xylazine, shortened the MTIRR and MTP compared to the
      controls. No adverse effects were noted due to the use of yohimbine. Yohimbine
      appeared to be a safe and effective antagonist for xylazine sedation in raptors.

PMID- 2915399
TI  - Effect of selected anthelmintics on three common helminths in the brown pelican
      (Pelecanus occidentalis).
AB  - The effect of selected anthelmintics (albendazole, fenbendazole, piperazine
      dihydrochloride and clorsulon) against three major helminths (Contracaecum
      multipapillatum, Mesostephanus appendiculatoides, and Phagicola longus) were
      studied in 29 brown pelicans (Pelecanus occidentalis). Albendazole and
      fenbendazole were highly effective against all three parasites. Clorsulon had
      moderate effect against M. appendiculatoides and poor effect against C.
      multipapillatum and P. longus. Piperazine dihydrochloride had no effect against
      these helminths.

PMID- 2915400
TI  - Cryptosporidium spp. in wild and captive reptiles.
AB  - Between 1986 and 1988, 528 reptiles originating from three continents were
      examined for Cryptosporidium spp. Fifteen specimens representing eight genera and
      11 species were infected. Statistical evaluation of oocyst structure suggests
      that multiple species of Cryptosporidium may exist among the reptiles examined.

PMID- 2915401
TI  - Mycobacteriosis in yellow perch (Perca flavescens) from two lakes in Alberta.
AB  - Granulomatous skin lesions were identified in a population of yellow perch (Perca
      flavescens) from Sandy Lake (Alberta, Canada) in 1985. Severe granulomatous
      peritonitis and hepatitis was identified subsequently in a separate population of
      yellow perch from Wolf Lake (Alberta, Canada). Mycobacterium chelonae was
      isolated from affected fish in both epizootics. The source and route of infection
      were not determined in either case. The nature of the inflammatory reaction in
      both cases suggested a depressed immunity.

PMID- 2915402
TI  - Fusarium mycotoxins from peanuts suspected as a cause of sandhill crane
      mortality.
AB  - An estimated 9,500 sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis) died in Gaines County, Texas
      and Roosevelt County, New Mexico between 1982 and 1987. The predominant clinical
      sign observed in sick cranes was their inability to hold their heads erect, both
      while standing and flying. Multiple muscle hemorrhages and submandibular edema
      were the most common lesions seen at necropsy. Mycotoxins produced by Fusarium
      sp. growing during cold, wet weather on peanuts left in the field after harvest,
      the predominant foods of the dead cranes at the time of these mortality events,
      were identified as the most likely cause of this mortality. Rendering moldy
      peanuts inaccessible to the cranes by conventional tillage resulted in reduced
      crane mortality in these areas.

PMID- 2915403
TI  - Serologic evidence of Yersinia pestis infection in small mammals and bears from a
      temperate rainforest of north coastal California.
AB  - From 1983 to 1985, 463 serum samples from 11 species of mammals in Redwood
      National Park (RNP) (California, USA) were evaluated for antibodies to Yersinia
      pestis by the passive hemagglutination method. Yersinia pestis antibodies
      occurred in serum samples from 25 (36%) of 69 black bears (Ursus americanus), one
      (50%) of two raccoons (Procyon lotor), five (3%) of 170 dusky-footed woodrats
      (Neotoma fuscipes), and one (less than 1%) of 118 deer mice (Peromyscus
      maniculatus). Two hundred seventy-three flea pools, consisting of 14 species of
      fleas, were collected from small mammals and woodrat nest cups. Viable Y. pestis
      were not isolated from any of the flea pools. Significant between-year variations
      in the frequencies of seropositive bear or small mammal sera were not observed. A
      significantly higher frequency of plague antibodies was observed in bear sera
      taken during September collections. Frequencies of seropositive bear sera did not
      vary significantly by sex or age group of bears. Significant differences were not
      observed in the frequencies of seropositive small mammals by forest habitat type
      in which they were captured. This is the first report of Y. pestis infection in
      Redwood National Park, and the first detailed report of Y. pestis activity in a
      temperate rainforest.

PMID- 2915404
TI  - Periodontal disease in southern African bushpigs (Potamochoerus porcus) and
      warthogs (Phacochoerus aethiopicus).
AB  - Periodontal lesions were found in 14 of 100 bushpig (Potamochoerus porcus) skulls
      and nine of 103 warthog (Phacochoerus aethiopicus) skulls from southern Africa.
      The prevalence of periodontal disease showed a significant increase with age in
      the bushpig but not in the warthog skulls. All the lesions affected the cheek
      teeth, particularly the molars. The lower prevalence of lesions in older warthogs
      may be associated with their specialised molars and abrasive diet.

PMID- 2915405
TI  - Observations on the lungworm, Pneumostrongylus calcaratus, in impala (Aepyceros
      melampus) from Swaziland.
AB  - The lungworm, Pneumostrongylus calcaratus, was found in 85% (164 of 193) of
      impala (Aepyceros melampus) collected in Mlawula Nature Reserve in Swaziland.
      Infection was confirmed at 4.5 mo of age, and the prevalence increased to 100% at
      11 mo, with a prevalence of 98% in animals greater than 1 yr of age.
      Pneumostrongylus calcaratus was usually found in firm, tangrey nodules along the
      lobar borders of the lungs, although an extensive granulomatous pneumonia with
      miliary caseous abscesses and calcified nodules was observed in some older
      animals. In the primary infection in lambs, adult parasites, larvae and eggs were
      observed in the alveoli and bronchioles within the nodule. There was
      peribronchial and perivascular mononuclear cuffing, with infiltration of
      mononuclear cells in the alveolar septum in the vicinity of worms. In lesions in
      older animals, there was local consolidation with macrophages and giant cells,
      and foci of parenchymal necrosis associated with degenerating eosinophils, which
      appeared to lead to the formation of eosinophilic granulomas. Resolving lesions
      caused interstitial fibrosis, with mineralized nodules. Pneumostrongylosis does
      not appear to pose a significant threat to the health of impala in Swaziland.

PMID- 2915406
TI  - A visceral mycosis in cultured masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou) caused by a
      species of Ochroconis.
AB  - Ochronconis sp. infection was found in masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou) with
      visceral mycosis in Japan. The external and internal clinical signs were
      reddening of the anal area, swelling of the abdomen due to accumulation of
      ascitic fluid in the abdominal cavity and extensive swelling of the posterior
      kidney. Many pale brown, septate hyphae were found in the kidney by direct
      microscopical examination; these were usually not found in the other organs of
      infected fish. Histopathological examination of the kidney revealed large
      granulomas with the fungal hyphae and giant cells. The isolated fungus was
      identified as a species of the genus Ochroconis and was compared with O.
      tshawytschae, a known fish pathogen. Based on morphological and growth
      characteristics, we believe that these cases resulted from infection with a
      different species.

PMID- 2915407
TI  - Physiological response of gray wolves to butorphanol-xylazine immobilization and
      antagonism by naloxone and yohimbine.
AB  - Captive gray wolves (Canis lupus) were immobilized (loss of consciousness) with
      2.0 mg/kg xylazine hydrochloride (XYL) and 0.4 mg/kg butorphanol tartrate (BUT)
      administered intramuscularly. Induction time was 11.8 +/- 0.8 min (mean +/- SE).
      Immobilization resulted in bradycardia, respiratory depression, and normotension.
      Fifteen min after induction, six wolves were given either 0.05 mg/kg naloxone
      hydrochloride (NAL) and 0.125 or 0.250 mg/kg yohimbine hydrochloride (YOH), or an
      equal volume of saline (control) intravenously. Antagonism resulted in shortened
      recovery times compared to control animals (P less than 0.03); there was no
      difference in recovery times between the YOH doses (P greater than 0.05).
      Antagonism caused increases in heart rate (HR) and respiratory rate (RR), but no
      changes in MABP. Eight other wolves were similarly immobilized, but given only
      NAL. This resulted in partial antagonism with the animals appearing to be sedated
      with XYL only. Three wolves given only 0.4 mg/kg BUT assumed a state described as
      "apathetic sedation." Three other wolves sedated with only 2.0 mg/kg XYL showed a
      profound sedation characterized by recumbency, bradycardia and shallow, but
      regular, respiration. This study demonstrated that (1) BUT and XYL together, but
      not separately, can completely immobilize wolves, (2) this combination can be
      rapidly antagonized by NAL and YOH, and (3) there appeared to be no adverse
      cardiopulmonary reactions to any of the drugs used.

PMID- 2915408
TI  - HIV-1 infection among intravenous drug users in Manhattan, New York City, from
      1977 through 1987.
AB  - Intravenous drug users are the second largest group to develop the acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome, and they are the primary source for heterosexual and
      perinatal transmission in the United States and Europe. Understanding long-term
      trends in the spread of human immunodeficiency virus among intravenous drug users
      is critical to controlling the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome epidemic.
      Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome surveillance data and seroprevalence studies
      of drug treatment program entrants are used to trace seroprevalence trends among
      intravenous drug users in the borough of Manhattan. The virus entered this drug
      using group during the mid-1970s and spread rapidly in 1979 through 1983. From
      1984 through 1987, the seroprevalence rate stabilized between 55% and 60%--well
      below hepatitis B seroprevalence rates. This relatively constant rate is
      attributed to new infections, new seronegative persons beginning drug injection,
      seropositive persons leaving drug injection, and increasing conscious risk
      reduction.

PMID- 2915409
TI  - Wide QRS tachycardia in the conscious adult. Ventricular tachycardia is the most
      frequent cause.
AB  - Hemodynamic stability during wide QRS tachycardia is commonly, albeit
      erroneously, taken as evidence for a supraventricular mechanism. To determine the
      magnitude for potential misdiagnosis in applying this notion clinically, we
      analyzed 20 consecutive cases of regular wide QRS tachycardia in conscious adult
      patients (mean age, 64 years). The most common heart disease was atherosclerotic
      (75%), with an associated history of remote myocardial infarction in 73% of the
      cases. Tachycardia was sustained for a mean of 4.8 hours prior to medical
      evaluation, with a mean rate of 186 beats per minute and mean systolic blood
      pressure of 111 mm Hg. A diagnosis of ventricular tachycardia (VT) was
      established in 17 cases (85%). In the patients with VT, atrioventricular
      dissociation was recognized on the 12-lead electrocardiogram in 38%, with
      Wellens' morphological features favoring the diagnosis in 73%. Following
      conversion to sinus rhythm, electrophysiological testing in 17 patients
      reproduced the clinical arrhythmia in 94% (with a replication rate of 100% in 15
      patients with VT), with at least one additional unsuspected VT morphology induced
      in 53% of patients with VT. Thus, VT should be considered the most likely cause
      of regular wide QRS tachycardia in the conscious adult patient, especially with a
      history of remote myocardial infarction. Recognition of this simple principle and
      careful examination of the 12-lead electrocardiogram may help to prevent the
      misapplication of pharmacotherapy in the vast majority of these patients.

PMID- 2915410
TI  - Transdermal fentanyl for postoperative pain management. A double-blind placebo
      study.
AB  - A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized design was used to evaluate the
      safety and efficacy of transdermal fentanyl citrate for postoperative pain
      management in 42 healthy adult patients undergoing major shoulder surgery.
      Transdermal systems rated to deliver fentanyl citrate at a rate of 75
      micrograms/h were applied to the skin immediately prior to surgery and worn for
      24 hours. Patients in the active group required significantly less morphine than
      the placebo group during the 24-hour period that systems were in place (0.8 +/-
      0.61 vs 1.3 +/- 0.64 mg/h) and for the first 12 hours after removal (0.3 +/- 0.36
      vs 0.5 +/- 0.32 mg/h). The incidence of vomiting was more frequent in the active
      group than in the placebo group (73% vs 30%), and respiratory rate in the active
      group was lower than in the placebo group during the 13- to 24-hour interval of
      system application (14 +/- 3 vs 16 +/- 2 breaths per minute). Nevertheless,
      transdermal fentanyl appears to be safe and effective after orthopedic surgery in
      healthy adult patients.

PMID- 2915411
TI  - Will mountains trekkers have heart attacks?

PMID- 2915412
TI  - A piece of my mind. A woman's eyes.

PMID- 2915413
TI  - Campaign alerts physicians to identify, assist victims of domestic violence.

PMID- 2915414
TI  - Brain studies may alter long-held concepts about likely causes of some voice
      disorders.

PMID- 2915415
TI  - Six-year slowing noted in previously growing rate of US blood collections,
      transfusions.

PMID- 2915416
TI  - HIV-related disease in i.v. drug use.

PMID- 2915417
TI  - Leads from the MMWR. Education about adult domestic violence in U.S. and Canadian
      medical schools, 1987-88.

PMID- 2915418
TI  - Leads from the MMWR. Black/white comparisons of premature mortality for public
      health program planning--District of Columbia.

PMID- 2915419
TI  - A tough diagnosis in a neutropenic patient: it's cat-scratch disease.

PMID- 2915420
TI  - Human immunodeficiency virus-associated skin lesions.

PMID- 2915421
TI  - Pre-S2 and its antibody in fulminant type B hepatitis.

PMID- 2915422
TI  - Training the resident to meet the detail men.

PMID- 2915423
TI  - The suitability of HIV-positive individuals for marriage and pregnancy.

PMID- 2915424
TI  - Long-acting verapamil and heart failure.

PMID- 2915425
TI  - Waterborne Mycobacterium avium infection.

PMID- 2915426
TI  - Chest pain not always what it seems; panic disorder may be cause in some.

PMID- 2915427
TI  - Increased outdoor recreation, diminished ozone layer pose ultraviolet radiation
      threat to eye.

PMID- 2915428
TI  - Magnetic resonance spectroscopy may hold promise in studying metabolites,
      tissues.

PMID- 2915429
TI  - From the Assistant Secretary for Health.

PMID- 2915430
TI  - Leads from the MMWR. Measles--Los Angeles County, California, 1988.

PMID- 2915431
TI  - Respiratory syncytial virus pneumonia in a human immunodeficiency virus-infected
      man.

PMID- 2915432
TI  - The public cost of motorcycle trauma.

PMID- 2915433
TI  - Ethical problems in the medical office.

PMID- 2915434
TI  - The cost to patients of participating in clinical trials.

PMID- 2915435
TI  - The quality of care: how can it be assessed?

PMID- 2915436
TI  - The performance of a digital blood pressure monitoring device.

PMID- 2915437
TI  - Glucose control and the renal and retinal complications of insulin-dependent
      diabetes.
AB  - Two hundred thirty subjects with insulin-dependent diabetes were followed up
      longitudinally by measuring glycohemoglobin values to relate glucose control with
      renal and retinal complications. Subjects with long-term poor control
      (glycohemoglobin values greater than 1.5 times the upper limit of normal) had 3.6
      times the prevalence of microalbuminuria and 2.5 times the prevalence of level 3
      to 6 retinopathy than that found in subjects with long-term good control
      (glycohemoglobin values within 1.33 times the upper limit of normal). Variables
      related to kidney damage were glucose control and, to a lesser degree, duration
      of diabetes. Variables related to eye disease were, in descending order of
      significance, duration of diabetes, glucose control, and age. No subject whose
      mean glycohemoglobin value was consistently within 1.1 times the upper limit of
      normal had retinopathy or microalbuminuria. In contrast, when the mean
      glycohemoglobin value was more than 1.5 times the upper limit of normal, 24 (29%)
      of 82 subjects had microalbuminuria and 30 (37%) of 82 had level 3 to 6
      retinopathy.

PMID- 2915438
TI  - Decreased selenium levels in acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - To study the association between selenium status and the risk of myocardial
      infarction, we compared plasma, erythrocyte, and toenail selenium levels and the
      activity of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase among 84 patients with acute
      myocardial infarction and 84 population controls. Mean concentrations of all
      selenium measurements were lower in cases than controls. The differences were
      statistically significant, except for the plasma selenium level. A positive trend
      in the risk of acute myocardial infarction from high to low toenail selenium
      levels was observed, which persisted after adjustment for other risk factors for
      myocardial infarction. In contrast, erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activity
      was significantly higher in cases than controls (31.3 +/- 8.4 U/g of hemoglobin
      and 28.0 +/- 8.1 U/g of hemoglobin, respectively). Because the toenail selenium
      level reflects blood levels up to one year before sampling, these findings
      suggest that a low selenium status was present before the infarction and, thus,
      may be of etiologic relevance. The higher glutathione peroxidase activity in the
      cases may be interpreted as a defense against increased oxidant stress either
      preceding or following the acute event.

PMID- 2915439
TI  - Contrasting effects of testosterone and stanozolol on serum lipoprotein levels.
AB  - Oral anabolic steroids produce striking reductions in serum concentrations of
      high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. We hypothesized that this effect
      related to their route of administration and was unrelated to their androgenic
      potency. We administered oral stanozolol (6 mg/d) or supraphysiological doses of
      intramuscular testosterone enanthate (200 mg/wk) to 11 male weight lifters for
      six weeks in a crossover design. Stanozolol reduced HDL-cholesterol and the HDL2
      subfraction by 33% and 71%, respectively. In contrast, testosterone decreased HDL
      cholesterol concentration by only 9% and the decrease was in the HDL3
      subfraction. Apolipoprotein A-I level decreased 40% during stanozolol but only 8%
      during testosterone treatment. The low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
      concentration increased 29% with stanozolol and decreased 16% with testosterone
      treatment. Stanozolol, moreover, increased postheparin hepatic triglyceride
      lipase activity by 123%, whereas the maximum change during testosterone therapy
      (+25%) was not significant. Weight gain was similar with both drugs, but
      testosterone was more effective in suppressing gonadotropic hormones. We conclude
      that the undesirable lipoprotein effects of 17-alpha-alkylated steroids given
      orally are different from those of parenteral testosterone and that the latter
      may be preferable in many clinical situations.

PMID- 2915440
TI  - Studies in the distribution of body fat. III. Effects of cigarette smoking.
AB  - Cross-sectional associations between smoking habits, body mass index, and waist
      hip ratio (WHR) were examined in 1122 men aged 19 to 102 years. Weight and body
      mass index were significantly lower in cigarette smokers than in nonsmokers when
      age was taken into account. The WHR in smokers was significantly higher than in
      nonsmokers. A graded dose-response relationship was found between the number of
      cigarettes smoked and the WHR. Longitudinal associations between changes in
      smoking habits and changes in the WHR were examined during follow-up visits. In
      the period between these pairs of visits, weight increased when subjects quit
      smoking and decreased when they started smoking, as expected. The increase in WHR
      among those who quit smoking was, however, significantly less than the expected
      increase if smoking had continued. The WHR in those who started smoking actually
      increased despite their loss of weight. These paradoxical changes in WHR indicate
      that there are harmful effects of cigarette smoking on the pattern of
      distribution of body fat. These facts introduce still another reason to suggest
      that the decision to initiate or to continue smoking to control body weight is
      unwise.

PMID- 2915441
TI  - Randomized double-blind trial of intravenous prochlorperazine for the treatment
      of acute headache.
AB  - In a prospective, randomized, double-blind clinical trial, intravenous
      prochlorperazine edisylate (Compazine Edisylate) was compared with a placebo in
      the treatment of severe headaches. Eighty-two adult patients with vascular or
      tension-type headaches were identified at the time of presentation to one of
      three participating emergency departments. After the patient gave informed
      consent, a 2-mL intravenous injection of sterile saline solution or
      prochlorperazine edisylate (10 mg) was given to each patient at the time of
      randomization. The treatment groups were similar with regard to age, sex, and
      type and duration of headache. Within 60 minutes after injection, 74% (31/42) of
      those who received prochlorperazine had complete relief; 14% (6/42) of the
      patients had partial relief. Overall, there was complete or partial relief of
      pain in 88% (37/42) of the drug group and in 45% (18/40) of the placebo group.
      This difference was statistically significant using chi 2 analysis. Adverse
      effects were minimal; one patient experienced asymptomatic orthostatic
      hypotension. These results suggest that intravenous prochlorperazine is an
      effective treatment for patients with severe vascular or tension headaches who
      present to the emergency department.

PMID- 2915442
TI  - Fatal carbon monoxide poisoning at a motel.
AB  - One man died and four other persons required hospitalization following accidental
      exposure to carbon monoxide at a motel. In spite of prompt diagnosis of the index
      cases, a search for the source of exposure and for other possible victims was
      delayed more than ten hours. Subsequent investigation revealed that air
      conditioning units drew carbon monoxide from the gas heaters for the motel's
      indoor swimming pools into three adjacent guest rooms through structural defects
      in the walls. Emergency care providers must remember that in environmental
      exposures, other persons may continue to be at risk, and efforts must be made to
      identify them.

PMID- 2915443
TI  - The twilight zone: death on a Sunday morning.

PMID- 2915444
TI  - A piece of my mind. Liquid air.

PMID- 2915445
TI  - Sanitation, spirits, and medicine: health care in the African bush.

PMID- 2915446
TI  - As influenza season progresses, experts look ahead to 1990 season.

PMID- 2915447
TI  - Pacific basin may provide early flu warning.

PMID- 2915448
TI  - Vision-related problems may offer clues for earlier diagnosis of Alzheimer's
      disease.

PMID- 2915449
TI  - Mandatory reporting of HIV testing would deter men from being tested.

PMID- 2915450
TI  - No pretending not to know.

PMID- 2915451
TI  - ASA.

PMID- 2915452
TI  - Prophylactic lidocaine in acute MI.

PMID- 2915453
TI  - Who will die in the ICU? APACHE II, ROC curve analysis, and, of course, Cleone.

PMID- 2915454
TI  - Physicians and journalists.

PMID- 2915455
TI  - Prospective study of human immunodeficiency virus infection and pregnancy
      outcomes in intravenous drug users.
AB  - To determine the effects of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection on
      pregnancy outcomes, we prospectively studied female intravenous drug users in a
      methadone program in New York City. Of 191 women with HIV status known prior to
      pregnancy, 17 (24%) of 70 seropositives and 26 (22%) of 121 seronegatives became
      pregnant during 28 months of follow-up. Including 54 additional women first
      tested for HIV antibody after becoming pregnant, 125 pregnancies were studied in
      97 women (39 seropositive, 58 seronegative). None of the seropositive pregnant
      women had advanced HIV-related disease at entry, and only one developed
      symptomatic disease (oral candidiasis) during pregnancy. No differences were
      observed between groups in the frequency of spontaneous or elective abortion,
      ectopic pregnancy, preterm delivery, stillbirth, or low-birth-weight births.
      Among women giving birth to live infants, seropositives were more likely than
      seronegatives to be hospitalized for bacterial pneumonia during pregnancy and had
      an increased tendency for breech presentation, although these events were
      infrequent. There were otherwise no differences between groups in the occurrence
      of antenatal, intrapartum, or neonatal complications. Results suggest that
      asymptomatic HIV infection is not associated with a decreased pregnancy rate or
      an increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes in intravenous drug users, and
      that an acceleration in HIV-disease status during pregnancy is uncommon.

PMID- 2915456
TI  - Frequency and types of medical emergencies among commercial air travelers.
AB  - We performed a one-year prospective survey of emergency medical responses to
      travelers at an international airport to observe the frequency and type of
      emergencies experienced in flight and before and after travel. Emergency
      personnel evaluated a total of 1107 people; 754 (68%) were travelers, 232 (21%)
      were employees of the airport or airlines, and 118 (11%) were area residents. Of
      the 754 travelers, 190 (25%) experienced their problem during flight; the
      aircraft made an unscheduled landing for seven of these travelers. The frequency
      of in-flight emergencies was 1 per 753 inbound flights, or 1 per 39,600 inbound
      passengers. The most common emergency problems among all travelers were abdominal
      pain, chest pain, shortness of breath, syncope, and seizures; 25% of the
      emergencies were caused by minor trauma. The majority of emergencies among air
      travelers (75% [564/754]) happened on the ground within the air terminal. Most
      problems (84% [633/754]) were effectively handled by personnel trained as
      emergency medical technicians. The types of problems encountered suggest that the
      "doctors only" medical kit now required aboard US air carriers contains
      clinically useful items and should continue to be required on board.

PMID- 2915457
TI  - Benign familial hyperphosphatasemia.
AB  - Elevated alkaline phosphatase activity in serum suggests bone or liver disease or
      a neoplasm but can also indicate pregnancy or another benign condition. A family
      with benign hyperphosphatasemia was studied to elucidate the genetics and enzyme
      defect. Serum total alkaline phosphatase activity was greater than the population
      mean in all six family members, and more than 7 SDs above the mean in two of four
      offspring. Monoclonal antibodies to three alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes,
      intestinal, placental, and tissue nonspecific (liver/bone/kidney), demonstrated
      markedly increased intestinal alkaline phosphatase levels (29% to 44% of total)
      in all family members and significantly elevated liver/bone/kidney activity in
      the two offspring. Guanidine hydrochloride denaturation of the liver/bone/kidney
      component showed high alkaline phosphatase activity from liver in both siblings
      and from bone in one. The mode of inheritance in this family is obscure, but a
      complex regulation of the products of two different alkaline phosphatase genes
      seems likely. Steps toward diagnosis are suggested. Early recognition of this
      benign biochemical abnormality should help to avoid unnecessary diagnostic tests.

PMID- 2915458
TI  - Type D (delta) hepatitis.
AB  - In the ten years since the delta agent was discovered, major advances have been
      made in the understanding of its structure, genomic organization, replicative
      cycle, clinical course, and epidemiology. The recent breakthroughs in cloning of
      the HDV genome and development of animal models for study of this agent promise
      to transform these advances in knowledge to advances in means of prevention and
      therapy for this severe form of acute and chronic liver disease.

PMID- 2915459
TI  - HIV disease in reproductive age women: a problem of the present.

PMID- 2915460
TI  - The accidental tourist: medical emergencies in the air.

PMID- 2915462
TI  - Physicians as Good Samaritans: are they liable?

PMID- 2915461
TI  - A piece of my mind. Keola and the kahuna.

PMID- 2915463
TI  - Duty to warn.

PMID- 2915464
TI  - Should medical students treat HIV-infected patients?

PMID- 2915465
TI  - Caring for HIV-infected patients should not be required.

PMID- 2915466
TI  - [Epidemiology of cancer and its problems].

PMID- 2915467
TI  - [A manual of the diagnosis and treatment of cancer].

PMID- 2915468
TI  - [Diagnosis of head and neck neoplasms].

PMID- 2915469
TI  - [Treatment of head and neck neoplasms].

PMID- 2915470
TI  - [Immunologic diagnosis of cancer--tumor markers].

PMID- 2915471
TI  - [Mediastinal tumors].

PMID- 2915472
TI  - [Treatment of breast cancer].

PMID- 2915473
TI  - [Treatment of thyroid cancer].

PMID- 2915474
TI  - [Parathyroid carcinoma].

PMID- 2915475
TI  - [Treatment of esophageal cancer].

PMID- 2915476
TI  - [Treatment of stomach cancer].

PMID- 2915477
TI  - [Tumors of the small intestine].

PMID- 2915478
TI  - [Diagnosis of colonic cancer].

PMID- 2915479
TI  - [Treatment of colonic cancer].

PMID- 2915480
TI  - [Diagnosis of rectal and anal cancer].

PMID- 2915481
TI  - [Treatment of rectal and anal cancer].

PMID- 2915482
TI  - [Treatment of liver cancer].

PMID- 2915483
TI  - [Treatment of biliary tract cancer].

PMID- 2915484
TI  - [Treatment of pancreatic cancer].

PMID- 2915485
TI  - [Hyperthermic therapy of cancer].

PMID- 2915486
TI  - [Diagnosis of carcinoma of the uterine cervix].

PMID- 2915487
TI  - [Treatment of carcinoma of the uterine cervix].

PMID- 2915488
TI  - [Diagnosis of uterine cancer].

PMID- 2915489
TI  - [Treatment of uterine cancer].

PMID- 2915490
TI  - [Tumors of the vagina and vulva].

PMID- 2915491
TI  - [Laser treatment of cancer].

PMID- 2915492
TI  - [Bladder tumors (transitional cell carcinoma)].

PMID- 2915493
TI  - [Testicular tumors].

PMID- 2915494
TI  - [Cancer of the penis].

PMID- 2915495
TI  - [Tumor of the adrenal gland].

PMID- 2915496
TI  - [Diagnosis of osteogenic sarcoma].

PMID- 2915497
TI  - [Treatment of osteogenic sarcoma].

PMID- 2915498
TI  - [Malignant melanoma].

PMID- 2915499
TI  - [Childhood leukemia].

PMID- 2915500
TI  - [Diagnosis of adult leukemia].

PMID- 2915501
TI  - [Diagnosis of brain tumors].

PMID- 2915502
TI  - [Diagnosis of malignant lymphoma].

PMID- 2915503
TI  - [Carcinoids].

PMID- 2915504
TI  - [Hypercalcemia].

PMID- 2915505
TI  - [Leukemoid reactions].

PMID- 2915506
TI  - [Cancer and immunodeficiency].

PMID- 2915507
TI  - [Cancer and blood coagulation disorders].

PMID- 2915508
TI  - [Multiple cancer syndromes].

PMID- 2915509
TI  - [Second cancer following radiation treatment].

PMID- 2915510
TI  - [Second malignancies and cancer chemotherapy].

PMID- 2915511
TI  - [Lists of antineoplastic agents].

PMID- 2915512
TI  - [Spinal cord tumors].

PMID- 2915513
TI  - Food restriction retards body growth and prevents end-stage renal pathology in
      remnant kidneys of rats regardless of protein intake.
AB  - The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of food restriction
      (without protein or phosphorus restriction) and protein restriction (without the
      restriction of other nutrients or calories) on the outcome of the remnant kidney
      model of chronic renal failure in rats. After 5/6 nephrectomy, rats were assigned
      to one of the following dietary groups: group I (control-ad libitum) consumed a
      21% casein diet ad libitum; group II (food restriction with protein restriction)
      consumed 36% less calories, protein and minerals than group I; group III (food
      restriction without protein restriction) consumed 36% less calories and minerals
      than group I, but equivalent amounts of protein; group IV (protein restriction)
      consumed 38% less protein than group I, but equivalent amounts of calories and
      minerals; group V (NaCl restriction) consumed 40% less sodium chloride than group
      I, but equivalent amounts of all other nutrients. All groups consumed equivalent
      amounts of calcium, phosphorus and vitamins. Groups II and III experienced
      retardation of growth in comparison to groups I, IV and V. The food-restricted
      groups II and III, but not groups IV and V, had less proteinuria than group I 20
      weeks postablation. By 21 weeks postablation, the kidneys from group I showed
      severe parenchymal damage, characteristic of end-stage renal pathology. These
      changes were prevented in the food-restricted groups II and III, but not in
      groups IV and V. The percentage of glomeruli with severe structural damage was
      less in groups II (27.3 +/- 8.8) and III (26.9 +/- 7.5) compared with group I
      (72.4 +/- 7.8). In contrast, the corresponding values in groups IV and V were not
      significantly different from group I. Interstitial volume (the percentage of
      tubulointerstitium which is interstitium) which was proportional to the severity
      of tubular damage was significantly lower in groups II (25.1 +/- 4.5) and III
      (20.4 +/- 2.8) when compared with groups I (48.1 +/- 3.0), IV (44.4 +/- 6.6), or
      V (41.9 +/- 4.2). An interstitial volume less than 30 correlated with well
      preserved renal histology, whereas a value greater than 40 was indicative of end
      stage renal pathology. These results indicate that the restriction of
      carbohydrate, fat, and minerals (except for calcium and phosphorus) retarded
      growth and prevented the development of end-stage renal pathology in the remnant
      kidney model of chronic renal failure in rats, regardless of whether protein was
      restricted or not.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2915514
TI  - Age-related nephropathy and proteinuria in rats with intact kidneys exposed to
      diets with different protein content.
AB  - Tubulointerstitial damage and glomerular sclerosis are findings commonly observed
      in the experimental models of adriamycin and puromycin aminonucleoside nephrosis.
      It has been suggested that in such models proteinuria might be an important
      mediator of tubulo-interstitial damage which in turn may determine the
      progression of the disease favoring the development of glomerulosclerosis. The
      objective of the present investigation was to establish the temporal relationship
      between proteinuria, tubulo-interstitial damage and glomerulosclerosis in aging
      rats with intact kidneys exposed to diets with different protein content. There
      were six groups of rats studied. Animals of groups 1, 5, and 6 (N = 10) were fed
      diets containing 20, 35, and 6% protein, respectively, for 20 months and
      sacrificed at the end of the experimental period. Rats in groups 3 and 4 (N = 6)
      exhibited marked and mild proteinuria, respectively, after 14 months of
      maintenance on standard diet, and followed for two additional months after the
      onset of proteinuria with the aim of evaluating the pattern of renal damage after
      a relatively short period of proteinuria. Rats in group 2 (N = 10) were fed
      standard diet and sacrificed before (5 months) and at the onset of proteinuria
      (10 months). Protein excretion and plasma creatinine were measured for each
      animal every month. Pathologic examination was performed by light and electron
      microscopy. At the onset of proteinuria neither renal structural nor functional
      abnormalities were detected. After 20 months, rats fed standard diet developed
      tubulo-interstitial damage (score: 1.29 +/- 1.05) and focal glomerular sclerosis
      (percentage of glomeruli with focal segmental glomerular sclerosis: 16.70 +/-
      16.40). A significant correlation was found between the degree of tubulo
      interstitial damage and the percentage of glomeruli with focal glomerular
      sclerosis (r = 0.99, p less than 0.01). Development of tubulo-interstitial damage
      and focal glomerular sclerosis were correlated with heavy and sustained
      proteinuria. The high protein diet significantly worsened proteinuria (at month
      20: 247.08 +/- 101.73 mg/day), tubulo-interstitial changes (score: 1.99 +/-
      0.70), focal glomerular sclerosis (percentage of glomeruli with focal segmental
      glomerular sclerosis: 21.50 +/- 9.44) and was associated with deteriorating renal
      function (at month 20, plasma creatinine: 1.20 +/- 0.50 mg/dl).(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2915515
TI  - Glomerular hypertrophy and epithelial cell injury modulate progressive
      glomerulosclerosis in the rat.
AB  - The effects of glomerular size and visceral epithelial cell integrity upon the
      development of progressive glomerulosclerosis was studied by superimposing renal
      ablation on adriamycin-induced nephropathy in rats. Adriamycin alone caused focal
      epithelial cell injury and proteinuria but minimal segmental glomerulosclerosis.
      In normal rats, renal ablation was accompanied by mild progressive proteinuria
      and glomerulosclerosis. However, renal ablation in rats with adriamycin
      nephropathy caused a dramatic increase in proteinuria and a disproportionately
      high frequency of segmental glomerulosclerosis. Accelerated glomerular injury
      after renal ablation in adriamycin-treated rats was associated with substantial
      glomerular hypertrophy with near doubling of the tuft volume. Morphometric and
      autoradiographic studies showed that compensatory glomerular hypertrophy occurs
      without a proportional increase in the number of visceral epithelial cells,
      leading to a substantial reduction in the density of these cells within the
      capillary tuft. The severity of segmental glomerulosclerosis showed a significant
      correlation with the glomerular volume and the reciprocal of the visceral
      epithelial cell density. Ultrastructural observations indicate that epithelial
      defects with detachment of the cell processes from the underlying basement
      membrane are almost invariably seen in areas of segmental glomerulosclerosis with
      hyalinosis. These findings suggest that the process of progressive
      glomerulosclerosis is, to a great extent, contingent upon the development of
      epithelial cell defects, that result from direct injury or from a reduction in
      the cell density after inordinate compensatory glomerular hypertrophy.

PMID- 2915516
TI  - Morphologic heterogeneity along the rat inner medullary collecting duct.
AB  - The qualitative and quantitative morphologic features of the cells lining the
      inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD) in the outer (IMCD1), middle (IMCD2) and
      inner (IMCD3) segments were investigated. Kidneys of male rats were fixed by in
      vivo vascular perfusion with glutaraldehyde and processed for light microscopy
      and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The IMCD1 consisted of both
      principal cells and intercalated cells similar to those present in the outer
      medullary collecting duct. The principal cells were covered with small microvilli
      and a single cilium. Most of the IMCD2 and the entire IMCD3 contained one cell
      type (IMCD cell). When compared with the principal cells, the IMCD cells were
      taller, had fewer basal infoldings and a lighter staining cytoplasm containing
      numerous free ribosomes and small electron-dense cytoplasmic bodies in the basal
      region. The luminal surface was covered with prominent microvilli, but had no
      cilia. Morphometric analysis demonstrated that the surface density of apical and
      basal plasma membranes decreased from IMCD1 to IMCD3. However, because of an
      overall increase in tubule volume from IMCD1 to IMCD3, there were no significant
      differences in the absolute area of apical or basal membranes between the three
      segments. In contrast, the absolute area of lateral membranes increased
      significantly from IMCD1 to IMCD3. This study demonstrates that the IMCD1
      consists of principal cells and intercalated cells similar to those in the outer
      medullary collecting duct, whereas the cells in most of the IMCD2 and the entire
      IMCD3 appear to represent a distinct and separate cell type which we choose to
      call the IMCD cell. Thus, both morphologic and functional heterogeneity appear to
      exist along the IMCD.

PMID- 2915517
TI  - Glomerular capillary morphology in normal humans.
AB  - Knowledge of quantitative glomerular structure in normal man is limited. At the
      time of renal transplantation, 28 living-related normal kidney donors had renal
      biopsies performed. Tissue was processed for light and electron microscopy using
      standard techniques. Standard stereologic techniques were used to determine mean
      glomerular volume, capillary length density, fractional volumes of mesangium and
      capillary lumen, surface densities of the peripheral capillary, mesangial
      epithelium interface, and the lumenal-mesangial interface. Volume of total
      mesangium/glomerulus, capillary lumenal volume/glomerulus, peripheral capillary
      filtration surface/glomerulus, capillary mesangial-epithelial surface/glomerulus,
      capillary lumenal-mesangial surface/glomerulus, capillary length/glomerulus, and
      average capillary diameter were calculated. There were no significant differences
      between males and females in any structural parameter. There were no significant
      correlations between age or body surface area and any structural parameter. In
      comparison with these normal values, previously reported diabetic patients with
      clinical nephropathy demonstrate markedly expanded mesangial volume/glomerulus
      and a diminished filtration surface/glomerulus. The availability of these normal
      values will allow comparison with functional data in normal humans and greater
      understanding of human glomerular disease.

PMID- 2915518
TI  - Rapid barrier restitution in an in vitro model of intestinal epithelial injury.
AB  - Mild forms of intestinal epithelial injury commonly occur in many disease states.
      In order to study how such epithelial "wounds" heal, we have developed a highly
      reproducible in vitro model of intestinal epithelial injury. Guinea pig ileal
      mucosal sheets were mounted in Ussing chambers and the mucosal surfaces were
      exposed to 0.06% Triton-X 100 for 5 minutes. This resulted in denudation of the
      epithelium at the tips of 86% of villi. As a result of this injury, resistance to
      passive ion flow decreased significantly (56.5 +/- 1.3 versus 38.4 +/- 2.3
      ohm.cm2 for control and injury, respectively, p less than 0.01), as did
      transepithelial potential difference (-11.9 +/- 0.7 versus -4.3 +/- 0.4 mV for
      control versus injury respectively, p less than 0.01). In parallel,
      transepithelial fluxes of the extracellular space markers mannitol and inulin
      increased 3- to 5-fold immediately after injury. Two hours after injury, villus
      tips were again confluently covered by columnar absorptive cells, a time course
      of healing too fast to be accounted for by enhanced cell proliferation. Analysis
      of the structural events occurring during recovery showed that absorptive cells
      shouldering the foci of denudation rapidly changed shape after injury: they
      became flattened and sent cell projections over the denuded basement membrane. By
      60 minutes after injury, cells from opposite shoulders of the denudation abutted,
      thus resealing the defect. Paralleling these structural changes, transepithelial
      resistance, potential difference, and mannitol and inulin fluxes returned toward
      control values. These data show that focal epithelial discontinuities in the
      small intestine may be rapidly resealed. Such reparative processes may
      substantially limit the deleterious physiologic impact of superficial forms of
      intestinal injury.

PMID- 2915519
TI  - Histologic and scanning electron microscopic observations of intrahepatic
      peribiliary glands in normal human livers.
AB  - The three-dimensional configuration of the intrahepatic peribiliary glandular
      system was examined in normal autopsied livers by scanning electron microscopic
      observations of the intrahepatic biliary tract casts. Biliary tract casts were
      made by injection of resin into the biliary tree and subsequent corrosion of the
      hepatic parenchyma. There were many projections on the surface of the biliary
      casts and they could be morphologically classified into pouchlike and treelike
      projections. These projections tended to be arranged on opposite sides of the
      biliary casts. The treelike projections from the large bile ducts at the
      bifurcation frequently anastomosed each other. By comparing the findings of
      biliary casts with histologic findings as well as the measuring of these
      projections and thickness of bile duct wall, it was suggested that the treelike
      projections correspond to the extramural peribiliary glands and the pouchlike
      ones to the intramural ones, both of which are normally present around the
      intrahepatic biliary tree. Thus, it was suggested stereologically in this study
      that substance(s) produced in the intrahepatic peribiliary glands may be secreted
      into the bile ductal lumen and thereby participate in the modification of bile
      composition.

PMID- 2915520
TI  - The concurrent validity of the Minnesota Child Development Inventory as a measure
      of young children's language development.
AB  - The extent to which the Minnesota Child Development Inventory (MCDI), could be
      used to estimate levels of language development in 2-year-old children was
      examined. Fifty-seven children between 23 and 28 months were given the Sequenced
      Inventory of Communication Development (SICD), and at the same time a parent
      completed the MCDI. In addition the mean length of utterance (MLU) was obtained
      for each child from a spontaneous speech sample. The MCDI Expressive Language
      scale was found to be a strong predictor of both the SICD Expressive scale and
      MLU. The MCDI Comprehension-Conceptual scale, presumably a receptive language
      measure, was moderately correlated with the SICD Receptive scale; however, it was
      also strongly correlated with the expressive measures. These results demonstrated
      that the Expressive Language scale of the MCDI was a valid predictor of
      expressive language for 2-year-old children. The MCDI Comprehension-Conceptual
      scale appeared to assess both receptive and expressive language, thus
      complicating its interpretation.

PMID- 2915521
TI  - Nonfluencies of preschool stutterers and conversational partners: observing
      reciprocal relationships.
AB  - Nonfluencies produced by 12 stutterers (2-6 years old) interacting in three
      dyadic sessions were analyzed. A stutterer played with his own mother, own
      father, and a familiar peer for 10 min. Results indicated that the total
      frequencies and types of nonfluency observed were very similar in each of the
      play situations. Although stutterers exhibited more part-word repetitions and
      prolongations than any other type of nonfluency, they did not differ in the
      amount and type of nonfluency when talking to their three conversational
      partners. Because children have more breakdowns in fluency than adults, it was
      not surprising that peers were more nonfluent when talking to the stutterer than
      were the parents. Peers used significantly more part- and whole-word repetitions,
      tense pauses, and interjections than the parents did. The nonfluency levels of
      the parent partners were quite similar when talking to the stutterers.

PMID- 2915522
TI  - Speech and language in maltreated children: response to McCauley and Swisher
      (1987)

PMID- 2915523
TI  - Word recognition functions for the CID W-22 test in multitalker noise for
      normally hearing and hearing-impaired subjects.
AB  - Word recognition functions for Auditec recordings of the CID W-22 stimuli in
      multitalker noise were obtained using subjects with normal hearing and with mild
      to-moderate sensorineural hearing loss. In the first experiment, word recognition
      functions were generated by varying the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N); whereas in
      the second experiment, a constant S/N was used and stimulus intensity was varied.
      The split-half reliability of word recognition scores for the normal-hearing and
      hearing-impaired groups revealed variability that agreed closely with predictions
      based on the simple binomial distribution. Therefore, the binomial model appears
      appropriate for estimating the variability of word recognition scores whether
      they are obtained in quiet or in a competing background noise. The reliability
      for threshold (50% point) revealed good stability. The slope of the recognition
      function was steeper for normal listeners than for the hearing-impaired subjects.
      Word recognition testing in noise can provide insight into the problems imposed
      by hearing loss, particularly when evaluating patients with mild hearing loss who
      exhibit no difficulties with conventional tests. Clinicians should employ a
      sufficient number of stimuli so that the test is adequately sensitive to
      differences among listening conditions.

PMID- 2915524
TI  - Speech spectrum considerations and speech intelligibility predictions in hearing
      aid evaluations.
AB  - This report deals with the issue of the amplified and unamplified speech spectra
      as they relate to the residual auditory range. The methods for predicting
      intelligibility of both amplified and unamplified speech are discussed. Based on
      Pavlovic (1987) an articulation index-based procedure applicable to clinical data
      is derived (A1). A simplified version (A0) is also proposed.

PMID- 2915525
TI  - Using a barrier game format to improve children's referential communication
      skills.
AB  - The effectiveness of training referential communication skills with learning
      disabled (LD) students was investigated. Forty-two upper elementary-aged children
      were divided equally into three groups: (a) an LD training group, (b) an LD
      control group, and (c) a normally achieving training group. The normal group was
      included as a check on training procedures. All subjects were administered
      pretests. The measures were a listening task and two speaking tasks. The two
      training groups were trained in dyads on a referential communication task.
      Posttests were administered 1 week after training. Results indicated that on the
      listening task the groups were not significantly different. On both speaking
      measures, the LD trained group achieved significantly higher scores than did the
      LD control group. The LD and normally achieving training groups were not
      significantly different. Follow-up testing 7 months later indicated that
      significant differences remained between the two LD groups on one of the speaking
      measures. It is concluded that LD students can benefit from training on
      referential communication tasks.

PMID- 2915526
TI  - Phonologic abilities of a preschool child with Prader-Willi syndrome.
AB  - The case study follows the development of phonologic abilities in a child with
      Prader-Willi syndrome from age 2:7 to 6:1 during a period in which she was
      enrolled in language and phonologic remediation. Changes in her phonetic
      inventory, in the set of phonemes used correctly, and in phonologic processes are
      described. Although her phonologic system appeared to parallel those of normally
      developing children in many ways, some unusual sounds and patterns of usage were
      also seen. Because the effect of the treatment program on the development of her
      phonologic system cannot be adequately determined, clinicians should use caution
      when generalizing these results to other children with this syndrome.

PMID- 2915527
TI  - Effects of imitation on language comprehension and transfer to production in
      children with mental retardation.
AB  - This study investigated the effects of verbal imitation on the comprehension of
      novel object-location responses and subsequent transfer of these responses to
      production. A matrix training procedure was used to teach 2 children with
      moderate mental retardation syntactic rules for combining known and unknown words
      into two-word utterances. An alternating treatments design was used with two
      conditions: receptive teaching with imitation of the target phrase and no
      imitation of the phrase. Findings suggested that the use of imitation facilitated
      both generalized receptive learning and transfer to production in both subjects.

PMID- 2915528
TI  - Surface EMG and related measures in normal and vocally hyperfunctional speakers.
AB  - Surface electromyographic (EMG) signals were detected from the laryngeal area of
      7 normal and 7 vocally hyperfunctional speakers during rest, two resisted-force
      maneuvers, vowel production, and connected speech. Vowel fundamental frequency,
      absolute and relative period perturbation, laryngeal-palpation ratings, and
      harshness ratings were acquired as well. The two groups differed significantly on
      all EMG measures except those associated with the resisted-force maneuvers, the
      vowel EMG-to-rest EMG ratio, and the speech EMG-to-rest EMG ratio. Moderately
      high correlations were evident between selected clinical measures and speech EMG
      values.

PMID- 2915530
TI  - Maximal opposition approach to phonological treatment.
AB  - The purpose of this paper was to evaluate a phonological treatment program of
      maximal rather than minimal feature contrasts by charting the course of learning
      in a child displaying a systematic error pattern involving the nonoccurrence of
      word-initial consonants. Generalization data indicated that the child learned 16
      word-initial consonants following treatment of only three sets of maximal
      opposition contrasts. Overgeneralization data indicated that the child
      restructured his phonological system based on a larger concept of "word
      initialness." Basic components of and differences between various forms of
      contrast treatment are discussed.

PMID- 2915529
TI  - Differentiating Alzheimer's patients from the normal elderly and stroke patients
      with aphasia.
AB  - The performance of individuals with mild and moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD),
      normal age-matched elderly individuals, and stroke patients with fluent and
      nonfluent aphasia were compared on a group of neuropsychological tasks. The
      unique performance profiles associated with each subject group are discussed, and
      the best tasks for intergroup differentiation specified. Whereas the tasks
      employed were efficacious for discriminating early- and middle-stage AD patients
      from normal subjects and aphasic stroke patients, and early- from middle-stage AD
      patients, they were not efficacious for subtyping aphasia patients according to
      fluency. Generally, memory measures were best for intergroup differentiation.

PMID- 2915531
TI  - Recovery from OME-related phonologic delay following tube placement.
AB  - Subjects with documented histories of frequent or persistent otitis media with
      effusion (OME) who were judged to be below age level phonologically prior to
      placement of pressure equalization (PE) tubes were reassessed at 4-month
      intervals. Group A (n = 22) subjects caught up with their peers by the age of 4
      years; Group B (n = 14) subjects' progress was delayed and phonologic
      intervention was advised. At initial testing the two groups were found to differ
      significantly in scores on postvocalic singleton obstruent omission, velar
      deviation, and stridency deletion. Elapsed time between initial diagnosis of OME
      and beginning of the first remission of 6 months or more also differed
      significantly, as did scores on the first phonologic reassessment. Subject scores
      on initial phonologic adequacy, retest adequacy, and elapsed time from diagnosis
      to remission appropriately classified all but 2 subjects by group. A formula is
      provided that appears to make early prediction of eventual need for phonologic
      intervention a practical possibility.

PMID- 2915532
TI  - The NIH clinician-investigator award: how to write a training grant application.

PMID- 2915533
TI  - Increased plasma oncotic pressure inhibits pulmonary fluid transport when
      pulmonary pressures are elevated.
AB  - Hydrostatic and oncotic pressures are the primary determinants of fluid movement
      across the pulmonary vascular membrane. The precise role of oncotic pressure in
      regulating transvascular fluid exchange especially when hydrostatic pressure is
      high is not known. Awake, adult sheep were instrumented for pressure monitoring
      and the collection of pulmonary lymph. A left atrial (LA) balloon catheter was
      utilized to control LA pressure. Statistically significant increases in lymph
      protein flux were seen with infusion of saline and elevated pulmonary
      microvascular pressure (Pmv) over elevated Pmv alone (15.3 +/- 1.23 versus 11.2
      +/- 1.09 mg/min) concomitant with a decrease in plasma colloid oncotic pressure
      (COP) (14.9 +/- 0.5 versus 16.9 +/- 0.5 mm/Hg). The protein flux seen with
      elevated Pmv and saline infusion was blunted when plasma was infused (13.8 +/-
      1.58 mg/min) and the plasma COP augmented (18.1 +/- 0.05 mg Hg) but was not
      statistically different. We conclude that under conditions of stable membrane
      permeability and elevated Pmv, the plasma COP appears to be an important
      mechanism for protection against pulmonary edema.

PMID- 2915534
TI  - The influence of perfusate viscosity, RBC deformability and drag on the function
      of an isolated perfused rat kidney.
AB  - There is increasing clinical interest in improving blood rheology to optimize
      organ function, but studies correlating the two are scarce. To study this, rat
      kidneys were perfused in vitro at 37 degrees C at a constant mean renal arterial
      pressure of 160 mm Hg. The perfusate consisted of an oxygenated Krebs HCO3 buffer
      containing 1 mg/ml glucose, 0.5 mg/ml creatinine, amino acids, [3H]inulin (marker
      for GFR), 2.5 g/dl albumin, and 10 or 20% hematocrit. In some experiments, RBC
      were made nondeformable by heating at 50 degrees C for 20 min. Deformability was
      measured by an ektacytometer. In other experiments, 0.001% of an anionic
      polyacrylamide (Separan), a drag-reducing agent, was added to the perfusate.
      Viscosity was measured with a cone and plate viscometer, [Na+] with a flame
      spectrophotometer, and perfusate flow with a Brooks in-line flowmeter. Other
      functional parameters, GFR, urine flow, RPF, and reabsorption of sodium and
      water, were also measured. The results indicate that (1) making RBC nondeformable
      or increasing viscosity by increasing hematocrit reduces renal function, and (2)
      addition of a drag-reducing agent improves renal function at 20% hematocrit. We
      conclude that rheologic manipulation of a perfusate solution can alter flow and
      renal function.

PMID- 2915536
TI  - Brain stem topography of vagus nerve to the greater curvature of the stomach.
AB  - If preganglionic vagus nerve fibers enter the stomach via all of its
      neurovascular bundles, then proximal gastric vagotomy that divides only the
      bundles along the lesser curvature of the stomach neglects a potential source of
      innervation to the parietal cells. To determine whether or not these bundles
      contained preganglionic efferent vagal nerve fibers, horseradish peroxidase was
      applied to the central cut end of selected neurovascular bundles along the
      greater curvature of the stomach in rats and ferrets. Cells in the dorsal motor
      nucleus of the vagus (dmnX) of the rat were labeled after horseradish peroxidase
      applications to the right gastroepiploic, the splenic, and the short gastric
      bundles. The ferrets had horseradish peroxidase applied to the right
      gastroepiploic bundle and they also had cellular labeling of the dmnX. The
      labeling in cells of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus had a distinct
      topographic, rostrocaudal distribution in both species, and was maximal in the
      vicinity of the obex. Cells of the bilateral dmnX were labeled after horseradish
      peroxidase applications at all bundles. This study showed (1) that the bundles
      along the greater curvature of the stomach contained preganglionic efferent vagus
      nerve fibers, (2) that the cells of origin of these fibers were represented in
      the localized rostrocaudal position of the dmnX, and (3) that these fibers had
      their origins in the bilateral dmnX. Such nerve fibers may account for incomplete
      vagal denervation of the parietal cells after proximal gastric vagotomy.

PMID- 2915535
TI  - Traumatic shock and head injury: effects of fluid resuscitation on the brain.
AB  - The effects of resuscitation of traumatic-hemorrhagic shock on the brain are
      unknown. Traumatic shock in sheep (fracture/crush injury, 2-hr hemorrhage to 40
      mm Hg) was followed by resuscitation to baseline mean arterial pressure. Two
      groups without brain injury were resuscitated with lactated Ringer's (LR1, n = 7)
      or albumin (ALB1, n = 6). Focal brain injury was added in two further groups
      (LR2, n = 6; ALB2, n = 6). Hemodynamics, intracranial pressure (ICP), EEG, and
      colloid osmotic pressure (COP) were followed. Brain water (BW) and cerebral blood
      volume (CBV) were compared to those of controls (C, n = 7). RESULTS: ICP rose in
      all groups. Animals without brain injury did not have increased brain water.
      Below are results for brain-injured animals after resuscitation (mean +/- SEM).
      (table; see text) Maintaining COP during initial resuscitation does not minimize
      cerebral edema: the effects of LR and ALB were similar in this setting. Focal
      brain injury causes edema but does not cause large increases in ICP with initial
      resuscitation.

PMID- 2915538
TI  - A skeletal muscle ventricle made from rectus abdominis muscle in the dog.
AB  - This study examined the ability of a skeletal muscle-powered assist ventricle to
      augment cardiac output in 10 dogs with experimentally induced heart failure.
      Heart failure was induced with the use of the beta-blocking agents atenolol and
      propranolol. A "skeletal muscle ventricle" was then surgically constructed by
      wrapping the rectus abdominis muscle, with an intact neurovascular supply, around
      a double open-ended compressible pouch. The skeletal muscle ventricle was then
      interposed in a left ventricular apicoaortic conduit. The motor nerves to the
      skeletal muscle ventricle were stimulated by a custom designed pulse generator
      and caused tetanic contraction of the ventricle during diastole of every fourth
      natural heart beat. Stimulation was continued for 60 min. Cardiac output,
      systolic and diastolic blood pressures, mean blood pressure, left ventricular end
      diastolic pressure, and central venous pressure were then monitored prior to,
      during, and several times after skeletal muscle ventricle stimulation to evaluate
      assist ventricle function. There was an increased cardiac output in all 10 dogs
      at all recording times during skeletal muscle ventricle assistance compared to
      the cardiac output prior to stimulation of the assist ventricle. The mean
      increase in cardiac output after 30 min of assist ventricle stimulation was 31.0
      +/- 14% (P less than 0.01), and at 60 min was 8.0 +/- 1% (P less than 0.05). The
      mean diastolic blood pressure after 1 and 30 min of skeletal muscle ventricle
      assistance (50.0 +/- 2.9 and 48.6 +/- 2.2 mm Hg, respectively) was increased (P
      less than 0.05) vs the preassistance value (44.9 +/- 2.8 mm Hg).(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2915537
TI  - A statistical assessment of the dependability of transcutaneous tissue oxygen
      tension measurements.
AB  - Transcutaneous oxygen tension measurements (PtcO2) were obtained for subjects in
      two groups: peripheral vascular patients (N = 15) and disease-free controls (N =
      9). Readings were taken in each of three locations, arm, knee and foot, in supine
      and erect positions, at fixed and random times, on each of 3 consecutive days.
      The dependability (the proportion of true variance in total variance) of PtcO2
      measurements was evaluated using a generalizability model. The preliminary
      generalizability study analysis indicated that day-to-day variation of PtcO2
      level was larger than within-day variation. Therefore, in order to decrease the
      measurement error variance one would preferably increase the number of days for
      measurements (nd) rather than increase the number of measurements within each day
      (nt). A decision study analysis was also performed which resulted in estimates of
      error variance and two interdependent dependability measures: dependability
      coefficients (DCs) and signal to noise ratios (S/Ns). PtcO2 dependability values
      were generally different for the two groups. Cases had high DCs and S/Ns (DC
      greater than or equal to 0.9, S/N greater than or equal to 9) in all location
      position combinations except for arm measurements. On the other hand, controls
      had low and unacceptable DCs and S/Ns (DC less than 0.8, S/N less than 4) in all
      location-position combinations. Cases and controls had generally lower
      dependability values when PtcO2 ratios were analyzed. The only two ratio-position
      categories for which dependability values were in the acceptable range (DC
      greater than or equal to 0.8, S/N greater than or equal to 4) were foot/arm erect
      and foot/arm supine for the cases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2915539
TI  - Assessment of serial carcinoembryonic antigen: determinations to monitor the
      therapeutic progress and prognosis of metastatic liver disease treated by
      regional chemotherapy.
AB  - It is difficult, time-consuming, and expensive to evaluate the therapeutic
      efficacy of regional chemotherapy of metastatic liver disease by means of imaging
      procedures. Therefore it was the aim of this study to find out whether serial
      carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) determinations yield reliable data on the
      therapeutic progress and the individual prognosis of these patients. Since there
      exists no generally accepted modality to assess CEA curves of patients receiving
      chemotherapy, we developed our own criterion and tested it in a group of 35
      patients. For each patient an individual reference level (CEA-means) was fixed
      which was obtained as the arithmetical mean of serial CEA values taken during the
      first three courses of chemotherapy (reference time). On the basis of CEA-means
      the marker curves of the 35 patients could be divided into two groups. After the
      reference time the CEA values of group 1 (12 patients) never decreased below CEA
      means. Survival of these patients was significantly (P = 0.00001) shorter than
      that of the 23 patients (group 2) who showed a decrease in their CEA curves below
      CEA-means after the reference time. Beyond this it could be observed that the
      improvement in survival was significantly greater in those patients who showed a
      CEA decrease below CEA-means for a prolonged period (3 months). This difference
      in prognosis is not an artefact due to different pretherapeutic conditions but is
      a sign of different responses to therapy. The decrease in CEA values below the
      individual reference level (CEA-means) is a certain sign of the efficacy of the
      chosen chemotherapy. A continuous rise of the CEA curve above CEA-means signifies
      an ineffective intrahepatic chemotherapy or extrahepatic tumor manifestation. In
      this case an intensive diagnostic workup of the patient and possibly a
      modification of the therapy are indicated.

PMID- 2915540
TI  - Percutaneous superfine-needle aspiration biopsy of intrathoracic lesions guided
      by simulator.
AB  - The result of percutaneous superfine-needle aspiration biopsy in 100 patients
      with intrathoracic lesions guided by simulator is reported. The success rate of
      aspiration biopsy was 94%, and no major complication was observed. The method of
      localization by simulator had advantages such as accuracy in localization, no
      limitation of mass size and site, and a high rate of puncture success. Cell
      smears obtained by superfine needle were similar to those obtained by fine- or
      large-bore needles, but fewer complications were encountered. This is a useful
      technique that can provide early cytological diagnosis, especially for the
      peripheral type of pulmonary mass.

PMID- 2915541
TI  - Squamous metaplasia with Hashimoto's thyroiditis presenting as a thyroid nodule.
AB  - A 59-year-old Japanese female presented a well-limited and movable thyroid
      nodule. Histologically, the nodule consisted of clusters of squamous cells
      surrounded by dense connective tissue in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. The squamous
      cells were well arranged and showed no mitotic figures. We therefore interpreted
      this nodule as being squamous metaplasia with Hashimoto's thyroiditis rather than
      squamous carcinoma of the thyroid. There are no previous reports in the
      literature of nodular formation of squamous metaplasia in the thyroid.

PMID- 2915542
TI  - Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase and carcinoembryonic antigen in breast cancer
      patients: clinical correlation with the markers.
AB  - Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase (LAP) scores in peripheral blood and plasma
      carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels were determined in 208 breast cancer
      patients with nonmetastatic disease. Patients were followed until clinical
      manifestations of metastases appeared. Then the LAP score and CEA level were
      analyzed in relation to the clinical appearance of metastases. Of the 208
      patients studied, 58 developed metastases during the follow-up period. The LAP
      scores and CEA levels of this group of patients were compared to a control group
      of 60 breast cancer patients who did not develop metastases. Of the two markers,
      LAP score seems to be considerably more useful in detecting metastatic disease.

PMID- 2915543
TI  - Intraoperative antegrade irrigation in complicated left-sided colonic cancer.
AB  - Emergency one-stage surgery for acute, complicated, left-sided colonic cancer can
      be performed because of intraoperative antegrade irrigation of the large
      intestine. This procedure was performed in 17 patients: 15 patients with an
      obstructive, left-sided cancer and two patients with a perforated carcinoma. The
      age distribution ranged between 57 and 92 years. There were two postoperative
      septic complications: a small wound abscess and a partial abdominal wall
      dehiscence. One patient died because of massive upper gastrointestinal bleeding.
      This method permits the creation of a primary anastomosis in the left colon,
      obviating the necessity of a coeco- or colostomy, preternatural anus, or an
      extensive right-sided hemicolectomy. Several surgical interventions are avoided,
      resulting in a decrease of mortality, morbidity, duration of hospital stay, and
      costs. Moreover, intraoperative irrigation could be an attractive alternative for
      the usual preoperative mechanical bowel preparation, which is especially
      burdensome in elderly patients.

PMID- 2915544
TI  - Vaccinia virus-infected C-C36 colon tumor cell lysates stimulate cellular
      responses in vitro and protect syngeneic Balb/c mice from tumor cell challenge.
AB  - Vaccinia virus (VV) was used to infect and lyse the Balb/c colon tumor line C-C36
      to prepare oncolysate (VCO) with augmented immunogenicity. Mice treated with VCO
      and challenged with C-C36 were significantly protected against tumor growth as
      compared to untreated controls (P less than 0.001) and mice treated with CO (P
      less than 0.01). Moreover, protection induced by VCO was specific when growth
      inhibition of C-C36 was compared to that of meth-A (P = 0.027). Splenocytes from
      mice stimulated with VCO in vitro showed greater proliferation than splenocytes
      stimulated with CO alone or VV alone, suggesting induction of a unique VCO
      component. Additional evidence for a specific response was suggested by the
      observation that splenocytes stimulated with VCO in vitro demonstrated augmented
      cytolysis of C-C36 but did not show cytolytic activity against unrelated target
      cells. However, augmented cytolysis of the natural killer (NK)-sensitive YAC-1 by
      VCO-stimulated splenocytes was also observed. These results suggest that in vivo
      resistance to tumor challenge induced by VCO treatment may result from
      stimulation of both specific and nonspecific effector cells.

PMID- 2915545
TI  - 18th annual UCLA symposium. Abstracts: Frontiers of NMR in molecular biology.

PMID- 2915547
TI  - 18th annual UCLA symposium. Abstracts: New directions in biological control.

PMID- 2915546
TI  - 18th annual UCLA symposium. Abstracts: Glycobiology.

PMID- 2915548
TI  - 18th annual UCLA symposium. Abstracts: Immunogenicity.

PMID- 2915549
TI  - 18th annual UCLA symposium. Abstracts: Protein and pharmaceutical engineering.

PMID- 2915550
TI  - 18th annual UCLA symposium. Abstracts: Genetic mechanisms in carcinogenesis and
      tumor progression.

PMID- 2915551
TI  - 18th annual UCLA symposium. Abstracts: Transgenic models in medicine and
      agriculture.

PMID- 2915552
TI  - 18th annual UCLA symposium. Abstracts: Early embryo development and paracrine
      relationships.

PMID- 2915554
TI  - 18th annual UCLA symposium. Abstracts: Growth regulation of cancer-II.

PMID- 2915553
TI  - 18th annual UCLA symposium. Abstracts: Cellular and molecular biology of normal
      and abnormal erythroid membranes.

PMID- 2915555
TI  - A clinical study of cerebral circulation during extracorporeal circulation.
AB  - The objective of this study is to clarify the relationship of cerebral blood flow
      to extracorporeal circulation flow and mean arterial pressure during nonpulsatile
      extracorporeal circulation under moderate hypothermia. Cerebral blood flow was
      determined by an argon saturation and desaturation method after that of Pevsner
      and colleagues with a mass spectrometer in 21 adult patients undergoing cardiac
      operations. Cerebral blood flow was 25, 33, 35, and 42 ml/100 gm/min, ranging
      from 19 to 50 ml/100 gm/min, at extracorporeal circulation flow rates of 40, 50,
      60, and 70 ml/kg/min, respectively. Cerebral blood flow increased proportionally
      to extracorporeal circulation flow. Cerebral blood flow scattered almost
      transversely to mean arterial pressure and was 31 ml/100 gm/min in a hypotensive
      group (mean arterial pressure 34 to 50 mm Hg) and 34 ml/100 gm/min in another
      group (mean arterial pressure 51 to 94 mm Hg). Mean arterial pressure did not
      significantly influence cerebral blood flow. Cerebral oxygen consumption did not
      remarkably decrease and remained in the reasonable range when cerebral blood flow
      was 23 to 40 ml/100 gm/min. Subsequently, we assumed that the average cerebral
      blood flow value of 25 ml/100 gm/min at an extracorporeal circulation flow rate
      of 40 ml/kg/min also would be in the safe range. All of the patients are living
      without cerebral complications. We conclude that (1) cerebral blood flow was
      extracorporeal circulation flow dependent and (2) cerebral blood flow in the safe
      range was maintained even in the hypotensive range, provided the extracorporeal
      circulation flow rate was 40 ml/kg/min or higher.

PMID- 2915556
TI  - The effect of transfusion of fresh whole blood versus platelet concentrates after
      cardiac operations. A scanning electron microscope study of platelet aggregation
      on extracellular matrix.
AB  - To evaluate the effect of fresh whole blood transfusion versus platelet
      concentrates transfusion on platelet aggregation after cardiac operations, 24
      patients were randomized to receive either one unit of fresh whole blood (12
      patients) or 10 platelet units (12 patients) after cardiopulmonary bypass.
      Platelet aggregation on extracellular matrix, platelet count, and mean platelet
      volume were studied preoperatively, at termination of cardiopulmonary bypass,
      after protamine administration, and after the transfusion of fresh whole blood or
      after transfusion of each two platelet units. Extracellular matrix produced by
      cultured bovine corneal cells closely resembles the vascular subendothelial basal
      lamina, and is an ideal in vitro model in the study of platelet interaction with
      the subendothelium. Platelet aggregation on extracellular matrix, studied by a
      scanning electron microscope, was graded from 1 to 4, wherein grade 1 represents
      nonactivated platelets and grade 4 a mature platelet aggregate. With this grading
      system, the two groups were similar in preoperative values (3.3 +/- 0.9 versus
      3.7 +/- 0.4) and values after cardiopulmonary bypass (1.5 +/- 1.0 in both
      groups). One unit of fresh whole blood restored platelet aggregation on
      extracellular matrix to preoperative status (3.0 +/- 1.0), whereas eight platelet
      units were needed for the same result (3.2 +/- 0.8). One unit of fresh whole
      blood increased platelet count in a manner similar to that achieved by six
      platelet units and increased mean platelet volume to a level higher than that
      achieved by 10 platelet units. These results suggest that the effect of one unit
      of fresh whole blood on platelet aggregation after cardiopulmonary bypass is at
      least equal, if not superior, to the effect of 8 to 10 platelet units.

PMID- 2915557
TI  - Protection of the myocardium during global ischemia. Is crystalloid cardioplegia
      effective in the immature myocardium?
AB  - In pediatric cardiac operations, a high proportion of hospital deaths are
      believed to result from inadequate myocardial protection during the period of
      global ischemia. To investigate whether this may be due to an inherently lower
      resistance to myocardial ischemia or to the failure of conventional cardioplegia
      to afford adequate protection in the immature heart, we have conducted a series
      of studies with isolated hearts from neonatal (3 to 5 days old, body weight 6.3
      to 13.4 gm) and adult (84 to 112 days old, 260 to 340 gm) rats. The efficacy of
      cardioplegia was assessed in neonatal hearts (n = 6 per group) subjected to
      various durations of normothermic ischemia, with and without a 2-minute
      preischemic infusion of the St. Thomas' Hospital cardioplegic solution. At all
      times studied, the use of cardioplegia resulted in a greater postischemic
      recovery of left ventricular developed pressure and first derivative of left
      ventricular pressure. After periods of ischemia lasting 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150
      minutes in the absence of cardioplegia, left ventricular developed pressure
      recovered to 80% +/- 10%, 66% +/- 11%, 53% +/- 7%, 33% +/- 6%, and 21% +/- 4% of
      preischemic values, respectively; in the presence of cardioplegia, the values
      were 89% +/- 6%, 83% +/- 8%, 74% +/- 6% (p less than 0.05), 58% +/- 5% (p less
      than 0.05), and 41% +/- 7% (p less than 0.05), respectively. The corresponding
      values for first derivative of left ventricular pressure were 78% +/- 9%, 67% +/-
      12%, 54% +/- 7%, 30% +/- 5%, and 19% +/- 3% in the absence of cardioplegia and
      92% +/- 7%, 88% +/- 8%, 75% +/- 8%, 56% +/- 5% (p less than 0.05) and 39% +/- 6%
      (p less than 0.05) in the presence of cardioplegia. In the noncardioplegia
      groups, 90% of hearts exhibited ischemic contracture (mean time to onset = 24.7
      +/- 1.1 minutes), whereas in the cardioplegia groups, only 63% exhibited
      contracture, and of a significantly delayed onset (37.0 +/- 1.5 min, p less than
      0.05). Adult hearts (n = 5) subjected to 30 minutes of normothermic ischemic
      arrest, in the absence of cardioplegia, recovered 36% +/- 7% of the preischemic
      left ventricular developed pressure and 37% +/- 9% of the preischemic first
      derivative of left ventricular pressure on reperfusion; 100% of these hearts
      exhibited some degree of contracture (mean time to onset = 15.4 +/- 1.1 minutes)
      by the end of the ischemic period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2915558
TI  - Comparison of single dose versus multiple dose crystalloid cardioplegia in
      neonate. Experimental study with neonatal rabbits from birth to 2 days of age.
AB  - Thirty-five isolated hearts from newborn rabbits (aged birth to 2 days) were
      subjected to 120 minutes of ischemia at 15 degrees C with high potassium
      crystalloid cardioplegia. They were divided into four groups according to the
      method of cardioplegic administration: group C (preischemic control, n = 9),
      group S (single dose, n = 10), group M-1 (multiple dose, infused every 40
      minutes, n = 7), and group M-2 (multiple dose, infused every 20 minutes, n = 9).
      After 30 minutes of reperfusion, the heart rate, coronary flow, creatine kinase
      release, percent water content, and myocardial ultrastructural scores for
      mitochondrial damage and intracellular edema were compared among the four groups.
      All of these parameters except coronary flow were significantly poorer in group M
      2 than in groups C and S (p less than 0.05). The mitochondrial damage and
      intracellular edema scores were significantly poorer in group M-1 than in group C
      (p less than 0.05). No significant differences in these two scores were seen
      between group S and group C and between group S and group M-1. These results
      indicate that the single dose method of administering crystalloid cardioplegia
      may provide better myocardial protection than the multiple dose method in the
      neonate.

PMID- 2915560
TI  - The value of mediastinoscopy in preoperative staging of bronchogenic carcinoma.
AB  - To determine more precisely the role of mediastinoscopy in the preoperative
      staging of bronchogenic carcinoma, we studied 85 patients in the period 1983 to
      1985 and compared the results of mediastinoscopy and computed tomographic
      scanning with the findings at thoracotomy. Mediastinoscopy was performed in 48
      patients when mediastinal nodes larger than 1 cm were found at computed
      tomographic scanning. Only 21 of them (44%) were found to have metastatic nodes.
      Of the remaining patients, 22 were operated on and two showed false negative
      results (9%). Mediastinoscopy had a sensitivity of 91% and a specificity of 100%.
      The positive predictive value of computed tomographic scanning was only 54%.
      Thirty-seven patients underwent thoracotomy after having negative computed
      tomographic scan results. Eleven of them (30%) were found to have metastatic
      mediastinal lymph nodes. The negative predictive value of computed tomographic
      scanning was 70%. When results from both series of patients were compared, the
      sensitivity and specificity of computed tomographic scanning proved to be 68% and
      57%, respectively, with an accuracy of 61%. Because of the low accuracy rate of
      computed tomographic scanning, a more routine use of mediastinoscopy seems to be
      justified.

PMID- 2915559
TI  - Loss of platelet fibrinogen receptors during clinical cardiopulmonary bypass.
AB  - In 10 patients, cardiopulmonary bypass decreased the number of fibrinogen binding
      sites from 31,730 +/- 12,802 per platelet to 18,590 +/- 9,644 per platelet.
      Bypass also decreased the amount of the platelet membrane glycoprotein IIIa,
      which is part of the fibrinogen receptor complex, from 17.1 +/- 3.6 ng/10(9)
      platelets to 12.9 +/- 4.7. The fibrinogen binding constant did not change.
      Platelet sensitivity to adenosine diphosphate did not change; however, template
      bleeding times increased from 5.2 +/- 1.5 minutes before bypass to 8.5 +/- 2.3
      minutes after bypass. Analysis of detergent washings from the perfusion circuit
      after bypass in five patients indicated that platelet material remains attached
      to the surface as membrane fragments and degranulated platelets. These data
      further elucidate the mechanism of platelet loss and dysfunction during
      cardiopulmonary bypass and highlight the importance of platelet membrane
      fibrinogen receptors and surface adsorbed fibrinogen in this process.

PMID- 2915561
TI  - Prognostic implications of histopathologic subtyping in patients with surgically
      treated stage I or II adenocarcinoma of the lung.
AB  - The prognostic impact of histopathologic subtyping of pulmonary adenocarcinoma
      according to the World Health Organization classification was evaluated among 137
      consecutive patients with radically resected stage I or II tumors. Median
      observation time in the 55 patients who are alive is 47 months (range 25 to 80).
      All tumors were subtyped, the most frequent being acinar adenocarcinoma (57% of
      patients), followed by bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (18%), solid carcinoma with
      mucus formation (14%), and papillary adenocarcinoma (12%). Patients having
      bronchioloalveolar carcinoma had the longest median survival (44 months), while
      survival was shortest for patients having solid carcinoma with mucus formation
      (median 10 months); in this latter group there were significantly fewer 1-year
      survivors compared with all other subtypes. Survival time was intermediate for
      patients having acinar and papillary adenocarcinoma (medians 31 and 32 months).
      Patients with solid carcinoma with mucus formation have an unfavorable prognosis
      and may be considered potential candidates for studies on adjuvant therapy,
      although the relative influence of other prognostic factors may be considered as
      well.

PMID- 2915562
TI  - Improvement of myocardial function by trifluoperazine, a calmodulin antagonist,
      after acute coronary artery occlusion and coronary revascularization.
AB  - Activation of an intracellular calcium-calmodulin complex may play an important
      role in myocardial injury induced by ischemia and reperfusion. Trifluoperazine, a
      calmodulin antagonist, was used before ischemia to enhance myocardial
      preservation by preventing intracellular calcium accumulation. The experimental
      model used an isolated in situ pig heart (19 control animals and 15
      trifluoperazine-treated animals) subjected to occlusion of the left anterior
      descending coronary artery for 60 minutes followed by 60 minutes of hypothermic
      potassium crystalloid cardioplegic arrest and 60 minutes of reperfusion.
      Myocardial segmental function measured by ultrasonic crystals showed that active
      systolic segment shortening was abolished in the distribution of the left
      anterior descending artery after 60 minutes of occlusion irrespective of the
      treatment, whereas that not in the distribution of the left anterior descending
      artery increased by about 15% in both groups of animals. Restoration of systolic
      segment shortening in the distribution of the left anterior descending artery 60
      minutes after reperfusion was 12% and 42% of baseline levels in untreated and
      trifluoperazine-treated animals, respectively (p less than 0.01). This
      improvement in segmental function by trifluoperazine was reflected in
      significantly (p less than 0.05) better global myocardial contractility and
      compliance and in significantly (p less than 0.01) greater total coronary blood
      flow and myocardial oxygen consumption. Trifluoperazine also increased myocardial
      creatine phosphate content in the distribution of the left anterior descending
      artery (p less than 0.01) during reperfusion, and creatine kinase release was
      reduced (p less than 0.05). Our results suggest that trifluoperazine improved
      regional myocardial function after acute occlusion of the left anterior
      descending artery and reperfusion and that global cardiac performance was thereby
      improved. The beneficial effects of trifluoperazine may be exerted by prevention
      of myocardial injury associated with the calcium-calmodulin complex in ischemic
      and reperfused myocardium.

PMID- 2915563
TI  - Mediastinal infection after cardiac operation. A simple closed technique.
AB  - From March 1984 to March 1987, a simple closed method, previously described for
      the treatment of osteomyelitis after orthopedic operations, was used to treat
      deep sternal infection in 11 patients. The basis of this technique is, after
      meticulous debridement of the wound, to drain all the infected areas with small
      catheters connected to a bottle inside of which a strong (700 mm Hg) negative
      pressure is created (Redon drainage device). The method does not require
      irrigation. The maximum duration of the drainage was 24 days and complete
      recovery was obtained in all patients without further surgical treatments. The
      comfort of the patients was optimal.

PMID- 2915564
TI  - Chronotropic and inotropic supports are both required to increase cardiac output
      early after corrective operations for tetralogy of Fallot.
AB  - To assess the respective roles of chonotropism, inotropism, and afterload
      reduction in increasing cardiac index early after corrective operations for
      tetralogy of Fallot, we measured vascular pressures and cardiac output and
      evaluated left ventricular dimension changes before and after a 35% rise in heart
      rate over baseline. This rise was induced by atrial pacing with intact
      atrioventricular conduction, isoproterenol, or atrial pacing together with
      dobutamine. With atrial pacing, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter decreased
      (38.7 +/- 4.3 to 34.2 +/- 5.6 mm, p less than 0.05), the shortening fraction
      (ratio of the difference between left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic
      diameters to left ventricular end-diastolic diameter) remained constant, and
      stroke volume index was reduced (28.8 +/- 4.5 to 19.7 +/- 4.6 ml/m2, p less than
      0.05). As a result, cardiac index was left unchanged. When dobutamine was added
      as supplemental inotropic support, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter
      remained constant, shortening fraction increased (30% +/- 5.4% to 36% +/- 3.3%, p
      less than 0.05), and cardiac index rose significantly (3.04 +/- 0.61 to 4.18 +/-
      0.85 L/min/m2, p less than 0.05). Heart rate acceleration with isoproterenol,
      combining chronotropism, positive inotropic support, and afterload reduction,
      slightly increased left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, significantly raised
      shortening fraction, and markedly enhanced cardiac index (3.03 +/- 0.55 to 4.9 +/
      1.09 L/min/m2). Atrial pacing with intact atrioventricular conduction, as an
      isolated chronotropic stimulus, is not suited to increase cardiac index early
      after operations for tetralogy of Fallot unless additional inotropic support is
      simultaneously provided.

PMID- 2915565
TI  - Pulmonary dirofilariasis. The largest single-institution experience.
AB  - Pulmonary dirofilariasis caused by Dirofilaria immitis, the dog heartworm, is a
      rarely reported pulmonary lesion. It appears as a solitary pulmonary nodule, and
      the diagnosis is not established until thoracotomy and subsequent histologic
      examination of the specimen are performed. Sporadic reports of pulmonary
      dirofilariasis in the United States total only 70 cases. The six resections of
      pulmonary dirofilariasis at the Ochsner Clinic represent the largest reported
      series of cases originating at a single institution. We present an overview of
      the pathogenesis of this disease, its clinical manifestations, pathologic and
      epidemiologic features, and geographic distribution. The prevalence of pulmonary
      dirofilariasis appears to be increasing; hence, thoracic surgeons and
      pathologists need to be alert to this cause of granulomatous pulmonary lesions.

PMID- 2915566
TI  - Traumatic pulmonary pseudocyst. Report of twelve cases.
AB  - Twelve cases of traumatic pulmonary pseudocyst were seen between January 1966 and
      July 1987 at Saiseikai Kanagawaken Hospital. The cause of the traumatic pulmonary
      pseudocyst was closed blunt chest trauma in all patients. For the first few days
      after the injury, computed tomographic scan was more useful in diagnosis than
      chest roentogenogram. Tube drainage of the pleural cavity was performed in 10
      patients who had hemothorax or hemopneumothorax, and antibiotics were
      administered to all patients. No patient underwent a surgical procedure, and all
      traumatic pulmonary pseudocysts eventually resolved, without any specific
      treatment, within 1 to 4 months (average 1.8 month) after the trauma. We conclude
      that pulmonary resection is not indicated except in the rare instance in which
      the traumatic pulmonary pseudocyst becomes infected.

PMID- 2915567
TI  - Comparison of early and late dimensions and arrhythmogenicity of cryolesions in
      the normothermic canine heart.
AB  - Little is known about myocardial cryoablation at normothermia and the effect of
      cryoprobe head size and duration of freeze on final lesion volume. In the present
      study, cryolesions were created with a carbon dioxide cryoprobe with two head
      sizes (cylindrical head 6 mm diameter and large circular head 18 mm diameter) in
      the normothermic canine heart during cardiopulmonary bypass. The duration of
      freeze (exposure time) varied from 2 to 3 or 4 minutes and the effects on
      immediate and chronic lesion size were evaluated. Lesions produced by epicardial
      exposures were compared with intramyocardial lesions created by placing the
      cylindrical head in a 6 mm stab incision. A minimum of four lesions were created
      in each dog. Lesion size was evaluated at 0 minutes (iceball) and 24 hours (two
      dogs), 7 days (one dog), or 4 weeks (five dogs). Iceball diameter was
      approximately 5 mm larger than chronic lesion diameter regardless of head size or
      exposure time. Prolongation of exposure time from 2 to 3 minutes resulted in
      significant increases in the volume of epicardial lesions (cylindrical head: 280
      +/- 100 mm3 versus 740 +/- 200 mm3, p = 0.001; circular head: 1200 +/- 100 mm3
      versus 2300 +/- 500 mm3, p = 0.007) because of increases in diameter and depth.
      No further increase in lesion size was observed when exposure time was prolonged
      from 3 to 4 minutes. A 3-minute intramyocardial exposure with the cylindrical
      head placed in a stab incision enabled production of transmural lesions (16 +/- 2
      mm deep). Two and 4 weeks postoperatively, dogs underwent electrophysiologic
      study from the right and left ventricular apices. No animals had inducible
      ventricular tachycardia despite the heterogeneous configuration of the multiple
      cryolesions. In conclusion, it is possible to produce rapid and predictable
      ablation of clinically useful volumes of myocardium during normothermic bypass
      with the use of currently available equipment. Under these conditions, an
      exposure time of 3 minutes is optimal for a liquid carbon dioxide cryoprobe.
      Cryolesions should be overlapped by at least 2.5 mm to produce continuous areas
      of ablation. Multiple cryolesions do not form a chronic substrate for ventricular
      tachycardia.

PMID- 2915568
TI  - Aneurysm of aberrant right subclavian artery and Ondine's curse.

PMID- 2915569
TI  - Pressure monitoring after cardiopulmonary bypass.

PMID- 2915570
TI  - Acquired benign bronchoesophageal fistula in an adult.

PMID- 2915571
TI  - The use of a temporary vein graft to assure adequate myocardial protection before
      the definitive internal mammary-coronary artery anastomosis in coronary artery
      reoperations.

PMID- 2915572
TI  - Effects of simultaneous and sequential exposure to granulocytic and monocytic
      inducers on the choice of differentiation pathway in HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia
      cells.
AB  - HL-60 promyelocytic leukemic cells were induced to differentiate by the
      combination of two alternative inducers: phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)
      and either dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or retinoic acid (RA). Simultaneous exposure
      to optimal concentrations of PMA and either DMSO or RA potentiated PMA-induced
      differentiation into monocyte-macrophages. Granulocytic inducers combined with
      lower concentration of PMA competed with the latter for the differentiation
      pathway, producing monocyte-macrophages, granulocytes, paramyeloid and giant
      multinucleated cells. Lineage specificity of cells treated sequentially with two
      discrete exposures to alternative inducers depended on the order of exposure. The
      first exposure initiated differentiation into the pathway specific for the
      inducer used. The second exposure determined lineage specificity and stimulated
      terminal differentiation. Thus, treatment with RA for 24-72 h followed by PMA
      resulted in monocyte-macrophage differentiation; reversed order of exposure
      resulted in granulocytic differentiation. The switch in the differentiation
      pathway occurred at the relatively advanced stages of differentiation.

PMID- 2915573
TI  - A case-control study of aplastic anemia.
AB  - A case-control interview study of aplastic anemia was conducted to evaluate
      suspected risk factors. Cases (N = 59) newly diagnosed during 1975-82 at 25
      Baltimore area hospitals were compared with 59 individually matched (on age, sex
      and race) controls selected by random digit dialing. The average educational
      level was less for cases than controls. The major job-related findings were a
      significant excess for occupational exposure to paint (OR = 6.1; 95% C.I. = 1.2
      29.7), further substantiated by a positive dose-response relationship, although
      painters were not at excess risk. An increased risk of occupational exposure to
      viruses (OR = 9.0; 95% C.I. = 0.8-105.6) was noted. Additional evidence
      implicating viral factors included a significant association with prior history
      of hepatitis (OR = 9.0; 95% C.I. = 1.0, 84.2) and an elevated risk for pre
      diagnostic receipt of blood transfusions (OR = 7.1; 95% C.I. = 0.7-68.4). Risks
      were not increased for other occupational, residential, personal, or medical
      treatment exposures or for other viral infections, medical conditions, smoking or
      alcohol consumption prior to diagnosis. Because of the small number of subjects
      studied and the multiple comparisons examined, these findings should be
      interpreted cautiously and confirmation should be undertaken in larger,
      population-based studies.

PMID- 2915574
TI  - Increased sensitivity to 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine in P388 murine
      leukemic cells resistant to etoposide.
AB  - A variant P388 murine leukemic cell resistant to 4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin-9
      (4,6-O-ethylidine)-beta-D-gl ucopyranoside (etoposide) (VP-16-213) was cloned.
      The variant P388/VP-16 cell line was 159-fold resistant to VP-16. We found that
      this variant P388/VP-16 cell line showed collateral drug sensitivity to 1-beta-D
      arabinofuranosylcytosine(Ara-C), determined by comparing the 50% inhibitory
      concentrations in 48-h growth inhibition assay. To clarify the mechanism of this
      increased sensitivity to Ara-C, we quantified the deoxyribonucleoside
      triphosphate pools and 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine triphosphate(Ara-CTP)
      using high-performance liquid chromatography in the parent and drug-resistant
      sublines of P388 cells. The analysis of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate pools
      revealed that the pyrimidine triphosphate pools were significantly decreased in
      the P388/VP-16 cell line and the Ara-CTP concentration of two variant cell lines
      were not significantly different. The Ara-CTP/dCTP ratio was significantly
      increased in P388/VP-16 cells. These data suggest that the inhibition of the dCTP
      de-novo pathway and the preservation of the dCTP salvage pathway in P388/VP-16
      cells might correlate with the increased sensitivity to Ara-C.

PMID- 2915575
TI  - Oncogene expression in Rauscher murine leukemia virus induced erythroid, myeloid
      and lymphoid cell lines.
AB  - A comparative study on the expression of nuclear and cytoplasmic oncogenes was
      carried out using the Northern blotting technique, in Rauscher virus induced
      primary leukemias and the more malignant transformed cell lines derived from
      them. The latter grow permanently in vitro. Hyperplastic spleens obtained from
      mice recovering from anemia were analysed as controls. In addition to the
      detection of mRNAs, Southern blotting was carried out to observe whether
      rearrangement or amplification of oncogenes had occurred. The results show that
      the nuclear oncogenes c-myc, c-myb and p53 are strongly expressed in leukemic
      tissue, whereas c-fos transcripts show a much weaker hybridization. The
      expression of two of these oncogenes, c-myc and c-myb was followed during
      differentiation in myeloid leukemic cells and showed a gradual decrease when
      compared with the actin gene, which is constitutively transcribed. A large number
      of cytoplasmic oncogenes is expressed in the leukemic cells lines, i.e. c-abl, c
      fms, c-fes, c-src, c-ros, c-H-ras, c-K-ras and N-ras. Of these, transcripts
      coding for c-abl and c-src were absent in blast cells of acute erythroid
      leukemias. Transcripts coding for c-erb, c-mos and c-sis could also not be
      detected. A number of putative oncogenes which are reported to play a role in
      Moloney and Friend virus induced leukemias for instance pim-1, fis-1, fim-1 and
      fim-2 were also used for screening. Only expression of pim-1 in Rauscher virus
      induced myeloid leukemic cells and in primary acute erythroid leukemias could be
      observed. At the DNA level no rearrangement or amplification of any of the
      oncogenes investigated could be detected. The results show that a number of
      oncogenes are expressed simultaneously in the same leukemic tissue or cell lines.
      It therefore seems likely that the presence of transcripts of different oncogenes
      is associated with the progression of leukemia, but is not the primary cause of
      leukemogenesis or of the transformation of these cells into established cell
      lines.

PMID- 2915576
TI  - Cytotoxic effects on viable human leukemic cells by combinations of lymphokine
      activated killer cells and monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Earlier studies with individually phenotyped monoclonal antibody combinations and
      complement or lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cells showed that many acute
      myeloid leukemic cells were resistant to these cytotoxic agents when used singly.
      Therefore, a combination of both agents was studied. When the leukemic target
      cells were submitted to killer cells activated with 100 or 800 IU of recombinant
      interleukin-2 (rIL-2), only averages of 6.0 and 16.7% of the targets were killed
      respectively. When the remaining, refractory cells were confronted with a
      cocktail of individually phenotyped monoclonal antibodies and complement, an
      additional significant cell kill was obtained, but it amounted to only between
      7.4 and 5.5% (for LAK-100 and LAK-800, respectively). In contrast, of the target
      cells initially refractory to the same cocktail of monoclonal antibodies, all
      were cross-resistant both to LAK-cells activated with 100 and to those activated
      with 800 IU of rIL-2. This cross-resistance was caused neither by sub-optimal LAK
      cell activation, nor by antibody blocking of hypothetical LAK-cell receptors,
      since pre-incubation with monoclonal antibodies without complement did not
      inhibit LAK-cell cytotoxicity. Although only partial cross-resistance was found
      in the present study, it still remains that only a minority of the tumor cells
      could be killed. A higher in-vitro cell kill should be attempted prior to
      clinical trials in order to avoid clinical effects resembling those of a partial
      surgical tumor resection.

PMID- 2915578
TI  - [Quality circles in health care. To scrutinize your own organization].

PMID- 2915577
TI  - [Forensic psychiatry and emergency health services are in the same situation].

PMID- 2915579
TI  - [Vaccination trends].

PMID- 2915580
TI  - [A sound knowledge of psychotherapy doesn't make up for deficient knowledge of
      psychopharmacology].

PMID- 2915581
TI  - [Management of hyperlipidemia: diet and drugs are complementary to each other].

PMID- 2915582
TI  - [Diagnostic registries of tobacco use--the use of diagnosis 305 B!].

PMID- 2915583
TI  - [Alcohol. The genetic background of alcohol dependence and alcoholism].

PMID- 2915584
TI  - [Drainage in pneumothorax].

PMID- 2915585
TI  - [The Orebro pleural drainage constructed at the clinic].

PMID- 2915586
TI  - [Vaccines--today and tomorrow].

PMID- 2915587
TI  - [Medical ethics. Medical priority ethics in the face of diminishing resources.
      The allocation of medical care is unfair towards the elderly. 144 minutes of
      unpaid sick-leave due to the common cold could cover dialysis costs].

PMID- 2915588
TI  - [Surgical therapy of blepharospasmus gravis].
AB  - Blepharospasm is a rather rare disease characterised by cramps of the orbicularis
      oculi muscle. The quality of life of patients suffering from this illness is
      often severely reduced. The therapeutic approaches reported in the literature
      have so far not been satisfactory in most cases. In the mid'-seventies a new
      operative technique has been introduced by Walser and modified by Behbehani. This
      procedure consists of the dissection of the zygomatico-temporal branch of the
      facial nerve. In the present paper the author reports on his own experience with
      this special method as well as the long-term results in 19 patients that have
      been followed up over a period of 3 months up to 14 years after operation.
      Surgery was carried out bilaterally in 19 cases, while 5 patients were operated
      on one side only. After resection of the nerve, blepharoplasty of the upper lid
      was performed. The therapeutic value of the technique is discussed and compared
      with the appropriate literature.

PMID- 2915589
TI  - [Laser light-induced cytotoxicity of cultivated squamous cell cancer cells of the
      head and neck following photosensitization].
AB  - Photodynamic therapy, which involves the action of light-activated dyes on
      biological tissues, has been attempted to treat tumors. In order to achieve
      effective tumor cell destruction in head and neck cancer, the direct photodynamic
      effects on in vitro cultured squamous carcinoma cell lines were analyzed. Without
      light no tumor cell killing was observed after photosensitization up to 6 hrs
      with dihematoporphyrinester/-ether (DHE) concentrations of 5 micrograms/ml. With
      longer incubation times and higher light irradiation dosages, however, an
      increasing cytotoxicity could be observed. Optimal intervals for
      photosensitization were 48 hours. Squamous cell carcinoma lines of the head and
      neck from different locations did not differ in their photodynamic behaviour with
      respect to photodynamic treatment. With the results presented, it will be
      appropriate to complete in vivo studies to inspire photodynamic tumor cell
      destruction in the treatment of head and neck cancer as a new approach besides
      the classical therapeutic modalities.

PMID- 2915590
TI  - [Animal experiment studies of collateral reinnervation of denervated laryngeal
      musculature].
AB  - The course of atrophy of type I and type II muscle fibers of the posterior
      cricoarytenoid muscle, the lateral cricoarytenoid muscle and the medial
      thyroarytenoid muscle of 9 dogs have been investigated after resection of the
      ipsilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve after 2, 4 and 10 months. Using ATP-ase
      staining the histochemical results revealed a predominant atrophy of type II
      fibers, a reactive hypertrophy of type I fibers after a period of 4 months and a
      pattern of type-grouping with signs of a complete reinnervation in all laryngeal
      muscles within 10 months. The existence of a supplementary innervation of the
      intrinsic laryngeal muscles in dogs and its implication on experiments in
      laryngeal reinnervation are discussed.

PMID- 2915591
TI  - [The voice of the singer in the phonetogram].
AB  - Phonetograms were subdivided into areas approximating voice registers. By means
      of an analytical description of the areas, parameters could be established for a
      differentiation of voice categories and efficiency. The evaluation of 21
      untrained and 34 trained voices showed a significant difference between the two
      groups. Male singers demonstrated more efficiency in the head and chest registers
      than male non-singers; female singers showed a stronger efficiency only in the
      head voice in comparison with their non-singer counterparts. Proceeding from
      voice sound alone, voices are often misclassified regarding the voice categories,
      and voice problems arise. Moreover, enhanced training of only chest or head voice
      function results in functional disorders in the singing voice. Such cases can be
      demonstrated by means of phonetograms.

PMID- 2915592
TI  - [Implementing ENT medical expert testimony in hit-and-run offenses].
AB  - The precondition to enforce a correct ENT hit-and-run expertise is knowledge of
      loudness and frequency of the noise of the bump. The exact anamnesis about type
      of car and noise production in the car such as air condition or radio helps the
      expert to calculate the background noise and the noise of the bump close by the
      ears of the driver. Measurements of the pure tone audiogram with additional
      wideband background noise simulating the calculated background noise in the car
      should be carried out in the defendant. Important is also the performance in
      frequency selectivity of the person indicted for hit-and-run offence. A reduction
      in frequency resolution proficiency reduces the loudness of the noise of bump.

PMID- 2915593
TI  - [Otogenic complications with a normal, intact tympanic membrane].
AB  - Complications originating from the petrous bone may occur in the absence of any
      tympanic membrane pathology. This is known from a couple of cases in the
      literature and is underlined by two own case reports. Today, computed tomography
      and/or magnetic resonance imaging play a major role in the diagnosis of such rare
      but dangerous diseases.

PMID- 2915594
TI  - A seasonal pineal peptide rhythm persists in superior cervical ganglionectomized
      rats.
AB  - Neurohypophyseal peptide hormone activity is present in the pineal gland of
      mammals, and varies over a seasonal cycle. Pineal peptide levels, measured by
      arginine vasotocin (AVT) radioimmunoassay, increase dramatically for a brief time
      during August each year. The manner in which this cycle is regulated is as yet
      unknown. Input to the pineal from sympathetic axons arising in the superior
      cervical ganglia (SCG) is essential for the generation and regulation of the
      circadian rhythm in melatonin synthesis, and is the only pathway known to
      regulate pineal biochemical processes. It was of interest then to determine the
      impact of the SCG on the seasonal peptide cycle. Levels of pineal arginine
      vasotocin immunoactivity (iAVT) were monitored during August, 1984, in rats which
      had been superior cervical ganglionectomized (SCGX), in sham-operated and intact
      controls (L:D 12:12), and in rats subjected to L:D 22:2. The results indicate
      that SCGX does not abolish the seasonal cycle, but may influence the timing of
      the iAVT peak. Inhibition of pineal melatonin synthesis by exposure of rats to
      L:D 22:2 did not mimic the phase delay seen with SCGX, but did cause a
      significant increase in the amplitude of the August iAVT activity peak.

PMID- 2915595
TI  - Brain cholecystokinin depletion in rats with acute liver failure.
AB  - A decrease of both hypothalamic and cortical CCK occurred in the brain of rats
      killed 8 hours after hepatic artery ligation following portocaval anastomosis.
      Brain CCK depletion was not reproduced by exogenously provoked hyperammonemia nor
      by insulin-induced hypoglycemia, thus suggesting a central mechanism for the
      derangement of the CCKergic system in the course of acute liver failure.

PMID- 2915596
TI  - The effect of etorphine on the secretion of endogenous catecholamines and total
      tritium evoked by nerve- and acetylcholine-stimulation in perfused rat adrenal
      glands.
AB  - Isolated perfused rat adrenal glands were prelabeled with 3H-norepinephrine and
      catecholamine secretion was evoked by nerve stimulation (10 Hz, supramaximal
      voltage for 30 seconds) or acetylcholine (ACh)(5.4 micrograms) injection. Nerve
      stimulation evoked significant increases in tritium (16371 +/- 2109 cpm) and
      catecholamine (11.5 +/- 1.0 ng norepinephrine [NE], 123.1 +/- 13.0 ng epinephrine
      [EP]) release from the adrenal medulla. ACh injection evoked catecholamine
      release, but failed to increase tritium release. In the presence of etorphine,
      the nerve stimulation-mediated release of tritium, NE and EP was inhibited. In
      contrast, the ACh-mediated release of NE but not EP was inhibited by etorphine.
      In a previous publication (1), we have shown that 3H-NE is taken up by
      sympathetic nerve endings contained in extra adrenal tissue removed along with
      the adrenal gland during the surgery, but not by chromaffin cells. Therefore, the
      inhibitory effect of etorphine on NE, EP and tritium release evoked by nerve
      stimulation suggests a functional role for opiate receptors on transmitter
      release from sympathetic and splanchnic nerve endings. However, the differential
      effect of etorphine on NE and EP release evoked by ACh injection indicates that
      opiate receptors on chromaffin cells modulates NE but not EP release.

PMID- 2915597
TI  - Changes in body weight and body surface area in strain 13 guinea pigs infected
      with Pichinde virus.
AB  - In studying pathogenetic mechanisms of Pichinde virus-induced disease in strain
      13 guinea pigs, a large decrease of body weight (approximately 28%) observed
      within 14 days postinoculation raises a question concerning the validity of
      standardizing body or organ functions in terms of body weight. This study was to
      examine changes in body weight and body surface area of Pichinde virus-infected
      strain 13 guinea pigs after various days postinoculation. Control guinea pigs
      were also subjected to the same experimental procedures and experimental days.
      While body weights and body surface areas increased progressively in controls, I
      observed only slight decreases in body surface areas (4-6%) in the infected
      guinea pigs, despite large decreases of body weights throughout the 14-day
      experimental period. In conclusion, Pichinde virus-infected strain 13 guinea pigs
      demonstrated a small reduction of body surface area within 14 days
      postinoculation, suggesting that body surface area, rather than body weight,
      should be used for standardizing body or organ functions for comparison with
      their own baseline values.

PMID- 2915598
TI  - A radiolabel and electron microscopy study of the interaction of liposomes with
      synaptosomal membranes.
AB  - The quantitative and qualitative interaction of liposomes with synaptosomes
      isolated from rat brain was examined using radiolabeled phospholipids and
      electron microscopy. Liposomes were prepared by sonication and detergent
      dialysis. Binding (adsorption) of radiolabeled phospholipid to synaptosomes was
      saturable when liposomes were in the liquid-crystalline state, were electrically
      neutral (egg-phosphatidylcholine), or carried increasing fractions (10:2 and 10:4
      molar ratio) of negatively charged phosphatidic acid. Analysis using the Langmuir
      isotherm equation indicated a biphasic adsorption behavior. Adsorption increased
      with increasing temperature (4 degrees C and 37 degrees C). Binding was
      nonsaturable when liposomes were positively charged with stearylamine or composed
      of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol (10:2 molar ratio).
      Due to the latter composition's solid state at 4 degrees C, temperature
      dependency was inverse. Electron micrographs revealed disc-shaped areas of
      adsorption that were free of integral membrane particles which appeared to form a
      condensed layer surrounding the areas of liposome adsorption. Following
      interaction with stearylamine-containing liposomes the vesicular structure of
      synaptosomes appeared largely destroyed. It is concluded that both liposome
      surface charge and membrane fluidity determine the extent of interaction with
      biological membranes.

PMID- 2915599
TI  - A single exposure to cocaine or immobilization stress provides extremely long
      lasting, selective protection against sudden cardiac death from tetracaine.
AB  - Exposure of rats to one injection of cocaine (35 mg/kg, i.p.) or a single four
      hour period of immobilization protected them from the virtually instantaneous
      death but not from the later, seizure-related death seen in untreated controls
      following administration of the local anesthetic, tetracaine, 1-4 weeks later.
      These data suggest that when appropriately timed, strong sympathomimetic
      stimulation--whether generated by an environmental stressor or a drug--can
      provide long-lasting protection against the sudden cardiac death potential of
      local anesthetics. As such, they provide a means for understanding why the
      incidence of sudden cardiac arrest from one such agent--cocaine itself--is not
      higher and suggest that an individual's stress history may play a key role in
      determining vulnerability to the cardiotoxic effect of this compound.

PMID- 2915600
TI  - Dietary linoleic acid is required for development of experimentally induced
      alcoholic liver injury.
AB  - We had previously hypothesized that linoleic acid (LA) was essential for
      development of alcoholic induced liver injury in our rat model. Male Wistar rats
      were fed a nutritionally adequate diet (25% calories as fat) with ethanol (8-17
      g/kg/day). The source of fat was tallow (0.7% LA), lard (2.5% LA) or tallow
      supplemented with linoleic acid (2.5%). Liver damage was followed monthly by
      obtaining blood for alanine aminotransferase assay and liver biopsy for
      assessment of morphologic changes. Enzyme and histologic changes (fatty liver,
      necrosis and inflammation) in the tallow-linoleic acid-ethanol fed animals were
      more severe than in the lard-ethanol group. The tallow ethanol group did not show
      any evidence of liver injury. Our results strongly support our hypothesis that LA
      is essential for development of alcoholic liver disease in our rat model.

PMID- 2915601
TI  - Effect of spontaneous ingestion of ethanol on brain dopamine metabolism.
AB  - The effect of ethanol, either administered by gavage or voluntarily ingested, on
      brain dopamine (DA) metabolism was studied in alcohol-preferring and alcohol non
      preferring rats. In alcohol non-preferring rats ethanol administration (2 g/kg)
      increased 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) and
      reduced DA levels in the caudate nucleus and olfactory tubercle but was
      ineffective in the medial prefrontal cortex. In alcohol-preferring rats ethanol
      effect was greater than in non-preferring animals and ethanol influenced DA
      metabolism also in the medial prefrontal cortex. The effect of voluntary ethanol
      ingestion was studied in alcohol-preferring rats trained to consume their daily
      fluid intake within 2 hrs. Voluntary ingestion of ethanol (3.1 +/- 0.7 g/kg in 1
      hr) increased DA metabolites and reduced DA levels in the caudate nucleus,
      olfactory tubercle and medial prefrontal cortex. The results suggest that
      voluntary ethanol ingestion increases the release of DA from nigro-striatal and
      meso-limbic DA neurons.

PMID- 2915602
TI  - Anti-hypoxic effect of glutathione depletors.
AB  - The effect of various reduced glutathione (GSH) depletors on the survival time
      under normobaric and hypobaric hypoxia was examined in mice. The survival time
      was markedly prolonged in mice treated with glutathione S-transferase substrate,
      2-cyclohexene-1-one (50-100 mg/kg, ip) and phorone (100-250 mg/kg, ip). The anti
      hypoxic effect lasted for at least 3 hr and the maximum effect was found 0.5 hr
      after injection. Further, both compounds significantly elevated blood glucose
      levels 0.5-1 hr after treatment. The extent of the elevated blood glucose was
      nearly comparable to that of the mice treated with glucose (1-2 g/kg, ip), which
      was found to possess an anti-hypoxic effect. However, a GSH synthesis inhibitor,
      buthionine sulfoximine, could cause neither a prolongation of survival time of
      hypoxic mice nor an elevation of blood glucose. Moreover, unlike the depletion of
      hepatic GSH, brain GSH was markedly decreased by 2-cyclohexene-1-one and phorone,
      but not by buthionine sulfoximine. These findings suggest that the elevated blood
      glucose may involve in one of the mechanisms of the anti-hypoxic effect of 2
      cyclohexene-1-one and phorone. A relationship between the anti-hypoxic effect and
      the depletion of brain GSH was also discussed.

PMID- 2915603
TI  - Homocysteinemia in rats induced by folic acid deficiency.
AB  - The effect of folate deficiency on homocysteine metabolism was examined in rats
      given a folate-deficient diet. Total homocysteine was determined in serum stored
      at -22 degrees C for 3 wk. All animals in the control group had more than 20
      ng.ml-1 of serum folate and more than 1000 pg.ml-1 of serum cyanocobalamin
      throughout the experimental period. In contrast, serum folate in animals given
      the folate-deficient diet decreased to less than 3 ng.ml-1 after 4 wk and to less
      than 2 ng.ml-1 (a subnormal level) after 10 wk of the experiment while serum
      cyanocobalamin remained at more than 1000 pg.ml-1 throughout the experiment. In
      the control group, mean serum total homocysteine +/- SD was 4.04 +/- 1.07 nmol.ml
      1 during the 20 wk of experiment. At the 10th wk before serum folate reached
      subnormal levels, the animals given the folate-deficient diet had a mean serum
      total homocysteine of 7.67 +/- 1.53 nmol.ml-1, demonstrating a significant
      increase (P less than 0.001). No further significant increase of mean serum total
      homocysteine concentrations was observed after serum folate became subnormal.
      This study demonstrated for the first time that a selective deficiency of folic
      acid caused a 2-4 fold increase in serum total homocysteine when serum folate was
      at low normal and at subnormal levels in rats.

PMID- 2915604
TI  - Neurotensin affects metabolism of opioid peptides, catecholamines and inositol
      phospholipids in bovine chromaffin cells.
AB  - Bovine adrenal medullary cells released significant amounts of opioid
      pentapeptides Met- and Leu-enkephalin and catecholamines, when stimulated by
      neurotensin (NT). Maximal release induced by this peptide was about 40-50% of
      that seen after nicotinic activation of cholinergic receptors. Dose-response
      curves for neurotensin-induced secretion revealed an EC50 of 1x10(-6)M, thereby
      being in the range of that for acetylcholine or nicotine. Secretory effects were
      dependent on extracellular Ca++ and impaired by the Ca++ channel blocker D 600.
      Moreover NT produced an increase in opioid peptide cell content after 48 and 72
      hrs of incubation. Besides affecting opioid peptide metabolism, NT significantly
      produced accumulation of inositol- 1-phosphates (IP1), the significance of which
      remains to be clarified in the observed metabolic effects.

PMID- 2915605
TI  - Combined H1 and H2 receptor blockade attenuates the cardiovascular effects of
      high dose atracurium in rabbits.
AB  - Large doses of atracurium (1.5 mg/kg) (six times the ED95) have been reported to
      provide adequate conditions for rapid sequence endotracheal intubation within 60
      seconds in humans. However, this dose can result in significant histamine release
      and systemic hypotension. We therefore studied the efficacy of histamine receptor
      blockade in attenuating this response. Four groups of five rabbits were
      pretreated as follows: Group I--control, Group II--H1 blockade (1 mg/kg
      diphenhydramine), Group III--H2 blockade (cimetidine 4 mg/kg), and Group IV--H1
      and H2 blockade (diphenhydramine 1 mg/kg and cimetidine 4 mg/kg). All rabbits
      were anesthetized and then 1.8 mg/kg (six times the rabbit ED95) atracurium was
      administered. Group I rabbits experienced a decrease in MAP of 12.2 mmHg after
      one minute, a change that was significantly greater than Group IV in which MAP
      decreased by 0.8 mmHg (p less than 0.001). H1 or H2 receptor blockade alone was
      associated with intermediate changes in MAP not significantly different from
      control. We conclude that combined H1 and H2 receptor blockade attenuates the
      cardiovascular effects associated with large doses of atracurium in the rabbit
      and that this combination of antagonist drugs might have similar effectiveness in
      humans.

PMID- 2915606
TI  - The management of uncommon malignancies of the breast (Part II)

PMID- 2915607
TI  - A patient with biliary tract obstruction and AIDS.

PMID- 2915608
TI  - Independent status for hospital medical staffs: no cause for antitrust alarm.
AB  - In recent years, there has been a growing controversy surrounding the issue of so
      called "independent status" for hospital physician staffs. During the late 1970s
      and early 1980s, some articles advanced the theory that any conduct creating the
      appearance of an independent status for the hospital staff separate from that of
      the hospital could generate the environment for an antitrust action. These early
      theories, however, failed to fully appreciate the basic nature of antitrust law
      and the changing role of the hospital medical staff. Indeed, the changing nature
      of the hospital medical staff and the current application of antitrust law
      strongly indicate the early theories are misplaced and the "independent status"
      of the hospital medical staff does not create cause for antitrust alarm.

PMID- 2915609
TI  - Triplicate prescription: an idea whose time has yet to come.
AB  - A coalition of Maryland state officials and agencies is considering the
      introduction of legislation that would enact a triplication prescription program,
      a concept that dates back almost a half century. To date, only eight states have
      adopted such legislation, and since 1964, at least sixteen other states have
      thoroughly examined the concept and rejected it.

PMID- 2915610
TI  - Analysis of an incompetence case.
AB  - In recent months various Maryland health occupational boards have come under fire
      for their response to complaints against particular licensees. While this
      criticism may or may not be justified, the issue of how to proceed against
      incompetent licensees is a common problem nationwide. In Maryland's explosion of
      cases involving malpractice, far more licensees are disciplined for offenses
      relating to drugs or sex than for incompetence. An approach to make the boards
      more responsive to the problem of the incompetent licensee is presented.

PMID- 2915611
TI  - State regulation of physician dispensing.

PMID- 2915612
TI  - Practice computerization: hints and suggestions.
AB  - Roughly 13 percent of United States physicians in private practice own
      microcomputers and use them to manage their offices. This is an increase of
      nearly 8 percent in just five years. At this rate, 20 percent of physicians will
      own computers by the end of the decade. The consensus is that the pressures of
      costs, regulations, and competition render a simple manual ledger ineffective. A
      ledger cannot provide an alert to recall a patient, summarize financial data, nor
      produce medical reports for regulatory agencies. Consequently, to remain
      successful in the 90s, more physicians are turning to microcomputers to "manage"
      their practices more efficiently.

PMID- 2915613
TI  - Health promotion and disease prevention in the care of older adults: preventive
      practice in primary care.
AB  - Prevention is an important and appropriate component of the primary care of older
      adults. Office-based approaches to prevention include routinely scheduled
      examinations for health maintenance and case finding for early disease and
      disability during visits scheduled for other purposes. The primary care clinician
      is the optimal person for effective preventive intervention in patients 65 years
      and older. The spectrum of preventive activities ranges from screening by history
      taking, physical examination, and laboratory tests to intervention by counseling
      and therapeutic intervention. Unfortunately, substantial barriers exist to
      widespread incorporation of preventive practices into primary care, including the
      need for information and the low level of third-party reimbursement in this area.

PMID- 2915614
TI  - Health maintenance issues of the elderly. Nutrition.
AB  - Although we are on steep learning curve as far as the exact relationship between
      nutrition and disease prevention is concerned, evidence is accumulating on the
      role of body mass index and mortality, protein deficiency and decreased ability
      to fight infection, effect of fiber intake on cholesterol and glucose metabolism,
      hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis, and inadequate calcium intake in
      osteoporosis. Screening for nutritional disorders includes identifying those with
      risk factors of being female, black, poor, or institutionalized. Evidence of
      weight change, dietary idiosyncracies, nutrient deficiency, and laboratory tests
      can be helpful. Treatment should be tailored to the individual and be specific
      for suspected deficiencies. Attention to calories, protein, and calcium are
      paramount.

PMID- 2915615
TI  - Health maintenance issues of the elderly. Oral health.
AB  - The risk for the most serious oral disease, oral cancer, increases with age as
      does the prevalence of other oral soft tissue diseases. Tooth loss is not part of
      normal aging. As more elderly retain their natural dentition, they are at
      continued risk for tooth-related diseases such as caries and periodontal disease.
      Preventive dental programs, including an oral exam as part of the physical
      examination, will be indicated for adults.

PMID- 2915616
TI  - Health maintenance issues of the elderly. Sleep.
AB  - Our understanding of the effect of aging on normal sleep and specific sleep
      disorders in the elderly has increased significantly in the last decade. Sleep
      complaints and the use of sedative hypnotics in the elderly are now more frequent
      than in younger patients. It is important in the management of elderly patients
      to determine whether a formal laboratory evaluation of a patient needs to be
      undertaken to diagnose a specific sleep disorder prior to initiating drug therapy
      for nonspecific complaints of difficulty with sleep.

PMID- 2915617
TI  - Health maintenance issues of the elderly. Exercise.
AB  - If ever there an antidote to the decline associated with aging, it might be
      physical exercise. Older people who exercise regularly tent to be those at whom
      we marvel: they live longer, more vigorous, independent lives. Exercise has
      provided them with keys to a better quality of life and cardiovascular fitness,
      strengthened muscles, a well-functioning nervous system, good mental health, and
      improved functional capacity.

PMID- 2915618
TI  - Health maintenance issues of the elderly. Vision: age-related macular
      degeneration.
AB  - Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of irreversible
      severe visual loss in the United States among persons over 50 years old. The
      majority of patients who develop severe visual loss from AMD have exudative
      disease. Treatment for AMD has been shown to be effective for only a small
      portion of patients who have well-defined choroidal neovascular membranes (CNVM)
      outside the foveal center. Even when successfully treated, severe visual loss is
      postponed for only about 18 months because of the high rate of recurrent CNVMs
      extending through the fovea. Presently, low-vision aids are the only treatment
      available for the majority of patients with exudative disease.

PMID- 2915619
TI  - Health maintenance issues of the elderly. Hearing.
AB  - Estimates of the prevalence of hearing impairment individuals over 65 years old
      are on the order of 30 percent. Although the psychosocial consequences of hearing
      impairment may be profound, less than 20 percent of hearing-impaired adults use
      hearing aids to compensate for their hearing loss. Primary care physicians play a
      vital role in identifying hearing impairment in the elderly and in assisting the
      older adult in obtaining rehabilitative services, including hearing aids.
      Screening tools, which are inexpensive, simple to use, and valid, are available
      for use in the primary care setting.

PMID- 2915620
TI  - Health maintenance of the elderly. Sexuality.
AB  - Empirical research, clinical experience, and greater sophistication about the
      interaction of social, psychological, and biological factors have produced marked
      changes in the appreciation of the importance of sexuality in older persons. An
      earlier view linking sex exclusively with reproductive function has given way to
      a holistic view of sex as vital to self-concept, the maintenance of healthy
      interpersonal relationships, and a sense of integrity. Older adults often have
      difficulty communicating sexual problems, concerns, and questions because of
      their conflicting attitudes and perceptions. Sexual problems often are presented
      covertly, expressed in vague terms, or masked by embarrassment. Physicians need
      to be aware of the possibility of covert sexual dysfunctions, clear about their
      own attitudes and expectations to avoid stereotyping the elderly, and
      knowledgeable about pharmacological, organic, and psychosocial bases of sexual
      problems in older patients.

PMID- 2915621
TI  - Health maintenance issues of the elderly. Immunization.
AB  - The elderly are frequently underimmunized against vaccine-preventable infectious
      diseases. Comprehensive immunization of patients for vaccine-preventable diseases
      represent a major challenge for physicians treating the elderly. The healthy
      elderly should be specifically targeted since they are most likely to mount an
      appropriate immune response to the vaccine. Programs to identify inadequately
      immunized patients should be widely implemented.

PMID- 2915623
TI  - Physicians and suicidal patients.

PMID- 2915622
TI  - Planning for medical decision making: living wills and durable powers of
      attorney.
AB  - The enactment of living will and durable power of attorney statutes in most
      states, including Maryland, provide individuals with a mechanism for setting
      forth their preferences for medical treatment in the event of their inability to
      make treatment decisions on their own behalf. Although still under used, these
      mechanisms are becoming more common, and physicians will be confronting them more
      frequently. The following overview of the Maryland Life Sustaining Procedures Act
      and the Durable Power of Attorney Act and discussion of their advantages and
      limitations is from the perspective of patients and their physicians.

PMID- 2915624
TI  - Court authorizes parents to withdraw life support.

PMID- 2915625
TI  - Health claims on food labels.

PMID- 2915626
TI  - Renal nerves.

PMID- 2915627
TI  - Pregnancy residency. Are the demands too great?

PMID- 2915629
TI  - The issues behind "living will" legislation.

PMID- 2915630
TI  - Tax considerations for physicians.

PMID- 2915628
TI  - Pericardial effusion complicating acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - The acute fibrinous pericarditis that complicates acute myocardial infarction is
      usually of no functional significance. Uncommonly, hemorrhagic effusion may
      compound this process. In the case reported here, the pericardial aspect of acute
      lateral myocardial infarction dominated the clinical picture, thus posing a
      diagnostic problem. This phase of the disease stimulates us to place it on
      record.

PMID- 2915631
TI  - AIDS grant for "U".

PMID- 2915632
TI  - HIV-infected hemophiliacs.

PMID- 2915633
TI  - New age woman. Interview by Richard L. Reece.

PMID- 2915634
TI  - Practicing medicine in the quiet zone. Interview by Richard L. Reece.

PMID- 2915635
TI  - A window on the neonate's brain.

PMID- 2915636
TI  - Developmental care of the preterm infant.
AB  - The infant, both term and preterm, has remarkable abilities for interacting with
      the environment. Infant care has changed as we have learned more about the
      infant's capabilities and needs. Preterm infants experience both sensory overload
      and sensory deprivation in the typical NICU. In the past, care models based on
      minimal handling or infant stimulation were developed to meet the needs of the
      NICU patients. Current knowledge has led to the development of comprehensive
      "developmental intervention" programs, which combine the best of the two previous
      models and provide optimal developmental care for the preterm or at-risk infant.
      Parental involvement in the developmental plan is essential. The neonatal nurse
      can have a positive influence on the preterm infant's outcome by staying informed
      of current developmental findings, implementing techniques to minimize
      detrimental stimuli, and providing appropriate stimuli. The most powerful
      influence on the outcome is support and education of the parents.

PMID- 2915637
TI  - A makeshift mini-bottle: accurate small volume fluid or oral medication
      administration to infants.

PMID- 2915638
TI  - Cardiac function and the neonatal EKG. Part I: Introduction to neonatal EKGs.

PMID- 2915639
TI  - RCTs.

PMID- 2915640
TI  - Ethics: a beginning.

PMID- 2915641
TI  - Digoxin.

PMID- 2915642
TI  - Pneumonia and influenza mortality--United States, 1988-89 season.

PMID- 2915643
TI  - Mumps--United States, 1985-1988.

PMID- 2915644
TI  - Messenger ribonucleic acid encoding an apparent isoform of phosphorylase kinase
      catalytic subunit is abundant in the adult testis.
AB  - The complete amino acid sequence for a novel member of the protein kinase family
      was deduced from the nucleotide sequence of a cloned human cDNA. This putative
      protein kinase, given the preliminary designation "PSK-C3," is similar in primary
      structure to phosphorylase kinase catalytic subunit (PhK-gamma) isolated from
      rabbit skeletal muscle. The level of similarity does not appear sufficient,
      however, to suggest that PSK-C3 represents the human homolog of skeletal muscle
      PhK-gamma. Rather, it seems likely that PSK-C3 is a novel PhK-gamma isoform. From
      a cross-species Northern hybridization experiment using adult rat tissue RNA, a
      transcript homologous to PSK-C3 was found to be abundant in the testis but could
      not be detected in any of 12 other tissues tested, including skeletal muscle,
      liver, and ovary. Increasing levels of PSK-C3 mRNA in the testis correlate with
      postnatal testicular development, suggesting possible hormonal regulation of gene
      transcription. Energy released by glycogeneolysis in the testis may help fuel the
      process of spermatogenesis.

PMID- 2915645
TI  - A neuroendocrine peptide derived from the amino-terminal half of rat
      procalcitonin.
AB  - The sequence of rat procalcitonin reveals that calcitonin is located within the
      precursor's midregion, flanked by two potential polybasic cleavage sites that
      separate it from amino- and carboxyl-terminal domains. Cleavage at the polybasic
      sites during precursor processing to generate the 32-residue calcitonin should
      also generate 57- and 16-residue peptides from the amino- and carboxyl-terminal
      flanking regions. The carboxyl-terminal flanking hexadecapeptide and its
      coordinate secretion from C cells with calcitonin have been previously reported.
      In the present study we have focused on the predicted 57-residue amino-terminal
      procalcitonin cleavage peptide (N-proCT). We raised antisera to synthetic
      peptides homologous to the carboxyl- and amino-terminal regions of the putative
      57-amino-acid N-proCT and screened calcitonin-rich neoplastic and nonneoplastic C
      cells for these two immunoreactivities. A single species of 7.4 kilodaltons
      detected in C cells by gel filtration and reversed-phase HPLC analyses accounts
      for most of the carboxyl- and amino-terminal immunoreactivities and possesses the
      biochemical and biological features predicted for N-proCT. When C cell
      hyperplasia is induced by a high fat diet, thyroidal levels of calcitonin and N
      proCT increase in parallel. In neoplastic C cell cultures, N-proCT and calcitonin
      concentrations are nearly equimolar in both cellular extracts and basal medium;
      dexamethasone increases both the cellular and secreted concentration of these
      peptides. Basal and dexamethasone-treated cultures show calcium-dependent,
      parallel secretion of N-proCT and calcitonin. Thus, the 57-residue N-proCT
      predicted from analysis of the procalcitonin sequence is a secretory peptide that
      appears to be present in equimolar amounts and coordinately regulated with
      calcitonin in vivo and in vitro.

PMID- 2915646
TI  - Chicken calmodulin promoter activity in proliferating and differentiated cells.
AB  - A 1218-base pair (bp) portion of the chicken calmodulin promoter was sequenced
      and assayed for promoter activity. This portion of the promoter was found
      sufficient to produce accurate transcriptional initiation. The promoter sequence
      was GC rich, particularly in the 700 bp region 5' to the cap site. Eight plasmids
      were prepared containing the first calmodulin exon and 30-1218 bp of the
      promoter, ligated to the reporter gene chloramphenicol acetyl transferase. In
      chicken embryonic fibroblasts and proliferating BC3H-1 cells promoter activity
      increased progressively with increasing promoter length up to 617 bp. Extension
      of the promoter beyond 617 bp inhibited expression, as did sequences within the
      first calmodulin exon. In BC3H-1 cells differentiation was found to reduce
      calmodulin mRNA levels approximately 3-fold. Activity of the calmodulin promoter
      constructs also decreased by a similar extent with differentiation. Sequences up
      to 234 bp 5' to the calmodulin cap site were markedly less effective in elevating
      chloramphenicol acetyl transferase activity in differentiated BC3H-1 cells than
      in proliferating cells and may account for the lower overall activity of the
      calmodulin promoter in these cells. Within this region several sequences were
      identified, including an extensive homology to the rat calmodulin I gene promoter
      that could be significant in regulation of calmodulin expression.

PMID- 2915647
TI  - Hormonal regulation of estrogen receptor messenger ribonucleic acid in T47Dco and
      MCF-7 breast cancer cells.
AB  - Using a combination of hormone-binding assays, immunologic techniques, and mRNA
      hybridizations we have measured the estrogen receptor (ER) content and studied
      the hormonal regulation of ER mRNA in one estrogen responsive and one estrogen
      unresponsive breast cancer cell line, MCF-7 and T47Dco, respectively. Estradiol
      binding could be detected in cytosol from MCF-7 cells but not in T47Dco cells.
      However, when measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, T47Dco cells were
      found to contain approximately 15 fmol ER/mg cytosolic protein or 10% of the ER
      content in MCF-7 cells. Immunologically reactive ER in T47Dco cells was
      indistinguishable in size (approximately equal to 68 KD) from the ER in MCF-7
      cells, as shown by Western blotting using a monoclonal antihuman ER antibody.
      Quantification of ER mRNA in MCF-7 and T47Dco cells indicated that T47Dco cells
      contained approximately 50% of the ER mRNA levels found in MCF-7 cells. This
      basal level of ER mRNA in T47Dco cells was not decreased by estradiol treatment,
      as opposed to in MCF-7 cells where estradiol caused 40-60% decrease in the ER
      mRNA expression. Also, estradiol did not increase the progesterone receptor (PR)
      mRNA levels in T47Dco cells whereas in MCF-7 cells an approximately 5-fold
      increase of the PR mRNA levels occurred after estradiol treatment. However,
      incubation of the cells with the synthetic progestin R5020 decreased the ER mRNA
      levels to approximately the same degree in both cell lines. In conclusion, we
      have shown that estrogen down-regulates ER mRNA and up-regulates PR mRNA in MCF-7
      cells. Neither of these estrogenic effects were seen in T47Dco cells. It appears
      that the steroid-resistance in T47Dco cells does not occur as a consequence of a
      complete absence of ER mRNA or protein.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2915648
TI  - Identification and estrogen induction of two estrogen receptors (ER) messenger
      ribonucleic acids in the rainbow trout liver: sequence homology with other ERs.
AB  - The estrogen-binding region of the cDNA for chicken ER reveals a mRNA of 3.5
      kilobases (kb) in rainbow trout liver. The level of this messenger, which is very
      low in the liver of naive male animals, can be increased by estrogen stimulation.
      With this chicken probe, we have isolated a clone from a lambda gt10 trout liver
      cDNA library. The partial cDNA sequence, which encompasses most of the coding
      region, shows two domains of striking amino acid homology with human, avian, and
      Xenopus estrogen receptors (ERs) (DNA binding region: 90%, Hormone binding
      region: 60%). With this specific probe rainbow trout ER, we detected another
      messenger (4.5 kb) that is less expressed than the 3.5 kb messenger. The kinetics
      of stimulation of the two messengers is compared with the kinetics of
      accumulation of vitellogenin mRNA after E2 administration. This report
      constitutes the first identification of ER mRNA from a fish.

PMID- 2915649
TI  - High level, cell-specific expression of ornithine decarboxylase transcripts in
      rat genitourinary tissues.
AB  - We evaluated transcript levels for the rate-limiting enzyme in polyamine
      biosynthesis, ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), in rat tissues by Northern blotting
      and in situ hybridization histochemistry, using a rat cDNA probe. ODC transcripts
      were expressed at a high level, relative to levels in other tissues, in the
      kidney and testis of the adult rat; maximal levels of transcripts in these
      tissues occurred after sexual maturation had taken place, i.e. between 20 and 150
      days of age. In situ hybridization histochemistry revealed high level expression
      in the kidney, testis, prostate, and seminal vesicles of the male rat; this high
      level expression was limited to certain cell types: kidney, S3 cells of the
      proximal convoluted tubule; prostate and seminal vesicles, glandular or luminal
      epithelial cells; and testis, early spermatogenic cells. High level expression of
      ODC mRNA disappeared from the prostate and seminal vesicle epithelial cells after
      castration and reappeared with testosterone treatment; in contrast, levels of
      kidney ODC mRNA were essentially unchanged by castration and were similar in male
      and female adult rats. We conclude that high level ODC mRNA expression occurs in
      specific cell types in the adult rat, where it appears to be regulated by both
      androgen-dependent and independent mechanisms.

PMID- 2915650
TI  - 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 interaction with dexamethasone and retinoic acid:
      effects on procollagen messenger ribonucleic acid levels in rat osteoblast-like
      cells.
AB  - We previously have reported that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3],
      dexamethasone, and retinoic acid inhibit collagen synthesis in rat osteoblast
      like cell primary cultures. We also have found that dexamethasone increases 1,25
      (OH)2D3 receptor levels in these cells. Furthermore, this increase in 1,25
      (OH)2D3 receptor level is paralleled by an enhanced inhibition of collagen
      synthesis when dexamethasone and 1,25-(OH)2D3 are used in combination. In
      contrast, retinoic acid at high doses decreases 1,25-(OH)2D3 receptor level in
      rat osteoblast-like cells and attenuates 1,25-(OH)2D3 inhibition of collagen
      synthesis. In the present study, we have used a [32P]cDNA probe for rat pro alpha
      1 (I) to determine if these osteotropic agents act by modulating steady state
      procollagen mRNA levels. Hybridization with a [32P]cDNA probe for human actin was
      used as a control. We find that the steady state levels of procollagen mRNA are
      decreased in all cases, while there are negligible changes in actin mRNA levels.
      Dexamethasone, at the low dose of 13 nM, acts synergistically with 1,25-(OH)2D3
      in decreasing procollagen mRNA levels. The effects of retinoic acid and 1,25
      (OH)2D3 are additive at low doses (13 and 130 nM); however, at a high dose of
      retinoic acid (1.3 microM), combined treatment with 1,25-(OH)2D3 does not reduce
      procollagen mRNA levels beyond the decrease due to retinoic acid alone. The
      reduction in procollagen mRNA level after each of these treatments falls in the
      same range as inhibition of collagen synthesis measured at the protein level.
      These data suggest that the synthesis of collagen under these treatments is
      controlled primarily through modulation of steady state procollagen mRNA
      levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2915651
TI  - Efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy in high-risk node-negative breast cancer. An
      intergroup study.
AB  - We randomly assigned 536 women who had undergone either a modified radical
      mastectomy or a total mastectomy with low axillary-node dissection for
      potentially curable breast carcinoma to receive adjuvant chemotherapy or no
      treatment observation. The patients were considered at high risk for recurrence
      because they had either an estrogen-receptor-negative tumor of any size or an
      estrogen-receptor-positive tumor at least 3 cm in diameter with no
      histopathological evidence of axillary-node involvement. The chemotherapy
      consisted of six four-week cycles of cyclophosphamide (100 mg per square meter of
      body-surface area orally on days 1 through 14), methotrexate (40 mg per square
      meter intravenously on days 1 and 8), fluorouracil (600 mg per square meter
      intravenously on days 1 and 8), and prednisone (40 mg per square meter orally on
      days 1 through 14). Treatments were balanced with respect to patients'
      characteristics. The analysis included 406 eligible patients who were entered in
      the study before October 1, 1987. The overall disease-free survival among
      patients treated with the four-drug regimen was 84 percent, as compared with 69
      percent for the control group, at a median follow-up of three years (P = 0.0001).
      A treatment benefit was also observed in premenopausal and postmenopausal
      patients as well as in patients with estrogen-receptor-positive or with estrogen
      receptor-negative tumors. Severe or life-threatening hematologic toxicity was
      encountered in 33 percent of the treated patients, with one death. Our results
      indicate that adjuvant chemotherapy with six cycles of cyclophosphamide,
      methotrexate, fluorouracil, and prednisone is effective in improving three-year
      disease-free survival among high-risk patients with axillary-node-negative,
      operable breast cancer. An analysis of the effect of treatment on survival awaits
      a longer follow-up.

PMID- 2915652
TI  - Radiologic contributions to the investigation and prosecution of cases of fatal
      infant abuse.
AB  - In 1984 we started a two-year program in Worcester (Mass.) and Boston to provide
      additional radiologic data for the medical investigation of suspected fatal
      infant abuse. During that period the investigation of 12 cases of unexplained
      infant death included the review of complete radiographic skeletal surveys by a
      pediatric radiologist. Autopsies were supplemented with resection, high-detail
      radiography, and histologic study of all non-cranial sites of suspected osseous
      injury. Thirty-four bony injuries were noted, including 12 acute and 16 healing
      fractures of the long-bone metaphyses and posterior-rib arcs in patterns
      indicative of infant abuse. The investigations determined that there were eight
      cases of abuse, two accidental deaths, and two natural deaths (sudden infant
      death syndrome). At this writing, the radiologic and osseous histologic studies
      appear to have influenced the determination of the manner of death in six of the
      eight cases of abuse and the criminal prosecution in four of the five
      convictions. These findings suggest that a thorough postmortem radiologic
      evaluation followed by selected histologic studies can have an impact on the
      investigation and prosecution of cases of fatal infant abuse.

PMID- 2915653
TI  - Selective delivery of an acardiac, acephalic twin.

PMID- 2915654
TI  - Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological
      exercises. Case 8-1989. A 46-year-old woman with progressive dementia.

PMID- 2915655
TI  - Adjuvant therapy of node-negative breast cancer.

PMID- 2915656
TI  - Breast cancer therapy: exercising all our options.

PMID- 2915657
TI  - Advances and retreats in the protection of children.

PMID- 2915658
TI  - Resource-based relative-value scale for physicians' reimbursement.

PMID- 2915659
TI  - High monounsaturated fat diet for non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

PMID- 2915660
TI  - Ventricular fibrillation during antiarrhythmic drug therapy.

PMID- 2915661
TI  - Epidemic listeriosis.

PMID- 2915663
TI  - Abbreviated breakthrough.

PMID- 2915662
TI  - More on the costs of beta-lactam antibiotics.

PMID- 2915664
TI  - A selective medical school admissions policy to increase the number of family
      physicians.

PMID- 2915665
TI  - A prospective study of the risk of tuberculosis among intravenous drug users with
      human immunodeficiency virus infection.
AB  - To determine the risk of active tuberculosis associated with human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, we prospectively studied 520 intravenous
      drug users enrolled in a methadone-maintenance program. Tuberculin skin testing
      and testing for HIV antibody were performed in all subjects. Forty-nine of 217
      HIV-seropositive subjects (23 percent) and 62 of 303 HIV-seronegative subjects
      (20 percent) had a positive response to skin testing with purified protein
      derivative (PPD) tuberculin before entry into the study. The rates of conversion
      from a negative to a positive PPD test were similar for seropositive subjects (15
      of 131; 11 percent) and seronegative subjects (26 of 202; 13 percent) who were
      retested during the follow-up period (mean, 22 months). Active tuberculosis
      developed in eight of the HIV-seropositive subjects (4 percent) and none of the
      seronegative subjects during the study period (P less than 0.002). Seven of the
      eight cases of tuberculosis occurred in HIV-seropositive subjects with a prior
      positive PPD test (7.9 cases per 100 person-years, as compared with 0.3 case per
      100 person-years among seropositive subjects without a prior positive PPD test;
      rate ratio, 24.0; P less than 0.0001). We conclude that, although the prevalence
      and incidence of tuberculous infection were similar for both HIV-seropositive and
      HIV-seronegative intravenous drug users, the risk of active tuberculosis was
      elevated only for seropositive subjects. These data also suggest that in HIV
      infected persons tuberculosis most often results from the reactivation of latent
      tuberculous infection; our results lend support to recommendations for the
      aggressive use of chemoprophylaxis against tuberculosis in patients with HIV
      infection and a positive PPD test.

PMID- 2915666
TI  - Reduced bone mass in daughters of women with osteoporosis.
AB  - To determine whether premenopausal daughters of women with postmenopausal
      osteoporosis have lower bone mass than other women of the same age, we measured
      the bone mineral content of the lumbar spine and femoral neck and midshaft, using
      dual-photon absorptiometry, in 25 postmenopausal women with osteoporotic
      compression fractures and in 32 of their premenopausal daughters; we then
      compared the results with those in normal controls. As compared with normal
      postmenopausal women, women with osteoporosis had lower bone mineral content in
      the lumbar spine, femoral neck, and femoral midshaft by 33, 24, and 15 percent,
      respectively (P less than 0.001 for each comparison by the one-tailed t-test). As
      compared with normal premenopausal women, the daughters of women with
      osteoporosis had lower bone mineral content at these sites by 7, 5, and 3
      percent, respectively (P = 0.03, 0.07, and 0.15, respectively, by the one-tailed
      t-test). In terms of a standardized score, we calculated that the mean (+/- SEM)
      relative deficits in bone mineral content in the daughters of women with
      osteoporosis were 58 +/- 18 percent (lumbar spine) and 34 +/- 16 percent (femoral
      neck) of the relative deficits in their mothers. We conclude that daughters of
      women with osteoporosis have reduced bone mass in the lumbar spine and perhaps in
      the femoral neck; this reduction in bone mass may put them at increased risk for
      fractures. We also conclude that postmenopausal osteoporosis may result partly
      from a relatively low peak bone mass rather than from excessive loss of bone.

PMID- 2915667
TI  - Race and therapeutic drug response.

PMID- 2915668
TI  - American medicine at the crossroads: signs from Canada.

PMID- 2915669
TI  - Indoor radon and lung cancer.

PMID- 2915670
TI  - Failure of zidovudine to maintain remission in patients with AIDS.

PMID- 2915671
TI  - Alcohol consumption and withdrawal in new-onset seizures.

PMID- 2915672
TI  - Acid-base abnormalities in cardiopulmonary arrest: varying patterns in different
      locations in the hospital.

PMID- 2915673
TI  - Brachial plexus injury due to vest restraints.

PMID- 2915674
TI  - Abrasive shirts may contribute to herpes gladiatorum among wrestlers.

PMID- 2915675
TI  - Actinomycotic tonsillitis with expectoration of sulfur granules.

PMID- 2915676
TI  - Cigarette export promotion by the American government.

PMID- 2915677
TI  - Outcomes management: a technology of patient experience.

PMID- 2915678
TI  - Managing the third-party payers.

PMID- 2915679
TI  - Japan's science budget expands.

PMID- 2915680
TI  - West German biochemistry institute set ablaze by "viruses".

PMID- 2915681
TI  - BMA scorns loans.

PMID- 2915682
TI  - European molecular biology laboratory in search of a director.

PMID- 2915683
TI  - Rifkin tries to block human gene transfer experiment.

PMID- 2915684
TI  - Genetics of schizophrenia.

PMID- 2915685
TI  - More ways with neural networks.

PMID- 2915686
TI  - Cognitive control of movement.

PMID- 2915687
TI  - Lethality of 'killer' bee stings.

PMID- 2915688
TI  - Single-strand RNA.

PMID- 2915689
TI  - Taxonomic stability.

PMID- 2915690
TI  - A novel eye in 'eyeless' shrimp from hydrothermal vents of the Mid-Atlantic
      Ridge.
AB  - Rimicaris exoculata is a shrimp that swarms over high-temperature (350 degrees C)
      sulphide chimneys at Mid-Atlantic Ridge hydrothermal fields (3,600 m). This
      shrimp lacks an externally differentiated eye, having instead a pair of large
      organs within the cephalothorax immediately beneath the dorsal surface of the
      transparent carapace, connected by large nerve tracts to the supraesophageal
      ganglion. These organs contain a visual pigment with an absorption spectrum
      characteristic of rhodopsin. Ultrastructural evidence for degraded rhabdomeral
      material suggests the presence of photoreceptors. No image-forming optics are
      associated with the organs. We interpret these organs as being eyes adapted for
      detection of low-level illumination and suggest that they evolved in response to
      a source of radiation associated with the environment of hydrothermal vents.

PMID- 2915691
TI  - Segment-specific expression of a zinc-finger gene in the developing nervous
      system of the mouse.
AB  - The process of segmentation, in which repeated homologous structures are
      generated along the anterior-posterior axis of the embryo is a widespread
      mechanism in animal development. In vertebrates, segmentation is most apparent in
      the somites and the peripheral nervous system, but the existence of repetitive
      bulges, termed neuromeres, in the early neural epithelium of vertebrates suggests
      that the CNS may also be segmented. Consistent with this, cranial ganglia and
      certain neurons are associated with specific hindbrain neuromeres. Here, we
      report that Krox-20, a zinc-finger gene, is expressed in two alternate neuromeres
      in the mouse early hindbrain. This pattern subsequently decays and Krox-20 is
      transiently expressed in specific hindbrain nuclei. In addition, Krox-20 is
      expressed in early neural crest cells, and then in the neural crest-derived
      boundary caps, glial components of the cranial and spinal ganglia. The
      demonstration that neuromeres are domains of gene expression provides molecular
      evidence for the segmentation of the CNS.

PMID- 2915692
TI  - Aminoacylation of RNA minihelices with alanine.
AB  - The genetic code is determined by both the specificity of the triplet anticodon
      of tRNAs for codons in mRNAs and the specificity with which tRNAs are charged
      with amino acids. The latter depends on interactions between tRNAs and their
      charging enzymes, and an advance in understanding such interactions was provided
      recently by the demonstration that a major determinant of the identity of alanine
      tRNA is located in the amino-acid acceptor helix. Multiple substitutions in many
      distinct parts of the molecule do not prevent aminoacylation with alanine.
      Substitution of the G3.U70 base pair with G3.C70 or A3.U70 in the acceptor helix
      prevents aminoacylation in vivo and in vitro, however, and the introduction of
      this base pair into tRNA(Cys) (ref. 1) or tRNA(Phe) (refs 1, 2) enables both to
      accept alanine. The importance of a single base pair in the acceptor helix and
      the results of recent footprinting experiments promoted us to investigate the
      possibility that a minihelix, composed only of the amino-acid acceptor-T psi C
      helix, could be a substrate for alanine tRNA synthetase. We show here that a
      synthetic hairpin minihelix can be enzymatically aminoacylated with alanine.
      Alanine incorporation requires a single G.U base pair, and occurs in helices that
      otherwise differ significantly in sequence. Aminoacylation can be achieved with
      only seven base pairs in the helix.

PMID- 2915693
TI  - Long-range structural changes in proteinase K triggered by calcium ion removal.
AB  - The X-ray crystal structure of the subtilisin-type enzyme proteinase K at 1.5 A
      resolution shows that is has two binding sites for Ca2+. Scatchard analysis
      indicates that one Ca2+ binds tightly, with pK 7.6 x 10(-8) M-1, and the other
      only weakly. Although Ca2+ is not directly involved in the catalytic mechanism
      and is 16.6 A away from the alpha-carbon atoms of the catalytic triad Asp 39-His
      69-Ser 224, the activity of proteinase K towards the synthetic substrate succinyl
      Ala-Ala-Ala-p-nitroanilide drops slowly to approximately 20% of its original
      value when it is depleted of Ca2+. This is not due to autolysis of the enzyme.
      The X-ray crystal structure of Ca2+-free proteinase K shows that removal of Ca2+
      from the tight binding site triggers a concerted domino-like movement of five
      peripheral loops and of two alpha-helices. At a distance of 25 A from this
      calcium-binding site, the geometry of both the secondary substrate binding site
      and of the catalytic triad is affected by this movement thereby reducing the
      activity of the enzyme.

PMID- 2915694
TI  - Advances in two-dimensional electrophoresis.
AB  - New developments in the first dimension step of two-dimensional electrophoresis
      have expanded the utility of the technique in cell and molecular biology.

PMID- 2915695
TI  - Paying the price of health care.

PMID- 2915696
TI  - NIH report not the final word on Baltimore case.

PMID- 2915697
TI  - Children infect mothers in AIDS outbreak at a Soviet hospital.

PMID- 2915699
TI  - Mutations and plagiarisms.

PMID- 2915698
TI  - Investigation into Tajikistan earthquake.

PMID- 2915700
TI  - Research, misconduct and Congress.

PMID- 2915701
TI  - More insect eating.

PMID- 2915702
TI  - Lead contamination.

PMID- 2915703
TI  - Superfamily expands.

PMID- 2915704
TI  - A parallel algorithm for real-time computation of optical flow.
AB  - The precise management of two-dimensional field of velocities from time-varying
      two-dimensional images is impossible in general. It is, however, possible to
      compute suitable 'optical flows' that are qualitatively similar to the velocity
      field in most cases. We describe a simple, parallel algorithm that computes an
      optical flow from sequences of real images, which is consistent with human
      psychophysics and suggests plausible physiological models. In particular, our
      algorithm runs on a Connection Machine supercomputer in close-to-real time. It
      shows several of the same 'illusions' that are perceived by humans. A natural
      physiological implementation of the model is consistent with data from cortical
      areas V1 and MT.

PMID- 2915705
TI  - Intrinsic differences in the growth rate of early nerve fibres related to target
      distance.
AB  - Target field innervation in the developing vertebrate nervous system coincides
      with the onset of important trophic interactions. Two factors that determine the
      timing of this event are the distance axons have to grow to reach their targets,
      which are known to vary, and the rate at which they grow. There have been few
      studies of axonal growth rate at this stage of development and no comparative
      study of the relationship between growth rate and target distance. Embryonic
      chick cranial sensory neurons are located in discrete ganglia and the distance
      axons have to grow to reach their targets is different for each ganglion, ranging
      from several hundred to several thousand microns. Here, I show that these neurons
      differ in their in vivo growth rates; neurons with more distant targets growing
      faster. In vitro, single isolated neurons from each of these populations grow at
      a similar rate to that observed in vivo, indicating that growth rate is an
      intrinsically determined property of neurons before they reach their targets.

PMID- 2915706
TI  - Thymic cortical epithelial cells can present self-antigens in vivo.
AB  - Antigens present during neonatal life are recognized as self and individuals are
      tolerant to these antigens. In normal individuals T cells are tolerant to most
      self proteins but we still know little of the mechanism(s) by which tolerance is
      established. A requisite part of the current negative selection model of self
      tolerance is the expression of self proteins complexed with major
      histocompatibility complex molecules in the thymus. As MHC proteins bind antigens
      and present them to the receptor on the antigen-specific T cell, then for
      tolerance to self to occur, it is possible that each self protein must be
      processed and presented by an MHC molecule. As a result of the development of a
      unique T-cell hybrid reactive to the self protein murine haemoglobin, we have
      shown that in normal animals this self protein is continuously processed and
      potentially presented in an MHC-restricted manner. Here we show that self
      haemoglobin is being processed and presented by thymic antigen-presenting cells
      as early as gestational day 14. We also demonstrate that three types of thymic
      stromal cells, namely macrophages, dendritic cells and cortical epithelial cells,
      can present the haemoglobin self antigen in vivo. This surprising presentation of
      a self antigen by thymic cortical epithelial cells implies that they could be
      involved in T-cell development and negative selection.

PMID- 2915707
TI  - Localization of muscle gene products in nuclear domains.
AB  - The localization of gene products is central to the development of cell polarity
      and pattern specification during embryogenesis. To monitor the distribution of
      gene products encoded by different nuclei in the same cell in tissue culture, we
      fused cells of different species to form multinucleated non-dividing
      heterokaryons. In previous fusion studies, cell-surface antigens and organelles
      contributed by disparate cell types intermixed within minutes. Using
      heterokaryons produced with differentiated muscle cells, we demonstrate here that
      a muscle membrane component, the Golgi apparatus mediating its transport, and a
      sarcomeric myosin heavy chain are localized in the vicinity of the nuclei
      responsible for their synthesis. These results provide direct evidence that
      products (organelle, membrane and structural proteins) derived from individual
      nuclei can remain localized in myotubes, a finding with implications both for
      neuromuscular synapse formation and for the carrier state of Duchenne muscular
      dystrophy.

PMID- 2915708
TI  - A hard day's knight. Zinc phosphide poisoning.

PMID- 2915709
TI  - Heart disease.

PMID- 2915710
TI  - On library services in North Carolina.

PMID- 2915711
TI  - The vexing prognosis of unexplained syncope (CT and Holter negative). A community
      hospital study.

PMID- 2915712
TI  - [The third revolution: accountability].

PMID- 2915713
TI  - [Medicine and language].

PMID- 2915714
TI  - [Resection arthroplasty of the metacarpophalangeal joints for rheumatoid
      arthritis; a follow-up study].

PMID- 2915715
TI  - [The immunization status of patients registered with measles during the 1987-88
      epidemic].

PMID- 2915716
TI  - [Leg lengthening in 2 patients with achondroplasia].

PMID- 2915717
TI  - [A fatal complication following pneumonectomy].

PMID- 2915718
TI  - [A prescription for clinico-scientific educational research].

PMID- 2915719
TI  - [Patient-related research].

PMID- 2915720
TI  - [Who survives a serious accident?].

PMID- 2915721
TI  - [The use of drugs in the menopause].

PMID- 2915722
TI  - [Acute upper respiratory tract obstruction in adults].

PMID- 2915723
TI  - [Testing for HIV infection in cardiology].

PMID- 2915724
TI  - [Open pulmonary tuberculosis in the 80s].

PMID- 2915725
TI  - [Primary pulmonary tuberculosis: more than a 'little flu'].

PMID- 2915726
TI  - [Breast cancer screening in women younger than 50 years of age: luxury or
      necessity?].

PMID- 2915727
TI  - [Tuberculosis in The Netherlands in 1988].

PMID- 2915728
TI  - [Pulmonary and extra-pulmonary forms of tuberculosis; clinical experiences in the
      80s].
AB  - In the period 1980-1984, 85 patients with tuberculosis were seen at Leyden
      University Hospital. In this retrospective study clinical data of 76 patients
      with pulmonary, extrapulmonary, miliary and disseminated tuberculosis are
      presented. 43 patients suffered from pulmonary tuberculosis. Three patients
      suffered from miliary tuberculosis and three patients from disseminated
      tuberculosis. Eight patients suffered from pleuritis tuberculosa, of whom three
      also suffered from pulmonary tuberculosis. The heterogeneity and often rather non
      specific, sometimes surprising clinical aspects of tuberculosis are highlighted
      by a variety of clinical case histories.

PMID- 2915729
TI  - [The Phadiatop test, a new in-vitro test for inhalation allergy].
AB  - The Phadiatop test, a new in-vitro test for inhalant allergy, was evaluated in
      relation to a RAST panel, and in comparison with total IgE. In 248 patients, aged
      12-64 years, who had been prescribed pulmonary medication in general practice,
      the Phadiatop, total IgE (PRIST), and specific IgE (RAST) test were carried out
      with seven inhalant allergens common in the Netherlands. RAST was considered
      positive at class greater than or equal to 2 and total IgE elevated at values
      greater than or equal to 200, greater than or equal to 150, and greater than or
      equal to 100 kU/l in age groups 12-14, 15-16, and 17-64 years respectively. The
      result of the Phadiatop test is given as positive or negative. The predictive
      value of the Phadiatop test for one or more positive RAST results was 100% and
      its predictive value for all RAST results being negative was 97.1%, while these
      predictive values for total IgE were 84.7% and 71.2% respectively. It is
      concluded that the Phadiatop test is a valuable test to confirm or exclude
      sensitization to common inhalant allergens.

PMID- 2915730
TI  - [Visit to the emergency department: primary or secondary character?].
AB  - In a prospective study, 961 patients who came to the Emergency Department were
      registered and their cases were analysed on the basis of criteria drawn up in
      consultation with a group of general practitioners. Of this number 74% had
      presented themselves on their own initiative; 40% had been suffering from the
      complaint for some time. 66% of the patients who had not been referred and 60% of
      the total number could have been treated by their GP, at less expense for the
      National Health Service. It is worth considering for GPs on duty to make use of
      the facilities provided by the Emergency Departments of hospitals. This would
      increase patients' understanding of the function and the accessibility of
      Emergency Departments, enable GPs to work more efficiently and be cost effective.

PMID- 2915731
TI  - [Marginal notes on ketanserin].

PMID- 2915732
TI  - [What is the cause of postoperative malaise?].

PMID- 2915733
TI  - Factitious diabetes mellitus as part of Munchausen's syndrome.
AB  - The patient presented here was known to have been suffering from diabetes
      mellitus for 3 yr, when the suspicion arose that we were dealing with a
      factitious disease. The coincidence of several other factitious illnesses led us
      to the diagnosis of Munchausen's syndrome, self-inflicted diabetes mellitus being
      part of this syndrome.

PMID- 2915734
TI  - Tubulointerstitial nephritis associated with pyrazinamide.
AB  - Modern antituberculous therapy consists of a combination of several drugs, some
      of which (e.g. rifampicin and streptomycin) may cause impairment of renal
      function. Pyrazinamide therapy has been associated with dose-dependent
      hepatotoxicity, hyperuricaemia, arthralgia and arthritis. The patient described
      in this report developed renal failure, fever, arthritis and arthralgia during
      administration of isoniazid, rifampicin, streptomycin and pyrazinamide. The renal
      biopsy showed tubulo-interstitial nephritis. After withdrawal of pyrazinamide,
      while continuing all other drugs, both renal function and histological findings
      improved which points to an association of renal failure with pyrazinamide.

PMID- 2915735
TI  - Diagnosis and treatment of thyroid malfunction in The Netherlands.

PMID- 2915736
TI  - Diagnosis and treatment of Graves' disease. Results of a survey of Dutch
      internists.
AB  - The results of a survey of Dutch internists on the diagnostics and treatment of
      Graves' disease is presented. Eighty-five per cent of all participants chose
      medical treatment for the uncomplicated patient. Radioiodine was reserved for the
      case of recurrence after medical treatment and after surgery. Surgical treatment
      was chosen almost exclusively for a larger goitre by 30% of the participants.
      Large differences in diagnostics and the treatment were not found between the
      three categories of hospitals: university, teaching, and general non-teaching
      hospitals.

PMID- 2915737
TI  - Treatment of hypothyroidism in The Netherlands. Results of a survey of Dutch
      internists.
AB  - The results of a survey on the treatment of hypothyroidism by Dutch internists,
      working in different types of hospitals, are described. Except in cases of
      cardiac complications or long-standing disease at old age most patients were
      treated in the out-patient clinic. About 50% of the internists chose 25
      micrograms of levothyroxine as the initial dose for uncomplicated hypothyroidism.
      A lower dose (12.5 micrograms) was chosen by one-third of the internists working
      in teaching hospitals and general hospitals, while 36% of the internists working
      in university hospitals start with 50 micrograms of levothyroxine. For all
      variants of the basic case of uncomplicated hypothyroidism the dose was even
      lower. Adjustment of the dose was usually made at fixed intervals combined with
      measurement of plasma thyroid hormone levels and clinical parameters. The final
      substitution dose was generally based on the TSH levels. Anticoagulant drugs were
      seldom used except in cases of cardiac complications.

PMID- 2915738
TI  - Hypokalaemia in hypertensive patients treated with diuretics: no increase in
      cardiac arrhythmias.
AB  - Hypokalaemia is a risk factor for the development of cardiac arrhythmias, at
      least in patients with a cardiac disease, but it is not known whether this
      applies to subjects with normal hearts. In the present study, 8 young patients
      with essential hypertension were treated with chlorthalidone for 12 wk followed
      by a combination of chlorthalidone (50 mg/day) and triamterene (100 mg/day) for 6
      wk. This protocol was chosen in order to create different phases in the intra-
      and extracellular potassium concentrations. At the end of each 6-wk period, blood
      analyses were performed together with whole body counting for 40K, 24-h
      electrocardiogram registration, and ergometry. Although plasma potassium
      concentration and total body potassium decreased significantly in the
      chlorthalidone period and increased significantly in the period when triamterene
      was administered together with chlorthalidone, no changes in ectopic activity
      were seen during either 24-h registration or ergometry. It is concluded that,
      although hypokalaemia may be dangerous in patients with diseased hearts, a
      similar risk could not be established in subjects with a normal heart and
      uncomplicated essential hypertension. Whether the conclusion applies to the
      average patient with essential hypertension is still a subject of study.

PMID- 2915739
TI  - Interpretation of pharmacologic manipulation of urate transport in man.

PMID- 2915740
TI  - Mesangial glomerulopathy and IgM rheumatoid factor in rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - Hematuria and proteinuria in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are commonly associated
      with drug therapy but occur independently of drugs, amyloid or urologic
      disorders. The latter occurrences suggest a primary renal lesion associated with
      RA. Review of reported renal biopsies identifies mesangial glomerulopathy as a
      common finding in RA patients without associated drug therapy and that it is
      frequently associated with hematuria in nonrheumatoid patients. Moreover,
      immunoglobulins have been shown to concentrate in the mesangium in experimental
      animals, suggesting that a functional response by the kidney mesangium to remove
      IgM rheumatoid factor (RF)-IgG complexes could lead to this mesangial lesion. We
      describe 3 patients with RA who had a mesangiopathy characterized by increased
      quantities of mesangial matrix and deposition of IgM without other lesions.
      Together, these observations suggest that: (1) mesangial glomerulopathy is common
      in RA; (2) removal of circulating RF-IgG complexes is a function of the mesangium
      and might produce this renal lesion; (3) mesangial glomerulopathy may be
      responsible for much of the hematuria observed in RA patients and, in many cases,
      may not be drug related and thus may not require discontinuing beneficial
      therapy.

PMID- 2915741
TI  - Persistent wedge-shaped low-density lesions on computed tomography of the kidneys
      without infarction.
AB  - A patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, who developed acute renal failure,
      was imaged by computed tomography (CT). Persistent wedge-shaped areas of low
      attenuation in the kidneys were shown by sequential scans but not areas of
      infarction were found at autopsy. This case suggests that a wedge-shaped low
      density lesion on CT may occur not only in infarcted areas, but also in areas
      where patchy vasoconstriction occurs.

PMID- 2915742
TI  - Acute metabolic alkalosis during haemodialysis.
AB  - A 32-year-old woman developed acute metabolic alkalosis during haemodialysis due
      to dialysate with a very high bicarbonate concentration. This was subsequently
      discovered to have been caused by the reversed connection of bicarbonate and acid
      concentrate containers to the entry ports of the Monitral 'S' machine and to
      failure of the pH meter. Recommendations are made to prevent this potentially
      fatal accident.

PMID- 2915743
TI  - Allergic diathesis in patients with IgA nephropathy.

PMID- 2915744
TI  - Antiglomerular basement membrane glomerulonephritis after inhalation of chemical
      toxins.

PMID- 2915745
TI  - Co-dergocrine mesylate (Hydergine) and hypertensive emergencies.

PMID- 2915746
TI  - Regarding the effect of immune stimulation in idiopathic membranous
      glomerulonephritis.

PMID- 2915748
TI  - Pharmacological parathyroidectomy by oral 1,25(OH)2D3 pulse therapy.

PMID- 2915747
TI  - Cause of persistent hypouricemia in outpatients.
AB  - We measured serum urate in 3,258 Japanese outpatients. Five of them had
      persistent hypouricemia. Three also had microhematuria. Four of the five patients
      were proven to have renal uricosuria with hypouricemia, but otherwise normal
      tubular function. When tested with both pyrazinamide and benzbromarone, 1 patient
      had a presecretory reabsorption defect, 2 had postabsorption defects, and 1 an
      enhanced renal tubular secretion of urate. These results suggest that persistent
      hypouricemia in outpatients is of very low incidence, is usually caused by an
      isolated metabolic error of urate transport, and is not related to drug ingestion
      or systemic disease.

PMID- 2915749
TI  - Simple technique of inserting modified double-cuffed peritoneal dialysis catheter
      that allows the placement of inner cuff within the rectus muscle without
      laparotomy.

PMID- 2915750
TI  - Massive proteinuria due to renal artery stenosis.

PMID- 2915751
TI  - Normal glucose tolerance in young patients with nonazotemic chronic
      glomerulonephritis.

PMID- 2915752
TI  - The fifth hyperfunctioning parathyroid gland in end-stage renal disease.

PMID- 2915753
TI  - Does ciclosporin induce clinical remission of dialysis-acquired active chronic
      hepatitis?

PMID- 2915754
TI  - Transient hyperoxaluria after ingestion of chocolate as a high risk factor for
      calcium oxalate calculi.
AB  - In 6 male subjects the diurnal variation of urinary oxalic acid excretion was
      studied after ingestion of chocolate, a food stuff rich in oxalic acid. The
      ingestion of chocolate caused a striking but transient increase in urinary oxalic
      acid excretion due to its absorption in the upper gastrointestinal tract. The
      peak excretion rates occurred 2-4 h after the intake of the chocolate. The peak
      values were 235% of the fasting excretion rate in the trial with 50 g chocolate
      and 289% in the trial with 100 g chocolate and reached the amounts found in cases
      with primary hyperoxaluria. The administration of ranitidine had no influence on
      oxalic acid absorption. The transient hyperoxaluria observed seems to be an
      important factor for the formation of calcium oxalate calculi in patients on risk
      for stone disorders.

PMID- 2915755
TI  - Nocturnal urinary protein excretion rates in patients with sleep apnea.
AB  - We observed nocturnal urinary protein excretion to be 16.2 +/- 5.5 micrograms/min
      (mean +/- SE) in 9 healthy control subjects (group I), 29.3 +/- 9.5
      micrograms/min in 12 obese patients suspected to have obstructive sleep apnea
      syndrome (OSAS) but with negative polysomnographic studies (group II), and 94.0
      +/- 31.8 micrograms/min in 14 patients with documented OSAS (group III) (II vs.
      I, NS; III vs. I, p less than 0.05; III vs. II, p less than 0.05). The frequency
      of abnormal proteinuria, defined as protein excretion greater than the highest
      rate observed in group I (46 micrograms/min), was 14% in group II and 64% in
      group III (p less than 0.05). There were no significant differences in age, body
      weight, body surface area, blood pressure, or indices of sleep apnea between OSAS
      patients with and without proteinuria. Although the mechanism is unclear, this
      study shows that nocturnal protein excretion rates are commonly elevated in
      patients with OSAS.

PMID- 2915756
TI  - Oxidative metabolism of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and serum opsonic activity
      in chronic renal failure.
AB  - Luminol-amplified chemiluminescence was used to study the oxidative metabolism of
      polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN), in resting state and in response to opsonized
      zymosan, in 65 patients with different degrees of chronic renal failure (CRF) or
      on regular dialysis treatment (RDT). Every patient was compared on the same day
      with a normal subject. Furthermore, the serum opsonic activity was evaluated,
      cross-matching zymosan opsonized by serum from CRF-RDT patients and normals with
      PMN from CRF-RDT patients and normals. PMN resting chemiluminescence showed a
      progressive increase inversely related to the glomerular filtration rate, and it
      remained high in patients on RDT. Zymosan-activated chemiluminescence indicated a
      deficit in phagocytosis for PMN of patients with a glomerular filtration rate
      lower than 10 ml/min, persisting in RDT patients. The serum opsonic activity was
      always significantly lower in CRF and in RDT patients than in the control group;
      this defect was already present in patients with mild renal impairment. Our
      findings suggest that PMN from CRF or RDT patients have an increased reactive
      oxygen metabolite production in the resting state that may cause cell and tissue
      damage; the opsonization impairment and the decreased PMN phagocytic activity
      contribute to increased vulnerability to infection in these patients.

PMID- 2915757
TI  - Catabolic effects of ethanol in chronically uremic rats.
AB  - Both ethanol consumption and uremia are considered to be associated with wasting,
      malnutrition and debilitation. The present study was designed to investigate as
      to whether ethanol exerts a stimulatory effect on the catabolic state of renal
      failure. Rats underwent 5/6-nephrectomy and were fed either with or without
      ethanol. The degree of uremia was comparable in both groups. Ethanol-fed uremic
      rats, however, displayed higher serum levels of urea (+ 103%) and glucose (+29%),
      as compared to uremic animals without alcohol. Subsequently, the urea N
      appearance was enhanced (+60%) in uremic rats with alcohol as compared to uremic
      animals without alcohol. In sham rats urea N appearance was also increased (+39%)
      following ethanol administration in comparison to sham-operated rats without
      alcohol, albeit to a lesser degree. Urinary Nt-methylhistidine excretion, an
      indicator of myofibrillar protein breakdown, was enhanced throughout the
      experiment in uremic rats receiving ethanol. Finally, ethanol caused higher
      urinary excretion rates of corticosterone in uremic animals as compared to uremic
      rats without ethanol. There was a significant correlation between urinary
      corticosterone excretion and both urea N appearance and urinary Nt
      methylhistidine excretion. We conclude that ethanol consumption further
      aggravates the catabolic state of uremia and that this is mediated by an
      increment in glucocorticoid production.

PMID- 2915758
TI  - Effect of magnesium diet in gentamicin-induced acute renal failure in rats.
AB  - Clearance experiments were conducted with metabolic cages to determine the effect
      of dietary magnesium on gentamicin nephrotoxicity. Three groups of male Wistar
      rats were given low, medium- or high-magnesium diets. Following baseline
      clearances, gentamicin was administered by intramuscular injection (20 mg/kg).
      Additional clearances were performed 6 and 11 days after gentamicin
      administration. 24-hour clearances were also taken 8 days after gentamicin
      withdrawal. The present experiments demonstrated that high magnesium intake
      protected the kidney against injury induced by gentamicin. This reduction in
      nephrotoxicity was probably due to competition of binding between magnesium and
      gentamicin to the renal membrane. Histological examinations were also done in
      these animals. The results showed that the most severe changes were seen in rats
      receiving a low-magnesium diet. Rats given a high-magnesium diet showed the least
      toxic changes while rats receiving a medium-magnesium diet showed changes of
      intermediate severity. These observations complemented the results obtained from
      24-hour clearances and indicate the protective effect of dietary magnesium on the
      development of acute renal failure following administration of gentamicin.

PMID- 2915759
TI  - Reduction of renal edema by heparin in postischemic renal damage.
AB  - Rats were subjected to unilateral renal artery clamping for 60 min and
      contralateral nephrectomy. 125I-labelled fibrinogen and 131I-labelled albumin
      were injected intravenously 24 h before the experiment. A significant increase in
      the fibrinogen and albumin content and weight was found already 5 and 15 min
      after reflow. Rats given heparin (2,000 IU/kg body weight) 5 min before clamping
      and killed 15 min after reflow showed significantly smaller increases in these
      values than rats given saline. Morphological studies showed fibrin deposition in
      Bowman's space, tubules and peritubular capillaries. The results indicate that
      fibrin deposition occurs and is of importance in the development of renal edema
      in this type of renal damage.

PMID- 2915760
TI  - Lipoprotein and apolipoprotein losses during continuous ambulatory peritoneal
      dialysis.
AB  - The daily loss of apolipoproteins into the dialysate from 5 patients on
      continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) was measured. The mean excretion
      of apolipoprotein (apo) AI and apo AII, major proteins of high-density
      lipoproteins (HDL), were 84 and 17 mg/day, respectively, while that of apo B, a
      major protein of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) was 39 mg/day. The peritoneal
      clearance of apo AI and apo AII were similar; both being significantly greater
      than that of apo B. The fractional catabolic rates of various proteins found in
      the CAPD dialysate showed molecular sieving effects of the peritoneal membrane
      and indicated that the apolipoproteins were excreted as lipoproteins. These
      findings suggest that there is continuous and selective loss of HDL compared to
      LDL which may also indicate an increased predisposition of these patients to
      atherosclerosis.

PMID- 2915761
TI  - Timing of the onset of changes in renal energetics in relation to blood pressure
      and glomerular filtration in haemorrhagic hypotension in the rat.
AB  - The timing and circumstances of changes in renal energetics during the gradual
      induction of haemorrhagic hypotension were studied in anaesthetised rats by
      phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance. Animals were bled at a constant rate of
      0.1 ml/min via the femoral artery. Whenever changes in renal energetics were
      seen, a similar pattern was observed. A decrease in adenosine triphosphate
      occurred rapidly and was always associated with accumulation of inorganic
      phosphate and tissue acidosis. Profound oliguria, reflecting a markedly decreased
      rate of glomerular filtration preceded the changes in metabolite levels. Such a
      fall in glomerular filtration rate and consequently in the energy requirement for
      tubular reabsorption could be viewed as a mechanism by which energy demands of
      the kidney are reduced before a critical limitation of energy supply is reached.
      During uncomplicated haemorrhage in Wistar rats, mean arterial pressures as low
      as 25-40 mm Hg were reached before changes in renal energetics developed. In
      contrast, spontaneously hypertensive rates subjected to uncomplicated
      haemorrhage, and Wistar rats subjected to haemorrhage during concurrent
      stimulation of the ipsilateral sciatic nerve, developed changes in renal
      energetics at higher and more variable blood pressures and in response to the
      withdrawal of lesser but more variable quantities of blood. The sudden onset and
      severe degree of energy depletion at varying blood pressures during bleeding and
      its more ready occurrence in animals in which sympathetic nervous activity could
      be expected to be increased, suggests that sudden renal vasoconstriction is
      responsible for the unpredictable occurrence of tubular ischaemia in haemorrhagic
      hypotension.

PMID- 2915762
TI  - Restrictions on use of creatinine clearance for measurement of renal functional
      reserve.
AB  - The increase of glomerular filtration rate after a 90-gram oral protein load was
      determined in 9 healthy individuals by simultaneous measurements of both
      creatinine (Ccr) and inulin (Cin) clearances, performed before and every 30 min
      during 4 h after the meat meal. This protein load resulted in a short 26%
      increase of Cin at 90 min, and a sustained 29% increase of Ccr from 90 to 240 min
      after load. Individual peak values of Ccr occurred later than those of Cin (Ccr:
      189 +/- 19 vs. Cin: 127 +/- 19 min; p = 0.023). These discrepancies were related
      to an increase of serum creatinine, and a subsequent increase of the net tubular
      excretion of creatinine which accounted for up to 15% of the urinary creatinine.
      The creatinine content of red meat could lead to overestimation of renal
      functional reserve when measured by creatinine clearance only.

PMID- 2915763
TI  - L-carnitine addition to dialysis fluid. A therapeutic alternative for
      hemodialysis patients.
AB  - L-Carnitine has been reported to have beneficial effects in the reduction of
      serum triglycerides and increases high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in
      hemodialysis patients. The published reports are, however, equivocal. Paradoxical
      increases in serum triglycerides following intravenous administration of L
      carnitine have been observed. It has been suggested that the paradoxical rise in
      triglycerides may result from the high doses used and intravenous administration,
      both of which may cause abnormally high tissue concentrations. In the present
      study 22 hemodialysis patients were selected. All patients had been treated
      intravenously with 2 g of L-carnitine administered at the end of dialysis for a
      minimum of 12 months. Treatment with L-carnitine was then discontinued during a 4
      month washout period. The patients were then divided into two equal subgroups and
      placed on L-carnitine therapy (1 g i.v.) at the end of dialysis for 1 month.
      Thereafter, L-carnitine was added to the dialysate (2 g in group 1, 4 g in group
      2) for 3 months. Serum and muscle carnitine levels were determined throughout the
      study as were lipid parameters, serum chemistry, and hematology. Muscle biopsies
      obtained at baseline revealed supranormal levels of carnitine which decreased to
      normal levels following the 4-month washout period. When therapy with L-carnitine
      was resumed, intravenous administration or in dialysate, the muscle carnitine
      levels remained within the normal range. Similarly, serum carnitine was markedly
      elevated at baseline and decreased to normal during the washout period. When L
      carnitine was added to the dialysate, total carnitine was observed to
      significantly increase in the group receiving 4 g.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2915764
TI  - Adult T cell leukemia in hemodialysis patients from the Kagoshima district, an
      area in which human T cell leukemia virus type I is highly endemic.
AB  - We report 2 cases of adult T cell leukemia (ATL) from hemodialysis (HD) patients
      with chronic renal failure (CRF) in the Kagoshima district, an endemic area of
      human T cell leukemia virus type I(HTLV-I) in Japan. The positivity of antibodies
      to ATL-associated antigen(anti-ATLA) in HD patients, regardless of whether or not
      blood transfusions were given, has been higher than in healthy persons in the
      district (p less than 0.01). ATL is considered to break out from HTLV-I carriers.
      Further study should be conducted to clarify the relationship between HTLV-I
      infection and CRF, and moreover, attention should be directed not only to
      treatment of HD but accompanying ATL as well, particularly in HTLV-I-endemic
      areas.

PMID- 2915765
TI  - Acute myelogenous leukemia treated with daunomycin associated with nephrotic
      syndrome.
AB  - We report a 33-year-old patient with a diagnosis of acute myelogenous leukemia
      that developed a nephrotic syndrome 9 days after starting treatment with
      daunomycin. Pathological studies of the kidneys revealed minimal change disease
      with IgM deposits. Possible pathogenetic mechanisms are discussed.

PMID- 2915766
TI  - Glycosaminoglycans and urine flow rate.
AB  - The value of glycosaminoglycans determination in urine has been challenged
      because the relation between the glycosaminoglycans concentration and other signs
      of kidney damage is a matter of controversy. It is quite possible that the
      observed discrepancies could be due to the influence of the urine flow rate, the
      urine concentration and the time of day on the glycosaminoglycans concentration.
      Therefore, standardization of the urine sampling time and selection of the most
      appropriate unit to quantify glycosaminoglycans excretion seem to be essential.

PMID- 2915767
TI  - Duane's syndrome and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.

PMID- 2915768
TI  - Development of traumatic arteriovenous fistula after cannulation of the
      subclavian vein in a chronic-dialysis patient.

PMID- 2915769
TI  - Hemodialysis using a Tenckhoff catheter for venous access and a double pump for
      blood flow.

PMID- 2915770
TI  - Nifedipine and myoclonic disorders.

PMID- 2915771
TI  - An easy and effective procedure to prevent radiocontrast agent nephrotoxicity in
      high-risk patients.

PMID- 2915772
TI  - Interstitial nephritis induced by cloxacillin.

PMID- 2915773
TI  - Asynchronous cortical necrosis after bilateral nephrostomy.

PMID- 2915774
TI  - Early steroid therapy in IgA nephropathy: still an open question.

PMID- 2915775
TI  - Proteinuria and progression of renal failure in patients on a low-protein diet.

PMID- 2915776
TI  - Central vein catheters for hemodialysis.

PMID- 2915777
TI  - [1st Swiss Erythropoietin Symposium. March 25-26, 1988, Beatenberg, Switzerland.
      Proceedings].

PMID- 2915778
TI  - [Assay methods for erythropoietin].
AB  - The aim of this contribution is to briefly characterize the assays available for
      the quantitation of erythropoietin (EPO). The radioimmunological determination of
      EPO has gained priority for routine and screening measurements. The in vivo
      bioassay is the most reliable assay for biologic EPO activity. In vitro bioassays
      should be limited to situations in which radioimmunoassays are not available and
      for which in vivo bioassays are too insensitive.

PMID- 2915779
TI  - Treatment of anaemia in haemodialysis patients with recombinant erythropoietin.
AB  - Recombinant human erythropoietin (r-HuEPO) has been used for the treatment of
      renal anaemia in haemodialysed patients for more than 2 years. The recommended
      initial dose is 50 U/kg, intravenously, three times a week, subsequent to the
      dialysis procedure; if the increase in the haemoglobin level were insufficient
      after the 4-week therapy, the single doses should be elevated in steps of 25 U/kg
      each. A weekly total dose of about 200 U/kg (divided into 2 or 3 applications)
      will normally be adequate to stabilize the haemoglobin value at a level ranging
      between 10 and 12 g/dl. Patients on r-HuEPO require regular medical supervision,
      as--along with increasing haematocrit--hypertension and thrombosis of the
      arteriovenous fistula can develop. A slight increase in serum creatinine and
      potassium was observed in some of the studies.

PMID- 2915780
TI  - [Regulation of erythropoietin synthesis].
AB  - The main regulatory hormone for the control of erythropoiesis is erythropoietin
      (EPO). This glycoprotein has a molecular weight of 34,000 daltons, about 40% of
      which is represented by carbohydrates. EPO leads to an enhanced mitosis and
      differentiation of erythroid precursors (colony-forming unit erythroid) in the
      bone marrow by binding to specific receptors. The major stimulus for EPO
      formation in the kidney is hypoxia. The tubular parts that are intimately
      involved in this O2-sensing mechanism are the proximal tubular cells as can be
      inferred from the use of site-specific transport inhibitors. The minimal time
      necessary for a hypoxic signal to induce EPO formation was found to be 30 min,
      including wash out of oxygen stores, activation of the EPO gene and equilibration
      of the EPO distribution space. About 1.5 h after the onset of hypoxia, EPO mRNA
      was found to accumulate in the kidney, thus pointing toward the possibility of an
      oxygen-regulated transcription or oxygen-dependent regulation of the stability of
      EPO mRNA. Possibly, a decrease in the intracellular calcium concentration is
      involved in this signalling process.

PMID- 2915781
TI  - [Aerobic and anaerobic capacity of chronic hemodialysis patients under continuous
      therapy with recombinant human erythropoietin].
AB  - In earlier studies we have shown that partial correction of anemia by recombinant
      human erythropoietin (r-HuEPO) already after 12 weeks results in a significant
      increase of exercise capacity in patients on chronic hemodialysis. As causative
      effect increased oxygen availability with improved oxygen delivery to the tissues
      was assumed. To elucidate the long-term effects of a partial correction of anemia
      with r-HuEPO on exercise capacity, oxygen uptake at maximum exercise and at the
      anaerobic threshold was measured by repetitive spiroergometry. Measurements were
      done before, 3 months and 6 months after initiation of r-HuEPO therapy. The
      results are summarized below: (table; see text) Our results show that a long-term
      improvement of peripheral oxygen availability leads to a further increase of
      anaerobic threshold in patients on chronic hemodialysis even without a further
      increase of hemoglobin levels and without exercise training. It appears that
      elimination of the chronic hypoxic condition results in a restoration of
      previously diminished mitochondrial enzymes in muscle, particularly for aerobic
      glycolysis. Besides acute improvement of aerobic and anaerobic exercise capacity,
      the long-term administration of r-HuEPO with its increased anaerobic threshold
      enhances the patients' everyday life working capacity.

PMID- 2915782
TI  - [Serum erythropoietin levels in several diseases].
AB  - The accurate radioimmunological measurement of serum erythropoietin (EPO) levels
      has only been possible since the development of highly specific antibodies
      directed against recombinant human EPO. In the present study, we determined the
      serum EPO levels in 100 healthy volunteers and in over 300 patients with anemias
      and hyperglobulinemia of various causes. In the healthy group, the females had
      levels of 11.3 +/- 3.4 mU/ml, while the males had levels of 8 +/- 3.2 mU/ml. The
      serum EPO concentrations were inversely related to the degree of anemia in
      patients with nonrenal anemias, while predialysis patients with renal anemias
      showed only partially such a tendency. Hemodialysis patients exhibited EPO-levels
      that were inadequately low relative to the degree of anemia. Patients with
      hyperglobulinemia had significantly higher serum EPO-levels than healthy
      individuals and polycythemia vera patients, the latter having particularly low
      serum EPO levels. Our results show that the determination of serum EPO levels can
      be of value in the differential diagnosis of hyperglobulinemia. Finally,
      sequential measurements document fluctuating serum EPO-levels after
      gastrointestinal hemorrhages and in patients with iron deficiency anemias
      receiving iron substitution. The probable reason for this phenomenon seems to be
      the intermittent utilisation of the hormone by EPO-sensitive erythropoietic
      precursor cells.

PMID- 2915783
TI  - Correlation of magnetic resonance imaging with neuropsychological testing in
      multiple sclerosis.
AB  - Previous research has suggested that cerebral lesions observed on magnetic
      resonance imaging (MRI) of MS patients are clinically "silent." We examined the
      validity of this assertion by correlating neuropsychological test performance
      with MRI findings in 53 MS patients. We used a semiautomated quantitation system
      to measure three MRI variables: total lesion area (TLA), ventricular-brain ratio
      (VBR), and size of the corpus callosum (SCC). Stepwise multiple regression
      analyses indicated that TLA was a robust predictor of cognitive dysfunction,
      particularly for measures of recent memory, abstract/conceptual reasoning,
      language, and visuospatial problem solving. SCC predicted test performance on
      measures on mental processing speed and rapid problem solving, while VBR did not
      independently predict cognitive test findings. These findings suggest that
      cerebral lesions in MS produce cognitive dysfunction and that MRI may be a useful
      predictor of cognitive dysfunction.

PMID- 2915784
TI  - Diagnosis and management of isolated angiitis of the central nervous system.
AB  - Isolated angiitis of the central nervous system (IAC) is usually a fatal
      inflammatory disease with a predilection for small blood vessels. Recurrent
      cerebral infarction leading to death within a few years is the usual course, but
      this may be significantly altered by aggressive immunosuppressive therapy with
      prednisone and cyclophosphamide. Other diseases may, however, present with
      similar clinical and angiographic features. Because antemortem diagnosis suggests
      a therapy, establishing the criteria for diagnosis is important. This report
      describes clinical, angiographic, and biopsy features, and therapy of five
      successfully treated patients with IAC. The following specific criteria are
      recommended for establishing an antemortem diagnosis of IAC: (1) clinical pattern
      of headaches and multifocal neurologic deficits present for at least 6 months,
      unless the deficits are severe at onset or rapidly progressive; (2) cerebral
      angiography demonstrating segmental arterial narrowing; (3) exclusion of systemic
      inflammation or infection; and (4) leptomeningeal/parenchymal biopsy
      demonstrating vascular inflammation or exclusion of alternate diagnoses. Based
      upon the successful management of these five previously unreported patients, as
      well as others in the literature, the following treatment regimens are
      recommended for the initial 6 weeks of therapy: (1) prednisone 40 to 60 mg/day,
      and (2) cyclophosphamide 100 mg/day.

PMID- 2915785
TI  - Neurologic complications of endocarditis: a 12-year experience.
AB  - We reviewed the neurologic complications in 113 patients with native and 62
      patients with prosthetic valve endocarditis. Neurologic complications occurred
      with the same frequency (35.3% vs 38.7%) and distribution among the two groups.
      Death occurred in 20.6% of patients with neurologic complications and in 13.6% of
      patients without neurologic complications (p = 0.23). Staphylococcus aureus
      endocarditis correlated statistically with the development of neurologic
      complications (p less than 0.01) and death (p less than 0.01). Among 50 patients
      discharged from the hospital after receiving only medical treatment for native
      valve endocarditis, and followed for a mean period of 48 months, there was one
      patient with mitral valve prolapse and stroke. We conclude that (1) neurologic
      complications occur with the same frequency in native and prosthetic valve
      endocarditis, (2) S aureus endocarditis increases the risk of neurologic
      complications and death, (3) mortality is not significantly increased in patients
      with neurologic complications, and (4) an episode of treated native valve
      endocarditis does not increase the natural history of stroke in valvular disease.

PMID- 2915786
TI  - Common carotid artery occlusion.
AB  - Symptomatic common carotid artery occlusion (CCAO) is rare. We studied 17
      patients with ischemic cerebrovascular symptoms and unilateral CCAO on
      angiography to help clarify clinical and radiologic features. Mean age was 62
      years; 65% were women. Predominant symptoms and signs included visual-ipsilateral
      monocular or retrochiasmal symptoms (88%), motor weakness (88%), sensory
      disturbance (59%), dizziness/lightheadedness (53%), and syncope (24%).
      Dysarthria, headache, or involuntary limb shaking occurred less frequently.
      Positionally related symptoms occurred in approximately two-thirds of the
      patients. TIAs were often multiple and preceded a stroke or occurred without
      subsequent stroke in 82%. Hemispheric TIAs contralateral to the CCAO occurred in
      41%. Ten patients (59%) suffered stroke, seven (70%) of which were ipsilateral to
      the CCAO. Vascular risk factors included cigarette use (76%), hypertension (71%),
      diabetes mellitus (41%), and hyperlipidemia (41%); 82% had two or more risk
      factors. Known cardiac disease was present in 59%. CCAO was present at the origin
      of the vessel in most patients. Most had atherosclerotic narrowing of multiple
      extracranial large vessels. During follow-up, none of the patients had a
      spontaneous second infarct; five had TIAs, including two with amaurosis fugax,
      all in the CCAO territory. More restricted external carotid collaterals may, in
      part, explain the higher frequency of ipsilateral stroke and contralateral TIAs
      than reported for internal carotid occlusion.

PMID- 2915787
TI  - Intraoperative brainstem auditory evoked potentials: significant decrease in
      postoperative morbidity.
AB  - Evoked potentials are commonly used for intraoperative monitoring of neural
      tissue under surgical threat despite the lack of unequivocal evidence
      demonstrating its effectiveness in preventing neural injury. This study
      retrospectively compares the auditory morbidity of posterior fossa microvascular
      decompressive surgery before and after the introduction of intraoperative
      brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs). All patients underwent a similar
      operative procedure performed by a single surgeon. The two groups were comparable
      with regards to age, sex, and indications for surgery. In the nonmonitored group,
      auditory morbidity had not declined with increasing experience of the surgeon.
      Ten of 152 patients (6.6%) suffered a profound hearing loss in the nonmonitored
      group. In the monitored group, none of 70 patients suffered a profound hearing
      loss. We attribute this significant decline (p = 0.02) in morbidity to the
      introduction of intraoperative BAEPs. We believe this to be the first
      demonstration of a significant decrease in operative morbidity directly
      associated with the use of intraoperative evoked potential monitoring.

PMID- 2915788
TI  - The "yips": a focal dystonia of golfers.
AB  - The "yips" is an involuntary motor disturbance affecting golfers. A 69-item
      questionnaire was constructed and distributed to 1,050 professional and amateur
      golfers in an effort to define and characterize this syndrome. Of the male
      golfers there was a 42% response rate and 28% reported suffering from the yips.
      The disorder was described most frequently as jerks, tremors, and spasms
      affecting the preferred arm distally and primarily during putting. When compared
      with unaffected golfers, afflicted golfers were significantly older and had more
      cumulative years of golfing. In 24%, activities other than golfing were affected
      and 25% reported involvement of body regions beyond the arms. These data support
      the hypothesis that the yips represents a focal dystonia and shares many features
      with other occupational dystonias.

PMID- 2915789
TI  - Dystonic posturing in complex partial seizures of temporal lobe onset: a new
      lateralizing sign.
AB  - We observed unilateral dystonic posturing of an arm or leg in 41 complex partial
      seizures (CPS) from 18 patients. In all cases this was contralateral to the ictal
      discharge. Unilateral automatisms occurred in 39 of 41 seizures on the side
      opposite the dystonic limb. Version occurred in 11 of the 41 CPS to the same side
      as the dystonic posturing and always followed the posturing. Subdural recordings
      of seven seizures showed ictal onset from the mesial basal temporal lobe. At the
      onset of dystonic posturing, maximum ictal activity was in the basal temporal
      lobe with minimal involvement of the cerebral convexity. Unilateral dystonic
      posturing occurs frequently in CPS of temporal lobe onset and is a lateralizing
      sign with a high degree of specificity. It probably reflects spread of the ictal
      discharge to basal ganglia structures.

PMID- 2915790
TI  - The effects of storage and shaking on the settling properties of phenytoin
      suspension.
AB  - Phenytoin suspension (PHY-S) is reported to settle, resulting in uneven drug
      distribution and variable patient dosing. We designed this study to determine the
      rate of settling and the amount of agitation needed to resuspend the preparation.
      To determine the rate of settling, we thoroughly shook three bottles of PHY-S and
      then left them undisturbed. We took samples from the top and bottom of each
      bottle with a microsyringe at 15 minutes, 1, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours, and 1,
      2, 3, 4, and 5 weeks. We simulated patient administration with daily doses that
      were measured under good, fair, and poor shaking techniques. We analyzed samples
      after every tenth dose. After complete resuspension the active ingredient in PHY
      S settles at a very slow rate. We found no differences in concentration between
      the top and bottom until the fifth week in the bottles thoroughly shaken and left
      undisturbed. Minimal agitation is required to resuspend PHY-S. The well-shaken
      and poorly shaken bottles in the patient simulation phase exhibited no
      differences in concentrations whereas the unshaken bottle had differences
      throughout the study period. Problems thought to be associated with PHY-S may be
      related to compliance and inaccurate measuring devices.

PMID- 2915791
TI  - Persistent cognitive impairment in climbers after repeated exposure to extreme
      altitude.
AB  - We performed neuropsychological testing in eight world class climbers who had
      reached summits higher than 8,500 meters without supplementary oxygen. Five had
      mildly impaired concentration, short-term memory, and ability to shift concepts
      and control errors. There were no defects in perception or other cognitive
      activities. The pattern of impairment suggests malfunctioning of bifronto-temporo
      limbic structures. Repeated extreme-altitude exposure can cause mild but
      persistent cognitive impairment.

PMID- 2915792
TI  - Transient global amnesia: evidence for extensive, temporally graded retrograde
      amnesia.
AB  - We gave six patients with transient global amnesia (TGA) neuropsychological tests
      during and after their episodes. During TGA, all patients had severe anterograde
      amnesia for verbal and nonverbal material and a patchy but temporally graded
      retrograde amnesia for personal and public events dating back to at least 1960.
      In addition, they were unusually passive during TGA, had impaired ability to copy
      a complex figure, and possibly had mild impairment of confrontation naming. All
      exhibited complete recovery of memory and other cognitive abilities after the
      episode. There are similarities between the transient amnesia of patients with
      TGA and the chronic amnesia of patients with presumed bilateral damage to the
      medial temporal region or the diencephalic midline.

PMID- 2915793
TI  - Neurologic findings in men with isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism.
AB  - We studied the neurologic abnormalities in 41 men with isolated hypogonadotropic
      hypogonadism. Findings included anosmia, hyposmia, mirror movements, ocular motor
      abnormalities, cerebellar dysfunction, and pes cavus foot deformity. One-third of
      the subjects had a family history of delayed sexual maturation. Patients with a
      family history of delayed sexual maturation had a significantly higher incidence
      of olfactory dysfunction, mirror movements, and pes cavus foot deformity. Our
      data suggest that isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and its accompanying
      neurologic abnormalities may arise from a genetically linked developmental
      abnormality of CNS structures.

PMID- 2915794
TI  - Spinal cord pathology in pediatric acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
AB  - We examined the spinal cords from 15 consecutive autopsies of infants and
      children with AIDS using a battery of histochemical and immunocytochemical
      stains, and in four cases, electron microscopy. Corticospinal tract (CST) signs
      were a notable clinical finding in 14; however, the age of onset, rate of
      progression, severity of dysfunction, and duration varied among patients. Ten
      cases had pathologic changes in the CST. In four of the ten cases, the changes
      were consistent with an "axonopathy" since axons and myelin were both diminished
      in the CST. These cases may represent CST wallerian degeneration, since they had
      marked injury to cerebral white matter in the form of chronic inflammation with
      multinucleated cells, gliosis, and myelin pallor. In five cases, with an average
      age at death of 31 months, the CST showed poor myelination with relative
      preservation of axons. These cases may represent delayed myelination or possibly
      cytokine-mediated injury to newly formed myelin since the CST is one of the last
      tracts to myelinate in the spinal cord. One child with primary CNS lymphoma had a
      complicated pattern of spinal injury due to unilateral CST wallerian degeneration
      possibly superimposed upon delayed myelination, in addition to patchy areas of
      demyelination associated with perivascular lymphomatous infiltrates. Four
      children with mild CST signs, ranging in age from 5 to 6 months, had CST myelin
      pallor that was consistent with the degree of myelination expected for age. We
      did not find vacuolar myelopathy similar to that seen in adult AIDS, but did note
      focal vacuolar changes in the thoracic posterior columns in the oldest child.

PMID- 2915795
TI  - Autopsy findings in a patient who had an adrenal-to-brain transplant for
      Parkinson's disease.
AB  - Autopsy findings in a patient who had an adrenal-to-brain transplant for
      Parkinson's disease 4 months before his death showed adrenal tissue in the basal
      ganglia, but it was necrotic. Symptomatic improvement lasted for only 2 weeks.

PMID- 2915796
TI  - Cerebrocortical microdysgenesis in neurologically normal subjects: a
      histopathologic study.
AB  - Previous studies showed that few foci of cerebro-cortical microdysgenesis
      (molecular layer neuronal ectopias and focal laminar dysplasia) are present in up
      to 26% of variably processed normal brains; they are more common in the right
      inferior frontal region. Brains of male developmental dyslexics processed in
      serial histologic sections showed 30 to 140 foci of these types of anomalies,
      predominantly in left perisylvian cortex. Here, we present the results of a
      detailed analysis of ten normal brains also processed in serial sections. The
      ages ranged from 3.5 to 87 years, all male. Three brains showed abnormalities
      similar in type to those of the dyslexic, but in far smaller numbers and in
      different locations: two showed a single cingulate focus--one right, one left;
      the third brain showed two right supratemporal foci. We conclude that the present
      form of developmental anomaly is rare in normal brains, and that the findings in
      the dyslexic brains may be significant.

PMID- 2915797
TI  - Hereditary sensory neuropathy with deafness: a familial multisystem atrophy.
AB  - We report a 39-year-old woman with hereditary sensory neuropathy-type I (HSN-I)
      and deafness--Hicks' disease. The cochlea showed cell loss in the organ of Corti,
      and spiral ganglia and atrophy of acoustic nerves. Morphometric and quantitative
      studies of the ventral cochlear nucleus disclosed mild changes resulting from
      transynaptic atrophy. There was, however, neuronal as well as severe dendritic
      loss and gliosis in the auditory and sensory cortex that could not have been
      caused by their functional deprivation or have resulted from a chain reaction of
      transynaptic atrophy, since their corresponding lower relay nuclei did not
      display significant atrophy. The finding of cell loss and gliosis in the thalamus
      in nuclei that do not subserve these two pathways as well as in the red nuclei,
      inferiro olivary nuclei, and claustrum suggested that HSN-I with deafness is
      nosologically related to familial multisystem atrophy.

PMID- 2915798
TI  - Sulfite oxidase deficiency: clinical, neuroradiologic, and biochemical features
      in two new patients.
AB  - Sulfite oxidase deficiency is characterized by severe neurologic dysfunction,
      dislocation of the lenses, and the accumulation and excretion of inorganic
      sulfite, thiosulfate, and S-sulfocysteine. We present the clinical, radiologic,
      and biochemical findings in two patients with this condition. In both, neurologic
      problems started soon after birth and progressed rapidly to profound mental
      retardation, microcephaly, blindness, and spastic quadriparesis. Seizures were a
      persistent problem throughout the course of their illness. The neurologic
      abnormalities were associated with progressive destruction of brain tissue. We
      established the diagnosis of sulfite oxidase deficiency by demonstrating the
      characteristic abnormal metabolites in urine. However, commonly used screening
      procedures do not detect these compounds, and dislocation of the lenses is
      usually a late feature of the disease. As a result, the diagnosis may be easily
      overlooked, especially during infancy. Specific investigations for sulfite
      oxidase deficiency are indicated for any baby with severe, progressive neurologic
      disease.

PMID- 2915799
TI  - Prevalence of multiple sclerosis in Lanzarote (Canary Islands)
AB  - In the island of Lanzarote of the Province of Las Palmas, which is part of the
      Spanish archipelago of the Canary Islands, the prevalence of multiple sclerosis
      is 15 per 100,000. The prevalence of MS in Lanzarote seems related more to ethnic
      conditions than to geography.

PMID- 2915800
TI  - Reliability of the diagnosis of a first seizure.
AB  - We studied the interrater variability among three neurologists of the diagnosis
      of a seizure in 100 patients evaluated for a possible "first seizure." We found
      that use of simple descriptive diagnostic criteria and discussion among the
      neurologists themselves improved the diagnostic agreement.

PMID- 2915801
TI  - Absence of humorally mediated damage within the central nervous system of AIDS
      patients.
AB  - The pathogenesis of CNS damage by human immunodeficiency virus infection is
      unclear. Because there is little detectable virus within the CNS, we evaluated
      the role of the humoral immune system in mediating CNS tissue destruction. The
      paucity and nonspecific nature of immunoglobulin deposition rules against
      significant involvement of humorally mediated injury in the pathogenesis of AIDS
      encephalopathy.

PMID- 2915802
TI  - Heterogeneity evidence and linkage studies on Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.
AB  - Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy type 1 (CMT1) is an autosomal dominant disorder
      originally localized to chromosome 1 by linkage to the Duffy blood group. Studies
      have since shown that the disorder may be heterogeneous, as not all families show
      this linkage. We tested genetic heterogeneity by the HOMOG computer program in 15
      CMT1 pedigrees informative for Duffy. We detected no evidence for heterogeneity
      in this sample, but when we combined results with previously published lod
      scores, heterogeneity was statistically significant. Twelve of the 15 families
      studied did not show linkage to Duffy. We found six of these families to be
      informative for a chromosome 19 marker, apolipoprotein CII (ApoC2). Despite a
      previous report showing probable linkage of a non-Duffy-linked CMT1 pedigree to
      two chromosome 19 markers, we did not detect significant linkage of ApoC2 to CMT1
      in these families.

PMID- 2915803
TI  - A case of Alzheimer's disease and hippocampal sclerosis with normal cholinergic
      activity in basal forebrain, neocortex, and hippocampus.
AB  - A 76-year-old man without apparent dementia met pathologic criteria at autopsy
      for Alzheimer's disease, which included a maximum senile plaque density greater
      than 15 per square millimeter of neocortex. Despite hippocampal sclerosis,
      changes typical of Alzheimer's disease were not found in this region or in basal
      forebrain. Choline acetyltransferase activity in hippocampus, septum, and
      parietal cortex was normal.

PMID- 2915804
TI  - Caudal thalamic infarction following intranasal methamphetamine use.

PMID- 2915805
TI  - Meningitis following spinal puncture in a patient with a CSF leak.

PMID- 2915806
TI  - Etiology of syringomyelia.

PMID- 2915807
TI  - MS in Saudi Arabia.

PMID- 2915808
TI  - Cerebral metabolism in Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 2915809
TI  - Primary intraventricular hemorrhage.

PMID- 2915810
TI  - American Academy of Neurology. 41st annual meeting. Chicago, April 13-19, 1989.
      Abstract listing & general meeting information.

PMID- 2915811
TI  - [Teaching-learning. The reform of the study plan and new didactic modalities].

PMID- 2915812
TI  - [The prognosis of multiple sclerosis: a contribution].
AB  - A number of clinical characteristics of multiple sclerosis that may influence
      prognosis quo ad valetudinem are considered; onset with optic neuritis and
      frequency of recurrence less than 0.5/annum in the first three years of disease
      seem to be associated with a slower degree of deterioration (measured by the
      progression index). The age of onset, sex and type of disease would not appear to
      influence the prognosis.

PMID- 2915813
TI  - [The role of radiotherapy in the treatment of supraglottic laryngeal tumors. Case
      reports].
AB  - Radiotherapy obtains better results when employed alone, in initial forms (T1
      T2), and after surgery, when loco-regional relapse incidence reduces. Personal
      results in the treatment of laryngeal cancer are reported in 281 patients. One
      hundred-forty-seven patients treated with exclusive radiotherapy had 5-year
      global and NED survival of 32.7% and 26.6%; 5-year NED survival in particular was
      78.7% for T1-T2 and 22.9% for T3-T4. Subsequently 52.8% of patients relapsed. One
      hundred-thirty-four patients treated with postoperative radiotherapy had a 5-year
      global and NED survival of 58.8% and 52.1%; relapses were observed in 20.9% of
      patients, mostly in cases with histological G3 grading or with rupture of the
      lymph node capsule. The importance of exclusive and postoperative radiotherapy
      with reference to prognostic factors that are deduced from the histological
      specimen is underlined.

PMID- 2915814
TI  - [AIDS: the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome].
AB  - AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) is a disease of major medical,
      epidemiological, psychological and social importance. Its aetiological agent is
      one of the retroviruses that attacks the individual's immune system and destroys
      its ability to combat other diseases. The available virological data make it
      clear that the disease mainly attacks risk categories such as homosexuals, drug
      addicts, people receiving repeated blood transfusions, haemophiliacs as well as
      the sexual partners and children of these groups. Blood tests for AIDS diagnosis
      via the identification of the anti-HTLV-III antibody were performed and the ELISA
      method was used to test samples from the following groups: blood donors,
      outpatients and drug addicts. A high incidence of positivity was found among the
      drug addicts.

PMID- 2915815
TI  - [Treatment of amyloidosis with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)].
AB  - In this study we have investigated the role of oral dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)
      therapy in 2 patients with primary amyloidosis (AL) and in 2 patients with
      secondary amyloidosis (AA) to long-standing rheumatoid arthritis. DMSO treatment
      produced no beneficial effects in the patients with idiopathic amyloidosis.
      Instead the patients with secondary amyloidosis experienced a subjective
      improvement, a decrease of inflammatory activity of the rheumatoid arthritis and
      an unequivocal improvement of renal function following 3-6 months of DMSO
      therapy. No serious side effects of DMSO were observed except for unpleasant
      breath odour. We conclude that a treatment with oral DMSO may prolong life of
      patients with secondary amyloidosis.

PMID- 2915816
TI  - [Spontaneous platelet aggregation after experimental focal ischemia in the
      rabbit. "Sensitivity", "specificity" and value of the test used].
AB  - Within the framework of an investigation at present under way at the Neurological
      Clinic of Pavia on experimental focal ischaemia, the peculiarities of platelet
      aggregation observed, have led to a more accurate assessment of both the
      phenomenon itself and the validity of the method used. In a group of 30 rabbits
      (17 of them submitted to embolization by means of microspheres introduced into
      the carotid and 13 used as controls), biohumoral electrical and histological
      parameters were examined. The spontaneous platelet aggregation test proved
      significantly related to the extent of changes taking place, as measured by PDS
      levels and QEEG "delta" activity (respectively, P less than 0.005 and P less than
      0.05). Platelet aggregation, in relation to the occurrence or absence of focal
      ischaemia, revealed a "sensitivity" of 80% and a "specificity" of 92.3%. When not
      only the onset of but also the increase in aggregation is taken into account, the
      "sensitivity" figure appears to go up to 93.3%. Endothelial damage and "cascade"
      platelet aggregation appeared to be a prerequisite for the occurrence of the
      changes found. In these changes, the pathogenetic role of the regional vasospasm
      as opposed to mere mechanical obstruction seems to be confirmed. On the basis of
      these findings, it is concluded that the identification of spontaneous platelet
      aggregation using K. Breddin's method and its quantification based on Born's
      turbidimetric principle, may be usefully employed to assess the risk factor
      constituted by an abnormal tendency to platelet hyperaggregation.

PMID- 2915817
TI  - [Multiple myeloma and retroperitoneal fibrosis].

PMID- 2915818
TI  - Ethics or enigmas?

PMID- 2915819
TI  - Biomedical ethics. A time of change.

PMID- 2915820
TI  - MSNJ and biomedical ethics.

PMID- 2915821
TI  - The courts and the PVS patient.

PMID- 2915822
TI  - Covenant-making and medical ethics.

PMID- 2915823
TI  - Biomedical ethics. A quest for balance.

PMID- 2915824
TI  - Committee on Biomedical Ethics.

PMID- 2915825
TI  - Medical education's ethical challenge.

PMID- 2915826
TI  - The challenge of ethics.

PMID- 2915827
TI  - Nursing homes and ethics committees.

PMID- 2915828
TI  - Ethics in high school.

PMID- 2915829
TI  - Biomedical ethics. The democratic imperative.

PMID- 2915830
TI  - UMDNJ notes.

PMID- 2915831
TI  - AMNJ report (Academy of Medicine of New Jersey).

PMID- 2915832
TI  - Deaf persons and a hearing therapist.

PMID- 2915833
TI  - [The risk of falling in the hospital].

PMID- 2915834
TI  - [Subcutaneous epidural catheter for the treatment of pain].

PMID- 2915835
TI  - [Bladder rehabilitation in the quadriplegic male].

PMID- 2915836
TI  - [Amputation black on white].

PMID- 2915837
TI  - Health tomorrow depends on our role in society today.

PMID- 2915838
TI  - [Evelyn Rocque Malowany: an entrepreneur. Interview by Nicole Rodrigue].

PMID- 2915839
TI  - [Women in trouble: greying of the sun].

PMID- 2915840
TI  - [For better understanding of urinary incontinence].

PMID- 2915841
TI  - [The World Health Organization--do you know about it?].

PMID- 2915842
TI  - [Community health visits: appreciation and impact].

PMID- 2915843
TI  - The new era begins.

PMID- 2915844
TI  - Changes in education--undergraduate education and training in dentistry in New
      Zealand.

PMID- 2915845
TI  - The radiographic assessment of pulp size: validity and clinical implications.
AB  - A study was performed to determine if the radiographic appearances of the coronal
      pulp spaces provide a reliable indication of pulp size in maxillary incisors. The
      use of student and staff assessor groups showed that length of clinical
      experience did not influence assessments of the size of the coronal pulp. A
      measuring grid, superimposed over a duplicate set of films, decreased the
      students' perception of the size of the coronal pulp. The presence of small
      carious lesions or restorations did not affect the assessments for either of the
      film types viewed. The data were pooled to give a mean radiographic size for each
      tooth, and the teeth were sectioned. Analysis of the results demonstrated the
      value of carefully viewing incisor crowns shown on pre-operative periapical
      radiographs. Sectioning of the teeth suggested that very little dentine may
      remain to protect the pulp after routine crown preparations. Even the very
      conservative preparations sometimes necessary when providing veneers might be
      considered a hazard to the pulp, as they may expose large areas of the dentine of
      an immature tooth.

PMID- 2915846
TI  - Facial abscess: a case report.
AB  - This report describes a patient with a migratory abscess as a sequel to the
      surgical removal of a mandibular third molar tooth. Culture of pus drained from
      the abscess revealed no growth, probably because of previous management with
      antibiotics.

PMID- 2915847
TI  - Practitioners and teaching.

PMID- 2915848
TI  - Child abuse in the dental operatory.

PMID- 2915849
TI  - Patients' knowledge of caries prevention. A study.
AB  - This study explored the caries prevention awareness of a population of regular
      dental patients. Although regular dental patients have an overall high knowledge
      about certain aspects of caries population, they do not have accurate information
      about fluoride, tooth-brushing and minimal knowledge about sealants. Establishing
      the patients' knowledge of the prevention of tooth decay is important in
      determining strategies and implementation of public health education programs and
      education programs in individual dental offices.

PMID- 2915850
TI  - Suit to declare AIDS communicable disease.

PMID- 2915851
TI  - Dentistry for children. The changing picture.

PMID- 2915853
TI  - Type C lesions.

PMID- 2915852
TI  - Pyrrhic victory?

PMID- 2915854
TI  - Sedation and general anesthesia.

PMID- 2915855
TI  - Cesarean scar endometriosis: a review.
AB  - Endometriosis in the abdominal scar following cesarean section is a rare event,
      but may be more frequent than estimated from the literature. Five cases collected
      over 5 years are presented suggesting an incidence over 1 percent. Diagnosis and
      management are discussed and the literature regarding this entity is reviewed.
      Newer methods of treatment are available, but surgical excision remains the
      method of choice.

PMID- 2915856
TI  - Management of human papillomavirus-associated genital lesions in men.
AB  - A total of 155 men with human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated genital lesions
      were studied to evaluate therapy for obvious and subclinical lesions. The
      treatment methods were selected according to type, location, size, and number of
      lesions. Seventy-three percent of all patients were successfully treated by the
      initial therapy. Eighty men with minimal disease had a significantly lower
      treatment failure rate than 75 men with multiple lesions (15 versus 40%; P less
      than .001). The type of lesions (classical condyloma versus other HPV-associated
      lesions), visibility (obvious condylomata versus subclinical lesions), and
      location did not significantly influence the cure rate (P greater than .05).
      Seventy-six percent of treatment failures were evident at the first follow-up
      examination. After a follow-up time of 1 year, 95% of men with obvious
      condylomata and 93% of men with subclinical lesions were disease-free. The
      results indicate that obvious and subclinical HPV-associated lesions in men may
      be successfully controlled by one or more treatment modalities adapted to the
      particular needs of the patient.

PMID- 2915857
TI  - Genital Chlamydia trachomatis infections in patients with abnormal cervical
      smears: effect of tetracycline treatment on cell changes.
AB  - A group of 1760 women aged 14-35 years were examined for the concurrent presence
      of Chlamydia trachomatis and cellular atypia of cervical smears. Positive tests
      for C trachomatis were found in 126 women (7.2%). Cell changes were found in 85
      women (4.8%), and 25 of these were C trachomatis-positive. Slight cellular atypia
      was the major finding in the smears from 22 of the C trachomatis-positive women,
      whereas three patients had more pronounced cell changes. Smears reverted to
      normal in 18 of the 23 patients who returned for tetracycline treatment and
      follow-up cytology. All 18 patients had smears showing slight cellular atypia
      prior to therapy. In five patients who also had cellular changes suggesting a
      human papillomavirus infection, the smears did not revert to normal after
      antibiotic therapy during the observation period. These findings suggest that
      patients with C trachomatis and mild cellular atypia should have antibiotic
      therapy and repeat smears taken before further treatment is considered. More
      advanced cellular atypia is unlikely to be caused by C trachomatis.

PMID- 2915858
TI  - Peritoneal fluid cytology and prognosis in patients with endometrial carcinoma.
AB  - Cytologic examination was performed on peritoneal fluid collected from a total of
      235 consecutive patients with endometrial carcinoma who underwent laparotomy as
      the initial treatment at the Cancer Institute Hospital from 1971-1985. The rate
      of cases positive for cancer cells in the peritoneal cytologic examination was
      18.7% for all stages (44 of 235 cases). In stage I endometrial carcinoma, the 5
      year and 10-year cumulative survival rates with positive peritoneal cytologic
      findings were 91.6 and 90.0%, respectively; those in cases with negative
      cytologic findings were 90.2 and 90.2%, respectively, with no significant
      difference. The recurrence rate in the same stage was 12.0% for cytologically
      positive cases versus 9.5% for negative cases. In stages II and III, no
      significant difference was noted in the survival rate between nine cases with
      positive peritoneal cytologic findings without macroscopic peritoneal metastasis
      and 47 comparable cases with negative cytologic findings. Therefore, in
      endometrial carcinoma, the presence of malignant cells in peritoneal fluid is not
      a useful prognostic factor.

PMID- 2915859
TI  - CA 125 in peritoneal washings and fluid: correlation with plasma CA 125 and
      peritoneal cytology.
AB  - Sixty-four women with ovarian cancer and 46 controls with benign gynecologic
      conditions underwent cytologic and CA 125 evaluations of peritoneal fluid or
      peritoneal washings at laparotomy. These parameters were correlated with
      preoperative disease status, intraoperative findings, and preoperative plasma CA
      125 levels to determine their value in assessing occult disease. No false
      positive cytology reports were observed. Cytology specimens were positive in 20
      of 23 patients (87%) with clinical evidence of disease who had peritoneal fluid
      present, but in only 18 of 29 (62%) of similar patients with no peritoneal fluid
      present (P less than .05). CA 125 values were elevated in 16 of 23 (69.5%) and 15
      of 29 (52%) of these samples, respectively (P greater than .05). Levels of CA 125
      in peritoneal fluid washings correlated poorly with the presence of obvious
      intraperitoneal cancer and had questionable reliability when used to evaluate
      patients clinically free of disease. Positive peritoneal cytology reflected the
      presence of ovarian cancer, but its absence did not mean that an objective
      response to chemotherapy treatment had occurred. Disease status correlated best
      with physical examination and circulating levels of CA 125.

PMID- 2915860
TI  - VM-26-vincristine-cisplatin combination chemotherapy in the treatment of primary
      advanced and recurrent endometrial carcinoma.
AB  - A chemotherapeutic combination consisting of VM-26-vincristine-cisplatin was used
      to treat 44 consecutive patients with primary advanced or recurrent endometrial
      carcinomas. Nine complete remissions (20.5%) and 14 partial remissions (31.8%)
      were recorded. The median duration of remission in responders was 8 months (range
      1-35). The responding patients had significantly longer survival than
      nonresponders. The median duration of survival in the complete series was 7
      months. The response rates and survival times were the same for primary advanced
      tumors and recurrences, regardless of sites. Peripheral neuropathy, secondary
      anemia, and nausea were the most common side effects. The drug combination was
      well tolerated, and its efficacy is comparable to that of other more toxic
      chemotherapy regimens.

PMID- 2915861
TI  - Long-term tocolysis with intravenous magnesium sulfate.
AB  - Although the tocolytic effect of magnesium sulfate is well known, it has
      generally been used for this purpose for only brief periods. In this study, we
      administered intravenous magnesium sulfate tocolysis, either alone or in
      combination with other tocolytics, to 111 women as follows: 1) 60 (54%) received
      the drug for 3 or fewer days (short-term group); 2) 29 (26%) received the drug
      for 3-10 days (intermediate group); and 3) 22 (20%) received the drug for 10 days
      or longer (long-term group). Side effects (ileus and/or constipation, visual
      blurring, headache) were more common in the intermediate and long-term groups,
      but no life-threatening complications were seen. The drug was discontinued
      because of side effects in 7% of the patients in each group. We believe our data
      indicate that there need be no time limit and that magnesium sulfate tocolysis
      may be continued as clinically indicated.

PMID- 2915862
TI  - The prevalence and distribution of acute placental inflammation in uncomplicated
      term pregnancies.
AB  - The clinical relevance of histologic evidence of acute ascending intrauterine
      infection has been called into question by descriptions of "silent"
      chorioamnionitis. The described frequencies of silent chorioamnionitis in normal
      and abnormal pregnancies vary widely because of differences in the definition of
      a normal pregnancy, methods of placental examination, and pathologic criteria.
      Therefore, we examined placentas from 161 uncomplicated gestations for the
      presence and severity of acute inflammation in the amnion, chorion-decidua,
      chorionic plate, and umbilical cord using strict gross and microscopic protocols.
      Indicators of amniotic fluid infection, specifically umbilical cord inflammation,
      amnionitis, and inflammation within the chorionic plate were present in 0, 1.2,
      and 4% of the cases, respectively. Silent chorioamnionitis was rare. There was a
      statistical association between the presence of acute inflammation and the
      occurrence of labor at term. Methods of tissue sampling that included a more
      extensive examination of the site of membrane rupture resulted in an increased
      frequency of diagnosis of acute inflammation at the site of rupture in vaginal
      deliveries at term.

PMID- 2915863
TI  - Information management needs of the obstetrician-gynecologist--a survey.
AB  - A random sample survey of members of The American College of Obstetricians and
      Gynecologists (ACOG) was conducted to ascertain the extent to which computer
      technology was being used by the members, and what further computer services and
      applications were needed. Computers were used by 38% of the members, with an
      additional 13% planning on getting a computer within the year. An average of 48%
      of the members had no plans for computerization, although this number was lower
      (29%) for physicians 36-45 years of age. There was no significant variation of
      use by physician sex or type of practice (office- versus non-office-based). Word
      processing and financial management were the most frequently used computer
      applications; clinical patient care tasks were used much less frequently and were
      presumably less available, because software for these tasks was also highly
      desirable. The most desired information services were uniform coding and
      terminology, high-risk patient management, electronic access to full-text
      obstetric and gynecologic data bases, and online clinical management protocols.
      Prescription writing, patient recall by drug, and drug inventory computer
      applications were among the least requested. Several educational, project
      development, communication, and member service strategies have been formulated to
      integrate medical information management activities for ACOG members.

PMID- 2915864
TI  - Endometrial sampling prior to hysterectomy.
AB  - Many gynecologists use routine endometrial sampling prior to hysterectomy to
      detect an unsuspected endometrial carcinoma. Gynecologists who formerly performed
      uterine curettage under anesthesia before hysterectomy now often use an
      outpatient endometrial sampling technique. Although safe, this procedure is
      complicated by discomfort, cost, and the risk of infection or uterine
      perforation. The purpose of this study was to determine the utility of pre
      hysterectomy endometrial sampling. Between 1981-1985, 619 patients undergoing
      hysterectomy had preoperative endometrial sampling using Vabra aspiration, the
      Novak curette, or D&C. The endometrial sampling histology was compared with that
      in the hysterectomy specimen. There were 30 instances in which the endometrial
      sampling failed to identify either endometrial hyperplasia or carcinoma. In the
      two cases of endometrial carcinoma, D&C was the sampling method used. The
      findings of this study indicate that these three techniques of endometrial
      sampling are equal in their diagnostic capabilities. The results confirm the need
      for biopsy in patients with postmenopausal bleeding or with abnormal uterine
      bleeding at age 35 years or older. Our findings do not support routine
      endometrial sampling prior to hysterectomy.

PMID- 2915865
TI  - Vulvar vestibulitis--subgroup with Bartholin gland duct inflammation.
AB  - Some women with vulvar vestibulitis have tenderness at the Bartholin gland duct
      opening and associated dyspareunia. Forty-four patients with severe
      incapacitating dyspareunia of up to 5 years' duration were studied. Microscopic
      examination revealed a chronic inflammation located near the Bartholin gland duct
      opening. No etiologic agent was evident. Of 30 women treated initially with laser
      vaporization of inflamed areas, 13 (43%) showed significant improvement. Sixteen
      patients were treated with perineoplasty and all improved significantly; all
      became functional sexually although eight had previously failed laser therapy.
      Women with vulvar vestibulitis can be identified easily with a simple Q-tip touch
      technique directed at the duct opening. This diagnosis should be considered in
      the evaluation of women with obscure etiologies of dyspareunia.

PMID- 2915866
TI  - Brief sexual inquiry in gynecologic practice.
AB  - Eight hundred eight-seven consecutive gynecologic outpatients were screened for
      sexual concerns and dysfunctions by the inclusion in the medical history of two
      questions concerning sexual function. Only 29 women (3%) spontaneously offered
      sexual complaints without direct inquiry. An additional 142 women (16%)
      acknowledged sexual problems upon questioning. The most common sexual complaint
      was dyspareunia (48%), followed by decreased sexual desire (21%), partner
      problem(s) or dysfunction(s) (8%), vaginismus (6%), anorgasmia (4%), and other
      problems (13%), eg, arousal problems, decreased lubrication, sexual anxiety, etc.
      Sexual complaints were more prevalent in those 50 years of age or older. This
      brief sexual inquiry added little time to the office visit, and most of the
      sexual complaints could be resolved by the gynecologist.

PMID- 2915867
TI  - Intrapartum uterine activity: evaluation of an intrauterine pressure transducer.
AB  - A newly available intrauterine pressure transducer was evaluated clinically in
      100 patients. Successful insertion was accomplished in 95%. There were no
      significant intrapartum maternal or fetal complications. Partial dehiscence of a
      surgically scarred uterus did occur in one patient who received the device, but a
      clear relationship between its attempted insertion and the dehiscence was not
      apparent. Early in the clinical trial, a number of devices malfunctioned; the
      manufacturer defined and remedied the problem. The intrauterine transducer
      required no maintenance and appeared to be practical in laboring women. We
      suggest that the utility of the intrauterine pressure transducer might be
      enhanced with several modifications, including the addition of a re-zeroing
      mechanism and a reduction in the device's length.

PMID- 2915868
TI  - Use of the fibrin D-dimer in screening for coagulation abnormalities in
      preeclampsia.
AB  - Plasma from pregnant women with preeclampsia was screened for the D-dimer, a
      degradation product specific for crosslinked fibrin, using a monoclonal antibody
      (DD-3B6), latex-bead agglutination assay (DIMERTEST). Seventy-nine of 204 (38.7%)
      of the preeclamptic women and none of 88 healthy non-preeclamptic women were
      positive for the D-dimer. Presence of the D-dimer correlated consistently with
      elevated fibrin(ogen) degradation products, detectable fibrin monomer, and
      platelet count less than or equal to 100 x 10(9)/L, with a 93.0% sensitivity
      overall for abnormalities of the same. Among D-dimer-positive women, 66.7% had
      fibrin(ogen) degradation products less than 10 micrograms/mL, 60.3% had no
      detectable fibrin monomer, and 82.0% had platelets greater than 100 x 10(9)/L.
      When compared with D-dimer-negative preeclamptic women, D-dimer-positive women
      had significantly higher blood pressures prompting delivery, greater proteinuria,
      more abnormal liver function tests, and higher serum creatinine and blood urea
      nitrogen. In addition, they had a greater risk of cesarean section (49.4 versus
      34.4%), premature delivery (58.2 versus 20.0%), low birth weight (54.5 versus
      20.3%), low Apgar scores, and an abnormally high ratio of female to male
      offspring (1.72 versus 0.93). Testing for the fibrin D-dimer may be useful in
      early screening and follow-up for preeclamptic coagulopathy, and may also help to
      define the subset of patients with severe disease.

PMID- 2915869
TI  - Comparison of late luteal phase endometrial biopsies using the Novak curette or
      PIPELLE endometrial suction curette.
AB  - The late luteal phase endometrial biopsy is an important part of the evaluation
      of patients with recurrent spontaneous abortion or infertility. The procedure can
      be painful and, if an adequate amount of tissue is not obtained, may have to be
      repeated. In this report, the results of endometrial biopsies performed in the
      late luteal phase with either the Novak curette or the PIPELLE Endometrial
      Suction Curette were analyzed retrospectively. The two techniques did not differ
      in the number of biopsy specimens found to have inadequate tissue for diagnosis;
      however, patients who underwent biopsy with the PIPELLE recalled significantly
      less pain associated with the procedure. When used in premenopausal patients
      undergoing endometrial biopsy during the late luteal phase, the PIPELE provided
      adequate tissue with preservation of glandular, stromal, and capsular
      architecture.

PMID- 2915870
TI  - Acute intermittent porphyria in pregnancy.
AB  - A 27-year-old, previously healthy normotensive woman was admitted for hyperemesis
      gravidarum and treated with intravenous fluids and metoclopramide. Thereafter, a
      neuropsychiatric syndrome developed, with acute asymmetrical axonal motor-sensory
      polyneuropathy and marked anxiety, depression, irritability, and memory and
      concentration difficulties. Raised porphyrin precursors were found in the
      patient's urine, but not in her feces. Although the association of acute
      porphyria and pregnancy is rare, the pregnancy itself, combined with a state of
      starvation, and the administration of metoclopramide, could have precipitated the
      acute attack in this case. Thiamine deficiency, Guillain-Barre syndrome, and an
      obstetric complication producing closely related symptoms were excluded. The drug
      was stopped and the patient was treated with a high-carbohydrate diet and
      physiotherapy. A normal infant was delivered spontaneously at term.

PMID- 2915871
TI  - Factor VII deficiency and pregnancy.
AB  - Hereditary factor VII deficiency is very rare in pregnancy (one in 500,000).
      However, obstetricians should consider this diagnosis whenever the prothrombin
      time is prolonged while the activated partial thromboplastin time is normal. The
      factor VII level increases in normal pregnancy, but the effect of pregnancy upon
      the factor VII level in deficient individuals is unknown. We report two cases of
      factor VII deficiency in pregnancy. In both, factor VII levels were 15% or less
      in the third trimester and were lower postpartum, suggesting that pregnancy does
      elevate factor VII in deficient individuals as well. Fresh frozen plasma is the
      treatment of choice. If the level is very low, fresh frozen plasma can be given
      prophylactically; otherwise, it should be given if blood loss becomes excessive.

PMID- 2915872
TI  - Protein C deficiency and pregnancy: a case report.
AB  - Protein C is thought to play a key role in the regulation of hemostasis, and its
      deficiency has been associated with an increased risk of thromboembolism. Protein
      C-deficient women are at particular risk of developing thromboembolic
      complications during pregnancy and delivery. The incidence of thromboembolic
      events is estimated to be 500-1000 times higher than in normal women. We report
      the case of a 26-year-old woman with previous iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis
      who experienced a successful pregnancy and delivery despite severe congenital
      protein C deficiency (protein C antigen and activity 25%). She was anticoagulated
      with heparin during the second part of her pregnancy. Our observation suggests
      that ambulatory full-dose subcutaneous heparin therapy during pregnancy
      constitutes adequate prevention. However, definite guidelines will require more
      extensive studies.

PMID- 2915873
TI  - Bernard-Soulier syndrome complicating pregnancy: a case report.
AB  - The pregnancy of a patient with Bernard-Soulier syndrome is described.
      Coagulation abnormalities were encountered, as well as isoimmunization from
      previous transfusions. Immune suppression was achieved with steroids and
      intravenous gamma globulin, and plasmapheresis was performed to allow platelet
      transfusion.

PMID- 2915874
TI  - Central pontine myelinolysis and pregnancy.
AB  - Central pontine myelinolysis, also known as osmotic demyelination syndrome, is an
      uncommon disorder associated with rapid correction of severe hyponatremia. We
      present the case of a healthy young pregnant woman with hyperemesis gravidarum
      who developed severe hyponatremia (serum sodium 103 mEq/L). After rapid
      correction of her serum sodium within 12-15 hours with a 0.9% saline solution,
      the patient became comatose and died of sepsis and respiratory failure.
      Examination of the brain showed extensive demyelination in both pontine and
      extrapontine areas.

PMID- 2915875
TI  - Recurrent diabetes insipidus associated with pregnancy: pathophysiology and
      therapy.
AB  - Diabetes insipidus during pregnancy is an uncommon medical problem. We present a
      woman who developed transient central diabetes insipidus during two successive
      pregnancies. A water deprivation study with plasma arginine vasopressin
      concentrations confirmed the diagnosis and established the efficacy of 1-desamino
      8-d-arginine-vasopressin (dDAVP). The patient was then successfully and safely
      treated through the second pregnancy with dDAVP.

PMID- 2915876
TI  - Intrapartum uterine rupture.
AB  - The association between diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure in utero and uterine
      malformations resulting in poor reproductive performance is well established. A
      case is presented of uterine rupture in a patient exposed to DES in utero who had
      no known predisposing factors for uterine rupture.

PMID- 2915877
TI  - Postpartum idiopathic brachial neuritis.
AB  - We present a case of a woman who developed bilateral idiopathic brachial neuritis
      in the postpartum period following normal pregnancy and delivery. The diagnosis
      was substantiated with extensive electrophysiologic testing. Shoulder girdle pain
      and muscular dysfunction resolved slowly, and 12 months later the patient
      complained only of minimal shoulder discomfort.

PMID- 2915878
TI  - Ergotism: a possible etiology for puerperal psychosis.
AB  - Some reports in the medical literature have mentioned the occurrence of psychotic
      reactions in response to the use of certain ergot alkaloids in therapeutic doses.
      Prompted by these observations, we undertook a search for cases of "pure"
      puerperal psychosis (ie, typical manifestations 3-14 days postpartum) in order to
      evaluate the clinical background of this phenomenon. Special attention was paid
      to the medications that the patients had received peripartum. In the last 10
      years, out of eight perinatal centers, we found only three cases that fulfilled
      the criteria of the quoted entity. In all instances, the manifestations of
      puerperal psychosis had been preceded by the administration of ergot derivatives.
      Based on the presented data, we hypothesize that typical postpartum psychosis may
      represent an idiosyncratic reaction to potent vasoactive drugs including ergot
      derivatives. The similarities between the clinical manifestations of ergotism and
      puerperal psychosis, and some of the epidemiologic features of the latter
      condition, appear to implicate ergot alkaloids as potential causative agents.
      Although the validity of the suggested interpretation requires further
      evaluation, we believe that the currently available data warrant caution with
      regard to the administration of ergot derivatives postpartum. These drugs should
      not be used in the absence of clear indication or in unnecessarily high doses. We
      suggest that ergotism be included in the differential diagnosis in cases of pure
      puerperal psychosis.

PMID- 2915879
TI  - Difficulty of fetal monitoring in a fetus with intracardiac tumors.
AB  - Fetal intracardiac tumors are rare but, when present, are a common cause of poor
      or uninterpretable fetal heart tracings due to fetal arrhythmias. The most
      frequently encountered tumor, the rhabdomyoma, is associated with tuberous
      sclerosis. We present a case demonstrating this difficulty of fetal monitoring in
      a fetus with an arrhythmia later found to be due to multicentric intracardiac
      rhabdomyomas. The appropriate evaluation and management of such fetal heart
      tracings are discussed.

PMID- 2915880
TI  - Neonatal cranial osteomyelitis: a complication of fetal monitoring.
AB  - Use of a scalp electrode facilitates and adds precision to electronic fetal
      monitoring. We report an instance of neonatal osteomyelitis due to infection of
      the electrode insertion site. Electrode-associated soft and bony tissue
      infections are most commonly mediated by cervicovaginal microflora and appear
      clinically and microbiologically distinct from non-electrode-associated cases.
      Risk assessment, antiseptic care, and observation of the electrode insertion site
      are recommended. This report emphasizes the potential morbidity of scalp
      electrode use and suggests means to prevent or mitigate this morbidity.

PMID- 2915881
TI  - Endometrial reconstruction after hysteroscopic incisional metroplasty.
AB  - Endometrial reconstruction after hysteroscopic metroplasty of a septate uterus
      was studied by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy when the uterus
      was removed 13 days after metroplasty for a histologic diagnosis of
      leiomyosarcoma. We observed a retraction of the margins of the incised septum,
      which could prevent the formation of intrauterine adhesions. Reepithelialization
      of the cut surface seemed to proceed both centripetally, by proliferation of the
      surrounding normal endometrium, and centrifugally from the bottom of the glands
      present at the base of the septum.

PMID- 2915882
TI  - Familial posterior labial fusion.
AB  - Partial virilization at birth of a genotypic female resulting in varying degrees
      of posterior labial fusion and clitoral enlargement is most commonly due to
      excess androgen production from congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Rarely, labial
      fusion arises secondary to maternal androgen ingestion or an androgen-secreting
      tumor during pregnancy. We report a case of posterior labial fusion without
      clitorimegaly in a 12-year-old girl in which there was no evidence of androgen
      excess. The family history was remarkable for a similar congenital defect in two
      aunts and their daughters, suggesting an autosomal dominant trait with incomplete
      penetrance.

PMID- 2915883
TI  - Virilizing serous cystadenoma.
AB  - A 71-year-old woman, 26 years post-menopause, presented with virilization. Facial
      hirsuties, non-hereditary frontal balding, voice changes, male escutcheon, and
      mild clitorimegaly accompanied a right adnexal mass. Blood hormone studies showed
      testosterone 430 ng/dL, FSH 118 mIU/mL, and LH 210 mIU/mL. By ultrasound
      examination, the cystic adnexal mass involved the right ovary. An 18-cm, 1300-g,
      unicameral mass with 1200 mL of clear serous fluid and with smooth inner and
      outer surfaces was removed from the right broad ligament. Intraoperative
      testosterone levels were as follows: peripheral vein 285 ng/dL, left ovarian vein
      301 ng/dL, and right ovarian vein 1635 ng/dL; tumor cystic fluid was 3032 ng/dL.
      Peripheral vein testosterone was 15 ng/dL 3 days postoperatively.
      Histopathologically, the tumor was a serous cystadenoma. No evidence of stromal
      luteinization, hyperplasia, or inflammation was found, and other virilizing
      lesions were not encountered in either ovary or in other tissues. Epithelial
      cells constituting the tumor may have been the source of the excess testosterone
      in this unique case of virilizing serous cystadenoma.

PMID- 2915884
TI  - Successful treatment of a prolactin-producing pituitary macroadenoma with
      intravaginal bromocriptine mesylate: a novel approach to intolerance of oral
      therapy.
AB  - A 37-year-old woman with a symptomatic 18-mm prolactin-secreting pituitary
      adenoma could not be managed with oral bromocriptine mesylate because of
      unacceptable gastrointestinal side effects. However, when given the medication
      intravaginally, the patient was successfully treated as assessed by evident tumor
      shrinkage and diminished secretory activity. Serum bromocriptine levels were
      approximately six to eight times higher than those reported after oral
      administration. The vaginal route may help reduce some of the adverse effects of
      bromocriptine mesylate experienced during oral administration and may possibly
      allow lowering of the overall effective dose by avoiding first liver passage.

PMID- 2915885
TI  - Meigs syndrome and elevated CA 125.
AB  - A patient presented with a pelvic mass, ascites, and pleural effusion. The serum
      CA 125 level was noted to be 226 U/mL (normal 5-35 U/mL). On surgical
      exploration, she had a benign fibroma-thecoma without malignant cytology in the
      ascitic fluid. Postoperatively, the pleural effusion resolved and the CA 125
      decreased to 32 U/mL. This is the first reported case of Meigs syndrome and an
      elevated CA 125 level. As previously documented, elevated serum CA 125 does not
      always indicate malignancy.

PMID- 2915886
TI  - Double-J ureteral catheters in gynecologic surgery.
AB  - When ureteral injury is identified and properly managed, the gynecologic surgeon
      can expect good surgical and functional results with little or no patient
      discomfort or morbidity. The double-J silicone ureteral catheter is a useful
      surgical tool in this situation. The diameter of the ureteral catheter should be
      7 or 8 French in most gynecologic surgical settings. It is better to select a
      length that is several centimeters too long. Intraoperative and postoperative
      care, including extraperitoneal drainage of the operative site, antibiotics,
      transurethral bladder drainage, and selection of the duration of urinary
      diversion, is important for a good outcome.

PMID- 2915887
TI  - 5-Fluorouracil, adriamycin, cyclophosphamide (FAC) vs. 5-fluorouracil,
      epirubicin, cyclophosphamide (FEC) in metastatic breast cancer.
AB  - 94 evaluable patients with metastatic breast cancer were randomly assigned to 5
      fluorouracil, adriamycin, and cyclophosphamide (FAC) or 5-fluorouracil,
      epirubicin, and cyclophosphamide (FEC), with cycles repeated every 3 weeks. The
      objective response rate to FAC was 46% versus 44% to FEC. There was no
      significant difference in the median duration of response and median survival for
      the two regimens. Toxicity was more frequent and more pronounced in patients
      receiving FAC. Results indicate therapeutic equivalence of the two regimens and
      reduced toxicity of the epirubicin arm.

PMID- 2915888
TI  - Factors influencing local recurrence after curative surgery for rectal cancer.
AB  - The histories of 90 consecutive patients who underwent curative surgery for
      rectal cancer from January 1975 to December 1981 were reviewed. Twenty of 90
      patients (22.2%) recurred locally. The site of the primary lesion and tumor
      differentiation are the most important factors influencing local recurrence.
      Median survival from recurrence was 3 months and no patient was alive after 15
      months. No significant difference in survival was observed in patients surgically
      treated for recurrence compared to untreated patients.

PMID- 2915890
TI  - Anticipatory nausea and vomiting: prevalence and predictors in chemotherapy
      patients.
AB  - One hundred and seventy-five patients selected at random were prospectively
      studied. All patients were assessed at least after the first cycle of treatment
      by a self-report questionnaire which covered the occurrence of nausea and
      vomiting 24 before chemotherapy, as well as information regarding 22 clinical
      parameters. Forty-six (26%) patients developed anticipatory nausea. 'Intolerable'
      posttreatment vomiting and age under 45 were statistically significant parameters
      (p less than 0.05) in the multivariate analysis. Twenty-one (12%) of the 175
      patients experienced anticipatory vomiting. Three variables, age under 45,
      'intolerable' posttreatment vomiting and more than three cycles of treatment were
      found to be significant (p less than 0.05). The relative risk of developing
      anticipatory nausea and vomiting according to combination of significant clinical
      predictors in the multivariate analysis is proposed. Therefore recognition of
      these clinical predictors may serve as a marker for patients with high risk of
      presenting anticipatory nausea and vomiting, who may benefit from prophylactic
      behavioral approaches.

PMID- 2915889
TI  - Biochemical classification of circulating immune complexes in human malignant
      melanoma and hematologic neoplasms.
AB  - Circulating immune complexes (CIC) in human cancer are known to be very
      heterogeneous in size and composition. In 95 staged malignant melanoma patients
      and 71 individuals with leukemia and lymphoma, this heterogeneity was analyzed
      biochemically in sera positive for CIC. CICs were measured by a multiassay system
      and individual complexes were isolated and analyzed by immunological and
      biochemical methods. Analyses of sera from 100 normal individuals, from 25
      rheumatoid women, and a group of 12 laboratory staff who work with human melanoma
      were included for comparison. Three basic patterns of complexes were identified
      circulating in the sera of the cancer patients. Type I are medium-sized (17-23S),
      complement-fixing complexes usually occurring in combinations. The prototype in
      melanoma contained IgG antibody and additional glycoprotein components and bound
      complement by the classical pathway. In hematological malignancies four subtypes
      could be identified depending on whether the antibody class was IgG or IgM, the
      nonimmunoglobulin component was glycoprotein or protein, and whether complement
      fixation occurred by the classical or alternate pathway. Type II complexes were
      noncomplement-fixing, medium-sized complexes (15-21S), which in melanoma
      contained IgG antibody and additional protein components. In the hematologic
      malignancies two subtypes could be identified depending on whether the antibody
      class was IgG or IgM. Both subtypes contained a glycoprotein nonimmunoglobulin
      component. Both melanoma and hematologic tumors had type III heavy complexes (36
      44S) which were noncomplement-fixing and contained only immunoglobulin
      components, either IgG-IgG or IgM-IgG. As expected the rheumatoid arthritis
      patients frequently had both 7S and 21-23S CICs containing IgG as well as IgM
      rheumatoid factor with complement fixation via the classical pathway. No CICs
      were detected in normal young men and women (20-30 years); a few individuals in
      middle age (31-50 years) had small (7-11S) CICs which bound complement by the
      classical pathway and contained IgG and a protein nonimmunoglobulin component.
      The frequency of these 7S complexes increased with advancing age, with the
      appearance of 23S IgG-IgG or IgM-IgG complexes. IgG antibodies from only the
      melanoma patients reacted with cytoplasmic components of fresh melanoma cells,
      except the laboratory workers where all of their isolated CIC antibodies also
      reacted with melanoma cells. Thus the heterogeneity of complexes in melanoma is
      not random, but can be classified into three basic biochemical patterns. The
      hematologic group provides a slightly richer variation of subtypes within this
      basic scheme.

PMID- 2915891
TI  - Iliac crest needle biopsy as a method for determining estrogen receptors in bone
      metastases from breast cancer.
AB  - The purpose of our study was to clarify whether the amount of tissue extracted by
      means of iliac crest needle biopsy (ICNB) would suffice for a quantitative
      determination of estrogen receptors (ER) in bone metastases, and to see if the
      method currently used for determining ER in primary tumors could also be
      successfully utilized in ICNB. 22 of 31 breast cancer patients examined could be
      evaluated. ER was positive in 7 (31.8%). Reasonable data are to be expected when
      the biopsy weight exceeds 0.1 g. Our study confirms that the necessary amount of
      tissue for ER analysis can indeed be extracted by ICNB. Our results justify
      further studies on a larger group of patients, since we cannot make conclusive
      statements concerning the value of this method for predicting the ultimate
      success of an endocrine treatment.

PMID- 2915892
TI  - Clinical significance of paraneoplastic syndrome.
AB  - The prevalence, clinical presentations, and diagnostic significance of the
      paraneoplastic syndrome (PNS) in the setting of a department of internal medicine
      in a community hospital was studied. During a 7-year period (1979-1985) a total
      of 167 patients among 11,000 hospitalized patients were diagnosed as having a
      malignant neoplasia previously unknown. From this group we selected all cases who
      presented with one or more of the known clinical PNSs. Forty-two cases, i.e., 25%
      fulfilled the selection criteria. Their prevalence in our population was higher
      than usually found in the literature. Sixteen different categories of PNS were
      observed. They occurred 55 times, since more than one PNS was present in 9 cases.
      No significant correlation was observed between any type of PNS and any
      particular class of malignant neoplasia. At the time of initial evaluation, PNSs
      were associated with stage I malignancy in 15 cases, with stages II and III in 8
      and 3 cases, respectively, and with stage IV in 22 cases. PNSs were the leading
      symptom or sign in 56% of the patients. In these patients the PNS determined the
      direction of work-up in the search for a malignant tumor. However, PNSs were
      essential for suspecting cancer in stage I of the disease in 6 cases only, i.e.,
      14%. We stress that awareness of the clinical implications of these syndromes may
      permit an earlier diagnosis of malignancy.

PMID- 2915893
TI  - Paraneoplastic hypercalcemia in endometrial carcinoma.
AB  - Humoral hypercalcemic syndrome associated with tumors of the female reproductive
      system is believed to be uncommon, and only 27 such cases have been identified
      prior to 1980. We describe 2 patients with humoral hypercalcemia in clear cell
      adenocarcinoma of the uterus, and review the literature on previously published
      cases. Both our patients fulfilled the criteria for humoral hypercalcemic
      syndrome, namely: hypercalcemia without bone metastases ranging from 12.8 to 14.1
      mg/dl in the presence of normal serum parathyroid hormone levels, reduced tubular
      reabsorption of phosphate, and reduced serum albumin. We propose that humoral
      hypercalcemia is perhaps not a rare complication of uterine malignancy and, that
      increased awareness may result in early diagnosis of this important metabolic
      problem.

PMID- 2915894
TI  - Application of DA/DAPI technique in cancer cytogenetics.
AB  - The recent advent of banding techniques has facilitated the identification of
      human chromosomal abnormalities in neoplasias. Utilization of a single technique
      for the identification of marker chromosomes has caused ambiguity because
      staining profiles overlap with many other chromosomal regions in the human
      genome. Thus, the implication of DA/DAPI technique in clinical cytogenetics has
      been documented by presenting a variety of cases with neoplastic syndromes.

PMID- 2915895
TI  - Carcinogenic effect of biscuits made of flour infested with Tribolium castaneum
      in Bufo regularis.
AB  - Biscuits made of flour infested with Tribolium castaneum induced the formation of
      hepatocellular carcinomas (22%) when force-fed to toads (Bufo regularis) at a
      dose level of 200 mg/50 g 3 times a week. Maximal time of exposure and
      observation was 16 weeks. Some metastatic deposits from the primary liver tumours
      were found in the kidneys. Thus, the carcinogenic potency of the biscuits was
      almost the same as that of the flour previously reported by the authors
      indicating that the temperature of the oven in which the biscuits were baked did
      not alter the carcinogenicity of the infested flour.

PMID- 2915896
TI  - [Postoperative lymph node scintigraphy in patients with malignant melanoma].
AB  - Completeness of regional lymph node dissection was controlled in 23 patients with
      melanoma malignum. For that purpose 3--6 weeks after block-dissection lymph node
      scintigraphy was performed, by administration of intercostal and interdigital
      radiopharmacutical. Blockdissection was considered as complete, when neither
      after intercostal, nor after interdigital administration, any lymph nodes were
      delineated. On the basis of investigations until now, postoperative lymph node
      scintigraphy proves to be suitable, held to be a non-invasive method for
      controlling completeness of blockdissection.

PMID- 2915897
TI  - [Diffuse intestinal malignant lymphoma].
AB  - The authors describe a patient with malignant lymphoma presenting with clinically
      severe malabsorption due to diffuse involvement of the small intestine and with
      intestinal obstruction. The histologic diagnosis was based on the association of
      (1) diffuse involvement of the small intestine showing lymphoid tissue expansion
      and (2) a non-classified form of highly malignant lymphoma. After surgical
      resection of a stenotic part of the small intestine, abdominal irradiation
      therapy was done, and the patient improved.

PMID- 2915898
TI  - [The effect of carbamazepine on water metabolism in epileptics].

PMID- 2915899
TI  - Proto-oncogene abnormalities in human breast cancer: c-ERBB-2 amplification does
      not correlate with recurrence of disease.
AB  - The incidence of c-ERBB-2 amplification in breast cancers and its usefulness as a
      predictor of tumor recurrence after treatment have been subjects of controversy
      (Ali et al., 1988, Slamon et al., 1987). We re-examined this subject by analysing
      157 primary and 14 metastatic breast cancers with c-ERBB-2 and 18 other molecular
      probes as controls. Five proto-oncogenes were found to be occasionally amplified
      in primary breast cancers: c-ERBB-2 (11%), c-MYB (3%), c-RAS-Ki (3%), INT-2 (4%)
      and c-MYC (6%). No statistically significant correlation between amplification of
      c-ERBB-2 and recurrence of tumors was observed. The only significant correlation
      observed was between early recurrence of advanced (stage III) tumors and
      amplification of one or another of the above five proto-oncogenes. We conclude
      that breast cancer utilize multiple genetic mechanisms in their progression and
      metastasis, and that analysis of c-ERBB-2 alone is not a useful guide.

PMID- 2915900
TI  - HER-2 amplification, steroid receptors and epidermal growth factor receptor in
      primary breast cancer.
AB  - Amplification of HER-2 oncogene was analysed in DNAs obtained from 291 primary
      human mammary carcinomas. 52/291 (18%) were found to contain amplified HER-2
      oncogene. Moderate amplification (2- to 5-fold) was noted in 36/291 (12%).
      Thirteen tumors (4.5%) had a copy number of 5 to 10. A 10- to 20-fold and greater
      than 20-fold amplification was observed in 2 and 1 patient, respectively. Sample
      sizes allowed the determination of estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone
      receptor (PgR) levels in 253/291 primary breast cancers. HER-2 gene amplification
      was noted in 14% of ER+ patients and in 28% of ER- patients, respectively (P =
      0.02). Similarly a significantly greater number of PgR- primary mammary carcinoma
      exhibited an amplification of the HER-2 gene compared to PgR+ cases (22% vs. 16%,
      P = 0.01). Although statistically not significant, tumors with HER-2 gene
      amplification were found to have lower levels of ER and PgR. No association of
      HER-2 amplification with the androgen receptor and EGF receptor was observed.
      Present data combine to suggest that tumor progression is more stringently
      controlled by the oncogene upon loss of hormone dependency. Differences found in
      HER-2 amplification between steroid receptor positive and negative tumors could
      be helpful to define a specific subset of women to whom adjuvant therapy should
      be directed.

PMID- 2915901
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of a cDNA encoding TIS11, a message induced in Swiss 3T3
      cells by the tumor promoter tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate.
AB  - We report here the nucleic acid sequence and deduced amino acid sequence of a
      cDNA for TIS11, a gene induced in 3T3 cells by tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate.

PMID- 2915902
TI  - Transcription activation by serum, PDGF, and TPA through the c-fos DSE: cell type
      specific requirements for induction.
AB  - We have investigated the sequences that are necessary and sufficient for the
      induction of the c-fos gene by serum, TPA or PDGF in different cell types. The
      dyad symmetry element (DSE) is a regulatory element of the c-fos gene previously
      shown to be required for induction of c-fos transcription by serum. We show that
      the DSE is also necessary for the induction of c-fos by either TPA or PDGF in
      NIH3T3 cells. We also show that in NIH 3T3 cells the DSE is sufficient to confer
      inducibility on a heterologous promoter, the beta-globin promoter, when serum
      provides the stimulus. However, it is not sufficient when either TPA or PDGF is
      the inducer. This suggests a requirement in 3T3 cells for cooperating sequence
      elements for TPA or PDGF induction but not for serum. Interestingly, the need for
      cooperating elements for TPA induction is abolished in HeLa cells since the DSE
      alone is sufficient for TPA inducibility of the beta-globin promoter in these
      cells. Thus, the highly transformed HeLa cell line displays diminished sequence
      requirements for TPA induction. We discuss the possibility that mutations which
      diminish the stringent transcriptional control of protooncogenes such as c-fos
      may contribute to the transformed state.

PMID- 2915903
TI  - The amplification unit on chromosome 11q13 in aggressive primary human breast
      tumors entails the bcl-1, int-2 and hst loci.
AB  - The int-2 gene, a member of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) super-gene family,
      has previously been shown to be amplified in 16% of the 110 human breast tumors
      examined. In order to characterize the amplification unit containing the int-2
      gene (chromosome 11q13), the same panel of breast tumors was screened for
      possible amplifications of other markers mapping between 11q11 and 11q24. Out of
      the eight additional genes analysed, simultaneous amplification of bcl-1 (11q13,
      a locus involved in hematopoietic malignancies) and hst (11q13, another member of
      the FGF family) was observed in 17/18 tumors with increased copy number of the
      int-2 gene. A single breast tumor showed amplification of int-2 oncogene only.
      Neither the bcl-1 nor the hst locus was individually amplified in any of the
      tumor DNAs examined.

PMID- 2915904
TI  - Alternative 5' end of the bcr-abl transcript in chronic myelogenous leukemia.
AB  - Philadelphia chromosome positive acute lymphocytic leukemia and chronic
      myelogenous leukemia are strongly associated with two distinct forms of bcr-abl
      chimeric protein, known as P190 and P210, respectively. By studying cDNA clones
      obtained from the cell line KBM-5, we identified two new bcr-abl transcripts.
      These are formed by alternative splicing of at least two exons to the known bcr
      exon 2. One novel transcript can encode a protein kinase of approximately 190 kd,
      while the other can direct the synthesis of a larger protein whose amino terminus
      remains to be defined. The alternative exons can be spliced also to the two
      normal bcr transcripts, reflecting the activation of a cryptic promoter. These
      messages were present at low abundance in two cases of blastic crisis but were
      not detected in the chronic phase. It is conceivable that the proteins encoded by
      the new bcr-abl mRNAs are involved in the transformation to the acute phase in
      some cases of chronic myelogenous leukemia.

PMID- 2915905
TI  - Tips of the trade #8. A goniometer for acetabular positioning.
AB  - Dislocations following total hip replacement continue to be a small but
      persistent problem. Most authors believe one of the major causes is a malposition
      of the femoral head and/or acetabular component. We have developed a simple
      goniometer that positions on the face of the acetabular component and reads a
      crude but helpful position of the prosthesis both in lateral tilt and
      anteversion.

PMID- 2915907
TI  - Orthopaedics Overseas #15. Project Ethiopia.
AB  - This paper presents the highlights of a month invested as a volunteer at Tikur
      Anbessa Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

PMID- 2915906
TI  - Pain clinic #12. The use of a self-administration system for oral analgesics on
      an orthopaedic service.
AB  - The use of patient-controlled analgesia systems in the postoperative period has
      become quite popular over the past several years. The systems to date have been
      limited to analgesics administered intravenously. The purpose of this study was
      to extend the use of a patient-controlled analgesia system to include oral
      analgesics during a patient's hospital stay.

PMID- 2915908
TI  - Approaches to senior care #6. Shoulder pain in the geriatric patient. Part I.
      Evaluation and pathophysiology.
AB  - Shoulder pain is one of the most common musculoskeletal complaints in the
      elderly. The rewards of accurate diagnosis and early treatment often elude the
      orthopaedist without a systematic approach to this region. A thorough
      understanding of shoulder anatomy, pain referral patterns, and the
      pathophysiology of the aging process must be combined with an awareness of the
      latest treatment modalities and surgical techniques.

PMID- 2915909
TI  - Orthopaedics overseas: the other side of the coin.

PMID- 2915910
TI  - Imaging rounds #97. Salter II fracture of the proximal tibia.
AB  - Proximal tibial physeal injury is extremely rare. It occurs most often in
      adolescents and is the result of a significant abduction force applied to the
      lower leg with the foot firmly fixed. Management of this injury follows the same
      principles as other Salter-Harris epiphyseal plate fractures. Prognosis is
      generally good, although there is a somewhat higher than anticipated incidence of
      angulatory and longitudinal deformities of Type I and Type II fractures, much as
      has been observed in distal femoral physeal fractures. This is probably due to
      direct injury to the germinal layer of the growth plate with subsequent partial
      physeal closure.

PMID- 2915911
TI  - Surgical disassembly of the Sivash hip.
AB  - Due to the constrained nature of the Sivash type total hip, revision of the
      acetabular component without revision of the stem depends on the ability to
      separate the unit. Where the stem is tight in the shaft of the femur, it is
      preferable not to revise the stem if separation of the components is possible.
      This report describes a simple method of component separation.

PMID- 2915912
TI  - UCI/RAM total knee arthroplasty: a ten-year review.
AB  - This study covers a ten-year period of UCI/RAM total knee arthroplasty (Dow
      Corning-Wright). Two hundred twenty-nine knees out of 516 done during this period
      were evaluated in an office setting. Additionally, 70 mail responses were
      obtained, and 52 patients were found to be deceased. This gives a 68% followup of
      all cases done during this period. Surgical technique, postoperative course,
      functional results, and complications are reviewed.

PMID- 2915913
TI  - A study of glenohumeral orientation in patients with anterior recurrent shoulder
      dislocations using computerized axial tomography.
AB  - Thirty-six patients with recurrent anterior shoulder dislocations and 11 normal
      patients who had no history of shoulder problems were evaluated by a G.E. 8800
      fourth generation computerized axial tomographer to quantitate humeral head
      retrotorsion and glenoid tilt. The study objective was to determine if osseous
      orientation was a major etiologic factor in patients with recurrent anterior
      shoulder dislocations. The normal position of the humeral head as determined by
      CT scan is 30 degrees retroversion with respect to its distal articular axis. In
      dislocations this value changes to a more anteverted position of 24 degrees
      retroversion. Glenoid tilt could not be given a single value since it changes
      from retroversion superiorly toward more anteversion inferiorly. This change in
      glenoid tilt was greater in the dislocators with inferior sections measuring 2
      degrees anteversion in the dislocators and 1 degree retroversion in the
      uninvolved shoulder and in the normal population. The change in humeral
      retroversion and glenoid tilt in the recurrent dislocators was statistically
      significant when compared with the uninvolved shoulder and to the normal
      population. Thus, the glenoid humeral orientation appears to be a significant
      predisposing factor to recurrent anterior shoulder dislocations.

PMID- 2915914
TI  - Congenital gluteus maximus contracture.
AB  - Muscle contractures are infrequent in Israel. This report discusses one case of a
      congenital contracture associated with a skin dimple treated in Israel. A 3-year
      old boy presented with difficulty in running, riding a bicycle, and squatting.
      Flexion of the right hip in adduction was impossible. The hip could be fully
      flexed in abduction. Congenital contracture of the right gluteus maximus muscle
      was successfully treated by surgical release.

PMID- 2915915
TI  - Pitfalls in diagnosis: the hip.
AB  - The hip joint is unique anatomically, physiologically, and developmentally.
      Because of these features, diagnosis of pathologic conditions is more difficult
      than for most joints. Because delay in diagnosis and treatment may result in
      crippling osteoarthritis, it is imperative that diagnostic pitfalls be avoided.

PMID- 2915916
TI  - Management of congenital hip dysplasia.
AB  - In summary, congenital hip dysplasia remains a worldwide health problem, which
      has not been resolved by neonatal screening programs. The primary care
      physician's role is critical for early diagnosis. An understanding of the need
      for repeated examinations, the age related signs, and continued diligence is
      essential. The common use of the triple diaper treatment is not recommended.

PMID- 2915917
TI  - Pitfalls in fractures.

PMID- 2915918
TI  - Phospholipase C sensitive FVII activity and FVII antigen in hypertriglyceridemia.
AB  - An increase in factor VII coagulant activity (FVIIc) was found in patients with
      high thrombotic risk and in hyperlipidemias, namely in Fredrickson's types IIb
      and IV. This elevation was correlated with the level of total cholesterol and
      triglyceride concentrations. It has been suggested that this increase is due to
      higher FVII coagulant activity related to the formation of a complex between
      factor VII (FVII) and phospholipids, since it was shown that FVIIc returns to
      normal levels after incubation of plasma with phospholipase C. In this respect we
      have studied the activity of FVII before and after phospholipase C plasma
      treatment and FVII related antigen (FVIIag) in patients with types IIa, IIb and
      IV hyperlipidemias. An elevation of FVIIc was found in hyperlipidemic patients
      compared to normal controls. FVIIag values were also higher in type IV patients,
      implicating an increase in FVII total concentration and not only an activation of
      FVII. Furthermore, Phospholipase C action on patients' plasma samples lowered
      FVIIc to levels very similar to those of FVIIag. In normal controls the same
      action was noted and it seems therefore likely that the proposed phospholipid
      contribution to FVIIc hyperactivity plays only a minor role in FVII changes in
      primary hyperlipidemia. Instead, FVIIag increase seems to be the major mechanism
      of FVII increase in primary hypertriglyceridemic patients.

PMID- 2915919
TI  - Are most secondary acute lymphoblastic leukemias mixed acute leukemias?
AB  - A case of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) secondary to X-ray exposure is
      reported. The lymphoblasts expressed T-cell and myelomonocytic differentiation
      related surface antigens. Clonal chromosomal abnormalities including
      t(2;12)(q25;q13),-10,der(10), del(11)(q14),der(12) and r were observed. A review
      of the cytogenetic data suggests that most secondary ALLs, with the exception of
      Burkitt type ALLs, may be biphenotypic or mixed acute leukemias.

PMID- 2915920
TI  - Microgranular acute promyelocytic leukemia: a proposed role for a greater
      deformability of the leukemic cell.
AB  - A case of microgranular acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), M-3 variant, is
      reported in a boy aged 5 years. The disease, which was rapidly fatal, presented
      with acute disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and leukocytosis.
      Different cytomorphologic subtypes of promyelocytes were identified on the basis
      of cytoplasmic granular patterns: the microgranular type with barely visible
      cytoplasmic granulations and deeply basophilic cytoplasm and the more
      characteristic type with large promyelocytes containing azurophil granules. We
      observed a ratio of large promyelocytes to microgranular promyelocytes of 1:1.2
      in the marrow and 1:4 in the peripheral blood. To explain this discrepancy, we
      hypothesize that the microgranular promyelocytes may be more deformable than the
      typical promyelocyte and that this intrinsic cellular characteristic may promote
      marrow egress and increase the likelihood of hyperleukocytosis in the M-3
      variant.

PMID- 2915921
TI  - DNA bending and binding factors of the human beta-actin promoter.
AB  - Transcription of the beta-actin gene is rapidly inducible in response to serum
      stimulation. To determine the regions responsible for serum inducible and basal
      level expression, the human beta-actin promoter was subjected to mutational
      analysis. Two distinct elements, the CCAAT homology and the beta-actin specific
      conserved sequences, were found by a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase expression
      assay and sequence comparisons, and then analyzed for possible functions. Using a
      DNA bend assay, it was shown that the conserved sequences included the core of a
      sequence-directed bend of DNA. Gel mobility shift and DNase I protection assays
      revealed that the conserved sequences and the CCAAT homology were recognized by
      binding factors in HeLa cell extracts.

PMID- 2915922
TI  - Replication timing of 10 developmentally regulated genes in Physarum
      polycephalum.
AB  - We have tested the hypothesis which stipulates that only early-replicating genes
      are capable of expression. Within one cell type of Physarum - the plasmodium - we
      defined the temporal order of replication of 10 genes which were known to be
      variably expressed in 4 different developmental stages of the Physarum life
      cycle. Southern analysis of density-labeled, bromodesoxyuridine-substituted DNA
      reveals that 4 genes presumably inactive within the plasmodium, were not
      restricted to any temporal compartment of S-phase: 1 is replicated in early S
      phase, 2 in mid S-phase and 1 in late S-phase. On the other hand, 4 out of 6
      active genes analysed are duplicated early, with the first 30% of the genome.
      Surprisingly, the two others active genes are replicated late in S-phase. By gene
      dosage analysis, based on quantitation of hybridization signals from early and
      late replicating genes throughout S-phase, we could pinpoint the replication of
      one of these two genes at a stage where 80-85% of the genome has duplicated. Our
      results demonstrate that late replication during S-phase does not preclude gene
      activity.

PMID- 2915923
TI  - Rat mammary gland fatty acid synthase: localization of the constituent domains
      and two functional polyadenylation/termination signals in the cDNA.
AB  - The rat fatty acid synthase (FAS) is active only as a dimer, although the eight
      component functions are contained in a single polypeptide chain. Using mRNA from
      lactating rat mammary glands a cDNA expression library was established. With the
      overlapping immunologically positive clones we have an 8.9kb cDNA sequence for
      rat FAS. In the 3'-nontranslated region of the rat FAS cDNA we find a prototype
      polyadenylation/termination signal and 779 nucleotides upstream, a mutated one.
      Both of these polyadenylation/termination signals are used and give rise to two
      equally abundant mRNA species which are coordinately regulated. In the derived
      amino acid sequence we could locate six of the eight component functions; their
      order is NH2- beta-ketoacyl synthase - acetyl/malonyl transferases -enoyl
      reductase - acyl carrier protein - thioesterase -COOH. Comparison of FAS from
      different sources shows that the primary sequence is conserved only for the
      active residues and the amino acids in their immediate vicinity.

PMID- 2915924
TI  - Regulation of the human beta-actin promoter by upstream and intron domains.
AB  - We have identified three regulatory domains of the complex human beta-actin gene
      promoter. They span a region of about 3000 bases, from not more than -2011 bases
      upstream of the mRNA cap site to within the 5' intron (832 bases long). A distal
      upstream domain contains at least one enhancer-like element. A proximal upstream
      domain, with a CArG [for CC(A + T rich)6GG] motif found in all known mammalian
      actin genes, seems to confer serum, but not growth factor, inducibility. The
      third domain is within the evolutionarily conserved 3' region of the first intron
      and contains a 13 base-pair sequence, identical to the upstream sequence with the
      CArG motif. This domain also contains sequences that are both serum and
      fibroblast growth factor inducible.

PMID- 2915925
TI  - Thymidylate synthase gene expression is stimulated by some (but not all) introns.
AB  - We previously described the construction of an intronless mouse thymidylate
      synthase (TS) minigene that has the normal 5' and 3' flanking regions of the gene
      linked to full length TS cDNA. Transfection of the minigene into ts- hamster V79
      cells led to low level expression of normal mouse TS mRNA and protein. In the
      present study we analyzed the effect of introns on the expression of the TS
      minigene in transient transfection assays. Inclusion of introns 5 and 6 at their
      normal locations in the coding region led to an 8-9-fold stimulation of the level
      of TS and TS mRNA. Almost all of introns 5 and 6 could be deleted without
      diminishing the stimulatory effect. Inclusion of intron 3 also stimulated the
      expression of the minigene, although to a lesser extent than introns 5 and 6.
      However, inclusion of intron 4 had no stimulatory effect. Analysis of minigenes
      that contained various combinations of introns revealed that the stimulatory
      effects of the introns were not additive.

PMID- 2915926
TI  - Excess information at bacteriophage T7 genomic promoters detected by a random
      cloning technique.
AB  - In our previous analysis of the information at binding sites on nucleic acids, we
      found that most of the sites examined contain the amount of information expected
      from their frequency in the genome. The sequences at bacteriophage T7 promoters
      are an exception, because they are far more conserved (35 bits of information
      content) than should be necessary to distinguish them from the background of the
      Escherichia coli genome (17 bits). To determine the information actually used by
      the T7 RNA polymerase, promoters were chemically synthesized with many variations
      and those that function well in an in vivo assay were sequenced. Our analysis
      shows that the polymerase uses 18 bits of information, so the sequences at phage
      genomic promoters have significantly more information than the polymerase needs.
      The excess may represent the binding site of another protein.

PMID- 2915927
TI  - Compensatory mutations demonstrate that P8 and P6 are RNA secondary structure
      elements important for processing of a group I intron.
AB  - Compensatory mutations have been constructed which demonstrate that P8 and P6,
      two of nine proposed base-pairing interactions characteristic of group I introns,
      exist within the folded structure of the Tetrahymena thermophila rRNA intervening
      sequence, and that these secondary structure elements are important for splicing
      in E. coli and self-splicing in vitro. Two-base mutations in the 5' and 3'
      segments of P8 are predicted to disrupt P8 and a strong splicing-defective
      phenotype is observed in each case. A compensatory four-base mutation in P8 is
      predicted to restore pairing, and results in the restoration of splicing activity
      to nearly wild type levels. Thus, we conclude that P8 exists and is essential for
      splicing. In contrast to the strong phenotypes generally exhibited by mutations
      which disrupt RNA secondary structure, a two-base mutation in L8, the loop
      between P8[5'] and P8[3'], results in only a slight decrease in splicing
      activity. We also tested P6, a pairing which is proposed to consist of only two
      base-pairs in this intron. A two-base mutation in P6[3'] reduces splicing
      activity to a greater extent than does a two-base mutation in P6[5']. Comparison
      of the activities of these mutants and a compensatory P6 four-base mutant support
      the existence of P6, and suggest that the P6 pairing may be particularly
      important in the exon ligation step of splicing.

PMID- 2915928
TI  - Construction of mutant and chimeric genes using the polymerase chain reaction.
AB  - In the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) the specific amplification of a small
      segment of DNA within a complex DNA sample is effected by repeated cycles of DNA
      denaturation and enzymatic synthesis primed by two oligonucleotides complementary
      to regions within opposite strands of the DNA. In this report a simple and
      efficient method is described in which PCR methodology is used to introduce
      specific mutations into a double stranded DNA molecule. In this procedure a
      supercoiled plasmid DNA serves as template for a PCR in which a primer bearing
      the mutated sequence is incorporated into the amplified product. The presence of
      convenient restriction sites in the mutagenic primer and in the amplified DNA
      permit direct replacement of a wild type DNA segment with the mutated segment by
      treating the PCR mixture with the appropriate restriction endonucleases followed
      by DNA ligase. Using this procedure, a single amino acid replacement, a 16 amino
      acid deletion and a replacement of four amino acids with a twelve amino acid
      segment from another membrane protein were introduced into the amino terminal
      signal segment of rat hepatic cytochrome P450b (P450IIB1).

PMID- 2915930
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of two mouse histone H4 genes.

PMID- 2915929
TI  - Transcriptional activation of Xenopus class III genes in chromatin isolated from
      sperm and somatic nuclei.
AB  - Xenopus sperm chromatin lacks class III transcription complexes and somatic
      histone H1. Inactive class III genes in sperm chromatin are easily programmed
      with transcription complexes de novo and transcribed in Xenopus oocyte nuclear
      extract. In contrast, repressed class III genes in somatic chromatin are not
      transcribed in the oocyte nuclear extract. Class III genes that are initially
      inactive or repressed in both types of chromatin can be efficiently transcribed
      in a cell free preparation of Xenopus eggs. Chromatin mediated repression of
      class III genes in somatic nuclei is reversible in Xenopus egg extract, but not
      in the oocyte nuclear extract. Any inhibition of transcription attributed to
      chromatin assembly onto a gene, will therefore depend on the extract in which
      transcription is assayed.

PMID- 2915931
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of a 25S rRNA gene from tomato.

PMID- 2915932
TI  - The complete nucleotide sequence of bovine liver cytochrome b5 mRNA.

PMID- 2915933
TI  - The tRNAglu (anticodon TTU) gene and its upstream sequence coding for a homolog
      of the E. coli large ribosome-subunit protein L14 in the Tetrahymena
      mitochondrial genome.

PMID- 2915934
TI  - Improved control of partial DNA restriction enzyme digest in agarose using
      limiting concentrations of Mg++.

PMID- 2915935
TI  - Preparation of single stranded insert DNA free of vector sequences.

PMID- 2915936
TI  - Direct recovery of in vitro transcripts in a protected form suitable for
      prolonged storage and shipment at ambient temperatures.

PMID- 2915937
TI  - Oncogene detection by enzymatic amplification on flow sorted chromosomes.

PMID- 2915938
TI  - Construction of representative genomic DNA libraries using one microgram of DNA.

PMID- 2915939
TI  - Increased efficiency of the Taq polymerase catalyzed polymerase chain reaction.

PMID- 2915940
TI  - The use of nickel-titanium alloy in orthopedic surgery in China.
AB  - A new biomaterial made of nickel and titanium with its shape-memory
      characteristics has been manufactured, investigated, and used in Shanghai, China.
      Since 1981, this biomaterial has been used in 265 cases clinically, among which
      71 involved orthopedic surgery. Results are satisfactory without failure in our
      short-term follow up. This preliminary report of the use of this new biomaterial
      with the unique characteristic of being able to recover to its original shape
      with particular transformation temperatures indicates its potential for opening a
      new field for investigation in surgery. Research to discover appropriate ratios
      of nickel and titanium for specific usage is underway. The interest and
      cooperation between the medical and engineering professions may eventually solve
      the problems through mutual efforts and result in improved shape-memory
      biomaterials.

PMID- 2915941
TI  - Tire explosion injuries.
AB  - Twenty-five patients hospitalized with injuries sustained from tire explosions
      from 1980 to 1987 were reviewed. Injuries occurred directly from the tire rim or
      parts of its assembly, from the patient being thrown against adjacent unyielding
      structures, or a combination of these. Lethal or life-threatening injuries do
      occur, so these patients initially must be triaged as polytrauma patients.
      Resuscitation and expeditious attention to life-threatening injuries must be
      provided when necessary. Serious head, facial, eye, and upper extremity injuries
      occurred frequently. Pelvic and long-bone fractures, particularly those of the
      femur, are stabilized primarily as part of the overall treatment of the
      polytraumatized patient. Open fractures and fractures with arterial injuries
      and/or compartment syndromes are primarily decompressed, debrided, and
      appropriately stabilized. After life-threatening and limb-threatening injuries
      are attended, eye injuries that threaten sight should be addressed. While hand,
      wrist, and other upper extremity injuries that do not fall in the above
      categories may not require immediate or primary treatment, they are often
      critical in determining the patient's final outcome. This is particularly true
      since most patients are manual workers, often mechanics. Therefore, hand, wrist,
      and upper extremity injuries should be treated as early as possible and in
      parallel with other injuries to achieve optimal results and minimize impairment,
      disability, and time and economic loss from work. Strong emphasis should be
      placed on education and safety training in preventing this severe form of
      civilian trauma.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2915942
TI  - Interlocked intramedullary nailing of the humerus.
AB  - Indications for use of the intramedullary interlocked humeral nail are:
      pathologic fractures, including those with severe osteopenia alone; nonunions,
      especially those with bone atrophy and/or marked osteopenia; and humeral shaft
      fractures with comminution, bone loss, or other causes of instability not
      controlled by conventional treatment methods. In this series, eight patients were
      treated by intramedullary interlocked humeral nail. Follow up ranged up to 30
      months, with an average of 12 months. Five of six patients in this series who had
      the potential to unite their fractures did so. The remaining patient had a
      painless fibrous union. While the two patients with pathologic fractures of the
      humeral shaft caused by malignant tumors did not unite their fractures, the pain
      relief, functional recovery, and lack of postoperative morbidity justified the
      operative procedure.

PMID- 2915943
TI  - Distal radial osteotomy.
AB  - Malunions of distal radius fractures are commonplace. Patients are decreasingly
      willing to accept the disability that may be associated with them. While the
      first line of treatment is initial good fracture care, corrective osteotomies
      offer later opportunity for pain relief and improved function.

PMID- 2915944
TI  - The use of the Manuflex disposable mini external fixator.
AB  - The Manuflex mini external fixator is an original device which is suitable for
      either provisional or definitive fixation of hand or foot fractures. The system
      is simple, disposable, relatively radiolucent, and inexpensive. It has been
      tested in an animal laboratory and has been used successfully in 27 human cases.

PMID- 2915945
TI  - Bone strength of the radius and ulna in the non-human primate.
AB  - The technique and measurement of the bone strength of the radius and ulna in the
      non-human primate are presented. The aim of this study was to find a relationship
      between the mechanical strength of an intact radius and ulna forearm and its
      collateral isolated radius and isolated ulna which would be of assistance in the
      studies on mechanical bone strength and bone healing. The findings include: (1)
      bone strength is significantly influenced by factors such as age, sex, and body
      weight; (2) wide variation in normal bone-tissue strength exists among similar
      individuals; (3) there are differences in bone strength in the same individual if
      contralateral sides are compared; (4) growing bones are very elastic and are able
      to bend to an angle of up to 90 degrees before a fracture occurs; (5) soft tissue
      structures (such as muscle, interosseous membrane, and tendons) do not contribute
      to the strength of a diaphysis in low velocity injuries; and (6) the midshaft
      area of the radius is approximately 10% stronger than that of the ulna in the
      adult.

PMID- 2915946
TI  - Surgical techniques of a radioulnar transposition.

PMID- 2915947
TI  - The biomechanics and biology of internal fixation using plates and nails.
AB  - In fracture healing, the mechanical environment and bone biology are closely
      related. Furthermore, the mechanics of the medullary nail fixation are, in many
      aspects, different from those of compression fixation using screws and plates. A
      few general items will be discussed to review the basic principles of the
      mechanics and biology involved and to clarify the terminology. This article
      outlines the basic ideas of mechanical and biological interaction.

PMID- 2915948
TI  - The use of a clamp-on plate for forearm fractures.
AB  - A clamp-on plate has been developed to stabilize long-bone diaphyseal fractures.
      Its design is entirely different from conventional screw-secured plates. Minimal
      soft tissue, especially periosteal, dissection is required for application. Since
      there is no intramedullary encroachment, no further damage is done to the
      endosteal blood supply. One hundred seventy-one fractures of the radius and/or
      ulna were followed for at least 6 months. There were no nonunions. The average
      time to union was 12.3 weeks, compared to 21.4 weeks for similarly selected
      fractures of the radius and/or ulna treated during the same time framework by
      conventional screw-secured plating methods. The fact that union is reliable and
      can be achieved earlier than with conventional screw-secured plates supports the
      author's contention that sparing of the blood supply to the fracture and thus,
      the biological integrity of fracture healing play a parallel role along with
      biomechanical stability in achieving fracture union.

PMID- 2915949
TI  - The treatment of displaced metaphyseal fractures with screws and wiring systems.
AB  - Within the context of modern fracture fixation, buttress plates have
      traditionally played an important role in stabilizing both intraarticular and
      extraarticular displaced metaphyseal fractures. While plating has substantially
      improved the assurance of union and functional recovery in these fractures, there
      is some interference with physiologic blood supply to the regions of the fracture
      and, consequently, to the biological elements of healing. This article outlines
      alternative methods of treatment for these fractures using screws and wiring
      systems with little, if any, loss of stability. Patients must be selected
      carefully and must have large fracture fragments and normal or near normal
      mineralization of their bones. When screw and wiring methods can be used, there
      is less tissue dissection and, consequently, less interference with the
      physiologic fracture healing process.

PMID- 2915950
TI  - Open reduction and internal fixation of three-part fractures of the proximal
      humerus.
AB  - Eleven patients with 12 three-part fractures of the proximal humerus were treated
      by open reduction and internal fixation using AO/ASIF buttress plating. All of
      the fractures healed. There were no failures of fixation. Nine of these patients
      returned for a follow up of more than 2 years and had a satisfactory rating using
      Neer's shoulder rating system. Five patients who had an acromioplasty at the time
      of their initial surgery had slightly better function and range of motion than
      the remaining patients. Successful operative treatment requires accurate
      definition of the fracture pattern, careful attention to the details of internal
      fixation, and supervised postoperative rehabilitation.

PMID- 2915951
TI  - Implant materials for fracture fixation: a clinical perspective.
AB  - The optimum management of traumatic skeletal fractures may involve the
      installation of high quality surgical implants by a skilled orthopedic surgeon.
      Satisfactory clinical results are very dependent on the ability to maintain
      stable fracture fixation. Well designed contemporary implants rely on precise
      control of material composition and properties to achieve a well tolerated level
      of biological response. Metallic materials, such as 316L stainless steel, pure
      titanium, and titanium alloys, demonstrate an acceptable combination of strength,
      ductility, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility. Polymers, composites, and
      biodegradable materials may offer selected opportunities for fracture fixation.
      An understanding of relevant clinical factors is essential to evaluate potential
      applications for advanced materials.

PMID- 2915952
TI  - Metallurgical evaluation of retrieved implants and correlation of failures to
      patient record data.
AB  - This study sought to establish an orthopedic implant retrieval program according
      to ASTM F561-87 (the American Society for Testing and Materials) and to describe
      the results of evaluation of failed implants. A total of 275 fracture fixation
      and prosthetic devices have been retrieved to date. Results of metallurgical
      evaluation showed no deviations in ASTM specifications among the failed implants
      evaluated. The cause of failure in most cases was fatigue following nonunion or
      delay in healing.

PMID- 2915953
TI  - The malpractice mess. Bodies don't come with a guarantee.

PMID- 2915954
TI  - Physiologic changes as patients get older.
AB  - As the population ages, primary care physicians are treating increasing numbers
      of elderly patients. Although certain physiologic changes are known to be age
      related, they do not occur uniformly in elderly persons, and it may be difficult
      to distinguish signs of normal aging from those of disease. Thus, individualized
      care is important, and with thoughtful diligence, primary care physicians can
      often improve the quality of life for their elderly patients.

PMID- 2915955
TI  - Choice of antibiotic for lower urinary tract infections in men.
AB  - When lower urinary tract infection is present in a male patient, prostatic
      involvement must be considered. A 30-day course of treatment with one of the
      antibiotics shown to be superior in treating prostatitis is recommended. It is
      hoped that this program will eliminate needless progression or relapse of
      infection and reduce the subsequent risk for development of chronic prostatitis.

PMID- 2915956
TI  - The MD bureaucrats of PROs.

PMID- 2915957
TI  - Removing broken needles and other foreign objects.
AB  - A needle or other foreign body that has penetrated the skin superficially can be
      located and removed fairly easily. If it is too deeply embedded to be palpated,
      it should be located by use of an image intensifier and two venipuncture needles.
      If this is unsuccessful, exploration and removal must be done in the operating
      room.

PMID- 2915958
TI  - Unexplained right hilar mass.
AB  - A right hilar mass was found on a computed tomographic (CT) scan in a 40-year-old
      man who presented with fever, sore throat, and general malaise. Initial testing
      ruled out various bacterial and viral infections and carcinoma. The patient's
      condition continued to deteriorate, and the mass as seen on repeat CT scan
      increased in size. Surgical biopsy of sections of the right lower lobe confirmed
      the diagnosis of histoplasmosis. Most histoplasmosis infections are asymptomatic,
      and even those that are not are usually self-limited and require only
      observation. When treatment is required, ketoconazole (Nizoral) now provides a
      less toxic alternative to amphotericin B (Fungizone).

PMID- 2915959
TI  - Why we won't use an AIDS vaccine.

PMID- 2915960
TI  - Oral trauma. Emergency care of lacerations, fractures, and burns.
AB  - Emergency physicians are usually the first to see patients with injuries to oral
      and facial tissues. Because many of these patients may have life-threatening
      neurologic injuries, secondary oral and perioral problems may be overlooked
      initially. These injuries, however, have a profound potential for causing
      lifelong disability and disfigurement and should be addressed as soon as the
      patient's condition stabilizes. It is essential to diagnose and manage these
      problems effectively in the emergency setting and then to make prompt direct
      referral to an appropriate specialist when the patient's condition permits.

PMID- 2915961
TI  - Leukemia-associated skin infiltrates.

PMID- 2915962
TI  - Delayed diagnosis of herpes zoster.
AB  - Herpes zoster may cause diagnostic confusion and mimic other diseases during the
      early stage before development of the characteristic rash. Although the disease
      is usually self-limited, oral acyclovir (Zovirax) shows promise  in reducing the
      duration and severity of symptoms in uncomplicated cases.

PMID- 2915963
TI  - Do you think ... routine immunotherapy is useful for asthma patients?

PMID- 2915964
TI  - Anemia in the elderly. Symptoms, causes, and therapies.
AB  - Anemia is common in the elderly, but it is not a normal manifestation of aging
      and should be evaluated as it would be in a younger person. History taking,
      physical examination, assessment of red cell morphology, and simple laboratory
      evaluations (ie, reticulocyte count, iron studies, vitamin levels, sometimes bone
      marrow examination) usually elucidate the cause. Hypoproliferation of red cells
      is the most common form of anemia in the elderly, caused more often by chronic
      disease or iron deficiency and less often by vitamin deficiencies or bone marrow
      infiltration. Anemia with an elevated reticulocyte count, seen less often in the
      elderly, suggests acute blood loss or hemolysis. In some patients, the cause is
      not obvious, and anemia is likely due to increased sensitivity of the
      hematopoietic system to multiple insults and decreased homeostatic reserve.
      Transfusions should be used judiciously in patients with symptomatic anemia who
      are likely to benefit from increased oxygen delivery after transfusion.

PMID- 2915965
TI  - The dizzy patient. A practical approach to management.
AB  - Dizziness can generally be divided into true vertigo and pseudovertigo (giddiness
      or light-headedness). The most common causes of pseudovertigo are
      hyperventilation, orthostatic hypotension, and multisensory deficits of older
      patients. Of the many types of true vertigo, only a few are caused by serious
      structural disorders of the brainstem, and these can usually be recognized by
      their temporal profile and concomitant symptoms and signs. Most cases of vertigo
      are caused by peripheral vestibular disorders that are self-limiting. Treatment
      is directed toward control of the acute autonomic symptoms and labyrinthine
      suppression until physiologic compensation takes place. Patients with vertigo
      that is prolonged, chronic, and recurrent may be helped by exercises designed to
      hasten or assist recovery of compensatory mechanisms.

PMID- 2915966
TI  - Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for gallstones. How effective is it?
AB  - The Food and Drug Administration has approved an investigational trial of biliary
      lithotripsy in the treatment of cholesterol gallstones. Preliminary results from
      Germany indicate that lithotripsy followed by oral bile acid medication results
      in the disappearance of the disintegrated gallstones in more than 90% of patients
      in one to two years. The procedure is an alternative to surgery for patients with
      cholesterol gallstones. The outpatient treatment and early resumption of normal
      activities are in contrast to the lengthy hospitalization and recovery required
      with cholecystectomy.

PMID- 2915967
TI  - The health insurance mess. Less for more!

PMID- 2915968
TI  - Flexible fiberoptic sigmoidoscopy. Important screening tool for colorectal
      disorders.
AB  - Because of the frequency of colorectal disease and the effectiveness of early
      intervention in the polyp-cancer sequence, surveillance for this problem should
      be a routine part of health-maintenance examinations. The general use of flexible
      sigmoidoscopy in conjunction with fecal occult blood screening is an extremely
      important part of healthcare delivery. Flexible sigmoidoscopy can easily be
      learned by most physicians. If use of the procedure becomes widespread, the
      effects of colorectal disease, in terms of both patient suffering and healthcare
      costs, can be reduced.

PMID- 2915969
TI  - Managing the dry eye. Accurate diagnosis is the key.
AB  - In patients with symptoms of dry eye, a complete patient history and thorough
      clinical examination are necessary to determine the exact cause. Laboratory and
      histologic studies provide supportive evidence of the diagnosis. Treatments
      include the correction of anatomic abnormalities, protecting the eye from the
      environment, use of artificial tears and ointments, lid hygiene, punctal
      occlusion, and tarsorrhaphy. When inflammatory or immunologic processes are
      involved, local and systemic immunosuppression may be indicated.

PMID- 2915970
TI  - Dental emergencies. Management by the primary care physician.

PMID- 2915971
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging versus computed tomography--which one?
AB  - Both magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and x-ray computed tomography (CT) are
      essential diagnostic imaging tools in current practice. The main goal of this
      article is to provide a quick reference guide to help the busy clinician choose
      which test to obtain first to avoid the need for a second expensive imaging
      examination. In general, MRI is preferred for examination of the CNS, the spine
      for disk disease, major joints, and soft tissues of the extremities. CT is
      preferred for examination of the head and spine after acute trauma and of the
      chest, abdomen, and pelvis.

PMID- 2915972
TI  - A 5' splice-region G----C mutation in exon 1 of the human beta-globin gene
      inhibits pre-mRNA splicing: a mechanism for beta+-thalassemia.
AB  - We have characterized a Mediterranean beta-thalassemia allele containing a
      sequence change at codon 30 that alters both beta-globin pre-mRNA splicing and
      the structure of the hemoglobin product. Presumably, this G----C transversion at
      position -1 of intron 1 reduces severely the utilization of the normal 5' splice
      site since the level of the Arg----Thr mutant hemoglobin (designated hemoglobin
      Kairouan) found in the erythrocytes of the patient is very low (2% of total
      hemoglobin). Since no natural mutations of the guanine located at position -1 of
      the CAG/GTAAGT consensus sequence had been isolated previously, we investigated
      the role of this nucleotide in the constitution of an active 5' splice site by
      studying the splicing of the pre-mRNA in cell-free extracts. We demonstrate that
      correct splicing of the mutant pre-mRNA is 98% inhibited. Our results provide
      further insights into the mechanisms of pre-mRNA maturation by revealing that the
      last residue of the exon plays a role at least equivalent to that of the intron
      residue at position +5.

PMID- 2915973
TI  - Growth restriction of influenza A virus by M2 protein antibody is genetically
      linked to the M1 protein.
AB  - The M2 protein of influenza A virus is a 97-amino acid integral membrane protein
      expressed at the surface of infected cells. Recent studies have shown that a
      monoclonal antibody (14C2) recognizes the N terminus of M2 and restricts the
      replication of certain influenza A viruses. To investigate the mechanism of M2
      antibody growth restriction, 14C2 antibody-resistant variants of strain
      A/Udorn/72 have been isolated. Most of the variant viruses are not conventional
      antigenic variants as their M2 protein is still recognized by the 14C2 antibody.
      A genetic analysis of reassortant influenza viruses prepared from the 14C2
      antibody-resistant variants and an antibody-sensitive parent virus indicates that
      M2 antibody growth restriction is linked to RNA segment 7, which encodes both the
      membrane protein (M1) and the M2 integral membrane protein. Nucleotide sequence
      analysis of RNA segment 7 from the variant viruses predicts single amino acid
      substitutions in the cytoplasmic domain of M2 at positions 71 and 78 or at the N
      terminus of the M1 protein at residues 31 and 41. To further examine the genetic
      basis for sensitivity and resistance to the 14C2 antibody, the nucleotide
      sequences of RNA segment 7 of several natural isolates of influenza virus have
      been obtained. Differences in the M1 and M2 amino acid sequences for some of the
      naturally resistant strains correlate with those found for the M2 antibody
      variant viruses. The possible interaction of M1 and M2 in virion assembly is
      discussed.

PMID- 2915975
TI  - Individual microglia move rapidly and directly to nerve lesions in the leech
      central nervous system.
AB  - Small cells called microglia, which collect at nerve lesions, were tracked as
      they moved within the leech nerve cord to crushes made minutes or hours before.
      The aim of this study was to determine whether microglia respond as a group and
      move en masse or instead move individually, at different rates, and whether they
      move along axons directly to the lesion or take another route, such as along the
      edges of the nerve cord. Cell nuclei in living nerve cords were stained with
      Hoechst 33258 dye and observed under dim ultraviolet illumination using
      fluorescence optics, a low-light video camera, and computer-assisted signal
      enhancement. Muscular movements of the cord were selectively reduced by bathing
      in 23 mM MgCl2. Regions of nerve cord within 300 microns of the crush were
      observed for 2-6 hr. Only a fraction of microglia, typically less than 50%, moved
      at any time, traveling toward the lesion at speeds up to 7 microns/min. Cells
      were moving as soon as observation began, within 15 min of crushing, and traveled
      directly toward the lesion along axons or axon tracts. Movements and roles of
      leech microglia are compared with their vertebrate counterparts, which are also
      active and respond to nerve injury.

PMID- 2915974
TI  - Topology of cell adhesion molecules.
AB  - The neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM) exists in two major forms [ld (large
      cytoplasmic domain) peptide and sd (small cytoplasmic domain) peptide] that
      contain transmembrane segments and different cytoplasmic domains and in a third
      form [ssd (small surface domain) peptide] that lacks transmembrane and
      cytoplasmic regions. All forms have the same extracellular region of more than
      600 amino acid residues, a region also found in a fragment (Fr2) that can be
      released from cells by proteolysis. The liver cell adhesion molecule (L-CAM) is
      expressed as a single species that is distinct from N-CAM, but its extracellular
      region can also be obtained as a proteolytic fragment (Ft1). Examination of the
      various forms of N-CAM and the Ft1 fragment of L-CAM by electron microscopy of
      rotary shadowed molecules indicated that they all have rod-shaped structures that
      contain a hinge region which is apparently flexible. Both the ssd chain and the
      Fr2 fragment of N-CAM are single rods bent into arms approximately 18 and 10 nm
      long. The ld and sd chains are longer bent rods that form rosettes comprising two
      to six branches; detergent treatment disrupts these rosettes into single rods.
      Specific antibodies that block homophilic N-CAM binding labeled the distal ends
      of the branches of the ld/sd rosettes and the ends of the longer arm of both the
      ssd chain and the Fr2 fragment. Antibodies that bind to the sialic acid-rich
      region of N-CAM bound near the hinge. These data indicate that the N-CAM rosettes
      are formed by interaction between their transmembrane or cytoplasmic domains and
      not by interactions involving their homophilic binding sites. The L-CAM Ft1
      fragment is also a bent rod with an apparently flexible hinge; like the ssd chain
      and the Fr2 fragment of N-CAM, it does not form aggregates. The similarities
      between L-CAM and N-CAM, despite their differences in amino acid sequence,
      suggest that their general configuration and the presence of a flexible hinge are
      important elements in assuring effective and specific cell-cell adhesion.

PMID- 2915976
TI  - Alpha-helix and mixed 3(10)/alpha-helix in cocrystallized conformers of Boc-Aib
      Val-Aib-Aib-Val-Val-Val-Aib-Val-Aib-OMe.
AB  - Two molecules of Boc-Aib-Val-Aib-Aib-Val-Val-Val-Aib-Val-Aib-OMe (where Boc is t
      butoxycarbonyl and Aib is alpha-aminoisobutyryl) cocrystallize in a triclinic
      cell with different helical conformations. One molecule is completely alpha
      helical with seven 5----1 intramolecular hydrogen bonds. It forms three head-to
      tail NH...O = C hydrogen bonds to other molecules of the same conformation. The
      second molecule has a mixed 3(10)/alpha-helix conformation with three 4----1
      hydrogen bonds and four 5----1 hydrogen bonds; furthermore, there is a helix
      reversal at both termini. The second molecule forms only two head-to-tail
      hydrogen bonds with molecules of the same type, and the N(3)H group does not
      participate in any hydrogen bonding. The two different types of helices occur in
      alternate sheets in the crystal, where each sheet is composed of adjacent rods of
      helices formed by head-to-tail hydrogen bonding. Within each sheet, containing
      helices of only one type of conformation, the helices aggregate in a parallel
      mode. Between the sheets of different helices, the aggregation is antiparallel.
      The peptide, with formula C51H92N10O13, crystallizes in space group P1 with Z = 2
      and cell parameters a = 10.047 +/- 0.002 A, b = 16.684 +/- 0.003 A, c = 19.198 +/
      0.004 A, alpha = 80.30 degrees +/- 0.01 degrees, beta = 85.74 degrees +/- 0.01
      degrees, and gamma = 83.03 degrees +/- 0.01 degrees; overall agreement factor R =
      6.7% for 6053 data ([F0] greater than 3 sigma) and 0.96-A resolution.

PMID- 2915977
TI  - Inhibitor of hematopoietic pluripotent stem cell proliferation: purification and
      determination of its structure.
AB  - We report here a five-step purification procedure that led to the isolation from
      fetal calf bone marrow extract of a tetrapeptide, Ac-Ser-Asp-Lys-Pro (Mr 487),
      exerting a high inhibitory activity on the proliferation of hematopoietic
      pluripotent stem cells [defined here as spleen colony-forming units (CFU-S)]. The
      structure of this molecule was established from amino acid analysis, fast atom
      bombardment mass spectrometry, and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectral data.
      This structure was confirmed by comparison with the corresponding synthetic
      molecule, which presents identical physiochemical characteristics and biological
      properties. Natural and synthetic peptides administered to mice (at a dose of 100
      ng per mouse) after one injection of cytosine arabinonucleoside prevent CFU-S
      recruitment into DNA synthesis.

PMID- 2915978
TI  - Expression of delta-aminolevulinate synthase in avian cells: separate genes
      encode erythroid-specific and nonspecific isozymes.
AB  - A controversy has existed in the literature for the past several years regarding
      the number of vertebrate genes encoding the mitochondrial protein that initiates
      the first step in heme biosynthesis, delta-aminolevulinate synthase [ALAS;
      succinyl-CoA: glycine C-succinyltransferase (decarboxylating), EC 2.3.1.37]. By
      analysis of chicken ALAS cDNA clones isolated from both liver and erythroid
      cells, we show that at least two separate genes encode ALAS mRNAs. These
      experiments show that (i) two different genes encode the ALAS isozymes found in
      erythroid and in liver tissues, and (ii) while the product of the erythroid gene
      (ALASE) is expressed exclusively in erythroid cells, the hepatic form of the
      enzyme is expressed ubiquitously, suggesting that this is the nonspecific form
      (ALASN) found in all chicken tissues.

PMID- 2915979
TI  - Purification and characterization of a newly identified growth factor specific
      for epithelial cells.
AB  - A growth factor specific for epithelial cells was identified in conditioned
      medium of a human embryonic lung fibroblast cell line. The factor, provisionally
      termed keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) because of its predominant activity on
      this cell type, was purified to homogeneity by a combination of ultrafiltration,
      heparin-Sepharose affinity chromatography, and hydrophobic chromatography on a C4
      reversed-phase HPLC column. KGF was both acid and heat labile and consisted of a
      single polypeptide chain of approximately 28 kDa. Purified KGF was a potent
      mitogen for epithelial cells, capable of stimulating DNA synthesis in quiescent
      BALB/MK epidermal keratinocytes by greater than 500-fold with activity detectable
      at 0.1 nM and maximal at 1.0 nM. Lack of mitogenic activity on either fibroblasts
      or endothelial cells indicated that KGF possessed a target cell specificity
      distinct from any previously characterized growth factor. Microsequencing
      revealed an amino-terminal sequence containing no significant homology to any
      known protein. The release of this growth factor by human embryonic fibroblasts
      raises the possibility that KGF may play a role in mesenchymal stimulation of
      normal epithelial cell proliferation.

PMID- 2915980
TI  - Cytosolic components of the respiratory burst oxidase: resolution of four
      components, two of which are missing in complementing types of chronic
      granulomatous disease.
AB  - The respiratory burst oxidase of neutrophils can be activated in a cell-free
      system in which plasma membranes, cytosol, Mg2+, and a membrane-perturbing
      detergent, such as arachidonate or sodium dodecyl sulfate, are all required.
      Using the technique of preparative isoelectric focusing, the cytosol factor
      required for oxidase activation was resolved into four components termed C1-C4
      with respective pI values of approximately 3.1, 6.0, 7.0, and 9.5. Individually,
      these components were incapable of activating the oxidase and could only be
      detected in the presence of suboptimal amounts of normal cytosol that served to
      supply at least a limited amount of each of the required components. Attempts to
      activate the oxidase with a combination of the four components failed, suggesting
      that there might be a yet undetected fifth cytosolic component. Patients with
      autosomal recessive cytochrome b-positive chronic granulomatous disease (type II
      CGD) are severely deficient in cytosol factor activity. When added to cytosol
      samples from two patients with this form of CGD, component C4 restored the
      ability of each patient's cytosol to activate dormant oxidase. None of the other
      three cytosol factor components (C1-C3) was effective in this regard, a finding
      supported by the direct demonstration that these three components were present in
      normal amounts in this type of CGD. A different form of type II CGD was
      identified in a third patient on the basis of complementation studies in which
      the patient's cytosol was able to activate the oxidase in the cell-free system
      when mixed with cytosol from one of the first two patients. The defect in this
      third patient's cytosol could be partially corrected by component C2, but not
      component C4, obtained from normal cytosol. These findings indicate that the role
      of cytosol in the activation of the respiratory burst oxidase is more complex
      than previously appreciated in that at least four cytosolic components appear to
      be required. Defects in two of these components have now been identified and
      appear to be responsible for two biochemically distinct forms of CGD.

PMID- 2915981
TI  - Identification of androgen receptors in normal human osteoblast-like cells.
AB  - The sex steroids, androgens and estrogens, are major regulators of bone
      metabolism. However, whether these hormones act on bone cells through direct or
      indirect mechanisms has remained unclear. A nuclear binding assay recently used
      to demonstrate estrogen receptors in bone [Eriksen, E.F., Colvard, D.S., Berg,
      N.J., Graham, M.L., Mann, K.G., Spelsberg, T.C. & Riggs, B.L. (1988) Science 241,
      84-86] was used to identify specific nuclear binding of a tritiated synthetic
      androgen, [3H]R1881 (methyltrienolone), in 21 of 25 (84%) human osteoblast-like
      cell strains and a concentration of bound steroid receptors of 821 +/- 140 (mean
      +/- SEM) molecules per cell nucleus. Binding was saturable and steroid-specific.
      Androgen receptor gene expression in osteoblasts was confirmed by RNA blot
      analysis. Relative concentrations of androgen and estrogen receptors were
      compared by measuring specific nuclear estrogen binding. Nuclear binding of
      [3H]estradiol was observed in 27 of 30 (90%) cell strains; the concentration of
      bound estradiol receptor was 1537 +/- 221 molecules per cell nucleus. The
      concentrations of nuclear binding sites were similar in males and females for
      both [3H]R1881 and [3H]estradiol. We conclude that both androgens and estrogens
      act directly on human bone cells through their respective receptor-mediated
      mechanisms.

PMID- 2915982
TI  - Estrogen receptor selectively binds the "coding strand" of an estrogen responsive
      element.
AB  - An initial step in the transcriptional activation of the prolactin gene by
      estrogen is the binding of the estrogen-receptor complex to a specific nucleotide
      sequence [estrogen responsive element (ERE)]. Using the gel mobility assay, we
      examined the binding mechanism of purified estrogen receptor to the ERE contained
      on a 255-base-pair fragment from the upstream region between nucleotides -1784 to
      -1531 of the rat prolactin gene. Remarkably, specific high-affinity binding was
      detected to the dissociated "coding strand" but not to the "noncoding strand" of
      the ERE-containing fragment. The dissociated strands of this fragment possess
      unusual secondary structure, as indicated by their anomalous migration in the gel
      mobility assay. The estrogen receptor binds to the coding strand of the ERE with
      a 60-fold higher affinity than to the double-stranded ERE. Furthermore, the
      receptor binds with a 1000-fold greater affinity to the coding strand of the ERE
      than to a double-stranded nonspecific DNA fragment. We propose that, in vivo, the
      estrogen receptor initially binds to the double-stranded ERE. Subsequently, the
      DNA strands separate due to transitory strand separation and supercoiling,
      allowing folding of the coding strand of the ERE into a structure that is then
      bound more tightly by the receptor. The formation of this receptor-ERE coding
      strand complex may be a crucial step in the mechanism of estrogen-stimulated
      transcription.

PMID- 2915983
TI  - Inhibition of growth of nonbasal planes in ice by fish antifreezes.
AB  - Peptide and glycopeptide antifreezes from a variety of cold-water fishes cause
      ice single crystals grown from the melt to assume unusual and strikingly similar
      habits. The antifreezes inhibit growth on the prism faces but allow limited
      growth on the basal plane. As new layers are deposited on the basal plane,
      pyramidal surfaces develop on the outside of the crystal, and large hexagonal
      pits form within the basal plane. The pits are rotated 30 degrees with respect to
      the normal orientation of hexagonal ice crystals. Growth inhibition on the prism,
      pyramidal, and pit faces indicates that these faces contain sites of adsorption
      of the antifreeze molecules. Several properties of the antifreeze pits are
      consistent with (but do not prove) an origin of the pits at dislocations. The
      similarity of crystal habit imposed on ice by antifreezes with wide differences
      in composition and structure indicates a common mechanism.

PMID- 2915984
TI  - Effect of mutations on the binding and translocation functions of a chloroplast
      transit peptide.
AB  - We studied transport and binding to intact chloroplasts of 10 mutants in three
      regions of the transit peptide of a precursor to the small subunit of ribulose
      1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase [3-phospho-D-glycerate carboxy-lyase
      (transphosphorylating), E.C.4.1.1.39]. Transport was assayed in a reconstituted
      system using isolated pea chloroplasts and radioactively labeled precursor.
      Binding to the chloroplast envelope was assayed in a similar manner using
      chloroplasts pretreated with nigericin. Most mutants showed a dramatically
      decreased capacity of binding, although some of them transported relatively well.
      The accumulation of the mutant proteins inside the chloroplast as a function of
      time was examined. Although the authentic small subunit precursor was imported
      rapidly, uptake of most mutant precursors was considerably slower and continued
      until the last time point examined. In terms of assigning functions to individual
      regions, we found that at least the middle region and parts of the amino and the
      carboxyl termini of the transit peptide are more important for receptor binding
      than for translocation. A two-step processing mechanism has been postulated for
      the maturation of the small subunit precursor. This model predicts the occurrence
      of processing intermediates. When precursors carrying carboxyl-terminal deletions
      were presented to the chloroplast, no defined intermediates could be detected.
      Instead, a number of proteins, probably resulting from aberrant processing,
      accumulated simultaneously inside the chloroplasts.

PMID- 2915985
TI  - Isolation of a complementary DNA encoding a chitinase with structural homology to
      a bifunctional lysozyme/chitinase.
AB  - An extracellular, acidic chitinase was purified to homogeneity from tobacco
      necrosis virus-infected leaves of Cucumis sativis. The amino acid sequences of
      the intact protein and of peptides isolated following endoproteinase Lys-C
      digestion, cyanogen bromide cleavage, and trypsin digestion were determined.
      Oligonucleotide probes derived from this sequence were used to isolate a cDNA
      clone encoding this protein. No significant homology was found between this
      chitinase and either the basic chitinase isolated from bean or tobacco or the
      chitinase isolated from Serratia marcescens; however, strong homology was found
      between the cucumber chitinase and a lysozyme/chitinase from Parthenocissus
      quinquifolia. The induction of the protein by tobacco necrosis virus infection or
      salicylate was found to be at the level of RNA accumulation. Genomic Southern
      analysis indicates that a single gene in the cucumber genome encodes this
      protein.

PMID- 2915986
TI  - Evidence that autophosphorylation of solubilized receptors for epidermal growth
      factor is mediated by intermolecular cross-phosphorylation.
AB  - Structurally distinguishable mutants of human epidermal growth factor receptor
      (EGFR) were used to investigate the mechanism of EGFR autophosphorylation. Mutant
      receptors generated by site-directed mutagenesis were expressed in transfected
      NIH 3T3 cells lacking endogenous receptors. After coincubation of cell lysates in
      the presence or absence of EGF, receptor immunoprecipitates were incubated with
      [gamma-32P]ATP. A kinase-negative mutant EGFR (K721A), in which Lys-721 in the
      ATp binding site was replaced by an alanine residue, was shown to be
      phosphorylated in an EGF-dependent manner by an enzymatically active EGFR
      deletion mutant lacking two autophosphorylation sites. A mutant EGFR lacking the
      EGF-binding domain as well as the phosphorylation sites also phosphorylated the
      kinase-negative mutant. In both cases the kinase-negative mutant K721A was
      phosphorylated on sites virtually identical to the sites that are
      autophosphorylated by wild-type recombinant or native human EGFRs. With four
      different site-specific anti-EGFR antibodies, it was shown that deletion mutants
      devoid of epitopes recognized by the antibodies were coimmunoprecipitated
      together with wild-type or mutant receptors recognized by the antibodies. This
      indicates that EGFR oligomers were preserved during immunoprecipitation. On the
      basis of these results, we propose that autophosphorylation of solubilized EGFR
      is mediated by intermolecular cross-phosphorylation, probably facilitated by
      receptor oligomerization.

PMID- 2915987
TI  - Species distribution of a phosphoprotein (parafusin) involved in exocytosis.
AB  - A cytosolic phosphoprotein that appears to function in membrane fusion during
      exocytosis of secretory products has previously been isolated from Paramecium
      tetraurelia. This phosphoprotein, parafusin, with Mr 63,000, is rapidly
      dephosphorylated via a Ca2+-dependent process when secretagogues induce
      exocytosis in competent cells. Dephosphorylation does not occur in exocytosis
      incompetent cells. Polyclonal antibodies against purified parafusin have now been
      used to show that this protein is present in unicellular organisms and cells of
      metazoan groups of wide evolutionary divergence, such as yeast, insects, and
      mammals, including humans. These results suggest that parafusin was present early
      in the history of eukaryotes and that it is of functional importance in the
      general mechanism of exocytosis and membrane fusion.

PMID- 2915988
TI  - Synthesis and characterization of a model extracellular matrix that induces
      partial regeneration of adult mammalian skin.
AB  - Regeneration of the dermis does not occur spontaneously in the adult mammal. The
      epidermis is regenerated spontaneously provided there is a dermal substrate over
      which it can migrate. Certain highly porous, crosslinked collagen
      glycosaminoglycan copolymers have induced partial morphogenesis of skin when
      seeded with dermal and epidermal cells and then grafted on standard, full
      thickness skin wounds in the adult guinea pig. A mature epidermis and a nearly
      physiological dermis, which lacked hair follicles but was demonstrably different
      from scar, were regenerated over areas as large as 16 cm2. These chemical analogs
      of extracellular matrices were morphogenetically active provided that the average
      pore diameter ranged between 20 and 125 microns, the resistance to degradation by
      collagenase exceeded a critical limit, and the density of autologous dermal and
      epidermal cells inoculated therein was greater than 5 x 10(4) cells per cm2 of
      wound area. Unseeded copolymers with physical structures that were within these
      limits delayed the onset of wound contraction by about 10 days but did not
      eventually prevent it. Seeded copolymers not only delayed contraction but
      eventually arrested and reversed it while new skin was being regenerated. The
      data identify a model extracellular matrix that acts as if it were an insoluble
      growth factor with narrowly specified physiochemical structure, functioning as a
      transient basal lamina during morphogenesis of skin.

PMID- 2915989
TI  - Identification of the structural mutation responsible for the dibucaine-resistant
      (atypical) variant form of human serum cholinesterase.
AB  - A point mutation in the gene for human serum cholinesterase was identified that
      changes Asp-70 to Gly in the atypical form of serum cholinesterase. The mutation
      in nucleotide 209, which changes codon 70 from GAT to GGT, was found by
      sequencing a genomic clone and sequencing selected regions of DNA amplified by
      the polymerase chain reaction. The entire coding sequences for usual and atypical
      cholinesterases were compared, and no other consistent base differences were
      found. A polymorphic site near the C terminus of the coded region was detected,
      but neither allele at this locus segregated consistently with the atypical trait.
      The nucleotide-209 mutation was detected in all five atypical cholinesterase
      families examined. There was complete concordance between this mutation and serum
      cholinesterase phenotypes for all 14 heterozygous and 6 homozygous atypical
      subjects tested. The mutation causes the loss of a Sau3A1 restriction site; the
      resulting DNA fragment length polymorphism was verified by electrophoresis of 32P
      labeled DNA restriction fragments from usual and atypical subjects. Dot-blot
      hybridization analysis with a 19-mer allele-specific probe to the DNA amplified
      by the polymerase chain reaction distinguished between the usual and atypical
      genotypes. We conclude that the Asp-70----Gly mutation (acidic to neutral amino
      acid substitution) accounts for reduced affinity of atypical cholinesterase for
      choline esters and that Asp-70 must be an important component of the anionic
      site. Heterogeneity in atypical alleles may exist, but the Asp-70 point mutation
      may represent an appreciable portion of the atypical gene pool.

PMID- 2915990
TI  - Isolation of two alleles of the b locus of Ustilago maydis.
AB  - The basidiomycete Ustilago maydis is the causative agent of the disease corn
      smut. To be pathogenic, strains of U. maydis must be heterozygous for a locus
      called "b," which appears to control both pathogenicity and sexual development.
      Two alleles of the b locus of U. maydis were isolated by complementation and
      hybridization. The clones have the specificities of b1 and b2 alleles as
      demonstrated by their effects on the colony morphology and pathogenicity of
      haploid and diploid strains upon transformation. For example, nonpathogenic
      haploid and diploid strains of U. maydis carrying b2 alleles became pathogenic
      when transformed with the cloned b1 allele. Furthermore, an a2 b2 haploid strain
      could be transformed to an a2 b1 genotype by gene replacement using a DNA
      fragment containing a b1 allele and a selectable marker. The isolation of b
      alleles represents an important step toward understanding the control of dicaryon
      formation, dicaryon maintenance, and pathogenicity in U. maydis.

PMID- 2915991
TI  - Molecular patterns of X chromosome-linked color vision genes among 134 men of
      European ancestry.
AB  - We used Southern blot hybridization to study X chromosome-linked color vision
      genes encoding the apoproteins of red and green visual pigments in 134 unselected
      Caucasian men. One hundred and thirteen individuals (84.3%) had a normal
      arrangement of their color vision pigment genes. All had one red pigment gene;
      the number of green pigment genes ranged from one to five with a mode of two. The
      frequency of molecular genotypes indicative of normal color vision (84.3%) was
      significantly lower than had been observed in previous studies of color vision
      phenotypes. Color vision defects can be due to deletions of red or green pigment
      genes or due to formation of hybrid genes comprising portions of both red and
      green pigment genes [Nathans, J., Piantanida, T.P., Eddy, R.L., Shows, T.B., Jr.,
      & Hogness, D.S. (1986) Science 232, 203-210]. Characteristic anomalous patterns
      were seen in 15 (11.2%) individuals: 7 (5.2%) had patterns characteristic of
      deuteranomaly (mild defect in green color perception), 2 (1.5%) had patterns
      characteristic of deuteranopia (severe defect in green color perception), and 6
      (4.5%) had protan patterns (the red perception defects protanomaly and protanopia
      cannot be differentiated by current molecular methods). Previously undescribed
      hybrid gene patterns consisting of both green and red pigment gene fragments in
      addition to normal red and green genes were observed in another 6 individuals
      (4.5%). Only 2 of these patterns were considered as deuteranomalous. Thus, DNA
      testing detected anomalous color vision pigment genes at a higher frequency than
      expected from phenotypic color vision tests. Some color vision gene arrays
      associated with hybrid genes are likely to mediate normal color vision.

PMID- 2915993
TI  - Electrophysiologic study of rabbit proximal tubular cell monolayers in primary
      culture.
AB  - Primary cultures of renal cortical cells prepared by selective sieves have been
      found to display some characteristics of renal proximal tubular epithelium but
      their site of origin has not been confirmed by electrophysiologic studies. Cells
      were cultured in a defined medium on collagen gels. Confluency was approached
      after 7-10 days but gels were found to have zero transepithelial resistance
      unless they were allowed to contract spontaneously. With the appearance of a
      nonzero resistance, there was a change in morphology to a more columnar cell with
      better developed microvilli. These structural features were particularly
      prominent in clusters of proliferating cells observed on and around remnants of
      original tubules embedded in the gel. In noncontracted cultures there was no
      focal cell clustering and cells were squamous-like with rudimentary microvilli,
      similar in appearance to cells grown on plastic culture dishes. Measurements made
      in contracted monolayers yielded an average transepithelial resistance of 6.5
      omega cm2, a spontaneous transepithelial potential difference of +0.9 mV,
      measured with respect to the serosa, and an apical membrane potential of -75 mV
      when cells were bathed in 0.4 mM K and -49 mV when cells were bathed in 4 mM K
      media. Mucosal protamine (50 micrograms/ml) increased transepithelial resistance
      by 22%, suggesting that the epithelial cell tight junctions were responsive to
      external stimuli. Monolayers were anion selective, giving a dilution potential
      (lumen-directed NaCl gradient) of -2.6 mV with respect to the serosa. These
      experiments show that primary culture of rabbit renal cortical cells separated by
      differential sieves displays electrophysiologic and morphologic characteristics
      of a proximal renal tubular epithelium. Confluency and attainment of
      differentiated morphology and function are promoted when monolayer cells are not
      bound to an unyielding substrate.

PMID- 2915992
TI  - T-cell receptor V alpha and C alpha alleles associated with multiple and
      myasthenia gravis.
AB  - Polymorphic markers in genes encoding that alpha chain of the human T-cell
      receptor (TcR) have been detected by Southern blot analysis in Pss I digests.
      Polymorphic bands were observed at 6.3 and 2.0 kilobases (kb) with frequencies of
      0.30 and 0.44, respectively, in the general population. Using the polymerase
      chain reaction (PCR) method, we amplified selected sequences derived from the
      full-length TcR alpha cDNA probe. These PCR products were used as specific probes
      to demonstrate that the 6.3-kb polymorphic fragment hybridizes to the variable
      (V)-region probe and the 2.0-kb fragment hybridizes to the constant (C)-region
      probe. Segregation of the polymorphic bands was analyzed in family studies. To
      look for associations between these markers and autoimmune diseases, we have
      studied the restriction fragment length polymorphism distribution of the Pss I
      markers in patients with multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, and Graves
      disease. Significant differences in the frequency of the polymorphic V alpha and
      C alpha markers were identified between patients and healthy individuals.

PMID- 2915994
TI  - Peroxidases enhance macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity via induction of tumor
      necrosis factor.
AB  - Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a monokine which is involved in macrophage
      mediated cytotoxicity (MMC). We have previously reported that peroxidases can
      activate thioglycollate-induced macrophages to the tumoricidal state in vitro.
      The present study was undertaken in an attempt to correlate peroxidase-induced
      MMC with production of TNF. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used as the
      principal model for these studies. Resident and thioglycollate-induced
      macrophages exposed to peroxidases were examined for both MMC against 3T12 cells
      and production of TNF. Thioglycollate-induced macrophages exposed to HRP, bovine
      lactoperoxidase, or human myeloperoxidase demonstrated enhanced secretion of TNF.
      When exposed to HRP, both resident and thioglycollate-induced macrophages
      secreted significant amounts of TNF and acquired the ability to lyse 3T12 cells.
      However, resident macrophages were considerably less efficient in both their
      cytotoxic activity and TNF secretion. Macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity was
      eliminated by the addition of specific antisera to TNF. In addition, replacement
      of culture supernatants within 24 hr after exposure of the macrophages to HRP
      increased tumor cell killing in the absence of additional detectable TNF
      production, suggesting that other factors may be involved in peroxidase-induced
      MMC. These results indicate that TNF is intimately associated with peroxidase
      induced MMC and suggest a possible role for peroxidases as immunomodulators via
      augmentation of macrophage capacities and functions.

PMID- 2915995
TI  - Effect of experimental azotemia on intestinal transport of butyric acid.
AB  - Earlier studies have revealed an impairment of jejunal absorption of long chain
      fatty acids in experimental uremia. We investigated the intestinal absorption of
      butyric acid which is a short chain fatty acid in experimental renal failure
      (RF). Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into the RF group which had subtotal
      nephrectomy, a sham-operated control group, and a pair-fed group. In vivo
      recirculating perfusion (n = 5) and in vitro everted sac incubation (n = 8) were
      employed. The in vitro experiments were repeated substituting the serosal buffer
      by either predialysis or postdialysis sera from uremic individuals, or normal
      serum (n = 10). The rate of in vivo butyric acid absorption was significantly
      lower while the in vitro absorption was significantly higher in the RF group than
      those observed in the sham-operated and pair-fed groups which showed comparable
      values. The normality of butyric acid absorption in the pair-fed animals despite
      comparable weight loss with the RF group tends to exclude anorexia and weight
      loss as a cause of altered butyric acid transport in RF animals. The disparity
      between the in vivo and in vitro data is suggestive of an inhibitory influence of
      uremic environment which is present in vivo and absent in vitro. This viewpoint
      was corroborated by the observed fall in butyric acid absorption by sacs
      containing predialysis uremic serum as compared with those containing normal or
      postdialysis sera. The latter further suggests that the inhibitory factor(s) is
      dialyzable.

PMID- 2915996
TI  - Increased vasodilator responsiveness to BRL 34915 in spontaneously hypertensive
      versus normotensive rats: contrast with nifedipine.
AB  - The blood pressure-lowering potency and activity of BRL 34915, a new vasodilator
      and putative stimulator of potassium efflux from vascular smooth muscle, was
      investigated in conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive
      rats (NTR) after intravenous administration and compared with that of the calcium
      channel blocker, nifedipine. In SHR, BRL 34915 (3-100 micrograms/kg) or
      nifedipine (10-3000 micrograms/kg) produced similar reductions in mean arterial
      pressure of 58 +/- 3% and 55 +/- 3%, respectively. BRL 34915 (ED30% = 13.8
      micrograms/kg) was 15.3 times more potent than nifedipine (ED30% = 207
      micrograms/kg) in SHR. In contrast, only a 1.7-fold difference in potency was
      observed in NTR between BRL 34915 (ED30% = 123 micrograms/kg) and nifedipine
      (ED30% = 182 micrograms/kg). The potency ratio (ED30% NTR/ED30% SHR) for BRL
      34915 was 8.83 whereas nifedipine had a ratio of 0.88, reflecting the greater
      responsiveness of the SHR to BRL 34915. Systemic hemodynamics were monitored in
      anesthetized SHR and NTR to determine the basis for the reductions in blood
      pressure. BRL 34915 (3-100 micrograms/kg iv) lowered mean arterial pressure in
      both groups solely by decreasing total peripheral vascular resistance, since no
      changes in cardiac output were observed. Relaxation responses were also obtained
      in phenylephrine-contracted isolated aortic strips from both strains of rat to
      ascertain whether differences in responsiveness existed at this level of the
      vasculature. No significant difference in the potency of BRL 34915 (3-10 microM)
      as a vasodilator was found in aortas from SHR or NTR. These results indicate
      that, unlike nifedipine, BRL 34915 is a more potent vasodepressor agent in SHR
      than in NTR and suggests that the potassium efflux stimulator may preferentially
      relax resistance vessels in the hypertensive rat.

PMID- 2915997
TI  - Nocturnal increase of type II thyroxine 5'-deiodinase activity in the Syrian
      hamster harderian gland is abolished by light exposure and induced by
      isoproterenol.
AB  - The presence of type II 5'-deiodinase activity in the Syrian hamster Harderian
      gland was investigated. This enzyme exhibited an increase of its activity after
      animals entered the normal dark phase, with maximal activity occurring at 04.00
      hr (8 hr after lights off). The nocturnal increase was prevented by maintaining
      the animals in light during the night. Isoproterenol subcutaneously injected
      every 2 hr (1.0 mg/kg body wt) from 20.00 hr through 0.400 hr to animals exposed
      to light during the normal dark period mimicked the effect of darkness, i.e.,
      with this treatment an increase in 5'-deiodinase activity with maximal peak
      values at 02.00 hr was observed. The results show that 5'-deiodinase activity in
      the Syrian hamster Harderian gland exhibits a nyctohemeral profile dependent on
      beta-adrenergic activation of the gland.

PMID- 2915998
TI  - 54Mn absorption and excretion in rats fed soy protein and casein diets.
AB  - Rats were fed diets containing either soy protein or casein and different levels
      of manganese, methionine, phytic acid, or arginine for 7 days and then fed test
      meals labeled with 2 microCi of 54Mn after an overnight fast. Retention of 54Mn
      in each rat was measured every other day for 21 days using a whole-body counter.
      Liver manganese was higher (P less than 0.0001) in soy protein-fed rats (8.8
      micrograms/g) than in casein-fed rats (5.2 micrograms/g); manganese superoxide
      dismutase activity also was higher in soy protein-fed rats than in casein-fed
      rats (P less than 0.01). There was a significant interaction between manganese
      and protein which affected manganese absorption and biologic half-life of 54Mn.
      In a second experiment, rats fed soy protein-test meals retained more 54Mn (P
      less than 0.001) than casein-fed rats. Liver manganese (8.3 micrograms/g) in the
      soy protein group was also higher than that (5.7 micrograms/g) in the casein
      group (P less than 0.0001), but manganese superoxide dismutase activity was
      unaffected by protein. Supplementation with methionine increased 54Mn retention
      from both soy and casein diets (P less than 0.06); activity of manganese
      superoxide dismutase increased (P less than 0.05) but liver manganese did not
      change. The addition of arginine to casein diets had little effect on manganese
      bioavailability. Phytic acid affected neither manganese absorption nor biologic
      half-life in two experiments, but it depressed liver manganese in one experiment.
      These results suggest that neither arginine nor phytic acid was the component in
      soy protein which made manganese more available from soy protein diets than
      casein diets.

PMID- 2915999
TI  - Separation of three commercial forms of vitamin C (ascorbic acid, ascorbic-2
      sulfate and ascorbate-2-polyphosphate) by HPLC.
AB  - A modification of an existing separation technique by this laboratory is
      described for the separation and quantification of the three commercially
      available forms of ascorbic acid. The technique has the potential for identifying
      the various metabolic and degradation products resulting from vitamins C2 and C3
      metabolism. A microwave technique is used for tissue heat denaturation and
      extraction.

PMID- 2916000
TI  - Barium enema procedure for the pediatric patient.
AB  - The barium enema examination is considered to be a routine diagnostic study. This
      article explores this examination and its relationship to the pediatric patient
      by discussing the history, preparation, and the technical mechanics of the actual
      examination.

PMID- 2916001
TI  - Publishing a manuscript: manuscript preparation guide for authors. Part II.
AB  - Part II presents a guide for manuscript preparation. The guide describes 11 steps
      necessary to complete a manuscript and is designed to serve several purposes:
      making the process of having a manuscript published easier for the author and
      less tedious for the Editorial Review Board; reducing the number of revisions and
      the revision time; and providing the author with a better chance of getting his
      or her material published.

PMID- 2916002
TI  - What radiologic technology educators should know about due process of law.
AB  - Student rights and the responsibility of educators in providing adequate
      protection of those rights continues to be a major concern in all educational
      programs. Due process of law, as it pertains to the schools, outlines specific
      procedures that should be followed when disciplinary action must be taken
      involving a student. Applying these guidelines assures fundamental fairness and
      reasonableness.

PMID- 2916003
TI  - A "surgical clip" artifact.

PMID- 2916004
TI  - Peak kilovoltage meter readings.

PMID- 2916005
TI  - Assessing the need for instructional media support materials.

PMID- 2916006
TI  - Admissions criteria: eenie, meenie, miney, moe?

PMID- 2916007
TI  - The professional status of the radiologic technologist.
AB  - There are regional manpower shortages because of the maldistribution of qualified
      radiologic technologists. In addition, urban versus rural maldistribution problem
      exists and is predicted to worsen. This and the identified economic constraints
      faced by institutions are exerting pressure on the profession to develop programs
      that will result in multiskilled/multicompetent personnel. Flexibility and
      receptivity to cross-training opportunities should be studied. In geographic
      areas where shortages have been identified, it may be necessary for the academic,
      employing, and health professions to cooperate to develop successful recruitment
      and retention strategies. Unless corrective action is initiated, there will be a
      critical manpower shortage in the face of increased demands for radiological
      services requiring qualified radiologic technologists. It will be necessary for
      us and the health professions being impacted to individually redefine our mission
      statements, goals, and objectives to focus on the future, and where common goals
      exist, to jointly work to achieve these goals. Now is the time for our
      professional organizations to be pro-active rather than wait to become reactive.
      We must relinquish protection and act in the best interest of the patient--the
      number one person in our profession--and in the best interest of the profession.
      To accomplish this end, radiologic technologists and radiologists must join
      efforts to improve the professional image of radiologic technologists and the
      financial benefits. This will help ensure the availability of capable and
      qualified personnel from today's competitive health occupational arena, and the
      vast array of other professions that demand bright, articulate students.

PMID- 2916008
TI  - Limited licensure facts, not fiction.

PMID- 2916009
TI  - Computers: who needs 'em?

PMID- 2916010
TI  - Limited licensing: why is the ARRT involved? Part II.
AB  - Due primarily to economic factors, the concept of the limited scope operator
      would exist regardless of any organization's position on the wisdom of the
      concept. Most states that have passed laws as encouraged by federal legislation
      have been reluctant to legislate people out of existing jobs and have, therefore,
      incorporated limited categories of practice into their laws. This further assures
      the survival of the concept of the limited scope of practice. Acknowledging the
      existence of the position and working to establish reasonable training and
      competence assessment procedures is in the best interest of the public as well as
      of the radiography profession. The ARRT is therefore committed to developing
      examinations for use by states licensing the limited scope of practice operator.
      The examinations are based upon the philosophy that those persons having a scope
      of practice that is limited to radiography of the chest or extremities must be as
      knowledgeable in those particular areas as is the general staff radiographer at
      entry level as defined by the ARRT Job Analysis Project. Examinations developed
      using this philosophy will enable states to restrict limited licensing to only
      those persons having met realistically high standards that are consistent across
      the country.

PMID- 2916011
TI  - Dynamic hepatic CT.
AB  - A technique for incremental dynamic computed tomography (CT) of the liver with
      boluses of contrast material (with a 50-g iodine load) administered intravenously
      is described. For most focal liver lesions, which are hypovascular in relation to
      normal hepatic parenchyma, bolus contrast material enhancement and incremental
      dynamic scanning improve detectability, compared with that yielded by nondynamic,
      contrast material infusion techniques. The bolus contrast-enhanced dynamic scan
      technique is reproducible and of value in patients undergoing sequential CT for
      assessment of tumor bulk response to chemotherapy. Patients who are potential
      candidates for resection of focal hepatic lesions should preoperatively undergo
      intraarterial contrast-enhanced CT. Intravenous bolus enhanced dynamic hepatic CT
      can be extended to cover more than one anatomic region (eg, abdomen and thorax),
      as in patients undergoing CT for staging lung carcinoma. In these patients,
      incremental scan sequences are programmed caudad to cephalad. Incremental dynamic
      CT is also an appropriate technique to use in cooperative patients who have
      suffered blunt abdominal trauma.

PMID- 2916012
TI  - Detection of significant extracranial carotid stenosis with routine cerebral MR
      imaging.

PMID- 2916013
TI  - Pulmonary parenchymal disease: evaluation with high-resolution CT.
AB  - Usefulness of high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) in locating pulmonary
      parenchymal disease in relation to the pulmonary lobule was evaluated in 71
      patients, including 30 with normal pulmonary parenchyma and 41 with various
      pulmonary diseases. Both 10-mm-thick sections and 1.5- or 3.0-mm-thick HRCT scans
      were obtained. Distribution of pulmonary parenchymal disease was classified as
      centrilobular, panlobular, perilobular, bronchovascular, or nonlobular.
      Intralobular classification of disease distribution was more feasible in less
      severely diseased regions. HRCT revealed thickened intralobular bronchovascular
      bundles in patients with bronchiolitis obliterans, mycoplasma pneumonia, and
      pulmonary tuberculosis and thickening of both bronchovascular bundles and
      perilobular structures in patients with sarcoidosis, lymphangitis carcinomatosa,
      and malignant lymphoma. Centrilobular areas of increased attenuation were seen in
      patients with bronchopneumonia and pulmonary cryptococcosis. Centrilobular
      emphysema and bronchiolectasis were recognized only on HRCT images. The improved
      clarity and sharpness of parenchymal abnormalities on HRCT images, even in
      severely involved areas, provide additional information about disease
      distribution.

PMID- 2916014
TI  - Superior sulcus tumors: CT and MR imaging.
AB  - Thirty-one patients with superior pulmonary sulcus tumors underwent a total of 32
      sets of computed tomographic (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging
      examinations before receiving therapy. Prospective, independent, and blinded
      interpretations of the studies were compared with both the surgical findings (15
      patients) and the patient's clinical symptoms (17 patients). Thin-section (5-mm)
      coronal and sagittal MR images proved more accurate than CT scans (.94 accuracy
      with MR imaging, .63 with CT) in evaluation of tumor invasion through the
      superior sulcus. The improved accuracy of MR imaging in this region appears
      almost certainly to be related to the improved display of the anatomy of the
      superior sulcus on thin-section coronal and sagittal images.

PMID- 2916015
TI  - T1N0M0 lung cancer: evaluation with CT.
AB  - Although computed tomography (CT) is widely used in the evaluation of lung
      cancer, its use in the evaluation of clinical stage T1N0M0 lung cancer remains
      controversial. To evaluate the utility of CT, the authors studied 35 patients
      with clinical stage T1N0M0 lung cancer who underwent CT. Thoracotomy,
      mediastinoscopy, or fine-needle aspiration biopsy were performed in 26 of the
      patients. Metastases were proved in six of these patients, with CT demonstrating
      adenopathy in four of the six and a contralateral mass in one. Chest wall
      invasion was not demonstrated with CT in one patient. The overall prevalence of
      metastatic lesions in this group of 26 patients was 23.1%, with 15.4% of the 26
      having unresectable lesions. CT demonstrated all metastatic lesions that
      precluded curative surgery. The results suggest that CT is clinically useful in
      the evaluation of clinical stage T1N0M0 lung cancer.

PMID- 2916016
TI  - Anatomy of the minor fissure: evaluation with thin-section CT.
AB  - The minor fissure was studied with thin computed tomographic (CT) sections in 40
      patients. It was absent in eight (20%) and seen in 32 (80%) patients; of these 32
      the fissure was complete in seven (22%), incomplete in 23 (72%), and of
      indeterminate completeness in two (6%). Appearance of the minor fissure on CT
      scans can be categorized into two major configurations, which are determined by
      variation in contour of the middle lobe upper surface. The location of the
      highest point along this surface is either medial (type I configuration) or
      lateral (type II configuration). The lowest tributary of the vein draining the
      anterior segment of the upper lobe was seen in 75% of the patients. This vessel
      was a reliable landmark in delineating boundaries between upper and middle lobes,
      even when the fissure was radiologically incomplete or absent. In the authors'
      experience, familiarity with these configurations of the minor fissure has been
      useful in localization of a lesion in a lobe or determination of its possible
      extension beyond the fissure into the neighboring lobe.

PMID- 2916017
TI  - Solitary pulmonary nodules: evaluation with a CT reference phantom.
AB  - The Zerhouni computed tomographic (CT) reference phantom was used to study 112
      solitary pulmonary nodules that were indeterminate with plain tomography. Of the
      112 nodules, 33 were more attenuating than the reference phantom and 79 less
      attenuating. One patient with a previous endometrial malignancy had a pulmonary
      metastatic lesion that was more attenuating than the reference phantom,
      presumably due to microscopic calcification. The nodule in the other 32 cases was
      benign, as determined from follow-up studies of up to 4.5 years or by means of
      surgical sampling (two patients). Among the 79 nodules that were less attenuating
      than the reference phantom, 26 were malignant, 22 were benign, and 31 were
      followed up for up to 4.5 years with no evidence of malignancy. In this series,
      the CT reference phantom proved to be a useful adjuvant to plain tomography in
      patients whose nodules were uncalcified and had an indeterminate shape.

PMID- 2916018
TI  - Peripheral upper lobe collapse in adults.
AB  - Atypical (peripheral) upper lobe collapse, simulating loculated apical pleural
      effusion or other localized pleural disease, occurs when the collapsed lobe
      maintains its adherence to the lateral chest wall. Fifteen such cases are known
      to have been reported, 12 in children (ten of them infants) and three in adults.
      Two additional cases, occurring in adults with carcinoma of the bronchus, are
      presented here. In one case, adherence of the visceral to the parietal pleura was
      shown to be due to malignant infiltration. In both cases, the margination of the
      collapsed lobe, which on images resembles apical pleural disease, was attributed
      to hyperexpansion of the superior segment of the lower lobe.

PMID- 2916019
TI  - High-altitude pulmonary edema: findings at high-altitude chest radiography and
      physical examination.
AB  - Twenty-five male volunteers underwent chest radiography at 550 m above sea level
      (baseline) and at 4,559 m at 6, 18, and 42 hours after arrival. Nine had a
      history of high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE). Starting by 6 hours and
      independent of the consecutive presence of HAPE, the diameters of the central
      pulmonary arteries increased by 10%-30% at 4,559 m. At 18 hours and,
      increasingly, at 42 hours, radiographic evidence of HAPE developed in eight
      subjects: six with previously documented HAPE and two without. Radiographic signs
      of HAPE were most severe peripherally, and morphologic characteristics were
      compatible with permeability and/or overperfusion edema and normal pulmonary
      venous pressure. Extensive radiographic findings were accompanied by discrete
      pulmonary rales, and chest radiography proved valuable in detecting HAPE in
      subjects with normal findings of lung auscultation. This study demonstrates a
      significant individual susceptibility of lowland residents with a history of HAPE
      to develop HAPE, resulting in a recurrence rate of 66%.

PMID- 2916020
TI  - Adult respiratory distress syndrome from overdose of tricyclic antidepressants.
AB  - Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) from overdose of tricyclic
      antidepressants (TCA) has been reported but is not well known. During a 1-year
      period, 81 patients with serious overdose from tranquilizers and other
      psychotropic drugs were examined. TCA alone induced overdose in 30 patients or
      were combined with other drugs in 26 patients. Twenty-five (31%) patients had
      overdose from drugs other than TCA. Chest radiography revealed that 30 (54%)
      patients with TCA overdose and six (24%) patients with non-TCA overdose had
      abnormalities. Clinical and radiographic findings consistent with ARDS were noted
      in five (9%) patients with TCA overdose and none of the patients with non-TCA
      overdose. Five patients with TCA overdose and one (4%) patient with non-TCA
      overdose had interstitial edema that never progressed to ARDS. TCA should be
      added to the list of drugs associated with the development of ARDS.

PMID- 2916021
TI  - MR imaging of the breast: fast imaging sequences with and without Gd-DTPA.
      Preliminary observations.
AB  - Of a total of 191 magnetic resonance breast studies performed since March 1984,
      82 were performed with gradient-echo fast low-angle shot (FLASH) sequences and
      fast imaging with steady precession (FISP). These techniques permit imaging of
      thin and contiguous sections, resulting in high resolution of the parenchymal
      structure. Intravenous injection of 0.1 mmol/kg of gadolinium diethylenetriamine
      pentaacetic acid dimeglumine (50% of the dose used in spin-echo sequences) aided
      in detection of carcinomas as small as 3 mm in dense breast tissue. In 25
      patients, dynamic studies were performed at short intervals after the injection
      of contrast medium in an attempt to differentiate more reliably between breast
      tissue types. All six malignant tumors found in these 25 patients showed
      enhancement characterized by a sudden increase in signal intensity on the order
      of 100% within the first 2 minutes after injection and a much slighter increase
      thereafter. Sixteen benign lesions showed a substantially different pattern of
      enhancement. Further studies are required to confirm these findings.

PMID- 2916022
TI  - Needle localization of nonpalpable breast lesions with a portable dual-grid
      compression system. Work in progress.
AB  - A new device and a geometric algorithm facilitate consistent insertion of a
      needle tip into nonpalpable breast lesions on a single attempt. With the breast
      compressed by dual grid plates, two oblique exposures are taken. Three
      intersecting planes through the lesion referenced to the grid markings permit
      easy determination of the lesion coordinates. In initial trials for preoperative
      breast lesion localization in 11 patients, the needle tip was within the lesion
      in nine patients and was within 0.5 cm of the lesion in two patients. The results
      indicate that this system is very useful for accurate localization and needle
      aspiration of breast lesions.

PMID- 2916023
TI  - Association of estrogen receptors with parenchymal pattern at mammography.
AB  - The authors report on a consecutive series of 1,003 breast cancer cases
      classified on the basis of Wolfe mammographic parenchymal patterns and estrogen
      receptor content. The association between these two variables was investigated to
      assess the reliability of parenchymal patterns in predicting the estrogen
      receptor status. No significant association was observed after adjustment for
      possible confounders such as age, menopausal status, and T category. Mammographic
      parenchymal patterns appear to have no role in predicting estrogen receptor
      status.

PMID- 2916024
TI  - Use of Gd-DTPA and fast gradient-echo and spin-echo MR imaging to demonstrate
      renal function in the rabbit.
AB  - The paramagnetic magnetic resonance (MR) imaging contrast agent gadolinium
      diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) is freely filtered at the glomerulus
      and is neither secreted nor reabsorbed by the renal tubules. Fast MR imaging
      techniques, either gradient-echo or spin-echo, can be used to document the
      passage of Gd-DTPA through the renal tubules, as reflected by alteration in the
      MR signal intensity within the different anatomic regions of the kidney. Gradient
      echo (repetition time of 35 msec, echo time of 7 msec, flip angles of 10 degrees
      100 degrees) and spin-echo (repetition time of 35 msec, echo time of 8 msec)
      pulse sequences were used to acquire 20 consecutive images, one every 12 seconds,
      of the rabbit kidney. Both pulse sequences depicted the time course of Gd-DTPA
      distribution through the kidney but with distinctly different patterns of MR
      signal change. These dynamic MR images provide an MR nephrogram that directly
      demonstrates renal morphology and indirectly reflects the functional status of
      the renal vasculature, renal perfusion, and tubular concentrating ability.

PMID- 2916025
TI  - Dynamic Gd-DTPA-enhanced MR imaging of the kidney: experimental results.
AB  - To determine the normal appearance of dynamic enhanced renal magnetic resonance
      (MR) images, 25 rabbits were injected with Gd-DTPA and 32 consecutive gradient
      recalled images were acquired. Several rabbits were also imaged in dehydrated
      (five animals) and overhydrated (seven animals) states. A reproducible renal
      enhancement pattern is observed that can be divided into three phases. During the
      first phase, a peripheral dark band appears, probably representing arrival of Gd
      DTPA within the arterioles and vasa recta. The second phase begins as a second
      dark band migrating centripetally toward the medulla; this likely represents the
      concentration of Gd-DTPA in the descending limb of the loop of Henle. The third
      phase is characterized by a gradual darkening in the papilla, probably caused by
      concentration of Gd-DTPA within the collecting ducts. Hydration status influences
      the duration of these phases. These observations can be explained by the anatomy
      and physiologic characteristics of the nephron, as well as the MR characteristics
      of Gd-DTPA at different concentrations.

PMID- 2916026
TI  - Amyloidosis: diffuse involvement of the retroperitoneum.
AB  - Systemic amyloidosis diffusely involving the retroperitoneum has not, to the
      authors' knowledge, been previously reported. The computed tomographic scans of a
      68-year-old man showed evidence of diffuse, nonenhancing thickening of the entire
      retroperitoneum. This appearance mimicked retroperitoneal fibrosis, but the
      diagnosis of amyloidosis was confirmed at autopsy.

PMID- 2916027
TI  - Frequency and determinants of adverse reactions induced by high-osmolality
      contrast media.
AB  - To determine the frequency of and risk factors for adverse reactions to high
      osmolality contrast media, the authors prospectively studied hospitalized
      patients undergoing cardiac catheterization. The authors also studied patients
      undergoing peripheral angiography and contrast material-enhanced computed
      tomography (CT) of the head or body who met at least one of the following
      criteria thought to increase the risk of adverse reactions: age of more than 60
      years, diabetes, renal or liver disease, concurrent nephrotoxic drug use, or a
      history of allergic reactions (n = 795). Criteria were defined and used to group
      adverse reactions into three classes of clinical severity. Overall, class I
      (mild), class II (moderate), and class III (severe) reactions occurred in 362
      (45%), 44 (5.5%), and three (0.4%) patients, respectively. Class II reactions
      were relatively common (25%) in patients undergoing cardiac catheterization yet
      were uncommon (2%) in patients undergoing the other three procedures.
      Nephrotoxicity occurred in 18 of 651 patients who had follow-up creatinine levels
      obtained at 48-72 hours. With multivariate regression analysis, the only risk
      factor (P less than .05) for combined class II and III reactions was diabetes.
      Diabetes, furosemide use, and a history of atopy (odds ratio = 2.8) were
      associated with nephrotoxicity (P less than .05). Underlying renal insufficiency
      was not a risk factor for nephrotoxicity.

PMID- 2916028
TI  - Natural history of the false channel of type A aortic dissection after surgical
      repair: CT study.
AB  - To evaluate the false channel after surgical repair of a type A aortic
      dissection, postoperative computed tomographic (CT) scans were retrospectively
      reviewed in 33 patients. Initial CT demonstrated persistence of a double channel
      distal to the site of surgical repair in 26 patients (79%). In four of these
      patients serial CT demonstrated enlargement of the false channel, a finding that
      contributed to the decision to repeat surgery. Progression of thrombus was noted
      in five patients. Peripheral calcification within the aortic wall of the false
      channel, presumably located on the "pseudointima," was found in six patients.
      Because of the progressive nature of type A dissections in the postoperative
      period, serial CT examinations can provide important information on patients who
      have undergone surgical correction of a type A dissection.

PMID- 2916029
TI  - Tantalum vascular stents: in vivo evaluation with MR imaging.
AB  - Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging at 1.5 T was performed on tantalum vascular
      stents placed in the aortas of six dogs. The stents produced no significant
      artifact and allowed for clear depiction of the aortic lumina as flow-void zones
      with spin-echo imaging and as high-signal areas with gradient-echo imaging. The
      MR findings correlated with the angiographic studies of the stented vessels.
      These results demonstrate the feasibility of MR imaging as a noninvasive means of
      evaluating vessel patency in the presence of tantalum vascular stents.

PMID- 2916030
TI  - Self-expanding endovascular stent in experimental atherosclerosis. Work in
      progress.
AB  - To investigate the physiologic and histologic responses induced by the self
      expanding endovascular prosthesis, rabbits subjected to a combination of high
      cholesterol diet and intravascular trauma underwent stent implantation. The
      results were compared with those obtained with the placement of stents in the
      healthy aortas of rabbits. Stents in healthy aortic tissue led to stent
      intimalization, previously reported in canine studies. For stents placed in
      animals subjected to a high-cholesterol diet but no intimal trauma, it was found
      that the stent was not the source of atherogenesis. Stents placed in atheromatous
      plaque were found to radially compress plaque with time and to stimulate for
      formation of a fibrotic crust. The results suggest that the self-expanding stent
      protects against progressive encroachment of the vessel lumen by atherosclerotic
      tissue.

PMID- 2916031
TI  - Inhomogeneous enhancement of liver parenchyma secondary to passive congestion:
      contrast-enhanced CT.
AB  - Passive liver congestion secondary to increased hepatic venous pressure may
      accompany congestive heart failure. Abnormal patterns of hepatic parenchymal
      contrast medium enhancement in 25 patients with advanced congestive heart failure
      who were studied with computed tomography (CT) include a lobulated, patchy,
      inhomogeneous pattern in all 25 patients, an irregular perivascular enhancement
      in 14, and a global delay in parenchymal enhancement in nine. CT examinations
      showed cardiomegaly in the 20 patients with cardiac failure and pericardial
      effusion or thickening in the five patients with pericardial disease. Also noted
      were distention of the inferior vena cava (IVC) in 24 patients, hepatomegaly in
      23, early reflux of contrast medium into the IVC in 21 and hepatic veins in 16,
      and hepatic perivascular lymph-edema in six. The abnormal patterns are thought to
      be due to slowing of hepatic blood flow. Confusion with Budd-Chiari syndrome and
      other forms of multifocal hepatic disease is avoidable with clinical and
      radiologic correlation.

PMID- 2916032
TI  - Hepatic neoplasia: breath-hold MR imaging.
AB  - Twenty-seven patients with hepatic neoplasms were prospectively examined at 0.35
      T with multisection magnetic resonance (MR) imaging during a single breath hold.
      The procedures included a spin-echo (SE) sequence with a repetition time (TR) of
      250 or 125 msec and an echo time (TE) of 15 msec (TR/TE = 250 or 125/15) and
      gradient-echo (GRE) partial-flip sequences at 250 or 125/20 in phase and 250 or
      125/12 out of phase (flip angle of 70 degrees). These procedures were compared
      with conventional multiacquisition sequences at SE 250/15 (n = 8) in the same
      patients. GRE partial-flip sequences with a large flip angle provided the optimum
      combination of contrast and signal-to-noise ratio for imaging hepatic neoplasms,
      with a signal-difference-to-noise ratio that for in-phase images was 93% greater
      and for out-of-phase images was 53% greater than that of the SE images. The use
      of in-phase TEs was preferable to maintain tissue contrast, and presaturation
      pulses were employed to eliminate vascular pulsation artifacts. All breath-hold
      procedures provided suppression of motion artifacts superior to that of the short
      TR, short TE multiacquisition SE imaging. Such sequences should become
      indispensable for MR imaging of the upper abdomen.

PMID- 2916033
TI  - Diffuse esophageal spasm: radiographic and manometric correlation.
AB  - Diffuse esophageal spasm (DES) is characterized by substernal chest pain,
      dysphagia, and a manometric pattern of frequent simultaneous contractions with
      intermittently normal peristalsis. The authors correlated the radiographic and
      manometric findings in 17 patients with DES to better clarify the role of
      radiography in the evaluation of this uncommon motility disorder. Incomplete or
      absent primary peristalsis was observed on radiographs in 13 patients (76%), and
      mild to severe tertiary activity was seen in 12 patients (71%). The mean
      estimated thickness of the esophageal wall in patients with DES was 2.6 mm
      compared with 2.5 mm in an age-matched control group of 17 patients with normal
      esophageal manometric findings (P greater than .05). The authors conclude that
      most patients with DES show abnormal esophageal motility on radiographs, although
      the findings were nonspecific and required clinical and manometric correlation.
      Esophageal wall thickness was normal in patients with DES and appears to be an
      overemphasized sign in differentiating DES from other esophageal motility
      disorders.

PMID- 2916034
TI  - Pseudomembranous colitis with rectosigmoid sparing on barium studies.
AB  - The classic description of pseudomembranous colitis on barium enema studies is
      that of pancolitis with thickened haustral folds, a shaggy luminal contour,
      and/or mucosal plaques. However, the authors describe six patients with proved
      pseudomembranous colitis in whom barium studies (four double-contrast barium
      enema studies, one single-contrast barium enema study, and one peroral
      pneumocolon study) demonstrated rectosigmoid sparing with proximal colitis
      extending from the cecum to the sigmoid colon (three cases) or to the descending
      colon (three cases). In all six cases, endoscopy revealed a normal rectum or
      mild, nonspecific proctosigmoiditis without evidence of pseudomembranes in the
      rectosigmoid colon. Four patients had an atypical clinical presentation with
      bloody diarrhea (three cases) or minimal mucous diarrhea (one case). Thus, the
      diagnosis of pseudomembranous colitis may initially be suggested on barium
      studies in patients who have relative sparing of the rectosigmoid colon with
      characteristic findings more proximally in the colon.

PMID- 2916035
TI  - Transient intussusception in Crohn disease: CT evaluation.

PMID- 2916036
TI  - Mucinous pancreatic duct ectasia in the body of the pancreas.
AB  - The authors describe one case of mucinous pancreatic duct cancer (ductectatic
      cystadenocarcinoma). This disease is characterized by dilatation, with mucoid
      secretion, in side branches of the main pancreatic duct. Unlike in other reported
      cases in which mean age of the patients is over 57 years, this case involved a
      young woman (aged 30 years), and the lesion was located in the body of the
      pancreas rather than in the uncinate process. Malignant transformation was noted.

PMID- 2916037
TI  - Appropriate use of bone densitometry.
AB  - The authors discuss current capabilities of three common bone densitometry
      techniques--single photon absorptiometry, dual photon absorptiometry, and
      quantitative computed tomography--and potential capabilities of new innovations
      of each of these techniques. They believe that use of bone densitometry is valid
      in the following four clinical applications and recommend its usage to (a) assess
      patients with metabolic diseases known to affect the skeleton, (b) assess
      perimenopausal women for initiation of estrogen replacement therapy, (c)
      establish a diagnosis of osteoporosis or assess its severity in the context of
      general clinical care, and (d) monitor the efficacy of treatment interventions or
      the natural course of disease.

PMID- 2916038
TI  - Occult cartilage and bone injuries of the knee: detection, classification, and
      assessment with MR imaging.
AB  - Scant attention has been paid to the role of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in
      the assessment of posttraumatic disorders of bone and cartilage at the knee. The
      authors reviewed 66 cases and identified four types of injuries that were not
      clearly evident on plain radiographs. A bone bruise was the most common lesion,
      having a high association with anterior cruciate ligament tears. Osteochondral
      fractures, stress fractures, and supracondylar femoral and tibial plateau
      fractures were also identified. MR imaging appears extremely useful in the
      detection and assessment of bone and cartilage disorders around the knee.

PMID- 2916039
TI  - Intravertebral fat measurement with quantitative CT in patients with Cushing
      disease and anorexia nervosa.
AB  - Dual-energy quantitative computed tomography can be used to calculate the
      intravertebral fat content as well as to correct the effect of intravertebral fat
      on bone density measurements. The authors studied seven female patients with
      Cushing syndrome and 15 female patients with anorexia nervosa--conditions known
      to result in abnormalities of somatic fat distribution--to determine whether the
      intravertebral fat content was normal and whether it reflected somatic fat
      quantities. Intravertebral fat content could not be predicted on the basis of
      somatic fat, weight, or bone mineral content. Intravertebral fat content was
      elevated in patients with anorexia nervosa (compared with normal values in young
      female volunteers). In patients with anorexia, the amount of fat increase was
      disproportionately large for the severity of osteopenia. In patients with Cushing
      syndrome, the intravertebral fat content did not differ from that in the
      volunteers. Intravertebral fat does not correlate well with bone mineral content
      within any group and appears to be related to other factors.

PMID- 2916040
TI  - Osteosarcoma: angiographic assessment of response to preoperative chemotherapy.
AB  - Adjuvant chemotherapy prolongs the survival of patients with high-grade
      osteosarcoma. Preoperative chemotherapy allows identification of effective agents
      for adjuvant chemotherapy based on response of the primary tumor. Preoperative
      determination of tumor response has therapeutic implications, and angiography
      offers a less subjective means of assessing it than do conventional radiography
      or computed tomography. Changes in tumor vascularity, as seen angiographically,
      after two courses and at the time of the last of several courses of preoperative
      chemotherapy were correlated with histologic tumor necrosis of resected specimens
      in 81 patients. Angiographically, 40% of the histologic responders and 91% of the
      nonresponders were identified after two courses of preoperative chemotherapy.
      After a median of four courses of chemotherapy, 91% of the responders but only
      50% of the nonresponders were identified angiographically. Angiographic
      assessment of tumor vascularity, although not of absolute value, offers a useful
      guideline for determining the preoperative chemotherapy strategy.

PMID- 2916041
TI  - Significant extracranial carotid stenosis: detection on routine cerebral MR
      images.
AB  - Severe stenosis of the cervical internal carotid artery was detected on magnetic
      resonance images in three patients from a series of eight with abnormality of
      flow. In contrast to complete loss of "flow void" in the horizontal carotid
      within the petrous bone seen in patients with complete occlusion, these three
      patients had partial flow void in which there was a central area of signal void
      in the artery, surrounded by circumferential increase in signal in the outer
      third of the artery. This was seen on axial views at right angles to the long
      axis of the artery below the petrous bone and on "in-plane" sections through the
      horizontal carotid canal. An animal model with 70% and 90% carotid stenosis and
      carotid occlusion was created. The model with 70% stenosis showed no significant
      change. The 90% stenosis model showed partial flow void in the center of the
      lumen with peripheral signal exactly as seen in the human patients.

PMID- 2916042
TI  - Spinal lesions: quantitative and qualitative temporal evolution of gadopentetate
      dimeglumine enhancement in MR imaging.
AB  - Seventy gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging studies were reviewed, and
      36 were selected for quantitative and qualitative analysis of the temporal
      evolution of contrast medium enhancement of spinal lesions. In the extradural
      space, lesions often showed mild increase of enhancement on delayed images, but
      enhancement was always visible on immediate postcontrast images. In the
      intradural extramedullary space, tumor nodules demonstrated most prominent
      enhancement on early images, although subtle, strandlike enhancement of the nerve
      roots showed some delayed uptake of contrast medium on later images. In the
      intramedullary space, enhancement often increased on delayed images, although
      this increase was usually mild. For clinical purposes, immediate postcontrast
      imaging should be sufficient to depict the majority of spinal lesions, regardless
      of location. However, selected cases, such as necrotic spinal cord tumors, will
      require delayed imaging.

PMID- 2916043
TI  - Meningiomas: MR and histopathologic features.
AB  - The magnetic resonance (MR) appearances of 40 biopsy-proved meningiomas were
      blindly evaluated and correlated with their predominant histologic pattern-
      fibroblastic, transitional, syncytial, angioblastic, or mixed. T1-weighted images
      were not particularly useful in discriminating pathologic subtype, because most
      tumors were isointense with or hypointense to cortex regardless of histologic
      type. Signal intensity and features on T2-weighted images strongly correlated
      with histopathologic findings in over 75% of cases, however. Meningiomas markedly
      hypointense to cortex on T2-weighted images (seven of 40 cases) were composed
      predominantly of fibroblastic or transitional elements, while markedly
      hyperintense meningiomas (14 of 40 cases) demonstrated predominance of syncytial
      or angioblastic elements. Consideration of secondary features visible at MR
      imaging (degree of edema, cyst formation, presence of calcium aggregates) led to
      a more specific histologic prediction in over half of the remaining isointense
      tumors. The varied MR appearance of meningiomas has a clear histologic basis, and
      crude prediction of pathologic subtype is possible in over three-fourths of
      cases.

PMID- 2916044
TI  - White matter lesions: role of spin density in MR imaging.
AB  - To study the effect of hydrogen spin density (N[H]) on magnetic resonance (MR)
      image contrast in white matter disease of the brain, T1, T2, and N[H] values were
      determined for normal white matter and idiopathic white matter lesions (IWMLs) in
      21 patients by using multiple spin-echo (SE) sequences. T1 values of IWMLs were
      significantly greater than those of normal white matter in all patients studied,
      and T2 values of IWMLs were significantly greater in 20 of 21 patients. N[H]
      values of IWMLs were greater in 20 of 21 patients, with statistically significant
      differences from those of normal white matter in 17 of those 20 patients.
      Averaged over all 21 patients studied, N[H] values of IWMLs were 20% higher than
      N[H] values of normal white matter. The effect of unequal N[H] values on contrast
      between IWMLs and normal tissues is to reduce contrast on short SE sequences with
      a short repetition time (TR) and a short echo time (TE), while enhancing contrast
      between IWMLs and normal tissues on long TR/TE SE sequences. Elevated N[H] values
      in IWMLs have a minimal effect on contrast in conventional inversion-recovery
      (IR) sequences but substantially enhance contrast between IWMLs and normal brain
      tissues in short inversion time IR sequences.

PMID- 2916045
TI  - Cerebral tuberous sclerosis: MR imaging.
AB  - Nineteen patients with a clinical diagnosis of tuberous sclerosis were examined
      with high-field-strength magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Their ages ranged from
      6 months to 12 years. In 17 cases, the MR examinations showed both subependymal
      nodules and multiple peripheral gyral lesions consistent with cortical tubers.
      Cortical tubers were more frequently demonstrated on spin-echo images obtained
      with a long repetition time (TR). Because the signal abnormality was located
      predominantly in the subcortical portion of the tubers, the terms "gyral core"
      and "sulcal island" were used to describe the patterns noted at MR imaging.
      Subependymal nodules were best seen on inversion-recovery or short TR spin-echo
      images, although hypointensity within the nodules consistent with calcification
      was present in 14 patients and was most evident on long TR spin-echo images.
      Computed tomographic (CT) scans that had been obtained within 3 years of MR
      images were available for 13 patients. Intracranial calcification was more
      accurately diagnosed with CT. However, MR imaging is more sensitive than CT in
      the detection of gyral tubers and, thus, may be better for screening family
      members and others in whom tuberous sclerosis is a possibility.

PMID- 2916046
TI  - Human neoplasm pH and response to radiation therapy: P-31 MR spectroscopy studies
      in situ.
AB  - Thirty-five human neoplasms from various sites and of various histologic types
      and stages were examined with phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy in
      situ. The tumors included 13 squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck (lymph
      nodes), eight Hodgkin lymphomas, six non-Hodgkin lymphomas, four carcinomas of
      the breast, one melanoma, one sarcoma, one neuroblastoma, and one mucoepidermoid
      sarcoma of the salivary glands. Thirty-four of the neoplasms had normal to
      slightly alkaline pH before irradiation. During fractionated radiation therapy,
      the pH stayed in a range of from near neutral to alkaline and rose to 7.6-8.0 at
      several time points of radiation therapy for some tumors. These results suggest
      that most tumor cells in human neoplasms are well oxygenated and that only a
      negligible fraction are chronic hypoxic cells. The fluctuating alkaline pH during
      radiation therapy occurred regardless of the responsiveness of the treated
      tumors.

PMID- 2916047
TI  - Do radiologists control imaging studies? Survey results from 198 academic
      institutions.
AB  - Survey data were collected in 1987 from 198 academic radiology departments in
      North America to determine the degree to which radiologists are responsible for
      32 imaging or imaging-related interventional procedures. The 32 were chosen
      because they were thought to be potential sources of conflict with nonradiology
      clinicians. The data reveal that academic radiologists either totally control or
      strongly dominate bone and breast radiography, percutaneous lung biopsy,
      percutaneous genitourinary and biliary tract interventional procedures, abscess
      drainages guided with computed tomography (CT) or ultrasound (US), both
      peripheral and renal angioplasty, pulmonary angiography, all of neuroradiology,
      all of CT, and all of magnetic resonance imaging. Radiologists have a dominant
      role in obstetric US, percutaneous inferior vena cava filter placement, and
      urethrography, although there is significant participation by nonradiologists in
      these studies. Radiologists and nonradiologists have roughly equivalent roles in
      vascular US and hysterosalpingography. Nonradiologists have the dominant roles in
      percutaneous gastrostomy, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, kidney
      stone lithotripsy, coronary angiography and angioplasty, pediatric
      angiocardiography, and echocardiography.

PMID- 2916048
TI  - Brachiocephalic vessels in the elderly: technique for catheterization.
AB  - Selective catheterization and angiography of brachiocephalic vessels in the
      elderly may be difficult because of tortuosity and unfolding of the thoracic
      aorta. Use of a special guide wire contributed to the successful performance of
      safe femorocerebral angiography with the Simmons sidewinder catheter in the 47 of
      48 elderly patients in whom it was performed. All 47 had patent left subclavian
      arteries.

PMID- 2916049
TI  - Hydrostatic versus increased permeability pulmonary edema.

PMID- 2916050
TI  - Bone marrow imaging.

PMID- 2916051
TI  - Vertebral bone density in children: effect of puberty.

PMID- 2916052
TI  - Radiologic placement of Hickman catheters.
AB  - Hickman catheter insertion is usually accomplished surgically by means of either
      cutdown on the cephalic or jugular veins or percutaneous placement in the
      operating room. Sixty Hickman catheters were placed percutaneously in an
      interventional radiology suite in 51 consecutive patients. Complications included
      one case of pneumothorax and pulmonary artery air embolism (1.7%); one case of
      brachiocephalic vein thrombosis (1.7%); one case of arterial puncture in a
      patient with a coagulopathy causing mediastinal hemorrhage, sepsis, and eventual
      death (1.7%); four cases of catheter sepsis (6.7%); and three cases of suspected
      local infection or inflammation (5.0%). These rates are comparable to those in
      surgical series. Radiologic methods increased the convenience, decreased the time
      and cost of insertion, and enabled superior fluoroscopic control. Modern
      angiographic materials provide improved safety during access to the subclavian
      vein. The authors conclude that radiologic Hickman catheter placement offers
      significant advantages over traditional surgical placement.

PMID- 2916053
TI  - Chronic arteriovenous fistulas masquerading as arteriovenous malformations:
      diagnostic considerations and therapeutic implications.
AB  - Arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) and arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) may be
      difficult to differentiate angiographically, and this differentiation has
      important therapeutic implications. In five cases of chronic AVF, four originally
      misdiagnosed as AVMs, superselective angiography enabled the correct diagnosis.
      In two plantar arch fistulas, the technique was further enhanced by manual
      compression of arterial inflow to decrease the rate of blood flow through the
      fistula. All five AVFs were successfully occluded. The authors conclude that AVFs
      and AVMs can be distinguished by means of the appropriate angiographic
      techniques.

PMID- 2916054
TI  - Percutaneously placed endovascular grafts for aortic aneurysms: feasibility
      study.
AB  - This limited study addressed the feasibility of treating aneurysms with a new
      transcatheter endoprosthesis. Aortic aneurysms were experimentally created in six
      dogs and subsequently bridged with nylon-covered, self-expanding metallic stents.
      The dogs were followed up for as long as 7 months (median, 22 weeks). In each
      dog, the graft effectively reconstituted the aortic lumen, excluding the
      aneurysm. One dog exhibited minimal (less than 1-mm) residual dilatation at the
      site of the aneurysm 7 months after graft placement. The nylon material acted as
      a support and template for neointimal encasement, enabling the formation of a new
      vascular lumen. It also remained porous at the origin of aortic side branches,
      preserving the visceral blood supply. One of the endovascular grafts failed to
      expand completely at its distal end, which promoted thrombus formation within the
      graft and resulted in the occlusion of both renal arteries. The dog was found
      comatose 48 hours after graft placement and was killed at that time.

PMID- 2916055
TI  - Percutaneous transrenal endoureteral radio-frequency electrocautery for
      occlusion: case report.
AB  - In a patient with advanced cervical carcinoma who had a large vesicovaginal
      fistula, the authors applied radio-frequency (RF) current endoluminally to the
      ureter via a percutaneous nephrostomy tract to occlude the ureter. Perineal
      drainage was initially reduced and then stopped entirely. The procedure was
      relatively easy to perform and was successful in achieving occlusion until the
      patient's death 2 1/2 months later.

PMID- 2916056
TI  - Role of interventional radiology in the management of major esophageal leaks.
AB  - Six patients with major esophageal leaks associated with pleural and mediastinal
      abscesses were treated by means of fluoroscopically placed drainage tubes. In
      each patient, large-bore sumps were positioned in the esophagus to obtain optimal
      diversion of enteric contents. Mediastinal and pleural collections were drained
      percutaneously or with catheters passed through the esophagus and across the
      esophageal rent. Closure of the esophageal disruption without further surgery was
      achieved in all patients.

PMID- 2916058
TI  - Hepatic artery model for evaluating the distribution of intraarterial
      chemotherapy infusion: nonpulsed versus pulsed infusions.
AB  - The effect of a commercially available pulsatile slow-infusion system on the
      degree of infusate mixing and distribution was assessed in a life-size glass
      model of the hepatic arterial system. The authors determined, both visually and
      quantitatively, the mixing homogeneity of a low-flow infusion (1.4 mL/min) of red
      dye through a side-hole catheter (2.5 F outer diameter) into pulsatile flow (300
      mL/min) of a fluid with the same viscosity as blood. When comparing nonpulsed
      versus pulsed infusion techniques, the authors found that the pulsatile infusion
      system did not significantly improve the inhomogeneity of dye distribution in the
      16 hepatic arterial branches. The results of this in vitro study suggest that a
      pulsatile infusion system that uses low pulse velocities without regard for
      cardiac cycle is less than optimal and does not significantly improve drug mixing
      at the standard slow infusion rates. Moreover, as potential new intraarterial
      delivery systems are developed to improve drug mixing, in vitro models may be the
      most useful means of initially evaluating their efficacy.

PMID- 2916057
TI  - Symptomatic vascular malformations: ethanol embolotherapy.
AB  - Absolute ethanol was used to perform nine transcatheter embolizations and 21
      direct percutaneous puncture embolizations in eight patients with unresectable
      vascular malformations. Six patients had arteriovenous malformations and two
      patients had hemangiomas. Four of these patients had undergone unsuccessful
      surgery, and the other four were not considered candidates for operation. All
      large complex symptomatic vascular malformations (SVMs) required multiple
      embolizations that were staged procedures. Ethanol embolotherapy, performed
      according to strict techniques, has proved efficacious in the management of SVMs.

PMID- 2916059
TI  - A 4-F coaxial catheter system for pediatric vascular occlusion with detachable
      balloons.
AB  - Detachable latex balloons, preloaded coaxially in 4-F angiographic catheters,
      were used in eight patients, aged 6 weeks to 12 years. Successful placement of
      the balloon was achieved in six patients, in whom the feeding arteries arose in
      an oblique fashion from the aorta or main conducting arteries. Placement was not
      possible in two patients. No femoral or axillary arterial occlusions occurred as
      a result of these procedures. The balloon can be inflated up to 8 mm in diameter,
      passes readily through a 4-F introducer sheath, and can be retrieved, without
      detachment from the catheter, through the same sheath. A hemostatic side-arm
      adapter attached to the catheter permits angiography to be performed before
      balloon detachment. The disadvantages of the system include preparation time to
      hand tie the balloons, the operator experience required, and difficulty in
      navigating the balloon.

PMID- 2916060
TI  - Political trends in vascular and interventional radiology: a randomized survey.
AB  - There is a trend in the United States toward the performance of vascular and
      interventional radiology procedures by nonradiologists. A survey was conducted of
      2.069 U.S. radiologists to define better the current status of and gather
      opinions on the future of vascular and interventional radiology. A total of 715
      (35%) completed questionnaires were returned. Cross tabulations among subgroups
      of respondents were performed to address key issues. The median proportion of
      time spent in the performance of vascular and interventional radiology was 10%,
      and 51.5% of the radiologists surveyed were in groups that included a fellowship
      trained interventional radiologist. More than half (54.4%) of the radiologists
      indicated that nonradiologists have expressed interest in performing vascular and
      interventional techniques. According to 13.4% of the radiologists surveyed,
      cardiologists performed at least some peripheral angiography or angioplasty. The
      vast majority of radiologists (96.8%) did not want other specialties to assume
      vascular and interventional radiology procedures, but 16.8% believed these
      procedures will eventually be lost to other specialties. The results indicate
      that vascular and interventional radiology is being infringed on to a relatively
      large degree by other specialties.

PMID- 2916061
TI  - New interventional devices and the need for restraint.

PMID- 2916062
TI  - Role of the department chairman in the future of interventional radiology.

PMID- 2916063
TI  - Developing an interventional radiology practice in a community hospital: the
      interventional radiologist as an equal partner in patient care.
AB  - Development of an interventional radiology practice or section depends first on
      the commitment and ability of the interventionalist but is also contingent on an
      appropriate environment. Moreover, the interventionalist must attempt to change
      long-standing concepts and referral patterns with aggressive dissemination of
      information. He or she must be an advocate of the procedures offered, as well as
      their benefits to the patient and the health care system. One must actively
      include outpatient visits and admissions as part of services offered. Allies in
      this effort include primary care physicians, internists, hospital administration,
      and third-party payers. In addition, organized radiology can now offer some
      assistance through the Society of Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology and
      the American College of Radiology. All of these factors will contribute
      significantly to the success of interventional radiology in both teaching and
      community hospital settings.

PMID- 2916064
TI  - Cardiovascular and interventional radiology fellowship training programs.

PMID- 2916065
TI  - Evaluation of polymer-coated balloon-expandable stents in bile ducts.
AB  - The long-term patency of and biologic response to the presence of polymer-coated
      balloon-expandable intraluminal stents in the bile ducts was studied in 18 dogs.
      Metallic stents coated with two different polymers (silicone rubber and segmented
      polyether-polyurethane) were placed in 12 dogs and uncoated stents in six, and
      animals were killed after 4, 12, and 24 weeks of observation. Cholangiograms were
      obtained at 1, 4, 6, 12, and 24 weeks, depending on length of follow-up. All bile
      duct segments containing stents remained patent throughout the follow-up periods.
      Characteristic luminal narrowings due to hyperplastic papillary mucosa occurred
      with all three stent types. although no difference could be found in the degree
      of narrowing of the most restrictive segment among the three stent types, mucosal
      proliferation was most extensive with the uncoated stent. Lack of concretion
      buildup and benign tissue response encourage the development of a clinically
      useful expandable biliary endoprosthesis.

PMID- 2916066
TI  - Self-expanding stainless steel biliary stents.
AB  - Self-expanding stainless steel stents of a modified Gianturco design were used to
      relieve biliary obstruction in 31 patients. Fifteen patients had benign
      strictures, and 16 patients had malignant obstructions. The median age was 62
      years. The stents were placed through a 10-F sheath, and in most cases multiple
      stents were used. Complex malignant obstructions involving multiple systems were
      successfully treated with stainless steel stents in order to reconstruct the
      biliary tree. Stents have been in place for more than 6 months in 20 of the 31
      patients; occlusions have occurred in 10% of the 31 patients. Patients with
      benign postoperative strictures have done very well, with one patient free of
      symptoms at 14 months. The initial results are encouraging. Further studies will
      determine the role of stainless steel stents in the treatment patients with
      benign postoperative strictures and malignant obstructions with involvement of
      multiple systems.

PMID- 2916067
TI  - Experimental percutaneous gallstone lithotripsy: results in swine.
AB  - The Kensey-Nash device is used to fragment gallstones percutaneously. It is
      inserted into the gallbladder through an 8-F introducer sheath, a cage is
      expanded to protect the gallbladder, and the impeller is activated. A strong
      vortex automatically pulls the stones into the basket. The device was tested in
      24 pigs in which human gallstones (5-19 mm, bilirubin and cholesterol types) had
      been implanted and in two control pigs with no gallstones. All pigs except two
      were killed immediately after the procedure (acute studies); the two were
      followed up for 36 days and then killed. Fragments (1-3 mm) were similar in size
      to those seen in current extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy studies. A
      complication occurred in one animal, and technical failures occurred in two,
      causing these three studies to be aborted.

PMID- 2916068
TI  - Role of percutaneous intracorporeal electrohydraulic lithotripsy in the treatment
      of biliary tract calculi. Work in progress.
AB  - Although surgery is the treatment of choice for symptomatic gallstones, most bile
      duct calculi can be successfully treated with the use of routine percutaneous or
      endoscopic methods. Failure of these methods is most often associated with stones
      larger than 1.5 cm. The authors used percutaneous intracorporeal electrohydraulic
      lithotripsy (EHL) to treat 11 patients with calculi in the bile ducts (n = 10) or
      gallbladder (n = 1) in whom the use of other percutaneous or endoscopic methods
      failed. The stones in all 11 patients were successfully fragmented and removed.
      There were no complications. Intracorporeal EHL is an effective alternative
      therapy for the treatment of biliary tract calculi when standard methods fail.

PMID- 2916069
TI  - Multidisciplinary approach to complex endoscopic biliary intervention.
AB  - Endoscopy is frequently used to treat biliary abnormalities; however, controlling
      the catheter is difficult when tortuous structures or specific intrahepatic ducts
      must be negotiated. Intraductal manipulation with conventional angiographic
      guidance is difficult, and combined transhepatic approaches are painful,
      associated with risk, and cumbersome. The authors describe a multidisciplinary
      approach to complex endoscopic procedures in which the interventional radiologist
      controls catheter and guide wire placement. Of 344 procedures attempted over a 3
      year period, 304 were accomplished with transendoscopic- or fluoroscopic-guided
      methods alone. Combined transhepatic procedures were performed in the other 40
      cases. The success rate of endoscopic procedures and the number of conditions
      treatable with nonoperative interventional methods are increased with a
      multidisciplinary approach.

PMID- 2916070
TI  - Biliary duct stones: update on 54 cases after percutaneous transhepatic removal.
AB  - Percutaneous transhepatic removal of common bile duct stones was performed 54
      times in 50 patients with a success rate of 93%. In all patients, a modified
      Dormia basket was inserted through a percutaneous transhepatic catheter, and the
      stones or fragments were advanced into the duodenum. All patients had
      contraindications to surgery or had undergone unsuccessful attempts at endoscopic
      retrograde cholangiopancreatography and sphincterotomy. Monooctanoin (25
      patients) or methyl tertiary-butyl ether (four patients) was infused to reduce
      stone size or remove residual debris. The average time for complete stone removal
      was 8.6 days. Morbidity was 13% and mortality was 4%, results which compare
      favorably with those of surgery.

PMID- 2916071
TI  - [Antisemitism in psychoanalyses. On the identity of Austrian psychoanalysts
      today].
AB  - Jews living in present day Austria represent "uncanny"--repressed and dangerous-
      instinctual wishes as well as reminders of the mass murder in which the previous
      generation of non-Jews was implicated. This results in an intensification, rather
      than an abatement, of antisemitic prejudice. Non-Jewish analysts partake of this
      dynamic as well.

PMID- 2916072
TI  - ["The Jews interpret in a crazy manner." Evaluation of a classical text].
AB  - The author scrutinizes a text taken from the law of Justinian, 553 A. D., which
      assigns the Jews a place in the occidental-Christian system of thought. The
      identity of personal power, whether imperial or papal, and legal text merges the
      real and the symbolic. That is, authority determines the interpretation of the
      text. The author designates this the Christian-industrial religion and the
      Christian-industrial psychology and thereby draws connections with the present.
      Jewish textual interpretation, in which the text alone yields authority, is
      nourished--like psychoanalysis--by the tension between reality and fantasy, by
      the contradiction between power and desire.

PMID- 2916073
TI  - [Genetic origins of the controversy between Freud and Romain Rolland on religious
      feelings].
AB  - The author conceptualizes Freud's views of faith and religious feeling against
      the background of his friendship with Romain Rolland. Among the contributing
      biographical factors are Freud's confrontation with death--his own and that of
      his brother Julius--and his relationship with his mother.

PMID- 2916074
TI  - [A case of phallic-narcissistic personality].

PMID- 2916075
TI  - The fibromyalgia syndrome.

PMID- 2916076
TI  - Neurohormonal aspects of fibromyalgia syndrome.
AB  - There is a growing awareness that fibrositis/fibromyalgia syndrome is a systemic
      disorder for which a pathogenic mechanism must be sought. A generalized
      deficiency of the neurotransmitter, serotonin could explain many of
      fibromyalgia's typical manifestations. The serotonin deficiency hypothesis is
      appealing because it provides a number of experimental approaches that can now be
      used to further study the pathogenesis of this disorder.

PMID- 2916077
TI  - Aluminum removal after chronic intoxication in rats.
AB  - Aluminum concentrations were measured in serum and in the bone, liver, spleen,
      kidney and brain of male Wistar rats treated with aluminum lactate. The
      administration was performed intraperitoneally over a period of 109 days, giving
      a total elemental aluminum dose of 128 mg per rat. After loading, a group of
      animals was killed together with blanks to verify the level of aluminum
      accumulation. Two groups of remaining rats were administered with deferoxamine
      over a period of six and fifteen weeks, respectively, receiving total doses of
      270 and 675 mg of DFO. The concentrations of aluminum in serum and in tissues
      were compared with those found in other groups of animals undergoing aluminum
      suspension. The determination of iron in liver was also performed. Results
      indicate that in this experimental model the action of deferoxamine was
      preferential toward tone while it seemed lacking in the other examined tissues.

PMID- 2916078
TI  - Effects of adjuvant arthritis on copper, zinc, and iron metabolism in the rat.
AB  - In a study on the effects of adjuvant arthritis on copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and
      iron (Fe) metabolism in the rat, most significant changes were observed in the
      liver and pancreas where arthritis caused a large increase in the concentrations
      of all three metals. Results also indicated that although arthritis-induced
      changes in metal concentrations were highly correlated to inflammation and
      occurred in selected tissues only, these changes were not selective for copper.

PMID- 2916079
TI  - Effect of PAF on selected smooth muscle preparations.
AB  - The myotropic activity of PAF (Platelet activating factor) was studied on
      selected smooth muscle preparations from the rat and the guinea-pig, and compared
      with the responses to histamine, acetylcholine, norepinephrine, leukotriene D4
      (LTD4), prostaglandin (PG) E2 and F2 alpha. Our results showed that nanogram
      quantities of PAF induced strong contractile responses. Tachyphylaxis appeared as
      a common feature of PAF activity. The responses were usually slow in onset and
      sustained. Leukotriene D4 and prostaglandin E2 also contracted most tissues used
      except the lung tissues where prostaglandin E2 induced a relaxation.

PMID- 2916080
TI  - Diltiazem (0.5 mg/l) decreases coronary vascular resistance during reperfusion,
      but not during low flow ischemia, in the isolated perfused rat heart.
AB  - Isolated rat hearts underwent low flow perfusion with a perfusion pressure of 15
      mmHg for two hours followed by reperfusion at a perfusion pressure of 80 mmHg for
      two hours. In these severely damaged hearts we tested whether diltiazem (0.5
      mg/l) administered during ischemia or during reperfusion had vasodilatory
      effects. Ischemia-induced progressive vasoconstriction was not influenced by the
      presence of diltiazem: during ischemia coronary vascular resistance (CVR) rose
      from 3.3 +/- 0.1 to 46.4 +/- 17.6 mmHg.ml-1.min in the diltiazem group and from
      3.5 +/- 0.1 to 42.4 +/- 5.3 mmHg.ml-1.min in the control group (n.s.). If
      diltiazem was administered during reperfusion only CVR dropped from 45.7 +/- 9.2
      to 4.4 +/- 1.1 mmHg.ml-1.min in the presence of diltiazem, and from 47.1 +/- 11.6
      to 9.3 +/- 1.5 mmHg.ml-1.min in the control group (P less than 0.025). The
      disparity between diltiazem's effects during ischemia and reperfusion suggests a
      different mechanism of Ca2+-influx in vascular smooth muscle cells in ischemic
      and reperfused hearts: in reperfusion through the Ca2+-channels which are
      sensitive to calcium antagonists, and in ischemia through other channels, like
      the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, or from intracellular calcium stores.

PMID- 2916081
TI  - Adverse effects of the antifertility agent DL 717-IT (Canocenta, Byk Gulden,
      FRG). Pathological findings in the rabbit.
AB  - The post-coital antifertility agent DL 717-IT (Canocenta, Byk Gulden, FRG) was
      administered to sixteen female (5 pregnant and 11 nonpregnant) New Zealand White
      (NZW) rabbits by single i.m. injections at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg body weight. The
      corresponding number of controls received the vehicle of the drug only. Pregnancy
      was interrupted in all the DL 717-IT-treated rabbits. Obvious loss of bodyweight
      (-15% at mean) was observed in all the test animals during the first two test
      weeks after treatment. Same sized groups of test and control animals were
      euthanasized 3, 4, 5, and 6 weeks after the initiation of the treatment and
      complete necropsies and histological examinations were performed. One of the test
      animals died on day 21. Pathological findings involved epidermal hyperplasia,
      hyper- and dyskeratosis seen in 16/16, zonal and massive liver necrosis in 8/16,
      generalized degeneration of the skeletal muscles in 6/16, and focal myocardial
      necrosis in 5/16 test animals. Vitamin A concentrations in liver tissue were
      found to be significantly reduced in the experimental animals compared to the
      controls. Consequently the skin lesions may possibly be explained as the result
      of reduced vitamin A synthesis due to DL 717-IT-induced hepatocellular damage.
      The results of this study indicate severe toxic effects of DL 717-IT in the given
      formulation in the rabbit at dosages reported to be well tolerated in several
      species and recommended for veterinary use to terminate unwanted pregnancies in
      the bitch.

PMID- 2916082
TI  - Metabolic activation and covalent binding to nucleic acids of pentachloroethane
      as short-term test of genotoxicity.
AB  - The in vivo covalent binding of 14C-pentachloroethane to DNA, RNA and proteins of
      rats and mouse organs was detected 22 hr after i.p. injection. The covalent
      binding index, calculated on the liver labeling was comparable to those of
      compounds considered as weak-moderate initiators. Like other haloalkanes, 14C
      pentachloroethane was bioactivated in in vitro cell-free system by both
      microsomal and cytosolic enzymatic fractions from mouse and rat organs to react
      covalently with DNA and other macromolecules. The binding extents obtained from
      in vitro incubation and the binding values detected after in vivo administration
      of labeled pentachloroethane were comparable each other and showed a high
      correlation with oncogenic potency index of this compound. This result confirms
      the efficiency of in vitro binding as short-term test of genotoxicity prediction.

PMID- 2916083
TI  - Reduced DNA repair response of carcinogen-induced hyperplastic cells in rat
      urinary bladder exposed to N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in organ culture.
AB  - DNA repair response to N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguadine (MNNG) was examined in
      an organ culture of hyperplastic urinary bladder epithelium, induced by N-butyl-N
      (4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (BBN) in male F344 rats. Organ cultures of urinary
      bladders obtained from rats given a solution of 0.05% BBN for 4-12 weeks, were
      processed and exposed to MNNG (10(-3)M). The DNA repair response was estimated by
      autoradiographic analysis of unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS). In general,
      hyperplastic cells of the urinary bladder induced by BBN showed lower UDS levels
      than those of non-hyperplastic cells. The reduction of DNA repair response to
      MNNG was more prominent in advanced hyperplastic cells with longer BBN treatment
      than in early appearing hyperplastic cells with shorter BBN treatment.

PMID- 2916084
TI  - [Indications for surgery in the treatment of cancer of the uterine neck].

PMID- 2916085
TI  - [Therapeutic options in invasive cancer of the uterine neck].

PMID- 2916086
TI  - [A years' treatment of Paget's disease of bone using salmon calcitonin via nasal
      spray].

PMID- 2916087
TI  - [Import of tropical human cutaneous myiases].

PMID- 2916088
TI  - [A rare case].

PMID- 2916089
TI  - [A pulsating swelling in the neck].
AB  - This 56-year-old male patient came to our emergency ward because of a painless
      pulsation on his left neck. The clinical examination revealed an irregular pulse
      and a systolic murmur praecordially. In further diagnostic procedures the
      diagnosis of a severe tricuspidal insufficiency could be confirmed. In the
      history of the patient there was a motorcycle accident with blunt chest trauma
      which had to be considered as cause of the lesion.

PMID- 2916090
TI  - [A case from practice (126). Patient: E.W., born 4-16-1936].

PMID- 2916091
TI  - [Rare variants and unusual course of Cushing's syndrome].
AB  - Cushing's syndrome is a rarely observed disease with a poor prognosis when not
      treated appropriately. Knowledge of clinical features of the different forms of
      the disease together with a specific and subtle method of cortisol detection is
      indispensable for an early out-patient diagnostic program. In this study the
      characteristic features of the rare benign and malignant forms of Cushing's
      syndrome are presented in typical case-reports. As it has been proven in clinical
      experience, the necessary diagnostic measures for clarification of the syndrome
      consists of only few methods reliable concerning their diagnostic validity. The
      success of any curative treatment of the benign forms or any palliative measure
      of the malignant forms essentially depends on early diagnosis and differentiation
      of the various appearances of Cushing's disease.

PMID- 2916092
TI  - Salmonella typhi infections in the United States, 1975-1984: increasing role of
      foreign travel.
AB  - To explore changes in the epidemiology of typhoid fever in the United States,
      cases reported to the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) and typhoid
      case report forms submitted by state and local governments are reviewed. The
      incidence of typhoid fever in the United States fell from one case per 100,000
      population in 1955 to 0.2 cases per 100,000 in 1966 and has since remained fairly
      stable. Review of case report forms for 2,666 cases of acute typhoid fever that
      occurred between 1975 and 1984 showed that 62% were imported, in contrast to only
      33% during 1967-1972. The proportion of cases imported has continued to rise,
      reaching 69% in 1984. The major sources of the 1975-1984 cases were Mexico (39%)
      and India (14%). The case-fatality rate was 1.3%. Antimicrobial resistance was a
      minor problem, and large outbreaks were unusual. Further decline in the incidence
      of typhoid fever in the United States probably must await the advent of an
      effective vaccine with minimal adverse effects for use by travelers.

PMID- 2916093
TI  - Infections associated with animal exposure in two infants.

PMID- 2916094
TI  - SI units and the clinical practice of infectious diseases: application to the
      usage of antimicrobial agents.
AB  - Over the next few years, le Systeme international d'Unites or SI units may
      replace the presently used metric system in reporting laboratory data. The change
      to SI units will likely result in some confusion among clinicians who are not
      well versed in the new system. Application of SI units to the clinical practice
      of infectious diseases is discussed, including changes in drug dosages, serum
      drug levels, and minimum inhibitory concentrations. A table is presented to
      facilitate conversion of metric units to SI units and vice versa.

PMID- 2916095
TI  - Opportunistic infections in "normal hosts".

PMID- 2916096
TI  - Enterococcal bacteremia: analysis of 75 episodes.
AB  - Seventy-five cases of enterococcal bacteremia were analyzed retrospectively. Most
      patients had serious underlying disease and blood cultures became positive on an
      average of 27 days after admission. Polymicrobial bacteremia occurred in one
      third of the patients. Twenty-two (30%) of the patients died during
      hospitalization; nine of these deaths were directly due to enterococcal
      bacteremia. Metastatic infections occurred in seven patients, including five with
      endocarditis. More than 40% of the patients were receiving antibiotic therapy at
      the time of bacteremia; cephalosporins were being administered to 56% of these.
      Thirty-eight patients were treated with two antibiotics. The commonest regimen
      was ampicillin and gentamicin; 90% of these patients responded. Eighteen patients
      were treated with only one antibiotic; 89% of these patients responded. Nineteen
      patients received no antibiotic therapy; the majority of these patients responded
      despite lack of therapy. Two-drug regimens are not always required for the
      treatment of enterococcal bacteremia, and treatment must be tailored to the
      particular clinical situation.

PMID- 2916097
TI  - Neonatal meningitis due to Streptococcus mitis.
AB  - A baby girl became ill 2 days after a normal delivery. Streptococcus mitis was
      isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid, and she recovered uneventfully on
      treatment with penicillin and, for the first 2 days, netilmicin. The organism was
      penicillin-tolerant in vitro. Non-groupable alpha-hemolytic streptococci are an
      uncommon cause of meningitis; three cases have been ascribed to S. mitis.

PMID- 2916098
TI  - Periprosthetic candidal infections following arthroplasty.
AB  - Candidal infection after prosthetic arthroplasty has been reported in six
      previous cases, to which four cases are now added. Candida albicans was the
      offending organism in four patients, Candida parapsilosis in three, Candida
      tropicalis in two, and Candida (Torulopsis) glabrata in one. None of the 10
      patients had evidence of disseminated candidiasis, and, except for the uniform
      presence of a prosthesis, other underlying factors that are generally associated
      with candidal infections were present in only three. Clinical features that
      distinguished periprosthetic from natural bone and joint infection included an
      older patient population, the usual lack of predisposing factors other than the
      prosthesis, and the absence of evidence of disseminated candidiasis. All patients
      were treated with removal of the prosthesis and antifungal therapy, consisting of
      amphotericin B alone (six patients) or combined with 5-fluorocytosine (three
      patients) or ketoconazole (one patient). Infection appeared to be cured in nine
      of the 10 patients, but the follow-up was less than 1 year in five cases.
      Replacement with a new prosthetic joint was attempted in only two cases and
      successful in only one. Direct inoculation of organisms during surgery or
      transient unrecognized candidemia may initiate periprosthetic infection, which
      might then be promoted by favorable local factors, both mechanical and molecular.
      The role of prosthetic materials, candidal adhesins, and human factors such as
      fibronectin in initiating these infections has yet to be characterized.

PMID- 2916099
TI  - Infectious complications of craniofacial surgery in children.
AB  - During the 10-year period 1975 through 1984, 219 children with congenital
      anomalies underwent oromaxillary or craniofacial surgery at Children's Medical
      Center, Dallas. There were no infectious complications following 56 oromaxillary
      procedures. The overall rate of infection following craniofacial surgery was
      14.7% (24 of 163). Infection rates were significantly increased when a combined
      (monoblock) repair was performed (45% [15 of 33]), compared with either
      intracranial (8% [six of 72]) or extracranial (5% [three of 58]) procedures alone
      (P less than .001). The variables identified by multivariate discriminant
      analysis as useful independent predictors of postoperative infection were, in
      order of decreasing importance: length of operation, type of procedure
      (intracranial, extracranial, or combined), and age. Staged procedures are
      recommended for craniofacial surgery whenever possible because of the significant
      increase in rate of infection associated with the monoblock repair.

PMID- 2916101
TI  - [Nursing administration in the hospital. What is administration of nursing?].

PMID- 2916100
TI  - Pseudomonas putrefaciens bacteremia.
AB  - Pseudomonas putrefaciens is an unusual cause of human disease. Since 1978 only
      five cases of bacteremia due to this organism have been reported. Within 12
      recent months four cases of bacteremia due to P. putrefaciens were seen - two
      occurred in patients with chronic infections of a lower extremity, one in a
      patient with neutropenia, and one in a patient with fulminant septicemia and
      disseminated intravascular coagulation. Two of the patients had prostheses; in
      neither case did prosthetic infection or prosthetic failure occur. Two syndromes
      of bacteremic infection with P. putrefaciens are suggested. One syndrome is
      associated with chronic infection of a lower extremity, is fairly well tolerated,
      and responds to appropriate antimicrobial agents. The other syndrome is more
      fulminant and may be associated with severe underlying debility, liver disease,
      and malignancy. It is not yet known whether this is a meaningful distinction. The
      significance of the recent increase is the isolation of this organism is not
      clear at present.

PMID- 2916102
TI  - [Nursing consultation in mental health].

PMID- 2916103
TI  - [Parenteral administration of anti-infective agents. What do nurses know?].

PMID- 2916104
TI  - [Home nursing and primary health care].

PMID- 2916105
TI  - [Education in alimentation, nutrition and dietetics].

PMID- 2916106
TI  - [Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. 2. Accessory materials for CAPD].

PMID- 2916107
TI  - [Continuing education. 33. Field: basic nursing. Topic: fundamentals of nursing].

PMID- 2916109
TI  - [Decrease in systemic fungal infections in hematological neoplasms with empirical
      use of amphotericin B therapy].
AB  - An incidence of up to 30% of systemic fungal infections at autopsy, and
      difficulties in diagnosing systemic mycosis antemortem, have led to the empiric
      use of amphotericin B in patients with hematological malignancies. Routine
      empiric anti-fungal treatment was initiated at our institution in 1982.
      Amphotericin B and initially for 3 days flucytosine was given to granulocytopenic
      patients with unremitting (after 48-72 h) or recurrent fever during antibiotic
      treatment, or with newly detected pulmonary infiltrates, sinusitis, and skin and
      retinal lesions suggestive of fungal infection. With this approach the rate of
      systemic fungal infections decreased from 10% to 4% (p less than 0.02). The
      reduction was most prominent in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia, where
      fungal infections decreased from 16% to 4% (p less than 0.025).

PMID- 2916110
TI  - The Natural Death Act (Living Will)--a poor solution to a problem that does not
      exist.

PMID- 2916108
TI  - [Positive direct Coombs' test in acute leukemias and other hemoblastoses:
      relation to clavulanic acid-containing antibiotics?].
AB  - Alerted by a high incidence of positive autologous controls in pretransfusion
      compatibility testing for patients with acute leukemia, we retrospectively
      analysed 59 cases of severe hemoblastoses undergoing myelosuppressive treatment.
      Seventeen (29%) of these patients had a positive direct antiglobulin test (DAT)
      with the following characteristics: the test was of the IgG and/or C3d type in
      all but two cases, which reacted with polyvalent antiglobulin sera only; the
      reaction was very weak throughout; very high concentrations of monospecific sera
      were needed to elicit positive reactions; free antibodies were never detected in
      the patients' serum; the eluates of the patients' red cells were non-reactive
      against a very large panel of test erythrocytes. All these criteria suggested a
      non-immunologic absorption of proteins under the influence of drugs such as
      cephalosporins and clavulanic acid. Timenten (ticarcillin and clavulanic acid)
      was found to be the only common drug which had been administered to the majority
      of the patients with a positive DAT: 15 of the 17 patients with a positive DAT
      (88%) had received Timenten against 19 of 42 patients (45%) with negative DAT.
      44% of all the patients receiving Timenten thus had a positive DAT, whereas only
      8% of the patients without this drug reacted in this way. These data document the
      role of clavulanic acid in the development of a positive DAT. The literature and
      our experience show that this kind of unspecific binding of proteins to the red
      cell membrane is not associated with increased hemolysis. Knowledge of the
      phenomenon, however, is important for differential diagnosis of anemias and
      interpretation of difficulties arising during pretransfusional compatibility
      testing.

PMID- 2916111
TI  - Unresolved complaints can lead to malpractice litigation.

PMID- 2916113
TI  - Animals in research: educational funds.

PMID- 2916112
TI  - Blank check laws.

PMID- 2916114
TI  - A clash of cultures at meeting on misconduct.

PMID- 2916115
TI  - Genome project gets rough ride in Europe.

PMID- 2916116
TI  - Biotechnology rules wither in OMB.

PMID- 2916117
TI  - Is it healthy to be chaotic?

PMID- 2916118
TI  - Molecular dynamics simulation of a phospholipid micelle.
AB  - The dynamic character of phospholipid aggregates limits conventional structural
      studies to the determination of average molecular features. In order to develop
      more detailed descriptions of phospholipid structure for comparison with
      experiment, the molecular dynamics of a hydrated lysophosphatidylethanolamine
      (LPE) micelle, incorporating 85 LPE and 1591 water molecules, have been
      simulated. Comparison of the initial and equilibrated micelles shows substantial
      differences both in LPE hydrocarbon chain conformation and polar head-group
      solvent interactions. Although these changes produce only subtle effects on the
      averaged structural properties of the system, the alterations in hydrocarbon
      chain packing and head-group solvation appear to mimic a polymorphic
      pretransition from a spherical toward a cylindrical micelle structure.

PMID- 2916119
TI  - Muscarinic modulation of cardiac rate at low acetylcholine concentrations.
AB  - Slowing of cardiac pacemaking induced by cholinergic input is thought to arise
      from the opening of potassium channels caused by muscarinic receptor stimulation.
      In mammalian sinoatrial node cells, however, muscarinic stimulation also inhibits
      the hyperpolarization-activated current (If), which is involved in the generation
      of pacemaker activity and its acceleration by catecholamines. Acetylcholine at
      nanomolar concentrations inhibits If and slows spontaneous rate, whereas 20 times
      higher concentrations are required to activate the acetylcholine-dependent
      potassium current (IK,ACh). Thus, modulation of If, rather than IK,ACh, is the
      mechanism underlying the muscarinic control of cardiac pacing at low (nanomolar)
      acetylcholine concentrations.

PMID- 2916120
TI  - Koop finds abortion evidence "inconclusive".

PMID- 2916121
TI  - AIDS paper raises red flag at PNAS.

PMID- 2916122
TI  - NIH: calling all alumni.

PMID- 2916123
TI  - Rifkin battles gene transfer experiment.

PMID- 2916124
TI  - The manganese site of the photosynthetic water-splitting enzyme.
AB  - As the originator of the oxygen in our atmosphere, the photosynthetic water
      splitting enzyme of chloroplasts is vital for aerobic life on the earth. It has a
      manganese cluster at its active site, but it is poorly understood at the
      molecular level. Polarized synchrotron radiation was used to examine the x-ray
      absorption of manganese in oriented chloroplasts. The manganese site, in the
      "resting" (S1) state, is an asymmetric cluster, which probably contains four
      manganese atoms, with interatomic separations of 2.7 and 3.3 angstroms; the
      vector formed by the 3.3-angstrom manganese pair is oriented perpendicular to the
      membrane plane. Comparisons with model compounds suggest that the cluster
      contains bridging oxide or hydroxide ligands connecting the manganese atoms,
      perhaps with carboxylate bridges connecting the 3.3-angstrom manganese pair.

PMID- 2916125
TI  - Control of enzyme activity by an engineered disulfide bond.
AB  - A novel approach to the control of enzyme catalysis is presented in which a
      disulfide bond engineered into the active-site cleft of bacteriophage T4 lysozyme
      is capable of switching the activity on and off. Two cysteines (Thr21----Cys and
      Thr142----Cys) were introduced by oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis into the
      active-site cleft. These cysteines spontaneously formed a disulfide bond under
      oxidative conditions in vitro, and the catalytic activity of the oxidized (cross
      linked) T4 lysozyme was completely lost. On exposure to reducing agent, however,
      the disulfide bond was rapidly broken, and the reduced (non-cross-linked)
      lysozyme was restored to full activity. Thus an enzyme has been engineered such
      that redox potential can be used to control catalytic activity.

PMID- 2916126
TI  - Physiological constraint on feeding behavior: intestinal membrane disaccharidases
      of the starling.
AB  - Animals clearly choose what they eat and can even choose among chemically
      different sugars. The physiological and biochemical mechanisms that constrain
      feeding choices are largely unknown. In this study, European starlings (Sturnus
      vulgaris) preferred mixture solutions of D-glucose plus D-fructose to equimolar
      (double molar caloric value) solutions of sucrose. Intubation feeding of sucrose
      did not increase blood glucose levels. Sucrose is a useless energy source for
      these birds because they lack a single digestive enzyme (sucrase) on the small
      intestinal brush border membrane. However, the membranes possessed separate
      maltase and isomaltase disaccharidases. This expression pattern and expression
      patterns of membrane disaccharidases among mammals suggest a role for intestinal
      enzymes in the coevolutionary interactions between vertebrates and their plant
      food sources.

PMID- 2916127
TI  - Nimodipine facilitates associative learning in aging rabbits.
AB  - Nimodipine is one of several dihydropyridines that block calcium channels.
      Originally administered to improve cerebral blood flow in elderly patients with
      chronic cerebrovascular disorders, nimodipine was noted to facilitate learning.
      These observations led to the present investigation of the effects of nimodipine
      on associative learning in aging rabbits. Nimodipine accelerated acquisition of
      conditioned eye-blink in both young and aging rabbits without altering the
      amplitude of responses to the conditioned or unconditioned stimuli or causing
      nonspecific responding. Thus, nimodipine may be a candidate for an effective
      treatment for age-related learning deficits.

PMID- 2916128
TI  - Overexpression of transforming growth factor alpha in psoriatic epidermis.
AB  - Transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-alpha) is produced by and required for the
      growth of epithelial cells and is angiogenic in vivo. Since epidermal hyperplasia
      and angiogenesis are hallmarks of psoriasis, TGF-alpha gene expression was
      analyzed in epidermal biopsies of normal and psoriatic skin. TGF-alpha messenger
      RNA and protein are much more abundant in lesional psoriatic epidermis than in
      normal-appearing skin of psoriatic patients or in normal epidermis. In contrast,
      messenger RNA levels of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta 1), which
      inhibits epithelial cell growth, are not significantly different in normal,
      uninvolved, and lesional psoriatic epidermis. Thus, psoriatic epidermal
      hyperplasia may involve increased expression of a keratinocyte mitogen (TGF
      alpha) rather than deficient expression of a growth inhibitor (TGF-beta 1).

PMID- 2916129
TI  - [Conservative treatment of distal radius fractures. Results of a retrospective
      study].
AB  - Between 1 January 1984 and 31 December 1986, 175 patients with a total of 178
      distal radius fractures were treated conservatively in our department. An average
      of 25 months after the accidents, 124 patients with 126 fractures (71%) were re
      examined. Wrist function was good or excellent in 52.4%, fair in 41.3% and bad in
      6.3% of the patients studied. Anatomical results were slightly better, with the
      patients' subjective evaluation markedly better. The results are analysed and the
      causes of the unsatisfactory results pointed out. Thereafter, the indications for
      conservative treatment are discussed and a regimen presented. Conservative
      treatment alone is not justifiable.

PMID- 2916130
TI  - [Chronic fibular ligament insufficiency at the upper ankle joint. Late results
      after modified Watson-Jones plastic surgery].
AB  - The findings at clinical and roentgenological follow-up examination of 44
      patients are reported to illustrate the long-term results of a modified Watson
      Jones technique up to 90 months after the operation. The clinical results (86.3%
      of the patients without complaints and 88.6% with subjective stability of the
      ligaments) correspond with those given by a variety of sources in the literature.
      The roentgenological examination, on the other hand, showed signs of grade I or
      II arthrosis (Bargon scale) in 61.3% of cases, and arthrosis was worse than
      before the operation in nearly all cases. The patients in the group, that had
      received more conservative treatment with an average 6.3 years between lesion and
      surgical treatment (group 1), had the highest incidence of arthrosis, with 73.6%.
      In 10 cases the clinical examination revealed reduced supination and dorsiflexion
      attributable to the tenodesis effect associated with the Watson-Jones technique.
      In view of the high rate of arthrosis, younger patients and patients with a short
      tendon part of the peroneus brevis muscle should be treated by another, more
      "physiological" method.

PMID- 2916131
TI  - [Luxatio humeri erecta. A rare form of inferior shoulder dislocation].
AB  - In patients with erect dislocation of the shoulder, the arm is typically locked
      in an upright position. This rare variant of subglenoid luxation always causes
      damage to the ligamentous structures of the joint and sometimes additional
      complications arise from neurovascular lesions. Two recent cases are reported
      here. The mechanism of injury, therapeutic measures and prognosis are discussed.

PMID- 2916132
TI  - [Stress fracture of the femoral neck in a marathon runner. Case report and review
      of the literature].
AB  - Stress fracture of the femoral neck is rare, and the conditions in which it
      occurs are complex. An unusually high, rhythmically acting force resulting from
      body weight and muscle tension leads to decompensation of the dynamic equilibrium
      otherwise prevalent in bone metabolism in conditions of adaptation. Even small
      differences in leg length predispose to fracture of the longer leg, owing to the
      increased muscular activity. Bone scanning is helpful in diagnosis when no signs
      of fracture are revealed by conventional radiography. Internal fixation that will
      allow weight-bearing should be attempted. In this case report an instance of this
      type of fracture in a marathon runner is presented.

PMID- 2916133
TI  - [Flexion-distraction injuries of the thoracolumbar spine with complete pancreatic
      rupture. Description of a case].
AB  - A case is reported of an unstable fracture dislocation of the thoracolumbar
      vertebral column combined with complete rupture of the pancreas. This combination
      of injuries is rarely encountered but is dangerous in severely injured patients.
      Rapid and decisive operative treatment of both injuries should be performed,
      whereby adequate treatment of the pancreatic rupture has the highest priority.

PMID- 2916134
TI  - [Simultaneous bilateral spontaneous rupture of the quadriceps tendons compared
      with unilateral traumatic rupture].
AB  - A rare case of simultaneous, bilateral and spontaneous rupture of the quadriceps
      tendons is described in a 59-year-old man without systemic disease or traumatic
      lesions. For comparison, we report the case of a young woman with complete
      traumatic, unilateral rupture of the quadriceps tendon. The more or less normal
      degenerative changes of the ligament structure were considered to be the
      additional etiological reasons for both ruptures. A review of the literature is
      given.

PMID- 2916135
TI  - [Fatal hangman's fracture].
AB  - Delay in the diagnosis of cervical fractures can result in permanent neurological
      deficits. The circumstances in which the primary assessment of the unconscious
      patients takes place are often inadequate, and associated visible injuries are of
      more concern. The pressure to achieve resuscitation leads to an unacceptable
      level of missed injuries. The tragically delayed diagnosis of hanged man's
      fracture after suturing of a tracheal rupture made reduction and stabilization of
      the cervical spine impossible.

PMID- 2916136
TI  - [Fibular ligament rupture during growth].
AB  - In comparison with injuries sustained in adult life, ruptures of the fibular
      ligaments before growth is complete are more frequently characterized by
      chondral, osseous and periosteal loosening, which was seen up to the 14th year of
      age in about 50% of our own population of 129 patients up to the 16th year of
      life. The average age of patients with osseous and chondral lesions was clearly
      lower than that of those with periosteal injuries, which was lower than that of
      patients with inter-ligament ruptures. Accidents at school and during school
      sports classes were the most frequent cause, being involved in more than 50% of
      cases; of the various kinds of sport engaged in soccer was the most frequent
      cause, accounting for 28.8% of all cases. Manual examination of ligamentous
      stability compared with the opposite side by roentgenoscopy without anaesthesia
      has proved its worth for a definite diagnosis in fresh injuries. In all cases of
      evident ligamentous instability operative treatment was indicated, with
      subsequent immobilization with a plaster cast for 6 weeks. Stable healing of the
      ligament and a good functional result in all cases as well as a very low rate of
      complications vindicate this management. Conservative therapy, especially in the
      age group with normally high activity levels, is now considered correct only in
      exceptional cases or when operative treatment is refused.

PMID- 2916137
TI  - Score one for family practice.

PMID- 2916138
TI  - Eye injury: prevalence and prognosis by setting.
AB  - Although an estimated 1 million Americans suffer ocular injuries each year, the
      setting of injury and its prognostic implications have not been closely examined.
      Using data compiled by the Eye Injury Registry of Alabama (EIRA) from 514 cases
      of serious eye injury, we examined the demographics and prognosis of ocular
      injury by setting of injury. Work-related injuries accounted for only 28% of
      total injuries, and injuries occurring at home accounted for 27%, followed by
      situations related to recreation (25%), assault (11%), travel (5%), and "other"
      (school, unknown, etc) (4%). The poorest initial vision, poorest final vision,
      and highest rate of enucleation occurred in patients injured by assault, whereas
      the lowest rate of enucleation and loss of light perception was found in patients
      who had work-related injuries. Patients in the "other" category had the highest
      rate of return to 20/100 or better vision.

PMID- 2916139
TI  - Sleep apnea: morbidity and mortality of surgical treatment.
AB  - We have analyzed the complications in 132 patients who had surgical treatment of
      sleep apnea or excessive snoring. In this series there were 34 (26%)
      complications and two patients (1.5%) died. Complications related to
      uvulopalatopharyngoplasty in 126 patients included rhinolalia (2%) and
      oropharyngeal hemorrhage (6%). In the 41 patients who had tracheostomy,
      complications included hemorrhage from tracheostomy (5%), tracheomalacia (5%),
      peristomal infection (15%), tracheostomy tube intolerance (Montgomery tube 100%,
      Shiley tube 7%), pneumonia (2%), hypoxia necessitating emergency tracheotomy
      (2%), and other perioperative complications.

PMID- 2916140
TI  - Evaluation of antibacterial sensitivity testing methods for methicillin-resistant
      Staphylococcus aureus in a dermatology outpatient population.
AB  - Over a period of one year, 1986-1987, 116 strains of Staphylococcus aureus were
      isolated from patients attending two outpatient dermatology clinics in Houston,
      Texas. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the adequacy of routine
      antibiotic sensitivity testing methods for detecting methicillin-resistant
      Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was compared
      with a commercially available screening medium containing 6 micrograms/ml of
      oxacillin and 4% NaCl. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of methicillin,
      oxacillin, and oxacillin with 4% NaCl to S aureus using the agar dilution method
      was also determined. Approximately 90% of S aureus strains produced beta
      lactamase and were resistant to penicillin and ampicillin. By disk diffusion, no
      strains were resistant to methicillin, though diameters of zones of inhibition
      were between 10 and 14 mm in seven strains. All strains proved to be sensitive to
      methicillin by MIC determinations and on the oxacillin-NaCl screening medium. The
      MIC of methicillin was 2.5 micrograms/ml for the majority of strains of S aureus,
      between 0.16 and 0.31 microgram/ml for oxacillin, and 0.08 to 0.16 microgram for
      oxacillin with 4% NaCl. We concluded that the incidence of MRSA in an outpatient
      dermatology population is low, and a combination of disk diffusion and oxacillin
      NaCl screening is adequate for testing sensitivity.

PMID- 2916141
TI  - Obstruction of the small bowel in the early postoperative period.
AB  - To analyze factors related to etiology, diagnosis, and outcome, we reviewed the
      records of 26 patients in whom a clinical picture of small bowel obstruction
      developed within one month after abdominal surgery. The initial operation was an
      emergency procedure in 20 cases and an exploratory laparotomy after trauma in 11.
      The colon was the organ most commonly operated upon initially, being involved in
      ten procedures (38%), all of which were emergencies. The clinical diagnosis of
      bowel obstruction was made within ten days postoperatively in most cases.
      Surgical reexploration was required in 15 patients (58%), whereas the obstructive
      symptoms resolved with nasogastric suction in 11. Two patients, both of whom
      survived, required resection of strangulated bowel; in both a treatment delay of
      at least 72 hours was documented. There were two deaths (8%), neither of which
      was directly related to the bowel obstruction. Diagnosis of this clinical entity
      requires a high index of suspicion, especially after emergency procedures that
      involve the colon. Optimal survival is achieved by prompt recognition and early
      intervention when a mechanical bowel obstruction is suspected in the early
      postoperative period.

PMID- 2916142
TI  - Lower limb embolus: a near-lethal disease after age 75 years.
AB  - Because it has been suggested that embolectomy increases morbidity and mortality,
      we reviewed our experience with lower-extremity embolectomy in an elderly high
      risk population. Of 153 consecutive patient records reviewed, 69 were
      sufficiently complete for analysis. Of these patients, 45 were men with a mean
      age of 80.7 years (range, 75 to 91 years); 24 were women with a mean age of 76.9
      years (range, 75 to 81 years). Records were reviewed for patient age, sex, race,
      acute myocardial infarction or atrial fibrillation upon admission, history of
      smoking, diabetes, and cardiac disease (acute and chronic), admission blood
      pressure, role of postoperative echocardiography, and New York Heart Association
      classification (NYHA class). All patients were hemodynamically stable at the time
      of operation. Forty-two of the 69 patients had a history of smoking, nine were
      diabetic, and 48 (33 men and 15 women) had hypertension (blood pressure greater
      than 140/90 mm Hg) on admission. Twelve deaths occurred within the perioperative
      period. Nine patients had an acute myocardial infarction and 12 had arrhythmias
      on admission. Thirty patients (15 men and 15 women) were in NYHA class III. A
      total of 30 patients had died by six months postoperatively, 27 of cardiovascular
      causes. The perioperative mortality was 12/69 (17%), and long-term mortality was
      30/69 (43%). Simultaneous embolus and myocardial infarction was associated with
      100% mortality for the patients surviving the operation; 15 patients required
      another operation for amputation (nine above-knee and six below-knee).

PMID- 2916143
TI  - Reduction mammaplasty: central cone technique for maximal preservation of
      vascular and nerve supply.
AB  - Many types of breast reduction procedures have been described and are now being
      used. Before 1984, we used variations of the Wise technique, with free grafting
      of the nipple-areola complex; because of problems with inadequate nipple
      projection, squareness of the breasts, and decreased nipple sensation, however,
      we have subsequently used the central cone technique, as advocated by Hester et
      al. We present 44 cases with follow-up periods extending up to three years.

PMID- 2916144
TI  - Immediate prediction of blood requirements in trauma victims.
AB  - Current recommendations for the management of trauma victims include immediate
      crossmatching of 4 to 6 units of blood. Unused crossmatched blood is withdrawn
      from the available blood pool for 48 hours and costs the patient $33 per unit.
      Growing blood shortages and increasing laboratory costs demand reexamination of
      this practice. The purpose of this study was to examine blood usage in trauma
      victims and to develop new guidelines for emergency room requests for blood. The
      following clinical variables were reviewed in 250 trauma victims to determine
      their value as predictors of blood usage: age, sex, mechanism of injury, initial
      vital signs, trauma score (TS), and injury severity score (ISS). The best
      predictor of blood use was the trauma score. Of the total group, 71% had a TS
      greater than 14; 91% of these patients did not require transfusion. Twenty-eight
      percent of the total group had a TS equal to or less than 14; 70% of these
      patients did require transfusion. The data strongly suggest that type and screen
      can safely replace type and crossmatch as the initial blood bank requests in
      patients with trauma scores greater than 14. Blood requirements in patients with
      a trauma score less than or equal to 14 continue to warrant immediate
      crossmatching.

PMID- 2916145
TI  - Significance of a positive Papanicolaou smear in a well screened population.
AB  - Of 35,937 gynecologic cytology specimens obtained from the cervix or vagina at
      our institution during a three-year period, 18 (0.05%) were reported as
      malignant; ten of these 18 (56%) positive results were due to carcinoma arising
      from sites other than the cervix or vagina. The site of the primary lesion was
      the endometrium in four patients, the ovary in three, the colon in one, and the
      breast in one; in one patient the site of the primary carcinoma was unknown. In
      our patient population a a positive Papanicolaou smear was more often indicative
      of a noncervical than a cervical malignancy. In addition to detecting preinvasive
      and invasive malignancies of the cervix and/or vagina, an annual cytologic smear
      may hasten the detection of extravaginal primary carcinomas.

PMID- 2916146
TI  - Oxytocin, vasopressin, and prolactin responses associated with nipple
      stimulation.
AB  - Nipple stimulation by pregnant women close to term results in oxytocin release,
      as reflected by increased levels of oxytocin in peripheral plasma. This appears
      to be a specific response, and it does not involve either vasopressin or
      prolactin release.

PMID- 2916147
TI  - Radionuclide thyroid studies: analysis of use and correlation with physical
      findings.
AB  - We assessed all thyroid radionuclide studies done at a single institution during
      one year and evaluated the indication for ordering each study as well as the
      concordance of study results with those of physical examination. We found that
      thyroid radionuclide imaging was overused, with at most 66% of scans being
      indicated (using the most generous classification of a proposed rating for
      indications). Radioactive iodine uptake measurement done without scanning was
      probably underused. Concordance between the results of physical examination and
      scanning was reflected by an overall agreement rate of 51%; agreement between
      results of scanning and physical examination beyond what might be expected by
      chance alone was reflected by a kappa value of .34. Concordance was strongest for
      diffuse goiters and weakest for normal findings.

PMID- 2916148
TI  - Autonomously functioning thyroid nodule.
AB  - We report 408 cases of autonomously functioning thyroid nodule (AFTN); 85.5%
      occurred in female patients, for a male-female ratio of 1:6. Eighty-nine patients
      (21.8%) were hyperthyroid, 76 of them being female, also yielding a male-female
      ratio of 1:6. There was a linear increase in the incidence of hyperthyroidism
      with age and with an increase in the size of the nodule, especially for nodules
      more than 3 cm in diameter. There was a significantly higher incidence of
      hyperthyroidism for nodules of the same size when they occurred in patients more
      than 40 years of age. There was a corresponding increase in hyperthyroidism with
      an increase in the length of time after the initial detection of the nodule; this
      finding was significantly greater in patients more than 40 years of age. Thus,
      the age of the patient was found to be a more important determinant in the
      production of hyperthyroidism associated with an AFTN than either the size of the
      nodule or the duration of symptoms.

PMID- 2916149
TI  - Factitious disorder with physical manifestations: pitfalls of diagnosis and
      management.
AB  - Munchausen's syndrome is a chronic form of factitious disorder in which
      fabricated physical manifestations are used to attain multiple hospital
      admissions. Patients with this disorder are exposed to unnecessary invasive
      studies, and their entire life may come to revolve around attainment of
      hospitalization. In addition, medical personnel are subjected to confusion and
      frustration, scarce resources are wasted, and institutions are left with enormous
      unpaid bills. Using an illustrative case, we demonstrate pitfalls in the
      diagnosis and management of these patients, with emphasis on breaking the cycle
      of repeated hospitalizations, and discuss the enormous human and economic costs
      of their insatiable quest for medical attention.

PMID- 2916150
TI  - Intussusception revisited: clinicopathologic analysis of 261 cases, with emphasis
      on pathogenesis.
AB  - In the ten-year period from 1978 through 1987, 261 patients with intussusception
      were admitted to Chang Gung Memorial Hospital. The diagnosis was established by
      barium enema or at laparotomy. The patients were divided into two groups; there
      were 228 children ranging in age from 1 month to 14 years, and 33 adults. Among
      the children, 134 (59%) were male and 94 (41%) were female, a ratio of 1.4:1.
      There was no clear seasonal incidence. The age group most commonly affected was
      between 3 and 11 months of age (72.4%). The classic triad of abdominal pain,
      vomiting, and rectal bleeding was encountered in 187 cases (82%). Two hundred one
      cases (88%) were idiopathic, without any definite leading point. In these cases,
      the ileocecal area was the site most commonly involved (82%), hypertrophic
      Peyer's patches of the terminal ileum being responsible for 39% of the idiopathic
      intussusceptions in the ileocolic area. Enlargement of the mesenteric lymph nodes
      occurred in 67 of the idiopathic cases (33%). Local pathology or the leading
      point precipitating intussusception was found in 27 cases (12%); there were eight
      benign tumors, six malignant tumors, and 13 tumor-like lesions. In 32 of the 33
      cases in adults, there was a definite contributing pathologic entity, including
      18 benign tumors, 11 malignant tumors, and three tumor-like lesions. In infants
      and young children, there is usually no apparent predisposing disease, and a
      contributing or causative local pathologic lesion is seldom found. In contrast,
      intussusception in adults is almost invariably caused by some preexisting lesion
      involving the bowel wall. Furthermore, trauma, lymphoid hyperplasia, pregnancy,
      and viral infection may be possible predisposing factors in the production of
      intussusception.

PMID- 2916151
TI  - Recurrent meningitis in a black man.
AB  - A 43-year-old black man had recurrence of acute bacterial meningitis caused by
      Neisseria meningitidis. He had had three previous episodes of acute meningitis,
      starting at age 27 years. The patient's serum was found to have an undetectable
      level of the sixth component of complement. Congenital absence of one of the
      terminal proteins in the complement system impairs a patient's ability to
      eradicate bacteria, and increases susceptibility to recurring infections caused
      by meningococci and other Neisseria species. Though the serum of complement
      deficient patients promotes normal opsonization of bacteria, it is unable to kill
      meningococci directly. The currently available meningococcal vaccine may augment
      type-specific antibody, but it does not correct the underlying complement
      deficiency. The role of self-administered antibiotics in preventing recurrent
      Neisseria infection remains uncertain.

PMID- 2916152
TI  - Janace.

PMID- 2916153
TI  - Testicular feminization syndrome: a case study of four generations.
AB  - This report deals with the complete form of testicular feminization in four
      generations of a single kindred. The four siblings who have had orchiectomy had
      no evidence of testicular malignancy. Because all four of the postpubertal
      patients have the complete form of the disorder, the prepubertal member is being
      managed expectantly, awaiting the onset of female secondary sexual
      characteristics at puberty. Other carriers may be identified as reproductive
      function continues.

PMID- 2916154
TI  - Choledochal cyst.
AB  - A 16-year-old girl with recurrent pain in the right upper quadrant and abnormal
      results of liver function tests was found to have a large choledochal cyst filled
      with stones. Computerized tomography and endoscopic retrograde
      cholangiopancreatography showed the large cyst with innumerable primary cyst
      stones and an anomalous pancreaticobiliary duct junction.

PMID- 2916156
TI  - Mycotic aneurysm of the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery: successful
      nonoperative management.
AB  - Although mycotic aneurysms of small visceral arteries are rare, they have a high
      morbidity and mortality due to rupture and sepsis. Any patient with abdominal
      pain and bacterial endocarditis should be suspected of having a mycotic aneurysm.
      Selective arteriography confirms the diagnosis. In the case we have reported,
      diagnosis of a mycotic aneurysm of the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery was
      established by angiography, and the patient was treated by percutaneous
      transcatheter embolization. This case demonstrates that mycotic aneurysms of
      small visceral arteries may be managed nonoperatively with antibiotics and
      percutaneous transcatheter embolization therapy.

PMID- 2916157
TI  - Intervertebral diskitis due to Candida tropicalis.
AB  - This report describes a case of Candida tropicalis intervertebral diskitis
      successfully treated with a brief course of amphotericin B followed by a longer
      course of ketoconazole. Candida tropicalis is an increasingly frequent pathogen
      in immunocompromised patients, and infection can become manifest weeks or months
      after an episode of neutropenia has resolved. The excellent response we observed
      in this patient adds to a growing body of clinical experience testifying to the
      effectiveness of ketoconazole in treating certain deep-seated candidal infection.

PMID- 2916155
TI  - Azygos continuation of the inferior vena cava masquerading as neoplasm.
AB  - The two cases we have reported demonstrate that dramatic enlargement of the
      azygos vein may occur in patients with azygos continuation of the inferior vena
      cava. Awareness of this phenomenon can prevent unnecessary procedures. The
      diagnosis should be established by dynamic CT scan.

PMID- 2916159
TI  - Factors influencing postoperative gastric emptying.

PMID- 2916158
TI  - Antenatal diagnosis of Candida chorioamnionitis.

PMID- 2916160
TI  - Coccidioidomycosis versus pollen.

PMID- 2916161
TI  - High-frequency deletion event at aprt locus of CHO cells: detection and
      characterization of endpoints.
AB  - Two mechanisms are implicated in generating recessive drug resistance mutants at
      the adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (aprt) locus of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)
      cells, one of which is a spontaneous high-frequency deletion of the entire gene.
      We have isolated and mapped a 19-kb fragment carrying aprt and its flanking
      sequences. A Southern blot study of 198 independent deletion mutants revealed
      that two different mutants have one of their breakpoints within the 19-kb region
      analyzed. One of these has an upstream breakpoint which could be narrowed down to
      a 4-kb fragment containing repetitive sequences. The other mutant has a
      breakpoint within a 410-bp sequence located 8.5 kb downstream of the aprt gene
      and which carries several elements similar to those signaling V-(D)-J joining in
      immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor gene rearrangements. In each case the other
      breakpoint lay outside of the analyzed region. These results support the previous
      indications that the deletions created by this spontaneous event are large.

PMID- 2916162
TI  - Two types of mouse FM3A cell mutants deficient in 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide
      ribonucleotide transformylase and their transformants isolated by human
      chromosome-mediated gene transfer.
AB  - We isolated three adenine auxotrophic mutants (Ade1, Ade2 and Ade3) of mouse FM3A
      cells deficient in 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribotide transformylase (EC
      2.1.2.3) activity. Ade1 and Ade3 but not Ade2 also lacked inosinicase (EC
      3.5.4.10) activity. While Ade2 and Ade3 complemented each other, Ade1
      complemented neither Ade2 nor Ade3, suggesting that two complementation groups
      exist in these mutants. We introduced human genes into the Ade2 and Ade3 cells by
      chromosome-mediated gene transfer. All the transformants tested were found to
      produce the human transformylase and inosinicase, and identical DNA bands
      containing human Alu sequences were detected in the transformants of Ade2 and
      Ade3. These mutants seem to have arisen by mutation in the same gene or adjacent
      genes, since only human chromosome 2 was capable of rescuing the genetic defects
      in all these mutants.

PMID- 2916163
TI  - Genetic analysis of XR-1 mutation in hamster and human hybrids.
AB  - We investigated the dominant/recessive nature of the XR-1 mutant locus in
      intraspecies Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) hybrids and interspecies hybrids with
      human cell lines that possess different radioresistances. The XR-1 cell is
      abnormally sensitive to killing by gamma rays in the G1 phase of the cell cycle,
      while late-S-phase cells have wild-type resistance. [3H]Thymidine selection was
      used to eliminate the resistant S-phase population. In both intraspecies and
      interspecies hybrids, the XR-1 mutation is recessive to the wild-type cell and is
      not influenced by differences in chromosome ploidy. Analysis of hybrids between
      human ataxia telangiectasia fibroblasts AT5BI and XR-1 cells revealed that they
      possess different genetic defects as they complemented each other in three of
      four hybrids tested. These data suggest that the XR-1 locus is evolutionarily
      conserved between hamster and human cells.

PMID- 2916164
TI  - Hyal-1, a locus determining serum hyaluronidase polymorphism, on chromosome 9 in
      mice.
AB  - Analysis of mouse serum hyaluronidase by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, with
      the substrate high-molecular-weight hyaluronan (hyaluronic acid) included in the
      gel performed in mice of two different strains, BALB/cBy and C57BL/6By, reveals a
      pattern of multiple enzyme forms specific for each genotype. In BALB/c serum,
      seven different forms are present, only one of which is found in C57BL/6 serum.
      Segregation analysis of the enzyme polymorphism in backcross progeny and in
      recombinant inbred and bilineal congenic lines shows that the difference is due
      to a single locus, which we have designated as Hyal-1. Hyal-1 is linked to the
      histocompatibility locus H-7, on chromosome 9.

PMID- 2916166
TI  - Regional localization of CCG1 gene which complements hamster cell cycle mutation
      BN462 to Xq11-Xq13.
AB  - The human CCG1 gene, which complements the temperature-sensitive hamster cell
      cycle mutations BN462 and ts13, has recently been cloned and shown to be located
      on the X chromosome. We have used somatic cell hybrids segregating portions of
      multiple X--autosome translocations to localize this gene to the Xq11 to Xq13
      region of the human X chromosome.

PMID- 2916165
TI  - Single-step selection of mammalian cell mutants deficient in CTP synthetase.
AB  - A single-step selection of Chinese hamster V79 cells deficient in CTP synthetase
      (CTPS-) is presented. The underlying principle of the direct selection is the
      differential and efficient killing of synchronized wild-type cells through
      incorporation of [3H]uridine and [3H]thymidine. The CTPS- mutant cells were
      recovered by virtue of their not engaging in DNA synthesis, because (1) CTPS-
      cells are deficient in CTP synthetase and thus are unable to convert [3H]UTP into
      [3H]CTP, which eventually is converted into [3H]dCTP and incorporated into DNA;
      (2) the growth of CTPS- mutant cells was arrested as a result of cytidine
      deprivation, thus escaping the killing by the incorporation of [3H]thymidine. The
      isolated mutant clones are auxotrophic for cytidine and are stable in phenotype
      with a reversion frequency of less than 1 x 10(-7). The mutant cells have no or
      very low CTP synthetase activity when tested by in vitro CTP synthetase assay or
      by whole-cell [3H]uridine labeling assay. This modified "tritium suicide" method
      combined with the S-phase cell synchronization could provide a powerful means for
      the recovery from the cell population of nondividing mutant cells that are
      auxotrophic for some special nutrient requirement.

PMID- 2916167
TI  - The early diagnosis and prevention of oral precancer and cancer.

PMID- 2916168
TI  - Clinical manifestations of oral precancer and cancer.
AB  - Oral squamous cell carcinomas generally metastasise early and are associated with
      a poor survival rate. Their prevention depends largely on timeous identification
      of precancerous oral mucosal lesions, which may present clinically as a
      homogeneous or nodular white plaque (leucoplakia), a mixed white and red lesion
      (erythroleucoplakia) or a homogeneous or nodular red lesion (erythroplakia). Red
      premalignant lesions generally have a higher malignant potential than white
      lesions.

PMID- 2916169
TI  - [Radiotherapy of esophageal carcinoma: an assessment of patients treated at
      Tubingen from 1977 to 1982].
AB  - We report on the results of therapy of 116 patients with esophagus carcinoma. The
      patients have been attended to at the Medical Radiation Institute of Tubingen
      between 1977 and 1982. In 95 cases sole radiation was performed as operation was
      impossible. The other patients underwent a combined surgical-radiotherapeutical
      treatment. The joint doses of radiation applied ran from 50 to 70 Gy in five to
      seven weeks' time. In particular we considered the total survival rate according
      to tumor stage, the local tumor control and the period until relapse. 22% of the
      primarily irradiated patients achieved complete remission, 42% reached particular
      remission and 15% achieved minimal tumor remission (total response rate: 79%).
      Merely in 8% of the cases the tumor did not respond perceptibly. In the other
      cases irradiation had to be interrupted because of general worsening, or the
      patients got lost to post-therapeutical observation. The total survival rates,
      all stages taken into account, arose as follows: one year: 36.8%, two years:
      12.6%, five years: 7.3%. After sole radiotherapy in 67% of the cases which had a
      radiologically verified relapse more than six months passed by before a local
      recurrence tumor was stated. The bad prognosis of the esophagus carcinoma, as
      demonstrated in literature, is entirely confirmed-the negative selection of our
      patients taken into account. The high rank of radiotherapy in achieving effective
      palliation is emphasized.

PMID- 2916170
TI  - [The results of radiotherapy in advanced oral carcinomas. The effect of altered
      therapeutic strategies].
AB  - During the period from 1968 through 1984, 197 patients with advanced carcinomas
      of the oral cavity have been irradiated. The authors investigate the influence of
      a standardized chemotherapy as initial therapy measure on the subsequent
      radiotherapy and the therapy results. Whereas 4.2% of patients were submitted to
      this treatment between 1968 and 1975, 64.5% of patients received a chemotherapy
      during 1976 and 1984. The remission rate following to cytostatic therapy was 71%;
      most of them were partial remissions. The influence of chemotherapy manifested
      itself by an increase of macroscopically radical tumor resections, especially in
      stage IV, but also by an increased number of radiotherapy interruptions in case
      of strong mucosal reactions. An increase of the median survival time from 20 to
      30.5 months was connected with the intensified therapy. Further on, this
      difference vanished, and the five-year survival rates were identical.

PMID- 2916171
TI  - The role of combined composite resection and irradiation in the management of
      carcinoma of the oral cavity and oropharynx.
AB  - Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and oropharynx can invade the mandible
      requiring an "en bloc" or composite resection. With this procedure alone,
      reported local control rates for advanced stage tumors have been suboptimal
      suggesting the need for adjuvant therapy. The treatment records of 35 patients
      were reviewed who were treated with composite resection alone, composite
      resection plus radiotherapy, or composite resection as a salvage procedure for a
      primary treatment failure. Combined irradiation and composite resection resulted
      in a higher local control than patients receiving composite resection alone (72%
      vs. 43%). There was no difference in complication rates between these two
      treatment groups. Composite resection as a salvage procedure resulted in local
      control in 38% of patients through this was associated with a 64% rate of
      complications. This data and a review of the literature suggest that tumors of
      the oral cavity and oropharynx with extension to the mandible requiring composite
      resection probably represent a category of tumors with a high risk of local
      recurrence and may benefit from adjuvant irradiation.

PMID- 2916172
TI  - [Accelerated irradiation of bone metastases].
AB  - In a prospective study, accelerated irradiation was performed over 60 portals in
      34 tumor patients with peripheral bone metastases. During a period of three days,
      three daily fractions of 3 Gy each were applied with intervals of four hours,
      resulting in a total dose of 27 Gy. Using this fractionation schedule introduced
      by Ammon, a reduction of metastasis-associated pain was achieved in 90% of cases
      (54/60). The onset of pain reduction was observed earlier than seen with
      conventional fractionation schedules (five fractions of 2 Gy each per week, total
      dose 40 Gy). With regard to objective treatment effects, no significant
      difference was found between accelerated irradiation and conventional
      fractionation, the rate of remineralization being 43% (26/60), and the rate of
      stabilization of formerly progressive bone destructions being 55% (33/60).
      Accelerated irradiation was tolerated well usually. Marked acute side reactions
      occurred in only one case with metastatic involvement of joint and reaction of
      synovia. The major advantage of accelerated irradiation is the shortening of the
      total treatment period and the consequent reduction of treatment stress in
      patients with advanced cancer.

PMID- 2916173
TI  - [Flow cytophotometric measurements before and during radiotherapy of head and
      neck tumors].
AB  - The DNA index and proliferation activities were determined by flow cytophotometry
      in 59 tumors of the head and neck area. 35 tumors (59%) were aneuploid, 24 (41%)
      were diploid. Aneuploid tumors showed a tendency to increased formation of lymph
      node metastases, an increased risk of relapse as well as a shorter relapse-free
      interval. No correlation was found between the primary tumor stage and the
      incidence of aneuploid tumors. Whereas aneuploid tumors developed frequently
      regional recurrences, only local recurrences were observed in diploid tumors. A
      number of biopsies was additionally performed during radiotherapy in twelve
      tumors. After 10 or 20 Gy, aneuploid tumors showed a considerably increased
      number of S and S2 + M phase cells. In diploid tumors, substantial modifications
      of the cell cycle phases were not found, because it is not possible in these
      cases to distinguish between normal cells and tumor cells.

PMID- 2916174
TI  - [Irradiation of TSH-secreting hypophyseal adenomas].
AB  - Hypophyseal adenomas secreting TSH are very rare. In dependence on local
      symptoms, internal-endocrinological, neurosurgical, or radiotherapeutical
      treatment approaches are applied alone or in combination. A case of radiotherapy
      alone is presented which was performed successfully in a patient with TSH
      secreting hypophyseal adenoma. This case is compared with the rates of success of
      other therapy modalities by means of a detailed literature survey.

PMID- 2916175
TI  - [Rotational irradiation with a centrally placed block].
AB  - A rotational field technique with a central placed block generates nearly
      circular isodoses with a pronounced minimum in its center, comparable with a cone
      shaped mountain with a crater. The shape of both, mountain and crater, can be
      effectively varied by means of block size, field size, rotational angle and by
      superimposing two different types of rotational fields. One application of this
      radiation technique is the myelon-sparing treatment of the neck, another one the
      percutaneous completion of an intracavitary pre-radiation in the case of a
      gynecologic cancer.

PMID- 2916176
TI  - Pancreatitis caused by congenital anomalies of the pancreatic ducts.

PMID- 2916177
TI  - Ductal drainage for chronic pancreatitis.
AB  - The operative experience of 23 patients with chronic or chronic relapsing
      pancreatitis who underwent ductal drainage is reviewed. All of those studied were
      treated for pain directly related to their pancreatitis and had no evidence of
      pseudocyst. Each patient was followed up for a minimum of 5 years
      postoperatively. In those persons with a diffusely dilated duct or "chain of
      lakes" pattern seen on ERCP, ductal drainage was preferred to pancreatic
      resection because of lower mortality and preservation of endocrine function.
      Internal ductal drainage as described by Partington, Rochelle, and Thal was the
      procedure of choice because it provides excellent pain relief and splenectomy is
      not required. Good or excellent long-term pain relief was achieved in 90% of
      patients undergoing operative intervention. Ductal drainage was frequently
      complicated by peptic ulcer disease. Postoperative antacid or histamine blocker
      therapy is recommended.

PMID- 2916178
TI  - Clinical and biochemical features in primary hyperparathyroidism.
AB  - Sixty-one consecutive patients were examined to determine the current mode of
      presentation of primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT). Of these patients, 37.7% were
      asymptomatic, and the initial indication of pHPT was hypercalcemia, which was
      found unexpectedly on biochemical screening of the serum in elderly patients.
      Hypertension was twice as common among patients with pHPT as in the general
      population (36.1%). The next most common presentations were urinary calculi (18%)
      and mental depression (18%). The most useful discriminant laboratory tests were
      serum calcium, phosphorus, chloride, and parathormone (PTH). The calculated
      coefficient of correlation of PTH to land weight was high (r = 0.571, p less than
      0.001). There was very significant correlation between PTH and seriousness of
      bone disease (r = 0.620, p less than 0.001). After parathyroidectomy, 3.3% of
      patients remained hypercalcemic, 93% were normocalcemic, and 1.6% were
      hypocalcemic.

PMID- 2916179
TI  - The incidence of intra-abdominal surgery in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: a
      statistical review of 904 patients.
AB  - This communication concerns the incidence of intra-abdominal surgery in 904
      patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome who were admitted to the Cabrini
      Medical Center during a 3-year period from January 1985 to January 1988. It was
      found that 36, or 4.2%, of the patients underwent surgery, including 12
      cholecystectomies, 7 splenectomies, 7 appendectomies, 6 laparotomies, and 6 other
      operations for miscellaneous conditions. It was pointed out that the high
      incidence of inflammatory involvement of the gallbladder, appendix, and
      intestines in AIDS patients was in all probability due to the nature of the blood
      supply to these organs. All receive blood from terminal arteries or vessels with
      few anastomoses, and therefore when vasculitis ensues it is often followed by
      gangrene or ulceration of mucosal surfaces. Surgical intervention was deemed
      advantageous for those patients with splenomegaly and accompanying pancytopenia,
      acute appendicitis, and lesions of the gastrointestinal tract, but not for those
      with cholecystitis. The high postoperative mortality rate, 22.2%, was attributed
      primarily to the immunodeficient state of the patients rather than to
      complications of their surgery.

PMID- 2916180
TI  - Changes in the levels of endogenous antioxidants in the liver of mice with
      experimental endotoxemia and the protective effects of the antioxidants.
AB  - Gram-negative bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) induces hepatic damage in
      mice caused by lipid peroxidation, and administration of antioxidants (coenzyme
      Q10 and alpha-tocopherol) suppresses this lipid peroxidation, preserves energy
      metabolism, and enhances the survival of endotoxin-administered mice. Therefore
      experiments were done to determine whether experimental endotoxemia in mice
      affected the levels of endogenous antioxidants and whether treatment with
      antioxidants altered these levels. Endotoxin produced decreases in hepatic
      endogenous antioxidants with time: reduced coenzyme Q9, alpha-tocopherol, and
      reduced glutathione were lowered to 29.9%, 27.1%, and 45.4% of the control
      levels, respectively, 24 hours after administration. Exogenously administered
      coenzyme Q10 (oxidized) accumulated in the liver and showed a maximal plateau
      between 8 and 16 hours after injection when 82% of coenzyme Q10 was converted to
      the reduced form. Coenzyme Q10 administered with endotoxin totally or partially
      prevented the decreases in these endogenous antioxidants, and furthermore, total
      coenzyme Q10 and the reduced form, both at levels of approximately 30 mg protein,
      were consumed during the period of elevated lipid peroxidation, 16 hours after
      endotoxin injection. These results indicate that coenzyme Q10 acts in vivo as an
      antioxidant after it has been converted to the reduced form. alpha-Tocopherol
      administered also showed an 84-fold accumulation in the liver 8 hours after
      injection, completely preventing any decrease in endogenous reduced coenzyme Q9
      and partially preventing reduction of glutathione, which indicated an in vivo
      antioxidant action of alpha-tocopherol. These results support the assumption that
      administered coenzyme Q10 or alpha-tocopherol functions cooperatively with
      endogenous antioxidants to prevent tissue damage caused by lipid peroxidation in
      endotoxemia.

PMID- 2916181
TI  - Regulation of gallbladder ion transport: role of biliary lipids.
AB  - Recent studies indicate that biliary lipids influence in vivo gallbladder
      absorption and solute-coupled water flow. To clarify the electrophysiologic
      effects that underlie this phenomenon, prairie dog gallbladders were mounted in
      an Ussing-type chamber, and the influence of bile acids and varying ratios of
      bile acids and biliary phospholipids on transepithelial potential difference
      (Vms), resistance (Rt), and short-circuit current (Isc) was examined. Exposure to
      5 mmol/L taurodeoxycholate (TDC) resulted in inhibition of Vms (p less than 0.01)
      and Isc (p less than 0.01) and an increase (p less than 0.05) in Rt. Subsequent
      perfusion with bile acids and phospholipids (5 mmol/L TDC + 0.3 mmol/L
      phosphatidylcholine [PC]) led to continued inhibition of ion transport. In
      contrast, exposure to 5 mmol/L TDC + 1.7 mmol/L PC resulted in a significant
      increase in transport, as manifested by an increase in Vms (p less than 0.02) and
      Isc (p less than 0.01) and a decrease in Rt (p less than 0.05) compared with bile
      acids. These results indicate that the ratio of phospholipids to bile salts
      modulates ion transport across prairie dog gallbladder and that this ratio may be
      an important determinant of gallbladder absorption in health and disease.

PMID- 2916182
TI  - Evidence that epinephrine acutely redistributes blood flow to experimental
      intrahepatic tumors.
AB  - Tumor microcirculation was studied in Sprague-Dawley rats with solitary
      intrahepatic implants of Walker carcinosarcoma tumors. Thioflavine S (TS), a
      fluorescent dye that stains capillary endothelium acutely, was injected
      intraportally or intra-arterially in order to demonstrate patterns of blood flow
      through normal liver tissue and through tumor. The dye was given immediately
      after intraportal injection of 10 micrograms of epinephrine in some animals and 3
      minutes after the epinephrine in others. Control animals received TS alone.
      Additional animals were given TS immediately after intra-arterial epinephrine.
      The degree of resulting fluorescence in tumor and liver was graded subjectively
      from 0 to 3+. In the controls and in animals receiving TS 3 minutes after
      epinephrine, fluorescence in the centers of tumors was absent or, at most,
      faintly present. In contrast, all animals given epinephrine either intraportally
      or intra-arterially immediately before the dye showed intense fluorescent
      staining within the centers of the tumors. Subjective grading averaged 0.6 +/-
      0.1 in the controls, 2.2 +/- 0.1 in those receiving intraportal epinephrine
      immediately before TS, and 1.0 +/- 0.3 in those receiving TS 3 minutes after
      epinephrine. Results were significantly higher in the latter group (p less than
      0.01). Subjective grading in animals receiving intra-arterial epinephrine
      immediately before TS averaged 2.5 +/- 0.3. These experiments confirm previous
      studies in this laboratory that demonstrated an acute short-lived redistribution
      of blood flow into the centers of intrahepatic tumors after administration of
      epinephrine.

PMID- 2916183
TI  - Congenital foramen of Bochdalek's hernia in an infant with obstructive jaundice.
AB  - A case of infantile obstructive jaundice caused by a right-sided foramen of
      Bochdalek's diaphragmatic hernia is reported. This association has not previously
      been reported in an infant. At operation, extrahepatic biliary obstruction was
      relieved by reduction of the contents of the hernia. This unusual presentation of
      a right-sided congenital diaphragmatic hernia underscores the usual diagnostic
      delay seen with such lesions.

PMID- 2916184
TI  - Pneumoperitoneum and an acute abdominal condition caused by spontaneous
      perforation of a pyometra in an elderly woman: a case report.
AB  - Pyometra, a collection of purulent material in the uterus, is an uncommon
      gynecologic entity. Spontaneous perforation of the uterus is an infrequent
      complication of pyometra, most often the result of malignant conditions in the
      uterus. We report the case of an elderly woman who had an acute abdominal
      condition and pneumoperitoneum due to a ruptured pyometra resulting from a
      degenerative and infected leiomyoma. Although uterine disease is a rare cause of
      an acute abdominal condition and pneumoperitoneum in the elderly, a perforated
      pyometra must be considered in the differential diagnosis.

PMID- 2916185
TI  - Aberrant right hepatic artery vena cava fistula: a case report.
AB  - An unusual case of visceral arterial venous fistula between an aberrant right
      hepatic artery and the inferior vena cava is presented. A critical review of the
      anatomic relationships in this location offers a plausible explanation to account
      for the rarity of this type of fistula. The second issue deals with the ligation
      of the hepatic artery. We caution against hepatic artery ligation, especially
      when dealing with an aberrant right hepatic artery.

PMID- 2916186
TI  - Coumarin necrosis or Coumadin necrosis?

PMID- 2916187
TI  - Autonomously functioning thyroid nodules in childhood and adolescence.

PMID- 2916188
TI  - Renal failure in the jaundiced patient.

PMID- 2916189
TI  - Infection during percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage.

PMID- 2916190
TI  - [Injuries in alpine skiing].

PMID- 2916191
TI  - [Self-poisoning in Northwest Norway in 1975-1984].
AB  - During the ten-year period 1975-84, 251 patients were hospitalized because of
      self poisoning in Nordmore, the northern part of More and Romsdal county. During
      the five last years, there was a large increase in hospital admittances because
      of self poisoning, especially of persons below the age of thirty. Men dominated
      in the age group 20-30 years, and women in the age group 15-20 years. There was a
      significant correlation between the number of unemployed and the number of self
      poisonings through out the ten-year period.

PMID- 2916192
TI  - [Self-poisoning in Northwest Norway in 1984. A follow-up after 6 months. A
      prospective study].
AB  - During the one-year period of study, 37 patients were admitted to the medical
      department, Kristiansund hospital, because of self poisoning. Mixed intoxications
      dominated, especially combinations of benzodiazepines and alcohol. One patient
      died. Interpersonal conflicts were stated as the main reason for the self
      poisoning. Five patients were considered suicidal. 27 patients were followed up
      six months later. A majority considered both their social and mental situation to
      be better than at the time of the self poisoning episode, and had reduced
      consumption of alcohol and drugs.

PMID- 2916193
TI  - [Fatal self-poisoning in Western Norway in 1978-1987].
AB  - Self-administered poisoning is a common occurrence in a hospital medical
      department. Fatalities are few when treatment can be given. However, a certain
      number of deaths do occur outside hospitals--most of them in the patient's home.
      A forensic examination is usually performed in these cases. In the years 1978-87,
      297 deaths from self-administered poisoning were investigated at the Grade
      Institute, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Bergen. Alcohol was the
      most common cause of death. Amongst drug-induced poisonings, tricyclic
      antidepressants were the most frequent cause of death.

PMID- 2916194
TI  - [Hybridization in situ. A new technic for the demonstration of viruses and gene
      products in histologic and cytologic specimens].
AB  - The use of in situ hybridization for light-microscopic demonstration of specific
      DNA or RNA-sequences is illustrated with examples. This method is useful for
      demonstration of viruses and gene products (mRNA) in individual cells in tissue
      sections or in cells in suspension. In situ hybridization technology is
      particularly useful in diagnostic pathology as an adjunct to the conventional
      methods for infectious diseases. In addition, the method is a powerful tool for
      analysing the interaction between viral infection and the induction and
      maintenance of certain human neoplasms. We discuss various aspects of tissue
      handling, fixation, hybridization procedures and detection of the hybridization
      signal. We also stress the importance of close cooperation between laboratories
      in the field of gene technology.

PMID- 2916195
TI  - [Sudden infant death--the QT interval in ECG and bradyarrhythmias].
AB  - Prolongation of ventricular repolarization, as evidenced from an increased QT
      interval, makes the ventricles more susceptible to fibrillation. The theory has
      previously been advanced that some cases of sudden infant death syndrome may be
      due to a non-hereditary QT-prolongation, resulting in fibrillation and cardiac
      death. This theory has been seriously doubted, since in subsequent long series of
      recordings in newborns the QT-interval has been found normal at rest. However,
      the QT-theory has recently been revived by a report that in some babies with
      sudden infant death syndrome the ability to shorten the QT-interval as the heart
      rate increases is impaired, an observation which is consistent with the QT
      theory. The present experiments on infant and adult rodents have shown that
      during the innate fear paralysis reflex, elicited by a variety of frightening
      stimuli of a type that commonly occur during ordinary daily life, the QT-interval
      may be transiently prolonged and is usually associated with bradycardia and
      changes of the ST-segment and T-wave. The fear paralysis reflex has previously
      been proposed as a triggering mechanism for SIDS. These findings lend support
      both to the fear paralysis theory and the QT-theory. The reflex may represent an
      external cause of QT-prolongation which adds to the intrinsic impairment of
      repolarization resulting in a condition which favours ventricular fibrillation. A
      second unfavourable intrinsic factor is chronic hypoxia.

PMID- 2916196
TI  - [Interprofessional case conferences in connection with child abuse. A resource or
      a badly used time?].
AB  - Interprofessional co-operation and case-conferences in connection with child
      abuse and neglect are of a special nature. They bring together agencies and
      partners who have previously not cooperated to any degree, such as health workers
      and child care workers, and in some cases also the prosecuting authorities. The
      author argues that such cooperation is necessary, both because of the nature of
      the abuse and because the different agencies have different areas of
      responsibility. The article indicates the aims of such case-conferences and
      discusses problems connected with these meetings, and who should lead them.

PMID- 2916197
TI  - [Parotid gland tumors. What not to do].
AB  - Patients with a tumour located anterior or inferior to the ear probably have a
      parotid gland tumour. These patients should be referred without further
      investigation to an ear, nose and throat specialist. Diagnostic measures that may
      be performed are fine needle aspiration cytology and ultrasonography. Biopsy or
      enucleation of the tumour should not be carried out. Correct treatment is
      parotidectomy with preservation of the facial nerve. Inadequate primary treatment
      may lead to a very unpleasant situation for the patient and for the physician.
      This is illustrated by three case histories.

PMID- 2916198
TI  - [Malignant salivary gland tumor. Occurrence, histology, prognosis].
AB  - The article is based to some extent upon publications from the ear, nose and
      throat departments at Rikshospitalet and Ulleval sykehus. For a long time, about
      25-30 malignant neoplasms of salivary glands have been diagnosed each year in
      Norway. Some develop in major salivary glands such as glandula parotis and
      glandula submandibularis; some in minor salivary glands, most typically in the
      palate. In this respect glandula sublingualis is of little importance. The
      purpose of this article is to indicate the prognosis for these malignant
      neoplasms in the light of therapeutic results reported in this country and
      abroad. Besides therapeutics, other important factors for the prognosis include
      localization and histological type. These factors are dealt with separately. The
      prognosis is found to be best for malignant salivary gland neoplasms of the
      palate, with a reported five years survival of up to 77%. The next best prognosis
      is for glandula parotis (46-70%), followed by glandula submandibularis (32-50%).

PMID- 2916199
TI  - [Splenectomy in hematologic diseases].
AB  - We present the results of splenectomy in 45 patients with haematological diseases
      during the period 1975-85. Of 16 patients with immunologic thrombocytopenia,
      splenectomy resulted in a satisfactory and sustained platelet elevation in 11
      (69%). Splenectomy corrected anaemia in all five patients with hereditary
      spherocytosis. Of seven patients with autoimmunohaemolytic anaemia, four
      responded satisfactorily. Postoperative complications occurred in ten of 45
      patients (22%). There was no post-operative mortality. Only 49 per cent of the
      patients had received antipneumococcal vaccination. This is not satisfactory, and
      all unvaccinated, splenectomized patients should be offered vaccine. If possible,
      the vaccination should be performed before operation.

PMID- 2916200
TI  - [The pulmodiaphragmal ligament. An often misinterpreted normal variant].
AB  - In some cases the pulmonary ligament extends caudally to the diaphragm, where it
      blends with the parietal pleura. This anatomical variant is named the
      pulmodiafragmal ligament. In chest X-ray it gives rise to spikes and unsharp
      areas in the central part of the diaphragm in the lateral view. The article
      describes the pulmodiafragmal ligament and its significance by the interpretation
      of chest X-ray in normal and pathologic states.

PMID- 2916201
TI  - [Pulmonary edema following airway obstruction].
AB  - This case report describes an adult patient who developed post extubation
      laryngeal spasm and later pulmonary edema following relief of the laryngeal
      spasm. The mechanism that causes pulmonary edema following upper airway
      obstruction is very probably due to a modified Muller maneuver (inspiration
      against a closed glottis), which will increase negative intrapleural pressure,
      and thereby cause increased pulmonary capillary permeability.

PMID- 2916202
TI  - [Multicentric Castleman's disease].
AB  - We describe a case of histologically proven multicentric Castleman's disease in a
      68 year old man. The clinical picture was dominated by severe hemolytic anemia.
      The outcome was fatal despite active treatment. We discuss the main pathological
      and clinical characteristics distinguishing multicentric Castleman's disease from
      the localized variant. The different age distribution, localized versus
      multicentric disease, different responses to treatment, and outcome, indicate
      that the two types of Castleman's disease represent different entities presenting
      common histological features in the lymphoid lesions.

PMID- 2916203
TI  - [The rehabilitation center in Rauland. Effects of training and treatment].
AB  - Attforingssenteret i Rauland (a rehabilitation centre) was opened in May 1986.
      Three pilot studies were carried out during the period May-December 1986. One of
      the studies showed some of the epidemiological data concerning work. The second
      showed the effect of four weeks' stay on psychological parameters. The third
      demonstrated a significant effect of exercise on aerobic capacity and maximal
      muscular strength.

PMID- 2916204
TI  - [The role of lipoproteins and macrophages in the development of atherosclerosis].
AB  - Much of the cholesteryl ester that accumulates within atherosclerotic plaques is
      found within foam cells of monocyte origin. The cholesterol component of these
      esters is derived from the cellular uptake of plasma lipoproteins that have
      penetrated into the extravascular space. Monocyte-macrophages take up and degrade
      native low density lipoprotein (LDL) by the classical LDL (apo B/E receptor) only
      at rather slow rates. On the other hand, modified LDL is taken up much more
      rapidly by the scavenger receptor. Modification of LDL possibly involves lipid
      peroxidation, and antioxidants may play a protective role.

PMID- 2916205
TI  - [New therapeutic alternatives for patients with gallstones].
AB  - Calculi in the bile ducts are usually removed by surgery or endoscopic
      papillotomy. When these methods are contraindicated or fail, new and non-surgical
      alternatives can now be used. Percutaneous transhepatic balloon dilatation of the
      papilla of Vater enables expulsion of stones in the bile duct. Large stones in
      the bile ducts can be reduced in size using extracorporeal shock waves or
      completely dissolved by instillations of Methyl-tertiary-butyl ether in the
      common bile duct. We report the cases of three patients who were treated
      successfully for stones in the bile duct using combinations of these techniques.

PMID- 2916206
TI  - [Statistic programs for personal computers].

PMID- 2916207
TI  - [Evaluation of a self-care leaflet].
AB  - A self care leaflet of 50 pages was distributed in Tingvoll, a municipality with
      3,500 inhabitants. The leaflet gives advice about self treatment and prevention
      of common health problems, and guidelines for contacting the health services. In
      surveys conducted just before and 10 months after the distribution, we documented
      -- how the leaflet was accepted and used --changes in knowledge about the health
      problems mentioned in the leaflet. The leaflet was well accepted. It was
      characterized as easy to read and to use. 10 months after distribution to read
      and to use. 10 months after distribution 90% found it within five minutes. 63%
      used the leaflet when they had a health problem. 90% of those using the leaflet
      felt more sure that they acted correctly after consulting it, and 60% changed
      their mind about consulting a general practitioner. We consider the level of
      knowledge about health problems to be low. The evaluation showed increased
      knowledge in all groups, except for persons "responsible for caring for elderly
      relatives". The increase was most marked for "men" and for "persons with health
      education".

PMID- 2916208
TI  - [HIV testing of hospital patients].

PMID- 2916209
TI  - [Medicine and the media].

PMID- 2916210
TI  - [Clinical trials in Norway].

PMID- 2916211
TI  - [Vascular injuries].

PMID- 2916212
TI  - [Clinical trials reported to the Norwegian Drug Control Authority during the
      period 1982-1986].
AB  - During the five-year period 1982-86, 1,087 clinical drug trials were notified to
      the Norwegian Medicines Control Authority. There was in this period a slight
      decline in the annual number of notifications, whereas the number of
      patients/volunteer subjects in clinical trials rose. During the five-year period,
      every fifth professionally active physician in Norway notified at least one
      clinical trial to the Authority. Less than 10% of the trials notified did not
      involve participation by manufacturers. The trials covered a large number of
      substances. Most trials concerned drugs in the cardiovascular (c) and central
      nervous system (N) therapeutic groups. The frequency of reports on completed
      trials is low, and there are signs that some obligatory notifications of clinical
      trials are not sent to the Authority.

PMID- 2916213
TI  - [Clinical trials of antineoplastic agents reported to the Norwegian Drug Control
      Authority during the period 1982-1986].
AB  - We surveyed clinical trials of anti-tumour drugs notified to the Norwegian
      Medicines Control Authority during the period 1982 to 1986. 91 trials of anti
      tumour drugs were notified during the period. A relatively large number of the
      trials were carried out without a control group, and a statistical rationale for
      the number of patients was lacking in almost 60% of the protocols. In 40% of the
      notified trials the manufacturers were not involved. Records of written
      information to patients have improved, as has insurance of the patients. On the
      other hand, reports on ongoing and completed clinical trials are still too often
      neglected.

PMID- 2916214
TI  - [Arterial injuries].
AB  - During the years 1963-87, 57 patients were treated for arterial injuries.
      Iatrogenic injuries are excluded. 60% were due to accidents and only 12% to
      interpersonal violence. Three patients died from the injuries, eight extremities
      required a primary amputation, eight patients got sequela related to orthopedic
      problems or ischemia, and 35 patients achieved complete restitution of function.
      53% of the injuries were due to fractures, dislocations or contusions while 21%
      were caused by penetrating lesions. The most common lesion was an intimal rupture
      with dissection and thrombosis in an otherwise intact vessel (40%). The most
      frequently applied technique of reconstruction was longitudinal arteriotomy with
      thrombendarterectomy and patch plasty. Other arteries were repaired by direct
      suture, interposition of a suitable graft or by a bypass. Fasciotomies were based
      on liberal indications. A high degree of diagnostic alertness is necessary if
      irreparable ischemic damage is to be avoided.

PMID- 2916215
TI  - [Late sequelae after arterial injuries].
AB  - Of 57 patients with arterial injuries, three died, eight had an amputation and 14
      experienced various kinds of late sequelae. Four of the sequelae were due to
      inadequate primary surgical treatment: 1) A 16 year-old girl developed
      incapacitating claudicatio intermittens after a traffic accident causing serious
      contusions to the right leg. Angiography four years later showed occlusion of the
      popliteal artery, which was successfully reconstructed. 2) A 16 year-old boy had
      a femoral fracture with injuries to the femoral artery and vein. The vessels were
      reconstructed and circulation was restored, but fasciotomies were not performed.
      He developed a flexion contracture of the 1st toe which required resection of the
      proximal phalanx. This was interpreted as a Volkmanns contracture due to a
      compartment syndrome in the deep, posterior compartment of the leg. 3) A 18 year
      old man had a fracture of the leg. Angiography demonstrated a minimal leak from
      the posterior tibial artery, but this was not surgically explored. Six weeks
      later a pseudoaneurysm ruptured and produced a large hematoma. Circulation was
      restored by arteriotomy and a patch plasty. 4) A 24 year-old man was hit in the
      groin by a 22 caliber rifleshot. An arteriovenous fistula was diagnosed but not
      surgically treated. Six years later he experienced cardiac failure and venous
      insufficiency. The fistula was closed, whereafter the symptoms disappeared. Blood
      flow in the fistula was 7,500 ml/min and the pressure in the distal femoral vein
      37 mm Hg. These complications can be avoided by proper investigation and surgery
      at the time of initial treatment.

PMID- 2916216
TI  - [Respiratory changes in deep diving].
AB  - Deep diving refers to saturation diving to a depth of more than 180 m (1.9 MPa
      ambient pressure). In the 1990s diving to 400 m may be necessary on the Norwegian
      continental shelf. The safety margins are narrow and at such depths the
      respiratory system is subject to great strain. Respiratory resistance increases
      and the dynamic lung volumes are reduced as the pressure increases due to
      enhanced gas density. Helium is used together with oxygen as breathing gas and
      the lower density partly normalises the dynamic lung volumes. The respiratory
      system imposes clear limitations on the intensity and duration of physical work
      during deep diving. We lack systematic studies of lung mechanics, gas exchange
      and respiratory regulation in the different phases of deep dives. Demonstration
      of possible chronic occupational respiratory diseases connected to diving is
      dependent on follow-up over a long time.

PMID- 2916217
TI  - [Nosocomial infections with resistant Enterobacter cloacae. Effects on the
      disease and the treatment].
AB  - We describe five patients with serious nosocomial infection caused by resistant
      Enterobacter cloacae. Four of the patients underwent cardiovascular operations
      and were infected with an identical, multiple beta-lactam resistant E cloacae
      strain. The fifth patient was admitted with several wounds and skin-ulcers
      containing both resistant and sensitive E cloacae of other types. The resistant
      strain caused septicemia in four patients; three developed multiorgan failure and
      one died. The most probable causes of these infections were an abundant and
      constant reservoir of E cloacae in a sink at the operating unit, periodical
      breakdown of barriere routines, and heavy use of cephalosporins.

PMID- 2916218
TI  - [Testicular cancer. A challenge to the health services taking care of young
      males].
AB  - About 130 Norwegian men (15-45 years old) develop testicular cancer each year.
      Men with a history of undescended testes, atrophic testes and/or fertility
      problems probably represent a high risk group. Typical symptoms are tumour,
      harder consistency and discomfort in the testes, low back pain and gynecomastia.
      Testicular ultrasonography often helps to establish the correct diagnosis.
      Seminoma is separated from non-seminoma histologically. Adjuvant radiotherapy to
      the retroperitoneal lymph nodes is the most frequent treatment in seminoma
      patients with early disease and is combined with chemotherapy in patients with
      advanced disease. Chemotherapy and surgery are the main therapeutic modalities in
      non-seminoma patients. In clinical trials a "wait and see" policy is applicable
      in selected patients with non-seminoma without metastases, provided that frequent
      follow-up examinations are feasible. Gastrointestinal side effects, alopecia,
      peripheral neuropathy and azoospermia are the most frequent acute and reversible
      side effects of treatment of testicular cancer. Post-treatment paternity can be
      achieved by at least half of the patients who wish to father a child after
      treatment. The 5-years' survival rate for young patients with testicular cancer
      is 95%. Young men should perform testicular self-examination regularly. Medical
      officers in the Armed Forces and doctors at schools and universities and in
      occupational health should be aware of testicular cancer in young adults with
      suspicious clinical findings.

PMID- 2916219
TI  - [Respiratory tract diseases caused by the environment].
AB  - Large variations in the development of chronic airway disturbances in the
      population have been uncovered, together with possible increased risk of such
      disturbances. There seems to be a connection to exposure to pollutants at work
      and in home environment. The interconnection and interaction between irritants,
      allergens, infectious agents and other biologically active substances may have a
      decisive impact on the risk an individual runs of developing chronic suffering in
      the upper and lower respiratory tract. Injuries in mucous membranes and airways,
      connected with the development of unspecific hyperreactivity may play a central
      role in the development of allergic and nonallergic airway disturbances and
      diseases. These findings may have a decisive influence on the choice of
      prophylaxis and therapy.

PMID- 2916220
TI  - [Occupational diseases among personnel at a radiology department].
AB  - Little attention has hitherto been paid to health injuries to personnel in X-ray
      departments after exposure to photochemicals. 24 out of 30 employees at the X-ray
      department in Molde were shown to have health problems related to their work,
      including symptoms relating to the eyes, the upper and lower respiratory tract,
      and headache and lassitude. Analysis of the work environment showed constant
      extensive exposure of the employees to chemicals over a long period. After
      improvements to the environment the health problems were reduced appreciably, but
      not nullified. Some personnel had acquired permanent impairments. Bronchial
      hyperreactivity was discovered in 19 of the personnel, 13 of whom had subjective
      symptoms of obstruction and asthma but no manifestation of allergy. The author
      discussed the relation between the work environment and the impaired health and
      gives advice on how to avoid similar problems in the future.

PMID- 2916221
TI  - [Candida albicans--is it causing a new national disease?].
AB  - A hypothesis concerning a chronic candida hypersensitivity syndrome caused by the
      presence of Candida albicans in the gut was put forward in the USA a decade ago.
      Lately this theory has gained much publicity in Norway through articles in the
      press and programs on the national radio and television. The purpose of this
      article is to give a presentation and critical evaluation of this syndrome. It is
      concluded that the theory of a chronic Candida hypersensitivity syndrome is
      speculative and devoid of experimental support.

PMID- 2916222
TI  - [Photochemicals and their effects on health].
AB  - The discovery of health hazards related to work in X-ray departments and
      photographic laboratories is a strong incentive for extensive analysis of the
      interrelationship between photochemicals and their impacts on health. The
      chemicals which pollute the environment in such premises may cause symptoms
      related to the skin, mucous membranes, eyes and airways. Teratogenic, mutagenic
      and neurotoxic effects cannot be excluded.

PMID- 2916223
TI  - [Military insurance. Military insurance regulations and the handling of
      diseases/injuries among draftees].
AB  - This article discusses civilian and military insurance regulations, including
      social support in case of illness or injury during compulsory military service.
      The procedure is exemplified by the treatment of conscripts who are diagnosed as
      having cancer testis while doing their compulsory service. It is essential that
      civilian medical practitioners are familiar with this procedure, so that they can
      advise any conscripts who consult them.

PMID- 2916224
TI  - [Complaints from cancer patients. Complaints and ways of complaining].

PMID- 2916225
TI  - [Research and prejudice].

PMID- 2916226
TI  - [Lecture nights for family members of schizophrenics. Psychiatry with a humane
      approach].

PMID- 2916227
TI  - Joint session of the German Society for Vascular Surgery and the German Society
      for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. (18th annual meeting). February 23
      February 25, 1989, Munich. Abstracts.

PMID- 2916228
TI  - 4th International Conference on Human Leucocyte Differentiation Antigens. Vienna,
      February 21-25, 1989. Abstracts.

PMID- 2916229
TI  - Species-specific hemolysis of erythrocytes by T-2 toxin.
AB  - The tricothecene mycotoxin, T-2 toxin interacts differently with mammalian
      erythrocytes. Pig, man, rabbit, guinea pig, horse, dog, rat, and mouse
      erythrocytes are all lysed to a varying degree by T-2 toxin. But cow, sheep,
      goat, buffalo, and deer erythrocytes are all resistant to hemolysis by T-2 toxin.
      Since erythrocytes from ruminant animals contain little or no
      phosphatidylcholine, perhaps the presence of phosphatidylcholine in the membrane
      is required for the hemolytic action of T-2 toxin. Sheep erythrocytes were used
      to encapsulate T-2 toxin further confirming the resistance of erythrocytes from
      animals with ruminant physiology to T-2 toxin lysis.

PMID- 2916230
TI  - Prenatal or postnatal exposure to bis(tri-n-butyltin)oxide in the rat: postnatal
      evaluation of teratology and behavior.
AB  - The results of a series of screening tests to determine the potential
      teratogenicity and neurotoxicity of developmental exposure to TBTO in rats are
      presented in this paper. For prenatal exposure, pregnant Long Evans rats were
      intubated with 0-16 mg/kg/day bis(tri-n-butyltin)oxide TBTO from Days 6 to 20 of
      gestation (GD 6-20). For postnatal exposure, rat pups were intubated with 0-60
      mg/kg TBTO on Postnatal Day 5 (PND 5). Following prenatal exposure, dams were
      allowed to litter and pups were evaluated using a postnatal teratology screen.
      Postnatal evaluation for both exposures included motor activity (PND 13-64), the
      acoustic startle response (PND 22-78), growth, and brain weight. The maximally
      tolerated dose (MTD) in pregnant rats was 5 mg/kg/day, which is one-third the MTD
      in nonpregnant rats. There were decreased numbers of live births, and decreased
      growth and viability at dosages greater than or equal to 10 mg/kg/day. Cleft
      palate was found in 3% of the 12 mg/kg/day group. There was mortality following
      postnatal exposure to 60 mg/kg and all prenatal dosages greater than or equal to
      10 mg/kg/day. Preweaning body weight was significantly decreased for all
      postnatal dosages, and all prenatal dosages greater than 2.5 mg/kg/day. Body
      weight reductions persisted to the postweaning period only in the high dose
      groups (10 mg/kg/day and 60 mg/kg). Behavioral evaluation demonstrated transient
      alterations in motor activity development (prenatal exposure only) and the
      acoustic startle response (postnatal exposure only). Persistent behavioral
      effects were observed only at dosages that produced overt maternal toxicity
      and/or postnatal mortality. The demonstration of the teratogenic and neurotoxic
      potential of TBTO in rats is confounded by associated maternal toxicity and/or
      pup mortality.

PMID- 2916231
TI  - Embryo-maternal distribution of basic compounds in the CD-1 mouse: doxylamine and
      nicotine.
AB  - The intracellular pH of the early postimplantation rodent embryo (pHi) is
      alkaline with respect to the corresponding plasma of the pregnant dam. This
      transplacental pH gradient is of considerable importance in the accumulation of
      teratogenic weak acids by the embryo. The importance of pH in the partitioning of
      basic drugs across the early mammalian placenta has not been investigated.
      Theoretically, the maternal plasma should retain a higher concentration of basic
      drugs than the embryo due to a greater degree of drug ionization in the more
      acidic plasma. To explore the significance of pH partitioning upon the
      transplacental distribution of basic compounds, two bases, doxylamine and
      nicotine, were administered to pregnant CD-1 mice during early organogenesis. The
      maternal plasma and embryonic concentrations of the bases were measured and the
      resulting embryo/maternal plasma (E/P) ratio was calculated and compared to the
      ratio predicted by the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. Following ip injection of
      nicotine on Day 9 of gestation, the E/P ratio was significantly greater than the
      predicted ratio 10 min after injection and continued to rise for 3 hr. For
      doxylamine succinate administered by oral gavage on Day 9 or 10, the E/P ratio
      was also significantly greater than the ratio predicted from the pH gradient. Our
      results indicate that the partitioning of these basic compounds between the
      maternal plasma and the early postimplantation rodent embryo is not a consequence
      of the pH gradient between the two compartments alone.

PMID- 2916233
TI  - Cardiac mitochondrial calcium content during fatal doxorubicin toxicity.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine whether abnormalities of mitochondrial
      divalent cation metabolism are early, causative events in doxorubicin (DXR,
      Adriamycin) cardiotoxicity. We used electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) to
      examine the calcium (Ca) and magensium (Mg) content of in situ mitochondria in
      cryosections of rat hearts, rapidly frozen at 6 hr and 1, 3, and 5 days after a
      single iv injection of 20 mg/kg DXR. This dose produced 100% mortality in 7 days,
      with a mean survival of 5.8 days. Mean control mitochondrial Ca and Mg was 0.7
      and 28 mmol/kg dry wt, respectively (+/- SEM), and did not change in the DXR
      injected animals, even in severely symptomatic rats 5 days after DXR. This
      suggests that an alteration in mitochondrial divalent cation metabolism is
      unlikely to be a primary event in the pathogenesis of DXR-induced cardiotoxicity,
      and that the mitochondrial Ca accumulation demonstrated in previous studies
      represents a secondary event in cells damaged by another mechanism.

PMID- 2916232
TI  - Comparative dermal absorption of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and three
      polychlorinated dibenzofurans.
AB  - Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) are toxic
      environmental contaminants which have the potential to accumulate in human
      tissues. In order to examine the potential for systemic exposure following dermal
      exposure, the absorption, distribution, and elimination of 2,3,7,8
      tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran (TCDF),
      1,2,3,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran (1PeCDF), and 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran
      (4PeCDF) were evaluated in male F344 rats. TCDD (0.00015, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 0.5,
      and 1.0 mumol/kg) and the three PCDFs (0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 mumol/kg) were applied
      to a preclipped region on the back of the rat and covered with a perforated cap.
      The rats were held in individual metabolism cages for 3 days. In animals
      administered 0.1 mumol/kg, the absorption of TCDF was greater than that of
      4PeCDF, 1PeCDF, and TCDD. Relative absorption (percentage of administered dose)
      declined with increasing dose while the absolute absorption (microgram/kg)
      increased nonlinearly with dose. Absorption of TCDF at 0.1 mumol/kg was 48% of
      the administered dose which was significantly greater than that of the other
      compounds. At this dose, absorption of 4PeCDF was greater than that of TCDD.
      Absorption at the higher doses was similar for all four compounds. Maximum
      relative absorption of TCDD (approximately 40% of the administered dose) was
      obtained at 0.001 and 0.00015 mumol/kg. Major tissue depots for these four
      chemicals included liver, adipose, skin, and muscle tissue; however, the
      liver:fat ratio for 4PeCDF was approximately fourfold higher than that for the
      other three compounds. When normalized to 100% of dose absorbed, the distribution
      of 4PeCDF-derived radioactivity in liver and adipose tissue was similar to that
      previously observed after oral and iv administration. In animals administered 0.1
      mumol TCDF or 1PeCDF/kg, 56 and 32% of the respective absorbed dose was excreted
      as polar metabolites within 3 days. Very little of the absorbed dose of either
      TCDD (approximately 10%) or 4PeCDF (approximately 2%) was eliminated. Results
      indicate that the dermal absorption of these compounds is incomplete and that
      systemic toxicity following acute dermal exposure to levels found in the
      environment is unlikely.

PMID- 2916234
TI  - Hematopoietic effects in mice exposed to arsine gas.
AB  - Arsine gas is a potent hemolytic agent. Concern about semiconductor workers
      prompted an in-depth study of arsine at the National Institute of Environmental
      Health Sciences to determine the hematopoietic effects of prolonged exposure to
      this gas. Female B6C3F1 mice were exposed by inhalation to 0, 0.5, 2.5, and 5 ppm
      arsine, 6 hr/day for 14 days. Body weights of exposed mice were comparable to
      those of controls, but a marked, concentration-related splenomegaly was observed.
      Higher level arsine exposure produced statistically significant decreases in red
      blood cells, hematocrit and hemoglobin, with increases in white blood cell counts
      and mean corpuscular volume of red blood cells. Erythropoiesis as measured by
      quantitation of erythroid precursors in culture revealed a marrow reduction of
      colony-forming unit erythroids/femur cells for all treated groups on Day 3
      postexposure and only at the 5 ppm dose group on 24 days postexposure, while
      splenic erythropoiesis increased at higher concentrations of arsine. There was no
      alteration in bone marrow cellularity and a less significant effect on
      granulocyte-macrophage progenitors. A 12-week study of arsine at 0, 0.025, 0.5,
      and 2.5 ppm (6 hr/day) by inhalation showed similar effects on hematopoiesis in
      mice. In conclusion, arsine exposure at low concentrations produces a stress on
      the hematopoietic system characterized by hemolysis, which persists for a
      prolonged period following exposure.

PMID- 2916236
TI  - Correlation between morphologic and functional changes induced by xenobiotics: is
      every induced change a sign of toxicity?

PMID- 2916235
TI  - Studies on the etiology of trace metal-induced porphyria: effects of
      porphyrinogenic metals on coproporphyrinogen oxidase in rat liver and kidney.
AB  - Studies were conducted on the etiology of trace metal-induced porphyria in rats,
      with particular emphasis on the action of metals on hepatic and renal
      coproporphyrinogen oxidase. Prolonged exposure of rats to methyl mercury
      hydroxide or sodium arsenate at subtoxic dose levels in drinking water resulted
      in a progressive coproporphyrinuria, reaching highest rates of coproporphyrin
      excretion 5 weeks after initiation of exposure. The development of
      coproporphyrinuria was accompanied by substantial metal accumulation in the
      kidney and a significant decrease in renal, but not hepatic, coproporphyrinogen
      oxidase activity. During prolonged exposure to either metal, the rates of
      coproporphyrin excretion and metal accumulation by the kidney continued to
      increase for 2 to 3 weeks following maximal inhibition of renal
      coproporphyrinogen oxidase. Acute treatment studies and studies in vitro support
      the conclusion that the kidney is the principal source of excess urinary
      coproporphyrin during metal exposure. These observations demonstrate that metal
      induced coproporphyrinuria is predominantly of renal etiology and that impairment
      of renal coproporphyrinogen oxidase is a principal cause of this effect.

PMID- 2916237
TI  - Differential induction and regulation of peroxisomal enzymes: predictive value of
      peroxisome proliferation in identifying certain nonmutagenic carcinogens.
AB  - Hypolipidemic drugs and certain plasticizers markedly increase the number of
      peroxisomes in liver parenchymal cells. Continued exposure to peroxisome
      proliferators has been shown to produce essentially similar pleiotropic responses
      leading eventually to the development of liver tumors in rats and mice. These
      agents are not mutagenic in short-term test systems and do not appear to interact
      with or damage DNA. Accordingly, the events leading to or associated with the
      induction of peroxisome proliferation have been postulated to play a role in the
      development of liver tumors. Recent evidence indicates that persistent peroxisome
      proliferation leads to the formation of 8-hydroxyguanosine in rat liver DNA,
      which supports the role for oxidative stress. The mRNAs of the three peroxisomal
      beta-oxidation genes are induced over 20-fold in the livers of rats treated with
      nafenopin, Wy-14643, BR-931, and other structurally diverse peroxisome
      proliferators. This increase in beta-oxidation mRNAs is evident within 30 min to
      1 hr and was maximal 8 to 16 hr after the administration of a single dose of
      these agents by gavage. The peroxisomal catalase and urate oxidase mRNAs increase
      about 2-fold in the livers of rats treated chronically with peroxisome
      proliferators. These results indicate that peroxisome proliferators
      differentially regulate different peroxisomal enzymes. The tissue specificity of
      peroxisomal beta-oxidation gene regulation by xenobiotics supports the contention
      that the development of liver tumors following exposure to peroxisome
      proliferators correlates well with the inducibility of peroxisome proliferation
      and the beta-oxidation genes. Although these agents are known to exert mitogenic
      response in liver, it is unlikely that stimulation of DNA synthesis alone is
      responsible for tumor development. Cell proliferation may, however, play a
      secondary role. The morphological phenomenon of peroxisome proliferation should
      serve as a simple, sensitive, and valuable biological indicator for the
      identification of nongenotoxic or nonmutagenic chemicals that may be
      carcinogenic. An understanding of the cellular and molecular basis of peroxisome
      proliferation is a prerequisite for the evaluation of toxicological implications
      of this phenomenon.

PMID- 2916238
TI  - The reversible carbamate, (-)physostigmine, reduces the size of synaptic end
      plate lesions induced by sarin, an irreversible organophosphate.
AB  - Pretreatment of rats with atropine and the reversible esterase inhibitor
      physostigmine [-)PHY), prior to injection of a lethal dose of the irreversible
      organophosphate sarin (0.13 mg/kg), protects 100% of the animals from lethality.
      We have used quantitative light and qualitative electron microscopy to show that
      damage to the end plate region of voluntary muscles is also strikingly limited by
      the same pretreatment. Drug effects on soleus motor end plates detectable 1 hr
      after treatment were (1) a single sublethal dose of sarin (0.08 mg/kg) produced
      large, blistered, and severely disrupted subjucntional regions. Damage extended
      from the end plate, in the form of myofiber necrosis and subsequent phagocytosis;
      (2) (-)PHY (0.1 mg/kg) itself had a selective effect in inducing irregularities
      of the subjunctional sarcomere band without any gross vacuolization; (3) the
      morphometric analysis done with light microscopy indicated that the combination
      of atropine (0.5 mg/kg) and (-)PHY (0.1 mg/kg) prior to a lethal dose of sarin
      (0.13 mg/kg) offered 86% reduction in the average area of the lesions, relative
      to the dimensions of damage induced by atropine/sarin alone. In most lesions
      induced by (-)PHY, recognizable changes were markedly less severe in degree and
      extent than those seen in sarin myopathy; there were few instances of extensive
      muscle damage and myofiber necrosis. The relationship of the (-)PHY dose to the
      level of protection against sarin suggested that (-)PHY pretreatment almost
      completely prevents the characteristic sarin-induced myopathy and, instead,
      imposes the characteristic PHY-induced subjunctional swelling. In all three
      experimental groups examined, the myopathic changes located extrajuctionally were
      reversible. The mechanism by which (-)PHY acts as a protective agent is
      discussed.

PMID- 2916239
TI  - Persistent effects of neonatal toluene exposure on regional brain catecholamine
      levels and turnover in the adult male rat.
AB  - Effects of neonatal toluene exposure (80 ppm, day 1-7, 6 h/day) have been studied
      on regional brain catecholamine levels and utilization, and on serum levels of
      hypophyseal and adrenocortical hormones in the adult male rat. Catecholamine
      levels were measured by quantitative histofluorimetry in the forebrain and
      hypothalamus and by high pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical
      detection in the substantia nigra. Catecholamine utilization was evaluated from
      the decrease in catecholamines seen after tyrosine hydroxylase inhibition using
      alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine methyl ester hydrochloride (alpha MT, 250 mg/kg, i.p., 2
      h). Serum levels of thyroid stimulating hormone, corticosterone, aldosterone,
      prolactin and luteinizing hormone were measured by radioimmunoassays. Neonatal
      toluene exposure produced a reduction of dopamine levels and utilization
      selectively in the olfactory tubercle and substantia nigra of the adult rat.
      Furthermore, neonatal toluene exposure produced a significant reduction in the
      noradrenaline levels and utilization in the substantia nigra and an increase of
      noradrenaline utilization selectively in the subependymal layer of the median
      eminence and of the magnocellular part of the paraventricular hypothalamic
      nucleus. The serum hormone levels were not significantly influenced by neonatal
      toluene exposure as evaluated in adulthood. However, the alpha MT induced
      increase in serum prolactin levels was reduced following neonatal exposure to
      toluene. Neonatal toluene treatment was also found to alter the responses of the
      catecholamine neurons to subacute toluene exposure in adulthood. In some of the
      dopamine nerve terminal systems of the forebrain and in the dopamine cell body
      containing area of the substantia nigra neonatal toluene exposure appears to have
      made the dopamine neurons insensitive to adult subacute toluene exposure. In the
      hypothalamic noradrenaline nerve terminal systems, there were even reversed
      responses to subacute toluene exposure. The present results indicate that
      neonatal toluene exposure in doses at the threshold limit value produces
      persistent changes in dopamine and noradrenaline neurons of the forebrain,
      hypothalamus and substantia nigra in the presence of a relatively intact
      neuroendocrine system. In addition, neonatal toluene exposure appears to diminish
      or even counteract the responses to subacute toluene treatment in adulthood.

PMID- 2916240
TI  - Detection of reactive metabolites in vitro.
AB  - The ability of 27 compounds to mediate depletion of glutathione (GSH) in a
      fortified liver microsome incubation via production of reactive metabolites
      generated by microsomal mono-oxygenase (MMO) metabolism has been studied. The
      majority of compounds tested of this type were positive in this assay, with the
      exception of iproniazid and naphthalene. Thioacetamide, the reactive metabolite
      of which binds via lysine residues, was negative. Acrolein and
      hexachlorobutadiene produced depletion in the absence of prior activation, as did
      menadione but for which enzyme induction increased the magnitude of depletion.
      Allyl alcohol produced MMO-mediated depletion of GSH. Some depletion of GSH
      occurred in the presence of common substrates of the MMO system. It is suggested
      that this depletion assay may be a valid test for detection of reactive
      metabolites generated by MMO metabolism.

PMID- 2916241
TI  - Epiphyseal lesions of the femur and tibia in rats following oral chronic
      administration of zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate (ziram).
AB  - A 24-month chronic feeding toxicity study with zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate
      (ziram) was performed on Fischer 344 rats of both sexes (80 animals/sex per
      group) at dietary levels of 0, 20, 200, or 2000 ppm. Eight animals of either sex
      from each group were sacrificed after 26, 52 and 78 weeks, and all surviving
      animals were killed after 104 weeks. Epiphyseal abnormalities in the long bones
      of the hind legs were observed in both sexes at 2000 ppm. Clinically, 3 male rats
      showed partial paralysis of the hind legs. At necropsy, marked curvature of the
      proximal end of the crus which could cause a restricted extension of the tibio
      femoral joint was seen in 11 of 34 males killed at terminal sacrifice. While
      females had neither clinical signs nor gross abnormalities during the study,
      histopathological examination revealed retarded epiphyseal closure of the
      proximal end of the tibia in both sexes. Females also showed the epiphyseal
      lesion at the distal end of the femur. In severely affected rats marked
      proliferation of epiphyseal cartilaginous tissue was also noted together with the
      irregular arrangement of chondrocytes. These changes were evident only in aged
      animals. The incidence of the lesions in all males and females examined in this
      group was 22/77 (29%) and 13/73 (18%), respectively. The occurrence of the
      lesions appeared to be caused by impaired regulation of epiphyseal closure which
      might be related to the treatment with ziram.

PMID- 2916242
TI  - Uptake of 63Ni2+ in the central and peripheral nervous system of mice after oral
      administration: effects of treatments with halogenated 8-hydroxyquinolines.
AB  - Oral administration of 63Ni2+ to mice resulted in higher levels of the metal in
      the sciatic nerves, the trigeminal ganglia, spinal nerve roots and the spinal
      cord than in the cerebellum and the frontal cortex. In the sciatic nerves, the
      trigeminal ganglia and the spinal nerve roots a high vascular permeability may
      explain the preferential uptake of the 63Ni2+. The higher accumulation of the
      63Ni2+ in the spinal cord than in the examined structures of the brain may be
      related to a diffusion from the cerebrospinal fluid. Administrations of
      halogenated 8-hydroxyquinolines [5,7-diiodo-8-hydroxyquinoline (diI-HQ), 5,7
      dibromo-8-hydroxyquinoline (diBr-HQ), 5,7-dichloro-8-hydroxyquinoline (diCl-HQ)
      or 5-chloro-7-iodo-8-hydroxyquinoline (Cl-I-HQ)] together with the 63Ni2+
      resulted in increased levels of the metal both in neural and extraneural tissues
      in comparison with mice given the 63Ni2+ alone. In most instances the tissue
      levels of 63Ni2+ were 2-4 times higher in the animals treated with the
      halogenated 8-hydroxyquinolines than in the controls. Determinations of
      chloroform/water partition coefficients showed that lipophilic chelates are
      formed between each of these compounds and the nickel. Our results are probably
      explained by a facilitated passage of the complexed metal over the walls of the
      stomach and the intestine. The halogenated 8-hydroxyquinolines are linked with
      the SMON-syndrome, a disease which occurred primarily in Japan. The possibility
      that this syndrome may be causally connected with a concomitant intake of these
      drugs and metals is discussed.

PMID- 2916243
TI  - Long-term feeding study of N,N'-diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine in F344 rats.
AB  - Groups of 50 F344 rats of each sex were fed a diet containing 0.5 or 2% of N,N'
      diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine (DPPD) for 104 weeks and were killed 8 weeks after
      the cessation of DPPD administration. DPPD-treated rats of both sexes showed a
      dose-dependent reduction in body weight gain, but no lower survival rate, when
      compared with untreated control rats. Blood and urine analysis showed no
      remarkable changes due to the treatment. Calcium deposition in the kidney of
      males was the only significant histological change relating to the treatment.
      Tumors were found in many organs of all groups, but a significant increase of
      tumor induction in DPPD-treated groups was not observed.

PMID- 2916244
TI  - The biochemical and pathological changes produced by the intratracheal
      instillation of certain components of zinc-hexachloroethane smoke.
AB  - Zinc chloride which is formed by igniting a mixture of zinc oxide and
      hexachloroethane in the production of white smokes has been shown to produce
      oedema when given to rats as a single instillation. The oedematous reaction, as
      assessed by histopathology and measurements of alveolar surface protein in lavage
      fluid, is variable, dose-dependent, and maximal at 3 days but at sub-lethal doses
      it regresses after 7 days. The parent compound, zinc oxide, does not produce
      these effects. In some animals there is evidence of a fibrogenic response at 7
      days post-exposure although it is currently unknown whether or not this effect is
      progressive.

PMID- 2916245
TI  - Validation of a morphometric analysis procedure using indomethacin-induced
      alterations in cultured hepatocytes.
AB  - Morphometric analysis was used to quantitate indomethacin-induced morphological
      changes in primary cultures of neonatal rat hepatocytes by comparison with
      standard assessments of functional integrity (i.e. enzyme release, urea levels,
      and dye exclusion). For this procedural validation, indomethacin concentrations
      were selected to correspond to the therapeutic plasma levels of rheumatoid
      arthritic or systemic lupus erythematosus patients having liver cell injury
      secondary to prolonged, high-dose administration of this nonsteroidal
      antiinflammatory agent. Primary cultures of neonatal rat hepatocytes were exposed
      for 12 h to 0, 100, 500 or 1000 microM indomethacin and subjected to a double
      blind morphometric analysis procedure modified for use on cultured cells. This
      procedure systematically converted two-dimensional morphologic information into
      three-dimensional numerical data for statistical analysis. These optical
      measurements provided an accurate analysis following 4 h of measurements. When
      the concentration of indomethacin was increased from 0 to 1000 microM, the
      relative volume percent of Type I cells decreased. Therefore these cells, which
      were indistinguishable from healthy, untreated control cells, become less
      numerous as toxicant level increased. In contrast, the relative volume percent
      values of other progressively more damaged cell types (i.e. Types II, III, and IV
      cells) increased with elevation of indomethacin levels. Morphometric assessments
      paralleled functional assessments of indomethacin-induced cytotoxicity (r2: 0.88
      0.99). Therefore, the present study validated this morphometric analysis
      procedure using a rigorous cellular exposure which caused substantial cell injury
      and subsequent lifting of 23% cells from the substrate. Combined with previous
      validation studies involving cadmium, erythromycin and benoxaprofen, the present
      study showed that morphometric analysis is a rapid, accurate method for the
      measurement of cell injury in cultured parenchymal hepatocytes.

PMID- 2916246
TI  - Tris acetylacetonate aluminium(III) induces osmotic fragility and acanthocyte
      formation in suspended erythrocytes.
AB  - Tris acetylacetonate aluminium(III) (Al(acac)3), dissolved in water, is effective
      in producing osmotic fragility in suspended erythrocytes in the concentration
      range of 0.034-0.34 mmol/l. Water solutions of Tris maltolate aluminium(III)
      (Al(malt)3) and aluminium lactate (Al(lac)3) are also effective but the dose
      response behavior is less pronounced. Moreover, only Al(acac)3 induces a
      prominent generation of acanthocytes. The stronger effects of Al(acac)3 on
      membrane stability are attributed to the greater solubility of this complex in
      the cell membrane.

PMID- 2916247
TI  - Cadmium and metallothionein levels in the liver of humans exposed to
      environmental cadmium in Upper Silesia, Poland.
AB  - The area of Upper Silesia is the most industrialized region in Poland. The
      concentrations of cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and metallothionein (MT)
      in autopsy samples (n = 29) of liver from the inhabitants of that area were
      determined. The metal levels varied in the ranges of 0.5-11.9 micrograms Cd/g,
      45.3-221.6 micrograms Zn/g, 1.4-10.3 micrograms Cu/g. The concentration of MT
      determined by the Hg-method was high: 0.38-2.86 mumol Hg/g. A positive linear
      relationship was observed between Zn and MT levels.

PMID- 2916248
TI  - Metallothionein-I accumulation in the rat lung following a single paraquat
      administration.
AB  - The ability of paraquat (PQ), a free radical inducible chemical, to increase
      metallothionein-I (MT-I) content in the tissues was determined using
      radioimmunoassay. A single dose of PQ into the rat caused a sevenfold increase in
      pulmonary MT-I concentration on day 1 and its concentration returned to the
      control level by day 5. Paraquat-induced increase in MT-I was not observed in the
      kidney, but was seen in the liver. The data show the difference in accumulation
      of MT-I in liver, kidney and lung after intraperitoneal injection of a high dose
      of PQ.

PMID- 2916249
TI  - Toxic responses in F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice given roxarsone in their diets for
      up to 13 weeks.
AB  - Thirteen-week toxicity studies were conducted in groups of 10 F344 rats and
      B6C3F1 mice of each sex fed roxarsone at 0, 50, 100, 200, 400, or 800 ppm in the
      diet. Arsenic levels in blood, urine, kidneys, and liver of rats were measured in
      additional animals of each sex dosed with 100 or 400 ppm roxarsone. Compound
      related mortality occurred in both sexes of rats at 800 ppm and mice at 800 and
      400 ppm. Significant body weight gain depression occurred in both sexes of rats
      at 200, 400, and 800 ppm and mice at 800 ppm. Clinical signs of toxicity
      (trembling, ataxia, and pale skin) were seen primarily in rats and mice at 800
      ppm. Lesions associated with roxarsone administration were noted only in the
      kidney of rats and were characterized by tubular necrosis and mineralization at
      the corticomedullary junction. Arsenic levels in urine, blood, liver, and kidneys
      increased over time and were directly proportional to the level of roxarsone in
      feed. These levels were greater than 6 times higher in rats than in mice and were
      about 2 time higher in males than in females. The no-observable-effect level for
      roxarsone toxicity was estimated at 100 ppm for rats and 200 ppm for mice. No
      hematology or clinical chemistry effects were found in rats or mice of either
      sex.

PMID- 2916250
TI  - Study on dermal toxicity and urinary metabolites of the new insect repellent N,N
      diethylphenylacetamide in rabbits.
AB  - Dermal toxicity of the new multi-insect repellent N,N-diethylphenylacetamide
      (DEPA) was studied in female rabbits. LD50 of DEPA was estimated to be 3505 mg/kg
      b.w. On daily topical application for 21 d at a dose of 50 mg/kg b.w., dermal
      irritancy score and blood chemistry changes indicated that the compound is non
      irritant and non-toxic. N-Ethylphenylacetamide and conjugated phenylacetic acid
      were identified as the urinary metabolites of DEPA by gas-liquid chromatography.

PMID- 2916251
TI  - Characterization and development of metallothionein in fetal forelimbs, brain and
      liver from the mouse.
AB  - The presence of the low molecular weight protein metallothionein (MT) has been
      investigated in fetal forelimbs, brain and liver from the mouse with the aim of
      using the protein as a biochemical marker for the early recognition of potential
      teratogenic agents in the future. Forelimbs, brain and liver were taken from
      mouse fetuses at ages ranging from 12 to 18 d. Each type of organ was homogenized
      and centrifuged at 9000 x g. The analysis of MT in the supernatants (S9) with the
      Cd-heme saturation method detected in all three cases the presence of a low
      molecular weight, Cd-binding protein whose concentration increased with the age
      of the fetus. Analysis of the S9 fractions using gel- and anion exchange
      chromatography and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis demonstrated the existence
      of a protein analogue to the hepatic MT in forelimbs and brain.

PMID- 2916252
TI  - [Treatment methods of keloid and hypertrophic scar formation].
AB  - Hypertrophic scar and keloid are diagnoses based on clinical symptoms.
      Hypertrophic scar is an unacceptably enlarged scar, within the boundaries of the
      original wound; whereas keloid is an unacceptably enlarged scar infiltrating the
      surrounding tissue. Hypertrophic scar and keloid belong to the same category of
      diseases, characterized by increased collagen development. The treatments
      employed are compression, excision, corticosteroid injections and irradiation.
      New medical treatments affecting the collagen metabolism such as colchicin, beta
      amino-proprionitrite (BAPN), D-penicillamine, cytostatics and prostaglandin
      inhibitors have been introduced with promising results and fewer side effects.

PMID- 2916253
TI  - [Parietal cell vagotomy and dilatation in duodenal ulcer complicated by pyloric
      stenosis].
AB  - In a follow-up study of 32 patients with duodenal ulcer complicated by pyloric
      stenosis treated by highly selective vagotomy and dilatation of the stricture, we
      found an ulcer recurrence rate of 19% and a restenosis rate of 7.6% after a
      minimum of six years of observation. It is concluded, that dilatation can be used
      as an alternative to former surgical procedures in the treatment of pyloric
      stenosis and that highly selective vagotomy is still justified in the treatment
      of some cases of duodenal ulcer.

PMID- 2916254
TI  - [Diagnosis and treatment in general practice. Referral courses over a period of 1
      year].
AB  - This study examined episodes of medical care in five practices, representing a
      number of municipalities in The Copenhagen County. For comparison of results,
      data from a similar survey from a 55 practices' study by Hollnagel et al were
      also used. In these two surveys all encounters were recorded, over period of one
      year and three months, respectively, each time a health problem or condition was
      presented to the general practitioner following a personal, telephone or written
      contact between the patient, or other person representing the patient, and
      physician. The study population analyzed here consists of 189 and 2,293 adults
      respectively, who were all registered as group 1 members of the Danish National
      Health Care system. The date and nature of each contact were registered,
      including information of the date of any previous contact concerning the same
      health problem, so that the contacts could be chronicled into episodes of medical
      care. In addition, detailed data concerning encounter form, reason for encounter,
      patient's expressed whished to obtain specific services, general practitioners
      treatment including referrals, and diagnosis were recorded. Compared with the
      study covering a period of three months, the data covering a period of one year
      include episodes which represent a larger fraction of the study population in all
      age groups, 85-95% compared with 55-68%. Similarly a greater number of contacts
      in the episodes with a total of more than one contact are recorded over a period
      of one year especially concerning the episodes in the age group 45-64 years of
      age and the group over 65 years.

PMID- 2916255
TI  - [Acromioclavicular dislocation. Conservative or surgical treatment?].
AB  - The anatomy of the acromioclavicular joint is described and the mechanism of
      trauma causing dislocation of the joint is presented. Acromioclavicular
      dislocation is subdivided according to Allman's classification and special
      lesions are described. The therapeutic principles are discussed on the basis of
      the literature. It is concluded that all grade 1 and grade 2 lesions may be
      treated symptomatically and conservatively with good results. Where grade 3
      lesions are concerned, it is concluded that conservative therapy appears to
      provide better results than operation. The final functional results are the same
      and the period of convalescence is briefer with conservative therapy. In
      addition, complications of conservative therapy are less serious and are easy to
      treat with good results.

PMID- 2916256
TI  - [Acute poisoning with organic phosphates treated at an intensive care unit].
AB  - During the period 1.1.1976 to 31.12.1985, 23 patients were treated in an
      intensive care unit following acute poisoning with organic phosphates. Sixteen of
      the cases of poisoning were intentional and were part of attempted suicide. Eight
      were accidental. The severe cases of poisoning were all attempted suicides.
      Nineteen of the cases of poisoning occurred during the months from April to
      August during which these sprays are employed. The average age was 41 years ant
      the sex ratio men: women was 3:0. Respirator treatment was necessary in six
      patients. Sixteen patients were treated with a bolus injection of atropine and/or
      continuous infusion and six of these patients received antidote treatment with
      obidoxim, simultaneously. It is concluded that the majority of cases of poisoning
      are with suicidal intent and employ preparations which are freely obtainable and
      that only very few cases of poisoning occur in professional persons in connection
      with their employment. Treatment of cases of acute poisoning with organic
      phosphates is both specific and symptomatic. A therapeutic programme is
      established which aims primarily at ensuring free respiration, prevention of
      further absorption of poison, specific antidote therapy with atropine and
      obidoxim and symptomatic therapy.

PMID- 2916257
TI  - [Forensic examination in cases of rape and attempted rape reported to the police.
      A study of a new procedure used in the municipality of Copenhagen].
AB  - Increasing recognition of the late psychological sequelae of rape has resulted in
      alteration in the practice of medico-legal investigation in the Municipality of
      Copenhagen with the offer of psychological treatment free of charge. During a
      period of two years, 100 women were examined and 20% of these accepted
      psychological treatment. The percentage of women seeking psychological treatment
      was greatest among those who were examined in the new premises attached to the
      psychiatric clinic of the University Hospital. These premises satisfy a number of
      needs but are not optimal. A recent committee publication proposes a special
      clinic for victims of sexual assaults not only the women who have reported the
      case to the police but also those who have not reported it. A department such as
      this must be considered to be the optimal solution for solution of the
      requirements of victims of rape. The 20 women who received psychological
      treatment presented psychological symptoms of the same type and degree as
      described in other investigations, and these symptoms were not found to have any
      definite relation to the nature of the rape, its violence or defensive actions
      made by the women. As compared with the frequency of psychological sequelae
      described in the literature, only few women sought psychological aid. The
      explanation of this may be problems in organization at the commencement of the
      new arrangement.

PMID- 2916258
TI  - [A case of scurvy occurring during prolonged hospitalization].
AB  - A case of scurvy during prolonged stay in hospital is presented. Symptoms and
      treatment of manifest scurvy and prophylactic therapy are discussed.

PMID- 2916259
TI  - [Common bile duct cyst of type 1].
AB  - A case of common bile duct cyst, type 1, is presented. On account of the risk of
      development of cancer, excision of the cyst and the gall bladder is recommended.
      The duct system is then reestablished by means of hepato-jejunostomy.
      Scandinavian gastroenterologists should bear this condition im mind in patients
      of Asiatic origin with signs of biliary disease.

PMID- 2916260
TI  - [Intrauterine tachycardia--differential diagnosis from fetal death].
AB  - A case of intrauterine tachycardia is presented. The case was primarily diagnosed
      as one of foetal death. The correct diagnosis was established by ultrasonic
      scanning. During the neonatal period, the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome was
      diagnosed. This is a common cause of intrauterine tachycardia.

PMID- 2916261
TI  - [Sudden infant death. Vascular etiology because of inactivity?].

PMID- 2916262
TI  - [Renal cysts].

PMID- 2916263
TI  - [Screening of cancer, advantages and disadvantages].

PMID- 2916264
TI  - [Rational use of medical technology].

PMID- 2916265
TI  - [Education in psychotherapy and research institutes in public regime].

PMID- 2916266
TI  - [Greenland--a land without physicians? A new agreement, wishes-- a new solution
      to big problems!].

PMID- 2916267
TI  - Genitourinary prostheses.

PMID- 2916268
TI  - The artificial urinary sphincter. Experience in adults.
AB  - The author's experience and results of implanting the artificial sphincter into
      406 adults from June 1972 through March 1988 are reviewed. The early experience
      in which the device was pressurized by means of valves has been compared with
      later experience with the device whose pressure is controlled by means of a
      balloon. The degree of continence has been assessed according to the model of the
      device, the etiology of the incontinence, the location of the cuff, and the
      pressure that was chosen. The patients have been grateful to achieve an improved
      quality of life with social urinary continence brought about by improvements in
      the prosthesis. Additional improvements in the fitting of the cuff might bring
      even better results.

PMID- 2916269
TI  - The artificial sphincter (AS-800). Experience in children and young adults.
AB  - From reviewing our experience in the application of the AS-800 sphincter for the
      management of incontinence in children, we conclude that implantation is
      indicated after conservative and less invasive therapy has been attempted. The
      bladder neck is the site of choice for cuff placement in children. Primary
      deactivation and moderate or low reservoir pressures (61 to 70 and 71 to 80 cm
      H2O) are indicated, especially in patients with previous bladder neck surgery or
      an inadvertent bladder neck injury. Excess residual urine should be evacuated by
      clean intermittent catheterization. The AS-800 is mechanically reliable (9
      mechanical failures in 45 sphincters). When the sphincter is implanted in a
      select group of patients, upper tract function is maintained in a stable state.
      Detubularized augmentation cytoplasty must be used to supplement the sphincter in
      patients with low-compliance, low-capacity, and nonresponsive hyperreflexic
      bladders. In all patients, long and careful follow-up is necessary to identify
      late changes in bladder function and consequent upper tract damage. An overall
      satisfactory result (fair to good) was obtained in 88 per cent of patients during
      an average follow-up period of 35 months, and 0.6 modifying procedure per patient
      was done in the sphincters.

PMID- 2916270
TI  - Semirigid and malleable rod penile prostheses.
AB  - Rod penile prosthesis implantation has a high functional success rate, and the
      devices have a low mechanical failure rate. The rods are easily implanted.
      Transient problems, such as pain or penile edema lasting longer than 4 weeks,
      occur in 10 to 15 per cent of patients, and serious complications such as
      infection or prosthesis erosion occur in 1 to 5 per cent.

PMID- 2916271
TI  - Testicular prostheses.
AB  - Testicular prosthesis implantation is a generally simple and low-morbidity method
      of softening the psychological trauma suffered by patients faced with the loss of
      a testis.

PMID- 2916272
TI  - Development of a penile prosthesis. The Hydroflex.
AB  - The development and commercialization of a penile prosthesis is a long and
      involved process that is influenced by a large number of factors including the
      patient, surgeon, FDA, commercial viability, and competitive environment. The
      process is illustrated in this article by historically tracing some of the
      factors involved in the development of the American Medical Systems self
      contained penile prosthesis, the Hydroflex. This device was introduced into
      unrestricted commercial distribution in May 1985.

PMID- 2916273
TI  - Legal aspects of urologic prosthetic devices.
AB  - Although tools may be one of the major progenitors of civilization, they
      certainly can, in the medical arena, give rise to a wide variety of legal
      controversies, including malpractice claims, suits for lack of informed consent,
      and actions against manufacturers for breaches of warranty and strict liability.
      This article has reviewed briefly some of these complex legal issues in light of
      the continuously changing status of medical device litigation.

PMID- 2916274
TI  - Bone fixation technique for transvaginal needle suspension.
AB  - The transvaginal needle suspension procedure coupled with the bone fixation
      technique provides excellent restoration of continence without causing outflow
      obstruction. The surgical procedure is precise, with a significant decrease in
      postoperative pain and discomfort when the pubic tubercle is utilized as the
      fixation point for the suspension sutures.

PMID- 2916275
TI  - The OmniPhase and DuraPhase penile prostheses.
AB  - The OmniPhase and DuraPhase prostheses can be classified as mechanical penile
      implants. They offer the features of ease of insertion, simple operation
      requiring little or no manual dexterity, good intrinsic axial rigidity, and
      exceptional concealability. The bendability of both devices resembles the
      twisting of a gooseneck lamp. As they are both mechanical devices, they impart a
      firmness to the penis at all times, as opposed to the fluid feeling of the
      hydraulic devices. The mechanical reliability of each model has been good to
      date, and the simplicity of manipulation has made this class of devices the
      choice of many impotent patients.

PMID- 2916276
TI  - The Hydroflex penile prosthesis.
AB  - Since its introduction in 1985, the Hydroflex penile prosthesis has become a
      popular choice of impotent patients. Simplicity of insertion, mechanical
      reliability, and the ability to give alternate firmness and flaccidity to the
      penis account for its widespread acceptance. Selection of patients is important,
      excluding those with impaired manual dexterity who would become frustrated in
      learning to operate the inflation-deflation mechanism of this device. Also, this
      prosthesis is somewhat bulky and cannot be crammed satisfactorily into the
      unusually small penis. When turgid, it does not expand beyond fixed limits and so
      would not fill the exceptionally large penis, resulting in a relatively unstable
      erection in such a patient. Appropriate sizing of the cylinders, especially the
      width, is important for a successful outcome.

PMID- 2916277
TI  - The Flexi-Flate and Flexi-Flate II penile prostheses.
AB  - Our experience with 45 recipients of the Flexi-Flate and Flexi-Flate II
      prostheses leads us to the following conclusions: 1. The device is readily
      implantable in approximately 1 hour with techniques familiar to most urologists
      who have implanted rigid or semirigid rods. 2. With attention to detail,
      prosthesis sizing is straightforward using intraoperative determination of
      corporeal girth and total corporeal length. We were unable reliably to predict
      prosthesis size preoperatively. Hence, as with other inflatable prostheses, we
      recommend that an entire range of prosthesis sizes be available at implantation.
      3. Mechanical reliability is similar to that of more complex inflatable devices.
      The mechanical malfunction rate has been 11.6 per cent over a 15.1-month follow
      up. 4. Patients find the inflation-deflation mechanisms easy to master. 5.
      Spontaneous deflation does occur during intercourse in some instances, but most
      patients are able to adjust sexual techniques and position satisfactorily with
      minimal disruption of enjoyment for themselves and their partners. 6. Among
      individuals with functional prostheses, a detailed survey of patient and partner
      response postoperatively revealed a high level of satisfaction for both and a
      return to premorbid levels of sexual functioning. Concealability was good in the
      flaccid state, and patients report minimal difficulties or embarassment with
      everyday functions in public restrooms and shower situations.

PMID- 2916278
TI  - Mentor inflatable penile prostheses.
AB  - The standard Mentor inflatable is an extremely reliable prosthesis that will
      provide complete satisfaction in 87 to 99 per cent of the patients in whom it is
      implanted. The proved long-term reliability and superior functional
      characteristics of the three-component Mentor prosthesis make it a standard
      investigators may use to compare the recently introduced mechanical and modified
      inflatable prostheses. The short-term results of the new Mentor GFS prosthesis
      also are encouraging. The new prosthesis provides an attractive alternative to
      the standard inflatable prosthesis in patients with normal-sized genitalia,
      especially for surgeons who prefer to implant the device through a penoscrotal
      incision.

PMID- 2916279
TI  - Clinical experience with controlled expansion cylinders. The AMS 700 CX
      inflatable penile prosthesis.
AB  - Device manufacturers continue to look for modifications in design to achieve
      specific objectives directed at improving overall reliability. Changes in design
      that do not address this extremely significant concern, namely, device
      reliability, fail in their commitment toward improvement in patient satisfaction.
      One of the most effective ways to assess the benefits provided by any change in
      device design is through the clinical trial and study group method, utilizing a
      large number of implanting surgeons from a variety of backgrounds and with a
      variety of patients. The results of the clinical trials with the AMS 700 CX
      cylinders were extremely encouraging. More importantly, the findings of the study
      group and our own findings have been substantiated through widespread clinical
      application among an even larger number of implanting physicians. Device
      reliability should continue to be under serious scrutiny. We, as implanting
      physicians, are constantly being asked by our patients, "How long can I expect
      this device to function?" The answer can only be given on the basis of reports
      such as this and others that address the results of implantation in a series of
      patients who are followed appropriately year after year. Each year these reports,
      if brought up to date, will become even more meaningful. Meanwhile, new designs
      continue to be evaluated in the laboratory and will become a reality only through
      the suggestions provided by implanting surgeons, whose observations, when relayed
      to the manufacturer, enable the design engineer to address the specific concerns
      of both patient and physician. The AMS 700 CX inflatable penile prosthesis with
      its new controlled expansion cylinders has certainly addressed those concerns for
      the present.

PMID- 2916280
TI  - Penile prostheses. An overview.
AB  - Penile prosthesis implantation in selected patients can achieve very gratifying
      results. Satisfactory surgical results can be obtained in a high percentage of
      cases, and if the patient and his partner are well informed preoperatively,
      patient and partner satisfaction can also be very good.

PMID- 2916281
TI  - Corporeal reconstruction procedures for complicated penile implants.
AB  - Implantation of a penile prosthesis is now a very much accepted mode of
      management of organic erectile impotence. In most situations, this operation will
      involve little or no corporeal reconstruction. However, in the presence of more
      severe pathologic processes that may lead to corporeal damage, such as infective
      corporitis secondary to an earlier penile prosthesis or postpriapism fibrosis,
      and with the increasing public awareness of the availability of therapeutic
      modalities for impotence, the urologist must be well versed in the diagnostic and
      surgical techniques of corporeal reconstruction.

PMID- 2916282
TI  - Sex therapy for the penile prosthesis recipient.
AB  - In conclusion, the evidence for technical success of the penile prosthesis is
      clear, but more detailed follow-up studies suggest that a large minority of
      patients and partners fail to achieve sexual satisfaction. If the goal of surgery
      is to restore sexual frequency, variety, and pleasure to optimal levels, an
      integrated treatment program that incorporates sex therapy may be more successful
      than implantation alone. The type of sex therapy required depends on the risk
      factors present for postsurgery sexual dissatisfaction. A majority of patients
      can benefit from several sessions of brief sexual counseling preoperatively, with
      routine follow-up at 3 and 6 months after surgery to identify problems in
      resuming sex successfully. I also would point out that an integrated treatment
      approach is just as applicable to home intracavernosal injection programs.
      Including sex therapy in the package might reduce the large drop-out rates
      currently being seen and might decrease the risk of misuse of these medications.

PMID- 2916283
TI  - History of the prosthetic treatment of urinary incontinence.
AB  - Prostheses for the treatment of urinary incontinence have evolved from early
      passive compressive devices, which were limited to use in men, to the current AS
      800, which is suitable for both sexes. The device represents continued
      improvement and streamlining of several earlier models. Parallel advances in
      surgical technique and perioperative management have made prosthetic treatment of
      urinary incontinence a well-recognized and desirable solution for a difficult
      urologic problem.

PMID- 2916284
TI  - Assessment of male infertility: correlation between results of semen analysis and
      phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
AB  - To evaluate the usefulness of phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P
      MRS) in assessing male infertility, we compared it with conventional semen
      analysis. Specimens were obtained from otherwise healthy patient groups as
      follows: group A, 7 fertile control subjects; group B, 12 azoospermic men after
      vasectomy; and group C, 11 patients presenting for infertility evaluation.
      Correlations between established semen analysis parameters and the 31P-MRS
      derived ratio of glycerylphosphorylcholine to total phosphate (GPC/TP) were
      investigated. Group A controls had a mean GPC/TC ratio of 0.10 +/- 0.05, which
      was the same as that of group C. With the exception of significantly lowered
      motility and normal morphology in group C (p less than 0.001 and 0.05,
      respectively) semen analysis parameters in these two groups were similar. In
      contrast, the GPC/TP ratio in group B (0.05 +/- 0.04) was significantly different
      from the control (p less than 0.05), which appropriately reflected complete vasal
      occlusion. The results suggest that a significant portion of seminal GPC is
      derived from epididymal secretion and that 31P-MRS is useful for monitoring the
      GPC/TP levels when assessing epididymal function and male infertility.

PMID- 2916285
TI  - Complete hemorrhagic necrosis of renal adenocarcinoma following percutaneous
      biopsy.
AB  - We report a case of renal adenocarcinoma diagnosed by percutaneous biopsy, under
      computerized tomography (CT) guidance. The pathology following nephrectomy
      revealed only hemorrhagic necrosis. The implications of this occurrence are
      presented.

PMID- 2916286
TI  - Paratesticular metastases from congenital retroperitoneal tumor.
AB  - A retroperitoneal tumor was removed from a fifteen-day-old infant. Light
      microscopy revealed a teratoma consisting mainly of immature nervous tissue.
      Three months later the patient had recurrence and numerous peritoneal metastases
      showing a histologic pattern similar to that of the primary tumor. Twelve months
      later there was enlargement of the left testis due to metastases from teratoma
      infiltrating the tunica vaginalis of the left testis, the epididymis, and the
      spermatic cord. These metastases consisted of mature neurons and glial cells. The
      early dissemination of the tumor suggests an intracavitary spread pattern. The
      tumor maturation in paratesticular structures suggests that mesothelial cells are
      involved in the differentiation of tumoral germ cells.

PMID- 2916287
TI  - Spontaneously reduced testicular torsion. A pitfall in radionuclide scrotal
      imaging.
AB  - The radionuclide scrotal scan is highly accurate in the differential diagnosis of
      acute torsion vs epididymo-orchitis. While the scan findings of increased flow
      through the spermatic cord and increased static scan activity suggest
      inflammation, its appearance is not always diagnostic of inflammatory disorder.
      That this may also occur after reduction of torsion has not been emphasized in
      the literature. A case report of spontaneous reduction of testicular torsion is
      presented which demonstrates both increased flow and increased static image
      activity mimicking epididymitis.

PMID- 2916288
TI  - Spontaneous regression of pulmonary metastases from renal cell carcinoma.
AB  - One year after nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma in a seventy-year-old man
      pulmonary nodules developed which proved to be metastases by needle biopsy. Chest
      radiographs thirteen and eighteen months later revealed complete spontaneous
      regression of the nodules without therapy.

PMID- 2916289
TI  - Use of cystoscopy sheath in radical retropubic prostatectomy.

PMID- 2916290
TI  - Technique for more rapid localization of distal ureteral obstruction with
      excretory urography.

PMID- 2916291
TI  - Absolute ethanol renal angioinfarction for control of hypertension.
AB  - Six patients (11 renal units) underwent ethanol renal angioinfarction for
      medically uncontrollable hypertension. The mean preablation blood pressure was
      175/112 mm Hg despite antihypertensive medications. Five of the patients
      demonstrated elevated renal vein renin levels prior to angioinfarction.
      Hypertension was improved in all 6 patients, during a mean follow-up period of
      fifty-one months. Systemic hypertension was completely eliminated in 4 patients.
      Two patients continue to require antihypertensive medication to control their
      hypertension. There were no major complications directly related to intra
      arterial injection of ethanol. Transcatheter renal ablation employing intra
      arterial injection of absolute ethanol for control of severe hypertension appears
      to be a safe and efficacious procedure. It should be considered an alternative to
      nephrectomy in selected high-risk patients.

PMID- 2916292
TI  - Six-microtransducer catheter connected to computer in evaluation of urethral
      closure function of women.
AB  - A new instrument consisting of a six-transducer catheter, one transducer for the
      bladder and five transducers for urethral pressure recordings, and a computer
      with specific software was developed for urodynamic investigation of women.
      Twenty-six patients with stress urinary incontinence (SUI) and 10 continent
      female patients were evaluated during the single cough, the first and the fourth
      ones of the forced coughings in supine and standing positions. The results were
      compared with those obtained with the conventional two-transducer method.
      Negative urethral closure pressure (UCP) at stress, indicative of SUI, was
      present in 88 percent of the cases with the six-transducer method, and in 77
      percent with the two-transducer method. The fourth cough in the standing position
      with the six-transducer method was most diagnostic. In SUI, the six-transducer
      method indicated exactly, e.g., the minimum bladder pressure needed for negative
      UCP and the duration of negative UCP. Patients with SUI had significantly lower
      UCP at rest, UCP at stress, and pressure transmission ratio (PTR) than continent
      women. Findings, that UCP at stress decreased and duration of negative UCP at
      stress increased but PTR did not change when the fourth cough was compared with
      the first one in SUI, suggest that factors which are responsible for the altered
      urodynamics during prolonged stress are anatomic rather than functional.

PMID- 2916293
TI  - Renal trauma assessment.

PMID- 2916294
TI  - Special considerations for implantation of 12 cm and 15 cm AMS 700 CX cylinders.

PMID- 2916295
TI  - Prospective study of metabolic abnormalities in patient with continent Kock pouch
      urinary diversion.
AB  - Metabolic alterations as a result of bowel being employed in the urinary tract
      are well documented. To investigate this phenomenon in the continent ileal
      reservoir urinary diversion, 106 patients who had undergone Kock pouch surgery
      were followed in a prospective study at the University of Southern California
      between 1985 and 1987. Serum chemistries and urine osmolality determinations were
      performed approximately every three months for a year. Mean patient values for
      each time period were then compiled and compared with the norms and with the
      preoperative values. The mean serum electrolyte values were found to be within
      normal limits during all follow-up periods. Fourteen patients were identified,
      however, as having values falling intermittently outside of the normal range.
      These patients were investigated and found to be abnormal during episodes of
      acute renal failure usually secondary to dehydration or obstruction at which time
      they usually became acidotic and occasionally hyperchloremic. These problems
      disappeared when the renal failure was corrected. This study corroborated our
      previously reported findings that hyperchloremic acidosis or other metabolic
      alterations requiring replacement therapy do not routinely occur in this
      population.

PMID- 2916296
TI  - Flow cytometric study comparing paired bladder washing and voided urine for
      bladder cancer detection.
AB  - Paired bladder washings and voided urines from bladder cancer patients were
      compared as sources of exfoliated cells for detection of bladder carcinoma by
      flow cytometry (FCM). Bladder specimens fixed in 25% ethanol within sixty minutes
      of collection were found to be superior to unfixed bladder specimens. The
      percentage of specimens with good DNA resolution was greater for bladder washings
      (67% unfixed, 90% fixed) than voided urines (41% unfixed, 66% fixed). There was
      no difference in DNA resolution between specimens that remained unfixed less than
      one day, one day, or two days suggesting that the cells undergo the majority of
      degradation within a critical period soon after collection. Once fixed, there was
      no difference in DNA resolution for up to nineteen days, which suggests the
      feasibility of specimen transport to central FCM laboratories. Eighteen percent
      of unfixed bladder washings and 33 percent of unfixed voided urine specimens
      contained an insufficient number of cells (less than 5,000) at the time of
      analysis compared with 6 percent bladder washings and 17 percent voided urines
      fixed in 25% ethanol. Flow cytometry and cytology results were concordant in
      28/43 (65%) of fixed bladder washings and 9/13 (69%) of fixed voided urine.
      Voided urine was unreliable in providing consistent FCM data due to the high
      number of specimens with poor resolution or insufficient cells and is not
      recommended as a substitute for bladder washing when screening high-risk
      populations or monitoring patients with past history of bladder cancer.

PMID- 2916297
TI  - New apparatus to reduce urinary drainage associated with urinary tract
      infections.
AB  - The automatic release of povidone iodine (PVP-I) into the outlet tube of a
      urinary collecting bag significantly reduced urinary tract infections (UTIs) and
      provided a more practical bacterial barrier than manual instillation of PVP-I
      into the bag as used previously. In 52 patients using a new urinary drainage
      system with a cartridge that released PVP-I into the outlet tube of the
      collection bag UTIs developed in 3, compared with 57 patients using a standard
      closed drainage system and in whom 13 UTIs developed (p less than 0.005). The PVP
      I group had 92 percent of the accumulative catheter-days free of bladder
      infection, compared with 77 percent in the standard group. The main route of
      bacterial contamination leading to urinary drainage UTIs was through the
      collection bag.

PMID- 2916298
TI  - Alternative site for the single intradermal comparative tuberculin test in the
      llama (Llama glama).

PMID- 2916299
TI  - Diagnosis of freemartinism in sheep.

PMID- 2916300
TI  - Cobalt deficiency and Ostertagia circumcincta infection in lambs.

PMID- 2916301
TI  - CFC pollution: vets at fault?

PMID- 2916302
TI  - Immobilon supply to holders of Home Office licensed dart guns.

PMID- 2916303
TI  - MoD grant to Bristol veterinary school.

PMID- 2916304
TI  - Salmonella in poultry.

PMID- 2916305
TI  - Right to dispense.

PMID- 2916306
TI  - Cat deaths: toxicity or ...?

PMID- 2916307
TI  - Intratracheal antibiotic treatment.

PMID- 2916309
TI  - Speaking up for the profession.

PMID- 2916308
TI  - Fasciola hepatica infestation.

PMID- 2916310
TI  - An evaluation of tympanometry, otoscopy and palpation for assessment of the
      canine tympanic membrane.
AB  - Three techniques for the assessment of the integrity of the canine tympanic
      membrane were evaluated experimentally. Tympanometry, an objective technique, was
      shown to be very accurate for the evaluation of the integrity of the ear drum.
      Otoscopic examination by experienced personnel was shown to be moderately
      accurate under controlled conditions when the external ear canal was not
      inflammed. However, under field conditions when otitis externa was present,
      visual inspection of the tympanic membrane was seldom possible even after lavage
      of the ear. Palpation of the tympanic membrane with a blunt probe was shown to be
      very inaccurate and led to rupture of the tympanic membrane in a high proportion
      of cases. These results imply that two widely used techniques for the examination
      of the canine tympanic membrane are unsatisfactory. Furthermore, they suggest
      that previous reports of the prevalence of ear drum perforations in dogs may need
      reappraisal. Tympanometry is a non-invasive, objective and practical technique
      for the assessment of ear drum integrity which is worthy of further evaluation.

PMID- 2916311
TI  - Acute nephropathy in young lambs.
AB  - Acute renal failure was diagnosed by clinical, necropsy and histological criteria
      in 39 flocks (20 low ground, 13 hill and six marginal upland) in areas served by
      six veterinary investigation centres. Forty-eight lambs of 12 different breeds or
      crosses were investigated. The mean age of affected lambs was 38 days (range
      seven to 84 days); 21 lambs (44 per cent) were aged seven to 28 days, while only
      eight (17 per cent) were older than two months. Mortality in clinically affected
      lambs was almost 100 per cent, with no response to various treatments.
      Histological examination showed that 40 lambs (83 per cent) had nephrosis, while
      the rest had toxic tubular necrosis, interstitial nephritis or tubular damage
      associated with oxalate crystal deposits. Only about half of the lambs had any
      evidence of enteric infections or enteropathy. Acutely ill lambs had azotaemia,
      haemoconcentration and proteinuria; some lambs had glycosuria or haematuria.
      Samples of plasma from 22 lambs with nephrosis were compared with similar samples
      from 82 incontact but asymptomatic lambs. The clinically affected group had
      significantly elevated plasma urea, creatinine, total protein, globulin,
      phosphorus and chloride concentrations and significantly reduced plasma calcium
      concentrations compared with healthy lambs. Affected lambs had a significant
      reduction also in the calcium:phosphorus ratio. No significant differences
      between groups was found in plasma concentrations of albumin, glucose, lactate,
      glycerol, creatine kinase, alkaline phosphatase, sodium, potassium or magnesium.

PMID- 2916312
TI  - Building a practice. Budget forecasts and performance monitoring.
AB  - In order to run a small business effectively you must be in financial control and
      this means that you have to be aware how the business is performing. If you wait
      until your accountant has got out the annual accounts valuable time has been
      wasted in making necessary decisions and corrections to poor trends in your
      business so monthly/quarterly records are required. Decisions as to whether you
      can afford to take another assistant, set up a branch surgery, the level of your
      fee increases, whether to buy or lease your cars; are all dependent on having
      available up to date financial knowledge of your business. If you have a
      microcomputer in the practice you can use spreadsheets which will allow the
      accurate prediction of cash flow or profitability. You can also ask the question
      'what happens if...?' and get the answer in seconds. But even without a computer,
      financial control can be easily maintained if you are prepared to spend a couple
      of hours each month with your practice figures.

PMID- 2916313
TI  - Influence of biotin supplementation on pig claw horn: a scanning electron
      microscopic study.
AB  - Observations made with a scanning electron microscope of the claw horn and
      underlying soft tissues of young pigs fed a normal diet supplemented with 1 mg d
      biotin/kg of feed were compared with observations on a similar group receiving no
      additional biotin. Supplementary biotin affected the structure of the coronary
      epidermis; there was an increase in the density of the horn tubules in the
      stratum medium, the horny squames in the stratum medium were more tightly packed
      and the tubules were more clearly defined in the pigs receiving biotin. The width
      of the band of intertubular horn adjacent to the laminae was greater in the claws
      of control pigs.

PMID- 2916314
TI  - Nasal cavernous haemangioma in an American short haired cat.

PMID- 2916315
TI  - Malignant catarrhal fever in a roan antelope (Hippotragus equinus) at Regent's
      Park.

PMID- 2916316
TI  - Bovine tuberculosis in deer.

PMID- 2916317
TI  - Salmonella in poultry.

PMID- 2916318
TI  - SPVS/BSAVA survey.

PMID- 2916319
TI  - Outbreak of sheep pulmonary adenomatosis in the Irish Republic.

PMID- 2916320
TI  - Exotic and wild animal society.

PMID- 2916321
TI  - Salmonella infection in a vet.

PMID- 2916322
TI  - Wildlife rehabilitation.

PMID- 2916324
TI  - Dearth of veterinary surgeons.

PMID- 2916323
TI  - Small animal dentistry.

PMID- 2916325
TI  - Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus selectively alters differentiated but not
      housekeeping functions: block in expression of growth hormone gene is at the
      level of transcriptional initiation.
AB  - Persistent infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) Armstrong
      strain in C3H/ST mice is associated with a growth hormone (GH) deficiency
      syndrome, characterized by growth retardation and low serum glucose levels
      (M.B.A. Oldstone et al., 1982, Science 218, 1125-1127). The syndrome is
      associated with a decrease in GH synthesis in the pituitary gland, in the absence
      of cellular injury in the pituitary or associated brain areas. In this report, we
      demonstrate that the decreases in steady-state synthesis of GH and its mRNA in
      virally infected mice is related to a 16-fold reduction in initiation of
      transcription of this gene. Minimal decrease, however, was demonstrated in
      transcriptional initiation of another pituitary gene, the precursor of thyroid
      simulating hormone (TSH-beta) or of the housekeeping genes, actin and pro alpha
      2(I) collagen. Thus, viruses can cause disease in the absence of cytolytic or
      morphologic injury by selectively disrupting the synthesis of a differentiated
      cellular product at the level of transcriptional initiation.

PMID- 2916326
TI  - Mutations at the cleavage site of the hemagglutinin after the pathogenicity of
      influenza virus A/chick/Penn/83 (H5N2).
AB  - Six variants that form plaques in chick embryo cells in the absence of trypsin
      have been isolated from the apathogenic avian influenza virus
      A/chick/Pennsylvania/1/83 (H5N2). Unlike the wild-type, the plaque variants
      contain a hemagglutinin that is cleaved in chick embryo cells and MDCK cells. The
      variants differ also from the wild-type in their pathogenicity for chickens.
      Nucleotide sequence and oligosaccharide analysis of the hemagglutinin have
      revealed that, unlike natural isolates with increased pathogenicity (Y. Kawaoka
      et al., 1984, Virology 139, 303-316; Y. Kawaoka and R. G. Webster, 1985, Virology
      146, 130-137), the variants obtained in vitro have retained an oligosaccharide at
      asparagine 11 that is believed to interfere with the cleavage site of the wild
      type. However, all variants showed mutations in the hemagglutinin resulting in an
      increased number of basic groups at the cleavage site. These observations
      demonstrate that masking of the cleavage site by an oligosaccharide is overcome
      by an enhancement of the basic charge at the cleavage site.

PMID- 2916327
TI  - Control of reovirus messenger RNA translation efficiency by the regions upstream
      of initiation codons.
AB  - The 10 species of reovirus messenger RNA are translated in vivo with
      efficiencies/frequencies that differ by as much as 100-fold. The s1 mRNA, which
      is translated 10 times less efficiently than the s4 mRNA but 10 times more
      efficiently than the/1 and m1 mRNAs, has a unique BamH1 cleavage site located
      immediately downstream of its initiation codon. Because the reovirus mRNAs have
      been cloned, this provides the opportunity for placing modified and altered
      sequences upstream of its coding sequence. The translation efficiencies of the
      variant mRNAs, transcribed via the SP6 in vitro transcription system, can then be
      measured in the rabbit reticulocyte lysate in vitro translation system. Using
      this system it was found that replacing the 5'-upstream sequence of the s1 mRNA
      with that of the s4 mRNA increases its in vitro translation efficiency by 4-fold;
      that the trinucleotide immediately upstream of the s1 initiation codon renders it
      very weak, and that it is only slightly superior to the weakest Kozak consensus
      sequence; that the nature of the nucleotides further upstream than position -3
      can profoundly affect translation efficiency; that the nature of this effect is
      in turn markedly modified by the nature of nucleotides in positions -1 to -3; and
      that there is a minimum optimal 5'-upstream sequence length of about 14
      nucleotides. We also investigated the effect of secondary structure involvement
      on the ability of 5'-upstream sequences to promote translation. Two effects were
      noted. First, being part of moderately stable stem loops (delta G, -18 kcal/mol)
      decreased translation efficiency about 3-fold; second, mRNA in which only three
      5'-terminal nucleotides were unpaired were translated five times less efficiently
      than mRNA in which six nucleotides were unpaired. Accessibility of the 5'-cap as
      well as secondary structure of the 5'-upstream sequences are therefore factors
      that affect translation efficiency. Finally, we showed that the m1 mRNA, which is
      transcribed very poorly in vivo, is translated very efficiently in vitro; and
      that its 5'-upstream sequence is as effective in increasing protein sigma 1
      formation as that of s4 mRNA. Since both m1 mRNA and protein mu 2 are stable in
      infected cells, the reason why m1 mRNA is translated so inefficiently in vivo
      therefore remains unexplained.

PMID- 2916328
TI  - Intraviral homology and subgenomic RNAs of pepper ringspot virus.
AB  - The Tobraviruses constitute a group of rod-shaped, bipartite, plus-stranded RNA
      viruses. We report on homologies between the two viral genomic RNA molecules of
      pepper ringspot virus (PRV) and on the subgenomic components generated from them
      during infection. It has previously been shown that the 3'-terminal 459
      nucleotides of PRV RNA-1 and RNA-2 are identical. Here it is shown that there is
      a second homology between RNA-1 and a region of RNA-2, located at least 240
      nucleotides downstream from its 5' terminus. In agreement with strains in another
      Tobravirus group, we observe three subgenomic components in extracts of plants
      infected with PRV. Two of these, RNAs-1a (1.6 kb) and -1b (0.8 kb), are derived
      from RNA-1 (the larger genomic RNA). They are probably mRNAs for 29- and 16-kDa
      nonstructural virus proteins. The smaller genomic RNA, RNA-2, generates the
      subgenomic component RNA-2a (1.3-1.45 kb) which is probably an efficient capsid
      protein mRNA. Previously reported subgenomic components of 2.8 and 1.1 kb are
      shown to be electrophoretic artifacts. RNA-2a, but not 1a or 1b, is present in
      virion RNA preparations, indicating that it is the only subgenomic species to be
      encapsidated.

PMID- 2916329
TI  - Chlorella viruses contain linear nonpermuted double-stranded DNA genomes with
      covalently closed hairpin ends.
AB  - Pulsed field electrophoresis established that Chlorella viruses contain linear,
      nonpermuted, 330- to 380-kb dsDNA genomes. Terminal DNA restriction fragments of
      one virus, PBCV-1, were identified by Bal31 exonuclease digestion; the termini
      probably contain covalently closed hairpin ends. The end fragments cross
      hybridize indicating terminal repetition; the region of repetition extends no
      more than 2.5 kb from the ends.

PMID- 2916330
TI  - Localization of multiple TMV encapsidation initiation sites on rbcL gene
      transcripts.
AB  - TMV capsid protein reacts with and encapsidates many of the chloroplast DNA
      transcripts both in vivo and in vitro to form pseudovirions. We report on the
      encapsidation initiation reaction with one of the major RNA species found in in
      vivo formed pseudovirions, the mRNA for the chloroplast-encoded large subunit of
      ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rbcL). This mRNA is found to contain
      at least three sites which are independently capable of reacting with capsid
      protein oligomers to initiate encapsidation. All three sites react with capsid
      protein less efficiently in vitro than does the functional viral RNA
      encapsidation initiation site (ei). The 5' portion of the region that contains
      the most reactive rbcL site, ei-3, shows significant nucleotide sequence homology
      with the encapsidation initiation sites of the U1 and Cc strains of TMV and it
      can assume a folding structure that resembles that postulated for the Cc strain
      site. A site that acts as a block to rod elongation is present in transcripts
      from the region just 3' to the segment from which the rbcL mRNA is transcribed,
      probably close to, or at the transcription termination signal.

PMID- 2916331
TI  - Saturable binding sites mediate the entry of African swine fever virus into Vero
      cells.
AB  - Binding experiments of 3H-labeled African swine fever virus to susceptible VERO
      cells have shown the presence of saturable binding sites for African swine fever
      virus on the plasma membrane. The Scatchard analysis of the binding data at
      equilibrium indicates the existence of about 10(4) cellular receptor sites per
      cell with a dissociation constant (Kd) of 70 pM. Virus entry into VERO cells is
      mediated by a saturable component, since tritiated African swine fever virus
      saturable binding and uptake were competed by the same amounts of unlabeled
      virus. Similarly, early viral protein synthesis and virus production were
      inhibited by concentrations of uv-inactivated virus that competed virus
      attachment to saturable binding sites, suggesting that specific receptors mediate
      the entry of African swine fever virus particles that initiate a productive
      infection in VERO cells. African swine fever virus binding to virus-resistant L
      cells was not mediated by saturable binding sites. As a result of the
      nonsaturable interaction the virus was not able to enter L cells and neither
      early viral protein synthesis nor viral DNA synthesis was detected, indicating
      that the absence of specific receptors for African swine fever virus is a factor
      that determines the resistance of L cells to the infection.

PMID- 2916332
TI  - African swine fever virus-induced proteins on the plasma membranes of infected
      cells.
AB  - The African swine fever virus-induced proteins on plasma membranes of infected
      cells have been studied by two different procedures, iodination and incubation of
      infected cells labeled with [35S]methionine with a specific antiserum, obtained
      from pigs immunized with a monkey stable cell-adapted African swine fever virus.
      The combined use of both procedures identified proteins IP56, IP51, IP35, IP34,
      IP31, IP30, IP25.5, IP23.5, IP16, IP15, IP14, and IP12 as viral antigens exposed
      on the surface of infected cells. Proteins IP16, IP15, and IP14 were recognized
      by the immune serum from survivor pigs, obtained after challenge with homologous
      virulent virus, but not by the immune serum from the same pigs immunized only
      with the cell-adapted virus.

PMID- 2916333
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of the Lassa virus (Josiah strain) S genome RNA and amino
      acid sequence comparison of the N and GPC proteins to other arenaviruses.
AB  - The complete nucleotide sequence of the S genome RNA of the Josiah strain of
      Lassa virus was determined from cloned cDNA. The S RNA is 3402 nucleotides long
      with a calculated molecular weight of 1.09 x 10(6) Da. The nucleotide base
      composition is 26.84% adenine, 21.40% guanine, 22.75% cytosine, and 29.01%
      uridine. The 5' and 3' terminal nucleotide sequences are conserved and
      complimentary for 19 nucleotides, the nucleoprotein and glycoprotein genes are
      arranged in ambisense coding strategy, and the intergenic region contains an
      inverted complimentary sequence, as do all other arenavirus S RNAs characterized
      to date. Amino acid sequence comparisons between the nucleoproteins and
      glycoproteins of the Josiah and Nigerian (N sequences only) strains of Lassa
      virus, the WE and ARM strains of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV),
      Tacaribe, and Pichinde viruses are presented. These findings reveal that the G2
      envelope glycoprotein is more conserved among different arenaviruses than the
      internal nucleoprotein.

PMID- 2916334
TI  - A new cellulose acetate filter to remove leukocytes from buffy-coat-poor red cell
      concentrates.
AB  - Transfusion of leukocyte-free red cell concentrates (RCC) prevents or delays HLA
      immunization in multitransfused patients. We investigated a new cellulose acetate
      filter which was recently introduced to remove leukocytes from buffy-coat-poor
      RCC. It was found that the filtration time was only 10 min with buffy-coat-poor
      RCC in saline-adenine-glucose-mannitol (SAG M; n = 23), hematocrit being 62 +/-
      2% (SD). The red cell loss was 13.5 +/- 2.6% and leukocyte removal was more than
      99%. Routine filtration in SAG M (n = 179) showed again that more than 99% of the
      leukocytes were removed from buffy-coat-poor RCC with an original leukocyte
      content of 804 +/- (SD)458 x 10(6). The red cell loss (12 +/- 8.6%) was not
      diminished by increasing the amount of saline (0.9% NaCl) from 100 to 300 ml in
      an attempt to remove the retained red cells from the filter. We conclude that the
      new filter is reliable in rapidly removing more than 99% of the leukocytes from
      buffy-coat-poor RCC in SAG M solution.

PMID- 2916335
TI  - Thrombocytopenia following routine blood transfusion: micro-aggregate blood
      filters prevent worsening thrombocytopenia in patients with low platelet counts.
AB  - 11 patients with anaemia and thrombocytopenia due to bone marrow failure each
      received 2 sets of red-cell transfusions. They were randomised to receive 1 blood
      transfusion through a standard 170-micron giving set filter and another through a
      40 micron micro-aggregate filter. After transfusion, the mean fall in platelet
      count was 15 x 10(9)/l (41.7%) and 1.4 x 10(9)/l (4.6%), respectively (p less
      than 0.01). The results confirm the findings of a previous study which showed
      that micro-aggregate filters prevent a post-transfusional decrease in platelet
      counts. In addition, this new study shows that this is clinically relevant in
      patients who are thrombocytopenic at the time of their blood transfusion.

PMID- 2916336
TI  - AIDS-related thrombocytopenia. Experience of a medium-term treatment with
      intravenous IgG in haemophilia B patients.

PMID- 2916337
TI  - Efficacy of the latest generation of antibody assays for (early) detection of HIV
      1 and HIV 2 infection.

PMID- 2916338
TI  - [Free functional muscle transplantation with microneurovascular anastomosis:
      development of a standardized surgical procedure].
AB  - Although investigated experimentally almost at the same time, free muscle
      transplantation without microvascular anastomoses was accepted as a clinical
      method earlier than muscle transplantation with microneurovascular anastomoses,
      which finally proved to be the method with better functional results in the late
      seventies. Our experimental investigations of different factors such as anoxemia,
      reinnervation, initial muscle tension, and of the functional capacity of this
      kind of muscle graft and of the time course of the alterations in the
      microsurgically vascularized muscle transplants influenced the operative concept
      for clinical application to a great extent. Besides general details of the
      operative technique, specific considerations with respect to the two main regions
      of clinical application namely the face and the extremities are presented.

PMID- 2916339
TI  - [Development of a physiological pacing concept at the 2d Surgical Department of
      the University of Vienna].
AB  - With the transvenous approach of atrial leads in 1978 a progressive physiological
      pacing concept was developed at the Second Surgical Department of the University
      of Vienna. Using multiprogrammable fully-automatic double-chamber pacers and the
      technology of biological sensors, the most suitable treatment for any individual
      patient can be chosen. Our recommendations are DDD stimulation for complete AV
      block and rate-responsive pacing of the atrium or the ventricle for the Sick
      Sinus-Syndrome or atrial fibrillation, respectively. Second choices for AV block
      are rate-responsive single-chamber pacemakers or simple programmable pacemakers
      generally.

PMID- 2916340
TI  - [Infrarenal aortic aneurysm: results of surgical treatment].
AB  - Between 1976 and 1987 93 patients with an infrarenal aortic aneurysm underwent
      surgical correction. In 62 patients the procedure was performed electively,
      whilst 13 displayed an unstable aneurysm and in 18 cases a ruptured aneurysm was
      present at operation. During the past 5 years the mortality was lowered to 2% in
      elective cases, whereas in cases of ongoing rupture only moderate improvement
      took place. The most frequent cause of a lethal outcome was pump failure of the
      heart (6 times), followed by renal insufficiency and haemorrhagic shock and
      bleeding complications. Among the non-lethal complications, relaparotomy on the
      basis of postoperative bleeding ranks first, followed by pulmonary insufficiency,
      peripheral emboli and partial ischemia of the spine. Resection of infrarenal
      aneurysms should be performed in the stable state of disease, since insufficiency
      of multiple vital organ systems increases the mortality by up to 20 fold.

PMID- 2916341
TI  - [Resection of pulmonary metastases: indications, surgical technic, results and
      prognostic factors].
AB  - One hundred and ninety six thoracotomies were performed on 152 patients with
      pulmonary metastases up to 1988 in the Second Surgical Department, University of
      Vienna. Age ranged from 2 to 78 years, 13 patients were younger than 18 years.
      The primary tumour was carcinoma in 103 cases, sarcoma in 38 cases and melanoma
      in 11 cases. The primary tumour in young patients was osteosarcoma in 7 cases,
      Ewing sarcoma in 2 and Wilms tumour in 2 cases. With a minimal follow-up period
      of 2.5 years the actuarial 5 years survival rate of 37% was observed for
      carcinoma, and 29% for sarcoma patients. A statistical difference was found
      between the carcinoma and sarcoma groups with respect to survival rate; the
      prognosis for patients with melanoma was markedly worse. A prognostic factor was
      the duration of disease-free interval in carcinoma patients. Actuarial post
      thoracotomy survival in patients with osteogenic sarcoma was 32% at 5 years and
      only 10% in the soft-tissue sarcoma group. Size of lesions, vitality of the
      metastases and disease-free interval correlated with survival in the osteogenic
      group, whilst the number of lesions was of importance in the soft-tissue group.
      On account of the lesser functional morbidity and the ability to assess both
      lungs for exploration, palpation and resections, the importance of median
      sternotomy is constantly increasing for the treatment of pulmonary metastatic
      disease and the results justify an aggressive approach. In those cases which the
      primary tumour is sensitive to chemotherapy the procedure of metastatic resection
      must be incorporated into the general scheme of oncological therapy.

PMID- 2916342
TI  - [Reconstruction of deformities of the external ear].
AB  - Microtia is a rare malformation. Reconstruction of microtia is not a routine
      operation because of its rarity of occurrence and the complex deformity. In this
      paper the indication for surgical treatment, technique, results and complications
      are discussed. Two different operation methods were used in our patients. A
      multiple-stage and a single-stage reconstruction procedure. We used autogenous
      rib cartilage. Five of the seven treated patients came to the follow-up
      examination. Reconstruction was performed 2 years ago in two cases and between 4
      and 12 years ago in three cases. Our patients were content with the result in so
      far as they would be prepared to undergo treatment again. Carefully built rib
      framework is an essential prerequisite for a successful postoperative result.
      Microtia represents a greater psychological problem than a cosmetically imperfect
      result after reconstruction.

PMID- 2916343
TI  - [Acute cholecystitis in cholelithiasis: importance of early surgery (a
      comparative study)].
AB  - The results of early surgery (ES) for acute calculous cholecystitis obtained in
      74 patients operated on between 3/78 and 12/87 were compared with relevant data
      obtained in 74 sex- and age-matched patients with a history of acute
      cholecystitis operated on for biliary colic or jaundice during the same period.
      Operative procedures, incidence of jaundice and common bile duct calculi,
      duration of operation, number of patients requiring blood transfusions, surgical
      and general complications and mortality showed no significant difference. Only
      operative blood loss was significantly higher in the ES group, but this was of no
      practical relevance. ES precludes the sequelae of emergency surgery in the
      delayed surgery group not infrequently necessary for failure of conservative
      treatment of acute cholecystitis, which necessarily precedes planned delayed
      surgery, and thus renders a significant reduction of over-all risk. This forms
      the rationale for ES as treatment concept.

PMID- 2916344
TI  - [Ileus following radiotherapy: importance and therapeutic aspects of surgery for
      late radiation injuries of the intestine].
AB  - Between 1971 and 1988 74 operations for intestinal complications following
      radiotherapy were performed on 67 patients at the Second Surgical Department,
      University of Vienna. The lesions were located in the small bowel (n = 41) and in
      the sigmoid colon/rectum (n = 33). 98.5% of the patients were females, the most
      frequent cause for irradiation being ovarian cancer. Bowel stenosis with
      resultant chronic or acute ileus was the most frequent indication for operation,
      occurring in 31 cases (76%) of the small bowel lesions and in 15 cases (46%) of
      the colon lesions. Percutaneous irradiation resulted in a significantly higher
      proportion of small bowel lesions (77%, p = 0.001), whilst endocavitary
      irradiation was followed in 67% of cases by colorectal lesions. Different
      application modality of irradiation also resulted in completely different
      symptoms for small and large bowel lesions. The operative mortality was 9.5%.
      Peritonitis following anastomotic leakage was the cause of death in 6 of 7 cases.
      In the treatment of small bowel ileus mortality following bowel resection (9%,
      one of 11 cases) was comparable to that of the bypass operation (6%, one of 18
      cases). Both operation methods seem to be justified. Single-layer anastomosis
      resulted in zero mortality in 21 cases of ileus operated on by this technique,
      compared with 19% mortality in 16 cases treated by double-layer anastomosis and
      should be preferred for operations on the irradiated bowel.

PMID- 2916345
TI  - [12-year experience with continuous peritoneovenous shunt in the treatment of
      therapy-resistant ascites and hepatorenal failure: benefits and pitfalls].
AB  - Theoretical advances using the peritoneovenous shunt were proven in clinical
      practice over a 12-year period of experience with this system. Continuous
      reinfusion of protein- and electrolyte-rich ascitic fluid improves the
      circulating plasma volume and seems to avoid hepatorenal syndrome. The quality of
      life is improved by the significant decrease in weight and ascitic volume: long
      time survival seems to be improved when compared with patient groups without
      treatment by continuous peritoneovenous shunt. Use of the system in patients with
      malignant ascites does not seem to be encouraging. Fatal postoperative
      coagulopathy can be avoided by the administration of proteinase inhibitors.
      Operative mortality was 0%, hospital mortality was 23%. The system became
      defective in 23%, 12% caused by intra-operative technical failures.

PMID- 2916346
TI  - [Breast-preserving treatment of breast carcinoma].
AB  - Based on our 14-year experience with breast-preserving treatment of breast
      cancer, we recommend limited surgical intervention for the removal of a small
      mammary carcinoma under the proviso that adequate radiotherapy is available and
      that the patient can be thoroughly followed up. We are convinced that the good
      cosmetic result and especially the excellent psychological reaction are
      particularly important in order that women lose their fear of an ablative
      operation. Only then, by performing an operation which is not excessive at the
      earliest possible time can the prognosis of this type of carcinoma, which is
      increasing be improved.

PMID- 2916347
TI  - Wisconsin's family physician shortage.
AB  - This paper analyzes current and future needs for primary care physicians-
      particularly family practice physicians--in Wisconsin in light of predictions of
      a national physician glut by the year 1990. The current shortfall of family
      physicians is estimated to be at least 150, with the most severe deficits found
      in rural and underserved urban areas. Forty-nine to 79 family practice physicians
      will be needed each year to meet the growing demand and to replace losses due to
      retirement, speciality change, and other factors. At the current rate of
      training, 63 new family physicians will enter practice each year; it appears that
      the current deficit will be made up slowly, if at all. The number of primary care
      specialists appears unlikely to increase due to the declining interest in the
      speciality among medical students; only half the number of new family physicians
      entering practice each year will enter practice in 1994, resulting in an
      additional shortfall of about 30 to 50 family physicians each year. Programs
      should be undertaken at medical schools to bolster student interest in family
      practice and primary care.

PMID- 2916348
TI  - Exploring environmental cycles in psychiatric patients.
AB  - The daily psychiatric inpatient population at a large medical center recorded
      over a two-year period and consisting of 11,864 inpatient days was analyzed for
      circannual (365-day) and synodic (29.53-day) cycles. A highly significant
      circannual cycle, in which the population peaks in early February, was found.
      This cycle was compared to seasonal cycles of photoperiod, sunlight, and
      temperature and was found to be highly correlated with each. The best correlation
      was between patient population and photoperiod during the previous month. A
      significant synodic (lunar) cycle, with a peak in patient census occurring at the
      last quarter moon, was also found.

PMID- 2916349
TI  - Risk management: an ounce of prevention.

PMID- 2916350
TI  - Update on the medical mediation panels.

PMID- 2916351
TI  - Electronic information: Part II.

PMID- 2916352
TI  - AIDS estimates.

PMID- 2916353
TI  - The ethics of progress.

PMID- 2916354
TI  - What's our excuse?

PMID- 2916355
TI  - Child abuse reporting law needs changes.

PMID- 2916356
TI  - Spermatic granuloma. Diagnosis by fine needle aspiration cytology.
AB  - Spermatic granulomas may present as tumorlike lesions adjacent to the testis or
      seminal vesicle and are often associated with infection, trauma or previous
      surgery. The fine needle aspiration biopsy cytologic findings in three cases of
      spermatic granuloma are reported. The predominant cytologic features were
      granulomatous inflammation (nontuberculous and non-foreign body) and
      spermatozoids (intrahistiocytic or as extracellular spermatic debris). Additional
      features included lymphoid cells and lymphocytic debris (nuclear tangles), rare
      plasma cells and eosinophils. Germ cells and acellular (caseous) necrosis were
      not identified. Well-preserved sheets of epididymal epithelium were occasionally
      noted. The clinical and cytologic differential diagnoses in such cases are
      discussed.

PMID- 2916357
TI  - Breast carcinoma with tumor giant cells. Report of a case with fine needle
      aspiration cytology.
AB  - A 31-year-old woman presented with a cystic mass in the left breast. At fine
      needle aspiration (FNA), the mass felt gritty, and a firm mass remained after
      drainage of the cyst. Cytologic examination of the aspirate showed mononucleated
      malignant cells and an array of bizarre malignant multinucleated giant cells. A
      diagnosis of carcinoma of breast with malignant giant cells was made. Subsequent
      histologic study of the lesion showed a central cystic cavity lined by bizarre
      tumor giant cells. Immunocytochemistry and lectin cytochemistry confirmed the
      epithelial nature of the malignant giant cells. The entities that may yield giant
      cells on FNA of breast masses are discussed.

PMID- 2916358
TI  - Cytologic features of endometrial papillary serous carcinoma.
AB  - Endometrial papillary serous carcinoma (EPSC) is an uncommon variant of
      endometrial carcinoma that histologically resembles ovarian serous carcinoma and
      has an aggressive clinical course. The cytomorphologic features of 17 patients
      with histologically confirmed EPSC of the endometrium were reviewed and compared
      with those of 20 patients with histologically typical endometrial adenocarcinoma
      (TEC). Preoperative cervicovaginal Papanicolaou smear results were available from
      14 of the 17 patients with EPSC; 10 (71%) were positive, 1 (7%) was suspicious
      and 3 (21%) were negative for malignancy. Initial cervicovaginal smear results
      were available from all 20 patients with TEC; 7 (35%) were positive, 4 (20%) were
      atypical or suspicious and 9 (45%) were negative for malignancy. Twelve patients
      with EPSC had peritoneal washings or fluids examined; seven were positive and
      five negative. Twelve patients with TEC had peritoneal washings or fluids
      examined; two (17%) were positive and ten (83%) were negative. The cervicovaginal
      smears from patients with EPSC revealed numerous large tumor cells (with
      prominent nucleoli) frequently arranged in papillary clusters with background
      necrosis and, in two cases, amorphous material suggestive of psammoma bodies. In
      contrast, the smears of patients with TEC showed small to medium-sized cells with
      extensive phagocytosis and many background histiocytes. The diagnosis of EPSC
      should be considered when the cervicovaginal smear contains numerous papillary
      groups of large tumor cells with macronucleoli but without prominent
      phagocytosis, especially when structures suggestive of psammoma bodies are
      present. The peritoneal fluids in these patients are more often positive than in
      patients with TEC, a finding consistent with the propensity of EPSC to involve
      peritoneal surfaces.

PMID- 2916359
TI  - Secretory carcinoma of the endometrium.
AB  - A case of secretory carcinoma of the endometrium in a 21-year-old woman is
      reported. Endometrial smears were interpreted as showing a differentiated
      adenocarcinoma. Smears of ascitic fluid obtained during subsequent surgery showed
      similar findings; periodic acid-Schiff staining of the smears revealed abundant
      positive material in the cytoplasm. These findings were interpreted as evidence
      of secretory carcinoma, which was confirmed by histopathologic study of the
      biopsy and surgical specimens.

PMID- 2916360
TI  - Cytology of clear cell carcinoma of the thyroid.

PMID- 2916361
TI  - Cytologic examination of endoscopic and colonoscopic biopsy supernates.

PMID- 2916362
TI  - Primary diagnosis of intraspinal echinococcosis by cytologic examination of cyst
      fluid.

PMID- 2916363
TI  - Pneumothorax: a rare complication of fine needle aspiration of the breast.

PMID- 2916364
TI  - Fine needle aspiration cytology of clinically suspected local recurrences in
      breast cancer.

PMID- 2916365
TI  - Radiation-induced cellular changes in the breast: a potential diagnostic pitfall
      in fine needle aspiration cytology.

PMID- 2916366
TI  - Squamous cell carcinoma with sarcomatoid variant in the vagina.

PMID- 2916367
TI  - Nuclear grooves in the aspiration cytology of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid.
AB  - Nuclear grooving has recently been shown to be a useful morphologic feature in
      the diagnosis of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid in tissue sections and
      imprint smears. In order to assess the diagnostic value of nuclear grooving in
      cytologic specimens, the presence of this feature was evaluated in fine needle
      aspirates from 20 papillary carcinomas of the thyroid, 10 follicular adenomas, 3
      follicular carcinomas, 1 medullary carcinoma, 10 nodular goiters and 4 cases of
      Hashimoto's thyroiditis. In each case, 30 random high-power fields (HPFs), or all
      fields in less cellular smears, were examined, and the percentage of the fields
      in which nuclear grooving could be seen was recorded. Seventeen of 20 papillary
      carcinomas (85%) showed nuclear grooves in more than 25% of the HPFs examined; in
      the remaining three cases, grooves were observed in less than 25% of the HPFs. In
      control cases (all other thyroid lesions), nuclear grooves either were absent or
      were present in less than 25% of the HPFs examined. These findings suggest that
      nuclear grooving, when seen in abundance, can be considered a reliable criterion
      for the diagnosis of papillary carcinoma in fine needle aspiration cytology of
      the thyroid. The presence of occasional grooves, however, should be regarded as a
      nonspecific finding.

PMID- 2916368
TI  - Clinicopathologic management of tumors of the thyroid gland in an endemic goiter
      area. Combined use of preoperative fine needle aspiration biopsy and
      intraoperative frozen section.
AB  - In total, 15,325 fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsies of the thyroid were
      examined in the Department of Pathology of the University of Innsbruck, Austria,
      between 1976 and 1985, with the cytologic results histologically verified in
      3,112 cases. Since (1) it is frequently impossible to distinguish benign from
      malignant encapsulated follicular thyroid tumors by cytologic criteria and (2)
      there is a high level of follicular thyroid carcinoma in our endemic goiter area,
      we have adopted a diagnostic strategy that accepts a high percentage of false
      positive cytologic results in order not to miss highly differentiated follicular
      carcinoma. To avoid unnecessarily extensive surgical treatment, 1,079
      intraoperative frozen section examinations of the thyroid were performed in the
      same time period in (1) patients with preoperative suspicious or positive FNA
      cytologic findings, (2) cases with suspicious clinical and anamnestic data and
      (3) tumors with a suspicious macroscopic appearance without preoperative FNA or
      with negative or unsatisfactory cytologic findings. In 48 cases (4.5%), the
      frozen section diagnosis had to be revised after examination of paraffin-embedded
      tissue. An intraoperative false-positive diagnosis was obtained in 3 cases (0.3%)
      while a false-negative diagnosis was made in 45 cases (4.2%). The main effort in
      examining frozen sections should be concentrated on avoiding false-positive
      errors, which can lead to unnecessary thyroidectomies.

PMID- 2916370
TI  - Grave's disease. Appearance in cytologic smears from fine needle aspirates of the
      thyroid gland.
AB  - The cytomorphologic features were analyzed in thyroid samples obtained by fine
      needle aspiration (FNA) from 54 cases proven to be Grave's disease (toxic goiter)
      by a multiparameter study. A fire-flare appearance of the follicular cells and a
      good cellularity of the smears were the features most frequently observed in
      these cases. Hurthle cell changes were present in 47% of the cases, and small
      numbers of lymphocytes were seen in smears from 41% of the cases. Epithelioid
      cell granulomata and multinucleated giant cells were observed in less than one
      fourth of the cases. About half of the cases showed some degree of pleomorphism
      of the follicular cells. Twenty cases of toxic multinodular goiter were similarly
      analyzed; the features that distinguished this entity from Grave's disease were
      the absence of epithelioid cells and multinucleated giant cells in the FNA
      smears.

PMID- 2916369
TI  - Usefulness of fine needle aspiration of the thyroid in an endemic goiter region.
AB  - The accuracy of fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology of the thyroid was
      addressed in 142 nodular goiters from an endemic goiter region. The aspirations
      and their interpretation were based on the methodology of the Karolinska
      Hospital. For practical purposes, the follicular lesions were divided into type I
      (benign), type II (atypical benign) and type III (suspicious). Excluding the
      follicular lesions, the cytohistologic agreement for the whole series was 87%,
      with a correlation of 81.5% for carcinomas. The type I and type II follicular
      lesions were benign on histologic grounds; 39% of the carcinomas were detected in
      the type III follicular lesions. The 0.7% false-positive diagnoses increased to
      15% when type III follicular lesions were included. No false negatives were
      recorded. These observations, together with the increase of surgically resected
      thyroid carcinomas after FNA was accepted as a diagnostic modality, indicate that
      FNA biopsy of the thyroid is an accurate diagnostic method and is useful in
      selecting patients for subsequent surgery in areas of endemic goiter.

PMID- 2916371
TI  - Fine needle aspiration of the thyroid. Distinction between colloid nodules and
      follicular neoplasms using cell blocks and 21-gauge needles.
AB  - Although fine needle aspiration (FNA) of the thyroid has been found to be useful
      in selecting patients for surgery in most cases, the cytologic differentiation of
      cellular colloid nodules from follicular neoplasms has not been possible because
      of the scanty amount of tissue obtained by this technique and because of the
      infrequent preparation of cell blocks, thus precluding appreciation of the tissue
      architecture. Review of the histology of nodular goiters and follicular neoplasms
      and comparison of their morphology in smears and cell blocks from FNA specimens
      with the histology of the surgically excised specimens in 74 cases revealed the
      presence of hyperplastic papillae and fragments of dilated follicles in the
      aspirates of most cases of colloid nodules. These two features appear to be
      specific for colloid nodules and are useful for distinguishing colloid nodules
      from follicular neoplasms. The merits of using a 21-gauge needle and of preparing
      cell blocks in thyroid studies are also discussed.

PMID- 2916372
TI  - Paratesticular adenomatoid tumors. The cytologic presentation in fine needle
      aspiration biopsies.
AB  - Adenomatoid tumors are the most common tumors of male paratesticular tissues
      (epididymis, tunica or spermatic cord) and have also been described in females
      (uterus, fallopian tube, ovary and paraovarian tissues); fine needle aspiration
      (FNA) of masses in these locations is increasingly utilized as an alternative to
      surgical exploration in order to establish a tissue diagnosis. This paper
      describes the FNA cytodiagnosis of seven cases of paratesticular adenomatoid
      tumors. The main cytologic criteria included epithelioid sheets and multilayered
      clusters of monotonous cells with round or ovoid, eccentric nuclei containing
      small, central nucleoli. Paranuclear clearing with a pink coloration (Giemsa
      stain) or a clear vacuolelike area (Papanicolaou stain) and abundant cellularity
      with a background of naked nuclei and stromal fragments were noted. The clinical
      presentation and clinicohistologic follow-up of these seven cases is also
      described in detail. A discussion of the differential diagnosis and the expected
      FNA findings is provided.

PMID- 2916373
TI  - Retroperitoneal ganglioneuroblastoma. Report of a case diagnosed by fine needle
      aspiration cytology and electron microscopy.
AB  - Fine needle aspiration performed on a large retroperitoneal mass in a 12-year-old
      boy showed neuroblasts in different stages of maturation intermingled with
      ganglion cells, leading to a cytologic diagnosis of ganglioneuroblastoma. This
      diagnosis was supported by electron microscopic study of the aspirate, which
      showed features of neuroblastic differentiation, and by histologic study of the
      resected tumor.

PMID- 2916374
TI  - Fine needle aspiration cytology of recurrent ectopic meningioma.
AB  - Fine needle aspiration was performed on a recurrent extracranial meningioma in
      the left pterygomaxillary and temporal fossas in a 39-year-old woman. Cytologic
      and electron microscopic study of the aspirate and comparison to the previously
      resected specimen proved the recurrent nature of the lesion. The cytologic and
      ultrastructural findings in meningiomas are discussed with special consideration
      of the differential diagnosis in extracranial sites.

PMID- 2916375
TI  - Fine needle aspiration cytology in the management of palpable benign and
      malignant breast disease. Correlation with clinical and mammographic findings.
AB  - Two surgeons in a health maintenance organization group practice performed 280
      fine needle aspirations (FNAs) on 257 palpable breast lesions in 200 patients.
      The cytology was interpreted by four pathologists at a community hospital. FNA
      cytology had a sensitivity of 96% and a specificity of 94% in these cases; there
      were no false-positive diagnoses of cancer. FNA cytology improved the
      identification of benign disease and decreased the risk of missing cancers. FNA
      cytology also improved the predictive value of mammographic information and was
      more helpful than mammography in demonstrating the need for biopsy of small
      palpable lesions that turned out to be "minimal" breast cancers.

PMID- 2916376
TI  - Thyroid function in hyperemesis gravidarum.
AB  - Plasma total T4 (TT4), T3 (TT3), free T4 (FT4), free T3 (FT3), thyroxine binding
      globulin, hCG, and erythrocyte zinc content were measured in 43 women with
      uncomplicated pregnancy and in 71 patients admitted with hyperemesis gravidarum.
      Plasma concentration of thyroid hormones in hyperemesis subjects showed wide
      variability and 32% of subjects had high TT4 (higher than mean +2 SD of normal
      pregnant subjects), 33% had high FT4, 20% had high TT3, and 20% had high FT3. Red
      cell zinc content, a tissue marker of thyroid status, in the hyperthyroxinemic
      subjects was not different from that of normothyroxinemic hyperemesis subjects or
      of subjects with uncomplicated pregnancy. The elevated TT4 concentration
      decreased spontaneously in all but two of the hyperemesis subjects to normal
      pregnant levels. The plasma FT4 concentration at presentation correlated with
      plasma hCG in hyperemesis gravidarum (partial correlation coefficient r = 0.411,
      P less than 0.01), but not in normal pregnancy (partial correlation coefficient r
      = 0.043) after allowing for the effect of gestational age. We conclude that
      approximately one third of hyperemesis subjects show transient hyperthyroxinemia
      and suggest that hCG or a molecular variant of hCG may stimulate the thyroid
      gland.

PMID- 2916377
TI  - Measurement of plasma free and total growth hormone concentrations in patients
      with growth hormone antibodies developed in response to therapy.
AB  - Recombinant human growth hormone is more antigenic than pituitary preparations.
      Since GH antibodies interfere with radioimmunoassay of GH, we measured plasma
      free and total GH in patients with pituitary dwarfism with GH antibodies during
      treatment with a recombinant methionyl GH preparation. Plasma free GH was
      measured in the supernatant after polyethylene glycol precipitation. Total GH was
      measured after extracting plasma with acid-ethanol. In normal subjects, both free
      and total GH levels were similar to those measured in plasma by a direct
      conventional RIA. Peak free GH levels after administration of 4 IU methionyl GH
      to 3 normal subjects were 38.0, 30.7 and 13.2 micrograms/1, values similar to
      those measured in most of the patients with GH antibodies. All values were
      undetectable in one patient with a very high antibody titre. Total GH levels were
      similar to free GH levels in normal subjects. In patients with GH antibodies,
      total GH levels were high compared with their free levels, but similar to those
      assayed by conventional RIA. The patient with the highest antibody titre had
      total GH levels which were the lowest of those observed in the patients with GH
      antibodies in spite of having the highest GH levels measured by conventional RIA.
      The antibody in this particular case may have a high capacity and a high
      affinity. A relatively poor growth rate in this patient may be associated with
      the finding of undetectable free GH levels. Measurement of plasma free and total
      GH may be of value in examining GH dynamics and their relation to the clinical
      effectiveness of GH treatment in patients with GH antibodies.

PMID- 2916378
TI  - Inhibition of binding of gonadal steroids to serum binding proteins by non
      esterified fatty acids: the influence of chain length and degree of unsaturation.
AB  - The effect of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) on the in vitro binding of
      testosterone, 5-alpha dihydrotestosterone and estradiol E2 to sex hormone binding
      globulin (SHBG) was examined using pooled normal female serum, and SHBG and
      albumin fractions obtained from the partial purification of late pregnancy serum.
      A range of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were examined for their effect
      on steroid-protein binding. In normal female serum, NEFA added at physiological
      concentrations disrupted steroid-protein binding. The shorter chain (C8-C12)
      saturated acids and the poly-unsaturated acids proved to be more effective
      inhibitors than the longer chain saturated or mono-unsaturated acids. The
      greatest inhibition was obtained with E2 whereas the binding of
      dihydrotestosterone was least affected. With partially purified SHBG, the same
      concentrations of NEFA were less effective at inhibiting the binding of
      dihydrotestosterone and testosterone but elicited the same effect with E2. The
      binding of steroids to albumin appeared to be unaffected by these concentrations
      of NEFA.

PMID- 2916379
TI  - Increases in testosterone secretion in adult rams with immunoneutralization of
      endogenous estradiol occur in the absence of increases in pulsatile LH release or
      testicular LH receptors.
AB  - The testes of the ram become more responsive to LH stimulation following
      immunoneutralization of endogenous estradiol. The possibility that testosterone
      secretion is facilitated by increased LH-binding activity in the testes was
      investigated in the present study conducted with adult Dorset X Leicester X
      Suffolk rams during the time of testicular recrudescence. Patterns of episodic LH
      release and testosterone secretion (days--5, 10 and 24) and LH-binding activity
      in testicular biopsy samples (days--1, 14 and 28) were assessed on the days
      indicated relative to the onset of passive immunization and the establishment of
      relatively low titres (approximately 1:200) of estradiol antiserum. During the
      experimental period, mean serum testosterone concentration increased by
      approximately 150% for the immunized rams as basal concentration and pulse
      amplitude increased, while all characteristics of testosterone secretion remained
      unchanged for the nonimmunized rams. Characteristics of LH release and the
      concentration of LH-binding sites in the testes, however, were always similar for
      both groups of rams. Further, group differences in FSH and PRL secretion and in
      the concentration of testicular FSH-binding sites did not occur. These results
      provide evidence for an estradiol direct (gonadotropin independent) negative
      feedback component in the regulation of Leydig cell function in the ram.

PMID- 2916380
TI  - Continuous subcutaneous octreotide infusion markedly suppresses IGF-I levels
      whilst only partially suppressing GH secretion in diabetics with retinopathy.
AB  - The response to GH releasing hormone (GHRH 1-29) and 24-h serum GH and IGF-I
      levels were measured in 9 insulin-dependent diabetics with retinopathy and 6
      normal volunteers before and after different treatment regimens with octreotide,
      a long-acting somatostatin analogue. Octreotide, 50 micrograms by sc injection,
      completely suppressed GHRH-stimulated GH release in both groups. Thrice daily sc
      injections for up to 20 weeks were associated with variable plasma octreotide
      levels and failed completely to suppress GH secretion in either the patients or
      the normal controls. Three days of continuous sc pump infusion (500 micrograms/24
      h) resulted in consistently high plasma octreotide levels and completely
      suppressed 24-h GH in 4 normal subjects, whilst treatment for up to 16 weeks only
      partially suppressed GH levels in 6 patients (AUC mU.l-1.h-1; 209 +/- 81 vs 121
      +/- 82; P = 0.01). Mean +/- SD IGF-I levels (micrograms/l) in the patients (but
      not controls) were suppressed into the hypopituitary range by median 6 weeks
      (range 2-16) pump administration (203 +/- 62 vs 60 +/- 25; P = 0.02). Pump
      treatment achieved total GH suppression in normal subjects; diabetics with
      retinopathy seem more resistant to the GH suppressing effects of the drug.
      However, the reduction of serum IGF-I with prolonged treatment may be of clinical
      value in arresting the progress of diabetic retinopathy.

PMID- 2916381
TI  - Serum calcitonin levels in anesthetized rats.
AB  - In order to determine whether a short period of general anesthesia influences the
      levels of serum calcitonin (CTs) and whole blood ionized Ca2+ and pH, 10 rats
      were sequentially anesthetized at 5-day intervals by halothane, ether, or CO2/O2,
      respectively, and retroorbital blood samples were collected during anesthesia. We
      noticed significant differences of serum calcitonin but the role of the
      anesthetics remains unclear, since other factors also could have accounted for
      the observed variations. Blood pH was strongly decreased by CO2/O2. Whole blood
      ionized calcium exhibited marked changes, but no correlation was found between
      whole blood ionized calcium and serum calcitonin.

PMID- 2916382
TI  - Resistant hyperthyroidism induced by sodium iopodate used as treatment for
      Graves' disease.
AB  - Sodium iopodate has recently been advocated for long-term control of
      hyperthyroidism in Graves' disease. Its advantages over conventional therapy are
      a rapid fall in thyroid hormones and control of symptoms with a simple dosage
      regime. We report a case in which severe resistant hyperthyroidism developed
      during treatment of Graves' disease with sodium iopodate. Sodium iopodate may not
      be suitable for long-term use in all patients with Graves' disease.

PMID- 2916383
TI  - Presence of androgen receptors in the hen hypothalamus and pituitary.
AB  - Soluble and insoluble fractions in a hypotonic buffer solution of hypothalamic
      preoptic and median eminence areas, and of the anterior pituitary of the hen were
      found to contain a specific androgen binding component having the properties of a
      receptor. Administration of testosterone in vivo caused a marked decrease in
      specific [3H]R1881 (a synthetic androgen) bindings in the soluble fraction with a
      concomitant increase in the bindings in the insoluble fraction, whereas the sum
      of the bindings did not change. A similar relationship between the bindings of
      the two fractions was also observed during an ovulatory cycle. The results may
      provide an evidence for a direct action of androgens on the hen hypothalamus and
      pituitary.

PMID- 2916384
TI  - Enzyme-immunoassay for estrogen receptors in human pituitary adenomas.
AB  - We have performed an enzyme-immunoassay for estrogen receptor on 56 human
      pituitary adenomas and compared the results with a single point estradiol binding
      assay. There was a significant positive correlation between the two assays of
      cytoplasmic estrogen receptor (r = 0.960). Normal human pituitaries (N = 2) had
      an estrogen receptor concentration of 17 fmol/mg protein by enzyme-immunoassay.
      Of 14 prolactinomas, 6 (43%) contained estrogen receptor with a concentration of
      33.5 +/- 7.4 (mean +/- SEM) fmol/mg protein. Six of 11 (55%) macroprolactinomas
      were estrogen receptor-positive, whereas all 3 microprolactinomas were estrogen
      receptor-negative. Only one (13%) of 8 GH- and PRL-secreting adenomas, and 3 of 6
      (50%) gonadotropin-secreting adenomas were estrogen receptor-positive; the latter
      had a concentration of 13.5 +/- 1.6 fmol/mg protein. Estrogen receptor was not
      detected in 21 pure GH-secreting adenomas and 7 nonsecreting adenomas. These
      results demonstrate the precise frequency of estrogen receptor in various human
      pituitary adenomas, since enzyme-immunoassay as well as single point estradiol
      binding assay could detect estrogen receptor even in small specimens. Enzyme
      immunoassay is suitable for evaluation of estrogen receptor status in human
      pituitary adenomas.

PMID- 2916385
TI  - Immunoreactive oxytocin and vasopressin in the non-pregnant human uterus and
      oviductal isthmus.
AB  - The regional distribution of immunoreactive OT and AVP in the human uterus was
      investigated. Specimens of non-pregnant human uterus and oviduct were homogenized
      and extracted. The tissue levels exceeded the plasma concentrations of the
      peptides. The largest quantities of both peptides were found in the cervix and
      oviductal isthmus. The amounts found in the uterine fundus and isthmus were,
      however, not significantly different. Only 23% of immunoreactive OT eluted in the
      position of standard peptide on high-performance liquid chromatography. All
      immunoreactive AVP eluted with standard AVP after additional ether extraction of
      octadecasilyl extracts. We conclude that the human uterus contains materials
      immunologically and chromatographically identical to oxytocin and vasopressin.

PMID- 2916386
TI  - Effects of gastrin-releasing peptide on basal and stimulated thyroid hormone
      secretion in the mouse.
AB  - Recently, gastrin releasing peptide (GRP) was demonstrated to occur within normal
      thyroidal C cells. In the present study, the effects of GRP on basal and
      stimulated thyroid hormone secretion were investigated in the mouse according to
      the McKenzie technique. Iodine-deficient mice were pretreated with 125I and
      thyroxine. GRP was found dose-dependently to increase the basal radioiodine
      levels after iv injection, reflecting a stimulation of basal thyroid hormone
      secretion. The effect was maximal at a dose level of 3.0 nmol/animal, and at 2 h
      after injection, when GRP had increased blood radioiodine levels to 152 +/- 8%
      compared with 96 +/- 5% in controls (P less than 0.001). GRP seemed to exert
      additive effects on thyroid hormone secretion with vasoactive intestinal peptide
      and with TSH at a threshold dose level. In contrast, GRP did not influence the
      stimulatory effects of either a half-maximal dose level of TSH or noradrenaline.
      Furthermore, neither L-propranolol nor methylatropine influenced the GRP-induced
      thyroid hormone secretion. It is concluded that GRP has the capacity to stimulate
      basal thyroid hormone secretion in the mouse.

PMID- 2916387
TI  - Individual predictability of repeated spinal anaesthesia with isobaric
      bupivacaine.
AB  - To evaluate the individual predictability of the spread of spinal anaesthesia, an
      analysis of 38 patients who had had at least two spinal blocks within 4 years was
      performed. All spinal blocks were done with the patients in the lateral position
      at the midline in the interspace LIII-IV, injecting 3 ml of isobaric 0.5%
      bupivacaine. Regression analysis showed that the predictability of the maximal
      analgesic spread of the second anaesthesia from the first anaesthesia was highly
      significant (P less than 0.0001). Therefore, if a higher or lower level of the
      block is required, another method for the forthcoming anaesthesia may be needed.
      The reasons for this phenomenon could not be clarified in this retrospective
      study.

PMID- 2916388
TI  - Cerebral blood flow and metabolism during adenosine-induced hypotension in
      patients undergoing cerebral aneurysm surgery.
AB  - The effects of adenosine-induced hypotension on cerebral blood flow (CBF),
      cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2), and cerebral lactate production,
      together with systemic haemodynamics, were studied in 10 patients undergoing
      cerebral aneurysm surgery in neurolept anaesthesia with controlled
      hyperventilation. CBF changes were determined in six of the patients with a
      retrograde thermodilution technique in the jugular vein. Hypotension was induced
      with a continuous infusion of adenosine in the superior vena cava. The dose range
      was 0.06-0.35 mg/kg/min, and this caused a 42% reduction in mean arterial blood
      pressure (MABP) from 79 +/- 4 to 46 +/- 1 mmHg (10.5 +/- 0.5 to 6.1 +/- 0.1 kPa)
      through a profound reduction in systemic vascular resistance (SVR), which
      amounted to 61%. No significant change occurred in CBF. Whole body AV-difference
      of oxygen was decreased by 37%, and cerebral AV-difference by 28%, corresponding
      to reductions in whole body oxygen uptake and CMRO2 of 16 and 17%, respectively.
      Cerebral AV-difference of lactate did not change. In the posthypotensive period
      MABP was increased by 10%, together with a minor increase in CBF (15%). It is
      concluded, that adenosine-induced hypotension at MABP levels between 40-50 mmHg
      (5.3-6.7 kPa) does not affect cerebral oxygenation unfavourably, and may even
      offer a protective effect by reducing cerebral oxygen demand. The slight CBF
      increase in the posthypotensive period was probably secondary to an increase in
      MABP together with a blunted autoregulation, but in no case was this effect
      considered to be harmful for the patient.

PMID- 2916389
TI  - Right ventricular dysfunction in septic shock: assessment by measurements of
      right ventricular ejection fraction using the thermodilution technique.
AB  - Right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF) was measured by the thermodilution
      technique in a series of 127 consecutive critically ill patients monitored with a
      modified pulmonary artery (PA) catheter equipped with a fast response thermistor.
      Thermodilution RVEF was significantly lower in septic shock (23.8 +/- 8.2%, 93
      measurements) than in sepsis without shock (30.3 +/- 10.1%, 118 measurements) or
      in the absence of sepsis or cardiopulmonary impairment (32.5 +/- 7.1%, 62
      measurements). Both myocardial depression and pulmonary hypertension could
      account for this impairment of RV function. RVEF decreased from 35.1 +/- 9.8 to
      24.2 +/- 10.4% (P less than 0.01) during development of septic shock and
      increased from 25.0 +/- 7.6 to 29.8 +/- 8.5% (P less than 0.05) during recovery
      (14 patients). Initial RVEF in septic shock was 27.8 +/- 8.6% in 11 patients who
      survived but only 20.9 +/- 6.7% (P less than 0.02) in the 23 patients who
      eventually died. Thus, RV dysfunction is common during septic shock, is directly
      related to its severity, and can easily be recognized in patients monitored with
      a PA catheter.

PMID- 2916390
TI  - Survival compared to the general population and changes in health status among
      intensive care patients.
AB  - In order to evaluate intensive care, all adult patients (980) admitted to a
      multidisciplinary intensive care unit (ICU) during 1 year were followed
      prospectively. The ICU mortality was 9.6%. One year after admission the survival
      was 73.6%. By that time the surviving patients had a further survival that was
      96% of that of the general population. Of the 1-year survivors, 22.3% had
      deteriorated in health status compared to 3 months before the stay in ICU. In the
      admission groups with high mortality the survivors had a more pronounced
      deterioration in health status. Increased age and length of stay in the ICU were
      associated with higher mortality but not with changes in health status. We
      conclude that the outcome of intensive care can be evaluated by studying only the
      survival, since the survival rate is correlated to changes in health status among
      survivors in the different admission groups. One year after admission most of the
      surviving patients had regained their previous health status and their further
      survival was almost the same as that of the general population.

PMID- 2916391
TI  - Rebreathing, resistance and external work of breathing in three different coaxial
      Mapleson D systems.
AB  - Using a lung model, rebreathing characteristics, resistance against gas flow and
      the external work of breathing were tested in three different coaxial Mapleson D
      systems: the Medicvent D system, the Bain original system and the Coax-II system.
      The rebreathing characteristics were found to be similar in all systems in both
      spontaneous and controlled ventilation. The Bain system was found to have the
      lowest resistance and work of breathing and the Coax-II system the highest. The
      differences were small and clinically insignificant. Both the resistance and the
      work of breathing increased with fresh gas flow. The resistance against
      expiration was found to be in the range 135-160 Pa at a total gas flow of 31
      1.min-1, which is well within the acceptable level. The resulting end-expiratory
      pressure was never above 100 Pa (1 cmH2O) in any system. We concluded that there
      was no clinically significant difference among the three systems despite
      differences in design. The coaxial Mapleson D systems can also be used safely
      with high fresh gas flows with regard to resistance and end-expiratory pressures.

PMID- 2916392
TI  - Continuous interscalene brachial plexus block: clinical efficacy, technical
      problems and bupivacaine plasma concentrations.
AB  - Continuous interscalene brachial plexus block with a single dose of 0.5%
      bupivacaine 1.25 mg/kg, continued with an infusion of 0.25% bupivacaine 0.25
      mg/kg/h, was performed on 24 patients to provide analgesia during shoulder
      surgery and in the postoperative period. The drugs for general anaesthesia
      included glycopyrrolate, thiopentone, vecuronium, enflurane and N2O/O2. All
      patients had signs of regional analgesia 30 min after the block without
      haemodynamic problems. The infusion of local anaesthetic was interrupted in six
      patients because of a failure in catheter function. Of the remaining 18 patients,
      nine needed no complementary analgesics and nine patients received, on average,
      1.6 doses of oxycodone (0.15 mg/kg/dose) during a 24-h period. Displacement of
      the interscalene catheters could be prevented by a fixation suture to the skin.
      Two patients noted a metallic taste during the bupivacaine infusion. The most
      common complaints were numbness of the hand (n = 15) and hoarseness (n = 5). The
      mean (+/- s.e.mean) plasma concentrations of bupivacaine at 30, 60, 180 min and
      24 h were 0.68 +/- 0.06, 0.62 +/- 0.05, 0.52 +/- 0.04 and 0.76 +/- 0.01
      micrograms/ml, respectively. During the 24-h period, the alpha 1-acid
      glycoprotein (AAG) concentration (mean +/- s.e.mean) in plasma rose from 0.41 +/-
      0.04 g/l to 0.54 +/- 0.04 g/l (P less than 0.001). The concentration of free
      bupivacaine was below detectable levels (less than 0.01 micrograms/ml) after the
      24-h infusion. The rise in AAG probably increases binding of bupivacaine to
      plasma proteins, diminishing the risk of systemic toxicity.

PMID- 2916394
TI  - Gradient echoes: simplified.

PMID- 2916393
TI  - Low-flow anaesthesia does not increase the risk of microbial contamination
      through the circle absorber system.
AB  - In the circle absorber system, a decrease in fresh gas flow means a higher degree
      of rebreathing, and, consequently, a higher temperature and humidity within the
      system. With our present hygienic routines, the circle system tubings are changed
      and decontaminated once daily. Thus, the same circle system is used for several
      patients each day. In order to evaluate whether the risk of bacterial
      contamination increased with the introduction of low-flow anaesthesia, 122
      patients anaesthetized with either a low-flow technique (less than 1.5 l fresh
      gas flow/min) or with medium fresh gas flows (3-6 l/min) were studied. Bacterial
      samples were taken preoperatively from the oropharynx and postoperatively from
      five locations in the circle system. The patients were studied postoperatively
      for signs of respiratory tract infection. There were few positive bacteria
      cultures from the tubings in the circle system, regardless of fresh gas flow. No
      pathogens were found in the inspiratory tubings and no cases of postoperative
      respiratory tract infection could be related to bacterial spread from the
      anaesthesia machine. There were no indications that the present hygienic
      management was insufficient for the medium- or the low-flow circle system
      techniques.

PMID- 2916395
TI  - Acrodermatitis enteropathica.
AB  - Acrodermatitis enteropathica results from a defect in zinc metabolism inherited
      as an autosomal recessive trait. Zinc is chelated in the gastrointestinal tract
      by an oligopeptide that is normally destroyed in the bowel. Zinc deficiency
      results in skin and bowel lesions, as well as alterations in mental status. If
      the disorder is not treated, death occurs from infection and/or marasmus. Blood
      zinc levels confirm the diagnosis. Dramatic recovery and normal development occur
      when dietary zinc is supplemented.

PMID- 2916396
TI  - Trichomonas infections in men.
AB  - Trichomonas vaginalis, a common pathogen in the female genital tract, produces a
      characteristic clinical picture in women. Less well recognized are the
      manifestations of Trichomonas infestations of the male genital tract, which
      include urethritis and chronic prostatitis. Multiple-glass urinalysis and
      selective use of Trichomonas cultures may improve recognition of this organism in
      the family practice setting.

PMID- 2916397
TI  - Chronic compartment syndrome.
AB  - Chronic compartment syndrome typically affects young people who are engaged in
      endurance sports. The primary clinical feature is a sensation of tightness or
      aching pain in a defined compartment of the affected limb, starting during
      activity or hours after activity ceases and lasting for varying lengths of time.
      The diagnosis is based on the history and on measurement of compartmental
      pressures. Fasciotomy or partial fasciectomy is the definitive treatment.

PMID- 2916398
TI  - Virus clearance in HIV-infected patients.

PMID- 2916399
TI  - Interferon alfa for Kaposi's sarcoma in early AIDS.

PMID- 2916400
TI  - Cool ultrasonic humidifiers for lowering fever.

PMID- 2916401
TI  - Pediatric urinary tract infections.

PMID- 2916402
TI  - The future of family practice.

PMID- 2916403
TI  - Assessment of myocardial infarct size by means of T2-weighted 1H nuclear magnetic
      resonance imaging.
AB  - Proton (1H) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging is thought to depict zones
      of recent myocardial infarction in contrast to noninfarcted myocardium. This is
      related to T2 increases in infarct zones that have been verified previously by
      relaxometry measurements in excised myocardial samples. Accordingly the present
      study was undertaken to evaluate a 1H NMR imaging method to optimize T2 contrast
      and measure infarct size in a high-field imaging system (1.5 T). To accomplish
      this, NMR images were acquired every other R wave with echo times of 30 and 100
      msec. The first echo image was used for myocardial border definition and the
      second echo image, which highlighted the myocardial infarction, for infarct
      border definition. This T2-weighted approach yielded a significant correlation
      between infarct size by NMR and pathologic methods. However, NMR imaging tended
      to overestimate infarct size, and the NMR image depicted abnormal signal well
      beyond the extent of the pathology-determined infarct. There was a significant
      relationship between NMR-imaged infarct size and myocardial mass with microsphere
      determined reduction in blood flow of 25% or more. These data suggest that T2
      weighted NMR imaging depicts not only infarct but also some reversibly injured
      myocardium.

PMID- 2916404
TI  - Coronary collateral circulation: clinical significance and influence on survival
      in patients with coronary artery occlusion.
AB  - In a consecutive series of 96 patients with coronary artery occlusion, 67 had
      good and 29 had no or poor collateral circulation. Patients with good collaterals
      had the severest degree of coronary artery disease. Good collaterals are
      associated with a higher incidence of angina pectoris and normal
      electrocardiogram and with lower incidence of Q-waves, positive exercise tests,
      heart failure, previous myocardial infarction, and dyskinesia at
      ventriculography. Survival rates after 10 years were (1) 51.5% with good and
      34.5% with poor collaterals (p less than 0.1), (2) 59.4% with angina pectoris and
      good collaterals and 41.2% with angina pectoris and poor collaterals (p less than
      0.05), (3) 64.8% without and 24.4% with heart failure and good collaterals (p
      less than 0.001), and (4) 58.3% without and 16.1% with heart failure and poor
      collaterals (p less than 0.01). Good collaterals protect the myocardium by
      prevention of acute myocardial infarction and heart failure and thus improve
      survival.

PMID- 2916405
TI  - The dynamics of progression of coronary atherosclerosis studied in 168 medically
      treated patients who underwent coronary arteriography three times.
AB  - To study the dynamics of progression of coronary atherosclerosis we analyzed
      findings in 168 patients who underwent coronary arteriography three times without
      undergoing coronary surgery or percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Of
      66 patients who had progression in interval 1 (from first to second coronary
      arteriogram), 32 also had progression in interval 2 (from second to third
      coronary arteriogram); of 102 patients who had no progression in interval 1, 37
      had progression in interval 2. In only 9 of the 32 patients who had progression
      during both intervals was the same lesion involved, and in six of these patients
      other lesions were also involved. Progression correlated with the duration of the
      interval between catheterizations, an increase in symptoms, and the occurrence of
      myocardial infarction. Analysis of variance showed no significant differences in
      mean values for age, blood pressure, total serum cholesterol, and serum
      triglycerides in the four main progression groups. Progression of coronary
      atherosclerosis is a highly unpredictable process. It follows a nonlinear course,
      and information derived from sequential coronary arteriograms is of little value
      in predicting future progression.

PMID- 2916406
TI  - Role of resting thallium201 perfusion in predicting coronary anatomy, left
      ventricular wall motion, and hospital outcome in unstable angina pectoris.
AB  - We performed quantitative thallium scintigraphy in 66 unstable angina patients,
      5.6 +/- 5.1 hours after rest pain, to predict coronary anatomy, left ventricular
      wall motion, and hospital outcome. Thallium defects and/or washout abnormalities
      were present in 5 of 10 (50%) patients with coronary stenoses less than 50%, 27
      of 33 (82%) patients with coronary stenosis greater than or equal to 50% and no
      history of previous myocardial infarction, and in 23 of 23 patients (100%) with
      histories of previous infarction. Defects were uncommon in the territory of
      vessels with less than 50% (13 of 61, 21%), but significantly more common in the
      territory of vessels with greater than or equal to 50% stenosis (57 of 137, 42%),
      p less than 0.005. With the addition of washout abnormalities to defect analysis,
      sensitivity for detection of coronary stenoses improved to 67% (92 of 137), p
      less than or equal to 0.005, but specificity fell to 59% (36 of 61), p less than
      0.01. Segmental wall motion abnormalities were less common in segments with
      normal perfusion (21%) or in those with washout abnormalities alone (19%), than
      in segments with thallium defects (45%, p less than 0.005). Defects in patients
      with previous infarction were common in both segments, with normal (26 of 66,
      40%) or abnormal (24 of 45, 53%) wall motion. Eleven of 18 patients with in
      hospital cardiac events, but no history of myocardial infarction, had resting
      thallium defects, whereas only 8 of 25 patients without cardiac event had
      thallium defect (p = 0.056).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2916407
TI  - Different coronary vasomotor effects of nifedipine and therapeutic correlates in
      angina with spontaneous and effort components versus Prinzmetal angina.
AB  - Flow impedance, probably of vasomotor origin, superimposed on severe coronary
      stenosis has been considered a trigger for the spontaneous component of angina
      occurring both on effort and at rest. To investigate more thoroughly this
      pathophysiologic aspect we evaluated (by means of quantitative coronary
      angiography) the acute vasomotor reaction to nifedipine (10 mg sublingually) of
      significant (greater than 50%) stenotic lesions in 22 patients with double
      component angina. We also correlated this reaction with the clinical response
      (daily number of ischemic episodes evaluated by means of 48-hour Holter
      ambulatory monitoring) to treatment with nifedipine (20 mg four times a day);
      calcium channel blockade, in fact, is considered a specific remedy in cases of
      altered coronary vasomotility. Patients with Prinzmetal angina, who were known to
      have homogeneous coronary vasodilating reactions and favorable clinical responses
      to nifedipine, were studied by means of the same methods and served as the
      control group (14 patients). In double-component angina the residual lumen
      diameter of significant lesions was unchanged in two patients, enhanced in 10,
      and reduced in 10 after sublingual nifedipine; lumen variations from baseline
      values ranged from +1.29 to -1.56 mm. Acute changes in stenosis correlated
      closely with results obtained with oral treatment. In the group with Prinzmetal
      angina, coronary stenoses invariably responded with dilatation (the residual
      coronary lumen increased by an average of 69% of baseline); 100% of the patients
      in this group responded favorably to treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2916408
TI  - Dose- and time-related vasodilator response of conduit coronary arteries to
      intracoronary isosorbide dinitrate in human beings.
AB  - The time course of the vasodilation of different segments of the epicardial
      coronary vasculature after three different doses of intracoronary isosorbide
      dinitrate (ISDN) was investigated in angiographically normal coronary arteries in
      10 patients with quantitative coronary angiography. In five patients, 0.1 mg and
      0.3 mg ISDN were injected intracoronary 30 minutes apart, and the effect of each
      dose was assessed at 1, 5, 10, and 15 minutes after the administration by serial
      angiograms. In five additional patients, a single dose of 3 mg was injected and
      coronary vasodilation was assessed at 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20 minutes. After each
      dose, dilation of epicardial coronary arteries occurred within 1 minute, peaked
      at 5 minutes and progressively decreased thereafter. Relative to control, peak
      percent diameter increase was (mean +/- SEM) 10% +/- 0.9% (p less than 0.01),
      18.5% +/- 1.5% (p less than 0.01), and 26% +/- 2.1% (p less than 0.01) after 0.1,
      0.3, and 3.0 mg, respectively. When small (1 to 2 mm), medium (2 to 3 mm), and
      large (greater than 3 mm) vessels were separately analyzed, peak response was
      respectively 12% +/- 1.3% (p less than 0.01), 9% +/- 1.9% (p less than 0.01), and
      7% +/- 1% (p less than 0.05) after 0.1 mg ISDN; 22% +/- 1.8% (p less than 0.01),
      16% +/- 1.3% (p less than 0.01), and 12% +/- 0.8% (p less than 0.01) after 0.3
      mg; and 38% +/- 2.4% (p less than 0.01), 22% +/- 2.1% (p less than 0.01), and 17%
      +/- 2% (p less than 0.01) after 3.0 mg. The duration of the response increased
      with the dose, but was inversely related to the size of the vessel.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2916409
TI  - Carbon monoxide and lethal arrhythmias in conscious dogs with a healed myocardial
      infarction.
AB  - Environmental studies suggested that exposure to carbon monoxide (CO) increases
      cardiovascular mortality among patients with coronary artery disease. We
      investigated whether, in dogs with a healed anterior myocardial infarction at low
      and high risk for ventricular fibrillation, acute exposure to CO has adverse
      effects during acute myocardial ischemia combined with exercise. One month after
      myocardial infarction, 17 dogs had ventricular fibrillation and 16 survived
      during the combined exercise and ischemia test. These tests were then repeated in
      all dogs with different concentrations of carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) (from 5% to
      15%). With 15% COHb, heart rate (HR) at rest and during exercise was higher (p
      less than 0.05) than in the control tests. Surprisingly, the reflex HR response
      to acute ischemia was also altered; namely, the HR reduction characteristic of
      the low-risk animals was anticipated and accentuated (-31 +/- 25 versus 2 +/- 30
      beats/min, p less than 0.05). Conversely, the HR increase characteristic of the
      high-risk group was reduced by CO (44 +/- 52 versus 72 +/- 43 beats/min, p less
      than 0.05). With 15% COHb, malignant arrhythmias occurred in two of the low-risk
      dogs and in none of the high-risk dogs. In the latter, CO was tested with a
      combination of exercise work load and myocardial ischemia duration not associated
      with ventricular fibrillation (VF) in the control condition. This study
      demonstrated that brief exposure to CO (1) profoundly alters the reflex HR
      response to exercise and to acute myocardial ischemia and (2) does not enhance
      the occurrence of malignant arrhythmias in conscious dogs with a healed
      myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2916410
TI  - Improved internal defibrillation efficacy with a biphasic waveform.
AB  - Clinically available automatic implantable defibrillators use a monophasic
      truncated exponential waveform shock; after delivery the charge remaining on the
      device's capacitors is "dumped" internally and wasted. The efficacy of a
      monophasic and biphasic truncated exponential defibrillation waveform produced by
      a single capacitor discharge was compared in seven closed-chest, pentobarbital
      anesthetized dogs. Defibrillation leads consisted of a new deployable
      intrapericardial electrode system. The monophasic waveform was positive and 6
      msec in duration. The biphasic waveform had a positive phase identical to that of
      the monophasic waveform and a negative phase of equal duration with its initial
      voltage equal to 50% of the final voltage of the positive phase. Defibrillation
      shocks of varying initial voltage were delivered to construct curves of the
      percentage of successful defibrillation versus initial voltage and delivered
      energy, and the voltage and energy required for 50% (V50 and E50, respectively)
      and 80% (V80 and E80, respectively) success were compared. The biphasic waveform
      had significantly lower initial voltage (V50: 194 +/- 48 volts vs 227 +/- 48
      volts, p less than 0.001; V80: 217 +/- 55 volts vs 256 +/- 66 volts, p less than
      0.02) and energy (E50: 2.7 +/- 1.3 joules vs 3.4 +/- 1.5 joules, p less than
      0.01; E80: 3.4 +/- 1.6 joules vs 4.3 +/- 2.2 joules, p less than 0.05)
      requirements than the monophasic waveform. It is concluded that a biphasic
      waveform produced by a single discharge that uses the "free" energy remaining on
      the capacitors significantly reduces the initial voltage and energy requirements
      for successful defibrillation and may improve the efficacy of future automatic
      implantable defibrillators.

PMID- 2916411
TI  - Detection of experimental myocarditis by monoclonal antimyosin antibody, Fab
      fragment.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine whether monoclonal antimyosin Fab
      (antigen binding fragment) was capable of labeling hearts with experimental
      coxsackievirus myocarditis, and to determine whether Fab could be used for
      detecting myocardial damage in either early or chronic phases of the disease.
      Sixty-five, 3-week-old cesarean-derived 1 (CD 1) mice were divided into two
      groups: group I (noninfected animals) and group II (infected with coxsackievirus
      B3). Mice from each group were killed on days 7, 17, 30, or 90 of infection.
      Forty-eight hours before killing, mice were injected with monoclonal I125
      antimyosin, Fab (25 microCi/injection) and radioactivity was counted in the
      heart. Selected heart sections were also examined by autoradiography. Heart
      radioactivity, count/m/mg (m +/- SEM) on days 7, 17, 30, and 90 of infection was
      10.8 +/- 1.7, 21.3 +/- 1.1, 11.2 +/- 3.4, and 12.4 +/- 1.5 for group I, versus
      36.7 +/- 8.0 (p less than 0.01), 50.0 +/- 4.5 (p less than 0.001), 33.4 +/- 16.1
      (p = NS), and 40.6 +/- 8.5 (p less than 0.01) for group II, respectively.
      Autoradiography revealed focal uptake within areas of necrotic myocardium. We
      conclude that I125 Fab may be useful in detecting myocardial damage in the
      experimental model of murine myocarditis up to day 90 of infection.

PMID- 2916412
TI  - Noninvasive assessment of diastolic and systolic properties of ibopamine in
      patients with congestive heart failure.
AB  - The acute effect of a single oral 100 mg dose of ibopamine on systolic and
      diastolic left ventricular function in nine patients with congestive heart
      failure was assessed by quantitative M-mode and pulsed Doppler echocardiography.
      Echocardiography was performed at baseline and 30, 60, and 120 minutes after
      ingestion of drug. Indices of systolic and diastolic left ventricular function
      were derived from digitized tracings of the septal and posterior endocardial
      surfaces and transmitral and aortic valve velocity profiles. Ibopamine
      significantly improved systolic function as reflected by a decrease in the
      preejection period to left ventricular ejection time ratio from 0.57 +/- 0.16 at
      baseline to 0.47 +/- 0.15 (p less than 0.05) 30 minutes after ingestion of drug.
      The maximum improvements in stroke volume and cardiac output after ibopamine were
      from 63 +/- 35 to 72 +/- 40 ml (p less than 0.05) and 4.6 +/- 1.7 to 5.4 +/- 2.1
      L/min (p = 0.05), respectively. The contribution of atrial systole to total
      diastolic filling increased from 32 +/- 10% at baseline to 37 +/- 12% (p less
      than 0.05) after 30 minutes and persisted for at least 120 minutes. The
      distribution of diastolic filling was significantly altered after ingestion of
      ibopamine as reflected by a decrease in the ratio of the time-velocity integrals
      of left ventricular filling during early diastole and atrial systole (Ei/Ai) from
      2.44 +/- 1.08 at baseline to 1.98 +/- 0.97 (p less than 0.05) 30 minutes after
      drug. The decrease in the Ei/Ai persisted for at least 120 minutes. The duration
      of the effect of ibopamine on diastolic filling persisted longer than its effect
      on augmenting systolic function. The positive effect of ibopamine on systolic
      function makes it a promising drug in the treatment of congestive heart failure.

PMID- 2916413
TI  - Calculation of transmitral flow by Doppler echocardiography: a comparison of
      methods in a canine model.
AB  - Although several Doppler echocardiographic methods for measuring transmitral flow
      have been described, the optimal method for calculation of flow remains unclear.
      Seven time/shape combinations were tested in an experimental preparation in which
      mitral flow could be precisely controlled and measured. Annular shape was
      considered to be either circular or elliptical, and the mitral orifice area was
      calculated from the anteroposterior and/or the mediolateral dimension(s) recorded
      at early and middiastole. In addition the orifice area was calculated from the
      maximal mitral leaflet area corrected for diastolic variation. Transmitral flow
      ranged between 0.4 and 4.6 L/min. Good correlations with measured transmitral
      flow (r = 0.83 to 0.92) were observed for all methods of calculating the mitral
      orifice area. Methods that assumed a circular geometry and used the mediolateral
      annular diameter overestimated flow. Conversely, flows calculated by means of the
      anteroposterior diameter with the assumption of a circular anulus underestimated
      flow. The best approximations of transmitral flow were obtained with the
      assumption of an elliptical configuration that used measurements made in early
      diastole (Y = 1.04x + 0.2) and with the Fisher method (y = 0.94x + 0.08). Thus in
      the canine model approximation of the mitral orifice as an ellipse provides the
      most accurate measurement of transmitral flow.

PMID- 2916414
TI  - Analysis of the early rise in aortic transvalvular gradient after aortic
      valvuloplasty.
AB  - The relationship between dynamic changes in aortic valve gradient and left
      ventricular ejection performance in the early period after successful
      percutaneous aortic valvuloplasty has not been described in detail. Accordingly
      20 adult patients with severe symptomatic calcific aortic stenosis underwent
      first-pass radionuclide angiography and Doppler echocardiography before,
      immediately after, and 2 to 4 days after the valvuloplasty procedure. A
      significant (p less than 0.001) reduction in peak-to-peak (72 +/- 24 mm Hg to 36
      +/- 11 mmHg) and mean (60 +/- 20 mm Hg to 34 +/- 9 mm Hg) transaortic gradient
      and an increase in aortic valve area (0.5 +/- 0.2 cm2 to 0.8 +/- 0.2 cm2) were
      measured by high-fidelity micromanometer catheters immediately after aortic
      valvuloplasty. Results of Doppler echocardiography showed a significant (p less
      than 0.001) immediate decrease in peak instantaneous (81 +/- 22 mm Hg to 53 +/-
      15 mm Hg) and mean (48 +/- 14 mm Hg to 31 +/- 9 mm Hg) aortic gradients. However,
      2 to 4 days later a significant (p less than 0.001) return of peak (56 +/- 15 mm
      Hg to 65 +/- 20 mm Hg) and mean (31 +/- 9 mm Hg to 39 +/- 12 mm Hg) transvalvular
      gradient occurred. Aortic valve area as determined by the continuity equation
      also increased from 0.4 +/- 0.2 cm2 to 0.6 +/- 0.2 cm2 immediately after the
      procedure (p less than 0.001), then partially returned to baseline (0.5 +/- 0.2
      cm2; p less than 0.005) at 2 to 4 days.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2916415
TI  - Quantification of left ventricular myocardial mass in humans by nuclear magnetic
      resonance imaging.
AB  - The ability of NMRI to assess LV mass was studied in 20 normal males. By means of
      a 1.5 Tesla GE superconducting magnet and a standard spin-echo pulse sequence,
      multiple gated short-axis and axial slices of the entire left ventricle were
      obtained. LV mass was determined by Simpson's rule with the use of a previous
      experimentally validated method. The weight of the LV apex (subject to partial
      volume effect in the short-axis images) was derived from axial slices and that of
      the remaining left ventricle from short-axis slices. The weight of each slice was
      calculated by multiplying the planimetered surface area of the LV myocardium by
      slice thickness and by myocardial specific gravity (1.05). Mean +/- standard
      deviation of LV mass and LV mass index were 146 +/- 23.1 gm (range 92.3 to 190.4
      gm) and 78.4 +/- 7.8 gm/m2 (range 57.7 to 89.4 gm/m2), respectively.
      Interobserver agreement as assessed by ICC was high for determining 161
      individual slice masses (ICC = 0.99) and for total LV mass (ICC = 0.97).
      Intraobserver agreement for total LV mass was also high (ICC = 0.96). NMRI
      determined LV mass correlated with body surface area: LV mass = 55 + 108 body
      surface area, r = 0.83; with body weight: LV mass = 26 + 0.77 body weight, r =
      0.82; and with body height: LV mass = 262 +/- 5.9 body height, r = 0.75. Normal
      limits were developed for these relationships. NMRI-determined LV mass as related
      to body weight was in agreement with normal limits derived from autopsy
      literature data.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2916416
TI  - Detection of apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy by magnetic resonance imaging.

PMID- 2916417
TI  - Improved visualization of discrete subvalvular aortic stenosis by transesophageal
      color-coded Doppler echocardiography.

PMID- 2916418
TI  - Hypereosinophilic syndrome resulting in aortic and mitral stenosis: a case
      requiring double valve replacement.

PMID- 2916419
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging of vascular conduits in coarctation of the aorta.

PMID- 2916420
TI  - Interruption of aortic regurgitation by the intimal flap of an aortic dissection:
      Doppler echocardiographic observations.

PMID- 2916421
TI  - Percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty for tricuspid stenosis: hemodynamic and
      pathological findings.

PMID- 2916422
TI  - Oxygen uptake and heart rate during cross-country skiing and track walking after
      myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2916423
TI  - Propafenone and 5-hydroxypropafenone concentrations in the right atrium of
      patients undergoing heart surgery.

PMID- 2916424
TI  - Defibrillation threshold testing: necessary but evil?

PMID- 2916425
TI  - Exercise testing in angina pectoris: the importance of protocol design in
      clinical trials.

PMID- 2916426
TI  - Regional and global biventricular function during dipyridamole stress testing.
AB  - This study assesses the relation between regional ventricular performance (using
      2-dimensional echocardiography) and global systolic and diastolic indexes of
      biventricular myocardial function (using hemodynamic monitoring) during
      dipyridamole stress testing. Simultaneous 2-dimensional echocardiographic and
      biventricular hemodynamic monitoring during dipyridamole infusion (0.56 mg/kg
      over 4 minutes) was performed in 19 patients. All patients had a normal resting
      function. Eleven of the 19 patients had a positive echocardiography test (new
      wall motion dyssynergy with dipyridamole) and they formed group 1. Eight patients
      had a negative echocardiography test (group 2). During baseline conditions, no
      significant differences were found in the 2 groups: rate pressure product (107 +/
      16 vs 108 +/- 13 mm Hg x beats/min x 1/100), positive left ventricular (LV)
      dP/dt (1,950 +/- 473 vs 2,262 +/- 430 mm Hg/s), negative LV dP/dt (-2,069 +/- 620
      vs -2,205 +/- 245), LV end-diastolic pressure (8.2 +/- 4.4 vs 9.6 +/- 4.0 mm Hg),
      right ventricular positive dP/dt (368 +/- 133 vs 400 +/- 190 mm Hg/s) and
      negative dP/dt (-281 +/- 89 vs -383 +/- 147). At peak dipyridamole, the 2 groups
      were different for LV end-diastolic pressure (20 +/- 10 vs 8 +/- 5 mm Hg, p less
      than 0.01), LV positive dP/dt (2,100 +/- 688 vs 3,013 +/- 851 mm Hg/s, p less
      than 0.01) and negative dP/dt (-1,868 +/- 518 vs -2,564 +/- 272, p less than
      0.01). At peak ischemia, LV positive dP/dt increased slightly, but not
      significantly, while negative dP/dt decreased significantly (p less than 0.01) in
      comparison with resting values.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2916427
TI  - Evaluation of electrode polarity on defibrillation efficacy.
AB  - The effect of electrode polarity on defibrillation thresholds in humans is
      unknown. This prospective, randomized evaluation of electrode polarity on
      defibrillation thresholds was performed in 21 survivors of ventricular
      fibrillation (VF) undergoing cardiac surgery. Defibrillation was always performed
      with 2 identical large rectangular, wire mesh electrodes positioned over the
      anterior wall of the right ventricle and the posterolateral wall of the left
      ventricle. The initial electrode polarity for the left ventricular (LV) electrode
      was chosen randomly for determination of the defibrillation threshold.
      Subsequently, electrode polarity was reversed. The defibrillation threshold was
      defined as the lowest pulse amplitude that would effectively terminate VF with a
      single discharge delivered 10 seconds after initiation of an episode of VF with
      alternating current. For each defibrillation pulse, voltage, current, resistance
      and delivered energy were recorded. Of the 21 patients, 15 (71%) had a lower
      defibrillation threshold when the LV electrode was positive, 2 patients (10%) had
      a lower defibrillation threshold when the LV electrode was negative and 4
      patients (19%) had equal defibrillation thresholds (within 0.5 J) regardless of
      polarity. The mean leading edge defibrillation threshold voltage was 370 +/- 88
      volts when the LV electrode was negative and 320 +/- 109 volts (14% less) when
      the LV electrode was positive (p = 0.014). Mean leading edge defibrillation
      threshold current was 9.3 +/- 3.1 amps when the LV electrode was negative
      compared to 7.7 +/- 3.1 amps (17% less) when the LV electrode was positive (p =
      0.0033). There were no differences in resistance with the 2
      configurations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2916428
TI  - Effect of intravenous propranolol or verapamil on infant orthodromic
      reciprocating tachycardia.
AB  - The effects of intravenous verapamil (0.15 mg/kg) and propranolol (0.2 mg/kg)
      with regard to atrioventricular (AV) conduction and tachycardia termination
      during paroxysmal atrial tachycardia were compared in 2 groups of infants
      (verapamil n = 14, propranolol n = 18, mean age 80 +/- 21 days, range 1 to 364).
      Using transesophageal recording techniques, tachycardia cycle length, AV
      intervals and ventriculoatrial intervals were measured before and after drug
      administration. Both intravenous propranolol and verapamil significantly
      prolonged tachycardia cycle length and AV interval (cycle length--propranolol 230
      +/- 30 to 262 +/- 33 ms, p less than 0.05, verapamil 223 +/- 38 to 245 +/- 32 ms,
      p less than 0.05; AV interval--propranolol 98 +/- 26 to 126 +/- 38 ms, p less
      than 0.05, verapamil 96 +/- 19 to 109 +/- 24 ms, p less than 0.05). Neither drug
      prolonged the ventriculoatrial interval. Tachycardia terminated after intravenous
      verapamil in 11 of 14 infants (79% efficacy rate). Tachycardia terminated in 0 of
      18 after intravenous propranolol (0% efficacy rate). In 8 infants an atrial
      deflection was recorded on the esophageal electrocardiogram at the time of
      tachycardia termination after intravenous verapamil, which suggested that
      tachycardia terminated by block occurring in the AV node. In 2 infants a
      ventricular deflection was recorded at the time of tachycardia termination after
      verapamil, which suggested that block occurred in the accessory connection. Both
      drugs prolonged tachycardia cycle length by prolonging AV conduction to a similar
      degree.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2916429
TI  - Use of the automatic external defibrillator in homes of survivors of out-of
      hospital ventricular fibrillation.
AB  - This 57-month study evaluated the use of automatic external defibrillators (AEDs)
      in the homes of high risk cardiac patients (survivors of out-of-hospital
      ventricular fibrillation [VF]). The goal was to determine the utility of these
      devices by trained lay persons in actual cardiac arrest episodes. Ninety-seven
      survivors of out-of-hospital VF were enrolled in the study; 59 patients received
      AEDs, and 38 patients served as a control group. During the study period, 7
      deaths occurred in the hospital without preceding out-of-hospital cardiac arrest
      or from noncardiac causes. There were 14 out-of-hospital cardiac arrests, 10 in
      the AED group and 4 in the control group. There was 1 long-term survivor in the
      control group. In the AED group, among the 10 cardiac arrests for which the
      device was available, it was used in 6. Only 2 patients were in VF; 1 was
      resuscitated with residual neurologic deficits and survived several months. This
      study observed a small potential for AEDs to save high risk patients.

PMID- 2916430
TI  - Reduction of ventricular arrhythmias by atropine during coronary arteriography.
AB  - Sustained ventricular arrhythmia is a well-recognized complication of cardiac
      catheterization, often occurring after selective coronary artery injection of
      contrast medium. The role of autonomic reflexes in the pathogenesis of this
      phenomenon is unclear. Although the muscarinic antagonist atropine is often
      administered prophylactically before coronary angiography to reduce the
      likelihood of sinus bradycardia and vasovagal reactions, its influence on
      ventricular arrhythmias in this setting has not been established. This case
      control trial studied 648 patients undergoing coronary arteriography to
      investigate this issue. Eleven case subjects (those with ventricular
      tachyarrhythmia) were identified. Control subjects (those without ventricular
      tachyarrhythmia) were matched for baseline heart rate (+/- 6 beats/min), age (+/-
      10 years), sex and calendar year of procedure using a 1:3 sampling ratio. All 26
      potential clinical, anatomic and hemodynamic covariates were statistically
      similar between groups. Ventricular tachyarrhythmias were more likely to occur
      after selective right coronary injection (odds ratio 15.1, p = 0.0008) but not
      after multiple contrast injections (odds ratio 0.918, difference not
      significant). Most importantly, atropine sulfate was administered
      prophylactically to 18 of 33 control subjects (55 +/- 9%) but only 1 of 11 cases
      (9 +/- 9%), generating a significant odds ratio of 12.0 (p = 0.02). Thus, the
      odds of experiencing sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias during coronary
      arteriography may potentially be reduced 12-fold by prior administration of
      atropine, even in patients with normal baseline heart rates.

PMID- 2916431
TI  - Relation of exercise capacity to resting arterial oxygen transport in left
      ventricular dysfunction.
AB  - To determine the relation between arterial oxygen delivery and exercise capacity,
      38 men with mild to severe chronic left ventricular (LV) dysfunction (New York
      Heart Association functional class II or III) were studied. All diagnostic
      cardiac catheterizations were performed 1 week before the exercise tests and the
      mean LV ejection fraction was 0.30 +/- 0.07. All patients performed graded
      treadmill exercise tests according to the Sheffield protocol. The relation
      between supine resting hemodynamic measurements did not correlate with exercise
      duration. Only resting cardiac output (r = 0.54, p less than 0.01) and systemic
      vascular resistance (r = -0.51, p less than 0.05) correlated weakly with exercise
      duration. However, arterial oxygen transport was highly related to exercise
      duration (r = 0.76, p less than 0.001) and peak oxygen consumption (r = 0.71, p
      less than 0.001). Thus, knowledge of calculated arterial oxygen transport can
      predict exercise capacity in patients with chronic LV dysfunction.

PMID- 2916432
TI  - Long-term follow-up of patients with echocardiographically detected mitral anular
      calcium and comparison with age- and sex-matched control subjects.
AB  - One hundred seven patients with echocardiographically documented mitral anular
      calcium (MAC) and 107 age- and sex-matched control subjects without MAC were
      studied and followed for a mean of 4.4 +/- 2.4 (standard deviation) years.
      Fourteen (7%) patients were lost to follow-up. Compared with the control group,
      patients with MAC had higher frequency of precordial murmurs (p less than
      0.0001), cardiomegaly (p less than 0.0001), left atrial enlargement (p less than
      0.0001), and rhythm and conduction disturbances (p less than 0.0001). During the
      follow-up, patients with MAC had higher incidence of valve replacement (p less
      than 0.0025), permanent pacemaker implantation (p less than 0.0025), congestive
      heart failure (p less than 0.0001), thromboembolic cerebrovascular event (p less
      than 0.01), sudden death (p less than 0.001) and total cardiac death (p less than
      0.0001). However, the frequencies of myocardial infarction, coronary artery
      bypass surgery and angioplasty, endocarditis or noncardiac death were not
      significantly different between patients with MAC and the control subjects. Thus,
      patients with MAC have higher frequencies of precordial murmurs, cardiomegaly,
      left atrial and ventricular enlargement, rhythm and conduction disturbances. They
      more frequently undergo valve replacement and permanent pacemaker implantation,
      develop congestive heart failure and die of cardiac causes than age- and sex
      matched control subjects.

PMID- 2916433
TI  - Scanning electron microscopy of surgically excised human mitral valves in
      patients over 45 years of age.
AB  - Leaflets were obtained from 23 diseased mitral valves of patients over 45 years
      of age removed at the time of prosthetic valve insertion and the topography was
      studied with scanning electron microscopy. The clinical diagnosis in all cases
      was probable rheumatic heart disease. Filiform processes (Lambl's excrescences)
      were seen on 15 of 23 (65%) of these leaflets. Some of these processes appeared
      to develop when either bundles of collagen or elastic fibers in the connective
      tissue framework of the cusp were broken. The freed portion of the fiber then
      served as a nidus for thrombus formation. The endothelium on the surface of the
      leaflets was consistently altered. Endothelial cells were changed in shape, had
      microvilli scattered over their exterior, showed discontinuous cell borders and
      were desquamated, either singly or in groups. Elements of the peripheral blood
      adhered to the exposed subendothelium. Erythrocytes were usually entrapped in
      fibrin networks. Single activated platelets and platelet aggregates adhered to
      the fibers of the exposed subendothelial connective tissue. Surface mineral
      deposits were composed of granular spherulites, which contained both calcium and
      phosphorous. This study extends our understanding of the architectural
      modifications that contribute to the continuing pathologic process of rheumatic
      mitral valve disease.

PMID- 2916434
TI  - Two-dimensional echocardiographic findings in systemic sarcoidosis.
AB  - The records of 88 patients with systemic sarcoidosis who underwent 2-dimensional
      echocardiography were reviewed to define the typical echocardiographic
      abnormalities in patients with clinical evidence of cardiac involvement. Twelve
      patients (14%) had echocardiographic evidence of left ventricular systolic
      dysfunction attributed to cardiac sarcoidosis (segmental hypokinesis in 8
      patients and global hypokinesis in 4 patients). A high incidence of congestive
      heart failure (9 of 12) and conduction system disease (7 of 12) was
      characteristic of these patients. The remaining 76 patients had normal
      echocardiograms or abnormalities attributed to nonsarcoid sources. In 8 (11%) of
      these 76 patients, there were significant clinically unexplained conduction
      abnormalities likely related to sarcoidosis.

PMID- 2916435
TI  - Comparison of low osmolality ionic (ioxaglate) versus nonionic (iopamidol)
      contrast media in cardiac angiography.
AB  - A double-blind randomized study was performed in 60 patients to compare the
      electrocardiographic and hemodynamic changes induced during cardiac angiography
      by 2 contrast media with relatively low osmolality. Ioxaglate meglumine sodium,
      an ionic dimer contrast medium, was compared with iopamidol, a nonionic compound.
      Of the 30 patients who received ioxaglate, 13 (43%) experienced a mild to
      moderate adverse reaction to the contrast media, while only 2 of the 30 patients
      (7%) in the iopamidol group had similar side effects (p less than 0.005).
      Significant prolongations of the QT intervals occurred with the ioxaglate
      injections. The QT intervals increased from 402 +/- 46 to 442 +/- 59 ms (p less
      than 0.001) with the right coronary artery injection and similar changes were
      observed after the left coronary artery injection and left ventriculography.
      Significant ST-segment and T-wave amplitude changes also occurred in the
      ioxaglate group. With iopamidol injections, there were no significant changes in
      any of these parameters. After the left ventriculogram, there were similar
      decreases in the systolic arterial pressures in both groups (-14 +/- 10 mm Hg
      with ioxaglate and -21 +/- 9 mm Hg with iopamidol). The left ventricular end
      diastolic pressures increased after the ventriculogram in both groups (5 +/- 5 vs
      2 +/- 3 mm Hg with ioxaglate and iopamidol, respectively, 60 seconds after the
      injection). This report demonstrates that mild to moderate adverse reactions, QT
      interval prolongations, ST and T-wave changes were significantly greater during
      coronary angiography with ioxaglate when compared with iopamidol.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2916436
TI  - Ultrastructural epithelial zonation of the primate endometrium (rhesus monkey).
AB  - The uterine endometrium of menstruating primates (rhesus monkey, human) consists
      of a germinal basalis that regenerates a transient functionalis during each
      menstrual cycle. The endometrium is further subdivided into 4 zones that differ
      histologically and in epithelial mitotic rate along the longitudinal axes of the
      uterine glands and microvasculature (Bartelmez et al: Contrib. Embryol. Carnegie
      Inst., 34:99-146, 1951; Bartelmez: Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 74:931-955, 1957;
      Padykula et al.: Biol. Reprod., 32:1103-1118, 1118, 1984; Biol. Reprod., in
      press, 1988). The zones are defined as follows: functionalis I, luminal
      epithelium; functionalis II (upper straight gland segments); basalis III (middle
      gland segments), and basalis IV (bottoms of the glands). The surrounding stroma
      and microvasculature also differ zonally. Ultrastructural epithelial differences
      are evident among the 4 zones during 3 distinct functional states during natural
      menstrual cycles and after ovariectomy: 1) basal level after ovariectomy and 2)
      estrogen dominance and 3) progesterone dominance. Zonal structural differences
      persist at a minimal level of differentiation after ovariectomy and thus zonation
      is an inherent property. During estrogen dominance, distinctive ultrastructural
      differences are evident among the 4 zones, such as epithelial cell heterogeneity
      in functionalis I and homogeneity in functionalis II. Also a distinctive
      glandular cell type occurs in basalis III and IV that is recognized by a highly
      irregular cisternal rough endoplasmic reticulum that permeates the cytoplasm.
      During progesterone dominance, ultrastructural differences exist among the 4
      zones except for similarity between the epithelial cells of functionalis II and
      basalis III. Postovulatory epithelial cells of functionalis I and II and basalis
      III become postmitotic via progesterone inhibition but intracellular
      differentiation continues progressively. Postovulatory epithelial mitotic
      activity in basalis IV escapes progesterone inhibition as the [3H]thymidine
      labeling index continues to increase from 1 to 12% during the menstrual cycle
      (Padykula et al.: Reprod., 30(Suppl.1):92 (Abstr. 123), 1984). This post
      ovulatory proliferation coupled with progressive differentiation in basalis IV
      may represent a stem-progenitor set of cells for postmenstrual endometrial
      regeneration or alternatively for creation of the maternal placenta.

PMID- 2916437
TI  - Tracheobronchial epithelium in the adult rhesus monkey: a quantitative
      histochemical and ultrastructural study.
AB  - Previous studies of the intrapulmonary conducting airways of sheep and rabbit
      have demonstrated marked diversity in the epithelial populations lining them.
      Because studies of trachea and centriacinar regions of macaque monkeys suggested
      that primates may be even more diverse, the present study was designed to
      characterize the epithelial population throughout the airway tree of one primate
      species, the rhesus monkey. Trachea and intrapulmonary airways of the right
      cranial and middle lobes of glutaraldehyde/paraformaldehyde-infused lungs of five
      adult rhesus monkeys were microdissected following the axial pathway. Each branch
      was assigned a binary number indicating its specific location within the tree.
      The trachea and six generations of intrapulmonary airway from the right cranial
      lobe were evaluated for ultrastructure and quantitative histology as were those
      of the right middle lobe for quantitative carbohydrate histochemistry. Four cell
      types were identified throughout the tree: ciliated, mucous goblet, small mucous
      granule, and basal. The tallest epithelium lined the trachea; the shortest, the
      respiratory bronchiole. The most cells per unit length of basement membrane were
      in proximal intrapulmonary bronchi; the least, in the respiratory bronchiole. The
      nonciliated bronchiolar epithelial or Clara cell was restricted to respiratory
      bronchioles. Sulfomucins were present in the vast majority of surface goblet
      cells in the trachea and proximal bronchi. In proximal bronchi, neutral
      glycoconjugates predominated in glands and acidic glycoconjugates in surface
      epithelium. In terminal and respiratory bronchioles the ratio of acidic
      glycoconjugate to neutral glycoconjugate equaled that in proximal bronchi,
      although glands were not present. Sulfomucins were minimal in terminal airways.
      We conclude that the characteristics of the epithelial lining of the mammalian
      tracheobronchial airway tree are very species-specific. The lining of the rhesus
      monkey does not have the diversity in cell types in different airway generations
      observed in sheep and rabbit. Also, the populations lining these airways in the
      rhesus are very different from either the sheep or rabbit in number, proportions
      of different cell types, glycoconjugate content, and distribution of specific
      cell types.

PMID- 2916438
TI  - Porcine colonic lymphoglandular complex: distribution, structure, and epithelium.
AB  - Lymphoepithelium and cells specialized for uptake and transport of foreign matter
      are characteristic of antigen sampling organs, including lymphoglandular
      complexes (LGCs). Distribution, histologic structure, and epithelial
      ultrastructure of colonic lymphoglandular complexes were determined in 5- to 13
      week-old pigs. LGCs averaged 1,231 in number per colon, displayed a
      characteristic distribution pattern, and were most evenly distributed in colons
      of older pigs. LGCs consisted of well-defined submucosal masses composed of
      lymphatic nodules and internodular lymphoid tissue penetrated by radially
      branching extensions of mucosal glands. Epithelial diverticula of each LGC
      entered the submucosa as a group through a circular collar derived from the
      muscularis mucosae. LGC epithelium contained goblet cells, cuboidal and columnar
      enterocytes, enteroendocrine cells, individual and clustered intraepithelial
      leukocytes, and cells morphologically compatible with follicle-associated
      epithelial cells/M cells. We regard the colonic LGC as a distinct mucosal
      lymphoid organ and suggest a significant role for it in local and systemic immune
      responses. The porcine colonic LGC may serve as a model for the human LGC.

PMID- 2916440
TI  - Septal collateralization: demonstration of canine intramyocardial collaterals.
AB  - The anatomical distribution of intramyocardial collateral arteries that develop
      from the septal to the other major coronary arteries was studied in dogs
      following gradual Ameroid occlusion of the circumflex artery. The septal artery
      was cannulated and injected with Batson's plastic compound resulting in a cast of
      the coronary circulation. Collateral vessels radiated from the septal vascular
      bed to both the circumflex and anterior descending arteries. The collaterals
      developed from the entire base-to-apex extent of the septal artery and were found
      on both the right and left sides of the septum. Collateral growth appeared to be
      more concentrated at the apex of the heart. The anatomical details of septal
      collateral circulation illustrate the importance of intramyocardial
      collateralization in the dog, which was thought to exhibit primarily epicardial
      collaterals.

PMID- 2916439
TI  - Formation of secretion granules in the Golgi apparatus of plasma cells in the
      rat.
AB  - The three-dimensional structure of the components of the Golgi apparatus was
      analyzed in plasma cells of rat duodenum. The spheroidal juxtanuclear Golgi
      apparatus was formed by a continuous ribbonlike structure composed of the
      following stacked elements. On the cis-face of the Golgi stack, there was a
      tubular membranous network referred to as the cis-element and/or a slightly
      dilated saccule perforated with small pores. The two or three subjacent saccules,
      which showed few pores, were slightly dilated and contained a fluffy
      granulofilamentous material. They were also perforated in register by cavities or
      wells containing 80-nm vesicles. The next one or two underlying elements were
      fenestrated saccules showing flattened portions as well as distended portions
      containing a homogeneous material denser than that seen in the overlying
      saccules. The last two or three elements of the stack showed a partially
      separated or "peeling off" configuration. These last elements consisted of
      prosecretory granules attached to flattened, empty-looking saccules showing buds
      at their surface; detached, more-or-less fenestrated, flattened saccules; and
      shrivelled residual trans-tubular networks. In the trans-region of the stack, in
      addition to numerous small vesicles, short membranous tubules, detached
      prosecretory granules, and denser fully formed secretion granules were also seen.
      These images were interpreted to indicate that secretory material present in the
      trans-saccules flows toward the dilated portions which become prosecretory
      granules. The trans-most elements seemingly peel off the stack to yield
      prosecretory granules and fragmenting trans-tubular networks.

PMID- 2916441
TI  - Lectin histochemistry of the embryonic heart: fucose-specific lectin binding
      sites in developing rats and chicks.
AB  - Glycoconjugates, particularly their sugar side chains, play important roles in
      embryonic development. Changes in cell-surface-associated glycoconjugates are
      known to affect cell differentiation, cellular interactions, and other
      developmental phenomena during embryogenesis. The embryonic heart goes through a
      series of complicated morphologic events during development. Of particular
      interest is morphogenesis of the outflow tract. This region of the embryonic
      heart originates from more than one cell population and undergoes a complex
      process of septation during formation of the great vessels. Histochemical
      analysis with a series of fucose-specific lectins conjugated to horseradish
      peroxidase has revealed the presence of a fucosylated glycoconjugate in the
      outflow tract of the developing heart. The results reveal further that the
      expression of the fucosylated glycoconjugate is stage-dependent and thus probably
      genetically regulated. The timing and distribution of staining with the lectin
      OFA suggest that this fucosylated glycoconjugate may play a role in directing the
      migration of neural crest cells into the heart and subsequent formation of the
      conus septum.

PMID- 2916442
TI  - Lectin histochemistry of the embryonic heart: expression of terminal and
      penultimate galactose residues in developing rats and chicks.
AB  - Rat embryos at days 10-18 of gestation and chicken embryos at days 3-6 of
      incubation were fixed and processed for lectin histochemistry. The distribution
      of binding sites for a lectin from the peanut Arachis hypogaea (PNA) conjugated
      to horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was determined on tissue sections both before and
      after enzymatic cleavage of sialic acid with neuraminidase (sialidase).
      Endocardial cushion tissue in the rat, but not in the chick, reacted with PNA-HRP
      prior to digestion with sialidase. Endocardium of both species (12 and 13 days in
      rat, 5 and 6 days in chick), particularly at the level of endocardial cushions,
      reacted strongly with the sialidase-PNA sequence; this staining decreased
      markedly after day 14 of gestation in the rat. PNA binding sites capped by sialic
      acid were most abundant in the developing rat heart during the critical period of
      endocardial cushion formation and decreased as development proceeded. The marked
      changes in the appearance and distribution of cardiac cell and tissue
      glycoconjugates during cardiogenesis support the concept that rapid changes occur
      in the structure of complex carbohydrates during embryonic and fetal development.
      The findings also suggest that such glycosylation-related events may be species
      specific.

PMID- 2916443
TI  - Energy expenditure in underweight free-living adults: impact of energy
      supplementation as determined by doubly labeled water and indirect calorimetry.
AB  - The effect of energy supplementation was evaluated in six underweight adults
      under free-living conditions. Customary energy intake (EI) over 4 wk and
      estimated body composition were defined. Then for 12 wk subjects were fed their
      customary EI under controlled conditions to assure stable energy reserve.
      Finally, intake was increased by a mean of 720 kcal/d for 8 wk adjusted to
      increase body fat from 9 to 18%. Body weight (means +/- SD) increased from 55.2
      +/- 3.4 to 57.0 +/- 4.2 kg. Body fat gain was highly variable ranging from 0.6 to
      3.8 kg. Energy expenditure (EE) by the factorial and doubly labeled water methods
      did not change. Fat storage accounted for 66% of the supplemental energy; 237
      kcal/d remained unaccounted for. EE by the factorial method, which uses indirect
      calorimetry or isotopic measurements, were highly correlated (r = 0.8; p less
      than 0.01). Under the conditions of this study EI does not affect EE. The labeled
      water method permits the evaluation of energy expenditure in free-living
      conditions.

PMID- 2916444
TI  - Plasma cholecystokinin and pancreatic polypeptide responses after ingestion of a
      liquid test meal rich in medium-chain fatty acids in patients with chronic
      pancreatitis.
AB  - Plasma cholecystokinin (CCK) and human pancreatic polypeptide (hPP) responses
      after ingestion of a liquid test meal rich in medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA)
      were studied in patients with chronic pancreatitis with or without diabetes
      mellitus (DM). Integrated response of plasma CCK was significantly lower in
      patients with chronic pancreatitis and DM than in the two other groups. There was
      no statistically significant difference between the healthy control subjects and
      the patients with chronic pancreatitis without DM in the integrated responses of
      hPP and plasma CCK. These results indicate that diabetic patients with a greatly
      destroyed pancreas do not release as much CCK as do nondiabetic patients with a
      mildly impaired pancreas. An MCFA meal is therefore considered safe in patients
      with a mildly impaired pancreas. For diabetic patients, however, care should be
      taken not to exacerbate the DM.

PMID- 2916445
TI  - Menstrual cycle and voluntary food intake.
AB  - The relationship of food intake and the human menstrual cycle has not been well
      quantified. In this study, voluntary energy and sucrose intake of seven women,
      aged 24-43 y, were evaluated by the weighed-intake method over one entire
      menstrual cycle. Portable tape recorders facilitated the recording of food
      intake. Although daily fluctuations of energy intake were large, analysis of
      variance showed intake during the luteal phase to be significantly greater than
      during the periovulatory and follicular phases (p less than 0.05). From 95%
      simultaneous (Bonferoni) confidence intervals, the estimate of difference was 283
      kcal greater during the luteal phase than the periovulatory phase; the estimate
      of difference was 214 kcal greater during the luteal phase than during the
      follicular phase. No significant differences in energy intake were found among
      the menstrual, follicular, and periovulatory phases. No significant relationship
      was found between sucrose intake and the menstrual cycle.

PMID- 2916446
TI  - Postpartum changes in maternal weight and body fat depots in lactating vs
      nonlactating women.
AB  - Maternal weight and body fat changes were studied in 56 women from delivery to 6
      mo postpartum. Six-month weight losses (p less than 0.01) in exclusively breast
      feeding (BF), exclusively formula-feeding (FF), and combination breast- and
      formula-feeding mothers (CF) were 8.30 +/- 0.74, 8.19 +/- 0.96, and 7.22 +/- 0.74
      kg respectively; however, only BF experienced a significant change between 3 and
      6 mo. Suprailiac and subscapular skinfold thickness decreased over 6 mo (p less
      than 0.01) with the suprailiac region reflecting a significant feeding-method
      effect. Increases in triceps fatfold measurements at 3 mo suggest that a
      temporary redistribution of body fat occurs as the energy stores of pregnancy are
      mobilized. Lactating mothers consumed more (p less than 0.01) kilocalories (BF,
      2055 +/- 435; CF, 2005 +/- 515) than did nonlactating mothers (FF, 1453 +/- 503).
      Age, parity, and prepregnancy weight exerted significant covariable effects.
      Results suggest that lactation does play a role in postpartum weight and body fat
      loss but that the current RDA may be too high to permit such losses.

PMID- 2916447
TI  - Lecithin intake and serum cholesterol.
AB  - To find out whether the consumption of lecithin has a more beneficial effect on
      serum cholesterol than does the consumption of equivalent amounts of
      polyunsaturated oils, we scrutinized 24 studies on the effect of supplementary
      lecithin intakes ranging from 1 to 54 mg/d. Most of the studies lacked an
      appropriate control group, had a small sample size, or had changes in intake of
      other foods because of increased energy intake from lecithin. In only four trials
      were attempts made to balance fatty acid intakes of control and experimental
      groups. There is no evidence for a specific effect of lecithin on serum
      cholesterol independent of its linoleic acid content or secondary changes in food
      intake. The observed lecithin-induced hypocholesterolemic effects found in
      various studies were artifacts caused by the design and the manner of data
      analysis, were mediated by other dietary changes, or were due to the linoleic
      acid present in lecithin.

PMID- 2916448
TI  - Fatty acid composition of serum cholesteryl esters and erythrocyte membranes as
      indicators of linoleic acid intake in man.
AB  - We compared the suitability of the linoleic-oleic acid ratio (L:O) of serum
      cholesteryl esters and erythrocyte membranes as indicators of dietary fatty acid
      composition. Forty-seven volunteers received a mixed natural diet with a
      polyunsaturated-saturated fatty acids ratio (P:S) of 0.2 for 3 wk and with P:S
      2.0 for another 3 wk (HA group, 24 subjects) or vice versa (HY group, 23
      subjects). Duplicate portion analysis revealed that dietary fat type was the only
      variable. The change in L:O in cholesteryl esters relative to the low P:S diet
      was 91.3 +/- 25.9% (means +/- SD) in the HA group and 85.1 +/- 18.8% in the HY
      group. The changes in erythrocyte membranes were 33.0 +/- 7.9% in the HA group
      and 22.8 +/- 4.9% in the HY group. Thus the effect on erythrocyte fatty acids was
      smaller but also less variable and the precision of the two measures was similar.
      Therefore the L:O of either blood component can be used as a marker of a
      subject's adherence to experimental diets differing in type of fat.

PMID- 2916449
TI  - Chylomicron triglyceride clearance: comparison of three assessment methods.
AB  - Three indirect methods for assessing chylomicron-triglyceride clearance were
      compared in 12 normolipidemic men. Oral and intravenous fat tolerance tests and a
      duodenal fat perfusion were performed in each subject by standard methods. Mean
      values for postprandial lipemia (2.27 +/- 1.8 mmol), Intralipid half-life (13.7
      +/- 5.2 min), and chylomicron-triglyceride half-life (4.5 +/- 2.6 min) were
      similar to corresponding values reported previously for normolipidemic men. The
      sample correlation coefficient (r) was 0.84 between oral and intravenous fat
      tolerance tests, 0.84 between the oral fat-tolerance test and the duodenal
      perfusion method, and 0.82 between the intravenous fat-tolerance and the duodenal
      perfusion methods. All three methods showed a strong correlation between
      chylomicron-triglyceride clearance and fasting triglyceride concentrations. These
      findings indicate that the oral and intravenous fat-tolerance tests and the
      duodenal-perfusion method yield qualitatively similar assessments of chylomicron
      triglyceride clearance in normolipidemic men.

PMID- 2916450
TI  - Fibronectin turnover in the premature neonate measured with [15N]glycine.
AB  - Fibronectin is a large-molecular-weight glycoprotein present on most cell
      surfaces and in plasma. Plasma fibronectin concentrations in neonates are lower
      than those in adults and a direct relationship exists between plasma
      concentration and gestational age. We determined the half-life and fractional
      synthetic rate (FSR) of plasma fibronectin in the premature infant. Infants and
      adults received a loading dose of [15N]glycine followed by a constant infusion
      [15N]glycine incorporation into plasma fibronectin and urine hippurate was
      determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The plasma fibronectin FSR in
      the preterm neonates was 15.5 +/- 9.9%/d(means +/- SD) and the half-life was 5.55
      +/- 2.25 d. Birth weight correlated inversely with plasma fibronectin half-life.
      In the adults the plasma fibronectin FSR ranged from 20 to 87%/d and half-life
      ranged between 0.79 and 3.47 d. These data suggest that decreased plasma
      fibronectin levels in preterm infants are due to reduced FSRs rather than to
      greater turnover of a relatively small plasma pool.

PMID- 2916451
TI  - Body composition and energy intake: do overweight women overeat and underreport?
AB  - The relationship between energy consumption and body composition was evaluated in
      63 women by use of energy-intake values that were precisely measured in a
      metabolic unit and corrected for deviations from energy balance. Energy
      requirement for the maintenance of body weight was not significantly correlated
      with adiposity expressed as percent body fat. However, energy requirement was
      positively associated with lean mass (p less than 0.0001) whereas fat mass added
      no predictive value to the same multivariate regression equation. Self-reported
      energy intake (before the experiments) was not correlated with lean mass and was
      underestimated by lean subjects at least as much as by obese subjects. Discrepant
      findings in the literature concerning relationships between obesity and energy
      intake may be explained by reporting error and by the relative lean mass of obese
      vs nonobese women but not by systematic underreporting unique to obese subjects.

PMID- 2916452
TI  - Hypocaloric feeding in obese women: metabolic effects of medium-chain
      triglyceride substitution.
AB  - Medium-chain (MCT) and long-chain (LCT) triglyceride diets were compared during
      and after 4 or 12 wk of hypocaloric feeding in obese women to determine the
      effects on weight loss, ketones, nitrogen balance, and insulin action. After a
      base-line euglycemic clamp, two groups ingested an 800-kcal/d liquid diet with
      30% of calories as LCT (group 1) or 6% of calories as LCT and 24% as MCT (group
      2). Rate and amount of weight loss, serum ketones, and N balance were not
      different between groups. However, the subjects in group 2 (MCT) demonstrated an
      increase in glucose requirement to maintain euglycemia during the clamp after
      weight loss (delta 0.18 +/- 0.13 mmol.m-2.min-1) whereas subjects in group 1
      (LCT) had a diminished requirement (delta -0.12 +/- 0.10, p = 0.036). Thus, an
      800-kcal diet containing 24% of calories as MCT is safe and enhances insulin
      action but fails to increase the rate or amount of weight loss.

PMID- 2916453
TI  - Resting metabolic rate in lean and obese children: relationship to child and
      parent weight and percent-overweight change.
AB  - Two studies were conducted to assess differences in metabolic rate as a function
      of child weight (study I); and the interaction of child and parent weight (study
      II). In both studies obese children had higher resting metabolic rates (RMRs)
      than lean children (p less than 0.05). Child weight accounted for 72 and 78% of
      the variance in RMR in studies 1 and 2, respectively. Including parental weight
      did not improve the prediction of RMR. After 6 mo of treatment, obese children
      decreased percent overweight, whereas lean children showed no change (p less than
      0.01). RMR in both groups remained unchanged after 6 mo. These results indicate
      that the RMR is higher in obese than in lean children, that changes in percent
      overweight that result from increases in height and no change in weight do not
      decrease RMR over 6 mo, and parent weight does not improve the prediction of
      child RMR.

PMID- 2916454
TI  - Meal effects on calcium absorption.
AB  - The effect of coingestion of a meal on calcium absorption efficiency was
      investigated using Ca carbonate, milk, and a new Ca delivery system, CCM. Six
      experiments with 168 rats and two experiments with 46 normal young women showed
      that coingestion of a light meal of varied composition enhanced absorption
      efficiency from all three sources by 10-30% above levels achieved when the test
      load was ingested without other foods. The differences taken as a whole were
      highly statistically significant.

PMID- 2916455
TI  - Serum triglyceride responses.

PMID- 2916456
TI  - Diets and plasma cholesterol.

PMID- 2916457
TI  - Olive oil and liver cholesterol.

PMID- 2916458
TI  - Cytologic features of fine-needle aspirates of hyalinizing trabecular adenoma of
      the thyroid.
AB  - The cytologic features of five cases of hyalinizing trabecular adenoma of the
      thyroid are reviewed. All of these cases had been initially interpreted as either
      suspicious or positive for malignancy. On retrospective review, many of the
      cytologic features did mimic those of other lesions, particularly papillary
      carcinoma. The smears tended to hypercellularity, and nuclei were often slightly
      enlarged with pale chromatin, intranuclear holes, and longitudinal grooving of
      the nuclear membrane. On the other hand, some cytologic features were more
      suggestive of medullary carcinoma--poor cohesion of cells with elongated and
      spindle cell forms and hyaline acellular areas. Awareness of the histologic and
      cytologic features of hyalinizing trabecular adenoma may enable the
      cytopathologist to avoid a false positive diagnosis of papillary carcinoma or
      medullary carcinoma, although it is unrealistic to expect a definitive diagnosis
      of hyalinizing trabecular adenoma.

PMID- 2916459
TI  - Ability of whole blood aggregometer to detect platelet hyperaggregability.
AB  - In this study the reliability of platelet aggregation in whole blood (WB) was
      investigated in clinical conditions associated with thromboembolic complications.
      Spontaneous (SPA) and collagen-induced platelet aggregation were evaluated both
      in whole and diluted blood by the impedance method and in platelet-rich plasma
      (PRP) by the Born aggregometer in 18 healthy subjects, 15 patients with ischemic
      heart disease (IHD), and 15 patients with insulin-independent diabetes. SPA
      occurred more often in WB than in PRP, and in WB the occurrence of SPA was
      significantly more frequent in the patient groups (4 of 15 patients with IHD and
      6 of 15 diabetic patients) than in the controls (1 of 18). WB aggregation induced
      by collagen was significantly higher in patients with IHD and in diabetic
      patients than in controls (P less than 0.01), whereas diluted WB and PRP
      aggregation were not statistically different from controls either in patients
      with IHD or in diabetic patients. WB aggregation values were found to be related,
      although not very closely, to megathrombocyte count (r = 0.31, P less than 0.05)
      whereas not at all to platelet count or hematocrit. No relationship was observed
      between WB aggregation and disease severity (angiographic lesions and number of
      ischemic attacks) in patients with IHD and between WB aggregation and HbAlc
      values in diabetic patients.

PMID- 2916460
TI  - Variation in human blood high-density lipoprotein response to oral vitamin E
      megadosage.
AB  - In a preliminary attempt to distinguish random intrinsic and methodologic
      variations of blood lipid levels from any that have possibly been induced by
      ingestion of vitamin E, blood samples were analyzed in duplicate for lipids
      several times before and during oral vitamin E administration. Three of eight
      subjects showed temporally closely coordinated and maintained increases of high
      density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein-A, total apolipoprotein-A, and
      the ratio of high-density to low-density cholesterols. Changes of other lipids in
      these three subjects, and lipid changes in the other subjects, were much less
      dramatic, fell within the range of intrinsic random variation or statistical
      uncertainty, and showed no significant trends. The results suggest that elevation
      of high-density lipoproteins in response to ingestion of megadoses of vitamin E
      is very much an individual characteristic and not uniformly typical of the
      population at large. The findings complement published examples of individual
      variation of response to vitamin E as an explanation of disagreements between
      other reports.

PMID- 2916461
TI  - Development of the gout tophus. An hypothesis.
AB  - Sequential stages have been demonstrated in the development of individual focal
      deposits of crystalline urate and associated cell infiltrates within subcutaneous
      gout tophi. The findings suggest that acini of macrophages are formed and that
      active cellular transport of urate from the interstitial fluid into the central
      zones of these structures accounts for the focal nature of crystallization within
      the tophus. This process seems to account for the formation of focal urate
      deposits up to some 1.5-2 mm in diameter. The corona then commonly disappears and
      adjacent deposits may fuse. These events may lessen the consequences of
      hyperuricemia.

PMID- 2916462
TI  - Platelet subpopulations in adult and geriatric males.
AB  - In this study, the authors wanted to investigate the volume, density, and
      percentage of three platelet subpopulations present in adult and geriatric males.
      Ninety subjects, between the ages of 20 and 40, were chosen for the adult group
      and 50 subjects, all older than age 70, were used for the geriatric group. The
      platelet subpopulations were separated with discontinuous gradients of Percoll.
      The results obtained from the three platelet subpopulations--low, intermediate,
      and high density--show different volumes and percentages in both the groups
      studied. From the information that larger platelets can be expected to have a
      longer life span, it was possible to hypothesize that platelets found in
      geriatric males have a reduced average life span. It is also clear that platelets
      exist that have similar volumes but different densities.

PMID- 2916463
TI  - Evaluation of IVAC Variable Pressure Volumetric Pump Model 560 for the delivery
      of red blood cells, adenine-saline added.
AB  - Mechanical pump systems for the delivery of intravenous solutions have been used
      for the transfusion of red blood cells. In this study, the IVAC Variable Pressure
      Volumetric Pump Model 560 was evaluated for that purpose using flow rates of 70
      mL/hour and 999 mL/hour through 16-, 19-, and 23-gauge needles and an 18-gauge
      angiocatheter. The largest degree of hemolysis induced by the delivery system
      resulted in a mean increase of plasma hemoglobin of 150 mg/L (15 mg/dL); this is
      equivalent to the loss of 0.03% of the red blood cells. When programmed to
      deliver 15 mL of red blood cells, the IVAC 560 delivered 15.0 +/- 0.3 mL at a
      rate of 70 mL/hour and 14.9 +/- 0.3 mL at 999 mL/hour. The authors conclude that
      the IVAC 560 can be used to deliver red blood cells with a minimal, acceptable
      level of hemolysis. It also delivers an accurate and precise volume of red blood
      cells that may be an aid to the transfusionist.

PMID- 2916464
TI  - Cytodiagnostic urinalysis. Three years experience with a new laboratory test.
AB  - Cytodiagnostic urinalysis is performed by examining Papanicolaou-stained
      cytocentrifuge preparations of urine sediment. Nonrenal transplant patient
      results (N = 1,602) were reviewed. Renal hematuria was found in 37.7% of
      specimens, white blood cell casts in 11%, and renal tubule cell injury in 53%.
      The technique demonstrates significantly improved sensitivity to detect urine
      sediment abnormalities indicative of renal parenchymal disease. The technical
      requirements are readily available and easy to implement in the laboratory.
      Skills required for identification and quantitation can be acquired in a few
      weeks.

PMID- 2916465
TI  - The pathology of metastatic cardiac myxoma.
AB  - The authors describe a case of a "benign" cardiac myxoma with metastases to a
      previously unreported site, the right temporal bone. The cardiac tumor became
      evident five years after the bone tumor presentation. Patients with myxomas in
      unusual locations should have a complete cardiac evaluation.

PMID- 2916466
TI  - Mycobacterium kansasii diffuse pulmonary infection in a patient with acquired
      immune deficiency syndrome. Successful therapy with an antituberculous regimen.
AB  - Mycobacterium kansasii is a rare cause of disseminated mycobacterial infection in
      patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). It occurs as the
      index AIDS diagnosis in only 0.2% of AIDS cases. Previously reported cases of
      AIDS-associated M. kansasii infection have manifested as diffuse interstitial
      pneumonitis and diffuse small bowel inflammation and have been refractory to
      antimycobacterial therapy. The authors now report success in treating a hypoxemic
      patient with AIDS-associated M. kansasii diffuse granulomatous interstitial
      pneumonitis that was diagnosed by open lung biopsy. The patient has no evidence
      of mycobacterial disease after 12 months of therapy with isoniazid, rifampin, and
      ethambutol.

PMID- 2916468
TI  - Periodontal changes after experimentally induced intrusion of the upper incisors
      in Macaca fuscata monkeys.
AB  - We are studying the biologic aspects of vertical movement of teeth, which are
      often used in orthodontic treatment involving variations in alveolar tissue. In
      the present study, the four upper incisors of five infant Macaca fuscata monkeys
      were intruded vertically from 1.1 to 5.5 mm. The following effects were examined:
      (1) movement of the gingiva, (2) change in the depth of the gingival sulcus, and
      (3) microscopic effects on the alveolar tissue. The results were as follows. (1)
      The gingiva moved in the same direction that the teeth were intruded, but only
      about 60% as far. (2) The clinical crown shortened and the gingival sulcus
      deepened. The shortening of the crown and the deepening of the sulcus were both
      approximately 40% as much as the tooth intrusion. (3) There was no inflammation
      or swelling microscopically in the gingiva of either the experimental animals or
      the controls. (4) The epithelium was always attached in the cementoenamel
      junction, even when the tooth was intruded. As the tooth intrusion was increased,
      the dentoperiosteal fiber (DPF) and the dentogingival fiber (DGF) terminating in
      the cementum gradually parted from it; when the tooth was intruded more than 5.0
      mm, few fibers terminated in the cementum. It was concluded that the gingival
      sulcus deepened with horizontal tooth intrusion because of an accumulation of
      gingival tissue applied with good oral hygiene--not because of swelling around
      the gingival margin or apical movement of the gingival pocket--and the DPF and
      the DGF were parted from the cementum gradually as the tooth intrusion increased.

PMID- 2916467
TI  - Condylar cartilage in the muscular dystrophic mouse.
AB  - The adaptability of condylar cartilage has been demonstrated previously after
      experimentally created functional alteration. This study was undertaken to
      examine the morphology of condylar cartilage in animals affected with a
      progressive muscular disease. Muscular dystrophic male mice (genotype: dy/dy,
      dy/+ x dy/+, Jackson Laboratory, Maine) and corresponding unaffected control mice
      were decapitated at ages 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks, and their heads processed for
      histology. The cellular morphology of the condylar cartilage in the youngest age
      group was similar in dystrophic and control mice: the cartilage was a
      hypertrophic type. At ages 6 and 9 weeks, the maturational progression toward the
      nonhypertrophic form was observed in the dystrophic and control groups, the
      latter having flatter condylar heads. Differences were still evident at age 12
      weeks. These observations were supported by measurements of the ratios of the
      mean cartilage thickness to condylar width (c/w), mean condylar height to width
      (h/w), and mean cartilage thickness to condylar height (c/h). This study supports
      the hypothesis that the adaptive nature of condylar cartilage may be regulated by
      the force levels to which the condyle is subjected.

PMID- 2916469
TI  - Cephalometric changes in Class II, Division 1 cases after orthopedic treatment
      with the bioactivator.
AB  - The bioactivator is an orthopedic appliance that has been used for 20 years in
      the treatment of Class II, Division 1 cases. The evaluation of its therapeutic
      effects was performed in this study of 76 9- to 10-year-old patients (at the
      beginning of treatment). The treated subjects were separated into two groups:
      group A (bioactivator only) and group B (bioactivator plus headgear). Group C
      comprised 14 untreated subjects selected as controls. Various statistical
      assessments were made to separate growth phenomena from treatment effects. It
      appears that the bioactivator has an effect not only on the dentition but also on
      the skeletal structures. In both treated groups, the maxillary changes were
      related to an increased anterior vertical growth and a posterior sagittal growth.
      The addition of extraoral force helped to achieve a posterior rotation of the
      upper jaw. When only the bioactivator was worn, the mandibular changes were more
      vertical than sagittal. The lower jaw appeared more forward, however. When the
      bioactivator and the headgear force were used simultaneously, the therapeutic
      effects seemed to be more sagittal than vertical, as if the occipitally directed
      force vector inhibits or at least exerts a control on the downward growth
      tendency. Without being significantly different statistically from one to the
      other, the treated groups showed a marked improvement of the sagittal jaw
      discrepancy.

PMID- 2916470
TI  - Treatment effects of the Herbst appliance.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to examine the results of treatment with a modified
      Herbst appliance. The pretreatment and posttreatment cephalometric and dental
      cast records of 32 consecutively treated Class II, Division 1 cases were
      evaluated. Results showed that the skeletal Class II correction was achieved by
      an average 1.5 mm of greater than normal forward mandibular growth in conjunction
      with a minimal "headgear" effect inhibiting maxillary growth. Dental Class II
      correction was achieved by significant amounts of distal bodily movement and
      tipping of the maxillary first molars combined with bodily forward movement of
      the mandibular first molars. Significant increases were seen in maxillary arch
      length and maxillary intercanine and intermolar widths, while the mandibular arch
      demonstrated few changes. Slight forward movement of the mandibular incisors was
      noted with no significant change occurring in the maxillary incisors.

PMID- 2916471
TI  - The craniofacial morphology in persons with maxillonasal dysplasia (Binder
      syndrome). A longitudinal cephalometric study of orthodontically treated
      children.
AB  - The aim of this investigation was to study the influence of orthodontic treatment
      on facial growth in subjects with maxillonasal dysplasia. The subjects were
      followed longitudinally from early childhood until growth was completed or almost
      completed. Fifteen patients, 9 boys and 6 girls, were orthodontically treated by
      conventional methods. They were compared with (1) another longitudinal group
      consisting of 13 orthodontically untreated children, 7 boys and 6 girls with the
      same syndrome, and (2) with a control material taken from computer-filed data on
      Swedish children and young adults with orthognatic profiles and normal occlusion.
      The orthodontic treatment led to acceptable dental conditions in 10 of the
      patients. No influence on craniofacial growth could be demonstrated. However, the
      mean facial polygons of the children showed that certain differences already
      existed at early ages between the treated subjects with a generally more severe
      form of the syndrome and the untreated children. The growth pattern seemed,
      however, to follow about the same rate in both groups. In six patients the
      orthodontic treatment was followed by surgical correction at adult age to solve
      their craniofacial problems. The optimum care of these patients requires an
      interdisciplinary treatment approach with thorough treatment planning by
      orthodontists in collaboration with oral and plastic surgeons.

PMID- 2916472
TI  - An American Board of Orthodontics case report.
AB  - A case report is presented of a Class II, Division 1 malocclusion with severe
      excess overjet, vertical maxillary excess, maxillary skeletal protrusion, and
      relative mandibular retrognathia. The case was treated according to the standards
      of the American Board of Orthodontics.

PMID- 2916473
TI  - Enamel wear caused by ceramic brackets.

PMID- 2916474
TI  - A clinical study of maxillary canine retraction with a retraction spring and with
      sliding mechanics.
AB  - The efficiency of maxillary canine retraction by means of sliding mechanics along
      an 0.018-inch labial arch and an AlastiK chain was compared with that using the
      canine retraction spring designed by Gjessing. The rate of canine retraction and
      degree of tipping, and rotation of the canines were studied in 21 subjects by one
      of these two methods on either side of the dental arch. Measurements were made in
      the mouth and on photographs of dental casts. The canine was retracted faster and
      with less distal tipping with the spring than with the sliding mechanics. The
      canine retraction spring was not superior to the sliding mechanics in controlling
      canine rotation during the retraction.

PMID- 2916475
TI  - What causes sexual assault?

PMID- 2916476
TI  - TEARS: does domestic violence play a role?

PMID- 2916477
TI  - Phenobarbital and respiratory complications in neonates receiving mechanical
      ventilatory support.

PMID- 2916478
TI  - A patient with IgA nephropathy.

PMID- 2916479
TI  - Kawasaki disease with thrombocytosis followed by thrombocytopenia purpura in the
      same patient.

PMID- 2916480
TI  - Fructose-1,6-diphosphatase deficiency: a 20-year follow-up.

PMID- 2916481
TI  - DICE: nonclinical causes of overtreatment.

PMID- 2916483
TI  - Pyloric stenosis in sick premature infants.

PMID- 2916482
TI  - Hidden salicylates.

PMID- 2916484
TI  - Fetal tissue transplantation.

PMID- 2916485
TI  - Protein intake and renal function in children.
AB  - To evaluate the effects of protein intake on renal tubular functions, seven
      metabolic studies were performed on five adolescents with mild, chronic renal
      insufficiency. After equilibration, patients were randomly assigned to two
      periods of four days each on either a high-protein diet (HPD) or a low-protein
      diet (LPD), with energy intakes remaining the same during both periods. High
      protein intake resulted in significantly higher mean (+/- SD) daily creatinine
      excretion and clearance rates. The HPD was associated with significantly
      increased excretion rates of potassium, phosphate, sulfate, and calcium. Net acid
      excretion with the HPD was nearly threefold higher than that observed with the
      LPD. These differences were unassociated with urinary pH, which remained similar
      with both diets. We conclude that different protein intakes affect urinary
      excretion of creatinine, potassium, phosphate, sulfate, calcium, and net acid.

PMID- 2916486
TI  - Increased nucleated red blood cell counts in small for gestational age infants
      with very low birth weight.
AB  - We evaluated the nucleated red blood cell (NRBC) counts in all infants with very
      low birth weight admitted to our neonatal intensive care unit from 1983 to 1986.
      There were 374 infants with birth weights of 500 g to 1500 g admitted in the
      first 24 hours after birth, but 31 died before studies were obtained. Of the
      remainder, 282 were appropriate for gestational age (AGA) and 61 were small for
      gestational age (SGA). Over 80% of both AGA and SGA infants were inborn and were
      evaluated within three hours of delivery. Nucleated red blood cell counts were
      significantly increased in SGA infants compared with AGA infants. The percent of
      infants with NRBC counts higher than 4.0 and 10.0 x 10(9)/L were 48% and 26%,
      respectively, in SGA infants compared with 19% and 6%, respectively, in AGA
      infants. Similarly, the percent of SGA infants with more than 40 or 100 NRBCs per
      100 white blood cells were 62% and 36%, respectively, compared with 25% and 6%,
      respectively, in AGA infants. Data for specific weeks of gestation are provided
      and the differences were present at each gestational age. Recent data in fetuses
      with growth retardation, when blood was obtained directly from the fetal
      umbilical vein, showed an association between elevated NRBC counts and chronic
      hypoxemia. When increased NRBC counts are seen soon after birth, the possibility
      of a chronic intrauterine insult should be considered.

PMID- 2916487
TI  - Stress experienced during pediatric residency training. Its causes, consequences,
      recognition, and solutions.

PMID- 2916488
TI  - Patient care, resident stress, and government regulation.

PMID- 2916489
TI  - Puberty in the syndrome of septo-optic dysplasia.
AB  - To determine the patterns of puberty associated with the syndrome of septo-optic
      dysplasia, 13 older children with optic nerve hypoplasia and hypopituitarism were
      studied. Three patterns of puberty were observed: early, rapidly progressive
      puberty (group 1); appropriately timed puberty (group 2); and delayed puberty
      associated with gonadotropin deficiency (group 3). In the six patients in group
      1, puberty began at an early bone age. Pubertal changes progressed rapidly and
      the bone age advanced faster than chronologic time so that, despite a normal to
      increased growth rate, growth potential was lost. Group 2 comprised three
      patients with multiple pituitary hormone deficiencies but without gonadotropin
      deficiency who had the timing and progression of puberty expected in
      hypopituitarism. The four patients in group 3, all with multiple pituitary
      hormone deficiencies, had gonadotropin deficiency requiring sex steroid
      replacement.

PMID- 2916490
TI  - Clinical indicators of intracranial lesion on computed tomographic scan in
      children with parietal skull fracture.
AB  - We conducted a review of 98 cases of pediatric traumatic parietal skull fracture
      in which computed tomographic (CT) scans of the head were obtained during a seven
      year period. There were 69 instances of an associated intracranial lesion
      identified in 47 children, including parenchymal injury (23), epidural hematoma
      (17), subdural hematoma (11), cerebral edema (ten), and subarachnoid hemorrhage
      (eight). Compared with 51 other children with parietal skull fracture and normal
      CT scans, the clinical characteristics significantly associated with the presence
      of an intracranial lesion were symptoms of neurologic dysfunction (loss or
      altered level of consciousness and/or seizure activity), neurologic compromise on
      examination (altered level of consciousness and/or focal deficit), or complicated
      skull fracture (bilateral, diastatic, and/or depressed). Of the 47 children with
      an intracranial lesion on CT scan, 44 had at least one of these significant
      clinical characteristics (sensitivity, 93%; specificity, 50%; positive-predictive
      value, 62%; and negative-predictive value, 96%). Children who sustain traumatic
      parietal skull fracture commonly experience associated intracranial injury. Those
      with evidence of neurologic deficit or complicated skull fracture are at
      particularly high risk, and should receive cranial CT scan evaluation.

PMID- 2916491
TI  - Iron deficiency in athletes. Insights from high school swimmers.
AB  - Previous studies have indicated a high incidence of nonanemic iron deficiency in
      high school runners, but little is known regarding participants in other sports.
      The hematologic and iron status of 30 high school swimmers was assessed at the
      beginning and end of a competitive swim season. Iron depletion (serum ferritin
      level less than 12 micrograms/L) was initially present in 46.7% of the girls and
      none of the boys, yet among those subjects with hypoferritinemia there was no
      evidence of impaired red blood cell production. Serum haptoglobin levels were
      normal and did not correlate with serum ferritin levels. No significant change
      was observed in ferritin, hemoglobin, or haptoglobin concentrations during the
      course of the season. Dietary intake of iron was poor, particularly in the girls,
      in whom it averaged 43% of the recommended dietary allowance. Menstrual histories
      suggested an inverse relationship between the amount of menstrual flow and the
      serum ferritin level. These findings indicate a high prevalence of nonanemic iron
      deficiency in female high school swimmers that bears no relationship to swim
      training. Dietary inadequacies and menstrual blood flow appear to be important
      contributors to the hypoferritinemia observed in these athletes.

PMID- 2916492
TI  - Treatment of the young child with postoperative central diabetes insipidus.
AB  - A continuous intravenous infusion of aqueous vasopressin (dosage range, 1.0 to
      3.0 mU/kg/h) was administered to two patients (respective ages, 2 weeks and 3
      years 1 month) who had postoperative central diabetes insipidus to determine if
      this mode of therapy is helpful in the very young patient. In both patients the
      polyuria and serum hyperosmolality were corrected. These findings suggest that an
      intravenous infusion of aqueous vasopressin can provide satisfactory control of
      the polyuria and electrolyte disturbances found in young children with acute
      postoperative central diabetes insipidus.

PMID- 2916493
TI  - Infections and sickle cell disease in Eastern Saudi Arabian children.
AB  - The rate and pattern of infections in 144 Saudi Arabian children with sickle cell
      disease (SCD) and matched normal control subjects are reported. All diagnoses of
      SCD were made at birth by means of screening blood from the umbilical cord. The
      children were prospectively followed up from birth to 4 years of age. Severe
      bacterial infections occurred in none of the children with SCD; one of the
      control children developed pneumococcal meningitis. Acute gastroenteritis was
      significantly more common among patients with SCD. For the first year of life,
      patients with SCD had significantly more infections than did the control
      children; but the reverse was true in the group that was 37 to 48 months of age.
      Considering all types of infections for all age groups, no difference was noted
      between patients with SCD and control subjects in terms of infection rate or
      related hospital admission. There were no deaths caused by infection in this
      series. We conclude that Saudi Arabian infants and young children of oasis origin
      with SCD are not at increased risk of infections compared with healthy children
      of the same age.

PMID- 2916494
TI  - Exercise-induced differences in cardiac output, blood pressure, and systemic
      vascular resistance in a healthy biracial population of 10-year-old boys.
AB  - Previous studies have documented systolic blood pressure differences in response
      to dynamic exercise when blacks were compared with whites. This study was
      performed to validate these data and to determine if the cardiac output and
      systemic vascular resistance responses to exercise are different in a biracial
      population of 10-year-old boys. Nineteen blacks and 31 whites underwent maximum
      supine graded exercise tests with Doppler determination of cardiac output and
      measurement of systolic and diastolic blood pressure and systemic vascular
      resistance. The blacks had a body surface area that was marginally larger than
      that of the whites, but no differences were noted in height or weight. Working
      capacities, when indexed by weight, were virtually identical between the two
      groups. No differences were noted in either systolic or diastolic blood pressure
      during preexercise, maximum exercise, or early and late recovery. White males had
      significantly higher cardiac indexes during preexercise, maximum exercise, and
      early and late recovery. Black males had greater systemic vascular resistance
      during preexercise, maximum exercise, and early and late recovery. Thus, the
      black children's blood pressure responses to exercise were comparable with those
      of the white children but they had a greater systemic vascular resistance and
      lower cardiac index. These racial differences may serve as potential markers for
      the prehypertensive state.

PMID- 2916495
TI  - Residency training in general pediatrics. Career direction of primary care
      graduates.

PMID- 2916496
TI  - Mortality with increasing assisted ventilation of very-low-birth-weight infants.
AB  - From Jan 1, 1977, to Jan 1, 1987, very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants consumed
      almost 90% of total patient-days of assisted ventilation of all infants born in
      one tertiary perinatal center. In the latter five years compared with the first
      five years, increasing resources allowed proportionately more VLBW infants to be
      offered assisted ventilation, and the patient-days of assisted ventilation
      consumed per live birth rose by almost 60%. All VLBW infants did not benefit
      equally from the increased assisted ventilation. Mortality in infants with birth
      weights below 1200 g decreased; unexpectedly, mortality in larger VLBW infants
      (birth weights, 1200 g to 1499 g) rose (relative odds, 3.11; 95% confidence
      intervals, 1.21 to 7.99). Despite the increased consumption of ventilator
      resources, there was no substantial impact on overall mortality in VLBW infants.

PMID- 2916497
TI  - Comparison of airway pathologic lesions after high-frequency jet or conventional
      ventilation.
AB  - High-frequency jet ventilation in neonates has been associated with airway damage
      ranging from focal necrosis to complete airway obstruction with mucus and severe
      necrotizing tracheobronchitis. However, studies have lacked consistent criteria
      for assessment, and jet ventilation systems have varied widely. We compared
      autopsy and histopathologic findings in six neonates who died after prolonged jet
      ventilatory support with findings in six matched controls who died after
      receiving conventional ventilatory support. Jet ventilation consisted of a
      pressure-limited, time-cycled, flow-interrupter-type system. The airways of all
      patients were assessed by the histopathologic scoring system of Ophoven et al. No
      differences were observed between neonates who received jet ventilation or
      conventional ventilation. We believe that the risk of airway damage should not
      preclude the use of jet ventilation, although further monitoring is imperative.

PMID- 2916498
TI  - Radiological case of the month. Right-upper-lobe esophageal bronchus (with VATER
      anomalies).

PMID- 2916499
TI  - Radiological case of the month. Bubble gum bezoar.

PMID- 2916500
TI  - Picture of the month. Skin diseases.

PMID- 2916501
TI  - The epidemic hysteria dilemma.

PMID- 2916502
TI  - Cutis verticis gyrata and chromosomal abnormalities.

PMID- 2916503
TI  - A benign cause of intermittent bradycardia of prematurity.

PMID- 2916505
TI  - Injury prevention: drowning.

PMID- 2916504
TI  - Beriberi in a Southeast Asian adolescent.

PMID- 2916506
TI  - Bone mineral status in hypopituitarism.

PMID- 2916507
TI  - Occult bacteremia in children with simple febrile seizures.

PMID- 2916508
TI  - Dexamethasone for children with bacterial meningitis. Should it be routine
      therapy?

PMID- 2916509
TI  - Respiratory syncytial virus outbreak on American Samoa. Evaluation of risk
      factors.
AB  - Acute respiratory illness is one of the leading causes of childhood mortality in
      developing nations. We investigated an increase in hospitalizations of children
      less than 2 years old for severe lower respiratory tract illness (LRI) from
      October 1986 through December 1986 on the island of American Samoa.
      Hospitalization rates were highest in children less than 6 months of age (60 of
      1000 compared with 22 of 1000 for those 6 to 11 months of age, and seven of 1000
      for those 12 to 24 months of age). The outbreak was more severe than in previous
      years, with ten (19%) of 54 patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU)
      compared with three (7%) of 42 and one (3%) of 40 during the same months of 1985
      and 1984. Two patients died. Most patients had clinical bronchiolitis; of 34
      patients tested, serologic or nasal aspirate evidence of recent respiratory
      syncytial virus (RSV) infection was found in 18 (53%). A study of patients
      younger than 1 year of age demonstrated that patients hospitalized with LRI were
      more likely to have a household member who smoked cigarettes (18/20, 90%) than
      outpatient controls without recent respiratory illness (8/15, 53%). Maternal sera
      obtained between December 1985 and October 1986 showed no protective effect of
      either detectable IgG or neutralizing antibody to two major groups of RSV. Our
      study documents the involvement of RSV in an outbreak of severe LRI among infants
      in a tropical area and further suggests that exposure to cigarette smoke is a
      risk factor for LRI infants.

PMID- 2916510
TI  - International adoption. An introduction for physicians.

PMID- 2916511
TI  - Recurrent injuries in schoolchildren.
AB  - Past work identifying "accident-prone" children with disproportionate rates of
      injury has been based on clinical data gathered in office, clinic, or emergency
      department settings. To avoid the biases inherent in such designs, we studied
      recurrent injuries in a school district population, utilizing a prospective
      surveillance system to identify injuries meeting standardized criteria. During
      three school years we observed 54,874 students, ranging in age from 6 to 18
      years, for recurrent injuries, which were defined as those occurring in a year in
      which two or more injuries were reported for the child. Five hundred seventy
      three recurrently injured children (1% of the school district population)
      sustained 1405 injuries (17% of the overall injury experience), a proportion
      significantly but only slightly greater than that expected on the basis of chance
      alone (14%). Most recurrently injured children were injured in only a single
      year, with only 15 children sustaining injuries in all three study years. Age,
      sex, and type of school were significant correlates of recurrent injury rates,
      with junior high school students, boys, and students attending schools with
      alternative educational programs having the highest rates of injury recurrence.
      The findings indicate that (1) a small group of schoolchildren sustain a
      disproportionate share of the overall injury experience, (2) the majority of
      recurrently injured children experience only transient periods of enhanced injury
      risk, and (3) preventive strategies may benefit from investigation of
      developmental and social environmental factors that alter such risk.

PMID- 2916512
TI  - Home oxygen therapy for chronic lung disease in extremely low-birth-weight
      infants.
AB  - Chronic lung disease that requires prolonged oxygen therapy commonly complicates
      the recovery of extremely low-birth-weight infants (less than 1000 g). We report
      follow-up data through 18.5 +/- 0.9 (mean +/- SEM) months of age in 30 extremely
      low-birth-weight infants (birth weight, 783 +/- 24 g; gestational age, 26.0 +/-
      0.3 weeks) who were discharged home receiving supplemental oxygen. Oxygen was
      prescribed to maintain arterial oxygen saturation at 95% or greater. At
      discharge, postconceptional age was 40.5 +/- 0.6 weeks, and weight was 2220 +/-
      50 g. Duration of home oxygen therapy was 4.5 +/- 0.5 months. The mean weight
      percentile increased from less than 5 to 23 between discharge and the last follow
      up. All infants survived; only 6 required hospitalization for acute medical
      illnesses. We conclude that carefully supervised home oxygen therapy permits the
      safe early discharge of selected extremely low-birth-weight infants with chronic
      lung disease.

PMID- 2916513
TI  - Subhypothalamic high-intensity signals identified by magnetic resonance imaging
      in children with idiopathic anterior hypopituitarism. Evidence suggestive of an
      'ectopic' posterior pituitary gland.
AB  - Magnetic resonance imaging in two children with idiopathic hypopituitarism
      demonstrated a signal of high intensity near the optic tract that was consistent
      with the signal produced by posterior pituitary tissue. Patient 1 was a 15-year
      old girl with panhypopituitarism but intact posterior pituitary function.
      Computed tomography disclosed widening of the superior aspect of the pituitary
      stalk and a partially empty sella. Magnetic resonance imaging disclosed a 3-mm
      high-intensity signal abutting the optic tract in the midline just above the
      sella. The pituitary stalk was not clearly defined, the pituitary gland was
      small, and the sella was filled with cerebrospinal fluid. Patient 2 was a 12-year
      old boy with isolated deficiency of growth hormone secretion. Findings from
      magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography were similar to those in
      patient 1. These data suggest that the high-intensity magnetic resonance imaging
      findings represent a displaced or "ectopic" posterior pituitary gland, and that
      the hypopituitary state is due to an insult to the pituitary stalk.

PMID- 2916514
TI  - Effects of theophylline on behavior and learning in children with asthma.
AB  - This study examined the potential side effects of theophylline on behavior,
      attention, memory, and fine motor function in children with asthma. Seventeen
      children of normal intelligence who were intermittent theophylline users were
      recruited. Each was not taking medication at the initiation of the study. During
      the study, each child took the study medication (Theo-Dur tablets, 14 to 16 mg/kg
      per day or their usual dose, whichever was higher, or placebo) divided every 12
      hours for 3 1/2 days (seven doses). A double-blind crossover design was employed
      such that each subject was randomly assigned to a group receiving
      theophylline/placebo or placebo/theophylline. After the first period, subjects
      were tested on a neuropsychological battery designed to assess cognitive
      performance, while the children, parents, and teachers filled out questionnaires
      concerning behavior and attention. The same procedure was repeated two weeks
      later (period 2) under the opposite drug condition. Data were analyzed by means
      of an analysis of variance, with time (period 1 vs period 2 [performance]) as a
      repeated measure and medication group as a between-subjects factor. Dependent
      variables consisted of 27 measures of performance, behavior, and attention. Only
      one of the 27 analyses revealed a significant group by time interaction. This
      analysis suggested a significant improvement in memory while taking theophylline;
      however, a different form of the same test showed no effect. Children and parents
      also completed a side-effects scale under both drug conditions. When the children
      were taking theophylline, parents and children noted that the children had more
      stomachaches and children noted more "shaking hands." The following observations
      suggest that the failure to find significant behavioral side effects while taking
      theophylline is not due to the relatively small sample size: (1) Almost all of
      the analyses fell far short of statistical significance, with findings indicating
      no trends toward poor performance while taking medication. (2) Correlations
      between the theophylline level and change in performance clustered around zero,
      with positive and negative values occurring with about equal frequency. (3)
      Neither parents nor children could accurately guess the child's medication
      condition. Thus, although there have been numerous reports on the behavioral side
      effects of theophylline, such reactions were not revealed in this study.

PMID- 2916515
TI  - Radiological case of the month. Hemangioma of the thigh.

PMID- 2916516
TI  - Gonorrheal vulvovaginitis, labial fusion and imperforate hymen.

PMID- 2916517
TI  - Hyperplastic colonic polyps as a marker for adenomatous colonic polyps.
AB  - Hyperplastic colonic polyps are generally regarded as being of little or no
      clinical consequence. Recently, however, hyperplastic polyps have been found to
      share numerous functional similarities with colorectal carcinoma. To determine
      whether the presence of an isolated left-sided colonic hyperplastic (metaplastic)
      polyp could serve as a marker for more proximal synchronous adenomatous colonic
      polyps, we retrospectively analyzed all consecutive colonoscopic polypectomies
      performed over an 18-month period at two medical centers. It is the policy at
      both institutions to remove or biopsy all polyps, regardless of size. Indications
      for colonoscopy included known or previous colonic polyps or carcinoma, hemoccult
      positive stool, lower gastrointestinal bleeding, iron deficiency anemia, abnormal
      barium enema, inflammatory bowel disease, abdominal pain, and family history of
      colon cancer. The location of adenomatous polyps and hyperplastic polyps was
      recorded and compared. One hundred sixty-three of 845 consecutive patients
      (19.3%) had at least one colonic polyp. The prevalence of adenomatous polyps
      alone was 10.3%, hyperplastic polyps 9%, and both types 1.9%. The prevalence rate
      for an adenomatous polyp in patients without a hyperplastic polyp was 15%. In
      contrast, among patients with a hyperplastic polyp, 49% had a synchronous
      adenomatous polyp. Only 3.4% of patients had an adenomatous polyp proximal to the
      splenic flexure when no polyps were present in the left colon. Conversely, among
      the 29 patients in whom an isolated hyperplastic polyp was found in the left
      colon, there was a 32.5% prevalence of adenomatous polyps in the proximal colon
      (p less than 0.01). The results of this study suggest that left-sided
      hyperplastic colonic polyps (generally within the reach of a screening
      sigmoidoscopy) serve as a marker for neoplastic polyps.

PMID- 2916518
TI  - Colonic motor response to eating: a manometric investigation in proximal and
      distal portions of the viscus in man.
AB  - The motor response of the human colon to a meal is still poorly characterized.
      Such data as are available were obtained chiefly for the distal colonic portions
      with myoelectrical techniques. For these reasons, we investigated proximal and
      distal colonic motor responses to food ingestion in a rather large group of
      healthy subjects. Twenty-nine healthy volunteers were studied with a
      colonoscopically positioned multilumen manometric probe and low-compliance
      infusion system. Recordings were obtained for 2 h during fasting and for 3 h
      after the subjects had eaten a 1000-kcal standard mixed meal. During fasting,
      motility was quite low, and no significant differences between proximal and
      distal portions were seen. After eating, each portion significantly increased its
      motor activity throughout the subsequent recording period, but there were
      differences in the time course in the response to eating for different colonic
      segments. Proximal portions (especially the transverse colon) had first a sudden
      maximal increase and then a decrease, whereas the distal ones had a slower and
      more sustained increase in activity. These findings are of interest, especially
      for comparison with those of patients with suspected motor dysfunction of the
      large bowel.

PMID- 2916519
TI  - Does gender or the menstrual cycle affect colonic transit?
AB  - Controversy exists as to whether slowing of colonic transit occurs in the high
      progesterone luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. To clarify this issue, colonic
      transit studies using radiopaque markers were performed on 10 women in the
      follicular phase, 10 women in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, and five
      women on oral contraceptives, and the results were compared with transit times in
      11 male controls. No significant differences in colonic transit were found
      between either phase of the menstrual cycle. Colonic transit in women was slower
      than in men, but this was not statistically significant. In the clinical setting,
      therefore, colonic transit studies can be performed throughout the menstrual
      cycle or when taking oral contraceptives. In addition, a single standard for
      normal values can be used for both men and women.

PMID- 2916520
TI  - Patterns of colonic transit in chronic idiopathic constipation.
AB  - Rectosigmoid motility, anal manometry, and radiopaque marker studies have
      suggested the presence of several patterns of altered colonic transit in patients
      with chronic idiopathic constipation. Colonic transit scintigraphy was used to
      evaluate 23 constipated patients. After oral passage of a tube to the cecum, 50
      microCi of 111In-diethylenetriaminepentaaceticacid (111In-DTPA) were instilled,
      and abdominal images were obtained for 48 h with a gamma camera. The 95%
      confidence limit for the geometric center in normals at 24 h was used as a
      criterion to differentiate patients with colonic inertia from those with
      functional rectosigmoid obstruction. In patients with functional rectosigmoid
      obstruction, colonic transit was essentially normal. In colonic inertia, transit
      was delayed in the cecum and ascending colon, hepatic flexure, and transverse
      colon. These two distinct patterns of colonic transit may have different
      pathogenetic and therapeutic implications.

PMID- 2916521
TI  - Usefulness of culture, histology, and urease testing in the detection of
      Campylobacter pylori.
AB  - Several tests have been described which detect the presence of Campylobacter
      pylori (CP) in the human upper gastrointestinal tract. Antral biopsies from 160
      endoscopies were evaluated for the presence of CP; four tests readily available
      to the practicing endoscopist were used: two urease tests [CLOtest and microtiter
      biopsy urease test (MBUT)], hematoxylin and eosin staining, and culture.
      Sensitivity and specificity of each was evaluated and found to be near 90%,
      except for culture, which was less sensitive. The presence of peptic disease on
      endoscopy, and age greater than 50 yr, did play a small role in the sensitivity
      and specificity of the tests. With the advantage of lower cost, ease, and
      rapidity of performance, either the CLOtest or MBUT is recommended for the
      standard endoscopic evaluation for CP.

PMID- 2916522
TI  - Genesis and recovery of ethanol-induced gastric lesions in rats: possible
      involvement of prostaglandin D2.
AB  - We investigated the different effects of administration of high and low
      concentrations of ethanol (from 3% to 50%) on gastric mucosa in rats in relation
      to the changes in prostaglandin (PG) levels. Gastric lesions were induced by 50%
      ethanol, and all kinds of PGs were significantly decreased 1 h after
      administration, concomitantly. Thirty percent ethanol did not induce gastric
      lesions and had no effects on PG levels. Five percent ethanol significantly
      increased 6-keto-PGF1 alpha, PGF2 alpha, and PGE2 levels. Ten percent ethanol
      increased significantly PGD2 level. Premedication with sucralfate protected
      significantly gastric mucosa against 50% ethanol, and maintained PG levels,
      concomitantly. We also investigated the recovery time course of gastric lesions
      by 50% ethanol. Gastric lesions did not recover significantly after 24 h,
      recovered considerably after 48 h, and fully after 96 h. Levels of 6-keto-PGF1
      alpha, PGF2 alpha, and PGE2 were fully recovered 24 h after exposure to 50%
      ethanol; however, a significant decrease in PGD2 level still was observed. PGD2
      was recovered significantly after 48 h. These results indicate that different
      concentrations of ethanol induce different effects on gastric mucosal PGs, and
      that not only PGE2, but also other PGs, especially PGD2, might be linked with the
      genesis and recovery of gastric lesions by 50% ethanol.

PMID- 2916523
TI  - The diagnosis of esophageal candidiasis in patients with acquired immune
      deficiency syndrome: is endoscopy always necessary?
AB  - Oral and esophageal candidiasis represents a common infection in patients with
      acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Because the relationship between the
      infection in both sites is not well known, we submitted to routine upper
      digestive endoscopy 57 patients with AIDS. Furthermore, we evaluated the
      diagnostic accuracy of oral candidiasis and esophageal symptoms as markers of
      Candida esophagitis. Oral and esophageal candidiasis were found in 52% and 48% of
      patients, respectively, whereas symptoms of esophageal origin were referred to by
      60% of patients successively documented to have an esophageal infection. The
      sensitivity of esophageal symptoms and oral candidiasis alone, as indexes of an
      esophageal infection, was 60% and 88%, and their specificity was 100% and 81%,
      respectively. The combination of these two parameters improved their degree of
      diagnostic accuracy (sensitivity 93%, and specificity 100%), whereas the
      predictive value of their simultaneous presence or absence was 100% and 96%,
      respectively. These results document that routine endoscopy to verify the
      presence of esophageal candidiasis in all of the patients with AIDS is
      unnecessary; it could be reserved for selected subgroups such as those with
      esophageal symptoms despite systemic antifungal treatment, and for patients with
      AIDS-related complex presenting oral candidiasis without symptoms of esophageal
      origin.

PMID- 2916524
TI  - Concomitant primary hemochromatosis and beta-thalassemia trait: iron depletion by
      erythrocytapheresis and desferrioxamine.
AB  - Six men and one woman with mild anemia due to beta-thalassemia trait and major
      iron overload attributable to concomitant primary hemochromatosis were treated by
      erythrocytapheresis to remove iron, combined with subcutaneous desferrioxamine in
      the four cases with greater iron load. Depletion was achieved by iron removal of
      4.5-15.1 g after 9-24 months' treatment. No side effects were observed,
      suggesting that such a regimen is effective and safe in this particular subgroup
      of hemochromatotics.

PMID- 2916525
TI  - Comparative acute effects of diflunisal and indomethacin on renal function in
      patients with cirrhosis and ascites.
AB  - Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as indomethacin induce a rapid
      reduction in renal perfusion and blunt the effects of diuretics in patients with
      cirrhosis and ascites. Nonacetylated salicylates reportedly cause less reduction
      in renal prostaglandins than do aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
      drugs. To determine whether nonacetylated salicylates affect renal function, we
      compared diflunisal with indomethacin in nine patients with cirrhosis and
      ascites. One 50-mg dose of indomethacin reduced inulin clearance (91 +/- 11 to 76
      +/- 11 ml/min) and blunted furosemide-stimulated natriuresis (58 +/- 12 to 36 +/-
      9 mEq/h) and diuresis (1103 +/- 148 to 809 +/- 170 ml/h, all p less than 0.05).
      Three doses of diflunisal had no effect on inulin clearance (94 +/- 16 ml/min),
      natriuresis (60 +/- 12 ml/h), or diuresis (1041 +/- 112). Indomethacin caused
      greater reduction in urinary prostaglandin E2 (50% vs. 10%) and in serum
      thromboxane (94% vs. 80%) than diflunisal (p less than 0.05). Thus, nonacetylated
      salicylates avoid renal impairment and may be the preferred nonsteroidal anti
      inflammatory drug in patients with cirrhosis and ascites.

PMID- 2916526
TI  - Comparative efficacy of psychometric tests in detection of subclinical hepatic
      encephalopathy in nonalcoholic cirrhotics: search for a rational approach.
AB  - To compare the efficacy of various psychometric tests in the detection of
      subclinical hepatic encephalopathy (SHE), cerebral functions were studied in 20
      nonalcoholic cirrhotics without overt encephalopathy and in 18 matched healthy
      controls. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) indicated that verbal ability
      was preserved in all cirrhotics. Of the WAIS performance tests, block design test
      (BDT) was abnormal in 11 (55%), picture arrangement in 10 (50%), object assembly
      in eight (40%) and digit symbol in six (30%) patients. Taken together, these
      tests diagnosed SHE in 14 (70%) patients. Number connection test (NCT) alone, on
      the other hand, was abnormal in 13 (65%) patients. A combination of NCT and BDT
      yielded the diagnosis of SHE in 15 (75%) patients. An important measure of the
      reliability of the diagnosis of SHE was that NCT and BDT were independently
      abnormal in 10 of these patients. Both NCT and BDT were found easy and quick to
      administer. In conclusion, our results argue in favor of using a combination of
      NCT and BDT for a rapid and accurate diagnosis of SHE in patients with cirrhosis
      of the liver.

PMID- 2916527
TI  - Significance of various classes of anti-HBc in individuals with chronic
      asymptomatic HBV infection.
AB  - Among 108 individuals with chronic asymptomatic hepatitis B virus infection,
      liver biopsies and serological investigation were performed simultaneously to
      determine the correlations of anti-HBc with the infection level of the liver
      pathology. The results showed that the prevalence of IgA and IgM anti-HBc, and
      the titers of IgA, IgM, and total anti-HBc, correlated with the liver damage. IgA
      anti-HBc was most prominent, being present in the whole group of patients with
      chronic active hepatitis with cirrhosis, and was absent in the whole group of
      asymptomatic carriers with normal histology. There were no linkages of IgA and
      IgM anti-HBc with the infectivity; in addition, the titer of total anti-HBc
      correlated inversely with the viral replication.

PMID- 2916528
TI  - Hiccups and esophageal dysfunction.
AB  - Presented herein are the detailed esophageal manometric, radiologic, ambulatory
      pH, and scintigraphic findings from a patient who developed protracted and
      recurrent hiccups (singultus) after a lateral medullary infarction. Because of
      the usually transient and benign nature of hiccups, previous reports on
      esophageal dysfunction during hiccups have been sporadic and confined to
      manometric findings. Utilizing various esophageal function techniques, the main
      features observed during hiccups were esophageal body dilation and aperistalsis,
      absent lower esophageal sphincter relaxation in response to swallowing, poor
      emptying of the distal two-thirds of the esophageal body, and low distal
      esophageal pH. Most of these features normalized in the absence of hiccups. A
      comparison is made of these findings during prolonged hiccups with those of
      esophageal achalasia.

PMID- 2916529
TI  - Perforated duodenal ulcer after gastric bypass surgery.
AB  - Gastric bypass procedures have been used widely in the surgical therapy of morbid
      obesity. Evidence exists that the bypassed gastric segment retains its ability to
      secrete acid. Acid-related ulceration and obstruction of the proximal gastric
      pouch after surgery have been well documented, but duodenal ulceration after
      gastric bypass has yet to be reported. We present the first reported case of
      duodenal ulceration and perforation after gastric bypass surgery for morbid
      obesity. This case demonstrates that acid-related gastroduodenal disease may
      occur in the bypassed gastrointestinal tract. Consideration should be given to
      this area in evaluating upper gastrointestinal bleeding and abdominal pain after
      gastric bypass. Because barium contrast studies may not adequately evaluate
      bypassed segments, and standard gastroscopes are not long enough to reach these
      areas, the use of longer endoscopes may be necessary to confirm the presence of
      gastroduodenal disease after gastric bypass.

PMID- 2916530
TI  - A case of double pylorus accompanied by adrenal adenoma.
AB  - We report here a case of double pylorus diagnosed endoscopically in a patient
      with adrenal adenoma. A 44-yr-old man was found to have double pylorus during
      examinations for recurrent epigastric pain and obesity. We think that the
      formation of double pylorus in this case resulted from recurrent peptic ulcer
      which, in turn, probably was induced by the hypersecretion of endogenous
      corticosteroids accompanying adrenal adenoma.

PMID- 2916531
TI  - Familial occurrence of anomalous pancreaticobiliary duct union associated with
      gallbladder neoplasms.
AB  - The authors present two cases of anomalous pancreaticobiliary duct union that
      occurred in a mother and her daughter; the former was associated with gallbladder
      adenocarcinoma, and the latter, gallbladder adenoma with high grade dysplasia.
      This disorder has been considered a developmental anomaly, although the true
      etiology has not been known. This is the first report of familial occurrence of
      this anomaly, and it may point to the presence of a genetic factor in its
      development. Another implication is the presence of histological features which
      suggest the possible sequence of anomalous pancreaticobiliary duct union to
      intestinal metaplasia to adenoma or dysplasia to cancer of the gallbladder.

PMID- 2916532
TI  - Protein-losing gastroenteropathy in association with immune deposits in
      gastrointestinal mucosal capillaries.
AB  - A 30-yr-old man presented with anasarca and visual disturbance. The serum albumin
      was 1.9 g/dl. Loss of albumin into the stomach and upper small intestine was
      demonstrated by technetium-99m (99mTc)-albumin scintigraphy. However, no
      anatomical lesions were found in the gastrointestinal tract. Renal function was
      normal, urinary protein was minimal, and hepatic function was near normal. A
      variety of autoantibodies, such as antinuclear antibodies, SS-A, SS-B, or Coombs'
      antibodies, were detected in serum in association with hypocomplementemia.
      Immunological studies revealed IgG, IgM, C1q, and C3 deposits in the walls of
      capillaries in the lamina propria of gastrointestinal mucosae. Combination
      therapy of prednisolone with an immunosuppressive agent improved the loss of
      albumin into the bowel and abnormal laboratory findings. This report indicates
      that the autoimmune process may contribute to the pathogenesis of certain types
      of protein-losing gastroenteropathy.

PMID- 2916533
TI  - Tubuloreticular inclusions in colonic mucosa as diagnostic markers of AIDS.
AB  - Tubuloreticular inclusions (TRI) are known to be associated with viral infections
      and are considered highly specific of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome
      (AIDS) in the appropriate clinical setting. We describe a homosexual man without
      any evidence of AIDS who presented with diarrhea. A search for the usual
      pathogens was unsuccessful, but electronmicroscopic examination of colonic mucosa
      revealed numerous tubuloreticular inclusions. The diarrhea subsided and 2 months
      later the patient developed Pneumocystis carinni pneumonia. This observation
      suggests that the detection of TRI in the colonic mucosa can precede the clinical
      manifestations of AIDS, and these structures can be useful markers for the future
      development of AIDS.

PMID- 2916534
TI  - Campylobacter pylori and gastric acidity.

PMID- 2916535
TI  - One-minute test for Campylobacter pylori.

PMID- 2916536
TI  - Sucralfate therapy for acid-induced upper gastrointestinal tract injury.

PMID- 2916537
TI  - Peritonitis involving Capnocytophaga ochracea.

PMID- 2916538
TI  - Response to Drs. Langan and Thomas.

PMID- 2916539
TI  - Serum triglycerides as an independent risk factor for death from coronary heart
      disease in middle-aged Norwegian men.
AB  - The relation between nonfasting serum triglycerides and death from coronary heart
      disease was studied in 37,546 men aged 35-49 years who were examined during 1972
      1977 in four counties in Norway. During an average follow-up period of nine
      years, 369 deaths from coronary heart disease occurred. In univariate analysis,
      log(triglycerides) were a weak, but statistically significant predictor of
      coronary death in the age groups 40-44 and 45-49 years. Within-area analysis
      showed that a high triglyceride area represented no extreme. When other coronary
      risk factors were adjusted for, log(triglycerides) remained a significant
      independent predictor at ages 45-49 years and at higher levels of serum
      cholesterol. The predictive strength of serum cholesterol was largely the same
      whether log(triglycerides) were taken into account or not, whereas the predictive
      strength of log(triglycerides) depended on whether serum cholesterol was
      accounted for. The strength of coronary death prediction of the logarithm of
      serum triglycerides was hardly greater than might be explained by the fact that
      triglycerides are an indicator of the usual cholesterol level of the subject.

PMID- 2916540
TI  - Cardiovascular risk factor prevention in black schoolchildren: two-year results
      of the "Know Your Body" program.
AB  - A five-year intervention study of the effectiveness of the "Know Your Body"
      program in reducing coronary heart disease risk factors among black students in
      the District of Columbia, who were in grades 4-6 at baseline, was begun in 1983.
      Nine schools were stratified on socioeconomic status and randomly assigned to
      control and intervention groups. The "Know Your Body" curriculum focuses on
      nutrition, fitness, and the prevention of cigarette smoking. At baseline, 1,234
      students were eligible for the screening in which the following target risk
      factors were measured: systolic and diastolic blood pressures, ponderosity index,
      triceps skinfold thickness, postexercise pulse recovery rate, serum total and
      high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and serum thiocyanate. After two
      years of intervention, results indicated that the program may have had a
      favorable impact on the following risk factors: systolic and diastolic pressures,
      HDL cholesterol, ratio of total to HDL cholesterol, fitness (postexercise pulse
      recovery rate), and smoking. Significant net changes in the favorable direction
      also were found for health knowledge and attitude toward smoking. Blood pressure
      reduction was associated with decreased ponderosity and improved fitness, and
      increased HDL cholesterol was associated with decreased ponderosity. These
      results are consistent with other evaluations of the "Know Your Body" program,
      suggesting that the program may be effective in reducing chronic disease risk in
      diverse school populations.

PMID- 2916541
TI  - The relation of psychosocial dimensions of work with coronary heart disease risk
      factors: a meta-analysis of five United States data bases.
AB  - The relation of job psychologic demands and decision latitude to four coronary
      heart disease risk factors (cholesterol, smoking, and systolic and diastolic
      blood pressures) was tested among 12,555 men in five investigations conducted in
      the United States during the period 1959-1980 (National Health and Nutrition
      Examination Surveys I and II, National Health Examination Survey, Western
      Collaborative Group Study, and Exercise Heart Survey). Using an imputation
      strategy, the authors attached measures of the two job characteristics above to
      persons in each data base by occupation. In 19 possible tests, decision latitude
      was related (p less than 0.05) to cholesterol and smoking in two instances in the
      predicted direction in the Exercise Heart Survey, when controlling for Type I
      error rate. Psychologic demands were not related to any of the risk factors. When
      a meta-analysis was performed across data bases, all relations were in the
      predicted direction except for the relation of psychologic demands to systolic
      pressure, and two of these were statistically significant (p less than 0.05): the
      relation of job decision latitude to smoking and to systolic pressure. The
      interaction of psychologic demands and decision latitude was not related to any
      of the risk factors when two common forms of an interaction were tested. These
      results indicate that psychosocial aspects of work, in particular the decision
      latitude of the job, may be related to some cardiovascular risk factors.

PMID- 2916542
TI  - Occupational strain and the incidence of coronary heart disease.
AB  - The hypothesis that men in high "strain" occupations have an increased risk of
      developing coronary heart disease was tested during an 18-year follow-up study
      from 1965-1983 of a cohort of 8,006 men of Japanese ancestry in Hawaii. There
      were no significant associations between the incidence of coronary heart disease
      and the individual job components of high psychologic demands and low job control
      or for the high strain interaction of these two characteristics. There were, in
      fact, trends of associations opposite to that predicted by the job strain model
      which were of borderline significance in multivariate analyses. Stratified
      analyses by level of acculturation showed similar inverse associations of job
      strain and coronary heart disease for the more Westernized men and no association
      for the more traditional men. There were also no significant associations among
      the various job characteristics and the major risk factors for coronary heart
      disease in this cohort. The disagreement of these results with those from other
      studies may be due to methodologic differences of using men whose usual and
      current occupations were the same in this study compared with using only current
      occupation in the other studies, the use of different methods of measuring job
      strain, or the possibility that men in this cohort perceive or react to
      occupational strain differently.

PMID- 2916543
TI  - Declining mortality from ischemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease in
      Australia.
AB  - The authors examined the patterns of mortality from ischemic heart disease and
      cerebrovascular disease in Australia for men and women aged 30-84 years during
      the period 1950-1986 to assess the relative contributions of period and cohort
      effects on changes in the mortality rates. Death rates for ischemic heart disease
      increased from 1950 to the late 1960s and then declined. Although the relative
      magnitude of the decline was greater among younger age groups, decreasing
      mortality rates were experienced in all age groups, including the oldest. The
      period effect was dominant so that each successive cohort experienced lower age
      specific mortality rates after the late 1960s. Death rates for cerebrovascular
      disease for both sexes and all age groups have declined since the early 1950s,
      although the rate of change was less in 1961-1971 and greater before and after
      this period. No cohort effect was demonstrated for either disease. Changes in
      diet, decreasing prevalence of cigarette smoking, and increasing treatment of
      hypertension throughout the period and improved coronary care from the late 1960s
      onward are all consistent with the mortality trends.

PMID- 2916544
TI  - Heart disease risk factors, diabetes, and prostatic cancer in an adult community.
AB  - The authors studied the association between heart disease and prostatic cancer in
      Rancho Bernardo, California, from August 1972 to June 1987. During a 14-year
      follow-up of 1,776 men aged 50-84 years, 100 cases of prostatic cancer were
      identified, of which 54 were incident. Systolic blood pressure, cigarette
      smoking, and plasma cholesterol levels in cases did not differ from those in
      noncases. After adjustment for age and on multivariate analysis, incident cases
      of prostatic cancer had a nonsignificantly higher frequency of reported heart
      disease at baseline. History of diabetes was inversely associated with total
      prostatic cancer (age-adjusted estimated relative risk = 0.2, 90% confidence
      interval: 0.0-0.8; multivariate-adjusted relative risk = 0.3, 90% confidence
      interval: 0.1-1.0). The association between heart disease and prostatic cancer is
      compatible with diagnostic detection bias. The inverse association between
      diabetes and prostatic cancer is compatible with a cancer-promoting role for
      endogenous testosterone, the level of which is lower in diabetics, or a risk
      reducing effect of antidiabetic diet or drug therapy.

PMID- 2916545
TI  - Mammographic parenchymal patterns as indicators of breast cancer risk.
AB  - Mammographic parenchymal patterns have been suggested as indicators of breast
      cancer risk. However, few well-controlled studies have used prediagnostic
      mammograms to determine the pattern classification. The authors studied 266 cases
      of breast cancer and 301 controls from 25 screening centers of the Breast Cancer
      Detection and Demonstration Project, a nationwide screening program conducted
      between 1973 and 1980 to evaluate the risk associated with mammographic patterns
      using mammograms taken four years before the detection of breast cancer.
      Mammograms of the cancerous breast of cases and of the ipsilateral breast in the
      control matched to each case were blindly assessed by one of the investigators
      (J.N.W.), originator of the mammographic pattern classification. The breast
      cancer odds ratio among women with the combined P2 + DY patterns, compared with
      women with the N1 pattern, was 2.8 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.6-5.1). This
      estimate of relative risk was comparable with the risk associated with other
      recognized breast cancer risk factors. The odds ratio among P2 + DY women with a
      first-degree family history of breast cancer was 5.5 (95% CI: 2.6-11.8) compared
      with N1 women without a family history. These data provide additional evidence
      that mammographic patterns are indicators for subsequent development of breast
      cancer, particularly among women with a first-degree family history of this
      malignancy.

PMID- 2916546
TI  - Children, age at first birth, and colorectal cancer risk. Data from the Melbourne
      Colorectal Cancer Study.
AB  - During 1980 and 1981, data were obtained on the number of children and age at
      birth of the first child in 675 cases of colorectal cancer and in 720 age-sex
      frequency-matched controls as part of a large epidemiologic study of colorectal
      cancer conducted in Melbourne, Australia. For colorectal cancer, the relative
      risk (RR) for those with one or more children compared with those with no
      children was statistically significantly lower than one (RR = 0.61, 95%
      confidence interval (CI): 0.45-0.81, p less than 0.001), and with simultaneous
      adjustment for number of children, there was an increasing risk with increasing
      age at birth of first child (RR = 1.03, with each increasing year of age at birth
      of first child, 95% CI: 1.00-1.05, p = 0.02). The relation between both the
      number of children and the age at birth of the first child and colorectal cancer
      risk was not statistically significantly different for males and females. The
      risk of colorectal cancer with respect to number of children and age at birth of
      the first child was unaffected by the potential confounding factors of age,
      occupation, previous diet, oral contraceptive use in females, and a family
      history of colorectal cancer. Since the protection against colorectal cancer
      associated with having children and with earlier age at birth of the first child
      was found to be similar for both males and females in the Melbourne study, a life
      style factor, as yet unidentified, rather than a female hormonal factor, is
      postulated as the mediator of these effects.

PMID- 2916547
TI  - Epidemiologic evidence on cocaine use and panic attacks.
AB  - Experienced drug takers and clinicians report that cocaine causes panic attacks.
      This claim is supported by laboratory evidence on the pharmacologic activity of
      the drug. In this paper, the authors have used an epidemiologic strategy to
      examine the suspected cocaine-panic association, with interview data from 5,896
      adult household residents sampled in the early 1980s and followed prospectively
      for a collaborative multisite study of mental disorders in five US metropolitan
      areas: New Haven, Connecticut; Baltimore, Maryland; St. Louis, Missouri; Durham,
      North Carolina; and Los Angeles, California. The risk of panic attacks was
      observed to be greater for identified cocaine users in this sample, as compared
      with subjects who did not use cocaine during the follow-up interval. The cocaine
      panic association remained strong after statistical adjustment for preexisting
      psychiatric conditions, use of alcohol and marijuana, and suspected
      sociodemographic risk factors for panic attacks. The risk was greatest among
      cocaine users who reported no marijuana use during the follow-up interval
      (estimated relative risk = 13.0, 95% confidence interval: 2.24-75.8). The study
      also identified other determinants for panic attack, including sex, marital
      status, employment status, job prestige, major depression, and heavy drinking.

PMID- 2916548
TI  - Report of an illness outbreak at the Harry S Truman State Office Building.
AB  - An acute epidemic of headache, mucosal irritation, fatigue, odd taste, and
      dizziness involving several hundred state government employees occurred in June
      1986 in an office building in Missouri that housed 2,500 employees. A survey of
      305 ill and 131 well employees demonstrated that ill employees were more likely
      to have perceived unusual odors and inadequate air flow in their work areas. The
      building has eight floors, seven of which are divided in half by an atrium, and
      17 separate air handling systems. A total of 87% of the ill employees were
      concentrated in only three of the "half floors." Extensive investigation revealed
      no toxic substances or other direct causes for the illnesses, but several factors
      were identified that may have reduced air quality in the affected areas. These
      included a low proportion of outside air, associated with crowding, blocked
      vents, smoking, and use of office chemicals. This pattern of illness suggests
      epidemic anxiety state triggered by poor air quality.

PMID- 2916549
TI  - Sunlight, skin sensitivity, and senile cataract.
AB  - This study explores the association between sunlight exposure and senile
      cataract, taking into account such individual differences as skin sensitivity to
      sunlight and the use of sun-shielding devices, i.e., sunglasses and hats. A case
      control study was conducted among 160 matched pairs of subjects between October
      1, 1984 and June 1, 1985 at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics in Iowa
      City, Iowa. Cases were selected from among all patients admitted for inpatient or
      outpatient cataract surgery who were at least 40 years old. Controls were
      selected from among those waiting for a friend or relative who was attending one
      of the ophthalmology clinics. Controls were matched to the cases on a 1:1 basis
      on sex and age (+/- one year). No association was observed between history of
      sunlight exposure and senile cataract. However, independent of sunlight exposure,
      the cases with nuclear cataracts reported a more severe acute skin response upon
      exposure to sunlight for the first time in the summer (a severe burn with
      blistering) than did their age- and sex-matched controls (McNemar odds ratio (OR)
      = 1.73, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.03-2.91). In addition, independent of
      sunlight exposure, the male controls reported a greater average lifetime use of
      head coverings in summer which shaded their eyes from the sun than did their age-
      and sex-matched cases (McNemar OR = 0.48, 95% CI: 0.25-0.94).

PMID- 2916550
TI  - Poisson regression modeling of temporal variation in incidence of childhood
      insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, and
      Wielkopolska, Poland, 1970-1985.
AB  - Contradictory observations have accumulated regarding a secular trend and/or an
      epidemic pattern in the incidence of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. In this
      study, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus incidence below age 15 years was
      examined in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, and in Wielkopolska, Poland, two
      areas diverse in terms of their geography and average risk for this disease.
      Numerator data were extracted from individual patient records, and annual
      denominator data were available for the years 1970-1985. Poisson regression
      models were used to disentangle the contributions of country, race, sex, age,
      period, and cohort effects to the observed variation in incidence. Poles and
      Allegheny County nonwhites were at greatly and moderately reduced risk,
      respectively, relative to Allegheny County whites. An increase in risk with age
      was significant and proportional in all three groups. There was significant time
      variability in Wielkopolska, where an epidemic began in 1982 and continued
      through 1985. This was a period rather than a cohort phenomenon and was a result
      of a recent outbreak of the disease rather than a long-term trend. In Allegheny
      County, changes in risk over the 16-year period were insignificant, although
      incidence doubled among whites aged 0-9 years during 1982-1983. The Poisson
      regression modeling provided a quantification and formal comparison of
      determinants of the incidence of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

PMID- 2916552
TI  - Central adiposity and gallbladder disease in Mexican Americans.
AB  - Obesity is widely recognized as a risk factor for gallstones. However, to the
      authors' knowledge, only one study has examined the effect of body fat
      distribution on the prevalence of gallbladder disease. Mexican Americans are a
      population characterized by both a high prevalence of gallbladder disease and an
      unfavorable body fat distribution. The authors examined whether central adiposity
      (as measured by the ratio of subscapular-to-triceps skinfold) was related to
      clinically evident gallbladder disease in 1,202 Mexican Americans and 908 non
      Hispanic whites in the San Antonio Heart Study from 1979 to 1982. After
      adjustment for overall adiposity (as measured by body mass index) and the ratio
      of subscapular-to-triceps skinfold, an increased prevalence of gallbladder
      disease was still observed in Mexican-American women. Both body mass index and
      the ratio of subscapular-to-triceps skinfold were positively and independently
      associated with gallbladder disease in women, while in men, body mass index, but
      not the subscapular-to-triceps skinfold ratio, was associated with gallbladder
      disease. Central adiposity is also related to the adverse pattern of
      cardiovascular risk factors observed in women with gallbladder disease.

PMID- 2916551
TI  - The increasing incidence of the hemolytic-uremic syndrome in King County,
      Washington: lack of evidence for ascertainment bias.
AB  - The annual incidence of the hemolytic-uremic syndrome was determined for the well
      defined population of King County, Washington, between 1971 and 1986, inclusive,
      to ascertain temporal trends in the epidemiology of this disease. The average
      annual incidence rose from 0.69 cases per 100,000 children under age 15 years
      between 1971 and 1975 to 1.77 cases between 1976 and 1980 and 1.74 cases between
      1981 and 1986. The mean hematocrits, platelet counts, and blood urea nitrogen and
      creatinine concentrations on admission were similar in all periods, as were the
      mean length of hospital stay and the proportions of patients requiring
      erythrocyte and/or platelet transfusions and dialysis. These results indicate
      that the increased incidence of hemolytic-uremic syndrome in childhood has been
      sustained in King County, Washington, and that this increase is not due to
      ascertainment bias caused by the diagnosis of less severely ill cases. Further
      investigations are needed to determine whether this increased incidence is being
      experienced in other populations and to assess strategies for the prevention of
      microangiopathic sequelae to hemorrhagic colitis.

PMID- 2916553
TI  - Effect of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody knowledge on high-risk
      sexual behavior with steady and nonsteady sexual partners among homosexual men.
AB  - For the study of the impact of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody
      testing on high-risk sexual behavior with nonsteady and steady sexual partners,
      307 homosexual men (118 seronegative, 75 seropositive, and 114 untested) were
      interviewed at three consecutive six-month intervals between July 1985 and
      December 1986. From the results, it appears that among seropositives the
      percentage who performed anogenital insertive intercourse with nonsteady partners
      remained constant (73, 64, and 61% during the first, second, and third intervals,
      respectively (nonsignificant]. Among seronegatives and those who were untested,
      the percentages who practiced anogenital receptive intercourse with nonsteady
      partners decreased from 44 to 29% and from 54 to 20%, respectively (p less than
      0.05). The percentage who performed anogenital insertive intercourse and
      anogenital receptive intercourse with their steady partner remained constant in
      all groups: seropositives, +/- 70%; seronegatives, +/- 60%; and untested, +/-
      55%. Seropositives were more likely to use condoms during anogenital insertive
      intercourse with their nonsteady and steady sexual partners than were
      seronegatives and untested persons during anogenital receptive intercourse with
      these partners (p less than 0.05). In the majority of cases, condoms were not
      used antibody testing in the three groups studied. The generalizability of these
      results, however, is limited.

PMID- 2916554
TI  - Sociocultural factors in puerperal infectious morbidity among Navajo women.
AB  - From 1980 to 1982, a sample of 968 pregnant Navajo women in New Mexico was
      enrolled in a prospective study of biologic and sociocultural factors in
      puerperal infectious morbidity. Past studies have independently implicated both
      genital infection and psychosocial stressors in perinatal complications, but, to
      the authors' knowledge, no previous work has concurrently investigated the
      interactive effects of genital pathogens and psychosocial processes. Endocervical
      cultures for Mycoplasma hominis and Chlamydia trachomatis were obtained during
      prenatal visits, and structured interviews were conducted assessing social
      support and the degree of cultural traditionality, in this context a proxy
      measure of acculturative stress. The incidences of postpartum fever,
      endometritis, and premature rupture of membranes were significantly associated
      with the concurrence of two factors: the presence of genital tract M. hominis and
      a highly traditional cultural orientation. When demographic and conventional
      obstetric risk factors were controlled for, women with both M. hominis and high
      traditionality experienced infectious complications at a rate twice that of women
      with either factor alone. Among the plausible explanations for this result is the
      possibility that acculturative stress undermines physiologic resistance to
      infectious genital tract disease.

PMID- 2916555
TI  - A study of the accuracy of cancer risk factor information reported to a central
      registry compared with that obtained by interview.
AB  - Sources of readily available data for cancer surveillance are frequently sought.
      To assess the validity of information on cancer risk factors that is routinely
      collected in conjunction with cancer incidence reporting, the authors completed
      interviews for 441 patients identified through the Missouri Cancer Registry from
      June 1986 to May 1987. Interviews elicited information on employment history,
      smoking, and alcohol consumption. Data collected from interviews were compared
      with those previously reported to the Registry by participating hospitals. Exact
      agreements of three-digit US Census codes were 70% for occupation and 72% for
      industry. Concordance for never- versus ever-smoking status was 83%, and a high
      correlation (r = 0.93) was observed for level of smoking. Agreement on alcohol
      consumption was lower (65%), largely because of the presence of false negatives.
      Misclassification occurred in a random manner for occupational variables;
      however, differential misclassification was present for smoking and alcohol
      histories. Despite the limitations of registry-collected data, these findings
      suggest that cancer registries that obtain information on cancer risk factors may
      be suitable for exploratory studies, especially those involving occupational
      cancer surveillance.

PMID- 2916556
TI  - Genetic heritability and common environmental components of resting and stressed
      blood pressures, lipids, and body mass index in Utah pedigrees and twins.
AB  - The relative contributions of genes and shared environment to cardiovascular risk
      factors were studied in twins and pedigrees in 1983-1985. Sitting, standing,
      isometric hand grip, bicycling, and mentally stressed (serial subtraction) blood
      pressures were obtained from 146 male monozygous twins, 162 male dizygous twins,
      and 1,102 healthy adults in 67 Utah pedigrees. Fasting total plasma cholesterol,
      triglycerides, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), and body mass index
      were also measured. Heritability was estimated before and after adjusting for 12
      environmental variables (measures of socioeconomic status; personality types;
      exercise levels; use of tobacco, alcohol, coffee, etc.) by using age-adjusted
      twin intraclass correlations. These heritabilities were compared with those
      obtained from a variance components analysis of the pedigree data separating
      genetic and common household effects. Sitting and standing blood pressure
      heritability estimates were much higher from twin than from pedigree data (39-63%
      in twins vs. 16-22% in pedigrees), as were those for cholesterol and
      triglycerides (65 and 75% from twins vs. 42 and 37% from pedigrees) and body mass
      index (51 vs. 21%). Estimates were similar for heritability of HDL cholesterol
      (51 vs. 45%). Most of the stressed blood pressure heritabilities were similar to
      sitting blood pressure estimates. No common household effect (except for adjusted
      HDL cholesterol (24%), p less than 0.01) was statistically significant for the
      lipids, blood pressures, or body mass index. Environmental variables correlated
      much better in monozygous twins and spouses than in dizygous twins, brothers, or
      sisters. Spouse correlations for lipids, blood pressures, and body mass index
      were low, with a maximum of 0.12 (p less than 0.05) for HDL cholesterol. We
      conclude that genes contribute much more than shared environment to the well
      recognized familial correlation of blood pressures, lipids, and body mass index.

PMID- 2916557
TI  - Re: "Radiation doses and cause-specific mortality among workers at a nuclear
      materials fabrication plant".

PMID- 2916558
TI  - Re: "Validation of work histories obtained from interviews".

PMID- 2916559
TI  - Advanced Hodgkin disease (clinical stages IIIB and IV): low relapse rate after
      brief chemotherapy followed by high-dose total lymphoid irradiation.
AB  - From January 1980 to September 1986, 50 patients with Hodgkin disease, clinical
      stages (CS) IIIB (26 cases) and IVB (24 cases) were treated by three cycles of
      mechlorethamine, vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisone (MOPP) chemotherapy,
      followed by high-dose (40 Gy) (sub)total lymphoid irradiation, including the
      spleen. Ten patients (2 CS IIIB, 8 CS IVB) were in failure, and seven (4 CS IIIB,
      3 CS IVB) died during their first complete remission (2 from treatment-related
      complications, 1 from unknown cause, 4 from insufficient supportive care and/or a
      shortage of health supplies); three patients (CS IIIB) relapsed (2 alive in
      second complete remission, 1 deceased). After 7 years, actuarial survival and
      relapse-free duration were, respectively, 64% for the 50 patients and 89% for the
      40 patients in complete remission. Unfavourable outcome was observed in patients
      with pelvic nodal involvement. The low relapse rate (none in CS IVB) was the most
      striking result after brief chemotherapy followed by total lymphoid irradiation.

PMID- 2916560
TI  - Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome: correction of bleeding time by 1-desamino-8D-arginine
      vasopressin.
AB  - The effect of the synthetic vasopressin derivative 1-desamino-8D-arginine
      vasopressin (DDAVP = desmopressin) on bleeding time was studied in three patients
      with Hermansky Pudlak syndrome. A good response was observed in this type of
      storage pool disease. DDAVP might be useful in managing the bleeding disorder
      found in patients with the Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome.

PMID- 2916561
TI  - Coexistence of myelodysplastic syndrome and untreated chronic lymphocytic
      leukemia with development of acute myeloid leukemia immediately after treatment
      of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
AB  - A 72-year-old man originally seen for anemia and thrombocytopenia was determined
      to have chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Bone marrow examination at the time
      of CLL diagnosis revealed a small but significant population of atypical blasts.
      Cytogenetic analysis of the bone marrow aspirate disclosed chromosomal
      abnormalities (-7, +8) suggestive of a myelodysplastic syndrome. Shortly after
      treatment of the CLL, there was proliferation of the previously noted blast
      population, which cytochemical studies demonstrated to be of the myeloid series
      thus indicating acute myeloid leukemia superimposed on CLL. This report presents
      microscopic, cytogenetic, immunophenotypic, and cytochemical evidence to document
      the evolution of acute myeloid leukemia in the bone marrow of a patient with CLL
      after one course of chemotherapy.

PMID- 2916562
TI  - Splenic irradiation as primary therapy for prolymphocytic leukemia.
AB  - A patient with prolymphocytic leukemia (PLL), a lymphoproliferative disorder that
      carries a poor prognosis, is presented. The disease was diagnosed at an early
      stage and treatment could be delayed for four years. When massive, painful
      splenomegaly developed, splenic irradiation (SI) was chosen as the primary form
      of therapy and an excellent systemic response could be achieved. Our observation
      is in agreement with preliminary studies, which advocate SI as the primary form
      of therapy in PLL. Furthermore, it is emphasized that an early diagnosis of PLL
      is necessary to establish its true course and that the prognosis may be better
      than originally thought.

PMID- 2916563
TI  - Modified bleeding time in the infant.
AB  - The present authors developed a modified template bleeding time for use in the
      newborn infant. The sensitivity of the bleeding time to the presence of
      antibiotics, indomethacin, generalized illness, and thrombocytopenia was tested
      in 242 infants. Both indomethacin and thrombocytopenia similarly prolonged the
      BT, and the latter could be corrected by raising the platelet count.

PMID- 2916564
TI  - Seventeen-year survival in multiple myeloma.
AB  - We report a case of multiple myeloma surviving 17 years since diagnosis and 13
      years in continuous complete remission since a relapse 4 years after initial
      treatment. Despite the prolonged remission, multiple lytic bone lesions have not
      healed.

PMID- 2916565
TI  - Safety of regional citrate hemodialysis in acute renal failure.
AB  - Regional citrate anticoagulation is an alternative to heparin anticoagulation for
      hemodialysis of patients at increased risk of bleeding. We report the successful
      use of this technique in 326 dialyses in 49 high bleeding risk patients with
      acute renal failure. Systemic anticoagulation did not occur as a result of any
      dialysis procedure, and in no instance was bleeding observed. Dialysis was
      effective, as judged by removal of creatinine. The safety of this procedure is
      demonstrated by the lack of bleeding complications and the small incidence of
      electrolyte and acid-base abnormalities. In addition we document the absence of
      citrate intoxication by serial measurements of serum citrate levels. Regional
      citrate anticoagulation is a safe and effective method of performing hemodialysis
      in patients with acute renal failure at increased risk of bleeding.

PMID- 2916566
TI  - The protective effect of thromboxane synthetase inhibition on renal function in
      systemic sepsis.
AB  - To study the role of thromboxane in systemic sepsis and renal failure,
      peritonitis was induced surgically in 22 sheep, leading to local and systemic
      sepsis. A selective thromboxane synthetase inhibitor, U63,557A (Upjohn Co,
      Kalamazoo, MI) was given before surgery in five animals and 30 minutes after
      surgery in five animals. A typical picture of volume-loaded, normotensive,
      vasodilated septic shock developed in all animals. Twenty four hours after
      induction of sepsis, the control group showed a marked reduction in glomerular
      filtration rate (GFR), urine volume, and urinary sodium excretion. Pretreated
      animals showed no change in GFR and a smaller reduction in urine volume and
      sodium excretion. The posttreatment group showed no change in any parameters of
      renal function. Plasma renin activity, urinary TXB2 excretion, and urinary 6-keto
      PGF1 alpha excretion increased after 24 hours only in the control group. Urinary
      TXB2 excretion was reduced by 80% in animals given U63,557A before surgery. The
      results indicate a significant protective effect of U63,557A on renal function
      during septic shock, probably related to reduced thromboxane synthesis, with no
      apparent deleterious systemic effects. The results support a role for thromboxane
      in the pathogenesis of acute renal failure in systemic sepsis.

PMID- 2916567
TI  - No microalbuminuria or other adverse effects of long-standing hyperfiltration in
      humans with one kidney.
AB  - Hypertrophy and hyperfiltration are characteristic features of single kidneys and
      kidneys of patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). In both
      cases the hyperfiltration has been suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis
      of renal functional deterioration. We studied the effect of long-standing
      hyperfiltration on kidney function in 29 subjects with one kidney, three of whom
      were insulin-dependent diabetics. Four groups were studied: (1) uninephrectomized
      less than 10 years since uninephrectomy (UN) (n = 7; age, 30 +/- 6 years); (2)
      uninephrectomized greater than or equal to 10 years since UN (19 +/- 11 years, 10
      to 52); n = 14; age, 38 +/- 15 years; (3) congenital unilateral renal agenesis (n
      = 5, age, 39 +/- 16 years); and (4) IDDM patients with one kidney (n = 3; age, 28
      to 52 years; diabetes duration, 8 to 31 years; years with one kidney, 18 to 30).
      Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal plasma flow (RPF) were measured by the
      constant infusion technique, kidney volume (KV) by ultrasonic scanning, and
      urinary albumin excretion rate (UAE) by radioimmunoassay. In all subjects GFR,
      RPF, and KV were within the normal range, representing a single kidney
      hyperfiltration of approximately 70% and hypertrophy of approximately 100%. Only
      one of the subjects with renal agenesis had an elevated UAE (117 micrograms/min);
      the remainder had a normal UAE, ie, less than 10 micrograms/min, and the
      diabetics were below the risk level of 20 micrograms/min. Serum creatinine was
      normal and BP was slightly elevated in only three subjects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2916568
TI  - Safety and efficacy of low-potassium dialysate.
AB  - To evaluate the safety and efficacy of low-potassium dialysate, 11 patients with
      stable end-stage renal disease and with no history of arrhythmia or digitalis use
      were studied. All were treated with hemodialysis three times per week. Dialysates
      with potassium concentrations of 2 mEq/L, 1 mEq/L, or 0 mEq/L were compared. Each
      patient (exceptions noted in text) was studied once at each bath potassium
      concentration. Cardiac rhythm was recorded by Holter monitor during and for six
      hours following dialysis. Single PVCs and APCs were common with all potassium
      concentrations. Only one patient had high-grade ventricular ectopy. It was seen
      with each of the three potassium concentrations, but was most severe with the
      potassium-free dialysate. The potassium-free dialysate removed significantly more
      potassium (78.5 +/- 2.6 mEq) than the 1-K dialysate (62.9 +/- 5.1 mEq) or the 2-K
      dialysate (50.6 +/- 6 mEq), and the 1-K dialysate removed significantly more
      potassium than the 2-K dialysate. There were small but significant differences in
      serum potassium concentrations with the three different dialysates. It was
      concluded that (1) in all but one of our patients potassium-free dialysate did
      not produce new ectopy; (2) potassium-free dialysate was 24% more effective than
      1-K dialysate and 50% more effective than 2-K dialysate in removing body
      potassium; and (3) 1-K dialysate was 20% more effective than 2-K dialysate in
      removing body potassium.

PMID- 2916569
TI  - Hemolytic uremic syndrome associated with glomerular disease.
AB  - Secondary hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is uncommon. When it occurs, it is
      usually in association with pregnancy, malignancy, severe hypertension, drugs, or
      collagen vascular diseases. It has rarely been reported in patients with
      glomerular disease. Two such patients with secondary HUS are described. A 17
      month-old girl with hematuria and the nephrotic syndrome, negative
      antistreptolycin O (ASO) titer, and low serum levels of C3 and C4 developed
      oliguria, progressive azotemia, thrombocytopenia, and microangiopathic hemolytic
      anemia. A kidney biopsy showed fibrin in glomerular capillaries and cresentic
      membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. A 22-year-old man with a 16-year
      history of relapsing minimal change nephrotic syndrome had been in remission for
      5 years when he experienced nephrotic syndrome relapse and developed
      thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, and renal failure. A kidney
      biopsy revealed foot process fusion and obstruction of glomerular capillaries
      with fibrin and platelets. These cases illustrate that HUS can occur in
      association with other glomerular diseases and should be considered when
      thrombocytopenia and hemolytic anemia occur in a nephritic or nephrotic patient.

PMID- 2916570
TI  - Fanconi syndrome with uveitis in an adult woman.

PMID- 2916571
TI  - Differential diagnosis and pathophysiologic effects of hypercalcemia.

PMID- 2916572
TI  - Position paper on current status and future needs of pediatric nephrology:
      training and research. American Society of Pediatric Nephrology.

PMID- 2916573
TI  - Intradialytic oral feeding and its effect on arterial blood pressure.

PMID- 2916574
TI  - Computer simulator for determining the single nephron glomerular filtration rate.

PMID- 2916575
TI  - Gene testing in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: results of National
      Kidney Foundation workshop. Scientific Advisory Board of the National Kidney
      Foundation.
AB  - Until recently the diagnosis of hereditary disorders was dependent on the
      phenotypic manifestation of those disorders. This created considerable obstacles
      for effective genetic counseling and family planning in late onset disorders,
      such as polycystic kidney disease. Moreover, in autosomal dominant disorders
      there is sufficient clinically variability that diagnosis could not always be
      established with certainty. For example, in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney
      disease clinicians were appropriately reluctant to confirm the diagnosis in a 20
      year-old, at-risk family member with only a few scattered renal cysts. Moreover,
      they were equally unwilling to definitively remove any risk of development of the
      disease from a 20-year-old with normal, noncystic kidneys. Within the last
      decade, gene linkage and other gene identification techniques have provided new
      methodologies to surmount these dilemmas. However, these techniques also have
      produced new questions. In order to provide some guidance to clinicians and
      investigators utilizing the methodologies of recombinant DNA, genetic linkage,
      and gene identification the American Society of Genetics commissioned a panel to
      provide initial guidelines regarding DNA banking. The National Kidney Foundation
      task force is in agreement with the concepts this group has outlined. However,
      specific guidelines for the use of genetic linkage techniques in autosomal
      dominant polycystic kidney disease appeared necessary with the commercial
      availability of this diagnostic test.

PMID- 2916576
TI  - Effects of chronic peritoneal dialysis on thyroid function tests.
AB  - Peritoneal dialysis is associated with large losses of protein. In order to
      quantify thyroid hormone excretion in the dialysate and to examine the
      possibility that peritoneal dialysis may result in clinical hypothyroidism, nine
      endstage renal disease (ESRD) patients undergoing either continuous ambulatory
      peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) or chronic intermittent peritoneal dialysis (IPD) were
      studied. Total protein excretion in the peritoneal fluid was 21.5 +/- 2.1 g/24 h
      and did not vary with the mode of peritoneal dialysis. Thyroid binding globulin
      (TBG) excretion was 6.4 +/- 1.3 mg/24 h, higher than the values reported in the
      literature for urinary TBG excretion in patients with the nephrotic syndrome.
      Despite the higher TBG losses, serum TBG remained in the normal range. Mean
      peritoneal total T4 and T3 were 8.1 +/- 1.6 micrograms/24 h and 89.5 +/- 14.6
      ng/24 h, and there was a significant correlation between peritoneal T4 and TBG (r
      = 0.69; P less than 0.01) and between peritoneal total proteins and T4 (r = 0.80;
      P less than 0.001). Despite the finding that large amounts of protein are lost in
      peritoneal fluid, T4 and T3 losses were relatively modest and remained below
      their daily production rates, and none of the patients were overtly hypothyroid.
      Serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) was mildly elevated in three of nine
      patients and was consistent with early thyroid failure. The patients' serum
      iodine levels were higher than normal but did not predict the patients' thyroid
      status. We conclude that major protein losses could predispose patients
      undergoing CAPD to thyroid failure and that long-term follow-up of thyroid
      function is warranted in these patients.

PMID- 2916577
TI  - Tracing the mutations in cystic fibrosis by means of closely linked DNA markers.

PMID- 2916578
TI  - Linkage disequilibrium, cystic fibrosis, and genetic counseling.
AB  - Strong linkage disequilibrium occurs between the cystic fibrosis (CF) locus and
      polymorphisms detected with the DNA probes XV-2c and KM-19. In a North American
      population, 86% of CF chromosomes occur with a haplotype which occurs on only 14%
      of normal chromosomes. An individual homozygous for the highest-risk haplotype
      has an 81-fold greater probability of carrying a CF allele than does an
      individual homozygous for the lowest-risk haplotype. The linkage-disequilibrium
      data can be used for prenatal diagnosis and genetic counseling in CF families.
      The data are useful in 1-in-4-risk pregnancies when DNA is not available from the
      propositus and in counseling close relatives of CF families. Serious problems
      arise with some pregnancies which remain at intermediate risks after analysis,
      and families are left with difficult decisions. It is not clear that genetic
      testing for couples at less than 1-in-4 risk is cost-effective or standard care,
      but use of linkage-disequilibrium data will provide more accurate risk
      probabilities in a substantial proportion of cases if such testing is carried
      out. Our results emphasize the need for a specific biological or molecular
      carrier test. This experience in using linkage-disequilibrium and linkage data in
      combination for genetic counseling provides a model system for the diagnosis of
      other disorders.

PMID- 2916579
TI  - Placental mosaicism and intrauterine survival of trisomies 13 and 18.
AB  - Cytogenetic analysis of 14 placentas from live newborn infants or from terminated
      pregnancies with trisomies 13 and 18 revealed that all were mosaic. The mosaicism
      was confined to the cytotrophoblast and not detected in villous stroma, chorionic
      plate, or amnion. The percentage of cells with a normal karyotype varied from 12%
      to 100%, the average being 70%. No such confined mosaicism could be detected in
      12 placentas of trisomy 21 fetuses. These findings suggest that a postzygotic
      loss of a trisomic chromosome in a progenitor cell of trophectoderm facilitates
      the intrauterine survival of trisomy-13 and -18 conceptuses. They also imply that
      it is placental function which determines the intrauterine survival and that the
      mother plays no active role in rejection of trisomic conceptions. The combination
      of both a pre- and post-zygotic cell division defect in viable trisomy-13 and -18
      conceptions points to the possibility of a genetic predisposition to such events.
      The detection of only a diploid cell line in the cytotrophoblast of some
      pregnancies with trisomies 13 and 18 also suggests that direct preparation is
      unreliable for prenatal diagnosis of these trisomies on chorionic villi sampling
      and that long-term villous culture should be used.

PMID- 2916580
TI  - Gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina: characterization of mutant ornithine
      aminotransferase and mechanism of response to vitamin B6.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to characterize the mutant enzyme in nine patients
      with gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina associated with ornithine
      aminotransferase (OAT) deficiency, to elucidate the mechanism of response to
      pyridoxine in four pyridoxine-responsive patients, and to determine the extent of
      genetic heterogeneity in both groups of patients. We have measured the apparent
      Km for pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) in fibroblast mitochondria and the heat
      stability of OAT at 45 degrees C in the presence and absence of PLP, using a
      sensitive radiochemical assay. The apparent Km for PLP was higher in pyridoxine
      responsive patients than in nonresponsive patients whose apparent Km for PLP was
      normal. In contrast, the apparent Km for ornithine was normal in the seven
      patients studied. Surprisingly, the responsive patient with mildest clinical
      disease had the highest Km for PLP. However, she had the most stable enzyme,
      which presumably contributed to her milder phenotype. Western blot analyses of
      mitochondrial proteins, using antibody to human OAT, indicated clearly detectable
      OAT protein in pyridoxine-responsive patients and in two of five nonresponders,
      but low or undetectable levels in the other three patients. These data clarify
      the mechanism of pyridoxine response and indicate heterogeneity within as well as
      between the pyridoxine-responsive and the nonresponsive patients with gyrate
      atrophy.

PMID- 2916581
TI  - Inheritance of ornithine aminotransferase gene, mRNA, and enzyme defect in a
      family with gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina.
AB  - We studied the human ornithine aminotransferase (OAT) gene, mRNA, and enzyme
      activity in fibroblasts from a family with gyrate atrophy (G.A.) of the choroid
      and retina, using a normal human OAT cDNA as a probe. The family consists of an
      affected patient, who is heterozygous for a partial deletion of the functional
      OAT gene and whose cells produce no mRNA, and of his father, mother, two sons,
      and a daughter. Southern blot analysis of the OAT gene showed the partial
      deletion in the patient and in his father and daughter and in one son. Northern
      blot analysis revealed no OAT mRNA in the patient and approximately 50% of the
      normal level of OAT mRNA in the father, mother, two sons, and daughter. Assay
      showed that the OAT activity in these individuals mirrored the OAT mRNA levels.
      The results indicate that an active allele of the OAT gene expresses 50% of the
      total normal OAT mRNA and activity and that both alleles of the gene are inactive
      in the patient in this pedigree, a situation resulting in a complete absence of
      the OAT mRNA, in accordance with the autosomal recessive mechanism of this
      disease; they also indicate a 50% decrease of OAT mRNA and enzyme activity in
      obligate heterozygous carriers carrying one defective allele and that these
      defects are stably inherited.

PMID- 2916583
TI  - Evidence for an elevated frequency of in vivo somatic cell mutations in ataxia
      telangiectasia.
AB  - Somatic cell mutation frequency in vivo was measured in individuals with high
      cancer risk who were from ataxia telangiectasia (A-T) families. The assay for
      somatic mutation measures the frequency of variant erythrocytes which are progeny
      of erythroid precursor cells with mutations that result in a loss of gene
      expression at the polymorphic glycophorin A (GPA) locus. Samples from 14 of 15 A
      T homozygotes showed high frequencies of GPA gene expression-loss variant cells
      with normal expression of only one of the two alleles at the GPA locus (i.e., GPA
      hemizygous variant cells). The mean elevation of the frequency of hemizygous
      variant cells over those in normal controls and unaffected family members was 7
      14-fold. A-T homozygotes also showed an increase in the frequency of cells in
      which one allele at the GPA locus had lost expression and in which the remaining
      allele was expressed at a homozygous level (i.e., GPA homozygous variant cells).
      Family members who are obligate A-T heterozygotes did not appear to have a
      significantly elevated frequency of GPA hemizygous or homozygous variant cells.
      These indications of elevated in vivo frequencies of variant erythrocytes in A-T
      homozygotes support a causal link between susceptibility to somatic mutation and
      susceptibility to cancer.

PMID- 2916584
TI  - Km1 allotype association with one subgroup of alopecia areata.
AB  - The distribution of the immunoglobulin kappa light-chain determinant, Km1, was
      examined in 52 patients with alopecia areata, 22 of whom possessed serum
      antibodies to thyroid antigens. The allotype frequency was significantly higher
      than that found in a referent population of 105 healthy subjects. Furthermore, it
      was determined that within the patient population, the Km1 allotype was
      associated with the absence of detectable serum autoantibodies. In such patients,
      this association may be due to linkage disequilibrium between the chromosome 2
      gene coding for Km1 and a chromosome 2 gene coding for susceptibility to alopecia
      areata.

PMID- 2916582
TI  - Abundant class of human DNA polymorphisms which can be typed using the polymerase
      chain reaction.
AB  - Interspersed DNA elements of the form (dC-dA)n.(dG-dT)n constitute one of the
      most abundant human repetitive DNA families. We report that specific human (dC
      dA)n.(dG-dT)n blocks are polymorphic in length among individuals and therefore
      represent a vast new pool of potential genetic markers. Comparison of sequences
      from the literature for (dC-dA)n.(dG-dT)n blocks cloned two or more times
      revealed length polymorphisms in seven of eight cases. Variations in the lengths
      of 10 (dC-dA)n.(dG-dT)n blocks were directly demonstrated by amplifying the DNA
      within and immediately flanking the repeat blocks by using the polymerase chain
      reaction and then resolving the amplified DNA on polyacrylamide DNA sequencing
      gels. Use of the polymerase chain reaction to detect DNA polymorphisms offers
      improved sensitivity and speed compared with standard blotting and hybridization.

PMID- 2916586
TI  - Advanced cardiovascular therapy: redefining clinical goals-- therapy and
      protection across the ischemic spectrum. St. George, Bermuda, April 15, 1988.
      Proceedings.

PMID- 2916585
TI  - Heritability of bone mass: a longitudinal study in aging male twins.
AB  - Midshaft radial bone mass was first measured from 1970 through 1972 by photon
      absorptiometry in 42 pairs of monozygotic (MZ) and 38 pairs of dizygotic (DZ)
      male Caucasian twins (age 44-55 years). The MZ intraclass correlation (rMZ) of
      .70 was significantly larger (P less than .05) than the DZ correlation (rDZ) of
      .45, providing evidence for genetic influences (Smith et al. 1973). Radial bone
      mass measurements repeated 16 years later (1986-87) on 25 of the MZ pairs and on
      21 of the DZ pairs revealed an rMZ of .61 and an rDZ of .44, but the difference
      was not significant (P greater than .05). The twins had an average radial mass
      loss of 0.49%/year between the two examinations. The rMZ (.52) and rDZ (.49)
      values for the 16-year loss in radial mass were both significantly different from
      zero, but their similar size indicated that the correlations were due to
      nongenetic factors. In a search for the source of genetic influences on adult
      radial mass, heritability was estimated by the formula 2(rMZ - rDZ) for radial
      width and was found to be .66 and .76 (P less than .05) for examinations 1 and 2,
      respectively. An index of radial density (mass/width) was calculated, and the
      differences between rMZ and rDZ were not significant at either examination. The
      intraclass correlations (rMZ = .35; rDZ = .43) were both significant for the loss
      of bone density between examinations but provided no evidence for genetic
      influences, results similar to the findings for the loss of mass.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2916587
TI  - Total ischemic burden. Implications for prognosis and therapy.
AB  - Patients with silent myocardial ischemia can be classified as one of three
      clinical types: those who are totally asymptomatic (type 1), those who are
      asymptomatic after a myocardial infarction (type 2), and those who demonstrate
      both asymptomatic and symptomatic episodes (type 3). Total ischemic activity may
      be similar in any given patient, but the ratio of symptomatic to asymptomatic
      episodes will differ. Prognosis appears dependent on the degree of total ischemic
      activity plus the extent of coronary artery disease and left ventricular
      dysfunction. The effects of therapy can be monitored with exercise testing and/or
      Holter monitoring. Using the latter technique, the largest multicenter study to
      date, the Nifedipine Total Ischemia Awareness Program, has demonstrated the
      advantages of adding a calcium antagonist to nitrate and/or beta-blocker therapy
      regimens in order to maximize the reduction in total ischemic activity in angina
      patients.

PMID- 2916589
TI  - The gang that couldn't listen straight.

PMID- 2916588
TI  - Silent myocardial ischemia. Mechanisms and rationale for therapy.
AB  - The widespread use of Holter monitoring has demonstrated that the majority of
      ischemic episodes occur during activities that do not require exertion. These
      episodes tend to occur at only minimal increases in heart rate above resting
      levels, well below the level of myocardial oxygen demand required to produce
      ischemia on formal exercise tolerance testing. In all likelihood, therefore, most
      ischemic events in ambulatory patients are due to a combination of flow-limiting
      coronary stenosis and superimposed vasoactive or thrombotic elements.
      Asymptomatic ischemic events are common in subsets of patients with angina
      pectoris. Traditionally, treatment with calcium channel blockers, beta-blockers,
      and long-acting nitrates has been aimed at reducing episodes of angina pectoris.
      Despite a reduction in anginal symptoms, however, it is likely that patients
      continue to experience silent ischemia, particularly at rest and during
      activities of daily living. The strategy for treatment in such patients should
      include the abolition of the patients' "total ischemic activity." It is
      conceivable that more aggressive anti-ischemic therapy may improve prognosis, as
      patients with ambulatory ST-segment depression experience frequent cardiac
      events. Other potential benefits of more aggressive treatment include the
      prevention of myocardial hibernation, which occurs as a result of a chronic
      ischemic state, and a reduction in episodes of myocardial stunning. This approach
      may lead to protection against transient and chronic left ventricular
      dysfunction, which is associated with a poor prognosis in patients with
      symptomatic coronary artery disease.

PMID- 2916590
TI  - Some herbal teas can be toxic.

PMID- 2916591
TI  - Shopping for liability insurance.

PMID- 2916592
TI  - Forensic nurse examiners.

PMID- 2916593
TI  - Lithium. In a class by itself.

PMID- 2916594
TI  - Handle with care.

PMID- 2916595
TI  - Monitoring uterine activity at home.

PMID- 2916597
TI  - A new way to size up a wound.

PMID- 2916596
TI  - Five years of fewer falls.

PMID- 2916598
TI  - People without land.

PMID- 2916599
TI  - Arrhythmia or artifact?

PMID- 2916600
TI  - Demented, old, and alone.

PMID- 2916601
TI  - Listening with care.

PMID- 2916602
TI  - California jobfocus. California: with a special section on the western Sunbelt.

PMID- 2916603
TI  - Research on every rung of the clinical ladder.

PMID- 2916604
TI  - A capitol day. Power and politics 101.

PMID- 2916605
TI  - A handy software checklist.

PMID- 2916606
TI  - Unexpected miracles.

PMID- 2916607
TI  - Intrapartum fetal heart rate patterns in pregnancies complicated by hypertension.
      A cohort study.
AB  - Intrapartum fetal heart rate patterns were investigated in pregnancies
      complicated by hypertension in a cohort study. The total number of live births
      was 2400 and the frequency of hypertension was 8.8%. The study group comprised
      2023 normotensive and 200 hypertensive deliveries. Dates of all pregnancies were
      established at an ultrasound examination in week 17. Ominous intrapartum fetal
      heart rate patterns were significantly more common in hypertensive deliveries
      than in normotensive deliveries (20.5% versus 7.6%). The women with hypertension
      were compared with a group of control women matched for age, parity, induction of
      labor, and gestational week (20.5% versus 6.5%). In hypertensive women ominous
      fetal heart rate tracings were frequently associated with primiparity, induced
      labor, epidural block, delivery of a growth-retarded fetus, and beta 1-adrenergic
      receptor blockers. Ominous fetal heart rate patterns were less common in
      hypertensive women without these risk factors; still the significant differences
      in comparison with normotensive women remained. The hypertensive pregnancies
      accounted for no less than 21.0% of all ominous intrapartum fetal heart rate
      patterns, whereas 13% of all cases of ominous intrapartum fetal heart rate
      patterns could be attributed to the excess frequency in hypertensive pregnancies.

PMID- 2916609
TI  - Association of episiotomy and delivery position with deep perineal laceration
      during spontaneous delivery in nulliparous women.
AB  - Spontaneous deliveries of 241 nulliparous women were analyzed to test the
      hypothesis that both episiotomy and use of stirrups for delivery of infants were
      related to the occurrence of third- and fourth-degree perineal lacerations. These
      deep perineal tears occurred in 0.9% of the women delivered of infants without
      the use of either episiotomy or stirrups and in 27.9% of the women delivered of
      infants with both episiotomy and stirrups. Women exposed to episiotomy alone or
      to stirrups alone had intermediate rates of laceration. There was no independent
      correlation of laceration with maternal age, 1- and 5-minute Apgar scores, or
      midwife or physician as delivery attendant. The results suggest that selective
      use of episiotomy and stirrups can minimize perineal trauma during spontaneous
      delivery in nulliparous women.

PMID- 2916608
TI  - Fetal organ and xenograft transplantation.
AB  - The use of anencephalic fetuses and neonates as organ donors is technically
      feasible, and xenografts may be. Several ethical questions emerge, however,
      involving the appropriate use of such organs and what alterations, if any, in
      obstetric and neonatal management may be acceptable to increase the availability
      and likelihood of success of such organs.

PMID- 2916610
TI  - Evaluation of the new amniostat-FLM test for the detection of
      phosphatidylglycerol in contaminated fluids.
AB  - The Amniostat-FLM rapid slide test (Hana Biologics, Inc., Alameda, Calif.) for
      detection of phosphatidylglycerol has previously been evaluated and has shown
      good correlation with the more sophisticated two-dimensional thin-layer
      chromatographic method. A new, ultrasensitive kit has now been released with a
      lower level of detection of 0.5 microgram of phosphatidylglycerol per milliliter
      of fluid. This is the first report of this new kit, which we used with vaginal
      pool samples and with contaminated amniocentesis samples. We evaluated this kit
      for concordance with thin-layer chromatography results as well as fetal outcome.
      Of 48 vaginal pool samples, 41 (85%) showed concordance, whereas 39 of 42 (93%)
      contaminated amniocentesis samples were concordant, for an overall concordance of
      89% (80 of 90 samples). Sixty-seven infants were delivered within 72 hours of the
      test and there were no cases of hyaline membrane disease in the presence of a
      positive test result. We conclude that this new, ultrasensitive kit is a good,
      time-saving, and reliable test for the detection of phosphatidylglycerol without
      the development of false-positive results even when tested on the worst possible
      fluid samples. A review of clinical studies involving the Amniostat-FLM is also
      presented.

PMID- 2916611
TI  - Format of an obstetrics and gynecology journal club and four years' experience.
AB  - Departmental journal clubs have experienced varied degrees of success and
      longevity. Although a high degree of enthusiasm is difficult to maintain, clear
      objectives are key factors that encourage active participation. In this report we
      present a journal club format that has demonstrated popularity and 4 years of
      longevity. On the basis of this experience, we believe a journal club forum
      offers medical students and residents the optimal opportunity to learn an
      approach to critical reading of medical reports. In addition, they gain
      understanding of experimental design and research protocols and ultimately
      acquire knowledge of the current medical literature.

PMID- 2916612
TI  - Antibody to endotoxin is associated with decreased frequency of postoperative
      infection.
AB  - According to previous studies the presence of preoperative antibodies to gram
      negative lipopolysaccharides has a protective effect against postoperative
      infection and pyrexia in patients undergoing urologic and cardiac surgical
      procedures. Preoperative serum specimens collected from 86 women awaiting major
      gynecologic surgery were tested for the presence of antiendotoxin by a
      qualitative method. These patients were closely followed up in the postoperative
      period and any evidence of pyrexia or infection was noted. There were 21 (24%)
      patients who had preexisting antibodies. Of the women studied, 47 (55%) had some
      form of postoperative infection, of which 32 (37%) were exclusively a result of
      gram-negative bacteria. There was a significant association (p less than 0.05)
      between postoperative infection and the absence of preexisting antibodies. This
      association was particularly striking (p less than 0.02) when postoperative
      urinary tract infections were considered. There was no association between
      postoperative pyrexia and the absence of preexisting antibody. Our results
      confirm the findings of previous studies to evaluate the protective role of
      antiendotoxin in surgical procedures. In the future immunization may be
      considered an adjunct or alternative to prophylactic antibiotics.

PMID- 2916613
TI  - Fetal control of maternal prolactin production and bioactivity in utero.
AB  - Amniotic fluid prolactin is a product of maternal decidualized endometrium that
      is derived by translocation of the hormone across the reflected fetal membranes.
      Amniotic fluids from 26 second-trimester (14 to 23 weeks) and 75 third-trimester
      (29 to 40 weeks) normal singleton pregnancies were evaluated for prolactin
      content by radioimmunoassay and bioassay with the Nb2 rat lymphoma cell line. The
      relative bioactivity was calculated as the ratio of bioassay to radioimmunoassay
      for each fluid. Data segregated by gestational age and fetal genetic sex
      identified a highly significant difference (p = 0.0004) in amniotic fluid
      prolactin radioimmunoassay concentrations (mean +/- SEM) that surround male (682
      +/- 49, n = 42) versus female (440 +/- 39, n = 33) fetuses of third-trimester
      age. Paired bioassay values were significantly lower (p = 0.002) than
      radioimmunoassay values among males (626 +/- 52) but equivalent (p = 0.1066)
      among females (464 +/- 44). The bioassay/radioimmunoassay ratios of third
      trimester fetal female-associated amniotic fluid prolactin were significantly
      higher (p = 0.0004) than those of third-trimester males and second-trimester
      males and females. The results suggest a fetal gender-related factor is
      associated with both the production and the biologic activity of the maternally
      derived hormone. Thus the fetus appears to have some control over the dynamics of
      uterine prolactin production.

PMID- 2916614
TI  - Child sexual abuse--genital tract findings in prepubertal girls. I. The unaided
      medical examination.
AB  - In a prospective study 205 prepubertal girls (mean age, 5.4 years) determined by
      Child Protective Services to be victims of sexual abuse were examined. Sixty-five
      girls (32%) had normal-appearing genitalia, 45 girls had nonspecific findings,
      and 95 girls had findings considered to be specific for sexual abuse. Whereas
      normal-appearing genitalia were most often observed in girls reporting digital
      assault, specific findings were more commonly observed in girls reporting
      genitogenital assault. Overall it was possible to document the presence of
      abnormal genital findings indicating or strongly suggesting sexual abuse in only
      46% of the patients in this study group. Failure to document findings suggestive
      of abuse in half of the girls highlights the limitations of the medical
      evaluation in validating sexual abuse.

PMID- 2916615
TI  - Child sexual abuse--genital tract findings in prepubertal girls. II. Comparison
      of colposcopic and unaided examinations.
AB  - In recent years the inspection of the vulva of sexually abused girls by
      magnification with a colposcope has become increasingly popular. However, data
      concerning the usefulness of colposcopy in such evaluations are lacking. In a
      prospective study, 130 prepubertal girls (mean age 5.5 years) who were identified
      by child protective agencies to be victims of sexual abuse were evaluated both by
      an unaided examination and by colposcopy. If the colposcopic findings differed
      from those of the unaided inspection, the macroscopic examination was repeated to
      determine whether the abnormality could have been detected without magnification.
      Altogether, 92 of the 130 girls were found to have abnormal findings. In the
      majority of girls with abnormalities (96%), the abnormalities were observed
      during the unaided examination. Of the four patients in whom the findings were
      detected initially by the colposcopic examination, these findings were observed
      during the repeat unaided examination. The findings were observed by colposcopic
      examination alone in only one patient. We conclude that unaided examination is
      adequate for the evaluation of most victims of sexual abuse.

PMID- 2916617
TI  - Change of immunoglobulin G antibody levels to Toxoplasma gondii during pregnancy
      in an obstetric population.
AB  - Paired sera obtained from 393 pregnant women during the first trimester and from
      their umbilical cords at birth were examined for immunoglobulin G antibodies to
      Toxoplasma gondii by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The course of antibody
      levels in asymptomatic populations is discussed with regard to possible fetal
      infection during the gestational period.

PMID- 2916616
TI  - An evaluation of red blood cell heterogeneity (increased red blood cell
      distribution width) in iron deficiency of pregnancy.
AB  - A new classification of anemias, which is based on mean corpuscular volume and
      quantitative anisocytosis (red blood cell distribution width), was evaluated in
      331 pregnant women on initial presentation for prenatal care. Seventy-four of
      them had severe iron depletion (serum ferritin level less than or equal to 10
      ng/dl). Contrary to the above classification, early iron deficiency without
      anemia was infrequently identified by an increase in distribution width (4 of 25
      patients). The distribution width was not consistently increased in the 49
      anemic, iron-deficient patients; 34 were normal and would have been considered to
      have thalassemia minor or anemia of chronic disease according to the new
      classification. The distribution width was no more sensitive than the mean
      corpuscular volume in suggesting iron deficiency. This study does not confirm the
      usefulness of the new classification in the diagnosis of iron deficiency in this
      patient population.

PMID- 2916618
TI  - Congenital hereditary fructose intolerance and pregnancy.
AB  - Congenital hereditary fructose intolerance is associated with the inability to
      tolerate fructose and carbohydrates, which are converted into fructose. We
      describe management of a pregnancy complicated by this disease in the mother and
      its implications for the neonate.

PMID- 2916619
TI  - Obstetric outcome of patients with more than one previous cesarean section.
AB  - Records of patients with more than one previous cesarean section were reviewed
      for a 1-year period. Of 69 such pregnancies, 36 underwent trial of labor in
      concurrence with an ongoing departmental cesarean section reduction initiative;
      80% culminated in vaginal delivery. Twenty of these 69 patients had three or more
      previous cesarean sections; 9 underwent trial of labor, with 8 subsequent vaginal
      deliveries. The vaginal delivery rate after more than one previous cesarean
      section was no different from that of patients with only one previous cesarean
      section. We conclude that trial of labor in patients with more than one previous
      cesarean section did not result in a deleterious outcome. Our findings suggest
      that a trial of labor after more than one previous cesarean section delivery can
      safely be allowed. Guidelines can be identical to those already established for
      patients with only one previous cesarean section.

PMID- 2916620
TI  - Human fetal ductal flow velocity waveforms relative to behavioral states in
      normal term pregnancy.
AB  - In 16 normal pregnancies the relationship between the blood flow velocity
      waveform and fetal behavioral states at 37 to 38 weeks' gestation was studied.
      Whereas behavioral state independency was established for the acceleration time,
      peak flow velocity demonstrated a statistically significant reduction during
      active sleep, compared with quiet sleep. These data reflect reduced ductal flow
      and suggest a redistribution in the left-ventricular and right-ventricular output
      in favor of the left side of the heart during active sleep. Peak flow velocities
      in the fetal ductus arteriosus were independent of fetal heart rate.

PMID- 2916621
TI  - Measurement error in clinical perinatal data.
AB  - The error measurement of clinical perinatal variables obtained during the
      standardization and data-collection periods of a large prospective epidemiologic
      study is presented. The error is considerably larger during the data-collection
      period, particularly with regard to uterine height, birth weight, and blood
      pressure values. This information strongly supports the need to continuously
      supervise and monitor perinatal data collection systems, even after
      standardization.

PMID- 2916622
TI  - Diagnosis of gestational diabetes by use of a glucose polymer.
AB  - The oral glucose tolerance test is the recommended method for the assessment of
      carbohydrate metabolism in pregnancy. However, available glucose drinks are often
      associated with varying degrees of gastrointestinal symptoms that might preclude
      meaningful studies. Polycose (Ross Labs, Columbus, Ohio) is a glucose saccharide
      polymer mixture containing 3% glucose, 7% maltose, 5% maltotriose, and 85%
      polysaccharide of 4 to 15 glucose units, with an osmotic load one fifth that of
      glucose. We assessed the efficacy of this glucose polymer in the performance of a
      3-hour carbohydrate tolerance test with glucose and glucose polymer used 3 to 5
      days apart in each patient tested. After 2 days of 300 gm carbohydrate-enriched
      diets, 48 patients underwent 3-hour carbohydrate tolerance tests at a mean
      gestational age of 30 +/- 3 weeks. Statistical analysis revealed a moderate level
      of agreement (kappa = 0.45, p less than 0.001) between the results of both
      carbohydrate tolerance test preparations. Patients experienced fewer
      gastrointestinal symptoms with the glucose polymer than with glucose. These
      preliminary data suggest that glucose polymer may be effectively used in the
      performance of a 3-hour carbohydrate tolerance test.

PMID- 2916623
TI  - Blood glucose and oxygen tension levels in small-for-gestational-age fetuses.
AB  - Blood glucose and oxygen tension levels were measured in umbilical venous and
      arterial samples obtained by cordocentesis from 63 small-for-gestational-age
      fetuses. Reference ranges for these parameters were established by measurement of
      blood glucose (n = 122) and oxygen tension (n = 189) levels in appropriate-for
      gestational-age fetuses that were undergoing cordocentesis in the prenatal
      diagnosis of congenital abnormalities. The fetuses were subsequently found to be
      unaffected by the condition investigated. In the small-for-gestational-age
      fetuses, the maternal-to-fetal blood glucose concentration gradients for the
      umbilical vein and artery correlated significantly with the degree of fetal
      hypoxia but not with the degree of fetal smallness. Furthermore, there was no
      significant difference in the relationship of maternal and fetal blood glucose
      concentration gradient and hypoxia between the umbilical venous and arterial
      samples, which suggests that the major cause of hypoglycemia in small-for
      gestational-age fetuses is reduced supply rather than increased fetal consumption
      or decreased endogenous production of glucose.

PMID- 2916624
TI  - A prospective New Zealand study of fertility after removal of copper intrauterine
      contraceptive devices for conception and because of complications: a four-year
      study.
AB  - A prospective New Zealand study was started in 1982 to determine fertility rates
      and pregnancy outcomes after removal of copper intrauterine contraceptive devices
      to allow conception or because of complications. In a combined 4-year study,
      there were 887 removals to allow conception and 164 due to complications.
      Participants were 375 (35.7%) nulligravid and 676 (64.3%) gravid women. Within 48
      months, 91.5% of the nulligravid and 95.7% of the gravid women had conceived. A 2
      year combined study, with regard to longer use of intrauterine contraceptive
      devices (greater than 2 years), did not show any significant reduction in
      fertility or increase in ectopic gestation within 24 months. However, in gravid
      women of similar age distribution, there was a significant increase in the
      miscarriage rate, compared with use of intrauterine contraceptive devices for
      less than 2 years or compared with nulligravid women. In a 1-year study, removals
      because of complications did not cause a significant reduction in fertility or an
      increase in ectopic gestation, miscarriage, or preterm delivery rates within 12
      months, compared with removals to allow conception.

PMID- 2916625
TI  - Oral contraceptive use and the risk of chlamydial and gonococcal infections.
AB  - Oral contraceptive users were compared with nonusers with respect to the rate of
      cervical infections by Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The
      comparison was adjusted for differences in demographic and behavioral
      characteristics between the two groups. The rates of infection among oral
      contraceptive users were increased by approximately 70% (statistically
      significant) for both pathogens. Cervical ectopy was implicated in the increased
      rate of chlamydia but not gonorrhea. Rates of gonorrheal infection differed
      significantly among oral contraceptive formulations; rates were higher for
      formulations containing more androgenic progestins.

PMID- 2916626
TI  - Long-term oral contraceptive use does not affect trabecular bone density.
AB  - To determine whether long-term exposure to exogenous estrogen in oral
      contraceptives influences trabecular bone mass in premenopausal women, we studied
      25 closely matched, healthy, premenopausal women, who were recruited from an
      active obstetrics and gynecology practice. Eleven women had never used oral
      contraceptives, and 14 women had used oral contraceptives for a minimum of 67
      months. All oral contraceptive users had used preparations that provided a
      minimum of 50 micrograms mestranol per day. Trabecular bone density was
      determined by quantitative single-energy computerized tomography of the L1-3
      lumbar vertebral bodies. Trabecular bone density was similar for both the control
      group and the oral contraceptive users, 160.6 +/- 6.9 versus 161.2 +/- 7.4 mg/ml,
      respectively. The power to detect a 15% difference in bone density between these
      two samples was 0.87. We concluded that long-term, premenopausal oral
      contraceptive use has no effect on vertebral bone density.

PMID- 2916627
TI  - Management of the third stage of labor in pregnancies terminated by prostaglandin
      E2.
AB  - In the management of second-trimester medical terminations of pregnancy, it is a
      commonly accepted practice to allow 2 hours for the third stage of labor. This
      practice is based on data from terminations with saline solution as the
      abortifacient. Herein we report our experience with the use of prostaglandin E2
      vaginal suppositories for midtrimester terminations, with particular regard to
      placental delivery rates and associated complications. Ninety-six patients
      underwent prostaglandin E2 vaginal suppository terminations. Fifty-eight percent
      of patients had spontaneous placental delivery within 2 hours of the passage of
      the fetus; approximately two thirds of these were expelled within 30 minutes.
      Previous work involving elective saline solution-induced terminations suggested
      the 2-hour time limit for the third stage of labor. This was based on an
      unacceptable complication rate of greater than 4% beyond 2 hours. The present
      study of the use of prostaglandin E2 suppositories for a variety of indications
      demonstrated a similar complication rate of 4% at 30 minutes. These findings
      suggest expectant management beyond this time limit may produce unacceptably high
      complication rates.

PMID- 2916628
TI  - Acute pericarditis complicated by cardiac tamponade during pregnancy.
AB  - A case of acute pericarditis, complicated by pericardial effusion and cardiac
      tamponade, is described.

PMID- 2916629
TI  - Coitus, twin pregnancy, and preterm labor.
AB  - The effect of coitus on precipitation of preterm labor was studied prospectively
      in 126 women with twin pregnancies. All of the women attended a special antenatal
      clinic in a tertiary referral center and were questioned about the frequency of
      coitus. Of the participants, 40% reported coitus early in the third trimester;
      the rate decreased to 24% by 36 weeks' gestation. There were no significant
      differences in the frequency of positive responses between those who went into
      labor before term when contrasted with those who were delivered of infants at
      term. The data indicate that coitus is not an important precipitant of preterm
      labor in this high-risk group and that coitus need not be discouraged in women
      with twin pregnancies.

PMID- 2916630
TI  - Factors influencing hemostasis after umbilical vein puncture in vitro.
AB  - Bleeding from the site of cordocentesis can be detected by ultrasound
      examination, but significant hemorrhage into the amniotic fluid rarely occurs. To
      evaluate the relative contribution of amniotic fluid thromboplastins and the
      quantity of Wharton's jelly in facilitating coagulation at the puncture site,
      amniotic fluid samples and umbilical cord segments were obtained at cesarean
      section from 20 patients. After puncture of the umbilical vein, bleeding times
      were measured in amniotic fluid and 0.9% sodium chloride. The quantity of
      Wharton's jelly was assessed by measuring umbilical cord circumference. Mean
      bleeding times were significantly shorter in amniotic fluid compared with saline
      solution, but there was no consistent relationship between bleeding times and
      umbilical cord circumference. We conclude that properties of amniotic fluid
      facilitate coagulation at the site of umbilical vein puncture.

PMID- 2916631
TI  - Amnionitis and life-threatening respiratory distress after percutaneous umbilical
      blood sampling.
AB  - Although amnionitis secondary to percutaneous umbilical blood sampling is
      extremely uncommon, a high index of suspicion should be maintained and a full
      evaluation should be initiated if nonspecific signs of infection appear within 2
      weeks after the procedure is performed. In this case life-threatening adult
      respiratory distress syndrome was a sequela of this complication.

PMID- 2916632
TI  - Angiographic embolization of intractable puerperal hematomas.
AB  - Puerperal hematomas may not respond to conventional therapy, including vaginal
      packing, drainage, and hypogastric artery ligation. Two cases are presented in
      which selective angiographic arterial embolization was used to manage this
      potentially lethal complication.

PMID- 2916633
TI  - Prednisone does not prevent recurrent fetal death in women with antiphospholipid
      antibody.
AB  - Effects of therapy, antibody titer, and pregnancy history on pregnancy outcome
      were evaluated in pregnancies of women with antiphospholipid antibody. Prior
      fetal death and a high antiphospholipid antibody titer (greater than 40 IgG
      phospholipid units) contributed independently, in an additive manner, to current
      fetal loss. Twenty-one pregnancies occurred in asymptomatic women who had both
      prior fetal death and a high IgG antiphospholipid antibody titer. In this very
      high-risk group, 9 of 11 (82%) of pregnancies treated with prednisone, 10 to 60
      mg/day, ended in fetal death, compared with 5 of 10 (50%) not treated with
      prednisone (p approximately 0.01, life-table analysis). Of pregnancies treated
      with aspirin, 80 mg/day, 9 of 14 (64%) treated and 5 of 7 (71%) not treated with
      prednisone had a fetal death (difference not significant). Prednisone does not
      improve, and may worsen, current fetal outcome in asymptomatic pregnant women
      with a high antiphospholipid antibody titer and prior fetal death.

PMID- 2916634
TI  - Unsuccessful Burch retropubic urethropexy: a case-controlled urodynamic study.
AB  - A retrospective comparison was made of the urodynamic parameters of urethral
      sphincteric function of 21 women with failure of modified Burch retropubic
      urethropexy and 21 matched control subjects in whom operation was successful. The
      match criteria included multiple risk factors that contributed to the failure of
      antiincontinence surgery. The preoperative resting urethral closure pressure and
      urethral functional length were significantly lower in the study (failure) group
      than in the control (success) group. These parameters of intrinsic urethral
      function improved only in the control (success) group after operation. Further
      study showed that 17 of the 21 patients (81%) in the control (success) group had
      preoperative closure pressure greater than 20 cm H2O, whereas only five of the 21
      patients (24%) in the study (failure) group had initial closure pressure higher
      than this value. Identification of a low-pressure urethra by preoperative
      urethral profilometry suggests a greatly increased risk for operative failure.

PMID- 2916635
TI  - Intravenous clonidine hydrochloride toxicity in pregnant ewes.
AB  - Administration of intravenous clonidine hydrochloride has been advocated to
      rapidly control blood pressure in severe preeclampsia. To examine clonidine's
      acute maternal and fetal effects were intravenously injected 300 micrograms
      clonidine in eight chronically prepared normotensive near term ewes. Unlike
      intravenous saline solution injection, clonidine produced significant toxicity-
      intraamniotic pressure increased 97 +/- 27% (p less than 0.05), uterine blood
      flow decreased 55 +/- 7% (p less than 0.001), maternal and fetal serum glucose
      increased 158 +/- 23% and 249 +/- 91%, respectively (p less than 0.001), and
      maternal and fetal Po2 decreased to 44 mm Hg +/- 4 mm Hg and 13 mm Hg +/- 1 mm
      Hg, respectively (p less than 0.05). Maternal and fetal blood pressure and serum
      cortisol were unaffected by clonidine, whereas heart rate decreased. No adverse
      maternal or fetal effects were noted with serum clonidine concentrations less
      than 1.0 ng/ml. Direct fetal infusion of clonidine did not lower fetal arterial
      Po2 levels, although heart rates decreased and serum glucose levels increased.
      The multiple effects of clonidine infusion are best explained by actions on alpha
      2-adrenergic receptors. These results suggest that intravenous administration of
      clonidine may adversely affect the fetus by direct actions and by alterations in
      maternal physiology.

PMID- 2916636
TI  - Labetalol does not decrease placental perfusion in the hypertensive term-pregnant
      rat.
AB  - The acute effect of labetalol hydrochloride, a combined nonspecific beta
      adrenergic and postsynaptic alpha 1-adrenergic blocker, on maternal hemodynamics
      and organ perfusion was investigated in 10 hypertensive, term-pregnant,
      spontaneously hypertensive rats with the use of the radioactive-labeled
      microsphere technique. The normal fall in blood pressure during pregnancy was
      prevented by the reduction of litter size to two conceptuses on day 7 of
      gestation. Labetalol (1 to 6 mg/kg) effectively lowered mean arterial pressure
      22% by decreasing cardiac output 16%; total peripheral resistance was not
      significantly decreased. Thus, the blood pressure lowering effect of labetalol
      was due primarily to its beta-adrenergic blocking effect. Regional flows to the
      carcass and splanchnic circulation were decreased 19% and 15%, respectively,
      after labetalol administration. Uterine wall and ovarian perfusion were
      significantly reduced, but placental perfusion was not significantly altered.
      Because labetalol lowers blood pressure without reducing placental perfusion, it
      may be a useful alternative to hydralazine for the treatment of hypertensive
      emergencies in pregnancy.

PMID- 2916637
TI  - Neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser occlusion of rhesus placental vasculature
      via fetoscopy.
AB  - We tested the feasibility of photocoagulating placental vascular communications
      with a fetoscopically delivered neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser in 12
      pregnant monkeys in the second trimester. The technique was successful in eight
      cases. One ended in spontaneous labor 2 weeks after occlusion and one stillbirth
      occurred at term. Six live fetuses were delivered at term, with all treated
      vessels demonstrating occlusion. There was minimal placental damage at the laser
      impact sites, and no fetal abnormalities were detected. Long-term occlusion of
      placental vasculature can be accomplished by fetoscopically delivered laser
      energy.

PMID- 2916638
TI  - Effects of outflow pressure on fetal lymph flow.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine to what extent fetal thoracic duct
      lymph flow may be reduced by increases in fetal venous pressure. In pregnant
      sheep the fetal left thoracic lymph duct was catheterized at the base of the neck
      and this catheter was connected to a jugular-vein catheter so the lymph could
      spontaneously return to the fetal circulation. At 5 days after catheter
      implantation in nine unanesthetized fetuses at 133 +/- 1 (SE) days' gestation,
      lymph flow was measured by disconnecting the lymphatic catheter from that in the
      jugular vein and varying outflow pressure of the lymphatic catheter independent
      of venous pressure. Whenever outflow pressure was negative, lymph flow was
      independent of outflow pressure and averaged 0.66 +/- 0.05 ml/min. When outflow
      pressure of the left thoracic duct was increased above zero, lymph flow decreased
      linearly with outflow pressure and flow stopped at an outflow pressure of 11.5 +/
      0.6 mm Hg. At a normal venous pressure of 3 mm Hg, the lymph-flow sensitivity to
      venous pressure was such that a 1 mm Hg rise in venous pressure reduced lymph
      flow by 12.7% +/- 1.2%. Thus it appears that fetal lymph flow is very sensitive
      to outflow pressure and only moderate elevations in venous pressure potentially
      may lead to fetal edema.

PMID- 2916639
TI  - Resistance of the rat embryo to elevated maternal epinephrine concentrations.
AB  - This study examined the effects of a chronic maternal infusion of epinephrine on
      development of the rat embryo. Epinephrine was infused during days 1 to 8, 8 to
      15, or 15 to 22 of pregnancy to cover periods of implantation, embryogenesis, and
      rapid fetal growth, respectively. Infusions were accomplished with osmotic
      minipumps to avoid repeated handling stress. The infusion rate of 0.125
      micrograms/min elevated resting plasma concentrations of epinephrine in
      nonpregnant rats by about sevenfold (from 0.28 to 1.98 ng/ml). Under these
      conditions, epinephrine did not affect the number of rats maintaining pregnancy,
      their litter size, or the numbers of resorptions, fetal deaths, and
      malformations. Fetal and placental weights were unaffected except for a slight
      trend for fetal weight to be depressed in larger litters of rats treated during
      days 15 to 22. It seems that the rat embryo is resistant to elevations of
      epinephrine concentrations equivalent to those observed under mild to severe
      stress conditions.

PMID- 2916640
TI  - The effect of pretreatment with magnesium sulfate on the initiation of seizure
      foci in anesthetized cats.
AB  - The therapeutic effect of magnesium sulfate remains unknown. Its role as an
      anticonvulsant is controversial. The effect of pretreatment with parenteral
      magnesium sulfate on the ability to initiate penicillin-induced seizure foci in
      anesthetized cats was studied. All animals in the experimental group achieved
      serum magnesium levels of greater than 10 mg/dl. No significant difference in
      epileptic spike frequency between the experimental and control groups was
      demonstrated.

PMID- 2916642
TI  - Scalp platelet counts and management of immunologic thrombocytopenic purpura.

PMID- 2916641
TI  - Ontogeny of CA 125 antigen in pregnancy: immunoradiometric determination in
      amniotic fluid and immunohistochemical localization in fetal membranes.
AB  - CA 125 antigen was measured in amniotic fluid, maternal blood, cord blood, and
      fetal urine by a commercially available immunoradiometric assay kit. The amniotic
      fluid was obtained from 99 normal pregnancies at various gestational ages. The
      mean antigen levels were 29,676, 3350, and 1680 U/ml in amniotic fluid of the
      first, second, and third trimesters, respectively. In maternal blood, 12.5% of
      pregnant women in the first trimester of pregnancy showed elevated levels of CA
      125 (65 to 100 U/ml). Late in gestation, CA 125 levels in cord blood and fetal
      urine were always less than 65 U/ml. Immunohistochemical study of CA 125 in fetal
      membranes, placenta, and decidua showed the presence of antigen only in the
      amnion. These results suggest that CA 125 is shed into amniotic fluid directly
      from the amniotic membrane.

PMID- 2916643
TI  - The moon and menses.

PMID- 2916644
TI  - Ovarian cysts and oral contraceptives.

PMID- 2916645
TI  - Immunohistochemical localization of blood-retinal barrier breakdown in human
      diabetics.
AB  - Localization of the site of blood-retinal barrier breakdown in diabetes has been
      controversial. It has been particularly difficult to make assessments in clinical
      material where the use of tracer materials may not be practical. In this study,
      immunohistochemical staining for albumin was performed on paraffin-embedded eyes
      from patients with no known ocular disease and those with various stages of
      diabetic retinopathy. No extravascular albumin was detected in the retina or
      retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) of normal nondiabetics or diabetics with no
      ocular findings, but it was detected in 12.5% of mildly affected diabetics, 20%
      of background diabetic retinopathy cases, and 89% of proliferative diabetic
      retinopathy cases. The inner retinal vasculature appeared to be the primary site
      of leakage in diabetics because all cases demonstrating extravascular albumin
      positivity expressed it in the inner retina. It usually permeated the vessel
      walls and spread along the inner surface of the retina. Some of these cases also
      contained albumin in the outer retina and RPE, suggesting that additional leakage
      also may occur through the RPE. A case of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis showed
      albumin staining predominantly in the inner retina, whereas a rhegmatogenous
      retinal detachment showed only outer retina staining. These data suggest
      immunohistochemical staining for albumin may be a useful technique for localizing
      blood-retinal barrier breakdown.

PMID- 2916647
TI  - Histogenesis of stromal cells in cerebellar hemangioblastomas. An
      immunohistochemical study.
AB  - Fifteen cerebellar hemangioblastomas were examined by immunohistochemistry for
      expression of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and various neuropeptides using the
      avidin-biotin-complex peroxidase reaction with the following antibodies: NSE,
      synaptophysin, serotonin, substance P, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP),
      neuropeptide YY, neurotensin, and leu-enkephalin. In all tumor biopsies most of
      the stromal cells were positive for NSE. About 30% of the stromal cells showed a
      weak cytoplasmic synaptophysin positivity. Approximately 25% of the stromal cells
      were labeled with antibodies against substance P and neuropeptide YY. The partly
      strong reactivity was localized preferentially in perinuclear regions. These
      positive cells were mainly distributed in small cell clusters but were also
      scattered in the tumor parenchyma. In all tumor biopsies scattered cells
      exhibited strong perinuclear enkephalin positivity, corresponding probably to
      mast cells, whereas stromal cells were entirely negative. For serotonin, VIP, and
      neurotensin no specific reaction was seen. On the basis of these findings it is
      proposed that hemangioblastomas have a neuroendocrine component.

PMID- 2916646
TI  - The lesions of an ovine lysosomal storage disease. Initial characterization.
AB  - An inherited disease associated with deficiencies of beta-galactosidase and alpha
      neuraminidase has been identified recently in sheep. The clinical signs, the
      deficiency of lysosomal enzymes, and the familial nature of the disorder
      suggested that the condition was a lysosomal storage disease. Four affected sheep
      were necropsied and their tissues were examined by histopathologic and
      histochemical methods to determine if the lesions were consistent with a
      lysosomal storage disease. Central nervous system neurons were enlarged with
      finely to coarsely granular cytoplasmic material, or less often, neurons were
      distended with multiple, variably-sized vacuoles. Loss of neurons without gliosis
      was evident and the Nissl substance was either dispersed and fragmented or
      condensed around the nuclei of remaining neurons. Neurons of intestinal and other
      peripheral ganglia, retinal ganglion cells, and heart Purkinje fibers were
      enlarged similarly. White matter of the cerebrum and spinal cord had numerous
      spheroid to ellipsoid axonal enlargements. Periportal hepatocytes and renal
      epithelial cells were enlarged with marked vacuolation. The neuronal storage
      material stained intensely with periodic acid-Schiff/alcian blue, with Luxol fast
      blue, for acid phosphatase, and moderately with oil red O stains. Renal and
      hepatocyte storage material stained intensely with oil red O and moderately with
      periodic acid-Schiff/alcian blue and Sudan black B stains. The lesions in these
      sheep were consistent with those of a lysosomal storage disease. Both neuronal
      and visceral storage occurred, but the neuronal storage was more severe.

PMID- 2916648
TI  - Identification of a 185 kd Maclura pomifera agglutinin binding glycoprotein as a
      candidate for a differentiation marker for alveolar type II cells in adult rat
      lung.
AB  - In adult rat lung the lectin Maclura pomifera agglutinin (MPA) binds apically to
      alveolar type II (ATII) cells but not to alveolar type I (ATI) cells. This
      suggests that the presence of MPA binding glycoproteins might be a criterion by
      which to distinguish the differentiated state of these two adult alveolar
      epithelial cells. The authors therefore studied MPA binding glycoproteins of ATII
      cells, comparing, biochemically and cytochemically, MPA binding glycoproteins in
      freshly isolated ATII cells with those in cultures of ATII cells that are
      "dedifferentiating" or have "dedifferentiated" as a result of growth on tissue
      culture plasticware. A MPA binding glycoprotein (185 kd) that is present in
      freshly isolated "differentiated" ATII cells and then is subsequently lost as
      isolated ATII cells "dedifferentiate" in tissue culture has been identified. This
      185 kd MPA binding glycoprotein alone, or expressed in conjunction with other
      proteins, is a candidate for a differentiation marker for ATII cells. Preliminary
      data suggests that this 185 kd MPA binding glycoprotein is not found in ATI
      cells.

PMID- 2916649
TI  - The in vitro interactions between serum lipoproteins and proteoglycans of the
      neointima of rabbit aorta after a single balloon catheter injury.
AB  - The effect of injury-induced alterations in the aortic neointimal proteoglycans
      on their binding with homologous serum lipoproteins was examined. Proteoglycans
      of the aortic intimal-medial tissues of rabbits that had undergone denudation
      with a balloon catheter 12 weeks earlier were isolated after homogenization of
      the tissues in 0.33 M sucrose, ultracentrifugation and subsequently by gel
      exclusion chromatography. Lipoproteins from the plasma of healthy donors were
      prepared by sequential, ultracentrifugal floatation after density adjustment with
      KBr. To study the interactions, aliquots of electrophoretically pure very low
      density lipoproteins (VLDL, d less than 1.006 g/ml), low-density lipoproteins
      (LDL, d = 1.019-1.063 g/ml), or high-density lipoproteins (HDL, d = 1.210 g/ml)
      were incubated with proteoglycans in the presence of Ca++ and Mg++ at 4 C. The
      amount of cholesterol found in the resulting pellet was measured as a marker of
      the binding capacity of the proteoglycans. Among lipoprotein fractions both VLDL
      and LDL showed strong binding with proteoglycans, whereas no appreciable binding
      was observed when incubation experiments were done with HDL. There were
      significant differences in the lipoprotein binding capacity of proteoglycan of
      control and injured animals, indicating that injury induced changes in
      proteoglycan composition exert profound influences on their ionic interactions.

PMID- 2916650
TI  - Cell surface molecules of human melanoma. Immunohistochemical analysis of the
      gp57, GD3, and mel-CSPG antigenic systems.
AB  - The rapidly expanding list of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to human cell surface
      antigens provides reagents to probe the biology of malignant melanoma and to
      develop new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to this disease. The criteria
      used to select MAb-defined antigens as targets for passive immunotherapy or
      immunolocalization of melanoma include: 1) consistent antigen expression in
      melanomas, 2) restricted antigen distribution in normal tissues and
      nonmelanocytic tumors, and 3) cytotoxic activity of the MAb or MAb conjugates.
      The present study examined the tissue distribution of three prototype melanoma
      cell surface antigens, the Mr 57,000 glycoprotein (gp57) recognized by MAb A42,
      the GD3 ganglioside, and the mel-CSPG chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan. The
      avidin-biotin immunoperoxidase method was used to examine a large panel of normal
      tissues and over 150 malignant tumors. It was found that A42 has a highly
      restricted distribution in normal tissues and is expressed in subsets of
      melanomas and nonmelanocytic tumors. It was also found that GD3 and mel-CSPG are
      more widely distributed in normal tissues and among tumors than was thought
      previously. These immunohistochemical patterns provide an essential data base to
      evaluate the ongoing clinical trials employing MAbs to GD3 and mel-CSPG for the
      therapy and immunolocalization of melanomas, and they identify gp57 as a
      potential marker for subsets of normal and transformed melanocytic cells.

PMID- 2916652
TI  - The fibrillar nature and structure of isoproterenol-induced myocardial fibrosis
      in the rat.
AB  - A study of isoproterenol-induced (1 mg/kg) myocardial fibrosis in the rat was
      undertaken, taking advantage of the differential colorization provided by thick
      and thin collagen fibers to picrosirius red and polarization microscopy. The
      objective was to monitor the sequence (day 1, 2, 3, 4, and 8), fibrillar
      composition, and nature of isoproterenol-induced collagen remodeling, which was
      found previously to adversely influence myocardial stiffness. The following were
      found: 1) a distortion and widening of intermuscular spaces on day 1 that was
      accompanied by the disruption of collagen fibers; 2) by day 2, these spaces were
      closing and a new fibrillar collagen network had appeared consisting primarily of
      thinner collagen fibers that crossed over muscle fibers; 3) the new fibrillar
      network took on a clear crisscrossing pattern on day 3 and 4 as an ever
      increasing number of thicker fibers became entwined perpendicular to the thinner
      fibers; and 4) by day 8, a dense mesh of thick and thin collagen fibers had
      formed to encircle muscle while a greater number of intermuscular spaces,
      previously devoid of collagen, were now filled with thicker and thinner collagen
      fibers. Thus, isoproterenol-induced myocardial fibrosis is initiated by the
      appearance of interstitial edema and fibrillar collagen disruption and is
      followed soon thereafter by the formation of thinner collagen fibers that extend
      across muscle fibers and into which thicker collagen fibers become entwined in a
      crisscrossing pattern. Once formed, this mesh of collagen fibers encircles
      cardiac muscle. This pattern of fibrous tissue formation may entrap and isolate
      myocytes so that the mechanical behavior of muscle and the intact myocardium
      becomes abnormal.

PMID- 2916651
TI  - A 90-kd surface antigen from a subpopulation of smooth muscle cells from human
      atherosclerotic lesions.
AB  - A monoclonal antibody, designated 10F3, that reacts with an antigen with a
      molecular weight of 90,000 daltons has been obtained after immunization of BALB/c
      mice with long-term cultured smooth muscle cells (SMC) originally isolated from
      fetal human aorta (fSMC). In adults the antigen is present on venous, arterial
      and capillary endothelial cells of heart, kidney, liver, spleen, intestine, skin,
      uterus, placenta, and arteries only, as shown by immunohistochemical
      investigation using the PAP technique. The antigen 10F3 is also present on the
      mesenchymal cells of human fetal tissues (7 and 18-week-old fetuses) and on SMC
      of 7-week-old fetal aorta, and a subpopulation of cells reacting with 10F3
      antibody also has been found in atherosclerotic intima. Double staining using
      10F3 antibody and muscle actin-specific monoclonal antibody HHF-35 showed that
      the antigen-positive cells are smooth muscle cells. In primary culture of adult
      SMC, antigen-positive cells were detected 2 days after seeding (about 90%
      positive in medial and intimal cultures). It is suggested that 10F3 is a
      mesenchymal antigen that, lost during differentiation by cells other than
      endothelium, but expressed again by the SMC involved in atherogenesis.

PMID- 2916653
TI  - Tumor necrosis factor induces glomerular damage in the rabbit.
AB  - Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a polypeptide hormone produced by activated
      macrophages detectable in the circulation of experimental animals given
      endotoxin. Recent evidence strongly suggests that many of the deleterious effects
      of endotoxin in experimental animals are mediated by TNF. Because endotoxemia in
      experimental animals and humans is associated with glomerular damage the present
      investigation was designed to establish whether TNF directly induces glomerular
      functional and structural changes. Twenty-three rabbits were given human
      recombinant TNF at the doses of 0.08, 0.8, and 8.0 micrograms/kg/h as a
      continuous 5-hour intravenous infusion. Animals were killed at the end of the
      infusion. All rabbits given 0.8 and 8.0 micrograms/kg/h TNF developed anemia (Ht
      value decrease at 5 hours: 0.8 microgram/kg/h, 15%; 8.0 micrograms/kg/h, 16%);
      leukopenia (leukocyte count decrease at 5 hours: 0.8 micrograms/kg/h, 47%; 8.0
      micrograms/kg/h, 59%); thrombocytopenia (platelet count decrease at 5 hours; 0.8
      micrograms/kg/h, 45%; 8.0 micrograms/kg/h, 57%). Rabbits given 8.0
      micrograms/kg/h also had renal failure (serum creatinine from 1.02 +/- 0.15 to
      1.64 +/- 0.34 mg/dl). By light microscopy only occasional polymorphonuclear
      leukocytes in the glomerular capillaries were detectable in rabbits infused with
      0.08 micrograms/kg/h TNF, whereas with 0.8 micrograms/kg/h TNF the presence of
      inflammatory cells in the glomerular capillaries was the prominent finding. With
      8.0 micrograms/kg/h TNF beside leukocyte accumulation, fibrin was detected in the
      glomerular capillary lumens of two of eight animals. Electron microscopy found
      dose-dependent glomerular endothelial cell damage in animals given TNF with
      fibrinlike material in the capillary lumens. Glomerular changes induced by TNF
      were remarkably similar to those previously found in animals given endotoxin.
      Thus, TNF is likely to be the mediator of endotoxin-induced glomerular damage and
      can be regarded as a new mediator of macrophage-dependent damage in
      glomerulonephritis.

PMID- 2916654
TI  - Neonatal hemochromatosis. The regulation of transferrin-receptor and ferritin
      synthesis by iron in cultured fibroblastic-line cells.
AB  - The authors have investigated the hypothesis that neonatal hemochromatosis (NH),
      a generally fatal disease of infancy, is due to abnormalities in cellular
      response to ambient levels of iron. The clinical and necropsy findings in two
      infants with NH, the results of evaluations for iron-storage disease in their
      first-degree relatives, and the results of the authors' studies of ferritin and
      transferrin-receptor (TfR) synthesis in NH and normal fibroblasts are presented.
      No differences between cultured skin fibroblasts from a normal infant and similar
      cells from the two infants with NH were seen with respect to TfR and ferritin
      synthesis rates or their modulation by iron. NH and adult idiopathic
      hemochromatosis (AH) share a pattern of siderosis in which epithelial and
      mesenchymal elements contain large quantities of stainable iron, while
      reticuloendothelial elements contain almost none. Although no familial
      correlation between NH and AH has been established, and none appeared to exist in
      these two families, the authors' results parallel those of previous studies of
      various cell types from persons with AH. The abnormalities in cellular iron
      handling, undefined at present, that are associated with the phenotype common to
      NH and AH do not appear primarily to involve the regulation by iron of rates of
      TfR and ferritin synthesis.

PMID- 2916656
TI  - Program of the fifty-eighth annual meeting of the American Association of
      Physical Anthropologists. San Diego, California, April 4-8, 1989. Abstracts.

PMID- 2916655
TI  - Cytoarchitectural analysis of epithelial sheets formed in vitro by hepatic tumor
      cells possessing defined intermediate-sized filament cytoskeletal abnormalities.
AB  - Established 72/22 rat hepatic tumor cells, which bear well-characterized
      cytoplasmic abnormalities of intermediate filament (IF) network organization,
      form monolayer "sheets" of tightly juxtaposed epithelial cells at high culture
      population densities. The distribution of desmosomal complexes and their
      affiliated tonofilaments, as well as the regulation of cytokeratin/vimentin IF
      and actin microfilament contents were assessed during construction of this in
      vitro "epithelium." 72/22 cells formed desmosomal junctions throughout the length
      of the cellular perimeter. Compared with low population density cultures, fully
      confluent sheets of 72/22 cells exhibited a down-regulated cytoskeletal actin
      content and increased level of cytokeratin synthesis. Despite gross IF
      cytoarchitectural abnormalities, 72/22 cells normally modulated the content of
      specific structural elements within both the IF and microfilament networks in
      response to increasing cell-cell contact. Furthermore, these data support the
      concept that neither the structural integrity nor the topographic distribution of
      the desmosome array are dependent on tonofilament anchorage or IF scaffold
      organization.

PMID- 2916657
TI  - Dietary protein restriction and renal injury in the spontaneously hypertensive
      rat.
AB  - We examined the influence of a low-protein diet on the course of the renal injury
      in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and SHR given antihypertensive drug
      therapy (SHRD). Antihypertensive drug treatment was hydralazine, reserpine, and
      chlorothiazide. Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats served as normotensive controls. SHR,
      SHRD, and WKY were each placed on a 24, 14, and 10% protein diet at 5 wk and
      followed to 80-90 wk of age. Untreated SHR showed a steady rise in protein
      excretion from 5 to 70 wk regardless of dietary protein content. Protein
      excretion in SHRD on a 24% protein diet was similar to untreated SHR. However,
      SHRD on a 14 or 10% diet had a more moderate increase in protein excretion.
      Glomerular, tubular, and vascular pathology in untreated SHR was not influenced
      by dietary protein intake. Despite successful antihypertensive therapy, kidney
      pathology in SHRD on a 24% diet was not significantly different from untreated
      SHR. In contrast, SHRD on 14 or 10% protein diets had less segmental
      glomerulosclerosis and vascular pathology than untreated SHR. The results
      indicate that dietary protein restriction does not influence the course of renal
      injury in untreated SHR. However, the combination of antihypertensive drug
      therapy with protein restriction in SHR delays and may arrest progression of
      glomerulosclerosis and proteinuria.

PMID- 2916658
TI  - K+ channel currents in basolateral membrane of distal convoluted tubule of rabbit
      kidney.
AB  - To examine the nature of ion-conductive pathways in the basolateral membrane of
      rabbit distal convoluted tubule (DCT), we recorded single-channel currents from
      the tubule segment isolated from collagenase-treated kidney. Using cell-attached
      patch pipettes filled with 130 mM KCl, 5.4 mM CaCl2, and 10 mM N-2
      hydroxyethylpiperazine-N'-2-ethanesulfonic acid (pH 7.4), we observed K+ channels
      in the basolateral membrane of DCT, having two different single-channel
      conductances of 48.7 +/- 1.4 (n = 9) and 60.6 +/- 1.4 pS (n = 7). Both types of
      channels were completely blocked by 0.1 mM BaCl2. Both channels have same open
      probability of approximately 0.5 at the intrinsic basolateral membrane voltage
      and were recorded with similar incidence. Mean open and closed times were 31.5 +/
      5.2 and 41.3 +/- 16.0 ms for the smaller channel, and 31.5 +/- 5.1 and 36.7 +/-
      8.7 ms for the larger channel, respectively. These kinetic properties did not
      show any clear voltage dependence in both channels. Because of apparent
      similarity of channel kinetics, it is possible that both activities might
      represent different states of the same channel. For definite conclusion, however,
      further investigations are necessary. In three recordings from 54 successful
      patches, we observed a flickering channel with rapid kinetics, which was
      insensitive to 1 meq/l Ba2+. The conductance of this channel was 76.6 pS (n = 2).
      The extrapolated zero current voltage was 76.0 mV (n = 2), indicating that this
      channel is permeable to K+. From these results, we suggest that K+ channels
      constitute conductive pathways for K+ in the basolateral membrane of rabbit DCT.

PMID- 2916659
TI  - In vivo indicator dilution kinetics of PAH transport in dog kidney.
AB  - In vivo multiple indicator-dilution (MID) data were analyzed using a computer
      assisted mathematical model of transepithelial cell transport to determine p
      aminohippuric acid (PAH) transport kinetics across the proximal tubular
      antiluminal (ALM) and luminal (LM) membranes. A bolus of 125I-labeled albumin
      (plasma reference), [14C]creatinine (interstitial reference), and tracer [3H]PAH
      was injected into the left renal artery of anesthetized mongrel dogs (n = 21),
      and immediate serial sampling of the left renal venous and left and right urine
      outputs was performed (control). MID runs were then repeated in the same dog
      following intravenous infusion of unlabeled PAH. For all plasma PAH
      concentrations ([PAH]P), the steady-state unidirectional flux coefficients were
      calculated at the ALM and LM. The computer-derived unidirectional flux
      coefficients were in keeping with active ALM transport and passive, carrier
      mediated LM transport. The Km calculated for ALM uptake (interstitium to cell)
      was 0.51 mM. PAH transport was completely inhibited by probenecid. As [PAH]P
      increased, the renal vein mean transit time ratio t[3H]PAH/t[14C]creatinine was
      greater than 1.0, indicating backflux from cells into the interstitium, then
      declined toward unity, as ALM and LM transport became saturated. This study,
      which used PAH as a model substrate demonstrated the feasibility of utilizing
      computer-assisted mathematical models to quantitate the kinetics of
      transepithelial transport from in vivo experimentation.

PMID- 2916660
TI  - Renal microvascular effects of vasopressin and vasopressin antagonists.
AB  - The effects of vasopressin (AVP) and vasopressin antagonists on lumen diameters
      of cortical afferent and efferent arterioles isolated from rabbit kidneys were
      examined. Over a concentration range of 10(-14) to 10(-7) M, AVP had no effect on
      lumen diameters of afferent arterioles, although the arterioles were responsive
      to norepinephrine. Similarly, addition of 10(-8) M AVP to the lumen of afferent
      arterioles or to the bath of arterioles pretreated with indomethacin had no
      effect. In contrast, AVP caused a concentration-dependent reduction of lumen
      diameters of efferent arterioles. AVP was approximately 100-fold more potent than
      norepinephrine in producing contraction of efferent arterioles. The V1-selective
      antagonist, [d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)]AVP, and the V1/V2-antagonist, d(CH2)5D-Tyr(Et)
      desGlyVAVP, inhibited the vasoconstriction produced by AVP in a concentration
      dependent but noncompetitive manner. The V2-selective antagonist, [d(CH2)5D
      Ile]VAVP, had no significant effect on AVP-induced vasoconstriction. We conclude
      that, under the in vitro conditions used, AVP selectively contracts efferent
      arterioles. The results provide direct evidence for a postglomerular vascular
      effect of AVP in the renal cortex. This activity, together with its previously
      described effects on the glomerulus, suggests that AVP may produce changes in
      glomerular function and/or peritubular forces that are involved in tubular
      reabsorption.

PMID- 2916662
TI  - Potassium secretion by the cortical collecting tubule: effect of C1 gradients and
      ouabain.
AB  - In various epithelia K and Cl transport are molecularly coupled and KCl
      cotransport is dependent on the Na-K pump. The present study examines 1) the
      effect of a bath-to-lumen Cl gradient on K secretion during active Na transport
      and 2) the effect of basolateral ouabain on K secretion and Na absorption in the
      presence and the absence of a bath-to-lumen Cl gradient. Under symmetrical
      conditions there was significant K secretion (JK = -24.0 +/- 3.9 pmol.mm-1.min-1)
      and Cl secretion (JCl = -15.7 +/- 3.7 pmol.mm-1.min-1). Transepithelial voltage
      (VT) was significantly lumen negative (-25.3 +/- 5.9 mV), and Cl secretion
      occurred against its electrochemical gradient by a transcellular mechanism.
      Increasing bath [Cl] did not hyperpolarize VT; in fact there was a tendency for
      VT to depolarize and K secretion was not stimulated. However, ouabain
      significantly inhibited active Cl secretion and net Na absorption both in the
      presence and absence of a bath-to-lumen Cl gradient. Furthermore, ouabain totally
      inhibited K secretion in the absence of external ion gradients but inhibited K
      secretion by only 50% in the presence of a bath-to-lumen Cl gradient. This
      ouabain-insensitive K secretion exhibited a codependence on Cl secretion. Thus K
      secretion may occur passively, utilizing Cl movement down its electrochemical
      gradient when active Na transport is inhibited by ouabain. The results are
      compatible with the presence of a Cl-linked K-secretory process in the rabbit
      CCT.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2916661
TI  - Brush-border TEA transport in intact proximal tubules and isolated membrane
      vesicles.
AB  - The efflux of the organic cation, tetraethylammonium (TEA), across proximal cell
      luminal membranes was studied using intact, perfused rabbit proximal tubules and
      isolated rabbit cortical brush-border membrane vesicles (BBMV). Increases of
      either the extravesicular H+ concentration (from pH 7.5 to pH 6.5) or the
      extravesicular concentration of unlabeled TEA (from 0.1 to 0.5 mM) increased the
      rate of efflux of radioactively labeled TEA from BBMV. Similarly, when proximal
      tubules were preloaded with labeled TEA and then submerged in a mineral oil bath,
      a rapid increase in either the H+ concentration (from pH 7.5 to pH 5.8) or the
      TEA concentration (from 0 to 1 mM) of the tubular perfusate produced an acute
      increase in efflux of the labeled TEA across the luminal brush-border membrane.
      These results with intact tubules and isolated membranes are consistent with
      previous suggestions that TEA transport across the brush border of proximal
      tubule cells involves a carrier-mediated countertransport process and represent
      the first demonstration with intact proximal tubules that the secretory flux of
      TEA occurs by an exchange with H+.

PMID- 2916663
TI  - Impaired preservation of GFR during hypotension in preexistent renal
      hypoperfusion.
AB  - Autoregulation of renal blood flow and filtration rate was studied using
      micropuncture technique in Munich-Wistar rats with acute water deprivation (AWD)
      or congestive heart failure (CHF). In the first set of experiments, reduction of
      renal perfusion pressure to approximately to 70% of its initial value resulted in
      uncoupling of glomerular plasma flow rate and single-nephron glomerular
      filtration rate (GFR) (i.e., disproportionally profound fall in the latter) in
      AWD and CHF rats, whereas both indices changed little in normal control (NC)
      rats. The profound decrease in single-nephron GFR in AWD and CHF rats was
      primarily due to a reduction in glomerular capillary pressure (change from base
      line value was -29 +/- 2% in AWD, -27 +/- 1% in CHF, and -8 +/- 2% in NC). This
      profound fall in glomerular capillary pressure in AWD and CHF rats was associated
      with a reduction in efferent arteriolar resistance, which contrastingly increased
      in NC. To investigate the mechanism underlying this unique efferent arteriolar
      responsiveness in AWD and CHF, the response of renal arterioles to exogenous
      angiotensin II was examined in separate groups of AWD, CHF, and NC. There was a
      markedly attenuated efferent arteriolar vasoconstrictive response in AWD and CHF
      (the change of efferent arteriolar resistance in both groups was some 5% of that
      in NC). Thus impairment in the ability to preserve GFR in these two conditions is
      attributed, at least in part, to altered efferent arteriolar response in the face
      of reduced renal perfusion pressure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2916664
TI  - Effect of acute metabolic acidosis on ammonia metabolism in kidney.
AB  - To understand the mechanisms that initiate the increase in ammonia formation
      during acute acidosis in kidney [amino-15N]- and [amino-15N]glutamine were used
      as substrates in isolated perfused rat kidney experiments. Perfused kidneys from
      methionine sulfoximine-treated rats take up glutamine nitrogen at the rate of
      1.50 +/- 0.08 mumol.g kidney-1.min-1 while forming ammonia at a rate of 0.65 +/-
      0.09 mumol.g.kidney-1.min-1. Mass spectrometer analysis of the perfusate and
      urine reveals that ammonia is formed from the amide nitrogen of glutamine at the
      rate of 0.32 +/- 0.06 mumol.g kidney-1.min-1 and ammonia is formed from glutamate
      derived from glutamine at the rate of 0.21 +/- 0.04 mumol.g kidney-1.min-1. The
      balance of the ammonia formed is from unidentified endogenous sources. Addition
      of HCl to the perfusate to lower perfusate pH increases ammonia formation to 1.09
      +/- 0.10 mumol.g kidney-1.min-1. The results exclude a role for the purine
      nucleotide cycle during acute acidosis and confirm that ammonia formation from
      glutamate derived from glutamine is via glutamate dehydrogenase. Lowering
      perfusate pH increases the rate of glutamine deamidation significantly by 0.33 +/
      0.06 mumol.g kidney-1.min-1 and increases the rate of ammonia formation via
      glutamate dehydrogenase insignificantly by only 0.08 +/- 0.04 mumol.g kidney
      1.min-1, whereas ammonia formation from endogenous sources remains unchanged. The
      results demonstrate that regulation of glutamine deamidation is an important
      controlling step in ammonia formation during acute metabolic acidosis in kidney.

PMID- 2916665
TI  - Reversible downregulation of thiazide diuretic receptors by acute renal ischemia.
AB  - Receptors for thiazide diuretic drugs in the rat renal cortex have recently been
      identified through the binding of [3H]metolazone, a potent diuretic with a
      thiazide-like mechanism of action. The present studies describe the rapid and
      reversible alterations that occur in thiazide receptors following acute renal
      ischemia in the rat. The apparent density of thiazide receptors in kidney
      membranes as measured by the binding of [3H]metolazone was reduced by 90%
      following 10 min of renal ischemia produced by clamping the renal pedicle. With
      release of the clamp and subsequent reperfusion for 10 min, thiazide receptor
      density returned to within 40% of control levels. Ischemia did not alter apparent
      affinity of receptors for [3H]-metolazone. Sections prepared from renal cortex
      and incubated in oxygenated media in vitro displayed similar rapid changes in
      thiazide receptors. Hypoxia of 10- to 30-min duration produced by incubating
      sections in vitro in nitrogen-saturated media caused a significant decrease in
      [3H]metolazone binding that was reversible with return to oxygenated media.
      Similar decreases were obtained in oxygenated sections that were incubated with
      mitochondrial inhibitors, dinitrophenol and rotenone, but not in sections
      incubated with ouabain. These results indicate that renal thiazide receptors
      undergo a rapid and reversible form of regulation and that controlling mechanisms
      are dependent on metabolic energy.

PMID- 2916666
TI  - Depolarization-induced alkalinization in proximal tubules. I. Characteristics and
      dependence on Na+.
AB  - We used intracellular pH-sensitive and voltage microelectrodes to examine the
      effects of depolarization on intracellular pH (pHi) in isolated perfused proximal
      tubules from the tiger salamander Ambystoma tigrinum. Tubules were depolarized by
      raising [K+] in the bath (b) or lumen (l), or by adding Ba2+ (1 mM) to the bath
      or lumen, always in nominally HCO3-free solutions. Increasing [K+]b from 2.5 to
      50 mM caused the basolateral membrane to depolarize by an average of 45 mV, and
      pHi to increase by 0.23 over 3 min. Similar alkalinization was observed when
      basolateral Ba2+ (1 mM) was used to depolarize the cell at constant extracellular
      [K+], suggesting that the alkalinization observed during exposure to elevated
      [K+]b results from depolarization rather than an increase in [K+]b. The initial
      rate of depolarization-induced alkalinization (DIA) was proportional to the
      magnitude of the depolarization, regardless of whether tubules were depolarized
      by elevated [K+]b, elevated [K+]l, or by basolateral Ba2+. An exception was the
      initial rate of the alkalinization caused by 1 mM luminal Ba2+, which was more
      than 10-fold greater than that predicted from the depolarization. The voltage and
      pHi responses to basolateral Ba2+ were smaller in some tubules than others, as
      were the responses to elevated [K+]l. Tubules with small responses to 1 mM
      [Ba2+]b had large responses to 50 mM [K+]l, whereas tubules with large responses
      to 1 mM [Ba2+]b had small responses to 50 mM [K+]l. This variability can be
      accounted for by differences in the luminal K+ conductance. The DIA was partially
      inhibited by removal of Na+ from only the lumen or only the bath, but completely
      inhibited by bilateral Na+ removal. We conclude that the depolarization-induced
      alkalinization results from additive effects of Na+-dependent processes at both
      the luminal and basolateral membranes.

PMID- 2916667
TI  - Depolarization-induced alkalinization in proximal tubules. II. Effects of lactate
      and SITS.
AB  - Intracellular pH and voltage microelectrodes were used to further characterize
      the depolarization-induced alkalinization (DIA) observed in isolated perfused
      proximal tubules of the tiger salamander Ambystoma tigrinum. Tubules were
      depolarized by raising basolateral [K+] from 2.5 to 50 mM. The solutions were air
      equilibrated and nominally HCO3- free (estimated [HCO3-] = 0.2 mM). In the
      preceding study we showed that the DIA is partially blocked by removal of Na+
      from only the lumen or only the bath, but completely blocked by bilateral Na+
      removal. In the present study we found that bilateral amiloride (1 mM) had no
      effect on the DIA, suggesting that Na-H exchange is not involved. In contrast,
      basolateral 4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (SITS) (0.5
      mM) partially blocked the DIA, presumably due to inhibition of one or more of
      three SITS-sensitive basolateral transporters present in amphibian proximal
      tubules: electrogenic Na-HCO3 cotransport, Na-dependent Cl-HCO3 exchange, and H
      lactate cotransport. Bilateral removal of all organic substrates, or of only
      lactate (Lac-) also blocked the DIA partially. As shown elsewhere (A. W. Siebens,
      and W. F. Boron, J. Gen. Physiol. 90: 799-831, 1987), in the absence of
      depolarization, luminal Lac- causes a pHi increase due to luminal Lac- entry via
      a Na-Lac cotransporter, followed by basolateral Lac- exit via an H-Lac
      cotransporter sensitive to alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate (CHC). Three lines of
      evidence indicate that this Na-Lac/H-Lac mechanism is involved in the DIA. 1) As
      noted previously, the DIA is partially blocked by luminal Na+ removal. 2) With
      the DIA partially blocked by basolateral SITS, removal of Lac- from only the
      lumen blocks the remainder of the DIA. 3) Basolateral CHC partially blocks the
      DIA. Our data suggest that the DIA is mediated by at least two additive
      mechanisms, a basolateral transporter that is SITS sensitive and Na+ dependent,
      and the Na-Lac/H-Lac transport system.

PMID- 2916668
TI  - Downregulation and desensitization of A1-adenosine receptors in embryonic chicken
      heart.
AB  - Downregulation of cardiac A1-adenosine receptors and desensitization of the
      negative inotropic response to adenosine were examined 44 h after pretreatment of
      15-day-old chick embryos with phenylisopropyladenosine (R-PIA) or vehicle. The
      number of A1-adenosine receptors, assessed by 125I-aminobenzyladenosine (125I
      ABA) binding to crude cardiac membranes, was decreased by 63% (P less than 0.001)
      after pretreatment of embryos with 1 mumol of R-PIA, from 16.7 +/- 2.4 to 6.2 +/-
      1.4 (SD) fmol/mg protein (n = 6). The KD of 125I-ABA binding to the remaining
      receptors did not differ significantly from control (0.71 +/- 0.45 vs. 0.79 +/-
      0.57 nM). A maximally effective concentration of R-PIA (10(-5) M) decreased the
      developed tension of electrically paced right ventricular (RV) muscle strips from
      control embryos by 76 +/- 6% (mean +/- SD, n = 7) from its forskolin-stimulated
      plateau level, whereas the developed tension of strips from R-PIA-pretreated
      embryos was decreased significantly less, by 38 +/- 4% (P less than 0.001). The
      potency of R-PIA and the efficacy and potency of carbachol to decrease
      contractile tension were not changed. The data suggest that chronic exposure of
      the heart to R-PIA can produce downregulation of A1-adenosine receptors and
      homologous desensitization of the negative inotropic response to adenosine.

PMID- 2916669
TI  - Influence of neutrophil depletion on myocardial function and flow after
      reversible ischemia.
AB  - We explored the role of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) in the genesis of
      contractile dysfunction (myocardial "stunning") and of vascular abnormalities
      after reversible ischemia. Open-chest dogs underwent a 15-min coronary occlusion
      and 4 h of reperfusion (REP); treated animals (n = 16) received intravenous goat
      antiserum against canine PMN, whereas controls received nonimmune goat serum (n =
      10) or saline (n = 15). In treated dogs, the average blood PMN levels were 10% of
      those in saline controls. During ischemia, collateral flow tended to be higher,
      and paradoxical systolic wall thinning tended to be less in neutropenic dogs, but
      despite this, recovery of wall thickening after REP was not enhanced in these
      animals. Similarly, arrhythmias during ischemia or REP did not differ among the
      three groups. Four hours after REP, both resting and minimal coronary resistance
      (the latter assessed by adenosine infusion) were higher in the stunned compared
      with the nonischemic myocardium; these vascular derangements, however, were
      similar in all three groups. Thus profound neutropenia failed to attenuate
      mechanical dysfunction, to reduce arrhythmias, and to prevent vascular
      abnormalities after a 15-min coronary occlusion. Although previous studies have
      suggested that neutrophils mediate cell death during prolonged ischemia, the
      present findings suggest that PMN do not contribute importantly to the damage
      associated with brief, reversible ischemia. The duration of flow reduction may be
      a critical factor determining whether PMN exacerbate ischemic injury.

PMID- 2916670
TI  - Contractile function of heterogeneously perfused myocardium in conscious dogs.
AB  - The contractile function of heterogeneously perfused segments (HET) after
      circumflex coronary artery occlusion (CAO) was examined in conscious dogs. At 1 h
      after CAO, regional shortening (SH) in nonischemic segments did not change from
      pre-CAO base line, and regional endocardial blood flow (REBF) increased (P less
      than 0.05) to 1.52 +/- 0.20 from 1.06 +/- 0.08 ml.min-1.g of tissue-1. In
      ischemic segments, SH was replaced by paradoxical bulging, and REBF averaged 0.07
      +/- 0.02 ml.min-1.g of tissue-1. In HET with one crystal of each pair in
      nonischemic myocardium and the other in severely ischemic myocardium, SH at 1 h
      after CAO was reduced (P less than 0.01) by 53.2 +/- 3.4%. REBF maps constructed
      with serial sections of ventricular rings containing the crystals revealed that
      in HET 50 +/- 5% of the myocardium was ischemic. Therefore, in the acute phase of
      ischemia, the reductions in SH in HET were proportional to the amount of ischemic
      myocardium between recording sites. In HET, SH significantly recovered (P less
      than 0.01) over 4 wk after CAO but remained depressed by 26.8 +/- 5.1%. In
      contrast, SH in ischemic segments did not improve after CAO. In HET, the effects
      of inotropic stimulation and changes in left ventricular afterload on SH (as
      percent of base line) were similar before and at 1-4 wk after CAO. Thus, in HET,
      the level of dysfunction is acutely determined by the amount of ischemic
      myocardium between recording sites. Over 4 wk after CAO, SH improved
      substantially in these segments, and contractile function was not adversely
      influenced by an inotropic stimulation or an increase in ventricular afterload.

PMID- 2916671
TI  - Effects of steps in cardiac output and arterial pressure in awake dogs with AV
      block.
AB  - In awake dogs with atrioventricular block, we examined the responses in total
      peripheral resistance and atrial rate to square-wave changes in mean arterial
      pressure or cardiac output. We compared the responses 2-3 min after a step change
      with the responses 19-20 min after a step. With resetting of arterial pressure
      control, the compensatory responses should decrease as the baroreceptors reset to
      the prevailing pressure. With step changes in mean arterial pressure or cardiac
      output, the responses in both peripheral resistance and atrial rate increased
      from minutes 2-3 to minutes 19-20. The responses in peripheral resistance also
      increased in animals studied after bilateral vagal block. All of the above
      changes were significant in the majority of cases. In another experiment, the
      animals were "conditioned" by 20 min at imposed high or low pressure. When
      control was returned to the animal after conditioning at high pressure, arterial
      pressure was not significantly different (P greater than 0.05) from the initial
      control levels. When control was returned after conditioning at low pressure,
      arterial pressure was significantly greater (P less than 0.05) than during the
      initial control period. These results indicate an absence of resetting of the
      entire arterial pressure control system.

PMID- 2916672
TI  - Anatomical determinants of O2 flux density at coronary capillaries.
AB  - Calculations indicate that the PO2 in plasma falls to zero approximately 3
      microns from an erythrocyte at O2 consumption (VO2) characteristic of myocardium
      (Federspiel, W.A., and A. Popel, Microvasc. Res. 32: 164-189, 1986). We measured
      distances between individual red cells along capillaries in rat hearts rapidly
      frozen in situ. Cell spacing varied widely even in branches of the same
      capillary. Plasma gaps between red cells were divided into two populations, those
      less than 5 microns and those greater than 5 microns. Mean gap lengths were 2.1
      and 16.5 microns, respectively. Although the number of long plasma gaps was
      underestimated, gaps greater than 5 microns accounted for one-third of observed
      capillary length. Frozen muscles were also viewed in cross section. Because the
      depth of penetration of light was approximately equal to 3 microns, counts of red
      cell-containing capillary profiles in cross section depend on cell spacing as
      well as on number of cell-containing flow paths. Counts varied markedly with
      arterial O2 partial pressure, indicating that the capillary surface area
      functional for O2 transport changes in response to stress. The adaptive role of
      change in O2 flux density (flux per area) is discussed in light of new knowledge
      of tissue O2 gradients.

PMID- 2916673
TI  - Effects of tissue geometry on initiation of a cardiac action potential.
AB  - We used rabbit ventricular papillary muscles and isolated rabbit ventricular
      muscle cells to compare the effects of a decrease in cardiac excitability. For
      the papillary muscles, we defined tissue excitability as the inverse of the
      current required to initiate a propagated action potential from a local stimulus.
      For the isolated cells, we defined cellular excitability as the inverse of the
      current required to initiate a membrane action potential. For papillary muscles,
      lidocaine with elevated extracellular K+ concentration ([K+]o) decreased maximum
      rate of rise of membrane potential (Vmax), decreased conduction velocity, and
      strongly decreased tissue excitability. For the isolated cells, lidocaine with
      elevated [K+]o decreased Vmax but had little effect on cellular excitability. We
      interpret our results on the differences of effect on tissue excitability vs.
      cellular excitability as a consequence of the syncytial nature of the papillary
      muscle. The cell-to-cell electrical connections produce an electrical load on the
      locally stimulated region. This electrical load makes the tissue excitability
      dependent on the amount of inward current that the locally excited cells and the
      surrounding cells can generate. We simulated these phenomena with numerical
      solutions of action potential initiation in an isopotential cell compared with a
      two-dimensional disk of excitable tissue. The simulation results recreate the
      basic experimental observation that the sensitivity of the current threshold to
      agents that lower inward current is markedly larger for multidimensional current
      flow from a source compared with an isopotential system.

PMID- 2916674
TI  - Uneven blunting of chronotropic baroreflexes in obese Zucker rats.
AB  - We compared reflex chronotropic responses to intravenously infused drugs in three
      groups of age-matched normotensive female rats, namely, Sprague-Dawley, lean
      Zucker, and obese Zucker. Initial mean pressures did not differ between rat
      groups, but heart rates tended to be lower in obese Zucker rats. Baroreflex
      impairment was already evident, because heart rate responses to infused
      phenylephrine (reflex bradycardia) or sodium nitroprusside (reflex tachycardia)
      were consistently weaker in obese Zucker than in other rats. Regardless of rat
      grouping, subsequent cholinergic blockade with atropine elevated, whereas beta
      adrenergic blockade with propranolol lowered, basal heart rates without affecting
      mean pressure. Reflex heart rate responses were all appreciably reduced after
      either type of autonomic blockade, and although the extent of inhibition varied
      between rat groups, the residual heart rate responses remaining after blockade
      were nonetheless always smaller in obese than in lean rats. This difference
      suggests that efferent sympathetic and parasympathetic mechanisms normally
      responsible for mediating heart rate reflexes were unevenly blunted in obese
      Zucker rats.

PMID- 2916675
TI  - Vagal stimulation decreases rate of left ventricular relaxation.
AB  - We determined the effects of vagal stimulation on the time constant (tau) of left
      ventricular isovolumic pressure decay and on the maximum rates of left
      ventricular pressure change (dP/dt) during contraction and relaxation in
      anesthetized dogs. In each dog, the atria were paced at a constant rate of 150
      beats/min. We recorded left ventricular pressure waveforms in the absence
      (control) and in the presence of vagal stimulation at frequencies of 1, 2, and 3
      Hz. During the control periods and during vagal stimulation at each frequency, we
      determined tau, the maximal rate of contraction, and the maximal rate of
      relaxation from left ventricular pressure waveforms recorded at medium (100
      mmHg), high (130 mmHg), and low (73 mmHg) afterloads. Vagal stimulation at a
      frequency of 3 Hz increased tau by 23%. This effect of vagal stimulation on tau
      was most pronounced at the high afterload. Vagal stimulation at 3 Hz decreased
      the maximal rate of relaxation by 19%, but it decreased the maximal rate of
      contraction by only 8%. Thus vagal stimulation significantly decreased the rate
      of left ventricular relaxation and had a greater depressant effect on ventricular
      relaxation than on contraction.

PMID- 2916676
TI  - Effect of sinoaortic denervation on arousal responses to hypotension in newborn
      lambs.
AB  - To examine whether hypotension reflexly initiates arousal from sleep and the
      mechanisms involved, we subjected sleeping lambs to hypotensive stimuli of 1-min
      duration, before and after sinoaortic denervation (SAD). In intact lambs,
      hypotension increased the probability of arousal from both quiet sleep (QS) and
      rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep. Hypotension resulted in nonarousal in 42% (QS)
      and 47% (REM) of tests. Arousal time was significantly longer in REM (34.9 +/-
      1.8 s, means +/- SE) than in QS (26.0 +/- 1.8 s). Arterial saturation of O2 (SO2)
      and PO2 measured at the point of arousal were unchanged from control values in
      those tests in which arousal occurred. In nonarousal tests, there was a
      significant fall in both SO2 (4.9 +/- 1.2%) and PO2 (21.6 +/- 4.2 mmHg). After
      SAD, hypotension did not increase the probability of arousal. Nonarousals
      significantly increased to 75% (QS and REM, P less than 0.02). We conclude that
      acute hypotension is a potent stimulus for arousal from sleep in newborn lambs.
      As the arousal response is abolished by SAD and is not correlated with arterial
      oxygenation, hypotensive arousal appears to be mediated via arterial
      baroreceptors.

PMID- 2916677
TI  - Pressure-flow characteristics of coronary collaterals in dogs.
AB  - In this study we utilized two methods to investigate the pressure-flow, P-F,
      relationship of the coronary collateral vessels in a beating, blood-perfused,
      isolated heart preparation. In the first method (free-flow method), 12 dog hearts
      were perfused at pressures ranging from 100 to 0 mmHg, whereas the retrograde
      flow (index of collateral flow) was measured on the circumflex coronary artery,
      LCA, against atmospheric pressure, first during autoregulation and then after
      maximum vasodilation. In the second method (back-pressure method), the back
      pressure to retrograde flow was varied from 0 to 100 mmHg, whereas the perfusion
      pressure to the remaining vessels was maintained constant at 100 mmHg. This
      procedure was performed on four hearts with and without embolization of the LCA
      by 25-microns spheres. The free-flow method demonstrated a linear P-F
      relationship with an average correlation coefficient, r, of 0.98. The pressure
      intercept was 1.7 +/- 1.2 mmHg. The back-pressure method yielded a relationship
      that was more curvilinear with an average pressure intercept of 13 mmHg without
      embolization and 38 mmHg with embolization. An analog of the coronary and
      collateral circulation was used to illustrate that, in the back-pressure method,
      changes in the coronary resistance at low pressures contributed to the
      nonlinearity of the collateral P-F characteristics and that the network formed
      between the collateral and coronary resistances was responsible for the higher
      pressure intercept value.

PMID- 2916678
TI  - Aberrant baroreceptor mechanotransduction in adult Dahl rats on low-salt diet.
AB  - Single fiber, regularly discharging baroreceptors (n = 118) from adult Dahl salt
      sensitive (DS) and salt-resistant (DR) rats on a low-salt diet were studied using
      an in vitro aortic arch-aortic nerve preparation. Pressure thresholds (Pth) and
      suprathreshold pressure sensitivities (Sth) were determined from responses to
      slow ramps of pressure. Pressure-diameter relationships measured in each rat were
      used to transform Pth and Sth values to their mechanical equivalents in terms of
      aortic wall strain. DS and DR ages were not different (approximately 50 wk).
      Despite the low-salt diet, DS tail systolic blood pressures were significantly
      higher than DR by approximately 25 mmHg. Pth averaged 84 mmHg in DR and 97 mmHg
      in DS. Sth values were similar in DR and DS (average 1.44 and 1.39 spikes.s
      1.mmHg-1 in DR and DS, respectively). Increased variance of baroreceptor
      properties of DS over DR was a prominent finding and necessitated use of
      nonparametric statistics. The cumulative distribution of Pth values of DS was
      significantly different from DR, but Sth values were similar. Thus baroreceptor
      pressure set points are altered in adult DS, but pressure sensitivity per se is
      not. The differences in pressure parameters were not eliminated by conversion to
      their mechanical equivalents. Correlation analysis found only weak relationships
      between Pth and blood pressure for DS and DR (r less than 0.40). Thus in contrast
      to previous studies in the spontaneously hypertensive rat model, baroreceptors in
      adult DS on low salt are characterized by elevated variability and a weaker than
      expected correlation to the prevailing blood pressure in the animal.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2916679
TI  - Lipoxins A4 and B4 dilate cerebral arterioles of newborn pigs.
AB  - We determined the effects of lipoxins A4 and B4 on the cerebral microcirculation
      of neonatal pigs and whether vascular responses were modulated by prostanoids.
      Pial arteriolar diameters were determined using a closed cranial window and
      intravital microscopy. Before lipoxin A4 application, arteriolar diameter was 143
      +/- 6 microns (means +/- SE). Topical application of lipoxin A4 increased the
      diameter to 160 +/- 7 microns at 0.1 ng/ml, 167 +/- 7 microns at 1 ng/ml, and 173
      +/- 7 microns at 10 ng/ml (n = 9). Before application of lipoxin B4, arteriolar
      diameter was 146 +/- 7 microns. Topical application of lipoxin B4 increased the
      diameter to 165 +/- 7, 169 +/- 6, and 175 +/- 6 microns at 0.1, 1, and 10 ng/ml
      (n = 9), respectively. Intravenous injection of indomethacin (5 mg/kg) or vehicle
      did not affect these responses. Levels of prostaglandins E2 and F2 alpha in
      cerebrospinal fluid (measured by radioimmunoassay) did not increase in response
      to lipoxins. We conclude that lipoxins are dilator stimuli in the cerebral
      circulation and that prostanoids do not mediate these responses.

PMID- 2916680
TI  - Optimal hematocrit for canine gastric oxygenation.
AB  - To determine whether an optimal hematocrit exists at which gastric tissue is
      maximally oxygenated, chambered segments of resting canine stomach were perfused
      at a constant pressure while hematocrit was decreased in steps from 60 to 10%.
      The two groups of animals used were a control group and a second group given
      pentagastrin to elevate metabolic activity. Total blood flow was inversely
      related to hematocrit in both the control and pentagastrin-treated animals, and
      arteriovenous oxygen difference was directly related to hematocrit. Consequently,
      the relationship between gastric oxygen consumption and hematocrit was parabolic
      in both groups. Therefore, the oxygen uptake vs. hematocrit data from each
      experiment were fit to a quadratic equation that was used to calculate the
      maximal oxygen uptake and the optimal hematocrit for each preparation. Both the
      maximum oxygen uptake and the optimal hematocrit in the pentagastrin-treated
      group (2.1 +/- 0.4 ml.min-1.100 g-1 and 45.7 +/- 1.4%, respectively) were
      significantly greater than in the control group (1.5 +/- 0.4 ml.min-1.100 g-1 and
      38.2 +/- 0.7%, respectively). We conclude that an optimal hematocrit exists for
      the oxygenation of gastric tissue and that it is within the normal hematocrit
      range under resting conditions. However, the optimal hematocrit is slightly
      higher than normal during periods of increased metabolic activity.

PMID- 2916681
TI  - Progressive change in collateral blood flow after coronary occlusion in conscious
      dogs.
AB  - This study used a retrospective analysis of infarcted and salvaged tissue samples
      to determine the patterns of blood flow changes (radioactive microsphere
      technique) that occur within the area at risk during the first 24 h after
      coronary artery occlusion (CAO) in conscious dogs. With the triphenyl tetrazolium
      chloride (TTC) technique, individual samples were selected and included in either
      the infarcted (TTC-negative) or salvaged (TTC-positive) group. The infarcted and
      salvaged samples were paired according to blood flow levels of 0.1-0.2, 0.2-0.3,
      or 0.3-0.4 ml.min-1.g-1 at either 5 min, 1 h, 3 h, or 6 h after CAO. In tissue
      samples that were salvaged, blood flow rose progressively, i.e., from 5 min to 1
      h, from 1 to 3 h, from 3 to 6 h, and from 6 to 24 h. Blood flow to infarcted
      tissue rose only in the longest interval, from 6 to 24 h after CAO. When blood
      flow levels were less than 0.1 ml.min-1.g-1, virtually all the samples were
      infarcted, whereas corresponding lesser amounts of infarction were observed with
      increasing blood flow levels after CAO. Thus, in the conscious dog, blood flow
      rises progressively to salvaged but not infarcted tissue within the area at risk.
      Except for myocardium with blood flow levels less than 0.1 ml.min-1.g-1, the
      blood flow levels at any of the time points after CAO could not be used to
      predict necrosis.

PMID- 2916682
TI  - Mechanics and composition of arterioles in brain stem and cerebrum.
AB  - The goal of this study was to compare mechanics and composition of arterioles in
      brain stem and cerebrum. We calculated stress and strain of pial arterioles in
      anesthetized rats from measurements of pial arteriolar pressure (servo-null),
      diameter, and cross-sectional area of the vessel wall. Composition of pial
      arterioles was quantitated using point-counting stereology. Before deactivation
      of smooth muscle with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), pial arteriolar
      pressure and diameter were 28 and 30% greater (P less than 0.05) in brain stem
      than cerebrum. After EDTA, diameter of arterioles was similar in brain stem and
      cerebrum. Cross-sectional area of the arteriolar wall was 32% greater (P less
      than 0.05) in brain stem than cerebrum. Stress-strain curves indicated that
      distensibility of pial arterioles is greater in brain stem than cerebrum. The
      proportion of nondistensible (collagen and basement membrane) to distensible
      (elastin, smooth muscle, and endothelium) components was 20% less (P less than
      0.05) in brain stem than cerebral arterioles. We conclude that 1) cross-sectional
      area of the vessel wall in arterioles of comparable size is greater in brain stem
      than cerebrum, 2) distensibility of arterioles is greater in brain stem than
      cerebrum, despite greater cross-sectional area of the arteriolar wall in brain
      stem, and 3) the proportion of elastic components is greater in brain stem than
      cerebral arterioles, which may contribute to greater arteriolar distensibility in
      brain stem.

PMID- 2916683
TI  - Canine myocardial creatine kinase isoenzyme response to coronary artery
      occlusion.
AB  - The response of the myocardial creatine kinase system to acute coronary artery
      occlusion is not well defined. In the present study, we measured serial changes
      in myocardial creatine kinase and creatine kinase-MB activities after acute
      occlusion of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery in 20 open-chest
      pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs. Tissue samples were obtained from both ischemic
      and nonischemic left ventricular myocardium at base line and 1-, 3-, and 5-h
      intervals after LAD occlusion and assayed for total creatine kinase and the
      isoenzymes creatine kinase-MM, and creatine kinase-MB. Total creatine kinase
      activity declined significantly in both the ischemic and the nonischemic tissue
      because of a decline in creatine kinase-MM activity. Concomitantly, creatine
      kinase-MB activity increased significantly in both the ischemic and the
      nonischemic tissue. These changes were observed when the duration of the LAD
      occlusion was 3 h or longer, but not when the duration of the occlusion was 1 h.
      Thus acute myocardial ischemia causes pronounced changes in the canine myocardial
      creatine kinase system. These rapid biochemical alterations occur both locally in
      ischemic tissue and remotely in nonischemic tissue.

PMID- 2916685
TI  - Mathematical model of dependence of heart rate on tissue concentration of
      acetylcholine.
AB  - The change in sinus period elicited by vagal stimulation depends on the rate of
      acetylcholine (ACh) release from the nerve endings, the rate of ACh degradation
      in the nodal tissue, and the responsiveness of the sinus node to ACh. Vagal
      stimulation in anesthetized dogs prolonged sinus period. After cessation of vagal
      stimulation, the sinus period returned to the prestimulation period. We developed
      a mathematical model to analyze the dynamics of ACh degradation in the
      neuroeffector junction and the dependence of sinus period on the concentration of
      ACh. From the in vitro reaction kinetics of acetylcholinesterase, we derived an
      analytical expression for the rate of ACh degradation in the intact animal. Our
      model represents the electrical behavior of the sinus node by the electrical
      activity of one pacemaker cell with six membrane ionic currents. This model
      predicts the decline in sinus period of the intact anesthetized dog as
      acetylcholinesterase degrades ACh in the neuroeffector junction. The half-life of
      ACh after cessation of vagal stimulation was estimated to be 2.7 s. We conclude
      that following termination of vagal stimulation, the sinus node of the intact
      animal responds to ACh as if the sinus node were one oscillator.

PMID- 2916684
TI  - Erythrocytes reduce liquid filtration in injured dog lungs.
AB  - In isolated, dog lung lobes with pulmonary vessels filled with different liquids,
      we measured the rate of weight gain for 5 or 10 min at constant alveolar and
      vascular pressures under zone 1 conditions (alveolar pressure greater than
      vascular pressure). We used six different liquids: syngeneic plasma, whole blood
      (hematocrit = 38 +/- 4%), 4% albumin in Krebs-Ringer solution, washed red blood
      cells in Krebs-Ringer solution (hematocrit = 37 +/- 6%), and platelet-rich or
      platelet-poor plasma. We studied the lobes under three conditions: immediate
      perfusion after removal (less than 30 min), delayed perfusion (2 h or more), or
      immediate perfusion after removal from air-embolized animals. In lobes that
      showed low-filtration rate using plasma [less than 0.5 g/(min x 100 g)]
      substitution of whole blood had no effect on the filtration rate. In lobes that
      showed high-filtration rates using plasma (delayed perfusion or deliberately
      injured using air emboli) substitution of whole blood caused a dramatic decrease
      in the filtration rate, restoring it to the level obtained in uninjured lobes.
      Platelets had no effect. Thus the red cells specifically reduced abnormally high
      filtration but did not affect normal filtration. There appear to be three
      possible mechanisms: 1) red cells physically blocking large leaks; 2) red cells
      settling on the filtration surface area (osmotic-barrier effect); 3) red cells
      acting as reducing agents against active oxygen metabolites.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2916686
TI  - Effect of hemoglobin concentration on critical cardiac output and oxygen
      transport.
AB  - We previously found limited tolerance to acute reduction in cardiac output in
      lambs at the nadir of their physiological anemia [Am. J. Physiol. 253 (Heart Cir.
      Physiol. 12): H100-H106, 1987]. To determine the effect of hemoglobin
      concentration [Hb] on critical cardiac output, critical systemic O2 transport,
      and peripheral O2 extraction, we performed 31 experiments in 12 one-mo-old lambs
      at four [Hb] (means +/- SD in g/dl): 7.4 +/- 0.6, 10.5 +/- 0.5, 14.5 +/- 0.5, and
      16.5 +/- 0.6. Desired [Hb] was obtained by exchange transfusion with packed red
      cells or plasma. Cardiac output was reduced by inflation of a balloon-tipped
      catheter in the right atrium, and critical levels were defined at the point where
      O2 consumption decreased and/or arterial blood lactate concentration increased in
      response. With lower [Hb], cardiac output was unchanged, systemic O2 transport
      was reduced, and fractional O2 extraction was increased, keeping O2 consumption
      constant at base line. As [Hb] was reduced, critical cardiac output was
      significantly higher, whereas critical systemic O2 transport was independent of
      [Hb], as were fractional O2 extraction and mixed venous PO2 at the critical
      point. Thus peripheral O2 extraction was not affected by changes in [Hb] during
      progressive decreases in cardiac output. We conclude that 4-wk-old lambs have
      decreased tolerance to reductions in cardiac output and systemic O2 transport
      because their relative anemia provides them with a base-line cardiac output and
      systemic O2 transport close to the critical level.

PMID- 2916687
TI  - Stiffness and shortening changes in myofilament-extracted rat cardiac myocytes.
AB  - Sarcomere lengths, cell widths, volumes, stiffness, and regional striation
      uniformity were determined from isolated adult cardiac myocytes. Single cells
      were examined in the control saline solution followed by a sequence of relaxing,
      membrane skinning, and myofilament extraction solutions. Cell size and shape
      parameters were determined from freely dispersed myocytes, whereas stiffness was
      measured from myocytes attached to a perturbator and tension transducer with
      micropipettes. There were small changes in cell appearance, size, shape, and
      stiffness in the relaxing and skinning solutions. However, in 0.17-0.56 M KCl
      myosin extraction media, cell length declined significantly to 1.19 microns, and
      stiffness fell to 5-10% of control. The rate of cell shortening and stiffness
      decline was dependent on KCl concentration and pH. Subsequent exposure to higher
      ionic strength 0.60 M KI thin filament extraction media elicited additional
      decreases in stiffness (less than 5% of control) and cell length (0.98 micron).
      Cell shortening and stiffness decline have similar time courses under the same
      conditions, and they appear to coincide with A-band disassembly as indicated by
      electron micrographs. These data suggest that cardiac myocyte stiffness, size,
      and shape are determined in part by a stressed cytoskeleton that is associated
      with the myofilament apparatus.

PMID- 2916689
TI  - Direct diastolic ventricular interaction gain measured with sudden hemodynamic
      transients.
AB  - Changes in right ventricular volume affect left ventricular function via direct
      ventricular interaction mediated by the septum, common myocardial fibers in the
      free wall, and the pericardium, and also via series interaction mediated by
      changes in right ventricular output reaching the left ventricle through the
      pulmonary circulation. To study direct interaction, series interaction must be
      held constant or removed from the experimental preparation. Because there has
      been no way to directly measure direct ventricular interaction in the intact
      circulation, we developed a new method to experimentally separate these two
      components of ventricular interaction by combining abrupt occlusion of both venae
      cavae and quick withdrawal of 10-15 ml of blood from the right ventricle. This
      procedure decreased right ventricular end-diastolic pressure (RVEDP) on the next
      beat without changing pulmonary venous flow, left ventricular end-diastolic
      segment lengths, or left ventricular systolic function. The direct interaction
      gains, quantified as delta LVEDP/delta RVEDP, where LVEDP is left ventricular end
      diastolic pressure, and delta refers to the change between the beats before and
      after reducing right ventricular volume, were (means +/- SD) 0.32 +/- 0.32 at
      steady-state LVEDP = 5 mmHg, 0.38 +/- 0.23 at LVEDP = 10 mmHg, and 0.28 +/- 0.32
      at LVEDP = 15 mmHg. These gains were not significantly different (P greater than
      0.50). Therefore, we calculated an overall average gain by pooling data from the
      three base-line LVEDP conditions. This value is 0.33 with 95% confidence interval
      0.16-0.51. This 95% confidence interval indicates our data are consistent with
      many previous reports of diastolic direct interaction.

PMID- 2916688
TI  - Effects of ATP precursors on ATP and free ADP content and functional recovery of
      postischemic hearts.
AB  - It has been proposed that administration of adenine nucleotide precursors might
      accelerate replenishment of myocardial ATP and "free" ADP, thus improving
      recovery of depressed contractility of postischemic hearts. To test this
      hypothesis, Langendorff-perfused rabbit hearts were subjected to 20 min of global
      ischemia and reperfused for 2 h with normal perfusate (n = 8) or perfusate
      containing 100 mumol/l of the ATP precursors adenosine (n = 8) or 5-amino-4
      imidazolecarboxamide riboside (AICAriboside; n = 8). After reperfusion, developed
      pressure in untreated hearts averaged 70-80% of base line, whereas ATP content
      was reduced to approximately 70% of preischemic values. AICAriboside
      administration did not increase tissue ATP levels or contractility. However, in
      every heart that received adenosine during reperfusion, ATP content increased
      from a mean value of 65 +/- 4% of base line to 84 +/- 5% at the end of
      reperfusion (P less than 0.001). Free ADP also increased in adenosine-treated
      hearts from 40 to 50% of base line at the beginning of reperfusion, to normal
      levels by 60 min. However, no improvement in contractility was observed in the
      hearts that received adenosine. These results support the hypothesis that
      decreased availability of nucleotide precursors is responsible for depressed ATP
      levels in postischemic hearts; however, reduced ATP and free ADP levels may not
      be directly responsible for the depressed function of stunned myocardium.

PMID- 2916690
TI  - X-ray microanalysis of single cardiac myocytes frozen under voltage-clamp
      conditions.
AB  - By means of a patch pipette, an isolated ventricular myocyte was transferred into
      the taper of a silver holder covered by pioloform film. Once the cell was on the
      film, the cell was voltage clamped (pulses from -45 to +5 mV at 0.5 Hz). The
      amount of Ca entry was estimated from the Ca current. When contractility (cell
      shortening) was potentiated with either five pulses of 0.2 s or four pulses of 1
      s, shock freezing was timed 116 or 816 ms after start of the clamp pulse.
      Electron micrographs from freeze-substituted cells revealed the good preservation
      of the intracellular compartments. The myocytes were cut at -150 degrees C, and
      the cryosections were freeze dried. In representative examples, the amount of Ca
      entry is compared with the subcellular Ca distribution as it is analyzed with
      energy dispersive X-ray microprobe analysis in cytoplasm, junctional sarcoplasmic
      reticulum (SR), mitochondria, and the subsarcolemmal space (sarcolemma,
      peripheral SR, fringe of cytosol).

PMID- 2916691
TI  - Erythrocytes decrease myocardial hydrogen peroxide levels and reperfusion injury.
AB  - Reperfusion with untreated, carbon monoxide-treated, or glutaraldehyde-fixed
      human erythrocytes (RBC) increased ventricular function and decreased myocardial
      hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels [assessed by H2O2-dependent aminotriazole (AMT)
      inactivation of myocardial catalase activities] of ischemic, isolated rat hearts.
      In contrast, reperfusion with RBC that lacked catalase (AMT treated) and/or
      glutathione (N-ethylmaleimide treated) did not increase ventricular function or
      decrease myocardial H2O2 levels as much as reperfusion with untreated RBC. By
      comparison, reperfusion with superoxide dismutase-depleted
      (diethyldithiocarbamate-treated) or anion channel-inhibited
      (diisothiocyanodisulfonic acid stilbene-treated) RBC increased ventricular
      function and decreased myocardial H2O2 levels the same as untreated RBC. The
      results suggest that catalase and/or glutathione in intact RBC can decrease
      endogenously generated H2O2 and related reperfusion injury in ischemic, isolated
      perfused hearts.

PMID- 2916692
TI  - Clearance and urinary excretion of vasopressin in conscious dogs.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between plasma
      arginine vasopressin (PAVP) levels and the urinary clearance rate, the nonurinary
      plasma clearance rate, and the urinary excretion rate of AVP. Female conscious
      dogs were given an intravenous infusion of p-aminohippuric acid and inulin, and,
      after a 90-min control period, the infusion was either continued or AVP was added
      to the infusate to produce doses of 0, 40, 100, and 200 microU.kg-1.min-1 for the
      last 90 min of the experiment. The resulting PAVP levels were 1.2, 8.2, 11.4, and
      21.6 microU/ml, respectively. The urinary clearance rate of AVP nearly doubled
      between the infusion rates of 0 and 100 microU.kg-1.min-1. Likewise, the
      nonurinary plasma clearance rate of AVP also nearly doubled between the infusion
      rates of 40 and 100 microU.kg-1.min-1. However, at the rate of infusion of 200
      microU.kg-1.min-1, both the urinary and nonurinary clearance rates were unchanged
      compared with the 100-microU.kg-1.min-1 rate. The largest incremental rise in
      PAVP was observed between the doses of 100 and 200 microU.kg-1.min-1, when the
      clearance rates were apparently plateaued. The urinary excretion rate of AVP was
      linearly correlated with PAVP (R = 0.91) under the conditions of this study. The
      results suggest that the measurement of the urinary excretion rate of AVP is a
      reliable method of assessing PAVP and that the clearance of AVP increases when
      PAVP is elevated.

PMID- 2916693
TI  - Lateral parabrachial lesions attenuate ingestive effects of area postrema
      lesions.
AB  - Lesions of the area postrema and adjacent nucleus of the solitary tract (AP
      lesions) cause rats to consume increased amounts of palatable food in short
      duration tests. Because the lateral parabrachial nucleus (lPBN) receives a
      prominent afferent projection from the AP and adjacent nucleus of the solitary
      tract, it is possible the lPBN plays a role in the altered ingestive behaviors
      observed in AP-lesioned rats. The present study examines the role of the lPBN in
      overingestion of highly palatable foods subsequent to AP lesions. We found that
      lesions of the lPBN alone did not cause rats to consume increased amounts of
      palatable food. Rather, when lPBN lesions were produced before AP lesions,
      increased intake of highly palatable food did not occur. Moreover, when AP
      lesioned rats received subsequent lPBN lesions, the previously established
      overingestion of palatable foods was abolished. These results indicate that the
      lPBN is necessary in the pathogenesis of AP lesion-induced overingestion of
      highly palatable foods.

PMID- 2916695
TI  - Anesthetic effects on tonic and reflex renal sympathetic nerve activity in awake
      cats.
AB  - Renal sympathetic nerve activity (RNA), arterial blood pressure (AP), and heart
      rate (HR) were simultaneously measured before and after administration of
      pentobarbital sodium (PB), chloralose (CHL), or urethan (URE) in conscious cats.
      We examined the time courses and magnitudes of the changes in RNA, AP, and HR
      over a period of 5 h under anesthesia with spontaneous or artificial respiration.
      In both respiratory conditions, PB initially decreased and then increased RNA,
      AP, and HR; CHL sustainedly increased RNA but had almost no effect on AP and HR.
      Under artificial respiration, URE transiently decreased RNA but had no effect on
      AP and HR. To examine the baroreflex response of RNA, AP was increased to 150
      mmHg by norepinephrine and decreased to 65 mmHg by nitroprusside. RNA responded
      inversely to the alterations of AP in both awake and anesthetized states.
      Compared with the awake state, the inverse AP-RNA relationship curve initially
      shifted downward and then upward under PB, and the slope of the relation curve
      was initially decreased. On the other hand, under CHL the relationship curve
      shifted only upward, and the slope increased. Thus the anesthetic drugs affected
      differently and time dependently tonic and reflex renal sympathetic nerve
      activity in the conscious cat.

PMID- 2916694
TI  - Coronary autoregulation and metabolism in hypothermic rat and ground squirrel
      hearts.
AB  - An isovolumic Langendorff preparation was used to perfuse rat and ground squirrel
      (Spermophilus tridecemlineatus) hearts at 37, 27, 17, and 7 degrees C. Perfusion
      pressure (PP) was randomly increased or decreased (40, 60, 70, 110, 120, or 140
      mmHg) from a control PP of 90 mmHg. Coronary flow (CF) was measured immediately
      after each PP change (initial CF) and after stable flow was observed (final CF).
      Compared with initial flow, final CF was decreased at high PPs or increased at
      low PPs (autoregulation) in hearts from both species, but rat hearts did not
      autoregulate CF or develop left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP) at 7 degrees
      C. Squirrel hearts generated LVSP at all temperatures and perfusion pressures.
      LVSP and initial CF were proportional to PP in both species, but squirrel heart
      LVSP was independent of PP at 7 degrees C. Myocardial O2 consumption (MVO2) was
      highly correlated with CF in all hearts at 37 degrees C but not at lower
      temperatures. Squirrel hearts were more efficient (MVO2 vs. HR X LVSP) than rat
      hearts at low temperatures but less efficient at 37 degrees C. The intrinsic
      temperature adaptations displayed by squirrel hearts would support continued
      myocardial function when body temperature and blood pressure fluctuate throughout
      the stages of hibernation.

PMID- 2916696
TI  - Activation by saccharides of a cation-selective pathway on canine lingual
      epithelium.
AB  - Responses of isolated canine lingual epithelium in an Ussing chamber to D-glucose
      and fructose reveal events associated with taste transduction. With the use of
      isotopic flux studies, together with ion substitution and pharmacological and
      voltage clamp measurements, it was found that the stimulation of ion transport by
      D-glucose arises from an increase in the influx of cations through a cation
      selective pathway. This influx of cations is completely inhibited by 0.1 mM
      amiloride. The stimulation of transport by fructose in 0.05 M KCl and by D
      glucose in 0.05 M RbCl was also inhibited by amiloride, demonstrating that the
      saccharide-stimulated entry pathway was specific for neither hexose sugars nor
      for Na. Saccharide stimulation of canine lingual epithelia does not appear to be
      modulated by increases in intracellular levels of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic
      monophosphate, guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate, or Ca. The Na that enters
      taste cells on saccharide stimulation exits them via the ouabain inhibitable Na+
      K+-adenosinetriphosphatase located in the serosal membranes.

PMID- 2916697
TI  - Energy expenditure during stress ulcer formation in vulnerable rats.
AB  - Rat pups separated early from their mothers at day 15 become vulnerable to
      hypothermia and gastric erosion formation when food deprived and physically
      restrained on postnatal day 30 (S.H. Ackerman, M. A. Hofer, and H. Weiner,
      Science Wash. DC. 201: 373-376, 1978, and Gastroenterology 75: 649-654, 1978). We
      tested the hypothesis that this hypothermia is associated with a decrease in
      oxidative metabolism. We measured O2 consumption of 30-day-old rat pups that had
      been previously separated at either day 15 (15w) or day 21 (21w). When food was
      available, 15w rats used as much O2 as 21w rats. When rats were food deprived or
      food deprived and restrained, 15w rats used significantly less O2 than 21w rats,
      implying less heat production. We hypothesized that this decrease in heat
      production during food deprivation and/or restraint was due to impaired
      thermogenesis resulting from inadequate release of endogenous norepinephrine
      (NE), which is a stimulant of brown adipose tissue- (BAT) mediated thermogenesis.
      To test this hypothesis we administered exogenous NE to 15w to 21w rats.
      Exogenous NE failed to increase O2 consumption in 21w or 15w rats when injected
      during either food deprivation or restraint. We concluded that 30-day-old 15w
      rats have decreased oxidative metabolism during food deprivation and restraint
      and therefore become hypothermic. This decreased oxidative metabolism does not
      appear to be attributable to insufficient endogenous NE, since it is not reversed
      by the addition of exogenous NE. We suggest that a decrease in oxidative
      metabolism may explain susceptibility to stress ulcers in a number of previously
      reported experimental models.

PMID- 2916698
TI  - Sleep changes in emperor penguins during fasting.
AB  - The proportion and the distribution over 24 h of the different arousal stages
      characterized in emperor penguins [wakefulness (W), drowsiness (D), slow-wave
      sleep (SWS), and paradoxical sleep (PS)] were studied under natural ambient
      conditions in four subjects that were first fed and then deprived of food for 7
      18 days. In both fed and fasting states, each arousal stage was distributed
      through numerous episodes of short duration. The fasting state provoked only a
      slight increase in D. There was, however, a large increase in SWS, which
      increased from 37.5 to 55.4%/day, mainly at the expense of W, which fell from
      42.7 to 21.9%/day, in close relation to the first two fasting phases when
      proteins were saved and when most of the energy was derived from lipids. PS
      proportions were lower during fasting (from 5.7 to 2.4%/day). These changes in
      the arousal stages in emperor penguins are examined for their implications in
      sleep mechanisms and energy saving. Their possible consequences, due to the
      reduced alertness, are also discussed.

PMID- 2916699
TI  - Neuromodulation of intestinal transport in the suckling mouse.
AB  - The influence of enteric nerves on intestinal ion and sugar transport was
      investigated in 3- to 4-wk-old suckling mice. Whole thickness segments of jejunum
      were mounted as flat sheets in flux chambers equipped to electrically stimulate
      nerves in the intestinal wall. Tetrodotoxin significantly reduced basal short
      circuit current in a subset of tissues containing 3-O-methylglucose in the
      mucosal bath. Electrical field stimulation of intrinsic nerves evoked an increase
      in short-circuit current of 86 +/- 15 microA/cm2 that was due to an increase in
      active chloride secretion with no significant change in the net movement of other
      ions. The secretory response to neural stimulation was abolished by tetrodotoxin
      and reduced by the muscarinic antagonist, atropine. Mucosal-to-serosal fluxes of
      3-O-methylglucose were not altered by the cholinergic agonist carbachol. These
      results show that ion transport in the suckling mouse jejunum is regulated by the
      enteric nervous system. Neural stimulation evokes a chloride secretory response
      that is mediated by acetylcholine and other noncholinergic transmitters. Sugar
      transport in the murine small intestine does not appear to be influenced by
      muscarinic cholinergic agonists.

PMID- 2916700
TI  - Hypertension and alterations in central catecholamines after preoptic recess
      lesions.
AB  - Catecholamine concentrations were measured in brain regions of rats with lesions
      of the anteroventral third ventricle (AV3V-X rats) or parietal cortex (CORT-X)
      and of control-operated (CONT) rats. Three hours after surgery, total
      norepinephrine (NE) concentrations in all brain regions measured of AV3V-X rats
      were less than those of CONT or CORT-X rats. Epinephrine (EPI) concentrations
      were decreased in the medulla and hypothalamus, but dopamine levels were
      unchanged. Also, extracellular NE concentration, estimated by in vivo
      microdialysis techniques, was increased in the anterior hypothalamic nucleus
      (AHNE) and dorsomedial medulla (DMMNE) of AV3V-X rats compared with CONT rats.
      Increased DMMNE paralleled blood pressure increases. DMMNE did not change after
      blood pressure was increased by intravenous angiotensin II infusion (60 ng/min)
      in CONT rats. Thus 1) AV3V lesions result in decreased NE and EPI concentrations
      in multiple brain regions; 2) acute reductions in central NE in AV3V-X rats are
      associated with increased extracellular NE in the AH and DMM, suggesting
      increased NE release; and 3) although increased DMMNE is temporally related to
      increased blood pressure following AV3V lesions, increased DMMNE is not a
      response to the hypertension per se.

PMID- 2916701
TI  - Adrenalectomy and response to corticosterone and MSH in the genetically obese
      yellow mouse.
AB  - Animals with the viable yellow (Avy/a) gene and their corresponding lean control
      black mice (a/a) were adrenalectomized or sham adrenalectomized, and changes in
      body weight, body composition, corticosterone, and GDP-binding to mitochondria
      isolated from interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT) were measured.
      Adrenalectomy slowed the weight gain of both the yellow obese mice and the black
      lean mice, but the reduction was greater in the yellow mice. Food intake was
      significantly reduced in the yellow mice. Adrenalectomy in the yellow mouse was
      associated with an increase in lean mass and a significant decrease in weights of
      fat depots. Blood glucose concentrations of the adrenalectomized yellow mice were
      reduced to levels similar to those of lean mice, but insulin levels, although
      lower than sham-adrenalectomized yellow mice, remained significantly higher than
      in lean animals. GDP binding to IBAT mitochondria increased after adrenalectomy
      in both phenotypes to values that were similar. Corticosterone replacement in
      adrenalectomized yellow mice produced a dose-dependent increase in body weight
      that was associated with a decrease in muscle weight and an increase in adipose
      tissue weight. Both desacetyl-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) and alpha-MSH
      interacted with corticosterone to increase body weight gain of adrenalectomized
      yellow mice. Desacetyl-MSH was more effective than alpha-MSH on increasing
      adipose tissue and liver weights. The effects of desacetyl-MSH on food intake,
      weight gain, and tissue weights were independent of the adrenal gland or of
      corticosterone.

PMID- 2916702
TI  - Structure and concentrating ability in the avian kidney.
AB  - We quantified various aspects of the morphology of the kidney in seven bird
      species and related these measures to urinary concentrating ability (the
      concentration of ureteral urine in dehydrated animals) for six of the species.
      Kidney mass, number of glomeruli, and number of medullary cones all tended to
      increase with body mass. Smaller birds, with smaller kidneys, had smaller
      nephrons with smaller glomeruli. Lengths of medullary cones tended to increase
      with body mass and were exceptionally long in the macaroni penguin. The
      proportion of nephrons that were mammalian-type (MT, with loops of Henle) ranged
      from 7% (ring-necked pheasant) to 30% (zebra finch, glaucous-winged gull) and was
      unrelated to kidney mass. The percent of kidney mass comprised of medullary cones
      varied from 5 to 13%, unrelated to kidney mass. The number of reptilian-type
      (without loops of Henle) nephrons associated with each medullary cone tended to
      increase with kidney mass. Of the variables examined, length of the medullary
      cones, and hence of the longest loops of Henle, was most strongly correlated with
      urinary concentrating ability; however, this correlation was negative.
      Concentrating ability was also strongly negatively correlated with body mass
      (small birds concentrate better). No significant relation existed between
      concentrating ability and proportion of MT nephrons. Our data suggest that, in a
      broad interspecific comparison, the quantitative extent of the renal medulla is
      not the primary determinant of urinary concentrating ability in birds.

PMID- 2916703
TI  - Amiloride effect on diurnal cyclic Na and K excretion in rats.
AB  - Amiloride was administered to rats during the peak and minimum of Na and K
      diurnal rhythmic excretion (i.e., during early dark phase and early light phase).
      In rats receiving a normal-K diet (2.34 meq/day) amiloride decreased K excretion
      from 186 to 37 mueq/h (dark phase) and from 31 to 4 mueq/h (light phase).
      Amiloride increased Na excretion from 91 to 344 mueq/h (dark phase) and from 35
      to 164 mueq/h (light phase). Rats receiving a high-K diet (10.4 meq/day) showed a
      higher diurnal peak and minimum for K excretion. During high-K intake, amiloride
      decreased K excretion from 787 to 191 mueq/h (dark phase) and from 197 to 40
      mueq/h (light phase) and increased Na excretion from 237 to 891 mueq/h (dark
      phase) and from 31 to 222 mueq/h (light phase). Whenever given, amiloride reduced
      K excretion to approximately 20% of control excretion. It is concluded that
      rhythmic changes in amiloride-sensitive distal transport are largely, but not
      entirely, responsible for the diurnal K cycle, but do not cause the concurrent Na
      cycle. Thus the diurnal cycles in Na and K are expressed through changes in
      different transport mechanisms. In rats maintained on a high-K diet there is an
      increase in rhythmic K secretion and Na reabsorption by amiloride-sensitive
      transport. To maintain Na excretion unchanged, Na reabsorption must be
      correspondingly depressed at an amiloride-insensitive site.

PMID- 2916704
TI  - Nocturnal patterns of macronutrient intake in freely feeding and food-deprived
      rats.
AB  - Analyses of rats' feeding behavior at the start and the end of the nocturnal
      cycle have revealed dramatic alterations in macronutrient intake over time. At
      dark onset, rats displayed a preference for carbohydrate, with the first meal of
      the night consisting of approximately 60% of this nutrient. This carbohydrate
      intake was soon followed by a shift toward protein-predominant meals.
      Superimposed on this pattern of meal-to-meal shifts in nutrient selection appears
      to be an additional rhythm in which carbohydrate ingestion was favored at dark
      onset and protein and fat ingestion were favored during the late dark hours.
      Differential feeding patterns were also apparent following mild food deprivation.
      A 2-h period of deprivation at dark onset produced a strong compensatory feeding
      response, particularly of fat and carbohydrate. This pattern was not observed at
      the end of the dark, when little compensatory feeding was demonstrated. It is
      suggested that these feeding patterns may be related to the activity of certain
      hypothalamic neurotransmitters, e.g., norepinephrine and serotonin, known to be
      important in modulating temporal feeding patterns and nutrient intake.

PMID- 2916705
TI  - Carotid baroreflex resetting during drug-induced arterial pressure changes in
      humans.
AB  - We studied human baroreflex resetting during 25 min of drug-induced arterial
      pressure changes in 10 healthy volunteers. Average (+/- SE) base-line systolic
      pressure of 113 +/- 4 fell to 102 +/- 3 during nitroprusside infusions and rose
      to 135 +/- 6 mmHg during phenylephrine infusions. Average base-line R-R intervals
      of 932 +/- 37 shortened to 820 +/- 39 during nitroprusside infusions and
      lengthened to 1,251 +/- 61 ms during phenylephrine infusions. Carotid
      baroreceptor-cardiac reflex responses were evaluated with a complex series of
      neck chamber pressure changes, and R-R intervals were plotted as functions of
      carotid distending pressure. Baroreceptor-cardiac reflex relations shifted on
      both R-R interval and arterial pressure axes during drug infusions, but there was
      no significant change of the maximum slope or range of R-R interval responses.
      The position of baseline R-R intervals on the reflex relation (operational point)
      changed significantly. Resting R-R intervals were closer to threshold during
      pressure reductions and closer to saturation for baroreceptor-cardiac responses
      during pressure elevations. These results document short-term partial resetting
      of human baroreceptor-cardiac reflex responses as early as 25 min after the onset
      of arterial pressure changes.

PMID- 2916707
TI  - Siphon mechanism in collapsible tubes: application to circulation of the giraffe
      head.
AB  - Controversy exists over the principles involved in determining blood flow to the
      head of a giraffe, specifically over the role of gravity pressure (pgh) in the
      collapsible jugular vein in facilitating uphill flow in arteries. This study
      investigated the pressures within vertically oriented models containing both
      rigid and collapsible tubes. An inverted U tube was constructed (height = 103 cm)
      of thick rubber tubing in the ascending limb and collapsible dialysis tubing in
      the descending limb. Water flow was induced by a variable speed pump maintained
      at the reservoir level such that the descending limb was partially collapsed.
      Pressure measurements were made at various levels within the U tube by two
      methods: 1) with the transducer at same level as the tip of the water-filled
      catheter and 2) with the transducer at the reservoir level. During flow, the
      pressure at any point was nearly atmospheric along the length of the descending
      limb. Such methods of obtaining pressure indicated that the pressure gradient
      within the partially collapsed descending limb was the sum of viscous flow
      pressure (P1-P2 of Poiseuille) and gravitational pressure (pgh). To study the
      facilitatory effect of a siphon, the descending limb was compared with a
      horizontally placed limb (length = 100 cm), and the flow was kept constant.
      Calculations of hydraulic "work" (pressure x flow) indicated that with a
      partially collapsed descending limb, work of the pump was reduced by 15% compared
      with uphill flow to the elevated horizontal position. It is concluded that the
      siphon mechanism operates in a partially collapsed descending limb of a siphon
      loop.

PMID- 2916706
TI  - In vitro diencephalic neuronal thermosensitivity in normotensive and hypertensive
      rats.
AB  - Because morphological differences exist in hypothalamic neurons from
      spontaneously hypertensive (SH) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats, the
      present study recorded neuronal spontaneous activity and thermosensitivity from
      diencephalic tissue slices of these two strains. With the use of extracellular
      recordings from horizontal tissue slices, neurons were characterized according to
      location, firing rate at 37 degrees C, and firing rate response to changes in
      local tissue temperature. Compared with WKY neurons, SH neurons had higher firing
      rates in the preoptic-anterior hypothalamus and lower firing rates in the
      dorsomedial hypothalamus. In addition, SH warm-sensitive neurons were less
      thermosensitive over the hyperthermic range (37-40 degrees C), and SH temperature
      insensitive neurons had higher spontaneous firing rates. These differences in
      spontaneous activity and thermosensitivity provide a neuronal basis to explain
      the elevation of core temperature observed in SH rats.

PMID- 2916708
TI  - Reducing the threat of hip fracture.

PMID- 2916709
TI  - Evaluating community interventions to reduce drunken driving.

PMID- 2916710
TI  - Injury control in perspective.

PMID- 2916712
TI  - Determinants of recovery 12 months after hip fracture: the importance of
      psychosocial factors.
AB  - The independent contributions to recovery from hip fracture of psychosocial
      factors including depression, personality, social connectedness, and self-rated
      health were studied in 219 women age 59 and older (mean age 78.5) who were
      community dwelling prior to fracture. Initial assessments were conducted shortly
      after surgery and follow up assessments 2, 6, and 12 months later. By 12 months,
      15 patients had died and 15 had entered a nursing home. Substantial declines in
      physical functioning though not psychosocial status were observed. Only 21 per
      cent (compared to 81 per cent prefracture) reported walking independently; fewer
      than 30 per cent had regained reported prefracture levels of physical function.
      The proportion with elevated depression scores at 12 months was 20 per cent, down
      from 51 per cent following surgery; 64 per cent rated their health excellent or
      good at 12 months, up from 43 per cent after surgery. Poor cognitive status and
      post-surgical self-rated health were predictive of mortality. Among survivors,
      age, prefracture physical functioning, and cognitive status were associated with
      recovery in physical function but not psychosocial status. High post-surgery
      depression scores, but not the other psychosocial factors, were associated with
      poorer recovery in both functional and psychosocial status. These findings
      demonstrate the importance of depressive symptoms as one determinant of recovery
      from hip fracture and support the need to attend to the affective status of hip
      fracture patients following surgery.

PMID- 2916713
TI  - Traffic safety effects of sobriety checkpoints and other local DWI programs in
      New Jersey.
AB  - We examined the efficacy of three Driving While Intoxicated (DWI) programs in New
      Jersey from 1980 through 1985, using covariance analysis of county data. Road
      blocks, the major component of the Strike Force program, were associated with a
      drop of 10-15 per cent in the single vehicle nighttime crash rate and showed a
      relatively stable effect over time. DWI Task Force, an education program, was
      associated with a 6-10 per cent total decline in the crash rate and declining
      impact over time. SOBER, another education program, was associated with a small
      effect in the first year and little or no effect thereafter.

PMID- 2916711
TI  - Survival experience of aged hip fracture patients.
AB  - Hip fracture has long been considered a major threat to survival in aged
      populations. This report describes the survival experience of 814 aged, community
      dwelling hip fracture patients treated in seven Baltimore hospitals between 1984
      and 1986: 4.3 per cent died during hospitalization; 8.2, 12.6, and 17.4 per cent
      died within three, six, and 12 months after fracture, respectively. The mortality
      rate for the entire population approaches expected mortality approximately six
      months post-fracture, but varies by age and sex. The most important factors
      predicting mortality are presence of serious concomitant illness and marked
      delirium (in the absence of dementia) at the time of hospital admission. The
      authors suggest that medical factors that may contribute to patient
      disorientation be investigated and treated, when possible, in an effort to
      improve the survival status of hip fracture patients.

PMID- 2916714
TI  - Blood alcohol tests, prevalence of involvement, and outcomes following brain
      injury.
AB  - We collected data on all residents of San Diego County, California who were
      hospitalized for or died from a brain injury in 1981. The objectives were to
      assess the frequency of blood alcohol concentration (BAC) testing and the
      associations of BAC prevalence with the external cause of the brain injury and
      case outcome. We found that high BAC levels were most frequent among brain
      injured subjects between the ages of 25 and 44 and among those subjects involved
      in motor vehicle crashes and assaults. Contrary to expectations, injury severity
      and hospital mortality were inversely related to BAC level, controlling for other
      predictors. We believe that these inverse associations might be due to
      differential rates of BAC testing by severity. Among brain-injured survivors with
      more severe injuries, however, we found that BAC level was positively associated
      with the prevalence of physician-diagnosed neurological impairment at discharge
      and with the length of hospitalization.

PMID- 2916715
TI  - Risk of fatal rollover in utility vehicles relative to static stability.
AB  - The risk of fatal rollover of utility vehicles per 100,000 registered vehicles
      relative to cars during 1982-87 was strongly correlated to the static stability
      of the vehicles. Distance between the center of the tires divided by twice the
      height of center of gravity explained 62 per cent of the variation in fatal
      rollover rates where rollover was the first harmful event. Statistical controls
      for 20 major risk factors indicated no correlations that would deflate the
      correlation between stability and rollover. Low stability utility vehicles roll
      over more often on the road suggesting that the lateral force of turning is often
      the tipping force.

PMID- 2916716
TI  - Evaluation of the efficacy of simulation games in traffic safety education of
      kindergarten children.
AB  - Using a simulation game designed to teach children to obey certain traffic safety
      rules, an experimental study was conducted with 136 five-year-old children in
      four Quebec schools. Within each classroom, subjects were randomly divided into
      four groups: three intervention groups and one control group. Each of the
      experimental groups was subjected to a different intervention with outcome
      measured using three instruments related to attitudes, behavior, and transfer of
      learning of pedestrian traffic safety. Results suggest that simulation games
      including role-playing/group dynamics and modeling/training can change attitudes
      and modify behavior in the area of pedestrian traffic safety in children of this
      age.

PMID- 2916717
TI  - Childhood injury deaths: national analysis and geographic variations.
AB  - Twenty-three causes of injury mortality in children ages 0-14 in the United
      States were analyzed by age, race, sex, and state of residence for the years 1980
      85. Motor vehicles caused 37 per cent of all injury-related deaths and were the
      leading cause of injury mortality in every group except children younger than one
      year, for whom homicide was the leading cause. Male death rates were at least
      four times female rates for suicide, unintentional firearm injury, and injuries
      related to farm machinery or motorcycles. The drowning rate among Whites was
      almost twice that of Blacks for ages 1-4, but in the 10-14 year age group the
      drowning rate for Blacks was over three times that of Whites. In general, the
      highest injury death rates were in the mountain states and the south. Between
      1980 and 1985, the suicide rate in the 10-14 year age group more than doubled.

PMID- 2916718
TI  - Incidence, causes and severity of injuries in Aquitaine, France: a community
      based study of hospital admissions and deaths.
AB  - This paper reports the results of a study of injuries conducted during a one-year
      period within a defined geographic population of 2.7 million persons (Aquitaine,
      France). Cases were defined as unintentional or intentional injuries, either
      resulting in immediate death before reaching hospital or requiring hospital
      admission. During the one-year period, 1,181 deaths were registered and 8,190
      hospital admissions occurred during the sample periods. The three leading causes
      of injury were falls (40 per cent), traffic accidents (27 per cent), and
      poisonings (15 per cent). The overall incidence of injuries was 136 per 10,000
      person years. Incidence by sex and age was assessed for the main external causes.
      The ratios of nonfatal to fatal cases were calculated by sex and age and by
      external cause. The origin of the injury was suicide in 14 per cent of cases and
      assault or homicide in 3 per cent. The severity of injuries, assessed using an
      automatic computation of the Injury Severity Score (ISS), ranged from 1 to 66
      with a mean of 6.9. Substantial variations of ISS were observed according to
      external cause. At the 8th day following admission, 31 per cent of hospital
      treated patients were still hospitalized and 0.8 per cent had died in hospital.
      The outcome correlated well with the ISS.

PMID- 2916720
TI  - Driver age and crash involvement.
AB  - The youngest and oldest drivers have the highest crash risk, but the problem lies
      predominantly in the youngest age groups because elderly drivers have low
      exposure. The elderly driver problem will increase gradually as their share of
      the population increases but will remain relatively small. The bulk of the
      problem will continue to reside among drivers younger than age 65, particularly
      the youngest drivers.

PMID- 2916719
TI  - Sport fish consumption advisories and projected cancer risks in the Great Lakes
      basin.
AB  - Because Great Lakes sport fish are contaminated with several toxicants, the Great
      Lakes states individually issue advisories, principally based on Food and Drug
      Administration (FDA) action levels, that suggest limiting or eliminating
      consumption of contaminated fish. We describe the procedures the states use to
      determine when to issue consumption advisories and we evaluate the associated
      cancer risks using EPA-IARC-OSTP risk assessment procedures. Projected cancer
      risks are high for consumers of small quantities of sport fish contaminated with
      DDT or dieldrin at their respective action levels. Projected risks at
      concentrations that are common but below the action levels are also substantial.
      We propose that sport fish with tissue concentrations of DDT or dieldrin one
      fifth and one-third of the action levels should be covered by consumption
      advisories to warn consumers of the potential adverse health impacts.

PMID- 2916721
TI  - The inaccessibility of seat belts in taxicabs.
AB  - The accessibility of seat belts was determined in a total sample of 200 taxicabs
      waiting to pick up passengers at eight city airports. A rear seat belt was
      "accessible" (able to be fastened within 10 seconds) in 111 (55.5 per cent)
      taxicabs. The proportion varied by city from 16.0 per cent (New York City) to
      96.0 per cent (Minneapolis-St. Paul) and was higher for taxicabs in cities
      covered by mandatory state seat belt legislation.

PMID- 2916722
TI  - Coverage gaps in seat belt use laws.
AB  - Some seat belt use laws exempt occupants in certain seating positions and in
      certain types of vehicles, or both. A state-by-state analysis was conducted of
      the extent to which passenger vehicle occupants killed before the laws went into
      effect would have been covered by the laws subsequently passed. Only five states
      had laws that covered all passenger vehicle occupants; the majority excluded 4 to
      8 per cent and six states excluded 14 per cent or more. More inclusive laws can
      reduce injuries and save lives.

PMID- 2916723
TI  - Reducing knee morbidity among carpetlayers.
AB  - Carpetlayers have a high prevalence of occupational knee morbidity, partly
      attributable to their use of the knee kicker to stretch carpet for wall-to-wall
      installation. While a mechanical alternative "power stretcher" is available, knee
      kickers are still widely used. A questionnaire survey indicated that
      unavailability of the mechanical stretcher at installation sites was a major
      factor for continued use of the knee kicker. Strategies to reduce use of the knee
      kicker are discussed.

PMID- 2916725
TI  - Project LEAN.

PMID- 2916724
TI  - Modeling and variable selection in epidemiologic analysis.
AB  - This paper provides an overview of problems in multivariate modeling of
      epidemiologic data, and examines some proposed solutions. Special attention is
      given to the task of model selection, which involves selection of the model form,
      selection of the variables to enter the model, and selection of the form of these
      variables in the model. Several conclusions are drawn, among them: a) model and
      variable forms should be selected based on regression diagnostic procedures, in
      addition to goodness-of-fit tests; b) variable-selection algorithms in current
      packaged programs, such as conventional stepwise regression, can easily lead to
      invalid estimates and tests of effect; and c) variable selection is better
      approached by direct estimation of the degree of confounding produced by each
      variable than by significance-testing algorithms. As a general rule, before using
      a model to estimate effects, one should evaluate the assumptions implied by the
      model against both the data and prior information.

PMID- 2916726
TI  - Pleomorphic fibroma of the skin: a benign neoplasm with cytologic atypia. A
      clinicopathologic study of eight cases.
AB  - A clinicopathologic study of eight examples of polypoid and dome-shaped cutaneous
      fibrous lesions with sparse cellularity but striking nuclear atypia and rare
      mitotic figures is presented. Positive immunohistochemical staining for vimentin
      and actin supported the fibroblastic nature of these lesions. All eight cases
      were adults whose ages ranged from 33 to 67 years (mean 52 years). Five were
      women and three were men. Five lesions were located on extremities, two on the
      trunk, and one on the face and they measured from 4 to 16 mm in greatest
      dimension. The lesions were clinically followed from 4 months to 5 years. They
      all showed benign clinical behavior, with only one local recurrence in a lesion
      that had been incompletely removed. The nuclear atypia seen in these fibrous
      lesions may be similar to that which occurs in other benign mesenchymal
      neoplasms, such as pleomorphic lipoma, pleomorphic leiomyoma, ancient schwannoma,
      and variants of dermatofibroma with atypical cells. We suggest that "pleomorphic
      fibroma" is an appropriate term for this lesion based on its histologic
      differentiation, cytologic atypia, and benign clinical course.

PMID- 2916728
TI  - Ploidy and condylomata.

PMID- 2916727
TI  - Pulmonary metastases in patients with low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma.
      Clinicopathologic findings with immunohistochemical characterization.
AB  - Two cases of low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma (ESS) presenting as cystic
      pulmonary metastases are reported. Both lung lesions were initially thought to
      represent examples of so-called mesenchymal cystic hamartoma. A diligent search
      of the past medical records in the first case revealed that a primary low-grade
      ESS of the uterus had been resected 27 years earlier. In the second case, a
      uterine tumor was seen by computed tomography scan and subsequent pathologic
      examination of the hysterectomy specimen established the presence of a low-grade
      ESS. Peritoneal metastases, present in both cases, also presented diagnostic
      problems until the uterine primaries were recognized. Immunoreactivity for desmin
      was detected in all primary and metastatic tumor sites examined. We conclude that
      ESS should be included among the desmin-positive spindle cell sarcomas and that
      metastatic ESS should be included in the differential diagnosis of "benign"
      mesenchymal cystic hamartoma of the lung.

PMID- 2916729
TI  - Follow-up in gastric dysplasia patients.

PMID- 2916730
TI  - Ultrastructural biology of Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis (=Leishmania
      braziliensis panamensis) in Lutzomyia gomezi (Diptera: Psychodidae): a natural
      host-parasite association.
AB  - The development of Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis in a natural sand fly host,
      Lutzomyia gomezi, was studied by light and transmission electron microscopy. New
      aspects of peripylarian parasite behavior and morphology in the sand fly gut,
      early bloodmeal stages, and ultrastructural development in the anterior gut were
      documented. Eight distinct morphological forms were observed in the life cycle of
      the parasite within the insect. In the bloodmeal, amastigotes (1) transformed
      into stumpy promastigotes (2) which rapidly multiplied, resulting in spatulate
      shaped nectomonad promastigotes (3) and elongate nectomonad promastigotes (4).
      These latter forms migrated primarily into the hindgut, where both were observed
      attached (=haptomonad phase) to the cuticular intima by hemidesmosomes within
      extremely shortened flagella. Spatulate haptomonad promastigotes predominated,
      colonizing the entire length of the hindgut, with the greatest density at 2
      disjunct sites: the pylorus/ileum and the anterior rectum/rectal sac.
      Paramastigotes and dividing flagellates were rare. Some parasites migrated
      directly to the cardia/stomodeal valve region without a hindgut phase; however,
      major movement anteriorly was from the hindgut beginning at 6 days postinfection.
      In the cardia lumen, dividing short Type A promastigotes (5) predominated,
      intermixed with short Type B promastigotes with longer flagella (6).
      Paramastigotes (7) were free-swimming in the lumen as well as attached to the
      stomodeal valve. The primary colonizers of the valve were pear-shaped haptomonad
      promastigotes (8), with flagella of variable lengths and multi-segmented
      hemidesmosomal attachment points to the intima. Promastigotes and paramastigotes
      colonized the esophagus-pharynx region and attached to the foregut lining by
      flagellar hemidesmosomes. Both forms may represent infective stages of L. (V.)
      panamensis; however, no parasites were detected in the cibarium or proboscis. L.
      (V.) panamensis appeared well-adapted to the gut of Lu. gomezi, multiplying
      extensively at 2 sites, changing morphological form, and adhering to host
      surfaces by variously modified flagellar hemidesmosomes.

PMID- 2916731
TI  - Co-circulation of multiple Colorado tick fever virus genotypes.
AB  - Colorado tick fever (CTF) virus, family Reoviridae, genus Orbivirus, contains 12
      genes distinguishable by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). Multiple
      genotypes of CTF virus were isolated at 3 field sites in Colorado in 1985. Five
      genotypes were found at Campos Cabin, 2 at Drake, and 6 at Rocky Mountain
      National Park. Virus isolations were made in 1985 from 6 patients with CTF. These
      isolates were distinct from each other and the field isolates. Although the CTF
      isolates were different by PAGE profile, the majority of the 12 genes were highly
      conserved among the 1985 isolates and a Florio isolate (FMA). Only genes 4 and 6
      were variant among the 1985 CTF isolates and FMA, and no unique genes were
      identified. In 1986, a follow-up field survey was done at the Campos Cabin site.
      Of the 3 CTF PAGE genotypes obtained, 2 exhibited PAGE profiles which were
      different from the 1985 isolates. One isolate may have resulted from the
      reassortment of genes from 2 of the isolates circulating at Campos Cabin in 1985.

PMID- 2916732
TI  - Here we are: behind again!

PMID- 2916733
TI  - The tension-free hernioplasty.
AB  - Since the first true herniorrhaphy was performed by Bassini over 100 years ago,
      all modifications and surgical techniques have shared a common disadvantage:
      suture line tension. The anatomic, physiologic, and pathologic characteristics of
      hernia recurrence are examined. The prime etiologic factor behind most
      herniorrhaphy failures is the suturing together, under tension, of structures
      that are not normally in apposition. With the use of modern mesh prosthetics, it
      is now possible to repair all hernias without distortion of the normal anatomy
      and with no suture line tension. The technique is simple, rapid, less painful,
      and effective, allowing prompt resumption of unrestricted physical activity.

PMID- 2916734
TI  - Implantation metastasis as a cause of local recurrence of colorectal carcinoma.
AB  - Local recurrence of colorectal carcinoma postoperatively is due to locally
      unresected tumor, lymphatic permeation by tumor, or intraoperative implantation
      of viable shed cancer cells. One hundred eighty-five patients with colorectal
      carcinoma underwent resection for cure. Of these patients, 40 received diluted
      formalin intraluminally for prevention of local recurrence, and the remainder
      received no cancericidal agent. Distribution by tumor size and stage was similar
      in both groups. Local recurrence occurred in 2.6 percent of formalin-treated
      patients and 14.3 percent of untreated patients. The difference in recurrence
      rates was significant (p less than 0.05). No significant difference between the
      two groups was present in the actuarial survival curves. The 5-year survival rate
      was 66.6 percent in the formalin-treated group and 50.5 percent in the control
      group. No suture line recurrences were observed in the treated group. Our results
      indicate that intraluminal fixation of cancer cells before opening the bowel is
      an effective method of reducing local recurrence after resection of colorectal
      cancer.

PMID- 2916735
TI  - Early gastric cancer.
AB  - Thirty-six patients with early gastric cancer were studied. In 15 patients,
      malignancy was restricted to the mucosa; in 21 patients, submucosal invasion was
      noted. Lymph node involvement was found in four patients. Kaplan-Meier estimates
      for 5-year survival were 92 percent for mucosal lesions and 65 percent for
      submucosal lesions (overall 5-year survival rate 73 percent). Mucosal lesions
      were significantly larger than were submucosal lesions (3.7 +/- 0.6 cm versus 2.5
      +/- 0.4 cm, mean +/- SE; p less than 0.005). Associated malignancy was recorded
      in 13 of 36 patients. When compared with data from a large Japanese study, early
      gastric cancer in the United States tends to develop more distally in the stomach
      and in patients approximately one decade older. Survival was not as favorable as
      in Japan. This may be related to patient age and the high incidence of associated
      nongastric malignancy.

PMID- 2916736
TI  - Screening for cholelithiasis prior to aortic reconstruction.
AB  - A study was undertaken to determine the value of preoperative oral
      cholecystography and the incidence and complications of cholelithiasis in
      patients undergoing aortic reconstruction. Over an 11-year period, 785 patients
      underwent aortic reconstruction. Forty-seven had a previous cholecystectomy; of
      the 738 remaining patients, 394 underwent preoperative operative oral
      cholecystography to screen for cholelithiasis. Seventy-three (18 percent) were
      found to have gallbladder disease. Thirteen had symptoms attributed to
      cholelithiasis and underwent cholecystectomy with aortic reconstruction. Three
      hundred eighty-one were left with the gallbladder after aortic reconstruction, 60
      in whom disease was identified and 321 with normal oral cholecystography results.
      Three patients developed cholecystitis in the postoperative period, one in the
      diseased group and two with normal gallbladders. The incidence of postoperative
      cholecystitis was 0.8 percent (3 patients). Preoperative oral cholecystography is
      of little value as a screening tool. Cholecystectomy during aortic reconstruction
      is probably safe and the risk of postoperative cholecystitis in the asymptomatic
      patient is negligible.

PMID- 2916738
TI  - External carotid endarterectomy under direct vision.
AB  - At the conclusion of standard carotid endarterectomy in 50 consecutive patients,
      we examined flow in the external carotid artery using a continuous-wave Doppler
      probe. In two patients (4 percent), flow was absent in the distal external
      carotid artery. In both patients, opening the external carotid artery through a
      separate incision revealed an obstructing intimal flap that was removed easily
      under direct vision, and external carotid endarterectomy was accomplished without
      interrupting flow through the internal carotid artery. This simple manuever
      allows for salvage of external carotid arteries that are occluded during standard
      blinded external carotid endarterectomy.

PMID- 2916737
TI  - The tracheoesophageal diversion and laryngotracheal separation procedures for
      treatment of intractable aspiration.
AB  - Intractable aspiration is a severe and often fatal complication in patients with
      impaired protective function of the larynx. This problem is usually a result of
      central nervous system disorders such as cerebrovascular accident, trauma,
      neoplasms, or degenerative disease. Surgical separation of the upper respiratory
      tract from the digestive tract can prevent recurrent contamination of the
      respiratory system in these patients. Two such procedures are the
      tracheoesophageal diversion procedure and a modification of this operation, the
      laryngotracheal separation procedure. The Virginia Mason Medical Center
      experience with these procedures, their indications, technique, and outcome are
      presented. In addition, cases of successful surgical reversal of the diversion
      procedures are discussed.

PMID- 2916739
TI  - An analysis of the fourth year of medical school for students pursuing surgical
      careers.
AB  - A fourth-year curriculum survey was forwarded to surgery resident program
      directors, clerkship directors, and residents. A 37 percent response rate was
      achieved with comparable representation of each respondent type from 130
      institutions. The purpose of the survey was to determine how each of the 3
      respondent types rated the importance of 42 subjects or clinical experiences to
      be taken in the fourth year of medical school for students pursuing surgical
      careers. The survey also included questions on such issues as externships, early
      match programs, and guidelines used at their institutions for their fourth year
      students. The results indicated a significantly high agreement among respondent
      types on what should comprise surgical students' fourth-year curriculum content.
      The majority feel the fourth year should be planned by students with an electives
      advisor to equally add breadth to their general professional education as well as
      provide prerequisite experiences in the career-chosen discipline.

PMID- 2916740
TI  - Staging for breast carcinoma.
AB  - Pretreatment staging and posttreatment follow-up of the breast cancer patient
      consists of physical examination of the breasts and regional node-bearing areas,
      routine laboratory studies, chest radiography, and bilateral mammography. For
      palpable tumors, mammography is used to determine tumor size and to identify
      nonpalpable multifocal or contralateral lesions. Mammography is an important
      adjunct to physical examination when monitoring for local recurrence in the
      irradiated breast or when searching for second primary cancers in the
      contralateral breast. Axillary nodes are evaluated by direct palpation, but some
      investigators recommend lymphoscintigraphy to examine the internal mammary chain.
      The most common sites for distant metastases are the skeleton, lung, brain, and
      liver. Although radionuclide scanning is currently the most effective method to
      evaluate metastases to bone, plain radiography, and sometimes computed tomography
      and magnetic resonance imaging, are required to corroborate radionuclide
      findings. However, due to cost constraints and anticipated low yield, routine
      imaging for metastases should be limited to chest radiography.

PMID- 2916741
TI  - Bowel obstruction after operation for colorectal carcinoma.

PMID- 2916742
TI  - Histopathology of congenital pigmented nevi.
AB  - Between 1982 and 1985, a total of 39 congenital pigmented nevi (CN) were removed
      from patients in the Oklahoma Children's Memorial Hospital. Multiple sections
      were examined from each of the lesions removed. The histologic patterns were
      recorded with special note of those features traditionally associated with CN.
      These include nevus cells in the lower reticular dermis and subcutaneous tissue,
      association of nevus cells with and in appendageal structures, and infiltration
      of nevus cells between collagen bundles. These features were primarily observed
      in larger CN (greater than 3 cm). Most small nevi do not show these features. The
      histologic patterns were consistent throughout multiple sections of the nevi. It
      is concluded that the histology traditionally associated with CN relates
      primarily to the size of the nevus rather than to the time of its appearance.

PMID- 2916743
TI  - Rhabdomyomatous mesenchymal hamartoma of skin.
AB  - A case of a solitary mesenchymal hamartoma occurring on the chin of a newborn
      infant is presented. The skin nodule exhibited an abnormal arrangement of dermal
      mesenchymal elements and, in particular, there was prominence of skeletal muscle.
      This lesion, which appears to be unique, has been termed rhabdomyomatous
      mesenchymal hamartoma of skin.

PMID- 2916744
TI  - Let's put it this way. A medical writing clinic.

PMID- 2916745
TI  - On the terminology of cutaneous melanoma.

PMID- 2916746
TI  - The nature of the cells comprising tactile corpuscle-like structures.

PMID- 2916747
TI  - On cell contribution to gonadal soma formation in quail-chick chimeras during the
      indifferent stage of gonadal development.
AB  - A quail mesonephros was produced in a chicken embryo by orthotopic
      transplantation of quail left Wolffian duct and intermediate mesoderm between
      somites 18 and 21 in a 2 day chicken embryo. During the indifferent period of
      gonadal development in the chicken (day 4-6), no mesonephric (quail) cells take
      part in forming gonadal somatic cells. At this period all these cells are derived
      from the surface epithelium. The epithelial cells leave the surface where
      colonization of primordial germ cells occurs. The mesonephros begins its
      participation in gonadal soma formation between day 6 and 7, the time of sexual
      differentiation. These results are discussed in terms of sexual differentiation
      and the development stage of the mesonephros.

PMID- 2916748
TI  - Morphofunctional study of mammotropic cells following intraventricular
      administration of met-enkephalin.
AB  - An ultrastructural and morphometric study was carried out on the adenohypophyseal
      mammotropic cells of rats treated intraventricularly with an acute dose (150
      micrograms) of Met-enkephalin. In the female rats, clear features of cellular
      hyperactivity appeared after opioid administration. The changes affected the
      Golgi complex, the rough endoplasmic reticulum, the mature and immature secretory
      granules and the images of exocytosis. Such changes did not appear when naloxone
      was administered before the opioid, and naloxone induced an increase in the
      numerical density of lysosomal dense bodies with lipoid inclusions. In the male
      animals, administration of an identical dose of Met-enkephalin caused only a few
      significant changes, similar to those observed in the controls. It is concluded
      that Met-enkephalin administered intraventricularly causes evident modifications
      in the mammotropic cells of female rats whereas such changes in the male animals
      are not significant.

PMID- 2916749
TI  - Administration of bovine superoxide dismutase prevents sequelae of spinal cord
      ischemia in the rabbit.
AB  - The contribution of free radical-mediated reperfusion injury to the ischemic
      damage caused by total arterial occlusion has been investigated in a model of
      transient spinal cord ischemia in the rabbit. Spinal cord ischemia was produced
      in 20 anaesthetized rabbits by temporary luminal occlusion (20 min) of the
      abdominal aorta below the renal arteries. Superoxide dismutase (5 mg/kg) (10
      animals) was infused before and during reperfusion below aortic occlusion using
      an infusion pump that infused the enzyme through the contralateral femoral
      artery. Control (10 animals) received sterile saline with the same procedure. In
      this later group, 4 animals developed paraplegia, 4 were paretic and only 2 were
      normal. However, in the treated group, 6 animals were normal while 3 were paretic
      and only one appeared paralyzed. We conclude that: a) oxygen free radicals
      generated during reperfusion are involved in producing the ischemic injury, and
      b) the ischemic spinal cord injury is prevented by superoxide dismutase.

PMID- 2916750
TI  - The fate map of the chick forelimb-bud and its bearing on hypothesized
      developmental control mechanisms.
AB  - Carbon particles and isotopic quail grafts were used as markers to study the
      salient features of the fate map of the chick forelimb between stages 20 and 27.
      The grafting technique confirmed the reliability of the carbon method: they both
      revealed striking asymmetries in which apical mesodermal tissue was progressively
      displaced in a proximal direction (as would be expected on the basis of growth by
      net apical addition of tissue) but also in a preaxial direction, while postaxial
      tissue became elongated in the direction of limb outgrowth. Ectoderm showed a
      similar preaxial-postaxial asymmetry but became displaced from initially
      underlying mesoderm. In marked contrast to mesoderm, distal ectoderm remained at
      a constant distance from the apical ectodermal ridge (or became incorporated into
      it), thus implying that the ectodermal sheet is anchored distally and grows by
      uniform stretching proximally. Within the ectoderm itself, the outer peridermal
      layer is displaced distally relative to the underlying epidermal basal layer.
      Peripheral mesoderm showed patterns of displacement which were intermediate
      between those of ectoderm and chondrogenic core mesoderm. It is argued that such
      morphogenetic phenomena are integral components of developmental mechanisms of
      significance in the control of pattern generation. Implications of the
      interpretation and use of the fate map in relation to theories of limb
      development, particularly those based on mechanisms defined in terms of limb
      axes, are reviewed.

PMID- 2916751
TI  - Hyaline-cell cartilage (chondroid) in the heads of teleosts.
AB  - The structure and distribution of hyaline-cell cartilage (chondroid) (HCC) in the
      heads of teleosts has been studied in 48 species from 16 families. The tissue is
      pale-staining and has closely-packed, hyaline cells that are separated by a small
      quantity of matrix. The matrix has only a mild affinity for alcian blue and the
      cells are not shrunken within lacunae. Two subtypes of the tissue are here
      described--fibrohyaline-cell cartilage (chondroid) where collagen fibres are
      prominent in the matrix, and lipohyaline-cell cartilage where fat and hyaline
      cells are intermingled. An elastic hyaline-cell cartilage has been described
      previously. Associations of HCC with dense fibrous connective tissue,
      mucochondroid, hyaline cartilage and bone are described. Lists are provided of
      membrane and cartilages bones to which the tissue is attached and of species in
      which it is common. Suitable 'type examples' for reference and for further study
      include the cartilage in the rostral folds of the red-tailed black shark, Labeo
      bicolor and the flying fox, Epalzeorhynchus kalopterus. HCC occurs in lips and
      rostral folds, in pre-palatine and submaxillary menisci, in ligaments, at the
      anterior end of the basihyal, in the pectoral girdle, in adhesive discs, in gill
      arches, beneath the basioccipital chewing pad, in barbels, next to the facial
      nerve, around the olfactory region and in the core of the nasal skin flaps. It is
      a particularly important tissue in cyprinids and related fish, and enormous
      masses of it are present in the black shark, Morulius chrysophekadion and the
      Hong Kong pleco, Pseudogastromyzon myersi. It acts as a damper against the
      contractions of the heart or the pressure of occluding pharyngeal teeth, and it
      provides the mouth region of bottom-dwelling, algal eaters with flexible support.
      In relation to Schaffer's classification of supporting tissues, I confirm a
      distinction between HCC and Zellknorpel.

PMID- 2916752
TI  - Origin of the notochord in the rat embryo tail.
AB  - The origin of the notochord in the rat tail was investigated on transverse serial
      semi-thin and ultra-thin sections of 12- and 13-day embryo tails. It was found
      that the notochord develops from a mass of condensed mesenchymal cells which is
      located ventrally to the secondary neural tube, and which subsequently splits
      into a) a thin cord which becomes notochord and b) a thick portion which gives
      rise to the tail gut. By analogy with the secondary neurulation and the secondary
      gut formation, one might therefore speak of a secondary notochord formation in
      the tail. It occurs in close relationship with the formation of the tail gut.

PMID- 2916753
TI  - Granular epithelioid cells of the kidneys in salmon adapted to fresh- and
      seawater.
AB  - The occurrence of granular epithelioid cells in the kidney arterial vessels was
      studied in one- and two-year-old Atlantic salmon during the physiological fresh-
      and seawater periods. The purpose of this study was to make long-term comparison
      on the morphology of the renin angiotensin system in the same fish species. One
      year-old salmon living in freshwater had a statistically significant higher
      number of granular epithelioid cells (39.9 +/- 8.3/mm arterial vessel) than the
      two-year-old fish living in seawater (29.8 +/- 5.2/mm arterial vessel, P less
      than 0.00001). There was also a significant difference from month to month
      between the groups (P less than 0.05), but not within the groups (P greater than
      0.07 freshwater, P less than 0.3 seawater). With the electron microscope the
      granules were found evenly distributed within the cytoplasm. They were of high
      electron density and lined by a single membrane. The granules were composed of a
      finely granular material. The recorded data on length and weight showed that all
      fish ate and developed normally. From our results and the available literature,
      we conclude that in primitive vertebrates, the renin angiotensin system is
      primarily involved in renal circulation, with vasoconstriction on the afferent
      side of the glomerulus.

PMID- 2916754
TI  - Site-specific regulation of osteogenesis: maintenance of discrete levels of
      phenotypic expression in vitro.
AB  - Intrinsic differences in bone formation rate, cell numbers, and the percentages
      of cells expressing alkaline phosphatase activity were studied in explants of
      chick calvaria periosteum cultured for 4 days and 6 days. Proliferation,
      differentiation, and bone production were examined in radioautographs of plastic
      sections and by using whole-culture biochemical assays of protein and alkaline
      phosphatase. Ectocranial explants at both 4 days and 6 days exhibited more
      alkaline phosphatase-positive cells and significantly more bone formation than
      endocranial cultures. There were no detectable differences in cell numbers or 3H
      thymidine labeling indices. The volume of bone synthesized per osteoblast was
      significantly higher in the ectocranial group. Examination of bone stripped of
      periostea and then cultured for 4 days revealed that large areas of bone were
      covered by osteoblasts, indicating that the periosteal explant cultures were
      composed almost exclusively of osteoprogenitor cells and fibroblasts. The data
      suggest that the level of expression of predetermined osteogenic phenotypes can
      be maintained in vitro for 6 days following explantation and that variations in
      the rate of osteogenesis are programmed into progenitor cells prior to their
      differentiation into osteoblasts.

PMID- 2916755
TI  - Immunogold distribution of actin during spermiogenesis in the rat, hamster,
      monkey, and human.
AB  - The localization of actin during spermiogenesis in the rat, hamster, monkey, and
      human was examined at the ultrastructural level using postembedding immunogold
      methods. Results revealed a similar pattern of actin distribution in these four
      species, although the staining intensity was higher in rodent spermatids than in
      those obtained from primates. Gold particles were first detected in the nascent
      subacrosomal space of round spermatids. This subacrosomal labeling extended as
      the acrosome spread over the nucleus during the elongation phase, remained
      unchanged during the first steps of the maturation phase, and disappeared
      completely before spermiation. Thus, using antiactin probes (present results) and
      other specific probes, actin appears to be a consistent component of the
      subacrosomal layer of spermatids during the greater part of spermiogenesis in
      many mammals.

PMID- 2916756
TI  - Distribution of fibronectins and laminin in the early pig embryo.
AB  - Fibronectins (FN) and laminin (LN) distributions were studied in the pig embryo
      by indirect immunofluorescence using antiporcine FN and antimurine LN antibodies.
      Extracellular FN are first detected in the early blastocyst before endodermal
      cell migration. They appear between the cells and on the blastocoelic face of the
      inner cell mass; thus, they are located at the interface of the trophectoderm and
      extraembryonic endoderm. Mesodermal cells migrate in a tridimensional network of
      fibrillar FN. These glycoproteins are also in the extraembryonic membranes
      (chorion and yolk sac wall) contiguous to the FN-rich basement membranes of
      embryonic ectoderm and endoderm. Extracellular LN appears in the blastocyst when
      the endoderm is already established as a continuous cellular monolayer, and is
      located between the trophectoderm and the extraembryonic endoderm, which produces
      it. Laminin also accumulates at the basal surface of the embryonic ectoderm at
      the onset of gastrulation. In the extraembryonic membranes, LN appears at the
      interface of the endoderm and mesoderm and at the interface of the trophectoderm
      and mesoderm. It is produced and secreted by extraembryonic mesodermal cells.
      Analysis of the distribution of these glycoproteins suggests that FN allow the
      migration of endodermal and mesodermal cells by providing them with a suitable
      substrate. When these cells become immobilized, they synthesize LN, probably to
      stabilize their interactions with the underlying extracellular material and
      epithelia.

PMID- 2916757
TI  - Localization of fibronectin in megakaryocytes of fetal liver.
AB  - Antibodies specific for fibronectin were utilized to determine the sites of
      localization in the liver during development. The livers of fetal rats from each
      of gestation days 11-19, and from days 1 and 8 postpartum, were studied by
      fluorescence microscopy. Fibronectin was localized predominantly in
      megakaryocytes and megakaryocyte precursors, and to a lesser extent in the
      extracellular matrix surrounding blood vessels and between hepatocytes and
      sinusoids. The cytoplasm of megakaryocytes and their precursors displayed bright
      fluorescence but their nuclei were negative for fibronectin. Hepatocytes had
      negative or faint fluorescence. Megakaryocytes were present in the liver from day
      12, and were numerous from day 13 through most of the rest of gestation. The
      relative numbers of megakaryocytes decreased in later gestation; at 8 days
      postpartum only a few were observed per section. Hepatic megakaryocytes appeared
      before megakaryocytes were established in spleen and bone marrow. The early and
      persistent high levels of fibronectin in hepatic megakaryocytes, in the absence
      of comparable localization within hepatocytes, leads us to the hypothesis that
      megakaryocytes are important in establishing circulating fibronectin levels in
      the fetus. Similarly, bone marrow megakaryocytes may contribute to circulating
      fibronectin in the adult.

PMID- 2916758
TI  - The ultrastructure of Ruffini endings in the periodontal ligament of rat incisors
      with special reference to the terminal Schwann cells (K-cells).
AB  - The Ruffini endings and associated cells in the periodontal ligament of rat
      incisors were investigated by means of immunohistochemistry for glia-specific S
      100 protein and electron microscopy. Numerous Ruffini endings, which were
      immunoreactive for S-100 protein as well as for neurofilament protein, were
      distributed in the alveolus-related part of the lingual periodontal ligament. In
      electron microscopy, the Ruffini endings displayed expanded axoplasmic spines
      filled with a large number of mitochondria and neurofilaments; some of the spines
      directly contacted the surrounding collagen fibers via fingerlike projections.
      The axoplasmic spines and Schwann sheath, for the most part, were covered
      alternately by single or multiple layers of the basal lamina. Several rounded
      cells showing S-100 immunoreactivity occurred in the vicinity of the Ruffini
      endings. The rounded cells associated with Ruffini endings possessed a kidney
      shaped nucleus and enveloped the axoplasmic spines with their cytoplasmic
      processes. From these morphological features, the cells in question were
      identified as the K-cells described by Everts et al. (1977). These K-cells
      developed Golgi apparatus and rough endoplasmic reticulum, suggesting active
      synthesis of proteins. Immunohistochemistry at the electron microscopic level
      revealed an intense immunoreactivity for S-100 protein in the cytoplasm of the K
      cell and led to a conclusion that the K-cells were terminal Schwann cells
      associated with Ruffini endings, presumably corresponding to the lamellar cells
      in the inner bulb of sensory corpuscles.

PMID- 2916759
TI  - Can the parasternal long axis plane replace the apical four-chamber plane in
      diagnosing mitral valve prolapse?
AB  - Since the mitral anulus is now known to be saddle-shaped, use of the qualitative
      motion of the mitral valve (MV) leaflets in the apical four-chamber plane to
      diagnose mitral valve prolapse (MVP) may be unsound, in that superior systolic
      displacement of the MV leaflets would occur in normal subjects, as well as in
      patients with MVP. It has therefore been suggested that the parasternal long axis
      (PLAX) plane should be used to diagnose MVP. To test the feasibility of this
      approach, the authors examined the predictive accuracy of PLAX prolapse and other
      isolated echocardiographic abnormalities versus a multivariate decision tree
      approach. PLAX prolapse, which was significantly associated with marked (greater
      than 0.7 cm) apical four-chamber prolapse, mitral regurgitation, the presence of
      a thick mitral valve, and low relative body weight, was 100% specific for MVP but
      only 44% sensitive. Similarly, marked apical four-chamber prolapse was 100%
      specific but only 53% sensitive. Apical four-chamber prolapse, if gauged only
      qualitatively as present or absent, was 94% sensitive but only 50% specific. By
      contrast, the decision tree classified all 32 initial patients correctly, and in
      a second, test set, selected 6 additional patients; these 6 patients had many of
      the clinical features of MVP. These observations suggest that: (1) if prolapse is
      seen in the PLAX plane, the patient does have MVP; on the other hand, lack of
      prolapse in this plane does not exclude the diagnosis of MVP and (2) the apical
      four-chamber plane, used qualitatively, does not reliably distinguish patients
      with MVP from those without MVP.

PMID- 2916760
TI  - Arterial fibrodysplasia: a regional cause of peripheral occlusive vascular
      disease.
AB  - The authors studied 17 cases of symptomatic arterial fibrodysplasia involving
      peripheral arteries without concomitant renovascular hypertension in Iranian
      males (age range: twenty-two to forty-five years). Affected arteries were most
      commonly the femoral, iliac, and popliteal, but in 2 cases the axillary and
      brachial arteries were also affected. Three cases were progressive. Differential
      diagnosis of arterial fibrodysplasia is discussed. It is concluded that this
      entity is the most common cause of peripheral occlusive vascular disease in
      younger Iranian males.

PMID- 2916761
TI  - Ultrasonic treatment of varicose veins.
AB  - Varicose veins and venous ailments are common among adult Americans. Treatment
      procedures vary but are mostly invasive. The current investigation utilizes
      focused high-intensity ultrasound for producing destruction of the venous wall in
      experimental dogs and in patients with varicose veins. Results are encouraging
      and suggest that focused ultrasonic irradiation can be an efficacious means of
      treating varicose veins and other venous disorders.

PMID- 2916763
TI  - Simultaneous monitoring of electrocardiogram and arterial blood pressure during
      exercise-induced syncope in a patient with severe aortic stenosis--a case report.
AB  - A sixty-six-year-old man with severe aortic stenosis, in whom simultaneous and
      continuous monitoring of the electrocardiogram and arterial blood pressure was
      performed immediately before, during, and following recovery from exercise
      induced syncope, is reported. During exercise the patient developed anginal pain
      associated with a gradual fall of arterial blood pressure followed by syncope. At
      the onset of the syncope, arterial blood pressure was extremely low, and the
      electrocardiogram showed sinus tachycardia. It was assumed from these findings
      that profound hypotension, induced by peripheral vasodilatation and ischemic
      myocardial depression leading to inappropriately low cardiac output, was the
      underlying factor mainly responsible for the occurrence of exercise-induced
      syncope in the present case.

PMID- 2916762
TI  - Echocardiographic confirmation of mitral valve prolapse: a new finding on
      radionuclide ventriculography--a case report.
AB  - A prominent filling defect was depicted on a radionuclide ventriculogram in a
      patient with mitral regurgitation. This defect was later shown, by cardiac
      ultrasound, to be due to mitral valve prolapse into the left ventricle during
      diastole. This case illustrates that mitral valve prolapse should be added to the
      list of clinical entities that can result in an intraventricular defect on a
      radionuclide ventriculogram.

PMID- 2916764
TI  - Risk factors for coronary atherosclerosis in the elderly.
AB  - To determine the importance of traditional risk factors for coronary artery
      disease (CAD) in the elderly, the authors studied 64 consecutive patients with
      angiographically normal or near-normal coronary arteries and 64 patients with
      CAD. All patients were greater than or equal to sixty years old. The risk factors
      studied were male sex, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia,
      cigarette smoking, sedentary life-style, and family history. The prevalence of
      these risk factors in the two groups of patients was compared. The results
      suggest that in persons greater than or equal to 60 years old, male sex and
      cigarette smoking continue to remain risk factors for CAD. Since most of the
      patients with diabetes and hypertension were on medical management for their
      condition, the authors' findings also suggest that diabetes mellitus, even under
      treatment, remains an important risk factor for CAD in the elderly but controlled
      hypertension does not. Other traditional risk factors (hypercholesterolemia,
      sedentary life-style, and family history) do not discriminate individuals with
      moderate to severe CAD from those with normal or near-normal coronary arteries in
      persons greater than or equal to sixty years old.

PMID- 2916765
TI  - Augmented fragmentation of atrial activity upon premature electrical stimuli by
      verapamil.
AB  - The significance of fragmented activity obtained from the atrium during
      electrophysiologic study (EP study) was confirmed since it was always observed
      just at the onset of fibrillation. It was preceded by extra stimuli or atrial
      flutter, and the initial site of fragmentation varied from case to case. The
      premature-stimulus-induced widening of the atrial wave was observed in some cases
      who had normal size of atrium and no heart failure. The widening was augmented by
      administration of verapamil but not by procainamide, suggesting that for such
      widening or fragmented activity, slow-fiber-mediated conduction seems to be
      responsible. One case with intraatrial reentrant tachycardia developed
      fragmentation lasting for 1.0 second after verapamil. Therefore, some apparently
      normal atria may have a subclinical electrophysiologic abnormality that can be
      disclosed by premature stimulations or verapamil.

PMID- 2916766
TI  - Is increased plasma viscosity a risk factor for high blood pressure?
AB  - Data from several epidemiologic studies have suggested that, among other
      variables, hematocrit and fibrinogen may constitute risk factors for high blood
      pressure. As part of a population survey for cardiovascular risk factors, plasma
      viscosity and hemoglobin were measured. Blood pressure was determined under
      standardized conditions according to the recommendations of the AHA. A two-stage
      age-sex-stratified cluster sample of 5,312 persons, aged twenty-five to sixty
      four years, was selected from a mixed urban/rural target population of 282,279
      (total population approximately 533,000). A net response of 79.3% was achieved.
      Multiple logistic regression analyses including plasma viscosity, hemoglobin,
      body mass index, alcohol consumption, smoking behavior, and total serum
      cholesterol as independent variables were run controlling for both age and sex.
      Plasma viscosity appeared as a significant main effect in all analyses and
      demonstrated the strongest association with high blood pressure next to body mass
      index. Whether this association implies a causal relationship cannot be answered
      from cross-sectional data. However, even if plasma hyperviscosity represents a
      secondary phenomenon in hypertension, it might be of prognostic relevance. There
      is evidence that increased plasma viscosity may contribute to myocardial
      hypertrophy. Therefore hypertensives with impaired blood fluidity might
      constitute a subgroup at particular risk for cardiovascular complications. When
      antihypertensive drugs are selected, their influence on blood viscosity should be
      taken into account.

PMID- 2916767
TI  - The acute effects of cigarette smoking on treadmill exercise distances in
      patients with stable intermittent claudication.
AB  - The hypothesis that smoking has an acute effect on treadmill exercise performance
      in patients with peripheral vascular disease was investigated in a crossover
      trial. Twelve patients with stable intermittent claudication who were regular
      smokers attended on two occasions within one week and treadmill tests were
      performed after 1/2, 1, 1 1/2, and 2 hours. Immediately before the second
      exercise test, two standard cigarettes were smoked or an unlit cigarette was
      "sham-smoked." Because participants could not be blinded, an attempt to control
      for patient bias was made. Half were told that we expected smoking to make no
      difference or possibly cause some improvement, and half were told that we
      expected it to make no difference or possibly cause some deterioration. These
      explanations and the order of study days were determined by balanced
      randomization. Suggestion had a significant influence on claudication distance
      immediately after smoking (p less than 0.01) but no significant effect on walking
      distance. Combining data from both groups assumes that no overall bias was
      introduced by the explanations given. Immediately after smoking, small,
      nonsignificant increases in claudication distance (+10%, 95% CI-7%, +27%) and
      walking distance (+9%, 95% CI-2%, +19%) were observed. Smoking caused a mean
      increase in heart rate of 9 beats per minute, which persisted for one hour, but
      no consistent change in blood pressure. The results show that suggestion may have
      a significant influence on treadmill exercise distances. Smoking is unlikely to
      have an important acute effect on exercise performance in claudicants.

PMID- 2916768
TI  - Effects of glycosaminoglycans and protamine chloridrate on platelet aggregation
      induced by collagen and thrombin.
AB  - The effects of heparin (HE), dermatan sulfate (DS), heparan sulfate (HS) and
      protamine chloridrate (PC) on platelet aggregation were studied. Both PC and the
      three glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) did not influence collagen-induced platelet
      aggregation. In contrast, all the tested GAGs blocked thrombin-induced platelet
      aggregation. HE and HS were equivalent and very effective, while DS was also but
      to a lesser extent. This could be because HE and HS act via both antithrombin III
      and heparin-cofactor II, whereas DS exerts its action on the latter only. PC,
      too, inhibited, in a dose-dependent fashion, thrombin-induced platelet
      aggregation, probably by competing with the thrombin affinity binding sites on
      the platelet surface. When the GAGs were tested together with PC, HE was shown to
      be the most effective: on a weight-for-weight basis, an identical amount of PC
      was unable to counteract the inhibitory effect of HE, while it partially reversed
      those of DS and HS. A full reversal of the inhibitory effect of DS and HS was
      never observed, in spite of adding increasing amounts of PC. It seems likely that
      plasma components may preserve the bindings of such GAGs with their cofactors.

PMID- 2916769
TI  - Resting ankle-arm pressure index in vascular diseases of the lower extremities.
AB  - The authors calculated 442 values of resting ankle-arm indices in 222 patients,
      of whom 114 reported exercise pain of the lower extremities (51.3%) and 34
      reported rest pain (15.3%). Tissue necrosis was diagnosed in 55 patients (24.8%)
      and other disorders in 19 (8.6%). Obliterating atherosclerosis was found in 186
      patients (83.8%), Buerger's disease in 16 (7.2%), and other vascular diseases in
      20 patients (9%). The studied index value in 262 examined lower extremities was
      1.3-1.0 in 54, 0.9-0.8 in 29, 0.7-0.6 in 66, 0.5-0.4 in 55, and 0.3-0.0 in 58
      lower extremities. Respective values for contralateral lower extremities (180)
      were the following: 69, 54, 33, 14, and 10.

PMID- 2916770
TI  - Brachial artery catheterization via cutdown and a direct needle puncture.
AB  - Brachial artery catheterization via cutdown and a direct needle puncture was
      evaluated in 369 patients undergoing arteriography at the authors' medical center
      from January, 1970, to March, 1988. The indications for retrograde brachial
      arteriography were absence of palpable femoral pulses, failure of a femoral
      approach, previous aortic bypass surgery, and/or aneurysms of the abdominal
      aorta. The technique and results are described. Two patients lost their radial
      pulse; 1 of them had thrombectomy and, one year later, developed an aneurysm at
      the site of the needle puncture. The authors conclude that catheterization of the
      brachial artery through direct needle puncture is a safe procedure with good
      results.

PMID- 2916771
TI  - Late cardiac deaths after isolated valve replacement for aortic stenosis.
      Relation to impaired left ventricular diastolic performance.
AB  - Sixty-three patients took part in a follow-up study ten to seventeen years after
      valve replacement for aortic stenosis. Data obtained were used to predict cardiac
      deaths (n = 14) occurring in the following three-year period. The degree of
      residual left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy correlated inversely with indices for
      LV systolic and diastolic performance (radionuclide cardiography). A logistic
      regression (LR) model had a positive predictive value for cardiac deaths of 100%
      (10/10) with 8% (4/53) false negatives. Evaluating LV performance indices
      exclusively, LR analysis showed that only peak filling rate had independent
      predictive value. Subnormal and normal LV ejection fractions were associated with
      equal three-year cardiac death rates (29%). Depressed LV function was related to
      residual hypertrophy. Impaired diastolic performance was the prime predictor of
      cardiac deaths.

PMID- 2916772
TI  - Abdominal aortic aneurysm with inferior vena cava obstruction: case report.
AB  - Behcet's syndrome, a multisystem disorder, is characterized by recurrent oral and
      genital aphthous ulcerations, eye lesions, and skin changes. Other
      manifestations, although rare, may affect the nervous, gastrointestinal, or
      locomotor system, as well as veins and arteries. Vascular lesions occur in
      approximately 30% of reported cases. Although thrombosis in the larger veins is
      frequent, arterial thrombosis is somewhat less likely to occur. Only a few cases
      of arterial aneurysm have been documented in the literature. This report
      describes a patient who had suffered from Behcet's syndrome for fifteen years and
      in whom a complete obstruction of the inferior vena cava was demonstrated. An
      aortoiliac bypass was performed successfully, and the patient had had a good
      clinical recovery at long-term follow-up.

PMID- 2916773
TI  - Effect of hypothermia on the pharmacokinetics of ethanol in piglets.
AB  - The effect of hypothermia (29 C) on the pharmacokinetics of ethanol was studied
      in eight piglets serving as their own normothermic controls. Ten milliliters of
      12% ethanol per kilogram were infused over 30 minutes, and serum ethanol
      concentrations were measured for seven hours. Ethanol concentration data were
      fitted to one-compartment open model assuming Michaelis Menten elimination
      kinetics. During hypothermia, ethanol concentrations were consistently higher
      than during normothermia. This observation could be explained by both a
      significantly smaller distribution volume of ethanol during hypothermia (0.71 +/-
      0.03 L/kg at 29 C and 0.84 +/- 0.05 L/kg at 37 C, P less than .02) and a
      significantly slower maximum velocity of metabolism of ethanol (Vm) during
      hypothermia (1.12 +/- 0.11 mg/kg.min vs. 1.83 +/- 0.21 mg/kg.min, P less than
      .01). Our study indicates that during hypothermia, ethanol stays significantly
      longer in the circulation in piglets. Potentially, this may contribute to a more
      profound effect from the ethanol.

PMID- 2916774
TI  - Early versus late fluid resuscitation: lack of effect in porcine hemorrhagic
      shock.
AB  - The benefit of IV fluid therapy in the prehospital management of hemorrhagic
      shock is unproven. We used a reproducible, lightly anesthetized model of porcine
      continuous hemorrhage to evaluate the usefulness of pre-hospital IV fluid
      therapy. Incorporated into the model were time delays associated with ambulance
      request and dispatch, patient evaluation and treatment, and transport to the
      hospital in the average urban prehospital care system. Treatment occurred
      concurrently with hemorrhage. Twenty-eight immature swine (15 to 20 kg) were bled
      at a rate of 1.25 mL/kg/min. Animals in the prehospital IV group (n = 14)
      received fluid resuscitation at 1 mL/kg/min beginning 20 minutes after initiation
      of hemorrhage; those in the in-hospital IV group (n = 14) received fluid at a
      rate of 3 mL/kg/min beginning 35 minutes after hemorrhage. Both groups received
      blood and saline at 3 mL/kg/min 45 minutes after hemorrhage began, and both
      groups had hemorrhage controlled 25 minutes after simulated hospital arrival.
      Survival was 57% in both groups, and there were no statistically significant
      differences seen in measured hemodynamic or biochemical parameters. We conclude
      that early administration of IV normal saline has no effect on hemodynamics or
      survival in this porcine hemorrhagic shock model simulating an urban prehospital
      care system.

PMID- 2916775
TI  - Transtracheal needle catheter ventilation in complete airway obstruction: an
      animal model.
AB  - Transtracheal needle catheter ventilation (TNCV) may be used as an alternative
      airway when contraindications to endotracheal intubation exist. A feline model
      tested the efficacy of low-flow oxygen delivery, and initial data were gathered
      to define proper catheter calibers to effect adequate oxygenation and
      ventilation. Cats were anesthetized, trachea intubated, and ventilated for 30
      minutes with a pressure-regulated ventilator. Arterial and venous pressures were
      monitored, and a chest tube was inserted to measure intrathoracic pressures.
      Arterial blood gas analysis was performed every five minutes during the baseline
      period. The endotracheal tube was then removed, the trachea cross-clamped, and
      TNCV instituted. Oxygen flow rates of 1, 3, and 5 L/min were varied with catheter
      sizes of 14, 16, and 18 g. Data demonstrated that TNCV provided adequate
      oxygenation and ventilation with flow rates of 3 and 5 L/min with the 14- and 16
      g catheters. Satisfactory oxygenation could be obtained with these flow rates
      with the 18-g catheter, but ventilation was inadequate. Ventilation was
      unsatisfactory with the 1 L/min flow rate in all catheter sizes. These
      preliminary data indicate that a minimum catheter:trachea cross-sectional area
      ratio of 0.03 may be required to obtain oxygenation and ventilation with low-flow
      oxygen rates of 3 to 5 L/min in cats.

PMID- 2916776
TI  - Modeling emergency department operations using advanced computer simulation
      systems.
AB  - We developed a computer simulation model of emergency department operations using
      simulation software. This model uses multiple levels of preemptive patient
      priority; assigns each patient to an individual nurse and physician; incorporates
      all standard tests, procedures, and consultations; and allows patient service
      processes to proceed simultaneously, sequentially, repetitively, or a combination
      of these. Selected input data, including the number of physicians, nurses, and
      treatment beds, and the blood test turnaround time, then were varied
      systematically to determine their simulated effect on patient throughput time,
      selected queue sizes, and rates of resource utilization. Patient throughput time
      varied directly with laboratory service times and inversely with the number of
      physician or nurse servers. Resource utilization rates varied inversely with
      resource availability, and patient waiting time and patient throughput time
      varied indirectly with the level of patient acuity. The simulation can be
      animated on a computer monitor, showing simulated patients, specimens, and staff
      members moving throughout the ED. Computer simulation is a potentially useful
      tool that can help predict the results of changes in the ED system without
      actually altering it and may have implications for planning, optimizing
      resources, and improving the efficiency and quality of care.

PMID- 2916777
TI  - Computerized algorithm-directed triage in the emergency department.
AB  - A retrospective audit was conducted evaluating the effectiveness of the
      computerized algorithm-directed triage at Brooke Army Medical Center. A total of
      98,086 charts were reviewed. From this, 58,282 patients were given dispositions
      to our acute care clinic and the remainder to the emergency department. Of these,
      733 patients (1.2%) were retriaged from the acute care clinic to the ED. Based on
      these data, we conclude that the computerized algorithm-directed triage, using
      minimally trained personnel, appears to be an effective system.

PMID- 2916778
TI  - Targeted recruitment of senior citizens and cardiac patients to a mass CPR
      training course.
AB  - CPR courses attract a predominance of young, healthy adults. Targeted recruitment
      of senior citizens and family members of cardiac patients has been suggested but
      inadequately studied. We used a targeted recruitment strategy for our annual mass
      CPR training course to determine if such an approach would be effective in
      attracting the target group. Targeting significantly increased the percentage of
      senior citizen participants and participants who took the course because they or
      a close friend or relative had cardiac disease (P less than .00001). These data
      have important implications regarding potential future CPR training course
      recruitment methods compared with nontargeted recruitment approaches.

PMID- 2916779
TI  - Emergency medical care requirements for large public assemblies and a new
      strategy for managing cardiac arrest in this setting.
AB  - During the 1986 World's Exposition held in Vancouver, British Columbia, the types
      and frequencies of emergency medical problems were assessed. The average number
      of patients seeking care was 3.93 +/- 0.95 per 1,000 visitors (daily range, 1.94
      to 6.8). Patient loads were linearly related to gate attendance, but the
      correlation was imperfect (P less than .001, r = .63). Only 4.4% of patients
      evaluated on site by nurses and paramedics were referred for additional testing
      and treatment: of these patients, 30% had suspected serious musculoskeletal
      injury, 16% had abdominal pain, and 25% had complaints of chest pain, dizziness,
      or loss of consciousness. Lay employees (security personnel) were trained to use
      automatic external defibrillators. There were six cardiac arrests (0.3 per
      million visitors). Two patients collapsed with ventricular fibrillation, were
      defibrillated by lay personnel, quickly regained consciousness, and survived. The
      other arrests were associated with asystole or electromechanical dissociation; no
      shocks were inappropriately given, and all four died. We conclude that four of
      every 1,000 persons at this assembly sought emergency medical care, that 95% of
      the problems seen were minor with few requiring physician skills, and that the
      automatic external defibrillator was suited for this setting and could be used by
      lay responders to provide early definitive treatment.

PMID- 2916780
TI  - Vertical trauma: injuries to patients who fall and land on their feet.
AB  - We reviewed the patterns of injuries sustained by 12 consecutive fallers and
      jumpers in whom primary impact was onto the feet. The fall heights ranged from 20
      to 100 ft. The 12 patients sustained 49 significant injuries. Skeletal injuries
      were most frequent and included 15 lower extremity fractures, four pelvic
      fractures, and nine spinal fractures. In two patients, paraplegia resulted.
      Genitourinary tract injuries included bladder hematoma, renal artery transection,
      and renal contusion. Thoracic injuries included rib fractures, pneumothorax, and
      hemothorax. Secondary impact resulted in several craniofacial and upper extremity
      injuries. Chronic neurologic disability and prolonged morbidity were common. One
      patient died; the patient who fell 100 ft survived. After initial stabilization,
      survival is possible after falls or jumps from heights as great as 100 feet It is
      important to recognize the skeletal and internal organs at risk from high
      magnitude vertical forces.

PMID- 2916781
TI  - Urine sampling in ambulatory women: midstream clean-catch versus catheterization.
AB  - We conducted a study to determine if there were any significant differences in
      urinalyses or urine cultures obtained by midstream clean-catch (MSCC) urine
      sampling in comparison with in-and-out catheterization (CATH). One hundred five
      women with symptoms suggestive of a urinary tract infection were studied
      prospectively. Each woman had a MSCC urine sample obtained initially, followed by
      a CATH sample. The MSCC and CATH urine samples were analyzed and compared for
      urine culture, leukocyte esterase, nitrites, microscopic bacteriuria, and pyuria.
      Of the 105 patients, 42 (40%) had a culture-proven urinary tract infection. The
      concordance rates between MSCC and CATH urine cultures, nitrites, leukocyte
      esterase, significant microscopic bacteriuria, and pyuria were 96%, 94%, 93%,
      90%, and 90%, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences
      between MSCC and CATH sensitivities, specificities, or positive or negative
      predictive values for any urinalysis variable (leukocyte esterase, nitrites,
      significant microscopic bacteriuria, or pyuria). We conclude that if proper MSCC
      technique is used, the differences between MSCC and CATH urinalyses or urine
      cultures do not appear to be significant in the majority of ambulatory women
      without active vaginal bleeding who present with symptoms suggestive of a urinary
      tract infection.

PMID- 2916782
TI  - Thermal stability of prehospital medications.
AB  - To evaluate the effect of prolonged environmental extremes on common prehospital
      medications, four identical sets of 23 drugs were placed in a simulated
      environment for up to four weeks. Subsequently, the samples were analyzed by gas
      chromatography-mass spectrometry for evidence of degradation byproducts. Twenty
      one of the 23 samples showed no breakdown products; however, isoproterenol
      demonstrated 11% loss of parent compound after four weeks of environmental
      exposure. Epinephrine manifested a change in its ionized state after exposure to
      heat; the physiologic effect of this change was not determined. Our results
      suggest that rural and suburban emergency medical services providers, whose
      medications may not be replaced until they are used in patient care, must monitor
      their drug boxes' duration of exposure to uncontrolled conditions.

PMID- 2916783
TI  - Nitrous oxide analgesia in a pediatric emergency department.
AB  - Nitrous oxide (N2O) has been shown to be an effective analgesic in adult medical
      outpatients, yet no prospective studies of its use in the pediatric medical
      outpatient exist. Thirty-four children requiring laceration repair were randomly
      assigned to one of two treatment groups: 30% N2O/70% O2 or a placebo, 100% O2.
      Pain behavior, using the observer-scored Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario
      Pain Scale, was assessed by double-blind techniques, before and during the
      laceration repair. Less pain behavior was seen in children less than 8 years old
      who received the N2O mixture than in those receiving the placebo. In patients 8
      or more years old who received N2O, there was a significant improvement in the
      second evaluation as compared with those receiving only O2 during the procedure
      (P less than .05). There also was a smaller increase in pain behavior, from the
      first to the second evaluation, in those receiving N2O (P less than .05). No side
      effects were encountered. The authors conclude that continuous N2O inhalation is
      an effective and painless analgesic in children for outpatient procedures. More
      effective analgesia will likely occur with 40% to 50% N2O, although these
      concentrations remain to be studied in pediatric outpatients.

PMID- 2916784
TI  - Emergency department presentation of cocaine intoxication.
AB  - All patients who presented to the emergency department as a result of cocaine
      intoxication during a one-year period were reviewed retrospectively. One hundred
      thirty-seven cases were reviewed. Patients presented with a wide variety of chief
      complaints including altered mental status (40%), chest pain (21%), syncope
      (19%), suicide attempt (13%), palpitations (12%), and seizures (12%), as well as
      numerous other complaints. There was only one death. Few patients required
      treatment within the ED; sixteen required hospitalization.

PMID- 2916785
TI  - Dead Sea water poisoning.
AB  - A unique chemical intoxication by Dead Sea water and its resultant physiological
      effects of combined severe hypercalcemia and hypermagnesemia are described. Of 48
      adult patients, 16 had at least one severe clinical manifestation of either
      disturbed sensorium or a syndrome similar to adult respiratory distress syndrome.
      The patients had tachyarrhythmias (11 of 38, 29%), conduction disturbance (nine
      of 37, 24%), and a normal QTc interval in the presence of severe hypercalcemia.
      Combined respiratory and metabolic acidosis and concomitant extreme hypercalcemia
      and hypermagnesemia, reaching serum levels up to 28.8 and 33 mg/dL, respectively,
      were responsible for most of the clinical findings. The adult mortality was 19%.
      Four pediatric patients with variable degrees of intoxication survived.
      Discriminant function analysis determined that admission serum calcium
      concentration of more than 15.5 mg/dL was the best predictor of mortality. In
      patients with severe intoxication, supportive medical treatment, including forced
      diuresis, was disappointing. Early dialysis for severe cases merits further
      study.

PMID- 2916786
TI  - Intravenous magnesium sulfate in the management of acute respiratory failure
      complicating asthma.
AB  - IV magnesium sulfate was administered to a 72-year-old man with acute respiratory
      failure secondary to a severe asthma attack. The patient had clinically
      deteriorated despite aggressive standard treatment and evidenced acidosis and
      hypercarbia by arterial blood gas determination. An IV dose of 1 g MgSO4 produced
      rapid clinical and arterial blood gas improvement and enabled management of the
      patient without endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation. This is the
      first reported case of the use of IV MgSO4 to prevent intubation and assisted
      ventilation in a patient with acute respiratory failure complicating asthma.

PMID- 2916788
TI  - Dorsal dislocation of four metacarpophalangeal joints.
AB  - We report the case of a 23-year-old man who fell from a third-floor window and
      injured his left hand. Physical examination and radiographic evaluation revealed
      open dorsal metacarpophalangeal dislocation of four fingers. The index finger
      dislocation was reduced in the emergency department, and the other three fingers
      responded to closed reduction during surgery. The patient made an uneventful
      recovery without complications. Metacarpophalangeal dislocations are unusual,
      with multiple dislocations rarely described.

PMID- 2916787
TI  - Hypermagnesemia associated with catharsis in a salicylate-intoxicated patient
      with anorexia nervosa.
AB  - While clinicians have raised concerns about giving multiple doses of a cathartic
      as a part of therapy for acute poisoning, fears of excessive magnesium absorption
      or fluid or electrolyte imbalances have been largely unrealized. We present the
      case of a 19-year-old woman with anorexia nervosa and long-term laxative abuse
      who, despite a normal baseline serum magnesium concentration, developed
      hypermagnesemia during treatment with multiple doses of activated charcoal
      magnesium citrate for acute salicylate intoxication. The peak serum magnesium
      concentration, after two doses of magnesium citrate, reached 9.8 mg/dL (4.0
      mmol/L). It fell to normal levels when sorbitol was substituted as a cathartic
      and after the patient had been hemodialyzed for symptoms of salicylate toxicity
      that continued despite conventional therapy. While disordered magnesium
      metabolism in one patient with a severe underlying medical condition should not
      interdict the use of repetitive doses of magnesium citrate as a cathartic,
      patients requiring such therapy should have serum magnesium concentrations
      measured serially to monitor for signs of magnesium loading.

PMID- 2916789
TI  - Catfish stings: a report of three cases.
AB  - During a two-month period, three patients with embedded freshwater catfish spines
      were seen. In each case, the spine was visualized radiographically and then
      removed. All three patients completed a course of cephalosporins and recovered
      without infection.

PMID- 2916790
TI  - Military emergency medical systems.

PMID- 2916791
TI  - Limitations of magnesium levels study.

PMID- 2916792
TI  - Digisorb--instrument, not a drug.

PMID- 2916793
TI  - Telling the living--Part 2.

PMID- 2916794
TI  - Managing cocaine crisis.

PMID- 2916795
TI  - Problems with R2 pads.

PMID- 2916796
TI  - Cardiac ultrasound in the ED.

PMID- 2916797
TI  - Detection of early gastric cancer in an aggressive endoscopy unit.
AB  - Early Gastric Cancer (EGC) is defined as tumor invasion limited to the mucosa and
      submucosa, irrespective of regional lymph node involvement. These patients have
      five-year survival rates in excess of 90 per cent. Although frequently seen in
      Japan, the detection of ECG remains uncommon in the United States. Twenty-two
      patients with EGC over a 15-year period were reviewed. EGC was identified in 0.5
      per cent (1/207) of all gastric cancers before the widespread use of endoscopy
      (1972-1979) in our institution and in 16.5 per cent (21/127) of such patients
      after endoscopy began to replace barium contrast studies (1980-1987).
      Radiographic studies were performed initially in 14 out of 22 patients with EGC,
      and in ten patients were reported as normal. Endoscopy was used to make the
      diagnosis of EGC in 21 of 22 patients. Nineteen of the 22 patients are currently
      alive and free of disease (86%) with a mean follow-up of 3.4 years (range 6
      months to 12 years). Our experience has paralleled that of the Japanese in that,
      with the adoption of fiberoptic endoscopy as the first-line diagnostic modality
      in patients with GI complaints, the detection of EGC has significantly increased.

PMID- 2916798
TI  - Balloon dilatation of gastro-gastrostomy strictures in gastroplasty revisions.
AB  - Several gastric operations have been developed for the control of morbid obesity.
      Further surgical intervention may be necessary because of failure to lose weight
      or complications associated with the previous operation such as intolerable
      reflux symptoms. Revision from a horizontal to a vertical staple line may result
      in a stenosis at the site of the gastro-gastrostomy. This study examines the
      authors' experience with balloon dilation of these strictures. Between May, 1981
      and September, 1987, 12 of 113 patients who had revision of previous gastric
      reduction procedures developed either gastro-gastrostomy stenosis or stenosis
      above the Marlex collar (2 patients). Endoscopic balloon dilatation was attempted
      in all 12 patients. Eight females and four males (average age, 42 years) had
      undergone either a previous vertical banded gastroplasty (VBG) (2 patients),
      gastric bypass, or horizontal gastroplasty as their initial operation. Revision
      was performed for failure of the initial operation to control weight, obstructive
      symptoms, or gastroesophageal reflux. Balloon dilatation was possible in 11 of 12
      patients. The majority required less than four dilations to alleviate obstructive
      symptoms. Balloon dilatation is effective in the management of gastro-gastrostomy
      stenosis following revision of gastric stapling procedures.

PMID- 2916799
TI  - Colonoscopic decompression for pseudo-obstruction of the colon.
AB  - The purpose of this report was to review the authors' experience with colonoscopy
      as a method of treating patients with acute colonic distention. For the period
      1981-1987, 19 patients at two teaching hospitals met the selection criteria for
      this study. In terms of measurable decompression of a colon distention,
      colonoscopy was successful in 89 per cent of patients, although 41 per cent
      required repeat endoscopic decompression during their hospital stay. The
      procedure failed in two patients (11%) and operative decompression was necessary.
      The authors have found that colonoscopy is a useful procedure for determining the
      cause of progressive colon distention and for providing safe and effective
      treatment.

PMID- 2916800
TI  - A simplified technique for the extirpation of the gastric bubble using an endo
      overtube.
AB  - Since 1982, the medical literature as well as the lay press discussed an
      artificial bezoar, the gastric bubble, as an adjuvant in the treatment of morbid
      obesity. Approved by the FDA, the Garren-Edwards Gastric Bubble has been reported
      by the company to have been placed over 17,000 times. Due to a reported increased
      rate of deflation after three months, removal and reimplantation of a new bubble
      is recommended. After deflation, some difficulty in retrieval of the bubble has
      been reported. The authors report a new technique for bubble extraction. The
      bubble is visualized through a gastroscope and deflated using bicap cautery. The
      gastroscope is removed. The endo-overtube is placed on the gastroscope and this
      assembly is reintroduced through the esophagus to the level of the GE junction.
      The deflated bubble is visualized, grasped with a forceps, and withdrawn into the
      endo-overtube until becoming wedged. The entire assembly (gastroscope, overtube,
      forceps, and gastric bubble) are removed. With this technique, bubble removal has
      been simplified and has decreased the procedure length to approximately fifteen
      minutes.

PMID- 2916801
TI  - Colonoscopic extraction of foreign bodies from above the rectum.
AB  - There has been a considerable amount of experience with removal of rectal foreign
      bodies inserted transanally. Until recently removal of objects above the
      rectosigmoid junction has required laparotomy. A literature review reveals that
      since 1975 there have been 29 cases of colonoscopic removal of a variety of
      objects reported in fourteen publications. The authors have had experience with
      three cases of retained colonic foreign bodies (greater than 7 days) extracted
      using the colonoscope. All patients received preprocedure antibiotics and bowel
      preparation from below. All objects were removed using either the Olympus CF LB3R
      colonoscope or the Fujinon EVC-M videocolonoscope. The authors conclude that
      colonoscopic retrieval of foreign bodies is technically feasible, safe, less
      morbid, and less costly than laparotomy. This technique should be considered as
      the first step in management of these patients by endoscopic surgeons.

PMID- 2916802
TI  - The status of gastrointestinal endoscopy by surgeons in the Veterans
      Administration Healthcare System. A survey.
AB  - Between January and December 1987, a survey was sent to all Chiefs of Surgery in
      the Veterans Administration Healthcare System to assess current practices of
      surgical endoscopy. Results of this survey have shown a significant involvement
      in flexible gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures by most surgical services,
      especially those affiliated with major resident teaching programs. Total number
      of procedures performed, based on the projections of numbers of cases as
      reported, indicate that approximately 60,000 gastrointestinal endoscopic
      procedures are currently performed by surgeons each year in the Veterans
      Administration system in order to assess the greater than 90,000 gastrointestinal
      operations performed. Results of the survey also indicate that Chiefs of Surgery
      in the VA system enjoy a wide range of support by Gastrointestinal (GI) Medical
      Services in the VA, but generally this support is adequate. Part-time and full
      time surgeons in the VA need to increase overall Continuing Education activities
      in endoscopy as well as increase the number of surgeons affiliated with
      organizations interested in endoscopic care.

PMID- 2916803
TI  - Mid-infrared lasers for endoscopic surgery. A new class of surgical lasers.
AB  - Unlike the Nd:YAG, the CO2 laser produces well circumscribed tissue removal with
      little unwanted damage because of its high absorption coefficient relative to
      tissue water. Unfortunately, conventional quartz fibers cannot transmit
      wavelengths greater than three microns, well below the ten micron wavelength of
      the CO2 laser. Thus, fiberoptic transmission of CO2 laser requires use of exotic
      materials that lack the excellent properties of quartz fibers and that, in some
      cases, are toxic or chemically unstable. However, there are large peaks in the
      infrared absorption curve of water in the two to three micron region. Lasers that
      operate in this mid-infrared region should permit CO2-like precision of cutting,
      along with excellent transmission through quartz fiberoptics. Two mid-infrared
      lasers with a fiberoptic delivery system, the Er:YAG (2.94 micron) and the Tm-Ho
      Cr:YAG (2.15 micron) have been evaluated with human colon tissue in vitro and
      with rabbit gastric tissue in vivo. Histologic sections reveal excellently well
      localized lesions with minimal underlying thermal damage. Depth of penetration is
      controllable and occurs in very small increments. There is little spreading of
      the lesions at the 24 hour mark resulting from secondary thermal damage. Based on
      these facts, the authors think that these lasers will be of benefit to endoscopic
      surgeons.

PMID- 2916804
TI  - Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. A mandate for complete diagnostic upper
      endoscopy.
AB  - One hundred patients underwent upper endoscopy for the placement of percutaneous
      endoscopic gastrostomies (PEGS) during a four year period from 1984 to 1988.
      These cases were retrospectively reviewed to document the need for total
      endoscopy during PEG. Ninety-seven per cent of the procedures were successful. In
      89 per cent, a complete exam of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum was
      performed, revealing pathologic findings in 59 per cent. The most common
      abnormalities were in the esophagus (23%) and the stomach (27%); however, a
      portion of the findings were also present in the duodenum (12%) and the pylorus
      (11%). Additional findings present in the complete esophagogastroduodenoscopy
      (EGD) done at the time of PEG included a five per cent incidence of gastric
      outlet obstruction and antral ulcers or polyps in six per cent. The breakdown of
      findings in the duodenum included eight per cent incidence of duodenal ulcers and
      four per cent incidence of duodenitis. A total of 22 per cent of the patients had
      some evidence of peptic ulcer disease. Many of the cases in which pathology was
      found required a change in medications and, when postoperative bleeding occurred
      after PEG, the other pathologic entity was much more likely to be the cause of
      the complication than the PEG. A careful and complete EGD is mandated every time
      a patient is scheduled for PEG.

PMID- 2916805
TI  - Postoperative percutaneous choledochoscopy.
AB  - Postoperative percutaneous choledochoscopy (PC) is becoming an important aid to
      surgeons in the diagnosis and treatment of complex biliary tract disease. The
      authors retrospectively examined the results of 27 PCs performed on 22 patients
      at the University of Louisville Affiliated Hospitals from 1980 to 1987.
      Indications for PC included: suspected choledocholithiasis stricture, sclerosing
      cholangitis, and cholangiocarcinoma. The biliary tree was accessed through a T
      tube tract in 18 patients, and through a biliary-enterocutaneous fistula in four
      patients. The patient population included 11 men and 11 women with a mean age of
      62 years. T-tubes varied in size from #16F to #24F. The time allowed for T-tube
      tract maturation ranged from four weeks to five months. Percutaneous
      choledochoscopy was performed 16 times in 13 patients for possible
      choledocholithiasis. Stones were present in 13, and 11 of 13 attempted
      extractions were successful. Two patients underwent PC for stent placement. Nine
      procedures were performed on eight patients to obtain biopsies or to evaluate
      possible strictures. Four studies were normal, two patients had sclerosing
      cholangitis, one had a stricture of the Sphincter of Oddi, and one patient had
      benign ductal tissue on biopsy after an iridium implantation for
      cholangiocarcinoma. Two minor complications occurred in this series. The authors
      conclude that by using PC the surgeon may safely manage complicated biliary
      problems and avoid re-operation in selected cases.

PMID- 2916806
TI  - Standard formats for electronic transfer of clinical data.

PMID- 2916807
TI  - Zidovudine for thrombocytopenic purpura related to human immunodeficiency virus
      (HIV) infection.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine whether zidovudine is effective in increasing the
      platelet count in patients with thrombocytopenic purpura related to human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. DESIGN: Nonrandomized controlled trial
      with two consecutive regimens. SETTING: Immunopathology and hematology clinics at
      two general hospitals. PATIENTS: Consecutive sample of 34 patients infected with
      HIV who had thrombocytopenic purpura (platelets less than 50 x 10(9)/L) without
      visceral bleeding. Twenty-nine patients completed the study; one patient was
      removed because of drug toxicity. INTERVENTIONS: Zidovudine for 12 weeks, 250 mg
      every 6 hours orally in 10 patients; and 500 mg every 8 hours orally in 24
      patients. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Three of ten patients receiving 250 mg
      every 6 hours and 12 of 24 patients receiving 500 mg every 8 hours had a
      persistent increase in their platelet counts. In both groups the mean value of
      the platelet count increased significantly by week 12; from 28 x 10(9)/L +/- 12
      (SD) to 57 x 10(9)/L +/- 36 in the first group and from 20 x 10(9)/L +/- 13 to 77
      x 10(9)/L +/- 42 in the second group (P less than 0.05 and P less than 0.01,
      respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Zidovudine is effective on platelet counts in some
      patients with HIV-related thrombocytopenia. These results suggest that HIV itself
      may play a direct or indirect role in the pathogenesis of this disorder.

PMID- 2916808
TI  - Childhood cancer survivors' knowledge of their diagnosis and treatment.
AB  - PURPOSE: To determine what factors correlated with the failure of the survivors
      of childhood cancer to acknowledge their diagnosis. STUDY DESIGN: A follow-up
      interview with 1928 adults who survived childhood cancer to evaluate the late
      effects of cancer and its treatment. Cancer was diagnosed in these survivors
      between 1945 and 1974 before they reached age 20: subjects had to have survived
      for at least 5 years and to have reached age 21. RESULTS: Fourteen percent of the
      survivors of malignancies at sites other than the central nervous system said
      that they had not had cancer. This proportion differed according to the
      survivors' race, the type of tumor and its treatment, the level of their father's
      education, the year of diagnosis, and the center where the tumor was diagnosed.
      Among survivors who knew that they had cancer previously, however, most (81%)
      correctly identified the type of treatment they had received. CONCLUSIONS:
      Physicians should be aware that a substantial proportion of long-term survivors
      of childhood cancer may not reveal their past history of cancer and its
      treatment, and possible clues to the cause of the presenting condition may thus
      be missed.

PMID- 2916809
TI  - Pyuria and asymptomatic bacteriuria in elderly ambulatory women.

PMID- 2916810
TI  - Hypokalemic periodic paralysis due to the Sjogren syndrome in Chinese patients.

PMID- 2916811
TI  - The chronic fatigue syndrome.

PMID- 2916812
TI  - Aerosolized pentamidine.

PMID- 2916813
TI  - Magnetic resonance scanning in the Sjogren syndrome.

PMID- 2916814
TI  - Testicular cancer, clinical stage I.

PMID- 2916815
TI  - Excessive drug challenge.

PMID- 2916816
TI  - Lovastatin and visual changes.

PMID- 2916817
TI  - Wide QRS-complex tachycardia.

PMID- 2916818
TI  - Doctor, patient, and family.

PMID- 2916819
TI  - Ethical decisions in small hospitals.

PMID- 2916820
TI  - Laser surgery for vocal cord carcinoma involving the anterior commissure.
AB  - Endoscopic laser surgery is an established means of treatment for benign
      laryngeal lesions. Laser surgery for early (stages I and II) squamous cell
      carcinoma is still being tested. Treatment of glottic tumors extending to the
      anterior commissure is in itself controversial. Approximately 20% of all glottic
      tumors involve the anterior commissure, with only 1% of these lesions being
      purely anterior commissure tumors. The anatomy of the anterior commissure is such
      that an apparent T1 lesion may actually be a T4 lesion if it involves the thyroid
      cartilage. The distance between the anterior commissure ligament and the thyroid
      cartilage is only 2 to 3 mm. A preoperative computed tomographic scan can aid us
      in evaluating this space. Therefore, tumors of the anterior commissure present as
      a therapeutic challenge. Radiation therapy has proven to be inadequate, with a
      high rate of recurrence and increased risk for radiochondronecrosis. The
      literature with regard to radiotherapy varies widely as to survival rates.
      Conservation surgery has consistently demonstrated an 80% survival in T1 lesions.
      Recently, it has been suggested that laser surgery in the region of the anterior
      commissure might offer satisfactory results. We have found the opposite. We will
      report on five patients who underwent endoscopic laser surgery on T1 vocal cord
      lesions involving the anterior commissure. All of these patients had tumor
      recurrence and subsequently have undergone salvage surgery and/or radiation
      therapy. The difficulties associated with endoscopic laser surgery of the
      anterior commissure will be discussed with a supporting animal study.

PMID- 2916821
TI  - Choanal atresia: treatment trends in 47 patients over 33 years.
AB  - From 1977 through 1985, 11 patients underwent surgical correction of choanal
      atresia. This group brings the total number of patients corrected at our
      institution since 1951 to 47. This review compares treatment and outcome in the
      most recent group with the previous series of 36 patients. Eight patients were
      female and three were male; their ages at the time of surgical treatment ranged
      from 1 day to 19 years. The atresia was bilateral in five patients and unilateral
      in six. Six patients had other physical or mental developmental problems. Mean
      follow-up was 5.6 years (range, 2 to 10 years). All five patients who had
      transnasal puncture as primary treatment required reoperation; this is a higher
      incidence of failure than in the previous group. None of the three patients who
      had transpalatal procedures needed further operation. In two of the eight
      patients who had transseptal repair, restenosis developed.

PMID- 2916822
TI  - Effects of cricothyroid muscle contraction on laryngeal resistance and glottic
      area.
AB  - To determine the functional significance of the cricothyroid muscle (CT) in
      respiration, laryngeal resistance was measured in anesthetized dogs, along with
      electromyographic activity of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle (PCA) and CT.
      In two dogs the larynx was videotaped simultaneously via a telescope. Increased
      CT activity was induced by airway occlusion or hypercapnia. Observations were
      carried out before and during cold blockade of the recurrent laryngeal nerve
      (RLN) or the nerve to the CT (external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve
      [Ext SLN]). Paralysis of the CT had no effect on laryngeal resistance or glottic
      area, even at very high levels of CT activity. Blockade of the RLN increased
      inspiratory resistance, but did not have a significant effect on expiratory
      resistance. Electrical stimulation of the Ext SLN produced tetanic CT
      contraction, which increased laryngeal resistance in both inspiration and
      expiration. This was true even at very high levels of PCA activity. These results
      indicate that although artificially induced CT contraction markedly affects
      laryngeal resistance, physiologic levels of respiratory activity do not have a
      significant effect.

PMID- 2916823
TI  - Partial laryngectomy and radiotherapy for supraglottic cancer: a conservative
      approach.
AB  - This is a retrospective study of 33 patients with supraglottic cancer treated
      with partial laryngectomy and moderate-dose radiotherapy at the University of
      Virginia from 1967 through 1986. All patients had a 2-year minimum follow-up. Ten
      patients received preoperative radiotherapy, and 23, postoperative radiotherapy.
      The 2-year adjusted survival rate was impressive at 97%. Local control at 2 years
      was 96%, including one patient who was salvaged with total laryngectomy. Control
      of the neck was 90% at 2 years. Ninety percent of the patients alive at 2 years
      had a functional voice. One patient required a completion laryngectomy for
      chronic aspiration. Conservation surgery with radiotherapy provides excellent
      survival as well as locoregional control rates with preservation of function in
      selected patients with supraglottic cancer. This approach may be especially
      helpful in the management of bulky T2 lesions as well as T4 lesions with minimal
      vallecula or base of tongue involvement.

PMID- 2916824
TI  - Asymmetry of the laryngeal framework: a morphologic study of cadaver larynges.
AB  - Asymmetry of the laryngeal framework was investigated with 50 excised human
      larynges, ten from newborns (five males, five females), 20 from adults in their
      20s (ten males, ten females), and 20 from adults in their 50s (ten males, ten
      females). All adults were right-handed. The results are summarized as follows. 1)
      The laryngeal framework was asymmetric to a greater or lesser extent in all
      larynges. 2) The degree of asymmetry did not differ among different age groups or
      between sexes. 3) In newborns, there was no directional preponderance in
      asymmetry. 4) In older adults, there was a directional preponderance in
      asymmetry. The right thyroid lamina tended to tilt laterally whereas the left
      lamina showed a tendency to tilt medially. The right cricoarytenoid joint tended
      to be located slightly more laterally, posteriorly, and inferiorly than the left
      joint. The longitudinal axis of the thyroid cartilage was inclined to shift to
      the right posteriorly against the axis of the cricoid cartilage. The thyroid
      cartilage as a whole tended to tilt to the right against the cricoid cartilage.
      5) There must be some compensatory mechanisms for the asymmetric framework to
      keep the vocal fold edges relatively symmetric.

PMID- 2916825
TI  - Sectional anatomy of the larynx: implications for the transcutaneous approach to
      endolaryngeal structures.
AB  - A transcutaneous, transcricothyroid membrane approach to endolaryngeal structures
      is used for several techniques such as placement of electrodes for laryngeal
      electromyography and transcutaneous Teflon injection of the paralyzed vocal fold.
      The purpose of this study is to examine the sectional anatomy of the larynx with
      respect to the cricothyroid membrane and describe a suitable transcutaneous
      approach to endolaryngeal structures. Sixteen whole organ cadaveric larynges were
      frozen in clear gelatin to facilitate sectioning. Specimens were sectioned in the
      transaxial, sagittal, and coronal planes as well as 30 degrees, 45 degrees, and
      60 degrees from the transaxial plane. For clinical orientation, the transaxial
      plane was defined as 90 degrees from the most anterior plane of the cricothyroid
      membrane. Sections were examined and angles and depths of penetration were
      measured with respect to the transcutaneous approach to endolaryngeal structures.

PMID- 2916826
TI  - Current and future horizons in laryngeal and voice research.
AB  - Voice dysfunction is associated with neuromuscular impairment of laryngeal
      control and is often difficult to diagnose by indirect examination of the larynx.
      The newer techniques, currently used in the UCLA-Veterans Administration Medical
      Center Laboratories, provide some methods that aid in the diagnosis of voice
      impairment by providing documented objective data. Illustrative case reports of
      disorders of neuromuscular dysfunction of the larynx are presented and future
      research needs and direction are discussed.

PMID- 2916827
TI  - Contractile properties of canine thyroarytenoid muscle reinnervated from the ansa
      cervicalis.
AB  - In an attempt to obtain data on the contractile properties of vocal fold muscle
      reinnervated from the ansa cervicalis, we severed the recurrent nerve and
      connected its distal stump to the ansa cervicalis by an end-to-end anastomosis in
      a series of dogs. Each dog was allowed to heal for 5 months. Then the section of
      the thyroid cartilage on which the vocal fold muscle inserted was detached,
      connected to an isometric force transducer, and activated by indirect stimulation
      successively on both the operated and unoperated sides. A series of twitch
      contractions was recorded from each side. In two dogs no contractile response was
      obtained. In the three others, the twitch contraction time was increased
      significantly, by 23% to 60%. In two of three dogs, the operated muscle was
      significantly weaker than the unoperated muscle. The reinnervated thyroarytenoid
      muscle changed its speed in the direction of the donor sternothyroid muscle.

PMID- 2916828
TI  - Model of a new generation of tracheostomy and endotracheal tubes. A preliminary
      study of sensors to monitor obstruction.
AB  - The feasibility of monitoring cannula obstruction was studied by conversion of
      the electrical resistance of substances that are capable of causing obstruction
      into audible auditory signals. Copper-nickel-gold electrodes were thermal pressed
      onto polyimide-based flexible films placed as 1-mm wide strips along the inner
      surface of tracheostomy and endotracheal tubes. The responses were fed into a
      resistance-to-frequency converter (IC 555 timer), and the output was frequency
      selected to generate auditory responses through a piezoelectric beeper.
      Quantitative estimates of responses from the IC output were computer averaged.
      Instantaneous obstruction detection was made possible by the immediate
      responsiveness of the device in the presence of obstruction.

PMID- 2916829
TI  - Facial nerve hemangioma.

PMID- 2916830
TI  - Laryngeal synkinesis: its significance to the laryngologist.
AB  - Basic research and surgical cases have shown that the injured recurrent laryngeal
      nerve (RLN) may regenerate axons to the larynx that inappropriately innervate
      both vocal cord adductors and abductors. Innervation of vocal cord adductor
      muscles by those axons that depolarize during inspiration is particularly
      devastating to laryngeal function, since it produces medial vocal cord movement
      during inspiration. Many patients thought to have clinical bilateral vocal cord
      paralysis can be found to have synkinesis on at least one side. This will make
      the glottic airway smaller, particularly during inspiration, than would true
      paralysis of all the intrinsic laryngeal muscles. Patients with bilateral vocal
      cord paralysis should undergo laryngeal electromyography. If inspiratory
      innervation of the adductor muscles is present, simple reinnervation of the
      posterior cricoarytenoid muscle will fail. The adductor muscles also must be
      denervated by transection of the adductor division of the regenerated RLN.

PMID- 2916831
TI  - Botulinum toxin injection for the treatment of oromandibular dystonia.
AB  - Dystonia is a neurologic disorder characterized by abnormal, involuntary
      movements causing twisting and turning postures; it is postulated to be a
      disorder of central motor processing. The dystonias, when classified by region of
      the body involved, have been characterized as focal, segmental, and generalized.
      Focal dystonia can affect jaw mechanics, leading to forceful contraction of the
      jaw muscles and resulting in inappropriate deviation of the jaw. Localized
      injections of botulinum toxin have been used successfully in the management of
      other focal or segmental dystonias. We have treated 20 oromandibular dystonia
      patients with botulinum toxin. Six patients had only jaw and tongue involvement;
      11 had blepharospasm and jaw involvement; and three had jaw involvement as part
      of a more generalized dystonia. Five patients had been diagnosed originally and
      treated as having temporomandibular joint syndrome. All but one of the patients
      had improvement of their symptoms with the toxin injections. The patients
      averaged 47% improvement with the injections.

PMID- 2916832
TI  - Acute management of laryngeal trauma. Update.
AB  - The management of 120 laryngeal injury patients at a major trauma center over 23
      years is presented in the form of two patient populations. The first population
      consists of 52 previously analyzed and reported laryngeal trauma patients who
      served as the basis for the subsequent refinement of treatment of a second
      population of 68 patients. Collectively, these patients form a series unique in
      that 1) it comprises the largest number of such injuries treated at one
      institution, 2) the management principles remained the same throughout the entire
      23 years, and 3) the majority of the patients were managed by one physician. The
      experience gained from these patients is examined in the hope of resolving
      prevailing controversies about the treatment of the acutely injured larynx.

PMID- 2916833
TI  - Expression of monoclonal antibody-defined tumor markers in four carcinomas.
AB  - The specificity of monoclonal antibody-based, CA 125, CA 15-3, CA 19-9 and
      carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) immunoassays were evaluated by studying how these
      tumor markers are expressed, using serial serum specimens from patients with
      breast, ovarian, colorectal, and pancreatic carcinomas. It was found that none of
      the monoclonal defined markers was specific for any single malignant disease.
      Multiple markers of increased concentration were found in all serial specimens.
      However, only one dominant marker was associated with each type of malignant
      disease. Taking advantage of the different patterns of these tumor markers
      expressed among different carcinomas, it was demonstrated that the specificity of
      these monoclonal immunoassays for diagnosis and screening of cancers could be
      improved if ratios of the dominant marker to other markers were determined. For
      example, determining ratios of CA 15-3/CEA, CA 15-3/CA 125, and CA 15-3/CA 19-9
      will improve the differentiation of elevated CA 15-3 of breast carcinoma from
      those of colon, ovarian, and pancreatic carcinomas, respectively.

PMID- 2916834
TI  - Molecular cloning and analysis of full-length cDNAs cognate to a rat gene under
      multihormonal control.
AB  - Gene 33 is a multihormonally regulated rat gene whose transcription is rapidly
      and markedly enhanced by glucocorticoids, insulin, or cAMP. A cDNA clone (p216)
      containing a nearly full-length DNA complementary to the mRNA of this gene was
      isolated from a cDNA library and sequenced. The cDNA represents the entire mRNA
      transcript, except for three bases at the 5' terminus. The message is 2970
      nucleotides long and can encode a protein of 459 amino acids with a molecular
      mass of 49,919 Da. The deduced amino acid sequence is rich in proline and serine
      but bears little homology to any known sequences. The 5' untranslated region,
      rich in G + C, is 270 nucleotides long and contains two apparently nonfunctional
      AUG initiator codons. The 3' untranslated sequence, rich in A + U, is 1323
      nucleotides long and has a polyadenylation signal 13 bases upstream of the
      poly(A) tract. Two mRNA transcripts of the gene, which appear to be the
      consequence of alternative usage of splice sites, have been identified. The less
      abundant mRNA is truncated by 228 nucleotides in the protein coding region. The
      reading frame is maintained and this mRNA can code for a protein of 383 amino
      acids with a calculated molecular mass of 42,204 Da.

PMID- 2916836
TI  - Substrate specificity and inhibitors of a capillary injury-related protease from
      sheep lung lymph.
AB  - A serine protease (Mr 70,000 to 75,000) appearing in sheep lung lymph after
      capillary damage induced by Escherichia coli endotoxin, oleic acid, or air
      emboli, was studied for its specificity toward a series of synthetic peptide and
      thioester substrates containing an Arg residue in the P1 position. High
      specificity constants (kcat/Km) were generally obtained with substrates having
      two or more basic amino acid residues, and with those having a Gln residues in
      the P2 position. Secondary enzyme-substrate interactions at sites more removed
      from the scissile bond are of importance, since a few peptides with two basic
      residues were hydrolyzed slowly, and the site of cleavage of natural peptides was
      influenced by the amino acid sequence beyond the immediate vicinity of the
      hydrolyzed bond. The properties of the enzyme and its pattern of specificity
      distinguish it from enzymes of the clotting cascade, from components of the
      complement system, and from lung and skin tryptase. The enzyme was inactivated by
      p-amidinophenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride and by a series of mechanism-based
      isocoumarin derivatives, the most potent inhibitor being 4-chloro-7-guanidino-3
      (2-phenylethoxy)isocoumarin. Enzyme solutions inactivated by reaction with
      isocoumarin inhibitors could be completely reactivated after 30 h by treatment
      with hydroxylamine at neutral pH. Formation of a stable sheep lymph acyl enzyme-
      in contrast to thrombin and other trypsin-like enzymes--is not followed by
      alkylation of an active site nucleophile that leads to irreversible enzyme
      inactivation. The high activity toward substrates with two basic residues
      suggests that the enzyme may potentially function in processing of precursors of
      bioactive peptides.

PMID- 2916835
TI  - Oxidation of aldehydic products of lipid peroxidation by rat liver microsomal
      aldehyde dehydrogenase.
AB  - Lipid peroxidation in microsomal membranes produces a large number of aldehydes,
      alcohols, and ketones, some of which have been shown to be cytotoxic. This study
      has determined the kinetic parameters for the oxidation of aldehyde lipid
      peroxidation products by purified rat hepatic microsomal aldehyde dehydrogenase
      (ALDH). Livers were obtained from male Sprague-Dawley rats for preparation of
      microsomal ALDH which was purified 400-fold. Kinetic parameters, Vmax and V/K,
      were determined for saturated and unsaturated aldehydes of three to nine carbons
      in length in the presence of NAD+. Of the aldehydes examined, only acrolein and 4
      hydroxynonenal were not oxidized by ALDH. The Vmax values (mumol NADH
      produced/min/mg protein) increased linearly with carbon chain length and ranged
      from 6.5 to 23 for the saturated series and 4.0 to 9.0 for the unsaturated
      aldehydes. The affinity constant V/K (nmol NADH produced/min/mg protein/nmol
      aldehyde/liter) also increased with carbon chain length and ranged from 12 to
      9000 for the saturated aldehydes and 13 to 5300 for the unsaturated aldehydes.
      These results suggest that microsomal ALDH may serve a biological role for
      detoxification of reactive aldehydes produced by lipid peroxidation of microsomal
      membranes.

PMID- 2916837
TI  - Sulfaquinoxaline inhibition of vitamin K epoxide and quinone reductase.
AB  - Sulfaquinoxaline (N1-(2-quinoxalinyl)sulfanilamide) has been shown to be a potent
      (Ki = 1 microM) freely reversible inhibitor of the dithiothreitol-dependent
      reduction of both vitamin K epoxide and vitamin K quinone by rat liver microsomes
      in vitro. This observation provides an explanation for the hemorrhagic syndrome
      occasionally seen in poultry on medicated feed and the efficacy of
      sulfaquinoxaline in anticoagulant based rodenticides. Sulfaquinoxaline inhibition
      resembled inhibition by coumarin anticoagulants (e.g., warfarin) and
      hydroxynaphthoquinones (e.g., lapachol). Inhibition was observed in assays using
      microsomes from control strain rats, but the enzyme was resistant to
      sulfaquinoxaline in microsomes from warfarin-resistant rats. Steady-state
      kinetics inhibition patterns were nearly competitive versus dithiothreitol and
      nearly uncompetitive versus vitamin K epoxide as is observed for warfarin and
      lapachol. These results suggest that this inhibitor binds to the oxidized form of
      vitamin K epoxide reductase in the same way as suggested for the coumarins and
      hydroxyquinones. Of 10 other sulfa drugs tested, none were inhibitors, and of
      fragments and related compounds tested, only 2-aminoquinoxaline
      benzenesulfonamide was active. These results provide a probably orientation in
      the binding site in relation to that for warfarin and lapachol.

PMID- 2916838
TI  - Actin filament capping and cleaving activity of cytochalasins B, D, E, and H.
AB  - The concentration dependences of the activities of cytochalasin B, D, E, and H in
      capping and cleaving actin filaments have been assayed using fluorescence
      photobleaching recovery. Filament capping was detected by the increase in mobile
      G-actin. Cytochalasin D (CD) showed the strongest filament capping activity, with
      an apparent dissociation constant from filament ends of 50 nM. The order of
      capping activity was CD greater than CH greater than CE much greater than CB.
      Filament cleavage was detected by the increase in the diffusion coefficients of
      actin filaments. By this criterion the order of filament cleavage activity was
      CD, CE greater than CH much greater than CB. Cytochalasin B shows some activity
      in cleavage of filaments over a concentration range (0-100 microM) at which it
      shows no appreciable capping activity. This activity, together with results from
      other groups, is interpreted to mean that CB binds to protomers within the
      filament, but not to the barbed end. The reversal of activities for CH and CE,
      combined with the activity profile of CB, constitute the strongest evidence to
      date that there is more than one cytochalasin binding site on the actin molecule.

PMID- 2916839
TI  - Pyruvate kinase isozymes from the green alga, Selenastrum minutum. I.
      Purification and physical and immunological characterization.
AB  - Pyruvate kinase from the green alga Selenastrum minutum consists of two isoforms
      (PK1 and PK2) separable by Q-Sepharose chromatography. The two isoforms have been
      highly purified to respective final specific activities of 42 and 23 (mumol
      pyruvate produced/min)/mg protein. Purification steps included salt
      fractionation, anion-exchange, hydrophobic interaction, and gel filtration
      chromatography. The final enzyme preparations differ significantly in physical
      and immunological properties. PK1 is heat labile and is completely inactivated
      following reaction with N-ethylmaleimide. In contrast, PK2 is heat-stable and is
      only partially inactivated following N-ethylmaleimide treatment. PK1 appears to
      be homotetrameric with a native molecular mass of about 240 kDa, whereas PK2
      appears to be homodecameric with a native molecular mass of approximately 590
      kDa. The antigenic reaction of both final PK preparations to rabbit antiserum
      prepared against homogeneous germinating castor bean endosperm cytosolic pyruvate
      kinase was tested by immunoprecipitation and Western blotting. The two algal
      pyruvate kinases are immunologically unrelated as only PK2 cross-reacts with the
      cytosolic pyruvate kinase antibodies. These data indicate that the S. minutum
      pyruvate kinase isoforms, PK1 and PK2, are not interconvertible forms of the same
      protein, but probably represent chloroplastic and cytosolic isozymes,
      respectively.

PMID- 2916840
TI  - Raman spectroscopic evidence for a disulfide bridge in calf gamma II crystallin.
AB  - Laser Raman spectroscopy has been applied to native and dithiothreitol-treated
      bovine cortical gamma II crystallin to examine the state of the thiol groups and
      the presence of a putative disulfide bridge. The data reveal significant
      differences in two key spectral regions. In the thiol stretching region (2500
      2600 cm-1), the dithiothreitol-reduced form shows a 25% increase in the
      integrated Raman signal as compared to the native form. The magnitude of this
      increase corresponds to the presence of 1 mol of disulfide/mol of gamma II as
      determined both by the Raman data and the previous biochemical analysis from this
      laboratory. In the disulfide stretching region (500-540 cm-1), the native form
      shows a line near 511 cm-1 which is absent in the reduced form. Both native and
      reduced forms show a triple-banded thiol signal with one or more distinct
      shoulders, suggesting at least three and perhaps five different environments for
      the cysteine residues. The difference spectrum, obtained by a 1:1 computer
      subtraction of the native from the reduced form, indicates that the increase in
      thiol signal is centered around 2572 cm-1. In every other spectral region, both
      native and reduced gamma II forms are closely similar. These results strongly
      support the biochemical data reported earlier and indicate that the reduction of
      the single disulfide bridge is accompanied by minimal changes in secondary
      structure in solution.

PMID- 2916841
TI  - Prothymosin alpha and parathymosin: mRNA and polypeptide levels in rodent
      tissues.
AB  - Blot hybridization analyses have established the presence of mRNAs for
      prothymosin alpha (ProT alpha) and for parathymosin (ParaT) in rat and mouse
      lung, liver, kidney, and brain, confirming the biosynthesis of these peptides in
      nonlymphoid tissues. In these tissues the levels of mRNAs paralleled the content
      of the polypeptides, determined with specific radioimmunoassays. The mRNA levels
      also confirmed the reciprocal relation between the two polypeptides; ProT alpha
      and its mRNA were found in highest concentrations in spleen and thymus, followed
      by lung, kidney, and brain, with lowest concentrations in liver. On the other
      hand, liver contained highest concentrations of ParaT and the mRNA for ParaT,
      with lowest levels present in spleen and thymus. In comparison to tissues from
      young (6-8 week) mice, older (18 month) mice contained lower concentrations (20
      40%) of both polypeptides, with qualitatively similar decreases in mRNA content.

PMID- 2916842
TI  - Disruption of rat hepatic microsomal electron transport chains by the selenium
      containing anti-inflammatory agent Ebselen.
AB  - The influence of Ebselen, an organoselenium anti-inflammatory agent, on the two
      electron transport chains present in rat liver microsomes has been studied. At
      low micromolar concentrations, Ebselen markedly inhibited the flow of reducing
      equivalents from NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase to both its natural electron
      acceptor, cytochrome P450, and its artificial electron acceptor, cytochrome c.
      Similarly, the microsomal NADH-cytochrome c reductase system consisting of
      cytochrome b5 and its flavoprotein, NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase, was also
      significantly inhibited by Ebselen. The inhibition appears to be due to the
      inability of the reduced pyridine nucleotide to transfer electrons to the flavin
      (FAD and/or FMN) in the flavoprotein reductase. This was shown with the purified
      NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase, which in the presence of Ebselen was not
      converted to the semiquinone form following the addition of NADPH. The addition
      of Ebselen to a suspension of hepatic microsomes from either untreated or
      phenobarbital-treated rats did not result in any spectral change characteristic
      of type I, type II, or reverse type I.

PMID- 2916843
TI  - Molecular cloning of salicylate hydroxylase genes from Pseudomonas cepacia and
      Pseudomonas putida.
AB  - The sal gene encoding Pseudomonas cepacia salicylate hydroxylase was cloned and
      the sal encoding Pseudomonas putida salicylate hydroxylase was subcloned into
      plasmid vector pRO2317 to generate recombinant plasmids pTK3 and pTK1,
      respectively. Both cloned genes were expressed in the host Pseudomonas aeruginosa
      PAO1. The parental strain can utilize catechol, a product of the salicylate
      hydroxylase-catalyzed reaction, but not salicylate as the sole carbon source for
      growth due to a natural deficiency of salicylate hydroxylase. The pTK1- or pTK3
      transformed P. aeruginosa PAO1, however, can be grown on salicylate as the sole
      carbon source and exhibited activities for the cloned salicylate hydroxylase in
      crude cell lysates. In wild-type P. cepacia as well as in pTK1- or pTK3
      transformed P. aeruginosa PAO1, the presence of glucose in addition to salicylate
      in media resulted in lower efficiencies of sal expression P. cepacia apparently
      can degrade salicylate via the meta cleavage pathway which, unlike the plasmid
      encoded pathway in P. putida, appears to be encoded on chromosome. As revealed by
      DNA cross hybridizations, the P. cepacia hsd and ht genes showed significant
      homology with the corresponding plasmid-borne genes of P. putida but the P.
      cepacia sal was not homologous to the P. putida sal. Furthermore, polyclonal
      antibodies developed against purified P. cepacia salicylate hydroxylase
      inactivated the cloned P. cepacia salicylate hydroxylase but not the cloned P.
      putida salicylate hydroxylase in P. aeruginosa PAO1. It appears that P. cepacia
      and P. putida salicylate hydroxylases, being structurally distinct, were probably
      derived through convergent evolution.

PMID- 2916844
TI  - Metabolism of retinol and retinoic acid by human liver cytochrome P450IIC8.
AB  - Liver microsomes obtained from nine subjects were found to metabolize retinol to
      polar metabolites, including 4-hydroxyretinol. In a reconstituted monooxygenase
      system containing human liver P450IIC8, retinol was converted to 4-hydroxyretinol
      and other polar metabolites, with a Km of 0.071 mM and a Vmax of 1.73
      nmol/min/nmol P450. Neither P450IIC9 nor P450IIE1, two other purified human
      P450s, displayed significant retinol hydroxylase activity. Immunoblots performed
      with a monospecific antibody directed against human P450IIC8 revealed that
      appreciable amounts of this enzyme were present in human liver microsomes. The
      same antibody significantly inhibited retinol metabolism in liver microsomes and
      in the system reconstituted with P450IIC8. The system reconstituted with P450IIC8
      also converted retinoic acid to polar metabolites. Thus, this study shows, for
      the first time, metabolism of two physiologic substrates by a human liver
      cytochrome P450 related to a group of "constitutive" rodent P450s believed to
      participate in the metabolism of endogenous compounds. Through its involvement in
      vitamin A metabolism, P450IIC8 may participate in maintaining the balance between
      those vitamin A concentrations that promote cellular integrity (and oppose the
      development of cancer) and those concentrations that cause cellular toxicity.

PMID- 2916845
TI  - Monoterpene biosynthesis: mechanism and stereochemistry of the enzymatic
      cyclization of geranyl pyrophosphate to (+)-cis- and (+)-trans-sabinene hydrate.
AB  - The conversion of geranyl pyrophosphate to (+)-cis- and (+)-trans-sabinene
      hydrate by a partially purified cyclase from sweet marjoram (Majorana hortensis)
      is considered to proceed by the initial ionization and isomerization of the
      substrate to (-)-(3R)-linalyl pyrophosphate and the subsequent cyclization of
      this enzyme-bound tertiary allylic intermediate to the monocyclic (+)-(4R)-alpha
      terpinyl cation. A 1,2-hydride shift and a second cyclization with water capture
      of the resulting cation complete the reaction sequence. [6-3H, 14C]Geranyl
      pyrophosphate, coupled with selective chemical degradation of the resulting
      sabinene hydrate products, was employed to demonstrate the hydride shift, while
      separate testing of the linalyl pyrophosphate enantiomers confirmed the
      involvement of the (3R)-antipode in the cyclization and indicated the cyclization
      of linalyl pyrophosphate to be faster than the coupled isomerization-cyclization
      of the geranyl substrate. (1R)- and (1S)-[1-3H, 14C]geranyl pyrophosphates, in
      conjunction with stereoselective degradations of the biosynthetic products to
      locate the 3H, were exploited to deduce that configuration at C1 of the substrate
      was retained in the reaction. These findings suggest the isomerization of the
      geranyl substrate to be a suprafacial process and the cyclization of the (3R)
      linalyl intermediate to proceed via the anti,endo-conformation consistent with
      the stereo-chemistry of other monoterpene cyclizations and with chemical model
      studies. Sulfonium ion analogs of the presumptive linalyl and alpha-terpinyl
      cationic intermediates of the isomerization-cyclization sequence were shown to be
      potent inhibitors of the enzymatic reaction (Ki = 0.3 and 2.8 microM,
      respectively), and inhibition was synergized by the presence of inorganic
      pyrophosphate, indicating that the enzyme recognized and bound more tightly to
      these ion-paired species than to either cationic or anionic partner alone.
      Additionally, the enzyme was capable of ionizing (solvolyzing) the noncyclizable
      substrate analogs 6,7-dihydrogeranyl pyrophosphate and 2,3-methanogeranyl
      pyrophosphate. These results define the overall stereochemistry of the coupled
      isomerization-cyclization to sabinene hydrate, demonstrate the 1,2-hydride shift,
      and confirm the electrophilic nature of this enzymatic reaction type.

PMID- 2916846
TI  - Molecular and immunologic differences in canine fibronectins from articular
      cartilage and plasma.
AB  - Two new monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) which reacted with canine fibronectin were
      produced and characterized. Data supported the conclusion that the epitope
      recognized by Mab 1H9A4 is within the first three Type III homology repeats of
      the Hep 2 domain and that the epitope for Mab 13G3B7 is within the last Type III
      homology repeat of fibronectin. These antibodies, along with three others, Mabs
      IST-2, IST-7, and IST-9, produced and characterized in the laboratories of L.
      Zardi of Genoa, Italy, were used to characterize canine cartilage and plasma
      fibronectin. In addition, cartilage explants were labeled with [35S]methionine in
      order to characterize newly synthesized cartilage fibronectin. The following
      observations were made. (i) Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis (NaDodSO4-PAGE) of reduced canine plasma fibronectin revealed a
      characteristic doublet; reduced cartilage fibronectin revealed two major bands
      and one minor band. The lower molecular weight band was 10 kDa less than the beta
      subunit of plasma fibronectin. In Western blots, this band stained with Mab 1H9A4
      but failed to react with Mab 13G3B7. (ii) Western blots of thermolysin and
      trypsin digests of cartilage fibronectin revealed cleavage patterns which
      differed from those obtained from digestions of plasma fibronectin. (iii) The ED
      A sequence, detected by Mab IST-9, was present in less than 2% of the cartilage
      fibronectins. (iv) NaDodSO4-PAGE of purified and reduced 35S-labeled fibronectin
      revealed two major radioactive bands and one minor radioactive band which
      comigrated with the fibronectin from the cartilage but not with plasma
      fibronectin. We concluded that like "cellular" fibronectin, the ratio of alpha
      type subunits to beta subunits was greater than 4 to 1 in cartilage fibronectin
      compared to 1.25 to 1 for plasma fibronectin; however, cartilage fibronectin was
      not a cellular fibronectin by the criterion of the presence of the ED-A sequence.
      Another difference between plasma and cartilage fibronectin was the presence in
      cartilage fibronectin of a subpopulation of subunits on which the last Type III
      homology repeat could not be detected. Biosynthetic data were consistent with the
      concept that cartilage fibronectin originates from local synthesis by the
      chondrocyte.

PMID- 2916847
TI  - Regulation of Chlorella nitrate reductase: control of enzyme activity and
      immunoreactive protein levels by ammonia.
AB  - Nitrate reductase catalyzes the initial step in the conversion of nitrate to
      organic nitrogen and is thought to be repressed by ammonia and induced by
      nitrate. Induction by nitrate and repression by ammonia were studied by following
      changes in NADH:nitrate reductase and the associated partial activities
      NADH:cytochrome c reductase and methylviologenr:nitrate reductase. Immunoreactive
      protein was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunoblotting.
      Molybdenum cofactor levels were investigated using the nit-1 complementation
      assay as well as fluorescence of the oxidized cofactor. The results indicate that
      the NADH:cytochrome c reductase activity is "induced" faster than the nitrate
      reducing activity and suggest that incorporation of the molybdo-pterin cofactor
      may be rate limiting in the expression of activity. Molybdenum cofactor levels
      are significantly elevated in nitrate-treated cells. Under "repressing"
      conditions all activities decreased at approximately the same rate. A more rapid
      conversion of the enzyme to a reversibly inactive form also occurred under these
      conditions. Changes in immunoreactive protein levels correlated most closely with
      NADH:cytochrome c reductase activity but appeared to increase faster during
      induction and decrease slightly slower during repression than the enzyme
      activities. Removal of exogenous ammonia results in the appearance of nitrate
      reducing activity, as well as immunoreactive protein (derepression). Studies
      using protein and RNA synthesis inhibitors indicated that de novo synthesis is
      required for nitrate reductase induction and were in agreement with the results
      of the immunoreactive studies.

PMID- 2916848
TI  - In vitro stimulation of rat liver retinyl ester hydrolase by ethanol.
AB  - Retinyl ester hydrolase (REH), the enzyme which converts retinyl esters to
      retinol, was partially characterized from whole liver homogenates of rats using
      an HPLC method with quantitation of retinol product. Optimal results were
      obtained by incubation of 1 mg of whole homogenate protein with 900 microM all
      trans-retinyl palmitate and 275 mM 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1
      propanesulfonate in a 0.1 M Tris-maleate buffer, pH 7.0, for 1 h at 37 degrees C.
      The enzyme assay proved to be sensitive and reproducible, with an interanimal
      coefficient of variation of 13% (n = 7). Because ethanol has been shown to
      mobilize vitamin A from the liver, we tested its effect on REH activity at
      several concentrations. In concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 0.5 M, ethanol
      added in vitro caused a concentration related increase in REH activity (from 20
      to 86% above baseline activity). This increase was specific to ethanol as
      acetaldehyde, 1-propanol, and t-butanol either did not change or significantly
      decreased REH activity over the range of concentrations tested. The range of
      concentrations of ethanol causing stimulation in our assays was within the range
      of concentrations seen in the blood of rats after acute ethanol ingestion.
      Stimulation of REH activity could explain, in part, the well-known effects of
      ethanol on mobilization of vitamin A from liver stores.

PMID- 2916849
TI  - Identification of regulatory sites in the biosynthesis of ubiquinone in the
      perfused rat heart.
AB  - The biosynthesis of ubiquinone was studied in an isolated perfused beating heart
      preparation from adult male rats to determine rate-limiting steps in the
      biosynthetic pathway. The isolated heart could incorporate p-hydroxy[U
      14C]benzoate into ubiquinones (ubiquinone-9 and -10) and two other lipids which
      were identified as 3-nonaprenyl 4-hydroxybenzoate and 3-decaprenyl 4
      hydroxybenzoate. No other lipids could be detected. Addition of unlabeled
      mevalonolactone to the perfusate stimulated the rate of incorporation of p
      hydroxy[U-14C]benzoate into 3-nonaprenyl 4-hydroxybenzoate and 3-decaprenyl 4
      hydroxybenzoate. The level of radioactivity in these intermediates was much
      greater than that in ubiquinone-9 and -10. These results show that in the intact
      heart there is a large excess capacity to form postmevalonate isoprenoid
      precursors of ubiquinone and suggest a possible regulatory step at the
      premevalonate level. Moreover, the accumulation of prenylated derivatives of 4
      hydroxybenzoic acid indicates further rate limitation at one or more of the
      subsequent steps in conversion of these intermediates to ubiquinone.

PMID- 2916850
TI  - Glucocorticoid regulation of the rat cytochrome P450c (P450IA1) gene: receptor
      binding within intron I.
AB  - The actions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and glucocorticoids to regulate
      the expression of cytochrome P450c were investigated using cultured fetal rat
      hepatocytes. Cytochrome P450c mRNA content, determined by Northern blot analysis,
      was induced in cells treated with 1,2-benzanthracene from levels undetectable in
      untreated cells. When dexamethasone was included in the culture medium together
      with 1,2-benzanthracene there was a further 2-fold increase in the induction of
      cytochrome P450c mRNA. The concentration of dexamethasone required for a half
      maximal increase in cytochrome P450c mRNA content was approximately 10(-9) M. By
      nuclear run-on transcription assays, treatment with 1,2-benzanthracene induced
      cytochrome P450c transcription 5.3-fold over untreated cells. In the presence of
      dexamethasone and 1,2-benzanthracene, there was a further 2-fold increase in
      cytochrome P450c transcription. Southwestern blotting and exonuclease
      footprinting methods have identified binding interactions of a purified
      glucocorticoid receptor fraction with portions of the cytochrome P450c gene
      within the first intron. Using a chimeric plasmid containing the first intron,
      the first exon, and 824 bp of 5'-flanking region of the cytochrome P450c gene,
      chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity was induced in transfected HepG2
      hepatoma cells by the addition of 1,2-benzanthracene. The addition of
      dexamethasone induced a further 2.2-fold increase in activity. Deletion of the
      first intron within the chimeric plasmid abolished responsiveness to
      dexamethasone. It is concluded that glucocorticoids act together with polycyclic
      aromatic hydrocarbons to increase the levels of cytochrome P450c expressed in the
      fetal rat hepatocyte, and that this action is mediated by the glucocorticoid
      receptor. A glucocorticoid responsive element, which binds the glucocorticoid
      receptor, has been identified within the first intron of the cytochrome P450c
      gene. These results suggest that glucocorticoids play a significant role in the
      response of the hepatic cytochrome P450c gene to xenobiotics.

PMID- 2916851
TI  - Dietary intake of lead among Japanese farmers.
AB  - More than 1,000 24-h duplicates of food consumed were collected from farmers in
      49 nonpolluted regions in Japan during the winter and summer seasons of 1977
      1981. The samples were analyzed for lead to assess dietary intake. The dietary
      intake distributed log-normally in both winter and summer. The geometric mean
      (GM) (geometric standard deviation [GSD]) for winter samples was 38.2
      micrograms/d (1.94) for males (N = 381) and 32.8 micrograms/d (1.91) for females
      (N = 711). A seasonal variation was detected in females but not in males. The
      findings on regional differences in dietary intake were inconclusive. The levels
      observed were lower than most values reported in the literature. The low dietary
      intake levels were in agreement with the low blood lead levels found among the
      subjects, which may reflect of Japan's decision in 1975 to withdraw alkyl lead
      from automobile gasoline. No significant correlation could be established between
      dietary intake and blood lead levels when GMs for the study regions were
      compared, or when dietary intake and blood lead levels were compared in 555
      nonsmoking and nondrinking females who were between 30 and 59 y of age. It is
      estimated that 2-4 micrograms of lead is absorbed daily from the diet (i.e., food
      and water), and 0.1-1 micrograms is absorbed via respiration, and that cigarette
      smoking and alcohol consumption may increase lead absorption.

PMID- 2916852
TI  - Self-reported short- and long-term respiratory effects among PVC-exposed
      firefighters.
AB  - Firefighters exposed to burning polyvinyl chloride (PVC) were studied to assess
      respiratory effects at 5-6 wk post-incident and again 22 mo following the fire.
      Exposed subjects reported significantly more frequent and severe respiratory
      symptoms at both time points than did firefighter controls. In longitudinal
      analyses, a number of symptoms persisted over time, and acute symptom scores were
      significantly correlated with chronic scores. At Time 2, approximately 18% of
      exposed firefighters, compared with none of the controls, reported that since the
      time of the PVC exposure, a physician had told them that they had either asthma
      and/or bronchitis.

PMID- 2916853
TI  - Occupational illnesses from cholinesterase-inhibiting pesticides among
      agricultural applicators in California, 1982-1985.
AB  - California pesticide illness investigation reports involving toxicity category I
      or II organophosphate and carbamate pesticide exposures among agricultural
      pesticide applicators were reviewed for the years 1982-1985. The pesticides
      associated with each illness were recorded, and the exposures were classified as
      chronic, short-term, or accidental. Illnesses were associated with a range of
      pesticides, including both organophosphates and carbamates in both toxicity
      categories I and II. Approximately 19% of the illnesses were due to accidents.
      Overall, the analysis identified a need for improving occupational health
      surveillance and the regulations governing worker health and safety.

PMID- 2916854
TI  - Potential exposure levels and health effects of neighborhood exposure to a
      municipal incinerator bottom ash landfill.
AB  - An investigation was conducted to assess the potential exposure levels and
      pursuant public health implications of neighborhood exposure to a municipal
      incinerator bottom ash landfill. This site received ash from a single incinerator
      without pollution control devices from 1954-1973. Soil was sampled for 10 heavy
      metals, polychlorinated dibenzodioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, 2,3,7,8
      tetrachlorodioxin and furan congeners, polychlorinated biphenyls, and polycyclic
      aromatic hydrocarbons. Soil concentrations for these substances were converted to
      estimates of exposure, health effects, and/or cancer risk by the application of a
      general exposure model and exposure/effect and exposure/risk models for specific
      substances. The results of soil analysis and modeling indicate that the level of
      lead detected on the site was considerably above the recommended levels of the
      Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and may lead to an elevated blood lead level in
      exposed children above that currently defining a case of lead poisoning. The
      potential for health effects resulting from exposure to other substances measured
      in the soil on this site is considered to be small, and no significant increased
      cancer risk is expected. Comparison of levels of various substances obtained at
      this site with levels obtained in fresh bottom ash in other studies suggests that
      these results may be applicable to exposures from other municipal incinerator
      bottom ash landfills.

PMID- 2916855
TI  - Chromosome abnormalities and sister chromatid exchanges in children with acute
      intoxication due to inhalation of volatile substances.
AB  - Deliberate inhalation of volatile substances is a common and harmful practice
      among young persons worldwide. Recently, we described chromosome damage in
      children who chronically inhale volatile agents. Clinical and cytogenetic studies
      were performed for 15 "sniffing" children (13 boys and 2 girls), the purpose of
      which was to define the chromosomal effect of the acute intoxication. A
      significant increase in the rate of chromosome abnormalities and in the frequency
      of sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) was found in sniffers vs. controls. The
      values were also higher in children who were acutely intoxicated than in those
      who chronically inhaled volatile agents. Clinical, socioeconomic, and cytogenetic
      findings are also discussed.

PMID- 2916857
TI  - Lack of teratogenic and mutagenic effects of nitrite on mouse fetuses.
AB  - To assess embryotoxic effects of sodium nitrite, pregnant ICR mice were given
      drinking water containing sodium nitrite at a concentration of either 100 or 1000
      mg/L on days 7-18 of gestation. There were no significant differences between
      treated and control groups in measures of developmental toxicity, e.g., litter
      size, fetal weight, and number of resorbed or dead fetuses. The incidences of
      external and skeletal malformations in fetuses of treated groups were not
      significantly different from those in the controls. No significant increase was
      observed in the frequency of gaps and breaks of liver cell chromosomes in fetuses
      exposed in utero to sodium nitrite. Teratogenic and mutagenic effects of sodium
      nitrite were absent in mice at the doses used.

PMID- 2916856
TI  - Pulmonary function in wood workers exposed to formaldehyde: a prospective study.
AB  - Employees exposed to formaldehyde in the woodworking industry (N = 47) and
      nonexposed control subjects (N = 20) were examined in 1980 by spirometry and the
      nitrogen washout technique. A transient impairment of lung function was noted
      over a work shift. Five years later, 21 subjects were still experiencing exposure
      to formaldehyde. A transient decrease in lung function was again found over a
      work shift, as evidenced by a reduction in forced mid-expiratory flow (FEF25-75)
      of 0.15 l/s and an increase in closing volume (CV%) of 3.0% in nonsmokers.
      Significant decreases in forced expired volume in 1 s as a percent of forced
      vital capacity (FEV1.0/FVC) and FEF25-75 were also noted over the 5 y in
      nonsmokers (0.4% and 0.2 l.s/y, respectively, after correction for normal aging).
      After 4 wk of no exposure (holidays), FEF25-75 and forced expired vital capacity
      (FVC, FEV1.0) returned to normal in the smoking group. Lung function in smokers
      improved less during the holiday. A dose-response relationship was found between
      exposure to formaldehyde and decrease in lung function. Thus, industrial exposure
      to formaldehyde causes transient lung function impairment over a work shift, with
      a cumulative effect over the years. The impairment, however, can be reversed with
      4 wk of no exposure.

PMID- 2916858
TI  - Deaths from gallstones. Incidence and associated clinical factors.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of death as the initial
      manifestation of cholelithiasis. Records of patients who died or underwent
      cholecystectomy for gallstone-related disease at Duke University Medical Center
      between 1976 and 1985 were reviewed. Thirty patients died, six of whom (20%) had
      previous episodes of biliary pain and stone documentation. Twenty-four (80%) were
      asymptomatic (three with previous incidental diagnosis of cholelithiasis). Reason
      for admission included acute cholecystitis (nine), pancreatitis (eight), biliary
      pain (six), cholangitis (four), jaundice (one), and endocarditis (one). Three
      patients died of gallstone complications without surgical intervention; one
      patient had renal failure and two had septicemia. Other causes of death were:
      sepsis (seven patients), cardiac failure (six), pulmonary complications (four),
      renal failure (three), cerebrovascular accident (three), liver failure (two),
      pancreatitis (one), and gastrointestinal bleeding (one). During this period, 1731
      cholecystectomies were performed without mortality. In this group, the patients
      were younger (50 +/- 8 years vs. 64 +/- 13 years, p less than 0.001), and had a
      lower incidence of cirrhosis (p less than 0.001) and diabetes (p less than
      0.002). The sex ratio was inverted (p less than 0.001). This study demonstrates
      that death from gallstones is uncommon (three cases per year), as is death from
      their initial clinical manifestation (1.2%). The risk of death is two- and
      ninefold higher in patients with acute cholecystitis or acute pancreatitis. Age,
      cirrhosis, and diabetes are important determinants of outcome.

PMID- 2916859
TI  - The effects of amiloride on biliary calcium and cholesterol gallstone formation.
AB  - Recent studies indicate that gallbladder absorption increases during the early
      stages of experimentally-induced cholesterol gallstone formation. The purpose of
      the present study was to ascertain whether pharmacologic inhibition of
      gallbladder ion transport and absorption reduces the incidence of experimentally
      induced cholesterol gallstones. Prairie dogs were fed either a control chow or a
      1.2% cholesterol-enriched chow for 15 days. One group of cholesterol-fed animals
      received saline via an orogastric tube; another group received amiloride, a drug
      known to inhibit in vitro ion transport in the prairie dog gallbladder. The
      incidence of gallstones in cholesterol-fed animals was reduced from 83% to 13% (p
      less than 0.025) when the animals were treated with amiloride; this occurred
      despite a cholesterol-saturation index comparable to that observed in gallstone
      animals. Additionally, although biliary calcium decreased in the gallbladder,
      hepatic bile did not in the amiloride-treated animals. These data provide further
      evidence that altered gallbladder absorption and increased biliary calcium are
      important factors in the pathogenesis of cholesterol gallstones.

PMID- 2916860
TI  - A multivariate analysis of preoperative risk factors in patients with common bile
      duct stones. Implications for treatment.
AB  - A multivariate analysis of 30 preoperative risk factors was undertaken in 248
      patients who underwent surgery alone for common bile duct (CBD) stones and in 190
      patients who had endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES), 77 of whom subsequently also had
      surgery. Independently significant risk factors in those undergoing surgery were
      the serum bilirubin level, the use of preoperative ES, and the presence of
      medical risk factors; in patients undergoing ES, only the serum bilirubin and
      albumin, but not medical risk factors, were of independent significance. The
      major implications of this study are, first, that high-risk patients should be
      treated by ES without subsequent surgery, and second, that "fit patients should
      be treated by surgery alone without routine preoperative ES.

PMID- 2916861
TI  - Surgical management of alimentary tract duplications.
AB  - Alimentary tract duplications are unusual anomalies that may require surgical
      intervention in the neonate, infant, and occasionally in the older child. The
      clinical presentation of patients with alimentary tract duplications includes
      bleeding, abdominal pain, intussusception, and respiratory distress, or it may be
      an incidental finding on either abdominal examination or chest x-ray. A review of
      96 patients with 101 duplications seen over the last 37 years is reported herein.
      Twenty-one duplications were confined to the thorax; three were thoracoabdominal,
      and 77 were abdominal. Seventy-four patients presented as infants less than 2
      years of age, and 22 patients were older. Ectopic gastric mucosa was found in 21
      duplications, and pancreatic tissue was found in five. Seventy-five duplications
      were cystic and 26 were tubular. Ultrasonography, computed tomography (CT), and
      myelography are helpful diagnostic tools. Ninety-four of the 96 patients
      underwent surgical management for their duplications. One duplication was found
      at necropsy, and one patient was asymptomatic and did not undergo operation. A
      single death occurred in a 2-day-old infant who had intrauterine volvulus and
      meconium peritonitis. Management was based on the age and condition of the
      patient, the location of the lesion, whether it was cystic or tubular and
      communicating with the true intestinal lumen, and whether it involved one or more
      anatomic locations. Generally, total excision was preferred, but staged
      approaches were sometimes necessary.

PMID- 2916862
TI  - Tumor DNA content in resectable, primary colorectal carcinoma.
AB  - Tumor DNA content was measured in patients with colorectal carcinoma in order to
      determine whether tumor ploidy was a prognostic indicator independent of standard
      clinical and pathologic characteristics. One hundred forty-seven patients were
      analyzed who had their primary resectable colorectal carcinomas resected with
      curative intent from 1974 to 1981. Aneuploid colorectal cancers (i.e., tumors
      with abnormal DNA content) tended to be less well-differentiated, to invade the
      serosa or extend beyond, and to have lymph node metastases rather than diploid
      tumors (i.e., tumors with normal DNA content). A significantly increased rate of
      recurrent disease was demonstrated in patients with aneuploid tumors as opposed
      to those with diploid tumors (46.7% vs. 4.8%, respectively [p less than 0.001]).
      In addition, patients with aneuploid tumors exhibited a significantly decreased
      disease-free and overall survival in comparison with patients with diploid
      colorectal carcinomas. A Cox regression analysis demonstrated that tumor DNA
      content was the single most important factor in predicting recurrence or death
      from colorectal carcinoma.

PMID- 2916863
TI  - Preoperative irradiation for rectal cancer. Improved local control and long-term
      survival.
AB  - Between July 1975 and July 1986, 112 patients with adenocarcinoma of the rectum
      were treated using preoperative irradiation followed by excisional surgery on the
      colorectal surgery service of Jewish Hospital at Washington University Medical
      Center in St. Louis. There were 68 men and 44 women in this study, with ages
      ranging from 19 to 94 years of age. In all cases, the rectal cancers were
      believed to be transmurally invasive based on initial clinical examination.
      Included in this group were 13 patients with poorly differentiated tumors and 51
      patients with tumors fixed to surrounding tissues. Between 1975 and 1980, we used
      2000 cGy preoperative irradiation followed by immediate excisional surgery to
      treat 22 patients. Excisional surgery for cure was divided between abdomino
      perineal resection of the rectosigmoid in eleven patients, low anterior resection
      of the rectosigmoid in eight patients, and a low Hartmann's procedure in three
      patients. Five-year survival for 20 patients with potentially curable lesions
      (Dukes' A, B, and C), was 85%, and there was no local recurrence. Between 1980
      and 1986, 90 patients were treated with 4500 cGy preoperative irradiation over a
      5-week period followed by a 6-week waiting period, before excisional surgery.
      There were 72 patients with Dukes' A, B, and C lesions. Fifty patients underwent
      abdomino-perineal resection of the rectosigmoid, 33 patients underwent low
      anterior resection of the rectum, and seven patients underwent a low Hartmann's
      procedure. Five-year survival was 86%. Local recurrence was 1.8%. Tumor fixation
      and histologic dedifferentiation were the only factors that influenced survival.
      Five-year survival of patients with fixed poorly differentiated tumors was 27% as
      compared to 87% in patients with nonfixed well-differentiated tumors (p less than
      0.0001). Tumor fixation was not a significant factor in itself. Preoperative
      external beam irradiation improves survival, local control, and resectability in
      patients with rectal cancer. This effect may be due to the treatment of the
      "tangential" margins and local lymph node metastases. Preoperative staging can be
      accomplished by determining fixation and differentiation of the tumor when
      preoperative irradiation is used.

PMID- 2916864
TI  - Pharmacologic modulation of experimental postischemic hepatic function.
AB  - The present study evaluated and compared the effects of SRI 63-441, a potent
      platelet activating factor antagonist, superoxide dismutase (SOD), an oxygen free
      radical scavenger, and ibuprofen, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor on hepatic function
      after 90 minutes of warm ischemia. After warm ischemia, livers were harvested and
      underwent 90 minutes of warm, oxygenated, sanguinous perfusion on an isolated
      liver perfusion apparatus. Pretreatment of donor animals with 20 mg/kg
      intravenous (I.V.) SRI 63-441 5 minutes before induction of total hepatic
      ischemia resulted in significantly increased bile production, a significant
      decrease in transaminase release, and a higher tissue adenosine triphosphate
      (ATP) content when compared with ischemic nontreated controls. SOD resulted in
      improved bile production and decreased transaminase liberation only when present
      in the perfusate at the time of in vitro reperfusion. Ibuprofen did not improve
      postischemic hepatic function in this model. Electron microscopy revealed patchy
      hepatocellular vacuolization with an intact sinusoidal endothelium in all
      ischemic livers. However, the degree of damage was less severe in the livers from
      those rats pretreated with 20 mg/kg SRI 63-441. This study demonstrates that SRI
      63-441 pretreatment significantly reduces hepatic warm ischemic injury, and in
      the present model, appears superior to two other agents that have been advanced
      in the treatment of ischemic injury. The use of such agents singly or in
      combinations have important implications as regards gaining a better
      understanding of the basic mechanisms in organ ischemia, and moreover, for
      therapeutic applications in organ ischemia and preservation.

PMID- 2916865
TI  - Vascular occlusions for liver resections. Operative management and tolerance to
      hepatic ischemia: 142 cases.
AB  - The intra- and early postoperative courses of 142 consecutive patients who
      underwent liver resections using vascular occlusions to reduce bleeding were
      reviewed. In 127 patients, the remnant liver parenchyma was normal, and 15
      patients had liver cirrhosis. Eighty-five patients underwent major liver
      resections: right, extended right, or left lobectomies. Portal triad clamping
      (PTC) was used alone in 107 cases. Complete hepatic vascular exclusion (HVE)
      combining PTC and occlusion of the inferior vena cava below and above the liver
      was used for 35 major liver resections. These 35 patients had large or posterior
      liver tumors, and HVE was used to reduce the risks of massive bleeding or air
      embolism caused by an accidental tear of the vena cava or a hepatic vein.
      Duration of normothermic liver ischemia was 32.3 +/- 1.2 minutes (mean +/- SEM)
      and ranged from 8 to 90 minutes. Amount of blood transfusion was 5.5 +/- 0.5
      (mean +/- SEM) units of packed red blood cells. There were eight operative deaths
      (5.6%). Overall, postoperative complications occurred in 46 patients (32%). The
      patients who experienced complications after surgery had received more blood
      transfusion than those with an uneventful postoperative course (p less than
      0.001). The length of postoperative hospital stay was also correlated with the
      amount of blood transfused during surgery (p less than 0.001). On the other hand,
      there was no correlation between the durations of liver ischemia of up to 90
      minutes and the lengths of postoperative hospital stay. The longest periods of
      ischemia were not associated with increased rates of postoperative complications,
      liver failures, or deaths. There was no difference in mortality or morbidity
      after major liver resections performed with the use of HVE as compared with major
      liver resections carried out with PTC alone, although the lesions were larger in
      the former group. It is concluded that the main priority during liver resections
      is to reduce operative bleeding. Vascular occlusions aim at achieving this goal
      and can be extended safely for up to 60 minutes.

PMID- 2916867
TI  - A multivariate analysis of determinants of survival for patients with squamous
      cell carcinoma of the head and neck.
AB  - The prognosis for patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck
      remains poor, despite refinements in conventional therapy and experimental
      protocols using alternative treatment modalities. Clinical characteristics
      reported to influence survival have included age and sex of the patient, the
      therapy used, location of the primary tumor, and stage at initial presentation.
      However, such variables are highly correlated, and previous reports have lacked
      sufficient statistical analysis to assess the independent influence of these
      competing variables on survival. To better define the principal determinants of
      survival, we used a Cox multivariate regression analysis of 542 patients with
      invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck treated exclusively at our
      institution from 1962 to 1976. All patients were followed for a minimum of 5
      years after diagnosis, with 98% complete follow-up achieved. Stage at initial
      presentation was the single-most important factor influencing survival for all
      tumor locations (p less than 0.0001). Advanced age (p = 0.001) and location of
      the primary tumor in the tonsillar area (p = 0.01) were also independently
      associated with an inferior survival. The type of therapy used and sex of the
      patient did not significantly influence survival after controlling for stage.
      These data emphasize the need for early diagnosis and treatment of squamous cell
      carcinoma of the head and neck and underscore the limitations of current
      therapeutic approaches. Future investigations should incorporate multivariate
      statistical techniques whenever possible, and additional efforts must be directed
      at basic research into the biology and immunologic characteristics of these
      tumors in an attempt to identify innovative therapeutic modalities.

PMID- 2916866
TI  - Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema after abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery.
AB  - Limb ischemia in experimental animals leads to white blood cell (WBC) and
      thromboxane (Tx)A2 dependent pulmonary dysfunction. This study examines the
      pulmonary sequelae of lower torso ischemia in 20 consecutive patients aged 63 +/-
      5 years (mean +/- SEM) who underwent elective abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery.
      After 30 minutes of aortic cross-clamping, plasma TxB2 levels had risen from 77
      +/- 26 pg/ml to 359 +/- 165 pg/ml (p less than 0.01) and was temporally related
      to increases in mean pulmonary artery pressure (MPAP) from 18 +/- 1 to 23 +/- 3
      mmHg (p less than 0.01), as well as to increases in pulmonary vascular resistance
      (PVR) from 0.07 +/- 0.02 to 0.12 +/- 0.02 mmHg sec/ml (p less than 0.01). Each
      time that the aortic clamp was repositioned and with final declamping, after 83
      +/- 10 minutes, there were further increases in MPAP to a peak of 32 +/- 2 mmHg
      (p less than 0.01) and in PVR to 0.26 +/- 0.030 mmHg sec/ml (p less than 0.01),
      corresponding to a plasma TxB2 level of 406 +/- 177 pg/ml (p less than 0.01).
      MPAP and PVR returned to baseline values within 30 minutes of declamping. Ten
      minutes after removal of the aortic clamp, platelet levels had fallen from 180 +/
      41 to 97 +/- 17 X 10(3)/mm3 (p less than 0.01) and WBC levels from 8900 +/- 1100
      to 4700 +/- 400/mm3 (p less than 0.01). Both platelets and WBC returned towards
      normal levels, but at 24 hours, while WBC was elevated at 13000 +/- 900/mm3 (p
      less than 0.01), platelets were 44% of baseline at 135 +/- 14 X 10(3)/mm3 (p less
      than 0.01). Four to 8 hours after surgery, pulmonary dysfunction was manifest by
      increases in physiologic shunt from 9 +/- 2% to 16 +/- 2% (p less than 0.01), and
      peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) from 23 +/- 2 to 33 +/- 2 cmH2O (p less than
      0.01). Chest radiography demonstrated interstitial pulmonary edema in all
      patients, whereas pulmonary artery wedge pressure was 12 +/- 2 mmHg, excluding
      the possibility of left ventricular failure. After 24 hours, pulmonary edema had
      resolved, and the PIP and PaO2 had both returned to baseline. These data indicate
      that reperfusion of the ischemic lower torso leads to the synthesis of TxA2, an
      event temporally related to pulmonary hypertension and transient leukopenia with
      subsequent pulmonary microvascular injury manifest by interstitial edema.

PMID- 2916869
TI  - How urgent is 'urgent' hypertension?

PMID- 2916868
TI  - The CHAT classification of stroke.
AB  - Current terminology for clinical episodes relating to stroke is inconsistent and
      unclear, does not permit inclusion of data regarding the location and magnitude
      of extracranial and intracerebral arterial disease, does not coincide with
      existing classifications in Europe, and characterizes a hemispheric entity only,
      as opposed to a global description including prior symptoms in both hemispheres.
      A new classification system (CHAT) has been designed to deal with these problems,
      including the current clinical presentation, historical clinical episodes, the
      site and pathologic type of arterial disease, and information regarding
      abnormalities of the brain. Using this system, a retrospective review of 480
      consecutive carotid endarterectomies is presented, demonstrating the advantages
      of the CHAT classification. Data include a significant difference in the
      probability of survival after carotid endarterectomy for asymptomatic stenosis in
      patients with prior symptoms on the opposite side, as well as a significant
      difference in the probability of stroke-free survival between patients with
      amaurosis fugax and those with prior carotid cortical symptoms (TIAs) as the
      presenting clinical condition. The CHAT classification is suggested as a
      significant advance in the reporting of all surgical cerebrovascular disease
      experience, and has particular implications for the current randomized trials
      between medical and surgical therapy for carotid artery disease.

PMID- 2916870
TI  - Bromocriptine and pleuropulmonary disease.

PMID- 2916871
TI  - Oral nifedipine vs oral clonidine in the treatment of urgent hypertension.
AB  - Fifty-one patients with urgent hypertension were treated in the emergency
      department with either oral nifedipine or oral clonidine in a randomized double
      blind prospective study. Nifedipine was administered as a single dose of 20 mg.
      Clonidine was administered as an initial dose of 0.1 mg with hourly doses of 0.1
      mg. Nifedipine was successful in reducing diastolic blood pressure in 83% of the
      patients within 45 minutes and in 96% of the patients within two hours, with a
      mean reduction in systolic blood pressure of 47 mm Hg and diastolic blood
      pressure of 29 mm Hg. Thirty percent of those who initially responded to
      nifedipine experienced a subsequent increase in diastolic blood pressure to
      pretreatment levels within three hours. Clonidine was successful in reducing
      diastolic blood pressure in 79% of the patients within four hours, with a mean
      reduction in systolic blood pressure of 51 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure of
      30 mm Hg. Our results indicate that both nifedipine and clonidine are safe and
      effective in the treatment of urgent hypertension. Nifedipine had a much more
      rapid onset of action with a greater initial success rate, and it was free from
      the sedative side effects of clonidine. We believe that either nifedipine or
      clonidine may be used as first-line therapy in the treatment of urgent
      hypertension.

PMID- 2916872
TI  - Relation of ocular and systemic factors to survival in diabetes.
AB  - The relationship of survival to systemic and ocular factors in diabetic persons
      was studied using data collected as part of the Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of
      Diabetic Retinopathy. Six years after the baseline examination, 9.5% of 996
      insulin-taking people who were younger than age 30 years when their diabetes was
      diagnosed (younger onset) had died. Of 1370 people whose diabetes was diagnosed
      after age 30 years (older onset), 35.3% had died. After adjusting for age and
      sex, longer duration of diabetes, presence of proteinuria, a history of
      cardiovascular disease, higher blood pressure, diuretic use, a history of
      smoking, poorer visual acuity, and more severe retinopathy were significantly
      associated with decreased survival in both groups. Glaucoma was associated with
      decreased survival in the younger onset group and cataract in the older onset
      group. These findings suggest that some ocular complications are important risk
      indicators for death. Their presence in diabetic patients suggests the need for
      frequent examinations to detect systemic complications and to intervene to
      minimize their effect.

PMID- 2916873
TI  - Idiopathic bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia with peripheral
      infiltrates on chest roentgenogram.
AB  - We report five patients with chest roentgenograms showing peripheral infiltrates
      similar to that described for chronic eosinophilic pneumonia (CEP). While lung
      biopsy specimens (transbronchial and open in two and transbronchial only in three
      cases) revealed typical changes of bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia
      (BOOP) as the predominant finding in all cases, two cases had changes consistent
      with a resolving CEP. We speculate that (1) it may be common for BOOP to present
      with peripheral infiltrates, (2) chest roentgenograms showing peripheral
      infiltrates are not diagnostic of any specific entity, (3) idiopathic BOOP may
      represent the evolution of untreated CEP, (4) a lung biopsy may be a more
      appropriate initial approach than the therapeutic trial of corticosteroids when
      peripheral infiltrates of unknown origin are present, and (5) transbronchial
      biopsy may be adequate to establish a working clinical diagnosis of BOOP.

PMID- 2916874
TI  - Postprandial blood pressure decrease in well elderly persons.
AB  - To learn if postprandial reduction in blood pressure occurs in active, very well
      elderly persons, we identified 16 such subjects over the age of 75 years, free of
      cardiovascular disease, taking no drug affecting blood pressure control. Each
      underwent measurement of seated and standing blood pressure and heart rate before
      and after a standard breakfast and before and after a volume of water (control).
      Eight young persons underwent the measurements before and after the meal. The
      elderly but not the young showed a significant fall in systolic and diastolic
      pressures after the meal, with heart rate increases in some subjects clearly
      inadequate for the decline in systemic pressure. No symptoms were seen. But
      postprandial decrease in blood pressure may in some less robust elderly persons
      be a factor in syncope and falls. This change may also confuse the monitoring of
      antihypertensive treatment in older outpatients.

PMID- 2916875
TI  - Significance of Histoplasma antigen in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with
      meningitis.
AB  - A radioimmunoassay was previously developed for detection of Histoplasma
      capsulatum antigen in the blood and urine of patients with disseminated
      histoplasmosis. In this investigation, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens from
      14 episodes of Histoplasma meningitis occurring in 12 patients were tested by
      radioimmunoassay. Histoplasma capsulatum antigen was detected in the CSF of five
      patients. Cerebrospinal fluid cultures were positive for H capsulatum in three of
      these five patients. Antibodies to H capsulatum were found in nine of the 13 CSF
      specimens tested. The radioimmunoassay for Histoplasma antigen was also positive
      in the CSF in one of 11 patients with coccidioidal meningitis but not in 17
      patients with cryptococcal meningitis. It was concluded that Histoplasma antigen
      is present in the CSF of some patients with histoplasmosis and chronic
      meningitis, but cross-reactions may occur in patients with coccidioidal
      meningitis.

PMID- 2916876
TI  - Nosocomial febrile illnesses in patients on an internal medicine service.
AB  - Febrile illnesses commonly arise in hospitalized patients after admission, but
      most previous studies have been of specific subsets of febrile illnesses. To
      provide practical information about the problem as a whole, we studied febrile
      illnesses arising after admission (nosocomial febrile illnesses [NFls]) in 123
      inpatients of an internal medicine service who had been afebrile for the
      preceding week. We compared them with 123 randomly selected patients without NFl.
      Causes of NFl included infections in 83 cases; noninfectious, inflammatory states
      in 15; malignancy in 12; ischemia in eight; and procedures in three. Evidence for
      the cause of the NFl was present at onset in at least 110 of the 123 patients.
      Despite this, antimicrobial agents were administered to 23 (58%) of 40 patients
      without infections. Thirty-four patients with NFl died; the NFl contributed to
      death in 26. In contrast, only eight comparison patients died. "Do not
      resuscitate" status was present in 32 patients with NFl compared with only 12
      comparison patients, and 19 (59%) of the former died. The data from this study
      provide a comprehensive description of NFl arising in hospitalized internal
      medicine patients, indicate that the occurrence of a new febrile illness
      signifies a poor prognosis, and provide a rational basis for management.

PMID- 2916877
TI  - The therapeutic efficacy of critical care units. Identifying subgroups of
      patients who benefit.
AB  - The majority of patients are admitted to critical care units for observation and
      to facilitate intervention if deterioration occurs or complications develop. We
      attempted to determine if a reduction in mortality in a subgroup of these
      patients admitted directly to the critical care units could be identified. A new
      method using the scientific principles of a randomized trial applied to the case
      control design was employed. All 1905 patients admitted to the medical service
      over a three-month period were prospectively evaluated for illness severity and
      stability. Patients who would not have been eligible for a randomized clinical
      trial were excluded. Based on the prospective evaluations, four prognostically
      distinct subgroups of patients were formed. An odds ratio for each of the
      prognostic groups was calculated, a ratio of greater than 1 indicating a
      protective effect of direct critical care admission. Only one subgroup of
      patients, the unstable moderately ill, had an odds ratio greater than 1 (13.3).
      These results, in association with the results of our previous study, suggest
      that at the time of admission to the hospital, direct admission to the critical
      care unit reduced mortality among the unstable moderately ill subgroup of
      patients.

PMID- 2916878
TI  - Smoking counseling and preventive medicine. A survey of internists in private
      practices and a health maintenance organization.
AB  - Physicians could help a large number of patients quit smoking by taking time to
      advise them about quitting, helping them plan a date to quit, giving them self
      help materials, following up, and referring some to smoking cessation programs.
      To determine the attitudes and practices of internists concerning smoking
      cessation and selected preventive medical practices, we surveyed a random sample
      of internists in private practice and in a large health maintenance organization
      (Kaiser-Permanente Medical Group) in the San Francisco Bay area. Overall,
      internists consider counseling about smoking to be at least as worthwhile as many
      other practices, such as screening for breast cancer, and more worthwhile than
      periodic physical examinations. Despite these beliefs, 57% to 65% of internists
      reported that they spend two minutes or less counseling smokers during new
      patient visits. Many internists never use recommended strategies for counseling
      about smoking: 33% to 44% never help patients plan dates to quit, 68% to 75%
      never make follow-up appointments with patients primarily about smoking, and 27%
      to 48% never give smokers self-help pamphlets about quitting. Although they
      believe that counseling about smoking is worthwhile, internists are not doing as
      much as they could to help their patients quit.

PMID- 2916879
TI  - Feasibility and safety of emergency interhospital transport of patients during
      early hours of acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - The transfer of patients with acute myocardial infarction from community
      hospitals to tertiary care facilities for further intervention has become
      increasingly more frequent due to the emerging role of thrombolytic therapy and
      percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. To assess the feasibility and
      safety of early transfer, a prospective analysis of 57 patients who were
      transported by ground ambulance or helicopter to the University of Massachusetts
      Medical Center, Worcester, for acute intervention during the early hours of
      myocardial infarction was conducted. Before transport, the majority (46 [81%]) of
      patients were having chest discomfort, 13 (23%) were hypotensive, and 12 (21%)
      were electrically unstable (defined as high-grade ventricular ectopia or
      nonsustained ventricular tachycardia). During transport, the majority (41 [72%])
      continued to have some chest discomfort; however, only two (4%) remained
      hypotensive. Although five patients (9%) were electrically unstable during
      transport, the instability was considered noncritical. The distance traveled or
      the mode of transportation did not adversely impact on these clinical
      complications. All patients survived transport, and 53 patients (93%) were
      eventually discharged from the receiving hospital.

PMID- 2916881
TI  - Limitations to the use of a sensitive assay for serum thyrotropin in the
      assessment of thyroid status.
AB  - In the majority of clinical settings, a suppressed serum thyrotropin (s-TSH)
      level determined by the new sensitive assays is diagnostic of thyrotoxicosis.
      This has led to its proposed use as a screen for thyroid disease. However, s-TSH
      may be suppressed in conditions other than thyrotoxicosis. We retrospectively
      reviewed s-TSH measurements made in a large heterogeneous population to determine
      in which settings a suppressed value could potentially lead to misdiagnosis. We
      found that a suppressed s-TSH level was useful in making the diagnosis of
      autonomous thyroid function and in the assessment of thyroid hormone replacement
      therapy in patients with primary, but not central, hypothyroidism.
      Hyperthyroidism caused by either intrinsic thyroid disease or thyroid hormone
      administration accounted for 83% (111/134) of suppressed values; however, central
      hypothyroidism, nonthyroidal illness, acute psychiatric illness, or the
      administration of medication was responsible for this finding in 17% (23/134).
      While a suppressed s-TSH level is generally excellent in the diagnosis of
      pituitary suppression by thyroid hormone, in specific clinical settings, a
      suppressed s-TSH level may be seen in the absence of thyroid hormone excess. The
      limitations of its use as a first-line screen in those conditions must be
      recognized.

PMID- 2916880
TI  - Central hemodynamic changes after ingestion of a meal in patients with coronary
      artery disease.
AB  - Thirty-six patients with coronary artery disease participated in a controlled
      trial of the influence of food intake on central hemodynamic parameters
      determined noninvasively by radionuclide cardiography. Stroke volume increased
      considerably (23%) and heart rate was slightly higher (8%) half an hour after the
      meal, whereas the elevated cardiac output two hours postprandially could be
      ascribed entirely to relative tachycardia. No significant hemodynamic changes
      occurred in the patients who fasted. That the left ventricular ejection fraction
      was increased postprandially (3% to 4%) indicated that food intake had positive
      inotropic as well as chronotropic effects on the ischemic heart, even in heart
      failure. Afterload reduction and increased sympathetic nervous activity
      contribute to the changes, but the primary mechanism may be a change in
      resistance and blood flow in the intestinal vascular bed involved in digestion.

PMID- 2916882
TI  - Clinical outcome of patients with a 'low probability' of pulmonary embolism on
      ventilation-perfusion lung scan.
AB  - Lung ventilation and perfusion (V/Q) scintigraphy is usually indicated when
      pulmonary embolism (PE) is a suspected diagnosis. Typically, V/Q scintigraphic
      interpretation is reported as a "normal," "low," "intermediate," or "high
      probability" of PE. Although a "low probability" interpretation does not exclude
      the diagnosis of PE, it significantly reduces the likelihood. We retrospectively
      analyzed up to one year of follow-up in 90 patients who were clinically suspected
      of having PE, but in whom V/Q scintigraphy implied a low probability of PE. None
      of the 90 patients demonstrated clinical evidence of PE subsequent to the V/Q
      scan. Our findings suggest that significant pulmonary embolism is uncommon and
      that the clinical course appears to be predictable in patients with a low
      probability V/Q scan.

PMID- 2916883
TI  - Passive smoking affects endothelium and platelets.
AB  - Blood was obtained before and after ten healthy male nonsmokers sat for 20
      minutes in open hospital corridors beside men who were already there smoking by
      their own initiative. Mean values before and after passive smoking were 0.87 and
      0.78 for the platelet aggregate ratio, 2.8 and 3.7 per counting chamber for the
      endothelial cell count, 0 and 2.8 ng/mL for the plasma nicotine concentration,
      and 0.9% and 1.3% for the carboxyhemoglobin level. No variable changed
      significantly during control periods in which the subjects sat in a room where
      smoking was prohibited. Passive exposure to tobacco smoke affected the
      endothelial cell count and platelet aggregate ratio in a manner similar to that
      previously observed with active smoking.

PMID- 2916884
TI  - Physician utilization of laboratory procedures to monitor outpatients with
      congestive heart failure.
AB  - Little is known about how different types of physicians use laboratory procedures
      in the management of outpatients with congestive heart failure. We therefore
      analyzed data from a national survey of randomly selected general practitioners,
      internists, and cardiologists to assess their management of outpatients with New
      York Heart Association class II congestive heart failure. Most of the 2704
      respondents (90%) scheduled office visits between two and four months apart. Body
      weight, serum electrolytes, and chest roentgenograms were followed regularly by
      98% or more of respondents, at median intervals of one to two months, three to
      five months, and 12 to 17 months, respectively. Serum digoxin levels in patients
      taking digoxin were followed by 90% of respondents at a median interval of 12
      months. Echocardiography, radionuclide ventriculography, and exercise testing
      were used by fewer respondents (81%, 61%, and 61%, respectively), each at a
      median interval of 18 months or longer. Cardiologists were significantly more
      likely to follow patients using either echocardiography, radionuclide
      ventriculography, or exercise testing. The estimated yearly cost of following a
      class II congestive heart failure outpatient varied nearly fourfold from the
      lowest quartile of physicians ($303) to the highest ($1167). Cardiologists were
      disproportionately represented among the high-cost users. In addition, physicians
      who were younger or who practiced in an urban setting were significantly more
      likely to be high-cost users. Thus, simple laboratory tests were used most
      frequently to follow patients with heart failure, but differences in use of more
      expensive tests led to large differences in cost. Test use for similar patients
      is affected by characteristics of both the physician and practice setting.

PMID- 2916885
TI  - Recurrent massive alveolar hemorrhage, crescentic glomerulonephritis, and
      necrotizing vasculitis in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - A middle-aged man presented with recurrent alveolar hemorrhage, rheumatoid
      arthritis, and crescentic immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritis. Nail bed
      hemorrhages and necrotizing vasculitis were documented concomitantly with the
      clinical picture of Goodpasture's syndrome. Perusal of the literature disclosed
      two additional similar cases. It is suggested that Goodpasture's syndrome may
      evolve in the framework of rheumatoid vasculitis. While immunosuppressive therapy
      resulted in short-term remission, two of the three patients involved developed
      late-stage renal failure.

PMID- 2916886
TI  - Limited weight losses with a gastric balloon.
AB  - An evaluation of the Garren-Edwards gastric bubble in the treatment of obesity
      was done. Several clinical trials have compared the effects of behavior therapy
      with and without the bubble, but the effects of the bubble alone have not been
      previously evaluated. Ten obese women averaging 91% overweight received the
      bubble without adjunctive therapy during a 12-week treatment period. Frequent
      psychological and laboratory measures as well as weight were obtained during the
      study to explore the possible mechanisms of the bubble's effect and its side
      effects. Mean weight change was -2.5 kg, with a range of -8.8 to +1.6 kg. Four
      patients lost more than 3.5 kg, three lost less than 3.5 kg, and three gained
      weight. The Garren-Edwards gastric bubble alone does not appear to provide
      significant benefit to most obese patients.

PMID- 2916887
TI  - Effect of daily charge feedback on inpatient charges and physician knowledge and
      behavior.
AB  - Concurrent charge feedback has gained widespread acceptance as a method of
      minimizing hospitals' losses under the Medicare prospective payment system
      despite the fact that its effect on patient outcomes, physician behavior, or
      charges has not been studied in depth. In a controlled trial on two medical wards
      in an academic medical center, the effect of daily charge feedback on charges was
      studied. Sixty-eight house staff and 16 teaching attending physicians
      participated during a 35-week period, taking care of 1057 eligible patients. No
      significant differences in charges were seen when all patients were included.
      Since 45% of patients had planned protocol admissions (diagnostic workups or
      protocol treatment) on which the house staff had little change to impact, a
      subgroup analysis was performed, excluding these patients. In the remaining
      patients, a highly significant reduction in mean total charges (17%), length of
      stay (18%), room charges (18%), and diagnostic testing (20%) was found. In
      hospital mortality and preventable readmission within 30 days were similar on the
      two wards. It was concluded that charge feedback alone is effective in a teaching
      hospital for decreasing charges.

PMID- 2916888
TI  - Left ventricular response to exercise and autonomic control mechanisms in end
      stage renal disease.
AB  - Left ventricular (LV) function during rest and during exercise was evaluated in
      patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in whom other causes of LV
      dysfunction were eliminated through rigid selection criteria. Autonomic function
      was also assessed in these patients with Valsalva's maneuver and plasma
      catecholamine determinations. Echocardiography and radionuclide ventriculography
      in the group with ESRD revealed no abnormalities of LV wall motion or ejection
      fraction. During graded exercise, patients with ESRD achieved 85% of age
      predicted heart rate, and no differences in exercise tolerance or LV function
      were observed. Valsalva's response was abnormal in patients with ESRD, and post
      exercise the norepinephrine level was markedly increased (12.5 +/- 1.43 vs 8.28
      +/- 0.82 nmol/L). Our results fail to indicate an independent adverse effect of
      ESRD on LV function.

PMID- 2916890
TI  - Fatal small-bowel necrosis and pulmonary hypertension in sickle cell disease.
AB  - Initial enthusiasm for the use of vasodilators to improve pulmonary hemodynamics
      and symptomatic status in pulmonary hypertension of diverse etiologies has been
      tempered by the high incidence of serious complications, especially hypotension.
      However, the unrelenting hypoxia of pulmonary hypertension without treatment and
      the improved pulmonary hemodynamics and symptomatic states of some patients
      during vasodilator therapy provide the rationale for a therapeutic test of
      vasodilators in hemodynamically monitored patients. We report that vasodilator
      therapy in a patient with severe hypoxia due to pulmonary hypertension and sickle
      cell crisis was fatally complicated by hypotension and extensive small-bowel
      infarction.

PMID- 2916889
TI  - Once-daily irrigation of long-term urethral catheters with normal saline. Lack of
      benefit.
AB  - Urinary incontinence is often managed with a long-term urethral catheter after
      other methods have failed. Such urethral catheterization is associated with
      polymicrobial bacteriuria, catheter obstruction, fever, bacteremia, urinary tract
      stones, and death. Periodic catheter irrigation is a common but untested
      management procedure intended to prevent catheter obstruction, fevers, and/or
      bacteremia. To evaluate this technique, we performed a randomized crossover trial
      comparing ten weeks of once-daily normal saline irrigation with ten weeks of no
      irrigation in 32 long-term catheterized women. The incidence of catheter
      obstructions and febrile episodes and the prevalence and species of bacteriuria
      were similar whether examined as completed crossover patients (N = 23) or as
      partially completed trials (N = 9). Once-daily irrigation with normal saline of
      long-term urethral catheters is a time-consuming and costly procedure that is
      unlikely to have an impact on the morbidity associated with such catheters.

PMID- 2916891
TI  - Left atrial myxoma associated with systemic AA amyloidosis.
AB  - A 76-year-old woman presenting with generalized amyloidosis of the AA-type
      protein was found to have a left atrial myxoma. Retrospective estimation of the
      concentration of SAA protein, a serum precursor of AA amyloid, before and after
      surgical removal of the myxoma, showed that the SAA protein had disappeared after
      the operation. A common manifestation of myxoma is the development of a severe
      inflammatory syndrome that sometimes simulates rheumatic fever or bacterial
      endocarditis. However, to our knowledge, it has never been described in
      association with amyloidosis. We suggest that atrial myxoma should be added the
      list of neoplastic and inflammatory diseases predisposing to AA amyloidosis.

PMID- 2916892
TI  - Atrial fibrillation. Cause and time of onset.
AB  - To characterize groups of patients presenting at the emergency room with atrial
      fibrillation (AF) according to the various causes of AF and the time of its
      onset, 704 medical files from the Beilinson Medical Center (Petah Tikva, Israel),
      during an eight-year period, were reviewed. Two thirds of all patients converted
      to sinus rhythm (SR) within a seven-day in-hospital treatment. The most frequent
      causes associated with AF were atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, 55%;
      rheumatic heart disease, 22.8%; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2.8%; Wolf
      Parkinson-White syndrome, 2.6%; and thyrotoxicosis, 2.6%. There was a relatively
      large group of idiopathic AF (4.5%). Best convertors to SR were patients with
      idiopathic AF (93.9%), then patients with Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome (88.8%),
      followed by atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (71.6%), and thyrotoxicosis
      (63.2%). Patients with rheumatic heart disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary
      disease had the lowest percentage of successful conversion to SR--46% and 55%,
      respectively. We conclude that there are differences regarding gender, age, and
      possible conversion of AF to SR according to the different causes of AF.

PMID- 2916893
TI  - Prehospital sudden death: need for immediate effective resuscitation.

PMID- 2916894
TI  - Correlation between protein-to-creatinine ratio in a single urine sample and
      daily protein excretion.

PMID- 2916895
TI  - Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in human immunodeficiency virus-associated
      thrombocytopenia.

PMID- 2916896
TI  - Hypertrichosis lanuginosa in a man with colon adenocarcinoma.

PMID- 2916897
TI  - The House of God revisited.

PMID- 2916898
TI  - Pelvic examination pulmonary edema.

PMID- 2916899
TI  - Urokinase dissolution of a right atrial thrombus.

PMID- 2916901
TI  - Rhabdoid tumor. An entity or a phenotype?

PMID- 2916900
TI  - Inhibition of the yeast-mycelial transition and the phorogenesis of Mucorales by
      diamino butanone.
AB  - Diamino butanone (DAB), a competitive inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC)
      a key enzyme in polyamine biosynthesis, inhibited the yeast to hyphae transition
      in Mucor rouxii, induced by transfer from anaerobiosis to aerobiosis, but not the
      opposite phenomenon. Addition of DAB to anaerobic yeast cells brought about a
      decrease in ODC and polyamine levels. In these conditions, the aerobic shift
      produced only a weak increase in ODC activity and no change in polyamine levels.
      DAB also blocked phorogenesis in M. rouxii and in Phycomyces blakesleeanus. At
      the effective concentrations DAB did not affect cell growth of either fungus. It
      is suggested that low, constant levels of ODC and polyamines are necessary for
      cell growth, and that high transient levels are required during the
      differentiative steps. DAB, at the concentrations used, affects this last
      process, but does not interfere with the maintenance level of polyamines.

PMID- 2916902
TI  - Malignant rhabdoid tumor of the kidney and soft tissues. Evidence for a diverse
      morphological and immunocytochemical phenotype.
AB  - Three malignant rhabdoid tumors of the kidney and two extrarenal rhabdoid tumors
      of soft tissues were studied by light and electron microscopy and by
      immunocytochemistry for the expression of keratin, vimentin, desmin,
      neurofilament triplet proteins, epithelial membrane antigen, myoglobin, and HNK-1
      (Leu-7). Electron microscopy revealed the characteristic cytoplasmic whorled
      filamentous inclusions in all tumors. An epithelial phenotype (presence of
      cytoplasmic tonofilaments) was observed in two tumors (one renal and one
      extrarenal); and a focal primitive neural phenotype (cytoplasmic processes with
      neurosecretory granules), in a renal rhabdoid tumor. Strands of basal lamina were
      seen in two renal and one extrarenal rhabdoid tumors. Evaluation of basal lamina
      was more difficult in the third renal rhabdoid tumor, in which tissue
      preservation was not optimal. Primitive attachments were present in all rhabdoid
      tumors. Immunocytochemical staining supported a diverse phenotype, ranging from
      epithelial and/or mesenchymal to myogenous and/or neuroectodermal. Simultaneous
      expression of several of the studied antigenic determinants by the same tumor was
      noted. The findings suggest that both renal and extrarenal rhabdoid tumors
      express a diverse morphological and immunocytochemical phenotype.

PMID- 2916903
TI  - In vitro study of translocation t(4;11) acute leukemia. Sequential range of
      phenotype.
AB  - The nature of translocation t(4;11) acute leukemia cells has been widely
      discussed over the past few years. Many authors report their phenotypic
      heterogeneity, ranging from apparently common acute lymphoblastic leukemia
      antigen-positive to monoblastic leukemia, through "promiscuous" phenotype. We
      studied in vitro phenotypic modulation of three typical cases after induction by
      12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol 13 acetate. The initial phenotype was different in
      each case, but all of them exhibited changes in morphologic shape, cytochemistry,
      and immunophenotype; common features appeared after induction by 12-O
      tetradecanoyl phorbol 13 acetate, including esterase activity, expression of CD
      9, CD-15, and CD-18 surface antigens, and monocyte/macrophage morphology. In all
      cases a B-associated surface antigen, CD-19, persisted. During clinical
      evolution, some previously reported cases have shown a karyotypic and phenotypic
      transformation. In one of our cases this phenomenon correlated with in vitro
      phenotypic modulation of initial blast population. Furthermore, clinical relapses
      and in vitro modulation always seem to evolve toward a more "mature" phenotype.
      Those results support the "promiscuous lineage" hypothesis, and point out the
      usefulness of in vitro studies to express the myeloid potential of this category
      of acute leukemia, which can be regarded as a model of early hematopoietic
      differentiation.

PMID- 2916904
TI  - Electron-microscopic study of systemic myonecrosis due to poisoning by tropical
      rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus terrificus) in humans.
AB  - This article describes the ultrastructural study of skeletal muscle biopsy
      specimens from five patients following envenomization by tropical rattlesnake
      (Crotalus durissus terrificus). All the patients were bitten in the leg and the
      biopsy specimens were obtained from the contralateral gastrocnemius muscle in the
      middle of the lower leg. A wide spectrum of detailed ultrastructural changes
      involving muscle fibers and microvasculature was demonstrated. Essentially, such
      lesions included widespread necrotic myofibers intermixed with intact fibers,
      accompanied by changes in the endothelial lining of the intramuscular blood
      capillaries and small arterial vessels, reducing their lumens. Since these
      alterations were observed in biopsy specimens from the limb contralateral to the
      site of the bite, they clearly demonstrate the systemic myonecrotic action of the
      venom of a tropical rattlesnake. On the basis of these data, the mechanism of
      venom-induced myopathy is described. It is postulated that the pathogenesis of
      systemic myonecrosis due to poisoning by C durissus terrificus is a complex one,
      probably due to direct damage to cells by the myotoxins of the venom, as well as
      indirect effects due to ischemia.

PMID- 2916905
TI  - The probability of finding suitable directed donors.
AB  - A series of tables based on mathematical calculations is given as guidelines for
      the number of directed donors needed by members of various ethnic/racial groups
      to provide a desired number of units of blood with a selected probability of
      achieving this result. From these tables, certain conclusions can be drawn.
      Unrelated donors who do not know their blood type are an inefficient source of
      directed donors. Rh-negative patients are unlikely to obtain enough directed
      donor units from either related or unrelated donors with confidence unless these
      donors known their blood type. In general, siblings, parents, and offspring are
      the most efficient directed donors from the standpoint of compatibility. Cousins,
      uncles, aunts, nieces, and nephews are not much more likely to be compatible than
      unrelated donors are. It is easier to obtain suitable directed-donor units among
      Hispanics than among whites, blacks, or Asians, due to their skewed blood group
      frequencies. In general, using O-negative directed donors for Rh-positive
      recipients does not significantly increase the likelihood of finding suitable
      donors.

PMID- 2916906
TI  - The effect of hemolysis on creatine kinase determination.
AB  - Hemolysis can cause falsely elevated creatine kinase (CK) values when
      spectrophotometric methods of measurement are used. This apparent increase in CK
      is due to the red blood cell enzyme adenylate kinase. In an attempt to reduce
      this interference, most commercial CK kits employ adenosine monophosphate and/or
      diadenosine pentaphosphate as adenylate kinase inhibitors. To determine whether
      hemolyzed specimens should be accepted for testing, we measured the CK values of
      26 serum samples, each with six different concentrations of added hemolysate. The
      results showed that hemolysis had an additive effect on CK, with an average
      increase in CK of approximately 10 U/L for every 1 g/L of hemoglobin. In most
      settings, this increase is not clinically significant. In the case of massive
      hemolysis, the hemoglobin concentration of the serum can be measured to correct
      the apparent CK value. The exclusion of hemolyzed specimens is unnecessary.

PMID- 2916907
TI  - Analysis of lectin binding in benign and malignant thyroid nodules.
AB  - The lectin binding properties of ten cases each of adenomatoid nodule, follicular
      adenoma, and papillary carcinoma and five cases of microinvasive follicular
      carcinoma were examined histochemically and compared with adjacent normal thyroid
      tissue. Wheat germ agglutinin, concanavalin A, Ulex europaeus agglutinin I,
      peanut agglutinin, soybean agglutinin, Dolichos biflorus agglutinin, Ricinus
      communis agglutinin, and Helix pomatia agglutinin were employed. All the lectins
      but Ulex europaeus agglutinin I, peanut agglutinin, and Helix pomatia agglutinin
      were bound to thyroid parenchymal cells, colloid and stromal cells, but none
      uniquely to thyroid parenchymal cells. Helix pomatia agglutinin binding was
      present in stromal cells but not in parenchymal cells. Ulex europaeus agglutinin
      I binding to parenchymal cells was weakly positive only in five cases of
      papillary carcinoma. The binding in adenomatoid and neoplastic cells and their
      colloid was stronger than in adjacent normal thyroid tissue in all cases
      examined. Wheat germ agglutinin and concanavalin A binding was most intense among
      the lectins examined. In papillary carcinoma, lectin binding was observed mostly
      in the apical cytoplasm of carcinoma cells, whereas a diffuse surface binding
      pattern was predominant in follicular adenoma and carcinoma, adenomatoid nodules
      and normal thyroid gland. No consistent differences in lectin binding were found
      between follicular adenoma and carcinoma, or between adenomatoid nodules and
      follicular neoplasia.

PMID- 2916908
TI  - Chronic basal meningitis and vasculitis in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. A
      possible role for human immunodeficiency virus.
AB  - We describe the clinical and postmortem findings in a 57-year-old man with human
      immunodeficiency virus who presented with neurologic symptoms attributed to
      stroke. In addition to multiple foci of ischemic necrosis, pathologic examination
      of the brain showed chronic basal meningitis and vasculitis. No microorganisms
      were found. The association of meningitis and vasculitis in patients with
      acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is unusual and the possibility that these
      conditions may be due to primary human immunodeficiency virus infection is
      raised.

PMID- 2916909
TI  - Isolated eosinophilic coronary arteritis and eosinophilic myocarditis. A limited
      form of Churg-Strauss syndrome.
AB  - Eosinophilic coronary arteritis is rare, and it occurs principally as a
      manifestation of cardiac involvement in Churg-Strauss syndrome (allergic
      granulomatosis and angiitis). A 39-year-old white man, who was an asthmatic, died
      suddenly and unexpectedly. Autopsy showed isolated eosinophilic coronary
      arteritis associated with myocardial necrosis, and isolated eosinophilic
      myocarditis as the cause of death. This limited form of Churg-Strauss syndrome,
      to our knowledge, has not been reported previously.

PMID- 2916910
TI  - Independent learning in pathology. Does it work?
AB  - The sophomore pathology course at the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New
      Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, was substantially
      modified with the intention of promoting guided, independent learning. The
      emphasis has been shifted from lectures to other modalities of instruction. This
      article delineates the curricular changes made, describes the instructional
      modalities used, and reports student performance after two year's experience with
      the new curriculum.

PMID- 2916911
TI  - The American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation in 1988.

PMID- 2916912
TI  - Back strengthening exercises: quantitative evaluation of their efficacy for women
      aged 40 to 65 years.
AB  - In this prospective study, the efficacy of exercise on the strength of the back
      extensors was evaluated. Fifty healthy women volunteers, aged 40 to 65 years
      (mean = 56 years), participated in a back exercise program. Subjects were
      screened to exclude those with diseases or treatment programs that could affect
      muscle strength. Seventeen subjects participated in a conventional back
      strengthening program, consisting mainly of antigravity upper back extension
      exercises in the prone position. Thirty-three control subjects continued to
      perform their usual athletic and daily physical activities. The control group
      were postmenopausal women who had volunteered to participate in a study of the
      effect of back strengthening exercises on bone mineral density. Subjects were
      blindly assigned to the control group without any selection procedures. We used
      this group as the control for this study because two studies were performed
      concurrently, and it seemed unnecessary to have two control groups. All subjects
      were instructed in proper posture principles. Physical activity and back extensor
      strength were evaluated every four to six weeks for three months. Milestones were
      completed by 16 subjects in the exercise group and 31 control subjects. The
      strength of the back extensors was significantly increased (p less than 0.001) in
      the exercise group. This study indicates that the back extensors can be
      strengthened with conventional back extension exercise.

PMID- 2916913
TI  - Rehabilitation of the mastectomy patient: a randomized, blind, prospective study.
AB  - After biopsy confirmation of breast carcinoma, women who were scheduled to
      undergo a modified radical mastectomy had demographic data collected, goniometric
      measurements of shoulder flexion and abduction, and functional evaluation of the
      ipsilateral shoulder performed, and upper extremity circumferential measurements
      at five levels determined. Patients were then randomly assigned either to a group
      that received immediate postoperative physical therapy or to one that did not.
      Results represent the combination of data from a pilot study and this subsequent
      study following appropriate statistical analysis. Sixty-four women in the
      treatment group showed a statistically significant increase in shoulder range of
      motion in both abduction and flexion as compared to 51 women who received no
      physical therapy. The treated group also had fewer problems with five of the six
      upper extremity functional tasks that were assessed. There were no significant
      differences between the groups for length of hospital stay, postoperative
      complications, or upper extremity edema. The authors conclude that early physical
      therapy intervention makes a significant contribution to return to normal
      function without increasing the incidence of postoperative complications or
      prolonging hospital stay.

PMID- 2916914
TI  - Ultrasound: effectiveness of treatments given under water.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine whether ultrasound treatments given
      with a limb immersed in tap water are as effective in heating the tendons
      overlying a superficial bony prominence as ultrasound treatments given with the
      applicator and coupling agent in direct contact with the limb. The lateral
      epicondyle of a pig was treated with the applicator in contact with the limb and
      with the limb immersed in a water bath with the applicator held 2cm from the skin
      surface. With a thermocouple inserted into a 20-gauge needle, the temperature
      elevations in the tendon of the extensor muscles originating at the lateral
      epicondyle were measured. It was found that the temperatures of the tendons rose
      into the therapeutic range when the ultrasound was applied directly to the skin
      surface, but not when treatment was given under water. It is therefore preferable
      to give ultrasound treatments with the applicator in direct contact with the
      subject rather than in an immersion bath with tap water as the coupling agent.

PMID- 2916915
TI  - Functional outcome after delivery of intrathecal baclofen.
AB  - Patients with multiple sclerosis or spinal cord injury often have severe,
      disabling spasticity. This is frequently treated with oral medications or with
      destructive neurosurgical procedures. We report on a group of patients with
      spasticity not relieved by these methods. These patients were subsequently
      treated with intrathecal baclofen delivered by an implanted programmable drug
      pump. Twenty-one patients have received this form of treatment, and the
      functional status of eight has been tracked by the Patient Evaluation Conference
      System (PECS) for at least six months. In most cases, spasticity, performance of
      bowel and bladder programs, and performance of ADL improved after delivery of
      intrathecal baclofen. The improvements appear to be due to the decrease in
      hypertonicity and the increased ease of movement (passive or active) in affected
      extremities. Intrathecal baclofen should be considered as a treatment method in
      patients with severe spasticity of spinal origin.

PMID- 2916916
TI  - Orientation Group Monitoring System: an indicator for reversible impairments in
      cognition during posttraumatic amnesia.
AB  - During posttraumatic amnesia (PTA), confusion, attention deficits, impaired
      memory, disorientation, and inability to process external stimuli often preclude
      accurate assessment of subtle neurologic changes. The Orientation Group
      Monitoring System (OGMS) has proven to be a simple, useful strategy for assessing
      cognitive status. Retrospective analysis of weekly aggregate OGMS scores
      indicated that a decline in performance of 0.23 or greater is clinically
      significant. Over a one-year period, 27 patients demonstrated significant
      decrements in OGMS performance, and in 93% of these instances, the decrease was
      attributable to a medical problem. Adverse effects of medication was the most
      common etiology of decreased performance (n = 13). Overwhelmingly, the decline in
      the OGMS score was the first indication of impaired cognition. This monitoring
      device is therefore useful as an indicator during PTA of declining cognitive
      function, warranting further medical evaluation.

PMID- 2916917
TI  - Viscoelastic shoe insoles: their use in aerobic dancing.
AB  - To determine whether use of viscoelastic insoles would significantly decrease the
      frequency of musculoskeletal overuse injury in aerobic dancers, 139 high-level
      aerobic dancers were divided randomly into two groups. The control group received
      placebo foam insoles and test subjects were fitted with viscoelastic insoles.
      Subjects used these insoles during dance class for 15 weeks. Injury rates were
      low in both groups and no statistical difference was found. Pain syndromes were
      fewer in the group using viscoelastic insoles, but the difference was not
      statistically significant. About a third of dancers fitted with viscoelastic
      insoles and a tenth of placebo insert wearers found that the insoles made their
      shoes too tight to be comfortable. No conclusion can be drawn on whether shock
      absorbing insoles decrease injuries from aerobic dancing, but use of viscoelastic
      insoles may improve comfort and provide pain relief for some high-level aerobic
      dancers if proper fit is achieved.

PMID- 2916918
TI  - Bladder emptying assessment in stroke patients.
AB  - The bladder-emptying status of 85 stroke patients admitted to a comprehensive
      rehabilitation center was evaluated by postvoid residual (PVR) sequential
      catheterizations. Those patients with incomplete bladder emptying were assessed
      by scheduled PVRs throughout their hospitalization. Incomplete bladder emptying
      occurred initially in 48 of the 85 patients and was sustained in 28. Of this
      group, 22 were able to void voluntarily and 15 were continent. The incomplete
      emptying group also demonstrated a significantly higher rate of urinary tract
      infections. Incomplete bladder emptying or urinary retention in stroke patients
      with apparently normal bladders is a frequent problem which should be addressed
      as part of the routine rehabilitation management.

PMID- 2916919
TI  - Anatomic observations in carpal tunnel syndrome as they relate to the tethered
      median nerve stress test.
AB  - The Tethered Median Nerve Stress Test (TMNST) has proved to be a reliable
      clinical tool in the diagnosis of chronic, low-grade carpal tunnel syndrome
      (CTS). The TMNST consists of hyperextending the index finger at the distal
      interphalangeal joint with the wrist maintained in a supinated position. Proximal
      volar forearm pain radiation is experienced by patients with chronic CTS during
      this maneuver. This investigation shows that significant distal excursion of the
      median nerve occurs with hyperextension of the index finger and to a greater
      degree than with hyperextension of the adjacent digits. Pain experienced during
      the TMNST appears to be vascular in origin and its severity is directly related
      to the duration of testing. This finding emphasizes the important role of
      ischemia in chronic entrapment neuropathies.

PMID- 2916920
TI  - Insulin pump treatment of type I diabetes mellitus in a patient with C6
      quadriplegia.
AB  - A 40-year-old patient with insulin-dependent (Type I) diabetes mellitus since
      childhood suffered a C6 spinal transection. Recurrent episodes of hypoglycemia
      resolved after the patient was placed on an insulin pump. The patient is able to
      set the insulin delivery rate and maintain the pump without assistance. Spinal
      cord injured patients may lack both the clinical symptoms of, and the ability to
      respond to, hypoglycemia. The mixing of NPH insulin and regular insulin requires
      fine motor skills; even with prefilled syringes, the quadriplegic person may have
      difficulty with subcutaneous injection. The use of an "open loop" insulin pump
      averts these problems and may provide better glucose control for selected spinal
      cord injury patients with Type I diabetes.

PMID- 2916921
TI  - Spasticity: quantitative measurements as a basis for assessing effectiveness of
      therapeutic intervention.
AB  - Spasticity, a common problem in upper motor neuron lesions, frequently results in
      uncontrolled involuntary motion that interferes with function. A quantifiable
      method related to the mechanical output of the muscle is needed to test and
      improve therapeutic intervention. A sinusoidal displacement of 5 degrees was used
      to measure elastic and viscous stiffness around the ankle at frequencies from 3
      to 12Hz. To isolate viscoelastic response, the influences of inertia and
      equipment drag were eliminated. Test-retest correlation values were 0.953 for
      elastic and 0.992 for viscous stiffness. The elastic stiffness in 13 spastic
      subjects under nerve block was significantly higher than that of 13 healthy
      subjects (p less than or equal to 0.05), indicating early changes associated with
      contracture. Elastic and viscous response is expressed by the total stiffness
      vector containing both components, the Nyquist diagram. This diagram's pathlength
      from 3 to 12Hz was calculated and showed high test-retest reliability in healthy
      subjects. The median pathlength value for the spastic group was 98 Newton
      meters/radian (N-m/rad) and, for the normal group, 24N-m/rad, a statistically
      significant difference (p less than or equal to 0.0001). A mathematical model of
      the spastic response shows that the Nyquist diagram's pathlength relates to
      reflex loop gain and is independent of the shift in passive properties. The model
      predicts a shift in passive properties during spastic responses relative to
      responses measured during nerve block. Thus, subtraction of passive responses
      measured during nerve block may not isolate the remaining reflex response, but
      the pathlength measure relating to the reflex response gain was unaffected,
      allowing evaluation of therapeutic intervention effectiveness.

PMID- 2916922
TI  - Familial occurrence of primary fibromyalgia.
AB  - Seventeen families of patients with primary fibromyalgia were studied for
      evidence of inherited primary fibromyalgia. Fifty parents and siblings were
      included in the analysis. Twenty-six (52%, mean age 33.5 years) had
      characteristic symptoms and findings of primary fibromyalgia. Eleven (22%, mean
      age 28 years) were asymptomatic but had clinical evidence of abnormal muscle
      consistency to palpation without tender or trigger points. One person had
      clinical evidence of lupus. Thirteen (26%) had no evidence of fibromyalgia or
      abnormal muscle consistency. The mode of inheritance was autosomal dominant.
      Identical twins are described who developed symptoms of primary fibromyalgia
      within six months of each other, as are two brothers who developed abnormal
      palpable muscle consistency years before acquiring the characteristic findings of
      the fibromyalgia syndrome. Primary fibromyalgia may be an inherited condition
      with a variable latent stage before clinical expression of the disease.

PMID- 2916923
TI  - Suction cup ground and reference electrodes in electrodiagnosis.
AB  - An alternative to the taped-disc surface electrodes typically used during
      monopolar and concentric needle electromyographic studies has been investigated.
      The use of suction cup surface electrodes in place of the taped metal disc
      surface electrodes increases patient and operator safety and enhances patient
      comfort and operator efficiency. A two-channel EMG, with a single active needle
      and two reference electrodes, was done on patients routinely referred for
      electromyographic studies. The motor units were stored and compared. Similarly,
      baseline noise was stored and compared. This study shows that no distortion of
      motor unit potentials in typically measured parameters, nor alteration in
      baseline "noise" occurs when using the suction cup electrode in place of the
      taped metal discs. The safer, more comfortable suction cup surface electrodes do
      not distort the motor unit potentials that electromyographers are accustomed to
      interpreting.

PMID- 2916924
TI  - Principles of geriatric rehabilitation.

PMID- 2916925
TI  - The stroke rehabilitation outcome study: Part II. Relative merits of the total
      Barthel index score and a four-item subscore in predicting patient outcomes.
AB  - Part I of this series described the background of the study; the characteristics
      of the patient population; and their functional status before onset of stroke, at
      rehabilitation admission, at discharge, and at six months after discharge.
      Results at follow-up showed that patients with higher Barthel index scores living
      in the community were more likely to be satisfied with life in general, to have
      more person-to-person contacts, and to be more active in community affairs. Part
      II describes the utility of two sets of data derived from the admission Barthel
      index (combinations of independent performance of four basic items of the index
      vs the total score) in predicting the likely range of Barthel index scores at
      discharge and functional outcomes at six-month follow-up.

PMID- 2916926
TI  - The Western Neuro Sensory Stimulation Profile: a tool for assessing slow-to
      recover head-injured patients.
AB  - The Western Neuro Sensory Stimulation Profile (WNSSP) was developed to assess
      cognitive function in severely impaired head-injured adults (Rancho levels II-V)
      and to monitor and predict change in slow-to-recover patients. Slow-to-recover
      patients are those who remain at Rancho levels II and III for extended periods of
      time and are candidates for sensory stimulation programs. Although sensory
      stimulation is considered beneficial, its utility has not been documented, partly
      because of the absence of formal measurement tools. The WNSSP consists of 32
      items which assess patients' arousal/attention, expressive communication, and
      response to auditory, visual, tactile, and olfactory stimulation. It was
      administered to 57 patients with a mean age of 29 years at a mean time of eight
      months after injury. Statistical analyses indicate the WNSSP to be a reliable,
      valid measure of cognitive function. WNSSP means differ at each Rancho level, and
      ranges of scores at each level are sufficiently broad to demonstrate improvement
      within as well as across cognitive levels. Subjects who later improved performed
      significantly better on initial testing than did those who did not improve,
      suggesting prognostic ability of the WNSSP. Our data support other investigations
      which emphasize that some slow-to-recover patients experience significant
      improvement. The WNSSP can be a useful tool for studying the recovery process and
      evaluating treatment programs for slow-to-recover patients.

PMID- 2916927
TI  - Helping traumatically brain injured patients return to work with supported
      employment: three case studies.
AB  - Three case studies illustrating the use of supported employment methods to help
      individuals with severe head injury are presented. Before supported employment
      intervention, these individuals were unable either to obtain or maintain
      employment. Neuropsychologic evaluation revealed many intellectual impairments
      which contributed to diminished employment potential. Through intervention, all
      three persons were able to obtain and maintain employment. Consecutive number of
      months employed ranged from 17.5 to 35, and hours worked per week ranged from 30
      to 40. Current hourly earnings exceed the minimum wage, ranging from +5.00 to
      +5.16 per hour. These cases represent a subset within a larger supported
      employment program, which assists patients with severe traumatic brain injury to
      reenter the labor force and maintain employment.

PMID- 2916928
TI  - Brief assessment of cognitive impairment in patients with stroke.
AB  - The Stroke Unit Mental Status Examination (SUMSE) has been developed to provide a
      reliable poststroke test of cognitive functioning that may be administered at
      bedside. SUMSE was designed to assess major cognitive disorders caused by stroke
      (eg, language disorders, visuoperceptual deficits, and memory disorders) while
      avoiding, as much as possible, reliance on patients' English language skills and
      motor movements. SUMSE's reliability and validity were evaluated by administering
      it to patients on a stroke rehabilitation unit in conjunction with already
      validated tests. The results indicated that SUMSE has the potential to become a
      useful tool for the bedside assessment of mental impairment in stroke patients.

PMID- 2916929
TI  - Energy requirements of gamefield exercises designed for wheelchair-bound persons.
AB  - This report presents energy requirements of three athletic exercises (power ramp,
      climber, and chin-ups) in a free-wheeling gamefield developed by the City of
      Houston for wheelchair-bound persons. Heart rate was monitored by telemetry.
      Expired gas samples were collected in Douglas bags. Oxygen and CO2 concentrations
      were determined by mass spectrometry and expired gas volumes by a wet gas meter.
      Pulmonary ventilation, O2 consumption, and CO2 production were calculated from
      expired gas samples. Laboratory studies were conducted on eight men with
      paraplegia and ten untrained, healthy, able-bodied men. The same persons were
      tested on the gamefield while propelling a wheelchair over the power ramp, the
      climber, and doing chin-ups. Age and weight were 32 +/- 4yrs vs 31 +/- 6yrs and
      79.6kg vs 79.0kg, respectively, for paraplegic and healthy men. Paraplegic men
      had average heart rates of 133 +/- 11bpm, 133 +/- 19bpm, and 135 +/- 21bpm,
      respectively, for the power ramp, climber, and chin-ups. Heart rate values for
      able-bodied men were 136 +/- 26bpm, 139 +/- 24bpm, and 136 +/- 26bpm,
      respectively, for the same three exercises. The paraplegic men's VO2 measurements
      were 13.2 +/- 2.2, 11.5 +/- 2.8, and 6.4 +/- 2.9ml/min/kg, respectively, for the
      power ramp, climber, and chin-ups. The able-bodied men's VO2 measurements were
      15.8 +/- 2.8, 15.4 +/- 3.6, and 9.2 +/- 2.8 ml/min/kg for the same exercises.
      Patients with paraplegia seemed to outperform able-bodied men in all events.
      Gamefield exercises appeared to tax the cardiorespiratory system at a level
      comparable to that usually prescribed for training purposes.

PMID- 2916930
TI  - Running patterns of juveniles wearing SACH and single-axis foot components.
AB  - Concerns have been raised about the capability of conventional prosthetic foot
      components to provide adequate support and function for activities other than
      walking to persons with lower limb amputations. Degenerative changes of the
      lumbar spine and knee joints have been linked to prolonged asymmetric loading,
      which may be accentuated when force magnitudes are high, as in running. This
      study evaluated the extent and location of kinematic and kinetic asymmetries
      relative to the foot component worn. The running patterns of six children with
      unilateral below-knee amputations were evaluated on two occasions: first, while
      wearing the solid ankle-cushioned heel (SACH) component, and second, wearing the
      single-axis (SA) component. Cinematographic and forceplate data yielded bilateral
      temporal data, vertical ground reaction forces, joint angular trajectories, and
      moments. Results indicated that the SACH and SA components performed almost
      identically, despite the greater excursion allowed by the SA foot. Slower step
      speed on the affected side was related to significantly lower vertical ground
      reaction forces (p less than .01). The ankle angular displacement and moment
      curves revealed the incapacity of either component to stimulate natural foot
      ankle function, with resulting significant interlimb asymmetries. The ipsilateral
      knee displayed marked reduction of the initial flexor wave, paired with a reduced
      extensor moment. Compensations predominated ipsilaterally, as evidenced by the
      similarity of the contralateral patterns to those of an able-bodied runner,
      except for a decreased hip flexor moment before toe-off. This study showed that
      interlimb asymmetries were attributable to the inadequacies of both components.

PMID- 2916931
TI  - A rapid method for teaching severely brain injured adults how to wash and dress.
AB  - The use of a rapid method of teaching a severely brain injured patient to wash
      and dress is described. The patient, who was injured in an automobile accident
      eight months earlier, remained dependent in self-care after five months in an
      acute rehabilitation unit. He was then transferred to a Transitional Living
      Facility where the program was performed. The patient's physical and cognitive
      status remained unchanged during the program which lasted for 12 treatment days,
      but he did become independent in washing and dressing. Independence was
      maintained at six-month follow-up. Issues relating to the individual's severe
      memory impairment are discussed in terms of the relevance of such impairments to
      outcome of training techniques.

PMID- 2916932
TI  - Theory-based neurorehabilitation.

PMID- 2916933
TI  - Thoracic outlet syndrome.

PMID- 2916934
TI  - The 38th annual John Stanley Coulter lecture. The Winter of Our Discontent:
      breaking intolerable time locks for stroke survivors.

PMID- 2916935
TI  - Conservative surgery and radiation therapy for early breast cancer. Long-term
      cosmetic results.
AB  - To evaluate the cosmetic outcome of conservative surgery (CS) and radiation
      therapy (RT) for early-stage breast cancer and its stability over time, we
      reviewed the records of 593 patients treated from 1968 to 1981. The breast
      appearance was scored as "excellent," "good," "fair," or "poor". Median follow-up
      was 76 months (range, 37 to 186 months). Cosmetic results were generally
      excellent or good. The percents of excellent, good, fair, and poor results at
      three years were 65%, 25%, 7%, and 3%, respectively. Patients not receiving
      adjuvant chemotherapy were more likely than those receiving chemotherapy to have
      excellent scores at five years (71% vs 40%). Tumor size also influenced cosmetic
      outcome: 73% of patients with T1 tumors vs 55% with T2 tumors had excellent
      scores at five years. Our results were stable over time: of 36 patients
      assessable at seven years whose cosmetic scores were good or excellent at three
      years, 34 (94%) continued to have good or excellent scores, and only two (5%)
      deteriorated to fair. We conclude that the cosmetic results achieved with CS and
      RT are good to excellent in approximately 90% of patients and that these results
      remain stable for at least seven years.

PMID- 2916936
TI  - Local recurrent mammary carcinoma failing multimodality therapy. A solution.
AB  - Chest wall recurrence following radiation and hormonal therapy is an uncommon but
      serious and disabling condition. A chest wall ulcer secondary to treatment for
      recurrence also presents the same dilemma. Over the past 35 years, the Thoracic
      Service at our institution has treated 35 patients for these problems by surgical
      resection and reconstruction. Eight patients were seen after the first
      recurrence, six after the second, ten after the third, and ten after the fourth.
      One patient had chest wall resection with mastectomy when recurrence followed
      radiation therapy. Following resection of the tumor, 21 patients had
      reconstruction using mesh or a mesh "sandwich." There were no operative deaths
      and no respirator need. Twenty patients are alive from five to 120 months, with a
      median of 50 months. One of 35 patients had chest wall recurrence. Surgical
      resection of recurrent mammary carcinoma resistant to all other therapy is a
      viable alternative for both palliation and cure.

PMID- 2916937
TI  - Hepatectomy prolongs survival of mice with induced liver metastases.
AB  - Resection of hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer has been shown to prolong
      survival in some patients. Whether this results from a reduction of tumor burden
      or is an indirect effect mediated by hepatectomy is questionable. Male C57BL/6Ros
      8-week-old mice underwent ileocolic vein injection of a suspension of 0.3 mL of 2
      x 10(5) viable liver-derived murine (MCA-38) colonic adenocarcinoma cells. This
      model produces hepatic metastases in all lobes of the liver. At 7, 14, or 21 days
      after tumor injection, mice were randomized to receive either 42% resection of
      the liver or laparotomy alone. Survival in the animals with hepatectomy was
      significantly prolonged when the hepatectomy was performed 14 or 21 days after
      tumor injection.

PMID- 2916938
TI  - Prolongation of survival of nude mice bearing human colon cancer. Treatment with
      yttrium 90-labeled anti-carcinoembryonic antigen antibody.
AB  - Nude mice bearing diffuse intraperitoneal carcinomatosis of the human colon
      cancer cell line LS174T were treated with an anti-carcinoembryonic antigen
      monoclonal antibody (MAB) that was labeled with yttrium 90 (90Y-ZCE025). Control
      animals were either untreated or treated with nonspecific 90Y-MAB (90Y-96.5c).
      The median survival (MS) for untreated animals was 26 days. The MS for specific
      and nonspecific therapy that consisted of 120 microCi of 90Y-MAB was 69 and 34
      days, respectively. No significant improvement in the MS was observed with a
      second 120-microCi administration of 90Y-MAB given two weeks later. A decreased
      MS was observed with 80 microCi of 90Y-MAB given every four days for three
      cycles. In each category, specific therapy had a significant advantage over
      nonspecific therapy in increased effectiveness and decreased toxicity. The 90Y
      ZCE025 therapy gave an increased life span of almost 200%. The therapeutic
      effects with different dosing regimens have important implications for treatment
      planning.

PMID- 2916939
TI  - Survival of patients with stage B2 colon carcinoma. The Gastrointestinal Tumor
      Study Group experience.
AB  - The Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group, a multispecialty collaborative clinical
      research program, executed two studies of surgically resected colon carcinoma,
      including patients with serosal penetration but no positive regional lymph nodes
      (stage B2). In the first study, 232 patients with stage B2 disease were operated
      on and survival was unaffected by therapy. In the stage B2 group, survival was
      78% at five years, and is estimated to be 64% ten years after surgery. A second
      study, begun in 1979, compared survival and recurrence data on patients who
      underwent surgical resection and were treated postoperatively with fluorouracil
      and hepatic irradiation vs those who were observed. Hematologic toxicity of the
      regimen and accumulation of data from the first study caused the termination of
      randomization of patients with stage B2 disease with continued registration to
      observation only. One hundred twenty-four untreated patients with stage B2
      carcinoma had a five-year survival rate of 77%, confirming the relatively high
      survival of this group of patients who are treated with surgery alone. Our
      patients' five-year survival of 78% corresponds favorably to the 87% survival
      rate anticipated in an age-, sex-, and race-matched cohort of Americans not
      specifically diagnosed as having cancer. Adjuvant trials, in seeking improved
      survival, should recognize that our review of 356 patients implies a considerably
      higher-than-anticipated five-year survival for the patient with stage B2 disease
      who undergoes surgical resection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2916940
TI  - Interactions of human colorectal carcinoma cells with basement membranes.
      Analysis and correlation with differentiation.
AB  - The abilities of colorectal carcinoma cell lines to adhere and invade through a
      basement membrane were examined. The four poorly differentiated cell lines
      studied were three to four times more adherent and spread to a greater extent
      following adherence to a basement membrane matrix than the three moderately well
      differentiated (MWD) lines. One exception was the MWD cell line DLD-2, whose
      histologic features resembled a signet ring carcinoma. The ability of these cells
      to invade through a basement membrane model was measured. This assay showed that
      the poorly differentiated cell lines as well as DLD-2 were three times more
      invasive than the remaining MWD cell lines. These data indicate that tumor cell
      adherence can be correlated with invasion through basement membranes. In
      addition, the ability of colorectal carcinoma cells to interact with the basement
      membrane seems, in general, to be inversely related to the degree of
      cytodifferentiation.

PMID- 2916941
TI  - The desmoid tumor. Not a benign disease.
AB  - The necessity of aggressive therapy for desmoid tumors has not been clearly
      established. To evaluate the therapeutic value of adequate resection and
      radiation therapy, we conducted a retrospective study of 138 patients treated
      from 1965 through 1984. Univariate analysis revealed five factors predictive of
      local failure: (1) age between 18 and 30 years, (2) presentation with recurrent
      disease, (3) partial or limited margin excision, (4) tumor at or close to the
      microscopic margin of resection, and (5) radiation therapy not administered for
      gross residual disease. Multivariate analysis identified two of these factors as
      having independent predictive value for recurrence: (1) presentation with
      recurrent disease and (2) less-than-adequate margins of resection. The five-year
      survival probability was 92%, but 11 of the 138 patients died as a consequence of
      locally uncontrolled tumor. These findings confirm that desmoid tumors are
      malignant soft-tissue neoplasms that warrant aggressive therapy.

PMID- 2916942
TI  - Photodynamic therapy for cutaneous and subcutaneous malignant neoplasms.
AB  - Twenty-seven patients with cutaneous and subcutaneous malignant neoplasms were
      treated with photodynamic therapy. Therapy was administered to 248 areas during a
      total of 72 separate treatment sessions after patients received a total of 45
      injections of sensitizer. Seven patients had basal cell carcinoma, three had
      squamous cell carcinoma, three had malignant melanoma, one had liposarcoma, and
      12 had breast cancers. One patient had Bowen's disease. Treatment was given
      either by surface radiation or interstitially. One month after treatment, 48
      (67%) of the treatment sessions resulted in a complete response (no clinical
      evidence of tumor), and 19 (26%) resulted in a partial response (greater than 50%
      reduction in the number or size of tumors). Fifteen patients were examinable 12
      months after treatment, and in this group, 31 treatment sessions were evaluated
      as a complete response one month after therapy, 15 (48%) of which retained this
      status at one year after treatment. By comparing the ability of different light
      delivery instrumentation, it was concluded that the Yellow Springs radiometer
      (Yellow Springs Instruments, model 65A, Yellow Springs, Ohio) provided the most
      reliable spot power density readings. Straight-tipped fibers are nonhomogeneous
      and can result in overtreatment of the central area with necrosis and pain and in
      undertreatment of the periphery.

PMID- 2916943
TI  - Plasma ultrafiltration as cancer therapy.
AB  - Studies of cancer-related immunosuppression reveal the presence of low-molecular
      weight (less than 10 kilodaltons) serum factors capable of in vitro lymphocyte
      suppression. Removal of suppressor factors by ultrafiltration (UF) prolongs
      survival in tumor-bearing rabbits. This study determined the prevalence of low
      molecular-weight suppressor factors in patients with cancer and normal volunteers
      and evaluated safety and feasibility of UF in patients with cancer. Intact serum
      and serum ultrafiltrate from 32 patients with cancer and 24 normal volunteers was
      examined with mitogen-induced lymphocyte blastogenesis. Eleven (34%) of serum
      samples from patients with cancer suppressed blastogenesis, while ultrafiltrate
      was suppressive in 25 (78%). None of the ultrafiltrate from normal volunteers was
      suppressive. Six patients with cancer underwent UF in a phase I trial, completing
      82 sessions. There were no therapy-related complications, and high-performance
      liquid chromatography showed significant (greater than 90%) posttreatment
      reduction in serum suppressor factors.

PMID- 2916944
TI  - Pseudocysts in chronic pancreatitis. Surgical results in 102 consecutive
      patients.
AB  - Preoperative symptoms, diagnoses, and postoperative outcomes in 102 consecutive
      patients with pancreatic pseudocysts were analyzed. Upper epigastric pain, loss
      of weight, obstructive jaundice, and sudden arterial bleeding from the pseudocyst
      were the most common preoperative symptoms. Ultrasonography, computed tomography,
      and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography were the most useful
      diagnostic tools in the evaluation of the presence, size, location, and possible
      pancreatic ductal communications of the pseudocyst. In a single thick-walled
      pseudocyst, the best long-term results were achieved by internal drainage.
      Pancreatic resection is justified if the patient already has diabetes or multiple
      pseudocysts or if the pseudocyst is not amenable to internal drainage. The most
      fatal preoperative complication was a sudden arterial bleeding from a pseudocyst.
      In treating this complication, hemostasis with transcystic arterial ligation and
      external drainage of the pseudocyst gave the best results.

PMID- 2916945
TI  - Long-term survival in carcinoma of the biliary tract. Analysis of prognostic
      factors in 146 resections.
AB  - In 146 consecutive patients undergoing resection for carcinoma of the biliary
      tract, various tumor characteristics that affected long-term survival of the
      patients were studied. Patients with gallbladder carcinoma whose tumors had no
      serosal infiltration or vessel invasion were grossly papillary, or were papillary
      or well-differentiated adenocarcinoma histologically survived longer than those
      without these tumor characteristics. In upper-third lesions, patients whose
      tumors showed no serosal infiltration or vessel invasion, were grossly papillary,
      were papillary or well-differentiated adenocarcinoma histologically, or were
      treated with hepatic lobectomy had a higher chance of long-term survival.
      Patients with the middle-third lesions, whose tumors were grossly papillary or
      nodular or whose margins were tumor-free, were apt to survive longer. Long-term
      survival for patients with lower-third lesions was obtained most often in
      patients without lymph node metastasis or vessel invasion.

PMID- 2916947
TI  - Treatment of peritoneal mesothelioma.

PMID- 2916946
TI  - Follow-up of patients with aspirated breast cysts is necessary.
AB  - A review was conducted of 401 women who presented with breast lumps that proved
      to be cysts by yielding fluid on aspiration. The aim was to determine the
      proportion of patients with cancers that masqueraded as cysts and to establish
      whether short-term follow-up was necessary. After the first visit, six patients
      had biopsies because of a residual mass or a bloodstained aspirate. Of these
      patients, two were found to have cancer. After the follow-up visit, 20 further
      biopsies were carried out for presence of a mass, bloodstained fluid, or
      recurrent fluid, and two more cancers were diagnosed. Of the four patients with
      malignancy, only one had an intracystic carcinoma, two had necrotic grade 3
      ductal carcinomas, and one had a malignant phyllode tumor. These findings
      underline the value of a single return visit after cyst aspiration.

PMID- 2916949
TI  - Distinguishing and improving dysarthria due to facial weakness.

PMID- 2916948
TI  - Breast cancer diagnosis in the augmented patient.

PMID- 2916950
TI  - Lyme borreliosis: discovery of the causative agent.

PMID- 2916951
TI  - Neuropsychological and neurological function of human immunodeficiency virus
      seropositive asymptomatic individuals.
AB  - Although individuals with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) are often
      impaired on a variety of neuropsychological tasks, questions remain as to when
      neuropsychological decline can be reliably detected during the course of human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Detailed neuropsychological testing was
      accomplished on a cohort of 83 immunologically and neurologically intact
      asymptomatic HIV-infected individuals drawn from a larger pool of 649 US Air
      Force personnel with HIV antibodies. These asymptomatic subjects were compared
      with a group of HIV-negative subjects, and no significant differences in
      neuropsychological functioning were found. No significant neuropsychological
      differences were found as a function of cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities in
      these asymptomatic subjects. When data from 13 subjects with immune compromise
      were included in the analyses, those with abnormal cerebrospinal fluid values
      performed significantly poorer on a task of verbal memory, suggesting that
      cognitive dysfunction is antedated by immunological decline. Methodological
      problems that inhibit specification of the incidence, prevalence, and natural
      history of HIV-related cognitive impairment are discussed, as are data suggesting
      that previously published high estimates of the frequency of HIV-related dementia
      may not be representative of all HIV-infected populations.

PMID- 2916952
TI  - Aging and Alzheimer's disease. Altered cortical serotonergic binding.
AB  - The binding of tritiated serotonin and tritiated spiperone to crude membrane
      preparations from human frontal poles was determined in both controls and
      subjects with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Using the dopamine-specific receptor
      antagonist sulpiride, spiperone binding in the cortex was shown to be essentially
      serotonergic. A decline in both serotonin and spiperone binding was found in
      normal aging, and an AD-related decrease was found for spiperone binding only.
      The AD-related decrement of spiperone binding occurred irrespective of patient
      age and duration of disease. Scatchard analysis indicates that both age- and
      disease-related decrements represent a decrease in receptor number.

PMID- 2916953
TI  - A verbal memory test with high predictive accuracy for dementia of the Alzheimer
      type.
AB  - The most common early deficit in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) is in
      recent memory. Distinguishing patients with AD from normal elderly individuals,
      using currently available memory tests, is limited by their lack of suitability
      for bedside use or for large-scale screening. We have devised a new memory test,
      a delayed word recall (DWR) test, that is both brief and efficient. It was
      designed specifically to maximize the likelihood of poor performance in patients
      with AD and minimize the likelihood of poor performance in normal elderly
      subjects. The DWR test uses required elaborative processing of to-be-remembered
      words and delayed free recall. Fifty-five normal elderly subjects and 28 patients
      with possible or probable AD were tested. The overall predictive accuracy of the
      DWR test was 95.2%. In addition, scores on the DWR test in normal subjects were
      not correlated with education or age. The inclusion of the DWR test in a
      previously studied cognitive detection battery for AD resulted in a considerable
      improvement in predictive accuracy.

PMID- 2916954
TI  - A comparison of dementia in Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis.
AB  - We compared results of comprehensive neuropsychological testing in 42 patients
      with clinically diagnosed Alzheimer's disease (AD) and in an equal number of
      patients with clinically definite chronic-progressive multiple sclerosis. Age,
      sex, and education were controlled using demographically corrected T scores based
      on a large normal sample. Both groups showed significant impairment on the test
      battery, but the degree of dementia was more severe in the patients with AD. A
      deviation score analysis, controlling for overall level of cognitive impairment,
      revealed significant differences between the groups. Alzheimer's disease was
      associated with relatively greater impairment of learning, memory, and verbal
      skills, whereas the MS group showed greater relative impairment of attention,
      incidental memory, and psychomotor functions. These data suggest that both the
      degree and pattern of mental impairement differ in patients with AD and patients
      with multiple sclerosis. Our results support a distinction between "gray matter"
      and "white matter" dementia, and may help clarify the issue of "cortical" vs
      "subcortical" dementia by demonstrating neuropsychological differences based on
      secure neuropathologic distinctions.

PMID- 2916955
TI  - Incontinence associated with bilateral lesions of putamen.
AB  - From 1238 postmortem brain examinations, 44 subject cases with bilateral putamen
      lesions and 44 controls without bilateral putamen lesions were chosen and
      compared for the presence and severity of incontinence. The lesions were divided
      into three grades and the incontinence into five degrees of severity. Final
      results revealed that 39 of 44 subject cases had some degree of fecal
      incontinence compared with 12 of 44 controls. The subject cases included 14 with
      degree 4 incontinence while the controls had none. Forty-three of 44 subject
      cases exhibited urinary incontinence compared with 25 of 44 controls with the
      degree again being more severe in the subject cases. Using the chi 2 test, the
      probability that these differences were due to chance is minimal. Therefore,
      bilateral putamen involvement appears to be a significant factor in the
      occurrence of incontinence, and further study of this association is indicated.

PMID- 2916956
TI  - Selective attention in hemispatial neglect.
AB  - To determine how increasing demands on visual selective attention affect the
      symptoms of hemispatial neglect, we studied patients with right hemispheric
      lesions on a cancellation task requiring various degrees of focused attention. In
      the target only condition, the patients were to cancel all stimuli. In the target
      nontarget condition, discriminating targets from nontargets did not require close
      scrutiny, whereas in the target-foil condition, discriminating targets from foils
      required greater attention to detail. Our findings indicate that increasing
      demands on visual selective attention adversely affect both exploration of the
      left side of space and visual discrimination.

PMID- 2916957
TI  - Prognostic value of electrically elicited blink reflex in neonates.
AB  - The electrically elicited blink reflex (BR) was evaluated in 80 normal neonates
      and 12 neonates with neurologic abnormalities. In normal subjects, R1 and
      bilateral R2 responses were elicited both while awake and in a quiet sleep state.
      Whereas the R1 response was consistently elicited in the active sleep state, as
      well as while awake, the ipsilateral R2 response was markedly suppressed and the
      contralateral R2 response was almost absent. The BR in neonates with neurologic
      abnormalities showed the following variable results: normal, prolonged latency,
      or suppressed response at initial recording. Abnormal BRs were detected in most
      neonates with respiratory or sucking problems. While neonates in whom a
      suppressed response or prolonged latency persisted for over three months had a
      poor prognosis, those with normal BRs or early correction of the BR abnormality
      had almost normal development. The BR appears to be useful not only to evaluate
      brain-stem function in the neonatal period but also to predict subsequent
      outcome.

PMID- 2916958
TI  - Psychogenic respiratory distress.
AB  - Five patients developed recurrent episodes of psychogenic respiratory difficulty
      that were superimposed on psychogenic neurologic symptoms. Misdiagnosis resulted
      in long hospital stays, code blue alerts, intubation, mechanical ventilation,
      and, in one case, tracheostomy. Patients "learned" psychogenic respiratory
      distress because their breathing symptoms evoked distinct evidence of anxiety in
      physicians and staff. In these patients, gain was not incidental but exerted
      primary control over symptom selection. The behavioral mechanisms involved in the
      pathogenesis of psychogenic respiratory distress have significant implications
      for its diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.

PMID- 2916959
TI  - Spanish toxic oil syndrome neuropathy in three patients with hereditary motor and
      sensory neuropathy type I.
AB  - We describe three patients with hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy type I
      coming from a family who suffered from Spanish toxic oil syndrome with
      neuromuscular manifestations. Their clinical course neither differed from other
      kin only affected with the inherited neuropathy nor from other patients with
      Spanish toxic oil syndrome studied by us. These findings suggest that patients
      with hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy do not exhibit a special
      susceptibility to vasculitic neuropathy associated with Spanish toxic oil
      syndrome.

PMID- 2916960
TI  - Crossed aprosodia in strongly dextral patients.
AB  - Two strongly right-handed patients with aprosodia following left hemisphere
      strokes are described. These patients appear to represent the aprosodia analogue
      of crossed aphasia--crossed aprosodia--and provide further evidence that the
      organization of the effective components of language is functionally and
      anatomically similar to the organization of the propositional components of
      language in the brain. In addition, both patients evidenced "double-crossed"
      agraphia involving the left hand.

PMID- 2916961
TI  - The scope of neurologic practice and care in England, Canada, and the United
      States. Is there a better way?

PMID- 2916962
TI  - Cystoid macular edema following cataract surgery.

PMID- 2916963
TI  - Correlation of asymmetric damage with asymmetric intraocular pressure in normal
      tension glaucoma (low-tension glaucoma)

PMID- 2916964
TI  - Choroidal folds in posterior scleritis.

PMID- 2916965
TI  - Glaucoma in Barbados.

PMID- 2916966
TI  - Lid retraction therapy with a guanethidine solution.

PMID- 2916967
TI  - Death associated with acute, multifocal, placoid pigment epitheliopathy. Case
      report.

PMID- 2916968
TI  - Ligation of an arteriovenous malformation with the Heifetz clamp. Case report.

PMID- 2916969
TI  - Automated perimetry. How do we interpret the results?

PMID- 2916970
TI  - The Hsiao (Resource-Based Relative Value Scale) study. Experiences, impressions,
      and objections.

PMID- 2916971
TI  - Acute macular neuroretinopathy and multiple evanescent white dot syndrome
      occurring in the same patients.
AB  - A young woman developed acute macular neuroretinopathy in one eye and five years
      later developed the multiple evanescent white dot syndrome in the same eye.
      Another young woman developed unilateral multiple evanescent white dot syndrome
      and central macular lesions typical of acute macular neuroretinopathy that
      appeared soon after the peripheral macular and juxtapapillary white lesions
      resolved. The findings in these two patients suggest that these two relatively
      rare syndromes may have pathogenetic and etiologic features in common.

PMID- 2916972
TI  - Protracted enlargement of the blind spot in multiple evanescent white dot
      syndrome.
AB  - Two patients had protracted blind spot enlargement, photopsia, and no optic disc
      edema. Both had fundus and fluorescein angiographic findings typical of multiple
      evanescent white dot syndrome that resolved within several weeks, leaving a
      persistent enlarged blind spot and photopsia. These clinical findings and an
      analysis of the literature data suggest that acute idiopathic blind spot
      enlargement without optic disc edema may be a subset of multiple evanescent white
      dot syndrome.

PMID- 2916973
TI  - Visual field interpretation with empiric probability maps.
AB  - Automated visual field charts may be difficult to interpret partly because of the
      magnitude and complex nature of normal threshold variability. We devised two
      types of empiric probability maps in which this variability is taken into account
      and the significances of measured threshold values are displayed. These maps are
      highly sensitive to nonobvious but significant paracentral field loss but will at
      the same time deemphasize false-positive patterns commonly found more
      peripherally. They also frequently show field defects before these are obvious in
      conventional threshold printouts. In addition, they differentiate between
      generalized loss of sensitivity and localized field defects.

PMID- 2916974
TI  - Vitreous fluorophotometry in carriers of choroideremia and X-linked retinitis
      pigmentosa.
AB  - The status of the blood-retinal barrier (BRB) in carriers of choroideremia and X
      linked retinitis pigmentosa (XLRP) was determined by vitreous fluorophotometry
      (VF) and compared with that in female control subjects. Electroretinographic
      (ERG) amplitudes were measured to determine the overall functional integrity of
      retinal rods and cones. Comparison of the VF results showed an abnormal BRB in at
      least some carriers of XLRP, particularly those with peripheral fundus pigmentary
      changes, but not in carriers of choroideremia with even moderately extensive
      pigmentary changes. The abnormal BRB in XLRP carriers, with or without peripheral
      fundus pigmentary changes, was associated with at least moderate to moderately
      extensive reduction in scotopic ERG amplitudes, while the normal VF results in
      choroideremia carriers were associated with normal scotopic ERG amplitudes.
      However, in XLRP carriers, mild to modest reductions in ERG scotopic responses
      were seen in the presence of normal VF findings.

PMID- 2916975
TI  - Effects of optic atrophy on retinal blood flow and oxygen saturation in humans.
AB  - Retinal blood flow and oxygen saturation were evaluated in patients with
      unilateral inner retinal degeneration secondary to neurogenic optic atrophy.
      Arteriovenous O2 saturation for temporal and nasal vascular segments of the
      affected eyes, evaluated by retinal vessel oximetry, was 12% +/- 9% higher than
      in the fellow eyes (seven patients). Blood flow in the temporal retinal arteries
      of the affected eyes, measured by the laser Doppler technique, was 48% +/- 20%
      lower than in the fellow eyes (four patients). The combination of these results
      indicated a 40% +/- 29% reduction in O2 delivery in the affected eyes (four
      patients), thereby quantifying the decrease in retinal metabolism that resulted
      from inner retinal degeneration.

PMID- 2916976
TI  - Comparison of conventional fluorescein angiography film images with a cathode ray
      tube display.
AB  - We evaluated the effectiveness of cathode ray tube (CRT) displays in the transfer
      of diagnostic information to the ophthalmologist. Retinal fluorescein angiography
      images were used and data were taken using the receiver operating characteristic
      experimental paradigm. Three ophthalmologists with experience ranging from two to
      12 years participated in the study. Sixty-eight images were selected from proof
      sheets of 800 original images. Next, these images were digitized, then each set
      was shown on its respective display (slide projection for the proof sheet images
      and CRT for the digital images). These 68 images were from a variety of patients
      and represented a broad range of normal and abnormal retinas (including diabetic
      retinopathy, hypertension independent of diabetes, and sickle-cell disease).
      Results show (1) that there is no difference between the systems in terms of
      diagnostic accuracy; (2) that certainty of diagnosis was not a function of the
      system; and (3) that although there was an effect due to experience of the
      ophthalmologist, it did not affect diagnosis accuracy. We conclude that CRT
      displays at conventional video resolutions can deliver the needed diagnostic
      information as well as film. We also hypothesize that digital enhancement
      techniques can increase the available diagnostic information beyond that of film.

PMID- 2916977
TI  - The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy. IX. Four-year
      incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy when age at diagnosis is less
      than 30 years.
AB  - Population-based epidemiologic data on the incidence and progression of diabetic
      retinopathy are important in medical counseling and rehabilitative services and
      for developing approaches to preventing diabetic retinopathy. We performed a
      population-based study in southern Wisconsin of insulin-taking diabetic persons
      diagnosed before 30 years of age. Of the 271 who had no retinopathy at the first
      visit, 160 (59%) developed it by the time they were reexamined four years later,
      and 75 (11%) of the 713 free of proliferative diabetic retinopathy developed it.
      Overall, worsening of retinopathy occurred in 41% of the population, whereas
      improvement occurred in only 7%. The incidence of proliferative retinopathy rose
      with increasing duration until 13 to 14 years of diabetes, thereafter remaining
      between 14% and 17%. These incidence data underscore the need for careful
      ophthalmologic follow-up of these people.

PMID- 2916978
TI  - Does pigmentation affect the trabecular meshwork?
AB  - Pigment has been associated with glaucoma in pigment dispersion syndrome and in
      intraocular lens-associated pigment dispersion. Human eyes with segmental
      pigmentation of the trabecular meshwork may provide a controlled model to study
      the effects of pigment on the meshwork. Nine normal human eye bank eyes with
      segmental pigmentation of the trabecular meshwork were examined for pigment
      associated differences in trabecular cellularity or morphology. Cellularity was
      examined with four methods: cells per histologic section, cells per length of
      tissue, cells per overall area, and cells per solid tissue. The simplest method,
      cells per histologic section, gave results equivalent to the other methods. No
      differences in cellularity or morphology were found between pigmented and
      nonpigmented areas.

PMID- 2916979
TI  - A search for lymphatic drainage of the monkey orbit.
AB  - Colloid solutions of technetium Tc 99m and india ink injected into the
      retrobulbar space of the cynomolgus monkey outside the extraocular muscle cone
      were removed from the orbit by the lymphatic vessels of the conjunctiva and
      eyelids and were then concentrated within the lymph nodes that drained the
      conjunctival and eyelid areas. Colloid solutions injected into the retrobulbar
      space inside the extraocular muscle cone did not reach the conjunctiva and did
      not collect in any lymph nodes over a 24-hour period. Within the orbit, the
      injected colloids spread along the planes of the connective-tissue septa. No
      lymphatic vessels were identified within the orbits posterior to the conjunctiva.
      Small amounts of india ink left the posterior orbit and ultimately entered the
      contralateral orbit. This posterior pathway did not lead to lymphatic vessels or
      lymph nodes and therefore does not appear to represent a prelymphatic pathway.

PMID- 2916980
TI  - Drug binding of ophthalmic viscoelastic agents.
AB  - When viscoelastic agents that contain hyaluronate sodium are used during anterior
      segment surgical procedures, it is common for some of the material to remain
      intraocularly after the surgery is completed. A variety of drugs, used
      intracamerally or topically following surgery, are also present. These drugs may
      be bound to the polyanionic hyaluronate molecule. This occurrence may cause drug
      alterations in therapeutic effectiveness, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity. To
      investigate the possibility for drug-viscoelastic agent adsorption, in vitro drug
      binding studies were performed on three commercial viscoelastic agents; undiluted
      aliquots of Amvisc, Healon, or Viscoat were mixed with radiolabeled D-threo
      chloramphenicol, dexamethasone, L-epinephrine, or pilocarpine hydrochloride,
      placed in dialysis membranes, and dialyzed for 24 hours against an isotonic
      phosphate buffer. The calculated drug binding by a viscoelastic agent ranged from
      0% to 1.5%. These extremely low values for in vitro drug uptake by viscoelastic
      agents made it unlikely that any significant drug-viscoelastic agent interaction
      would occur in the postoperative eye.

PMID- 2916981
TI  - Relapsing polychondritis.

PMID- 2916982
TI  - Management of cosmetically objectionable veins in the lower eyelids.
AB  - We have examined three patients with cosmetically objectionable prominent veins
      in the lower eyelids. Segmental interruption of the vessels through multiple skin
      incisions has proved to be a satisfactory treatment.

PMID- 2916983
TI  - A 20-gauge intraocular electromagnetic tip for simplified intraocular foreign
      body extraction.
AB  - A modified tip for the Bronson intraocular electromagnet has been developed. The
      tip was machined to a 20-gauge cylinder that can be inserted readily into the eye
      either through an entrance wound or through a pars plana incision. Placement of
      the tip of the magnet inside the eye allows the foreign body to impact the tip of
      the magnet rather than the wall of the eye.

PMID- 2916984
TI  - A new intraocular aspiration probe with bipolar cautery and reflux capabilities.
AB  - The design of the Mentor Wet-Field eraser (Mentor O & O Inc, Norwell, Mass) has
      been modified so as to include fluid aspiration and reflux capabilities. This 20
      gauge disposable probe minimizes instrument exchange through sclerotomy ports and
      provides sensitive control over reflux action by minimizing the dead-space volume
      over which reflux occurs. Safer manipulation of detached retina, membranes, and
      clots is therefore achieved.

PMID- 2916985
TI  - Ophthalmology in Zimbabwe.

PMID- 2916986
TI  - Increased levels of platelet-activating factor in blood following intestinal
      ischemia in the dog.
AB  - The possible role of platelet-activating factor (PAF) in superior mesenteric
      artery occlusion induced circulatory collapse was studied in anesthetized dogs.
      PAF was measured by platelet aggregation assay. Identity of PAF-like product in
      blood was ascertained by thin layer chromatography, high pressure liquid
      chromatography and alkaline treatment. Low amount of PAF was detected in the
      mesenteric blood under normal conditions, during reperfusion PAF levels were
      significantly higher. Pretreatment of the animals with BN 52021, a specific PAF
      receptor antagonist abolished the fall in mean arterial pressure and the rise in
      hematocrit due to ischemia/reperfusion. These findings suggest that PAF may play
      an important role in mesenteric ischemia-induced circulatory collapse.

PMID- 2916987
TI  - A time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy study of bilayer membranes containing
      alpha-tocopherol.
AB  - Rotational mobility in fluid phase dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine unilamellar
      vesicles containing alpha-tocopherol has been studied by time-resolved anisotropy
      measurements of fluorescence from a diphenylhexatriene-phosphatidylcholine
      conjugate. The results are analysed using a simple wobbling-in-cone model. The
      diphenylhexatriene probe shows an increasing order parameter and more restricted
      wobbling with increasing alpha-tocopherol content of the membrane. The
      diffusional rate for wobbling was found not to change significantly.

PMID- 2916988
TI  - Effect of retinol and retinoic acid on testosterone production by rat Leydig
      cells in primary culture.
AB  - Adult rat Leydig cells, purified by Percoll density gradient centrifugation, were
      used to determine the effect of retinol and retinoic acid on steroidogenesis. It
      was found that both retinoic acid and retinol stimulated testosterone production.
      Although retinol was less potent than retinoic acid, retinol had the greater
      efficacy. When these retinoids were tested in the presence of a maximal dose of
      LH, it was found that retinol inhibited LH-stimulated testosterone synthesis
      whereas retinoic acid had no similar effect. These results demonstrate for the
      first time that retinol and retinoic acid have a direct effect on Leydig cell
      steroidogenesis in culture suggesting that retinoids play a role in the
      maintenance and regulation of Leydig cell function.

PMID- 2916989
TI  - Estradiol stimulates in vitro the secretion of insulin-like growth factors by the
      clonal osteoblastic cell line, UMR106.
AB  - UMR106 cells, a rat osteosarcoma derived clonal line, secreted insulin-like
      growth factors (IGF) in vitro. The IGF-II levels corrected for the cell numbers
      were 7-8 times higher than the IGF-I levels in the medium. Both growth factors
      were higher by 4-5 fold in medium conditioned by rapidly growing cells than in
      medium conditioned by confluent cells. The addition of 17-beta-estradiol (E) to
      the culture medium was associated with a statistically significant increase in
      the IGF concentrations. This increment was metabolite specific, not occurring
      with 17-alpha-E, the inactive epimer of E. 1,25(OH)2D3 also increased the IGF-I
      concentration but prior treatment with E blocked the response to 1,25(OH)2D3,
      demonstrating antagonistic actions of these two hormones on IGF secretion by
      osteoblast-like cells.

PMID- 2916990
TI  - Estimation of the lipophilicity of anti-HIV nucleoside analogues by determination
      of the partition coefficient and retention time on a Lichrospher 60 RP-8 HPLC
      column.
AB  - There is a close linear correlation between the log partition coefficient (Pa) of
      a series of 2'-deoxyriboside (dR), 2',3'-didehydro-3'-dideoxyriboside (ddeR),
      2',3'-dideoxyriboside (ddR), 3'-fluoro-2',3'-dideoxyriboside (FddR) and 3'-azido
      2',3'-dideoxyriboside (AzddR) derivatives of uracil, cytosine, thymine, guanine,
      adenine and 2,6-diaminopurine and their retention times (Rt) on a Lichrospher 60
      RP-8 HPLC column (correlation coefficient r greater than 0.970). Within each
      class of compounds the following order of increasing lipophilicity was noted: dR
      less than ddeR less than ddR less than FddR less than AzddR. A straight-forward
      structure-lipophilicity relationship for both base and sugar modified purine and
      pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxynucleosides could be delineated.

PMID- 2916991
TI  - The molluscicidal activity of Phytolacca dodecandra. I. Location of the
      activating esterase.
AB  - A number of methods have been used to extract molluscicidal saponins from the
      dried berries of Phytolacca dodecandra. The potency of the extract has been
      determined to depend on the release of an enzyme found only in the seed and
      breaking the seed is critical to the extraction process. The enzyme is
      inactivated by heat of alcohol. The highest potency extract is made from a cold
      water extraction of finely ground dried berries.

PMID- 2916992
TI  - Rabbit liver alcohol dehydrogenase: isolation and characterization of class I
      isozymes.
AB  - Livers of rabbits contain three classes of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) isozymes
      which are highly analogous to the human classes. Class I ADHs migrate toward
      cathode on starch gel and are very sensitive to 4-methylpyrazole (4-MePz)
      inhibition. Class II ADH migrates slowly toward anode and is less sensitive to 4
      MePz. Class III ADH migrates rapidly toward anode and is insensitive to 4-MePz.
      There are one class II, one class III and at least three class I ADH isozymes
      present in the rabbit liver. The three class I isozymes purified to homogeneity
      are all dimers with subunit molecular weight of 41700. Two are heterodimers
      composed of A-, C-chains and B-, C-chains, respectively. The third one is a
      homodimer, contains only the C-chain. These results indicate that among all the
      mammals examined, rabbit ADH bears the greatest resemblance to the human enzyme.

PMID- 2916993
TI  - Molecular analysis of homologous recombination catalysed by human nuclear
      extract: fidelity and DNase protection.
AB  - We present a molecular analysis of DNA's resulting from homologous recombination,
      between two duplex molecules, and catalysed by human nuclear extracts. Sequence
      analysis of 20 recombined clones (400 nucleotides per clone), in a genetically
      silent sequence surrounding the recombination initiation or termination site,
      shows no modification compared to the parental sequence. Transient protection of
      the DNA's against DNase treatment was brought about by the nuclear extract. This
      protection was found to be strickly confined to the homologous sequences
      potentially implicated in recombination.

PMID- 2916994
TI  - Proton NMR study of the influence on iron oxidation/ligation/spin state on the
      heme orientational preference in myoglobin.
AB  - Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy has been utilized to demonstrate
      that the degree of heme orientational disorder within a given myoglobin protein
      matrix can be a sensitive function of the oxidation/ligation/spin state of the
      heme iron. For sperm whale deuterohemin-reconstituted myoglobin, the equilibrium
      was found to strongly favor (5.7 to 7.8 kJ/mol) the X-ray characterized heme
      orientation in all six-coordinate states, but with a considerable reduction in
      preference (to 1.6 kJ/mol) in the five-coordinate deoxy state. In native yellow
      fin tuna myoglobin, changes in heme orientational preferences of approximately 3
      kJ/mol occur even between two six-coordinate ferric states differing solely in
      spin states.

PMID- 2916995
TI  - Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of hexose monophosphate shunt
      activity in cultured cells.
AB  - A GC/MS method is described for monitoring the relative amount of glucose
      degraded to lactate via the hexose monophosphate shunt (HMPS) in neoplastic
      cells. C6 glioma cells were incubated in medium supplemented with [1-13 C]glucose
      and medium containing [1-13C]glucose with 0.001 mM phenazine methosulfate (PMS).
      The ratio of the [13C]lactate to [12C]lactate determined from the measurement of
      the m/z 219/220 and 117/118 ions of the trimethyl silyl derivative, was used to
      calculate HMPS activity. PMS increased HMPS activity in C6 glioma cells by 3.2
      and 4.8 fold at 2 and 12 hours of incubation respectively. GC/MS results were
      compared with 1H NMR measurements of the [3-13C]lactate/[3-12C]lactate ratio. The
      GC/MS method was found to require less sample size and yielded better sensitivity
      than the NMR method.

PMID- 2916996
TI  - Calmodulin activity in whole body and fat body tissue extracts of Heliothis
      virescens larvae.
AB  - Calmodulin is an activator of many enzymatic activities. Total calmodulin
      activity in tissue extracts of Heliothis virescens larvae (5th instar), assayed
      by cyclic phosphodiesterase activation, was 0.48 unit/gm for whole body and 22.2
      units/gm for fat body. Specific calmodulin activity was 0.1 unit/mg protein for
      whole body and 3.0 units/mg protein for fat body. The larval fat body is
      therefore the main site of calmodulin activity in this lepidopterous larva.

PMID- 2916997
TI  - Amino acid substitutions in the human glutathione S-transferases confer different
      specificities in the prostaglandin endoperoxide conversion pathway.
AB  - The human glutathione S-transferases 1-1 and 2-2, which differ from each other by
      11 amino acids, have different catalytic activities against cumene hydroperoxide
      and t-butyl hydroperoxide. Using prostaglandin H2 as the peroxide substrate, we
      found that GSH S-transferase 1-1 catalyzed the transformation of prostaglandin H2
      to prostaglandin F2 alpha and E2 at a 4:1 ratio whereas GSH S-transferase 2-2
      produced primarily prostaglandin D2 and F2 alpha at a 4:1 ratio. Our results
      indicate that GSH S-transferases catalyze the reduction and isomerization of
      prostaglandin H2 endoperoxide in vitro. We suggest that the amino acid
      substitutions between these two isozymes may be responsible for the difference in
      catalytic specificities. We propose that these isozymes are important reagents
      for the biosynthesis of various prostaglandins.

PMID- 2916998
TI  - S-mercuric-N-dansyl-cysteine labels the free sulfhydryl groups of human serum
      cholinesterase.
AB  - Human serum cholinesterase (BChE) has a putative sulfhydryl group (Cys-66) which
      is unreactive toward conventional alkylating agents such as iodoacetic acid,
      raising the possibility that this group is blocked in native BChE. In order to
      test this further, we examined the reactivity of BChE towards the sulfhydryl
      specific reagent S- mercuric-N-dansylcysteine (SMNDC). Stoichiometric binding of
      4 mol SMNDC/mol of tetrameric enzyme was observed in fluorescence titration
      experiments, with retention of catalytic activity. SMNDC remained bound to the
      protein during SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the absence of reducing
      agent and the fluorescence pattern observed under U.V. light coincided with the
      Coomassie Blue stained bands. Addition of excess dithiothreitol to the SMNDC
      labeled enzyme resulted in the complete removal of bound SMNDC. Thus, Cys-66
      appears to be present in the free sulfhydryl form in BChE, analogous to the
      corresponding free thiol group (Cys-231) of Torpedo californica
      acetylcholinesterase. As is the case with the latter species, BChE (labeled or
      unlabeled) is inactivated by 1.0 x 10(-4)M ZnSO4.

PMID- 2916999
TI  - Cadmium stimulates prostaglandin E2 production and bone resorption in cultured
      fetal mouse calvaria.
AB  - The effect of cadmium on bone resorption was studied using isolated fetal mouse
      calvaria. Cadmium stimulated bone resorption and PGE2 production in a dose
      dependent manner. The minimal concentration of cadmium which stimulated bone
      resorption was the same as that stimulated prostaglandin E2 production. The
      stimulatory effects of cadmium (0.5 microM) on bone resorption and prostaglandin
      E2 production were completely inhibited by indomethacin. Exogenously added PGE2
      (100ng/ml) abolished the inhibitory effect of indomethacin on bone resorption
      stimulated by cadmium. These results strongly indicate that cadmium stimulates
      bone resorption via prostaglandin E2 mediated mechanism.

PMID- 2917000
TI  - Polyamine levels during Xenopus laevis oogenesis: a role in oocyte competence to
      meiotic resumption.
AB  - The results presented here show that a decrease in the concentration of total
      polyamines, due to a decrease in putrescine and spermine, occurs during oogenesis
      in Xenopus laevis. The microinjection of spermine or spermidine decreases the
      hormonal responsiveness (maturation) of the fully-grown oocytes. This effect is
      synergistic with that already described for the microinjection of casein kinase
      II (Mulner-Lorillon, O. et al. (1987) Eur. J. Biochem. 171, 107-117), a polyamine
      dependent enzyme. Therefore a decrease in polyamine concentration, via its effect
      on endogeneous casein kinase II, could constitute one of the molecular changes
      required for the acquisition of competence to mature.

PMID- 2917001
TI  - Differential polyadenylation of the mutant vasopressin mRNA during development of
      Brattleboro rats.
AB  - In the normal (Wistar) rat vasopressin encoding mRNA first appears at embryonic
      day 15 as demonstrated by in situ hybridization of hypothalamic sections. In
      mutant (Brattleboro) rats, which possess a defective vasopressin gene with a
      single nucleotide deletion, the corresponding transcript is not detectable before
      fetal day 18. In both rat strains however expression of the structurally related
      oxytocin gene begins at fetal day 19. Whereas normal and mutant vasopressin
      encoding mRNAs are identical in size up to at least three weeks after birth, the
      corresponding transcripts from adult Brattleboro but not from normal rats are
      markedly larger. This increase in size is due to a longer stretch of poly(A)
      sequence as demonstrated by treatment of the respective mRNAs with RNase H and
      oligo(dT). Thus the mutant vasopressin gene transcript is subject to a cellular
      specific differential polyadenylation process during development.

PMID- 2917002
TI  - Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence of human pancreatic prechymotrypsinogen
      cDNA.
AB  - The cDNA clone encoding human prechymotrypsinogen was isolated from a human
      pancreas cDNA library and its nucleotide sequence was determined. The sequence
      consists of a 16 bp 5' non-coding region, a 789 bp amino acid coding region and a
      60 bp 3' non-coding region. The predicted product consists of 263 amino acids,
      including 18 amino acids for a signal peptide and 15 amino acids possible for an
      activation peptide. Southern blot analyses using the cloned cDNA as a probe
      revealed that human genomic DNA carries at least two genes that are related to
      chymotrypsinogen.

PMID- 2917003
TI  - Tumor-promoting phorbol esters stimulate bovine cerebral cortex capillary
      endothelial cell growth in vitro.
AB  - The active tumor promoters, 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol 13-acetate (TPA) and
      phorbol 12, 13-dibutyrate (PDBu), which activate protein kinase C (PKC), were
      found to stimulate bovine brain cortex capillary endothelial cell (CEC)
      proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. 4 alpha-phorbol-12, 13-didecanoate (4
      alpha-PDD), known to be inactive for PKC, was without effect in stimulating CEC
      proliferation. Furthermore, prolonged incubation with TPA led to a decrease in
      the number of [3H]-PDBu binding sites with a parallel loss of responses of the
      cells to TPA. Finally, staurosporine, a potent PKC inhibitor, showed a strong
      antiproliferative effect on CEC (IC50 = 1.3 nM). Therefore, this work suggests
      that PKC plays a fundamental role in CEC growth.

PMID- 2917004
TI  - 'A'-esterases. Enzymes looking for a role?

PMID- 2917005
TI  - Sulfone analogues of taurine as modifiers of calcium uptake and protein
      phosphorylation in rat retina.
AB  - The syntheses of five sulfone analogues of taurine are described: 2
      aminoethylmethyl sulfone (AEMS), thiomorpholine-1,1-dioxide (TMS), N
      methylthiomorpholine-1,1-dioxide (M-TMS), (+/-)3-aminotetrahydrothiopyran-1,1
      dioxide (APS), and (+/-)3-aminotetrahydrothiophene-1,1-dioxide (ATS). When these
      compounds were evaluated in the rat retina as modulators of ATP-dependent calcium
      ion uptake at low calcium ion concentrations (10 microM), AEMS, ATS, and APS were
      found to be more potent stimulators of ATP-dependent calcium ion uptake than
      taurine. TMS and M-TMS had no effect. At high concentrations of calcium ions
      (1.44 mM), taurine, AEMS, ATS, APS, and TMS inhibited ATP-independent calcium ion
      uptake; AEMS, ATS, and APS were more potent inhibitors than taurine. ATS was the
      only compound tested (including taurine) that inhibited ATP-dependent calcium ion
      uptake at high calcium ion concentrations. The effects of the sulfone analogues
      of taurine on the incorporation of phosphate into retinal proteins were also
      studied. Taurine, AEMS, ATS, APS, and TMS were equipotent inhibitors of phosphate
      incorporation (30-45%). M-TMS had no effect.

PMID- 2917006
TI  - Induction and depression of cytochrome P-450-dependent mixed-function oxidase by
      a cloned consensus alpha-interferon (IFN-alpha CON1) in the hamster.
AB  - A novel analogue of human alpha-interferon (IFN-alpha CON1) was tested for its
      ability to modify the hepatic cytochrome P-450-dependent mixed-function oxidase
      system in the hamster. This cloned interferon was derived by selecting the most
      frequently observed amino acid sequences at each position in the known human
      alpha-interferon subtypes. IFN-alpha CON1 had a biphasic effect on cytochrome P
      450 and related drug biotransformation in the hamster causing an initial increase
      followed by a significant depression. IFN-alpha CON1 also had a biphasic effect
      on cytochrome P-450 in the lung, adrenal and spleen but only a depressant effect
      in the kidney. This effect was not due to morphological damage and followed the
      species specificity for this type of interferon. Both the increase and the
      decrease in cytochrome P-450 could be prevented by the administration of the
      protein synthesis inhibitor puromycin. Various isozymes of cytochrome P-450
      induced by phenobarbital, beta-napthaflavone and clofibrate were also depressed
      by this interferon. The results presented in this report suggest that IFN-alpha
      CON1 interferon will likely depress drug biotransformation in humans because the
      antiviral effects and the "anti-cytochrome P-450" effect of interferons cannot be
      separated, and this interferon has antiviral properties in both hamster and human
      cells. Clinically relevant drug interactions may be common during the concomitant
      use of this interferon and other drugs that are metabolized by cytochrome P-450.

PMID- 2917007
TI  - 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3-induced growth restriction of cultured epithelial cells
      derived from a murine hepatic tumor.
AB  - Recent evidence suggests that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 can accumulate in certain
      presumed non-target tissues, although the mechanism of action of the vitamin in
      such cells is not understood. Exposure of 77-1/3a mouse hepatic tumor cells,
      which derived from a non-target tissue of vitamin D action, to 1,25
      dihydroxyvitamin D3 in chemically-defined serum-free medium resulted in a dose
      dependent decline in cellular growth rate and maximal culture population density
      but did not adversely affect cell viability. Culture of 77-1/3a cells in defined
      medium containing 10(-7) or 10(-6) M 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 for 150 hr reduced
      the growth rate to 64 and 50% of control values respectively. Albumin secretion
      was unaffected by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 exposure; in contrast, the cellular
      content of the proliferation-associated protein p35 was reduced by 39%, a decline
      similar in trend and degree to that observed in other tumor cells exposed to
      differentiation-inducing agents. It appears that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3
      regulates cellular p35 content (within a specific restricted range) as a
      consequence of proliferative perturbation, rather than differentiated status, of
      cultured hepatic tumor cells.

PMID- 2917008
TI  - Improvement of ischemia-reperfusion-induced myocardial dysfunction by modulating
      calcium-overload using a novel, specific calmodulin antagonist, CGS 9343B.
AB  - The present paper explores the mechanism of calcium-overloaded cardiac cell
      exocytosis during reperfusion of ischemic myocardium. A novel specific inhibitor
      of calmodulin, CGS 9343B, was used to pretreat an ischemic heart in an effort to
      enhance myocardial preservation. The experimental model employed an isolated in
      situ pig heart subjected to 120 min of ischemic insult by reversibly occluding
      the left anterior descending coronary artery, the last 60 min being superimposed
      with global hypothermic cardioplegic arrest. This ischemic episode was followed
      by 60 min of revascularization. CGS 9343B enhanced post-ischemic myocardial
      recovery, as judged by improved regional as well as global myocardial functions,
      better preservation of high-energy phosphate compounds, and reduced release of
      creatine kinase. Since this compound blocks calmodulin without inhibiting protein
      kinase C, the results of this study suggest that calmodulin-dependent kinase,
      rather than protein kinase C, is primarily involved in expressing calcium
      overloaded cell exocytosis, and a specific calmodulin antagonist such as CGS
      9343B can be used to salvage an ischemic heart from reperfusion injury.

PMID- 2917009
TI  - The accumulation of cystamine and its metabolism to taurine in rat lung slices.
AB  - The objective of these studies was to determine the accumulation and fate of the
      disulphide, cystamine by rat lung slices. Cystamine was accumulated by two active
      uptake systems that obeyed saturation kinetics, with apparent Km values of 12 and
      503 microM, and maximal rates of 530 and 5900 nmol/g wet weight/hr respectively.
      The high affinity system was competitively inhibited by the diamine, putrescine
      and the herbicide paraquat, which are themselves accumulated. Thus, this
      pulmonary uptake process appears to be identical for all three compounds. In
      contrast, the low affinity process was not inhibited by putrescine, and this
      process results from the diffusion of cystamine into the cell and its subsequent
      metabolism. Upon accumulation, cystamine was metabolised, predominantly to the
      sulphonic acid, taurine, with 10-20% of the intracellular label covalently
      binding to protein. Conversion to taurine was unaffected by amine oxidase
      inhibitors, but was decreased after GSH depletion, suggesting that pulmonary
      cystamine metabolism is glutathione-dependent, and is not mediated by diamine
      oxidase. Both cystamine and taurine have been implicated as antioxidants, and we
      suggest that cystamine is actively accumulated by the lung as part of the process
      to protect pulmonary tissue against oxidative stress.

PMID- 2917010
TI  - Acetylcholinesterase prophylaxis against organophosphate poisoning. Quantitative
      correlation between protection and blood-enzyme level in mice.
AB  - Fetal bovine serum acetylcholinesterase (FBS-AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) was titrated, both
      in vitro and in vivo, with a highly toxic anti-ChE organophosphate, 7
      (methylethoxyphosphinyloxy)-1-methyl-quinolinium iodie (MEPQ). Approximately 1:1
      stoichiometry was obtained for the sequestration of MEPQ by FBS-AChE in mice. A
      quantitative, linear correlation was demonstrated between blood-AChE levels and
      the protection afforded by exogenously administered AChE in mice when challenged
      with anti-ChE MEPQ. The results presented in this report demonstrate that such
      prophylactic measures are indeed sufficient to protect animals against poisoning
      by as high as an 8 x LD50 dose of organophosphate without the administration of
      any supportive drug. Despite the relatively large toxic dose, most of the mice
      that survived the challenge did not show any classical clinical signs of severe
      anti-ChE poisoning. MEPQ may be considered a suitable model compound for studying
      the quantitative aspects of the scavenger prophylactic approach described here.

PMID- 2917011
TI  - Metabolism of diethylene glycol in male rats.

PMID- 2917012
TI  - Irreversible inhibition of rat striatal dopamine uptake induced by in vitro
      exposure to DSP4.

PMID- 2917013
TI  - Effect of khat on the metabolism of erythrocytes.
AB  - The plant khat "Catha Edulis Forsk" is widely distributed among most East African
      countries, Yemen and many other areas of the world. Administration of khat
      extract by the intragastric route in rabbits affected the metabolism of
      erythrocytes. There is a significant decrease in pyruvate kinase and the level of
      reduced glutathione (P less than 0.001), and a highly significant increase in
      both glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glutathione reductase activities (P
      less than 0.001) in khat-fed rabbits as compared to controls. On the other hand
      the activity of uridyl transferase as well as the concentration of 2,3
      diphosphoglycerate were not significantly changed in experimental khat-fed
      rabbits (P greater than 0.5).

PMID- 2917014
TI  - Peroxidase as a model for reduction of tertiary amine oxides catalyzed by rat
      hepatic supernatant and microsomal fractions.
AB  - Rat hepatic microsomal and 100,000 g supernatant fractions catalyzed an NADH- and
      FMN-dependent reduction of amine oxides. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) served as a
      model for the amine oxide reductase located in rat hepatic 100,000 g supernatant
      fraction. The HRP-catalyzed reaction displayed saturation kinetics with respect
      to NADH and the amine oxide substrate; however, there was an optimum
      concentration for FMN after which inhibition was observed at increased
      concentrations of FMN. The reductase in the 100,000 g hepatic supernatant
      fraction closely paralleled HRP-catalyzed amine oxide reduction in coenzyme
      requirements, sensitivity to inhibitors, and substrate specificity. Moreover, the
      peroxidase activity of HRP and microsomal and 100,000 g supernatant fractions
      correlated with the NADH- and FMN-dependent amine oxide reductase activities of
      these enzyme preparations. The NADH- and FMN-dependent amine oxide reductase
      activity in 100,000 g supernatant fractions, however, did not parallel the
      aldehyde oxidase activity. Thus, the results indicate that there is an amine
      oxide reductase in rat hepatic 100,000 g supernatant fraction with catalytic
      properties that are modeled well by horseradish peroxidase.

PMID- 2917015
TI  - Solvent dependency of rotational barriers in ethamivan and comparison to
      nikethamide.
AB  - Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques were employed to examine
      the effects of solvent environment on rotational barriers in two drugs known to
      cause widespread stimulation in the mammalian central nervous system: ethamivan
      and nikethamide. Total NMR bandshape analysis was performed for the exchanging
      alkyl carbon resonances of these compounds as a function of temperature in six
      solvent systems: D2O, CH3OD, CH3CH2OD, CDCl3, C6D6 and CF3CH2OH. The rate
      constants for rotation about the amide bond obtained in this way were used to
      calculate free energy (delta G++), enthalpy (delta H++) and entropy (delta S++)
      of activation parameters for this process. Our results indicate that the
      magnitude of rotational barriers is affected markedly by (1) the size and
      polarity of the solvent molecules, and (2) the nature of the aromatic ring system
      attached to the amide grouping. Comparative interpretation of the thermodynamic
      parameters in light of the structures of nikethamide and ethamivan (in the
      various solvent systems examined) has further clarified the manner in which
      hydrogen bonding interactions between solvent molecules and the carbonyl oxygen
      of these analogues stabilize transition state conformers.

PMID- 2917016
TI  - Hormonal regulation of the developmental pattern of epoxide hydrolases. Studies
      in rat liver.
AB  - Hormonal influences on the developmental pattern of epoxide hydrolases (EH) were
      investigated in livers from male and female Fischer F-344 rats. During ontogeny,
      activities of rat liver microsomal and cytosolic epoxide hydrolases (cEH and mEH)
      increased gradually until puberty when activities in males rose rapidly to become
      1.5-fold to 2.0-fold higher than those in females. These sex differences were not
      observed in the adult rat if males were castrated 24 hr after birth. In castrated
      males, as well as in females, testosterone propionate (TP, 0.5 mg s.c. in 50
      microliters peanut oil) injected on days 1, 3 and 5 postpartum increased mEH and
      cEH activities at adulthood compared to peanut oil-treated controls. In another
      study to determine effects on adults of neonatal exposure to a prototype-inducing
      agent, phenobarbital (PB, 30 mg/kg s.c., qd, in 0.9% saline) was injected in male
      and female neonates on days 1 through 5 postpartum. Although no long-term effect
      on mEH activities appeared on days 28, 45 and 60, hepatic mEH activities
      increased in all treatment groups on days 90 and 120. Collectively, these studies
      indicate that neonatal exposure to testosterone and PB alters the developmental
      pattern of EH activities, including final adult levels. Thus, full adult
      expression of these activities depends on hormonal influences exerted neonatally.

PMID- 2917017
TI  - Optical spectral studies of ebselen interaction with cytochrome P-450 of rat
      liver microsomes.
AB  - Interaction of ebselen, an anti-inflammatory compound of low toxicity, with rat
      liver cytochrome P-450 is used as a model system to quantify possible
      interactions of seleno-organic compounds with sulfhydryl groups of intracellular
      membrane-bound proteins. Ebselen induces a unique difference spectrum (maximum at
      405 nm, minima at 385 and 425 nm) after addition to microsomes under in vitro
      conditions. This spectrum indicates an interaction with the thiolate anion at
      cytochrome P-450; it can be blocked by previous addition of dithioerythritol.
      With uninduced microsomes, addition of ebselen converts maximally 50% of the
      cytochrome P-450 to P-420 in a time-dependent (nearly complete effect within 10
      min) and concentration-dependent manner (halfmaximal effect with 50 microM at 1
      nmol/ml cytochrome P-450 concentration) in vitro. In phenobarbital- and 3
      methylcholanthrene-induced microsomes, 73% and 64%, respectively, of cytochrome P
      450 are converted to P-420 in presence of 200 microM ebselen. It is assumed that
      only certain isoenzymes of the total hepatic cytochrome P-450 are accessible to
      ebselen. Bovine serum albumin at physiological concentrations and sulfhydryl
      compounds such as dithioerythritol are effective in preventing this cytochrome P
      450 inactivation by ebselen. Specificity studies reveal that variation of the N
      substituent in the benzisoselenazolone system does not influence cytochrome P-450
      inactivation, whereas ebselen derivatives with methylated or glucuronidated
      selenium moiety as well as diselenides do not convert cytochrome P-450 to P-420.
      It is concluded that benzisoselenazolones are able to interact with sulfhydryl
      groups of membrane-associated proteins in vitro.

PMID- 2917018
TI  - The bispyridinium-dioxime HLo-7. A potent reactivator for acetylcholinesterase
      inhibited by the stereoisomers of tabun and soman.
AB  - Purification of (+)-tabun was accomplished by treatment with electric eel
      acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in order to bind contaminating (-)-tabun and with
      purified (+)-tabun shown similar properties in reactivation reactions with oximes
      (pH 7.5, 25 degrees). The bispyridinium-2,4-dioxime HLo-7 is a substantially
      active reactivator for these inhibited enzymes as well as for human erythrocyte
      AChE inhibited with (-)-tabun. In contrast, the corresponding bispyridinium-2
      monooxime HI-6 does not show any activity at similar reaction conditions. HLo-7
      is also much more active than HI-6 when used as a reactivator for electric eel
      AChE inhibited by some N-unsubstituted derivatives of tabun. Surprisingly, HLo-7
      is highly active in reactivating human erythrocyte and rat diaphragm AChE
      inhibited by C(+)P(+/-)-and C(-)P(+/-)-soman, i.e. at least as active as HI-6,
      which is the most potent reactivator for soman-inhibited AChE reported so far. To
      our knowledge, HLo-7 is the first compound reported in literature that shows a
      potent reactivating activity towards both tabun-inhibited AChE and soman
      inhibited AChE.

PMID- 2917019
TI  - Cytotoxic activity of daunorubicin or vindesin conjugated to a monoclonal
      antibody on cultured MCF-7 breast carcinoma cells.
AB  - Conjugates were constructed between daunorubicin or vindesin and a monoclonal
      antibody to human milk fat globule membrane associated antigen. This antibody
      recognizes a high molecular weight glycoprotein present at the cell surface of
      human normal and tumour epithelial cells; after specific binding to plasma
      membrane of cultured MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cells, it is endocytosed and
      gains access to lysosomes, wherein it is broken down (Aboud-Pirak et al., Cancer
      Res 48: 3188-3196, 1988). Covalent linkage of daunorubicin (through a
      succinylated tetrapeptide arm) or of vindesin (through a hemisuccinate arm)
      yields conjugates with maximal molar ratios (drug molecule/specific IgG under
      monomeric form, i.e. unaggregated) or 2.0 and 4.5 respectively. The conjugate
      with daunorubicin inhibits the binding of the 3H labelled antibody to MCF-7 cells
      as efficiently as the native unconjugated antibody, whereas the conjugate with
      vindesin inhibits it only by 56%. Both conjugates are entirely stable in plasma
      and serum; after 24 hr incubation at pH 4.8 in the presence of rat liver
      lysosomal enzymes, 60 and 33% of daunorubicin and vindesin respectively are
      released from the conjugates. Adherent non-confluent cultures of cells recognized
      (MCF-7) or not (Hep-G2, human hepatocarcinoma cells) by the antibody were
      incubated from 1 hr to 6 days with different concentrations of daunorubicin or
      vindesin, free or conjugated to the specific or to a control monoclonal antibody.
      LD50, defined as the drug concentration required to reach 50% of the amount of
      cell associated protein obtained in the absence of drug were determined at the
      end of 6 days continuous incubation or after shorter incubation followed by
      reincubation in drug free medium up to 6 days. Both cell lines are almost equally
      susceptible to the free drugs. The conjugate between daunorubicin and the
      antibody appears inactive, even at saturating concentrations of antibody. This
      could result from the extrusion out of the cells of daunorubicin molecules
      released from the conjugate, impairing the drug to reach the intracellular
      concentration required for cytotoxicity. In contrast, conjugation of vindesin to
      the specific but not to a control antibody restricts the activity of the drug to
      cells selectively recognized by the specific antibody. However, even after
      corrections for the loss of immunoreactivity and for the incomplete release of
      vindesin from the conjugate, cytotoxicity is achieved at higher concentrations or
      requires longer exposure to the conjugated than to the free drug.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2917021
TI  - Metabolic binding of misonidazole to mouse tissues. Comparison between labels on
      the ring and side chain, and the production of tritiated water.
AB  - The 2-nitroimidazole, misonidazole, is of current interest as an imaging agent
      for hypoxic regions in tumors and in vascular disease such as stroke. The basis
      of this technique is the reductive activation and binding of nitroheterocycles
      which is much more efficient in the absence of oxygen. The appropriate molecular
      location for an active isotope on the nitroheterocyclic probe depends on the
      nature of the metabolites retained in tissues after the parent drug has been
      cleared. Previous studies with tumor cells in vitro indicated that a ring label
      (2-14C) and a side-chain label (3H) were retained equally efficiently in the acid
      insoluble fraction, whereas 1.5 to 3 times more side-chain label was retained in
      the total pool (acid soluble plus acid insoluble) of metabolites in several
      normal murine tissues. We show here that the excess side-chain label in six
      normal tissues, plasma and EMT6 tumors was found entirely in the acid-soluble
      fraction as a volatile component. This volatile component was tentatively
      identified as tritiated water. It appeared that, in general, molecular products
      of misonidazole metabolism were retained in mouse tissues, with the exceptions
      that a small excess of ring label was found in liver and heart and that tritiated
      water appeared in the acid-soluble fraction of all tissues. Tritiated water would
      not be important in imaging studies but could be a factor in studies in which
      scintillation counting of tritiated nitroheterocyles is used.

PMID- 2917020
TI  - Comparison of the form(s) of cytochrome P-450 induced by ethanol and glutethimide
      in cultured chick hepatocytes.
AB  - In this study, using a combination of immunological and enzymatic
      characterizations, we compared the forms of cytochrome P-450 induced by ethanol
      and glutethimide in primary cultures of chicken embryo hepatocytes. Recently we
      purified a cytochrome P-450 of 50K molecular weight from chicken embryo liver
      using glutethimide as a prototypic inducer. Antibodies to both this chicken
      cytochrome P-450 and to rabbit cytochrome P-450 form 3a from the IIE subfamily
      detected microsomal proteins of 50K induced by either ethanol or glutethimide in
      cultured chick embryo hepatocytes, indicating the antigenic homology of these
      subfamilies of cytochromes P-450 among different animal species. However, the
      antibody to glutethimide-induced chick cytochrome P-450 of 50K inhibited p
      nitrophenol hydroxylase and benzphetamine demethylase activities 85-90% in
      microsomes from both ethanol- and glutethimide-treated cells, indicating similar
      epitopes whose integrity is required for catalytic activity. In contrast,
      antibodies to rabbit cytochrome P-450 form 3a had little to no effect on these
      same microsomal activities. Both ethanol and glutethimide induced microsomal p
      nitrophenol and aniline hydroxylase activities in cultured chick embryo
      hepatocytes. In microsomes from ethanol-treated cells, the turnover of p
      nitrophenol per cytochrome P-450 was 2-fold greater than that induced by
      glutethimide treatment, suggesting that ethanol is inducing a form of cytochrome
      P-450 that has greater catalytic activity with this substrate than glutethimide
      induced forms. Thus, in cultured chick embryo hepatocytes, ethanol may induce
      cytochromes P-450 from both the IIB and IIE subfamilies.

PMID- 2917022
TI  - Interaction of haloacetonitriles with glutathione and glutathione-S-transferase.

PMID- 2917023
TI  - Human liver microsomal cytochrome P-450IIE1. Immunological evaluation of its
      contribution to microsomal ethanol oxidation, carbon tetrachloride reduction and
      NADPH oxidase activity.

PMID- 2917024
TI  - A time study on the uptake of estramustine into prostatic tumour 1013L cells in
      vitro.

PMID- 2917025
TI  - [Urticaria in general practice].
AB  - The vast majority of cases of urticaria and angio-edema are diagnosed and treated
      by general practitioners. Epidemiologic investigations have shown that 2.5
      percent of the population annually seek medical advice for urticaria, and of
      these 95 percent consult a general practitioner. The available literature,
      however, is mainly based on materials from specialist clinics, and outpatients
      hospital departments. The clinical picture of urticaria as seen by the general
      practitioner differs, however, is essential features from that observed in
      selected patient groups. Recent studies from the primary health care services
      have confirmed this observation.

PMID- 2917026
TI  - [Malignant diseases as secondary findings in forensic autopsies].
AB  - In a study of 228 consecutive medico-legal autopsies, malignant disease was
      discovered in 19 cases. The malignant diseases are discussed as to their primary
      sites and histologic types, age groups in which they occurred, conditions with
      which they may have been associated, symptoms and signs which in some cases may
      have warned of malignant disease, and supposed reasons why the malignant diseases
      were not recognized while the deceased were still alive. It was found that
      undetected malignant diseases occur mainly in the elderly, that chronic renal
      disease with scarred kidneys and cirrhosis of the liver may be predisposing
      conditions in cancer development, and that malignant disease in the aged may be
      undetected because of confusion with general weakness or because of small size
      and obviously slow growth of the tumor with lack of symptoms.

PMID- 2917027
TI  - A profile of women participants in five long distance winter sporting events.
AB  - Women have been entering long distance winter sports in increasing numbers in
      Alaska and other states and countries. Much publicity has been given to the
      success of some. The 1,100 mile Iditarod Sled Dog Race across Alaska has been won
      by a woman every year since 1985. The Minnesota Beargrease Sled Dog Marathon 500
      mile race was won by a woman in 1988. But what of the experience of the average
      female entrant? This investigation sought to examine the circumstances of each of
      the women who competed in the Iditarod, Iditaski, Iditabike, Yukon Quest and
      Beargrease Marathon. Since December 1987, 79 questionnaires were mailed to all of
      the women participants (past and present) of these events and as of July 1988 the
      response rate was 58%. Examination of the findings in the areas of age ranges;
      training/competition miles; types, rates, self-treatment of injuries and
      protection from cold are reported.

PMID- 2917028
TI  - A pre-operative autologous blood donation programme in a small hospital.
AB  - The utilization and effectiveness of a pre-operative autologous blood donation
      programme were analyzed at a small, 40-bed, general hospital with
      subspecialization in orthopaedic surgery. Over a period of 8 months, 13 patients
      who were all to undergo total knee or hip replacement were evaluated. Twelve
      patients were found suitable and they donated in mean 1.9 units of blood. At
      discharge the patients who had donated blood pre-operatively had the same mean
      hemoglobin value as a comparable group of patients who only received blood from
      the ordinary blood bank service in spite of the total transfusion demand being
      the same in the two groups. The pre-donated blood covered 54% of the total demand
      of the group evaluated. The method is found especially applicable at small
      hospitals, where the administrative problems concerned with the method are easy
      to manage.

PMID- 2917029
TI  - Seal finger--diagnosis, prevention and treatment.
AB  - Seal finger is a well described disease as to symptoms and signs, but the
      etiology is still unknown. The disease may often be prevented and tetracycline
      has proved effective.

PMID- 2917030
TI  - Cigarette smoking in Cree Indian school children of the James Bay region.
AB  - A survey of cigarette smoking habits of Cree Indian school children in the James
      Bay region of northern Quebec was carried out. Out of 689 questionnaires
      completed by students in grades 6 through Secondary V (approximately ages 11
      through 18), 13.2% were nonsmokers, 35.4% were exsmokers, and 51.4% were current
      smokers. 65% of the smokers were daily smokers and they averaged 7 cigarettes per
      day. Factors positively associated with being a current smoker were age, female
      sex, having a mother who smoked, and having a best friend who smoked.

PMID- 2917031
TI  - Teaching and funding nutrition instruction in family practice education.
AB  - Nutrition instruction is accepted as an important element of physician education,
      but is often not a formal part of medical school or residency training. Personnel
      and funding are often cited as the major factors that limit nutrition
      instruction. Because family medicine residency programs have been in the
      forefront of nutrition instruction, a nationwide survey of these programs was
      conducted to examine the nature, staffing, and funding mechanisms for nutrition
      education. Results of the 1986 survey reported in this study indicate that
      registered dietitians were available to 89% of the programs in the United States
      and are supported by a combination of funding sources. The implications of these
      findings are discussed.

PMID- 2917032
TI  - Physicians' and medical students' knowledge of nutrition.
AB  - A study was conducted to assess the knowledge of nutrition of 184 family
      practitioners and general internists and 24 first- and second-year medical
      students before they had received medical school instruction in clinical
      nutrition. Overall, the physicians answered 69.2% of the questions correctly, a
      significantly better score than that of the medical students (62.5%, p = .0065).
      The physicians scored better on topics that have been the most heavily researched
      (such as diet and coronary heart disease) and worse on less heavily investigated
      topics (such as diet and cancer, iron absorption). There was no significant
      difference in overall knowledge in terms of gender or practice. However, a
      significant negative correlation was found between the number of years since
      graduation from medical school and respondents' knowledge about nutrition.

PMID- 2917033
TI  - Academic medicine's changing covenant with society.
AB  - The traditional and mutually accepted covenant between academic medicine and
      society had its origin in trust and was based on the premise that academic
      medicine's programs and commitments were in society's best interests, thus
      justifying generous support and the privilege of self-regulation. In contemporary
      times, this mutually supportive covenant is encountering substantial distress.
      The most noteworthy threats to the traditional covenant are the changing values
      and erosion of trust emanating from the competition model of delivering and
      paying for medical services. A creditable response to society's needs and
      expectations can be best undertaken by establishing a national agenda in academic
      medicine that places a high priority on health services research and the
      scientific analysis of our entire health care system. What is needed now is the
      institutionalization of health services research through expansion of the cadre
      of health service researchers, while providing a broader emphasis on academic
      rewards and recognition for initiatives in this critically needed area of
      investigation.

PMID- 2917034
TI  - Nursing education and practice.
AB  - Three issues directly influence the relationship between nurses and physicians:
      the nature of nursing practice, the education of registered nurses, and the
      American Medical Association (AMA) proposal for registered care technicians. Many
      conflicts among nurses, physicians, and health care administrators result from
      nurses' defining their practice in terms of their patients' needs, and nurses may
      differ from other health care professionals in interpreting those needs. Nursing
      education programs--in hospital schools of nursing, community colleges, and
      baccalaureate colleges--should focus their programs and objectives so as to
      prepare their graduates for different health care settings. For example, an
      associate degree program would emphasize preparation for home health care, long
      term care, or acute care. The AMA proposal to create a new nursing category-
      registered care technologist--complicates rather than helps the relationship
      between physicians and nurses and confuses the issues of providing patient care.
      Suggestions are offered for alleviating the nursing shortage and resolving much
      of the continuing conflict between nurses and physicians.

PMID- 2917035
TI  - Enhancing attention to prevention: a new strategy.

PMID- 2917036
TI  - The discovery of the aged in the Third World.

PMID- 2917037
TI  - Rural health care: some accomplishments, much to be done.

PMID- 2917038
TI  - Congress challenges medical schools on progress in minority representation.

PMID- 2917039
TI  - Coming to terms with the nursing shortage--asserting the role and initiatives of
      academic health centers.

PMID- 2917040
TI  - Nutrition education.

PMID- 2917042
TI  - Cultural literacy.

PMID- 2917041
TI  - Use of animals.

PMID- 2917043
TI  - A second survey of graduates of a traditionally black college of medicine.
AB  - To update and expand upon its 1975-76 survey of 729 graduates of seven classes,
      Howard University College of Medicine (HUCM) conducted a longer survey in 1985-86
      of 1,985 graduates spanning 49 classes. Replies of the 728 respondents to the
      second survey confirm that HUCM's predominantly black alumni were continuing to
      provide patient care to a substantial number of poor blacks in urban areas. Fifty
      six percent of all HUCM alumni were in primary care, compared with 46% of all
      alumni of U.S. medical schools who were in primary care. New findings included
      concerns about malpractice suits and physician impairment. Regarding physician
      supply in their own communities, 53% of respondents believed that there were too
      many physicians overall, but 63% believed there were too few black physicians.
      For the 1940-1969 graduates, loans financed 10% of their medical education, and
      indebtedness influenced the types of practice chosen by 4%; comparable figures
      for the 1970-1980 graduates were 25% and 11%.

PMID- 2917044
TI  - Effect of nutrition education on nutrition counseling practices of family
      physicians.
AB  - The effects of completing a comprehensive nutrition curriculum on the nutrition
      counseling practices of family physicians trained at the University of Manitoba
      were investigated by sending a questionnaire to a group of these physicians who
      had completed the nutrition curriculum and a group that had not. The 48
      responding family practice residency-trained physicians who had completed the
      nutrition curriculum, and the 41 responding hospital-trained physicians who had
      not, reported counseling practices that were not significantly different (p
      greater than .05). Implications and recommendations for future teaching of
      nutrition counseling skills to physicians during residency training are
      presented.

PMID- 2917045
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies: production and application.

PMID- 2917046
TI  - Enhanced proliferating activity of cultured smooth muscle cells from SHR.
AB  - In order to explore the cellular mechanisms responsible for the vascular
      abnormalities observed in hypertension, smooth muscle cells (SMC) were cultured
      after enzymatic digestion of aortas from both normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and
      spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). These cultures were performed in the
      presence of fetal calf serum (FCS) and stimulated by vasoactive agents
      (angiotension II, serotonin, bradykinin). Growth rate was determined by cell
      counting and measurement of nuclear-tritiated thymidine incorporation and
      phospholipase C (PLC) activation by measurement of 3h-inositol mono-, di-, tri-,
      and tetra-phosphates formed from preincorporated 3h-myo-inositol. Cells from SHR
      proliferate more actively than control ones in the presence of 10% FCS but don't
      significantly differ at lower concentrations. In the presence of 5% FCS
      angiotensin II (10(-7) mol/L), 5-HT (10(-6) mol/L) and bradykinin (10(-6) mol/L)
      enhance cell proliferation and their effect is more important in cultures from
      SHR. The phospholipase C activation induced by these drugs was also more
      important in these SHR cultures than in control ones. The PLC hyperreactivity
      observed in SHR cells may therefore be involved in their enhanced proliferating
      activity evidenced in culture and in the vascular abnormalities described in
      vivo.

PMID- 2917047
TI  - Different determinants of left ventricular filling in normotensive subjects and
      essential hypertensive patients.
AB  - The aim of the study was to evaluate the relationships between left ventricular
      (LV) filling and age, heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), and LV mass in three
      groups of subjects with different casual blood pressure. Twenty normotensive
      subjects (NT: age 39.2 +/- 7.2; BP 121.6 +/- 11.3/77.7 +/- 7.5 mm Hg), 16
      borderline hypertensives (BH: age 38.6 +/- 9.2; BP 138.2 +/- 11.6/91.7 +/- 9.4 mm
      Hg), and 20 essential hypertensives (EH: age 44.5 +/- 8.3; BP 165.7 +/-
      14.8/107.6 +/- 11.4 mm Hg) underwent 2D Echo evaluation and PW Doppler
      measurements of transmitral blood flow velocity. In NT, the Doppler indexes of LV
      filling showed significant correlations only with age and heart rate (age v E
      peak: r = .68 P less than .001; v A peak: r = .45, P less than .05; v A/E: r =
      .78, P less than .001. Heart rate v A peak: r = .78, P less than .001, v A/E: r =
      .74, P less than .001, respectively). Similar but weaker relationships were
      observed in BH. On the contrary, EH showed no significant correlations with age
      or heart rate, but with both systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood
      pressure (DBP), and LV mass (SBP v A peak: r = .49, P less than .05; v A/E: r =
      .68, P less than .001; DBP v E peak: r = 44, P less than .05; v A/E: r = .58, P
      less than .01. Left ventricular mass v E peak: r = .45, P less than .05; v A/E: r
      = .51, P less than .05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2917048
TI  - Dipyridamole-echocardiography test in essential hypertensives with chest pain and
      angiographically normal coronary arteries.
AB  - Microvascular angina--chest pain syndrome in the presence of angiographically
      normal epicardial coronary arteries and reduced flow reserve--has been described
      in patients with essential hypertension (EH) and linked to the development of
      left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). We performed a dipyridamole-echocardiography
      test (DET: 2D-echo and 12 lead ECG monitoring with dipyridamole infusion, up to
      0.84 mg/kg over ten minutes) in 28 essential hypertensives meeting the following
      inclusion criteria: (1) history of chest pain; (2) angiographically normal
      coronary arteries; (3) normal resting regional and global left ventricular
      function. A group of 12 (age- and sex-matched) normotensives with the same
      inclusion criteria, as well as with negative exercise stress test, was also
      evaluated. During DET, none of the essential hypertensives or the control group
      developed a regional dyssynergy of contraction. Fifteen essential hypertensives
      and two in the control group had a diagnostic (greater than 0.1 mV from baseline)
      ST segment depression on ECG tracing (54 v 17%, P less than .01); 16 essential
      hypertensives and two in the control group had chest pain (57 v 17%, P less than
      .01). None of the control group and nine of the essential hypertensives had
      echocardiographically assessed LVH. In the essential hypertensive group
      ventricular hypertrophy was present in seven of 20 patients with and in two of
      eight patients without dipyridamole induced chest pain and/or ST segment
      depression (35% v 25%, P = NS). In conclusion, essential hypertensive patients
      with chest pain and angiographically normal coronary arteries frequently show
      echocardiographically silent angina and/or ST segment depression during
      DET.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2917049
TI  - Critical comments on recent literature. The J curve and other problems with
      therapy.

PMID- 2917050
TI  - Left ventricular mass in normotensive subjects. Importance of blood pressure
      response to activity.
AB  - Recent works have shown the importance of blood pressure (BP) response to
      exercise or to daily activity as determinants of hypertensive cardiac
      hypertrophy. We have tested the relationship between BP and left ventricular (LV)
      mass in 23 normotensive young adults (mean age 25 +/- 5) with normotensive
      parents. Blood pressure was measured at rest, at the end of maximal exercise
      test, and during 24-hour ambulatory monitoring during daily routine. Left
      ventricular mass was assessed with M-mode echocardiography. We found a closer
      relationship between LV mass with BP when measuring during activity (average day
      time BP and end exercise BP) than with rest BP (rest BP and average nighttime
      BP). Multiple regression analysis indicates an independent association of LV mass
      with both average day time and end exercise systolic blood pressure. Thus, we
      conclude that these two ways of assessing "activity" BP may be more complementary
      than opposing. Ambulatory BP monitoring appreciates the reactions to daily
      stresses and the exercise test measures the response to physical activity.

PMID- 2917051
TI  - Effect of glucocorticoid deficiency on arterial pressure in conscious
      spontaneously hypertensive rats.
AB  - The effect of selective glucocorticoid or mineralocorticoid deficiency upon
      arterial pressure was evaluated in unanesthetized adult spontaneously
      hypertensive rats (SHR). Adrenalectomized SHR were replaced with 6 micrograms/24
      h aldosterone (ALDO), 10 microgram/24 h dexamethasone (DEX), or both aldosterone
      and dexamethasone (ALDO + DEX) by IP osmotic mini-pumps. These were compared to
      sham-operated SHR (SHAM) and adrenalectomized SHR given no steroid replacement
      (ADX). Drinking fluid for all groups was 1% NaCl + 2.5% glucose. Six days after
      adrenalectomy, intra-arterial mean arterial pressure (MAP) fell from 174 +/- 2 to
      149 +/- 6 mm Hg in ALDO (n = 8, P less than .01) and from 179 +/- 4 to 125 +/- 4
      in ADX (n = 6, P less than .01). In contrast, MAP rose in SHAM from 171 +/- 4 to
      179 +/- 5 mm Hg (n = 7, P less than .01), in ALDO + DEX from 161 +/- 3 to 184 +/-
      4 mm Hg (n = 7, P less than .01), and in DEX from 162 +/- 2 to 181 +/- 4 mm Hg (n
      = 7, P less than .01). The results indicate that when diet salt intake is high,
      glucocorticoid action is necessary for the full expression of hypertension in
      adult SHR.

PMID- 2917052
TI  - Periarthrosis of the shoulder associated with diabetes mellitus.
AB  - Among the protean complications of diabetes mellitus are contractures of the
      joints and periarticular soft tissue. These complications have not been well
      described in the literature. This syndrome of "limited joint mobility," has been
      reported as occurring in young, insulin-dependent diabetics, with primary
      involvement of the small joints of the hands. In older diabetics, similar changes
      have been described with additional contractures developing in the large joints
      of the upper extremities. This report presents clinical findings occurring in
      five older diabetics with primary contractures of the shoulder. Theoretical
      considerations are also discussed regarding the neurophysiology of this entity as
      well as the current treatment options.

PMID- 2917053
TI  - A prospective study of peripheral nerve lesions occurring in traumatic brain
      injured patients.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency and severity of
      peripheral nerve lesions occurring in patients with traumatic brain injury. A
      prospective study of 132 patients was conducted. Patients fulfilling research
      criteria (flaccidity, areflexia, abnormal motor patterns) underwent
      neurodiagnostic examination. Fifteen electromyograph/NCV studies were performed,
      yielding positive findings in 13 patients (10%); 3 patients were found to have
      preventable lesions. Many patients had permanent impairment or attendant
      complications from the peripheral nerve injury that adversely affected eventual
      recovery.

PMID- 2917054
TI  - Over fifty support group for patients in a rehabilitation hospital. Commentary.
AB  - The psychosocial needs of newly disabled 50- to 85-year-old individuals are often
      neglected in rehabilitation. The Rehabilitation Hospital of the Medical College
      of Ohio has addressed these needs with the establishment of an over 50 support
      group. Topics chosen by the group focused on common fears and concerns. The group
      has been valuable in offering opportunities for peer reinforcement, problem
      solving, and ventilation of feelings in a safe and supportive setting which had
      not before existed.

PMID- 2917055
TI  - Research in physical medicine and rehabilitation. I. How to ask the question.
AB  - A predictable pattern in research efforts is seen in 28 academic centers in
      physical medicine and rehabilitation. They consist of at least one technician and
      one small research room (220 square feet), with an additional small room (280
      square feet), and 1/4 technician for every MD or PhD in the department (r =
      0.72). Persons who are not active researchers with external funding must first
      define the research question in order to develop fundable research proposals.
      Clinical research is a process that starts from the clinical situation, leads to
      formulation and answering of the question, and eventually results in integration
      back into clinical practice. There are many reasons for posing a clinical
      research question and each results in a different type of question. Asking the
      right question is the most important part of research, as how the problem is
      stated determines what data is to be collected, the analysis to be done, and what
      kind of conclusions can be drawn. A strong research study addresses questions
      that are clearly spelled out and leads to conclusions that are within the limits
      of the experimental design and the availability, reliability, and validity of the
      data. Complex design and analysis do not make a study better if the question
      itself is not well formulated. It is not as important to know how to answer the
      question as it is to know how to ask the question. If the initial question is
      incomplete or incorrect, the rest of the research is at best irrelevant.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2917056
TI  - Lower extremity manifestations of spasticity in chronic spinal cord injury.
AB  - The prevalence of various manifestations of spasticity from questionnaire
      responses and from clinical examination of chronic spinal cord injured patients
      is reported. Extensor spasms, flexor withdrawal spasms, and clonus were reported
      by most subjects. Those with incomplete lesions reported more interference with
      activities, more pain, and less functional usefulness, than did those with
      complete lesions. Extensor spasms were reported to interfere more with transfers,
      whereas flexor withdrawal spasms were reported to be more frequent at night and
      to interfere more with sleep. Increased muscle tone was observed more often in
      extensor than in flexor muscles. Those with incomplete lesions had more
      hypertonus and more limited passive joint movements than did those with complete
      lesions. Flexor withdrawal reactions and extensor spasms were also more
      pronounced in those with incomplete lesions, particularly those with Frankel
      grade C lesions.

PMID- 2917057
TI  - Excellence in rehabilitation through research. Commentary.

PMID- 2917058
TI  - Normative model for cold pressor test.
AB  - The cold pressor test elicits an emotional/motivational pain experience from the
      immersion of a limb in cold water. It has been widely used to evaluate
      (experimental and chronic) pain. However, normative models for quantification and
      comparison for pain tolerance have not previously been established. This study
      developed a normative mathematical model for pain tolerance using the cold
      pressor test with over 600 subjects. Norms for age, sex, and ethnic group were
      calculated. In addition, chronic pain patients were compared with pain-free
      patients to determine normative differences in response. The results indicate
      that at any given age Anglo-Saxon males have the longest tolerance time followed
      by non-Anglo-Saxon males, Anglo-Saxon females, and finally non-Anglo-Saxon
      females. There is a consistent decrease in tolerance time as the male age
      increases and minimal change in tolerance time as the female age increases.
      Chronic pain patients exhibited the same type of pain response pattern as healthy
      volunteers when corrected for age, sex, and ethnocultural subgroup.

PMID- 2917059
TI  - [The promille limit and reduced responsibility].
AB  - In a review the author agrees with the German Federal Court's judgement of 9.8.88
      (see Blutalkohol 25,403). He deals with the relation between physiological and
      psychological circumstantial evidences (blood-alcohol-concentration and condition
      of personality in the time of violation) and with their reference to the
      ascertainment of reduced responsibility. In accordance with the Federal Court he
      states that within the necessary total assessment the importance of blood-alcohol
      concentration is the lower the more the BAC-level figured out is remote from the
      probable BAC in the time of violation because of the long period of time between.
      He concludes that the Federal Court was successful in it's attempt to draw the
      juridical arguments near to those of forensic medicine.

PMID- 2917060
TI  - Evidential breath ethanol analyzers, accuracy and sensitivity to breath acetone.
AB  - The purposes of this study included the examination of the relative accuracy of a
      number of evidential breath analyzers available in the United States, the
      sensitivity of ethanol breath analyzers to simulated breath acetone and the
      generation and subsequent interference created by endogenous acetone. This study
      used both laboratory simulation and human ethanol testing as well as a systematic
      examination of the sensitivity of various ethanol breath test instruments to both
      endogenous and simulated breath acetone. The results suggest that when evidential
      breath ethanol testers are administered in a uniform fashion, consistent and
      reliable results occur. Further, endogenous and simulated breath acetone can
      effect infrared ethanol breath testers but at levels in the case of endogenous
      acetone, in a non-significant fashion. Simulated breath acetone, consistent with
      other research produced selective interference on evaluation of breath
      instruments. The instruments utilizing wavelength 3.4 microns infrared bands were
      affected the greatest. Endogenous breath and blood acetone was demonstrated in a
      non-diabetic. The resulting breath acetone levels did produce mimicked ethanol
      levels on all single wavelength (3.4 microns range) instruments. Nine micron IR
      range instruments and the Breathalyzer 900 which utilizes a wet chemical
      procedure were unaffected by endogenous acetone. Those instruments equipped with
      acetone detectors, found in certain instruments, did not identify endogenously
      produced acetone.

PMID- 2917061
TI  - [Elimination properties of the congener n-propanol].
AB  - Intravenous injections of n-propanol (25 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg, 200 mg, 300 mg)
      provoke blood concentration curves having exponential shapes of dose dependent
      rate constants after a sufficiently long time (2 min). They have to be seen
      therefore as a result of a non-linear elimination process controlled by a
      Michaelis-Menten-kinetic. Using the Lineweaver-Burk-method the characteristic
      data of metabolism are determined, namely the maximal velocity of metabolizing
      beta PrOHmax as 2.5 mg/l min and the Michaelis-Menten-constant as 10 mg/l. An
      increase of the ethanol exposition causes a prolongation of the mean residence
      time of n-propanol in the body. This phenomenon is to be interpreted as the
      result of an inhibition of the n-propanol metabolism by ethanol. The inhibition
      constant KPrOHEtOH concerned with this process is determined experimentally and
      has a value of 0.1%.

PMID- 2917062
TI  - [Causes and incidence of traffic accidents caused by precipitous disorders of
      consciousness and illnesses of drivers. A one year study in Upper Austria and
      Salzburg].
AB  - It was attempted to make a survey of all traffic accidents due to sudden
      disturbances of health on behalf of drivers, being supported by the police of
      Upper Austria and Salzburg. Only 26 out of a total amount of 53.530 road
      accidents were made known but the cooperation with the police did not always seem
      to work too well. Only in the province of Salzburg did the number of these
      accidents correspond with the expected frequencies of 1.3%. Most of the drivers
      were internally sick, cardiovascular diseases prevailing. The danger of epilepsy
      is generally overestimated, that of diabetes and other internal diseases rather
      underrated. People in general good health were also seen causing accidents due to
      nausea. In such cases self-endangering is twice as common as the exposure of
      others to danger. In the majority of the incidents only damage to property
      resulted. In addition it became apparent, that accidents with damage to people
      occurred more often in the city than in rural areas, whereas fatalities and
      severe injuries were more common in the country than in cities.

PMID- 2917063
TI  - New concepts in hair replacement.

PMID- 2917064
TI  - Surgical access for clivus chordoma. The University of California, San Francisco,
      experience.
AB  - Surgical approaches to clivus chordoma are discussed. The approaches described in
      this article have been used in an attempt to minimize morbidity while maximizing
      exposure. The transseptal-transsphenoidal approach is appropriate for biopsy or
      for subtotal removal of small midline lesions of the upper (retrosellar) clivus
      only. The radical pterygomaxillotomy approach is used for gaining access to
      chordomas of the upper half of the clivus, with or without lateral extension.
      Removal of the lateral, posterior, and (if necessary) medial walls of the
      maxillary sinus is followed by resection of most of the contents of the
      pterygopalatine fossa. The pterygoid plates are then removed with a drill. The
      sphenoid sinus and upper clivus are then exposed for tumor removal. For more
      inferior lesions, we have modified the transoral-transpharyngeal approach by
      creating an inferiorly based posterior pharyngeal flap, which increases exposure
      of the clivus, particularly laterally. This flap can be extended laterally for
      paraclival extension. This approach allows removal of the lateral clivus as far
      laterally as the hypoglossal canal, with no dissection of tongue, mandible, lip,
      or cervical soft tissues.

PMID- 2917065
TI  - The transfacial approach for combined anterior craniofacial tumor ablation.
AB  - The transfacial approach to the anterior cranial fossa for tumor removal provides
      for excellent surgical exposure, improved postoperative appearance, and a minimum
      of complications. The technique is different from previously reported combined
      craniofacial ablative procedures in that the head and neck surgeon and the
      neurosurgeon approach the anterior fossa mass through the same facial incision,
      thus avoiding the need for a separate craniotomy incision. The formation of a
      vascularized nasofrontal bone flap allows for better wound healing regardless of
      preoperative and postoperative radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy. This report
      presents 42 cases in which the transfacial approach was exclusively used in a
      combined manner to remove nasal, paranasal sinus, and nasopharyngeal neoplasms.
      The transfacial technique offers a significant advantage over previously
      described approaches to the anterior skull base.

PMID- 2917066
TI  - Anterior craniofacial resection for ethmoid and nasal cancer with free flap
      reconstruction.
AB  - Two surgical approaches were used for nasal and ethmoid cancers involving the
      anterior skull base. A craniofacial operation with the assistance of a
      neurosurgeon was employed when the cribriform plate was infiltrated. A
      frontofacial operation through the frontal sinus was preferred when the
      cribriform plate was radiologically intact. Thirty patients underwent radical
      surgery with a minimum three-year follow-up. Thirteen of 16 patients with
      adenocarcinoma survived. Since 1980, nine patients have had their surgical
      defects repaired with a revascularized tensor fascia lata muscle and skin flap.
      The flap is tailored to support the cranial contents, provide muscle bulk for the
      orbitomaxillectomy cavity, and provide skin for the face, nasal, and palatal
      surfaces. There were two free flap failures.

PMID- 2917067
TI  - Approach to the pterygomaxillary space and posterior part of the tongue by
      lateral stair-step mandibulotomy.
AB  - Fifteen patients underwent surgery for retromandibular parotid, pharyngeal, or
      posterior tongue tumors. Surgical approach to the pterygomaxillary fossa,
      parapharyngeal space, and posterior tongue was performed by external cervical
      incision and lateral stair-step mandibulotomy. After resection of the tumors, the
      mandibular segments were replaced and secured with miniplates. The plates were
      removed after six weeks whenever postoperative radiation therapy was planned. By
      reflecting the ascending ramus, this method provides excellent exposure of the
      concerned areas. It makes unnecessary both incision of the lower lip and
      intermaxillary fixation with arch bars, thus allowing a quick resumption of oral
      feeding. A review of 15 patients demonstrated satisfactory results for mandibular
      function and morphologic appearance, with minimal complications.

PMID- 2917068
TI  - Prognostic factors in patients dying of well-differentiated thyroid cancer.
AB  - While some well-differentiated cancers of the thyroid gland are unusually
      aggressive, most have a more benign clinical behavior, making it difficult to
      evaluate factors possibly influencing patient survival such as initial surgical
      treatment. By studying 135 patients who received their initial surgical therapy
      at our institution, we have defined the prognostically significant factors.
      Sixteen patients (11.9%) died of disease during a ten- to 20-year follow-up
      period. Significant factors associated with death from disease were aged 40 years
      or older, primary lesion size of 2.5 cm or greater, presence of invasive
      characteristics, and presence of distant metastases. We recommend total
      thyroidectomy and postoperative sodium iodide I 131 therapy in patients 40 years
      of age or older, while suggesting a less aggressive approach may be appropriate
      in the younger patients.

PMID- 2917069
TI  - Recent experience with reconstructive surgery following major glossectomy.
AB  - In an attempt to monitor the impact of new reconstructive procedures and shifting
      interest away from routine preoperative radiotherapy, we have reviewed the 81
      patients undergoing major glossectomy and reconstruction (MGR) at the Royal
      Marsden Hospital, London and Surrey, England, between 1975 and 1987. While there
      were four marginal and 13 major reconstructive failures, 11 of the latter were
      successfully managed with an alternative flap, thus providing a prompt and
      effective palliation for most of these patients. An evolution in our choice of
      reconstructive procedures as well as a recent trend toward using MGR as a primary
      therapeutic modality were noted. Data relating to speech following reconstruction
      and diet rehabilitation were encouraging, particularly with the use of the
      latissimus dorsi flap. Survival following MGR, however, was dismal due to early
      local and regional recurrence.

PMID- 2917070
TI  - Secondary tracheoesophageal puncture for voice rehabilitation after laryngectomy.
AB  - Since the introduction of the tracheoesophageal puncture technique for
      restoration of voice in 1980, 125 secondary punctures have been performed in 117
      patients at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation. Preoperative evaluation, pharyngeal
      preparation, and their relation to final speech results were reviewed
      retrospectively. Critical factors in the rehabilitation of these patients are
      discussed based on our experience and a review of the literature.

PMID- 2917071
TI  - Tracheoesophageal puncture for voice restoration after extended
      laryngopharyngectomy.
AB  - Tracheoesophageal puncture was performed in ten of our patients undergoing
      extended laryngopharyngectomy. Three fistulas were allowed to close, and two
      patients were dissatisfied with their results, which allowed for an overall 50%
      success rate in this subgroup. The resultant voice was objectively compared with
      similar groups of patients undergoing primary and secondary tracheoesophageal
      puncture after standard laryngectomy. There was no significant difference in
      maximum phonation time, average speaking intensity, and average fundamental
      frequency between these groups. However, the maximum intensity and average
      intensity were significantly lower for the flap group. Our results indicate that
      tracheoesophageal puncture should be attempted in patients undergoing the
      extended procedure, notwithstanding a lower expected success rate.

PMID- 2917072
TI  - Fate of skin element of pectoralis major flap in intraoral reconstruction.
AB  - A skin island carried by pectoralis major muscle has been used to reconstruct an
      intraoral defect created after resection of a tumor. To our knowledge, what
      happens to the skin after its mobilization from the chest wall into the mouth has
      not been documented. To answer this, a wedge biopsy of the intraoral skin island
      on the pectoralis muscle was performed in 14 patients under local anesthesia. The
      skin biopsy specimen was subjected to scanning electron microscopic and
      histologic examination. The interval between the reconstructive surgery and the
      biopsy ranged from ten to 66 months (mean, 32 months). The results revealed
      desquamation of the epidermis and loss of appendages. The degree of desquamation
      was maximal when the skin island was used to replace the whole of the floor of
      the mouth and least when it was used for the lateral portion.

PMID- 2917073
TI  - Superior and transantral orbital decompression procedures. Effects on increased
      intraorbital pressure and orbital dynamics.
AB  - Eight superior and eight transantral decompressions were performed in 16 fresh
      cadaver orbits in which intraorbital pressure was experimentally increased by
      adding 12 mL of volume to an intraorbital balloon. Each decompression yielded a
      mean pressure decrease of 225 mm Hg (85% of the total) in experimentally induced
      intraorbital pressure. The maximal pressure decrease occurred after the removal
      of the first complete orbital wall. However, incision of the periorbita was most
      effective in achieving globe recession and a decrease in exophthalmos. Although
      the steps of the superior and transantral decompression techniques are not
      comparable, there was no statistically significant difference between the total
      net pressure decreases achieved.

PMID- 2917074
TI  - Desmoplastic melanoma. Histologic correlation with behavior and treatment.
AB  - Desmoplastic (neurotrophic) melanoma is a histologic variant of cutaneous
      melanoma that has a distinct clinical behavior. To better understand this
      behavior and to treat the disease more effectively, the medical records of 16
      patients treated for this disease over a 12-year period were reviewed. Thirteen
      patients had head and neck lesions, the ear being a common site. The average
      thickness of the lesions was 5.75 mm. Six (46.2%) of 13 patients had local
      recurrence of disease. Only two patients (15.4%) developed regional node
      metastases. None of the patients with clinically NO desmoplastic melanoma were
      found to have positive nodes after elective neck dissection, regardless of the
      thickness of the primary lesion. Wide excision of the primary lesion with frozen
      section control of surgical margins and careful examination for the presence of
      perineural invasion is important in determining the extent of surgical resection.

PMID- 2917075
TI  - Chondromyxoid fibroma of the mastoid invading the occipital bone.
AB  - We describe a case of chondromyxoid fibroma of the mastoid bone extending along
      the occipital bone in a 48-year-old man. The presence of this tumor was heralded
      solely by aural fullness caused by otitis media with effusion. The tumor arose
      from the mastoid cavity, eroding the entire petrous portion, and invading the
      foramen magnum and jugular foramen. The occurrence of this tumor is exceedingly
      rare, and, to our knowledge, this is only the second article in the literature
      that describes a chondromyxoid fibroma of the mastoid region. The clinical
      appearance of this tumor and its light- and electron-microscopic findings are
      presented with reference to other articles.

PMID- 2917076
TI  - Convulsions secondary to hyponatremia associated with labyrinthectomy.
AB  - A case of convulsions occurring 48 hours following transcanal labyrinthectomy for
      Meniere's disease in a 76-year-old woman is described to illustrate the
      unexpected onset of severe hyponatremia after surgery. This syndrome is believed
      to be produced by inappropriately increased levels of antidiuretic hormone in
      healthy women without any associated medical condition. To prevent severe central
      nervous system damage and death, early recognition and appropriate correction of
      this cation deficiency is necessary.

PMID- 2917077
TI  - Pathologic quiz case 2. Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) of the oral cavity.

PMID- 2917078
TI  - Pathologic quiz case 1. Amyloidosis of the larynx.

PMID- 2917079
TI  - Gentamicin therapy in tympanostomy.

PMID- 2917080
TI  - Recurrent otitis externa.

PMID- 2917081
TI  - Specialisation in dentistry.

PMID- 2917082
TI  - 'The control of cross-infection in dentistry'.

PMID- 2917083
TI  - 'Why not the NHS?'.

PMID- 2917084
TI  - European Prosthodontic Association.

PMID- 2917085
TI  - Local anaesthetics in pregnancy.

PMID- 2917086
TI  - Contract confidence trick?

PMID- 2917087
TI  - Computerised matching for house officer posts.

PMID- 2917088
TI  - Cutting Korners.

PMID- 2917089
TI  - Presentation and antimicrobial treatment of acute orofacial infections in general
      dental practice.
AB  - Information on the presentation of orofacial infections and the use of
      antimicrobial agents in general dental practice in the United Kingdom was
      obtained using a postal questionnaire. Six hundred dentists were randomly
      selected and a total of 340 replies were received, giving a response rate of 57%.
      The dental practitioners estimated that acute infection was present in only a
      minority (approximately 5%) of patients. A total of seven different antibiotics
      were prescribed, in a variety of regimens, for the treatment of bacterial
      infection. However, the majority of dentists (46-62%) preferred a 5-day course of
      penicillin (250 mg, qid) for bacterial conditions other than acute ulcerative
      gingivitis, for which most practitioners (89%) prescribed 3 days of metronidazole
      (200 mg, tid). Nystatin was the most frequently selected anticandidal agent and
      topical acyclovir the most popular therapy for Herpes simplex infection.

PMID- 2917090
TI  - Multiple idiopathic internal resorption.
AB  - A very rare case is presented of multiple idiopathic internal resorption, which
      progressively involved all the mandibular incisor teeth.

PMID- 2917091
TI  - Descriptive statistics.
AB  - The importance of a knowledge of statistical methods in relation to most aspects
      of dentistry is discussed. Definitions of terms used in descriptive statistical
      techniques are provided, together with a review of the techniques themselves.

PMID- 2917092
TI  - Keeping up-to-date with tooth notation.
AB  - Methods of tooth notation have evolved over the years and there is now an
      increasing desirability for a system which offers the maximum in precision,
      clarity and compatibility with typing and computing requirements. A review of the
      many available methods leads to the FDI two-digit system as being highly
      appropriate for today's needs. This system is being adopted increasingly,
      worldwide.

PMID- 2917093
TI  - Oral surgery: staying healthy.
AB  - As one of the caring professions, dentistry has always concerned itself with the
      welfare of its patients, tending to their aches and pains, their needs and
      demands, and treating and preventing those diseases that occur in and around the
      mouth; we offer our skills and expertise to improve the quality of life of
      others. Unfortunately, nowadays the provision of such a service to our patients
      carries with it risks that were unknown 25 years ago. Once, when antibiotics were
      effective against syphilis and tuberculosis, dentistry carried little risk to the
      health of the practitioner and his staff. With the emergence of diseases that
      pose severe threats to both dentist and staff, our concept of a caring profession
      must now be broadened to include not only caring for the patient, but also caring
      for the health and welfare of the dentist who provides the treatment and for the
      staff who support him in this provision.

PMID- 2917094
TI  - Pitfalls and limitations in the use of impedance cardiography.

PMID- 2917095
TI  - Quantitative phase analysis in the assessment of coronary artery disease.
AB  - The phase image in radionuclide ventriculography shows the timing of ventricular
      contraction and is valuable in the detection of abnormalities induced by coronary
      artery disease. The image is usually interpreted subjectively, and in the present
      study a histogram of left ventricular phase values was used to make
      interpretation more objective. The left ventricular ejection fraction and the
      standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis of the phase histogram were measured
      at rest, during isometric exercise, and during the final two stages of maximal
      dynamic exercise in 25 controls and 27 patients with coronary artery disease
      without previous infarction. The ejection fraction and the standard deviation of
      the phase had the same predictive accuracy for the presence of disease when
      measured during the penultimate stage of dynamic exercise (89%) as during the
      final stage, but their accuracy was lower during maximal exercise (77%) because
      of motion artefact at high exercise levels. Skewness and kurtosis of the
      histogram were of no value for the detection of disease, and isometric exercise
      was of only limited value. It is concluded that the phase histogram provides an
      objective measurement of the synchronicity of left ventricular contraction and
      can increase sensitivity for the detection of abnormality. Data should be
      acquired at all stages of dynamic exercise, and the penultimate stage should be
      used if there is any doubt about the validity of the final stage.

PMID- 2917096
TI  - Restrictive cardiomyopathy and constrictive pericarditis: non-invasive
      distinction by digitised M mode echocardiography.
AB  - It is difficult to distinguish between restrictive cardiomyopathy and
      constrictive pericarditis on the basis of clinical findings and simple
      investigation. Cardiac catheterisation has been the reference standard for
      diagnosis but even this does not always permit an accurate distinction. A
      Summagraphics digitiser and Prime 750 computer system were used to digitise the
      echocardiograms of 15 patients with restrictive cardiomyopathy, 10 with
      constrictive pericarditis and a group of 20 age and sex matched normal subjects
      of similar age and sex distribution. Compared with controls, patients with
      restrictive cardiomyopathy showed a significant reduction in the following
      variables (a) decreased fractional shortening, (b) decreased peak left
      ventricular filling and emptying rates, (c) decreased percentage posterior wall
      thickening, and (d) decreased peak left ventricular posterior wall thickening and
      thinning rates. Whereas patients with constrictive pericarditis only had
      significantly reduced peak left ventricular filling and posterior wall thinning
      rates and significantly increased posterior wall thinning rate. When patients
      with restrictive cardiomyopathy were compared with those with constrictive
      pericarditis the significant differences were: (a) decreased peak left
      ventricular emptying rate, (b) decreased percentage posterior wall thickening,
      and (c) decreased peak left ventricular posterior wall thickening and thinning
      rates. Digitisation of M mode echocardiograms, with particular attention to
      posterior wall function, may be a useful adjunct to cardiac catheterisation in
      distinguishing restrictive cardiomyopathy from constrictive pericarditis.

PMID- 2917097
TI  - Electrode catheter ablation for ventricular tachycardia: efficacy of a single
      cathodal shock.
AB  - Electrode catheter ablation was used to treat 11 distinct types of sustained
      ventricular tachycardias in eight patients. Rigid electrophysiological criteria
      were used to identify five left and five right ventricular arrhythmogenic sites;
      one of them gave rise to tachycardia with two distinct configurations. A single R
      wave-synchronised 250 or 150 J cathodal shock was delivered at each site. One
      patient had mildly symptomatic episodes of sustained ventricular tachycardia
      during the first four days after the shock--there were no other complications. At
      discharge none of the patients was taking antiarrhythmic drugs. They were
      followed for 8-20 months (mean 14). Ablation abolished five of the 11 ventricular
      tachycardias. There was no recurrence in three of the eight patients. In two
      patients identical ventricular tachycardias recurred because the identification
      of the arrhythmogenic site was incorrect.

PMID- 2917098
TI  - Physiological importance of different atrioventricular intervals to improved
      exercise performance in patients with dual chamber pacemakers.
AB  - To determine the importance of different atrioventricular intervals during
      exercise in patients with dual chamber pacemakers, seven patients with complete
      heart block and sinus rhythm were exercised in different pacing modes and
      atrioventricular intervals: (a) ventricular inhibited (VVI) pacing with no
      synchronous atrial augmentation or rate responsiveness; (b) atrial synchronous
      ventricular or DDD pacing with a short mean (SD) atrioventricular interval of 66
      (4) ms; and (c) DDD pacing with a long atrioventricular interval of 168 (12) ms.
      Pacing with a short or long atrioventricular interval gave similar maximum heart
      rates, oxygen uptake at the anaerobic threshold, end tidal pressure of carbon
      dioxide or oxygen pulse (a measure of stroke volume). Pacing with either a short
      or long atrioventricular interval produced a significantly higher oxygen
      consumption and anaerobic threshold and less lactate production than VVI pacing.
      During exercise a short atrioventricular interval does not provide a better
      cardiopulmonary performance than a long atrioventricular interval.

PMID- 2917099
TI  - Abnormal cardiac signs after Fontan type of operation: indicators of residua and
      sequelae.
AB  - Among 74 survivors of the Fontan type of operation abnormal cardiac signs were
      detected in 46 (62%) at postoperative examination. The findings were analysed in
      relation to the state of the cardiovascular system of these patients. Cyanosis
      was present in 10 (13.5%) patients. The causes of cyanosis included residual
      interatrial shunt (six patients), acquired pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas
      (three patients) and acquired systemic-to-pulmonary vein communication (one
      patient). Signs of chronic fluid retention were detected in six (8%) patients. In
      four of them the fluid retention was related to conduit obstruction and in the
      remaining two it was secondary to severe subaortic stenosis in one and
      atrioventricular valvar regurgitation in the other. Organic heart murmurs were
      heard in 29 (39%) patients. The aetiologies of these murmurs were multiple. They
      included aortic valve regurgitation (eight patients), subaortic stenosis (seven
      patients), atrioventricular valvar regurgitation (five patients), pulmonary valve
      regurgitation (five patients), residual Blalock-Taussig shunt (two patients),
      residual ventricular septal defect (two patients), residual communication in the
      main pulmonary artery which had been ligated but not divided (one patient), and
      left ventricular to right atrial shunting (one patient). Cardiac rhythm
      disturbances of varying aetiology were noted in 23 (31.1%) patients. Sixteen
      (21%) had supraventricular arrhythmias and seven (9.5%) had conduction
      abnormalities. The present review suggests that among survivors of the Fontan
      type of operation abnormal cardiac signs are indicators of residua or sequelae or
      both of the native cardiovascular anomalies or surgical procedures.

PMID- 2917100
TI  - Advantages of colour flow imaging in the diagnosis of left ventricular
      pseudoaneurysm.
AB  - Eleven cases of left ventricular pseudoaneurysm in nine patients were studied by
      cross sectional echocardiography, conventional Doppler echocardiography, and
      colour flow imaging. In two patients recurrent pseudoaneurysms developed after
      cardiac surgery, three had acute rupture after myocardial infarction, two were
      the result of stab wounds, one was a late rupture of a true left ventricular
      aneurysm, one developed after surgical resection of a true left ventricular
      aneurysm, and two as a consequence of left ventricular venting. In all 11 cases
      the diagnosis was confirmed by angiographic or surgical information or both. The
      diagnosis was suspected clinically in only four cases. Cross sectional
      echocardiography alone confirmed the diagnosis in five cases. Neither pulsed wave
      Doppler nor continuous wave Doppler established the diagnosis when they were used
      without colour flow imaging in five and three cases respectively. In all 11 cases
      colour flow imaging showed flow in and out of the pericardial cavity at the
      defect site as well as the abnormal flow within the pseudoaneurysm. Subsequent
      use of pulsed Doppler showed a consistent "to and fro" flow pattern across the
      myocardial defect with characteristic respiratory variation of the peak systolic
      velocity. This unique intrapericardial flow pattern is diagnostic of a
      pseudoaneurysm. Colour flow imaging is a valuable addition to cross sectional and
      Doppler echocardiography, and is the best technique for detecting left
      ventricular pseudoaneurysms.

PMID- 2917101
TI  - Balloon dilatation of a stenosed bioprosthesis in the tricuspid valve position.
AB  - Percutaneous balloon dilatation of a stenosed Ionescu-Shiley bioprosthesis in the
      tricuspid valve position was performed twice in a 19 year old woman. On each
      occasion there was a considerable improvement in symptoms and haemodynamic
      function but the effect lasted for only a few months. When the valve was excised
      it showed no evidence of the previous balloon dilatations.

PMID- 2917102
TI  - Proceedings of the British Cardiac Society. Autumn meeting. London, 22 to 24
      November 1988. Abstracts.

PMID- 2917103
TI  - Fatal haemopathological consequences of general anaesthesia.
AB  - A previously healthy 63-yr-old female died following an anaphylactoid response to
      anaesthesia with thiopentone and suxamethonium. Postmortem findings strongly
      suggested that disseminated intravascular coagulation played a significant role
      in her death. The local mechanism behind the reaction is unknown, but the
      formation of thiopentone-suxamethonium colloid aggregates during induction, may
      have led to "aggregate anaphylaxis".

PMID- 2917104
TI  - Acute gastric dilatation in an incarcerated hiatus hernia.
AB  - A case is reported of an unusual complication in which acute gastric dilatation
      occurred in an incarcerated hiatus hernia, resulting in left ventricular failure
      in the postoperative period. Failure to recognize this gave rise to concern when
      the patient re-presented for further surgery.

PMID- 2917105
TI  - Hypotensive agents: an animal model.

PMID- 2917106
TI  - Spinal anaesthesia with bupivacaine.

PMID- 2917108
TI  - Spinal anaesthesia and surgical blood loss.

PMID- 2917107
TI  - Teaching fibreoptic intubation.

PMID- 2917109
TI  - Awake fibreoptic intubation in the patient at high risk of aspiration.
AB  - This report describes our experiences with 129 awake oral and nasal fibreoptic
      intubations in 123 patients considered to be at high risk of aspiration of
      gastric contents. I.v. sedation was used on all but six occasions. Local
      anaesthesia was applied to the larynx and trachea through the working channel of
      the fibrescope on 85 occasions, and by transtracheal injection on 29. Rigid
      laryngoscopy was necessary after fibreoptic laryngoscopy failed in one patient
      (with a bleeding peptic ulcer) who vomited a large amount of fresh and clotted
      blood. No other patient regurgitated during the procedure, and no patient
      developed evidence of aspiration.

PMID- 2917110
TI  - Studies on morphine disposition: influence of general anaesthesia on plasma
      concentrations of morphine and its metabolites.
AB  - The kinetics of morphine were studied during balanced anaesthesia in 10 patients
      undergoing lower abdominal or body surface surgery, and compared with those
      obtained in nine awake patients receiving morphine i.v. for the relief of chronic
      non-cancer pain. All patients received morphine sulfphate pentahydrate 10 mg i.v.
      over 30 s. Venous blood samples were collected for up to 180 min, and plasma
      concentrations of morphine, morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G), and morphine-6
      glucuronide (M6G) assayed by a differential radioimmunoassay technique. There
      were no differences between groups with respect to the elimination half-life
      (awake group: 207 min; anaesthetized group: 153 min), volume of distribution at
      steady state (awake: 147 litre; anaesthetized: 128 litre), or clearance (awake:
      587 ml min-1; anaesthetized: 766 ml min-1). Peak concentrations of M3G were
      similar in the two groups, but the peak concentration of M6G was greater in the
      anaesthetized patients. The AUC for M3G and M6G (0-180 min) also were greater in
      the anaesthetized patients, presumably as a result of decreases in renal blood
      flow and glomerular filtration rate during halothane anaesthesia.

PMID- 2917111
TI  - Defining a standard intubating position using "angle finder".
AB  - Study of patients who exhibit only limited morphological abnormality yet present
      difficulty with direct laryngoscopy is facilitated by a standard intubating
      position. The "Angle Finder" instrument allows implementation of a simple
      reproducible geometric standard which is applied easily in formal research work
      and in clinical practice and teaching. The proposed standard relates to the
      curved (Macintosh) laryngoscope blade and a supine patient. The lower neck
      flexion is 35 degrees and extension of the plane of the face 15 degrees, each
      angle measured relative to horizontal. Initially, the standard was derived from a
      review of the literature, then validated in a study of the intubating practices
      of 10 senior anaesthetists. A more detailed study of 10 normal volunteers
      confirmed reproducibility and, for nine patients with a history of difficult
      direct laryngoscopy, the standard was shown to be appropriate.

PMID- 2917112
TI  - Early cortical auditory evoked response in anaesthesia: comparison of the effects
      of nitrous oxide and isoflurane.
AB  - Previous studies showing graded changes in the early cortical waves Pa and Nb of
      the auditory evoked response (AER) with increasing concentration of volatile
      anaesthetic agents demonstrated high amplitudes of these waves in the period
      immediately following induction of anaesthesia and tracheal intubation, when the
      patient breathed nitrous oxide alone. These high amplitude waves were not
      consistent with extrapolation of the data or observations of patients under
      steady-state nitrous oxide anaesthesia. In order to discriminate between effects
      in the period immediately following induction of anaesthesia and tracheal
      intubation, and effects caused by nitrous oxide alone, a randomized cross-over
      study was performed. Eight patients breathed either nitrous oxide or isoflurane
      at 0.6 MAC for three consecutive 10-min periods following intubation and before
      surgery. The amplitudes of Pa and Nb were significantly less for isoflurane with
      respect to the same MAC fraction of nitrous oxide in all periods, but for both
      agents the amplitudes were significantly greater in the 10 min following
      intubation than in subsequent periods, presumably as a result of stimulation.

PMID- 2917113
TI  - Adrenal cortical reserve in patients undergoing muscle biopsy for malignant
      hyperthermia screening.
AB  - Stress has been suggested as a factor involved in the development of a malignant
      hyperthermia (MH) reaction. This study has compared the hormonal response of a
      group of patients susceptible to MH (MHS), with that of a control group, during
      diagnostic muscle biopsy under general anaesthesia. Preoperative adrenal cortical
      reserve was assessed using the Short Synacthen Test (SST). There was no
      significant difference between the groups in their hormonal response to the
      procedure, both groups showing a peroperative reduction in plasma cortisol
      concentration from an initially high value, and the SST was within accepted
      normal limits for both groups. It was concluded that patients susceptible to MH
      have normal adrenal cortical reserve and responded normally to the psychological
      and surgical stress encountered during this study.

PMID- 2917114
TI  - Glycopyrronium requirements for antagonism of the muscarinic side effects of
      edrophonium.
AB  - We have compared, in 60 adult patients, the cardiovascular effects of
      glycopyrronium 5 micrograms kg-1 and 10 micrograms kg-1 given either
      simultaneously or 1 min before edrophonium 1 mg kg-1. Significant differences
      between the four groups were detected (P less than 0.001). Both groups receiving
      10 micrograms kg-1 showed increases in heart rate of up to 30 beat min-1 (95%
      confidence limits 28-32 beat min-1). Use of glycopyrronium 5 micrograms kg-1
      provided greater cardiovascular stability and, given 1 min before the
      edrophonium, was sufficient to minimize early, edrophonium-induced bradycardias.
      This low dose of glycopyrronium provided good control of oropharyngeal
      secretions.

PMID- 2917115
TI  - Extradural bupivacaine and methadone for extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy.
AB  - Combined extradural bupivacaine and methadone analgesia was investigated in 144
      patients who underwent extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL). Patients
      were assigned randomly to one of three groups: group I--extradural 0.5%
      bupivacaine hydrochloride 0.75 mg kg-1; group II--extradural 0.1% methadone
      hydrochloride 4 mg after the bupivacaine; group III--as group II, plus a
      continuous extradural infusion of methadone 0.3 mg h-1 after operation. In all
      patients, only partial motor deficit occurred. During ESWL, patients who received
      extradural bupivacaine and methadone had significantly less pain compared with
      those who had bupivacaine alone (P less than 0.025). Extradural anaesthesia and
      immersion in the warm water bath were accompanied by only mild fluctuations in
      arterial pressure. After ESWL, significantly more patients with continuous
      methadone infusion were pain free (P less than 0.05) and they required less
      systemic analgesics. The anaesthesia during and after the ESWL procedure may be
      carried out safely and effectively by the administration of small doses of
      bupivacaine combined with methadone followed by infusion of the opioid.

PMID- 2917116
TI  - Does pretreatment with cimetidine and ranitidine affect the disposition of
      bupivacaine?
AB  - Thirty patients who chose extradural analgesia for elective Caesarean section
      were pretreated, by random selection, with cimetidine 400 mg, ranitidine 150 mg
      or no H2-blocker. Following the administration of 0.5% bupivacaine, no
      significant difference was found between peak plasma bupivacaine concentrations
      or area under the plasma bupivacaine concentration-time curve (AUC) in these
      three groups. This study shows that a single dose of cimetidine or ranitidine
      does not affect significantly the disposition of bupivacaine in the obstetric
      patient.

PMID- 2917117
TI  - Use of continuous prolonged administration of atracurium in the ITU to a patient
      with myasthenia gravis.
AB  - The case is described of a patient with myasthenia gravis who required prolonged
      controlled ventilation for respiratory failure. Muscular relaxation was obtained
      with a continuous infusion of atracurium 5 mg h-1 for 45 h. Following cessation
      of the infusion, paralysis disappeared rapidly.

PMID- 2917118
TI  - Severe Hb S-beta zero-thalassaemia with a T----C substitution in the donor splice
      site of the first intron of the beta-globin gene.
AB  - Through direct sequencing and dot-blot analyses with synthetic oligonucleotide
      probes of amplified DNA, a new nucleotide substitution was discovered in a Black
      teenager with severe Hb S-beta zero-thalassaemia. The substitution involved a T--
      -C replacement at the second position of the donor splice site of the first
      intervening sequence of the beta-globin gene. The clinical and haematological
      observations made in Black subjects with Hb S-beta zero-thalassaemia, with
      different types of thalassaemia, suggest severe disease resembling sickle cell
      anaemia. Only an occasional patient had a milder clinical course, perhaps because
      of a greatly increased production of fetal haemoglobin.

PMID- 2917119
TI  - Maternal alloimmunization to HLA, platelet and granulocyte-specific antigens
      during pregnancy: its influence on cord blood granulocyte and platelet counts.
AB  - In order to obtain an estimate of the frequency of platelet-specific and
      granulocyte-specific antibodies and of the effect of such antibodies on the
      platelet count and granulocyte count of the newborn infant, serum from 147 women
      in their second or subsequent pregnancies was tested. No platelet-specific
      antibodies were found but 29 of the women had granulocyte-specific antibodies and
      the corresponding infants had granulocyte counts which were significantly lower
      than those of infants without antibodies. HLA antibodies were found in the sera
      of 57 women but were not associated with diminished platelet or granulocyte
      counts in the corresponding infants. Maternal granulocyte antibodies may be an
      underestimated contributory factor in the pathogenesis of neonatal neutropenia.

PMID- 2917120
TI  - Characterization of deletions of chromosome 7 short arm occurring as primary
      karyotypic anomaly in acute myeloid leukaemia.
AB  - Three patients with an acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) showed a deletion of the
      short arm of chromosome 7 with loss of the deleted material. The 7p- anomaly
      originated from either a terminal or an interstitial deletion and it represented
      the only karyotypic aberration in all the three cases. According to the clinical,
      morphological and immunological features of this series of patients, a 7p-
      chromosome appears to be associated with a group of AML with myelodysplastic
      features in the bone marrow, including secondary disorders in patients treated
      for a previous malignancy.

PMID- 2917121
TI  - Spectrin autoantibodies in normal human serum and in polyclonal blood grouping
      sera.
AB  - Naturally occurring spectrin autoantibody was detected in normal human sera and
      in polyclonal blood grouping sera by the immunoblotting technique. The
      autoantibody seems to be IgG, stable, of high titre and low affinity. It was
      detected in all sera tested. Preparations of monoclonal antibodies directed
      against some blood group antigens and anti-A1 lectin reagent were devoid of
      spectrin autoantibody as expected. This autoantibody may be instrumental in
      clearing red cell membrane components from the circulation during haemolysis.
      Care must be exercised in studies designed to determine the association of some
      blood group antigens with the red cell membrane skeleton, when using polyclonal
      sera which contain spectrin autoantibodies in addition to the antibodies against
      the blood group antigen in question.

PMID- 2917122
TI  - Reduction of membrane band 7 and activation of volume stimulated (K+, Cl-)
      cotransport in a case of congenital stomatocytosis.
AB  - We report on a case of congenital stomatocytosis in a French boy presenting with
      a haemolytic anaemia requiring splenectomy at the age of 6. The red cells
      included 15-20% stomatocytes and displayed a marked increase of volume. Their
      osmotic resistance and density were reduced; however, their deformability was
      unaltered in isotonicity. Erythrocyte Na+ was high (27 mEq/l) and K+ low (65
      mEq/l). The newly described (K+, Cl-)-cotransporter normally triggered by hypo
      osmotic stress, was activated to maximal capacity. Membrane band 7 was reduced by
      72%. From anamnestic data, the condition appears to have been transmitted by the
      father. The mother proved to be strictly normal on clinical, morphological,
      osmotic and biochemical bases. We suggest that the partly missing band 7 may play
      an important role in the genesis of stomatocytosis.

PMID- 2917123
TI  - Haematological changes during acute mental stress.
AB  - To study haematological effects of emotional stress, blood samples were obtained
      from 29 healthy, normotensive, non-smoking males aged 20-34 years before, during
      and after 10 min of mental arithmetic. There were significant increases in
      peripheral blood cell count, haemoglobin concentration, and haematocrit in
      response to mental stress. Parallel to these changes significant increases in
      heart rate, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure were observed. The relative
      increments of leucocyte (8%) and platelet (3.5%) count were significantly higher
      than the increase in haemoglobin concentration (2%). There was a significant
      positive correlation between the blood pressure increase and the mobilization of
      leucocytes, whereas the increase in erythrocyte count, haemoglobin concentration,
      and haematocrit showed significant positive correlations with heart rate
      reactivity. It is concluded that mental stress causes an increase in leucocyte
      and platelet count that could not solely be accounted for by the concurrent
      haemoconcentration.

PMID- 2917124
TI  - Bone marrow morphology at diagnosis as a prognostic parameter in Philadelphia
      positive chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML)

PMID- 2917125
TI  - Scientific meeting of the British Society for Haematology. London, 1 December
      1988. Abstracts.

PMID- 2917126
TI  - Chemosensitivity testing of fresh leukaemia cells using the MTT colorimetric
      assay.
AB  - We have determined the feasibility of using the MTT colorimetric assay for
      measuring the sensitivity of fresh leukaemia cells to cytotoxic agents. A linear
      relationship was seen between the number of leukaemic cells plated and the
      resulting absorbance in the MTT assay at day 4. For 2 X 10(5) cells/well from CLL
      peripheral lymphocytes, the mean absorbance (measured at 540 nm) was 0.41.
      Similar curves were obtained with the assay carried out between days 3 and 7.
      ID50 values for CLL lymphocytes exposed to adriamycin (ADM) were in the range of
      0.02-0.29 micrograms/ml, a similar range to that given by the DiSC dye exclusion
      assay. Sensitization of leukaemia cells to ADM by verapamil or cyclosporin A
      could be demonstrated in some patients but not in others. The lymphocytes from
      one patient with prolymphocytic leukaemia were abnormally resistant to ionizing
      radiation. These cells also showed resistance to melphalan and adriamycin but not
      to vincristine. The MTT assay appears to offer an attractive option for in vitro
      chemosensitivity testing in leukaemia, determination of cross-resistance profiles
      and studies of resistance modifiers.

PMID- 2917127
TI  - A translocation involving a specific breakpoint (q35) on chromosome 5 is
      characteristic of anaplastic large cell lymphoma ('Ki-1 lymphoma').
AB  - Two cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma are reported in which a chromosomal
      translocation was observed involving the same site (q35) on the long arm of
      chromosome 5. The other breakpoint involved in the translocation was chromosome 2
      (p23) in one case and chromosome 3 (q12) in the other. Both cases were large cell
      lymphomas expressing CD30 antigen ('Ki-1 lymphoma'). One was clearly of T
      lymphoid origin, the other probably B cell derived. One other case of a Ki-1
      lymphoma with 2;5 translocation (involving the same breakpoint on chromosome 5)
      has been reported previously, and it is suggested that this cytogenetic
      abnormality may be specifically associated with Ki-1 lymphoma. The literature
      contains a further eight cases of lymphoid neoplasms with a translocation
      involving a breakpoint at q35 on chromosome 5. They have all been described as
      cases of 'malignant histiocytosis', but the present findings make it likely that
      these cases were in reality also examples of Ki-1 lymphoma. The breakpoint at the
      q35 region on chromosome 5 is close to the position of the fms proto-oncogene,
      suggesting that an abnormality affecting this gene might possibly play a causal
      role in 'Ki-1 lymphoma'. However, DNA restriction fragment analysis of the
      present cases showed no evidence that the breakpoint on chromosome 5 involves the
      fms gene or its immediate vicinity.

PMID- 2917128
TI  - Children in long-term remission after treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
      show persisting haemopoietic injury in clonal and long-term cultures.
AB  - Twenty children who were in unmaintained full haematological remission after
      treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) showed a significantly lower
      incidence of granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells (GM-CFC) in the bone marrow
      compared to controls. This low incidence lasted for up to at least 3 years after
      the cessation of chemotherapy. There was no tendency to higher values with longer
      times after treatment, and the low incidence was not predictive of relapse. Long
      term cultures from ALL bone marrows and from controls achieved similar levels of
      production of mature cells through the whole period of culture (6 weeks).
      However, cultures from patients' bone marrow had on average about 5 times lower
      numbers of GM-CFC, indicating that the level of mature cell production was
      achieved by a higher level of post-GM-CFC amplification than needed in the
      controls. This is taken to be due to compensatory mechanisms operative during
      stressed haemopoiesis which appears to be a long-lasting effect after current
      chemotherapy of ALL.

PMID- 2917129
TI  - PL2-49, a monoclonal antibody against glycoprotein IIb which is a platelet
      activator.
AB  - PL2-49 is a murine monoclonal IgG1 antibody obtained after immunization of Balb/c
      mice with EDTA washed platelets. Binding could be detected on Zwa(+) as well as
      Zwa(-) platelets, but not on type I Glanzmann's thrombasthenia platelets using an
      ELISA screening test. Immunoprecipitation studies showed that PL2-49 bound to
      glycoprotein IIb when the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa complex dissociation was
      performed after the monoclonal antibody binding. Experiments with a human
      alloantibody against Zwa antigen were run in parallel to control the complex
      dissociation. Ascitic fluid, as well as the purified antibody, induced activation
      and aggregation of washed platelets and ATP release. PL2-49-induced aggregation
      did not require exogenous fibrinogen and was inhibited, partially, in the
      presence of aspirin, apyrase, isosorbide dinitrate. Raising intra-platelet cyclic
      AMP with a stable PGI2 analogue, iloprost, and/or a phosphodiesterase inhibitor,
      RA 233, suppressed the responses to PL2-49. F(ab')2 fragments did not induce
      aggregation of normal platelets but inhibited the response to the whole
      immunoglobulin. Finally PL2-49 was shown to induce aequorin-detected elevations
      in intraplatelet Ca++ levels. Thus PL2-49 seems to differ from monoclonal
      antibodies so far described, since it binds to glycoprotein IIb in a complex
      dependent manner at least under our experimental conditions for
      immunoprecipitation studies, and it induces platelet Ca++ mobilization and
      platelet aggregation after a lag-time. These reactions depend both on Fab and Fc
      domains of the antibody and require neither complement nor exogenous fibrinogen.

PMID- 2917130
TI  - Plasma D-dimer levels and their relationship to serum fibrinogen/fibrin
      degradation products in hypercoagulable states.
AB  - Plasma D-dimer was measured and compared with serum fibrinogen/fibrin degradation
      product levels (FDPs) in patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation
      (DIC) and other conditions associated with a hypercoagulable state. D-dimer (N
      less than 200 ng/ml) was elevated in all 43 patients with DIC, in 48 of 59
      patients with liver disease, in 22 of 27 patients with acute leukaemia at
      presentation, in 17 of 23 patients with malignant disease, in 29 of 39 women in
      the third trimester of a complicated pregnancy, in 17 of 18 patients with deep
      venous thrombosis and in only four of 27 patients with acute myocardial
      infarction. There was a significant correlation between plasma D-dimer and serum
      FDP levels (P less than 0.01) as follows; DIC: r = 0.58, liver disease: r = 0.57,
      acute leukaemia: r = 0.84, malignancy: r = 0.87. The frequent elevation of D
      dimer observed in liver disease, acute leukaemia, malignancy and complicated
      pregnancy indicates that a hypercoagulable state is a common occurrence in these
      conditions although in liver disease elevated levels resulting from a failure of
      normal clearance mechanisms cannot be excluded. The close relationship between D
      dimer and FDP levels suggests that serum FDPs predominantly arise from the
      interaction of plasmin with crosslinked fibrin rather than with fibrinogen in the
      conditions in which these were compared.

PMID- 2917131
TI  - Amodiaquine-induced immune agranulocytosis.
AB  - This report describes two patients who developed agranulocytosis while receiving
      prophylactic amodiaquine treatment. The neutrophil counts returned to normal in
      one after stopping the drug while the other died of sepsis. Amodiaquine-dependent
      circulating neutrophil IgG antibodies were demonstrated in both patients using
      the indirect granulocyte immunofluorescence test. The antineutrophil antibody
      activity was enhanced with the use of the major amodiaquine metabolite, mono
      desethyl amodiaquine. Additional studies showed the activity of the sera to be
      nondialysable, heat stable, active against autologous as well as allogenic cells,
      and absent from the convalescent sera. There was no growth inhibition of
      allogenic myeloid committed progenitor cells (CFU-GM) following incubation with
      the patients' sera, complement and amodiaquine. These results indicate that
      agranulocytosis can be mediated by a drug-dependent antibody which affects mature
      blood cells.

PMID- 2917132
TI  - Mortality and causes of death in Dutch haemophiliacs, 1973-86.
AB  - Mortality figures were calculated for a group of 717 Dutch haemophiliacs over the
      period 1973-86. Follow-up was on average 10.9 years; no patients were lost to
      follow-up. The data were compared to the general male population by actuarial
      methods and patient-year analysis. Forty-three patients died, while 20 deaths
      were expected in a hypothetical group of non-haemophiliacs of the same age
      distribution. Hence, overall mortality was 2.1 times higher than in the general
      population. This leads to a calculated life expectancy of 66 years, as compared
      to 74 years in the general male population. Mortality did not differ much by
      severity of haemophilia. A possibly beneficial effect of prophylaxis on longevity
      was observed. Haemorrhage occurred in half of all deaths and among these
      traumatic bleeding was the most prevalent. The number of deaths due to ischaemic
      heart disease was significantly lower (80% reduction) than expected and therefore
      the authors conclude that haemophilia offers protection against ischaemic heart
      disease. Cancer mortality was significantly higher (2.5 times) than expected.

PMID- 2917133
TI  - Antithrombin Sheffield: amino acid substitution at the reactive site (Arg393 to
      His) causing thrombosis.
AB  - A Sheffield family with a predisposition towards thrombosis has been shown to
      have a functional abnormality of antithrombin. The abnormality was detected as
      reduced heparin cofactor activity, with normal antigenic levels of antithrombin.
      Crossed immunoelectrophoresis performed in the absence and presence of heparin
      was normal. The antithrombin was isolated by heparin Sepharose affinity
      chromatography. It had normal mobility on SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
      However, the second order rate constant of inhibition of thrombin was about half
      that of normal, and this was compatible with a heterozygous abnormality involving
      the reactive site. The antithrombin was further purified by chromatography on
      thrombin-Sepharose (to remove the normal component), reduced, S-carboxymethylated
      and fragmented with cyanogen bromide. A pool containing the reactive site region
      was digested with trypsin and the molecular size of peptides generated determined
      by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. The two peptides adjacent to the
      Arg393-Ser394 bond of mass 2290 and 700 were almost absent from the mass
      spectrum, but an additional peptide of mass 2952 was present. Subdigestion with
      V8 protease reduced the mass of this peptide to 1748. These peptides generated by
      trypsin and V8 protease were almost identical to those obtained when another
      variant, antithrombin Glasgow, was treated in the same way (Erdjument et al,
      1988). It is concluded that the molecular abnormality of antithrombin Sheffield
      is identical to that of antithrombin Glasgow, Arg393 to His.

PMID- 2917134
TI  - A prospective comparison of four techniques for measuring platelet-associated
      IgG.
AB  - We describe a prospective study comparing four different assays for PAIgG.
      Platelets from patients with a variety of thrombocytopenic disorders were
      collected into ACD, washed, and the PAIgG then measured using three assays for
      surface PAIgG. These included: (a) a direct binding assay using 125I-monoclonal
      anti-IgG (MoAb); (b) a direct binding assay using 125I-staphylococcal protein A
      (SPA); and (c) a two-stage assay. PAIgG also was measured using an assay for
      'total' PAIgG following platelet lysis. The mean +/- SD number of molecules of
      IgG per platelet on washed platelets from 29 healthy, non-thrombocytopenic
      controls was: 86 +/- 80 (125I-MoAb); 94 +/- 96 (125I-SPA); 3520 +/- 1890 (two
      stage surface assay); and 10,850 +/- 3720 (total PAIgG). A total of 62 different
      patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura or thrombocytopenia
      complicating systematic lupus erythematosus, and 73 different patients with 'non
      immune' thrombocytopenia, were tested using each of the four assays. These 'non
      immune' thrombocytopenic patients included patients with carcinoma, septicaemia,
      pre-eclampsia, chronic leukaemia, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, haemolytic
      uraemic syndrome, acute leukaemia and myelodysplasia. All four assays gave
      similar results for both the immune and non-immune thrombocytopenic patients. The
      sensitivity of the assays for the most severely thrombocytopenic patients with
      immune thrombocytopenia was: MoAb 60%; SPA 88%; two-stage 82%; and 'total' PAIgG
      88%. The specificity of the four assays in the non-immune thrombocytopenic
      patients was 57% 'total' PAIgG; 63% two-stage surface; 25% SPA; 38%
      MoAb.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2917135
TI  - Interaction of bile salt monomer and cholesterol in the aqueous phase.
AB  - The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the possible interaction of bile
      salt monomer and cholesterol in the intermicellar aqueous phase. Cholesterol and
      taurocholate monomer concentrations in the intermicellar aqueous phase were
      determined using 0-20 mM taurocholate solutions saturated with cholesterol.
      Maximal solubilities of cholesterol in aqueous solutions having various
      concentrations of taurocholate, especially below its intermicellar monomer
      concentration (critical micellar concentration), were determined and compared
      with the intermicellar cholesterol concentration. The intermicellar monomer
      concentration of taurocholate was constant (6 mM) and independent of taurocholate
      concentrations. The cholesterol concentration in the intermicellar aqueous phase
      gradually increased, depending upon taurocholate concentrations, and became
      constant (1,3 microM) above 10 mM taurocholate. The solubility of cholesterol
      increased linearly with the taurocholate concentration even below the critical
      micellar concentration, and was 0.3 microM at 6 mM taurocholate, which was
      approx. 20-times higher than the aqueous solubility of cholesterol, but a fifth
      of the maximal intermicellar cholesterol concentration. The results indicate that
      the higher cholesterol concentration in the intermicellar aqueous phase compared
      to its aqueous solubility can be primarily ascribed to the interaction of
      cholesterol with bile salt monomers possibly forming bile salt-cholesterol
      dimers, and partly to the sustaining forces induced by numerous micelles.

PMID- 2917136
TI  - Control of lipoprotein lipase secretion in mouse macrophages.
AB  - The regulation of secretion of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) was studied in in vitro
      derived mouse bone marrow macrophages (BMM), peritoneal exudate and resident
      macrophages and in the macrophage-like tumor cell line J774.1. BMM in cultures
      initiated with low concentrations of bone marrow cells (LC-BMC cultures) secrete
      more LPL per cell than BMM in cultures initiated with high concentrations of bone
      marrow cells (HC-BMC cultures). The suppressed state of LPL secretion in HC-BMC
      cultures could be alleviated by the addition of a colony-stimulating factor
      source (L-cell-conditioned medium; L-CM) onto the culture medium or exchanging
      the medium of HC-BMC cultures with medium from LC-BMC cultures for short periods
      (4 h). Addition of L-CM increased LPL secretion also in LC-BMC cultures. Addition
      of L-CM to fresh culture medium had little or no effect, suggesting that, in
      addition to requirement for L-CM, optimal expression depended also on factors
      released by the growing cells, probably providing optimal growth conditions. L-CM
      enhanced LPL secretion by thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal macrophages and had
      no effect on LPL secretion by resident peritoneal macrophages. Secretion of LPL
      from adherent J774.1 cells showed a biphasic effect. Secretion increased with
      cell density up to the point when growth inhibition was observed. In dense
      cultures in which cell proliferation was almost arrested, LPL secretion was
      remarkably suppressed (80-90%). Change of medium of dense cultures to fresh
      medium or medium conditioned by sparse cultures (for the last 4 h of culture) led
      to enhancement of LPL secretion to levels similar to those optimally expressed by
      sparse cultures. L-CM did not enhance LPL secretion from J774.1 cells. Dense
      cultures of both BMM and J774.1 cells did not contain a stable inhibitor of LPL
      secretion and medium from sparse cultures did not contain an inducer of LPL
      secretion. The data suggest that proliferating macrophages secrete large amounts
      of LPL, whereas in nonproliferating, quiescent cells, this activity is much
      reduced. L-CM enhances LPL secretion in quiescent BMM and peritoneal exudate
      cells to levels expressed by proliferating cells. Since this effect is already
      expressed after a 4 h incubation period, it is not dependent on cell cycling but
      could be one of the early responses to this macrophage mitogen. In J774.1 cells,
      a change of medium is a sufficient signal for enhancement of LPL secretion in
      quiescent cells.

PMID- 2917137
TI  - Inhibitors of sterol synthesis. 15-oxygenated steryl ester hydrolase activity of
      rat liver at neutral and acid pH.
AB  - 5 alpha-Cholest-8(14)-en-3 beta-ol-15-one (15 ketosterol) is a potent inhibitor
      of cholesterol biosynthesis with significant hypocholesterolemic activity. The
      results of a recent study (Schroepfer, G.J., Jr., Christophe, A., Chu, A.J.,
      Izumi, A., Kisic, A. and Sherrill, B.C. (1988) Chem. Phys. Lipids 48, 29-58) have
      indicated that, after intragastric administration of the 15-ketosterol in
      triolein to rats, most of the compound in intestinal lymph occurs in the form of
      the oleate ester, which is associated with chylomicrons. Moreover, after
      intravenous administration of chylomicrons containing the oleate ester of 15-[2,4
      3H]ketosterol, rapid and selective uptake of 3H by liver was observed, which was
      associated with the rapid and substantial appearance of labeled free 15
      ketosterol in liver. The present study concerns the capabilities of rat liver
      fractions to catalyze the hydrolysis of 15-ketosteryl oleate. Efficient
      hydrolysis was observed at acid pH with a digitonin-solubilized extract of rat
      liver, with a rate similar to that for the hydrolysis of cholesteryl oleate. The
      distribution of acid 15-ketosteryl oleate hydrolase of whole liver homogenate on
      a metrizamide isopycnic density gradient was similar to that of acid cholesteryl
      oleate hydrolase and acid phosphatase, suggesting that the lysosomal acid lipase
      is the enzyme responsible for the hydrolysis of the 15-ketosteryl oleate at acid
      pH. At neutral pH, 15-ketosteryl oleate and cholesteryl oleate was hydrolyzed at
      similar rates by the microsomal fraction of liver homogenate, whereas the 15
      ketosteryl oleate was hydrolyzed at a much lower rate than cholesteryl oleate by
      the cytosolic fraction. The distribution of neutral 15-ketosteryl oleate
      hydrolase activity of whole liver homogenate on a metrizamide isopycnic density
      gradient was most correlated to a microsomal esterase, whereas cholesteryl oleate
      hydrolase activity was most correlated to a cytosolic enzyme. Both 15-ketosteryl
      oleate and cholesteryl oleate hydrolase activities were correlated to a
      mitochondrial marker enzyme.

PMID- 2917138
TI  - Variations of hepatic cholesterol precursors during altered flows of endogenous
      and exogenous squalene in the rat.
AB  - Hepatic and serum levels of cholesterol precursors were analyzed in rats under
      basal (control) conditions and when cholesterol synthesis was activated by
      feeding 1% squalene or 5% cholestyramine. Exogenous squalene stimulated the
      activity of acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) but strongly
      inhibited the activity of hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase;
      cholestyramine did not affect ACAT but increased HMG-CoA reductase several-fold,
      indicating enhanced production of endogenous squalene. Activation of cholesterol
      synthesis by the two methods markedly increased the hepatic and serum contents of
      cholesterol precursor sterols. However, the sterol profiles were clearly
      different. Thus, exogenous squalene raised most significantly (up to 109-fold)
      free and esterified methyl sterols, and less so (up to 2-fold) demethylated C27
      sterols (desmosterol and cholestenols) and also esterified cholesterol.
      Activation of endogenous squalene production by cholestyramine was associated
      with a depletion of esterified cholesterol and by a marked, up to 8-fold,
      increase of the free demethylated sterol precursor levels, whereas the increase
      of methyl sterols, up to 5-fold, was less conspicuous than during the squalene
      feeding. The changes were mostly insignificant for esterified sterols. The
      altered serum sterol profiles were quite similar to those in liver. Serum
      cholestenols and especially their portion of total serum precursor sterols were
      closely correlated with the hepatic activity of HMG-CoA reductase.

PMID- 2917139
TI  - Structural and compositional difference in the neutral glycolipids between
      epithelial and non-epithelial tissue of the mouse small intestine.
AB  - Five major neutral glycolipids, GL-1-GL-5, were isolated from the mouse small
      intestine. Their structures and distribution were determined by permethylation
      analysis, sequential degradation with exoglycosidases and/or
      immunohistochemistry. The molar ratio of GL-1, GL-2, GL-3, GL-4 and Gl-5 in the
      whole small intestine was 1:0.04:0.03:0.42:0.02. The structures of GL-1 and GL-4
      present in epithelial cells were reported previously to be glucosyl ceramide and
      asialo GM1, respectively (Umesaki, Y., Suzuki, A., Kasama, T., Tohyama, K.,
      Mutai, M. and Yamakawa, T. (1981) J. Biochem. 90, 1731-1738). GL-5, also present
      in the epithelial cells, was fucosyl asialo GM1, and fucose was shown to be
      linked to terminal galactose of asialo GM1 in the manner of alpha(1-2) bond. GL-2
      and GL-3, present in the residual tissue after scraping the mucosa, were
      determined to be globoside and Forssman glycolipid, respectively. Both globoside
      and Forssman glycolipid of the non-epithelial tissue had non-hydroxy fatty acid
      (C16-C24) in combination with sphingosine (C18) as the ceramide components, in
      contrast with the ceramide structures of the epithelial glycolipids, which
      contained alpha-hydroxy fatty acids in combination with phytosphingosine.
      Immunohistochemical staining using anti-glycolipid antibodies confirmed the
      distribution of asialo GM1 and fucosyl asialo GM1, and Forssman glycolipid in the
      epithelial and non-epithelial tissue, respectively.

PMID- 2917140
TI  - Factors regulating the expression of the neutral glycolipids in the mouse small
      intestinal mucosa.
AB  - GDP-fucose:asialo GM1 alpha(1-2)fucosyltransferase (FT) is induced in the small
      intestinal mucosa after microbial contamination of germ-free mice (Umesaki, Y.,
      Sakata, T. and Yajima, T. (1982) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 105, 439-443). As
      a result, asialo GM1 glycolipid, a major component of the epithelial cell
      membrane, drastically converted into fucosyl asialo GM1. There were many other
      examples in which FT was induced. One was the weaning period for conventional
      mice. Others included injuries of the small intestine by punctures or
      administration of cytosine arabinoside, and the injection of protein synthesis
      inhibitors, such as cycloheximide or emetine, or the soluble fraction of the
      small intestinal homogenate (SISF). The induction of FT was more rapid after
      injection of cycloheximide or SISF than after injury, mechanical puncturing or
      after administration of cytosine arabinoside. The changes in the neutral
      glycolipids of the small intestine by injection of cycloheximide or SISF were
      analyzed in detail. FT activity started to increase after approx. 5 h and reached
      the maximum 10-12 h after injection of cycloheximide or SISF, and rapidly
      declined thereafter. The conversion of asialo GM1 into fucosyl asialo GM1 started
      after about 10 h and reached the maximal value 24 h after the treatment. Fucosyl
      asialo GM1 persisted for a few days, although the FT activity fell to near the
      basal level. On the other hand, the amount of glucosyl ceramide was constant
      after these treatments. There was little difference in the time-courses of both
      the FT activity and the glycolipid conversion between these treatments. In the
      case of co-injection of cycloheximide and SISF, the effect of both materials on
      FT activity induction was synergistic. The distribution of FT activity and
      immunohistochemical staining using anti-fucosyl asialo GM1 antibody along the
      crypt-villus axis showed a stronger expression of fucosyl asialo GM1 in villus
      portion, the post-mitotic cell zone, than in the crypt portion. Asialo GM1 was
      converted into fucosyl asialo GM1 after the induction of FT by the various
      treatments mentioned above. Especially the effects of cycloheximide and/or SISF
      on FT induction suggest at least the presence of a regulatory protein(s) which
      controls the glycolipid expression in the small intestine.

PMID- 2917141
TI  - Bile acid synthesis and secretion by rabbit hepatocytes in primary monolayer
      culture: comparison with rat hepatocytes.
AB  - Rabbit hepatocytes isolated after liver perfusion with collagenase were
      maintained in primary monolayer culture for periods up to 96 h. Bile acid
      synthesis and secretion was measured by capillary gas-liquid chromatography and
      by a rapid enzymatic-bioluminescence assay. As expected from the bile acid
      profile of rabbit gallbladder bile, cholic acid was the only bile acid
      synthesized in detectable amounts and was produced at a linear rate of 170 pmol/h
      per mg cell protein from 24 to 96 h in culture. Ketoconazole (20 microM)
      inhibited cholic acid synthesis and secretion by 78%, whereas the bile acids
      chenodeoxycholic acid (100 microM), deoxycholic acid (100 microM) or lithocholic
      acid (2 microM) had no effect. When rat hepatocytes were cultured under identical
      conditions, the rate of bile acid synthesis was found to be only 12 pmol/h per mg
      cell protein, a value in agreement with previous work. The large difference in
      rates of bile acid synthesis between rabbit and rat hepatocytes may be due to
      rapid loss of cytochrome P-450 from rat hepatocytes when placed in monolayer
      culture. Although reportedly active in cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylation, form 4
      cytochrome P-450 levels in rabbit hepatocytes did not correlate with rates of
      bile acid synthesis.

PMID- 2917142
TI  - Molecular species of cerebrosides in fruiting bodies of Lentinus edodes and their
      biological activity.
AB  - Cerebroside fraction was obtained from fresh fruiting bodies of Lentinus edodes
      and separated into ten molecular species by reverse-phase high-performance liquid
      chromatography. The species were identified by GLC, GC-MS and NMR. Their
      component glycosides and sphingoids were uniformly glucose and (4E,8E)-9-methyl
      4,8-sphingadienine, respectively. The component fatty acids were 2-hydroxy acids
      with the carbon chain length of 16, 15, 14, 18, 24, 17, 25, 26, 22 and 23 (from
      major to minor). The cerebrosides with the C14-18 fatty acids showed strong
      fruiting-inducing activity in Schizophyllum commune. Those with the C22 and C23
      ones had one-eighth and one-sixteenth of the activity, respectively, and those
      with C24-26 had no detectable activity. 22 and 23 must be the carbon chain
      lengths of the component fatty acid of the sphingolipids critical for expression
      of biological activity.

PMID- 2917143
TI  - Role of the 8-double bond of lanosterol in the enzyme-substrate interaction of
      cytochrome P-450(14DM) (lanosterol 14 alpha-demethylase).
AB  - The role of the 8-double bond of lanosterol in the enzyme-substrate interaction
      of yeast cytochrome P-450(14DM) (lanosterol 14 alpha-demethylase) was studied by
      analyzing metabolism of 8-lanostene-3 beta,32-diol, 7-lanostene-3 beta,32-diol, 6
      lanostene-3 beta,32-diol and lanostane-3 beta,32-diol by the cytochrome. 8
      Lanostene-3 beta,32-diol was actively metabolized by cytochrome P-450(14DM) and
      converted to the 32-nor-14-unsaturated metabolite. 7-Lanostene-3 beta,32-diol was
      also metabolized by the cytochrome, but the rate of metabolism was low. However,
      the cytochrome failed to catalyze the conversion of 6-lanostene-3 beta,32-diol
      and lanostane-3 beta,32-diol to their 32-nor metabolites. Spectral analysis of
      the sterol-cytochrome complexes and kinetics of cytochrome P-450(14DM) reduction
      in the presence of the sterols indicated that 6-lanostene-3 beta,32-diol and
      lanostane-3 beta,32-diol could not interact with the substrate site of the
      cytochrome. These results revealed that the 8-double bond of lanosterol plays an
      important role in the enzyme-substrate interaction of cytochrome P-450(14DM).

PMID- 2917145
TI  - Bile acid synthesis and intracellular and extracellular cholesterol
      concentrations in isolated rat hepatocytes: the effect of dietary cholesterol.
AB  - Bile acid synthesis in isolated hepatocytes prepared from rats given 1%
      cholesterol in the diet and incubated for 1 h in suspension was not increased
      compared to that in cells from control rats. When the hepatocytes were maintained
      in monolayer culture for 24 h, however, increased production of bile acid (X2.5)
      was observed in the cholesterol-fed group. The amount of bile acid synthesised
      during incubation in suspension was significantly correlated with intracellular
      unesterified cholesterol levels, but showed no correlation with intracellular
      esterified or medium cholesterol concentrations after 1 h. Bile acid production
      in hepatocytes maintained in monolayer culture was also significantly correlated
      with the intracellular unesterified, but not esterified, cholesterol content. In
      addition, in this case, there was a significant correlation with the levels of
      both unesterified and esterified cholesterol found in the medium after 24 h.
      These results suggest that the amount of cholesterol available to liver cells
      from extracellular sources has a role in the regulation of bile acid synthesis in
      cholesterol-fed rats, while the concentrations of esterified cholesterol stored
      within the cells are not important in this process.

PMID- 2917144
TI  - Immunochemical quantitation of fatty-acid-binding proteins. I. Tissue and
      intracellular distribution, postnatal development and influence of physiological
      conditions on rat heart and liver FABP.
AB  - Antisera against rat heart and liver fatty acid-binding protein (FABP) were
      applied in Western blotting analysis and ELISA to assess their tissue and
      intracellular distribution, and the influence of development, physiological
      conditions and several agents on the FABP content of tissue cytosols. The data
      obtained are compared with the oleic acid-binding capacity. Heart FABP is found
      in high concentrations in heart, skeletal muscles, diaphragm and lung, and in
      lower concentrations in kidney, brain and spleen, whereas liver FABP is limited
      to liver and intestine. In heart and liver, FABP is only present in the cytosol.
      The FABP content of both heart and liver shows a progressive increase during the
      first weeks of postnatal development, in contrast to their constant oleic acid
      binding capacity. The reciprocally declining alpha-fetoprotein content of both
      tissues may partially account for the complementary fraction of the fatty acid
      binding capacity. The FABP content and the fatty acid-binding capacity of adult
      heart and liver were in good accordance under various physiological conditions.
      Addition of clofibrate to the diet induces an increase of liver FABP content,
      whereas feeding of cholesterol, cholestyramine, mevinolin or cholate caused a
      marked decrease. The significance of the combined determination of fatty acid
      binding capacity and FABP content (by immunochemical quantitation and blotting
      analysis) is indicated.

PMID- 2917146
TI  - Treatment of CHO-K1 cells with 25-hydroxycholesterol produces a more rapid loss
      of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase activity than can be accounted
      for by enzyme turnover.
AB  - A key enzyme in the regulation of mammalian cellular cholesterol biosynthesis is
      3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA reductase). It is well
      established that treatment with the compound 25-hydroxycholesterol lowers HMG-CoA
      reductase activity in cultured Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells. After brief
      incubation (0-4 h) with 25-hydroxycholesterol (0.5 microgram/ml), cellular HMG
      CoA reductase activity is decreased to 40% of its original level. This also
      occurs in the presence of exogenous mevinolin, a competitive inhibitor of HMG-CoA
      reductase which has previously been shown to inhibit its degradation. The
      inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase activity by 25-hydroxycholesterol is complete
      after 2 h. Radio-immune precipitation analysis of the native enzyme under these
      conditions shows a degradation half-life which is considerably longer than that
      of the observed inhibition. Studies with sodium fluoride, phosphatase 2A,
      bacterial alkaline phosphatase and calf alkaline phosphatase indicate that the
      observed loss of activity is not due to phosphorylation. These data are not
      consistent with described mechanisms of HMG-CoA reductase activity regulation by
      phosphorylation or degradation but are consistent with a novel mechanism that
      regulates the catalytic efficiency of this enzyme.

PMID- 2917147
TI  - Phosphatidylcholine and triacylglycerol hydrolysis in HDL as induced by hepatic
      lipase: modulation of the phospholipase activity by changes in the particle
      surface or in the lipid core.
AB  - (1) Human HDL2 (d 1.063-1.125) and HDL3 (d 1.125-1.210), labelled with 2
      [14C]oleoylphosphatidylcholine (PC), and with/without tri[3H]oleoylglycerol, were
      incubated with a partially purified human hepatic triacylglycerol lipase, at pH
      8.5. PC hydrolysis was linear up to 90-120 min incubation and within a range of
      lipase activities, from 50 to 500 mIU/ml. At low degrees of lipolysis, the
      hydrolysis of triacylglycerol was linearly related to that of PC, but the
      relative degradation rate was 10-fold higher for the former, which was thus very
      rapidly consumed. HDL subfractions were then differentiated in terms of PC
      hydrolysis. Km values were 0.32 and 0.43 mM for HDL2 PC and HDL3 PC,
      respectively. The corresponding Vmax values expressed for 200 mIU/ml hepatic
      lipase activity were 41.0 nmol PC hydrolysed/ml per h (HDL2) and 28.6 nmol PC/ml
      per h (HDL3). (2) HDL3 were modified in the presence of VLDL by inducing
      triacylglycerol lipolysis in VLDL with a semi-purified human plasma or bovine
      milk lipoprotein lipase (LPL). Lipolysis-modified HDL3 (LIP-HDL3) were mostly
      enriched in free cholesterol (+80%, P less than 0.05) and to a lesser extent in
      triacylglycerol (+33%). As a consequence, 45% of the LIP-HDL3 was reisolated in
      the HDL2-density interval, and is referred to as light LIP-HDL3. LIP-HDL3
      displayed a 65% increase in its reactivity towards hepatic lipase compared to
      control HDL3. The light LIP-HDL3 showed the lowest Km (0.19 mM PC) and the
      highest Vmax (69 nmol/ml per h) of all HDL tested. Coincubation of HDL3 with VLDL
      and albumin did not alter the further reactivity of HDL3 towards hepatic lipase.
      Cholesterol loading of HDL3 by celite-cholesterol dispersions also led to an
      enhanced reactivity, though less important than with the lipolysis modification.
      (3) HDL3 were also modified by coincubation with VLDL and the lecithin
      cholesterol acyltransferase-inhibited plasma fraction of d greater than 1.21
      g/ml, thus allowing the cholesteryl ester transfer reaction to occur. The
      modified HDL3 (CET-HDL3) were depleted in esterified cholesterol (-25%, P less
      than 0.05) and enriched in triacylglycerol (+70%, P less than 0.05). However,
      these particles behaved like control HDL3 in their reactivity towards hepatic
      triacylglycerol lipase. Thus, the hydrolysis of HDL PC mediated by hepatic
      triacylglycerol lipase appears to be influenced by changes occurring in the
      particle's surface rather than in the lipid core.

PMID- 2917148
TI  - Secretion of liver lipase activity by periportal and perivenous hepatocytes.
AB  - Periportal and perivenous hepatocytes were separated by isopycnic centrifugation
      through Percoll, or selectively isolated by combined digitonin/collagenase
      perfusion. With either method, secretion of liver lipase activity was 2-2.5-fold
      higher in periportal than perivenous cells. This acinar heterogeneity parallels
      that of cholesterol de novo synthesis and bile formation reported previously.

PMID- 2917149
TI  - The subcellular distribution of the nonspecific lipid transfer protein (sterol
      carrier protein 2) in rat liver and adrenal gland.
AB  - The distribution of the nonspecific lipid transfer protein (i.e., sterol carrier
      protein 2) over the various subcellular fractions from rat liver and adrenal
      gland was determined by enzyme immunoassay and immunoblotting. This distribution
      is very different in each of these two tissues. In liver, 66% of the transfer
      protein is present in the membrane-free cytosol as compared to 19% in the adrenal
      gland. In the latter tissue, the transfer protein is mainly found in the
      lysosomal/peroxisomal and the microsomal fraction at a level of 1093 and 582 ng
      per mg total protein, respectively (i.e., 17% and 35% of the total), and to a
      lesser extent in the mitochondrial fraction (11% of the total). Of all the
      membrane fractions isolated, the microsomal fraction from the liver and the
      mitochondrial fraction from the adrenal gland have the lowest levels of the
      transfer protein (i.e., 168 ng and 126 ng per mg total protein, respectively).
      These low levels correlate poorly with the active role proposed for this transfer
      protein in the conversion of cholesterol into bile acids and steroid hormones in
      these fractions. Using immunoblotting, it was demonstrated that in addition to
      the transfer protein (14 kDa) a cross-reactive 58 kD protein was present in the
      supernatant and the membrane fractions of both tissues. Cytochemical
      visualization in adrenal tissue with specific antibodies against the nonspecific
      lipid transfer protein showed that immunoreactive protein(s) were present mainly
      in the peroxisome-like structures.

PMID- 2917150
TI  - Effects of tetrahydrolipstatin, a lipase inhibitor, on absorption of fat from the
      intestine of the rat.
AB  - Tetrahydrolipstatin (THL) derived by hydrogenation from lipstatin, a lipase
      inhibitor produced by Streptomyces toxytricini, has been shown to inhibit in
      vitro the activity of all three lipases secreted to the gastro-intestinal tract;
      gastric lipase, pancreatic lipase and carboxylester lipase (cholesterol ester
      hydrolase). The effects of THL on intestinal absorption of fat (transport to the
      thoracic duct chyle) has now been investigated after intraduodenal infusion in a
      rat model. Absorption of label from oleic acid when administered with monoolein
      in micellar bile salt solution was not affected by THL in concentrations up to
      10(-4) M calculated on the volume of the aqueous phase. Absorption of free
      cholesterol in micellar bile salt solution of the lipolytic products of triolein;
      oleic acid and monoolein, is not significantly affected at a concentration of THL
      of 10(-4) M. Absorption of cholesterol from cholesteryl oleate under the same
      conditions is almost completely inhibited. The results indicate that absorption
      of free cholesterol is not dependent on the activity of pancreatic cholesterol
      ester hydrolase. The absorption of emulsified triolein was not significantly
      affected by 10(-5) M THL but decreased to around 30% of the controls by a
      concentration 10-times higher. There was no significant decrease of cholesterol
      absorption when administered in emulsified triolein while absorption of
      cholesteryl oleate was reduced at both concentrations of THL and almost
      completely at 10(-4) M. Radioactivity from [2-14C]THL when administered
      emulsified in triolein was recovered in urine, bile and thoracic duct lymph to 10
      14, 8-13 and 1-3%, respectively, largely independent on dose administered. Label
      from [1"-14C] THL was recovered in the same amounts in lymph but much less in
      bile and urine indicating that the amino acid moiety has been split off early in
      the absorption process.

PMID- 2917151
TI  - Co-ordinate control of CDP-choline and phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferase
      pathways for phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis occurs in response to change in
      diet fat.
AB  - Brain microsomal and synaptic plasma membrane phosphatidylcholine composition and
      biosynthetic activity were examined in relation to the composition of diet fat
      fed. Phosphocholinetransferase and methyltransferase activities are shown to be
      modulated by the diet, and by changes in the membrane phospholipid content of
      long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. This physiological modulation is co
      ordinated such that the rate of phosphatidylcholine synthesis via one route is
      inversely regulated with activity of the alternate pathway.

PMID- 2917152
TI  - Identification of the molecular species of lysophosphatidic acid produced when
      platelets are stimulated by thrombin.
AB  - Platelets, when stirred with 3 U thrombin/10(9) platelets, produced significant
      quantities of palmitoyllysophosphatidic acid (2.17 ng/10(9) platelets),
      stearoyllysophosphatidic acid (2.11 ng/10(9) platelets), and
      arachidonoyllysophosphatidic acid (1.06 ng/10(9) platelets). When platelets were
      pretreated with 100 microM of the phospholipase A2 inhibitor U10029A, there was a
      significant decrease in thrombin-stimulated production of
      stearoyllysophosphatidic acid (to 0.16 ng/10(9) platelets), while
      arachidonoyllysophosphatidic acid production was unchanged. U10029A concomitantly
      increased thrombin-stimulated production of stearoyl-containing phosphatidic acid
      species (primarily stearoylarachidonoylphosphatidic acid) from 5.99 to 9.71
      ng/10(9) platelets. The results are consistent with the concept that
      stearoyllysophosphatidic acid production in platelets occurs via phospholipase A2
      degradation of phosphatidic acid.

PMID- 2917153
TI  - Fatty acids generated by gastric lipase promote human milk triacylglycerol
      digestion by pancreatic colipase-dependent lipase.
AB  - The concerted action of purified bovine gastric lipase and human pancreatic
      colipase-dependent lipase and colipase, or crude human pancreatic juice, in the
      digestion of human milk triacylglycerols was explored in vitro. Gastric lipase
      hydrolyzed milk triacylglycerol with an initially high rate but became severely
      inhibited already at low concentration of released fatty acid. In contrast,
      colipase-dependent lipase could not, by itself, hydrolyze milk triacylglycerol.
      However, a short preincubation of milk with gastric lipase, resulting in a
      limited lipolysis, made the milk fat triacylglycerol available for an immediate
      and rapid hydrolysis by pancreatic juice, and also for purified colipase
      dependent lipase, provided colipase and bile salts were present. The same effect
      was obtained when incubation with gastric lipase was replaced by addition of long
      chain fatty acid. Long-chain fatty acid increased the binding of colipase
      dependent lipase to the milk fat globule. Binding was efficient only in the
      presence of both fatty acid and colipase. We conclude that a limited gastric
      lipolysis of human milk triacylglycerol, resulting in a release of a low
      concentration of long-chain fatty acids, is of major importance for the
      subsequent hydrolysis by colipase-dependent lipase in the duodenum.

PMID- 2917154
TI  - Aspects of secondary and quaternary structure of surfactant protein A from canine
      lung.
AB  - The results of a large number of studies indicate that pulmonary surfactant
      contains a unique protein whose principal isoform has a molecular weight of about
      30,000, and whose presence in surfactant is associated with important metabolic
      and physicochemical properties. This protein, SP-A, as isolated from canine
      surfactant, contains a domain of 24 repeating triplets of Gly-X-Y, similar to
      that found in collagens. These studies were undertaken to determine whether SP-A
      forms a collagen-like triple helix when in solution, and to describe certain
      aspects of its size and shape. Our experiments were done on SP-A extracted by two
      different methods from canine surfactant, and on SP-A produced by molecular
      cloning. The results from all three preparations were similar. The circular
      dichroism of the complete protein was characterized by a relatively large
      negative ellipticity at 205 nm, with a negative shoulder ranging from 215 to 230
      nm. There was no positive ellipticity, and the spectrum was not characteristic of
      collagen. Trypsin hydrolysis resulted in a fragment with peak negative
      ellipticity at about 200 nm, without the negative shoulder. Further hydrolysis of
      this fragment with pepsin resulted in a CD spectrum similar to that of collagen.
      The spectrum of the collagen-like fragment was reversibly sensitive to heating to
      50 degrees C, and was irreversibly lost after treatment with bacterial
      collagenase. SP-A migrated on molecular sieving gels with an equivalent Stokes
      radius of 110 to 120 A, and had a sedimentation coefficient of 14 S. Using these
      data we calculate a molecular weight of about 700,000. The hydrodynamic
      characteristics can be approximated as a prolate ellipsoid of revolution having
      an axial ratio of about 20. We conclude that SP-A aggregates into a complex of 18
      monomers, which may form six triple-helices. The shape of the complex is
      considerably more globular than collagen and is not consistent with end-to-end
      binding of the helices to form fibrous structures.

PMID- 2917155
TI  - Evidence for critical-period programming of intestinal transport function:
      variations in the dietary ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids
      alters ontogeny of the rat intestine.
AB  - 2-week isocaloric modifications in the dietary ratio of polyunsaturated/saturated
      fatty acids (P/S) alters intestinal transport in rats. This study was undertaken
      to test the hypotheses that (1) the fatty acid composition of a nutritionally
      adequate diet in early life has lasting consequences for active and passive
      intestinal transport processes; and (2) early life feeding experiences with diets
      of varying fatty acid composition influence the intestines' ability to adaptively
      up- or down-regulate intestinal transport in later life. Female Sprague-Dawley
      rats were weaned onto S or P and were maintained on these diets for 2, 10 or 12
      weeks. An in vitro uptake technique was used in which the bulk phase was
      vigorously stirred to reduce the effective resistance of the intestinal unstirred
      water layer. P decreased and S increased the uptake of glucose, and this effect
      was progressive from 2 to 12 weeks. Switching from a P to an S diet decreased
      jejunal but increased ileal uptake of glucose, whereas switching from an S to a P
      diet was associated with a decline in both the jejunal and the ileal uptake of
      glucose. The ileal uptake of galactose increased as the animals grew on either P
      or S. Switching from P to S resulted in a decline in ileal uptake of galactose,
      whereas the opposite effect was observed when switching from S to P. The effect
      of feeding P or S on hexose uptake was influenced by the animals' dietary
      history: ileal glucose and galactose uptake was lower in animals fed P at an
      early age (PSP) than in animals fed P for the first time in later life (SSP).
      Jejunal glucose and galactose uptake was also lower in animals fed S at an early
      age (SPS) than in those fed S for the first time in later life (PPS). The
      alterations in the uptake of long-chain saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and
      cholesterol did not progress with longer periods of feeding, and in the jejunum,
      lipid uptake did not change when switching from P to S or S to P. Early feeding
      with P (PSP vs. SSP) was associated with lower jejunal uptake of 18:3 and lower
      ileal uptake of 12:0, whereas previous feeding with S (SPS vs. PPS) was
      associated with lower ileal uptake of cholesterol. The changes in uptake of
      hexoses and lipids was not explained by differences in the animals' food
      consumption, body or intestinal weight or mucosal surface area.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2917156
TI  - Mechanism of the hypertriglyceridemia induced by tumor necrosis factor
      administration to rats.
AB  - 4 h after intravenous injection of recombinant HuTNF-alpha to fed rats, an
      increase in heart, diaphragm, and plasma lipoprotein lipase activity was
      observed. At the same time, a 40-60% decrease in enzymic activity in epididymal
      fat pad and kidney and 40% decrease in hepatic lipase activity in liver had
      occurred. Similar results were obtained 20 h after injection of recombinant HuTNF
      alpha into fasted rats. Pretreatment with Indomethacin did not affect the changes
      in tissue lipoprotein lipase activity observed following recombinant HuTNF-alpha
      administration. Serum triacylglycerol concentration increased by 2- and 6-fold; 4
      and 20 h after recombinant HuTNF-alpha administration. Disappearance of 14C
      labeled triacylglycerol from the circulation after injection of small
      chylomicrons, biosynthetically labeled in their triacylglycerol and cholesterol
      moieties, was lower in TNF-treated than in control rats. However, the clearance
      rate of triacylglycerol was the same or even higher in recombinant HuTNF-alpha
      treated rats (assuming that 14C-labeled chylomicron triacylglycerol represents
      the serum triacylglycerol pool). The livers of recombinant HuTNF-alpha-treated
      rats and controls contained similar amounts of 14C-labeled lipids, but less
      [3H]cholesterol, suggesting that in recombinant HuTNF-alpha-treated rats, the
      liver took up chylomicron remnant particles enriched with triacylglycerol.
      Separation of the d less than 1.04 g/ml fraction of serum obtained from control
      and recombinant HuTNF-alpha treated rats by zonal ultracentrifugation revealed
      that in recombinant HuTNF-alpha-treated rats the lipoprotein particles were less
      lipolyzed than in controls. The secretion rate of [3H]triacylglycerol into the
      serum was determined 90 min after injection of [3H]palmitate albumin complex and
      Triton WR 1339. In recombinant HuTNF-alpha-treated rats, the secretion of
      [3H]triacylglycerol into plasma was 48% higher than in controls. It is suggested
      that the increase in lipoprotein lipase activity of heart and diaphragm resulted
      from an indirect effect of TNF. It is concluded that the increase in serum
      triacylglycerol in the recombinant HuTNF-alpha-treated rats is due mainly to an
      increased secretion of triacylglycerol by the liver. Impaired lipolysis, probably
      due to a fall in hepatic lipase could also contribute to the rise in plasma
      triacylglycerol.

PMID- 2917157
TI  - Reversal of quinone-induced chlorophyll fluorescence quenching.
AB  - We have used two methods to investigate the reversibility of the interaction of
      substituted quinones with the thylakoid membrane of plant chloroplasts. Treatment
      of chloroplasts with added quinones lowers the room-temperature Photosystem II
      chlorophyll fluorescence intensity by variable amounts depending on the identity
      and concentration of the quinone. The extent of restoration of the chlorophyll
      fluorescence level is used as a measure of the effectiveness of the reversal
      technique. One reversal method involves the addition of thiols to quinone-treated
      chloroplasts to alter the quinone in a chemical way via a nucleophilic 1,4
      Michael addition. In general, the modified quinones exhibit a lower affinity for
      the thylakoid membrane, as evidenced by an accompanying increase in chlorophyll
      fluorescence. The thiol concentrations necessary for quenching reversal are found
      to be in the order [dithiothreitol] less than [2-mercaptoethanol] less than
      [glutathione]. The second reversal method examines the extent to which added
      quinones can be removed from thylakoid membranes using a concentration gradient
      established by resuspension of quinone-treated chloroplasts in quinone-free
      media. The results further support the reversible nature of the quinone
      inhibition and indicate that the extent of recovery is dependent upon the degree
      of fluorescence inhibition originally induced by the added quinone.

PMID- 2917158
TI  - Phosphate transport protein of rat heart mitochondria: location of its SH-groups
      and exploration of their environment.
AB  - (1) The properties of the SH groups of the phosphate transport protein of rat
      heart mitochondria were investigated on the basis of inhibition caused by SH
      reagents under different conditions. (2) The essential thiol groups are located
      near the external surface, as they are accessible to impermeable reagents from
      the external space. (3) The environment of the sulfhydryl groups influences their
      reactivity, as alteration of the external pH affects adversely their reactions
      with ionizable and non-ionizable SH reagents. (4) Intramitochondrial pH exerts a
      transmembrane effect: alkalinization augments and acidification diminishes the
      reaction rate of the sulfhydryl groups on the opposite surface of the membrane.
      (5) Changes of the concentration of the transported substrate occurring
      exclusively in the extramitochondrial space do not influence the reactivity of
      the essential SH groups. (6) It is concluded that in transport studies the
      phosphate transport protein of heart and liver mitochondria show basic
      similarity. It is suggested that the amino-acid sequence around the NEM-reactive
      cysteine (i.e., Lys-41 - Cys-42 - Arg-43) does not participate in substrate
      binding.

PMID- 2917159
TI  - Effect of lipid-protein interaction on the color of bacteriorhodopsin.
AB  - Detergent solubilization and subsequent delipidation of bacteriorhodopsin (bR)
      results in the formation of a new species absorbing maximally at 480 nm (bR480).
      Upon lowering the pH, its absorption shifts to 540 nm (bR540). The pK of this
      equilibrium is 2.6, with the higher pH favoring bR480 (Baribeau, J. and Boucher,
      F. (1987) Biochim. Biophysica Acta, 890, 275-278). Resonance Raman spectroscopy
      shows that bR480, like the native bR, contains a protonated Schiff base (PSB)
      linkage between the chromophore and the protein. However, the Schiff base
      vibrational frequency in bR480, and its shift upon deuteration, are quite
      different from these in the native bR, suggesting changes in the Schiff base
      environment upon delipidation. Infrared absorption and circular-dichroism (CD)
      spectral studies do not show any net change in the protein secondary structure
      upon formation of bR480. It is shown that deprotonation of the Schiff base is not
      the only mechanism of producing hypsochromic shift in the absorption maximum of
      bR-derived pigments, subtle changes in the protein tertiary structure, affecting
      the Schiff base environment of the chromophore, may play an equally significant
      role in the color regulation of bR-derived pigments.

PMID- 2917160
TI  - Mechanism of spectrin degradation induced by phenylhydrazine in intact human
      erythrocytes.
AB  - The exposure of human erythrocytes to phenylhydrazine results in the degradation
      of both monomers of spectrin, a major cytoskeleton membrane protein. The
      degradative process, characterized by a loss of spectrin without the appearance
      of high-molecular-weight products, either under reducing conditions or not, is
      almost complete in 10 min when a 5% erythrocyte suspension is treated with 1 mM
      phenylhydrazine. Under these conditions, we found a loss of 62.3 and 48.5% for
      the alpha and beta monomer, respectively. A similar degradative extent was
      obtained when the membrane ghost plus cellular free extracts, were dialyzed, and
      the membrane ghost plus hemoglobin was exposed to 1 mM phenylhydrazine for 10
      min. The presence of different proteinase inhibitors and effectors, such as EDTA,
      diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, EGTA, leupeptin, aprotinin,
      phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, pepstatin, Ca2+ and ATP plus Mg2+, in the membrane
      ghost plus cellular free extract system (undialyzed) did not affect the degree of
      the spectrin-degradative process induced by phenylhydrazine. In addition, a
      purified spectrin tetramer preparation exposed to 1 mM phenylhydrazine in the
      presence of hemoglobin was degraded to an extent comparable to that with intact
      cells. Our data suggest that the initial degradative step of spectrin induced by
      phenylhydrazine in intact erythrocytes may be ascribed more to a direct oxidative
      breakdown, probably involving main-chain cleavage and side-chain cleavage
      processes, than to an eventual proteolytic system.

PMID- 2917161
TI  - Thermotropic properties of mixtures of negatively charged phospholipids with
      cholesterol in the presence and absence of Li+ or Ca2+ ions.
AB  - Mixtures of cholesterol with dipalmitoylphosphatidylserine or phosphatidic acid
      were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry. As in mixtures of natural
      phosphatidylserine with cholesterol (Bach, D. (1984) Chem. Phys. Lipids 35, 385
      392), also here phase separation of cholesterol at molar ratios of 2:1
      (phospholipid:cholesterol) and below is observed. The limited solubility of
      cholesterol in negatively charged phospholipids is found to be independent of the
      nature of the acyl chain residues, and independent of whether the negative charge
      resides on both COO- and PO- groups (as in phosphatidylserine) or on PO- only (as
      in phosphatidic acid). The separate cholesterol phase is also seen by DSC in
      mixtures of natural phosphatidylserine or phosphatidic acid with cholesterol in
      the presence of Ca2+; and in phosphatidylserine/cholesterol mixtures in the
      presence of Li+, by DSC and X-ray diffraction.

PMID- 2917162
TI  - Characterization of sodium-dependent nucleoside transport in rabbit intestinal
      brush-border membrane vesicles.
AB  - The characteristics of uridine transport were studied in rabbit intestinal brush
      border membrane vesicles. Uridine was taken up into an osmotically active space
      in the absence of metabolism and there was no binding of uridine to the membrane
      vesicles. Uridine uptake was markedly enhanced by sodium, but showed no
      significant stimulation by other monovalent cations tested. Kinetic analysis of
      the sodium-dependent component of uridine flux indicated a single system obeying
      Michaelis-Menten kinetics (Km value of 6.4 +/- 1.4 microM with a Vmax of 9.1 +/-
      3.6 pmol/mg protein per s as measured under zero-trans conditions with a 100 mM
      NaCl gradient at 24 degrees C). A variety of purine and pyrimidine nucleosides
      were able to inhibit sodium-dependent uridine transport, suggesting that these
      nucleosides are also permeants for the same system. Consistent with this
      suggestion was the finding that these nucleosides also stimulated uridine efflux
      from the brush-border membrane vesicles. The sodium: uridine coupling
      stoichiometry was found to be 1:1 as measured by the activation method. From
      these results it is concluded that a broad specificity sodium-dependent
      nucleoside transporter is present at the brush-border membrane surface of rabbit
      enterocytes.

PMID- 2917163
TI  - Orientation of alpha-helical peptides in a lipid bilayer.
AB  - Samples of pure lipid (dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine) and lipid containing short
      alpha-helical peptides were oriented and examined by X-ray diffraction, together
      with unoriented samples of pure peptide. X-ray reflections from the bilayer and
      the alpha-helices showed that the peptides had oriented in the bilayer with their
      helical axes perpendicular to the surface.

PMID- 2917164
TI  - Differences in membrane properties between unfertilised and fertilised single
      rabbit oocytes demonstrated by electro-rotation. Comparison with cells from early
      embryos.
AB  - The apparent membrane capacity of tubular rabbit oocytes increases from 1.7-2.0
      microF/cm2 before fertilisation to 3.7-4.0 microF/cm2 after fertilisation. The
      membrane conductivity measured on single cells was also increased by
      fertilisation from less than 1 mS/cm2 to 14 mS/cm2. Cells obtained from 2-, 4- or
      8-cell embryos exhibited intermediate values of membrane capacity (2.3-2.8
      microF/cm2) and conductivity (5-22 mS/cm2). The values quoted are those effective
      between 1 and 10 kHz, the frequency of the rotating field used. The large
      apparent capacities are probably due to the presence of structures such as
      microvilli which cause the actual membrane area to exceed the smooth sphere area.
      It must be assumed that these structures change in form or number on
      fertilisation, and that they persist in embryos, at least up to the 8-cell stage.
      No difference was apparent between cells fertilised in vitro or in vivo.
      Comparison of the above zona-free data with measurements on zona-complete oocytes
      indicate how fertilised and unfertilised rabbit eggs may be distinguished from
      one another, even in the presence of the zona pellucida.

PMID- 2917165
TI  - Concentration effects on reactions in membranes: rhodopsin and transducin.
AB  - The reaction rate of two laterally-diffusing species in a biological membrane
      shows a maximum at some concentration of reactants, because an increase in the
      concentration of reactants tends to increase the reaction rate by the law of mass
      action but decreases the diffusion rate of the reactants. The activation of
      transducin by rhodopsin in the disk membrane of the rod outer segment is
      described in terms of a steady-state diffusion model with concentration-dependent
      diffusion coefficients. The optimum concentrations of reactants are obtained from
      contour plots of the reaction rate as a function of rhodopsin and transducin
      concentrations, and the sensitivity of the results to the assumed values of the
      variables is examined. To determine whether the observed concentrations are in
      fact those yielding the maximum reaction rate, several variables must be known
      more accurately.

PMID- 2917166
TI  - Interaction of inhibitin with the human erythrocyte Na+(Li+)i/Nao+ exchanger.
AB  - The kinetic interactions of inhibitin, a peptide isolated from cultured leukaemic
      promyelocytes, with erythrocyte Na+/Na+ and Na+/Li+ exchanges have been
      investigated. Inhibitin (1 microM) reduced the ouabain- and bumetanide-resistant
      sodium efflux and influx by equivalent amounts indicating an inhibitin-sensitive
      exchange component of 0.52 mmol/l per h. This value was not significantly
      different from that measured as the difference in sodium-rich (140 mM) and sodium
      free media (0.49 mmol/l per h). Similarly, the inhibitin-sensitive lithium efflux
      was equivalent to the sodium/lithium countertransport component (0.36 vs. 0.34
      mmol/l per h), indicating that both exchanges were mediated by the same transport
      process, which is inhibitin-sensitive. The dose-response curve revealed the
      presence of a single inhibitin binding site per exchanger with a Ki of 2.10(-7)
      M. In kinetic inhibition studies, inhibitin (0.1 microM) decreased the Vmax of
      ouabain- and bumetanide-resistant sodium efflux with no effect on the Km for
      external sodium, i.e., inhibitin displayed a non-competitive mechanism of action.
      These findings indicate that inhibitin interacts with the Na+(Li+)i/Nao+
      exchanger at a site distinct from the sodium binding site.

PMID- 2917167
TI  - Hydrophobic erythrocyte folate binding proteins are converted to hydrophilic
      forms by trypsin in vitro.
AB  - Human erythrocyte membranes contain high-affinity folate-binding proteins (FBPs)
      which on solubilization with detergents resolve into apparent 160,000 Mr moieties
      on Sephacryl S-200 gel filtration in Triton X-100. These FBPs share antigenic and
      ligand binding characteristics with particulate FBPs from other human tissues.
      During studies to define the vectorial orientation of these FBPs on the
      erythrocytes, we trypsinized intact cells with 250 micrograms trypsin per ml
      packed cells and quantitatively analysed the remaining cell-associated FBPs as
      well as the products of proteolysed FBPs in the supernatant. Incubation of intact
      cells with trypsin resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in their capacity to
      bind 125I-labelled pteroylglutamate (histamine derivative); at 250 micrograms/ml
      trypsin, folate binding was decreased by 77% compared to nontrypsin-treated
      control cells. While trypsinized cells contained proportionately lower quantities
      of apparent 160,000 Mr FBPs than untreated control cells, the supernatant of
      trypsinized cells (soluble phase) contained a single species of Mr = 40,000 which
      retained folate binding capacity. The sum of FBPs in trypsin supernatant and
      trypsin-treated cells was 87% of that found in untreated cells. Analysis of
      solubilized particulate erythrocyte FBPs and soluble (trypsin product) FBPs by
      sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation in H2O and 2H2O above the critical
      micellar concentration of Triton X-100 revealed that apparent 160,000 Mr FBPs
      were detergent-binding (hydrophobic) species (which sedimented at Mr = 40,000 in
      H2O) while soluble FBPs (also sedimenting at Mr = 40,000) were hydrophilic and
      did not bind Triton X-100. These are the first data which show that hydrophobic
      FBPs can be directly converted to hydrophilic FBPs by a trypsin-mediated
      proteolytic event. The trypsin-sensitive site is likely to be at the junction
      between the detergent-binding site and the major body of the protein (Mr =
      40,000) containing the folate binding site.

PMID- 2917168
TI  - Effects of free fatty acids and transition temperature on the stability of dry
      liposomes.
AB  - Previous studies have shown that liposomes composed of phospholipids with low
      phase-transition temperatures can be stabilized in the absence of water, provided
      that fusion is inhibited between the vesicles during drying, and that during
      rehydration the phospholipids do not pass through the gel to liquid crystalline
      phase transition. These conditions are met by adding certain disaccharides to the
      vesicles before drying, which inhibit fusion and depress the transition
      temperature in the dry lipids. The present study shows that preservation can also
      be achieved with vesicles made from dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), but
      that the retention of trapped solute by such vesicles is much less than in
      vesicles composed of more fluid phospholipids. Addition of free fatty acids to
      the vesicles before drying destabilizes them; DPPC vesicles containing 15 mol% or
      more of palmitic acid leaked all their contents during drying, regardless of how
      much of the stabilizing sugar was added. Unlike the case for more liquid
      phospholipids, the leakage in DPPC vesicles is due solely to fusion and not to
      hydration-dependent phase transitions. Addition of free fatty acids results in
      increased fusion, leading to leakage.

PMID- 2917169
TI  - Glutamine transport by rat basolateral membrane vesicles.
AB  - Glutamine, a neutral amino acid, is unlike most amino acids, has two amine
      moieties which underlies its importance as a nitrogen transporter and a carrier
      of ammonia from the periphery to visceral organs. The gastrointestinal tract
      utilizes glutamine as a respiratory substrate. The intestinal tract receives
      glutamine from the luminal side and from the arterial side through the
      basolateral membranes of the enterocyte. This study characterizes the transport
      of glutamine by basolateral membrane vesicles of the rat. Basolateral membranes
      were prepared by a well validated technique of separation on a percoll density
      gradient. Membrane preparations were enriched with Na+/K+-ATPase and showed no
      'overshoot' phenomena with glucose under sodium-gradient conditions. Glutamine
      uptake represented transport into the intravesicular space as evident by an
      osmolality study. Glutamine uptake was temperature sensitive and driven by an
      inwardly directed sodium gradient as evident by transient accumulation of
      glutamine above the equilibrium values. Kinetics of glutamine uptake under both
      sodium and potassium gradients at glutamine concentrations between 0.01 and 0.6
      mM showed saturable processes with Vmax of 0.39 +/- 0.008 and 0.34 +/- 0.05
      nmol/mg protein per 15 s for both sodium-dependent and sodium-independent
      processes, respectively. Km values were 0.2 +/- 0.01 and 0.55 +/- 0.01 mM,
      respectively. pH optimum for glutamine uptake was 7.5. Imposition of negative
      membrane potential by valinomycin and anion substitution studies enhanced the
      sodium-dependent uptake of glutamine suggesting an electrogenic process, whereas
      the sodium-independent uptake was not enhanced suggesting an electroneutral
      process. Other neutral amino acids inhibited the initial uptake of glutamine
      under both sodium-dependent and sodium-independent conditions. We conclude that
      glutamine uptake by basolateral membranes occurs by carrier-mediated sodium
      dependent and sodium-independent processes. Both processes exhibit saturation
      kinetics and are inhibited by neutral amino acids. The sodium-dependent pathway
      is electrogenic whereas the sodium-independent pathway is electroneutral.

PMID- 2917170
TI  - Thermodynamic and kinetic studies on the association of melittin with a
      phospholipid bilayer.
AB  - Association of the amphiphilic peptide melittin with unilamellar vesicles of
      dioleoylphosphatidylcholine has been experimentally investigated by means of
      circular dichroism, fluorescence energy transfer and stopped-flow experiments.
      Circular dichroism changes upon titration of the peptide with vesicles (at low
      salt concentration) were analyzed to yield thermodynamic association isotherms.
      These isotherms are quantitatively interpreted in terms of a monomer-monomer
      partitioning of melittin between the aqueous and bilayer media. The data can be
      very well fitted by theoretical curves based on a Gouy-Chapman surface potential.
      Energy transfer involving chemically modified tryptophan confirms a lack of
      aggregation of the associated peptide. According to the kinetic measurements the
      association proceeds in practice as a one-step process, which is rather fast but
      not fully diffusion-controlled. We propose a simple mechanism where the inherent
      conformational transition determines the overall rate.

PMID- 2917171
TI  - Characteristics of Na+-dependent hexose transport in OK, an established renal
      epithelial cell line.
AB  - The characteristics of Na+-dependent hexose uptake were determined for monolayers
      of OK, an established renal epithelial cell line derived from an opossum kidney.
      A comparison is made with other cultured cells, particularly LLC-PK1. The
      capacity to accumulate alpha-methyl D-glucoside (AMG) in OK cells develops with
      time, reaching a maximum level of 18 nmol/mg protein per h, 3 days after
      confluency. In contrast to LLC-PK1, this level is not influenced by the medium D
      glucose concentration. AMG uptake in OK cells was characterized by an apparent Km
      of 2.9 mM and a Vmax of 17.1 nmol/mg protein per min. For Na+-dependent phlorisin
      binding, a KD of 0.025 microM and a Bmax of 1.5 pmol/mg protein were found. A
      turnover frequency of 158/s was derived from our data. The hexose carrier of OK
      shares with the carrier of LLC-PK1 a high level of expression, its substrate
      specificity and turnover frequency. It differs however with respect to the
      substrate binding site. The affinity for AMG and D-glucose is 3- and 10-fold
      lower, whereas the affinity for phlorizin is 3-times higher in OK than in LLC
      PK1. The Na+ dependence of AMG uptake was also different for both cell lines and
      suggested for OK cells a 1:1, Na+:substrate stoichiometry. In OK cells, the
      phlorizin-sensitive uptake rate of D-glucose is much lower than the one for AMG.
      Nevertheless, D-glucose interacts with the AMG binding site in a competitive way
      and with an affinity similar to AMG. This could indicate a malfunction of the
      carrier with D-glucose as a substrate at the level of the translocation step.

PMID- 2917172
TI  - 4-alkylidene oxazolones as substrates and inhibitors for sensitive assays of the
      normality of active sites and the catalytic properties of hydrolases.
AB  - The suitability of eleven 4-alkylidene oxazolones for the determination of four
      hydrolases, alpha-chymotrypsin, trypsin, carboxylesterase and leucine
      aminopeptidase, was tested. The specific activities were in general low compared
      with those obtained with the classical substrates but the Kmapp values were also
      small. Hence, the kcat/Kmapp ratios of the oxazolones, the optimal indicator of
      activity, remained in the usual range. The high differential absorption
      coefficients of the oxazolones in the UV range render these substrates very
      suitable for the determination of active site normalities if the solubilities of
      the acyl enzymes and the magnitudes of the rapid bursts are sufficient. Since
      some of the oxazolones fluoresce, the sensitivity of the method may be increased
      up to 1000 x by fluorescence detection. The titrations may be carried out in
      organic solvents, e.g. dimethyl sulphoxide, which greatly stabilize the
      hydrolases. The high specificity of the oxazolones permits active site titrations
      in the presence of other hydrolases.

PMID- 2917173
TI  - Relationships between chemical structure and inhibition of ADP-stimulated human
      thrombocyte release of serotonin and platelet factor 4.
AB  - The inhibitory potencies of carbamoylpiperidinoalkane and N
      alkylnipecotoylpiperazine derivatives on ADP-stimulated human blood platelet
      aggregation, serotonin (5-HT) release and platelet factor 4 (PF-4) release were
      evaluated. The procedure was designed to allow concurrent determination of all
      three sets of values. Most compounds were more than twice as potent in blocking
      PF-4 (X = 91 +/- 1 (S.E., n = 7)%) compared to their inhibition of 5-HT (X = 38
      +/- 1(S.E., n = 6)%) release; the one compound which failed to meet these
      criteria was still decidedly more powerful in impeding PF-4 than 5-HT release.
      Since the compounds' platelet aggregation-inhibitory values were within the same
      range as their 5-HT release-blocking potencies, but had a strikingly greater
      impact in arresting PF-4 release, it is suggested that the platelet plasma
      membrane and the lining enveloping the dense bodies may share certain
      commonalities, while the sheathing encasing the alpha-granules may differ from
      both in a tangible manner.

PMID- 2917174
TI  - A highly stable NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase from Thermus thermophilus
      HB8: purification and general properties.
AB  - NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.42) was purified to
      electrophoretic homogeneity from an extremely thermophilic bacterium, Thermus
      thermophilus HB8, and shown to be a dimeric protein of molecular weight 115,000,
      with a pI of 5.5. The amino acid composition of the present enzyme was similar to
      that reported for other bacterial counterparts, except for a high Arg/Lys ratio
      and a low Cys content. Divalent cations, such as Mn2+ and Mg2+, were essential
      for activity. The optimal pH was 7.8 at 55 degrees C. The Km values for NADP and
      D-isocitrate were 6.3 and 8.8 microM, respectively, with a Vmax of 77.6 mumol/min
      per mg at 55 degrees C. NAD was able to replace NADP with low efficiency.
      Backward reaction at 40 degrees C indicated that the Km value for 2-oxoglutarate
      was 63 microM with a Vmax of 4% that of the forward reaction at that temperature.
      The enzyme was highly stable against high temperature and denaturing reagents.

PMID- 2917175
TI  - Kinetic mechanism of Halobacterium halobium NAD+-glutamate dehydrogenase.
AB  - The kinetic mechanism of Halobacterium halobium NAD+-glutamate dehydrogenase (EC
      1.4.1.3) has been investigated at pH 9.0, 3 M NaCl and 40 degrees C in both
      directions, by initial rate and inhibition studies. The results of the initial
      rate studies indicate that the mechanism is sequential with respect to substrate
      addition. The inhibition patterns obtained with halophilic NAD+-glutamate
      dehydrogenase are not consistent with a simple ordered mechanism without
      modification. They can, however, be reconciled with this type of mechanism by
      postulating an appropriate abortive complex.

PMID- 2917176
TI  - Purification and characterization of a novel calcium-dependent serine proteinase
      secreted from malignant hamster embryo fibroblast Nil2C2.
AB  - A novel serine proteinase was purified from the conditioned medium of malignant
      hamster embryo fibroblasts, Nil2C2. The molecular weight of the purified enzyme
      was estimated to be 88,000 on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis under non-reducing conditions. The enzyme was split into two
      subunits (Mr 66,000 and 33,000) with a reducing agent. The enzyme hydrolyzed not
      only synthetic peptides which are susceptible to trypsin digestion but also
      extracellular matrix proteins such as type I and IV collagen, fibronectin and
      gelatin. For the digestion of these proteins, Ca2+ at millimolar concentrations
      was essential but Ca2+ or chelators did not affect the esterase activity for
      synthetic peptides. The proteolytic activity was inhibited by diisopropyl
      fluorophosphate (DFP) and also by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride. DFP was shown to
      bind to the 33 kDa subunit, indicating that the catalytic machinery of the enzyme
      is located in this subunit.

PMID- 2917177
TI  - Asymmetrically glycosylated IgG isolated from non-immune human sera.
AB  - When human IgG or its F(ab')2 fragment purified from a pool of non-immune sera
      was passed through a Con A-Sepharose column, 12% of the molecules bound to
      concanavalin A. While 44% of Fab' and 72% of Fd' fragments obtained from F(ab')2
      retained by concanavalin A and eluted with methyl alpha-D-mannoside bound to
      concanavalin A, the Fab' and Fd' fragments obtained from non-retained F(ab')2 and
      the L chains and Fc fragments did not interact with the lectin. Only Fd' fragment
      obtained from the F(ab')2 retained by concanavalin A inhibited the fixation of
      guinea-pig erythrocytes to concanavalin A. These results are similar to those
      previously observed for IgG antibodies of different animal species and indicate
      that partial asymmetric glycosylation is a general phenomenon that is not
      restricted exclusively to IgG molecules with known specificity.

PMID- 2917178
TI  - Triplet state characteristics and singlet oxygen generation properties of
      anthracyclines.
AB  - The triplet states of adriamycin (Ad), daunomycin (D) and two daunomycin
      analogues, daunomycinone (Dc) and daunomycin N-trifluoroacetamide (DAc), have
      been studied using laser flash photolysis and pulse radiolysis techniques.
      Triplet lifetimes, molar absorption coefficients, energy levels and quantum
      yields have been obtained for Dc and DAc, and estimated for D and Ad. Time
      resolved near-infrared singlet oxygen luminescence measurements have been carried
      out on D, Ad and 5-iminodaunomycin (5-ID) in 2H2O solution and Dc in benzene
      solution at room temperature. Singlet oxygen quenching by the water-soluble
      anthracyclines was observed and a second-order rate constant of approx. 10(8) M
      1.s-1 obtained. Electron spin resonance experiments have demonstrated that D
      photoexcited at lambda less than or 365 nm gives rise to singlet oxygen as shown
      by its reaction with 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidone to give the corresponding
      nitroxyl radical. Although all the anthracyclines studied have the ability to
      photosensitize the formation of singlet oxygen, the quantum yields are very low
      (phi delta approximately 0.02-0.03), suggesting that these anthracyclines would
      be poor photodynamic sensitisers.

PMID- 2917179
TI  - Detection of 2H-1,4-thiazine-5,6-dihydro-3,5-dicarboxylic acid (lanthionine
      ketimine) in the bovine brain by a fluorometric assay.
AB  - A new sulfur imino acid, 2H-1,4-thiazine-5,6-dihydro-3,5-dicarboxylic acid
      (lanthionine ketimine), has been detected in the bovine brain by means of
      fluorometric and HPLC procedures. The fluorometric assay is based on the
      fluorescent property of the copper-ketimine interaction product at pH 11.5. Other
      ketimines do not fluoresce in these conditions. The fluorophore exhibits an
      excitation maximum at 353 nm and an emission at 462 nm and is stable for at least
      24 h. In the test conditions the fluorescence is proportional to the ketimine
      concentration from 1 to 200 microM. Detection of endogenous lanthionine ketimine
      has been performed after a simple enrichment procedure (brain deproteinization
      and extraction with diethyl ether) which minimizes degradative by-reactions of
      the unstable ketimine. The concentration of this new sulfur imino acid in the
      brain ranges from 0.5 to 1 nmol/g in three different samples. Identification and
      quantitations were confirmed by an HPLC procedure which takes advantage of the
      selective absorption at 380 nm of the phenylisothiocyanate-ketimine adduct. The
      identification of lanthionine ketimine in nervous tissues may have important
      metabolic and physiological implications.

PMID- 2917180
TI  - Rapid prenatal diagnosis of beta thalassemia using DNA amplification and
      nonradioactive probes.
AB  - We used in vitro DNA amplification by the polymerase chain reaction and
      nonradioactive probes for prenatal diagnosis of beta thalassemia in Chinese from
      the Guangdong province. Exact molecular diagnoses were made in all 20 fetuses
      studied over a 6-month period. We conclude that this method of prenatal diagnosis
      for beta thalassemia is a viable approach in many parts of the world where this
      disease is common.

PMID- 2917181
TI  - International Fanconi Anemia Registry: relation of clinical symptoms to
      diepoxybutane sensitivity.
AB  - Fanconi anemia (FA) is characterized clinically by a progressive pancytopenia,
      diverse congenital abnormalities and increased predisposition to malignancy.
      Although a variable phenotype makes accurate diagnosis on the basis of clinical
      manifestations difficult in some patients, study of cellular sensitivity to the
      clastogenic effect of DNA cross-linking agents such as diepoxybutane (DEB) has
      been used to facilitate the diagnosis. Data from DEB-induced chromosomal breakage
      studies of 328 peripheral blood specimens from patients considered at risk for FA
      were analyzed using a stepwise multivariate logistic regression, in order to
      determine which method of representing the data best discriminated between DEB
      sensitive (DEB+) and DEB-insensitive (DEB-) cases. Similar methods were applied
      to the data from the International Fanconi Anemia Registry (IFAR) to determine
      whether DEB+ and DEB- cases may be considered as distinct clinical entities, and
      if so, which variables provide the best discrimination between the two groups. We
      conclude that hypersensitivity to the clastogenic effect of DEB is a useful
      discriminator for FA. A simplified scoring method for classifying patients on the
      basis of eight clinical manifestations that are the best predictors for FA is
      presented. Our data indicate that the clinical diversity in FA is more widespread
      than previously recognized.

PMID- 2917182
TI  - Tiazofurin induction of mouse erythroleukemia cell hemoglobin production in the
      absence of commitment or changes in protooncogene expression.
AB  - Tiazofurin (2-beta-D-ribofuranosylthiazole-4-carboxamide, NSC 286193), is a
      synthetic nucleoside inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase and blocks
      guanine nucleotide biosynthesis. In the present study, we examined the effects of
      tiazofurin on mouse erythroleukemia (MEL) cell differentiation and protooncogene
      expression. Tiazofurin induced hemoglobin production in MEL cells in a
      concentration-dependent manner, as measured by an increase in benzidine staining.
      Northern blot analysis of MEL cells treated with 7 mumol/L tiazofurin
      demonstrated accumulation of both alpha- and beta-globin RNA transcripts. This
      induction of differentiation was blocked by the presence of exogenous guanosine
      (100 mumol/L). In contrast to the down-regulation of c-myc and c-myb RNA in MEL
      cells induced by dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA),
      there was no detectable change in levels of these transcripts after tiazofurin
      treatment. Furthermore, MEL cells induced by tiazofurin did not commit to
      terminal differentiation. These results suggest a role for guanine nucleotides,
      at least in part, in the regulation of MEL cell differentiation.

PMID- 2917183
TI  - Production of human factor IX in animals by genetically modified skin
      fibroblasts: potential therapy for hemophilia B.
AB  - Inherited diseases might be treated by introducing normal genes into a patient's
      somatic tissues to correct the genetic defects. In the case of hemophilia
      resulting from a missing clotting factor, the required gene could be introduced
      into any cell as long as active factor reached the circulation. We previously
      showed that retroviral vectors can efficiently transfer genes into normal skin
      fibroblasts and that the infected cells can produce high levels of a therapeutic
      product in vitro. In the current study, we examined the ability of skin
      fibroblasts to secrete active clotting factor after infection with different
      retroviral vectors encoding human clotting factor IX. Normal human fibroblasts
      infected with one vector secreted greater than 3 micrograms factor IX/10(6)
      cells/24 h. Of this protein, greater than 70% was structurally and functionally
      indistinguishable from human factor IX derived from normal plasma. This suggests
      that infected autologous fibroblasts might provide therapeutic levels of factor
      IX if transplanted into patients suffering from hemophilia B. By transplanting
      normal diploid fibroblasts infected with the factor IX vectors, we showed that
      human factor IX can be produced and is circulated at readily detectable levels in
      rats and mice.

PMID- 2917184
TI  - Inhibition and complexation of activated protein C by two major inhibitors in
      plasma.
AB  - To determine the major physiologic inhibitors of activated protein C (APC),
      plasma was incubated with APC or with Protac C and subjected to immunoblotting.
      APC:inhibitor complexes gave two major bands reacting with antiprotein C
      antibodies when immunoblotted on nondenaturing gels, and additional minor bands
      that varied between serum and plasma. Formation of one of the two major bands of
      APC:inhibitor complex, but not the other, was stimulated by heparin and only this
      band reacted with antibodies to the previously described APC inhibitor that is
      here designated PCI-1. Plasma immunodepleted of PCI-1 formed complexes with APC
      as visualized with antiprotein C but not anti-PCI-1 antibodies, and exhibited
      heparin-independent inhibition of APC activity, providing evidence for the
      existence of a second major physiologic APC inhibitor, PCI-2. Formation of
      APC:PCI-2 complexes in PCI-1-depleted plasma paralleled inhibition of APC
      amidolytic activity. PCI-2 was separated from PCI-1 and partially purified using
      column chromatography. PCI-2 formed inactive complexes of approximately 110,000
      molecular weight (mol wt) with APC suggesting PCI-2 has an approximate mol wt of
      50,000. Thus, inhibition of APC in plasma involves two major distinct 50,000 mol
      wt inhibitors, the heparin-dependent PCI-1 and the heparin-independent PCI-2.

PMID- 2917185
TI  - The secretory release reaction initiated by complement proteins C5b-9 occurs
      without platelet aggregation through glycoprotein IIb-IIIa.
AB  - The secretory and aggregation responses of stirred platelets exposed to
      complement proteins C5b-9 was investigated. C5b-9 assembly on the platelet
      surface resulted in the release of dense granule adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
      accompanied by a decrease in sample turbidity, but no detectable cell lysis.
      Inhibition of cellular protein kinase C completely blocked the C5b-9 initiated
      release of ATP, confirming the secretory nature of this response. Addition of
      fibrinogen (up to 1 mg/mL) had no effect on either the release of ATP or the
      decreased turbidity observed for C5b-9 cells. Addition of the peptides Arg-Gly
      Asp-Ser (RGDS) and fibrinogen gamma-chain carboxyl-terminal (gamma 397-411) at
      concentrations sufficient to completely block fibrinogen binding to GP IIb-IIIa
      had no effect on either C5b-9 induced dense granule secretion or the associated
      turbidity change. Microscopic examination and electronic particle counting of the
      stirred platelet suspensions confirmed that no aggregation of C5b-9 platelets
      occurred even when these cells were stirred in the presence of fibrinogen. The
      capacity of the C5b-9 proteins to initiate platelet secretion without activation
      of cell surface glycoprotein (GP) IIb-IIIa suggests a mechanism for intravascular
      dissemination of activated platelets during complement activation in vivo.

PMID- 2917186
TI  - Formation of C1s-C1-inhibitor, kallikrein-C1-inhibitor, and plasmin-alpha 2
      plasmin-inhibitor complexes during cardiopulmonary bypass.
AB  - Stimulation of platelets and neutrophils occurs during clinical cardiopulmonary
      bypass. We investigated whether the classical complement, contact, or
      fibrinolytic pathways are activated as potential sources of neutrophil agonists.
      Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent "sandwich" assays specific for C1s-C1-and
      kallikrein-C1-inhibitor complexes respectively, we found that there was a modest
      increase in plasma levels of each complex after clinical cardiopulmonary bypass
      was completed. The increased concentration of enzyme-inhibitor complexes reverted
      to baseline within 24 hours. Since these complexes are cleared in vivo, we
      measured their formation by assaying their plasma levels during in vitro
      simulated extracorporeal circulation. Over a period of two hours, C1s-C1
      inhibitor complexes rose from a baseline of 2 +/- 1 nmol/L to 21 +/- 2 nmol/L,
      and kallikrein-C1-inhibitor complexes rose from 2 +/- 1 nmol/L to 25 +/- 5
      nmol/L. However, there was no evidence of either in vivo or in vitro plasmin
      alpha 2-plasmin-inhibitor complex formation. These results indicate that the
      pathways of classical complement and contact activation, but probably not
      fibrinolysis, may be associated with neutrophil activation seen during clinical
      cardiopulmonary bypass.

PMID- 2917187
TI  - A form of protease nexin I is expressed on the platelet surface during platelet
      activation.
AB  - A protein that has several similarities to protease nexin I, a fibroblast
      thrombin and urokinase inhibitor, has been detected on platelets (Gronke RS,
      Bergman BL, and Baker JB: J Biol Chem 262:3030, 1987). On incubation of platelets
      with 125I-thrombin, this platelet protein forms complexes with 125I-thrombin that
      are found both in the incubation medium and, as demonstrated here, associated
      with purified platelet plasma membranes. The present results indicate that
      interaction with the platelet surface may modulate the conformation and function
      of this platelet form of protease nexin I (PNIp) because: (a) an antibody against
      protease nexin I inhibited released PNIp, but not platelet-bound PNIp from
      complexing 125I-thrombin, and (b) whereas PNIp extracted from platelets bound
      both thrombin and urokinase, platelet-bound PNIp bound only thrombin. In
      experiments using several different platelet isolation methods, PNIp accounted
      for a large fraction of the rapid high affinity binding of 125I-thrombin to
      platelets. However, platelets isolated and maintained in the presence of
      metabolic inhibitors failed to take added thrombin into 125I-thrombin-PNIp
      complexes. This finding suggests that PNIp is released from inside platelets
      during activation, and thus does not function to transmit the primary activating
      signal that is generated by thrombin binding to platelets.

PMID- 2917188
TI  - Identification of a cellular polypeptide that distinguishes between acute
      lymphoblastic leukemia in infants and in older children.
AB  - We analyzed the polypeptide pattern of leukemic cells of infants and older
      children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), using two-dimensional
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). Patterns were analyzed for the
      occurrence of a previously detected cytosolic polypeptide, designated L3.
      Quantitative analysis of L3 in 12 infants and 91 older children with non-T ALL
      indicated lack of expression of polypeptide L3 in leukemic cells of infants
      which, in most cases, expressed HLA-DR and CD19 and lacked CD10. Quantitative
      analysis of L3 in relation to cell surface marker expression revealed that L3 was
      limited in its occurrence to non-T ALL and was not coordinately expressed with
      any of the surface markers included in the study. Among patients in the HLA-DR
      positive, CD19-positive, and CD10-negative group, different levels of polypeptide
      L3 were observed between infants and older children. These results indicate
      differences in leukemic cell constituents between infants and older children with
      ALL and an otherwise similar cell surface marker phenotype.

PMID- 2917189
TI  - Hematogones: a multiparameter analysis of bone marrow precursor cells.
AB  - Morphologically distinct lymphoid cells with homogeneous, condensed chromatin and
      scant cytoplasm can be observed in large numbers in the bone marrow of children
      with a variety of hematologic and nonhematologic disorders. In some patients,
      these cells may account for greater than 50% of the bone marrow cells, creating a
      picture that can be confused with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) or
      metastatic tumor. Although originally called hematogones (HGs), a variety of
      other names have been proposed for these unique cells. The clinical significance
      of expanded HGs has not been resolved, and the biologic features of these cells
      are incompletely described. In this study, we correlate the clinical,
      morphologic, cytochemical, flow cytometric, molecular, and cytogenetic properties
      of bone marrow samples from 12 children with substantial numbers of HGs (range 8%
      to 55% of bone marrow cells). Diagnoses in these patients included anemia, four;
      neutropenia, one; anemia and neutropenia, one; idiopathic thrombocytopenic
      purpura, two; retinoblastoma, two; Ewing's sarcoma, one; and germ cell tumor,
      one. Flow cytometric analyses of bone marrow cells demonstrated a spectrum
      extending from early B-cell precursors (CD10+, CD19+, TdT+, HLA-Dr+) to mature
      surface immunoglobulin-bearing B cells in these patients, corroborating our
      morphologic impression of HGs, intermediate forms, and mature lymphocytes. DNA
      content was normal, and no clonal abnormality was identified by either
      cytogenetic or immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor (TCR) gene rearrangement
      studies. Follow-up ranged from 3 months to 3 years. None of the patients has
      developed acute leukemia or bone marrow involvement by solid tumor. The possible
      role of HGs in immune recovery and hematopoiesis is presented.

PMID- 2917190
TI  - Identification of a leukocyte alloantigen with a high-frequency expression in
      leukemia patients.
AB  - In this report we describe the production and characterization of a monoclonal
      antibody to the human promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60. The antibody, NC-2,
      is of the IgG1 subclass and precipitates a 50-Kd protein from 125I-labeled HL-60
      cells. The antigen is insensitive to treatment with trypsin, papain, or
      neuraminidase. NC-2 did not react with a number of established human cell lines,
      including Daudi, Molt-4, K562, U937, KG-1, CEM, Raji, and Gash-P. Neutrophils and
      monocytelike cells derived from HL-60 cells that were induced to differentiate
      continued to express the antigen. NC-2 reacted with all peripheral-blood cells
      except erythrocytes from eight (5%) of 150 normal individuals tested. Bone marrow
      samples from patients with myelogenous leukemias were more frequently reactive
      with NC-2 than were those from normal individuals (12/33 v 1/10). Family studies
      indicated that the antigen was inherited in an autosomal-dominant manner. These
      findings suggest that the expression of the above alloantigen is associated with
      an increased incidence of leukemia.

PMID- 2917191
TI  - Viscoelastic properties of red cell membrane in hereditary elliptocytosis.
AB  - The viscoelastic properties of the RBC membrane are in part determined by a
      submembrane network of proteins consisting of spectrin alpha beta heterodimers
      (SpD) assembled head-to-head to form spectrin tetramers (SpT) and spectrin
      oligomers (SpO). SpT, in turn, are connected into a two-dimensional network by
      the linkage of distal ends of SpT to protein 4.1 and actin. With the micropipette
      technique, we determined the membrane viscoelastic properties of RBCs from a
      subset of patients with hereditary elliptocytosis (HE); these RBCs exhibit
      membrane skeletal instability, defective SpD self-association, and a molecular
      defect in the alpha I domain of spectrin, which is involved in the SpD-SpD
      contact (HE SpD alpha-SpD). The elastic modulus and viscosity of the membrane
      were significantly higher for the HE RBCs than for the control cells. Incubation
      of normal cells with N-ethyl-maleimide (NEM) produced a similar defective SpD
      self-association and a significant increase in the viscoelastic parameters of the
      membrane. The data provide evidence that the mode of assembly of membrane
      spectrin in the cytoskeletal protein network plays a major role in determining
      the rheologic behavior of erythrocyte membrane.

PMID- 2917192
TI  - Characterization of the serum In(Lu)-related antigen: identification of a serum
      protein related to erythrocyte p80.
AB  - The In(Lu) gene has been shown previously to downregulate expression by
      erythrocytes and by a subset of leukocytes of an 80-Kd protein antigen defined by
      monoclonal antibody (MoAb) A3D8. A3D8 antibody has also been shown by inhibition
      studies to recognize a serum antigen; this serum antigen is present in reduced
      amount in serum from In(Lu) donors. The present study demonstrates that the serum
      antigen recognized by A3D8 antibody also resides on a protein similar in size to
      the protein present in erythrocyte membranes. Studies using chromatographically
      purified protein have further shown that this antigen shares many epitopes with
      that present in RBCs and is therefore likely to be extremely homologous or
      identical to the erythrocyte In(Lu)-related p80.

PMID- 2917193
TI  - Thalassemia intermedia resulting from a mild beta-thalassemia mutation.
AB  - We investigated the molecular basis for a mild phenotype in a group of patients
      with beta(+) thalassemia originating from Northern Sardinia by definition of the
      beta-thalassemia mutation, alpha-globin mapping and beta-globin haplotype
      determination. In nine patients, we detected the compound heterozygous state for
      the -87 promoter mutation and the codon 39 nonsense mutation; in one patient, we
      detected the combination of the codon 39 nonsense mutation and beta(+) IVS-1 nt 6
      mutation. These patients were either nontransfusion dependent for survival or
      became transfusion dependent later. We did not detect the -87 promoter mutation
      in any of 115 thalassemia major patients originating from the same part of
      Sardinia, investigated as controls. Heterozygotes for the -87 promoter mutation
      showed statistically higher hemoglobin (Hb) levels and larger and better
      hemoglobinized RBCs as compared with heterozygotes for the codon 39 nonsense
      mutation. From these data, we conclude that the -87 promoter mutation is a mild
      thalassemia allele, able to produce a phenotype of intermediate severity even in
      combination with a beta(0)-thalassemia mutant. The coinheritance of alpha
      thalassemia or the -++-- 5' subhaplotype in several cases may have contributed to
      development of the mild clinical picture. Characterization of the beta
      thalassemia mutation in combination with alpha-globin mapping and haplotype
      analysis may allow a better estimate of the probability of a given clinical
      phenotype, thus permitting more accurate counseling.

PMID- 2917194
TI  - Inhibition of platelet-dependent thrombus formation by human activated protein C
      in a primate model.
AB  - The in vivo antithrombotic properties of human plasma activated protein C (APC),
      a natural anticoagulant enzyme, were investigated in a baboon model of thrombus
      formation on prosthetic vascular grafts. Infusion of 0.25 to 1.1 mg/kg/h
      purified, human, APC inhibited blood clotting, as measured by the activated
      partial thromboplastin time (APTT), and reduced vascular graft platelet
      deposition by 40% to 70%, as determined by the real-time scintillation camera
      imaging of 111In-labeled platelet deposition. APC infusion also preserved graft
      patency. Hemostatic plug formation remained normal, as measured by the template
      bleeding times. These results suggest that APC administration may produce
      immediate antithrombotic effects under arterial flow conditions.

PMID- 2917195
TI  - Procoagulant activity of endotoxin-treated human endothelial cells exposed to
      native human flowing blood.
AB  - It has been reported that cultured endothelial cells become procoagulant when
      exposed to endotoxin. This prompted us to investigate whether human endothelial
      cells treated with endotoxin could promote the generation of fibrin when exposed
      to human flowing blood. For this purpose we used a parallel-plate perfusion
      chamber in which confluent cultured endothelial cells from human umbilical veins
      were exposed for five minutes to directly drawn human nonanticoagulated blood, at
      wall shear rates of 100, 650, and 2600 sec-1. Fibrin deposition was assessed by
      morphometry. No fibrin deposition occurred on normal endothelial cells. In
      contrast, cells incubated with endotoxin for 4 or 18 hours induced fibrin
      deposition, but only at a shear rate of 100 sec-1. Since some extracellular
      matrix was exposed between the cells, we investigated whether extracellular
      matrix played a role in fibrin formation. When the endothelial cells incubated or
      not with endotoxin were removed by EDTA, the exposed extracellular matrix
      perfused with blood at 100 sec-1 supported platelet and fibrin deposition in both
      cases. This suggests that the effect of endotoxin on endothelial cells was not
      due to extracellular matrix alteration but only to cellular activation or
      secretion of procoagulant substances. We conclude that human endothelial cells
      treated with endotoxin can trigger fibrin formation and deposition at their
      surface when exposed to flowing blood at low shear rate.

PMID- 2917196
TI  - Two novel point mutations correlate with an altered developmental expression of
      blood coagulation factor IX (hemophilia B Leyden phenotype).
AB  - Hemophilia B Leyden is characterized by low levels of factor IX antigen and
      activity before the age of 15 years, whereas after puberty factor IX levels rise
      at a rate of about 5% per year. Two distinct point mutations (deletion of A, A---
      G) were identified at position +13 of the factor IX gene of a Greek and an
      American patient with hemophilia B Leyden. The nucleotide changes have occurred
      32 basepairs downstream of a previously reported point mutation in a Dutch
      kindred with the same hemophilic phenotype. The results point to the importance
      of sequences surrounding the putative start site for the constitutive expression
      of the factor IX gene and to the possible significance of an imperfect direct
      repeat of DNA.

PMID- 2917197
TI  - Monocyte long-term cultivation on microvascular endothelial cell monolayers:
      morphologic and phenotypic characterization and comparison with monocytes
      cultured on tissue culture plastic.
AB  - Human monocytes were cultured on monolayers of a newly established microvascular
      endothelial cell strain. As compared to monocytes cultured on plastic, these
      endothelium-"derived" monocytes (EDM) showed distinct morphology, higher
      motility, and different antigen-expression pattern for several surface markers,
      as detected by cytofluorimetry. The MO-1- and the Leu-M1-marker were maintained
      on EDMs while they were lost on plastic-cultured cells. The MAX 1-26-termed
      markers failed to increase on EDMs, in contrast to plastic-cultured monocytes.
      For seven additional markers, expression after two weeks in vitro was higher on
      EDMs than on plastic-cultured monocytes. Functionally EDMs showed typical
      monocyte/macrophage behavior and were easily removable from the culture system
      for further experimentation. Our data suggest that monocytes cultured on
      microvascular endothelial cells are maintained for several weeks in a more
      physiologic state than monocytes cultured on plastic.

PMID- 2917198
TI  - Abnormal peroxidase-positive granules in "specific granule" deficiency.
AB  - "Specific granule" deficiency (SGD) has been previously associated with
      lactoferrin deficiency. The antimicrobial peptides termed defensins, comprising
      30% of normal primary granule proteins, have also been shown to be markedly
      deficient in SGD. The present study was undertaken to correlate these findings
      with ultrastructural morphometric analysis and peroxidase cytochemistry.
      Peroxidase-positive, rim-stained, large, defensin-rich dense granules, previously
      described as a subpopulation of azurophil or primary granules in normal
      neutrophils, were markedly decreased in a patient with SGD. Morphometric studies
      of peroxidase-positive granules indicated an average peroxidase-positive granule
      area (all profiles) in the patient of 0.019 +/- 0.017 micron 2 (mean +/- SD, n =
      941) compared to control values from normal neutrophils of two volunteers of
      0.049 +/- 0.033 micron 2 (n = 896) and 0.050 +/- 0.039 micron 2 (n = 873) (P less
      than 0.001 between patient and control samples). Granule histograms showed a
      single peak of small peroxidase-positive granules, whereas control samples
      contained more prominent subpopulations of larger peroxidase-positive granules.
      The total number of peroxidase-positive granules per 100 micron 2 of cytoplasm in
      the patient was 255 +/- 124 (mean +/- SD, n = 15 cell profiles), which was
      similar to control values of 266 +/- 63 and 212 +/- 109. Thus, the defensin
      deficiency in SGD is associated with a decrease in size rather than number of
      peroxidase-positive granules; suggesting that defensins contribute to normal
      peroxidase-positive granule size and that SGD is a more global granule deficiency
      than originally thought.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2917199
TI  - Identical nucleotide sequences of the 3'A gamma globin gene enhancer elements
      from four different chromosomes.
AB  - We have determined the nucleotide sequence of the 2,360-bp long EcoRI fragment
      from four chromosomes; this fragment is located 3' to the A gamma globin gene and
      is considered to contain the enhancer element identified by Bodine and Ley. The
      chromosomes were from an Arabian sickle cell anemia patient with high Hb F and a
      homozygosity for haplotype No 31 and from a black sickle cell anemia patient with
      low Hb F and a homozygosity for haplotype No 19. A third chromosome carried the
      determinant for a nondeletional hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin seen
      in a Chinese subject, and the fourth was a normal chromosome from a Yugoslavian
      subject. Twenty-one differences were observed when a comparison was made with the
      published sequence; no differences were seen between the sequences of the four
      different samples except for an additional mutation in the Chinese. These data
      make it unlikely that specific mutations within this sequence are associated with
      increases in G gamma and A gamma production.

PMID- 2917200
TI  - G6PD Avenches and G6PD Moosburg: biochemical and erythrocyte membrane
      characterization.
AB  - Two new G6PD variants with severe enzyme deficiency in Switzerland (G6PD
      Avenches, G6PD I) and in Germany (G6PD Moosburg, G6PD II) are described. One
      patient had suffered from severe postpartal hyperbilirubinemia, the other one
      presented with chronic hemolysis and remittent hyperbilirubinemia. Both variants
      showed diminished electrophoretic mobility, both variants were heat labile. The
      Michaelis-Menten constants KM for glucose-6-phosphate and for NADP+ were normal.
      2-Desoxy-glucose-6-phosphate was utilized by G6PD I in a higher and by G6PD II at
      a lower rate than by the normal enzyme. Desamino-NADP+ and galactose-6-phosphate
      were utilized by both variants at a normal rate. The electrophoretic separation
      of membrane proteins of G6PD II showed both in the presence and in the absence of
      6-mercaptoethanol no difference concerning the formation of membrane protein
      aggregates between patient and normal control.

PMID- 2917201
TI  - Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (M2) with chromosome abnormality trisomy 4
      developing eight years after radiation therapy for breast cancer.
AB  - We report here the development, 8 years after radiation therapy for breast
      cancer, of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL), type M2 of the FAB
      classification, in which trisomy 4 was detected as the only chromosomal
      abnormality. Simultaneous observation of cytologic and cytogenetic features of
      individual colonies derived from leukemic progenitor (L-CFU) and early progenitor
      (CFU mix) cultures in this patient revealed that all colonies examined had a
      normal karyotype, although the clone with trisomy 4 was predominant in the direct
      bone-marrow culture. These findings suggest that progenitor cells with trisomy 4
      were less predominant in colony growth when stimulated by colony-stimulating
      factors (CSFs) than were stem cells with a normal karyotype.

PMID- 2917202
TI  - Bilateral tympanic cavity infiltration with effusion in a patient with acute
      myeloblastic leukemia.
AB  - A case of acute myeloblastic leukemia with bilateral tympanic cavity infiltration
      with effusion in addition to right facial and bilateral auditory nerve
      involvement is described. Tympanotomy demonstrated the presence of leukemic cells
      in the effusion of bilateral tympanic cavities. While repeated examinations of
      the cerebrospinal fluid using the cytocentrifuge failed to show any leukemic
      cells, it was suspected that the bilateral tympanic cavity infiltration was
      associated with meningeal involvement.

PMID- 2917203
TI  - Chorea in polycythemia vera: a rare presentation of hyperviscosity.
AB  - A 65-year-old woman developed severe chorea as the presenting symptom of the
      hyperviscosity syndrome together with polycythemia vera and an ovarian cyst.
      Whole blood viscosity was 69.5 centipoise at a shear rate of 1.1 s-1 (normal 12.0
      22.0 centipoise). After four phlebotomies the chorea subsided completely, and the
      blood viscosity became normal. Hemoglobin level was stable at normal range and
      then increased to 18.0 g/dl with recurrence of the faciobuccal dyskinesia that
      disappeared promptly following the phlebotomies. This case emphasizes that in
      elderly patients with neurological disorders, such as chorea, polycythemia should
      be strongly considered as one of the treatable causes.

PMID- 2917204
TI  - Immunological phenotype of plasma cells in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined
      significance.

PMID- 2917206
TI  - Journal interview 24. Conversation with Robert Straus.

PMID- 2917205
TI  - Monoclonal gammopathy in chronic myeloproliferative disorders.
AB  - The incidence of monoclonal gammopathy in 61 patients with chronic
      myeloproliferative disorders (CMPD) was studied. The distribution of patients
      among the CMPD subgroups was: chronic myelocytic leukemia, 24 patients;
      myelofibrosis, 11; polycythemia vera, 15; essential thrombocythemia, 7;
      unclassified MPD, 4 patients. Monoclonal gammopathy was found in 5 patients
      (8.2%). Two of these patients (1 IgA/k and 1 IgM/k) had myelofibrosis and 3 (2
      IgG/k and 1 IgG/lambda) polycythemia vera. The presence of monoclonal gammopathy
      indicates an involvement of the lymphoplasmatic system in CMPD.

PMID- 2917207
TI  - Characteristics and help-seeking patterns of attenders at a community-based
      voluntary agency and an alcohol and drug treatment unit.
AB  - The assumption that clients using community-based facilities in the form of
      Councils on Alcohol have less serious alcohol problems uncomplicated by the
      physical, social and psychological difficulties found in those attending Alcohol
      Treatment Units was not confirmed. One of the most striking findings were the
      similarities, rather than the differences between the two samples. Both groups
      had attenders who were heavily dependent on alcohol and were experiencing a wide
      range of problems. Attenders at both agencies, women as well as men, had help
      seeking patterns similar to those described for other populations which were
      discontinuous and uncoordinated and featured multiple contacts and simultaneous
      use of different services. The need for co-ordination was discussed in the light
      of the improved outcome which can be expected given appropriate matching of
      clients to treatment. Some suggestions as to how this might be achieved were
      discussed.

PMID- 2917208
TI  - Lephetamine abuse and dependence: clinical effects and withdrawal syndrome.
AB  - Lephetamine (L-SPA) is a compound with central analgesic and anti-inflammatory
      action, recently reported to be abused in Italy. In this study, cases of L-SPA
      abuse were recorded. The survey included 15 patients who were assessed for
      effects caused by using L-SPA and induced by withdrawal. Moreover L-SPA was
      administered to 15 volunteers. L-SPA displayed effects partly similar to opiates
      and its withdrawal caused both subjective and objective symptoms. It is concluded
      that L-SPA exhibits abuse liability and dependence potential of a certain degree.

PMID- 2917209
TI  - Primary reconstruction of a major loss of lower jaw by an animal bite using a
      "rib sandwich" pectoralis major island flap.
AB  - A 20 weeks pregnant woman was bitten by a wild bear which took away the central
      portion of her jaw. A single stage primary reconstruction was performed using a
      composite pedicled pectoralis major "rib sandwich" island flap. This provided
      continence of the mouth, allowing her to feed herself within 3 weeks of the
      operation and to speak reasonably by 6 weeks.

PMID- 2917210
TI  - A new splint for use in axillary surgery.
AB  - The surgical options for the treatment of axillary hidradenitis suppurativa are
      discussed. A new light-weight splint is described which will allow comfortable
      immobilisation of the shoulder at 45 degrees yet permit full forearm movement and
      adequate access to the axilla for dressings. We have found the splint of benefit
      in the management of this conditions by promoting the primary healing of split
      skin grafts.

PMID- 2917212
TI  - Reconstruction of the middle-aged torn earlobe: a new method.

PMID- 2917211
TI  - Controlling the medicinal leech.
AB  - A simple method is presented for applying a medicinal leech (Hirudo medicinalis)
      to the precise area in which the clinician desires the leeching to take place.

PMID- 2917213
TI  - Squamous cell carcinoma of skin developing in a skin graft donor site.

PMID- 2917214
TI  - Computer-based coding of fractures in the craniofacial region.
AB  - A systematic approach to the coding of fractures in the craniofacial region is
      presented. An alpha-numeric code is formulated from an alpha component depicting
      the anatomical region of interest and a number which reflects the degree of
      disruption.

PMID- 2917215
TI  - Salvage of the ring avulsed finger in heavy manual workers.
AB  - Complete ring avulsion amputation (class III) injuries are difficult management
      problems, especially when they occur in heavy manual workers. By excising the bit
      of bone detached with the skin tube, opening up the skin tube into a flap and
      replanting it onto the proximal stump, two such cases were salvaged successfully,
      with early recovery of function. The fingers were shortened by 1.5 cm, had a
      normal nail, touch sensation and absence of cold intolerance and pain. Both of
      the patients returned to work in 4 months.

PMID- 2917216
TI  - The incidence of late recurrence (greater than 10 years); an analysis of 536
      consecutive cases of cutaneous melanoma.
AB  - The main purpose of this study was, using a computerised database, to try to
      establish possible prognostic features shown in patients who develop late
      recurrence, after 10 years, from a melanoma. The records of 536 patients
      diagnosed and treated for cutaneous melanoma over a 10-year period were examined
      and 5 patients were found to have developed a late recurrence. These patients
      were all female and included both pre- and post-menopausal cases at the time of
      initial diagnosis. In 4 out of the 5 cases the primary lesion had been situated
      upon an extremity. This study adds to the evidence that prognostic indicators can
      lead to a possible identification of high risk patients and that the level of
      patient awareness and education must be maintained throughout the period of
      follow-up.

PMID- 2917217
TI  - Microvascular anastomoses in diabetes: an experimental study.
AB  - The process of intimal repair across a microvascular anastomosis has been studied
      in an animal model of diabetes using scanning electron microscopy. The mean area
      of re-endothelialisation at 10 days, 200 microns on either side of an
      experimental microarterial anastomosis, was 65% in nondiabetic controls compared
      to 16.5% in an untreated diabetic group and 10% in an insulin treated diabetic
      group. The degree of intimal repair was significantly lower in the diabetic
      groups compared to controls (p less than 0.01, Wilcoxon Rank Test). Defective re
      endothelialisation may contribute to anastomotic failure in clinical practice.

PMID- 2917218
TI  - Microarterial grafting into the carotid artery of the rabbit: some considerations
      concerning species-dependent thrombogenicity.
AB  - This study was undertaken to obtain more insight into the performance of
      microarterial prostheses in an experimental animal that resembles the human
      thrombogenically more closely than the rat. Therefore, microarterial polyurethane
      based (PU) prostheses and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) prostheses were
      implanted into the carotid artery of the rabbit and were compared with regard to
      patency and thrombus formation at 1 hour (n = 4), 1 day (n = 4), 2 days (n = 4),
      1 week (n = 4), 2 weeks (n = 6), 3 weeks (n = 6) and 6 weeks (n = 6) after
      implantation. Arterial autografts (n = 22), followed up for 2 weeks after
      implantation, served as a control for the surgical procedure. All arterial
      autografts were patent at the time of harvesting. In contrast, although all
      microarterial prostheses were patent at 1 hour and some were patent at 1 day, 2
      days and 1 week, none of them were patent at 2, 3 and 6 weeks. The patent PTFE
      prostheses showed remarkably less thrombus accumulation on the graft surface when
      compared to the patent PU prostheses. However, all prostheses had the same amount
      of thrombus formation at the distal anastomosis.

PMID- 2917219
TI  - The Facial Appearance Sorting Test (FAST): an aid to the selection of patients
      for rhinoplasty.
AB  - A simple test which requires a few minutes to administer and score is described
      as an aid to the selection of patients for rhinoplasty. The sorting of cards
      evaluating appearance is performed consistently over a period of time by
      individual subjects and by different groups of subjects. A numerical formula is
      proposed which allows for deviation from the common system of evaluating
      appearance in measuring support for an application for rhinoplasty.

PMID- 2917220
TI  - A manoeuvre to locate the distal urethral opening at the tip of the glans in the
      final stage of Cecil-Culp urethroplasty.
AB  - One of the drawbacks of Cecil-Culp urethroplasty for hypospadias is its failure
      to place the distal urethral meatus at the tip of the glans when the scrotal flap
      is detached. This paper describes a manoeuvre to overcome this drawback with the
      help of a small flap from the median raphe of the scrotum at the third and final
      stage of Cecil-Culp urethroplasty. Relevant illustrations from a case and line
      drawings are included to describe the procedure. A small note is appended as a
      comment.

PMID- 2917221
TI  - Epithelioma cuniculatum plantare.
AB  - The clinical and histological findings and treatment of three patients with this
      well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma of the foot are presented.

PMID- 2917222
TI  - Silicone gel in the treatment of keloid scars.
AB  - Silicone gel is effective in the treatment of keloid scars. Eighteen patients
      with 22 scars were treated with gel and their progress reviewed at 6 months.
      Improvements in texture, colour and height of the lesions were noted.

PMID- 2917223
TI  - First branchial cleft sinus in hemifacial microsomia.
AB  - In this paper we present a case of first branchial cleft sinus in hemifacial
      microsomia. An external opening was placed about 2 cm infero-posterior to the
      microtic ear remnant. The literature is reviewed and discussed.

PMID- 2917224
TI  - Anomalous blood supply to the serratus anterior/rib composite flap.
AB  - The serratus anterior muscle and rib composite flap has been well described for
      oral and mandibular reconstruction. The flap may also be used in combination with
      the latissimus dorsi flap based on the common thoracodorsal vascular pedicle, a
      blood supply which has hitherto been proven to be reliable. This case
      demonstrates a totally independent arterial supply to the serratus anterior and
      latissimus dorsi muscles.

PMID- 2917225
TI  - How safe is it to give parenteral iron to a patient with rheumatoid arthritis
      (RA) and iron deficiency anaemia?

PMID- 2917226
TI  - 1H nuclear magnetic resonance investigation of synovial fluid components in
      osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and traumatic effusions.
AB  - The levels of a range of components were measured by 1H nuclear magnetic
      resonance (1H NMR) in samples of synovial fluid taken from three groups of
      patients: 10 with osteoarthritis (OA), 18 with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and 11
      with traumatic effusions. A large number of low molecular weight species were
      measured simultaneously in addition to triglycerides and glycoproteins. Large
      variations were found between individuals in any one disease group, and there was
      no measurable correlation between disease state and levels of any low molecular
      weight component. However, patients with traumatic effusions had high levels of
      saturated triglycerides, while those with OA had low levels. The chain length of
      the triglycerides found in OA synovial fluid appears to be shorter than that for
      the other groups. In RA the composition of triglycerides appears normal, while
      the overall level is slightly above normal. In a separate study, serial samples
      of synovial fluid drawn from the knees of two arthritic patients were examined,
      and the concentrations of glycoprotein, triglycerides and creatinine were found
      to show a reasonable correlation with each other and with systemic measures of
      disease activity. These data suggest the potential of synovial fluid
      triglycerides and creatinine as inflammatory markers.

PMID- 2917227
TI  - Fenestration of tenosynovial capillaries.
AB  - A proportion of superficial capillaries in joint synovium are known to be
      fenestrated. The specialized functions of these fenestrated capillaries are
      unknown. We report the finding of fenestrae in tenosynovial capillaries from
      rabbit peroneal tendon sheaths. Fenestrations occupied 0.66% of the endothelial
      surface. Fenestrated capillaries appear to be a general feature of synovium,
      rather than a specific feature of joint tissue.

PMID- 2917228
TI  - The effect of pregnancy on the onset of psoriatic arthritis.
AB  - Pregnancy may be a risk factor for the development of arthritis. The effect of
      pregnancy and other hormone-associated events on the expression of psoriasis and
      arthritis was investigated retrospectively in 33 female patients with psoriatic
      arthritis. Eighteen per cent of patients or 30% of mothers had onset of arthritis
      within 3 months postpartum. Another 5 patients (15%) had perimenopausal onset of
      arthritis. No such temporal association was seen with the onset of skin
      psoriasis. Hormone-associated events appear to be as important modifiers of the
      arthritis associated with psoriasis as they are for other forms of joint disease.

PMID- 2917229
TI  - The effect of continuing penicillamine and gold treatment on the course of
      penicillamine and gold nephropathy.
AB  - The effect of continuing penicillamine or gold treatment was examined in 53
      patients with biopsy proven penicillamine (32) or gold (21) nephropathy. Thirty
      two patients stopped penicillamine or gold treatment as soon as proteinuria was
      detected whilst 21 patients continued treatment for periods of 2-11 months. The
      24-hour creatinine clearance and urinary protein excretion were measured serially
      for a median period of 6 years. No significant differences were observed in the
      initial or maximum proteinuria, the duration of the proteinuria or in the initial
      or latest creatinine clearances between the groups of patients. These results
      indicate that penicillamine or gold treatment may be continued for short periods
      under close supervision despite moderate proteinuria without causing permanent
      renal damage. As several alternative non-nephrotoxic agents are available for the
      treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, continued treatment with penicillamine or gold
      despite proteinuria is seldom indicated.

PMID- 2917230
TI  - The patient is not a blank sheet: lay beliefs and their relevance to patient
      education.

PMID- 2917231
TI  - An unusual cause of joint swelling in rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - We describe a patient with longstanding rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who developed a
      monoarticular swelling of the left elbow which proved to be due to non-Hodgkin's
      lymphoma (NHL) infiltration of skin and subcutaneous tissue.

PMID- 2917232
TI  - I recently saw a patient with a most unusual inflammatory arthritis of the knee.
      Deliberate self-harm was suggested by the general practitioner. How should I
      evaluate this possibility, and if necessary treat the problem?

PMID- 2917233
TI  - A controlled evaluation of arthritis education.
AB  - The benefits of patient education for those with chronic arthritis are well
      documented. Informed patients should practice self care more often, and may show
      reduced disability from their disease. An important question relates to
      maintenance of the knowledge and skills acquired in educational programmes. This
      prospective study evaluated an education programme for people with rheumatoid
      arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA). The intervention group participated in a
      comprehensively planned six session behaviourally based programme. A
      questionnaire was given to 100 patients and 95 matched but non-random controls
      before the programme, 1 month later, and at 3 and 12 months. The intervention
      group demonstrated improvements in knowledge, self-reported health behaviour and
      disability scores at 12 months, compared to the controls. No differences were
      reported in symptoms, compliance with therapy, pain perception, and locus of
      control.

PMID- 2917234
TI  - Rheumatoid arthritis and motor neurone disease--an association?
AB  - Three patients with rheumatoid arthritis and motor neurone disease are presented.
      The neurological syndrome supervened after 2, 19 and 23 years of polyarthritis
      and led to death within 4 years. The diagnosis of motor neurone disease was
      confirmed at post mortem in one case. Common immunological mechanisms may account
      for this previously unreported association.

PMID- 2917235
TI  - A case of lymphomatoid granulomatosis with a protracted course and prominent CNS
      involvement.

PMID- 2917236
TI  - Distillation.

PMID- 2917237
TI  - Frozen shoulder and cervical spine disease.

PMID- 2917238
TI  - Acute onset of scleroderma following subcapsular orchidectomy for carcinoma of
      prostate.

PMID- 2917239
TI  - Systemic lupus erythematosus and periodic peritonitis (FMF)

PMID- 2917240
TI  - Erythrocyte sedimentation rate as a parameter for drug evaluation in the MRL/l
      autoimmune mouse.

PMID- 2917241
TI  - Localized nodular myositis as the first manifestation of polymyositis.

PMID- 2917242
TI  - Osteomalacia and rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 2917243
TI  - Primary meningococcal arthritis caused by group A meningococcus: an unusual
      presentation of infection with an uncommon bacterial strain.

PMID- 2917244
TI  - Anaemia and rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 2917245
TI  - Rheumatoid arthritis and senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type.

PMID- 2917246
TI  - Surgeons and computers.

PMID- 2917247
TI  - Angelchik prosthesis.

PMID- 2917248
TI  - Gallbladder non-filling at ERCP.

PMID- 2917249
TI  - Postoperative wound pain.

PMID- 2917250
TI  - 'Sculpted' T tubes.

PMID- 2917251
TI  - Diagnosis and management of graft-enteric fistulae.

PMID- 2917252
TI  - Small bowel obstruction.

PMID- 2917254
TI  - Incisional hernias.

PMID- 2917253
TI  - Review of a hospital experience of breast abscesses.

PMID- 2917255
TI  - Femorofemoral bypass in unilateral iliac artery occlusion.
AB  - Between January 1973 and January 1988, 188 patients with unilateral iliac artery
      occlusion were treated at The Middlesex and University College Hospitals, 185 for
      primary disease and three for blockage of a previous aortobifemoral graft. In the
      early part of the series, a variety of operations, including aortofemoral and
      iliofemoral bypass, and endarteriectomy, was used. Femorofemoral bypass was at
      first reserved for patients who were considered unfit for major surgery, but the
      results seemed so good that it was adopted as the procedure of choice. Latterly,
      percutaneous transluminal angioplasty became available, and the role of this is
      discussed. Over the 15-year period, 150 patients underwent femorofemoral bypass
      (all but two receiving a prosthetic graft). Of these, 90 per cent had disabling
      claudication and 8 per cent had critical ischaemia. There were six early deaths
      (within 30 days of operation) and five late deaths, and two surviving amputees;
      nine patients could not be traced. The remaining 128 patients have been assessed
      at intervals of from 3 to 92 months, both clinically and with Doppler studies.
      The cumulative patency was 86 per cent at 13 years, and all of these patients
      experienced subjective and haemodynamic improvement in the recipient limb. Eight
      grafts occluded in the early postoperative phase. In five patients there was
      deterioration in the donor limb; it is postulated that the effect was due to
      causes other than the operation. There were two serious postoperative
      complications due to technical error, one of which led to early above-knee
      amputation. These are presented in detail. In the light of this experience, the
      advantages and indications for femorofemoral bypass and the results to be
      expected from it have become clarified, and the technique standardized so that
      errors can be avoided. We suggest that femorofemoral bypass is now the operation
      of choice for unilateral iliac artery occlusion.

PMID- 2917256
TI  - Risk of aortic aneurysm surgery as assessed by preoperative gated heart pool
      scan.
AB  - Gated heart pool scan measuring left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was
      performed preoperatively in 72 patients presenting for elective repair of
      abdominal aortic aneurysm. Patients with a positive cardiac history were more
      likely to have a LVEF of less than or equal to 45 per cent (P less than 0.001).
      The operative mortality rate was 4 per cent. Each of three patients who died had
      a LVEF less than or equal to 35 per cent and developed cardiac failure which led
      to renal failure. Five other patients developed cardiac failure manifested by
      acute pulmonary oedema during the early postoperative period. There was no
      statistically significant association between a positive cardiac history and the
      occurrence of postoperative cardiac failure or death. However, patients with a
      LVEF of less than or equal to 45 per cent were more likely to develop
      postoperative cardiac failure (P = 0.004) while patients with a LVEF of less than
      or equal to 35 per cent had a greater chance of dying (P less than 0.001). No
      patient died with a LVEF greater than 35 per cent. Preoperative evaluation of
      LVEF can select patients at high risk of cardiac death from repair of abdominal
      aortic aneurysm. Such patients could be followed conservatively if they remain
      asymptomatic and the aneurysm does not enlarge. If operation is considered
      mandatory, patients with a low LVEF should receive intensive perioperative
      monitoring with enhancement of ventricular performance.

PMID- 2917257
TI  - Plasma arginine vasopressin levels and arterial pressure during open heart
      surgery.
AB  - A study of plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP) levels and their relation to changes
      in arterial pressure was undertaken in 13 patients undergoing open heart surgery.
      Seven of the patients received high doses of intravenous morphine (1 or 2 mg/kg)
      as part of their anaesthetic, whereas the other six did not. Increases in the AVP
      levels during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) were significant in both groups, but
      were significantly greater in the patients not receiving morphine (median 86.1
      fmol/ml) than in those who did (47.5 fmol/ml). In both groups there was a linear
      correlation between the natural logarithm of the plasma AVP level and the
      percentage fall in the mean arterial pressure, although the slope of the
      relationship was significantly less in the group receiving morphine than in the
      group not receiving morphine. These results indicate that in patients undergoing
      cardiac surgery the neuroendocrine reflex control of plasma AVP levels in
      relation to changes in arterial pressure is intact, but that the sensitivity of
      the reflex (i.e. the increase in plasma AVP level for a given fall in arterial
      pressure) is reduced by the administration of high doses of intravenous morphine.

PMID- 2917258
TI  - Viscoelastic properties and collagen content of the long saphenous vein in normal
      and varicose veins.
AB  - Veins taken from patients undergoing surgery for varicose veins were compared
      with those obtained from patients undergoing other surgical procedures
      ('normals'). Varicose veins had a lower breaking strength and breaking energy
      than normal veins. Elastic stiffness was less in normals (tan theta = 41 (24]
      than in varicose veins (tan theta = 55 (18); P less than 0.01). There was no
      difference in viscoelastic behaviour between samples taken above, at, or below
      the valve leaflet insertion. In normals, perivalvular vein wall exhibited a 50
      per cent lower breaking strength and elastic stiffness than vein from other
      sites. Collagen content was significantly higher in normal vein specimens in all
      sites examined (mean collagen content = 70 (21) micrograms/mg, versus 51 (20)
      micrograms/mg for varicose veins; P less than 0.001). We conclude that
      significant structural changes are seen in varicose veins. In normal veins, the
      perivalvular vein wall has distinct viscoelastic features when compared with vein
      wall from other sites. This difference was not found in veins which became
      varicose.

PMID- 2917259
TI  - Risk factors in onychocryptosis.
AB  - A study is described in which the normal toes of 50 patients with unilateral
      ingrowing toenails were compared with those of 50 healthy subjects matched for
      age and sex. Twenty-one potential risk factors were compared between the groups.
      All measurements on patients were derived from unaffected toes in order to avoid
      anatomical distortion due to the disease process. Statistical analysis revealed
      significant differences between the groups for three anatomical measures, namely
      nail fold width (P less than 0.001), medial rotation (eversion) of the great toe
      (P less than 0.02) and nail thickness (P less than 0.03). Possible discriminating
      variables were assessed using linear discriminant function analysis and a
      mathematical equation was derived based on these three factors. This equation was
      found to possess a potentially high predictive value in that it correctly
      classified 86 per cent of the patients and 77 per cent of the controls. A further
      group of 62 unselected patients presenting with unilateral onychocryptosis and 35
      unaffected controls were assessed for these three parameters. Of these, 80 per
      cent of controls and 85 per cent of patients could be classified correctly by the
      equation. It is thus proposed that, in the majority of subjects with
      onychocryptosis, a discrete anatomical predisposition exists and that the other
      factors act only as triggers in the development of the condition. This study
      provides a rationale for less traumatic surgical approaches to ingrown nail than
      nail avulsion, with or without nail bed ablation and may also provide a means of
      identifying high-risk groups.

PMID- 2917260
TI  - Posterior sagittal anorectoplasty for reoperation in children with anorectal
      malformations.
AB  - A prospective study was carried out in 12 consecutive patients (7 boys and 5
      girls), to evaluate posterior sagittal anorectoplasty for patients incontinent of
      faeces after anorectal reconstruction. Examination revealed anatomical problems
      such as: recurrent fistula (two), massive urethral diverticulum (one), absent
      vagina (one), and a missed urogenital sinus (one). Preliminary electromyography
      showed the external sphincter to be displaced from the anus in nine patients.
      Posterior sagittal anorectoplasty, with correction of anatomical defects and
      precise reconstruction of bowel within the sphincters, was carried out after the
      formation of a loop colostomy. No postoperative complications were observed.
      Contrast studies confirmed healed suture lines before stoma closure. Follow-up,
      between 4 and 46 months, revealed good faecal control in only two patients, with
      a significant improvement in two others. The rest remained incontinent although
      sensation was improved. These disappointing results, at variance with other
      published reports, lead us to conclude that posterior sagittal anorectoplasty,
      when used as a secondary procedure, is good for correcting anatomical defects but
      not for improving faecal continence.

PMID- 2917261
TI  - Anorectal function after abdominal rectopexy: parameters of predictive value in
      identifying return of continence.
AB  - Posterior abdominal rectopexy was performed in 12 patients with a full-thickness
      rectal prolapse: 9 had faecal incontinence. The prolapse was successfully
      controlled in all cases and six of nine patients were rendered continent.
      Physiological studies in patients were compared with age- and sex-matched
      controls. Preoperative anal pressures were significantly lower than in controls
      at rest (R), during maximum pelvic floor contraction (Sq) and attempted
      defaecation (St) (R, P less than 0.005; Sq, P less than 0.005; St, P less than
      0.005). Anorectal angles were significantly more obtuse in patients than in
      controls (R, P less than 0.05; St, P less than 0.025). None of these parameters
      changed significantly after abdominal rectopexy. Median rectal emptying
      significantly decreased after operation (preoperative 83 per cent/min;
      postoperative, 58 per cent/min, P less than 0.05). Median perineal descent during
      attempted defaecation also significantly decreased after operation (preoperative,
      8.5 cm; postoperative, 7.1 cm; P less than 0.025). Parameters which predicted
      return of continence included: delayed leakage during the saline infusion test (P
      less than 0.025), a narrow anorectal angle during pelvic floor contraction (P
      less than 0.025), minimal pelvic floor descent during contraction (P less than
      0.05), and a long anal canal at rest (P less than 0.05) and during pelvic floor
      contraction (P less than 0.025).

PMID- 2917262
TI  - A study of the physiological variation in anal manometry.
AB  - The physiological variation in anal manometry using a perfused catheter with
      radiating sideholes was studied in 78 healthy volunteers. The maximum
      intraindividual variation in the length of the anal high pressure zone, resting
      pressure and squeeze pressure was 10 mm, 26 mmHg and 68 mmHg respectively. The
      median 95 per cent confidence interval for length of the pressure zone was 4 mm;
      for resting pressure it was 15 mmHg and for squeeze pressure it was 48 mmHg. Day
      to-day variation did not exceed the intraindividual variation. Constant recording
      with the catheter fixed in the high pressure zone revealed slow waves and
      ultraslow waves with amplitudes of 6-24 mmHg which could account for most of the
      intraindividual variation. No sex difference was found in the length of the high
      pressure zone whereas resting pressure and squeeze pressure were higher in men
      than in women. Although a tendency towards a decrease in the length of the high
      pressure zone, resting pressure and squeeze pressure was observed with increasing
      age, no significant age-related difference could be demonstrated.

PMID- 2917263
TI  - Treatment of cancer of the colon: a non-specialist's point of view.

PMID- 2917264
TI  - Air-filled microballoon manometry for use in anorectal physiology.
AB  - Manometry is fundamental to anorectal physiology but the water-filled manometric
      systems commonly used have several disadvantages. To investigate the 'new' air
      filled microballoon system, we compared it with a standard water-filled
      equivalent by measuring sphincter length, maximum resting pressure (MRP) and
      maximum voluntary contraction pressure (MVC) in 44 patients using the station
      pull-through technique. A good correlation was found for all three parameters
      (Spearman correlation coefficient rs: sphincter length = 0.86, MRP = 0.86 and MVC
      = 0.94, P less than 0.001). Repeat studies in 15 patients showed excellent
      reproducibility (rs: sphincter length = 0.97, MRP = 0.96 and MVC = 0.97, P less
      than 0.001). Air-filled microballoon manometry gives results similar to a water
      filled microballoon system and has many advantages.

PMID- 2917265
TI  - Pre-treatment with octreotide as an adjuvant to surgical resection in Zollinger
      Ellison syndrome.

PMID- 2917266
TI  - Near-total thyroidectomy for carcinoma of the thyroid.
AB  - There is controversy about the most appropriate treatment for patients with
      thyroid cancer. This study analyses our experience with 206 cases of thyroid
      cancer from an endemic goiterous area. There were 100 males and 106 females;
      patients presented at an earlier age with a short history. Thyroid cancers
      demonstrated an aggressive biological behaviour with an advanced stage at
      presentation (overt cancers in 51 per cent) and a relentless course with a
      mortality rate of 24.2 per cent for the well-differentiated tumours. Near-total
      thyroidectomy was performed in 126 patients. Multicentric foci of tumour were
      seen in 17.2 per cent of the well-differentiated cancers and 25.2 per cent of the
      cases of well-differentiated cancers who underwent near-total thyroidectomy
      developed loco-regional recurrence. Hemithyroidectomy was performed in 35
      patients who refused completion total thyroidectomy at a second stage; 16.7 per
      cent of these patients developed a recurrence in the remaining contralateral
      lobe. Thus in our patients from an endemic goiterous area, near-total
      thyroidectomy is the treatment of choice particularly because of the frequent
      occurrence of follicular and anaplastic cancers (in 44.2 per cent) and because
      the course of the disease is more virulent.

PMID- 2917267
TI  - Contrast enhanced CT scan as a diagnostic procedure in mesenteric ischaemia due
      to mesenteric venous thrombosis.

PMID- 2917268
TI  - Facial paralysis due to a benign parotid tumour.

PMID- 2917269
TI  - Plunging salivary glands.

PMID- 2917270
TI  - Pseudoachalasia after radical gastrectomy.

PMID- 2917271
TI  - Heller's myotomy with partial fundoplication.

PMID- 2917272
TI  - Severe nonfluency in aphasia. Role of the medial subcallosal fasciculus and other
      white matter pathways in recovery of spontaneous speech.
AB  - The relationship between location and extent of lesion on CT scan and limitation
      in spontaneous speech was examined. The severity of spontaneous speech ranged
      from cases with no speech or only verbal stereotypies (first major group) to
      those with reduced, hesitant, poorly articulated, agrammatic speech (nonfluent
      Broca's aphasia, second major group). CT scan analysis revealed no single
      neuroanatomical area that contained an extensive lesion which could be used to
      discriminate the most severe cases from the least severe. The two groups were
      separable, however, on the basis of the CT scan when the extent of the lesion in
      two subcortical white matter areas were combined: (1) the most medial and rostral
      portion of the subcallosal fasciculus plus (2) the periventricular white matter
      near the body of the lateral ventricle, deep to the lower motor/sensory cortex
      area for the mouth. The most rostral portion of the medial subcallosal
      fasciculus, located in the lateral angle of the frontal horn (extremely deep to
      Broca's area), contains projections from the cingulate gyrus (area 24) and the
      supplementary motor area, to the caudate nucleus. We suggest that one explanation
      for the more severe limitation in spontaneous speech in the first group is the
      extensive white matter lesion in these two subcortical pathways had interrupted a
      large number of connections for (1) initiation and preparation of speech
      movements, and limbic aspects of speech (lesions in the medial subcallosal
      fasciculus), and (2) motor execution and sensory feedback for spontaneous speech
      (lesions in periventricular white matter deep to the motor/sensory cortex area
      for the mouth). Extensive lesion in only one of these two white matter pathway
      areas, alone was not sufficient to produce long-lasting severe limitation in
      spontaneous speech and could not be used to discriminate the two groups on the
      basis of the CT scans. The patients with less severe limitation in spontaneous
      speech (nonfluent Broca's aphasia) had less extensive lesion within these two
      white matter areas combined, and had interrupted a smaller number of these
      subcortical connections. The sites of the lesions in subcortical white matter in
      CT scans in Broca's original case who could only produce a verbal stereotypy are
      similar to those in our first group with the most severe limitation in
      spontaneous speech. The presence or absence of hemiplegia was not related to
      severity or recovery of spontaneous speech. Careful examination of lesion extent
      in these two areas of subcortical white matter on CT scanning appears to be
      relevant in predicting potential for recovery of spontaneous speech in some
      stroke patients.

PMID- 2917273
TI  - Hemisphere asymmetry for eye gaze mechanisms.
AB  - To investigate left/right asymmetries in cerebral gaze mechanisms, eye deviation
      was evaluated in 90 patients following intracarotid sodium amylobarbitone
      injections. For right-handed subjects with left cerebral language dominance, the
      occurrence and severity of eye deviation were greater for right versus left
      hemisphere injections. In contrast, subjects with mixed cerebral dominance for
      language/handedness exhibited no left/right difference in the incidence of eye
      deviation. The results are consistent with right cerebral dominance for
      attentional/intentional mechanisms directed at external space. Further analysis
      suggests that the cerebral asymmetry for gaze may be due to an evolutionary loss
      of attentional/intentional mechanisms by the left cerebral hemisphere as language
      function developed.

PMID- 2917274
TI  - Impairment and recovery of ipsilateral sensory-motor function following
      unilateral cerebral infarction.
AB  - After unilateral cerebral hemisphere stroke, resulting in contralateral arm
      symptoms but largely sparing higher cerebral function, ipsilateral arm function
      is generally considered to be unaffected. In this study, 8 subjects with acute
      unilateral cerebral infarction (confirmed by CT scan) and primarily motor
      deficits underwent 11 computerized and 6 clinical assessments between 11 days and
      12 months poststroke, and were compared with 12 normal subjects. Computerized
      tests comprised 3 pursuit tracking tasks (preview-random, step and a combination
      of these), designed to measure different aspects of integrated sensory-motor (S
      M) function, and 12 tasks aimed at breaking tracking into various sensory,
      perceptual and motor components (joint movement sense, visual resolution, object
      perception, static and dynamic visuospatial perception, range of movement, grip
      and arm strength, reaction time, speed, static and dynamic steadiness). The
      asymptomatic arm was impaired on all but one of the computerized tests throughout
      the 12-month period, although to a lesser degree than the symptomatic arm. Grip
      strength was marginally impaired initially. Incomplete neurological recovery was
      seen in the asymptomatic arm for all functions except strength, speed and
      steadiness, possibly indicating their resistance to improvement. Clinical
      assessment detected no asymptomatic arm impairment and only a mild transient
      deficit of higher mental function. Our data suggest that (1) all cerebral
      hemisphere areas involved in S-M functions can exert some degree of bilateral
      motor control; (2) ipsilateral influence is never greater than contralateral
      influence, and is usually considerably less; and (3) the proportion of
      ipsilateral to contralateral control is closely related to the degree of
      continuous sensory feedback required by the particular task. The mechanism and
      degree of ipsilateral dysfunction can be explained by a 3-tier cerebral model of
      S-M integration comprising a lower level of functions with high contralateral
      specificity (somatosensory and motor), a middle level of non-limb-specific
      partially lateralized functions (ideomotor praxis and visuospatial perception)
      and an upper level of global mental activities (intellect, alertness, etc.).

PMID- 2917275
TI  - The natural history of multiple sclerosis: a geographically based study. I.
      Clinical course and disability.
AB  - The outcome of multiple sclerosis (MS), assessed according to the Kurtzke
      Disability Status Scale (DSS), was reviewed in 1,099 consecutive patients
      followed in London, Canada, between 1972 and 1984. A geographically based
      subgroup of 196 patients representing 90% of Middlesex County MS patients as well
      as a group of 197 patients seen from onset of disease were separately analysed.
      The clinical course was progressive from onset in 33% of the total population and
      in 28% of the Middlesex County subgroup. Of those with duration of 6-10 yrs, 30
      40% with initially remitting disease developed progressive MS. The cross
      sectional distribution of disability was bimodal with peaks at DSS 1 (no
      disability) and DSS 6 (assistance required for walking). Actuarial analysis
      showed that the median time to reach DSS 6 from onset of MS was 14.97 +/- 0.31
      yrs in the total population and 9.42 +/- 0.44 yrs in the "seen from onset'
      subgroup. Survival was minimally altered; 87% of patients followed up to 40 yrs
      were still alive, although ascertainment of cases with this duration of MS was
      incomplete. Data describing the rate at which disability develops after the onset
      of a progressive phase of MS are also presented. The implications of these data
      in planning and interpretation of clinical therapeutic trials are discussed.

PMID- 2917276
TI  - Changes in excitability of human cutaneous afferents following prolonged high
      frequency stimulation.
AB  - Prolonged high-frequency stimulation of cutaneous nerves can result in
      paraesthesiae that begin 20 to 30 s after the end of the train and last for 5 to
      10 min. In the present experiments the effects of such stimulation on the
      excitability of human cutaneous afferents and on their refractory and supernormal
      periods were measured to determine whether these changes could explain the
      postactivation paraesthesiae. Attention was focused on the axons of lowest
      threshold (1.0-1.5 T) in the compound sensory action potential evoked by
      stimulating the digital nerves of the index or middle fingers. Repetitive
      activation produced two opposing effects on the excitability of low-threshold
      cutaneous afferents. Following stimulus trains of short duration (1-5 min) the
      dominant effect was a long-lasting decrease in excitability, such that the
      amplitude of a test afferent volley was always less than before stimulation. With
      these trains, no subject experienced paraesthesiae. For 10 min after stimulus
      trains lasting longer than 7 to 12 min the dominant effect was an increase in
      excitability such that the amplitude of the test volley was greater than before
      stimulation. Within this interval, following such trains, subjects experienced
      paraesthesiae. The extent and duration of supernormality induced by a
      supramaximal conditioning stimulus were greatly increased by stimulation for 1
      min. Following stimulation for 10 min, the degree of supernormality of the
      enhanced test volley was much the same as before stimulation, but was
      inappropriately high for the size of the test volley. The sum total of the
      excitability change and the change in supernormality resulted in a larger
      potential after stimulation, whether the train lasted 1 min or 10 min. It is
      concluded that the postactivation changes in axonal excitability could predispose
      the most excitable axons to generate ectopic impulses and, thereby, to produce
      paraesthesiae.

PMID- 2917277
TI  - Diagnosis of unilateral telencephalic hearing disorders. Evaluation of a simple
      psychoacoustic pattern discrimination test.
AB  - A new psychoacoustic pattern discrimination test (PPDT) has been validated for
      the diagnosis of telencephalic hearing disorders. In this test, regular sequences
      of noise bursts or click trains are presented dichotically, and randomly
      occurring monaural changes in intensity or click pattern have to be
      discriminated. The PPDT was administered to 48 control subjects and to 62
      patients with circumscribed cerebrovascular lesions. Involvement of telencephalic
      auditory structures (TAS) was assessed from CT scans. Abnormality in the PPDT was
      highly correlated with the incidence of a TAS lesion. The most prominent
      abnormality consisted of an increased error rate (missed discriminations) on the
      ear contralateral to the TAS lesion, comparable to the ear effect described for
      former dichotic tests. In normals, no ear dominance, which might have confounded
      the interpretation of lesion effects in patients, was observed for our test
      material. Also, the influence of peripheral hearing loss on test results was
      small. Criteria for the clinical evaluation of the PPDT were developed and
      yielded a good sensitivity (76.1%) when related to the CT scan data. Abnormality
      in the PPDT was also confirmed by reduced auditory evoked dipole source
      potentials in the lesioned hemisphere. Disturbances in auditory language
      comprehension in aphasic patients were not significantly related to a positive
      PPDT result, but a questionnaire about hearing difficulties revealed a close
      association of PPDT abnormality and auditory perceptual disturbances. These
      occurred only in difficult hearing environments, for example, the cocktail party
      situation. It must be concluded that unilateral TAS lesions lead to auditory
      perceptual impairment and communication problems, which should be given adequate
      attention during neuropsychological rehabilitation.

PMID- 2917278
TI  - X-linked recessive bulbospinal neuronopathy. A clinicopathological study.
AB  - A clinicopathological study on X-linked recessive bulbospinal neuronopathy was
      undertaken on 9 cases, with morphological observations on 3 autopsied cases and
      sural nerve biopsies from 6 patients. Both lower motor and primary sensory
      neurons were involved. Lower motor neurons were markedly depleted through all
      spinal segments and in brainstem motor nuclei except for the third, fourth and
      sixth cranial nerves. Primary sensory neurons were less severely affected. A
      quantitative study of primary sensory axons at several levels in the peripheral
      nervous system suggested that a distally accentuated axonopathy was the salient
      pathological process. Segmental demyelination and remyelination clustered on
      individual fibres, and g ratios (axon diameter: total fibre diameter) in the
      sural nerve showed an increased scatter in some cases. Evidence of regeneration
      was inconspicuous. Unmyelinated fibres were well preserved throughout all the
      nerves examined. Neurons in the Onufrowicz nuclei, in the intermediolateral
      columns and in Clarke's columns of the spinal cord were generally well preserved.
      These observations indicate that a lower motor and primary sensory neuronopathy
      is a major neurological manifestation in this disease.

PMID- 2917279
TI  - The Bereitschaftspotential is abnormal in Parkinson's disease.
AB  - The average Bereitschaftspotential (BP) preceding a rapid, self-paced voluntary
      extension movement of the index finger was recorded from 6 scalp locations in 14
      patients with Parkinson's disease who had been withdrawn from their normal drug
      therapy for at least 12 h before testing. The amplitude of the potential was
      measured at the peak negativity (N1) and 650 ms prior to this (NS1), and compared
      with that recorded in a group of 12 age-matched control subjects. The N1
      amplitude was the same as in the normals, but the NS1 component was smaller in
      the patients, especially in midline leads. As a result, the rise in the BP
      between the peak NS1 and N1 component (termed NS2) was larger in the patient
      group. The NS1 component of the BP is thought to reflect preparatory activity in
      the supplementary motor area (SMA) of cortex. Since the basal ganglia provide a
      major source of afferent input to SMA, the reduction in NS1 in the patients
      probably results from inadequate basal ganglia activation of SMA. The larger NS2
      component may reflect extra activity in other brain areas to compensate for the
      reduced SMA activity.

PMID- 2917280
TI  - Reading with one hemisphere.
AB  - The subjects of this study were 2 originally right-handed teen-aged girls who had
      undergone complete hemispherectomy (1 left, 1 right) for intractable epilepsy.
      Both subjects had developed normal language and reading capacities before the
      onset of their illness. The reading performance of H.P. (whose right hemisphere
      had been removed), while not as advanced in level as that of a normal 17-yr-old,
      showed no abnormality in any subcomponent of reading skill. The reading
      performance of N.I. (whose left hemisphere had been removed) was poor, but with a
      pattern of retained and impaired subskills strikingly similar to adult deep
      dyslexic patients and to split-brain patients given reading tasks lateralized to
      the left visual field (right hemisphere). The results are discussed with regard
      to implications for the reading capacity of the nondominant right hemisphere and
      also its putative contribution to normal reading.

PMID- 2917282
TI  - Bilingualism and neurolinguistics.

PMID- 2917283
TI  - Visual field asymmetries in numerical size comparisons of digits, words, and
      signs.
AB  - Visual field asymmetries were examined in American Sign Language-English
      bilinguals for speeded numerical size judgments of pairs of digits, number words,
      and number signs. Physical size of the number pairs was either congruent or
      incongruent with their numerical size. The results revealed a greater left visual
      field (LVF) interference for numbers represented as digits and a greater right
      visual field (RVF) interference for numbers represented as words or signs.
      Subjects' performance on number words and signs was also influenced by their
      skill in English and ASL: interference was greater in the RVF in the subjects'
      better language but was greater in the LVF for the less skilled language. These
      findings suggest that lateralization of numerical size judgments is moderated by
      the mode of number presentation and by prior language experience.

PMID- 2917281
TI  - Abnormal spatial patterns of elbow muscle activation in hemiparetic human
      subjects.
AB  - The patterns of electromyographic (EMG) activity in spastic-paretic and
      contralateral elbow muscles of 10 hemiparetic human subjects were compared during
      a sequence of graded voluntary isometric contractions against 4 different-sized
      loads. These loads were orientated successively at 8 different angles over a 360
      degree range, referenced to a plane at the wrist orthogonal to the long axis of
      the forearm. Comparisons of EMG activity recorded from normal and paretic limbs
      revealed that there were marked differences in the torque angles which evoked
      significant EMG activity, in the angular range of EMG, in the angle of peak EMG,
      and in the scaling of EMG magnitude with increasing isometric loads. In severely
      impaired limbs, there was a marked shift in both the peak EMG angle and the
      angular domain of EMG activity for both biceps and triceps muscle groups, away
      from the normal elbow flexion-extension axis towards external humeral rotation
      and shoulder girdle elevation. The extent of the disturbance in the spatial
      patterns of EMG activity was closely correlated with the clinical severity of the
      spastic-paretic disability, which was quantified using a functional scale
      patterned after that described by Fugl Meyer et al. (1975). The observed patterns
      of EMG activity in paretic flexor muscles do not conform with established
      synergistic patterns, such as might be released by excitation of the flexor
      reflex in a normal limb. Possible origins for the anomalous EMG patterns are
      discussed.

PMID- 2917284
TI  - Language laterality in Navajo reservation children: dichotic test results depend
      on the language context of the testing.
AB  - Language lateralization in 40 Navajo and 20 Anglo fifth graders was assessed via
      the Dichotic Consonant-Vowel Task (DCVT). One group of Navajo children was tested
      by an experimenter who spoke only Navajo with them. The other Navajo group and
      the Anglo group were tested by an experimenter who spoke only English to them.
      Strong right ear advantages (REAs) were obtained for the Anglo group and for the
      Navajo group tested by the Navajo-speaking experimenter. The Navajo group tested
      by the English-speaking experimenter showed minimal, nonsignificant REAs.
      Previous findings of an absence of REAs in Native American children failed to
      consider the possibility that this might occur only when the experimenter does
      not speak the dominant language of the children. Our results are not consistent
      with the view that Native Americans are more right hemisphere dominant as a
      function of an "appositional" mode of language and thought.

PMID- 2917286
TI  - Caring for out-of-province patients.

PMID- 2917285
TI  - Selective crossed aphasia in a trilingual aphasic patient followed by reciprocal
      antagonism.
AB  - After surgical removal of a parasitic cyst in the right prerolandic area, an
      educated 25-year-old male exhibited obvious deficits in one of his three
      languages (Gujarati), with no measurable deficits in the other two (French and
      Malagasy). The patient spoke all three languages fluently before the operation.
      Gujarati and Malagasy had been acquired in infancy. Gujarati was the language of
      his parents and relatives. Malagasy the language of the local population. All the
      patient's schooling had been in French, the only language in which he was
      literate. He used French daily at work. Since the acquisition history for
      Gujarati and Malagasy was identical, while French had been acquired in a
      different context, one would have predicted, on the basis of W. Lambert and S.
      Fillenbaum's (1959, Canadian Journal of Psychology, 13, 28-34) hypothesis, that
      Gujarati and Malagasy should have been equally affected, with French possibly
      differently so. However, 8 months postoperatively, the patient had regained
      control of Gujarati, while Malagasy had deteriorated considerably, and his French
      remained unimpaired. Two years later, the patient had recovered full use of his
      three languages.

PMID- 2917287
TI  - Hyperactivity in children.

PMID- 2917288
TI  - BScMed program: do finances influence enrollment?

PMID- 2917289
TI  - The use of vitamin K in the perinatal period.

PMID- 2917290
TI  - Preventing polydipsia in psychiatric patients.

PMID- 2917291
TI  - Splenic spite and flawless flight.

PMID- 2917292
TI  - Licensure: competence to do what?

PMID- 2917293
TI  - Pertussis vaccine: why do some parents say no?

PMID- 2917294
TI  - Political awareness of psychiatric patients.

PMID- 2917295
TI  - There are fewer doctors sitting in new Parliament [correction].

PMID- 2917296
TI  - Management of sexually transmitted diseases in Canada, 1989.

PMID- 2917297
TI  - Occupational exposure to the human immunodeficiency virus among health care
      workers in Canada.

PMID- 2917298
TI  - Chronic cough and gastroesophageal reflux.
AB  - We reviewed the charts of 20 patients with chronic cough of unknown cause who had
      been referred to a tertiary care respiratory centre from 1980 to 1984 to
      determine whether gastroesophageal reflux (GER) was a contributing factor.
      Fifteen of the patients complained of symptoms suggestive of GER: radiologic
      investigation of the upper gastrointestinal tract revealed hiatus hernia and GER
      in four, hiatus hernia alone in three, GER alone in two, decreased esophageal
      peristalsis in one and normal findings in four. Fibreoptic bronchoscopy in the
      four former smokers and one nonsmoker showed diffuse mucosal erythema. A chest x
      ray film in one patient showed an infiltrate at the base of the right lung;
      transbronchial biopsy revealed vegetable material, which confirmed pulmonary
      aspiration. A 3-month course of medical antireflux treatment (dietary and
      lifestyle changes, elevation of the head of the bed and administration of
      cimetidine, antacid and metoclopramide) relieved the chronic cough in 14 of the
      20 patients. Of the remaining patients one was lost to follow-up and five had GER
      confirmed by means of esophagoscopy, esophageal motility testing and long-term
      intraesophageal pH monitoring; four of the five patients underwent fundoplication
      and were asymptomatic 3 months after surgery. Antireflux therapy should be
      considered in patients with chronic cough when other causes have been ruled out,
      even if there are no GER symptoms. If the treatment fails, full investigation for
      GER is recommended; if GER is confirmed, surgery should be considered.

PMID- 2917299
TI  - Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in an Inuit child.

PMID- 2917300
TI  - Contamination of multiple-dose vials due to repeat use of syringes.

PMID- 2917301
TI  - Let me make myself perfectly obscure.

PMID- 2917302
TI  - New Royal College council expected to advise local ethics boards.

PMID- 2917303
TI  - There's no room for freebies in medical journalism.

PMID- 2917304
TI  - CMA needling leads to changes in federal drug-devices bill.

PMID- 2917305
TI  - Make it too costly for people to smoke, finance minister advised.

PMID- 2917306
TI  - As competition increases, so should MD's marketing efforts.

PMID- 2917307
TI  - High-dose cytosine arabinoside and daunorubicin as primary therapy in elderly
      patients with acute myelogenous leukemia. A phase I-II study of the Southeastern
      Cancer Study Group.
AB  - We undertook a phase I-II trial in elderly (age greater than or equal to 60
      years) untreated acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) patients using brief, intensive
      therapy to improve induction rates and overall survival in older AML patients.
      Twenty-one patients ranging in age from 60 to 81 years (median, 66 years) were
      treated using either a 4- or 5-day course of high-dose cytosine arabinoside, 3
      g/m2 intravenously (IV) every 12 hours; followed by daunorubicin, 45 mg/m2/d IV
      bolus for 3 consecutive days. Thirteen patients were entered at the first dose
      level (a 4-day course or eight doses of cytosine arabinoside), whereas eight
      patients underwent therapy at the second dose level (a 5-day course or ten
      doses). Patients who achieved a complete remission received a repeat course of
      high-dose cytosine arabinoside and daunorubicin within 4 weeks of attaining
      remission. Seven patients had an antecedant history of a myelodysplastic
      syndrome. Infection was the major complication experienced by this elderly
      patient group, and included ten episodes of bacteremia or fungemia (four of which
      were fatal) and five cases of pneumonia (one fatality). Nine of the 21 patients
      (three of 13 at the first dose level and six of eight at the second dose level)
      achieved a complete remission. Median remission duration was 9 months (range, 4
      19+ months). Although high-dose cytosine arabinoside plus daunorubicin was an
      effective antileukemic therapy, it is too toxic to recommend for most elderly
      leukemic patients.

PMID- 2917308
TI  - Chlorambucil, vinblastine, procarbazine, and prednisone. An effective but less
      toxic regimen than MOPP for advanced-stage Hodgkin's disease.
AB  - The toxicity of MOPP chemotherapy, including nausea, vomiting, hair loss, and
      neuropathy, can limit patient compliance. Alternative regimens employing oral
      alkylating agents and vinblastine have been designed to ameliorate these
      toxicities. The authors reviewed their experience in 24 patients with advanced
      stage Hodgkin's disease who were treated with chlorambucil, vinblastine,
      procarbazine, and prednisone (ChlVPP). Complete responses were obtained in 92%
      (11/12) of previously untreated patients and in 92% (11/12) of patients who
      relapsed after radiation (10/10) or chemotherapy (one of two). Overall, relapse
      free survival is 82% with a median duration of follow-up of 5.5 years. Toxicity
      was minimal with myelosuppression being the dose-limiting toxicity. Severe nausea
      and vomiting occurred in only two patients and was considered secondary to
      procarbazine. Mild nausea occurred in six other patients. Minimal alopecia was
      seen in three patients and only two patients developed a mild peripheral
      neuropathy. The authors conclude that ChlVPP appears as effective as MOPP
      chemotherapy for Hodgkin's disease in comparable presentations but is a less
      toxic regimen. Thus, it may be useful in situations where poor compliance and
      patient acceptance may compromise optimal dose and frequency of drug
      administration.

PMID- 2917309
TI  - Cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil infusion for metastatic colorectal carcinoma.
      Differences in survival in two patient groups with similar response rates.
AB  - Because of reported synergism between 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and cisplatin (CDDP)
      in L1210 leukemic mice and activity of this combination in clinical studies, a
      trial was initiated in previously untreated patients with advanced colorectal
      carcinoma. Cisplatin at 20 mg/m2 and 5-FU as a continuous infusion at 1000 mg/m2
      were both administered for 5 consecutive days every 4 weeks. Forty-one patients
      were treated at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) and 46 were
      treated by the Community Clinical Oncology Program (CCOP) physicians. A 50%
      reduction in measurable disease was seen in 12 of 35 (34%) MSKCC patients and in
      nine of 41 (22%) of the CCOP patients with 95% confidence intervals of 0.18 to
      0.50 and 0.10 to 0.35 in the two groups, respectively. The predominant toxicities
      were as follows: nausea and vomiting, 32%; mucositis, 26%; leukocyte counts less
      than 2000 cells/mm3, 17%; platelet counts less than 25,000 cells/mm3, 8%; and
      severe neurotoxicity, 5%. Dose attenuation was similar in the two groups. The
      median survival was 16.4 months for the MSKCC group and 9.6 months for the CCOP
      group (P = 0.0003). Although the baseline characteristics (age, sex, performance
      status, and baseline lactic dehydrogenase [LDH] and alkaline phosphatase) were
      similar, on further examination differences between the two groups were evident.
      In the MSKCC group, 14% of patients with liver metastases had greater than 50% of
      their liver involved with tumor whereas this occurred in 41% of the CCOP group (P
      = 0.03). The LDH values greater than 500 U/l were observed in 10% of patients in
      the MSKCC group and in 37% of the patients in the CCOP group (P = 0.007).
      Characteristics which reflect the bulk of disease, such as the percent of liver
      involvement, need to be analyzed in order to evaluate purported survival
      differences in randomized and nonrandomized trials of colorectal carcinoma.

PMID- 2917310
TI  - Adjuvant oral alkylating chemotherapy in patients with stage I epithelial ovarian
      cancer.
AB  - From November 1973 to May 1986, 50 patients with Stage I epithelial ovarian
      cancer were treated at the University of Kentucky Medical Center (Lexington, KY)
      with oral Alkeran (melphalan) chemotherapy after primary surgery. Twenty-two
      patients had Grade 1 tumors, 23 patients had Grade 2 tumors, and five patients
      had Grade 3 tumors. Patients with ovarian tumors of borderline malignancy were
      excluded from this study. Twenty-eight patients received from six to 11 courses
      of chemotherapy and 22 patients completed 12 courses of chemotherapy.
      Chemotherapy was well tolerated and no patient died of chemotherapy-related
      complications. Thirty-eight patients underwent second-look laparotomy died of
      disease 41 months after diagnosis and one patient died with no evidence of
      disease 6 months after treatment. The actuarial survival of the total group of
      patients was 98% at 2 years and 94% at 5 years. Fewer than 12 months of
      chemotherapy may be necessary to obtain long-term survival in these patients.

PMID- 2917311
TI  - Tamoxifen in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapy in advanced epithelial
      ovarian cancer. A prospective randomized trial.
AB  - One hundred patients with Stage III and IV epithelial ovarian cancer participated
      in a prospective randomized study to determine whether the addition of tamoxifen,
      an estrogen agonist-antagonist, to standard cytotoxic chemotherapy (doxorubicin,
      cis-diamminedichloroplatinum) would significantly improve survival. Fifty-one
      patients received the standard cytotoxic chemotherapy and 49 received tamoxifen
      as well. No significant difference in overall or progression-free survival
      between these two patient groups was observed. Cytosol steroid receptor
      determinations were performed on tumor samples from 72 patients. No correlation
      was evident between therapy and cytosol estrogen and progestin receptor content
      of the tumors. This study suggests that the strategy of combining an
      antiproliferative, hormonally active agent with cytotoxic chemotherapy for
      management of advanced ovarian cancer may be inappropriate.

PMID- 2917312
TI  - Activity of pirarubicin (4'-0-tetrahydropyranyladriamycin) in malignant
      mesothelioma.
AB  - Eight patients with diffuse malignant mesothelioma of the pleura or peritoneum,
      previously untreated with chemotherapy, were treated with a new anthracycline 4'
      0-tetrahydropyranyladriamycin (pirarubicin). Pirarubicin was given intravenously
      at the rate of 5 mg per minute, at doses ranging from 35 to 70 mg/m2 once every
      21 days. On clinical evaluation, one patient had complete response lasting 4
      months. On second-look laparotomy residual tumor was found and she was labelled a
      partial responder and changed to alternate chemotherapy. Another patient had a
      partial response of recurrent chest wall tumors lasting 11 months. A third
      patient had a partial response lasting 4+ months of a pleural-based tumor and
      resolution of pleural effusion. After the fifth course of chemotherapy, he
      developed severe granulocytopenia, pseudomonas sepsis, shock, and renal failure.
      Despite recovery of blood counts to normal within 3 days, renal failure proved
      fatal. Autopsy revealed only fibrosis and no gross or microscopic evidence of
      malignant mesothelioma. A fourth patient had improvement in evaluable disease
      lasting about 4 months; and the remaining four had stable disease for at least 2
      months each. The authors conclude that, whenever feasible, noninvasive clinical
      assessment of tumor response should be supplemented by surgical-pathologic
      evaluation. Pirarubicin is active in malignant mesothelioma. This is the first
      report documenting complete tumor eradication after chemotherapy in an adult with
      malignant mesothelioma.

PMID- 2917313
TI  - Functional morbidity after regional isolated perfusion of the limb for melanoma.
AB  - A series of 57 patients still in follow-up after regional isolated perfusion
      (RIP) of Stage I-II high-risk melanoma is described. Functional morbidity of the
      perfused limb was investigated. Median interval after RIP was 5 years. With no
      regard to recurrent disease subjectively only one patient had severe complaints
      of the perfused limb. Objective investigation showed no edema or atrophy in 80%
      of the upper limbs and in 64% of the lower limbs. Concerning the mobility of the
      joints in the upper limb we found in four cases a disturbed function in several
      movements. More restriction were observed in the lower leg. Especially the ankle
      showed severe functional restrictions in more than 25%.

PMID- 2917314
TI  - Primary central nervous system lymphoma in AIDS. Results of radiation therapy.
AB  - Primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma is one of the clinical
      presentations of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Ten patients had
      biopsy-proven high-grade lymphomas that were confirmed by further staging as
      limited to the CNS. All ten patients received cranial irradiation (total dose,
      2200 to 5000 cGy). Six patients demonstrated complete response (CR) of the
      intracranial masses at the time of repeat computed tomography (CT) scan, whereas
      one attained a partial response (PR). Two of the CR patients died of multiple
      opportunistic infections, two experienced relapse of lymphoma, and died at 7 and
      16 months from diagnosis, and two were alive without evidence of disease at 8 and
      14 months from diagnosis. The median survival of the whole group was 5.5 months
      (range, 2 to 16 months). Patients with AIDS-related primary CNS lymphoma may
      respond to radiation treatment; however, response duration is usually short, and
      survival is influenced by refractory disease or systemic opportunistic
      infections.

PMID- 2917315
TI  - Comparison of abdominopelvic computed tomography results and findings at second
      look laparotomy in ovarian carcinoma patients.
AB  - In 35 women with epithelial carcinoma of the ovary, the results of restaging
      laparotomy were compared with the preoperative abdominopelvic computed tomography
      (CT) findings to evaluate the accuracy of CT for determining tumor status. In the
      36 studies performed, enhanced CT scans at 10-mm to 15-mm intervals had a
      sensitivity of 84% and a specificity of 88%; in addition, there was 86% agreement
      between the CT and surgical findings. These results suggest that although CT is
      not accurate enough to completely replace the restaging laparotomy, its high
      accuracy in determining residual disease after treatment is helpful for patient
      management.

PMID- 2917316
TI  - Genetic variation of haptoglobin and transferrin in relation to DNA content and
      stage in renal cell carcinoma.
AB  - Four genetic marker systems were investigated in 102 patients with renal cell
      carcinoma. The previously observed excess of the transferrin (TF) variant C3
      among male patients was confirmed. Interestingly, an excess of TFC3 and a deficit
      of the haptoglobin heterozygote, HP2-1, were associated with diploid tumor DNA
      content and Stage I, particularly in male patients. The results are discussed in
      terms of a possible genetic influence on tumor progression.

PMID- 2917317
TI  - Grades of nodular sclerosis (NSI-NSII) in Hodgkin's disease. Are they of
      independent prognostic value?
AB  - Subclassification of the nodular sclerosis (NS) type of Hodgkin's disease in
      Grade 1 and 2 was reported for the first time by the British National Lymphoma
      Investigation (BNLI). Three groups, the BNLI, Gartner et al. and the current
      authors, found clearly different survival rates between Grade 1 and 2 NS
      patients. The authors studied retrospectively if this NS grading has an
      independent prognostic value in 90 NS patients, diagnosed in ten hospitals in the
      southeastern part of the Netherlands (1972-1983). In this study there is no
      significant difference in sex, age, B-symptoms, erythrocyte sedimentation rate
      (ESR), stage, positive laparotomy, involvement of mediastinum or spleen,
      lymphocyte count, and percentage of complete remissions between the NS subgroups.
      Multivariate analysis suggests that the subclassification of NS in Grades 1 and 2
      is a prognostic factor in survival independent of age, stage and ESR. This
      finding and the high relative frequency of NS makes application of this NS
      subdivision probably clinically useful to identify patients for a risk-adapted
      therapy.

PMID- 2917318
TI  - Pseudoangiomatous hyperplasia of mammary stroma. Some observations regarding its
      clinicopathologic spectrum.
AB  - Pseudoangiomatous hyperplasia of mammary stroma (PHMS) is a benign proliferation
      of keloid-like fibrosis, containing slit-like pseudovascular spaces. Its main
      importance is its distinction from angiosarcoma; however, the clinicopathologic
      spectrum of PHMS remains incompletely described. We report two new cases and
      describe our findings in 200 consecutive breast specimens evaluated for the
      presence of PHMS. The first patient presented with peau-de-orange change in the
      overlying breast skin, thus mimicking inflammatory breast carcinoma. Furthermore,
      this patient's PHMS lesion had been diagnosed and treated inappropriately as a
      low-grade angiosarcoma. The second case showed the more typical, fibroadenoma
      like presentation of PHMS. In addition, PHMS changes occur commonly in routine
      breast biopsy specimens. In fact, our review of 200 consecutive breast specimens
      showed PHMS in at least one microscopic focus in 23% of cases. The PHMS changes
      occurred in younger patients than the control population and were associated with
      fibrocystic changes, in fibroadenomas, in gynecomastia, in normal breast tissue,
      and in sclerosing lobular hyperplasia. Ultrastructural and immunohistochemical
      studies of one case showed that the capillary-like spaces were either acellular
      or lined by fibroblasts. Pseudoangiomatous hyperplasia of mammary stroma
      represents a clinicopathologic spectrum, extending from focal, insignificant
      microscopic changes to cases where PHMS produces a breast mass. Increased
      awareness of PHMS and its clinicopathologic spectrum will allow its
      differentiation from other vascular tumors of the breast, especially low-grade
      angiosarcoma.

PMID- 2917319
TI  - DNA flow cytometry as a predictor of outcome of stage I renal cell carcinoma.
AB  - The features most frequently used in predicting the outcome of renal cell
      carcinoma are stage at presentation and nuclear grade. Recently DNA ploidy
      pattern, as detected by DNA flow cytometry has also been shown to be predictive.
      In this study DNA flow cytometry was performed on formalin-fixed paraffin
      embedded tissue from 50 patients with Stage I renal cell carcinoma for whom long
      term follow-up data were available. Two were eliminated for technical reasons. Of
      the 48 evaluable tumors, 25 (52%) were diploid, 19 (40%) were nondiploid, and in
      four, (8%) the ploidy was uncertain. The ploidy pattern was statistically
      significantly associated with nuclear grade (P less than 0.02), and primary tumor
      size (P less than 0.05) but did not correlate with cell type, microscopic growth
      pattern, or the presence or absence of mitotic activity. In the group as a whole,
      ten patients (21%) died of renal cell carcinoma, seven of 19 (37%) with
      nondiploid tumor patterns, and two of 25 (8%) with a diploid pattern (P less than
      0.03). One of four patients (25%) with tumors of uncertain ploidy also died.
      However, only two factors, nuclear grade and primary tumor size, were independent
      predictors of outcome. For Stage I renal cell carcinoma, ploidy can significantly
      predict patient outcome and correlates with nuclear grade and tumor size, but is
      not an independent predictive variable.

PMID- 2917320
TI  - Gangliosides of human melanoma.
AB  - Human melanoma synthesizes a large quantity of gangliosides, glycosphingolipids
      containing sialic acid. The authors previously have demonstrated that the
      ganglioside profile differs among individual melanomas and is widely
      heterogeneous. In the current study, a retrospective study was performed to
      compare the relationship between the quantity of five major gangliosides of human
      melanoma (GM3, GM2, GD3, GD2, and alkali-labile ganglioside) and nine clinical
      factors (sex, age, site, stage, tumor size, pigmentation, histopathologic type of
      primary tumor, chemosensitivity, and prognosis). Melanoma specimens studied were
      obtained from patients of our clinic and included 52 biopsy specimens and 28
      cultured cell lines. Analysis of melanoma biopsy specimens have shown a
      differential ganglioside expression among different sites of tumor, pigmentation,
      and histopathologic types. Results of cultured melanoma cell lines differed from
      those of biopsy specimens, but ganglioside expression also differed among the
      site of tumor, tumor size, histopathologic types, and chemosensitivity. GM3
      positively correlated with a good prognosis in both biopsy and cultured
      melanomas.

PMID- 2917321
TI  - Oxyphil and squamous variants of medullary thyroid carcinoma.
AB  - Two unusual morphologic variants of medullary thyroid carcinoma not previously
      described are reported. The first tumor was composed predominantly of large
      eosinophilic cells indistinguishable at the light microscopic level from Hurthle
      cells. Focal areas of conventional medullary carcinoma were also present.
      Electron microscopic study showed mitochondrion-rich cells containing round
      neurosecretory granules. Immunoreactive calcitonin and carcinoembryonic antigen
      (CEA) were demonstrated within most tumor cells. The second tumor had areas of
      typical medullary carcinoma but exhibited extensive squamous differentiation. The
      tumor was positive for CEA, neuron-specific enolase, and chromogranin but
      negative for calcitonin. Oxyphil and squamous cells must be added to the long
      list of cell types that have been described in medullary thyroid carcinoma.

PMID- 2917322
TI  - Clinical manifestations of ganglioneuroma.
AB  - Ganglioneuroma may occur spontaneously or after therapy for neuroblastoma. This
      lesion may be metastatic or unresectable in the primary site. The rarity of this
      situation and lack of understanding of the biology of this benign condition may
      lead to extensive, potentially life-threatening attempts at surgical resection or
      the futile use of chemotherapy or radiotherapy to try to cause regression or
      control growth. The authors present here several cases which demonstrate the
      multiple presentations of ganglioneuroma and the potential problems which may
      arise in their management.

PMID- 2917323
TI  - Synchronous tumors arising in a single major salivary gland.
AB  - Multiple separate tumors arising in the major salivary glands are distinctly
      unusual. The records on 25 patients with synchronous unilateral salivary gland
      tumors on file at St Louis University and at the Armed literature. Bilateral
      tumors arose more frequently than multiple unilateral ones. The most common
      tumors with bilateral synchronous or metachronous development are the Warthin
      tumors, with more than 100 reported cases; the mixed tumor with at least 34
      cases; and the acinic cell carcinoma, with 12 reported cases. The Warthin tumor
      also was the most likely to present with multifocal unilateral involvement with
      29 tumors having three or more separate foci of tumor. The next most common tumor
      combinations are a Warthin tumor and a mixed tumor (20 cases), the multifocal
      membranous basal cell adenoma (12 cases), and multiple oncocytomas (nine cases).
      Numerous other tumor combinations were found covering the range of salivary gland
      neoplasia, however one of the tumors usually was a mixed tumor or a Warthin
      tumor.

PMID- 2917324
TI  - Right ventricular metastatic melanoma 27 years after resection of the primary
      tumor.
AB  - This article is a case report of a 65-year-old white woman with a history of
      malignant melanoma, resected from her back in 1959. She presented 27 years later
      with right-sided heart failure and metastatic melanoma to her right ventricle. To
      the authors' knowledge, a large ventricular mass as the sole site of disease
      recurrence has not been described previously.

PMID- 2917325
TI  - Dysplastic naevi in a population-based survey.
AB  - The prevalence of dysplastic naevi was studied in a population-based survey of
      380 30 to 39-year-old and 50 to 59-year-old non-Maoris in Milton, a small town in
      the south of New Zealand. Photographs of all pigmented naevi greater than or
      equal to 4 mm in diameter were taken during the survey and subsequently evaluated
      by two experienced reviewers. Nine percent of the group (95% CI, 6%-13%) were
      judged to have one or more dysplastic naevi. Interobserver agreement over the
      diagnosis of dysplastic naevi was 85% (kappa = 0.55). Dysplastic naevi were
      associated with higher counts of moles greater than or equal to 2 mm in diameter;
      50 or more such moles increased the likelihood of having three or more dysplastic
      naevi about 40-fold. Naevi judged to be dysplastic were, therefore, relatively
      common and were associated with increased numbers of common moles.

PMID- 2917326
TI  - Der(5)t(5;7)(q11.2;p11.2): a new recurring abnormality in malignant myeloid
      disorders.
AB  - Complete or partial monosomy for the long arm of chromosomes 5 and/or 7 is
      frequently observed in malignant cells from patients with a therapy-related
      myelodysplastic syndrome (t-MDS) or therapy-related acute nonlymphocytic leukemia
      (t-ANLL). Partial monosomy is usually the result of a chromosomal deletion;
      however, unbalanced translocations have also been observed. We have identified
      one such translocation in three patients who had either t-ANLL or a primary MDS.
      The genetic consequences of this translocation [-5,-7,+der(5)t(5;7)(q11.2;p11.2)]
      are partial monosomy for the long arm of chromosome 5 and complete monosomy for
      the long arm of chromosome 7. Thus, this rearrangement may represent a new,
      recurring abnormality that is associated with malignant myeloid disorders.

PMID- 2917327
TI  - Translocation t(8;16)(p11;p13) in acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia (M4) possibly
      secondary to Hodgkin's disease.
AB  - Simultaneous involvement of bands 8p11 and 16p13 in a primary, even though rare,
      chromosomal translocation recently described in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia may
      be of crucial interest in some subtypes of this acute leukemia, particularly in
      the monocytic form. In the present report we describe this translocation in acute
      nonlymphoblastic leukemia FAB M4, possibly secondary to Hodgkin's disease, though
      it is also possible that the leukemia may have developed de novo. The aberration
      t(8;16)(p11;p13) was present in 100% of direct and cultured bone marrow cell
      preparations. A very high frequency of cells with nonclonal structural chromosome
      aberrations was also observed in peripheral blood cultures (more than 53%).
      Random translocations and deletions constituted most of the observed alterations.
      These findings are discussed with regard to the relationships between secondary
      leukemias and intensive polychemotherapeutic treatments of primary neoplasias.

PMID- 2917328
TI  - Simultaneous existence of double minute chromosomes and a homogeneously staining
      region in a retinoblastoma cell line (Y79) and amplification of N-myc at HSR.
AB  - We observed double minute chromosomes (dmin) and a homogeneously staining region
      (HSR) in the same metaphase cells obtained from a retinoblastoma cell line, Y79.
      All of the 132 metaphases examined contained an HSR on the short arm of
      chromosome 1(1pHSR) and five cells (3.8%) had two to four dmin. To determine
      whether 1pHSR and dmin carried amplified N-myc sequences, we performed an in situ
      hybridization using an N-myc probe. Silver grains clustered on and along the
      1pHSR, but not on the dmin. These findings indicate that the HSR on chromosome 1
      is associated with amplification of N-myc in Y79 cells.

PMID- 2917329
TI  - Separate karyotypic features in a local recurrence and a metastasis of a
      fibrosarcoma.

PMID- 2917330
TI  - ins(6;1) in a patient with congenital leukemia.
AB  - Q- and C-banded karyotypes of leukemic cells of a patient with congenital acute
      lymphoblastic leukemia showed the karyotype: 46,XX,ins(6;1)(p21;p13p36). This
      rearrangement is unusual, and the breakpoints on chromosome 1 are interestingly
      close to known cellular oncogenes (N-ras, fgr, src-2) and to a putative
      antioncogene.

PMID- 2917331
TI  - Cytogenetic analysis of different cellular populations in chronic myelomonocytic
      leukemia.
AB  - Karyotypes of different cellular populations made after separation of bone marrow
      cells on a gradient of Percoll were evaluated in seven patients affected by
      chronic myelomonocytic leukemia diagnosed according to FAB criteria.
      Megakaryocytes, monocytic cells, and granulocytic and erythroid precursors were
      preferentially collected after centrifugation between density layers of 1045-1050
      mg/ml, 1050-1060 mg/ml, and 1065-1070 mg/ml, respectively. The enriched cell
      fractions were cultured separately and submitted to cytogenetic investigation
      after short-term culture. Some chromosome aberrations (5q-,+8) were observed in
      all cellular fractions in three patients, thus providing cytogenetic evidence of
      the involvement of a common progenitor stem cell in this myelodysplastic
      disorder. On the other hand, chromosome abnormalities such as del(3)(q21) and
      del(11)(q23) appeared to be confined to the megakaryocytic and the monocytic
      fractions, respectively, in two patients. It is conceivable that lineage
      restricted aberrations may develop as a consequence of a multistep clonal
      evolution and may show a close relationship with the hemopoietic differentiative
      processes.

PMID- 2917332
TI  - Uterine leiomyoma cytogenetics. I. Rearrangements of chromosome 12.
AB  - Cytogenetic investigation on 19 benign tumors of uterine smooth muscle was
      carried out after short-term cultures. Clonal chromosome abnormalities were
      present in four cases; 15 had normal karyotypes. All four cases with abnormal
      karyotype showed changes of chromosome 12. In three cases, chromosome 12 was
      involved in structural rearrangements with chromosome X, 1, and 4, respectively.
      Breakpoints on this chromosome occurred in different regions. The fourth case had
      trisomy 12 and an extra deleted chromosome 2, del(2)(p22). These findings confirm
      the involvement of chromosome 12 in uterine leiomyoma.

PMID- 2917333
TI  - Cytogenetic abnormalities in an angioleiomyoma.
AB  - We have cytogenetically investigated short-term cultures from an angioleiomyoma.
      Monosomy for chromosome 13, and one to two small markers were observed in the
      tumor cells, resulting in the karyotype 46-47,XY,-13,+1-2 mar.

PMID- 2917334
TI  - The chemotherapeutic drug melphalan induces breakage of chromosomes regions
      rearranged in secondary leukemia.
AB  - A cytogenetic study is reported on the lesions induced in vitro by melphalan, a
      currently used anticancer drug. The distribution of 2166 breakpoints shows that
      they do not occur at random. There is a large excess of breaks in region q1 of
      chromosome 9 and R bands are significantly more affected than G-band-rich
      segments. Furthermore, some regions of chromosomes 5, 7, 11, and 17, which are
      the chromosomes usually rearranged and deleted in secondary leukemias, presumably
      induced by such treatments, are frequently affected. It is presumed that the
      frequent involvement of 9q1 largely reflects preexisting monostrand breaks. The
      frequent breakage of chromosomes 5, 7, 11, and 17 and of R bands in general,
      which are known to be G-C rich, may result from the preferential methylation of
      the O6 of guanine by melphalan.

PMID- 2917335
TI  - Nonrandom chromosomal aberrations are associated with sites of tissue involvement
      in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
AB  - In an effort to assess the utility of pretreatment cytogenetics as indicators of
      sites of involvement by lymphoma, clinical and cytogenetic correlations were
      performed on 133 consecutive specimens derived from 130 patients with non
      Hodgkin's lymphoma. Nonrandom chromosomal aberrations detected at the time of
      diagnosis were associated with sites of clinical involvement presenting initially
      or during the progression of the lymphoma. Statistically significant associations
      included translocation breaks involving the chromosomal region 1p32-36 and bone
      marrow involvement, chromosome 14 abnormalities including breaks at 14q22-24 and
      splenic involvement, chromosome 9 abnormalities and pulmonary involvement, and
      monosomy 11 and bone involvement. A significant correlation was also observed
      between breaks involving the region 6q22-24, detected during the course of
      disease, and bone marrow involvement by lymphoma. The relationship of the sites
      of nonrandom chromosomal breakage reported here to known cellular oncogenes and
      implications to concepts of tumor evolution and spread are discussed.

PMID- 2917336
TI  - Translocation t(1;19)(q23;p13) in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. A report on six
      new cases and an unusual t(17;19)(q11;q13), with special reference to prognostic
      factors.
AB  - We report clinical, immunologic, and cytogenetic characteristics of six patients
      with a t(1;19)(q23;p13) that was balanced in one case and of the unbalanced type
      [-19,der(19)t(1;19)(q23;p13)] in the remaining five cases. Intracytoplasmic
      immunoglobulins (cIg) were positive in the three cases where they were found. We
      also report on another patient, with a t(17;19) involving 17q11 and probably
      19q13 regions, although involvement of 19p13 could not be excluded. In this
      patient, cIg were also present, thus raising the issue of whether such a
      rearrangement could be a variant of t(1;19). Clinically, five patients belonged
      to the high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) group, because of high
      leukocytosis, central nervous system (CNS) disease at presentation, or massive
      organomegaly. Cytologically, all cases were FAB type L1. Except for the two cases
      allografted in the first complete remission (CR) all patients relapsed, three of
      them within 13 months. Two CNS relapses were seen in spite of adequate CNS
      prophylaxis. ALL with t(1;19) appears to be a poor-risk ALL subgroup and probably
      requires a reinforcement of therapeutic modalities that might include, when
      possible, allografting at first CR.

PMID- 2917337
TI  - Mechanism of i(6p) formation in retinoblastoma tumor cells.
AB  - Isochromosome (6p) represents a highly characteristic cytogenetic abnormality of
      human retinoblastoma (RB) cells and may be important for tumor progression. To
      elucidate the mechanism by which this abnormal chromosome is formed, 24 RB tumors
      and three cell lines were studied by means of DNA polymorphisms specific for the
      short arm and the long arm of chromosome 6. Our results indicate that mitotic
      nondisjunction leading to trisomy 6 precedes the isochromosome formation. The
      isochromosome may then be formed by transverse division of the centromere or
      intrachromosomal chromatid exchange.

PMID- 2917338
TI  - Tetra-n-propylporphycene as a tumour localizer: pharmacokinetic and
      phototherapeutic studies in mice.
AB  - The porphin isomer tetra-n-propyl-porphycene (TPP) was incorporated into
      unilamellar liposomes of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine and intravenously
      injected at a dose of 2 mg/kg to BALB/c mice bearing a MS-2 fibrosarcoma.
      Pharmacokinetic studies show that TPP is selectively transported by serum
      lipoproteins and delivered to the tumour tissue with good efficiency (approx. 1
      microgram of the TPP per g of tissue at 24 h after injection) and selectivity
      (ratio of TPP concentration in the tumour to the peritumoural tissue 16.7 at 24
      h). Large doses of TPP are also accumulated by the liver, in agreement with the
      elimination of the drug via the biliary route, while no TPP is recovered from the
      brain. Red light-irradiation (300 J/cm2) of the tumour area caused extensive
      necrosis, while only little cutaneous photosensitivity was observed. Since TPP
      has a large absorbance in the 630-640 nm region, can be synthesized with a high
      degree of purity and is an efficient generator of singlet oxygen, this drug
      represents a potential candidate as a phototherapeutic agent for tumours.

PMID- 2917339
TI  - Altered methionine metabolism in metastatic variants of a human melanoma cell
      line.
AB  - In order to identify the biochemical defect(s) responsible for the reduced levels
      of DNA 5-methylcytosine (5-mCyt) found within highly metastatic (in athymic
      "nude" mice) variants of the poorly metastatic human melanoma cell line MeWo, the
      ability of these cells to grow in culture medium devoid of exogenous methionine
      but containing either homocysteine (Hcy) or 5'-deoxy-5'-methylthioadenosine
      (MeSAdo) was determined. In contrast to the parental MeWo tumor line, many (but
      not all) of these malignant variants were completely unable to proliferate in
      methionine-free homocysteine-containing medium. Many of these malignant variants
      also exhibited a reduced ability to proliferate in methionine-free MeSAdo
      containing medium. Cell lines established from "artificial" metastases of MeWo or
      its cloned sublines, exhibited no consistent reduction in their ability to grow
      in methionine-free medium containing either Hcy or MeSAdo. These observations
      suggest that alterations in S-adenosylmethionine(AdoMet)-dependent
      transmethylation reactions may contribute to "progression" of the MeWo tumor from
      a relatively benign to a highly autonomous and malignant state.

PMID- 2917340
TI  - Stabilization and quantitative analysis of fecapentaenes in human feces, using
      synthetic fecapentaene-12.
AB  - Naturally occurring fecal mutagens, called fecapentaenes, are hypothesized to
      contribute to large bowel carcinogenesis. To understand health risks it is
      necessary to relate fecal mutagen concentrations to intestinal pathologies, i.e.
      colon cancer. However, fast and reliable methods for analysis of stool for
      fecapentaene levels are not available. This study presents an evaluation of
      stabilizing effects on synthetic fecapentaene-12 of various antioxidants,
      indicating tri-ethylamine to give the best results. Furthermore, it describes a
      fast extraction procedure for human stool and a subsequent HPLC-analysis which
      produces quantitative data on fecapentaene-12 concentrations within 30 min.

PMID- 2917341
TI  - Dietary ellagic acid reduces the esophageal microsomal metabolism of
      methylbenzylnitrosamine.
AB  - Dietary ellagic acid has been shown to reduce the incidence of
      methylbenzylnitrosamine-induced esophageal carcinoma in the rat.
      Methylbenzylnitrosamine (MBN) is a naturally occurring carcinogen which requires
      cytochrome P-450 dependent activation to be mutagenic. We examined whether the
      reduction in tumor incidence observed with dietary ellagic acid was associated
      with alterations in the cytochrome P-450 dependent microsomal metabolism of MBN.
      Dietary ellagic acid was shown to significantly reduce total esophageal and
      hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 (P less than 0.05) and significantly reduce
      the esophageal microsomal metabolism of MBN (P less than 0.05). The addition of
      ellagic acid in vitro also resulted in a significant inhibition (P less than
      0.05) of the esophageal microsomal metabolism of MBN. In contrast, dietary
      ellagic acid and the addition of ellagic acid in vitro did not alter the hepatic
      microsomal metabolism of MBN. The reduced rate of MBN metabolism by the
      esophageal microsomes from the ellagic acid fed rats may contribute to the
      decreased incidence of esophageal carcinoma observed in these animals.

PMID- 2917342
TI  - The effect of breast tumour and normal breast tissue cytosols on oestradiol 17
      beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity.
AB  - We have prepared cytosols of normal breast tissue and breast tumour tissue and
      examined their effect on 17 beta-oestradiol dehydrogenase (E2DH) activity in
      cultured normal breast fibroblasts and on the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line.
      Tumour cytosol increased the activity of E2DH in the reductive (E1----E2)
      direction in both MCF-7 cells and normal breast fibroblasts. E2DH activity in the
      oxidative (E2----E1) direction did not change. Increasing the amount of tumour
      cytosol progressively raised E2DH activity in the E1----E2 direction in MCF-7
      cells, whereas equivalent amounts of cytosol from normal tissue had no effect. No
      change was seen in the oxidative direction. These findings suggest that a factor
      present in breast tumours may influence E2DH activity and consequently, the
      hormonal environment and growth of tumours.

PMID- 2917343
TI  - Natural killer sensitivity of four Bomirski melanoma variants.
AB  - The sensitivity of four hamster melanoma variant cells to natural killer (NK)
      cell lysis mediated by hamster blood and spleen mononuclear cells is examined.
      The melanoma variants differed in their differentiation level, growth rate, and
      frequency and localization of metastases. The cells of the melanoma variants were
      found to differ in their sensitivity to NK cell mediated lysis. A consistent
      relationship between high sensitivity to lysis and such tumor characteristics as
      low differentiation level, slow growth rate, low metastatic potential was not
      observed.

PMID- 2917344
TI  - Effect of tumour location on selective uptake and retention of phthalocyanines.
AB  - The effect of anatomical site of tumour growth on selective uptake and retention
      of chloro-aluminium sulphonated phthalocyanine (ClAlSPc) was determined using the
      murine colorectal carcinoma (Colo 26). Tumours were established in the liver,
      spleen, kidney, lung, thoracic cavity and s.c. flank region of syngeneic BALB/c
      mice and animals received 10 mg/kg ClAlSPc by i.v. injection. Colo 26 growths at
      s.c., intra-pulmonary, intra-thoracic or intra-renal sites took up and retained
      greater amounts of ClAlSPc than did adjacent normal tissues. Such selective
      retention of ClAlSPc by neoplastic tissue was not observed when Colo 26 was grown
      in the spleen, where tumour and normal tissue took up about the same amounts, or
      the liver, where normal tissue took up more ClAlSPc than either directly
      implanted or metastatic tumours. ClAlSPc ratios found in tumour/adjacent tissue
      may vary for a single tumour growing at different anatomical sites and such
      variability could have a distinct effect on the efficacy of photodynamic therapy
      of cancer.

PMID- 2917345
TI  - Use of primary cultures of human hepatocytes in toxicology studies.
AB  - Often results from toxicological studies using rodent models cannot be directly
      extrapolated to probable effects in human beings. In order to examine the
      genotoxic potential of chemicals in human liver cells, a human hepatocyte DNA
      repair assay has been defined. Procedures were optimized to prepare primary
      cultures of human hepatocytes from discarded surgical material. On eight
      different occasions human hepatocyte cultures of sufficient viability to measure
      DNA repair were successfully prepared by collagenase perfusion techniques. The
      cells were allowed to attach to plastic or collagen substrata for periods of 1.5
      to 24 h and subsequently incubated with [3H]thymidine and test chemicals for
      periods of 18 to 24 h. Chemically induced DNA repair, measured as unscheduled DNA
      synthesis, was quantitated autoradiographically. The following compounds were
      tested: 2-acetylaminofluorene, aflatoxin B1, 2-aminobenzyl alcohol, aniline,
      benzo(a)pyrene, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, 2,4-diaminotoluene, 2,6
      diaminotoluene, di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, dimethylnitrosamine, 1,6
      dinitropyrene, 2,4-dinitrotoluene, 2,6-dinitrotoluene, methyl chloride, 5
      methylchrysene, mono(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, 2-methyl-2-P-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1
      naphthyl)phenoxypropionic acid (nafenopin), beta-naphthylamine, nitrobenzene, 2
      nitrobenzyl alcohol, 2-nitrotoluene, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin,
      unleaded gasoline, and 4-chloro-6-(2,3-xylidino)-2-pyrimidinylthioacetic acid (Wy
      14,643). In only one of eight cases did some of the chemicals generally regarded
      as genotoxic fail to give a positive response. For purposes of comparison, all
      test chemicals were evaluated in the in vitro rat hepatocyte DNA repair assay.
      Individual-to-individual variation in the DNA repair response was far greater for
      the human cultures than for cultures derived from rats. For only three chemicals
      was there a qualitative difference in the response between the rodent and the
      human cells; beta-naphthylamine was positive in the rat but in none of the human
      cultures examined, whereas the opposite was seen for 2,6-diaminotoluene and 5
      methylchrysene. Clofibric acid, mono(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, and Wy-14,643
      induced enzymes indicative of peroxisomal proliferation in primary rat hepatocyte
      cultures, but not in two human hepatocyte cultures. These results indicate that,
      in general, the in vitro rat hepatocyte DNA repair assay is a valid model for
      predicting potential genotoxic effects in human beings. However, rodent
      hepatocytes may not be appropriate for assessing the potential of chemicals to
      elicit nongenotoxic effects in human beings such as the induction of hepatocyte
      peroxisomal proliferation.

PMID- 2917346
TI  - Behavior of activities of thymidine metabolizing enzymes in human leukemia
      lymphoma cells.
AB  - The behavior of the activities of thymidine metabolizing enzymes, dihydrothymine
      dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.1.2) and thymidine phosphorylase (EC 2.4.2.4) for thymidine
      degradation, thymidine kinase (EC 2.7.1.75) and thymidylate synthase (EC
      2.1.1.45) for DNA synthesis, was elucidated in cytosolic extracts from normal
      human lymphocytes and 13 human leukemia-lymphoma cell lines. In the normal human
      lymphocytes, the activities of dihydrothymine dehydrogenase, thymidine
      phosphorylase, thymidine kinase, and thymidylate synthase were 6.88, 796, 0.30,
      and 0.29 nmol/h/mg protein, respectively. In leukemia-lymphoma cell lines, the
      activities of synthetic enzymes, thymidine kinase, and thymidylate synthase,
      increased two- to 79-fold and 22- to 407-fold of the normal lymphocyte values. In
      contrast, the activities of the catabolic enzymes, dihydrothymine dehydrogenase
      and thymidine phosphorylase, decreased to 5-42% and 3-38% of the values of normal
      lymphocytes. As a result, the ratio of activities of thymidine
      kinase/dihydrothymine dehydrogenase was elevated by 7- to 1170-fold,
      respectively. Thus, reciprocal behavior in the activities of the opposing enzymes
      in thymidine metabolism was observed in human leukemia-lymphoma cells. Polyclonal
      and monoclonal antibodies against dihydrothymine dehydrogenase were prepared and
      studies on immunotitration of this enzyme with these antibodies showed that the
      enzyme protein amount in Jurkat leukemic cells was 36% of that of normal
      lymphocytes. This was in good agreement with the decrease in the activity of the
      enzyme to 32%, indicating that the decrease in activity in the leukemic cells was
      due to the decline in the amount of enzyme protein. The metabolic imbalances in
      thymidine utilization appear to be characteristic of human leukemia-lymphoma
      cells. These observations should confer selective advantages to the
      lymphoproliferating cells and mark out the catabolic, as well as the synthetic,
      enzymes as important targets in the design of chemotherapy.

PMID- 2917347
TI  - Effect of cancer on the in vivo energy state of rat liver and skeletal muscle.
AB  - The effect of increasing tumor burden on host liver and skeletal muscle energy
      status was studied using P-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), in
      rats inoculated with a nonmetastasizing methylcholanthrene-induced sarcoma (TB),
      and compared to nontumor bearing (NTB) and pair-fed (PF) rats. During the 28-day
      study, serial measurements of body weight, food intake, and tumor volume were
      obtained. Using a 0.9-cm double-turn surface coil, weekly NMR measurements were
      obtained from liver and skeletal muscle. An increasing ratio of [Pi]/[ATP] was
      used as one measure of intracellular energy depletion. [Pi]/[ATP] in NTB rats
      remained constant over time at 0.78 +/- 0.10 in liver, and 0.30 +/- 0.10 in
      skeletal muscle. In TB rats, the [Pi]/[ATP] ratio increased significantly in
      liver (P = 0.00002) and skeletal muscle (P = 0.04) with increasing tumor burden.
      In PF rats, no significant change occurred in [Pi]/[ATP] in liver or skeletal
      muscle, indicating that declining food intake was not responsible for the change
      in [Pi]/[ATP] seen in TB rats. Surface-coil spectroscopy of liver and skeletal
      muscle permits serial measurement of visceral energy stores. Increasing tumor
      burden results in early, ongoing depletion of energy stores as reflected by
      increasing [Pi]/[ATP] in these organs.

PMID- 2917348
TI  - 32P-postlabeling analysis of DNA adducts in liver of wild English sole (Parophrys
      vetulus) and winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus).
AB  - The 1-butanol adduct enhancement version of the 32P-postlabeling assay was used
      to measure the levels of hepatic DNA adducts in the marine flatfish, English sole
      (Parophrys vetulus), sampled from the Duwamish Waterway and Eagle Harbor, Puget
      Sound, WA, where they are exposed to high concentrations of sediment-associated
      chemical contaminants and exhibit an elevated prevalence of hepatic neoplasms.
      Hepatic DNA was also analyzed from English sole from a reference area (Useless
      Bay, WA) and from reference English sole treated with organic-solvent extracts of
      sediments from the two contaminated sites. Autoradiograms of thin-layer
      chromatograms of 32P-labeled hepatic DNA digests from English sole from the
      contaminated sites exhibited up to three diagonal radioactive zones, which were
      not present in autoradiograms of thin-layer chromatogram maps of 32P-labeled DNA
      digests from English sole from the reference site. These diagonal radioactive
      zones contained several distinct spots as well as what appeared to be multiple
      overlapping adduct spots. The levels (nmol of adducts/mol of nucleotides) of
      total DNA adducts for English sole from Duwamish Waterway and Eagle Harbor were
      26 +/- 28 (DS) and 17 +/- 9.6, respectively. All autoradiograms of DNA from fish
      from the contaminated sites exhibited a diagonal radioactive zone where DNA
      adducts of chrysene, benzo(a)pyrene, and dibenz(a,h)anthracene, formed in vitro
      using English sole hepatic microsomes, were shown to chromatograph. English sole
      treated with extracts of the contaminated sediments had adduct profiles generally
      similar to those for English sole from the respective contaminated sites. The
      chromatographic characteristics of the adducts and the similarities in adduct
      profiles between field-sampled English sole and those treated with contaminated
      sediment extracts suggested that hydrophobic aromatic compounds of anthropogenic
      origin were adducted to hepatic DNA of sole from contaminated sites, but not in
      sole from the reference site. Moreover, an initial study with winter flounder
      (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) from Boston Harbor, MA, an area where high
      concentrations of sediment-associated chemicals are present, revealed a pattern
      of hepatic DNA-adducts (9.0 +/- 7.8 nmol of adducts/mol of nucleotides) similar
      to that observed for English sole from Eagle Harbor.

PMID- 2917349
TI  - Effects of oral administration of sulfolithocholic acid disodium salt and
      lithocholic acid sodium salt on N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced colonic
      tumorigenesis in conventional rats.
AB  - Effects of p.o. administration of sulfolithocholic acid disodium salt (SLCNa) and
      lithocholic acid sodium salt (LCNa) on N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced
      colonic tumorigenesis were studied in conventional rats. Female F344 rats
      received either 0.5 ml of distilled water (DW) alone or DW containing 2.5 mg of
      MNU twice in 1 wk intrarectally. Then rats were fed freely on a basal diet (PCE
      2) or PCE-2 containing LCNa or SLCNa (both at 0.5 mmol/100 g of PCE-2) for 40 wk.
      Thus, 6 groups were completed: MNU + PCE-2 (n = 30); MNU + LCNa (n = 29); MNU +
      SLCNa (n = 22); DW + PCE-2 (n = 17); DW + LCNa (n = 20); and DW + SLCNa (n = 19).
      Numbers of rats bearing colonic tumor were 3 (10%) in MNU + PCE-2, 2 (7%) in MNU
      + LCNa, and 8 (36%) in MNU + SLCNa group (uncorrected x2 = 9.35 among the 3
      groups), but none in those groups without MNU. Total fecal bile acids in the rats
      given bile salts showed about 2-fold increase compared with those without bile
      salts. Fecal bile acid profiles between the LCNa and SLCNa groups were
      indistinguishable except for a slight increase of sulfolithocholic acid in the
      SLCNa groups. These results indicated that p.o. administration of SLCNa but not
      LCNa promoted MNU-induced colonic tumorigenesis in conventional rats. Fecal bile
      acid profiles did not support the higher tumor incidence in the MNU + SLCNa group
      compared with the MNU + LCNa group, which suggested that an unrecognized
      mechanism probably relating to desulfation of SLCNa was involved in this
      phenomenon.

PMID- 2917350
TI  - Human and rat kidney cell metabolism of 2-acetylaminofluorene and benzo(a)pyrene.
AB  - The metabolism and mutagenic activation of the model carcinogens benzo(a)pyrene
      [B(a)P] and 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) by human and rat kidney cells were
      measured. A slicing technique followed by enzyme digestion was utilized to obtain
      the kidney cells. Although levels of total metabolism of B(a)P by rat and human
      kidney cells were similar, analysis of specific metabolites of B(a)P indicated
      that species differences existed. Human kidney cells produced the organic-soluble
      metabolites B(a)P-9,10-diol, B(a)P-4,5-diol, B(a)P-7,8-diol, B(a)P-3,6-quinone,
      and B(a)P-9-phenol. Rat kidney cells produced organic-soluble B(a)P-pre-9,10
      diols, B(a)P-9,10-diol, B(a)P-4,5-diol, and B(a)P-6,12-quinone. Both species
      produced sulfate and glucuronide conjugates of all products. For AAF, kidney
      cells from some human tissues produced up to four times the level of total
      metabolites compared to rat kidney cells. Organic-soluble metabolites were
      qualitatively similar between the species and consisted of 2-aminofluorene (AF),
      N-hydroxy-AAF and ring-hydroxylated products at the 1, 3, 5/9, 7, and 8
      positions. Sulfate and glucuronide conjugates of these metabolites were also
      detected. Human interindividual variation with kidney cells was about 2.5-fold
      for total AAF metabolism and up to 6-fold for individual AAF metabolites. For
      B(a)P metabolism, human interindividual variation in total metabolism was low
      while for specific metabolites there was up to a 4-fold variation. Levels of AAF
      and AF cell-mediated Salmonella typhimurium mutagenesis were significantly higher
      with human cells as compared to rat kidney cells. It appears that the differences
      between human and rodent kidney cell metabolism of chemical carcinogens vary with
      the chemical class and understanding these differences will be necessary in the
      extrapolation of rodent carcinogenesis data to humans.

PMID- 2917351
TI  - Protection by cycloheximide against cytotoxicity induced by vincristine,
      colchicine, or delta 12-prostaglandin J2 on human osteosarcoma cells.
AB  - We examined the protective effects of cycloheximide against cytotoxicity induced
      by vincristine, colchicine, delta 12-prostaglandin J2, or other antitumor agents
      on the human osteosarcoma cell line, KSu. Vincristine at a concentration of 0.5
      microgram/ml decreased the initial cell number to 34% during 4 days; however,
      when cycloheximide (0.5 to 10 micrograms/ml) was coexistent, the decrease of the
      cell number was suppressed and 68% of the initial cells remained viable at the
      maximum. Furthermore, 0.1 micrograms/ml of cycloheximide also reduced
      cytotoxicity of colchicine (0.1 to 5 microM) or delta 12-prostaglandin J2 (1 to 5
      micrograms/ml) and reduced the cytotoxicity of 0.1 microgram/ml of doxorubicin or
      1 micrograms/ml of mitomycin C, suggesting that protection by cycloheximide is
      shown against cytotoxicity of various types of antitumor agents even on human
      malignant cells. Next, protein synthesis was reduced to 52% of a control at 3 h
      by 0.1 micrograms/ml of cycloheximide, suggesting that protein synthesis
      inhibition precedes the protection. De novo protein synthesis analysis showed
      that vincristine (0.5 microgram/ml) does not induce any specific protein, whereas
      delta 12-prostaglandin J2 (3 or 4 micrograms/ml) induced Mr 70,000 and 90,000
      proteins, and these were markedly inhibited by cycloheximide (0.1 microgram/ml).
      In a cell-cycle study, M-phase arrest by vincristine (0.5 microgram/ml) was
      inhibited in the presence of 0.1 microgram/ml of cycloheximide, suggesting that
      cell cycle arrest by cycloheximide may be important for protection. From these
      data, this protection by cycloheximide seems to be more general than expected
      before.

PMID- 2917352
TI  - Allele loss at the c-Ha-ras1 locus in human ovarian cancer.
AB  - Recent reports have shown allele loss at the c-Ha-ras1 locus on the short arm of
      chromosome 11 in some types of tumors. To determine whether loss of
      heterozygosity occurs at the c-Ha-ras1 locus in uncultured human ovarian
      carcinomas we used Southern blot analysis to study DNA from 17 pairs of ovarian
      tumors and matched white blood cell samples from the same patients. In one of
      these 17 tumors, the c-Ha-ras1 locus was rearranged, and in five tumor DNAs from
      ten informative patients, a c-Ha-ras1 allele was lost. This loss, of relatively
      high incidence, appears to be an important characteristic of human ovarian cancer
      and may provide a useful tool for understanding its biological behavior.

PMID- 2917353
TI  - Foci of aberrant crypts in the colons of mice and rats exposed to carcinogens
      associated with foods.
AB  - Aberrant crypt foci can be identified in the colons of rodents treated 3 wk
      earlier with azoxymethane, a known colon carcinogen. These crypts can easily be
      visualized in the unsectioned methylene blue-stained colons under light
      microscopy, where they are distinguished by their increased size, more prominent
      epithelial cells, and pericryptal space. They occur as single aberrant crypts or
      as two, three, or four aberrant crypts in a cluster. We compared the reported
      ability of carcinogens associated with the human diet to induce colon cancer with
      the measured rate of induction of aberrant crypts in female CF1 mice and Sprague
      Dawley rats. The carcinogens used were 1,2-dimethylhydrazine, methyl nitrosourea,
      N-nitrosodimethylamine, benzo(a)pyrene, aflatoxin B1, 2-amino-6
      methyldipyrido[1,2-alpha:3',2'-d]imidazole, 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5
      P]quinoline, 2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-P]quinoline, and 3-amino-1-methyl-5H
      pyrido[4,3-b]indole. Graded doses of these compounds were given to the animals by
      gavage twice with a 4-day interval, and the animals were terminated 3 wk later.
      All colon carcinogens induced aberrant crypts in a dose-related fashion. N
      Nitrosodimethylamine and 3-amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole, carcinogenic
      compounds that do not induce colon cancer, did not induce them. The ability of
      the studied compounds to induce aberrant crypts was species specific; e.g.,
      aflatoxin B1 and 2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-P]quinoline induce about 20
      times more in rats than mice. This relationship was consistent with their
      reported ability to induce colon cancer in these species. Results of the present
      study support the use of the aberrant crypt assays to screen colon-specific
      carcinogens and to study the process of colon carcinogenesis.

PMID- 2917354
TI  - Effects of estradiol on prolactin and growth hormone messenger RNAs in cultured
      normal and neoplastic (MtT/W15 and GH3) rat pituitary cells.
AB  - The effects of 17 beta-estradiol (E17 beta) on prolactin (PRL) cell proliferation
      and on the expression of PRL and growth hormone (GH) proteins and mRNAs were
      analyzed in cultured pituitary cells by immunocytochemistry, in situ
      hybridization, and Northern blot hybridization studies. Three different cell
      cultures were used: (a) normal pituitary cells; (b) GH3 tumor cell line; and (c)
      MtT/W15, a transplantable PRL and GH-producing pituitary tumor. E17 beta (10(-7)
      M) caused a significant increase in PRL cell proliferation in normal pituitary
      [3.9 +/- 0.4 versus 7.7 +/- 0.9% (SEM) of immunostained PRL cells with thymidine
      incorporation] [P less than 0.01] but produced a significant decrease in PRL cell
      proliferation in MtT/W15 primary cell cultures [6.7 +/- 1.0 versus 3.7 +/- 0.8%]
      [P less than 0.05]. PRL mRNA was significantly increased in normal pituitary and
      in GH3 tumor cells by E17 beta treatment. There was a significant decrease in PRL
      mRNA and an increase in GH mRNA expression in cultured MtT/W15 tumor cells by
      immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization analyses. The percentage of cells
      producing both PRL and GH or mammosomatotropic cells analyzed by two different
      techniques declined after one week in culture in normal pituitary cells and in
      cultured MtT/W15 tumor cells after E17 beta treatment. These results show that
      E17 beta has a direct stimulatory effect on normal pituitary and GH3 cells and a
      direct inhibitory effect on MtT/W15 tumor cells with respect to cell
      proliferation and PRL hormone and mRNA expression.

PMID- 2917355
TI  - Effects of hyperthermia on chromatin condensation and nucleoli disintegration as
      visualized by induction of premature chromosome condensation in interphase
      mammalian cells.
AB  - The effects of hyperthermia on chromatin condensation and nucleoli
      disintegration, as visualized by induction of premature chromosome condensation
      in interphase mammalian cells, was studied in exponentially growing and plateau
      phase Chinese hamster ovary cells. Exposure to heat reduced the ability of
      interphase chromatin to condense and the ability of the nucleolar organizing
      region to disintegrate under the influence of factors provided by mitotic cells
      when fused to interphase cells. Based on these effects treated cells were
      classified in three categories. Category 1 contained cells able to condense their
      chromatin and disintegrate the nucleolar organizing region. Category 2 contained
      cells able to only partly condense their chromatin and unable to disintegrate the
      nucleolar organizing region. Category 3 contained cells unable to condense their
      chromatin and unable to disintegrate the nucleolar organizing region. The
      fraction of cells with nondisintegrated nucleoli increased with increasing
      exposure time at 45.5 degrees C and reached a plateau at almost 100% after about
      20 min. Exponentially growing and plateau phase cells showed similar response.
      Recovery from the effects of heat on chromatin condensation and disintegration of
      the nucleolar organizing region depended upon the duration of the heat treatment.
      For exposures up to 15 min at 45.5 degrees C, a gradual reduction in the fraction
      of cells with nondisintegrated nucleoli was observed when cells were allowed for
      repair at 37 degrees C. However, only a very limited amount of repair was
      observed after a 30-min exposure to 45.5 degrees C. The repair times observed at
      the chromosome level were similar to those reported for the removal of excess
      protein accumulating in chromatin or the nuclear matrix, suggesting a causal
      relationship between the two phenomena. It is proposed that nuclear protein
      accumulation on chromatin or in the nuclear matrix reduces the accessibility of
      chromatin to enzymes responsible for the phosphorylation reactions necessary for
      chromatin condensation and disintegration of the nucleolus.

PMID- 2917356
TI  - Analysis of the antigenic profile of uveal melanoma lesions with anti-cutaneous
      melanoma-associated antigen and anti-HLA monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - The reactivity of 12 surgically removed uveal melanoma lesions with monoclonal
      antibodies (MoAb) to 14 membrane-bound and 2 cytoplasmic cutaneous melanoma
      associated antigens (MAA), to the 2 subunits of HLA Class I antigens and to the
      gene products of the HLA-D region was compared with that of cutaneous melanoma
      lesions and correlated with their histiotype. The membrane-bound determinants
      defined by the anti-Mr 92,000 and 45,000 MAA MoAb TP39.1, anti-Mr 110,000 MAA
      MoAb M111, anti-Mr 118,000 MAA MoAb TP36.1, anti-Mr 115,000 MAA MoAb 345.134,
      anti-ICAM-1 MoAb CL203.4 and anti-Mr 31,000 MAA MoAb M2590, and the cytoplasmic
      determinants defined by the anti-MAA MoAb 465.12 and 2G-10 display a distribution
      in uveal melanoma lesions similar to that in cutaneous melanoma lesions. On the
      other hand, membrane-bound determinants defined by the anti-Mr 100,000 MAA MoAb
      376.96, anti-9-O-acetyl-GD3 ganglioside MoAb ME311 and anti-GD2-GD3 ganglioside
      MoAb ME361 were not detected in the uveal melanoma lesions tested. Furthermore,
      the membrane-bound determinants defined by the anti-GD3 MoAb R24, anti-nerve
      growth factor receptor MoAb ME20.4, anti-Mr 97,000 MAA MoAb 140.240, anti
      carcinoembryonic antigen MoAb B1.1 and anti-HMW-MAA 149.53, 225.28, and 763.74
      have a markedly lower expression in uveal than in cutaneous melanoma lesions.
      Incubation of uveal melanoma lesions with the pool of the MoAb 149.53, 225.28,
      and 763.74 recognizing distinct and spatially distant determinants of the HMW-MAA
      increased the intensity of staining of six lesions and stained four lesions which
      were not stained by the individual monoclonal antibodies. The distribution of HLA
      Class I antigens in uveal melanoma lesions resembles that in cutaneous melanoma
      lesions, since they are expressed in all the lesions of the mixed and epithelioid
      type but were not detected in those of the spindle type, i.e., the counterparts
      of nevocellular nevi. HLA Class II antigens are expressed with a lower frequency
      in uveal than in cutaneous melanoma lesions, since they were detected only in 2
      of the 12 lesions. One of them is of the mixed type and the other one of the
      epithelioid type. Besides HLA antigens the determinants defined by the anti
      carcinoembryonic MoAb B1.1, anti-ICAM-1 MoAb CL203.4, and anti-GD3 MoAb R24
      displayed a differential distribution in the different histiotypes of uveal
      melanoma, since they are preferentially expressed in lesions of the mixed and
      epithelioid type.

PMID- 2917357
TI  - Specific cytogenetic abnormalities in two new human colorectal adenoma-derived
      epithelial cell lines.
AB  - Two new epithelial cell lines from sporadic human colorectal adenomas designated
      S/AN and S/RG are reported. S/AN was from a villous adenoma and S/RG from a
      tubular adenoma. Both cell lines have extended growth capacities in vitro
      reaching passages 18 and 15, respectively, so far and show no signs of
      senescence. S/AN and S/RG have retained in vitro the ability to form mucin
      producing goblet-like cells. Every cell of S/AN has a deletion on the short arm
      of chromosome 1 and one normal copy of chromosome 1. S/AN is also monosomic for
      chromosome 18. The majority of cells of S/RG only have one normal copy of
      chromosomes 6, 7, 14, 17, 18, and 22. S/RG also has several marker chromosomes.
      Although aneuploid S/AN and S/RG are nontumorigenic in athymic nude mice, these
      cytogenetic abnormalities are insufficient for the fully tumorigenic phenotype.
      The common abnormality for S/AN and S/RG is monosomy for chromosome 18,
      indicating that this is a central and important step in colorectal
      carcinogenesis. Our cytogenetic analysis of the adenoma cell lines suggests at
      least two possible routes by which premalignant colonic cells can develop and
      progress to malignancy. S/RG, unlike most other adenoma cell lines, is
      clonogenic. Aneuploidy, clonogenicity, and extended in vitro growth capacity may
      therefore be useful in vitro markers for adenoma cell lines with a relatively
      high malignant potential.

PMID- 2917359
TI  - Antigenic differences between metastatic and nonmetastatic BSp73 rat tumor
      variants characterized by monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Variants AS and ASML of the BSp73 rat tumor differ markedly with respect to
      morphology and to the capacity for spontaneous metastasis via the lymphatics.
      Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were raised in order to identify surface molecules
      associated with both phenotypes. Mice were immunized with either whole cells or
      isolated membranes and hybridoma supernatants were screened according to the
      criteria of selective binding to cultured cells of the variant used for
      immunization. Of two MAbs reacting with the nonmetastasizing AS variant, one
      showed immunostaining of AS tissue. From 11 MAbs binding to the metastatic ASML
      variant, 6 showed specific staining of ASML tissue, while the remaining 5 MAbs
      showed cross-reaction with normal rat tissues. According to Western blot data,
      the 6 MAbs selectively binding to ASML tissue identified at least 2 different
      antigens, one of them showing up as a complex of 12 bands.

PMID- 2917358
TI  - Varied differentiation responses of human leukemias to bryostatin 1.
AB  - Bryostatin 1, a macrocyclic lactone isolated from a marine bryozoan, has
      significant antineoplastic activity against the murine cell line P388. Like
      phorbol esters, bryostatin 1 is capable of binding to and activating protein
      kinase C, but these two compounds differ in the ability of bryostatin 1 to act as
      a tumor promoter. We have investigated whether bryostatin 1 can modulate the
      differentiated phenotype of fresh samples of human myeloid leukemia. We find that
      six of seven samples responded to bryostatin treatment with changes associated
      with a more differentiated phenotype including increases in macrophage-like
      morphology and an increase in adherence and OKM1 and alpha-naphthyl acetate
      esterase activity positivity. The percentage of cells within each sample
      evidencing these changes varied markedly among the seven patients' cells
      examined. Because of the effects of bryostatin on fresh samples we examined the
      ability of bryostatin to differentiate four HL-60 cell sublines obtained from
      different laboratories. We found that two of the cell lines did not respond
      either with an inhibition of growth or morphological change, while one was
      inhibited, and one showed both growth inhibition and some induction of macrophage
      like morphology when treated with bryostatin. To test whether other
      differentiating agents would enhance the effects of bryostatin 1, we added tumor
      necrosis factor alpha and bryostatin to these four cell lines. The addition of
      both agents effected an additive inhibition of growth. These data suggest that
      bryostatin 1 alone or in combination with other biological response modifiers may
      have a role in the treatment of human leukemia.

PMID- 2917360
TI  - Dose-related endocrine effects and pharmacokinetics of oral and intramuscular 4
      hydroxyandrostenedione in postmenopausal breast cancer patients.
AB  - 4-Hydroxyandrostenedione (CGP32349; 4-OHA) is a clinically effective treatment
      for advanced postmenopausal breast cancer by both the parenteral and p.o. routes,
      as a result of its inhibition of aromatase and consequent suppression of plasma
      estrogen levels. Thirty patients were randomized to treatment with 250 mg 4-OHA
      orally once, twice, and 4 times daily for 2 weeks and 29 of these plus a further
      11 patients were then randomized to treatment with 250 or 500 mg i.m. every 2
      weeks to determine the optimal dose for each route according to the suppression
      of serum estradiol levels. There was no significant difference between the 3 oral
      doses in their suppression of estradiol levels indicating that the maximum
      required p.o. dose of 4-OHA is probably 250 mg daily. Suppression by the
      parenteral dose of 250 mg every 2 weeks was marginally suboptimal but clinical
      considerations of response and tolerability indicate this as the optimal dose for
      i.m. injection. 4-OHA had no effect on serum levels of androstenedione,
      testosterone, or 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone when given by either route but p.o.
      treatment with 4 doses of 250 mg daily reduced sex hormone-binding globulin
      levels by a mean of 34%. Serum levels of estrone as measured by gas
      chromatography-mass spectrometry were suppressed to approximately 40% of baseline
      by parenteral treatment. The half-life of 4-OHA p.o. was approximately 3 h,
      whereas the apparent half-life of injected drug was between 5 and 10 days after a
      more rapid clearance during the first 4 days after injection.

PMID- 2917361
TI  - Case-control study of colorectal cancer and fecapentaene excretion.
AB  - The fecapentaenes are potent mutagens found in high concentrations in the stools
      of some individuals. These compounds are produced in vivo by common species of
      the colonic microflora, from precursors of unknown origin. The fecapentaenes have
      been postulated to increase the risk of colorectal cancer. To test this
      hypothesis, we measured fecapentaene excretion in 69 patients with adenocarcinoma
      of the colon or rectum, newly diagnosed at three Washington, DC area hospitals.
      The cases were compared with 114 surgical controls, frequency matched to the
      cases on age, sex, and hospital. We attempted to measure fecapentaene excretion 4
      times for each subject: before surgery; and at 1 mo; 3 mo; and 6 mo following
      surgery. Contrary to our study hypothesis, we found fecapentaene excretion during
      the four study periods to be similar or even lower in cases compared to controls.
      An indirect measurement of fecapentaene precursors also tended to be lower in
      cases. The case-control differences could not be explained as effects of bleeding
      or of the colorectal diagnostic workup, which was assessed in a separate group of
      86 patients. We conclude from these data that the excretion of fecapentaenes does
      not increase the risk of colorectal cancer, at least when measured near the time
      of diagnosis.

PMID- 2917362
TI  - Conference on advances in the biology and chemistry of N-nitroso and related
      compounds.

PMID- 2917364
TI  - Cell-mediated immunity is enhanced by cytostatic drugs continuously released at
      the site of antigenic stimulation.
AB  - Immunopotentiation by cytostatic drugs continuously released from osmotic
      minipumps, was investigated in a guinea-pig contact-sensitivity model. These
      pumps are designed to release their content within a period of 7 days. Vepeside
      (VP-16) and 5-fluorouracil were released into oxazolone-stimulated lymph nodes by
      subcutaneous implantation of pumps containing either of these drugs. The pumps
      were implanted at the intended sensitization site, 2 days before sensitization.
      Strong potentiation of T-cell-mediated immunity, evaluated by delayed-type
      hypersensitivity measurements, was observed with both drugs tested. Daily
      injections with VP-16 also caused an enhancement of the immune response. However,
      daily injections with 5-fluorouracil, a drug assumed to be cell-cycle-specific in
      its action, failed to potentiate delayed hypersensitivity to oxazolone.
      Intralesional administration of cytostatic drugs has been put forward as an
      effective treatment modality in various types of cancer. Therapeutic effects may
      depend on both local tumor cytotoxic and immunopotentiating activities. Our
      present results suggest that osmotic minipumps can be applied to broaden the
      applicability and effectiveness of local chemotherapy.

PMID- 2917363
TI  - Endogeneous interferon alpha/beta produced by murine Kupffer cells augments liver
      associated natural killing activity.
AB  - Nonparenchymal liver cells from untreated C3HeB/FeJ mice, when incubated in
      medium containing-10% fetal bovine serum or portal serum, produced significant
      amounts of interferon alpha/beta (IFN alpha/beta). In contrast, other cell
      populations (spleen, mononuclear blood cells and peritoneal cells) from C3HeB/FeJ
      mice or nonparenchymal liver cells from other strains of mice (C3H/HeJ, germ-free
      C3H/HeN and C57Bl/6J) produced little or no detectable IFN in fetal bovine serum
      under the same culture conditions. The cells in the nonparenchymal liver cell
      population responsible for IFN alpha/beta production were adherent, phagocytic,
      silica-sensitive, carbonyl-iron-sensitive, and Thy1.2-, presumably Kupffer cells
      or resident liver macrophages. IFN alpha/beta production by cultured Kupffer
      cells was not observed if medium containing fetal bovine serum or portal serum
      was treated with polymyxin B or if Kupffer cells were cultured in serum-free
      medium. This suggested that small amounts of endotoxin in fetal bovine or portal
      serum stimulated Kupffer cells to produce IFN alpha/beta. Possibly, Kupffer cells
      are in a different state of activation/maturation than peritoneal and splenic
      macrophages since the sensitivity of resident Kupffer cells from C3HeB/FeJ mice
      to the stimulatory effects of endotoxin. The endogenous production of IFN
      alpha/beta by Kupffer cells from C3HeB/FeJ mice can augment liver-associated
      natural killer (NK) activity against YAC-1 cells (4h) and induce liver-associated
      cytotoxic activity, not restricted by the major histocompatibility complex,
      against NK resistant P815 mastocytoma cells (18 h).

PMID- 2917365
TI  - In vitro modulation of natural killer cell activity in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
      patients after therapy.
AB  - The depressed natural killer (NK) activity, anti-body-dependent cellular
      cytotoxicity (ADCC) and NK cytotoxic factor cytotoxicity in untreated non
      Hodgkin's lymphoma patients were found to be elevated after chemotherapy. In
      vitro treatment of the effector NK cells with interferon alpha could augment the
      NK activity in normal subjects and treated patients to a comparable degree.
      Chemotherapy mainly affected the post-binding events in the NK cytotoxic process
      by causing an increase in the active killing potential of the NK cells. This
      study provides a better understanding of changes in the NK cytotoxic mechanism in
      non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients and the role of interferon in this process.

PMID- 2917366
TI  - Five intermediate complexes in transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II.
AB  - A native gel electrophoresis DNA binding assay was used to resolve complexes
      formed on the adenovirus Major Late Promoter by general transcription factors and
      RNA polymerase II. Five sets of complexes containing distinct components were
      identified. These complexes were generated by sequential binding of TFIID, TFIIA,
      TFIIB, RNA polymerase II, and TFIIE. The relative positions of each of the
      factors in the complexes were determined by DNAase I footprint analysis. TFIIA,
      derived from yeast or mammalian cells, formed a complex with yeast TFIID and the
      TATA element. TFIIB bound to this complex and probably acts as a "bridge" to the
      polymerase and the initiation site. The addition of ATP or dATP, necessary for
      "activation" of transcription, resulted in an alteration of the footprint in the
      +20 to +30 region, the same area protected upon addition of TFIIE to the
      initiation complex. Addition of ribonucleotide triphosphates generated new
      complexes that contained accurately initiated transcripts associated with the
      transcription machinery and the template DNA. A model for the interactions of
      components in initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase II is proposed.

PMID- 2917367
TI  - Trypanosoma brucei contains two RNA polymerase II largest subunit genes with an
      altered C-terminal domain.
AB  - We have identified and cloned four trypanosomal RNA polymerase largest subunit
      genes. Here, we present the molecular analysis of two genes, Trp4.8 and Trp5.9.
      The sequence of these genes shows that they are almost identical to each other
      and indicates that they encode the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II. Both
      genes contain a C-terminal extension that is clearly distinct from that of other
      eukaryotic RNA polymerase II genes, because it lacks the common tandemly repeated
      heptapeptide sequence and is rich in acidic amino acids. It shares many potential
      phosphorylation sites, however, with the C-terminal extension of other eukaryotic
      RNA polymerase II large subunits. The presence of two RNA polymerase II loci
      suggests that a fourth RNA polymerase could be formed. Interestingly, the fourth
      gene is only found in species exhibiting antigenic variation.

PMID- 2917368
TI  - The ultrastructure of upstream and downstream regions of an active Balbiani ring
      gene.
AB  - When active, the 37 kb Balbiani ring genes are known to form transcription loops
      with an almost fully extended chromatin axis. Here we examine the upstream and
      downstream regions of such transcription loops by electron microscopy. We
      demonstrate that a loop starts and ends in tightly packed chromatin; the two
      anchoring sites are clearly separated from each other in space. The upstream,
      nontranscribed region consists of a thin, extended, apparently flexible and
      nucleosome-free fiber corresponding to about 0.5 kb DNA. The downstream,
      nontranscribed region appears as a 200 nm long nucleofilament loosely coiled into
      a short, thick chromatin fiber and estimated to contain about 3 kb DNA.

PMID- 2917369
TI  - A role of Ia-associated invariant chains in antigen processing and presentation.
AB  - Most native antigens require processing in a cellular compartment for efficient
      presentation to T helper cells. The cellular elements that permit processing are
      not known. We investigated a possible role of the class II MHC-associated
      invariant chains in antigen processing. Fibroblast cells that were transfected
      with class II genes were compared with fibroblasts supertransfected with the
      invariant chain gene for their capacity to present the fifth component of
      complement (C5) to C5-specific class II restricted T cell clones or influenza
      virus protein to a virus-specific T cell clone. Only fibroblasts supertransfected
      with the invariant chain gene were able to present native antigen, even at very
      low antigen concentration, whereas both fibroblast types could present cyanogen
      bromide-fragmented C5 or the virus peptide. Presentation of intact antigen but
      not of fragmented antigen was totally abrogated by treatment of fibroblasts with
      chloroquine. The invariant chain gene encodes two polypeptides, li31 and li41.
      Expression of either li31 or li41 was sufficient to render class II-expressing
      fibroblasts capable of presenting intact antigen.

PMID- 2917370
TI  - Thermal skin injury: I. Acute hemodynamic effects of fluid resuscitation with
      lactated Ringer's, plasma, and hypertonic saline (2,400 mosmol/l) in the rat.
AB  - Heart rate (HR), central venous pressure (CVP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and
      cardiac index (CI) were measured in anesthetized rats subjected to a 40% body
      surface area full-thickness scald burn. Postburn intravenous fluid therapy with
      lactated Ringer's (5 ml/hr), plasma (2.5 ml/hr), or very hypertonic saline (2,400
      mosmol/l) (0.75 ml/hr) was compared to unburned or burned, untreated controls. HR
      and CVP were not influenced significantly by thermal injury. MAP decreased
      steadily in the untreated group from 110 mmHg to 80 mmHg at 3 hr postburn. In the
      fluid-treated groups MAP did not change significantly. During the first 15 min
      postburn, CI was reduced to 58-71% of control values (P less than 0.01). CI
      increased during Ringer's and plasma infusion to 74-80% of control values (P less
      than 0.02 vs. unburned). Despite infusion therapy, hematocrit increased from 48
      to 52%, clearly less than in the unresuscitated group (increase from 48 to 58%).
      Theoretically, the 2,400 mosmol/l saline would expand extracellular volume by
      five to six times the infused volume. Still, CI was reduced by 55% at 3 hr
      postburn in the hypertonic saline as well as in the burned, untreated group (P
      less than 0.001 vs. unburned). The low CI was mainly due to a reduced stroke
      volume.

PMID- 2917371
TI  - Thermal skin injury: II. Effects on edema formation and albumin extravasation of
      fluid resuscitation with lactated Ringer's, plasma, and hypertonic saline (2,400
      mosmol/l) in the rat.
AB  - Pentobarbital anesthetized rats were subjected to a 40% body surface area full
      thickness scald burn. Intravenous fluid therapy was given as lactated Ringer's (5
      ml/hr), plasma (2.5 ml/hr), or very hypertonic saline (2,400 mosmol/l) (0.75
      ml/hr) and compared to unburned or burned, untreated controls. At 3 hr postburn,
      skin water and albumin content and extravasation of radiolabelled albumin were
      determined. Water content in injured skin increased by 35-78% (least in the
      untreated group, most in the plasma group) compared to unburned controls (P less
      than 0.05). After lactated Ringer's therapy water content increased even in
      unburned skin and in muscle (P less than 0.05). Tissue albumin mass increased
      generally slightly more than the increase in water content, from 37% (lactated
      Ringer's group) to 126% (plasma group) in burned areas. Extravasation rate of
      radiolabelled albumin increased 5-80 times in burned areas, most following plasma
      treatment (equivalent to 0.6-1.0 ml plasma/g dry weight/180 min). A major part of
      the estimated total fluid loss following therapy by lactated Ringer's took place
      in noninjured tissue. Plasma therapy gave less fluid accumulation in unburned
      tissues but more edema in the injured areas than lactated Ringer's.

PMID- 2917372
TI  - Effect of hemorrhagic hypotension on endotoxin-induced lung injury in awake
      sheep.
AB  - Pulmonary insufficiency is a major cause for mortality and morbidity following
      shock and sepsis. We studied the effect of hemorrhagic shock and retransfusion on
      endotoxin-induced lung dysfunction. Eighteen unanesthetized sheep with chronic
      lung lymph fistulae were divided into 3 groups. In Group I (n = 5) hemorrhagic
      shock of 50 torr was induced by arterial bleeding. Shed blood was retransfused
      after 4 h, and the animals were observed for 5 h. In Group II (n = 7) 1
      microgramg/kg E. coli endotoxin was injected intravenously, and the animals were
      observed for 5 h. In Group III (n = 6) hemorrhagic shock was induced similarly to
      Group I. After 2 h of hypotension, E. coli endotoxin was injected similarly to
      Group II. Blood was retransfused after 4 h. During hemorrhagic shock arterial
      oxygen tension (PaO2) increased from 78.0 to 94.0 torr (P less than 0.005), lymph
      flow (QL) decreased from 7.2 to 5.2 ml/h (P less than 0.05) and lymph protein
      clearance (L/P.QL) from 4.6 to 3.3 ml/h (P less than 0.05). Calculated pulmonary
      microvascular pressure (Pmv) decreased from 11.1 to 7.0 torr (P less than 0.05).
      Plasma TXB2 increased from 197 to 967 pg/ml (P less than 0.05) and lymph TXB2
      from 272 to 833 pg/ml (P less than 0.05). Endotoxin infusion was followed by a
      fall in WBC to 2,900/microliters (P less than 0.001), rise in pulmonary artery
      pressure (Ppl) from 17.5 to 49.7 torr (P less than 0.005), and Pmv from 12.1 to
      23.7 torr (P less than 0.01). PaO2 decreased from 78.0 to 61.0 torr (P less than
      0.01), QL increased to 36.9 ml/h (P less than 0.001), and L/P.QL to 24.3 ml/h (P
      less than 0.001). Plasma TXB2 increased to 7,600 pg/ml (P less than 0.005) and 6
      Keto PGF1 alpha to 1,519 pg/ml (P less than 0.01). Infusion of endotoxin during
      hemorrhagic shock was followed by a comparable fall in WBC, pulmonary
      hypertensive response and hypoxemia, while Pmv increased only to 19.2 torr which
      was significantly lower than Group II (P less than 0.05). The rise in QL to 17.4
      and L/P.QL to 10.6 ml/h in response to endotoxin was also significantly lower
      than Group II (P less than 0.05 and P less than 0.05, respectively). Plasma and
      lymph TXB2 and 6-Keto PGF1 alpha were unchanged. It is concluded that hemorrhagic
      shock reduced endotoxin-induced pulmonary microvascular pressure, pulmonary lymph
      production and protein flux, while the fall in WBC, early pulmonary hypertensive
      phase, hypoxemia, and prostanoid production were not altered by the hypotensive
      insult.

PMID- 2917374
TI  - Effect of voluntary exercise on urinary excretion of catecholamines after
      traumatic shock in rats.
AB  - Thirteen rats were kept in cages equipped with running wheels for 10 months
      (exercise group), and 12 rats were kept in cages without running wheels during
      the same period (control group). Rats in both groups were subjected to a Noble
      Collip drum trauma (40 rpm, 350 revolutions in total) after the 10-month
      conditioning period. Urine output, urinary epinephrine (E), and norepinephrine
      (NE) were measured until the seventh day after the trauma. Urine output decreased
      after the trauma in both groups to the same extent, but the recovery of urine
      output after trauma was accomplished faster in the exercise group than in the
      control group, and diuresis after trauma was seen only in the exercise group.
      Urinary E increased in both groups within 24 hours after trauma, but the increase
      in the exercise group was significantly less than in the control group. The
      amount of NE excreted depended somewhat on the urine volume, but there was no
      significant difference in changes in urinary NE after trauma between the groups.
      These results suggest that rats bred in an active condition suffered less severe
      traumatic shock accompanied by a reduced sympathoadrenal activity as compared
      with rats bred in a relatively sedentary condition.

PMID- 2917373
TI  - Significance of hepatic mitochondrial redox potential on the concentrations of
      plasma amino acids following hemorrhagic shock in rats.
AB  - The changes in hepatic energy charge, hepatic mitochondrial redox potential, and
      plasma amino acid concentrations were examined in rats following the induction of
      hemorrhagic shock with mean arterial blood pressure at 50 mmHg. Hepatic energy
      charge and mitochondrial redox potential decreased significantly (P less than
      0.001), from 0.86 +/- 0.01 to 0.49 +/- 0.05 and from 14.4 +/- 0.8 to 2.9 +/- 0.6,
      respectively, at 2 hours after the induction of hemorrhagic shock. Concentrations
      of total amino acids, alanine, proline, tyrosine, and phenylalanine in plasma
      increased, and molar ratio [( valine + leucine + isoleucine]/[tyrosine +
      phenylalanine]) in plasma decreased significantly (P less than 0.001). Hepatic
      mitochondrial redox potential was correlated negatively with total amino acids (r
      = -0.90, P less than 0.001) and positively with molar ratio (r = 0.85, P less
      than 0.001) during hemorrhagic shock. By reinfusion of shed blood at 2 hours
      after hemorrhagic shock, hepatic energy charge and mitochondrial redox potential
      immediately recovered to the pretreatment level. However, total amino acids,
      proline, tyrosine, and phenylalanine increased transiently and thereafter
      decreased to the pretreatment level. Molar ratio did not recover even at 60
      minutes after reinfusion. These results suggest that, in hemorrhagic shock,
      reduced hepatic mitochondrial redox potential causes inhibition of the citric
      acid cycle metabolizing the amino acids in the liver and an increase of plasma
      amino acids; these results suggest also that, in the recovery phase from shock,
      the restoration of hepatic mitochondrial redox potential is a prerequisite for
      normalization of the accumulated plasma amino acids.

PMID- 2917375
TI  - The role of intestinal endotoxin in experimental peritonitis.
AB  - Escape of endotoxin from the intraintestinal site was investigated in
      experimental models of intestinal ischemia and during intraabdominal infection in
      rats. Following the instillation of Salmonella abortus equi endotoxin (S-form)
      into the proximal large bowel, we recorded the presence of the lipopolysaccharide
      molecule in the bowel wall, the intestinal lymph nodes, the peritoneal cavity,
      and in the liver sinusoids by immunohistochemical methods. At 3, 6, 12, 24, and
      48 hr after the operative procedure, peritoneal fluid, blood, and tissue samples
      were taken. Survival rates were similar between the two test-groups (occlusion of
      the superior mesenteric artery [SMA] and cecal ligation and puncture [CLP]) and
      were not influenced by the amount of the injected endotoxin. There was no
      detectable morbidity in the sham-operated control animals with endotoxin doses up
      to 20 mg. Endotoxin could only be detected at 24 and 48 hr in the SMA group in
      the liver as well as in the peritoneal sediment and in intestinal lymph nodes.
      CLP and control samples remained negative throughout the observation period.
      Bacteria were found intraperitoneally within 12 to 24 hr in the SMA group and
      within 3 to 12 hr in the CLP group.

PMID- 2917376
TI  - Real-time and simultaneous measurement of tricuspid orifice and tricuspid anulus
      areas in anesthetized dogs.
AB  - Tricuspid valve orifice and tricuspid valve anulus areas were measured
      simultaneously in the anesthetized dog with a newly developed area-measuring
      system based on electromagnetic induction. This system permitted real-time
      monitoring of the area enclosed by the edges of valve leaflets and by the
      juncture of the valve leaflet and the cardiac wall in situ, without artificial
      constraint to the valve motion. Right atrial and right ventricular pressures were
      measured with two catheter-tipped micromanometers. During control state,
      tricuspid valve orifice area (TOA) increased up to its peak [1.38 +/- 0.26 cm2
      (mean +/- SD)] coincidently with either atrial systole or rapid ventricular
      filling. Atrial contraction evoked distinct presystolic tricuspid anulus
      narrowing with concomitant slow TOA reduction. This slow TOA reduction began 30.0
      +/- 16.1 msec before systolic atrioventricular pressure crossover, and the
      following rapid TOA decrease was completed 38.7 +/- 12.2 msec after systolic
      atrioventricular pressure crossover. TOA began to increase 48.4 +/- 30.4 msec
      before diastolic atrioventricular pressure crossover at the end portion of the
      isovolumic relaxation phase, opposing residual transvalvular pressure gradient
      (3.33 +/- 1.79 mm Hg). The slow presystolic TOA decrease was considered to be a
      reflection of the presystolic anulus narrowing caused by atrial systole. An
      isolated atrial contraction induced by administering 1 mg acetylcholine chloride
      into the atrioventricular node artery or by vagus nerve stimulation could produce
      complete valve closure. Even in an isolated atrial contraction, the inflection
      point that marks the boundary between slow "atriogenic" closure presumably due to
      anulus narrowing and rapid closure presumably due to hemodynamic force was easily
      identified.

PMID- 2917377
TI  - Protection against autonomic denervation following acute myocardial infarction by
      preconditioning ischemia.
AB  - To examine the effects of ischemic preconditioning on efferent autonomic
      responses following acute transmural myocardial ischemia/infarction (MI), the
      time course and extent of efferent sympathetic and vagal denervation were
      compared between control dogs that received a one-stage sustained coronary
      occlusion and preconditioned dogs that received four 5-minute coronary occlusions
      separated by 5 minutes of reperfusion before sustained occlusion. Effective
      refractory periods (ERP) basal and apical to MI were determined in the baseline
      state and during neural stimulation before and after preconditioning occlusions
      and 20, 60, 120, and 180 minutes after sustained occlusion by ligature ligation
      of diagonal branches of the left anterior descending coronary artery. In 10
      control dogs with transmural MI, ERP shortening induced by bilateral ansae
      subclaviae stimulation (4-msec pulses, 2-4 Hz and 2-4 mA) was unchanged at basal
      sites but was attenuated at apical sites. Four of 40 apical test sites exhibited
      efferent sympathetic denervation (less than or equal to 2 msec shortening) 20
      minutes after sustained occlusion. Thirteen of 40 apical sites became denervated
      during a 3-hour period. In 10 preconditioned dogs, ERP shortening at apical sites
      was unchanged after preconditioning occlusions and during the first 60 minutes of
      sustained ischemia but was attenuated at 120 minutes. Three of 40 apical test
      sites became denervated during a 3-hour period. The cumulative percentage of
      denervated apical test sites was significantly less in the preconditioned group
      compared with the control group (p = 0.006) despite a comparable degree of
      subepicardial involvement in the MI (8.2 +/- 1.0% vs. 8.4 +/- 1.4%, the ratio to
      the left ventricular circumference, mean +/- SEM). In 11 control dogs tested for
      efferent vagal response after MI, ERP prolongation induced by bilateral vagal
      stimulation (4-msec pulses, 20 Hz with current strength 0.05 mA greater than that
      required to produce asystole) was unchanged at basal sites, but was attenuated at
      apical sites, and five of 44 test sites exhibited denervation (less than or equal
      to 1 msec prolongation) 20 minutes after sustained coronary occlusion. Fourteen
      of 40 apical sites became denervated during a 3-hour period. In 10 preconditioned
      dogs, vagally induced ERP prolongation was unchanged both at basal and apical
      sites, and none of 36 apical test sites exhibited denervation after
      preconditioning and during a 3-hour period of sustained coronary occlusion (p
      less than 0.001 vs. control group) despite a comparable degree of subendocardial
      involvement in the MI (11.8 +/- 0.8% vs. 11.9 +/- 1.3%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      400 WORDS)

PMID- 2917378
TI  - Estimating cardiac transmembrane activation and recovery times from unipolar and
      bipolar extracellular electrograms: a simulation study.
AB  - A model of one-dimensional action potential propagation was used to compare
      activation times and recovery times measured from simulated unipolar and bipolar
      electrograms with the activation and recovery times measured from simulated
      transmembrane action potentials. Theory predicts that the intrinsic deflection-
      the time of the maximum negative slope of the unipolar electrogram QRS complex-
      corresponds to the time of maximum positive slope of action potential
      depolarization. Similarly, the time of the maximum positive slope of the unipolar
      electrogram T wave corresponds to the time of maximum negative slope of action
      potential repolarization. This study showed that the difference between the
      unipolar electrogram activation time and the action potential activation time and
      the difference between the unipolar electrogram recovery time and the action
      potential recovery time were small during ideal conditions of uniform propagation
      in a long cable. Nonideal conditions, however, were associated with activation
      time differences in excess of 1.8 msec and recovery time differences in excess of
      30 msec (243 msec in certain conditions). Nonideal conditions that had a major
      influence were changes in activation sequence, propagation in a short cable, and
      propagation through regions of nonuniform coupling resistance and/or nonuniform
      membrane properties. Nonideal conditions that had a smaller influence were
      variations in distance from the measurement site to the simulated tissue surface,
      nonzero reference potentials, and the addition of distant events. Recovery time
      differences were more sensitive to the nonideal conditions than were activation
      time differences, and both depended on the action potential shape. When distant
      events significantly contributed to the unipolar electrogram waveform, the time
      differences when bipolar electrograms were used were less than those when
      unipolar electrograms were used; however, under other conditions, the time
      differences were comparable. Results showed that activation times and especially
      recovery times measured from electrograms can be greatly affected by conditions
      independent of changes in the underlying action potential waveforms.

PMID- 2917379
TI  - Effect of oxygen withdrawal on active and passive electrical properties of
      arterially perfused rabbit ventricular muscle.
AB  - Oxygen withdrawal from myocardial cells leads to changes of the transmembrane
      action potential (mainly action potential shortening), to cellular uncoupling,
      and to changes of vascular permeability. This study was aimed at the simultaneous
      measurement of electrical activity and passive electrical properties
      (extracellular and intracellular longitudinal resistance) in arterially perfused
      rabbit papillary muscles under different conditions of changed oxygen supply.
      These included 1) complete anoxia (erythrocyte-free perfusate), 2) hypoxia (PO2
      between 23-28 mm Hg, erythrocytes present) in the presence and absence of
      glucose, and 3) normoxia with erythrocyte-free perfusate. Similarly to myocardial
      ischemia, rapid cellular uncoupling occurred only after an initial stable period
      of approximately 17 minutes, and it required complete anoxia. The marked
      shortening of the action potential developed before cellular uncoupling. In six
      out of eight experiments, the fibers were inexcitable when uncoupling started. In
      severe hypoxia, no significant change of internal longitudinal resistance was
      observed over 35-40 minutes. The time course of the extracellular longitudinal
      resistance was different from the change in intracellular resistance: A marked
      decrease occurred almost immediately after the onset of oxygen withdrawal. This
      decrease was followed by a small increase in conduction velocity, which was most
      likely due to a change in the interstitial compartment (edema). It was observed
      during anoxic as well as during hypoxic perfusion. We conclude that 1) cellular
      uncoupling in arterially perfused tissue requires almost complete oxygen lack and
      occurs with a delay of more than 10 minutes, 2) marked action potential
      shortening precedes uncoupling, and therefore can not simply be attributed to an
      increase in free, intracellular calcium, and 3) vascular endothelial function is
      more sensitive to oxygen withdrawal than the myocyte.

PMID- 2917380
TI  - Cardiac sympathetic afferent cell bodies are located in the peripheral nervous
      system of the cat.
AB  - Studies of the stellate ganglion and middle cervical ganglion indicate that
      sympathetic efferent nerve activity can be modified by peripheral excitatory
      inputs and that these neural connections may function as pathways for a
      peripheral reflex at the level of the thoracic sympathetic ganglia. This
      excitatory synaptic input could have a soma in either the central or the
      peripheral nervous system. A study was designed to determine whether chronic
      decentralization (3 weeks) of the stellate ganglion in cats would 1) abolish
      sympathetic cardiac afferent nerve activity recorded at the stellate cardiac
      nerve and 2) abolish local thoracic reflexes that are generated by stimulation of
      peripheral nerves. The ansae subclaviae, T3 and T4 rami, and stellate ganglion
      were also examined by electron microscopy for the extent of Wallerian
      degeneration. Afferent cardiac activation of the axon collaterals arising from
      cell bodies located in the dorsal root ganglia was abolished due to degeneration.
      However, sympathetic afferent nerve activity from the left ventricular receptors
      was still present and was recorded from the stellate cardiac nerve in all cats.
      Cardiac receptors were sensitive to mechanical distortion, increases in the left
      ventricular pressure, and epicardial application of veratrine hydrochloride.
      These data imply that 1) cardiovascular afferent input to the stellate ganglion
      persists following chronic decentralization and 2) the sensory neurons are
      located in the peripheral sympathetic nervous system. Thus, we find that
      regulation of the heart occurs in part via thoracic ganglia, independently of the
      central nervous system.

PMID- 2917381
TI  - Role of thromboxane A2 in the control of myocardial O2 supply/consumption balance
      and severity of ischemia during pacing-induced ischemia.
AB  - The role of thromboxane A2 (TXA2) in the control of O2 supply/consumption
      variables during pacing-induced ischemia was examined using the TXA2 receptor
      antagonist SQ 29,548. Anesthetized, open-chest dogs were subjected to left
      anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) stenosis that produced significant
      epicardial S-T segment elevation (12 mV) only when superimposed on atrial pacing.
      Regional myocardial blood flow was determined using radioactive microspheres, and
      O2 consumption was determined by measuring O2 saturation of venous blood draining
      the ischemic region. The dogs were treated with saline or 0.2 mg/kg + 0.2
      mg/kg/hr SQ 29,548, and the effect on ischemia was determined during 5-minute
      pacing-induced ischemic episodes at 10, 40, and 70 minutes postdrug or saline
      treatment. SQ 29,548 significantly reduced S-T elevation at 40 and 70 minutes
      postdrug compared with saline values and at all times measured compared with its
      paired predrug pace+stenosis values. SQ 29,548 reduced S-T elevation
      approximately 45% compared with its paired predrug values at 70 minutes. SQ
      29,548 resulted in a significantly higher subendocardial-to-subepicardial flow
      ratio (0.70 +/- 0.10, p less than 0.05) compared with saline-treated animals
      (0.42 +/- 0.06), with an overall increase of flow to the ischemic region of
      approximately 40%. This increased flow was matched by a proportional increase in
      O2 consumption without a change in O2 extraction. The O2 supply/consumption
      balance was also unchanged by SQ 29,548 implying that despite the increase in
      blood flow, the ischemic region was still flow-limited.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2917382
TI  - Simultaneous measurements of action potential duration and intracellular ATP in
      isolated ferret hearts exposed to cyanide.
AB  - Shortening of the cardiac action potential during ischemia and anoxia is likely
      to contribute to the decline in contractility that occurs under such conditions.
      It has been hypothesized that a decrease in the intracellular ATP concentration
      ([ATP]i) underlies the changes in the action potential. The recently discovered
      potassium channel activated at low ATP concentrations might provide the link
      between action potential shortening and low [ATP]i. However, it has yet to be
      shown that [ATP]i falls to the range required for channel activation at the time
      when action potential shortening occurs. We have measured action potentials and
      [ATP]i simultaneously in isolated ferret hearts during inhibition of both
      oxidative phosphorylation and anaerobic glycolysis (metabolic blockade).
      Metabolic blockade caused a rapid decline in cardiac contractility, accompanied
      by a rapid fall in action potential duration. [ATP]i fell only slightly and
      remained well above the range where activation of the ATP-sensitive K+ channel
      would be expected to occur. Moreover, reintroduction of glucose to the perfusate
      led to a substantial recovery in both contraction and in action potential
      duration, again in the absence of any great change in [ATP]i. These results
      suggest that the action potential shortening observed in metabolic blockade
      cannot be explained by the simple hypothesis of K+ channel opening as a
      consequence of a decrease in bulk [ATP]i unless the Km for suppression of channel
      activity by ATP is very much higher in intact cells than in any of the patch
      configurations studied. An alternative explanation is that the channel may be
      regulated under these conditions by mechanisms other than a change in [ATP]i.

PMID- 2917383
TI  - Stimulation of renal sympathetic activity by static contraction: evidence for
      mechanoreceptor-induced reflexes from skeletal muscle.
AB  - Static muscular contraction in anesthetized animals has been firmly established
      to reflexly increase arterial pressure. Although group III and IV muscle
      afferents are known to be responsible for this reflex pressor response, there is
      no evidence that the stimulation of muscle mechanoreceptors, many of which are
      supplied by group III fibers, plays a role in causing this contraction-induced
      reflex effect. To provide this evidence, we recorded renal sympathetic nerve
      activity in chloralose-anesthetized cats while contracting the triceps surae
      muscles. We found that static contraction tripled renal nerve activity within
      three seconds of its onset, an increase that was abolished by cutting the L6 and
      S2 dorsal roots. On average, the contraction-induced increase in renal nerve
      activity was observed 0.8 +/- 0.1 seconds after the onset of this maneuver. In
      addition, intermittent tetanic contractions synchronized renal nerve discharge so
      that a burst of activity was evoked by each contraction. A similarly synchronized
      renal nerve discharge was evoked in paralyzed cats by electrical stimulation of
      the tibial nerve at five times motor threshold, a current intensity that
      activates group III afferents. We conclude that, in anesthetized animal
      preparations, mechanoreceptors with group III afferents contribute to the reflex
      stimulation of renal sympathetic outflow evoked by muscular contraction.

PMID- 2917385
TI  - Left ventricular time varying elastance behavior does not reflect a basic
      property of cardiac muscle.

PMID- 2917384
TI  - Significance of the transmural diminution in regional hydrogen ion production
      after repeated coronary artery occlusions.
AB  - Previous studies have revealed that the regional accumulation of ischemic
      metabolites including hydrogen ion (H+) and PCO2 diminish after repeated
      occlusions. We postulated that this diminution reflects a blunted metabolic
      response that is related to the severity of ischemic injury and, hence, may be
      most pronounced in subendocardial (ENDO) regions. To investigate this hypothesis,
      the left anterior descending coronary artery was serially occluded three times in
      51 dogs for a period of either 3 minutes (n = 15), 5 minutes (n = 18), or 15
      minutes (n = 18). Each occlusion was separated by 45 minutes of reperfusion.
      Myocardial [H+] was measured in the endomyocardium and in the epimyocardium of
      the ischemic anterior wall by use of miniature pH glass electrodes. Accumulation
      of H+ during occlusion (delta [H+]) in the ENDO region was significantly less
      during the second occlusion when compared with the first occlusion (3-minute
      occlusions: 28.2 +/- 3.7 nM/l vs. 39.4 +/- 5.4 nM/l, p less than 0.002; 5-minute
      occlusions: 49.8 +/- 5.0 nM/l vs. 72.1 +/- 6.5 nM/l, p less than 0.0002; 15
      minute occlusions: 132.3 +/- 14.6 nM/l vs. 225.6 +/- 27.7 nM/l, p less than
      0.0003). A similar trend was noted for delta [H+] in the subepicardial (EPI)
      regions. During occlusion, the rise in [H+] occurred sooner, and delta [H+] was
      consistently greater in the ENDO when compared with the EPI regions (p less than
      0.05). Regional myocardial blood flow did not change during the three occlusions,
      indicating that the diminution in H+ accumulation stemmed from a decrease in H+
      production and not from an increase in collateral flow. The decrement in H+
      accumulation between the first and second occlusions (delta [H+]1-delta [H+]2) 1)
      was greater in the ENDO than in the EPI regions (p less than 0.05); 2) correlated
      with the duration of occlusion (ENDO: r = 0.66, p less than 0.001; EPI: r = 0.82,
      p less than 0.0001); and 3) was related to the impairment of anterior wall
      systolic shortening after the first reperfusion period. These findings suggest
      that the diminution in H+ production that follows serial coronary occlusions
      reflects a blunted metabolic response that is related to both the duration of
      ischemia and the degree of systolic dysfunction. Moreover, though attenuation of
      ischemic metabolite production occurs transmurally, it is most pronounced in the
      deep ENDO regions.

PMID- 2917386
TI  - Transcoronary chemical ablation of ventricular tachycardia.
AB  - After identification of the artery supplying blood to the arrhythmogenic area,
      transcoronary chemical ablation of ventricular tachycardia was undertaken in
      three patients with incessant tachycardia in whom the other therapeutic options
      had failed. Sterile ethanol (96%) was given at a dose of 1.5 ml in two patients
      and a total of 6 ml in the third. The arrhythmia was cured in two patients and
      suppressed during a 1-month period in the third until new collateral blood supply
      to the arrhythmogenic area developed and ventricular tachycardia recurred. The
      procedure was then repeated successfully. After administration of ethanol in the
      high interventricular septum, one patient developed temporary complete
      atrioventricular block and a pacemaker was implanted. No other complications
      occurred. We observed that in patients with ventricular tachycardia after
      myocardial infarction, it is possible to identify and catheterize small coronary
      arteries responsible for blood supply to the site of origin or pathway of
      ventricular tachycardia. After careful transcoronary mapping with saline,
      chemical ablation can prevent further episodes of the arrhythmia in selected
      patients.

PMID- 2917387
TI  - Coronary dilation with standard dose dipyridamole and dipyridamole combined with
      handgrip.
AB  - Intravenous dipyridamole is widely used to produce coronary vasodilation during
      cardiac imaging procedures. However, the routinely used dose of dipyridamole
      (0.56 mg/kg IV over 4 min) does not always result in maximal coronary dilation.
      The addition of isometric handgrip during dipyridamole coronary dilation has been
      reported to substantially increase coronary blood flow over dipyridamole alone.
      We compared the coronary vasodilation resulting from infusion of the standard
      dose of dipyridamole with that resulting from a maximally dilating dose of
      intracoronary papaverine in 12 patients with angiographically normal coronary
      arteries. We also assessed the effect on coronary blood flow velocity of the
      addition of isometric handgrip during dipyridamole coronary dilation. Changes in
      coronary blood flow velocity were measured with a 3F coronary Doppler catheter.
      The coronary flow reserve (peak/resting coronary flow velocity ratio) after
      dipyridamole (3.7 +/- 1.2 [mean +/- SD] was less than that seen after papaverine
      (4.4 +/- 0.5, p less than 0.05), and the coronary vascular resistance index
      during dipyridamole coronary vasodilation (0.28 +/- 0.09) was greater than during
      papaverine (0.22 +/- 0.03, p less than 0.05). The dipyridamole coronary flow
      reserve was less than 3.0 in four subjects and was 2.0 or less in two subjects.
      The addition of isometric handgrip to dipyridamole coronary vasodilation produced
      an 8% increase in mean heart rate and a 17% increase in mean arterial pressure,
      but coronary flow reserve was unchanged (3.8 +/- 1.1 before handgrip vs. 4.0 +/-
      1.1 with handgrip). Quantitative angiography in six patients revealed no change
      in coronary caliber with the addition of handgrip.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2917388
TI  - Follow-up of patients undergoing percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy. Analysis
      of factors determining restenosis.
AB  - This study reports the clinical follow-up (13 +/- 1 months) of 100 consecutive
      patients who underwent percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy (PMV).
      Echocardiographic (n = 32) and cardiac catheterization (n = 37) data from this
      group are also included. Patients were divided into two groups by an
      echocardiographic score. PMV resulted in a good hemodynamic result (post-PMV
      mitral valve area, greater than or equal to 1.5 cm2) in 88% of patients with a
      score of 8 or less and 44% of patients with a score of more than 8. Eighty-eight
      percent of patients with a score of 8 or less (n = 57) were New York Heart
      Association (NYHA) functional Classes III and IV before PMV; at follow-up, 81%
      were NYHA Class I and 12% were NYHA Class II. There were no deaths; three
      patients underwent mitral valve replacement (MVR). Ninety-eight percent of
      patients with a score of more than 8 (n = 43) were NYHA Classes III and IV before
      PMV; at follow-up, 58% were NYHA Classes I and II. Seven patients who did not
      improve and were not surgical candidates died 3.8 +/- 1.2 months after PMV. Nine
      patients who were surgical candidates underwent elective MVR at 4 +/- 0.9 months
      after PMV. Repeat cardiac catheterization demonstrated restenosis in only one of
      27 patients (4%) with a score of 8 or less. Mitral valve area after PMV was 1.9
      +/- 0.1 cm2 and at follow-up was 2 +/- 0.1 cm2 (NS).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2917389
TI  - Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in the elderly. Distinctions from the young based on
      cardiac shape.
AB  - The striking clinical and pathologic features of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy have
      been defined almost exclusively in the young. Little is known about this
      condition in the elderly, although it is assumed to be part of a single disease.
      Accordingly, we studied 28 patients who were 65 years of age and older (mean age,
      72 +/- 6.4 years) who were diagnosed as having hypertrophic cardiomyopathy by M
      mode, two-dimensional, and Doppler echocardiography and compared them with a
      group of 28 consecutive patients with this disease who were younger than 40 years
      of age (mean age, 26 +/- 9.5 years). No clinically detectable differences existed
      between the two groups, except for an increased incidence of mild hypertension in
      the elderly. Echocardiography in both groups showed hypertrophy with a small left
      ventricular cavity, and Doppler outflow tract velocity or cardiac catheterization
      in most patients showed systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve or a
      systolic outflow tract gradient or both. Significant differences existed between
      both groups, however, concerning left ventricular size and shape. The elderly
      group had a predominantly ovoid cavity contour with normal septal curvature. In
      contrast, in the young group, a markedly abnormal cardiac shape predominated (p
      less than 0.0001) with a crescent-shaped left ventricular cavity and a reversed
      curvature of the interventricular septum. The right ventricular free wall was
      prominent by echocardiography in the young compared with the elderly group (p
      less than 0.001). Apart from a more frequent history of mild hypertension in the
      elderly, likely related to age, these findings show that hypertrophic
      cardiomyopathy, when present in the elderly, has similar clinical features to
      that in the young.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2917390
TI  - Effect of magnesium on anginal attack induced by hyperventilation in patients
      with variant angina.
AB  - To examine whether or not magnesium suppresses coronary spasm, the effect of
      magnesium infusion on anginal attacks induced by hyperventilation was studied in
      20 patients with variant angina. In all patients, anginal attacks associated with
      ischemic ST segment changes on the electrocardiogram were repeatedly induced by
      hyperventilation. The study was performed in the early morning successively for 3
      days. On days 1 and 3 (control studies), 50 minutes before the hyperventilation
      test, a 5% glucose solution was infused as a placebo. On day 2 (magnesium study),
      50 minutes before the hyperventilation test, magnesium sulfate (0.27 mM/kg body
      wt) was infused during a 20-minute period. During the control studies, anginal
      attack was induced by hyperventilation in all 20 patients, whereas during the
      magnesium study, anginal attack was induced by hyperventilation in only six (30%)
      of the 20 patients (p less than 0.001 vs. control studies). The changes in
      arterial blood pH and PCO2 caused by hyperventilation were not significant
      between the control study and the magnesium study. Mean serum magnesium
      concentration increased from 2.2 +/- 0.2 to 6.0 +/- 0.5 mg/dl immediately after
      infusing magnesium and was 4.5 +/- 0.6 mg/dl before the hyperventilation test
      during the magnesium study. We conclude that magnesium suppresses anginal attacks
      induced by hyperventilation in patients with variant angina.

PMID- 2917391
TI  - Quinidine-induced action potential prolongation, early afterdepolarizations, and
      triggered activity in canine Purkinje fibers. Effects of stimulation rate,
      potassium, and magnesium.
AB  - Early afterdepolarization (EAD)-induced triggered activity is thought to
      contribute to the cardiac arrhythmogenic effects of several class I
      antiarrhythmic agents. The combination of quinidine therapy, bradycardia, and
      hypokalemia is known to predispose to torsade de pointes, which is a form of
      atypical polymorphous ventricular tachycardia commonly associated with long QT
      intervals. Recent clinical reports have shown suppression of quinidine-induced
      torsade de pointes with intravenous administration of magnesium sulfate. To
      provide further understanding of these relations, we used standard microelectrode
      techniques to examine the time course of quinidine-induced action potential
      prolongation, EAD, and triggered activity development and the dependence of these
      changes on [K+]0, [Mg2+]0, and stimulation frequency in isolated Purkinje fiber
      preparations exposed to low concentrations of the drug. At slow stimulation
      rates, the quinidine-induced increase of action potential duration was slow to
      develop and failed to reach a steady state after 3 hours of exposure to the drug.
      EAD and EAD-induced triggered activity generally became apparent 70-90 minutes
      after adding the drug. Quinidine produced triggered activity in 10 of 22
      preparations superfused with Tyrode's solution containing normal [K+]0 (3.5-4.0
      mM) and in six other preparations when [K+]0 was reduced. In the presence of
      normal [K+]0, two types of EAD and triggered activity were distinguished. In four
      of 10 preparations, this activity arose from phase 2 of the action potential; in
      eight of 10, it was associated with phase 3; and in two experiments, both types
      were present in the same preparation. The incidence of both forms of triggered
      responses depended greatly on the rate of stimulation. Triggered activity arising
      from phase 3 was always manifest at rates considerably slower than those giving
      rise to phase 2 activity. Both forms of triggered activity were sensitive to
      changes in the extracellular concentration of potassium and magnesium. Lower-than
      normal levels of these electrolytes facilitated the manifestation of triggered
      activity, whereas elevated levels suppressed or caused a shift in the frequency
      dependence of the activity. Phase 2, but not phase 3, EADs were abolished in
      response to increased [Mg2+]0. The data show a clear congruity between the
      conditions that predispose to torsade de pointes in the clinic and the conditions
      under which quinidine may induce triggered activity and marked action potential
      prolongation in isolated Purkinje fibers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2917392
TI  - Effect of acute volume load on refractoriness and arrhythmia development in
      isolated, chronically infarcted canine hearts.
AB  - In normal isolated, perfused canine ventricles, increased ventricular volume
      leads to shortening of refractoriness. To test the hypothesis that myocardium
      within an infarction zone is more susceptible to volume-induced changes in
      refractoriness than is normal myocardium, we measured strength-interval curves at
      low and high end-diastolic volumes at control and infarcted sites in 14 isolated,
      blood perfused, canine hearts with chronic (greater than 25 days) infarctions. In
      addition, the effect of volume load on inducing ventricular arrhythmias was
      studied at one to six sites in 11 hearts. Differences in refractoriness and
      inducibility at low (22 +/- 5 ml) and high (48 +/- 6 ml) end-diastolic volumes
      were compared. At control sites, volume load reduced the absolute refractory
      period from 178 +/- 16.5 to 175 +/- 16.7 msec (p less than 0.05), but no
      significant change in the relative refractory period occurred. At infarcted
      sites, the change in refractoriness with volume load was greater, and the
      absolute refractory period decreased from 171.5 +/- 21 to 160.6 +/- 26.3 msec (p
      less than 0.01), and the relative refractory period decreased from 180.1 +/- 22.1
      to 169.9 +/- 26 msec (p = 0.05). This differential effect of volume load on
      refractoriness led to an increased dispersion of overall refractoriness at high
      volume. Infarcted sites showing the largest changes in refractoriness were
      characterized by patchy scars extending at least to the midmyocardium, whereas
      sites located within areas of transmural scar, endocardial scar, or rare
      microfoci of fibrosis showed no increased sensitivity to volume load. Of eight
      hearts in which no tachyarrhythmias were inducible during programmed electrical
      stimulation at low volume, four had tachyarrhythmias induced at high volume.
      Sites of stimulation associated with a conversion from noninducible to inducible
      tachyarrhythmias showed a larger degree of shortening of refractoriness (change
      in absolute refractory period: 24.7 +/- 16.5 vs. 3.9 +/- 6.5 msec, p less than
      0.05). These data indicate that volume loading may have electrophysiologic
      significance and that it may be of greater functional importance under pathologic
      conditions.

PMID- 2917394
TI  - Homogeneity out of heterogeneity.

PMID- 2917393
TI  - Effect of early and advanced atherosclerosis on vascular responses to serotonin,
      thromboxane A2, and ADP.
AB  - In monkeys with early and advanced atherosclerosis, we examined responses to the
      three major vasoactive agonists that are released when platelets aggregate.
      Measurements were obtained in normal cynomolgus monkeys and in monkeys fed an
      atherogenic diet for 4 +/- 1, 9 +/- 1, and 19 +/- 1 months (mean +/- SEM).
      Morphometry of femoral and iliac arteries indicated that 4 months of atherogenic
      diet produced only slight intimal thickening, 9 months produced early lesions,
      and 19 months produced approximately 5-10 fold greater intimal proliferation than
      did 9 months of atherogenic diet. Serotonin and adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP),
      which are endothelium-dependent agonists, and adenosine and phenylephrine, which
      are endothelium-independent agonists, were injected intra-arterially into the
      perfused hind limb. Thromboxane A2 analogue U46619 also was studied.
      Vasoconstrictor responses to serotonin were potentiated, and vasodilator
      responses to ADP were impaired by early and advanced atherosclerosis. In
      contrast, vasoconstrictor responses to phenylephrine and vasodilator responses to
      adenosine were similar in all groups. Vasoconstrictor responses to U46619 were
      potentiated by advanced atherosclerosis. Thus, vascular responses to serotonin,
      ADP, and thromboxane A2 are altered by atherosclerosis in a direction that would
      favor vasoconstriction when platelets aggregate. Furthermore, because responses
      to endothelium-dependent agonists are altered, these data suggest that
      endothelium is dysfunctional in early atherosclerosis. These findings may
      explain, in part, the propensity for exaggerated vasoconstriction even in
      arteries with minimal atherosclerotic lesions.

PMID- 2917395
TI  - The ongoing natural experiment of cardiovascular diseases in Japan.

PMID- 2917396
TI  - Office evaluation of hypertension. A statement for health professionals by a
      writing group of the Council for High Blood Pressure Research, American Heart
      Association.
AB  - The ultimate purpose of office evaluation of the hypertensive patient is to
      provide optimal management of blood pressure and associated risk factors. The
      workup includes a valid estimate of average blood pressure, including home blood
      pressure measurements, assessment of the degree of target organ damage, and
      identification of other risk factors, including family history. The history and
      physical examination should be directed to the principal target organs, including
      the optic fundi, central nervous system, heart, and kidneys. Laboratory
      evaluation should include urinalysis, ECG, and determinations of blood
      hemoglobin/hematocrit, creatinine, potassium, glucose, and cholesterol, including
      HDL fraction. This information will alert the physician to the possibility of
      curable forms of hypertension such as coarctation of the aorta, pheochromocytoma,
      primary aldosteronism, and renovascular hypertension. The office evaluation is
      also concerned with estimating prognosis and extent of organic damage, which is
      essential in planning management. The nurse or trained allied health professional
      should be used to the fullest possible extent both in evaluation and management
      of hypertensive patients.

PMID- 2917398
TI  - Should we recommend contact lenses?

PMID- 2917397
TI  - Patterns of lens care practices and lens product contamination in contact lens
      associated microbial keratitis.
AB  - A prospective study of 24 contact lens patients with culture- or histopathology
      proven microbial keratitis was performed between July and December 1987 to
      determine associated lens care practices and patterns of lens care product
      contamination. A questionnaire was used to document methods of lens care.
      Bacterial cultures were performed on all available contact lenses, lens cases,
      and solutions (including saline, disinfectant, daily cleaner and wetting agents),
      in addition to standard smears and cultures of the corneal ulcer. Failure to
      follow standard recommendations regarding contact lens care was widespread (21 of
      24, 88%). In the majority of patients (20 of 24, 83%) bacterial contamination of
      the contact lens, case, and/or solutions was present. Almost two-thirds (15 of
      24, 62%) of patients used solutions that were more than 3 months old. Cosmetic
      extended wear lens patients were most likely (7 of 8, 88%) to use solutions that
      were more than 3 months old and very likely (6 of 8, 85%) to have contaminated
      solutions. Efforts to improve lens care and decrease lens product contamination
      are necessary to prevent contact lens associated corneal ulcers.

PMID- 2917399
TI  - Opti-Free chemical disinfectant: a safety study with various soft contact lenses.
AB  - A 6-month, Phase I clinical study evaluated Opti-Free, a new polyquaternium-1
      chemical disinfectant intended for use with all types of soft contact lenses.
      Fifty-one patients were enrolled and divided into two groups. Group A used the
      product under exaggerated conditions, with daily exposure of Durasoft 3 (55%) and
      Hydrocurve II (55%) medium water content, ionic lenses to 5 mL of Opti-Free for
      16 hours. Beginning on day 15, group A patients began a normal daily use
      schedule. Patients in group B wore CSI (38%), Permalens (71%), and Softcon (55%)
      contact lenses and used the regimen under normal daily use conditions throughout
      the study. The result indicate that Opti-Free is safe and effective under both
      normal and exaggerated use conditions. The implications of these data for patient
      safety are discussed.

PMID- 2917400
TI  - Fluoroperm extended wear RGP contact lenses for myopia, hyperopia, aphakia,
      astigmatism, and keratoconus.
AB  - One hundred fifteen eyes of 62 patients were fit with paflufocon-A (Fluoroperm)
      rigid gas permeable (RGP) contact lenses. Patients included myopes, hyperopes,
      aphakes, and keratoconic and astigmatic patients; the latter patients were fit
      with bitoric designs for large amounts of corneal astigmatism or front toric
      designs for residual astigmatism. Thirty of the 52 patients (58%) who completed
      the study were able to wear the lenses continuously without complications; six
      (12%) were able to achieve extended wear for up to one month. The average visual
      acuity across the study was 20/20. Three complications were observed, resulting
      in a complication rate of 6%.

PMID- 2917401
TI  - Immune responses in monkeys to lenses from patients with contact lens induced
      giant papillary conjunctivitis.
AB  - The clinicopathologic findings in contact lens-induced giant papillary
      conjunctivitis (GPC) suggest that the syndrome is the result of a complex
      immunological process, an idea supported by the presence of elevated tear
      concentrations of IgG and IgE in GPC. Several groups of investigators have
      proposed that GPC may be due, in part, to the coating of the contact lens. To
      test this hypothesis we undertook development of an animal model of GPC in
      cynomolgus monkeys. Two soft contact lenses from patients with GPC, two from
      asymptomatic contact lens wearers, and two clean, unused lenses were each placed
      in one eye and held in place with a partial tarsorrhaphy. Tears from the two
      monkeys with GPC lenses showed increased levels of IgG (43 +/- 10 micrograms/mL),
      IgA (54.3 +/- 12.8 micrograms/mL) and IgE (7.7 +/- 3.3 IU/mL) 35-75 days post
      lens placement. While the tears from the two monkeys with clean lenses, and the
      two monkeys with lenses from asymptomatic contact lens wearers had elevated
      levels of IgG compared to the contralateral control eye without a lens, the tear
      IgE levels remained normal. Histopathology studies of tarsal conjunctival biopsy
      material from the monkeys with GPC lenses showed an intense round cell infiltrate
      at the epithelial-stromal junction. Mast cells were seen in the epithelial
      layers. These studies suggest that some factor (or factors) in the lens coating
      from GPC patients was able to induce a local tear IgE response and
      histopathological changes in monkeys. These changes are similar to the
      histopathological and immunological findings in human patients with GPC.

PMID- 2917402
TI  - Traumatic cataract management in penetrating ocular injury.
AB  - Eight patients with lens damage caused by penetrating ocular trauma underwent
      delayed cataract removal four to 30 days after the initial injury. All but one
      patient, who had a retinal detachment, achieved a visual acuity of 20/50 or
      better. A short delay in the treatment of the cataract as well as the use of
      intraocular lenses did not appear to have an adverse effect on the visual
      prognosis.

PMID- 2917403
TI  - Index of refraction.

PMID- 2917404
TI  - Corneal endothelial changes associated with contact lens wear.
AB  - Contact lenses may induce short- and long-term corneal endothelial changes. The
      endothelial bleb response is a short-term, reversible change noted with contact
      lens wear. Long-term endothelial changes such as polymegethism (increased
      variation in cell size) and pleomorphism (a decrease in the frequency of
      hexagonal cells) have also been detected in polymethylmethacrylate, rigid gas
      permeable, and daily and extended wear soft contact lens patients. These
      morphometric changes have also been seen in myopes, aphakes, and corneal
      transplant recipients. Differences in endothelial morphometry between the central
      and mid-peripheral regions of the cornea have also been noted in hard lens
      wearers. The long-term significance of these findings is discussed.

PMID- 2917405
TI  - Somatotopically organized transient projections from the primary somatosensory
      cortex to the cerebellar cortex.
AB  - The organization of transient projections from the primary somatosensory cortex
      (S-I) to the cerebellar cortex in neonatal kittens was examined using orthograde
      intraaxonal labeling techniques. Tritiated amino acid injections into face,
      forelimb and hindlimb areas of representation in S-I labeled mossy fiber-like
      terminals of cerebrocerebellar axons in different areas of the cerebellar cortex
      bilaterally. The hindlimb area of S-I projected to lobules I-IV in the anterior
      lobe and to ventral folia of the paramedian lobule (PML). Injections into
      forelimb areas of S-I labeled terminals in lobules IV and V and in intermediate
      and dorsal folia of the PML. The face area of S-I projected to the lobules V and
      VI, to medial folia in the ansiform and simplex lobules and to dorsal PML folia.
      Labeled terminals were more numerous in the cerebellar cortex contralateral to
      the S-I injections, except in lobules I and II and the ventral PML where the
      density of hindlimb input was approximately the same on both sides. These
      observations were supplemented by findings that small wheat germ agglutinin
      horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) injections into the dorsal or ventral PML
      resulted in retrogradely labeled layer V pyramidal neurons in lateral (face and
      forelimb) and medial (hindlimb) areas of S-I respectively. The somatotopic
      organization of transient S-I cerebrocerebellar projections is very similar to
      the topography of cerebellar somatosensory afferent pathways in adult cats.

PMID- 2917406
TI  - Lipid peroxidation in developing fetal guinea pig brain during normoxia and
      hypoxia.
AB  - Lipid peroxidation in the fetal guinea pig brain was studied at 30, 35, 40, 45,
      50, and 60 days of gestation. Conjugated dienes and fluorescent compounds,
      indices of lipid peroxidation, peaked at 35 days of gestation, decreased by 45
      days, and remained at that level until birth. The higher levels of peroxidation
      products in early gestational periods (30-40 days) suggest that either the anti
      oxidant mechanisms for scavenging oxygen free-radicals and further metabolizing
      oxidation products are underdeveloped, or the rate of peroxidation is higher than
      periods near term. Prenatal hypoxia increased the levels of conjugated dienes and
      fluorescent products in the brains of preterm (50 days) and term (60 days)
      fetuses. Brain homogenates incubated in air at 37 degrees C underwent rapid lipid
      peroxidation as measured by the level of thiobarbituric acid (TBA)-reactive
      substances. However, term brain showed a higher rate of peroxidation and attained
      higher steady state levels of TBA-reactive substances than preterm brain. This
      may be due to the higher levels and degrees of unsaturation in fatty acids in
      term brain. Following hypoxia, term brain showed 5 times the rate of lipid
      peroxidation and a 3-fold increase in total TBA-reactive substances over
      controls. These studies show that a significant degree of lipid peroxidation is
      occurring in the fetal brain during gestation and that the developing brain is
      more susceptible to lipid peroxidation near term. Furthermore, prenatal hypoxic
      stress further increases the susceptibility of the brain to peroxidative
      reactions.

PMID- 2917407
TI  - Regulation of granule cell number by a predetermined number of Purkinje cells in
      development.
AB  - Development dysgenesis of Purkinje cells or granule cells was analyzed for the
      reciprocal effect of reduced number of each cell type on the other. A single pre-
      or postnatal injection of methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM) in the rat reduces
      either the number of Purkinje cells or the number of granule cells when
      administered at the time of their respective genesis. The total number of these
      two types of neurons was obtained from cell density values of each layer and the
      total volume of the granular layer and the area of the Purkinje cell layer. The
      results show that Purkinje cells (targets) strictly determine the maximum number
      of granule cells (afferent neurons) following deficits in the number of Purkinje
      cells produced by prenatal MAM administration. Deficits in Purkinje cells were
      accompanied by a proportionally smaller number of granule cells so that the ratio
      remained constant. On the other hand, the reduction in the number of granule
      cells of the postnatal MAM model did not affect the number of Purkinje cells.
      These results indicate that the maximum number of these afferent neurons is
      constrained unidirectionally through a property defined by the number of their
      target neurons which develop earlier. Furthermore the number of afferent cells
      had no effect on the number of target cells.

PMID- 2917408
TI  - Peripheral competition in the control of sensory neuron numbers in Xenopus frogs
      reared with a single bilaterally innervated hindlimb.
AB  - Sensory neurons were counted in the hind-limb innervating spinal ganglia on both
      sides of juvenile Xenopus frogs which, as tadpoles, had had one hind limb bud
      amputated prior to innervation, and a channel made to allow innervation of the
      remaining limb bud from both sides. The total number of sensory neurons surviving
      on the two sides approximated the number on one side of normal frogs, the
      ipsilateral and contralateral numbers being negatively correlated. These effects
      differ markedly from the effects on motoneuron numbers, suggesting different
      control mechanisms of cell death in the two neuronal classes.

PMID- 2917409
TI  - Spatial arrangement of radial glia and ingrowing retinal axons in the chick optic
      tectum during development.
AB  - Neuroanatomical tracing of retinal axons and axonal terminals with the
      fluorescent dye, DiI, was combined with immunohistochemical characterization of
      radial glial cells in the developing chick retinotectal system. Emphasis was
      placed on the mode of the tectal innervation by individual retinal axons and on
      the distribution and fate of the tectal radial glial cells and their spatial
      relation to retinal axons. It was obvious from fluorescent images obtained from
      anterogradely filled axons that these axons deserted the superficial stratum
      opticum (SO) to penetrate the stratum griseum et fibrosum superficiale (SGFS) by
      making right-angled turns within the SO. Frequently, axons which had invaded the
      SGFS were bifurcated and had a superficial branch which remained within the SO.
      Terminal axonal arborization occurred at various depths within the SGFS.
      Characterization of the tectal glial cells and their radial fibers by means of
      the anti-filament antibody, R5, and post-mortem staining with the fluorescent
      dye, DiI, revealed the following. (a) At least from day E8 to P1, tectal glial
      fibers traversed all tectal layers from the periventricular location of their
      somata to the superficial interface between SO and pia mater. In this interface
      they enlarged and formed characteristic endfeet. (b) Glial endfeet covered the
      whole tectal surface. They showed at early ages anterior-posterior differences
      having a higher density in the posterior tectum. These differences disappeared at
      embryonic day E13. (c) After innervation, glial endfeet of the anterior tectal
      third were arranged in rows parallel to the retinal fibers within the SO. This
      arrangement was not observed in eyeless embryos. (d) Radial glial fibers could be
      stained with R5 from day E8 to late embryonic stages throughout their entire
      length. (e) At the first posthatching days, only the segments of the radial glial
      fibers restricted to the thickness of the SO were R5-positive, although the
      fibers still traversed throughout the depth of the tectum. The results are
      discussed in context to the genesis of the retinotectal projection.

PMID- 2917410
TI  - The postnatal development of layer VI pyramidal neurons in the cat's striate
      cortex, as visualized by intracellular Lucifer yellow injections in aldehyde
      fixed tissue.
AB  - The postnatal development of layer VI pyramidal neurons in the cat's striate
      cortex has been studied by means of intracellular injections of Lucifer yellow in
      aldehyde-fixed tissue (LYF technique). It is shown that the LYF technique gives
      results qualitatively and quantitatively similar to results obtained with other
      techniques (Golgi, marker-injections in viable tissue). Quantitative analysis
      demonstrated significant increases in soma diameter, number and length of basal
      dendrites, length of second order apical dendrites and, in particular, in number
      of spines/unit dendritic length, during the first postnatal month. Maturation of
      the basal dendritic tree and increase in number of spines continue in the second
      postnatal month. At later postnatal times soma diameter and number of spines
      decrease by about 20%. Dendritic varicosities are most frequent during the first
      postnatal week, and decrease in number steadily from thereon. The late maturation
      of layer VI pyramidal neurons suggests that these cells might be affected by
      early peripheral lesions and/or sensory deprivation to which the striate cortex
      of the cat has been shown to be most susceptible around the end of the first
      postnatal month.

PMID- 2917411
TI  - Morphologic plasticity of rapid-onset neurites in NG108-15 cells stimulated by
      substratum-bound laminin.
AB  - Undifferentiated NG108-15 cells, when replated onto laminin-coated substrata,
      extend multipolar, highly branched neurite-like extensions up to 200 microns in
      length within 4 h; morphologic and pharmacologic properties of these 'rapid-onset
      neurites' have been described recently. The present study has extended these
      observations, using time lapse video recordings of their dynamic behavior and
      additional pharmacologic studies. Rapid-onset neurites and neuronal growth cones
      were shown to be regulated in an identical manner in all respects examined,
      including inhibition of outgrowth by cytochalasin B. Of particular interest was
      the observation that rapid-onset neurites in contact with laminin exhibited an
      extremely high rate of turnover, which was inhibited by 5'-deoxy-5'
      methylthioadenosine (MTA). This system provides a uniquely favorable in vitro
      preparation in which neuritic plasticity can be elicited, directly observed and
      experimentally modulated under controlled conditions.

PMID- 2917412
TI  - Analysis of slow-onset neurite formation in NG108-15 cells: implications for a
      unified model of neurite elongation.
AB  - When undifferentiated NG108-15 cells are plated onto polylysine coated Petri
      dishes in serum-free medium, they form neurites within 1-4 h if plated in the
      presence of laminin or 5'-deoxy-5'-methylthioadenosine (rapid-onset neurites). In
      the absence of such agents, serum-deprived NG108-15 cells extend axon-like
      neurites onto polylysine over several days; here we characterize the dynamic
      behavior of this slow-onset outgrowth pattern in detail. Individual cells plated
      on laminin expressed a gradual multipolar-to-unipolar transition due to rapid
      onset neurites becoming remodelled into the appearance of slow-onset neurites.
      This phenomenon reflected the selective stabilization of certain rapid-onset
      neurites, along with the restriction of motility to their distal tips. Based upon
      the properties and interactions of both rapid- and slow-onset neurites in NG108
      15 cells, a unified model for neurite formation is presented.

PMID- 2917413
TI  - Altered cell shapes in fibroblasts treated with 5'-deoxy-5'-methylthioadenosine:
      relation to morphogenesis of neural cells.
AB  - In the present study, mouse 3T3 fibroblasts and primary human foreskin
      fibroblasts exposed to MTA (5'-deoxy-5'-methylthioadenosine) were found to
      achieve neural-like cell shapes and to extend long, multipolar processes rapidly
      and reversibly. Time lapse recordings and pharmacologic studies revealed that
      process formation in MTA-treated fibroblasts was mechanistically related to the
      rapid-onset mode of neurite formation previously characterized in neural hybrid
      NG108-15 cells. These data, together with evidence presented elsewhere, indicate
      that MTA selectively reorganizes the mode of expression of a specific cytoplasmic
      machinery that is active in many types of cells, and which is involved in
      regulating cell shape and neurite formation in developing neurons.

PMID- 2917414
TI  - Longitudinal changes in cranial base angulation in mandibulofacial dysostosis.
AB  - Longitudinal measures of cranial base angulation (nasion-sella-basion angle; N-S
      Ba) were obtained in 24 patients with mandibulofacial dysostosis (MFD), with
      records available over time spans ranging from 2 years to 29 years. Initial
      measurements, obtained at ages ranging from 1 month to 13 years, 6 months,
      indicated basilar kyphosis (N-S-Ba less than 120 degrees) in five patients.
      Twenty-one patients showed increasing flexure of the cranial base angle (CBA)
      over time, eight to such a degree that their initially normal CBAs eventually
      fell into the kyphotic range. At the time of the final available records (age
      range 4 years, 0 months to 29 years, 2 months), a total of 54 percent of patients
      thus fell into the kyphotic range. These results point to the time-dependent
      nature of the appearance of abnormal CB angulation in some patients. In addition,
      there was a predominance of males in those patients showing significant change in
      cranial base angulation over time.

PMID- 2917415
TI  - Odontometrics of the permanent teeth in cleft lip and palate: systemic size
      reduction and amplified asymmetry.
AB  - Mesiodistal diameters of the permanent teeth of 70 isolated cleft lip and palate
      cases were analyzed. Subjects with unilateral cleft lip and palate (CLP) exhibit
      significantly smaller crown sizes than controls. Size reduction averages 2.3
      percent, which translates to a 5.2-mm mean difference summed across all 28
      permanent teeth. Bilateral cases are twice as affected, with a 4.2 percent
      reduction (9.3 mm). The baseline level of left-right asymmetry is significantly
      amplified across the whole dentition, encompassing both early- and late-forming
      teeth and constituting a 30-percent increase in overall asymmetry. Also, there is
      a localized peak of disproportionately high asymmetry centered on the upper
      lateral incisor but extending to both the central incisor and canine. The
      consistency of these differences across all tooth types and among early- and late
      forming teeth implies that isolated CLP is a sequelae of a systemic, generalized
      restriction of these individuals' growth potential.

PMID- 2917416
TI  - Screening of velopharyngeal inadequacy by differential pressure measurements.
AB  - Warren (1979) described an approach for screening velopharyngeal inadequacy using
      a device (PERCI) that measures orifice differential pressure (P). The PERCI score
      is based on the relationship between velopharyngeal orifice (VPO) area and
      velopharyngeal orifice differential pressure. The purpose of this study was to
      test the original assumptions, which were based on modeling experiments and a
      small sample size. The sample in this study included 515 subjects who
      demonstrated various degrees of velopharyngeal inadequacy. The pressure-flow
      technique was used to estimate velopharyngeal orifice size and to measure orifice
      differential pressure. The data demonstrate that differential pressures greater
      than 3.0 cm H2O generally predict adequacy of closure, whereas differential
      pressures less than 3.0 cm H2O usually indicate inadequacy. These findings
      support the use of orifice differential pressure as a simple screening of
      velopharyngeal function.

PMID- 2917418
TI  - Changes in articulation and resonance after tongue flap closure of palatal
      fistulas: case reports.
AB  - This paper describes speech changes in three patients after tongue flap closure
      of various sized palatal fistulas. In all three patients articulation and lingual
      mobility appeared to be unaffected by excision of tongue tissue for the
      procedure. However, a large protruding tongue flap was noted to interfere with
      the articulation of sibilants in one patient. All patients showed a reduction in
      overall hypernasal resonance and nasal emission, although one patient developed
      nasal turbulence postoperatively and another required a pharyngeal flap for total
      elimination of hypernasality. This paper points out the need for a systematic
      investigation into the effects of this surgery on speech.

PMID- 2917417
TI  - Intravelar veloplasty: a prospective study.
AB  - Preliminary results are reported from a prospective, alternated, single
      institution study of the effect of intravelar veloplasty (IVV) upon
      postpalatoplasty velopharyngeal incompetence. Two senior surgeons standardized
      their operative procedures and then performed or directly supervised all surgery.
      Patients alternately had palatoplasty with or without IVV. One speech pathologist
      conducted all perceptual speech and language evaluations without knowledge of the
      surgical procedure when the children were 3 years of age. The IVV and non-IVV
      groups were similar with respect to cleft anatomy, mean age at palatoplasty, and
      audiograms at 1 and 3 years of age. The findings from a sample of 51 patients
      were that surgical retropositioning and approximation of the levator muscles
      during initial palatoplasty (1) did not demonstrably affect the incidence of
      postpalatoplasty auditory perceptual symptoms of velopharyngeal incompetence; (2)
      required a significantly longer operating time; (3) were costlier than the
      control procedure; and (4) did not have greater morbidity than the control
      procedure. These findings suggest either that there is no beneficial effect of
      IVV upon postpalatoplasty velopharyngeal competence or that the effect, if
      present, is of small magnitude.

PMID- 2917419
TI  - The role of pressure flow and endoscopic assessment in successful palatal
      obturator revision.
AB  - The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the value of combined aerodynamic and
      endoscopic examination of velopharyngeal function in the revision of prosthetic
      speech appliances. Use of these combined measures enables the clinician to
      identify accurately the site(s) of any under- or overobturation. Furthermore, any
      needed revision is completed accurately and efficiently.

PMID- 2917420
TI  - Patterns and location of velopharyngeal valving problems: atypical findings on
      video nasopharyngoscopy.
AB  - Patterns of velopharyngeal (VP) valving and the location of velopharyngeal gaps
      were investigated in 246 consecutive nasopharyngoscopy studies. The predominant
      pattern of closure was coronal (68 percent), followed by the circular (23
      percent), circular with a Passavant's ridge (5 percent), and sagittal (4 percent)
      patterns. Gaps were found in 181 patients; in 121 they were considered typical
      (centrally located), in 28 they were in one of the lateral aspects of the valve,
      and in 32 they were attributed to the shape of the adenoid tissue or to
      abnormalities in the anatomy or function of the posterior border of the soft
      palate. Atypical findings occurred primarily in patients with a coronal pattern
      of valving. These findings raise further questions about treatment for patients
      with atypical valving problems.

PMID- 2917421
TI  - Dimensions of the cleft nasal airway in adults: a comparison with subjects
      without cleft.
AB  - The prevalence of mouthbreathing among individuals with cleft lip and palate is
      significantly higher than in the normal population. This has been attributed to
      nasal deformities that tend to reduce nasal airway size. The purpose of the
      present study was to determine how a heterogeneous adult group with cleft lip and
      palate differs in terms of nasal airway cross-sectional area from an adult group
      without cleft during the inspiratory and expiratory phases of breathing. The
      pressure-flow technique was used to estimate nasal airway size in 15 adults
      without cleft (15 years or older) and 37 adults with cleft lip, cleft palate, or
      both. Mean areas and standard deviations for subjects without cleft were 0.63 cm2
      +/- 0.17 during inspiration and 0.56 cm2 +/- 0.14 during expiration. This
      difference is statistically significant (p less than 0.01). Mean areas and
      standard deviations for all subjects with cleft were 0.37 cm2 +/- 0.18 during
      inspiration and 0.40 cm2 +/- 0.20 during expiration. This difference is not
      statistically significant (p greater than 0.15). Twenty-two of the subjects with
      cleft had nasal areas considered to be impaired (below 0.40 cm2) as compared with
      only three of the subjects without cleft. A two factor analysis of variance
      (ANOVA) demonstrated that area changes during respiration are different for
      subjects with and without cleft (p less than 0.005), and that cleft nasal areas
      are smaller than noncleft areas for both phases of breathing (p less than 0.001).
      Inspiratory-expiratory differences between subjects with and without cleft are
      probably the result of developmental defects, reparative surgery or
      both.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2917422
TI  - Specific binding to methylated polynucleotides in monoclonal anti-poly(dT)
      antibodies from autoimmune mice.
AB  - Six monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) reactive to synthetic polynucleotide, poly(dT),
      were established from spontaneous autoimmune MRL/MpJ-lpr/lpr mice and male BXSB
      mice by spleen cell hybridization method, and were analyzed for cross-reactivity
      with polydeoxy-5-methylcytidylic acid [poly(dmC)] in comparison with its
      unmethylated counterpart poly(dC). By direct binding tests, these mAbs, all of
      which had preponderant binding activity to poly(dT) relative to poly(dU), were
      divided into two groups: (i) four mAbs showing reactivity to poly(dmC) as well as
      to natural DNA preparations and (ii) two mAbs with limited reactivity to poly(dT)
      but no binding to poly(dmC) or natural DNAs. Inhibition binding tests with these
      synthetic polynucleotides demonstrated that one mAb (TP-A9) in the first group
      reacted specifically to poly(dmC), as well as to poly(dT). In the second group,
      one mAb (TP-B5) showed highly specific reactivity to poly(dT) that could not be
      inhibited by poly(dU), poly(dC), or poly(dmC). However, another mAb (TP-C8) in
      the second group showed reactivity to poly(dT) that could be inhibited by
      poly(dU) as well as by poly(dT). Thus, these findings indicate that monoclonal
      anti-poly(dT) antibodies can cross-react with poly(dmC) with different
      specificities and suggest that the methylated base may be one of the major
      antigenic sites of DNA molecules recognized by anti-DNA antibodies spontaneously
      produced in autoimmune mice.

PMID- 2917423
TI  - Serum terminal complement component levels in hypocomplementemic
      glomerulonephritides.
AB  - Measurements of serum C3 through C9 are reported for patients with acute
      poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (AGN), membranoproliferative
      glomerulonephritis type I (MPGN I), MPGN II, and MPGN III. Except in MPGN II,
      depressed C5 levels correlated with depressed C3 levels. In MPGN II, levels of C5
      and of other terminal components were normal. In MPGN III, markedly depressed
      levels of C7 through C9 correlated strongly with depressed levels of C3 and C5.
      C6 was less severely depressed. In MPGN I, terminal component levels were less
      often depressed than in MPGN III and in AGN, depression of terminal components
      was seen only when levels of C3 and C5 were extremely low. The data indicate that
      late terminal components are activated in MPGN III to a greater extent than in
      the other nephritides despite C5 activation approximately equal in extent to that
      in AGN and MPGN I.

PMID- 2917424
TI  - A properdin dependent nephritic factor slowly activating C3, C5, and C9 in
      membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, types I and III.
AB  - The IgG fraction of serum from patients with membranoproliferative
      glomerulonephritis (MPGN) types I and III was found to contain a nephritic factor
      (NFI/III) which differed from that usually present in MPGN type II and partial
      lipodystrophy (NFII) in that it converts C5 and C9 as well as C3, is dependent on
      properdin for its activity, and requires an incubation period of several hours
      rather than 30 min for its demonstration. C3 conversion occurred in the absence
      of an intact classical pathway. This nephritic factor was found in patients with
      reduced serum levels of terminal components and its activity, like that of the
      nephritic factor in MPGN type II, correlated with the serum C3 level indicating
      that these nephritic factors play a large role in producing hypocomplementemia.
      Although potentially nephritogenic because of its ability to activate the
      terminal pathway, the presence of this nephritic factor did not clearly correlate
      with clinical course.

PMID- 2917425
TI  - Secretion of the terminal complement proteins, C5-C9, by human platelets.
AB  - The terminal complement components, C8 and C9, and to a lesser extent C5, C6, and
      C7, but minimal amounts of C3, were shown to be associated with washed human
      platelets. In unactivated platelets, the complement components were detected in
      the platelet pellet by hemolytic assays after centrifugation and disruption of
      the platelets by freeze-thawing. However, after platelets had been activated by
      collagen, thrombin, or aggregated IgG to induce aggregation, the complement
      components were released into the supernatant. The rank order of hemolytic
      activity of C9, C8, C7, C6, and C5 detected in the supernatants of activated
      platelets was quite different from that found in serum from the same donors, in
      the same assays. In particular, the serum C7 hemolytic titer was more than twice
      the serum C9 hemolytic titer, whereas the activity of C9 detected from platelets
      was more than twice that of C7. This argues against a purely nonspecific uptake
      of these proteins by platelets from plasma. The functional role of terminal
      complement components released from platelets during activation is unknown, but
      it is tempting to speculate that these proteins may have a role in platelet
      dependent immunological tissue injury. Because the C5b-9 membrane attack complex
      activates platelets, it is possible that release of terminal complement proteins
      serves to amplify platelet activation and may also play a role in diseases in
      which complement membrane attack complexes have been implicated.

PMID- 2917426
TI  - Inability of oral bovine transfer factor to eradicate cryptosporidial infection
      in a patient with congenital dysgammaglobulinemia.
AB  - A 31-year-old man with dysgammaglobulinemia Type I (deficient IgG, IgA, and
      elevated IgM) and persistent cryptosporidiosis was treated over a 13-week period
      with oral bovine transfer factor from calves immunized with cryptosporidia.
      Spiramycin was added toward the end of the treatment period. This patient failed
      to show clinical response although there was a decrease in the stool oocyst count
      from the value just prior to therapy. Bovine transfer factor alone and in
      combination with spiramycin failed to eradicate the infection in this man with
      well-documented stable cryptosporidiosis.

PMID- 2917427
TI  - The efficacy of intraoperative autologous transfusion in major shoulder surgery.
AB  - Perioperative blood loss associated with 36 cases of major shoulder surgery in
      which an intraoperative autologous transfusion device was used was compared with
      a control group of 36 shoulder surgery patients to determine the effectiveness of
      intraoperative autologous transfusion (IAT). Total blood loss in this
      retrospective review was evaluated by assessing the volume of transfused banked
      blood and the change in hematocrit. All surgical cases were performed by the same
      surgeon. The procedures considered in the study were humeral head and total
      shoulder replacement. Use of an intraoperative autotransfusion device was
      associated with fewer units of transfused banked blood and similar or smaller
      drops in hematocrit. While shoulder surgery can involve substantial blood loss,
      the authors recommend intraoperative autologous transfusion for revision of
      failed shoulder surgery, arthrodesis, joint replacement, or repairs of massive
      cuff tears when mobilization and tendon transfers are anticipated. The risk of
      disease transmission through banked blood, especially of acquired immune
      deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and hepatitis viruses, has increased the need for a
      heightened awareness and use of alternative blood sources such as IAT.

PMID- 2917428
TI  - Anterolateral compression fracture of the thoracolumbar spine. A seat belt
      injury.
AB  - A thoracolumbar injury is reported in four patients who were involved in motor
      vehicle accidents while wearing shoulder-lap belt assemblies. These injuries
      consisted of anterolateral wedge compression of a thoracolumbar vertebra with
      lateral compression occurring on the side opposite the restrained shoulder. The
      posterior elements were disrupted contralateral to the anterolateral body
      compression. There was no translation in any of these fractures, and there were
      no neurological injuries. All fractures united without significant late
      disability. Although there was no gross clinical instability in these fractures,
      two of the three columns of the spine are disrupted, suggesting potential
      instability. The postulated mechanism of injury, referred to as the roll-out
      phenomenon, is flexion and rotation about the axis of the shoulder strap.

PMID- 2917429
TI  - Back shape in brace treatment of idiopathic scoliosis.
AB  - This preliminary study has shown that bracing may improve the cosmetic appearance
      of a scoliotic back although the underlying curve remains unchanged. Thirty-two
      patients treated with the Boston brace for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis were
      assessed both roentgenographically and by integrated shape imaging system
      scanning before and after treatment. The mean follow-up time was 16 months.
      Surface shape improved in 41% of the patients, whereas roentgenographic
      improvement occurred in only 9%. Roentgenographic measurements should, therefore,
      be considered in conjunction with corresponding surface shape measurements in the
      assessment of brace treatment of scoliosis.

PMID- 2917430
TI  - Osteoporosis and heredity.
AB  - A retrospective epidemiological study was performed to determine whether
      postmenopausal osteoporosis is a hereditary condition. Frequency of fractures was
      calculated in women whose mothers had suffered vertebral fractures after a low
      energy trauma three decades earlier. The frequency of fractures was compared to
      the frequency in an age-matched control group. The daughters of the osteoporotic
      women were not more prone to sustain fractures than the controls.

PMID- 2917431
TI  - The use of a flexor carpi ulnaris muscle flap in the treatment of an infected
      nonunion of the proximal ulna. A case report.
AB  - Multiple efforts had failed to heal an infected nonunion of the proximal ulna. A
      flexor carpi ulnaris muscle pedicle flap was used to improve blood supply and
      soft-tissue coverage at the nonunion site. The muscle flap and application of the
      principles of nonunion treatment promoted bone healing and restoration of useful
      elbow function.

PMID- 2917432
TI  - Conventional cemented total hip arthroplasty. Assessment of clinical factors
      associated with revision for mechanical failure.
AB  - This study investigates risk factors associated with mechanical loosening of
      cemented total hip arthroplasties. Mechanical failure was evaluated using
      survivorship analysis on all arthroplasties performed at the authors' institution
      by the Orthopedic Service from March 1971 until September 1983. Failure was
      defined as the necessity for replacement of one or more components for any reason
      other than infection. The failure rate was approximately 1.7% per year and, at 12
      years, 20% of the hips had failed. Variables evaluated as potential risk factors
      for arthroplasty revision included weight, gender, age, surgeon, preoperative
      functional status, prosthetic type, and diagnosis. A Cox proportional hazard
      analysis indicated that weight (p less than 0.015) and age (p = 0.087) are
      important determinants of hip failure. The use of regression trees identified
      subsets of patients at differing risks for failure. Patients who weighed less
      than 75.22 kg had the best outcome with a 90% survival to 12 years. Patients
      weighing more than 75.22 kg are at varying risk depending on their age. These
      data define a subset of special-risk patients not previously described. Patients
      weighing more than 75.22 kg who were older than 75.4 years had a revision rate of
      73% by eight years.

PMID- 2917433
TI  - Roentgenographic changes in proximal femoral dimensions due to hip rotation.
AB  - Three human adult femurs were examined using anteroposterior (AP) roentgenograms
      in anatomical position and in 15 degrees, 30 degrees, and 45 degrees of internal
      and external rotation. Relatively small (15 degrees or less) amounts of femoral
      rotation can cause significant changes in proximal femoral dimensions on supine
      AP hip roentgenograms, and the magnitude of these changes increases with
      rotation. Fifteen degrees of rotation can change it by almost 3 mm. These changes
      are comparable to the medullary canal expansion of a normal adult femur over a
      five- to ten-year period. These changes in measured proximal femoral dimensions
      with rotation necessitate either an improved roentgenographic technique or
      precise rotational matching of standard supine roentgenograms to obtain accurate
      measurements of their changes over time.

PMID- 2917434
TI  - An examination of factors contributing to failure of bipolar prostheses.
AB  - Preoperative factors that may lead to poor results in bipolar prostheses were
      examined in 34 patients with aseptic failures of their prostheses. Nineteen cases
      were revised for acetabular pain, seven for failure of the bearing insert, seven
      for a loose stem, and one for dislocation. The single significant factor that
      predicted a poor outcome was the angle of the sourcil of the acetabular roof. The
      group with acetabular pain had an average sourcil angle of 15.6 degrees compared
      with 5 degrees in those that failed for other reasons.

PMID- 2917435
TI  - Progress in ankle arthroscopy.
AB  - Ankle arthroscopy is rapidly gaining in popularity as an important diagnostic and
      therapeutic procedure. Indications for this technique include pain, swelling,
      stiffness, instability, hemarthrosis, and locking of the ankle. The anteromedial,
      anterolateral, and posterolateral portals are most commonly used. The use of a
      short, 30 degrees oblique arthroscope, with an ankle holder and distractor,
      permits visualization of the entire joint. Operative treatment is facilitated by
      small joint shavers, burrs, knives, and baskets. Intraarticular problems such as
      chondromalacia, osteophytes, loose bodies, synovitis, osteoarthritis, fracture,
      and instability all can be addressed arthroscopically. Prior to this technique,
      the cause of chronic ankle pain was poorly understood. Now, lateral ankle
      impingement is a well-recognized entity that responds well to arthroscopic
      treatment. Ankle arthroscopy provides a safe, effective method of diagnosis and
      treatment with few complications. Further advances in equipment and technique
      should expand indications for this procedure.

PMID- 2917436
TI  - Wilson's osteotomy for the treatment of hallux valgus.
AB  - One hundred oblique distal first metatarsal osteotomies (Wilson's) were reviewed
      at an average of five years and two months following surgery. In 96 feet there
      was pain over the bunion or first metatarsophalangeal joint preoperatively. This
      pain was eliminated in 85 feet and improved in nine feet. Second metatarsalgia
      present preoperatively was relieved in five of seven feet, but 19 feet developed
      second metatarsalgia following surgery. The majority of patients were pleased
      with the outcome of the surgery. No significant complications were noted. The
      surgical technique of Wilson's first metatarsal osteotomy for hallux valgus is
      straight-forward and produces a predictably excellent result.

PMID- 2917437
TI  - Talonavicular dislocations and midfoot arthropathy in neuropathic diabetic feet.
      Natural course and principles of treatment.
AB  - Talonavicular dislocations, sometimes associated with other midtarsal
      arthropathy, occasionally occur in patients with diabetic neuropathy. The natural
      course and rationale of treating this diabetic arthropathy is presented, based on
      the literature and the authors' experience with eight cases. Appropriate
      management depends on the acuteness of the injury, the degree of deformity, and
      the degree of bone fragmentation. If the injury is acute and alignment is
      acceptable, immobilization and protective weight bearing may prevent progression
      of the neuropathic joint destruction. If dislocation is acute with marked
      deformity but there is little fragmentation and the foot has intact circulation,
      reduction and surgical arthrodesis may be indicated. If dislocation is chronic,
      with bone fragmentation and severe deformity, proper management consists of
      wearing custom-molded shoes with stiff rocker-bottom soles. Patellar tendon
      weight-bearing braces may be added if needed. For patients in this last category,
      surgical treatment is recommended as a last resort only if soft-tissue breakdown
      cannot be prevented by appropriate footwear and bracing alone.

PMID- 2917438
TI  - A scaphoid fracture associated with a displaced distal radial fracture in a
      child.
AB  - A hyperextension injury to the wrist caused a transverse scaphoid fracture
      associated with a displaced distal radial fracture in an 11-year-old boy.
      Anatomic reduction and immobilization in a long-arm cast for a period of 12 weeks
      resulted in subsequent healing of these fractures. The coexistence of a scaphoid
      fracture with a distal radius fracture in a child is important to recognize
      because reduction maneuvers are modified to effectively treat this combination of
      injuries. Patients with distal radial physeal injuries should be closely
      evaluated for clinical and roentgenographic signs of scaphoid fractures.

PMID- 2917439
TI  - Rotational stability of diaphyseal fractures of the radius and ulna fixed with
      Rush pins and/or fracture bracing.
AB  - The rotational stability of fractures of the radius and ulna treated with Rush
      pins and/or fracture bracing was studied in six fresh cadaver forearms. Forearm
      rotation and fracture site motion (rotation) were measured as functions of
      applied forearm torque and rotation (pronation-supination). Values were obtained
      from the forearm: (1) intact and with both bones fractured; (2) without fixation;
      (3) with a fracture brace; (4) with Rush pins; and (5) with a combination of Rush
      pins and a fracture brace. A brace was ineffectual in reducing fracture site
      motion when the wrist was rotated to specified angles compared to fracture site
      motion for the forearm with no fixation treatment rotated to the same angles.
      When loading to specific torque levels, however, the brace reduced fracture site
      motion to one-half the motion with no fixation treatment. Under both loading
      conditions, Rush pin fixation significantly and markedly reduced the fracture
      site motion (to approximately one-eighth of the motion with no fixation
      treatment), whereas a brace in conjunction with Rush pins did not significantly
      further reduce the fracture site motion. The radius showed more motion at
      fracture site than the ulna.

PMID- 2917440
TI  - Fracture interaction in the extremities, The possible relevance of posttraumatic
      osteopenia.
AB  - Regional osteopenia may persist after certain types of fractures. To investigate
      the practical importance of this observation, the authors studied 2744 past
      fractures in 1659 patients with present fractures. Radial fractures rarely
      occurred ipsilateral to previous radial fractures, whereas fractures of the hand
      were more often ipsilateral to previous hand fractures. Hip fractures rarely
      recurred in the same hips. Patients with previous cervical hip fractures, unlike
      those with previous trochanteric fractures, had a predominance of subsequent
      fractures distal to the hip ipsilaterally. Those with previous femoral shaft
      fractures were more likely to have subsequent fractures ipsilaterally. Both
      femoral shaft and patellar fractures were more often seen on the side of previous
      lower extremity fractures. Patients with previous tibial fractures had more
      subsequent fractures of the femur and tibia ipsilaterally, and their present
      tibial fractures were more frequently ipsilateral when these fracture types had
      occurred in the past. Some of these shifts from the equal distribution of
      fractures between the two sides may be due to posttraumatic osteopenia.

PMID- 2917441
TI  - Cytogenetic analyses on giant-cell tumors of bone.
AB  - Giant-cell bone tumors are considered to be benign proliferations composed of
      poorly differentiated mononuclear cells and large multinucleated giant cells with
      the appearance of osteoclasts. Treatment is usually surgical resection, but there
      is a small risk of local recurrence and metastasis. Cytogenetic analyses were
      performed on giant-cell bone tumors of six consecutive patients. Chromosomally
      abnormal clones were found in three of the tumors, but no two patients had the
      same chromosome abnormality. Thus, there was no correlation between any specific
      chromosome change and the clinical behavior or histology of giant-cell bone
      tumors. However, all of the tumors had a significantly higher incidence of
      nonclonal chromosome abnormalities than is encountered in cultures of normal
      cells. The most common nonclonal abnormalities involved unusual telomere-to
      telomere chromosome translocations. These findings suggest that the cells in
      these tumors are chromosomally unstable. The telomeres most frequently involved
      were on the long arm of chromosomes 19 and 20.

PMID- 2917442
TI  - Osteosarcoma in adults. One institution's experience.
AB  - Twenty-six patients were referred to the adult sarcoma clinic of the authors'
      institution between 1979 and 1986. The diagnosis was not confirmed in four
      patients. The median age of the 22 confirmed patients was 37. Twelve patients had
      central skeletal primaries; of these 12, seven had metastatic or unresectable
      disease. Six patients were treated with complete resection of tumor followed by
      adjuvant chemotherapy; of these six, four remained continuously disease-free at
      25+, 29+, 72+, and 75+ months. Eight patients received no adjuvant chemotherapy
      following complete resection. Four have remained disease-free for more than two
      years (31, 33, 44, 44+ months); however, only one remains continuously disease
      free. Adults tolerated chemotherapy well and should be considered appropriate
      candidates for adjuvant trials. Many, however, will have advanced-stage, poor
      prognosis lesions and require alternative approaches for treatment.

PMID- 2917443
TI  - The displaced femoral neck fracture: internal fixation versus bipolar
      endoprosthesis. Results of a prospective, randomized comparison.

PMID- 2917444
TI  - Pylon fractures of the distal tibia.
AB  - Forty-two patients with pylon fractures were categorized into Ruedi and Allgower
      Type I (26%), Type II (29%), and Type III (45%) subgroups and assessed. The mean
      follow-up period was 4.4 years (range, two to eight years). Type I fractures were
      usually torsion injuries, whereas Types II and III fractures were associated with
      violence (i.e., motor vehicle accident or fall from a height). Types I and II
      pylon fractures proved to be amenable to open reduction and restoration of
      anatomic position, stable internal fixation, early joint motion, and delayed
      weight bearing. Over 80% of these patients had satisfactory function. Nonanatomic
      reduction, unstable fixation, infection, nonunion, malunion, and secondary
      arthrosis were associated with disability from Type III pylon fracture treatment.
      Only 32% of Type III pylon fracture patients had satisfactory joint function.

PMID- 2917445
TI  - The role of the orthopedist in injury prevention.
AB  - Injury is an endemic disease process that is a leading cause of death and the
      leading cause of disability in the United States today. Among physicians, the
      orthopedic surgeon is most likely to be consulted by injured patients.
      Traditionally, orthopedists have played an important role in injury prevention as
      exemplified by the field of sports medicine. Three mechanisms have been
      demonstrated to be effective means of controlling the injury problem: (1)
      persuading persons at risk of injury to alter their behavior; (2) requiring
      individual behavior changes by law or administrative rule; and (3) providing
      automatic protection by product and environmental design. Specific strategies for
      implementing injury-prevention programs by the orthopedic surgeon are physician
      education, patient education, and public education.

PMID- 2917446
TI  - The role of standard roentgenograms in the evaluation of instability of pelvic
      ring disruption.
AB  - Anteroposterior pelvic roentgenograms of 154 patients with pelvic ring
      disruptions were evaluated to assess their value in the determination of pelvic
      instability. Three different categories of stability were roentgenographically
      recognizable: (1) stable, characterized by impacted vertical fracture of the
      sacrum, nondisplaced fracture of the posterior sacroiliac complex, and/or subtle
      fractures of the upper sacrum evidenced by asymmetry of the sacral arcuate lines;
      (2) unstable, characterized by hemipelvic cephalad displacement exceeding 0.5 cm,
      sacroiliac joint diastasis exceeding 1 cm and/or sacral or iliac diastatic
      fracture exceeding 0.5 cm; and (3) indeterminate (that is, suspicious but not
      diagnostic of pelvic instability), characterized by cephalad hemipelvic
      displacement of less than 0.5 cm, sacroiliac joint diastasis less than 1 cm,
      and/or diastatic fracture of the sacrum or ilium of less than 0.5 cm. Correlation
      of the standard roentgenographic, computed tomographic, and clinical orthopedic
      examinations revealed that pelvic stability was accurately evaluated on the
      standard pelvic roentgenograms in 88% of cases. Disruptions were stable in 70%,
      unstable in 18%, and suspect in 12% of patients, for whom adjunct
      roentgenographic and clinical examinations were required. Determination of pelvic
      stability in the manner described allows immediate identification of patients
      with a stable or unstable pelvic injury, as well as identification of those with
      indeterminate stability requiring further clinical or roentgenologic evaluation.
      Immediate recognition of pelvic instability on standard pelvic roentgenograms
      obviates the need for additional diagnostic studies that unnecessarily delay the
      institution of emergency therapeutic measures designed to control associated
      hemorrhage.

PMID- 2917447
TI  - Intramedullary devices for tibial fracture stabilization.
AB  - Reamed tibial nails that allow interlocking have been the most significant recent
      advance in the management of tibial fractures. Interlocking nails have expanded
      the indications for intramedullary fixation to include most nonarticular tibial
      fractures. Regardless of the amount of comminution, tibial fractures extending
      from just distal to the tibial tuberosity to 5 cm above the ankle joint may now
      be safely stabilized with interlocking nail devices.

PMID- 2917448
TI  - Compartment syndromes of the lower leg.
AB  - Increased lower-leg intracompartmental pressure compromising neuromuscular
      function within that compartment is termed compartment syndrome. This condition
      may be acute (often trauma induced) or chronic (usually exercise related). In a
      conscious, alert patient, acute compartment syndromes usually are easy to
      diagnose clinically; however, in the unconscious patient, a diagnostic aid such
      as the intracompartmental pressure monitor is useful. Using the slit catheter
      device, compartmental pressures in excess of 30-35 mmHg in a normally perfused
      patient suggest the need for open compartment fasciotomy. Chronic compartment
      syndromes require dynamic pressure measurements for an accurate diagnosis. The
      most important parameters are elevated postexercise pressures and delayed
      restoration of normal compartmental pressures. Subcutaneous fasciotomy may be
      sufficient in accurately diagnosed cases of chronic compartment syndrome.

PMID- 2917449
TI  - Pretreatment arbitration agreement: if you haven't done it right, you haven't
      done it at all!

PMID- 2917450
TI  - Nadolol in the treatment of aggressive behavior associated with schizophrenia.

PMID- 2917451
TI  - Hyperthermia associated with bretylium tosylate injection.

PMID- 2917452
TI  - Use of i.v. immune globulin for presumed quinidine-induced thrombocytopenia.

PMID- 2917454
TI  - Lack of chemical peritonitis after intraperitoneal use of two brands of
      vancomycin hydrochloride.

PMID- 2917453
TI  - Naloxone therapy in stroke.

PMID- 2917455
TI  - Attitudes of two groups of dentists towards dental hygienists.
AB  - The purpose of the study was to assess whether cooperation with a dental
      hygienist was based on pursuit of financial gain or on aspirations to improve
      patient care. To this end a questionnaire was sent to 972 dentists. 412 dentists
      replied, of whom 178 had patients treated by a dental hygienist. Questions were
      asked regarding practice profile, preventive orientation and dentists' opinion
      about the material and immaterial value of cooperation with a dental hygienist.
      Discriminant analysis showed that the main distinguishing factor between dentists
      who did and dentists who did not cooperate with dental hygienists was their
      opinion about the quality of the dental hygienists' work in relation to the non
      financial costs for patients, insurance companies, and dentists. The difference
      in the dentists' opinions about the direct profitability of dental hygienists was
      not significant. The conclusion can be drawn that the orientation of Dutch
      dentists towards care for their patients plays a more important role in a
      dentist's decision to cooperate with a dental hygienist than is usually presumed.

PMID- 2917456
TI  - Dental knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of Indochinese and Australian-born
      adolescents.
AB  - Since 1975 more than 100,000 Indochinese refugees have settled in Australia. This
      study compared the dental health knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of 131
      Indochinese and 107 Australian-born adolescents from a state high school in
      Melbourne, Victoria. The Australian-born subjects demonstrated the highest level
      of dental knowledge, and the Kampuchean/Laotian subjects the least. Of the three
      birthplace groups (Australia, Vietnam, Kampuchea/Laos), the Kampuchean/Laotian
      group were more likely to believe that their dental health was controlled by
      external forces. The Kampuchean/Laotian group presented the highest proportion of
      subjects believing they needed dental treatment. In contrast, however, the
      Kampucheans and Laotians had the lowest perceived value of preventive dental
      visits with the Australian-born adolescents presenting the highest proportion.
      The dental health behaviors of the Kampucheans and Laotians were generally the
      least favorable and those of the Australian-born subjects the most favorable,
      although all groups were well short of the conventional ideal. One-third of the
      Kampuchean and Laotian subjects said they had never been to the dentist before.
      Few Indochinese subjects claimed to be regular visitors to the dentist. Analysis
      of data using the framework of the Health Belief Model provided little
      explanatory power in predicting preventive behaviors. A greater understanding of
      cultural variations between ethnic groups and targeted dental health education
      programs would appear to be beneficial strategies for improving oral health of
      high risk adolescents.

PMID- 2917457
TI  - A dental survey of Tibetan children in Dharamsala.
AB  - Since their exodus in 1959 about 100,000 Tibetans have settled in disparate
      communities in northern India and Nepal. This study describes the dental health
      of 243 Tibetan children in Dharamsala, in the State of Himachal Pradesh, India.
      Only 20% of 6-yr-olds were caries-free in the primary dentition while 96.9, 53.3,
      and 22.4% of 6, 12, and 15-yr-olds were caries-free in the permanent dentition
      respectively. The DMFT of 12-yr-old children was 1.1, while 15-yr-old children
      had a DMFT of 3.1. While plaque and calculus were present in many sextants, there
      was little intense gingivitis and signs of advanced periodontal diseases were
      rarely present. Almost no dental care had been received. Appropriate dental
      health promotion activities are discussed.

PMID- 2917458
TI  - Alveolar bone loss and crowding in adult periodontal patients.
AB  - The present study aimed to examine whether local crowding and tooth angulation in
      the mandibular incisor region led to alveolar bone loss in patients with moderate
      periodontal disease. The sample comprised 27 patients from the Department of
      Periodontology aged 29-57 yr. Mesiodistal tooth angulation and crowding, defined
      as an overlap of 2 mm or more, were assessed from dental casts. Alveolar bone
      loss was assessed from intraoral standardized paralleling radiographs by two
      methods, the absolute bone level (ABL), recorded from the cementoenamel junction,
      and the relative bone level (RBL), a new measure, expressing the bone level
      relative to the two adjacent interradicular crests. Contralateral sites were used
      as controls. A significant difference in bone level was found between crowded and
      non-crowded sites by both methods (-1.7 mm, P less than 0.001). This indicates
      that in periodontal patients local crowding and tooth angulation predisposes to
      increased bone loss. Analysis of the correlations between tooth angulations and
      the two measures of bone loss indicated that the RBL value is a more sensitive
      measure of localized bone loss.

PMID- 2917459
TI  - Anaerobic threshold.
AB  - The general interest in the application of exercise testing to evaluate the work
      capacity or change in the functional ability of individuals has resulted in the
      development of a variety of non-invasive tests and test parameters such as the
      anaerobic threshold. This paper presents a computer program written in BASIC that
      determines the anaerobic threshold from expired respiratory gases collected from
      an incremental exercise test. Results are summarized in tabular as well as
      graphical format. The use of the incremental exercise test in conjunction with
      this computer program provide another means of efficiently determining the
      exercise capability of the patient.

PMID- 2917460
TI  - A microcomputer-based system for multi-channel neurophysiological recording.
AB  - A set of software utility programs is described which, in association with a
      microcomputer and a commercially available analog-to-digital converter may be
      used to acquire, store, manipulate and display large amounts of behavioral and/or
      physiological data in digitized form.

PMID- 2917461
TI  - Value of clinical features for distinguishing myxedema ascites from other forms
      of ascites.
AB  - The diagnosis of myxedema ascites is often difficult and delayed, from our
      experience and the reports of other investigators. To address this situation,
      previous reports on the diagnosis of ascites were pooled in order to distinguish
      the features of myxedema ascites from other forms of ascites. These features were
      confined to variables that would be obtained routinely from patients with ascites
      requiring paracentesis. The data of 26 patients with myxedema ascites, and 61
      patients with ascites from another cause were analyzed. Discriminant analysis was
      used to select the variables that best separated patients into myxedema and non
      myxedema groups. The variables selected were if the ascites was straw-colored or
      with a protein content less than 2.5 g/dl, if the patient was over age 40, and if
      there was periorbital edema or hepatomegaly. These variables correctly classified
      90.8% of patients. However, considering the roughly 1% prevalence of myxedema
      ascites among patients with ascites, the predictive value of these variables, in
      combination, is only 8.7%. With this low rate, these variables should probably
      not be used to screen for myxedema ascites.

PMID- 2917462
TI  - Statistical evaluation of agreement between two methods for measuring a
      quantitative variable.
AB  - Methodologic research is often concerned with determining whether two methods
      (procedures, laboratory instruments) can be used interchangeably for measuring
      some quantitative variable of interest. Logically, one method can be used as a
      surrogate of another provided the methods show high agreement on the measured
      results. Although the product-moment correlation (r) is often used as an
      indicator of agreement, this index is in fact inappropriate for this purpose. The
      intraclass correlation (r1) is the correct statistic for assessing agreement or
      consistency between two methods. Another criterion sometimes used for supporting
      interchangeability is the similarity of the mean measured results obtained by the
      two methods. However, similarity of means (aggregate agreement) does not
      necessarily indicate individual-subject agreement, and it is the latter that is
      the pre-requisite for interchangeability. On the other hand, a marked difference
      between two means (lack of aggregate agreement) does necessarily indicate lack of
      individual-subject agreement and therefore non-interchangeability. Herein we
      suggest that two methods for measuring a quantitative variable can be judged
      interchangeable provided all of the following conditions are met: first the
      methods must not exhibit marked additive or nonadditive systematic bias; second
      the difference between the two mean readings is not "statistically significant";
      third, the lower limit of the 95% confidence interval of the intraclass
      correlation is at least 0.75. Statistical procedures to evaluate these conditions
      of interchangeability are described in detail. A computer program coded in SAS to
      carry out the procedures is listed in the Appendix. A similar program coded in
      DBASE III PLUS for the microcomputer is available upon request.

PMID- 2917463
TI  - A new method for the classification of subvigil stages, using the Fourier
      transform, and its application to sleep apnea.
AB  - An online classification for two-second segments of the EEG is developed. Based
      on the calculation of a norm and three characteristic frequencies the automatic
      classification shows satisfactory agreement with visual classification. The
      influence of the Fourier phase spectra is discussed. Trajectories in the
      parameter space are introduced. The automatic classification was applied to
      patients with a pronounced sleep-wake disorder and proved to be valuable in the
      diagnosis of a disturbed sleep structure.

PMID- 2917464
TI  - Biological activity of LH during the peripartum period and the estrous cycle of
      the ewe.
AB  - Biological activity of luteinizing hormone (LH) is related to the degree of
      glycosylation of the glycoprotein hormone. The objectives of this study were to
      determine changes in biologically (BLH) and immunologically (ILH) active LH
      concentrations in plasma (in vitro bioassay and radioimmunoassay, respectively)
      and in the ratio of BLH to ILH (B:I) during the peripartum period and during the
      estrous cycle of the ewe. Blood samples were collected daily 4 days before
      through 4 days after parturition and during one estrous cycle. Also, samples were
      collected at 15-min intervals for 6 hr on Days 3 and 12 of the estrous cycle to
      quantify the influence of an elevated plasma concentration of progesterone (P) on
      the episodic secretion profiles of BLH. Progesterone concentration was determined
      on the 4th days pre- and post-partum, on each day of the estrous cycle and at
      hourly intervals on Days 3 and 12 of the cycle to investigate the hypothesis of
      an inverse relationship between P and BLH. The BLH and ILH concentrations were
      low during the peripartum period, and the B:I ratio did not increase by the 4th
      day postpartum. Mean ILH concentration was greater (P less than .05) in the
      postpartum than during the prepartum period. During the estrous cycle, mean daily
      B:I ratio was consistently above unity except for the day of estrus. The pre
      ovulatory LH surge (BLH and ILH) was associated with a decrease (P less than .05)
      in the mean B:I ratio to 0.0065. Mean concentrations of BLH and ILH in plasma
      samples collected every 15 min on Day 12 were similar to Day 3 of the
      cycle.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2917465
TI  - Clenbuterol-induced desensitization in murine adipocytes: relationship to in vivo
      effectiveness.
AB  - In vitro lipolytic response of isolated murine fat cells to epinephrine (EPI) or
      clenbuterol (CB) was used to evaluate the potential for the beta 2-adrenergic
      agonist, CB, to induce cellular resistance to further beta-adrenergic
      stimulation. Feeding CB (20 mg/kg diet) to mice for 1, 3 or 6 wk decreased
      adipocyte sensitivity to EPI or CB by 35-45%, with no differences in magnitude of
      this desensitization across time. Basal and maximal rates of lipolysis were
      similar for control- and clenbuterol-fed mice. In agreement with the feeding
      studies, a 2 hr preincubation of control-fat tissue with either 10 microM EPI or
      100 microM CB, followed by adipocyte isolation and restimulation with EPI,
      reduced adipocyte sensitivity by 50%. In addition, maximal rates of lipolysis
      were decreased 24% and 34% for EPI and CB treated tissue, respectively. The
      similar adaptive responses of the adipocytes to CB exposure in vivo or in vitro
      suggest that CB interacts directly with fat cells in vivo and can induce
      tolerance. Mice fed CB for 12 wk had 33% smaller epididymal fat pads compared to
      controls, but pad weight differences were only 10% if feeding of CB was
      discontinued 1 wk before the 12 wk analysis. The reversal in fat pad gain with a
      1 wk removal of CB from the diet indicates at least partial effectiveness of CB
      through 12 wk. The modest beta-adrenergic desensitization established by wk 1 was
      similar on wk 6 suggesting that CB-induced adipocyte resistance is of little
      consequence to the fat-reducing properties of CB administration.

PMID- 2917466
TI  - Characterization of secretion of thymosin alpha 1 and thymosin beta 4 during
      prepuberty, estrus and pregnancy in the bovine female.
AB  - The objective of the present study was to characterize secretion of thymosin
      alpha 1 (A1) and thymosin beta 4 (B4) during different stages of ovarian function
      and pregnancy in bovine females. One hundred and thirty-five prepubertal heifers
      averaging 9 mo of age at the time the study was initiated were used. Estrous
      detection was conducted twice daily using intact bulls fitted with marking
      harnesses. Blood samples were collected at first behavioral estrus and at the
      time of rectal palpation for pregnancy. Heifers were weighed at the beginning of
      the study and every 56 days and additional blood samples were collected at those
      times. Plasma was harvested and radioimmunoassays were conducted to quantify
      concentrations of thymosin A1 and B4. Mean concentrations of thymosin A1 and
      thymosin B4 were determined during prepuberty, estrus during which conception did
      not occur, estrus during which conception did occur, pregnancy and in heifers
      that failed to attain puberty. Mean plasma concentrations of thymosin A1 and B4
      were greater at estrus during which conception occurred than at any other period
      (P less than .01). Regressions of days prepubertal and days post conception on
      thymosin A1 and B4 were analyzed. During the 100 days prior to puberty, thymosin
      A1 and B4 did not change in the heifers that ultimately conceived. However, in
      the heifers that were never determined to be pregnant by rectal palpation,
      concentrations of both thymosin A1 and B4 increased linearly during prepuberty (P
      less than .01). A decline in thymosin A1 and B4 concentrations occurred in a
      quadratic fashion from conception through the first 100 d of pregnancy (P less
      than .01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2917467
TI  - Quantitation of calmodulin in the mammary gland of the lactating sow.
AB  - It has been suggested that calmodulin, a calcium-binding protein, has a
      functional role during milk secretion. High levels of calmodulin are present
      during lactation in rat mammary glands and a substantial increase has been
      observed in the bovine mammary gland prior to parturition. In the sow, regressed
      glands involute while suckled glands remain highly active even though they are
      under the same hormonal influence. In this study, tissue samples were taken from
      suckled and regressed glands of the same sow at both peak and late lactation.
      Calmodulin and total protein were measured in tissue homogenate supernatants.
      Residual milk was apparent in regressed glands during mid lactation but not in
      the same glands by late lactation. Calmodulin levels in tissue were the same for
      both suckled and regressed glands. There was a slight but non-significant
      increase in the tissue calmodulin level from peak to late lactation. Protein
      levels declined significantly from mid to the late stage of lactation. There was
      no change in protein level between the suckled and regressed glands. Calmodulin
      may be responsible for casein phosphorylation and/or the mediation of prolactin
      action on the gland. The precise regulatory mechanisms relating hormonal control
      to calmodulin levels during lactation need further investigation.

PMID- 2917468
TI  - Occurrence of sexual behaviour related to the risk of HIV-infection. A survey
      among Danish men, 16-55 years of age.
AB  - To describe the occurrence of sexual behaviour involving increased risk of HIV
      infection in a representative sample of Danish men, 16-55 years of age, a self
      administered anonymous questionnaire was distributed in connection with a
      personal health interview and returned by mail. The response rate was 55%
      corresponding to 1,155 participants. The sexual behaviour of 33% of the men was
      potentially risky, with a chance of HIV-infection. Homosexual experience was
      reported as 3% and sexual contact with female prostitutes as 14%. During the
      previous twelve months, 1% had had homosexual contact, 2% had had contact with
      prostitutes, and 22% had more than one female partner; most of these men had "one
      night stands" and used condoms infrequently. Consequently, a significant minority
      of the participants engaged in sexual behaviour which might facilitate the
      dissemination of HIV-infection. Although the prevalence of HIV among
      heterosexuals in Denmark is low, intense health education will be needed in order
      to prevent heterosexual spread of HIV in the future.

PMID- 2917469
TI  - 31st Annual Aspen Lung Conference: Infections and the lung. Aspen, Colorado.

PMID- 2917471
TI  - Two statistical approaches to nuclei shape and size in a morphometric description
      of lymph node sections in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
AB  - An attempt is made to evaluate more clearly the potential contribution of
      quantitative nuclear profile shape and size measurements to lymph node section
      histologic description in 70 cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). The area of
      nuclear profiles and five nonredundant and size-free shape indices were measured
      using the THECLA program on a Leitz Texture Analysis System (Leitz-TAS). Two
      statistical approaches were applied, known respectively as "parametric," (first
      statistical moments of variable distributions over samples of 200 nuclear
      profiles) and "nonparametric," which are percentages of nuclear profiles
      distributed into five "cytological" classes that are defined by shape: round (A),
      elongated (B), kidney shaped (C), irregular (D) and cleaved (E) nuclear profiles.
      Both statistical approaches provide proper overall discrimination of the eight
      histological categories identified with reasonable reliability by pathologists.
      Above all, the present report discusses the ability of a set of parametric and
      nonparametric variables to describe NHL cell populations, in an objective and
      meaningful way, according to nuclei shape. A method of synthesizing
      multidimensional correlations (CORICO program) is proposed in support of the
      discussion. Also, the specific descriptive power of each of the variables is
      described; in particular, it is concluded that there is a close link between the
      shape and size of the nuclear profiles of the cells.

PMID- 2917470
TI  - Cyanine dye labeling reagents containing isothiocyanate groups.
AB  - New isothiocyanate derivatives of cyanine dyes were synthesized as fluorescent
      covalent labeling reagents for proteins and other biomolecules. These dyes have
      maximum absorbance in the red and near infrared regions of the spectrum, have
      high extinction coefficients and have adequate quantum yields. Incorporating two
      alkyl sulfonate groups in the dye structures increases their water solubility,
      which is beneficial for labeling biological molecules in aqueous solution.
      Reactivities of proteins with these new cyanines are similar to their
      reactivities with fluorescein isothiocyanate. These new labeling reagents are
      complementary to the fluorescein and rhodamine reagents, expanding the
      possibilities of multicolor analyses. Sheep anti-mouse-IgG antibody was labeled
      with a pentamethine cyanine dye (CY5.8-ITC) and used with a fluoresceinated
      antibody as a second reagent for detecting human T-cell subsets by flow
      cytometry.

PMID- 2917472
TI  - Cyanine dye labeling reagents for sulfhydryl groups.
AB  - Cyanine and merocyanine dyes are introduced as new fluorescent reagents for
      covalently labeling proteins and other biomolecules. These dyes, which contain
      iodoacetamide functional groups, have high extinction coefficients and moderate
      quantum yields. A major advantage of these polymethine dyes is the easy
      manipulation of their spectral properties during synthesis. Cyanines containing
      reactive functional groups can be made with absorption maxima ranging from less
      than 500 nm to greater than 750 nm. This property opens additional regions of the
      spectrum for experiments involving the simultaneous multicolor analysis of
      different fluorescent probes. The cyanines, which are relatively insensitive to
      solvent property changes, are complemented by the merocyanines, which are keen
      indicators of solvent polarity.

PMID- 2917473
TI  - Quantitative morphological analysis of adriamycin-resistant human K562 leukemic
      cells.
AB  - The morphological changes associated with Adriamycin resistance in a human
      leukemic cell line have been investigated by image analysis. An Adriamycin
      resistant subline of the human erythroleukemic K562 cell line has been
      established. Three sets of cells have been analysed: sensitive cells, resistant
      cells cultured in the continuous presence of Adriamycin, and resistant cells
      cultured without the drug. Image analysis shows that Adriamycin-resistant K562
      cells display significant morphological changes as compared with sensitive cells,
      at both the nuclear and cytoplasmic levels. These changes make it possible to
      separate sensitive and resistant cells automatically and with a classification
      accuracy of 76% and only four cytological parameters. Image analysis may
      therefore offer an interesting tool for studying drug resistance in leukemic
      cells, from both an experimental and a clinical point of view.

PMID- 2917474
TI  - Comparison between flow cytometry and fluorometry for the kinetic measurement of
      membrane fluidity parameters.
AB  - Steady-state fluorescence polarization measurements obtained with a flow
      cytometer were compared with those obtained with an SLM subnanosecond
      fluorometer. Measurements were made over time after exposure of HeLa cells to the
      membrane probe 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH), 1-[4-(trimethylamino)phenyl]
      6-phenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (TMA-DPH), or [12-(9:anthroyloxy) stearate (12-AS).
      After 1 min, anisotropy values of 0.28 (DPH), 0.28 (TMA-DPH), and 0.21 (12-AS)
      were obtained. Thereafter, the anisotropy of DPH- and 12-AS-labelled cells
      rapidly decreased (0.18 and 0.12 after 5 min), while that of TMA-DPH-labelled
      cells changed only slightly (0.27 after 30 min), suggesting that DPH and 12-AS,
      unlike TMA-DPH, do not remain anchored in the HeLa plasma membrane, but
      translocate to more fluid environments inside the cell. These suggestions were
      confirmed by visual observation with fluorescence microscopy. There was no
      significant difference between the results obtained with the flow cytometer and
      those obtained with the fluorometer.

PMID- 2917475
TI  - Characterization by flow cytometry of fluorescein-methotrexate transport in
      Chinese hamster ovary cells.
AB  - We have studied by flow cytometry the transport of fluorescein-methotrexate in
      Chinese hamster ovary cells. Fluorescein-methotrexate appears to enter cells via
      a mechanism different from the carrier-mediated system for methotrexate. This
      conclusion is supported by the following observations: 1) Fluorescein
      methotrexate is transported equally well into normal and mutant cells defective
      in the inward methotrexate uptake. 2) Folic acid and its reduced states, which
      competitively inhibit methotrexate uptake, do not alter fluorescein-methotrexate
      transport. 3) Fluorescein-methotrexate accumulation exhibits a low temperature
      coefficient (Q10 = 1.6) compared with the influx of methotrexate (Q10 = 6-8). 4)
      Initial rates of fluorescein-methotrexate uptake are concentration dependent but
      are not saturable. 5) Fluorescein-methotrexate uptake is very slow and reaches
      steady state after 8 h, whereas at an equimolar concentration methotrexate
      reaches saturation after 20 min. 6) Initial influx rates of fluorescein
      methotrexate are not affected by the presence of methotrexate. 7) Sulfhydryl
      reactive mercurials, which block methotrexate transport, do not reduce
      fluorescein-methotrexate influx, but rather stimulate it. Thus, based on the
      nonsaturability of fluorescein-methotrexate inward transport, its low temperature
      coefficient, and lack of inhibition with structural analogs, we conclude that
      fluorescein-methotrexate is accumulated in hamster cells by a passive diffusion
      process.

PMID- 2917476
TI  - The Multivariate Prognostic Index and nuclear DNA content are independent
      prognostic factors in primary breast cancer patients.
AB  - The predictive value of a previously described Multivariate Prognostic Index
      (which incorporates weighted values of the mitotic activity index, tumor size,
      and the axillary lymph node status), and the nuclear DNA content (DNA) was
      evaluated in 156 patients with primary invasive ductal breast cancer, diagnosed
      between 1980 and 1983. The results were analysed with respect to the occurrence
      of distant recurrence and survival of the patients after at least 3 yr of follow
      up (range 36-73 months; median 44 months). Known prognostic factors such as lymph
      node status, tumor size, and the mitotic activity index correlated independently
      with distant recurrence. Furthermore, in respect to survival, the investigated
      prognostic factors (except DNA content) were significantly correlated. The
      results indicate that the predictive value of the Multivariate Prognostic Index
      (MPI) is stronger (P less than 0.001) than of the nuclear DNA content (P less
      than 0.005) with respect to distant recurrence. In a Cox multivariate regression
      analysis DNA ploidy turned out to be an independent prognostic factor once the
      MPI was selected. Furthermore, in Cox's analysis, DNA ploidy was the fourth
      selected variable after lymph node status, mitotic activity index, and tumor size
      in individual parameter analysis. The results of this study indicate that, with
      respect to breast cancer screening programs, it seems worthwhile to integrate
      morphometric features, the MPI, and DNA ploidy in a new prognostic model.

PMID- 2917477
TI  - Ternary representation of trivariate data.
AB  - A new fast trivariate display technique based on the ratio of three measured
      variables and of relative cell number, obtained from flow cytometric
      measurements, is described.

PMID- 2917478
TI  - Comparison of fresh, ethanol-preserved, and paraffin-embedded samples in DNA flow
      cytometry.
AB  - Fresh, ethanol-preserved, and formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded samples taken
      from the same part of 15 human tumors, and from one normal spleen and one
      pancreas were analyzed for nuclear DNA content by flow cytometry. The coefficient
      of variation (CV) values of the G1 peaks were smaller in the fresh than in the
      other samples (P less than 0.001). The DNA ploidy of the tumors was the same in
      all types of samples. The DNA indices (DIs) measured from either ethanol
      preserved or formalin-fixed tissue correlated strongly with those obtained from
      fresh tissue (P less than 0.001), although they tended to be somewhat smaller in
      the fresh samples. The S-phase fractions measured from all types of samples were
      of the same order of magnitude in most cases (P less than 0.001). Uninterpretable
      histograms were most often obtained from fresh samples. Identical DI values and
      rather constant S-phase fractions were obtained from ethanol-preserved samples
      stored at 4 degrees C for up to 5 months. It is concluded that all three types of
      samples are suitable for the determination of DNA ploidy, DI, and S-phase
      fraction and that 50% ethanol is suitable for long-term preservation of flow
      cytometric samples.

PMID- 2917479
TI  - A simple preservative for flow cytometric DNA analysis.
AB  - A solution containing citric acid buffered saline (CABS) and 99% ethanol (E) 1:1
      was used for preserving cells for flow cytometric DNA analysis. DNA histograms
      obtained from fine needle biopsy aspirates and preserved in CABS+E had a similar
      mean coefficient of variation (CV) as was obtained from aspirates taken in CABS
      (3.3 vs. 3.4%) and a clearly smaller mean CV than was obtained from aspirates
      preserved in 50% ethanol (mean 4.8%, P less than .0001). Aspirates taken in CABS
      more often contained a small (less than 3,000) number of cells as compared with
      aspirates preserved either in CABS+E or ethanol (P less than .0001). Since
      preservation of cells in CABS+E allows long-term storage of samples and results
      in a decreased number of insufficient samples as compared with buffered saline
      and in an enhanced resolution as compared with 50% ethanol, CABS+E is recommended
      for preservation of cytological samples to be analyzed for DNA content with flow
      cytometry.

PMID- 2917480
TI  - [Treatment of otherwise incurable tumor diseases in childhood using whole-body
      hyperthermia and chemotherapy].
AB  - Conventional methods of treatment having failed in 17 children (aged 9/12 to 16
      5/12 years) with incurable solid malignant tumours underwent whole-body
      hyperthermia (41.8-42.0 degrees C, for 2-3 h), hyperglycaemia (20-25 mmol/l) and
      polychemotherapy. Five children had neuroblastoma (stage 4), three Wilm's tumour
      (stage 4 or 5, unfavourable histology), five skeletal sarcoma with metastases,
      three inoperable malignant liver tumour, and one brainstem tumour of unknown
      histology. Whole-body hyperthermia was induced by extracorporeal blood warming in
      an haemodialysis apparatus under neuroleptic analgesia, thermistors measuring the
      temperature in the oesophagus, rectum, trachea and skin. There were on average
      four treatment sessions (between one and ten, total 58), a week apart. The result
      could be assessed in 12 children: one persisting complete remission (19 months
      metastasising renal rhabdoid tumour), eight partial or incomplete remissions, and
      three nonresponders (osteogenic sarcoma; Ewing sarcoma; brainstem tumour). If the
      risk can be satisfactorily judged the method is useful and of bearable toxicity.
      The results point to a high antitumour effectiveness of combined hyperthermia and
      chemotherapy.

PMID- 2917481
TI  - [Papaverine-induced priapism. Experiences with a new urologic emergency].
AB  - Ten patients with priapism after self-administered intracavernous papaverine
      injection for erectile impotence had to be treated as emergencies between
      September 1985 and February 1988. In half the patients it was possible to achieve
      penile detumescence by puncture of the corpora cavernosa, injection of 2-5 mg
      metaraminol or both, but failed in the remainder, requiring the intracavernous
      injection of 10-30 mg metaraminol in 500 ml physiological saline. Surgical
      treatment was necessary in one case. Papaverine-induced priapism constitutes a
      urological emergency which, because of the danger of hypertensive crises, demands
      treatment in hospital.

PMID- 2917482
TI  - [Diabetic retinopathy].

PMID- 2917483
TI  - [Corpora cavernosa autoinjection therapy. Potency at any price?].

PMID- 2917484
TI  - [Nephritis from 5-aminosalicylic acid].

PMID- 2917485
TI  - [Serum beta-carotene: a simple static laboratory parameter for the diagnosis of
      steatorrhea].
AB  - The value of serum beta-carotene concentration as an indicator of steatorrhoea
      was investigated in 50 patients with steatorrhoea (fecal fat greater than 7
      g/day), 53 controls, and 22 patients with gastrointestinal disease without
      steatorrhoea. In the control group, beta-carotene concentrations were normally
      distributed when plotted logarithmically. The mean value was 131 micrograms/dl.
      The lower limit of normal, based on a 2-SD confidence interval, was 47
      micrograms/dl. beta-Carotene concentrations and fecal fat excretion were
      correlated in a reciprocal, hyperbolic function (r = -0.66). Twenty-nine of the
      50 patients with steatorrhoea had beta-carotene concentrations less than 47
      micrograms/dl (sensitivity 58%; specificity 93%). Referring to an additional cut
      off point of 100 micrograms/dl, beta-carotene concentration had a sensitivity of
      88%. These data show that low plasma beta-carotene concentrations (less than 47
      micrograms/dl) can be regarded a specific and useful indicator of steatorrhoea
      and thus obviate fecal fat analysis. Values greater than 47 micrograms/dl,
      however do not exclude steatorrhoea. Based on a two-step interpretation beta
      carotene is thus both a useful screening test for steatorrhoea (with a cut-off
      point of 100 micrograms/dl) and, more important, a valid, simple, and clinically
      practical alternative for fecal fat analysis (if values are less than 47
      micrograms/dl).

PMID- 2917487
TI  - [Chronic aluminum poisoning in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis:
      treatment with deferoxamine].
AB  - After six years of home haemodialysis and two years of continuous ambulatory
      peritoneal dialysis a 59-year-old woman developed an aluminium-induced
      osteopathy, myopathy and normochromic anaemia. She was at first treated with
      intravenous, then peritoneal, deferoxamine, 1 g every other day. Before
      treatment, 15.8 micrograms aluminium (Al) had been eliminated daily, with a
      peritoneal clearance of 0.3 ml/min; after intravenous deferoxamine a mean of
      774.3 +/- 102.3 micrograms Al was eliminated per day, after peritoneal
      deferoxamine 646.7 +/- 89.6 micrograms of Al per day, with a peritoneal clearance
      of 2.2 +/- 0.9 (intravenous) and 1.9 +/- 0.7 ml/min (intraperitoneal). After four
      months of deferoxamine administration, mostly intraperitoneally as an out
      patient, the osteomalacia clearly improved, as did the myopathy and anaemia.

PMID- 2917486
TI  - [Catheter valvuloplasty in mitral valve stenosis].
AB  - Balloon dilatation of the mitral valve was performed, trans-septum via the
      femoral vein or retrogradely via the femoral artery, in 20 patients, aged 31-65
      years, with post-rheumatic mitral stenosis. Haemodynamically insignificant mitral
      regurgitation occurred in two patients. In one patient a permanent atrial septal
      defect was produced by the transseptal puncture. In a fourth patient severe
      mitral regurgitation occurred which required operation. There were no other
      serious complications. No dilatation was possible in three patients for technical
      reasons. Successful dilatation was achieved in 16 of the 20 patients. The end
      diastolic transvalvular pressure gradient was reduced from 12 +/- 5 to 4 +/- 3 mm
      Hg. At follow-up, after 3-6 months (12 patients) or after 1-1.5 years (5
      patients), in one instant after a second dilatation, a lasting good result was
      confirmed, the mean end-diastolic gradient being 4 +/- 3 mm Hg.

PMID- 2917488
TI  - [Sacroiliitis caused by Brucella melitensis].
AB  - Technetium scintigraphy established sacroiliitis in a 21-year-old man who had
      complained of hip pain for two weeks. Brucella melitensis was cultured from hip
      joint fluid. He was treated with 160 mg trimethoprim and 800 mg
      sulphamethoxazole, three times daily for six weeks. He also had prophylactically
      600 mg rifampicin daily by mouth for the last three weeks. He was symptom-free
      four weeks after onset of treatment. At follow-up one year later there was no
      sign of recurrence. Brucella titres and blood sedimentation rate were within
      normal limits.

PMID- 2917489
TI  - [Standards in the surgery of colorectal carcinoma].

PMID- 2917490
TI  - [Liability after death for treatment mistakes].

PMID- 2917491
TI  - The value of hormonal measurement in gynaecological practice.

PMID- 2917492
TI  - The pattern of chronic gastric ulcer at Kenyatta National Hospital (K.N.H.).
AB  - Thirty consecutive patients with gastric ulcer diagnosed during upper
      gastrointestinal fibreoptic panendoscopy at both Kenya Medical Research Institute
      and Kenyatta National Hospital endoscopy rooms were studied. The male/female
      ratio was 5:1 with a peak prevalence in the 6th decade. 76.6% of the patients
      were from the Kikuyu ethnic group. Smoking habit was found in only 50% of
      patients with gastric ulcers. There were a total of 32 gastric ulcers in 30
      patients. 84.4% of these were at the incisura angularis. All the incisural ulcers
      were benign. Two (6.25%) of the 32 ulcers were malignant (one at the cardia and
      the other at the antrum). Gastric ulcers whose diameter were greater than 30 mm
      had a higher tendency of being malignant. Five patients (16.7%) had both gastric
      (4 benign and 1 malignant) and duodenal ulcers while 4 (13.3%) patients had both
      gastric and pyloric ring ulcers. Apparent healing of a gastric ulcer while on an
      H2-antagonist does not totally exclude malignancy. Upper gastrointestinal bleed
      which was present in 53.3% of cases was the most frequent complication.

PMID- 2917493
TI  - The possible luteotrophic effect of guinea-pig chorionic gonadotrophin.
AB  - Studies into human pregnancy have many practical applications such as in
      fertility regulation. Such studies cannot be done in women for ethical reasons
      and a suitable animal model has to be identified. Though guinea-pig is known to
      secrete a CG-like protein, the precise function of this material during early
      pregnancy has not been elucidated. We assessed the effect of guinea-pig chorionic
      gonadotrophin (gpCG) on luteal tissue kept in-vitro. This involved short-term
      culture of the luteal tissue cells and the subsequent measurement of progesterone
      following challenge with gpCG. Guinea-pig CG stimulated progesterone production
      by cultured luteal tissue and this suggests that this hormone, as in primates,
      has a luteotrophic role during pregnancy. We conclude that the guinea-pig
      provides a useful homologous model for studying early pregnancy events in humans.

PMID- 2917494
TI  - Studies with choriocarcinoma and normal pregnancy serum chorionic gonadotrophin.
AB  - Serum obtained from either normally pregnant women or those with choriocarcinoma
      was pooled and purified by ammonium acetate/alcohol extraction followed by ionic
      exchange and gel filtration chromatography. The CG activity was monitored using a
      double antibody radioimmunoassay utilizing anti hCG both as the labelled ligand
      and standard. Biological activity was measured by the rat luteal cell
      radioreceptor assay. Both purified preparations exhibited heterogeneity in terms
      of the behaviour during ionic exchange chromatography and isoelectric focussing.
      The Stokes radii were 33A and 33.3A for normal pregnancy and choriocarcinoma hCG
      respectively. Material from both sources focussed between pH 4.5 and 5.5.
      Relative to the second international hCG standard the immunological activity of
      normal pregnancy hCG was 9,100 iu/mg and that of choriocarcinoma CG was 10,970
      iu/mg. The corresponding biological potencies were 8,190 iu/mg and 7,569 iu/mg
      respectively. There was a significant difference between the biological to
      immunological activity of choriocarcinoma hCG (0.69) when compared with that of
      normal pregnancy CG (0.90). This was confirmed with a subsequent follow up study
      when individual serum samples from normal pregnancy were compared with those from
      choriocarcinoma patients (p = 0.01). It was concluded that in a third world
      situation this significant difference in the ratio of biological to immunological
      activity may be a useful method for evaluating treatment of choriocarcinoma
      patients.

PMID- 2917495
TI  - Percutaneous upper urinary stone surgery.
AB  - Fifty-five patients underwent surgery for renal and upper ureteric stones in the
      department of urology at the Royal Infirmary in Glasgow, Scotland, during a one
      year period beginning in October 1986. There were 31 males and 24 females, with a
      mean age of 47.7 years. The targeted stones were successfully removed in 46
      (83.6%) patients. 52.7% of the patients were discharged home within 4 days of
      operation. Minor perforations of the renal collecting system was the commonest
      complication, which occurred in 6 patients. Three patients had serious
      haemorrhage, one of them requiring nephrectomy for bleeding from a torn renal
      vein. One patient had cardiac arrest on post operative day 3, suffered brain
      damage, and died on day 10. Percutaneous lithotomy has become a well-established,
      effective method of treating upper urinary stones. Costly equipment is involved,
      however, and critical assessment is required in deciding to introduce this
      technique of stone treatment in a developing country. In those circumstances a
      gradual assimilation is suggested.

PMID- 2917496
TI  - Forcefeeding practices and otitis media in Ilorin, Nigeria.
AB  - Six hundred and ten mothers were interviewed with respect to forcefeeding. 390
      (64.37%) forcefed their children. Refusal of feeds (86.9%) was the main reason
      given by mothers necessitating forcefeeding. 139 (35.5%) of the mothers had
      experienced one child or the other aspirating the feeds during forcefeeding. 22
      (8.2%) of the forcefed children had otitis media while only 12 (5.5%) of those
      who were not forcefed had otitis media. The difference was significant (p less
      than 0.05). There is a strong association (p less than 0.001) between
      forcefeeding and level of formal education.

PMID- 2917497
TI  - The clinical pattern of duodenogastric bile reflux in the Kenyan Africans.
AB  - Forty consecutive African patients found to have duodenogastric bile reflux at
      endoscopy were studied. Bile reflux was found more commonly among males than
      females, giving a male/female ratio of 2.3:1, with a peak age at 41-60 years. ABO
      blood groups had no significant influence on duodenogastric bile reflux.
      Flatulence and borborygmi were the most consistent symptoms other than the
      classical dyspeptic pain pattern. Bilious vomiting was a rare finding.
      Duodenogastric bile reflux was more commonly associated with endoscopic gastritis
      (67.5%), gastric ulcer (35%) and oesophagitis (30%) than with duodenal ulcer
      (22.5%), deformed pyloric ring (5%) or distorted duodenal bulb (2.5%). The
      dysfunction in the pyloric sphincter in people with duodenogastric bile reflux
      appears to be more of a physiological defect than structural.

PMID- 2917498
TI  - "Yesterday, today and tomorrow"--fifty exciting years: the Second Nelson Awori
      memorial lecture.

PMID- 2917499
TI  - Cervical cytology in an urban Nigeria population.
AB  - The prevalence of cytologic abnormality was investigated among two population
      groups in an urban setting: those responding to a mass cytologic screening
      campaign and are without symptoms and those referred on account of symptoms or
      signs suggestive of cervical pathology. Among a total of 1550 clients so screened
      a 6% incidence of cytologic abnormality was found among the asymptomatic group
      contrasting with an overall 23% prevalence in the whole group. Even though a
      prevalence of 90% was found among the early symptomatic group, only 2 cases of
      CIS was found giving a prevalence of 13/10,000. This suggests cervical screening
      could prove highly effective in identifying cervical pathology at a significantly
      highly treatable state in this population.

PMID- 2917500
TI  - The treatment of compound joint injury.
AB  - The management and complications arising from compound joint injuries are
      discussed. A five-part scheme for the treatment of compound joint injuries is
      presented: 1. Early radical and total primary surgical intervention. 2. Active
      irrigation drainage. 3. Rigid internal fixation. 4. Prophylactic anticoagulant
      therapy. The local application of VAB-cream and the use of systemic antibiotics
      reduced the rate of infection and the period of hospital stay. The best clinical
      results were attained by patients in group A-B open joint injury, 83 and 84% of
      whom, respectively, were classified as excellent to good. The study confirmed
      that the principles were safe and effective; they have general application and
      depends on the nature of open joint injury.

PMID- 2917501
TI  - The acute leukaemias in adults in Benin City, Nigeria.
AB  - Forty-three adult cases of acute leukaemia (AL) seen at the University of Benin
      Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria in the 13-year period 1975-1987 have been
      analysed with respect to the presenting features, management and outcome. The
      percentage incidence of AML and ALL were 51.2 and 23.3 respectively. There is a
      preponderance of male patient (male:female ratio was 2.1:1, 2.3:1, 1.3:1, and 3:1
      respectively for AML, ALL, BC and ALSCL). Most cases of AL occurred in the 21-30
      year age bracket. Pallor (77.3%) is the commonest presenting feature in AML
      whereas night sweats and lymphadenopathy occurred in most cases of ALL (80%). The
      main causes of death are haemorrhage and infection. Treatment is generally
      inadequate and so the results of treatment are poor.

PMID- 2917502
TI  - Measles in a two-months age baby and his mother in Juba, Sudan.
AB  - Measles in children 2-5 months of age is a new phenomena not only in Equatorial
      Juba but in the Sudan at large. It is the first time a baby of two months of age
      and his mother who had never contracted measles till the age of 17 years have
      been admitted to Sabah Children's Hospital in Juba. This occurrence may indicate
      as in other areas where immunisation programmes have been carried out increasing
      numbers of people will not encounter measles till they reach adolescence or adult
      life. This could lead to infants being born without usually transmitted
      antibodies, hence develop infection with measles at an earlier age than has been
      usual in the past.

PMID- 2917503
TI  - Difficult and advanced procedures.

PMID- 2917504
TI  - Manual translaryngeal jet ventilation.
AB  - The manual translaryngeal jet technique is a safe and reliable method of
      emergency ventilation, providing adequate gas exchange and high levels of
      oxygenation for the patient who requires positive pressure breathing. It can be
      performed more rapidly than other invasive means of airway control and, with
      close attention to the proper technique, has proved safe and effective in
      maintaining normal blood gases for prolonged periods. Further work is required to
      define proper inspiratory-to-expiratory ratios better and to determine whether
      the technique is protective against aspiration. The equipment and technique
      should be familiar and readily available to every emergency clinician.

PMID- 2917505
TI  - The external rotation method for reduction of acute anterior shoulder
      dislocation.
AB  - Acute anterior shoulder dislocation is a common disorder confronting the
      emergency physician. Traditional methods of reduction are often technically
      difficult, time consuming, and painful to the patient. Furthermore, they
      frequently require more than one physician and occasionally exacerbate the
      injury. Conversely, the recently described method of reduction by external
      rotation is a reliable and safe method. A single physician performs the reduction
      rapidly and patients tolerate it well.

PMID- 2917506
TI  - Difficult nasogastric tube insertions.
AB  - NGT insertion is a procedure that is done frequently in Emergency Departments. A
      step-by-step procedure has been presented. There are certain circumstances that
      may make NGT insertion difficult. They are esophageal narrowing, comatose or
      intubated patients, and patients who have sustained severe facial or skull
      injuries. A number of strategies have been suggested to facilitate the passage of
      the NGT. These include generous lubrication, chilling the tube, grasping the alae
      of the thyroid and lifting anteriorly, using two fingers in the mouth to
      facilitate passage of the tube, and direct visualization. Complications, although
      rare, may occur. Examples of complications that are reported in the literature
      include mucosal ulcerations, submucosal passage of a tube, accidental passage of
      an NGT into the brain, and esophageal perforation. Generous lubrication, direct
      visualization, and the use of fluoroscopy, as well as knowledge of these
      complications, may help to decrease or prevent their incidence.

PMID- 2917507
TI  - Emergency tracheotomy in patients with massive neck swelling.
AB  - Immediate control of the airway in a patient with massive neck swelling caused by
      cervical or maxillofacial trauma is often difficult. A modified new technique,
      discussed in this article, has been developed based on anatomic principles for
      the performance of a modified tracheotomy in these patients.

PMID- 2917508
TI  - Increases in thyroid gland blood flow after hemithyroidectomy in the rat.
AB  - After subtotal thyroidectomy, the thyroid gland remnant undergoes compensatory
      alterations in function and morphology. Under the trophic stimulation of elevated
      plasma TSH concentrations, the thyroid remnant responds with an increase in
      hormone synthesis and secretion and, in addition, increases in mass. We have
      examined the alterations in thyroid blood flow which accompany increased
      secretion and growth after hemithyroidectomy (HTX) in male Sprague-Dawley rats
      (200-220 g). At various times after surgical HTX (1, 2, and 3 weeks), blood
      samples for the determination of plasma hormone concentrations were obtained and
      tissue blood flows were determined using 15 +/- 5 microns diameter 141Ce-labeled
      microspheres in a modification of the reference sample microsphere technique. The
      microspheres were injected directly into the left cardiac ventricle via a 23
      gauge needle passed through the chest wall while a reference blood sample was
      collected. After the animals were killed, tissues were cleaned and weighed, then
      tissue and reference blood sample radioactivities were determined. In addition,
      thyroidal immunoreactive vasoactive intestinal peptide was measured after acetic
      acid (0.67 N) extraction. After HTX, plasma TSH concentrations were significantly
      elevated. The plasma concentrations of T4 and T3 fell, but by less than the
      expected 50%. The mass of the remaining thyroid lobe increased progressively over
      the 3 weeks post thyroidectomy, reaching approximately 70% of the total thyroid
      gland weight of sham-operated controls. Thyroid blood flow per gram of tissue was
      significantly elevated at all times post HTX. HTX did not induce any alterations
      in thyroidal immunoreactive vasoactive intestinal peptide concentration. Thus,
      after HTX, the well documented compensatory alterations in thyroid remnant growth
      and secretion were accompanied by a prompt and striking increase in thyroid blood
      flow.

PMID- 2917509
TI  - The postnatal development of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ transport activity in
      skeletal muscle of the rat is critically dependent on thyroid hormone.
AB  - We investigated the role of thyroid hormone in the postnatal development of Ca2+
      transport activity of sarcoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscle (m. gastrocnemius
      plantaris). With a Ca2+-stat method using the fluorescent dye fura 2 as Ca2+
      indicator, we determined the oxalate-supported maximal Ca2+ uptake activity of
      sarcoplasmic reticulum in whole muscle homogenates from neonatal rats. Expressed
      per g tissue wet wt, the activity increased nearly 10-fold during the first 8
      weeks after birth, following which time a plateau was reached. This development
      was absent in hypothyroid pups, in which the level of Ca2+ uptake activity
      remained constant at 10% of the normal adult value for at least 8 weeks. When the
      mothers were given 0.05% propylthiouracil in the drinking water 1 week before
      parturition, these pups ceased to grow after 4 weeks, had a reduced muscle
      protein content and a characteristic cretinous appearance. The effects of
      hypothyroidism could be reversed by T3 treatment (0.5 micrograms/100 g BW, daily)
      starting 1 or 6 weeks after birth. Treatment with bovine GH (0.1 or 0.5 IU/100 g
      BW; daily) starting on day 5 stimulated body growth, particularly of muscle, but
      was without effect on the failing development of Ca2+ uptake activity. The
      postnatal rise in citrate synthase and succinate dehydrogenase activities was
      impaired in the hypothyroid group, but lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase
      activities rose continuously, although at a reduced rate. T3 treatment also
      reversed these effects of propylthiouracil. At the higher dosage used bovine GH
      appeared to stimulate the accumulation of creatine kinase. We conclude that the
      failing postnatal development of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ transport activity
      in hypothyroidism is not secondary to the absence of GH, nor is it part of a
      general, indiscriminate effect, but, rather, that it indicates an absolute
      requirement of thyroid hormone for this particular aspect of muscle
      differentiation.

PMID- 2917510
TI  - Prostaglandins and progesterone secretion in the in vitro perfused pseudopregnant
      rabbit ovary.
AB  - The relationship between progesterone and prostaglandin (PG) secretion in the
      pseudopregnant rabbit corpus luteum was investigated using isolated in vitro
      perfused ovaries. Progesterone and PG secretion were measured on days 1, 11, and
      18 of hCG-induced pseudopregnancy. The mean progesterone secretion increased
      significantly from days 1 to 11, and then decreased significantly by day 18. PG
      secretion was inversely correlated with progesterone secretion, suggesting that
      PG might inhibit progesterone secretion. To test this hypothesis, indomethacin,
      an inhibitor of PG secretion, was administered to intact rabbits from days 11-18
      of pseudopregnancy and/or on day 18 ovaries were perfused in vitro with
      indomethacin. Indomethacin administered in vivo, in vitro, or both in vivo and in
      vitro significantly reduced PG secretion compared to that in controls, but did
      not affect progesterone secretion. In addition, perfusion of ovaries in vitro
      with PGF2 alpha did not alter progesterone secretion on either day 11 or day 18.
      Thus, although there is an inverse relationship between progesterone and PG
      secretion during pseudopregnancy, PGF2 alpha alone had no effect on progesterone
      secretion. These results question the hypothesis that PGF2 alpha alone is the
      luteolytic factor.

PMID- 2917511
TI  - Biochemical characterization of the protein affinity labeled by
      dihydrotestosterone 17 beta-bromoacetate: comparison with the human androgen
      receptor.
AB  - Dihydrotestosterone 17 beta-bromoacetate covalently binds to a single protein of
      58,000 mol wt from human genital skin fibroblast cytosol. Previous experiments
      have suggested that this protein is related to the human androgen receptor and
      may be a proteolytic fragment of the intact protein. In the present study the
      biochemical properties of the covalently radiolabeled protein were compared to
      those of the classically defined human androgen receptor radiolabeled
      noncovalently with [3H]dihydrotestosterone. The radiolabeled proteins were
      indistinguishable by gel filtration chromatography, sucrose density gradient
      centrifugation analysis, chromatofocusing, and hydrophobic interaction
      chromatography. Both ligands labeled a protein with an apparent Stokes radius of
      4.4 nm under high salt conditions. Analysis on sucrose density gradients showed
      peaks of 4.6S and 9.2S with either ligand. The protein radiolabeled with either
      ligand chromatofocused as two isoforms, a predominant form with a pI of about 5.4
      and a minor isoform with a pI of about 4.5. Both radiolabeled proteins were found
      to have a high degree of hydrophobicity and eluted identically from a phenyl
      Sepharose column. While the radiolabeled proteins were qualitatively
      indistinguishable, significantly more radiolabeled protein was quantitated using
      the affinity ligand. These data suggest that the affinity ligand may recognize
      precursor or degraded forms of the receptor that do not bind the natural ligand
      or that assays based on the use of noncovalent ligands could underestimate the
      receptor content of target cells.

PMID- 2917512
TI  - Prolactin maintains relaxin and progesterone secretion by aging corpora lutea
      after hypophysial stalk transection or hypophysectomy in the pig.
AB  - Porcine corpora lutea persist beyond 150 days in hysterectomized animals compared
      with about 114 days during normal pregnancy. To explore the mechanism(s)
      regulating the peak release of relaxin and secretion of progesterone by aging
      corpora lutea and to examine the direct effect of purified porcine (p) PRL on
      such corpora lutea, hypophysial stalk transection (HST), hypophysectomy (HYPOX)
      with or without PRL replacement, and sham operation control (SOC) were conducted
      on day 110 (estrus = day 0) on purebred Yorkshire gilts that were hysterectomized
      on days 6-8. The pPRL (0.5 mg every 6 h daily) or PBS (0.5 ml every 6 h daily)
      was given iv from days 110-120. HYPOX + pPRL, HYPOX + PBS, HST + PBS, and SOC +
      PBS formed four experimental groups. Peak relaxin concentrations in peripheral
      plasma (mean values ranged from 22-24 ng/ml) occurred on about day 113 for all
      groups [113.4 +/- 0.3 days (+/- SE)] regardless of the different surgical
      interventions. After peak release, relaxin decreased steadily in the HYPOX + PBS
      group, falling to less than 1.0 ng/ml by 6 days later, whereas relaxin in other
      groups remained elevated (approximately 7 ng/ml). In the HYPOX plus PBS group,
      progesterone decreased abruptly, remaining below 1 ng/ml from 1 week onward,
      lower (P less than 0.01) than that in controls (approximately 19 ng/ml); in the
      HYPOX + pPRL group, progesterone levels (approximately 17 ng/ml) remained similar
      (P greater than 0.05) to those in controls (approximately 19 ng/ml) and the HST +
      PBS group (approximately 15 ng/ml). These results clearly reveal that the
      pituitary gland plays no direct role in regulating the timed peak release of
      relaxin from aging corpora lutea in hysterectomized gilts and that the peak
      release of relaxin on about day 113 is preprogrammed and inherent within such
      aging luteal cells. This study provides strong evidence that purified pPRL
      maintains both relaxin and progesterone secretion as well as the morphology of
      aging corpora lutea for at least 10 days after hypophysectomy in hysterectomized
      gilts.

PMID- 2917513
TI  - Aging alters the activity of 5'-deiodinase in the adenohypophysis, thyroid gland,
      and liver of the male rat.
AB  - Aging is characterized by a decreased secretion of thyroid hormones in rats
      associated with unchanged plasma TSH suggestive of impairments in the hypothalamo
      pituitary-thyroid axis. Since it is known that pituitary T3 is more determinant
      on TSH secretion than plasma T3, we measured in young (4 months) and old (26
      months) male rats the concentration of T3 in the anterior pituitary gland and
      found that it was similar in young and old animals despite the low circulating
      levels of thyroid hormones. This was suggestive of age-related differences in the
      intrapituitary T4 to T3 conversion. We therefore determined the activity of 5'
      deiodinase (5'-D, type I and type II) in the adenohypophysis and investigated
      possible age-related changes in this enzyme activity in peripheral tissues by its
      determination in the thyroid gland and liver (type I) of young and old rats.
      Intrapituitary 5'-D activity was increased in old compared to young rats (type I
      5'-D: 4.59 +/- 0.13 vs. 2.92 +/- 0.33 pmol rT3/h x mg protein; type II: 0.54 +/-
      0.5 vs. 0.21 +/- 0.03 pmol rT3/h x mg protein; P less than 0.001). In contrast,
      in the thyroid gland and in the liver, type I 5'-D was reduced with age (4.7 +/-
      0.6 vs. 7.4 +/- 0.8 and 3.1 +/- 0.4 vs. 5.6 +/- 0.5 nmol rT3/h x mg protein,
      respectively; P less than 0.01). These data are illustrative of age-related
      changes in the activity of 5'-D, different according to the tissues in agreement
      with the known tissue-specific regulation of the 5'-Ds. The reduced activity of
      5'-D in the thyroid and liver of old rats is indicative of an impaired thyroid
      hormones disposal in peripheral tissues with age. In contrast, in the
      adenohypophysis of old rats, the increase in the activity of 5'-D is similar to
      that reported in hypothyroid animals and suggests the development with age of an
      adaptative mechanism in the presence of low circulating thyroid hormones; this
      mechanism leads to unchanged intrapituitary concentration of T3 and consequently
      to unaltered plasma levels of TSH in old rats.

PMID- 2917514
TI  - The uptake of [3H]testosterone and its metabolites by the brain and pituitary
      gland of the fetal macaque.
AB  - Testosterone is secreted by the fetal testis during gestation, and this is
      thought to influence certain aspects of the brain's subsequent development. To
      study this action at the neuronal level, nine macaque fetuses were injected with
      250 microCi [3H]testosterone via the umbilical vein at about 120 days gestation.
      After 60 min, samples of brain and peripheral tissue were studied by
      autoradiography or HPLC. Purified nuclear pellets were prepared, and
      radioactivity in ether extracts was fractionated by HPLC and identified by
      coelution with internal standard steroids. Concentrations of radioactivity were
      significantly higher (P less than 0.05) in the hypothalamus-preoptic area than in
      amygdala, hippocampus, midbrain, and cerebral and cerebellar cortexes, and most
      of the radioactivity (75%) in the hypothalamus-preoptic area coeluted with 17
      beta-estradiol. Radioactivity coeluting with 17 beta-estradiol was also detected
      in nuclear fractions from amygdala (44%). In contrast, 80% of the radioactivity
      extracted from pituitary gland nuclei coeluted with testosterone. Most of the
      neurons labeled in autoradiograms were located in the hypothalamus and preoptic
      area, fewer were found in the amygdala, and labeling in the frontal or motor
      cortex did not exceed chance levels. Results suggested that aromatization and,
      consequently, estrogen receptors play a role in the effects of testosterone on
      the hypothalamus and amygdala of the primate fetus at this stage of development.

PMID- 2917515
TI  - The hormonogenic sites of turtle thyroglobulin and their homology with those of
      mammals.
AB  - Thyroglobulin (Tg) from turtles previously injected with 125I was reduced,
      alkylated, and digested with trypsin. We purified the resultant peptides on HPLC
      columns, determined their amino acid sequences and the locations of [125I]T4 and
      [125I]T3 residues, and compared them with established sequences from humans,
      cows, rabbits, rats, and guinea pigs. We found five major T4 peptides, three of
      which were homologous with the major hormonogenic sites A, B, and D of mammalian
      Tg. Site A, the highly conserved major T4 site in mammals, had substitutions in
      three residues near the T4 residue and had much less of Tg's newly synthesized T4
      than is found in mammalian Tg (25% in turtle vs. 44% in rabbit). Site B contained
      correspondingly more of Tg's new T4 (42% vs. 24% in rabbit). Turtle Tg contained
      little [125I]T3, and we did not find site C (Ser-T3/T4-Ser, the major T3 site in
      guinea pig and rabbit) in turtles, but did find Val-T4, a possible homolog. Site
      D was quantitatively less important than in mammals. The fifth turtle
      hormonogenic site, containing 12% of Tg's newly formed T4, had a tyrosyl residue
      substituted for the phenylalanine at residue 632 in the human sequence. We
      conclude that Tg's major hormonogenic sites are generally conserved across a
      considerable evolutionary distance, but that differences in primary structure
      occur and may contribute to changes in priority of hormone synthesis among these
      sites.

PMID- 2917516
TI  - Circulating thyronines and peripheral monodeiodination in lactating rats.
AB  - The well known metabolic and endocrine adaptive responses accompanying lactation
      include a change in circulating thyronines that resembles the so-called euthyroid
      sick syndrome. To analyze the role played by tissue monodeiodination in this
      state, circulating levels of thyronines as well as hepatic and mammary 5'
      monodeiodinative activity (5'MA) were assessed during lactation in rats. Results
      show that the serum iodothyronine changes that accompany lactation are associated
      with a significant decrease in hepatic 5'MA and a simultaneous increase in
      mammary 5'MA. These changes begin within the first postpartum day, are
      proportional to lactation intensity (litter size), and disappear 48 h after
      either precocious (1st postpartum day) or natural (21st postpartum day) weaning.
      These data demonstrate that the compartmentalized change in energy expenditure
      characteristic of lactation is accompanied by organ-specific and opposite
      adjustments in hepatic and mammary monodeiodinative pathways.

PMID- 2917517
TI  - Control of gonadotropin secretion in the ovine fetus. II. A sex difference in
      pulsatile luteinizing hormone secretion after castration.
AB  - Gonadal involvement in the control of fetal LH secretion was examined by studying
      LH pulsatility in 12 chronically catheterized male (9 castrate and 3 sham
      control) and 12 female (8 castrate and 4 sham-control) ovine fetuses operated
      upon in utero at 106-116 days gestation (term = 147 days). Fetuses were studied
      longitudinally over a 2- to 30-day period in castrates and over a 2- to 37-day
      period in controls. LH pulsatility was determined from blood samples obtained
      every 15 min over a standard 3-h observation period and assayed for LH by RIA
      (NIH LH S16 standard). In female fetuses there was no significant difference in
      LH pulse frequency between castrates (25 pulses in 32 periods; 1 pulse/3.8 h of
      observation) compared to controls (15 pulses in 15 periods; 1 pulse/3.0 h). LH
      pulse frequency was similar in the sham-castrate males (11 pulses in 17 periods;
      1 pulse/4.6 h). In contrast, LH pulse frequency was significantly higher in the
      castrate male group (90 pulses in 42 periods; 1 pulse/1.4 h) compared to that in
      each of the other 3 groups (P less than 0.005). LH pulse frequency did not vary
      with gestational age in castrate and control females or in control males. In
      castrate males, however, LH pulse frequency declined significantly (P less than
      0.005) with advancing gestation from 80 pulses in 32 periods (1 pulse/1.2 h)
      before 130 days compared to 10 pulses in 10 periods (1 pulse/3.0 h) after 130
      days. Thus, LH pulse frequency was indistinguishable in castrate vs. eugonadal
      males after 130 days. The absence of a castration effect on LH pulsatility in
      male fetuses older than 130 days was confirmed in an additional group of 8 male
      fetuses (5 castrate and 3 sham-controls) operated upon at 121-130 days gestation
      and studied over a 2- to 20-day period. Overall, LH pulse amplitude was similar
      in male [4.7 +/- 0.5 ng/ml (+/- SE)] and female (3.9 +/- 0.5 ng/ml) fetuses and
      did not vary as a function of gonadal status or gestational age. The
      postcastration increment in LH pulse frequency in the castrate male fetus from
      108-130 days gestation delineates a role of the fetal testis in feedback
      regulation of LH secretion at this stage of development. The absence of a
      postcastration rise in LH pulse frequency in the castrate female indicates that
      the fetal ovary does not play a similar role.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2917518
TI  - An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for quantitation of aromatase cytochrome P
      450.
AB  - Traditionally, aromatase has been quantified as aromatase activity according to
      its ability to produce estrogen from androgen. We have developed a quantitative
      assay based on the protein mass of catalytically active aromatase cytochrome P
      450. A solid phase sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for aromatase
      cytochrome P-450 has been devised using mouse monoclonal antibody (MAb3-2C2) and
      rabbit polyclonal antiserum (PAb R-8-2). Two rabbit antisera (PAb R-8-1 and R-8
      2) were raised by immunization against human placental aromatase cytochrome P-450
      which had been isolated by immunoaffinity chromatography of MAb3-2C2-coupled to
      Sepharose 4B resin. Both antisera were capable of suppressing human placental
      aromatase activity with IC50 values of 0.6 and 0.8 microliter/ml incubate,
      respectively, and showed monospecific to aromatase cytochrome P-450 in the
      Western blot analyses. Solubilized human placental microsomal samples were
      incubated in microtiter wells precoated with MAb3-2C2. The unbound proteins were
      washed out, and the aromatase cytochrome P-450 bound with the MAb3-2C2 in the
      wells was then reacted with PAb R-8-2, the binding of which was subsequently
      probed with goat antirabbit immunoglobulin G antibody alkaline phosphatase
      conjugate. Immunoaffinity-purified aromatase cytochrome P-450 of human placental
      microsomes was used for the standard, with the current assay detection limit at 1
      ng/ml. There was a positive correlation between aromatase activity and the
      immunoreactive aromatase cytochrome P-450 level in solubilized microsomal samples
      after preincubation at 22 and 37 C, indicating that the enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay measures the level of aromatase cytochrome P-450 that has
      catalytic activity. The mean level of aromatase cytochrome P-450 in solubilized
      human term placental microsomes was 16.4 +/- 10.3 (+/- SD) micrograms/ml,
      corresponding to 0.38 +/- 0.19% of the original microsomes. The mean specific
      activity of aromatization of the solubilized samples was 0.650 +/- 0.163 nmol
      estrogen formed/min.mg protein. These results indicate that aromatase in the
      solubilized placental microsomal fraction has catalytic ability of 5.3 +/- 1.6
      min-1 based on the immunoassayable cytochrome P-450.

PMID- 2917519
TI  - Tumors producing human tumor necrosis factor induced hypercalcemia and
      osteoclastic bone resorption in nude mice.
AB  - We used a Chinese hamster ovary cell line that had been transfected with the
      human tumor necrosis factor (TNF) gene and constitutively produced TNF when
      transplanted in nude mice to study the effects of continuous production of TNF on
      calcium homeostasis. Continuous exposure to TNF caused increased osteoclastic
      bone resorption and humoral hypercalcemia in these animals. The mice bearing TNF
      producing tumors were significantly hypercalcuric compared to mice bearing
      control tumors, but urinary cAMP excretion was unchanged. Mice bearing Chinese
      hamster ovary cell tumors containing the empty vector did not demonstrate
      hypercalcemia or increased bone resorption. This model system using transfected
      cells to continuously produce cytokines in vivo is more analogous to the
      pathophysiological conditions present in patients than intermittent injections
      and can produce much longer exposures than infusion pumps. Such model systems
      should allow a better understanding of the role of factors involved in humoral
      hypercalcemia.

PMID- 2917520
TI  - Evidence for regulation of peptide-YY release by the proximal gut.
AB  - Peptide-YY (PYY) is a novel enteric peptide that is structurally related to
      pancreatic polypeptide and neuropeptide-Y. The objectives of the present
      experiments were to characterize the following aspects of PYY metabolism: the
      distribution of PYY in the canine gastrointestinal tract, the release of PYY in
      response to oral ingestion of a mixed meal or intraduodenal (ID) administration
      of oleic acid, the effect of ileocolectomy on the release of PYY in response to
      ID administration of oleic acid when transit of chyme to the distal ileum and
      colon is prevented, the effect of interruption of intramural neural pathways of
      the small bowel on the release of PYY, and the effect of iv cholecystokinin on
      the release of PYY. The results of these experiments demonstrate that PYY
      immunoreactivity is distributed primarily in the terminal ileum, colon, and
      rectum. Circulating levels of PYY increase significantly (P less than 0.05)
      within 10-30 min after ingestion of a meal or to ID administration of a fatty
      acid. Complete interruption of the flow of chyme to the site of PYY-containing
      cells (i.e. ileum-colon) did not block the release of PYY; however, ileocolectomy
      abolished the release of PYY in response to ID administration of oleic acid.
      Severance of intramural neural pathways along the small bowel did not alter the
      release of PYY in response to an oral meal. Intravenous administration of graded
      doses of cholecystokinin stimulated the release of PYY in a dose-related manner.
      The results of these experiments indicate that the release of PYY from the distal
      ileum and colon is controlled, at least in part, by an extramural neural,
      endocrine, or a combination of both types of mechanisms which originate in the
      foregut.

PMID- 2917521
TI  - Hypophysectomy of the fetal lamb leads to a fall in the plasma concentration of
      insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), but not IGF-II.
AB  - The role of the pituitary gland in the regulation of the plasma concentrations of
      insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) in the late gestation sheep fetus has been
      examined. Singleton sheep fetuses were either hypophysectomized or sham-operated
      between days 110-120 of gestation. Blood samples were then collected via carotid
      cannulae at least three times weekly for the remainder of gestation. In some
      hypophysectomized fetuses T4 was administered (100 g/day) to overcome the
      hypothyroidism caused by hypophysectomy. Blood samples were also obtained from
      lambs during the perinatal period, neonatal lambs within 1-10 days after birth,
      and pregnant and nonpregnant adult ewes. All plasma samples were subjected to
      Sephadex G-50 gel filtration under acidic conditions (pH 2.3) to eliminate IGF
      binding protein activity. The fractions containing the free IGF peptides were
      collected and assayed for IGF-I by heterologous RIA, and IGF-II by a homologous
      RRA. Plasma concentrations of IGF-I and IGF-II did not change with advancing
      gestational age in any fetal group and were not affected by the prolonged
      gestation that results from hypophysectomy. The mean plasma IGF-I and IGF-II
      concentrations in the sham fetuses were 112 +/- 8 and 1340 +/- 112 ng/ml,
      respectively. Hypophysectomy without thyroid hormone replacement resulted in a
      significant decrease in plasma IGF-I concentrations to 50 +/- 5 ng/ml, whereas
      IGF-II concentrations were not affected (1096 +/- 124 ng/ml). IGF-I
      concentrations in the hypophysectomized fetuses that received T4 were
      significantly increased (67 +/- 6.0 ng/ml) compared to those in the
      hypophysectomized fetuses that did not receive T4. The IGF-II concentrations in
      the hypophysectomized fetuses that received T4 were similar to those in the sham
      operated fetuses (1120 +/- 112 ng/ml). At term IGF-I concentrations were
      increased (180 +/- 21 ng/ml) and IGF-II concentrations were decreased (264 +/- 25
      ng/ml) compared to fetal values. Plasma IGF-I concentrations in the prepubertal
      lamb were similar to the fetal values. Pregnancy in the adult ewe was associated
      with a significant increase in IGF-II, but had no effect on IGF-I plasma
      concentrations. These data show that circulating IGF-I concentrations in the
      fetal lamb are under some pituitary and thyroid control, whereas IGF-II
      concentrations are independently of pituitary or thyroid status. We confirm,
      using a homologous assay, that fetal IGF-II concentrations are high and then
      decrease at term. These data also support the concept that a pregnancy-related
      factor may regulate plasma IGF-II concentrations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400
      WORDS)

PMID- 2917522
TI  - Platelet-activating factor stimulates prolactin release from dispersed rat
      anterior pituitary cells in vitro.
AB  - The biologically active phospholipid (platelet-activating factor (PAF; 1-O-alkyl
      2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) stimulated PRL release from dispersed rat
      anterior pituitary cells in culture. PAF-induced PRL release was dose dependent,
      with threshold stimulation at 1 nM and maximal stimulation at 100 nM. Stimulation
      occurred as early as 1 min of incubation and persisted for 2 h. The action of PAF
      on PRL release is consistent with a receptor-mediated mechanism based on the
      observations that the action of PAF is blocked by dopamine agonists and the PAF
      receptor antagonists L 652731 and SRI 63072. The structural analogs 1-O-alkyl-2
      oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine and 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3
      phosphoethanolamine, which lack the biological activity of PAF, are not able to
      stimulate PRL release over the dose range 0.2-2 microM. In addition, the PAF
      precursor lyso PAF and diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (phosphatidylcholine)
      were ineffective in stimulating PRL release. PAF induced the secretion of PRL and
      GH but not that of LH or TSH from hemipituitaries in short term incubations. PAF
      did not effect PRL release from GH3 cells. In conclusion, these data indicate
      that PAF stimulates PRL release from primary cultures of rat anterior pituitary
      cells in a dose-related, rapid, and specific manner.

PMID- 2917523
TI  - Mammotroph autoregulation: the differential roles of the 24K isoforms of
      prolactin.
AB  - In this study we have attempted to determine which of the secreted 24K isoforms
      was responsible for autocrine regulation of PRL secretion by comparing the
      isoforms synthesized and secreted by normal cells, which do autoregulate, with
      those synthesized and secreted by GH3 cells, which do not normally autoregulate.
      Comparable numbers of cells were washed free of serum and then extracted into
      Tris-buffered saline by sonication and detergent treatment. Proteins present in
      these cell extracts and in samples of culture medium were then precipitated with
      cold acetone (-20 C; 48 h) and subsequently dissolved in urea-lysis buffer for 2
      dimensional (2-D) electrophoresis. The 2-D patterns for normal cells showed four
      24K PRL isoforms inside the cells and three 24K PRL isoforms (designated 2, 3,
      and 3') secreted into the medium. The 2-D patterns for GH3 cells showed very
      little intracellular storage of PRL, but what was present was identified as 24K
      PRL isoform 2. The GH3 cells secreted large amounts of only 24K PRL isoform 2.
      Preparations of PRL containing only isoforms 1,2, and 3 (at a total
      radioimmunoassayable concentration of 5 micrograms/ml PRL) were capable of
      inducing autoregulation in GH3 cells, as evidence by decreased secretion of
      prelabeled intracellular PRL. Initiation of autoregulation in GH3 cells caused
      granulation and the intracellular production of isoform 3. Since a) a preparation
      containing isoforms 1, 2, and 3 was found to induce autoregulation in GH3 cells,
      b) isoform 1 is not a secreted form, and c) isoform 2 does not cause
      autoregulation (at least in GH3 cells), it is deduced that isoform 3 is an
      autocrine form of PRL. Since initiation of autoregulation in GH3 cells caused
      those cells to produce isoform 3, it is further deduced that the autoregulatory
      defect in GH3 cells lies in the actual lack of production of isoform 3 and not in
      an inherent inability of these cells to produce isoform 3.

PMID- 2917524
TI  - Two forms of glycosylated human prolactin have different pigeon crop sac
      stimulating activities.
AB  - Two forms of glycosylated PRL (G-PRL) which differed in their binding properties
      to Concanavalin-A (Con-A) were isolated from human pituitary glands. One form, G1
      hPRL, was only slightly retarded by Con-A; the other, G2-hPRL, was adsorbed by
      Con-A and could be eluted with methyl-D-manno-pyranoside, an indication of
      differing carbohydrate units in the two G-PRLs. Differences in type of
      glycosylation were also indicated by HPLC peptide mapping of tryptic digests of
      the two forms. The elution time for the tryptic peptide carrying the asparagine
      linked carbohydrate unit varied for the two G-PRLs. The results point to the
      asparagine at position 31 as being the site of attachment of the carbohydrate.
      The carbohydrate structure influenced the crop sac-stimulating activity of the G
      hPRLs. G1-hPRL had only about one fourth the activity of the reference standard
      (nonglycosylated ovine PRL, 35 IU/mg). The form that bound to Con-A, G2-hPRL, was
      equipotent to the reference standard. Because glycosylated forms have varying
      biological activities and are major components of circulating PRL, the
      physiological significance of serum concentrations of PRL measured by RIA will
      have to be reevaluated.

PMID- 2917525
TI  - The effects of prolactin and prostaglandin F2 alpha on plasma membrane changes
      during luteolysis in the rat.
AB  - The ability of PRL to modify prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha)-induced membrane
      changes during functional corpus luteum regression was examined in the
      pseudopregnant rat. Fluorescence polarization studies conducted 24 h after sc
      injection of PGF2 alpha revealed a marked and significant increase in the
      polarization parameter, which is suggestive of reduced plasma membrane fluidity.
      At the same time, there was a decrease in hCG binding and a significant increase
      in apparent phospholipase-A2 activity during incubation of dispersed rat luteal
      cells. Each of these changes was attenuated when the animals were pretreated with
      PRL 30 min before PGF2 alpha. The decrease in plasma progesterone caused by PGF2
      alpha treatment was also inhibited by PRL. PGF2 alpha also stimulated a
      significant polarization increase in dispersed cells prepared from ovaries
      removed 1 h after injection of this luteolytic agent, although this effect could
      not be demonstrated in plasma membrane samples. These results indicate that PRL
      and PGF2 alpha affect the same membrane pathway in the rat corpus luteum and that
      this pathway appears to be closely coupled to luteal cell function.

PMID- 2917526
TI  - Extracellular calcium modulates vitamin D-dependent calbindin-D28K gene
      expression in chick kidney cells.
AB  - The effect of extracellular calcium ion (Ca2+) concentration on 1,25
      dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3)-induction of vitamin D-dependent calcium
      binding protein (calbindin-D28K) and its mRNA levels was examined in primary
      chick kidney cells in vitro. When exposed to normal medium Ca2+ (1.0 mM), 1,25
      (OH)2D3 increased calbindin-D28K mRNA, as measured by Northern analysis, by 4-10
      fold over basal levels by 12 to 24 h after addition of hormone. In the presence
      of 0.5 mM Ca2+, 1,25-(OH)2D3 induced calbindin-D28K mRNA by only 2 fold, whereas,
      when cells were exposed to 2 mM Ca2+, the induction was 10-15 fold. This calcium
      modulation of 1,25-(OH)2D3 induction was also observed at the level of calbindin
      D28K protein concentrations as measured by radioimmunoassay. The alterations in
      medium Ca2+ were not associated with any change in the rate of total RNA or
      protein synthesis. These studies suggest that both Ca2+ and 1,25-(OH)2D3
      participate in the regulation of calbindin-D28K gene expression in the kidney.

PMID- 2917527
TI  - Diurnal rhythm of melatonin binding in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus.
AB  - We used quantitative in vitro autoradiography to localize and characterize 2-125I
      melatonin binding sites in the rat suprachiasmatic nuclei in relation to pineal
      melatonin production. In a light:dark cycle of 12:12 h, binding density exhibited
      significant diurnal variation with a peak at the dark-light transition and a
      trough 12 hours later. Saturation studies suggested that the decreased binding at
      light-dark transition might be due to a shift of the putative melatonin receptor
      to a low affinity state.

PMID- 2917528
TI  - The antinatriuretic and kaliuretic effects of the glucocorticoids corticosterone
      and cortisol following pretreatment with carbenoxolone sodium (a liquorice
      derivative) in the adrenalectomized rat.
AB  - Carbenoxolone Sodium (CS), a chemical derivative of liquorice is known to be
      associated with hypertension, increased sodium retention and hypokalemia. The
      present studies describe the effects of CS on the renal actions of the
      glucocorticoids Corticosterone (B) and Cortisol (F) on sodium and potassium in
      adrenalectomized male rats. B (50, 100 and 500 micrograms/rat) and F (1 mg/rat)
      were found to possess no intrinsic antinatriuretic activity which is represented
      by a decrease in the Na+ to creatinine ratio; while only B (500 micrograms/rat)
      demonstrated kaliuretic effects as indicated by an increase in K+ to creatinine
      ratios. B and F showed very significant antinatriuretic and kaliuretic properties
      following pretreatment with CS (2.5 mg/rat). CS alone was not found to be
      antinatriuretic at this dosage. Further experiments demonstrated that lower
      dosages of CS (500 and 1,000 micrograms/rat) also cause B to exhibit Na+
      retaining and K+ excreting properties. Thus, we have demonstrated that
      pretreatment with CS can confer mineralocorticoid-like activity upon the
      glucocorticoids B and F.

PMID- 2917529
TI  - Endoscopic diagnosis of reflux esophagitis by the dye-spraying method.
AB  - Twenty-one patients (13 patients after gastric surgery and 8 patients with hiatus
      hernia or other esophageal disease) in whom reflux esophagitis had been diagnosed
      by standard endoscopy, and who had undergone Lugol-spraying endoscopy, were
      reviewed. Ninety-two biopsy specimens were obtained from the esophageal mucosa
      under direct vision and stained with hematoxylineosin and PAS. The coincidence
      rate of the findings of dye-spraying endoscopy with histological findings was
      89.9% (80/89), as opposed to 69.7% (62/89) attained by standard endoscopy (p less
      than 0.001), indicating that Lugol-spraying endoscopy is highly compatible with
      histology. Of 34 biopsy specimens showing papillary hyperplasia, 18 (52.9%) were
      stained unevenly and lightly, and 14 (41.2%) evenly and lightly. Of nine biopsy
      specimens showing epithelial regeneration, eight (88.9%) were unstained. All 26
      biopsy specimens with erosion/ulcer were also unstained. It is concluded that
      Lugol-spraying endoscopy is of value in diagnosing reflux esophagitis, especially
      in determining the intensity and extent of the disease.

PMID- 2917530
TI  - Endoscopic balloon hydrodilatation and endoprosthetic treatment of esophageal and
      esophageal anastomotic strictures.
AB  - In 37 patients with benign stenosis of the esophagus and esophageal anastomoses,
      the method of dilatation using special balloon catheters under endoscopic control
      was employed, and adequate dilatation of the stenotic region accomplished. In
      comparison with balloon dilators, bougies exert forces along the radial axis, and
      no tension is applied to the esophagus along the longitudinal axis. To obtain
      prolonged remission and decrease the number of "supporting" dilatations of
      esophageal benign stenosis and esophageal anastomoses, temporary intubation of
      the esophagus with a silicone prosthesis was performed in 7 patients. Further
      clinical application, and a study of the long-term results of endoscopic balloon
      hydro-dilatation and endoprosthesis for treating esophageal and anastomotic
      esophageal strictures, will help to elaborate more precise indications for the
      combined use of these methods.

PMID- 2917531
TI  - Biliary lithiasis: combined endoscopic and surgical treatment.
AB  - A combined endoscopic and surgical procedure was performed in 69 patients
      suffering from gallbladder lithiasis with suspected associated lithiasis of the
      common bile duct (CBD). The procedure was spread over two days: Day 1 -
      Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) revealed
      choledocholithiasis in 50 cases and papillary sclerosis in 4 cases. In 15
      patients, the common bile duct was found to be normal. Fifty-four endoscopic
      sphincterotomies were performed. Among the 50 cases of choledocholithiasis,
      endoscopic removal of the stones was judged complete in 44 cases and incomplete
      in the other 6. Day 2 - Cholecystectomy was carried out in all the patients.
      Peroperative cholangiography confirmed the results of the pre-operative ERCP with
      respect to the CBD in all the patients except one, and a choledochotomy was
      necessary in 6 patients. Results were as follows: The average length of
      hospitalization was 12.4 days. No residual choledocholithiasis was noted. The
      morbidity of the procedure was 7.2%, and the mortality 1.4% unrelated to the
      technique. The diagnostic and therapeutic significance of the procedure is
      discussed.

PMID- 2917532
TI  - Does the endoscope control head need to be disinfected between examinations?
AB  - An evaluation was made of the incidence of contamination of endoscope control
      heads during gastroduodenoscopy and colonoscopy, and of the efficacy of a simple
      disinfection technique. Contamination of the control heads occurred in 4 out of
      17 examinations. Scrubbing in detergent followed by wiping with swabs impregnated
      with 70% isopropyl alcohol and 2% chlorhexidine achieved adequate disinfection of
      artificial heavy contamination of the control head. The endoscope control head
      represents a potential source of cross-infection and should not be neglected in
      any cleaning procedure.

PMID- 2917533
TI  - Endoscopic pancreatic sphincterotomy--technique and evaluation.
AB  - Endoscopic pancreatic sphincterotomy has been developed as a new method of
      treatment of chronic pancreatitis in our institution since 1982. We introduced
      pancreatic sphincterotomy as a safe technique, after performing it successfully
      in 21 cases of chronic pancreatitis without any complications, and relieving both
      abdominal and back pain in 19 of the cases. Recently, we have added endoscopic
      elimination of viscid pancreatic juice including protein plugs. This report
      describes our procedure of pancreatic sphincterotomy in detail, and evaluates it
      in the endoscopic treatment of chronic pancreatitis.

PMID- 2917534
TI  - A comparative study of the tissue-destroying effect of the laser and
      electrocoagulation.
AB  - The effect of the laser on compact, glandular tissue at the dosage employed for
      the local palliative treatment of tumors, can largely be mimicked with the aid of
      high-frequency current (HF-current), applied with the aid of an electro-hydro
      thermo-probe: The experiments described in the present study were performed on
      the livers of 70 male Wistar rats. The laser was applied for 2 seconds at an
      output of 80 J at a distance to the tissue of 0.5 cm. In the first stage, in the
      acute experiment, the effect of the HF-current was matched to that of the laser
      by varying the modulated and unmodulated current components. It was found that
      the depths of penetration into the tissue at the given laser settings could be
      achieved with modulated HF-current (so-called coagulation current) at an output
      of more than 72 watts (equipment setting K 10) coagulation being performed for 10
      seconds. The admixture of modulated HF-current (so-called cutting current)
      reduces the depth of penetration into the tissue. In the first 5 days, the depth
      of penetration increases after both laser irradiation and HF-coagulation, by a
      factor of 2 to 3. With respect to the depths of penetration (DP), the scatter
      ranges, and the histological changes, no difference is to be seen between laser
      and HF lesions: Laser DP = 5.7 mm (confidence range: 4.4-7.0 mm); HF DP
      (equipment setting K 10) = 4.8 mm (confidence range: 3.6-5.4 mm).(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2917535
TI  - Brunner's gland hamartoma associated with microcarcinoids.
AB  - We report on the case of a 51-year-old female with a pedunculated duodenal tumor
      that was covered with normal duodenal mucosa. Histology of the endoscopically
      resected tumor revealed Brunner's gland adenoma with two foci of microcarcinoids.
      To our knowledge, such a case has not been reported in the literature.

PMID- 2917536
TI  - Five cases of ectopic liver and a case of accessory lobe of the liver.
AB  - Five cases of ectopic liver, two of retro-peritoneal cavity and three of
      gallbladder, and a case of accessory lobe of the liver, are reported. One of
      these cases with ectopic liver was accompanied by multiple cysts of the liver and
      kidney, and biliary microhamartoma, which was observed laparoscopically on the
      surface of the main liver and histologically proven in the ectopic liver.

PMID- 2917537
TI  - Acute renal failure after endoscopic injection sclerotherapy: a report of two
      cases.

PMID- 2917538
TI  - Acute appendicitis following endoscopic polypectomy.

PMID- 2917539
TI  - Successful endoscopic treatment of GI-tract fistulas with a fast-hardening amino
      acid solution.

PMID- 2917540
TI  - Anaphylactic reaction to ethanolamine oleate injection in sclerotherapy of
      esophageal varices.

PMID- 2917541
TI  - Hepatic abscesses and "sump syndrome": a new case.

PMID- 2917542
TI  - Through-the-scope balloon dilatation of benign pyloric stenoses.
AB  - In 9 patients with benign pyloric stenosis, the stenosis was dilated using
      through-the-scope (TTS) balloon catheters (diameter 1.5 to 1.8 cm), which can be
      passed through the biopsy channel of a standard fiberscope under direct vision.
      In all cases, the stenosis was secondary to fibrous changes in peptic ulcer
      disease. In addition, all patients had active ulcers. All dilatation treatments
      were primarily successful: the stenoses were opened for the passage of the
      fiberscope. There were no complications; even with active ulcers there were no
      side effects. The treatment was followed by immediate symptomatic relief. On
      prospective evaluation over a period of 7 months (mean), 6 patients remained
      asymptomatic, 2 patients had to be dilated again for restenosis and have since
      been asymptomatic for 1 and 12 months, respectively. One patient had to undergo
      surgery after 7 months for ulcer perforation into the common bile duct. The TTS
      technique has considerable advantages over the methods requiring a guide wire.
      This technique with its easy practicability and low incidence of complications
      may become a valid alternative to surgical procedures if the good initial results
      can be confirmed in further studies.

PMID- 2917543
TI  - Response of rat alveolar macrophages to ozone: quantitative assessment of
      population size, morphology, and proliferation following acute exposure.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vivo effects of an acute
      exposure to low levels of ozone on rat pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAM).
      Fisher 344 rats exposed to 0.0, 0.12, 0.8, or 1.5 ppm O3 for 6 h were killed
      immediately after and 3, 18, 42, or 66 h after ozone exposure and their lungs
      were lavaged. Compared to sham-exposed (control) rats, exposure to 0.12 ppm O3
      had no measurable effect on the total number, labeling index (LI), mitotic index
      (MI), or morphology of rat alveolar macrophages. The number of neutrophils was
      significantly (p less than or equal to 0.001) greater than in controls at 3, 18,
      and 42 h after exposure to 1.5 ppm O3 and 42 h after exposure to 0.8 ppm O3. The
      number of PAM was approximately twice that of controls 42 and 66 h after exposure
      to 0.8 and 1.5 ppm O3. There was a significant (p less than or equal to 0.001)
      increase in PAM MI 42 and 66 h after exposure to 1.5 ppm O3 and 42 h after 0.8
      ppm O3. The increase in the number of PAM in mitosis was preceded by an increase
      in PAM LI. The PAM LI was significantly (p less than or equal to 0.001) greater
      than controls 18 and 42 h after exposure but returned to near normal levels by 66
      h after exposure. There was a transient decrease in the mean nuclear/cytoplasmic
      ratio of PAM from rats exposed to 1.5 ppm O3 18 and 42 h after exposure due to an
      increase in the mean PAM cytoplasmic area. Comparison of the PAM population
      doubling time (Dt) and cell cycle time (Ct) suggest that PAM proliferation played
      a significant role in the observed increase in PAM following exposure to 0.8 and
      1.5 ppm O3. These results highlight the dynamic response of PAM to an acute
      exposure to ozone and suggest that the proliferative response of pulmonary
      alveolar macrophages may be a useful indicator of pulmonary damage following
      inhalation of an irritant oxidant.

PMID- 2917544
TI  - Induction of the stress response by isolation of rabbit type II pneumocytes.
AB  - Protein synthesis by isolated rabbit type II pneumocytes was evaluated by
      incorporation of labeled amino acids, gel electrophoresis, and fluorography. Type
      II alveolar epithelial cells preferentially synthesize a small number of proteins
      immediately following isolation and simultaneously exhibit a depression of all
      other protein synthesis. Examination of the time course of the appearance and
      decline of these proteins showed them to be actively synthesized during the first
      14 h after isolation. Decline in their production was accompanied by a gradual
      enhancement in the synthesis of other proteins. Actin synthesis was not
      measurable 1 h after isolation, but increased to 9% of total label incorporated
      by 14 h. This recovery was independent of attachment to an extracellular matrix.
      Treatment with actinomycin D immediately following cell isolation abolished the
      synthesis of these proteins, suggesting a requirement for active mRNA production.
      A subset of these proteins are induced by heat treatment of cultured type II
      cells. The half-life, intracellular localization, isoelectric points, apparent
      molecular weights, and heat inducibility of this group of proteins are similar to
      stress proteins found in other mammalian systems. These stress proteins are
      unique in that their synthesis is induced by the cell isolation process. Possible
      mechanisms by which cell isolation may induce the stress response are discussed.

PMID- 2917545
TI  - Recovery of decreased glutamate decarboxylase immunoreactivity after rat
      hippocampal kindling.
AB  - The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that chronic gamma
      aminobutyric acid (GABA) disinhibition of granule cells could explain permanent
      kindled epileptogenicity. Quantitative and statistical comparisons of glutamate
      decarboxylase immunoreactivity (GAD-IR), the synthesizing enzyme for GABA, were
      made of GAD-IR cells and puncta in stratum granulosum of the fascia dentata. The
      use of GAD immunocytochemistry in kindled and control tissue was used to allow
      direct anatomic confirmation that we were measuring changes in GAD-IR which would
      represent GABA synthesis for release by the recurrent inhibitory system of the
      fascia dentata. Immediately after the last kindled seizure, optically detected
      GAD-IR puncta densities were significantly reduced in stratum granulosum. At 3 or
      7 days after the last kindled seizure, GAD-IR was normal in puncta, indicating
      that the transient GAD-IR loss was probably a metabolic response to the recent
      seizure represented by over-use of GAD needed for synthesis of GABA after a
      prolonged kindled seizure. When the prolonged kindled seizures were discontinued
      GAD-IR recovered in the puncta. This transient effect did not occur in other
      areas such as Ammon's horn (CA3) or substantia nigra. The extent of the GAD-IR
      loss showed no correlation with the severity of the final behavioral seizure (R =
      0.23), or the final afterdischarge (AD) duration in entorhinal cortex (R = 0.17)
      or motor cortex (R = 0.53). A massed stimulation control group given 19 shorter
      duration ADs every 10 min (non-kindling) did not reduce GAD-IR. These findings
      support the hypothetical model that prolonged kindled seizures release excessive
      GABA which depletes GAD in axon terminals for 1 day after the seizure. However,
      such a transient suppression of GAD-IR provides no evidence that disinhibition
      contributes to the kindling process, because kindling proceeds normally with
      inter-seizure intervals as long as 1 week. The finding of full recovery of GAD-IR
      within 1 week does not support the model of loss of GABA inhibition to explain
      the permanency of kindled epileptogenesis.

PMID- 2917546
TI  - A comparison of the anticonvulsant effects of 1,4- and 1,5-benzodiazepines in the
      amygdala-kindled rat and their effects on motor function.
AB  - Studies suggest that the 1,5-benzodiazepine clobazam possesses a favorable
      anticonvulsant profile due to its minimal neurotoxicity. The anticonvulsant and
      motor impairment effects of clobazam and 2 1,4-benzodiazepine, diazepam and
      clonazepam, were compared by dose-response analysis in amygdala-kindled rats and
      on 3 tests of motor function: gross motor impairment, a vertical screen test, and
      muscle tone. All drugs produced a significant, dose-dependent decrease in the
      duration of both behavioral and electrographic kindled seizure measures. Forelimb
      clonus suppression was the most sensitive measure of anticonvulsant drug effect.
      The order of potency for all effects was clonazepam greater than diazepam greater
      than clobazam. ED50s for the benzodiazepines' effects on motor impairment were
      compared to their ability to protect rats from forelimb clonus. Different
      spectrums of action for the various benzodiazepines were found depending on the
      comparison measure. Clonazepam had the most favorable ratio of potency for
      anticonvulsant vs. motor impairment activity when ataxia rating was the
      comparison measure. Diazepam had the most advantageous profile when the more
      sensitive screen test was used for comparison. Clobazam was not found to have a
      superior spectrum of action when compared across these measures. The results
      emphasize the importance of dose-response analyses and the consideration of
      behavioral measures used to assess beneficial and adverse effects of
      anticonvulsants.

PMID- 2917547
TI  - Hypothesis: the classification of epileptic seizures according to systems of the
      CNS.
AB  - Several comprehensive classifications of the epilepsies and epileptic syndromes
      have been proposed and the purpose of the last one (1985) was to supplement the
      International Classification of Epileptic Seizures as accepted by the General
      Assembly of the International League Against Epilepsy in 1981. These efforts
      represent a major contribution to a difficult problem, which must be continued as
      further scientific advances permit. Categorization according to clinical seizure
      type is a logical approach, inasmuch as response to antiepileptic medication
      depends more on seizure type than on etiological or other factors. A limitation
      of this approach, however, has arisen as a result of the Commission's failure to
      relate clinical seizure types to the underlying neurophysiology that mediates
      them. This has resulted in the categorization of absence as a generalized form of
      seizure along with generalized tonic-clonic seizures (GTCS). On the other hand,
      temporal lobe seizures (including automatisms) have been categorized as a complex
      form of partial seizures, which emphasizes their focal origin. It is the belief
      of the authors that a further clarification might be achieved, if a
      differentiation of seizure types is made with respect to the underlying CNS
      circuitry which mediates the sustained discharge that determines the clinical
      manifestations of each type. Focal origins, while significant, assume a secondary
      importance, since they do not explain the sustained discharge that mediates
      clinical seizure types, except in the case of elementary partial seizures (EPS)
      that remain discretely localized. In contradistinction to GTCS that essentially
      involve the entire CNS, absence and complex partial seizures (CPS) should be
      categorized as limited forms of seizures, mediated by bilateral, regional
      systems.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2917548
TI  - Human brain phenytoin: correlation with unbound and total serum concentrations.
AB  - Simultaneous brain (gray matter) and serum specimens from 18 patients treated
      with oral phenytoin, who underwent cortical resections for intractable seizures,
      were analyzed by HPLC. The correlation between brain phenytoin concentration and
      unbound (free) phenytoin (r = 0.98-0.99) was significantly better than the
      correlation between brain phenytoin and total serum phenytoin (r = 0.90-0.93).
      Phenytoin concentrations in tissue from epileptic foci were slightly lower than
      brain phenytoin concentrations in non-epileptic regions in the same patient
      (means 15.0 vs. 15.5 micrograms/g, P less than 0.05). The results support the
      value of monitoring unbound phenytoin in clinical situations where phenytoin
      binding is highly variable.

PMID- 2917549
TI  - Hypoglycemia.

PMID- 2917550
TI  - Micronuclei formation in somatic cells of mice exposed to 50-Hz electric fields.
AB  - Male Swiss mice are tested under uniform 50-Hz electric field intensities of 100,
      170, 220, and 290 kV/m. These values on the basis of equal induced current
      density are equivalent to the case of a human exposed to field intensities of
      nearly 8, 14, 18, and 24 kV/m, respectively. The latter values may be found
      beneath or in the vicinity of extra-high-voltage power lines whose voltages range
      from 220 to 765 kV. The cytogenetic effect of extremely low-frequency (ELF)
      electric fields, as expressed by micronuclei formation, is assessed. Mice are
      exposed for 24 hr, and samples are taken 48, 72, and 96 hr from the beginning of
      exposure. Sham-exposed mice served as controls. The number of micronucleated
      polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE) in exposed animals are significantly higher than
      those of the control. The increase in micronucleated PCE was significantly dose
      dependent at all times. Samples taken 96 hr after exposure show a decrease in
      percentages of micronucleated PCE, which may be taken as an indication of
      recovery.

PMID- 2917551
TI  - Absence of cinoxacin-induced DNA fragmentation and mutations in the rat granuloma
      pouch.
AB  - The mutagenic and DNA-damaging activities of cinoxacin were evaluated in the rat
      granuloma pouch assay (GPA) in order to assess its genotoxic potential in vivo.
      High doses of this antimicrobial quinolone, either directly injected into the
      pouch or administered by gavage, did not induce mutation at the hgprt locus or
      DNA fragmentation in granuloma cells. Moreover, DNA damage was absent in the
      liver and kidney of rats given cinoxacin by the oral route.

PMID- 2917552
TI  - Chromosome aberration and sister chromatid exchange tests in Chinese hamster
      ovary cells in vitro. III. Results with 27 chemicals.
AB  - Twenty-seven chemicals previously tested in rodent carcinogenicity assays were
      tested for induction of chromosomal aberrations (ABS) and sister chromatid
      exchanges (SCE) in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells as part of a larger analysis
      of the correlation between results of in vitro genetic toxicity assays and
      carcinogenicity bioassays. Chemicals were tested up to toxic doses with and
      without exogenous metabolic activation. Seventeen of the chemicals tested were
      carcinogens; only two of these were negative for both ABS and SCE. Of the eight
      noncarcinogens tested, four were negative for both endpoints (ABS and SCE) and
      four gave a positive response for at least one endpoint. Of the remaining two
      chemicals, one, diallyl phthalate, gave an equivocal response in the bioassay and
      a positive response in these CHO cell cytogenetics tests. The other chemical, 2,4
      toluene diisocyanate, was tested for carcinogenicity as a mixture with the 2,6
      isomer; the mixture was carcinogenic, but the cytogenetic test results for the
      2,4-isomer were negative. Only six of the 27 chemicals tested produced an effect
      in one endpoint alone; the other 21 were either positive or negative for both ABS
      and SCE. Only one of the 27 chemicals tested required S9 for a positive response
      in the SCE test; two chemicals required S9 for a positive result in the ABS test.
      Experiments with unsynchronized CHO cells demonstrated that mean SCE frequency
      increased with increasing culture time, and this may have been a factor in the
      positive results obtained for five chemicals in the SCE test under conditions of
      delayed harvest.

PMID- 2917553
TI  - Factors involved in preferential transcription of the fibroin gene.
AB  - Transcription factors for class II genes from a tissue source, the posterior silk
      glands of Bombyx mori, were fractionated by stepwise elution on a
      phosphocellulose column into five fractions: A (0.04 M KCl flow through), A' (0.1
      M KCl eluate), B (0.3 M KCl eluate), C (0.5 M KCl eluate) and D (1 M KCl eluate).
      The minimal requirement for reconstruction of accurate initiation of
      transcription of the fibroin gene, as well as of the adenovirus 2 major late
      promoter, was the combination of fractions A, B and D, suggesting that
      transcription factors from B. mori can recognize general signals of the promoters
      for class II genes and that basic transcription factors are conserved even in
      distantly diverged species of eukaryotes. To detect activities stimulating the
      transcription governed by the promoter of fibroin gene, each fraction was tested
      for its function by supplementing a basal amount of HeLa cell extract. When
      circular templates were used, stimulatory activities specific for the fibroin
      gene were detected in fraction D. This preferential transcription is composed of
      at least three activities; the first and the second dependent on the upstream
      elements and the third dependent on the sequence downstream from the TATA box.
      However, when linear templates were used the preference for the fibroin gene was
      apparently lost and transcription activation by fraction D became general.

PMID- 2917554
TI  - Molecular differences between rat-liver and rat-kidney biliverdin reductase.
      Implications for their in vivo regulation.
AB  - Rat-liver biliverdin reductase exists in two molecular forms. The major form 1
      has a molecular mass of 34 kDa, while the minor form 2 has a molecular mass of 56
      kDa. Form 1 was converted into a second major form (form 3) with a molecular mass
      of 68 kDa by a NAD+-dependent peroxisomal dehydrogenase which was induced under
      conditions of oxidative stress [Frydman, R. B., Tomaro, M. L., Awruch, J. &
      Frydman, B. (1984) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 121, 249]. Molecular form 1
      from rat kidney was not affected by the dehydrogenase, and a structural
      explanation for this difference was therefore sought. Both form 1 biliverdin
      reductases, isolated from rat liver and kidney, were purified to homogeneity
      using affinity chromatography, FPLC and HPLC techniques. The homogeneous enzymes
      were found to be identical when compared by their HPLC retention times, amino
      acid compositions and electrophoretic behaviour on polyacrylamide gels under non
      denaturing conditions and on SDS/polyacrylamide gels. On HPLC analysis the
      peptides resulting from the CNBr cleavage were found to be the same for both
      enzymes, when either the native enzymes or their thioethylpyridine derivatives
      were compared. When the HPLC fingerprints of the tryptic digests were compared,
      they were found to be very similar, except for a peptide eluting at 31.60 min in
      the liver digest and at 23.60 min in the kidney digest. When the enzyme from both
      origins was alkylated with 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene-4'-iodoacetamide and then
      digested with trypsin, the HPLC fingerprints of the alkylated cysteine-carrying
      peptides were almost identical, except for a peptide with a retention time of
      19.03 min in the liver digest and of 18.19 min in the kidney digest. The liver
      reductase was not amenable to Edman degradation suggesting a block at the NH2
      terminus; in the kidney enzyme, however, it was free and an NH2-terminal sequence
      of 12 amino acids could be determined. The liver enzyme was found to be more
      sensitive toward p-hydroxymercuriphenyl sulfonate than the kidney enzyme.

PMID- 2917555
TI  - Specific antibodies reveal ordered and cell-cycle-related use of histone-H4
      acetylation sites in mammalian cells.
AB  - Antibodies specific for the acetylated forms of histone H4 (H4) were produced in
      rabbits with a synthetic peptide corresponding to the 18 N-terminal residues of
      tetra-acetylated H4 (i.e. with acetyllysine at positions 5, 8, 12 and 16).
      Specificity was determined by inhibition assays using four additional peptides,
      each acetylated at only a single site. Using an antiserum (R6) specific for the
      acetylation site at Lys-5 we have estimated the proportion of Lys-5 sites
      acetylated in the mono-, di- and tri-acetylated forms of H4 from randomly growing
      human HL-60 cells. The values obtained (7%, 29% and 61% respectively) differ from
      those expected if acetylation were random (i.e. 25%, 50% and 75%) or if site
      usage followed a set order for all H4 molecules (i.e. a jump from 0% to 100%).
      Antibodies from a second animal (R5) bound preferentially to peptides acetylated
      at Lys-12 and also bound to mono-acetylated H4 relatively weakly in several cell
      types. In contrast, mono-acetylated H4 from metaphase HeLa cells labelled more
      strongly with both antisera, indicating significant acetylation at Lys-5 and Lys
      12. We conclude that (1) the sites at Lys-5 and Lys-12 are under-used in mono
      acetylated H4 from a variety of mammalian cell types and Lys-8 and/or Lys-16 are
      therefore the first to be acetylated, (2) more than one order of site usage is
      possible and (3) there is a metaphase-specific shift in site usage. These results
      suggest that H4 acetylation plays a role in the modulation of chromatin structure
      in mammalian cells.

PMID- 2917556
TI  - Characterization of the S'-subsite specificity of porcine pancreatic elastase.
AB  - A number of maleyl peptide p-nitrobenzyl esters have been synthesized to study
      elastase-catalyzed hydrolysis reactions. These new substrates were used as acyl
      donors to investigate the S'-subsite specificity of porcine pancreatic elastase
      by partitioning of the acyl enzyme between various added nucleophiles and water.
      The following results were obtained. 1. Porcine pancreatic elastase prefers amino
      acid residues with small side chains in the P'1 position. 2. The nucleophile
      binding is improved by a positively charged P'1 side chain, whereas a negatively
      charged function results in a very low binding tendency. 3. Elongation of the
      nucleophile to the P'2 position leads to higher aminolysis rates. 4. S'
      specificity is substantially influenced by the P1 residue of the acyl enzyme.

PMID- 2917557
TI  - Implication of the alpha 1 beta 1 interface in the hemoglobin affinity changes. A
      comparative study between normal and San Diego fully ligated hemoglobins.
AB  - The alpha 1 beta 1 interface of normal and mutated San Diego hemoglobins in their
      fully liganded form was investigated, through the SH vibrational absorption of
      beta-112 cysteine, by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The center
      frequency of this thiol group was significantly shifted in San Diego hemoglobin
      compared with normal human hemoglobin. Different dimer organization between the
      two proteins was also revealed by circular dichroism of the heme. These findings
      agree well with assessment that the alpha 1 beta 1 interface, far from being
      inert, is involved in the affinity changes of the hemoglobin molecule.

PMID- 2917558
TI  - Inhibition of mammalian spermine synthase by N-alkylated-1,3-diaminopropane
      derivatives in vitro and in cultured rat hepatoma cells.
AB  - A number of N-alkylated-1,3-diaminopropane derivatives [H2N-(CH2)3-NH-(CH2)nH,
      where n = 1-9] have been tested as potential inhibitors of partially purified rat
      hepatoma (HTC) cell or pure bovine spleen spermine synthase. Among the compounds
      described in this paper, the most potent competitive inhibitor of spermine
      synthase, with respect to spermidine, is N-butyl-1,3-diaminopropane with Ki
      values of 11.9 nM and 10.4 nM for the HTC cell and bovine spleen enzymes
      respectively. Inhibition of spermine synthase by this alkylated amine is
      selective since spermidine synthase activity is not affected up to 100 microM N
      butyl-1,3-diaminopropane at a range of 5-200 microM putrescine. Added to the
      culture medium of growing HTC cells, N-butyl-1,3-diaminopropane causes the
      expected changes in the polyamine levels with a marked decrease of spermine and
      an increase of spermidine. Under these conditions cell growth continues unabated.
      Such N-alkylated-1,3-diaminopropane derivatives may have considerable potential
      as tools for studying the role of polyamines and in particular the functions of
      spermine in cell multiplication and differentiation.

PMID- 2917560
TI  - A protein from rat liver confers to glucokinase the property of being
      antagonistically regulated by fructose 6-phosphate and fructose 1-phosphate.
AB  - At a concentration of 1 mM, fructose 1-phosphate stimulated about twofold, and
      glucose 6-phosphate inhibited by about 30%, the phosphorylation of 5 mM glucose
      in high-speed supernatants prepared from rat liver or from isolated hepatocytes,
      but did not affect, or barely so, the activity of a partially purified
      preparation of glucokinase. Anion-exchange chromatography of liver extracts
      separated glucokinase from a fructose-6-phosphate-sensitive and fructose-1
      phosphate-sensitive inhibitor of that enzyme. This inhibitor could be further
      purified by chromatography on phospho-Ultrogel. It was destroyed by trypsin and
      was heat-labile. It inhibited glucokinase competitively with respect to glucose
      and its inhibitory effect was greatly reinforced by fructose 6-phosphate although
      not by glucose 6-phosphate. Fructose 1-phosphate relieved the enzyme of the
      inhibitory effect of the regulator and antagonised the effect of fructose 6
      phosphate in a competitive manner. It is concluded that the regulator plays a
      role in the physiological control of the activity of glucokinase, particularly
      with respect to the stimulatory effect of fructose in isolated hepatocytes (see
      preceding paper in this journal).

PMID- 2917561
TI  - Purification, characterization and subcellular localization of pig liver alpha-L
      iduronidase.
AB  - alpha-L-Iduronidase was purified about 100,000-fold from pig liver by employing
      column chromatography on cellulose phosphate (P11), concanavalin A-Sepharose 4B,
      heparin-Sepharose 4B, Toyopearl HW-55, Sephadex G-100 and chelating Sepharose 6B
      charged with cupric ions. The molecular mass of the purified enzyme was estimated
      to be 70 kDa by Sephadex G-100 column chromatography. The purified enzyme gave a
      single band on disc polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis without using sodium
      dodecyl sulfate. However, two separate components of 70 kDa and 62 kDa appeared
      when it was analyzed by SDS/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. These 70-kDa and
      62-kDa components were confirmed as alpha-L-iduronidase immunochemically. The
      isoelectric points of these enzymes were both 9.1 as measured by isoelectric
      focusing in a polyacrylamide gel containing ampholine and sucrose. The optimal pH
      and Km values were 3.0-3.5 and 65 microM 4-methylumbelliferyl-alpha-L-iduronide,
      respectively. The purified enzyme was stable in the pH range 3.5-6.0 under
      conditions with or without 0.5 M NaCl. However, in the presence of 0.5 M NaCl, it
      was unstable at pH 3.0. Moreover, it was conversely stabilized at pH 7.0 in the
      presence of 0.5 M NaCl. Immunohistochemically, the enzyme was found in the
      Kupffer cells and was abundant on their lysosomal membranes. In liver cells,
      however, the immunohistochemical reaction was weak.

PMID- 2917559
TI  - Stimulation of glucose phosphorylation by fructose in isolated rat hepatocytes.
AB  - The phosphorylation of glucose was measured by the formation of [3H]H2O from [2
      3H]glucose in suspensions of freshly isolated rat hepatocytes. Fructose (0.2 mM)
      stimulated 2-4-fold the rate of phosphorylation of 5 mM glucose although not of
      40 mM glucose, thus increasing the apparent affinity of the glucose
      phosphorylating system. A half-maximal stimulatory effect was observed at about
      50 microM fructose. Stimulation was maximal 5 min after addition of the ketose
      and was stable for at least 40 min, during which period 60% of the fructose was
      consumed. The effect of fructose was reversible upon removal of the ketose.
      Sorbitol and tagatose were as potent as fructose in stimulating the
      phosphorylation of 5 mM glucose. D-Glyceraldehyde also had a stimulatory effect
      but at tenfold higher concentrations. In contrast, dihydroxyacetone had no
      significant effect and glycerol inhibited the detritiation of glucose. Oleate did
      not affect the phosphorylation of glucose, even in the presence of fructose,
      although it stimulated the formation of ketone bodies severalfold, indicating
      that it was converted to its acyl-CoA derivative. These results allow the
      conclusion that fructose stimulates glucokinase in the intact hepatocyte. They
      also suggest that this effect is mediated through the formation of fructose 1
      phosphate, which presumably interacts with a competitive inhibitor of glucokinase
      other than long-chain acyl-CoAs.

PMID- 2917562
TI  - Alanine dehydrogenase from Streptomyces fradiae. Purification and properties.
AB  - Alanine dehydrogenase was purified to homogeneity from a cell-free extract of
      Streptomyces fradiae, which produces tylosin. The enzyme was purified 1180-fold
      to give a 21% yield, using a combination of hydrophobic chromatography and ion
      exchange fast protein liquid chromatography. The relative molecular mass of the
      native enzyme was determined to be 210,000 or 205,000 by equilibrium
      ultracentrifugation or gel filtration, respectively. The enzyme is composed of
      four subunits, each of Mr 51,000. Using analytical isoelectric focusing the
      isoelectric point of alanine dehydrogenase was found to be 6.1. The Km were 10.0
      mM for L-alanine and 0.18 mM for NAD+. Km values for reductive amination were
      0.23 mM for pyruvate, 11.6 mM for NH4+ and 0.05 mM for NADH. Oxidative
      deamination of L-alanine proceeds through a sequential-ordered binary-ternary
      mechanism in which NAD+ binds first to the enzyme, followed by alanine, and
      products are released in the order ammonia, pyruvate and NADH.

PMID- 2917563
TI  - Specific S-thiolation of a 30-kDa cytosolic protein from rat liver under
      oxidative stress.
AB  - Thin-gel isoelectric focusing (IEF) is a simple and sensitive method of
      quantifying S-thiolation of individual proteins (protein mixed-disulfide
      formation). IEF of rat liver cytosol identified one major protein (pI 7.0) which
      underwent S-thiolation with glutathione disulfide to produce two acidic bands
      with pIs 6.4 and 6.1. The S-thiolated forms of the protein were purified by
      preparative isoelectric focusing. An apparent molecular mass of 30 kDa was
      determined by SDS/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The 30-kDa protein amounted
      to 7 +/- 2% of the total cytosolic protein on IEF. The most abundant soluble
      protein of freshly isolated hepatocytes, with an identical isoelectric point to
      the liver 30-kDa protein, was modified in a similar manner in response to
      oxidative stress induced by model compounds. Addition of 50 microM tert-butyl
      hydroperoxide, 50 microM diamide [1,1-azobis(N,N'-dimethylformamide)] or 20
      microM menadione (2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone) initiated the S-thiolation within
      less than 2 min in the hepatocytes. These compounds, at the concentrations
      employed, did not result in cell death. Menadione produced slowly progressive S
      thiolation of the protein, while tert-butyl hydroperoxide or diamide produced
      rapid S-thiolation that decreased quickly after 2 min.

PMID- 2917564
TI  - The multiplicity of troponin T isoforms. Distribution in normal rabbit muscles
      and effects of chronic stimulation.
AB  - Polyclonal antibodies were raised in guinea pigs against troponin-T (TnT)
      isoforms purified from fast- and slow-twitch rabbit muscles. With the use of
      these antibodies and immunoblots of one- and two-dimensional electrophoreses, the
      distribution of fast and slow TnT isoforms was investigated in normal and
      chronically stimulated hindlimb muscles of the rabbit. According to differences
      in their apparent molecular masses, six fast TnT isoforms (TnTcf, TnT1f, TnT2f,
      TnT3f, TnT4f, TnT5f) were distinguished in normal tibialis anterior and extensor
      digitorum longus muscles. These muscles also contained low amounts of TnT1s and
      TnT2s which were the predominant TnT isoforms in slow-twitch soleus muscle. Fast
      and slow TnT isoforms were found to exist in several charge variants, i.e. one
      for TnTcf, three different charge forms for TnT1f, seven for TnT2f, four for
      TnT3f, three for TnT4f, one for TnT5f, four for TnT1s, and three for TnT2s. Some
      charge variants were phosphorylated isoforms because treatment with alkaline
      phosphatase reduced the number of the 19 fast and 7 slow variants to 12 and 3,
      respectively. The stimulation-induced fast-to-slow transition caused progressive
      decreases in fast and increases in slow isoforms. The decrease and the
      disappearance of the major fast isoforms followed a sequence of TnT2f, TnTcf,
      TnT4f, TnT1f, and TnT3f. This decrease in fast isoforms fits well with the
      reduction of fast TnT mRNAs assessed by Northern blot analysis. Prolonged
      stimulation ultimately created a TnT isoform pattern similar to that found in
      normal slow-twitch muscle. Stimulation also induced changes in the tropomyosin
      subunit pattern with a decrease in the fast and an increase in the slow alpha
      tropomyosin subunit without altering the alpha/beta-tropomyosin subunit ratio.
      Similar to slow-twitch soleus muscle, long-term stimulated muscles contained
      appreciable amounts of the fast alpha-tropomyosin subunit, but only traces of
      fast TnT isoforms. This combination indicated that the predominant slow TnT
      isoforms may be capable of interacting with fast tropomyosin in these muscles.

PMID- 2917565
TI  - Structural features of lipoprotein lipase. Lipase family relationships, binding
      interactions, non-equivalence of lipase cofactors, vitellogenin similarities and
      functional subdivision of lipoprotein lipase.
AB  - A structural homology between lipoprotein lipase, pancreatic lipase and hepatic
      lipase is known and indicates that all three lipases are members of a common
      protein family. Lipoprotein lipase and pancreatic lipase utilize small protein co
      factors, apolipoprotein C-II and co-lipase, respectively, but comparisons reveal
      no homology between the co-factor molecules. Hence, they do not show the same
      relationship as their target enzymes. Neither do screenings detect any extensive
      similarities between lipoprotein lipase, serine hydrolases, or apolipoproteins.
      Scannings against data bank proteins show that a 105-residue segment of
      lipoprotein lipases exhibits a 35-40% residue identity with a sub-region of
      Drosophila vitellogenins. One fifth of the conserved amino acid residues (8 of
      40) are glycine, a pattern which is typical of distantly related forms of protein
      families. This supports a true relationship between large segments of Drosophila
      vitellogenins and lipases. Physiological and functional aspects of the
      vitellogenin/lipoprotein lipase similarities are given. The region concerned is
      entirely within the N-terminal domain of lipoprotein lipase and constitutes the
      segment where the similarity to hepatic and pancreatic lipases is most
      pronounced. Within this lipase region a 10-residue putative lipid-binding site
      exists for which further similarities have been found to the otherwise not
      closely related lingual/gastric lipases, prokaryotic lipases and lecithin
      cholesterol acyltransferase. Another segment in lipoprotein lipase, where the
      heparin-binding site has been mapped, exhibits a correlation between strength of
      heparin binding and extent of basic residues among members of the lipase family.
      It further exhibits weak similarities with the 'Zn-finger' DNA-binding segment of
      steroid hormone receptors and may indicate convergence in a binding interaction.
      Thus, a functional subdivision of lipoprotein lipase into different segments can
      be distinguished.

PMID- 2917566
TI  - Sequence analysis of the lpdV gene for lipoamide dehydrogenase of branched-chain
      oxoacid dehydrogenase of Pseudomonas putida.
AB  - The production of two lipoamide dehydrogenases by Pseudomonas is so far unique.
      One, LPD-val, is the specific E3 component of the branched-chain-oxoacid
      dehydrogenase and the second, LPD-glc, is the E3 component of 2-oxoglutarate
      dehydrogenase and the L-factor of the glycine oxidation system. The objective of
      the present research was to determine the nucleotide sequence of the structural
      gene for LPD-val in order to compare its deduced amino acid structure with that
      of other redox-active disulfide flavoproteins. Northern blots using mRNA isolated
      from P. putida grown in media with branched-chain amino acids identified a
      transcript of 6.2 kb which is long enough to encode all the structural genes for
      the complex. The nucleotide sequence of the structural gene for LPD-val, lpdV,
      was determined and consists of 459 codons plus the stop codon. The open reading
      frame begins two bases after the stop codon for the E2 subunit and is composed of
      66.3% G + C. Codon usage is characteristic of moderately strongly expressed
      genes. There is a ribosome-binding site preceding the ATG start codon and a
      strong candidate for a rho-independent terminator at the 3' end of the reading
      frame. The Mr of the protein encoded is 48,164 and when the Mr of FAD is added,
      the total Mr is 48,949, which is very close to the value of 49,000 obtained by
      SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Similarity comparisons of LPD-val with
      sequences of three other lipoamide dehydrogenases showed that LPD-val was
      somewhat more distantly related. It is probable that the lipoamide dehydrogenases
      and the glutathione and mercuric reductases evolved from a common ancestral
      flavoprotein.

PMID- 2917567
TI  - The quaternary structure of the dihydrolipoyl transacetylase component of the
      pyruvate dehydrogenase complex from Azotobacter vinelandii. A reconsideration.
AB  - After limited proteolysis of the dihydrolipoyl transacetylase component (E2) of
      Azotobacter vinelandii pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC), a C-terminal domain
      was obtained which retained the transacetylase active site and the quaternary
      structure of E2 but had lost the lipoyl-containing N-terminal part of the chain
      and the binding sites for the peripheral components, pyruvate dehydrogenase and
      lipoamide dehydrogenase. The C-terminus of this domain was determined by
      treatment with carboxypeptidase Y and shown to be identical with the C-terminus
      of E2. Together with the previously determined N-terminus and the known amino
      acid sequence of E2, a molecular mass of 27.5 kDa was calculated. From the
      molecular mass of the native catalytic domain, 530 kDa, and the symmetry of the
      cubic structures observed on electron micrographs, a 24-meric structure is
      concluded instead of the 32-meric structure proposed previously. From the effect
      of guanidine hydrochloride on the light-scattering of intact E2 it was concluded
      that dissociation occurs in a two-step reaction resulting in particles with an
      average mass 1/6 that of the original mass before the N----D transition takes
      place. Cross-linking experiments with the catalytic domain indicated that the
      multimeric E2 is built from tetramers and that the tetramers are arranged as a
      dimer of dimers. A model for the quaternary structure of E2 is given, in which it
      is assumed that the tetrameric E2 core of PDC is formed from each of the six
      morphological subunits located at the lateral face of the cube. Binding of
      peripheral components to a site that interferes with the cubic assembly causes
      dissociation, resulting in the unique small PDC of A. vinelandii.

PMID- 2917568
TI  - Synthesis and characterization of 1-substituted 5-alkylphenazine derivatives
      carrying functional groups.
AB  - The following 1-substituted derivatives of 5-methylphenazine and 5-ethylphenazine
      were synthesized: 1-(3-carboxypropyloxy)-5-methylphenazine (1B), 1-(3
      carboxypropyloxy)-5-ethylphenazine (2B), 1-(3-ethoxycarbonylpropyloxy)-5
      ethylphenazine (2C) and 1-[N-(2-aminoethyl)carbamoylpropyloxy]-5-ethylphenazine
      (2D); their spectra, stability and reactivity as electron mediators were
      investigated, together with those of 5-methylphenazine (1A) and 5-ethylphenazine
      (2A). The 1-substituted derivatives are all insensitive to light and the
      derivatives of 5-ethylphenazine are more stable than those of 5-methylphenazine
      under neutral and alkaline conditions; 2B is the most stable of all the
      derivatives. The spectral properties of the decomposed compounds showed that
      photodecomposition of 1A and 2A is associated with hydroxylation at position 1,
      alkali decomposition of 1A and 1B with elimination of the 5-methyl group and
      alkali decomposition of 2A, 2B, and 2D with a ring-opening reaction. The second
      order rate constant k1 for the reaction of the phenazine derivatives with NADH
      was measured under steady-state conditions. The k1 values vary depending on the
      substituents at positions 1 and 5: the values for 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 2C and 2D are
      1.83 mM-1 s-1, 3.33 mM-1 s-1, 0.75 mM-1 s-1, 1.42 mM-1 s-1, 1.68 mM-1 s-1 and
      2.03 mM-1 s-1, respectively. The rate constants, k2 and k3, for the reactions of
      the reduced form of 2B with oxygen and with 3-(4',5'-dimethylthiazole-2-yl)-2,5
      diphenyltetrazolium ion, respectively, were k2 = 1.21 mM-1 s-1 and k3 = 91 mM-1 s
      1. These phenazine derivatives have potential applications in the biochemical
      field.

PMID- 2917569
TI  - Preparation and kinetic properties of 5-ethylphenazine-poly(ethylene glycol)-NAD+
      conjugate, a unique catalyst having an intramolecular reaction step.
AB  - 5-Ethylphenazine-poly(ethylene glycol)-NAD+ conjugate (EP+-PEG-NAD+) was prepared
      by linking 1-(3-carboxypropyloxy)-5-ethylphenazine (I) to poly(ethylene glycol)
      bound NAD+ (PEG-NAD+) and its kinetic properties were studied. As a reference
      compound, poly(ethylene glycol)-bound 5-ethylphenazine derivative (III) was also
      prepared and the effects of poly(ethylene glycol) on the reaction rate of the 5
      ethylphenazine moiety with NADH was investigated. The second-order rate constant,
      k1, of the reaction of III with NADH is 2.78 mM-1 s-1 and is about 1.7 times that
      of 1-(3-ethoxycarbonylpropyloxy)-5-ethylphenazine (II) with NADH. A similar
      effect of the attached poly(ethylene glycol) was observed for the reaction of PEG
      NADH with I or II. The second-order rate constants, k2 and k3, of the reactions
      of the reduced form of III with oxygen and with 3-(4',5'-dimethylthiazole-2-yl)
      2,5-diphenyltetrazolium ion, respectively, were k2 = 1.22 mM-1 s-1 and k3 = 32 mM
      1 s-1; the k2 value is not changed but the k3 value is decreased by the
      attachment of the polymer. EP+-PEG-NAD+ works as a unique catalyst having an
      intramolecular reaction step within its turnover cycle in a coupled multi-step
      reaction system containing malate dehydrogenase, malate, EP+-PEG-NAD+, a
      tetrazolium salt and oxygen. The first-order rate constant, k4, of the
      intramolecular reaction was 1.1 s-1. The effects of the covalent linking of the 5
      ethylphenazine and the NAD+ moieties were estimated by comparing the value of k4
      with that of k1 for the reaction of III with NADH; the effective concentration of
      the NADH moiety for the 5-ethylphenazine moiety on the same EP+-PEG-NADH molecule
      (or vice versa) was calculated to be 0.40 mM from the ratio of k4/k1. The values
      of the rate constants in the coupled multi-step reaction system enable us to
      understand the dynamic features of the system and the characteristics of EP+-PEG
      NAD+ as a catalyst are discussed.

PMID- 2917570
TI  - Molecular characterization of a Dictyostelium discoideum gene encoding a
      multifunctional enzyme of the pyrimidine pathway.
AB  - We have isolated and characterized a Dictyostelium discoideum gene (PYR1-3)
      encoding a multifunctional protein that carries the three first enzymatic
      activities of the de novo pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. The PYR1-3 gene is
      adjacent to another gene of the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway (PYR4); the two
      genes are separated by a 1.5-kb non-coding sequence and transcribed divergently.
      The PYR1-3 gene is transcribed to form a 7.5-kb polyadenylated mRNA. As with the
      other genes of the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway, the PYR1-3 mRNA level is high
      during growth and decreases sharply during development. We have determined the
      nucleotide sequence of 63% of the coding region of the PYR1-3 gene. We have
      identified the activities of the protein encoded by the D. discoideum PYR1-3 gene
      by comparison of amino acid sequences with the products of genes of known
      function. The PYR1-3 gene contains four distinct regions that probably correspond
      to four domains in the protein. From the NH2 extremity to the COOH extremity,
      these domains are: glutamine amidotransferase, carbamoylphosphate synthetase,
      dihydroorotase and aspartate transcarbamylase. This organization is identical to
      the one found in the rudimentary gene of Drosophila. The evolutionary
      implications of this finding are discussed.

PMID- 2917571
TI  - Refolding human serum albumin at relatively high protein concentration.
AB  - The conditions for refolding reduced and denatured human serum albumin (HSA) were
      investigated with a view to maximising the yield of native monomeric albumin.
      Refolding by dialysis was found to be preferable to dilution as a means of
      chaotrope (urea) and reductant (2-mercaptoethanol) removal. Dialysis of denatured
      HSA solutions containing 4-8 M urea and 14 mM 2-mercaptoethanol at pH 10.0 was
      found to be optimal for HSA refolding. The yield of monomeric HSA was maximal
      (94%) for dialysis in the presence of EDTA (1 mM) and sodium palmitate (20
      microM). Using this protocol it was possible to refold HSA at concentrations in
      excess of 5 mg.ml-1 whilst maintaining a high recovery of native monomer. These
      results represent a considerable improvement on established methods of HSA
      refolding.

PMID- 2917572
TI  - Purification, characterization and revised amino acid sequence of a second
      thioredoxin from Corynebacterium nephridii.
AB  - A second thioredoxin, distinct from the one reported by Meng and Hogenkamp in
      1981 (J. Biol. Chem. 256, 9174-9182), has been purified to homogeneity from an
      Escherichia coli strain containing a plasmid encoding a Corynebacterium nephridii
      thioredoxin. Thioredoxin genes from C. nephridii were cloned into the plasmid
      pUC13 and transformants were identified by complementation of a thioredoxin
      negative (trxA-) E. coli strain. The abilities of the transformants to support
      the growth of several phages suggested that more than one thioredoxin had been
      expressed [Lim et al. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 12114-12119]. In this paper we
      present the purification and characterization of one of these thioredoxins. The
      new thioredoxin from C. nephridii, designated thioredoxin C-2, is a heat-stable
      protein containing three cysteine residues/molecule. It serves as a substrate for
      C. nephridii thioredoxin reductase and E. coli and Lactobacillus leichmannii
      ribonucleotide reductases. Thioredoxin C-2 catalyzes the reduction of insulin
      disulfides by dithiothreitol or by NADPH and thioredoxin reductase and is a
      hydrogen donor for the methionine sulfoxide reductase of E. coli. Spinach malate
      dehydrogenase (NADP+) and phosphoribulokinase are activated by this thioredoxin
      while glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NADP+) is not. Like the
      thioredoxin first isolated from C. nephridii, this new thioredoxin is not a
      reducing substrate for the C. nephridii ribonucleotide reductase. The complete
      primary sequence of this second thioredoxin has been determined. The amino acid
      sequence shows a high degree of similarity with other thioredoxins. Surprisingly,
      in contrast to the other sequences, this new thioredoxin contains the
      tetrapeptide -Cys-Ala-Pro-Cys- at the active site. With the exception of the T4
      thioredoxin, this is the first example of a thioredoxin that does not have the
      sequence -Cys-Gly-Pro-Cys-. Our results suggest that, like plant cells, bacterial
      cells may utilize more than one thioredoxin.

PMID- 2917573
TI  - Synthesis and biological activity of N6-(N[(4-azido-3,5,6-trifluoro)-pyridin-2
      yl]-2-aminoethyl)-adenosine 5'-monophosphate, a new AMP photoactivatable
      derivative. Covalent modification of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase.
AB  - N6-(N-[(4-Azido-3,5,6-trifluoro)pyridin-2-yl]-2-aminoethyl)- adenosine 5'
      monophosphate has been synthesized and evidence presented for its structural
      assignment by ultraviolet and 19F-NMR spectroscopies. Its photolysis was shown to
      occur within 5 min. This AMP derivative behaves as a competitive inhibitor of
      NAD+ in horse-liver-alcohol-dehydrogenase-promoted oxidation of ethanol, with a
      Ki (0.95 mM) comparable to the Ki of AMP (1.9 mM). Moreover it is an activator of
      the enzyme when nicotinamide ribose is used as the oxidation cofactor. This
      activation is as good as that promoted by AMP or by the well known 8-azido-AMP.
      Upon photolysis of this new derivative in the presence of horse liver alcohol
      dehydrogenase, a covalent enzyme--analogue complex was isolated and assayed as a
      catalyst in the oxidation of ethanol using nicotinamide ribose as the cofactor.
      The reaction took place without complementation of AMP, indicating clearly that
      the AMP analogue is mainly covalently bound in the AMP-binding site, and that the
      linkage formed between the enzyme and the azido derivative has not dramatically
      altered the active site of the enzyme. A similar experiment with 8-azido-AMP
      produced a completely inactive complex.

PMID- 2917574
TI  - Carbohydrate structure of glycoprotein 65 encoded by the polycythemia-inducing
      strain of Friend spleen focus-forming virus.
AB  - The secondary envelope-gene product, glycoprotein 65 (gp65), of the polycythemia
      inducing variant of Friend spleen focus-forming virus (F-SFFVp) was isolated from
      F-SFFVp-infected normal rat kidney cells cultivated in the presence or absence (
      Glc) of glucose. Oligosaccharide side chains present were sequentially liberated
      by treatment of tryptic glycopeptides with endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase H
      and peptide N-glycosidase F and fractionated by high-performance liquid
      chromatography. The glycans were characterized by digestion with exoglycosidases,
      by chromatographic comparison with oligosaccharide standards and by methylation
      analysis. The results demonstrate that gp65 contains oligomannosidic, hybrid and
      N-acetyllactosaminic glycans. The oligomannosidic glycans represent the same
      partially glucosylated species with six to nine mannose residues present in F
      SFFVp gp52, the biosynthetic precursor of gp65 [Strube, K.-H. Schott, H.-H. and
      Geyer, R. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 3762-3771]. Oligosaccharides of the hybrid
      type were found to comprise one sialylated lactosamine unit and three or four
      alpha-linked mannose residues. Analysis of the N-acetyllactosaminic glycans
      revealed that gp65 carries fucosylated, partially sialylated bi-antennary, tri
      antennary and tetra-antennary oligosaccharides, in addition to incomplete
      species. The glycosylation of gp65(-Glc) is characterized by the presence of
      oligomannosidic glycans with five to nine mannose residues, similar hybrid-type
      species and by increased amounts of incomplete N-acetyllactosaminic
      oligosaccharides, a decrease in sialylation and the lack of tetra-antennary
      species.

PMID- 2917575
TI  - Evaluation of the metal-ion-coordinating differences between the 2'-, 3'- and 5'
      monophosphates of adenosine.
AB  - The stability constants of the 1:1 complexes formed between Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+,
      Ba2+, Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+ or Cd2+ and 2'AMP2-, 3'AMP2- or 5'AMP2- were
      determined by potentiometric pH titration in aqueous solution (I = 0.1 M, NaNO3;
      25 degrees C). The experimental conditions were carefully selected such that self
      association of the nucleotides and their complexes is negligibly small; i.e. it
      was made certain that the properties of the monomeric divalent-metal-ion--AMP
      [M(AMP)] complexes were studied. Based on recent measurements with simple
      phosphate monoesters, R-MP2- where R is a non-coordinating residue [Massoud, S.
      S. & Sigel, H. (1988) Inorg. Chem. 27, 1447-1453], it is shown that all the
      M(AMP) complexes of the alkaline earth ions, with the possible exception of
      Mg(5'AMP), have exactly the stability expected for a sole-phosphate coordination
      of the metal ion. The same property is revealed for the complexes with Mn2+,
      Co2+, Zn2+ or Cd2+ and 3'AMP2-; in case of Ni(3'AMP) and Cu(3'AMP) a slight
      stability increase just at the edge of the experimental-error limits is
      indicated. This slight stability increase is attributed to the formation of a
      macrochelate (possibly with N-3); in fact, additional information confirms
      macrochelation for Cu(3'AMP). About 45% of Cu(2'AMP) exists in aqueous solution
      as a macrochelate (probably involving N-3); the other M(2'AMP) complexes (M2+ =
      Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, Cd2+) form (if at all) only traces of a base-backbound
      species. Most pronounced is macrochelate formation with 5'AMP2-: all mentioned 3d
      ions and Zn2+ or Cd2+ form to some extent macrochelates via N-7 (the structures
      of these closed species are indicated). In case of M(5'AMP) the base-binding site
      is certain: replacement of N-7 by a CH unit (tubercidin 5'-monophosphate)
      eliminates any increased complex stability, whereas formation of the 1,N6-etheno
      bridge to form 1,N6-ethenoadenosine 5'-monophosphate results in the
      phenanthroline-like N-6,N-7 site which facilitates macrochelation significantly.

PMID- 2917576
TI  - Dynamic of the HPV infection in uterine cervix: colposcopic findings and cyto
      histological relationship.
AB  - The Author report in the large investigation in Panama people by colposcopy and
      cytohistological findings concerning the dynamic of the HPV infection in uterine
      cervix. The results confirm the absolute efficiency of the methodology in the
      early diagnosis prevention and therapy.

PMID- 2917577
TI  - Lymph nodal metastases and pathological patterns in cervical cancer: a critical
      review.
AB  - We analyzed 8 pathological factors in order to recognize which of them are
      statistically significant in worsening the stage of cervical cancer. Three
      factors (external third invasion, CLS, parametrial invasion) are highly
      significant (p less than 0.001) as regards lymphatic metastases, while no one
      statistical relation has been found among grading or histotype and cervical canal
      invasion. Comparing the 8 pathologic factors among themselves, we have observed
      that parametrium, corpus and CLS are highly related to external third (p less
      than 0.001); in the same way corpus is related to cervical canal and parametrium
      to CLS (p less than 0.001).

PMID- 2917578
TI  - Anterior spread of gynaecological neoplasias: reliability between some diagnostic
      procedures.
AB  - The Authors report their experience regarding the comparison between pre-surgical
      clinico-instrumental staging and intra-operative staging in 134 patients with
      gynaecological neoplasias, particularly considering the spread to the lower
      urinary tract. The analysis of the results shows the moderate reliability of the
      cystoscopy in routinely evaluating extension of gynaecologic malignant diseases.
      The association of cytological urinary sediment examination with cystoscopy
      improves the possibility of a better evaluation. On the contrary, vesical biopsy,
      performed on the indications of cystoscopy and urinary cytology, and standard
      excretory urography prove to be insensitive indicators in diagnosing the spread
      of gynaecological malignancies.

PMID- 2917579
TI  - Morphological changes of the ovarian surface epithelium in women with ovarian
      polycystic disease or endometrial carcinoma and a control group.
AB  - The ovarian surface epithelium and that of related inclusion cysts were studied
      in 50 women with ovarian polycystic disease and they were compared with our
      preceding observations performed on women with endometrial carcinoma (n = 50) and
      on women without any hyperplastic or neoplastic genital tract pathology (n = 50).
      In 16 women (32%) the ovarian epithelium with normal aspect was found on the
      surface of the ovary and in inclusion cysts. In the remaining 34 women (68%)
      surface papillomatosis, hyperplastic and metaplastic changes were present on the
      ovarian surface and/or in the inclusion cysts. These findings were similar to
      those observed in the group of women with endometrial adenocarcinoma, while the
      surface epithelium was often normal in the control group. Our observations
      confirm the hypothesis of a hormonal influence in the hyperplastic and
      metaplastic modifications of the ovarian epithelium and in the related common
      epithelial tumors of the ovary.

PMID- 2917580
TI  - Diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in the vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia
      (VIN) and early invasive cancer of the vulva.
AB  - The study comprised 71 women from 1st Clinic of Gynecology Medical Academy of
      Cracow from 30 to 76 years (means = 52.5) with VIN and early invasive cancer of
      the vulva. The clinical examination, colposcopy, cytology, histology of target
      biopsy and culture of microorganisms taken from the vulva were performed in all
      cases. 36 cases with VIN I, 14 cases with VIN II, 17 cases with VIN III and 4
      cases with early invasive carcinoma were found. The local anti-inflammatory
      procedure was used in all cases with VIN I, 8 cases with VIN II and 4 cases with
      VIN III. In 6 women with VIN III and in 3 with VIN II lyocal excision of unifocal
      lesions was performed. In 4 women with VIN III and 4 with the early invasive
      carcinoma simple vulvectomy was applied. After treatment with local anti
      inflammatory agents, the total regression of the lesion was observed in 92.9%
      cases with VIN I, and 75% with VIN II. In 6 women treated with cryocoagulation
      positive therapeutic effects were noted. In 1 out of 6 cases with VIN III treated
      by the local excision, the recurrence of the lesion was observed. Among 8 women,
      after simple vulvectomy, 5 cases have been observed for more than 5 years, and
      are considered cured.

PMID- 2917581
TI  - Validity of rapid estimation of erythrocyte volume in the diagnosis of
      polycytemia vera.
AB  - In the diagnosis of polycytemia vera, estimation of erythrocyte volume (EV) from
      plasma volume (PV) and venous hematocrit (Hctv) is usually thought unadvisable,
      because the ratio of whole body hematocrit to venous hematocrit (f ratio) is
      higher in patients with splenomegaly than in normal subjects, and varies
      considerably between individuals. We determined the mean f ratio in 232
      consecutive patients suspected of polycytemia vera (f = 0.967; SD 0.048) and used
      it with each patient's PV and Hctv to calculate an estimated normalised EVn. With
      measured EV as a reference value, EVn was investigated as a diagnostic test. By
      means of two cut off levels the EVn values could be divided into EVn elevated,
      EVn not elevated (both with high predictive values), and an EVn borderline group.
      The size of the borderline EVn group ranged from 5% to 46% depending on position
      of the cut off levels, i.e. with the efficiency demanded from the diagnostic
      test. EV can safely and rapidly be estimated from PV and Hctv, if f is determined
      from the relevant population, and if the results in an easily defineable
      borderline range of EVn values are supplemented by direct EV determination.

PMID- 2917582
TI  - A modified scintigraphic technique for amputation level selection in diabetics.
AB  - A modified 123I-antipyrine cutaneous washout technique for the selection of
      amputation levels is described. The modifications imply a reduction of time
      needed for the examination by simultaneous recordings on different levels, and a
      better patient acceptance by reducing inconvenience. Furthermore, both skin
      perfusion pressure (SPP) and skin blood flow (SBF) are determined from each
      clearance curve. In a prospective study among 26 diabetic patients presenting
      with ulcers or gangrene of the foot, both SPP and SBF were determined
      preoperatively on the selected level of surgery and on adjacent amputation sites.
      These 26 patients underwent 12 minor foot amputations and 17 major lower limb
      amputations. Two of these amputations failed to heal. SBF values appeared
      indicative for the degree of peripheral vascular disease, as low SBF values were
      found with low SPP values. SPP determinations revealed good predictive values:
      all surgical procedures healed when SPP greater than 20 mmHg, but 2 out of 3
      failed when SPP less than 20 mmHg. If SPP values would have been decisive, the
      amputation would have been converted to a lower level in 6 out of 17 cases. This
      modified scintigraphic technique provides accurate objective information for
      amputation level selection.

PMID- 2917583
TI  - Radioimmunoscintigraphy of ovarian cancer with 131-iodine labeled OC-125 antibody
      fragments.
AB  - Radioimmunoscintigraphy (RIS) with 131I labeled OC-125 F(ab')2 monoclonal
      antibody fragments was prospectively studied in 43 women for primary diagnosis
      and follow up of ovarian cancer. Total body planar photoscans with a
      scintillation camera were performed one to seven days after antibody application
      and results were compared with operation and or CT examination. By the region of
      interest technique the tumor to non tumor tissue ratio (T/N) was calculated in
      vivo. Sensitivity in primary diagnosis was 100% (10/10), specificity 33% (1/3).
      For local recurrency, sensitivity was 86% (19/22), for metastatic loci 80%
      (17/21). Specificity was 75% and 50%. T/N ratio was in the rage from 1.3 to 2.8.
      Sensitivity for ovarian cancer is high in primary diagnosis and follow up. By the
      region of interest technique it is possible to detect small recurrencies and to
      presume peritoneal carcinosis. Antibody accumulations in diseases different from
      ovarian cancer however diminish specificity.

PMID- 2917584
TI  - Increased theophylline clearance in asthmatic patients due to terbutaline.
AB  - The pharmacokinetic mechanism of the theophylline-terbutaline interaction has
      been studied. Sustained release theophylline 200-400 mg b.d. was given with
      placebo or terbutaline 2.5 mg t.d.s. to six adult asthmatic patients. Terbutaline
      decreased the serum trough theophylline levels from 8.1 to 7.3 micrograms/ml,
      improved daily the clinical score from 1.51 to 1.26 and increased the peak
      expiratory flow rate from 316 to 370 l/min. In a single dose study following the
      chronic therapy, it was shown that there was no change in the peak theophylline
      concentration or in the timing of the peak, but the t1/2 was reduced from 9.0 to
      7.5 h, and the systemic clearance was increased from 20.2 to 24.8 ml.h-1.kg-1.
      Thus, terbutaline reduced the serum theophylline concentration by increasing its
      systemic clearance.

PMID- 2917585
TI  - The relationship between theophylline clearance and age in adult life.
AB  - Fifty three subjects (31 normal volunteers and 22 patients with asthma) between
      the ages of 20 and 87 years had their theophylline clearance measured. Volume of
      distribution (V) and terminal elimination half-life (t1/2) were also calculated
      in the volunteers who received i.v. theophylline. Although patients tended to
      have higher clearance values than volunteers, in both groups the oldest third had
      the lowest clearances. For the combined group (corrected for the patient effect)
      the oldest third (mean age 70 years) had a mean clearance of 0.53 versus 0.72 for
      the middle third (mean age 47 years) and 0.73 ml/min/kg CBW for the youngest
      third (mean age 26 years). There was no statistically significant age related
      change in V/kg CBW but t1/2 did rise with increasing age. Thus, although
      clearance does not fall with increasing age during younger adult life, there is a
      fall during late adult life becoming apparent in the seventh, eighth and ninth
      decades.

PMID- 2917587
TI  - The effects of alcohol on psychological functions in normal volunteers after 8
      days' treatment with pipequaline (PK 8165), diazepam or placebo.
AB  - The effects of daily administration for 8 days of 50 mg pipequaline, 10 mg
      diazepam and placebo were assessed in a double-blind cross-over study with 12
      healthy volunteers. This study also tested for an interaction between the drugs
      and alcohol on the eighth day. Subjective ratings, psychomotor and memory
      performance were evaluated. Diazepam produced the typical pattern of changes,
      namely impairments in psychomotor performance and reductions in the retention of
      newly memorised information. In contrast, the effects of pipequaline were
      relatively minor. In general, neither drug potentiated the effects of alcohol on
      performance, only isolated instances of non-additive interactions occurring.
      Subjective reports revealed that whereas both active drugs increased feelings of
      calmness, this result was accomplished by pipequaline with considerably less
      drowsiness, no euphoria and a general absence of the adverse side effects of
      diazepam.

PMID- 2917586
TI  - Urinary excretion of 6 beta-hydroxycortisol and the time course measurement of
      enzyme induction in man.
AB  - The effect of enzyme induction by antipyrine, phenobarbitone and rifampicin on
      the time-course of urinary 6 beta-hydroxycortisol (6 beta-OHC) excretion was
      investigated in healthy volunteers. The drugs were given chronically for either
      seven or 14 days. Significant increases in 6 beta-OHC excretion were observed
      after 4 days administration of antipyrine (1.2 g), 13 days administration of
      phenobarbitone (100 mg), and only 2 days administration of rifampicin (0.6 or 1.2
      g). During 14 days rifampicin administration (1.2 g) 6 beta-OHC excretion, for
      individual subjects, reached a maximum on Days 11-14 when excretion was
      significantly greater than on day 7. On stopping rifampicin, in a 7-day study,
      excretion decreased over the next six days, but still remained significantly
      elevated compared to the original control values. These studies show that
      measurement of urinary 6 beta-hydroxycortisol provides a simple non-invasive
      method with which to monitor the time-course of enzyme induction by drugs in man.
      However, the method cannot be used to predict clinically important drug
      interactions until the cytochrome P-450 enzyme responsible for cortisol 6 beta
      hydroxylation has been fully characterized.

PMID- 2917588
TI  - Exercise haemodynamic effects of beta-blockade and intrinsic sympathomimetic
      activity.
AB  - Beta-adrenergic blockade with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (ISA) causes
      less depression of resting and submaximal heart rate (HR) than non-ISA beta
      blockers. The effects of these drugs on exercise haemodynamics have not been well
      studied. We evaluated effects of pindolol, propranolol and placebo during rest
      and steady-state exercise on cardiac output, oxygen consumption, calf blood flow,
      HR and blood pressure in 18 healthy subjects. Pindolol 5 mg and propranolol 80 mg
      given twice daily, reduced maximal exercise HR by 50 and 52 beats.min-1
      respectively, confirming similarity of beta 1-blockade. Resting cardiac output
      was unchanged in all three groups after one week of therapy. Cardiac output,
      measured during steady-state exercise decreased in the propranolol group (18.3 vs
      15.6 l.min-1) with no significant changes in pindolol (15.7 vs 16.01.min-1) or
      placebo (18.6 vs 17.3 l.min-1). The rise in cardiac output, from rest to
      exercise, was similarly attenuated by propranolol but not by pindolol or placebo.
      Exercise stroke volume increased 12% on pindolol (123-140 cc) and decreased 7% on
      propranolol (143-133 cc). Neither drug had a detrimental effect on exercise calf
      blood flow compared to placebo. Thus, unlike propranolol, pindolol with ISA,
      maintains a normal cardiac output during submaximal exercise.

PMID- 2917589
TI  - 5-Methoxypsoralen increases the sensitivity of the retina to light in humans.
AB  - The acute effect of 5-methoxypsoralen (5-MOP) on the sensitivity of the retina to
      visible light in humans has been studied in 11 healthy volunteers 2 h after
      administration of 5-MOP or placebo given at 09.00 h. Retinal sensitivity was
      evaluated by electroretinography at 11.00 h. 5-MOP significantly increased the
      sensitivity of the retina to light under photopic conditions and in the early
      stages of the dark adaptation period, as observed under scotopic conditions. The
      findings suggest that melatonin is involved in these changes.

PMID- 2917590
TI  - Intensive monitoring of adverse drug reactions in infants and preschool children.
AB  - Intensive monitoring of adverse drug reactions (ADR) in infants and preschool
      children in the paediatric outpatient unit covering the town of Karlovac (150,000
      inhabitants) was performed over a period of three months. Data were obtained by
      physical examination of children and the history given by their parents. In all
      2359 children were examined. ADR were recorded in 63 children and were reported
      to the National ADR monitoring centre in Zagreb. Using the algorithm of
      Hutchinson et al. (1979), all ADR were classified as "definite", "probable",
      "possible" and "unlikely". Drugs were prescribed in 97.3% of children, 60.24%
      received an antimicrobial agent (43% of them on the basis of a sensitivity test),
      and an antipyretic was given to 1878 children, mostly paracetamol. ADR were most
      frequently caused by antibiotics (49 reactions to penicillin V, and 15 to
      amoxycillin) and secretolytics (7 reactions). ADR were followed by complete
      recovery and not a single child was hospitalized because of an ADR. The results,
      when compared with the very small number of broadly comparable studies, indicate
      that the incidence of ADR in this population is rather small and of minor
      importance.

PMID- 2917591
TI  - Effect of diltiazem on the pharmacokinetics of propranolol, metoprolol and
      atenolol.
AB  - The pharmacokinetic interaction between diltiazem and three beta-adrenoceptor
      blockers propranolol, metoprolol and atenolol was investigated in healthy
      volunteers given diltiazem 30 mg or placebo t.d.s. for 3 days, followed by a
      single dose of propranolol 20 mg, metoprolol 40 mg or atenolol 50 mg. The AUCs of
      propranolol and metoprolol were significantly increased after diltiazem and it
      significantly prolonged the elimination half-life of metoprolol. In contrast, it
      did not significantly affect the pharmacokinetics of atenolol. Propranolol
      significantly decreased the resting pulse rate after diltiazem pretreatment as
      compared to placebo. The results indicate that diltiazem impaired the clearance
      of propranolol and metoprolol, which are principally metabolized by an oxidative
      pathway, and that the kinetic interaction between diltiazem and propranolol may
      partly be related to the significant reduction in the pulse rate produced by the
      latter.

PMID- 2917592
TI  - Steady-state intravenous pharmacokinetics of pirenzepine in patients with hepatic
      insufficiency and combined renal- and hepatic insufficiency.
AB  - The steady-state intravenous pharmacokinetics of pirenzepine has been
      investigated in patients with chronic liver disease and others with combined
      chronic liver disease and renal insufficiency. The plasma clearance (CL) of
      Pirenzepine, steady-state plasma concentration Cmin(ss) and dominant half life
      t1/2 gamma were not significantly altered in the chronic liver disease group. In
      patients with renal and hepatic insufficiency, CL was reduced, t1/2 gamma was
      prolonged from 11.1 to 19.4 h and Cmin(ss) was elevated from 36 ng/ml to 66 ng/ml
      compared to healthy controls. Plasma concentrations remained in the therapeutic
      range and the dosage regimen was well tolerated. Adjustment of the dose of
      pirenzepine need be considered only in cases of severe impairment of both renal
      and hepatic elimination.

PMID- 2917593
TI  - Steady-state intravenous pharmacokinetics of pirenzepine in patients with
      differing degrees of renal dysfunction.
AB  - The steady-state intravenous pharmacokinetics of pirenzepine has been
      investigated in 57 subjects whose renal function ranged from normal to chronic
      failure requiring regular haemodialysis. Pirenzepine renal clearance, total
      clearance and terminal (dominant) half-life were found to be correlated with the
      creatinine clearance (CLCR), but this was not the case for the volume of
      distribution and the nonrenal clearance. The therapeutic regimen was well
      tolerated by all subjects. Haemodialysis did not significantly contribute to the
      elimination of pirenzepine. Dosage adjustment need only be considered in patients
      with CLCR less than 25 ml/min in order to reduce the frequency of minor side
      effects.

PMID- 2917594
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of cefonicid in children.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of cefonicid was studied in 17 children requiring antibiotic
      treatment for respiratory or urinary tract infections. After informed consent had
      been obtained from the parents, a single dose of cefonicid 50 mg/kg/body weight
      was given by intramuscular injection. The mean peak serum concentration of 212.63
      micrograms/ml was reached at 1.00 h, as absorption occurred at a very fast rate
      with a mean constant of 3.24 h-1. Mean values for half-life, apparent volume of
      distribution (Vz), total body clearance (CL), and renal clearance (CLR) were 3.24
      h, 0.21 l.kg-1, 16.67 ml.min-1 and 13.60 ml.min-1 respectively. There was an
      inverse relationship between age and Vz, whereas CL and CLR were positively
      correlated with age. Cefonicid concentrations in urine were many times higher
      than the MICs of susceptible strains of bacteria. The study demonstrated that
      i.m. cefonicid 50 mg.kg-1 gave serum concentrations well within the therapeutic
      range for susceptible bacteria, and that its pharmacokinetic properties allow
      single daily doses to be used to treat infections in children.

PMID- 2917595
TI  - Effect of carteolol on renal function in healthy subjects and patients with
      hypertension.
AB  - The effect of short- and long-term administration of carteolol on renal function
      has been examined in healthy subjects and in hypertensive patients with or
      without renal failure. In healthy subjects neither a single dose of 10 mg
      carteolol nor continuous administration of 20 mg/day for 7 days had any effect on
      creatinine clearance and renal blood flow. In all subjects the clearance rate of
      carteolol was about 400 ml/min and its fractional excretion of carteolol exceeded
      300%, suggesting that the drug is secreted actively from renal tubules. Twenty
      three hypertensive patients with or without renal dysfunction were given
      carteolol 10 to 20 mg/day for more than 50 weeks in addition to their standard
      antihypertensive regimens, which were left changed. Laboratory results were
      compared with the mean values of 50 weeks before and after the addition of
      carteolol, and none, including plasma creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and
      electrolytes, were significantly changed. Neither the estimated glomerular
      filtration rate nor the effect of the drug on blood pressure changed
      significantly during this prolonged treatment. It is concluded that carteolol had
      no effect on renal function in healthy subjects and in hypertensive patients with
      or without renal failure.

PMID- 2917596
TI  - 5-Methoxypsoralen increases evening sleepiness in humans: possible involvement of
      the melatonin secretion.
AB  - The acute and short-term effect of 5-methoxypsoralen (5-MOP) on daytime
      sleepiness was investigated in 12 healthy subjects according to a double-blind
      cross-over design. 5-MOP (40 mg/day) or placebo was orally administered (one week
      each) at 16.00 h. 5-MOP significantly increases daytime sleepiness 4 to 5 h after
      administration without affecting the subsequent sleep efficiency and duration. We
      found a positive correlation between sleepiness and melatonin levels. Our
      findings suggest that the melatonin secretion may play a role in the effect of 5
      MOP on sleepiness in humans.

PMID- 2917597
TI  - Kinetic and dynamic interactions of oral viqualine and ethanol in man.
AB  - We have studied the interaction of viqualine, a 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) uptake
      inhibitor, with ethanol in 16 healthy men aged 20 to 34 years. The subjects were
      randomly assigned to receive ethanol dosed to maintain blood alcohol
      concentrations of 17-22 mmol.l-1 (n = 8) or orange juice (n = 8) on each of two
      test days one week apart and preceded, in random order, by 3 days of viqualine 75
      mg bd or placebo. Ethanol had no effect on steady-state viqualine concentrations
      or the inhibition of 5-HT uptake. Viqualine did not affect acetaldehyde
      concentrations or cause an aversive alcohol-sensitizing reaction. The deleterious
      effects of ethanol on word recall, manual tracking, body sway, and self-ratings
      of intoxication, sedation, and performance were not modified by the presence of
      viqualine. Within each beverage group performances and self-ratings on viqualine
      and placebo days were not different. The first dose of viqualine was associated
      with transient nausea. Viqualine and ethanol do not interact kinetically or
      dynamically on the variables examined in this study.

PMID- 2917598
TI  - Effect of cell substratum on lateral mobility of lipids in the plasma membrane of
      vascular endothelial cells.
AB  - Bovine vascular endothelial cells can be maintained in a highly differentiated
      state in vitro, either by the addition of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) to the
      culture medium or by plating the cells on extracellular matrix (ECM)-coated
      dishes. Under these conditions the cells proliferate actively and at confluence
      form a tightly packed monolayer composed of nonoverlapping polarized cells. A
      fluorescence recovery after photobleaching method was used to determine the
      lateral mobility coefficient D of the lipophilic fluorescent probe, 5N
      (hexadecanoyl)-aminofluorescein (HEDAF), in the basal and apical plasma membranes
      of endothelial cells under various culture conditions (cells on glass coverslips
      in the presence or absence of FGF, or cells plated on ECM in the exponential
      growth phase or at confluence). A heterogeneous distribution of lateral diffusion
      coefficients D was found in a given cell population. Nevertheless, for the basal
      membrane, a "mean" D value close to 2.0 x 10(-9) cm2/s was found for all the
      culture conditions. The "mean" D value of HEDAF in the apical pole was slightly
      higher when sparse cells were exposed to FGF (D = 2.2 x 10(-9) cm2/s) and was
      further enhanced when cells were growing or confluent on ECM-coated coverslips (D
      = 2.7 x 10(-9) cm2/s). On the other hand, when the cells were maintained in the
      absence of FGF on glass coverslips, similar "mean" D values were found in both
      cell poles (D = 2.0 x 10(-9) cm2/s). These results show that lateral mobility of
      lipids in endothelial plasmalemma varies in response to external factors such as
      FGF and the ECM.

PMID- 2917599
TI  - Double in situ hybridization in combination with digital image analysis: a new
      approach to study interphase chromosome topography.
AB  - Double in situ hybridization with mercurated and biotinylated chromosome specific
      DNA probes in combination with digital image analysis provides a new approach to
      compare the distribution of homologous and nonhomologous chromosome targets
      within individual interphase nuclei. Here we have used two DNA probes
      representing tandemly repeated sequences specific for the constitutive
      heterochromatin of the human chromosomes 1 and 15, respectively, and studied the
      relative arrangements of these chromosome targets in interphase nuclei of human
      lymphocytes, amniotic fluid cells, and fibroblasts, cultivated in vitro. We have
      developed a 2D-image analysis approach which allows the rapid evaluation of large
      numbers of interphase nuclei. Models to test for a random versus nonrandom
      distribution of chromosome segments are discussed taking into account the three
      dimensional origin of the evaluated 2D-distribution. In all three human diploid
      cell types the measurements of target-target and target-center distances in the
      2D-nuclear image revealed that the labeled segments of the two chromosomes 15
      were distributed both significantly closer to each other and closer to the center
      of the nuclear image than the labeled chromosome 1 segments. This result can be
      explained by the association of nucleolus organizer regions on the short arm of
      chromosome 15 with nucleoli located more centrally in these nuclei and does not
      provide evidence for a homologous association per se. In contrast, evaluation of
      the interphase positioning of the two chromosome 1 segments fits the random
      expectation in amniotic fluid and fibroblast cells, while in experiments using
      lymphocytes a slight excess of larger distances between these homologous targets
      was occasionally observed. 2D-distances between the labeled chromosome 1 and 15
      segments showed a large variability in their relative positioning. In conclusion
      our data do not support the idea of a strict and permanent association of these
      homologous and nonhomologous targets in the cell types studied so far.

PMID- 2917600
TI  - Difference in the expression level of DNA polymerase beta among mouse tissues:
      high expression in the pachytene spermatocyte.
AB  - The expression level of DNA polymerase beta was determined in various mouse
      tissues. Northern blot hybridization analysis using rat cDNA as a probe revealed
      that the mRNA of about 1.5 kb for this enzyme is present in all kinds of tissues
      examined, but its content widely varies among tissues; the most abundant DNA
      polymerase beta mRNA was present in the testis, which was followed by brain,
      thymus, and spleen. The mRNA content was low in heart, kidney, and liver. In
      testis and brain, two minor species of transcripts of 3.3 and 6.2 kb were
      detected in addition to that of 1.5 kb. DNA polymerase beta activities in these
      tissues were closely correlated with the mRNA content, indicating that the
      expression of this enzyme is mainly regulated by the level of the mRNA. A survey
      of DNA polymerase beta mRNA levels in the testes at successive postnatal
      developmental stages and in isolated spermatogenic cells indicated that DNA
      polymerase beta mRNA was most abundant in spermatocytes at early pachytene. Since
      meiotic recombination occurs in this period, DNA polymerase beta may be involved
      in the repair-type DNA synthesis associated with the recombination process.

PMID- 2917601
TI  - Alphoid satellite DNA is tightly associated with centromere antigens in human
      chromosomes throughout the cell cycle.
AB  - In this study, we have examined a DNA element specific to the centromere domain
      of human chromosomes. Purified HeLa chromosomes were digested with the
      restriction enzyme Sau3AI and fractionated by sedimentation through a sucrose
      gradient. Fractions showing antigenecity to anticentromere (kinetochore) serum
      obtained from a scleroderma CREST patient were used to construct a DNA library.
      From this library we found one clone which has specifically hybridized to the
      centromere domain of metaphase chromosomes using a biotinylated probe DNA and
      FITC-conjugated avidin. The clone contained a stretch of alphoid DNA dimer. To
      determine precisely the relative location of the alphoid DNA stretch and the
      centromere antigen, a method was developed to carry out in situ hybridization of
      DNA and indirect immunofluorescent staining of antigen on the same cell
      preparation. Using this method, we have found perfect overlapping of the alphoid
      DNA sites with the centromere antigen sites in both metaphase chromosomes and
      nuclei at various stages in the cell cycle. We have also observed this exact
      correlation at the attachment sites of artificially extended sister chromatids.
      These results suggest the possibility that alphoid DNA repeats are a key
      component of kinetochore structure.

PMID- 2917602
TI  - The effect of aging and dietary restriction on DNA repair.
AB  - DNA repair was studied as a function of age in cells isolated from both the liver
      and the kidney of male Fischer F344 rats. DNA repair was measured by quantifying
      unscheduled DNA synthesis induced by UV irradiation. Unscheduled DNA synthesis
      decreased approximately 50% between the ages of 5 and 30 months in both
      hepatocytes and kidney cells. The age-related decline in unscheduled DNA
      synthesis in cells isolated from the liver and kidney was compared in rats fed ad
      libitum and rats fed a calorie-restricted diet; calorie restriction has been
      shown to increase the survival of rodents. The level of unscheduled DNA synthesis
      was significantly higher in hepatocytes and kidney cells isolated from the rats
      fed the restricted diet. Thus, calorie restriction appears to retard the age
      related decline in DNA repair.

PMID- 2917603
TI  - Correlation of development stage and gap junction formation between chick embryo
      neurons and cloned skeletal muscle myoblasts.
AB  - The frequency of gap junction formation between neurons and myoblasts of chick
      embryo leg skeletal muscle changes as a function of the developmental stage of
      the muscle. Cells from leg muscle of various ages and states of innervation were
      first cloned in vitro and then co-cultured with ciliary ganglion, spinal cord, or
      dorsal root ganglion neurons. The presence of gap junctions between cells was
      identified by the passage of fluorescent dyes or electric currents from one cell
      to another. The clones examined were fusing muscle clones (myoblasts) as well as
      nonfusing clones. Mononuclear cells of either kind of clone derived from legs
      younger than stage 24 (E4) dye-couple with other clone cells but do not dye
      couple with neurons. Myoblasts of fusing muscle clones derived from stage 24
      through stage 29 (E5) legs dye-couple with neurons at high frequency; nonfusing
      clones from these same embryos do not contain cells that dye-couple with neurons.
      Mononuclear cells of both fusing and nonfusing clones from normally innervated
      stage 30 (E6) through 38 (E12) legs do not dye-couple with neurons at significant
      frequencies. Additionally, aneural legs of denervated E10-E12 embryos yield
      muscle clones in which the myoblasts again dye-couple with neurons at high
      frequency. The ability to form communicating junctions between muscle cells and
      neurons in culture is restricted to myoblasts cloned from legs of those stages of
      development and conditions of innervation that define and limit neuron-dependent
      alteration of myoblast populations in vivo.

PMID- 2917604
TI  - Phorbol ester-induced activation of protein kinase C leads to increased formation
      of diacylglycerol in human neutrophils.
AB  - Human neutrophils stimulated with a phorbol ester (phorbol 12-myristrate 13
      acetate or phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate) responded with an increase in
      diacylglycerol, considered the natural activator of protein kinase C. The amounts
      of diacylglycerol formed were considerable, reaching 700-900% of basal after 20
      min. In contrast, 4-alpha-phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate did not induce any
      detectable formation of diacylglycerol. Simultaneously, phorbol 12-myristate 13
      acetate exposure caused increased breakdown of both phosphatidylcholine and
      phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate. These results suggest that once activated,
      protein kinase C can positively modulate its own activity by inducing additional
      formation of diacylglycerol from at least two different sources.

PMID- 2917605
TI  - Morphologic and phenotypic changes of human neuroblastoma cells in culture
      induced by cytosine arabinoside.
AB  - The effects of cytosine-arabinoside (ARA-C) on the growth and phenotypic
      expression of a new human neuroblastoma (NB) cell line (GI-ME-N) have been
      extensively tested. Low doses of ARA-C allowing more than 90% cell viability
      induce morphological differentiation and growth inhibition. Differentiated cells
      were larger and flattened with elongated dendritic processes; such cells appeared
      within 48 h after a dose of ARA-C as low as 0.1 micrograms/ml (about 1000-fold
      lower than the conventional clinic dose). The new morphological aspect reached
      the maximum expression after 5-6 days of culture being independent from the
      addition of extra drug to the culture. A decrease in [3H]thymidine incorporation
      was also observed within 24 h and the cell growth was completely inhibited on the
      sixth day. Moreover, ARA-C strongly inhibited anchorage-independent growth in
      soft agar assay. Membrane immunofluorescence showed several dramatic changes in
      NB-specific antigen expression after 5 days of treatment with ARA-C. At the same
      time ARA-C also modulated cytoskeletal proteins and slightly increased
      catecholamine expression. These findings suggest that noncytotoxic doses of ARA-C
      do promote the differentiation of GI-ME-N neuroblastoma cells associated with
      reduced expression of the malignant phenotype.

PMID- 2917606
TI  - Three-dimensional organization of micronuclei induced by colchicine in PtK1
      cells.
AB  - In PtK1 cells micronucleated by colchicine, we previously demonstrated that some
      micronuclei contain a single chromosome. Here, we investigated interphase
      chromosome organization in micronucleated PtK1 cells using conventional electron
      microscopy and three-dimensional computer reconstruction. The distribution of
      micronuclei was not always polarized, but in some cells they formed a ring. When
      this occurred, centrioles and Golgi apparatus were located inside the ring. On
      freeze-fracture replicas, we observed that nuclear pore distribution among the
      micronuclei was heterogeneous, and on thin sections some micronuclei displayed an
      incomplete nuclear envelope, with gaps in the double membrane and areas without
      lamina or condensed chromatin. By autoradiography, we showed that the fibrillar
      dots were not sites of active transcription. We applied three-dimensional
      reconstruction to one micronucleated cell containing 22 micronuclei whose size
      indicated that each micronucleus probably contained one chromosome. In this cell
      we demonstrated that only the smallest micronuclei had an incomplete nuclear
      envelope. The presence in micronuclei of either nucleoli or fibrillar dots was
      found to be mutually exclusive. These dots might constitute stores of nucleolar
      proteins which migrate into micronuclei possessing no ribosomal genes. In NOR
      bearing micronuclei, the structural organization was similar to that of diploid
      nuclei: the nucleoli were attached to the nuclear membrane and a nucleolar canal
      was seen, even in single-chromosome spherical micronuclei. Taken together, these
      findings indicate that in the diploid nuclei of PtK1 cells, the three-dimensional
      organization of the nucleolar domain seems to be directly controlled by the X
      chromosome.

PMID- 2917607
TI  - Regulation of thymidylate synthase gene expression in mouse fibroblasts
      synchronized by mitotic selection.
AB  - Previous studies have shown that thymidylate synthase gene expression is
      regulated over a wide range in response to growth stimulation in cultured mouse
      fibroblasts. In the present study we show that the gene is also regulated during
      the cell cycle in continuously growing cells. Our analyses were conducted with a
      fluorodeoxyuridine-resistant mouse 3T6 cell line that overproduces thymidylate
      synthase and its mRNA by a factor of 50 due to gene amplification. Cells were
      synchronized by mitotic selection. RNA blot analyses showed that the amount of
      thymidylate synthase mRNA increased 5- to 10-fold as cells progressed from G1
      through the middle of S phase. S1 nuclease protection assays showed that the
      pattern of 5' termini of thymidylate synthase mRNA was the same in G1 and S
      phase. Despite the large increase in thymidylate synthase mRNA content, the level
      of the enzyme increased only by a factor of 2 as cells progressed from G1 to mid
      S phase. This apparent discrepancy can be explained by the fact that the enzyme
      is highly stable.

PMID- 2917608
TI  - Protein kinase C mediates the hormonally regulated plasma membrane fusion of
      avian embryonic skeletal muscle.
AB  - Recent findings have demonstrated that prostanoid-generated calcium fluxes can
      trigger myoblast fusion and suggest inositol phospholipid turnover as part of the
      fusion mechanism. Here we demonstrate that a block imposed on myoblast fusion by
      antagonists of prostanoid biosynthesis can be overcome by either the membrane
      permeable diacylglycerol, 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol (OAG), or 12-O
      tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA). Both phorbol and the membrane-impermeable
      dioleoylglycerol were ineffective. These results implicate protein kinase C
      activation in prostaglandin E1-mediated myoblast fusion and add weight to the
      contention that inositol turnover is involved in the regulation of myoblast
      fusion.

PMID- 2917609
TI  - Dominance and independent segregation of metabolic cooperation-competence and
      pluripotency in an embryonal carcinoma cell hybrid.
AB  - We report the isolation of a fusion hybrid, PR3, from a pluripotent embryonal
      carcinoma (EC) cell line, PSA4, which is metabolic cooperation-competent, and an
      EC line R5/3OA which has a reduced capacity for metabolic cooperation and a
      restricted developmental capacity. PR3 resembles its pluripotent parent PSA4 in
      its capacity for gap-junction-mediated transfer of uridine nucleotides and in its
      pluripotency both in embryoid bodies in vitro and in tumors in vivo. This enabled
      the relationship between pluripotency and metabolic cooperation to be examined by
      the selection of segregant lines. Cooperation-deficient lines were isolated from
      a thioguanine-resistant intermediate line (PR3Tg12) using "Kiss of Death"
      selection. A novel method was devised for the selection of differentiation
      deficient segregants using feeder cell-conditioned medium which partially
      inhibits in vitro differentiation. It was found that communication-competence and
      in vitro pluripotency segregated independently, demonstrating that the loss of
      developmental capacity in R5/3OA cannot be attributed to its communication
      deficiency.

PMID- 2917610
TI  - Cell-surface location and molecular properties of cell-CAM 105 in intestinal
      epithelial cells.
AB  - Cell-CAM 105 is involved in intercellular adhesion of isolated rat hepatocytes in
      vitro. In addition to liver, cell-CAM 105 occurs in several different epithelia,
      in platelets, and in granulocytes. In this paper we present a detailed analysis
      of cell-CAM 105 in the small intestinal mucosa. Isolated rat intestinal
      epithelial cells and brush-borders were investigated by indirect
      immunofluorescence. A strong fluorescence occurred in the brush-border region and
      a much weaker staining was seen in the lateral cell surfaces. The brush-border
      staining was heterogeneous and concentrated to the periphery where brush-border
      microvilli from adjacent cells are in contact with each other. It is suggested
      that cell-CAM 105 might mediate binding between the outer surfaces of neighboring
      microvilli. Immunoblotting and electrophoretic analyses of the biochemical
      properties of intestinal cell-CAM 105 demonstrated significant differences
      compared with cell-CAM 105 isolated from liver. Intestinal cell-CAM 105 was
      smaller than liver cell-CAM 105 under reducing conditions, whereas it was larger
      than liver cell-CAM 105 under non-reducing conditions. Chemical reduction
      decreased the size of intestinal cell-CAM 105, but increased the size of liver
      cell-CAM 105. Our interpretation of these data is that intestinal cell-CAM 105
      occurs as a part of a macromolecular complex. This interpretation was supported
      by electrophoretic analyses of intestinal cell-CAM 105 isolated by immunoaffinity
      chromatography on anti-cell-CAM antibodies. In addition to cell-CAM 105, this
      material contained several other proteins of lower molecular weight than cell-CAM
      105. These data suggest that intestinal cell-CAM 105 participates in cell-surface
      interactions that may regulate the structure and function of the apical brush
      border regions of the intestinal epithelial cells.

PMID- 2917611
TI  - Binding, internalization, and degradation of basic fibroblast growth factor in
      human microvascular endothelial cells.
AB  - The binding, internalization, and degradation of basic fibroblast growth factor
      (bFGF) in human omental microvascular endothelial cells (HOME cells) were
      investigated. Binding studies of bFGF in human endothelial cells have not yet
      been reported. Basic FGF bound to HOME cells (KD of 42.0 +/- 3.8 pM and 70,526 +/
      6121 binding sites/cell for the high-affinity sites, KD of 0.933 +/- 0.27 nM and
      630,252 +/- 172,459 sites/cell for low-affinity binding sites). The number of low
      affinity binding sites was found to be variable. Washing the cells with 2 M
      phosphate-buffered saline removed completely 125I-bFGF bound to low-affinity
      binding sites but decreased also the high-affinity binding. The majority of the
      surface-bound 125I-bFGF was removed by washing the cells with acetic acid buffer
      at pH 3. At 37 degrees C, 30% of the cell-associated 125I-bFGF became resistant
      to the acidic wash after 90 min, suggesting that this fraction of bound 125I-bFGF
      was internalized. At this temperature, degradation of the internalized ligand was
      followed after 1 h by the appearance of three major bands of 15,000, 10,000, and
      8,000 Da and was inhibited by chloroquine. These results demonstrated two classes
      of binding sites for bFGF in HOME cells; the number of high-affinity binding
      sites being larger than the number reported for bovine capillary endothelial
      cells. The intracellular processing of bFGF in HOME cells seems to be different
      from that of heparin binding growth factor-1 in murine lung capillary endothelial
      cells and of eye-derived growth factor-1 in Chinese hamster fibroblasts.

PMID- 2917612
TI  - Ultrastructural changes in nucleoli and fibrillar centers under the effect of
      local ultraviolet microbeam irradiation of interphase culture cells.
AB  - As shown previously, ultraviolet (uv) microbeam irradiation of one of the two
      mature nucleoli within an interphase cell nucleus causes significant diminution
      and inactivation of the irradiated nucleolus and compensatory growth and
      activation of the nonirradiated one. In the present work we describe the results
      of an ultrastructural study of this phenomenon. The changes in the nucleoli were
      examined by means of complete series of ultrathin sections obtained from seven
      irradiated pig kidney cells. The compensatory hypertrophy of the nonirradiated
      nucleoli is shown to be accompanied by a nearly twofold increase in the number of
      fibrillar centers (FCs) and by a decrease in their linear dimensions compared
      with the control cells of the same ploidy. In the degraded nucleoli the number of
      FCs decreases, but their dimensions increase. Ultraviolet microbeam irradiation
      causes dramatic diminution of the dense fibrillar component within the irradiated
      nucleoli as well. The nucleolar capacity for compensatory hypertrophy indicates
      that in addition to active ribosomal genes, mature nucleoli also contain "silent"
      genes capable of being activated under extreme conditions to sustain the required
      level of rRNA synthesis. It is assumed that activation of latent ribosomal genes
      is accompanied by FC "fragmentation" without a considerable increase in their
      total volume per cell.

PMID- 2917613
TI  - Truckin' pneumonia--an outbreak of Q fever in a truck repair plant probably due
      to aerosols from clothing contaminated by contact with newborn kittens.
AB  - We describe an outbreak of Q fever affecting 16 of 32 employees at a truck repair
      plant. None of the cases were exposed to cattle, sheep or goats, the traditional
      reservoirs of Q fever. The cases did not work, live on, or visit farms or attend
      livestock auctions. One of the employees had a cat which gave birth to kittens 2
      weeks prior to the first case of Q fever in the plant. The cat owner fed the
      kittens every day before coming to work as the cat would not let the kittens
      suckle. Serum from the cat had high antibody titres to phase I and phase II
      Coxiella burnetii antigens. The attack rate among the employees where the cat
      owner worked, 13 of 19 (68%), was higher than that of employees elsewhere, 3 of
      13 (28%) [P less than 0.01]. The cat owner's wife and son also developed Q fever.
      None of the family members of the other employees with Q fever was so affected.
      We conclude that this outbreak of Q fever probably resulted from exposure to the
      contaminated clothing of the cat owner.

PMID- 2917614
TI  - Seroepidemiological study of the transmission of the mumps virus in St. Lucia,
      West Indies.
AB  - A seroepidemiological study of the prevalence of mumps virus specific antibodies
      reveals a pattern of endemic persistence on the island of St Lucia in the West
      Indies. In the unvaccinated population the proportion seropositive rose rapidly
      in the child age classes to attain a stable plateau close to unity in value in
      the teenage and adult age groups. The average age at infection was estimated to
      be between 3 and 4 years of age and the average duration of detectable levels of
      maternally derived antibodies was approximately 3 months. Analyses based on
      mathematical models of the transmission dynamics of the virus suggest that in
      excess of 75% of each cohort of 1- to 2-year-old children must be effectively
      immunized to eliminate mumps virus transmission. A mumps radial haemolysis test,
      developed for quantitative measurements of antibody, is discussed.

PMID- 2917616
TI  - Exposure to Legionellaceae at a hot spring spa: a prospective clinical and
      serological study.
AB  - Following the occurrence of five cases of Legionnaires' disease among patients
      and therapists at a French hot spring spa, a series of cleansing procedures and
      an epidemiological study were undertaken. During a 3-month period, the spring
      water was repeatedly sampled. Serum samples were taken from 689 randomly selected
      patients, 230 therapists, 134 administrative staff and a control group of 904
      blood donors. Legionellaceae were present in the spring water at concentrations
      of 10(3)-10(5) colony forming units/l. Fifteen different species or serogroups
      were isolated with Legionella pneumophila serogroups 3 and 1 predominating. No
      clinical cases of Legionnaires disease were observed during the study. However,
      11% of the therapists and 5% of the patients either had a high titre of antibody
      (greater than or equal to 256) to at least one species or serogroup or
      seroconverted during the study. Mean antibody titres in the three study groups
      were significantly higher than those in the blood donors against 11 of the 32
      legionella antigens tested. Nine of these 11 antigens corresponded to species or
      serogroups isolated from the spring water. The highest mean antibody titres in
      all three study groups were against L. pneumophila serogroup 3, the most common
      legionella in the spring water. These findings have important implications for
      the maintenance of adequate standards of hygiene, bacteriological sampling and
      clinical surveillance in this and similar establishments.

PMID- 2917615
TI  - Legionella pneumophila in a hospital in Torino, Italy. A retrospective one-year
      study.
AB  - Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 was isolated from post mortem specimens from
      13 out of 58 patients with pneumonia diagnosed at autopsy. The results of a study
      undertaken in the hospital environment showed that the water plumbing system was
      colonized with L. pneumophila serogroup 1 which could also be isolated from
      respiratory devices filled with tap water. Control measures instituted are
      described.

PMID- 2917617
TI  - Campylobacter jejuni isolations from Mexican and Swedish patients, with repeated
      symptomatic and/or asymptomatic diarrhoea episodes.
AB  - The presence of different Campylobacter jejuni serotypes in Swedish patients with
      diarrhoea and in Mexican patients with or without diarrhoea was investigated with
      special reference to repeated isolations during the course of infection and to
      symptomatic and asymptomatic episodes. The study included 136 C. jejuni isolates
      from 62 Mexican children and 173 isolates from 68 Swedish patients. The bacteria
      were serotyped for heat-stable (HS) and heat-labile (HL) antigen. Swedish
      patients, all with symptoms, were in general only infected with one serotype and
      were rarely reinfected. Mexican patients on the other hand were in general
      infected with mixed serotypes and frequently reinfected without symptoms with
      new, different serotypes, a finding which is in concordance with a theory of an
      induced immunity to surface antigens.

PMID- 2917618
TI  - Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli diarrhoea in rural and urban
      populations in Yugoslavia.
AB  - During a 4-month period during the summer of 1985, campylobacters were isolated
      from 338 (16.3%) of 2080 patients with acute diarrhoea attending the University
      Hospital of Infectious Diseases in Zagreb. Of these isolates 220 (64.1%) were
      Campylobacter jejuni and 118 (34.9%) were C. coli. The patients were drawn from
      three residential zones in and around Zagreb: inner city, peripheral city and
      rural. Incidences of campylobacter diarrhoea ranged from 71 per 100,000 per year
      in inner city residents to 99 per 100,000 per year in the rural residents. Most
      infections were in young children; the incidence in infants ranged from 800 to
      2500 per 100,000 per year in the inner city and rural zones respectively. The
      isolation rate from faecal specimens of infants from the rural zone was 61%. The
      ratio of isolation rates in males and females (all ages) was 1.1:1, but in
      infants it was 0.7:1 and in patients over the age of 65 years it was 0.4:1. The
      incidence of C. coli in the rural zone was four times that in the inner city and
      twice that in the peripheral zone. This survey shows that campylobacter infection
      in Zagreb has distinctive epidemiological features. The transmission of infection
      appears to be midway between that found in industrialized and developing
      countries, and there is an unexplained excess of C. coli infection.

PMID- 2917620
TI  - Mode of action of erythropoietin (Epo) in an Epo-dependent murine cell line. II.
      Cell cycle dependency of Epo action.
AB  - Erythropoietin (Epo), a glycoprotein hormone, regulates the proliferation and
      differentiation of committed erythroid progenitor cells. We investigated the
      effect of Epo on the kinetics of an Epo-dependent cell line (DA-1ER), which was
      cloned from the murine interleukin 3-dependent cell line, DA-1. Flow cytometry
      and [3H]thymidine incorporation were used to analyze the cell cycle. Removal of
      Epo from the culture medium resulted in the accumulation of the cells in the G1
      phase. Eighteen hours after the removal of Epo, 75%-80% of the cells were
      arrested in G1 phase. Readdition of Epo to these quiescent cells allowed them to
      progress from the G1 to the S phase with a lag period of 10 h. Epo was required
      throughout the lag period in order to achieve maximal DNA synthesis. When the
      cells were arrested in the G2/M phase or the G1/S interphase by colcemid and
      thymidine, respectively, and then released from the arrest, they could complete
      the cell cycle in the absence of Epo. These findings suggest that Epo is only
      required in the G1 phase for the cells to progress through the cell cycle.

PMID- 2917619
TI  - A norfloxacin dose finding study for selective decontamination of the digestive
      tract in pigs.
AB  - Five pigs were treated orally with norfloxacin for 5 consecutive days in two well
      separated periods. This was done to determine the lowest dose required to free
      the pigs of Enterobacteriaceae. In the first period of the study, the animals
      were treated with 400 mg per day while in the second treatment 800 mg norfloxacin
      was given. Daily faecal culturing indicated that the faeces became free of
      Enterobacteriaceae in 3-5 days when treated with 400 mg/day, while all animals
      were found negative on culturing after 3 days of treatment with 800 mg/day.
      Investigation of the concentration of norfloxacin in the faeces revealed that a
      substantial fraction of the dose was either absorbed or inactivated by faecal
      substances. An in vitro study in faeces confirmed that a substantial part, some
      75% of the dose, may have been inactivated by intestinal contents. This finding
      helps to explain the much lower concentration of 120 mg norfloxacin per kg of
      faeces in the pig in comparison with the almost tenfold higher concentration
      reported to develop in man during treatment with an identical dose.

PMID- 2917621
TI  - Ultrastructural localization of platelet factor 4 in rat megakaryocytes and
      platelets by gold-labeled antibody detection.
AB  - The pattern of distribution of platelet factor 4 (PF-4) was studied in rat
      platelets and megakaryocytes following immunohistochemical labeling with a
      monoclonal antibody (2E7) specific for PF-4 and visualization by a protein A-gold
      complex. We observed a heterogeneity in PF-4 expression among alpha granules with
      a minority of them being unlabeled by immunoelectron microscopy, a pattern
      similar in both mature, circulating platelets and developing megakaryocytes.
      Furthermore, the majority of the labeled alpha granules in both cell types
      displayed a unique, eccentric localization of the PF-4 that was mainly over the
      nucleoid region within each granule. This localization is similar to the
      microtubular localization in alpha granules reported previously for von
      Willebrand factor and yet distinct from the reported random distribution of
      fibrinogen. We also observed significant labeling of small vesicular structures
      in developing megakaryocytes that may be involved in the transport of PF-4 and
      its packaging in platelet alpha granules. This new information is important in
      relating patterns of PF-4 biogenesis in megakaryocytes to conditions of alpha
      granular dysfunction in platelets.

PMID- 2917622
TI  - Effects of isobaric hypoxia on murine medullary and splenic megakaryocytopoiesis.
AB  - Hypoxia stimulates erythropoiesis and inhibits megakaryocytopoiesis in the bone
      marrow of mice. However, the effects of hypoxia on megakaryocytopoiesis in the
      spleen are unknown. Mice were exposed to hypoxia by enclosure in cages covered
      with dimethyl-silicone rubber membranes for 1-14 days. The mice were sacrificed
      at intervals after exposure to hypoxia and blood, femurs, and the spleen were
      analyzed. One femur and the spleen were processed for measurement of
      megakaryocyte diameter and number. Marrow smears were made from the other femur
      and stained to identify the small acetylcholinesterase-positive (SAChE+) cell, a
      megakaryocyte precursor. Results showed a linear increase in packed cell volumes,
      a decrease in platelet counts, and a cycling of splenic volume with time in
      hypoxia. After 14 days of hypoxia, the relative number of megakaryocytes was
      decreased greater than 80% in the bone marrow and spleen; SAChE + cells were
      decreased greater than 65%. Splenic volume and megakaryocyte concentration were
      altered and the absolute number of splenic megakaryocytes cycled throughout the
      experiment. Mean megakaryocyte diameter increased after day 10 in the marrow and
      was inversely related to absolute megakaryocyte number in the spleen. Changes in
      megakaryocyte diameter and number with hypoxia suggest a compensatory mechanism
      for increasing platelet production, which may be regulated separately in the bone
      marrow and spleen. Results of this study support the hypotheses of stem cell
      competition between erythropoietic and megakaryocytic cell lines, and the
      autoregulation of megakaryocyte size and number.

PMID- 2917623
TI  - Low antigen density leukemia cells: selection and comparative resistance to
      antibody-mediated marrow purging.
AB  - Low tumor-associated antigen (TAA) expressing tumor cells present an obstacle to
      effective antibody directed purging of tumor cells from bone marrow. In this
      study, a comparison was made of the efficiency with which low TAA expressing
      leukemia cells could be depleted using two monoclonal antibody (MoAb) directed
      purging techniques: 1) complement (C)-mediated cytolysis, and 2) physical
      separation using magnetic microspheres. Low TAA sublines were selected from a
      cultured human leukemia cell line by growing out cells remaining after treatment
      with anti-TAA and C, or after immunomagnetic (IM) purging. IM-selected sublines
      showed lower TAA expression than did C-selected sublines, and sublines resulting
      from multiple selections expressed less TAA than those that had only been through
      one selection. These sublines were then examined for sensitivity to C or IM
      purging. The highly selected, lowest TAA expressing sublines were markedly
      resistant to both IM and C. Less selected sublines were resistant to C, but not
      to IM. In both techniques, addition of MoAbs against a second TAA restored the
      efficiency of purging to that observed with the parental line. When low TAA
      subline cells were seeded into simulated bone marrow and subjected to purging, C
      mediated lysis removed less than 40% of leukemia cells, whereas IM purging
      removed 85% of the cells. These results indicate that there are low antigen
      density cells that are resistant to C-mediated purging, but which retain
      sensitivity to IM removal.

PMID- 2917624
TI  - The hematopoietic stem cell compartments in mice during and after long-term
      inhalation of three doses of benzene.
AB  - Female BDF1 mice were exposed for 16 weeks to airborne concentrations of 100,
      300, and 900 ppm of benzene, 6 h per day, 5 days per week. Bone marrow
      hemopoietic stem cell compartments and peripheral blood cell counts were studied
      using clonal assays and standard methods. Dose-dependent depressive effects were
      observed on all stem cell compartments. Only the erythroid colony-forming units
      (CFU-E) compartment was depressed during exposures to 100 ppm; CFU-E were more
      sensitive than the erythroid burst-forming units (BFU-E), spleen CFU (CFU-S), or
      G-M CFU (CFU-C) during exposure to 300 ppm or 900 ppm. Lymphocytopenia was
      observed in the peripheral blood. After benzene-free intervals, a regeneration of
      lymphocyte numbers and slow normalization of stem cell numbers was seen. Complete
      recovery from the 16 weeks exposure to 300 ppm was seen between 73 and 185 days.

PMID- 2917625
TI  - Effects of human fetal liver extract on the growth of HL-60 cells.
AB  - Two kinds of HL-60 cell growth suppressor present in human fetal liver were
      studied. One is the already known arginase, which showed nonspecific suppression
      on the growth of HL-60 cells and human granulocyte-macrophage progenitors (CFU
      GM), and the other, a new species of suppressor with the characteristics of lower
      molecular weight (less than 10,000 daltons), shows preferential suppression on HL
      60 cell growth, but less effect on the growth of CFU-GM.

PMID- 2917626
TI  - Trichinella spiralis: the fate of the accessory layer of the cuticle of infective
      larvae.

PMID- 2917627
TI  - Schistosoma haematobium: analysis of eggshell protein genes and their expression.
AB  - Eggshell protein genes of Schistosoma mansoni that encode a 14 kDa protein have
      been shown to be highly conserved and expressed in a sex-, tissue-, and temporal
      specific manner. To initiate studies on the eggshell protein genes of S.
      haematobium, a cDNA probe, pSMf 61-46, representing a S. mansoni eggshell protein
      mRNA was used to screen a S. haematobium genomic library. Of the seven
      independent recombinant clones isolated, two (lambda SH 2-1 and lambda SH 6-1)
      were analyzed and compared to those of S. mansoni. lambda SH 2-1 and lambda SH 6
      1 each contain a different genomic copy of the gene encoding a 19.8 and 17.6 kDa
      protein, respectively. This is due to an additional 78 bp present in the coding
      region of lambda SH 2-1 relative to lambda SH 6-1. The rest of the coding
      sequences are identical, and the 5' and 3' untranslated regions are nearly
      identical. The deduced amino acid sequences of S. haematobium eggshell proteins
      are very rich in glycine (47 and 50%) when compared to 43.5% glycine in the
      protein encoded by S. mansoni. Long stretches of glycines, as many as 15 in a
      row, occur in the S. haematobium sequence. DNA comparison of the eggshell protein
      genes of the two schistosome species yielded an overall homology of 83.1%. The
      homology is much higher in the 5' and 3' untranslated regions than in the protein
      coding regions. Genomic clones of both species contained second open reading
      frames, which appeared to be kept open as a consequence of the amino acid
      composition of the other. There are no introns in S. haematobium or S. mansoni
      eggshell protein genes, and the genomic Southern data indicated a similar
      arrangement of these genes in the genome of both species. Primer extension
      experiments and dideoxynucleotide sequencing of the RNA determined the mRNA cap
      site sequence as ATCAT and ATCAC in lambda SH 2-1 and lambda SH 6-1,
      respectively. Northern blot analysis determined the size of the mRNA to be about
      1.0 kp. Expression of the RNA from these genes appears to be regulated in a
      manner similar to the corresponding genes in S. mansoni. mRNA is found only in
      mature females and first appears at 70 days after infection of hamsters. DNA
      sequence comparisons of the 5' flanking regions of S. haematobium and S. mansoni
      eggshell protein genes to each other and to those of silkmoth and Drosophila
      revealed several short sequence elements that are shared.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      400 WORDS)

PMID- 2917628
TI  - pH-dependent uptake and macrofilaricidal effects of chloroquine on adult filarial
      parasites in vitro.
AB  - Uptake and macrofilaricidal effects of chloroquine (CQ) and other aminoquinolines
      were found to be highly pH dependent in Brugia pahangi, Acanthocheilonema viteae,
      Onchocerca volvulus, and Dirofilaria immitis. Using [3H]CQ, it was found that all
      of the parasites took up more drug under alkaline conditions (RPMI 1640 at pH
      8.4) than in neutral (pH 7.4) or acidic (pH 6.8) media. Differences were seen in
      the amount of drug taken up among the filariae studied. B. pahangi and A. viteae
      took up 7 times more chloroquine per milligram of tissue than did O. volvulus,
      and 30 times more than D. immitis during a 60-min incubation period at pH 8.4.
      Sensitivity to the aminoquinolines also increased with increasing media pH, and
      was measured using parasite motility as an indicator of drug efficacy. Potency of
      chloroquine against B. pahangi increased 100-fold at pH 8.4 compared to pH 7.4.
      A. viteae and O. volvulus showed similar sensitivity to chloroquine compared to
      B. pahangi; D. immitis was less sensitive. While uptake of chloroquine was linear
      from pH 6.8 to 8.4, B. pahangi was unaffected by 32 microM of the drug below pH
      7.6; at any pH above this, motility of this parasite was completely inhibited.
      Calculations of the internal pH of this parasite indicated that it shifted
      upwards significantly with changes in media pH. It was concluded that these
      shifts in internal pH may render parasites more sensitive to the effects of
      chloroquine.

PMID- 2917629
TI  - Antigenic proteins of Eimeria maxima gametocytes: cell-free translation and
      detection with recovered chicken serum.
AB  - RNA was extracted from isolated Eimeria maxima gametocytes and translated in a
      rabbit reticulocyte cell-free protein synthesis system. The major cell-free
      translation products from E. maxima gametocyte RNA ranged from 225 to 50 kDa,
      distinct and different from uninfected chicken intestine cell-free translation
      products. Rabbit antiserum to E. maxima gametocytes as well as recovered chicken
      sera specifically precipitated some of the major gametocyte cell-free products. A
      time course of infected intestine RNA indicated that these cell-free synthesized
      gametocyte antigens appear at 130 to 138 hr postinfection.

PMID- 2917630
TI  - Nematospiroides dubius: influence of adjuvants on immunity in mice vaccinated
      with antigens isolated by affinity chromatography from adult worms.
AB  - Five adjuvants were examined for their ability to potentiate the immune response
      of mice to soluble antigens from adult Nematospiroides dubius prepared by
      affinity chromatography against antibodies from repeatedly infected mice as
      ligands (IMIgAg). Immunized mice were better protected against N. dubius by
      IMIgAg injected intraperitoneally with either pertussigen (75%) or aluminium
      hydroxide (Alum) (67%) as adjuvants than with Freud's complete (54%) or
      incomplete adjuvants (31%). Protection was correlated with elevated specific
      antibody values and with cellular responses. Quil A was toxic to recipient mice
      at the concentration used. Alum may be a more practical adjuvant than
      pertussigen, which may activate protective immunity only in specific recipient
      genotypes and oil-based adjuvants which appear to be less efficient, to vaccinate
      mice with soluble parasite antigens.

PMID- 2917631
TI  - Trypanosoma brucei: frequent loss of a telomeric variant surface glycoprotein
      gene.
AB  - We have observed the loss of an inactive telomeric variant surface glycoprotein
      (VSG) gene that is located on a minichromosome in Trypanosoma brucei. If this is
      due to gene conversion, it is the third "silent" gene conversion (i.e., one that
      does not produce an antigenic switch) detected in 19 antigenic switches of the
      IsTaR 1 serodeme. This is surprisingly frequent since the immune response cannot
      select against the inactive gene. We estimate that 10(-1) to 10(-3) telomeric VSG
      gene conversions occur per generation, which is at least 100 times more frequent
      than antigenic switching. Since all three "silent" gene conversions involved an
      IsTat 5 VSG gene, the frequency may vary among telomeric VSG genes. However, the
      high gene conversion frequency for the 5 VSG gene does not ensure a higher
      antigenic switch frequency than other telomeric VSG genes for which we have
      probes. These results suggest that gene conversion rapidly alters the repertoire
      of telomeric VSG genes, possibly including those on minichromosomes, producing a
      continual variation in the VSG genes that are more likely to be expressed.

PMID- 2917632
TI  - Trichostrongylus colubriformis: epithelial cell kinetics in the small intestine
      of infected rabbits.
AB  - Epithelial cell kinetic parameters were compared in intestines of control and
      Trichostrongylus colubriformis infected rabbits using a microdissection and
      metaphase accumulation technique in regions of gut with heavy (proximal site) and
      small (distal site) burdens of worms. In control animals, the cell production
      rates were respectively 4.3 cells/crypt/hr in the proximal region and 3.7
      cells/crypt/hr in the distal one; and the influx of cells onto villi were
      respectively 67.5 cells/hr and 37.4 cells/hr. In the parasitized rabbits, in the
      main site of infection, a fourfold increase was recorded in the cell
      proliferation rate and in the influx of cells onto villi. In the region distal to
      the main site of infection, the same parameters were twice the control values,
      although only a low number of T. colubriformis were recovered from this part of
      gut. These large modifications in the epithelial renewal probably underlies the
      morphological and enzymological changes previously described in both parts of the
      T. colubriformis infected gut.

PMID- 2917633
TI  - Is the histological classification of chronic granulocytic leukaemia justified
      from the clinical point of view?
AB  - By means of morphometric techniques, in 100 untreated Ph'-positive chronic
      granulocytic leukaemia (CGL) patients the main features from the initial bone
      marrow biopsy were analyzed, with particular attention being paid to
      morphological and quantitative study of megakaryocytes. The number of
      megakaryocytes per mm2 of marrow tissue showed a mean value of 25.3 (SD +/-
      18.8), and was positively correlated with either platelet counts, blood
      percentage of basophils and blast cells, or spleen and liver size. Based on the
      number and morphological characteristics of megakaryocytes, patients were
      classified as having granulocytic CGL (67 cases) or the so-called chronic
      megakaryocytic-granulocytic myelosis (33 cases), but except for higher platelet
      counts and blood percentages of basophils and blast cells in the latter, no
      relevant clinical, evolutionary or prognostic differences were observed between
      the groups. Such results cast doubt on the validity of histological
      classification of CGL from the clinical point of view.

PMID- 2917634
TI  - Follicular low-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: long-term outcome with or without
      tumor progression.
AB  - Long-term outcome for 127 patients with follicular low-grade lymphoma was
      investigated. Therapy included radiotherapy (n = 23), low toxicity chemotherapy
      with or without radiotherapy (n = 76), or more intensive chemotherapy (n = 22). 6
      patients had no initial therapy. Complete remission was obtained in 67% of
      patients. For patients under 60 years of age median survival was 8.7 yr compared
      with 3.8 yr for older patients, but survival from lymphoma was identical for the
      two age-groups: 75% at 5 yr, and 58% at 10 yr. The relatively low tumor mortality
      contrasted with a relapse-free survival of 30% at 10 yr, and relapse 8-9 yr after
      first remission. Examining the disease topography and the stability of histologic
      subtype in 78 patients with recurrent lymphoma, two types of relapse with
      different prognoses were identified: 1) with tumor progression (lymphoma
      dissemination to atypical extranodal sites and/or histologic conversion to an
      intermediate/high-grade lymphoma) seen in 56% of patients with a survival from
      lymphoma of 13% at 10 yr; and 2) without tumor progression (involvement of nodal
      sites, and unchanged histology) seen in 44% with a survival from lymphoma of 77%
      at 10 yr. Actuarial risk of tumor progression was 44% at 5 yr, and 67% at 10 yr.
      Except from the negative impact of a large tumor burden, it was not possible to
      identify patients with high risk for tumor progression. More important than all
      pretreatment factors was poor response to initial therapy (p = 0.0001). Due to
      lack of reliable risk factors, it is recommended that all younger patients be
      treated with the intention of achieving complete remission; a significant
      fraction might be curable.

PMID- 2917635
TI  - Treatment of acute myeloid leukemia in elderly patients with oral idarubicin as a
      single agent.
AB  - Idarubicin (IDR) is a new anthracycline that can be administered orally. Oral IDR
      was given at a dose of 30 mg/m2 daily for 3 d in 20 patients aged 65 to 79 yr
      with previously untreated acute myeloid leukemia (AML). 5 patients whose marrow
      remained blastic at d 14 received a second course. 8 patients achieved complete
      remission (6 after one single course). There were: 1 early death, 4 deaths in
      aplasia, 7 failures. The hematologic toxicity was high. All but 1 patient had to
      stay in hospital and the duration of neutropenia was 12 to 34 d (median 19). Oral
      IDR is an effective therapy for AML in elderly patients but the total dose of 90
      mg/m2 is too aggressive to be administered safely outside the hospital.

PMID- 2917636
TI  - Chronic myelogenous leukemia and Klinefelter's syndrome.
AB  - A case of chronic myelogenous leukemia with Klinefelter's syndrome mosaicism in a
      27-yr-old male is reported. Cytogenetic analysis provided evidence that the
      Philadelphia chromosome occurred monoclonally in the XXY cells but not in the XY
      cells.

PMID- 2917637
TI  - Avascular necrosis of the femoral head in acute leukemia patients treated with
      combination therapy including steroids.

PMID- 2917638
TI  - Androgens in hairy cell leukaemia: an overlooked treatment?

PMID- 2917639
TI  - Three successful pregnancies in a woman with essential thrombocythemia.

PMID- 2917640
TI  - 'Pink test' and osmotic fragility test for the diagnosis of hereditary
      spherocytosis: another view.

PMID- 2917641
TI  - Genetic transfer of the pigment bacteriorhodopsin into the eukaryote
      Schizosaccharomyces pombe.
AB  - The gene encoding for bacterio-opsin (bop gene) from Halobacterium halobium has
      been introduced in a yeast expression vector. After transformation in
      Schizosaccharomyces pombe, bacterio-opsin (BO) is expressed and was detected by
      antisera. The precursor protein of BO (pre-BO) is processed by cleavage of amino
      acids at the N-terminal end as in H. halobium. Addition of the chromophore,
      retinal, to the culture medium results in a slight purple colour of the yeast
      cells indicating the in vivo regeneration of BO to bacteriorhodopsin (BR) and its
      incorporation into membranes. Therefore, in contrast to the expression in E.
      coli, isolation of the membrane protein and reconstitution in lipid vesicles is
      not necessary for functional analysis. The kinetics of the ground state signal of
      the photocycle BR in protoplasts is demonstrated by flash spectroscopy and is
      comparable to that of the natural system. The present investigation shows for the
      first time the transfer of an energy converting protein from archaebacteria to
      eukaryotes by genetic techniques. This is a basis for further studies on membrane
      biogenesis, genetics, and bioenergetics by analysis of in vivo active mutants.

PMID- 2917642
TI  - Stabilisation of cathepsin E by ATP.
AB  - The hydrolysis of 3 distinct substrates by cathepsin E from human red blood cells
      and gastric mucosa was measured in the presence and absence of physiologically
      relevant concentrations of ATP. At pH values below about 5.0, the nucleotide was
      without effect. However, at pH 5.8, whereas cathepsin E was virtually inactive by
      itself, it was restored to full activity (kcat) by ATP and the non-hydrolysable
      methylene-ATP analogue. At still higher pH values, kcat progressively diminished
      but significant levels of cathepsin E activity were readily detectable at pH 7.0.
      The specificity of this stabilisation effect was examined.

PMID- 2917643
TI  - Polarographic observation of substrate-level phosphorylation and its stimulation
      by acetylcholine.
AB  - Substrate-level phosphorylation was observed under the conditions optimal for
      this process and opposite to those for oxidative phosphorylation. Polarographic
      registration of Ca2+ stimulated alpha-ketoglutarate oxidation and self-inhibition
      of uncoupled alpha-ketoglutarate (KG) oxidation was used. Acetylcholine (ACh)
      administration stimulated KG oxidation and substrate-level phosphorylation in
      isolated mitochondria. These effects are stronger in tissues with a higher level
      of endogenous acetylcholine, such as guinea pig liver vs rat liver and pancreas
      vs liver. The specific stimulation of KG oxidation by ACh is related to a
      decrease of succinate oxidation and is contrary to the specific stimulating
      effect of adrenaline on succinate oxidation. Therefore the existence of
      reciprocal hormone-substrate-nucleotide systems is suggested. The described set
      of conditions optimal for substrate-level phosphorylation observation by
      polarographic registration of respiration is as convenient as the ADP test for
      the investigation of oxidative phosphorylation.

PMID- 2917644
TI  - Ba2+-sensitive K+ channels in luminal-membrane vesicles from pars convoluta of
      rabbit proximal tubule.
AB  - This paper describes properties of 86Rb+ fluxes through a novel K+ channel in
      luminal-membrane vesicles isolated from pars convoluta of rabbit proximal tubule.
      The uptake of 86Rb+ into potassium salt loaded vesicles was specifically
      inhibited by Ba2+. The isotope accumulation is driven by an electrical diffusion
      potential as shown in experiments using these membrane vesicles loaded with
      anions of different membrane permeability and was as follows: gluconate greater
      than SO4(2-) greater than Cl-. Furthermore, the vesicles containing the channels
      show a cation selectivity with the order K+ greater than Rb+ greater than Li+
      greater than Na+ = choline+.

PMID- 2917645
TI  - Possible involvement of protein kinase C in proliferation and differentiation of
      osteoblast-like cells.
AB  - In cloned osteoblast-like cells, MC3T3-E1, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate
      (TPA), a protein kinase C activating phorbol ester, and 1-oleoyl-2-acetylglycerol
      (OAG), a specific activator for protein kinase C, stimulated DNA synthesis in a
      dose-dependent manner. Both TPA and OAG acted synergistically with insulin-like
      growth factor I to stimulate DNA synthesis. TPA as well as OAG suppressed the
      increase in alkaline phosphatase activity of MC3T3-E1 cells induced by
      parathyroid hormone. These results suggest that protein kinase C is involved in
      the process which directs osteoblast-like cells toward proliferation.

PMID- 2917647
TI  - Complete amino acid sequence of the sarcoplasmic calcium-binding protein (SCP-I)
      from crayfish (Astacus leptodactylus).
AB  - The complete amino acid sequence of the alpha chain of the dimeric sarcoplasmic
      Ca2+-binding protein (SCP-I = alpha 2) from crayfish (Astacus leptodactylus) has
      been determined by partial automatic sequencing of the peptides derived from
      tryptic digests of the protein after citraconylation or treatment with 1,2
      cyclohexanedione. Overlapping peptides were obtained by cleavage with o
      iodosobenzoic acid, or digestion with Staphylococcus aureus protease, thermolysin
      and pepsin. The acetylated N-terminus was identified by fast atom bombardment
      mass spectrometry. The monomeric protein contains 192 amino acids and has an Mr
      of 21,643. The sequence shows the presence of three calcium-binding sites and
      perhaps of two others that may be degenerated.

PMID- 2917646
TI  - Molecular architecture of secretin receptors: the specific covalent labelling of
      a 51 kDa peptide after cross-linking of [125I]iodosecretin to intact rat
      pancreatic acini.
AB  - p-Azidophenylglyoxal (APG), a heterobifunctional reagent with one group reacting
      selectively with arginine residues and another group photoactivable, was used to
      cross-link [125I]secretin prebound to intact rat pancreatic acini. The best yield
      was obtained when the [125I]secretin-acini complex was incubated under dim light
      with 2 mM APG at 37 degrees C and pH 8.0, followed by photolysis at 312 nm. The
      main secretin binding peptide cross-linked under reducing conditions, when tested
      by SDS-PAGE and autoradiography: (i) had a molecular mass of 51 kDa and was not a
      subunit of a larger disulfide-linked structure, and (ii) was distinct from the
      main VIP binding peptide coexisting in the same preparation.

PMID- 2917648
TI  - Mechanism of inhibition of papain by chicken egg white cystatin. Inhibition
      constants of N-terminally truncated forms and cyanogen bromide fragments of the
      inhibitor.
AB  - N-terminally truncated forms of chicken egg white cystatin and its cyanogen
      bromide fragments were isolated and assayed for inhibition of papain. Truncated
      forms beginning with Gly-9 and Ala-10 had a 5000-fold lower affinity for papain
      than the two isoelectric forms (pI = 6.5 and 5.6) of the full-length inhibitor
      (Ki = 6 pM and 7 pM) or a truncated form beginning with Leu-7 (Ki = 6 pM),
      indicating the outstanding importance of one or two residues preceding conserved
      Gly-9 for binding. A weak inhibition of papain (Ki = 900 nM) was exhibited by the
      intermediate cyanogen bromide fragment (residues 30-89) containing the chicken
      cystatin QLVSG variation of the QVVAG segment which is conserved in almost all
      members of the cystatin superfamily. The obtained affinity data provide
      independent evidence for the validity of the proposed docking model of a chicken
      cystatin-papain complex [(1988) EMBO J. 7, 2593-2599].

PMID- 2917649
TI  - Influence of thyroid status on the membranes of rat liver mitochondria. Unique
      localization of L-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.
AB  - The effect of thyroid status on the physical properties of rat liver
      mitochondrial membranes and on the lipid microenvironment of proteins was
      investigated. The steady-state fluorescence anisotropy of diphenyl-1,3,5-triene
      and 1-[4-(trimethylaminophenyl)phenyl]-6-phenylhexa-1,3,5-triene revealed an
      increase of the order of the membranes with the increase of hormone level.
      Protein arrangement in the inner mitochondrial membrane altered with the thyroid
      status, which was reflected by digitonin subfractionation of mitochondria. The
      microenvironment of FAD-linked L-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase was
      dramatically influenced by thyroxine.

PMID- 2917650
TI  - The role of long-chain acyl-CoA in the damage of oxidative phosphorylation in
      heart mitochondria.
AB  - The aim of this investigation was to study the effect of intramitochondrial acyl
      CoA on the respiration of rabbit heart mitochondria over the whole range of
      stationary respiratory rates between States 4 and 3. The creatine phosphokinase
      system was used for stabilization of extramitochondrial adenine nucleotide
      concentration. It was shown that acyl-CoA depressed respiration more effectively
      in the intermediate range of respiration between States 4 and 3. The effect of
      acyl-CoA was negligible near State 4 and in State 3. These data are in line with
      our previous results concerning the dependence of the adenine nucleotide
      translocator control coefficient on the rate of mitochondrial respiration. Thus,
      our data suggest that long-chain acyl-CoA may regulate oxidative phosphorylation
      in heart mitochondria in vivo.

PMID- 2917651
TI  - 1,2-sn-diacylglycerol accumulates in choline-deficient liver. A possible
      mechanism of hepatic carcinogenesis via alteration in protein kinase C activity?
AB  - Choline deficiency is associated with triacylglycerol accumulation in the liver,
      and is the only nutritional state known to trigger hepatic cancer spontaneously.
      In two different experiments, rats were pair-fed for 6 weeks with control (0.2%
      choline), or choline-deficient (CD) (0.002% choline) diets. Hepatic choline and
      phosphocholine declined in CD animals to 54% and 16% of control levels,
      respectively. In control livers, 1,2-sn-diacylglycerol (1,2-sn-DAG) concentration
      was (in nmol/g wet wt) 144 (+/- 25; mean +/- SE); while in CD livers it was 792
      (+/- 140) in the first experiment. In the second experiment the values were 375
      (+/- 26) and 1147 (+/- 74), respectively. 1,2-sn-DAG, a precursor of
      triacylglycerol, is an endogenous activator of protein kinase C (PKC). PKC is the
      presumed site of action of the tumor-promoting phorbol esters. We suggest that
      the 1,2-sn-DAG accumulating in CD liver could bind PKC, altering its activity,
      and thus contribute to the carcinogenic effect of CD diets.

PMID- 2917652
TI  - A new heparin-inhibited and polyamine-activated protein kinase from bovine
      kidney.
AB  - Two casein kinases, casein kinase-1 (CK-1) and casein kinase-2 (CK-2), have been
      characterized from many sources. In this study we describe the properties of a
      third casein kinase, designated casein kinase-3 (CK-3). CK-3 (Mr 32,000) is
      readily separated from CK-2 by gel filtration and from CK-1 by hydroxyapatite
      chromatography. CK-3 phosphorylates several proteins, including phosphorylase
      kinase. Phosphorylation of phosphorylase kinase by CK-3 results in a 10-fold
      enzyme activation. CK-3 is activated by spermine and inhibited by heparin, ADP,
      and divalent metal ions (Mn2+, Zn2+). Heparin inhibition of the kinase is
      reversed by spermine. The physical and regulatory properties of CK-3 are very
      similar to CK-1, suggesting that these kinases may be closely related.

PMID- 2917653
TI  - Isoenzyme patterns of protein kinase C and a phospholipid-dependent but Ca2+
      inhibited enzyme fraction in the crude extracts of different tissues.
AB  - We compared the protein kinase C isoenzyme patterns of crude extracts of rabbit
      brain, cerebellum, spleen, thymus and human and pig granulocytes. The isoenzymes
      were fractionated by hydroxyapatite chromatography and the protein kinase C
      activity was determined with a synthetic oligopeptide substrate. In the extracts
      of several tissues we also observed an enzyme fraction which was activated by
      phosphatidylserine + diacylglycerol but inhibited by Ca2+.

PMID- 2917654
TI  - Extracellular adenosine triphosphate activates phospholipase C and mobilizes
      intracellular calcium in primary cultures of sheep anterior pituitary cells.
AB  - In primary cultures of sheep anterior pituitary cells extracellular ATP (ED50 0.4
      0.8 microM) stimulated efflux of 45Ca2+ from a slow-turnover intracellular pool.
      ADP was also effective whereas AMP and adenosine were not. The ATP effect was not
      due to cell permeabilization as 100 microM ATP did not elicit efflux of 2
      deoxy[3H]glucose metabolites. This 45Ca2+ mobilization may be mediated by
      inositol trisphosphate, since ATP (ED50 1 microM) stimulated inositol phosphate
      generation. These results demonstrate P2-purinoceptors in sheep anterior
      pituitary cells which are coupled to phospholipase C activation and intracellular
      Ca2+ mobilization, and raise the possibility of a regulatory role for
      extracellular ATP in the anterior pituitary.

PMID- 2917655
TI  - Complement C9 is inserted into membranes in a globular conformation.
AB  - Complement component C9 undergoes a major conformational change during its
      insertion into a biological membrane from a globular to an extended form. At 0
      degrees C a single C9 binds but a membrane attack complex (MAC) is not formed. We
      show that the C9 bound at 0 degrees is accessible to the intracellular space and
      sensitive to trypsin digestion, suggesting that C9 inserts in its globular state
      and requires an elevated temperature in order to change conformation.

PMID- 2917656
TI  - Unique substrate specificity and regulatory properties of PKC-epsilon: a
      rationale for diversity.
AB  - PKC-epsilon was isolated from a murine brain cDNA library. The clone, lambda
      61PKC-epsilon, encoded a polypeptide of 737 amino acids that is homologous to
      other PKCs. Northern analysis showed that the 7 kb mRNA for this cDNA is widely
      expressed. The protein when expressed in COS-1 cells displayed phorbol ester
      binding activity. However in order to detect the kinase activity of PKC-epsilon,
      it was necessary to employ a synthetic peptide substrate based upon the
      pseudosubstrate site. Subsequent analysis demonstrated that PKC-epsilon, while
      showing certain properties characteristic of the PKC family, has a quite distinct
      substrate specificity and is independent of Ca2+.

PMID- 2917657
TI  - Localization of melted regions in supercoiled DNA.
AB  - Diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEPC) was used as a probe of local denatured regions in
      ccDNA pAO3 plasmid. It was found that in native ccDNA molecules only adenosine
      residues in the loop of the cruciform structure react with DEPC. Denaturation of
      ccDNA is accompanied by the appearance of two short regions (20 bp long) at both
      borders of the cruciform structure. Further increase in the denaturation process
      is associated with considerable expansion of the region located to the left of
      the cruciform, while the cruciform structure itself and the denatured region
      located to the right of it disappear.

PMID- 2917658
TI  - Two physiological substrate-specific casein kinases are present in the bovine
      mammary gland.
AB  - Two species of casein kinase from lactating bovine mammary gland have been
      identified; a Ca2+- and CM-independent casein kinase and a Ca2+- and CM-dependent
      casein kinase. The Ca2+- and CM-independent casein kinase phosphorylates
      previously dephosphorylated alpha s1-, beta- or kappa-casein while the Ca2+- and
      CM-dependent casein kinase prefers previously dephosphorylated beta- or kappa
      casein as substrates. Two activities are indicated by their substrate
      specificity, sensitivity to Ca2+ and CM, pH maxima, and differential
      solubilization by anionic detergents. The presence of a regulated casein kinase
      in the lactating mammary gland suggests that casein phosphorylation may be a
      regulator of micelle formation or secretion.

PMID- 2917659
TI  - Specificity of GDP-Man:dolichyl-phosphate mannosyltransferase for the guanosine
      diphosphate esters of mannose analogues containing deoxy and deoxyfluoro
      substituents.
AB  - Guanosine diphosphate (GDP) esters of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2dGlc), 2-deoxy-2-fluoro
      D-mannose (2FMan), 3-deoxy-D-mannose (3dMan), 4-deoxy-D-mannose (4dMan) and 6
      deoxy-D-mannose (6dMan) have been synthesised and tested for their ability to act
      as inhibitors of dolichyl phosphate mannose synthesis (enzyme: GDP
      mannose:dolichyl-phosphate mannosyltransferase, EC 2.4.1.83) in chick embryo cell
      microsomal membranes. The following order of efficiency was found with the
      apparent Ki in parentheses: GDP-6dMan (0.40 microM +/- 0.15) greater than GDP
      3dMan (1.0 microM +/- 0.1) = GDP-2dGlc (1.3 microM +/- 0.2) greater than GDP
      4dMan (3.1 microM +/- 0.1) GDP-2FMan (15 microM +/- 0). For comparison the Km for
      GDP-Man was 0.52 microM +/- 0.02 and the Ki for GDP was 56 microM +/- 2. These
      results indicate that the 6-hydroxyl group of mannose is not crucial for enzyme
      substrate recognition, whereas the 2- and 3-hydroxyls may have some involvement.
      The 4-hydroxyl appears to be an important determinant for enzyme-substrate
      recognition in this mannosyltransferase.

PMID- 2917661
TI  - A new instrument for bone drill biopsy.
AB  - Modern treatment of bone tumors requires more biopsies to be taken for diagnosis
      and evaluation of treatment. Two types of bone biopsy are distinguished: Open,
      and closed or drill biopsies. Both have advocates and adversaries. We describe a
      new instrument for drill biopsy which is easy to handle.

PMID- 2917660
TI  - Merkel cell carcinoma: management of primary, recurrent and metastatic disease. A
      clinicopathological study of 17 patients.
AB  - The clinicopathology of Merkel cell carcinoma (MC) has been evaluated in 17
      patients, and its outcome and clinical management in 14 of these. The
      histopathologic diagnosis was confirmed by electronmicroscopy and/or
      immunohistopathology. The location of the primary lesions demonstrated a
      predilection for the skin of the face and the extremities. The primary treatment
      usually consisted of a wide excision only. Four out of five patients with MC of
      the face suffered from local and/or nodal relapses, in contrast to only one out
      of seven patients with primary lesion on the extremities. The three patients
      treated for local recurrences and/or regional node metastases were alive and
      disease-free 22-72 months after recurrences. Three patients developed distant
      metastases. Two of these died within 4 months after initial diagnosis. One
      patient completely responded to chemotherapy. The high frequency of local
      recurrences would justify an excision with generous margins, except when the
      tumour is close to a vital structure. Radiotherapy could in these cases obviate
      the necessity for extensive operations. If the primary lesion is located on an
      extremity, regional lymphadenectomy seems only to be necessary whenever nodal
      involvement is suspected. Node dissection is also recommended for suspected nodes
      in the face or on the neck, but the guidelines for elective node dissections in
      these sites are not obvious since the results of salvage therapy were excellent
      and the location of relapses unpredictable.

PMID- 2917662
TI  - Fine needle aspiration cytology in superficial lymph nodes: an analysis of 266
      cases.
AB  - The results of fine needle aspiration cytology of superficial lymph nodes in 275
      patients are discussed. Nine cases were lost to follow-up. Of the remaining 266
      aspirates, 152 were classified as cytologically malignant, 79 as benign, three as
      suspicious for malignancy, and 32 as unsatisfactory owing to scanty cellularity.
      The sensitivity of cytology for metastatic cancer was 96.5%. The results of
      aspiration biopsy from lymphomas were less accurate (67.5% sensitivity). There
      were no false positives and nine (11.3%) false negatives. Open biopsy of three
      suspect lymph nodes proved them to be malignant. The aspiration procedure is
      easy, safe and reliable. The diagnosis of benignity cannot, however, be
      determined without an open biopsy, particularly for lymphomas.

PMID- 2917663
TI  - Histological grading of breast cancer; significance of grade on recurrence and
      mortality.
AB  - The influence of histological grade on the recurrence and mortality of patients
      with breast cancer is reported for 829 patients. The effect of the histological
      grade is also compared with the effect of axillary node involvement and the
      implications for clinical studies of the management of breast cancer discussed.
      The prognosis for both recurrence and death becomes increasingly poor as the
      degree of differentiation decreases, as reflected by the grading allocated to the
      tumour. This effect is independent of the clinical stage of the cancer at the
      time of treatment.

PMID- 2917664
TI  - Clinical response and survival according to estrogen receptor levels after
      bilateral ovariectomy in advanced breast cancer.
AB  - Estrogen receptor levels were determined at the time of ovariectomy in 71
      premenopausal women with advanced breast cancer. Three groups of estrogen
      receptor concentration were established: less than 10 fmol/mg cytosol protein
      (group 1), between 10 and 25 fmol/mg cytosol protein (group 2), and more than 25
      fmol/mg cytosol protein (group 3). The frequency of clinical response to
      ovariectomy was low in group 1 (17.4%), high in group 3 (79.4%), and intermediate
      in group 2 (35.7%). Median survival was poor in group 1 (18.5 months) and better
      in groups 2 (33.0 months) and 3 (32.5 months). These results were independent of
      disease stage and neoplastic localization.

PMID- 2917665
TI  - Thyroid cancer in children and adolescents in Denmark.
AB  - From 1960 to 1985, 20 patients (12 females and eight males) with thyroid cancer,
      developed before the age of 20, have been registered and observed at the Radium
      Center, The Finsen Institute. Papillary adenocarcinoma was diagnosed in 11 cases,
      and mixed papillary/follicular adenocarcinoma in six cases. Three patients had
      medullary carcinoma. No patients had previously received cervical irradiation. On
      admission, lung metastases were evident in two cases. All patients underwent
      surgical treatment, which in 15 cases consisted of total thyroidectomy, and in
      nine also lymph node dissection. External irradiation was given to 10 patients,
      and radioiodine treatment was performed in five patients. Local and/or distant
      relapse of the thyroid carcinoma occurred in five cases: three were patients with
      medullary carcinoma, and two had papillary and mixed adenocarcinoma. The three
      patients with medullary carcinoma died of their disease, but the other two with
      recurrence recovered after surgery, external irradiation and/or radioiodine
      treatment. Currently, 16 patients are alive without evidence of disease. The
      period of follow-up ranged from 2 to 23 years.

PMID- 2917666
TI  - Carcinoma of the uterine cervix stage I and IIA: results of surgical treatment:
      complications, recurrence and survival.
AB  - Between 1967 and 1981, 213 patients with carcinoma of the uterine cervix Stage I
      and IIA underwent an abdominovaginal radical hysterectomy with transperitoneal
      lymphadenectomy. In 1987 the overall 5-year survival rate was 87.5% and the 10
      year survival 85%. Recurrences were seen in 29 patients (13.7%). Lymph node
      metastases occurred in 39 patients (18%). Five-year survival decreased from 94%
      without positive nodes to 65% with positive nodes. The median blood loss was 2100
      cc. Fistulas were seen in 6.7% of the patients. Long-term voiding problems were
      encountered in 40.8%. In 25% of the women intercourse was impeded postoperatively
      because of shortening of the vagina. The results obtained with this type of
      radical surgery in cervical cancer Stages I-IIA are good and do not differ from
      other methods reported in the literature. However this also means that this more
      difficult and time-consuming approach does not improve survival rates. For this
      reason there are no reasons to change from the Wertheim operation to this
      combined approach.

PMID- 2917667
TI  - Experience with a totally implantable catheter in adult patients: a single
      institution retrospective study of 114 cases.
AB  - One hundred and fourteen consecutive totally implantable catheters were inserted
      in 114 patients between April 1984 and April 1987. Catheters were inserted under
      neuroleptanalgesia, through the jugular vein in 101 cases or the internal
      saphenous vein in 13 cases. No problem was encountered during the insertion
      procedure. Infection occurred in 5.2% of the patients but removal of the device
      was required in only 2.6%. Occlusion of the catheter occurred in 6.1% of the
      patients but never during the first 2 months. This complication rate is lower
      than the one observed with external tunnelled catheters. The comfort of the
      patient is substantially improved and nursing care is greatly facilitated.

PMID- 2917669
TI  - Adenocarcinoma cell invasion of an obturator artery aneurysm.
AB  - Classic teaching implies that arterial walls are a resistance to tumour invasion.
      We report a case of tumour cell infiltration of an obturator artery aneurysm
      following an abdomino-perineal excision of rectum.

PMID- 2917668
TI  - Epithelioid haemangioendothelioma of the liver: objective response to hepatic
      intra-arterial 5-FU.
AB  - A case of an epithelioid haemangioendothelioma of the liver is presented. The
      tumour was unresectable at laparotomy because of extensive involvement of both
      lobes of the liver. The histological appearances of the biopsy taken at operation
      suggested that the lesion was at the more malignant end of the spectrum for these
      tumours. The patient was treated by cycles of hepatic intra-arterial 5
      fluorouracil with relief of symptoms and prolonged survival. It is important to
      recognize this type of neoplasm which bears resemblance to other liver
      pathologies, in particular, to sclerosing cholangiocarcinoma.

PMID- 2917671
TI  - Late onset of pectoralis major wasting after Patey mastectomy.

PMID- 2917670
TI  - Quantitative profiling of faecal bile acids in experimental colorectal cancer.

PMID- 2917672
TI  - Animal bite infections.

PMID- 2917673
TI  - The Medical Center of Delaware infectious disease clinic.

PMID- 2917674
TI  - The care of AIDS patients in Delaware.

PMID- 2917675
TI  - Infections due to coagulase-negative staphylococci.

PMID- 2917676
TI  - Influence of topically applied betamethasone-17-valerate on cell cycle kinetics
      of human anagen hair determined by DNA flow cytometry.
AB  - In 47 healthy volunteers betamethasone-17-valerate (0.1% solution and cream) was
      topically applied twice daily on the scalp skin. After 7 and 14 days treatment,
      anagen hairs were plucked in each volunteer from both treated and untreated
      contralateral scalp areas. Cell cycle analysis of plucked anagen hairs was
      performed by means of DNA flow cytometry. Already after topical betamethasone-17
      valerate application for 7 days, cell kinetic changes were found showing a
      slightly significant decrease of S and G2 + M cell percentages and a significant
      increase of G0/1 cell percentages. The present study demonstrates the
      possibilities of DNA flow cytometry to study the pharmacological effects on cell
      kinetics of plucked human anagen hairs.

PMID- 2917677
TI  - The Muir-Torre syndrome: a disease of sebaceous and colonic neoplasms.
AB  - The Muir-Torre syndrome of sebaceous neoplasms of the skin, with or without
      keratoacanthomas, and multiple low-grade visceral malignancies with prolonged
      survival is a rare disorder. Colonic polyps are frequently present, and the
      syndrome appears to be familial. We report 2 unrelated patients with the Muir
      Torre syndrome. Each case exhibited sebaceous adenomas. Gastrointestinal findings
      included colonic adenocarcinomas and a tubulovillous adenoma. Although an unusual
      disease, the Muir-Torre syndrome requires recognition because these patients are
      at risk for multiple primary malignancies and may have family members also at
      risk.

PMID- 2917678
TI  - Pemphigus vulgaris following cobalt therapy for bronchial carcinoma.
AB  - A 52-year-old male patient with bronchial carcinoma developed pemphigus vulgaris
      3 weeks after the end of cobalt therapy. The possible role of gamma-radiation in
      inducing the skin disease is discussed.

PMID- 2917679
TI  - An unusual combination of phototoxicity and Stevens-Johnson syndrome due to
      antimalarial therapy.
AB  - A 12-year-old boy developed a phototoxic rash with subsequent progression to
      Stevens-Johnson syndrome due to prophylactic ingestion of antimalarials
      (chloroquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine; Fansidar). The patient recovered from
      his skin symptoms after 4 weeks during which he received systemic corticosteroids
      and antibiotics. This unusual combination of two different patterns of adverse
      cutaneous drug reactions was most probably caused by the sulfonamide component of
      Fansidar.

PMID- 2917680
TI  - Skin necrosis due to intravenous heparin.
AB  - A patient on intravenous heparin is described who developed an acute hemorrhagic
      necrosis of her legs. Thrombi without vasculitis were seen in the dermal blood
      vessels. This appears to be the 4th reported case of skin necrosis after
      intravenous heparin at sites unrelated to injections. Skin necrosis after
      intravenous heparin should warn the dermatologist of a possible fatal outcome
      from myocardial or cerebral infarction.

PMID- 2917681
TI  - Atopic dermatitis flare provoked by inhalant allergens.
AB  - We report on 2 patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) exacerbated by inhalant
      allergens: grass pollens in spring (AD as hay fever equivalent) and nonbiting red
      midges (chironomides) in pet fish food. These clinical observations confirm the
      existence of an 'extrinsic', IgE-mediated type of AD in a minority of patients,
      in which the IgE sensitization against specific allergens plays a causal role for
      the skin disorder.

PMID- 2917682
TI  - Dermatomyositis-like syndrome induced by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents.
AB  - A dermatomyositis-like syndrome developed in a patient treated with a
      nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAI), niflumic acid, and regressed after
      the cessation of treatment. Previously an eruption had occurred under treatment
      with another NSAI, diclofenac. Our report shows that NSAI can induce not only
      lupus-like syndromes but also other connective tissue disorders.

PMID- 2917683
TI  - Pemphigus--an atavism?

PMID- 2917684
TI  - Regulation of liver angiotensinogen mRNA by glucocorticoids and thyroxine.
AB  - This study examines the immediate and longer-term changes in angiotensinogen mRNA
      and in plasma angiotensinogen which follow the withdrawal and replacement of
      glucocorticoids or thyroxine. RNA from rat liver was analysed by Northern blot
      and dot-blot hybridization with a 40-mer oligodeoxynucleotide probe specific for
      angiotensinogen mRNA. Adrenalectomy decreased plasma angiotensinogen and
      angiotensinogen mRNA to 55 and 50% of control values respectively over a period
      of 16 days. Similar decreases were obtained after propylthiouracil (1 mg/kg for
      16 days) treatment, except when injected simultaneously with T3 (3
      micrograms/kg/day). Over the same period plasma renin activity increased in
      adrenalectomized rats from 4.1 +/- 0.8 to 7.0 +/- 1.5 pmol angiotensin I
      (AI)/ml/h, and decreased in propylthiouracil-treated rats from 3.8 +/- 0.4 to 1.6
      +/- 0.4 pmol AI/ml/h. Approximate half-times of 2-3 days were calculated for both
      plasma angiotensinogen and angiotensinogen mRNA post-adrenalectomy or after
      propylthiouracil treatment. Dexamethasone (400 micrograms/kg, i.m.) given to
      intact rats rapidly increased angiotensinogen mRNA to a maximum of 250% of
      control by 8 h and with a half-maximal response of 2.8 h. Plasma angiotensinogen
      responded similarly, apart from an initial delay of 2 h. Treatment with different
      doses of propylthiouracil and dexamethasone showed that responses were dose
      related. We conclude that changes in plasma angiotensinogen and angiotensinogen
      mRNA are closely correlated, and that under various physiological circumstances
      angiotensinogen mRNA has a rapid rate of accumulation but a slow rate of decay.

PMID- 2917685
TI  - Production and secretion of the 21-23.5 kDa prolactin-like molecules.
AB  - We recently described the presence of a series of prolactin (PRL)-like molecules
      (PLMs) in the rat pituitary gland and showed that their formation was not due to
      artifactual proteolysis of 24 kDa PRL during extraction or to degradation of PRL
      in lysosomes. In this study we have found (1) in vitro translation of pituitary
      cell RNA to result in the production of only 24 kDa monomer isoform 2 and no
      PLMs, (2) that secretion of newly synthesized PLMs is differently regulated than
      at least a proportion of newly synthesized monomers, (3) that secretion of newly
      synthesized PLMs occurs after at least a 6 h delay, (4) that cysteamine (a)
      inhibits the release of the PLMs, (b) causes an increase in their amount versus
      isoform 2, and (c) causes an intracellular accumulation of pleiomorphic, immature
      secretory granules, and (5) that cells grown under degranulating culture
      conditions do not contain PLMs. These results, using normal anterior pituitary
      cells in primary culture, demonstrate the potential for differential release of
      the PLMs versus monomer PRL in vivo and are consistent with the production of the
      PLMs from 24 kDa monomer isoform 2 during secretory granule condensation.

PMID- 2917687
TI  - Human choriogonadotropin entrapped into liposomes: characterization, biologic
      effects and interaction with purified mouse Leydig cells in vitro.
AB  - Liposomes containing human choriogonadotropin (hCG) were prepared from
      phosphatidylserine by the ether injection method. hCG adsorbed to the outer
      surface of the liposomes (77% of total liposome-associated hCG) was removed by
      proteolytic digestion with subtilisin. hCG-containing liposomes digested and not
      digested with subtilisin stimulated testosterone biosynthesis by Leydig cells in
      a dose-dependent way; both preparations had identical biologic activities (32% of
      the activity of free, not liposome-associated hCG) when equal doses of liposome
      associated hCG were applied. The onset of stimulation was delayed when compared
      to the action of free hCG. Liposomes without hCG did not stimulate testosterone
      biosynthesis. Association of liposomes with Leydig cells was determined by
      measurement of transfer of radioactive label from liposomes to Leydig cells. The
      association was not mediated by the hormone receptor. hCG entrapped in liposomes
      was incorporated by Leydig cells and translated to the cellular surface. This
      process was impaired by colchicine (10(-5) M). hCG translocated to the external
      surface of the cell membrane contained a modified alpha-subunit (Mr 16,200
      instead of 20,600) which was not detected in unentrapped hCG bound to Leydig
      cells. We suggest that liposomally entrapped hCG is taken up by Leydig cells and
      re-exported to the cell membrane by a mechanism resembling retroendocytosis.

PMID- 2917686
TI  - Peroxisomal oxidative capacity of brown adipose tissue depends on the thyroid
      status.
AB  - The induction of hypothyroidism in rats by methimazole affects interscapular
      brown adipose tissue (IBAT) mitochondrial and peroxisomal enzyme activities in
      opposite directions. Hypothyroidism, indeed, decreases both mitochondrial
      succinate dehydrogenase and beta-oxidation total activities by 35 and 45%,
      respectively and increases peroxisomal catalase and acyl coenzyme A (acyl CoA)
      oxidase total activities 3.2- and 1.6-fold, respectively. Administration of a
      thyroid hormone analogue (3'-isopropyl-3,5-diiodo-L-thyronine) prevents these
      enzymatic modifications. The effects of hypothyroidism on IBAT mitochondrial
      enzyme activities seem to be direct, i.e. due to the lack of thyroid hormones,
      while those on peroxisomal enzyme activities might be indirect, i.e. secondary to
      the increased thermogenic needs of the rat and mediated by adrenergic
      stimulation. It is noteworthy that the indirect effects of hypothyroidism on
      peroxisomes are not observed in liver where acyl CoA oxidase activity is in fact
      decreased by 40%. In hypothyroid rat IBAT, administration of the peroxisome
      proliferator nafenopin does not further stimulate the already increased
      peroxisomal enzyme activities and does not inhibit the already decreased
      mitochondrial enzyme activities.

PMID- 2917688
TI  - The N-terminal domain of the human androgen receptor is encoded by one, large
      exon.
AB  - Using specific cDNA hybridization probes, the first coding exon of the human
      androgen receptor gene was isolated from a genomic library. The exon contained an
      open reading frame of 1586 bp, encoding an androgen receptor amino-terminal
      region of 529 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence was characterized by
      the presence of several poly-amino acid stretches of which the long poly-glycine
      stretch (16 residues) and the poly-glutamine stretch (20 residues) were most
      prominent. Androgen receptor cDNAs from different sources contained information
      for poly-glycine stretches of variable size (23 and 27 residues, respectively).
      The androgen receptor amino-terminal domain was found to be hydrophilic and have
      a net negative charge. Combined with the previously described, partially
      overlapping cDNA clone 7A2M27 (Trapman et al. (1988) Biochem. Biophys. Res.
      Commun. 153, 241-248), the complete human androgen receptor was deduced to have a
      size of 910 amino acids.

PMID- 2917689
TI  - Developmental stage-specific antigens in the nervous system of the cockroach.
AB  - A specific effort was made to obtain monoclonal antibodies that bind to
      macromolecules that play a role in the development of the nervous system. It was
      considered that good candidates for such molecules were those that were only
      transiently present in the embryonic nervous system. Hybridomas were prepared
      from spleen cells taken from mice that had been immunized with nerve cords from
      cockroach embryos at the 43-50% stage of development. The hybridoma supernatants
      were screened for antibody binding to frozen sections of both embryonic and adult
      thoracic ganglia. Cell lines that produced monoclonal antibodies that transiently
      bound to the embryonic nervous system were saved and cloned. These developmental
      stage-specific monoclonal antibodies either did not bind to the adult nervous
      system or bound to it with a pattern very different from that in the embryonic
      nervous system. The developmental stage-specific antigens detected by these
      monoclonal antibodies were organized into four categories based on the part of
      the embryonic nervous system in which they were transiently localized. These
      include binding to the cell bodies of all neurons, cell bodies of subsets of
      neurons or neuroblasts, subsets of axons, and the neuropile. Preliminary
      biochemical characterization of the antigens showed that many of these antibodies
      were recognizing carbohydrate epitopes. Functions for these antigens, most of
      which are components of the cell surface, are tentatively proposed.

PMID- 2917690
TI  - Nerve and muscle development in paralyse mutant mice.
AB  - Nerve and muscle development was studied in paralyse mutant mice. The mutant
      phenotype is first recognizable 6-7 days after birth (PN 6-PN 7) as cessation of
      muscle growth and weakness and incoordination of movement. Mutant animals die
      between 2 and 3 weeks of age. Muscle fibers from paralyse mutants had a unimodal
      distribution of diameters and normal numbers and distributions of acetylcholine
      receptors. The only structural abnormality seen was a reduced extracellular space
      within muscle fascicles. Total muscle choline acetyltransferase activity was
      reduced compared with that of control muscles, indicating that synaptic terminal
      development was impaired. Light and electron microscopy showed that polyneuronal
      innervation was retained in mutant endplates, and the normal process of
      withdrawal of redundant innervation did not occur. The paralyse muscles reacted
      to experimental denervation with an increase in extrajunctional acetylcholine
      receptor numbers. Intramuscular axons failed to become myelinated in mutant
      animals, although sciatic nerve axons were myelinated with a normal myelin
      thickness/axon diameter ratio. Nodes of Ranvier were elongated and myelin
      lamellae in the paranodal regions were poorly fused. Sciatic nerves in mutant
      animals retained the neonatal unimodal distribution of axon diameters, whereas in
      control animals it became bimodal by 2 weeks of age. Our results are not
      consistent with a previous suggestion that paralyse mutant muscle endplates are
      progressively denervated. We conclude that the major expression of the paralyse
      mutant phenotype is an arrest in development of both nerve and muscle during the
      first week after birth. The paralyse mutant gene most likely is involved in the
      general support of development of many or all body tissues from 1 week of age. We
      found no regression of any aspect of differentiation, once achieved.

PMID- 2917691
TI  - Developmental regulation of energy metabolism in Caenorhabditis elegans.
AB  - Changes in energy metabolism during larval development in Caenorhabditis elegans
      have been investigated using phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance (31P NMR). The
      relative concentrations of ATP, ADP, AMP, sugar phosphates, and other metabolites
      were observed to change during larval development, producing stage-specific
      spectra. These spectra are consistent with enzyme assays for isocitrate
      dehydrogenase and isocitrate lyase, indicating that high activity of the
      glyoxylate pathway during embryonic development decreases during the first larval
      (L1) stage, and respiration during the L2, L3, and L4 stages occurs
      preferentially through the TCA cycle. Metabolic strategies were further studied
      using mutants that are predisposed to enter the dauer stage, a developmentally
      arrested third-stage larva formed under conditions of overcrowding and limited
      food. After the L1 molt, energy metabolism in animals destined to become dauer
      larvae diverges from that of animals committed to growth. Relative to the L1, the
      L2 larvae committed to growth exhibit increased isocitrate dehydrogenase activity
      as well as increases in ATP and other high-energy phosphates, but predauer (L2d)
      larvae exhibit declining enzyme activities and declining levels of high-energy
      phosphates. The predominant phosphorus NMR signal in dauer larva extracts
      corresponds to inorganic phosphate. We conclude that metabolism is regulated
      during C. elegans larval development, with a major transition apparent after the
      L1 stage. This transition does not occur in larvae destined to form dauer larvae.

PMID- 2917692
TI  - Relationship between the M42 antigen of mouse sperm and the acrosome reaction
      induced by ZP3.
AB  - A murine monoclonal antibody, M42 mAb, directed against 200/220 Kd protein of
      mouse sperm, has been employed to study the molecular events of gamete
      interaction. We have reported previously that M42 mAb blocks mouse fertilization
      in a zona-dependent manner; the reagent specifically inhibits physiologically
      induced (zonae), but not pharmacologically induced (A23187), acrosome reactions
      in mouse sperm. Using solubilized mouse zonae pellucidae and purified ZP3, we
      demonstrate that M42 mAb inhibits acrosome reactions (ARs) induced by ZP3 to the
      same extent as those induced by total zonae. We have also studied AR inhibition
      using the fluorescent antibiotic chlortetracycline (CTC), which permits
      visualization of three different acrosomal patterns during the AR. In the
      presence of M42 IgG, greater than 70% of capacitated sperm treated with zonae are
      arrested in the acrosome-intact state (B-pattern), in contrast to the majority of
      sperm (60-70%) in the absence of M42 IgG, which progress through the intermediate
      phase (S-pattern) to the fully acrosome-reacted (AR-pattern) state. Incubation of
      sperm with zona proteins modified by incubating eggs with phorbol esters arrests
      sperm in the S-pattern (Y. Endo, R.M. Schultz, and G.S. Kopf, 1987, Dev. Biol.
      119, 199-209). We show that once sperm have reached such a state, M42 mAb no
      longer exerts an inhibitory effect. The addition of unmodified ZP to S-pattern
      sperm permits the completion of the acrosome reaction. These results indicate
      that M42 mAb blocks an early step in the AR cascade and that M42 mAb is unable to
      prevent subsequent events of this cascade once it has been initiated.

PMID- 2917693
TI  - Electrophoretic repatterning of charged cytoplasmic molecules within tissues
      coupled by gap junctions by externally applied electric fields.
AB  - Ionic currents and cytoplasmic voltage gradients have been observed in a variety
      of polarizing cells and developing tissues. In certain cases, it has been
      determined that these endogenous electric fields can segregate intracellular
      charged molecules by electrophoresis; in other cases, the endogenous fields are
      suspected to have such an influence. Separate theoretical suggestions have been
      made that extracellular electric currents, whether from a biological or a
      nonbiological source, should be able to electrophorese intracellular molecules
      after being conducted through cell membranes into the interior of long single
      cells [L.F. Jaffe and R. Nuccitelli (1977) Annu. Rev. Biophys. Bioeng. 6, 445
      476] or extended ensembles of cells coupled electrotonically by gap junctions
      [M.S. Cooper (1984) J. Theor. Biol. 111, 123-130]. To test whether external
      electric fields could redistribute intracellular molecules within a tissue
      coupled by gap junctions, and to quantitatively measure in situ the
      electrophoretic mobility of a charged intracellular molecule, we injected 6
      carboxyfluorescein into the electrotonically coupled lateral giant neurons of the
      crayfish abdominal nerve cord. When a dc electric field (0.2-3.4 V/cm) was
      subsequently applied along the length of the cord, the negatively charged
      fluorescent dye was observed to migrate through both the cytoplasms and the gap
      junctions of the lateral giant neurons, toward the anode, at a rate directly
      proportional to the applied electric field strength (electrophoretic mobility = 
      0.92 +/- 0.27 micron/sec per V/cm). These results suggest that electric fields of
      a sufficient magnitude, whether of an exogenous or an endogenous origin, can
      repattern the distribution of charged molecules within the cytoplasm of an
      extended ensemble of coupled cells. In addition, these results suggest that
      externally applied electric fields might be used in studies of pattern formation
      to repattern the intercellular distribution of charged molecules that are
      permeant to gap junctions within electrically coupled tissues.

PMID- 2917694
TI  - Development of Iiyanassa obsoleta embryos after equal distribution of polar lobe
      material at first cleavage.
AB  - Ilyanassa obsoleta embryos cleave unequally via the formation of polar lobes,
      which contain materials essential for the development of larval shell, foot,
      operculum, statocysts, and eyes. Polar lobe material is shunted to the CD cell
      during first cleavage and to the D cell during second cleavage. Treatment with
      cytochalasin B (CB) before first cleavage prevents the formation of the polar
      lobe and leads to equal cleavage and the equal distribution of lobe material. At
      second cleavage each cell forms a polar lobe, resulting in a four-cell stage with
      two large (D) cells and two smaller (C) cells. Embryos equalized with CB
      frequently display duplications, 68% duplicating two or more larval structures.
      Embryos with adjacent D cells (CCDD) duplicate statocysts more frequently than
      embryos with opposite D cells (CDCD), perhaps due to enhanced inductive
      interactions. When equal cells are separated after first cleavage, resulting
      larvae develop like CD halves from control embryos. When equal halves are
      analyzed as pairs and compared with whole, equalized embryos, they duplicate
      shell, foot, and operculum more frequently. This difference is probably due to
      masking of duplications of these structures in whole, equalized embryos rather
      than to general inhibitory interactions between the two D quadrants. These
      results are discussed with respect to proposals that interactions between D
      quadrants in equalized embryos may alter developmental capabilities.

PMID- 2917695
TI  - Gradual appearance of a regulated retinotectal projection pattern in Xenopus
      laevis.
AB  - The topographic projection pattern formed by the retinal ganglion cell axons in
      the tectum of the lower vertebrate appears to require positional cues that guide
      the optic nerve fibers to their appropriate targets. One approach to
      understanding these positional cues or "positional information" has been to
      investigate changes in the pattern of the retinotectal projection after surgical
      manipulation of the embryonic eyebud. Analysis of these apparent changes in the
      patterns of positional information in the eye, termed "pattern regulation," may
      provide clues to both the nature of positional information and the mechanisms by
      which it is assigned to cells in the eyebud. Here we examine pattern regulation
      in the Xenopus visual system following the replacement of the temporal half of a
      right eyebud with the temporal half of a left eyebud. This manipulation requires
      that the left half-eyebud be inverted along its dorsoventral axis.
      Electrophysiological maps of these compound eyes in postmetamorphic frogs reveal
      regulated maps; the cells in the temporal half of the NrTl eye project to the
      tectum with a dorsoventral polarity appropriate for their position in the host
      eye and not appropriate for the original positions of the grafted cells in the
      donor eyebud. Paradoxically, the regulated patterns are not apparent in the
      projections of the original grafted eyebud cells during early larval development.
      Using fiber-tracing and electrophysiological mapping techniques, we now show that
      the regulated patterns appear gradually in the projections made by peripheral
      retinal cells added during mid-larval development. Because the regulation occurs
      relatively late in development and probably only in the peripheral retinal cells,
      simple models of epimorphic or morphallactic regulation do not appear to fit this
      system. Thus, new or more complex models must be invoked to explain the
      phenomenon of pattern regulation in the developing visual system of Xenopus.

PMID- 2917696
TI  - Expression of an embryonic spicule matrix gene in calcified tissues of adult sea
      urchins.
AB  - The sea urchin spicule is composed of CaCO3 associated with an organic matrix
      containing at least 10 proteins. We have previously shown that one of these
      proteins, a 50-kDa glycoprotein (SM 50), is encoded by a gene which is only
      transcribed in cells of the micromere-mesenchyme lineage. In this report we
      examined RNA from five adult tissues: ovary, coelomocytes, intestine, tube feet,
      and spine for the presence of SM 50 transcripts and protein. Only RNA from cells
      of spine and tube feet hybridized to a SM 50-specific probe on Northern blots.
      These same two tissues undergo biomineralization and contain a protein which is
      immunologically related to the SM 50 protein. The restricted accumulation of SM
      50 transcripts and protein suggests that the differentiation of biomineralizing
      mesenchyme cells in embryonic and adult tissue may utilize the same genetic
      program.

PMID- 2917697
TI  - Developmental and muscle-specific changes in methylation of the myosin light
      chain LC1f and LC3f promoters during avian myogenesis.
AB  - The fast alkali myosin light chains LC1f and LC3f are two contractile protein
      isoforms encoded for by a single gene complex. Expression of these two isoforms
      is dependent upon differential initiation of transcription at either of two
      promoters encoding unique 5' exons for isoform-specific amino termini of these
      light chains. Studies of protein expression have shown that the two isoforms are
      first expressed at different stages of development and in the case of the LC3f
      isoform only in fast twitch muscle fiber types. The molecular mechanisms that
      regulate the differential transcription of the gene complex are unknown.
      Experiments reported here demonstrated the direct correlation of isoform protein
      and mRNA expression with the undermethylation of the DNA in the promoter regions
      of the gene for each of the expressed myosin light chain isoforms. We find that
      fast and slow muscles have different patterns of undermethylation of the two
      promoter regions of the gene. Moreover, changes in methylation of the promoter
      regions were shown to occur specifically in skeletal muscle tissue, to be
      developmentally regulated, and to only occur in the LC3f promoter of those muscle
      groups that express LC3f protein.

PMID- 2917698
TI  - Dorsalization of mesoderm induction by lithium.
AB  - Lithium dorsalizes the body plan of Xenopus embryos when administered at the 32
      cell stage (K.R. Kao and R.P. Elinson, 1988, Dev. Biol. 127, 64-77). In this
      paper, we have attempted to determine the effects of lithium on mesoderm
      induction, in order to localize the target of action of lithium. In the 32-cell
      embryo, the vegetal-most tier 4 cells are able to induce dorsal development in
      the overlying, equatorial tier 3 cells (R.L. Gimlich and J.C. Gerhart, 1984, Dev.
      Biol. 104, 117-130). Our experiments show that microinjection of lithium into
      either tier 3 or tier 4 cells of ultraviolet-irradiated, dorsoanterior-deficient
      embryos rescues normal development. Lineage tracer studies show that only tier 3
      injected cells contribute progeny to dorsal axial structures while tier 4
      injected cells contribute progeny to endoderm. Sandwich explants between animal
      caps and ventral vegetal cells cause induction of large amounts of muscle in the
      explants if either caps or vegetal cells are pretreated with lithium. Similarly,
      fibroblast growth factor-mediated mesoderm induction is also modified by lithium
      so that muscle is induced instead of ventral mesoderm. We conclude that lithium
      dorsalizes the response of animal cells to mesoderm induction signals, while not
      acting directly as a mesoderm inducer itself. The target of action of lithium is
      likely the third tier of cells of the 32-cell embryo.

PMID- 2917699
TI  - Diabetic myocardial infarction. Interaction of diabetes with other preinfarction
      risk factors.
AB  - To assess the effect of diabetes on outcome after acute myocardial infarction
      (MI), we compared a cohort of 228 type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic
      patients who had sustained acute MI with a similar number of nondiabetic patients
      with MI. Thirty-day mortality was greater in the diabetic group (27 vs. 17%).
      However, diabetic patients were older and had more cardiovascular disease before
      MI. Analyses accounting for such baseline risk revealed a complex effect of
      diabetes. The relative risk (RR) of dying from MI due to diabetes was greatest
      among patients with lowest baseline risk (RR 7.3) and least among those at
      highest baseline risk (RR 0.83). These effects were most striking with transmural
      MI, which was highly lethal for those with diabetes. Analyses with pulmonary
      edema as the endpoint support the significant risk conferred by diabetes and its
      interaction with baseline risk. Diabetes is a risk factor for poor outcome after
      MI, particularly among patients whose pre-MI cardiovascular status otherwise
      appears normal.

PMID- 2917700
TI  - Radioassay determination of insulin autoantibodies in NOD mice. Correlation with
      increased risk of progression to overt diabetes.
AB  - In an initial cross-sectional study, 29 female and 25 male nondiabetic weaned
      nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice of various ages (age range 30-300 days, mean 108 +/-
      10 days) and 11 unweaned NOD pups were evaluated for competitive insulin
      autoantibodies (CIAAs) with a fluid-phase radioassay. Eleven of 54 (20%) weaned
      NOD mice had CIAA levels above the range (greater than 39 nU/ml) of 81 control
      mice. The group of NOD mice that progressed to diabetes had a significantly
      higher level of CIAAs than NOD mice that did not progress to diabetes (NOD mice
      progressing to diabetes: CIAA 63 +/- 12 nU/ml; NOD mice not progressing to
      diabetes: CIAA 8 +/- 4 nU/ml; P less than .02). Seven of 11 (64%) NOD mice having
      CIAA concentrations exceeding the normal range progressed to diabetes, whereas
      only 4 of 43 (9%) NOD mice progressed to diabetes without detection of elevated
      CIAAs (Fisher's exact test, P less than .0005). The relative risk of progressing
      to overt diabetes with CIAA levels greater than 39 nU/ml was therefore 17 (P less
      than .005), giving a positive predictive value of 64%, a negative predictive
      value of 91%, and an overall accuracy of 85%. None of 11 unweaned NOD pups had
      CIAA levels above the normal range (mean -9.4 +/- 4.9 nU/ml). At 6 wk of age, 37%
      of female NOD mice were CIAA+, whereas none of the male animals exceeded the
      normal range at this age (38 +/- 13 vs. 5 +/- 6 nU/ml, P less than .05).(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2917702
TI  - [The status of computerized tomography in the diagnosis of primary cervix
      cancer].
AB  - 172 patients with a primary cervical carcinoma have been examined using
      computerized axial tomography. CT-diagnosis was then analysed and compared with
      the results of the gynecological examination, cystoscopy, rectoscopy,
      lymphography, conventional radiological examination procedures and histology. CT
      is unsuitable for the primary diagnosis of cervical carcinoma and anyway
      unnecessary. In the case, where the carcinoma expands to the vagina, the
      diagnosis is quicker and more exact through inspection, palpation and biopsy
      rather than through CT. Moreover, to exclude a possible expansion of the
      carcinoma to the bladder and rectum, it is necessary that cystoscopy, rectoscopy
      as well as colon enema be performed. These examination procedures are in this
      case more effective than CT. Using CT, it is not feasible either to diagnose
      correctly the degree of infiltration of the parametria or to make definite
      predictions on the siting and operability. It is not necessary to use CT as a
      primary means of judging lymph node status, since other findings relevant to
      therapy (infiltration of the parametria, bladder, rectum) cannot be undertaken
      simultaneously with adequate safety. The use of CT in the diagnosis of the
      primary cervical carcinoma is therefore only of minimal importance.

PMID- 2917701
TI  - Gemfibrozil alone and in combination with lovastatin for treatment of
      hypertriglyceridemia in NIDDM.
AB  - Hypertriglyceridemic patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
      (NIDDM) have an increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) and acute
      pancreatitis. To examine the potential of hypolipidemic drugs for therapy of
      lipoprotein abnormalities in NIDDM, 10 patients maintaining marked (plasma
      triglycerides greater than 500 mg/dl) and 6 with moderate (plasma triglycerides
      250-500 mg/dl) hypertriglyceridemia, despite good glycemic control, were studied
      in two phases. In the first phase, gemfibrozil alone (600 mg twice daily) was
      compared with a placebo, and in the second phase a combination of gemfibrozil and
      lovastatin (20 mg twice daily) was compared with gemfibrozil alone in a
      randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. In markedly
      hypertriglyceridemic patients, gemfibrozil reduced plasma triglycerides by 52%
      and very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-chol) by 55% and increased
      high-density lipoprotein cholesterol by 23% compared with a placebo. However, low
      density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-chol) levels increased (42%), and LDL
      apolipoprotein B (apoB) levels remained unchanged. Addition of lovastatin to
      gemfibrozil effectively reduced total cholesterol (25%), LDL-chol (30%), and LDL
      apoB (19%). Lovastatin further reduced plasma triglycerides (11%) and VLDL-chol
      (27%). However, in moderately hypertriglyceridemic patients, gemfibrozil or the
      combination therapy did not seem to offer benefits over the previously reported
      study with lovastatin alone. Glycemic control was maintained throughout the
      study. In conclusion, the beneficial effects of the combination therapy on
      lipoprotein levels in markedly hypertriglyceridemic NIDDM patients could decrease
      the risk of development of both acute pancreatitis and CHD.

PMID- 2917703
TI  - [Intra-tubal embryo transfer. A new therapy in andrologic sterility].
AB  - The intratubal transfer of pronucleus or early cleavage stage embryos (2-8-cell
      stage) is a new method in the treatment of human infertility. Following
      transvaginal sonographic oocyte retrieval, in vitro fertilization is performed
      and the fertilized oocyte pronucleus-stage or embryos are transferred into the
      tube by laparoscopy. By comparison to GIFT (intratubal gamete transfer),
      fertilization under in vitro conditions offers the advantage that the success of
      the fertilization process can be examined. Therefore, this method can give
      important diagnostic information--especially in cases of poor sperm quality or
      unexplained infertility. After fertilization in vitro and transfer into the tube
      the embryonic development occurs in the physiological milieu of the oviduct. Up
      until the present, the new procedure was performed in 40 patients with male
      factor or unexplained infertility. In 11 cases (28%) a pregnancy could be
      achieved. One abortion, but no ectopic pregnancy was observed. No difference in
      the pregnancy rates could be observed between the transfer of pronucleus stage
      and the early cleavage stage embryos. This method combines the advantages of IVF
      and GIFT and offers a successful procedure for the treatment of infertility.

PMID- 2917704
TI  - [Possibilities for using the LH color test in determining ovulation time].
AB  - The LH color test was used to monitor 40 cycles of 32 patients. The urine test,
      which becomes positive at a LH-concentration of at least 50 I. U./ml, indicated
      the LH-peak in 34 out of 35 cycles with ascertained ovulation. In 24 cycles, the
      urine LH-peak preceded the serum LH-peak by one day. The urine LH-peak was found
      on cycle day 13.6 on average. The serum LH-peak on day 14.2 on average. The
      sensitivity of the LH color test was 97.2%, its specificity 100%.

PMID- 2917705
TI  - [Clinical and radiologic findings before and following sling operation for
      recurrent incontinence].
AB  - In recent years, accurate preoperative diagnosis has been increasingly emphasized
      as an important therapeutic aspect of urinary incontinence in women. One of the
      diagnostic modalities employed is the lateral urethrocystogram. 25 patients with
      recurrent stress induced urinary incontinence were subjected to a dura-sling
      operation. The median duration of incontinence-related problems until secondary
      surgery (loop surgery) was 2.6 years. Radiological investigations before and
      after loop surgery showed, that this operation produces good morphological
      results, if the preoperative diagnosis is accurate. In 84% of the patients the
      continence obtained was verified by clinical evidence and radiologic findings.

PMID- 2917706
TI  - [Smoking and gestosis: comparative results of clinical and histomorphometric
      studies].
AB  - Altogether 85 term placentae (20 from gestosis patients, 44 from patients who
      smoke and 21 normal term placentae) were examined macroscopically,
      microscopically and autoradiographically. The results and clinical data were
      analysed: strong smokers were compared with severe gestosis patients. A direct
      relation between reduced birthweight and placental insufficiency in gestosis
      patients and smokers could be established. In gestosis patients we found a
      "negative"--hypotrophic structural change of the placenta as a result of
      haemodynamic disturbance. In patients who smoke we found a "positive"-
      hypertrophic structural change of the placenta as an adaptation and compensation
      to the hypoxic stimulus of nicotine.

PMID- 2917707
TI  - [Immunotherapy following habitual abortion in paternal chromosome translocation].
AB  - In a 41-year-old VII-gravida, I-para, the husband's reciprocal translocation of
      the chromosomes 1 and 18 as well as a partial identity of the marital partner in
      the HLA-system may have been the underlying causes for five abortions. In the 7th
      pregnancy, a prenatal chromosome analysis was performed as well as an
      immunotherapy with paternal lymphocytes, when uterine bleeding occurred. After
      termination of bleeding, the pregnancy continued without any complication. Our
      case report demonstrates the importance of an extensive search for causes leading
      to recurrent abortions not only with regard to diagnosis but also with regard to
      therapy in pregnancy.

PMID- 2917708
TI  - [Immunohistochemical and serologic detection of Ca-125 in patients with
      peritoneal tuberculosis and ascites].
AB  - We report on two young patients with massively elevated CA-125 serum level of 290
      and 264 U/ml respectively, who clinically exhibited suddenly occurring ascites.
      The diagnosis of ovarian carcinoma or ruptured ovarian cystoma led to a
      laparotomy. During the operation, a disseminating granulomatous inflammation was
      evident, which was identified histologically and microbiologically as miliary
      tuberculosis with peritoneal invasion. CA-125 was immunohistochemically
      localised, sharply demarcated around the tuberculous granuloma. A possible
      explanation for this finding is the inflammatory mesothelial proliferation. A
      similarity in antigenic structures of membrane components of M. tuberculosis and
      CA-125 cannot be excluded. Serum CA-125 levels tested 6 months after the
      treatment of the tuberculosis showed a value within the normal range (less than
      35 U/ml).

PMID- 2917709
TI  - [Unusual course of metastatic cancer of the uterine cervix].
AB  - The following report describes the case history of a 40-year-old woman suffering
      from a squamous carcinoma of the cervix uteri stage IV with predominantly
      cutaneous metastases. After a combined treatment of local radiotherapy and
      polychemotherapy with cisplatinum, bleomycin and methotrexate, a complete
      remission of the disease has been achieved. Six months later, however, a local
      recurrence of the tumor in the cervix uteri was diagnosed. As the patient showed
      no evidence of metastases, a radical hysterectomy was then performed. While the
      chemotherapy was continued over longer time intervals, the patient lived for a
      further five months in good health and without any recurrence of the disease.
      More than one year after treatment was started, the patient died suddenly of
      uncontrollable cerebral metastases. Considering the unfavourable prognosis and
      the satisfactory quality of the patient's life after therapy, the course of
      treatment undertaken appears to have been justifiable.

PMID- 2917710
TI  - [Is rotation in vacuum extraction possible?].

PMID- 2917711
TI  - Coevolution of the major histocompatibility complex and the t-complex in the
      mouse. I. Generation and maintenance of high complementarity associations.
AB  - A quantitative model is developed to explore the effects of prezygotic and
      postzygotic incompatibility on the origin and maintenance of associations between
      the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and the t-complex in the mouse.
      Incompatibility is represented by a reduction in the rate of conception or
      gestation of offspring derived from sperm bearing MHC antigens in common with the
      mother. Incompatibility encourages the evolution of associations from a state of
      complete independence between the two complexes by promoting the invasion of all
      novel antigens, including those that exhibit associations with the t-complex.
      Incompatibility can modify the relative numbers of antigens associated with each
      haplotype by actively promoting the exclusion or invasion of recombinants that
      bear formerly +-specific or t-specific antigens on the alternative haplotype. The
      results of the analysis indicate that the state of complete independence between
      the MHC and the t-complex is not preserved over evolutionary time in the presence
      of incompatibility. Further, the expression of incompatibility maintains fully
      associated states that include a single antigen associated with the t-haplotype
      and up to three to five antigens associated with the +-haplotype within a single
      population.

PMID- 2917712
TI  - Coevolution of the major histocompatibility complex and the t-complex in the
      mouse. II. Modification of response to sharing of histocompatibility antigens.
AB  - Selective pressures imposed by high complementarity associations between the
      major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and the t-complex on a locus that modifies
      the expression of prezygotic and postzygotic incompatibility are investigated
      through the analysis of a quantitative model. Sharing of MHC antigens between
      mates or between mother and offspring elicits weak inhibition of conception or
      gestation. In the presence of high complementarity associations between the MHC
      and the t-complex, weak incompatibility depresses the mean fitness of the
      population. Nevertheless, natural selection favors the enhancement of the
      expression of incompatibility if the number of antigens associated with the +
      haplotype exceeds the number associated with the t-haplotype by a sufficient
      margin. Under absolute linkage between the modifier locus and the t-complex, the
      number associated with the +-haplotype need only be greater than the number
      associated with the t-haplotype. In the absence of linkage, a twofold difference
      is sufficient to ensure the initial increase of modifier alleles that intensify
      the expression of incompatibility.

PMID- 2917713
TI  - Linkage and the maintenance of heritable variation by mutation-selection balance.
AB  - The role of linkage in influencing heritable variation maintained through a
      balance between mutation and stabilizing selection is investigated for two
      different models. In both cases one trait is considered and the interactions
      within and between loci are assumed to be additive. Contrary to most earlier
      investigations of this problem no a priori assumptions on the distribution of
      genotypic values are imposed. For a deterministic two-locus two-allele model with
      recombination and mutation, related to the symmetric viability model, a complete
      nonlinear analysis is performed. It is shown that, depending on the recombination
      rate, multiple stable equilibria may coexist. The equilibrium genetic and genic
      variances are calculated. For a polygenic trait in a finite population with a
      possible continuum of allelic effects a simulation study is performed. In both
      models the equilibrium genetic and genic variances are roughly equal to the house
      of-cards prediction or its finite population counterpart as long as the
      recombination rate is not extremely low. However, negative linkage disequilibrium
      builds up. If the loci are very closely linked the equilibrium additive genetic
      variance is slightly lower than the house-of-cards prediction, but the genic
      variance is much higher. Depending on whether the parameters are in favor of the
      house-of-cards or the Gaussian approximation, different behavior of the genetic
      system occurs with respect to linkage.

PMID- 2917714
TI  - Genes that implement the hermaphrodite mode of dosage compensation in
      Caenorhabditis elegans.
AB  - We report a genetic characterization of several essential components of the
      dosage compensation process in Caenorhabditis elegans. Mutations in the genes dpy
      26, dpy-27, dpy-28, and the newly identified gene dpy-29 disrupt dosage
      compensation, resulting in elevated X-linked gene expression in XX animals and an
      incompletely penetrant maternal-effect XX-specific lethality. These dpy mutations
      appear to cause XX animals to express each set of X-linked genes at a level
      appropriate for XO animals. XO dpy animals are essentially wild type. Both the
      viability and the level of X-linked gene expression in XX animals carrying
      mutations in two or more dpy genes are the same as in animals carrying only a
      single mutation, consistent with the view that these genes act together in a
      single process (dosage compensation). To define a potential time of action for
      the gene dpd-28 we performed reciprocal temperature-shift experiments with a heat
      sensitive allele. The temperature-sensitive period for lethality begins 5 hr
      after fertilization at the 300-cell stage and extends to about 9 hr, a point well
      beyond the end of cell proliferation. This temperature-sensitive period suggests
      that dosage compensation is functioning in XX animals by mid-embryogenesis, when
      many zygotically transcribed genes are active. While mutations in the dpy genes
      have no effect on the sexual phenotype of otherwise wild-type XX or XO animals,
      they do have a slight feminizing effect on animals whose sex-determination
      process is already genetically perturbed. The opposite directions of the
      feminizing effects on sex determination and the masculinizing effects on dosage
      compensation caused by the dpy mutations are inconsistent with the wild-type dpy
      genes acting to coordinately control both processes. Instead, the feminizing
      effects are most likely an indirect consequence of disruptions in dosage
      compensation caused by the dpy mutations. Based on the cumulative evidence, the
      likely mechanism of dosage compensation in C. elegans involves reducing X-linked
      gene expression in XX animals to equal that in XO animals via the action of the
      dpy genes.

PMID- 2917715
TI  - Ethical care of the elderly: pitfalls and principles.
AB  - Ethical problems have become intrinsic to geriatric medicine. Physician's
      familiarity with ethical principles of medical decision-making, such as
      beneficence, autonomy, and justice, can be helpful. These principles can lead,
      however, to conflicting conclusions, and the decisions must be personal. An
      informed approach can help physicians resolve these increasingly commonplace
      dilemmas.

PMID- 2917717
TI  - Reimbursement comes to the fore.

PMID- 2917716
TI  - Conversation with...Ken Dychtwald, PhD: where will the 'age wave' carry
      physicians?. Interview by Richard L. Peck.

PMID- 2917718
TI  - Burn accidents and the elderly: what is happening and how to prevent it.
AB  - Individuals over 60 and children under 2 form the two most burn-prone age groups
      in the United States. These figures are confirmed in other western cultures. The
      majority of injuries sustained in these two groups are preventable and relate to
      inadvertent scalding from hot water at the tap or spilled liquids in the kitchen
      and ignition of fabrics by faulty heaters or cigarettes. These injuries among the
      elderly lead to permanent change in health care status in over 40% of such
      accidents, and their prevention could significantly reduce morbidity associated
      with aging. Recommendations to promote burn prevention include reducing the
      temperature of hot water at the tap, introducing self-extinguishing cigarettes,
      and placing smoke detectors in all residences.

PMID- 2917719
TI  - Sexual problems in the elderly, I: The use and abuse of medications. A Geriatrics
      panel discussion.
AB  - If sexual activity is not off-limits for elderly people, is it at least off
      limits as a topic of conversation with their physicians? The assumption that it
      is often prevents informed clinical intervention and leads to needless suffering.
      Panelists in this first installment in a special two-part discussion defined a
      broad role for primary care management of sexual dysfunction in the elderly. Drug
      side effects and appropriate use of estrogens are covered in this installment.

PMID- 2917720
TI  - Sexual problems in the elderly, II: Men's vs. women's. A Geriatrics panel
      discussion.
AB  - As men and women age, each sex finds a particular type of sexual dysfunction
      becoming more prevalent. For each dysfunction, furthermore, the primary care
      physician has a management role. The major dysfunctions and what to do about them
      is reviewed by an expert panel. The second installment in a two-part discussion.

PMID- 2917721
TI  - Cardiac valve disorders: growing significance in the elderly.
AB  - Accompanying the aging of the population has been a change in the presentation
      and the manifestations of valvular heart disease. Calcific aortic stenosis is now
      the most frequent reason for valvular heart surgery and differs greatly from the
      stenosis produced by rheumatic fever or a congenital bicuspid valve. Mitral
      insufficiency is found with increasing frequency and is often due to a calcified
      mitral valve annulus. Mitral valve prolapse, once thought to be a disease found
      in younger patients, is being diagnosed more and more in the elderly and is a
      significant cause of mitral regurgitation. It is important for the physician
      caring for the older patient to be aware of the differing presentations,
      manifestations, and implications of valvular diseases in the elderly.

PMID- 2917722
TI  - [Modern gastritis therapy. New pathogenetic concepts. Significance of
      Campylobacter pylori. Use of bismuth compounds. Report of the 16th meeting of the
      Bayern Society of Gastroenterology. Bad Durkheim, 21-22 October 1988].

PMID- 2917723
TI  - [The threatened heart: prevention and therapy. Report of the seminar: "Coronary
      circulation disorders: a 20th century epidemic?" 18 November 1988, Dusseldorf].

PMID- 2917724
TI  - [Colloid cysts of the 3d ventricle: problems of early intravital diagnosis].
AB  - Basing on two own cases with acute signs of increased obstructive intracranial
      pressure the problem of early diagnosis of colloid cysts of the third ventricle
      is discussed with special reference to case reports in the literature. In the
      absence of typical clinical signs and symptoms, there are acute and chronic
      constellations of signs and symptoms that point to a suspicion of an obstruction
      of liquor flow by a colloid cyst. It is explained which importance CT and MR
      assume in the diagnosis of these benign tumours that present a very varied
      neurological pattern. Special reference is made to the presentation of
      neuroradiological differential diagnoses and the application of specific
      examination methods, such as tomography in very thin layers and allowing some
      time to elapse after contrast medium administration has been effected.

PMID- 2917725
TI  - [Isolated abducens paralysis--a retrospective study of 165 patients].
AB  - In this retrospective study the case reports of 165 patients suffering from an
      abducens nerve palsy as the main presenting symptom were evaluated. The sixth
      nerve palsy was more frequent on the left (52%) than on the right hand side
      (38%), in 10% there was bilateral involvement. In 49 cases a vascular origin was
      suspected (29.7%), with diabetes mellitus as the most important risk factor (n =
      35). Abducens palsies in inflammatory diseases (n = 32, 19.4%) were seen most
      often in multiple sclerosis (n = 11), viral meningoencephalitis (n = 5) and
      accompanying systemic viral infections (n = 5). Postvaccinal paresis was seldom
      (n = 1). Tumours (n = 18, 10.9%) causing sixth nerve paresis were metastases to
      the brain (n = 7), meningiomas (n = 3) and glioblastomas (n = 2). Nasopharyngeal
      carcinomas lead in 4 cases to an involvement of the abducens. Aneurysms causing
      sixth nerve palsy (n = 7, 4.2%) most frequent being located at the intracavernous
      region of the internal carotid artery (n = 4). In traumatic abducens paresis (n =
      5, 3.1%) pathological findings of neuroradiological examinations are rare. In 48
      patients (29.1%) diagnosis remained unclear, especially in young adults between
      the 20th and 40th year of age. Prognosis of abducens paresis is good in lesions
      of vascular and unknown origin; in these cases non-steroidal antiphlogistics are
      of benefit.

PMID- 2917726
TI  - Hemizona assay using salt-stored human oocytes: evaluation of zona pellucida
      capacity for binding human spermatozoa.
AB  - Human oocytes were stored (25 degrees C) in 1.5 M MgCl2 for 6-30 days, then
      utilized in the new hemizona assay (HZA) for tight binding of human spermatozoa
      [Burkman et al.: Fertil Steril 49:688-697, 1988]. We have compared 1) the ability
      of matching salt-treated hemizonae or dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)-treated hemizonae
      to distinguish between sperm from semen having normal versus subnormal
      characteristics and, 2) the kinetics of fertile sperm binding to salt-treated or
      DMSO-treated hemizonae. After sperm preparation one salt-treated hemizona was
      incubated with normal spermatozoa and the matching hemizona was placed with sperm
      from the subnormal group. As a control, DMSO-treated hemizonae were incubated in
      additional sperm droplets. After 4 hours, the number of sperm tightly bound to
      each hemizona was counted. Within the normal semen group, there was equivalent
      binding to salt- or DMSO-treated hemizonae (54.0 +/- 12 and 49 +/- 14,
      respectively, mean +/- SEM). Similarly, tight binding of sperm from the subnormal
      group was not affected by the zona storage method (21 +/- 8 and 17 +/- 5,
      respectively). For either storage approach, binding of subnormal sperm was
      significantly less (P less than 0.01) compared with the number of normal sperm
      attached to the matching hemizona. For the kinetics study, the hemizona binding
      of proven fertile spermatozoa was followed throughout 8.5 hours. The shape of the
      binding curve was the same for zonae stored by either method and was consistent
      with our published kinetics data. Salt storage offers a simple and inexpensive
      means for accumulating and transporting human zonae pellucida; the resulting
      hemizonae function effectively in the HZA for estimating sperm binding potential.

PMID- 2917727
TI  - Fertilization by sperm injection in the rabbit.
AB  - Whole rabbit spermatozoa and isolated sperm nuclei were microinjected directly
      into the ooplasm of hamster and rabbit ova. These injected sperm decondensed and
      formed male pronuclei during subsequent in-vitro culture. Injection of whole
      spermatozoa and sperm nuclei prepared by a protocol known to allow in-vitro
      capacitation of ejaculated spermatozoa yielded a significantly higher (P less
      than 0.01) number of activated rabbit ova containing male pronuclei than did
      injection of uncapacitated epididymal sperm nuclei or ejaculated sperm nuclei.
      Rabbit ova fertilized by sperm injection were capable of undergoing normal
      appearing cleavage division during 22 h of culture.

PMID- 2917728
TI  - Analysis of the chromosome complement in outbred mouse sperm fertilizing in
      vitro.
AB  - The chromosome complements in a population of mouse sperm from random-bred ICR
      donors were analyzed at first-cleavage metaphase after in vitro fertilization
      (IVF) of oocytes from females of the same strain. The sperm were aged as
      donations occurred within an average of 31 days, either since last mating or at
      arrival at the animal facility in the case of virgin males. Of a total of 598
      sperm complements studied from 22 sexually mature males aged 10-26 weeks old,
      there was one diploid complement (0.17%). The frequencies of hyperhaploidy and
      structural aberrations that were studied in 338 complements were 4.4% and 3.6%,
      respectively, giving an overall frequency of 8.0%. The hyperhaploid complements
      consisted of n + 1, n + 2, n + 3, and n + 7 counts, while the structural
      abnormalities were of the chromosome type and included large and small fragments
      and a possible translocation. This is the highest frequency of sperm chromosome
      abnormalities reported for mouse sperm obtained from males under physiological
      conditions and fertilized in vitro or in vivo. Sperm aging, strain, and/or
      technique differences are among the factors that may be responsible for this high
      frequency. Since the 8.0% frequency of hyperhaploidy and structural abnormalities
      is similar to the frequency reported for human sperm after IVF, the outbred
      murine in vitro fertilization system may be a useful model to study the origin of
      human sperm chromosome abnormalities.

PMID- 2917729
TI  - Incidence of chromosomal anomalies in early bovine embryos derived from in vitro
      fertilization.
AB  - The incidence of chromosomal anomalies in early bovine embryos derived from
      follicular oocytes fertilized in vitro using sperm separated by Percoll density
      gradient centrifugation was investigated. Overall, chromosomal anomalies were
      observed in 13.7% (138/1005) of embryos. There were 14 haploids (1.4%), 2
      hypodiploids (0.2%), 6 hyperdiploids (0.6%), 101 triploids (10.0%), 12
      tetraploids (1.2%), 2 diploid/triploid mosaics (0.2%), and 1 diploid/tetraploid
      mosaic (0.1%). The frequency of triploidy was caused mainly by polyspermy. There
      was a significant difference in the frequency of embryos with abnormal
      chromosomes between the two bulls used (P less than 0.005), but Percoll
      centrifugation did not affect the observed incidence of anomalies. The frequency
      of chromosomal anomalies in embryos at each stage increased with delay or arrest
      of development. These results suggest that the incidence of chromosomal anomalies
      depended on the conditions of in vitro fertilization and the arrest of
      development.

PMID- 2917730
TI  - Segregation products of male mice doubly heterozygous for the RB(6.16) and RB
      (16.17) translocations: influence of sperm karyotype on fertilizing competence
      under varying mating frequencies.
AB  - The meiotic segregants of male mice heterozygous for Rb(6.16)24Lub and
      Rb(16.17)7Bnr were viewed, for the first time, at first cleavage metaphase.
      Chromosomes were analyzed after G-banding, C-banding, and karyotyping. To study
      sperm aging effects, chromosomes of 202 one-cell zygotes derived from males
      mating at intervals of approximately 3, 14, and 21 days were examined. At least
      89.6% of sperm-derived complements were products of 2:2 segregation; at most, a
      possible 6.4% were 3:1 segregants. The six expected types of 2:2 segregants, both
      balanced and unbalanced, were equifrequent in the total zygote population derived
      from sperm of all ages. When the data were analyzed according to mating
      frequency, the 3-day sperm population considered most likely to be fresh showed a
      deficiency of the segregant nullisomic for chromosome 6 and disomic for
      chromosome 17, when compared with the reciprocal segregant (P less than 0.025) as
      well as to all other 2:2 segregants (P less than 0.05). However, these sperm
      fertilized in greater numbers (P less than 0.01) than their reciprocal segregant
      (disomic for 6 and nullisomic for 17) in the 14-day sperm population. While sperm
      with chromosomal abnormalities are capable of fertilization, the competence of
      segregants nullisomic for 6 and disomic for 17 apparently depends on the prior
      storage period in the male. Further, the results suggest that the effect of
      aneuploidy on sperm function is dependent on the specific chromosome(s) involved.

PMID- 2917731
TI  - The place of work in psychiatric rehabilitation.

PMID- 2917732
TI  - The legacy of model programs.

PMID- 2917733
TI  - ECT for an elderly man with psychotic depression and concurrent dementia.

PMID- 2917734
TI  - The expansion of psychiatric participation in social control.

PMID- 2917735
TI  - Assessing the victimized psychiatric patient.
AB  - Psychiatric patients who have experienced violence or victimization usually do
      not report these traumatic events to clinicians spontaneously, although they may
      be relevant to the patients' current problems. Therefore, inquiry about such
      experiences should be part of the clinical assessment of patients who are
      refugees, crime victims, or military veterans or patients whose histories suggest
      traumatic events. The authors present a series of questions designed to
      facilitate discussion of traumatic events and to elicit clinical information that
      is relevant from both somatic and psychosocial perspectives.

PMID- 2917737
TI  - The development and practice of pastoral counseling.
AB  - The practice of pastoral counselors is not well understood by secular mental
      health professionals, although evidence suggests that advantages can be gained by
      increasing the interaction between the two groups. Trends in the historical
      development of pastoral counseling are summarized, and a typology that
      distinguishes three major thrusts among its practitioners--religious counseling,
      pastoral mental health work, and pastoral psychotherapy--is offered. A clergy
      malpractice case that raises issues of joint concern to secular and religious
      therapists is discussed.

PMID- 2917736
TI  - Do dangerousness-oriented commitment laws restrict hospitalization of patients
      who need treatment? A test.
AB  - A study at a large urban psychiatric hospital in Pennsylvania evaluated whether
      the state's dangerousness-oriented commitment criteria restricted hospitalization
      of patients whom emergency room clinicians considered highly in need of treatment
      but not dangerous. A total of 390 patients were studied. Eleven patients judged
      to be highly in need of treatment did not meet any of the commitment criteria,
      but they were largely compliant with the idea of being treated. An additional 17
      patients considered highly in need of treatment met criteria for commitment based
      on inability to care for self, but most were hospitalized voluntarily. Only one
      patient who met none of the commitment criteria resisted recommended hospital
      care, and she was eventually committed involuntarily based on inability to care
      for self. The data suggest that dangerousness-oriented commitment criteria are
      flexible enough to provide for treatment of patients in serious need.

PMID- 2917738
TI  - Changes in VA diagnosis of schizophrenic and affective disorders after DSM-III.
AB  - DSM-III tightened the criteria for diagnosis of schizophrenia by excluding
      patients who exhibit a full affective syndrome before the onset of psychotic
      symptoms; such patients are to receive a diagnosis of affective disorder. The
      impact of this change on psychiatric diagnostic practices in Veterans
      Administration facilities before and after publication of DSM-III was assessed.
      Diagnoses of schizophrenia increased about half as much as would be expected
      based on the overall increase in psychiatric diagnoses, while diagnoses of
      affective disorders rose about two and a half times as much as would be expected.
      Patients whose diagnoses were changed from schizophrenic to affective disorders
      after publication of DSM-III had significantly fewer hospitalizations in both
      time periods than patients who retained diagnoses of schizophrenia. However,
      greater diagnostic inconsistency was found after implementation of DSM-III.

PMID- 2917739
TI  - Impact of therapeutic management on use of seclusion and restraint with
      disruptive adolescent inpatients.
AB  - Use of seclusion and restraint on three inpatient adolescent psychiatric units
      was examined during two five-month periods before and after implementation of a
      "therapeutic management" protocol. Under the protocol, staff classified
      disruptive behaviors into four stages and provided verbal and behavioral
      interventions to control behavior at each stage. Patients who required seclusion
      and restraint had significant latitude to determine the timing of their release
      from the interventions and met with staff one hour and 24 hours after their
      release to explore alternatives to aggression. The number of episodes of
      seclusion and restraint fell by 64 percent after the protocol was adopted, and
      the number of patients who required those interventions dropped by 39 percent.
      The mean duration of episodes of seclusion and restraint was reduced by 59
      percent. Therapeutic management provides a corrective experience by addressing
      the developmental needs, deficient cognitive skills, and poor internalized
      controls of disruptive adolescents.

PMID- 2917741
TI  - Missed diagnosis of substance abuse in psychiatric patients.

PMID- 2917740
TI  - Urban psychiatric commitments: disability and dangerous behavior of black and
      white recent admissions.
AB  - Nationally black patients are overrepresented in public psychiatric institutions
      and are more likely than white patients to be committed involuntarily. This study
      of patients from 12 treatment units in the Chicago area, where these patterns
      were also true, compared the functioning of 227 acute admissions grouped by race
      (white or black) and admission status (voluntary or involuntary). Patients were
      assessed by highly trained independent observers using objective measures of
      dangerous behavior and disability levels, the relevant classes of functioning
      based on common principles underlying commitment statutes. No evidence was found
      that racial bias and discrimination in commitment and retention decisions would
      account for the overrepresentation of blacks among involuntary commitments to
      public institutions. Rather, the same factors that account for the
      overrepresentation of blacks compared with whites among all admissions may also
      explain their overrepresentation among the involuntarily confined. Changes in
      treatment programming and assessment practices are suggested.

PMID- 2917742
TI  - AMA discharges: prediction and treatment outcome.

PMID- 2917743
TI  - Davanloo's technique.

PMID- 2917744
TI  - Accusations of child abuse.

PMID- 2917745
TI  - Labeling patients.

PMID- 2917746
TI  - CA Blue Cross posts big gain in third-quarter '88.

PMID- 2917747
TI  - HAS Monitrend II: faster data, more detail.

PMID- 2917748
TI  - Reducing cesareans--a $1 million trade-off.

PMID- 2917749
TI  - Rehabilitation growth: is its heyday over?

PMID- 2917750
TI  - Rehabilitation growth fuels PT shortages.

PMID- 2917751
TI  - Researchers reconsider plants as drug sources.

PMID- 2917752
TI  - Image problems expand CEO role.

PMID- 2917753
TI  - Public image intact after antitrust trial ends.

PMID- 2917754
TI  - Marketers' survey: advertising decline continues.

PMID- 2917755
TI  - Hospital CEOs make commitment to child care.

PMID- 2917756
TI  - Salaries reflect value of physician managers.

PMID- 2917757
TI  - Meet CEO Inez Lemke: "This is where my heart is". Interview by Alden Solovy.

PMID- 2917759
TI  - Hospital closings reach 81 in 1988: AHA report.

PMID- 2917758
TI  - Labs in microcosm: what's happening in Denver.

PMID- 2917760
TI  - Executive resumes: the ultimate calling card.

PMID- 2917761
TI  - Market research: 'Let the buyer beware'.

PMID- 2917762
TI  - Realistic conductivity geometry model of the human head for interpretation of
      neuromagnetic data.
AB  - In this paper, the computational and practical aspects of a realistically-shaped
      multilayer model for the conductivity geometry of the human head are discussed. A
      novel way to handle the numerical difficulties caused by the presence of the
      poorly conducting skull is presented. Using our method, both the potential on the
      surface of the head and the magnetic field outside the head can be computed
      accurately. The procedure was tested with the multilayer sphere model, for which
      analytical expressions are available. The method is then applied to a
      realistically-shaped head model, and it is numerically shown that for the
      computation of B, produced by cerebral current sources, it is sufficient to
      consider a brain-shaped homogeneous conductor only since the secondary currents
      on the outer interfaces give only a negligible contribution to the magnetic field
      outside the head. Comparisons with the sphere model are also included to pinpoint
      areas where the homogeneous conductor model provides essential improvements in
      the calculation of the magnetic field outside the head.

PMID- 2917763
TI  - Optimal stroke volume in left-ventricular ejection.
AB  - Previous papers related to the recent concept of matching between the ventricle
      and arterial load have only dealt with the optimization of arterial load. Thus,
      stroke volumes predicted by the suggested models for an optimal arterial load
      have only been analyzed. In this paper, optimal value of stroke volume ejected
      against a given arterial load was studied, i.e., left-ventricular function was
      described by an optimization model. In the model, end-diastolic volume (Ved), the
      linear end-systolic pressure-volume relation, heart rate, and ejection time are
      given and arterial load is described by the three-element wind-kessel model. The
      cost function of the model takes into account two optimality criteria for
      ventricular function: energy economy and efficient response to an increase in
      Ved. The observed stroke volumes of isolated canine hearts (data from the
      literature) could be predicted quite accurately by the model. It was concluded
      that the left-ventricular response to a change in arterial load and Ved can be
      explained by an optimization model when contractility and heart rate are kept
      constant. The results also strongly suggest that energy economy and efficiency
      are essential features of left-ventricular function.

PMID- 2917764
TI  - A mathematical model of cerebral blood flow chemical regulation--Part I:
      Diffusion processes.
AB  - This paper proposes a mathematical model which describes the production and
      diffusion of vasoactive chemical factors involved in oxygen-dependent cerebral
      blood flow (CBF) regulation in the rat. Partial differential equations describing
      the relations between input and output variables have been replaced with simpler
      ordinary differential equations by using mathematical approximations of the
      hyperbolic functions in the Laplace transform domain. This model is composed of
      two submodels. In the first, oxygen transport from capillary blood to cerebral
      tissue is analyzed to link changes in mean tissue oxygen pressure with CBF and
      arterial oxygen concentration changes. The second submodel presents equations
      describing the production of vasoactive metabolites by cerebral parenchyma, due
      to a lack of oxygen, and their diffusion towards pial perivascular space. These
      equations have been used to simulate the time dynamics of mean tissue PO2,
      perivascular adenosine concentration, and perivascular pH to changes in CBF. The
      present simulation points out that the time delay introduced by diffusion
      processes is negligible if compared with the other time constants of the system
      under study. In a subsequent work the same equations will be included in a model
      of the cerebral vascular bed to clarify the metabolite role in CBF regulation.

PMID- 2917765
TI  - A mathematical model of cerebral blood flow chemical regulation--Part II:
      Reactivity of cerebral vascular bed.
AB  - In the present paper an original mathematical model of the chemical oxygen
      dependent cerebral blood flow (CBF) regulation in the rat is proposed. Taking
      into account recent experimental works, the model assumes that oxygen acts on
      cerebral vessels through an indirect mechanism, mediated by the release of two
      metabolic substances (adenosine and H+) from tissue, and that any change in
      perivascular concentration of these substances affects the diameter of both the
      medium and small pial arteries as well as of intracerebral arterioles. The model
      is composed of several submodels, each closely related to a different
      physiological event. mathematical equations, which describe the reaction of the
      vasoactive portion of the cerebral vascular bed, are reported in detail and
      justified. The model permits the simulation of the role played by chemical
      factors in the control of CBF under many different physiological and pathological
      conditions in an attempt to clarify their relevance. Several events associated
      with an alteration in oxygen supply to tissue (auto-regulation to changes in
      arterial and venous pressure, reactive hyperemia following on cerebral ischemia,
      arterial hypoxia) have been simulated with the model. The results suggest that
      chemical factors, adenosine and H+, play a significant but not exclusive role in
      the regulation of the cerebral vascular bed. The action of other mechanisms
      (which are probably neurogenic) must be hypothesized to explain completely the
      CBF changes occurring in vivo.

PMID- 2917766
TI  - The use of adaptive algorithms for obtaining optimal electrical shimming in
      magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
AB  - A method of determining the dc coil current values to electrically shim the
      static magnetic fields used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using modified
      steepest descent adaptive algorithm is described. Using a 32 cm diameter by a 40
      cm long water phantom as the test volume, the algorithm achieved field
      homogeneities of 0.2 parts per million (ppm) peak-to-peak within a 20 cm diameter
      spherical imaging volume, and 1.3 ppm peak-to-peak within the entire phantom. The
      algorithm achieved an inhomogeneity variance of 0.18 ppm2. The shim system was
      successfully modeled as a sum of adaptive linear combiners. The model contains 13
      parameters that can be varied, 12 shim coil currents, and the receiver mixer
      frequency. The model was then used to predict key adaptive algorithm parameters.
      Experimental verification of these parameters lends support to the accuracy of
      the model.

PMID- 2917767
TI  - High resolution NMR spectroscopy using a recursive algorithm.
AB  - When the DFT (discrete Fourier transform) is used as a method for obtaining NMR
      (nuclear magnetic resonance) spectrum, resolution of the obtained NMR spectrum
      depends clearly on spin-spin relaxation times of the nucleus and the sampled
      number of NMR signal. That is, the NMR spectrum is affected by decay of NMR
      signal due to the relaxation times and errors associated with discrete
      approximation of NMR spectrum. As a results, its resolution is degraded and the
      spectrum disagrees with the density distribution of the nucleus. In the present
      paper, we propose a new NMR spectrum estimation method for reducing their
      effects, demonstrating a high resolution NMR spectrum which is closer to the
      density distribution than that of the DFT. The proposed method is derived from
      applying the Kalman filter or the recursive least-square method to a NMR signal
      model based on Bloch equation. Under various conditions, the proposed method is
      compared with the DFT using a proton 1H NMR signal observed from mayonnaise in a
      2 [T] static magnetic field. The results show that if spin-spin relaxation times
      are known previously, the proposed method can provide a higher resolution NMR
      spectrum than the DFT. In addition, it is shown that the method can reduce the
      discrete approximation errors of NMR spectrum. Finally, we demonstrate that if
      frequency components of sources of NMR signal are present in a limited range in
      frequency domain of interest, the method can magnify NMR spectrum with a sampling
      time and interval fixed.

PMID- 2917768
TI  - A tracking FFT processor for pulsed Doppler analysis beyond the Nyquist limit.
AB  - A tracking procedure for processing ultrasound pulsed Doppler signals with
      instantaneous frequencies beyond the Nyquist limit is discussed. It is based on
      the observation that the frequency translation required to properly reconstruct
      an aliased spectrum can be achieved by means of a simple reordering of data
      provided by a digital fast Fourier transform (FFT) unit. The amount of reordering
      is automatically derived by the computed value of a spectral parameter, e.g., the
      mean frequency. The procedure has been tested by introducing some modifications
      at the output of an FFT unit included in a conventional pulsed Doppler system. As
      a result, the dynamic evolution of the full Doppler spectrum and related mean
      frequency can be followed in real time over an extended range. In vitro and in
      vivo experiments, as well as quantitative measurements carried on with test
      signals are presented.

PMID- 2917769
TI  - Design optimization of interstitial antennas.
AB  - To improve the performance of interstitial antennas for microwave hyperthermia,
      parameters such as the uniformity of the heating pattern, the depth of
      penetration, and the impedance matching properties must be optimized. We examined
      analytically and experimentally the radiation characteristics of multisection
      insulated antennas in conductive tissue. The effects of varying the diameters and
      lengths of the center conductors in the various sections of the antenna and the
      diameter and type of the insulation on the electromagnetic power deposition
      pattern and input impedance characteristics were examined. A new approximate
      numerical model which calculates the current distribution and the radiation
      characteristics of multisection insulated antennas was developed. The numerical
      predictions were verified in a qualitative way experimentally by mapping the
      various near- and far-field components of these antennas. Based on the obtained
      results, design tradeoffs are identified and quantified, and guidelines for
      optimum designs are specified. In particular, it is shown that an insulation-to
      center-conductor diameter ratio between 1.5 to 2.0 is optimum for a uniform
      Teflon insulation, and that a multisection arrangement with the thinnest
      insulation near the antenna tip has superior performance compared with the
      uniform insulation or other multisection designs.

PMID- 2917770
TI  - Procedure for quantitative comparison of ground reaction data.
AB  - Measurement of ground reaction forces has been largely adopted for evaluation of
      gait disorders even if the discussion of obtained results and their comparison
      with those from normal locomotion are generally related to a purely visual
      interpretation of the pattern morphology or, at least, to the assessment of a
      limited number of parameters such as maximal amplitude of force, number of maxima
      in the envelope, presence of one minimum or more, etc. This paper describes an
      analytical method for a quantitative and detailed comparison of different ground
      reaction force patterns. It is based on a suitable processing of the 3-D
      components of the ground reaction force and is essentially composed of three main
      frames: verification of the regular recurrence of measurement conditions,
      normalization, and data comparison. The first frame is to check that the acquired
      data are not affected by inertial predominance in the direction of progression.
      Normalization involves the amplitude of force, the application point
      displacements and the stance-phase duration. Data comparison utilizes a dedicated
      implementation of an appropriate statistical approach to estimate significant
      differences between two suitable and typical ground reaction force patterns. In
      order to show practical examples of the whole analytical procedure, two cases are
      also presented in detail.

PMID- 2917772
TI  - Impulsive noise suppression and background normalization of electrocardiogram
      signals using morphological operators.
AB  - A new approach to impulsive noise suppression and background normalization of
      digitized electrocardiogram signals is presented using mathematical morphological
      operators that incorporate the shape information of a signal. A brief
      introduction to these nonlinear signal processing operators, as well as a
      detailed description of the new algorithm, is presented. Empirical results show
      that the new algorithm has good performance in impulsive noise suppression and
      background normalization.

PMID- 2917771
TI  - Four digital algorithms for activation detection from unipolar epicardial
      electrograms.
AB  - The reproducibility of activation detection by each of four algorithms used to
      calculate maximum derivatives was tested on two sequential paced beats of right
      ventricular unipolar epicardial electrograms which represented either local
      activation of the right ventricle alone or synchronous activation of both
      ventricles. The methods were evaluated by comparing the shape of the two beats
      aligned on their selected activation times, i.e., the time at which the maximum
      negative deflection occurred, the differences in activation intervals for the two
      beats, and the effect on the activation time of superimposing distant events on
      local activation. The 17-point second-order data fit algorithm performed slightly
      better than the first-order difference, three-point Lagrange derivative, and five
      point second-order data fit algorithms except that activation time selection by
      the 17-point technique was slightly, but significantly, delayed by the
      superposition of distant potentials. The 17-point second-order data fit technique
      is therefore recommended for use in detecting activation unless computation time
      is a major consideration. In that case, the five-point second-order data fit
      technique, which uses only four data values for each computation, can be used
      with only slight decreases in accuracy.

PMID- 2917773
TI  - Assessment of autonomic regulation of heart rate variability by the method of
      complex demodulation.
AB  - Complex demodulation was used to examine the effect of both divisions of the
      autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic) on heart rate. Data
      were analyzed from dogs during classical conditioning procedures which caused
      different changes in the autonomic regulation of heart rate. Two significant
      peaks in the heart rate variability spectrum were examined by this technique. The
      amplitude of the peak at the respiration frequency showed parasympathetic
      changes, while the amplitude of the low frequency peak (0-0.124 Hz) showed both
      sympathetic and parasympathetic effects. Complex demodulation results at these
      frequencies clearly showed the activities of both branches of the autonomic
      nervous system in regulating heart rate. During the CS+ period, when trained dogs
      were presented with a tone predicting a subsequent shock, the observed
      tachycardia was due to decreased parasympathetic activity and a transient
      increase in sympathetic activity. During the CS- period where a different tone
      predicts no shock, parasympathetic and sympathetic activities were unchanged from
      the baseline condition. The use of complex demodulation enables us to examine
      autonomic contributions to heart rate regulation in conditioning and a variety of
      other physiological and environmental conditions where autonomic input can be
      expected to change rapidly.

PMID- 2917774
TI  - The design and use of a microcomputerized real-time muscle fatigue monitor based
      on the medial frequency shift in the electromyographic signal.
AB  - We have designed a real-time microcomputerized muscle fatigue monitor based on
      the median frequency shift of the electromyographic signal, computed via the fast
      Fourier transform. For the ten subjects performing an isotonic and isometric
      trunk extension task on two separate days, preliminary results suggest a
      repeatable linear decrease in median frequency as a function of time.

PMID- 2917775
TI  - Vector analysis of three-dimensional evoked potentials: eccentric dipoles.
AB  - The quantitative description of three-dimensional cerebral evoked potentials is
      extended to include eccentric dipolar sources. Eccentricity-related distortions
      in dipole orientation and magnitude are assessed. The use of nonstandard
      montages, the prediction of topographic surface maps, dynamic analysis, and
      theoretical mechanisms of planar segment formation are discussed.

PMID- 2917776
TI  - A practical electrode-array myoprocessor for surface electromyography.
AB  - A new myoprocessor is described which produces a relatively smooth and accurate
      measure of a muscle's electrical activity during both slow and rapid movements.
      This is achieved partly by spatial averaging of weakly correlated EMG signals
      from electrodes distributed over the surface of the muscle.

PMID- 2917777
TI  - Serum antibody responses to the N-acetylneuraminyllactose-binding hemagglutinin
      of Campylobacter pylori.
AB  - We recently reported that Campylobacter pylori possesses a surface-associated
      fibrillar hemagglutinin which has an affinity for N-acetylneuraminyllactose; this
      hemagglutinin may function as a colonization factor for attachment to the gastric
      epithelium. In the present study we examined serum samples obtained from 65 C.
      pylori-infected individuals with gastric ulcers, duodenal ulcers, or both and
      from 121 asymptomatic volunteers, including 62 who were infected with C. pylori,
      for immunoglobulin G (IgG) specific for the C. pylori neuramin-lactose-binding
      hemagglutinin (NLBH). The NLBH purified from a single isolate was used as the
      antigen in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A positive result was obtained
      with serum from 81.5% (53 of 65) of the individuals with ulcers, 67.7% (42 of 62)
      of the C. pylori-infected volunteers, and 1.7% (1 of 59) of the C. pylori
      negative volunteers. This result confirms that NLBH is produced in vivo. There
      are several possible explanations for the fact that only 75% of 127 C. pylori
      infected individuals were positive for anti-NLBH IgG in serum. We favor the
      hypothesis that there are probably several antigenically distinct C. pylori
      NLBHs, i.e., NLBHs which would stimulate antibody that was undetectable by the
      antigen used in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay described here.

PMID- 2917778
TI  - Identification of stage-specific antigens of Toxoplasma gondii.
AB  - An immunologic evaluation of the surface antigens of the three major life-cycle
      stages of Toxoplasma gondii was performed. Mouse antisera were raised against
      these stages, which included the oocyst-sporozoite (feline-excreted stage),
      bradyzoite (chronic tissue cyst stage), and tachyzoite (invasive stage). The
      antisera were used in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot
      (immunoblot) analysis to demonstrate the presence of stage-specific antigens.
      These antigens were of various molecular weights and were specific to each stage
      investigated. Cross-reaction studies showed that the mouse antisera recognized
      commonly shared antigens to at least two of the three stages. A panel of
      monoclonal antibodies identified specific immune epitopes unique to each of the
      stages investigated. These studies further support the hypothesis that stage
      specific antigens are present in T. gondii.

PMID- 2917779
TI  - Immunohistochemical and electron microscopic study of interaction of Yersinia
      enterocolitica serotype O8 with intestinal mucosa during experimental enteritis.
AB  - The experimental infection of mice with Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O8 was
      investigated in a quantitative and histological study. The course of bacterial
      penetration and spreading was precisely determined by immunohistochemical
      staining. After oral administration, the bacteria passed the epithelial barrier
      of the ileum and spread into the lamina propria. By preference they entered
      Peyer's patches, which were about 1,000 times more heavily colonized than the
      surrounding epithelium of a comparable surface area. The bacteria proliferated in
      the follicles, from which they spread into the lamina propria of the villi. At
      either site most of the bacteria multiplied extracellularly, with only a small
      percentage observed to be present within the phagocytes. The bacteria did not
      appear to be able to pass the intact basement membrane; hence, the integrity of
      the basement membrane is likely to play a role in determining the route of entry
      and limit of spread of Y. enterocolitica infection.

PMID- 2917780
TI  - Mannan as an antigen in cell-mediated immunity (CMI) assays and as a modulator of
      mannan-specific CMI.
AB  - Mannan (MAN) extracted from Candida albicans 20A was investigated for its
      potential as an antigen in the detection of cell-mediated immunity (CMI) in vivo
      and in vitro and for its ability to modulate CMI when administered intravenously
      (i.v.). CBA/J mice were either immunized as adults by the cutaneous inoculation
      of 10(6) viable blastoconidia or colonized as infants (primed) and then boosted
      cutaneously as adults. When immunized animals were footpad tested with MAN,
      highly significant delayed-type hypersensitivity (DH) responses were detected.
      The DH responses to MAN were of a greater magnitude than those noted with the
      same quantity of cell wall glycoprotein (GP), an ethylenediamine extract of the
      cell wall which contains both glucan and MAN. In contrast, GP was a better
      antigen for the detection of CMI responses in an in vitro lymphoproliferative
      assay with either spleen or lymph node cell suspensions. Mice treated with MAN
      i.v. prior to the initiation of immunization or between priming and secondary
      inoculations developed significantly suppressed DH reactions when tested with
      either MAN or GP. The lowest effective dose of MAN was 250 micrograms, maximum
      suppression occurred with 500 micrograms, and either dose given 1 week prior to
      immunization was suppressive. The suppression by MAN was specific for MAN or the
      MAN-containing GP. Responses to another unrelated candidal antigen, a membrane
      extract designated BEX, were relatively unaffected. MAN, therefore, was an
      effective antigen for the detection of CMI in vivo, and its administration i.v.
      created what appeared to be a MAN-specific suppression since it could be detected
      with both MAN and a MAN-containing extract from the cell wall. Caution must be
      exercised in the interpretation of these data, however, since the protein
      component of each of these extracts has not been characterized with respect to
      its potential role in the phenomena observed.

PMID- 2917781
TI  - Major histocompatibility complex control of immunity elicited by genetically
      engineered Eimeria tenella (Apicomplexa) antigen in chickens.
AB  - The immunogenicity of a recombinant Eimeria tenella coccidial antigen was studied
      in 6(1).B congenic chickens derived from B2B2 and B5B5 parents segregating for
      haplotypes B2 and B5. Five-week-old chickens were immunized with 2.4 micrograms
      of recombinant protein (designated 5401) in Freund complete adjuvant and
      challenged with 75,000 oocysts at 28 days postimmunization (DPI) to determine the
      degree of elicited protective immunity. Serum samples were collected weekly for 5
      weeks postimmunization for analysis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,
      immunofluorescence assay, and Western blotting. Lesion scores following oocyst
      challenge were significantly reduced in B5B5 chickens compared with those in B2B2
      chickens. Immunization induced a sporozoite-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) titer
      in serum detected by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay that peaked at 28 DPI,
      the day of challenge, in B5B5 chickens and at 42 DPI in B2B2 chickens. After
      challenge, this titer declined for each genotype. Anti-sporozoite IgG detected by
      the immunofluorescence assay attained a peak titer at 21 DPI in B2B2 chickens and
      28 DPI in B5B5 chickens. Serum from immunized B5B5 chickens reacted strongly in
      Western blots with several high-molecular-weight (greater than 100,000), soluble
      proteins prepared from sporozoites. Serum from B2B2 chickens reacted with similar
      proteins as well as with a 51- to 53-kilodalton protein that was not labeled by
      serum from B5B5 chickens. These results demonstrate further the role of host
      genetics on anticoccidial immunity and suggest that a peak anti-sporozoite IgG
      titer in B5B5 chickens on the day of challenge may signal a state of
      immunocompetence to that challenge.

PMID- 2917782
TI  - Role of cell-mediated immunity in the resolution of secondary chlamydial genital
      infection in guinea pigs infected with the agent of guinea pig inclusion
      conjunctivitis.
AB  - Guinea pigs which have recovered from a genital infection with the agent of
      guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis demonstrate strong immunity to reinfection
      for a short period of time but then become susceptible to reinfection. The
      secondary infection is markedly shortened in duration and decreased in intensity.
      Previous studies have indicated an important role for humoral immunity in
      resistance to and in recovery from reinfection. However, the contribution of cell
      mediated immunity to immunity toward or recovery from a secondary infection is
      not clear. Guinea pigs were infected in the genital tract with guinea pig
      inclusion conjunctivitis and were challenged at either 30 or 75 days after the
      primary infection. Prior to challenge, one group of animals were injected with
      rabbit anti-guinea pig thymocyte serum (ATS) while control groups received either
      normal rabbit serum or no treatment. Treatment was continued daily for the course
      of the experiment. On day 30, ATS-treated guinea pigs had a slightly higher rate
      of reinfection, and generally the infection persisted longer than in controls. On
      day 75, all animals became reinfected upon challenge, but control animals
      resolved their infections in 3 to 9 days. In contrast, most ATS-treated animals
      remained infected throughout the course of the experiment. Although the animals
      became reinfected, the levels of chlamydiae were much lower than those observed
      during the primary infection. ATS treatment abrogated T-cell responses, but serum
      and secretory antibody responses remained normal. Histopathological examination
      revealed some decrease in mononuclear infiltration of endocervical and uterine
      tissues in ATS-treated animals. These data indicate that previously infected
      guinea pigs require both cell-mediated immunity and humoral immunity for
      resolution of a challenge infection.

PMID- 2917783
TI  - Pasteurella haemolytica antigens associated with resistance to pneumonic
      pasteurellosis.
AB  - Antigens associated with whole Pasteurella haemolytica biotype A serotype 1, a
      capsular carbohydrate-protein extract of the organism, and P. haemolytica
      leukotoxin were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis. Antigens of the electrophoresed preparations were detected by
      Western blotting (immunoblotting) with sera from cattle which were either
      nonvaccinated or vaccinated with live or killed P. haemolytica vaccines and had
      variable degrees of resistance to experimental pneumonic pasteurellosis.
      Distinct, easily recognizable antigens of these preparations were identified, and
      the antibody responses to these antigens were quantified by densitometry. To
      determine their importance to disease resistance, we then compared antibody
      responses with experimental lesion scores. Antibody reactivity to surface
      antigens which were significantly correlated with resistance and present in two
      or more of the preparations were detected at 86, 66, 51, 49, 34, 31, and 16
      kilodaltons (kDa). Of these, antibody responses to antigens at 86, 49, and 31 kDa
      appeared most important based on their concentration and significance levels.
      Antibody reactivity to leukotoxin antigens which were significantly correlated
      with resistance and common with important surface antigens were detected at 86,
      66, and 49 kDa. Antibody responses to unique leukotoxin antigens which were
      significantly correlated with resistance were present at 92 and 58 kDa.

PMID- 2917784
TI  - Comparison of the biological responses induced by lipopolysaccharide and
      endotoxin of Treponema hyodysenteriae and Treponema innocens.
AB  - The chemical composition and classical biologic activities of lipopolysaccharide
      (LPS; phenol-water) and endotoxin (butanol-water) preparations from virulent
      Treponema hyodysenteriae and avirulent Treponema innocens were examined. The LPS
      and endotoxin preparations from T. hyodysenteriae B204 contained approximately
      80.9 and 35.2% hexose, 0.12 and 0.45% thiobarbituric acid-reactive compound, and
      less than 1 and 11.3% protein, respectively. The LPS and endotoxin preparations
      of T. innocens B1555a contained approximately 56.3 and 37.8% hexose, 0.45 and
      0.4% thiobarbituric acid-reactive compound, and less than 1 and 26% protein,
      respectively. A silver-stained 7.5 to 15% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide
      gel showed four bands for the T. hyodysenteriae preparations, while the T.
      innocens preparations failed to resolve into discrete bands on electrophoresis.
      We determined by the Limulus amebocyte lysate assay that the treponemal
      preparations had comparable amounts of endotoxin activity when Escherichia coli
      LPS was used as a standard. The 50% lethal doses of LPS and endotoxin from T.
      hyodysenteriae for BALB/cByJ mice were 380 and 80 micrograms, respectively. The
      treponemal preparations were poor adjuvants, failed to induce a dermal Shwartzman
      reaction, and were not pyrogenic. The treponemal LPS preparations, unlike the
      endotoxin preparations, were not mitogenic for murine spleen cells. Differences
      in virulence between the two treponemal species could not be associated with the
      biologic activities of the respective LPS or endotoxin moieties, but the
      endotoxin preparations were consistently more active than the purified LPS
      preparations.

PMID- 2917785
TI  - Characterization of a Legionella pneumophila extracellular protease exhibiting
      hemolytic and cytotoxic activities.
AB  - A preliminary screening of selected Legionella species for proteolytic and
      hemolytic phenotypes suggested a correlation between these activities. To
      investigate the relationship of these phenotypes, a mutant strain of Legionella
      pneumophila deficient in the expression of a 38-kilodalton (kDa) exoprotease was
      isolated and characterized. This strain, designated PRT8, was also found to be
      nonhemolytic when screened on blood agar composed of 5% canine or guinea pig
      erythrocytes. Strain PRT8 was serologically and biochemically identical to the
      parental strain with the exception of the expression of the exoprotease.
      Immunoblot analysis of concentrated culture filtrates from PRT8 probed with
      polyclonal anti-38-kDa exoprotease serum revealed no cross-reactive peptides. To
      resolve the role of the exoprotease in the hemolytic phenotype, the exoprotease
      was purified from the culture supernatant of the parental strain by a combination
      of ion-exchange and hydrophobic interaction chromatography steps. The hemolytic
      activity was found to copurify with the proteolytic activity, and analyses by
      sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblot revealed
      a single protein species exhibiting an apparent molecular mass of 38 kDa.
      Finally, the purified exoprotease and concentrated culture supernatant from the
      parental strain, but not from PRT8, exhibited cytotoxicity (minimum cytotoxic
      activity of 0.17 U of protease activity) in a Chinese hamster ovary cell assay.
      These data suggest that the exoprotease is responsible for the hemolytic and
      cytotoxic phenotypes described for this species and therefore may be one of
      several determinants associated with virulence.

PMID- 2917786
TI  - Immunoprophylaxis of Chlamydia trachomatis lymphogranuloma venereum pneumonitis
      in mice by oral immunization.
AB  - Groups of BALB/c mice were orally immunized with chlamydiae and challenged
      intranasally to determine whether oral immunization offers protection against
      pulmonary disease and to characterize the nature and kinetics of the chlamydial
      antibody response in the lung and other mucosal sites. Protection by oral
      immunization from chlamydial lung disease was demonstrated by lack of replication
      of the organism and the lack of chlamydial antigen in lung tissue. The chlamydial
      immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibody response was present at all body sites, reaching
      peak levels in the lung as well as in the serum. Classical IgA booster effect
      kinetics was observed after intranasal challenge, especially in the lung.
      Specific IgG antibody was detected at all body sites but at lower levels.
      Furthermore, animals immunized orally had no pneumonic process, as determined by
      histopathology. These studies also suggest that passively acquired specific serum
      IgG antibody may not significantly influence the course of mucosal replication of
      the organism. These observations indicate that oral immunization activating the
      gut-associated lymphoid tissue system gave total protection against chlamydial
      lung disease, suggesting migration of immunologically competent cells from the
      intestine to the lung.

PMID- 2917787
TI  - Effect of iron restriction on the outer membrane proteins of Actinobacillus
      (Haemophilus) pleuropneumoniae.
AB  - The outer membrane protein profile of Actinobacillus (Haemophilus)
      pleuropneumoniae grown under iron-restricted and iron-replete conditions was
      studied by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting. A virulent
      serotype 1 isolate synthesized a novel protein with an apparent molecular weight
      of 105,000 (105K) and increased the synthesis of a 76K protein under iron
      restricted conditions. Both proteins were synthesized within 15 min of
      establishment of iron-restricted conditions. Proteins of equivalent molecular
      weights could also be induced by iron restriction in serotype 2, 3, 4, 5, and 7
      isolates of A. pleuropneumoniae. Convalescent-phase sera from serotype 1-infected
      pigs contained antibodies which recognized both the 105K and 76K proteins from
      all six serotypes examined, indicating that these proteins were expressed in vivo
      and were immunologically conserved. Cells expressing the 105K and 76K proteins
      also displayed an enhanced ability to bind Congo red and hemin, suggesting that
      one or both of these proteins functioned to acquire complexed iron during in vivo
      growth.

PMID- 2917788
TI  - Cariogenicity of a lactate dehydrogenase-deficient mutant of Streptococcus mutans
      serotype c in gnotobiotic rats.
AB  - A lactate dehydrogenase-deficient (Ldh-) mutant of a human isolate of
      Streptococcus mutans serotype c was tested in a gnotobiotic rat caries model.
      Compared with the wild-type Ldh-positive (Ldh+) strains, it was significantly
      (alpha less than or equal to 0.005) less cariogenic in experiments with two
      different sublines of Sprague-Dawley rats. The Ldh- mutant strain 044 colonized
      the oral cavity of the test animals to the same extent as its parent strain 041,
      although its initial implantation was slightly but not significantly (P greater
      than or equal to 0.2) less. Multiple oral or fecal samples plated on 2,3,5
      triphenyltetrazolium indicator medium revealed no evidence of back mutation from
      Ldh- to Ldh+ in vivo. Both Ldh+ strain 041 and Ldh- strain 044 demonstrated
      bacteriocinlike activity in vitro against a number of human strains of mutans
      streptococci representing serotype a (S. cricetus) and serotypes c and e (S.
      mutans). Serotypes b (S. rattus) and f (S. mutans) and strains of S. mitior, S.
      sanguis, and S. salivarius were not inhibited. Thus, Ldh mutant strain 044
      possesses a number of desirable traits that suggest it should be investigated
      further as a possible effector strain for replacement therapy of dental caries.
      These traits include its stability and low cariogenicity in the sensitive
      gnotobiotic rat caries model, its bacteriocinlike activity against certain other
      cariogenic S. mutans (but not against more inocuous indigenous oral
      streptococci), and the fact that it is a member of the most prevalent human
      serotype of cariogenic streptococci.

PMID- 2917789
TI  - Influence of Lsh, H-2, and an H-11-linked gene on visceralization and metastasis
      associated with Leishmania mexicana infection in mice.
AB  - Visceral infection and metastatic lesion development following intravenous or
      subcutaneous inoculation of Leishmania mexicana amastigotes were examined in
      different B10 congenic mouse strains carrying alternative alleles at Lsh, H-2, or
      H-11. The results show that, despite a failure to observe any differences in
      rates of expansion of primary lesions in mice inoculated subcutaneously, each of
      these genes could be shown to exert some influence during visceralization and
      metastatic spread of L. mexicana infection. Of particular interest were (i) the
      continuous advantage observed throughout 160 to 200 days of infection in Lshr
      versus Lshs mice, (ii) the association between structural gene polymorphism at H
      2 and profound visceral and metastatic spread of the parasite producing disease
      phenotypes akin to diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis and post-kala-azar dermal
      leishmaniasis in humans, and (iii) similar effects observed in mice differing at
      H-11, the functional basis for which involves modified expression of major
      histocompatibility complex class II molecules. The results are discussed in
      relation to the human disease and the possibility that homologs for each of these
      genes regulate leishmanial infections in humans.

PMID- 2917790
TI  - Production and characterization of murine monoclonal antibodies to Histoplasma
      capsulatum yeast cell antigens.
AB  - Four monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were produced by immunizing mice with a
      disrupted yeast cell homogenate of Histoplasma capsulatum. MAbs 1 and 2 reacted
      only with the yeast cell antigens of H. capsulatum and Blastomyces dermatitidis,
      whereas MAbs 3 and 4 showed broader cross-reactivity. MAb 3 cross-reacted with B.
      dermatitidis, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, Sporothrix schenckii, and Candida
      albicans, and MAb 4 cross-reacted with B. dermatitidis, C. albicans, Coccidioides
      immitis, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. All four MAbs
      exhibited unique specificity when reacted with three different strains of H.
      capsulatum (G217B, A811, and P-IN). MAb 1 belonged to the IgG2b subclass, MAb 3
      belonged to the IgG1 subclass, and MAbs 2 and 4 belonged to the IgG3 subclass.
      MAbs 1, 2, and 3 formed bands in the Western immunoblot assay; the two dominant
      distinct bands had apparent molecular masses of 72 and 62 kilodaltons.

PMID- 2917791
TI  - Immunoglobulin M-dependent classical complement pathway activation in killing of
      Pentatrichomonas hominis.
AB  - Complement pathway activity in the killing of Pentatrichomonas hominis was
      investigated in this study. At 10(5) organisms per ml, P. hominis was completely
      killed by the presence of 1% normal human serum. In contrast, no killing effect
      on P. hominis was observed when specific antibodies were absorbed or when the
      complement was destroyed. Moreover, Mg2+-ethylene glycol-bis-(beta-aminoethyl
      ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid-treated serum had no killing effect on P.
      hominis, while serum heated at 50 degrees C or treated with zymosan killed P.
      hominis as well as did normal human serum. Further study using gel filtration
      (Sephacryl S-300) and affinity chromatography (protein A) revealed that
      immunoglobulin M (IgM; 20 micrograms/ml) alone was responsible for the complement
      activation in the killing of P. hominis, but both IgA (24 micrograms/ml) and IgG
      (180 micrograms/ml) had no effect on complement-mediated lysis. On the other
      hand, IgG at 1,260 micrograms/ml completely inhibited complement-mediated killing
      by IgM, suggesting that a blocking factor is present in IgG. The results of this
      study indicate that a mechanism of IgM-dependent classical complement pathway
      activation contributes to the killing effect of normal human serum on P. hominis.

PMID- 2917792
TI  - Ureaplasma urealyticum pneumonia: experimental production and demonstration of
      age-related susceptibility.
AB  - Two different strains of Ureaplasma urealyticum isolated in pure culture from the
      lungs of newborn human infants were shown to produce an acute, self-limiting,
      interstitial pneumonia in newborn C3H/HeN and C57BL/6 mice that were free of
      other respiratory pathogens. Lesion severity peaked 3 to 6 days following
      intranasal inoculation of ureaplasmas and was resolved by 12 days. Rhinitis and
      otitis also occurred but did so less frequently than pneumonia. Organisms were
      localized within the alveoli in areas of inflammation. In comparison with newborn
      mice, 14-day-old mice were less susceptible to either colonization or disease.

PMID- 2917793
TI  - Experimental cecitis in gnotobiotic quails monoassociated with Clostridium
      butyricum strains isolated from patients with neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis
      and from healthy newborns.
AB  - Using axenic quails fed a diet containing lactose, we have investigated the
      potentially pathogenic roles of six Clostridium butyricum strains of human
      origin. Three strains (CB155-3, CB1002, and CB203-1) isolated from neonatal
      necrotizing enterocolitis patients and two of three strains (CB19-1 and CB25-2)
      isolated from healthy newborns led to cecal or crop lesions or both similar to
      those observed in human neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis: thickening of the
      cecal wall with gas cysts, hemorrhagic ulcerations, and necrotic areas. The
      lactose-negative strain (CB46-1) did not develop any lesions. The neuraminidase
      producing strain (CB155-3) caused lesions in all monoassociated quails, whereas
      the other strains caused lesions in 28 to 85% of animals. Removal of dietary
      lactose suppressed all pathological incidence. These results show that lactose
      fermentation is a prerequisite in these pathological changes and stress the roles
      played by both the strain and the host in the expression of C. butyricum
      enteropathogenicity.

PMID- 2917794
TI  - Antigenic analysis of Campylobacter species and an intracellular Campylobacter
      like organism associated with porcine proliferative enteropathies.
AB  - Whole-cell and outer membrane preparations of Campylobacter mucosalis, C.
      hyointestinalis, C. jejuni, and C. coli isolated from porcine intestines were
      compared with preparations of intracellular Campylobacter-like organisms
      extracted directly from the lesions of pigs with proliferative enteropathy. By
      gradient polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, outer membrane and total protein
      profiles of C. mucosalis, C. hyointestinalis, C. jejuni, and C. coli were
      significantly different from each other and from those of the Campylobacter-like
      organisms. Immunoblotting of these preparations with rabbit antisera or
      monoclonal antibodies prepared against the intracellular Campylobacter-like
      organisms showed strong reactions only with a 25,000- to 27,000-molecular-weight
      component of preparations of the intracellular organisms. Antisera to cultivable
      Campylobacter species isolates did not react with preparations of intracellular
      organisms. Isoelectric focusing of sonicated preparations showed protein profile
      differences and an immune-reactive component in the intracellular organisms with
      a pI of 4.5. This study suggests that the intracellular Campylobacter-like
      organism associated with proliferative enteropathy may be a novel bacterium with
      significant antigenic differences from the Campylobacter species previously
      associated with the disease.

PMID- 2917795
TI  - Identification and localization of cyst-specific antigens of Giardia lamblia.
AB  - We induced Giardia lamblia trophozoites to encyst in vitro by exposure to
      conditions which are specific to the human small intestinal milieu. We now show
      that encystation entails the appearance of two new groups of antigens detected in
      Western blots by rabbit antiserum against cysts which had been purified from
      human feces. A heterodisperse group of lower-molecular-mass antigens
      (approximately 21 to 39 kilodaltons) was expressed relatively early (less than 19
      h) in encystation. In contrast, discrete bands at approximately 66, 78, 92, and
      103 kilodaltons only appeared after 24 h of incubation under conditions which
      lead to production of large numbers of water-resistant cysts. We also describe
      for the first time the appearance of prominent cytoplasmic vesicles, which were
      the earliest morphologic change in encysting trophozoites observable by light
      microscopy. Early in encystation, cyst wall antigens were concentrated in these
      vesicles, as shown by immunocytochemistry, suggesting that the vesicles function
      in export of cyst wall constituents.

PMID- 2917797
TI  - Hemagglutination activity of Campylobacter pylori.
AB  - Forty-five strains of Campylobacter pylori isolated from gastric biopsy specimens
      showed distinct hemagglutination activity. The activity was partially decreased
      by treatment with heat, trypsin, or an alkylating agent and was inhibited by
      porcine gastric mucin but not by various compounds, including D-mannose.

PMID- 2917798
TI  - Type of alcoholic beverage and oral cancer.
AB  - The effect on oral cancer risk of different types of alcoholic beverage was
      investigated using data from a hospital-based case-control study. Owing to the
      small numbers of subjects drinking one beverage exclusively, it was necessary to
      classify drinkers as consumers of predominantly beer, wine, or hard liquor (i.e.,
      more than 50% of their whiskey equivalents of alcohol derived from a specific
      beverage). The number of predominantly wine drinkers was too small to permit
      analysis. Logistic regression was used to obtain estimates of the risk associated
      with each predominant beverage, with adjustment for other risk factors and
      confounding variables. In males, the odds ratio for predominantly beer drinkers
      increased with increasing level of intake, reaching 4.87 (95% confidence
      interval: 2.51-9.46) in drinkers of 7+ oz. of whiskey equivalents/day. The odds
      ratio for predominantly hard liquor drinkers showed a similar increase, reaching
      5.74 (95% confidence interval: 2.94-11.22) in predominantly hard liquor drinkers
      consuming 7+ oz. of whiskey equivalents/day, suggesting that the effect of these
      2 major types of alcoholic beverage is of similar magnitude. The trends were less
      clearcut in women due to small numbers of drinkers.

PMID- 2917796
TI  - Binding of cholera toxin to pig intestinal mucosa glycosphingolipids:
      relationship with the ABO blood group system.
AB  - A search for compounds from intestinal mucosa of pigs carrying and not carrying
      blood group A-active substances (A+ and A- pigs, respectively) capable of binding
      cholera toxin (CT) was performed. Glycolipid extracts from a pool of pig
      intestinal mucosa resolved in thin-layer chromatography (TLC) revealed the
      presence of six to eight compounds capable of binding 125I-CT, two of them
      running as the ganglioside standards GM1 and GD1b. When intestinal mucosa
      glycolipids from single pigs were assayed by TLC for CT-binding capacity, two
      different patterns of labeling were observed. The main difference was at the
      level of compounds running below GD1b. The A+ pigs but not the A- pigs showed CT
      binding at this level. The major CT-binding compound detected only in A+ pigs was
      purified and some properties were determined. After TLC developed with different
      solvent systems, the purified compound bound CT and also immunoreacted with anti
      A and anti-AB antisera but not with anti-B antiserum. The compound was also able
      to inhibit the hemagglutination of human A erythrocytes caused by anti-A
      antiserum, but inhibition was not observed with the B-anti-B or O (H)-Ulex
      europaeus lectin systems. A partial chemical characterization indicated that the
      active compound is a neutral glycosphingolipid containing glucose, fucose,
      galactose, and hexosamine. The existence of a blood group-active substance(s)
      able to interact with CT may help to explain the relationship between ABO blood
      groups and the diarrheal disease caused by infection with Vibrio cholerae.

PMID- 2917799
TI  - Screening for breast cancer in Nijmegen. Report of 6 screening rounds, 1975-1986.
AB  - A population-based screening programme for breast cancer was initiated in
      Nijmegen in 1975 with mammography as the only screening procedure. Up to January
      1987, 6 screening rounds were carried out with a 2-year screening interval. Rates
      of attendance, referral, biopsy and detection were calculated and numbers of
      interval cancers are presented in order to give a clear view of what repeated
      screening can accomplish in a population. At the first screening round the
      attendance rate was 87% for women under age 50 and 83% for women aged 50-64. For
      women aged 65 or over the initial attendance rate was 40%. Rates of attendance
      declined in subsequent years. Detection rates were highest for elderly women at
      their first examination: 9.5 per 1,000 screened women. Corresponding rates were
      5.6 and 2.3 per 1,000 for women aged 50-64 and below 50 respectively. The
      positive predictive value for referral was, on average, 20% for women under age
      50 and 50% for elderly women, although a sharp increase was seen in the last 2
      screening examinations for all age-groups. Predictive values for biopsy were
      higher: 30% on average for women aged under 50 and 60%-70% for elderly women,
      again with a sharp increase in the last 2 screening rounds. Interval cancer
      rates, calculated as the number of cancers occurring within 2 years among
      negatively screened women at risk, showed no particular trend and varied between
      0.9-1.3 per 1,000 woman-years after each screening round. Compared to screen
      detected cancers, interval cancers occurred more frequently in younger women. In
      women under age 50, the ratio between screen-detected and interval cancer was
      about 1:1, while it was about 2:1 for elderly women.

PMID- 2917800
TI  - Elevated apolipoprotein(a) levels in cancer patients.
AB  - Elevated plasma lipoprotein(a) has been associated with an increased risk of
      cardiovascular disease. We report a significant elevation of total plasma
      apolipoprotein(a) levels in cancer patients compared with hospitalized control
      patients and normal healthy blood donors. Of the cancer patients studied, 48% had
      levels in excess of 350 mg/l compared to 20% in normal blood donors and 29% of
      hospitalized control patients. The elevation was more prevalent but less extreme
      than that reported in patients with cardiovascular disease. Density gradient
      centrifugation studies of plasma from cancer patients revealed the presence of
      apolipoprotein(a) at a density of 1.085 g/ml in the region where mRNA-containing
      proteolipids, neoproteolipids and malignancy-associated lipoproteins had
      previously been isolated.

PMID- 2917801
TI  - Time trends in cancer mortality in the Federal Republic of Germany: progress
      against cancer?
AB  - In accordance with a previous analysis of US cancer mortality, this report also
      indicates that cancer mortality in the FRG over the last 3 decades (1952-1985)
      has not shown any decline commencing in a given period and prevailing in all age
      groups. If present, such effects could have been interpreted as a manifestation
      of improvements associated with cancer treatment. The absence of such an effect,
      derived by using data up to 1985 and age-specific mortality rates, supports the
      view expressed in the US analysis that improvements in cancer treatment are
      unlikely to have an impact on overall cancer mortality statistics and that
      efforts toward prevention may be more rewarding.

PMID- 2917802
TI  - Modelling the risk of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma in persons infected with
      human T-lymphotropic virus type I.
AB  - Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL), a malignancy of mature CD4-positive
      lymphocytes, has been etiologically linked to the human retrovirus HTLV-I.
      Although a long latent period is suggested from migrant studies, little
      prospective information on the risk of developing ATL among persons with HTLV-I
      infection is available. We present here a model for ATL risk based upon age- and
      sex-specific HTLV-I seroprevalence data from a cross-sectional survey of 13,000
      Jamaicans and ATL incidence data from a 2 1/2-year case-control study. By
      examining the age-specific incidence of ATL relative to both adult and childhood
      acquired seropositivity versus childhood-acquired seropositivity alone, we
      provide evidence in support of the hypothesis that childhood infection with HTLV
      I is important to the development of ATL. Using this model, the cumulative
      lifetime risk of ATL for those infected before age 20 is estimated to be 4.0% for
      males and 4.2% for females. Under this hypothesis, HTLV-I-associated diseases
      with shorter latent periods, such as tropical spastic paraparesis, should have a
      higher incidence in adult females than in adult males.

PMID- 2917803
TI  - Suppression of transformation and immortality in human/Chinese hamster fibroblast
      hybrids--a model for suppressor gene isolation.
AB  - Somatic cell hybrids were produced by fusion of normal human (foreskin)
      fibroblasts and a transformed Chinese hamster fibroblast line V79-8. Overall,
      approximately 30% of hybrid clones showed stable reversion to normal morphology
      and growth control in vitro as shown by serum and anchorage dependence. In one
      third of these clones, senescence was observed after a number of generations
      similar to that required for the human fibroblast parent cells to senesce. The
      remainder appear to be immortal. Normal human chromosomes can therefore restore
      growth control with or without finite life-span to this transformed cell. V79
      cells were found to be transfectable at an efficiency compatible with detection
      of single-copy gene transfer from genomic DNA. Furthermore, these cells were
      exceptionally sensitive to negative ("suicide") selection. Taken together, our
      data suggest that the V79 line represents an ideal system for isolation of human
      tumour suppressor genes.

PMID- 2917804
TI  - Differential expression of N-myc and c-src proto-oncogenes during neuronal and
      schwannian differentiation of human neuroblastoma cells.
AB  - Neuroblastoma (NB) cells can be induced to differentiate bidirectionally into
      either neuronal or schwannian cells by different inducers. However, the
      underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. We examined the expression of N-myc
      and c-src genes in 3 human NB-cell lines during either neuronal or schwannian
      differentiation in vitro, since proto-oncogenes are considered to play a pivotal
      role in regulating cell proliferation and differentiation. Decreased N-myc
      expression and increased c-src expression were observed during neuronal
      differentiation by retinoic acid, polyprenoic acid (E5166) and dibutyryl cyclic
      AMP, whereas the expression of N-myc and c-src genes was considerably reduced
      during schwannian differentiation by bromodeoxyuridine, demonstrating that the
      expression of N-myc and c-src genes was regulated independently in the bipolar
      differentiation processes of NB cells. Our results suggest that enhanced N-myc
      expression might be closely linked to the undifferentiated phenotypes of NB
      cells, that c-src expression might be related to the neuronal differentiation of
      NB cells, and that N-myc and c-src genes might be regulated independently in the
      determination of the bipolar differentiation of NB cells.

PMID- 2917805
TI  - In vitro proliferative responses of spleen lymphocytes from rats bearing
      progressive or regressive tumors induced by cell variants of a syngeneic colon
      carcinoma.
AB  - From one colonic carcinoma chemically induced in the rat, 2 sublines of tumor
      cells have been cloned, one (PROb) inducing progressive tumors, the other (REGb)
      generating tumors that regress a few weeks after s.c. injection into syngeneic
      hosts. Our study was aimed at comparing cellular immunity between animals bearing
      PROb or REGb tumors. Spleen cells were first tested for in vitro proliferation in
      response to mitomycin-treated PROb or REGb cells. Only spleen cells from rats
      injected with REGb cells proliferated significantly when mixed with PROb or REGb
      cells. The proliferative response induced by REGb cells was considerably higher
      than the response to PROb cells. When spleen cells from rats bearing REGb tumors
      were cultured with a mixture of REGb and PROb cells at various PROb/REGb cell
      ratios, PROb cells significantly suppressed the strong proliferative response
      generated by the same number of REGb cells alone. REGb-immune spleen cells, after
      in vitro stimulation by PROb or REGb cells, were not cytotoxic for either cell
      variant. REGb-immune spleen cells did not differ in their content of T
      lymphocytes expressing CD4 or CD8 markers when they were stimulated by PROb or
      REGb cells in vitro, but REGb cells induced a larger number of activated
      lymphocytes expressing the IL-2 receptor. Our results indicate that, compared to
      REGb cells, PROb cells are poorer stimulators of proliferation of tumor-immune
      spleen cells, and that they are able to suppress the proliferative response
      induced by REGb cells.

PMID- 2917806
TI  - Sulzberger-Garbe disease in Europe.

PMID- 2917807
TI  - Spironolactone therapy in hirsute women.

PMID- 2917808
TI  - Cutaneous sarcoidosis and tribal scarifications in West Africa.
AB  - Sarcoidosis is quite common in American and West Indian blacks. In America, the
      incidence in blacks could be up to 10 times higher than in whites. Sarcoidosis is
      generally believed to be rarer in African blacks and especially along the West
      African coast from which the American blacks trace their ancestry. The difference
      in incidence may be due to environmental influences, poor reporting system from
      inadequate local awareness of the presentation, confusion with tuberculosis, and
      lack of the Kveim antigen. Diagnosis of sarcoidosis is most commonly made from
      the pulmonary and skin manifestations. Since the skin manifestation presents
      readily for observation without the need for costly devices like x-ray machines,
      the present study focused on and analyzed the seven cases seen in the skin clinic
      within a period of 2 years (an incidence of 0.85%), showing that the commonest
      presentation was as scar-sarcoid on longstanding tribal marks. Tribal
      scarification is common in West Africa, and one should investigate any change in
      a longstanding scar. This heightened awareness in areas where scarification is or
      was practiced could end the belief of the rarity of sarcoidosis in the West
      African subregion.

PMID- 2917809
TI  - Radiation-induced soft tissue osteogenic sarcoma of the scalp.

PMID- 2917810
TI  - Exudative discoid and lichenoid chronic dermatosis (Sulzberger-Garbe). A
      fictional disease?

PMID- 2917811
TI  - Sulzberger-Garbe dermatosis in an Indian patient.

PMID- 2917812
TI  - Therapy of tinea nigra plantaris.
AB  - Four cases of tinea nigra plantaris are presented. The therapeutic approaches
      used by different dermatologists who treated these patients are analyzed in order
      to obtain a meaningful conclusion on how to best manage this infrequent entity.
      We conclude that the visible affected skin should be scraped off before using
      either ciclopiroxolamine or an imidazole topically; systemic therapy is not
      recommended.

PMID- 2917813
TI  - Secondary syphilis treated with parenteral cephalosporin.

PMID- 2917814
TI  - Transient acantholytic dermatosis treated with isotretinoin.

PMID- 2917815
TI  - Exudative discoid and lichenoid chronic dermatitis: does it exist or should it be
      discarded?

PMID- 2917816
TI  - Pediatric ophthalmology.

PMID- 2917817
TI  - Botulin therapy in pediatric ophthalmology.

PMID- 2917818
TI  - Detection and treatment of infantile cataracts.

PMID- 2917819
TI  - Comparative myocardial uptake characteristics of hexakis (alkylisonitrile)
      technetium(I) complexes. Effect of lipophilicity.
AB  - Hexakis (alkylisonitrile) technetium(I) complexes are a new class of cationic,
      lipophilic myocardial perfusion imaging agents. To further evaluate the effect of
      lipophilicity on myocardial uptake characteristics, the authors systematically
      synthesized and tested Tc-isonitrile complexes of varying lipophilicity in both
      cellular and whole animal systems. In chick heart cells in monolayer culture,
      cellular plateau level uptake in general correlated with lipophilicity of the
      complexes (determined by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography) (r
      = .71) as well as with scintigraphic intensity of imaged rabbit hearts (r = .91).
      Exceptions to this trend indicated that additional factors such as size of the
      complex and form of the terminal alkyl chain branching also may have influenced
      uptake. The data indicated that neither the lipophilic properties nor the cation
      charge alone were sufficient to predict myocardial uptake. In addition,
      intravenous injection of complexes into rabbits showed optimal myocardial images
      with agents of intermediate lipophilicity. Results indicated that, following
      intravenous administration, complexes of low lipophilicity yielded suboptimal
      myocardial images because of low heart cell uptake, whereas complexes of high
      lipophilicity yielded poor relative myocardial visualization because of excessive
      binding to additional organs and compartments.

PMID- 2917820
TI  - Scatter compensation in digital chest radiography using Fourier deconvolution.
AB  - The authors present a numerical deconvolution technique to compensate for image
      degrading effects caused by scattered photons in radiographic chest images.
      Fourier transform techniques are used to deconvolve a shift invariant model of
      the two dimensional point spread response functions of the scattered radiation.
      This approach uses a digitized radiograph acquired with a standard chest imaging
      protocol, so no specialized imaging equipment is required. While the shift
      variant shape of the scatter model is optimized for the lung field, effective
      compensation is provided when this model shape is applied to other chest regions.
      Preliminary evaluation suggests that this technique can provide improved image
      contrast over the entire chest region.

PMID- 2917821
TI  - Intravascular contrast media and the blood-brain barrier. Testing the new
      nonionic agent ioxilan.
AB  - The effects of diatrizoate, iohexol, and ioxilan on the blood-brain barrier (BBB)
      were investigated in normal and hypertensive rats. Anesthetized Wistar rats
      received 14C-inulin as an indicator for BBB disruption. Diatrizoate, iohexol, or
      ioxilan (350 and 175 mgI/mL) or normal saline was then injected into the carotid
      artery (2 mL in 30 seconds). Twenty minutes later, the cardiovascular system was
      flushed, the brain removed, and each hemisphere was digested. BBB disruption,
      expressed as counts/minute/mg protein, was compared for each hemisphere in each
      group by analysis of variance. BBB damage in the diatrizoate-350 group was
      significantly greater than that in all other groups. No significant BBB damage
      resulted from iohexol or ioxilan relative to normal saline.

PMID- 2917822
TI  - Rapid, contrast-enhanced, diuretic magnetic resonance imaging of unilateral
      partial ureteral obstruction. An experimental study in micropigs.
AB  - The value of rapid, contrast-enhanced, diuretic magnetic resonance (MR) imaging
      (using ferrioxamine B and furosemide) in demonstrating partial unilateral
      ureteral obstruction and the potential of such MR imaging in differentiating
      obstructive from nonobstructive hydronephrosis was assessed in six micropigs. MR
      imaging (0.35 Tesla, partial-flip technique with repetition time [TR] of 125
      milliseconds, echo-delay time [TE] of 20 milliseconds, and flip angle of 70
      degrees) was performed before, and at 5, 12, and 19 days after partial ureteral
      obstruction. Additionally, MR images were acquired 5, 12, and 19 days after
      release of obstruction. The diuretic was injected 10 minutes after the contrast
      medium. MR findings were correlated with results from nuclear scintigraphy (99mTc
      DMSA uptake). MR images provided good morphologic detail from which renal size,
      parenchymal thickness, and degree of hydronephrosis could be determined. Contrast
      medium allowed assessment of cortical uptake and urinary excretion. The course of
      cortical signal enhancement best characterized the difference between obstructive
      and nonobstructive hydronephrosis. Normal kidneys and kidneys with nonobstructive
      hydronephrosis showed progressive decrease in cortical signal enhancement (-11.7%
      within 40 minutes) after furosemide injection. The kidneys with obstructive
      hydronephrosis demonstrated a plateau of signal enhancement without decrease (
      0.7% within 40 minutes). These results demonstrate the utility of rapid contrast
      enhancing, diuretic MR imaging in differentiating obstructive from nonobstructive
      hydronephrosis.

PMID- 2917823
TI  - Chemical shift imaging of atherosclerosis at 7.0 Tesla.
AB  - Chemical shift imaging (CSI) was performed on cadaveric atherosclerotic fibrous
      plaques, periaortic adipose tissue, and cholesterol standards using a 7.0 Tesla
      horizontal bore prototype imaging spectrometer. Proton spectroscopy of intact
      tissue and deuterated chloroform extracted samples was done at the equivalent
      field strength of 7.0 Tesla on a vertical bore spectrometer, including studies of
      temperature dependence and T2 relaxation measurements. Spectra obtained using CSI
      on the imaging magnet were comparable with those from the conventional vertical
      spectrometer. Fibrous plaques and adipose tissue had unique spectral features,
      differing in the ratios of their water and various fat components. Chloroform
      extractions revealed a typical cholesteric ester spectrum for the fibrous plaque
      in contrast to the triglyceride spectrum of the adipose tissue. These two tissues
      also had different T2 relaxation measurements of their major fat resonances, with
      fibrous plaques having a short T2 compared to adipose tissue (15.9 milliseconds
      vs. 46.2 milliseconds). Temperature dependence studies showed that spectral
      signal intensity of the fat resonance of the fibrous plaque increased while
      linewidth decreased with increasing temperature from 24 degrees C to 37 degrees
      C. Atherosclerotic lesions may be studied at 7.0 Tesla, and NMR parameters
      defined in the present study may be used for further studies at other magnetic
      field strengths.

PMID- 2917824
TI  - Measurement of cerebrospinal fluid movement in the spine. An experimental
      technique.
AB  - The authors devised a new technique for measuring cerebrospinal fluid movement in
      the spine. With gated list mode acquisition of radioactive emissions, bulk flow,
      oscillations, and dispersion of a bolus of isotope can be measured. The accuracy
      of the technique was measured in a simulation in which fluid oscillated at 71
      cycles/minute and displaced at 6.5 cm/minute. With this method, the measured
      oscillation frequency and amplitude and the rate of translation were within 10%
      of actual values.

PMID- 2917825
TI  - MRI of the athletic knee. Findings in asymptomatic professional basketball and
      collegiate football players.
AB  - For the dedicated athlete in whom minor injuries are frequent and major injuries
      relatively common, a noninvasive knee assessment could either obviate the need
      for arthroscopy or focus its direction. The opportunity to study asymptomatic
      athletes was not feasible before the advent of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
      In this preliminary work, we examined 40 knees in 20 asymptomatic volunteer
      athletes, including five professional basketball players and 15 collegiate
      football players. Images were obtained at 0.5 T or 1.5 T. Spin echo sequences
      were used to obtain 5.0 mm thick coronal and sagittal sections. Fifty percent of
      asymptomatic athletes (10/20) had significant baseline MRI abnormalities that
      could have adversely affected scan interpretation in the context of an acute
      injury. Half of these athletes with MRI abnormalities, or 25% of the total
      (5/20), had no previous surgery and were unaware of significant injury.

PMID- 2917826
TI  - Pax.

PMID- 2917827
TI  - Medical student attitudes toward radiology. A multi-institutional survey.
AB  - A questionnaire was administered to 238 students at four institutions before and
      after a radiology clerkship to evaluate student attitudes regarding radiology as
      a career, radiologist expertise, and clerkship expectations. There was no
      statistically significant difference among the clerkships, although they varied
      in types of experience, geographic location, and size. After the clerkship, the
      students agreed more strongly that the radiologist should be involved in patient
      workup, screening of requests, interpretation of emergency room films, and
      consultations. A significant change in attitude could be identified after the
      four-week experience, indicating a desire for the radiologist to have a more
      active role as imaging consultant.

PMID- 2917828
TI  - As the world turns.

PMID- 2917829
TI  - Reproducibility in the analysis of multigated radionuclide studies of left
      ventricular ejection fraction.
AB  - The authors determined the reproducibility (the standard deviation [SD]) in the
      analysis of multigated radionuclide studies of left ventricular ejection fraction
      (LVEF). Radionuclide studies from a consecutive series of 38 patients suspected
      of ischemic heart disease were analyzed independently by four nuclear medicine
      physiologists and four laboratory technicians. Each study was analyzed three
      times by each of the observers. Based on the analyses of the eight observers, the
      SD could be estimated by the use of a variance component model for LVEF
      determinations calculated as the average of the analyses of an arbitrary number
      of observers making an arbitrary number of analyses. This study presents the SDs
      for LVEF determinations based on the analyses of one to five observers making one
      to five analyses each. The SD of a LVEF determination decreased from 3.96% to
      2.98% when an observer increased his number of analyses from one to five. A more
      pronounced decrease in the SD from 3.96% to 1.77% was obtained when the LVEF
      determinations were based on the average of a single analysis made by one to five
      observers. However, when dealing with the difference between LVEF determinations
      from two studies, the highest reproducibility was obtained if the LVEF
      determinations at both studies were based on the analyses made by the same
      observer. No significant difference was found in the reproducibility of analyses
      made by nuclear medicine physicians and laboratory technicians. Our study
      revealed that to increase the reproducibility of LVEF determinations, special
      efforts should be made to standardize the outlining of the end-systolic region
      interest.

PMID- 2917830
TI  - A large animal model (swine) to study the diagnosis and treatment of
      cholelithiasis.
AB  - Human gallstones were surgically placed into the gallbladders of 200 swine. Eight
      of these swine were used as a prospective series to verify that the placement and
      presence of human gallstones in their gallbladders caused no significant
      pathologic changes in the gallbladder and that the gallstones were not
      spontaneously dissolved. Although limitations exist, the advantages of this
      procedure demonstrate that the surgically prepared swine is an appropriate model
      for controlled in vivo experiments in radiologic imaging or interventional
      treatment. A 4 F pig-tailed catheter designed for Trocar insertion was developed
      as a companion to this model.

PMID- 2917831
TI  - Reevaluation of indications for percutaneous placement of the Greenfield filter.
AB  - In our institution twice as many Greenfield filters were inserted in the year
      after percutaneous placement was begun as in the previous year when all filters
      were surgically inserted. Review of the indications for surgical and percutaneous
      filter placement in our hospital reveals that more filters were inserted
      percutaneously for all indications except recurrent emboli. The rates of
      percutaneous and surgical filter insertion for prophylaxis with acute deep venous
      thrombosis were similar (40% and 42%, respectively) and were higher than the
      majority of reported filter series because of the large number of high risk
      patients in our hospital population. In evaluating each patient for risk factors
      concerning the development of venous thromboembolism, the contraindications to
      anticoagulation, and the effectiveness and possible complications of
      anticoagulant therapy, we have defined a much broader range of patients as
      candidates for Greenfield filter insertion than had been considered in our
      institution in the past.

PMID- 2917832
TI  - Contrast and accuracy of relaxation time measurements in acquired and synthesized
      multislice magnetic resonance images.
AB  - The effects of interslice spacing, the number of data points and other factors on
      the accuracy of relaxation time measurements and contrast have been investigated
      for both acquired and synthesized multislice MR images using experiments and
      computer simulations. The cross-excitation between adjacent slices in multislice
      imaging affects both contrast and derived relaxation times. Such measurements
      also are affected by the T1 and T2 of the materials imaged, the pulse sequence
      timing parameters, and the number of data points used to estimate the relaxation
      times. Errors in T1 and T2 may be severe, particularly for slice spacings less
      than 0.5 slice thickness and for long T1 and T2 materials. Consequently, the
      difference in signal intensities between two materials with different relaxation
      times also varies with slice spacing and between acquired and synthetic images,
      particularly for strongly T1-weighed images.

PMID- 2917833
TI  - Ioversol. Double-blind study of a new low osmolar contrast agent for peripheral
      and visceral arteriography.
AB  - The new low-osmolar contrast agent ioversol was compared with the conventional
      ionic contrast agent diatrizoate in 60 patients undergoing routine abdominal (21
      patients) and peripheral (39 patients) arteriography. The effects on
      hemodynamics, various laboratory parameters, and patient comfort were evaluated.
      In peripheral arteriography, there was less discomfort with ioversol as well as
      decreased magnitude and incidence of hypotension (P less than .001) after
      injection. In visceral arteriography, there was no significant difference between
      the two agents. Overall, the incidence of ECG changes was small in both groups
      (ioversol 2%, diatrizoate 8%). The two media were equivalent in incidence of
      adverse reactions (eg, nausea, vomiting, urticaria), the effect on laboratory
      parameters, and in the diagnostic adequacy of the radiographs. We conclude that
      ioversol is safe and efficacious for peripheral and visceral arteriography. In
      peripheral arteriography it causes less patient discomfort and, perhaps more
      importantly, fewer hemodynamic alterations than diatrizoate. These differences in
      hemodynamic effects may be important in patients with hemodynamic instability or
      limited cardiovascular reserve.

PMID- 2917834
TI  - Effects of contrast media on neural tissue glucose uptake in vitro.
AB  - The authors previously showed that metrizamide causes an inhibition in CO2
      production in rat neural tissue. The purposes of this work were to test if this
      inhibition was the result of a competitive inhibition of metrizamide with the D
      glucose transport system and to test the effect of other contrast media.
      Deoxyglucose was used as a marker for glucose. The first cellular system using
      rat hippocampus slices was designed to examine the effect of 15 mM and 80 mM
      metrizamide on deoxyglucose uptake. The second cell-free system, using isolated
      rat brain synaptosomes, was designed to evaluate more accurately the mechanism
      and kinetics of metrizamide's inhibitory effect on the uptake of deoxyglucose and
      to compare metrizamide to other nonionic contrast media (iohexol, iopamidol,
      iotrol, and iodixanol). These experiments demonstrate that there is inhibition of
      D-glucose uptake only in hippocampus slices and that the inhibition is dependent
      on the concentration of metrizamide. This does not, however, appear to be a
      competitive inhibitory effect on the carrier such as that between D-glucose and 2
      deoxy-D-glucose. In synaptosomes, none of the contrast media had a significant
      effect on the uptake of 2-deoxyglucose.

PMID- 2917836
TI  - Taxation for using 'forbidden terms'.

PMID- 2917835
TI  - Exposure equalization technique in mammography.

PMID- 2917838
TI  - Almost perfect.

PMID- 2917839
TI  - Computer-assisted radiology resident rotation scheduling.
AB  - The author developed a method for computer-assisted scheduling of resident
      rotations in which the chief resident determines the most desirable set of
      rotations for each resident, disregarding specific month assignments except as
      required or requested, and the computer generates the schedule by assigning
      months to rotations. The computer uses an efficient search algorithm to find a
      schedule that satisfies all requirements. The method satisfies training goals,
      staffing needs, and residents' desires more effectively than manual scheduling.
      Although fixed staffing levels for every rotation are required, flexibility is
      achieved through "dummy" assignments of rotations to residents.

PMID- 2917837
TI  - Facial deformity and rash.

PMID- 2917840
TI  - Displays. Contrast and spatial requirements.

PMID- 2917841
TI  - Medical charts and malpractice: how to avoid costly errors and omissions.
AB  - A thorough and well-organized medical chart can prevent malpractice from
      occurring, discourages the filing of groundless lawsuits, and is a useful tool in
      defending a physician in a medical malpractice action. This paper suggests
      methods by which a physician may improve record keeping and minimizing medico
      legal exposure.

PMID- 2917842
TI  - Mortality and career radiation doses for workers at a commercial nuclear power
      plant: feasibility study.
AB  - Career radiation doses for 8,961 male workers at the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power
      Plant (CCNPP) were determined for both utility (n = 4,960) and contractor (n =
      4,001) employees. Workers were followed from the time of first employment at
      CCNPP (including plant construction) to the end of 1984 (mean follow-up = 5.4 y).
      Plant operation began in 1975. The mean duration of employment was 1.9 y at CCNPP
      and 3.1 y in the nuclear industry. Career radiation doses were determined from
      dosimetry records kept by the utility company and the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory
      Commission (NRC). For all exposed workers, the average career dose was 21 mSv and
      was higher for contractor (30 mSv) than utility (13 mSv) workers. Career doses
      were also higher among those employed in the nuclear industry for greater than or
      equal to 15 y (111 mSv) and among workers classified as health physicists (56
      mSv). Cumulative doses of greater than or equal to 50 mSv were received by 12% of
      the workers; the maximum career dose reported was 470 mSv. The availability of
      social security numbers for practically all employees facilitated record-linkage
      methods to determine mortality; 161 deaths were identified. On average the
      workers experienced mortality from all causes that was 15% less than that of the
      general population of the U.S., probably due to healthier members of the
      population being selected for employment. Our investigation demonstrates that
      historical information is available from which career doses could be constructed
      and that, in principle, it is feasible to conduct epidemiologic studies of
      nuclear power plant workers in the U.S. Although difficult, the approach taken
      could prove useful until such time as a comprehensive registry of U.S. radiation
      workers is established.

PMID- 2917843
TI  - Shielding requirements for constant-potential diagnostic x-ray beams determined
      by a Monte Carlo calculation.
AB  - A Monte Carlo calculation has been performed to determine the transmission of
      broad constant-potential x-ray beams through Pb, concrete, gypsum wallboard,
      steel and plate glass. The EGS4 code system was used with a simple broad-beam
      geometric model to generate exposure transmission curves for published 70, 100,
      120 and 140-kVcp x-ray spectra. These curves are compared to measured three-phase
      generated x-ray transmission data in the literature and found to be reasonable.
      For calculation ease the data are fit to an equation previously shown to describe
      such curves quite well. These calculated transmission data are then used to
      create three-phase shielding tables for Pb and concrete, as well as other
      materials not available in Report No. 49 of the NCRP.

PMID- 2917844
TI  - Preliminary experiences with 222Rn gas in Arizona homes.
AB  - Results of a survey of 222Rn gas using four-day charcoal canister tests in 759
      Arizona homes are reported. Although the study was not random with respect to
      population or land area, it was useful in identifying areas at risk and locating
      several homes having elevated indoor 222Rn air concentrations. Approximately 18%
      of the homes tested exceeded 150 Bq m-3 (4 pCi L-1), with 7% exceeding 300 Bq m-3
      (8 pCi L-1). Several Arizona cities had larger fractions of homes exceeding 150
      Bq m-3 (4 pCi L-1), such as Carefree and Cave Creek (23%), Paradise Valley (30%),
      Payson (33%), and Prescott (31%). The Granite Dells and Groom Creek areas of
      Prescott had in excess of 40-60% of the houses tested exceeding 150 Bq m-3 (4 pCi
      L-1). Elevated 222Rn concentrations were measured for a variety of home types
      having different construction materials. Private well water was identified as a
      potentially significant source of 222Rn gas in Prescott homes, with water from
      one well testing over 3.5 MBq m-3 (94,000 pCi L-1). A 222Rn concentration in air
      exceeding 410,000 Bq m-3 (11,000 pCi L-1) was measured using a four-day charcoal
      canister test in a house in Prescott which had a well opening into a living
      space. Additional measurements in this 150-m3 dwelling revealed a strikingly
      heterogeneous 222Rn concentration. The excessive 222Rn level in the dwelling was
      reduced to less than 190 Bq m-3 (5.2 pCi L-1) by sealing the well head with
      caulking and providing passive ventilation through a pipe.

PMID- 2917845
TI  - Radon concentrations in five Pennsylvania soils.
AB  - The Rn concentration in the interstitial soil air depends on the Rn emanation
      from the soil, the water content of the soil, and the volume of the interstitial
      air space. The Rn emanation, which depends on the type of soil and the water
      content of the soil, can vary greatly from soil to soil. The interstitial air
      space depends on the soil compaction and the water content of the soil, so the Rn
      concentration can vary greatly from one soil type to another as well as within a
      given soil type. The emanation characteristics and soil compactions are studied
      for five Pennsylvania soils and ranges of possible Rn concentrations are
      calculated. Possible Rn concentrations in the soils studied range from about 20
      kBq m-3 to nearly 1 MBq m-3.

PMID- 2917846
TI  - On improving the validity of wire screen "unattached" fraction Rn daughter
      measurements.
AB  - Wire screens are commonly used to estimate "unattached" Rn daughter fractions in
      ambient and mine atmospheres. However, it is now recognized that the "unattached"
      fraction is in reality an ultrafine cluster mode in the 0.5-3 nm size range and
      that the collection efficiency versus particle diameter characteristics of wire
      screens do not permit a distinct separation of the "unattached" and "attached"
      fractions. Wire screen penetration theory and a semi-empirically corrected
      diffusion coefficient equation are used to characterize "unattached" fraction
      measurements as a function of experimental parameters. Collection efficiency
      curves are estimated for previously published wire screen "unattached" fraction
      measurements, and improvements in wire screen methods for such measurements are
      discussed.

PMID- 2917847
TI  - Correlation between airborne U exposure and U urinalysis results at Bear Creek
      Uranium.
AB  - Inhalation exposure history and U urinalysis data collected at Union Pacific
      Resources Company's Bear Creek Uranium milling operation, located in the Powder
      River Basin area of Wyoming, were studied to determine if a correlation could be
      made between airborne U exposure and U urinalysis results. It was observed from
      these data that U urinalysis results correlate with airborne U exposure levels
      when averaged over a period of time. The urinary U excretion rate, empirically
      derived from these data, was 1.8 X 10(-1) micrograms U in urine d-1 per
      micrograms U inhaled d-1 for samples collected after 2.9 d of no exposure.

PMID- 2917848
TI  - Changes in per capita and collective dose equivalent due to natural radiation in
      Taiwan (1950-1983).
AB  - This paper deals with the changes in per capita and collective dose equivalent in
      Taiwan in the past three decades based on the measured terrestrial and cosmic
      radiation levels and the population distribution as well. Over 70% of the
      population is concentrated in three population centers which have been naturally
      formed in the north, middle and south of Taiwan along the west coast as a result
      of industrialization and population growth. The population has increased 2.5
      times in the past 33 y and reached to 1.9 X 10(7) persons, yet the migration of
      population was from the rural areas where the natural radiation is usually high
      to the urban areas where the natural radiation is usually low. The resulting
      collective dose equivalent has been increasing, yet the per capita dose
      equivalent, on the contrary, has been decreasing.

PMID- 2917849
TI  - Some effects of radiation dosimetry errors on an estimated dose-response
      relationship.

PMID- 2917850
TI  - Essential trace metal concentrations in beagle liver and bone tissue after
      prolonged Zn-DTPA treatment.

PMID- 2917851
TI  - Particle size distributions for airborne radionuclides in Ginna steam generator
      work environments.

PMID- 2917852
TI  - Transfer to milk of 131I and 137Cs released during the Chernobyl reactor
      accident.

PMID- 2917853
TI  - Cesium-137 levels in breast milk and placentae after fallout from the reactor
      accident at Chernobyl.

PMID- 2917854
TI  - Determining the ratio of 239Pu to 241Am in wounds by measuring the L gamma x-rays
      with a Si(Li) detector.
AB  - A Si(Li) planar detector provides sufficient photopeak resolution to resolve the
      20.16-keV U L gamma x rays resulting from 239Pu decay and the 20.78-keV Np L
      gamma x rays resulting from 241Am decay. The energies and, therefore, the
      absorption coefficients of the two x rays are very similar; thus, the ratio of
      the peaks for a source embedded in tissue remains approximately the same for the
      two x rays up to at least 6 mm. Measurements of 239Pu-to-241Am ratios by this
      method in deep wounds agree with results obtained by radiochemical analysis of
      excised tissue.

PMID- 2917855
TI  - Accidental CT scanning without A1 filtration and its dosimetry.

PMID- 2917856
TI  - Correction to BEIR IV report.

PMID- 2917857
TI  - Nuclear medicine staff and patient doses in Manitoba (1981-1985).
AB  - The number of diagnostic in vivo nuclear medicine (NM) procedures in the Province
      of Manitoba (population 1 million) has been examined over the period 1981 to
      1985. The annual number of procedures performed has remained relatively constant
      at about 25 per thousand population. The isotope 99mTc accounted for 86% of all
      the studies performed and the number of NM procedures per imaging system was
      approximately 1,300 per annum. The total number of NM operators in the province
      increased from 30 in 1981 to about 40 in 1985. The mean NM operator dose was
      reduced from 3.8 mSv to 2.5 mSv over this five-year period and the collective
      operator dose underwent a smaller reduction of 13% to about 100 person-mSv in
      1985. The value of the mean patient effective dose equivalent (HE) was relatively
      constant at 5.2 mSv. The contribution of diagnostic NM procedures to the annual
      per caput population dose in Manitoba was 0.13 mSv. Three diagnostic procedures
      (brain, bone and cardiac) accounted for approximately 80% of the collective
      patient HE. Patient profiles (age, sex and medical history) were obtained for the
      patients undergoing these three procedures, which showed them to be atypical in
      comparison to a normal working population. These data suggested that the
      application of the International Commission on Radiological Protection risk
      factor of 1.65 X 10(-2) Sv-1 to this patient population would have significantly
      overestimated the expected radiation detriment.

PMID- 2917858
TI  - Exposure to electromagnetic fields in arc welding.
AB  - Electric and magnetic fields at the power line frequency (60 Hz) and its
      harmonics have been measured around 22 arc welders. The electric field strengths
      in most cases were very low (1 V m-1) and only for one device reached 300 V m-1.
      Magnetic flux densities ranged from a few microT to a few hundred microT (a few A
      m-1 to a few hundred of A m-1). Several devices surveyed produced high magnetic
      flux densities (200-400 microT), which are rarely encountered in the environment
      and are representative of high occupational exposures.

PMID- 2917859
TI  - An automated dosimetry system for microwave and thermal exposure of biological
      samples in vitro.
AB  - A waveguide exposure system with automated sample temperature measurement is
      described. This system provides on-line determination of the temperature profile
      over time of biological samples in vitro. It allows automated computation of the
      specific absorption rate determined from heating/cooling curves, uses minimally
      perturbing thermometry, is biocompatible and can be used for measurements of both
      microwave and conventional heating.

PMID- 2917860
TI  - Concentrations of U and Po in animal feed supplements, in poultry meat and in
      eggs.
AB  - The present study was undertaken to assess the contribution of phosphate feed
      supplements to the radiation exposure of the population in Israel. The phosphates
      usually contain appreciable quantities of U and its daughters and the actual
      exposure of human consumers depends, to a very large extent, on the degree of
      equilibrium of the decay chain in the feed and through the metabolic process. The
      concentrations of 238U, 234U, 226Ra and 210Po (210Pb) in poultry feed supplements
      and in chicken meat (breasts, thighs) and organs (livers, spleens, gizzards) as
      well as in eggs were determined. From the results, the transfer coefficients of U
      and Po in chicken meat and in eggs were calculated. The effective dose equivalent
      to the Israeli population due to the consumption of poultry products which
      accounts for approximately 70% of all meat consumed in Israel is assessed to be
      0.04 mSv y-1.

PMID- 2917861
TI  - Quantitative scanning electron microscopic autoradiography of inhaled 239PuO2.
AB  - We have applied the scanning electron microscope (SEM) to obtain autoradiographs
      of particles of 239PuO2 deposited in rat lung. The technique was used to obtain
      quantitative information on the clearance rates of particles from the alveoli,
      bronchioles and trachea up to 240 d after exposure. At all times, the
      concentration of particles on the surface of the bronchioles was an order of
      magnitude greater than on the tracheal surface. The clearance of Pu from both
      regions followed a biphasic pattern, similar to that obtained by radiometric
      analysis of the whole lung. Most of the radiation dose to the bronchiolar
      epithelium originated from Pu particles in peribronchiolar alveoli in which they
      were preferentially retained, compared to other alveolar regions. The prolonged
      retention of particles in the peribronchiolar alveoli may be a significant factor
      in the induction of lung carcinomas.

PMID- 2917862
TI  - Health implications of radionuclide levels in cattle raised near U mining and
      milling facilities in Ambrosia Lake, New Mexico.
AB  - This study was conducted to determine radionuclide tissue levels in cattle raised
      near U mining and milling facilities. Ambrosia Lake, New Mexico, has been the
      site of extensive U mining for 30 y and contains several underground U mines, a
      processing mill, and two large U tailings piles. Ten cows were purchased from two
      grazing areas in Ambrosia Lake and ten control animals were purchased from
      Crownpoint, New Mexico. Muscle, liver, kidney, and bone tissue taken from these
      animals, and environmental samples, including water, grasses and soil collected
      from the animals' grazing areas, were analyzed for 238U, 234U, 230Th, 226Ra,
      210Pb, and 210Po. Mean radionuclide levels in cattle tissue and environmental
      samples from Ambrosia Lake were higher in almost every comparison than those
      found in respective controls. Liver and kidney tissues were particularly elevated
      in 226Ra and 210Po. Radiation dose commitments from eating cattle tissue with
      these radionuclide concentrations were calculated. We concluded that the health
      risk to the public from eating exposed cattle is minimal, unless large amounts of
      this tissue, especially liver and kidney, are ingested.

PMID- 2917863
TI  - Utilization of femoral head for estimating the skeletal burden of U and Pu in
      humans.
AB  - Uranium and Pu were determined in vertebrae, ribs and femoral head samples
      obtained from the same population. Vertebrae and rib samples were obtained at
      autopsy and femoral head samples were obtained from persons undergoing hip
      surgery. The results indicate that there was no statistically (p less than or
      equal to 0.05) significant difference between the mean concentration of 239,240Pu
      in vertebrae and ribs. Also, there was no significant difference between the mean
      concentration of 239,240 Pu in ribs and femoral head. Also, statistical tests
      were performed to see whether the mean concentrations of 238U and 234U in three
      different bones differ from each other. The results suggest that there was no
      statistically significant difference between vertebrae and ribs, vertebrae and
      head of the femur nor between ribs and femoral head. These results indicate that
      femoral head may be an appropriate substitute for vertebrae or ribs, the most
      commonly used bone for inferring the skeletal burden of U and Pu in human.
      Femoral head samples can be obtained from living persons undergoing hip surgery,
      while vertebrae and ribs are obtained only at autopsy.

PMID- 2917864
TI  - Role of the public sector in prevention and management of radiation accidents.

PMID- 2917865
TI  - Radon-222 levels in low income households.

PMID- 2917866
TI  - An inexpensive and practical ambient-temperature vacuum still for bioassays.

PMID- 2917867
TI  - Calibration of a double phoswich detector assembly for estimation of
      homogeneously or inhomogeneously distributed 241Am and/or 239Pu in untreated
      fecal samples.

PMID- 2917868
TI  - Usefulness of water-soluble paper for smear test of low-energy beta- and alpha
      emitters using a liquid scintillation technique.

PMID- 2917869
TI  - Health physics activities in the dismantling of a radioactive incinerator.

PMID- 2917870
TI  - Comment on 'Marble attenuation characteristics for diagnostic x rays'.

PMID- 2917871
TI  - Reply to Fisher's comment: "Standard for Expression of Powers of 10".

PMID- 2917872
TI  - A rural health services research agenda. Summary of a conference. December 13-15,
      1987, San Diego, California.

PMID- 2917874
TI  - The changing rural environment and the relationship between health services and
      rural development.
AB  - Author summarizes today's changing rural America and the challenges that health
      services researchers and policymakers face in relating the rural environment to
      the problems and possibilities of rural health services delivery.

PMID- 2917873
TI  - Background tables on demographic characteristics, health status, and health
      services utilization.

PMID- 2917875
TI  - [Results of treatment of 584 laryngeal cancers at the Ear-Nose-Throat Clinic of
      Marburg University].
AB  - The results in the management of 460 vocal cord carcinomas and 124 supraglottic
      carcinomas are reported. Of the vocal cord carcinomas, 63.3% were diagnosed in
      the early Tis and T1 stage. Seventy-six tumors were resected endoscopically, 128
      by laryngofissure and chordectomy. Not one of these patients has lost his life,
      larynx or voice. In bilateral tumors of the T1b category, 2 patients developed
      local recurrences and lost their larynx. Sixty-two carcinomas of the Tis, T1a and
      T1b categories were irradiated primarily. Two of these patients died and 14
      underwent laryngectomy for local recurrence. In T2 carcinomas a 5-year cure rate
      of 87.5% was achieved by vertical partial resection. The 5-year cure rate after
      laryngectomy or laryngectomy with neck dissection for T2N0 and T2N+ carcinoma was
      86.2% and 75.0% respectively. Most treatment failures were due to late metastases
      which could not be controlled. In T3 carcinomas with a 5-year cure rate of 71.4%
      (N0) and 70.0% (N+) respectively, treatment failures were also mainly seen in
      patients with N0 necks where we did not carry out a prophylactic neck dissection.
      Five-year survival rates for primary surgery in supraglottic T1-T4 carcinomas
      were 100%, 82.4%, 84% and 58.3%. The widely hel opinion that laryngeal carcinoma
      should only be subjected to surgery for irradiation failure can no longer be
      sustained. More patients lose their larynx or their life after irradiation of
      small carcinomas than after primary surgery. Furthermore, too many patients have
      to undergo two major cancer treatments (irradiation and salvage surgery). In
      larger carcinomas radiotherapy produces a lower survival rate and too many
      patients require two stressful cancer therapies. The number of retained larynges
      is not substantially higher than with primary surgery. Primary irradiation for
      selected cases should be part of every therapy concept that aims at an adequate
      and individual treatment of every patient.

PMID- 2917876
TI  - [Results following total laryngectomy at the Budapest Clinic of Head-Neck
      surgery].
AB  - The data on 356 laryngectomies during a 12-year period were analysed
      retrospectively. The operations were divided into three groups: group I,
      laryngectomy alone; group II, laryngectomy and secondary neck dissection; group
      III, one-stage laryngectomy and radical neck dissection. Most patients had
      advanced disease (stage III and IV: 54.5% and 23.9%, respectively). Supraglottic
      and glotto-supraglottic tumours were commonest (39.6% and 36.8%, respectively).
      The results of palpation, fine-needle biopsy and histology of the lymph nodes are
      compared. The mean survival time for the three groups was 53.4, 42.7 and 29.8
      months, respectively, and the 5-year survival rates were 61.9%, 32.0% and 30.8%,
      respectively.

PMID- 2917877
TI  - [Extra-temporal localized facial neuromas].
AB  - Nine facial nerve schwannomas were observed in more than 1,350 operations on the
      parotid gland. Eight patients had a pre-operative diagnosis of pleomorphic
      adenoma without facial palsy. One patient who underwent extensive surgery without
      preservation of the facial nerve for a tumour present for more than 10 years had
      a pre-operative facial palsy. Facial nerve function recovered totally or
      partially in six peripheral schwannomas. In two cases with main trunk schwannoma
      no reinnervation was observed despite end-to-end anastomosis or interposition of
      the great auricular nerve. Histology showed eight typical schwannomas and one
      neurofibroma. Neurofibromas are extremely rare in the parotid gland. Clinical and
      operative experience with parotid gland schwannomas shows that recovery of facial
      nerve defects is mostly incomplete. Reconstructive methods should be used, but
      the long-term prognosis is uncertain.

PMID- 2917878
TI  - [Intratemporal course of the facial nerve in magnetic resonance imaging].
AB  - MR images of the intratemporal portion of the facial nerve were obtained with a
      1.5 Tesla permanent magnet whole-body imaging system. The facial nerve was
      followed from the internal auditory through the temporal bone to the styloid
      foramen. MR promises to be a sensitive method for the evaluation of intratemporal
      facial nerve diseases.

PMID- 2917879
TI  - [Radiation dosage and clinical value of conventional tomography and high
      resolution computerized tomography of the nose and ear].
AB  - Hypocycloidal (frontal and temporal) tomography of the base of the skull is
      compared with high resolution computed tomography (HR-CT) with respect to dose
      and clinical usefulness. In most cases HR-CT is indicated because of its better
      density resolution in comparison with conventional hypocycloidal tomography. As
      the X-ray beam is directed at the slice plane the dosage is noticeably less than
      when using conventional tomography. Slice thickness depends on the required
      geometric resolution. This is an additional factor in radiation protection.

PMID- 2917880
TI  - [Frequency-dependent cochlear microphonics in inner ear hearing loss with various
      pitch thresholds].
AB  - Promontory recordings of the cochlear microphonics (CM) after stimulation with
      0.5, 1 and 2 kHz tone bursts at 120 dB SPL were performed on normal subjects and
      patients with various, levels of sensory hearing loss. A significant correlation
      was found between frequency-related CM amplitudes and the configuration of the
      pure-tone audiogram. Such recordings provide objective information on hearing
      abilities at low and middle frequencies and are thus a relevant tool in clinical
      audiometry.

PMID- 2917881
TI  - [Increase of phlegmonous forms of infection following angina].
AB  - A sudden mini-epidemic of severe septic cervical soft tissue phlegmons following
      pharyngitis with thrombophlebitis of the jugular veins, mediastinitis and
      meningeal irritation posed problems of diagnosis and therapy because the typical
      symptoms were masked by the preceding treatment with antibiotics. The disease
      could only be partially controlled by intensive care. Three illustrative cases
      are reported.

PMID- 2917882
TI  - [Osteochondrosis of the cervical spine as a cause of globus sensation and
      dysphagia].
AB  - Dysphagia and globus hystericus can be caused by disorders of the cervical spine.
      Functional disorders of the upper cervical spine are the most common cause of
      dysphagia and globus hystericus due to vertebral disease. Prominent osteophytes
      of the ventral spine occasionally cause these complaints. In these cases the
      operative ablation of the osteophytes is effective. This is demonstrated in the
      following report, and the indication for operation is discussed.

PMID- 2917883
TI  - Questions conclusion in retrospective study.

PMID- 2917885
TI  - Do animals have rights?

PMID- 2917884
TI  - Comments on "Reflections" article.

PMID- 2917886
TI  - Zoonoses and AIDS in human beings.

PMID- 2917887
TI  - More on exocrine pancreatic insufficiency.

PMID- 2917888
TI  - Private enterprise and federal agencies attack sulfamethazine residues.

PMID- 2917889
TI  - Listening: heart and soul of doctor/client relationships.

PMID- 2917890
TI  - Use of farrowing rate as a measure of fertility of boars.
AB  - The first 100 single-boar services of 140 boars were analyzed to determine
      whether the farrowing rate resulting from initial services predicted the
      farrowing rate of subsequent services. The data were analyzed for the influence
      of parity, number of matings per estrus, season of service, and interaction of
      these variables on farrowing rate. Sow parity influenced farrowing rate. Sows
      with parity greater than 8 and gilts had the lowest farrowing rates (P less than
      0.01). Sows with parity 2 through 5 had the highest farrowing rates (P less than
      0.01). One and 2 matings/estrus resulted in reduced farrowing rates (P less than
      0.01), compared with farrowing rates of greater than 2 matings/estrus. Farrowing
      rate for services during the summer was lower than that for other seasons of the
      year (P less than 0.01). Evidence of interaction among these variables was not
      found. Therefore, the results of each service recorded was adjusted to the mean
      farrowing rate of sows with parity 2 through 5, sows mated greater than or equal
      to 3 times/service, and sows serviced in the spring. After these adjustments, the
      farrowing rates for the first 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 services were analyzed to
      determine associations with farrowing rates for subsequent services through 100
      farrowings. These data also were analyzed to determine whether the associations
      were strengthened by removal of the first 10 services from the data. The best
      farrowing rate association indicated that for each 1% increase in farrowing rate
      subsequent to the first 50 services, the farrowing rate for the second 50
      services increased 0.33% (P less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2917891
TI  - Radiographic diagnosis of hereditary chondrodysplasia in newborn lambs.
AB  - Normal appearing Suffolk lambs affected with hereditary chondrodysplasia (HC) and
      normal appearing unaffected lambs were radiographed at birth, and at 2, 4, and 8
      weeks of age. In affected lambs, lesions were seen consistently in the elbows,
      shoulders, sternum, and spine. Similar lesions were not identified in unaffected
      lambs. A malformed Corriedale lamb was radiographed to compare its lesions to
      those seen in HC. The Corriedale lamb had islands of ossification of the anconeal
      process similar to those identified in lambs with signs of HC at birth. The
      islands of ossification seen in the Corriedale lamb were fused by 2 months of
      age, whereas elbow lesions seen in lambs with HC increased in severity during the
      same period.

PMID- 2917892
TI  - Keratoconjunctivitis sicca associated with fracture of the stylohyoid bone in a
      horse.
AB  - Keratoconjunctivitis sicca developed in a mare with fracture of the stylohyoid
      bone. Treatment was directed at preserving the health of the globe while local
      inflammation at the fracture site was resolved.

PMID- 2917893
TI  - Diagnosis of avian tuberculosis in a horse by use of liver biopsy.
AB  - A 15-month-old Appaloosa colt had pyrexia, weight loss, diarrhea, and dependent
      edema. Abnormal laboratory findings included anemia, hypoalbuminemia, and
      hyperglobulinemia. Activities of liver-specific enzymes in this colt were high.
      Analysis of a liver biopsy specimen resulted in a presumptive diagnosis of
      tuberculosis. We recommend that liver biopsy be used as a diagnostic procedure if
      the differential diagnosis in a horse includes avian tuberculosis or
      granulomatous enteritis, especially if serum activities of liver-specific enzymes
      are high.

PMID- 2917894
TI  - Campylobacteriosis in an aborted equine fetus.
AB  - Abortion caused by Campylobacter fetus subsp fetus was diagnosed in a 7-month-old
      equine fetus. The fetus was small for its gestational age. Macroscopically, the
      proximal portion of the small intestine was hemorrhagic and its wall was thick.
      Histologically, the Brunner glands were distended with neutrophils, and the
      submucosa was thick, owing to fluid accumulation and/or cellular infiltrates.
      Curved bacteria were observed in the Brunner glands and intestinal glands.
      Campylobacter fetus subsp fetus was isolated from stomach contents, liver, and
      lungs, and was detected by dark-field microscopic examination of ocular fluid and
      stomach contents. Placenta was not available for examination.

PMID- 2917895
TI  - Monorchidism in three colts.
AB  - Three monorchid colts were admitted for castration as cryptorchids. Two colts
      each had one normal descended testis, and the third colt had a small testis in
      the abdomen. Monorchidism was diagnosed at surgery by locating an incomplete
      epididymis without a testis. After the incomplete epididymis and other testis
      were removed, the absence of testicular tissue was confirmed by results of a
      human chorionic gonadotropin response test.

PMID- 2917896
TI  - Sperm granuloma in a stallion.
AB  - A 7-year-old stallion with a history of abdominal pain after it fell was examined
      and found to have a swelling of the right testis and epididymis. Semen evaluation
      revealed an increase in secondary sperm abnormalities. The stallion was
      unilaterally castrated. The histologic diagnosis was sperm granuloma, with no
      evidence of infection. Periductal fibrosis was observed and appeared to have
      developed before the trauma occurred. The changes seen could be compatible with
      chronic blockade of efferent ductules, resulting in extravasation of spermatozoa.

PMID- 2917897
TI  - Treatment of a calf with Clostridium chauvoei infection.
AB  - In a small beef cattle herd, two 2- to 3-month-old calves had died suddenly. A
      2.5-month-old calf, with Clostridium chauvoei infection of the right hip and
      stifle region, was treated successfully with procaine penicillin G. The herd had
      not been vaccinated against any disease.

PMID- 2917898
TI  - Idiopathic gonitis in heifers: 34 cases (1976-1986).
AB  - Acute suppurative arthritis of the stifle joint was diagnosed in 34 Holstein
      heifers between 1976 and 1986. Only 1 stifle joint was affected in each heifer;
      however, 1 heifer also had involvement of the contralateral radiocarpal joint. In
      each heifer, there was marked lameness and synovitis characterized by an effusion
      with high synovial fluid nucleated cell counts and total protein concentration.
      Seventy-four percent (25/34) of the heifers had radiographic evidence of an
      osteolytic lesion involving the lateral tibial plateau. Bacteriologic cultures of
      synovial fluid, synovial membrane, and bone yielded no growth. Eighteen of 23
      (78%) affected heifers for which follow-up data was obtained became productive
      herd members after treatment.

PMID- 2917899
TI  - Trend in real starting salaries of US veterinary medical college graduates, 1980
      1988.

PMID- 2917900
TI  - What is your diagnosis? Lysis of the vertebral body of C7, with a pathologic
      compression fracture and compression of the spinal cord at the level of C7.

PMID- 2917901
TI  - More on leishmaniasis in Ohio.

PMID- 2917902
TI  - Testing for tuberculosis in nonhuman primates.

PMID- 2917903
TI  - Questions extrauterine development of fetuses.

PMID- 2917904
TI  - Specialty practice--some legal considerations.

PMID- 2917905
TI  - ECG of the month. Hyperkalemia in a mare.

PMID- 2917906
TI  - Efficacy of intrauterine infusion of plasma for treatment of infertility and
      endometritis in mares.
AB  - We evaluated the efficacy of intrauterine plasma infusion in mares as a treatment
      for infertility caused by endometritis and distinguished the effects of
      intrauterine infusion of plasma vs saline solution. Forty-three subfertile mares
      were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups: untreated controls (n = 14),
      those treated by saline infusion (n = 14), and those treated by plasma infusion
      (n = 15). Reproductive status was assessed daily by transrectal ultrasonography.
      Uterine aspirates and biopsy specimens were obtained 8 days after ovulation for
      cytologic and histologic evaluation, and mares were treated on days 12 to 16.
      Uterine aspirates and biopsy specimens were obtained again on day 8 of the next
      estrous cycle, and the mares were bred at the subsequent estrus. A postovulation
      intrauterine infusion of either plasma or saline solution was administered to
      mares in their respective treatment groups. Biopsy specimens were scored from 1
      (no indications of inflammation) to 6 (severe inflammation). The pregnancy rate
      was lower (P less than 0.005) for mares with scores 5 and 6 (0/5) than for those
      with scores 1 to 4 (17/35). There was no significant effect of treatment nor a
      treatment by biopsy score interaction on pregnancy rate; however, the pregnancy
      rate for mares treated with plasma or saline solution (9/27) tended to be lower
      than for the control (untreated) mares (8/13). There was no change in mean biopsy
      score between specimens obtained before treatment and those obtained after
      treatment for the control group and the group treated with saline solution;
      however, there was a significant increase (P less than 0.05) in scores in the
      group treated with plasma.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2917907
TI  - Lameness in a mare with signs of arteriovenous fistula.
AB  - A 5-year-old mare was evaluated for lameness and swelling of the right forelimb.
      Clinical findings, including peripheral edema, venous pulsation, palpable thrill
      in the cephalic vein, disparate arteriovenous oxygen tension differences between
      the left and right forelimbs, and Branham sign, were suggestive of arteriovenous
      fistula. Failure to identify the fistula by angiography was attributed to closure
      of the shunt during anesthesia. Surgical exploration of the affected limb to
      identify the shunt also was unsuccessful.

PMID- 2917908
TI  - Serous cystadenoma in a normally cyclic mare with high plasma testosterone
      values.
AB  - Serous cystadenoma was diagnosed by histologic examination of a large ovary
      removed from a 16-year-old Thoroughbred mare with normal estrous cycles.
      Palpation and ultrasound examination per rectum had revealed an excessive number
      of follicles in the right ovary. The ovulation fossa was palpable on the right
      ovary, and the left ovary appeared to have normal activity. Plasma testosterone
      values were high at the time of examination (0.15 ng/ml), but decreased to normal
      values (0.09 ng/ml) after removal of the cystadenoma.

PMID- 2917910
TI  - Hemorrhagic diathesis caused by multiple myeloma in a three-month-old foal.
AB  - Multiple myeloma was diagnosed in a 3-month-old Quarter Horse foal with chronic
      weight loss, chronic bronchopneumonia, and epistaxis. The foal had pancytopenia,
      thrombocytopenia, and monoclonal beta-globulinemia. Bone marrow aspirates
      contained between 80 and 90% plasma cells.

PMID- 2917909
TI  - Tourniquet-induced hypertension in a horse.
AB  - Arterial hypertension developed in a horse anesthetized for arthroscopy and
      lavage of an inflamed right carpal joint. Anesthesia was induced with xylazine
      HCl, butorphanol, guaifenesin, and thiamylal Na and was maintained with halothane
      in oxygen. Arterial hypertension and tachycardia developed within 15 minutes
      after a pneumatic tourniquet was placed 8 to 10 cm proximal to the right carpus
      and inflated to 800 mm of Hg. The surgical procedure was expedited, halothane was
      discontinued and anesthesia was maintained with guaifenesin to facilitate
      bandaging. Heart rate decreased from 72 to 42 beats/min after the tourniquet cuff
      was deflated. Mean arterial pressure decreased from 260 mm of Hg to 128 mm of Hg.
      Differential diagnosis for a rapidly increasing arterial pressure during
      halothane anesthesia include inadequate plane of anesthesia, signs of pain,
      hypercapnia, hypoxemia, and/or hyperthermia.

PMID- 2917911
TI  - Open joint injuries in horses: 58 cases (1980-1986).
AB  - A retrospective study was made of 58 horses with open joint injuries admitted to
      the veterinary teaching hospital. Twenty-five (43%) were admitted within 24 hours
      of injury, 15 (26%) were examined 2 to 7 days after injury, and 18 (31%) were
      evaluated a week or more after the initial injury. The joints of the lower
      portions of the limbs most commonly were affected, with injuries that varied from
      puncture wounds to severe lacerations with soft tissue deficits. Diagnosis was
      made on the basis of clinical signs and results of synovial fluid analysis and
      radiography. Radiography was found to be an important diagnostic tool, indicating
      joint involvement in 80% of horses on which it was done. Sixteen horses were
      euthanatized on the day of admission; of the horses treated, 53% that were
      examined within the first 24 hours developed septic arthritis, and the overall
      survival was 65%. Ninety-two percent of horses examined within 2 to 7 days of
      injury developed septic arthritis, with 38.5% surviving; all horses evaluated a
      week or more after joint injury had septic arthritis, and 50% survived. The
      prognosis for return to function was best in horses that were examined within the
      first 24 hours. Horses examined more than 24 hours after injury had a
      significantly (P less than 0.05) higher chance of developing septic arthritis,
      and thus, were significantly (P less than 0.0014) less likely to survive the
      injury.

PMID- 2917912
TI  - What is your diagnosis? Dilatation of the thoracic portion of the esophagus.

PMID- 2917913
TI  - Oxygen radicals and antioxidant enzymes alter pulmonary vascular reactivity in
      the rat lung.
AB  - It has been postulated that changes in the availability of partially reduced O2
      species, such as O2 radicals, could serve as a link between PO2 in the alveolus
      and pulmonary vascular tone (Herz 11: 127-141, 1986). To assess this hypothesis,
      the hemodynamic effects of acute changes in the balance between the production of
      O2 radicals and availability of antioxidant enzymes were studied in the isolated
      perfused rat lung. Intravascular generation of O2 radicals, by administration of
      xanthine-xanthine oxidase, decreased the pulmonary vascular pressor response to
      alveolar hypoxia (-55 +/- 5%) and angiotensin II (-58 +/- 10%, P less than 0.01
      for each) in isolated perfused rat lungs without increasing the lung wet-to-dry
      weight ratio. Decreases in pulmonary vascular reactivity were inhibited by
      pretreatment of the lung with desferrioxamine or a mixture of catalase and
      superoxide dismutase. Catalase and superoxide dismutase preserved the hypoxic
      pressor response whether given in liposomes or in dissolved form. Superoxide
      dismutase administered free in solution, or combined with catalase in liposomes,
      increased the normoxic pulmonary arterial pressure and enhanced vascular
      reactivity to angiotensin II and hypoxia. Lungs treated with antioxidant enzymes
      in liposomes had 50% higher lung catalase levels than control lungs (P less than
      0.05). These findings demonstrate that exogenous partially reduced O2 species can
      decrease pulmonary vascular reactivity and suggest that endogenous radicals,
      superoxide radical in particular, might be important in modulating pulmonary
      vascular tone.

PMID- 2917914
TI  - Relationship of diaphragmatic contractility to diaphragmatic blood flow in
      newborn lambs.
AB  - We determined the relationship of diaphragmatic contraction rate to diaphragmatic
      blood flow (Qdi), metabolism, and contractility in nine open-chested mechanically
      ventilated newborn lambs. The diaphragm was paced for 15 min at slow (20/min) and
      fast (100/min) contraction rates each followed by a 30-min rest period. There was
      a mild reduction in transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) during the slow contraction
      period accompanied by a shift to the right of the curve relating stimulation
      frequency (10-100 Hz) to Pdi. Pdi returned to control at the start of the fast
      contraction period, but then fell by 30% within 2 min with continued fast
      contraction rates. The frequency-Pdi curve was significantly shifted to the
      right. Qdi, O2 transport, and O2 consumption increased during slow contraction
      and to an even greater extent during fast contraction. Fractional O2 extraction
      reached an apparent maximum during slow contraction. Lactate efflux from the
      right phrenic vein during slow contraction remained unchanged from control.
      During fast contraction lactate efflux rose proportionately more than did O2
      consumption. We conclude that the energy demands at fast rates of diaphragmatic
      contraction in newborn lambs cannot be met by aerobic metabolism alone despite
      increasing O2 transport to the diaphragm.

PMID- 2917915
TI  - Role of costal and crural diaphragm and parasternal intercostals during coughing
      in cats.
AB  - The inspiratory phase of coughs often consists of large inspired volumes and
      increased motor discharge to the costal diaphragm. Furthermore, diaphragm
      electrical activity may persist into the early expiratory portion of coughs. To
      examine the role of other inspiratory muscles during coughing, electromyograms
      (EMG) recorded from the crural diaphragm (Dcr) and parasternal intercostal (PSIC)
      muscles were compared to EMG of the costal diaphragm (Dco) in anesthetized cats.
      Tracheal or laryngeal stimulation typically produced a series of coughs, with
      variable increases in peak inspiratory EMGs of all three muscles. On average,
      peak inspiratory EMG of Dco increased to 346 +/- 60% of control (P less than
      0.001), Dcr to 514 +/- 82% of control (P less than 0.0002), and PSIC to 574 +/-
      61% of control (P less than 0.0005). Augmentations of Dcr and PSIC EMG were both
      significantly greater than of Dco EMG (P less than 0.05 and P less than 0.002,
      respectively). In most animals, EMG of Dco correlated significantly with EMG of
      Dcr and of PSIC during different size coughs. Electrical activity of all three
      muscles persisted into the expiratory portions of many (but not all) coughs. The
      duration of expiratory activity lasted on average 0.17 +/- 0.03 s for Dco, 0.25
      +/- 0.06 s for Dcr, and 0.31 +/- 0.09 s for PSIC. These results suggest that
      multiple respiratory muscles are recruited during inspiration of coughs, and that
      the persistence of electrical activity into expiration of coughs is not unique to
      the costal diaphragm.

PMID- 2917916
TI  - Effect of exercise on the development of osteoporosis in adult rats.
AB  - The role of moderate exercise in the prevention of high-turnover osteoporosis was
      investigated by the use of an animal model. The effect of chronic training on
      gravimetric, mineral, physical, and histological parameters of normal bone was
      also examined. Fifty-six adult female Long-Evans rats were divided into four
      groups: sedentary (C) and exercising controls (E) and sedentary (O) and
      exercising osteoporotics (EO). Exercising animals ran 4 h/wk for 1 yr. Two
      percent NH4Cl added to drinking water induced osteoporosis as shown by
      significantly lower femoral density and breaking strength and
      histomorphometrically quantified tibial trabecular bone volume but a normal
      mineral-to-matrix ratio in the O rats. The development of high-turnover
      osteoporosis in O rats was confirmed by significantly higher alkaline phosphatase
      activity (P less than 0.05), urinary hydroxyproline content (P less than 0.01),
      resorption surfaces (P less than 0.01), and histological parameters of bone
      formation (P less than 0.01). Exercise prevented all these biochemical,
      biophysical, and histological abnormalities in the EO group. Exercise had no
      influence on the density of normal femurs but tended to increase their breaking
      strength (by 11%) compared with femurs of C rats (P = 0.11).

PMID- 2917917
TI  - Operation Everest II: muscle energetics during maximal exhaustive exercise.
AB  - To investigate the metabolic basis for the reduction in peak blood lactate
      concentration that occurs with maximal exercise after acclimatization to
      altitude, eight male subjects [maximal O2 uptake of 51.2 +/- 3.0 (SE) ml.kg-1.min
      1] were acclimated to progressive hypobaria over a 40-day period. Before
      decompression (SL-1), at 380 and 282 Torr, and on return to sea level (SL-2) the
      subjects performed progressive cycle exercise to exhaustion. Analysis of muscle
      samples obtained from the vastus lateralis before exercise and at exhaustion
      indicated a pronounced reduction (P less than 0.05) in muscle lactate
      concentration (mmol/kg dry wt) at 282 Torr (39.2 +/- 11) compared with SL-1 (113
      +/- 9.7), 380 Torr (94.6 +/- 18), and SL-2 (92.7 +/- 22). For the other
      glycolytic intermediates studied (glucose 1-phosphate, glucose 6-phosphate,
      fructose 6-phosphate, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, and pyruvate) only the increase
      in glucose 1-phosphate, glucose 6-phosphate, and fructose 6-phosphate were
      blunted (P less than 0.05) at 282 Torr. The reduction in muscle glycogen
      concentration during exercise was similar (P less than 0.05) for all
      environmental conditions. Although exercise resulted in reductions (P less than
      0.05) in ATP and creatine phosphate averaging 30 and 51%, respectively, the
      magnitude of the change was not dependent on the degree of hypobaria. Inosine
      monophosphate was elevated (P less than 0.05) approximately 11-fold with exercise
      at both SL-1 and SL-2. These findings support the hypothesis that the lower
      lactate concentration observed at 282 Torr after exhaustive exercise is due to a
      reduction in anaerobic glycolysis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2917918
TI  - Hemodynamic effects of arginine vasopressin in rats adapted to chronic hypoxia.
AB  - Acute and chronic pulmonary and systemic hemodynamic responses to arginine
      vasopressin (AVP) were examined in 4-wk hypoxia-adapted and air control rats.
      AVP, administered intravenously as bolus injections or sustained infusions,
      produced major dose-dependent V1-receptor-mediated reductions in mean pulmonary
      arterial pressure in hypoxia-adapted rats. These effects were comparable in
      pentobarbital-anesthetized, thoracotomized animals and in conscious, intact rats.
      Chronic infusions of AVP induced a sustained reduction in mean pulmonary arterial
      pressure and partially prevented the development of pulmonary hypertension
      without changing systemic arterial pressure. AVP induced significant decreases in
      cardiac output in both groups; the cardiac output response was not significantly
      different in hypoxia-adapted and air control animals. AVP induced almost no
      change in MPAP in air control rats. Furthermore the systemic pressor effects of
      AVP were significantly blunted in hypoxia-adapted rats compared with air
      controls. We conclude that the pulmonary depressor and blunted systemic pressor
      effects of AVP observed in hypoxia-adapted rats may be related to release of a
      vasodilator, such as endothelium-derived relaxing factor, vasodilator
      prostaglandins, or atrial natriuretic peptides. Further study is needed to
      elucidate these mechanisms and assess the usefulness of AVP and/or its analogues
      in the treatment and prevention of hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension.

PMID- 2917919
TI  - Bronchial responsiveness and inflammation in guinea pigs exposed to acrolein.
AB  - Bronchial hyperresponsiveness can be produced experimentally after inhalation of
      numerous nonimmunospecific stimuli; our objective was to determine whether
      acrolein, a component of cigarette smoke, could increase bronchial reactivity to
      intravenously administered acetylcholine in guinea pigs. Bronchial responsiveness
      was assessed twice before and 1, 2, 6, and 24 h after exposures to less than or
      equal to 0.01 (sham), 0.31, 0.67, 0.94, or 1.26 parts per million for 2 h (5-7
      guinea pigs/group). To examine the possible relationships of responsiveness to
      inflammatory mediator release and cellular infiltration, bronchoalveolar lavage
      was performed in another 30 guinea pigs before (control) and 0, 1, 2, 6, or 24 h
      after exposures. Pulmonary resistance was increased immediately after exposure (5
      min) and returned to control values within 30-60 min. Increased bronchial
      responsiveness was evident within 1 h and became maximal 2-4 h after exposure.
      The acetylcholine dose necessary to double resistance decreased from 104.2 +/-
      7.3 to 79.6 +/- 15.9 at 1 h and was 32.5 +/- 7.9 at 2 h and 32.8 +/- 7.6
      micrograms.kg-1 at 6 h. Increases in two eicosanoids, thromboxane B2 (from 167 +/
      21 to 314 +/- 77 pg/ml) and prostaglandin F2 alpha (from 98 +/- 20 to 285 +/- 62
      pg/ml) occurred immediately after exposure, whereas an influx of neutrophils
      occurred 24 h later (from 2.2 +/- 1.2 to 11.3 +/- 3.6%). These temporal
      relationships suggest that neutrophil infiltration may be a sufficient but not a
      necessary condition for the onset of bronchial hyperresponsiveness and that
      injury to cells normally present in the lung are responsible for the mediators
      thought to influence bronchial responsiveness.

PMID- 2917920
TI  - Cardiovascular failure and apnea in shock.
AB  - A model of shock was developed in anesthetized dogs by limiting venous return
      with a balloon inflated in the right atrium. The change in ventilation (VE) in
      response to a sustained decrease in arterial pressure (Pa) to 50-60 Torr was
      studied by recording transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) and diaphragm (Edi) and
      parasternal intercostal (Eic) electrical activity. Four dogs died of cardiac
      arrest after 20-60 min. In 11 dogs, VE, after an initial increase, decreased
      progressively until apnea occurred after 103 +/- 24 min, after 60% reductions in
      breathing frequency, Pdi, and Eic and a 30% fall in Edi. No decrease in diaphragm
      contractility was found in response to artificial phrenic nerve stimulation. The
      cardiocirculatory function deteriorated during shock until it became irreversible
      at apneic time. No recovery from apnea occurred without a recovery of Pa. We
      conclude that the fall in VE and ensuing apnea in this model resulted from a
      decrease in central respiratory neural output associated with a progressive
      deterioration of the cardiocirculatory function.

PMID- 2917921
TI  - Determinants of VO2max in rats after high-intensity sprint training.
AB  - The hemodynamic response to maximal exercise was determined in rats that were
      subjected to high-intensity sprint training (HIST) and rats that served as
      sedentary controls. Training consisted of five 1-min bouts of treadmill running
      at work loads (15% grade, 97 m/min) in excess of the animals' maximal O2 uptake
      (VO2max) interspersed with 90 s of rest. Training was performed 6 days/wk for 6
      wk. After the training regimen, all rats were acutely instrumented with catheters
      in the right carotid artery and right ventricle. O2 uptakes, hemodynamic
      parameters, arterial and mixed venous O2 concentrations, blood gases, and acid
      base status were determined at rest and during submaximal and maximal exercise.
      Results demonstrated that VO2max of HIST rats was significantly greater than that
      found for sedentary control rats. This increase in VO2max was due to an increase
      in maximal cardiac output (Qmax), since maximal arteriovenous O2 difference was
      similar between trained and sedentary rats. The increase in Qmax was due to an
      increase in maximal stroke volume (SVmax), because maximal heart rate in trained
      rats was similar to that in sedentary control rats. Citrate synthase and
      phosphofructokinase activities measured in the white gastrocnemius, plantaris,
      and soleus muscles of trained and sedentary rats were similar. These results
      suggest that the increase in VO2max produced with HIST in rats is strongly linked
      to an increase in central cardiac function as indicated by an increase in Qmax
      and SVmax.

PMID- 2917922
TI  - Distribution of bronchoconstrictor responses in isolated-perfused rat lung.
AB  - We studied the effects of bronchoconstrictor stimuli administered selectively
      through isolated-perfused preparations of the bronchial and pulmonary
      circulations of 80 Sprague-Dawley rats. Dose-related contraction was elicited
      with infusion of acetylcholine (ACh), histamine, and serotonin (5-HT). Bolus
      infusion of 10(-5) mol ACh caused a 3.5-fold increase in pulmonary resistance
      (RL) after infusion into the pulmonary circulation (PC) and a 2.5-fold increase
      in the bronchial circulation (BC) (P less than 0.05 vs. control) that was blocked
      selectively in each circulation with atropine. Administration of 10(-5) mol 5-HT
      into the BC caused only a 45% increase in RL; the same dose of 5-HT caused a 5.1
      fold increase in RL in the PC. A biphasic (increase at lower doses/decrease at
      higher doses) change in RL was elicited by histamine that was converted to dose
      related constriction after H2-receptor blockade with cimetidine in both BC and
      PC. Response to exogenous ACh remained viable for greater than 5 h. Infusion of
      the mast cell degranulating agent, compound 48/80 (48/80), caused increase in RL
      that corresponded to quantitative recovery of histamine in the perfusates of both
      BC and PC. Histamine concentration in the perfusate increased from 47.2 +/- 31.8
      (base line) to 624 +/- 60.1 ng/ml (2-fold increase in RL) in the BC and from 38.3
      +/- 17.7 (base line) to 294.4 +/- 38.1 ng/ml (50% increase in RL) in the PC (P
      less than 0.001 vs. baseline concentration) after a 0.1-mg/ml dose of
      48/80.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2917923
TI  - Oxygen delivery rate and sufficiency of oxygenation during ECMO in newborn
      baboons.
AB  - Minimum acceptable O2 delivery (DO2) during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
      (ECMO) remains to be defined in a newborn primate model. The right atrium,
      carotid artery, and femoral artery were cannulated, and the ductus arteriosus,
      aorta, and pulmonary artery ligated in neonatal baboons (Papio cynocephalus)
      under a combination of ketamine, diazepam, and pancuronium. The internal jugular
      vein was also cannulated retrograde to the level of the occipital ridge. We
      measured hemoglobin, pH, arterial and venous PO2 (both from the pump circuit and
      from the cerebral venous site), serum lactate and bicarbonate concentrations, and
      pump flow, and we calculated hemoglobin saturations, (DO2), O2 consumption (VO2),
      systemic O2 extraction, and cerebral O2 extraction. Six baboons were studied
      during each of two phases of the experiment. In the first, flow rates were varied
      sequentially from 200 to 50 ml.kg-1.min-1 with saturation maximized. In the
      second, flow was maintained at 200 ml.kg-1.min-1 and saturation was reduced
      sequentially from 100 to 38%. VO2 fell significantly below baseline at a flow
      rate of 50 ml.kg-1.min-1 and a DO2 of 8 +/- 2 (SE) ml.kg-1.min-1 in phase 1 and
      at DO2 of 12 +/- 5 in phase 2. Both systemic and cerebral O2 extraction rose
      significantly at a flow of 100 ml.kg-1.min-1 and DO2 of 17 +/- 4 ml.kg-1.min-1 in
      phase 1, whereas neither rose with decreasing DO2 in phase 2. In fact, cerebral
      extraction fell significantly DO2 of 16 +/- 6 ml.kg-1.min-1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2917924
TI  - Ozone-induced changes in pulmonary function and bronchial responsiveness in
      asthmatics.
AB  - To compare the responses of asthmatic and normal subjects to high effective doses
      of ozone, nine asthmatic and nine normal subjects underwent two randomly assigned
      2-h exposures to filtered, purified air and 0.4 ppm ozone with alternating 15-min
      periods of rest and exercise on a cycle ergometer (minute ventilation = 30 l.min
      1.m-2). Before and after each exposure, pulmonary function and bronchial
      responsiveness to methacholine were measured and symptoms were recorded. Ozone
      exposure was associated with a statistically significant decrease in forced vital
      capacity (FVC), forced expired volume in 1 s (FEV1), percent FEV1 (FEV1%), and
      forced expired flow at 25-75% FVC (FEF25-75) in both normal and asthmatic
      subjects. However, comparing the response of asthmatic and normal subjects to
      ozone revealed a significantly greater percent decrease in FEV1, FEV1%, and FEF25
      75 in the asthmatic subjects. The effect of ozone on FVC and symptom scores did
      not differ between the two groups. In both normal and asthmatic subjects,
      exposure to ozone was accompanied by a significant increase in bronchial
      responsiveness. We conclude that exposure to a high effective ozone dose produces
      1) increased bronchial responsiveness in both normal and asthmatic subjects, 2)
      greater airways obstruction in asthmatic than in normal subjects, and 3) similar
      symptoms and changes in lung volumes in the two groups.

PMID- 2917925
TI  - Expiratory neural activities in gasping.
AB  - The purpose was to characterize expiratory-related neural activities in eupnea
      and gasping. In decerebrate and vagotomized cats, activities were recorded from
      the phrenic nerve, spinal intercostal and abdominal nerves, and recurrent
      laryngeal nerve and its branches. Neural inspiration was defined by phrenic
      discharge. The spinal and laryngeal nerves discharged in inspiration, expiration,
      or during both phases. Gasping was induced by freezing the brain stem at the
      pontomedullary junction, exposure to asphyxia or anoxia, or ligation of the
      basilar artery and its branches. In gasping, peak phrenic activity typically
      increased as did inspiratory-related activities of laryngeal and spinal nerves.
      Expiratory activities were greatly reduced in gasping, with some activities being
      completely eliminated. Reductions of expiratory activity were more prominent for
      spinal than laryngeal nerves. Similar results were obtained in cats having intact
      vagi that were ventilated with a servo-respirator so that lung inflation
      paralleled phrenic activity. The concept that gasping differs fundamentally form
      other ventilatory patterns is discussed.

PMID- 2917926
TI  - Behavioral thermoregulation in mice subjected to high pressure.
AB  - Mice exposed to normoxic He and Ne at increased pressure and allowed to choose
      between a neutral and a cool environment showed a preference for the cooler
      environment. This behavior was apparent at 5.7 but not at 2.5 atm He. At 11.3 atm
      He and Ne, the behavior was associated with a similar reduction in the deep body
      temperature to a new steady level. The reduction in body temperature increased
      with pressure, up to 35 atm He, the maximum studied. Since the heat transfer of
      the He and Ne gas mixtures is different and both gases exert negligible
      anesthetic effects, the hydrostatic pressure most likely affects behavioral
      thermoregulation by affecting neuronal function.

PMID- 2917927
TI  - Medical collateral ligament healing subsequent to different treatment regimens.
AB  - The response of transected canine medical collateral ligaments (MCL) to clinical
      treatment regimens was investigated. These regimens included no surgical repair
      with no immobilization and surgical repair with various periods of
      immobilization. The biomechanical, biochemical, and histological properties of
      the healing MCL were examined 6 and 12 wk postoperatively. At 6 wk, all healing
      MCLs had increased cellularity with decreased levels of total collagen and
      increased amounts of reducible Schiff base cross-links and type III collagen.
      Biomechanically, the varus-valgus (V-V) knee laxity was significantly increased,
      and no group achieved normal structural or mechanical properties. At 12 wk the
      histological appearance of the MCL became more normal but still had increased
      cellularity. Biochemically, the total collagen levels in experimental MCLs were
      not statistically different from the controls, but these MCLs still had high
      amounts of type III collagen and an even higher number of reducible cross-links.
      From knees in which the MCL was not treated, the V-V knee laxity and the ultimate
      loads of the femur-MCL-tibia complex achieved normal values. However, the stress
      strain properties for these MCLs and those treated with repair and immobilization
      did not completely recover.

PMID- 2917928
TI  - Is resting muscle oxygen uptake controlled by oxygen availability to cells?
AB  - To estimate oxidative capacity of noncontracting rat skeletal muscle, the
      isolated gracilis muscle was perfused at various high flow rates with high-PO2
      (88 kPa) saline-albumin solution and simultaneously perifused at either low (6.3
      kPa) or high PO2 in a calorimeter at 28 degrees C. Under low-PO2 perifusion,
      specific O2 consumption and heat production rates (MO2 and E, respectively) were
      flow-rate dependent. E values were all larger than those obtained on blood
      perfused preparations at 28 degrees C. MO2 reached 0.47 mumol.min-1.g muscle-1
      and E reached 4 mW/g. Normalized to 36 degrees C by means of activation energies
      determined from 30 and 36 degrees C measurements on nonperfused gracilis strips,
      these maxima correspond to three times the largest MO2 measured by other authors
      in blood-autoperfused gracilis. Increasing perifusion PO2 from 6.3 to 88 kPa
      sharply decreased MO2. These results confirm that MO2 of blood-perfused skeletal
      muscles in vitro (and a fortiori in vivo) is kept much below its maximum for a
      noncontracting organ; they also suggest that this maximum MO2 is not necessarily
      an effect of unphysiologically high PO2 in the tissue cells.

PMID- 2917930
TI  - Transmission of sound generated by sternal percussion.
AB  - We indirectly determined the transmission path of sound generated by sternal
      percussion in five healthy subjects. We percussed the sternum of each subject
      while recording the output audio signal at the posterior left and right upper and
      lower lung zones. Sound measurements were done during apnea at functional
      residual capacity, total lung capacity, and residual volume both with the lungs
      filled with air and with an 80% He-20% O2 (heliox) gas mixture. Three acoustic
      indexes were calculated from the output sound pulse: the peak-to-peak amplitude,
      the peak frequency, and the mid-power frequency. We found that the average values
      of all indexes tended to be greater in the upper than in the ipsilateral lower
      lung zones. In the upper zones, peak-to-peak amplitude was greater at total lung
      capacity and residual volume than at functional residual capacity. Replacing air
      with heliox did not change these results. These experiments, together with others
      performed during Mueller and Valsalva maneuvers, suggest that resonance of the
      chest cage is the predominant factor determining the transmission of sternal
      percussion sounds to the posterior chest wall. The transmission seems to be only
      minimally affected by the acoustic characteristics of the lung parenchyma.

PMID- 2917929
TI  - Induction of alveolar epithelial injury by phospholipase A2.
AB  - Severe damage to the alveolar type I epithelial cell is a characteristic
      morphological feature of lung injury due to numerous cases. It is postulated that
      excess phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity might be responsible for these changes,
      as one of the naturally occurring products of this enzyme,
      lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPC) has been shown to cause selective injury to the
      type I pneumonocyte when it is instilled into the lower air spaces of the lung.
      To further investigate this potential mechanism of type I epithelial cell
      toxicity, we have measured the epithelial permeability-surface area product (PS)
      for [14C]sucrose as well as whole-lung lysoPC content at several times after
      instilling PLA2 (Naja naja venom) into either the air spaces or the perfusate of
      an isolated hamster lung preparation. As a molar percentage of total
      phospholipids, the normal hamster lung contains approximately 1.5% lysoPC, and
      this value is not affected by fluid filling of the air spaces or perfusion of the
      excised lung for periods up to 90 min. When 0.15 U/ml PLA2 is instilled into the
      air spaces, lung lysoPC content increases to approximately 2.5% and there are
      barely detectable increases in [14C]sucrose PS. With air space PLA2
      concentrations of 0.30 U/ml, lysoPC content increases to between 4 and 5%,
      [14C]sucrose PS increases by greater than a factor of 10, and flooding of the
      alveolar spaces occur. Ultrastructural studies of similarly treated lungs show
      widespread but selective damage to the type I epithelial cells. These same
      biochemical and functional changes are not seen when the same concentrations of
      PLA2 are added to the lung perfusate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2917931
TI  - Transmission to the chest of sound introduced at the mouth.
AB  - We examined the transmission to the chest wall of white noise and 25-Hz square
      wave-generated noise introduced at the mouth of five healthy subjects. The output
      audio signals were recorded over the left and right upper and lower lung zones,
      posteriorly. Sound measurements were made during apnea at functional residual
      capacity, total lung capacity, and residual volume both after breathing air and
      an 80% He-20% O2 (heliox) gas mixture. We calculated the peak-to-peak amplitude,
      the peak frequency, and the midpower frequency of the output sound. We found no
      consistent variations in the values of these indexes due to lung volume or
      resident gas density. In all cases, the transmitted sound was most intense at the
      right upper zone. This could not be explained on the basis of technical factors
      but was probably the result of normal asymmetry of the mediastinal anatomy. These
      data suggest that sound introduced through the mouth of healthy individuals
      excites intrathoracic structures but is transmitted through the parenchyma in
      such a manner that it is not markedly affected by familiar physiological
      variables. This must be taken into account if objective acoustical tests of lung
      physiology are to be developed.

PMID- 2917932
TI  - Immune parameters of untrained or exercise-trained rats after exhaustive
      exercise.
AB  - The effect of a single exhaustive swimming exercise bout on immune competence of
      untrained or exercise-trained female Wistar rats was compared with the competence
      of control sedentary rats. After the exhaustive exercise bout, the blastogenic
      response to concanavalin A by spleen cells of untrained rats was extensively
      suppressed, whereas the response of the trained rats was only marginally
      suppressed. The suppressed immune competence of the untrained rats after the
      exhaustive exercise was associated with an increase in immune-suppressive
      activity of splenic lymphocytes. The macrophages of the untrained rats and of the
      control sedentary rats were slightly immune suppressive to normal spleen cells
      through a prostaglandin-dependent mechanism. The addition of prostaglandin E2
      (PGE2) to the blastogenesis cultures revealed that the spleen cells of untrained
      rats were unusually sensitive to the suppressive effects of PGE2. In contrast to
      the untrained rats, the marginal level of immune suppression in trained rats
      after the exhaustive exercise was associated with a lesser degree of lymphocyte
      suppressive activity, an immune stimulatory activity by the splenic macrophages,
      and an insensitivity of the splenic lymphocytes to the suppressive effects of
      PGE2.

PMID- 2917933
TI  - Acoustic rhinometry: evaluation of nasal cavity geometry by acoustic reflection.
AB  - To study the geometry of the nasal cavity we applied an acoustic method (J. Appl.
      Physiol. 43: 523-536, 1977) providing an estimate of cross-sectional area as a
      function of distance. Acoustic areas in a model constructed from a human nasal
      cast, in the nasal cavity of a cadaver and in 10 normal subjects and two patients
      with well-defined afflictions of the nasal cavity, were compared with similar
      areas obtained by computerized tomography (CT) scans, a specially developed water
      displacement method, and anterior rhinomanometry. We found a coefficient of
      variation of the areas of less than 2% by the acoustic method compared with 15%
      for the rhinomanometric measurements. Acoustic areas correlated highly to similar
      areas obtained by CT scanning (r = 0.94) and by water displacement (r = 0.96). In
      two patients the acoustic method accurately outlined, respectively, a tumor in
      the nose and a septum deviation. It is concluded that this method provides an
      accurate method for measuring the geometry of the nasal cavity. It is easy to
      perform and is potentially useful for investigation of physiological and
      pathological changes in the nose.

PMID- 2917934
TI  - Interaction of inhaled LTC4 with histamine and PGD2 on airway caliber in asthma.
AB  - To investigate possible mediator interaction in asthma, the effect of inhaled
      leukotriene (LT) C4 on bronchoconstriction provoked by histamine and
      prostaglandin (PG) D2 was studied in nine asthmatic subjects. The provocation
      doses of histamine, PGD2, and LTC4 required to produce a 12.5% decrease in
      baseline forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1, PD12.5) and to further this fall
      to 25% (PD25-12.5) were determined. On three subsequent occasions, subjects
      inhaled either the PD12.5 LTC4 plus vehicle or vehicle plus the PD25-12.5 of
      either histamine or PGD2, and FEV1 and maximal flow at 70% of vital capacity
      below total lung capacity after a forced partial expiratory maneuver (Vp30)
      followed for 45 min. From these results, predicted time-course curves for LTC4
      with histamine and LTC4 with PGD2 were calculated. On two final occasions, airway
      caliber was followed for 45 min after inhalation of the PD12.5 LTC4 followed by
      the PD25-12.5 of either histamine or PGD2. During the first 9 min after LTC4
      histamine and LTC4-PGD2, the decreases in airway caliber were greater than the
      calculated predicted response. This interaction, although small, was significant
      with LTC4-PGD2 for both FEV1 (P = 0.01) and Vp30 (P less than 0.05) and with LTC4
      histamine for Vp30 (P less than 0.05) but not for FEV1 (P less than 0.05). We
      conclude that inhaled LTC4 interacts synergistically with histamine and PGD2 and
      that this effect, although small, may be a relevant interaction in asthma.

PMID- 2917935
TI  - Exercise alters the distribution of ammonia and lactate in blood.
AB  - Six subjects (3 males, 3 females) worked for 4 min on a cycle ergometer at 115%
      of peak O2 uptake (VO2). Venous samples drawn before, directly after, and 15 min
      after exercise were analyzed for ammonia (NH3) and lactate concentrations of
      plasma, whole blood, and erythrocytes (RBCs) to examine the effect of exercise on
      blood NH3 and lactate distribution. Exercise increased (P less than 0.05) the
      [NH3] of plasma and RBCs, with the larger (P less than 0.05) change in plasma
      (1.8- vs. 0.7-fold). This reduced (P less than 0.05) the RBC-to-plasma [NH3]
      ratio of 2.4 at rest to 1.3. The plasma-to-RBC [lactate] gradient (P less than
      0.05) at rest (0.5 mmol/l) increased (P less than 0.05) 16-fold immediately after
      exercise (8.7 mmol/l), reflecting the greater increase (P less than 0.05) in
      plasma than RBCs [lactate] (15.5 vs. 7.5 mmol/l). [Lactate] and [NH3] did not
      decrease (P greater than 0.05) immediately after to 15 min after exercise. Plasma
      and whole blood [NH3] or [lactate] were correlated (r greater than 0.93, P less
      than 0.01) at all sample times, but the slopes of the relations for [NH3]
      (immediately after vs. 15 min after exercise) or for [lactate] (before and
      immediately after vs. 15 min after exercise) differed (P less than 0.05). The
      results indicate that supramaximal exercise alters the distribution of NH3 and
      lactate between plasma and RBC, thus changing the relations between plasma and
      whole-blood concentrations of these metabolites. The alteration of NH3
      distribution may reflect changes in the pH gradient between plasma and RBCs.

PMID- 2917936
TI  - Effect of liver glycogen content on glucose production in running rats.
AB  - The influence of supranormal compared with normal hepatic glycogen levels on
      hepatic glucose production (Ra) during exercise was investigated in chronically
      catheterized rats. Supranormal hepatic glycogen levels were obtained by a 24-h
      fast-24-h refeeding regimen. During treadmill running for 35 min at a speed of 21
      m/min, Ra and plasma glucose increased more (P less than 0.05) and liver glucogen
      breakdown was larger in fasted-refed compared with control rats, although the
      stimuli for Ra were higher in control rats, the plasma concentrations of insulin
      and glucose being lower (P less than 0.05) in control compared with fasted-refed
      rats. Also, plasma concentrations of glucagon and both catecholamines tended to
      be higher and muscle glycogenolysis lower in control compared with fasted-refed
      rats. Lipid metabolism was similar in the two groups. The results indicate that
      hepatic glycogenolysis during exercise is directly related to hepatic glycogen
      content. The smaller endocrine glycogenolytic signal in face of higher plasma
      glucose concentrations in fasted-refed compared with control rats is indicative
      of metabolic feedback control of glucose mobilization during exercise. However,
      the higher exercise-induced increase in Ra, plasma glucose, and liver glycogen
      breakdown in fasted-refed compared with control rats indicates that metabolic
      feedback mechanisms are not able to accurately match Ra to the metabolic needs of
      working muscles.

PMID- 2917937
TI  - Coupling of cardiac and locomotor rhythms.
AB  - The pressure within exercising skeletal muscle rises and falls rhythmically
      during normal human locomotion, the peak pressure reaching levels that
      intermittently impede blood flow to the exercising muscle. Speculating that a
      reciprocal relationship between the timing of peak intramuscular and pulsatile
      arterial pressures should optimize blood flow through muscle and minimize cardiac
      load, we tested the hypothesis that heart rate becomes entrained with walking and
      running cadence at some locomotion speeds, by means of electrocardiography and an
      accelerometer to provide signals reflecting heart rate and cadence, respectively.
      In 18 of 25 subjects, 1:1 coupling of heart and step rates was present at one or
      more speeds on a motorized treadmill, generally at moderate to high exercise
      intensities. To determine how exercise specific this phenomenon is, and to refute
      the competing hypothesis that coupling is due to vertical accelerations of the
      heart during locomotion, we had 12 other subjects cycle on an electronically
      braked bicycle ergometer. Coupling was found between heart rate and pedaling
      frequency in 10 of them. Cardiac-locomotor coupling appears to be a normal
      physiological phenomenon, and its identification provides a fresh perspective
      from which to study endurance.

PMID- 2917938
TI  - Cardiovascular response to cycle exercise during and after pregnancy.
AB  - Our purpose was to determine if pregnancy alters the cardiovascular response to
      exercise. Thirty-nine women [29 +/- 4 (SD) yr], performed submaximal and maximal
      exercise cycle ergometry during pregnancy (antepartum, AP, 26 +/- 3 wk of
      gestation) and postpartum (PP, 8 +/- 2 wk). Neither maximal O2 uptake (VO2max)
      nor maximal heart rate (HR) was different AP and PP (VO2 = 1.91 +/- 0.32 and 1.83
      +/- 0.31 l/min; HR = 182 +/- 8 and 184 +/- 7 beats/min, P greater than 0.05 for
      both). Cardiac output (Q, acetylene rebreathing technique) averaged 2.2 to 2.8
      l/min higher AP (P less than 0.01) at rest and at each exercise work load.
      Increases in both HR and stroke volume (SV) contributed to the elevated Q at the
      lower exercise work loads, whereas an increased SV was primarily responsible for
      the higher Q at higher levels. The slope of the Q vs. VO2 relationship was not
      different AP and PP (6.15 +/- 1.32 and 6.18 +/- 1.34 l/min Q/l/min VO2, P greater
      than 0.05). In contrast, the arteriovenous O2 difference (a-vO2 difference) was
      lower at each exercise work load AP, suggesting that the higher Q AP was
      distributed to nonexercising vascular beds. We conclude that Q is greater and a
      vO2 difference is less at all levels of exercise in pregnant subjects than in the
      same women postpartum but that the coupling of the increase in Q to the increase
      in systemic O2 demand (VO2) is not different.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2917939
TI  - Prolonged whole-body cold water immersion: fluid and ion shifts.
AB  - To characterize fluid and ion shifts during prolonged whole-body immersion, 16
      divers wearing dry suits completed four whole-body immersions in 5 degrees C
      water during each of two 5-day air saturation dives at 6.1 msw. One immersion was
      conducted at 1000 (AM) and one at 2200 (PM) so that diurnal variations could be
      evaluated. Fifty-four hours separated the immersions, which lasted up to 6 h; 9
      days separated each air saturation dive. Blood was collected before and after
      immersion; urine was collected for 12 h before, during, and after immersion for a
      total of 24 h. Plasma volume decreased significantly and to the same extent
      (approximately 17%) during both AM and PM immersions. Urine flow increased by
      236.1 +/- 38.7 and 296.3 +/- 52.0%, urinary excretion of Na increased by 290.4 +/
      89.0 and 329.5 +/- 77.0%, K by 245.0 +/- 73.4 and 215.5 +/- 44.6%, Ca by 211.0
      +/- 31.4 and 241.1 +/- 50.4%, Mg by 201.4 +/- 45.9 and 165.3 +/- 287%, and Zn by
      427.8 +/- 93.7 and 301.9 +/- 75.4% during AM and PM immersions, respectively,
      compared with preimmersion. Urine flow and K excretion were significantly higher
      during the AM than PM. In summary, when subjects are immersed in cold water for
      prolonged periods, combined with a slow rate of body cooling afforded by thermal
      protection and enforced intermittent exercise, there is diuresis, decreased
      plasma volume, and increased excretions of Na, K, Ca, Mg, and Zn.

PMID- 2917940
TI  - Surfactant subtypes in mice: characterization and quantitation.
AB  - Surfactant obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage of normal adult mice was separated
      into subtypes by a one-step centrifugation to equilibrium on continuous sucrose
      gradients. Mouse surfactant resolved in this way exists in three subtypes with
      similar phospholipid compositions. A "light" subtype of buoyant density 1.027 +/-
      0.012 (SD) g/ml comprises 43 +/- 18% of the total alveolar lavage phospholipid,
      has little surface activity, and consists exclusively of small unilamellar
      vesicles. A "heavy" subtype of buoyant density 1.055 +/- 0.016 g/ml comprises 48
      +/- 11% of the total, is surface active, and consists of small amounts of tubular
      myelin among large empty vesicles. A third component, called "ultraheavy,"
      comprises 9 +/- 4% of the total alveolar lavage phospholipid, has a density of
      1.072 +/- 0.020 g/ml, is surface active, and consists of large aggregates of
      tubular myelin associated with lamellar bodylike structures. Labeling studies
      suggested that the ultraheavy material was labeled first and was of the same
      density as purified lamellar bodies. These results are consistent with the view
      that, in mice, surfactant is secreted into the alveolar compartment in an
      ultraheavy form, which evolves into the heavy and light forms.

PMID- 2917941
TI  - Chest wall impedance partitioned into rib cage and diaphragm-abdominal pathways.
AB  - We measured chest wall "pathway impedances" (ratios of pressure changes to rates
      of volume displacement at the surface) with esophageal and gastric balloons and
      inductance plethysmographic belts around the rib cage and abdomen during forced
      volume oscillations (5% vital capacity, 0.5-4 Hz) at the mouth of five relaxed,
      seated subjects. Volume displacements of the total chest wall surface, measured
      by summing the rib cage and abdominal signals, approximated measurements using
      volume-displacement, body plethysmography over the entire frequency range.
      Resistance (R) and elastance (E) of the diaphragm-abdomen pathway were several
      times greater than those of the rib cage pathway, except at the highest
      frequencies where diaphragm-abdominal E was small. R and E of the diaphragm
      abdomen pathway and of the rib cage pathway showed the same frequency
      dependencies as that of the total chest wall: R decreased markedly as frequency
      increased, and E (especially in the diaphragm-abdomen) decreased at the highest
      frequencies. These results suggest that the chest wall can be reasonably modeled,
      over the frequency range studied, as a system with two major pathways for
      displacement. Each pathway seems to exhibit behavior that reflects nonlinear,
      rate-independent dissipation as well as viscoelastic properties. Impedances of
      these pathways are useful indexes of changes in chest wall mechanical behavior in
      different situations.

PMID- 2917942
TI  - Impedance of the chest wall during sustained respiratory muscle contraction.
AB  - We measured total chest wall impedance (Zw), "pathway impedances" of the rib cage
      (Zrcpath), and diaphragm-abdomen (Zd-apath), and impedance of the belly wall
      including abdominal contents (Zbw+) in five subjects during sustained expiratory
      (change in average pleural pressure [Ppl] from relaxation = 10 and 20 cmH2O) and
      inspiratory (change in Ppl = -10 and -20 cmH2O) muscle contraction, using forced
      oscillatory techniques (0.5-4 Hz) we have previously reported for relaxation (J.
      Appl. Physiol. 66: 350-359, 1989). Chest wall configuration and mean lung volume
      were kept constant. Zw, Zrcpath, Zd-apath, and Zbw+ all increased greatly at each
      frequency during expiratory muscle contraction; increases were proportional to
      effort. Zw, Zrcpath, and Zd-apath increased greatly during inspiratory muscle
      contraction, but Zbw+ did not. Resistances and elastances calculated from each of
      the impedances showed the same changes during muscle contraction as the
      corresponding impedances. Each of the resistances decreased as frequency
      increased, independent of effort; elastances generally increased with frequency.
      These frequency dependencies were similar to those measured in relaxed or
      tetanized isolated muscle during sinusoidal stretching (P.M. Rack, J. Physiol.
      Lond. 183: 1-14, 1966). We conclude that during respiratory muscle contraction 1)
      chest wall impedance increases, 2) changes in regional chest wall impedances can
      be somewhat independent, depending on which muscles contract, and 3) increases in
      chest wall impedance are due, at least in part, to changes in the passive
      properties of the muscles themselves.

PMID- 2917943
TI  - Effect of various doses of cocaine on endurance capacity in rats.
AB  - To determine the effects of a variety of doses of cocaine on endurance capacity,
      rats were injected intraperitoneally with either 0.1, 0.5, 2.5, 12.5, or 20 mg/kg
      body wt 20 min before running to exhaustion at 26 m/min up a 10% grade. Animals
      given saline ran 116 +/- 9 (SE) min. At doses of 12.5 and 20 mg/kg, cocaine
      reduced endurance time significantly (34 and 74%, respectively). At rest the drug
      had no effect on liver or fast-twitch muscle glycogen but significantly reduced
      (20-40%) soleus glycogen at the two highest doses. However, at exhaustion, the
      quantity of glycogen depleted in the fast-twitch red and white vastus muscles was
      similar in all groups despite the reduced run times of the animals receiving a
      higher dose implying a greater rate of glycogenolysis due to cocaine. Blood
      lactate in the 20 mg/kg group (9.9 +/- 1.2 mM) at exhaustion was nearly twice
      that of the saline controls at exhaustion (5.1 +/- 0.6). Before exercise plasma
      norepinephrine (at doses of 2.5, 12.5 and 20 mg/kg) was higher than saline
      controls and remained higher (20 mg/kg groups) at exhaustion. We conclude that
      high doses of cocaine cause rapid muscle glycogen depletion and early fatigue.
      The mechanism by which cocaine causes these effects is not clear.

PMID- 2917944
TI  - Extracellular matrix proteoglycan degradation by human alveolar macrophages and
      neutrophils.
AB  - Degradation and restructuring of the elastin fiber network of the lung is a
      pivotal process in the pathogenesis of emphysema. Alveolar macrophages and
      neutrophils are probably directly involved in elastin degradation, but they may
      also indirectly influence elastin structure and function by altering other
      extracellular matrix components such as proteoglycans. In this study the
      mechanisms of proteoglycan degradation by human alveolar macrophages and
      neutrophils have been explored. Macrophages appear to utilize plasminogen in
      solubilizing 35SO4-labeled proteoglycans in extracellular matrix produced by
      neonatal rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Proteoglycan degradation by
      macrophages is significantly augmented in the presence of 1% human serum. In
      contrast, neutrophils apparently utilize intrinsic proteinases to solubilize
      extracellular matrix proteoglycans, and serum inhibits proteoglycan degradation
      by these cells. Persistent inflammation in the terminal airways of cigarette
      smokers may produce proteoglycan degradation and influence elastin fiber
      architecture where the earliest physiological and anatomic evidence of emphysema
      appears.

PMID- 2917945
TI  - Calibration of respiratory inductive plethysmograph during natural breathing.
AB  - We describe a single-posture method for deriving the proportionality constant (K)
      between rib cage (RC) and abdominal (AB) amplifiers of the respiratory inductive
      plethysmograph (RIP). Qualitative diagnostic calibration (QDC) is based on
      equations of the isovolume maneuver calibration (ISOCAL) and is carried out
      during a 5-min period of natural breathing without using mouthpiece or mask. In
      this situation, K approximates the ratio of standard deviations (SD) of the
      uncalibrated changes of AB-to-RC volume deflections. Validity of calibration was
      evaluated by 1) analyzing RIP waveforms during an isovolume maneuver and 2)
      comparing changes of tidal volume (VT) amplitude and functional residual capacity
      (FRC) level measured by spirometry (SP) with RIP values. Comparisons of VT(RIP)
      to VT(SP) were also obtained in a variety of postures during natural
      (uninstructed) preferential RC and AB breathing and with voluntary changes of VT
      amplitude and FRC level. VT(RIP)-to-VT(SP) comparisons were equal to or closer
      than published reports for single posture, ISOCAL, multiple- and linear
      regression procedures. QDC of RIP in supine posture with comparisons to SP in
      that posture and others showed better accuracy in horizontal than upright
      postures.

PMID- 2917946
TI  - Pulmonary vascular responses to surgical chemodenervation and chemical
      sympathectomy in dogs.
AB  - We investigated the effects of surgical peripheral chemoreceptor denervation,
      chemical sympathectomy with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), and the peripheral
      chemoreceptor stimulant almitrine on multipoint pulmonary arterial pressure
      cardiac index (PAP/Q) plots in 30 pentobarbital sodium-anesthetized dogs
      ventilated alternatively in hyperoxia [fraction of inspired O2, (FIO2) = 0.4] and
      hypoxia (FIO2 = 0.1). A hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV), i.e., a hypoxia
      induced increase in PAP over the entire range of Q studied, from 2 to 5 l.min-1.m
      2, was elicited in all the animals. Surgical denervation of the carotid and
      aortic chemoreceptors in a first group of nine dogs increased PAP at the lowest Q
      of 2 and 3 l.min-1.min-2 in hyperoxia and increased PAP at all levels of Q in
      hypoxia, so that HPV was enhanced. Chemical sympathectomy in a second group of
      eight dogs increased PAP at all levels of Q to a comparable extent in hyperoxia
      and hypoxia so that HPV remained unchanged. Almitrine (8 micrograms.kg-1.min-1
      iv) in a third group of eight dogs increased PAP at all levels of Q in hyperoxia
      but had no effect on PAP/Q plots in hypoxia, so that HPV was inhibited. Almitrine
      had these same pulmonary vascular effects when administered to the
      chemodenervated and the sympathectomized dogs. Sham operation and a 2-h delay in
      a final group of five dogs had no effect on hyperoxic or hypoxic PAP/Q plots. We
      conclude that in intact dogs 1) the sympathetic nervous system reduces both
      hyperoxic and hypoxic pulmonary vascular tone, 2) stimulation of the peripheral
      chemoreceptors inhibits HPV, and 3) almitrine has direct pulmonary
      vasoconstricting effects in hyperoxia but not hypoxia.

PMID- 2917947
TI  - Muscle acidosis during static exercise is associated with calf vasoconstriction.
AB  - In this study we measured (n = 6) the phosphocreatine-to-inorganic phosphate
      ratio (PCr/Pi), Pi, and pH with 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance (31P-NMR) in the
      human forearm during static work at 30% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC)
      for 2 min followed immediately by 3 min of circulatory arrest (forearm arterial
      occlusion). Static exercise, with its central volitional and skeletal muscle
      metabolic and mechanical afferent components, caused a rise in heart rate (HR,
      32%), blood pressure (BP, 29%), and calf vascular resistance (calf R, 30%).
      During forearm occlusion after static exercise, HR returned to base line, the
      increase in BP was attenuated by 30%, and calf R remained elevated and unchanged.
      The percent change in calf R was correlated with forearm cellular pH (R = 0.56, P
      less than 0.001) but only weakly associated with PCr/Pi (R = 0.33, P less than
      0.042). 30% MVC for 1 min followed by arterial occlusion (3 min) reduced PCr/Pi
      by 65% and pH by 0.16 U (P less than 0.05). Calf R was unchanged. Circulatory
      arrest alone (20 min) caused no change in either pH or calf R but large changes
      in PCr/Pi (50% reduction). We conclude that 1) there is an association between
      forearm cellular acidosis and calf vasconstriction during static forearm exercise
      and 2) large changes in PCr/Pi without concomitant changes in pH are not
      associated with changes in calf R.

PMID- 2917948
TI  - Tumor-promoting phorbol esters inhibit monocyte adherence to endothelial cells.
AB  - Monocyte adherence to endothelial cells (EC) is an important event in the
      development of a monocytic inflammatory response, yet the effects of inflammatory
      mediators on monocyte adherence to EC are not well described. We compared the
      effects of phorbol esters known to activate protein kinase C, including phorbol
      myristate acetate (PMA) and phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDA), on monocyte adherence
      to bovine aortic EC. Human monocytes (purity 90 +/- 1% SE) were isolated by
      centrifugal elutriation to obtain monocytes not previously exposed to a surface.
      Kinetic studies revealed that 51Cr-labeled monocyte adherence to EC reached a
      plateau after a 45-min incubation. Concentrations of PMA between 10 and 1,000
      ng/ml significantly decreased monocyte adherence to EC (26 +/- 10 and 35 +/- 8%
      decrease compared with control, respectively). Concentrations of PDA of 100 and
      1,000 ng/ml had a similar inhibitory effect. In contrast, the chemotactic
      stimulus, zymosan-activated serum, significantly increased monocyte adherence (40
      +/- 14% increase compared with control). Thus inflammatory stimuli have different
      effects on the adhesive interaction of monocytes to EC. This may provide a
      mechanism to selectively modulate monocyte egress from the circulation into
      extravascular inflammatory sites.

PMID- 2917950
TI  - Hypoxanthine-xanthine oxidase-related defect in polypeptide chain initiation by
      endothelium.
AB  - After exposure to O2 intermediates generated by the hypoxanthine-xanthine oxidase
      system (HX-XO), the rate of [3H]phenylalanine incorporation into total proteins
      in cultured endothelial cells was markedly reduced. This reduction, which was
      prevented by catalase, could not be explained by 1) changes in amino acid pools,
      2) increased rate of degradation of newly synthesized proteins, 3) impaired
      poly(A)+ RNA synthesis and efficiency, 4) decreased rate of amino acylation. On
      the other hand, the increase in the monoribosome-to-polyribosome ratio suggested
      that translation was affected at the level of chain initiation. Further analysis
      indicated that 40S initiation complex formation was normal, whereas the assembly
      of 80S initiation complex was inhibited. Results from reconstitution experiments
      showed that both normal and treated ribosomes could support normal protein
      synthesis in the presence of normal initiation factors (IFs). In contrast, IFs
      from HX-XO lysates did not support normal protein synthesis with ribosomes from
      either source. Thus, the effect of XO treatment on protein synthesis appears to
      be an initiation defect related to decreased IF activity and/or availability.

PMID- 2917949
TI  - Cigarette smoke extract increases albumin flux across pulmonary endothelium in
      vitro.
AB  - Cigarette smoking causes lung inflammation, and a characteristic of inflammation
      is an increase in vascular permeability. To determine if cigarette smoke could
      alter endothelial permeability, we studied flux of radiolabeled albumin across
      monolayers of porcine pulmonary artery endothelium grown in culture on
      microporous membranes. Extracts (in either dimethylsulfoxide or phosphate
      buffered saline) of cigarette smoke in a range estimate of concentrations
      simulating cigarette smoke exposure to the lungs in vivo caused a dose-dependent
      increase in albumin flux that was dependent on extracellular divalent cations and
      associated with polymerization of cellular actin. The effect was reversible,
      independent of the surface of endothelial cells exposed (either luminal or
      abluminal), and due primarily to components of the vapor phase of smoke. The
      effects occurred without evidence of cell damage, but subtle morphological
      changes were produced by exposure to the smoke extracts. These findings suggest
      that cigarette smoke can alter permeability of the lung endothelium through
      effects on cytoskeletal elements.

PMID- 2917951
TI  - Effect of swim exercise training on human muscle fiber function.
AB  - This study examined the effect of a typical collegiate swim-training program and
      an intensified 10-day training period on the peak tension (Po), negative log
      molar Ca2+ concentration (pCa)-force, and maximal shortening speed (Vmax) of the
      slow-twitch type I and fast-twitch type II fibers of the deltoid muscle. Over a
      10-wk period, the swimmers averaged 4,266 +/- 264 m/day swimming intermittent
      bouts of front crawl, kicking, or pulling. The training program induced an almost
      twofold increase in the mitochondrial marker enzyme citrate synthase. Po of the
      single fibers was not altered by either the training or 10-day intensive training
      programs, and no significant differences were observed in the Po (kg/cm2) of type
      I compared with the type II fibers. The type II fiber diameters were
      significantly larger than the type I fibers (94 +/- 4 vs. 80 +/- 2 microns), and
      although fiber diameters were unaffected by the training, the 10-day intensive
      training significantly reduced the type II fiber diameter. The type I fibers from
      the trained swimmers showed pCa-force curves shifted to the right such that
      higher free Ca2+ levels were required to elicit a given percent of Po (for values
      less than 0.5 Po). The activation threshold (pCa) for the onset of tension and
      the pCa required to elicit one-half maximal tension were not altered by the
      training in either fiber type. Fiber Vmax (measured by the slack test) was
      fivefold higher in type II compared with type I fibers (4.85 +/- 0.50 vs. 0.86 +/
      0.04 fiber lengths/s). The exercise-training program significantly increased and
      decreased the Vmax of the slow and fast fibers, respectively. The 10 days of
      intensified training produced a further significant decrease in the Vmax of the
      type II fibers. After a period of detraining, the Vmax of both fiber types
      returned to the control level. The force-velocity relation was not significantly
      altered in either fiber type by the swim training; however, the intensified
      training significantly depressed the velocity of the type II fiber at all loads
      studied. The Vmax changes with exercise training are likely explained by an
      exercise-induced expression of fast myosin in slow fibers and slow myosin in fast
      fibers.

PMID- 2917952
TI  - Tritiated water as a measure of body water in immature rats growing at different
      rates.
AB  - Rats were reared from birth in litters of 4, 10, and 16 to achieve different
      growth rates. Pups in the litters of 16 had no access to rat chow until days 21
      28, when chow was made available to one of the litters to induce catch-up growth.
      Total body water was estimated by tritiated water (TBWHTO) on days 7, 14, 21, and
      28 and then calculated from desiccation (TBWdes). TBWHTO was consistently larger
      than TBWdes for all groups. Differences were 10.9-16.9% on day 7 and 3.7-6.4% on
      day 28. On day 28, percent difference was higher in the slower-growing than the
      faster-growing groups. Nonaqueous hydrogen exchange was determined from tritium
      activity in the dried carcass. Less than 1% of the injected tritium exchanged
      with nonaqueous hydrogen during the equilibration period. Thus differences
      between TBWHTO and TBWdes in the younger animals could not be accounted for by
      nonaqueous hydrogen exchange but may have resulted from a larger loss of injected
      tritium, possibly in insensible water.

PMID- 2917953
TI  - A prototype gas exchange monitor for exercise stress testing aboard NASA Space
      Station.
AB  - A monitor was developed to track weightlessness deconditioning aboard the
      National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Space Station by measuring
      the O2 uptake (VO2) and CO2 production (VCO2) and calculating maximum VO2 and
      anaerobic threshold during an exercise stress test. The system uses two
      flowmeters in series to achieve a completely automatic flow calibration, and it
      uses breath-by-breath compensation for sample line transport delay. The accuracy
      of the system was measured over the range of VO2 and VCO2 from 100 to 800 ml/min
      by means of simulation. Accuracy was 0.54% for VO2 and 2.9% for VCO2. The system
      was further evaluated using two laboratory methods, the first method being
      comparison with a breath-by-breath system. As volunteers performed a maximum
      effort on a cycle ergometer, the mean difference in readings between the two
      systems was 17 ml/min for VO2 and 8.0 ml/min for VCO2. The correlation
      coefficient squared was greater than 0.96 for both. The second laboratory test
      was to use the system for 2 mo in a Human Performance Laboratory. Readings of
      maximum VO2 (VO2max) and anaerobic threshold were repeatable and consistent with
      the individual's activity level. The accuracy and convenience of operation will
      make this a valuable instrument aboard the Space Station.

PMID- 2917954
TI  - Effect of testosterone on muscle mass and muscle protein synthesis.
AB  - We have studied the effect of a pharmacological dose of testosterone enanthate (3
      mg.kg-1.wk-1 for 12 wk) on muscle mass and total-body potassium and on whole-body
      and muscle protein synthesis in normal male subjects. Muscle mass estimated by
      creatinine excretion increased in all nine subjects (20% mean increase, P less
      than 0.02); total body potassium mass estimated by 40K counting increased in all
      subjects (12% mean increase, P less than 0.0001). In four subjects, a primed
      continuous infusion protocol with L-[1-13C]leucine was used to determine whole
      body leucine flux and oxidation. Whole-body protein synthesis was estimated from
      nonoxidative flux. Muscle protein synthesis rate was determined by measuring
      [13C]leucine incorporation into muscle samples obtained by needle biopsy.
      Testosterone increased muscle protein synthesis in all subjects (27% mean
      increase, P less than 0.05). Leucine oxidation decreased slightly (17% mean
      decrease, P less than 0.01), but whole-body protein synthesis did not change
      significantly. Muscle morphometry showed no significant increase in muscle fiber
      diameter. These studies suggest that testosterone increases muscle mass by
      increasing muscle protein synthesis.

PMID- 2917955
TI  - Mouth pressure curve on abrupt interruption of airflow during forced expiration.
AB  - An attempt was made to investigate how the mouth pressure curve represents the
      process of air flowing into the collapsed segment downstream to the choke point
      when the airflow is abruptly interrupted at the mouth during forced expiration.
      Immediately after the interruption of airflow, the mouth pressure suddenly
      increased (phase 1), followed by a slower rise in pressure (phase 2) within
      approximately 100 ms until the pressure reached the alveolar pressure. The
      pleural and alveolar pressures remained constant during this process. The first
      phase of the abrupt rise represented the pressure induced by the instantaneous
      interruption of the airflow itself. Analysis of the supramaximal flow (Vsupramax)
      observed after resumption of the airflow suggested that the choke point remained
      constant during the second phase of the mouth pressure after interruption of
      maximal flow (Vmax). From these results, examination of the second phase of the
      mouth pressure curve may provide useful information about the downstream segment
      of the airway.

PMID- 2917956
TI  - Lidocaine pharmacokinetics during water immersion in normal humans.
AB  - Water immersion produces a marked diuresis, natriuresis, and kaliuresis in
      association with suppression of the renin-aldosterone system. These effects are
      mediated primarily by an increase in central blood volume. Consequently, this
      redistribution and the resultant marked increase in cardiac output is associated
      with alterations in the circulating levels of several volume regulatory hormones,
      including plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone. Although the changes in
      these blood hormonal levels probably reflect perturbation of hormonal release, it
      is conceivable that the above-mentioned central hemodynamic modifications result
      in an altered splanchnic blood flow, thereby modulating hormonal clearances. We
      assessed the effects of immersion on hepatic blood flow by determining the
      pharmacokinetics of single doses of lidocaine administered intravenously. Seven
      normal male subjects were studied during a time-control period and during water
      immersion to the neck. The clearance of lidocaine was unaltered by immersion,
      suggesting that the presumed marked central hypervolemia and increased cardiac
      output was not associated with changes in splanchnic blood flow.

PMID- 2917957
TI  - Motor unit territories supplied by primary branches of the phrenic nerve.
AB  - Recent studies have demonstrated that, under certain circumstances, the diaphragm
      does not contract as a homogeneous unit. These observations suggest that motor
      units may not be randomly distributed throughout the muscle but confined to
      localized subvolumes. In the present study, electromyographic (EMG) and glycogen
      depletion methods were combined to investigate the organization of motor units
      supplied by the primary branches of the phrenic nerve in the cat. Four primary
      branches are generally present, one branch to the crus and three branches to the
      sternocostal region. The gross motor-unit territory of each of the four phrenic
      primary branches was determined by stimulating each nerve separately, while
      recording from nine EMG electrodes distributed over the hemidiaphragm.
      Stimulation of the crural branch evoked activity in the ipsilateral crus, whereas
      stimulation of each of the remaining branches evoked activity in discrete but
      overlapping areas of the sternocostal diaphragm. A more precise analysis of the
      distribution and borders of the motor territories was obtained by mapping regions
      depleted of muscle glycogen due to stimulation of each primary branch for 90 min.
      Glycogen depletion results closely matched the EMG findings of a localized
      distribution of motor units served by single primary branches. Stimulation of the
      crural branch typically caused depletion of the ipsilateral crus, whereas the
      sternocostal branches each served a striplike compartment. In the majority of
      cases, the borders of the sternocostal compartments were relatively abrupt and
      consisted of a 1- to 2-mm transition zone of depleted and nondepleted fibers.
      These studies demonstrate that motor unit territories of the primary branches of
      the phrenic nerve are highly delineated. This compartmentalization provides the
      central nervous system with the potential for a more precise regional motor
      control of costal and crural diaphragm than previously suspected.

PMID- 2917958
TI  - Muscle glycogen availability and temperature regulation in humans.
AB  - The effects of intramuscular glycogen availability on human temperature
      regulation were studied in eight seminude subjects immersed in 18 degrees C water
      for 90 min or until rectal temperature (Tre) decreased to 35.5 degrees C. Each
      subject was immersed three times over a 3-wk period. Each immersion followed 2.5
      days of a specific dietary and/or exercise regimen designed to elicit low (L),
      normal (N), or high (H) glycogen levels in large skeletal muscle groups. Muscle
      glycogen concentration was determined in biopsies taken from the vastus lateralis
      muscle before and after each immersion. Intramuscular glycogen concentration
      before the immersion was significantly different among the L, N, and H trials (P
      less than 0.01), averaging 247 +/- 15, 406 +/- 23, and 548 +/- 42 (SE) mmol
      glucose units.kg dry muscle-1, respectively. The calculated metabolic heat
      production during the first 30 min of immersion was significantly lower during L
      compared with N or H (P less than 0.05). The rate at which Tre decreased was more
      rapid during the L immersion than either N or H (P less than 0.05), and the time
      during the immersion at which Tre first began to decrease also appeared sooner
      during L than N or H. The results suggest that low skeletal muscle glycogen
      levels are associated with more rapid body cooling during water immersion in
      humans. Higher than normal muscle glycogen levels, however, do not increase cold
      tolerance.

PMID- 2917959
TI  - Distribution of pulmonary vascular pressure as a function of perinatal age in
      lambs.
AB  - The distribution of pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) with respect to
      compliance was determined using vascular occlusion in isolated lungs from lambs
      at five ages, from 2 wk before birth to 1 mo of age. The major change in PVR
      occurred in the pressure gradient across the middle compliant region (delta Pm),
      which dropped sharply at birth, remained low for 2 wk, and increased at 1 mo.
      Pulmonary vasoreactivity also varied with ages. Lungs at 0-4 days did not respond
      to hypoxia and responded poorly to prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha). In
      contrast, lungs at 13-33 days had significant increases in delta Pm and the
      gradient across relatively indistensible arterial vessels during hypoxia and
      increases in all gradients with PGF2 alpha. Ventilation of fetal lungs reduced
      PVR, mainly because of a 50% reduction in delta Pm. Our results demonstrate that
      the magnitude and distribution of PVR relative to compliance varied as a function
      of perinatal age and that pulmonary vasoreactivity depended on postnatal age. The
      major effect of ventilating fetal lungs was on the middle region.

PMID- 2917960
TI  - Muscle glycogenolysis and H+ concentration during maximal intermittent cycling.
AB  - The relationships between muscle glycogenolysis, glycolysis, and H+ concentration
      were examined in eight subjects performing three 30-s bouts of maximal isokinetic
      cycling at 100 rpm. Bouts were separated by 4 min of rest, and muscle biopsies
      were obtained before and after bouts 2 and 3. Total work decreased from 20.5 +/-
      0.7 kJ in bout 1 to 16.1 +/- 0.7 and 13.2 +/- 0.6 kJ in bouts 2 and 3.
      Glycogenolysis was 47.2 and 15.1 mmol glucosyl U/kg dry muscle during bouts 2 and
      3, respectively. Lower accumulations of pathway intermediates in bout 3 confirmed
      a reduced glycolytic flux. In bout 3, the work done represented 82% of the work
      in bout 2, whereas glycogenolysis was only 32% of that in bout 2. Decreases in
      ATP and phosphocreatine contents were similar in the two bouts. Muscle [H+]
      increased from 195 +/- 12 to 274 +/- 19 nmol/l during bout 2, recovered to 226 +/
      8 nmol/l before bout 3, and increased to 315 +/- 24 nmol/l during bout 3. Muscle
      [H+] could not be predicted from lactate content, suggesting that ion fluxes are
      important in [H+] regulation in this exercise model. Low glycogenolysis in bout 3
      may be due to an inhibitory effect of increased [H+] on glycogen phosphorylase
      activity. Alternately, reduced Ca2+ activation of fast-twitch fibers (including a
      possible H+ effect) may contribute to the low overall glycogenolysis. Total work
      in bout 3 is maintained by a greater reliance on slow-twitch fibers and oxidative
      metabolism.

PMID- 2917961
TI  - Sympathetic activation is associated with increases in EMG during fatiguing
      exercise.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that efferent sympathetic
      neural discharge is coupled with the development of muscle fatigue during
      voluntary exercise in humans. In 12 healthy subjects (aged 20-34 yr) we measured
      heart rate (HR), arterial blood pressure (AP), and noncontracting, skeletal
      muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) in the leg (peroneal nerve) before
      (control) and during each of three trials of submaximal (30% of maximum)
      isometric handgrip exercise performed to exhaustion. In six of the subjects of
      eletromyographic (EMG) activity of the exercising forearm was also measured. HR
      and AP increased significantly (P less than 0.05) in the 1st min of exercise in
      all trials. In contrast, neither MSNA nor EMG activity increased significantly
      above control during the 1st min of exercise, but both parameters subsequently
      increased in a progressive and parallel manner (P less than 0.05). The overall
      correlation coefficient between MSNA and EMG activity (144 observations) was 0.85
      (P less than 0.001). With successive trials the magnitudes of the increases in
      HR, AP, MSNA, and EMG activity were greater at any absolute point in time during
      exercise. These results indicate that sympathetic activation to noncontracting
      skeletal muscle is directly related to the development of muscle fatigue (as
      assessed by the change in EMG) during prolonged isometric exercise in humans.
      Furthermore, our findings demonstrate that previous fatiguing contractions alter
      the time course of the sympathetic neural adjustments to exercise.

PMID- 2917962
TI  - Effect of pentoxiphylline on oxygen transport during hypothermia.
AB  - At least two investigators have demonstrated a reduction in O2 extraction during
      induced hypothermia (Cain and Bradley, J. Appl. Physiol. 55: 1713-1717, 1983;
      Schumacker et al., J. Appl. Physiol. 63: 1246-1252, 1987). We hypothesized that
      administration of pentoxiphylline (PTX), a theobromine that lowers blood
      viscosity and has vasodilator effects, would increase O2 extraction during
      hypothermia. To test this hypothesis, we studied O2 transport in anesthetized,
      paralyzed, mechanically ventilated beagles exposed to hypoxic hypoxia during
      either 1) normothermia (38 degrees C), 2) hypothermia (30 degrees C), or 3)
      hypothermia + PTX (30 degrees C and PTX, 20 mg.kg-1.h-1). Measurements included
      arterial and mixed venous PO2, hemoglobin concentration and saturation, cardiac
      output, systemic vascular resistance (SVR), blood viscosity, and O2 consumption
      (VO2). Critical levels of O2 delivery (DO2, the product of arterial O2 content
      and cardiac output) were determined by a system of linear regression. Hypothermia
      significantly decreased base line cardiac output (-35%), DO2 (-37%), and VO2 (
      45%), while increasing SVR and blood viscosity. Addition of PTX increased cardiac
      output (35%) and VO2 (14%), and returned SVR and blood viscosity to normothermic
      levels. Hypothermia alone failed to significantly reduce the critical level of
      DO2, but addition of PTX did [normothermia, 11.4 +/- 4.2 (SD) ml.kg-1.min-1;
      hypothermia, 9.3 +/- 3.6; hypothermia + PTX, 6.6 +/- 1.3; P less than 0.05,
      analysis of variance]. The O2 extraction ratio (VO2/DO2) at the critical level of
      DO2 was decreased during hypothermia alone (normothermia, 0.60 +/- 0.13;
      hypothermia, 0.42 +/- 0.16; hypothermia + PTX, 0.62 +/- 0.19; P less than
      0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2917963
TI  - New perspectives in large bowel cancer.

PMID- 2917964
TI  - Clinical management of hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer. High-risk clinics
      and registries.
AB  - Early age at onset, multiple primary colon cancers, and other clinical features
      enable recognition of discrete heritable nonpolyposis colon cancer syndromes,
      when a pattern involving several close relatives can be demonstrated in specific
      families. Similar clinical expression can be predicted in as-yet asymptomatic
      relatives and forms a basis for extraordinary early diagnostic measures,
      involving frequent endoscopic surveillance starting as early as age 20 to 30
      years. When even an early cancer is found, radical measures may be indicated,
      including total colectomy. The invocation of unusual diagnostic and therapeutic
      measures is admittedly based on a lack of certainty as to genotypic status and
      natural history in individual cases; as such, the ongoing zealous search for
      epithelial and serum markers of risk and early neoplastic change is warranted.
      Because of the relative infrequency, complexity, and uncertainty surrounding high
      risk families, referral to registries that deal on a daily basis with such
      problems is still indicated.

PMID- 2917965
TI  - The Arc and Mnt repressors. A new class of sequence-specific DNA-binding protein.
AB  - Genetic, biochemical, and biophysical studies have begun to reveal details of the
      structures of Arc and Mnt and show that these repressors use residues at their N
      terminal ends for operator recognition and binding. Some of the DNA contacts made
      by these residues have been identified, and this information together with NMR
      studies has permitted the construction of models of the DNA binding region.
      Although the accuracy of these models remains to be determined, it seems clear
      that Arc and Mnt are members of a new class of DNA-binding proteins.

PMID- 2917966
TI  - Cloning and characterization of a cDNA that encodes a 70-kDa novel human thyroid
      autoantigen.
AB  - cDNA clones were isolated by screening a human thyroid carcinoma lambda gt11
      library with immunoglobulins purified from serum of a patient with autoimmune
      Graves' disease. One clone (ML8) containing a 1.25-kilobase (kb) insert
      hybridized with a single 2.0-kb poly(A+) mRNA in human thyroid and lymphocytes
      but not in human brain, liver, kidney, or muscle. In addition, this probe also
      hybridized with a single 2.0-kb poly(A+) mRNA from a rat thyroid cell line (FRTL
      5). An apparently full length 2,074-base pair (bp) human cDNA was obtained and
      sequenced. The nucleotide sequence of the 2,074-bp cDNA includes a 5'-noncoding
      sequence of 17 bp, a 1827-bp open reading frame, and a 222-bp 3'-noncoding
      sequence. The canonical polyadenylation signal AATAAA is present 18 bp upstream
      of the poly(A) tail. This cDNA encodes a 69,812-dalton protein with two potential
      N-linked glycosylation sites and at least one potential membrane spanning domain.
      Immunoprecipitation of the in vitro translated protein by sera from several
      patients with Graves' disease argues that the 69,812-dalton protein is an
      autoantigen.

PMID- 2917967
TI  - Separation of protein X from the dihydrolipoyl transacetylase component of the
      mammalian pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and function of protein X.
AB  - The dihydrolipoyl transacetylase (E2)-protein X-kinase subcomplex was resolved to
      produce an oligomeric transacetylase that was free of protein X and kinase
      subunits. We investigated the properties of this transacetylase E2 oligomer and
      of a form of the subcomplex from which only the lipoyl-bearing domain of protein
      X (XL) was removed. While retaining other catalytic and binding properties of the
      native subcomplex, the oligomeric transacetylase and the subcomplex lacking the
      XL domain had greatly reduced capacities both to support the overall reaction of
      the complex (upon reconstitution with other components) and to bind the
      dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase component. Our results indicate that protein X, in
      part through its XL domain, contributes to the binding of the dihydrolipoyl
      dehydrogenase component and to the overall reaction of the complex.

PMID- 2917968
TI  - Deletion of the carboxyl-terminal portion of the transit peptide affects
      processing but not import or assembly of the small subunit of ribulose-1,5
      bisphosphate carboxylase.
AB  - Import of the small subunit of ribulose-1,5-biphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase
      into the chloroplast has been proposed to involve two proteolytic cleavages which
      convert the 20-kDa precursor (pSSU) into the mature 14-kDa subunit (SSU) via an
      18-kDa intermediate. A deletion mutant (PSd48/57) of pSSU which lacks 10 amino
      acids in a conserved region in the carboxyl-terminal portion of the transit
      peptide is converted into a series of 16-18-kDa polypeptides in addition to the
      mature 14-kDa SSU when imported into isolated pea chloroplasts. We examined
      import and processing of this mutant pSSU to determine whether the 16-18-kDa SSUs
      undergo further maturation in the chloroplast stroma to yield 14-kDa SSU. The
      ratio of incorrectly processed to 14-kDa SSU is stable up to 60 min following
      import. This indicates that processing of PSd48/57 involves a single proteolytic
      cleavage which occurs during or immediately following transit across the
      chloroplast envelope. The carboxyl-terminal portion of the transit peptide
      confers either sequence specificity for the processing protease or provides a
      three-dimensional structure necessary for consistent cleavage at the mature amino
      terminus of SSU. Incorrectly processed SSUs were incorporated into the holoenzyme
      demonstrating that removal of the entire transit sequence is not necessary for
      assembly of the holoenzyme.

PMID- 2917969
TI  - Introduction of a metal-dependent regulatory switch into an enzyme.
AB  - A cysteine has been introduced into the hydrophobic binding pocket of
      staphylococcal nuclease via oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis. The L89C
      mutation does not significantly alter the catalytic activity or specificity of
      the nuclease yet provides a metal-dependent switch for regulating enzymatic
      activity. The L89C mutant can be inactivated by addition of mercuric or cupric
      salts and subsequently reactivated by addition of chelating agents. This work may
      provide a general strategy for regulating the catalytic activity of other enzymes
      or the binding affinity of proteins to DNA or other proteins.

PMID- 2917970
TI  - Organic hydroperoxides at high concentrations cause energization and activation
      of ATP synthesis in mitochondria.
AB  - The addition of high concentrations of cumene or tert-butyl hydroperoxide to
      previously deenergized mitochondria results in the energization of these
      mitochondria and activation of ATP synthesis. The energization effect was
      observed in the presence of 0.5-0.7 mM cumene hydroperoxide or 2.0-2.5 mM tert
      butyl hydroperoxide. This energization of mitochondria and activation of
      oxidative phosphorylation by organic hydroperoxides required the presence of ADP
      in the mitochondrial matrix and does not depend upon the method of deenergization
      of the mitochondria.

PMID- 2917971
TI  - On the mechanism of action of cytochrome P-450. Spectral intermediates in the
      reaction with iodosobenzene and its derivatives.
AB  - Cytochrome P-450 is known to catalyze the following oxygen transfer reaction: RH
      + PhIO----ROH + PhI where RH represents a variety of hydroxylatable substrates
      and PhIO a variety of iodosobenzene derivatives that serve as oxygen donors, and
      neither molecular oxygen nor an external electron donor is required. To determine
      whether the cytochrome functions in such reactions by a peroxidase-type
      mechanism, the kinetics of its interaction with a variety of substituted
      iodosobenzenes and iodobenzene diacetates have been determined by stopped flow
      spectrophotometry. The reaction of phenobarbital-induced rabbit liver microsomal
      cytochrome P-450 form 2 with iodosobenzenes or iodobenzene diacetates leads to
      the reversible formation of three spectral intermediates, termed E, F, and G.
      Complex E is characterized by a type I difference spectrum, representing the
      iodosobenzene-dependent partial shift of the low spin hexacoordinate form of the
      ferric enzyme to the high spin pentacoordinate form, F represents a transient
      intermediate whose spectrum cannot be determined for kinetic reasons, and G
      represents a blue-shifted intermediate with an absorption maximum at about 393 nm
      in the absolute spectrum. The striking and principal feature of these
      observations is that the spectrum of Complex G does not vary with structural
      differences in the iodosobenzene derivatives, in contrast to the transient
      species observed in previous studies in this laboratory in the reaction between
      cytochrome P-450 form 2 and aromatic peroxy compounds. Complex G exhibits the
      spectral properties one might anticipate for an iron-oxo intermediate containing
      only one oxygen atom derived from the starting iodosobenzene.

PMID- 2917972
TI  - Conformation of adenosine bulge-containing deoxytridecanucleotide duplexes in
      solution. Extra adenosine stacks into duplex independent of flanking sequence and
      temperature.
AB  - Structural features at the extra adenosine bulge sites in DNA duplexes have been
      elucidated from an NMR analysis of two-dimensional through space and through bond
      connectivities in the self-complementary d(C-C-G-G-A-A-T-T-C-A-C-G-G) (CAC 13
      mer) and d(C-C-G-A-G-A-A-T-T-C-C-G-G) (GAG 13-mer) duplexes in aqueous solution.
      These studies establish that the extra adenosine stacks into the helix at all
      temperatures below the onset of the melting transition in solution, and the
      results are independent of whether the extra adenosine is flanked by cytidines
      (CAC 13-mer) or guanosines (GAG 13-mer). The NMR parameters establish that the
      extra adenosine can be accommodated into the helix with the flanking base pairs
      adopting a wedge-shaped orientation. The resulting perturbation extends out to
      the C10-G11 phosphodiester backbone adjacent to the bulge segment in both the CAC
      13-mer and GAG 13-mer duplexes.

PMID- 2917973
TI  - A novel cDNA extension procedure. Isolation of chicken fatty acid synthase cDNA
      clones.
AB  - We have developed a simple and versatile cDNA extension method using lambda
      exonuclease-generated single-stranded DNA as a primer. This plasmid-based cDNA
      extension method can be used to synthesize unidirectional extensions of the
      existing cDNA clones or subcloned fragments of the untranslated and exon regions
      of genomic DNA clones. The method is simple to use and involves no addition of
      linkers or tailing. We have successfully used this method to isolate 4.6 kilobase
      pairs of chicken fatty acid synthase cDNA clones, starting from the fragment of a
      genomic clone coding for the untranslated region of the fatty acid synthase mRNA.
      About 2.8 kilobase pairs of the cDNA coding for the chicken fatty acid synthase
      has been sequenced. The sequence has an open reading frame coding for 945 amino
      acids of the fatty acid synthase. In the sequence, we have identified the enoyl
      reductase, NADPH binding region, a putative beta-ketoacyl reductase region, and
      the entire sequences of acyl carrier protein and the thioesterase domains. The
      arrangement of these partial activities in this sequence confirms the arrangement
      of these activities as determined through partial proteolytic mapping studies.
      The amino acid sequence of chicken fatty acid synthase deduced from cDNA
      sequences shows a high degree of homology with the rat fatty acid synthase
      sequence, suggesting that these multifunctional proteins are conserved
      evolutionarily.

PMID- 2917974
TI  - Aging of proteins: immunological detection of a glucose-derived pyrrole formed
      during maillard reaction in vivo.
AB  - Recent work from this laboratory revealed that glucose-derived pyrroles can form
      with model amines under physiological conditions (Niroge, F. G., Sayre, L. M.,
      and Monnier, V. M. (1987) Carbohydr. Res. 167, 211-220). The major extractable
      product, 5-hydroxymethyl-1-alkylpyrrole-2-carbaldehyde (named by us pyrraline)
      was labile to acid hydrolysis. To allow its detection in proteins undergoing
      advanced glycosylation, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed. An
      immunogen consisting of epsilon-caproyl pyrraline (hapten) was linked onto poly-L
      lysine (114:1) and used to raise polyclonal antibodies in the rabbit. High
      antibody titers were obtained 16 weeks after immunization. The antibody cross
      reacted with butyl pyrraline (88%), propyl pyrraline (8%), lysyl pyrraline (2%),
      and neopentyl pyrraline (1.3%). A time-related increase in pyrraline
      immunoreactivity was observed in bovine serum albumin incubated with glucose
      (1000 mM), glycated lysine (50 mM), and 3-deoxyglucosone (50 mM) which reached
      25, 300, and 350 pmol/mg, respectively, after 30 days. Mean level of protein
      pyrraline immunoreactivity were 27.0 +/- 7.2 and 43.3 +/- 11.7 pmol/mg in serum
      albumin from control and diabetic subjects, respectively (p less than 0.001). The
      pathobiological relevance of pyrraline may relate to its reported antiproteolytic
      and mutagenic properties. In addition, glucose-derived pyrroles may play a role
      in diabetic neuropathy in analogy to pyrroles formed during hexane-induced
      neuropathy.

PMID- 2917975
TI  - Intracellular substrates for extracellular signaling. Characterization of a
      ubiquitous, neuron-enriched phosphoprotein (stathmin).
AB  - We previously identified (Sobel, A., and Tashjian, A. H., Jr. (1983) J. Biol.
      Chem. 258, 10312-10324) a group of cytoplasmic proteins whose phosphorylation
      could be related to the regulation by extracellular effectors of cells as
      different as pituitary and muscle cells. Among these phosphoproteins, proteins
      "7" and "8" (Mr approximately 19,000, pI approximately 5.8-6.0), that we now
      designate P1 and P2, are very abundant in rat brain. Partial purification of
      these proteins was therefore achieved after 100 degrees C precipitation of a rat
      brain-soluble fraction and further fractionation of the supernatant by ion
      exchange chromatography. Several related non-phosphorylated (N1, N2) and
      phosphorylated (P3) proteins were also identified in the heat-resistant
      supernatant. Antisera raised against P2 extracted from nitrocellulose blots of
      semipreparative two-dimensional gels recognized all the proteins N1, N2, P1, P2,
      and P3, confirming that they belong to the same protein family, and suggesting
      that they are likely various forms of a single protein core. The same protein
      could be detected biochemically and immunologically at various concentrations in
      all the tissues or cell types from diverse mammalian and nonmammalian species
      tested. Together with our previous data relating its phosphorylation to the
      regulation of the proliferation, differentiation, and/or the functions of the
      cells considered, this observation leads us to suggest that it might be an
      ubiquitous regulatory phosphoprotein playing the role of an intracellular "relay"
      for extracellular signals, after their binding to specific membrane receptors and
      the generation of second messengers. We propose to name this protein stathmin,
      from the greek "stathmos" (relay).

PMID- 2917976
TI  - Human erythrocyte glycophorin C. Gene structure and rearrangement in genetic
      variants.
AB  - We have previously shown that a deletion of approximately 3 kilobases in the
      unique glycophorin C (GPC) gene, which encodes for the human erythrocyte
      glycophorins C and D, is associated with the Gerbich (Ge) blood group deficiency
      (Ge-2,-3 and Ge-2,+3 types) (Le van Kim, C., Colin, Y., Blanchard, D., Dahr, W.,
      London, J. & Cartron, J.P. (1987) Eur. J. Biochem. 165, 571-579). We have now
      isolated and characterized the structure of the GPC gene from the common Ge+2,+3
      donors and from a Ge-2,-3 variant (Ge-2,-3 gene). The GPC gene is organized in
      four exons distributed over 13.5-kilobase pairs (kbp) DNA and contains two
      directly repeated domains of 3.4 kbp in length which are likely derived from the
      recent duplication of a unique ancestral domain. Restriction mapping and sequence
      analysis indicate that a 3.4-kbp deletion within this gene, arising probably by
      unequal crossing over between the two repeated domains, is responsible for the
      formation of the Ge-2,-3 gene. The breakpoints of the deletion are located within
      introns 2 and 3, and therefore exon 3 is removed. The defective gene is
      transcribed as a mRNA with a continuous open reading frame extending over 300
      nucleotides which is translated into an unusual sialoglycoprotein present on Ge
      2,-3 red cells. The primary structure of this new glycoprotein has been deduced
      from nucleotide sequencing. It is proposed in addition, that another 3.4-kb
      deletion within the GPC gene eliminates exon 2 only by a similar mechanism and
      generates a defective gene encoding for the abnormal glycoprotein present on Ge
      2,+3 erythrocytes. Interestingly, the same deletion which lead to the rare Ge-2,
      3 genetic condition, occurred spontaneously and frequently in the cloned GPC gene
      during the propagation of the recombinant phages in Escherichia coli. From these
      observations we suggest that the Ge-2,-3 and Ge-2,+3 genes might represent the
      two allelic forms of a unique ancestral form of the GPC gene, following
      successive internal duplication and deletion events.

PMID- 2917977
TI  - Plasma membranes contain half the phospholipid and 90% of the cholesterol and
      sphingomyelin in cultured human fibroblasts.
AB  - The literature suggests that cholesterol and sphingomyelin might be essentially
      confined to plasma membranes in mammalian cells; however, this premise has thus
      far escaped a direct test. We explored the issue in three ways. First, we
      fractionated whole homogenates of cultured human fibroblasts by equilibrium
      sucrose density gradient centrifugation. We found that the profiles of
      cholesterol and sphingomyelin were indistinguishable from those of two plasma
      membrane markers, 5' nucleotidase and [3H]galactose, which was conjugated to the
      surface of intact cells from an exogenous donor by galactosyltransferase. Second,
      we determined the relative surface areas of intact cells from their uptake of 1
      (4-trimethyl-amino)phenyl-6-phenylhexa-1,3,5-triene, a cationic fluorescent dye
      which partitions into but does not cross plasma membranes. Relative to human red
      cell ghosts, the apparent surface area of the fibroblasts was 17,500
      microns2/cell while for canine hepatocytes, the value was 11,500 microns2/cell.
      The relative ratios of cell cholesterol to dye binding (hence, surface area) were
      quite similar in ghosts, fibroblasts, and liver cells; namely 1.0, 1.12, and
      0.67, respectively. Finally, we found that the specific ratios of both
      cholesterol and sphingomyelin to 5' nucleotidase were only 10% less in gradient
      purified plasma membranes than in whole homogenates. Similar results were
      obtained using an entirely different method of purification: two-phase aqueous
      partition. The cholesterol and sphingomyelin in fractions rich in other membranes
      was closely proportional to their 5' nucleotidase content, suggesting that the
      presence of these lipids reflected contamination by plasma membrane fragments.
      The 5' nucleotidase/phospholipid ratio in the purified plasma membrane fraction
      was roughly twice that in whole cells. We conclude that the compartment marked by
      5' nucleotidase in cultured human fibroblasts contains approximately 90% of the
      two named lipids and half the cell phospholipid phosphorus.

PMID- 2917979
TI  - Cholic acid synthesis from 26-hydroxycholesterol and 3-hydroxy-5-cholestenoic
      acid in the rabbit.
AB  - Intravenous administration of 26-hydroxycholesterol to the rabbit with a bile
      fistula yielded cholic acid in proportions (84 and 86%) not significantly
      different from that derived from cholesterol. By contrast, the naturally
      occurring C27 bile acid 3 beta-hydroxy-5-cholestenoic acid yielded not more than
      8% cholic acid. Thus initial 26-hydroxylation of cholesterol followed by 7-alpha
      hydroxylation can provide sufficient amounts of cholic acid to be considered a
      quantitatively significant pathway for bile acid synthesis, and in addition it is
      the only pathway that can be the source of the circulating levels of C24 and C27
      monohydroxy bile acids.

PMID- 2917978
TI  - Effect of t-butyl-hydroperoxide on bradykinin-stimulated changes in cytosolic
      calcium in vascular endothelial cells.
AB  - The effect of oxidant stress on agonist-induced changes in endothelial cell
      cytosolic free Ca2+ (Ca2+i) was measured using the fluorescent probe, fura-2.
      Cultured vascular endothelial cells were loaded with fura-2 via the acetoxymethyl
      ester form, fura-2/AM, before incubation with t-butyl-hydroperoxide (0.4 mM).
      Bradykinin-stimulated changes in (Ca2+i) were measured in cells exposed to the
      hydroperoxide for 0, 30, 60, 120, and 180 min. Incubation of cells with the
      oxidant initially (within 30 min) diminished the peak rise in (Ca2+i) that occurs
      after stimulation with bradykinin. Experiments conducted with cells in a Ca2+
      free buffer indicated that t-butyl-hydroperoxide inhibited bradykinin-stimulated
      Ca2+ influx from the extracellular space and had little effect on agonist-induced
      release of Ca2+ from internal stores. At the later incubation periods (greater
      than 60 min), basal (Ca2+i) progressively rose and the peak response to
      bradykinin progressively decreased. After 180 min, the cells appeared unable to
      maintain steady-state with respect to Ca2+ flux. These alterations in Ca2+
      homeostasis occurred before detectable changes in the ability of the cells to
      exclude trypan blue. These results suggest that oxidant stress alters the change
      in Ca2+i of vascular endothelial cells following stimulation with vasoactive
      agents.

PMID- 2917980
TI  - Purification and characterization of an alpha-1,2-mannosidase involved in
      processing asparagine-linked oligosaccharides.
AB  - A calcium-dependent alpha-1,2-mannosidase involved in the processing of
      asparagine-linked oligosaccharides was purified to homogeneity from rabbit liver
      microsomes. N-terminal amino acid analysis was consistent with the presence of a
      homogeneous protein. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,
      under both reducing and nonreducing conditions, revealed a single protein band
      with an apparent molecular weight of 52,000. Gel filtration and sedimentation
      analysis under nondenaturing conditions suggested that the purified enzyme is a
      monomeric protein. The mannosidase is a glycoprotein based on the presence of
      protein-linked sugar and specific binding of the enzyme to concanavalin A
      Sepharose. Purified mannosidase was optimally active between pH 5.0 and 6.0. The
      enzyme was inactive with p-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-mannopyranoside and was inhibited
      by deoxymannojirimycin but not by swainsonine. The enzyme was specifically
      activated by Ca2+, with half-maximal activation occurring at concentrations of 10
      microM or less and was inhibited by Mn2+, Co2+, Ba2+, and Zn2+. Calcium ions
      protected the enzyme against inactivation by p-chloromercuribenzoate. Rabbit
      liver mannosidase hydrolyzed alpha-1,2-mannosyl-mannose linkages in a variety of
      substrates including methyl-2-O-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl-alpha-D-mannopyranoside
      (Schutzbach, J. S. (1987) Anal. Biochem. 167, 279-283), ovalbumin glycopeptide
      IV, and the high mannose chains of thyroglobulin and phytohemagglutinin-P.
      Approximately 70% of the alpha-1,2-linked mannosyl units in the oligosaccharides
      of thyroglobulin were accessible to rabbit liver alpha-mannosidase, whereas most
      of the alpha-1,2-mannosyl units in phytohemagglutinin were resistant to digestion
      prior to heat denaturation of the plant lectin.

PMID- 2917981
TI  - Characterization of Na+-dependent phosphate transport in cardiac sarcolemmal
      vesicles.
AB  - Pi uptake by purified bovine cardiac sarcolemmal vesicles was stimulated by an
      inwardly directed Na+ gradient, but not by such gradients of K+, Rb+, Li+, and
      choline. When Na+ was present both inside and outside the vesicles, or when Na+
      gradient was dissipated by monensin, the Na+-dependent Pi uptake increased with
      time, reached a peak, and then declined approaching a steady state. The initial
      rate of Na+-dependent Pi uptake was a saturable function of Pi concentration (Km
      = 0.5 mM). These findings indicate the existence of a Na+,Pi-cotransporter in the
      sarcolemma. The Na+-activation curve of the Pi uptake exhibited positive
      cooperativity, suggesting the requirement for multiple Na+ binding to the
      functional unit of the carrier. The initial rate of Na+-dependent Pi uptake
      decreased as extra-vesicular pH increased in the range of 5.5-8.7. The uptake
      rate increased under conditions that are known or expected to generate an inside
      negative membrane potential, indicating that Pi uptake is accompanied by the
      uptake of positive charge. These results suggest the electrogenic cotransports of
      two Na+ and one H2PO4-. We conclude that this cotransporter catalyzes the
      secondary active transport of Pi across the cardiac plasma membrane and regulates
      myocardial energy metabolism. We also suggest that the cotransporter may control
      intracellular Na+ and thus be involved in the regulation of trans-sarcolemmal
      Ca2+ movement and cardiac contractility.

PMID- 2917982
TI  - Hepatic glycogen synthesis from duodenal glucose and alanine. An in situ 13C NMR
      study.
AB  - An in situ and in vivo surface coil 13C NMR study was performed to study hepatic
      glycogen synthesis from [3-13C]alanine and [1-13C]glucose administered by
      intraduodenal infusion in 18-h fasted male Sprague-Dawley rats. Combined,
      equimolar amounts of alanine and glucose were given. Hepatic appearance and
      disappearance of substrate and concurrent glycogen synthesis was followed over
      150 min, with 5-min time resolution. Active glycogen synthesis from glucose via
      the direct (glucose----glycogen) and indirect (glucose----lactate----glycogen)
      pathways and from alanine via gluconeogenesis was observed. The indirect pathway
      of glycogen synthesis from [1-13C]glucose accounted for 30% (+/- 6 S.E.) of total
      glycogen formed from labeled glucose. This estimate does not take into account
      dilution of label in the hepatic oxaloacetate pool and is, therefore, somewhat
      uncertain. Hepatic levels of [3-13C]alanine achieved were significantly lower
      than levels of [1-13C]glucose in the liver, and the period of active glycogen
      synthesis from [3-13C]alanine was longer than from glucose. However, the overall
      pseudo-first-order rate constant during the period of active glycogen synthesis
      from [3-13C]alanine (0.075 min-1 +/- 0.026 S.E.) was almost 3 times that from [1
      13C]glucose via the direct pathway (0.025 min-1 +/- 0.005 S.E.). The most likely
      reason for the small rate constant governing direct glycogen formation from
      duodenally administered glucose compared to that from duodenally administered
      alanine is a low level of glucose phosphorylating capacity in the liver.

PMID- 2917983
TI  - Chiral reactions of acetylcholinesterase probed with enantiomeric
      methylphosphonothioates. Noncovalent determinants of enzyme chirality.
AB  - Enantiomeric cycloheptyl- and isopropyl methylphosphonothioates containing
      uncharged and cationic leaving groups, and 3,3-dimethylbutyl methylphosphonyl
      thiocholines were synthesized, and their inhibition of acetylcholinesterase from
      Torpedo examined. Bimolecular inhibition constants spanned 10(1)-10(9) M-1.min-1,
      equilibrium dissociation constants 10(-3)-10(-7) M, and phosphonylation constants
      1-300 min-1. A general but not absolute preference for the SP-enantiomer, in the
      range 170-4600 for cycloheptyl-, 0.6-150 for isopropyl-, and 30 for 3,3
      dimethylbutyl methylphosphonothioates, varied with nature of the alkyl ester (
      OR) and thioic leaving groups (-SR') surrounding phosphorus. While the overall
      bimolecular reaction constant showed no marked dependence on ionic strength of
      the medium, the microscopic kp and KD for the RP- but not SP-cycloheptyl
      methylphosphonyl thiocholine underwent marked reduction with decreases in ionic
      strength. This result unmasks the interplay between occupation of the active
      center and productivity of that occupation. These studies reveal that chiral
      reactions with acetylcholinesterase are dependent more on the nature of the
      groups surrounding the tetrahedral phosphorus than on the absolute configuration
      about the phosphorus atom and indicate that the active center comprises partially
      overlapping subsites that can accommodate the -OR and -SR' groups. The presence
      of neighboring subsites characterized by different steric, electrostatic, and
      hydrophobic properties permits a multiplicity of binding orientations,
      independent of chiral configuration, and which account for the large variation in
      chiral preference seen among organophosphonates containing different
      substituents.

PMID- 2917984
TI  - Chiral nature of covalent methylphosphonyl conjugates of acetylcholinesterase.
AB  - This paper examines the chiral nature of the covalent conjugates formed upon
      reaction of acetylcholinesterase (AchE) with enantiomeric cycloheptyl, isopropyl,
      and 3,3-dimethylbutyl methylphosphonyl thiocholines. With the exception of the
      conjugate formed from reaction of AchE with RP-cycloheptyl methylphosphonyl
      thiocholine, all enantiomeric conjugates underwent oxime reactivation at rates
      that were within 2-3-fold of each other. Oxime reactivation was, therefore,
      independent of both initial configuration about phosphorus and the alkyl
      phosphonyl ester (-OR) moiety. Aging of the enantiomeric cyclopheptyl and
      isopropyl methylphosphonyl conjugates occurred exclusively for the conjugate
      formed from the SP-enantiomer and therefore displayed an absolute dependence on
      the initial configuration of the methylphosphonyl group. Equilibrium titrations
      with decidium, a fluorescent bisquaternary competitive inhibitor of AchE,
      provided an index of aging and enantiomeric configuration of the conjugates
      independent of enzyme activity. Decidium association with the enantiomeric
      conjugates (prior to aging) showed no marked dependence on the initial
      configuration about phosphorus but was measurably dependent on nature of the -OR
      moiety. These results are interpreted with respect to symmetry and nonrigidity of
      the organophosphonyl conjugates and are consistent with formation of final
      methylphosphonyl conjugates that are enantiomerically pure and of opposite
      configuration. These studies indicate that the active center of AchE comprises at
      least two kinetically distinct environments separate from the esteratic region
      but located within 5 A of the nucleophilic serine and differing in dipolar
      characteristics that promote charge separation and general acid catalysis.

PMID- 2917985
TI  - Kinetics of pH-dependent fusion between 3T3 fibroblasts expressing influenza
      hemagglutinin and red blood cells. Measurement by dequenching of fluorescence.
AB  - Fusion between membranes of 3T3 fibroblasts expressing hemagglutinin (HA) from
      the Japan strain of influenza virus and human red blood cells (RBC) was measured
      using an assay for lipid mixing based on the relief of self-quenching
      (dequenching) of fluorescence of the lipid probe octadecylrhodamine (R18). The
      probe was incorporated into the membrane of intact RBC at self-quenching
      concentrations, and the RBCs were bound to the 3T3 cells. Fusion, which allowed
      movement of R18 into 3T3 cell membranes, was monitored by spectrofluorometry as
      an increase in fluorescence. Upon lowering the pH below 5.4, the fluorescence
      increased after a delay of about 30 s at 37 degrees C, and leveled off within 2
      min. In control experiments where R18 RBCs bound to 3T3 cells expressing the
      uncleaved precursor hemagglutinin (HA0) were incubated at 37 degrees C and low
      pH, no fluorescence increase was observed. This indicated that the R18
      dequenching occurred as a result of HA-induced fusion of plasma membranes. Fusion
      showed a very steep pH dependence with a threshold at pH 5.4 and a maximum at pH
      5.0, similar to HA-induced fusion seen previously using cell biological
      techniques. The fusion rate increased and the delay for the onset of fusion
      decreased as the temperature was raised above 20 degrees C. Low pH activation of
      the fusion process at 37 degrees C could be partially arrested by raising the pH
      after 2-10 s, but not after 15 s, indicating that the irreversible pH-activated
      conformational change of HA necessary for fusion was complete within about 15 s.
      Analysis of the data indicates that the pH-induced membrane fusion activity of HA
      is a highly cooperative event.

PMID- 2917986
TI  - Determination of the disulfide array in the human defensin HNP-2. A covalently
      cyclized peptide.
AB  - HNP-2 is a 29-residue peptide present in human neutrophils and is a member of the
      defensin family of antimicrobial peptides. All defensins contain an invariant
      disulfide infrastructure comprised of 6 half-cystine residues. The disulfide
      structure of HNP-2 was determined using a novel method to identify the cross
      links involving the amino- and carboxyl-terminal cysteine residues. A derivative
      of HNP-2 was synthesized by covalent modification of the terminal cysteine
      residues. This derivative was purified, characterized, and subjected to
      exhaustive proteolytic digestion. Characterization of purified proteolytic
      fragments by amino acid analysis and/or sequence analysis identified an
      oligopeptide containing all 6 cystine residues. This oligopeptide was subjected
      to a single cycle of Edman degradation to cleave the peptide bond linking 2
      adjacent cysteines. Purification and characterization of the Edman reaction
      products allowed for assignment of the disulfide array in HNP-2, revealing a
      cystine motif unique to the defensin peptide family. Further, the covalent
      structure of HNP-2 was found to be cyclic as one disulfide links the amino- and
      carboxyl-terminal cysteine residues. HNP-2 is the only polypeptide known to
      possess such a configuration.

PMID- 2917987
TI  - Channeling of urea cycle intermediates in situ in permeabilized hepatocytes.
AB  - Preferential use of endogenously generated intermediates by the enzymes of the
      urea cycle was observed using isolated rat hepatocytes made permeable to low
      molecular weight compounds with alpha-toxin. The permeabilized cells synthesized
      [14C]urea from added NH4Cl, [14C]HCO3-, ornithine, and aspartate, using succinate
      as a respiratory substrate; with all substrates saturating, about 4 nmol of urea
      were formed per min/mg dry weight of cells. Urea usually accounted for about 40
      50% of the total (NH3 + ornithine)-dependent counts, arginine for less than 10%,
      and citrulline for about 30%. Very tight channeling of arginine between
      argininosuccinate lyase and arginase was shown by the fact that the addition of a
      200-fold excess of unlabeled arginine to the incubations did not decrease the
      percentage of counts found in urea or increase that found in arginine, even
      though a substantial amount of the added arginine was hydrolyzed inside the
      cells. The channeling of argininosuccinate between its synthetase and lyase was
      demonstrated by similar observations; unlabeled argininosuccinate added in 200
      fold excess decreased the percentage of counts in urea by only 25%. Channeling of
      citrulline from its site of synthesis by ornithine transcarbamylase in the
      mitochondrial matrix to argininosuccinate synthetase in the cytoplasmic space was
      also shown. These results strongly suggest that the three "soluble" cytoplasmic
      enzymes of the urea cycle are grouped around the mitochondria and are spatially
      organized within the cell in such a way that intermediates can be efficiently
      transferred between them.

PMID- 2917988
TI  - Characterization of rabbit lactate dehydrogenase-M and lactate dehydrogenase-H
      cDNAs. Control of lactate dehydrogenase expression in rabbit muscle.
AB  - Two cDNA clones were isolated, one corresponding to the mRNA coding for lactate
      dehydrogenase-M (LDH-M), the other to the mRNA coding for lactate dehydrogenase-H
      (LDH-H). The cDNA inserts consist of the entire open reading frame for LDH-M and
      a partial sequence, from amino acid 117 to 332, for LDH-H. Using these two clones
      as probes we demonstrate that: (a) the abundance of mRNA is muscle-type
      dependent; (b) the ratio M/H subunit for protein and mRNA is well related in the
      muscles studied; and (c) the M + H mRNA level is not relative to the total LDH
      activity.

PMID- 2917989
TI  - Purification, microheterogeneity, and stability of human lipid transfer protein.
AB  - A method for the purification of lipid transfer protein (LTP) from human plasma
      was developed with the aid of succinylated low density lipoprotein-Sepharose
      affinity column chromatography. The purified LTP exhibited a single main band on
      sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. However, upon
      isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gel, the preparations consistently showed
      nine bands with isoelectric points ranging from 4.6 to 5.4. The treatment of LTP
      with Clostridium perfringens neuraminidase shifted these multiple bands toward
      higher pH regions due to the release of sialic acid. Extensive treatment with
      neuraminidase resulted in the appearance of a major band with the isoelectric
      point of 5.6. The purified LTP was rapidly inactivated upon incubation at 37
      degrees C due to the denaturation at the "air"-water interface. Various factors
      promoting or preventing this interfacial denaturation were elucidated. When
      purified LTP was stored at 4 degrees C, plasma neuraminidase co-purified with LTP
      became activated, resulting in the gradual desialylation of LTP. It seemed that
      the LTP preparations of apparent homogeneity are associated with a trace amount
      of an inactive form of plasma neuraminidase. The inclusion of 4 mM 2
      mercaptoethanol or 0.2% EDTA in the storage media completely prevented the
      activation of plasma neuraminidase. These agents, however, did not significantly
      inhibit the already activated neuraminidase. When LTP was stored at -20 degrees C
      in very low ionic strength media, such as 0.001% EDTA (pH 7.4) and at high
      protein concentrations, the loss of the activity was minimal even after prolonged
      storage.

PMID- 2917990
TI  - Glucocorticoid-induced lymphocytolysis is not mediated by an induced
      endonuclease.
AB  - The mechanism of glucocorticoid-induced internucleosomal DNA cleavage and
      cytolysis of lymphatic cells is not known. Recent data (Compton, M.M., and
      Cidlowski, J.A. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 8288-8292) suggested that in vivo
      treatment of rat thymocytes with glucocorticoids induces a nucleolytic "lysis
      gene" product(s) responsible for lymphocytolysis. In this paper, the possibility
      that lymphocytolysis may result from glucocorticoid-induced nuclease(s) was
      examined. Using the rat thymocytes as a model system, we have shown by
      electrophoretic, enzymatic, and amino acid sequence analysis that the putative
      glucocorticoid-induced nucleases identified recently by Compton and Cidlowski are
      in fact H1, H1(0), and core histones, and their gross appearance is not the
      result of new histone protein synthesis, but a result of the release of histone
      containing nucleosomes during chromatin breakdown. Evidence presented here shows
      that the putative induced nuclease activity is an artifact of the assay system
      employed. Because our data do not support induction of a glucocorticoid-induced
      nuclease(s), we examined the possibility that DNA cleavage might be induced by
      activation of a constitutive endogenous endonuclease. We have shown that it is
      possible to produce characteristic internucleosomal DNA cleavage of rat
      thymocytes, merely by incubating intact nuclei from untreated adrenalectomized
      rat thymocytes with Ca2+ and Mg2+ for a short period of time. However, in
      glucocorticoid-sensitive human CEM-C7 lymphocytes activation of internucleosomal
      DNA cleavage was independent of calcium uptake. We conclude that glucocorticoid
      induction of internucleosomal DNA fragmentation does not necessarily require
      expression of a new nuclease(s), but is the result of the activation of a
      constitutive endogenous endonuclease(s). Also, our data suggest that the
      mechanism which controls activation of internucleosomal DNA cleavage in rat
      thymocytes differs from that which operates in CEM-C7 lymphocytes.

PMID- 2917991
TI  - Deadenylation of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein mRNA in cultured hepatic cells during
      stimulation by dexamethasone.
AB  - During acute phase induction in rats, alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) mRNA is
      modified by a reduction in poly(A) tail size (Shiels, B.R., Northemann, W.,
      Gehring, M.R., and Fey, G.H. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 12826-12831). In the
      studies presented here, we analyzed AGP mRNA induction and poly(A) tail
      modification in both primary rat hepatocytes and in the rat hepatoma cell line
      HTC. Poly(A) tail shortening occurred during stimulation by both glucocorticoids
      and hepatocyte stimulating factor. Induction of AGP by the glucocorticoid
      dexamethasone resulted in an approximately 50-fold increase in transcription by 4
      h, which was followed by an equally rapid decrease. The large mRNA pool that
      resulted from this early burst of transcription was very stable, having a half
      life of well over 24 h, and the individual molecules in this pool had an average
      poly(A) tail length of 200-250 bases. This stable pool of AGP mRNAs was then
      deadenylated to form a pool with an average tail length of 20-50 bases; the time
      course of this shortening followed that seen in the liver. Ongoing RNA synthesis,
      but not ongoing protein synthesis, was required for shortening of the tail. In
      contrast to the conclusion of Shiels et al. (1987), our data indicate that
      deadenylation occurs in the cytoplasm rather than the nucleus. Our data also
      suggest that shortening of AGP mRNA represents a specific example of the general
      deadenylation seen in earlier studies of total cellular RNA.

PMID- 2917992
TI  - The platelet-derived growth factor-inducible KC gene encodes a secretory protein
      related to platelet alpha-granule proteins.
AB  - A full length cDNA clone of the platelet-derived growth factor-inducible KC gene
      has been isolated, sequenced, and expressed in COS cells. Both sequence analysis
      and expression studies indicate that KC encodes a secretory protein. Sequence
      analysis shows that, furthermore, the protein encoded by KC belongs to a growing
      superfamily of inducible proteins with a common ancestral linkage to the platelet
      alpha-granule proteins, platelet factor 4, and connective tissue-activating
      peptide III. A computer-generated phylogenetic tree documents interrelationships
      between KC and six additional members of this peptide superfamily. The KC gene
      is, in all probability, the murine homologue of a human gene termed "gro." By
      extension, the KC protein is the murine counterpart of the protein encoded by the
      gro gene. The gro protein corresponds to a factor described as "melanoma growth
      stimulating activity."

PMID- 2917993
TI  - Purification and properties of a soluble angiotensin II-binding protein from
      rabbit liver.
AB  - An angiotensin II-binding activity has been purified almost 3,000-fold to a
      nearly homogenous state from the 100,000 x g supernatant fraction of rabbit
      liver. The responsible protein is apparently monomeric since its molecular weight
      was estimated to be 75,000 in the native state by glycerol gradient
      centrifugation and in the reduced, denatured state by gel electrophoresis. The Kd
      and Bmax values of the purified preparation were 7.2 nM and 15.2 nmol of
      angiotensin II bound per mg of protein, the latter figure agreeing well with the
      theoretical value of 13.3. Competition experiments with 125I-angiotensin II and
      unlabeled peptides revealed that the angiotensin antagonist
      [Sar1,Ala8]angiotensin II (saralasin) and the agonist [des-Asp1]angiotensin II
      (angiotensin III) were more tightly bound than angiotensin II, whereas
      angiotensin I and the carboxyl-terminal hexapeptide were less avidly bound. The
      cardiac peptide, atrial natriuretic factor, also competed for binding to the
      purified preparation but was about 15-fold less effective than angiotensin II.
      Although the binding activity was purified in the absence of detergent, a
      requirement for detergent in the binding reaction emerged during the isolation
      procedure. Binding by the purified protein exhibited an almost complete
      dependence upon the presence of detergent, p-chloromercuriphenylsulfonic acid and
      EDTA.

PMID- 2917994
TI  - B----A transitions within a 5 S ribosomal RNA gene are highly sequence-specific.
AB  - The UV footprinting technique has been used to detect and map, at single
      nucleotide resolution, the formation of A conformations within a sea urchin 5S
      ribosomal RNA gene. Increasing amounts of the dehydrating agent, trifluorethanol,
      were used to induce the B----A transition. Our measurements argue that the B----A
      transition is highly sequence-specific. Fourteen different sequences within a
      fragment of DNA bearing the 5 S gene were found to undergo the B----A transition
      independently of one another. There is a striking relationship between the
      midpoint of the B----A transition for each stretch of DNA and its (G+C) content.
      DNA sequences at the boundary between A and B conformations do not appear to be
      significantly distorted. A (dAdT)8 tract at the 3' end of the 5 S gene undergoes
      the B----A transition in two cooperative steps suggesting that for some sequences
      the B----A transition may actually proceed through the formation of a previously
      unidentified intermediate. Although the sequence specificity of the B----A
      transition may be exploited by regulatory proteins when they bind DNA, our
      measurements argue that binding of the Xenopus laevis transcription factor 111A
      to 5 S genes does not.

PMID- 2917995
TI  - Factor XIIIa-mediated cross-linking of fibronectin in fibroblast cell layers.
      Cross-linking of cellular and plasma fibronectin and of amino-terminal
      fibronectin fragments.
AB  - Factor XIIIa cross-links plasma fibronectin as it is being assembled into the
      extracellular matrix of cultured human skin fibroblasts (Barry, E. L. R., and
      Mosher, D. F. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 10464-10469). We have further
      characterized this process. Fibroblasts were metabolically labeled with proline
      in the presence or absence of ascorbate and Factor XIIIa. Endogenous fibronectin
      in the extracellular matrix was cross-linked by Factor XIIIa. There was no
      evidence for cross-linking of collagenous proteins. Fibro-blast cell layers were
      incubated with iodinated 27-kDa heparin-binding or 70-kDa collagen- and heparin
      binding amino-terminal fibronectin fragments. Factor XIIa cross-linked the
      fragments into high molecular weight aggregates. The amounts of cross-linked
      fragments reaches a steady state after 1 to 2 h, whereas intact fibronectin
      continues to be cross-linked for 24 h. When fibroblast cell layers were pulsed
      with iodinated fibronectin or amino-terminal fragments and Factor XIIIa was
      included in the chase media, the high molecular weight aggregates were formed in
      a step-wise manner. The smallest cross-linking steps were to high molecular
      weight extracellular matrix molecules forming approximately 270-, 300-, and 440
      kDa complexes for the 27-kDa fragment, 70-kDa fragment, and intact fibronectin,
      respectively. When iodinated fibronectin was bound to fibroblast cell layers and
      chased into the matrix pool in the absence of Factor XIIIa, it could also be
      cross-linked into high molecular weight complexes when Factor XIIIa was added to
      the media. These results, therefore, indicate that both cellular and plasma
      fibronectin and amino-terminal fragments are cross-linked specifically by Factor
      XIIIa, that the cross-linking is probably to other fibronectin molecules rather
      than to collagenous proteins, and that both assembling and assembled fibronectin
      are substrates for Factor XIIIa.

PMID- 2917996
TI  - Mutational analysis of the chicken progesterone receptor.
AB  - Oligonucleotide-directed site mutagenesis was used to prepare a series of chicken
      progesterone receptor deletion mutants in an attempt to elucidate structure
      function relationships of the receptor. These mutants spanned the entire 659
      amino acid coding region of the A form of the receptor. The ability of these
      mutants to bind progesterone was analyzed following in vitro transcription and
      translation. Results obtained indicate that a large portion of the protein
      ranging from amino acid 420 to the extreme carboxyl terminus is necessary to
      maintain the protein in a conformation which is capable of binding hormone.
      Following transient cotransfection of mutant receptor proteins into CV-1 cells
      along with a reporter gene containing an authentic GRE/PRE (PRE-TK-CAT), our
      results indicated that any deletion throughout the entire molecule results in a
      decrease in transcriptional activation. Most of these decreases result from an
      inability of the mutant receptor proteins to bind DNA or hormone. However, two
      areas of the receptor have been identified which are unrelated to either DNA or
      hormone binding but markedly affect the ability of the receptor to transactivate
      target genes.

PMID- 2917998
TI  - Differential down-regulation of protein kinase C isozymes.
AB  - Types I, II, and III protein kinase C have been shown to be products of,
      respectively, gamma, beta, and alpha genes of this enzyme family (Huang, F. L.,
      Yoshida, Y., Nakabayashi, H., Knopf, J. L., Young, W. S., III, and Huang, K.-P.
      (1987) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 149, 946-952). Incubation of the highly
      purified rat brain protein kinase C isozymes with trypsin (kinase/trypsin (w/w) =
      100) under identical conditions results in a preferential degradation of types I
      and II enzymes, whereas the type III enzyme was relatively resistant to tryptic
      proteolysis. Degradation of the type III enzyme by trypsin could be facilitated
      with the addition of Ca2+, phosphatidylserine, and dioleoylglycerol; none of
      these components alone was effective. Limited proteolysis of the three protein
      kinase C isozymes generated distinctive fragments for each isozyme, indicating
      that each isozyme has different trypsin-sensitive sites. Tryptic digestion of the
      type III protein kinase C was used as a model to determine the effects of various
      modulators on protein kinase C degradation. While Ca2+ and phosphatidylserine
      together were sufficient to convert the type III protein kinase C from a trypsin
      insensitive to a -sensitive form, addition of dioleoylglycerol greatly reduced
      the Ca2+ requirement for such a conversion. Among the various phospholipids
      tested, in the presence of either dioleoylglycerol or phorbol ester,
      phosphatidylserine, cardiolipin, and phosphatidic acid were the most effective,
      and phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine were the least effective in
      supporting the digestion of type III protein kinase. Other acidic phospholipids,
      such as lysophosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol, were also effective in
      supporting the degradation in the presence of phorbol ester but not in the
      presence of dioleoylglycerol. The relevance of these proteolytic reactions to
      physiological responses was assessed with phorbol ester on rat basophilic
      leukemia RBL-2H3 cells, which contained both types II and III protein kinase C.
      Immunoblot analysis with the isozyme-specific antibodies revealed that phorbol
      ester induced a faster degradation of type II than that of type III isozyme in
      these cells. The results demonstrate that the various protein kinase C isozymes
      have different susceptibilities to proteolysis in vitro, when tested with
      trypsin, as well as to endogenous proteases in intact cells.

PMID- 2917997
TI  - Hepatic lipase in the rat ovary. Ovaries cannot synthesize hepatic lipase but
      accumulate it from the circulation.
AB  - Hepatic lipase is proposed to have a role in steroidogenesis through its
      involvement in the metabolism of high density lipoproteins. We examined the
      activity, synthesis, distribution, and uptake of this enzyme and assessed the
      content of its mRNA in luteinized ovaries. We found that during peak
      steroidogenesis, ovaries of pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin-human chorionic
      gonadotropin-treated immature rats contained heparin-releasable hepatic lipase
      like activity which was neutralized in a dose-dependent manner by purified
      antibodies to hepatic lipase isolated from post-heparin perfusates of rat livers.
      Quantitative immunoelectron microscopy revealed that ovarian hepatic lipase
      occurred along endothelial cells and was 3-fold more abundant in blood vessels of
      corpora lutea than those of stroma. However, hepatic lipase was not synthesized
      by the ovary since radiolabeled enzyme was not immunoisolated from the medium of
      dispersed luteinized granulosa cells incubated with [35S]methionine whereas it
      was present in the medium of control cells (hepatocytes). Similarly, hepatic
      lipase mRNA was detectable in liver but not ovaries or kidneys by Northern or
      slot blot analyses or by the polymerase chain reaction. Finally, 125I-labeled
      hepatic lipase injected into tail veins was quickly cleared from the systemic
      circulation, accumulating in liver, ovaries, kidneys, and spleen. Subsequent
      heparin injection caused rapid reappearance of radioactivity in the bloodstream
      and a marked decline of radiolabel in liver and ovaries but a modest decrease of
      that in kidneys and none in spleen. Exogenous 125I-bovine serum albumin also
      accumulated in all four organs but was not displaced from liver or ovaries by
      subsequent administration of heparin. Taken together, these data suggest that
      steroidogenically active ovaries possess but do not synthesize hepatic lipase.
      Instead, hepatic lipase originating elsewhere, presumably in the liver, is
      accumulated from the circulation at heparin-sensitive sites in ovarian blood
      vessels.

PMID- 2917999
TI  - Cloning of developmentally regulated genes from Leishmania major and expression
      following heat induction.
AB  - The protozoa Leishmania undergo morphological and biochemical transformation from
      the promastigote to the amastigote form during their life cycle. To characterize
      this transformation process, we constructed a cDNA library for the promastigote
      stage of Leishmania major and used differential cDNA hybridization to identify
      cDNA sequences expressed at different abundance in promastigotes or amastigotes
      of L. major. P100/11E is a single copy gene whose 1600-nucleotide mRNA is
      enriched in promastigotes. P101/10 is a repeated gene whose 3300-nucleotide
      transcript is enriched in amastigotes. These developmentally regulated genes are
      not linked in the genome of L. major and are located on separate chromosome
      bands. The abundance of the P101/10 transcript increases severalfold during the
      transformation process at 37 degrees C in vitro and is thermally induced within 3
      h after transfer of promastigotes from 27 to 37 degrees C. Examination of beta
      tubulin gene expression showed that the relative abundance of the 3400-nucleotide
      beta-tubulin RNA is decreased at 37 degrees C in vitro. Our results indicate that
      the expression of two developmentally regulated genes of L. major is controlled
      at the level of mRNA abundance and provide direct evidence that thermal induction
      plays a general role in regulating gene expression in Leishmania.

PMID- 2918000
TI  - The developmentally regulated P100/11E gene of Leishmania major shows homology to
      a superfamily of reductase genes.
AB  - The life cycle transformation of the protozoan parasite Leishmania from
      promastigote to amastigote is accompanied by changes in the level of expression
      of a number of proteins whose function may be necessary for parasite survival in
      the sandfly vector or mammalian host. To genetically characterize these proteins,
      we have cloned and characterized cDNA sequences that vary in abundance during the
      life cycle of Leishmania major. One sequence (P100/11E) encodes a poly(A+) RNA
      whose abundance is markedly elevated in promastigotes of L. major. The DNA
      sequence of the P100/11E cDNA predicts an acidic polypeptide of Mr = 32,000 which
      shows 40-46% similarity to the superfamily of reductase proteins including 2,5
      diketo-D-gluconic acid reductase, aldose reductase, aldehyde reductase, and rho
      crystallin. The P100/11E sequence of L. major contains the IPKS motif located at
      the active site of both aldose and aldehyde reductases. The P100/11H sequence was
      expressed in Escherichia coli, and the purified polypeptide was used to raise
      rabbit antisera which detect a protein of Mr = 35,000 in promastigotes of L.
      major. These results provide direct genetic evidence that L. major expresses a
      sequence homologous to the reductase superfamily as a developmentally regulated
      gene product in promastigotes.

PMID- 2918001
TI  - Compression-plate fixation of acute fractures of the diaphyses of the radius and
      ulna.
AB  - A retrospective study was done of eighty-seven patients who had 129 diaphyseal
      fractures of either the radius or the ulna, or both, and who were treated with
      fixation using an AO dynamic-compression plate. Open fractures were internally
      fixed primarily, and both comminuted and open fractures routinely had bone
      grafting. Ninety-eight per cent of the fractures united, and 92 per cent of the
      patients achieved an excellent or satisfactory functional result. The rate of
      infection was 2.3 per cent. Refracture occurred after removal of a 4.5-millimeter
      dynamic-compression plate in two patients, but there were no refractures after
      removal of a 3.5-millimeter plate. The 3.5-millimeter-plate system gave excellent
      results in patients who had a fracture of the forearm, and it minimized the risk
      of refracture. Our results demonstrated that immediate plate fixation of an open
      fracture of the forearm, with a low rate of complications, is possible.

PMID- 2918002
TI  - Comparison of computerized tomography parameters of the cervical spine in normal
      control subjects and spinal cord-injured patients.
AB  - The cross-sectional area and the sagittal and transverse diameters of the
      cervical spinal canal were measured, using high-resolution, thin-section
      computerized-tomography images, in 100 control subjects and forty-two patients
      who had a traumatic injury to the spinal cord. No significant differences were
      found between the control and the spinal cord-injured group with regard to the
      cross-sectional area of the spinal canal; however, the differences between the
      two groups were significant with regard to mean sagittal and transverse diameters
      of the spinal canal. The sagittal diameters of the spinal canal of the control
      group were significantly larger than those of the spinal cord-injured group.
      Conversely, the transverse diameters of the spinal canal of the spinal cord
      injured group were significantly larger than those of the control group. These
      findings suggest that certain patients may be predisposed to spinal cord injury,
      given sufficient trauma. It is not the total volume of space in the spinal canal
      that is the critical factor; rather, it is the shape. An index of shape is the
      ratio of the sagittal to the transverse diameter. The difference between the two
      groups, based on the ratio of sagittal to transverse diameter, was highly
      significant. Because this measure is a ratio, there is no need to evaluate an
      individual on the basis of measurements of absolute values.

PMID- 2918003
TI  - Cranial subluxation of the odontoid process in rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - In eighteen patients who had long-standing severe rheumatoid polyarthritis,
      cranial subluxation of the odontoid process was caused by erosion and collapse of
      both the occipitocervical and the atlantoaxial facet joints. In five of the
      patients, the subluxation caused impairment of cranial nerves. One patient was
      tetraparetic. Six patients had a posterior fusion of the spine; of these, three
      also had laminectomy of the atlas. Operative treatment seemed to arrest the
      subluxation, but there was appreciable functional improvement in only four of the
      six patients. During an average of four years of follow-up, in the twelve
      conservatively treated patients, the cranial subluxation of the odontoid process
      progressed, on average, from 8.6 to 10.5 millimeters.

PMID- 2918004
TI  - Variations in the gait of normal children. A graph applicable to the
      documentation of abnormalities.
AB  - The goal of much orthopaedic treatment of children is to improve their walking.
      To document the quantitative characteristics of walking, we devised graphic
      displays of speed, cadence, stride length, and body height on the basis of 2,416
      observations of 324 children walking over a range of speeds. The gait graph is an
      uncomplicated tool for the clinician to use in the documentation and evaluation
      of gait in children. It also provides the means to relate the walking abilities
      of patients to the standards for normal children.

PMID- 2918005
TI  - Posterior subluxation of the glenohumeral joint.
AB  - Twenty-four patients who had posterior subluxation of the glenohumeral joint were
      assigned to one of two groups on the basis of the severity of the symptoms. The
      sixteen patients in Group I, who had less severe symptoms, were treated with a
      physical therapy program that was based on exercises to strengthen muscles. The
      eleven patients in Group II (three of whom had no success with physical therapy
      when they were originally in Group I) had a posterior capsulorrhaphy, with or
      without a bone block. According to an over-all rating, Group I had a rate of
      success of 63 per cent, and Group II had a rate of success of 91 per cent. The
      patients who had more severe ligamentous laxity were not more likely to fail
      either of the treatment programs. Although voluntary subluxation may be a subtle
      but important indicator of underlying emotional difficulties, it appears that, in
      the patient who is emotionally stable, the ability to voluntarily subluxate the
      shoulder posteriorly is not associated with a negative prognosis for either non
      surgical or surgical treatment. Patients who have moderately disabling posterior
      subluxation of the shoulder should be treated with an intensive program that is
      designed to strengthen muscles. Patients who have symptoms that are severely
      disabling or who have had no success with non-operative treatment should be
      treated with posterior capsulorrhaphy. When the posterior aspect of the glenoid
      is severely deficient and when the posterior portion of the capsule or the
      infraspinatus tendon is attenuated, a bone block should augment the
      reconstruction.

PMID- 2918006
TI  - Capitellocondylar total elbow replacement. A long-term follow-up study.
AB  - The results of forty total elbow replacements in which a capitellocondylar
      prosthesis was implanted in thirty-five patients (five of whom had a bilateral
      procedure) were reviewed retrospectively. The average length of follow-up was 7.2
      years (range, four to twelve years). Pronation, supination, and flexion of the
      elbow improved considerably, but extension did not change a great deal. The
      average rating of the elbow, according to the scoring system of Ewald et al.,
      improved from 30 to 88 points, but the functional score, as defined by the
      American Rheumatism Association, improved in only four patients. Malarticulation
      or dislocation of the prosthesis occurred in ten patients (29 per cent). In two
      other patients, a deep infection developed, necessitating removal of the
      prosthesis. Ten prostheses (ten patients) had radiolucent lines on follow-up
      radiographs, but these lines were not associated with pain or loosening. Seven
      patients (seven elbows) had a transient ulnar-nerve palsy. The incidence of this
      complication was reduced from 30 per cent (five of seventeen patients) to 15 per
      cent (four of twenty-eight patients) when the lateral Kocher approach to the
      elbow was adopted.

PMID- 2918007
TI  - Palmar shelf arthroplasty in the rheumatoid wrist. Results of long-term follow
      up.
AB  - Sixty-three palmar-shelf arthroplasties (so-called pseudofusions of the wrist)
      that had been performed between 1970 and 1978 in forty-nine patients were
      evaluated. The length of follow-up averaged eighty-three months (minimum, twelve
      months for the wrists that fused and twenty-four months for those that did not).
      Preoperatively, all wrists were painful, with 96 per cent being moderately or
      severely so. Carpal subluxation was present in 79 per cent of the wrists.
      Postoperatively, pain recurred in 84 per cent of the wrists, but it was less
      severe (mild in 48 per cent, moderate in 35 per cent, and severe in 2 per cent).
      Sixty-eight per cent of the wrists fused spontaneously and were no longer
      painful. Of the twenty wrists (32 per cent) that did not fuse, 70 per cent were
      mildly or moderately painful. In patients who have rheumatoid arthritis, we found
      that palmar shelf arthroplasty was followed by a high rate of delayed spontaneous
      fusion and an unacceptably high rate of recurrent pain, although the pain was
      less severe.

PMID- 2918008
TI  - Roentgenographic classifications of hemophilic arthropathy. Comparison of three
      systems and correlation with clinical parameters.
AB  - In 105 knees, the roentgenographic classifications of hemophilic arthropathy of
      Arnold and Hilgartner, of Pettersson et al., and of a new system were compared.
      The amount of interobserver agreement (between two observers) was good for all
      three systems and, for all three, there was a good correlation between
      progressive severity of the lesion and decreasing function of the joint. The
      system of Pettersson et al. was better than that of Arnold and Hilgartner for
      grading severe arthropathy, but it was not better than the new, simplified
      system. The new system is a four-sign, 7-point classification, in contrast to the
      eight-sign, 13-point system of Pettersson et al.

PMID- 2918009
TI  - Observations on patellar height after proximal tibial osteotomy.
AB  - Sixty-six knees (sixty patients) that had had a proximal tibial osteotomy were
      evaluated to determine if any alteration of the patellar height had occurred as a
      result of the operation. Eighty-nine per cent of the patellae, as measured by the
      Insall-Salvati index, and 76.3 per cent, as measured by the Blackburne-Peel
      index, were observed to be lowered as they appeared on the postoperative lateral
      radiograph. This was probably due to shortening of the patellar ligament after
      prolonged immobilization in a cast, interstitial scarring of the patellar
      ligament, and new-bone formation in the area of insertion of the patellar
      ligament. There was no correlation between the postoperative height of the
      patella and the need for subsequent revision to a total knee replacement.

PMID- 2918010
TI  - Gangrene of the upper extremity in diabetic patients.
AB  - Twenty-two patients who had diabetes mellitus and had needed an amputation for
      gangrene in an upper extremity at an average age of fifty-one years were
      identified and followed. The five patients who were still living at the latest
      follow-up had been followed for an average of 50.6 months. The other seventeen
      patients survived for an average of only 20.6 months after the amputation. All of
      the patients were in poor health; eighteen had needed an amputation in a lower
      extremity, and sixteen received hemodialysis. The results of amputation in an
      upper extremity were unsatisfactory; the site of the initial amputation healed in
      only two of the twenty-two patients. In the remaining twenty patients, a total of
      sixty-three additional operations were performed on an upper extremity, and five
      of the twenty patients died before the wound had healed.

PMID- 2918011
TI  - Bonding behavior of a glass-ceramic containing apatite and wollastonite in
      segmental replacement of the rabbit tibia under load-bearing conditions.
AB  - Glass-ceramic implants containing apatite and wollastonite were studied under
      load-bearing conditions in a segmental replacement model in the tibia of the
      rabbit. Alumina-ceramic implants were used as a control. A sixteen-millimeter
      segment of the middle of the shaft of the tibia was resected at a point distal to
      the junction of the tibia and the fibula. The defect was replaced by a fifteen
      millimeter-long hollow, cylindrical implant that was fixed by intramedullary
      nailing using a Kirschner wire. Two groups of eight rabbits each (one group with
      a glass-ceramic implant and the other with an alumina implant) were killed twelve
      weeks after implantation. Two similar groups were killed twenty-five weeks after
      implantation. The segment of the tibia that contained the implant was excised and
      tension-tested. The load to failure of glass-ceramic implants containing apatite
      and wollastonite increased with time. The loads to failure of the glass-ceramic
      and alumina implants at twelve weeks after implantation were 19.8 +/- 7.06 and
      zero newtons, respectively. The loads to failure of glass-ceramic and alumina
      implants at twenty-five weeks after implantation were 126.4 +/- 32.54 and 19.6 +/
      13.92 newtons, respectively. No glass-ceramic implants broke. A calcium
      phosphorus layer at the interface of the glass-ceramic and the bone was observed
      by scanning electron microscopy and electron-probe microanalysis. There was no
      interposition of soft tissue between the glass-ceramic and the bone, as observed
      by Giemsa surface staining.

PMID- 2918012
TI  - Treatment of hemimelias of the lower extremity. Long-term results.
AB  - We used contemporary methods, including early surgical intervention (usually
      amputation) and prosthetic rehabilitation, to treat tibial or fibular hemimelia
      in thirty-three patients (forty-four limbs); twenty-four patients (twenty-nine
      limbs) had adequate follow-up, and their cases are reported here. After an
      average length of follow-up of sixteen years, all except two of the patients had
      an excellent or a good result. No patient had migration of the heel pad or a
      slough or infection of the skin, and only one patient needed a second operation.
      The Brown procedure was done on three limbs (two patients), but it always had to
      be supplemented by a corrective operation. We concluded that early surgical
      treatment and prosthetic rehabilitation yield an excellent result, not only for
      the short term but also for the long term.

PMID- 2918013
TI  - Congenital longitudinal deficiency of the tibia.
AB  - Fifty-seven patients (seventy-one limbs) who had congenital longitudinal
      deficiency of the tibia (tibial hemimelia) were retrospectively categorized
      according to radiographic type (Types 1 through 4, as described by Jones et al.).
      At an average follow-up of nine years, fifty-six of fifty-seven patients walked
      independently. An ablative surgical procedure was performed on sixty-one of the
      seventy-one lower extremities. According to the classification of Jones et al.,
      fifty-four limbs had a Type-1 (a or b) or Type-2 deficiency. In twenty-two of
      these extremities, disarticulation of the knee was performed; in twenty-five, a
      Syme amputation; and in one, a Chopart amputation. The ipsilateral foot was
      retained in six extremities that had a severe Type-1 or Type-2 deficiency. Medial
      transfer of the fibula (the Brown procedure) generally yielded less than
      satisfactory results; in ten of fourteen extremities, one or more additional
      operations were needed. Seventeen extremities were classified as having a Type-3
      or Type-4 deficiency; Syme amputation was done in nine and Chopart amputation, in
      four. Despite satisfactory reconstruction of the ankle, a Syme amputation was
      necessary in most extremities that had a Type-4 deficiency because a major leg
      length discrepancy was projected. In four limbs that had a Type-3 or Type-4
      deficiency, the foot was retained.

PMID- 2918014
TI  - Osteomalacia secondary to osteosarcoma. A case report.

PMID- 2918015
TI  - Rupture of the peroneus longus tendon. Report of three cases.

PMID- 2918016
TI  - Thoracic myelopathy caused by cervicothoracic diastematomyelia. A case report.

PMID- 2918017
TI  - Multiple ruptures of flexor tendons due to hypertrophic change at the distal
      radio-ulnar joint. A case report.

PMID- 2918018
TI  - Snapping syndrome caused by the semitendinosus tendon. A case report.

PMID- 2918020
TI  - Disorders of the sacro-iliac joint in children.

PMID- 2918019
TI  - Dihydroergotamine/heparin in the prevention of deep-vein thrombosis after total
      hip replacement.

PMID- 2918021
TI  - Management of displaced extension-type supracondylar fractures of the humerus in
      children.

PMID- 2918022
TI  - Low cytoplasmic pH inhibits endocytosis and transport from the trans-Golgi
      network to the cell surface.
AB  - A fibroblast mutant cell line lacking the Na+/H+ antiporter was used to study the
      influence of low cytoplasmic pH on membrane transport in the endocytic and
      exocytic pathways. After being loaded with protons, the mutant cells were
      acidified at pH 6.2 to 6.8 for 20 min while the parent cells regulated their pH
      within 1 min. Cytoplasmic acidification did not affect the level of intracellular
      ATP or the number of clathrin-coated pits at the cell surface. However, cytosolic
      acidification below pH 6.8 blocked the uptake of two fluid phase markers, Lucifer
      Yellow and horseradish peroxidase, as well as the internalization and the
      recycling of transferrin. When the cytoplasmic pH was reversed to physiological
      values, both fluid phase endocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis resumed
      with identical kinetics. Low cytoplasmic pH also inhibited the rate of
      intracellular transport from the Golgi complex to the plasma membrane. This was
      shown in cells infected by the temperature-sensitive mutant ts 045 of the
      vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) using as a marker of transport the mutated viral
      membrane glycoprotein (VSV-G protein). The VSV-G protein was accumulated in the
      trans-Golgi network (TGN) by an incubation at 19.5 degrees C and was transported
      to the cell surface upon shifting the temperature to 31 degrees C. This transport
      was arrested in acidified cells maintained at low cytosolic pH and resumed during
      the recovery phase of the cytosolic pH. Electron microscopy performed on epon and
      cryo-sections of mutant cells acidified below pH 6.8 showed that the VSV-G
      protein was present in the TGN. These results indicate that acidification of the
      cytosol to a pH less than 6.8 inhibits reversibly membrane transport in both
      endocytic and exocytic pathways. In all likelihood, the clathrin and nonclathrin
      coated vesicles that are involved in endo- and exocytosis cannot pinch off from
      the cell surface or from the TGN below this critical value of internal pH.

PMID- 2918023
TI  - Reassociation of microvillar core proteins: making a microvillar core in vitro.
AB  - Intestinal epithelia have a brush border membrane of numerous microvilli each
      comprised of a cross-linked core bundle of 15-20 actin filaments attached to the
      surrounding membrane by lateral cross-bridges; the cross-bridges are tilted with
      respect to the core bundle. Isolated microvillar cores contain actin (42 kD) and
      three other major proteins: fimbrin (68 kD), villin (95 kD), and the 110K
      calmodulin complex. The addition of ATP to detergent-treated isolated microvillar
      cores has previously been shown to result in loss of the lateral cross-bridges
      and a corresponding decrease in the amount of the 110-kD polypeptide and
      calmodulin associated with the core bundle. This provided the first evidence to
      suggest that these lateral cross-bridges to the membrane are comprised at least
      in part by a 110-kD polypeptide complexed with calmodulin. We now demonstrate
      that purified 110K-calmodulin complex can be readded to ATP-treated, stripped
      microvillar cores. The resulting bundles display the same helical and periodic
      arrangement of lateral bridges as is found in vivo. In reconstitution
      experiments, actin filaments incubated in EGTA with purified fimbrin and villin
      form smooth-sided bundles containing an apparently random number of filaments.
      Upon addition of 110K-calmodulin complex, the bundles, as viewed by electron
      microscopy of negatively stained images, display along their entire length
      helically arranged projections with the same 33-nm repeat of the lateral cross
      bridges found on microvilli in vivo; these bridges likewise tilt relative to the
      bundle. Thus, reconstitution of actin filaments with fimbrin, villin, and the
      110K-calmodulin complex results in structures remarkably similar to native
      microvillar cores. These data provide direct proof that the 110K-calmodulin is
      the cross-bridge protein and indicate that actin filaments bundled by fimbrin and
      villin are of uniform polarity and lie in register. The arrangement of the cross
      bridge arms on the bundle is determined by the structure of the core filaments as
      fixed by fimbrin and villin; a contribution from the membrane is not required.

PMID- 2918025
TI  - Isolation and characterization of protein kinase C from Y-1 adrenal cell
      cytoskeleton.
AB  - The cytoskeletons of Y-1 mouse adrenal tumor cells contain a calcium and
      phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C) that is bound
      sufficiently tight to resist extraction by 0.5% Triton but not by 1.0% Triton.
      The enzyme has been purified to near homogeneity from cytoskeleton and cytosol.
      It shows features typical of this type of kinase, namely a requirement for Ca2+
      and phospholipid, stimulation by tumor promoters but not by nontumor-promoting
      phorbol esters, and inhibition by trifluoperazine. The enzyme shows specificity
      for four substrates found in the cytoskeleton, namely 80, 33, 20, and 18 kD. The
      first three substrates are phosphorylated by the enzyme; the fourth is
      dephosphorylated and is therefore affected by the kinase indirectly. The 80-kD
      protein is the kinase enzyme itself which is autophosphorylated in vitro and in
      the cytoskeleton. The 20-kD protein is myosin light chain. The 33- and 18-kD
      proteins are unidentified. The same substrates were phosphorylated when Y-1 cells
      were permeabilized with digitonin and incubated with [gamma-32P]ATP and phorbol
      12-myristate-13-acetate. Partly purified protein kinase C changes the extent of
      phosphorylation of the same substrates when added to cytoskeletons previously
      extracted to remove endogenous protein kinase C. Addition of Ca2+,
      phosphatidylserine, and phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate to cytoskeletons, and
      addition of these three agents plus protein kinase C to extracted cytoskeletons,
      causes these structures to undergo a rapid and extensive rounding. A similar
      change is induced in intact cells by addition of phorbol ester. It is concluded
      that protein kinase C is capable of changing the shape of adrenal cells by an
      action that involves autophosphorylation and phosphorylation of myosin light
      chain. This response may in turn be related to the steroidogenic responses to
      ACTH and cyclic AMP.

PMID- 2918024
TI  - Distribution of fast myosin heavy chain isoforms in thick filaments of developing
      chicken pectoral muscle.
AB  - Colloidal gold-conjugated monoclonal antibodies were prepared to stage-specific
      fast myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms of developing chicken pectoralis major
      (PM). Native thick filaments from different stages of development were reacted
      with these antibodies and examined in the electron microscope to determine their
      myosin isoform composition. Filaments prepared from 12-d embryo, 10-d chick, and
      1-yr chicken muscle specifically reacted with the embryonic (EB165), neonatal
      (2E9), and adult (AB8) antimyosin gold-conjugated monoclonal antibodies,
      respectively. The myosin isoform composition was more complex in thick filaments
      from stages of pectoral muscle where more than one isoform was simultaneously
      expressed. In 19-d embryo muscle where both embryonic and neonatal isoforms were
      present, three classes of filaments were found. One class of filaments reacted
      only with the embryonic antibody, a second class reacted only with the neonatal
      specific antibody, and a third class of filaments were decorated by both
      antibodies. Similar results were obtained with filaments prepared from 44-d
      chicken PM where the neonatal and adult fast MHCs were expressed. These
      observations demonstrate that two myosin isoforms can exist in an individual
      thick filament in vivo. Immunoelectron microscopy was also used to determine the
      specific distribution of different fast MHC isoforms within individual filaments
      from different stages of development. The anti-embryonic and anti-adult
      antibodies uniformly decorated both homogeneous and heterogeneous thick
      filaments. The neonatal specific antibody uniformly decorated homogeneous
      filaments; however, it preferentially decorated the center of heterogeneous
      filaments. These observations suggest that neonatal MHC may play a specific role
      in fibrillogenesis.

PMID- 2918026
TI  - Cerebellar granule cells contain a membrane mitogen for cultured Schwann cells.
AB  - Proliferation of Schwann cells is one of the first events that occurs after
      contact with a growing axon. To further define the distribution and properties of
      this axonal mitogen, we have (a) cocultured cerebellar granule cells, which lack
      glial ensheathment in vivo with Schwann cells; and (b) exposed Schwann cell
      cultures to isolated granule cell membranes. Schwann cells cocultured with
      granule cells had a 30-fold increase in the labeling index over Schwann cells
      cultured alone, suggesting that the mitogen is located on the granule cell
      surface. Inhibition of granule cell proteoglycan synthesis caused a decrease in
      the granule cells' ability to stimulate Schwann cell proliferation. Membranes
      isolated from cerebellar granule cells when added to Schwann cell cultures caused
      a 45-fold stimulation in [3H]thymidine incorporation. The granule cell mitogenic
      signal was heat and trypsin sensitive and did not require lysosomal processing by
      Schwann cells to elicit its proliferative effect. The ability of granule cells
      and their isolated membranes to stimulate Schwann cell proliferation suggests
      that the mitogenic signal for Schwann cells is a ubiquitous factor present on all
      axons regardless of their ultimate state of glial ensheathment.

PMID- 2918028
TI  - Degradation rate of acetylcholine receptors inserted into denervated vertebrate
      neuromuscular junctions.
AB  - Many studies exist on the effect of denervation on the degradation of
      acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) at the vertebrate neuromuscular junction (nmj).
      These studies have described the behavior of either the total population of
      junctional receptors at different times after denervation, or of the receptors
      present at the time of denervation (referred to as original receptors). No
      experimental studies yet exist on the degradation rate of the receptors newly
      inserted into denervated junctions. In the previous studies, the original
      receptors of mouse sternomastoid muscles were found to retain the slow
      degradation (t 1/2) of approximately 8-10 d of innervated junctional receptors
      for up to 10 d after denervation before accelerating to a t 1/2 of approximately
      3 d. The total junctional receptors, on the other hand, showed a progressive
      increase in degradation rate from a t 1/2 of 8-10 d to a t 1/2 of 1 d. To
      reconcile these earlier observations, the present study examines the degradation
      of new receptors inserted into the nmj after denervation. To avoid possible
      contamination of the data with postdenervation extrajunctional receptors, we used
      transmission electron microscope autoradiography to study only receptors located
      at the postjunctional fold of the nmj. We established that the new receptors
      inserted into denervated junctions have a t 1/2 of approximately 1 d,
      considerably faster than that of the original receptors and equivalent to that of
      postdenervation extrajunctional receptors. Both original and new receptors are
      interspersed at the top of the junctional folds. Thus, until all the original
      receptors are degraded, the postjunctional membrane contains two populations of
      AChRs that maintain a total steady-state site density but degrade at different
      rates. The progressive increase in turnover rate of total AChRs therefore
      reflects the combined rates of the original and new receptors, as earlier
      postulated by Levitt and Salpeter (1981).

PMID- 2918027
TI  - Posttranslational membrane attachment and dynamic fatty acylation of a neuronal
      growth cone protein, GAP-43.
AB  - Growth cones, the motile apparatus at the ends of elongating axons, are sites of
      extensive and dynamic membrane-cytoskeletal interaction and insertion of new
      membrane into the growing axon. One of the most abundant proteins in growth cone
      membranes is a protein designated GAP-43, whose synthesis increases dramatically
      in most neurons during periods of axon development or regeneration. We have begun
      to explore the role of GAP-43 in growth cone membrane functions by asking how the
      protein interacts with those membranes. Membrane-washing experiments indicate
      that mature GAP-43 is tightly bound to growth cone membranes, and partitioning of
      Triton X-114-solubilized GAP-43 between detergent-enriched and detergent-depleted
      phases indicates considerable hydrophobicity. The hydrophobic behavior of the
      protein is modulated by divalent cations, particularly zinc and calcium. In vivo
      labeling of GAP-43 in neonatal rat brain with [35S]methionine shows that GAP-43
      is initially synthesized as a soluble protein that becomes attached to membranes
      posttranslationally. In tissue culture, both rat cerebral cortex cells and neuron
      like PC12 cells actively incorporate [3H]palmitic acid into GAP-43. Isolated
      growth cones detached from their cell bodies also incorporate labeled fatty acid
      into GAP-43, suggesting active turnover of the fatty acid moieties on the mature
      protein. Hydrolysis of ester-like bonds with neutral hydroxylamine removes the
      bound fatty acid and exposes new thiol groups on GAP-43, suggesting that fatty
      acid is attached to the protein's only two cysteine residues, located in a short
      hydrophobic domain at the amino terminus. Modulation of the protein's hydrophobic
      behavior by divalent cations suggests that other domains, containing large
      numbers of negatively charged residues, might also contribute to GAP-43-membrane
      interactions. Our observations suggest a dynamic and reversible interaction of
      GAP-43 with growth cone membranes.

PMID- 2918029
TI  - Complete thrombospondin mRNA sequence includes potential regulatory sites in the
      3' untranslated region.
AB  - The nucleotide sequence of human thrombospondin (TS) mRNA has been determined
      from human fibroblast and endothelial cDNAs. The sequence of 5802 bp begins 110
      bp upstream from the initiator codon and includes the entire 3' untranslated
      region (UTR) of the mRNA. The coding region (3510 bp) specifies a protein of 1170
      amino acids with all of the known features of the TS subunit (Frazier, W. A.
      1987. J. Cell Biol. 105:625-632). The long 3' UTR of 2166 nucleotides is
      extremely A/T-rich, particularly in the latter half. It contains 37 TATT or
      ATTT(A) sequences that have been suggested as mediators of the stability of mRNAs
      for cytokines, lymphokines, and oncogenes (Shaw, G., and R. Kamen. 1986. Cell.
      46:659-667). Another unusual feature of the 3' UTR of TS mRNA is a stretch of 42
      nucleotides of which 40 are thymidines (uridine in the mRNA) including an
      uninterrupted sequence of 26 thymidines. This region is flanked by two sets of
      direct repeats suggesting that it may be an insertion element of
      retrotranscriptional origin. Comparison of the 3' untranslated region of TS mRNA
      with the GenBank data base indicates the greatest degree of similarity with an
      alpha-interferon gene which contains a number of the TATT/ATTT consensus sites.
      The degree of similarity between the TS and interferon sequences is the same in
      regions of the interferon gene corresponding to its coding and noncoding regions
      suggesting that most of the TS 3' UTR may be derived from an interferon gene or
      pseudogene. The features of the TS mRNA 3' UTR provide a potential explanation
      for the rapid regulation of TS message observed in cultured cells in response to
      PDGF and suggest that TS is a member of a group of proteins which are intimately
      involved in the control of cell growth and differentiation.

PMID- 2918030
TI  - Selective release from cultured mammalian cells of heat-shock (stress) proteins
      that resemble glia-axon transfer proteins.
AB  - Cultured rat embryo cells were stimulated to rapidly release a small group of
      proteins that included several heat-shock proteins (hsp110, hsp71, hscp73) and
      nonmuscle actin. The extracellular proteins were analyzed by two-dimensional
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Heat-shocked cells released the same set of
      proteins as control cells with the addition of the stress-inducible hsp110 and
      hsp71. Release of these proteins was not blocked by either monensin or
      colchicine, inhibitors of the common secretory pathway. A small amount of the
      glucose-regulated protein grp78 was externalized by this pathway. The
      extracellular accumulation of these proteins was inhibited after they were
      synthesized in the presence of the lysine analogue aminoethyl cysteine. It is
      likely that the analogue-substituted proteins were misfolded and could not be
      released from cells, supporting our conclusion that a selective release mechanism
      is involved. Remarkably, actin and the squid heat-shock proteins homologous to
      rat hsp71 and hsp110 are also among a select group of proteins transferred from
      glial cells to the squid giant axon, where they have been implicated in neuronal
      stress responses (Tytell et al.: Brain Res., 363:161-164, 1986). Based in part on
      the similarities between these two sets of proteins, we hypothesized that these
      proteins were released from labile cortical regions of animal cells in response
      to perturbations of homeostasis in cells as evolutionarily distinct as cultured
      rat embryo cells and squid glial cells.

PMID- 2918031
TI  - Kinetic characteristics and regulation of hexose transport in a galactokinase
      negative Chinese hamster fibroblast cell line: a good model for studies on sugar
      transport in cultured mammalian cells.
AB  - We report the kinetic characteristics for D-galactose, 2-deoxy-D-glucose and 3-O
      methyl-D-glucose transport in a galactokinase null-allele mutant of a Chinese
      hamster V79 cell line. GalKl cells exhibited a Km and Vmax for D-galactose, 2
      deoxy-D-glucose, and 3-O-methyl-D-glucose transport of 8.6 +/- 2.6 mM and 26.1 +/
      7.2 nmol/mg p/min, 4.1 +/- 1.2 mM and 40.3 +/- 9.5 nmol/mg p/min, and 7.01 +/-
      .85 mM and 11.6 +/- 4.8 nmol/mg p/30 s, respectively. Nonsaturable hexose uptake
      was determined using cytochalasin B inhibition of galactose uptake (89.6 +/- 3.7%
      of galactose uptake was cytochalasin B inhibitable) and L-glucose uptake (7.5% of
      the galactose uptake). D-Galactose was not metabolized and effluxed rapidly from
      preloaded cells. The Kls for the inhibition of D-galactose transport were 4.5 +/-
      2.5 mM for D-glucose, 7.0 +/- 2.0 mM for 2-deoxy-D-glucose, 6 mM for 2-deoxy-D
      galactose and 6.0 +/- 0.6 mM for 3-O-methyl-D-glucose. This indicates the
      operation of a single common carrier. The hexose transport rate decreased 50-60%
      after 24 h serum deprivation. Addition of insulin was shown to increase hexose
      transport (more than twofold) in serum-deprived cells. Hexose transport rates
      increased substantially in glucose-deprived, D-fructose- or D-galactose-fed cells
      as compared to glucose-fed cells. Since GalKl does not metabolize galactose, the
      hexose transport increases induced by feeding cells galactose suggest that
      carrier interaction with ligand is not a significant factor in transport
      regulation in GalKl. The kinetic and regulatory characteristics of D-galactose
      transport in the GalKl cell line indicate that this system is a good model to
      study sugar transport from a mechanistic and regulatory point of view.

PMID- 2918032
TI  - Regulation of skeletal muscle satellite cell proliferation and differentiation by
      transforming growth factor-beta, insulin-like growth factor I, and fibroblast
      growth factor.
AB  - Skeletal muscle satellite cells were cultured from mature rats and were treated
      in vitro with various combinations of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta,
      fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). In
      serum-free defined medium the following observations were made: TGF-beta
      depressed proliferation and inhibited differentiation; FGF stimulated
      proliferation and depressed differentiation; IGF-I stimulated proliferation to a
      small degree but demonstrated a more pronounced stimulation of differentiation.
      In evaluating combinations of these three factors, the differentiation inhibiting
      effect of TGF-beta could not be counteracted by any combination of IGF-I or FGF.
      The proliferation-depressing activity of TGF-beta, however, could not inhibit the
      mitogenic activity of FGF. Maximum stimulation of proliferation was observed in
      the presence of both FGF and IGF-I. The highest percentage fusion was also
      observed under these conditions, but differentiation with minimal proliferation
      resulted from treatment with IGF-I, alone. By altering the concentrations of TGF
      beta, FGF, and IGF-I, satellite cells can be induced to proliferate,
      differentiate, or to remain quiescent.

PMID- 2918033
TI  - Evidence for a major route for zinc uptake in human red blood cells:
      [Zn(HCO3)2Cl]- influx through the [Cl-/HCO3-] anion exchanger.
AB  - The initial rate of Zn2+ uptake in human red cells was measured by atomic
      absorption. A very important fraction of Zn2+ uptake was inhibited by DIDS with
      IC50 = 0.3 microM (and by furosemide and bumetanide with IC50 of 200 and 500
      microM, respectively). DIDS-sensitive Zn2+ uptake exhibited the following
      properties: 1) It required the simultaneous presence of both external HCO3- and
      Cl-. 2) In Cl- containing media, it was strongly stimulated by external HCO3-
      following a sigmoidal (S-shaped) and saturable function, which was fitted by a
      Hanes equation, with n = 2 and an apparent dissociation constant (for external
      HCO3-) of 5.3 +/- 0.9 mM (mean +/- SD of four experiments). The maximal rate of
      Zn2+ uptake at saturating HCO3- concentrations was 50.7 +/- 4.8 mmol (liter cells
      x h)-1. 3) In HCO3- containing media, it was strongly stimulated by external Cl-
      following a Michaelis-like equation with an apparent dissociation constant (for
      external Cl-) of 88 +/- 11 mM (mean +/- SD of three experiments). 4) Bicarbonate
      stimulated Zn2+ uptake was inhibited by physiological concentrations of phosphate
      (sulfate was a much less potent inhibitor than phosphate). A kinetic analysis of
      the data strongly suggested that zinc was transported by the anion carrier in the
      form of the monovalent anion complex: [Zn(HCO3)2Cl]-.

PMID- 2918034
TI  - Stimulation of cartilage-matrix proteoglycan synthesis by morphologically
      transformed chondrocytes grown in the presence of fibroblast growth factor and
      transforming growth factor-beta.
AB  - The effects of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) on the synthesis of
      cartilage-matrix proteoglycan by cultured rabbit chondrocytes were examined.
      Rabbit chondrocytes were seeded at low density and exposed to a 1:1 mixture of
      Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium and Ham's F-12 medium supplemented with 0.5%
      fetal bovine serum, 1% bovine serum albumin, 50 micrograms/ml ascorbic acid, and
      2 x 10(-7) M hydrocortisone (Medium A). Various combinations of TGF-beta, insulin
      like growth factor-I (IGF-I), and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) were also added
      to Medium A, and the chondrocytes were grown to confluency. Chondrocytes grown
      with TGF-beta or FGF alone became flat or fibroblastic, those grown with FGF and
      TGF-beta became very elongated and formed distinct foci, and those grown with FGF
      and IGF-I showed the spherical configuration characteristic of overtly
      differentiated chondrocytes. Nevertheless, the incorporation of 3H with
      glucosamine into the large, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan synthesized by
      cultures with FGF and TGF-beta was similar to that in cells grown with FGF and
      IGF-I and five times that in cells cultured with FGF alone. The increases in
      incorporation of 3H reflected real increases in proteoglycan synthesis, because
      chemical analyses showed an increase in the accumulation of macromolecules
      containing uronic acid in cultures with FGF and TGF-beta or with FGF and IGF-I.
      However, FGF in combination with either TGF-beta or IGF-I had little effect on
      the incorporation of 3H into small proteoglycans or hyaluronic acid. These
      results indicate that chondrocytes morphologically transformed with TGF-beta and
      FGF fully express the differentiated proteoglycan phenotype rather than the
      transformed glycosaminoglycan phenotype.

PMID- 2918035
TI  - Regulation of hexose transport in rat myoblasts during growth and
      differentiation.
AB  - We report here the effects of growth conditions and myogenic differentiation on
      rat myoblast hexose transport activities. We have previously shown that in
      undifferentiated myoblasts the preferred substrates for the high (HAHT)- and low
      (LAHT)-affinity hexose transport systems are 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) and 3-O-methyl
      D-glucose (3-OMG), respectively. The present study shows that at cell density
      higher than 4.4 x 10(4) cells/cm2, the activities of both transport processes
      decrease with increasing cell densities of the undifferentiated myoblasts. Since
      the transport affinities are not altered, the observed decrease is compatible
      with the notion that the number of functional hexose transporters may be
      decreased in the plasma membrane. Myogenic differentiation is found to alter the
      2-DG, but not the 3-OMG, transport affinity. The Km values of 2-DG uptake are
      elevated upon the onset of fusion and are directly proportional to the extent of
      fusion. This relationship between myogenesis and hexose transport is further
      explored by using cultures impaired in myogenesis. Treatment of cells with 5
      bromo-2'-deoxyuridine abolishes not only myogenesis but also the myogenesis
      induced change in 2-DG transport affinity. Similarly, alteration in 2-DG
      transport affinity cannot be observed in a myogenesis-defective mutant, D1.
      However, under myogenesis-permissive condition, the myogenesis of this mutant is
      also accompanied by changes in its 2-DG transport affinity. The myotube 2-DG
      transport system also differs from its myoblast counterpart in its response to
      sulfhydryl reagents and in its turnover rate. It may be surmised from the above
      observations that myogenesis results in the alteration of the turnover rate or in
      the modification of the 2-DG transport system. Although glucose starvation has no
      effect on myogenesis, it is found to alter the substrate specificity and
      transport capacity of HAHT. In conclusion, the present study shows that hexose
      transport in rat myoblasts is very sensitive to the growth conditions and the
      stages of differentiation of the cultures. This may explain why different hexose
      transport properties have been observed with myoblasts grown under different
      conditions.

PMID- 2918036
TI  - Effect of retinoic acid on the phosphorylation of endogenous proteins in HL-60
      cells.
AB  - HL-60 cells were incubated with [32P]-Pi in order to label endogenous
      phosphoproteins in situ. These were then resolved via two-dimensional
      electrophoresis and autoradiograms were made from the gels. A comparison of
      autoradiograms made from retinoic-acid-differentiated cells with those made from
      control cells revealed a small number of phosphoproteins whose labeling was
      enhanced in differentiated cells. Incubating HL-60 cells with [35S]-methionine
      revealed that RA induced the synthesis of one of these proteins, (53 kDa, pl 4.8)
      although not to a degree sufficient to account for the increased phosphate
      labeling observed in differentiated cells. Difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), which
      arrests HL-60 cell proliferation without inducing differentiation, had no effect
      on endogenous protein phosphorylation. Treatment of DFMO-arrested cells with
      retinoic acid, however, increased the phosphorylation of the proteins and
      resulted in differentiation of the cells. Densitometric analysis of
      autoradiograms made from two-dimensional gels revealed that the phosphorylation
      of the 53-kDa, pl 4.8 protein was significantly elevated in cells exposed to RA
      for as little as 12 hours, i.e., before the cells were committed to differentiate
      and before a significant increase in the number of phenotypically mature cells
      was observed. It therefore appears that this protein may be an intermediate in
      the retinoic-acid-induced differentiation process.

PMID- 2918037
TI  - Analysis of the multiple 5' and 3' termini of poly(A)+ and poly(A)-deficient
      thymidylate synthase mRNA in growth-stimulated mouse fibroblasts.
AB  - Thymidylate synthase (TS) mRNA content increases about 20-fold when growth
      stimulated mouse cells progress from the G0/G1 phase into the S phase of the cell
      cycle. Previous studies, using a cell line in which the TS gene is amplified (LU3
      7), indicated that transcriptional initiation as well as polyadenylation of the
      mRNA occur at several locations in unsynchronized cells. In the present study, we
      have used S1 nuclease protection assays to analyze the possible significance of
      the multiple transcriptional initiation and polyadenylation sites. We found that
      the same pattern of 5' and 3' termini were detected with RNA isolated from the
      overproducing cells as with RNA isolated from the parental mouse 3T6 cell line,
      demonstrating that the heterogeneous termini are not a consequence of gene
      amplification. There was no change in the pattern of 5' or 3' termini with either
      cell line during the progression from G1 phase through S phase in serum
      stimulated cells. Therefore, the increase in TS mRNA content is not the result of
      differential utilization of the various transcriptional initiation or
      polyadenylation sites. Analyses of poly(A)- deficient cytoplasmic TS RNA showed
      that the 5' termini were the same as those found in poly(A) + mRNA. However, the
      3' termini were extremely heterogeneous in length. Although some of the poly(A)-
      deficient RNA extended beyond the normal site of polyadenylation, most of it was
      shorter than full-length TS mRNA.

PMID- 2918038
TI  - Differences of Ca2+ regulation in skin fibroblasts from blacks and whites.
AB  - Black people have a higher propensity than caucasians toward essential
      hypertension. To explore the possibility that this racial difference relates to
      cellular Ca2+ metabolism, we measured 45Ca2+ washout and uptake and cytosolic
      free concentration of Ca2+ [Ca2+]i in serially passed skin fibroblasts from
      normotensive black and white males. Depending on the experimental conditions,
      45Ca2+ washout in these cells was described by either two or three exponential
      functions, whereas 45Ca2+ uptake was described only by a two-exponent function.
      There were no racial differences in 45Ca2+ uptake and washout of unstimulated
      fibroblasts. However, stimulation by human serum resulted in an increase in the
      45Ca2+ washout that was higher in fibroblasts from blacks than from whites. The
      racial differences were expressed primarily by higher values of the apparent
      washout rate constant (k1) of 45Ca2+ from the largest and most rapidly
      exchangeable cellular pool. The effect of human serum was not related to its
      origin (blacks vs. whites). In 2 mM Ca2+ medium and 10% serum from blacks, the
      respective k1 (mean +/- SEM; x 10(-2)/min) values for fibroblasts from blacks and
      whites were 89.68 +/- 5.23 and 73.29 +/- 4.0; in the presence of 10% serum from
      whites, the k1 values for cells from blacks and whites were 84.14 +/- 2.80 and
      76.36 +/- 3.23 (overall significance of P less than .01). In Ca2+-deficient
      medium in the presence of 10% human serum, the k1 for fibroblasts from blacks and
      whites were 115.57 +/- 3.76 and 102.15 +/- 3.30 (P less than .05). Serum
      substantially increased the 45Ca2+ uptake in fibroblasts from both blacks and
      whites; however, racial differences were not observed. Basal levels of [Ca2+]i
      were not different in fibroblasts of blacks vs. whites (46.8 +/- 6.8 and 43.2 +/-
      7.1 nM for blacks and whites, respectively). However, the peak response of Cai2+
      transients for cell stimulated by 5% human serum was significantly higher in
      blacks than whites (blacks = 963 +/- 213, whites = 481 +/- 162 nM; P = .0286). We
      conclude that Ca2+ regulation is different in serum-stimulated fibroblasts from
      blacks and whites and that, at least in part, this difference may relate to a
      greater agonist-induced mobilization of Ca2+ in fibroblasts from blacks.

PMID- 2918039
TI  - Ionic dependence of the extracellular ATP-induced permeabilization of transformed
      mouse fibroblasts: role of plasma membrane activities that regulate cell volume.
AB  - Extracellular ATP rendered the plasma membrane of transformed mouse fibroblasts
      permeable to normally impermeant molecules. This permeability change was
      prevented by increasing the ionic strength of the isotonic medium with NaCl.
      Conversely, the cells exhibited increased sensitivity to ATP when the NaCl
      concentration was decreased below isotonicity, when the KCl concentration was
      increased above 5 mM while maintaining isotonicity, and when the pH of the medium
      was raised above 7.0. These conditions as well as the addition of ATP itself
      caused cell swelling. However, the effect of ATP was independent of cell volume
      and dependent upon the ionic strength and not the osmolarity of the medium since
      1) addition of sucrose to isotonic medium did not prevent permeabilization
      although media made hypertonic with either sucrose or NaCl caused a decrease in
      cell volume; and 2) addition of sucrose or NaCl to hypotonic media caused a
      decrease in cell volume, but only NaCl addition decreased the response to ATP.
      Conditions that have been shown to inhibit plasma membrane proteins that play a
      reciprocal role in cell volume regulation had reciprocal effects on the
      permeabilization process, even though the effect of ATP was independent of cell
      volume. For example, inhibition of the Na+,K+-ATPase by ouabain increased
      sensitivity of cells to ATP while conditions which inhibit Na+,K+,Cl- 
      cotransporter activity, such as treatment of the cells with the diuretics
      furosemide or bumetanide or replacement of sodium chloride in the medium with
      sodium nitrate or thiocyanate, inhibited permeabilization. The furosemide
      concentration that inhibited permeabilization was greater than the concentration
      that inhibited Na+,K+,Cl- -cotransporter-mediated 86Rb+ (K+) uptake, suggesting
      that the effect of furosemide on the permeabilization process may not be specific
      for the Na+,K+,Cl- -cotransporter.

PMID- 2918040
TI  - Regrowth kinetics of cells from different regions of multicellular spheroids of
      four cell lines.
AB  - A basic understanding of the recruitment of quiescent tumor cells into the cell
      cycle would be an important contribution to tumor biology and therapy. As a first
      step in pursuing this goal, we have investigated the regrowth kinetics of cells
      from different regions in multicellular spheroids of rodent and human origin.
      Cells were isolated from four different depths within the spheroids using a
      selective dissociation technique. The outer cells were proliferating and resumed
      growth after replating with a 0-8-hour lag period, similar to cells from
      exponentially growing monolayers. With increasing depth of origin, the lag
      periods prior to regrowth increased to 2-3 times the monolayer doubling time;
      cells from plateau-phase monolayers showed a lag period of 1-1.5 times the
      doubling period. After resuming growth, all cells of a given cell line grew with
      the same doubling time and achieved the same confluency level. The inner spheroid
      cells and cells from plateau-phase monolayers had reduced clonogenic
      efficiencies. The inner cells were initially 1.5-3 times smaller than the outer
      cells, but began to increase in volume within 4 hours of replating. The fractions
      of S-phase cells were greatly decreased with increasing depth of origin in the
      spheroids; there were long delays prior to S-phase recovery after plating, to a
      maximum of 1-1.5 times the normal doubling time. These results suggest that those
      quiescent cells from spheroids and monolayers which are able to reenter the cell
      cycle are predominantly in the G1-phase. However, quiescent cells from the
      innermost spheroid region require approximately twice as long to enter normal
      cell cycle traverse as cells from plateau-phase monolayers. The selective
      dissociation method can isolate very pure populations of proliferating and
      quiescent cells in a rapid and nonperturbing manner; this system will be valuable
      in further characterizing quiescent cells from spheroids.

PMID- 2918041
TI  - Identification of a 15,000-molecular-weight form of immunoreactive transforming
      growth factor alpha in extracts of porcine pituitary.
AB  - Two different mitogenic activities were identified from extracts of porcine
      pituitary by using COMMA-D mouse mammary epithelial cells in a serum-free 3H
      thymidine incorporation assay. Porcine pituitaries were extracted in phosphate
      buffered saline (pH 7.4) and 25-80% (NH4)2SO4 pellets were dialyzed and
      chromatographed by using DEAE-Sepharose chromatography (pH 8.0), resulting in two
      peaks (I and II) of mitogenic activity. Peak I represented a recovery of 73% of
      the units of mitogenic activity present in crude extract of pituitary while only
      1.25% of the activity was recovered in peak II. Peak I was further purified by
      using CM-Sephadex and heparin-Sepharose chromatographies and yielded a mitogen
      that was able to elicit one-half-maximal stimulation of 3H-thymidine
      incorporation by COMMA-D cells at 48 pg/ml. As expected with pituitary as the
      tissue source, peak I was confirmed to be basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)
      by using specific antibodies in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western
      immunoblotting procedures. Peak II was further purified by using chromatofocusing
      (pH 7.3-5.0), reverse-phase, and cation-exchange HPLCs. The mitogenic activity
      eluted at pH 6.3 from chromatofocusing, migrated as a 13-kDa molecule on gel
      filtration HPLC, and did not bind to heparin-Sepharose under conditions which
      bound fibroblast growth factors. The material purified from peak II and rat
      synthetic transforming growth factor alpha (TGF alpha) competed in a parallel
      fashion with 125I-epidermal growth factor for receptor binding with A431 human
      epidermal carcinoma cells. In addition, the mitogen purified from peak II showed
      a single immunoreactive band migrating at 15 kDa when specific antiserum against
      TGF alpha was used in a Western immunoblotting procedure. The data suggest that
      in addition to the well-documented presence of bFGF, normal adult porcine
      pituitaries contain a 15-kDa form of immunoreactive TGF alpha that binds to EGF
      receptors and is mitogenic for mammary epithelial cells.

PMID- 2918042
TI  - Characterization of polyclonal antibodies that distinguish acidic and basic
      fibroblast growth factors by using western immunoblotting and enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assays.
AB  - Rabbit polyclonal antibodies were raised against ovalbumin conjugates of purified
      bovine brain acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) and a synthetic peptide
      containing the N alpha-terminal 1-24 amino acid sequence of bovine basic
      fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). These antibodies were used to specifically
      detect 1-ng quantities of aFGF and bFGF by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent
      assay (ELISA) and Western immunoblot procedures. Antibodies raised against aFGF
      recognized bovine brain aFGF and bovine recombinant aFGF but very poorly
      recognized recombinant bFGF or purified porcine or bovine pituitary bFGF with
      ELISA and Western immunoblot procedures. Antibodies raised against bFGF (1-24)
      recognized purified bovine, porcine, and recombinant human bFGF but only very
      poorly recognized aFGF with ELISA and Western immunoblot procedures. In vitro
      addition of anti-bFGF antibodies was able to partially neutralize bFGF-stimulated
      3H-thymidine incorporation by COMMA-D mouse mammary epithelial cells while having
      no effect on aFGF or epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulation. In vitro addition
      of anti-aFGF antibodies had no effect on bFGF- or EGF-stimulated 3H-thymidine
      incorporation, but surprisingly, had a potentiating effect on aFGF stimulation.
      Antibodies against aFGF immobilized on protein A-Sepharose were able to
      specifically and completely remove mitogenic activity from solutions containing
      aFGF but had no effect on removal of mitogenic activity from control solutions
      containing bFGF or EGF. Similarly, immobilized anti-bFGF antibodies completely
      removed mitogenic activity from solutions of bFGF, but not aFGF or EGF controls.
      These antibodies have been useful for the identification and characterization of
      growth factors from tissue and recombinant sources.

PMID- 2918043
TI  - A mammary-derived growth inhibitor (MDGI) related 70 kDa antigen identified in
      nuclei of mammary epithelial cells.
AB  - The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression of the mammary
      derived growth inhibitor (MDGI) and the subcellular localization of MDGI-related
      antigens in bovine mammary glands. Cell-free translation of poly(A+) = RNA,
      immunoprecipitation with rabbit anti-MDGI-antibodies, and estimation of the
      relative contents of MDGI by a radioimmunoassay in mammary tissue of different
      functional states revealed that the 13 kDa MDGI was dramatically increased in
      terminally differentiated mammary tissue compared with the proliferating tissue
      from pregnant animals. To address the question of tissue localization, polyclonal
      anti-MDGI antibodies and antibodies directed against a synthetic peptide
      corresponding to residues 69 to 78 of MDGI were used. Western blotting of tissue
      fractions revealed the cytosolic and microsomal localization of MDGI.
      Additionally, both types of antibodies detected a 70-kDa antigen in the nuclear
      fraction of differentiated mammary glands. Salt extraction and DNase I digestion
      of isolated nuclei, as well as chromatin purification, indicated an association
      of the 70-kDa antigen with the chromatin. By means of the immunogold technique,
      MDGI-related antigens were localized within euchromatic nuclear regions of
      epithelial cells in the intact differentiated mammary gland. The immunostaining
      was markedly diminished in the proliferating tissue. This finding raises the
      possibility that MDGI and the 70-kDa antigen influence cell proliferation by
      acting on gene expression within the nuclei of mammary glands.

PMID- 2918045
TI  - Metabolism of small RNAs in cultured human cells.
AB  - There are gaps in what is known about the metabolism of some mammalian small RNA
      species. Our present observations can be summarized as follows. The level of
      radiolabeled mature U1 RNA doubled between 2 and 24 hr of label chase, while that
      of all other small RNA species tested did not change. These results are
      compatible with the possibility that the nucleotide precursor pool for U1 RNA
      transcription may be partly segregated, or that there may be a second pathway of
      U1 RNA formation. Precursors of nucleolar U3 RNA were detected whose
      electrophoretic mobilities are equivalent to those of transcripts approximately
      14 and approximately 8 nucleotides longer than the mature species, and which are
      apparently cytoplasmic. The ladder of U2 RNA precursors showed a gap, suggesting
      that some of the cleavages during U2 RNA processing are endonucleolytic. We
      detected an apparent U5 RNA precursor whose electrophoretic mobility is
      equivalent to that of a species approximately 1 nucleotide longer than mature U5
      RNA. There was a predominant band in the middle of the ladder of U4 RNA
      precursors (apparently approximately 3 nucleotides longer than mature U4 RNA)
      which suggests that U4 RNA maturation may pause briefly at that intermediate.
      There are apparently two additional species of mature hY3 RNA, which are less
      abundant and are about 1 and 2 bases longer than the major hY3 RNA species. An
      apparent hY3 RNA precursor was detected, which may be approximately 2-3
      nucleotides longer than the main mature hY3 RNA species.

PMID- 2918044
TI  - Heparin interactions with cultured human vascular endothelial and smooth muscle
      cells: incidence on vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation.
AB  - The binding, internalization, and metabolism of [3H]-heparin by human umbilical
      vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and human umbilical arterial smooth muscle cells
      (HUASMC) have been characterized using size-exclusion HPLC. Incubation of HUVEC
      with [3H]-heparin demonstrated selective binding of high-molecular-weight (MW)
      components (MW = 21 kd), which was followed by rapid, temperature-dependent
      internalization. Over the next 3 hours, this internalized [3H]-heparin was
      degraded to low-MW fragments (MW = 0.9 kd). Primary cultures of HUASMC
      selectively bound extremely high-MW components (MW = 40 kd) and also smaller
      components whose MW (0.9 kd) corresponded to that of the heparin metabolite(s)
      formed by HUVEC. Subcultured HUASMC bound only the 40-kd components.
      Internalization of heparin by smooth muscle cells (SMC) was significantly slower
      than that determined for HUVEC, and even after 4 hours there was no evidence of
      the heparin being metabolized. However, when incubating primary rabbit aortic SMC
      with purified low-MW heparin fragment(s) produced in culture by HUVEC, a
      significantly lower proliferative response of these cells (IC50 = 18.4
      micrograms/ml) was obtained. Virtually no effect was observed with subcultured
      SMC in the range of the tested concentrations (0-20 micrograms/ml). These
      fragments were 10- to 15-fold more effective in inhibiting primary SMC growth
      than was standard heparin. Furthermore, heparin fractions in the same range of
      molecular weights, purified either after nitrous acid or heparinase
      depolymerization of standard heparin, showed no activity on primary SMC growth,
      thus indicating a high degree of selectivity of the heparin metabolite(s)
      produced by HUVEC in culture.

PMID- 2918046
TI  - Distribution of RU 486 and its demethylated metabolites in humans.
AB  - The concentrations of RU 486 and its demethylated metabolites were determined by
      RIA in samples of myometrium, abdominal adipose tissue, and serum, which were
      collected at hysterectomies performed 12-15 h after oral administration of 200 mg
      RU 486. The RU 486 concentrations in myometrium were similar in the five women
      studied, with a mean of 148 +/- 58 (+/- SD) ng/g (344 +/- 135 pmol/g). The
      adipose tissue RU 486 levels varied more, the mean concentration being 447 +/-
      191 ng/g (1041 +/- 445 pmol/g). The serum RU 486 concentrations ranged from 175
      899 ng/ml [mean, 396 +/- 259 ng/mL (922 +/- 603 nmol/L)]. In these women the
      nonprotein-bound fraction of [6,7-3H]RU 486 varied from 1.4-3.1% (mean, 2.3%).
      The approximate concentrations of the combined mono- and didemethylated
      metabolites of RU 486 were 1.4, 3.1, and 5.2 times higher in adipose tissue,
      myometrial tissue, and serum, respectively, than those of the parent RU 486. In
      vitro, rapid and nonsaturable accumulation of [6,7-3H]RU 486 from phosphate
      buffer into adipose tissue was inhibited by the addition of alpha 1-acid
      glycoprotein, the specific serum transport protein for RU 486, to the buffer
      medium. Accumulation of [6,7-3H]RU 486 in myometrial specimens was poor. The
      enterohepatic cycling of RU 486 was assessed in four normal subjects by
      repetitive intake of charcoal subsequent to ingestion of 200 mg RU 486. Compared
      to other normal subjects, the serum levels and areas under the concentration
      curves were lower and t1/2 values shorter in the group given charcoal, suggesting
      that in vivo RU 486 may be partly pooled in the enterohepatic cycle. Our studies
      suggest that despite the low volume of distribution and the effective serum
      binding of RU 486, the myometrial and adipose tissue concentrations of RU 486 and
      its metabolites were similar (approximately 10(-9)-10(-10) mol/g) after oral
      intake of RU 486.

PMID- 2918047
TI  - Immunoreactive beta-casomorphin-8 in cerebrospinal fluid from pregnant and
      lactating women: correlation with plasma levels.
AB  - We measured plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) beta-casomorphin-8, a product of
      beta-casein hydrolysis which has opioid activity, by RIA in women during late
      pregnancy and lactation and in nonpregnant nonpuerperal women. Before RIA, the
      samples were acidified and extracted by reverse phase silica gel chromatography,
      which removed most of the beta-casein. Lactating women had a significantly higher
      mean plasma beta-casomorphin-8 concentration (2.66 nmol/L; n = 8) than women in
      late pregnancy (0.82 nmol/L; n = 8) and nonpregnant women (0.32 nmol/L; n = 5).
      The CSF beta-casomorphin-8 concentration also was significantly higher in
      lactating women (mean, 0.35 nmol/L; n = 8) than during late pregnancy (0.22
      nmol/L; n = 8) or in nonpregnant women (0.15 nmol/L; n = 5). A positive
      correlation was found between plasma and CSF beta-casomorphin-8 levels in the
      entire study group. The milk beta-casomorphin-8 concentration, measured in five
      puerperal women, averaged 19.8 nmol/L. Thus, there is a decreasing concentration
      gradient between milk and plasma and between plasma and CSF. Chromatographic
      analysis revealed mol wt heterogeneity of the RIA-active material. In CSF at
      least three different components were detected, two of mol wt around 900-2,000
      and one of approximately 12,000. One of the low mol wt components coeluted in
      several chromatographic systems with synthetic beta-casomorphin-8 (mol wt, 900).
      Such a component was not found in milk or plasma, in which the major activity was
      due to larger sized peptides. The major peaks in milk were around 1,500-2,000 and
      12,000 mol wt, corresponding to the larger peaks in CSF. The results suggest that
      fragments of the milk protein beta-casein may cross the breast parenchyma-blood
      barrier into plasma and subsequently penetrate the blood-brain barrier to reach
      the central nervous system. Thus, mammary tissue may assume endocrine function
      during galactopoiesis, and beta-casein could be considered a prohormone.

PMID- 2918048
TI  - Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of neurotensin in man.
AB  - We studied the pharmacokinetics, arteriovenous extraction, and degradation sites
      of neurotensin (NT) in man during iv infusions of synthetic intact NT [NT-(1-13)]
      and the NH2-terminal metabolite NT-(1-8) during lipid ingestion and by
      catheterization of various vascular beds in normal subjects and patients with
      hepatic disease. NT-like immunoreactivities in plasma were quantitated using 2
      sequence-specific RIAs and gel filtration chromatography. During iv infusion of
      NT-(1-13) in 6 normal subjects, the median t1/2 was 1.7 min (interquartile range,
      0.7-2.8), the MCR was 36 mL/kg.min (range, 21-54), and distribution space was
      78.8 mL/kg (range, 56-91). The results were similar at infusion rates of 72, 144,
      and 288 pmol/kg.h (n = 6). During infusion of NT-(1-8) in 7 normal subjects, the
      median t1/2 was 8.3 min (range, 4.7-13.8), the MCR was 11.0 mL/kg.min (range, 6.7
      21.7), and the distribution space was 142.6 mL/kg (range, 45.3-281.0).
      Significant peripheral arteriovenous extraction of NT-(1-13) was found at
      infusion rates of 144 and 288 pmol/kg.h. Extraction of NH2-terminal
      immunoreactivity was not significant. Intact NT was identified by gel
      chromatography in arterial plasma after lipid ingestion and iv infusion of NT-(1
      13), but postprandially in only low concentrations. In 17 patients with various
      nonhepatic diseases, plasma intact NT levels were not different in blood sampled
      from the renal vein, inferior vena cava, brachial artery, or hepatic vein. In
      contrast, NH2-terminal immunoreactivity was significantly higher in hepatic
      venous than in systemic plasma. In 6 patients with hepatic disease, systemic
      plasma intact NT levels were increased, but even more so in hepatic venous
      plasma. These results demonstrate that metabolism of intact NT is rapid, and a
      significant peripheral arterio-venous extraction is present. Further studies are
      necessary to establish if the liver is a site of degradation of intact NT in man.

PMID- 2918050
TI  - Serum bioactive parathyroid hormone in hemodialysis patients.
AB  - In 41 hemodialysis patients with bone disease (histological diagnosis with
      histomorphometric confirmation of PTH activity) results from a serum
      immunoreactive PTH (iPTH) assay correlated with results from a new serum
      bioactive PTH (bio-PTH) assay (r = 0.84; P less than 0.001). The serum bio-PTH
      values correlated well with osteoclast numbers (r = 0.70; P less than 0.001),
      resorption surfaces (r = 0.55; P less than 0.001), and presence of marrow
      fibrosis (P less than 0.02). The serum iPTH values also correlated with
      osteoclast numbers (r = 0.61; P less than 0.001), resorption surfaces (r = 0.47;
      P less than 0.003), and presence of marrow fibrosis (P less than 0.02). Serum bio
      PTH and iPTH values were higher in patients with severe hyperparathyroidism than
      in other patients. The assays were equally useful in identifying dialysis
      patients with severe hyperparathyroidism. Patients with osteomalacia or low
      turnover bone disease had low serum bio-PTH and/or iPTH values. Low bio-PTH
      values (less than or equal to 3.6 pmol/L) had a sensitivity and a specificity of
      93% for osteomalacia or low turnover bone disease. Low bio-PTH values also were
      useful in identifying those patients with positive aluminum staining in bone. The
      serum bio-PTH assay was useful in identifying patients with osteomalacia, low
      turnover bone disease, or aluminum accumulation.

PMID- 2918049
TI  - Reversible alteration of red cell lithium-sodium countertransport in patients
      with thyroid disease.
AB  - Thyroid hormones may alter red blood cell (RBC) sodium content and transport. The
      functional importance of lithium-sodium (Li-Na) countertransport in regulating
      sodium (Na) transport in vascular smooth muscle and kidney by Na-H
      countertransport and the potential effect of thyroid hormone on these processes
      led us to study Li-Na countertransport and other sodium transporters in RBCs of
      patients with thyroid dysfunction. Patients with untreated hypothyroidism (10)
      and hyperthyroidism (10) were studied, along with normal subjects (10). The mean
      value for Li-Na countertransport was significantly higher in the hypothyroid
      group [0.46 +/- 0.08 (+/- SE) mmol/L cell.h; P less than 0.05] and lower in the
      hyperthyroid group (0.15 +/- 0.04 mmol/L cell.h; P less than 0.05) compared to
      that in the normal subjects (0.25 +/- 0.03 mmol/L cell.h). When all groups were
      combined, significant negative correlations were found between Li-Na
      countertransport and serum T4 (r = -0.48; P less than 0.01), free T4 index (r = 
      0.42; P less than 0.05), and serum T3 (r = -0.38; P less than 0.05). Li-Na
      countertransport was positively correlated with serum triglyceride (r = 0.57; P
      less than 0.01), but not with serum cholesterol levels (r = 0.28; P = NS). The
      values became normal in subsets of the hypothyroid (n = 5) and hyperthyroid
      groups (n = 5) during treatment. We found a bidirectional effect of thyroid
      status on RBC Li-Na countertransport, which was reversible when serum thyroid
      hormone levels became normal. Changes in Li-Na countertransport, a pathway of Na
      H exchange, may influence renal sodium handling and vascular tone in patients
      with thyroid disease and contribute to abnormalities such as hypertension that
      occur in patients with hypothyroidism.

PMID- 2918051
TI  - Chronic treatment with pirenzepine decreases growth hormone secretion in insulin
      dependent diabetes mellitus.
AB  - We and others previously reported that nocturnal GH secretion in patients with
      insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is blunted by acute cholinergic muscarinic
      blockade with pirenzepine. In this study, we investigated whether this inhibitory
      effect on GH secretion persists during chronic pirenzepine administration, and if
      pirenzepine administration affects glycemic control. Nocturnal GH secretion was
      studied from 2300-0800 h before and after one month of pirenzepine administration
      (100 mg/day, orally, given at 2300 h) in 13 diabetic patients receiving their
      usual insulin treatment. GH secretion (GH area under curve) was blunted after
      pirenzepine administration [mean, 877 +/- 215 (+/- SE) vs. 1407 +/- 311
      micrograms/L.min; P less than 0.002]. During pirenzepine administration,
      hemoglobin A1c significantly decreased (P less than 0.02), and 4 of the 13
      patients had lower daily insulin requirements (5-23 U/day), but there was no
      significant change for the group as a whole. These results indicate that the
      inhibitory effect of pirenzepine on GH secretion persists when pirenzepine is
      given chronically and that pirenzepine seems to improve the metabolic control of
      the patients.

PMID- 2918052
TI  - The natural history of untreated hyperprolactinemia: a prospective analysis.
AB  - This report describes the results of a long term prospective study of 30 women
      with hyperprolactinemia who were not treated and who underwent yearly clinical,
      hormonal, and radiographic evaluation for an average of 5.2 yr (range 3-7 yr). At
      entry into the study 18 women had amenorrhea, 8 had oligomenorrhea, and 4 had
      regular menstrual periods. The initial mean serum PRL levels did not differ in
      women grouped according to menstrual function. Nine women (35%) had improvement
      in clinical symptoms. Serum PRL decreased, and menstrual periods normalized more
      often in those who initially had oligomenorrhea or regular menstrual periods. In
      most amenorrheic women serum PRL levels did not decline, and menstrual symptoms
      did not improve. Six of 30 women had an increase in serum PRL, 14 had no change,
      and 10 had a decrease, in 6 of whom serum PRL was normal at the last observation.
      Twenty-seven women had serial radiographic studies. Four (15%) of the 13 women
      with initially abnormal radiographic findings had normal studies later, 2 had
      tumor progression, and 7 no change. Four of 14 women who had normal radiographic
      studies initially developed radiographic evidence of a pituitary tumor, although
      the radiographic changes were minimal, and no patient developed a macroadenoma or
      pituitary hypofunction. Increases or decreases in serum PRL did not accurately
      predict changes in tumor size. Prior estrogen use and previous pregnancies did
      not increase the likelihood of tumor appearance or enhance tumor growth. The
      clinical presentation of the patient was an important factor in predicting which
      patients had a decline in serum PRL and resolution of symptoms. We conclude that
      patients with hyperprolactinemia are unlikely to have progression of their
      disease and may, in fact, have clinical and radiographic improvement.

PMID- 2918053
TI  - Augmentation of growth hormone secretion in children with constitutional growth
      delay by short term clonidine administration: a pulse amplitude-modulated
      phenomenon.
AB  - We evaluated the effect of chronic clonidine administration on 24-h integrated GH
      secretion (IC-GH) in eight children (six boys and two girls; age, 6.0-13.0 yr)
      with constitutional growth delay (CGD). Clonidine was given orally in a daily
      dose of 0.1 mg/m2 at bedtime for 6 months; 24-h secretion studies were performed
      before and after 2 months of treatment. Clonidine caused a significant
      augmentation (P less than 0.02) of mean IC-GH from 2.6 +/- 0.4 (+/- SE) to 4.6 +/
      0.6 micrograms/L. The increase in IC-GH was mainly the result of increased GH
      pulse amplitude, which rose from 12.3 +/- 1.3 to 18.2 +/- 2.1 micrograms/L (P
      less than 0.01). The mean GH pulse amplitude was significantly higher (P less
      than 0.02) during sleep (15.9 +/- 2.4 micrograms/L) than during the awake hours
      (8.4 +/- 1.5 micrograms/L) before treatment. During clonidine treatment the mean
      GH pulse amplitude during the awake hours (15.0 +/- 3.8 micrograms/L) was similar
      to that during sleep (20.3 +/- 3.1 micrograms/L). GH pulse frequency was not
      altered by treatment during either the awake or sleep hours. The mean insulin
      like growth factor I levels after 2 (1400 +/- 300 U/L) and 6 (1760 +/- 430 U/L)
      months of treatment were significantly higher (P less than 0.02 and P less than
      0.05, respectively) than the pretreatment value (920 +/- 240 U/L). After 2 months
      of clonidine treatment, growth velocity increased from 3.1 +/- 0.5 to 10.2 +/-
      1.0 cm/yr (P less than 0.001), and after 6 months of treatment is was still
      significantly higher (7.0 +/- 0.7 cm/yr; P less than 0.02) than that before
      treatment. These results confirm the ability of clonidine to accelerate growth in
      children with CGD and indicate that clonidine is capable of increasing IC-GH
      levels. They also reinforce the view that many children with CGD have decreased
      endogenous GH secretion.

PMID- 2918055
TI  - Variability in the quantitation of circulating growth hormone using commercial
      immunoassays.
AB  - The quantitation of human GH in a serum sample is not consistent among various
      commercially available immunoassays. We measured serum GH concentrations with
      four RIAs [Cambridge, Kallestad, National Hormone and Pituitary Program, and
      Radioassay Systems Laboratories (RSL)] and two immunoradiometric assays (IRMAs;
      Hybritech and Nichols). Serum GH concentrations measured by the RIAs were between
      1.9 and 2.8 times higher than those determined by the Hybritech IRMA, whereas the
      concentrations measured by the Nichols IRMA were approximately 3.0 times higher
      than the Hybritech values. We evaluated the effects of differences in standards,
      assay diluents, and antibody specificity on GH measurement in the various assays.
      When GH standards from each of the assays were measured in the Hybritech IRMA,
      only the RSL standard was less immunoreactive than the other assay standards.
      Different assay diluents also resulted in varying GH values. In the RIAs, GH
      diluted in serum was more immunoreactive than GH diluted in phosphate-buffered
      saline-0.5% BSA. This enhanced immunoreactivity appeared to be due to a
      nonspecific effect generated by serum. The Nichols and Hybritech IRMAs provide
      standards diluted in horse serum. In the Nichols assay, GH diluted in human serum
      was more immunoreactive than GH diluted in horse serum, whereas the
      immunoreactivity of GH diluted in either serum was equal in the Hybritech IRMA.
      These IRMAs also differ in that the Nichols assay detected the 20K variant of GH,
      whereas the Hybritech assay did not. Considering these discrepancies, comparison
      of data obtained using different assays should be made carefully.

PMID- 2918054
TI  - Circulating immunoreactive oxytocin during the human menstrual cycle comes from
      the pituitary and is estradiol dependent.
AB  - The aims of this study were to 1) evaluate the relative contributions of
      hypothalamic and ovarian oxytocin (OT) to peripheral serum concentrations and 2)
      determine the relationship between serum OT and ovarian steroid concentrations.
      Four groups of women were studied: 1) women with spontaneous cycles (n = 4) and
      normal serum estradiol (E2), progesterone, LH, and FSH levels; 2) in vitro
      fertilization (IVF) patients (n = 8) undergoing ovarian hyperstimulation; 3)
      agonadal oocyte-recipient patients (n = 6) receiving replacement E2 and P
      therapy; and 4) postmenopausal women (n = 21). Peripheral serum samples were
      collected daily during a menstrual cycle from the normal and agonadal women and
      for 6 days before ovulation in the IVF group. Serum immunoreactive OT was
      measured by specific RIA after Sep-Pak extraction; the assay sensitivity was 0.6
      pmol/L. Serum OT in the women with normal cycles increased during the follicular
      phase, reaching a peak 1 day after the LH surge, and decreased in the luteal
      phase [days 7, 16, and 21, 10.7 +/- 3.5 (mean +/- SE), 25.7 +/- 5.7, and 13.2 +/-
      2.5 pmol/L, respectively; P less than 0.05]. Serum OT levels were higher in IVF
      patients before ovulation than in women with spontaneous cycles, but lower than
      those in the agonadal women, who had a peak value (49.1 +/- 9.6 pmol/L; P less
      than 0.05) on day 13 of E2/progesterone replacement therapy. Serum OT was
      positively correlated (r = 0.68, normal women; r = 0.91, oocyte recipients) with
      serum E2 values during the first part of the cycle (P less than 0.01). A similar
      positive correlation between serum OT and E2 was found in the postmenopausal
      women (r = 0.83). We conclude that serum OT before and around the time of
      ovulation comes mainly from the pituitary, and not from the ovary, and is E2
      dependent.

PMID- 2918056
TI  - The nature of the defect in familial male pseudohermaphroditism in Arabs of Gaza.
AB  - Studies in six Arab individuals from Gaza with familial male
      pseudohermaphroditism (MPH) due to 17-ketoreductase deficiency revealed several
      metabolic aberrations associated with the disorder. Plasma LH, FSH, testosterone,
      and androstenedione concentrations were low in the two prepubertal patients.
      After hCG administration plasma androstenedione increased markedly. The four
      postpubertal MPH patients had very high plasma gonadotropin and androstenedione
      concentrations, the latter increasing further after hCG administration. Plasma
      testosterone concentrations in all six patients were moderately low or normal for
      age and increased little after hCG administration. Spermatic venous testosterone
      concentrations, measured in three adults, were within the normal range in two and
      low in one, while androstenedione concentrations were markedly elevated (15- to
      32-fold) in all three patients. Kinetic analyses of progesterone and
      androstenedione metabolism were performed in testicular tissue of these patients
      and compared to the results in two control subjects. While testicular tissue from
      the two prepubertal patients metabolized progesterone only to androstenedione,
      and that to a limited extent, the tissue from the four postpubertal patients
      metabolized progesterone to 16 alpha- and 16 beta-hydroxyprogesterone, 17 alpha
      hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione, and testosterone and metabolized
      androstenedione to testosterone. The Michaelis constants of these reactions were
      similar in the tissue from the MPH and the control subjects. The production of 16
      alpha- plus 16 beta-hydroxyprogesterone was 5.4- to 10.3-fold greater, and 17
      hydroxylase activity was 5.8- to 8.1-fold lower in the testes of the postpubertal
      MPH patients compared to values in the control subjects. The preference of
      androstenedione production through the delta 4- or delta 5-pathways was examined
      in the testes of two adult MPH patients using an equimolar concentration of
      [14C]progesterone and [3H]pregnenolone as substrates. While the flow of
      substrates in the control testes was equal or slightly greater through the delta
      4-pathway, the delta 5-pathway predominated in the testes of the MPH patients. A
      large amount of dehydroepiandrosterone accumulated when NAD, the cofactor for 3
      beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-isomerase, was omitted, supporting the
      contention that androstenedione was produced in the testes of the MPH patients
      mainly through the delta 5-pathway. Additional support for this suggestion was
      the finding that the 3H/14C ratio in androstenedione and testosterone produced
      from both substrates was 8 times higher in the testes from MPH patients than in
      those from the control subjects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2918057
TI  - Human corpus luteum: luteinizing hormone and chorionic gonadotropin receptors
      during the menstrual cycle.
AB  - To characterize and determine the concentration of LH/hCG receptors in human
      corpora lutea of the menstrual cycle, we measured occupied and unoccupied
      receptors and determined the association (Ka) and dissociation (Kd) constants
      individually in 23 corpora lutea (CL) and 4 corpora albicantia obtained at the
      time of tubal ligation from 25 normal cycling women. We found no [125I]hCG
      binding in any of the corpora albicantia. Scatchard plot analysis for each CL
      revealed a linear binding plot indicative of a single set of LH/hCG receptors.
      The mean concentration of unoccupied receptors was 36 +/- 10 (+/- SE) fmol/mg
      protein in the early luteal phase (days 15-19; n = 5), 64 +/- 11 fmol/mg protein
      in the midluteal phase (days 20-25; n = 13), and 42 +/- 19 fmol/mg protein in the
      late luteal phase (days 26-30; n = 5). The concentrations of occupied receptors
      were 56 +/- 8, 46 +/- 6, and 54 +/- 12 fmol/mg protein in the early, mid-, and
      late luteal phases, respectively. Total (occupied plus unoccupied) receptor
      concentrations reached maximum levels of 110 +/- 11 fmol/mg protein in the
      midluteal phase. Ka increased progressively from 12 +/- 4 X 10(9) mol/L-1 in the
      early luteal phase to 19 +/- 7 X 10(9) and 21 +/- 8 X 10(9) mol/L-1 in the mid-
      and late luteal phases. We conclude that in normal CL, 1) total and unoccupied
      LH/hCG receptor levels parallel progesterone secretion; 2) changes in the binding
      affinity may be important in sustaining and/or rescuing the CL; and 3) loss of
      LH/hCG receptors is probably related to luteolysis.

PMID- 2918058
TI  - Neurohypophyseal function in postpartum hypopituitarism: impaired plasma
      vasopressin response to osmotic stimuli.
AB  - We studied neurohypophyseal function in 12 women with postpartum hypopituitarism
      (Sheehan's syndrome) by measuring plasma arginine vasopressin concentrations
      during 5% hypertonic saline infusions. All patients had a history of obstetric
      shock or massive bleeding, and were receiving cortisol and/or L-T4 replacement
      therapy. None had any symptoms of diabetes insipidus. The mean basal plasma
      vasopressin level in the patients [0.6 +/- 0.1 (+/- SE) pmol/L] was significantly
      lower (P less than 0.01) than that in normal adults (2.5 +/- 0.5 pmol/L; n = 12),
      whereas mean plasma osmolality values were similar in the two groups. During
      hypertonic saline infusion, the 10 hypopituitary patients had varying degrees of
      subnormal arginine vasopressin responses to the increase in plasma osmolality.
      Urine-concentrating ability after dehydration also was lower in the patients,
      although overt polyuria was absent at the time of this study. These results
      indicate that the osmoregulation of arginine vasopressin secretion is frequently
      impaired in postpartum hypopituitarism, suggesting neurohypophyseal damage.

PMID- 2918059
TI  - Androgen resistance associated with a qualitative abnormality of the androgen
      receptor and responsive to high dose androgen therapy.
AB  - A 46,XY infant with perineoscrotal hypospadias and microphallus was identified in
      a family in which seven individuals have severe hypospadias that is inherited in
      a pattern compatible with an X-linked defect. The infant had small testes that
      were palpable in the labioscrotal folds, the proximal urethra was male in
      character, and there was no vagina. Serum testosterone rose from 0.5 to 5.1
      nmol/L in response to hCG, and there was a negligible clinical response to a
      short term course of testosterone enanthate. A clinical diagnosis of male
      pseudohermaphroditism due to androgen resistance was made. Studies in cultured
      genital skin fibroblasts disclosed normal 5 alpha-reductase activity, a normal
      amount of high affinity dihydrotestosterone binding, and normal up-regulation of
      androgen receptors when monolayers were incubated with dihydrotestosterone or
      mibolerone. Fibroblast cytosol preparations contained a normal 7-8S sedimenting
      peak of androgen binding. However, androgen binding in monolayers decreased 60%
      when the assay temperature was raised from 30 to 41 C, and the dissociation rate
      of ligand from the receptor was enhanced 5-fold compared to the control value,
      establishing the diagnosis of androgen resistance due to a qualitative
      abnormality of the androgen receptor. Because of parental decision to raise the
      patient as a male, he was given two courses of high dose testosterone cypionate
      when he was 2.5 and 3.5 yr old (100 mg every 2 weeks for six doses). This
      treatment produced significant phallic growth, making it possible to undertake
      surgical correction of the hypospadias. We postulate that the impairment of
      androgen receptor function was overcome in part by the large dose of androgen.

PMID- 2918060
TI  - Human corpus luteum secretion of relaxin, oxytocin, and progesterone.
AB  - To determine whether the human corpus luteum is a source of relaxin and oxytocin,
      we measured the concentrations of these peptides in plasma obtained from the
      ovarian veins of ovaries with and without a corpus luteum and compared these to
      peripheral plasma levels. Peripheral and ovarian venous blood samples were
      obtained from 34 nonpregnant women, 13 during the luteal phase and 21 during the
      follicular phase of their cycles, and from a 6-week pregnant woman. Plasma
      relaxin, oxytocin, and progesterone concentrations were determined by sensitive
      and specific RIAs. Plasma relaxin levels were not detectable (less than 0.16
      microgram/L) in peripheral or ovarian venous plasma not draining a corpus luteum.
      The mean relaxin concentration in plasma draining an ovary with a corpus luteum
      was 0.41 +/- 0.09 (+/- SE) microgram/L. Oxytocin levels also were significantly
      higher in plasma draining an ovary with a corpus luteum (6.70 +/- 1.86 pmol/L)
      than in that draining the ovary with no corpus luteum (1.58 +/- 0.09 pmol/L; P
      less than 0.01) or in peripheral plasma (1.58 +/- 0.09 pmol/L; P less than
      0.025). The mean progesterone concentration also was highest in plasma draining
      an ovary with a corpus luteum (210.2 +/- 50.5 nmol/L) compared with those in
      plasma from the contralateral ovarian vein (40.3 +/- 16.5 nmol/L P less than
      0.005) and peripheral plasma (30.2 +/- 5.7 nmol/L; P less than 0.005) during the
      luteal phase. In a woman who was 6 weeks pregnant, plasma draining the ovary with
      a corpus luteum had 1.9 micrograms relaxin/L, but only 0.49 pmol/L oxytocin; the
      latter was similar to concentrations in noncorpus luteum-bearing ovarian venous
      plasma. These findings indicate that the human corpus luteum secretes relaxin,
      oxytocin, and progesterone. Both ovarian oxytocin and relaxin may function as
      paracrine or autocrine modulators of luteal function.

PMID- 2918061
TI  - Lithium treatment increases intact and midregion parathyroid hormone and
      parathyroid volume.
AB  - Lithium carbonate is known to alter calcium metabolism by lowering urinary
      calcium excretion and increasing serum calcium concentrations. Several
      investigators have reported increases in serum immunoreactive PTH (iPTH) values
      after a few weeks or months of lithium treatment, and several cases of primary
      hyperparathyroidism developing during lithium treatment have been reported. To
      determine whether the increases in serum iPTH might be the result of increased
      renal retention of inactive PTH fragments rather than stimulation of parathyroid
      function, we measured plasma intact PTH by immunoradiometric assay and estimated
      parathyroid size by ultrasonography in men who had received short term (less than
      6 months) or long term (greater than 3 yr) lithium treatment and in normal
      subjects. Serum ionized calcium was higher by 0.03-0.04 mmol/L in subjects
      treated short term (mean, 1.7 months) with lithium than in normal subjects, but
      plasma intact PTH and serum midregion iPTH values were not different. The absence
      of a reciprocal decrease in PTH values is compatible with a lithium-induced shift
      in the set-point for the inhibition of PTH secretion by calcium toward a higher
      calcium value. Both plasma intact PTH and serum midregion PTH values were higher
      in subjects during longer term (mean, 103 months) lithium treatment, and
      estimated parathyroid volume was 3-fold higher. Serum phosphate was lower, and
      serum chloride and plasma 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D values were higher in those
      treated with lithium long term, probably from the biological action of the
      increased PTH. We conclude that long term lithium treatment increases circulating
      biologically active PTH and causes parathyroid enlargement. Whether this chronic
      stimulus to parathyroid growth might lead to adenoma formation in certain
      susceptible individuals and whether a PTH-induced increase in skeletal
      remodelling occurs that might hasten the appearance of osteopenia remain to be
      determined.

PMID- 2918062
TI  - Plasma calcitonin levels are not lower than normal in osteoporotic women.
AB  - It has been suggested that postmenopausal osteoporosis is due to calcitonin
      deficiency. Interest in this concept has been increased because of the recent
      availability of nasal calcitonin for the management of osteoporosis. Plasma
      calcitonin and albumin-adjusted calcium levels were measured in 30 women with
      postmenopausal osteoporosis and 41 normal women matched for age and sex. Both
      mean plasma calcitonin and mean albumin-adjusted calcium levels were higher in
      the postmenopausal osteoporotic women [calcitonin, 21.0 +/- 17.6 (+/- SD) vs. 9.8
      +/- 10.2 ng/L (P = 0.003); calcium, 2.33 +/- 0.09 vs. 2.27 +/- 0.07 mmol/L (P =
      0.002)]. This result indicates that fasting calcitonin deficiency is not a
      feature of postmenopausal osteoporosis.

PMID- 2918063
TI  - The relationship between learning disability, emotional disorders, and
      neuropsychology; some results and observations.
AB  - Emotional disorders may precede learning disabilities, follow learning
      disabilities, or occur at the same time. This paper discusses evidence supporting
      each of these hypotheses, focussing on the possibility that both learning
      disabilities and emotional disorders, or at least some subforms of them, may have
      a common origin in neurological dysfunction. A model of interaction of the many
      factors involved in both the development and the persistence across age for both
      learning disabilities and emotional disorders is presented and avenues of
      research are discussed. Data from a 15-year follow-up study which illustrate some
      of these complex relationships are presented.

PMID- 2918064
TI  - Seventeenth annual INS meeting. International Neuropsychological Society.
      February 8-11, 1989, Vancouver, B.C., Canada. Abstracts.

PMID- 2918065
TI  - Levels of the antiprogestin RU 486 and its metabolites in human blood and
      follicular fluid following oral administration of a single dose.
AB  - Using high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) the antiprogestin RU 486 and two
      of its metabolites (N-monodemethyl RU 486 and propargyl RU 486) were measured in
      plasma and follicular fluid of 21 women requesting laparoscopic sterilization.
      Pretreatment of the women involved ovulation induction with clomiphene and HCG.
      RU 486 (100 mg) was administered orally and 1 h later blood samples were
      withdrawn. Thirty-four hours later, at laparoscopy, samples of both blood and
      follicular fluid were collected. During the 34-h period the average plasma level
      of RU 486 decreased from 1.93 mumol/l to 0.91 mumol/l, i.e. by -50%. The latter
      concentration of RU 486 was not significantly different from that found in
      follicular fluid (0.79 mumol/l). The monodemethyl metabolite exhibited
      significantly higher plasma levels (3.09 mumol/l) than RU 486 1 h after
      administration. Thirty-four hours later these levels had decreased to 0.92
      mumol/l, i.e. by 70%. In follicular fluid, the levels of the monodemethyl
      metabolite (1.76 mumol/l) were significantly higher than those of RU 486 (0.79
      mumol/l). Because of background noise, only approximate values were established
      for the propargyl metabolite. These were 0.67 and 0.40 mumol/l, respectively, in
      plasma and 0.42 mumol/l in follicular fluid. The results indicate that RU 486 and
      two of its major metabolites can readily cross the blood-follicle barrier of
      human pre-ovulatory follicles.

PMID- 2918066
TI  - Serum levels of pregnancy-associated endometrial alpha 2-globulin (alpha 2-PEG)
      during normal menstrual and combined oral contraceptive cycles and relationship
      to immunohistological localization.
AB  - Serum levels of pregnancy-associated endometrial alpha 2-globulin (alpha 2-PEG),
      the major secretory protein of the endometrium during the late luteal phase of
      the menstrual cycle and early pregnancy, were measured serially during normal
      menstrual cycles and in women taking various combined oral contraceptives. Pill
      users were also sampled on an individual basis. Endometrium from women taking the
      combined oral contraceptive was examined immunohistochemically using a monoclonal
      antibody to alpha 2-PEG. Levels of alpha 2-PEG in the menstrual cycle sera showed
      consistent changes following the luteinizing hormone peak, with a greater than
      three-fold increase between basal levels at mid-cycle and those in the late
      luteal phase. Serum levels of alpha 2-PEG in the pill users remained at basal
      levels throughout the cycle, regardless of the progestagen in the formulation.
      This finding was noted in serial and individual samples from both monophasic and
      triphasic preparations. However, there was evidence of induction of alpha 2-PEG
      production at the local endometrial level when immunohistochemical staining was
      employed at various stages of the pill cycle. This suggests that serum levels of
      alpha 2-PEG may not necessarily reflect local endometrial production of the
      protein. These observations are discussed with reference to the proposed value of
      serum measurement of this protein in assessing relative progestagenic activity
      upon the endometrium.

PMID- 2918067
TI  - No increased histocompatibility antigen-sharing in couples with idiopathic
      habitual abortions.
AB  - Sharing of major histocompatibility antigens between spouses has been claimed to
      play an aetiological role in couples with unexplained, habitual spontaneous
      abortions. On the other hand there is evidence that a subset of habitually
      aborting women exists, in whom autoimmune aberrations seem to be of importance.
      In the present study, 56 couples with unexplained habitual abortions were
      histocompatibility typed for HLA-A, -B and -DR specificities, as were a group of
      33 fertile control couples with two or more children and no spontaneous
      abortions. The DR-typing was done partly by use of the restriction fragment
      length polymorphism (RFLP). There was no significant difference in the
      distribution of histocompatibility antigens between the habitually aborting women
      and the control women. No increased HLA-antigen sharing could be demonstrated
      between spouses in aborting couples compared with controls, neither in each
      single locus nor in the combination of all loci (all P-values greater than 0.2).
      Neither could any increased HLA-antigen sharing in sub-groups of aborting couples
      with and without autoimmunity be demonstrated. It can be concluded from these
      data that compatibility between spouses for HLA-A, -B and DR-antigens per se only
      plays a minor role in the aetiology of habitual abortion.

PMID- 2918068
TI  - Recovery of motile sperm using the migration-sedimentation technique in an in
      vitro fertilization-embryo transfer programme.
AB  - Sperm washing techniques, based on the swim-up principle used before inseminating
      the human oocyte in in-vitro fertilization and embryo transfer programmes (IVF
      ET), usually require prior centrifugation which causes damage to the sperm cell.
      A technique is described for separating sperm at laboratory temperature based on
      sperm migration--sedimentation principles, using two concentric tubes and
      recovering 70-90% forward-moving cells. A group of 17 patients is presented who
      were managed with this method. The results were 85% fertilization rate, 4%
      polyspermia and six clinical pregnancies.

PMID- 2918069
TI  - A technical note on diluting semen for the haemocytometric determination of sperm
      concentration.
AB  - A comparison was made of the use of either an SMI positive displacement pipette
      or an Eppendorf Varipette as the method of sampling 63 liquefied semen samples
      for volumetric dilution and haemocytometry to determine sperm concentration. The
      95% range of the differences between the values obtained using the SMI and the
      Varipette with whole tips was from -46.9 to 63.8 x 10(6)/ml. With the Varipette
      tips cut off 12.5 mm from the end the 95% range was from -52.4 to 55.8 x
      10(6)/ml. Previous work had shown that the 95% ranges of differences between
      duplicate determinations using the SMI pipette were from -7.2 to 6.9 x 10(6)/ml
      for two 1 + 19 dilutions, or from -16.0 to 12.1 x 10(6)/ml for 1 + 19 and 1 + 49
      parallel dilutions. Therefore, since the Varipette had a far greater potential
      for error, a positive displacement pipette should be used when taking precise
      volume aliquots of human semen.

PMID- 2918070
TI  - The role of follicular fluid in inducing the acrosome reaction of human
      spermatozoa incubated in vitro.
AB  - Motile human sperm populations were prepared from liquefied semen (5 donors x 3
      replicates) using Percoll gradients at 30-60 min post-ejaculation and
      preincubated in a complex 'synthetic tubal fluid' culture medium (STF) at 37
      degrees C under 5% CO2 in air for 6 h. Aliquots of these suspensions were then
      incubated for a further 2 h in STF containing 0, 5, 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100% (v/v)
      pooled human follicular fluid (FF). Another aliquot was treated with 10 micron
      A23187 in STF for 20 min and then incubated in fresh STF medium for a further 2 h
      to induce maximal acrosome loss. Acrosome reactions were assessed using both the
      triple-stain technique and fluorescent peanut agglutinin lectin-labelling. Sperm
      motility and movement characteristics were assessed from videorecordings using
      digital image analysis (CellSoft). Exposure to FF caused only relatively small
      proportions of the preincubated spermatozoa to undergo acrosome reactions. The
      size of these responsive sub-populations was smaller than that capable of
      responding to a Ca2+ influx generated by A23187. Increased FF concentrations
      induced a progressive loss of motility and trends for changes in movement
      characteristics that may have been related to reduced intracellular Ca2+. This
      interpretation of these observations is that while FF may act to stimulate or
      promote the human sperm acrosome reaction it does not appear to be a specific
      inducer of it. Consequently, a precise role for FF at the relatively low
      concentrations that would be expected to be present in the tubal ampulla in the
      physiological regulation of human fertilization remains unproven.

PMID- 2918071
TI  - Human fertilization by micro-injection of immotile spermatozoa.
AB  - Microfertilization of human oocytes with spermatozoa from a man with immotile
      cilia syndrome is reported, confirming a preliminary investigation where a zona
      free donor oocyte was fertilized with spermatozoa from the same patient. Oocytes
      from his spouse were obtained by laparoscopy after routine stimulation with
      clomiphene citrate, human menopausal and chorionic gonadotrophins, and were
      cultured for 4-6 h in Whittingham's T6 medium, supplemented with 10% of her
      serum. The spermatozoa were washed and processed in the same medium and
      capacitated for 6-8 h before micromanipulation. Three of five mature oocytes were
      fertilized by micro-injection of a single immotile spermatozoon into the
      perivitelline space. One oocyte produced a two-pronuclear ovum assessed 19 h
      after injection, while the other two produced 2-cell embryos with blastomeres of
      equal size, 22 h after injection. These embryos cleaved to 3-8-cell stages in
      culture before embryo replacement. No pregnancy resulted from embryo transfer.
      The results conclusively demonstrate that human oocytes can be fertilized
      successfully with immotile spermatozoa by micro-injection and the work has
      profound implications in the treatment of severe male infertility.

PMID- 2918072
TI  - Effect of damage to the zona pellucida on development of preimplantation embryos
      in the mouse.
AB  - The effect on development of early mouse embryos of making a hair-line slit in
      the zona pellucida of approximately one-third its diameter was investigated. The
      rate of development to mid-gestation of operated zygotes and 2-cell embryos
      transferred directly to the oviduct was significantly lower than that of sham
      operated or unoperated controls. However, the operation had no discernible effect
      on the development of 2-cell embryos that were cultured for 2 days prior to
      transfer to the uterus, or on embryos composed of 8 or more cells transferred
      directly to the oviduct. Zona slit zygotes and 2-cell embryos exhibited a
      significantly higher rate of anomalous development to the morula or blastocyst
      stage than controls following short-term transfer to the adult or immature
      oviduct. Such anomalies could not be attributed to damage of the embryos by
      leucocytes or bacteria entering through the wound in the zona. Rather, the
      typically non-spherical shape of slit zonae, together with the fact that some
      were empty on recovery, was consistent with operated embryos having been damaged
      by compression during passage through the oviduct. This suggests that, providing
      it is intact, the zona pellucida protects the early embryo from contraction of
      the oviductal musculature which is sufficient to lyse, arrest or extrude
      blastomeres prior to the formation of intercellular junctions. Hence, in
      experimental manipulations entailing damage to the zonae of early embryos, there
      may be a case for allowing them to form morulae in vitro prior to transfer,
      rather than returning them directly to the oviduct.

PMID- 2918073
TI  - Non-invasive measurement of glucose and pyruvate uptake by individual human
      oocytes and preimplantation embryos.
AB  - Pyruvate and glucose uptake by 73 individual human oocytes and preimplantation
      embryos was measured non-invasively, using an ultramicrofluorescence assay to
      analyse changes in substrate levels in microdroplets of culture medium. The
      uptake of both substrates was measured over successive daily incubations between
      days 1 (unfertilized oocytes) or 2 ('spare' embryos which were not transferred)
      and day 6 (day 0 = day of insemination). Under these conditions, 58% (25/43) of
      fertilized embryos with two pronuclei on day 1 developed to the blastocyst stage
      by day 6. The pyruvate uptake of these embryos increased from approximately 28 to
      a maximum of 40 pmol/embryo/h between days 2.5 and 4.5. Similarly, glucose uptake
      increased from approximately 8 to 14 pmol/embryo/h between days 2.5 and 4.5, but
      then increased further to 24 pmol/embryo/h on day 5 at the blastocyst stage.
      [corrected] The pyruvate uptake of fertilized embryos which arrested at cleavage
      stages was significantly lower than for those which developed to the blastocyst
      stage. Polyspermic and parthenogenetic embryos, and unfertilized oocytes also had
      lower pyruvate uptakes at later stages. The glucose uptake of unfertilized
      oocytes and abnormal embryos never reached the level of fertilized embryos at the
      blastocyst stage on day 5.5. Non-invasive measurement of pyruvate uptake before
      embryo transfer may provide a valuable functional criterion for the selection of
      viable embryos capable of developing to the blastocyst stage.

PMID- 2918074
TI  - Efficacy of the antiprogestin mifepristone (RU 486) prior to prostaglandin
      termination of pregnancy.
AB  - Forty-nine patients undergoing mid-trimester extra-amniotic prostaglandin
      termination of pregnancy were studied. Twenty patients acted as controls and
      received the standard hospital regime. Twenty-nine patients received the same
      regime, but in addition were given a single 200-mg oral dose of the
      antiprogesterone, mifepristone (RU 486), 24 h prior to prostaglandin infusion.
      The dose of prostaglandin required and the induction to abortion interval in the
      mifepristone-pretreatment group was significantly reduced. Complication rates
      were similar in both groups. Mifepristone is a safe and useful adjuvant therapy
      in mid-trimester prostaglandin termination.

PMID- 2918075
TI  - Discussion on ethical and judicial aspects of embryo research.

PMID- 2918076
TI  - Methysergide, a serotonin antagonist, does not inhibit the expression of
      autoimmune encephalomyelitis in the rabbit.
AB  - In view of recent interest in the potential role of vasoactive amines in the
      expression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and neuritis (EAN),
      we set out to determine the effect of slow-release methysergide, a serotonin
      antagonist, on the effector phase of EAE/EAN in rabbits immunized with homologous
      spinal cord in Freund's adjuvant. On day 6 post-immunization (p.i.), slow-release
      pellets of methysergide maleate were implanted subcutaneously in graded doses 0
      400 mg. At the highest dose, blood concentrations of methysergide were
      approximately 90 ng/ml on day 8 p.i. falling to 20 ng/ml by day 16 p.i. However,
      even at the highest dose of methysergide, rabbits developed typical clinical and
      histological signs of EAE/EAN. It is concluded that serotonergic mechanisms do
      not play a critical role in the effector phase of EAE/EAN in the rabbit.

PMID- 2918077
TI  - Glycine-immunoreactive projection of the cat lateral superior olive: possible
      role in midbrain ear dominance.
AB  - Neurons in the lateral superior olive are optimally excited by stimulation of the
      ipsilateral ear, as are those in the inferior colliculus by stimulation of the
      contralateral ear. This reversal of ear dominance may result, in part, from
      distinct crossed excitatory and uncrossed inhibitory pathways ascending from the
      lateral superior olive. To explore this possibility, immunoreactivity for two
      putative inhibitory neurotransmitters, glycine and GABA, was examined in
      projection neurons that retrogradely transported horseradish peroxidase from the
      cat inferior colliculus. The results suggest that the projection from the lateral
      superior olive can be segregated, immunocytochemically, into three components: 1)
      a crossed, glycine-negative (-) projection; 2) an uncrossed, glycine-positive (+)
      projection; and 3) an uncrossed, glycine(-) projection. Additional evidence
      suggests that the terminal fields of the two uncrossed projections may distribute
      differently within the inferior colliculus. Glycine(+) or glycine(-) projection
      neurons, crossed or uncrossed, do not differ in the size, shape, or location of
      their somata. However, most glycine(-) neurons are heavily encrusted with
      glycine(+) endings; glycine(+) neurons have 40-60% fewer of these endings.
      Glycine(-) neurons located in the lateral limb have fewer glycine (+) perisomatic
      endings than those in the medial limb. Few projection neurons are GABA(+), and
      GABA(+) perisomatic endings are rare in the lateral superior olive. Thus, there
      is a heavy uncrossed projection from the cat lateral superior olive to the
      inferior colliculus that may be glycinergic and inhibitory. Furthermore, there is
      a bilateral projection that is not glycinergic or GABAergic, which may be
      excitatory. The potential contribution of these pathways to contralateral ear
      dominance in the inferior colliculus is discussed.

PMID- 2918078
TI  - Forebrain projections from cholecystokininlike-immunoreactive neurons in the rat
      midbrain.
AB  - The purpose of the present study was to analyze the distribution of
      cholecystokininlike-immunoreactive (CCK-I) neurons within the rat ventral
      mesencephalon which project to several forebrain areas. The peroxidase
      antiperoxidase immunocytochemical technique was used to examine the anatomical
      localization of CCK-I within the ventral midbrain and in the following forebrain
      regions: caudate-putamen, nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle, bed nucleus of
      the stria terminalis, septum, amygdala, and prefrontal, anterior cingulate, and
      piriform cortices. CCK-I perikarya were distributed throughout the substantia
      nigra, ventral tegmental area, and several midline raphe nuclei to a greater
      extent than previously reported, particularly in the substantia nigra pars
      compacta. Terminallike immunoreactivity for CCK was observed in all of the above
      forebrain sites. In addition, infrequent CCK-I cell bodies were localized in the
      caudate-putamen, nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle, septum, and bed nucleus
      of the stria terminalis. To analyze forebrain projections of the ventral midbrain
      CCK-I neurons, indirect immunofluorescence was combined with fluorescence
      retrograde tracing. CCK-I neurons of the substantia nigra and/or ventral
      tegmental area were found to project, to varying extents, to all of the above CCK
      I forebrain terminal fields. The nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle, and
      septal and prefrontal cortical projections arose primarily from CCK-I perikarya
      in the ventral tegmental area whereas the projections to the caudate-putamen and
      anterior cingulate cortex arose predominantly from immunoreactive neurons in the
      substantia nigra pars compacta. The amygdala received innervation mainly from CCK
      I cell bodies located in the substantia nigra pars lateralis. CCK-I afferents to
      the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and piriform cortex originated from
      perikarya distributed approximately equally across the ventral tegmental area and
      substantia nigra pars compacta. The general topography of CCK-I forebrain
      innervation observed in this study is similar to that previously reported for the
      ascending dopaminergic projections from ventral mesencephalic neurons. CCK-I
      neurons of the midline raphe nuclei were found to provide relatively minor
      afferents to the caudate-putamen, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, septum,
      and prefrontal cortex and more substantial projections to the amygdala. The
      results of this study demonstrate that CCK-I neurons of the ventral midbrain
      supply a much broader innervation of forebrain regions than previously
      appreciated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2918079
TI  - Evidence for an alteration of the tonotopic map in the gerbil cochlea during
      development.
AB  - We have investigated developmental alterations in the tonotopic projection of the
      gerbil lateral superior olive. Single neurons were characterized in the frequency
      domain and the recording site marked with fast green. Transverse tissue sections
      from the auditory brainstem of each animal were visualized with a video-equipped
      microscope, and the image was digitized for subsequent alignment. The three
      dimensional display indicated little variation in the rostrocaudal axis, allowing
      us to collapse the data into a two-dimensional tonotopic map. The tonotopic map
      was found to change with age such that the characteristic frequency of neurons in
      a given anatomical location became successively higher during development. These
      results are consistent with the hypothesis that the place code gradually shifts
      in the developing cochlea.

PMID- 2918080
TI  - Comparative distribution of three opioid systems in the lower brainstem of the
      monkey (Macaca fuscata).
AB  - The regional distribution of the three opioid peptide neuronal systems-
      proopiomelanocortin (POMC), proenkephalin A, and proenkephalin B--was
      investigated in the lower brainstem of Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata) by
      immunocytochemical techniques. Antiserum to beta-endorphin/beta-lipotropin, [Met]
      enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8, and human leumorphin were used to identify the POMC
      and the proenkephalin A and B systems, respectively. POMC-related immunoreactive
      material was not found in the neuronal perikarya in the lower brainstem; reactive
      fibers and apparent terminals were distributed in the substantia nigra, lemniscus
      lateralis, midbrain central gray, the nucleus raphes, nucleus parabrachialis
      lateralis, ventral area of the spinal trigeminal nerve, nucleus tractus
      solitarii, and in the reticular formation throughout the lower brainstem.
      Proenkephalin A-related immunoreactive neuronal perikarya were detected in the
      central gray, reticular formation, nucleus raphes, trapezoid body, nucleus
      parabrachialis lateralis and medialis, nucleus spinalis nervi trigemini, nucleus
      dorsalis nervi vagi, and in the nucleus tractus solitarii. Densely packed
      immunoreactive fibers were widely distributed in the substantia nigra, nucleus
      interpeduncularis, nucleus raphes, superior colliculus, periaqueductal central
      gray, nucleus parabrachialis lateralis and medialis, locus coeruleus, trapezoid
      body, nuclei cochleares, nucleus spinalis nervi trigemini, tractus spinalis nervi
      trigemini, nucleus tractus solitarii, nucleus dorsalis nervi vagi, nucleus
      gracilis, nucleus cuneatus, nucleus cuneatus accessorius, and in the reticular
      formation throughout the lower brainstem. Neuronal perikarya containing
      immunoreactive material related to proenkephalin B were found in the
      periaqueductal central gray, nucleus parabrachialis lateralis and medialis,
      nucleus tractus solitarii, and nucleus spinalis nervi trigemini. In addition,
      immunoreactive fibers were detected in the ventral tegmental area, substantia
      nigra, nucleus parabrachialis lateralis and medialis, nucleus vestibularis
      lateralis and medialis, and in some areas of the reticular formation. These
      anatomical findings demonstrate that these three opioid peptide neuronal systems
      are widely but uniquely distributed in the lower brainstem of the monkey.

PMID- 2918081
TI  - Topographical organization of the projections from the reticular thalamic nucleus
      to the intralaminar and medial thalamic nuclei in the cat.
AB  - The topography of the projections from the reticular nucleus of the thalamus (RT)
      to the intralaminar and medial thalamic nuclei were studied in the cat by the
      method of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Single small
      injections of the enzyme were made in the different intralaminar nuclei-
      mediodorsal, ventromedial, midline, and habenular--and in anterior group nuclei.
      The location and density of the neuronal labeling in the different parts of the
      RT were studied in each case. Our results show that 1) after injections located
      in all the nuclei here studied, a consistent number of labeled neurons were found
      in the RT, except for the injections in the lateral habenula and the anterior
      thalamic nuclear complex, both of which did not label neurons in the RT. 2) Among
      the other thalamic nuclei here studied, the most medially situated receive less
      numerous RT projections than those most laterally located. 3) Injections in all
      the nuclei studied gave rise to a cellular labeling in the anterior sectors of
      the RT, except for the anterior nuclear group and the lateral habenula. The
      projections from the rostral pole of the RT were topographically mediolaterally
      organized. 4) The anterodorsal part of the pregeniculate sector of the RT
      projects upon the large-celled part of the lateral central nucleus and to a
      lesser extent upon the paracentral, centromedian, and ventromedial nuclei, the
      anterior part of the lateral central nucleus, and the lateral band of the
      mediodorsal nucleus. The posterodorsal part of the RT pregeniculate sector only
      projects to the large-celled part of the lateral central nucleus. The dorsal
      portion of the posteroventral part of the RT pregeniculate sector also projects
      upon the large-celled part of the lateral central nucleus; its ventral portion
      projects to the ventromedial nucleus, the posterior part of the paracentral
      nucleus, the lateral band of the mediodorsal nucleus, and the centromedian
      nucleus. 5) The infrageniculate sector of the RT projects to the posterior part
      of the ventromedial nucleus. A weaker projection to the large-celled part of the
      lateral central nucleus, the centromedian nucleus, and the lateral band of the
      mediodorsal nucleus was also observed. 6) The ventral lateral geniculate nucleus
      projects upon the large-celled part of the lateral central nucleus, the lateral
      band of the mediodorsal nucleus, and the ventromedial nucleus. All these findings
      suggest an important modulatory action of the RT on the activity of the thalamic
      nuclei considered here.

PMID- 2918082
TI  - Organization and synaptic interconnections of GABAergic and cholinergic elements
      in the rat amygdaloid nuclei: single- and double-immunolabeling studies.
AB  - The aim of this study was to describe the localization of cholinergic and
      GABAergic neurons and terminals in the amygdaloid nuclei of the rat. Double
      immunolabeling was performed to study cholinergic-GABAergic synaptic
      interconnections. Cholinergic elements were labeled by using a monoclonal
      antibody to choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), the acetylcholine synthesizing
      enzyme. Antibodies against glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), the GABA- synthesizing
      enzyme, were employed to identify GABAergic perikarya and terminals. The tissue
      sites of the antibody bindings were detected by using either Sternberger's
      peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) method or a biotinylated secondary antibody and
      avidinated ferritin. These two contrasting immunolabels allowed us to study
      GABAergic-cholinergic interconnections at the electron microscopic level. Our
      study revealed a characteristic distribution of GABAergic and cholinergic
      elements in the various amygdaloid nuclei: 1) Large, ChAT-immunopositive cells
      with heavily labeled dendrites were observed in the anterior amygdaloid area and
      in the lateral and medial zones of the central nucleus. These cells seem to
      constitute the intraamygdaloid extension of the magnocellular basal nucleus.
      Their dendrites invaded other amygdaloid nuclei, in particular the intercalated
      nuclei, the lateral olfactory tract nucleus, and the central zone of the central
      nucleus. These ChAT-immunoreactive dendrites formed synaptic contacts with GAD
      positive terminals. GABAergic terminals probably thus exert an inhibitory
      amygdaloid influence onto cholinergic neurons of the magnocellular basal nucleus.
      2) Two amygdaloid nuclei-the basal dorsal nucleus and the lateral olfactory tract
      nucleus-contained a dense network of ChAT-immunoreactive fibers and terminals,
      but they also contained numerous GAD-positive perikarya. Double-immunolabeling
      experiments revealed cholinergic terminals forming synaptic contacts on GAD
      immunopositive cell bodies, dendritic shafts, and spines. 3) The central and
      medial nucleus seem to be the main target of GABAergic fibers to the amygdala.
      Both nuclei contained a dense plexus of GAD-immunoreactive terminals that may
      arise, at least in part, from the GABAergic neurons in the basal dorsal nucleus.
      Inhibition of the centromedial "excitatory" region through intraamygdaloid
      GABAergic connections may reduce excitatory amygdaloid influence onto
      hypothalamus and brainstem.

PMID- 2918083
TI  - Target dependence of hypoglossal motor neurons during development in maturity.
AB  - We have investigated the target dependence of hypoglossal motor neurons in
      postnatal rats by transecting the hypoglossal nerve and preventing reinnervation
      of the tongue. After transection in early postnatal life, approximately 60% of
      hypoglossal motor neurons die and surviving neurons are markedly atrophic
      compared to contralateral controls. In maturity, there is also substantial
      neuronal atrophy and about 30% of motor neurons appear to die after the
      procedure. However, most hypoglossal neurons in adults survive transection for
      periods up to 1 year. The adult response is present by 3 weeks of age. The time
      course of neuronal atrophy and death after permanent target deprivation was
      investigated in adult animals. One month after the hypoglossal nerve was
      deflected, there was marked axonal atrophy, although somatic atrophy was minimal.
      By 3 months after the procedure substantial neuronal atrophy and apparent cell
      loss (about 30%) had occurred. There was little change between 3 and 6 months. We
      conclude that hypoglossal motor neurons are influenced by connections with their
      targets in postnatal life. Even in maturity, neurons require target connections
      for maintenance of axonal and somatic morphology. However, the majority of motor
      neurons in adult animals can survive target deprivation for prolonged periods.

PMID- 2918084
TI  - Sensory pathways and motoneurons of the proboscis reflex in the suboesophageal
      ganglion of the honey bee.
AB  - A morphological description is given for the motoneurons underlying the proboscis
      extension reflex in the honey bee (Apis mellifera). Sensory neurons from the
      mandibles and labium were examined and their projection areas were related to
      those of the motoneurons. Motoneurons are located in the ventral part of the
      suboesophageal ganglion, have their somata in the hemiganglion ipsilateral to the
      filled nerve, and send prominent branches through identified ventral commissures
      into the contralateral hemiganglion. Motoneurons to the same muscle have parallel
      running projections into the contralateral hemiganglion, often parallel-running
      neurites and show vast areas of dendritic overlap. Arborizations of motoneurons
      are not restricted to their neuromere of origin but invade adjacent neuromeres,
      resulting in regions of dendritic overlap of motoneurons to different muscles.
      Sensory fibers from the mouthparts terminate in medio- and mediolateral parts of
      the suboesophageal ganglion, where their arborizations overlap with projections
      from motoneurons. A few sensory fibers descend in ventral parts of the cervical
      connective. Although sensory neurons from the mandible are restricted to the
      ipsilateral hemiganglion, those of the labium also show contralateral branches.
      These observations are discussed in the context of the suboesophageal ganglion as
      a ganglion composed of the embryonic fusion of three single neuromeres.

PMID- 2918085
TI  - Regional specialisation for synaptic input and output on a locust intersegmental
      interneurone with multiple spike-initiating zones.
AB  - A4I1 is a long intersegmental interneurone whose soma lies in the fourth
      abdominal ganglion and whose axon ascends through, and branches in, the thoracic
      and suboesophageal ganglia and the brain. It receives sensory input in the
      prothoracic ganglion from wind-sensitive hairs on the head and prosternum and in
      the fourth abdominal ganglion from cercal afferents (Pfluger: J. Comp. Neurol.
      222:343-357, '84). Spikes can be initiated from both of these ganglia. In the
      present study the neurone was stained by intracellular injection of cobalt salts
      for light microscopy and of horseradish peroxidase for electron microscopy. The
      morphology of its neurites in the thoracic and fourth abdominal ganglia and the
      distribution of synapses upon them could then be observed and correlated. In the
      fourth abdominal ganglion the neurone receives input synapses but makes no
      outputs. In each thoracic ganglion the neurone has fine, varicose ventral
      neurites and thicker dorsal neurites. The ventral neurites are most abundant in
      the prothoracic ganglion where they receive only input synapses. In the meso- and
      metathoracic ganglia the ventral neurites also receive inputs, but in addition
      they make output synapses. In all three thoracic ganglia output synapses are
      abundant on the dorsal branches, but in the meso- and metathoracic ganglia a
      small number of inputs are also received here. The possibility that the function
      of the interneurone may not be the same in all of the thoracic ganglia is
      discussed in the light of its known physiological properties.

PMID- 2918086
TI  - Purkinje cell reduction in the reeler mutant mouse: a quantitative
      immunohistochemical study.
AB  - We have used the immunohistochemical detection of the Purkinje cell marker cGMP
      dependent protein kinase to identify Purkinje neurons in the cerebellum of the
      reeler mutant mouse. Our quantitative analysis of Purkinje cell number based on
      this marker indicates that reeler mice possess approximately 82,000 Purkinje
      cells, slightly less than half the number found in normal mice. Our analysis also
      shows that 5% of the Purkinje cells in reeler are located in a normal position
      (between molecular and granular layers), 10% are found in the granular layer, and
      the remainder form the deep cellular masses characteristic of the reeler
      cerebellum. The finding of a major Purkinje cell deficit in reeler was surprising
      in that most investigators consider this mutation to effect cell migration as
      opposed to cell number. Although we cannot determine whether the Purkinje cell
      loss in reeler is a primary or secondary gene effect, the possibility that the
      reeler gene has its effect on migration through a primary effect on neurogenesis
      or cell survival should be considered.

PMID- 2918087
TI  - Development of central projections of lumbosacral sensory neurons in the chick.
AB  - The development of central projections of sensory neurons in lumbosacral dorsal
      root ganglia (DRGs) was examined by using horseradish peroxidase labeling
      techniques in chick embryos from stage 23 (E4) to stage 39 (E13). Our results
      show that primary afferents reach the spinal cord by stage 23. Afferent axons
      extend in the primordium of the dorsal funiculus for several segments rostral and
      caudal to their segment of entry for over 24 hours before invading the gray
      matter at stage 28 (E6). Sensory fibers grow into the vicinity of motoneuron
      dendrites by stage 32 (E7.5), about the time that reflexes and apparent
      monosynaptic EPSPs can first be elicited. Dense projections into the dorsal
      laminae of the spinal cord, presumably representing cutaneous afferents, appear
      somewhat later, at about stage 39 (E13), when the segmental projection pattern
      begins to resemble the mature pattern.

PMID- 2918088
TI  - Development of the peripheral trigeminal system in the chick revealed by an
      isotype-specific anti-beta-tubulin monoclonal antibody.
AB  - Using a monoclonal antibody directed against a class III beta-tubulin isotype, c
      beta 4, we studied the time course of the expression of this protein, the
      morphological differentiation of the immunoreactive cells, and the time course of
      peripheral axon outgrowth in the chick trigeminal (V) system. The neural crest
      precursors of the V ganglion neurons do not express the antigen until they begin
      to differentiate as neurons. The placodal precursors of the V ganglion neurons
      express the antigen while they still are cuboidal epithelial cells. They continue
      to be immunoreactive as they migrate from the placode and settle in the ganglion,
      prior to sprouting axons. The V motoneurons express the antigen near the time of
      their terminal mitotic division. Using this antibody to visualize axons, we
      demonstrate that both ganglionic and motoneuron axons grow out as individual
      fibers, much like pioneer axons. Both halt their extension for several hours once
      they attain the vicinity of their targets. During this pause many other axons
      join the nerve bundles. Finally, single pioneer axons split from the main trunk
      to begin local target innervation.

PMID- 2918089
TI  - Connections of the olfactory bulb and nucleus olfactorius anterior in the
      hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus): fluorescent tracers and HRP study.
AB  - The projections of the main olfactory bulbs (MOBs) and the dorsal part of the
      anterior olfactory nucleus (NOA) in the hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) have been
      studied by fluorescent tracers and the horseradish peroxidase method (HRP),
      respectively, to reveal the pattern of labeling from these structures. After
      different dye injections in both MOBs, labeled cells were present in the
      following structures: tenia tecta, vertical limb of the diagonal band of Broca,
      and medial septal nucleus in the ipsilateral injection site; and the NOA,
      piriform cortex, nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract, horizontal limb of the
      diagonal band of Broca, posterolateral cortical amygdaloid nucleus, anterior
      amygdaloid area, and dorsal raphe nucleus in both hemispheres. Structures showing
      double-labeled cells were the NOA, horizontal limb of the diagonal band of Broca,
      nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract, anterior amygdaloid area, and
      posterolateral cortical amygdaloid nucleus. After HRP injections in the dorsal
      part of the NOA, labeled cells were distributed in the NOA, nucleus of the
      lateral olfactory tract, posterolateral cortical amygdaloid nucleus, piriform
      cortex, horizontal and vertical limbs of the diagonal band of Broca, mitral cell
      layer of the MOB, tenia tecta, anterior amygdaloid area, and the contralateral
      NOA. We suggest that the contralateral projection nuclei to the MOB of the
      hedgehog, unusual in other mammals, and the large number of cells with axonal
      collaterals projecting to both hemispheres, may be a strategy in these animals to
      bilaterally integrate brain functions at the expense of its reduced corpus
      callosum.

PMID- 2918090
TI  - Ultrastructural localization of immunoreactive calbindin-D28k in the rat and
      monkey basal ganglia, including subcellular distribution with colloidal gold
      labeling.
AB  - Normal cellular function depends on the controlled flux of Ca++ within
      intracellular compartments and across the plasma membrane. Proteins that bind
      Ca++ are thought to contribute to the regulation of intracellular Ca++ and,
      perhaps more importantly, signal functional changes in cell activity. In the
      brain, calbindin-D28k is among a class of calcium-binding proteins that are
      widely and heterogeneously distributed in select populations of neurons, among
      them neostriatal cells, but whose function is largely unknown. In this study of
      the monkey and rat neostriatum and globus pallidus, calbindin-D28k was localized
      with immunoperoxidase and immunogold methods in order to identify striatal cell
      populations that contain this protein and the subcellular compartments in which
      it is likely to function. Light and electron microscopy showed intense and
      extensive labeling of immunoreactive calbindin-D28k in the cell bodies,
      dendrites, and spines of medium-sized neostriatal spiny neurons and in their axon
      terminals which end in the globus pallidus. More discrete labeling with a gold
      conjugated second antibody showed that the predominant site of calbindin-D28k was
      the matrix of the cytoplasm. Gold label was also associated with the karyoplasm
      of spiny cells and with the neurofilaments and axoplasmic matrix of
      striatopallidal axons and terminals, respectively. Membranes were either sparsely
      labeled (endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria) or devoid of gold particles
      (nuclear envelope and plasmalemma). Radioimmunoassays of striatal subcellular
      fractions supported the anatomical findings by indicating that the soluble
      fractions of neostriatal tissue homogenates contained most of the calbindin-D28k
      immunoreactivity and that washes from forebrain synaptosomes treated with Triton
      X-100 yielded high levels of immunoreactive calbindin-D28k. These findings show
      that immunoreactive calbindin-D28k is localized to spiny neurons of the
      striatopallidal pathway and are consistent with previous observations on
      subcellular localization in nonneuronal tissues. If, as recently speculated,
      calbindin-D28k regulates calcium concentrations in neostriatal spiny neurons,
      this feature may be particularly involved with the high density of glutamatergic
      inputs to these cells. More work is needed to determine whether calbindin-D28k,
      when complexed to Ca++ in neostriatal spiny cells, signals the activation of
      protein kinases, phosphorylation, and/or neurotransmitter release, as has been
      shown for other Ca++-binding proteins in mammalian tissues.

PMID- 2918091
TI  - In situ localization of myosin and actin in dendritic spines with the immunogold
      technique.
AB  - The in situ detection of macromolecules by means of immunoelectron microscopy
      provides information about their ultrastructural localization in cellular
      compartments. With this technique, we have demonstrated that the contractile
      proteins actin and myosin are both localized in dendritic spines at densities
      exceeding those of other neuronal compartments. Myosin was associated with actin
      filaments, with spine plasma membrane, and with membranes of the spine apparatus.
      Given the dynamic properties of actin and myosin, these data suggest that these
      proteins may be involved in the mechanism of synaptic plasticity in general and
      in morphometric change resulting from intense synaptic activation in particular.

PMID- 2918092
TI  - Postembryonic development of serotoninlike immunoreactivity in the central
      nervous system of the snail, Lymnaea stagnalis.
AB  - Posthatching growth in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis involves approximately a
      20-fold increase in the linear dimensions of the ganglia composing the central
      nervous system. Developmental change within the population of neurons exhibiting
      serotoninlike immunoreactivity (SLIR) was examined in order to explain this
      growth in cellular terms. The study indicates that at least two factors
      contribute to the growth of the nervous system. First, SLIR cells approximately
      double in number from the 200-250 cells in hatchlings to the complement found in
      animals approaching sexual maturity. Much of this increase in cell number
      occurred within identifiable discrete clusters of neurons with different clusters
      adding cells at different rates and at different times. The number of SLIR cells
      also increased in more diffuse populations, particularly along the medial aspects
      of the paired pedal and the right parietal ganglion. No identified cells were
      added postembryonically. In addition to the increases in neuron numbers,
      posthatching development in Lymnaea also involves the growth of individual cells.
      All cells examined showed continuous somatic growth during posthatching
      development, but different identified cells and different cell clusters were
      characterized by different rates of relative growth. Together, the results
      highlight the complexity of postembryonic development in the snail by indicating
      the temporal and spatial specificity for both cell addition and cell growth
      within the nervous system.

PMID- 2918093
TI  - Descending projections from auditory brainstem nuclei to the cochlea and cochlear
      nucleus of the guinea pig.
AB  - Projections from auditory brainstem nuclei to the cochlea and cochlear nuclei in
      the guinea pig were studied by injection of two retrograde fluorescent neuronal
      tracers. For seven experiments fast blue was injected into the scala tympani of
      one cochlea and diamidino yellow was injected into dorsal or anteroventral
      cochlear nucleus of the same side. The results show that the efferent projections
      to the cochlea and cochlear nucleus generally form two separate neuronal systems
      even though they share many common nuclei of origin. The largest projections to
      the cochlear nucleus come bilaterally from the lateral and ventral nuclei of the
      trapezoid body. Other nuclei, the lateral superior olive, the ventral nucleus of
      the lateral lemniscus, the dorsomedial periolivary nuclei, and the medial nucleus
      of the trapezoid body showed an ipsilateral bias in their projections to the
      cochlear nucleus. An upper limit of 3.5% of the medial system olivocochlear
      efferent neurones projecting to the cochlea were labelled with both diamidino
      yellow and fast blue, suggesting that few efferent neurones projecting to the
      cochlea send collaterals to the cochlear nucleus in this species. However, the
      site of medial system olivocochlear efferent collateral terminations is the
      granule cell area for the cat, mouse, and gerbil. When diamidino yellow was
      injected in the superficial layers of the cochlear nucleus, including the
      superficial granule cell layer of the ventral cochlear nucleus, approximately
      3.6% of medial system olivocochlear efferents projecting to the cochlea sent
      collaterals to the cochlear nucleus. In three animals fast blue was injected into
      the cochlear nucleus and diamidino yellow into the cochlea. These experiments
      revealed a greater proportion of the medial system olivocochlear efferents
      projecting to the cochlea sending collaterals to the cochlear nucleus, but this
      proportion was still less than 10%. These results were confirmed by the
      extracellular injection of horseradish peroxidase into the intraganglionic spiral
      bundle. Only three medial system olivocochlear efferents were observed to send
      collaterals to the cochlear nucleus. This number was less than 10% of all
      labelled medial system fibres. Although these experiments suggest that in the
      guinea pig the number of olivocochlear efferents sending collaterals to the
      cochlear nucleus is considerably smaller than is found for the cat, mouse, and
      gerbil, it is not possible with the current experimental procedures to conclude
      whether the results are due to species or methodological differences.

PMID- 2918094
TI  - Quantitative autoradiographic mapping of serotonin 5-HT1 and 5-HT2 receptors and
      uptake sites in the neocortex of the rhesus monkey.
AB  - The in vitro autoradiographic technique was used to characterize the distribution
      of serotonin 5-HT1 and 5-HT2 receptors and uptake sites in 11 cortical areas of
      frontal, parietal, and occipital lobes in the rhesus monkey; 5-HT1 receptors were
      labeled with [3H]5-HT; 5-HT2 receptors were labeled with [3H]ketanserin; and 5-HT
      uptake sites were labeled with [3H]citalopram. Five-HT1 and 5-HT2 receptors and 5
      HT uptake sites were found in every cortical area examined with the absolute
      concentration of 5-HT1 receptors higher than that of 5-HT2 receptors in all
      areas. In eight regions of prefrontal and parietal as well as in prestriate
      cortex, 5-HT1 and 5-HT2 receptors had complementary distribution profiles: 5-HT1
      receptors were concentrated in layers I and II and the upper strata of layer III,
      while 5-HT2 receptors had their highest concentration throughout layers III and
      IV. Only the primary motor and visual cortex had receptor distributions different
      from that described above. Thus, in the primary visual cortex, both 5-HT1 and 5
      HT2 receptors were found in high concentration in sublayer IVc beta, though the
      density of 5-HT1 receptor was also high in other subdivisions of layer IV and in
      layers III, V, and VI. In the primary motor cortex, both receptor subtypes were
      concentrated in layers I and II and the upper strata of layer III. The pattern of
      distribution of serotonin uptake sites did not match the patterns of distribution
      of either 5-HT1 or 5-HT2 receptors alone; rather it approximated the combined
      patterns of distribution of both receptor subtypes. The complementary patterns of
      distribution of 5-HT1 and 5-HT2 receptors in most areas of the monkey cerebral
      cortex suggest that these two receptor subtypes may make differential
      contributions to cortical functions.

PMID- 2918095
TI  - Dopamine-like immunoreactivity in the brain and suboesophageal ganglion of the
      honeybee.
AB  - The distribution of dopamine in the brain and suboesophageal ganglion of the
      honeybee Apis mellifera was investigated by means of immunocytochemistry with a
      well-characterized antiserum against dopamine. The binding of the antiserum in
      paraffin serial sections was studied with the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method.
      Dopamine-like immunoreactive neurons are present in most parts of the brain and
      in the suboesophageal ganglion. Only the optic lobes are devoid of label. There
      are ca. 330 dopamine immunoreactive somata in each brain hemisphere plus
      respective suboesophageal hemiganglion, which is less than 0.1% of the entire
      neuronal population. Most of the labelled somata are situated within three
      clusters: one below the lateral calyx and two in the anterior-ventral
      protocerebrum. Other labelled somata lie dispersed or in small groups around the
      protocerebral bridge, below the optic tubercles, proximal to the ventral rim of
      the lobula, and in the lateral and ventral somatal rind of the suboesophageal
      ganglion. Similar to neurons that react with an antiserum against serotonin, the
      fine processes of dopamine immunoreactive fibers have a varicose appearance which
      is typical for aminergic neurons. In addition to the neuronal staining, dopamine
      like immunoreactivity is also present in the sheath surrounding the brain and in
      the retina, where it is not restricted to any particular cell type. A detailed
      account is given for those neurons and groups of neurons that could be traced and
      reconstructed in some detail. A common feature of all dopamine immunoreactive
      fibers is that each fiber invades large volumes of neuropil, suggesting that
      dopamine is more important in mediating distant rather than local neural
      interactions.

PMID- 2918096
TI  - Neurons of origin and fiber trajectory of amygdalofugal projections to the medial
      preoptic area in Syrian hamsters.
AB  - The amygdaloid neurons of origin and the trajectory of amygdaloid fibers to the
      medial preoptic area of the adult male Syrian hamster were identified by using
      horseradish peroxidase (HRP) histochemistry. After iontophoresis of HRP into the
      medial preoptic area, retrogradely labeled amygdaloid neurons were located in the
      dorsal and caudal parts of the medial amygdaloid nucleus and throughout the
      amygdalohippocampal area. No amygdaloid neurons were labeled after HRP
      applications confined to the most rostral portion of the medial preoptic area
      (anterior to the body of the anterior commissure). Following more caudal medial
      preoptic area injections (body of the anterior commissure to the suprachiasmatic
      nucleus) the distribution of retrogradely labeled cells in the medial amygdaloid
      nucleus and the amygdalohippocampal area revealed no topographic organization of
      the amygdalopreoptic connections. When amygdaloid neurons were labeled, the
      amygdalohippocampal area contained two to five times as many HRP-filled cells as
      the medial amygdaloid nucleus. Retrogradely transported HRP could be followed
      from the medial preoptic area to the amygdala through fibers in the dorsomedial
      quadrant of the stria terminalis. In addition, electrolytic lesions of the stria
      terminalis prior to iontophoresis of HRP into the medial preoptic area prevented
      retrograde transport to neurons in both the dorsocaudal medial amygdaloid nucleus
      and the amygdalohippocampal area. These results confirm earlier observations
      describing the location of autoradiographically labeled efferents from the medial
      amygdaloid nucleus to the medial preoptic area and provide new information about
      the restricted region within the medial amygdaloid nucleus from which these
      projections arise. They also suggest that, unlike the projections from the medial
      amygdaloid nucleus to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the efferents to
      the medial preoptic area travel entirely in the stria terminalis.

PMID- 2918097
TI  - Morphologies of rabbit retinal ganglion cells with concentric receptive fields.
AB  - Rabbit retinal ganglion cells with concentric receptive fields were
      intracellularly recorded and stained in the isolated superfused eyecup
      preparation to relate specific physiological response properties to dendritic
      morphology. Concentric ganglion cells, as traditionally defined, were those that
      had On or Off centers with antagonistic surrounds but lacked complex response
      properties such as direction or orientation selectivity. Concentric cells were
      classified into different groups by extracellular recordings of their On- or Off
      center response sign, excitatory receptive field center size, linearity of
      spatial summation, and brisk vs. sluggish and transient vs. sustained responses
      to step changes in light intensity. The cells were then impaled, confirmed in
      identity during intracellular recording, and iontophoretically injected with
      horseradish peroxidase for histological analysis. Twenty-three concentric
      ganglion cells were recovered and morphometrically analyzed. Their physiological
      response properties were found to be related to a number of underlying two- and
      three-dimensional attributes of the cell's dendritic branching patterns. The
      dendrites of all 20 brisk concentric cells and two of the three sluggish cells
      were found to ramify narrowly in either the proximal or distal half of the inner
      plexiform layer, corresponding to whether they are On center or Off center,
      respectively. One of the sluggish concentric cells was found to have a more
      complex, partially bistratified ramification. Physiologically identified brisk
      sustained-linear, brisk-transient-nonlinear, brisk-transient-linear, and at least
      two classes of sluggish concentric ganglion cells were stained. Each of these
      physiological classes appears to exhibit a distinct and identifiable dendritic
      branching pattern.

PMID- 2918098
TI  - Morphologies of rabbit retinal ganglion cells with complex receptive fields.
AB  - Ganglion cells that had complex receptive field properties, namely, On-Off and On
      direction-selective cells, orientation-selective cells, local edge detectors, and
      uniformity detectors (suppressed by contrast cells) were recorded in an isolated
      superfused rabbit eyecup preparation. Cells were first classified by their
      characteristic extracellular responses to manually controlled stimuli similar to
      those which have been used in previous in vivo studies. Ganglion cells were then
      impaled, confirmed in identity by intracellular recording, and iontophoretically
      injected with horseradish peroxidase for staining. Twenty-two ganglion cells,
      which included members of all the major classes mentioned above, were recovered
      from the visual streak or near periphery. All recovered cells were drawn in
      camera lucida from flat-mounted retinas and entered into a computer as two
      dimensional stick figures; nearly all were three-dimensionally reconstructed to
      determine the level and manner of dendritic ramification in the inner plexiform
      layer (IPL). The location of ganglion cell dendrites in sublaminar regions of the
      IPL was found to be consistent with the hypothesis of a division of the IPL into
      excitatory On (proximal) and Off (distal) sublaminae, with some qualifications
      for particular classes. Each of the complex receptive field ganglion cell classes
      exhibited a distinctive three-dimensional dendritic arborization pattern uniquely
      associated with that physiological class.

PMID- 2918099
TI  - Ganglion cell arrangement and axonal trajectories in the anterior lateral line
      nerve of the weakly electric fish Apteronotus leptorhynchus (Gymnotiformes).
AB  - To determine the organizational principles underlying the peripheral
      electrosensory nervous system of weakly electric gymnotiform teleosts we labelled
      each of the four anterior lateral line nerve branches with HRP. We determined the
      position of labelled cell bodies within the ganglion and followed anterogradely
      filled fibers to their termination sites in one of the four somatotopic maps in
      the electroreceptive lateral line lobe (ELL). Within the ganglion, cell bodies
      exhibit a loose somatotopy based on nerve branch position: trunk electroreceptors
      have their cell bodies located in the caudal ganglion; cell bodies to the head
      receptors are rostral. Cell bodies to the head exhibit a rough dorsoventral
      polarity, supraorbital cells tend to be located dorsally, infraorbital cells
      centrally, and mandibular cells ventrally. Despite this general somatotopy there
      is substantial overlap (up to 30%) of cell bodies among regions. There appears to
      be no rostrocaudal topography within nerve branch regions. Iontophoretic WGA-HRP
      injected into the medial segment of the ELL retrogradely labelled cell bodies
      that innervate ampullary organs. These cell bodies were dispersed throughout the
      ganglion, indicating that cell bodies do not cluster by receptor type.
      Peripherally directed axons from the ganglion appear to undergo an active
      reorganization in order to form the nerve branches. Within nerve branches, axons
      to a particular area of skin do not cluster together. Centrally from the
      ganglion, axons retain the position of their cell body until they reach the ELL
      border. Once in the ELL, fibers become sorted in the deep fiber layer according
      to receptor type and the map they terminate in. This reorganization involves
      rearrangement of fascicles and axons within fascicles. In toto, proceeding from
      peripheral to central, the electrosensory periphery loses at least a portion of
      its receptor topography in the distal nerve and ganglion and then acquires both a
      functional and somatotopic organization after reaching the ELL; conceptually it
      is torn down and rebuilt again. From an ontogenetic perspective, axonal growth
      occurs from the ganglion outward; the fact that ganglion cell bodies are not
      highly organized while the receptors they innervate and their central processes
      are suggests that active axonal guidance mechanisms are involved.

PMID- 2918100
TI  - Distribution of neuropeptide Y-containing perikarya and axons in various
      neocortical areas in the macaque monkey.
AB  - The laminar and areal distribution of neuropeptide Y (NPY)-containing perikarya
      and their processes was analyzed immunocytochemically in Brodmann's neocortical
      areas 17, 18, 7, 22, 3, 4, 24, and 9 (Walker's area 46) in seven macaque monkeys.
      Most NPY-containing cells are distributed in two broad bands in layers II-III and
      V-VI in all areas; relatively few cells can be found in layer I and virtually
      none in layer IV. Numerous NPY-containing cells are situated in the white matter
      immediately subjacent to the cortical gray. Severalfold regional and individual
      differences in the density of NPY-positive somata were found in supra- and
      infragranular layers. However, the interareal variations in the density of NPY
      containing somata do not conform to a universal pattern, because of either
      individual variability or inherent difficulties in standardizing
      immunocytochemical labeling. In contrast, the laminar differences in the
      distribution of NPY-containing axons among cortical areas are consistent in all
      animals. In general, primary sensory and motor areas have a lesser density of NPY
      containing axons than association and limbic areas. Within the general pattern,
      area-specific laminar segregation of NPY-containing axons occurs. The regional
      differences in the distribution of NPY-like immunoreactivity in the neocortex may
      reflect innate characteristics of local neuronal circuits serving specialized
      functions.

PMID- 2918101
TI  - Multiple types of neuropeptide Y-containing neurons in primate neocortex.
AB  - The avidin-biotin-peroxidase method was used at the light and electron
      microscopic levels to analyze neuropeptide Y (NPY)-containing neurons in the
      neocortex of six adult macaque monkeys. Regions studied included various sensory,
      motor, limbic, and association areas, designated as 17, 18, 7, 22, 3, 4, 6, 24,
      and 9 by Brodmann (Beitrage zur Histologischen Lokalisation der Grosshirnrinde.
      Leipzig: Barth, '06). Several types of NPY-containing neurons can be
      distinguished by their laminar location, by the size of their perikarya, and by
      the size, shape, and pattern of ramification of their processes: 1) layer I small
      local circuit neurons; 2) layer II granule cells; 3) aspiny stellate cells
      located in layers II-III and V-VI, with long, slender dendrites; 4) sparsely
      spiny stellate cells; 5) aspiny stellate cells with long, horizontally oriented
      dendrites, whose cell body is situated in layer VI; 6) Martinotti cells in areas
      9, 7, and 24; and 7) multipolar neurons situated in the white matter subjacent to
      the cortical gray. The possibility of additional neuronal types containing NPY is
      suggested by labeled densely spinous dendrites in area 6 and recurving axons and
      axonal loops in the supragranular layers in areas 7 and 9. No NPY-containing
      neurons were found in layer IV of any area, except layers IVA and B of the visual
      cortex. Likewise, nonneuronal elements were not labeled. The regional differences
      in the distribution of some NPY-containing neuron types may reflect adaptations
      of local neuronal circuits for specialized functions.

PMID- 2918102
TI  - Fluorescent histochemical localization of neutral endopeptidase-24.11
      (enkephalinase) in the rat spinal cord.
AB  - The localization of neutral endopeptidase-24.11 (E.C. 3.4.24.11; enkephalinase)
      in rat spinal cord was investigated by a novel fluorescent histochemical method.
      Enkephalinase was localized by using a coupled enzyme assay based upon the
      sequential cleavage of the synthetic peptide substrate glutaryl-ala-ala-phe-4
      methoxy-2-naphthylamide by enkephalinase and exogenous aminopeptidase M. Enzyme
      distribution was examined in segments from cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral
      cord. At all spinal cord levels, enkephalinase was localized to discrete regions
      of the gray matter. The substantia gelatinosa displayed rich enkephalinase
      staining which overlapped the inner and outer zones of lamina II. A staining
      pattern similar to that observed in lamina II was observed in the spinal
      trigeminal nucleus in the medulla. In lamina III the enzyme was associated with
      small and medium-sized cells. Lamina IV showed staining associated with medium
      sized and large cell bodies. The medial boundary of the dorsal gray of laminae IV
      and V had medium-sized fusiform cells which stained for enkephalinase. In the
      lateral reticulated areas of lamina V, enkephalinase reaction product was
      localized to scattered medium-sized and large cells compressed against the white
      matter of axon bundles. Staining in lamina VI was similar in appearance to lamina
      V. Enkephalinase reaction product was widely distributed in the ventral horn.
      Numerous ventral horn motor neurons of varied size and morphology in laminae VIII
      and XI stained richly for the enzyme. The enzyme was also localized to medium
      sized and large cells in lamina X and to cells of the central cervical nucleus.
      The size and morphology of the cell types associated with the enzyme supported a
      neuronal association for enkephalinase. The regional distribution of the enzyme
      overlapped that of enkephalin- and substance-P rich regions of the spinal cord.
      These findings support a role for enkephalinase in the metabolic regulation of
      centrally acting neuropeptides.

PMID- 2918103
TI  - Shape and distribution of an unusual retinal neuron.
AB  - Rabbit retinas were exposed to exogenous indoleamines and fixed with mixed
      aldehydes. The indoleamines were accumulated by two types of amacrine cell and by
      an unusual cell (type 3) that branches widely in both plexiform layers. The type
      3 cells were studied after immunohistochemistry, photooxidation of the
      fluorescent label, or injection with Lucifer Yellow. Their cell bodies are
      located at the scleral margin of the inner nuclear layer. The cells' arbors in
      the outer plexiform layer range from 800 to 1,500 microns in diameter. A
      descending process crosses the inner nuclear layer and branches in layer 5 of the
      inner plexiform layer. The arbor in the inner retina can exceed 500 microns in
      diameter. The distribution of type 3 cells was mapped in a series of retinal
      whole mounts. The number of type 3 cells ranged from 58 to 270 in different
      retinas. In two retinas from a single animal, however, it was virtually
      identical. Type 3 cells are concentrated in the region ventral to the visual
      streak, so that large areas of the retina are not covered by any type 3 cell.
      Because of their incomplete retinal coverage and variable number from animal to
      animal, the type 3 cells appear to be developmental anomalies. Paradoxically,
      their generation must be precisely controlled because of the numerical symmetry
      between an individual animal's two eyes.

PMID- 2918104
TI  - Variations in the intralobular distribution of copper in the livers of copper
      loaded rats in relation to the pathogenesis of copper storage diseases.
AB  - There are differences in the hepatic intralobular distribution of copper in
      copper storage related diseases which may be of pathogenetic significance. Male
      rats fed a high copper diet (1500 ppm) for 16 weeks were killed at intervals in
      an attempt to compare copper distribution in their livers with those in human,
      canine and ovine copper toxicosis. Copper was found to accumulate almost
      exclusively in the periportal and mid-zones of the rat liver lobules and was
      associated with progressive pathological changes which included focal and
      periportal degeneration and necrosis. This pattern of copper distribution
      contrasts markedly with the centrilobular retention reported in familial canine
      copper toxicosis and chronic copper poisoning in sheep which suggests that, in
      these conditions, a secretory deficiency may be less important than a metabolic
      zonal defect of intracellular copper metabolism. The pathological changes
      observed in copper-loaded rats have a different micro-anatomical localization
      from those in dogs and sheep, but show similarities to the early changes reported
      in the latter species and indicate the possibility of a similar cellular lesion.

PMID- 2918105
TI  - Multinucleate giant cells in the regressed corpus luteum of the bitch.
AB  - The pigmented cell clusters which make up the residual luteal tissue in the
      canine ovary were found to be mostly syncytial in nature and to resemble the
      foreign-body and Langhan's-type giant cells of chronic inflammation.

PMID- 2918106
TI  - Cartilaginous metaplasia associated with a basal cell tumour in a dog.
AB  - Locally extensive dermal cartilaginous metaplasia was seen in association with a
      pigmented basal cell tumour in an aged, spayed Basenji dog. Six months after
      surgical excision, the animal remains healthy with no recurrence of the neoplasm.

PMID- 2918107
TI  - Post-mortem changes in the abomasal mucosae of sheep infected with Haemonchus
      contortus compared with those in uninfected sheep.
AB  - Progressive post-mortem changes were observed, with fibre optic endoscopy, in the
      abomasum of uninfected sheep and sheep infected with H. contortus. Loss of
      epithelial cells was observed 14 to 16 min after death in the uninfected sheep.
      The loss exposed the underlying lamina propria. This loss became more widespread
      as the time after death increased. Epithelial cell loss was observed earlier (as
      early as 6 min after death) in the infected sheep. Three of the infected sheep
      also displayed dispersal of alkaline phosphatase activity 30 min after death. The
      present work shows that post-mortem changes can occur quite quickly in animals,
      especially infected animals, and emphasizes the importance of rapid removal of
      tissue from animals after death.

PMID- 2918108
TI  - Occurrence of the lungworms Capillaria and Crenosoma spp. in British hedgehogs
      (Erinaceus europaeus).
AB  - Fifty-three dead hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) were investigated histologically
      for evidence of lungworm infestation. The faeces of forty-two were examined
      microscopically for nematode eggs. Thirty-five animals showed parasitic lesions-
      fourteen Crenosoma only, five Capillaria only and sixteen both. Infestations were
      characterized by inflammatory changes in the trachea and lung and the presence of
      worms in other organs. There was some correlation between the finding of
      parasites in histological sections and the detection of eggs in faeces but,
      neither method appears completely reliable.

PMID- 2918109
TI  - Toxic effects of theobromine on mature and immature male rabbits.
AB  - Mature and immature male rabbits were fed for 120 and 20 days, respectively, a
      commercial diet containing theobromine in amounts of 0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 per cent.
      Clinical, haematological, histopathological and histoenzymological examinations
      were performed. Mortality, which appeared dose- and time-related, was severe and
      rapid, mostly in the 1 and 1.5 per cent groups and was attributed to cardiac
      failure. Theobromine administration resulted in marked changes in thymus and
      testes and the severity of lesions appeared to be related to the amounts of the
      ingested methylxanthine. The earliest thymic alterations in immature rabbits
      consisted of a blurring of demarcation between cortex and medulla accompanied, in
      the more advanced stages, by a decreased lymphocyte density. Similar lesions were
      observed in mature animals which had died in the earlier phase of the study.
      Testicular alterations ranged from vacuolation of spermatids and spermatocytes to
      multinucleated cell formation and oligospermia or aspermia with extensive
      degeneration of tubule cells. Some necrotic and post-necrotic myocardial foci
      were also recorded. The increase in testicular activity of beta-glucuronidase in
      immature rabbits compared to the untreated animals provided further evidence of
      an early theobromine-induced damage of the testes.

PMID- 2918110
TI  - Experimental induction of pneumonia in mice with Bordetella parapertussis
      isolated from sheep.
AB  - The intranasal inoculation of mice with a suspension of ovine isolates of
      Bordetella parapertussis killed about 11 per cent of animals (four out of 34)
      between 2 to 3 days post-inoculation and produced a subacute bronchopneumonia
      morphologically similar to early lesions of naturally occurring ovine chronic non
      progressive pneumonia. Pulmonary lesions characterized by alveolar septal
      congestion and oedema, focal alveolar haemorrhage and intraalveolar and septal
      infiltration by neutrophils and macrophages were seen in the early stages.
      Bronchioles often contained an exudate of macrophages, neutrophils and fibrin and
      later hyperplasia of perivascular and peribronchiolar lymphoid tissue and
      fibrosis of the interalveolar septa were evident. Electron microscopy revealed
      extensive degenerative changes in the alveolar epithelium and alveolar
      macrophages. Pure cultures of B. parapertussis were consistently recovered from
      infected lungs from 12 h after inoculation to pid 6. Intact organisms and
      organisms showing varying degrees of degeneration were found free in alveolar
      spaces or phagocytosed by alveolar macrophages.

PMID- 2918111
TI  - Lymphangiosarcoma and haemangiosarcoma in a cat.
AB  - Ultrastructural findings in a feline ventral abdominal vascular tumour showed
      lack of basal lamina, few micropinocytotic vesicles and intercellular junctions
      and a discontinuous endothelial cell layer. A splenic cyst had a continuous basal
      lamina, numerous micropinocytotic vesicles and intercellular junctions and a
      continuous endothelial cell layer. These findings were compatible with diagnosis
      of lymphangiosarcoma (ventral abdomen and metastases) and haemangiosarcoma
      (splenic cyst).

PMID- 2918112
TI  - Metastatic malignant mesothelioma in a dog.
AB  - A case of malignant mesothelioma in a 5 1/2-year-old St Bernard dog is described.
      The distribution of the neoplasm was to the pericardium and peritoneum and not
      the pleura. Distant metastases were found in the bronchial lymph node and bone
      marrow.

PMID- 2918113
TI  - The dysplastic melanocytic nevus: a prevalent lesion that correlates poorly with
      clinical phenotype.
AB  - We estimated the prevalence of persons with histologic dysplasia in at least one
      of two nevi examined by biopsy to be 53% in Utah's caucasians. This apparently
      high prevalence indicates that such lesions may represent a normal variant of a
      melanocytic nevus, perhaps those in the process of active proliferation.
      Regardless of the apparent ubiquity of these lesions, examination of biopsy
      specimens led to a grading scheme of histologic dysplasia that may reflect
      chronologic stages in the neoplastic development of melanocytic nevi. Comparison
      of these histologic findings with the clinical examination yielded the unexpected
      result that dysplasia and lesion size are independent of each other. Lesions 3 mm
      in diameter or smaller were as likely to be dysplastic as those much larger.
      There was, however, a statistically significant relationship between histologic
      dysplasia of a nevus examined by biopsy and the person's total number of
      melanocytic lesions. This finding indicates that the pathology grading scheme may
      be useful. The high prevalence of dysplastic nevi dilutes the clinical
      significance of a dysplastic nevus as an isolated finding and thereby lessens the
      importance of pathologic findings in the diagnosis of dysplastic nervus syndrome.

PMID- 2918114
TI  - Personality factors as predictors of therapeutic response to cryosurgery in
      patients with warts.
AB  - Fifty patients with warts were treated with cryotherapy and given a 100-item
      questionnaire, The Tennessee Self-Concept Scale, to complete. Responses from 42
      patients on whom follow-up data were available were subjected to computer
      analysis. The answers to eight of the questions differed significantly between
      treatment cures (23) and treatment failures (19). Further analysis of two of the
      eight questions showed that it may be possible to use them to predict
      cryosurgical treatment success or failure in up to 100% of cases.

PMID- 2918115
TI  - Easier patch testing with TRUE Test.
AB  - TRUE Test, a standardized, ready-to-apply patch test system, is made from
      polyester covered with a film of allergens incorporated in a hydrophilic polymer.
      The patches are mounted on nonwoven cellulose tape with acrylic adhesive, covered
      with siliconized plastic, and packed in an air-tight and light-impermeable
      envelope. When the test strip is taped on the skin, perspiration hydrates the
      film and transforms it to a gel, which causes the allergen to be released. The
      first panel of 12 allergens and allergen mixes is standardized and tested for
      stability in vitro and in vivo. The accuracy of the test panel has been certified
      in international multicenter studies by comparing it with present patch test
      techniques. A second panel of 11 more allergens was completed in 1988. The two
      test panels include the full standard panel of the North American Contact
      Dermatitis Group.

PMID- 2918116
TI  - Epidermal nevi and the epidermal nevus syndrome. A review of 131 cases.
AB  - One hundred thirty-one patients with epidermal nevi are reviewed. The commonest
      site of involvement was the head and neck, and 13% of patients had widespread
      lesions. Ages of onset ranged from birth to 14 years. A spread beyond the
      original distribution was noted in 37% of patients. Many clinical patterns
      occurred, including eight cases of inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal nevus.
      A variety of other cutaneous abnormalities were found. Biopsies were performed in
      41 cases. Three patients developed secondary tumors. One hundred nineteen of the
      patients were assessed for the presence of abnormalities in other organ systems.
      One or more abnormalities were demonstrated in 33% of patients, and in 5%, five
      or more abnormalities were detected. This study indicates that patients with
      epidermal nevi are at significant risk of having other abnormalities and warrant
      detailed initial assessment and close follow-up.

PMID- 2918117
TI  - Histologic studies in psoriatic patients treated at the Dead Sea: comparison with
      photochemotherapy.

PMID- 2918118
TI  - Postirradiation Merkel cell carcinoma.

PMID- 2918119
TI  - Contact dermatitis to transdermal estradiol system.

PMID- 2918120
TI  - Ciguatera fish poisoning.

PMID- 2918122
TI  - Against time-limited certification.

PMID- 2918121
TI  - Successful treatment of the pruritus of human immunodeficiency virus infection
      and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome with psoralens plus ultraviolet A therapy.

PMID- 2918123
TI  - Use of the ophthalmoscope in the clinical diagnosis of cutaneous pigmented
      lesions.

PMID- 2918124
TI  - Examination of the male genitalia with an ophthalmoscope: a rapid and simple
      approach to the detection of penile venereal warts.

PMID- 2918125
TI  - Psoriasis: neutrophil chemotaxis and microbial factors.

PMID- 2918126
TI  - Melanocytic nevus counts and melanoma.

PMID- 2918127
TI  - Corticosteroids and postherpetic neuralgia.

PMID- 2918128
TI  - Primary amyloidosis of the concha.

PMID- 2918129
TI  - Bed sores and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

PMID- 2918130
TI  - Biophysical analyses of sequential bands of enamel related to ruffle-ended and
      smooth-ended maturation ameloblasts.
AB  - During amelogenesis in the rat incisor, modulating ruffle-ended (RA) and smooth
      ended (SA) ameloblasts are distributed as bands in the enamel organ of the
      maturation zone. This distribution of the two cell types has been shown to be
      precisely correlated with a banding of the underlying enamel, as shown by
      staining and other cyclical indicators (Takano et al., 1982a,b). Several
      biophysical approaches have been taken here to characterize the enamel bands
      sequentially and to determine whether the appearance of such bands is
      attributable to differences in inorganic composition possibly related to RA and
      SA. Sprague-Dawley rats were decapitated under ether anesthesia, lower incisors
      were dissected from surrounding alveolar bone, and enamel organs were wiped from
      the teeth with moistened gauze. Analyses were performed on either the surface of
      intact enamel or on individual strips of enamel dissected from the tooth surface,
      by use of the translucent bands that appear during drying as reference marks for
      the positions of the overlying cell type. X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared
      spectroscopy (IR), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and wave-length
      dispersive electron probe x-ray micro-analysis (WDS) all failed to detect
      significant differences between analysis areas; data were characteristic of
      enamel apatite having typical XRD maxima (hkl = 002, 211, 112, 300), IR
      absorption bands (PO4(3-) and CO3(2-], XPS Ca and P binding energies (Ca2p =
      350.5, 346.9 eV; P2p = 133.7, 132.7 eV), and WDS Ca/P molar ratios (1.33
      1.49).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2918131
TI  - Microstructural features of carious human enamel imaged with back-scattered
      electrons.
AB  - We have used back-scattered electrons (BE) in the scanning electron microscope to
      produce mineral density images of enamel. Flat surfaces of artificially-carious
      enamel, softened in an intra-oral experiment, and naturally-carious (white spot)
      enamel were polished to a high gloss with diamond lapping compound, rendering
      them almost featureless by secondary electron scanning electron microscopy. They
      were then examined at 10 to 30 kV in a Philips 505 instrument fitted with a 4
      quadrant BE detector. Study of surfaces prepared approximately parallel to the
      natural surface showed that mineral was lost from both prism core and the
      interprismatic region, leaving a thin mineral-rich rim at the prism periphery.
      The same lesions viewed longitudinally on a surface prepared perpendicular to the
      natural surface showed mineral-rich bands at the prism margins in the outer
      enamel. Near the advancing front of the lesion, the prism junctions were widened
      and the prism cores sometimes hypermineralized. Natural lesions sectioned in the
      prism long axis showed features previously seen with other techniques, e.g.,
      cross-striations and striae of Retzius, but in much greater detail. Mineral
      enrichment at the prism periphery in the lesion body and a widening of the prism
      junction at the advancing fronts of lesions in permanent teeth were most obvious.
      Calculations showed that with an accelerating voltage of 30 kV, the images
      reflected mineral density up to 4 microns beneath the surface. BE microscopy
      produces a high-resolution image of mineral loss or gain in carious enamel, with
      relatively easy sample preparation.

PMID- 2918132
TI  - Effects of sustained-release chlorhexidine acetate on the human dental plaque
      flora.
AB  - The aim of this study was to determine the effect on the human dental plaque
      flora of a varnish containing chlorhexidine diacetate. The in vitro release of
      chlorhexidine acetate from the varnish preparation was relatively fast on the
      first day, followed by a substantial decline in the subsequent three days. In a
      clinical experiment, 26 volunteers were randomly distributed over four
      experimental groups. After a dental prophylaxis, the subjects were treated with a
      single application of a placebo varnish (group I), a fluoride varnish (group II),
      a chlorhexidine varnish (group III), or a fluoride-plus-chlorhexidine varnish
      (group IV). Saliva and pooled plaque samples from approximal surfaces were taken
      before (baseline) and one, two, three, four, and six weeks after the treatments.
      No suppression was found of total cultivable flora or S. sanguis after the
      experimental treatments. Application of the fluoride varnish did not suppress the
      A. viscosus/naeslundii or S. mutans levels in the dental plaque. Chlorhexidine
      suppressed A. viscosus/naeslundii until two weeks after the treatment. S. mutans
      was significantly suppressed until four weeks after a single chlorhexidine
      application. While in some subjects S. mutans was effectively suppressed over the
      whole experimental period, in others S. mutans recovered quickly. In five
      subjects in whom S. mutans recovered quickly, the dentition was treated twice
      with chlorhexidine varnish, with an interval of one week between the treatments.
      After two chlorhexidine treatments, S. mutans in saliva and on the teeth was
      suppressed more strongly than after a single treatment. However, the second
      chlorhexidine treatment could not prevent the return of S. mutans in the
      approximal areas to its original level.

PMID- 2918133
TI  - Protein dissimilation by human salivary-sediment bacteria.
AB  - Proteins of known composition and structural characteristics were incubated (1.0
      mg/mL) with re-suspended salivary sediment (2.5% v/v) in a lactate-salt medium
      with an initial pH of 5.2 for two hr at 37 degrees C. Hydrolysis of the proteins
      was monitored by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
      Hydrogen ion, amines, and ammonia were measured by use of a combined pH
      electrode, high-performance liquid chromatography, and glutamate dehydrogenase,
      respectively. Of the proteins studied, the caseins alpha s1, beta, and kappa and
      the histones H1 and H3 were extensively hydrolyzed by the salivary-sediment
      bacteria. The hydrolysis of these proteins was attributed to their relative lack
      of tertiary (folded) structure. The only amine detected was the polyamine
      putrescine arising from the catabolism of arginine following the hydrolysis of
      the arginine-rich histone H3. None of the other proteins extensively hydrolyzed
      by salivary sediment, although containing arginyl and lysyl residues, served as
      substrates for putrescine or cadaverine production. Pre-hydrolysis of the
      arginine-rich histone H3 and poly-L-arginine with trypsin resulted in a marked
      increase in putrescine produced, suggesting that the salivary-sediment
      proteolytic activity was not "trypsin-like". Incubation of salivary-sediment
      bacteria with the caseins and the histone H3 resulted in an increase in ammonium
      ion concentration and an associated decrease in hydrogen ion concentration. The
      increase in ammonium ion concentration not attributed to arginine hydrolysis was
      correlated with the content of glutaminyl plus asparaginyl residues of the
      proteins.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2918134
TI  - Fluoride in plaque following use of dentifrices containing sodium
      monofluorophosphate.
AB  - Previous work showed that plaque fluoride increased with increasing NaF content
      of mouthwashes following daily use. The main aim of this study was to test
      whether a similar relationship was detectable after regular use of dentifrices
      containing amounts of sodium monofluorophosphate equivalent to 1000, 1500, and
      2500 micrograms F/g. Plaque was collected from three groups, each consisting of
      approximately 80 children, who had each used one of the dentrifrices for one
      year. Plaque fluoride increased significantly with increasing Na2FPO3 content of
      the dentifrices. For the 1000-micrograms-F/g group, plaque fluoride also
      increased significantly with increasing frequency of dentifrice use, but did not
      correlate with amount of dentifrice applied per brushing. The inverse correlation
      observed between mean plaque fluoride concentrations and mean three-year caries
      increments suggests that oral fluoride measurements may prove valuable in
      estimating the likely anti-caries efficacy of fluoride-containing dental
      products.

PMID- 2918135
TI  - Tempering stresses in feldspathic porcelain.
AB  - The objective of this study was to develop an analytical model to calculate
      transient and residual (tempering) stresses in dental porcelain plates subjected
      to cooling rates used by commercial laboratories. The model incorporates linear
      viscoelasticity and structural relaxation effects. The viscosities of three
      experimental body porcelains and three experimental opaque porcelains as a
      function of temperature were calculated from creep rates measured in a bending
      beam viscometer. Measurements were made under thermal equilibrium conditions for
      temperatures ranging from 550 degrees C to 625 degrees C. Thermal expansion data
      measured in a differential dilatometer at slow heating rates were supplied by the
      manufacturer. Temperature distribution in the plates as a function of convective
      heat transfer coefficient, initial plate temperature, and plate thickness was
      calculated by use of standard numerical techniques. Calculations of transient and
      residual stress were performed for one body porcelain, for two plate thicknesses,
      and for three variable cooling rates. Calculated surface residual stresses were
      strongly dependent on plate thickness, cooling rate, and initial soak
      temperature. For the cases studied, the maximum residual surface compressive
      stress was 26.4 MPa.

PMID- 2918136
TI  - Studies on fluoride concentrations in human submandibular/sublingual saliva and
      their relation to flow rate and plasma fluoride levels.
AB  - Submandibular/sublingual saliva and blood were collected from five subjects after
      ingestion of 1 mg fluoride as NaF. An individual collection device, made from a
      silicone impression material, was used to collect the saliva in 10-minute
      samples, before and during 2 hr after the fluoride intake. In two separate
      experiments on each individual, submandibular/sublingual saliva was collected
      continuously at different flow rates: without stimulation and with gustatory
      stimulation. Blood was also collected at intervals throughout the experiments.
      The concentration of fluoride in the submandibular/sublingual saliva was less
      than that in the plasma but independent of salivary flow rate. The ratio between
      the saliva and plasma fluoride concentrations at the peak of the mean plasma
      fluoride concentrations was 0.55 +/- 0.13 and 0.69 +/- 0.11 in the experiments on
      unstimulated and stimulated salivary, flow rate, respectively. The total amount
      of the ingested fluoride dose that was excreted through the
      submandibular/sublingual glands during 130 min was highly correlated with the
      salivary flow rate. The fraction of the ingested fluoride dose excreted in 2 hr
      was 0.04 +/- 0.02% in the unstimulated saliva and 0.15 +/- 0.09% in the
      stimulated saliva.

PMID- 2918137
TI  - The detection of incipient caries with tracer dyes.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine the increase in color contrast
      produced by the use of a tracer dye in detection of incipient caries lesions with
      transillumination. Twenty-four caries-free first premolars were immersed in an
      acid gelatin for production of artificial incipient caries lesions. After the
      lesions had developed, these teeth were photographed by transillumination. Two
      photographs were taken of each tooth. The first photograph showed the lesion
      without dye. A blue tracer dye was then added and absorbed by the lesion, and a
      second photograph was taken. The data on the color difference were obtained by
      use of a reflectance colorimeter and showed a four-fold increase between the
      lesion and surrounding area with the dye. A two-way analysis of variance was used
      for the statistical interpretation. The color difference between the lesion
      without the dye and then with the dye was significant. The use of the blue tracer
      dye, therefore, significantly increased the contrast in the images of the
      artificial incipient lesions.

PMID- 2918138
TI  - What's in a name? The function of the mineralized tissue matrix proteins.

PMID- 2918139
TI  - Correlation of dental amalgam crevice corrosion with clinical ratings.
AB  - In vitro corrosion behavior of gamma 2-containing and gamma 2-free dental
      amalgams was examined under crevice conditions which simulated the amalgam-tooth
      interface. By means of potentiostatic testing, current-density/time behavior and
      integrated anodic current were measured for 16 hr. All of the amalgams
      demonstrated crevice corrosion susceptibility. Crevice corrosion propagation for
      gamma 2-free vs. gamma 2-containing amalgams was characterized by lower
      acceleration and maximum rates during the most dynamic period. Integrated anodic
      current results were correlated with marginal breakdown ratings reported in two
      clinical investigations. Strong and significant coefficients were found between
      integrated current and marginal breakdown ratings when gamma 2-containing and
      gamma 2-free amalgams were correlated as a single group, but not when correlated
      separately.

PMID- 2918140
TI  - The influence of polyacid molecular weight on some properties of glass-ionomer
      cements.
AB  - The influence of the molecular weight of the poly(acrylic acid) component on some
      properties of glass-ionomer cement has been investigated. The results can be
      explained by treatment of glass-ionomer cements as thermoplastic composites. Many
      of the concepts of polymer science can be applied successfully in a qualitative
      way to these cements, including the ideas of entanglements and reptation.
      Molecular weight of the polyacid had a pronounced influence on setting rate, acid
      erosion rate, toughness, fracture toughness, and wear resistance. The chain
      length of the polyacid was found to be an important parameter in formulation of a
      cement, and the higher the molecular weight, the better the properties. However,
      in practice the molecular weight is limited by viscosity, and some balance has to
      be achieved among concentration, molecular weight, and viscosity.

PMID- 2918142
TI  - Perspectives incite responses.

PMID- 2918141
TI  - Professional satisfaction.

PMID- 2918143
TI  - Continuing "cause for concern".

PMID- 2918144
TI  - Diagnostic radiographs.

PMID- 2918145
TI  - Lingual orthodontic treatment.

PMID- 2918146
TI  - Not a season for discontent.

PMID- 2918147
TI  - Inside the ADA.

PMID- 2918148
TI  - Physician and dentist compliance with American Heart Association guidelines for
      prevention of bacterial endocarditis.
AB  - To determine the rate of physician and dentist compliance with the American Heart
      Association's (AHA) recommendations for prophylaxis against bacterial
      endocarditis--considered the standard of care--questionnaires were mailed to
      1,131 dental and medical practitioners. They were asked to identify various
      cardiac conditions requiring prophylaxis and dental procedures that would cause a
      bacteremia, and to write prescriptions for prophylactic antibiotics for five
      different scenarios. Both groups had low compliance with AHA recommendations
      (32.9% collectively) when prescribing appropriate antibiotic regimens for
      bacterial endocarditis prophylaxis.

PMID- 2918149
TI  - 'Usual and customary' practice versus the recommendations of experts: clinician
      noncompliance in the prevention of bacterial endocarditis.
AB  - Data were collected from a representative sample of American general
      practitioners to ascertain adherence to the recommendations by the American Heart
      Association (AHA) concerning management of patients at risk for bacterial
      endocarditis. Inconsistencies were found in the prescribing of appropriate risk
      related therapies such as proper timing, selection of antibiotics, and associated
      dosages. It is suggested that clinicians' compliance level with these
      recommendations may be raised by a careful reading of the AHA's latest findings.

PMID- 2918150
TI  - Oral manifestations of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome: report of case.
AB  - First described in the beginning of this century, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is a
      hereditary connective tissue disorder. This case report describes an 11-year-old
      girl who had frequent unexplainable bruises. During an initial orthodontic
      evaluation, characteristic symptoms were spotted, and a subsequent diagnosis
      made.

PMID- 2918151
TI  - Marginal ridge strength of restored teeth with modified Class II cavity
      preparations.
AB  - This study compared marginal ridge fracture resistance in two groups of teeth
      restored with modified Class II cavity preparations, with control groups. The
      results indicated that the composite resin and dental amalgam restored teeth
      fractured at compressive loads that were not statistically different from those
      of the control (unprepared, intact) teeth. The marginal ridges of the unrestored,
      prepared teeth were significantly weaker.

PMID- 2918153
TI  - Accredited dental schools. Commission on Dental Accreditation.

PMID- 2918152
TI  - Painless verrucoid plaque on the lower lip.
AB  - Verruca vulgaris is an uncommon oral lesion which is caused by an infectious
      agent, HPV. These growths have many clinical features in common with other oral
      lesions, the most serious of which are verrucous carcinoma and verrucoid squamous
      cell carcinoma. These various lesions can usually be separated on the basis of
      clinical and microscopic features. In some cases, however, immunohistochemical
      studies and DNA hybridization studies may be necessary before an exact diagnosis
      can be made.

PMID- 2918154
TI  - Revised ANSI/ADA specifications No. 28 for root canal files and reamers, type K,
      and No. 58 for root canal files, type H (Hedstrom). Council on Dental Materials,
      Instruments, and Equipment.

PMID- 2918155
TI  - Risk factor profiles of patients with sudden cardiac death and death from other
      cardiac causes: a report from the Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS).
AB  - Identification of patients at risk of sudden death is essential if optimal
      preventive treatment strategies are to be developed. In the Coronary Artery
      Surgery Study (CASS) Registry, 19,946 patients were analyzed to characterize
      baseline clinical, hemodynamic and angiographic features of patients dying from
      sudden cardiac death and to compare them with features of patients dying from
      other cardiac causes, of those dying from noncardiac causes and of survivors. Of
      the 11,843 medically treated patients, 1,621 died during a mean follow-up period
      of 5.0 years: death was sudden in 557 (34%), nonsudden but cardiac in 813 (50%)
      and noncardiac in 251 (16%). In 8,103 surgically treated patients, 824 deaths
      occurred during a mean follow-up period of 5.1 years: death was sudden in 204
      (25%), nonsudden but cardiac in 390 (47%) and noncardiac in 230 (28%). In
      general, the patients (both medically and surgically treated) who died of cardiac
      causes, either suddenly or nonsuddenly, were similar to each other but
      significantly different from patients who either survived or died of noncardiac
      causes. Although patients with an increased risk of any type of cardiac death
      could be identified, there were no measures of angiographic or hemodynamic
      characteristics that were significantly different between patients with sudden
      cardiac death and those with nonsudden cardiac death. Identification of patients
      at high risk for sudden cardiac death will require approaches in addition to
      clinical, angiographic and hemodynamic assessment, such as electrophysiologic
      assessment or monitoring techniques to identify triggering mechanisms.

PMID- 2918156
TI  - Anomalous coronary arteries: location, degree of atherosclerosis and effect on
      survival--a report from the Coronary Artery Surgery Study.
AB  - Limited information is available about clinical presentation, degree of
      atherosclerosis and effect on overall survival in a large series of patients with
      coronary artery anomalies. From the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
      Multicenter Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS), detailed coding of coronary
      angiograms was available in 24,959 patients. Of these patients, 73 (0.3%) had
      major coronary artery anomalies: 70 had one coronary anomaly and 3 had two
      coronary anomalies. The most common anomaly involved the circumflex coronary
      artery (60%). In 69% of these, the circumflex artery arose from a separate ostium
      in the right coronary sinus, and in 31% it originated as a branch of the right
      coronary artery. The most common anomalous course was anterior or posterior to
      the great vessels but not between the great vessels. The major exception to this
      finding was an anomalous right coronary artery; 7 of 15 such arteries coursed
      between the great vessels. Anomalous circumflex coronary arteries had a
      significantly greater degree of stenosis than that in nonanomalous arteries in
      age- and gender-matched control patients (p = 0.02). Despite this difference, at
      7 years there was no significant difference in survival by location or degree of
      stenosis in the anomalous artery.

PMID- 2918157
TI  - Intravenous diltiazem for termination of reentrant supraventricular tachycardia:
      a placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind, multicenter study.
AB  - To assess the efficacy and safety of intravenous diltiazem, 54 patients with
      inducible sustained supraventricular tachycardia received diltiazem, 0.25 mg/kg
      or 0.25 mg/kg, followed by 0.35 mg/kg body weight, or placebo in a double-blind,
      randomized study. Twenty patients had atrioventricular (AV) node reentrant
      tachycardia, whereas 34 had orthodromic AV reciprocating tachycardia associated
      with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Supraventricular tachycardia was
      terminated in 24 (86%) of 28 patients given intravenous diltiazem compared with 5
      (19%) of 26 given placebo (p = 0.0000014). Nineteen (95%) of 20 patients
      initially given placebo had termination of supraventricular tachycardia after
      receiving diltiazem. Overall, 43 (90%) of 48 patients receiving intravenous
      diltiazem had conversion of supraventricular tachycardia to sinus rhythm; the
      median time to tachycardia termination was 2 min after initiation of a 2 min
      diltiazem infusion. All 20 patients (100%) with AV node reentrant tachycardia
      treated with diltiazem had conversion of tachycardia to sinus rhythm as did 26
      (81%) of 30 patients with AV reciprocating tachycardia treated with diltiazem.
      Diltiazem prolonged refractoriness and slowed conduction of the AV node and
      thereby provided antiarrhythmic action to cause tachycardia termination.
      Diltiazem had no effect on the electrophysiologic properties of accessory AV
      connections. Adverse effects were seen in 3 (6%) of the 48 patients given
      diltiazem. For paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia initiated in the
      electrophysiology laboratory, it is concluded that intravenous diltiazem is safe
      and very effective for acute tachycardia termination when the AV node is part of
      the reentrant circuit.

PMID- 2918158
TI  - Hemodynamic progression of aortic stenosis in adults assessed by Doppler
      echocardiography.
AB  - Doppler echocardiography was used to follow the hemodynamic severity of aortic
      stenosis. First, the reproducibility of repeat recordings (mean interval 28 +/-
      36 days) of aortic jet velocity, made by two independent observers, was tested in
      38 adults with aortic stenosis and unchanged clinical status. The two recordings
      of maximal velocity correlated well (r = 0.96, y = 0.88x + 0.46m/s, SEE = 0.21
      m/s) with a mean coefficient of variation of 3.2%. Repeat recording of left
      ventricular outflow tract velocity by two independent observers in 10 other
      patients with aortic stenosis also correlated well (r = 0.94, y = 1.06x + 0.0
      m/s, SEE = 0.06 m/s) with a mean coefficient of variation of 4.6%. Next, Doppler
      echocardiography was used to study 42 patients with aortic stenosis (mean age 66
      years) over a follow-up interval of 6 to 43 months (mean 20). Maximal aortic jet
      velocity increased by 0.36 m/s per year (range -0.3 to +1.0 m/s per year). Mean
      transaortic pressure gradient changed by -7 to +23 (mean 8) mm Hg/year. Aortic
      valve area by the continuity equation (n = 25) decreased by 0 to 0.5 cm2/year
      (mean decrease 0.1 cm2/year). Some patients had a worsening of stenosis (decrease
      in valve area) even though they had no change or a decrease in pressure gradient,
      because of concurrent decreases in transaortic volume flow. Twenty-one patients
      (50%) developed new or progressive symptoms of aortic stenosis necessitating
      valve replacement.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2918159
TI  - Aortic stenosis: most cases no longer require invasive hemodynamic study.

PMID- 2918160
TI  - Prospective two-dimensional echocardiographic evaluation of left ventricular
      thrombus and embolism after acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - To determine whether two-dimensional echocardiography can identify patients with
      left ventricular thrombus after myocardial infarction who are prone to embolism,
      clinical and echocardiographic variables in 541 patients with a first infarction
      between 1979 and 1983 were studied prospectively. The first echocardiogram showed
      definite thrombus in 115 patients (Group 1, 21%) and no thrombus in 426 (Group 2,
      control). In Group 1, 27 patients (23%) had clinical evidence of systemic
      embolism related to the thrombus before referral (Group 1a) and 88 did not (Group
      1b); these two groups were similar in age, gender and infarct location, but more
      Group 1a patients were within 1 month of the acute infarction. In both Groups 1a
      and 1b, the thrombus was found in apical views over asynergic zones, with no
      difference (p greater than 0.05) between the two groups in the size (average area
      from two views being 5.3 versus 4.5 cm2), type (protruding in apical views 30%
      versus 27%), location (apical 83% versus 86%; septal 11% versus 11%; posterior 4%
      versus 2%), extent of asynergy (31% versus 33%) and ejection fraction (33% versus
      34%). However, the frequency of anticoagulant therapy was less (26% versus 63%, p
      less than 0.005), adjacent hyperkinesia greater (100% versus 49%, p less than
      0.005) and thrombus mobility greater (81% versus 19%, p less than 0.005) in Group
      1a than in Group 1b. Serial echocardiograms revealed a decreased size of the
      thrombus by 6 months in both Groups 1a and 1b, and little or no trace in 85% by
      24 months. Thus, ventricular thrombus size, location and protrusion in apical
      views on echocardiography did not correlate with embolism. In contrast, thrombus
      mobility, the presence of adjacent hyperkinesia and thrombus protrusion assessed
      in multiple views appeared to be strong discriminators of thrombus prone to
      embolism. These echocardiographic features might provide a guide for the duration
      of anticoagulant therapy.

PMID- 2918161
TI  - Characterization of the acute left ventricular thrombus: hermit or nomad?

PMID- 2918162
TI  - Relation between exertional ischemia and prognosis in mildly symptomatic patients
      with single or double vessel coronary artery disease and left ventricular
      dysfunction at rest.
AB  - The randomized multicenter trials indicate that survival in patients with
      coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction is enhanced by surgical
      therapy compared with medical therapy. This beneficial effect of coronary bypass
      surgery was demonstrated in patients with either three vessel or left main
      coronary artery disease, but not in those with one or two vessel disease. To
      determine whether subgroups of mildly symptomatic patients with one or two vessel
      coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction have an increased risk
      of death or cardiac events during medical therapy, 53 consecutive patients with
      angiographically defined one or two vessel disease and impaired left ventricular
      function (ejection fraction 20% to 40%) were studied by exercise
      electrocardiography (ECG) and rest and exercise radionuclide angiography. All but
      two patients had previous myocardial infarction, and all were asymptomatic or
      only mildly symptomatic during medical therapy. By univariate life table
      analysis, mortality during medical therapy was associated significantly with the
      ST segment response to exercise (p less than 0.05) and with both the exercise
      ejection fraction (p less than 0.05) and the magnitude of change in ejection
      fraction with exercise (p less than 0.005). In patients with an exercise ejection
      fraction greater than 30%, the probability of survival at 6 years was 97 +/- 3%
      (+/- SE) compared with a survival rate of 62 +/- 14% in the remaining subjects (p
      less than 0.005). Similarly, 6 year survival was 100% in patients whose ejection
      fraction increased from the value at rest but was only 74 +/- 10% in the
      remaining patients (p less than 0.005). Exercise capacity was not associated with
      survival.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2918163
TI  - Hypertensive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with
      hypertension? A study of 78 patients.
AB  - Hypertensive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy may be a distinctive cardiac condition
      resulting from hypertension. Alternatively, this disease may represent the
      coincidence of a common disease, hypertension, with a relatively rare
      cardiomyopathy. A consecutive series of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
      and hypertension were studied and compared with age- and gender-matched patients
      with cardiomyopathy alone. Thirty-nine patients were identified as having
      hypertension; they ranged in age from 31 to 84 years (average 60 +/- 13); 82%
      were greater than 50 years old; 18 (46%) were women. When these patients were
      compared with the age-matched group with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy alone, there
      were no clinical or electrocardiographic differences between the two groups. By
      echocardiography, the hypertensive and nonhypertensive groups had a similar
      incidence of systolic anterior motion (77 versus 64%, respectively), mitral
      annular calcification (31 versus 31%), septal thickness greater than 20 mm (56
      versus 46%) and outflow tract gradient greater than 20 mm (59 versus 67%). A
      posterior wall thickness greater than 13 mm was more frequent in the hypertensive
      group (54%) compared with the nonhypertensive group (31%) (p = 0.02). The
      findings show that hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with associated hypertension is a
      disease of the elderly. But, with the exception of thicker walls, the clinical
      and echocardiographic features of the patients with hypertension were
      indistinguishable from those of the age-matched and, hence, elderly group of
      patients with cardiomyopathy without hypertension. These findings suggest that
      hypertension may make hypertrophy worse, but that it is not the primary cause of
      the cardiomyopathy. Thus, the condition might be better termed "hypertrophic
      cardiomyopathy with hypertension."

PMID- 2918164
TI  - Quantitative assessment of mitral regurgitation by Doppler color flow imaging:
      angiographic and hemodynamic correlations.
AB  - This study was performed to test the hypothesis that measurements of jet area by
      Doppler color flow imaging can predict the angiographic severity and hemodynamic
      consequences of mitral regurgitation. Doppler color flow imaging was performed in
      47 patients undergoing cardiac catheterization and left ventriculography. The jet
      area was measured as the largest clearly definable flow disturbance in the
      parasternal and apical views, and expressed as the maximal jet area, the mean of
      the largest jet area (average jet area) in two views or as the ratio of these
      measures to left atrial area. Correlation of all Doppler color flow measurements
      with angiographic grades of mitral regurgitation were comparable, maximal jet
      area being closest at r = 0.76. A maximal jet area greater than 8 cm2 predicted
      severe mitral regurgitation with a sensitivity of 82% and specificity of 94%,
      whereas a maximal jet area less than 4 cm2 predicted mild mitral regurgitation
      with a sensitivity and specificity of 85% and 75%, respectively. All patients
      with an average jet area greater than 8 cm2 manifested severe mitral
      regurgitation. However, jet area measurements showed limited correlation with
      regurgitant volume and fraction (r = 0.55 and 0.62, respectively) for maximal jet
      area, and were not predictive of hemodynamic abnormalities, including those of
      pulmonary wedge pressure, stroke volume or ventricular volumes. Thus, in patients
      with mitral regurgitation, maximal jet area from Doppler color flow imaging
      provides a simple measurement that predicts angiographic grade, but manifests a
      weak correlation with regurgitant volume and does not predict hemodynamic
      dysfunction.

PMID- 2918165
TI  - Quantitative assessment of mitral regurgitation.

PMID- 2918166
TI  - Reassessment of valve area determinations in mitral stenosis by the pressure half
      time method: impact of left ventricular stiffness and peak diastolic pressure
      difference.
AB  - Estimation of the orifice area is of major importance in the timing of valve
      dilation or surgery in patients with mitral stenosis. Determination of the area
      has traditionally been accomplished at cardiac catheterization by the Gorlin
      equation. The valve area can also be estimated noninvasively with Doppler
      echocardiographic measurements of the pressure half-time, which is inversely
      proportional to the area. This method has gained widespread acceptance, but its
      accuracy has recently been questioned and factors other than reduction of orifice
      area appear to modify the pressure half-time. In the present study, the influence
      of left ventricular stiffness (defined as diastolic pressure rise per milliliter
      of mitral flow) and peak atrioventricular pressure difference on the pressure
      half-time was examined both in a hydraulic model and by review of data from 35
      patients with mitral stenosis. Left ventricular stiffness less than 0.13 mm Hg/ml
      was considered normal. In the model study, the orifice area correlated only
      moderately with inverted pressure half-time (1/PHT) (r = 0.67). By multiple
      linear regression, inverted pressure half-time was shown to be dependent on valve
      area, chamber stiffness and peak pressure difference (R = 0.89), area and
      stiffness being most important (R = 0.85). In the clinical study, an increased
      ventricular stiffness was found in 22 of the 35 patients. The pressure half-time
      method overestimated the Gorlin-derived area by an average of 72% in these
      patients compared with only 10% in 13 patients with normal stiffness (p less than
      0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2918167
TI  - Pulsed Doppler evaluation of atrial mechanical function after electrical
      cardioversion of atrial fibrillation.
AB  - Full recovery of atrial mechanical activity may not occur immediately after
      successful electrical cardioversion of atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm. To
      examine the time course of recovery of left atrial mechanical function, serial
      two-dimensional, M-mode and transmitral pulsed Doppler echocardiographic studies
      were performed in 21 patients after elective direct current cardioversion of
      atrial fibrillation of 3 weeks' to 24 months' duration (mean 5 months). Over 3
      months of follow-up, there were significant increases in both peak A wave
      velocity (p less than 0.005) and percent atrial contribution to total left
      ventricular filling (p less than 0.005). Compared with values in a normal control
      population, peak A wave velocity and percent atrial contribution to total left
      ventricular filling did not return to normal until 3 weeks after cardioversion in
      patients who remained in sinus rhythm. Left atrial dimension also decreased over
      the follow-up period (p less than 0.05) in patients with persistent sinus rhythm.
      These results may have important implications in guiding the appropriate duration
      of anticoagulant therapy after cardioversion, and in clinically assessing the
      hemodynamic benefit of restoring sinus rhythm in an individual patient.

PMID- 2918168
TI  - Gender-related differences in cardiac response to supine exercise assessed by
      radionuclide angiography.
AB  - This study examines the recently reported gender differences in cardiac responses
      to exercise. The study group consisted of 192 men and 67 women with a low
      probability of coronary artery disease who underwent supine exercise radionuclide
      angiography. Men had a lower rest ejection fraction than that of women (0.63
      versus 0.66, p = 0.02) and greater increases in ejection fraction with exercise
      (0.08 versus 0.02, p = 0.0001). The slope relating ejection fraction to metabolic
      equivalents of exercise (METs) was greater (p = 0.004) for men, even after
      adjustment for differences in rest ejection fraction and end-diastolic volume
      index. Compared with men, women had a smaller rest end-diastolic volume index (87
      versus 97 ml/m2, p = 0.003) and a greater increase in end-diastolic volume index
      with exercise (6 versus -2 ml/m2, p = 0.002). The slope relating end-diastolic
      volume to METs was greater for women, even after adjustment for differences in
      rest end-diastolic volume index and peak work load. There are clear gender
      differences in the supine exercise response of ejection fraction and end
      diastolic volume that are not explained by differences in exercise capacity.

PMID- 2918169
TI  - Assessment of right atrial pressure-volume relations in patients with and without
      an atrial septal defect.
AB  - Assessment of the complex relations between pressure and volume in the right
      atrium has been hampered in the past by difficulties in the measurement of atrial
      volume. Accordingly, in the present study the dynamics of right atrial pressure
      volume relations were examined (with the use of an impedance catheter to measure
      right atrial volume) in patients with and without an atrial septal defect. Right
      atrial pressure and impedance volume were measured in 16 patients at the time of
      cardiac catheterization with the use of a multi-electrode impedance catheter to
      provide continuous, on-line, pressure-volume data. Eleven patients without
      evidence of an interatrial shunt were examined during normal respiration and
      during the Valsalva maneuver and contrasted with five patients with an atrial
      septal defect documented by oxygen saturation step-up and echocardiographic
      studies. Right atrial pressure-volume diagrams in patients without an atrial
      septal defect exhibited the normal figure eight pattern, with an A loop (atrial
      contraction) and a V loop (passive filling), corresponding to the A wave and V
      wave of right atrial pressure, respectively. During inspiration, mean right
      atrial pressure decreased and mean right atrial volume increased, consistent with
      augmented venous return. With the Valsalva maneuver, right atrial pressure
      increased and both right atrial stroke volume and mean right atrial volume
      decreased compared with baseline. Patients with an atrial septal defect
      demonstrated baseline pressure-volume diagrams similar to those of patients
      without an interatrial shunt. However, no change in mean right atrial volume
      occurred with either respiration or the Valsalva maneuver despite changes in
      right atrial pressure similar to those seen inpatients without an atrial septal
      defect.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2918170
TI  - Predictors of inducible sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias in patients with
      coronary artery disease.
AB  - To determine predictors of inducible sustained ventricular tachycardia or
      fibrillation by programmed electrical stimulation in patients with coronary
      artery disease and ventricular tachyarrhythmias, 14 clinical and angiographic
      variables were analyzed in 60 consecutive patients. All patients had
      angiographically documented coronary artery disease and symptomatic ventricular
      arrhythmias (sustained ventricular tachycardia in 21, ventricular fibrillation in
      21 and nonsustained ventricular tachycardia in 18). Baseline programmed
      electrical stimulation while the patient was not taking antiarrhythmic drugs was
      performed with use of single, double and triple extrastimuli and burst pacing
      from two right ventricular sites. The variables analyzed were presenting
      arrhythmia; presence, frequency and complexity of ventricular ectopic activity on
      baseline 24 h electrocardiographic (Holter) monitoring; greater than or equal to
      70% narrowing in either the left anterior descending, proximal left anterior
      descending, right coronary or circumflex coronary artery (independently
      assessed); single, double or triple vessel coronary disease; anterior, apical or
      inferior wall motion abnormalities; segmental dyskinesia and ejection fraction.
      Thirty-seven patients (62%) had inducible sustained ventricular tachycardia (rate
      greater than 100 beats/min, duration greater than 30 s or requiring
      cardioversion) and two patients (3%) had ventricular fibrillation induced. Eleven
      patients (18%) had nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (duration greater than or
      equal to 3 beats, less than 30 s) induced and 10 patients (17%) had no inducible
      arrhythmia (duration less than 3 beats). Multivariate stepwise logistic
      regression analysis identified three independent variables predictive of
      inducible sustained ventricular arrhythmias: sustained ventricular tachycardia as
      the presenting arrhythmia (p = 0.004), proximal left anterior descending artery
      lesion (p = 0.002) and anterior wall motion abnormality (p = 0.005).(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2918171
TI  - Changes in spontaneous sinus node rate as an estimate of cardiac autonomic tone
      during stable and unstable ventricular tachycardia.
AB  - Changes in sinus node rate were measured as an estimate of reflex control of
      cardiac autonomic tone during 32 episodes of stable ventricular tachycardia
      (without loss of consciousness) and 21 episodes of unstable ventricular
      tachycardia (loss of consciousness requiring electrical cardioversion) in 32
      patients without retrograde ventriculoatrial conduction. Sinus node rate was
      measured before induction of ventricular tachycardia (at 5 s intervals during
      tachycardia) and 5 s after termination of ventricular tachycardia. It increased
      from 85 +/- 12 beats/min to a maximum of 109 +/- 25 beats/min during stable
      ventricular tachycardia (p less than 0.001) and from 82 +/- 15 beats/min to a
      maximum of 105 +/- 34 beats/min during unstable ventricular tachycardia (p less
      than 0.001). During unstable ventricular tachycardia, the increase in sinus rate
      was more abrupt and was followed by a sharp decrease beginning before termination
      of the tachycardia and resulting in a slower rate after termination (56 +/- 15
      beats/min) than before tachycardia (p less than 0.001). Stable ventricular
      tachycardia resulted in a continuous increase of sinus node rate, which remained
      higher after termination (102 +/- 15 beats/min) than before tachycardia (p less
      than 0.001). Autonomic mechanisms responsible for changes in sinus rate were
      evaluated by reinducing the ventricular tachycardia after beta-adrenergic
      blockade by propranolol in 10 patients. Intravenous propranolol (mean dose 11 +/-
      4 mg) had no effect on the magnitude of increase in sinus rate (+18 +/- 6
      beats/min before and +17 +/- 7 beats/min after propranolol).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2918172
TI  - Beneficial effects of long-term diltiazem treatment in dilated cardiomyopathy.
AB  - There is increasing evidence that chronic enhanced exogenous or endogenous
      catecholamine stimulation in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy may worsen
      hemodynamic status and prognosis. The cause of this deterioration may lie in
      myocellular calcium accumulation and microcirculatory disorders. In a prospective
      study, the calcium channel antagonist diltiazem was given to 22 patients with
      dilated cardiomyopathy (60 to 90 mg three times daily) in addition to
      conventional therapy of digitalis, diuretics and vasodilators. Twenty-five
      patients received the conventional therapy and served as historical controls.
      Eight additional patients who were not originally included in this control group
      received adjunctive diltiazem treatment after initially receiving conventional
      therapy alone. The three patient groups were similar in all hemodynamic and
      anamnestic features. Only patients with reduced myofibrillar volume fraction on
      myocardial biopsy were included in the trial, because they could be expected to
      show hemodynamic deterioration. The mean survival time was 29 months in the
      control group, whereas no patient in the diltiazem group died over a mean follow
      up period of 15.4 months (p less than 0.001). Mean left ventricular ejection
      fraction increased from 0.34 to 0.44 (p less than 0.001) and New York Heart
      Association functional class improved significantly in the diltiazem group and
      during the diltiazem period in the crossover patients, but deteriorated in the
      control group. The results suggest that adjunctive diltiazem treatment in dilated
      cardiomyopathy has beneficial effects on mortality, hemodynamics and symptoms.

PMID- 2918173
TI  - Combination of disopyramide and mexiletine for better tolerance and additive
      effects for treatment of ventricular arrhythmias.
AB  - The efficacy and tolerance of disopyramide and mexiletine used alone and in
      combination were studied in 21 patients with frequent (greater than or equal to
      30/h) ventricular premature complexes. Ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring
      was performed at baseline and during therapy with disopyramide alone, mexiletine
      alone and a combination of disopyramide and mexiletine. During single drug
      therapy, the dose of disopyramide was 602 +/- 152 mg/day and that of mexiletine
      was 738 +/- 144 mg/day. During combination therapy with smaller doses of
      disopyramide (524 +/- 134 mg/day) and mexiletine (652 +/- 146 mg/day), no patient
      had side effects. At baseline before therapy, the mean number of ventricular
      premature complexes per hour, was 608 +/- 757, of couplets per hour was 22.4 +/-
      45.8 and of episodes of nonsustained ventricular tachycardia/24 h was 219.7 +/-
      758.2. The mean number of ventricular premature complexes per hour was reduced to
      156 +/- 217 with disopyramide alone, 188 +/- 298 with mexiletine alone and 76 +/-
      144 with combination therapy (p less than 0.05 for combination therapy versus
      disopyramide or mexiletine alone; p = NS for disopyramide versus mexiletine).
      Individually, an effective regimen (greater than 83% reduction in ventricular
      premature complexes and abolition of nonsustained ventricular tachycardia) was
      found in 5 (24%) of 21 patients during therapy with disopyramide alone, in 3
      (14%) receiving mexiletine alone and in 13 (62%) receiving combination therapy (p
      less than 0.05 for combination therapy versus disopyramide or mexiletine; p = NS
      for disopyramide versus mexiletine). Thus, the antiarrhythmic effects of
      disopyramide and mexiletine are additive.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2918174
TI  - Contrast two-dimensional echocardiography in congenital heart disease:
      techniques, indications and clinical utility.
AB  - Saline contrast echocardiography was performed in 889 children from June 1976
      through February 1988. One-third of these studies were in postoperative patients.
      A patent foramen ovale was identified by finding right to left shunting on venous
      contrast injection in 37% of 127 children studied with a structurally normal
      heart. The incidence of such shunting was greater at younger ages (55% younger
      than 1 month versus 22% older than 1 month). In most patients with an atrial or
      ventricular septal defect, some right to left shunting was demonstrable. The
      technique was useful in distinguishing different forms of atrial septal defect
      and identifying muscular ventricular septal defects that were difficult to image
      directly. The technique was used in the catheterization laboratory to aid in the
      identification of congenital coronary artery fistulas and was diagnostic in two
      cases of pulmonary arteriovenous malformation. In patients with situs
      abnormalities, the technique was useful in identifying the systemic venous
      connections to the atria. Contrast echocardiography was also used in
      postoperative evaluations. The technique was useful in identifying patch leaks
      and residual defects after Senning, Mustard and Fontan operations, and after
      closure of atrial and ventricular septal defects. Most patients were found to
      have no superior vena cava obstruction by contrast echocardiography after the
      Senning or Mustard procedure. Contrast echocardiography continues to be a useful
      technique in the diagnosis of a wide spectrum of congenital heart disease, as
      well as in the postoperative evaluation of congenital heart surgery.

PMID- 2918175
TI  - Contrast echocardiography in the Doppler color flow imaging era.

PMID- 2918176
TI  - Doppler echocardiographic evaluation of right and left ventricular diastolic
      function in normal neonates.
AB  - Doppler echocardiograms of the tricuspid and mitral valves were recorded along
      with the electrocardiogram and respiration in 22 normal full-term neonates. A
      computer-interfaced digitizer pad was utilized to measure the following: peak E
      and A velocities (cm/s); E and A areas (the components of the total velocity-time
      integral in the early passive period of ventricular filling [E] and the late
      active period of atrial emptying [A], respectively) and the 1/3 area fraction (or
      the proportion of filling in the first 1/3 of diastole). All of the variables of
      right (tricuspid) versus left (mitral) ventricular filling were significantly
      different on the 1st day of life. Respective values were peak E velocity (cm/s)
      44.6 +/- 10.0 (tricuspid) versus 53.2 +/- 9.3 (mitral), p less than 0.01; peak
      E/A ratio 0.84 +/- 0.14 versus 1.15 +/- 0.17, p less than 0.0001; E/total area
      0.58 +/- 0.07 versus 0.63 +/- 0.05, p less than 0.005; E/A area ratio 1.05 +/-
      0.23 versus 1.63 +/- 0.40, p less than 0.0001; 1/3 area fraction 0.31 +/- 0.04
      versus 0.41 +/- 0.04, p less than 0.0001; peak A velocity (cm/s) 53.0 +/- 8.4
      versus 47.6 +/- 5.8, p less than 0.05 and A/total area 0.57 +/- 0.09 versus 0.41
      +/- 0.09, p less than 0.001; the mean heart rate (beats/min) was not
      significantly different: 121 +/- 8 versus 120 +/- 7. Most of the variables
      remained significantly different on the 2nd day of life, but the level of
      significance was the same or less for all measurements.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2918177
TI  - Pressure recovery distal to a stenosis: potential cause of gradient
      "overestimation" by Doppler echocardiography.
AB  - Doppler ultrasound is currently being widely applied to measure intracardiac
      pressure gradients noninvasively. In comparative invasive studies, it is
      generally assumed that pressure is effectively uniform distal to the stenosis. As
      the poststenotic jet expands, however, its velocity decreases, and pressure is
      recovered to the extent permitted by turbulence, so that the measured gradient
      will be lower if the distal catheter is positioned downstream from the vena
      contracta. This can lead to apparent Doppler "overestimation" of the pressure
      gradient because of this phenomenon of pressure recovery. This study demonstrates
      that pressure recovery can be important in a variety of clinical settings studied
      by in vitro models. Although most prominent in streamlined tunnels modeled after
      the obstruction in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, these effects are
      important even for central stenoses at physiologic flow rates. Because precise
      catheter position is not always known or controlled, these findings suggest an
      important advantage for Doppler gradient estimation, because it provides the
      maximal gradient at the vena contracta, which determines the load on the proximal
      chamber.

PMID- 2918179
TI  - Contraction pattern within ischemic-infarct zones in acute myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2918178
TI  - Evolution of the temporal contraction sequence after acute experimental
      myocardial infarction.
AB  - The effect of infarct maturation on the temporal sequence of contraction within
      infarct zones has not previously been described. Accordingly, the time-varying
      pattern of contraction within ischemic/infarct zones was studied with use of
      cross-sectional echocardiography in 17 dogs at 10 min to 6 weeks after acute
      experimental myocardial infarction. Left ventricular short-axis images were
      digitized from end-diastole to end-systole and endocardial fractional radial
      change along 36 evenly spaced rays was calculated. The circumferential extent of
      dyskinesia and the number of rays that exhibited maximal dyskinesia were
      determined for each decile of the normalized contraction sequence. Between 10 min
      and 1 week after infarction, the greatest circumferential extent of dyskinesia
      occurred between the 3rd and 4th deciles of the normalized contraction sequence.
      However, as the infarct matured, the greatest spatial expanse of dyskinesia was
      noted to occur progressively earlier in the contraction sequence (second decile
      at 6 weeks), and the extent of mid- to late-systolic dyskinesia decreased
      markedly. Whereas end-systolic dyskinesia was present in 30% to 50% of
      ischemic/infarct zone rays from 10 min to 48 h, end-systolic dyskinesia was no
      longer observed at 6 weeks. Similarly, the maximal amplitude of dyskinesia was
      most commonly observed during midsystole from 10 min to 48 h, but occurred
      progressively earlier as the infarct matured, falling during the first decile at
      6 weeks after infarction. These data suggest that maximal circumferential extent
      and amplitude of dyskinesia occur progressively earlier in the systolic
      contraction sequence as the infarct matures.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2918180
TI  - Demonstration of increased myocardial lipid with postischemic dysfunction
      ("myocardial stunning") by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
AB  - Histopathologic studies have demonstrated accumulation of lipid droplets in
      myocardium subjected to greater than or equal to 6 h of ischemic insult. Proton
      nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy can provide a noninvasive means to
      evaluate changes in tissue lipid and, potentially, to characterize the ischemic
      insult. To determine whether lipids accumulate with a brief ischemic insult,
      myocardial lipid content was evaluated by 1H NMR spectroscopy of ex-vivo samples
      from seven dogs in a model of postischemic dysfunction created by 15 min of left
      anterior descending coronary artery occlusion followed by 3 h of reperfusion.
      Regional myocardial function was assessed by measuring segment length shortening
      with use of a pair of ultrasonic crystals placed in the ischemic zone and in the
      control zone. During the occlusion, all dogs had significant ischemia of the
      occlusion zone as measured by radiolabeled microspheres (0.08 +/- 0.08 versus
      0.88 +/- 0.09 ml/g per min for the control zone), and all dogs developed systolic
      stretching of the ischemic zone segment. Myocardial lipid content was
      significantly elevated in the samples from the coronary occlusion zone (p less
      than 0.02). The increase in lipid signal may result from the ischemia-induced
      decrease in beta oxidation and resultant accumulation of fatty acyl esters (for
      example, fatty acids, triglycerides and acylcarnitines). In conclusion, this
      study shows that myocardium subjected to a brief (approximately 15 min) coronary
      occlusion followed by 3 h of reperfusion demonstrates a significant increase in
      NMR-detectable lipid content.

PMID- 2918181
TI  - Sustained nonoxidative glucose utilization and depletion of glycogen in
      reperfused canine myocardium.
AB  - Ischemically injured reperfused myocardium is characterized by increased 18F
      fluorodeoxyglucose uptake as demonstrated by positron emission tomography. To
      elucidate the metabolic fate of exogenous glucose entering reperfused myocardium,
      D-[6-14C] glucose and L-[U-13C] lactate were used to determine glucose uptake,
      glucose oxidation and the contribution of exogenous glucose to lactate
      production. The pathologic model under investigation consisted of a 3 h balloon
      occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery followed by 24 h of
      reperfusion in canine myocardium. The extent and severity of myocardial injury
      after the ischemia and reperfusion were assessed by histochemical evaluation
      (triphenyltetrazolium chloride and periodic acid-Schiff stains). Thirteen
      intervention and four control dogs were studied. The glucose uptake in the
      occluded/reperfused area was significantly enhanced compared with that in control
      dogs (0.40 +/- 0.14 versus 0.15 +/- 0.10 mumol/ml, respectively). In addition, a
      significantly greater portion of the glucose extracted immediately entered
      glycolysis in the intervention group (75%) than in the control dogs (33%). The
      activity of the nonoxidative glycolytic pathway was markedly increased in the
      ischemically injured reperfused area, as evidenced by the four times greater
      lactate release in this area compared with the control value. The dual carbon
      labeled isotopes showed that 57% of the exogenous glucose entering glycolysis was
      being converted to lactate. Exogenous glucose contributed to greater than 90% of
      the observed lactate production. This finding was confirmed by the histochemical
      finding of sustained glycogen depletion in the occlusion/reperfusion area. The
      average area of glycogen depletion (37%) significantly exceeded the average area
      of necrosis (17%). These data demonstrate enhanced and sustained activity of the
      nonoxidative glycolytic pathway after a prolonged occlusion with reperfusion in
      canine myocardium. Because glycogen stores remain depleted, exogenous glucose
      becomes an important myocardial substrate under these pathologic conditions.

PMID- 2918182
TI  - The need for clarification of percent risk reduction data in clinical
      cardiovascular trial reports.

PMID- 2918183
TI  - Cross-reactivity between penicillins and cephalosporins: clinical and immunologic
      studies.
AB  - Nineteen well-characterized penicillin-allergic patients were investigated for
      their sensitivity to cephalosporins containing potentially cross-reactive side
      chains. All patients were administered cephamandole parenterally and, if this was
      tolerated, a course of oral cephaloridine was administered. Only two patients
      responded to the cephamandole; none of the remaining patients reacted to
      cephaloridine. Benzylpenicilloyl RAST-inhibition studies with sera from three
      subjects who had not reacted to the cephalosporins demonstrated that cephamandole
      linked to proteins was capable of recognizing benzylpenicilloyl-specific IgE
      antibody. It is concluded that consideration of side chain structures can help to
      predict possible cross-reactions between penicillins and cephalosporins, but
      carefully controlled challenge tests are advisable before penicillin-allergic
      patients are treated with cephalosporins. In relation to cross-reacting
      potential, in vitro experimental studies are difficult to interpret and may in
      some circumstances overestimate the risk.

PMID- 2918184
TI  - Therapeutic effect and titers of the specific IgE and IgG antibodies in patients
      with sea squirt allergy (Hoya asthma) under a long-term hyposensitization with
      three sea squirt antigens.
AB  - Hyposensitization therapy with each of three sea squirt antigens, Gi-rep
      (molecular weight [MW] 106,000), Ei-M (MW 22,800), and DIIIa (MW 9980), have
      succeeded in 72%, 90%, and 36% of patients with sea squirt allergy, respectively,
      within the first year, and the effect has been maintained during subsequent 4
      year maintenance therapy. All available sera from some of the hyposensitized
      patients were also examined for IgE and IgG titers against the most effective
      therapeutic antigen, Ei-M, and it was revealed that the Ei-M-specific IgG titer
      increased rapidly in the successfully hyposensitized patients, regardless of the
      therapeutic antigen used, except for a few patients. Furthermore, the high
      specific IgG titer, as well as the therapeutic effect, was maintained during the
      subsequent maintenance therapy. No such increase in the specific IgG titer was
      detected in all unsuccessfully hyposensitized patients. In contrast, the Ei-M
      specific IgE titer was practically unchanged in all allergic patients,
      independent of the therapy. Therefore, the effect of the hyposensitization
      therapy was closely dependent on the induction of the specific IgG capable of
      competing with the specific IgE for a certain asthma-inducing antigen, like
      DIIIa. The apparently low therapeutic efficiency of DIIIa was attributed to its
      relatively low immunogenicity to induce the specific IgG.

PMID- 2918185
TI  - The effect of theophylline and enprofylline on the late cutaneous response to
      antigen and compound 48/80.
AB  - Theophylline and enprofylline have been demonstrated to reduce mast cell-mediator
      release, inhibit polymorphonuclear leukocyte activation, and have been reported
      to reduce the late bronchial response to antigen. The effects of theophylline and
      enprofylline on the late cutaneous response (LCR) to compound 48/80 and antigen
      were studied in 29 patients enrolled in a placebo-controlled, double-blind study
      of the effect of the xanthines in mild asthma. Skin testing to a common
      environment allergen and compound 48/80 was performed during a baseline period
      and in the second phase of the study after stable drug levels were achieved, at
      least 6 weeks later. During baseline, the mean immediate wheal diameter (IWD)
      with antigen was 15.7 mm +/- 0.5, resulting in 27/29 LCRs with a mean wheal
      diameter of 37.1 mm +/- 5.2. The mean IWD with compound 48/80 was 16.1 mm +/-
      0.7, resulting in 26/29 LCRs with a mean wheal diameter of 19.6 mm +/- 2.8.
      Repeat skin testing during treatment revealed no statistically significant
      changes in the LCR elicited by antigen or 48/80 in any of the treatment groups.
      There was little correlation between the size of the immediate wheal produced by
      antigen or 48/80 and the resulting size of the late response (r = 0.174 to
      0.519). However, for the same IWD, the resulting late response was smaller with
      48/80 than with antigen (p = 0.003). We conclude that (1) theophylline and
      enprofylline have no effect on the LCR to 48/80 and antigen and (2) for
      equivalent immediate wheal sizes, the resulting late response is smaller with
      48/80 than with antigen.

PMID- 2918186
TI  - Cross-allergenicity in the legume botanical family in children with food
      hypersensitivity.
AB  - Sixty-nine patients with one or more positive prick skin tests to legumes
      (peanut, soybean, green bean, pea, and lima bean) were evaluated for food
      hypersensitivity with in-hospital oral food challenges. Of the 280 prick skin
      tests to legumes performed, 130 were positive. Forty-three positive food
      challenges occurred in 41 patients. The prevalence of legume allergy was not
      statistically different in those patients (N = 36) with two or more positive
      legume prick skin test (64% positive) compared to those patients (N = 33) with
      only one positive legume prick skin test (55% positive; p greater than 0.10).
      Even in this selected patient population, only two patients had symptomatic
      hypersensitivity to two legumes. Among patients with a positive prick skin test
      to peanut (N = 60), the mean wheal size was larger in patients with a positive
      versus a negative oral food challenge to peanut (p less than 0.001). Results of
      oral food challenges demonstrate that clinically important cross-reactivity to
      legumes in children is very rare. Clinical hypersensitivity to one legume does
      not warrant dietary elimination of all legumes. Results of prick skin tests
      should not be used to determine prolonged food restriction diets.

PMID- 2918187
TI  - Serum immunoglobulin E levels in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis.
AB  - Serum IgE levels were measured in 22 symptomatic adults with primary biliary
      cirrhosis (PBC) and 19 asymptomatic female adults with positive serum
      mitochondrial antibody tests. Control populations included 45 adult patients with
      chronic liver disease consisting of autoimmune chronic active hepatitis (N = 15),
      alcoholic liver disease (N = 15), or miscellaneous cholestatic liver disorders (N
      = 15), and 87 healthy adult hospital personnel. Fourteen of 22 (64%) patients
      with PBC had low (less than 10 KU/L) or undetectable serum IgE levels, compared
      to 12 of 45 (27%) control patients with liver disease (p less than 0.005) and 39
      of 87 (45%) healthy control subjects (p = 0.09). Low serum IgE levels were also
      found in most (13 of 19 patients, 68%) asymptomatic individuals with positive
      serum mitochondrial antibody tests (p less than 0.005 and p less than 0.05 versus
      liver disease and healthy control subjects, respectively). In vitro IgE
      production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells after pokeweed mitogen
      stimulation was determined in eight patients with PBC and in eight healthy
      control subjects. After pokeweed mitogen stimulation, one of three, patients with
      PBC compared to four of four healthy control subjects with detectable levels of
      serum IgE, produced sufficient amounts of IgE to be detected in culture
      supernatants. Neither the five patients with PBC nor the four healthy control
      subjects with undetectable serum IgE levels produced sufficient amounts of IgE in
      vitro to be detected in our assay system.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2918189
TI  - Inflammation in asthma. Kenilworth, New Jersey, December 11, 1987. Proceedings.

PMID- 2918188
TI  - Seasonal variation in specific IgE antibodies of grass-pollen hypersensitive
      patients depends on the steady state IgE concentration and is not related to
      clinical symptoms.
AB  - To evaluate parameters that determine the serum titer of specific antiallergen
      IgE antibodies, we graded the clinical symptoms of 78 grass-pollen hypersensitive
      patients during two consecutive seasons, while serum total and specific antigrass
      pollen IgE antibodies were titrated every 2 weeks. Correlation studies of
      clinical symptoms, grass-pollen counts, and specific IgE antibodies demonstrated
      that (1) bronchial asthma and nasal symptoms cannot be predicted on the basis of
      preseasonal IgE titers, (2) clinical symptoms are not related to seasonal
      antigrass-pollen IgE antibodies, (3) antigrass pollen and total IgE antibodies
      are not directly dependent on the air pollen point concentration, (4) increase in
      specific IgE antibodies during the pollen season is strongly correlated to
      preseasonal specific IgE titers, and (5) individual fluctuations of specific IgE
      antibody titers during the pollen season are proportional to preseasonal specific
      IgE titers. These findings suggest that titration of serum-specific IgE
      antibodies is of little use in predicting or monitoring the clinical symptoms of
      grass-pollen hypersensitive patients, since IgE titers strongly depend on
      individual immune responsiveness.

PMID- 2918190
TI  - Treatment of an influenza A outbreak in a teaching nursing home. Effectiveness of
      a protocol for prevention and control.
AB  - The safety and efficacy of current ACIP guidelines for the prevention and control
      of influenza in nursing home populations are uncertain. An outbreak of influenza
      A/Sichuan (H3N2) in a teaching nursing home during 1988 gave us the opportunity
      to evaluate the effectiveness of an influenza vaccination and amantadine
      prophylaxis protocol. Over 13 days, 12 of 60 residents developed influenza. Prior
      influenza vaccination had been given to 94% of the residents. Protection from
      infection occurred in those tested who had antibody levels greater than or equal
      to 1:16 to the A/Leningrad (H3N2) antigen contained in the standard 1987-88
      trivalent vaccine. However, five of 17 vaccinated residents who were tested had
      antibody levels less than or equal to 1:16 at the start of the outbreak.
      Amantadine (less than or equal to 100 mg/day) was given to all but one resident
      starting on the third day of the outbreak, and to employees starting on the sixth
      day of the outbreaks. Seven residents developed illness after the start of
      amantadine, although amantadine appeared to ameliorate their symptoms. Although
      amantadine was generally well tolerated by residents, employees receiving
      amantadine identified a high incidence of side effects and only 44% of employees
      took at least 70% of the prescribed amantadine. In our opinion, early detection
      and protocol-directed intervention probably abated a more severe influenza
      outbreak. Therefore we support existing recommendations that formal nursing home
      policies be established to ensure that residents and employees receive annual
      influenza vaccine and that chemoprophylaxis be used when outbreaks of influenza A
      are suspected.

PMID- 2918191
TI  - Total hip replacement in patients aged 80 years and older.
AB  - Total hip replacement was performed in 27 patients aged 80 years and older. In
      the early postoperative period, medical complications occurred in 13 patients and
      arthroplasty-related complications in 5 patients. At the time of the follow-up,
      after an average of 31 months, there was one case of acetabular cup loosening,
      which was revised. Twenty of 22 patients were free from pain at rest, and the
      social function of the patients had remained almost unchanged.

PMID- 2918192
TI  - Impact of mild to moderate hearing loss on mental status testing. Comparability
      of standard and written Mini-Mental State Examinations.
AB  - Mild to moderate hearing loss has been hypothesized to decrease performance on
      verbally-administered cognitive tests as an artifact of testing. To evaluate this
      hypothesis, we conducted a randomized trial of a written version of the Mini
      Mental State Examination (MMSE), a cognitive screening instrument which, in its
      standard form, is primarily verbally administered. After baseline standard MMSE
      testing, 71 outpatients with Alzheimer's type dementia, 39 of whom (55%) had mild
      to moderate hearing deficits, and 32 of whom (45%) had normal hearing, were
      randomly assigned to receive either a written or standard MMSE. Hearing-impaired
      patients exhibited lower standard MMSE scores than hearing-unimpaired patients at
      baseline (P = .005). Contrary to expectation, however, on experimental
      administration, written MMSE scores were somewhat lower than standard MMSE scores
      in hearing-impaired patients (P not significant). Furthermore, written MMSE
      scores were slightly higher than standard MMSE scores in hearing-unimpaired
      patients (P not significant). These results suggest that the diminished cognitive
      performance associated with mild to moderate hearing loss is not necessarily an
      artifact of cognitive testing. In addition, these results provide preliminary
      evidence that a written MMSE is comparable to the standard MMSE and, thus,
      deserves further consideration for cognitive screening of profoundly hearing
      impaired individuals.

PMID- 2918193
TI  - Air-fluidized bed treatment of nursing home patients with pressure sores.
AB  - There are no large studies on long-term treatment of nursing home patients with
      pressure sores. A 4-year experience of treating 95 nursing home patients on air
      fluidized beds was reviewed. Treated patients were elderly (median age 73 years)
      and neurologically impaired (79% with dementia, cerebral vascular accident, or
      anoxic encephalopathy). The index pressure sores (deepest truncal sore for each
      patient) were large (median surface area 35.3 cm2) and commonly located on the
      sacrum (41%) and trochanters (38%). Only 13 of 95 (14%) index sores healed
      completely, and only two small sores healed in less than 30 days. No others
      treated less than 30 days had greater than or equal to 50% reduction in sore
      surface area. Patients were grouped according to whether or not treatment was
      less than 30 days, and for those treated greater than or equal to 30 days,
      according to whether or not greater than or equal to 50% reduction in sore
      surface area occurred. None of the easily measured patient characteristics
      examined were associated with longer or more successful treatment. These results
      indicate that although air-fluidized beds can be used to treat pressure sores
      successfully, even in severely debilitated nursing home patients, no simple
      criteria can be used to predict which patients will benefit from this treatment.
      Because long periods of time are necessary for treatment [median trial length 79
      days and 17 of 95 (18%) trials greater than 180 days], substantial patient-care
      expenditures result.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2918194
TI  - Use of the Functional Assessment Inventory to distinguish among the rural elderly
      in five service settings.
AB  - This replication study further supports the hypothesis that the Functional
      Assessment Inventory (FAI) can reliably distinguish between the elderly in
      different service settings. The five settings studied include a state mental
      health facility, a nursing home, a visiting nurse service, a senior center, and a
      control group of well elderly. The inclusion of the home care and control groups
      in this study provide new tests of the applicability of the FAI. The sample
      consisted of 125 elderly individuals with 25 subjects in each of the five groups.
      The FAI questionnaire was administered to the subjects and/or an informant when
      necessary. Results of a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) revealed that
      the more functionally impaired individuals were utilizing the more care-intensive
      settings. The FAI identified three distinct "cluster groups": an institutional
      cluster (state mental health facility and nursing home), a home care cluster
      (visiting nurse service), and a community cluster (senior center and control
      group). Analysis of the subscale scores reveals discrete differences between each
      of the groups. Implications of the study findings are discussed.

PMID- 2918195
TI  - History-taking in the elderly with and without cognitive impairment. How useful
      is it?
AB  - To assess the usefulness of interviewing older adults with cognitive impairment,
      we analyzed data from the NIMH Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study. People aged 65
      and older with cognitive impairment were twice as likely as age-matched
      unimpaired elders to report sufficient symptoms of psychiatric disorders to
      qualify for a current diagnosis (16% vs 7%), and were also more likely to qualify
      for a lifetime diagnosis (25% vs 15%). We considered whether this excess could be
      due to random responses by the impaired, but found the rank order of their
      symptoms very similar to that of the unimpaired. Although dementia is thought to
      affect recent more than remote memory, the impaired were no less likely than the
      unimpaired to report disorders of recent onset. We also compared the cognitively
      impaired and unimpaired with respect to their reliability as assessed by
      reinterview one year later and found no significant difference. We conclude that
      there is no reason to believe that the excess of disorders in the mildly impaired
      is an artifact caused by their poorer performance as respondents. Interviewing
      the elderly person with cognitive impairment is a useful way of discovering
      concurrent disorders that may be treatable.

PMID- 2918197
TI  - Hepatic dementia or acquired hepatocerebral degeneration.

PMID- 2918196
TI  - Post-poliomyelitis sequelae in the elderly.

PMID- 2918198
TI  - Timolol side effects and inadvertent overdosing.
AB  - The case reports demonstrate that significant and potentially dangerous side
      effects from timolol maleate occur as a result of inadvertent overdosing. Because
      many glaucoma patients are elderly and vision is frequently impaired, overdosing
      may be the mechanism of side effects in many patients especially the elderly. A
      simple dropper that would withdraw only one drop and deliver the same would
      resolve this problem.

PMID- 2918199
TI  - Geriatric medicine in the United States. The current activities of former
      trainees.
AB  - To improve the health care received by frail older persons, an effort has been
      made in the United States to increase the number of physicians trained in
      geriatric medicine and geropsychiatry. The goal of training has been to create
      leaders in education, research, and patient care. To assess the progress of this
      effort, we surveyed physicians (284 in geriatric medicine and 91 in
      geropsychiatry) who graduated from U.S. geriatrics fellowship programs. Responses
      were obtained from 224 medicine (79% response) and 59 psychiatry fellows (65%
      response). Sixty-five percent of former geriatric medicine fellows report
      spending 10% or less time on teaching; 44% report doing no research, and 44%
      report spending more than half their time in patient care. Compared to other
      primary care specialties, the geriatricians reported caring for larger
      proportions of older patients and spending more time per patient visit. However,
      their role in teaching, research, and long-term care is minimal.

PMID- 2918200
TI  - Whither geriatrics faculty development?

PMID- 2918201
TI  - How should we treat third parties?

PMID- 2918202
TI  - Reserpine for hypertension.

PMID- 2918203
TI  - Quality of life in geriatric hypertension.

PMID- 2918205
TI  - Reprise on Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment.

PMID- 2918204
TI  - Measuring the volume of pressure sores.

PMID- 2918206
TI  - Somatosensory evoked potentials in infants and children.

PMID- 2918207
TI  - Intraventricular interferon treatment for subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.
AB  - Three children with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) were treated with
      alpha-interferon. Medication was administered via an Ommaya reservoir into the
      cerebral ventricular system over a period of 13 to 24 months in increasing
      amounts up to 1.0 x 10(6) IU twice weekly. Mild clinical improvement in two
      children and a stable course in the third were associated with improvement of
      electroencephalographic recordings in all patients and a decrease in antimeasles
      antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid of two. The small number of patients does
      not enable us to determine whether this course was the natural history of SSPE in
      our patients or whether it was induced by treatment, yet it seems that
      intraventricular interferon treatment can modify the course of SSPE.

PMID- 2918208
TI  - Interictal sharp EEG transients in neonatal seizures.
AB  - This study describes the differences between several quantifiable variables that
      characterize interictal sharp EEG transients (SETS) recorded from neurologically
      ill neonates with proven electrographic seizures and a comparison group of
      apparently neurologically well babies with no known seizures. The abundance
      (number of sharp EEG transients per ten minutes), waveform morphology, repetitive
      behavior, and spatial distribution of SETS provide interpretive guidelines that
      help discriminate between these two patient populations.

PMID- 2918209
TI  - Megalencephaly in sudden infant death syndrome.
AB  - The fresh brain weights of 79 infants with sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
      were tabulated and compared with expected "normal" brain weights. The series
      included 47 males and 32 females. Their ages ranged from 8 days to 16 months with
      a median of 2.5 months. The weights of all these brains were above the 50th
      percentile for age, and 64 of 79 brains (81%) were above the 95th percentile,
      including 15 (19%) at or above the 99.9th percentile. The ratio of the brain stem
      plus cerebellum weight to the whole brain weight of 93 formalin-fixed brains from
      victims of SIDS showed that the cerebrum was disproportionately heavier in most
      cases. No gross or microscopic evidence of cerebral edema was noted to account
      for the heavier weight. The significance of these findings is debatable. The
      increase in brain weight was less obvious in infants younger than 1 month of age
      but accelerated after that age. The brain weights of infants with SIDS may
      represent the really "normal" weights, since these patients were not known to be
      ill prior to death. If the brain weights of SIDS infants are really heavier than
      "normal," the possibility must be considered that disproportionately rapid growth
      of the brain during early infancy may be detrimental to the neural control of the
      cardiorespiratory system.

PMID- 2918210
TI  - Benign nocturnal childhood occipital epilepsy: a new syndrome with nocturnal
      seizures, tonic deviation of the eyes, and vomiting.
AB  - An epileptic syndrome of benign nocturnal childhood occipital epilepsy with
      excellent prognosis is described. The syndrome is characterized by a clinical
      ictal triad of nocturnal seizures, tonic deviation of the eyes, and vomiting.
      There may be marching to involve the head and limbs, ending with a generalized
      tonic-clonic seizure. Consciousness is usually, but not invariably, disturbed.
      Infrequent daytime fits may develop one to two years after remission of the
      nocturnal seizures. Age of onset is usually from 3 to 5 years. Both sexes are
      involved. There is no family history of epilepsy or migraine. No definite
      causative factor was detected. The frequency of the seizures is very low with two
      children having only solitary ones. The interictal electroencephalographic
      features consist of repetitive occipital spike and slow wave complexes that are
      induced by closed eyes and darkness and are inhibited by open eyes and fixation
      with visual cues. It is proposed that this is a new idiopathic age-related-onset
      syndrome of the localization-related epilepsies.

PMID- 2918211
TI  - Neural defects in Jarcho-Levin syndrome.
AB  - Neuropathologic examination of two autopsied patients with Jarcho-Levin syndrome
      showed no pathologic changes in the brain, spinal cord, or nerve roots of one and
      diastematomyelia of the thoracolumbar spinal cord in the other. The abnormalities
      of the spinal cord in one of our patients and in another patient described in the
      literature establish neural defects as a component of the Jarcho-Levin syndrome.

PMID- 2918212
TI  - Eclampsia: a pediatric neurologic problem.
AB  - Eclampsia is a syndrome of hypertension, proteinuria, edema, and neurologic
      manifestations such as seizures, focal deficits, or blindness occurring during
      pregnancy, mainly in primigravidas. Although it is not seen often in the
      pediatric population, it occurs with greater frequency among pregnant patients
      under the age of 15 than in the general population. Serious sequelae can be
      prevented with prompt and adequate treatment, including termination of pregnancy.

PMID- 2918213
TI  - Pigmented, lipid-laden histiocytes in the central nervous system in chronic
      granulomatous disease of childhood.
AB  - In addition to granulomas, infiltrates of pigmented, lipid-laden histiocytes are
      a consistent morphologic finding in visceral organs of the reticuloendothelial
      system in patients with chronic granulomatous disease. We report a case with
      widespread meningeal and focal brain stem infiltrates of these distinctive
      histiocytes. The noninfectious involvement of the central nervous system in
      chronic granulomatous disease may be greater than previously recognized and
      related to the role of the CNS in the reticuloendothelial system.

PMID- 2918214
TI  - Foot pain in a diabetic patient.

PMID- 2918216
TI  - Adult onset of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies--therapy and prognosis.

PMID- 2918215
TI  - Acute gallbladder disease in the critical care patient.

PMID- 2918217
TI  - The nature and evaluation of cancer pain.

PMID- 2918218
TI  - Confidentiality--a physician's tool for effective medical treatment.

PMID- 2918219
TI  - Immunoelectron microscopic localization of laminin, type IV collagen, and type
      III pN-collagen in reticular fibers of human lymph nodes.
AB  - We studied the ultrastructural distribution of laminin, type IV collagen, and the
      amino terminal pro-peptide of type III collagen (type III pN-collagen) in normal
      human lymph nodes. After fixation with freshly prepared 4% paraformaldehyde mixed
      with 0.1% glutaraldehyde, cryoultramicrotomy proved to preserve the antigenicity
      of these proteins better than embedding in Lowicryl K4M. Sections were treated
      with rabbit antibodies against the 7S domain of human type IV collagen, the
      fragment P1 of human laminin, and the amino terminal pro-peptide of human type
      III pro-collagen, followed by anti-rabbit IgG conjugated to 10-nm colloidal gold.
      Laminin and type IV collagen were seen in the basement membrane structures of the
      blood vessels and in the walls of sinuses. The amorphous material between the
      collagenous fibers in locations corresponding to reticular fibers also contained
      laminin and type IV collagen. The amino terminal pro-peptide of type III pro
      collagen was present in the collagenous fibers in reticular fibers and in the
      walls of blood vessels and sinuses. Therefore, a significant number of the type
      III collagen molecules in these fibers must have retained their amino terminal
      pro-peptide. These results indicate that the basement membrane proteins laminin
      and type IV collagen are genuine components of reticular fibers, as suggested
      earlier by immunohistochemical studies at the light microscopic level.

PMID- 2918220
TI  - Intracellular topography of glycine-extended pro-gastrin-processing intermediates
      in human antral mucosa: an electron-microscopic immunocytochemical study.
AB  - To identify and characterize the subcellular topography of glycine-extended pro
      gastrin-processing intermediates (G-Gly) in human antral mucosa, we performed an
      electron microscopic immunocytochemical study using region-specific antisera
      generated against the synthetic peptide, Tyr-Gly-Trp-Met-Asp-Phe-Gly (GL7), and C
      terminal-specific anti-gastrin antisera. As has been previously reported, G-cells
      contained both electron-dense and electron-lucent granules, with a range of
      intermediate forms. Gastrin immunoreactivity was demonstrated in almost all
      granules of each type, whereas anti-GL7 antisera immunostained chiefly electron
      dense granules. The relative ratio of GL7/gastrin granules varied among different
      cells but was approximately 1:10 on average. Other cytoplasmic organelles were
      devoid of specific labeling for GL7 or gastrin. As we have assumed that G-Gly
      serves as the immediate precursor for each molecular form of gastrin, electron
      dense granules with high labeling for GL7 are regarded as the principal site for
      conversion of G-Gly to gastrin. This speculation supports many previous reports
      that electron-dense granules are immature and that the granules become less
      electron-dense with maturation.

PMID- 2918221
TI  - Alpha-smooth muscle actin, a differentiation marker of smooth muscle cells, is
      present in microfilamentous bundles of pericytes.
AB  - alpha-Smooth muscle (alpha-sm) actin, an isoform typical of smooth muscle cells
      (SMC) and present in high amounts in vascular SMC, was demonstrated in the
      cytoplasm of pericytes of various rat and human organs by means of
      immunocytochemistry at the electron microscopic level. In SMC and pericytes,
      alpha-sm actin was localized in microfilament bundles, strengthening the
      assumption that it is the functional isoform in these cell types and supporting
      the assumption that pericytes exert contractile functions.

PMID- 2918222
TI  - Heterogeneity of catalase staining in human hepatocellular peroxisomes.
AB  - Hepatocellular peroxisomes stained for catalase activity have different electron
      densities. When measured by scanning transmission electron microscopy, density is
      inversely linear to diameter. We investigated whether this phenomenon is the
      result of a staining artifact that reflects more efficient diffusion of substrate
      into smaller peroxisomes (higher surface-to-volume ratio), or of differences in
      endogenous enzymatic activity. Measurements of optical density show that the
      amount of reaction product is proportional to the diaminobenzidine concentration
      in the medium; this is not the case for H2O2. Modifying the concentration of both
      substrates does not alter the heterogeneous staining pattern. Heterogeneity
      persists when the reaction is slowed by inhibitors or when diffusion takes place
      before the reaction, and in preparations that have not been subjected to
      cytochemical staining. These data show that catalase activity is different in
      individual peroxisomes and that the staining differences are not a consequence of
      variations in substrate diffusion. Some implications of this conclusion are
      discussed.

PMID- 2918223
TI  - In situ hybridization using PEG-embedded tissue and riboprobes: increased
      cellular detail coupled with high sensitivity.
AB  - We describe a procedure for preparing tissue sections by embedding in
      polyethylene glycol for subsequent in situ hybridization analysis using single
      stranded RNA probes. Improved tissue morphology is obtained as compared to frozen
      sections, and the embedding procedure is milder and faster than paraffin
      embedding. Sections as thin as 2 microns are readily cut from PEG-embedded brain
      tissue. A simplified hybridization protocol (Clayton et al.: Neuron 1:249, 1988)
      supports the detection of even low-abundance brain mRNAs (less than or equal to
      10(-4) fractional mRNA mass). By employing high stringency washes in place of
      ribonuclease treatment after hybridization, cell RNA is retained for cresyl
      violet staining, and high signal:noise ratios are achieved. Solutions to problems
      with section mounting and adherence to glass slides are presented. The
      combination of improved morphology, high signal levels, and relative simplicity
      should make this procedure useful in a variety of applications.

PMID- 2918224
TI  - Antigen presentation abrogated in cells expressing truncated Ia molecules.
AB  - Oligonucleotide site-directed mutagenesis was used to introduce a premature stop
      codon in wildtype A beta k and A alpha k cDNA clones to create truncated A beta k
      and A alpha k molecules lacking the cytoplasmic domain. Transfected B lymphoma
      cells expressing an I-Ak molecule with a truncated beta-chain or with truncated
      alpha- and beta-chains showed profound defects in two Ia-related functions: Ia
      restricted Ag presentation and intracytoplasmic signaling. The ability of these
      transfected cell lines to activate autoreactive T hybrids was markedly impaired
      whereas loss of Ag presentation to nominal Ag-specific T hybrids was more subtle.
      Ia-mediated transmembrane signaling as measured by PKC translocation from cytosol
      to nucleus after stimulation with anti-Ak antibody was greatly affected by
      truncation of the A beta and A alpha cytoplasmic domains. These results indicate
      an important role for the highly conserved cytoplasmic domain in Ia-mediated
      responses.

PMID- 2918225
TI  - Modulation of F1 cytotoxic potentials by graft-vs-host reaction. Cooperative non
      H-2- and H-2D region-gene control of F1 natural resistance to graft-vs-host
      reaction-associated immunosuppression.
AB  - Our previous study revealed that in F1 mice raised by crossing C3H/He or AKR/J
      mice with various H-2-congenic B10-series strains, parental H-2k spleen cells
      (SC) could not induce the graft-vs-host reaction (GvHR)-associated
      immunosuppression (GAIS). We also elucidated that a limited number of non-H-2
      genes of parental C3H/He or AKR/J mice that had been incorporated into the F1
      hybrids determined the F1 resistance to the GAIS, and the present study was done
      to explore the mechanism implicated in this type of F1 resistance to GAIS. SC
      from B10.AL mice carrying an rH-2 (K:k I:k S:k D:d) haplotype but not SC from H
      2K B10.BR (k k k k) mice induced GAIS of in vitro CTL responses to third-party
      alloantigens in H-2k/d (C3H/He x B10.D2)F1 recipients mice. Further, SC from H
      2k/a (C3H/He x B10.A)F1 mice carrying heterozygous C3H/B10 non-H-2 background but
      not SC from the same H-2k/a (B10.BR x B10.A)F1 mice but carrying homozygous
      B10/B10 background induced GAIS in H-2k/d (C3H/He x B10.D2)F1 recipients.
      Although C3H/He-, B10.BR-, and C3H.OH (d d d k)-SC were incapable of inducing
      GAIS in (C3H/He x B10.D2)F1 (k/d k/d k/d k/d) recipients, they were all good
      inducers of GAIS in (C3H.OH x B10.BR)F1 (d/k d/k d/k k/k) recipients. Exactly the
      same pattern of co-operative non-H-2 AKR and H-2D region-gene control of GAIS was
      observed on GvHR induced in H-2k/d (AKR/J x B10.D2)F1 recipients. These results
      suggest that the non-H-2 genes of C3H/He or AKR/J strain inhibit the functional
      expression of certain antigenic determinant(s) when it is encoded by heterozygous
      but not homozygous gene(s) linked tightly to H-2D region of k haplotype. Thus,
      the F1 resistance to GAIS is mediated by immune response of F1 recipients who
      miss the antigenic determinant(s) against that expressed on cell surface of GvHR
      inducing T lymphocytes.

PMID- 2918226
TI  - Phylogeny of regulatory proteins of the complement system. Isolation and
      characterization of a C4b/C3b inhibitor and a cofactor from sand bass plasma.
AB  - We have previously demonstrated that the alpha'-chain of human activated form of
      the fourth (C4b) and third (C3b) component of C are cleaved by plasma or serum
      from vertebrate species spanning through 300,000,000 yr of evolution yielding
      fragments identical with those obtained with human plasma. In this study, we
      investigated the molecular basis of this reaction. We chose barred sand bass
      plasma because this is the most primitive species analyzed possessing these
      activities. Barred sand bass plasma proteins were separated on a Sephadex G-200
      column and the eluted samples analyzed for C4b and C3b cleavage. Individual
      fractions were inactive, but degradation was obtained when proteins of 380 and
      155 kDa were combined. In contrast to the human regulatory proteins, the sand
      bass proteins require Ca2+ ions. K76COOH, an inhibitor of human factor I,
      inhibited the function of the 155-kDa but not of the 380 kDa-fraction. Thus it
      appears that the 155-kDa fraction functions as the C4b/C3b cleaving enzyme (I)
      and the 380-kDa material as its cofactor. Further purification of the 380-kDa
      fraction yielded a protein that by SDS-PAGE consisted of two noncovalently linked
      subunits of 110 and 42 kDa at a molecular ratio of 2:1. These two chains were
      antigenically distinct, and constitute domains of the same protein. The 110-kDa
      peptide binds C4b and not C3b but it fully expresses the cofactor function for
      the 155-kDa fraction on the cleavage of both C4b and C3b. Limited tryptic
      digestion of the 110-kDa domain demonstrated C4b binding activity in fragments of
      34, 25, and 23 kDa. The activity of the 34-kDa fragment was the same as that of
      the undigested protein. Comparison of the amino acid composition of the barred
      sand bass cofactor and of human C4bp shows similar high content of cysteine and
      proline but not of tryptophan. It differs from human factor H in cysteine,
      serine, proline, and tryptophan. These studies indicate that regulatory proteins
      for the C4b and C3b C fragments may have appeared very early phylogenetically.

PMID- 2918227
TI  - A novel heteromorphic human cell surface alloantigen, gp60, defined by a human
      monoclonal antibody.
AB  - A human mAb (DSM1) generated from a patient immunized with irradiated allogeneic
      melanoma cells detects a new cell surface alloantigen of restricted cell type
      distribution. The Ag is a 60,000-Da glycoprotein (gp60) that displays
      considerable heteromorphism in its cytosolic and cytoskeletal (52 to 62 kDa) and
      membrane forms (60 to 64 kDa). The gp60 Ag has been purified using lectin
      affinity, ion exchange, and Mono P fast performance liquid chromatography. Rabbit
      antiserum against purified gp60 recognizes a homologous gp60 molecule on DSM1
      nonreactive cells. Molecular properties of gp60 and a partial amino acid sequence
      of a tryptic gp60-derived peptide distinguish it from other known human
      alloantigens. This is the first report of a human alloantigenic system whose
      definition required a cell type other than those of bone marrow derivation.

PMID- 2918228
TI  - Trypanosoma musculi co-express several receptors binding rodent IgM, IgE, and IgG
      subclasses.
AB  - The present work demonstrates the expression of receptors for the Fc portion of
      rodent Ig by the murine parasite Trypanosoma musculi. By using a rosette assay
      adapted to the parasite morphology and by flow cytometry analysis, three distinct
      receptors were identified. A receptor binding rabbit or rat polyclonal IgG and
      mouse monoclonal IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b was found on parasites purified from the
      blood and the peritoneal cavity of infected mice and on parasites maintained in
      culture conditions. This IgG receptor was degraded by pepsin. A separate
      receptor, binding only mouse monoclonal IgG3 was observed on cultured parasites.
      A receptor binding rabbit, rat, and mouse IgM was found on cultured and
      peritoneal parasites, but not on blood parasites. This receptor did not bind IgG
      or IgA but it bound mouse and rat IgE as well as IgM. It was degraded by trypsin.
      IgG and IgM/IgE receptors were co-expressed on single parasites. They were not of
      host origin but synthesized by trypanosomes as shown by reexpression in vitro
      after proteolytic degradation. Their expression was variable with the development
      of trypanosomes both in vitro and in vivo.

PMID- 2918229
TI  - Disparate effects of in vitro low-dose UVB irradiation on intravenous
      immunization with purified epidermal cell subpopulations for the induction of
      contact hypersensitivity.
AB  - Low-dose ultraviolet (UV) B irradiation suppresses contact hypersensitivity (CH)
      reactions and alters the antigen-presenting function of epidermal cells (EC) in
      mice. To identify the EC sources of immunosuppression in this system, we examined
      the effect of UVB on the capacity of EC to induce and to regulate CH to
      trinitrochlorobenzene (TNCB). On day 0, cell sorter-purified populations of
      Ia+EC, Thy-1+EC, or Ia-/Thy-1-EC from CBA and C3H/HeJ mice were exposed to 200
      J/m2 UVB from unfiltered FS20 Sunlamps, derivatized with hapten, and inoculated
      intravenously into syngeneic mice (5000 cells per inoculum). After 6 d,
      responsiveness was tested by challenging the left ear with 2% TNCB and measuring
      ear swelling responses. On day 14, regulation was tested by painting 7% TNCB on
      abdominal skin; after 6 d the right ear was challenged. Whereas mice which
      received haptenated unirradiated Ia+EC exhibited full CH responses without down
      regulation, mice inoculated with haptenated irradiated Ia+EC displayed
      significantly diminished primary responses and, on subsequent immunization,
      displayed down-regulation. On the other hand, panels of mice that received
      haptenated unirradiated Thy-1+EC, and haptenated irradiated Thy-1+EC both showed
      hyporesponsiveness as well as down-regulation. Intravenous immunization with
      haptenated unirradiated Ia-/Thy-1-EC or with haptenated irradiated Ia-/Thy-1-EC
      led in each instance to immunologically "null events." These findings indicate
      that UVB irradiation profoundly affected Ia+EC such that their capacity to
      sensitize for CH was not only abrogated, but that such treatment also resulted in
      down-regulation of CH responses. By contrast, the same phototreatment had no
      effect on the inherent property of Thy-1+EC to mediate down-regulation of CH. We
      conclude that Ia+EC are immunologically relevant targets of low-dose UVB
      radiation, and that two populations of irradiated EC, Ia+EC, and Thy-1+EC, have
      the potential to deliver down-regulatory signals in this model of
      immunosuppression.

PMID- 2918230
TI  - Removal of fibroblasts from human epithelial cell cultures with use of a
      complement fixing monoclonal antibody reactive with human fibroblasts and
      monocytes/macrophages.
AB  - A complement fixing IgM monoclonal antibody (1B10) that reacts with surface
      membrane molecules of human fibroblasts, tissue macrophages, and peripheral
      monocytes was produced. In Western blot analysis of detergent extracts of
      cultured human foreskin fibroblasts, antibody 1B10 detected protein bands of Mr
      43,000 and 72-80,000. We used the 1B10 antibody with complement to eliminate most
      1B10 positive nonepithelial cells from thymic epithelial (TE) cell cultures,
      thereby allowing us to grow highly enriched populations of human TE cells.

PMID- 2918231
TI  - Reappearance of CD1a antigenic sites after endocytosis on human Langerhans cells
      evidenced by immunogoldrelabeling.
AB  - We show evidence of the reappearance of CD1a antigenic sites on the surface of
      human isolated Langerhans cells after internalization of CD1a antigen/CD1a
      monoclonal antibody (BL6) complexes. The internalization was visualized by
      immunogoldlabeling, and the reappearance of CD1a binding sites was shown by
      immunogoldrelabeling. The relabeling was distinguished from the labeling either
      by using two sizes of gold granules (15 and 5 nm) or by quantitative estimation
      with one size of gold granules, before and after the relabeling. This
      reappearance of sites is cycloheximide insensitive, and is evidenced, even if the
      transfer of gold particles to lysosomes is blocked by the monensin. These results
      suggest that the reexpression of CD1a antigens is due to antigens stored in the
      cytoplasm or to recycling of internalized sites. Some immunolabeled Birbeck
      granules were observed in continuity with the plasma membrane, which demonstrates
      their membrane origin and their involvement in the endocytosis process. However,
      the weak labeling of these organelles makes us believe that they are not
      specialized CD1a endocytosis structures.

PMID- 2918232
TI  - Differential expression of the 4F2 activation antigen on human follicular
      epithelium in hair cycle.
AB  - The expression of the 4F2 activation molecule has been studied on keratinocytes
      of human skin and hair follicle using immunoperoxidase staining with three
      different anti-4F2 monoclonal antibodies. Membranes of basal layer keratinocytes
      of the skin uniformly expressed this antigen, whereas a differential expression
      of this antigen was located in specific areas of the hair follicle. Follicles in
      the complete anagen phase displayed a strong 4F2 positive staining at the matrix
      and the outer root sheath cells. This positive staining gradually decreased along
      the proliferation zone, and became negative at the migration zone. Positivity was
      recovered in follicular cells at the duct of the sebaceous gland and was
      maintained in the upper outer root sheath where those cells fuse with the
      keratinocyte basal monolayer. Changes were also detected on different phases of
      the hair cycle. Follicles in the catagen-telogen phase expressed a very low
      number of positive cells in the matrix. Positive labeling progressively increased
      when the follicle was at the initial anagen stage, reaching a complete staining
      pattern in hair at the anagen phase. These results suggest that the expression of
      this activation antigen on hair keratinocytes may be related to the
      proliferation, active metabolism, and/or activation states of these cell types.

PMID- 2918233
TI  - Molecular models of the intercellular lipid lamellae in mammalian stratum
      corneum.
AB  - Intercellular lipid lamellae in the stratum corneum constitute the barrier to
      water diffusion and may also play a role in cohesion between corneocytes. The
      lamellae arise from stacks of lamellar disks that are extruded from the granular
      cells and then fuse edge-to-edge to form sheets. It has been proposed that each
      lamellar disk is formed from a flattened vesicle, and therefore consists of two
      lipid bilayers in close apposition. In the present study, electron microscopic
      examination of ruthenium-tetroxide-fixed stratum corneum from mouse, pig, and
      human skin revealed that the double bilayer pattern persists in the intercellular
      lamellae. In addition, distinctive patterning of the intercellular lamellae has
      led us to propose novel molecular arrangements of the intercellular lipids. These
      include interlamellar sharing of lipid chains to produce lipid monolayers between
      pairs of bilayers. The pattern reflects the provenance of the intercellular
      lamellae from lamellar granule disks and the nonrandom orientation of the
      lamellar lipids.

PMID- 2918234
TI  - Ectopic growth of mouse whiskers from implanted lengths of plucked vibrissa
      follicles.
AB  - A method for transplanting whole or partial whisker follicles from adult mice to
      a site beneath the kidney capsule of syngeneic mice is described. Follicles were
      removed from the upper lip and the growing whiskers plucked. The follicles were
      either left intact or divided into two parts by transection and implanted under
      the kidney capsule. The intact whole follicles remained viable and regenerated
      whiskers which were later shed. The lower one-half or one-third follicle implants
      reorganized their base and produced a short, curled whisker. On the other hand,
      none of the upper one-half or two-thirds implants regenerated a dermal papilla,
      and no whisker production was observed. However, when a single dermal papilla
      which had been dissected out from another follicle was introduced into each upper
      follicle cavity in contact with the cut edge, a bulbar region emerged, and
      subsequently, a long, thick, medullated whisker developed from the implants. This
      technique should be useful in studying the induction and regeneration of adult
      mouse whiskers.

PMID- 2918235
TI  - Mast cell changes in a case of rapidly progressive scleroderma-ultrastructural
      analysis.
AB  - A 63-year-old woman had rapidly progressive scleroderma and died 4 months after
      the clinical appearance of her illness. Extreme itching of the affected skin was
      prominent. Electron microscopic study of the clinically uninvolved skin showed
      mainly normal mast cells. Mast cells in clinically involved skin showed a wide
      morphologic spectrum including evidence of cellular activation. There was an
      increased amount of cytoplasm occupied by polysomes and mitochondria and less
      cytoplasm occupied by granules. Most granules were pale and swollen, suggesting
      active degranulation. In some cases it was difficult to distinguish a hyperactive
      mast cell with only a few granules remaining from a fibroblast which had acquired
      granules by transgranulation. This case illustrates the active participation of
      mast cells in acute scleroderma.

PMID- 2918236
TI  - Immunohistologic demonstration of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and sis
      oncogene expression in scleroderma.
AB  - Although the pathogenesis and mechanisms responsible for excessive connective
      tissue deposition are not known, it has been thought that specific growth factors
      may have an effect on scar formation by increasing the fibroblast population and
      by affecting the amount and types of matrix synthesized. In this regard, we
      explored the appearance and localization of TGF alpha, TGF beta, PDGF, and sis
      onc expression in situ. Sections of skin biopsies from eight scleroderma patients
      were investigated using specific antibodies to TGF alpha, TGF beta, human PDGF,
      and sis-onc products for immunohistochemistry. Most significantly, deposition of
      PDGF was detected in the endothelial lining of small capillaries in association
      with certain mononuclear cells of the perivascular infiltrates. In particular,
      strong labeling was observed in the cytoplasm of macrophages. Smooth muscle also
      appeared to be specifically labeled. Similarly, sis-onc product localized in the
      same areas. No significant staining was observed with antibodies to TGF alpha.
      TGF beta was found rather diffusely throughout the dermal connective tissue and
      was only occasionally observed in capillaries of lesions. We conclude that the
      PDGF may play an important role in the pathogenesis of scleroderma.

PMID- 2918237
TI  - Kinetics of excision repair in human skin.

PMID- 2918238
TI  - Membrane structural alterations in murine stratum corneum: relationship to the
      localization of polar lipids and phospholipases.

PMID- 2918239
TI  - Effects of 13-cis-retinoic acid on the hamster meibomian gland.
AB  - Systemic administration of 13-cis-retinoic acid caused a reduction of acinar
      tissue in the hamster meibomian gland. Histologic examination of treated
      meibomian gland tissue revealed a thickening of gland ductal epithelium and a
      decrease in the numbers of mature lipid-laden acinar cells. Morphometric analysis
      showed a reduction of up to 75% in mean volume of meibomian acinar tissue from
      animals fed a high dose of 13-cis-retinoic acid. Clinical observations in these
      animals included alopecia and weight loss. Ocular complications included crusting
      of the eyelid margin and the external surface of the lid and erythema of the
      conjunctiva. The model supports previous observations by the authors that
      systemic 13-cis-retinoic acid affects meibomian gland structure in a laboratory
      animal. The ocular side effects described in this model suggest that future
      functional studies may yield important insights into the complex relationship
      between meibomian gland morphology and function, and events on the ocular
      surface.

PMID- 2918240
TI  - Lipogenesis by isolated human apocrine sweat glands: testosterone has no effect
      during long-term organ maintenance.
AB  - Lipid synthesis by freshly isolated human apocrine glands has been measured by
      the incorporation of [U-14C] acetate. Incorporation is linear over 6 h at 1010 +/
      282 pmol/mg wet weight/h (n = 11; mean +/- sem). The lipid classes, as
      percentages of the total lipid synthesized, were found by TLC to be cholesterol
      12.3 +/- 2.0, mono-glycerides 7.5 +/- 1.5, 1,2 di-glycerides 3.0 +/- 0.9, 1,3 di
      glycerides 3.5 +/- 0.5, tri-glycerides 28.4 +/- 1.8, free fatty acids 2.0 +/-
      0.4, lysolecithin 15.4 +/- 3.9, sphingomyelin 9.9 +/- 4.3, phosphatidyl-choline
      8.4 +/- 0.4, phosphatidyl-ethanolamine -inositol and -serine 1.8 +/- 0.1,
      phosphatidic acid and cardiolipin 3.3 +/- 0.5, and unidentified 3.3 +/- 0.5 (mean
      +/- sem, n = 5). Glands were maintained on permeable supports. After 10 d
      maintenance, electron microscopy showed that the cellular architecture had been
      preserved, that the ATP contents were the same as in freshly isolated glands, and
      that [U-14C] acetate incorporation was not significantly altered at 851 +/- 237
      pmol/mg/h (n = 18). The addition of 3 microM testosterone had no effect on
      acetate incorporation at 844 +/- 231 pmol/mg/h (n = 18). The lipid classes and
      their proportions were similar to the values for fresh glands after 10 d
      maintenance both with and without testosterone.

PMID- 2918241
TI  - Changes in the relative amounts of endogenous and exogenous fatty acids in
      sebaceous lipids during early adolescence.
AB  - Skin surface lipid samples were collected from the scalps of 40 males, aged 9-15,
      and the lipid class composition of each was analyzed by quantitative thin layer
      chromatography. The ratio of wax esters/[cholesterol + cholesterol esters]
      (WE/[CH + CE]) increased with age. The wax ester, cholesterol ester,
      triglyceride, and free fatty acid classes were isolated from each sample and the
      fatty acid compositions were determined by capillary gas chromatography of fatty
      acid methyl esters (FAME) prepared from each lipid class. The concentrations of
      most of the different types of fatty acids were found to be correlated with the
      WE/[CH + CE] ratio. Those straight chain fatty acids that are thought to be
      synthesized mainly within the sebaceous glands, such as 14:0, 14:1, 16:1, and
      18:2 delta 5, 8 tended to increase with increasing WE/[CH + CE], while fatty
      acids which circulate in the blood, such as 18:0, 18:1, and 18:2 delta 9, 12,
      tended to decrease with increasing WE/[CH + CE]. For the majority of straight
      chain fatty acid types, the data could be fitted to the equation y = a + b/[x +
      1], which can be derived from simple assumptions concerning the origins of the
      various sebum components. The FAME from the wax esters were separated into
      saturated and monounsaturated fractions and analyzed by capillary gas
      chromatography to determine the concentrations of the different types of branched
      chain FAME present. In the wax esters, straight chain fatty acids tended to
      increase with increasing WE/[CH + CE], while terminally branched (iso and
      anteiso) fatty acids tended to decrease. Other branched chain fatty acids
      increased up to a WE/[CH + CE] ratio of about 2 and then decreased at higher
      ratios.

PMID- 2918242
TI  - A novel histone-stimulated protein kinase in normal and psoriatic epidermis.
AB  - During the course of studies on protein kinases in psoriatic epidermis, a novel
      histone-activated protein kinase activity was identified. This activity (referred
      to as PK-II because it was the second peak of protein kinase activity eluted from
      a DEAE column) was partially purified from the supernatant of an epidermal
      homogenate by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. Although histone was not a
      substrate for phosphorylation, in the presence of histone, endogenous proteins of
      Mr 105 and 95 kDa were phosphorylated. Activity was not affected by
      Ca2+/phospholipid, cAMP, cGMP, cAMP-dependent kinase inhibitor, spermine,
      spermidine, calmodulin, EGF, or phorbol ester. Phosphorylation was specific for
      serine and threonine residues. A major peak of PK-II activity eluted from
      sepharose 6B with an apparent Mr of 100 kDa, suggesting that histone may
      stimulate autophosphorylation. The properties of PK-II resemble those recently
      described for a class of polypeptide-dependent protein kinases isolated from
      placenta, Ehrlich ascites tumor cells, and bakers' yeast. PK-II was significantly
      higher in psoriatic involved epidermis (32.6 +/- 11.6 pmol/min/mg protein)
      compared to psoriatic uninvolved epidermis (5.7 +/- 0.6 pmol/min/mg; p = 0.03)
      and normal epidermis (9.5 +/- 2.2 pmol/min/mg; p = 0.05). The function of histone
      stimulated protein kinase in epidermal function and its role in the
      pathophysiology of psoriasis remain to be explored.

PMID- 2918244
TI  - Abstracts of the ESDR-JSID-SID tricontinental meeting. Washington, D.C., April 26
      30, 1989.

PMID- 2918243
TI  - Rapid detection of cutaneous herpes simplex virus infection with the polymerase
      chain reaction.
AB  - A simple and specific method for detecting herpes simplex virus infection in
      routinely processed paraffin-embedded biopsy specimens is described. DNA is
      extracted from paraffin blocks, and subjected to DNA amplification with the
      polymerase chain reaction. After 40 rounds, an amplified band can be detected
      after agarose gel electrophoresis and ethidium bromide staining. This band is
      specific for herpes simplex virus, because tissues infected with related viruses
      do not give this amplified band. We have been able to detect viral DNA in small
      punch skin biopsies with this procedure, which can take as little as 6 h.

PMID- 2918245
TI  - Characterization of very low density lipoprotein from Watanabe heritable
      hyperlipidemic rabbits.
AB  - We investigated the properties of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) from two
      types of Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic (WHHL) rabbits: one with a high
      incidence of coronary atherosclerosis (type 1), and the other with a low
      incidence (type 2). When incubated with mouse peritoneal macrophages, VLDL from
      type 1 WHHL rabbit (type 1-VLDL) stimulated cholesteryl ester synthesis 10.5-fold
      more than VLDL from the type 2 WHHL rabbit (type 2-VLDL) did. Moreover, a similar
      difference was seen in the stimulation of cholesteryl ester synthesis in
      peritoneal macrophages isolated from the WHHL rabbits. The mass ratios of
      cholesterol to protein in type 1- and type 2-VLDL were 5.69 and 2.05,
      respectively. Agarose gel electrophoresis of type 1-VLDL showed beta mobility,
      and that of type 2-VLDL showed pre-beta mobility. No difference was seen between
      the sizes of VLDL particles of the two types. The amount of apolipoprotein E in
      type 1-VLDL was greater than that in type 2-VLDL. In conclusion, the difference
      between type 1 and type 2 WHHL rabbits is at least partly due to the presence in
      type 1 animals of VLDL particles rich in cholesteryl esters and apolipoprotein E,
      particles which are very similar to beta-VLDL in conformation.

PMID- 2918246
TI  - Simultaneous fractionation of four placental neutral glycosphingolipids with a
      continuous gradient.
AB  - We describe a method for isolating milligram quantities of the four neutral
      glycosphingolipids, glucocerebroside, lactosylceramide, traiosylceramide, and
      globoside, from human placental tissue. This procedure is carried out on a
      silicic acid column eluted with a continuous chloroform-methanol gradient (19:1
      to 4:1); the four glycosphingolipids elute as separate fractions with no need for
      further separation. The method is simple, rapid, and yields sufficient material
      to use as analytical standards for several hundred runs. The lipids have been
      identified by NMR spectroscopy. Placental tissue is freely available in most
      centers and is an excellent untapped source for these compounds. Given that
      lactosylceramide is not commercially available and that triaosylceramide
      (ceramide trihexoside) cannot be obtained in a reliable state, this technique
      represents an effective solution to this dilemma.

PMID- 2918247
TI  - Combined in-beam electron impact-B/E-linked scan mass spectrometry of oxazoline
      derivatives for the structure determination of long-chain unsaturated fatty
      acids.
AB  - Long-chain unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) having up to six double bonds are
      derivatized to 2-substituted 4,4-dimethyloxazolines (DMOX) and then analyzed by
      combined in-beam electron impact (IBEI)-B/E-linked scan mass spectrometry. This
      technique provides highly characteristic mass spectra and may serve as an
      auxiliary means for direct structure determination of individual UFA in mixtures.

PMID- 2918248
TI  - 24,25-epoxysterols. Differentiation of 24R and 24S epimers by 13C nuclear
      magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
AB  - The 24R and 24S epimers of the acetates of 24,25-epoxycholesterol and 24,25
      epoxylanosterol have been prepared and purified by preparative normal phase high
      performance liquid chromatography. Neither pair of epimers could be
      differentiated by 1H NMR. However, the 13C NMR spectra of the epimeric pairs were
      sufficiently different to permit samples of individual epimers to be assigned as
      24R or 24S.

PMID- 2918249
TI  - Effect of cholesterol nucleation-promoting activity on cholesterol solubilization
      in model bile.
AB  - Human bile contains a factor with cholesterol nucleation-promoting activity that
      binds to concanavalin A-Sepharose. In this study we have investigated the effect
      of this activity on the dynamics of lipid solubilization in supersaturated model
      bile. A concanavalin A binding protein fraction of human bile was mixed with
      model bile and the effect on the distribution of cholesterol and phospholipid
      between mixed micelles and phospholipid/cholesterol vesicles was studied by means
      of density gradient ultracentrifugation. The nucleation-promoting activity
      containing fraction induced a transfer of cholesterol and phospholipid from the
      micellar to the vesicular phase. This led to a decrease in the density of the
      vesicular fraction. We have also studied the effect of promoting activity on the
      nucleation time of an isolated vesicle fraction. A decrease of the nucleation
      time of 10.7 +/- 1.3 to 2.3 +/- 0.3 days was observed. In conclusion, a
      concanavalin A binding protein fraction from human bile stimulated cholesterol
      nucleation via a double effect; it increased the amount of vesicular cholesterol
      and phospholipid, and it also directly induced nucleation of cholesterol from the
      vesicles.

PMID- 2918250
TI  - Effect of dietary supplementation with a fish oil concentrate on the alkenylacyl
      class of ethanolamine phospholipid in human platelets.
AB  - It has been demonstrated that the alkenylacyl class of ethanolamine phospholipid
      (PE) represents one of the major forms of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)-containing
      phospholipid in the circulating platelets isolated from human subjects consuming
      a fish oil concentrate. Since the alkenylacyl PE from human platelets is enriched
      in the eicosanoid precursor arachidonic acid (AA) and the n-6 polyunsaturate
      adrenic acid (AdA), it was of interest to study changes in alkenylacyl PE fatty
      acid composition upon fish oil supplementation. Healthy volunteers were given 20
      capsules of MaxEPA daily (3.6 g of EPA plus 2.4 g of docosahexaenoic acid, DHA)
      for 6 weeks followed by a 6-week recovery period. Washed platelet suspensions
      were prepared and the fatty acid compositions of the phospholipid components were
      evaluated by thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography at weeks 0, 3, 6, 9, and
      12. Fatty acid composition changes were more pronounced in the alkenylacyl PE
      than in other platelet phospholipids as a result of fish oil consumption. The
      alkenylacyl PE exhibited a greater drop (by 20.3 mol%, i.e., from 72.0 to 51.7
      mol%) in AA than diacyl PE (by 1.6 mol%) or total (predominantly diacyl) choline
      phospholipids (PC) (by 4.5 mol%). In alkenylacyl PE, the predominant reservoir of
      AdA in human platelet phospholipid, a dramatic reduction in the level of AdA also
      resulted with MaxEPA supplementation (from 7.9 to 3.1 mol%); diacyl PE and total
      PC decreased by 0.6 and 0.3 mol%, respectively. With respect to the n-3 fatty
      acids, EPA rose by 12.5 mol% in alkenylacyl PE, compared to only 3.8 and 2.5 mol%
      in diacyl PE and total PC, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2918251
TI  - High density lipoprotein stimulates sterol translocation between intracellular
      and plasma membrane pools in human monocyte-derived macrophages.
AB  - Binding of high density lipoprotein (HDL) to its receptor on cultured fibroblasts
      and aortic endothelial cells was previously shown to facilitate sterol efflux by
      initiation of translocation of intracellular sterol to the plasma membrane. After
      cholesterol-loaded human monocyte-derived macrophages were incubated with either
      [3H]mevalonolactone or lipoprotein-associated [3H]cholesteryl ester to radiolabel
      intracellular pools of sterol, incubation with HDL3 led to stimulation of 3H
      labeled sterol translocation from intracellular sites to the cell surface which
      preceeded maximum 3H-labeled sterol efflux. A similar pattern was demonstrated
      for macrophages that were preloaded with cholesterol derived from either low
      density lipoprotein (LDL), acetyl-LDL, or phospholipase C-modified LDL. However,
      in macrophages that were not loaded with cholesterol, HDL3 stimulated net
      movement of 3H-labeled sterol from the plasma membrane into intracellular
      compartments, the opposite direction from that seen for cholesterol-loaded cells.
      A similar influx pattern was found in nonloaded macrophages and fibroblasts that
      were labeled with trace amounts of exogenous [3H]cholesterol. Cholesterol
      translocation from intracellular pools to the cell surface of cholesterol-loaded
      macrophages appeared to be stimulated by receptor binding of HDL, since chemical
      modification of HDL with tetranitromethane (TNM), which abolishes its receptor
      binding, reduced its ability to stimulate 3H-labeled sterol translocation and
      efflux. In nonloaded cells, however, the ability of HDL3 to stimulate sterol
      efflux and movement of sterol from the plasma membrane into intracellular pools
      was unaffected by TNM modification. Thus, binding of HDL to its receptor on
      cholesterol-loaded macrophages appears to promote translocation of intracellular
      cholesterol to the plasma membrane followed by cholesterol efflux into the
      medium. However, in nonloaded macrophages, HDL stimulates sterol movement from
      the plasma membrane into intracellular pools by a receptor-independent process.

PMID- 2918252
TI  - Effect of a fish oil diet on the composition of rat neutrophil lipids and the
      molecular species of choline and ethanolamine glycerophospholipids.
AB  - When rats were fed a corn oil versus a corn oil-fish oil diet the overall
      phospholipid content and composition as well as the subclass distribution of the
      choline- and ethanolamine-containing glycerophospholipids from neutrophils were
      not altered. The serine-containing glycerophospholipids were characterized by
      high levels of stearic and oleic acids. When fish oil was added to the diet it
      replaced some of the arachidonate in both the inositol- and the serine-containing
      glycerophospholipids. In the corn oil-fed animals, 25.2 and 33.6 mole %,
      respectively, of the molecular species of 1,2-diacyl- and 1-O-alkyl-2-acyl-sn
      glycero-3-phosphocholine contained arachidonate. The values for 1,2-diacyl and 1
      O-alk-1'-enyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine were, respectively, 41 and
      55.8 mole %. When half of the 5% corn oil in the diet was replaced by fish oil,
      there was a 53, 38, 27, and 25% reduction, respectively, in the level of
      arachidonate in these four lipid subclasses. The amount of 5,8,11,14,17
      eicosapentaenoic acid incorporated into these four subclasses was always less
      than the decline in arachidonic acid. This was due, in part, to the acylation of
      small amounts of 22-carbon (n-3) acids into these lipids. Molecular species
      analysis demonstrated that 5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid paired with the
      same components at the sn-1 position, and in the same ratio, as did arachidonic
      acid. The amounts of 16- and 18-carbon saturated and unsaturated fatty acid at
      the sn-2 position were not altered by dietary change. Collectively, these
      findings suggest that 5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic and arachidonic acids are
      metabolized in a similar way by neutrophils. These studies also support the
      concept that neutrophils contain two metabolic pools of phospholipids. One pool
      is altered by dietary fat change while the pool containing 16- and 18-carbon
      acids is resistant to change when fish oil is included in the diet.

PMID- 2918253
TI  - Lipid content and lipid type as determinants of the epidermal permeability
      barrier.
AB  - During terminal differentiation, mammalian epidermal lipids undergo striking
      changes in both composition and distribution. Phospholipids and neutral lipids
      are replaced by a mixture of ceramides and neutral lipids organized in
      intercellular lamellar bilayers. Whether all of these lipids and/or whether
      specific lipid classes regulate permeability barrier function is not known. When
      hairless mice were treated with acetone, the degree of barrier perturbation
      (measured as transepidermal water loss, TEWL) increased linearly with the amount
      of lipid removed. Moreover, virtually all lipid species appeared to be removed by
      acetone treatment. In contrast, the nonpolar organic solvent, petroleum ether,
      while removing greater amounts of lipids, provoked lesser barrier abnormalities.
      As determined by both quantitative thin-layer chromatography and histochemistry,
      petroleum ether selectively extracted nonpolar lipids leaving sphingolipids and
      free sterols in place. In petroleum ether-treated animals, subsequent acetone
      treatment removed additional sphingolipids and produced a dramatic increase in
      TEWL. A linear relationship existed for the quantities of sphingolipid removed
      and degree of barrier disruption in acetone-treated, but not petroleum ether
      treated animals. These results support a relationship between the total lipid
      content of the stratum corneum and barrier function. Secondly, although the
      results demonstrate the participation of the total lipid mixture in the barrier,
      removal of nonpolar species alone appears to cause only a modest level of barrier
      disruption, while removal of sphingolipids and free sterols leads to a more
      profound level of barrier perturbation.

PMID- 2918254
TI  - Studies on the catalytic site of rat liver HMG-CoA reductase: interaction with
      CoA-thioesters and inactivation by iodoacetamide.
AB  - The localization of reactive cysteines and characterization of the HMG-CoA
      binding domain of rat liver HMG-CoA reductase were studied using iodoacetamide
      (IAAD) and short-chain acyl-CoA thioesters. Freeze-thaw-solubilized HMG-CoA
      reductase is irreversibly inactivated by IAAD with a second order rate constant
      of 0.78 M-1 sec-1 at 37 degrees C and pH 7.2. This IAAD inactivation is slowed
      down by pretreatment of the enzyme with disulfides, indicating that inactivation
      of HMG-CoA reductase occurs mainly through alkylation of specific cysteine
      residues in the protein. The substrate HMG-CoA, but not NADP(H), effectively
      protects the reductase from IAAD inactivation. When both HMG-CoA and NADP(H) are
      present, the reductase is inactivated by IAAD at a rate much faster than the
      inactivation in the presence of HMG-CoA alone. Of the two moieties of the HMG-CoA
      thioester, the CoA moiety confers protection from IAAD inactivation whereas HMG
      is totally ineffective. A series of CoA-thioesters of mono- and dicarboxylic
      acids of various size were tested for their effect on the activity of HMG-CoA
      reductase. The CoA analog, desulfo-CoA (des-CoA), and all CoA-thioesters of
      monocarboxylic acids of up to 6 carbons in length exhibit mixed-type inhibition
      of reductase activity. The competitive inhibition constants (Ki) for these
      compounds vary between 1 and 2 mM, whereas the noncompetitive component (K'i) is
      relatively constant (540 +/- 20 microM). As the acyl chain length increases
      beyond 6 carbons, the thioesters of monocarboxylic acids become more potent and
      acquire the characteristics of pure noncompetitive inhibitors. In contrast, the
      monothioesters of dicarboxylic acids are pure competitive inhibitors with Ki
      values which are similar to the Ki values of the corresponding thioesters of
      monocarboxylates. HMG does not affect reductase activity in concentrations of up
      to 2 mM, yet it greatly enhances the inhibition of the enzyme by des-CoA.
      Specifically, HMG affects only the Ki value of des-CoA by decreasing it from 1030
      microM to 280 microM. The results indicate that reactive cysteine(s) are
      localized in the catalytic site of HMG-CoA reductase. Within the active site,
      these cysteines are closely associated with and probably participate in the
      binding of the CoA moiety of the substrate HMG-CoA. The results are also
      consistent with the existence of a noncatalytic hydrophobic site in HMG-CoA
      reductase.

PMID- 2918255
TI  - Application of criminal antitrust sanctions to health care professionals.

PMID- 2918256
TI  - Advances in the treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
AB  - The use of more aggressive multiagent combination chemotherapy for the treatment
      of advanced diffuse aggressive lymphomas has resulted in a dramatic change in the
      overall outlook in patients with this disease. Once rarely curable or even
      controllable, it is now one of the most curable of disseminated malignancies.
      Sustained, disease-free survival rates have risen from 5% in the 1960s to
      approximately 65% in the 1980s. The 35% who do not achieve initial CR generally
      experience a fulminant course, with patients rarely surviving more than 2 years.
      Subsequent clinical trials will explore a number of new approaches including
      short-course, dose-intense induction regimens, addition of new agents into
      combinations (including cisplatin, vindesine, M-AMSA, ifosfamide, and methyl
      GAG), and the use of biologicals (monoclonal antibodies, interleukin-2 plus LAK
      cells, and tumor necrosis factor). Salvage therapy for those who experience
      recurrence of disease can produce responses in 45 to 65% of patients, but
      remission duration is short, and median survival time is usually less than 1
      year. Recent interest in high-dose chemotherapy with or without total body
      irradiation, followed by autologous bone marrow transplantation for relapsed
      patients, has produced some encouraging results.

PMID- 2918258
TI  - Diverse systems, common ground: impressions of the World Medical Assembly.

PMID- 2918257
TI  - Surgical management of the morbidly obese: some personal comments.

PMID- 2918259
TI  - Medical experience and preparedness for handling radiation injuries.
AB  - Medically significant overexposures have not occurred in 30 years of operating
      commercial nuclear power plants in this country. However, the medical communities
      around reactors in Georgia as well as the rest of the country, maintain a
      vigilance and preparations to handle these cases through semi-annual exercises
      using simulated patients. The programs at the Hatch and Vogtle plants provide not
      only for local care but also for specialty medical teams to arrive and assist in
      the triage and evacuation of casualties to definitive care centers for complete
      evaluation and treatment. This is not unlike the plan the Soviets used so
      successfully at Chernobyl.

PMID- 2918260
TI  - Melatonin analogues induce pigment granule condensation in isolated Xenopus
      laevis melanophores in tissue culture.
AB  - 2-Iodomelatonin, a ligand which has recently been used to identify melatonin
      binding sites in the brain, produced condensation of pigment granules when added
      to isolated Xenopus laevis melanophores in culture. Melatonin (EC50 = 5.7 x 10(
      13) mol/l), 2-iodomelatonin (EC50 = 3.4 x 10(-12) mol/l) and also 2
      chloromelatonin (EC50 = 2.9 x 10(-13) mol/l) were all potent agonists in this
      test. Melatonin analogues in which the side-chain was conformationally restricted
      by linkage to the 2-position of the indole ring were inactive (EC50 greater than
      10(-6) mol/l). The remarkable sensitivity and selectivity of this pigment
      condensation response suggests it will be useful in future studies of melatonin
      agonists and antagonists.

PMID- 2918261
TI  - The route of secretion of inhibin from the rat testis.
AB  - Levels of immunoactive and bioactive inhibin were measured in venous blood
      collected at a point just before (testicular venous) and after (spermatic venous)
      its passage through the mediastinal venous plexus over the anterior pole of the
      rete testis, and compared with levels in peripheral venous blood and testicular
      interstitial fluid (IF). In 15 control rats, levels of inhibin were highest in IF
      (8900 +/- 432 ng/l; mean +/- SEM) and lowest in peripheral (290 +/- 32 ng/l) and
      testicular (288 +/- 34 ng/l) venous blood, whilst levels in spermatic venous
      blood (633 +/- 99 ng/l) were always higher (P less than 0.002) than the levels in
      testicular venous blood. The latter difference was either reduced or abolished
      after disruption of spermatogenesis by local heating of the testes 8, 14, or 21
      days previously, and by ligation of the efferent ducts for 6 h or more, but was
      not affected by acute removal of the epididymis. It is concluded that inhibin
      secreted into seminiferous tubule fluid may be reabsorbed from the rete testis
      and this may be the major route by which it reaches the peripheral bloodstream in
      rats with normal spermatogenesis.

PMID- 2918262
TI  - Growth hormone regulates the level of insulin-like growth factor-I mRNA in rat
      skeletal muscle.
AB  - Levels of mRNA for the insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) in rat heart and
      skeletal muscle and its dependence on GH were investigated using a solution
      hybridization assay. Levels of IGF-I mRNA decreased following hypophysectomy, and
      replacement therapy with human GH (hGH) normalized heart and skeletal muscle
      levels. The stimulatory effect of hGH was dose-dependent, the lowest effective
      dose being 100 micrograms. A significant increase of IGF-I mRNA was observed 60
      min after s.c. administration of 100 micrograms hGH and the maximum increase was
      apparent 6-12 h after hGH injection. Administration of 200 micrograms IGF-I or 11
      micrograms insulin did not significantly change levels of IGF-I mRNA. The results
      show that GH regulates the level of IGF-I mRNA in rat heart and skeletal muscle
      and give further support to the hypothesis that locally produced IGF-I might be a
      local mediator for the direct stimulatory effect of GH on the growth and
      development of heart and skeletal muscle.

PMID- 2918263
TI  - The functional activity of hypothalamic 5-hydroxytryptamine neurones in broody
      bantam hens.
AB  - An assessment was made of the possible role of hypothalamic 5-hydroxytryptamine
      (5-HT) in the regulation of prolactin secretion in broody bantam hens. Prolactin
      secretion was stimulated less in incubating hens deprived of their nests for 24 h
      (nest-deprived) than in laying hens after administration of the 5-HT receptor
      agonist quipazine, or precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan. One type of 5-HT-binding
      site was found in the anterior and posterior hypothalami of out-of-lay,
      incubating and laying hens. Differences in prolactin secretion in these birds
      could not be accounted for by changes in the abundance of this type of 5-HT
      binding site. Another type of 5-HT-binding site, with a higher density but lower
      affinity, was found in the anterior hypothalami of laying hens. No specific 5-HT
      binding sites were found in the anterior pituitary gland. The turnover rates of 5
      HT were compared in the anterior and posterior hypothalami of laying, incubating
      and nest-deprived hens. The turnover rates were estimated from the rate of
      accumulation of 5-HT after inhibiting its catabolism using the monoamine oxidase
      inhibitor, pargyline, or by measuring the ratio of the concentrations of 5-HT and
      its major metabolite, 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid. Both methods of measurement
      gave the same results. The turnover of 5-HT was increased in the anterior but not
      posterior hypothalami of incubating hens when compared with laying or nest
      deprived hens. There was also a significant increase in turnover of 5-HT in the
      posterior hypothalami in nest-deprived hens when compared with laying or
      incubating birds.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2918264
TI  - Stress alters immune function and disease resistance in chinook salmon
      (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha).
AB  - We examined the effects of acute stress on the immune system and disease
      resistance of juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in laboratory
      and clinical trials. Immune function, as measured by the ability of lymphocytes
      from the anterior kidney to generate specific antibody-producing cells (APC) in
      vitro, was depressed 4 h after stress, when plasma cortisol levels were highest.
      At the same time, resistance to the fish pathogen, Vibrio anguillarum, was also
      depressed. Compared with controls, plasma cortisol and APC of stressed fish were
      unchanged after 24 h, and disease resistance was enhanced as evidenced by higher
      survival rate and longer mean time to death of mortalities. After 7 days, even
      though numbers of APC were depressed, plasma cortisol concentration and disease
      resistance did not differ from controls. This pattern was generally the same,
      independent of the type of stress applied: i.e. being held out of water in a
      dipnet for 30 s, manipulation during hatchery operations for 4 h, or
      transportation for 9 h. These and earlier findings suggest that similar endocrine
      immune interactions operate in the mammalian and salmonid systems during acute
      stress.

PMID- 2918265
TI  - Oestradiol, vasoactive intestinal peptide and fibroblast growth factor in the
      growth of human pituitary tumour cells in vitro.
AB  - The growth of two human prolactin-secreting cell lines developed in our
      laboratory has been investigated in response to a number of factors. Oestrogen
      stimulated the synthesis of DNA and protein and increased prolactin secretion.
      Dexamethasone had the opposite effect to oestrogen. In the presence of serum,
      epidermal growth factor (EGF) inhibited cell growth at concentrations of 5 ng/ml.
      Known secretagogues of prolactin (vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), TRH,
      bombesin and neurotensin) were investigated for their action on cell growth but
      only VIP had a stimulatory effect. Two preparations of fibroblast growth factor
      (FGF) were studied. One form, derived from bovine pituitary glands, stimulated
      human pituitary cell growth. In contrast, another FGF, of the basic type (rFGF),
      was inhibitory to cell growth, increasing the time for cell doubling from 30 to
      72 h. This inhibitory effect of rFGF was modified but not abolished by serum,
      oestradiol, platelet-derived growth factor or EGF. We conclude that bovine
      pituitary contains at least two fibroblast growth factors, both of which
      stimulate fibroblast cell growth, but one stimulates and the other inhibits human
      pituitary tumour cell growth.

PMID- 2918266
TI  - Feedback regulation by progesterone of stress-induced prolactin release in rats.
AB  - We have previously found that modifications to serum progesterone concentration
      have profound inhibitory effects on prolactin release in response to ether
      stress. The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of ether
      stress on progesterone secretion and the role of this steroid in ether-induced
      prolactin release. Serum progesterone concentration, 5 min after ether stress had
      been applied over a 2-min period, was consistently increased in male rats, in
      cyclic rats on the mornings of pro-oestrus and oestrus, and in androgenized rats
      in permanent oestrus. Ovariectomized androgenized rats showed the same response.
      Adrenalectomy of male and female rats abolished the progesterone increase induced
      by stress. Thus, the progesterone secreted by stressed rats is mostly of adrenal
      origin. In groups of male and pro-oestrous rats, circulating concentrations of
      prolactin and progesterone were measured from 5 to 60 min after stress. In both
      sexes the serum prolactin concentration was significantly increased at only 5 and
      10 min after stress when compared with control values. In pro-oestrous rats the
      serum progesterone concentration was significantly higher than in controls at 5,
      10 and 20 min after stress, whilst in male rats the concentration remained
      significantly higher at 30 min. Thirty minutes after the first stress, male and
      proestrous rats were etherized for 2 min, and bled 5 min after removal from the
      ether container. In female rats this second stress produced only a slight but
      significant increase in serum prolactin concentrations, whereas in male rats
      prolactin concentrations did not increase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2918267
TI  - Endometrial responses to a deciduogenic stimulus in ovariectomized rhesus monkeys
      treated with oestrogen and progesterone.
AB  - To establish an artificial model for the study of decidual cell reaction in the
      rhesus monkey, long-term ovariectomized animals were treated with oestrogen
      followed by progesterone and an artificial deciduogenic stimulus was applied on
      day 16 of the treatment cycle. Histological examinations of the endometrial
      samples on different days following stimulation showed prominent epithelial
      plaque reaction by day 20. Marked subepithelial oedema surrounding plaque cells
      was also noted. On day 32, degenerating plaque cells with leucocytic infiltration
      were found. Beginning on day 24 of hormone treatment, stromal fibroblasts
      adjacent to plaque and glands showed swelling with rounding-up and enlargement of
      nuclei; these stromal cells appeared more decidual-like with moderate amounts of
      hypertrophy and few were binucleate by day 28. Endometrial granular cells became
      more conspicuous and appeared to increase in numbers adjacent to glands and blood
      vessels. Endometrial glands showed no notable changes, and were mostly tortuous
      with columnar epithelium and apocrine-type secretions. Around days 40 and 48 of
      the treatment cycle, the luminal margins of the glands became bosselated, and
      significant amounts of secretion were present in the glandular lumen. Measurement
      of immunoreactive concentrations of oestradiol-17 beta and progesterone in
      endometria from traumatized, hormone-treated monkeys revealed significant (P less
      than 0.01) decreases in levels of oestradiol with time while the level of
      progesterone remained unchanged (P greater than 0.02).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2918268
TI  - Androgen regulation of major mRNAs for proteins of the immature and adult mouse
      vas deferens.
AB  - When total RNA and poly (A)+ RNA extracted from the adult mouse vas deferens were
      translated in the rabbit reticulocyte lysate protein synthesizing system, they
      showed a similar electrophoretic pattern of about 20 protein bands of widely
      varying molecular weights. Within the total mRNA population, three functional
      mRNAs coding for proteins with molecular weights of 24, 34.5 and 36 kDa showed
      marked changes after 1 month of castration. The time-course of the response of
      the translatable proteins showed that while 3 days after castration the 24 and 36
      kDa bands were missing, the mRNA coding for the 34.5 kDa band was markedly
      reduced only 20 days after castration. The negative effect of castration on the
      three mRNAs could be completely reversed by treatment with testosterone. When
      total RNA extracted from the immature mouse vas deferens was translated, the 24,
      34.5 and 36 kDa protein bands were detectable in 10-day-old males and were
      synthesized in significant amounts between 10 and 20 days (24 and 36 kDa bands)
      or between 20 and 30 days (34.5 kDa band). Based on its electrophoretic and
      immunological properties, the 34.5 kDa protein band, which is predominant in the
      translation products, was identified as the major androgen-dependent protein
      previously described in vivo.

PMID- 2918269
TI  - Oestrogen receptors and effects of oestradiol administration on mRNA synthesis in
      the limbic system of the neonatal female rat.
AB  - There is sexual dimorphism of specific species of mRNA in the neonatal rat brain
      and this sexual dimorphism may be imprinted by steroids of testicular origin
      during the perinatal period. According to current theories, only aromatizable
      androgens may cause sexual differentiation of sexual behaviour and function in
      the adult. The effects of oestradiol benzoate on mRNA synthesis in the neonatal
      female limbic system were therefore studied. In addition, cytosolic and nuclear
      oestrogen receptors were measured after administration of testosterone
      propionate, oestradiol benzoate or dihydrotestosterone (DHT). An attempt was made
      to distinguish between the brain oestrogen receptor and the plasma oestrogen
      binding protein, alphafoetoprotein (AFP) by isoelectric focussing. After
      injection of 50 micrograms oestradiol benzoate s.c. to neonatal female rats, the
      expression of mRNA coding for sexually dimorphic proteins appeared to be changed
      to a male-type pattern. The overall density of labelling was noticeably greater
      and specific changes in labelled proteins were observed. These effects were
      observed within 3 h of injection. Both testosterone and oestradiol caused a
      marked depletion of cytosolic oestrogen receptors in the limbic system whereas
      DHT was ineffective in this respect. Nuclear receptors were present in equal
      abundance in male- and female-derived nuclei and only oestradiol was able to
      cause a significant (P less than 0.025) increase in nuclear oestrogen receptors.
      The receptor and AFP could be distinguished by isoelectric focussing, since the
      pI of the receptor was 7.05, while that of AFP was 4.5. These results are
      consistent with the possibility that oestradiol alters transcription in the
      neonatal rat brain and may do this through the oestrogen receptor.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2918270
TI  - Lipid lowering in severe familial hypercholesterolaemia: efficacy and safety of a
      new regenerating system for selective apheresis of apolipoprotein B-containing
      lipoproteins.
AB  - Preliminary experience of the efficacy and safety of a new regenerating system
      for selective extracorporeal removal of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins
      is described. Four patients with familial hyperlipoproteinaemia were studied on
      10 occasions. A system of two, parallel, dextran sulphate cellulose columns was
      used, and plasma was processed continuously by passage through one of the columns
      while the other was being regenerated. With this procedure, reductions of very
      low density and low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels by 73 and 43%,
      respectively, could be achieved after treatment for 2.5-3 h (1000-3200 ml of
      plasma volume). No clinically relevant changes in the concentrations of other
      plasma proteins, including high density lipoproteins, were observed, and the
      treatment was well tolerated. We conclude that continuous selective
      apolipoprotein B apheresis is a safe and efficient lipid-lowering procedure which
      may be used both for metabolic investigations and for studies on possible
      regression of atherosclerosis.

PMID- 2918271
TI  - Platelet-derived growth factor: structural and functional aspects.

PMID- 2918272
TI  - Experiences of clodronate treatment of multifocal eosinophilic granuloma of bone.
AB  - Clodronate, an inhibitor of osteoclast function, reduces bone resorption in
      osteolytic metastases and in multiple myeloma. We have evaluated its ability to
      decrease bone destruction in patients with multifocal eosinophilic granuloma of
      the skeleton. Two patients, whose multifocal bone granulomas appeared with a
      frequency of about 6 months, received 1.6 g day-1 oral clodronate for 6 months.
      Both patients had a reduction in serum calcium level which was accompanied by a
      decline in the fasting urinary hydroxyproline/creatinine and calcium/creatinine
      ratios and a slight increase in parathyroid hormone (PTH) level. Pain relief was
      observed in both patients. No new bone lesions were seen during the treatment and
      the old lesions healed. After discontinuing the therapy, however, new painful
      lesions appeared after 5 years in patient 1 and after 3, 4 and 5 years in patient
      2. We suppose that clodronate delayed the appearance of new granulomas.

PMID- 2918274
TI  - Newborn's discrimination among mid- and long-wavelength stimuli.
AB  - Recent anatomical and behavioral evidence suggests that important visual
      functions like color vision may be severely limited at birth. Therefore, we
      examined human newborns' ability to discriminate among stimuli of different
      wavelength by habituating them to a 16 degrees chromatic square of widely varying
      luminance (as wide as 1.1 log cd/m2) and then testing for recovery of habituation
      to a different chromatic square of the same size. In the first experiment,
      newborns showed evidence of recovery to a 650-nm (peak wavelength) red square
      after habituating to 545-nm green squares, but they did not recover to the red or
      the green after habituating to 585-nm yellow squares. In a second experiment
      using the same procedure, newborns did not show evidence of discriminating the
      650-nm red from the 545-nm green when the stimulus size was reduced to 8 degrees.
      These data suggest that human newborns are capable of making a chromatic
      discrimination within the spectral region above 540 nm (the Rayleigh region) but
      their ability is limited to chromatic stimuli of very wide spectral separation
      and of very large size. Possible neurological bases underlying this immaturity
      are discussed.

PMID- 2918273
TI  - Early understanding of perception as a source of knowledge.
AB  - Two studies investigated preschool children's ability to infer another person's
      knowledge or ignorance on the basis of that person's recent perceptual
      experience. In Experiment 1 children were questioned about their own and a
      puppet's knowledge of a hidden object's color and about their own and the
      puppet's ability to see the hidden object. Three- and 4-year-olds attributed
      knowledge and perceptual experience to the person (either themselves or the
      puppet) who had viewed the hidden object, but not to the person who did not view
      it. Experiment 2 further investigated 3-year-olds understanding of perception as
      a source of knowledge. Children were asked to indicate which of two puppets, one
      who had viewed a hidden object and one who had not, would be able to tell them
      the object's color. Children chose the correct puppet more often than would be
      predicted by chance. The results of these experiments suggest that understanding
      of perception as a source of knowledge is present by the age of 3 years.

PMID- 2918275
TI  - The development of children's achievement-related expectancies and subjective
      uncertainty.
AB  - Children between the ages of 3 and 6 years were asked to predict their success or
      failure in two different tasks: a box-lifting task and a task in which marbles
      had to be rolled through gates of different widths. Both tasks had five
      difficulty levels which were presented either simultaneously or successively.
      Along with the verbal or nonverbal responses to questions about their chances of
      success, the time children needed to make the prediction (decision time), the
      number of eye movement during the decision time, and, in the box-lifting task,
      the time taken to approach the box were assessed. The results indicated that
      children from 3 years on make realistic assessments of their chances for success
      at the five different difficulty levels. The simultaneous presentation mode
      enables the children to make more realistic success predictions only in the
      marble-rolling task. For the box-lifting task, children seem to have a stabilized
      difficulty scale which allows sure predictions without the whole range of
      difficulty levels being physically presented.

PMID- 2918276
TI  - Tactual learning and cross-modal transfer of an oddity problem in young children.
AB  - The ability to solve tactual oddity problems, and transfer of oddity learning
      across the visual and the tactual modalities, was studied in 3- to 8-year-old
      children (N = 294). Oddity tasks consisting of one odd and two equal objects were
      made from stimuli that were easily discriminated visually and tactually. The
      results showed that tactual oddity learning increased gradually with age. The
      growth in tactual performance begins later than visual, suggesting that children
      are more adept at encoding visual stimulus invariances or relational properties
      than tactual ones. Bidirectional cross-modal transfer of oddity learning was
      found, supporting the suggestion that such transfer occurs when training and
      transfer oddity tasks share a common vehicle dimension. The cross-modal effect
      also shows that oddity learning is independent of a specific modality-labeled
      perceptual context. Our results are consistent with the view that development of
      oddity learning depends on a single rather than a dual process, and that the
      oddity relation may be treated as an amodal stimulus feature.

PMID- 2918277
TI  - Validity testing of commercial urine cocaine metabolite assays: I. Assay
      detection times, individual excretion patterns, and kinetics after cocaine
      administration to humans.
AB  - A validity study of eight commercial urine assays for detection of cocaine
      metabolite was performed on clinical specimens collected from human subjects who
      received single 20-mg intravenous doses of cocaine hydrochloride. The specimens
      were collected under controlled conditions and analyzed in random order under
      blind conditions. Benzoylecgonine concentration in each specimen also was
      determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Mean times of
      detection of the last positive specimen (greater than or equal to 300 ng/mL of
      benzoylecgonine equivalents) after cocaine administration varied among seven of
      the commercial tests from 16.9 to 52.9 h in the following ascending order: Toxi
      Lab less than TDx = EMIT dau = EMIT st less than Abuscreen less than Coat-A-Count
      = Double Antibody. In contrast, a commercial spot test (KDI Quik Test) which was
      evaluated for detection of cocaine metabolite produced both false positives and
      false negatives for benzoylecgonine and was not considered to be a valid test for
      detection of cocaine metabolite. Half-lives of excretion of benzoylecgonine among
      four subjects varied from 5.9 to 7.9 h, and overall recovery of benzoylecgonine
      varied from 15.0 to 34.3% of the administered dose of cocaine.

PMID- 2918278
TI  - Temporal clustering of heroin overdoses in Washington, DC.
AB  - During the 5-day period from 28 Feb. 1985 through 4 March 1985, 24 heroin
      overdoses occurred in the District of Columbia. Statistical tests for clustering
      of fatal and nonfatal overdoses during this interval identified 7 heroin-related
      deaths that occurred on March 1 to 2 as a statistically significant cluster (p =
      0.007). An extension of the analysis for clustering to a 15-month period
      identified 2 additional clusters, 1 of fatal overdoses and 1 of nonfatal ones.
      When all victims of fatal overdose in cluster intervals were combined and
      compared with all other heroin-related deaths, no significant differences were
      noted for levels of morphine or ethanol in blood. However, bile morphine
      concentrations of cluster decedents were significantly lower than those of
      noncluster decedents (p = 0.033), suggesting that these decedents were less
      tolerant to the effects of narcotics than the comparison group. Heroin
      concentrations in street-level heroin samples collected during clusters did not
      differ from those collected during comparison intervals. These data conflict with
      the traditional explanation of overdose clusters, which attributes these events
      to unusually potent street-level heroin.

PMID- 2918280
TI  - Estimation of postmortem interval using kinetic analysis of the third component
      of complement (C3) cleavage.
AB  - To estimate postmortem interval (PMI), spontaneous cleavage of the third
      component of complement (C3) was studied in aged blood and cadaveric blood by
      crossed immunoelectrophoresis. Using the kinetics of C3 cleavage in vitro
      described as dC/dt = -kC, where C is the concentration of native C3 at time t and
      k is a first-order rate constant, Arrhenius' equation, and another equation which
      assumes a linear drop of body temperature after death, the percentages of C3
      cleavage were calculated. There was a significant positive correlation between
      the calculated percentages and the measured percentages of up to 10% in cadaveric
      blood. We found that the comparison between the calculated percentage of C3
      cleavage for each optional postmortem interval and the measured percentage of up
      to 10% in cadaveric blood leads to the estimation of PMI. This approach is one
      step towards the development of an accurate method for determining PMI based on
      C3 cleavage, that is, on a first-order reaction.

PMID- 2918279
TI  - Comparison of chemical methods for determining postmortem interval.
AB  - Accurate determination of postmortem interval (PMI) is a problem for the forensic
      thanatologist, especially in unwitnessed deaths. A number of objective chemical
      methods for determining PMI have been developed, the most widely used being
      accumulation of potassium in the vitreous humor. The authors previously have
      reported a chemical method for determining PMI from the predictable accumulation
      or clearance of the dopaminergic metabolite 3-methoxytyramine (3-MT) in the
      putamen of the brain. They have extended their previous study to compare directly
      the accuracy of determining PMI from the level of 3-MT in putamen with the level
      of potassium in vitreous humor. The data indicate that 3-MT is at least as
      accurate as, if not more accurate than, potassium accumulation in vitreous humor,
      although 3-MT levels can be affected by the cause of death and drugs present at
      the time of death. Nevertheless, determination of both the 3-MT and potassium
      levels can afford the most accurate method of determining PMI; preliminary
      nomograms for determining PMI from both variables are presented.

PMID- 2918281
TI  - Age estimation from quantitation of features of "chest plate" X-rays.
AB  - This study presents a method for estimating the age at death from the
      quantitation of roentgenologic features of X-ray films of chest plates obtained
      during routine autopsies. Multiple linear regression analysis allows estimation
      of coefficients of regression of features on known age-at-death individuals. The
      regression equation can be used in turn for age estimation of an unknown age-at
      death individual. The accuracy of age estimation is about +/- 8.4 years (standard
      error) which is in the range of previously published macroscopic methods, though
      the present method is much faster and simpler.

PMID- 2918282
TI  - Death caused by a constricting snake--an infant death.
AB  - A 21-month-old male was found dead in his crib. An escaped pet python snake
      (Python reticulatus) was found near the child on a cribside shelf. Autopsy
      findings included petechiae associated with asphyxial death plus puncture wounds
      consistent with the reptile's teeth. This report details this 1982 death of a
      child in Reno, Nevada, and includes illustration of the reptile's bite marks plus
      description of snake jaw mechanics in swallowing.

PMID- 2918283
TI  - Suicide by intravenous injection of cocaine. A report of three cases.
AB  - Death as a consequence of cocaine abuse is continuing to increase in all parts of
      the United States. Cocaine use may cause the development of psychosis, with
      subsequent expression of suicidal ideations, and potentially even successful
      suicide. Cocaine dependence may also cause depression in the individual who is
      unable to control his or her craving for the drug, and suicide may be perceived
      as the only solution to a desperate problem. Despite the dramatic escalation of
      cocaine abuse and the potential toxicity of this drug, there have been no reports
      within the United States of cocaine being used as the agent to accomplish a
      suicide. Herewith are reported three cases in which depression and desperation
      over cocaine dependence were the motivations for successful suicide, which was
      accomplished through the intravenous injection of cocaine to the point of death.
      True cocaine suicide is probably only identified through the presence of
      objective scene information that unequivocally proves suicidal intent, such as
      notes or letters which contain information to this effect. A careful search of
      the scene of death in cocaine fatalities is mandatory, and diligent application
      of routine scene investigation principles may reveal that suicide through the use
      of cocaine is more widespread than first appearances would suggest.

PMID- 2918284
TI  - Toolmarks and peculiar blunt force injuries related to an adjustable wrench.
AB  - A factory hand troubled a housewife with a money matter, and in the end he beat
      her to death with an adjustable wrench. The toolmarks found at the crime scene
      and the patterned injuries on the victim are shown in this article.

PMID- 2918285
TI  - Cranial suture eccentricities: a case in which precocious closure complicated
      determination of sex and commingling.
AB  - The union of the cranial sutures can follow a somewhat erratic course. While it
      is recognized that this can cause inaccuracies in estimating age at death,
      deviant closure patterns can influence assessments other than age. Premature or
      eccentrically fusing sutures can alter cranial growth and, therefore, shape. Such
      modified growth vectors can significantly influence metric analysis. A case is
      described in which precocious synostosis of the sagittal suture complicated
      determination of sex in a set of skeletalized remains. Features of the cranium
      and post-cranial skeleton indicated the individual was male, while the mandible,
      both metrically and morphologically, appeared to have come from a female. This
      led to the question of commingling. Techniques are described which were used to
      resolve these issues.

PMID- 2918286
TI  - Drug concentrations and driving impairment--consensus report.

PMID- 2918287
TI  - Validity testing of commercial urine cocaine metabolite assays: II. Sensitivity,
      specificity, accuracy, and confirmation by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.
AB  - A comprehensive validity assessment study was performed on eight commercial urine
      assays for detection of cocaine use. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of
      each assay were evaluated by analyzing, in random order and under blind
      conditions, specimens spiked with known drug concentrations and clinical
      specimens obtained from human subjects after intravenous cocaine use. Commercial
      assay results were compared with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS)
      assay of the same specimens for benzoylecgonine. All of the assays examined were
      determined to have utility in screening for cocaine use, with the exception of
      the KDI Quik Test, which was not a reliable test for detection of cocaine use.
      Major differences in sensitivity, specificity, and confirmation rate by GC/MS
      were noted among the assays, differences which should be taken into consideration
      when implementing a urine screening test for cocaine use or interpreting test
      results involving use of these assays.

PMID- 2918288
TI  - Analysis of cocaine-positive fatalities.
AB  - A review of all autopsy and toxicology reports for persons dying in New York City
      in an 11-month period found 935 persons dying with cocaine in their bodies.
      Cocaine-positive fatalities were more likely in the young black and Hispanic and
      male population. In addition to cocaine and its metabolites, heroin and other
      opiates were found in 39% of persons and ethanol in 33% and barbiturates and
      minor tranquilizers in only 2% of the deceased. Cocaine overdose was responsible
      for 4% of the deaths and overdose with heroin and cocaine for 12% of the deaths.
      Violence was often the cause of death. Thirty-eight percent died of homicide,
      seven percent of suicide, and eight percent from accidents. Of particular
      interest were 6 persons who died of acute cardiac events directly related to
      cocaine as well as 4 cases of ruptured dissections of the ascending aorta, and 9
      cases of cerebral hemorrhage. Autopsy findings for these individuals are
      described, and possible mechanisms of death are discussed.

PMID- 2918289
TI  - Excluding a psychoactive substance use disorder in forensic psychiatric
      evaluations.
AB  - The forensic psychiatrist is sometimes asked to exclude that a person has a
      psychoactive substance use disorder, for example, in a security worker who has
      access to weapons, in a health care professional who may be alcohol/drug
      impaired, or in a parent, in a deprived child or custody hearing matter. After
      examining the data that are leading to the evaluation, these evaluations require
      corroborated background information to look for developmental and genetic
      antecedents that might be consistent with substance abuse and dependence; inquiry
      into the history of substance use; and an examination of areas, in which problems
      from substance use can occur, namely in family and other social relationships, at
      work, in legal settings, in physical health, and in personal and psychiatric
      reactions, for example, in suicidal behavior. Then a physical exam and laboratory
      evaluation are conducted to look for medical evidence of substance use and
      complications therefrom, and a mental status exam is performed and psychological
      testing is obtained as required, for example, a Minnesota Multiphasic Personality
      Inventory (MMPI) or neuropsychological testing. When such an evaluation is
      essentially negative, the examiner can say, within the limits of the evaluation,
      that a psychoactive substance use disorder does not exist.

PMID- 2918290
TI  - ABH antigen typing in bone tissue.
AB  - Results obtained from the ABH grouping of bone tissues by the absorption-elution
      procedure and by a recently described two-dimensional absorption-inhibition
      procedure are reported. Neither the elution nor the inhibition procedure alone
      yielded uniformly correct results. A combination procedure consisting of the use
      of both absorption-elution and two-dimensional absorption-inhibition is proposed
      for bone ABH grouping. When elution and inhibition were used in combination,
      specimens yielding concordant results with both techniques were correctly
      grouped.

PMID- 2918291
TI  - Amanita phalloides mushroom poisoning: a cluster of four fatalities.
AB  - A group of four illegal aliens had been without food for several days when they
      found a group of wild mushrooms growing in a field in Southern California. Each
      man consumed a meal of one to six fried mushrooms. Two days after eating the
      mushrooms, all four men developed abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea, and
      intractable vomiting. Three days after consuming the mushrooms, all four were
      hospitalized and their clinical courses rapidly deteriorated to refractory
      hepatorenal failure and coma. Three of the victims died three days after
      admission to the hospital and the fourth died eight days after admission. The
      autopsy findings are presented and the mechanism of Amanita phalloides mushroom
      poisoning is discussed.

PMID- 2918292
TI  - The use of videotape to demonstrate the dynamics of bite marks.
AB  - Traditionally, bite mark photographs have been used to study statically a dynamic
      event. With the advent of the compact video camcorder, odontologists can now
      document bite marks on video tape and, in some instances, with the model of the
      suspect's dentition, may be able to record the dynamics of a bite on human flesh.
      A review of two cases and equipment used is discussed.

PMID- 2918293
TI  - Changes in the specificity of blood groups induced by enzymes from soil fungi.
AB  - Three strains of Cunninghamella elegance (C. elegance), Penicillium
      simplicissimum (P. simpl.), and Aspergillus niger (A. niger) were isolated from
      soil that produced the enzymes acting on blood groups A and B red cells. Culture
      filtrates from these fungi contained alpha-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminidase as an A
      decomposing enzyme, which resulted in an almost complete loss of A specificity
      and an enhancement of blood group H activity as measured by elution tests using
      monoclonal antibodies. They also contained an alpha-D-galactosidase and an alpha
      L-fucosidase, which partially destroyed the blood group B specific activity, but
      did not influence the blood group H specific activity.

PMID- 2918294
TI  - Computers for the small office practice: one clinician's experience.

PMID- 2918295
TI  - Measuring depressive symptomatology in China.
AB  - A study was conducted on a representative sample of 1000 residents in Tianjin,
      China to construct a scale of depressive symptoms. From items and criteria
      developed in the West and statements and expressions understood by the Chinese, a
      set of 26 statements was formulated. After a series of psychometric (reliability
      and validity) analyses, it was proposed that a set of 22 items form the Chinese
      Depressive Symptom Scale (CDS-22) and that a subset of 16 items (CDS-16)
      constitute the abbreviated version. Comparisons of the levels and patterns of
      symptomatology in China as measured by such scales with those found in the United
      States show considerable similarities.

PMID- 2918296
TI  - Psychosocial adjustment of Hmong refugees during their first decade in the United
      States. A longitudinal study.
AB  - Over their first decade in the United States, 100 Hmong refugees were studied on
      three occasions. Data included demographic characteristics, acculturation skills,
      traditional affiliations and pastimes, material acquisitions, psychosocial
      problems, and self-rating scales. In addition to a description of the data
      changes, a multiple regression analysis was performed. Changes demonstrated
      considerable evidence of acculturation, psychiatric care seeking, and greatly
      reduced symptom levels for several symptom complexes. However, a large minority
      of subjects remain illiterate, unable to speak English, generally involved with
      other Hmong but not with the majority society, and/or have high symptom levels on
      self-rating scales. Regarding symptom changes, depression, somatization, phobia,
      and self-esteem symptoms improved the most with time and acculturation. On the
      contrary, anxiety, hostility, and paranoid symptoms changed little. Multiple
      regression analyses indicated that strong traditional ties (e.g., large household
      size, being an herbal healer), older age, marital problems, and medical
      complaints were most associated with high symptom levels.

PMID- 2918297
TI  - Somatic symptom index (SSI): a new and abridged somatization construct.
      Prevalence and epidemiological correlates in two large community samples.
AB  - An abridged somatization construct (the Somatic Symptom Index) derived from the
      Diagnostic Interview Schedule's somatization disorder items was tested on
      community epidemiological samples to examine its prevalence, risk factors, and
      predictive value. The construct had a high prevalence (range, 4.4% to 20%
      compared with .03% to 0.7% for the full DSM-III somatization disorder diagnosis),
      was related to low socioeconomic status, female gender, older chronological age,
      and Hispanic ethnic background. The presence of this construct determined
      preferential use of medical services and predicted high indices of disability.
      The Somatic Symptom Index may have practical utility for clinical and community
      studies of somatoform phenomena.

PMID- 2918298
TI  - Posttraumatic stress disorder as a consequence of the POW experience.
AB  - To estimate the relative contributions of trauma and premorbid disposition in the
      development and persistence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, we
      conducted structured psychiatric interviews of 62 former World War II POWs. Half
      these men satisfied DSM-III criteria for PTSD in the year following repatriation.
      Eighteen (29%) continued to meet the criteria for PTSD 40 years later. Family
      history of mental illness and preexisting psychopathology were at best only
      weakly correlated with persistent PTSD symptoms. The strongest predictors of PTSD
      were proportion of body weight lost and the experience of torture during
      captivity. This study demonstrates that former POWs frequently develop
      posttraumatic stress disorder and that for one half of those who develop the
      symptoms, they persist for over 40 years. Familial risk factors and preexisting
      psychopathology are superseded by the overwhelming nature of the trauma. The
      persistence of the symptoms for many years is a reflection of the severity of the
      trauma.

PMID- 2918299
TI  - Diagnostic and psychopharmacological treatment characteristics of 536 inpatients
      with posttraumatic stress disorder.
AB  - Descriptive information (demographic variables, DSM-III diagnoses, and
      medications prescribed) was obtained from the discharge summaries of 536 male
      veteran inpatients who received a diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder
      (PTSD) over a 4-year period. Data comparisons were also made between two types of
      inpatient programs (specialized PTSD vs. psychiatric ward) to control for program
      selection biases. Consistent with previous studies, alcohol and substance abuse
      and/or depression diagnoses occurred concurrently with PTSD. Diagnoses of
      schizophrenia were more prevalent in the psychiatric wards. Nearly one third of
      the total sample received an axis II diagnosis, with borderline features most
      common. Half of all patients received psychopharmacological treatment in addition
      to psychotherapy. Antidepressants, neuroleptics, and beta-blockers were
      prescribed most frequently. Directions for future inpatient PTSD research are
      offered based on the findings.

PMID- 2918300
TI  - Nocturnal panic.
AB  - The phenomenon of nocturnal panic was examined by comparing individuals with
      panic disorder who reported the experience of nocturnal panic (N = 37) with those
      who did not (N = 56). Variables that were assessed included frequency and
      intensity of daytime panic attacks, generalized anxiety, and responses to a
      standardized physiological assessment. In addition, the most recent nocturnal
      panic was rated on measures of intensity, duration, and circumstances. Nocturnal
      panic occurred in individuals who were equally avoidant and distressed as
      individuals who did not experience nocturnal panic. However, nocturnal panickers
      experienced daytime panics and general somatic sensations more frequently than
      other panickers. The similarity of nocturnal panic to sleep apnea, dream-induced
      anxiety attacks, and night terrors is discussed. The nature of nocturnal panic is
      described within the context of an explanatory model that combines behavioral and
      physical factors.

PMID- 2918301
TI  - Masochistic personality disorder. A prototype analysis of diagnosis and sex bias.
AB  - The Work Group of the American Psychiatric Association to revise DSM-III in 1985
      proposed a new personality disorder titled Masochistic Personality Disorder
      (MPD). This study concerns the clinical relevance and possible sex bias of MPD.
      The study was performed with clinicians who analyzed 15 case histories, five of
      which represented masochistic personality. The results led to the rejection of
      two hypotheses: a) masochistic personalities can be subsumed under existing DSM
      III categories and b) there is a sex bias in the diagnostic use of MPD.

PMID- 2918302
TI  - Possible mechanisms of inhibition and activation of rat N-acetyltransferase (EC
      2.3.1.5.) by cations.
AB  - The possible mechanisms of inhibition and activation of various cations on rat
      pineal N-acetyltransferase (NAT) were elucidated. Copper was found to be a
      partial mixed noncompetitive inhibitor of NAT with respect to both substrates and
      this inhibition can be considered to result primarily from impairment of
      tryptamine (serotonin) binding to the enzyme. Both calcium and magnesium were
      found to activate NAT by a similar mechanism, with calcium being more effective
      than magnesium. It appears that the activation results from cation binding to the
      enzyme causing an increased affinity of tryptamine (serotonin) for binding to NAT
      and therefore enhancing catalytic activity. The monovalent cations, potassium and
      sodium, activated NAT by a similar mechanism which differed from the caused by
      the divalent cations. It can be suggested that tryptamine (serotonin) binds to
      the enzyme followed by the monovalent cation which enhances binding of the acetyl
      donor and thereby promotes catalysis. At high potassium or sodium concentration
      the affinity of acetyl coenzyme A for NAT begins to decrease suggesting that
      excess monovalent cations can be inhibitory and may represent an endogenous
      regulatory mechanism controlling in vivo NAT activity. It is possible that
      certain cations may be involved in regulation of melatonin synthesis although the
      physiological significance of such modulation remains unknown.

PMID- 2918303
TI  - Probable mechanism of catalysis of pineal gland hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase
      (HIOMT) from rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri).
AB  - Activity of trout pineal HIOMT was found to increase with increase in incubation
      temperature from 5 to 40 degrees C although the activation energy remained
      constant over this range. From examination of the effects of the products of
      HIOMT catalysis on the enzyme it was apparent that the catalytic mechanism was
      ordered Bi-Bi with S-adenosylmethionine as the obligatory first substrate. Trout
      HIOMT was found to methylate all the common pineal hydroxyindoles with
      hydroxytryptophol having the greatest affinity for the enzyme. The pH optimum for
      trout HIOMT was found to be about pH 9.0 although routine use of a pH of 7.9 is
      recommended to limit potentially deliterious effects caused by degradation of S
      adenosylmethionine at elevated pHs.

PMID- 2918304
TI  - Cholinesterases in the cerebrospinal fluid, plasma, and erythrocytes of patients
      with Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - In patients with probable Alzheimer's disease and in controls, acetyl- and
      butyrylcholinesterase activities were studied in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and
      plasma, and acetylcholinesterase activity of erythrocytes was determined. In
      addition, the molecular forms of acetylcholinesterase were measured in CSF.
      Severely demented patients had significantly lower acetylcholinesterase (p less
      than 0.01) and butyrylcholinesterase (p less than 0.05) activities in CSF than
      the controls had, but the activities of these enzymes in plasma and erythrocytes
      were within the same range in both groups. Acetylcholinesterase and
      butyrylcholinesterase activities in the CSF of mildly demented patients did not
      differ from control values. The ratio of the intermediate molecular form of
      acetylcholinesterase to the light molecular form of the enzyme did not differ
      significantly between patients with Alzheimer's disease and controls. According
      to our results, AChE levels were lower in the CSF of severely demented patients,
      but both light and intermediate molecular forms were affected.

PMID- 2918305
TI  - The ratio of acetylcholinesterase to butyrylcholinesterase influences the
      specificity of assays for each enzyme in human brain.
AB  - A single-vial extraction radiometric assay was used to measure
      acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase in human post-mortem brain tissue.
      Data are presented regarding the differential inhibition of acetylcholinesterase
      and butyrylcholinesterase in several brain areas from a case of Alzheimer's
      disease and a case without neuropsychiatric disease. The results indicate that
      neither enzyme is entirely specific for its substrate, and the necessity for
      using inhibitors depends upon the ratio of acetylcholinesterase to
      butyrylcholinesterase in a particular sample.

PMID- 2918306
TI  - Postmortem- and cryostability of the potassium-evoked release of [3H]5
      hydroxytryptamine from rat cerebral cortical miniprisms.
AB  - A prerequisite for the study of neurotransmitter release from human brain autopsy
      samples with histories of different diseases is that the cryo- and postmortem
      stability of the release process is good. In the present study, the effect of
      post-mortem delay and of storage at -70 degrees C by the "slow freeze--fast thaw"
      method of Hardy et al. [J Neurochem (1983) 40: 608-614] (which allows for the
      retention of metabolic activity of the tissue after the storage and thawing) of
      rat cerebral cortex samples upon the release of [3H]5-hydroxytryptamine ([3H]5
      HT) from prelabelled miniprisms has been investigated. Storage of samples at -70
      degrees C by this method resulted in samples that accumulated less [3H]5-HT but
      showed an increased sensitivity to the Ca2+-dependent releasing properties of K+
      when compared with "fresh" samples. On the other hand, the sensitivity of the K+
      evoked release to the inhibitory effects of the serotoninergic agonist 5-methoxy
      N,N-dimethyltryptamine were reduced by storage. The effects on [3H]5-HT
      accumulation and on K+-evoked release were due mainly to the freeze-thaw
      procedure, the length of storage at -70 degrees C having only a minor influence
      on these parameters. A post-mortem interval of 5 hours at either +4 or +22
      degrees C prior to storage of the tissue reduced the K+-evoked release of
      tritium, but did not affect the accumulation of [3H]5-HT or the inhibitory
      effects of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine on the K+-evoked release over and
      above the effects produced by the storage per se.

PMID- 2918307
TI  - Intracerebral dialysis monitoring of striatal dopamine release and metabolism in
      response to L-dopa.
AB  - We have used intracerebral dialysis to monitor the striatal extracellular fluid
      (ECF) in rats with unilateral lesions of the nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) pathway.
      Dialysis samples were collected before and after L-dihydroxy-phenylalanine (L
      DOPA) administration both in the presence and absence of carbidopa, an
      extracerebral DOPA decarboxylase (DDC) inhibitor. The baseline ECF levels of DA,
      3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), and homovanillic acid (HVA) were always
      higher in the intact than in the lesioned striata. In the normal striata,
      dopamine (DA) concentrations increased following L-DOPA administration.
      Pretreatment with carbidopa prolonged the duration of the DA increase. In the
      lesioned striata, DA levels increased following L-DOPA administration only in
      animals pretreated with carbidopa. Following L-DOPA administration, striatal HVA
      and DOPAC levels increased considerably more in animals not pretreated with
      carbidopa than they did in pretreated animals. This increase was particularly
      marked in the lesioned striata and leads us to conclude that extracerebrally
      produced HVA and DOPAC can enter the brain extracellular space.

PMID- 2918308
TI  - Oral aspartame and plasma phenylalanine: pharmacokinetic difference between
      rodents and man, and relevance to CNS effects of phenylalanine. Short note.
AB  - The ingestion of aspartame, a phenylalanine-containing dipeptide, raises plasma
      phenylalanine levels. These increments are much greater in humans than rats,
      because the rat hydroxylates phenylalanine five times faster than man.
      Accordingly, dose comparisons of aspartame (or phenylalanine) between humans and
      rats have usually been corrected by a factor of five. Recently, a correction
      factor of sixty has been proposed (Wurtman and Maher, 1987); the rationale is
      based on a novel calculation of competitive phenylalanine transport into brain.
      An analysis of the logic behind this postulation reveals there to be no basis for
      accepting the higher dose conversion of 60 between rat and man.

PMID- 2918309
TI  - Regional alterations in blood-to-brain transfer of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid and
      sucrose, after chronic administration and withdrawal of dexamethasone.
AB  - The effect of dexamethasone administration and withdrawal was studied with
      respect to blood-brain barrier function. The tracers alpha-[3H]aminoisobutyric
      acid (AIB) (MW 104) and [14C]sucrose (MW 342), which have a low permeability
      across the intact endothelium, were simultaneously injected intravenously in rats
      treated with dexamethasone and placebo-treated control animals or in rats in
      which dexamethasone treatment was discontinued 3 days before the experiment.
      Unidirectional transfer constants (Ki) were determined in discrete brain regions.
      Steroid administration reduced the rate of influx of AIB and sucrose, whereas
      discontinuation of drug resulted in an increased permeability. These findings
      suggest that when exposure to glucocorticoids is prolonged, the efficiency of
      medical treatment of CNS diseases may decrease due to reduction of drug delivery
      to CNS. Thus, these experimental findings may have particular importance in the
      clinical setting of drug administration when considering the combination of
      steroids with other drugs, and may aid in understanding better the pathogenesis
      of some types of brain edema seen in patients from whom corticosteroid therapy
      has been withdrawn.

PMID- 2918310
TI  - Effect of ouabain applied by intrastriatal microdialysis on the in vivo release
      of dopamine, acetylcholine, and amino acids in the brain of conscious rats.
AB  - In the present study we have applied a brain microdialysis technique to
      investigate the effects of ouabain infusion on the release of dopamine,
      acetylcholine, and amino acids from striatal neurons in freely moving rats.
      Ouabain caused an increase in the dialysate levels of dopamine; its metabolite
      3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC); and the amino acids glutamate, aspartate,
      taurine, glycine, alanine, serine, asparagine, and threonine. The ouabain-induced
      increase in dopamine was dose dependent and explosive (100-fold at an infusion
      concentration of 1 mmol/L) and contrasted strongly with the small effect of the
      glycoside on the output of DOPAC. We investigated the nature of ouabain-induced
      transmitter release by determining its sensitivity to coinfusion with
      tetrodotoxin or the calcium antagonist Mg2+. In the case of dopamine two
      mechanisms of ouabain-induced release could be established. At lower infusion
      concentrations ouabain induced an exocytotic type of release whereas at higher
      concentrations the release was probably carrier mediated. In the case of amino
      acids we noticed a calcium-independent release which was nerve impulse flow
      dependent in the case of glutamate and aspartate and impulse flow independent in
      the case of alanine, serine, glycine, threonine, and asparagine. Ouabain induced
      a decrease in the release of acetylcholine and glutamine.

PMID- 2918311
TI  - Concentrations of tryptoline and methtryptoline in rat brain.
AB  - Combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-tandem mass
      spectrometry have been used to identify and quantify tryptoline, methtryptoline,
      5-hydroxytryptoline, and 5-hydroxymethtryptoline as their heptafluorobutyryl
      derivatives in extracts of rat brain. Tryptoline and methtryptoline were
      identified on the basis of their retention times and mass spectral
      characteristics: they were reliably detected in brain tissue extracts without
      interference from artifactual formation; their whole brain concentrations ranged
      between 0.2 and 3 ng/g; and they had a similar neuroanatomical distribution, with
      the highest concentrations in the cerebellum and the cortex. Smaller quantities
      of 5-hydroxytryptoline and 5-hydroxymethtryptoline were also identified on the
      basis of their retention times and mass spectral characteristics. However, the
      significance of this finding is unclear, because these two compounds were
      accompanied by larger quantities of their tetradeuterated analogues formed from
      tetradeuterated-5-hydroxytryptamine added at the time of tissue homogenization;
      this result suggests that formation of 5-hydroxytryptoline and 5
      hydroxymethtryptoline occurred during tissue homogenization, sample preparation,
      or both.

PMID- 2918312
TI  - Clonidine prevents transient loss of noradrenaline in response to cholinergic
      hypofunction induced by ethylcholine aziridinium (AF64A).
AB  - Intracerebroventricular injection of ethylcholine aziridinium (AF64A) (2
      nmol/ventricle) induced a considerable decrease in the level of acetylcholine
      (ACh) in hippocampus (from 21.14 +/- 0.84 to 10.04 +/- 0.59 pmol/mg of tissue; p
      less than 0.001) 4 days after application. The reduction of cholinergic function
      was accompanied by a decrease in the level of noradrenaline (NA) (from 1.96 +/-
      0.08 to 1.41 +/- 0.06 pmol/mg of tissue; p less than 0.001). Two days after
      administration of AF64A (1 or 2 nmol/ventricle), the dose-dependent decrease in
      NA level was associated with an increase in the level of its major metabolite, 3
      methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG), resulting in a considerable increase in the
      MHPG/NA molar ratio (from 0.84 +/- 0.06 to 1.62 +/- 0.17; p less than 0.002).
      Chronic treatment of AF64A-injected rats with clonidine (0.02-0.2 mg/kg, i.p.,
      every 8-12 h) had no significant effect on the loss of ACh content, whereas the
      decrease in NA content in hippocampus was completely prevented. Clonidine induced
      aggressive behavior in the AF64A-treated rats, in contrast to sedation in vehicle
      injected rats. The response to clonidine under these experimental conditions and
      the increased MHPG/NA molar ratio in response to AF64A suggest that the transient
      loss of NA content following AF64A administration results from increased NA
      release. The increased noradrenergic activity in hippocampus may be linked to the
      reduction of tonic inhibitory cholinergic input. These results are discussed in
      relation to possible implications for senile dementia of the Alzheimer type.

PMID- 2918313
TI  - Synaptosomal "membrane-bound" choline acetyltransferase is most sensitive to
      inhibition by choline mustard.
AB  - The objectives of the present study were to validate the presence of cytoplasmic
      and membrane-associated pools of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in rat brain
      synaptosomes, and to evaluate inhibition of these different forms of the enzyme
      by the nitrogen mustard analogue of choline, choline mustard aziridinium ion (ChM
      Az). The relative distribution of ChAT and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was
      followed in subfractions of synaptosomes to establish whether ChAT activity
      associated with salt-washed presynaptic membranes represents membrane-bound
      protein rather than cytosolic enzyme trapped within undisrupted synaptosomes or
      revesiculated membrane fragments. The percentage of total synaptosomal ChAT
      activity (14%) recovered in the final membrane pellet always exceeded that of LDH
      (6%), lending support to the hypothesis that much of the ChAT associated with the
      membranes was a membrane bound form of the enzyme. Incubation of purified
      synaptosomes with ChM Az led to irreversible inhibition of ChAT activity; this
      loss of enzyme activity could not be accounted for by lysis of nerve terminals
      during incubation in the presence of the mustard analogue. Subfractionation of
      the ChM Az-treated nerve terminals revealed that the membrane-bound form of ChAT
      was inhibited to the greatest extent, followed by the ionically membrane
      associated enzyme, with the activity of the water-solubilized enzyme not
      differing significantly from control. Preparation of the synaptosomal ChAT
      subfractions from untreated nerve terminals prior to incubation with varying
      concentrations of ChM Az or naphthylvinylpyridine revealed that under these
      conditions water-solubilized, ionically membrane-associated, and detergent
      solubilized membrane-bound pools of ChAT were not differentially inhibited by
      either compound.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2918314
TI  - Effect of glucose starvation on glucose transport in neuronal cells in primary
      culture from rat brain.
AB  - The regulation of glucose transport into cultured brain cells during glucose
      starvation was studied. On glucose deprivation for 40 h, 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG)
      uptake was stimulated twofold in neuronal cells but was not changed significantly
      in astrocytes. On refeeding, the increased activity of neuronal cells rapidly
      returned to the basal level, an observation indicating that the effect of glucose
      starvation was reversible. The increase was due solely to change in the Vmax, a
      finding suggesting that the number of glucose transporters on the plasma membrane
      is increased in starved cells. Cycloheximide inhibited this increase. In the
      presence of cycloheximide, the activity of 2-DG uptake of starved cells remained
      constant for 12 h and then slowly decreased, whereas that of fed cells decreased
      rapidly. These findings suggest that glucose starvation regulates glucose
      transport by changing the rate of net synthesis of the transporter in neuronal
      cells in culture.

PMID- 2918315
TI  - Catecholamine content changes in brain regions of spontaneously hypertensive rats
      under immobilization stress.
AB  - We compared the effect of immobilization stress on noradrenaline (NA) and 3
      methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethyleneglycol (MHPG) content in two brain regions-
      diencephalon and pons-medulla oblongata--in young and adult spontaneously
      hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). In SHR, NA content decreased
      with time after the onset of the stress, whereas levels of its metabolite MHPG
      increased. In WKY, NA and MHPG showed no change. The MHPG/NA ratio in both
      regions increased relative to the duration of the stress in SHR, whereas it
      remained almost constant in WKY. The rate of increase in the ratio was much
      higher in the diencephalon of adult (12-week-old) than of young (4-week-old) SHR.
      In SHR, NA turnover in the brain is readily affected by environmental stress, and
      these changes in the noradrenergic system may induce or sustain hypertension.

PMID- 2918316
TI  - Tellurium-induced neuropathy: metabolic alterations associated with demyelination
      and remyelination in rat sciatic nerve.
AB  - Rats fed a diet containing 1.25% elemental tellurium initiated on postnatal day
      20 undergo a transient neuropathy characterized by synchronous demyelination of
      peripheral nerves. In sciatic nerve, the extent of demyelination was maximal
      after 5 days of tellurium exposure; there was a loss of 25% of the myelin, as
      assayed by concentration of myelin-specific P0 protein. Tellurium-induced
      alterations in the metabolic capacity of Schwann cells were examined by measuring
      the synthesis of myelin lipids in vitro in isolated sciatic nerve segments.
      Exposure to tellurium resulted in an early marked decrease of approximately 50%
      in overall incorporation of [14C]acetate into lipids, with a preferential
      depression in synthesis of cerebrosides, cholesterol, and ethanolamine
      plasmalogens (components enriched in myelin). Most dramatically, within 1 day of
      initiation of tellurium exposure, there was a profound increase in [14C]acetate
      derived radioactivity in squalene; 23% of incorporated label was in this
      intermediate of cholesterol biosynthesis, compared to less than 0.5% in controls.
      In association with the remyelinating phase seen after 5 days of tellurium
      exposure, synthesis of myelin components gradually returned to normal levels.
      After 30 days, metabolic and morphologic alterations were no longer apparent. We
      suggest that the sequence of metabolic events in sciatic nerve following
      tellurium treatment initially involves inhibition of the conversion of squalene
      to 2,3-epoxysqualene, and that this block in the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway
      results, either directly or indirectly, in the inhibition of the synthesis of
      myelin components and breakdown of myelin.

PMID- 2918317
TI  - Hippocampal membranes contain a neurotrophic activity that stimulates cholinergic
      properties of fetal rat septal neurons cultured under serum-free conditions.
AB  - Primary cultures of fetal rat septal neurons were used to identify a membrane
      associated cholinergic neurotrophic activity. Under serum-free culture
      conditions, approximately 98% of the septal cells are neurons, and approximately
      6% of the neurons are cholinergic as determined immunocytochemically. Crude
      membranes prepared from rat hippocampal homogenates stimulate choline
      acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity in treated septal neurons. The membrane
      associated trophic activity is apparent at lower protein concentrations than
      activity present in the soluble fraction and is unevenly distributed in various
      brain regions; it is highest in hippocampus and striatum and negligible in
      cerebellum. Membrane trophic activity is developmentally regulated, is heat and
      trypsin sensitive, and increases the rate of expression of ChAT in septal
      neurons. Upon gel filtration chromatography of a high-salt membrane extract,
      trophic activity elutes as a broad peak in the 500 kilodalton (kD) molecular mass
      range. Stimulation of septal neuronal ChAT activity by either crude membranes or
      partially purified preparations is not inhibited by antibodies against nerve
      growth factor (NGF), and its maximal activity is additive to maximally active
      doses of NGF. The results indicate that hippocampal membranes contain cholinergic
      neurotrophic activity which may be important for the development of septal
      cholinergic neurons.

PMID- 2918318
TI  - ATP-evoked Ca2+ mobilisation and prostanoid release from astrocytes: P2
      purinergic receptors linked to phosphoinositide hydrolysis.
AB  - Astrocyte cultures prelabelled with either [3H]inositol or 45Ca2+ were exposed to
      ATP and its hydrolysis products. ATP and ADP, but not AMP and adenosine, produced
      increases in the accumulation of intracellular 3H-labelled inositol phosphates
      (IP), efflux of 45Ca2+, and release of thromboxane A2 (TXA2). Whereas ATP
      stimulated 3H-IP accumulation was unaffected, its ability to promote TXA2 release
      was markedly reduced by mepacrine, an inhibitor of phospholipase A2 (PLA2). ATP
      evoked 3H-IP production was also spared following treatment with the
      cyclooxygenase inhibitor, indomethacin. We conclude that ATP-induced
      phosphoinositide (PPI) breakdown and 45 Ca2+ mobilisation occurred in parallel
      with, if not preceded, the release of TXA2. Following depletion of intracellular
      Ca2+ with a brief preexposure to ATP in the absence of extracellular Ca2+, the
      release of TXA2 in response to a subsequent ATP challenge was greatly reduced
      when compared with control. These results suggest that mobilisation of cytosolic
      Ca2+ may be the stimulus for PLA2 activation and, thus, TXA2 release. Stimulation
      of alpha 1-adrenoceptors also caused PPI breakdown and 45 Ca2+ efflux but not
      TXA2 release. The effects of ATP and noradrenaline (NA) on 3H-IP accumulation
      were additive, but their combined ability to increase 45Ca2+ efflux was not.
      Interestingly, in the presence of NA, ATP-stimulated TXA2 release was reduced.
      Our data provide evidence that functional P2-purinergic receptors are present on
      astrocytes and that ATP is the first physiologically relevant stimulus found to
      initiate prostanoid release from these cells.

PMID- 2918319
TI  - Cloning of a putative neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit.
AB  - A cDNA clone was isolated from a rat superior cervical ganglion cDNA library with
      an oligonucleotide that hybridized to muscle-like nicotinic acetylcholine
      receptor (nAChR) subunit cDNA. The deduced amino acid sequence possesses
      characteristics expected of a nAChR subunit that does not bind acetylcholine, in
      addition to distinctive features such as unique cysteine residues and N-linked
      glycosylation sites.

PMID- 2918320
TI  - The effect of local recurrence on survival time in adult high-grade soft tissue
      sarcomas.
AB  - Data gathered on 262 adults with high-grade soft tissue sarcoma, operated on at
      the same institution for curative intent, were used to study formally, and to
      quantitate for the first time, the relationship between local recurrence of the
      tumor and survival time. Using Cox's proportional hazards model with a time
      dependent covariate representing the local recurrence of the tumor, it was found
      that local recurrence is significantly associated with a shorter survival time
      (estimated relative risk (relative hazard) = 2.5, p less than 0.0001). The
      estimated 5 yr survival rate and median survival time for patients without a
      local recurrence were 44% and 42 months, respectively, while the corresponding
      figures for patients with a local recurrence were only 26% and 28 months. Hence,
      a local recurrence resulted in a relative decline in the estimated 5 yr survival
      rate of 41%. This strong relationship continued to hold even after adjusting for
      several other important, time-independent prognostic variables (stage, type of
      surgery, type of resection, signs of sarcomatous skin invasion, and presence of
      postoperative fever) in a multivariable analysis. Local control of high-grade
      soft tissue sarcomas is vitally important for successful management of these
      patients.

PMID- 2918321
TI  - Effects of framing and level of probability on patients' preferences for cancer
      chemotherapy.
AB  - Although most clinicians agree that patients should be informed about treatment
      alternatives, little is known about the way patients perceive probabilistic
      information about treatment outcomes and how it influences the choices they make.
      The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of level and framing of
      probability on preferences for cancer treatment alternatives in which tradeoffs
      between quantity and quality of life are made. 129 healthy volunteers and 154
      cancer patients indicated their preferences for a toxic treatment over a non
      toxic treatment at varying survival probabilities. Subjects responded to
      questions in one of three randomly assigned conditions: (1) a positive frame in
      which the probability of survival was given; (2) a negative frame in which the
      probability of dying was given; and (3) a mixed frame in which the probability of
      surviving and dying were both given. The cancer patients' preferences for the
      more effective toxic treatment was significantly stronger than the healthy
      volunteers. Both groups were significantly influenced by the level of probability
      that was presented. Preferences for the toxic treatment were weaker when the
      chance of survival dropped below 50%. This weakening preference below 50%
      survival was enhanced for subjects who responded in the negative frame. A
      negative frame or probability level below 0.5 would seem to stimulate a "dying
      mode" type of value system in which quality of life becomes more salient in
      decision making than quantity of life. The implications in eliciting informed
      consent from patients are discussed.

PMID- 2918322
TI  - Prognosis of gallstones with mild or no symptoms: 25 years of follow-up in a
      health maintenance organization.
AB  - Two-hundred ninety-eight patients with gallstones accompanied by mild or
      nonspecific symptoms, 123 with asymptomatic gallstones, and 46 with nonfunction
      on cholecystogram and mild or nonspecific symptoms were followed in the setting
      of a health maintenance organization for up to 25 years after diagnosis. In a
      life-table analysis, complications (severe events) developed in about 1% per year
      of patients with visualized gallstones and in about 2% per year of patients with
      nonfunction. During each of the first 5 years after diagnosis, all events, both
      severe and non-severe (including surgery for continuing mild symptoms) occurred
      in about 6% of the patients with mild symptoms accompanying either gallstones or
      nonfunction, and in about 4% of patients with asymptomatic gallstones. The annual
      probabilities for all events tended to decrease as length of follow-up increased.
      Among patients with stones and mild symptoms, women were more apt to develop any
      event than men (p = 0.02) and more obese patients were more likely to develop
      severe events than those who were thinner (p = 0.05). The patients in this study
      are probably more representative of outpatients with gallstones seen by most
      primary care physicians than are most groups investigated previously for
      prognosis. Their event rates are sufficiently similar to those used in published
      decision analyses, that they should not alter previous conclusions that early
      elective cholecystectomy will have little positive or negative effect on average
      life expectancy of patients with gallstones.

PMID- 2918323
TI  - An investigation of a reported cancer cluster in Randolph, Massachusetts.
AB  - An increasingly common public health problem is the perception that disease
      incidence has increased or a cluster of disease has occurred in a community. In
      most cases, the disease of concern is cancer and a local hazardous waste site or
      other environmental problem is involved. These problems can be difficult to
      investigate and public health officials are frequently criticized for their
      inability to address community concerns. This paper reports a case study of such
      a situation occurring in the Barlett-Green Acres (BGA) neighborhood of Randolph,
      Massachusetts. Study data were obtained by interviews in households of persons
      belonging to a list of alleged cancer cases initially supplied by residents and
      supplemented using records available in town and state public health offices. One
      objective of the investigation was to develop methods that may be of value in
      similar situations arising in other communities. From a list of names compiled
      prior to and during the investigation, 45 incident cases of cancer were
      identified and found suitable for analysis. An additional four cases were added
      from the Massachusetts Cancer Registry. The analysis showed the existence of a
      cancer cluster, but overall cancer incidence and mortality in the BGA
      neighborhood were not elevated. Residence history, disease site, and other
      features of the cancer cases were investigated using methods less sensitive to
      incomplete reporting than total incidence. No unusual features of the cancer data
      other than the initiating cluster were identified and no environmental hazard
      likely to impact the BGA neighborhood was discovered, hence we conclude that the
      most likely cause of the cancer cluster was random variation in cancer rates.

PMID- 2918324
TI  - Epidemiologic evidence of perinatal influence in the etiology of adult cancers.
AB  - Using data from 5489 cancer patients and 2647 patients without cancer we
      investigated whether parental age at the birth of the patient or the patient's
      rank within his sibship was related to the risk of cancer during adulthood. An
      increase of 10 years in maternal age was associated with an increase of 24% for
      the incidence of breast cancer (odds ratio = 1.24%; 95% CI = 1.09-1.41); the
      corresponding increase for paternal age was 19% (odds ratio = 1.19; 95% CI = 1.07
      1.33). There was some evidence that the age of each parent may make an
      independent contribution to the risk of breast cancer. For certain types of
      genito-urinary cancers, the risk was higher when the parents were relatively
      young at the birth of the patient. These cancers included tumors arising in the
      prostate (odds ratios = 0.71 and 0.55 for maternal and paternal ages,
      respectively), testis (odds ratios = 0.57 and 0.52), penis (odds ratios = 0.37
      and 0.45), kidney (odds ratios = 0.66 and 0.60), and bladder (odds ratio = 0.79
      and 0.85). The associations for cancer of the prostate and bladder were stronger
      among patients who were diagnosed at a relatively young age. No statistically
      significant effects were found for birth order relative to adult cancers. The
      authors conclude that environmental factors that affect the parents or that
      operate in the perinatal period may have stronger influences on the incidence of
      adult cancers than have been previously recognized.

PMID- 2918325
TI  - Survival in multiple sclerosis.
AB  - Survival from onset of symptoms was calculated for two series of MS patients, a
      population-based epidemiologic series from southern Lower Saxony of 224 cases,
      and a revised hospital series of 1429 cases from 11 neurologic centers throughout
      the Federal Republic of Germany. Median survival for the epidemiologic series was
      35-42 years, with no finer estimate possible. Observed survival was 3/5 expected
      survival after 35 years of illness. Survival in this series was similar to that
      from two other population-based reports. No significant difference was found
      between the sexes, though patients with onset at age 35 + had a significantly
      shorter survival than those with onset at age under 35 years. The much larger
      hospital series, where median survival was 30 years, demonstrated significant
      differences separately favoring females and young onsets. However, the ratios of
      observed to expected survival from population life tables were strikingly similar
      among all four subgroups defined by sex and age at onset. While overall there is
      a substantial reduction in the expectation of life in MS, the differential
      survival by sex and age appears to be a reflection of the expected survival by
      sex and age per se, and not that of the disease.

PMID- 2918326
TI  - On estimating survival; a tale of two censors.

PMID- 2918327
TI  - Are risk factors for CHD the same at different ages.

PMID- 2918328
TI  - Risk factors in middle age that predict early and late onset of coronary heart
      disease.
AB  - Twelve biological and lifestyle characteristics measured in a group of 5919
      middle aged men free of clinical coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke and cancer
      were analyzed for differences in predicting early and late onset of new cases of
      definite CHD (non-fatal myocardial infarction and fatal CHD) over a 12-year
      follow-up period. Among these men, 151 cases of definite CHD occurred early
      (under age 60) and 135 cases occurred later in life (age 60 and over). Serum
      triglyceride was the only risk factor that was an independent predictor of early
      onset disease and not of late onset disease. While cigarette smoking was a
      predictor for both onset groups, the effect of smoking was greater in people who
      developed CHD earlier in life. Systolic blood pressure, alcohol intake, serum
      cholesterol and serum glucose were independent predictors for both onset groups,
      with no difference in effect between groups. The findings indicate that it is
      possible for some factors to affect CHD risk differently in terms of premature vs
      delayed onset of disease. The findings for serum triglyceride may account for
      some of the inconsistencies in reports regarding it as an independent risk factor
      for CHD. In general, however, most of the characteristics studied here had a
      similar effect on both early and late onset and thus remain important in the
      prevention of both premature and late onset of CHD.

PMID- 2918329
TI  - Phase I trial of intramuscularly administered tumor necrosis factor in patients
      with advanced cancer.
AB  - A phase I trial of intramuscularly administered recombinant human tumor necrosis
      factor (rTNF) was conducted in 19 adult patients with advanced solid tumors. The
      agent was administered daily for up to five consecutive days every other week for
      two to four courses. Doses of rTNF ranged from 5 to 200 micrograms/m2/d. Dose
      limiting toxicities were encountered at doses greater than 100 micrograms/m2/d.
      Toxicities included tenderness, erythema and induration at the site of injection,
      fatigue, fever, chills, headache, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
      Moderate to marked reductions in WBC and platelet counts were observed regularly
      at the highest dose levels, but none were clinically significant. Hepatic enzyme
      elevation was seen frequently, and two patients developed hyperbilirubinemia.
      Only one of seven patients treated with doses greater than 100 micrograms/m2/d
      completed the planned course of therapy. Even at the highest dose levels, serum
      concentrations of rTNF could only rarely be detected in the serum. No therapeutic
      responses were observed. The maximal tolerated dose (MTD) of rTNF in this trial
      was 150 micrograms/m2/d, administered for two courses.

PMID- 2918330
TI  - Minimal residual disease in acute lymphoblastic leukemia detected by immune
      selection and gene rearrangement analysis.
AB  - We have developed an assay for the detection of malignant residual cells in the
      bone marrow from patients with B- or T-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)
      in clinical remission. This assay involves an immune selection step followed by
      immunoglobulin or T-cell receptor gene rearrangement analysis and allows the
      detection of one contaminating tumor cell out of 1,000 normal bone marrow cells.
      We have examined the bone marrow of 11 patients with adult ALL in remission over
      a 24-month period. Five patients relapsed in the bone marrow and one in the CNS.
      The assay allowed the detection of minimal residual disease in four of five
      patients that subsequently relapsed in the bone marrow, 1.5 to 9 months before
      the relapse became morphologically and clinically manifest. Residual disease was
      not found in the bone marrow from patients in continuous remission and from the
      single patient who relapsed in the CNS. We conclude that the ability of the assay
      described here to detect minimal residual disease with high specificity can
      provide information for further understanding of the biology of ALL and hopefully
      for the clinical management of patients with this disease.

PMID- 2918331
TI  - A long-term follow-up study of survival in stage I (T1N0M0) and stage II (T1N1M0)
      breast carcinoma.
AB  - This study was undertaken to investigate the long-term survival and the
      probability of "cure" in a group of 644 patients treated by mastectomy for T1
      breast carcinoma. After a median follow-up of 18.2 years, 23% were dead of
      recurrent breast carcinoma, 3% were alive with recurrent disease, and 74% had not
      experienced a recurrence. The probability of recurrence was directly related to
      the initial extent of the disease. Overall, 16% of recurrences and 25% of deaths
      due to disease occurred in the second decade of follow-up. The proportion of
      recurrences detected in the second decade was inversely related to the stage of
      the primary tumor at diagnosis. When stratified by tumor size, T1N0M0 patients
      with tumors 1.0 cm or less in diameter had a significantly better 20-year
      recurrence-free survival (86%) than did T1N0M0 patients with tumors 1.1 to 2.0 cm
      (69%). When observed and expected survival curves were compared by the method of
      Brinkley and Haybittle, it appeared that 80% of T1N0M0 patients with tumors 1 cm
      or less might be cured at 20 years, whereas for those in the 1.1- to 2-cm group,
      the proportion cured was indeterminate, but might be as high as 70%. A
      potentially cured group could not be identified among T1N1M0 patients, but an
      estimated 52% of these patients did not have a recurrence within the nearly 20
      year follow-up period. These data are important when one considers the proper
      role of adjuvant therapy for stage I disease. Patients with tumors larger than 1
      cm and those with axillary lymph node metastases may have an improved recurrence
      free survival as a result of systemic adjuvant treatment, while women in the
      T1N0M0 group with an especially favorable recurrence-free survival, particularly
      those with tumors 1 cm in diameter or smaller, might be spared adjuvant therapy.

PMID- 2918332
TI  - Breast conservation versus mastectomy: distress sequelae as a function of choice.
AB  - Between 1981 and 1984, 93 stage I and II breast cancer patients were entered onto
      a trial at the National Cancer Institute (NCI) randomizing patients to excisional
      biopsy plus radiation v mastectomy. Between 1984 and 1987, 98 stage I and II
      breast cancer patients were entered onto a behavioral study in Pittsburgh,
      approximately 70% of whom elected to have breast conservation surgery. Patients
      at both sites were assessed three to five days postsurgery, and again at 3
      month's follow-up, using a well-validated mood measure, the Profile of Mood
      States (POMS). There were no demographic or disease differences between the two
      samples. In the Pittsburgh sample, using a repeated measures multivariate
      analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) analysis, after adjusting for menopausal status
      and radiotherapy and chemotherapy toxicity, the conservation group was
      psychologically worse off (F = 2.7, P less than .03). For example, they were
      significantly more distressed over time (F = 5.5, P less than .02), and more
      depressed in general (F = 9.2, P less than .005). Using Karnofsky ratings, the
      two groups were identical in terms of disability at 3-month's follow-up. In
      contrast, for the NCI patients participating in the randomized trial, after
      adjusting for chemotherapy and radiotherapy treatments, reported overall distress
      decreased over time (F = 17.4, P less than .0001) for all patients, irrespective
      of treatment group, and the between-groups MANCOVA was not significant. Thus,
      when comparing the two samples, when "choice" played a major role, the
      conservation patients were psychologically worse off--at least at 3-month's
      follow-up.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2918333
TI  - Results of surgery for obstructing carcinomatosis of gastrointestinal,
      pancreatic, or biliary origin.
AB  - Results of operation for obstructing carcinomatosis of gastrointestinal (GI),
      pancreatic, or biliary origin were reviewed to assess relief of symptoms,
      management of re-obstruction, and duration of hospitalization. A retrospective
      review (1977 to 1986) identified 89 patients, 59 (66%) of whom had tumors
      originating in the colon, and 19 (21%) in the stomach. Normal bowel function was
      restored for a median of 102 days in 66 patients (74%) and all but four (94%)
      were discharged. Forty-one (46%) patients remained unobstructed until death.
      Twenty-three (26%) were not relieved by operation and died a median of 33 days
      later (P less than .005). Forty-eight (81.4%) of the 59 colon cancer patients and
      ten (52.6%) of 19 with gastric cancer (P less than .05) were benefited by the
      operation, although comparison of duration of function was less striking (P less
      than .1). In-hospital mortality was 13% and complications occurred in 44%.
      Obstruction recurred in 38% of those relieved by the initial operation. Normal
      bowel function was restored in six (46%) of 13 patients undergoing a second
      laparotomy (median, 158 days) and in six of 13 (46%) treated with nasogastric
      suction. Obstruction recurred again in four of the latter six patients (median,
      39 days). Hospitalization averaged 31 days (median, 25 days) for the first
      procedure and 41 days (median, 39 days) for patients operated for recurrent
      obstruction. These results justify laparotomy for intestinal obstruction in known
      or suspected carcinomatosis, particularly of colonic origin, if performance
      status is compatible with a reasonable quality of life.

PMID- 2918334
TI  - Chronic daily administration of oral etoposide--a phase I trial.
AB  - In this phase I study, we administered etoposide (VP-16) orally for 21
      consecutive days to patients with advanced refractory cancers. All patients had
      received previous chemotherapy, and 50% of patients had received more than one
      combination regimen. When given for 21 consecutive days, the maximum-tolerated
      dose of oral VP-16 was 50 mg/m2/d. Myelosuppression was the dose-limiting
      toxicity, and occurred between days 21 and 28. In most patients, blood counts had
      recovered sufficiently by day 35 to begin another 3-week course. WBC count nadirs
      of less than 1,000/microL occurred in four of 20 courses at this dose, and three
      patients required hospitalization for treatment of neutropenia and fever.
      Alopecia occurred in most patients; gastrointestinal (GI) and other toxicities
      were uncommon. Five of 16 patients with measurable tumor had partial responses of
      3 to 4 months duration. Four of these five patients had malignancies that are
      usually unresponsive to VP-16 when administered by previously investigated
      schedules. This method of VP-16 administration is well tolerated, convenient, and
      may optimize antitumor efficacy by exploiting the schedule dependency of this
      drug. Phase II studies are necessary to define the level of activity of this
      schedule of VP-16.

PMID- 2918335
TI  - Activity of coumarin and cimetidine in metastatic renal cell carcinoma.

PMID- 2918336
TI  - Prognostic factors related to response to chemotherapy in metastatic breast
      cancer.

PMID- 2918337
TI  - Neural coding of gustatory information in the thalamus of Macaca mulatta.
AB  - 1. Extracellular action potentials were recorded from single neurons in the
      parvicellular division of the ventroposteromedial (VPMpc) nucleus of the thalamus
      of restrained, but alert, Old World monkeys during gustatory, tactile, and
      thermal stimulation of the oral cavity. In contrast to previous reports in
      anesthetized or paralyzed rats, the spontaneous activity of these neurons was
      brisk and their evoked responses robust. 2. Each of 50 taste-responsive neurons
      was tested with 1.0 M sucrose, 0.1 M NaCl, 0.003 M HCl, and 0.001 M QHCl before
      other concentrations of the same stimuli were used. Sucrose, which was effective
      in 80% of the neurons tested, evoked the largest responses of the 4 standard
      gustatory stimuli (16.1 spikes/s). The average response to NaCl, an effective
      stimulus for 44% of the neurons in the sample, was 7.5 spikes/s. HCl and QHCl,
      which few neurons responded to, typically evoked smaller responses. 3. Most of
      the neurons tested showed monotonic intensity-response (I-R) functions. The power
      functions showed about the same degree of compression (range = 0.39-0.53), which
      has been described previously for brain stem neurons in anesthetized rodents.
      Only 9.1% of the responses were inhibitory, and there was no tendency for these
      responses to be associated with either specific neurons or stimuli. These data
      suggest that quality coding of gustatory information in the thalamus is not
      radically different from that seen among lower-order neurons in other species. 4.
      Through the use of hierarchical cluster analysis, it was possible to divide the
      neuron sample into 2 groups, one of which consisted of sucrose-best neurons that
      had an average entropy value of 0.56. The neurons in the other group, though more
      heterogeneous, showed either primary or side-band sensitivity to NaCl. The
      average breadth of responsiveness of the 50 thalamic neurons as described by the
      entropy coefficient was 0.73. 5. In addition to gustatory neurons, tactile (n =
      15), thermal (n = 1), and nonresponsive (n = 25) neurons also were located within
      VPMpc. An additional 48 neurons that could not be classified as either sensory or
      motor in nature, inhibited their bursting spontaneous discharge just prior to the
      onset of fluid stimulation. Only 2 of these neurons demonstrated differential
      chemical sensitivity. The presence of these nongustatory neurons within the
      thalamic taste area suggests that the traditional characterization of VPMpc as a
      gustatory relay may understate its role in ingestive behavior and ignore other
      noningestive functions of the area.

PMID- 2918338
TI  - Patterns of spontaneous discharge in primate spinothalamic neurons.
AB  - 1. The spontaneous discharge of 30 spinothalamic tract (STT) neurons in the
      lumbosacral spinal cord of anesthetized monkeys was studied. Interval,
      correlation, and spectral analyses were performed. 2. Three patterns of discharge
      were found; these were referred to as the SP1, SP2, and SP3 patterns. 3. The SP1
      group had moderately regular discharge trains that were devoid of short-interval
      spike bursts. 4. The SP2 group had spike trains dominated by short-interval
      bursts without evidence of low-frequency rhythmicity. 5. The SP3 group had spike
      trains with features of both the SP1 and SP2 groups. 6. Some correlations were
      found between the mean discharge rate and stimulus-response classes previously
      defined by our group (25). Correlations were deduced from a parent data set of
      221 STT neurons. Type 1 neurons, which were driven primarily by tactile
      afferents, were found to have significantly lower mean rates than other "within
      neuron" groups. On the other hand, type C neurons, which had strong input from
      afferents signalling pressure and noxious stimuli, were found to have
      significantly higher mean rates than all other "across-neuron" classes. 7. A weak
      relationship was found between the pattern of discharge and the within-neuron
      stimulus-response classification. Neurons with a largely tactile coding
      orientation (types 1 and 2) were most frequently of the SP1 and SP2 classes,
      whereas neurons with a more prominent nociceptive input (types 3 and 4) were most
      frequently of the SP2 and SP3 classes. No relationship was apparent between
      discharge pattern and the across-neuron classes.

PMID- 2918339
TI  - Somatotopic organization of forelimb representation in cervical enlargement of
      raccoon dorsal horn.
AB  - 1. Somatosensory representation of the forelimb in the dorsal horn of spinal
      segments C5-T2 was examined in 13 North American raccoons anesthetized with
      pentobarbital sodium. Single- or multiple-unit responses to light mechanical
      stimulation were recorded at a total of 504 loci, which were subsequently
      reconstructed from stained, transverse sections. From these, dorsal view maps of
      forelimb representation in Rexed's laminae III and IV were synthesized. 2. There
      was a shifting, serial overlap of representations of different forelimb regions
      in both the rostrocaudal and mediolateral axes of the dorsal horn. The
      rostrocaudal progression of receptive fields was from preaxial forelimb to
      forepaw to postaxial forelimb, whereas the mediolateral progression was from the
      volar glabrous forepaw toward the trunk. 3. Representations of the glabrous
      surfaces of the digits and palm pads showed considerable overlap, with the
      digital representations extending more laterally, but the palmar representations
      extending more rostrally and caudally. One-third of all recording loci were
      devoted exclusively to glabrous skin representation. 4. Comparison with results
      of earlier studies in raccoons indicates that representation of a given digit or
      palm pad is more restricted in rostrocaudal extent in the dorsal horn than in the
      dorsal roots, and that, compared with various nuclear regions of the dorsal
      column-medial lemniscal system, the glabrous surfaces of the forepaw are
      underrepresented in the dorsal horn. 5. The results suggest that there is a
      dorsoventral modular organization of forelimb representation in the dorsal horn.
      These wedge-shaped modules from larger aggregates which represent major body
      subdivisions and which course sinuously in the rostrocaudal dimension.

PMID- 2918340
TI  - Spinocervical tract neurons responsive to light mechanical stimulation of the
      raccoon forepaw.
AB  - 1. The extracellular activity of 45 antidromically identified spinocervical tract
      (SCT) neurons responsive to light mechanical stimulation of the glabrous surfaces
      of the forepaw was examined in raccoons anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium.
      An additional seven neurons had peripheral receptive fields (RFs) located on
      hairy skin of the forelimb, and three had deep RFs. 2. All recording sites were
      histologically verified as falling within Rexed's laminae III and IV in spinal
      cord segments C6-T1. Antidromic conduction velocities of the 55 neurons ranged
      between 8.3 and 64.2 m/s. 3. Units with glabrous skin RFs were classified
      according to their response to a maintained mechanical stimulus as either rapidly
      adapting (n = 39) or slowly adapting (n = 6). Of 11 cells tested, 2 displayed
      enhanced responses to noxious stimuli and were classed as multireceptive. 4. RF
      areas were significantly smaller on digits (range = 0.4-45.0 mm2) than on palm
      pads (range = 5.6-76.0 mm2), and comparable in size to RF areas previously
      reported in raccoon cuneate nuclear cells (32). 5. RA neurons fell into three
      distinct categories with respect to the relationship between instantaneous spike
      frequency during displacement ramp stimulation, and ramp velocity, steep
      functions (as defined by the value of power function exponents), flat functions,
      and discontinuous functions; SA neurons fell into two categories, continuous, and
      discontinuous. 6. The results, in conjunction with those of previous studies,
      lead to two major conclusions: 1) raccoon and primate spinocervicothalamic
      systems are more similar to each other than either is to that of the cat and 2)
      the ability of the raccoon SCT to convey information from the glabrous skin of
      the forepaw regarding characteristics of light mechanical stimuli is at least as
      precise as that of neurons of the dorsal column-medial lemniscal system.

PMID- 2918341
TI  - Responses to parallel fiber stimulation in the guinea pig dorsal cochlear nucleus
      in vitro.
AB  - 1. Parallel fibers of the guinea pig dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) were
      electrically stimulated at the pial surface of the nucleus in a brain-slice
      preparation. Extracellular field potentials produced by the parallel fibers and
      postsynaptic cells, and the response of single units were identified and
      characterized. Responses were compared with those reported for stimulation of
      parallel fibers in the cerebellum and to those seen with electrical stimulation
      of the auditory nerve. 2. Stimulation of the DCN parallel fibers generates a
      consistent set of extracellular field potentials. In layer 1 of the DCN, a short
      latency triphasic wave (P1(1)-N1(1)-P2(1)) is followed by a slower negative wave
      (N2(1)). The onset phase of the N2(1) often exhibits a small positive notch
      (P2a1). In layer 2, an initial triphasic wave (P1(2)-N1(2)-P2(2)) is followed by
      a short-latency negative wave (N2(2)) and a slower positive wave (P3(2)). The
      N1(2) is approximately coincident with the N1(1), whereas the P3(2) is coincident
      with N2(1). The falling phase of the P3(2) is sometimes interrupted by a brief
      negative deflection (N3(2)). These field potentials are similar, but not
      identical to those reported for parallel fiber stimulation in the cerebellum in
      vivo (15). These responses differ substantially from those produced in the DCN by
      electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve (50). 3. Low-calcium solutions and
      pharmacologic manipulations were used to separate pre- and postsynaptic response
      components in the field potential records. When the slice is bathed in a low
      calcium solution the P2a1, N2(1), N2(2), P3(2), and the brief late deflections
      are abolished. However, the P1(1)-N1(1)-P2(1) and P1(2)-N1(2)-P2(2) remain
      unaffected. A similar separation of pre- and postsynaptic components can be
      achieved with 100 microM adenosine or 0.5 mM kynurenic acid. It is concluded that
      the P1(1)-M1(1)-P2(1) wave is the compound action potential of the unmyelinated
      parallel fibers, whereas the longer-latency field potential components are
      generated postsynaptically. 4. The conduction velocity of the parallel fiber
      volley was measured to be 0.30 m/s at the pial surface, in a line approximately
      parallel to the strial axis of the nucleus. Mapping experiments reveal that the
      spread of the P1(1)-N1(1)-P2(1) is greatest along the strial axis, and more
      limited in the orthogonal direction. 5. Single units were recorded in layer 2. At
      a distance of 500-700 microns from the stimulating electrode, the latencies of
      single-unit discharges fall between 2.5 and 4 ms, at the time of the
      N2(2).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2918342
TI  - Topographic and directional organization of visual motion inputs for the
      initiation of horizontal and vertical smooth-pursuit eye movements in monkeys.
AB  - 1. The goal of our study was to determine the properties of the visual inputs for
      pursuit eye movements. In a previous study we presented horizontal target motion
      along the horizontal meridian and showed that targets were more effective if they
      moved across the center of the visual field. We have now analyzed the topographic
      weighting of the inputs for pursuit in greater detail, using targets that moved
      in all directions and across a wide area of the visual field. 2. Monkeys were
      rewarded for tracking targets that started at 48 positions in the visual field.
      The initial positions were spaced equally around 4 circles that were centered at
      the position of fixation and had radii of 3, 6, 9, and 12 degrees. Targets moved
      horizontally or vertically at 30 degrees/s. We measured the smooth eye
      acceleration in the first 80 ms after the initiation of pursuit, before there had
      been time for visual feedback to affect the position or velocity of the retinal
      images from the target. 3. For both horizontal and vertical target motion, there
      were major differences between the early and late intervals in the first 80 ms of
      pursuit. In the first 20 ms eye acceleration was largely independent of initial
      target position. In later intervals eye acceleration decreased sharply as a
      function of initial target eccentricity. The later intervals also showed a
      pronounced toward/away asymmetry such that the initiation of pursuit was more
      vigorous for target motion toward than for motion away from the horizontal or
      vertical meridian. 4. Comparison of the topographic organization of the middle
      temporal visual area (MT) with our data on pursuit suggests that the topography
      of cortical maps is smoothed when the visual signals are transmitted to the
      pursuit system. For example, the superior visual hemifield is underrepresented in
      cortical motion processing areas, but target motion in the superior and inferior
      visual hemifields is equally effective for the initiation of pursuit. 5. We
      investigated the directional organization of the visual inputs for pursuit by
      presenting targets that started at 6 degrees eccentric and moved in 16 different
      directions. Horizontal target motion always evoked larger eye accelerations than
      did vertical target motion. Target motion in oblique directions evoked
      intermediate values of eye acceleration. 6. Our data show two classes of
      variation in pursuit performance. First, some subjects showed ideosyncratic
      variations that were restricted to one hemifield or one direction of target
      motion. We attribute these variations to differences among subjects in the
      physiology of visual pathways.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2918343
TI  - The contribution of articular receptors to proprioception with the fingers in
      humans.
AB  - 1. Whether joint receptors contribute demonstrably to proprioception has remained
      uncertain. Therefore, we tested whether an articular contribution to movement
      sense could be revealed if the total sensory input available to signal joint
      movement were reduced by eliminating movement signals from muscles. With a
      reduced sensory input, whatever contribution articular receptors made to
      proprioception ought to assume a greater-than-normal importance, and any effect
      of eliminating articular inputs should become more apparent. The distal
      interphalangeal joint of the middle finger was used, because the muscles could be
      decoupled from this joint by positioning the fingers to slacken the tendons. 2.
      To further enhance the possibility for observing an effect of eliminating
      articular contributions, we planned to test movement sense at positions of the
      joint in which the articular receptors would be most active. However, the
      response properties of receptors in primate finger joints were unknown, so we
      examined activity of receptors in finger joints of monkeys prior to testing
      humans. 3. Activity of receptors in interphalangeal joints of monkeys was
      measured over a wide range of positions before and during local anesthesia of the
      joint. Little response was seen over intermediate positions, but activity
      increased as the joint approached full flexion or full extension in much the same
      manner as responses previously observed with receptors in the knee, elbow, wrist,
      and hip joints. Local anesthetic injected into the joint space abolished the
      nerve activity. 4. Proprioception was tested in humans before and during local
      anesthesia of the joint using a movement-detection paradigm.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2918344
TI  - Cable properties of spinal cord motoneurons in adult and aged cats.
AB  - 1. The electrophysiological properties of spinal cord alpha-motoneurons were
      investigated in adult cats (1-3 yr old) and old cats (14-15 yr old) using
      intracellular recording techniques. Voltage transients following depolarizing
      pulses of current were analyzed according to the procedure described by Ito and
      Oshima (15). The input resistance of each cell, together with the passive
      electrical time constants, were used to estimate the electrotonic length and
      total cell capacitance of each motoneuron. 2. Adult and old motoneurons both
      exhibited an undershoot of the membrane potential following the cessation of a
      subthreshold depolarizing current pulse (15). The average time constant for the
      decay of this undershoot in membrane potential was statistically
      indistinguishable in motoneurons of adult and aged animals. 3. The average
      membrane time constant of motoneurons in aged cats was 19% longer than that of
      motoneurons in adult cats. 4. The average total cell capacitance of motoneurons
      in aged cats was 16% smaller than that of motoneurons in adult cats. 5. The
      average electrotonic length of old motoneurons was statistically
      indistinguishable from that of motoneurons in adult cats. 6. From these results,
      we conclude that there is an age-dependent increase in the membrane resistance
      and an age-dependent decrease in cell surface area of alpha-motoneurons of the
      lumbar spinal cord in aged cats. Both of these phenomena are believed to
      contribute to the age-dependent increase in input resistance that has been
      previously reported to occur in motoneurons in aged cats (18).

PMID- 2918345
TI  - Distribution of combination-sensitive neurons in the ventral fringe area of the
      auditory cortex of the mustached bat.
AB  - 1. The orientation sound (pulse) of the mustached bat, Pteronotus parnellii
      parnellii, consists of long constant-frequency components (CF1-4) and short
      frequency-modulated components (FM1-4). The auditory cortex of this bat contains
      several combination-sensitive areas: FM-FM, DF, VA, VF, and CF/CF. The FM-FM area
      consists of neurons tuned to a combination of the pulse FM1 and the echo FMn (n =
      2, 3, or 4) and has an echo-delay (target-range) axis. Our preliminary anatomical
      studies with tritiated amino acids suggest that the FM-FM area projects to the
      dorsal fringe (DF) area, which in turn projects to the ventral fringe (VF) area.
      The aim of our study was to characterize the response properties of VF neurons
      and to explore the functional organization of the VF area. Acoustic stimuli
      delivered to the bats were CF tones, FM sounds, and their combinations mimicking
      the pulse emitted by the mustached bat and the echo. 2. Like the FM-FM and DF
      areas, the VF area is composed of three types of FM-FM combination-sensitive
      neurons: FM1-FM2, FM1-FM3, and FM1-FM4. These neurons show little or no response
      to a pulse alone, echo alone, single CF tone or single FM sound. They do,
      however, show a strong facilitative response to a pulse-echo pair with a
      particular echo delay. The essential components in the pulse-echo pair for
      facilitation are the FM1 of the pulse and the FMn of the echo.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2918346
TI  - Force output of cat motor units stimulated with trains of linearly varying
      frequency.
AB  - 1. A relation between stimulation frequency and muscle force is usually
      determined with stimulus trains of constant frequency and described as a single
      valued sigmoid curve. This relationship fails to explain a number of features of
      rate coding. 2. Single motor units were isolated in medial gastrocnemius or
      soleus muscles of cats deeply anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium. Motor units
      were classified as fast or slow. Each unit was stimulated with a train whose
      frequency varied linearly from less than 3 pulses per second (pps) to 20% above
      the unit's fusion frequency and back to about 3 pps with a period of 5 s. 3. All
      motor units showed a marked hysteresis during frequency-varying stimulation. A
      greater force was produced when frequency was decreasing than when it was
      increasing. The force output of each unit remained nearly maximal as stimulus
      frequency declined from its maximum to about one-half of the unit's fusion
      frequency; force rapidly declined with further decreases in frequency. The force
      frequency relation could change with each trial as frequency increased but was
      highly reproducible when frequency decreased. This suggested a strategy by which
      central nervous system (CNS) control could maximize the force at any discharge
      rate and produce a predictable force-frequency relation. 4. Posttetanic
      potentiation, motor unit slowing, and a preload which causes a motor unit to
      operate on the negatively sloping portion of the length-tension curve may each
      contribute to the observed hysteresis under certain circumstances. None can
      explain why hysteresis was consistently seen in all motor units. A time-dependent
      rate of tension development and decay together with a catchlike property can
      account for all of the properties of hysteresis and appeared to be the primary
      cause of hysteresis in fully potentiated motor units.

PMID- 2918347
TI  - Measurement of passive membrane parameters with whole-cell recording from neurons
      in the intact amphibian retina.
AB  - 1. Whole-cell recordings have been obtained from intact, photoactive retinal
      neurons using patch-clamp electrodes in the amphibian superfused retina eyecup
      preparation. 2. After removal of the vitreous humor from the surface of the
      retina, using a collagenase with low tryptic activity, high-resistance seals (1
      10 G omega) could be formed between the patch pipette and the cell membrane by
      applying mild suction to the pipette. Additional suction broke the membrane patch
      and provided continuity between the low-resistance pipette and the interior of
      the neuron. 3. Measurements of input resistance and time constant were obtained
      from bipolar, amacrine, and ganglion cells. Assuming the membrane capacitance was
      1 microF/cm2, time constant data were used to derive the specific membrane
      resistance. The average specific membrane resistance for the inner retinal
      neurons in our sample was 68,000 omega.cm2. 4. Analysis of the charging curve
      induced by a brief current pulse applied to the soma was used to analyze the
      average electrotonic length of dendrites. The charging curves of some ganglion
      cells were well represented by a single exponential, suggesting that they were
      essentially isopotential. 5. The voltage decay along an equivalent cylinder model
      of a ganglion cell was calculated, using the experimentally obtained values of
      membrane resistance to compute decay of steady-state voltages along the dendritic
      tree. The calculations indicate that with the high membrane resistance values
      implied by this study, the electrotonic length of dendritic cables were short,
      and there may be relatively little attenuation of the synaptic potentials
      irrespective of their location along the dendritic tree.

PMID- 2918348
TI  - An evaluation of the role of identified interneurons in triggering kicks and
      jumps in the locust.
AB  - 1. We have used intracellular recording and staining techniques to examine the
      importance of certain identified interneurons within the system responsible for
      triggering kicks and jumps in the locust, Locusta migratoria. In particular, our
      study focused on a pair of metathoracic interneurons called the M-neurons. These
      cells make strong inhibitory connections to hind-leg flexor motoneurons and are
      thought to play a key role in the termination of flexor activity which causes
      kicks and jumps to be triggered (8, 20, 24). 2. Simultaneous recordings from M
      neurons and flexor motoneurons during bilateral hindleg kicks revealed that in
      most cases the onset of the M-neuron's high-frequency discharge coincided
      precisely with the start of the flexor's rapid repolarization. This result
      demonstrated that M's activity had the correct timing to be involved in the
      triggering process and so confirmed suggestions made in previous studies. At
      times, however, the flexor motoneurons began to repolarize slowly prior to the
      first spike in the M-neuron, indicating that triggering must involve other
      neurons and perhaps also an additional mechanism such as a reduction of flexor
      excitation. 3. The sufficiency and necessity of the M-neurons for triggering
      kicks were tested by experiments involving intracellular current injections. The
      application of a brief pulse of depolarizing current to an M-neuron, in order to
      evoke a burst of spikes in the cell prior to the time it would normally have
      become active, caused extension of the ipsilateral leg to be triggered
      prematurely but did not influence the motor program in the contralateral leg.
      This effect was only observed when the discharge frequency evoked artificially in
      the M-neuron was greater than that seen during natural performance of the
      behavior. Even then, the repolarization produced in the flexor motoneurons by the
      current pulses was not the same as occurs normally. We conclude that under
      natural circumstances the M-neurons, by themselves, are not sufficient to trigger
      kicks. 4. When the usual discharge in an M-neuron was prevented by the injection
      of hyperpolarizing current, both legs were still able to kick. This lack of
      necessity of the M-neurons confirms that additional neurons must be involved in
      the triggering process. The rate of repolarization of the flexor motoneurons
      during kicks in which M activity had been abolished was slower and more variable
      than is seen in normal kicks but this did not appear to alter the timing of leg
      extension.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2918349
TI  - W-and Y-cells in the C layers of the cat's lateral geniculate nucleus: normal
      properties and effects of monocular deprivation.
AB  - 1. Previous studies have shown that rearing with monocular visual deprivation
      (MD) produces a loss of Y-cells and a reduction in spatial resolution among X
      cells in layers A and A1 of the cat's dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN).
      However, there have been no studies of the effects of visual deprivation on the
      function of the retinogeniculate W-cell pathway, which terminates in the C layers
      of the dLGN. It also is not known if Y-cells in the C layers are affected by MD
      in the same way as Y-cells in the A layers. These questions were addressed by the
      present experiment. 2. Single-cell recordings were made from the C layers of 5
      normal adult cats (112 cells) and from the nondeprived (94 cells) and deprived
      (95 cells) C layers in 10 cats monocularly deprived by lid suture for 3-7 yr. The
      cells were classified as X, Y, or W on the basis of their receptive-field
      properties and responses to electrical stimulation of the optic chiasm. In
      addition, quantitative measures were made of responses to sine-wave gratings of
      different spatial frequencies. 3. Receptive-field organization, receptive-field
      center size, spatial and temporal linearity to counterphased sine-wave gratings,
      and latency to optic chiasm stimulation were similar for C-layer cells in normal
      cats and in the deprived and nondeprived layers of MD cats. On the basis of these
      properties, 23% of normal layer-C cells were classified as Y-cells and 72% were
      classified as W-cells. The Y-cells tended to be located in the magnocellular
      division of layer C and most (though not all) W-cells were in the parvocellular
      division. Normal layers C1 and C2 contained almost exclusively W cells. The
      incidence of Y and W cells was similar to normal in the nondeprived and deprived
      C-layers of MD cats. 4. In normal cats, W cells typically had the lowest
      amplitude first-harmonic (F1) response rates to drifting sine-wave gratings.
      However, many W cells gave quite brisk responses and, overall, there was no
      significant difference between F1 response amplitudes of Y and W cells. Response
      amplitudes of Y- and W-cells in the deprived and nondeprived C-layers of MD cats
      were not significantly different from normal. 5. Normal Y- and W-cells tended to
      have low optimal spatial frequencies (0.2 c/deg or lower) and spatial resolutions
      (generally 0.4-1.6 c/deg) to drifting sine-wave gratings.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      400 WORDS)

PMID- 2918350
TI  - Deficits of visual attention and saccadic eye movements after lesions of
      parietooccipital cortex in monkeys.
AB  - 1. Visual attention is often profoundly disturbed in humans after damage to the
      cortex of the posterior parietal lobe, particularly of the minor hemisphere, with
      some patients being totally unaware of visual stimuli in the hemifield of
      extrapersonal space contralateral to the cortical damage. This severe form of
      visual inattention is usually called contralateral neglect and has occasionally
      been reported following posterior parietal lesions in monkeys. However, in
      monkeys, only qualitative observations have been published and those reports are
      not in agreement concerning the severity of the deficit. The present experiments
      were designed to measure quantitatively the amount of disruption of selective
      visual attention which is produced by lesions of posterior parietal and
      parietooccipital cortical lesions in monkeys. 2. Five monkeys were trained to
      visually fixate and follow with their gaze a small visual stimulus as it suddenly
      moved varying distances (8, 16, or 24 degrees) from the midline into the left or
      right visual hemifields. Two animals then received a unilateral cortical lesion
      limited to the inferior parietal lobule (IPL). Three animals received unilateral
      lesions which included both the inferior parietal lobule and a portion of
      adjacent dorsal prestriate cortex (IPL-PS). 3. Visual inattention is commonly
      divided into two levels of severity. The more severe form, contralateral neglect,
      is the complete absence of behavioral response to a stimulus in the visual field
      contralateral to hemisphere damage. The less severe deficit, usually called
      visual extinction, is a tendency to ignore the contralateral of two visual
      stimuli when they appear simultaneously and symmetrically placed with respect to
      the center of the subject's surroundings. The five monkeys in this study were
      tested on a stimulus paradigm which simultaneously measured the severity of
      visual neglect and also the amount and duration of visual extinction which were
      produced by the cortical lesions. 4. All monkeys displayed contralateral visual
      extinction after unilateral posterior parietal or parietooccipital lesions. Three
      of the five monkeys showed a reversal of the visual extinction after a second,
      symmetrical lesion was placed in the opposite hemisphere. No monkey showed
      evidence of full-blown contralateral neglect after lesions limited to the
      parietooccipital cortex, either in the formal testing situation or during
      informal neurological examinations. The severity of the observed inattention did
      not appear to be related to the size of the cortical lesions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2918351
TI  - Impulse activity of a crayfish motoneuron regulated its neuromuscular synaptic
      properties.
AB  - 1. Previous studies have demonstrated that initial transmitter release,
      fatigability, and the morphology of identified crayfish neuromuscular synapses
      adapt to long-term changes in motoneuron impulse activity. 2. Experiments were
      performed to determine whether these long-term, adaptive alterations in
      neuromuscular synaptic physiology are triggered by changes in neuromuscular
      synaptic activity, muscle activity, or neuronal impulse activity. The fast closer
      excitor of the crayfish claw, a phasic motoneuron, was studied. Either the
      central or the peripheral region of the motoneuron was selectively stimulated in
      vivo by blocking impulse activity midway along the motor axon with localized
      application of tetrodotoxin and stimulating either central or distal to the
      blocked region. 3. Neither muscle activity nor transmitter release from the
      neuromuscular synapses was required to trigger the changes in synaptic
      physiology. Stimulation central to the block induced changes in neuromuscular
      transmission that included a long-lasting decrease in initial transmitter release
      and increased fatique resistance. 4. Because peripheral stimulation also produced
      decreased initial transmitter release, it appears that increased impulse activity
      in either region of the motoneuron can produce the synaptic changes. These
      results along with earlier findings suggest that neuronal depolarization induces
      adaptive, long-term changes in synapses. 5. These results are discussed in
      relation to findings at vertebrate and invertebrate synapses.

PMID- 2918352
TI  - Long-lasting reduction of excitability by a sodium-dependent potassium current in
      cat neocortical neurons.
AB  - 1. The function and ionic mechanism of a slow outward current were studied in
      large layer V neurons of cat sensorimotor cortex using an in vitro slice
      preparation and single microelectrode voltage clamp. 2. With Ca2+ influx blocked,
      a slow relaxation ("tail") of outward current followed either (1) repetitive
      firing evoked for 1 s or (2) a small 1-s depolarizing voltage clamp step that
      activated the persistent Na+ current of neocortical neurons, INaP. When a
      depolarization that activated INaP was maintained, an outward current gradually
      developed and increased in amplitude over a period of tens of seconds to several
      minutes. An outward tail current of similar duration followed repolarization. The
      slow outward current was abolished by TTX, indicating it depended on Na+ influx.
      3. With Ca2+ influx blocked, the onset of the slow Na+-dependent outward current
      caused spike frequency adaptation during current-evoked repetitive firing.
      Following the firing, the decay of the Na+-dependent current caused a slow
      afterhyperpolarization (sAHP) and a long-lasting reduction of excitability. It
      also was responsible for habituation of the response to repeated identical
      current pulses. 4. The Na+-dependent tail current had properties expected of a K+
      current. Membrane chord conductance increased during the tail, and tail amplitude
      was reduced or reversed by membrane potential hyperpolarization and raised
      extracellular K+ concentration [( K+]0). 5. The current tail was reduced
      reversibly by the K+ channel blockers TEA (5-10 mM), muscarine (5-20 microM), and
      norepinephrine (100 microM). These agents also resulted in a larger, more
      sustained inward current during the preceding step depolarization. Comparison of
      current time course before and after the application of blocking agents suggested
      that, in spite of its capability for slow buildup and decay, the onset of the Na+
      dependent outward current occurs within 100 ms of an adequate step
      depolarization. 6. With Ca2+ influx blocked, extracellular application of
      dantrolene sodium (30 microM) had no clear effect on the current tail or the
      corresponding sAHP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2918353
TI  - Norepinephrine selectively reduces slow Ca2+- and Na+-mediated K+ currents in cat
      neocortical neurons.
AB  - 1. The effects of norepinephrine (NE) and related agonists and antagonists were
      examined on large neurons from layer V of cat sensorimotor cortex ("Betz cells")
      were examined in a brain slice preparation using intracellular recording,
      constant current stimulation and single microelectrode voltage clamp. 2.
      Application of NE (0.1-100 microM) usually caused a small depolarization from
      resting potential; hyperpolarizations were rare. Application of NE reversibly
      reduced rheobase and both the Ca2+- and Na+-dependent portions of the slow
      afterhyperpolarization (sAHP) that followed sustained firing evoked by constant
      current injection. The faster Ca2+-dependent medium afterhyperpolarization
      (mAHP), the fast afterhyperpolarization (fAHP), the action potential, and input
      resistance were unaffected. 3. The changes in excitability produced by NE
      application were most apparent during prolonged stimulation. The cells exhibited
      steady repetitive firing to currents that were formerly ineffective. The slow
      phase of spike frequency adaptation was reduced selectively and less habituation
      occurred during repeated long-lasting stimuli. The relation between firing rate
      and injected current became steeper if firing rate was averaged over several
      hundred milliseconds. 4. During voltage clamp in TTX, NE application selectively
      reduced the slow component of Ca2+-mediated K+ current. The faster Ca2+-mediated
      K+ current was unaffected, as were two voltage-dependent, transient K+ currents,
      the anomalous rectifier and leakage conductance measured at resting potential.
      Depolarizing voltage steps in the presence of Cd2+ revealed an apparent time- and
      voltage-dependent increase of the persistent Na+ current after NE application.
      The voltage-clamp results suggested ionic mechanisms for all effects seen during
      constant current stimulation except the depolarization from resting potential.
      The latter was insensitive to Cd2+ and TTX and occurred without a detectable
      change in membrane conductance. 5. NE application did not alter Ca2+ spikes
      evoked in the presence of TTX and 10 mM TEA. Inward Ca2+ currents examined during
      voltage clamp in TTX (with K+ currents reduced) became slightly larger after NE
      application. We conclude that NEs reduction of the slow Ca2+-mediated K+ current
      is not caused by reduction of Ca2+ influx. 6. Effects on membrane potential,
      rheobase, and the sAHP were mimicked by the beta-adrenergic agonist
      isoproterenol, but not by the alpha-adrenergic agonists clonidine or
      phenylephrine at higher concentrations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2918354
TI  - Temporal coding of envelopes and their interaural delays in the inferior
      colliculus of the unanesthetized rabbit.
AB  - 1. The difference in the time of arrival of a sound at the two ears can be used
      to locate its source along the azimuth. Traditionally, it has been thought that
      only the on-going interaural temporal disparities (ITDs) produced by sounds of
      lower frequency (approximately less than 2 kHz) could be used for this purpose.
      However, ongoing ITDs of low frequency are also produced by envelopes of
      amplitude-modulated (AM) tones. These ITDs can be detected and used to lateralize
      complex high-frequency sounds (1, 8, 12, 15, 22, 24, 26). Auditory neurons
      synchronize to the modulation envelope, but do so at progressively lower
      modulation frequencies at higher levels of the auditory pathway. Some neurons of
      the cochlear nucleus synchronize best to frequencies as high as 700 Hz, but those
      of the inferior colliculus (IC) exhibit their best synchrony below 200 Hz. Even
      though synchrony to higher modulation frequencies is reduced at higher levels of
      the auditory pathway, is information about ITDs retained? 2. We answered this
      question by extracellularly recording the responses of neurons in the IC of the
      unanesthetized rabbit. We used an unanesthetized preparation because anesthesia
      alters the responses of neurons in the IC to both monaurally presented tones and
      ITDs. The unanesthetized rabbit is ideal for auditory research. Recordings can be
      maintained for long periods, and the acoustic stimulus to each ear can be
      independently controlled. 3. We studied the responses of 89 units to sinusoidally
      AM tones presented to the contralateral ear. For each unit, we recorded the
      response at several modulation frequencies. The degree of phase locking to the
      envelope at each frequency was measured using the synchronization coefficient.
      Two measures were used to assess the range of modulation frequencies over which
      phase locking occurred. The "best AM frequency" was the frequency at which we
      observed the greatest phase locking. The "highest AM frequency" was the highest
      frequency at which significant phase locking (0.001 level) was observed. We could
      not assess synchrony to ipsilateral AM tones directly, because most units did not
      respond to ipsilateral stimulation. 4. We studied the sensitivity of 63 units to
      ITDs produced by the envelopes of AM tones. Sensitivity to ITDs was tested by
      presenting AM tones to the two ears that had the same carrier frequency, but
      modulation frequencies that differed by 1 Hz. Units that were sensitive to ITDs
      responded to this stimulus by varying their response rate cyclically at the
      difference frequency, i.e., 1 Hz.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2918355
TI  - Monaural and binaural response properties of neurons in the inferior colliculus
      of the rabbit: effects of sodium pentobarbital.
AB  - 1. We studied the effects of sodium pentobarbital on 22 neurons in the inferior
      colliculus (IC) of the rabbit. We recorded changes in the sensitivity of these
      neurons to monaural stimulation and to ongoing interaural time differences
      (ITDs). Monaural stimuli were tone bursts at or near the neuron's best frequency.
      The ITD was varied by delivering tones that differed by 1 Hz to the two ears,
      resulting in a 1-Hz binaural beat. 2. We assessed a neuron's ITD sensitivity by
      calculating three measures from the responses to binaural beats: composite delay,
      characteristic delay (CD), and characteristic phase (CP). To obtain the composite
      delay, we first derived period histograms by averaging, showing the response at
      each stimulating frequency over one period of the beat frequency. Second, the
      period histograms were replotted as a function of their equivalent interaural
      delay and then averaged together to yield the composite delay curve. Last, we
      calculated the composite peak or trough delay by fitting a parabola to the peak
      or trough of this composite curve. The composite delay curve represents the
      average response to all frequencies within the neuron's responsive range, and the
      peak reflects the interaural delay that produces the maximum response. The CD and
      CP were estimated from a weighted fit of a regression line to the plot of the
      mean interaural phase of the response versus the stimulating frequency. The slope
      and phase intercept of this regression line yielded estimates of CD and CP,
      respectively. These two quantities are thought to reflect the mechanism of ITD
      sensitivity, which involves the convergence of phase-locked inputs on a binaural
      cell. The CD estimates the difference in the time required for the two inputs to
      travel from either ear to this cell, whereas the CP reflects the interaural phase
      difference of the inputs at this cell. 3. Injections of sodium pentobarbital at
      subsurgical dosages (less than 25 mg/kg) almost invariably altered the neuron's
      response rate, response latency, response pattern, and spontaneous activity. Most
      of these changes were predictable and consistent with an enhancement of
      inhibitory influences. For example, if the earliest response was inhibitory,
      later excitation was usually reduced and latency increased. If the earliest
      response was excitatory, the level of this excitation was unaltered or slightly
      enhanced, and changes in latency were minimal. 4. The neuron's response pattern
      also changed in a predictable way. For example, a response with an inhibitory
      pause could either change to a response with a longer pause or to a response with
      an onset only.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2918356
TI  - A differential synaptic input to the motor nuclei of triceps surae from the
      caudal and lateral cutaneous sural nerves.
AB  - 1. Postsynaptic potentials (PSPs) were recorded in 115 triceps surae motoneurons
      of 10 chloralose-anesthetized adult cats (spinal cord intact), upon electrical
      stimulation of the caudal and lateral cutaneous sural nerve branches (CCS and
      LCS, respectively). 2. With twice threshold (2T) stimulation of CCS, excitatory
      PSPs (EPSPs) were the predominant effect in 95% of all medial gastrocnemius (MG)
      motoneurons tested (min. central latency 1.5 ms; mean 2.4 ms). In only a few MG
      cells was the EPSP followed by an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) and in
      only one cell was an IPSP the sole effect. Increasing the stimulus intensity to
      5T tended to enhance both the later EPSP and IPSP components, with less change in
      the amplitude or latency of the earliest EPSPs. 3. In lateral gastrocnemius (LG)
      and soleus (SOL) motoneurons, 2T CCS stimulation led to either inhibition or no
      potential change in the majority of cells tested: EPSPs were the predominant
      effect in only 15 and 30% of LG and SOL cells, respectively (min. central latency
      2.5 ms; mean 3.0 ms) and rarely occurred without subsequent inhibition. Again,
      increasing the stimulus intensity to 5T had more of an effect on later rather
      than earlier PSP components. 4. A predominance of depolarization in MG
      motoneurons but not in SOL motoneurons is in agreement with previous findings
      that CCS excitation is more powerful in "fast type" triceps surae motoneurons.
      However, the strong predominance of hyperpolarizing effects of CCS stimulation in
      the present LG population is evidence that such an organization does not
      transcend triceps surae motor nuclei as a whole. 5. Postsynaptic effects of LCS
      stimulation at 2T were frequently weak or absent but increasing the stimulus
      intensity to 5T produced predominant inhibition in 71% of all triceps surae
      motoneurons studied (n = 107). Of the few cells which did receive excitation from
      this nerve, most were MG, a few were SOL, and none were LG. These EPSPs occurred
      more frequently at 5T than at lower stimulation strengths. 6. The results
      indicate that excitation produced by electrical stimulation of the ipsilateral
      CCS nerve occurs preferentially in the MG portion of triceps surae and with the
      shortest central latencies. Effects of LCS stimulation are largely inhibitory
      throughout the motor nuclei comprising triceps surae but even here, the presence
      of excitation occurs more frequently in MG. A comparison of these results with
      those in other reports is discussed.

PMID- 2918357
TI  - Thalamocortical response transformation in the rat vibrissa/barrel system.
AB  - 1. Extracellular single-unit recordings and controlled whisker stimuli were used
      to compare response properties between cells in the "barreloids" of the thalamic
      ventrobasal complex and those in the cytochrome oxidase-rich centers of the
      "barrels" in the first somatic sensory cortex. Individual vibrissae were
      deflected alone or in paired combination involving the neuron's maximally
      excitatory whisker and an adjacent one in the same or neighboring whisker rows.
      Quantitative data were derived from 135 thalamocortical unit's (TCUs), 242
      "regular-spike" barrel units (RSUs), and 16 "fast-spike" barrel units (FSUs)
      recorded in 26 normal adult rats. 2. Compared with TCUs, RSUs displayed lower
      rates of spontaneous activity and responded less vigorously to whisker stimuli.
      Proportionally, more than twice as many TCUs as RSUs responded in slowly adapting
      fashion to at least one angular direction of whisker displacement. Discharges of
      slowly adapting TCUs were approximately 3.5 times greater than those of slowly
      adapting RSUs. 3. Proportionally, about twice as many TCUs than RSUs responded
      selectively to whisker movements in different angular directions. 4. Cells in the
      thalamus responded more vigorously to a larger number of whiskers than RSUs in
      the cortex. Depending on the stimulus conditions, two to three times more TCUs
      than RSUs were excited by two or more whiskers. 5. Following displacement of an
      adjacent whisker, unit discharges to subsequent deflections of the maximally
      excitatory whisker were reduced in a time-dependent fashion. The time course of
      response suppression was similar in TCUs and RSUs, but inhibitory interactions
      between adjacent whiskers were observed much less often in the thalamus. A cyclic
      pattern of stimulus-evoked excitation/inhibition characterizes responses in the
      cortical barrels but is considerably less pronounced in the thalamic barreloids.
      6. The presence and/or degree of response suppression depended on which adjacent
      whisker was stimulated and on the angular direction of that whisker's movement.
      For individual TCUs, some adjacent whiskers evoked inhibition, others did not.
      The vast majority of RSUs displayed response suppression to all adjacent
      whiskers. Unlike receptive fields of TCUs, those of RSUs have small--i.e., single
      whisker--excitatory centers with potent and symmetrical inhibitory surrounds. 7.
      Fast-spike units in the barrels displayed the greatest spontaneous and stimulus
      evoked activities and were the least selective for whisker movements at different
      angular directions. FSUs had the largest excitatory receptive fields; 100%
      responded to two or more vibrissae.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2918358
TI  - Mnemonic coding of visual space in the monkey's dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
AB  - 1. An oculomotor delayed-response task was used to examine the spatial memory
      functions of neurons in primate prefrontal cortex. Monkeys were trained to fixate
      a central spot during a brief presentation (0.5 s) of a peripheral cue and
      throughout a subsequent delay period (1-6 s), and then, upon the extinction of
      the fixation target, to make a saccadic eye movement to where the cue had been
      presented. Cues were usually presented in one of eight different locations
      separated by 45 degrees. This task thus requires monkeys to direct their gaze to
      the location of a remembered visual cue, controls the retinal coordinates of the
      visual cues, controls the monkey's oculomotor behavior during the delay period,
      and also allows precise measurement of the timing and direction of the relevant
      behavioral responses. 2. Recordings were obtained from 288 neurons in the
      prefrontal cortex within and surrounding the principal sulcus (PS) while monkeys
      performed this task. An additional 31 neurons in the frontal eye fields (FEF)
      region within and near the anterior bank of the arcuate sulcus were also studied.
      3. Of the 288 PS neurons, 170 exhibited task-related activity during at least one
      phase of this task and, of these, 87 showed significant excitation or inhibition
      of activity during the delay period relative to activity during the intertrial
      interval. 4. Delay period activity was classified as directional for 79% of these
      87 neurons in that significant responses only occurred following cues located
      over a certain range of visual field directions and were weak or absent for other
      cue directions. The remaining 21% were omnidirectional, i.e., showed comparable
      delay period activity for all visual field locations tested. Directional
      preferences, or lack thereof, were maintained across different delay intervals (1
      6 s). 5. For 50 of the 87 PS neurons, activity during the delay period was
      significantly elevated above the neuron's spontaneous rate for at least one cue
      location; for the remaining 37 neurons only inhibitory delay period activity was
      seen. Nearly all (92%) neurons with excitatory delay period activity were
      directional and few (8%) were omnidirectional. Most (62%) neurons with purely
      inhibitory delay period activity were directional, but a substantial minority
      (38%) was omnidirectional. 6. Fifteen of the neurons with excitatory directional
      delay period activity also had significant inhibitory delay period activity for
      other cue directions. These inhibitory responses were usually strongest for, or
      centered about, cue directions roughly opposite those optimal for excitatory
      responses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2918359
TI  - Input-output relationships of the primary face motor cortex in the monkey (Macaca
      fascicularis).
AB  - 1. Somatosensory afferent input and its relationship with efferent output were
      examined in the primary face motor cortex (MI) and adjacent cerebral cortical
      areas. Excitatory afferent inputs were tested in a total of 1,654 single neurons
      recorded in awake or anesthetized monkeys (Macaca fascicularis), and output was
      characterized in these same monkeys by the movement and EMG responses evoked by
      intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) at the neuronal recording sites. 2. Most
      neurons in the MI area responded to light tactile stimulation of the orofacial
      region, especially the upper lip, lower lip, and tongue. Although contralateral
      afferent inputs predominated, 21% of the neurons received ipsilateral or
      bilateral orofacial inputs. The afferent input evoked by tactile stimulation of
      the upper and lower lips was represented especially at the medial border and the
      input from the tongue at the lateral border of MI. However, in most regions of MI
      between the medial and lateral borders, an intermingling of tactile inputs from
      different orofacial areas occurred. Multiple representation of tactile input from
      the same orofacial area was found in several, often quite separate, intracortical
      sites in MI. 3. Only a small proportion of the MI neurons could be activated by
      the deep stimuli used (e.g., stretch and pressure applied to muscle, passive jaw
      movement, low-intensity stimulation of hypoglossal nerve) from the orofacial
      region. Those neurons which did respond to these low-threshold deep inputs were
      not clearly segregated from those which responded to tactile input, although most
      of the neurons receiving deep input were located in the rostral part of MI. 4. A
      somatotopic pattern of representation of orofacial tactile input was more obvious
      in the primary face somatosensory cortex (SI). At the medial border of SI, the
      periorbital area was represented, then followed laterally in sequence the tactile
      representation of the upper lip, lower lip, and intraoral area. Contralateral
      afferent inputs predominated, but as in MI, a considerable proportion of SI
      neurons received ipsilateral or bilateral orofacial inputs. Few neurons in the
      region explored (areas 3b, 1, and 2) responded to deep orofacial stimuli. 5.
      Tactile input also dominated the input patterns of neurons in the premotor cortex
      (PM). Most neurons received ipsilateral or bilateral orofacial afferent inputs
      and no clear somatotopic pattern was noted. Several PM neurons were also
      activated by visual stimuli. 6. Muscle twitches evoked by ICMS were limited to
      MI.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2918360
TI  - Effects of baclofen on transient neurons in the mudpuppy retina: electrogenic and
      network actions.
AB  - 1. Baclofen increases transient light responses of amacrine and ganglion cells
      despite acting as a classical inhibitory transmitter to both hyperpolarize and
      shunt these cells. 2. This effect seems to occur at the level of the inner retina
      and appears not to be due to an additional input from bipolar cells. 3. In some
      transient cells baclofen increases the total amplitude of the light response but
      does not change the peak potential of the light evoked EPSP. In these cells, the
      baclofen-induced enhancement can be accounted for by an increase in driving force
      of the excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) resulting from the
      hyperpolarization. 4. However, in other cells the peak of the light response
      after baclofen application is greater, which cannot be accounted for by a change
      in driving force. This effect of baclofen can be mimicked by a blockers of gamma
      aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine, suggesting that in these cells baclofen's
      enhancement is due in part to network effects resulting in a removal of sustained
      inhibition. 5. Therefore, the paradoxical effect of an inhibitory transmitter
      producing an enhancement of synaptic responses seems due to at least two
      mechanisms. 6. The results indicate that some transient cells receive significant
      tonic inhibition which limits their response amplitude in a push-pull type
      mechanism, but other cells are not under this inhibitory control process.

PMID- 2918361
TI  - Encoding of electrical, thermal, and mechanical noxious stimuli by subnucleus
      reticularis dorsalis neurons in the rat medulla.
AB  - 1. In anesthetized rats, recordings were made within the medullary subnucleus
      reticularis dorsalis (SRD) from neurons that exhibited convergence of nociceptive
      inputs from the entire body. Neurons with total nociceptive convergence (TNC)
      responded to suprathreshold percutaneous electrical stimuli (2-ms duration) with
      an early and a late peak due to activation of A delta- and C-fibers,
      respectively, no matter which part of the body was stimulated. Neurons with
      partial nociceptive convergence (PNC) responded to the same stimuli with an A
      delta-peak regardless of which part of the body was stimulated and with a C-peak
      of activation from some, mainly contralateral, parts of the body. The
      characteristics of the responses of these neurons to the application of graded
      intensities of electrical, thermal, and mechanical stimuli were analyzed. 2. All
      TNC neurons and 85% of PNC neurons responded to A delta- and C-fiber activation
      following percutaneous electrical stimulation of the contralateral hindpaw. With
      regard to A delta-fiber-evoked responses, a linear relationship between the
      logarithm of the applied current and the magnitude of the responses was found
      within the 0.25- to 6.0-mA and 0.5- to 24-mA ranges for TNC and PNC neurons,
      respectively; however, these curves were essentially similar. With regard to C
      fiber-evoked responses, such a linear relationship was found within the 1.5- to
      6.0-mA range for both types of SRD neurons, although the TNC neurons presented
      larger C-fiber-evoked responses than did the PNC neurons. 3. TNC and PNC neurons
      linearly increased their discharges during the application of noxious thermal
      stimuli to the contralateral hindpaw within the range 44-52 degrees C; the mean
      responses evoked by noxious heat from TNC neurons were of higher magnitude than
      those from PNC neurons. The majority of SRD neurons presented long-lasting
      afterdischarges, especially with the highest temperature employed (52 degrees C).
      4. TNC neurons monotonically increased their discharges during graded mechanical
      or thermal stimulation of the tail. When mechanical stimuli were applied, a
      linear relationship was found between the logarithm of the strength of the
      mechanical stimulus and the neuronal discharges, in the 5.3- to 7.4-N/cm2 range.
      With thermal stimulation, TNC neurons linearly increased their discharges in the
      44-52 degrees C range. When increasing amounts of the tail were immersed in a 50
      degrees C waterbath, TNC neurons increased their discharges within a restricted
      range of tail surface areas (0.9-5.7 cm2); further increases in the stimulated
      surface size were not followed by increases in firing rate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      400 WORDS)

PMID- 2918362
TI  - Variance analysis of excitatory postsynaptic potentials in cat spinal motoneurons
      during posttetanic potentiation.
AB  - 1. Fluctuations in the peak amplitudes of composite excitatory postsynaptic
      potentials (EPSPs) in cat spinal motoneurons were analyzed during posttetanic
      potentiation (PTP). Each of a series of identical tetanic stimulus trains
      delivered to a muscle nerve was followed by 45 test stimuli applied at 2-s
      intervals. The mean peak amplitude and mean peak variance were calculated for
      EPSPs evoked by all those stimuli following a tetanus with the same time
      interval. It was assumed that the variance arises primarily from the
      probabilistic all-or-none behavior of single synaptic boutons and background
      noise due to spontaneous synaptic activity and thermal noise in the recording
      system. The variance was corrected for the contribution from additive Gaussian
      background noise. 2. If it is assumed that individual synaptic boutons behave
      independently, corrected mean peak variance and mean peak amplitude are related
      by a parabolic function. The expected parabolic relationship was seen in 9 of 31
      cases studied, and the parameters of the best parabolic fit to the data allowed
      estimation of some synaptic properties. From these parameters, the mean amplitude
      of the unit EPSP (v) was estimated to be 102.1 +/- 57.4 (SD) microV. An average
      of 3.7 boutons comprised each Ia-motoneuron contact system. 3. On average, only
      27% of all synaptic boutons given off by the stimulated Ia fibers to one
      motoneuron were active and releasing transmitter during unpotentiated reflex
      transmission. The remaining 73% of the synapse population was intermittently
      silent. The population of boutons which took part in synaptic transmission could
      be divided into two subpopulations, one with a release probability P = 1 and a
      second with a mean release probability P = 0.13 +/- 0.086. 4. We conclude that
      synaptic boutons connecting Ia afferents to motoneurons exist in two populations,
      one having a high and one a low probability of transmitter release. Transmitter
      release is quantal, resulting in a unit EPSP of approximately 100 microV measured
      at the motoneuron soma.

PMID- 2918363
TI  - Evidence that repetitive seizures in the hippocampus cause a lasting reduction of
      GABAergic inhibition.
AB  - 1. A method was developed to quantify paired-pulse depression of population
      spikes in the CA1 region of the hippocampus of urethane-anesthetized rats with
      paired stimuli to the contralateral CA3 region at various states of excitability
      of pyramidal cells. This method was applied to measure changes following
      recurrent seizures, a single seizure, or long-term potentiation (LTP). 2. In
      naive animals paired-pulse depression was highly variable at low stimulus
      intensities, but constant above a certain "threshold" stimulus intensity. The
      potency of paired-pulse depression also depended on the time between paired
      stimuli, being maximal at an interpulse interval of 20 ms. The general
      relationships of paired-pulse depression to stimulus intensity and to interpulse
      interval were unaltered after LTP, after a single seizure, and after recurrent
      seizures, but there were quantitative changes in the last two cases. 3. A variety
      of pharmacologic agents known to interact with GABAergic inhibition were studied
      for their effect on paired-pulse depression. These agents affected earlier phases
      of paired-pulse depression (interpulse intervals less than or equal to 100 ms).
      The GABA agonist muscimol and the benzodiazepine diazepam enhanced paired-pulse
      depression whereas the GABA antagonist bicuculline decreased it. 4. Repeated
      seizures elicited by trains (50-Hz, 10-s durations every 5 min) of electrical
      stimuli to the hippocampus were associated with progressive lengthening of
      afterdischarges. 5. Recurrent seizures caused a statistically significant
      reduction in the potency of earlier phases of paired-pulse depression. There was
      an increase in the potency of later phases of paired-pulse depression after
      recurrent seizures, but this was not statistically significant. These changes
      were present for at least 2 h after the last seizure. 6. An antidromic-orthdromic
      paired-pulse protocol was used to exclude slow conductance changes as the cause
      of paired-pulse depression. Paired-pulse depression measured with this method was
      also decreased by recurrent seizures. 7. A single seizure caused a small
      reduction in paired-pulse depression that dissipated in less than an hour. 8. A
      single seizure caused LTP of stimulus intensity versus population spike curves
      whereas recurrent seizures attenuated or even reversed the potentiation, leading
      to a rightward shift of the curves relative to control curves. When LTP was
      produced by a less intense stimulus train (50-Hz, 400-ms duration), there were no
      associated seizures nor was there any change in paired-pulse depression.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2918364
TI  - Loss of inhibition precedes delayed spontaneous seizures in the hippocampus after
      tetanic electrical stimulation.
AB  - 1. The electrophysiological consequences of a "continuous" hippocampal
      stimulation protocol consisting of 10-s-long stimulus trains administered every
      11 s for 90 min to the hippocampus of urethane-anesthetized rats were studied.
      During the period of stimulation, there was an initial phase with tonic
      discharges occurring every 1-2 min followed by a secondary phase in which there
      were well-demarcated recurrent clonic seizures. 2. At the end of the 90 min
      stimulation period, 7 out of a total of 14 animals studied show epileptiform
      activity that lasted one-half hour. The other half show disappearance of
      epileptiform activity within 2 min after terminating the stimulus. In all the
      animals a quiescent period then followed. In 11 of the animals studied,
      spontaneous seizures reappeared after the quiescent period had been present for
      several hours. 3. A paired-pulse method that in previous studies had been shown
      to reflect the functional state of GABAergic inhibition was employed. Paired
      pulse depression in the CA1 region of the hippocampus was measured before
      administration of stimulus trains, in the quiescent period following the trains,
      and during and after spontaneous seizures. By comparing indices of maximal
      inhibition under the various experimental conditions, estimates of the relative
      amount of inhibition lost could be made. 4. All animals showed reduction of
      paired-pulse depression in the quiescent period following stimulation when
      compared with prestimulation values.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2918365
TI  - Depth distribution of neuronal activity related to a visual reaction time task in
      the monkey prefrontal cortex.
AB  - 1. The depth distributions of neurons with changes in activity during a visual
      reaction time task were investigated in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of the
      macaque monkey, using glass micropipettes. The task was initiated by the monkey
      pressing a lever and consisted of an initial waiting phase (3.0-s period); a
      warning phase (green lamp, a variable period of 1.5-3.5 s); a lever-release GO
      phase (red lamp); and a final reward phase. The locations of neurons, in terms of
      the cortical layer, whose activities were recorded during performance of the
      task, were estimated histologically by marks made during the recording session.
      Marks were made by passing a DC current (anodal, 10-20 microA, 10-20 s) through
      the tip of an electrode which contained carbon fibers. Manipulator readings
      during the experiments and measurements of the distance of the marks from the
      cortical surface for 28 electrode penetrations showed a discrepancy of 2.0 +/-
      5.0%, indicating that the depths at which task-related neurons were located could
      be estimated with errors of less than 10%. 2. Out of 162 task-related neurons
      recorded during 31 electrode penetrations, 53 showed changes in activity only
      during the warning phase (W-type; 19 phasic, 10 phasic-tonic, and 24 tonic), 37
      showed changes only during the GO phase (GO-type; 4 Cue-coupled, 27 Intermediate,
      and 6 Movement-coupled), 34 showed changes during both the warning and GO phases
      (WG-type; 9 phasic, 10 phasic-tonic, and 15 tonic), and 38 showed changes during
      the reward phase (RE-type; 22 phasic and 16 tonic). 3. The various task-related
      neurons were distributed differently in different layers. Most neurons were
      recorded from layers III through V. In layer I, no neurons were recorded. In
      layer II, only a small number of neurons, with changes during the warning phase,
      were recorded (n = 7, 4%). One-third of the neurons were recorded in layer III (n
      = 51, 32%); neurons with changes during the warning phase were the most numerous
      (n = 24) and were significantly more numerous than neurons with changes
      associated with other phases of the task. One-fourth of the neurons were recorded
      in layer IV (n = 43, 27%); neurons with changes during the reward phase were the
      most numerous (n = 19), and were significantly more numerous than neurons with
      changes during both the warning and GO phases and also more numerous than neurons
      with changes during the GO phase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2918366
TI  - Components of the responses of a population of DSCT neurons determined from
      single-unit recordings.
AB  - 1. Impulse activity of single units belonging to the dorsal spinocerebella tract
      (DSCT) was recorded in response to electrical stimulation of peripheral muscle
      nerves at group I intensities. The responses for 187 units were determined using
      a spike train analysis technique that facilitates the comparison of poststimulus
      response time course across units (response probability function, RPF; 16). 2.
      The poststimulus changes in impulse activity were represented in the waveform of
      the RPF. Principal component analysis was used to determine the component
      waveforms that were common to the responses across units. The analysis showed
      that there were a few waveforms that dominated the majority of the responses (85%
      of the total variability was accounted for by five principal component
      waveforms). 3. A cluster analysis based on three principal component waveforms
      revealed seven major groups of responses according to the patterns of their
      poststimulus activity. These response types were composed of different
      combinations of short- or long-latency excitation and inhibition. The same
      clusters were formed regardless of response amplitude or the source of the
      stimulus. 4. The responses were characterized by three general features, revealed
      by the first three principal components. The primary feature was the sign of the
      response, either mostly excitatory or inhibitory. The second feature was a
      distinction between a short- (up to 15 ms) and long- (approximately 30 ms)
      latency to peak response, and the third feature was the appearance of two
      separate phases of opposite sign in some of the responses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2918367
TI  - Components of responses of a population of DSCT neurons to muscle stretch and
      contraction.
AB  - 1. Impulse activity of 264 units of the dorsal spinocerebellar tract (DSCT) was
      recorded during random contraction or stretch in hindlimb muscles. Contractions
      were evoked in either the isolated gastrocnemius-soleus (GS) muscles or the
      intact limb during crossed-extensor reflexes; stretches were applied to the
      isolated GS. 2. The time course of poststimulus changes in spike activity of DSCT
      neurons was determined from the response probability function (RPF; Ref. 15).
      These data were analyzed using principal component and cluster analysis to group
      the responses according to the RPF waveforms. 3. The responses to each type of
      stimulus displayed a remarkable similarity in time course, regardless of the type
      of stimulus used. The responses were also similar to those observed previously
      during single shock nerve stimulation (14). 4. The most reasonable explanation
      for these results is that the time course of excitability changes in DSCT neurons
      is determined less by particular types of receptors or patterns of afferent fiber
      activity than by the circuitry and afferent pathways impinging on the neurons of
      the DSCT. 5. The functional organization of DSCT suggested by these results
      includes a wide divergence from sensory receptors along polysynaptic pathways to
      DSCT neurons and considerable convergence onto each neuron from a diversity of
      receptors. Individual DSCT cells may respond to stimuli with one of a few stereo
      typical response patterns yet the distribution of those patterns among the units
      of the DSCT population may be unique for each stimulus.

PMID- 2918368
TI  - The two major phosphoproteins in growth cones are probably identical to two
      protein kinase C substrates correlated with persistence of long-term
      potentiation.
AB  - Regulation of neural protein kinase C (PKC) activity appears to directly affect
      the persistence of long-term potentiation (LTP; Akers and Routtenberg, 1985;
      Lovinger et al., 1985, 1986, 1987; Routtenberg et al., 1985, 1986; Akers et al.,
      1986; Linden et al., 1987), a model of neural plasticity (Bliss and Lomo, 1973).
      In addition, the in vitro phosphorylation of a brain-specific PKC substrate,
      protein F1 (Mr 47 kDa, pl 4.5), has been directly correlated with persistence of
      LTP (Lovinger et al., 1986). Because PKC has been implicated in neurite outgrowth
      and is present at high levels in growth cone-rich areas of fetal brain, we
      investigated and characterized PKC substrates in a preparation of isolated nerve
      growth cone fragments from fetal rat brain and compared them with PKC substrates
      found in adult rat hippocampus. Four major proteins in the growth cone
      preparation showed endogenous phosphorylation levels at least 10-fold greater
      than any other phosphoproteins. Three of these 4 phosphoproteins, termed pp40,
      pp46, and pp80 (Katz et al., 1985), were phosphorylated by exogenous PKC in a
      dose-dependent manner, indicating that PKC activity might be of particular
      importance relative to other kinases in growth cone function. The 2 most highly
      labeled PKC substrates, pp46 and pp80, comigrated on 2-dimensional gels with the
      adult hippocampal proteins F1 and "80k" (Mr 78-80 kDa, pl 4.0), respectively. In
      addition, similarities in charge heterogeneity, 2-dimensional phosphopeptide
      maps, and increased phosphorylation in the presence of exogenous PKC or PKC
      stimulators suggest that protein F1 and 80k are highly homologous to, if not
      identical to, pp46 and pp80, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2918369
TI  - Passive membrane properties of motorneurons and their role in long-distance
      signaling in the nematode Ascaris.
AB  - In the motornervous system of the large parasitic nematode, Ascaris suum, the
      dorsal and ventral nerve cords are connected by a repeating pattern of single
      identified motorneuron processes, called commissures (Stretton et al., 1978). By
      making microelectrode penetrations of the commissures, we here report the first
      successful intracellular recordings of nematode neurons. These cells, like muscle
      cells of Ascaris, exhibit resting potentials of approximately -30 to -40 mV.
      Several tests indicate that these are the normal resting potentials of the cells
      and are not low due to damage. Using 2 intracellular microelectrodes (one for
      stimulation and one for recording), we have determined the input resistance and
      cable properties of commissural motorneurons. Over the physiological voltage
      range, the steady-state I-V plots are linear with little indication that voltage
      sensitive conductances are contributing substantially to signaling. The membrane
      capacitance is comparable to that of single biological membranes (range, 0.4-0.9
      microF/cm2) and the internal resistivity (range, 79-314 omega cm) is similar to
      that found in other cells. Because of unusually large membrane resistances
      (range, 61-251 k omega cm2), the space constants, lambda, are high (range, 4-10
      mm). Such membrane properties produce cells that are well-designed for conducting
      passive signals over long distances. This long-distance signaling ability appears
      to be due to the intrinsic properties of the motorneuron membrane itself.

PMID- 2918370
TI  - Kinesthetic and visual control of a bimanual task: specification of direction and
      amplitude.
AB  - Kinesthetic information about a perturbation can quickly modify motor activity by
      producing reflexive compensation. The purpose of the present study was to
      determine how quickly kinesthetic information about target movement can modify
      motor activity. Visual information about target movement is known to guide motor
      activity both quickly and accurately. Therefore, we compared the speed and
      accuracy of responses to kinesthetically and visually presented targets. Human
      subjects produced changes in elbow torque as quickly and accurately as possible
      after the random presentation of 1 of 8 target torques. Information about the
      direction and amplitude of the target torque was provided either kinesthetically
      or visually. Responses to kinesthetic targets started at an average latency of
      150 msec, and after an additional 159 msec, these responses became accurately
      graded according to target amplitude. Responses to visual targets started at an
      average latency of 250 msec, and after an additional 208 msec, these responses
      became accurately graded according to target amplitude. The accuracy of responses
      to kinesthetic targets was very similar to the accuracy of responses to visual
      targets. We conclude that the neural processing of kinesthetic information about
      target movement is sufficiently fast and accurate to guide typical motor
      activities.

PMID- 2918371
TI  - Association of neurotensin binding sites with sensory and visceromotor components
      of the vagus nerve.
AB  - Specific neurotensin (NT) binding sites were recently shown to be highly
      concentrated in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), which receives primary
      vagal afferents, and in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMN), which
      contains the cell bodies of origin of vagal preganglionic neurons. To investigate
      the relationship of these binding sites with sensory and visceromotor components
      of the vagus nerve, they were labeled here in vitro, using
      monoiodo[Tyr3]neurotensin (125I-NT) and visualized by light microscopic
      radioautography in the dorsomedial medulla of both intact and unilaterally
      vagotomized rats, in the nodose ganglia of intact animals, and in ligated vagus
      nerves. Unilateral vagotomy performed above the nodose ganglion resulted in a
      significant ipsilateral decrease in 125I-NT binding within both the NTS and the
      DMN, suggesting that NT binding sites were associated with both primary afferent
      fibers and preganglionic nerve cell bodies. The selective radioautographic
      labeling of a subpopulation (approximately 15%) of neuronal perikarya in the
      nodose ganglion confirmed that a proportion of vagal afferent neurons contained
      NT binding sites. Following vagus nerve ligation, a pile up of radiolabeled NT
      binding sites was observed on both sides of the nerve crush, indicating that NT
      receptor components were transported both anterogradely and retrogradely along
      fibers of the vagus nerve. We conclude that NT receptors are synthesized and
      transported within a subpopulation of afferent and efferent components of the
      vagus nerve and that NT may therefore act presynaptically upon vagal axon
      terminals in both central and peripheral nervous systems.

PMID- 2918372
TI  - Inhibitors of protein kinase C prevent enhancement of calcium current and action
      potentials in peptidergic neurons of Aplysia.
AB  - Following brief stimulation of an afferent pathway, the bag cell neurons of
      Aplysia undergo a dramatic change in excitability, resulting in a prolonged
      discharge of spontaneous action potentials. During the discharge, the action
      potentials of the bag cell neurons become enhanced in height and width. The
      afterdischarge triggers release of neuroactive peptides that initiate egg-laying
      behavior in this animal. Evidence suggests that changes in excitability of the
      bag cell neurons may be mediated by activation of protein kinase C (PKC) and cAMP
      dependent protein kinase (cAMP-PK). PKC activators, such as the phorbol ester TPA
      (12-O-tetradecanoyl-13-phorbol acetate), enhance the amplitude of action
      potentials in isolated bag cell neurons in cell culture. These agents act by
      unmasking a previously covert species of voltage-dependent calcium channel
      resulting in an increase in calcium current. In the accompanying paper (Conn et
      al., 1989), we showed that H-7, a protein kinase inhibitor, inhibits the effect
      of TPA, and is a selective inhibitor of PKC relative to cAMP-PK in these cells.
      We now report that another PKC inhibitor, sphinganine, also inhibits the effect
      of TPA on action potential height and calcium current in cultured bag cell
      neurons, and that N-acetylsphinganine, an inactive sphinganine analog, fails to
      inhibit the effects of PKC activators. Although both H-7 and sphinganine prevent
      the effects of TPA when added prior to TPA addition, neither compound reverses
      the effects of TPA when added after the action potentials have already become
      enhanced by TPA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2918373
TI  - Interruptions of fictive scratch motor rhythms by activation of cutaneous flexion
      reflex afferents in the turtle.
AB  - A low-spinal immobilized turtle displays a fictive scratch reflex in hindlimb
      muscle nerves in response to mechanical stimulation of specific regions of the
      shell (Robertson et al., 1985). There are 3 forms of the scratch reflex: the
      rostral, the pocket, and the caudal; each exhibits rhythmic activation of
      hindlimb motor neurons. Cutaneous stimulation of the distal hindlimb elicits a
      fictive flexion reflex that exhibits tonic excitation of hip protractor (flexor)
      motor neurons and tonic inhibition of knee extensor motor neurons (Stein et al.,
      1982). In the present study, we describe the motor pattern blends that resulted
      from transient activation of either the ipsilateral or the contralateral flexion
      reflex pathway during ongoing scratch motor patterns. Two types of blends were
      observed: (1) insertions of a flexion reflex synergy into an interrupted scratch
      cycle and (2) deletions of parts of a scratch cycle. Associated with each type of
      motor pattern blend was a permanent reset of the ongoing scratch rhythm. The sign
      of the reset (phase-advance or phase-delay) could be predicted for all forms of
      the scratch based on the location of the foot stimulus (ipsi- or contralateral)
      and its timing relative to the hip protractor/retractor cycle. The timing of knee
      extensor activity within the hip cycle is different for each form of the scratch
      (Robertson et al., 1985); thus, the sign of the reset cannot be predicted from
      the timing of the stimulus relative to the knee extensor cycle. These results
      indicate the importance of the hip rhythm in determining the overall timing of
      the scratch reflex.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2918374
TI  - Two sexually dimorphic cell groups in the human brain.
AB  - A quantitative analysis of the volume of 4 cell groups in the preoptic-anterior
      hypothalamic area (PO-AHA) and of the supraoptic nucleus (SON) of the human brain
      was performed in 22 age-matched male and female individuals. We suggest the term
      Interstitial Nuclei of the Anterior Hypothalamus (INAH 1-4) to identify these 4
      previously undescribed cell groups in the PO-AHA. While 2 INAH and the SON were
      not sexually dimorphic, gender-related differences were found in the other 2 cell
      groups. One nucleus (INAH-3) was 2.8 times larger in the male brain than in the
      female brain irrespective of age. The other cell group (INAH-2) was twice as
      large in the male brain, but also appeared to be related in women to circulating
      steroid hormone levels. Since the PO-AHA influences gonadotropin secretion,
      maternal behavior, and sexual behavior in several mammalian species, these
      results suggest that functional sex differences in the hypothalamus may be
      related to sex differences in neural structure.

PMID- 2918375
TI  - Peripheral target choice by homologous neurons during embryogenesis of the
      medicinal leech. I. Segment-specific preferences of Retzius cells.
AB  - A pair of large serotonergic neurons, the Retzius (Rz) cells, is found in each
      segment of the leech nervous system. Most Rz cells innervate the body wall of
      their own segment as well as adjacent anterior and posterior segments. Rz cells
      in segments 5 and 6 [Rz (5,6)] instead innervate the reproductive tissue found
      only in those segments. Rz cells from adjacent segments [Rz (4,7)] provide the
      serotonergic innervation of the body wall of segments 5 and 6. During
      embryogenesis, the body wall and the reproductive tissue are apparently available
      to both Rz (5,6) and Rz (4,7), yet these neurons choose different targets. We
      asked how Rz (5,6) and Rz (4,7) choose their respective peripheral targets in the
      reproductive segments by ablating either the reproductive tissue or specific Rz
      cells. Ablation of the reproductive tissue caused Rz (5,6) to innervate body
      wall, although not as proficiently as did standard Rz cells, suggesting a
      preference of Rz (5,6) for reproductive tissue. Ablation of those Rz cells that
      would normally innervate the body wall of segments 5 and 6 did not cause Rz (5,6)
      to innervate body wall, ruling out competition for this target. When Rz (5,6)
      were ablated, Rz (4,7) innervated the body wall of segments 5 and 6 normally and
      did not innervate reproductive tissue. Thus, competition did not act in the
      choice of target by Rz (4,7) either. These results suggest that during normal
      development, Rz (5,6) and Rz (4,7) choose their targets independently of one
      another rather than competing for the available targets and that these cells have
      segment-specific target preferences.

PMID- 2918376
TI  - Peripheral target choice by homologous neurons during embryogenesis of the
      medicinal leech. II. Innervation of ectopic reproductive tissue by
      nonreproductive Retzius cells.
AB  - Most Retzius (Rz) cells innervate the body wall of their own and adjacent
      segments, whereas Rz cells in segments 5 and 6 [Rz (5,6)] innervate the
      reproductive tissue, which is found only in those segments. Results from the
      preceding paper (Loer and Kristan, 1989a) showed that Rz (5,6) and standard Rz
      cells do not normally compete for their respective peripheral targets. These
      experiments did not, however, distinguish between 2 other possible mechanisms of
      target selection: intrinsic differences in target preference or differences in
      the timing of target contact. In order to separate these possibilities
      experimentally, we transplanted reproductive primordia to standard segments. We
      found that standard Rz cells were capable of densely innervating ectopic
      reproductive tissue, provided the target was transplanted at an appropriate time
      and location. Furthermore, after some processes of standard Rz cells contacted
      ectopic reproductive tissue, the rest of the cell's processes showed their growth
      in a way reminiscent of Rz (5,6) processes. These results strongly suggest that
      Rz (5,6) innervate reproductive tissue at least partly because their processes
      contact this target during a period that is optimal for them to associate with
      the target, or when the reproductive tissue is most attractive to Rz processes,
      or both.

PMID- 2918377
TI  - Visual-visual associative learning and reward-association learning in monkeys:
      the role of the amygdala.
AB  - Three Cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) took part in an experiment on
      visual learning set in an automatic apparatus. Each new visual discrimination
      problem was solved using a visual secondary reinforcer consisting of a white
      line. If the monkey chose the correct stimulus (by touching it), the white line
      appeared over the correct stimulus. Primary food reward was delivered only after
      a new problem was solved to a criterion, and the problem was then replaced by a
      new one. Thus, within-problem learning did not rely on primary reinforcement but
      on the visual secondary reinforcer. The animals were trained preoperatively in
      visual learning set with this procedure and were assessed postoperatively for
      their ability to learn new visual discriminations with the same procedure.
      Bilateral amygdalectomy did not significantly impair the animals' learning
      ability in this task. Learning remained unimpaired when transection of the
      uncinate fascicle and of the fornix was added to amygdalectomy. The effect of
      bilateral amygdalectomy in this task was much less severe than in a similar task
      we previously studied, with auditory secondary reinforcers. The results show that
      the involvement of the amygdala in processes of secondary reinforcement depends
      on the sensory properties of the secondary reinforcer. From these and other
      recent results, we conclude that the sensory attributes of a reinforcer are
      easily associated with a discriminative stimulus when they are in the same
      modality and same spatial location as the discriminative stimulus and that this
      sensory-sensory association is independent of the amygdala.

PMID- 2918378
TI  - Relationship between phosphorylation and synthesis of goldfish optic nerve
      proteins during regeneration.
AB  - After intraocular injection of radiolabeled phosphate and 3H-proline, the
      labeling of goldfish optic nerve proteins was monitored over a 7 week period of
      regeneration following a lesion to the optic tract. Labeled phosphate
      incorporation into total nerve protein increased to a peak value about twice that
      in normal nerve at 3 weeks after injury, then declined to slightly above normal
      by 7 weeks. Incorporation of 3H-proline showed a higher rise and a steeper
      decline, with values still significantly above normal at 7 weeks. Two-dimensional
      gel electrophoresis revealed that almost all the individual proteins examined
      underwent an increase in 3H-proline incorporation with a peak at about 3 weeks.
      However, only 4 proteins showed an increase in incorporation of 32P correlated
      with the increase in 3H-proline. The closest correlation was seen for protein 4,
      the equivalent of the growth-associated protein GAP-43; for the other 3 proteins
      (15, 31, and 38) 32P incorporation remained elevated even when 3H-proline
      incorporation had declined. Two other proteins (24e and 48) showed increased 32P
      incorporation not correlated with 3H-proline changes. Several proteins showed a
      decrease in 32P incorporation, even though 3H-proline incorporation was
      increased. For example, the phosphorylation of ON2, a neuronal intermediate
      filament protein, showed a long-lasting decline, which was already evident at 1
      week and had not yet returned to normal by 7 weeks. Other proteins in this group
      (33, 37, and 46) showed a faster recovery.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2918379
TI  - Sprouts emerging from the dendrites of axotomized lamprey central neurons have
      axonlike ultrastructure.
AB  - We have examined the dendritic and axonal ultrastructure of intact anterior
      bulbar reticulospinal neurons (ABCs) in the CNS of the larval sea lamprey and
      compared it with that of the dendrites and neuritic sprouts from ABCs examined 2
      months following axotomy. Dendrites and axons of intact ABCs are distinguishable
      from one another by several ultrastructural criteria: (1) the predominance of
      microtubules in the dendritic cytoskeleton and neurofilaments in that of the
      axon, (2) the exclusively postsynaptic status of the dendrites versus the
      presynaptic status of the axon, and (3) the presence of polyribosomes and large
      numbers of mitochondria in the dendrites and their respective absence and
      scarcity in the axon. The ultrastructure of axonal sprouts evoked by axotomy of
      ABCs 1-1.5 mm from their somata ("intermediate axotomy") in many ways resembled
      that of intact axons. Axonal sprouts were presynaptic to other neurons, and their
      cytoskeletons consisted mainly of neurofilaments. They also exhibited some
      features not seen in either axons or dendrites, such as numerous clusters of
      small vesicles that were not associated with synapses and, in some cases, close
      associations with glial elements. We also examined sprouts emerging from the
      dendrites of ABCs following axotomy within 500 microns of their somata ("close
      axotomy") and found that such "dendritic" sprouts closely resembled axonal
      sprouts; they possessed neurofilament-dominated cytoskeletons, were presynaptic
      to other neurons, and were often associated with glial elements. The dendrites of
      ABCs undergoing dendritic sprouting retained their normal gross morphology but
      possessed a mixture of "axonal" and "dendritic" ultrastructural characteristics,
      exhibiting neurofilament-dominated cytoskeletons while remaining entirely
      postsynaptic to other neurons. However, there were significantly fewer synapses
      on the dendrites of axotomized cells than were found on the dendrites of intact
      ABCs. We conclude that sprouts evoked by axotomy are intrinsically axonal in
      character whether they originate from the axon stump or from the dendritic tree.
      Our results also suggest that the materials necessary for axonal regeneration may
      displace elements of the dendritic cytoskeleton as they are transported through
      the dendrites to the emerging "dendritic" sprouts following close axotomy.

PMID- 2918380
TI  - Postnatal development of corticocortical efferents from area 17 in the cat's
      visual cortex.
AB  - We are interested in the postnatal development of corticocortical connections in
      the cat's visual cortex. In this study, we injected the anterograde tracer 3H
      proline into visual cortical area 17 of kittens, aged 4-70 d, and adult cats to
      visualize the distribution of terminals of the association projections to areas
      18, 19, 21a, and the lateral suprasylvian visual cortex. The density of
      anterograde label was quantified using computerized image analysis. There was
      dense labeling at topographically appropriate locations in area 18 in animals of
      all ages. In 4- and 8-d-old kittens, other extrastriate areas (19, 21a and the
      lateral suprasylvian cortex) contained only sparse label, localized in a few
      solitary axons; these areas were densely labeled in animals aged 12 d or more. In
      kittens aged 4-20 d there was considerable, widespread label within fibers
      located in the white matter, and many of these axons lay underneath regions of
      extrastriate, and also striate, cortex that were almost certainly not destined to
      be persistently innervated by cells at the injection site. This pattern of
      extensive white matter label was not seen in animals older than 20 d. In each
      extrastriate region, from the earliest age at which we identified dense cortical
      innervation from area 17, the terminals were distributed in clusters. At first
      these patches were mainly in infragranular layers, but later, during the second
      and third postnatal weeks, they began to appear in more superficial laminae. By
      70 d, an adult-like distribution of terminals was found in each extrastriate
      area: most fibers appeared to end in layers II and III in areas 18, 19, and 21a
      and centered on layer IV in the medial bank of the middle suprasylvian sulcus in
      adult cats. We suggest that the development of ipsilateral association
      projections from area 17 to extrastriate cortex is a 2-stage process. First,
      cells at a particular point in area 17 send immature fibers in a nonspecific
      fashion through white matter towards a very wide area of extrastriate cortex.
      Second, corticocortical axons penetrate extrastriate cortex mainly in patches at
      topographically appropriate regions and grow to their targets in a specific
      fashion.

PMID- 2918381
TI  - Differentiation of axon-related Schwann cells in vitro: II. Control of myelin
      formation by basal lamina.
AB  - Several recent observations suggest that Schwann cell (SC) differentiation,
      including myelin formation, is dependent upon the development of basal lamina
      which characteristically surrounds each axon-SC unit in peripheral nerve. This
      dependence can be tested in a neuron-SC culture system developed in our
      laboratory in which SC differentiation, including basal lamina formation and
      myelination, is faithfully reproduced. The use of serum-free, defined medium (DM)
      with this culture system allows axon-driven SC proliferation but not basal lamina
      formation or myelination. We previously demonstrated that ascorbic acid, in the
      presence of a nondialyzable serum factor(s), stimulates basal lamina assembly and
      myelin formation with similar dose-response relationships (Eldridge et al.,
      1987). We hypothesized that ascorbic acid acts to promote SC myelination
      indirectly, by enabling the assembly of basal lamina. We now provide support for
      this hypothesis by demonstrating the following. (1) Pepsin-resistant triple
      helical collagen molecules were produced only by SCs grown in the presence of
      ascorbic acid, suggesting that triple-helical type IV collagen may mediate the
      effect of ascorbic acid on basal lamina formation. (2) The formation of myelin by
      oligodendrocytes, which myelinate axons in the CNS without the concomitant
      deposition of basal lamina, was little affected by ascorbic acid, suggesting that
      the biosynthesis and assembly of myelin per se does not require ascorbic acid.
      (3) The provision of exogenous basal lamina matrix to SCs grown with neurons in
      DM without ascorbic acid promoted control levels of myelination (and basal lamina
      formation); the provision of exogenous fibrillar collagen matrix did not. (4)
      Purified laminin promoted control levels of myelination in the absence of
      ascorbic acid, but purified type IV collagen and heparan sulfate proteoglycan
      (HSPG) did not. Laminin caused SCs to assemble basal lamina-like structures that
      contained not only laminin but also HSPG and non-triple-helical type IV collagen.
      Thus, several types of experiments demonstrate that SC myelin formation can be
      controlled by regulating the ability of the SC to assemble basal lamina,
      illustrating that acquisition of basal lamina is a crucial prefatory step for
      further SC differentiation.

PMID- 2918382
TI  - Two distinct mechanisms, differentially affected by excitatory amino acids,
      trigger GABA release from fetal mouse striatal neurons in primary culture.
AB  - The mechanisms leading to Ca2+-dependent and Ca2+-independent GABA release were
      studied on highly purified striatal neurons developed in primary culture. Ca2+
      dependent GABA release, which represents about 75% of the 56 mM K+ effect was
      totally inhibited when striatal neurons were first exposed to tetanus toxin
      (TnTx) (10 micrograms/ml) for 24 hr. The K+ effect was potentiated when 1 mM
      nipecotic acid (an inhibitor of the GABA uptake system) was added during the
      stimulation period or when Na+ was replaced by Li+. However, no difference in the
      GABA release measured under high-K+ conditions was observed after a 22 min
      preincubation of the neurons in a medium containing nipecotic acid or Li+.
      Replacement of Cl- ions by SO4(2-) did not modify K+-evoked GABA release. Ca2+
      independent GABA release was stimulated by veratridine (20 microM), ouabain (3
      mM), and monensin (20 microM), as well as the excitatory amino acids glutamate
      (100 microM), N-methyl-D-aspartate (100 microM), quisqualate (10 microM), and
      kainate (1 mM), drugs known to increase intracellular Na+ concentration. The
      veratridine- or glutamate-evoked GABA release was neither inhibited when
      intracellular Ca2+ content was reduced by more than 90% nor by treatment of the
      neurons to TnTx. However, the Ca2+-independent GABA release elicited by
      veratridine was inhibited by preincubation of the neurons in a medium containing
      1 mM nipectotic acid and in a medium containing Li+ instead of Na+ or SO4(2-)
      instead of Cl-. These results strongly suggest that 2 different GABA release
      mechanisms exist in striatal neurons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2918383
TI  - The expression of the growth associated protein B50/GAP43 in the olfactory system
      of neonatal and adult rats.
AB  - B50/GAP43 is a neuron-specific phosphoprotein whose expression is associated with
      neural development and synaptic plasticity. Its postnatal ontogeny was
      investigated in the primary olfactory pathway of the rat using
      immunohistochemical methods. The unique ability of the olfactory neuroepithelium
      to generate new neurons from a population of precursor cells present in the basal
      cell layer of this tissue makes it a valuable model in the study of neural
      development. In newborn rats B50/GAP43 is present throughout the entire
      population of olfactory receptor neurons. These cells are stained throughout,
      from the ciliated dendritic knob to their axon terminals in the bulb. This
      appears to be the first example of unambiguous B50/GAP43 expression in dendritic
      processes. With increasing age the distribution of this protein becomes
      progressively restricted to a subpopulation of olfactory neurons. Comparison of
      the expression of B50/GAP43 and the olfactory marker protein (OMP), a polypeptide
      only present in mature olfactory neurons, revealed that during postnatal
      development of the olfactory system these 2 proteins are expressed in a nearly
      reciprocal fashion. In adult animals (3.5 months-6 months of age), B50/GAP43
      positive cells are exclusively present adjacent to the basal cell layer of the
      neuroepithelium. Basal cells appear to be unstained. The region of the epithelium
      containing the B50/GAP43-positive cells is virtually devoid of OMP-positive
      neurons. A significant fraction of these B50/GAP43-containing cells bear
      dendritic and neuritic processes. However, these cells do not express olfactory
      cilia. It is probable that the olfactory neurons expressing the growth-associated
      B50/GAP43 protein may correspond to a particular subset of olfactory neurons at
      an intermediate state of maturation.

PMID- 2918384
TI  - Amacrine cell interactions underlying the response to change in the tiger
      salamander retina.
AB  - The neural circuitry and pharmacology underlying transient signal formation at
      the bipolar-amacrine cell interface were studied. Synaptic currents were measured
      with whole cell patch clamp in retinal slices. Cell types were identified with
      Lucifer yellow staining. Activity was initiated with puffs of kainate of known
      time course and spatial spread delivered at bipolar dendrites. OFF bipolar cells
      responded to kainate with a sustained inward current, but ON bipolar cells were
      silent. Two types of amacrine cell were found: (1) narrow field cells, with
      processes that extended laterally less than 200 microns, responding with a
      sustained inward current, and (2) wide field cells, with processes that extended
      laterally by up to 1 mm, responding with a brief transient inward current
      followed by a more sustained outward current. We pharmacologically dissected the
      synaptic interactions underlying the transient current in the wide field amacrine
      cell. In the presence of 5-aminovaleric acid (AVA), the time course of this
      transient current was increased so that it resembled the response of bipolar
      cells. Because AVA is a GABAB antagonist, it appears to block an opposing signal
      that truncates the sustained excitatory bipolar input, thereby generating the
      transient. GABAB specificity is confirmed by (1) block of the transient inward
      current by baclofen, a GABAB agonist, and (2) block of the baclofen effect by
      AVA. The site of GABAB action appears to be presynaptic to the amacrine cell
      membrane because neither baclofen nor AVA, in combination with picrotoxin, had a
      direct effect at the amacrine cell membrane. GABAB receptors are often found at
      presynaptic terminals where they modulate calcium or potassium conductances. It
      has been shown that bipolar cell terminals receive a GABAergic synaptic input
      (Vaughn et al., 1981; Wu et al., 1981; Tachibana and Kaneko, 1987). The narrow
      field sustained-responding amacrine cells appear to be GABAergic (Werblin et al.,
      1988). This suggests that transient activity measured in wide field amacrine
      cells is formed at a population of bipolar cell terminals by GABAergic feedback
      from narrow field amacrine cells at GABAB receptors.

PMID- 2918385
TI  - Androgen-specific critical periods for the organization of the major pelvic
      ganglion.
AB  - Previous studies indicate that the major pelvic ganglion (PG) is dependent on
      testosterone for normal development. Tyrosine hydroxylase (T-OH), DOPA
      decarboxylase, and choline acetyltransferase (CAT) activities are significantly
      reduced by postnatal castration on day 10-11, while testosterone replacement
      therapy reversed all developmental enzyme activity deficits (Melvin and Hamill,
      1987). In the present studies castration on the day of birth combined with
      various testosterone-replacement paradigms produced effects demonstrating that
      the PG is sensitive to testosterone dosage and time of administration during
      early postnatal development. Gonadal hormone replacement experiments show that
      the androgens testosterone and dihydrotestosterone were effective in restoring T
      OH and CAT activity deficits produced by neonatal castration. Estrogen therapy
      reversed the deficits in CAT activity, but was ineffective in reversing the
      alterations in T-OH activity. Treatment of pregnant dams with the anti-androgen
      flutamide altered the ontogeny of T-OH and CAT activities in pups despite
      replacement therapy on the day of birth. Thus, androgen-critical periods exist
      prenatally as well as postnatally. These studies suggest that the organization of
      PG development is critically dependent on both the time of exposure and dose of
      testosterone. Prenatal and postnatal critical periods appear to exist. In
      addition, the lack of an effect of estradiol on tyrosine hydroxylase activity
      suggests that androgens are specifically responsible for organizing the
      noradrenergic development of the PG.

PMID- 2918386
TI  - Lack of specificity of polyunsaturated fats in the inhibition of rat liver
      glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.
AB  - The mechanism of the effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on glucose-6
      phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49) (G6PDH) was studied in young, male Wistar
      rats. Starvation-refeeding increased G6PDH level above that seen in ad libitum
      fed animals (enzyme overshoot). A second episode of starvation-refeeding produced
      even higher levels of G6PDH activity (induction increment). Interposing a high
      fat diet (containing PUFA) between starvation and feeding the inducer diet
      abolished one-half to two-thirds of the overshoot. Feeding a high fat diet
      between the two starvations abolished the induction increment. Inhibitors of
      arachidonic acid metabolism were not able to reverse the PUFA effect. In another
      set of experiments it was shown that both linoleic and linolenic acid are equally
      effective in either reducing the overshoot or abolishing the induction increment.
      The evidence was interpreted as supporting a hypothesis that the PUFA effect does
      not require the formation of a specific end product of arachidonic metabolism in
      a direct way.

PMID- 2918387
TI  - Plasma ammonia, plasma, brain and liver amino acids and urea cycle enzyme
      activities in rats fed ammonium acetate.
AB  - Male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to eat a 6% casein diet within a 3-h period
      each day. They were then fed a 6% casein diet for 10-16 d before they were fed
      either the same 6% casein diet or the 6% casein diet supplemented with 15%
      ammonium acetate for 1 or 7 d. During the absorptive period, plasma ammonia,
      plasma amino acids and brain amino acids were measured on d 1 and d 7 after
      feeding ammonium acetate. Food intake of rats fed 15% ammonium acetate was
      depressed on d 1 and increased to approximately 75% of the intake of the 6%
      casein-fed group by d 7. On d 1 plasma ammonia of the rats fed 5% ammonium
      acetate was 101 microM as compared to 56 microM for the rats fed 6% casein (P
      less than 0.05). On d 7, plasma ammonia of the rats fed 15% ammonium acetate was
      240 microM (P less than 0.05) as compared to 44 microM for the rats fed 6%
      casein. In rats fed 15% ammonium acetate, after 7 d ornithine transcarbamylase
      and arginase activities were higher and argininosuccinate synthetase activity was
      lower (P less than 0.05) while carbamyl phosphate synthetase activity tended to
      be higher than that of rats fed 6% casein. The results suggest that rats adapt to
      ingestion of 15% ammonium acetate by some unknown neural mechanism rather than by
      increases in all urea cycle enzyme activities. Feeding ammonium acetate causes
      changes in plasma, brain and liver amino acid concentrations.

PMID- 2918388
TI  - Effect of various intakes of phylloquinone on signs of vitamin K deficiency and
      serum and liver phylloquinone concentrations in the rat.
AB  - The relationship between dietary phylloquinone, serum and liver concentrations of
      phylloquinone, and various indices of vitamin K adequacy have been studied in
      male rats fed a purified diet containing various levels of phylloquinone. In
      excess of 500 micrograms phylloquinone/kg diet was needed to prevent the most
      sensitive signs of vitamin K deficiency. Liver phylloquinone concentrations were
      shown to be correlated with dietary phylloquinone intake. Serum phylloquinone was
      not correlated with either diet or liver concentration of phylloquinone and did
      not increase with increased dietary intake until the liver contained sufficient
      vitamin to maintain optimal synthesis of vitamin K-dependent proteins. Because of
      the rapid loss of vitamin from the liver, prior ingestion of a high level of
      vitamin K had little influence on liver vitamin K concentrations beyond the first
      2 d of a deficient period. When rats consumed a diet containing 500 micrograms
      phylloquinone/kg diet in 3 h, liver and serum phylloquinone concentrations
      fluctuated drastically following this feeding period. During the subsequent 24-h
      period, liver phylloquinone concentrations decreased to a level that would not
      support maximal activity of the hepatic vitamin K-dependent carboxylase.

PMID- 2918389
TI  - Role of intestinal microflora in the metabolism of vitamin B-6 and 4'
      deoxypyridoxine examined using germfree guinea pigs and rats.
AB  - In previous work identification of urinary metabolites of 4'-deoxypyridoxine
      which had been oxidized in the 5'-position and long-term dilution of labeled
      urinary metabolites with unlabeled molecules suggested possible microbial
      contributions. In the current studies germfree guinea pigs were able to convert
      4'-deoxypyridoxine to 4'-deoxy-5-pyridoxic acid demonstrating that the ability to
      oxidize the 5'-position is not restricted to microorganisms. Labelling curves for
      urinary pyridoxic acid in rats continuously fed [14C]pyridoxine since weaning
      were similar in conventional and germfree animals indicating that any vitamin B-6
      synthesized in the intestinal tract was not readily absorbed and metabolized.
      Therefore, coprophagy did not make a detectable contribution to vitamin B-6
      metabolism in rats receiving a nutritionally complete diet. The difficulty in
      achieving comparable labeling in adult animals is probably due to very slow
      turnover of portions of the vitamin B-6 pool and not to microbial production of
      vitamin B-6. The total pool calculated from the radioactivity in the germ-free
      rats averaged 16.2 +/- 0.8 nmol vitamin B-6 compounds/g body wt. Only 10% of the
      ingested label was recovered in the feces. In addition, only about 50% of the
      label excreted in the urine appeared as 4-pyridoxic acid in rats. These
      observations suggest that it may be difficult to quantitate the total urinary and
      fecal excretion of ingested vitamin B-6 without using tracers.

PMID- 2918390
TI  - Biosynthesis of a novel form of vitamin B-6 by tumor cells.
AB  - Studies on the time-course utilization of radiolabeled pyridoxine in hepatoma
      bearing rats led to the discovery of a novel vitamin B-6 product. It is present
      in a spectrum of tumor lines, but it is absent or occurs minimally in normal
      tissues. Hepatomas incorporate up to 20-30% of labeled pyridoxine into the novel
      species. Its structure was tentatively identified as adenosine-N6-methyl,
      propylthioether-N-pyridoximine-5'-phosphate. In the present study, 3B3 mouse
      human hybridoma cells were incubated with radiolabeled precursor molecules,
      perchloric acid cell extracts were analyzed by high performance liquid
      chromatography (HPLC), and radioactivity in effluent fractions was measured. The
      results show that [G-3H]pyridoxine, [2,8-3H]adenosine, L-[35S]cysteine and L-[U
      14C]serine are incorporated into the novel tumor product. These findings are
      interpreted to indicate that the correct structure of the novel product is
      adenosine-N6-diethylthioether-N'-pyridoximine-5'-phosphate. Further, these data
      demonstrate that tumor cells have evolved novel enzymatic steps for metabolism of
      vitamin B-6. The potential use of the novel metabolite as a marker for tumor
      genesis and establishment is especially significant, as the compound is peculiar
      to the neoplastic state.

PMID- 2918391
TI  - Production and reversal of the neuromuscular pathology and related signs of zinc
      deficiency in guinea pigs.
AB  - The purposes of this study were to use vocalization and posture as indices of the
      neuromuscular pathology that develops in zinc-deficient guinea pigs and to
      determine the rate of depletion before and of repletion after intraperitoneal
      (IP) zinc therapy. When severe signs of deficiency developed, tissues were
      analyzed for their zinc content to assess sites of depletable and mobilizable
      zinc stores. Weanling guinea pigs were fed low (less than 1 mg/kg) and adequate
      (100 mg/kg) zinc diets based on isolated soybean protein or autoclaved egg white.
      The first signs (stage 1) of vocalization due to handling, abnormal posture and
      skin lesions developed after approximately 4 wk. Severe (stage 3) signs followed
      after 5-6 wk. A single IP dose of ZnSO4 (50 mumol/kg) caused remission of signs
      within 4-5 d following which all signs regressed to stage 3 within 7 d. Analysis
      of 15 tissues from severely deficient guinea pigs showed that only plasma and
      bone had significantly lower zinc concentrations than tissues from comparable age
      related controls fed a zinc-adequate diet. It seems unlikely that major soft
      tissues, such as muscle, brain, liver and skin, serve as mobilizable stores of
      zinc for other critical metabolic functions. Bone zinc is slowly mobilized but at
      a rate insufficient to maintain health or even life.

PMID- 2918392
TI  - Incorporation of iron from an oral dose into the ferritin of the duodenal mucosa
      and the liver of normal and iron-deficient rats.
AB  - To further characterize the role of ferritin in regulating iron absorption,
      uptake of an oral dose of 59Fe (0.2 mg Fe/kg body wt.) into duodenal and hepatic
      ferritin of control and iron-deficient (ID) rats was studied. Retention and
      uptake of 59Fe from Fe(II)-sulfate, Fe(III)-chloride, or Fe(III)-polymaltose were
      measured up to 28 h after dosing. Ferritin was determined by radioimmunoassay
      (RIA) and 59Fe ferritin-iron by gel electrophoresis. Retention and liver content
      of 59Fe was higher in ID rats than in controls. The mucosa of ID rats, however,
      retained only one third of the amount of 59Fe retained by the mucosa of controls.
      The mucosal and hepatic ferritin levels were lower in ID rats than in controls.
      The percentage of orally administered 59Fe found in the liver ferritin was
      therefore higher in control than in ID rats. However, when expressed as per unit
      of ferritin, iron uptake was eight times higher in ID rats. In contrast, mucosa
      ferritin of ID rats contained one-third of 59Fe per unit of ferritin than that of
      controls. Assuming no change in the mechanism of iron uptake into ferritin of
      control and ID rats, the differential uptake of oral iron into mucosa and liver
      ferritin indicates either a different compartmentation of the tissue ferritin or
      differences in the iron transport processes, but mucosal ferritin does not
      withdraw iron from intestinal absorption.

PMID- 2918393
TI  - Inhibitory effects of phytic acid and other inositol phosphates on zinc and
      calcium absorption in suckling rats.
AB  - While it is known that phytic acid, inositol hexaphosphate, has a negative effect
      on zinc and calcium absorption, the effects of inositol which is phosphorylated
      to a lesser extent are less known. We have prepared inositol triphosphate (IP-3),
      tetraphosphate (IP-4), pentaphosphate (IP-5) and hexaphosphate (IP-6) by
      hydrolysis of sodium phytate and separation by ion-exchange chromatography and
      have studied their effect on zinc and calcium absorption. Using a suckling rat
      pup model, we found that liver uptake of 65Zn after 6 h was 5% of the total dose
      from solutions of IP-6, 19% from IP-5, 28% from IP-4, 29% from IP-3 and 31% from
      ZnCl2 (control). Non-absorbed calcium was 17%, 1.4%, 0.5%, 0.5% and 0.5% of the
      given dose of 45Ca, respectively. Thus, at a high degree of phosphorylation (IP
      6, IP-5), zinc and calcium uptake was inhibited, while no effect was observed for
      the other phosphates. Consequently, total "phytate" analysis, which includes
      inositol phosphates with varying degrees of phosphorylation, can give misleading
      information with regard to mineral availability. In addition, even limited
      dephosphorylation of inositol hexaphosphate can have a positive effect on mineral
      absorption.

PMID- 2918394
TI  - Selenium content and glutathione peroxidase activity of milk from vegetarian and
      nonvegetarian women.
AB  - The concentration of selenium (Se) in milk samples obtained from 26 lacto-ovo
      vegetarian (vegetarian) women was significantly greater (22.2 +/- 0.8 ng/ml) than
      from 12 nonvegetarian women (16.8 +/- 1.3). Mean GSH-Px activity (EC 1.11.1.9) in
      milk from vegetarians was 146% of that in milk from nonvegetarians. A significant
      correlation between GSH-Px activity and Se concentration was observed (r = 0.76).
      Likewise a significant correlation was observed between milk linoleic acid
      content and GSH-Px activity (r = 0.68). In undialyzed samples from vegetarian
      women, most of the increased content of Se was found in fractions containing
      proteins of 100 kdaltons (kD) or more. The high glutathione peroxidase activity
      in milk from vegetarians was associated with selenoproteins in the 90 to 100 kD
      range. A distinct 40 kD Se peak was also detected in milk from vegetarians. There
      was no difference in Se intake between the two groups of women. Therefore,
      although data from the present study show that both the quantity and distribution
      of Se in human milk can be modified by the maternal diet, the increased Se
      content and GSH-Px activity in milk from vegetarians cannot be explained by an
      increased Se intake.

PMID- 2918395
TI  - Effect of molybdenum supplementation on hepatic trace elements and enzymes of
      female rats.
AB  - The effects of molybdenum (Mo) supplementation in the drinking water at the
      levels of 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 5.0 and 10.0 mg/l on the hepatic trace element
      concentrations and enzyme activities of female Sprague-Dawley rats were studied.
      The mean hepatic Mo concentration increased significantly in the rats
      supplemented with 0.1 mg Mo/l as compared to the nonsupplemented rats, but a
      further significant increase did not occur until the supplementation level
      reached 5-10 mg Mo/l drinking water. Hepatic copper concentration of the group
      given 0.1 mg Mo/l and hepatic iron content of the groups given 0.1 or 0.5 mg Mo/l
      were significantly higher than those of the other groups. The hepatic xanthine
      dehydrogenase/oxidase activity was not significantly affected by Mo
      supplementation. The hepatic sulfite oxidase (SOX) activity of the group given
      0.1 mg Mo/l was significantly higher than that of the nonsupplemented group. The
      SOX activities of all the other supplemented groups were at a significantly
      different level intermediate between the first two. The hepatic superoxide
      dismutase (SOD) activity was significantly higher in the group given 0.1 mg/l
      than in the other groups. These results indicated that molybdenum enzymes and SOD
      might not be participants in previously reported anticarcinogenic activity of Mo,
      as supplementation at the level of 0.1 mg/l had been observed to be inefficacious
      in inhibiting N-nitrosomethylurea-induced mammary tumor incidence.

PMID- 2918396
TI  - A comparison of intrinsic and extrinsic tracer methods for estimating calcium
      bioavailability to rats from dairy foods.
AB  - Dairy products doubly labeled with 45Ca and 47Ca were used to evaluate an
      extrinsic labeling procedure for calcium bioavailability determination. Nonfat
      milk, yogurt, and fresh cheese curd were prepared from caprine milk that was
      intrinsically labeled with 45Ca. The products were then labeled extrinsically
      with 47Ca and administered to rats by gavage. The 47Ca to 45Ca ratio in bone and
      teeth averaged about 1.00 with either milk, yogurt, or CaCl2, but the ratio was
      about 1.04 when dosed with cheese curd. Ca absorption, determined by whole-body
      counting of 47Ca, was lower (P less than 0.05) in cheese curd (59%) than in
      either milk (69%), yogurt (72%), or CaCl2 (72%). Expressed as percent of dose,
      the absorption of 47Ca was highly correlated with bone 47Ca (r = 0.973) and with
      bone 45Ca (r = 0.946). Correlation between tibia 47Ca and tibia 45Ca was r =
      0.923. For the dairy products tested, our results indicated that extrinsic 47Ca
      was absorbed similarly to intrinsic 45Ca. Moreover, the percent of radioactive
      dose retained in bone appears to be a valid indicator of relative bioavailability
      of food Ca.

PMID- 2918397
TI  - Effects of dietary and abomasally infused choline on milk production responses of
      lactating dairy cows.
AB  - Three experiments investigated the effects of exogenous choline on milk
      production responses of dairy cows. Ruminally fistulated Holstein cows were fed
      total mixed diets containing 30% corn silage and 70% corn/soybean meal-based
      concentrate in experiment 1, or 40% corn silage and 60% concentrate in
      experiments 2 and 3. In experiment 1, the effects of unsupplemented (control),
      dietary supplemented choline (50 g/d) and abomasally infused choline (50 g/d)
      were examined using three first-lactation cows in a 3 X 3 Latin square design.
      While dietary added choline had no effect, abomasally infused choline increased
      daily milk and 4% fat-corrected milk yield 3.2 and 3.8 kg/d respectively. In
      experiment 2, effect of daily abomasal infusion of 0, 30, 60 and 90 g choline
      were studied using four mature cows in a 4 X 4 Latin square design. Fat-corrected
      milk and milk fat percent were 2.6 kg/d and 0.59 percentage units higher for cows
      infused with 30 g/d choline than for unsupplemented controls, with 60 and 90 g/d
      choline infusions showing smaller effects. In experiment 3, daily abomasal
      infusion of 0 or 40 g choline were studied using four mature cows in a switchback
      design. Choline infusion (40 g/d) increased daily milk 1.6 kg/d over control
      while having no effect on milk composition or feed intake. Results of these
      experiments suggest a possible requirement for supplementing choline in lactating
      dairy cows.

PMID- 2918399
TI  - Fractional contributions to total carnitine in the neonatal rat.
AB  - This study was designed to determine the fraction of tissue total carnitine
      derived from the mother in utero, from milk, and from fetal and neonatal de novo
      synthesis. Female rats were offered drinking water ad libitum containing either
      tritium or [14C]-labeled carnitine (0.1 mCi/mmol, 5 mM). The rats were mated, and
      after birth, the pups of females given the tritium-labeled water were switched
      with the pups of rats given the [14C]-labeled carnitine (cross-fostering).
      Analyses of neonatal tissue total carnitine in five tissues were determined on d
      0, 1, 2, 5, 10, and 20 after birth. Carnitine derived from neonatal de novo
      synthesis remained relatively constant from birth throughout the 20 d period,
      ranging from 26% in liver to 50% in the heart at d 0. The contribution from milk
      carnitine rose rapidly after birth until d 5, at which time it became relatively
      constant, ranging from 40.8% in heart to 55.4% in kidney at d 20. The fetus is a
      major contributor to its own tissue carnitine. Nevertheless, the infant rat is
      dependent upon external sources of carnitine in order to maintain tissue
      carnitine levels.

PMID- 2918398
TI  - Species and strain differences in teratogenic effects of biotin deficiency in
      rodents.
AB  - The teratogenicity of maternal biotin deficiency of mice, rats and Syrian
      hamsters was compared. Biotin deficiency during pregnancy caused severe
      malformations and growth retardation in mouse fetuses. The malformations were
      mainly cleft palate, micrognathia, micromelia and open eyelid. The ICR and C57BL
      strains of mice were more susceptible than the A/Jax strain to biotin deficiency.
      In rats, no malformations were seen in the fetuses from biotin-deficient dams. In
      hamsters, embryonic lethality was very high in biotin-deficient dams, and
      teratogenicity of biotin deficiency was rather equivocal. The results of
      measurements of the maternal and fetal biotin content suggest that a possible
      underlying mechanism is a difference in the efficiency of the mother-to-fetus
      transport of biotin among these species.

PMID- 2918400
TI  - Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase of rat small intestine: distribution and
      regulation of activity and mRNA levels.
AB  - Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) activity is present along the length of
      rat small intestine and in enterocytes throughout the villus-crypt axis. There is
      no detectable activity in submucosal layers. Messenger RNA encoding PEPCK is
      detectable in rat intestinal mucosa and the relative abundance increases markedly
      (3- to 8-fold) during starvation or streptozotocin-diabetes. However, these
      changes are not matched by changes in enzyme activity which are only slightly
      increased (1.5-fold). The intestine of neonatal rats possesses relatively high
      amounts of both PEPCK activity and mRNA. Based on the distribution and regulation
      of intestinal PEPCK, it is proposed that the enzyme does not play a significant
      role in either gluconeogenesis or glutamine catabolism in adult rats.

PMID- 2918401
TI  - Biosynthesis of hippurate, urea and pyrimidines in the fatty liver: studies with
      rats fed orotic acid or a diet deficient in choline and inositol, and with
      genetically obese (Zucker) rats.
AB  - The activities of pathways for the biosynthesis of hippurate, urea and
      pyrimidines in hepatocytes isolated from lean livers were compared with those
      from three sources of fatty liver: a) the genetically obese Zucker rat, b)
      Sprague-Dawley rats fed a diet deficient in choline and inositol, and c) Sprague
      Dawley rats fed a diet supplemented with orotic acid. The capacity for hippurate
      synthesis was not significantly affected by fat accumulation, but ureagenesis
      from saturating ammonia and ornithine was diminished about 50% in all models when
      fat content rose above 12% wet wt of liver. Pyrimidine biosynthesis under these
      conditions was similarly diminished with fat accumulation. Ureagenesis was
      inhibited by sodium benzoate in hepatocytes from lean livers, but not in
      hepatocytes from fatty livers. Other results suggest that higher rates of
      ureagenesis than could be achieved with the fatty liver are required in order to
      demonstrate inhibition by benzoate. Incorporation of [14C]NaHCO3 into orotate was
      also inhibited by sodium benzoate, but in hepatocytes from fatty as well as lean
      livers. The metabolic basis for impairment of ureagenesis and pyrimidine
      biosynthesis in the fatty liver requires further study. That the capacity for
      hippurate synthesis was not significantly affected suggests a pathway-specific
      mechanism.

PMID- 2918402
TI  - Short term neonatal starvation altered cholera toxin binding in rabbits.
AB  - Acute neonatal malnutrition alters lumenal glycoproteins as demonstrated by
      altered lectin binding. To determine the effect of a 72-h fast on lumenal
      glycolipids, specifically the monosialoganglioside GM1, we quantitated cholera
      toxin (CT) binding and adenylate cyclase activity. The calculated number of
      specific sites for CT binding to microvillus membrane (MVM) from newborn rabbits
      fasted for 72 h was decreased in MVM from proximal small bowel (7 +/- 0.8 x
      10(8)/micrograms protein) compared to 72-h control neonatal rabbits (18 +/- 3.3 x
      10(8) micrograms protein). In distal small bowel there was no difference in the
      calculated receptor sites/micrograms MVM protein between fasted (8 +/- 1.7 x
      10(8)) and fed (11 +/- 4 x 10(8)) groups. MVM prepared from proximal small bowel
      of fed animals bound significantly more CT than MVM prepared from distal small
      bowel of fed animals. The affinity for CT was the same in all MVM preparations.
      Neuraminidase treatment of MVM resulted in increased CT binding in fed and fasted
      rabbit proximal and distal MVM preparations, but the greatest increase occurred
      in MVM prepared from proximal small bowel from fasted animals. There was no
      difference in adenylate cyclase activity in fed, fasted, and proximal or distal
      small bowel crude membrane preparations. Refeeding (120 h) resulted in
      normalization of CT binding in MVM from proximal small bowel of fasted animals.
      We conclude a 72-h fast in neonatal rabbits resulted in decreased regional CT
      binding in MVM prepared from proximal small bowel of fasted animals, but no
      change in adenylate cyclase activity. Refeeding reverses CT binding
      abnormalities.

PMID- 2918403
TI  - Hormonal and nutritional regulation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase mRNA
      levels in chicken kidney.
AB  - In chickens, the kidney possesses a distinct cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate
      carboxykinase activity which is not found in the liver. This activity is subject
      to long-term regulation by diet and changes in acid-base status. The activity is
      increased during starvation or metabolic acidosis. In addition, an unidentified
      component of some standard chicken diets results in altered activity. Using a
      specific cDNA probe the abundance of PEPCK mRNA has been determined in chicken
      kidney in vivo and in vitro. The abundance of PEPCK mRNA in chicken kidney
      increases during starvation and is rapidly decreased after refeeding
      carbohydrate. In isolated kidney tubules the abundance of the mRNA is increased
      after incubation with glucocorticoids, dibutyryl cAMP or hormones acting via
      changes in the concentration of cAMP (parathyroid hormone, epinephrine). Phorbol
      esters or hormones acting via calcium-dependent mechanisms were without effect.
      The results support the hypothesis that in the chicken the kidney is the major
      site of gluconeogenesis from substrates other than lactate and thus plays an
      important role in the maintenance of glucose homeostasis.

PMID- 2918404
TI  - The future direction of nutrition research: unraveling the diet-disease
      connection.

PMID- 2918405
TI  - The future direction of nutrition research: strong inference.

PMID- 2918406
TI  - Comparison of participants and nonparticipants in a work site cancer awareness
      and screening program.
AB  - In 1985, Pennzoil Company offered a company-paid cancer awareness and screening
      program focusing on breast and colorectal cancers for its employees. Following a
      lecture/slide presentation, employees filled out a risk assessment questionnaire.
      Those at risk for breast and/or colorectal cancers were invited for consultation,
      mammography, and/or short colonoscopy. Overall completion rates were 49% for
      mammography, 20% for the fecal occult blood test, and 31% for short colon oscopy,
      but these rates varied by risk status. Moreover, the same demographic and risk
      factors were not consistently associated with completion of the same screening
      procedure across risk groups. Based on these findings, we suggest that different
      interventions may need to be developed depending on the risk characteristics of
      subgroups within the target population.

PMID- 2918407
TI  - Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis and cement dust: a case report.
AB  - Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis developed in a 29-year-old white man within 2
      years of working as a cement truck driver. Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP),
      an uncommon respiratory disorder characterized by the accumulation of
      phospholipid material within the alveoli, has been described in association with
      exposure to silica, aluminum oxide, and a variety of dusts and fumes. Although a
      link between exposure to Portland cement and PAP has not been previously noted,
      this type of cement contains nearly 20% silica. Lung biopsy material, originally
      used to diagnose PAP, was reviewed under electron dispersive spectroscopy.
      Analysis indicated the presence of silica particles within the alveolar fluid and
      macrophages. A number of items support a causal relationship between exposure to
      cement dust and PAP: (1) the temporal sequence between assuming job duties and
      the development of the illness, (2) improvement following removal from further
      exposure, (3) dusty, unprotected working conditions, (4) the presence of silica
      within the cement, and (5) the alveolar fluid from periodic acid-Schiff-positive
      lung tissue.

PMID- 2918408
TI  - Liver injury tests in hazardous waste workers: the role of obesity.
AB  - The prevalence of fatty liver disease at autopsy ranges from 40% to 80% in Europe
      and North America, and liver injury tests are abnormal in up to 8% of healthy
      populations. Liver injury tests were therefore examined in a group of 325 workers
      without exposure to hepatotoxins to identify the influence of obesity and gender.
      Obesity was a strong predictor of the degree of abnormality for serum levels of
      arginine and alanine aminotransferase and of alkaline phosphatase, even in the
      normal range. Women generally demonstrated lower levels of these enzymes. Workers
      with morbid obesity were substantially more likely to have abnormal liver injury
      tests. Obesity and gender must be considered in the interpretation of abnormal
      liver injury tests in hazardous waste workers.

PMID- 2918409
TI  - Education in management aspects of occupational and environmental health and
      safety programs.

PMID- 2918410
TI  - Clinical ecology in the workplace.
AB  - The field of clinical ecology is based on a putative diagnosis of "environmental
      illness," applied to persons who have multiple symptoms and are believed to be
      sensitive to numerous items in the environment. Increasingly this diagnosis is
      being used by workers for an occupational disability claim. Medical records of 90
      workers claiming work-related "environmental illness" were reviewed. The majority
      were women. They worked in a variety of occupations with no unifying feature of
      the type of work or the claimed causative exposure. Symptoms were multiple and
      unaccompanied by objective clinical findings. Careful review of medical records
      showed that most had their symptoms before the claimed occupational exposure.
      Examining physicians who were not clinical ecologists invariably arrived at other
      diagnoses, usually psychiatric. This retrospective review lends no support to the
      clinical ecology concept of "environmental illness."

PMID- 2918411
TI  - The relationship between retrospective health insurance claims and a health risk
      appraisal-generated measure of health status.
AB  - This research examined the relationship between a measure of health status
      (defined as the health index--the difference between actual and appraised ages)
      derived from a health risk appraisal and retrospective health insurance claims
      taken from one cooperating work organization. A model was defined consisting of 3
      year retrospective medical claims as the criterion and age and the health index
      as predictors. Using a cube-root transformation of medical claims, a significant
      inverse relationship for age and the health index was identified for men. No
      relationships were found for women. It was concluded that, for men when age is
      held constant, a negative relationship exists between retrospective medical
      claims and a health risk appraisal-generated health status indicator, the health
      index.

PMID- 2918412
TI  - Mortality among nonwhite men in the meat industry.
AB  - Mortality among 5145 nonwhite men in a local meatcutters' union in Baltimore who
      were observed between July 1949 and December 1980, was compared with that of
      nonwhite men of the United States general population, through the estimation of
      standardized mortality ratios. The study population had potential for exposure to
      viruses that cause leukemia and lymphoma in cattle and chickens, and other
      harmful agents. Statistically significant standardized mortality ratios of 2.1
      for lung cancer and 3.1 for cancer of the esophagus were observed among workers
      in abattoirs and meatpacking plants, respectively. The results obtained are
      consistent with findings for white male and female members of the same union, and
      with other published data.

PMID- 2918413
TI  - A follow-up study of workers at a dye and resin manufacturing plant.
AB  - A total of 2642 men employed at a dye and resin manufacturing plant in New Jersey
      were observed from the opening of the plant in 1952 through 1985, and their
      mortality rates were compared with the rates of United States white men. The
      workers' mortality experience was related to former employment at the Cincinnati
      Chemical Works, which had produced or used benzidine and beta-naphthylamine. The
      2553 men who had never worked at the Cincinnati Chemical Works had fewer than
      expected deaths from all causes combined (317 observed/402 expected) and equal
      numbers of observed and expected cancer deaths (89/89). The 89 former Cincinnati
      Chemical Works employees had an excess of cancer (17/8.6, P = .02), which was due
      to increased mortality from bladder (3/0.25, P = .004), kidney (2/0.21, P = .04),
      and CNS (2/0.22, P = .04) cancer. There also were several increases in cancers
      among men employed in certain work areas at the New Jersey plant. These included
      elevated mortality from lung (18/9.2, P = .01) and liver (3/0.46, P = .02) cancer
      among maintenance workers, from stomach (3/0.40, P = .02) and CNS (3/0.44, P =
      .02) cancer among azo dye workers, and from lung cancer (4/0.91, P = .03) among
      epichlorohydrin workers. The lung cancer excess among maintenance workers
      increased with length of employment, suggesting an association with an
      unidentified occupational exposure. Other associations were based on small
      numbers of deaths, and their interpretation is not clear.

PMID- 2918414
TI  - Career options of occupational physicians.

PMID- 2918415
TI  - Reproductive hazards of semiconductor industry.

PMID- 2918416
TI  - The mechanical and morphological properties of bone beneath internal fixation
      plates of differing rigidity.
AB  - The internal fixation of diaphyseal fractures by bone plates is a well recognized
      treatment. The normal physiological stress of bone is reduced by plates that
      cause a negative balance of bone-remodeling processes. Many investigators have
      shown that the degree of stress protection is dependent on the rigidity of the
      plates. It was the aim of this study to quantify mechanical and morphological
      changes at different locations in a plated diaphyseal bone as a function of
      differing plate rigidity. Two types of plates with the same size but different
      materials were used. The stainless steel plates had a modulus of elasticity and
      bending stiffness 3.2 times higher than the carbon fiber reinforced carbon
      plates. Both types of plates were applied to the intact right and left femora of
      six foxhounds for 6 months. The stiffer stainless steel plates led to a
      significantly higher bone loss and correspondingly greater loss of mechanical
      properties. These effects were greatest directly beneath the plate and less with
      increasing distance from the plate.

PMID- 2918417
TI  - The effect of radiation on the fracture repair process. A biomechanical
      evaluation of a closed fracture in a rat model.
AB  - The effects of a single dose of irradiation on the biomechanical parameters of
      the fracture healing process were studied in a rat model. Intramedullary pinning
      was performed before production of a closed femoral midshaft fracture. The
      experimental group was exposed to 900 rad 3 days after fracture and was compared
      with a control group with a similar fracture that received no irradiation.
      Animals were killed at intervals ranging from 2-16 weeks after surgery and the
      bones were tested until failure in torsion. In the irradiated groups, a delay of
      4 weeks was noted in the biomechanical parameters associated with fracture
      healing (torque to failure, torsional stiffness, angle to failure, and
      biomechanical stage). Despite this delay in the normal temporal progression, the
      staging and stiffness approached normal controls within an 8-week period.
      However, the torque to failure remained below normal levels at the conclusion of
      this study. These results differ from a previous study using an open fracture
      model.

PMID- 2918418
TI  - Limb lengthening by epiphyseal distraction in chondrodystrophic bone: an
      experimental study in the canine femur.
AB  - Epiphyseal distraction of the left distal femur was accomplished in 18
      chondrodystrophic dogs (age 19-22 weeks). A distraction rate of 0.5 mm/day was
      applied by means of a unilateral device. Epiphysiolysis occurred after 4 to 9
      days. Lengthening was continued for 3 weeks. The animals were killed at 3 (Group
      1; n = 5), 19 (Group 2; n = 10), and 71 (Group 3; n = 3) weeks after the end of
      distraction to verify the magnitude of elongation at removal of the device (Group
      1) and at the time of growth cessation (Groups 2 and 3), and to register possible
      permanent secondary joint changes (Group 3). The average lengthening of 1.2 cm
      (12.3%) at removal of the device was reduced to 0.7 cm (6.4%) at cessation of
      growth. The middiaphyseal diameter of the elongated femur was enlarged after the
      lengthening procedure in all animals. The average torsional strength of the
      elongated femur compared with the contralateral control was 83% in Group 1, 98%
      in Group 2, and 107% in Group 3. Degenerative changes were observed in the knee
      joints of three animals in each group. A two-way analysis of variance was applied
      for all data sets to test differences between control and elongated bones and
      between time periods. The reduction in gained length by retardation of residual
      growth in the distal femur was significant (p less than 0.05). The difference in
      external diameter between lengthened and control bones was significant in Groups
      1 and 3 (p less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2918419
TI  - Low body weight as a risk factor for hip fracture in both black and white women.
AB  - A lower incidence of hip fracture in black women has been reported by several
      studies. The most frequently proposed explanations for this phenomenon have
      included a genetically greater bone mass, better preservation of bone due to the
      fact that certain populations of black women perform more physical labor, and the
      impact of other unidentified environmental and/or lifestyle factors. This
      retrospective study demonstrates that low body weight is as significant a risk
      factor for hip fracture in black women as it is in white women. Coupled with the
      known higher prevalence of obesity in the older black female population, the
      findings of this study suggest that differences in body weight may be a
      significant and possibly sufficient explanation for the lower incidence of hip
      fracture in black women.

PMID- 2918420
TI  - Growth hormone stimulates insulin-like growth factor I actions on adult articular
      chondrocytes.
AB  - We report effects of adding insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and methionyl
      human growth hormone (GH), alone or in combination, to adult bovine articular
      chondrocytes plated at high density. Purified human and synthetic IGF-I
      stimulated chondrocyte DNA and proteoglycan synthesis. GH had no effect on either
      process. However, GH added in combination with IGF-I increased proteoglycan, cell
      associated proteoglycan, and keratan sulfate synthesis over levels observed with
      IGF-I alone. IGF-I and GH did not alter the hydrodynamic size of proteoglycans or
      synthesis of collagen. Our results show that GH and IGF-I act together to
      stimulate adult chondrocyte extracellular matrix synthesis.

PMID- 2918421
TI  - The repair of experimentally produced defects in rabbit articular cartilage by
      autologous chondrocyte transplantation.
AB  - Using the knee joints of New Zealand White rabbits, a baseline study was made to
      determine the intrinsic capability of cartilage for healing defects that do not
      fracture the subchondral plate. A second experiment examined the effect of
      autologous chondrocytes grown in vitro on the healing rate of these defects. To
      determine whether any of the reconstituted cartilage resulted from the
      chondrocyte graft, a third experiment was conducted involving grafts with
      chondrocytes that had been labeled prior to grafting with a nuclear tracer.
      Results were evaluated using both qualitative and quantitative light microscopy.
      Macroscopic results from grafted specimens displayed a marked decrease in
      synovitis and other degenerative changes. In defects that had received
      transplants, a significant amount of cartilage was reconstituted (82%) compared
      to ungrafted controls (18%). Autoradiography on reconstituted cartilage showed
      that there were labeled cells incorporated into the repair matrix.

PMID- 2918422
TI  - Early histologic, metabolic, and vascular assessment of anterior cruciate
      ligament autografts.
AB  - A rabbit model for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction using
      autogenous patellar tendon was utilized to study the early events of autograft
      cellular dynamics. Biochemical, autoradiographic, histological, and vascular
      injection techniques demonstrated that the native autograft cell population
      rapidly necroses. This repopulation occurs without a vascular contribution; cells
      entering the autograft are reliant upon synovial fluid nutrition.

PMID- 2918423
TI  - Microscopical investigation of canine anterior cruciate ligament and patellar
      tendon: collagen fascicle morphology and architecture.
AB  - The collagen structure of the canine anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and
      patellar tendon (PT) was examined by using light and scanning electron
      microscopy. The collagen waviness known as a crimping was found to occur in ACL
      and PT fascicles. This waviness, seen at the periphery of fascicles, is very
      smooth, and its amplitude seems to decrease from the periphery toward the
      fascicular center. It appears as a periodic collapse of the fascicle in two
      dimensions. Two models of the architectural patterns of the ACL and PT wavy
      fascicles are presented. The constituent collagen fibrils are either parallel or
      twisted relative to the fascicle axis, giving rise to planar and helical wave
      patterns, respectively. There is a distinct difference between the ACL and PT
      collagen structure. The helical wave pattern occurs in both PT and ACL while the
      planar waveform is found only in the centrally located ACL fascicles. In
      addition, there is less variability in fascicular size and density over the PT
      cross-section than in ACL.

PMID- 2918424
TI  - An ultrastructural study of slipped capital femoral epiphysis: pathogenetic
      considerations.
AB  - Two normal proximal femoral growth plates and core biopsies from six patients
      with slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) were studied by electron
      microscopy. In these SCFE patients, chondrocytes from all the zones of the plate
      were frequently smaller than normal, more irregular in shape, and many of them
      were degenerating, with formation of matrix vesicles and cellular debris.
      Floccular electron-dense material, most likely abnormal proteoglycan, was present
      in the hypertrophic rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus as
      well as in the extracellular matrix, intermingled with collagen fibrils thinner
      than normal and loosely arranged. Mineralization of the abnormal matrix of the
      longitudinal septa of the degenerating zone was either scanty or absent, with
      scanty formation of irregular and thin bone trabeculae. The abnormalities
      observed in SCFE seem to be caused by a change in chondrocyte metabolism with
      consequent altered synthesis and/or extracellular aggregation of both collagen
      and proteoglycan, and scanty mineralization of the abnormal cartilage matrix.

PMID- 2918425
TI  - The influence of chair height on lower limb mechanics during rising.
AB  - The mechanics of the lower limb were analyzed in young, adult normal subjects
      when rising from a seated position. Limb mechanics were described in terms of
      flexion-extension motion and moments at the hip, knee and ankle while rising from
      four seat heights corresponding to 65, 80, 100, and 115% of the subject's knee
      joint height. The results indicate that the maximum moment tending to flex the
      hip joint was higher than that occurring at the knee or ankle. The magnitude of
      the maximum flexion moment at the hip was not substantially influenced by chair
      height, changing by less than 12% between the highest and lowest chair heights.
      Conversely, the maximum knee flexion moments were found to be highly dependent on
      chair height and nearly doubled from the highest to the lowest position. The
      magnitude of the moments at the ankle did not change with chair height and were
      significantly lower than the magnitude of the moments found during normal
      walking. The magnitude of motion and moments at the hip were greater during chair
      rising than during stair-climbing or walking. The range of motion required at the
      knee for the lower chair heights was also greater than was reported during stair
      climbing studies. Thus, the combination of moments in joint angles during chair
      rising are unique among common activities of daily living and should be
      considered in chair selection as well as in the guidelines for prosthetic
      devices.

PMID- 2918426
TI  - Contact pressures in the patellofemoral joint during impact loading on the human
      flexed knee.
AB  - Currently, a bone fracture criterion is used by the automotive industry to assess
      the potential for a lower extremity injury from impact directed on the flexed
      knee. However, recent studies with animal models indicate irreversible damage to
      articular cartilage due to overpressures generated within the patellofemoral (P
      F) joint without bone fracture, and suggest this injury may lead to a
      progressive, degenerative disease of the joint. The purpose of this investigation
      was to measure contact pressure in the human P-F joint during impact loading on
      the isolated, flexed knee. Loads were delivered on the patella with a free-flight
      inertial mass that had a rigid or foam padded interface. The experiments were
      conducted by serially increasing the impactor velocity in repeated tests until
      bone fracture was observed. The distribution of maximum pressures generated
      within the joint was recorded with a pressure-sensitive film. Fracture of the
      patella or the femur occurred at impact loads of approximately 8.5 kN. The
      average P-F pressure was approximately 25 MPa for 8 kN of impact load on the 90
      degrees flexed joint. The P-F contact area varied with the level of contact load
      and degree of joint flexion. The distribution of P-F pressures was nonuniform. At
      approximately 70% of the fracture load for the 90 degrees flexed knee, nearly 35%
      of the contact area was exposed to pressures greater than 25 MPa. In an earlier
      study by others using subchondral bone-cartilage preparations, this level of
      pressure resulted in fissures and lacerations of the cartilage.

PMID- 2918427
TI  - The effect of medial meniscectomy and coronal plane angulation on in vitro load
      transmission in the canine stifle joint.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine the in vitro load transmission
      characteristics of the canine stifle joint, paying particular attention to the
      positioning effect of the meniscus in the coronal plane. The intact joint was
      first loaded, and then tested under two different loading conditions after a
      complete medial meniscectomy. The first set of test conditions attempted to
      simulate those used by previous investigators, by ignoring the spacer effect of
      the meniscus and not repositioning the joint after its removal. The second set of
      tests was carried out after the joint was repositioned in the coronal plane to
      allow initial contact to occur in both tibiofemoral compartments. It is presumed
      that this occurs subsequent to a meniscectomy in vivo, following the application
      of any weight-bearing load. As with previous investigators, it was found that
      after meniscectomy the joints produced slightly larger displacements and lower
      stiffnesses than when intact (no significant differences from intact). However,
      repositioning the meniscectomized joint produced markedly smaller displacements
      (35-49%, p less than 0.01) and greater stiffnesses (47-123%, p less than 0.05)
      over the range of forces analyzed, compared with the intact joint. The ratio of
      dissipated to input energy was 42% for the intact joint, and rose following
      meniscectomy to 54% (p less than 0.05) with repositioning and 55% (p less than
      0.05) without repositioning. Measured contact area decreased by 17% (p less than
      0.05) following meniscectomy alone, and by 12% (p less than 0.05) following
      meniscectomy with repositioning. Since repositioning of the joint subsequent to
      meniscectomy (accounting for the loss of the meniscal spacer) resulted in an
      increase in structural stiffness, it was concluded that the medial meniscus
      decreases the structural stiffness of the intact stifle joint. In addition, the
      meniscus has a role in elastic energy storage and increasing contact area. This
      study is intended to serve as a baseline comparison for future in vivo studies on
      meniscectomy, meniscal repair, and meniscal replacement, in addition to more
      fully elucidating the mechanism of load transmission. A model is presented to
      explain both the decrease in stiffness after meniscectomy without repositioning
      and the increase in stiffness after meniscectomy with repositioning, employing
      linear springs of unequal length and different stiffnesses. After removal of the
      softer meniscal element and allowing joint approximation to occur, loading of the
      stiffer articular element results in an initially stiffer preparation.

PMID- 2918428
TI  - Frequency spectrum analysis of wrist motion for activities of daily living.
AB  - A frequency spectral analysis was performed on wrist motion data for 24
      activities of daily living (ADLs). Wrist motion was measured using a triaxial
      electrogoniometer attached to the wrist using tape (for 12 subjects) and pins
      (for one subject). Results show that the average predominant frequency component
      of these ADLs was approximately 1 Hz with 75% of the spectral energy less than 5
      Hz. The taped-on electrogoniometer, when compared with the pinned
      electrogoniometer, was adequate for calculating the predominant frequency
      component and spread of spectral data, but overestimated the magnitudes of the
      maximum spectral density and total area of the spectral curves. This discrepancy
      was largest for axial rotation.

PMID- 2918429
TI  - Effects of concurrent infections on growth, development, distribution, and
      infectivity of adult Philophthalmus megalurus and Philophthalmus gralli.
AB  - Chickens were infected concurrently with 10 and 20 metacercariae/eye of
      Philophthalmus megalurus and Philophthalmus gralli. After 14 and 34 days of
      growth, the adults were removed and worm lengths, return rates, stage of
      development, and distribution within the host recorded. In a second experiment,
      chickens infected on day 1 with 10 metacercariae/eye of P. megalurus were
      concurrently infected with a similar dose of P. gralli on day 14. At day 34, the
      worms were removed and evaluated for the same parameters as in the first study.
      The effect of concurrent infections on worm length of P. gralli but not P.
      megalurus was significant when compared to single species control groups. In all
      cases recovery rates of P. megalurus in concurrent infections were significantly
      lower than controls, whereas P. gralli adults were recovered at lower rates only
      in 20-metacercariae--14-day infections. Maturation of eggs was delayed in both
      species in concurrent infections at the higher infection levels. Normal
      distribution was disrupted more for P. gralli at the higher infection levels and
      longer growth periods. Philophthalmus megalurus adults rarely left their normal
      habitat in the conjunctival sac. A delayed infective dose of P. gralli affected
      both species by disrupting normal distribution patterns, delaying egg
      development, and, in the case of P. megalurus, reducing the recovery rate. The
      possible role of crowding and antagonistic effects is discussed.

PMID- 2918430
TI  - New feather mite species of Aralichus (Acarina, Pterolichidae) from the white
      capped parrot, Pionus senilis (Spix).
AB  - Two new feather mite species of Aralichus Gaud (Pterolichoidea, Pterolichidae)
      are described from the white-capped parrot Pionus senilis (Spix): Aralichus
      elongatus and Aralichus menchacai. Immature instars and host-parasite
      associations are discussed.

PMID- 2918431
TI  - Hemocyte population changes during the immune response of Aedes aegypti to
      inoculated microfilariae of Dirofilaria immitis.
AB  - Ultrastructural and lectin-binding studies have established that the melanotic
      encapsulation reaction of Aedes aegypti Liverpool strain against inoculated
      Dirofilaria immitis microfilariae (mff) is a hemocyte-mediated reaction. Total
      hemocyte counts from mff-inoculated (= immune-activated), saline-inoculated, and
      uninoculated female A. aegypti were determined using a hemocoel perfusion
      technique. Total hemocyte populations in uninoculated mosquitoes were
      significantly larger in younger mosquitoes, but no significant change was noted
      as mosquitoes aged beyond 14 days. Hemocyte populations in immune-activated
      mosquitoes increased from 1 to 3 days postinoculation (PI) and decreased on days
      4 and 5 PI. Hemocyte populations at 1 to 4 days PI were significantly elevated in
      mff-inoculated A. aegypti as compared with saline-inoculated controls. Saline
      inoculated mosquitoes displayed little change in total hemocyte numbers from 1 to
      5 days PI, and their hemocyte populations were similar to those seen in
      uninoculated insects of the same age. Experiments involving the inoculation of
      [3H]thymidine along with mff or saline alone and studies involving the
      administration of colchicine suggest that increased hemocyte populations in
      immune-activated A. aegypti are a result of mitotic division of circulating blood
      cells.

PMID- 2918432
TI  - Effects of rat and human intestinal lamina propria cells on viability and muscle
      establishment of Trichinella spiralis newborn larvae.
AB  - Although eosinophils and other inflammatory cells from the circulation and
      peritoneal cavity can damage Trichinella spiralis newborn larvae (NBL) in vitro,
      the cytotoxic potential of cells from the intestinal lamina propria, a site that
      may be the first line of defense against NBL migration, is unknown. Accordingly,
      we examined the interaction between NBL and isolated intestinal lamina propria
      cells (ILPC), including an enriched eosinophil population, from rats and humans.
      Rat ILPC killed NBL in vitro only after a prolonged incubation of 6 days. However
      they strongly adhered to NBL after only 4 hr incubation and prevented muscle
      establishment of NBL injected intravenously. Human ILPC showed similar adherence
      as rat ILPC but no killing was seen at the incubation time tested (36 hr).

PMID- 2918433
TI  - Eosinophil activation in acute and chronic chagasic myocardial lesions and
      deposition of toxic eosinophil granule proteins on heart myofibers.
AB  - Cardiac lesions in patients with Chagas' disease are infiltrated with various
      types of inflammatory cells, including eosinophils (EOS). We determined the
      proportions of resting and activated EOS in 2 types of chagasic myocardial
      lesions to establish whether their presence correlated with lesion severity. One
      lesion type was defined by interstitial infiltration associated with degeneration
      and necrosis of myocardial fibers; the other type presented mild myocarditis but
      myofibers were preserved. In all cases (1 patient with acute and 5 patients with
      chronic Chagas' disease), a marked degree of EOS infiltration was seen in the
      necrotic areas after staining either with Giemsa or immunohistochemically, using
      antibodies specific for the EOS cationic protein or the major basic protein of
      the granule. In contrast, a very small number of EOS was present in areas of the
      very same tissue sections displaying mild myocarditis and preserved myofibers. Of
      the EOS present in the necrotic areas, 42-78% were in the activated secretory
      stage as evidenced immunohistochemically after incubation with a monoclonal
      antibody specific for an epitope of the secretory but not the storage form of the
      EOS cationic protein. In areas with mild myocarditis this proportion was much
      smaller, ranging from 9 to 28%. In all cases, both the total level of resting and
      activated EOS in the necrotic areas correlated well with the overall degree of
      severity of myocarditis evaluated histopathologically. Deposits of the major
      basic cationic proteins of the EOS granules were found on myofibers in the
      necrotic areas from the acute and chronic cases, indicating EOS degranulation.

PMID- 2918435
TI  - Bronchoalveolar eosinophilia in guinea pigs harboring inapparent infections of
      Paraspidodera uncinata.
AB  - During the course of experiments examining the changes in cell populations in
      bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid in 3-11-wk-old guinea pigs, a marked increase
      in the numbers of eosinophils was observed in BAL fluid in untreated control
      animals from historical levels (observations made over the previous 2 yr) of 8.8
      +/- 1.5% to levels greater than 16% and up to 44%. Repeated occurrence of this
      phenomenon in several different groups of guinea pigs that appeared clinically
      normal and the impact on our experimental studies led us to attempt to identify
      the cause of increased inflammatory cell numbers in these guinea pigs.
      Examination in 2 groups of animals of whole blood and lung tissue for the
      presence of bacteria or fungi revealed minor bacterial infections in one group
      but not the other, whereas both exhibited elevated eosinophil numbers. At
      necropsy, 41.7% and 60% of the animals in the 2 groups harbored the nematode
      Paraspidodera uncinata. Guinea pigs exhibiting eosinophil numbers in BAL fluid
      comparable to our historical levels were then inoculated with approximately 100
      embryonated eggs of P. uncinata and developed elevated eosinophilia in BAL fluid
      compared to sham-inoculated animals (significant at 2 of the 3 examination times
      postinoculation). These findings suggest that P. uncinata is capable of causing
      changes in inflammatory cell populations in the lungs of guinea pigs and
      illustrate the importance of subclinical or inapparent infections in experimental
      design and interpretation.

PMID- 2918434
TI  - An in vitro radiolabel uptake viability assay for Onchocerca microfilariae.
AB  - A radiolabel uptake viability assay for Onchocerca cervicalis using [3H]2-deoxy-D
      glucose in Hanks' balanced salt solution, pH 7.5, at 30 C is described and
      compared to the traditional visual motility assay. A correlation of r = 0.92
      between the assays was found, with the radiolabel uptake method apparently a more
      sensitive indicator of microfilarial viability.

PMID- 2918436
TI  - Novel C-banding patterns in Paragonimus ohirai (Trematoda: Platyhelminthes).
AB  - The C-banding pattern for the karyotype of Paragonimus ohirai representing
      individuals in a new population is reported. The short arm of chromosome 4
      consisted of a large pericentromeric proximal C-band block and euchromatic tip.
      This pattern has not been observed previously and is designated as type E. Other
      new observations were: chromosome 5 was composed of pericentromeric
      heterochromatin, a lightly stained intercalary band at the middle portion of the
      short arm, and a lightly stained interstitial band at the terminal region of the
      long arm. Chromosome 7 consisted of pericentromeric heterochromatin and a lightly
      stained telomeric band at the short arm.

PMID- 2918437
TI  - Hymenolepis diminuta utilizes the envelope surrounding Moniliformis moniliformis
      in order to survive in the cockroach host.
AB  - The acanthocephalan Moniliformis moniliformis is surrounded by a membranous
      envelope that protects the parasite from hemocytic attack in the cockroach host.
      If injected into a cockroach infected with M. moniliformis, hatched oncospheres
      of the tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta are able to penetrate this envelope and,
      once inside, utilize its protective function in order to develop. These "double
      parasites" were infective to rats.

PMID- 2918438
TI  - The first record of a confirmed human case of Gnathostoma doloresi infection.
AB  - The first case of Gnathostoma doloresi infection in a human was found in Miyazaki
      Prefecture, Japan. A whole length of the parasite was dissected out from biopsied
      skin and was identified as the third-stage larva of G. doloresi based on the
      morphological characteristics of the hooklets of the head bulb and also on the
      number of nuclei in the intestinal epithelial cells of the parasite.

PMID- 2918439
TI  - Effect of closantel on intrategumental pH in Schistosoma mansoni and Fasciola
      hepatica.
AB  - It has been proposed that the anthelmintic activity of the flukicide, closantel,
      is due to the drug's ability to interfere with the proton gradient in the
      parasite's mitochondria that in turn inhibits the generation of ATP by the
      parasite. Recent results using 31P-NMR suggest that this is not the primary
      target of the drug. We measured the effects of closantel on fluke intrategumental
      pH and observed a significant decrease (6.8 to 6.5). This decrease occurred
      within 10 min and at concentrations that were lower than those that produced
      significant changes in parasite ATP concentration. We also noted that this drug
      induced change in intrategumental pH was associated with a marked reduction in
      fluke motility. Our results, when coupled to previous reports, would suggest that
      closantel is a membrane-active molecule that is capable of affecting a number of
      helminth biochemical and physiological processes.

PMID- 2918440
TI  - Chemotherapy of experimental visceral leishmaniasis in the opossum.
AB  - Visceral leishmaniasis is a severe chronic disease of people and animals. The
      disease is caused by several subspecies of a protozoal organism, Leishmania
      donovani. If not treated, visceral leishmaniasis is often fatal. The most
      commonly used chemotherapeutic agents to treat the disease are pentavalent
      antimonials, which can be toxic, must be administered by parenteral routes, and
      are sometimes ineffective. In this study, meglumine antimoniate, a pentavalent
      antimony, was compared with WR 6026, an 8-aminoquinoline derivative, as to
      antileishmanial efficacy. The results indicate that either of these 2 drugs are
      effective in the suppression of amastigotes in the liver and spleen of the
      opossum. Despite the marked parasite suppression in the liver and spleen of the
      infected opossums, the experimental disease was fatal in all of the infected
      opossums, regardless of the therapy.

PMID- 2918441
TI  - Systematic analysis of the Diplostomidae and Strigeidae (Trematoda)
AB  - A systematic analysis of the genera in the Diplostomidae and Strigeidae was made
      using the Proterodiplostomidae as the outgroup. The Proterodiplostomidae was the
      family with the greatest preponderance of primitive characters and its monophyly
      was supported by the unique paraprostate gland. However, no character state
      supported the monophyly of the Diplostomidae sensu Dubois, 1970. That
      paraphyletic taxon was composed of 3 monophyletic groups: the pseudosuckerless
      Neodiplostomidae n. fam. had the most primitive character states of the 3 and its
      monophyly was based on characters in the neascus/neodiplostomulum metacercariae;
      the Bolbophoridae n. fam., with pseudosuckers, had its monophyly supported by
      characters present in the newly named prodiplostomulum metacercaria; and the
      emended Diplostomidae, also with pseudosuckers, had the most derived states and
      its monophyly was supported by characters present in the diplostomulum. The
      presence of pseudosuckers united the Bolbophoridae n. fam., the emended
      Diplostomidae, and the Strigeidae as a monophyletic assemblage. The Strigeidae
      had the most derived characters of these 3 taxa and its monophyly was supported
      by characters in the tetracotyle and the cup-shaped forebody and bilobed
      tribocytic organ of the adult. In general, the adult stages of these strigeoid
      families showed very conserved morphology and it was the metacercariae that
      possessed the innovations. The conserved adult morphology was typical of what one
      might expect if the intramolluscan stages were analyzed. Thus, the data were
      concordant with the view that the mollusc and vertebrate definitive host were the
      original hosts to the Digenea and that the second intermediate host and
      metacercaria were more recently intercalated. More specifically, the phylogeny of
      these groups suggested that ancestral bisegmented strigeoids originally infected
      reptiles, they subsequently radiated into birds with which they coevolved
      extensively, and on 5 separate occasions they radiated into mammals. The
      radiations into mammals were, by all available evidence, preceded by second
      intermediate host shifts from fish to amphibians.

PMID- 2918442
TI  - Profilicollis botulus (Van Cleave, 1916) from diving ducks and shore crabs of
      British Columbia.
AB  - Adults of Profilicollis botulus were found in 6 species of diving ducks in
      British Columbia including 3 new hosts: common goldeneye, Bucephala clangula
      (L.); Barrow's goldeneye, B. islandica (Gmelin); and greater scaup, Aythya marila
      (L.). The identification of the species was verified by the examination of co
      types and specimens from eider ducks, Somateria mollissima (L.), from Scotland
      and oldsquaw, Clangula hyemalis (L.), from New Brunswick. Cystacanths from the
      hairy shore crab, Hemigrapsus oregonensis (Dana), were similar in morphology to
      those from Carcinus maenas (L.) from Scotland.

PMID- 2918443
TI  - Effect of in vitro cultivation on the stability of resistance of Trypanosoma
      brucei brucei to diminazene, isometamidium, quinapyramine, and Mel B.
AB  - A Trypanosoma brucei brucei stock resistant to diminazene aceturate,
      isometamidium chloride, quinapyramine sulfate, and Mel B was grown in vitro and
      its response to these drugs compared to that of a drug-sensitive trypanosome
      stock. There was little if any change of drug sensitivity after in vitro
      propagation as bloodstream forms for 120, 177, and 275 days and after in vitro
      transformation of bloodstream forms into procyclic, epimastigote, and finally
      metacyclic forms. Drug resistance was stable during in vitro maintenance in the
      absence of drugs in both culture systems. The response of resistant and sensitive
      T. b. brucei to diminazene in vitro correlated with their sensitivity pattern in
      vivo. Thus, in vitro techniques can be used to study drug resistance in
      trypanosomes.

PMID- 2918444
TI  - Effect of age on cholinesterase activity and protein of unfed larval ticks.
AB  - The cholinesterase (AChE) activity and total protein in homogenates of unfed
      larvae of Amblyomma americanum (L.), A. cajennense (Fabricius), A. maculatum
      Koch, Anocentor nitens Neumann, and Boophilus microplus (Canestrini) were
      determined weekly in ticks 1-6 wk of age. There was a considerable variation in
      total protein, AChE, and the ratio of AChE to protein as the ticks aged. However,
      AChE activities were constant or increased with age and total protein levels were
      constant or decreased. No direct relationship was detected between AChE activity
      and total protein levels. The ratio of AChE to protein increased as the unfed
      larval ticks aged.

PMID- 2918445
TI  - Incompetence of catbirds as reservoirs for the Lyme disease spirochete (Borrelia
      burgdorferi).
AB  - We compared the relative infectivity to vector ticks of gray catbirds (Dumetella
      carolinensis) and white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) for the Lyme disease
      spirochete (Borrelia burgdorferi). Of 28 catbirds captured in a site enzootic for
      this agent, 18 were infested by immature Ixodes dammini, the tick vector. By
      comparison, each of 32 mice sampled concurrently from the same site was infested,
      and by about 10 times as many ticks as were found infesting the 3 most commonly
      netted bird species. Although 76% of noninfected larval ticks placed on these
      mice in a xenodiagnosis became infected, none of the ticks similarly placed on 12
      catbirds did so. Spirochetes were detected in ticks derived from 2 Carolina wrens
      (Thryothorus ludovicianus) and a common yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas), but
      these species' potential contribution to infecting ticks does not compare with
      that of mice. Thus, although birds may help establish new foci of ticks,
      catbirds, at least, do not appear to contribute as reservoirs of infection.

PMID- 2918446
TI  - Morphology and life cycle of Schistosoma sinensium Pao, 1959, from northwest
      Thailand.
AB  - Schistosoma sinensium Pao, 1959, was first isolated from an unidentified snail in
      Szechuan Province, China, and was described on the basis of adult worms and eggs
      recovered from experimentally infected mice. We discovered snails, Tricula
      bollingi Davis, and rodents, Rattus rattus (L.) and Crocidura attenuata Milne
      Edwards, infected with S. sinensium near Fang in northwest Thailand. Adult worms
      were recovered from small veins immediately adjacent to the small intestine. Eggs
      first appeared in the feces of experimentally infected mice at 25 days
      postinfection. Cercariae first emerged from experimentally infected T. bollingi
      at 40 days postinfection. Shortly after emerging, cercariae were found at the
      water surface, their bodies flat against the meniscus and tails hanging free in
      the water column. Our morphometric results for adults and eggs from naturally
      infected hosts agree well with those presented in the original description. The
      occurrence of a lateral spine on the egg of this Asian schistosome has created
      some confusion as to the affinities of S. sinensium. A comparison of 8 character
      states, including snail hosts, cercarial behavior, geographical distribution, and
      morphology of life cycle stages, indicates that S. sinensium is more closely
      related to S. japonicum Katsurada than it is to S. mansoni Sambon.

PMID- 2918447
TI  - The two-factor model of self-reported mood: a cross-cultural replication.
AB  - The cross-cultural stability of a two-factor model of self-reported mood was
      studied in Israel. Sixty women and 25 men filled out a 58-adjective Mood Check
      List, everday for 45 consecutive days. Replicatory factor analyses demonstrated
      that the two-factor model of mood is applicable to both Israeli men and women and
      that this structure is consistent across American and Israeli cultures. Three
      implications of these findings are discussed. Replication of this structure in a
      diversified and unique culture, such as Israel, coupled with a previous
      replication in Japan (Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1984), is interpreted as lending
      considerable support to the assertion that this model of mood is cross-culturally
      consistent. Theoretical formulations and empirical findings derived and
      discovered in the U.S. can now be employed in planning and interpreting mood
      studies in Israel. The results of such studies can be incorporated within the
      general body of knowledge accumulating on this topic in the U.S.

PMID- 2918448
TI  - Indices of psychopathology in the Rorschachs of boys with severe gender identity
      disorder: a comparison with normal control subjects.
AB  - Recent clinical and empirical studies of boys with Gender Identity Disorder (GID)
      of Childhood suggest that severe behavioral disturbance exists beyond their
      feminine preoccupations. This study examines the thought organization and object
      representational paradigms of a sample of GID boys (n = 26) in a blind comparison
      with a normal subgroup (n = 18). Rorschach test protocols were used to compare
      the groups along these two more internal measures of personality organization. As
      hypothesized, the GIC group was found to have more pathological scores than the
      normal group on the Mutuality of Autonomy (MOA) Scale and a thought disorder
      hierarchy. The findings suggest that GID boys do not suffer solely from gender
      symptomatology but are disturbed in other aspects of their ego functioning as
      well.

PMID- 2918449
TI  - Validity of the Superiority and Goal Instability scales as measures of defects in
      the self.
AB  - A series of four canonical correlation analyses was conducted to compare the
      Superiority and Goal Instability scales both with personality pattern and
      clinical syndrome scales from the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI) and
      with therapist ratings of personality traits and symptom patterns using 91
      clients from a cross-section of outpatient and inpatient mental health agencies.
      The Superiority scale was related to a pattern of social gregariousness,
      interpersonal exploitation, and impulsivity and Goal Instability was related to a
      pattern of social withdrawal, depression, and lack of ambitions and goals. These
      results clarify the meaning of the two self-scales as well as providing
      preliminary data on self-pathology and character types.

PMID- 2918450
TI  - Validation of a measure of perfectionism.
AB  - This article describes perfectionism, or the holding of and striving for
      unrealistically high standards, and presents two studies undertaken to
      investigate the convergent, discriminant, and predictive validity of the
      Perfectionism Scale (PS; Burns, 1980). College students in the first study
      completed the PS, several other measures of high standards, and measures of
      constructs that, conceptually, are differentially related to perfectionism.
      Correlational analyses indicated that the Perfectionism Scale has convergent and
      discriminant validity and seems to measure self-oriented perfectionism. The
      second study attempted to determine the predictive validity of the PS by testing
      a vulnerability model of subclinical depression outlined in Hewitt and Dyck
      (1986). PS scores were used to predict depressed mood changes in female college
      students following failure on important and unimportant tasks. As expected, the
      results indicated that perfectionism interacted with failure on important versus
      unimportant tasks to produce dysphoric mood. Evidence for the predictive validity
      of the PS was thus shown. Several directions for future research are discussed.

PMID- 2918451
TI  - Lao Depression Inventory.
AB  - There are no measurement tools that accurately measure depression among Lao
      refugees. The overall purpose of this research was to complete the development
      and validation procedures for the Lao Depression Inventory (LDI). The study
      consisted of 216 Ethnic Lao refugees. A clinical interview and 164 true/false
      questions were administered to identify specific items which could identify
      depression among the Ethnic Lao people. All items were administered in both
      English and Lao. Overall, 78 of the 164 items differentiated groups of depressed
      and nondepressed Lao at the .01 level. Results of validation procedures showed
      that a 30-item scale had an accuracy rate of 89% in identifying the presence of
      depression in the validation group; the hit-rate for the same items and cutoff
      was 92% in the cross-validation group. Potential uses of the scale are discussed.

PMID- 2918452
TI  - It only takes one psychologist to demonstrate the impact of psychological
      assessment.
AB  - Evidence is needed in the field of psychological assessment of psychiatric
      patients to verify if test findings actually influence the clinical processes of
      diagnosis, treatment, case disposition, and outcome. Those who perform many
      assessments can conduct limited experiments to measure these effects. One such
      study is presented. It is a quasi-experiment in which the value of the
      psychologist's diagnostic recommendations to treating psychiatrists was measured.
      Diagnoses at admission, at subsequent psychological evaluation, and at discharge
      were compared among 70 patients referred to a clinical diplomate from the
      American Board of Professional Psychology (ABPP) for assessment. The
      psychiatrists who had referred the patient agreed with the psychologist's
      diagnosis in 94% of the cases. Agreement was high even when the psychologist had
      disagreed with the admitting psychiatrists' diagnoses. Despite imperfections in
      research design, the study demonstrates that solo practitioners can evaluate the
      impact of assessment. Other possibilities for study are presented, as are reasons
      for the significant findings of this study.

PMID- 2918453
TI  - Correlates of the Egocentricity Index in child and adolescent outpatients.
AB  - This study examined the Rorschach and MMPI covariates of Exner's Egocentricity
      Index, 3r + (2): R, in a sample of child and adolescent outpatients (n = 46).
      Consistent with previous findings on adult psychiatric inpatients (Barley, Dorr,
      & Reid, 1985), significant positive correlations were obtained between the Index
      and M, FM, X + %, and D when controlled for the number of protocol responses. The
      Egocentricity Index was negatively associated with lambda and, in a subsample of
      adolescents (n = 19), depression scores. The index bore no significant
      relationship to either Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
      validity or clinical scales, also congruent with earlier investigations.
      Implications for the interpretation of childrens' Egocentricity Indices are
      discussed.

PMID- 2918454
TI  - Diagnosis of major depression by self-report.
AB  - The Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90), Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI),
      and Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) test profiles of
      inpatients and outpatients with DSM-III major depression (n = 48) were contrasted
      with the test profiles of a control group of patients with diverse psychiatric
      disorders (n = 68). In addition, the diagnostic efficiency of the relevant
      depression subscales for the diagnosis of major depression were examined. The
      results indicated that the three self-report tests may be used to diagnose DSM
      III major depression, and that the depressed patients had characteristic test
      profiles.

PMID- 2918455
TI  - A psychometric study of the PRF ANDRO Scale.
AB  - This study investigated the adequacy of the items in the PRF ANDRO Masculinity
      (M) and Femininity (F) Scales, in terms of the content themes specified by
      Berzins, Welling, and Wetter (1978), and empirically tested their appropriateness
      using Bem's (1974) criteria. Results indicated that the PRF ANDRO M and F scales
      contain a large proportion of items that are theoretically irrelvant and that did
      not satisfy Bem's criteria. In addition, these scales were found to contain
      several items with low content saturation. Implications of the results are
      discussed.

PMID- 2918456
TI  - Standardizing the administration of the Profile of Mood States (POMS):
      development of alternative word lists.
AB  - Although standard administration procedures are essential for valid inference
      making, current Profile and Mood States (POMS; McNair, Lorr, & Droppleman, 1971)
      protocol forces each examiner, when asked for assistance, to provide subjects
      extemporaneously with a word or phase that is: (a) synonymous with the original
      item, (b) located nowhere else on the instrument, and (c) more meaningful to the
      subject than the original item. The purpose of this article is to describe an
      empirically based extension of current POMS protocol designed to augment
      uniformity in administration procedures by providing examiners with a
      standardized list of alternatives to be referred to when questions concerning the
      meaning of POMS items arise. A multiphase survey procedure was employed to
      generate and refine alternative items. A series of alpha (internal consistency)
      reliabilities, calculated for the POMS subscales after each alternative was
      substituted, revealed little change in subscale homogeneity resulting from the
      substitution of the alternatives.

PMID- 2918457
TI  - The assessment of personality characteristics in depressed and dependent
      psychiatric inpatients.
AB  - The diagnosis and treatment of depression may be complicated by the presence of
      excessive dependency needs. Previous research has found stable personality traits
      useful in identifying depressive subtypes. This study was designed to assess the
      personality characteristics of 106 psychiatric inpatients. Subjects were grouped
      according to the presence or absence of two primary dimensions: depression and
      dependency. Results indicated that both depression and dependency were
      significantly related to various indices of psychopathology. Main effects were
      more useful than interactions, implying that depression and dependency both
      affect symptomology directly rather than interactively. Although the assessment
      of personality traits may be complicated by the presence of a major psychiatric
      disorder, results from our study suggest that the assessment of both Axis I and
      Axis II variables can be useful in understanding the current clinical picture.

PMID- 2918458
TI  - Predicting depression using earliest childhood memories.
AB  - In order to investigate the utility of earliest childhood memories (EMs) in
      clinical assessment, this study investigated the value of EMs in predicting
      naturally occurring depressive mood states. Of interest were those features of
      EMs that discriminate depressed from nondepressed individuals. Subjects were 212
      undergraduate volunteers who completed the Beck Depression Inventory, the Profile
      of Mood States, and a self-administered EM questionnaire. Utilizing thematic
      predictors derived from cognitive and psychodynamic theories of depression,
      depressed subjects were differentiated from nondepressed subjects at a rate
      significantly greater than chance, p less than .001, with a highly respectable
      estimate of cross-validation shrinkage. The findings demonstrate the phenomenon
      of mood dependent recall in autobiographical memory, namely, that memory
      attributes are strongly influenced by current mood state. Consistent with
      psychodynamic theories of depression and in contrast to cognitive theory,
      depressive mood states appear to facilitate retrieval of memory schemas involving
      deprivation and disturbing human interaction. Schemas involving loss of control,
      failure, or reactions to noncontingent reinforcement (perceptions of the self as
      agent) appear less salient than relationship schemas (perceptions of the self as
      related) in depressive experience.

PMID- 2918459
TI  - An MMPI description of the narcissistic personality.
AB  - This study developed a Minnesota Multiphase Personality Inventory (MMPI)
      description of the narcissistic personality in a nonclinical population. The
      Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) and the MMPI were administered to two
      samples of 57 and 173 subjects. A correlational analysis produced a cross
      validated positive relationship between narcissism and MMPI mania (Ma) and cross
      validated negative relationships between narcissism and MMPI depression (D),
      psychasthenia (Pt), social introversion (Si), anxiety (A), repression (R), and
      ego control (Ec). A correlational analysis of the 7-factor components of the NPI
      (Authority, Exhibitionism, Superiority, Vanity, Exploitativeness, Entitlement,
      and Self-Sufficiency) and the MMPI validity, clinical, commonly scored, and
      content scales suggests that the seven NPI components reflect different levels of
      psychological maladjustment. Narcissistic Entitlement and Exploitativeness
      reflect the most maladjustment, whereas narcissistic Authority reflects the least
      maladjustment. In addition, a profile analysis of the high NPI scorers suggest
      that a 98/89 MMPI profile with an elevated F score is most representative of the
      narcissistic personality in nonclinical samples.

PMID- 2918460
TI  - Rorschach records of Nazi war criminals: a reanalysis using current scoring and
      interpretation practices.
AB  - The Nuremberg trials focused worldwide attention on 22 Nazi war criminals.
      Rorschach Inkblot tests were administered to these Nazi leaders in an attempt to
      understand the Nazi personality. Past studies which have described and
      interpreted these Rorschach records have made at least two types of errors in
      their analyses. One is that of overinterpretation and excessive inference. A
      second common error has been the failure to detect meaningful distinctions
      between protocols that represent significant differences in personality style.
      This latter error is shown in repeated attempts to group all Nazi protocols into
      one distinct "Nazi personality." This investigation attempted to quantify the
      analysis of these Nazi Rorschach records, specifically those Nazi leaders who
      were sentenced to life imprisonment or execution for their war crimes against
      humanity, by utilizing Exner's (1985a) standardized Comprehensive Scoring System
      as well as computerized objective interpretation software based on the Exner
      system (1986). This modern analysis of the Rorschach records demonstrates that
      the Nazi war criminals cannot be grouped together into one specific mental
      disorder that would adequately characterize these diverse individuals. The
      varying degrees of psychopathology of the Nazi leaders are illustrated by
      analyses of individual Rorschach protocols.

PMID- 2918461
TI  - Intravenous recombinant tumor necrosis factor in the treatment of AIDS-related
      Kaposi's sarcoma.
AB  - Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) has demonstrated antitumor activity against a variety
      of tumors and is particularly cytotoxic to capillary endothelial cells, which are
      the presumed cell of origin of Kaposi's sarcoma. We evaluated the toxicity and
      clinical antitumor and antiretroviral effects of recombinant TNF administered at
      a once weekly dose of 100 micrograms/m2 intravenously for 8 weeks in five men
      with AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma and without prior opportunistic infection. One
      patient was removed from study at week 4 due to rapid progression of Kaposi's
      sarcoma, another patient with stage IV disease and a pretreatment CD4 count of 11
      developed fever, hypotension, and pneumonia at week 7 and died 8 days after
      discontinuing recombinant TNF. No pathogenic organisms were isolated. He had
      marked eschar formation of his Kaposi's sarcoma lesions, particularly in areas
      previously exposed to radiation therapy. Uniform toxicities included fevers,
      rigors, and headaches during drug infusion that were ameliorated by prophylactic
      meperidine hydrochloride and acetaminophen. All experienced fatigue and three had
      arthralgias. One patient had transient hypotension which corrected with i.v.
      fluids. No significant hematologic, hepatic, or renal toxicities were seen. All
      patients had some progression of their Kaposi's sarcoma on study. There was no
      change in CD4 or CD8 count or in CD4:CD8 ratios. Serum human immunodeficiency
      virus (HIV) p24 antigen levels increased greater than 50% in three patients. We
      conclude that, as a single agent, at a dose of 100 micrograms/m2 recombinant TNF
      by i.v. infusion has no obvious antitumor or antiretroviral effects in patients
      with AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma.

PMID- 2918462
TI  - Seroconversion, sexual activity, and condom use among 2915 HIV seronegative men
      followed for up to 2 years.
AB  - A cohort of 2915 HIV-1-seronegative men from the four centers of the Multicenter
      AIDS Cohort Study (MACS) was followed at 6 month intervals for 24 months to
      identify men who developed antibodies to HIV-1. Two hundred thirty-two men (8%)
      seroconverted. The highest attack rate was among men who reported practicing both
      receptive and insertive anal-genital intercourse. The attack rate among men who
      reported practicing receptive but not insertive intercourse was 3.6 times higher
      than among men practicing insertive intercourse although those practicing
      insertive only reported 38% more different partners. Only two men seroconverted
      who reported not practicing analgenital intercourse in the 12 month prior to the
      first antibody-positive visit. Because men were followed every 6 months, one of
      these men could have been infected within 6 months of the actual development of
      HIV-1 antibodies. The seroconversion rate was significantly lower among men who
      reported using condoms with all their partners. The results of this study (a)
      reaffirm that receptive anal-genital intercourse is the major route of infection
      among homosexual men of HIV-1, (b) suggest that there is a low risk of HIV-1
      infection to the insertive partner in anal-genital intercourse, (c) suggest that
      infection may rarely occur through sexual activities other than anal-genital
      intercourse, (d) provide evidence that condoms as currently used by men in the
      MACS provide significant but not complete protection against HIV-1 infection, and
      (e) suggest that the number of men in the homosexual community engaging in high
      risk behavior is declining.

PMID- 2918463
TI  - The conditional latency distribution of AIDS for persons infected by blood
      transfusion.
AB  - Knowledge of the latency period between infection with HIV and the onset of
      clinical AIDS is important both to establish prognosis for infected individuals
      and to model the spread of HIV. This paper presents nonparametric analyses of
      conditional distribution of latency based on data from 1,206 persons who
      developed AIDS as a result of contaminated blood transfusions. Among persons who
      develop AIDS within 8 years of infection, there are no significant differences in
      the distributions of males and females. The conditional latency distribution of
      infants is significantly shorter than that of other transfusion cases, yet
      considerably longer than has previously been reported.

PMID- 2918464
TI  - HIV-2-associated AIDS and HIV-2 seroprevalence in Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.
AB  - During a 6-month period in 1987, we examined patients clinically suspected of the
      acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) at the national hospital in Bissau,
      the capital of Guinea-Bissau, and found 20 cases that fulfilled the criteria for
      AIDS. The two most prevalent major symptoms were weight loss and diarrhea, and
      the most common minor symptoms generalized lymphadenopathy and generalized
      dermatitis. Six of 20 patients died within a couple of months. Nineteen of 20
      patients were tested for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and type 2
      (HIV-2) antibodies and were shown to be HIV-2 seropositive. During the same time
      period, a seroprevalence study of HIV-2 and HIV-1 was carried out, including
      2,122 patients or healthy persons in Bissau. Antibodies to HIV-2 were
      demonstrated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and verified by Western blot
      analysis in 8.6% (46/535) of prenatal women, in 7.9% (9/114) of women attending a
      family-planning clinic, in 4.4% (19/427) of applicants for scholarships, in 17.6%
      (16/91) of blood donors tested during the first 2 months and 5.3% (10/189) of
      blood donors tested during the following months, in 5.7% (2/35) of police
      officers, in 36.7% (11/30) of female prostitutes, in 15.8% (97/614) of
      outpatients suspected of having tuberculosis, and in 55.2% (48/87) of patients
      clinically suspected of AIDS or AIDS-related disease. One of 2,001 subjects
      tested had antibodies specific for HIV-1. Another subject had an antibody pattern
      compatible with both HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2918465
TI  - Stereoselectivity of styrene oxidation in microsomes and in purified cytochrome P
      450 enzymes from rat liver.
AB  - The stereochemistry of the cytochrome P-450(P-450)-dependent oxidation of styrene
      to styrene 7,8-oxide (SO) enantiomers was evaluated with rat hepatic microsomes
      and with individual rat liver P-450 enzymes in reconstituted monooxygenase
      systems. The stereoselectivity of the monooxygenase reaction with styrene was
      determined by high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of the glutathione
      conjugates formed quantitatively from SO, the product of the monooxygenase
      reaction. Hepatic microsomes from control rats oxidized styrene at a rate of 13.1
      +/- 4.5 nmol/min/nmol of P-450 and with a ratio of the amount of the (R)-styrene
      7,8-oxide enantiomer to the amount of the (S)-styrene 7,8-oxide enantiomer (R/S)
      SO ratio of 0.65 +/- 0.1. These values were determined under incubation
      conditions in which epoxide hydrolase activity was inhibited by cyclohexene
      oxide, and at least 95% of the SO formed was converted enzymatically to
      glutathione conjugates. Treatment of rats i.p. with phenobarbital (PB) or beta
      naphthoflavone (beta NF) caused changes in both parameters. Whereas the rates of
      oxidation in hepatic microsomes prepared from PB-treated rats was unchanged at
      15.4 +/- 7.5 nmol/min/nmol of P-450 and decreased in hepatic microsomes from beta
      NF-treated rats to 9.4 +/- 2.8 nmol/min/nmol of P-450, the preference for
      formation of the R-enantiomer increased as the R/S ratio changed to 0.92 +/- 0.1
      for PB and 1.25 +/- 0.1 for beta NF.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2918466
TI  - Toxicity of the HMG-coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, lovastatin, to rabbits.
AB  - Lovastatin, a specific inhibitor of the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol
      biosynthesis, HMG-CoA reductase, has been shown to be highly effective in
      lowering serum cholesterol in animals and humans and thus represents a promising
      approach to the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular disease. During the
      preclinical safety assessment of lovastatin, oral doses that were tolerated by
      dogs, rats and mice were found to be lethal to rabbits in subacute studies.
      Postmortem findings in rabbits consisted of centrilobular hepatic necrosis,
      frequently accompanied by renal tubular necrosis and occasionally gallbladder
      necrosis. The liver lesions were associated with up to 300-fold elevations in
      serum aspartate and alanine aminotransferase activities, whereas the kidney
      lesions resulted in accumulations of serum urea nitrogen and creatinine. The
      organ damage was preceded by a progressive decline in food consumption and loss
      of body weight. All histopathological and serum biochemical changes induced by
      lovastatin were completely prevented by coadministration of mevalonate, the
      product of the inhibited HMG-CoA reductase enzyme. In addition, administration of
      mevalonate after the onset of lovastatin-induced hepatotoxicity effectively
      reversed the toxicity despite continued drug treatment. These findings indicated
      that the toxicity of high doses of lovastatin to rabbits is a consequence of a
      highly exaggerated pharmacologic action in blocking mevalonate synthesis.
      However, supplementation of lovastatin-treated rabbits with oral doses of the
      major product of mevalonate metabolism, cholesterol, paradoxically enhanced the
      liver and kidney damage, which suggested that the toxicity of lovastatin stemmed
      from depletion of a nonsterol metabolite(s) of mevalonate critical for cell
      viability.

PMID- 2918467
TI  - Targeting small unilamellar liposomes to hepatic parenchymal cells by dose
      effect.
AB  - A major research goal of liposome pharmacology is the selective delivery of drugs
      to target cell populations while minimizing extraction by phagocytic macrophages
      and blood monocytes of the reticuloendothelial system. The liver is an ideal
      organ for studying targeting strategies using a variety of liposomes, inasmuch as
      its discontinuous capillaries have fenestrae through which liposomes less than
      0.2 microns in diameter may escape into the extravascular space. In a previous
      kinetic study, we proposed that the hepatic uptake of small unilamellar vesicles
      (SUV) in mice was compatible with a model of uptake involving dual, parallel
      pathways. One is a saturable, phagocytic pathway of uptake mediated by Kupffer
      cells, the other is a nonsaturable, pinocytotic pathway of uptake mediated by
      parenchymal cells, favoring the latter pathway at high liposomal dose (Beaumier
      et al., 1983). In the present study, we demonstrated by the techniques of liver
      cells fractionation that the uptake of either the bovine brain
      sphingomyelin/cholesterol (2:1; mole/mole) SUV or distearoyl
      phosphatidylcholine/cholesterol (2:1; mole/mole) SUV by hepatic parenchymal cells
      was enhanced markedly by increasing the amount of injected dose of SUV. As high
      as 85 to 90% of the total liver dose can be attributed to the uptake of SUV by
      the hepatic parenchymal cells alone, when the injected dose reaches at or above
      7.5 to 10 micrograms of lipid per g b.wt. The dose effect on the uptake of
      liposomes by hepatocytes appears to be a general phenomenon of neutral SUV. Our
      data suggested that blockade by dose permits a feasible approach to target SUV to
      hepatic parenchymal cells.

PMID- 2918468
TI  - Effects of acute and chronic clozapine and haloperidol on in vitro release of
      acetylcholine and dopamine from striatum and nucleus accumbens.
AB  - The purpose of this investigation was to determine if striatal or nucleus
      accumbens dopamine (DA) release, ACh release or DA receptor function were altered
      by acute and chronic haloperidol or clozapine treatment in a manner consistent
      with the reported pharmacological effects of each drug on A9 and A10 DA cell
      bodies and projection areas, when experiments were performed without a drug-free,
      or washout, period after drug treatment. The release of neurotransmitters
      reported here was evaluated using a slice-superfusion assay system. Transmitter
      release was induced either by an electrical field (for DA and ACh) or by
      application of either amphetamine or amfonelic acid (DA only). Dopaminergic
      receptor function was assessed by inhibiting electrically stimulated ACh release
      with in vitro TL-99 (a dopaminergic agonist) and by reversing that inhibition
      with in vitro neuroleptics or with ex vivo experimental paradigms (the in vitro
      analysis of transmitter release subsequent to in vivo drug administration). These
      data suggest that although there are differences between haloperidol and
      clozapine, there is no difference between the degree of postsynaptic DA receptor
      blockade produced that can be attributed to the duration of neuroleptic
      treatment. Chronic clozapine (20 mg/kg x 21 days) reversed TL-99-induced
      inhibition of ACh release in the nucleus accumbens only, whereas chronic
      haloperidol (0.5 mg/kg x 21 days) produced a similar reversal in both brain
      areas. One possible explanation for the lack of effect of chronic clozapine
      treatment in the striatum is that carrier-mediated (amphetamine-stimulated) DA
      release is enhanced in the striatum but not in the nucleus accumbens, suggesting
      that the potential DA receptor block in the striatum may be compromised by
      enhanced striatal DA levels. Acute haloperidol (0.5 mg/kg) was found to increase
      electrically stimulated ACh release in the striatum and DA release in the nucleus
      accumbens. Tolerance developed in the striatum, but not the nucleus accumbens,
      with repeated administration. However, acute clozapine had no effect on ACh
      release in either area, but it was found to enhance DA release in the striatum,
      an effect to which tolerance developed with chronic administration. Further,
      comparison of these data with data obtained using haloperidol and clozapine in
      vitro suggests that it is unlikely that these effects are due to residual drug
      still present in these tissues at the time of experimentation. These data are
      discussed with regard to electrophysiological and pharmacological differences
      observed between clozapine and haloperidol on the activity of A9 and A10 DA cells
      after chronic neuroleptic treatment.

PMID- 2918469
TI  - Uptake of nephrotoxic S-conjugates by isolated rat renal proximal tubular cells.
AB  - Freshly isolated, rat renal proximal tubular cells have been widely used to study
      the biochemical mechanisms of cysteine and homocysteine S-conjugate-induced
      cytotoxicity. Because cellular transport may be an important determinant of S
      conjugate-induced nephrotoxicity, the characteristics of the transport of
      nephrotoxic cysteine S-conjugates and analogs were studied in rat renal proximal
      tubular cells. Time- and concentration-dependent uptake of S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)
      L-cysteine (DCVC) and S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-homocysteine (DCVHC) into cells
      were observed; higher concentrations were accumulated in the presence of
      aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA), an inhibitor of cysteine conjugate beta-lyase,
      indicating that AOAA does not inhibit transport. Saturable sodium-dependent and
      sodium-independent transport processes were identified; approximately 50% of DCVC
      uptake, but only 30% of DCVHC uptake, was sodium-dependent. Competition studies
      indicated that the probenecid-sensitive organic anion transport system, which is
      sodium-dependent, and system L, which is sodium-independent, participate in the
      renal proximal tubular uptake of both S-conjugates. In addition, DCVHC uptake
      occurs by the sodium-dependent system ASC and system A. The greater degree of
      sodium independence of DCVHC uptake as compared to that of DCVC indicates that
      system L plays a greater role in DCVHC uptake than it does in DCVC uptake. Both
      sodium-dependent and sodium-independent uptake of the nonmetabolizable and
      nontoxic alpha-methyl analogs, S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-DL-alpha-methylcysteine and
      S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-DL-alpha-methylhomocysteine, were observed at rates
      comparable to those of DCVC and DCVHC.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2918470
TI  - Glucose utilization in the rat brain during chronic morphine treatment and
      naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal.
AB  - Rates of local cerebral glucose utilization (LCGU) were measured in morphine
      dependent and morphine-abstinent rats. Morphine pellets were implanted s.c. (one
      pellet 7 days before glucose utilization measurement and two pellets 4 days
      before the measurement) to produce opioid dependence. LCGU rates in 85 brain
      regions of placebo- and morphine-pelleted rats were similar. In contrast, LCGU
      rates, 5 hr after implantation of one morphine pellet, were decreased
      significantly in six areas. The lack of a chronic morphine effect on LCGU
      suggests tolerance to morphine. Additional support for this view was that an
      additional dose of morphine (8 mg/kg s.c.) in morphine-dependent rats was also
      ineffective in altering LCGU and in an antinociception (hot plate) test.
      Furthermore, plasma morphine levels in chronically treated animals were greater
      than those in acutely treated animals. Naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal
      enhanced LCGU, most notably in thalamic and limbic areas, but also in some
      hypothalamic and hindbrain regions. The findings identify brain areas that may be
      important in the opioid abstinence syndrome. Furthermore they suggest that
      adaptations in the brain produce tolerance to morphine, reflected in LCGU rates
      and latencies in the hot-plate test.

PMID- 2918471
TI  - Environmental determinants of enhanced sensitivity to the behavioral effects of
      naltrexone.
AB  - Dose-effect curves for naltrexone were determined in three squirrel monkeys
      studied sequentially under four different schedule conditions: a schedule of
      shock postponement; a fixed-interval schedule of shock presentation; a fixed
      ratio schedule of food presentation; and a fixed-ratio schedule of stimulus-shock
      termination. In general, responding under the shock-postponement or the fixed
      interval schedules was decreased minimally by doses of naltrexone up to 30 mg/kg,
      and these effects were not altered appreciably after daily injections of
      naltrexone under the fixed-interval schedule. Under the fixed-ratio schedule of
      food presentation naltrexone (0.3 to 10 mg/kg) produced dose-related decreases in
      responding, and after repeated daily injections of naltrexone the dose-effect
      curve was shifted more than 3-fold to the left. Under the fixed-ratio schedule of
      stimulus-shock termination, however, this supersensitivity to naltrexone was not
      apparent: responding was decreased appreciably only after 17.6 mg/kg of
      naltrexone. When the fixed-ratio schedule of food presentation was reinstated,
      the supersensitivity to naltrexone observed previously under this schedule was
      not evident initially, but reappeared quickly in two of the monkeys. The greater
      rate-decreasing effects of naltrexone under the fixed-ratio schedules compared to
      the other schedules may reflect a dependency related to the control rate of
      responding. Supersensitivity to naltrexone occurred only under the fixed-ratio
      schedule of food presentation and could be reversed temporarily by intervening
      exposure to the schedule of stimulus-shock termination. These results extend
      earlier findings that the behavioral effects of drugs can be dependent upon both
      past and present environmental influences.

PMID- 2918472
TI  - Electrophysiological effects of ACC-9358, a novel class I antiarrhythmic agent,
      on isolated canine Purkinje fibers and ventricular muscle.
AB  - Class I antiarrhythmic agents are heterogeneous with respect to their cardiac
      electrophysiological effects and have been subdivided into three categories: la,
      lb and lc. The purpose of the present study was to determine the classification
      and investigate the mechanism of action of ACC-9358 [4-hydroxy-N-phenyl-3,5-bis
      (1-pyrrolidinyl-methyl)benzamide], a novel class I antiarrhythmic agent currently
      under clinical investigation. The effects of ACC-9358 on action potentials from
      isolated canine Purkinje fibers and ventricular muscle were examined using
      standard microelectrode techniques. In Purkinje fibers, ACC-9358 (1-50 microM)
      exerted a dose-dependent reduction in maximum upstroke velocity (Vmax) and action
      potential duration at 50 and 90% repolarization (APD50 and APD90). The reduction
      of Vmax was voltage-dependent (greater at an extracellular potassium
      concentration of 6 mM than at 2.7 mM), frequency-dependent (greater at a basic
      cycle length of 500 than at 2000 msec) and very slow in onset (rate constant of
      0.017 action potentials-1) and offset (recovery half-time of 66.9 sec). In
      Purkinje fibers, ACC-9358 attenuated the action potential shortening effects of
      lidocaine but not that of nicardipine or nicorandil and shortened APD50 to a
      greater extent at a basic cycle length of 2000 than at 500 msec. In ventricular
      muscle, ACC-9358 (1-50 microM) exerted a dose-dependent reduction in Vmax and
      prolongation of APD50 and APD90.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2918473
TI  - Studies on inhibition of angiotensin II receptors in rabbit adrenal and aorta.
AB  - Angiotensin II (AII) labeled with 125I binds to rabbit adrenal cortical membranes
      over a concentration range from 0.5 to 20 nM at an apparent single site with a KD
      of 5 nM. This binding was inhibited in a surmountable fashion with respect to AII
      by the peptide analogs sarcosine1 (Sar1),Leu8AII and Phe4, Tyr8 AII when added to
      the incubation media concomitant with AII addition. With a 30-min preincubation,
      however, the former inhibitor displayed nonsurmountable kinetics whereas the
      profile of the latter was unaffected. In rabbit aortic strips with the same
      preincubation time, the Sar1Leu8AII analog was a nonsurmountable antagonist of
      the contractile effect of AII whereas the inhibition produced by Phe4,Tyr8AII was
      surmountable by increasing agonist (AII) concentrations. The inhibitory effect of
      the former was maintained after repeated washing of the tissue whereas that of
      the latter was readily reversible. Addition of Phe4,Tyr8AII to the bath 5 min
      before preincubation protected the tissue from the prolonged AII inhibition by
      Sar1,Leu8AII. These findings indicate different kinetic modes of AII inhibition
      by these two antagonists. Phe4,Tyr8AII behaves as a reversible, competitive
      inhibitor of AII binding, whereas Sar1,Leu8AII combines with the AII receptor in
      a slowly dissociable manner and is therefore not readily displaced by AII.

PMID- 2918474
TI  - Contrasting effects of verapamil and nifedipine on pH of ischemic myocardium in
      the dog.
AB  - It remains unknown whether the actions of verapamil to depress and nifedipine to
      enhance contractile function of ischemic myocardium influence the degree of
      myocardial ischemic injury. Thus, we measured intramyocardial pH using fiberoptic
      pH probes in 43 anesthetized open-chest dogs pretreated for 30 min with
      verapamil, or nifedipine in doses that decreased aortic pressure 10 to 15 mm Hg
      before ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery for 15 min. Drugs
      were continued during the 15-min ischemic period until the animals were
      euthanized without reperfusion: verapamil, 10-20 micrograms/kg/min and
      nifedipine, 2 to 4 micrograms/kg/min i.v. Verapamil-treated dogs showed higher pH
      of ischemic subendocardium after 15 min ischemia (6.75 +/- 0.07) than did the
      nifedipine (6.48 +/- 0.04) or placebo (6.43 +/- 0.05) groups, even if the animals
      were paced (6.71 +/- 0.11) to prevent the negative chronotropic effect of
      verapamil (P less than 0.01). Neither verapamil nor nifedipine changed collateral
      myocardial blood flow from 0.10 +/- 0.02 in the subendocardium and 0.17 +/- 0.03
      ml/min/g in the subepicardium. Left ventricular function estimated by left
      ventricular dp/dt was depressed 15% by verapamil and enhanced 26% by nifedipine.
      Thus, verapamil, but not nifedipine, relieves acidosis of ischemic myocardium
      after acute coronary occlusion in doses that sustain a 10 to 15 mm Hg decrease in
      aortic pressure. Nifedipine, in doses that produced the same 10 to 15 mm Hg
      decrease in mean aortic pressure, did not increase intramyocardial pH, as it
      enhanced contractile function, estimated by left ventricular dp/dt.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2918475
TI  - Block of 45Ca uptake into synaptosomes by methylmercury: Ca++- and Na+
      dependence.
AB  - Block of Ca++ influx into isolated nerve terminals by the neurotoxicant
      methylmercury (MeHg) was studied for its dependence on extracellular Ca++ and
      Na+. Depolarization-independent entry of 45Ca++ was determined in rat forebrain
      synaptosomes incubated in 5 mM K+ solution. 45Ca++ uptake was similarly measured
      after 1 ("fast" phase) or 10 sec ("total") of elevated K+ (41.25 mM)-induced
      depolarization or after 10 sec of elevated K+-induced depolarization after
      synaptosomes had been predepolarized for 10 sec in Ca++- and MeHg-free solutions
      ("slow" phase). In 5 mM K+ solutions, MeHg concentrations of 125 microM and
      greater significantly reduced synaptosomal 45Ca++ uptake measured during 1 or 10
      sec of incubation. In K+-depolarized synaptosomes, the estimated IC50 for block
      of total, fast and slow 45Ca++ uptake by MeHg is 75 microM; 250 microM MeHg
      reduced uptake by approximately 90%. The reversibility of block by extracellular
      Ca++ was tested by increasing the extracellular Ca++ concentration from 0.01 to
      1.15 mM. When compared to control, 50 microM MeHg reduced total uptake of 45Ca++
      by greater than or equal to 70% and reduced fast uptake by 20 to 60% at all
      concentrations of extracellular Ca++ tested. At Ca++ concentrations of 0.01 to
      0.15 mM, MeHg (50 microM) reduced slow uptake by 75 to 90%, but did not affect
      slow uptake at higher Ca++ concentrations (greater than or equal to 0.30 mM).
      When the dependence of block of 45Ca++ uptake on extracellular Na+ was tested,
      equivalent levels of inhibition were caused by MeHg (25 microM) for fast uptake
      by synaptosomes in Na+-containing and Na+-free solutions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2918476
TI  - Effect of ouabain on the concentration of free cytosolic Ca++ and on
      contractility in cultured rat cardiac myocytes.
AB  - Effects of ouabain on [Ca++]i and on contractility was measured in quin2 and
      fura2 loaded cultured neonatal rat cardiac myocytes. Addition of ouabain (5 x 10(
      8) to 5 x 10(-6) M) to cultured myocytes exposed to balanced buffered salt
      solution (BSS) caused a transient increase in [Ca++]i, followed by slow
      oscillations for about 10 min, and by an elevated steady state level of [Ca++]i
      thereafter. Concentrations of ouabain between 10(-7) and 5 x 10(-7) M caused an
      increase in the amplitude of systolic motion (ASM) whereas concentrations above
      10(-6) caused a decrease in the ASM, an increase in the beating frequency and an
      upward shift of the base line, indicating impaired relaxation. When ouabain was
      added to cardiac myocytes exposed to Ca++-free BSS the increase in [Ca++]i was
      not observed, but only a transient decrease. To investigate the effect of [K+]o
      on the ouabain-induced changes in [Ca++]i, ouabain was added to cells exposed to
      BSS containing low K+ concentration (1 mM instead of 5 mM in balanced BSS). In
      this medium the increase in ASM by ouabain was similar to that in balanced BSS.
      Addition of ouabain caused a transient decrease in [Ca++]i. There was no initial
      increase in [Ca++]i and the steady state level of [Ca++]i was not elevated as
      compared with the same cells before the addition of ouabain. Similar results were
      observed in cells loaded with quin2 or with fura2. In view of these results the
      mechanism of action of ouabain on cardiac myocytes is discussed.

PMID- 2918477
TI  - Pharmacokinetic patterns of repeated administration of antidepressants in
      animals. II. Their relevance in a study of the influence of clomipramine on
      morphine analgesia in mice.
AB  - Many studies have shown tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) to potentiate morphine
      analgesia, but more recent work, using different modes of administration, has
      revealed inhibition of morphine analgesia by TCAs. The influence of different
      modes of administration of clomipramine (CMI) on morphine analgesia assessed by
      the hot-plate test was studied in mice. The administration procedure was based on
      the pharmacokinetic parameters of CMI determined in the strain used. Acute and
      chronic (i.e., every half-life of 130 min for five half-lives) administration of
      CMI (10 or 20 mg/kg i.p.) had opposite effects; the former potentiated morphine
      analgesia and the latter inhibited it. Five closely repeated administrations
      (i.e., every 40 min) suppressed the potentiation without producing inhibition.
      The time course of the influence of CMI showed that the inhibition of morphine
      analgesia observed after repeated administration of a given dose of CMI occurred
      if the latter was present for sufficient time; this time decreased when the dose
      of CMI was increased. Moreover, comparison with literature data shows the
      importance of standardized patterns of repeated administration: the variability
      in the frequency of repeated administration and in the time-lag between the last
      injection of TCA and the test may account for the varying results observed. The
      discrepancies in the literature regarding TCA/morphine interaction are thus only
      apparent, and arise merely from varying conditions. Possible mechanisms for the
      CMI-morphine interaction are discussed: involvement of opiate receptors and/or
      the serotonergic system.

PMID- 2918478
TI  - Regulation of rat uterine steroid receptors by nomegestrol acetate, a new 19-nor
      progesterone derivative.
AB  - The regulatory effects of nomegestrol acetate (NOM-Ac: 17 alpha-acetoxy-6 alpha
      methyl-19-nor-pregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione), a new 19-nor-progesterone derivative,
      active p.o. progestin, were studied on rat uterine estrogen (ER) and progestogen
      receptor (PgR) levels. The actions of estradiol (E2), progesterone (P) and
      various progestins were investigated. The effects of E2 were reproduced with 5
      micrograms/animal: a 2-fold increase in activated ER level in the nucleus at 30
      min, 2-fold stimulation of cytosolic ER replenishment at 48 hr and a 4-fold
      induction of PgR synthesis at 48 hr. The negative regulatory effects of P were
      also reproduced at doses ranging from 0.25 to 2 mg/animal: inhibition of basal
      and E2-stimulated cytosolic ER replenishment and inhibition of E2-induced PgR
      synthesis. NOM-Ac reproduced these negative regulatory effects. The 50% effective
      doses in reducing estrogen receptor levels and the corresponding potencies
      relative to P showed NOM-Ac to be 2.4-fold more active than P and to present,
      when compared to the other progestins, the highest antiestrogenic capacity.
      Furthermore, in contrast with norethisterone acetate, a 19-nor-testosterone
      derivative, it was completely devoid of estrogenic potency.

PMID- 2918479
TI  - Effect of alpha-1-acid glycoprotein, albumin and palmitic acid on the brain and
      salivary gland extraction of warfarin in rats.
AB  - The effect of plasma protein binding of warfarin on its transfer into the brain
      and salivary gland was investigated using alpha-1-acid glycoprotein and human
      serum albumin (HSA) in combination or not with palmitic acid. The tissue
      extraction of [14C] warfarin relative to [3H]water was determined by intracarotid
      injection technique in male Wistar rats. The tissue extraction of warfarin varied
      inversely with the concentration of added serum protein, (HSA and alpha-1-acid
      glycoprotein), and addition of palmitic acid to HSA diminished the extraction.
      The fraction of drug uptaked by tissue (tissue available fraction) was always
      dramatically greater than the in vitro free drug fraction, and this was
      interpreted as an enhanced in vivo drug dissociation from the binding protein.
      The fraction of drug uptake by salivary gland was closer to the in vitro free
      fraction than the fraction of drug uptake by brain tissue. The addition of
      palmitic acid to HSA induced parallel changes in the in vitro free fraction of
      warfarin and in the brain tissue or salivary gland extraction of warfarin. These
      data indicate that a part of protein-bound warfarin (as determined in vitro) is
      available for tissue extraction via an enhanced in vivo dissociation of the drug
      protein complex in the tissue microcirculation. The in vitro data were fitted to
      a saturable model of binding whereas the in vivo data could satisfactorily fit a
      model dealing with a nonsaturable model of binding, and this is probably the
      result of the several-fold increase in the in vivo dissociation constant.

PMID- 2918480
TI  - Effects of acute and chronic prenatal nicotine treatment on central catecholamine
      systems of male and female rat fetuses and offspring.
AB  - The effect of acute and chronic prenatal administration of nicotine on central
      catecholamine systems was studied in Long Evans rats. A single injection of
      nicotine (1 mg/kg s.c.) to urethane-anesthetized time-pregnant dams at
      gestational day (GD) 21 increased dopamine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and
      homovanillic acid (determined by radioenzymatic assay and high-performance liquid
      chromatography with electrochemical detection, respectively) in male and female
      fetal forebrain within 30 min. No significant change was seen in norepinephrine
      (NE) and MOPEG, but the MOPEG/NE ratio increased in male fetuses. After the
      administration of nicotine by an osmotic minipump (0.25 mg/kg x hour or vehicle
      for controls) between GD 12 and 18/19, MOPEG was elevated at GD 18 and reduced at
      postnatal day (PN) 15 in both sexes; the reduction persisted in males until
      adulthood (2.5 months). 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid was affected by chronic
      drug treatment only in males with an increase at GD 18 and PN 15 and a decrease
      in adulthood. In contrast, homovanillic acid was reduced in adult offspring of
      both sexes. Male NE and dopamine of both sexes was above control level at PN 15.
      Cross-fostering data demonstrate that the changes were due to prenatal
      influences. The observations indicate that central fetal catecholamine systems
      are responsive to acute administration of nicotine and that chronic prenatal
      exposure to the drug results in persistent alterations in the functional state of
      these neurons. The drug-induced pattern of neurochemical alterations changes
      during ontogeny until adulthood; it depends upon the sex of the offspring.

PMID- 2918481
TI  - Stimulation of gastric alkaline secretion by histamine in rats: possible
      involvement of histamine H2-receptors and endogenous prostaglandins.
AB  - The mechanism of stimulatory action of histamine on gastric alkaline secretion
      was investigated in anesthetized rats. Intravenous infusion of histamine (2-8
      mg/kg/hr) dose-dependently stimulated acid secretion and in the presence of
      omeprazole (60 mg/kg), an H+/K+-adenosine triphosphatase inhibitor, produced an
      increase of gastric but not duodenal alkaline secretion; the degree of gastric
      alkalinization was also dependent on the dose of histamine, reaching the maximal
      values of approximately 1.0 microEq/10 min. Cimetidine (100 mg/kg s.c.)
      significantly inhibited both acid and alkaline secretory responses caused by
      histamine, whereas indomethacin (5 mg/kg s.c.) significantly prevented the
      increased alkaline secretion caused by histamine as well as mucosal acidification
      (100 mM HCl for 10 min). Tripelennamine (10 mg/kg s.c.) had no effect on either
      acid or alkaline secretion. Histamine (8 mg/kg/hr) reduced the arterial blood
      pressure (25.3%) and increased the mucosal vascular permeability in the stomach
      as determined by Evans blue (160%), but these vascular responses were
      significantly prevented only by tripelennamine, excluding the possible
      contribution of the vascular effects to the increased gastric alkaline secretion.
      These results suggest that histamine may stimulate gastric alkaline secretion as
      well as acid secretion, and the mechanism of histamine-induced alkaline secretion
      may involve both endogenous prostaglandins and stimulation of H2-receptors.

PMID- 2918482
TI  - Effects of continuous infusion of cholinergic drugs on memory impairment in rats
      with basal forebrain lesions.
AB  - The effects of continuous infusion of cholinergic drugs on behavior in normal
      rats and on impaired acquisition and retention of several behavioral tasks in
      rats with basal forebrain (BF) lesions were investigated. Physostigmine and
      oxotremorine were infused continuously with a miniosmotic pump for 3 weeks, and
      the performance on several different behavioral tasks was examined during the
      infusion. In normal rats high doses of physostigmine (4 and 8 mg/kg/day s.c.)
      produced significant changes in general behavior and impaired performance in the
      Morris water maze. Oxotremorine (0.25-2 mg/kg/day s.c.) had no significant
      effects on general behavior or cognitive performance in normal rats, although
      severe cataracts developed at the high dose (4 mg/kg/day). A deficit in motor
      habituation in rats with BF lesions produced by bilateral injections of ibotenic
      acid (30 nmol on each side) was improved markedly by the chronic administration
      of physostigmine (2 mg/kg/day) and oxotremorine (1 mg/kg/day). BF lesions
      produced severe impairments in acquisition and retention in a passive avoidance
      task, an active avoidance and the Morris water maze, which was characterized by a
      marked disruption of retention. The impairment was also ameliorated markedly by
      the cholinergic drugs, whereas other behavioral impairments were not affected by
      the drugs. These results indicate that the continuous administration of
      cholinergic drugs produces a marked improvement of acquisition and retention in
      rats with BF lesions, and suggest that the impairment in cognitive performance,
      especially with regard to retention, caused by BF lesions is due to the
      disruption of the BF-cortical cholinergic pathway.

PMID- 2918483
TI  - Role of sulfhydryls in mucosal injury caused by ethanol: relation to
      microvascular permeability, gastric motility and cytoprotection.
AB  - The relationship between gastric mucosal glutathione (GSH) levels, vascular
      permeability, gastric motility and mucosal injury caused by ethanol was
      investigated in rats. Oral administration of 50% ethanol (1 ml) produced
      elongated reddish bands of lesions in the mucosa with a significant reduction of
      GSH levels and increase of microvascular permeability. These lesions were
      significantly inhibited by pretreatment with s.c. administered diethylmaleate
      (DEM: 1 ml/kg), cysteamine (100 mg/kg) and 16, 16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2
      (dmPGE2, 10 micrograms/kg) but worsened markedly by N-ethylmaleimide (NEM: 10
      mg/kg). Irrespective of whether the animals were treated with 50% ethanol or not,
      the mucosal GSH levels were significantly decreased or increased, respectively,
      by DEM or cysteamine, and were not affected by both NEM and dmPGE2. NEM
      significantly enhanced the vascular permeability in the absence or presence of
      ethanol (greater than 10%), whereas other agents significantly inhibited only the
      increased vascular permeability caused by ethanol. On the other hand, gastric
      motility was potently and persistently inhibited by either DEM, cysteamine or
      dmPGE2 at the doses which prevented ethanol-induced mucosal injury, whereas NEM
      had no effect on the motility. These results suggest that 1) the mucosal GSH
      levels do not relate directly to either development or prevention of ethanol
      induced gastric injury, 2) potentiation by NEM of the mucosal injury may be
      accounted for by its enhancement of the vascular permeability and 3) inhibition
      of gastric motility may be associated with prevention of mucosal lesions.

PMID- 2918485
TI  - Racing wheelchair crown compensation.
AB  - This paper is concerned with the directional stability of racing wheelchairs on
      crown roads. Three types of crown compensators are described and evaluated: the
      push-pull, the push-push, and the pull-pull. It was found that the push-push and
      the push-pull types of compensators have the most desirable characteristics, and
      were, in general, safer than the pull-pull type. In addition, the equations
      necessary to specify the minimum spring force required to compensate for the
      downhill turning moment, were derived and compared to the actual preset forces
      for the various compensators presently in use. It was found that the force
      required to maintain directional stability was less than that to deflect the
      crown compensator. This was due to the preference of athletes for additional
      stiffness needed for disturbance rejection, and to help compensate for any
      asymmetry in their stroke kinematics. It was also more cost-effective for the
      manufacturer to build stiffer-than-necessary crown compensators so that a range
      of individual and racing wheelchair combinations could use the same crown
      compensator.

PMID- 2918484
TI  - Mechanism of protective effects of Ca++ channel blockers on energy deprivation
      contracture in cultured ventricular myocytes.
AB  - To examine mechanisms of the protective effects of Ca++ channel blockers on
      energy deprivation contracture, we measured cystolic calcium ion concentration
      ([Ca++]i) (Indo-1 fluorescence), development of contracture (video motion
      detector) and ATP contents during exposure of cultured chick embryo ventricular
      cells to 1 mM cyanide (CN) and 20 mM 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG). The time periods
      required for [Ca++]i to reach 50% of [Ca++]i transient ([Ca++]i-50) and
      contracture were determined after exposure to 1) CN + 2-DG alone, 2) CN + 2-DG
      simultaneous with 1 microM verapamil (V-sim) and 3) verapamil followed by CN + 2
      DG (V-pre). Time periods required to reach [Ca++]i-50 under these conditions were
      4.2 +/- 0.4 min (CN + 2-DG alone), 3.8 +/- 0.4 min (NS vs. CN + 2-DG alone) (V
      sim) and 6.4 +/- 1.1 min (P less than .05 vs. CN + 2-DG alone) (V-pre),
      respectively. Time periods required for contracture development were 4.4 +/- 0.3
      min (CN + 2-DG alone), 4.4 +/- 0.6 min (NS vs. CN + 2-DG alone) (V-sim) and 9.3
      +/- 1.2 min (P less than .05 vs. CN + 2-DG alone) (V-pre). Three minutes after
      metabolic inhibition, ATP contents declined from 32.3 +/- 0.7 nmol/mg of protein
      to 4.2 +/- 1.0 in CN + 2-DG alone, to 4.5 +/- 0.9 (NS vs. CN + 2-DG alone) with V
      sim and to 8.3 +/- 2.2 (P less than .05 vs. CN + 2-DG alone) with V-pre.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2918486
TI  - Tests of two new polyurethane foam wheelchair tires.
AB  - The performance characteristics of four 24-inch wheelchair tires are considered;
      one pneumatic and three airless. Specifically, two new airless polyurethane foam
      tires (circular and tapered cross-section) were compared to both a molded
      polyisoprene tire and a rubber pneumatic tire. Rolling resistance, coefficient of
      static friction, spring rate, tire roll-off, impact absorption, wear resistance,
      and resistance to compression set were the characteristics considered for the
      basis of comparison. Although the pneumatic tire is preferred by many wheelchair
      users, the two new polyurethane foam tires were found to offer a performance
      similar to the high-pressure pneumatic tire. In addition, the foam tires are less
      expensive and lighter in weight than the other tires tested.

PMID- 2918487
TI  - Racing wheelchair rear wheel alignment.
AB  - This technical note describes a time-saving device for aligning the rear wheels
      of a racing wheelchair. The newly-developed analog alignment device is compared
      to the now standard discrete alignment device. The analog alignment device is
      found to reduce the time needed to align the rear wheels by nearly 75 percent,
      while increasing the accuracy of the alignment. The device does not noticeably
      alter the performance of the racing wheelchair and, if installed properly, the
      device is sufficiently resistant to fatigue.

PMID- 2918488
TI  - Replacing losses in kind: improved sensation following heel reconstruction using
      the free instep flap.
AB  - Two similar patients, with extensive defects of the heel treated by free tissue
      transfer of the contralateral instep, are discussed. Durable coverage and near
      normal static two-point discrimination were obtained in both. Improved results
      are attributed to the proximal interfascicular dissection of the medial plantar
      nerve and implantation into the posterior tibial nerve as the recipient. This
      flap may be transferred with only relatively minor donor-site complications. The
      contralateral instep free flap provides an ideal, durable, and sensate heel
      replacement, particularly when local tissues are unavailable.

PMID- 2918489
TI  - The importance of venous drainage in rat flaps: an experimental study.
AB  - Venous drainage of musculocutaneous grafts prepared on the backs of rats survived
      successfully by preserving the draining vein. Even in musculocutaneous flaps,
      venous drainage at the distal part of the flap plays an important role in a
      successful take. An experiment was prepared in a rat model in which the
      iliolumbar veins were utilized as the draining veins, and musculocutaneous flaps,
      4 x 10 cm in size, were created. In this experiment, it was shown that even in
      random pattern musculocutaneous flaps, necrosis can be prevented by preserving
      the draining vein.

PMID- 2918490
TI  - The osteomusculocutaneous musculoperitoneal groin flap in head and neck
      reconstruction.
AB  - The anatomy of the ascending branch of the deep circumflex iliac vessels is
      reported. This vasculature allows the design of a musculoperitoneal flap, not
      exceeding 7 cm x 14 cm, together with an osteomusculocutaneous groin flap. The
      procedure is particularly useful, if resection of an intraoral carcinoma has
      included such structures as bone and the outer skin of the head and neck. The
      flap can be harvested with or without the internal oblique muscle. Most common
      composite defects after resection can be replaced by an osteomusculoperitoneal
      flap. Clinical applications are also described and one case report is included.

PMID- 2918491
TI  - Free vascularized fibular grafts.
AB  - Postoperative results in 21 patients with bone defects that had been treated with
      a free vascularized fibular graft (FVFG) were evaluated. Pathogeneses in 21
      patients were bone defect or pseudarthrosis after trauma in eight, massive bone
      defect after resection of bone and soft tissue tumor in six, congenital
      pseudarthrosis of the tibia in six, and congenital arteriovenous fistula in the
      forearm in one patient. The follow-up ranged from 15 months to 12 years, with an
      average of four years and six months. At final review, 12 patients went on to
      primary bony union, and six additional patients obtained union following an
      additional conventional bone graft. Three FVFGs resulted in a non-vascularized
      fibular graft. However, two patients obtained union with additional bone graft.
      Only one patient failed to obtain bony union and eventually required an above
      knee amputation. Bony union rates in congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia
      treated with the FVFG were lower than those in other diseases. Variables related
      to the surgical procedures and other factors affecting results and complications
      were also evaluated.

PMID- 2918493
TI  - Nasal alar reconstruction with an ear helix free flap.
AB  - Reconstruction of full-thickness defects of the nasal alae has always been a
      challenge. Local flaps are commonly used but often result in facial scars and
      bulky alae that require secondary revisions. The structural similarities between
      the nasal alae and auricular helices have allowed the use of free helical
      composite grafts to repair small nasal defects of less than 2.0 cm. Recent
      delineation of vascular territories of the ear has allowed the use of
      vascularized helical free flaps in the repair of large alar defects. Successful
      reconstruction of a 3.2 cm x 3.0 cm full-thickness alar defect, with a
      chondrocutaneous microsurgical free flap from the root of the auricular helix, is
      presented. The reconstruction was satisfactory as to contour, symmetry, and color
      match over a one year follow-up.

PMID- 2918492
TI  - Adipose veno-lymphatic transfer for management of post-radiation lymphedema.
AB  - In a patient who had post-radiation lymphedema after excision of liposarcoma, a
      method is described that is called adipose veno-lymphatic transfer. The technique
      involves transferring adipose tissue containing lymphatic vessels that surround
      the long saphenous vein, from the normal, healthy leg to the irradiated leg, with
      the creation of an arteriovenous fistula.

PMID- 2918494
TI  - The vascularized fascia of the scalp.
AB  - The fascial layers of the temporal and occipital regions of the scalp were
      examined in 11 fresh cadavers. In the temporal region, three independently
      vascularized layers were isolated, all of which could be elevated on a single
      superficial temporal artery, but separated to remain independently vascularized
      from specific branches of this parent trunk. In the occipital area, the occipital
      vessels could be dissected to yield a long pedicle for an independent, fascial
      territory that could be transposed locally or elevated as a free flap and that
      will, in all likelihood, carry vascularized occipital bone. Realized and as yet
      unrealized uses of these ultrathin vascularized tissues remain boundless. Three
      representative cases are presented.

PMID- 2918495
TI  - Late arterial thrombosis in a replanted thumb: a case report.
AB  - A case of arterial occlusion occurred nine years after replantation of a thumb.
      Factors implicated were smoking and repeated blunt trauma to the first web space.
      The digit was successfully revascularized after excision of a segment of
      thrombosed arterial vein graft.

PMID- 2918496
TI  - The 2-desamino and 2-desamino-2-methyl analogues of aminopterin do not inhibit
      dihydrofolate reductase but are potently toxic to tumor cells in culture.

PMID- 2918497
TI  - A carboxy-terminus truncated analogue of angiotensin II, [Sar1]angiotensin II-(1
      7)-amide, provides an entry to a new class of angiotensin II antagonists.

PMID- 2918498
TI  - Synthesis of gastrin antagonists, analogues of the C-terminal tetrapeptide of
      gastrin, by introduction of a beta-homo residue.
AB  - A series of analogues of Boc-Trp-Leu-Asp-Phe-NH2, a potent gastrin agonist, were
      synthesized by introducing a beta-homo residue in the sequence. These compounds
      were tested in vivo on acid secretion, in the anesthetized rat, and for their
      ability to inhibit binding of labeled gastrin to its receptors on gastric mucosal
      cells. These analogues behaved as gastrin antagonists. The most potent compounds
      in this series were Boc-Trp-Leu-beta-homo-Asp-NHCH2C6H5 (10) (IC50 = 1 microM,
      ED50 = 0.2 mg/kg), Boc-Trp-Leu-beta-homo-Asp-NHCH2CH2C6H5 (11) (IC50 = 0.75
      microM, ED50 = 0.5 mg/kg), Boc-Trp-Leu-beta-homo-Asp-Phe-NH2 (12) (IC50 = 1.5
      microM, ED50 = 0.1 mg/kg), and Boc-Trp-Leu-beta-homo-Asp-D-Phe-NH2 (13) (IC50 = 2
      microM, ED50 = 0.1 mg/kg). We could demonstrate the importance of the region of
      the peptide bond between leucine and aspartic acid and of the structure of the C
      terminal dipeptide Asp-Phe-NH2, for exhibiting biological activity on acid
      secretion.

PMID- 2918499
TI  - Fluoronaphthyridines and quinolones as antibacterial agents. 1. Synthesis and
      structure-activity relationships of new 1-substituted derivatives.
AB  - A series of novel 7-piperazinyl-1-substituted-6-fluoroquinolones and
      naphthyridines have been prepared and their antibacterial activities evaluated.
      These derivatives are characterized by having alkyl, alkenyl, arylalkyl,
      cycloalkyl, and cycloalkenyl groups at the 1-position. As a result of this study,
      derivatives 7 and 26, which are substituted with tert-butyl groups at N-1, were
      found to possess excellent in vitro and in vivo potency, particularly against
      Staphylococcus aureus, comparable to that of norfloxacin or ciprofloxacin.
      Structure-activity relationships of N-1 substituted alkyls and cycloalkyls are
      also discussed.

PMID- 2918500
TI  - Preparation and biodistribution of 1-[2-(3-[125I]iodo-4-aminophenyl)ethyl]-4-[3
      (trifluoromethyl) phenyl]piperazine and 1-[2-(3-[125I]iodo-4-azidophenyl)ethyl]-4
      [3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl] piperazine.
AB  - The iodinated analogue of 1-[2-(4-aminophenyl)ethyl]-4-[3
      (trifluoromethyl)phenyl]piperazine (PAPP), IPAPP (4), and the corresponding azido
      compound azido-IPAPP (5) were synthesized. The corresponding no-carrier-added
      125I (T1/2 = 60 days, 35-60 keV) labeled compounds were also prepared. High
      specific binding was observed from in vitro binding studies using rat brain
      tissue preparation; Ki = 20 and 17.5 nM against [3H]-5-HT. In vivo
      biodistribution studies in rats showed that azido-[125I]IPAPP passed through
      intact blood-brain barrier and localized in the brain. Ex vivo autoradiography of
      rat brain sections exhibited a diffuse uptake pattern, which may be due to
      specific and nonspecific binding. The results indicate that IPAPP and azido-IPAPP
      may not be suitable to image the serotonin receptor in the brain.

PMID- 2918501
TI  - Structure-activity studies of trichothecenes: cytotoxicity of analogues and
      reaction products derived from T-2 toxin and neosolaniol.
AB  - Forty-two analogues and reaction products derived from T-2 toxin or neosolaniol
      were assayed for their cytotoxicity to cultured mouse lymphoma cells. Structure
      activity relationships confirmed the stereospecific nature of the cytotoxic
      action of T-2. Cytotoxicity was particularly susceptible to changes at C3, C4,
      C9, and C10 but was relatively unaffected by changes at C8, which appears to
      represent a region of steric tolerance in the interaction of T-2 with a cellular
      constituent. The most potent compounds were T-2, diacetoxyscirpenol, and a series
      of C8 ester analogues 11 and 31-35.

PMID- 2918502
TI  - Long acting dihydropyridine calcium antagonists. 2. 2-[2
      Aminoheterocycloethoxy]methyl derivatives.
AB  - A series of [(2-aminoheterocycloethoxy)methyl]dihydropyridines were prepared as
      selective coronary vasodilators. Results showed that a wide variety of five- and
      six-membered heterocycles were acceptable at the 2-position of the
      dihydropyridine ring and in vitro potency and tissue selectivity was independent
      of the basicity of these heterocycles. The SAR indicated that activity was
      optimum when the largest ester group was placed at the 3 rather than 5 position.
      2-[[2-[(3-Amino-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl)amino]ethoxy]methyl]-4- (2,3
      dichlorophenyl)-3-(ethoxycarbonyl)-5-(methoxycarbonyl)-6-methyl- 1,4
      dihydropyridine (3b) (UK-52,831) emerged as a potent (IC50 = 6.3 X 10(-9) M) and
      tissue-selective calcium channel blocker with a duration of action greater than 7
      h in the anaesthetized dog.

PMID- 2918503
TI  - Quinazoline antifolate thymidylate synthase inhibitors: nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur,
      and chlorine substituents in the C2 position.
AB  - The synthesis of 16 new N10-propargylquinazoline antifolates with methylamino,
      ethylamino, (2-aminoethyl)amino, [2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]amino, (2
      hydroxyethyl)amino, (carboxymethyl)amino, dimethylamino, imidazol-1-yl, methoxy,
      ethoxy, phenoxy, 2-methoxyethoxy, 2-hydroxyethoxy, mercapto, methylthio, and
      chloro substituents at C2 is described. In general, the synthetic route involved
      the coupling of diethyl N-[4-(prop-2-ynylamino)benzoyl]-L-glutamate (5a) with 6
      (bromomethyl)-2-chloro-3,4-dihydro-4-oxoquinazoline in N,N-dimethylformamide with
      calcium carbonate as the base, displacement of the C2-chloro substituent with
      nitrogen and sulfur nucleophiles, and deprotection using mild alkali. The C2
      ether analogues were most conveniently prepared by coupling 5a with 6
      (bromomethyl)-2,4-diakoxy(or diphenoxy)quinazolines. In this series the final
      deprotection step with aqueous alkali gave simultaneous selective hydrolysis of
      the C4-alkoxy or C4-phenoxy substituent. The compounds were tested as inhibitors
      of partially purified L1210 thymidylate synthase (TS). As a measure of
      cytotoxicity, they were examined for their inhibition of the growth of L1210
      cells in culture. The C2-methoxy analogue 11a was equivalent to the previously
      described tight binding TS inhibitor N10-propargyl-5,8-dideazafolic acid (CB3717,
      ICI 155387, 1a) against the TS enzyme and exhibited enhanced potency in culture.
      The C2-methoxy substituent also gave a 110-fold enhancement in aqueous solubility
      relative to the C2-amine. These results suggest that 11a will be an interesting
      compound for further study as a potential antitumor agent in vivo. A further
      series of 2-methoxyquinazoline antifolates with modified alkyl substituents at
      N10 is also described. None of these analogues equalled the activity of 11a. Thus
      the propargyl group appears to be the optimum N10 substituent in both 2-amino-
      and 2-methoxyquinazoline antifolates.

PMID- 2918504
TI  - 5-(1-piperazinyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-amines as antihypertensive agents.
AB  - A series of 5-(1-piperazinyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-amines was synthesized and
      screened for antihypertensive and diuretic activity in spontaneously hypertensive
      rats (SHR). One compound, 5-[4-[(3-chlorophenyl)methyl]-1-piperazinyl]-1H-1,2,4
      triazol-3-am ine (8), was selected to define the mechanism of its
      antihypertensive activity. Studies in SHR suggest ganglionic blocking activity.
      Short-lived antihypertensive activity was observed in conscious renal
      hypertensive dogs.

PMID- 2918505
TI  - Synthesis and hypertensive activity of neuropeptide Y fragments and analogues
      with modified N- or C-termini or D-substitutions.
AB  - Porcine neuropeptide Y (NPY), NPY fragments, and analogues with D-Xaan, Ala9, D
      Ala9, and Met17 substitutions or modifications to the C- or N-termini were
      synthesized. The synthesis and purification of these peptides was achieved by
      using routine laboratory strategies and techniques. The ability of these peptides
      to alter mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) in conscious rats was
      monitored for 15 min following intraarterial administration. Potencies and
      efficacies of these peptides relative to NPY were determined by comparison of
      dose-response curves. Administration of 40 micrograms/kg NPY resulted in a rapid,
      though short-lived, rise in mean arterial pressure from a basal value of 107.0 +/
      2.6 to 157 +/- 5.5 mmHg (means +/- sem, n = 13). The ED50 (+/- SE) for this
      response was 3.04 +/- 0.88 micrograms/kg. Peptide YY (PYY) elicited a response
      that was similar in magnitude but with an ED50 (+/- SE, n = 3) of 0.76 +/- 0.24
      micrograms/kg while porcine pancreatic polypeptide (pPP) was inactive when tested
      at 40 micrograms/kg (n = 4). Relative potencies for [Ac-Tyr1]NPY, [Ac-D-Tyr1]NPY,
      [des-amino-Tyr1] NPY, and [Me-Tyr1]NPY ranged from 1.1 to 2.2. Potencies relative
      to NPY for D-substitutions at positions 2-6 and 8-13 inclusive ranged from 0.1 to
      1.0. Analogues with D-substitutions at positions 1-3 exhibited an extended
      duration of action. Analogues with D-substitutions at positions 33-35 inclusive
      were inactive at 40 micrograms/kg, and [D-Tyr36]NPY was 10-fold less potent than
      NPY, suggesting that the integrity of the C-terminal region is critical to the
      overall biological action of NPY. This conclusion is supported by studies with C-
      and N-terminal deletion peptides. NPY2-36 showed full intrinsic activity at 40
      micrograms/kg and retains 40% of the hypertensive potency of NPY. There was a
      sequential decrease in efficacy upon further N-terminal deletion. In contrast to
      the finding with NPY2-36, modification of the C-terminus either from the native
      carboxamide to the free carboxylic acid or by deletion of the C-terminal residue
      resulted in analogues which were inactive at 40 micrograms/kg. These data
      indicate that an essentially full-length, C-terminally amidated NPY structure is
      required for the hypertensive activity observed in conscious rats upon
      intraarterial administration of NPY and NPY analogues.

PMID- 2918506
TI  - Synthesis and in vitro activity of 1 beta-methyl C-2 quaternary heterocyclic
      alkylthio carbapenems.
AB  - New 1 beta-methylcarbapenems having various (substituted) quaternary heterocyclic
      alkythio groups at the C-2 position were synthesized and tested for antibacterial
      activity and renal dipeptidase susceptibility. Compounds having the 1 beta-methyl
      substituent were found to possess an increased stability to the enzyme. In
      addition, combination of the 1 beta-methyl substituent and the C-2 quaternary
      heterocyclic alkylthio side chain generated compounds with excellent
      antipseudomonal activity and improved stability toward hydrolysis by renal
      dipeptidase.

PMID- 2918507
TI  - Potential tumor- or organ-imaging agents. 29. Radioiodinated esters and amides of
      20-hydroxy- and 20-aminopregn-5-en-3 beta-ols.
AB  - Radioiodinated benzoyl esters and amides of epimeric 20-hydroxy- and 20
      aminopregn-5-en-3 beta-ols were synthesized in an effort to find an agent that
      would be rapidly and selectively taken up by adrenal cortical tissue. Achievement
      of such a goal would provide a basis for the development of adrenal imaging
      agents superior to those currently available for clinical use. The iodobenzoyl
      derivatives were obtained by treating the appropriate epimer with 2-iodobenzoic
      acid in the presence of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine.
      The resulting esters and amides were readily labeled with radioiodine by isotope
      exchange with sodium iodide-125 in pivalic acid. Tissue distribution studies in
      female rats revealed that only the esters displayed appreciable adrenal
      specificity, and the ester having the same configuration at C-20 as cholesterol
      was significantly better than the corresponding C-20 epimer.

PMID- 2918508
TI  - Structure-activity relationships of pyrimidine nucleosides as antiviral agents
      for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
AB  - The structure-activity relationships of several pyrimidine nucleosides related to
      3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) were determined in human immunodeficiency virus
      type 1 (HIV-1) infected human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. These studies
      indicated that nucleosides with a 3'-azido group on the sugar ring exhibited the
      most potent antiviral activity. Substitution at C-5 with H, CH3, and C2H5
      produced derivatives with the highest potency, whereas alkyl functions greater
      than C2, including bromovinyl substitution reduced the antiviral potency
      significantly. Changing the 3'-azido function to an amino or iodo group reduced
      the antiviral activity. Replacement of the uracil ring by cytosine or 5
      methylcytosine produced analogues with high potency and low toxicity.
      Modification of the 5'-hydroxy group markedly reduced the antiviral activity.
      Similarly, various C-nucleoside analogues related to AZT and 2',3'
      dideoxycytidine were inactive and nontoxic. From these systematic studies 3'
      azido-2',3'-dideoxyuridine (5a), 3'-azido-5-ethyl-2',3'-dideoxyuridine (5c), and
      3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxycytidine (7a) and its 5-methyl analogue (7b) were
      identified as potent and selective anti-HIV-1 agent in primary human lymphocytes.

PMID- 2918509
TI  - 1-(3-cyano-2,3-dideoxy-beta-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)thymine (cyanothymidine):
      synthesis and antiviral evaluation against human immunodeficiency virus.
AB  - 1-(3-Cyano-2,3-dideoxy-beta-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)thymine (cyanothymidine)
      (3a) has been prepared by an unambiguous route starting from D-xylose. The
      relative and absolute stereochemistry of 3a and its anomeric isomer 9 have been
      confirmed by NOE experiments and by X-ray diffraction analysis. In antiviral
      tests vs HIV 3a was shown to be inactive, a surprising result in view of a
      preliminary disclosure claiming potent anti-HIV activity. The activity previously
      assigned to 3a is believed to be due to contamination of that sample with the
      known antiviral nucleoside analogue 5b.

PMID- 2918510
TI  - A dihydropyridine carrier system for sustained delivery of 2',3'
      dideoxynucleosides to the brain.
AB  - The present study evaluates the utility of the dihydropyridine in equilibrium
      pyridinium salt redox system for the specific delivery and sustained release of a
      model 2',3'-dideoxynucleoside to the brain of mice as the initial effort in a
      search for agents that may prove effective in reversing the complicating
      neurological disorders of AIDS. The unsaturated nucleoside 2',3'-didehydro-2',3'
      dideoxythymidine (1), which is effective in protecting ATH8 cells against the
      cytopathogenicity of HIV-1, was converted to the corresponding N-methyl-1,4
      dihydronicotinate derivative, 4, in three steps. The 5'-O-nicotinate ester, 2,
      obtained by reaction of 1 with nicotinyl chloride, was converted in quantitative
      yield to the N-methylpyridinium salt 3 on treatment with MeI in acetone.
      Reduction of the latter with Na2S2O4 gave 4 in 50% yield. Pseudo-first-order rate
      constants for the oxidation of 4 to 3 were observed in plasma (k = 3.54 x 10(-5)
      s-1) and in homogenates of mouse liver (k = 9.2 x 10(-5) s-1) and brain (k = 8.85
      x 10(-5) s-1). None of the chemical delivery system 4 could be detected in the
      brain of female BDF/1 mice at 1 h postinjection. The peak level of 3 in the brain
      occurred at 3 h with a half-life of 25 h. Both 1 and N-methylnicotinic acid
      (trigonelline, 5) were readily identified by HPLC in a brain homogenate derived
      from mice injected (25 mg/kg) with 4. TLC showed a low level penetration of mouse
      brain by 1 (0.44 microgram/g wet tissue) following injection of the corresponding
      labeled [methyl-3H]-2',3'-unsaturated nucleoside (25 mg/kg). The data indicate
      that 4 crosses the blood-brain barrier to be oxidized by cerebral tissue to the
      ionic structure 3, which is "locked therein". The sustained local release of a
      2',3'-dideoxynucleoside, such as 1, from a chemical delivery system (4)
      represents a potentially useful approach to the treatment of AIDS dementia
      complex.

PMID- 2918511
TI  - Antitumor and antiviral activity of synthetic alpha- and beta-ribonucleosides of
      certain substituted pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidines: a new synthetic strategy for
      exocyclic aminonucleosides.
AB  - A novel and direct synthesis of the antiviral and antitumor agent 4-amino-8-(beta
      D-ribofuranosylamino)pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine (ARPP, 8) and its alpha-anomer
      (11) has been developed. Treatment of 2,4,6,8-tetrachloropyrimido[5,4
      d]pyrimidine (1) with 2,3-O-isopropylidene-D-ribofuranosylamine gave an anomeric
      mixture of 2,4,6-trichloro-8-(2,3-O-isopropylidene-beta- and -alpha-D
      ribofuranosylamino)pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidines (3 and 4) in a ratio of 1.0:0.7. A
      nucleophilic displacement of the 4-chloro group of 3 and 4 with NH3 furnished 4
      amino-2,6-dichloro-8-[(2,3-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)amino ]
      pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine (6) and its alpha-anomer (9), respectively. Catalytic
      hydrogenation of 6 and 9, followed by deisopropylidenation gave ARPP (8) and the
      alpha-anomer 11, respectively. Similarly, 3 and 4 have been transformed to 4
      methoxy-8-(beta-D-ribofuranosylamino)pyrimido-[5,4-d]pyrimidine (MRPP, 14) and
      its alpha-anomer (17). Application of this procedure to 3 with NH2Me or NHMe2
      resulted in the synthesis of 4-(methylamino)- and 4-(dimethylamino)-8-(beta-D
      ribofuranosylamino)pyrimido [5,4-d]pyrimidine (24 and 27, respectively). A
      synthesis of 8-(beta-D-ribofuranosylamino)pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one (21)
      has also been accomplished from 3 in three steps. Selective hydrogenation of 6
      furnished 4-amino-6-chloro-8-[(2,3-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)amino]
      pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine (36), the structure of which was established by single
      crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Deisopropylidenation of 36 gave 6-chloro-ARPP
      (37). Extended treatment of 36 with NH3 furnished 4,6-diamino-8-[(2,3-O
      isopropylidene-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)amino]pyrimido [5,4-d]pyrimidine (34), which
      on deisopropylidenation gave 6-amino-ARPP (35). An unambiguous synthesis of 34
      and 36 has also been accomplished by the reaction of 4,6,8-trichloropyrimido[5,4
      d]pyrimidine (28) with 2, followed by the treatment with NH3. Nucleophilic
      displacement studies with 1, 6, and 28 indicated the reactivity of the halogens
      in these compounds is in the order of 8 greater than 4 greater than 6 greater
      than 2. The structures of 3 and 9 have been assigned on the basis of 1H NMR data
      and further confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The exocyclic
      aminonucleosides synthesized during this study were tested for their activity
      against several RNA and DNA viruses in vitro and against L1210, WI-L2, and LoVo/L
      in cell culture. The effect of these compounds on the de novo nucleic acid
      biosynthesis has been studied. Compound 14 (MRPP) exhibited enhanced activity
      against L1210 in vivo, when compared to ARPP (8).

PMID- 2918513
TI  - Crystallographic resolution and crystal and molecular structures of stereoisomers
      of 1,3,5-triglycidyl-s-triazinetrione.
AB  - The crystal and molecular structures of alpha and beta isomers of the
      antineoplastic alkylating agent 1,3,5-triglycidyl-s-triazinetrione (TGT) have
      been determined by X-ray diffraction. Although the isomers differ chemically only
      in the order of a carbon and an oxygen atom in one of the glycidyl epoxide rings,
      the molecular conformations and crystal packing arrangements are very different.
      The different physical and biological properties of the two stereoisomers can be
      explained on the basis of the structures. The sample of alpha-TGT was found to be
      a mixture of alpha and beta forms, and it is suggested that use of pure alpha-TGT
      may lead to better therapeutic results.

PMID- 2918512
TI  - Synthesis and evaluation of iodinated analogues of diacylglycerols as potential
      probes for protein kinase C.
AB  - Analogues of diacylglycerol containing a 3-(3-amino-2,4,6-triiodophenyl)-2
      ethylpropanoyl or 3-(3-amino-2,4,6-triiodophenyl)propanoyl group in the 2
      position (1a and 1b, respectively) were synthesized and shown to compete with
      [3H]phorbol dibutyrate [( 3H]PDBu) for binding in a crude rat brain preparation.
      Phorbol diesters have been shown to bind specifically to protein kinase C and the
      PDBu receptor has been copurified with protein kinase C activity. The four
      diastereomers of 1a (1c-f) were synthesized from chiral starting material and
      studied in the same assay. The affinities for the [3H]PDBu binding site of 1a,
      1b, and two isomers of 1a with naturally occurring L configuration were
      comparable to that of 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-rac-glycerol (OAG), but the D isomers of
      1a were essentially inactive. The chirality of the side chain did not influence
      the binding affinity. Activation of protein kinase C by 1a, 1c, and 1e
      demonstrated the same stereochemical requirements, but none were as active as
      OAG. For the 1,3-isomers 2, 2a, and 2b, the competitive binding studies gave
      different results. The racemic mixture and the D isomer, 2b, were able to compete
      for binding, but the L isomer, 2a, did not compete. These studies demonstrate
      that diacylglycerol binding to and activation of protein kinase C is
      stereospecific for the glycerol backbone, but not the side chain. Furthermore,
      the D-1,3-isomer must exist in a conformation such that the acyl and hydroxyl
      oxygens assume a spatial relationship similar to that in the L-1,2-isomers.

PMID- 2918514
TI  - Effects of steroid D-ring modification on suicide inactivation and competitive
      inhibition of aromatase by analogues of androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione.
AB  - Analogues of androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione (3a) in which the D ring is modified
      were prepared and tested as suicide inactivators and competitive inhibitors of
      human placental aromatase. As long as the five-membered ring is intact,
      modifications of the D ring such as reduction or removal of the carbonyl group or
      conversion to a gamma-butyrolactone cause a less than 6-fold decrease in affinity
      for and rate of inactivation of aromatase, compared to 3a. Thus, an oxygen atom
      at C-17 is not required for binding of these inhibitors to aromatase, suggesting
      that hydrogen bonding to the D-ring oxygen does not play a major role in binding.
      Opening the D ring converts the cyclopentane ring to an alkyl chain and causes a
      greater than 300-fold decrease in affinity; this can be partially reversed by
      shortening the chain length. These results are consistent with a model in which
      the free chain of the opened D ring adopts conformations that sterically
      interfere with binding of the inhibitor to the enzyme. These findings may have
      practical applications in drug design, by allowing the preparation of 17-deoxo
      analogues that have high affinity for aromatase but that are not subject to
      reduction of the 17-carbonyl group, which is a major mode of metabolism of 3a.

PMID- 2918515
TI  - Alkylating partial muscarinic agonists related to oxotremorine. N-[4-[(2
      haloethyl)methylamino]-2-butynyl]-5-methyl-2-pyrrolidones.
AB  - N-[4-[(2-Chloroethyl)methylamino]-2-butynyl]-5-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (3) and N-[4
      [(2-bromoethyl)methylamino]-2-butynyl]-5-methyl-2- pyrrolidone (4) were
      synthesized. Compounds 3 and 4 cyclized in neutral aqueous solution to an
      aziridinium ion (4A). The rate constants for the cyclization of 3 and 4 at 37
      degrees C were 0.025 and 0.89 min-1, respectively. The aziridinium ion was
      equipotent with carbachol as a muscarinic agonist on the isolated guinea pig
      ileum. It was more potent than the corresponding 2-pyrrolidone derivative (2A) in
      alkylating muscarinic receptors in homogenates of the rat cerebral cortex. This
      higher potency was due to greater receptor affinity of 4A as compared to 2A
      rather than to greater rate constant for alkylation of muscarinic receptors.
      These properties of 3 and 4 and their low toxicity should make them valuable
      tools for receptor inactivation studies in vivo and in vitro.

PMID- 2918516
TI  - In vitro metabolic transformations of vinblastine: oxidations catalyzed by
      peroxidase.
AB  - Vinblastine is converted to a single major metabolite during in vitro enzymatic
      oxidations catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase in the presence of hydrogen
      peroxide. Preparative-scale enzyme incubation permitted the isolation of
      sufficient amount of the transformation product for complete structural
      identification and biological evaluation. The metabolite was identified as
      catharinine (also known as vinamidine) by 1H and 13C NMR and by mass
      spectrometry. Incubations conducted in H2(18)O-enriched water gave catharinine in
      which a single atom of 18O was incorporated into the metabolite structure. The
      labeling experiment provided evidence for an unusual ring-fission pathway by
      which peroxidase transforms vinblastine to catharinine. Catharinine is 77 times
      less active than vinblastine when tested in vitro against the human T-cell
      leukemic cell line (CRFF-CEM).

PMID- 2918517
TI  - Studies on prodrugs. 10. Possible mechanism of N-dealkylation of N-masked
      norfloxacins having several active methylene groups.
AB  - As a prodrug approach to norfloxacin (NFLX, 2), we have prepared several N-masked
      NFLXs (1a-f) and studied the cleavage mechanism of the C-N bond of N-masked NFLXs
      utilizing the following experiments: (1) the oxidation of N-masked NFLXs (1a-f)
      with m-chloroperbenzoic acid (MCPBA) and their subsequent cleavage to 2 in
      chloroform at room temperature or at 50 degrees C; (2) the liberation of NFLX
      from N-masked NFLXs after oral administration in mice. It was found that the
      chemical oxidative dealkylation of N-masked NFLXs proceeded when anion
      stabilizing groups (e.g., CN, COR, COOR) are present on the alpha carbon of the
      nitrogen atom. In in vivo experiments, N-masked NFLXs having acidic hydrogens on
      the alpha carbon to the nitrogen atom also liberated NFLX (2) after oral
      administration.

PMID- 2918518
TI  - Heterocyclic analogues of benzamide antiarrhythmic agents.
AB  - A series of heterocyclic N-[(diethylamino)alkyl]arenamides related to acecainide
      was prepared and examined for antiarrhythmic activity. The compounds were
      synthesized from the corresponding known heterocyclic carboxylic acids or esters
      by using standard amide formation methods. The effects of the compounds on the
      electrophysiological properties of canine Purkinje fibers and ventricular muscle
      strips were determined. Most of the compounds showed effects consistent with weak
      class I activity. Two compounds, N-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]-3,4,5-trimethyl-1H
      pyrrole-2-carboxamide and N-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]-1H-indole-2-carboxamide,
      displayed prolongation of the action potential duration and functional refractory
      period indicative of modest class III electrophysiological activity.
      Representative compounds were examined by using molecular modeling techniques.
      Compounds of differing activity classes displayed qualitatively different
      electrostatic potential maps.

PMID- 2918519
TI  - Preparation and antitumor activity of additional mitomycin A analogues.
AB  - On the basis of qualitative structure-activity relationships developed in the
      preceding article, a series of 32 new mitomycin A analogues were prepared and
      tested in antitumor screens. Seven of them gave greater prolongation of life
      (ILS) than mitomycin C in the mouse P388 leukemia assay. They included examples
      with 7-O substituents such as cyclic ethers and nitrogen heterocycles. A Hansch
      analysis was attempted with log P and MR as the independent variables, but no
      statistically significant correlation could be made. Seven compounds, chosen
      mainly for their good potency (MED), were tested in the subcutaneous B16 melanoma
      assay in mice and four of them showed greater ILS than mitomycin C.

PMID- 2918520
TI  - (6R,6S)-5,8,10-trideaza-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate and 6(R,6S)-5,8,10-trideaza
      5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteroyl-L-ornithine as potential antifolates and antitumor
      agents.
AB  - (6R,6S)-5,8,10-Trideaza-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteroic acid was synthesized in several
      steps from 4,4-(ethylenedioxy)-cyclohexanone and [4-(tert
      butyloxycarbonyl)benzyl]triphenylphosphonium bromide and was elaborated to
      (6R,6S)-5,8,10-trideaza-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteroyl-L-glutamic acid and (6R,6S)
      5,8,10-trideaza-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteroyl-L-ornithin e. Compound 1 was found to
      be a good substrate for partially purified mouse liver folypolyglutamate
      synthetase (FPGS), with a Michaelis constant (Km = 15 microM) comparable to that
      reported for the reduced folate substrate (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteroyl-L
      glutamic acid and for (6R,6S)-5,10-dideaza-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteroyl-L-glutamic
      acid (DDATHF). However, in striking contrast to DDATHF, which is potently
      cytotoxic, 1 failed to inhibit tumor cell growth in culture at concentrations of
      up to 100 microM. These results suggested that the NH at position 8 of DDATHF is
      important for cytotoxic activity but not for polyglutamylation. Just as 1 was a
      good substrate for FPGS, the ornithine analogue 2 proved to be among the more
      potent competitive inhibitors of this enzyme discovered to date, with a Ki,s of
      10 microM. While the binding affinity of 2 was lower than that reported for
      5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteroyl-L-ornithine (H4PteOrn), very substantial FPGS
      inhibition was observed even though N5,N8, and N10 in H4PteOrn were replaced by
      carbon. Binding to FPGS thus appears to be tolerant of bioisosteric replacements
      made simultaneously in ring B and the bridge region. Neither 1 nor 2 was active
      in preventing cell growth in culture at concentrations of up 100 microM. The N
      delta-hemiphthaloyl derivative of 2, synthesized as a potential prodrug, was also
      inactive.

PMID- 2918521
TI  - Evaluation of glycolamide esters and various other esters of aspirin as true
      aspirin prodrugs.
AB  - A series of glycolamide, glycolate, (acyloxy)methyl, alkyl, and aryl esters of
      acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) were synthesized and evaluated as potential
      prodrug forms of aspirin. N,N-Disubstituted glycolamide esters were found to be
      rapidly hydrolyzed in human plasma, resulting in the formation of aspirin as well
      as the corresponding salicylate esters. These in turn hydrolyzed rapidly to
      salicylic acid. The largest amount of aspirin formed from the esters were 50 and
      55% in case of the N,N-dimethyl- and N,N-diethylglycolamide esters, respectively.
      Similar results were obtained in blood with the N,N-dimethyl- and N,N
      diethylglycolamide esters. Unsubstituted and monosubstituted glycolamide esters
      as well as most other esters previously suggested to be aspirin prodrugs were
      shown to hydrolyze exclusively to the corresponding salicylic acid esters.
      Lipophilicity parameters and water solubilities of the esters were determined,
      and structural factors favoring ester prodrug hydrolysis at the expense of
      deacetylation to yield salicylate ester are discussed. The properties of some N,N
      disubstituted glycolamide esters of aspirin are highlighted with respect to their
      use as potential aspirin prodrugs.

PMID- 2918522
TI  - Possibilities and limitation of prenatal diagnosis and carrier determination for
      Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy using cDNA probes.
AB  - Two cDNA probes, cf23a and cf56a, identify deletions of selected exons in about
      50% of our DMD/BMD patients. We have estimated the most likely order of the 11
      exons detectable with both probes with respect to the different extensions of the
      deletions. In one of our BMD pedigrees, the observed deletion could be traced in
      the affected males through three generations. This result shows that with the use
      of cDNA probes detecting deletions, the only risk of error in genomic prenatal
      diagnosis is the general high frequency of new mutations for DMD/BMD. This is
      important progress in diagnosis compared to the 2 to 5% risk of misdiagnosis
      because of crossing over events using conventional linkage analysis with bridging
      or intragenic probes. The first prenatal diagnosis of an unaffected fetus of a
      woman who is a DMD carrier according to ultrasound examination is described. In
      one of our DMD males, the cDNA probe cf56a detects a deletion breakpoint. His
      sister also shows the altered band and is therefore a DMD carrier, while his
      mother has a totally normal band pattern. The interpretation of this observation
      could be either germline mosaicism or two identical new mutations. The
      identification of deletion breakpoints is a new diagnostic strategy, especially
      for carrier determination, which excludes misdiagnosis owing to crossing over
      events and the problems of dosage estimation. It is, however, limited by the low
      frequency of breakpoints detectable with cDNA probes. Therefore, the generation
      of new intron probes in this region is an important goal.

PMID- 2918523
TI  - Genetic aspects of tuberous sclerosis in the west of Scotland.
AB  - Complete ascertainment of tuberous sclerosis was attempted in the west of
      Scotland (population 2,763,000). A total of 101 patients was identified, giving
      an overall minimum prevalence of 1 in 27,000, but for children under 10 years of
      age the minimum prevalence was 1 in 12,000. Both parents of 84 of the ascertained
      cases were assessed for signs of tuberous sclerosis. In 51 pairs of parents no
      evidence of the condition was seen, indicating that up to 60% of the cases were
      new mutations. The mutation rate was estimated at 2.5 X 10(-5) mutations per gene
      per generation. Analysis of parental ages for the new mutations did not show a
      significant age effect. Thirty-five patients occurred in 13 families containing
      other affected subjects. The pattern of inheritance was consistent with an
      autosomal dominant trait in these families. In one sibship, non-penetrance or
      gonadal mosaicism resulted in affected sibs with normal parents. Of two further
      sibships where non-penetrance was suspected, one was shown to represent a single
      new mutation in monozygotic twins and the other to involve non-paternity.

PMID- 2918524
TI  - The use of low density lipoprotein receptor activity of lymphocytes to determine
      the prevalence of familial hypercholesterolaemia in a rural South African
      community.
AB  - The diagnosis of heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia in three rural South
      African communities in which hypercholesterolaemia is very prevalent could be
      confirmed by the measurement of low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor activity
      in circulating lymphocytes. A nominal cut off point could be proposed which
      separated the LDL receptor activity of 24 clinically diagnosed heterozygous FH
      patients and 31 healthy people. LDL receptor activity was measured as total
      degradation of 125I-LDL and expressed as ng LDL/mg cell protein/6 hours. The cut
      off point was set at 970 ng/mg protein/6 hours. This proposed cut off point was
      tested by assaying the LDL receptor of three homozygous FH patients and seven of
      their obligate heterozygous FH first degree relatives. The three homozygous FH
      patients showed no receptor activity and the activity of the seven obligate
      heterozygous first degree relatives fell below the proposed cut off point. To
      determine the prevalence of FH in the study population, all persons aged 15 to 24
      years whose total cholesterol levels fell above the 80th centile for their age
      and sex, as well as their families, were approached (n = 114). The LDL receptor
      activity in lymphocytes of 77 of these persons aged 15 to 24 years was determined
      after applying the exclusion criteria. Ten of the 77 participants had LDL
      receptor activity below 970 ng LDL/mg protein/6 hours and were therefore
      diagnosed as being heterozygous FH patients. The calculation of the prevalence
      (corrected for exclusions) revealed that one in 71 of the 15 to 24 year old
      permanent residents in the predominantly Afrikaans speaking community suffered
      from heterozygous FH. This is higher than any FH prevalence previously reported
      for any group.

PMID- 2918525
TI  - Congenital hypothyroidism, spiky hair, and cleft palate.
AB  - Two brothers are described with athyroidal hypothyroidism, spiky hair, choanal
      atresia, cleft palate, and bifid epiglottis. Polyhydramnios was present in the
      third trimester of each pregnancy. These abnormalities appear to represent a new
      syndrome.

PMID- 2918526
TI  - Hydrocephalus, tall stature, joint laxity, and kyphoscoliosis: a new inherited
      disorder of connective tissue?
AB  - We describe two sisters with hydrocephalus, tall stature, joint laxity, and
      thoracolumbar kyphosis.

PMID- 2918527
TI  - Further delineation of the Yunis-Varon syndrome.
AB  - A boy with intrauterine growth retardation, microcephaly, dysostosis of the
      skull, hypoplastic facial bones, labiogingival retraction, agenesis of the
      clavicles, distal aphalangia, and severely hypoplastic thumbs and halluces is
      described. The features are consistent with the Yunis-Varon syndrome. Review of
      published reports shows this to be a generalised disorder with variable
      manifestations in the skeletal, ectodermal, and cardiovascular systems. The
      consanguinity of the parents of the present case is in agreement with autosomal
      recessive inheritance.

PMID- 2918528
TI  - A case of interstitial deletion of 10q25.2----q26.1.
AB  - A de novo interstitial deletion of chromosome 10, del(10)(pter----q25.2::q26.1---
      qter), was detected in a newborn female with facial anomalies, failure to thrive,
      and subsequent developmental delay. This case is compared with 10 previous
      reports of monosomy 10q within the q25----qter region.

PMID- 2918529
TI  - Obesity and abnormal behaviour associated with interstitial deletion of
      chromosome 18 (q12.2q21.1).

PMID- 2918530
TI  - Partial trisomy 16q secondary to a maternal 9;16 translocation.

PMID- 2918531
TI  - Duplication 6p and deletion 9p.

PMID- 2918532
TI  - The megacystis-microcolon-intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome: a fatal autosomal
      recessive condition.
AB  - We report the cases of two sibs with the megacystis-microcolon-intestinal
      hypoperistalsis syndrome. The parents are first cousins. These cases further
      support the view that this syndrome is inherited in an autosomal recessive
      fashion.

PMID- 2918533
TI  - Apple peel syndrome in sibs.
AB  - We report an Arab sibship of two brothers with apple peel jejunal atresia. The
      parents are consanguineous. Other reported familial cases are briefly reviewed.

PMID- 2918534
TI  - Iris coloboma, ptosis, hypertelorism, and mental retardation.

PMID- 2918535
TI  - Teratogenicity of ergotamine.

PMID- 2918536
TI  - Interstitial deletion of distal 13q associated with Hirschsprung's disease.
AB  - Three cases of interstitial deletion of chromosome 13 involving the common
      segment 13q22.1----q32.1 are reported. In addition to the recognised clinical
      features of this deletion, two had Hirschsprung's disease.

PMID- 2918537
TI  - Hereditary distal muscular atrophy with vocal cord paralysis and sensorineural
      hearing loss: a dominant form of spinal muscular atrophy?
AB  - In 1980 Young and Harper described a family with an unusual form of distal spinal
      muscular atrophy associated with vocal cord paralysis. We report a family with
      three similarly affected subjects. Progressive sensorineural hearing loss was an
      additional feature in our patients. Electrophysiological and histological
      investigations did not exclude an involvement of sensory neurones. Whether the
      classification of this dominant disorder with the spinal muscular atrophies is
      justified will depend on additional studies in further families.

PMID- 2918538
TI  - Knowledge and perceptions of haemoglobinopathy carrier screening among general
      practitioners in Cardiff.
AB  - A questionnaire was sent to 164 principal general practitioners working in
      Cardiff. A response rate of 81% was achieved. A total of 70% of respondents had
      had professional contact with a carrier for thalassaemia and a similar number for
      sickle cell disease, while 57% had recommended that a patient should be screened
      for haemoglobinopathy status. GPs tended to underestimate greatly the prevalence
      of haemoglobinopathies in South Glamorgan, and were uncertain of the ethnic
      minorities that were at particular risk. A carrier screening programme was
      considered justified by the majority of GPs in Cardiff and reasons for this
      opinion were examined. However, before a screening programme is started,
      information on whom to screen and their relative risk needs to be made more
      widely available.

PMID- 2918539
TI  - Rhodanese isozymes in three subjects with Leber's optic neuropathy.
AB  - Previous studies have reported an association between Leber's optic neuropathy
      and deficiency of rhodanese activity in liver and rectal mucosa. We have studied
      the rhodanese isozymes in liver biopsies from three subjects with Leber's optic
      neuropathy. The rhodanese isozyme patterns were indistinguishable from controls
      both in relative intensity and position on the isoelectric focusing pH gradient.
      No new rhodanese isozymes were observed and there was no evidence of deficiency
      in any of the cases.

PMID- 2918540
TI  - Stickler's syndrome.

PMID- 2918541
TI  - Interstitial deletion of the long arm of chromosome 2 with normal levels of
      isocitrate dehydrogenase.
AB  - We report a 16 year old boy with the abnormal karyotype 46,XY,del(2)(q32.2q33.1)
      who has mental retardation, microcephaly, epilepsy, craniofacial dysmorphism,
      distinctive scalloped skin pigmentation, and normal levels of isocitrate
      dehydrogenase.

PMID- 2918542
TI  - A terminal deletion (14)(q31.1) in a child with microcephaly, narrow palate,
      gingival hypertrophy, protuberant ears, and mild mental retardation.
AB  - A female child with a terminal deletion on the long arm of chromosome 14,
      46,XX,del(14)(q31.1), presented with microcephaly, narrow palate, gingival
      hypertrophy, protuberant ears, and a small haemangioma on the back. She was
      mildly mentally retarded. Only a few patients with a partial deletion of 14q (14q
      ) have been reported without consistent clinical findings. Although a clinical
      syndrome associated with ring chromosome 14, r(14), has been established, no
      distinct pattern has been so far reported in 14q-.

PMID- 2918543
TI  - Familial distal trisomy 8(q24.13----qter).
AB  - Trisomy for the distal part of the long arm of chromosome 8(q24.13----qter) is
      described in three sibs. The anomaly arose as an adjacent 1 meiotic segregation
      from a balanced reciprocal translocation t(1;8)(q44; q24.13)mat.

PMID- 2918544
TI  - Is there an autosomal recessive form of the split hand and split foot
      malformation?
AB  - A family is described in which four subjects in two sibships had typical split
      hand/foot malformation. The possibility of the existence of a rare autosomal
      recessive form of the malformation is discussed, as well as a two locus model. In
      the two locus model the dominant mutation leading to the split hand/foot
      malformation is controlled by a gene at another locus. A dominant mutation at the
      controlling locus leads to non-penetrance of the split hand/foot mutation.

PMID- 2918545
TI  - The association of Angelman's syndrome with deletions within 15q11-13.
AB  - The inheritance of Angelman's syndrome, a disorder characterised by mental
      retardation, epilepsy, ataxia, and a happy disposition, is debated because
      affected sibs occur less frequently than expected with autosomal recessive
      inheritance. After discovering two unrelated patients with a small deletion of
      the proximal long arm of chromosome 15, 10 further patients with Angelman's
      syndrome were reassessed. Five had apparently normal karyotypes, four had a
      deletion within 15q11-13, and one had a pericentric inversion, inv(15)(p11q13)
      involving the same chromosomal region. In the latter case, the healthy mother had
      the same pericentric inversion, indicating that the patient also had a
      submicroscopic mutation on his other chromosome 15. These data map the Angelman
      locus to 15q11-13 and suggest that de novo visible deletions (associated with a
      low recurrence risk) and autosomal recessively inherited cases combine to give an
      overall sib recurrence risk of less than 25%.

PMID- 2918546
TI  - Familial supravalvular aortic stenosis: a genetic study.
AB  - Supravalvular aortic stenosis (McKusick 18550) is a rare hereditary condition
      with autosomal dominant transmission. However, the available data have been
      limited to small family groups which do not allow the definition of the degree of
      penetrance of the disease. The present study describes a large family with a high
      frequency of supravalvular aortic stenosis including five generations and 80
      subjects, the largest family group with this disease studied so far. The study
      was carried out prospectively in 66 subjects (clinical examination, ECG, M mode
      and two dimensional echocardiography). In 14 subjects available data were
      examined retrospectively. In 10 patients cardiac catheterisation was performed
      (prospective study in eight). The disease was present in 36 (45%) of the 80
      subjects investigated, on the basis of clinical, echocardiographic, and
      haemodynamic (when available) criteria. The disease was found to be severe in
      eight cases (22%), moderate in six cases (17%), mild in 13 (36%), and undefined
      in eight (22%) patients. In one case (3%), multiple pulmonary stenoses were noted
      in the absence of supravalvular aortic stenosis. Genetic analysis of these data
      shows, for the first time, the degree of penetrance of the supravalvular aortic
      stenosis trait (K = 0.86) and confirms that it is transmitted with incomplete
      penetrance and variable expressivity.

PMID- 2918547
TI  - Spondyloenchondrodysplasia.
AB  - Spondyloenchondrodysplasia is a rare autosomal recessive skeletal dysplasia with
      vertebral dysplasia and enchondroma-like lesions in the pelvis and long bones.
      The vertebral bodies show dorsally accentuated platyspondyly with disturbance of
      ossification. Clinical abnormalities such as short stature, rhizomelic
      micromelia, increased lumbar lordosis, barrel chest, facial anomalies, and clumsy
      movements may be present. We report on four patients, three of them from one
      family, who showed a wide range of clinical and radiological changes to document
      considerable variability of expression of the mutated gene.

PMID- 2918548
TI  - Lung cancer and smoking: the science of applying preventive strategies.

PMID- 2918549
TI  - Summary of Institute of Medicine study of resources for clinical investigation.

PMID- 2918550
TI  - Binding kinetics of tetrachloro-1,2-diaminocyclohexaneplatinum (IV) (tetraplatin)
      and cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II) at 37 degrees C with human plasma proteins
      and with bovine serum albumin. Does aquation precede protein binding?
AB  - Experiments were conducted at 37 degrees C to study the kinetics of (a) binding
      of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II) (CDDP) and of a racemic mixture of d- and l
      isomers of trans-tetrachloro-1,2-diaminocyclohexaneplatinum (IV) [or tetraplatin
      (TP)] to protein [human plasma proteins or bovine serum albumin (BSA)]; (b)
      aquation (acid hydrolysis) of CDDP and of TP; and (c) binding of charged
      (aquated) CDDP species to BSA. The experiments were performed at clinically
      relevant concentrations for CDDP, so that the proportional concentrations of
      platinum complexes relative to the concentrations of other chemical species in
      blood plasma were similar to those obtaining in the clinical use of the drug.
      "Free" (unbound) platinum complexes were separated from the protein-bound
      complexes were separated from the protein-bound complexes by gel filtration
      chromatography. By use of ion-exchange chromatography, charged platinum species
      were separated from the uncharged species and free charged platinum species of
      CDDP were separated from those bound to BSA. Platinum in various fractions was
      quantitated by atomic absorption spectrophotometry with electrothermal
      atomization; proteins were quantitated by te Bradford method with Coomassie blue
      dye. The kinetic data obtained by the application of these methods for CDDP are
      in good agreement with those obtained by other methods, e.g., binding rates based
      on separations by centrigugal ultrafiltration. The overall protein-binding
      reaction of CDDP was consistent with a binding process comprising two consecutive
      first-order reaction steps: the rate-controlling aquation reaction [half-life (t
      1/2), approximately 2 hr] followed by a more rapid binding reaction of the
      charged (aquated) CDDP species to the protein (t 1/2, approximately 23 min).
      However, the results for TP indicated that prior aquation was not required for
      protein binding, and we could surmise that binding of TP to protein proceeds via
      a direct nucleophilic attack. An unexpected finding was the marked, reproducible
      difference in rates of aquation between the two lots of TP that we used; this
      finding suggests the need for cautions evaluation of pharmacokinetic data
      describing the behavior of TP.

PMID- 2918551
TI  - Cytotoxicity of receptor-mediated 16 alpha-[125I]iodoestradiol in cultured MCF-7
      human breast cancer cells.
AB  - Therapeutic strategies using 125I-labeled steroid hormones are attractive in
      light of the estrogen dependence of many human breast cancers and the favorable
      microdosimetry resulting from 125I decay. We determined the uptake, specific
      estrogen receptor (ER) binding, and cytotoxicity of 16 alpha-[125I]iodoestradiol
      in cultured MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. The cytotoxicity of receptor
      mediated 125I appears to be sufficient in MCF-7 cells to warrant in vivo
      experimentation. Furthermore, cytotoxicity not specific to ERs is minimal within
      the dose range necessary for ER saturation and specific cell killing. Competitive
      toxicity studies using nonradioactive 17 beta-estradiol demonstrate an
      unequivocal relationship between ER binding and clonogenic viability.

PMID- 2918552
TI  - Inhibition of metastases of a human melanoma xenograft by monoclonal antibody to
      the GD2/GD3 gangliosides.
AB  - A human melanoma variant cell line was obtained from a lung metastasis that arose
      spontaneously after we inoculated melanoma cells sc into a nude mouse. In this
      model, IgG2a monoclonal antibody (MAb) ME 36.1 defining the GD2/GD3 gangliosides
      inhibited melanoma growth at the primary site and metastatic spread of the cells,
      whereas an IgG1 variant of MAb ME 36.1 inhibited lung metastasis formation only.
      Possible mechanisms of antitumor effects of MAb ME 36.1 are discussed.

PMID- 2918554
TI  - Cancer sweepstakes.

PMID- 2918555
TI  - Predicting the outcome of exploratory laparotomy in ICU patients with sepsis or
      organ failure.
AB  - Critically ill patients with sepsis and/or organ failure are difficult to assess.
      They are often comatose or on steroids and many nonspecific findings such as
      fever, positive blood cultures, or septic shock which may suggest intra-abdominal
      sepsis are far from diagnostic. To determine whether decision making regarding
      the use of laparotomy in these patients could be improved upon, we reviewed our
      experience with consecutive intensive care unit patients who had laparotomy and
      we related laparotomy outcome to clinical signs and symptoms. Seventy-three per
      cent of the 100 laparotomies reviewed were positive for intra-abdominal sepsis. A
      discriminant function analysis revealed that eight factors in combination
      predicted laparotomy outcome. However, the overall accuracy of the discriminant
      function prediction (76.8%) offered little improvement over the policy in place
      for performing laparotomies in this group of patients at the participating
      hospitals during the time period of our investigation.

PMID- 2918553
TI  - Transfected mouse melanoma lines that express various levels of human melanoma
      associated antigen p97.
AB  - The gene for the human melanoma-associated antigen p97 has been introduced by
      cDNA transfection into cells from clone M2 of the K1735 mouse melanoma, which
      metastasizes to the lung when injected iv into syngeneic C3H/HeN mice. Tumor
      clones were established from the transfected cells and found to differ in the
      level of p97 expression. Their outgrowth in immunocompetent syngeneic mice was
      shown to inversely correlate with p97 antigen expression, and lines that express
      higher p97 levels elicited a stronger delayed-type hypersensitivity response when
      injected into the footpads of mice immune to p97. Five clones which expressed
      very high levels of p97 failed to grow in immunocompetent C3H/HeN mice while they
      formed tumors in nude (nu/nu) mice. The highest expressing clone, 2A, grew
      slightly faster than any of the other clones when cultured in vitro. Since
      several of the transfected clones were found to express a stable level of p97 and
      have consistent in vivo growth behavior, they provide a useful model for various
      forms of antigen-specific active and passive immunotherapy with the same agents
      as those intended for human application.

PMID- 2918557
TI  - Longitudinal evaluation of left ventricular performance in dogs following
      nonpenetrating cardiac trauma.
AB  - To investigate the temporal changes of global left ventricular function following
      nonpenetrating cardiac impact, studies were performed in ten purpose-bred dogs.
      Under full anesthesia and after hemodynamic and angiographic measurement, a
      midline thoracotomy was performed and a 12 m/sec blunt impact was delivered to
      the anterior surface of the heart in eight dogs with an air-pressurized impactor.
      Two dogs were sham operated and did not undergo trauma. After closing the chest,
      the hemodynamic measurements were repeated at 3 hours, 3 days, 2 weeks, and 5
      weeks after impact. Hemodynamic measurements included left ventricular end
      diastolic pressure and peak left ventricular positive and negative rates of
      change of pressure. Left ventricular ejection fraction was calculated from
      ventriculograms obtained with the dog positioned on its right side. All indices
      of left ventricular performance in dogs that underwent trauma were depressed at 3
      hours after impact and recovered gradually to near normal levels at 2 to 5 weeks
      after trauma. Recovery of left ventricular function occurred in spite of residual
      patchy scarring of the left ventricular myocardium in the region of impact. No
      variability of left ventricular function indices was observed over the course of
      the study in the two sham-operated dogs. The results indicate that blunt cardiac
      impact can cause depression of left ventricular performance in the immediate post
      impact period, but near complete recovery of function occurs within 2 to 5 weeks
      after the injury, in spite of residual scarring.

PMID- 2918556
TI  - Cerebral function monitoring in rats with a critical hepatic injury treated with
      pneumatic antishock garment and infusion.
AB  - Twenty-nine rats were subjected to a severe standardized hepatic injury and
      divided into four groups. In addition to controls, the animals were treated with
      PASG inflated to 40 mm Hg, PASG and infusion of Ringer's acetate, or PASG and
      infusion of Ringer's acetate and Dextran 70 in combination. The aim of the
      infusion therapy was to stabilize the mean aortic blood pressure at 60 mm Hg.
      PASG significantly prolonged the survival time and the time during which a
      sensory evoked response could be observed. The PASG also prolonged the time
      before the EEG amplitude began to decrease or a burst-suppression pattern
      appeared in the EEG. Intravenous infusion of Ringer's acetate did not prolong
      these times compared to when PASG was used alone; when Dextran 70 was added to
      the infusion therapy these times were reduced. Changes in the EEG were recorded
      at a mean aortic pressure of 60 mm Hg when infusions were given, whereas the
      aortic pressure had to fall to 40 mm Hg before any changes could be observed when
      no infusions were used.

PMID- 2918558
TI  - Production and release of C3 by cultured monocytes/macrophages isolated from
      burned, trauma, and septic patients.
AB  - The release of C3 under various conditions by cultured monocytes/macrophages
      isolated from burned, trauma, and septic trauma patients was determined. When
      monocytes were cultured for up to 14 days there was no difference in production
      and release of C3 by normals and patients; C3 production rose slowly at first
      then rose rapidly from 8-14 days of culture. C3 production continued for up to 28
      days of culture. When lymphocytes were present with the monocytes for the first
      24 hr of culture there were differences in C3 production by normal and patient
      cells at various times of culture. There were differences in C3 release by
      patients' 24 hour-cultured cells at certain postburn and injury days. Macrophages
      from burned patients released less C3 than normal cells and macrophages from
      septic trauma patients released more C3 than normal cells.

PMID- 2918559
TI  - Analysis of life expectancy and living status of elderly patients surviving a
      burn injury.
AB  - This study evaluates the long-term outcome of elderly patients discharged from
      hospital after a burn injury. Ninety-three patients over the age of 60 years,
      admitted to a regional burn center, were included in the study from January 1981
      to January 1986. The in-hospital mortality rate was 49.4%. Patients' living
      status was graded according to dependency: 47% of patients were reduced to a more
      dependent living status on discharge, and 36% of the survivors were followed up
      for between 1 and 5 years. During this time seven (19.4%) patients died, three
      (8.3%) became more independent, four (11.1%) less independent. Life table
      analysis of discharged patients showed no accelerated death rate in comparison
      with the normal population. The high mortality associated with burns in the
      elderly was confirmed. Half the survivors were at least temporarily less
      independent. Projected life expectancy for the elderly surviving a burn is
      comparable with his/her uninjured counterpart.

PMID- 2918560
TI  - Advanced three-dimensional evaluation of acetabular trauma: volumetric image
      processing.
AB  - Volumetric image processing is a new approach to generating simulated three
      dimensional images from transaxial CT data. The major advantages compared to
      conventional surface-rendering 3D technique include: preservation of every pixel
      of CT data for increased accuracy of rendered image; tissue layer translucency
      allowing appreciation of multiple tissue layers on each image; simulation of real
      time rotation in varying axes for optimal appreciation of abnormalities; and a
      high-speed, high-capacity computer setup which generates high-quality images
      rapidly, giving the system sufficient flexibility for these complicated functions
      while remaining user friendly and fast.

PMID- 2918561
TI  - Non-cavitary hemorrhage producing shock in trauma patients: incidence and
      severity.
AB  - Intraperitoneal and intrathoracic bleeding, cavitary hemorrhage (CH), are
      recognized as major causes of hypovolemic shock in trauma patients. Blood loss
      from fractures and lacerations, non-cavitary hemorrhage (NCH), is not considered
      a common cause of shock. Of 466 trauma patients admitted during a 12-month period
      without spinal cord injury, burns, or ongoing CPR, 13.1% were admitted in
      hypovolemic shock. Of these 466 patients 55.7% had strictly non-cavitary sources
      of blood loss, most commonly long bone fractures and skin lacerations. There was
      no significant difference in the resuscitative fluid requirements, morbidity, or
      mortality between patients presenting in hypovolemic shock due to CH and NCH.
      Blood loss from NCH must be recognized as a significant source of hypovolemic
      shock in trauma patients.

PMID- 2918562
TI  - Injuries to the hand inflicted by rotary snowcutters.
AB  - In the period January 1, 1975, through December 31, 1986, 28 patients were
      treated for hand injuries caused by small home rotary snowcutters. These injuries
      were characterized by extensive lacerations and contusions, particularly on the
      dorsal side of the hand and the fingers, with concomitant extensor tendon
      ruptures, comminuted and complicated fractures, and traumatic amputations of
      fingers of the dominant hand. The index and middle finger were nearly always
      injured; the thumb was usually totally spared. The frequency of postoperative
      complications was low after delayed primary surgical treatment. In this series
      the mean permanent medical disablement was found to be 12%, ranging from 0 to
      50%. The present observations, when made available, alarmed national authorities.
      In turn, manufacturers were required to equip rotary snowcutters with
      motorquenchers. This device will probably effectively prevent these injuries in
      the future.

PMID- 2918563
TI  - Snowblower injuries to the hand.
AB  - When operated carelessly, snowblowers can produce serious trauma to the hand.
      During a 3-year period, 13 cases were identified. The injuries occurred when the
      operators attempted to dislodge impacted snow from the snowblower chute.
      Experience with the equipment did not appear to be a factor. The frequency of
      injuries was directly related to the depth of snowfall. Higher temperatures and
      wet snow were also important. The long and ring fingers of the dominant hand were
      most frequently injured. A total of 22 digits in 13 patients were involved. Three
      digits underwent amputation. All patients had fractures, ranging from simple
      closed fractures of the distal tuft to open comminuted fractures of the proximal
      phalanx. Injuries were treated with debridement and primary repair. Operator
      carelessness is usually responsible for the injury. If the public is made aware
      of snowblower hazards at the time of heavy snowfall, injuries may be avoided.

PMID- 2918564
TI  - Blunt chest trauma in the elderly.
AB  - Significant differences were identified between a group of elderly patients (65
      years and older) and a nonelderly group both with blunt thoracic trauma. There
      was a lower incidence of elderly patients presenting in shock; however,
      cardiopulmonary arrest at arrival was more frequent in this group. Although the
      types of complications were similar in both populations, the morbidity and
      mortality rates were higher in the elderly. A high index of suspicion must be
      generated for an elderly patient who has sustained blunt chest trauma. An
      aggressive diagnostic and therapeutic approach may lead to a decrease in the high
      morbidity and mortality rates in the elderly.

PMID- 2918566
TI  - Pediatric equestrian injuries: a 14-year review.

PMID- 2918565
TI  - Management of acute head injuries in a Norwegian county--effects of introducing
      CT scanning in a local hospital.
AB  - Introducing a new diagnostic tool, a CT scanner, in a county hospital resulted in
      a marked redistribution of the handling of acute/severe head injuries. Before the
      introduction of the CT scanner, a substantial number of these patients were
      referred to the regional neurosurgical unit. After having acquired its own
      scanner, the county hospital took over most of the diagnostic and therapeutic
      tasks concerning acute head injuries, surgery inclusive. This change in policy
      resulted in more patients surviving without sequelae, and reduced the average
      latency to surgery. The proportion of operated patients increased considerably,
      from 23% to 64%. In a relatively large proportion of the patients, there were
      complications with continuous ICP monitoring using the subdural bolt. This
      procedure was therefore discontinued. In spite of the improved results caused by
      the observed redistribution, the study indicates a need for additional training
      of the county hospital staff.

PMID- 2918567
TI  - Traumatic avulsion of arch vessels in a child: primary repair using hypothermic
      circulatory arrest (case report).
AB  - We present here the case of a 7-year-old girl who was ejected from a speeding
      motor vehicle and suffered avulsion of the left carotid and left subclavian
      arteries. Repair was affected primarily without the need of graft material, using
      cerebral protection of cardiopulmonary bypass, profound hypothermia, and
      circulatory arrest.

PMID- 2918568
TI  - Traumatic aortocaval fistula: case report.
AB  - A gunshot wound to the right chest in a 21-year-old female resulted in an acute
      aortocaval fistula at the level of the diaphragm. An operative approach planned
      for maximal exposure, vascular control with intraluminal balloon catheters, and
      conservation of blood with an intraoperative autotransfusion system resulted in
      successful repair and long-term survival.

PMID- 2918569
TI  - Traumatic hemoperitoneum due to a Meckel's mesodiverticular band: case report.
AB  - The blood supply to a Meckel's diverticulum exists either within the small bowel
      mesentery, or within a separate mesodiverticular band. The latter is associated
      with bowel obstruction. It is a rare source of hemorrhage. The case report
      describes hemoperitoneum resulting from blunt trauma-induced disruption of a
      mesodiverticular band.

PMID- 2918570
TI  - Snow blower injuries to the hand.

PMID- 2918571
TI  - Shotgun wound ballistics.

PMID- 2918572
TI  - Frequencies of hepatitis B, delta and human immune deficiency virus markers in
      multitransfused Saudi patients with thalassaemia and sickle-cell disease.
AB  - Frequencies of hepatitis B, delta and human immune deficiency virus markers were
      investigated in multitransfused thalassaemic (212) and sickle-cell disease (173)
      patients from four different regions of Saudi Arabia. Irrespective of the region,
      thalassaemics had higher exposure rate to HBV (14.7-31.6% HBsAg; 79.4-97.9% all
      markers) than sickle-cell disease patients (9.4-27.5% HBsAg; 45.3-85% all
      markers) and controls (5.8-21.3% HBsAg; 30.8-72.5% all markers). Evidence of
      delta infection was found in thalassaemics from all regions (7.1-21.0%); also,
      the prevalence of anti-delta was higher in thalassaemics than in sickle-cell
      disease patients and controls. Only five thalassaemics were positive for antibody
      to the human immune deficiency virus (HIV). In the light of these results,
      screening of all donated blood for HBsAg and for anti-HIV by the most sensitive
      techniques is essential. Furthermore, early vaccination of Saudi children with
      thalassaemia and sickle-cell disease against HBV is recommended.

PMID- 2918573
TI  - Evaluation of a sanitation programme using eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides in
      household yard soils as indicators.
AB  - Soil samples were analysed for the presence of Ascaris lumbricoides eggs as
      indicators of environmental pollution in household yards in Maputo, Mozambique,
      with the objective of evaluating the impact of a programme for the promotion of
      improved latrine construction. The locations for soil sample collection were
      defined by a random grid on which household activities were mapped. In addition,
      parasitological examinations were carried out amongst household residents. No
      significant difference was found between the type of latrine in use and the
      presence of Ascaris eggs in the soil or human Ascaris infection. Households with
      at least one infected person appeared more likely to have Ascaris eggs in the
      yard. It was notable that egg counts around the latrines were only slightly
      greater than in other areas of the yard and less than those immediately in front
      of the dwelling. This is taken to indicate that faecal pollution of the household
      environment is due more to promiscuous defecation than to poor construction or
      maintenance of the latrines. The findings highlight the need to complement
      sanitation 'hardware' with the necessary health education 'software'. Ascaris
      eggs are useful indicators but robust standardized methods are needed for their
      extraction from household soils.

PMID- 2918574
TI  - Granulomatous peritonitis caused by Ascaris eggs: a report of three cases.
AB  - Three cases of granulomatous peritonitis, due to the eggs of Ascaris
      lumbricoides, are reported. All patients presented with a palpable mass in the
      abdomen and two patients, in addition, had fever and abdominal pain. Laparotomy
      was performed and the operative diagnosis in each case was tuberculosis. The
      diagnosis of Ascaris ova peritonitis was made by histopathological examination of
      tissue removed at operation. The pathogenesis and differential diagnosis of this
      condition are briefly discussed.

PMID- 2918576
TI  - Importance of group G streptococci in human pyogenic infections.
AB  - Streptococci that belong to groups other than A are involved in a variety of
      human infections. In the present study, we report the pyogenic infections
      associated with group G streptococci (GGS), observed at the Christian Medical
      College Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India. Of 2314 beta-haemolytic
      streptococci isolated from 31,857 pus specimens processed during the period 1975
      1986, GGS accounted for 338 (14.6%). Twelve of these were grown in pure culture.
      The clinical conditions associated with them included pyogenic arthritis,
      osteomyelitis, paravertebral sinus and an abdominal burst. Clinical analysis of
      99 of 125 patients with GGS, grown in mixture with another organism or skin
      contaminants, showed that 59% of them were from surgical wound infections,
      diabetic lesions or wound infections in leprosy patients. Surgical management and
      antibiotic treatment resulted in full recovery of these clinical conditions.

PMID- 2918575
TI  - Mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus in a semirural population in
      Egypt.
AB  - A follow-up study for one year was made on 35 babies born to HBsAg positive
      mothers in a semirural population in Egypt. Five of 21 babies (24%) showed HBsAg
      in the umbilical cord blood and remained positive throughout the observation
      period. At 3 months, eight of 37 babies (23%) were HBsAg + ve. At 6 months, 13 of
      35 babies (37%) were HBsAg + ve and they were also still found positive at 12
      months. None of 30 babies born to HBsAg-ve mothers developed antigenaemia
      throughout the observation period. Factors which significantly contributed to
      transmission were maternal educational level, family socio-economic standard,
      family residence, maternal e/anti-e status, and maternal schistosomal
      infestation. Factors which did not significantly affect transmission were
      maternal age, maternal parasitic non-schistosomal infestations, maternal
      transaminases level, order of the child in the family, and type of child feeding.
      Of particular note, four of five babies (80%) born to HBsAg + ve mothers who as
      well had schistosomiasis were HBsAg + ve throughout the observation period.

PMID- 2918577
TI  - Mebendazole retention enema for severe Trichuris trichiura (whipworm) infection:
      a case report.
AB  - The authors report a case of massive Trichuris trichiura infection, resulting in
      severe anaemia and congestive cardiac failure in a 9-year-old Iban boy, who was
      resistant to the usual oral anthelmintic treatment, but promptly responded to
      mebendazole retention enema. This patient also had an associated Entamoeba
      histolytica infection.

PMID- 2918578
TI  - Arteriomesenteric duodenal occlusion associated with strongyloidiasis.
AB  - Arteriomesenteric occlusion of the distal duodenum may occur in clinical
      conditions which result in narrowing of the angle between the aorta and superior
      mesenteric artery. Two patients with arteriomesenteric duodenal occlusion
      associated with Strongyloides stercoralis infection are described. In one patient
      the mechanism of occlusion appeared to be significant weight loss and associated
      visceroptosis, while in the other patient increased diameter of superior
      mesenteric vessels was the major factor. Strongyloidiasis, a curable parasitic
      infection, should be considered in patients presenting with arteriomesenteric
      occlusion of the distal duodenum.

PMID- 2918579
TI  - Hepatitis B virus in Saudi Arabia.
AB  - This study was conducted on 2702 samples collected from the male and female
      population in different provinces of Saudi Arabia. The overall prevalence of
      hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was high (16.7%) and no significant
      difference was encountered between the rate in males and females. Different
      regions of Saudi Arabia showed a significantly variable prevalence of HBsAg. The
      eastern province had a prevalence of about 9% compared to the southwestern
      province where the prevalence was 25% in Jaizan. The antibodies anti-HBs and anti
      HBc were encountered in 30-67% of the individuals in different provinces,
      suggesting that a significant number of Saudis were already immune to HBsAg
      before they reached adulthood. This paper presents the results obtained in
      different regions and shows that significant differences exist in the HBsAg
      carrier rate in the different regions of Saudi Arabia. The possible causes for
      the variation are discussed and strategies to reduce the prevalence of HBsAg
      carrier state are suggested.

PMID- 2918580
TI  - Re-evaluation of the value of ascitic fluid pH lactate dehydrogenase and total
      proteins in the diagnosis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP).
AB  - In view of high mortality, variable clinical presentation, and late results of
      bacterial culture, early diagnosis of SBP and treatment are based on indirect
      parameters of infection. Forty-two patients with ascites and liver cirrhosis were
      studied. Ascitic fluid (AF) was examined for total protein content, pH, lactate
      dehydrogenase, amylase, absolute polymorphonuclear cell count (PMN) and for
      presence of bacteria by examining a fresh smear of the deposit and culture of the
      fluid under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. AF/serum gradient of total proteins
      and LDH was calculated. One patient proved to have a malignant ascites and was
      excluded. The remaining 41 patients fell into two groups: Group I PMN less than
      250 cell mm-3, culture negative, sterile ascites, 36 patients. Group II PMN
      greater than 250 cell mm-3. (a) Culture positive neutrophilic ascites (SBP),
      three patients. (b) Culture negative neutrophilic ascites (CNNA), two patients.
      In both CNNA and SBP:AF/serum total LDH gradient greater than 0.75 In the sterile
      group: AF/serum total LDH gradient less than 0.58 There was no correlation
      between presence of infection and ascitic fluid pH, protein content and AF/serum
      total protein gradient. Therefore AF PMN greater than 250 mm and AF/serum total
      LDH gradient greater than 0.6 should be considered reliable, indirect parameters
      of infection, and CNNA a variant of SBP with a small bacterial inoculum size.

PMID- 2918581
TI  - Subspecialization and general urology.
AB  - Subspecialization within urology is growing, affecting not only teaching and
      research but the general practice of urology as well. To evaluate present
      attitudes towards subspecialization a questionnaire was sent to the membership of
      the Western Section of the American Urological Association. The responses from
      561 members (53 per cent) were tabulated by computer and analyzed. Of those in
      private practice 16 per cent consider themselves to be subspecialists, although
      half of these have had no formal training. More subspecialize in oncology,
      andrology and gynecology than in pediatric urology. Opinions toward issuing
      certificates of special competence are mixed but opposition to board
      certification is general. A majority of respondents believe that
      subspecialization might provide better care for some patients but would increase
      costs, especially for tertiary care. It would not result in inferior care for
      patients not having access to the subspecialist. Subspecialization would be
      expected to reduce the economic return to the nonspecialist without increasing it
      for the specialist. Respondents believe that it would advance diagnosis,
      treatment and research in special areas, and improve training and competence but
      at greater expense. Finally, they express concern that subspecialization may well
      restrict the experience and competence of general urologists and cause conflict.

PMID- 2918582
TI  - Reversal of end stage renal failure with surgical revascularization in patients
      with atherosclerotic renal artery occlusion.
AB  - A total of 9 patients with end stage renal failure caused by atherosclerotic
      renal artery occlusion underwent surgical revascularization with subsequent
      recovery of renal function. The duration of dialysis preoperatively ranged from 1
      week to 13 months. In all cases renal viability was being maintained by
      collateral vascular supply. Postoperatively, renal function improved immediately
      and no patient required subsequent dialysis. Excellent over-all rehabilitation
      was achieved in all patients. Six patients currently are alive at a mean interval
      of 4.0 years postoperatively and with satisfactory renal function (mean serum
      creatinine 2.7 mg. per dl.). Three patients died at a mean interval of 6.8 years
      postoperatively and they all maintained satisfactory renal function (mean serum
      creatinine 3.0 mg. per dl.) until death. In some patients with end stage renal
      failure caused by atherosclerotic arterial occlusion surgical renal
      revascularization can yield extended survival with freedom from chronic dialysis.

PMID- 2918583
TI  - Variations in fluoroscopic and spot film techniques during extracorporeal shock
      wave lithotripsy.
AB  - The radiation techniques of different operators who performed extracorporeal
      shock wave lithotripsy of the kidney were evaluated retrospectively. The study
      was limited to 9 operators who each performed more than 100 procedures on the
      Dornier lithotriptor. The average fluoroscopic time and number of video spot
      films per procedure for all operators were 4.1 minutes and 6.5, respectively.
      However, the average fluoroscopic time per operator varied from 1.4 to 7.6
      minutes and the average number of video spot films per operator varied from 3 to
      13. The results illustrate the need for some operators to reduce fluoroscopic
      time and video spot filming.

PMID- 2918584
TI  - Morbidity associated with indwelling internal ureteral stents after shock wave
      lithotripsy.
AB  - Placement of internal ureteral stents before extracorporeal shock wave
      lithotripsy of large stone burdens has decreased the incidence of post
      extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy colic, secondary endoscopic procedures and
      prolonged hospital stays. However, indwelling stents have an associated patient
      morbidity and intolerance. A telephone survey of 50 patients (average stone
      burden 28 mm.) who were discharged from the hospital after treatment with an
      indwelling internal polymer stent was performed with a standard questionnaire.
      Symptoms reported with in situ internal ureteral stents included gross hematuria
      (42 per cent), fever or chills (20 per cent), and persistent discomfort or pain
      in the bladder and/or flank (26 to 38 per cent). Of the patients 44 per cent
      reported moderate to intolerable discomfort that was relieved by removal of the
      stent. The degree of symptoms was not associated with stent composition, style or
      length, or the presence of a transurethral string. Five patients had premature
      migration or dislodgment of the internal stent and 4 reported episodes of
      obstructive pyelonephritis requiring removal of an impacted stent or
      endourological intervention. Internal ureteral stents placed before
      extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy have an identifiable patient morbidity
      while indwelling and, therefore, they should be used judiciously according to the
      stone burden, renal anatomy and body habitus.

PMID- 2918585
TI  - Clinical experience with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder with special
      reference to smoking.
AB  - A review was done of 100 consecutive patients with carcinoma of the bladder
      treated by 1 physician at 1 hospital from June 1982 to December 1986. Special
      reference was made to the possible effect of cigarette smoking on initial stage,
      initial grade and recurrences. There was no significant difference in terms of
      initial tumor stage or grade but smokers had significantly more recurrent tumors.
      Also, smokers had bladder recurrences after partial cystectomy and urethral
      recurrences after total cystectomy. The biochemical aspects of smoking as a risk
      factor in bladder carcinoma are reviewed briefly.

PMID- 2918586
TI  - Clinical evaluation of an external urine collection device for nonambulatory
      incontinent women.
AB  - Chronic urinary incontinence is a frequent complication of a variety of
      neurological diseases and is a major clinical problem among the aged. Urinary
      incontinence may be the pivotal factor that determines whether a patient requires
      long-term institutional care. For management of urinary incontinence in aged,
      nonambulatory women use of absorbent products may not prevent decubitus ulcers,
      while chronic use of indwelling urethral catheters results in bacteriuria and its
      complications. An effective external urine collection device for women, analogous
      in function to the condom catheter for men, may improve care by reducing
      complications, averting admissions to chronic care facilities and lowering
      medical costs. During 125 patient-days we evaluated 63 applications of an
      external urine collection device on 7 incontinent women in a nursing home. Each
      device was allowed to remain in situ for a maximum of 48 hours. Only 14 per cent
      of the devices required premature replacement due to unacceptable urine leakage.
      The median device wear time was 48 hours. The only adverse reactions observed
      were minimal erythema at 2 of 63 device removals and transient periurethral edema
      in 1 patient, which disappeared with continued use of the device. Thus, this
      device, exploiting an adhesive developed for ostomy appliances, was effective in
      maintaining patient dryness and was not associated with severe local reactions.
      These results appear to warrant clinical trials for extended periods in
      incontinent women.

PMID- 2918587
TI  - Treatment of urinary incontinence by the periurethral implantation of
      glutaraldehyde cross-linked collagen.
AB  - Injectable materials have been used to augment the urethral sphincter and improve
      urinary continence with some success. However, none of these materials has
      received widespread use because they are difficult to inject and have been
      reported to migrate. We investigated the efficacy of transurethral implantation
      of glutaraldehyde cross-linked collagen, a highly purified bovine collagen. A
      total of 17 patients (16 men and 1 woman) with urinary incontinence resulting
      from a previous operation was selected for glutaraldehyde cross-linked collagen
      injection into the region of the urethral sphincter. Before and after
      implantation patients underwent urodynamic evaluation. Glutaraldehyde cross
      linked collagen was injected into the area of the bladder neck or urinary
      sphincter under direct endoscopic vision. If no improvement occurred reinjection
      to increase the implant volume was performed at least 3 months after a previous
      injection. Of the 17 patients 9 were cured or improved. No complications have
      been reported. This investigation shows that glutaraldehyde cross-linked collagen
      can be injected into the urinary tract to correct urinary incontinence without
      observable or measurable morbidity.

PMID- 2918588
TI  - Vaginal flap urethral reconstruction: an alternative to the bladder flap
      neourethra.
AB  - Vaginal flap urethral reconstruction was done in 10 women who sustained total or
      partial loss of the urethra, and extensive damage to the vesical neck and trigone
      due to operative complications. In all patients a neourethra was constructed by
      rolling a vaginal flap into a tube and covering the anastomosis with a labial
      pedicle fat pad graft and vaginal flap. Five patients underwent a concomitant
      pubovaginal sling procedure, 3 had a modified Pereyra operation and 1 had a
      modified Kelly plication. Postoperatively, 9 of the 10 patients had a
      satisfactory neourethra but 3 required a generous meatotomy to facilitate
      micturition. Two patients required temporary intermittent self-catheterization.
      Of the 10 patients 6 were completely continent after a single reconstruction,
      which included an anti-incontinence repair. Of the patients with postoperative
      incontinence 2 subsequently were cured with a pubovaginal sling and 1 had a
      vesicovaginal fistula that was successfully repaired transvaginally. These
      results support our contention that a vaginal flap urethral reconstruction
      combined with an appropriate anti-incontinence operation offers a viable and
      simple alternative to bladder flap urethral reconstruction.

PMID- 2918589
TI  - Prostaglandin E1 versus phentolamine/papaverine for the treatment of erectile
      impotence: a double-blind comparison.
AB  - The use of intracavernous prostaglandin E1 was studied in 48 organically impotent
      men. Eight men with previous chemical priapism did not have chemically induced
      priapism at up to 4 times the minimum effective dose of prostaglandin E1. Of 15
      men with arteriogenic impotence who had failed prior intracavernous phentolamine
      and papaverine therapy 10 had adequate erections with prostaglandin E1. A total
      of 25 men received intracavernous prostaglandin E1 and phentolamine plus
      papaverine in a double-blind fashion. Erections with prostaglandin E1 were equal
      or superior to those with phentolamine plus papaverine in each case.

PMID- 2918590
TI  - Stage IE nonHodgkin's lymphoma of the testis: a need for a brief aggressive
      chemotherapy.
AB  - Primary nonHodgkin's lymphoma of the testis is a localized disease in 50 per cent
      of the cases. Clinical records and pathological material from 9 stage IE cancer
      patients treated at our institutions were reviewed. All but 1 patient had B cell
      type lymphomas of intermediate (6) or high (3) grade according to the Working
      Formulation. Mean survival was 49 months and actuarial survival was 74 per cent
      at 5 years. Chemotherapy differed with time and frequently was associated with
      subdiaphragmatic involved field and prophylactic contralateral testis
      radiotherapy. In view of the good prognosis of patients receiving doxorubicin
      based chemotherapy and recent reports on low stage nonHodgkin's lymphoma we
      recommend an aggressive brief therapy for stage IE lymphoma of the testis after
      orchiectomy.

PMID- 2918591
TI  - Post-chemotherapy lymph node histology in radiologically normal patients with
      metastatic nonseminomatous testicular cancer.
AB  - A total of 37 patients with initially advanced metastatic nonseminomatous
      testicular cancer underwent retroperitoneal lymph node dissection after cisplatin
      based combination chemotherapy. Abdominal computerized tomography was negative at
      retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy (lymph nodes not exceeding 10 mm. in the
      transverse computerized tomography plane). Complete necrosis and fibrosis were
      found in 25 patients. In 11 patients the retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy specimen
      showed a mature teratoma. Residual vital malignant tumor was observed in 1
      patient. Neither the initial size of the retroperitoneal mass nor the
      histological status of the primary tumor was predictive of the histological
      findings in the retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy specimen. The high frequency of
      mature teratoma raises the question whether omitting post-chemotherapy surgery is
      a safe routine policy in patients with negative computerized tomography,
      especially if long-term followup is not feasible. We recommend a post
      chemotherapy retroperitoneal operation as routine treatment even in patients with
      negative computerized tomography.

PMID- 2918592
TI  - A comparison of fine needle aspiration and core biopsy in diagnosis and
      preoperative grading of prostate cancer.
AB  - Fine needle aspiration biopsy has been documented to be safe and accurate for the
      diagnosis of prostate cancer. A study was done based on 3 objectives to determine
      1) whether performing core biopsies and fine needle aspiration in each patient
      with a prostate nodule increases the detection rate of prostate cancer, 2) the
      accuracy of preoperative grading by fine needle aspiration in predicting the
      final pathological grade in radical prostatectomy specimens and 3) the usefulness
      of fine needle aspiration in screening for unsuspected stage A prostate cancer.
      Of 203 consecutive patients undergoing prostate biopsies core and fine needle
      aspiration biopsies were performed in 121. An additional 58 patients underwent
      prostate biopsies just before transurethral resection of the prostate and 24
      underwent radical prostatectomy. The diagnostic accuracy of fine needle
      aspiration was superior to that of core biopsy (82 versus 74 per cent).
      Performance of both biopsies yielded a higher percentage of positive diagnoses
      than either biopsy alone (32.2 per cent versus 24 and 28 per cent). Except in
      poorly differentiated cancers, fine needle aspiration is a poor predictor of
      final pathological grade. Fine needle aspiration is not useful in detecting stage
      A1 prostate cancer. Although fine needle aspiration has several distinct
      advantages over core biopsies, there is a definite learning curve before its use
      can be fully exploited. It is important to have an experienced pathologist and to
      perform both biopsies at each center until sufficient experience is accumulated.

PMID- 2918593
TI  - Total prostatectomy for clinically localized prostatic cancer: long-term results.
AB  - The fate of the first 52 patients with clinically localized prostate cancer who
      underwent total perineal prostatectomy at our clinic and have been followed for a
      minimum of 15 years is reviewed to evaluate the long-term impact of this
      operation on the disease. None of these patients received any adjuvant therapy.
      Nine patients (17 per cent) had recurrence and 5 (10 per cent) died of disease
      during this interval. The actual observed over-all survival at 15 years was 64
      per cent, the actuarial survival was 67 per cent and the cause-specific survival
      was 90 per cent.

PMID- 2918594
TI  - Morbidity and mortality of local failure after definitive therapy for prostate
      cancer.
AB  - We reviewed our experience with morbidity and mortality associated with clinical
      local failure after definitive therapy for adenocarcinoma of the prostate by
      interstitial 125iodine implantation, external beam radiation therapy or radical
      prostatectomy. Morbid complications included unilateral ureteral obstruction;
      bladder obstruction and/or incontinence requiring treatment by transurethral
      resection, or placement of a urethral or suprapubic catheter; hematuria requiring
      intervention for clot evacuation or fulguration, and perineal and/or pelvic pain.
      Lethal complications included bilateral ureteral obstruction or bowel
      obstruction. We treated 108 patients with 125iodine, 178 with external beam
      radiotherapy and 67 with radical prostatectomy. Clinical local failure occurred
      in 26 per cent of the 125iodine, 17 per cent of the external beam radiotherapy
      and 12 per cent of the radical prostatectomy groups. The total incidence of local
      failure with 125iodine was statistically higher than for radical prostatectomy.
      Stage C and poorly differentiated tumors were associated with a statistically
      higher incidence of local failure compared to lower stage and grade tumors.
      However, within each stage and grade there was no significant difference in local
      failure between treatment modalities. There was negligible morbidity or mortality
      secondary to local failure associated with stage A2, stage B1 or well
      differentiated tumors regardless of treatment modality. There was no difference
      in the morbidity and mortality between treatment modalities for stage C or poorly
      differentiated tumors. However, for stage B2 or moderately differentiated tumors
      treated by 125iodine implantation there was a statistically greater incidence of
      morbidity and mortality than that associated with external beam radiotherapy and
      radical prostatectomy. Our observations with regard to selection of primary
      monotherapy options that provide local tumor control are as follows. Stage A2,
      stage B1 or well differentiated tumors can be well controlled by all 3 treatment
      modalities. 125Iodine is associated with local failure-related morbidity and
      mortality for stage B2 or moderately differentiated tumors, which are
      statistically higher than for external beam radiotherapy and radical
      prostatectomy, and therefore, these latter are the preferred treatment. Radical
      prostatectomy and 125iodine for stage C tumors are associated with a trend to
      higher local failure, and related morbidity and mortality than is external beam
      radiotherapy. However, longer followup of the external beam radiotherapy series
      is necessary to confirm this observation.

PMID- 2918595
TI  - Use of the external condom catheter to secure a temporary balloonless urethral
      catheter.

PMID- 2918596
TI  - Neuroanatomy of the pelvis in an infant with cloacal exstrophy: a detailed
      microdissection with histology.
AB  - The internal anatomy of the pelvis in the patient with cloacal exstrophy has not
      been described in detail previously. We present in detail the pelvic anatomical
      relationships of a patient with cloacal exstrophy who died 72 days after birth
      and whose body subsequently was perfused with a formalin-based anatomical fluid.
      Microdissection of the pelvis with histological confirmation of the identity of
      structures dissected was performed. The vascular supply to the urinary
      hemibladders arises from the internal iliac arteries, which pass along the
      lateral portion of the pelvis and enter each hemibladder. The autonomic
      innervation to the bladder and corporeal bodies arises from a pelvic plexus that
      lies on the anterior surface of the sacrum. The innervation to the hemibladders
      then travels in the midline along the posteroinferior surface of the pelvis
      before extending laterally to communicate with each hemibladder. Autonomic
      innervation to the duplicated corporeal bodies arises from the sacral pelvic
      plexus and travels in the midline to pierce the inferior portion of the pelvic
      floor posterior and medial to the hemibladders. These nerves then enter the
      crural region of the corpora. Sensory innervation to the corporeal bodies arises
      from the sacral trunk and passes posterior to the pelvic floor muscles, traveling
      just medial to the widely separated ischial spines and then laterally along the
      corporeal bodies. Illustrations of the anatomy and implications for management of
      the exstrophy patient are presented.

PMID- 2918597
TI  - Ectopic vas deferens, imperforate anus and hypospadias: a new triad.
AB  - An ectopic vas deferens is a rare congenital anomaly frequently associated with
      rectal abnormalities. We describe 2 patients with ectopic vas deferens associated
      with an imperforate anus and hypospadias. There are 19 previous reports of
      patients with ectopic vas deferens, 5 of which were bilateral. One of our
      patients, a child with bilateral ectopic vas deferens, had the highest reported
      insertion of an ectopic vas deferens. The embryology and management of this rare
      condition are reviewed.

PMID- 2918598
TI  - Aphallia: its classification and management.
AB  - Aphallia is an extremely rare disorder with profound urological and psychological
      consequences. Approximately 60 patients have been reported on in the literature;
      we report our experience with 3 additional patients. Fifty patients had
      sufficient information to classify the condition according to the site of the
      urethral meatus. With the relative relationship of the urethral meatus to the
      anal sphincter several observations were noted. The more proximal the meatus the
      higher the incidence of other anomalies and the greater the number of neonatal
      deaths. Of the patients 30 (60 per cent) had a post-sphincteric meatus located on
      a peculiar appendage at the anal verge. These patients had the lowest incidence
      of other anomalies (1.2 per patient) and the highest survival rate (87 per cent).
      A total of 14 patients (28 per cent) had pre-sphincteric urethral communications
      (prostato-rectal fistula), of whom 36 per cent died in the neonatal period. Six
      patients (12 per cent) had urethral atresia. This group had no survivors and the
      highest incidence of other anomalies (4 per patient). Of our patients 2 had a
      post-sphincteric meatus and 1 had a pre-sphincteric meatus. In addition to
      correction of life-threatening anomalies the management of aphallia centers on
      establishing gender assignment. Bilateral orchiectomy, labial construction and
      urethral transposition should be done in the newborn period, if possible.

PMID- 2918599
TI  - Massive strawberry hemangioma of the male genitalia.
AB  - We report a case of a massive strawberry hemangioma involving the penis and
      scrotum of a neonate. The lesion and its minor complications (ulceration) were
      managed conservatively with an excellent outcome. A conservative approach should
      be strongly recommended in lesions of this type.

PMID- 2918600
TI  - Varicocele as the presenting sign of an abdominal mass.
AB  - A patient with a varicocele on the right side as the presenting sign of intra
      abdominal Burkitt's lymphoma is reported. The incidence and etiology of
      varicocele are discussed.

PMID- 2918601
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis and followup of idiopathic
      retroperitoneal fibrosis.
AB  - Four cases of idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis are reported. Magnetic
      resonance and computerized tomographic images were obtained for diagnosis in each
      case, and followup scans were obtained at various intervals after therapy. In all
      4 cases magnetic resonance imaging was equal or superior to computerized
      tomography in the diagnosis of retroperitoneal fibrosis, outlining the extent of
      involvement, preoperative planning and assessing response to medical or surgical
      therapy.

PMID- 2918602
TI  - Voiding dysfunction secondary to penetrating bony fragment 20 years after pelvic
      fracture.
AB  - We report a case of persistent voiding dysfunction caused by an unsuspected
      penetrating bony spicule 20 years after extraperitoneal bladder rupture and
      pelvic fracture.

PMID- 2918603
TI  - Removal of a strangulating metal bearing from the penis.
AB  - A patient presented to the emergency room with a stainless steel bearing around
      the shaft of the penis. There was marked edema of the entire penis distal to the
      constricting steel ring. A circular saw attachment used for total joint
      arthroplasty was used to cut this metal ring successfully.

PMID- 2918604
TI  - OmniPhase penile prosthesis: delayed bilateral central cable breakage.
AB  - The OmniPhase* penile prosthesis is a new mechanically activated penile implant.
      The prosthesis can be alternatively flaccid and rigid depending on the tension of
      a supporting central cable. We report a case of delayed bilateral central cable
      breakage with subsequent loss of penile rigidity.

PMID- 2918605
TI  - Hormone-secreting metastatic interstitial cell tumor of the testis.
AB  - A patient is described with a hormone-secreting interstitial cell tumor,
      manifesting metastasis 7 years after removal of a reportedly benign primary
      tumor. The late course of the disease was followed by computerized tomography and
      serum hormone assays. Previously reported cases of metastatic interstitial cell
      tumor are reviewed, and prognostic features and treatment are discussed.

PMID- 2918606
TI  - Isolation and characterization of collagen in Peyronie's disease.
AB  - Peyronie's disease is characterized histologically by excessive collagen
      deposition in the lesion. We examined the collagen types in Peyronie's disease
      plaque tissues compared to unaffected tissues from the same patient, other
      control tissues, and Dupuytren's contracture. Gel electrophoresis of pepsin
      solubilized collagen demonstrated the presence of type I collagen and an
      increased content of type III collagen in plaque tissue. Increased type III
      collagen was detected in apparently normal tissue adjacent to the plaque and in
      Dupuytren's lesion, confirming previous findings. Although the cause of excessive
      collagen accumulation of Peyronie's disease is unknown, the results suggest an
      imbalance in the regulation of extracellular matrix production leading to
      pathologic fibrosis.

PMID- 2918609
TI  - A study of the incorporation of urinary macromolecules onto crystals of different
      mineral compositions.
AB  - A new method used to study the binding of proteins onto calcium oxalate crystals
      demonstrated this interaction to be a selective process regarding the types of
      adsorbed proteins. To determine whether the incorporation of urinary
      macromolecules onto crystals formed in urine in vitro is dependent on the
      specific crystalline composition, this technique was applied to both uric acid
      and calcium oxalate crystals. Powdered uric acid was dissolved in urine and the
      pH lowered to 5.5. The resulting uric acid crystals were centrifuged and the
      pellet dialyzed against water at pH 8.0. Calcium oxalate crystals produced by the
      addition of 0.1 M calcium chloride and 0.1 M sodium oxalate to an aliquot of the
      same urine sample were demineralized with 5% EDTA. Gel filtration chromatography
      was used to isolate the protein fraction of an aliquot of the urine samples
      before and after crystallization of uric acid and calcium oxalate. The proteins
      recovered from the crystals and urine samples were separated by two-dimensional
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Analysis of the gels confirmed that the
      binding of urinary proteins onto crystals is a selective process and indicate
      that this interaction is dependent on the specific inorganic composition of the
      crystals.

PMID- 2918607
TI  - Measurement of urinary antibodies to crude bacterial antigen in patients with
      chronic bacterial prostatitis.
AB  - Measurements of IgG and IgA antibodies against common gram negative organisms in
      pre and post prostatic massage urines were investigated. Lower tract urinary
      localization specimens were obtained in men with chronic bacterial prostatitis,
      nonbacterial prostatitis, and without evidence of infection. Quantitative
      cultures were performed on all specimens. A rapid and simple enzyme-linked
      immunosorbant assay (ELISA) was developed to measure urinary total
      immunoglobulins and antibodies to common gram negative organisms (mixed antigen
      specific antibodies, MASA). Comparison with a previously developed
      radioimmunoassay yielded a correlation determinant of 0.89 per cent. Almost all
      patients had post prostatic massage urinary IgA and IgG levels that were higher
      than the premassage levels, reflecting the presence of prostatic fluid in the
      postmassage specimens. In only the patients with chronic bacterial prostatitis,
      however, were levels of IgA or IgG MASA in the postmassage urines higher than
      those measured in the premassage urines. This same elevation was found in the
      urinary specimens from men who could not be diagnosed to have bacterial
      prostatitis by traditional means on a specific occasion because of antibiotic
      treatment, inadequate specimens, or bacteriuria, but had chronic bacterial
      prostatitis confirmed traditionally on another occasion. No detectable MASA were
      measured in either the pre or postmassage urines of men without a history of
      previous urinary infections. From these data it appears that urinary MASA may be
      used to diagnose bacterial prostatitis in situations in which quantitative
      bacteriologic cultures cannot be performed. These measurements may, furthermore,
      be used to diagnose chronic bacterial prostatic infection in men who cannot be
      diagnosed to have bacterial prostatitis when prostatic fluid is unobtainable or
      culture results are uninterpretable.

PMID- 2918608
TI  - The action of pinacidil in the isolated human bladder.
AB  - The need for effective symptomatic treatment of patients with detrusor
      hyperactivity is widely recognized. In search of new principles of decreasing
      bladder contraction we have studied the effects of pinacidil on the isolated
      human bladder. Pinacidil is a recently developed antihypertensive agent
      classified as a K+ channel opener, and is believed to depress smooth muscle
      activity by this action. Pinacidil concentration-dependently depressed
      contractions elicited by carbachol, low concentrations of K+ (less than 60 mM)
      and electrical stimulation. In addition it caused a concentration-related
      increase in the efflux of 86Rb from preloaded detrusor cells. The effects on 86Rb
      efflux could be inhibited by tetraethylammonium chloride and procaine, but not by
      apamin, agents known to block K+-channels. The results support the view that part
      of the pinacidil effect on the human bladder is caused by an opening of K+
      channels, efflux of K+ and subsequent hyperpolarization of the detrusor cells.
      Clinical testing of this new therapeutic principle for treatment of bladder
      hyperactivity seems justified.

PMID- 2918610
TI  - Quantitative analysis of outflow pathway of corpora cavernosa by pressure flow
      technique.
AB  - Using a pressure flow technique, quantitative analysis of the physiological
      characteristics of the outflow pathway of the corpus cavernosum was carried out
      in 19 male dogs weighing 7.5 to 23.0 kg. Pressure flow curves were made on dogs
      whose pelvic nerve was stimulated electrically and on dogs left unstimulated.
      When a cyclical change in saline perfusion rate was applied without nerve
      stimulation, the variable of the intracorporeal pressure showed a large
      hysteretic loop, indicating that the resistance of the outflow canals to flow was
      altered by the distension of the sinusoidal space. In dogs whose pelvic nerve was
      stimulated, the pressure flow curves shifted to the left side in comparison with
      the outward phase of the pressure flow curve of animals without pelvic nerve
      stimulation, and this curve piled on the returning phase. No hysteretic relation
      was observed between the outward and returning phase of the pressure flow curve
      with pelvic nerve stimulation, but in the detailed analysis, in which the % flow
      rate was used instead of actual flow rate of saline perfusion, a small hysteretic
      loop based on the difference of the elasticity of the outlet canals was found.
      The distension of the corpora cavernosa and the pelvic nerve electrostimulation
      probably act as the triggers of the same occlusive mechanism in the outflow
      pathway. The percentage decrease in the blood flow in the outflow canal of the
      corpus cavernosum induced by the distension of the sinusoidal space or by the
      pelvic nerve electrostimulation was 69.6 +/- 14.4% (mean +/- SD).

PMID- 2918611
TI  - The rat as a model for the study of penile erection.
AB  - A model has been developed for the study of penile erection in the Sprague-Dawley
      rat. Anatomical dissections demonstrate a bilateral ganglion lateral to the
      prostate called the major pelvic ganglion. This ganglion receives input from the
      pelvic and hypogastric nerves and innervates the pelvic viscera. A large fiber
      from the major pelvic ganglion courses along the urethra and innervates the
      corpus cavernosum, the cavernous nerve. In 40 animals, electrical stimulation of
      either the cavernous nerve or the pelvic nerve resulted in reproducible
      repetitive tumescence of the corpora cavernosum. Following ablation of the
      cavernous nerve, electrical stimulation failed to produce erections. Standard
      mating behavior tests of mounting, intromission and ejaculation in 38 rats showed
      that surgical ablation of the cavernous nerve resulted in a decrease in the rate
      of intromissions and ejaculations compared with sham operated controls. Present
      models for the study of erection have been limited to the dog, monkey and cat.
      The rat model presented here offers several advantages over these existing
      models: 1) the cavernous nerve is easily identified, 2) electrical stimulation is
      easily accomplished and reproducible, 3) behavioral and neurophysiological
      studies are possible, and 4) animal purchase, housing, and maintenance costs are
      low. These advantages make this model a uniquely useful tool in the further study
      of penile erection.

PMID- 2918612
TI  - A comparison of urologic application of bipolar versus monopolar five French
      electrosurgical probes.
AB  - Urologic endoscopic procedures often involve electrosurgery. Recently bipolar
      probes have become commercially available. This study compares monopolar and
      bipolar electrosurgical probes in relation to power losses in urologic endoscopic
      instruments with the infusion of sterile water and saline, and the power
      transmitted by probes to tissue correlated to tissue destruction in each fluid.
      The power losses through each instrument in both solutions were minimal. The
      bipolar electrode functioned at a much lower power output than did the monopolar
      electrode. The bipolar probe was also more effective in saline than sterile
      water. The depth, width and volume of tissue damage for both electrodes were
      found to vary with generator power output. The data shows the burns had similar
      diameters for both probes but the bipolar probe caused significantly less burn
      depth than the monopolar probe. These initial studies indicate that bipolar
      electrodes can function in normal saline with less depth damage compared to the
      monopolar probe.

PMID- 2918613
TI  - Effects of shock waves on the rat ovary.
AB  - The studies reported in this paper were undertaken to investigate the effect of
      shock waves on ovarian function. In an initial study, five female Wistar rats
      underwent general anesthesia. One ovary was then exposed to 1500 shock waves at
      20 kV using the Dornier XL-1 experimental lithotripter. One week following this
      treatment, the animals were sacrificed and both ovaries were step sectioned. We
      counted all follicles that contained both an oocyte and antrum. These follicles
      in turn were classified further as being healthy or atretic. No statistical
      difference in these counts was observed between shocked and unshocked ovaries
      taken from the same animal. In the definitive study, thirty-one adult female
      Wistar rats underwent unilateral oophorectomy. These rats were then divided into
      treated, sham-treated and control groups. The eleven treated animals were given
      general anesthesia and received 1500 shocks at 15 kV directed at their remaining
      ovary using the Dornier XL-1 lithotripter. The ten sham treated animals received
      identical anesthesia and duration of waterbath immersion as the treated group. In
      contrast, however, sham treated animals were positioned outside the path of the
      focused shock wave. The control group received no treatment. Normal estrus cycle
      was maintained in all groups following shock wave exposure. Two weeks after this
      exposure, all three groups of animals were allowed to mate. All animals in each
      of the three groups became pregnant. There was no statistical difference in
      litter size or fetal weights at three weeks gestation. No gross teratogenic
      effects were observed. The rat ovary appears to be structurally and functionally
      resistant to the shock wave energy levels used in this experiment.

PMID- 2918614
TI  - Effects of shock waves on the structure and growth of the immature rat epiphysis.
AB  - The left proximal tibia of eighteen five week old male Sprague-Dawley rats was
      exposed to 1500 shock waves at 20 kV in a Dornier XL-1 experimental lithotripter.
      Six of these rats, and six age-matched controls, were sacrificed two, four and
      ten weeks later. Eight of 18 (44%) of treated animals had lesions of focal growth
      plate dysplasia attributable to treatment. In the absence of extensive lesions,
      no significant difference was identified in the growth plate thickness of shocked
      versus unshocked limbs. In the group sacrificed at ten weeks, two of six (33%)
      treated animals had extensive dysplastic lesions which were associated with
      marked shortening of the shocked limb. In the absence of extensive lesions, there
      was no significant shortening of shocked limbs. Shock wave exposure of the rat
      epiphysis can affect subsequent bone growth.

PMID- 2918615
TI  - Primary hyperparathyroidism.
AB  - Hyperparathyroidism was described initially in the mid 1920s in patients
      suffering from a rare and severe form of bone disease, osteitis fibrosa cystica.
      In the 1940s and 1950s renal stone disease was recognized as a far more frequent
      complication of primary hyperparathyroidism than bone disease, and approximately
      half of the patients with primary hyperparathyroidism in clinical series
      published through the 1970s presented with renal stones. The introduction of
      routine determination of serum calcium concentration in the mid 1970s has had a
      dramatic impact on the frequency with which primary hyperparathyroidism is
      diagnosed in the population, particularly in older individuals with predominantly
      nonspecific symptoms of the disease. Stone complications appear to occur in less
      than 10 per cent of such patients. Underlying primary hyperparathyroidism is
      diagnosed in approximately 1 to 5 per cent of the patients with calcium stone
      disease. The predominant risk factor for stone formation in primary
      hyperparathyroidism is hypercalciuria, and patients typically present with
      moderate to marked hypercalciuria but with only mild hypercalcemia, in the range
      of 11 mg. per dl. or less. Hypercalciuria in these patients is principally the
      result of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-mediated hyperabsorption of calcium from the
      intestine. The pattern of hypercalciuria disproportionate to the degree of
      hypercalcemia that typifies patients with primary hyperparathyroidism and stone
      disease reaches an extreme degree in patients with so-called subtle or
      normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism, in whom diagnosis by routine
      techniques may be difficult. Parathyroid exploration remains the treatment of
      choice in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism and stone complications.

PMID- 2918616
TI  - Clinical and laboratory approaches for evaluation of nephrolithiasis.
AB  - The initial part of this presentation deals with the sensitivity of tests
      commonly used in the diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism. Total serum
      calcium levels often are normal in patients with small parathyroid adenomas but
      levels of serum ultrafilterable and/or ionized calcium usually are elevated in
      these patients. The recent introduction of improved radioimmunoassays for
      measurement of circulating parathyroid hormone has led to greatly improved
      sensitivity of this test for the diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism.
      However, measurement of total urinary cyclic adenosine monophosphate, even when
      expressed as a function of glomerular filtration rate, is an extremely
      insensitive test in patients who have parathyroid adenomas weighing less than 1
      gm. Consequently, this test no longer is used for diagnostic purposes in our
      laboratory. Data relating to the prevalence and causes of hyperoxaluria in
      patients with idiopathic calcium oxalate stones also are presented. Hyperoxaluria
      (more than 450 mumol. per 24 hours) was found in 21 of 99 consecutive untreated
      male patients. Approximately a third of the patients with high normal or
      increased urinary oxalate excretion also have increased urinary glycolate
      excretion, which is indicative of increased endogenous oxalate production. This
      metabolic abnormality was unresponsive to pyridoxine administration but
      preliminary findings suggest that it may be corrected by restricting dietary
      protein.

PMID- 2918617
TI  - Clinical and laboratory approaches for evaluation of nephrolithiasis.
AB  - A medical history and laboratory investigation of patients with recurrent stones
      serve as the cornerstone for preventive and therapeutic treatment. Identifiable
      risk factors can be discovered in 90 per cent of the patients. More sophisticated
      analyses of urinary supersaturation can be helpful in resistant cases.

PMID- 2918618
TI  - Overview of surgical treatment of urolithiasis with special reference to
      lithotripsy.
AB  - In the early 1980s, 2 elegant innovations were added to open surgery in the
      management of stones: endourology and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. The
      decision strategy for treating stones is not yet codified and it depends on
      several factors, such as equipment, type and size of stones, needs of the patient
      and skills of the surgeon. After open stone surgery convalescence lasts
      approximately 4 to 6 weeks and repeated surgery is more difficult. With
      endourology convalescence can be reduced to a few days in an uncomplicated case,
      the risk of complication is approximately 10 per cent and retreatment is not more
      complicated. Convalescence with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy often is
      negligible and some extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy units are run on an
      outpatient basis. However, as with all stone surgeries, extracorporeal shock wave
      lithotripsy causes renal bleeding of varying degrees. There are reports of
      diastolic hypertension after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy in up to 8 per
      cent of the patients. Retreatment is easy but the late consequences of
      retreatment are unknown. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy is the dominant
      means of surgical management for stones in the western world; 87 per cent of our
      patients are treated with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy and 4 per cent
      with open surgery.

PMID- 2918619
TI  - The role of percutaneous surgery in renal and ureteral stone removal.
AB  - Percutaneous procedures are appropriate for a wide variety of renal and ureteral
      stones. In the era of shock wave lithotripsy percutaneous procedures usually are
      indicated in stones for which extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy is not
      appropriate. Many of these situations occur in patients with large stones, and
      stones associated with obstruction and other problems. Indications for
      percutaneous stone removal and indications for open surgery are discussed.

PMID- 2918620
TI  - Prevention and treatment of kidney stones. Role of medical prevention.
AB  - Despite dramatic advances in stone removal brought by extracorporeal shock wave
      lithotripsy, there is a continuing need for medical diagnosis and prevention.
      Justifications for the medical approach include prevention of recurrence (medical
      treatment could prevent further stone formation, unlike a surgical approach),
      efficacy of prophylactic program (recurrent stone formation may be inhibited in
      most patients using a variety of treatment programs), inhibition of spontaneous
      passage (by medical treatment, although not amenable to surgical treatment),
      potential avoidance of renal colic (occurring before stone removal avoided by
      preventing recurrence), reduced need for stone removal (achieved by successful
      medical treatment), correction of extrarenal manifestations (deleterious
      extrarenal manifestations of a stone-forming condition, such as bone disease in
      distal renal tubular acidosis, may be corrected by appropriate medical treatment)
      and cost-effectiveness. The cost of medical care is estimated to be half to a
      fourth that of surgical care. The need and type of medical treatment should be
      appraised continually to accommodate advances in techniques of stone removal.

PMID- 2918621
TI  - The doctors' dilemmas.

PMID- 2918622
TI  - Renal endarterectomy through the transected aorta: a new technique for combined
      aortorenal atherosclerosis--a preliminary report.
AB  - The optimal surgical management of combined aortic and renal atherosclerosis has
      not been defined. A modified technique of renal endarterectomy performed through
      the transected aorta before anastomosis of the aortic prosthesis is presented.
      The surgical course and early follow-up results of the first 44 consecutive
      patients treated by this technique are reported. Twenty-three patients (25%) had
      symptomatic coronary artery disease, 36 patients (82%) had arterial hypertension,
      and 28 patients (64%) had elevated serum creatinine levels (mean 2.10 mg/dl).
      Primary indications for operation related to aortic disease in 39 patients (89%)
      and to poorly controlled hypertension in five patients (11%). Seventy-five renal
      arteries were revascularized; 11% of these arteries were occluded.
      Revascularizations were bilateral in 27 patients (61%), involved a solitary
      kidney in three patients (6%), and were unilateral in 14 patients (32%).
      Aortobifemoral bypass grafting was performed in 16 patients (36%), aortoiliac
      bypass was performed in 15 patients (34%), and infrarenal aortic replacement was
      performed in 11 patients (25%). Postoperative complications developed in 14
      patients (32%). There were two postoperative deaths (4%). Nineteen patients had
      transient increases in serum creatinine levels greater than 0.5 mg/dl. Two
      patients required postoperative dialysis, neither related to failure of their
      renal revascularization. There were five late deaths, all as a result of
      myocardial infarction. Renal function improved in four patients and remained
      stable in 22 patients. Blood pressure was improved in 64% of patients previously
      hypertensive. These preliminary results indicate that renal endarterectomy
      through the transected aorta along with aortic reconstruction is a safe,
      efficient, and effective means of treating these complex lesions.

PMID- 2918623
TI  - Massive pulmonary embolism: triple-armed therapy.
AB  - Many patients who suffer a massive pulmonary embolus die despite emergent
      therapy. In these desperately ill patients an aggressive, combined method of
      management was initiated to improve their chances and quality of survival. During
      a 5-year period 10 patients were treated with (1) low-dose topical,
      intrapulmonary thrombolytic therapy to dissolve thrombus, (streptokinase or
      urokinase); (2) anticoagulation to prevent thrombus propagation (heparin); and
      (3) the simultaneous insertion of a Greenfield filter to prevent the early,
      recurrent, and therefore potentially fatal pulmonary embolus--"triple-armed
      therapy." Thrombolytic therapy was administered through a Swan-Ganz catheter
      wedged against the pulmonary embolus. During the same interval 10 other patients
      also sustained massive pulmonary emboli but were treated only with systemic
      heparin. Serial pulmonary arteriography was performed daily. The patients treated
      by triple-armed therapy responded favorably with a rapid (less than 6 hours),
      significant improvement in PaO2, pulmonary artery pressure, cardiac output,
      pulmonary vascular resistance, and blood pressure, compared with patients treated
      with continuous heparin alone. Nine patients in the triple-armed therapy group
      survived whereas only six in the heparin group survived. Two additional patients
      were treated by triple-armed therapy and had thrombolysis with triple-armed
      therapy with tissue plasminogen activator; these patients demonstrated the most
      rapid improvement in cardiorespiratory dynamics and arteriographic clearance of
      emboli. This management protocol shows promise for patients who sustain a massive
      pulmonary embolus, because it reduces the morbidity associated with pulmonary
      embolectomy while avoiding the hazards associated with systemic thrombolytic
      therapy.

PMID- 2918624
TI  - Species variation and the success of endothelial cell seeding.
AB  - In vivo seeding of vascular grafts in dogs has resulted in the formation of a
      confluent luminal monolayer and increased patency. Results of similar trials in
      humans have been mixed. Interspecies variation of the harvest, attachment, and
      growth of vascular endothelium might explain these apparent differences.
      Endothelial cells were harvested by standard enzymatic techniques from bovine
      aorta (n = 7), canine external jugular vein (n = 9), and human saphenous vein (n
      = 8). Growth curves were generated by means of a replicate microwell technique
      and then compared with the following observations: Harvest of endothelium from
      human saphenous vein provides a lower yield of viable endothelial cells. When
      compared to bovine or canine cells, the lag phase of the growth curve of human
      cells is prolonged and the doubling time in the growth phase is increased. These
      results suggest that in humans there are fewer available cells, and conditions
      for endothelial cell growth may be more stringent than for other species. It may
      be necessary to develop alternative methods of seeding before success in humans
      can be achieved.

PMID- 2918625
TI  - Spinal cord ischemia: an evaluation of pharmacologic agents in minimizing
      paraplegia after aortic occlusion.
AB  - Superoxide dismutase (SOD), barbiturates, and hypothermic crystalloid were
      evaluated for their effectiveness in minimizing ischemic damage to the spinal
      cord at 40 minutes of aortic occlusion. Forty-two dogs underwent proximal and
      distal thoracic aortic occlusion for 40 minutes with infusion of test agents into
      the occluded segment. The dogs were divided into six groups. Group 1 (n = 6)
      served as control. Group 2 (n = 6) received hypothermic crystalloid. Group 3 (n =
      6) animals received thiopental. Group 4 (n = 7) received SOD. Group 5 (n = 9)
      received hypothermic crystalloid and thiopental. Group 6 (n = 8) received
      hypothermic crystalloid, thiopental and SOD. The animals were observed for
      neurologic deficit for 72 hours. In group 1, six of six dogs showed complete
      paralysis. Five of six dogs from group 2, five of six dogs from group 3, and five
      of seven dogs from group 4 showed complete paraplegia. The remaining dogs in
      these groups showed varying degrees of recovery. Four of nine dogs in group 5 had
      complete paraplegia, three dogs showed varying degrees of recovery, and two dogs
      had no neurologic deficit. In group 6, one dog had complete paraplegia, three had
      partial recovery, and four had no neurologic deficit. Group 6 was the only group
      that showed significantly less late neurologic impairment than the control group.
      We concluded that although cold perfusion, barbiturates, and SOD are not
      protective when used alone, they are effective when all are used in combination.
      The combination of cold perfusion, barbiturates, and SOD significantly decreases
      neurologic deficit after 40 minutes of aortic occlusion.

PMID- 2918626
TI  - Flow patterns in the abdominal aorta under simulated postprandial and exercise
      conditions: an experimental study.
AB  - Specific hemodynamic factors have been shown to be associated with
      atherosclerotic plaque localization at the human carotid bifurcation. Flow field
      characteristics may also determine plaque distribution in the abdominal aorta. We
      therefore characterized flow patterns in a glass model abdominal aorta that
      included its major branches under conditions of steady flow. Outflow resistances
      of the celiac, superior mesenteric, renal, inferior mesenteric, and iliac
      arteries were varied to produce flow distributions consistent with rest, the
      postprandial state, and vigorous lower limb exercise. Flow patterns were
      visualized with three colors of dye injected simultaneously through capillary
      tubes at selected locations and recorded as still photographs and by
      cinephotography on videotapes. Under resting conditions a large region of flow
      separation and stagnation occurred at the posterior wall of the aorta directly
      opposite the orifices of the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries. Similar
      separation regions were observed during the simulated postprandial state but
      diminished markedly when distal outflow was increased to levels consistent with
      exercise. In the highly susceptible infrarenal aortic segment, beginning about 2
      cm below the renal artery orifices, multiple secondary flow patterns with three
      to four counterrotating vortex formations were observed under both resting and
      postprandial conditions but disappeared in the exercise state. Secondary flow
      patterns were not noted in the suprarenal abdominal aorta, which is usually
      relatively spared. Such features have been related to plaque localization
      elsewhere, and the disappearance of these patterns with increased flow velocity
      during exercise is consistent with the previously noted protective effect of
      unidirectional laminar high-flow states. The beneficial effects of physical
      fitness programs may be related in part to these hemodynamic modifications.

PMID- 2918627
TI  - Upper extremity arterial injury in athletes.
AB  - Between 1983 and 1986, 23 athletes were evaluated for arm and hand complaints.
      Eleven players had symptoms of thoracic outlet compression. Severe arm fatigue
      (eight patients) and finger ischemia (three patients) were the presenting
      symptoms. In the remaining 12 athletes, symptoms of hand ischemia were
      predominant. Noninvasive testing with Doppler ultrasonography and duplex scanning
      (positional testing and finger systolic pressure recording) and cold immersion
      were used to aid in diagnosis. In the 11 athletes with thoracic outlet
      compression, arteriography confirmed the finding with compression of the
      subclavian artery in five, the axillary artery in one, both subclavian and
      axillary arteries in two, posterior humeral circumflex artery in one, and
      subclavian aneurysm in two. Compression of the suprascapular artery was
      identified in four, the subscapular artery in two, and the posterior humeral
      circumflex artery in one. Thrombosis of a first baseman's ulnar artery and
      occlusion of the palmar arch in a frisbee player were documented by
      arteriography. Decompression of the thoracic outlet consisted of anterior
      scalenectomy in five, pectoralis minor muscle division in one, and resection of
      both muscles in two. Removal of cervical rib with interposed vein graft was
      performed in the two players with arterial aneurysm. Hand ischemia in the
      remaining athletes was treated conservatively with Dextran-heparin infusion for
      acute ischemia. Repeat noninvasive study of all players demonstrated absence of
      compression in their playing position, and all have resumed their playing
      careers. Hand ischemia in athletes can be evaluated noninvasively and treated
      conservatively. Resection of hypertrophied muscles to decompress the thoracic
      outlet together with release of branch artery compression in selected athletes
      promotes perfusion to arm and shoulder muscles and helps to avoid the
      catastrophic complication of repetitive trauma leading to sudden arterial
      thrombosis.

PMID- 2918628
TI  - Mesenteric venous thrombosis.
AB  - Sixteen patients with mesenteric venous thrombosis were reviewed retrospectively
      during a period from 1983 to 1987. Twelve patients had progressive abdominal
      pain, three had gastrointestinal bleeding, and one had general malaise. Seven of
      these 16 patients had previous deep-vein thrombosis. After negative routine
      gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary evaluation, 11 patients underwent an infusion
      computerized tomographic scan. Of these, 10 had superior mesenteric vein
      thrombosis; three of these 10 patients had portal vein thrombosis. Selective
      arteriography was done in two patients because of gastrointestinal bleeding, and
      a diagnosis of mesenteric vein thrombosis was made on the venous phase of the
      examination. The remaining four patients developed acute abdominal symptoms
      requiring surgical exploration, at which time mesenteric venous thrombosis was
      discovered. An identifiable coagulopathy was detected in nine patients (protein C
      deficiency in six, protein S deficiency in two, and factor IX deficiency treated
      with factor IX concentrate in one). No case of congenital antithrombin-III
      deficiency was identified. Six of these nine patients had a past history of deep
      venous thrombosis. Of five patients who underwent surgical exploration, all
      required bowel resection. In follow-up, two patients died of intestinal necrosis
      and a third died of associated pancreatic cancer. Thirteen patients were
      discharged from the hospital. Treatment of coagulopathy was by heparin in three
      patients and sodium warfarin (Coumadin) in four patients. Long-term
      anticoagulation was not instituted because of gastrointestinal bleeding in three
      and cirrhosis in three patients. Mesenteric venous thrombosis can occur without
      gangrenous bowel. Diagnosis should be suspected when acute abdominal symptoms
      develop in patients with prior thrombotic episodes and a coagulopathy.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2918629
TI  - Research initiatives in vascular surgery. Seminar sponsored by the Society for
      Vascular Surgery and the International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, with
      the cooperation of the National Institutes of Health and the National Heart,
      Lung, and Blood Institute. Bethesda, Md., Feb. 19-20, 1988. Abstracts.

PMID- 2918630
TI  - Can change in life-style reduce failure of arterial reconstructions?

PMID- 2918631
TI  - Synchrotron transvenous angiography holds promise in coronary studies.

PMID- 2918632
TI  - Forensics experts tackle task of identifying thousands of 'disappeared' victims.

PMID- 2918633
TI  - Where are the children of the 'dirty war'? Science seeks answers for their
      relatives.

PMID- 2918634
TI  - New visceral transplants invigorate cancer victims.

PMID- 2918635
TI  - Low-osmolar contrast agents.

PMID- 2918636
TI  - Repeated blood donations and erythropoietin levels.

PMID- 2918637
TI  - Clindamycin for staphylococcal skin infections in AIDS.

PMID- 2918638
TI  - Trauma systems.

PMID- 2918639
TI  - Crime labs or the street for drug information?

PMID- 2918641
TI  - Boxing-related injuries in the US Army, 1980 through 1985.
AB  - Boxing-related injuries, serious enough to involve hospitalization in US Army
      hospitals, were studied from 1980 through 1985. On average, there were 67
      hospitalizations annually, with the injured spending an average of 5.1 days in
      bed and 8.9 days disabled, unfit for duty. There was one death from serious head
      injury and one instance of unilateral blindness from ocular trauma requiring
      enucleation. Head injuries accounted for 68% of all the injuries and were more
      common in the younger and presumably less experienced boxers. The advisability of
      continued promotion of boxing in the military needs to be addressed.

PMID- 2918642
TI  - The torturer's horse.

PMID- 2918640
TI  - Transplantation of multiple abdominal viscera.
AB  - Two children with the short-gut syndrome and secondary liver failure were treated
      with evisceration and transplantation en bloc of the stomach, small intestine,
      colon, pancreas, and liver. The first patient died perioperatively, but the
      second lived for more than 6 months before dying of an Epstein-Barr virus
      associated lymphoproliferative disorder that caused biliary obstruction and
      lethal sepsis. There was never evidence of graft rejection or of graft-vs-host
      disease in the long-surviving child. The constituent organs of the homograft
      functioned and maintained their morphological integrity throughout the 193 days
      of survival.

PMID- 2918643
TI  - The desperate case: CARE (costs, applicability, research, ethics)

PMID- 2918644
TI  - Diagnostic and therapeutic technology assessment. Gastric restrictive surgery.

PMID- 2918645
TI  - A piece of my mind. First day.

PMID- 2918646
TI  - Large trial finds ticlopidine superior to aspirin in preventing stroke.

PMID- 2918647
TI  - This St Patrick's Day finds no lack of controversy at Irish Medical Journal.

PMID- 2918648
TI  - In-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

PMID- 2918649
TI  - Denial of the AMA-endorsed disability insurance program owing to marriage
      counseling.

PMID- 2918650
TI  - Attack ferrets?

PMID- 2918651
TI  - The New York State Medical Society Impaired Physician Program.

PMID- 2918652
TI  - Cigarette smoking and exposure to passive smoke are risk factors for cervical
      cancer.
AB  - Personal cigarette smoking and exposure to passive smoke as risk factors for
      cervical cancer were examined in a population-based, case-control study conducted
      in Utah. Personal cigarette smoking was found to increase the risk of cervical
      cancer, after adjusting for age, educational level, church attendance, and sexual
      activity. The adjusted risk estimate associated with being a current smoker was
      3.42 (95% confidence interval [Cl], 2.10 to 5.57); for having smoked for 5 or
      more pack-years, it was 2.81 (95% Cl, 1.73 to 4.55); and for having smoked at
      least 100 lifetime cigarettes, it was 2.21 (95% Cl, 1.44 to 3.39). The adjusted
      risk estimate (also adjusted for actual cigarettes smoked) associated with
      passive smoke exposure for 3 or more hours per day was 2.96 (95% Cl, 1.25 to
      7.03). Risk from passive smoking was greater in women who were not smokers (odds
      ratio, 3.43; 95% Cl, 1.23 to 9.54) than in women who smoked (odds ratio, 2.59;
      95% Cl, 0.23 to 29.24).

PMID- 2918653
TI  - Standard of care and anesthesia liability.
AB  - For the past 3 years, the Committee on Professional Liability of the American
      Society of Anesthesiologists has been studying records of closed malpractice
      claims files for anesthesia-related patient injuries. The database of 1004
      lawsuits was examined to define the impact of the "standard of care," as judged
      by a practicing group of anesthesiologists, on the likelihood and amount of
      financial recovery. We found that payment was made in more than 80% of claims
      made by patients who were judged to have received substandard anesthetic care.
      Payment also was made in more than 40% of claims when the anesthesia care was
      judged to be appropriate. We conclude that in the tort-based system of
      compensation for anesthesia-related injury, the patient has a high probability of
      financial recovery for injury caused by substandard care. However, if the
      anesthesiologist provides appropriate care there is still a greater than 40%
      chance that payment will be made for the claim of malpractice.

PMID- 2918654
TI  - The taxes of sin. Do smokers and drinkers pay their way?
AB  - We estimate the lifetime, discounted costs that smokers and drinkers impose on
      others through collectively financed health insurance, pensions, disability
      insurance, group life insurance, fires, motor-vehicle accidents, and the criminal
      justice system. Although nonsmokers subsidize smokers' medical care and group
      life insurance, smokers subsidize nonsmokers' pensions and nursing home payments.
      On balance, smokers probably pay their way at the current level of excise taxes
      on cigarettes; but one may, nonetheless, wish to raise those taxes to reduce the
      number of adolescent smokers. In contrast, drinkers do not pay their way: current
      excise taxes on alcohol cover only about half the costs imposed on others.

PMID- 2918656
TI  - Monitoring anesthetic care: new directions.

PMID- 2918655
TI  - Hyperprolactinemia and nonpuerperal mastitis (duct ectasia).
AB  - In 108 patients with nonpuerperal mastitis (inflammatory symptoms of duct
      ectasia), serum prolactin levels were determined before, during, and after
      treatment. Twenty-nine patients (26.8%) exhibited transiently elevated prolactin
      levels during the period of inflammation (mean +/- SD level, 42 +/- 22
      micrograms/L) that returned to normal within 4 weeks. Twenty-two patients (20.4%)
      presented with more severe hyperprolactinemia (78 +/- 56 micrograms/L), and 15
      were found to have pituitary microadenomas. In 11 cases, mastitis was the first
      symptom of hyperprolactinemia. A second group of 83 patients with known
      hyperprolactinemia and 83 normoprolactinemic controls were interviewed with
      regard to recent symptoms or past treatment of nonpuerperal mastitis. Sixteen
      hyperprolactinemic women (19.3%) and none of the controls reported that they had
      experienced mastitis. We conclude that duct ectasia is due in part to increased
      prolactin secretion. Thus, nonpuerperal mastitis may be a symptom of
      hyperprolactinemia. On the other hand, nonpuerperal mastitis may induce transient
      hyperprolactinemia (neurogenic hyperprolactinemia) of about 3 weeks' duration
      that is less pronounced than central hyperprolactinemia.

PMID- 2918657
TI  - A piece of my mind. Yomin's star.

PMID- 2918658
TI  - Maternal, child health needs noted by two major national study groups.

PMID- 2918659
TI  - Scope, specifics of maternal drug use, effects on fetus are beginning to emerge
      from studies.

PMID- 2918660
TI  - Interaction of drug-abusing mother, fetus, types of drugs examined in numerous
      studies.

PMID- 2918661
TI  - Combinations of drugs taken by pregnant women add to problems in determining
      fetal damage.

PMID- 2918662
TI  - Leads from the MMWR. Mumps--United States, 1985-1988.

PMID- 2918664
TI  - Maternal brain death during pregnancy.

PMID- 2918663
TI  - Prenatal screening for hepatitis B antigen.

PMID- 2918665
TI  - Compelled medical treatment of pregnant women.

PMID- 2918666
TI  - Priapism in Kawasaki disease.

PMID- 2918667
TI  - Long-lasting behavioral changes following prednisone withdrawal.

PMID- 2918668
TI  - Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy: what does the surgeon do?

PMID- 2918669
TI  - The soda crush.

PMID- 2918670
TI  - One child, one family.

PMID- 2918671
TI  - Temporal patterns of cocaine use in pregnancy. Perinatal outcome.
AB  - Seventy-five cocaine-using women enrolled in a comprehensive perinatal care
      program were divided into two groups: those who used cocaine in only the first
      trimester of pregnancy (group 1 [N = 23]) and those who used cocaine throughout
      pregnancy (group 2 [N = 52]). Perinatal outcomes of these pregnancies were
      compared with perinatal outcomes of a matched group of obstetric patients with no
      history or evidence of substance abuse (group 3 [N = 40]). Group 2 women had an
      increased rate of preterm delivery and low-birth-weight infants as well as an
      increased rate of intrauterine growth retardation. Group 1 women had rates of
      these complications similar to the drug-free group. Mean birth weight, length,
      and head circumference for term infants were reduced in only the group 2 infants.
      However, both groups of cocaine-exposed infants demonstrated significant
      impairment of orientation, motor, and state regulation behaviors on the Neonatal
      Behavioral Assessment Scale.

PMID- 2918672
TI  - HIV seroprevalence in newborns in New York State.
AB  - The prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection was determined in
      women at the time of childbirth throughout New York State between November 30,
      1987, and November 30, 1988. Mandatory blood specimens (276,609) obtained from
      all newborns were examined for HIV. The overall HIV seroprevalence rate was 0.66%
      (1816 newborns), with 0.16% in Upstate New York and 1.25% in New York City. Rates
      for newborns whose mothers were aged 20 to 29 years (1.30%) and 30 to 39 years
      (1.35%) were significantly higher than rates for those with mothers younger than
      20 years of age (0.72%). Rates of seropositivity were higher among blacks (1.8%)
      and Hispanics (1.3%) than among whites (0.13%). Seropositivity of HIV was higher
      in zip code areas with high rates of drug use (2.2%) than in the rest of New York
      City (0.8%). It is estimated that more than 726 HIV-infected children were born
      in New York State during the 1-year study period, using 40% as the probable
      proportion of seropositives that will become infected.

PMID- 2918673
TI  - Cryotherapy in infants with retinopathy of prematurity. A decision model for
      treating one or both eyes.
AB  - Formal decision model analysis for cryotherapy to reduce blindness from
      retinopathy of prematurity shows that the decision to treat depends substantially
      on disease severity, the probability of long-term side effects, and correlations
      of treatment outcomes and side effects for individuals in whom both eyes are
      treated. The model indicates that both eyes should be treated regardless of
      disease severity only when the probability of long-term side effects is zero. As
      risk of long-term side effects increase, treating neither eye or only the worst
      eye is preferred for an increasingly large spectrum of disease. With high
      correlations of long-term side effects, treating the worst eye is preferred for
      moderate levels of disease severity. For high disease severity, treating both
      eyes is recommended, even when the probability of long-term side effects is high.
      Better-informed treatment recommendations must await new data to assess risks of
      long-term side effects and correlations of treatment outcomes and side effects.

PMID- 2918674
TI  - Classification and analysis of fetal deaths in Massachusetts.
AB  - Fetal deaths, in contrast to infant deaths, have been subject to epidemiologic
      analysis infrequently. We characterized 574 Massachusetts resident fetal deaths
      from 1982 and assessed the accuracy of cause-of-death information available from
      vital records compared with that from corresponding fetal autopsies. The fetal
      death rate exceeded the neonatal mortality rate. Fetal mortality was higher among
      black, unmarried, and older mothers. Fetuses of multiple-gestation pregnancies
      had an unusually high risk of fetal death. Autopsy reports were obtained for 61%
      of fetal deaths. The underlying cause of death from the fetal death record
      differed from that on the autopsy report in 55% of cases. Systematic collection
      of population-based autopsy data is a useful approach for improving the quality
      and accuracy of mortality statistics on fetal deaths. Many stillbirths remain
      unexplained, however, and research is needed to identify pathological markers
      that might reduce the heterogeneity within the fetal deaths currently ascribed to
      unknown causes.

PMID- 2918676
TI  - Congenital syphilis and necrotizing funisitis.
AB  - During the past 5 years we encountered 16 cases of necrotizing funisitis, a
      deeply seated inflammatory process within the matrix of the umbilical cord, and
      established that all of them were associated with maternal and congenital
      syphilis. During that time necrotizing funisitis was not found to be associated
      with any other infection. The relationship was unexpected on the basis of current
      knowledge of the condition, but we found the older medical literature documents
      syphilis as the virtually specific cause of deep funisitis with angiophlebitis.
      Necrotizing funisitis has a characteristic macroscopic appearance, the
      "barberpole" cord, that permits the presumptive diagnosis of congenital syphilis
      at the time of birth.

PMID- 2918675
TI  - Mortality in infants discharged from neonatal intensive care units in Georgia.
AB  - Although neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) have contributed to advances in
      neonatal survival, little is known about the epidemiology of deaths that occur
      after NICU discharge. To determine mortality rates following NICU discharge, we
      used linked birth, death, and NICU records for infants born to Georgia residents
      from 1980 through 1982 and who were admitted to NICUs participating in the
      state's perinatal care network. Infants who died after discharge (n = 120) had a
      median duration of NICU hospitalization of 20 days (range, 1 to 148 days) and a
      median birth weight of 1983 g (range, 793 to 5159 g). The postdischarge mortality
      rate was 22.7 per 1000 NICU discharges. This rate is more than five times the
      overall postneonatal mortality rate for Georgia from 1980 to 1982. The most
      common causes of death were congenital heart disease (23%), sudden infant death
      syndrome (21%), and infection (13%). Demographic characteristics commonly
      associated with infant mortality were not strongly associated with the mortality
      following NICU discharge.

PMID- 2918678
TI  - A piece of my mind. At Nisqually.

PMID- 2918677
TI  - Implications of research and high technology for neonatal intensive care.

PMID- 2918679
TI  - Physicians' obligations under the National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act.

PMID- 2918680
TI  - Enterohepatitis in Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) inoculated perorally
      with Tyzzer's organism (Bacillus piliformis).
AB  - Enterohepatitis was produced in Mongolian gerbils by intragastric inoculation
      with Tyzzer's organism from natural infection of a gerbil. Death occurred in 50
      to 60% animals 5 to 7 days postinoculation (p.i.). On day 3 p.i., when a few
      necrotic foci appeared in the liver, a large amount of bacterial antigen was
      present within ileocecal enterocytes and reticuloendothelial cells of the Peyer's
      patches. Neutrophil and monocyte infiltration was found in the lamina propria. On
      day 5 or 6 p.i. there was severe necrotizing and hemorrhagic ileotyphlocolitis.
      Bacterial antigen was abundant within not only enterocytes, but also smooth
      muscle cells of the ileum and jejunum as well as reticular cells of the
      mesenteric lymph nodes. On day 7 p.i. the intestinal lesions subsided in the
      presence of fewer bacteria, while necrotizing hepatitis became well developed.
      The results indicated that Mongolian gerbils were highly susceptible to the oral
      route of infection with the Tyzzer's organism.

PMID- 2918681
TI  - Chronic instrumentation and longterm investigation in the fetal and maternal
      baboon: tether system, conditioning procedures and surgical techniques.
AB  - A tether system, conditioning procedures and surgical techniques were designed to
      maintain chronic catheters and electrodes in the pregnant baboon and her fetus.
      The tether system was comprised of a lightweight metal backpack containing
      catheters and electrodes, couplers, pressure transducers and electrical cabling.
      The backpack was held snugly in place by shoulder and body straps. A flexible
      metal tether connected the pack to a ball bearing assembly mounted on the top of
      the animal's home cage. Attached to the assembly were two infusion pumps, fluid
      reservoir and slip ring electrical connector. The entire system rotated freely
      with the movements of the animal; thus, the instrumentation and connectors were
      secure while access was maintained for continuous physiologic recording and
      intravascular infusion or intermittent blood sampling with minimal physical
      restraint. Animals were conditioned to accept the system prior to pregnancy and
      animals who demonstrated tolerance were bred. An initial group of 10 pregnant
      animals were sham tethered during pregnancy at 102 +/- 7 days with term gestation
      estimated at 180 days. Surgical procedures were done at 136 +/- 4 days with
      placement of catheters in the maternal femoral artery and vein, fetal carotid
      artery jugular vein and trachea, amniotic fluid cavity, and electrodes for fetal
      electrocardiogram and electroencephalogram. The mean fetal survival time was 9.3
      (range 0 to 29) days. The major complications which led to early delivery were
      placental abruption and rupture of amniotic membranes. With ultrasonic
      localization of the placenta and determination of fetal position before surgery,
      these complications may be avoided.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2918682
TI  - A steady state method of measuring carbon monoxide diffusing capacity of the lung
      of sheep.
AB  - A method for measuring the diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide
      (DLCO) in sheep was developed. The test's usefulness and reliability was studied
      in ten, splenectomized adult ewes. Hemoglobin concentration and weight were found
      to affect sheep DLCO. This article describes a method of determining DLCO in
      sheep, gives preliminary results of limited testing, and discusses factors
      affecting DLCO in sheep.

PMID- 2918683
TI  - Cardiopulmonary responses to Pseudomonas septicemia in swine: an improved model
      of the adult respiratory distress syndrome.
AB  - Bacteremia with resultant damage to multiple organ systems remains a serious
      problem in intensive care of human patients. We have developed a clinically
      relevant swine model of sepsis-induced adult respiratory distress syndrome
      (ARDS). Twenty-three animals were given various doses of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
      intravenously. Low cardiac output septic shock was prevented with massive fluid
      infusion. It was found that a dose of 1.0 X 10(7) colony forming units per 20
      kg/min for 2 hours reliably produced respiratory failure in a setting of
      hyperdynamic sepsis which meets the diagnostic criteria of human ARDS.

PMID- 2918684
TI  - A comparison of experimental visceral leishmaniasis in the opossum, armadillo and
      ferret.
AB  - Visceral leishmaniasis is a severe, chronic protozoal disease of humans and
      animals. Although chemotherapeutic agents are available for the treatment of this
      disease, problems such as drug toxicity, drug ineffectiveness and drug resistance
      of the parasite are responsible for treatment failures. To determine whether a
      drug is a potential antileishmanial agent, screening tests are performed using in
      vitro and in vivo models. Subsequently, a study using an appropriate animal model
      is performed to clearly determine the efficacy of a drug against Leishmania. Due
      to current public concerns regarding the use of companion animals in addition to
      the high costs of obtaining and maintaining these animals for research use,
      conventional animal models used in these chemotherapy studies, notably the dog
      and monkey, are becoming less acceptable. Therefore, new, less expensive and more
      accessible animal models are needed for the study of antileishmanial compounds.
      In this study, the armadillo, ferret and opossum were evaluated as possible new
      animal models for visceral leishmaniasis. The marked body weight loss,
      hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, large amastigote densities and the microscopic
      lesions observed in the infected opossums indicated that the opossum was more
      susceptible to visceral leishmaniasis than the armadillo or ferret.

PMID- 2918685
TI  - Chlorine dioxide sterilization of implanted right atrial catheters in rabbits.
AB  - The disinfection of right atrial catheters in situ using chlorine dioxide was
      investigated. Catheters were implanted into rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculi) and
      colonized by inoculation of Staphylococcus aureus, Sa-80, into the lumen. All of
      the catheters were colonized and the difference in numbers of bacteria recovered
      from animals destined for the control and disinfection groups was not
      significant. Animals were assigned randomly to the control or disinfection group.
      Treatment consisted of filling the catheter lumen of the disinfection group with
      chlorine dioxide and of the control group with sterile physiological saline daily
      for 15 minutes. In addition, both groups received systemic antimicrobial therapy.
      Cultures of blood withdrawn from the catheters and by venipuncture were negative
      for five of the nine control group animals after treatment for 5 days. Four
      control group catheters failed, after from 3 to 21 treatments, without ever
      achieving negative cultures. All nine animals in the disinfection group had
      negative cultures after treatment for 5 days. Subsequently, one animal from each
      group reverted to positive cultures. All nine control group catheters failed
      during the study, compared to only three disinfection group catheters (p less
      than 0.01). At necropsy, culture of cardiac blood, thrombi and catheter tubing
      sections demonstrated colonization of six in the control group and only one in
      the disinfection group (p less than 0.05). Rabbits tolerated the chlorine dioxide
      disinfection well and no adverse signs were noted.

PMID- 2918686
TI  - Effects of a commercial malathion dip preparation on the cellular and humoral
      immune response of BALB/c mice.
AB  - Because of the widespread use of malathion as a treatment for ectoparasitism, a
      study was undertaken to determine the effects of a malathion dip preparation on
      the BALB/c mouse immune system. Mice were treated with either 2% (recommended
      dosage) or 8% solutions of malathion or a water control. The cellular immune
      response was evaluated by in vitro exposure of lymphocytes to mitogens, and the
      humoral immune response was assessed by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent
      assay (ELISA) to quantify antibody production against sheep red blood cells
      (SRBC). Responses to the mitogens and to the SRBC were not significantly
      different between 2% and 8% malathion treated and water treated mice. Results
      indicated that malathion did not affect these two aspects of the mouse immune
      system when used as a 2% or 8% dipping solution.

PMID- 2918687
TI  - A standard procedure for measuring rodent bedding particle size and dust content.
AB  - Hardwood dust can cause dermatitis, respiratory disease, allergies and nasal
      cancer in humans. A major concern with animal hardwood bedding is its dust
      content and its possible effects on animals and animal technicians. Previous
      reports on the quality control of rodent bedding did not specify sample size or
      shake time for measuring bedding particle size and dust content. These variables
      could alter particle size analyses. In an effort to more accurately characterize
      bedding particle size and dust content, 50g and 100g samples of hardwood bedding
      were shaken for 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 minutes in a portable sieve shaker
      containing U.S. standard sieves (Nos. 8, 20, 30 and 50) to determine optimum
      sample size and shake time. Significant differences (P less than 0.05 or greater)
      were observed in the percent of bedding retained on a No. 8 sieve when 50g and
      100g samples were taken for 30 seconds or for 1 minute. Samples shaken for 2 or
      more minutes did not show any statistical differences in the percent of bedding
      which was retained on or passed through the different sieves. Major differences
      occurred in the percent of bedding which was retained or passed through the
      different sieves, when the shake time was varied from 0.5 to 5 minutes. These
      results indicated that 0.5 or 1 minute was definitely not enough time to
      accurately measure bedding particle size and dust content and that the sample
      size and shake time must be consistent in order to accurately compare the
      particle size and dust content of different shipments of bedding or to compare
      bedding from different vendors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2918688
TI  - Evaluation of dust respirators for elimination of mouse aeroallergens.
AB  - The efficiency of various dust respirators for eliminating mouse allergens [mouse
      urine proteins (MUP), pelts proteins (MPP) and serum albumin (MSA)] were
      evaluated with use of low-volume air samplers and immunochemical methods. Three
      kinds of dust respirators from one manufacturer which have different efficacy in
      the exclusion of dust particles were put on the fiber glass filter in each air
      sampler. Then the air in a mouse housing room was sampled. The allergens passed
      through the respirators, were trapped in the fiber glass filters, and then
      extracted from the filters. The allergens of MUP and MPP in the extract were
      measured by an inhibition method of fluorometric enzyme-linked immunosorbent
      assay (ELISA) for IgE antibody and those of MSA measured by a fluorometric
      sandwich ELISA. The respirator with the lowest capability of exclusion was found
      to eliminate 65-86% of respective allergens. The other two respirators with
      higher powers eliminated 98% of MUP. MPP and MSA were eliminated to undetectable
      levels through these respirators. This study provided a means for the evaluation
      of dust respirators for animal aeroallergens.

PMID- 2918689
TI  - A technique for liver biopsy in Pekin ducks.
AB  - The duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV), a member of the hepadna-virus group, has
      become a useful animal model for exploring important aspects in this family of
      viruses such as viral replication, course of infection, and the response to
      antiviral therapy. In chronically DHBV infected ducks, repeated analyses of liver
      tissue are important in defining the degree of viral replication and liver
      injury. We describe a technique for repeated liver biopsy using a Keyes skin
      punch biopsy. This technique provided sufficient quantities of liver tissue for
      serial analyses with minimal hemorrhage in 18 Pekin ducks. This procedure offers
      a safe and reliable method of obtaining serial liver biopsies.

PMID- 2918690
TI  - Pairing previously singly caged rhesus monkeys does not interfere with common
      research protocols.

PMID- 2918691
TI  - Spontaneous profuse superovulation in association with ectopic fetuses in a
      rabbit.

PMID- 2918692
TI  - Kinked tail in Sprague-Dawley rats.

PMID- 2918693
TI  - Otacariasis in tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri) caused by Criokeron quintus.

PMID- 2918694
TI  - South Carolina medical malpractice patients' compensation fund.

PMID- 2918695
TI  - JUA claims functions.

PMID- 2918696
TI  - The South Carolina Medical Association/Joint Underwriting Association risk
      management program.

PMID- 2918697
TI  - The SCHA Loss Control Program: reduction in liability exposures for hospitals and
      physicians.

PMID- 2918698
TI  - The South Carolina Dental Association and the S.C. Medical Malpractice JUA.

PMID- 2918699
TI  - Malpractice prophylaxis.

PMID- 2918700
TI  - So you are a defendant in a malpractice action.

PMID- 2918701
TI  - The deposition--the doctor, the lawyer.

PMID- 2918702
TI  - Quality assurance, quality management, risk management, and other buzz words of
      the eighties. How do we use them?

PMID- 2918703
TI  - Risk management.

PMID- 2918704
TI  - A proper balance.

PMID- 2918705
TI  - Constitutional Amendment One.

PMID- 2918706
TI  - South Carolina Medical Malpractice Joint Underwriting Association.

PMID- 2918707
TI  - Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT): the South Carolina experience.

PMID- 2918708
TI  - Update on hospitalized pesticide poisonings in South Carolina, 1983-1987.
AB  - Three hundred twelve hospitalizations for pesticide poisoning occurred in South
      Carolina during 1983-1987. This represents a twenty percent decline from an
      average of 78.5 cases hospitalized per year (1979-1982) to 62.4 cases
      hospitalized per year currently. Non-occupational poisonings accounted for one
      half of the hospitalizations while 20% were related to occupation. Intentional
      poisonings represented 27% of the total. Two deaths as a result of suicide
      occurred during the four year period giving a case fatality of less than 1.0%.
      This five year update reenforces the need for continued education and prevention
      efforts.

PMID- 2918709
TI  - Chronic hepatitis and indolent cirrhosis due to methyldopa: the bottom of the
      iceberg?

PMID- 2918711
TI  - Beliefs, attitudes, and health promotion.

PMID- 2918710
TI  - Health promotion beliefs and attitudes of physicians: a survey of two communities
      in South Carolina.

PMID- 2918712
TI  - Slow poisons.

PMID- 2918713
TI  - Abdominal radiation causes bacterial translocation.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine if a single dose of radiation to the
      rat abdomen leads to bacterial translocation into the mesenteric lymph nodes
      (MLN). A second issue addressed was whether translocation correlates with
      anatomic damage to the mucosa. The radiated group (1100 cGy) which received
      anesthesia also was compared with a control group and a third group which
      received anesthesia alone but no abdominal radiation. Abdominal radiation lead to
      100% positive cultures of MLN between 12 hr and 4 days postradiation. Bacterial
      translocation was almost nonexistent in the control and anesthesia group. Signs
      of inflammation and ulceration of the intestinal mucosa were not seen until Day 3
      postradiation. Mucosal damage was maximal by Day 4. Bacterial translocation onto
      the MLN after a single dose of abdominal radiation was not apparently dependent
      on anatomical, histologic damage of the mucosa.

PMID- 2918714
TI  - Retarding liver cancer growth in the rat by transient repeated hepatic
      dearterialization.
AB  - The effect of repeated ischemic episodes to experimental liver tumors is studied
      in a group of inbred Wistar-Furth rats. A vascular occluder model was developed
      specially for the purpose of delivering intermittent compressions to the hepatic
      artery in the rat. With five daily 1-hr occlusions of the hepatic artery, rats
      benefited from significantly reduced tumor growth rates compared with controls
      that underwent sham operation (P less than 0.05). In contrast to results from
      previous pig experiments, it is demonstrated by angiographic studies that
      repeated transient dearterialization does not entirely overcome the problem of
      collateral vessel formation in the rat. Tumor neovascularization continues
      irrespective of whether the tumor is being dearterialized. It is also observed
      that in both normal and tumor rats, collateral channels from the left gastric
      artery temporarily open up when the hepatic artery is obstructed but disappear on
      reestablishment of flow. As such types of collateral flow are beyond our control,
      it is imperative that future developments in vascular occlusion therapy should
      aim at shortening ischemia time and combining with chemotherapy.

PMID- 2918715
TI  - The physiologic basis of the TUR syndrome.
AB  - To better assess the role of hyperammonemia versus hypoosmolarity versus
      hyponatremia in the TUR syndrome, we developed a rat model. Sprague-Dawley female
      rats received an intraperitoneal injection (250 cc/kg body weight) of either 1.5%
      glycine, 2.0% glycine, 2.0% glycine plus 1.5% mannitol, 3.0% mannitol, 5.0%
      mannitol, or 2.0% glycine plus 0.25% saline. Arterial blood samples were obtained
      prior to injection, at 2, 8, 16, and 24 hr and analyzed for osmolarity, sodium,
      and ammonia. Those animals receiving 2.0% glycine, 2.0% glycine plus 1.5%
      mannitol, and 5.0% mannitol all died within 24 hr with lethargy, convulsions, and
      coma. Hyponatremia developed in all animals; death, however, occurred only when
      the sodium concentration declined to 90-95 meq/dl. Mannitol maintained serum
      osmolarity but did not prevent coma and death. Including 0.25% saline in the
      initial injection, or an iv injection of 5.0% saline delayed 8 hr achieved 100%
      survival. Ammonia concentrations increased 15-fold by 8 hr in groups receiving
      2.0% glycine; it rapidly decreased to near normal by 24 hr. Decreasing the rise
      in ammonia by 50% with iv arginine had no effect on survival. Our results suggest
      that hyponatremia rather than hyperammonemia or hypoosmolarity accounts for the
      major morbidity and mortality secondary to the TUR syndrome.

PMID- 2918716
TI  - Long-term nutritional function of orthotopic small bowel autotransplants.
AB  - Nutritional function following autografting of the entire small bowel was
      followed in 11 dogs for 12 months. Although positive nitrogen balance was
      recovered within a few weeks, the animals did not achieve their preoperative body
      weight for up to 6 months. Fat and D-xylose absorption remained depressed and
      never fully recovered. Hematocrit and serum iron did not normalize until the
      second postoperative month or later. Abnormal serum albumin and albumin/globulin
      ratio persisted for 12 months. When the mesenteric vein was anastomosed to the
      vena cava rather than to the portal vein, this group had more severe
      abnormalities in body weight, hematocrit, total protein, and serum albumin, in
      addition to a significant rise in liver enzymes. These findings represent a
      discouraging portent for the functional utility of small bowel transplants.

PMID- 2918717
TI  - The role of metal ions in ischemia/reperfusion injury in skin flaps.
AB  - The role of hydroxyl radical generation by the metal-catalyzed Haber-Weiss
      reaction in producing injury to postischemic skin flaps in rats was evaluated.
      The venous drainage from groin island flaps was occluded for 7 hr and then
      reperfused. The flaps were infused with either deferoxamine, CaNa2EDTA,
      histidine, salicylate, or vehicle (saline) at the time of reperfusion. In another
      experimental group, the role of hydrogen peroxide was evaluated by the infusion
      of catalase at the time of reperfusion. Treatment with a single dose of
      deferoxamine (40 mg/kg), CaNa2EDTA (50 mg/kg), or histidine (50 mg/kg),
      significantly increased the flap survival rate from 24 to 63, 75, and 63%,
      respectively. A large dose of salicylate (80 mg/kg) improved the flap survival
      rate (to 63%): a smaller dose (40 mg/kg) offered no improvement. A large dose of
      catalase ameliorated the survival rate (to 88%). The results suggest that the
      presence of metal ions is required for the expression of free radical-induced
      tissue damage. Hydrogen peroxide appears to be essential for the production of
      this injury.

PMID- 2918718
TI  - Modulation of proline and glucosamine incorporation into tissue repair cells by
      peritoneal macrophages.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine the patterns of [14C]proline and
      [14C]glucosamine incorporation by tissue repair cells (TRC) as modulated by
      postsurgical macrophages. Rabbits underwent a midline laparotomy followed by
      resection (2.0 cm) and reanastomosis of their ileum. Another group of rabbits
      underwent peritoneal wall abrasion with sterile gauze until punctate bleeding
      developed. Postoperative (1-28 days) exudate cells (PEC) were recovered from the
      peritoneal cavity after reanastomosis, and (TRC) were obtained directly from the
      injured peritoneal surface after abrasion. Since the postsurgical exudate was
      composed mainly of macrophages, we examined the effect of postsurgical macrophage
      spent media on the incorporation of [14C]proline, [14C]glucosamine, and
      [3H]thymidine by TRC. After 7 days of culture, Postsurgical Day 7 TRC were
      incubated with spent media from postsurgical PEC (greater than 90% macrophages).
      When TRC were cultured with macrophage-spent media, the number of TRC increased
      significantly compared to that of fresh medium-treated controls. The
      incorporation of [3H]thymidine by TRC was also enhanced by macrophage-spent
      media. The incorporation of [14C]proline and [14C]glucosamine by TRC was also
      enhanced when incubated with macrophage-spent medium. However, when data were
      expressed on a per cell basis, incorporation of [14C]proline and [14C]glucosamine
      by TRC cultured with macrophage-spent media was the same or less than that by
      cells incubated with fresh medium. These data suggest that the increase in
      incorporation of glucosamine and proline into connective tissue protein by
      postsurgical repair cells may be directly modulated by macrophages recruited in
      response to surgical injury and that this increase is due to the
      fibroproliferative effect of postsurgical macrophages.

PMID- 2918719
TI  - Sixty minutes of normothermic ischemia in the rat liver: correlation between
      adenine nucleotides and bile excretion.
AB  - The effect of 60 min of normothermic liver ischemia on cellular levels of adenine
      nucleotides (ATP, ADP, and AMP), energy charge (EC), and bile excretion was
      studied. Following ischemia the concentration of ATP was reduced to 12% of
      preischemic and control values within the first 10 min and remained low during
      the remaining ischemic period. EC values were also low. During 120 min of
      reperfusion, ATP increased to 34% of the ATP level found in the control group. EC
      values increased immediately to reach values not significantly different from
      those of control animals. Bile flow was nonexistent during ischemia and increased
      during reperfusion. The increase paralleled those of ATP and EC. Bile flow seems
      to reflect the degree of liver ischemia and may be used as a functional
      parameter.

PMID- 2918720
TI  - Clinical and histopathological appraisal of preoperative irradiation for
      adenocarcinoma of the pancreatoduodenal region.
AB  - A retrospective review to elucidate the rationale of preoperative irradiation was
      made on 18 carcinomas of the head of the pancreas area. After 50 Gy/25 fractions
      of 10 MV X-ray was given, all 18 tumors decreased from 3.3 +/- 0.8 cm to 2.0 +/-
      0.7 cm. At the surgical operation, 16 patients (89%) received pancreatic
      resection, without operative death. Histologically, in 13 of these 16 cases, the
      population of severely degenerative cancer cells (SDCC) was more than 1/3 of all
      cancer cells, and SDCCs were likely to locate at the periphery (advancing point
      of carcinoma). These histological patterns were considered as favorable to
      improve the operative curability. However, in the remaining three cases, the SDCC
      population was less than 1/3. In addition, nonaffected (i.e., viable) cancer
      cells were detected at the periphery, and this is an extremely adverse condition
      for subsequent surgery. Chronic pancreatitis in the noncancerous area was present
      in these three cases, but not in the 13 cases. Therefore, the most significant
      factor that predicts the radioresistance especially at the periphery of the
      carcinoma was considered to be coexisting chronic pancreatitis.

PMID- 2918721
TI  - Sarcoma-180 cells are more sensitive to heat than are mouse normal tissues:
      esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, spleen, and kidney.
AB  - Sensitivity of various mouse tissues to heat was determined using mouse sarcoma
      180 (S-180) cells and normal tissues: esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large
      intestine, liver, spleen, and kidney. The in vitro succinate dehydrogenase
      inhibition (SDI) test was used. The succinate dehydrogenase (SD) activity of
      tissue fragments was assayed, following exposure to a temperature of 43 degrees C
      (heat treatment) or 37 degrees C (control) for 1, 2, 5, or 10 hr. The sensitivity
      to heat treatment was estimated by the percentage of SD activity of the heat
      treated cells, compared to that of the control cells. The decrease in SD activity
      following exposure to heat varied with the tissue. The SD activity decreased to a
      greater extent in the S-180 cells than in the normal tissues. In the normal
      tissues, the order of sensitivity to heat was stomach, spleen, large intestine,
      small intestine, esophagus, kidney and liver. These results show that
      hyperthermia is tissue selective, hence heat treatment of a malignant lesion
      should be carefully designed.

PMID- 2918722
TI  - Results of radiation therapy in early glottic carcinoma (T1, T2 N0).
AB  - Glottic carcinoma is curable by either surgery or radiotherapy. A total of 60
      patients were treated by radiation alone at the Northern Israel Oncology Center,
      Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, between 1970 and 1980. Twenty-nine (48%) were
      classified as T1 N0 and 31 (52%) as T2 N0. All patients received radiotherapy
      primarily with curative intent, with surgery reserved for recurrences. The 5-year
      actuarial survival for all patients was 90% and actuarial disease-free survival
      was 95%. In ten patients (17%) there was local failure, and five of them were
      salvaged by surgery. There were no significant acute or long-term complications
      of radiation. Factors influencing treatment outcome (anterior commissures
      involvement, degree of differentiation, treatment volume, and technique of
      irradiation) and the occurrence of second primary malignancies are discussed.

PMID- 2918723
TI  - Use of a totally implantable drug delivery system in a university-affiliated
      community hospital.
AB  - We reviewed our experience at the Western Reserve Care System with totally
      implantable drug delivery systems (IDDS) in cancer patients with vascular access
      problems. Fifty-one ports were placed in 50 patients. Forty-nine of the IDDS were
      placed under local anesthesia. One patient developed a hemothorax during
      placement. Two catheters were removed because of infection. Two catheters found
      to be occluded responded to flushing with streptokinase. All catheters remained
      functional up to the time of treatment completion or of the patient's death. The
      low morbidity and high success rates of IDDS should encourage placement early in
      the course of chemotherapy.

PMID- 2918724
TI  - Limitations of flow cytometric DNA analysis for the diagnosis of bladder cancer.
AB  - Flow cytometric analysis was done on exfoliated urothelial cells from 11 control
      patients and 31 patients with transitional cell carcinoma: 9 grade I, 11 grade
      II, and 11 grade III. The determination of aneuploidy by DNA analysis did not
      provide identification of low-grade tumor cells. Other flow cytometric parameters
      of cellular change such as cell size, nuclear size, nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio, or
      cell refractivity may provide better identification of low-grade lesions.

PMID- 2918725
TI  - Megaprostheses in the treatment of primary malignant and metastatic tumors in the
      hip region.
AB  - Twenty patients with malignant bone tumors of the hip region were treated
      surgically by resection and reconstruction with an endoprosthesis. Histologic
      types included five primary bone tumors and 15 metastatic lesions. At review four
      primary bone tumor patients are still alive without evidence of disease. The
      length of the observation period varied from 26 to 104 months. Eleven patients
      with metastatic bone disease died. The average postsurgical survival time was 23
      months. All patients were able to walk with or without a cane. Failure of an
      endoprosthesis occurred in one case. According to the Enneking Evaluation System
      11 patients had a good and 9 a fair result.

PMID- 2918726
TI  - 18th annual UCLA symposium. Abstracts: Hematopoiesis.

PMID- 2918728
TI  - 18th annual UCLA symposium. Abstracts: Developmental biology.

PMID- 2918727
TI  - 18th annual UCLA symposium. Abstracts: Molecular biology of aging.

PMID- 2918729
TI  - 18th annual UCLA symposium. Abstracts: Defense molecules.

PMID- 2918730
TI  - 18th annual UCLA symposium. Abstracts: Molecular evolution.

PMID- 2918731
TI  - Transhiatal esophagectomy with gastric transposition for pharyngolaryngeal
      malignant disease.
AB  - Between 1981 and 1988, 41 patients underwent pharyngolaryngoesophagectomy with
      transhiatal gastric transposition and primary pharyngogastrostomy for
      hypopharyngeal, laryngeal, and cervical esophageal carcinoma. All patients had
      squamous cell carcinoma. Twenty-one patients had been treated initially by high
      dose radiotherapy, but the tumor had either persisted or recurred. Four patients
      had previously received high-dose local radiotherapy to the neck for unrelated
      diseases, and in 16 patients no preoperative radiotherapy was given. There was
      one operative death. Anastomotic leaks developed in nine previously irradiated
      patients and three required flap reconstructions. Thirty patients had
      satisfactory swallowing postoperatively and three swallowed poorly. Delayed
      gastric emptying was a serious problem in two patients, necessitating pyloric bag
      dilatation in one and pyloroplasty in another. The average postoperative stay was
      31 days. Thirty-seven percent survived longer than 12 months and 15% longer than
      24 months. The probability of survival after 2 years is 35%. All deaths from
      recurrent disease occurred within 412 days postoperatively. At present,
      pharyngolaryngoesophagectomy with gastric transposition and primary
      pharyngogastric anastomosis offers the best chance for cure or palliation with
      acceptable morbidity and function for selected patients with advanced
      hypopharyngeal and laryngeal tumors.

PMID- 2918733
TI  - The current status of surgery for bullous emphysema.
AB  - The great majority of cases of emphysema are generalized with diffuse involvement
      of all portions of the lung: Clearly, surgery has little to offer in such cases.
      In contrast, there is an uncommon variant involving primarily the upper lobes and
      the superior portions of the lingula and lower lobes, which spares the relatively
      normally functioning lower lobes. A number of diagnostic tests are available to
      identify compression of uninvolved lower lobe tissue, the most reliable of which
      identify pulmonary vasculature that is crowded together. We suggest that whole
      lung tomograms or pulmonary angiograms provide the most convincing evidence of
      compression of normal tissue. In properly selected patients with compression or
      displacement of normal lung, thoracotomy with simple excision of the bullae is
      tolerated by even the most ill patients if care is taken to carefully support the
      patient postoperatively with assisted ventilation and prolonged chest tube
      suction. There were no deaths in 19 patients and the results were rewarding,
      often spectacular, and surprisingly enduring. It is likely that some patients
      with operable bullous emphysema are not being studied or offered operation
      because of a lack of knowledge about the benefits possible with bullectomy.

PMID- 2918734
TI  - Reinforced staple line in severely emphysematous lungs.
AB  - In severely emphysematous or otherwise destroyed lung parenchyma, staples often
      cut through, which causes prolonged postoperative air leakage. A mechanical
      suture line reinforced by a polydioxanone ribbon is a simple, safe, and effective
      method for closure of air leaks, resection, or biopsy in such cases.

PMID- 2918732
TI  - Urgent operation for acute transverse aortic arch dissection.
AB  - Surgical intervention is generally accepted for acute type A dissection, but
      little is published regarding therapy for acute dissection of the transverse
      portion of the aortic arch, though involved in approximately 15% of cases. Often,
      surgical treatment is withheld if aortography suggests a primary tear in the
      aortic arch. Similarly, resection is limited to the ascending aorta despite
      intimal tears within the transverse portion of the arch. This work reports a 9
      year experience with a policy of emergency resection for all acute aortic
      dissections involving the aortic arch. Intensive "antiimpulse" therapy is
      instituted and aortic angiograms are obtained. Type A dissections are resected
      under moderate hypothermia and, if the primary tear extends into the arch or is
      not found in the ascending aorta, the arch is explored during a brief period of
      deep hypothermia and circulatory arrest. If necessary, the arch is replaced
      during circulatory arrest, the patient's head is packed in ice, steroids are
      administered, and a barbiturate coma is induced. If arch replacement is
      anticipated preoperatively, surface cooling is also employed. Sixteen acute (up
      to 14 days) and three subacute (15 to 28 days) transverse arch dissections were
      treated in this manner between May 1979 and May 1988, with four (21%) hospital
      deaths (25%, acute; 0%, subacute). Mortality was related to left main coronary
      dissection with extensive myocardial infarction in two of our four cases, a third
      death was related to persistent seizures in a renal transplant patient requiring
      hemodialysis who had lupus cerebritis, and the fourth resulted from rupture of
      the descending aorta 15 days after arch replacement.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2918735
TI  - Blood platelets in cardiopulmonary bypass operations. Recovery occurs after
      initial stimulation, rather than continual activation.
AB  - The ultrastructure of blood platelets was related to platelet function and
      secretion products before, during, and after cardiopulmonary bypass. Circulating
      platelets from 15 patients undergoing aorta-coronary bypass operations were
      investigated at ten predetermined points of time by scanning and transmission
      electron microscopy. Simultaneously, platelet adenosine triphosphate,
      diphosphate, and serotonin, as well as plasma levels of platelet factor 4, beta
      thromboglobulin, serotonin, thromboxane B2, lactic dehydrogenase, and free
      hemoglobin were measured. Moreover, platelet responsiveness toward adenosine
      diphosphate and collagen was determined by optical aggregometry. By scanning
      electron microscopy, the number of unactivated platelets dropped from 96% +/- 4%
      to 54% +/- 19% (p less than 0.05) 8 minutes after the onset of bypass.
      Simultaneously, the percentage of "shape changed" platelets significantly
      increased. No major release reaction was detected at this time. After the initial
      activation, platelet morphology began to recover although the bypass continued.
      During the late period of bypass, a highly significant correlation between
      increasing plasma levels of alpha-granule compounds (platelet factor 4 and beta
      thromboglobulin) and lysis parameters (lactic dehydrogenase and free hemoglobin)
      was found. However, transmission electron microscopic analysis of the arterial
      filter and scanning electron microscopic findings of circulating platelets
      indicated that the release products in plasma were due not only to platelet lysis
      but also to a limited extent to secondary aggregation. In an inverse and probably
      causative manner, platelet morphology recovered, whereas the sensitivity of
      platelets to adenosine diphosphate and collagen decreased toward the end of
      bypass.

PMID- 2918736
TI  - Aortic atresia with normal left ventricle. Single-stage repair in the neonate.
AB  - Four to seven percent of infants born with aortic atresia have a normal-sized
      left ventricle in association with a ventricular septal defect and a normal
      mitral valve. In contrast to the more common group of infants with aortic atresia
      whose left ventricle is hypoplastic, this important subgroup has potential for
      complete operative correction involving both the right and left ventricles.
      Previous reports of surgical management of these infants have described early
      palliative procedures to control systemic and pulmonary blood flow. Our approach
      has been to perform complete repair at one stage in the neonate. Continuity
      between the proximal main pulmonary artery and aorta is established, a patch on
      the ventricular septal defect baffles left ventricular blood to the pulmonary
      valve, and a homograft conduit achieves right ventricular-pulmonary artery
      continuity. Three of four neonates who underwent single-stage repair were
      discharged from the hospital in good condition. Achieving a physiologically
      normal circulation simplifies the postoperative management of this condition and
      is to be preferred over neonatal palliation.

PMID- 2918737
TI  - The Hancock II porcine bioprosthesis. A preliminary report.
AB  - From May 1983 to July 1987 a total of 153 Hancock II porcine bioprostheses have
      been implanted in 130 patients with a mean age of 59 +/- 8 years (range 29 to 76
      years). Mitral valve replacement was performed in 72 patients, aortic valve
      replacement in 35, and mitral-aortic valve replacement in 23. Cumulative follow
      up of 121 survivors is 223 patient-years and 100% complete (range 0.4 to 4.5
      years). The actuarial survival rate at 4 years is 88% +/- 8% for mitral, 86% +/-
      7.8% for aortic, and 84% +/- 8% for mitral-aortic valve replacement. Minor
      thomboembolism occurred in two patients (0.9% +/- 0.6%/pt-yr) with an actuarial
      freedom from emboli at 4 years of 100% for mitral, 96% +/- 3.7% for aortic, and
      91% +/- 8.6% for mitral-aortic valve replacement. Anticoagulant-related
      hemorrhage occurred in 10 patients (4.4% +/- 1.4%/pt-yr) with an actuarial
      freedom at 4 years of 90% +/- 4.8% for mitral, 89% +/- 5.8% for aortic, and 84%
      +/- 10.6% for mitral-aortic valve replacement. Failure of the porcine
      bioprosthesis was observed in three patients with an actuarial freedom at 4 years
      of 96% +/- 3.6% for aortic, 91% +/- 8% for mitral, and 91% +/- 8.6% for mitral
      aortic valve replacement. Actuarial freedom from all porcine bioprosthesis
      related complications at 4 years is 85.7% +/- 6.6% for aortic, 79% +/- 9% for
      mitral, and 70% +/- 13% for mitral-aortic valve replacement. No instances of
      primary tissue failure occurred.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2918738
TI  - Extended operation for lung cancer invading the aortic arch and superior vena
      cava.
AB  - Extended operation for lung cancer and mediastinal carcinoma involving the aortic
      arch or superior vena cava was performed in six patients. In three patients with
      lung cancer invading the right side of the mediastinum, sleeve pneumonectomy (two
      patients) or sleeve lobectomy was followed by resection and reconstruction of the
      superior vena cava with ringed polytetrafluoroethylene grafts. One patient with
      squamous cell carcinoma and T4 N1 M0 disease was alive and free of disease more
      than 34 months after the operation. The other patients with adenocarcinoma (T4 N1
      M0) and adenosquamous cell carcinoma (T4 N2 M0) died 18 and 5 months after the
      operation of systemic metastases. In two patients with invasion of lung cancer
      into the left side of the mediastinum, resection and reconstruction of the aortic
      arch and left common carotid artery were performed by a femoro-femoral bypass.
      These patients had adenocarcinoma (T4 N2 M0) and large cell carcinoma (T4 N1 M0)
      and died of systemic metastases and bleeding during reoperation 12 and 4 months
      after the initial operation. In one patient with mediastinal squamous cell
      carcinoma, resection and reconstruction of the aortic arch and left subclavian
      artery were performed by application of a temporary bypass graft between the
      ascending and descending aorta. This patient was alive and free of disease more
      than 17 months after the operation.

PMID- 2918739
TI  - Anastomotic narrowing after esophagogastrectomy with the EEA stapling device.
AB  - We studied a series of 176 patients undergoing esophageal resection with the aid
      of the EEA surgical stapling device (Auto Suture U.K. Limited, Great Britain)
      during a period of 7 1/2 years. A total of 160 patients (91%) were operated on
      for malignant disease. Operative death occurred in 15 patients (8.5%), and there
      were three anastomotic leaks (1.7%). The prevalence of dysphagia caused by both
      benign and malignant strictures after esophageal resection in which the EEA
      stapler was used was 17.4%. The rate of benign anastomotic narrowing in
      discharged patients was 12.5%. Anastomotic stricture resulting from recurrent
      tumor caused dysphagia in 6.2% of the patients undergoing resection for malignant
      disease. The highest rate of benign anastomotic narrowing occurred in patients
      who had undergone esophageal resection for benign, nondilatable strictures. In
      these patients, the prevalence of benign anastomotic narrowing was 37.5%,
      compared with 9.6% in the patients undergoing resection for malignant disease (p
      less than 0.001). An additional trend was noted: The smaller the stapling head
      used to construct the anastomosis, the higher the prevalence of benign
      anastomotic narrowing; however, a statistically significant difference could not
      be documented. Ninety-five percent of patients with benign anastomotic narrowings
      complained of dysphagia within the first 6 months after the operation; 79% of
      these patients required two or fewer dilatations to relieve the dysphagia.
      Dysphagia after esophageal resection with the aid of EEA stapler occurred in just
      over one of six patients. The usual cause of the dysphagia was benign anastomotic
      narrowing, which responds well to dilatation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2918740
TI  - Synchronously stimulated skeletal muscle graft for left ventricular assistance.
      Case report.
AB  - A 56-year-old man with chronic dilatation of the heart caused by cardiomyopathy
      (New York Heart Association functional class IV) was selected for
      cardiomyoplasty. The procedure was divided into two separate stages. In stage I
      the latissimus dorsi muscle was prepared for progressive stimulation. For this
      purpose two pacing leads were attached to the muscle, one at the proximal and the
      other at the distal end, and connected to a pulse-train generator, which was
      placed subcutaneously. A stimulation protocol was initiated in which the
      requirements of the latissimus dorsi muscle were periodically increased. In stage
      II the latissimus dorsi muscle was dissected to make a pedicle graft, which was
      introduced into the thorax and wrapped around the left ventricle. Pacing
      electrodes were sewn onto the pedicle graft in the same fashion as in stage I.
      Two sensing electrodes were fixed to the epicardium of the right ventricle, and
      the four leads were connected to a double-chambered pacemaker. Twelve days later,
      the pacemaker was programmed to a bipolar mode, VAT, and the latissimus dorsi
      muscle graft was synchronously stimulated in a 1:1 assist mode. The patient's
      status improved to New York Heart Association functional class II.
      Echocardiographic studies showed better contraction of the posterior wall of the
      left ventricle, as well as reduction in its diameters. Radioisotopic studies
      demonstrated a significant improvement in hemodynamic parameters. Cardiomyoplasty
      seems to be an alternative in those patients with severe cardiac insufficiency
      caused by cardiac dilation owing to cardiomyopathy.

PMID- 2918741
TI  - Experiments with a bowl of saline: the hidden risk of hypothermic-osmotic damage
      during topical cardiac cooling.
AB  - Some of the misconceptions in the application of cardiac hypothermia are that the
      temperature of cold normal saline solution is necessarily above 0 degrees C, cold
      saline solution and slush are relatively safe for living tissues, and normal
      saline will retain normal osmolality even if partially frozen. These postulates
      were examined in thermodynamic experiments that demonstrated three points: (1)
      The temperature of unfrozen saline solution may drop way below the freezing
      point. (2) When liquids and solid components of saline solution are separated,
      the components will become hypo-osmolar or hyperosmolar. (3) Ice chips and slush
      ice produced in the operating rooms may reach temperatures as low as -36 degrees
      C. We recommend that the possibility of these events should be taken into
      consideration whenever topical cardiac hypothermia is clinically applied.

PMID- 2918742
TI  - Blood platelets and bypass.

PMID- 2918743
TI  - Neonatal arterial switch operation complicated by intramural left coronary artery
      and treated by left internal mammary artery bypass graft.

PMID- 2918744
TI  - Double-outlet ventriculoarterial connection.

PMID- 2918745
TI  - Peristaltic versus syringe pumps for push-pull perfusion: tissue pathology and
      dopamine recovery in rat neostriatum.
AB  - The characteristics of performance were compared for two types of pump,
      peristaltic and infusion-withdrawal, commonly used for localized push-pull
      perfusion of brain tissue. Guide cannulae were stereotaxically implanted
      bilaterally in the caudate-putamen complex of the rat at homologous sites in the
      coronal plane. Consecutive 5.0 min push-pull perfusions were carried out
      simultaneously with one pump perfusing ipsilaterally while the other pump
      perfused the contralateral caudate nucleus. 3H-dopamine (DA) diluted with an
      artificial CSF was used as the radiotracer and was perfused at a rate of 25
      microliters/min. Following the collection of 7-8 samples, the brain was fixed,
      removed, and histological sections taken through the sites of perfusion.
      Microscopic examination of the perfusion site showed that the circumscribed
      lesion at the tip of the cannula connected to either pump was generally
      indistinguishable. A comparison of the values of 3H-DA recovery in samples
      obtained with the peristaltic and infusion-withdrawal pumps demonstrated that:
      (1) the respective uptakes of the catecholamine into caudate tissue paralleled
      one another in most experiments, and (2) the content of 3H-DA in push-pull
      perfusates recovered from sample to sample varied independently of the pump used.
      Based on the results of histopathological examination and DA radioactivity
      values, it is concluded that the peristaltic pump as well as the syringe-driven
      push-pull pump can yield valid experimental observations which are comparable to
      one another.

PMID- 2918746
TI  - The voltage-clamp apparatus assisted by a 'current pump'.
AB  - A current pump is described, which is attached to the last stage of the 2
      microelectrode voltage-clamp apparatus. Thus a voltage-to-current conversion
      independent of the impedance of the current microelectrode is obtained. In this
      way it is possible to pass relatively large currents through the current
      microelectrode and in the same time to have a stable negative feed-back system.

PMID- 2918747
TI  - Single-channel current simulation and recording using a photodiode as current
      generator.
AB  - A device which can generate rectangular currents in the picoampere range is
      described. The current generator is a photodiode connected to the head stage of a
      single-channel recording amplifier. The photodiode is activated by a light
      emitting diode controlled by a computer or any other current source. The device
      can transmit signals corresponding to simulated single-channel behaviour. Since
      the kinetic parameters of the simulation are known, the user can test the data
      acquisition and analysis system under conditions similar to those prevailing
      during recording from a biological membrane. This current generator can also be
      used for the tuning of patch-clamp amplifiers; rectangular currents generated by
      the photodiode allow the frequency response of the amplifier to be properly
      adjusted.

PMID- 2918748
TI  - A high-speed multichannel neural data acquisition system for IBM PC compatibles.
AB  - An inexpensive 32-channel data acquisition system has been constructed for use in
      acquiring neuroelectric data from a multiple element electrode array. Direct
      memory access (DMA) techniques allowed a maximum aggregate sampling rate of 652
      ksamples/s, or 20.4 ksamples/s on 32 channels. The 8-bit analog-to-digital (A/D)
      conversion circuitry lies on a single plug-in card installed in an IBM PC
      compatible AT & T 6300 Plus personal computer, although the card may be used in
      an IBM PC with no reduction in sampling performance. Data have been taken from 32
      points on the surface of the rat hippocampal slice preparation. Assembly language
      graphics routines permitted rapid display of raw and processed data. Signal
      processing routines can be executed and results can be displayed to provide rapid
      feedback to an experimenter.

PMID- 2918749
TI  - A homing procedure for studying spatial memory in immature and adult rodents.
AB  - In this procedure, subjects learn the spatial position of one hole out of many,
      that allows them to escape from a large open-field into their home cage. The
      arena is circular and can be rotated between trials so that no proximal landmark
      is permanently associated with the target hole. This task is thus similar to the
      Morris water maze procedure, since subjects must remember the position of the
      escape hole relative to extra-arena cues only. In addition it allows studying the
      importance of olfactory cues such as scent marks in or around a hole. Since the
      motivation is to reach home and the motor requirement is low, this task provides
      a useful alternative to the Morris place navigation task for studying spatial
      orientation in weanling or senescent rats. Examples are given showing that
      various behavioural parameters provide a good estimation as how subjects learn
      this task.

PMID- 2918750
TI  - An improved method for tail-flick testing with adjustment for tail-skin
      temperature.
AB  - The tail-skin temperature is an important factor in determining tail-flick
      latency to noxious radiant heat in rats and mice. A simple, non-invasive method
      for recording the tail-skin temperature during conventional tail-flick testing is
      described. The method is conveniently performed during conventional tail-flick
      testing. It does not require additional handling of the animals, and it is not
      stressful. The method utilizes a small-sized thermocouple which is brought in
      contact with the dorsal surface of the tail close to the area exposed to the
      radiant heat stimulus. A computer based system is used to record the temperature
      and control the tail-flick apparatus. Continuous monitoring of skin temperature
      showed that the temperature as measured 23 mm from the tip of the tail agreed
      well with skin temperature in the position where the beam was focused during tail
      flick testing (13 mm from the tip). The skin temperature closer to the base of
      the tail (100 mm from the tip) showed considerably more deviation from the
      temperature 13 mm from the tip. Temperature measurements close to the heated area
      gave a higher degree of correlation between recorded temperature and tail-flick
      latencies than did temperature measurements closer to the base of the tail. These
      results provide further support for the contention that tail-skin temperature is
      an important factor when assessing nociception by means of the tail-flick test,
      and demonstrate that the temperature should be measured as close to the heated
      area as possible.

PMID- 2918751
TI  - How synaptic noise may affect cross-correlations.
AB  - The relationship between a postsynaptic potential (the 'test PSP') and the
      profile of the cross-correlation that it produces in a repetitively discharging
      mammalian motoneuron, with and without synaptic noise, has been explored by
      computer stimulation. In a noiseless motoneuron the cross-correlation profile
      represents the first derivative of PSP shape except where 'shadowing' occurs
      (Eqn. 1a-c). When synaptic noise is present the relationship changes. When the
      amplitude of spike-like 'noise PSPs' occurring at regular intervals reaches a
      critical value (Eqn. 2), all threshold crossings involve noise PSPs. Under these
      circumstances termed 'just maximally effective synaptic noise', the cross
      correlation represents test PSP directly (Eqn. 3a). When the interval between
      noise PSPs is shortened the relationship reverts to the first differential (Eqn.
      4a-c). If the amplitude of the noise PSPs is less than the critical value (Eqn.
      5) the cross-correlation profile is represented in a complex way by a combination
      of the first derivative of the upper part and the direct representation of the
      lower part of the test PSP. The area of the cross-correlation peak above baseline
      provides the most reliable estimate of EPSP amplitude in a noiseless motoneuron
      (Eqn. 6a). This area may fall to half for the same triangular test EPSP in the
      presence of just maximally effective synaptic noise (Eqn. 7a). In general, the
      presence of synaptic noise leads to underestimation of EPSP amplitude. These
      general principles remain valid for physiological noise consisting of randomly
      occurring EPSPs and allow certain experimental findings in cat motoneurons to be
      understood.

PMID- 2918752
TI  - Determination of intracellular pH in the in vitro hippocampal slice preparation
      by transillumination spectrophotometry of neutral red.
AB  - A method is presented for measuring intracellular pH (pHi) spectrophotometrically
      in hippocampal slices using the pH dye indicator, Neutral red (NR). Measurements
      of pHi by NR were compared directly with the creatine kinase (CK) equilibrium
      method. Slices were bathed in artificial cerebrospinal fluid buffered with
      bicarbonate/CO2. Intracellular pH in hippocampal slices was found to be more
      alkaline (approximately 0.3 pH units) than buffer pH and far more alkaline (0.5
      pH units) than extracellular pH. Resting intracellular alkalinity was observed by
      using both the NR and the CK equilibrium methods. The method may be useful for
      studies of pH regulation in intact functioning tissues in vitro where rapid and
      repeated measurements are necessary or where cell size precludes measurements
      with pH-sensitive microelectrodes.

PMID- 2918753
TI  - Capacitance compensation and bridge balance adjustment in intracellular recording
      from dendritic neurons.
AB  - Under most experimental conditions in intracellular recording, the proper
      adjustment of the amplifier is essential for the interpretation of the signals
      recorded from neurons. It is considered possible to accurately align the
      capacitance compensation and bridge balance adjustments of the amplifier
      simultaneously with the recording of membrane potential of an impaled cell if a
      number of conditions are met. In the strictest sense, these conditions are met
      only if: (1) the neuron is isopotential and if its electrical behavior can be
      adequately described using a single exponential decay constant, and if (2) that
      decay time constant is much longer than that of the microelectrode. These
      conditions cannot usually be satisfied. Because intracellular adjustment of
      capacitance compensation and bridge balance is necessary in many circumstances,
      it is desirable, to know whether any of the methods for performing these
      adjustments are accurate when used under less strict constraints, and to assess
      the nature and degree of the error that can be expected when the constraints are
      ignored. The results of computer simulations of a simple intracellular recording
      amplifier, microelectrode and a dendritic neuron model consisting of an
      isopotential cell and terminated finite equivalent cylinder representation of the
      dendrites are presented here. These studies show that the introduction of fast
      components of the response to intracellular current transients by the
      redistribution of applied charge in dendrite neurons may sometimes make it
      impossible to correctly apply the conventional methods of capacitance
      compensation and bridge balance. If the high-frequency response of the
      intracellular recording amplifier has sufficient fidelity, however, these
      adjustments can be made to a sufficient degree of accuracy using the response to
      sine wave calibration signals of varying frequency.

PMID- 2918754
TI  - A simple device for the reliable production of varnish-insulated, high-impedance
      tungsten microelectrodes.
AB  - The construction and operation of a simple device that produces varnish
      insulated, high-impedance tungsten microelectrodes for single-unit recording is
      described. In essence, the device operates as a high-voltage pulse generator
      whose output creates an arc between a fully insulated tungsten microelectrode and
      a polished counter-electrode. As a result, insulation is removed reliably and
      symmetrically from the microelectrode tip. The device is constructed with a
      minimal outlay of time, skill, and money.

PMID- 2918755
TI  - Chromosome abnormalities in B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia and their
      clinical correlations.
AB  - Cytogenetic analysis was successfully performed on 31 of 40 patients with chronic
      B cell leukemia. Clonal abnormalities were seen in 16 patients using various
      culture methods. Fourteen of these had unstimulated cultures established of which
      13 had the clonal abnormality. Trisomy 12 was observed in seven patients while a
      14q32 translocation was present in four. Race, age, hemoglobin, WBC, percentage
      of lymphocytes and prolymphocytes in BM and PB, platelets, Smig, lymph node,
      spleen, liver, pattern of bone marrow infiltration, therapy free interval, and
      overall survival were all compared. Significant correlations between the presence
      of clonal abnormalities and prior therapy (p less than 0.005) and an increase in
      prolymphocytes in bone marrow (p = 0.05) and/or peripheral blood (p = 0.0014)
      were observed.

PMID- 2918756
TI  - Culture conditions in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: relationship to karyotype.

PMID- 2918757
TI  - Isochromosome 9q in acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a new non-random finding.
AB  - The presence of an isochromosome is commonly associated with late-stage disease
      and has rarely been reported at diagnosis in hematological malignancies. Five
      patients (two males and three females aged 3, 6, 13, 13, and 35 years) with an
      acquired i(9q) at diagnosis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are presented;
      in one case it was the sole karyotypic change. The patients presented in November
      or January, two in 1983/84, three in 1987/88. The latter were three of 100
      unselected ALL cases referred over a three year period for cytogenetics and
      successfully karyotyped. Two had a prior history of pancytopenia. Features of
      high risk ALL in these patients included age over 10 years (three cases),
      leukocyte counts greater than 200 x 10(9)/liter (two cases) and pre-B
      immunological phenotype (two cases). All achieved remission on standard
      protocols. One patient is disease free over 4.5 years from diagnosis. One
      relapsed at 3.5 years and is well following a bone marrow transplant in second
      remission. Follow-up for the remaining three patients is between 9 and 11 months.
      Our findings indicate that i(9q) frequently with additional chromosome change is
      a feature of newly diagnosed ALL.

PMID- 2918758
TI  - Retroviral src gene expression in continuous marrow culture increases the self
      renewal capacity of multilineage hematopoietic stem cells.
AB  - To define the action of the retroviral src gene on hematopoietic stem cells,
      C57BL/6 x DBA/2 (B6D2F1) mouse long-term marrow cultures were infected at
      initiation with Moloney murine leukemia virus (MuLV) pseudotypes of src
      recombinant retroviruses with the src gene inserted in the env region of an
      amphotropic MuLV (src-Ampho), or in the gag region of Moloney MuLV (src-Mo).
      Other cultures were infected with Friend spleen focus-forming virus polycythemia
      inducing strain (SFFVp), Moloney MuLV, or amphotropic MuLV, or were uninfected
      controls. Harvested nonadherent cells were tested weekly for multilineage,
      granulocyte-erythroid-megakaryocyte macrophage (CFU-GEMM) colony formation in
      vitro in recombinant murine IL-3 and erythropoietin, and individual colonies were
      removed, split 1:2, with half of each replated for in vitro self-renewal and the
      other half examined morphologically for number of hematopoietic cellular
      lineages, or tested for release of MuLV and src virus. Cultures infected with src
      Ampho, src-Mo, or SFFVp demonstrated a significant increase in cumulative
      nonadherent cell and CFU-GEMM production. There was prolonged self-renewal over
      seven serial transfers of individual CFU-GEMM from src virus-infected cultures
      over seven serial transfers, and five of 61 individual colonies from the second
      or third generations contained detectable v-src gene sequences, but none released
      detectable src virus. Self-renewal of CFU-GEMM was similar to that with permanent
      IL-3-dependent cell line B6SUtA. In contrast, MuLV-infected or control uninfected
      cultures produced fewer cells, and self-renewal of CFU-GEMM did not exceed three
      generations. IL-3-dependent clonal hematopoietic progenitor cell lines, derived
      from each culture group, formed no detectable tumors in vivo; however, each
      released the original helper and/or transforming virus. Adherent cell lines,
      derived from src-Ampho-infected cultures released src virus and formed fibro
      sarcomas in vivo. The data support the conclusion that src-recombinant virus
      expression in long-term marrow cultures increases the self-renewal capacity of
      multilineage hematopoietic stem cells.

PMID- 2918759
TI  - Differentiation stage-specific expression of a gene during granulopoiesis.
AB  - Differential screening of a recombinant cDNA library using cDNAs transcribed from
      poly(A)+ RNA of normal or leukemic leukocytes revealed a number of recombinants
      homologous to mRNAs characteristic of particular leukemias. The occurrence of one
      of these (pCG14) in high abundance was shown to be sufficiently characteristic of
      the circulating leukocyte population of chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL)
      patients to distinguish them from all other populations of leukocytes. We have
      now characterized the gene encoding this mRNA and shown that its expression is
      specific to the granulocyte lineage in hemopoietic cells and is, moreover,
      limited to a narrow stage of differentiation during granulopoiesis. Our results
      explain why high levels of pCG14 RNA are characteristic of chronic granulocytic
      leukemia peripheral blood leukocytes.

PMID- 2918760
TI  - Cytogenetic and molecular studies of the Philadelphia translocation t(9;22)
      observed in a patient with myelodysplastic syndrome.
AB  - We report here the case of a patient with refractory anemia with excess of blasts
      (RAEB) which evolved into RAEB in transformation. The standard Philadelphia (Ph)
      chromosome was found by cytogenetic study at diagnosis and during evolution.
      Southern blot analysis showed breakpoint cluster region (bcr) rearrangement as
      observed in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML).

PMID- 2918761
TI  - "Cytoplasmic" expression of nuclear antigens.

PMID- 2918762
TI  - Which cells do respond during in vitro stimulation of B-CLL and HCL cultures?

PMID- 2918763
TI  - Outreach as case finding: its effect on enrollment in prenatal care.
AB  - One mechanism proposed for encouraging use of prenatal services in low-income
      communities involves the employment of community residents to encourage and
      support individuals in the use of available medical care. This study examines the
      effect of such workers on the start of prenatal care among a cohort of women
      receiving prenatal services at clinics affiliated with Harlem Hospital. Of the
      599 women enrolling for prenatal care during the intake period for the study,
      only 52 had had an outreach contact before the start of prenatal care despite
      extensive field activity. No difference in the week of gestation at the start of
      prenatal care was noted between those with and without outreach contacts.
      Controlling for factors associated both with trimester of initiation of prenatal
      care in this population and with outreach contact did not account for this lack
      of difference. This type of outreach, known as case-finding, proved to be very
      labor intensive. Other less costly techniques for encouraging use of services in
      mobile, urban populations should be sought.

PMID- 2918764
TI  - The epidemiology of delays in a teaching hospital. The development and use of a
      tool that detects unnecessary hospital days.
AB  - This study's purpose was to develop a tool that detects, quantifies, and assigns
      causes for medically unnecessary hospital delays and use it to describe the
      epidemiology of delays at a teaching tertiary care hospital. Based on
      observational data, a taxonomy of delays was constructed that included nine major
      categories and 166 subcategories. This formed the basis for an instrument for
      detecting inefficiency in hospital care: the Delay Tool. Initially designed for
      real-time concurrent assessment, in retrospective use it was also reliable,
      requiring about 6 minutes per medical record. In using the Delay Tool over a 6
      month period on general internal medical and gastrointestinal services, it was
      discovered that 30% of 960 patients experienced delays, the average length of
      which was 2.9 days. This represented 17% of all hospital days. The most frequent
      causes of delays were scheduling of tests (31%), unavailability of post-discharge
      facilities (18%), physician decision-making (13%), discharge planning (12%), and
      scheduling of surgery (12%). Because of the longer lengths of the delays involved
      with awaiting postdischarge facilities (primarily nursing home beds), this was
      the most important cause of delays and represented 41% of all delay days. The
      general medicine and gastrointestinal services had significantly different
      distributions of delay types related to their different kinds of patients and
      care. The Delay Tool should be helpful in addressing hospital, and hospital
      related, inefficiencies in health care delivery.

PMID- 2918765
TI  - Social support, stressful events, strain, dietary intake, and the elderly.
AB  - Little research exists linking social support, stressors, and related nutritional
      strain (loss of appetite) with the risk of poor nutritional health. Relationships
      among these concepts were investigated using a sample of elderly Virginians. It
      was hypothesized that the risk of poor nutritional health (dietary inadequacy) is
      reduced among elderly with high levels of social support and exacerbated among
      those experiencing stressful events and strain. Moreover, it was hypothesized
      that the negative effects of stressful events and strain on the diet are
      mitigated by high levels of social support. Using multiple regression models,
      these hypotheses were tested, controlling for age, sex, race, and socioeconomic
      status. The results indicated that elderly with 1) an extensive friendship
      network have more adequate diets; 2) greater financial stress experience greater
      nutritional stress (poorer appetite); and 3) greater nutritional stress have less
      adequate diets. Moreover, companionship serves as a buffer against the negative
      effects of poor appetite on dietary intake.

PMID- 2918766
TI  - Bug/drug resistance. Sometimes less is more.
AB  - Increased use of antibiotics in any community increases the risks that future
      bacterial strains will resist the effects of current antibiotics. The
      consequences of a resistant bacterial strain include costs for more expensive and
      powerful drugs, additional hospital days, and on rare occasion, death. A key to
      understanding the importance of this problem is better knowledge about the rate
      that resistance increases and persists as antibiotic use rates increase. Using
      the scant evidence available in the literature, this study conducts a sensitivity
      analysis to calculate the unrecognized costs of antibiotic use annually in the
      United States under various possible circumstances. For the estimated 150 million
      annual antibiotic prescriptions, the unrecognized costs appears to be at least
      $.1 billion, and they may exceed $30 billion in the worst case. The estimates of
      the burden caused by bacterial resistance to antibiotics depend heavily on
      unknown parameters, including the rate that resistance occurs, the dose
      resistance patterns through time, the frequency of inappropriate use of
      antibiotics, and the frequency with which death occurs due to a resistant
      bacterial infection. New studies in each of these areas are needed to improve our
      understanding of the extent of the resistance problem.

PMID- 2918767
TI  - Cardiovascular pharmacotherapy III.

PMID- 2918768
TI  - Government viewpoint of clinical trials of cardiovascular drugs.
AB  - The design of clinical trials affects their usefulness in evaluating the
      effectiveness and safety of drugs. Problems associated with active control
      studies are described and methods are given for effective dose-finding. The
      importance of dose-finding and dose-interval determination is emphasized.

PMID- 2918769
TI  - [Low frequency noise--an overlooked environmental factor].

PMID- 2918770
TI  - [Estrogen or calcitonin in prevention of osteoporosis?].

PMID- 2918771
TI  - [The validity of arterial gas analyses--storage temperature has negligible
      effect].

PMID- 2918772
TI  - [Oral rehydration in acute diarrhea--a problem not only in developing countries].

PMID- 2918773
TI  - [Campylobacter pylori--an amazing discovery still of current interest].

PMID- 2918774
TI  - [Meeting of the association for medical angiology: how to manage atherosclerosis
      and treat peripheral vascular disease?].

PMID- 2918775
TI  - [X-ray pictures via picture-telephone as a possibility for consulting
      physicians].

PMID- 2918776
TI  - [Insufficient resources of clinics for adolescents for preventing chlamydia
      infections].

PMID- 2918777
TI  - [The WHO program for the 21st century: campaigns for the eradication of diseases
      and health for all].

PMID- 2918778
TI  - [Medical ethics. The ethical committees of the Swedish National Board of Health
      and Welfare and the Swedish Medical Society: refusal of blood transfusion should
      be respected if the patient is aware of the consequences].

PMID- 2918779
TI  - [The fight against venereal diseases. A difficult balance between trust and
      community benefits].

PMID- 2918780
TI  - [The scientific society and research fraud. Even the fraudbusters are attacked
      now].

PMID- 2918782
TI  - [A notable decrease of hepatitis B in Stockholm and Gothenburg but not in Malmo
      Lund].

PMID- 2918781
TI  - [Is it time for patient care regulation?].

PMID- 2918783
TI  - [Roentgen is old-fashioned in the diagnosis of ulcerative colitis].

PMID- 2918784
TI  - [The leadership responsibility and psychiatrists--legal views].

PMID- 2918785
TI  - [Cardiology in Sweden--risk of unnecessary surgery?].

PMID- 2918786
TI  - [Injury pattern among skiers during winter holidays in Skane].

PMID- 2918787
TI  - [The number of children with abnormalities is not higher than expected in
      Soderhamn].

PMID- 2918788
TI  - [Is electrodermal measurement a complement in assessing suicide risk?].

PMID- 2918789
TI  - [Fibromyalgia--a new name for a syndrome with diffuse muscular disorders].
AB  - This new name for an old and common disease has introduced fresh criteria and
      initiated clinical and basic research. The present clinical knowledge of the
      diagnosis and treatment is reviewed. Morphological and biochemical findings in
      the muscle of fibromyalgia patients have shown an unevenly distributed reduction
      of the oxygen tension. Hypoxia in the muscle sensitizes nociceptors, resulting in
      hyperalgesia with a diffuse distribution of pain symptoms. These are difficult
      for the individual to localize and are often combined with muscle stiffness and
      increased fatigability. These symptoms correspond to complaints received from
      fibromyalgia patients.

PMID- 2918790
TI  - [Chickenpox during pregnancy].

PMID- 2918791
TI  - [Diseases of the motor system--a review].

PMID- 2918792
TI  - [Intracranial hemorrhage--a too common adverse effect of anticoagulants?].

PMID- 2918793
TI  - [Female alcoholics--psychopathology and treatment].

PMID- 2918794
TI  - [Children in homes with alcohol problems--how do they feel and can they be
      helped?].

PMID- 2918795
TI  - [Discitis in children--the natural history and presentation of 10 case reports].

PMID- 2918796
TI  - [A comparative study of clinics: Terminal care personnel need communication,
      support and comfort to provide good care].

PMID- 2918797
TI  - Speech tracking in the evaluation of a multichannel cochlear prosthesis.
AB  - Individual speech tracking data were analyzed in relation to other variables in
      11 adult users of the Nucleus multichannel cochlear implant. Patients were
      categorized according to postoperative speech tracking results. The resultant
      groups could also be differentiated on the basis of postoperative MAC scores,
      surgeon's rating of overall success, and duration of deafness before
      implantation. The speech tracking paradigm appears to be a useful technique for
      the evaluation of performance with a cochlear prosthesis.

PMID- 2918798
TI  - Gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in temporal bone lesions.
AB  - A 2-year experience with an enhancement agent in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
      is examined through case presentations. Characteristics of the agent Gadolinium
      DTPA/Dimeglumin are reviewed. Radiographic capabilities in enhanced versus
      unenhanced MRI are compared. Temporal bone lesions, including acoustic neuromas
      and facial nerve neuromas, are presented. Recent experience with facial nerve
      enhancement in Bell's palsy is also presented. Greater accuracy in defining small
      temporal bone lesions and increased delineation of facial nerve involvement
      appear to be significant benefits with enhanced MRI.

PMID- 2918799
TI  - Functional endonasal sinus surgery (FESS) in the pediatric age group.
AB  - Functional endonasal sinus surgery has become a popular mode of surgical
      treatment for sinus disease in the United States. The literature has primarily
      addressed its use in the adult population. We present our series of 57 children
      who underwent functional endonasal sinus surgery. The children ranged in age from
      3 to 15 years. Follow-up was from 3 to 13 months. Fifty-four of the patients were
      treated for chronic or recurrent sinus infections. Three patients were treated
      for complications of acute sinusitis. All patients tolerated the procedure well,
      and there were no major complications. We conclude that functional endonasal
      sinus surgery is a safe procedure in the pediatric age group. Although
      postoperative follow-up in the series was very short, early results appear
      encouraging. The technical approach is similar to that used in the adult
      procedure. The pediatric procedure, however, requires a follow-up nasal endoscopy
      under general anesthesia to achieve optimal results.

PMID- 2918800
TI  - Synchronous facial vascular vasodilation and salivatory response to atropine in
      the parasympathetically denervated human salivary parotid gland.
AB  - Hypersalivation and facial skin hyperemia that simultaneously emerge in response
      to atropinization have been observed in patients who suffered trauma to the skull
      base combined with damage of the parasympathetic secretory and vasodilatory
      fibers in the greater and lesser petrosal nerves at the tip of the temporal bone
      pyramid. The study was facilitated by special vacuum capsules applied to both
      outlet ducts of the parotid glands. Hyperemia and hyperthermia of the face were
      evaluated visually, by thermometer readings, and color photography. The events
      described are distinct from those reported in the literature (i.e., paradoxical
      disturbances of facial and salivary gland innervation). This study analyzes the
      mechanism of initiation and the manifestations of this complex syndrome.

PMID- 2918801
TI  - Normal brainstem auditory evoked potentials in adult hypothyroidism.
AB  - Nervous system dysfunction and hearing loss are part of the clinical picture of
      hypothyroidism. Several studies on visual evoked potential and two brainstem
      auditory evoked potential studies have shown abnormalities in this disease that
      are reversible with treatment. It has been suggested that visual evoked potential
      and brainstem auditory evoked potential could be useful to evaluate the effects
      of hypothyroidism on the central nervous system and to monitor the response to
      treatment. We recorded brainstem auditory evoked potentials in 15 adult
      hypothyroid patients immediately before treatment. All patients were women,
      ranging in age from 34 to 82 years. Fourteen also had an audiometric study. In
      five patients, both tests were repeated 20 to 22 months after treatment.
      Audiometry showed that hearing loss increased with age, suggesting that hearing
      loss in these patients could be secondary more to aging than to hypothyroidism.
      When compared to sex-matched controls of similar ages, our patients showed no
      statistically significant differences in brainstem auditory evoked potentials
      before treatment. Brainstem auditory evoked potential values were not modified in
      the five patients whose tests were repeated after treatment. The normality of
      these results raises serious objections to the clinical use of brainstem auditory
      evoked potential for central nervous system evaluation and therapy monitoring in
      adult hypothyroidism.

PMID- 2918802
TI  - A new surface electrode for recording from the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle.
AB  - A new pharyngeal surface electrode for recording posterior cricoarytenoid muscle
      activity through the hypopharyngeal mucosa has been evaluated. The electrode was
      passed through one nasal passage into the hypopharynx. Correct electrode location
      was verified by increased activity during inhalation, with decreased activity
      during phonation. The procedure was evaluated in 45 subjects, 10 normal speakers
      and 35 patients with dysphonia. Accurate recordings were obtained in 25 subjects
      (56%). Problems encountered were lack of pharyngeal descent, electrode
      dysfunction, and signal interference due to phonatory vibration or interarytenoid
      activity. Signal validity was evaluated in four normal speakers with accurate
      electrode placement. Significant (p less than or equal to 0.001) increases in PCA
      activity occurred during tasks requiring vocal fold abduction. The electrode
      proved to be a useful, noninvasive clinical tool for recording PCA activity in
      some patients.

PMID- 2918803
TI  - Brainstem auditory evoked potentials with increased stimulus rate in patients
      suffering from systemic lupus erythematosus.
AB  - Central nervous system involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus is frequently
      occult, may be the presenting sign, and is a bad prognostic indicator. At
      present, there is no reliable, sensitive laboratory test for the evaluation and
      diagnosis of subclinical central nervous system involvement of the disease.
      Brainstem auditory evoked potentials with and without increased stimulus rate
      have been used to diagnose ischemic lesions in the central nervous system.
      Brainstem auditory evoked potentials, with and without increased stimulus rate,
      was used to investigate 15 systemic lupus erythematosus patients, 20 normal
      participants, and 5 patients receiving corticosteroids for bronchial asthma. A
      significant statistical difference was found in the net effect of increased
      stimulus rate in comparisons of the systemic lupus erythematosus patients with
      the normal group. Brainstem auditory evoked potentials, with increased stimulus
      rate, demonstrated subclinical involvement of the central nervous system in
      systemic lupus erythematosus, reinforcing the notion that increased stimulus rate
      measures are sensitive to ischemic changes, in this case, even in neurologically
      asymptomatic patients.

PMID- 2918804
TI  - Toy weapons and firecrackers: a source of hearing loss.
AB  - Although acoustic injury as a result of exposure to noisy toys and firecrackers
      has been reported previously, most of these studies have been conducted on
      adults. The purpose of this prospective study, conducted at the time of
      Deepawali, an Indian festival of fireworks, was two-fold: 1. to measure the
      acoustic output of representative samples of toy weapons and firecrackers and the
      intensity level at critical spectator points from the site of emission; and 2. to
      determine the auditory status of a cross section of the target population,
      involving 600 participants from various age groups, before and after exposure to
      firecracker noise at Deepawali. The average sound level at a distance of 3 m was
      150 dB, thus exceeding the damage risk criterion for adults (i.e., 130 dB peak
      level). An average 30 dB persistent sensorineural hearing loss was found in 2.5%
      of the target population as a result of toy weapon/firecracker noise during
      Deepawali. The 9- to 15-year-old age group was most affected. A judicious
      approach in the manufacture and use of toy weapons and firecrackers, in addition
      to legal restraints, is advocated.

PMID- 2918805
TI  - Intentionally induced abnormalities in optokinetic pattern tests.
AB  - Abnormalities of optokinetic nystagmus are easily detected by administering an
      optokinetic pattern test, in which optokinetic nystagmus responses to
      acceleration and deceleration of a series of optokinetic stimuli are recorded at
      slow paper speed, and the results are visually assessed based on the response
      pattern. Although optokinetic pattern tests are regarded as valuable in
      diagnosing lesions of the nervous system that directly or indirectly relate to
      the reflex route of optokinetic nystagmus, these tests can be significantly
      influenced by the intention of the person being tested. The present study
      revealed that the majority of abnormal optokinetic patterns can be induced
      intentionally. This indicates that optokinetic pattern tests are of limited
      diagnostic value, and a definite diagnosis should not be made based solely on the
      optokinetic pattern test result.

PMID- 2918806
TI  - The pleural osteomuscular flap in oropharyngeal reconstruction.
AB  - The addition of a pleural segment to the osteomyocutaneous flap used in head and
      neck reconstruction can be efficacious in selected cases. The pleura underlying
      the rib segment has been shown to remain viable and provide good healing and oral
      lining. The extent of pleura that can be transferred is unknown and currently
      being investigated, but pleura can be safely taken to the edges of the superior
      and inferior ribs. The pleura offers a thin, pliable, reconstructed surface to
      the oral cavity that alleviates bulky flaps or difficulty with intraoral skin
      grafts. This adaptation is a valuable addition to the surgeon in head and neck
      reconstruction.

PMID- 2918807
TI  - Coaxial frontal sinus drainage catheter.

PMID- 2918808
TI  - Intraoral approach to rigid internal fixation of anterior mandibular fractures.

PMID- 2918809
TI  - Diagnostic endoscopy of the pediatric airway.

PMID- 2918810
TI  - Middle ear pressure changes after general anesthesia.

PMID- 2918811
TI  - Mohs micrographic surgery.

PMID- 2918812
TI  - Methods for depleting brain glutathione.
AB  - To search for a technique to deplete reduced glutathione (GSH) in brain, the
      influence of various types of compounds on brain GSH levels was investigated in
      mice. Of the compounds tested, cyclohexene-1-one, cycloheptene-1-one and diethyl
      maleate were shown to be potent GSH depletors in brain as well as in liver. The
      depletion of cerebral GSH ranged about 40-60% of control levels at 1 and 3 hr
      after intraperitoneal injection. Cyclohexene, cycloheptene, phorone,
      acetaminophen, and benzyl chloride caused mild depletion of cerebral GSH, but
      buthionine sulfoximine did not alter cerebral GSH levels. Further,
      intracerebroventricular injection of cyclohexene-1-one and cycloheptene-1-one
      caused depletion of brain GSH to about 60-80% of control levels at 1 hr after
      injection, and the effects persisted for at least 6 hr. Under these conditions,
      hepatic GSH was not altered. These results demonstrated that cyclohexene-1-one
      and cycloheptene-1-one can cause not only a marked depletion of brain GSH by
      systemic administration, but also depletion of cerebral GSH by
      intracerebroventricular injection by virtue of being water-soluble compounds.
      Thus, methods for depleting brain GSH employing both compounds are available for
      exploring possible functions of cerebral GSH in in vivo systems.

PMID- 2918813
TI  - Hepatic metastases: rat models for imaging research.
AB  - Improved rat liver tumor models with solitary or multiple metastatic tumors were
      developed for radiological imaging research. Unlike previous studies which
      employed trocar inoculation of tumor fragments, an enzymatically disaggregated
      cell suspension of mammary cancer was injected by fine needle either directly
      into the liver to produce solitary cancer nodules, or indirectly via the spleen
      or mesenteric vein to produce multiple liver metastases. Tumor size was
      proportional to the time elapsed after implantation. The operative mortality of
      direct liver, splenic parenchymal, and mesenteric inoculations were 8%, 4%, and
      27%, respectively. MR tissue characteristics, image contrast, and pharmaceutical
      enhancement of these tumors closely resembles human hepatic metastases. The
      availability of reproducible, inexpensive animal models of metastatic cancer
      allows efficient evaluation of new liver imaging techniques.

PMID- 2918814
TI  - Reduced blood flow in the transverse sinus visualized by ultra low field magnetic
      resonance imaging.
AB  - With an ultra low field magnetic resonance imager (ULF-MRI) operating at 0.02
      Tesla we describe a case of increased signal intensity from the transverse and
      sigmoid sinuses of the brain. A comparison with radionuclide angiography and
      skull computer tomography is made. The difficulties in differentiating low blood
      flow and venous thrombosis is also discussed.

PMID- 2918815
TI  - Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging of vertebral bodies: a T1 and T2 study.
AB  - Multiple point T1 and T2 values of 424 vertebral bodies were measured and
      analysed. The influence of several factors including age, sex, location in the
      spine and status of neighbouring discs on the measured relaxation times were
      evaluated. The results indicate limitations in the region of interest approach.
      Vertebral bodies of different age, sex and location in the spine could not be
      distinguished. For heterogeneous tissues a more advanced form of image analysis
      appears to be essential. Diurnal factors resulting from the stress of normal
      ambulatory activity caused increased variation in vertebral body relaxation time
      values.

PMID- 2918816
TI  - Thermoregulatory consequences of cardiovascular impairment during NMR imaging in
      warm/humid environments.
AB  - A simple model of physiological thermoregulation, previously adapted to predict
      the thermoregulatory consequences of exposure to the nuclear magnetic resonance
      (NMR) imaging environment, has been further adapted to simulate impaired
      cardiovascular function. Restrictions on the rate of skin blood flow (SkBF),
      ranging from 0 to 89% of normal, were studied. Predictions of physiological heat
      loss responses in real time were generated as a function of ambient temperature
      (Ta), relative humidity (RH) and rate of whole-body radiofrequency (RF) energy
      deposition (SAR). Under conditions that are desirable in the clinic (Ta = 20
      degrees C, 50% RH, still air), moderate restrictions (up to 67%) of SkBF yield
      tolerable increases in core temperature (delta Tco less than or equal to 1 degree
      C) during NMR exposures (SAR less than or equal to 4 W/kg) of 40 min or less.
      Increased Ta and RH exacerbate the thermal stress imposed by absorbed RF energy;
      severely impaired SkBF encourages short NMR exposures (e.g., 20 min or less) at
      SARs less than or equal to 3 W/kg. In warm/humid environments, sweating is
      predicted to be profuse and evaporative cooling curtailed, yielding a state of
      extreme thermal discomfort. Added insulation (e.g., a blanket) is discouraged.
      Some guidelines, incorporating SkBF restrictions, Ta, RH, and insulation, are
      offered for the prediction of tolerable NMR exposure conditions.

PMID- 2918817
TI  - Marrow infarction in sickle cell anemia: correlation with marrow type and
      distribution by MRI.
AB  - Ischemic necrosis of bone is believed to occur exclusively in areas of
      predominantly fatty marrow. Sickle cell disease is unusual in that marrow
      infarction occurs in areas of active hematopoiesis. MR images of long bone
      obtained in ten patients with sickle cell anemia (SCA) were analyzed to correlate
      the distribution and appearance of marrow infarction with the type of marrow.
      While the hematopoietic marrow predominated in metaphyseal and diaphyseal regions
      of femurs and tibias, the fatty or mixed marrow was the most common pattern in
      epiphyses. Infarcts occurred in fatty as well as hematopoietic marrow. Marrow
      infarcts were isointense or minimally hyperintense on T1 weighted images with the
      hematopoietic marrow and therefore difficult to detect. On T2 weighted images,
      the infarcts showed very high signal. T2 weighted images are essential for
      detection of marrow infarction. Soft tissue changes seen as low signal on T1 and
      high signal on T2, may be secondary to intramuscular injections of analgesics or
      muscle ischemia occurring during sickle crisis.

PMID- 2918818
TI  - Vascular morphology by three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging.
AB  - A three-dimensional examination of blood vessels is provided using MR data from
      seven cases. The vascular surfaces are constructed with an algorithm that
      automatically follows the selected artery or vein and generates a projected three
      dimensional gradient shaded image. Fast 3DFT pulse sequences were optimized to
      enhance the time-of-flight contrast of the intravascular region. By increasing
      the surface threshold value in a three-dimensional head study, the flesh of a
      patient's face was peeled away to demonstrate the superfacial temporal artery.
      Gated cardiac images show the great vessels and cardiac chambers. A three
      dimensional view of the aorta shows an irregular surface in the vicinity of an
      adrenal tumor. 3D MR exams provide a non-invasive technique for assessing
      vascular morphology in a clinical setting.

PMID- 2918819
TI  - Post-pneumonectomy evaluation of the chest: a prospective comparative study of
      MRI with CT.
AB  - A comparative study of 11 pneumonectomized patients was undertaken in order to
      evaluate the respective advantages and drawbacks of MRI and CT in post-operative
      follow-up. Nine patients were healthy at the time of the study and two presented
      with tumor recurrence. MR examination included 500/40 ms axial, and frontal
      800/40-80 ms or 1300/60-120 ms nongated spin echo sequences. MRI was slightly
      more efficient in identifying vascular stump and main nodal stations, and
      detected better than CT tumoral and metastatic spread in cancer recurrences. It
      was as informative as CT in evaluating postpneumonectomy space and bronchial
      stump. It was noncontributory in the detection of calcifications. Although clips
      were visible with MRI, their location was less definite than with CT, a potential
      pitfall when radiotherapy is planned.

PMID- 2918820
TI  - Intensity dependence of flow signal in slice selective velocity measurements.
AB  - The quantitative determination of flow velocities using inflow-outflow techniques
      require slice selective excitation pulses. The intensity-velocity relationship
      for such methods is shown to be such that flow velocities estimated using
      techniques which rely on an absolute calibration of the measured intensity are
      sensitive to the details of the slice profile of the excited material. This can
      cause errors when the estimation of flow velocities is made from the image
      intensity. A method which provides a measure of the flow velocities and which
      relies only on relative variations in intensity is examined and shown to be
      insensitive to details of the slice profile.

PMID- 2918821
TI  - MR imaging of model fluid velocity profiles.
AB  - A projection MR technique for imaging the velocity profiles of moving fluids has
      been applied to various steady flow models designed to simulate a variety of flow
      conditions. From such profiles can be readily deduced peak velocities, volume
      flow rates, information concerning the degree of flow development, features such
      as flow separation, and estimates shear stresses at the vessel wall.

PMID- 2918822
TI  - In vivo detection of applied electric currents by magnetic resonance imaging.
AB  - Magnetic resonance imaging is very sensitive to magnetic field variations. This
      inherent sensitivity can be exploited to measure small electric currents flowing
      in the human body. This report describes an experiment in which the magnetic
      fields produced by small currents applied to the forearm of a living subject have
      been detected in the tissue. It shows how such measurements have been used to
      measure current density. The suggested technique is used to measure one component
      of a current density in a saline solution in vitro.

PMID- 2918823
TI  - Assessment of T1 time course changes and tissue-blood ratios after Gd-DTPA
      administration in brain tumors.
AB  - Sequential T1 changes in brain tumor tissue after Gd-DTPA administration were
      investigated in 10 patients, including 4 meningiomas, 2 gliomas, 3 metastatic
      cerebral tumors and 1 brain abscess. T1 values were measured serially for 60
      minutes following Gd-DTPA injection using a magnetic focusing technique. In vitro
      T1 of the whole blood samples was also comparatively examined. Time processes in
      the tissue-blood ratio (TBR) were calculated from two-point relaxation rates at 5
      and 30 minutes. The obtained ratios of TBR were ranged from 1.0 to 3.0, probably
      depending on histological types of brain tumor (the value of 1.0 to 1.5 for
      meningioma and 1.5 to 3.0 for glioma and metastatic tumor). No significant
      changes in the T1 value were observed in the examined normal tissue and
      peritumoral edema. These results indicate that Gd-DTPA plays an important role
      not only as an image enhancer for tumor tissue but also as an indicator for
      estimating the blood-brain barrier function.

PMID- 2918824
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging of the penis: normal anatomy.
AB  - This study was undertaken to investigate the magnetic resonance anatomy of the
      normal penis, by means of the use of a new designed surface coil specific for the
      study of male external genital organs. The combined evaluation of T1- and T2
      weighted images obtained by choosing different repetition and echo time values
      together with an appropriate selection of scanning planes oriented according to
      various angles of incidence strongly contributed to perform a complete
      morphological analysis of the penis and constantly revealed fine anatomical
      details of diagnostic and clinical significance. Among these, the magnetic
      resonance examination (data referred to a 0.5 T apparatus) allowed a precise
      morphological differentiation of the penile covering tissues, such as outer skin,
      dartos tunica and hypodermal connective; the vascular characterization of
      cavernous tissue, belonging to corpora cavernosa and spongiosum urethrae, of deep
      arteries and superficial dorsal vein(s); the resolution of the albuginea and the
      identification of the urethral lumen. Such a capability of magnetic resonance
      imaging in providing accurate demonstration of penile structures without
      technical artifacts and use of ionizing radiations makes the actual technology
      able to cooperate efficaciously with computerized tomography and diagnostic
      sonography for an efficient clinical assessment of penis diseases.

PMID- 2918825
TI  - [A method for data processing in radionuclide angiography of the kidneys in
      nephroptosis based on anatomical zones].

PMID- 2918826
TI  - [The microcirculation of the myocardium based on scintigraphic data using
      labelled microspheres].
AB  - The authors described an original procedure for the determination of the organ
      blood flow with the help of 99mTc-labeled microspheres of aggregated albumin.
      Some features of the myocardial microcirculation in patients with CHD and without
      it were determined as well as interrelationships between the major coronary blood
      flow and the state of the myocardial microcirculation in various groups of CHD
      patients. A group of 32 males was examined. After thorough clinico-instrumental
      investigation CHD was diagnosed in 18 of them, 14 persons were taken as controls.
      Intraventricular administration of labeled microspheres during coronary
      angiography was followed by multipositional scintigraphy of the myocardium with
      further computer processing of images. A high sensitivity and specificity of the
      method was shown. The data obtained were compared with the results of other
      methods, among them those used by foreign researchers.

PMID- 2918827
TI  - [Kinetic study of human tissue metabolism of sodium using 22Na].

PMID- 2918828
TI  - [X-ray fluorescent determination of iron, copper, zinc, bromine and rubidium in
      biopsies of the gastric mucosa].
AB  - A method of a combined use of fiber gastroscopy and x-ray fluorescent analysis
      was elaborated for a study of the chemical composition of the gastric mucosa. Fr,
      Cu, Zn, Br, and Rb concentrations were determined in gastric mucosa biopsy
      specimens obtained during fiber gastroscopy, using x-ray fluorescent analysis.
      The concentrations of trace elements in the gastric mucosa were determined in 13
      healthy persons, in 23 patients with chronic mucosal atrophy, in 15--with gastric
      ulcer, and in 16--with polyps. Besides, the content of trace elements was
      determined in the tumorous tissue of 66 gastric cancer patients. The results of
      the investigation revealed a statistically significant rise of mean Fr
      concentrations on the ulcer edge, in polyps and tumorous tissue as compared to
      the unchanged mucosa. Polypous tissue differed from the normal gastric mucosa by
      a low level of Cu, the difference being statistically significant. A tendency to
      a decrease in Zn content as compared to the unchanged mucosa was noted in the
      edge of ulcerative defects. The method can be effectively used for intravital
      studies on Fr, Cu, Zn, Br, and Rb levels in the G. I. tract mucosa.

PMID- 2918829
TI  - [Thermoradiotherapy of the late stages of cancer of the oral mucosa and
      oropharynx].
AB  - Local UHF-hyperthermia (915 MHz) of cancer of the oral mucosa at advanced stages
      ensures higher immediate cure rates (48.9 +/- 7.5%) as compared to radiotherapy
      (26.8 +/- 6.9%). 30-min. hyperthermia before irradiation turned out more
      effective than 60-min. hyperthermia. Hyperthermia was attended by side-effects
      (fatigue and sweating, vertigo and pain in the zone of heating). Hyperthermia was
      not tolerated by 10.7% of patients. Fixed metal prostheses and crowns in the zone
      of planned hyperthermia should be removed.

PMID- 2918830
TI  - [Hemostasis in cancer patients during radiation therapy using metronidazole].
AB  - Indices of platelet function, plasmic coagulation and fibrinolysis were studied
      during gamma-beam therapy in patients with laryngeal, gastric and cervical tumors
      (potentially at risk for thrombosis) against a background of metronidazole
      administration. During the above therapy the thrombophilic status of gastric
      cancer patients was preserved. These patients were considered at risk for
      thrombosis. In patients with laryngeal and cervical cancer platelet capacity to
      adhesion was considerably reduced during radiotherapy with the use of
      metronidazole. As a result of it the thrombogenic blood potential and danger of
      intravascular thrombogenesis were decreased.

PMID- 2918831
TI  - [Comparative evaluation of the results of combined radiation therapy in patients
      with primary vaginal cancer].

PMID- 2918832
TI  - [The results of combined radiation therapy of stage-IB cervical cancer depending
      on the method of intracavity gamma therapy].
AB  - The authors described the results of combined radiotherapy of 219 cervical cancer
      patients, stage TIBN0M0, of them 47 were treated by routine intracavitary gamma
      beam therapy including intracavitary irradiation based on the principle of
      successive administration of low activity radionuclide sources and 134 patients
      by that of high activity radionuclide sources. Gamma-beam therapy was of one
      type. There was no significant difference in 5-year survival rates in patients
      treated by combined radiotherapy including intracavitary gamma-beam therapy based
      on the principle of successive administration of low or high activity
      radionuclides. However, the survival rate in them as compared to that in patients
      treated by intracavitary irradiation of common type, was much higher. Rectal
      complications were most frequent in patients treated by routine radiotherapy,
      bladder complications were noted in patients treated by successive administration
      of high activity radionuclide sources.

PMID- 2918833
TI  - [Polyradiomodification. Optimization of the combined use of hyperglycemia and
      local hyperthermia in tumor irradiation].
AB  - Therapeutic potentialities of various types of polyradiomodification were
      compared in experiments on mice with solid Ehrlich carcinoma by using separate
      and combined use of short-term hyperglycemia (SH) and local hyperthermia (HT). In
      the combination of modifiers SH was always created 3 h after the beginning of
      glucose administration. Irradiation of tumors was performed in either of 5
      moments: 4 h or immediately before SH, in-between SH and HT, 30 min. or 2.5 h
      after SH. Two control schemes, in which irradiation was combined with one of the
      modifiers only, corresponded to each polyradiomodification regimen. The combined
      use of SH and HT produced a more noticeable effect than their separate action. A
      maximum effect on a tumor was observed in the combined use of both modalities
      shortly after irradiation, and it was not accompanied by enhanced skin radiation
      injury in a tumor growth zone. Irradiation after or in-between SH and TH resulted
      in enhanced skin radiation reactions. Thus, the highest therapeutic effect was
      noted in those schemes of polyradiomodification in which SH and HT followed
      radiation treatment. SH and HT induced suppression of the blood supply in tumors
      played an important role in the optimization of the combined use of SH and HT
      with irradiation.

PMID- 2918834
TI  - [Influence of the dose rate and postradiation hyperthermia on the cytogenetic
      effect of irradiation of cells in the G0 stage by 252Cf and 60Co sources].
AB  - The paper is concerned with the results of a comparative study of radiation
      injury of chromosomes of human lymphocytes at the G0 stage resulting from the
      influence of 60Co gamma quanta and high activity 252Cf radiation sources and
      depending on a dose and dose rate; with the potentialities of modifying a
      cytogenetic effect of irradiation by postradiation hyperthermia of cells. It has
      been shown that at the G0 stage of a cell cycle the frequency of chromosome
      aberrations does not depend on the dose rate of 252Cf radiation within the range
      of 0.0035-0.35 Gy/min. by the neutron component. Linear correlation between the
      frequency of induced chromosome aberrations and a dose was observed within a dose
      range of 0.27-3.1 Gy. Thus, a conclusion is that postradiation hyperthermia at
      the G0 stage does not almost influence the frequency of chromosome aberrations
      during 252Cf radiation, and increases it insignificantly during 60Co gamma
      radiation.

PMID- 2918835
TI  - [The action of radiation on the differentiation process of myogenic cells in
      culture].

PMID- 2918836
TI  - [199Tl chloride in the experimental assessment of myocardial perfusion. 2].
AB  - Pharmacokinetic and scintigraphic studies on 199Tl were conducted.
      Pharmacokinetic characteristics of 199Tl chloride give an opportunity to use it
      for perfusion scintigraphy of the myocardium which is no inferior in the
      resolving power to 201T1. The shorter half-life of 199Tl will make it possible to
      reduce radiation exposure of an examinee.

PMID- 2918837
TI  - [Calculation of the parameters for teleradiotherapy procedures on the Iskra-226
      computer].
AB  - The mentioned computes calculates parameters for treatment sessions of the
      following types of gamma teletherapy: multizonal rotation irradiation with open
      fields, multizonal static irradiation with open fields and with the use of
      protective units in case of using AGAT and ROKUS-M apparatus. The employment of
      computer programs makes it possible to cut down (on the average from 20 to 2 min)
      the time consumed for calculation of parameters of irradiation for each patient,
      to avoid casual errors made in calculations by hand and to simplify drawing up of
      documents.

PMID- 2918838
TI  - [Potentials and outlook for radiation therapy of cancer patients on an outpatient
      basis].
AB  - The paper is devoted to the problems of the organization of radiotherapy in an
      outpatient setting. Irradiation outside a hospital was demonstrated on 2500
      patients with different primary and metastatic tumor lesions by way of an
      example. Social and economic advantages of this type of care were shown.

PMID- 2918840
TI  - Glucose intolerance, hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance in aplastic anemia.
AB  - Oral glucose tolerance tests were conducted in 29 patients with aplastic anemia
      and 20 nondiabetic controls. Seventeen were men and 12 were women, ranging in age
      from 15 to 67 years. Based on the results of oral glucose tolerance test, the
      patients were divided into three groups: 14 previously treated cases with normal
      glucose tolerance; eight previously treated cases with abnormal glucose
      tolerance, of whom six had diabetes and two had impaired glucose tolerance; and
      seven newly diagnosed cases with normal glucose tolerance. Hyperinsulinemia and
      insulin resistance were observed in all patients. Multivariate analyses show that
      sex, age, body mass index, previous androgen and corticosteroid therapy, previous
      blood transfusion, initial hemoglobin and white blood cell and serum ferritin
      concentrations were not significantly related to hyperinsulinemia as expressed by
      the integrated insulin area under the curve of glucose tolerance test. Patients
      in the second group who had abnormal glucose tolerance had a delay in insulin
      secretion in response to glucose, indicating a deterioration of insulin reserve
      in the beta cells. Patients in this group were significantly older at the time of
      diagnosis than those in the first group. No other determinants of the development
      of abnormal glucose tolerance were demonstrated.

PMID- 2918839
TI  - Hormonally active long-term culture of human ovarian cells: initial
      characterization.
AB  - At present, to our knowledge, there are no long-term hormonally active cultures
      of normal human stromal ovarian cells. This report describes a method of
      developing such a system. Normal human stromal ovarian cells from three patients
      were cultured in McCoy's 5A tissue culture medium at 37 degrees C, 5% CO2, 95%
      humidity. The cells rapidly acquired fibroblastic appearance and grew in
      monolayers. The cells were trypsinized and passaged weekly. Tissue culture medium
      was collected and assayed for progesterone. The cells were initially producing
      33.2 +/- 2.64 ng/mg protein of progesterone. By the eighth to twelfth passage,
      however, progesterone was no longer detectable in the medium. When the cells of
      the 12th passage were incubated with cholesterol, progesterone production resumed
      (8.9 +/- 0.09 ng/mg protein). When pregnenolone was used as a substrate,
      progesterone production was also present (8.06 +/- 0.24 ng/mg protein). Moreover,
      in the cells incubated with pregnenolone, progesterone production could be
      stimulated by adding 50 ng/mL FSH, or 50 ng/mL insulin to the incubation medium.
      Progesterone content of the medium increased to 11.3 +/- 0.29 ng/mg protein and
      10.97 +/- 0.54 ng/mg protein respectively (P less than .05). The cells were also
      able to convert androstenedione to estrone. When the cells were incubated with 3
      mumol/L androstenedione, estrone content of the medium ranged from 318 +/- 13 to
      382 +/- 14 pg/mg protein. This finding suggests that aromatase is present in
      cultured human ovarian cells. These cells have now been maintained for 12
      passages. A hormonally active long-term culture of normal human ovarian cells
      could be a useful tool in studies of ovarian physiology.

PMID- 2918841
TI  - Rate of weight loss during underfeeding: relation to level of physical activity.
AB  - The kinetics and bioenergetic-metabolic determinants of weight loss were examined
      in obese women ingesting 900 kcal/d for 5 weeks. The patients were assigned
      either to a sedentary group (n = 5) or to an exercise group (n = 6) in which the
      participants expended an additional (X +/- SD) 346 +/- 61 kcal/d in aerobic
      physical activity. The percentage weight loss and the fractional rates (K1 = fast
      component; K2 = slow component) of weight loss were almost identical between the
      two groups. The failure of added exercise to increase the velocity of weight loss
      could not be explained by differences between the groups in any of the following:
      gastrointestinal energy and nitrogen (N) absorption; fractional rates of urinary
      urea N and total N loss; or the thermic effect of the formula diet. The
      cumulative and fractional rates of protein (ie N) loss were also similar between
      the groups. The exercise group lost more fat (5.3 +/- 1.0 kg) than the non
      exercise group (4.4 +/- 1.6 kg, P less than .001) as measured by underwater
      weighing. The maximum between-group difference in the rate of fat loss, as
      determined by energy-N balance, occurred during early underfeeding. With
      continuation of the 900 kcal/d diet, the between-group differences in the rate of
      fat loss diminished. The exercise subjects significantly lowered their resting
      heat losses relative to the non-exercise subjects (P less than .025). This in
      turn reduced the degree of negative energy balance in the more energy-deficient
      exercise group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2918842
TI  - Appearance of multidisperse low density lipoprotein and altered lipoprotein
      composition in non-insulin-dependent diabetes with type IIa hyperlipoproteinemia.
AB  - The purpose of the present study is to elucidate the characteristics of
      lipoprotein disorders in diabetes mellitus. By analytical ultracentrifugation,
      non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients (NIDDM) with type IIa
      hyperlipoproteinemia (HLP) showed significantly higher incidence of multidisperse
      low density lipoprotein (LDL) than non-diabetics with type IIa HLP. Furthermore,
      LDL multidispersity in diabetic subjects seemed to be directly related to neither
      triglyceride (TG) levels in very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) nor the degree of
      glycemic control. Diabetics with multidisperse LDL had a lipoprotein profile that
      was different from the subjects with paucidisperse LDL as follows: (1) enrichment
      in the cholesterol content of VLDL, (2) TG-rich LDL with small flotation
      coefficient, (3) low cholesterol levels in high density lipoprotein2 along with
      enrichment in TG, and (4) high plasma concentrations of apoprotein B. Although
      the underlying mechanism behind the prevalence of multidisperse LDL in NIDDM with
      type IIa HLP remains unknown, it seems important that lipoprotein disorders in
      diabetics with multidisperse LDL were potentially atherogenic.

PMID- 2918843
TI  - Rat hepatic and renal 5'-deiodination of rT3 during fasting: supportive role of
      intermediate Mr cytosolic non-glutathione thiol cofactor and NADPH.
AB  - The roles of subcellular components and, in particular, cytosol fractions and
      beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, reduced form (NADPH), in the
      regulation of rat hepatic and renal 5'-deiodination during fasting were assessed.
      5'-deiodinase (5'-DI) activities in reaction mixtures were measured by using
      outer ring 125I-radiolabelled reverse triiodothyronine (rT3) as a substrate in
      the presence of 200 mumol/L NADPH. Subcellular components from rats fed ad
      libitum or fasted for 24, 48 or 72 hours were prepared by standard differential
      centrifugation. Cytosol was chromatographed on a Sephadex G-50 column to obtain
      Fraction A of molecular weight (Mr) greater than 60,000 and Fraction B of Mr
      approximately 13,000 and to exclude reduced glutathione (GSH) (Mr less than 400).
      5'-DI activity in liver homogenates was reduced by 42% at 24 hours and by 59% at
      48 hours of fasting. In reconstitution experiments, liver microsomes showed a
      progressive loss of 5'-DI activity, reaching a maximal reduction of 46% at 72
      hours of fasting. Activation of microsomal deiodinase by whole liver cytosol was
      also significantly reduced at 24 hours of fasting and achieved a maximal
      reduction of 5'-DI activation of 42% at 48 hours before substantial but
      incomplete recovery at 72 hours. Cytosolic Fraction A and B were assessed in
      combination with fed microsomes and NADPH. A close correlation was demonstrated
      between the loss of hepatic 5'-DI supportive activity in whole cytosol and that
      of Fraction B but not A during fasting.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2918844
TI  - Plasma histamine concentrations are elevated in patients with diabetes mellitus
      and peripheral vascular disease.
AB  - Previous work has shown that plasma and tissue concentrations of histamine are
      elevated in rats with experimental diabetes mellitus and that leucocytes and
      platelets from patients with peripheral vascular disease have a higher histamine
      content than those from controls. In the present study, we have measured: (a)
      plasma histamine concentrations; (b) leucocyte and platelet histidine
      decarboxylase (the enzyme responsible for the biosynthesis of histamine) in
      patients with diabetes mellitus (Types I and II) and peripheral vascular disease;
      and (c) platelet and leucocyte histamine content. Plasma histamine concentration
      was significantly higher in patients with diabetes and peripheral vascular
      disease respectively than that in age-matched controls. Leucocyte histidine
      decarboxylase activity in diabetic and peripheral vascular disease patients was
      similar to that in controls, while platelets had no histidine decarboxylase
      activity. The leucocyte and platelet content of histamine were greater in
      patients with peripheral vascular disease than those in controls, but they were
      not altered in diabetic patients. There was no correlation between plasma
      histamine concentration, leucocyte and platelet histamine content, and histidine
      decarboxylase activity. We conclude that plasma histamine is elevated in
      diabetics and in patients with peripheral vascular disease and that platelet and
      leucocyte histamine content is increased in the latter. This increase in platelet
      and leucocyte histamine content is not due to an increase in histidine
      decarboxylase activity of these cells. The increase in plasma and cellular
      histamine content may contribute to the pathogenesis of increased endothelial
      permeability in diabetes and to the pathogenesis of intimal damage in
      atherosclerosis.

PMID- 2918845
TI  - Regulation of low density lipoprotein apoprotein B metabolism by lovastatin and
      cholestyramine in miniature pigs: effects on LDL composition and synthesis of LDL
      subfractions.
AB  - A major factor in the regulation of low density lipoprotein (LDL) apoprotein B
      (apo B) concentrations in miniature pigs is the direct synthesis of LDL apo B.
      LDL apo B derived from plasma very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) accounts for
      only 20% to 30% of total LDL synthesis. Treatment with lovastatin and
      cholestyramine can inhibit the direct synthesis pathway in this species, thereby
      lowering LDL apo B concentrations. The present study was carried out to determine
      if lovastatin alone was as effective as in combination with cholestyramine. The
      possibility that the direct synthesis pathway was confined to a specific subclass
      of LDL and the effect of lovastatin and cholestyramine on the metabolism of LDL
      subfractions were also investigated. Homologous 125I-VLDL and 131I-LDL were
      injected into miniature pigs during a control period and again following 18 days
      of treatment with lovastatin (1.2 mg/kg/d, n = 4) or in combination with
      cholestyramine (1.0 g/kg/d, n = 4). Kinetic analysis of apo B specific activity
      curves following lovastatin treatment indicated that LDL apo B pool size was
      decreased by 25% (P less than .025), which was due entirely to a 70% (P less than
      .025) decrease in the direct synthesis of LDL apo B, since VLDL-derived apo B,
      and LDL fractional catabolic rate (FCR) were not affected. Parameters of VLDL apo
      B metabolism were not affected. Lovastatin in combination with cholestyramine was
      more effective than lovastatin alone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2918846
TI  - Low-dose colestipol plus fenofibrate: effects on plasma lipoproteins,
      lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase, and postheparin lipases in familial
      hypercholesterolemia.
AB  - Effects on plasma lipoproteins, lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), and
      postheparin lipase (LPL and HTGL) activities were studied in 18 patients with
      familial hypercholesterolemia during 8-week treatment periods with colestipol (15
      g/d), fenofibrate (0.25 g/d), and colestipol plus fenofibrate. Lipoprotein lipids
      and apolipoproteins were determined by standard procedures, LCAT by a self
      substrate method, and lipases by nonradioisotopic methods. Colestipol and
      fenofibrate, each given independently, caused similar percentage decreases in LDL
      cholesterol and apolipoprotein B: -18.4% and -8.6% v -17.4% and -10.6% Colestipol
      increased the VLDL cholesterol concentration, whereas fenofibrate reduced this
      parameter but increased HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein A-I levels. The
      combination of both drugs led to a substantial fall in LDL cholesterol (-36.8%)
      and in apolipoprotein B (-28.3%) and maintained the other effects of fenofibrate
      on VLDL and HDL. Colestipol, given independently or with fenofibrate, produced an
      increase of the fractional esterification rate of the LCAT enzyme (+25.3% and
      +36.2%). Fenofibrate stimulated the postheparin LPL enzyme by +16.1% and +21.7%,
      respectively. This study indicates the complementarity in effectiveness when both
      drugs were administered together. The appropriate reduction in LDL was combined
      with the favorable effects on HDL in familial hypercholesterolemia.

PMID- 2918847
TI  - Glucose-alanine relationship in normal human pregnancy.

PMID- 2918848
TI  - Formula diets for obesity.

PMID- 2918849
TI  - [Clinical and laboratory chemical studies of the incidence and extent of diabetic
      cheiropathy in childhood and adolescence].
AB  - Diabetic cheiropathy is often not diagnosed because of a paucity of symptoms. In
      the present study, 100 type I diabetic patients and 20 controls were
      investigated. The age of patients ranged from seven to 26 years, the duration of
      diabetes was one to 23 years. Extension of hands by "prayer position", a hand
      print and angle determinations of joints were considered for the determination of
      diabetic cheiropathy. The presence of cheiropathy was unrelated to the duration
      of diabetes. However, it was well correlated with the quality of blood sugar
      control and it was often associated with diabetic retinopathy: Diabetic
      cheiropathy was detected in 53 (53%) of the diabetic patients, and in 26 (49%) of
      them diabetic retinopathy was also diagnosed. Only three patients had a
      retinopathy without cheiropathy. On the basis of our results, diabetic
      cheiropathy is a surprisingly common feature in young type I-diabetics. It is not
      to be considered as a late complication but rather a sequel of badly controlled
      diabetes mellitus.

PMID- 2918850
TI  - [Description and assessment of a rapid new method for measuring erythrocyte
      sedimentation rate].
AB  - A new method for the rapid photometric determination of the erythrocyte
      sedimentation rate (ESR) is described and compared with the Westergren technique.
      The basis of this method is the development of a new physical equation valid for
      transport processes, in which sedimentation processes can be described by means
      of a linear regression analysis. After the mathematical transformation, the
      measured ESR data follow a linear function. The apparatus evaluated measures
      within a few minutes the velocity profile of the ESR over a distance of about 2 X
      10(-4) meter by kinetic determination of the optical density of a short blood
      column filled in a small cuvette. A microprocessor calculates the linear
      regression and derives the one and two hour values by extrapolation. The
      correlation of this method with the standard Westergren technique, determined
      over 20 days is acceptable (R = 0.95; n = 368). The reproducibility of the same
      sample (n = 20) is better than that of the conventional procedure. The
      reproducibility determined with different instruments (n = 20) is comparable to
      the precision of the Westergren method. The practical value of this new time- and
      blood-saving, well standardized method for an efficient patient-care is
      discussed.

PMID- 2918851
TI  - [Differential diagnosis and therapy of cycle-dependent severe attacks of familial
      Mediterranean fever].

PMID- 2918852
TI  - [Is asthma a psychosomatic disease?].

PMID- 2918853
TI  - [Antibodies, clinical and hematologic findings in immunoneutropenias].
AB  - Sera were analyzed from patients who were suspected to have antibodies to
      neutrophils. The analysis comprised five methods which avoid heterologous
      antibodies to human immunoglobulin. These methods were the granulocyte
      agglutination test (GAT), the granulocyte cytotoxicity test (GCT), the monocyte
      cytotoxicity test (MCT), the lymphocyte cytotoxicity test (LCT) and immune
      phagocytosis inhibition test (IPI). Each serum was tested with cells from five
      healthy donors, at least, and some with cells from relatives. After exclusion of
      sera containing multiple antibodies and HLA-antibodies with positive LCT- and IPI
      tests, the GAT- or GCT-reactive antibodies were significantly (p = 0.00005) more
      frequent among patients with neutrophil counts less than or equal to 1.0 X
      10(9)/l (30%; n = 117) than among patients with neutrophil counts greater than
      1.0 X 10(9)/l (9%; n = 111). Within the group of neutropenic patients (less than
      or equal to 1.0 X 10(9)/l) these antibodies were significantly (p = 0.001) more
      frequent in patients without (48%; n = 46) than with reduction of the
      granulopoiesis (13%; n = 31). This typical feature of an immune cytopenia also
      could be shown with GAT-reactive antibodies alone. From all five antibody tests
      the diagnostic criteria of the autoimmune neutropenia (AINP) and neonatal
      alloimmune neutropenia (NIN) were infered. 25 patients with clearly defined AINP
      presented with significantly more infectious complication than 23 patients with
      only assumed AINP (48% versus 13%). Further, the clinical findings of eight
      patients with NIN were described. --Antibodies only reactive in the GAT were
      detected in healthy individuals (1.3%; n = 75) and patients without indication
      for AINP or NIN (8%; n = 111), also.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2918854
TI  - Gallamine exerts biphasic allosteric effects at muscarinic receptors.
AB  - Although gallamine and a number of other compounds have been reported to slow the
      rate of dissociation of labeled ligands, especially [3H]N-methylscopolamine
      (NMS), from muscarinic receptors of heart and brain, there has been some dispute
      as to whether the dissociation of [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB) is subject to
      such allosteric regulation. The present studies were intended to determine
      whether past discrepancies might be due to differences between tissues. We have
      found that gallamine modulates the dissociation of [3H]QNB from muscarinic
      receptors of the heart in a biphasic manner. Low concentrations (micromolar)
      accelerate the rate of dissociation, whereas higher concentrations (millimolar)
      slow it; at about 0.1 mM, the two effects cancel each other. Similar results were
      obtained with muscarinic receptors from the brainstem, but gallamine had only
      marginal effects on the dissociation of [3H]QNB in the forebrain. On the other
      hand, verapamil exerts only monophasic effects (slowing) on the dissociation of
      both [3H]NMS and [3H]QNB from heart receptors and gallamine slows the
      dissociation of [3H]NMS to a similar extent in all three tissues. Thus, it
      appears that past discrepancies in the literature can be attributed to the
      tissues and concentrations of gallamine that were used. Furthermore, the biphasic
      effects of gallamine suggest that there are multiple allosteric regulatory sites
      associated with muscarinic receptors.

PMID- 2918855
TI  - Investigations into the biochemical effects of region-specific nephrotoxins.
AB  - 1H NMR spectroscopy provides a useful initial biochemical screen with which to
      detect abnormal patterns of metabolites in urine collected from animals with
      different sites of nephrotoxic lesions. Male Fischer 344 rats were treated with
      nephrotoxic doses of sodium chromate (pars convoluta of proximal tubule),
      cisplatin, hexachlorobutadiene, mercury II chloride (pars recta of proximal
      tubule), propylene imine, and bromoethanamine (renal papilla) in order to induce
      damage in specific regions of the kidney. Urine was collected for up to 48 hr
      after dosing and was analyzed by 1H NMR spectroscopy (400 MHz) and conventional
      biochemical methods to provide biochemical fingerprints of urine in various site
      specific nephrotoxic states. Hexachlorobutadiene and HgCl2 produced severe
      glycosuria and transient enzymuria. 1H NMR urinalysis revealed aminoaciduria,
      glycosuria, and lactic aciduria after exposure to all proximal tubular toxins
      except cisplatin, whereas papillary insult resulted in early elevations in
      urinary trimethylamine N-oxide and dimethylamine, together with later elevations
      in urinary acetate, succinate, and N,N-dimethylglycine (after propylene imine).
      Trimethylamine N-oxide and dimethylamine are suggested as novel markers of site
      specific renal papillary injury in the rat.

PMID- 2918856
TI  - Joint experimental and theoretical investigation of the comparative DNA binding
      affinities of intercalating anthracycline derivatives.
AB  - The comparative binding affinities for poly(dA-dT) and poly(dG-dC) of novel
      antitumor anthracyclines are reported. The data concern, besides the parent
      compound adriamycin (ADM), 4-demethoxy 6-deoxy 6-aminodaunomycin (II), 9-deoxy
      ADM (III), 4-demethyl-6-O-methyl-ADM (IV), and 3'-deamino-3'-hydroxy-4'-epi-ADM
      (IV). Theoretical computations are performed in parallel for their comparative
      binding affinities to model double-stranded hexanucleotides, d(GCGCGC)2,
      d(TATATA)2, and d(CGTACG)2, using the SIBFA (sum of interactions between
      fragments computed ab inito) procedure. The computations reproduce in a very
      satisfactory manner the most salient features of the experimental comparative
      binding affinities. These encompass, in particular, a higher affinity for the
      d(TATATA)2 oligomer of II than that of ADM, despite the absence of the 14-OH
      substituent in II, a marked reversal of the CG versus TA sequence selectivity of
      the neutral compound V, favoring the d(CGCGCG)2 oligomer over the d(TATATA)2 one;
      and the deleterious effect incurred on the binding affinities by the presence of
      an O-methyl substituent at position 6 of the chromophore.

PMID- 2918857
TI  - Oral immunization with a free peptide from cholera toxin: local protection and
      IgA production.
AB  - It is frequently of great benefit for good protection against pathogens to elicit
      a local immunization. For example the importance of antibacterial as well as
      antitoxin local secretory IgA, for protection against cholera, has been
      underlined in several studies. We have already reported that oral administration
      of the peptide corresponding to the 50-75 sequence of cholera toxin (CT) B
      subunit elicits serum antibodies neutralizing CT activity. In this study we
      demonstrate that IgA with specificity to CT are present in intestinal secretions
      of mice immunized orally with the P50-75 or P30-50 peptides of CT B subunit. In
      addition local protection is observed in the intestine of P50-75 orally immunized
      mice. These results point out the potential of synthetic peptides as immunogens
      at the mucosal level.

PMID- 2918858
TI  - Enhanced transmembrane signalling activity of monoclonal antibody
      heteroconjugates suggests molecular interactions between receptors on the T cell
      surface.
AB  - Signal transduction occurs through multiple receptors expressed on mature,
      resting T cells. In addition to the CD3-T cell receptor complex, the CD2, CD4,
      CD5, CD7, CD8 and CD28 receptors mobilize cytoplasmic calcium within minutes of
      binding with monoclonal antibodies and additional crosslinking occurs on the cell
      surface. As an approach to study the interactions between these receptors and
      their transduced signals, monoclonal antibodies to each of these receptors were
      covalently coupled as heteroconjugates and investigated for activity in
      cytoplasmic calcium mobilization using indo-1 and flow cytometry. Of a total of
      35 conjugates studied, there were seven heteroconjugates that showed an increase
      in activity and these consisted of either certain conjugates of anti-CD3 or
      certain conjugates of anti-CD5. The CD3-CD2, CD3-CD4, CD3-CD6 and CD3-CD8
      heteroconjugates each gained two to three orders of magnitude in titer in calcium
      mobilization compared to unconjugated CD3 or the CD3-CD3 conjugate. The increase
      in activity was not accompanied by an increase in binding titer, indicating that
      signal transduction occurred at lower levels of receptor occupancy. The increased
      activity was dependent in each case on the relevant second receptor, since
      unconjugated CD2, CD4, CD6 or CD8 MAb could block the activity of the
      corresponding heteroconjugate. Neither CD3-CD5, CD3-CD28 or CD3-CD3 conjugates
      gained activity, whereas CD3-CD7 heteroconjugates gained slightly in activity.
      The heteroconjugates with CD5 that acquired ability to mobilize calcium at low
      concns (less than 5 micrograms/ml) were CD5-CD4, CD5-CD8 and CD5-CD6. Their
      activity could be inhibited by either CD5 MAb or the second MAb of the
      heteroconjugate. The increased activity of CD3 or CD5 heteroconjugates was
      observed in the absence of extracellular calcium. Size exclusion chromatography
      of heteroconjugates demonstrated that 1:1 ratios were optimal, but larger
      conjugates were also active. These results suggest that certain receptors are
      capable for molecular interactions on the cell surface to form complexes with
      enhanced activity in signal transduction leading to calcium mobilization.

PMID- 2918859
TI  - Characterization of a broadly expressed human leucocyte surface antigen MEM-43
      anchored in membrane through phosphatidylinositol.
AB  - A monoclonal antibody MEM-43 was prepared, which recognizes an antigen expressed
      on all peripheral blood leucocytes, on erythrocytes and several cell lines, but
      is absent from U937, Nalm-6, Daudi and Raji cell lines. The antigen isolated by
      immunoaffinity chromatography from several cell lines is an 18,000-25,000 mol. wt
      glycoprotein. An apparently identical antigen isolated from erythrocytes binds to
      several lectins and has a 14,000 mol. wt polypeptide backbone, modified by an
      endoglycosidase F-sensitive carbohydrate moiety. The epitope recognized is
      reduction-sensitive. The sequence of N-terminal 17 amino acid residues was
      determined; five out of six N-terminal amino acids are identical to those found
      at the N-terminus of the mouse lymphocyte surface antigen Ly-6C. The antigen is
      completely released from the cell surface after treatment with
      phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C.

PMID- 2918860
TI  - Carbohydrate binding specificity of the basic lectin from winged bean
      (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus).
AB  - The carbohydrate binding specificity of the basic lectin from winged bean
      (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) was investigated by quantitative precipitin
      analysis using blood group A, B, H, Le and I substances and by precipitation
      inhibition with various mono- and oligosaccharides. The lectin precipitated best
      with A1 substances and moderately with B and A2 substances, but not with H or Le
      substances. Inhibition assays of lectin-blood group A1 precipitation
      demonstration that A substance-derived oligosaccharides having the common
      structure: D-GalNAc alpha(1----3)D-Gal-(beta 1----3/4) to a D-Glc, were the best
      inhibitors and about 8 and 4 times more active than D-GalNAc and D-GalNAc alpha(1
      ---3)D-Gal, respectively. A difucosyl A-specific oligosaccharide (A-penta), a
      monofucosyl (A-tetra) and a non-fucosyl containing (A5II) oligosaccharide, D
      GalNAc alpha(1----3)D-Gal beta(1----3)D-GlcNAc, had almost the same reactivity,
      suggesting that the fucose linked to the sub-terminal D-Gal or to the third
      sugar. D-GlcNAc, from the non-reducing end made no contribution to the
      carbohydrate binding. Although a terminal non-reducing D-GalNAc or D-Gal residue
      was indispensible for binding, the lectin bound not only to these terminal non
      reducing galactopyranosyl residues, but also showed increased binding to
      oligosaccharides in which it was bonded to a sub-terminal D-Gal joined to a D
      GlcNAc residue, as in blood group A or B substances. This defines the site, thus
      far, as complementary to a disaccharide plus the beta linkage to the third sugar
      (D-Glc or D-GlcNAc) from the non-reducing end. The role of the beta(1----3) or
      beta(1----4) linkage of the sub-terminal non-reducing D-Gal to the D-GlcNAc
      requires further study.

PMID- 2918861
TI  - Quantitative methods for assessing a synergistic or potentiated genotoxic
      response.
AB  - The problem of assessing chemical interactions in studies of genotoxicity is
      discussed. Attention is focused on assessing possible synergism or potentiation
      when the observed genotoxic response is binary (yes-no). Different forms of
      enhancement are distinguished based upon different assumptions on the genotoxic
      activity of the experimental treatments. A generalized linear statistical model
      is considered that links the probability of the binary response to the doses, and
      data-analytic strategies are described for detecting synergy and potentiation in
      factorially designed experiments. This approach is illustrated with a series of
      analyses of various genotoxicity data-sets.

PMID- 2918862
TI  - Generation of PM2 DNA breaks in the course of reduction of chromium(VI) by
      glutathione.
AB  - The carcinogen chromate is efficiently taken up and reduced to chromium(III)
      compounds by various biological systems. To test the possible DNA damage induced
      in the course of chromium(VI) reduction, we used a combination of chromate with
      the reductant glutathione (GSH) as well as a green complex of chromium(V), which
      is formed in the reaction of chromate with GSH. The combination of chromate and
      glutathione was found to cause single-strand breaks in supercoiled circular DNA
      of the bacteriophage PM2. The green chromium(V) complex Na4(GSH)4Cr(V).8H2O,
      prepared from chromate and glutathione, also cleaved supercoiled PM2 DNA. No DNA
      degrading effects were observed with either chromate or the final product of the
      reaction with GSH, a purple anionic chromium(III) GSH complex. The nature of the
      buffering agents revealed a strong influence on the extent of DNA strand breaks
      produced by chromate and GSH. A variation of the GSH concentration in the
      reaction with chromate and PM2 DNA, performed in sodium phosphate-buffered
      solutions showed an initial increase in the number of strand breaks at GSH
      concentrations up to 1 mM followed by a decline at higher GSH concentrations.
      Since neither chromate, when administered individually, nor the final product of
      chromium(VI) reduction, the purple chromium(III) GSH complex, produced any
      detectable DNA cleavage, the critical steps leading to DNA strand breaks occur in
      the course of the conversion of chromium(VI) to chromium(III) by GSH, the most
      abundant intracellular low molecular thiol. Moreover, the demonstration that DNA
      cleavage is induced in the presence of the chromium(V) complex identifies
      chromium(V) as the oxidation state of the metal, which is involved in the steps
      leading to DNA-damaging effects of chromate.

PMID- 2918863
TI  - Mutation at the hprt locus. Stockholm, May 26-28, 1988. Abstracts.

PMID- 2918864
TI  - A comparison of mutation induction at the tk and hprt loci in human
      lymphoblastoid cells; quantitative differences are due to an additional class of
      mutations at the autosomal tk locus.
AB  - X-Rays, ethyl methanesulfonate and ICR-191 induced 2 classes of
      trifluorothymidine-resistant mutants at the autosomal tk locus in human
      lymphoblastoid cells. These classes were differentiated by their growth rates;
      some mutants grew with a normal doubling time of 14-18 h (tk-NG), while others
      grew much more slowly, with doubling times of 21-44 h (tk-SG). Only mutants with
      normal growth rates were observed at the X-linked hprt locus; the frequencies of
      mutations induced at hprt were equal to those induced for tk-NG mutants. Thus,
      more mutations overall (by up to a factor of 6) were induced at tk than at hprt.
      These results are discussed in relation to recent studies in rodent cells, in
      which much greater mutation frequencies were observed at autosomal loci.

PMID- 2918865
TI  - Excision repair characteristics of denV-transformed xeroderma pigmentosum cells.
AB  - Introduction of the denV gene of phage T4, encoding the pyrimidine dimer-specific
      endonuclease V, into xeroderma pigmentosum cells XP12RO(M1) was reported to
      result in partial restoration of colony-forming ability and excision repair
      synthesis. We have further characterized 3 denV-transformed XP clones in terms of
      rates of excision of pyrimidine dimers and size of the resulting resynthesized
      regions following exposure to 100 J/m2 from an FS-40 sunlamp. In the denV
      transformed XP cells we observed 50% dimer removal within 3-6 h after UV exposure
      as compared to no measurable removal in the XP12RO(M1) line and 50% dimer
      excision after 18 h in the GM637A human, control cells. Dimer removal was assayed
      with Micrococcus luteus UV-endonuclease in conjunction with sedimentation of
      treated DNA in alkaline sucrose gradients. The size of the resulting repaired
      regions was determined by the bromouracil photolysis technique. Based on the
      photolytic sensitivity of DNA repaired in the presence of bromodeoxyuridine, we
      calculated that the excision of a dimer in the GM637A cells appears to be
      accompanied by the resynthesis of a region approximately 95 nucleotides in
      length. Conversely, the resynthesized regions in the denV-transformed clones were
      considerably smaller and were estimated to be between 13 and 18 nucleotides in
      length. These results may indicate that either the endonuclease that initiated
      dimer repair dictated the size of the resynthesized region or that the long-patch
      repair observed in the normal cells resulted from the repair of non-dimer DNA
      lesions.

PMID- 2918866
TI  - Microinjection of T4 endonuclease V produced by a synthetic denV gene stimulates
      unscheduled DNA synthesis in both xeroderma pigmentosum and normal cells.
AB  - A structural gene for T4 endonuclease V was constructed by ligating synthetic
      oligonucleotides. The endonuclease V was overproduced in E. coli under control of
      the E. coli tryptophan promoter and purified to apparent homogeneity. The product
      had comparable DNA glycosylase and apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endonuclease
      activities to the natural enzyme in vitro. When this endonuclease V was
      microinjected into the cytoplasm of xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) cells of
      complementation group A, B, C, D, F, G or H, unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS)
      above the residual level was detected in all the cells at a dose of about 10(3)
      molecules following UV irradiation. The gain numbers of UDS in these XP cells
      increased with increase in the dose of enzyme and reached a plateau at the normal
      cell level on introduction of about 10(4) molecules. Introduction of more enzyme
      into either XP cells or normal human cells did not increase the grain number
      under regular labelling conditions (2.5 h, 37 degrees C). In normal mouse cells,
      introduction of the enzyme increased the grain number more than 4-fold under the
      same conditions during at least 8.5 h following UV irradiation. Furthermore, with
      a labelling time of 30 min, the enzyme more than doubled the grain number even in
      normal human cells.

PMID- 2918867
TI  - DNA methylation in xeroderma pigmentosum.
AB  - DNA methylation was examined in xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) cells. The amount of 5
      methylcytosine (mC) in DNA from XP cells was about 70% of that in DNA from normal
      controls. Southern hybridization analysis showed that the HLA-DR alpha gene in XP
      lymphocyte B cells was differently methylated from normals, but its expression
      was apparently unaffected. The methylation of dihydrofolate reductase, a
      housekeeping gene, was the same as in controls. The revertants to UV resistance
      from XP fibroblasts recovered a methylation level close to that of normal cells.
      Results suggested that XP DNA was undermethylated non-randomly, and that DNA
      methylation might be associated with DNA repair function.

PMID- 2918868
TI  - Homologous recombination is not enhanced in UV-irradiated normal and repair
      deficient human fibroblasts.
AB  - Many mammalian cells exhibit damage-inducible phenomena that resemble the
      bacterial SOS functions. However, whereas RecA plays a prominent role in the
      prokaryotic SOS response, in mammalian cells so far no enhanced recombination as
      a result of treatment with DNA-damaging agents of the cells, rather than of
      infecting viruses, has been found. In order to study recombination as a UV
      inducible cellular phenomenon we infected UV-irradiated normal and repair
      deficient human fibroblasts with a mixed population of adenovirus 5 (Ad5) mutants
      that carried a deletion in the E1A or the E2A gene. Wild-type recombinant progeny
      viruses were readily obtained, but no enhanced recombination was observed at any
      UV dose given to the cells, nor at any time point between -6 h and +4 days
      between irradiation and infection. Control experiments, in which we infected
      unirradiated cells with UV-irradiated Ad5 deletion mutants (a test for
      recombination targeted at UV-damaged DNA) showed a strong increase in wild-type
      recombinant viruses when both deletion mutants had been irradiated compared to
      the additive effect of irradiation of either one of the mutants alone. Therefore,
      this study shows that UV irradiation results in an enhanced recombination
      activity in cells that is specifically targeted to damaged DNA, but it does not
      cause a general (untargeted) recombinational response (enhanced recombination) in
      the cell.

PMID- 2918869
TI  - The cloned human DNA excision repair gene ERCC-1 fails to correct xeroderma
      pigmentosum complementation groups A through I.
AB  - The human DNA excision repair gene ERCC-1 complements the ultraviolet light (UV)
      and mitomycin C (MMC) sensitivity of CHO mutants of complementation group 1. We
      have investigated whether ERCC-1 is the mutated gene in cell lines from xeroderma
      pigmentosum (XP) complementation groups A through I by analyzing the endogenous
      gene in XP cells and by introduction of the gene followed by repair assays. Our
      studies show that ERCC-1 is not deleted or grossly rearranged in representative
      cell lines of 9 XP groups. Furthermore, Northern blot analysis revealed correct
      transcription of ERCC-1 in all groups. The cloned human ERCC-1 gene was
      introduced into immortalized XP cells by DNA transfection (groups A, C, D, E and
      F). The presence of the integrated transfected sequences was verified on Southern
      blots and by selection for 2 dominant marker genes that flank the ERCC-1 gene on
      the transfected cos43-34 DNA. ERCC-1 failed to confer a normal UV survival and UV
      induced unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) to transfected populations. In the case
      of the remaining XP complementation groups (B, G, H and I), nuclear
      microinjection was used to introduce an ERCC-1 cDNA construct driven by an SV40
      promoter into primary fibroblasts. Coinjection of the SV40 large T gene and
      analysis of its expression served as a control for the injection. The ERCC-1 cDNA
      failed to induce increased levels of UDS in the microinjected fibroblasts. We
      infer from these experiments that ERCC-1 is not the mutated gene in the 9 XP
      complementation groups examined. From a similar type of experiments we conclude
      that ERCC-1 is not the defective gene in UV-sensitive Cockayne's syndrome cells.

PMID- 2918870
TI  - Cytogenetic effects of tobacco smoke exposure among involuntary smokers.
AB  - Tobacco smoke is highly genotoxic and produces chromosomal damage in several
      experimental systems. Active smokers have been shown to have an increased
      prevalence of somatic chromosome damage in their peripheral blood lymphocytes:
      this is seen in most cases as an increased sister-chromatid exchange (SCE)
      frequency and often also as increased structural chromosome aberrations (CAs).
      Among passive smokers, in association with exposure to environmental tobacco
      smoke, no such induction of chromosomal damage has been documented. In the
      present paper we report negative results on induction of chromosomal damage in 2
      separate groups of intensive involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke, non-smoking
      restaurant personnel and newborn children of smoking mothers. While significant
      exposure in these groups is clearly seen in biochemical intake markers, e.g.
      cotinine and thiocyanate values in plasma, the conventional cytogenetic
      parameters, structural chromosome aberrations and sister-chromatid exchanges, are
      unable to detect the low exposures of involuntary smokers.

PMID- 2918871
TI  - Passive smoking and lung cancer: current evidence and ongoing studies at the
      International Agency for Research on Cancer.
AB  - The evidence available from 3 cohort and 11 case-control studies investigating
      the relationship between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and lung
      cancer in non-smokers is reviewed. While it appears most likely that a causal
      relationship exists, the size of the effect, under different circumstances of
      exposures, remains to be accurately estimated. This requires studies using valid
      instruments (e.g., questionnaires) to quantitate exposures, and free as far as
      possible from biases. An investigation addressing this point is in progress under
      the coordination of the International Agency for Research on Cancer.

PMID- 2918872
TI  - Population burden of lung cancer due to environmental tobacco smoke.
AB  - The population burden of lung cancer due to environmental tobacco smoke is
      significant because a large fraction of the population is exposed. The risks are,
      of course, lower than those to smokers themselves; but smoking is self-inflicted,
      passive smoking is involuntary. Making various assumptions, the proportion of
      lung cancer cases among non-smokers that could reasonably be attributed to
      environmental tobacco smoke can be calculated to be about 20-30% in western
      countries. Thus, non-smokers in the society could benefit considerably from
      diminishing exposures to other people's smoke.

PMID- 2918873
TI  - Environmental tobacco smoke and passive smoking. Papers from a symposium.
      Helsinki, June 9-12, 1987.

PMID- 2918874
TI  - Prediction of relapse or survival in patients with node-negative breast cancer by
      DNA flow cytometry.
AB  - More accurate prediction of the prognosis in women with node-negative breast
      cancer may improve physicians' ability to identify the patients most likely to
      benefit from systematic adjuvant therapy. With this in mind, we performed DNA
      flow-cytometric measurements of ploidy and the fraction of cells in the synthesis
      phase of the cell cycle (S-phase fraction) on 395 specimens of node-negative
      breast cancer from our bank of frozen tumors, using the aliquots of pulverized
      frozen tissue from steroid-receptor assays. The median duration of follow-up in
      patients still alive at the time of analysis was 59 months. Thirty-two percent of
      the 345 specimens that could be evaluated were diploid, and 68 percent were
      aneuploid. The probability of disease-free survival at five years was 88 +/- 3
      percent in patients with diploid tumors and 74 +/- 3 percent in those with
      aneuploid tumors (P = 0.02). The S-phase fraction was not a significant
      additional predictor of disease-free survival in patients with aneuploid tumors.
      However, the probability of disease-free survival in patients with diploid tumors
      and low S-phase fractions was 90 +/- 3 percent at five years, as compared with 70
      +/- 13 percent in those with diploid tumors and high S-phase fractions (P =
      0.007). Similar differences in overall survival were noted. We conclude that DNA
      flow-cytometric measurements of ploidy and S-phase fraction can be performed on
      frozen specimens of tumors and are potentially important predictors of disease
      free and overall survival in patients with node-negative breast cancer.

PMID- 2918875
TI  - Dissolution of cholesterol gallbladder stones by methyl tert-butyl ether
      administered by percutaneous transhepatic catheter.
AB  - We treated 75 patients with symptomatic cholesterol gallstones by dissolving the
      stones with methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) instilled into the gallbladder through
      a percutaneous transhepatic catheter. The MTBE was continuously infused and
      aspirated manually four to six times a minute, for an average of five hours per
      day for one to three days; the treatment was monitored by fluoroscopy. The
      placement of the catheter and the administration of MTBE caused few side effects
      or complications, and treatment did not have to be stopped in any patient for
      this reason. In 72 patients there was complete dissolution of stones or more than
      95 percent dissolution. Among 21 patients who were completely free of stones
      after treatment, 4 had recurrence of stone formation 6 to 16 months later. The
      other 51 patients had residual debris, which spontaneously cleared completely in
      15 patients within 6 to 35 months; only 7 with persisting debris have had
      symptoms. Five of the initial 6 patients treated, but only 1 of the next 69
      patients, have required surgery during follow-up periods of 6 to 42 months. We
      conclude that the dissolution of gallstones by MTBE delivered through a
      percutaneous transhepatic catheter is a useful alternative to surgery in selected
      patients with symptomatic cholesterol stones. Further study will be necessary to
      establish the long-term effectiveness of this treatment and its appropriate role
      in the management of the various types of gallstones.

PMID- 2918876
TI  - Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological
      exercises. Case 10-1989. A 60-year-old man with a large right atrial mass.

PMID- 2918877
TI  - Prenatal diagnosis--advances bring new challenges.

PMID- 2918879
TI  - Acute rhabdomyolysis associated with cocaine intoxication.

PMID- 2918878
TI  - Nonsurgical treatment of gallstones.

PMID- 2918880
TI  - Changes in lipoproteins during weight loss.

PMID- 2918881
TI  - Automatic external defibrillator for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.

PMID- 2918882
TI  - Successful pregnancy in a previously infertile woman treated with SMS-201-995 for
      acromegaly.

PMID- 2918883
TI  - Hypoferremia: adaptation to disease?

PMID- 2918884
TI  - Alternative therapies used by patients with AIDS.

PMID- 2918885
TI  - Delayed death from ingestion of a toothpick.

PMID- 2918887
TI  - Fraud on the agenda.

PMID- 2918886
TI  - DNAR: do not attempt resuscitation.

PMID- 2918888
TI  - Ozone limitations.

PMID- 2918889
TI  - NIH change procedures for monitoring scientific misconduct.

PMID- 2918890
TI  - US Congress scuttles federal agency salary increases.

PMID- 2918891
TI  - First report on US AIDS behavior.

PMID- 2918892
TI  - Soviet psychiatrists at odds on eve of visit by United States.

PMID- 2918893
TI  - Too high radon risks not helped by "penny-pinching" UK government.

PMID- 2918894
TI  - Japan grapples with definition of death by brain death.

PMID- 2918895
TI  - Multiple sclerosis. Relationship to a retrovirus?

PMID- 2918896
TI  - Cell growth factors. Bicarbonate and pHi response.

PMID- 2918897
TI  - Benign familial neonatal convulsions linked to genetic markers on chromosome 20.
AB  - Recurrent seizures, commonly known as epilepsies, occur in 1.7% of the general
      population by age 40. The factors that initiate or underlie seizures are not well
      understood, but trauma, infectious disease and genetics have been implicated. An
      understanding of the molecular basis of seizures would shed light on the basic
      mechanisms of neuronal homeostasis and allow new therapeutic strategies to be
      explored. Here, we report the mapping of an epilepsy gene to a specific
      chromosomal region, on the basis of cosegregation of two closely-linked DNA
      markers with a form of epilepsy known as benign familial neonatal convulsions
      (BFNC2, 12120 in ref. 3). The linked markers confirm the genetic basis and
      autosomal dominant inheritance of this trait, and localize the gene causing BFNC
      in this family to the long arm of chromosome 20. This regional placement is the
      first step towards the isolation of a gene involved in neuronal activity in the
      human brain.

PMID- 2918898
TI  - Computer-analysed 2-D electrophoresis.
AB  - A service is now available for analysing 2-dimensional gels and comparing them to
      existing databases, broadening the number of laboratories which can study protein
      expression using the technique.

PMID- 2918899
TI  - Compensation for haemophiliacs.

PMID- 2918900
TI  - Embryo research.

PMID- 2918901
TI  - Generic drug-makers win telling point.

PMID- 2918902
TI  - Research foundation loses out in fund-raising failures.

PMID- 2918903
TI  - Truce on the US horizon for engineered organism releases.

PMID- 2918904
TI  - A nose for Alzheimer's disease?

PMID- 2918905
TI  - Transatlantic spread of seal virus.

PMID- 2918906
TI  - Hazards of sulphur.

PMID- 2918907
TI  - The perception of moving plaids reveals two motion-processing stages.
AB  - When viewed through a small aperture, the perceived motion exhibited by a long
      moving line or grating is ambiguous. This situation prevails because even a
      perfect machine could only detect motion perpendicular to a moving contour, so
      motion parallel to a contour is undetectable. The human visual system views the
      world through an aperture array--the neural receptive fields. Therefore a moving
      object is viewed through many small apertures and the motion within many of those
      apertures is ambiguous. This ambiguity may be resolved by monitoring the motion
      of a distinctive feature, such as a line-end or corner, and attributing to the
      larger object the motion of the feature. Alternatively, Adelson and Movshon have
      suggested that moving images are processed in two stages, that is, they are first
      decomposed into one-dimensional components which are later recombined to generate
      perceived object motion. For a moving plaid, defined as the sum of two drifting
      gratings, these alternative models generate different predictions concerning the
      resolution of the plaid's motion ambiguity. A feature monitor would respond to
      the motion of the intersections between gratings, whereas the two-stage motion
      processor would first decompose the plaid into its constituent gratings and
      subsequently recombine them to generate the perception of a moving plaid. Using
      speed discrimination to distinguish between the two models, I find that
      discrimination thresholds reflect the speed of a plaid's component gratings,
      rather than the speed of the plaid itself. This result supports the two-stage
      model. Although speed discrimination is limited by component processing,
      observers cannot directly access component speed. The only perceptually
      accessible velocity signal is generated by the second-stage pattern processing.

PMID- 2918908
TI  - Direct binding of influenza peptides to class I HLA molecules.
AB  - Activation of T lymphocytes requires the intracellular fragmentation of foreign
      antigens and their presentation by class I or class II major histocompatibility
      complex (MHC) glycoproteins. The direct binding of peptides to class II molecules
      has been demonstrated using equilibrium dialysis, gel filtration and fluorescence
      energy transfer at planar membranes, and its specificity compared to that of T
      cell activation. In contrast, direct binding of peptides to class I molecules has
      been difficult to detect; although peptide sensitization experiments and the
      crystallographic structure of HLA-A2 (ref. 9) persuasively argue for its
      occurrence and importance. Here we describe a gel filtration assay from which we
      derive direct evidence for selective binding of an influenza matrix peptide to
      HLA-A2 and for binding of an influenza nucleoprotein peptide to HLA-B37. These
      two peptides have previously been shown to act respectively as targets for
      certain HLA-A2 or HLA-B37 restricted influenza-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes
      (CTL). In addition we demonstrate binding to some, but not all, HLA
      allospecificities that cannot present these peptides to CTL. We estimate that
      less than 0.3% of the HLA molecules present in any given purified preparation
      were able to bind the added peptides.

PMID- 2918909
TI  - A pseudo-exon in the functional human alpha A-crystallin gene.
AB  - The frequent correspondence of exons to structural or functional domains in
      proteins has suggested that many proteins have evolved by modular assembly. This
      idea is supported by examples of apparent exon duplication and by shared domains
      among both alternatively spliced and completely separate genes. During this
      process it is probable that some combinations of exons would not prove
      advantageous and would therefore be lost. Here we report that within the active
      single-copy human gene for alpha A-crystallin there is a 'pseudo-exon' in the
      early stages of being extinguished, perhaps the result of a failed experiment in
      the evolution of this specialized, lens-specific protein.

PMID- 2918910
TI  - Dynamical transition of myoglobin revealed by inelastic neutron scattering.
AB  - Structural fluctuations in proteins on the picosecond timescale have been studied
      in considerable detail by theoretical methods such as molecular dynamics
      simulation, but there exist very few experimental data with which to test the
      conclusions. We have used the technique of inelastic neutron scattering to
      investigate atomic motion in hydrated myoglobin over the temperature range 4-350
      K and on the molecular dynamics timescale 0.1-100 ps. At temperatures below 180 K
      myoglobin behaves as a harmonic solid, with essentially only vibrational motion.
      Above 180 K there is a striking dynamic transition arising from the excitation of
      nonvibrational motion, which we interpret as corresponding to torsional jumps
      between states of different energy, with a mean energy asymmetry of 12 kJ mol-1.
      This extra mobility is reflected in a strong temperature dependence of the mean
      square atomic displacements, a phenomenon previously observed specifically for
      the heme iron by Mossbauer spectroscopy, but on a much slower timescale (10(-7)
      s). It also correlates with a glass-like transition in the hydration shell of
      myoglobin and with the temperature-dependence of ligand-binding rates at the heme
      iron, as monitored by flash photolysis. In contrast, the crystal structure of
      myoglobin determined down to 80 K shows no significant structural transition. The
      dynamical behaviour we find for myoglobin (and other globular proteins) suggests
      a coupling of fast local motions to slower collective motions, which is a
      characteristic feature of other dense glass-forming systems.

PMID- 2918911
TI  - Apoptosis.

PMID- 2918912
TI  - Human space flight.

PMID- 2918913
TI  - Rough justice.

PMID- 2918915
TI  - How to say sorry graciously.

PMID- 2918914
TI  - The test of time.

PMID- 2918916
TI  - Meiosis: initiation of recombination.

PMID- 2918917
TI  - Chaos: detecting density dependence in imaginary worlds.

PMID- 2918918
TI  - Hair light guide.

PMID- 2918919
TI  - Cystic fibrosis.

PMID- 2918920
TI  - DNA helical repeats.

PMID- 2918921
TI  - Unhealthy genes.

PMID- 2918922
TI  - UK animal rights: university building bombed.

PMID- 2918923
TI  - US animal rights: activists setting the agenda.

PMID- 2918924
TI  - Identification of a photoreceptor-specific mRNA encoded by the gene responsible
      for retinal degeneration slow (rds).
AB  - Mutant mice homozygous for 'retinal degeneration slow' (rds/rds) are
      characterized phenotypically by abnormal development of photoreceptor outer
      segments in the retina, followed by gradual degeneration of photoreceptors. This
      process of degeneration is complete by one year, with preservation of all other
      retinal cells. The biochemical defect that leads to the mutant phenotype is not
      known. Our strategy for cloning the rds gene was based upon three previously
      reported observations. First, the rds locus maps to chromosome 17. Second,
      experimental rds/rds----+/+ and rds/+----+/+ tetra-parental mice manifest patchy
      photoreceptor changes in the retina, suggesting that the wild-type rds locus is
      expressed within cells of the photoreceptor lineage. Finally, the process of
      degeneration is specific to photoreceptors. On the basis of these observations,
      we predicted that the rds mRNA is encoded by a gene on chromosome 17 and is
      normally expressed exclusively within photoreceptors in the retina. We here
      present evidence that this is the case.

PMID- 2918925
TI  - Gorbachev's first Chernobyl visit since disaster.

PMID- 2918926
TI  - Countercurrent chromatography meets MS.
AB  - Interfacing countercurrent chromatography with thermospray mass spectrometry
      provides a new analytical tool for detecting nonvolatile, hydrophilic or
      thermally unstable bioactive natural products.

PMID- 2918927
TI  - Cattle disease set for cure.

PMID- 2918928
TI  - Wild chimpanzees endangered.

PMID- 2918929
TI  - Genome mapping. Europe's plans turn towards talk.

PMID- 2918930
TI  - Biomedical ethics. French Assembly to lay down the law.

PMID- 2918931
TI  - The hypothetical way of progress.

PMID- 2918932
TI  - Polio in Israel.

PMID- 2918933
TI  - RU 486 abortions.

PMID- 2918934
TI  - Cancer genetics. Genomic imprinting and embryonal tumours.

PMID- 2918935
TI  - Lipoprotein receptors. Unravelling atherosclerosis.

PMID- 2918936
TI  - Preferential mutation of paternally derived RB gene as the initial event in
      sporadic osteosarcoma.
AB  - Successive loss of function of both alleles of the retinoblastoma susceptibility
      gene (RB) on human chromosome 13 seems to be critical in the development of
      retinoblastoma and osteosarcoma. In cases where the tumour is familial and
      susceptibility is inherited, a mutation in one of the alleles is carried in the
      germline. We have recently shown that cytogenetically visible germline mutations
      are usually in the paternally derived gene. Such a bias would not be expected for
      sporadic (non-familial) tumours, where both mutations occur in somatic tissue,
      but there has been some indication of a bias towards initial somatic mutation in
      the paternally derived gene on chromosome 11 in sporadic Wilms tumour. We have
      now examined 13 sporadic osteosarcomas and find evidence which indicates that in
      12 cases the initial mutation was in the paternal gene, suggesting the
      involvement of germinal imprinting in producing the differential susceptibility
      of the two genes to mutation.

PMID- 2918937
TI  - DNA-protein conjugates can enter mitochondria via the protein import pathway.
AB  - Mitochondria import most of their proteins and small molecules from the
      cytoplasm. There is some tentative evidence that they import some of their RNAs,
      but it is not known how nucleic acids could enter mitochondria. Here, we show
      that isolated yeast mitochondria can import a single-stranded or double-stranded
      24-base pair piece of DNA whose 5' end is covalently linked to the C-terminus of
      a mitochondrial precursor protein.

PMID- 2918939
TI  - [Apoplexy: aspects of rehabilitation and prevention. 23 November 1988].

PMID- 2918940
TI  - Can we predict outcome in acute renal failure?

PMID- 2918938
TI  - Reconstruction of an enzyme by domain substitution effectively switches substrate
      specificity.
AB  - The polar domains of the two transcarbamoylases, aspartate transcarbamoylase
      (ATCase) and ornithine transcarbamoylase, (OTCase) from Escherichia coli bind the
      common substrate carbamoyl phosphate and share extensive amino-acid sequence
      homology. The equatorial domains of the two enzymes differ in their substrate
      specificity (ATCase binds aspartate, OTCase binds ornithine) and have decreased
      sequence identity. While addressing the conservation of specific protein
      interactions during the evolution of these enzymes, we were able to switch one of
      their amino-acid-specific equatorial domains to produce a viable chimaeric
      enzyme. This was achieved by the in vitro fusion of DNA encoding the polar domain
      of OTCase to DNA encoding the equatorial domain of ATCase. The resulting gene
      fusion successfully transformed an argI-pyrB deletion strain of E. coli to
      pyrimidine prototrophy, giving rise to Pyr+ transformants that expressed ATCase
      but not OTCase activity. The formation of this active chimaeric enzyme shows that
      by exchanging protein domains between two functionally divergent enzymes we have
      achieved a switching in substrate specificity.

PMID- 2918941
TI  - Easy and early prognosis in acute tubular necrosis: a forward analysis of 228
      cases.
AB  - Multiple factors still influence the high rate of mortality in acute tubular
      necrosis. Trying to analyze the influence of each risk factor present in an
      individual patient and the possible interdependence between these factors, as
      well as to obtain an early prognosis, we have applied a forward analysis to
      demographic data, acute renal failure origin, need of dialysis, diuresis and
      clinical conditions in 228 patients, using a multiple linear regression model
      contained in a computer package. Based on this approach we have found that three
      variables: deep neurological coma, persistent blood hypotension and assisted
      respiration have significant influence on mortality. Also, a regression equation
      was obtained which could be applied as a discriminant score to patient prognosis.
      This score, calculated with the three aforementioned variables and oliguria when
      the nephrologist sees the patient for the first time, allows an easy and early
      prognosis in each patient with acute tubular necrosis.

PMID- 2918942
TI  - Pure mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis. A clinicomorphologic analysis
      and its possible role in morphologic transition of minimal change lesion.
AB  - Renal biopsies from 45 children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome were analysed.
      A clinicopathologic correlation has been attempted in 19 children with
      mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis. Mesangial hypercellularity is found to
      have a direct correlation with the clinical presentation, response to therapy and
      final outcome. The presence of diffuse mesangial IgM or IgM with C3 is of no
      significance and lacks specificity.

PMID- 2918943
TI  - Comparative study of C5a plasma levels with different hemodialysis membranes
      using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
AB  - Using a specific and sensitive ELISA for C5a, the present study shows that
      predialysis levels of C5a in end-stage renal disease patients are not elevated
      and that all membranes studied (Cuprophan, Hemophan, Gambrane and hydrophilic
      polysulfone) cause significant increases of C5a plasma levels albeit to different
      degrees. Higher increases of C5a were accompanied by larger decreases of
      circulating granulocytes and monocytes. Dialyzers with a newly introduced
      modified regenerated cellulose membrane, Hemophan, showed lower C5a plasma levels
      during hemodialysis than Cuprophan. With Hemophan C5a plasma levels were
      comparable to those with polysulfone membranes.

PMID- 2918944
TI  - Aluminum removal with hemodialysis, hemofiltration and charcoal hemoperfusion in
      uremic patients after desferrioxamine infusion. A comparison of efficiency.
AB  - In order to compare the effectiveness of aluminum removal in uremic patients
      during extracorporeal treatment, 17 patients with endstage renal failure were
      given a desferrioxamine infusion of 40 mg/kg body weight after an ordinary
      dialysis treatment. Forty-eight hours later 7 patients were treated with
      hemodialysis, 6 with hemofiltration and 4 with a combination of hemodialysis and
      hemoperfusion. The clearance of aluminum was measured at different intervals. It
      was found that the aluminum clearance was 75 +/- 18 ml/min in hemofiltration
      compared to 30 +/- 10 ml/min in hemodialysis (p less than 0.001). A combination
      of hemodialysis and hemoperfusion with a charcoal column containing 100 g
      activated charcoal in series gave a total aluminum clearance of 56 +/- 11 ml/min.
      The total amount of aluminum in the ultrafiltrate after hemofiltration was found
      to be approximately 3 times as high (1,728 +/- 156 micrograms) as the total
      amount of aluminum in the hemodialysis water that had passed a single pass system
      during a 4-hour dialysis (576 +/- 104 micrograms). Our results indicate that
      hemofiltration or a combination of hemodialysis and hemoperfusion should be used
      to remove aluminum in patients with signs of severe aluminum accumulation such as
      encephalopathy or painful bone disease, because these methods are 2-3 times as
      effective as ordinary hemodialysis. In patients where aluminum has been
      accumulated but no severe symptoms occur hemodialysis gives a significant
      clearance of the aluminum desferrioxamine complex.

PMID- 2918945
TI  - Clinical availability of serum fructosamine measurement in diabetic patients with
      uremia. Use as a glycemic index in uremic diabetes.
AB  - Serum fructosamine levels were investigated in patients with uremia undergoing
      various modes of treatment. The serum fructosamine levels correlated positively
      with the blood glucose levels determined a week or two earlier. The fructosamine
      levels were significantly affected by the protein concentration, and those
      corrected for protein concentrations had a closer correlation to the blood
      glucose levels than did the uncorrected levels. The corrected fructosamine levels
      were not significantly different between healthy volunteers and nondiabetic
      patients with uremia on conservative treatment. In an in vitro system,
      fructosamine concentrations were hardly affected by urea, which is known to
      influence the level of hemoglobin A1. These results suggest that serum
      fructosamine measurement can provide us with reliable information on a short-term
      glycemic condition, even in azotemic patients. To be more precise, the serum
      level of fructosamine corrected for protein concentration can be an excellent
      glycemic index which is not susceptible to over- or dehydration and is of high
      clinical value, especially in the management of diabetic patients with chronic
      renal failure.

PMID- 2918947
TI  - Effects of L-carnitine administration on short-chain fatty acid (acetic acid) and
      long-chain fatty acid metabolism during hemodialysis.
AB  - The purpose of the study is to investigate the effects of L-carnitine on the
      exogenous acetate metabolism during hemodialysis together with the triglyceride
      and free fatty acid metabolism. Sixteen chronic renal failure patients on acetate
      dialysis were orally administered 1,200 mg of L-carnitine chloride per day for 12
      weeks. Plasma triglyceride concentrations at 30 and 60 min following initiation
      of hemodialysis were significantly lower than before hemodialysis, while the
      plasma concentrations of free fatty acid at the same points into hemodialysis
      were significantly higher than before hemodialysis, whether L-carnitine chloride
      was being given or not. This is attributed to the enhanced degradation of
      triglyceride and the increased generation of the free fatty acid with heparin
      administration during hemodialysis. The L-carnitine chloride treatment did not
      affect the plasma triglyceride concentrations at 30 and 60 min into hemodialysis,
      whereas the free fatty acid concentrations at the same points into hemodialysis
      were significantly lower after L-carnitine chloride administration commenced than
      before it. This is attributed to the fact that fatty acid oxidation was enhanced
      following the L-carnitine chloride treatment. Compared to before the drug
      administration, the whole body clearance of exogenous acetate was significantly
      increased after the drug was given, and the plasma acetate level during
      hemodialysis fell accordingly. This is attributed to the fact that with L
      carnitine chloride administration, the amount of accumulated acyl-CoA in the
      cytosol decreased and consequently the citrate cycle function increased.

PMID- 2918946
TI  - Free and sulfoconjugated catecholamines in normotensive uremic patients: effects
      of hemodialysis.
AB  - In 9 normotensive uremic patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis, the baseline
      plasma catecholamines varied widely from low-normal to very high; sulfoconjugated
      plasma catecholamines were constantly high. A dialysis-induced fall of all
      sulfated catecholamines and epinephrine was observed. Norepinephrine decreased in
      5 patients and increased in 4, with a strong inverse correlation between
      predialysis norepinephrine and delta norepinephrine (p less than 0.0001). No
      correlation was evident between clinical parameters (mean arterial pressure,
      heart rate) and catecholamines (both predialysis and postdialysis). Significant
      (p less than 0.0001 and p less than 0.0002) inverse correlations between
      epinephrine and norepinephrine and their sulfoconjugation degree were
      demonstrated only in predialysis. Our data may support the presence of a uremic
      autonomic neuropathy and adrenoceptor damage.

PMID- 2918948
TI  - Studies of a glomerular permeability factor in patients with minimal-change
      nephrotic syndrome.
AB  - Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from patients with minimal-change
      nephrotic syndrome (MCNS) were tested for their ability to produce a factor which
      increases the urinary protein excretion levels of rats. It was shown that
      enhanced proteinuria can be produced in 8-hour urine specimens from rats by the
      injection of concentrated supernatants of cultured concanavalin-A-stimulated PBMC
      of patients with MCNS, but not from other nephrotics or normal subjects. The
      increase in urinary protein excretion was associated with a significant
      alteration of glomerular epithelial cells similar to that seen in MCNS. These
      results suggest that in MCNS, PBMC release a factor, which we termed a glomerular
      permeability factor (GPF), causing changes in glomerular permeability with
      resulting proteinuria.

PMID- 2918949
TI  - Body composition changes in the subtotally nephrectomized rat fed differing
      dietary proteins.
AB  - Changes in body composition are found in chronic uraemia, but it is unclear if
      this results from poor nutrient intake or is a consequence of impaired renal
      function. To investigate this question, 31 female Wistar rats were allocated to
      undergo subtotal nephrectomy or sham operation and were fed diets of either 24%
      casein or 24% soya protein. Three months later measurements of inulin clearance
      were undertaken in the conscious animal and the carcass subsequently analyzed for
      body water and body fat. Subtotally nephrectomized animals had a significantly
      greater proportion of body water (p less than 0.001) and a lesser proportion of
      body fat (p less than 0.001) than control animals, and a significant correlation
      was found between glomerular filtration rate and body fat content (24% casein
      diet: r = 0.96; 24% soya diet: r = 0.71). The dietary protein source appeared not
      to influence the body composition. These results support the concept that altered
      body composition in uraemia is due to renal dysfunction rather than altered
      nutrient intake.

PMID- 2918950
TI  - Comparison of toxic effects of methylguanidine, guanidinosuccinic acid and
      creatinine in rats with adenine-induced chronic renal failure.
AB  - Methylguanidine (MG), guanidinosuccinic acid (GSA) and creatinine (Cr), which
      accumulate in the body in parallel with the progress of renal failure after
      adenine administration, were given separately to rats in order to compare their
      toxicities. Food containing adenine was given to rats for 24 days to induce renal
      failure, and then each of the test substances was administered intraperitoneally
      from the following day, the survival rates of the rats being subsequently
      determined. Administration of MG at varying doses produced a dose-dependent
      decrease in the survival rate, whereas the survival curves obtained for rats
      given GSA or Cr indicated weak toxicity. The levels of MG, GSA or Cr accumulated
      in the body were extraordinarily high in surviving rats after 14 days of
      administration of each respective compound. The toxic effects are discussed on
      the basis of these results.

PMID- 2918951
TI  - Acquired renal cysts in five-sixths nephrectomized rats: the roles of oxalate
      deposits in renal tubules and a renotropic factor.
AB  - The present study was undertaken to see if the oxalate deposits seen in renal
      tubules are a causative factor in the development of acquired renal cysts in
      chronic renal failure. Thirty 5/6 nephrectomized rats had free access to water
      containing 8 mg/ml of vitamin C (oxalate precursor) and 20 5/6 nephrectomized
      rats were given tap water without vitamin C. Oxalate deposits were found on
      microscopy in the renal tubules of vitamin C-treated rats in the 11th and 12th
      postnephrectomy months; however, acquired renal cysts were noted far in advance
      of the appearance of oxalate crystals. It has been suggested that the tubular
      dilatation seen in 5/6 nephrectomized rats is caused by an abrupt decrease in the
      functioning renal mass, leading to the production of a so-called 'renotropic
      factor'. However, oxalate deposits and renal tubular dilatation in oxalate
      treated 5/6 nephrectomized rats preceded the renal tubular dilatation of
      untreated partially nephrectomized rats. In addition, these histological changes
      in the kidney were also seen in healthy rats which were given oxalate orally and
      subcutaneously. The present study suggested that the pathogenesis of acquired
      renal cysts is multifactorial. Renotropic factor may play an important role
      leading to nephron hyperplasia, but oxalate deposits in the renal tubules seem to
      be an important factor in the formation of these cysts.

PMID- 2918952
TI  - Normalization of renal function and blood pressure after dissolution with intra
      arterial fibrinolytics of a massive renal artery embolism to a solitary
      functioning kidney.
AB  - The intra-arterial administration of fibrinolytics in a massive embolism to the
      renal artery of a solitary functioning kidney determined quick normalization of
      the severe renal failure and hypertension.

PMID- 2918953
TI  - Association of IgA nephropathy and myasthenia gravis.
AB  - Three patients with IgA nephropathy associated with myasthenia gravis are
      described. In all 3 cases, myasthenia gravis emerged after the discovery of
      glomerulonephritis. Myasthenic symptoms were improved by thymectomy in 2 cases,
      but progression of the renal disease was not improved. Some systemic
      abnormalities, including immunological aberrations, were observed in these two
      disorders. It is postulated that T cell abnormalities in IgA nephropathy might be
      independent of the development of myasthenia gravis.

PMID- 2918954
TI  - Carbamazepine-induced granulomatous necrotizing angiitis with acute renal
      failure.
AB  - A 42-year-old male treated with carbamazepine developed a skin eruption in the
      trunk, followed by acute renal failure. Laboratory data revealed leukocytosis
      (15,700/mm3) with eosinophilia (37%). A renal biopsy disclosed granulomatous
      necrotizing angiitis that differed from classic periateritis nodosa and
      hypersensitivity angiitis. All drugs were discontinued immediately, and there was
      a gradual improvement of the renal function. A carefully performed provocation
      test using carbamazepine was positive. We made a diagnosis of carbamazepine
      induced granulomatous necrotizing angiitis. Only 6 cases of drug-induced
      granulomatous angiitis have been reported prior to the present case. Drug-induced
      granulomatous angiitis is often fatal. The present report suggests the importance
      of making a diagnosis quickly, and providing adequate treatment in order to
      prevent a fatal course.

PMID- 2918955
TI  - Acute renal failure after high-dose methotrexate therapy. Role of hemodialysis
      and plasma exchange in methotrexate removal.

PMID- 2918956
TI  - Spicular cap of amyloid on the outer aspect of the Bowman's capsule.

PMID- 2918957
TI  - Does lead overload develop in hemodialysis patients?

PMID- 2918958
TI  - Erythrocyte charge, glycosaminoglycans and diabetic nephropathy.

PMID- 2918959
TI  - Erythropoietin treatment: influence of haemoglobin concentration on dialyser
      creatinine clearance in haemodialysed patients.

PMID- 2918960
TI  - Clinical significance of an impaired mononuclear phagocyte system immune
      clearance in human nephritis.

PMID- 2918961
TI  - Erythropoietin-associated hypertension: what role for blood viscosity changes?

PMID- 2918963
TI  - Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis in Japan.

PMID- 2918962
TI  - Early tubular functional changes in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease.

PMID- 2918964
TI  - Berger's disease without IgA deposits?

PMID- 2918965
TI  - Relapsing acute renal failure in IgA nephropathy.

PMID- 2918966
TI  - Acute renal failure in multiple myeloma after the ingestion of a contrast agent
      for cholecystography.

PMID- 2918967
TI  - Hypernatremia associated with severe rhabdomyolysis.

PMID- 2918968
TI  - A trial of the 21-aminosteroid U74006F in a primate model of chronic cerebral
      vasospasm.
AB  - The efficacy of U74006F in the prophylaxis of chronic cerebral vasospasm (VSP)
      was evaluated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Forty
      cynomolgus monkeys were divided by restricted randomization into 2 treatment
      groups of 20. Five animals from each treatment group were randomized into
      subgroups 1 and 2. The animals of subgroup 1 were studied pathologically. Brain
      biopsies of the animals in subgroup 2 were performed and studied with high
      performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The remaining 20 animals supplemented
      the number studied angiographically. Significant VSP (P less than 0.05) was
      detected in the majority of vessels from the clot site (right) of both treatment
      groups. Electron microscopy results showed positive correlation with the
      angiographic data. When comparing the effects of U74006F to those of the placebo
      at day 7, there was a significant difference (P less than 0.05) in the degree of
      VSP in the right extradural internal carotid and right middle cerebral arteries.
      This resulted from a greater degree of VSP in placebo animals. Two animals
      developed delayed ischemic deficits, one from each group. The infarct of the
      U74006F animal was smaller than the infarct in the placebo animal. Although
      overall changes in phosphagen levels did not reach statistical significance, HPLC
      analysis of the cortical biopsies did show a decrease in the ATP/ADP +/- AMP
      ratio of 54% in placebo animals and only 7% in animals receiving U74006F. The
      middle cerebral arteries of 2 animals were also studied with HPLC.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2918969
TI  - The importance of "accessory" outflow pathways in hydrocephalus after
      experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage.
AB  - This study evaluated the changes in pathways of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) outflow
      that accompanied acute and compensated hydrocephalus in the rabbit.
      Intraventricularly injected 99mTc antimony sulfide was used as a tracer of
      outflow pathways, and specified structures were counted 12 to 24 hours after
      injection. Fifteen rabbits were divided into three groups: 1) an acutely
      hydrocephalic group in which 3 cisternal injections of blood were followed by a
      study of CSF pressure, ventricular size, and CSF outflow pathways 1 week after
      the last injection; 2) a control group treated according to the same protocol,
      except that sterile saline was injected instead of blood; and 3) a chronic group
      also treated according to the same protocol but in which the animals were
      maintained an average of 4 weeks after the last blood injection. Ventricular size
      was measured by computed digitation and expressed as an area ratio of ventricle
      to brain (VBR). In control animals, 11.8% of the injected colloid dosage was
      found in cranial perineural lymphatic channels, and 4.8% appeared in the spinal
      cord. The mean CSF pressure was 149 +/- 20.2 mm H20 (mean +/- SE) and the mean
      VBR was 0.040 +/- 0.003. In animals evaluated 1 week after subarachnoid
      injection, accessory cranial perineural lymphatic outflow decreased significantly
      to 3.4%, and spinal cord activity increased to 9.8% (P less than 0.05, two-tailed
      t-test). These animals were hydrocephalic and had CSF pressure of 247 +/- 25.1 mm
      H20 (mean +/- SE) and VBR of 0.083 +/- 0.009.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2918970
TI  - Evaluation of prognostic factors in cerebral arteriovenous malformations.
AB  - In a retrospective study of 48 patients who underwent elective surgery for
      cerebral arteriovenous malformations, a statistical analysis of demographic,
      clinical, and neuroradiological data was undertaken in order to discover the best
      predictors of operative morbidity. In addition, the predictive value of different
      clinical grading systems as applied to this series was compared. All patients had
      a computed tomographic scan and a positive angiogram before surgery. Complete
      resection was proven angiographically. The univariate Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon rank
      sum test, the Fisher exact test, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient
      analysis, and multivariate logistic regression were used as statistical methods.
      Duration of surgery, the development, of either new deficits or an increase in
      the preoperative neurological signs immediately after surgery, and rehabilitation
      (as measured by the Karnofsky index) were taken as target variables for the
      difficulty of operation and for postoperative morbidity, respectively. The
      largest diameter of the nidus of the arteriovenous malformation, eloquence of the
      adjacent brain, and deep venous drainage showed the most consistent correlation
      with these target variables. Intracerebral hematoma and other single factors,
      such as the age of the patient or localization of the arteriovenous malformation
      did not affect the outcome. The clinical grading scale of Spetzler and Martin
      provided better prediction of surgical risks than other proposed systems.

PMID- 2918971
TI  - Impairment of vertebral artery flow caused by extrinsic lesions.
AB  - In a consecutive series of 71 cases of extrinsic lesions involving the vertebral
      artery (VA), 51 patients presented with external compression of this vessel. The
      compressive agents included 34 tumors, 4 osteophytes, 5 fibrous bands, 4
      traumatic lesions, 2 neural elements, and 2 infectious processes. The main site
      was the second portion of the VA (C2-C6) (30 of 51 patients). Compression always
      induced at least significant stenosis, and in 8 patients caused complete
      occlusion. The compression was either permanent (44 patients) or intermittent (7
      patients). Symptoms were observed in 11 patients, including 2 with permanent
      deficits. Surgical release of compression was performed each time symptoms could
      be explained by a reduction in VA flow and also when the compressing agent needed
      to be removed, as in the cases involving tumors. VA decompression was achieved by
      direct approach in 37 patients, by reduction and fixation of a traumatic
      dislocation in 2 patients, and by distal revascularization in 4 patients. Medical
      treatment or roentgenotherapy was used in the other patients. Results were
      excellent in all but 2 patients, who died from traumatic and ischemic lesions,
      respectively. Therefore, it seems important to identify external causes of
      compression of the VA for two reasons: 1) to suppress symptoms of vertebrobasilar
      insufficiency when their relation to VA compression is clearly established, and
      2) to remove compressive agents like tumors safely while preserving the VA.

PMID- 2918972
TI  - Critical analysis of extensive cervical laminectomy.
AB  - Conventional extensive laminectomy has been widely performed to reduce spinal
      cord compression, and is greatly facilitated by the use of an air drill.
      Laminectomy is recognized, however, as the occasional cause of problems after
      surgery, such as spinal instability or deformity, acceleration of spondylotic
      change, constriction of the dura mater caused by extradural scar formation, and
      lack of posterior bony protection for the spinal cord. In an effort to eliminate
      these negative aspects of conventional laminectomy, a surgical technique called
      suspension laminotomy has been used. Fifty-five patients treated with
      conventional extensive laminectomy and 55 others treated with suspension
      laminotomy were followed up clinically and compared. Flexibility and alignment of
      the cervical spine were assessed by plane radiographs, and dural configuration by
      computed tomographic scans. Neurologic improvement was also evaluated. Decrease
      of spinal movement after laminectomy was observed, notably during extension,
      probably as a result of functional insufficiency of paraspinal muscles. The
      incidence of postoperative spinal deformity was lower and the relief of dural
      constriction better in the patients treated with suspension laminotomy than in
      those treated with conventional laminectomy. Neurological recovery was
      significantly better in fully decompressed cases than in insufficiently
      decompressed cases.

PMID- 2918973
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging after closed head injury in children.
AB  - Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed in a series of 21 children and
      adolescents who had been hospitalized after sustaining closed head injuries of
      varying severity at least 6 months previously. Areas of high intensity in the
      parenchyma were present in 8 of the 11 severely injured patients, whereas MRI
      findings were normal in all 10 patients with mild-to-moderate head injuries.
      Lesions involving the subcortical white matter were confined to severely injured
      patients whose clinical features were compatible with diffuse axonal injury.
      Neuropsychological assessment disclosed deficits primarily in the severely
      injured patients; these deficits were significantly associated with persistent
      lesions visualized by MRI. Serial MRI and neurobehavioral assessment following
      early injury may be useful in documenting cognitive impairment in relation to
      structural alterations of the young brain.

PMID- 2918974
TI  - Control of intractable spasticity with intrathecal morphine sulfate.
AB  - Three years ago we reported our preliminary results regarding treatment of
      intractable spasticity with use of intrathecal morphine. This paper is a follow
      up report of 12 patients who underwent implantation of a pump or reservoir for
      delivery of intrathecal morphine sulfate for control of spasticity. Our primary
      concern initially was that patients would ultimately become drug tolerant and
      lose the beneficial effect of the morphine. Only one of these 12 patients has
      developed drug tolerance. The longest follow-up period has been 4.3 years, and
      this patient has maintained excellent control of his spasticity with a stable
      dose of 2 mg of morphine daily.

PMID- 2918975
TI  - Effects of hypovolemic hypotensive shock on somatosensory and motor evoked
      potentials.
AB  - The utility of evoked potentials in monitoring spinal cord and cerebral function
      in various neurosurgical and orthopedic operations has now been established. To
      study the effects of graded hypotension upon spinal and cortical somatosensory
      evoked potentials (SMEPs), and spinal motor evoked potentials (SMEPs), 12
      anesthetized cats were subjected to graded hypotension ranging from a mean
      arterial blood pressure of 100 mmHg to 30 mmHg or less. Hypotension causes a
      progressive increase in onset latency and a decrease in amplitude and conduction
      velocity of SEPs and SMEPs. Cortical SEPs and SMEPs were sensitive to profound
      hypotension (MAP less than 30 mmHg). Spinal SEPs showed more resistance and
      disappeared at lower levels of hypotension. Immediate blood transfusion caused
      resumption of cortical SEPs and SMEPs within 30 minutes after infusion; however,
      the latency and amplitude of responses did not reach the baseline values within 1
      hour after transfusion. The sequential recovery of evoked responses was dependent
      upon the length of hypotension. When 15 minutes elapsed between loss of responses
      and transfusion, cortical SEPs and SMEPs did not resume within 1 hour after
      infusion. No return of signals occurred if 30 minutes elapsed between the loss of
      evoked responses and blood reperfusion. These findings suggest that ischemia
      associated with profound systemic hypotension can alter or obliterate evoked
      responses.

PMID- 2918976
TI  - Influence of anesthetics--nitrous oxide in particular--on electromyographic
      response evoked by transcranial electrical stimulation of the cortex.
AB  - The influence of anesthetics usually used for neuroleptic anesthesia--nitrous
      oxide, fetanyl, flunitrazepam, and thiopental sodium--on motor evoked potentials
      (MEP) was examined in 15 patients during neurosurgical operations on the spinal
      cord, in 16 patients in traumatic coma, and in 6 healthy volunteers. MEP were
      recorded from the contralateral thenar and anterior tibial muscles in response to
      single transcranial electrical stimuli on the motor cortex. Intraoperatively,
      during neuroleptic anesthesia we found the amplitudes to be reduced to an average
      of 11% of the preoperative baselines for the thenar potentials, and to 7% of the
      preoperative baselines for the anterior tibial muscle potentials, despite a
      maximum stimulus strength of 750 V. A similar reduction of MEP amplitudes was
      observed in 6 volunteers during breathing of an oxygen/nitrous oxide mixture
      (34%/66%), whereas fentanyl, flunitrazepam, and thiopental had only a minor
      effect on MEP. We conclude that with respect to anesthesia-related suppression of
      amplitudes, an average of 5 to 15 electromyographic responses should be evaluated
      for intraoperative monitoring of MEP using the technique described here.

PMID- 2918977
TI  - Does intraoperative monitoring of auditory evoked potentials reduce incidence of
      hearing loss as a complication of microvascular decompression of cranial nerves?
AB  - During a 14-month period, 129 individuals underwent 140 operations for
      microvascular decompression to relieve hemifacial spasm, disabling positional
      vertigo, tinnitus, or trigeminal neuralgia at our institution. Seven patients
      were operated upon twice on the same side and 4 were operated upon on both sides
      at different times. In each case, the brainstem auditory evoked potentials were
      monitored intraoperatively by the same neurophysiologist. In 75 of these
      operations, compound action potentials were also recorded from the exposed 8th
      nerve. Comparison of speech discrimination scores before the operation and at the
      time of discharge showed that at discharge, discrimination had decreased in 7
      patients by 15% or more and increased in 4 patients by 15% or more, in 2 patients
      by as much as 52%. Essentially similar results were obtained when preoperative
      speech discrimination scores were compared with results obtained from the 87
      patients who returned for a follow-up visit between 3 and 6 months after
      discharge. Only one patient lost hearing (during a second operation to relieve
      hemifacial spasm). Another patient (also operated upon to relieve hemifacial
      spasm) suffered noticeable hearing loss postoperatively, but had recovered nearly
      normal hearing by 4 months after the operation. Nine patients had an average
      elevation of the hearing threshold for pure tones in the speech frequency range
      (500 to 2000 Hz) of 11 dB or more at 4 to 5 days after the operation; 8 of these
      had fluid in their middle ears that most likely contributed to the hearing loss.
      Threshold elevations occurred at 4000 Hz and 8000 Hz in 19 and 29 ears,
      respectively.

PMID- 2918978
TI  - Ruptured S1-S2 disc presenting with S2 radiculopathy.
AB  - We report the case of a 61-year-old man in whom numbness developed on the right
      side of the penis, scrotum, and perineum after he jumped into a swimming pool.
      Magnetic resonance imaging and a computed tomographic scan disclosed a lesion at
      S1-S2 impinging on the right S2 nerve root. At surgery, ruptured disc material
      originating in an area normally occupied by the fixed fibrocartilaginous plate
      was identified and excised. Postoperatively, the numbness resolved. We discuss a
      possible cause of the rupturing of the sacral disc and recommended treatment by
      laminectomy and excision, as in other cases of ruptured disc at other levels of
      the spinal column.

PMID- 2918979
TI  - Aneurysmal bone cyst of the thoracic spine: treatment by excision and segmental
      stabilization with Luque rods.
AB  - Preoperative radiological evaluation with magnetic resonance imaging and computed
      tomography was valuable in planning the surgical management of a destructive
      lesion of the posterior elements of the thoracic spine that was causing spinal
      cord compression in an 18-year-old woman. Preoperative recognition of bilateral
      involvement of the pedicles in addition to the laminae and spinous process led to
      use of prophylactic segmental stabilization of the spine with Luque rods after
      successful excision of an aneurysmal bone cyst. This case provides an example of
      the usefulness of computed tomographic scanning and magnetic resonance imaging in
      assessing the distribution and location of vertebral tumor and its potential
      effect on spinal stability. The efficacy of combining radical excision with
      stabilization for treatment of aneurysmal bone cysts of the spine is emphasized.

PMID- 2918980
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging of symptomatic Rathke's cleft cyst: report of a case.
AB  - A case of symptomatic Rathke's cleft cyst is described. In spite of the
      intrasellar component and radiological and clinical evidence of involvement of
      the pituitary gland, the sella turcica was minimally involved. MRI afforded
      optimal visualization and localization of the intra- and suprasellar components
      vis-a-vis the pituitary gland, optic chiasm, infundibular stalk, and carotid
      arteries.

PMID- 2918981
TI  - Ectopic prolactinoma within the sphenoid sinus.
AB  - A case of an ectopic prolactin-producing tumor located within the sphenoid sinus
      is reported. It was discovered in a girl who experienced secondary amenorrhea
      without galactorrhea. We discuss the different diagnoses proposed before
      immunocytochemical staining results were available. This case presented unusual
      radiological, surgical, and histopathological aspects.

PMID- 2918982
TI  - Progressive unilateral hydrocephalus in adults.
AB  - Unilateral dilatation of the lateral ventricle in adults is rare. We report 2
      cases of unilateral hydrocephalus with obstruction at the foramen of Monro. Both
      patients presented with symptoms of raised intracranial pressure.

PMID- 2918983
TI  - Upward transtentorial herniation: a complication of postoperative edema at the
      cervicomedullary junction.
AB  - Local edema at the operative bed developed a few hours after uneventful subtotal
      removal of a lesion occupying the lower medulla and upper cervical cord. The
      patient experienced apnea, quadriplegia, and circulatory collapse followed by
      acute respiratory insufficiency. Hydrocephalus secondary to aqueductal occlusion
      occurred on the 3rd postoperative day. A computerized tomographic scan was
      compatible with upward transtentorial herniation. The association of this
      phenomenon with an intra-axial lesion at the cervicomedullary junction has not
      been previously documented. The pathophysiological mechanisms implicated in this
      complication are discussed.

PMID- 2918985
TI  - Modified skull clamp procedure.

PMID- 2918984
TI  - Cerebellar hemangioblastoma during pregnancy.

PMID- 2918986
TI  - Temporary lumbar drainage in normal pressure hydrocephalus.

PMID- 2918987
TI  - Therapeutic trial of intravenous nimodipine.

PMID- 2918988
TI  - Origin of motor evoked potentials in the rat.

PMID- 2918989
TI  - Neurography for intraoperative monitoring of facial nerve function.

PMID- 2918990
TI  - Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-like immunoreactive neurons located in the
      rat suprachiasmatic nucleus receive a direct retinal projection.
AB  - The existence of a direct projection from retinal ganglion cells to vasoactive
      intestinal peptide (VIP)-like immunoreactive neuronal elements in the rat
      suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) was revealed by combining analysis of degenerating
      axons following enucleation and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry.
      Degenerating axons appeared to make synaptic contact with VIP-like immunoreactive
      dendrite and neuronal perikarya in the ventral part of the SCN. The possibility
      of neuronal input from retinal ganglion cells to axons of VIP-like immunoreactive
      neurons was also suspected since axo-axonic synapses were detected between
      degenerating axons and axons with VIP-like immunoreactivity. Thus, VIP-like
      immunoreactive neurons in the SCN receive several neuronal inputs, including
      those from the retina, and may play a significant role in circadian entrainment.

PMID- 2918991
TI  - Re-evaluation of the effects of norepinephrine on the single-unit activity of
      paraventricular neurosecretory neurons.
AB  - Electrical stimulation of the A1 noradrenergic region elicited predominantly an
      excitatory orthodromic response from paraventricular neurosecretory neurons
      recorded in urethane-anesthetized male rats. In a majority of cases, locally
      applied norepinephrine (NE) as well as A1 region stimulation excited
      paraventricular neurosecretory neurons. However, in some neurons including a
      subpopulation of putative vasopressin neurons, iontophoresed NE was inhibitory.
      Both excitatory and inhibitory effects of NE were selectively blocked by the
      alpha-antagonist, phentolamine, but not by the beta-antagonist, timolol. In
      general, the results support the notion that the A1 noradrenergic input to
      paraventricular neurosecretory neurons is excitatory. Nevertheless, the results
      do not exclude the possibility that NE exerts a specific, alpha-receptor
      mediated, inhibitory effect on a subpopulation of paraventricular neurons.

PMID- 2918992
TI  - Receptor position, not nerve branch, determines electroreceptor somatotopy in the
      gymnotiform fish (Apteronotus leptorhynchus).
AB  - The supraorbital (SO) nerve branch of some weakly electric teleosts innervates
      electroreceptors on the entire rostral snout and therefore excludes the
      infraorbital (IO) branch. A ventral twig of SO innervates the ventral snout
      (normally IO territory) and projects into the electroreceptive lateral line lobe
      in an IO pattern. This suggests that afferents to adjacent snout receptors can
      take widely divergent pathways (different nerve branches) to the electrosensory
      lateral line lobe (ELL) yet retain somatotopy centrally. We conclude: (1) that
      there is intrabranch somatotopy within these nerves, and (2) that receptor
      position, not nerve branch, determines ELL somatotopy.

PMID- 2918993
TI  - Collateral nerve sprouting and twitch forces of single motor units in conditions
      with partial denervation in man.
AB  - Single motor units (MUs) were studied in the first dorsal interosseus muscle of 7
      patients with slight partial denervation and in 10 controls. MU action potentials
      were recorded using the macro-EMG technique and their size was taken to assess
      collateral nerve sprouting. Simultaneously, the muscle force was monitored to
      determine the voluntary recruitment thresholds of the MUs and spike-triggered
      averaging was applied to measure their twitch forces. At comparable force
      recruitment thresholds, both macro-EMG potentials and twitch forces were
      increased in the patients. We conclude, that collateral nerve sprouting increases
      MU force and can compensate for MU loss.

PMID- 2918994
TI  - An in vitro preparation for studying motor pattern generation in the
      cerebellorubrospinal circuit of the turtle.
AB  - In vivo studies in mammals have suggested that the cerebellorubrospinal circuit
      functions as a recurrent excitatory loop that generates motor commands and
      transmits them to the spinal cord via the rubrospinal pathway. Here we describe
      an in vitro preparation from the turtle exhibiting functional synaptic
      connections between the cerebellum, brainstem and upper spinal cord that is
      suitable for detailed analysis of this circuit. Electrical stimulation of the
      spinal cord was used to activate the cerebellorubrospinal circuit while activity
      was sampled with extracellular recordings from single cells in the red nucleus.
      Single units responded to stimulation with short and long latency synaptic
      responses, in addition to antidromic activation. Some cells showed bursts of
      activity lasting several hundred milliseconds suggesting the presence of
      recurrent excitation. Interruption of Purkinje cell inhibitory input impinging on
      the cerebellorubrospinal loop prolonged bursting and enhanced spontaneous
      activity. This preparation should facilitate the examination of the role of the
      cerebellorubrospinal circuit in motor pattern generation.

PMID- 2918995
TI  - Presynaptic effect of gamma-aminobutyric acid on the inhibitory nerve and nerve
      terminals in the crayfish neuromuscular junction.
AB  - Experiments were carried out in voltage-clamped fibres of the opener muscle of
      the first walking leg or claw of small crayfish. Repetitive discharges in the
      inhibitory nerve innervating the muscle were induced by adding serotonin (10(-6)
      mol/l) and forskolin (10(-4) mol/l) to the superfusate. Rates of nerve discharge
      were determined by recording nerve evoked inhibitory postsynaptic currents
      (IPSCs) in the voltage-clamped muscle fibre. Subsequently, the effect of gamma
      aminobutyric acid (GABA) on the rate of IPSCs in normal and Cl- -deficient
      superfusate was investigated. In normal superfusate GABA (10(-5) mol/l) abolished
      the IPSCs whereas in Cl- -deficient superfusate GABA (10(-4) mol/l) enhanced the
      rate of IPSCs. Moreover, in Cl- -deficient superfusate the rate of asynchronous
      quantal release of inhibitory transmitter could be enhanced by GABA. The results
      indicate that in the crayfish neuromuscular junction the inhibitory axon is
      supplied with GABA receptors which may affect (a) axonal excitation and (b)
      quantal output at the inhibitory axon terminals.

PMID- 2918996
TI  - Long-term potentiation induced in dendrites separated from rat's CA1 pyramidal
      somata does not establish a late phase.
AB  - In 14 transversal hippocampal slices from rats the extracellular field-EPSP
      (excitatory postsynaptic potential) in the dendritic region of the CA1 subfield
      was recorded after isolating the apical dendrites from their somata by
      microsurgical cuts through the proximal stratum radiatum. Contrary to intact
      slices which, after tetanic stimulation of the Schaffer collaterals, showed long
      term potentiation (LTP) until the end of registration after 8-10 h, LTP declined
      in the isolated dendrites to baseline values after 3 h. It is concluded that de
      novo protein synthesis in postsynaptic cell bodies might be necessary for the
      maintenance of late phases of LTP.

PMID- 2918997
TI  - Effects of melatonin on neuronal activity in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus in
      vitro.
AB  - The pineal hormone melatonin is believed to act directly on the hypothalamic
      suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), which are principal circadian pacemakers in
      rodents, although direct demonstration of this is lacking. To determine whether
      the SCN are sensitive to melatonin electrophysiologically, we investigated the
      effect of melatonin on rat SCN single-unit activity in an in vitro hypothalamic
      slice preparation. SCN single-unit activity was inhibited by melatonin
      superfusion during the late subjective day in a dose-dependent manner but not at
      other times of day, supporting the view that melatonin acts directly on SCN
      neurons.

PMID- 2918998
TI  - The recording of brain evoked potentials resulting from intra-articular focused
      ultrasonic stimulation: a new experimental model for investigating joint pain in
      humans.
AB  - Pain was induced in the proximal interphalangeal joint of the index finger in
      human volunteers using a high powered focused ultrasonic generator. Eighty, 100
      ms pulses were applied during each test. This test was repeated at hourly
      intervals for a period of 5 h. A brain evoked potential with a characteristic
      wave form was recorded, resulting from the application of these stimuli. A
      computerised visual analogue scale system was used to measure subject's
      perception of the painfulness of each stimulus. A significant correlation was
      found between evoked potential amplitude and mean visual analogue scale score.
      There was some variation in evoked potential amplitude and mean visual analogue
      scale score as a result of repeated application of the test but this was not
      significant over the 5 h time period.

PMID- 2918999
TI  - Antagonism of cholecystokinin function in the rostral and caudal nucleus
      accumbens: differential effects on brain stimulation reward.
AB  - Microinjections of proglumide, a cholecystokinin (CCK) receptor antagonist, into
      the rostral and caudal nucleus accumbens (NA) were examined for effects on
      intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) derived from the ventral tegmental area
      (VTA). Proglumide was found to dose-dependently antagonize ICSS when administered
      in the caudal NA but had weak facilitatory effects when administered in the
      rostral NA. These findings were interpreted to suggest that endogenous CCK is
      involved in the neurochemical mechanisms underlying brain stimulation reward
      derived from the VTA. The present results are consistent with the notion that
      caudal NA CCK function is associated with facilitatory influences on brain
      stimulation reward. The dopamine antagonist-like effects of CCK appear to involve
      CCK actions in the more rostral regions of the NA and may reflect the
      contribution of non-dopamine neuron-derived source(s) of CCK.

PMID- 2919000
TI  - Status epilepticus-induced hippocampal damage is modulated by glucose
      availability.
AB  - Kainic acid administration induces status epilepticus seizures in the rat which
      damage CA1 and CA3 hippocampal neurons. Rats made hypoglycemic prior to seizure
      had enhanced volumes of damage, when compared to normo- or hyperglycemic rats.
      The mild hypoglycemia was not in the range which, itself, typically produces
      hippocampal damage. This suggests that limited energy availability compromised
      the ability of neurons to survive seizures. Our data also suggest that the CA1
      damage seen after status epilepticus is not hypoxic-ischemic in origin, since
      elevating pre-seizure glucose concentrations to a range which typically
      exacerbates hypoxic-ischemic CA1 damage did not augment status-epilepticus CA1
      damage.

PMID- 2919001
TI  - The amygdala directly innervates adrenergic (C1) neurons in the ventrolateral
      medulla in the rat.
AB  - The innervation of adrenergic (C1) neurons in the ventrolateral medulla by the
      central amygdaloid nucleus (Ce) was investigated using immunohistochemical
      detection of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) combined with
      anterograde tracing through Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) transport
      and lesion-induced axonal degeneration. Injections of PHA-L into the medial Ce
      labelled axons in close proximity to PNMT-immunoreactive dendrites and somata in
      the ventrolateral medulla. The PNMT-immunoreactive neurons within the rostral
      part of the nucleus reticularis rostroventrolateralis were preferentially
      innervated by the amygdaloid terminals. Degenerating terminals formed synaptic
      contacts on PNMT-immunoreactive cells of the ventrolateral medulla in animals
      with lesions of the Ce. The synaptic contacts were mainly found on dendrites and
      were usually of the symmetrical type. The present findings provide evidence that
      cells within the amygdala directly innervate presumed adrenergic cells in the
      ventrolateral medulla. This pathway may be part of the anatomical substrates that
      are activated during amygdaloid-mediated sympathetic activity.

PMID- 2919002
TI  - Passive electrical properties of spontaneously active neurons in the nucleus
      reticularis gigantocellularis of the cat.
AB  - We evaluated in chloralose-urethane anesthetized cats the passive electrical
      properties of 25 spontaneously active neurons in the nucleus reticularis
      gigantocellularis (NRGC) of the medulla oblongata. Compared to other mammalian
      brain regions, these reticular cells in general possessed higher input
      resistance, shorter membrane time constant and first equalizing time constant,
      and longer somatodendritic electrotonic length factor. It is discussed that, by
      providing a synaptic machinery for quick and sensitive response to afferent
      inputs and an efficacious interplay between temporal and spatial summation, these
      electrical membrane properties may account for the spontaneous and irregular
      discharge pattern characteristic of the NRGC neurons.

PMID- 2919003
TI  - Aging does not alter the voltage-dependent release of endogenous dopamine from
      mouse striatal synaptosomes.
AB  - Striatal synaptosomes isolated from 3-, 12-, and 24-month-old C57B1/6J mice were
      exposed to low (5 mM) and high (30 mM) concentrations of potassium of 1, 3, 5, 15
      and 30 s. There were no age-related differences in the total intrasynaptosomal
      content of dopamine among the three age groups of mice. The basal release of
      endogenous dopamine from synaptosomes isolated from 24-month-old animals was
      significantly greater than that from synaptosomes isolated from 3-month-old
      animals at all time points tested. Similarly the potassium stimulated release of
      dopamine from 24-month-old animals was also higher than that from the 3-month-old
      group, but this increase was not statistically significant. The net voltage
      dependent release of dopamine (stimulated minus basal) was similar for all groups
      at all time points measured. The increase in basal dopamine release in the 24
      month-old animals may reflect an increased fragility or leakiness of the
      synaptosomal preparation.

PMID- 2919004
TI  - Lysosome instability in aged rat brain.
AB  - The study of the age-dependent change in lysosomal enzyme activities of the
      cerebral tissue showed the significant increase of cathepsin D in the aged rat
      brain, while those of beta-glucuronidase and acid phosphatase remained unchanged.
      The subcellular distribution study of cathepsin D and beta-glucuronidase revealed
      the increased activity of these enzymes in the cytosolic fraction from the aged
      brain. In vitro incubation of the lysosome fraction from the aged rat brain
      resulted in more leakage of these two enzymes, indicating the instability of the
      lysosome in the aged brain, which resembled the effect of L-Leu-methyl ester to
      the lysosome.

PMID- 2919005
TI  - Myorelaxant effect after intrathecal injection of antispastic drugs in rats.
AB  - The effects of intrathecal (i.th.) injections of antispastic drugs were studied
      on spontaneous activity in the electromyogram (EMG) in genetically spastic rats
      and on spinal reflex transmission in anaesthetized normal rats. Baclofen, 0.2-2
      nmol, and midazolam, 10-80 nmol, suppressed tonic activity in the EMG recorded
      from the gastrocnemius muscle in mutant rats, whereas tizanidine, 1-100 nmol,
      enhanced it. The action of baclofen was antagonized by i.th. co-administration of
      delta-aminovalerate but not by bicuculline, that of midazolam by systemic
      pretreatment with Ro 15-1788. The effect of i.th. tizanidine was antagonized by
      co-administration of prazosin but not by yohimbine. Baclofen, 2 nmol, exerted
      suppressant effects on Hoffman (H)-reflexes and spinal flexor reflexes in normal
      animals, midazolam, 80 nmol, only on flexor reflexes. Tizanidine, 100 nmol,
      failed to suppress H-reflexes and flexor reflexes. The present results
      demonstrate a myorelaxant effect of i.th. injections of baclofen and midazolam
      but not of i.th. tizanidine.

PMID- 2919006
TI  - Neuritic outgrowth in primary cell culture of neurons from the squid, Loligo
      pealei.
AB  - Giant fiber lobe (GFL) cells obtained from healthy squid reliably produced
      neuritic processes in culture. The processes were of two types, a sheet-like veil
      or thin branching neurites. The latter type was often associated with bulbous
      expansions (presumptive growth cones), at the termini, at branch points, or at
      sites of apparent contact among branches from two different cells. On poly-L
      lysine substrate, veiling usually occurred by the fourth or fifth day in culture,
      while the branching processes appeared by one week to ten days. The elaboration
      of the outgrowths by the GFL neurons was influenced by the culture substrate and
      incubation temperature. The development of a preparation in which isolated GFL
      somata extend neurites in an easily controlled environment will permit the
      detailed study of axon fusion, channel expression and turnover, and synapse
      formation in the neurons.

PMID- 2919007
TI  - Myelin formation in myelin-deficient rat spinal cord following transplantation of
      normal fetal spinal cord.
AB  - Previous studies of the myelin-deficient rat spinal cord have suggested that
      astrocytes may play a role in preventing the formation of myelin in this mutant,
      or causing its breakdown. Comparison of mutant and normal littermate spinal cords
      shows a marked hypertrophy of astrocytes in the mutant in both gray matter and
      fiber tract regions. Nevertheless, when normal fetal spinal cord fragments are
      transplanted into mutant host spinal cord, clusters of normal-looking myelin
      sheaths develop with no sign of attack by host astrocytes.

PMID- 2919008
TI  - Identification of gamma-aminobutyric acid-like immunoreactive neurons in the rat
      cuneate nucleus.
AB  - Neurons in the cuneate nucleus of the rat were examined for gamma-aminobutyric
      acid-like immunoreactivity (GABA-LI) using antiserum raised against GABA
      glutaraldehyde-keyhole limpet hemocyanin. GABA-LI neurons were analyzed for size,
      shape, and distribution and compared to Nissl-stained neurons. GABA-LI cell
      bodies were located at all rostral-caudal levels and were distributed randomly
      throughout the nucleus except at the level of the obex, where they were limited
      to the peripheral region of the cuneate nucleus. GABA-LI cell bodies had a
      significantly smaller mean cross-sectional area than the total cuneate neuronal
      population and comprised 21.5% of the total neuronal population as assessed with
      Nissl-staining. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that GABA is
      involved in processing somatosensory information in the rat dorsal column nuclei.

PMID- 2919009
TI  - The rabbit retina: a suitable mammalian tissue for obtaining astroglia-free
      Muller cell cultures.
AB  - Monolayer cultures were prepared from two distinct parts of early postnatal
      rabbit retinae. Cell suspensions obtained from the developing medullary ray (MR)
      region contained neurons, Muller (glial) cells, and astrocytes, cells obtained
      from the remainder (peripheral) part of the retina contained neurons and Muller
      cells, but no astrocytes. Muller cells lack glial fibrillary acidic protein
      (GFAP) immunolabeling in situ but some of them acquire faint GFAP labeling in
      both types of cultures. Strongly GFAP-labeled cells, most likely astrocytes, were
      seen in MR cultures only. We propose that the periphery of the rabbit retina is
      ideal for obtaining astroglia-free Muller cell cultures to study their functional
      properties in vitro.

PMID- 2919010
TI  - The conditioning effect of optic nerve injury upon axonal regrowth from adult rat
      retinal ganglion cells explanted in vitro.
AB  - An in vitro assay was used to determine the effects of conditioning nerve lesions
      on the regeneration of adult rat retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons from retinal
      explants. Following the conditioning lesion (CL) of unilateral optic nerve
      transection, maximal regrowth was seen from RGC explanted from ipsilateral
      retinae 10 days post-CL. Explants from this group initiated axonal regrowth
      earlier and a greater percentage regrew axons when compared with explants from
      normal rats. Axonal regrowth from explants of retinae contralateral to CL was
      also seen earlier than normal. In further experiments, the effects of both
      exposure of the optic nerve sheath in the orbit and the incision of the dura
      without injury to optic nerve axons were studied. The conditioning effect of a
      dural incision was found to be the same as that of optic nerve transection,
      whilst exposure of the optic nerve sheath had no conditioning effect on RGC
      axonal regrowth in vitro.

PMID- 2919011
TI  - Preferential adhesion of chick central neurons to the gray matter of the central
      nervous system.
AB  - Dissociated chick neocortical neurons were cultured on cryostat sections of the
      rat central nervous system. The neurons adhered to and grew on the gray matter of
      the tissue derived from various parts of the central nervous system (CNS), but
      were not seen on the white matter. However, cell attachment was seen on sciatic
      nerve. This preferred adhesion to and growth on the gray matter of the CNS was
      abolished by irradiation of ultraviolet light which is supposed to denaturate
      proteins without disturbing tissue architecture. These observations suggest that
      differential cell adhesion to the gray and white matter could be ascribable to
      localization of some adhesive molecule(s) in the gray matter or to localization
      of nonpermissive molecule(s) in the CNS gray matter.

PMID- 2919012
TI  - The re-expression of two myosin heavy chains in regenerated rat muscle spindles.
AB  - The vascular supply and tendons of the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles of
      two adult rats were unilaterally severed and the muscles were allowed to
      regenerate for 40 days. Serial frozen sections of muscle grafts were cut and
      stained for enzymes that delineated fiber type, sensory endings and motor
      endings. MF30 and ALD58, two antibodies which react only to intrafusal fibers in
      normal rat muscle, were reacted against sections of nerve-intact muscle grafts.
      Data were compared to that from muscles of normal rats. Encapsulated fibers
      devoid of sensory innervation and some extrafusal fibers in muscle grafts had a
      weak to moderate reaction to MF30, but no reaction to ALD58. Regenerated,
      encapsulated fibers with sensory innervation bound both MF30 and ALD58. These
      data indicate that afferents which reinnervate regenerated spindles retain the
      capacity to induce expression of spindle-specific myosin isoforms in rats.

PMID- 2919013
TI  - Is a retinal input involved in the generation of eye resetting fast phases in the
      frog eye optokinetic nystagmus?
AB  - An intravitreal injection of cis-2,3-piperidine dicarboxylic acid (PDA), a
      glutamate analog, in one eye only, decreased or even totally suppressed the eye
      resetting fast phases (ERFPs) of the frog optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) in
      monocular as in binocular situations. On the opposite, for low drum speeds, the
      slow phase eye velocity was not affected by PDA. Moreover, it seems that
      intravitreally injected PDA does not act upon central structures responsible for
      OKN. Our experiments suggest that a retinal input may be involved in triggering
      the ERFPs in the OKN.

PMID- 2919014
TI  - The ability of gustatory stimuli to modify the cardiac sympathetic and vagus
      nerve activities.
AB  - The effects of chemical stimulation of the oro-lingual mucosa on the heart rate
      and arterial blood pressure were studied together with changes in the cardiac
      nerve activities in the rat. Of four qualities of basic taste stimuli, only HCl
      and NaCl but not quinine and sucrose were effective in increasing the heart rate
      and blood pressure. These changes in the cardiovascular system were associated
      with an increase in the efferent cardiac sympathetic activity and a decrease in
      the vagal activity, although they were no longer appreciable after transection of
      the glossopharyngeal nerve.

PMID- 2919015
TI  - Correlation between intracellular pH and lactate levels in the rat brain during
      potassium cyanide induced metabolism blockade: a combined 31P-1H in vivo nuclear
      magnetic spectroscopy study.
AB  - Female Sprague-Dawley rats were chronically implanted with nuclear magnetic
      resonance (NMR) surface coils tuned to both 31P and 1H NMR frequencies.
      Alternated 31P and 1H NMR spectra were recorded at 2.5 min intervals in waking
      rats or rats under pentobarbital or chloral hydrate anesthesia. After a reference
      period, the metabolic changes were observed following intraperitoneal injection
      of potassium cyanide (KCN, 5 mg/kg). Among previously observed changes typical of
      cellular anoxia, attention was specifically paid to the relationship between the
      intracellular pH values and the lactate levels. The results show a strong lactate
      pH correlation in waking rats, a partial decoupling under nembutal anesthesia and
      a complete decoupling under chloral hydrate anesthesia.

PMID- 2919016
TI  - Meningococcal vaccine--do some children experience side effects?
AB  - In order to stop an outbreak of group A meningococcal meningitis, 130,000
      Auckland children were immunised. During the month following vaccination there
      were 546 reports of unusual clinical events reported by parents and
      practitioners, together with 40 specialist paediatric assessments of children
      presenting with neurological symptoms. In 25 of these latter there was complete
      agreement between the history as presented by parents in the initial telephone
      report and the paediatrician's subsequent summarised history. Of the 546 reports,
      217 either had too little detail for an assessment or the symptoms were clearly
      attributable to other causes. Of the remaining reports, there were 152 cases of
      fever with or without other symptoms; 85 were of rash and local reactions within
      24h of vaccination; 63 reports were of headache, stiff neck and myalgia within
      48h of vaccination. There were 92 reports of apparent peripheral nerve
      involvement, including 80 reports of unexplained weakness and 57 reports of
      paraesthesia or dysaesthesia. Both motor and sensory symptoms occurred in some
      children; none were permanent. The effects of adverse publicity during the
      campaign on the genesis of some symptoms is acknowledged, but the possibility
      that short term neurological symptoms occur after vaccination seems likely and
      has not been previously reported.

PMID- 2919017
TI  - Life after Cartwright.

PMID- 2919018
TI  - Treatment of premenstrual symptoms in Wellington women.
AB  - A survey of 1826 women in the Wellington region was carried out. Participants
      were asked about their general and gynaecological health, as well as detailed
      questions about their last menstrual cycle. The majority (1456) had had a
      menstrual period within the last month or so. Eighty five percent of these women
      noted premenstrual symptoms of some kind, and were asked about a variety of self
      help measures, and medical help, for these, and whether the advice and/or
      treatment was in fact helpful. Nine hundred and ninety women had tried self-help
      while four hundred and sixteen had sought medical help. The most commonly tried
      self-help measures were exercise, rest and vitamin B6. Half the women had tried
      each of these. Overall, there was a marked placebo response, but exercise, rest
      and keeping a written diary of symptoms were all helpful in over eighty percent
      of those who tried them. Doctors offered a wide range of treatments, including
      vitamin B6, diuretics, oral contraceptives and mefanamic acid, but the effect of
      these was difficult to evaluate further. When the sample was subdivided into
      clusters of women who shared similar symptoms, significant differences in the
      effectiveness of different self help measures emerged. Four different
      premenstrual syndromes are suggested: PMS-breast, PMS-bloat, PMS-irritable and
      intolerant, and PMS-various.

PMID- 2919019
TI  - Children admitted to a general intensive care unit.
AB  - A retrospective analysis of the pattern of admission of children to the general
      intensive care unit of Christchurch Hospital during the period 1980-7 inclusive,
      is reported. Three hundred and ninety-nine children were admitted during this
      period and they formed 10.7% of all admissions to the unit. In addition to the
      intensive care specialist, a paediatrician was involved with the management on
      260 occasions and a surgeon on 139 occasions. Acute epiglottitis was the single
      commonest medical cause for admission and trauma from motor vehicle accidents the
      commonest surgical reason. Overall mortality was 14.5%, 13% for medical
      conditions and 16% for those with surgical problems. These results are in keeping
      with those reported from overseas.

PMID- 2919021
TI  - How safe is anaesthesia in New Zealand?

PMID- 2919020
TI  - Psychobiological effects of gastric restriction surgery for morbid obesity.
AB  - A sample of 36 patients who had undergone gastric reduction surgery for severe
      obesity was seen postoperatively and psychobiological changes assessed. Subjects
      reported substantial weight losses with reduced food intake and normalisation of
      eating habits. In the majority of patients positive changes had occurred in
      attitudes and improvements were found in mood, social and sexual functioning. Low
      rates of psychological disturbance were reported.

PMID- 2919022
TI  - AIDS and the health care worker.

PMID- 2919023
TI  - Autopsy and the cause of death.

PMID- 2919024
TI  - Contraceptive practice in New Zealand.

PMID- 2919025
TI  - Diet and heart disease.

PMID- 2919026
TI  - High-dose inhaled corticosteroids.

PMID- 2919027
TI  - O & G textbooks revised.

PMID- 2919028
TI  - Changes in dose limitation.

PMID- 2919029
TI  - Use of sodium iodide to overcome the eluate age restriction for Ceretec
      reconstitution.
AB  - The Ceretec kit for preparation of 99Tcm-hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime (HMPAO)
      complex for the investigation of regional cerebral blood flow requires careful
      handling by the radiopharmacist and a number of restrictions have been placed on
      the kit relating to the nature of 99Tcm generator eluate used for reconstitution.
      The addition of sodium iodide to eluate immediately after elution can remove one
      of these restrictions. A level of 0.4 mg sodium iodide added after elution allows
      reconstitution of Ceretec up to 6 h later with no adverse effect on radiochemical
      purity. This offers a simple method for the use of this product if availability
      of fresh technetium generator eluate is a constraint.

PMID- 2919030
TI  - The evaluation of right ventricular function in acute myocardial infarction by
      xenon-133.
AB  - Right ventricular performance was assessed in 37 patients with acute myocardial
      infarction within two hours of admission to Coronary Care and compared to results
      in 21 normal volunteers and 12 patients undergoing coronary arteriography. Right
      ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF) was measured from gated xenon-133 scans. The
      normal range of RVEF (42.8 +/- 5.1%) was significantly higher than in the 30
      patients with inferior infarction (26.3 +/- 10.9%; p less than 0.001) and was
      similar to that in patients with anterior infarct (40.6 +/- 5.4%; ns) and
      patients undergoing coronary arteriography (39.3 +/- 4.9%; ns). Fifteen of the
      patients with inferior infarct had clinical evidence of right ventricular
      dysfunction with a mean RVEF of 18.9 +/- 7.9%, significantly below the fifteen
      patients with no clinical evidence of right ventricular dysfunction (34.3 +/-
      8.3%; p less than 0.001).

PMID- 2919031
TI  - The effect of eating on transit through the small intestine.
AB  - The effect of eating on the transit of radiolabelled particles through the small
      intestine has been monitored in eight healthy subjects dosed after an overnight
      fast. Each subject participated on three occasions and either remained fasting
      for 9 h after dosing or consumed a meal at 1.5 h or 4 h. The mean +/- 1 S.D.
      small intestinal transit time during the fasting study was 5.5 +/- 2.1 h and
      during the 1.5h and 4 h fed studies 4.8 +/- 2.9 h and 4.7 +/- 2.2 h,
      respectively. These times were not significantly different, nor were the rates of
      entry of the particles into the colon. These findings indicate that once in the
      small intestine the efficacy of orally administered pharmaceutical preparations
      is unlikely to be affected by eating.

PMID- 2919032
TI  - Diagnostic potential of diuresis renography: limitations by the severity of
      hydronephrosis and by impairment of renal function.
AB  - Eighty ureterorenal units (65 patients) with upper urinary tract dilatation
      underwent pressure perfusion studies and diuresis renographies separated by short
      intervals. Pressure perfusion studies were evaluated as suggested by Whitaker,
      while wash-out curves of diuretic renographies were analysed quantitatively by
      calculating peak elimination rates. Upper urinary tract volume was estimated from
      i.v. urographies and measured directly in 21 cases. Renal function was assessed
      from base-line renograms and plasma creatinine levels. In patients with minor
      upper urinary tract dilatation (less than 30 ml) the two procedures agreed in 88%
      of cases, in those with massive dilatation (greater than 70 ml) agreement was
      limited to 58%. Diuretic renal scans were more often obstructed than pressure
      perfusion studies in the latter situation. The effect of severely reduced renal
      function was less prominent than that of massive dilatation. This was confirmed
      by the exaggerated response to frusemide reflected by urinary flow measurements
      in patients with a creatinine clearance of 10 ml min-1 or less. Of the eight
      patients with severely reduced renal function, who did not show full agreement
      between the procedures, six had massive dilatation of the upper urinary tract.

PMID- 2919033
TI  - Bilateral compressive optic neuropathy secondary to bilateral sphenoethmoidal
      mucoceles.
AB  - We have presented a rare case of bilateral posterior sphenoethmoidal sinus
      mucoceles with bilateral compressive optic neuropathy. While the duration of
      compression was variably present over a 10-month period, there were nevertheless
      significant improvements in visual acuity of the right eye and visual fields
      bilaterally following extensive optic nerve decompression.

PMID- 2919034
TI  - Fusarium oxysporum keratitis.
AB  - We describe herein a patient with a rare occurrence of mycotic keratitis caused
      by Fusarium oxysporum. The fungus destroyed the cornea, and a perforating corneal
      graft had to be performed. The drug of choice in such diagnosed cases is
      natamycin. A comparison between Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium solani is
      discussed.

PMID- 2919035
TI  - Cytology of intraocular lens surface: a transmission electron-microscopic study.
      Cytology of intraocular lens surface.
AB  - We developed a new method for specimen preparation for transmission
      electronmicroscopic study of cellular responses on intraocular lenses. This
      procedure omits propylene oxide treatment of the materials to be studied, which
      is normally a step in the routine preparation process for transmission electron
      microscopy. It was previously found that propylene oxide treatment dissolves
      intraocular lenses. Using our procedure, two types of cells were identified on
      intraocular lenses removed from monkey eyes 7 days after implantation. These
      cells had the typical structural features of multinucleated giant cells and of
      macrophages. It thus appears that this procedure will permit study of the
      cytology of intraocular lens surfaces.

PMID- 2919036
TI  - Study of a new series of large relaxing retinotomies.
AB  - Silicone oil injection followed by retinotomy was performed in a second series of
      37 patients with retinal detachment and advanced proliferative vitreoretinopathy.
      The retina posteriorly to the retinotomy was attached in 16 eyes with at least 18
      months of follow-up. Ambulatory vision or better vision was restored in 12 eyes.
      The size and the site of the retinotomy depend on the size and the site of the
      retraction.

PMID- 2919037
TI  - Neuroretinal rim area in normal eyes: a study on a randomized group of 30
      subjects.
AB  - This study was undertaken in order to evaluate the range of the neuroretinal rim
      area in a normal sample and the repeatability of manual photogrammetric
      measurements. Thirty randomly chosen eyes from 30 subjects without ocular disease
      were examined: the mean disc area (2.20 +/- SD 0.58 mm2), the mean cup area (0.36
      +/- 0.29 mm2) and the mean rim area (1.83 +/- 0.37 mm2) were evaluated. All the
      measurements were performed by two independent observers and were corrected to
      the actual size by measuring refraction and axial length of each eye. A linear
      correlation among disc areas (r = 0.71), cup areas (r = 0.93) and rim areas (r =
      0.74) between the two observers was found. Furthermore, a highly significant
      correlation between disc area and rim area was observed (r = 0.90) together with
      a correlation between the disc and cup area (r = 0.82). A correlation between
      disc area and axial length was finally found (r = 0.59). The neuroretinal rim
      area has been expressed as a percentage of the total disc area. Percent values
      (+/- SD) were clustered around a mean of 84.83 +/- 8.8%. Despite their high
      degree of repeatability, our data are slightly different from those previously
      reported by other authors.

PMID- 2919038
TI  - Accuracy of memory-guided saccades.
AB  - Accuracy of saccades toward a remembered target positions in the dark (memory
      guided saccades) was studied in 11 normal subjects. The subjects were instructed
      to execute saccades with amplitudes of 20, 40, 60, and 80 degrees, centering on
      the primary position. Saccades were initially performed for 30 s with visual
      fixation targets. The targets were then switched off. The subjects continued
      saccades in the dark with the given amplitude. Most memory-guided saccades
      overshot the target. Saccades with an amplitude error of 12.7 +/- 7.3 degrees
      (mean +/- SD) were followed by corrective saccades, while no corrective saccades
      occurred following saccades with an error of 4.3 +/- 4.0 degrees. The accuracy of
      initial memory-guided saccades decreased with time. However, the amplitude of the
      memory-guided saccades was corrected when the error was beyond about 5 degrees.
      These results suggest that memory-guided saccades are not repetitions of visually
      guided saccades, but nonvisual error signals relate to the control of eye
      movements in the dark.

PMID- 2919039
TI  - Bilateral macular coloboma associated with progressive atrophy of the peripheral
      retina.
AB  - An 11-year-old girl with poor visual acuity since birth was found to have nearly
      complete defects of the retinochoroidal tissue in the central areas of both fundi
      and almost normal peripheral retinas. Her parents were first cousins. At age 24,
      the patient reported night blindness. An examination showed geographic atrophy of
      the peripheral retina and stationary macular lesions in both eyes. Her condition
      appeared to be a rare case of bilateral macular coloboma associated with
      progressive peripheral retinal atrophy.

PMID- 2919040
TI  - Controlling risks of the possible transmission of human immunodeficiency virus.
      Notice of American Academy of Ophthalmology Clinical Alert 2/4.

PMID- 2919041
TI  - Increased scleral rigidity and age-related macular degeneration.
AB  - The coefficient of scleral rigidity of the eyes of 29 patients with age-related
      macular degeneration (ARMD) was significantly higher than the rigidity of 25
      control patients, frequency matched for age. The data suggest that an increased
      scleral rigidity may be a significant risk factor for the development of the
      disorder.

PMID- 2919042
TI  - Improved reading performance using individualized compensation filters for
      observers with losses in central vision.
AB  - By boosting the amplitudes of the intermediate spatial frequencies more than the
      amplitude of the lower spatial frequencies, reading performance improved
      significantly when observers with losses in central vision read words that were
      filtered. Words that were filtered using an image enhancement function based on
      an observer's losses in visual function relative to a normal observer (1) reduced
      the magnification (30-70% less magnification was needed) and (2) increased the
      reading rate (2-3 times), measured in words per minute. The greater the loss in
      central visual function, the more individualized compensation filters reduced the
      magnification needed for word recognition. Individualized compensation filters
      improved the clarity and visibility of words for low vision observers. This study
      also found that the shape of the enhancement function was important to determine
      the optimum compensation filter for improving reading performance. In addition,
      the individualized compensation filters can be implemented by inexpensive
      hardware, for example in a closed circuit television (CCTV), to provide a
      significantly more effective low vision aid for observers with losses in central
      vision to read text, than is provided using only magnification.

PMID- 2919043
TI  - A comparison of the blue color mechanism in high- and low-tension glaucoma.
AB  - Twenty-five eyes of 25 high-tension glaucoma patients and 25 eyes of 25 low
      tension glaucoma patients matched for similar visual field defects had their
      spectral increment threshold measured. Patients with high-tension glaucoma showed
      significant losses in both chromatic and achromatic sensitivities when compared
      with low-tension glaucoma patients. The results support the hypothesis that there
      may be different mechanisms of damage in glaucoma.

PMID- 2919044
TI  - Errors in the three-step test in the diagnosis of vertical strabismus.
AB  - The Parks three-step test is the standard for diagnosing which isolated
      cyclovertical muscle is palsied. It does not, however, tell the examiner if in
      fact one is dealing with a palsy of one cyclovertical muscle. Numerous other
      causes of vertical strabismus may have a positive Bielschowsky head tilt test.
      The use of the three-step test in these clinical situations may lead to incorrect
      diagnosis and treatment. These clinical conditions include contracture of the
      vertical recti, paresis of more than one vertical muscle, dissociated vertical
      divergence, previous vertical muscle surgery, skew deviation, myasthenia gravis,
      and small nonparalytic vertical deviations associated with horizontal strabismus.
      Several diagnostic steps in addition to the three-step test are necessary to tell
      if one is in fact dealing with a palsy of a single cyclovertical muscle.

PMID- 2919045
TI  - Strabismus in infancy.
AB  - In order to prospectively study the development of strabismus in infancy, the
      ocular alignment of a large population of normal neonates was studied and follow
      up examinations were obtained in a subset of these infants. The characteristic
      findings of congenital esotropia subsequently developed in three infants who were
      either orthotropic or exotropic at birth. Pathologic exotropia developed in two
      infants; both were exotropic at birth, but no more so than most normal neonates.
      In infants with congenital esotropia or pathologic exotropia, the characteristic
      deviation appears to develop between 2 and 4 months of age, a period during which
      normal infants are becoming increasingly orthotropic.

PMID- 2919046
TI  - Cyclophotocoagulation: how far posterior to the limbus is the ciliary body?

PMID- 2919047
TI  - Peripapillary crescents and halos in normal-tension glaucoma and ocular
      hypertension.
AB  - In normal-tension glaucoma ("low-tension" glaucoma), 21 of 33 eyes (64%) had a
      peripapillary chorioscleral crescent or halo, compared with 13 of 38 eyes (34%)
      with ocular hypertension. The average area of bared choroid and sclera was
      greater in normal-tension glaucoma (5.8 arbitrary units of area) than in ocular
      hypertension (1.4 units). Myopic eyes were prevalent among the normal-tension
      glaucoma group. When eyes with more than 4 diopters (D) of myopia were excluded
      from the analysis, the difference in prevalence and size of chorioscleral
      crescents and halos remained. Thus, the presence of a crescent correlates with
      disc damage, but further work is needed to determine if the correlation
      represents peripapillary atrophy that accompanies glaucomatous nerve atrophy or
      represents a greater susceptibility of discs with preexisting peripapillary
      abnormality.

PMID- 2919048
TI  - Clinical histologic correlation of human peripapillary anatomy.
AB  - The various types of peripapillary crescents which are observed clinically are
      generally interpreted to represent misalignments of the edges of the neural
      retina, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), choroid, and sclera at the disc margin.
      In order to test the validity of conventional assumptions about the anatomic
      basis for each type of crescent, the authors compared histologic sections to
      previously obtained clinical photographs and fluorescein angiograms of 21 eyes
      enucleated for choroidal melanomas. The authors' results define several
      configurations of peripapillary tissue, but also show that there can be more than
      one anatomic basis for some appearances. A scleral lip, which consists of an
      anterior extension of sclera to separate the choroid from the optic nerve head,
      is nearly always present, and ophthalmoscopically appears as a white rim that
      marks the disc margin and accumulates fluorescein after the vascular transit in
      an angiogram. A chorioscleral crescent occurs when the RPE is retracted from the
      disc margin, most prominent when associated with a tilted exit canal for the axon
      bundles through the sclera. In such a crescent, the choroid may be thinned or
      absent next to the disc, exposing to view some of the underlying sclera.
      Malposition of the embryonic fold occurs when the boundary between the neural
      retina and the RPE does not coincide with the embryologically formed fold in the
      neuroectoderm that occurs at the disc. When this occurs, there is either a double
      layer RPE (forming a very dark pigment crescent) or a double layer of
      incompletely formed neural retina adjacent to the disc.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2919049
TI  - The effect of age on normal human optic nerve fiber number and diameter.
AB  - In one optic nerve from each of 19 persons, the authors determined the number of
      axons, the distribution of fiber diameter, and the total neural area. The mean
      fiber count was 693,316, the mean neural area was 5.17 mm2, and the mean axonal
      fiber diameter was 0.96 microns. No significant decline in fiber number or neural
      area with increasing age was found. The authors found a large variability of
      axonal number among their patients. This variability would have obscured any
      small effect of aging. Linear regression analysis of the effect of age on mean
      axonal diameter yielded a slight negative slope (P less than 0.01), suggesting a
      redistribution of fiber diameter. This could occur from axonal shrinkage, from
      preferential large fiber loss, or from the technical features of tissue
      acquisition and analysis. The authors suspect that the explanation is a selective
      loss of large nerve fibers.

PMID- 2919050
TI  - Corneal topographic changes after radial keratotomy.
AB  - A high resolution photokeratoscope using digital video image acquisition and
      computer graphics was used to describe anterior corneal topography before and
      after radial keratotomy. After radial keratotomy, the entire cornea is flattened,
      but this effect is more pronounced centrally. The flat central "optical zone"
      varies in size, shape, and location. Regional variations in corneal power may
      explain phenomena observed after radial keratotomy, such as visual acuity that is
      better than would be expected on the basis of refractive error, and the
      occurrence of ghost images.

PMID- 2919051
TI  - The fellow eye of patients with phakic lattice retinal detachment.
AB  - A retrospective study was performed to determine whether the prophylactic
      treatment of areas of lattice degeneration, holes, or breaks reduced the risk of
      subsequent new breaks or detachment in the fellow undetached phakic eyes of
      patients with a phakic lattice retinal detachment (RD). Three hundred eighty
      eight consecutive patients who presented to the University of Iowa between 1959
      and 1984 were followed for a mean of 7.9 +/- 5.8 years after the detachment in
      the first eye. Fellow eyes which received no prophylactic treatment had a 2.5
      times greater risk of a new break or RD over 7 years than eyes receiving full
      prophylactic treatment (19.4 versus 7.5%; P = 0.0002). Fellow eyes receiving no
      treatment also had a greater risk of a new RD over 7 years than eyes receiving
      full treatment (5.1 versus 1.8%; P = 0.0125). These results do not allow us to
      make recommendations concerning which fellow eyes, if any, should be
      prophylactically treated. On the one hand, prophylactic treatment did
      significantly reduce the risk of new breaks and detachments. On the other hand,
      however, prophylactic treatment reduced the risk of new RD alone in the fellow
      eye only from 5.1 to 1.8% over 7 years. In addition, prophylactic treatment did
      not reduce the risk of detachment in the higher risk eyes with high myopia or
      extensive lattice.

PMID- 2919052
TI  - Image analysis of fundus photographs. The detection and measurement of exudates
      associated with diabetic retinopathy.
AB  - A computer-based image analysis system was used to detect and measure exudates in
      fundus photographs. A fundus transparency was imaged, digitized, and stored in
      image memory. The stored image was then processed by several operators, to reduce
      shade variations in the image background and enhance the contrast between this
      background and the exudates. Exudates were separated from the background on the
      basis of their brightness or "gray level" and were then copied in to a binary
      image. For comparative purposes, the binary image was superimposed on the
      original unprocessed image. Exudate areas were measured using the binary image,
      which was also transferred to a printer to provide a permanent record or "exudate
      map." The system was able to discriminate between standard photographs used to
      grade hard exudates in the Early Treatment for Diabetic Retinopathy Study
      (ETDRS). It was also used to monitor the response of a subject to laser
      treatment.

PMID- 2919053
TI  - Atrophic creep of the retinal pigment epithelium after focal macular
      photocoagulation.
AB  - To determine if enlargement of laser scars occurs in nonmyopic individuals, the
      authors retrospectively reviewed 126 consecutive patients with age-related
      macular degeneration who had been successfully treated with focal macular laser
      photocoagulation for subretinal neovascularization. Of the 174 laser scars in the
      study, 122 (70%) increased in size from 50 to 1016 microns (mean, 290 microns) as
      determined photographically on serial examination ranging from 2 to 81 months.
      There was no statistically significant difference in the number of scars which
      increased in size among the three laser wavelengths used. Four (3%) patients lost
      vision as a result of the scar extending into the fovea. Enlargement of retinal
      pigment epithelial (RPE) atrophy after focal macular laser photocoagulation may
      cause significant, delayed visual loss after successful treatment of subretinal
      neovascularization.

PMID- 2919054
TI  - Infrared thermography in oral and maxillofacial surgery.
AB  - A highly sensitive infrared thermographic camera was evaluated in a variety of
      physiologic and pathologic conditions associated with the head and neck. Although
      it may have clinical applications, particularly in the field of facial pain and
      the temporomandibular joint, such wide variations in normal values were noted
      that any standardization was extremely difficult.

PMID- 2919055
TI  - A study of the utility of measuring mandibular mobility by means of the
      interincisal dimension.
AB  - The purpose of this investigation was to determine the reliability of using the
      interincisal dimension as a measure of mandibular range of motion. Thirty
      patients who underwent mandibular advancement and 15 patients who underwent
      mandibular setback were included in this study. Preoperatively, a lateral
      cephalogram in centric relation and a second cephalogram with the mandible at
      maximum voluntary gape were obtained. Immediately following surgery, another
      centric relation cephalogram was obtained. A composite tracing of the two
      preoperative tracings was made to show how the mandible changed in position from
      the closed-mouth to the open-mouth radiographs. The proximal segment (ramus) of
      the postoperative cephalogram was then superimposed on the open-mouth mandibular
      ramus, and the distal segment of the postoperative mandible was drawn. This
      composite produced a tracing of what the postoperative maximal gape cephalogram
      would be if the same amount of condylar rotation and translation as in the
      preoperative tracing had occurred. The preoperative interincisal dimension was
      recorded on the composite tracings (factoring in any overbite or openbite) as was
      the would-be postoperative interincisal dimension. These measures were compared
      using the paired t test and Pearson's correlations to determine if there were any
      significant differences between them. The results showed that the interincisal
      dimension is a fairly reliable measure of mandibular mobility even when the
      length of the mandible is altered with surgery.

PMID- 2919056
TI  - Thromboembolic risk factors in patients undergoing maxillofacial surgery for
      malignancies.
AB  - Venous thromboembolism is a common complication in patients undergoing major
      surgery. We studied blood coagulation profiles in 16 patients undergoing
      extensive maxillofacial surgery for oral malignant diseases. Activity of
      coagulation factor V and levels of antithrombin III were significantly reduced on
      the first postoperative day. Fibrinogen level showed a continuous increase
      throughout the observation period. However, no thromboembolic events were
      observed. It can be concluded that despite a severe alteration of the blood
      clotting system, maxillofacial surgery does not seem to be associated with
      postoperative thromboembolism.

PMID- 2919057
TI  - Bilateral hyperplasia of the mandibular coronoid processes: a report of two
      cases.
AB  - Two cases of bilateral coronoid hyperplasia of the mandible are presented.
      Consistent with other reported cases, the patients were men whose onset of
      symptoms correlated with the onset of puberty. One case was unusual in that
      bilateral coronoidectomies did not relieve the restriction of mandibular
      movement. Additional masseter muscle and fascial surgery was required to provide
      unrestricted mandibular motion.

PMID- 2919058
TI  - Xeroradiography in the diagnosis of nonradiopaque sialoliths.
AB  - Sialolithiasis may be the most common disease of the salivary glands in patients
      more than 20 years of age. Approximately 19% of sialoliths occur in the parotid
      gland. Of these, only up to 71% can be successfully diagnosed radiographically.
      The remaining 29% provide a diagnostic dilemma. Xeroradiography, because of its
      tissue-edge enhancement, can distinguish tissue margins of different density more
      dramatically than can conventional imaging and is an invaluable aid in the
      diagnosis of nonradiopaque sialoliths.

PMID- 2919060
TI  - Metastatic adenocarcinoma of the colon presenting as periradicular periodontal
      disease: a case report.
AB  - Metastases to the jaws account for only 1% of all malignant tumors of the oral
      cavity. Consequently the diagnosis of metastasis to the mandible requires a high
      degree of clinical suspicion and the use of a systematic diagnostic approach. In
      this case report a patient sought treatment for what appeared clinically and
      radiographically as periradicular periodontal disease. However, because the
      patient had a medical history of adenocarcinoma of the colon 5 years previously,
      metastasis to the jaws was included in the differential diagnosis. Metastasis to
      the jaws may resemble periodontal disease or many of the other benign and
      malignant conditions that affect the jaws, thus making the correct radiographic
      diagnosis difficult. Ultimately, histologic evaluation is essential to make a
      definitive diagnosis.

PMID- 2919059
TI  - Effect of chlorhexidine rinsing on the oropharyngeal ecology in patients with
      head and neck cancer who have irradiation mucositis.
AB  - Oral flora is thought to contribute to irradiation mucositis in patients with
      head and neck cancer. Neglect of oral hygienic care may also contribute to
      mucositis. The purpose of this prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled,
      double-blind study was to evaluate the effect of chlorhexidine 0.1% mouthrinses
      on oral flora and irradiation mucositis. This study included 30 patients with
      head and neck cancer who had comparable irradiation portals. One group (N = 15)
      rinsed four times daily with chlorhexidine 0.1%, the other group (N = 15) with a
      placebo. The oral flora was cultured (oral washing technique) twice before and
      three times per week during the period of radiotherapy. On the same days, the
      severity of mucositis was determined. The colonization index of viridans
      streptococci was significantly reduced only after 5 weeks of chlorhexidine 0.1%
      treatment. The colonization patterns of Candida species, Streptococcus faecalis,
      staphylococci, and Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, and Acinetobacter
      species were not influenced by 5 weeks of use of chlorhexidine rinses when
      compared with the placebo. No differences were seen between the two study groups
      in the development and severity of mucositis. In conclusion, suppression of oral
      flora and a lowering of the severity of mucositis by means of disinfecting
      mouthrinses were not successful.

PMID- 2919061
TI  - Odontomas.
AB  - A total of 351 odontomas were retrieved and analyzed from 53,824 submitted
      specimens. The majority (53.6%) were diagnosed in the second decade of life; the
      most common location was the anterior portion of the maxilla (33.9%), but there
      was no overall predilection for the maxilla. An associated unerupted tooth was
      present in at least 47.6% of the cases. Dentigerous cysts were diagnosed in
      conjunction with 27.6% of the odontomas, and a calcifying and keratinizing
      odontogenic cyst was seen in 0.9% of the cases.

PMID- 2919062
TI  - Epidermoid cyst of the buccal mucosa.
AB  - An uncommon case of a large epidermoid cyst arising within the buccal mucosa is
      described.

PMID- 2919063
TI  - Crossed congenital hemifacial hyperplasia.
AB  - Crossed congenital hemifacial hyperplasia is a rare condition that produces
      facial asymmetry and overgrowth of the opposite lower extremity. A case involving
      the left side of the head and the right foot is presented. Etiologic theories are
      discussed. The involvement of crossed structures suggests the possibility that
      the cause may be related to abnormalities of the nervous system.

PMID- 2919064
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies to HSV-infection-related antigens cross-react with tumor
      cell lines and tumor tissue sections.

PMID- 2919065
TI  - A new root canal instrument and instrumentation technique: a preliminary report.
AB  - Cleaning and shaping the root canal system has been and continues to be a
      challenge for even the most experienced endodontist. Curved, narrow canals, in
      particular, cause difficulties for the beginner as well as the specialist. A new
      instrument designed to incorporate new concepts was developed to ameliorate the
      problems in cleaning and shaping root canal systems. This new instrument has been
      given the name of SW (Senia and Wildey). The new SW instrument uses controlled
      right and left rotational forces. This motion was used to clean and shape
      simulated root canals in plastic blocks and root canals in extracted teeth.
      Instrumentation appeared to be easier, faster, and more precise than with
      conventional instruments, especially in curved canals where there was remarkable
      reduction of canal transportation. A mechanical version of the SW instrument was
      also developed. It was used to flare the coronal portion of the root canal
      system.

PMID- 2919066
TI  - Multiple idiopathic root resorption: diagnostic considerations.
AB  - Multiple idiopathic root resorption is a specific entity that must be delineated
      from all other resorptive processes. We present a case report and discuss the
      diagnostic possibilities that must be considered before arrival at this
      diagnosis.

PMID- 2919067
TI  - The application of panoramic zonography to the diagnosis of maxillofacial
      fractures.
AB  - Traditionally, multiple radiographic views and techniques were required to
      elucidate the nature and extent of fractures of the maxillofacial complex. As a
      result, patient cost in terms of time, expense, manipulation, and radiation
      exposure scaled upward. Synthesis and interpretation of the fragmented bits of
      information from multiple films also constituted a labor-intensive process. A new
      imaging modality, panoramic zonography, provides precise anatomic imaging of
      preselected areas of interest with minimal radiation exposure. The usefulness of
      this technique in the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of traumatic events in
      the mandibular and maxillofacial regions is illustrated by a series of cases.

PMID- 2919068
TI  - The effects of temporomandibular joint internal derangement and degenerative
      joint disease on tomographic and arthrotomographic images.
AB  - In a blind study, 243 arthrograms were interpreted as showing normal disk
      position, anterior disk displacement with reduction, or anterior disk
      displacement without reduction. The presence or absence of a perforation of the
      posterior attachment or disk was recorded. Later, tomograms of the same patient
      were interpreted. The presence or absence of evidence of temporomandibular
      degenerative joint disease (TMDJD) was recorded. The condyle-to-fossa
      relationship was characterized as retropositioned or not retropositioned. O the
      106 cases with tomographic evidence of TMDJD, 100 (94%) had arthrographic
      evidence of internal derangement (p less than 0.0001), whereas 47% of the cases
      with internal derangement (211) had evidence of TMDJD. Perforations were seen in
      29 (27%) of the cases with degenerative joint disease and in none (0%) of the
      cases without TMDJD (p less than 0.001). In cases without TMDJD, 90% of the cases
      with internal derangement revealed condylar retropositioning (p less than
      0.0001). With tomographic evidence of TMDJD present, the relationship between
      condylar position and disk position was not significant.

PMID- 2919069
TI  - Evaluation of aluminum-yttrium filtration for intraoral radiography.
AB  - In comparison with the use of traditional aluminum filtration, a radiation dose
      reduction of 40% at 90 kVp and 25% at 70 kVp was found with the use of aluminum
      yttrium (Al-Y) filtration for intraoral bitewing and periapical radiographs. An
      increased exposure time, and consequent greater tube loading, was necessary to
      maintain film density. Extended gray-scales (i.e., reduced radiographic contrast)
      occurred at both energy levels tested with the use of Al-Y filtration. Subjective
      evaluation of image quality in terms of clarity, resolution, and contrast was
      carried out independently by nine periodontologists. Despite some interoperator
      variance, there was a preponderant preference for traditional aluminum
      filtration.

PMID- 2919070
TI  - Foreign body.

PMID- 2919071
TI  - Fracture of the sella turcica.

PMID- 2919072
TI  - Ghost foreign body.

PMID- 2919073
TI  - Threaded Steinmann pin embedded in the glenoid fossa.

PMID- 2919074
TI  - Surgical reconstruction of the arthritic knee I.

PMID- 2919075
TI  - Clinical results of Whiteside Ortholoc total knee replacement.
AB  - Three hundred and four consecutive cementless Ortholoc I TKAs were followed for 2
      to 5 years. One patient had femoral and tibial component loosening. There were no
      cases of patellar component loosening, but six knees had failure of the patellar
      polyethylene surface due to wear. A major design change of the metal-polyethylene
      locking mechanism was effected to address this problem. The patellar component is
      now countersunk and the central post has been reduced in size. 79.1 per cent of
      the knees were graded excellent, 13.4 per cent good, 5.8 per cent fair, and 1.7
      per cent poor. The Ortholoc I group was compared to a similar group of 424
      Ortholoc II knees at 1 year postoperatively for pain relief. The Ortholoc II knee
      differs from the Ortholoc I primarily in tibial component fixation, using four
      peripheral 6.5-mm screws. The Ortholoc II group had significantly fewer painful
      knees, which suggests that the screws in the tibial component were effective in
      improving fixation and controlling load distribution. Survival analysis showed no
      tendency for the results to deteriorate over the time span studied. Cementless
      fixation of all components, including the tibia and patella, was highly
      successful and can be achieved without stress relief of the distal femur.

PMID- 2919076
TI  - Requirements for successful total knee replacements. Design considerations.
AB  - Historical review up to 1969 showed the emergence of conservative
      hemiarthroplasty resurfacings and rigid all-metal hinges. The first cemented
      metal-on-plastic design, introduced in 1969, began a decade in which a large
      number of different condylar designs were introduced. Variations of these
      condylar replacements in terms of femoral-tibial surface conformity, the fixation
      elements, and the provision for the patellofemoral joint produced wide variations
      of clinical results. In parallel with these condylar replacement designs,
      unicompartmental and both lax and fixed hinges were still used for particular
      indications. A review of all of the different design types showed that the most
      successful results were obtained with partially conforming condylar replacements
      with provision for the patellofemoral joint. Although cemented condylar
      replacement components composed the majority of the clinical reports, press-fit
      uncemented designs also had significant promise. The results of unicompartmental
      designs depended dramatically upon the indications. Present hinged replacements,
      whether lax or fixed-axis, produced problems that were sufficiently serious to
      restrict their use to cases in which condylar replacements were distinctly
      inadequate. Despite the success of condylar replacements at up to 10 years follow
      up, a number of problems remain. These include optimizing the femoral-tibial
      geometry for maximum range of motion, minimum loosening, and minimum wear. Longer
      term problems include improved design for long-term fixation and reduction of
      wear of polyethylene by optimum surface geometry, by better material quality
      control, or by improved materials. Whichever instrumentation system was used,
      surgical parameters such as component placement and sizing were shown to affect
      the potential range of motion. Considerations of design were given for revision
      cases in which condylar replacements were inadequate. Certain design suggestions
      were made for minimizing the serious problems used with lax or fixed-axis hinged
      replacements.

PMID- 2919077
TI  - The surgical technique for performing a total knee replacement arthroplasty.

PMID- 2919078
TI  - Intraoperative controls for bacterial contamination during total knee
      replacement.
AB  - The increasing number of infected total knee replacements produces a financial
      and social burden upon patients, families, hospitals, insurance companies, and
      government. Methods of reducing the problem of wound infection are discussed in
      this article, including prophylactic anticoagulation, CPM, autologous blood
      replacement, good nutrition, and careful wound closure.

PMID- 2919079
TI  - Postoperative care of the total knee patient.
AB  - After total knee surgery the three most important problems are thromboembolic
      disease, disorders of wound healing, and inadequate range of motion. With the use
      of prophylactic anticoagulation, CPM, autologous blood replacement, good
      nutrition, and careful wound closure, most patients will have an uneventful
      postoperative course and reach the maximum potential from their knee
      arthroplasty.

PMID- 2919080
TI  - Effect of posterior cruciate sacrifice on durability of the cement-bone
      interface. A nine-year survivorship study of 100 total condylar knee
      arthroplasties.
AB  - This article presents a survivorship analysis of the second conservative 100
      primary total-condylar knee arthroplasties in 75 patients performed between 1979
      and 1980, with a maximum follow-up of 9 years. With this type of knee
      arthroplasty, the posterior cruciate ligament is routinely sacrificed.
      Survivorship results revealed that 98.9 per cent of the knees had good outcome at
      9 years of follow-up, using revision surgery for aseptic and septic loosening and
      radiographic evidence of global radiolucency or shift of the component as
      endpoint. Radiographic survivorship analysis showed well-fixed components in 87
      per cent of implants, using endpoint criteria of appearance and progression of
      radiolucency under tibial component. Sacrificing the posterior cruciate ligament
      does not adversely affect durability of fixation of the total-condylar knee
      arthroplasty. Bone cement provides an excellent fixation of total knee implant.

PMID- 2919081
TI  - The posterior stabilized knee prosthesis.
AB  - The posterior stabilized knee prosthesis is a versatile and durable prosthesis
      with an excellent clinical record. It was designed to increase range of motion,
      improve stair climbing, and prevent posterior tibial subluxation.

PMID- 2919082
TI  - Is kinematic total knee replacement better than total hip replacement?
AB  - Revision rates, complication rates, and the bone-cement interface reaction of
      1,069 condylar total knee replacements were reviewed to help decide if
      conventional total knee replacement continues to be appropriate for the older low
      demand patient. This knee replacement series was also compared with two published
      series of total hip replacements from the same institution. The conclusions are
      (1) in medium-term follow-up, total knee replacement is as good as or superior to
      total hip replacement and (2) based on bone-cement interface analysis, survival
      of total knee replacement is expected to be superior to conventional total hip
      replacement ten years postoperatively.

PMID- 2919083
TI  - Press-fit condylar total knee replacement.
AB  - In 1984 the press-fit condylar knee was first introduced and was intended to
      provide a condylar knee system primarily for posterior cruciate retention that
      addressed refinements in metallurgy, prosthetic geometry and sizing, cementless
      fixation, inventory management, and instrumentation. This article addresses the
      results observed in the use of this prosthesis.

PMID- 2919084
TI  - A comparison of cemented and cementless fixation with the Miller-Galante total
      knee arthroplasty.
AB  - This study demonstrates the comparability of cemented and cementless fixation in
      total knee arthroplasty at short-term follow-up. While some differences in pain,
      limp, and support were noted, knee scores were equivalent. Roentgenographic
      analysis as well as implant retrieval studies demonstrate that porous ingrowth is
      a viable method of fixation of total knee components. Further long-term follow-up
      studies will be required to determine both the long-term clinical results and the
      longevity of the fixation interface.

PMID- 2919085
TI  - [Scintigraphy of the adrenergic nervous system].
AB  - The authors describe their experiences with 100 MIBG scintigraphies. The
      importance of the examination is stressed in the diagnostics of neuroblastoma in
      childhood, the determination of the clinical stage and follow-up of the disease.
      MIBG scintigraphy plays a primary role among the imaging examination procedures
      aimed at the localization of pheochromocytoma especially in the extra-adrenal,
      multiplex and malignant diseases. The disturbance of adrenergic innervation in
      Shy-Drager syndrome is demonstrable with radiopharmacon.

PMID- 2919086
TI  - [Measurement of aortic flow indices by Doppler echocardiography for the
      determination of systolic function in infants and children].
AB  - Aortic blood flow velocity indexes measured by Doppler echocardiography to assess
      systolic function in infants and children. The obtained M-mode parameters were
      correlated with Doppler findings. We found the closest correlation between lin.
      EF and peak flow velocity integral (r = 0.83 p less than 0.001) Echocardiography
      completed by Doppler studies proved to be a safe noninvasive method not only
      estimating left ventricle dysfunction but in assessment the changes in the follow
      up too.

PMID- 2919087
TI  - ["Tell the world what you are doing against AIDS!"].

PMID- 2919088
TI  - [The work of the nationwide network of Genetic Counseling Services in Hungary
      between 1978 and 1985].

PMID- 2919089
TI  - Antinociceptive effects of azepexole (BHT 933) in mice.
AB  - Subcutaneous (s.c.) administration of azepexole (BHT 933) at doses between 4 and
      40 mg/kg produced dose-dependent antinociceptive effects in mice as assessed by
      tail-immersion, tail-pinch and acetic acid writhing tests. The ED16s were 5.6 +/-
      0.4, 6.7 +/- 1.2 and 2.96 +/- 0.2 mg/kg respectively. Similarly, morphine
      produced analgesia in the same tests with ED16s of 0.87 +/- 0.03, 0.47 +/- 0.1
      and 0.45 +/- 0.01 mg/kg respectively. In all instances naloxone (0.1 mg/kg s.c.)
      shifted the dose-response curves to morphine to the right in a parallel manner.
      Naloxone (0.1 and 1 mg/kg s.c.) partially antagonized the effect of azepexole in
      the tail-immersion and tail-pinch tests but significantly decreased the slope of
      the dose-response curve suggesting that a competitive interaction at the level of
      the opioid receptors did not occur. Naloxone had no effect on the antinociceptive
      action of azepexole in the acetic acid writhing test.

PMID- 2919090
TI  - Diurnal variations in pain perception and thermal sensitivity.
AB  - Pain and thermal sensitivity thresholds in healthy volunteers were examined for
      diurnal variations. The subjects were 11 men aged between 22 and 27 years (means
      = 23.5, S.D. = 1.5). Data were collected for 2 days, with 7 measurements per day.
      To ensure the pain specificity of the results the subliminal modality, i.e.,
      thermal sensitivity thresholds to warm and cold stimuli, was investigated in
      addition to the threshold for perception of heat pain. Assessments were made on
      the right hand and foot, the stimuli being presented with a thermoelectric
      contact-thermode. Despite the influence of variables other than time of day (45
      56% of the total variance), diurnal variations were found for some subjects on
      the pain threshold measure (significant correlation between days and relatively
      high frequency of 24 h component in Fourier analysis spectra). However, they
      could not be demonstrated for the thermal sensitivity measures. The diurnal
      variations in pain perception thresholds did not have a consistent pattern over
      all subjects (Friedman test). The small diurnal variations with interindividual
      differences in the pattern are therefore not sufficient to explain the variations
      seen in clinical pain, but they may be useful in detecting pain modulators by
      investigating correlations.

PMID- 2919092
TI  - On the difficulties of coding pain-related data.

PMID- 2919091
TI  - Central post-stroke pain--neurological symptoms and pain characteristics.
AB  - The intention of the present study was to characterize patients with central post
      stroke pain (CPSP) with regard to type and location of the cerebrovascular lesion
      (CVL), the characteristics of the pain and the neurological symptoms and signs in
      addition to the pain. Twenty men and 7 women with a mean age of 67 years and a
      mean pain duration of 44 months were examined 9-188 (mean 53) months after their
      stroke. The clinical symptoms and signs and the CT scans indicated that the CVL
      were located in the lower brain-stem in 8 patients, involved the thalamus in 9
      patients and were located lateral and superior to the thalamus in 6 patients. In
      the remaining 4 patients the location of the CVL could not be determined with
      certainty. The 3 identified hematomata were all located in the thalamus. The
      onset of the pain was immediate in 4 patients, within the first post-stroke
      months in 10 patients and delayed by 1-34 months in the rest. The pain was on the
      left side in 18 patients. Twenty patients had hemipain. Most patients experienced
      more than one type of pain. The most common qualities were burning, aching,
      pricking and lacerating, with some differences in the frequencies according to
      the location of the CVL. Burning pain was most common, except among the patients
      with thalamic CVL, in whom lacerating pain was more common. Aching and pricking
      pain were also frequent. All patients considered the pain to be a great burden
      and most rated the pain intensity as high on a visual analogue scale. The
      intensity was increased by external stimuli, the most common being joint
      movements, cold and light touch. Five patients reported aggravation by emotional
      stimuli. Besides pain, the only neurological symptom common to all patients was
      decreased temperature sensibility, as shown by quantitative methods. It is
      possible that pain sensibility was also abnormal in all. Hypersensitivities to
      cutaneous stimuli, including evoked dysesthesias were found in 88% of the
      patients, while the detection thresholds for touch and vibration were abnormal in
      only 52% and 41%, respectively. Similarly, low figures were found for paresis and
      ataxia, which were present in 48% and 62%, respectively. It is concluded that
      only a minority of patients with central pain after stroke have thalamic
      lesions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2919093
TI  - Comparison of ketamine and pethidine in experimental and postoperative pain.
AB  - The analgesic efficiency of ketamine and pethidine was compared in experimental
      ischemic pain and postoperative pain after oral surgery. Naloxone 1.6 mg or
      placebo was given 5 min before the analgesic drug. The subjects recorded their
      pain on a visual analogue scale. Both ketamine 0.3 mg/kg and pethidine 0.7 mg/kg
      were effective as analgesics against the two types of pain studied. Naloxone
      prevented the analgesic effect of pethidine, but had no effect on ketamine
      analgesia. The results are in accordance with the hypothesis that the analgesic
      effect of ketamine is mediated by a non-opioid mechanism, possibly involving PCP
      receptor-mediated blockade of the NMDA-receptor-operated ion channel.

PMID- 2919094
TI  - Dynamics and significance of placebo response in primary dysmenorrhea.
AB  - A total of 55 patients with primary dysmenorrhea who had shown a favorable
      response to a preliminary treatment cycle with placebo were admitted to a double
      blind study on placebo versus antiprostaglandin agents (naproxen and pirprofen).
      To evaluate the placebo effect and its duration, the treatment was given for 4
      successive cycles. Whereas the antiprostaglandin agents were effective in most of
      the patients (in 80% of the pirprofen group and 85.7% of the naproxen group) and
      this efficacy was maintained throughout the study, a favorable response to
      placebo was observed in 84% in the first cycle, 29% in the second, 16% in the
      third and 10% in the fourth. The incidence of side effects was similar in the
      placebo and the active treatment groups (35.4% vs. 37.5%). It is postulated that
      a placebo effect in dysmenorrhea is due to a central analgesic mechanism mediated
      by endorphin release or possibly to psychological dynamics (mental or
      conditioning theories). However, this effect loses efficacy with time possibly
      due to a decreased susceptibility to the opioid action of the central nervous
      circuits responsible for menstrual pain perception or to deconditioning
      mechanisms.

PMID- 2919095
TI  - An epidemiological follow-up survey of persistent pain sufferers in a group
      family practice and specialty pain clinic.
AB  - The course and prognosis of persistent pain are largely unknown. In addition,
      follow-up studies of chronic pain sufferers have come from specialized pain
      clinics and have ignored the question of how representative this special group is
      to the general population who suffer persistent pain. Because health care
      planners are assumed to require these data for projection of health care needs,
      it is important to determine the course of persistent pain in those persistent
      pain sufferers in the general population as well as those referred to a specialty
      clinic. An epidemiological study compared 2 groups of self-reported persistent
      pain sufferers from a Family Practice Clinic and a Specialty Pain Clinic over a 2
      year period. All subjects reporting a persistent problem with pain at the time of
      the initial survey were contacted 2 years later to determine whether the initial
      differences between the 2 groups remained constant over time and whether there
      were any changes within each group over time. Despite the similarities between
      the study groups on multiple socioeconomic and demographic variables, the
      Specialty Pain Clinic group remained distinctly different from the Family
      Practice pain sufferers on many pain behavior and emotional variables. Thirteen
      percent of the persistent pain sufferers from the Pain Clinic group and 36% of
      the persistent pain sufferers from the Family Practice group no longer reported
      pain as a problem at follow-up. Of those pain sufferers from either group who
      continued to experience pain at 2 years follow-up, their pain became more
      intermittent, psychological distress factors improved, and the use of health
      services decreased. The implications are that persistent pain does not
      necessarily continue forever and that persistent pain sufferers in the general
      population have a better prognosis than those who are referred to a Specialty
      Pain Clinic. All follow-up studies need to be interpreted in light of these
      findings.

PMID- 2919096
TI  - The detection of psychiatric illness and psychological handicaps in a British
      pain clinic population.
AB  - Ninety-seven successive patients attending the Newcastle Pain Relief Clinic
      completed a battery of psychiatric, psychological and pain questionnaires, and an
      extensive personal information form. All patients were seen by a physician who
      evaluated the extent of the pain arising from physical, psychiatric and
      psychological causes, and by a psychiatrist, who administered a structured
      interview schedule. Thirty-two percent of the patients had sufficient symptoms to
      be classified as psychiatric cases on the Present State Examination (PSE), a
      further 22% had minor neurotic symptoms and features of illness behaviour, 35%
      were categorized as organic, and 11% were unclassified. The Leeds General
      Depression Scale for Depression and Anxiety and the Beck Depression Inventory
      were the most effective of the psychiatric questionnaires used in separating the
      psychiatric patients from the remainder, and can be recommended as screening
      instruments for psychiatric illness in this population. Factors associated with a
      psychiatric diagnosis included female sex, larger number of present medications,
      greater reduction in activities compared to the period before the pain developed
      and increasing subjective pain from the onset of this.

PMID- 2919097
TI  - Relationships between depressive symptoms and descriptions of chronic pain.
AB  - The present study investigated the relationship between the severity of
      depressive symptoms and various qualitative and quantitative aspects of pain
      reported by chronic pain patients. The sample consisted of 73 patients from a
      heterogeneous pain population admitted to the Victoria General Hospital Pain
      Management Unit. Patients completed a comprehensive pain evaluation battery that
      included the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the McGill Pain Questionnaire
      (MPQ). They rated their loss of desire and ability for various social and
      recreational activities, and the intensity of their pain for 8 periods of a
      typical day. Multivariate analyses of variance were used to assess the sensory,
      affective, and evaluative indices of the MPQ, daily pain intensity ratings, and
      reported impairment of activities of non-depressed, mildly depressed and
      moderate/severely depressed patients. The results indicate significant
      relationships between the degree of depression and (a) the number of sensory
      descriptors endorsed on the MPQ; (b) pain intensity ratings in the late evening
      and at bedtime; and (c) reported loss of ability for social and recreational
      activities. Depression is related to loss of desire for activity in women, but
      not in men. A discriminant analysis suggests that depressed and non-depressed
      pain patients can be distinguished with 78% accuracy on the basis of their MPQ
      Sensory scores, reported loss of ability for activities, and global pain ratings
      at late evening and bedtime. The findings are discussed in terms of their
      implications for research as well as for the assessment and treatment of chronic
      pain patients.

PMID- 2919098
TI  - Pain in mitral valve prolapse.
AB  - Thirty subjects with mitral valve prolapse were carefully observed, in order to
      investigate whether chest pain, characteristic of angina pectoris, was present.
      No cases of angina pectoris or of heart pain were observed. A characteristic
      which did emerge was that 86% of the subjects suffered a typical myofascial pain
      of the muscles of the chest. There does not appear to be a clear relationship
      between mitral valve prolapse and myofascial pain.

PMID- 2919099
TI  - Continuing care: a major issue in cancer pain management.

PMID- 2919100
TI  - Extent of sympathetic blockade after stellate ganglion block with bupivacaine.
AB  - A study of the extent of sympathetic blockade after stellate ganglion block was
      assessed using liquid crystal thermography. Two volumes (10 and 20 ml) of
      bupivacaine 0.5% plain were used. Irrespective of the volume used cranial
      sympathetic block always occurred and thoracic sympathetic block never occurred.
      While upper cervical block was present in all patients, lower cervical
      sympathetic block was present only in the 20-ml group (P less than 0.05). The
      larger volume was associated with a significant incidence of hoarseness due to
      spread of local anaesthetic onto adjacent laryngeal nerves.

PMID- 2919101
TI  - Effects of extraversion and neuroticism on experimental pain, clinical pain, and
      illness behavior.
AB  - The effects of 2 personality traits, extraversion and neuroticism, on
      experimental and clinical pain were characterized in a group of myofascial pain
      dysfunction (MPD) patients. Extraverts did not differ from introverts in visual
      analogue scale (VAS) sensory or VAS affective ratings of graded 5-sec nociceptive
      temperature stimuli (43-51 degrees C) nor in VAS sensory-VAS affective
      relationships related to their clinical pain. However, high extravert patients
      scored lower on affective inhibition (Pilowsky Illness Behavior Questionnaire;
      IBQ) compared to low extravert patients. This result is consistent with previous
      suggestions that extraverts inhibit overt expressions of suffering less than do
      introverts. High neurotic patients did not differ from low neurotic patients in
      their VAS sensory ratings of either experimental or clinical pain. Their VAS
      affective ratings of both types of pain were marginally higher as compared to low
      neurotic patients. As hypothesized, high neurotic score patients gave higher VAS
      ratings of emotions related to suffering and scored higher on items related to
      affective disturbance on the IBQ as compared to low neurotic score patients.
      Overall, the results indicate that the personality traits of neither extraversion
      nor neuroticism affect sensory mechanisms of nociceptive processing but appear to
      exert their influence by means of cognitive processes related to the ways in
      which people constitute the meanings and implications of pain.

PMID- 2919102
TI  - Caudal epidural morphine analgesia for an infant with advanced neuroblastoma:
      report of a case.
AB  - Caudal epidural administration of morphine was used to provide pain relief to a 5
      month-old infant with neuroblastoma and massive abdominal distension.
      Intermittent injections were performed on 6 occasions over 1 week and resulted in
      prolonged analgesia (17-20 h) and improved depth of respiration on each occasion.
      Epidural opioid analgesia should be regarded as technically feasible for relief
      of cancer pain in patients of all ages.

PMID- 2919103
TI  - Effects of diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNICs) on the sensory
      discriminative dimension of pain perception.
AB  - We have recently demonstrated that humans report heat stimuli as less painful
      when presented concurrently with a second noxious stimulus applied to another
      part of the body. Previous neurophysiological studies have shown that similar
      heterotopically applied noxious stimuli selectively and completely inhibit the
      activity of wide-dynamic-range (WDR) neurons in the dorsal horn - a phenomenon
      termed diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNICs). Taken together, these 2 lines
      of evidence suggest that activation of WDR cells may be necessary for normal
      perception of pain. Recent studies in the behaving monkey have additionally shown
      that WDR neurons respond to small changes in noxious heat stimuli better than do
      high threshold neurons, thus indicating a more specific role for WDR neurons in
      sensory-discriminative aspects of pain perception. If DNICs do indeed selectively
      and completely inhibit the activity of WDR neurons, then a heterotopically
      applied noxious stimulus should selectively interfere with a subject's ability to
      discriminate noxious stimuli. This hypothesis was tested using a noxious heat
      discrimination task and a cold water (5 degrees C) diffuse noxious stimulus. We
      found that the ability to detect small changes (0.4-0.8 degrees C) in painful
      heat stimuli applied to the face decreases when the person's hand is submerged in
      painfully cold water (P = 0.005) and that this effect persists, to a lesser
      extent, after the hand is removed from water. Control tasks, using visual
      stimuli, demonstrated that the modulation of nociceptive discrimination was not a
      generalized effect on sensory perception; other control measures indicated that
      the results could not be attributed to distraction, fatigue or changes in
      response bias.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2919104
TI  - Long-term changes in discharge behaviour of cat dorsal horn neurones following
      noxious stimulation of deep tissues.
AB  - Certain pathological types of afferent input are supposed to lead to long-term
      changes in the responsiveness of dorsal horn neurones. This mechanism might be of
      importance for the development of neurological disturbances such as chronic pain.
      The present study was undertaken in order to find out whether dorsal horn
      neurones--particularly those processing input from deep tissues--exhibit long
      lasting changes in response behaviour after a short-lasting noxious stimulation
      of deep tissue. In anaesthetized cats, the impulse activity of single dorsal horn
      cells was recorded extracellularly with glass microelectrodes. In a small number
      of cells that had multiple receptive fields (RFs), the algesic agent bradykinin
      was injected into a muscle RF and the properties of all RFs retested at regular
      time intervals. Following noxious chemical stimulation of one RF, the injected
      and the other RFs of the same neurone often showed changes which consisted of an
      increase in size, a lowering of mechanical threshold and appearance of new RFs.
      In an attempt to assess the influence of a single noxious stimulus on the entire
      population of dorsal horn cells, the properties of a greater sample of neurones
      were compared before and after injection of bradykinin into the deep tissues of
      the hind limb. Every cell encountered was classified as being driven by (1)
      cutaneous receptors only, (2) deep receptors only, (3) both input sources, or (4)
      electrical stimulation only (cell without receptive field). Following injection
      of bradykinin, the proportion of cells with both deep and cutaneous input and of
      those having background activity rose, and the percentage of cells without a
      receptive field decreased.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2919105
TI  - Influence of a specific 5-HT3 antagonist on carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia in
      rats.
AB  - The effect of ICS 205-930 (ICS), a specific 5-HT3 antagonist, was studied on
      carrageenan (CAR)-induced rat paw inflammation to assess the involvement of
      endogenous released serotonin (5-HT) in the observed hyperalgesia. Studies were
      performed using a behavioural test, measuring the threshold stimulus necessary to
      elicit vocalization by gradually increasing pressure applied to the paw. When
      administered (s.c., in the CAR-injected paw) either 20 min before, simultaneously
      or 20 min after CAR, ICS (10(-11) mol/kg, i.e., 3.2 ng/kg) completely prevented
      the hyperalgesia in both the injected and non-injected hind paws. This effect was
      prolonged for 90 min, equivalent to the effect on CAR on 5-HT release. Moreover,
      ICS increased the vocalization threshold over the pre-drug values in normal and
      CAR-treated rats when injected both 20 min before and simultaneously with the
      polysaccharide. On the contrary, it did not reduce the hyperalgesia, when
      injected 2 h after CAR. ICS had no effect at any time of administration on paw
      oedema. These results suggest that the early inflammatory sensitization of
      peripheral nociceptors is mainly dependent on the release of serotonin and that
      the hyperalgesic effect of the monoamine involves 5-HT3(M) receptors which do not
      seem to be involved in the early development of oedema.

PMID- 2919106
TI  - Buspirone effect on the development of antinociceptive reactions.
AB  - The anxiolytic agents, buspirone and diazepam, increase the paw lick latency of
      rats in the hot plate test, the effect being dose-dependent and exceeding that of
      morphine. The action of buspirone was not accompanied by ataxic and sedative
      effects which were observed in rats on diazepam. Buspirone (up to 25 mg/kg) and
      diazepam (up to 5 mg/kg) neither change the tail flick latency nor potentiate the
      action of morphine on the test. A buspirone dose of 2 mg/kg administered to
      animals before foot shock, or the dose of 1.5 mg/kg before cold swimming stress,
      led to a significant increase in hot plate latency 1 min after stress as compared
      to the control. The effect of buspirone on the paw lick reaction in rats may be
      related to the activation of antinociceptive mechanisms and inhibition of an
      emotional-motivational component of the pain reaction.

PMID- 2919107
TI  - Opposing effect of apomorphine on antinociceptive activity of morphine: a dose
      dependent phenomenon.
AB  - Apomorphine, when administered intracerebroventricularly (0.05 mg/kg) to rats,
      increased tail-flick latency (a spinal nociceptive response). However,
      intraperitoneal administration at doses of 1, 3 and 10 mg/kg had no effect,
      probably because of a tonic supraspinal inhibitory influence on spinal
      dopaminergic neurones involved in segmental nociceptive processes. Depending on
      the doses administered, intraperitoneal administration of apomorphine exhibited
      opposite effects on antinociceptive activity of morphine. Pretreatment with a low
      dose of apomorphine (1 mg/kg) attenuated, whereas, a high dose (10 mg/kg)
      potentiated morphine-induced antinociception. Dopamine antagonists, in doses that
      preferentially block autoreceptors, i.e., haloperidol (0.1 mg/kg, i.p.) and (-)
      sulpiride (5 mg/kg, i.p.), antagonised the attenuation of morphine
      antinociception by a low dose of apomorphine, while treatment with a high dose of
      haloperidol (1 mg/kg, i.p.) and pimozide (1.25 mg/kg, i.p.) completely
      antagonised the potentiating effect of a high dose of apomorphine on the
      antinociceptive activity of morphine. The attenuation of morphine antinociception
      thus appears to be due to decreased dopaminergic activity as a result of
      preferential dopamine autoreceptor stimulation by a low dose of apomorphine,
      whereas potentiation with a high dose of apomorphine is caused by enhanced
      dopaminergic activity via postsynaptic receptor stimulation.

PMID- 2919108
TI  - Training pediatric scientists.

PMID- 2919109
TI  - Disposition of ethanol and acetaldehyde in late pregnant rats and their fetuses.
AB  - The pattern of ethanol and acetaldehyde appearance in blood after an oral ethanol
      gavage (4 g/kg body wt) was not different at 12 or 21 days' gestation compared to
      virgin rats. Five min after maternal ethanol administration, concentrations of
      ethanol in fetal blood were lower than in maternal blood; however, at 15 min
      after ethanol administration, fetal and maternal blood levels were similar.
      Ethanol concentrations in fetal blood and amniotic fluid were already at
      equilibrium 5 min after ethanol administration. Acetaldehyde concentrations in
      fetal blood and in amniotic fluid were undetectable at all the times
      investigated, with the exception of fetuses from two pregnant rats studied 3 h
      after ethanol administration. Alcohol dehydrogenase activity in fetal liver and
      in placenta at late pregnancy was very low or undetectable, suggesting a very low
      rate of ethanol oxidation in vivo. After intravenous administration of
      acetaldehyde (10 mg/kg body wt), blood acetaldehyde concentrations were higher in
      pregnant than in virgin rats. Acetaldehyde concentrations in fetal blood and in
      amniotic fluid were similar to maternal blood at 2, 5, and 30 min after
      injection. When circulating concentrations of maternal and fetal acetaldehyde,
      obtained after either ethanol or acetaldehyde administration, were plotted, it
      was found that fetal blood concentrations of acetaldehyde were only detectable
      when maternal blood concentrations were greater than 80 microM. Concerning the
      acetaldehyde oxidation capacity, both the high and low affinity components of
      aldehyde dehydrogenase activity in fetal liver and placenta were very low as
      compared with maternal liver. However, aldehyde dehydrogenase activity in fetal
      liver was much higher than in placenta.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2919110
TI  - Intestinal maturation: characterization of mitochondrial calcium transport in the
      rat.
AB  - The mitochondria play a major role in the regulation of intracellular calcium.
      Despite the fact that the enterocytes receive the majority of absorbed calcium,
      the role of the intestinal mitochondria in calcium transport during maturation is
      not known. Therefore, the current studies were designed to characterize calcium
      pump activity of jejunal mitochondria of rats during maturation (suckling,
      weanling, and adolescent rats). The functional integrity of the intestinal
      mitochondria of suckling and adolescent rats was determined by oxygen consumption
      studies demonstrating respiratory control ratios of more than 3 when succinate
      was used as a test substrate. Ca++ uptake was significantly stimulated by the
      presence of 3 mM ATP at all age groups studied. Maximal Ca++ uptake in the
      presence of 3 mM ATP and 2 mM succinate was 31.1 +/- 0.4, 50.2 +/- 4.2, and 94.3
      +/- 1.5 nmol/mg protein (mean +/- SE) in suckling, weanling, and adolescent rats,
      respectively. Rates of ATP hydrolysis were 15.5 +/- 1.5 and 2.9 +/- 0.3 nmol/ATP
      hydrolyzed/mg protein in adolescent and suckling rats, respectively (p less than
      0.001). Ca++ uptake was completely inhibited by 0.25 microM ruthenium red,
      oligomycin (10 micrograms/mg protein), 0.5 mM dinitrophenol and 1 mM sodium azide
      at all age groups. Ca++ efflux in the presence of ruthenium red occurred by a Na+
      dependent pathway, indicating a Ca++/Na+ exchange mechanism. Kinetic parameters
      for ATP stimulated Ca++ uptake at 10 s revealed a Km of 0.84 +/- 0.11, 0.65 +/-
      0.17, and 0.57 +/- 0.03 microM and Vmax of 1.83 +/- 0.07, 3.62 +/- 0.26 and 14.15
      +/- 0.21 nmol/mg protein/10 s in suckling, weanling, and adolescent rats,
      respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2919111
TI  - Interrelation between the metabolism of L-isoleucine and L-allo-isoleucine in
      patients with maple syrup urine disease.
AB  - The nonprotein amino acid L-allo-isoleucine is formed endogenously in maple syrup
      urine disease patients from (R)-3-methyl-2-oxo-pentanoic acid. During strict
      metabolic balance, the plasma L-allo-isoleucine/L-isoleucine ratio correlates
      inversely with the residual activity of the branched-chain 2-oxoacid
      dehydrogenase in fibroblasts and thus constitutes a relevant in vivo parameter of
      the severity of the metabolic defect in MSUD patients.

PMID- 2919112
TI  - Characteristics of histidine uptake by human placental microvillous membrane
      vesicles.
AB  - L-histidine is an essential amino acid. Its fetal-to-maternal blood concentration
      ratio is high, suggesting active placental transport. In this study, human
      placental microvillous membrane vesicles were used to characterize L-histidine
      transport, heretofore not evaluated in human tissue. L-Histidine uptake by
      microvillous membrane vesicles was stimulated by an inward sodium gradient,
      leading to an "overshoot," followed by apparent equilibration. Linear uptake at
      22 degrees C was limited to the 1st min. The initial sodium-dependent uptake rate
      was proportional to the sodium concentration in the medium. The sodium-dependent
      uptake was markedly diminished or lost when potassium, cesium, or choline was
      substituted for sodium but not lithium. Replacement of chloride with sulfate or
      gluconate had little effect. Sodium-stimulated L-histidine uptake was further
      stimulated by an outward potassium gradient (inside-negative) in the presence of
      valinomycin. Sodium-dependent uptake kinetic constants for L-histidine were: Km =
      0.44 +/- 0.18 mM: Vmax = 536 +/- 94 nmol/mg/30 s (mean +/- SD). 2
      (methylamino)isobutyric acid did not inhibit L-histidine uptake. Conversely, L
      histidine noncompetitively inhibited sodium-dependent uptake of 2
      (methylamino)isobutyric acid and L-cysteine. L-glutamine competitively inhibited
      sodium-dependent L-histidine uptake. L-histidine uptake was stimulated by
      preloading the vesicles with either L-histidine or L-glutamine
      (transstimulation). L-histidine uptake was not sensitive to N-ethylmaleimide
      treatment but was strongly inhibited by low pH. These findings suggest that L
      histidine is transported in the human placenta by a specific sodium-dependent
      system similar to the "N" system described in rodent hepatocytes.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2919113
TI  - The effect of diazepam on neonatal seizure: in vivo 31P and 1H NMR study.
AB  - It is assumed that when anticonvulsants arrest seizure, there is rapid return of
      brain high energy phosphates and brain lactate to control values. To test this
      hypothesis, diazepam was administered to neonatal dogs during flurothyl-induced
      seizure. In vivo 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy disclosed that
      diazepam quickly arrested electrographic seizure and restored brain
      phosphocreatine and inorganic phosphate to baseline values. In contrast, in vivo
      1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic measurements showed that arrest of
      seizure with diazepam did not return brain lactate to control values. The
      sustained increase in cerebral blood flow and prolonged elevation of brain
      lactate, acetate, valine, and succinate in the postictal period indicate that
      metabolic recovery of the brain occurs over an extended period of time after the
      normalization of EEG, phosphocreatine, and brain pH.

PMID- 2919114
TI  - Gestational effects of corticosteroids and surfactant in ventilated rabbits.
AB  - Maternal corticosteroid treatments decreased lung protein leaks and increased the
      compliance responses to exogenous surfactant in 27-day preterm rabbits. We asked
      if maternal corticosteroid treatments at different gestational ages might alter
      these responses. Pregnant does were given 0.1 mg/kg betamethasone 48 and 24 h
      before study of the rabbits at 27, 28, and 29 days of gestational age and term
      newborns at 31 days of gestational age. Alternate rabbits at each gestation were
      treated with 50 mg/kg surfactant after delivery. Alveolar saturated
      phosphatidylcholine pool sizes increased with gestation similarly in control and
      corticosteroid-treated groups. Corticosteroids improved compliance relative to
      control values at 29 days of gestational age in animals not treated with
      surfactant and improved the compliance response to surfactant treatment at 27 and
      28 days of gestational age. Corticosteroids decreased the leak of radiolabeled
      albumin to the lungs and alveolar washes at all preterm gestations with a maximum
      decrease to 16% of the control value at 29 days of gestation. Surfactant
      decreased this protein leak more effectively than did corticosteroids at the
      earlier gestations. There were potentially beneficial effects of corticosteroids
      either alone or together with surfactant at all preterm gestations studied. No
      protein leak or compliance effects of either treatment were noted in the term
      newborns.

PMID- 2919115
TI  - Short-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency in mice.
AB  - A murine model for short-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase (SCAD) deficiency
      has been identified and characterized in BALB/cByJ mice. These mice have
      undetectable SCAD activity, severe organic aciduria; excreting ethylmalonic and
      methylsuccinic acids and N-butyrylglycine, and develop a fatty liver upon fasting
      or dietary fat challenge. The mutant mice develop hypoglycemia after an 18-h
      fast, and have elevated urinary and muscle butyrylcarnitine concentrations. Most
      of these findings parallel those of human disorders associated with SCAD
      deficiency and other beta-oxidation defects. This mouse model presents important
      opportunities to investigate the biology of mammalian fatty acid metabolism and
      the related human diseases.

PMID- 2919116
TI  - Circulatory effects of sodium nitroprusside in the conscious lamb with an
      aortopulmonary left to right shunt.
AB  - We studied the effect on the circulation of reducing peripheral vascular
      resistance by infusing sodium nitroprusside into lambs of three different age
      groups (subgroup A, 11-26 days, subgroup B, 32-52 days, and subgroup C, 61-88
      days of age) with and without an aortopulmonary left to right shunt. Infusion of
      10 micrograms/kg/min nitroprusside over 2 h decreased aortic and left atrial
      pressures markedly and increased heart rate, whereas systemic, pulmonary, and
      left to right shunt blood flows hardly changed. Within 30 min after the onset of
      infusion, the hemodynamic variables stabilized. Aortic and left atrial pressures
      were still below control levels at that time. The different flows remained the
      same and heart rate, after an initial fall, increased again. The pattern of
      hemodynamic changes was not influenced by age or the presence of an
      aortopulmonary left to right shunt. Based on this study, we do not advocate
      sodium nitroprusside administration in case of a left to right shunt with normal
      arterial pressure and systemic blood flow.

PMID- 2919117
TI  - Serum mucin-associated antigen levels of cystic fibrosis patients are related to
      their ages and clinical statuses.
AB  - Mucin levels are generally elevated in sera from many cystic fibrosis (CF)
      patients as measured by radioimmunoassay using monoclonal antibody 19-9, which is
      directed against the mucin-associated sialyl Lea antigen. Antibody 19-9 can only
      be used to measure mucin-associated antigen levels in those patients who are
      genetically able to make detectable levels of mucin-associated sialyl Lea
      epitope. Serial studies of 20 patients followed over 3-5 y showed that their
      serum mucin-associated antigen levels varied directly with respect to the
      severity of their disease and inversely with their Shwachman-Kulczycki clinical
      scores (p less than 0.001) and Brasfield chest roentgenographic scores (p less
      than 0.02). Serum mucin-associated antigen levels in samples from 89 CF patients
      were generally higher in the older patients (p less than 0.025). Serum mucin
      associated antigen levels of CF patients who were colonized with Pseudomonas
      aeruginosa did not significantly differ from those of uninfected CF patients. The
      mean serum mucin-associated antigen level of CF patients colonized with
      Pseudomonas was higher than the mean mucin level of six non-CF bronchiectatic
      patients whose lungs were colonized with Pseudomonas (p = 0.053). Serum mucin
      associated antigen levels are thus related to CF patients' ages and clinical
      statuses.

PMID- 2919118
TI  - Copper toxicity and lipid peroxidation in isolated rat hepatocytes: effect of
      vitamin E.
AB  - We investigated the role of lipid peroxidation as the mechanism mediating copper
      toxicity in isolated rat hepatocytes and the modulating effect of vitamin E.
      Hepatocytes, isolated from rats fed diets containing deficient (E-), sufficient
      (E+), and excess (E++) amounts of vitamin E, were incubated with CuCl2 (0-2400
      microM) for 150 min. Dose and time-dependent decreases in hepatocyte viability
      (determined by trypan blue exclusion and lactate dehydrogenase release) due to
      copper toxicity correlated with production of malonyldialdehyde in E- and E+
      hepatocytes. However, malonyldialdehyde generation did not accompany copper
      toxicity in E++ cells. Copper toxicity was enhanced in E- compared to E+ and E++
      hepatocytes as assessed by cell viability studies and ultrastructural plasma
      membrane bleb formation. In vitro vitamin E repletion of E- hepatocytes restored
      resistance to copper and decreased malonyldialdehyde production proportionately.
      Thus vitamin E deficiency appeared to increase the susceptibility of hepatocytes
      to copper toxicity. We conclude that lipid peroxidation may not be the mechanism
      by which copper is toxic to isolated hepatocytes but that the site of injury may
      be thiol-rich cellular proteins.

PMID- 2919119
TI  - Heterogeneity of Fc receptor expression in chemotaxis and adherence of neonatal
      neutrophils.
AB  - Chemotaxis and adherence to polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) subpopulations
      from cord blood of 13 healthy neonates and blood of 16 healthy adults as control
      subjects were determined using the rosette-forming procedure, the modified Boyden
      method, and 51Cr adherence assay. The percentage of rosette-forming neutrophils
      (RFN) (Fc receptor expression) of cord PMN (35 +/- 8%) was significantly lower
      than that of adult PMN (60 +/- 4%, p less than 0.01). Differences in chemotaxis
      of PMN subpopulations between cord and adult PMN after stimulation by their own
      endotoxin-activated plasma were as follows: (i) unfractionated adult PMN (A) (n =
      10) versus adult RFN (B) (n = 5) versus adult nonRFN (C) (n = 5); (A) less than
      (B), p less than 0.01 and (A) greater than (C), p less than 0.01; (ii)
      unfractionated cord PMN (a) (n = 5) versus cord RFN (b) (n = 5) versus cord non
      RFN (c) (n = 5); (a) less than (b), p less than 0.01 and (a) versus (c), NS;
      (iii) (A) greater than (a), p less than 0.01; (iv) (B) greater than (b), p less
      than 0.05 and (C) versus (c), NS. Similarly, differences in adherence were as
      follows: (i) (A) (n = 13) versus (B) (n = 4), NS and (A) greater than (C) (n =
      4), p less than 0.01; (ii) (a) (n = 4) versus (b) (n = 4), NS and (a) greater
      than (c) (n = 4), p less than 0.01; (iii) (A) greater than (a), p less than 0.05;
      (iv) (B) versus (b), NS and (C) versus (c), NS. These results suggest that
      differences in chemotaxis and adherence between cord and adult PMN may relate in
      part to differences of PMN subpopulations.

PMID- 2919120
TI  - Human lactation. II: Endogenous fatty acid synthesis by the mammary gland.
AB  - We studied the effects of a diet that was low in fat, high in carbohydrate (CHO)
      on milk lipid composition and de novo endogenous fatty acid synthesis by the
      mammary gland in five lactating women. The women consumed either a low fat (LF)
      (5% fat, 80% CHO) diet or a high fat (HF) (40% fat, 45% CHO) diet. Fat synthesis
      was determined after an oral dose of 500 mg/kg D2O by measuring the incorporation
      of deuterium into C10:0 to C18:0 saturated fatty acids of milk fat and plasma
      triglycerides by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Synthesis of plasma C16:0
      and C18:0 triglycerides was barely detectable while women consumed the HF diet,
      but was increased 6-fold during the LF diet. Medium chain fatty acids secreted by
      the mammary gland increased from 12.8% (HF diet) to 16.3% (LF diet) in milk fat
      from four of five subjects (p = 0.027). Medium chain fatty acid secretion,
      however, increased from 13.9% (HF diet) to 29.9% (LF diet) in one subject. The
      primary fatty acids synthesized during lactation were C10:0, C12:0, and C14:0 in
      the majority of women studied. The LF diet significantly increased the apparent
      synthesis of C14:0 (p = 0.05), whereas no changes were observed in C12:0, C16:0,
      or C18:0. One subject had highly enriched C16:0 and C18:0 fatty acids in her milk
      on the LF diet, which could have been the result of mammary synthesis or of
      transport and secretion of hepatically synthesized lipids.

PMID- 2919121
TI  - Increased constriction of the ductus arteriosus with combined administration of
      indomethacin and betamethasone in fetal rats.
AB  - To find a better treatment for patient ductus arteriosus of preterm infants, we
      studied the combined effect of indomethacin and betamethasone on the fetal ductus
      in rats. We used a rapid whole-body freezing technique, and the ratio of the
      inner diameter of the ductus to the main pulmonary artery, which was 1.0 in
      controls, was used as an index of constriction. Indices of ductal constriction 4
      h after administration of indomethacin (1 mg/kg) alone, betamethasone (1 mg/kg)
      alone or in combination in near-term rats were 0.56 +/- 0.05 (mean +/- SEM), 0.76
      +/- 0.06, and 0.17 +/- 0.03, respectively. In preterm rats too, a marked increase
      in fetal ductus constriction was observed with the combined administration of
      these two drugs. Study of the dose effect of betamethasone revealed that maximal
      effects were obtained with 1 mg/kg of betamethasone combined with indomethacin in
      both preterm and near-term fetal rats. Increased constriction of the fetal ductus
      with combination treatment persisted from 1 to 8 h after administration.
      Administration of betamethasone 24 h before the rat was killed did not augment
      constriction of the fetal ductus by indomethacin administered 4 h before they
      were killed. Fetal ductus constriction by sulindac, another nonsteroidal
      antiinflammatory drug with little inhibitory effect on renal function, also was
      augmented by combined use with betamethasone (1 mg/kg). In conclusion, ductal
      constriction was markedly increased by combined administration of indomethacin
      and betamethasone in near-term and preterm fetal rats.

PMID- 2919122
TI  - Effect of somatomedin-C/insulin-like growth factor I and growth hormone on
      cultured growth plate and articular chondrocytes.
AB  - To determine whether growth hormone has a direct effect on skeletal tissues not
      mediated by somatomedins, and to better define the role of somatomedin-C/insulin
      like growth factor I (Sm-C/IGF-I) in skeletal development, bovine growth plate,
      and rabbit articular and growth plate chondrocytes in primary culture were
      evaluated under a variety of experimental conditions designed to elicit growth
      hormone and Sm-C/IGF-I stimulation. Under none of these conditions did bovine
      growth plate chondrocytes respond to either homologous bovine growth hormone or
      heterologous hGH. Under the same conditions, these cells were highly responsive
      to human Sm-C/IGF-I with respect to both [3H]thymidine and [35S]sulfate
      incorporation, indices of mitotic and differentiated cell functions,
      respectively. Similarly, both rabbit articular and growth plate chondrocytes
      showed enhanced incorporation of [3H] thymidine and [35S]sulfate in the presence
      of Sm-C/IGF-I, but did not respond to either native or recombinant hGH. Cells at
      different stages of maturation within the bovine growth plate differed in their
      reaction to Sm-C/IGF-I with proliferative zone cells manifesting a greater
      response to the peptide than cells of the reserve zone. These results suggest
      that the action of Sm-C/IGF-I on growth plate and articular chondrocytes is
      direct and that the effect of GH on these cells is indirect. The data further
      suggest that within the growth plate, the transition from reserve to
      proliferative status is associated with an increased Sm-C/IGF-I responsiveness, a
      change which may contribute to the functional differences in these cells.

PMID- 2919123
TI  - Noninvasive assessment of artery wall properties in children aged 4-19 years.
AB  - The vessel wall properties of the common carotid artery were noninvasively
      studied in 53 normotensive, presumed normal boys of various ages (4-19 yr) with
      the use of a multigate pulsed Doppler system. This device allows the on-line
      recording of velocity profiles and the relative changes in carotid artery
      diameter during the cardiac cycle. From the width of these profiles, the internal
      diameter of the carotid artery can be determined. With the use of internal
      carotid artery diameter, relative changes in carotid artery diameter during the
      cardiac cycle, and pulse pressure the pulse pressure, as measured in the brachial
      artery, the distensibility coefficient and the cross-sectional compliance were
      calculated. The children were allotted to three different age groups: group I (4
      10 yr), group II (11-14 yr), and group III (15-19 yr). In the older children
      (group III) the systolic arterial pressure and the pulse pressure were
      significantly higher than in groups I and II. The carotid artery diameter was
      significantly larger and the distensibility coefficient was significantly smaller
      in group III than in groups I and II. The cross-sectional compliance was not
      significantly different in the age groups, which can be explained by the larger
      artery diameter in the older age group. The findings indicate that the carotid
      artery wall is less distensible in adolescents than in younger children. The
      subjects in group III showed similar carotid artery wall properties as the young
      adults (aged 20-34 yr) in a previous study. Therefore, it is likely that in
      adolescents the vascular system can be considered as mature as far as the
      arterial wall properties are concerned.

PMID- 2919124
TI  - Adrenocortical steroids in small-for-gestational-age term infants during the
      early neonatal period.
AB  - We evaluated adrenocortical steroid concentrations at birth and during postnatal
      adaptation (2 h until 7 days) in 10 vaginally delivered term small-for
      gestational-age (SGA) infants and 12 term appropriate-for-gestational age
      infants. Plasma aldosterone, 11-deoxycorticosterone, corticosterone,
      progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, 11-deoxycortisol, cortisol, and cortisone
      were longitudinally measured by specific RIA after Sephadex LH-20 chromatography.
      Mean aldosterone was significantly higher in SGA than in appropriate-for
      gestational-age infants (2 h to 7 days; p less than 0.001). In SGA infants,
      cortisone and cortisol levels were significantly lower in umbilical artery (p
      less than 0.05), and all glucocorticoid levels were significantly lower 12 h
      after birth (p less than 0.05). Thereafter (24 h to 7 days), only 11
      deoxycortisol levels remained significantly lower in SGA; corticosterone and
      cortisol levels were even higher (p less than 0.05) in SGA 24 h after birth. The
      data suggest that SGA infants maintain high aldosterone levels throughout the 1st
      wk of life. Low cortisol and cortisone levels in umbilical artery as well as low
      glucocorticoid levels at 2 h and/or 12 h compared to term appropriate-for
      gestational-age infants may reflect either a less stressful postnatal adaptation
      or, more likely, a reduced adrenocortical synthesis in term SGA infants.

PMID- 2919125
TI  - Effects of ammonium chloride, salicylate, and carnitine on palmitic acid
      oxidation in rat liver slices.
AB  - To explore the possible association of hyperlipidemia with hyperammonemia and
      aspirin ingestion, the effects of NH4+, salicylate, and carnitine on the
      oxidation of [1-14C]palmitic acid to acid-soluble products (ASP) and to CO2 were
      investigated in rat liver slices. DL-carnitine (5 mM) increased total oxidation
      (ASP + CO2) more than oxidation to CO2. KCN (1.5 mM) inhibited more than 90% of
      the oxidation. NH4Cl inhibited the oxidation that reached a maximum at about 40
      mM, but the inhibition of oxidation to CO2 (63%) was larger than that of total
      oxidation (30%). Carnitine did not influence NH4+ inhibition, which is consistent
      with the results reported for isolated mitochondria. Salicylate effects depended
      on salicylate concentration as well as on the presence of carnitine. In the
      absence of carnitine, inhibition of total oxidation reached 90% at 3 mM
      salicylate but that of oxidation to CO2 reached 50%. Velocity calculated at
      saturating palmitic acid concentration for total oxidation was slightly increased
      by 0.75 mM salicylate, but the increase for oxidation to CO2 was larger. At 3 mM
      salicylate, velocity at saturating palmitic acid concentration for the oxidation
      was decreased, but the decrease for oxidation to CO2 was smaller than for total
      oxidation. Carnitine partially relieved the inhibition of total oxidation and
      further increased the formation of CO2. The combination of 20 mM NH4Cl and 0.75
      mM salicylate inhibited total oxidation, which was more than additive of the
      individual effects, and carnitine partially relieved the inhibition. It is
      concluded that NH4+ exerted a stronger inhibition of oxidation to CO2 than of
      oxidation to ASP, whereas salicylate strongly inhibited the oxidation to ASP but
      increased the oxidation to CO2 by uncoupling mitochondrial oxidative
      phosphorylation. Therefore, hyperammonemia and aspirin ingestion can inhibit
      fatty acid oxidation and mitochondrial metabolism that could lead to the
      pathophysiology seen in some childhood diseases such as Reye's syndrome.
      Carnitine therapy might offer some benefits.

PMID- 2919126
TI  - Vascular to alveolar leak of iron dextran (120 kD) in the immature ventilated
      rabbit lung.
AB  - Rabbit fetuses were delivered by hysterotomy on day 27 or 28 of gestation.
      Immediately after birth, the animals were tracheotomized and received by
      intravenous injection 0.2 mu Ci radiolabeled albumin and 11 mg iron dextran in
      0.2 ml saline. The newborn rabbits then were ventilated artificially with a tidal
      vol of 12 ml/kg for 5-20 min. One group of nonventilated animals served as
      controls. At the end of the experiment, one lung was lavaged via the airways and
      the other was fixed for histologic examination. The recovery of labeled albumin
      and iron dextran in the lavage fluid was quantified. Iron dextran complexes were
      easily identified in the lung sections by staining with Prussian blue. Iron
      dextran accumulated in the airspaces of animals delivered on day 27 (about 4% of
      the injected dose during 10-20 min of ventilation). The albumin leakage was
      slightly higher than that of the dextran, a result consistent with different mol
      wt of the markers. The vol density of leaking alveoli in histologic sections
      increased with time, from 0 at birth to a mean value of 0.36 after 20 min of
      ventilation. The leakage starts as a focal event, gradually involving more and
      more terminal airspaces. In the histologic sections, there was no indication of a
      significant leakage at the bronchiolar level, although the epithelium of terminal
      and preterminal airways was clearly injured in all ventilated animals.

PMID- 2919127
TI  - Influence of increased pulmonary vascular pressures on the closure of the ductus
      arteriosus in newborn lambs.
AB  - Neonatal conditions associated with increased pulmonary artery pressure have an
      increased incidence of patent ductus arteriosus. We operated on 15 near term
      fetal lambs and placed mechanical occluders into or around both branch pulmonary
      arteries so that main pulmonary artery blood pressure could be controlled. The
      lambs were delivered and ventilated for 4 h. In seven lambs, the branch vessels
      were obstructed so that pulmonary artery pressure increased to equal aortic
      pressure; in eight lambs (control), the branch vessels were not obstructed. There
      were no significant differences between the two groups in circulating
      prostaglandin E2 or 6 keto F1 alpha concentrations, PaO2, pH, or PaCO2. Despite
      these similarities, ductus resistance in the lambs with elevated pulmonary
      pressure was significantly less than that in the control lambs. After the 4 h
      measurements, we studied the ductus in vitro. We have previously found that
      ductus arteriosus constriction produces ischemia of its muscle wall that limits
      its ability to dilate or constrict any further. Ductus from lambs with elevated
      pulmonary pressure had a significantly increased ability to respond to oxygen,
      prostaglandin E2, and indomethacin compared with ductus from control lambs; these
      findings are consistent with less ductus constriction in vivo. Thus, the high
      incidence of patent ductus arteriosus in neonates with elevated pulmonary
      vascular resistance may be due in part to the increased pulmonary vascular
      pressure, which opposes ductus constriction and preserves ductus responsiveness.
      Conversely, the normal drop in pulmonary pressure that occurs in full term
      infants may facilitate the closure of the ductus after delivery.

PMID- 2919128
TI  - In vivo mechanical properties of the developing airway.
AB  - The inherent mechanical characteristics of the airways are determined in part by
      their elastic and viscoelastic properties. As compliant structures during early
      development, the airways are susceptible to significant distention and collapse,
      depending on the proportionality between airway volume and transmural pressure.
      To characterize the age-related changes in airway mechanical properties, the
      elastic and viscoelastic behavior of in vivo tracheal segments were evaluated in
      preterm and newborn lambs over a wide range of developmental age (108 to 154 days
      postconceptional age). Tracheal pressure-vol relationships and concomitant airway
      compliance measurements were used to determine elastic behavior. Calculations of
      the tracheal relaxation time constant on the same tracheal segments were used to
      evaluate airway viscoelastic behavior. Data demonstrated a significant (p less
      than 0.01) correlation with developmental age. With increasing age, the airways
      were found to be less compliant, and the tracheal relaxation time constant was
      observed to decrease. The difference in elastic properties of the trachea, in
      vivo compared to in vitro, suggest that neural-humoral and surrounding connective
      tissue factors may affect the elasticity of the developing airway. Although the
      modulating effects of smooth muscle tone and supporting connective tissue assist
      in the control of airway dimension and resistance to airflow in the intact
      airway, the age-related differences in the elastic properties may be a factor
      that predisposes the more immature airway to positive pressure-induced damage.

PMID- 2919129
TI  - Abnormality of odd-numbered long-chain fatty acids in erythrocyte membrane lipids
      from patients with disorders of propionate metabolism.
AB  - In propionic acidemia and methylmalonic aciduria, disorders of propionate
      catabolism, excess intracellular propionyl-CoA leads to an enhanced synthesis of
      odd-numbered long-chain fatty acids. Red cell membrane lipids of patients with
      these disorders contain pentadecanoic, heptadecanoic, and heptadecenoic acids in
      excess of normal levels. The odd-numbered long-chain fatty acid content may
      reflect individual differences in severity of these disorders as well as the
      degree of effective dietary control. It might be a useful long term parameter for
      determining the effectiveness of clinical management.

PMID- 2919130
TI  - Galactose metabolism in human ovarian tissue.
AB  - Galactose metabolism was studied in human ovarian tissue obtained from 14 women
      controls between 21 and 72 y of age, and one 21-y-old galactosemic patient with
      hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism. Tissue slices were incubated with 1-14C
      galactose, and labeled intermediates were analyzed by anion-exchange column
      chromatography. Activities of enzymes related to the galactose pathway:
      galactokinase, transferase, epimerase, uridine diphosphoglucose (UDPGlc) and
      uridine diphosphogalactose pyrophosphorylases, and UDPGlc and uridine
      diphosphogalactose pyrophosphatases were measured in ovarian homogenates using
      radioisotopic, spectrophotometric, and fluorometric techniques. Incorporation of
      carbon label from 1-14C-galactose into various galactose and glycolytic
      intermediates, as well as carbon dioxide and TCA-insoluble materials was
      demonstrated in samples from non-galactosemic controls. In tissue from the
      galactosemic individual, no labeled carbon dioxide was produced and very little
      incorporation into TCA-insoluble material was found. Labeled galactose-1
      phosphate was elevated. In normal ovarian tissue, specific activities of
      galactokinase, transferase, epimerase, and UDPGlc pyrophosphorylase are much
      higher than those found in the red cells and in testes. UDPGlc pyrophosphorylase
      activity is about 50 times that of transferase, suggesting that uridine
      nucleotide sugars have an important role in the normal development and function
      of the ovary. It is hypothesized that premature ovarian failure, often observed
      in patients with galactosemia, is due to interference with nucleotide sugar
      metabolism and the synthesis of galactose containing glycoproteins and
      glycolipids consequent to the enzymatic defect in the major pathway of galactose
      metabolism.

PMID- 2919131
TI  - 15N tracer studies of protein metabolism in low birth weight preterm infants: a
      comparison of 15N glycine and 15N yeast protein hydrolysate and of human milk-
      and formula-fed babies.
AB  - Nitrogen flux and protein synthesis and degradation were estimated using a single
      oral bolus of 15N glycine or 15N yeast protein hydrolysate and measuring the 15N
      enrichment of urinary ammonia in five low birth wt infants fed a low birth wt
      formula and in six who were receiving their own mother's breast milk. Results
      derived from using 15N-glycine and 15N-yeast hydrolysate tracers in a randomized
      crossover study in 10 studies on seven infants showed, with one exception, higher
      turnover rates and more interindividual variation with the 15N yeast. Both
      tracers showed good reproducibility in two infants who had repeated studies.
      Although wt gain was similar in both groups, nitrogen intake and retention were
      greater (p less than 0.01) in the formula-fed group. Mean nitrogen turnover was
      similar in both groups, but there was a greater variance in the human milk-fed
      group which also had a greater nitrogen turnover/U absorbed nitrogen (p less than
      0.025) and a lower excretion of nitrogen/U flux.

PMID- 2919132
TI  - Delayed lung maturation in the macrosomic offspring of genetically determined
      diabetic (db/+) mice.
AB  - We studied a genetically determined diabetes in pregnancy, the heterozygous
      diabetes (db/+) mouse. We found that fetal mice from these pregnancies are
      macrosomic with increased body, lung, and placenta wt, have altered organ
      protein, DNA and phospholipid content, and exhibit abnormal carbohydrate
      metabolism with increased liver and glycogen content. We further studied the
      effect of increased substrate availability and utilization on lung growth and
      maturation in (db/+) fetal mice, by measuring lung phospholipid synthesis as
      represented by the incorporation of the radiolabeled precursors, [3H]choline and
      [14C]glycerol, in fetal lung at 18 days' gestation (term = 19). Diabetic fetuses
      incorporated significantly more [3H]choline into disaturated phosphatidylcholine
      than controls (1.32 +/- 0.10 X 10(-2) versus 0.78 +/- 0.05 X 10(-2) nmol/g
      protein/min, mean +/- SE; p less than 0.001), but significantly less
      [14C]glycerol into phosphatidylglycerol than controls (3.18 +/- 0.38 versus 4.91
      +/- 0.53 nmol/g protein/min, mean +/- SE; p less than 0.002), and their
      phosphatidylglycerol/phosphatidylinositol synthesis ratios were decreased (1.81
      +/- 0.18 versus 3.17 +/- 0.14; mean +/- SE; p less than 0.001). Diabetic fetal
      lungs appeared morphologically less mature than controls at 18 days' gestation,
      as shown by a significantly decreased air space density (0.27 +/- 0.01 versus
      0.43 +/- 0.02, mean +/- SE; p less than 0.001) and alveolar epithelial cell/total
      tissue ratio (0.54 +/- 0.02 versus 0.66 +/- 0.03, mean +/- SE; p less than 0.01).
      The increased synthesis of lung disaturated phosphatidylcholine in diabetic fetal
      mice may reflect the enhancement of body and lung growth in these macrosomic
      fetuses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2919133
TI  - Ischemia alters cerebral vascular responses to hypercapnia and acetylcholine in
      piglets.
AB  - Effects of ischemia (20 min) on cerebral cortical prostanoid synthesis and
      microvascular responses to hypercapnia and topical acetylcholine were examined in
      anesthetized newborn pigs. Pial arteriolar dilation in response to hypercapnia
      (10% CO2 ventilation, 10 min) was absent 2 h after ischemia and reversed toward
      constriction by 24 h postischemia. In sham control piglets, hypercapnia increased
      cortical periarachnoid fluid prostanoid concentrations. After ischemia,
      hypercapnia did not affect prostanoid concentrations on the brain surface.
      Acetylcholine (10(-3) M)-induced pial arteriolar constriction was reversed toward
      dilation 24 h after cerebral ischemia. Further, acetylcholine-induced prostanoid
      synthesis was markedly attenuated after ischemia. We conclude that cerebral
      ischemia-reperfusion alters cerebral prostanoid synthesis and microvascular
      control in newborn pigs. These abnormalities persist for at least 24 h.

PMID- 2919134
TI  - Human milk feeding enhances the urinary excretion of immunologic factors in low
      birth weight infants.
AB  - The effects of fortified human milk feedings on the urinary excretion of
      lactoferrin, lysozyme, secretory component, IgA, and secretory IgA antibodies to
      Escherichia coli O antigens were investigated in very low birth wt infants.
      Infants were maintained on either a human milk or a cow's milk preparation. The
      amounts of each immune factor that were ingested and excreted were quantified
      during balance studies conducted at 2.5 and 5 wk of age. Serum levels of these
      immune factors were similar in both feeding groups. The urinary excretion of all
      factors except lysozyme was 7- to 150-fold greater in infants fed human milk than
      in those fed cow's milk formula. IgA was the only factor for which the amount of
      the factor excreted correlated with the amount ingested. Fragments as well as
      whole molecules of lactoferrin were found in the urine of the infants fed human
      milk, but the molecular sizes of the excreted proteins exceeded those normally
      filtered by the kidneys. Therefore, the genesis of the enhanced levels of host
      defense factors in the urine of infants fed human milk is not clear.
      Gastrointestinal absorption and subsequent renal excretion as well as enhanced
      production of immune factors in the infant's urinary tract are possible
      explanations.

PMID- 2919135
TI  - Maturation of chloride-bicarbonate exchange in rat ileal brush border membrane
      vesicles.
AB  - The present studies were designed to examine the ontogeny of the Cl- -HCO3-
      exchange process in the ileum of suckling (2 wk old), weanling (3 wk old), and
      adult (6 wk old) rats using well-validated brush border membrane vesicle
      techniques. The purity of the vesicle preparation was verified by demonstrating
      that the activity of brush border marker enzyme activity was enriched 30-fold
      compared to the cell homogenate. Glucose uptake experiments demonstrated an
      overshoot phenomenon under Na+ gradient conditions, but not in the absence of
      Na+. Chloride uptake varied inversely with the extravesicular osmolarity,
      demonstrating that transport was into an osmotically sensitive space. Membrane
      binding accounted for only 20% of total uptake. An inwardly-directed pH gradient
      (pHout/pHin = 5.2/7.5) produced overshoot Cl- uptake in all age groups. The
      magnitude of overshoot was greatest in suckling rats and declined with advancing
      age. Addition of an outwardly-directed HCO3- gradient yielded further stimulation
      of Cl- uptake in suckling and weanling animals but could not be demonstrated in
      the adult. The majority of Cl- uptake proceeded via an electroneutral exchange
      process. However, a conductive component was present, as demonstrated by
      enhancement of uptake when the vesicles were rendered positive inside by a K+
      gradient and valinomycin, as compared with voltage clamp conditions. At 5 mM
      concentration, 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid, an inhibitor of
      anion exchange, inhibited Cl- uptake by 62, 44, and 33%, respectively in
      suckling, weanling, and adult rats. The initial rate of uptake was linear for 8
      s.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2919136
TI  - Quantitative histology of cartilage cell columns in the human costochondral
      junction: findings in newborn and pediatric subjects.
AB  - The mean number of cells per cartilage column and the proportion of hypertrophic
      and proliferative chondrocytes per column were determined in the costochondral
      junction in a population of normal subjects including 10 fetal-newborns and 15
      subjects aged 0.3-16 y of age. Both the mean number of cells per column and the
      proportion of proliferative cells per column were significantly greater in the
      fetal-newborn population compared to the pediatric population (12.6 +/- 1.0
      versus 8.4 +/- 0.4, p less than 0.001 and 39.6 +/- 6.9 versus 24.4 +/- 2.5, p =
      0.025, respectively) (mean +/- sem [n]). The number of cells per column bore a
      significant negative relationship to subject age (r = -0.52, p = 0.007).
      Significant positive correlations were found between the mean number of cells per
      column and age-specific growth velocity both in males (length-height velocity =
      [(6.3) (mean number of cells) - 44.1], r = 0.72, p = 0.02) and in females (length
      height velocity = [(3.4 (mean number of cells) - 14.4], r = 0.77, p = 0.006).
      These data will provide normative values against which abnormalities
      characteristic of the skeletal dysplasias can be compared.

PMID- 2919137
TI  - Health care of physicians' children.
AB  - In anecdotal reports, problems have been cited in the health care of physicians'
      children, but no systematic study of this issue has been attempted. Pediatricians
      in a community of high physician density were interviewed to determine whether
      and how the health care of physicians' children differs from that of children of
      equivalent socioeconomic status. Of the community's 33 pediatricians, 94%
      responded to items in a 45-minute structured interview, for which test-retest
      reliability was demonstrated. Systematic differences in the care of physicians'
      children included delayed help seeking and increased self-referral to specialists
      by parents, and poor documentation of psychosocial history, less detailed
      instruction giving, and a reluctance to discuss problem behavior by
      pediatricians. Reasons cited by pediatricians for these problems included
      inappropriate assumptions concerning the medical knowledge of the physician's
      family, confusion between the roles of healer and help seeker, and embarrassment
      about discussing personal issues with colleagues. Pediatricians and physician
      parents need to become aware of and communicate about the potential for problems
      in the health care of physicians' children.

PMID- 2919138
TI  - Low morbidity and mortality of status epilepticus in children.
AB  - In an ongoing study of status epilepticus, 193 children with status epilepticus
      of varying causes have been followed up for a mean period of 13.2 months. Of
      these, 97 patients were recruited prospectively. The patients' ages ranged from 1
      month to 18 years (mean, 5.0 years). The cause of the status epilepticus was
      classified as idiopathic in 46 cases, remote symptomatic in 45, febrile in 46,
      acute symptomatic in 45, and progressive neurologic in 11. The mortality and
      incidence of sequelae following status epilepticus was low and primarily a
      function of etiology. Seven children died within 3 months of having the seizure.
      New neurologic deficits were found in 17 (9.1%) of the 186 survivors. All of the
      deaths and 15 of the 17 sequelae occurred in the 56 children with acute or
      progressive neurologic insults. Only two of the 137 children with other causes
      sustained any new deficits (P less than .001). Duration of the status epilepticus
      affected outcome only within the acute symptomatic group (P less than .05).
      Neurologic sequelae occurred in 29% of infants younger than 1 year of age, 11% of
      children 1 to 3 years of age, and 6% of children older than 3 years of age.
      However, this was a reflection of the greater incidence of acute neurologic
      disease in the younger age groups. Within each cause, age did not affect outcome.
      Of the 193 children, 61 (32%) had a history of prior unprovoked seizures. Of the
      125 surviving children with no history of prior unprovoked seizures, 37 (30%) had
      subsequent unprovoked seizures.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2919139
TI  - Factors associated with surfactant treatment response in infants with severe
      respiratory distress syndrome.
AB  - In a prospective, randomized study of 18 infants treated with bovine surfactant
      (surfactant TA, Tokyo Tanabe Co, Tokyo) for severe respiratory distress syndrome,
      a lasting response was found in 12 infants (66%), a transient response was found
      in two (11%), and no response was found in four (22%) when arterial to alveolar
      PO2 ratios were used to define responses during the first 48 hours after
      treatment. In contrast, three of 23 control infants (13%) had a transient or
      lasting "response" to sham treatment (Pediatrics 1987;79:31-37). To determine
      whether maldistribution of surfactant could explain lack of response or a
      transient response, surfactant TA was mixed with technetium-99m sulfur colloid
      (approximately 300 mu Ci per infant), and eight infants with severe respiratory
      distress syndrome were treated six to 58 hours after birth. Scintigraphy of the
      lungs was performed three to 15 hours after treatment. Although a lasting
      response was observed in three infants, a transient one in three, and no response
      in two, no gross maldistribution of the radioactive label was found. Either lung
      received from 37% to 62% of the total radioactivity. During the past 3 years, in
      all infants with severe respiratory distress syndrome who were treated with
      surfactant (n = 29), poor or transient responses were associated with early
      patent ductus arteriosus and air leaks (pulmonary interstitial emphysema and
      pneumothoraces). Pathophysiologic conditions associated with respiratory distress
      syndrome are more likely to explain suboptimal responses after surfactant
      treatment than gross maldistribution of surfactant in the lungs.

PMID- 2919140
TI  - Is my child normal yet? Correlates of vulnerability.
AB  - There are some children whose parents believe them to be unusually susceptible to
      medical or developmental problems--"vulnerable"--despite a lack of objective
      evidence of any difficulty. The "vulnerable child syndrome" refers to a
      constellation of behaviors that are thought to develop as a result of this
      excessive parental anxiety and subsequent difficulties in limit setting. In this
      study, the sense of vulnerability expressed by mothers concerning their healthy 3
      year-old children is explored; children born prematurely and with considerable
      neonatal morbidity are compared with children born at full-term. Sense of
      vulnerability is assessed through the use of a simple instrument, the use and
      validity of which are described. Mothers of premature infants described a
      significantly greater sense of vulnerability concerning their children than did
      mothers of full-term infants. Mothers with more education described a greater
      sense of vulnerability than did less well-educated mothers, although mothers who
      claimed greater well-being and marital satisfaction described a lesser sense of
      vulnerability. Mothers with a greater sense of vulnerability concerning their
      children also reported more behavior problems, especially in the sphere of
      discipline, peer relationships and self-control, and in internalizing and somatic
      symptoms. Pediatricians can intervene in the development of the vulnerable child
      syndrome by recognizing those children at special risk and helping their parents
      to nurture their health and independence.

PMID- 2919141
TI  - Pneumogram recordings in infants resuscitated for apnea of infancy.
AB  - Infants who sustained a spell of apnea of infancy during which they were
      resuscitated have been shown to be at increased risk for sudden infant death
      syndrome. To determine the value of the pneumogram as a predictor of outcome in
      this population, the first pneumogram obtained of 51 such infants was analyzed.
      The infants were grouped on the basis of subsequent outcome during a course of
      monitoring: group 1--infants who died during a subsequent event; group 2--infants
      who received resuscitation or vigorous stimulation to terminate a subsequent
      spell; group 3--infants who survived and did not have a significant subsequent
      episode. The results for these infants were compared with those of a control
      group matched for age and sex. A detailed, blinded computer analysis revealed no
      significant difference in the results of the pneumogram analysis between the
      three groups. It did not identify the infants in whom apneic spells necessitating
      resuscitation subsequently developed or those who died. However, when compared
      with the control group, infants with apnea of infancy had significantly higher
      mean respiratory rates, heart rates, and tachycardia indexes. It is concluded
      that, although the first pneumogram does not predict the risk of an adverse
      outcome in a population of infants with severe apnea of infancy, it does reveal
      subtle cardiorespiratory differences between study and control infants.

PMID- 2919142
TI  - Auditory brainstem responses and clinical follow-up of high-risk infants.
AB  - Auditory brainstem response (ABR) evaluations were performed on 667 high-risk
      infants from an infant special care unit. Of these infants, 82% passed the ABR.
      Those infants who failed the ABR were classified into two groups, those who
      failed at 30 dB hearing level and those who failed at 45 dB hearing level. All of
      the infants were encouraged to return for otologic/audiologic follow-up in 1, 3,
      or 6 months, depending on the initial ABR results. All of the infants with severe
      hearing impairments came from the group who failed at 45 dB hearing level. The
      incidence of severe sensorineural hearing impairment in this population was
      estimated to be 2.4%. For the group that failed at 30 dB hearing level, 80% of
      those who were abnormal at follow-up were considered to have conductive hearing
      disorders and 20% had mild sensorineural hearing impairments. In addition,
      infants enrolled in a parent-infant program for hearing impaired by 6 months of
      age were from the ABR program; however, several infants entered the parent-infant
      program at a relatively late age because they did not meet the high-risk
      criteria, they were from other hospitals, or they were not detected by the ABR
      program.

PMID- 2919143
TI  - Fear of obesity among adolescent girls.
AB  - The perceptions concerning weight, dieting practices, and nutrition of 326
      adolescent girls attending an upper middle-class parochial high school were
      studied in relation to their body weight. Underweight or overweight students were
      those with greater than 10% body weight differential for height. The high school
      students reported an exaggerated concern with obesity regardless of their body
      weight or nutrition knowledge. Underweight, normal weight, and overweight girls
      were dieting to lose weight and reported frequent self-weighing practices. As
      many as 51% (n = 60) of the underweight adolescents described themselves as
      extremely fearful of being overweight and 36% (n = 43) were preoccupied with body
      fat. A distorted perception of ideal body weight was documented, particularly
      among the underweight students; the greater the underestimation of perceived
      ideal body weight, the greater the actual deficit in ideal body weight for height
      of the students (r = .73; P less than .001). Normal weight and overweight girls
      had better concordance between their actual and perceived ideal body weight for
      height. The frequency of bingeing and vomiting behaviors was similar among the
      three weight categories. The data suggest that fear of obesity and inappropriate
      eating behaviors are pervasive among adolescent girls regardless of body weight
      or nutrition knowledge.

PMID- 2919144
TI  - Severe retinopathy in convalescent preterm infants with mild or regressing
      retinopathy of prematurity.

PMID- 2919145
TI  - Duration of pediatric and internal medicine practice in Oregon.

PMID- 2919146
TI  - Status epilepticus: it's not what we've thought or taught.

PMID- 2919147
TI  - Children, adolescents, and television--1989: I. Television violence: a critique.

PMID- 2919148
TI  - Children, adolescents, and television--1989: II. The role of pediatricians.

PMID- 2919149
TI  - American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Genetics: Newborn screening fact
      sheets.

PMID- 2919151
TI  - [Medical journals and editorial freedom].

PMID- 2919150
TI  - Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis Meeting. Groningen (The Netherlands), 11
      November 1988. Abstracts.

PMID- 2919152
TI  - [Urinary tract infections, etiology, diagnosis and treatment with effective
      antibiotics].
AB  - Among young, sexually active women, the prevalence of urinary tract infections
      (UTI) is five per cent, which is 30-50 times higher than among men. The incidence
      increases with age, and the female: male ratio declines. UTI account for 40 per
      cent of nosocomial infections. Single dose treatment is to be highly recommended
      in acute, uncomplicated cases of UTI in adult women, the advantages being
      satisfactory effect, fewer side effects, reduced development of resistance, and
      substantial reduction in antibiotic consumption.

PMID- 2919153
TI  - [Hypothyroidism in the elderly--a concealed disease].
AB  - Hypothyroidism in the elderly seldom corresponds to the text-book picture of this
      disorder. Symptoms and signs develop insidiously, and may easily be taken for the
      result of arteriosclerotic disease. Screening for hypothyroidism in elderly
      people is advocated, and serum-TSH is recommended as the primary investigation
      for such screening. Substitution with thyroxine must be started cautiously and
      with very small doses. Healthy people with subclinical hypothyroidism should be
      observed for the possible occurrence of symptoms and signs.

PMID- 2919154
TI  - [Nerve growth factor (NGF)--the current state of knowledge].
AB  - As Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) is probably the growth factor most extensively
      studied so far, it serve as a model of other growth factors. NGF regulates the
      survival of specific populations of neurons during critical periods of their
      development. NGF is also essential to the development and maintenance of specific
      functional properties of these neurons and to the ability of certain neurons to
      regenerate.

PMID- 2919155
TI  - [The Danop Data System for decentralized postoperative surveillance of wound
      infections].
AB  - The Danop Data System is a microcomputer system designed for the local (ward)
      surveillance of postoperative surgical infections. The system is served by a
      simply operated microcomputer program capable of tabulating data input in four
      standard tables providing continuous information sufficient for surveillance
      purposes. The aim is that, within a five-year period, 50 per cent of all Danish
      hospitals will adopt this or similar systems. The system is envisaged as a
      preliminary to more systematic surveillance of all nosocomial infections.

PMID- 2919156
TI  - [Clinical chemical parameters for metabolic control of patients with diabetes
      mellitus].
AB  - Fructosamine and various measures of blood glucose were compared to glycosylated
      hemoglobin as indices of glycaemic control in 148 patients with insulin treated
      diabetes. Fructosamine correlated fairly well with glycosylated hemoglobin (r =
      0.67), but around 40 per cent of the patients with glycosylated hemoglobin below
      upper reference limit had a fructosamine value over upper reference limit and
      vice versa. The possibility to predict the level of glycosylated hemoglobin from
      fasting blood glucose, postprandial blood glucose, and self-measured blood
      glucose was poor. The difference in self-measured blood glucose from patients
      with high versus low levels of glycosylated hemoglobin was very modest (0.5-2.0
      mmol/l). It is concluded that it is reasonable to measure both glycosylated
      hemoglobin and fructosamine to evaluate glycaemic control in insulin treated
      diabetic patients. Fasting blood glucose, postprandial blood glucose, and self
      measured blood glucose only seem to reflect glycaemic control to a minor degree.

PMID- 2919157
TI  - [Bronchoscopy in monosymptomatic hemoptysis--hemoptysis in bronchial carcinoma].
AB  - Blood in sputum, haemoptysis, is a common symptom in mucous membrane disorders of
      the respiratory tract--it is often seen in conjunction with inflammation but may
      also be associated with malignant tumours of the respiratory tract. In a survey
      of 422 patients with monosymptomatic haemoptysis, 15 patients with bronchogenic
      carcinoma were identified. A cytological examination of the sputum of these 15
      patients was carried out, and in 9 of these cases suspected malignant cells were
      observed. From these and other observations it is concluded that with patients of
      over 40 years of age who are smokers with haemoptysis, but who display a normal X
      ray examination of the thorax, it would be prudent to carry out a cytological
      examination of the sputum before bronchoscopy.

PMID- 2919158
TI  - [Nonparametric correlation analysis].

PMID- 2919159
TI  - [Health for all by the year 2000: human rights and health].
AB  - Human rights, humanitarianism, and equality in health and access to care are some
      of the cornerstones of the European Health For All (HFA) programme. The World
      Health Organization has set a target of reducing present national and
      international differences in health status by 25 per cent. This may well be an
      Utopian dream, in view of the gulf that exists between different socio-economic
      categories with regard to lifespan, and infant mortality and morbidity. An
      additional source of concern is the lack of political initiative to resolve these
      problems.

PMID- 2919160
TI  - [Health hazards from radiation from broadcasting equipment].

PMID- 2919161
TI  - Model of the interactions of calichemicin gamma 1 with a DNA fragment from
      pBR322.
AB  - An analysis of the binding interactions of several DNA-drug complexes that
      utilize carbohydrates for DNA recognition has been undertaken. It is proposed
      that the carbohydrate residues function as general minor groove binding elements,
      and the stereochemistry of aglycone attachment sites is generally disposed to
      promote a right-handed helical geometry that is complementary to right-handed
      DNA. The constitution and stereochemistry of the DNA double-strand cleaving agent
      calichemicin gamma 1 is consistent with this analysis. Docking experiments with
      computer-generated models of this drug and a dodecamer duplex that was found to
      serve as a calichemicin cleavage site were performed to gain insight into the
      origin of the drug's sequence-selective binding and cutting properties. A model
      is presented that provides a molecular level understanding of the double-strand
      cleavage patterns that result from the action of calichemicin gamma 1 on DNA.

PMID- 2919162
TI  - Separate cis-regulatory elements confer expression of phosphoenolpyruvate
      carboxykinase (GTP) gene in different cell lines.
AB  - The gene encoding cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP) [PEPCK;
      GTP:oxaloacetate carboxy-lyase (transphosphorylating), EC 4.1.1.32], a key enzyme
      in gluconeogenesis and glyceroneogenesis, is expressed in tissues that arise from
      different embryonal origins: the gluconeogenic liver arises from endoderm,
      whereas the gluconeogenic kidney cortex and glyceroneogenic adipose tissue arise
      from the mesoderm. To identify the cis-regulatory elements conferring the
      differential gene expression, PEPCK chimeric genes were transfected into two rat
      hepatoma cell lines (H4IIEC3 and HTC-M1.1) and mouse adipocytes (3T3F442A), which
      express the endogenous gene, and into myoblasts and preadipocytes, which do not
      express it. The results demonstrate that 597 base pairs of the 5' flanking region
      of the PEPCK gene are sufficient to confer cell-specific gene expression in the
      PEPCK-expressing hepatoma cells and adipocytes. However, different elements
      within this 597-base-pair region enhance the gene expression in the hepatoma
      cells (endoderm) and adipocytes (mesoderm). In the hepatocytes, expression is
      conferred by two elements--one 5' of position -362 and the other 3' of position 
      98 with respect to the transcription start site. The region in between these two
      elements (from -362 to -98), which seems to inhibit the gene expression in the
      hepatocytes, confers enhanced expression in the adipocytes. Moreover, the distal
      positive regulatory element of the hepatocytes seems to be orientation and PEPCK
      promoter dependent. In contrast, the positive regulatory element of the
      adipocytes seems to act as a more typical enhancer. These results suggest that
      separate cis-regulatory elements confer cell-specific expression of the PEPCK
      gene.

PMID- 2919163
TI  - Binding of hormone accelerates the kinetics of glucocorticoid and progesterone
      receptor binding to DNA.
AB  - Steroid hormone receptors induce genes by virtue of their interaction with DNA
      regulatory sequences. The hormonal response of a particular gene in vivo
      correlates with binding of the hormone to the receptor and supposedly reflects
      the degree of occupancy of the corresponding DNA regulatory sequences. However,
      in vitro the steroid-free glucocorticoid and progesterone receptors bind
      specifically to the regulatory sequences of mouse mammary tumor virus, thus
      raising questions on the role of the hormone in DNA binding in vivo. By using
      monoclonal antibodies, gel retardation assays, and filter binding techniques we
      show here that binding of a functional steroid to either the glucocorticoid or
      the progesterone receptors influences the kinetics of the protein-DNA interaction
      in vitro. In the presence of hormone the on rate of receptor binding to DNA
      fragments with or without regulatory sequences is accelerated 2- to 5-fold, and
      the off rate is accelerated 10- to 20-fold. The receptors complexed to an
      antihormone bind to DNA with kinetics intermediate between those of the steroid
      free and the hormone-bound protein. Thus, ligand binding accelerates the kinetics
      of receptor binding to DNA and this could partly account for the behavior of the
      hormone receptor observed in vivo.

PMID- 2919164
TI  - Regulation of the low density lipoprotein receptor and hydroxymethylglutaryl
      coenzyme A reductase genes by protein kinase C and a putative negative regulatory
      protein.
AB  - Transcription of the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) and 3-hydroxy-3
      methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase genes was rapidly and transiently
      induced (8.5- and 2.3-fold, respectively) early during phorbol 12-myristate 13
      acetate (PMA)-induced macrophage differentiation of the human monocytic leukemia
      cell line THP-1. The levels of mRNA coding for LDL-R and HMG-CoA reductase
      increased soon after induction, reached a maximum (12- and 7-fold increase,
      respectively) in 2-3 hr, and then rapidly returned to the low constitutive levels
      observed before induction. The stability of LDL-R mRNA did not change
      significantly during differentiation, whereas that of HMG-CoA reductase mRNA
      decreased by about 5-fold 6 hr after the addition of PMA. Transcriptional
      induction of both LDL-R and HMG-CoA reductase genes (5.6- and 2-fold,
      respectively) was also observed when undifferentiated cells were treated with
      cycloheximide (CHX), resulting in a transient increase in steady-state mRNA (7-
      and 3-fold, respectively). These results suggest that expression of the two genes
      is maintained at low constitutive levels in uninduced THP-1 cells by a protein
      with a short half-life. Superinduction of both genes occurred when PMA and CHX
      were added simultaneously. The induction of LDL-R and HMG-CoA reductase mRNAs
      during early macrophage differentiation is mediated by protein kinase C. It is
      hypothesized that protein kinase C acts directly or indirectly to inactivate the
      labile negative regulatory protein. Induction of LDL-R mRNA was also observed
      when the human hepatocarcinoma cell line Hep G2 was treated with PMA and CHX,
      suggesting that this mechanism of regulation may exist in several cell types.

PMID- 2919165
TI  - UV-induced DNA-binding proteins in human cells.
AB  - To investigate the response of human cells to DNA-damaging agents such as UV
      irradiation, we examined nuclear protein extracts of UV-irradiated HeLa cells for
      the presence of DNA-binding proteins. Electrophoretically separated proteins were
      transferred to a nitrocellulose filter that was subsequently immersed in a
      binding solution containing radioactively labeled DNA probes. Several DNA-binding
      proteins were induced in HeLa cells after UV irradiation. These included proteins
      that bind predominantly double-stranded DNA and proteins that bind both double
      stranded and single-stranded DNA. The binding proteins were induced in a dose
      dependent manner by UV light. Following a dose of 12 J/m2, the binding proteins
      in the nuclear extracts increased over time to a peak in the range of 18 hr after
      irradiation. Experiments with metabolic inhibitors (cycloheximide and actinomycin
      D) revealed that de novo synthesis of these proteins is not required for
      induction of the binding activities, suggesting that the induction is mediated by
      protein modification.

PMID- 2919166
TI  - Transcription-based amplification system and detection of amplified human
      immunodeficiency virus type 1 with a bead-based sandwich hybridization format.
AB  - The in vitro amplification of biologically important nucleic acids has proceeded
      principally by a strategy of DNA replication. Polymerase chain reaction was the
      first such protocol to achieve this goal. In this report, a transcription-based
      amplification system (TAS) is described. Each cycle of the TAS is composed of two
      steps. The first is a cDNA synthesis step that produces one copy of a double
      stranded DNA template for each copy of RNA or DNA target nucleic acid. During the
      course of this cDNA synthesis step, a sequence recognized by a DNA-dependent RNA
      polymerase is inserted into the cDNA copy of the target sequence to be amplified.
      The second step is the amplification of the target sequence by the transcription
      of the cDNA template into multiple copies of RNA. This procedure has been applied
      to the detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected cells.
      After four cycles of TAS, the amplification of the vif region of the HIV-1 RNA
      genome was measured to be, on the average, 38- to 47-fold per cycle, resulting in
      a 2-5 x 10(6)-fold increase in the copy number of the original target sequence.
      This amplification by the TAS protocol allows the detection of fewer than one HIV
      1-infected CEM cell in a population of 10(6) uninfected CEM cells. Detection of
      the TAS-generated RNA from HIV-1-infected cells can easily be accomplished by
      means of a bead-based sandwich hybridization protocol, which provides additional
      specificity for the identification of the amplified HIV-1-specific sequence.

PMID- 2919167
TI  - Identifying protein-binding sites from unaligned DNA fragments.
AB  - The ability to determine important features within DNA sequences from the
      sequences alone is becoming essential as large-scale sequencing projects are
      being undertaken. We present a method that can be applied to the problem of
      identifying the recognition pattern for a DNA-binding protein given only a
      collection of sequenced DNA fragments, each known to contain somewhere within it
      a binding site for that protein. Information about the position or orientation of
      the binding sites within those fragments is not needed. The method compares the
      "information content" of a large number of possible binding site alignments to
      arrive at a matrix representation of the binding site pattern. The specificity of
      the protein is represented as a matrix, rather than a consensus sequence,
      allowing patterns that are typical of regulatory protein-binding sites to be
      identified. The reliability of the method improves as the number of sequences
      increases, but the time required increases only linearly with the number of
      sequences. An example, using known cAMP receptor protein-binding sites,
      illustrates the method.

PMID- 2919168
TI  - Cooperative interaction of Agrobacterium VirE2 protein with single-stranded DNA:
      implications for the T-DNA transfer process.
AB  - Induction of Agrobacterium tumefaciens vir gene expression by wounded plant cells
      results in production of a free transferable single-stranded (ss) copy of T-DNA,
      the T-strand. One of the Vir proteins, the VirE2 polypeptide, is a ssDNA-binding
      protein. In the present work, interaction of nopaline-specific VirE2 protein (Mr
      69,000) with ssDNA was studied by using nitrocellulose filter binding, gel
      retardation, and electron microscopy techniques. The VirE2 protein was found to
      bind to ssDNA molecules with strong cooperativity, forming VirE2-ssDNA complexes
      with a binding site of 28-30 nucleotides. The VirE2-ssDNA complexes are stable at
      high salt concentrations and resistant to exonucleolytic activity. When examined
      under the electron microscope, the VirE2 protein converted collapsed free ssDNA
      molecules into unfolded and extended structures. The structure and properties of
      VirE2-ssDNA complexes predict possible functions in Agrobacterium virulence to
      (i) protect the T-strands from cellular nucleases and (ii) facilitate transfer of
      the T-strands through bacterial membranes possibly by specific interaction with
      putative membrane pores formed in plant-induced Agrobacterium cells.

PMID- 2919169
TI  - Rapid activation by interferon alpha of a latent DNA-binding protein present in
      the cytoplasm of untreated cells.
AB  - The highly conserved interferon (IFN)-stimulated regulatory elements of the human
      genes 6-16 and 9-27 bind to one or more proteins (E factor) detected in extracts
      of human Bristol 8 B cells or human foreskin fibroblast cells treated with IFN
      alpha. E factor is not detectable in extracts of untreated cells and appears in
      IFN-treated cells within less than 1 min in a form extractable with low salt and
      thus presumably not bound to DNA. After a few more minutes, the level of this
      form decreases in parallel with the increase of a form extractable only with high
      salt and thus presumably bound to DNA. Induction of E factor by IFN-alpha can
      occur in nuclei-free cytoplasts, whereas no E factor was detected in IFN-treated
      nucleoplasts. Together, these results suggest a model for signal transduction in
      which latent E factor, located in the cytoplasm, is activated or released from an
      inhibitor very rapidly upon binding of IFN-alpha to its receptor. Active E factor
      can then migrate to the nucleus, where it binds to the IFN-stimulated regulatory
      elements of IFN-regulated genes, activating their transcription.

PMID- 2919170
TI  - Estrogen-responsive element of the human pS2 gene is an imperfectly palindromic
      sequence.
AB  - Using chimeric recombinants transfected into HeLa cells and a transient
      expression assay, we demonstrate that the 5'-flanking region of the pS2 gene from
      position -428 to position -324 exhibits both constitutive and estrogen-inducible
      enhancer activity. The estrogen-inducible activity, but not the constitutive
      activity, was inhibited by antiestrogens. ICI 164,384 behaved as a pure
      antagonist, whereas hydroxytamoxifen was a partial agonist-antagonist. The
      estrogen-responsive element of the pS2 gene has been narrowed down by site
      directed deletion mutagenesis to a 13-base-pair (position -405 to position -393)
      imperfectly palindromic sequence, which in isolation can confer estrogen
      inducibility to the heterologous rabbit beta-globin gene promoter. On the other
      hand, the sequences responsible for the constitutive enhancer activity are spread
      over the entire region.

PMID- 2919171
TI  - Dynamic Monte Carlo study of the folding of a six-stranded Greek key globular
      protein.
AB  - To help elucidate the general rules of equilibrium globular protein folding,
      dynamic Monte Carlo simulations of a model beta-barrel globular protein having
      the six-stranded Greek key motif characteristic of real globular proteins were
      undertaken. The model protein possesses a typical beta-barrel amino acid
      sequence; however, all residues of a given type (e.g. hydrophobic residues) are
      identical. Even in the absence of site-specific interactions, starting from a
      high-temperature denatured state, these models undergo an all-or-none transition
      to a structurally unique six-stranded beta-barrel. These simulations suggest that
      the general rules of globular protein folding are rather robust in that the
      overall tertiary structure is determined by the general pattern of hydrophobic,
      hydrophilic, and turn-type residues, with site-specific interactions mainly
      involved in structural fine tuning of a given topology. Finally, these studies
      suggest that loops may play an important role in producing a unique native state.
      Depending on the stability of the native conformation of the long loop in the
      Greek key, the conformational transition can be described by a two-state, three
      state, or even larger number of multiple equilibrium states model.

PMID- 2919172
TI  - Primary structure of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) ascorbate oxidase deduced from
      cDNA sequence: homology with blue copper proteins and tissue-specific expression.
AB  - cDNA clones for ascorbate oxidase were isolated from a cDNA library made from
      cucumber (Cucumis sativus) fruit mRNA. The library was screened with synthetic
      oligonucleotides that encode the NH2-terminal sequence of this enzyme. Nucleotide
      sequence analysis of the cloned cDNA inserts revealed a 1761-base-pair open
      reading frame that encoded an NH2-terminal signal peptide of 33 amino acids and a
      mature enzyme of 554 amino acids (Mr, 62,258). The amino acid sequence deduced
      from nucleotide sequence analysis agrees with the NH2-terminal amino acid
      sequence of the purified ascorbate oxidase, as determined by microsequencing
      methods. Cucumber ascorbate oxidase contained four histidine-rich regions with
      striking sequence homology to the corresponding parts of the other multicopper
      oxidases such as Neurospora crassa laccase and human ceruloplasmin and, to some
      extent, to a low molecular weight copper protein such as plastocyanin. Moreover,
      these data further support the hypothesis that the small blue copper proteins and
      the multicopper oxidases have evolved from the same ancestral gene. By RNA blot
      hybridization analysis, the mRNA for the ascorbate oxidase was found to be
      abundant in cucumber fruit tissue while expressed at very low levels in leaf and
      root tissues.

PMID- 2919173
TI  - Distinctive traits of normal and tumor-derived human mammary epithelial cells
      expressed in a medium that supports long-term growth of both cell types.
AB  - A medium is described that supports long-term growth in culture of human primary
      mammary tumor cells, of normal epithelial cells from mammoplasty, and of mammary
      tumor cell lines. Tumor cells are shown to be distinguishable from normal mammary
      epithelial cells by morphology, by growth requirements, and by two markers:
      preferential expression of the HMFG-2 epitope on tumor cells and preferential
      retention in tumor cell mitochondria of the lipophilic fluorescent dye rhodamine
      123. Differential fluorescence of HMFG-2 fluorescein-conjugated antibodies can be
      used as a basis for separation of normal and tumor cells in a fluorescence
      activated cell sorter, as can differential retention of rhodamine 123.

PMID- 2919174
TI  - Fourier analysis of cell motility: correlation of motility with metastatic
      potential.
AB  - We report the development of a computerized, mathematical system for quantitating
      the various types of cell motility. This Fourier analysis method simultaneously
      quantifies for individual cells (i) temporal changes in cell shape represented by
      cell ruffling, undulation, and pseudopodal extension, (ii) cell translation, and
      (iii) average cell size and shape. This spatial-temporal Fourier analysis was
      tested on a series of well-characterized animal tumor cell lines of rat prostatic
      cancer to study in a quantitative manner the correlation of cell motility with
      increasing in vivo metastatic potential. Fourier motility coefficients measuring
      pseudopodal extension correlated best with metastatic potential in the cell lines
      studied. This study demonstrated that Fourier analysis provides quantitative
      measurement of cell motility that may be applied to the study of biological
      processes. This analysis should aid in the study of the motility of individual
      cells in various areas of cellular and tumor biology.

PMID- 2919175
TI  - Targeting of a chromosomal protein to the nucleus and to lampbrush chromosome
      loops.
AB  - We have isolated a cDNA clone (SE5A) that encodes a protein on lampbrush
      chromosome loops of the newt Notophthalmus. In vitro-synthesized transcripts of
      this clone were injected into Xenopus oocytes, where they were efficiently
      translated. Most of the translated protein was imported into the oocyte nucleus,
      and some of it appeared on the chromosome loops. The translation product must
      contain information that permits its appropriate targeting first to the nucleus
      and then to the chromosome loops.

PMID- 2919176
TI  - Divergent evolution of part of the involucrin gene in the hominoids: unique
      intragenic duplications in the gorilla and human.
AB  - The gene for involucrin, an epidermal protein, has been remodeled in the higher
      primates. Most of the coding region of the human gene consists of a modern
      segment of repeats derived from a 10-codon sequence present in the ancestral
      segment of the gene. The modern segment can be divided into early, middle, and
      late regions. We report here the nucleotide sequence of three alleles of the
      gorilla involucrin gene. Each possesses a modern segment homologous to that of
      the human and consisting of 10-codon repeats. The early and middle regions are
      similar to the corresponding regions of the human allele and are nearly identical
      among the different gorilla alleles. The late region consists of recent
      duplications whose pattern is unique in each of the gorilla alleles and in the
      human allele. The early region is located in what is now the 3' third of the
      modern segment, and the late, polymorphic region is located in what is now the 5'
      third. Therefore, as the modern segment expanded during evolution, its 3' end
      became stabilized, and continuing duplications became confined to its 5' end. The
      expansion of the involucrin coding region, which began long before the separation
      of the gorilla and human, has continued in both species after their separation.

PMID- 2919177
TI  - Recovery of induced mutations for X chromosome-linked muscular dystrophy in mice.
AB  - We have used elevated levels of plasma creatine phosphokinase activity to
      identify muscular dystrophy phenotypes in mice and to screen the progeny of
      chemical mutagen-treated male mice for X chromosome-linked muscular dystrophy
      mutations. We were not successful in identifying heterozygous carriers of these
      induced muscular dystrophy mutations in greater than 8000 progeny. However, we
      were highly successful in identifying three additional alleles of the
      characterized mdx locus. These alleles of mdx were recovered from various mutagen
      treated males and they occur on an X chromosome that carries flanking markers
      that allow us to follow the mutations in genetic crosses and in the development
      of corresponding mutant stocks. These alleles have been designated as mdx2Cv,
      mdx3Cv, and mdx4Cv. Preliminary data show that mice with mdx2Cv and mdx3Cv
      mutations have muscular dystrophic phenotypes that do not grossly differ from the
      characterized mdx mutation. These additional mdx mutations expand the value of
      mouse models of X chromosome-linked muscular dystrophy and potentially define
      additional sites of mutation that impair dystrophin expression.

PMID- 2919178
TI  - Rapid detection of ultraviolet-induced reversion of an amber mutation in mouse L
      cells.
AB  - An amber codon (TAG) was introduced into the N-terminal coding region of the
      murine H-2Kb gene. The mutant gene was transfected into mouse L cells, and a
      clone containing a single unrearranged chromosomally integrated copy of the
      mutant gene was mutagenized with 254-nm UV radiation. Surviving cells were scored
      for surface expression of H-2Kb protein with in situ immunoperoxidase staining.
      Revertants were detected at a frequency of 3 X 10(-6) at a dose of 40 J/m2 (3-5%
      survival). Revertant genes, cloned by plasmid rescue, contained the expected
      thymine-to-cytosine transitions at the amber codon. These data show that
      revertants can be rapidly detected in mammalian cells without selection and
      provide a basis for the development of mammalian cell lines that could be used to
      study mutational phenomena. During this study the steady-state level of mRNA was
      reduced in L cells carrying the amber mutant H-2Kb gene compared with L cells
      containing a wild-type or revertant H-2Kb gene. This reduction was shown not to
      be due to transcriptional differences, suggesting that the amber mutation
      decreases stability of the H-2Kb mRNA.

PMID- 2919179
TI  - Chromosomes of older humans are more prone to aminopterine-induced breakage.
AB  - We have adopted a simplified version of the "cell hybrid cotransfer method" to
      test the hypothesis that human lymphocytes derived from elderly individuals have
      a higher chromosome instability. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from "old" male
      individuals and "young" controls were fused with a Chinese hamster cell line (CHO
      YH21), yielding 10 HAT-resistant rodent-human clones from the old propositi and
      22 from the young controls (HAT = hypoxanthine/aminopterin/thymidine). Both
      series of hybrid clones were analyzed with respect to the retention of the enzyme
      glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and the surface antigen MIC2 identified by
      monoclonal antibody 12E7, two human X chromosome-linked markers located at
      opposite ends of the X chromosome. Cell hybrid clones with an X chromosome from a
      young control retained both markers in about 70% of the cells. In contrast, cell
      hybrid clones with an X chromosome from an old donor retained the MIC2 marker in
      only 30% of their cells. Slot-blot hybridization studies have established that
      the observed loss of the MIC2 marker is due to loss of the coding gene, not to
      suppression of its expression. Similar hybridization studies with molecular
      probes specific for other regions of the X chromosome suggest preferential
      chromosomal breakage sites. T lymphocytes from old donors were also found to have
      an LD50 for aminopterine significantly lower than the concentration of this drug
      in the HAT medium used to grow the hybrids, suggesting that the higher level of
      gene loss observed in the X chromosomes from old donors may be directly related
      to their increased sensitivity to the clastogenic effect of aminopterine. We
      speculate that the higher rate of chromosomal breakage and of marker loss
      observed along the "old-age" X chromosomes could be the result of "molecular
      scars" accumulated with aging at sites of constitutive chromosomal fragility.

PMID- 2919180
TI  - Anomalous and selective DNA mutations of the Old World monkey alpha-globin genes.
AB  - It has been a widely accepted hypothesis that the molecular clock slows down
      during evolution of higher primates. By molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence
      comparison of a rhesus macaque alpha-globin gene to its homologs in man,
      orangutan, olive baboon, and other mammals, we demonstrate a burst of evolution
      of the baboon alpha-globin gene since its separation from the rhesus macaque.
      This mutation burst has occurred only at the nonsynonymous sites but not the
      synonymous sites. Its magnitude is at least 10-fold higher than the synonymous
      substitution rates in higher primates and as high as the synonymous substitution
      rates of the rodent lineage. On the contrary, the rate of synonymous site
      substitutions in the alpha-globin genes of either the rhesus macaque or the olive
      baboon is several times slower than that of human. Our data demonstrate an
      anomalous exception to the slow rates of molecular evolution in higher primates
      and provide strong evidence for a recently accelerated evolution of a primate
      globin gene under an as yet unknown selective force(s).

PMID- 2919181
TI  - Conservation of structural and functional domains in complement component C3 of
      Xenopus and mammals.
AB  - The cDNA sequence and the deduced amino acid sequence of the Mr 34,000 C-terminal
      fragment of Xenopus laevis complement component C3 are presented. The sequence of
      Xenopus C3 has 57% nucleotide identity to the corresponding sequence of human C3
      and approximately 49% amino acid identity to C3 from human, mouse, and rabbit.
      The Xenopus C3 sequence shows clusters of high and of low similarity to the
      mammalian C3 sequences. One of these regions of high similarity represents the
      domain of mammalian C3b involved in the binding of properdin, a regulator of the
      alternative pathway of complement activation. It is not clear whether the other
      highly conserved regions are involved in binding to other C3 ligands. The Xenopus
      C3 sequence completely lacks the Arg-Gly-Asp sequence, which has been suggested
      to be the recognition site of the human complement receptor type 3 on the iC3b
      fragment of human C3. The Xenopus C3 gene is shown not to be linked to the
      Xenopus major histocompatibility complex, as is also the case in mammals. Since
      the gene of the related molecule C4 is MHC-linked in both mammals and Xenopus,
      the C3 and C4 genes may have separated before Xenopus and mammals speciated.

PMID- 2919182
TI  - Sulfation of tyrosine residues increases activity of the fourth component of
      complement.
AB  - Sulfation of tyrosine residues recently has been recognized as a biosynthetic
      modification of many plasma proteins and other secretory proteins. Effects of
      this site-specific modification on protein function are not known, but the
      activity of several peptides such as cholecystokinin is greatly augmented by
      sulfation. Here, we examine the role of sulfation in the processing and activity
      of C4 (the fourth component of complement), one of the few proteins in which
      sites and stoichiometry of tyrosine sulfation have been characterized. Our
      results, with C4 as a paradigm, suggest that sulfation of tyrosine residues can
      have major effects on the activity of proteins participating in protein-protein
      interactions. Sulfation of C4 synthesized by Hep G2 cells was blocked by
      incubating the cells with NaClO3 and guaiacol. These sulfation inhibitors did not
      alter secretion or other steps in the processing of C4. However, hemolytic
      activity of C4 was decreased more than 50%. The inhibitors' effect on C4 activity
      was prevented by adding Na2SO4 to restore sulfation of C4. Activity of C3, a
      complement component homologous to C4 but lacking tyrosine sulfate residues, was
      minimally reduced (19%) by the inhibitors. Decreased hemolytic activity of
      nonsulfated C4 apparently resulted from impaired interaction with complement
      subcomponent C1s (EC 3.4.21.42), the protease that physiologically activates C4.
      Purified C1s was able to cleave nonsulfated C4, but approximately 10-fold higher
      concentrations of C1s were required for that cleavage than to yield equivalent
      cleavage of sulfated C4. Our results suggest that activation of C4, a central
      component in the classical pathway of complement activation, is influenced by the
      level of sulfation of the protein. Thus, sulfation of C4 provides a potential
      locus for physiological or pharmacological modulation of complement-mediated
      opsonization and inflammation.

PMID- 2919183
TI  - Mature human eosinophils have the capacity to express HLA-DR.
AB  - Human eosinophils are known to lose Ia antigen expression as they mature, and,
      accordingly, eosinophils obtained from the blood of five eosinophilic donors and
      three of four normal donors failed to display the major histocompatibility
      complex class II antigen HLA-DR, as determined by flow cytometry. However, when
      eosinophils from these nine donors were maintained in culture with recombinant
      human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and murine 3T3
      fibroblasts, HLA-DR consistently developed on the eosinophils. By days 4-6 of
      culture, 24-97% of eosinophils were HLA-DR+, and the eosinophils remained
      morphologically mature. In contrast, another class II antigen, HLA-DQ, was not
      detectable by flow cytometry on eosinophils from eight of nine donors. Cultured
      eosinophils were able to synthesize HLA-DR, as documented by the incorporation of
      [35S]methionine into immunoprecipitable HLA-DR heavy and light chains. These
      findings show that mature eosinophils can synthesize and express HLA-DR and
      provide a means whereby eosinophils may interact with CD4+ lymphocytes.

PMID- 2919184
TI  - Hippocampal specialization of food-storing birds.
AB  - In a study of 52 individuals belonging to 35 species or subspecies of passerine
      birds it was shown that the volume of the hippocampal complex relative to brain
      and body size is significantly larger in species that store food than in species
      that do not. Retrieval of stored food relies on an accurate and long-lasting
      spatial memory, and hippocampal damage disrupts memory for storage sites. The
      results suggest, therefore, that food-storing species of passerines have an
      enlarged hippocampal complex as a specialization associated with the use of a
      specialized memory capacity. Other life-history variables were examined and found
      not to be correlated with hippocampal volume.

PMID- 2919185
TI  - Dopamine turnover and glutathione oxidation: implications for Parkinson disease.
AB  - Parkinson disease is characterized by a major loss (approximately 80% or more) of
      dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons and by an increased turnover of
      neurotransmitter by surviving neurons of the nigrostriatal tract. In theory,
      increased turnover of dopamine should be associated with an oxidative stress
      derived from increased production of hydrogen peroxide. The peroxide is formed
      during the oxidative deamination of dopamine by monoamine oxidase. In experiments
      with mice, increased presynaptic turnover of dopamine was evoked by injection of
      reserpine, which interferes with the storage of dopamine in synaptic vesicles.
      Loss of dopamine and formation of deaminated metabolites were accompanied by a
      significant rise (87.8%) in the level of oxidized glutathione in brain. This
      change was observed in the striatum, which is richly innervated by dopamine
      terminals, but not in the frontal cortex, which receives a much sparser
      innervation by catecholamine nerve terminals. The rise in oxidized glutathione
      was seen even though dopamine terminals constitute only 1% or less of the mass of
      the striatum. Clorgyline, an inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type A, blocked the
      formation of oxidized glutathione. These observations confirm that a selective
      increase in neurotransmitter turnover within nigrostriatal nerve terminals can
      evoke a change in cellular redox status. We suggest that an oxidative stress may
      play a role in the natural history of Parkinson disease.

PMID- 2919188
TI  - Retinoids.

PMID- 2919186
TI  - Trigeminovascular fibers increase blood flow in cortical gray matter by axon
      reflex-like mechanisms during acute severe hypertension or seizures.
AB  - Cerebral blood flow was measured and compared in 10 symmetrical brain regions
      following unilateral trigeminal ganglionectomy (n = 13), sham operation (n = 6),
      or trigeminal root section (rhizotomy) (n = 8) in cats. Multiple determinations
      were obtained in anesthetized and paralyzed animals using radiolabeled
      microspheres during (i) normocapnia-normotension, (ii) hypercapnia (5% CO2/95%
      room air), (iii) angiotensin-induced acute severe hypertension (190 greater than
      mean arterial blood pressure less than 210 mmHg), or (iv) bicuculline-induced
      seizures. Flow was symmetrical in all brain regions at rest and during increases
      induced by hypercapnia in the three groups. During severe hypertension or
      seizures, marked elevations developed bilaterally (approximately 93% and
      approximately 130%, respectively). In ganglionectomized animals, increases due to
      hypertension or seizures were attenuated by 28-32% on the denervated side within
      cortical gray matter regions corresponding to the anterior, middle, and posterior
      cerebral arteries. Flow was symmetrical within all brain regions in sham-operated
      animals and in the rhizotomy group, despite comparable increases in regional
      cerebral blood flow induced by angiotensin. Hence, the trigeminal nerve mediates
      blood flow adaptations during severe hypertension and seizures. Furthermore,
      since trigeminal cell bodies and peripheral axons are destroyed or degenerate
      following ganglionectomy but not following rhizotomy, local "axon reflex-like"
      mechanisms mediate these increases in cerebral blood flow.

PMID- 2919187
TI  - The two subunits of the human asialoglycoprotein receptor have different fates
      when expressed alone in fibroblasts.
AB  - Two related polypeptides, H1 and H2, comprise the human asialoglycoprotein
      receptor (ASGP-R). Stable lines of murine NIH 3T3 fibroblasts expressing H1 alone
      or H2 alone do not bind or internalize the ligand asialoorosomucoid (ASOR), which
      contains triantennary oligosaccharides. In contrast, cells expressing H1 and H2
      together bind and degrade ASOR with properties indistinguishable from those of
      the ASGP-R in human hepatoma HepG2 cells. Whether or not H2 is coexpressed, H1 is
      synthesized as a 40-kDa precursor bearing high-mannose oligosaccharides,
      processed to its mature 46-kDa form, and transported to the cell surface. In
      cells expressing only H1, homodimers and -trimers of H1 are formed. In contrast,
      when expressed in 3T3 cells without H1, H2 is synthesized as its 43-kDa
      precursor, bearing high-mannose oligosaccharides, but is rapidly degraded. When
      H1 and H2 are coexpressed in the same cell, the H1 polypeptide "rescues" the H2
      polypeptide; H2 is processed to its characteristic 50-kDa mature form and is
      transported to the surface. We conclude that the human ASGP-R is a multichain
      heterooligomer, probably a trimer of H1 molecules in noncovalent association with
      one, two, or three H2 molecules, and that the two polypeptides normally interact
      early in biosynthesis.

PMID- 2919189
TI  - Intrasession and intersession reliability of hand-held dynamometer measurements
      taken on brain-damaged patients.
AB  - Recent reports have characterized force measurements obtained with hand-held
      dynamometers from brain-damaged patients as being highly reliable. The purposes
      of this two-part study were to replicate essential parts of those studies and to
      further examine the reliability of these measurements in a clinical context.
      Repeated force measurements were taken from the nonparetic and paretic limbs of
      brain-damaged patients during the same testing session (Part 1) and during two
      testing sessions separated by two days (Part 2). The intratester intraclass
      correlation coefficients (ICCs) for all measurements taken during a single
      session ranged from .88 to .98. The ICCs for repeated measurements taken two days
      apart from the paretic limbs ranged from .90 to .98. The ICCs for repeated
      measurements taken two days apart from the nonparetic limbs ranged from .31 to
      .93. The ICCs for repeated measurements taken two days apart from the combined
      data for all limbs ranged from .79 to .97. Hand-held dynamometer measurements
      taken on brain-damaged patients appear to be highly reliable when taken during
      the same testing session. When repeated measurements are separated by a longer
      time interval, the measurements taken from the paretic limbs continue to be
      highly reliable, whereas most measurements taken on the nonparetic limbs exhibit
      poor reliability.

PMID- 2919190
TI  - Effects of unilateral brain damage on contralateral and ipsilateral upper
      extremity function in hemiplegia.
AB  - This article describes the long-term effects of unilateral penetrating
      hemispheric lesions on contralateral and ipsilateral upper extremity motor
      performance and functional outcome. Activities-of-daily-living skill and gross
      motor performance contralateral to the lesions were compared among 32 left-sided
      and 19 right-sided hemiplegic subjects using analysis of variance and chi-square
      techniques. Ipsilateral to the damaged hemisphere, fine motor tasks of simple
      visual motor reaction time, grip and pinch strength, finger tapping, and Purdue
      Pegboard performance were tested. Analysis of covariance compared each
      ipsilateral task to performance in the corresponding hand of 70 matched controls.
      Results indicate similar long-term functional ADL outcome in right and left
      hemisphere-damaged subjects, despite more severe contralateral functional motor
      deficits following lesions of the left hemisphere. Right hemisphere lesions led
      to ipsilateral decrements in reaction time, and lesions of either hemisphere
      diminished grip or pinch strength, finger tapping, and pegboard performance
      ipsilaterally. These results demonstrate that unilateral brain damage involving
      the motor areas of either hemisphere has detrimental effects on ipsilateral upper
      extremity motor function. Findings are discussed and related to the concept that
      the left hemisphere is specialized or has greater neuronal representation for
      bilateral motor processes. Physical therapists involved in the treatment of
      patients with hemiplegia should be aware that motor functions of the ipsilateral,
      nonparetic upper extremity may also be affected adversely by unilateral brain
      lesions.

PMID- 2919191
TI  - Health beliefs and health behaviors of physical therapists.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to examine the health beliefs and health behaviors
      of physical therapists. A survey questionnaire was sent to a 10% random sample of
      the physical therapists on the Texas licensure list for 1984, and 234 responses
      (69%) were used in the data analysis. The respondents tended to have positive
      health beliefs and good health behaviors in terms of a healthy life style. These
      findings have implications for physical therapists as role models for encouraging
      good health habits in their patients.

PMID- 2919192
TI  - Evaluation of eccentric exercise in treatment of patellar tendinitis.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of a quadriceps femoris
      muscle eccentric training program on strength gain in patients with patellar
      tendinitis. The effect of an eight-week eccentric exercise program on quadriceps
      femoris muscle work was evaluated in four groups of subjects--two groups of
      "normal" (healthy) subjects and two groups of patients with patellar tendinitis.
      All four groups participated in a home muscle stretching exercise program, but
      only two groups--one group of normal subjects (N-A) and one group of subjects
      with tendinitis (T-A)--received additional eccentric training on an eccentric
      isokinetic dynamometer. The eccentric quadriceps femoris muscle work ratio
      (involved limb/uninvolved limb x 100) was used to quantify strength in the N-A
      and T-A Groups. Pain ratings were recorded for subjects with tendinitis before
      and after the eight-week experiment and were correlated with the dependent
      variable using a Spearman rank-order correlation coefficient. The N-A Group
      performed significantly better than all subjects with tendinitis (p less than
      .05). Subjects in the T-A Group, however, showed a trend toward increasing
      eccentric quadriceps femoris muscle work capacity over the eight-week training
      period. As pain ratings in the T-A Group increased, work ratios decreased. We
      concluded that eccentric exercise may be an effective treatment for patellar
      tendinitis, but that knee pain may limit optimal gains in strength.

PMID- 2919193
TI  - Age and passive ankle stiffness in healthy women.
AB  - The purpose of the study was to evaluate passive joint stiffness in ankles of
      young (aged 21-40 years; n = 15), middle-aged (aged 41-60 years; n = 15), and
      young elderly (aged 61-80 years; n = 15) women. The effect of knee position on
      passive joint stiffness was also evaluated by testing the subjects with the knee
      flexed (90 degrees) and with the knee extended (0 degrees). A torque motor system
      was used to record angular displacement and resistive torque during a 6
      degrees/sec ankle rotation from 10 degrees of plantar flexion to 10 degrees of
      dorsiflexion (DF). Passive torque and passive elastic stiffness were measured at
      0, 5, and 10 degrees of DF. Both measures increased nonlinearly as the ankle was
      rotated into DF, but showed no significant differences between the three age
      groups tested. There was also no significant difference in the passive stiffness
      measurements when the knee was flexed or extended. We concluded that within the
      range of motion tested, the factors of age and knee position do not affect the
      passive stiffness observed in the ankle joints of healthy women. We have now
      established baseline values of passive ankle joint stiffness for healthy women
      during DF within a functional ROM, which will be useful in the clinical
      evaluation of passive ankle joint stiffness and in studies where treatment
      efficacy is being investigated.

PMID- 2919194
TI  - Confidence limits for your ICC.

PMID- 2919195
TI  - A physiologist in Africa: lending a hand in developing countries.

PMID- 2919196
TI  - Effect of anterior chamber paracentesis on decreased retinal circulation due to
      retrobulbar hematoma in dogs.
AB  - An experimental canine model for blindness following blepharoplasty was developed
      to demonstrate occlusion of retinal circulation resulting from simulated
      retrobulbar hematoma. Seven mongrel dogs were studied, monitoring retinal
      vascular patterns by funduscopic examination and intraocular pressure by
      pneumotonometry. Anterior chamber paracentesis was performed in five dogs 10
      minutes after injecting blood retrobulbarly, with an immediate decrease in
      pressure and return of retinal blood flow. In two dogs without paracentesis,
      increased pressure and blindness persisted. Anterior chamber paracentesis has
      been shown to reduce intraocular pressure from hematoma of the retro-orbital area
      in dogs. Although controversial, anterior chamber paracentesis may represent a
      useful temporizing adjunct in the treatment of increased intraocular pressure and
      impaired vision from hematoma following blepharoplasty.

PMID- 2919197
TI  - Semiquantitative correction of posttraumatic enophthalmos with sliced cartilage
      grafts.
AB  - A simple surgical technique for correcting posttraumatic enophthalmos is
      described. The steps are as follows: (1) a plaster mold is obtained of the
      patient's face, (2) wax is added to the enophthalmic eye of the plaster mold
      until it becomes symmetrical, (3) the quantity of wax is measured, and (4) the
      same amount of sliced costal cartilage is implanted beneath the periosteum of the
      extended orbital wall behind the vertical axis of the globe. Using this
      technique, we have successfully treated six patients with traumatic orbital floor
      defects without complication. This approach is useful for decreasing the orbital
      volume using a semiquantitative procedure to estimate the amount of graft
      material required. In this respect, costal cartilage demonstrates a marked
      advantage, with stability and cosmetic appearance verified over 12 months of
      follow-up.

PMID- 2919198
TI  - Submandibular gland resection and bilateral parotid duct ligation as a management
      for chronic drooling in cerebral palsy.
AB  - The control of chronic drooling in cerebral palsy has been difficult in the past.
      Previous methods to control drooling include the Wilkie procedure, which diverts
      the salivary flow from the parotid glands by means of surgically created tunnels
      to the tonsillar fossa, along with submandibular gland resection. An alternative
      is submandibular gland resection with bilateral parotid duct ligation. Previous
      published studies using this method have resulted in good to excellent results,
      but population sizes were felt to be too small to be conclusive. Since 1979, a
      total of 58 patients have been treated by parotid duct ligation with
      submandibular gland resection, and 86 percent have shown good to excellent
      results. These results compare favorably with those published by Wilkie. Also,
      parotid duct ligation is technically easier, associated with less postoperative
      morbidity, and has shown a decreased duration of hospitalization compared to
      parotid duct transposition.

PMID- 2919199
TI  - Comparison of compression and torque measurements of self-tapping and pretapped
      screws.
AB  - The choice of an internal fixation system for maxillofacial surgery is made
      difficult because of lack of information with respect to functional load. This
      study attempted to clarify some of the controversy with respect to maxillofacial
      use of these implants. Maximal compressive force to torque values were measured
      in standardized bone thicknesses of 1, 2, 3, and 4 mm. The screws tested were
      pretapped AO 1.5-, 2.0-, 2.7-, and 3.5-mm rescue screws and self-tapping Luhr,
      Champy, and AO 1.5- and 2.0-mm screws. Ten measurements were made for each screw
      type/bone thickness combination using a piezoelectric washer and torque
      screwdriver. It was apparent that for 1- and 2-mm bone thicknesses the use of
      self-tapping screws resulted in the highest compression values. In 3- and 4-mm
      bone thicknesses, pretapped screws offered the highest compression values. As
      expected, self-tapping screws had the highest torque values on insertion owing to
      torque loss in cutting the screw threads. The 2.7-mm screw offered no advantage
      over the 2.0-mm screws in 1- and 2-mm bone thicknesses but resulted in higher
      compression values in 3- and 4-mm bone thicknesses.

PMID- 2919200
TI  - Intralesional corticosteroid therapy for infantile hemangiomas.
AB  - Intralesional corticosteroid injections were performed in 31 hemangiomas in 30
      infants aged 1 to 10 months at first injection. One to five injections were
      given, spaced 6 weeks apart. Lesions were located throughout the head and neck
      region, except one that was on the buttock. A mixture of betamethasone acetate
      and triamcinolone acetonide was used. Four lesions (13 percent) virtually
      disappeared, ten (32 percent) showed greater than 50 percent reduction in volume,
      ten (32 percent) showed definite but less than 50 percent reduction in volume,
      and seven (23 percent) showed little or no decrease in size. None showed further
      growth. All injections were performed without anesthesia, and there were not
      significant complications. We conclude that intralesional corticosteroid
      injections are safe and effective in properly selected infants with hemangiomas.

PMID- 2919201
TI  - Superomedial pedicle technique of reduction mammaplasty.
AB  - A series of 148 patients who underwent reduction mammaplasty utilizing the
      superomedial pedicle technique is presented. Resections as large as 4100 gm per
      breast with nipple-areola transpositions up to 30 cm were done with reliable
      nipple-areola survival, including preservation of sensation. The superior pedicle
      technique of breast reduction is recognized by many as technically easier and
      capable of producing a longer-lasting aesthetic effect. Classically, however, it
      has been limited to smaller resections. By incorporating the medial quadrant in
      the superior pedicle, more aggressive reductions can be safely undertaken with
      the same excellent results. Details of the procedure, the anatomic basis for its
      success, and complications are discussed.

PMID- 2919202
TI  - Calf implantation.
AB  - The process of calf implantation has been standardized by the author, who uses
      routine incisions and develops a subfascial pocket before inserting the oblong
      implants of different sizes. The evolution of the technique has led to a series
      of satisfactory results and a small percentage of complications. One-hundred and
      twenty-one patients with implantation had satisfactory increases in calf
      circumference. Complications included infections and capsule formation, which
      were dealt with in a satisfactory manner.

PMID- 2919203
TI  - Scanning electron microscopy and gel electrophoresis of vascularized periosteal
      autografts.
AB  - This study was devised to investigate the morphologic and biochemical sequence of
      events occurring during early periosteal osteogenesis in vascularized periosteal
      flaps. A pleuroperiosteal flap based on the intercostal vessels was developed and
      rotated onto the chest wall in 12 adult dogs. Animals were sacrificed at
      intervals between 7 and 60 days, and the flaps were removed with the underlying
      muscular bed. Specimens were studied by tetracycline uptake, gel electrophoresis,
      light microscopy, and the scanning electron microscope. Osteoprogenitor cells
      were seen as early as 7 days after transfer. Collagen fiber deposition was
      vigorous and noted in all specimens with rapid mineralization by 9 to 15 days.
      There was no structural or vascular interaction between the flaps and the
      recipient muscular bed. Gel electrophoresis confirmed the presence of type I and
      III collagen, with an increase in type I collagen over time. The pattern of
      collagen deposition and the final bony architecture resembled that of woven bone.

PMID- 2919204
TI  - The rating game.

PMID- 2919205
TI  - The Tessier number 9 cleft.
AB  - The clinical, radiologic, and operative examination of two patients with the
      Tessier number 9 cleft has allowed the first complete description of this, the
      rarest of the rare craniofacial clefts. Soft-tissue disruption extends from the
      lateral third of the upper eyelid through a distorted lateral end of the eyebrow
      to the temporal scalp, with an associated hairline indicator. The skeletal
      disturbance similarly radiates superolaterally from the superolateral orbital rim
      across the greater wing of the splenoid to the upper squamous temporal. The three
      dimensional extent of the bony disruption is associated with distortion of the
      cranial base and calvaria above.

PMID- 2919206
TI  - Composite in situ vein bypass for upper extremity revascularization.
AB  - Chronic upper extremity arterial insufficiency is rare. Consequently, major
      reports specifically limited to the topic are scarce, and the clinical experience
      is small. In addition, symptomatology, diagnostic criteria, and guidelines for
      surgical management remain ill-defined. In the lower extremities, however, in
      situ vein bypass has been attempted for nearly three decades. This technique
      offers many advantages over traditional revascularization methods. Although the
      procedure has become popular for the lower extremity, no report of its use in the
      upper extremity is found in the literature. We report what may be the first case
      in which in situ bypass was used in the upper extremity for a threatened limb
      secondary to diabetic occlusive vascular disease complicated by a previous shunt
      used for hemodialysis. Revascularization of the upper extremity using the in situ
      vein bypass technique may offer a new alternative to traditional methods of
      revascularization.

PMID- 2919207
TI  - A simple technique for locating the umbilicus in abdominoplasty.
AB  - A method for locating the umbilicus in abdominoplasty is described. The method
      utilizes a magnet sutured to the umbilical stalk and a locking device which
      determines the exact location of the umbilicus.

PMID- 2919208
TI  - The use of adhesive tape to inform the patient preoperatively.

PMID- 2919209
TI  - The management of hypertrophied inferior turbinates.

PMID- 2919210
TI  - Reconstruction of the preputium in distal hypospadias.

PMID- 2919211
TI  - Ganglions of the temporomandibular joint.

PMID- 2919212
TI  - Use of transillumination in tissue expansion.

PMID- 2919213
TI  - Happy ending to suffering.

PMID- 2919214
TI  - AAAAA--crawling to the top and why I rode with Wojcik.

PMID- 2919215
TI  - Legal, ethical, and moral issues in plastic surgery.

PMID- 2919216
TI  - Mammography as a cause of firmness after augmentation mammaplasty.

PMID- 2919217
TI  - Use of the laser in treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome.

PMID- 2919218
TI  - Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty.

PMID- 2919219
TI  - Repair of ruptured orbicularis oris in trumpet players.

PMID- 2919220
TI  - Galactorrhea after reduction mammaplasty.

PMID- 2919221
TI  - Use of the expander to estimate the volume required in reconstructing the breast.

PMID- 2919222
TI  - Lectinhistochemical study of cell surface alterations in mouse embryos exposed to
      low radiation doses.
AB  - The peroxidase-coupled Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA) served as a marker for
      cell surface alterations in embryonic mouse tissues exposed to low-dose radiation
      during the early organogenesis (day 9 post conception). In unirradiated embryos,
      DBA bound selectively to various organ primordia, depending on their
      differentiation state. The auditory vesicles and the developing blood vessels
      were the only tissues staining strongly with the lectin. The vascular endothelia
      also showed the highest radiosensitivity, expressed by the maximal reaction
      already at 12.5 cGy. Marked surface changes as well were registered in the basal
      part of the Rathke's pocket and in the roof of the diencephalon. After exposure
      to 25 cGy, a transient amplification of the reaction as compared with 12.5 cGy
      occurred firstly in the Rathke's pocket, then in the infundibulum and in auditory
      vesicles. The most distinct effects were achieved with 50 cGy. Remarkable is the
      prompt rise of the DBA-affinity in a narrow area of the myelencephalon, and
      subsequently also in the roof of the diencephalon. Furthermore, the infundibulum
      and the Rathke's pocket, both anlagen of the pituitary gland, bound heavily DBA
      during the entire examination period of 24 h. The present study demonstrated the
      outstanding suitability of the Dolichos biflorus agglutinin for histochemical
      detection of subtle cellular alterations by small radiation doses.

PMID- 2919223
TI  - X-ray dose-effect relationship on unscheduled DNA synthesis and spontaneous
      unscheduled DNA synthesis in mouse brain cells studied in vivo.
AB  - X-irradiation of the head of adult mice leads to DNA repair synthesis
      (unscheduled DNA synthesis, UDS) in non-proliferating cells of the brain as shown
      autoradiographically after injection of 3H-thymidine and subsequent irradiation.
      The extent of UDS induced by one and the same X-ray dose varies between different
      cell types and also between different brain areas. Within the range of X-ray
      doses studied (2 to 100 Gy) a linear dose effect relationship was observed. No
      evidence of a saturation effect was found. The slopes of the regression lines for
      the dose effect relationship differ considerably for the different cell types.
      Two interesting correlations were found, if the present results were compared
      with other data in the literature: (i) There seems to be a correlation between
      the extent of UDS and radiosensitivity of the different cell types, the cells
      with low DNA repair synthetic rates being more radiosensitive. (ii) The extent of
      UDS of the different cell types correlates well with the extent of protein
      synthesis of the corresponding cell types. Apart from radiation induced UDS,
      spontaneous UDS was found to occur in sham-irradiated animals. The extent of
      spontaneous UDS also differs considerably between different cell types as well as
      between different brain areas. The increase of spontaneous UDS with increasing
      duration of immobilization of the animals during sham irradiation suggests a
      relationship between spontaneous UDS and stress.

PMID- 2919224
TI  - Radiation-induced changes of structural and functional properties of human
      hemoglobin. I. Spectral characterization of irradiated deoxyhemoglobin.
AB  - Structural changes of human deoxyhemoglobin (deoxyHb) induced by water and
      ethanol radicals were investigated in this study using absorption spectroscopy.
      Spectra of deoxyHb samples irradiated under various conditions (the atmosphere of
      argon or N2O in the absence or presence of ethanol) indicate their conversion
      into methemoglobin (metHb), hemichrome- and cholehemichrome-like products. The
      absorbance at the characteristic maxima of these derivatives and also of the
      oxidized or reduced samples following irradiation depends on the dose of
      radiation and the conditions employed.

PMID- 2919225
TI  - Radiation-induced changes of structural and functional properties of human
      hemoglobin. II. Structural and functional characterization of irradiated
      deoxyhemoglobin.
AB  - Gel filtration and SDS-PAGE separation of hemoglobin (Hb) irradiated under argon
      or N2O show formation of covalent-aggregated Hb molecules. The production of
      covalent bonds is attributed mainly to the action of hydroxyl radicals, because
      addition of ethanol, a scavenger of these radicals, suppresses this reaction to a
      great extent. The oxidized heme iron forming metHb or hemichromes is found in all
      the separated fractions of irradiated Hb. It is also found that the radiation
      modified Hb molecules exhibit a decrease of co-operative binding of oxygen.

PMID- 2919226
TI  - UV-A induced lipid peroxidation in liposomal membrane.
AB  - UV-A (365 nm) produced a dose-dependent linear increase of lipid peroxidation, as
      detected by the assay of malondialdehyde (MDA). MDA formation was inversely
      related to the UV-A dose rate. Sodium formate and ethylenediaminetetra acetic
      acid (EDTA) could not inhibit by any significant degree the UV-A induced MDA
      formation. While butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) caused about 85% inhibition,
      sodium azide and L-histidine produced 45-50% inhibition of MDA formation. The
      involvement of singlet oxygen (1O2) in the UV-A induced lipid peroxidation is
      discussed.

PMID- 2919228
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging: a brief review of image contrast.
AB  - Because MRI is sensitive to tissue properties that are quite different from those
      exploited by traditional x-ray technologies, it has provided a highly sensitive
      new way of looking at the human body. This article summarizes the basic
      mechanisms of contrast in proton MR images, examining the phenomena responsible
      and the user's ability to manipulate contrast through system parameters. The
      intended purpose is to impart a qualitative, intuitive understanding of these
      mechanisms to the newer user.

PMID- 2919227
TI  - Thermoregulatory responses of rats exposed to 9.3-GHz radiofrequency radiation.
AB  - Ketamine-anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed in H orientation to far
      field 9.3-GHz continuous-wave (CW) and pulsed (2 microseconds, 500 pps)
      radiofrequency radiation (RFR) at average power densities of 30 and 60 mW/cm2
      (whole-body average specific absorption rates of 9.3 and 18.6 W/kg,
      respectively). Irradiation was conducted to cyclicly increase colonic temperature
      from 38.5 to 39.5 degrees C. Colonic, tympanic, and subcutaneous temperatures,
      ECG, blood pressure, and respiratory rate were continuously recorded during
      experimentation. At both power densities, the subcutaneous and tympanic
      temperature increases significantly exceeded the colonic temperature increase. At
      both exposure levels, heart rate increased significantly during irradiation and
      returned to baseline when exposure was discontinued. Blood pressure and
      respiratory rate did not significantly change during irradiation. There were no
      significant differences between the effects of CW and pulsed RFR exposure. The
      levels of subcutaneous heating and heart rate change were greater, and the times
      required to achieve and to recover from a 1 degree C colonic temperature increase
      were longer than in previous studies conducted at 2.8 GHz. Results of these
      studies indicate that the carrier frequency used during irradiation markedly
      affects the pattern of heat distribution and the physiological responses of RF
      irradiated animals.

PMID- 2919229
TI  - MRI of the head and neck.

PMID- 2919230
TI  - The role of gadolinium-DTPA in the evaluation of extracranial head and neck mass
      lesions.
AB  - Based on our experience with 28 patients, there is good evidence that gadolinium
      enhanced MR will be useful in evaluation of skull base involvement, sinus
      involvement, or intracranial extension by neoplasms that involve the neck above
      the hard palate. This region has historically been a difficult area to image with
      any modality, because of the detailed anatomy and numerous important structures
      that traverse it. Gadolinium-enhanced MR should provide a valuable tool in the
      evaluation and management of these patients. The evidence that gadolinium is
      useful in staging of primary and nodal squamous cell carcinoma of the
      extracranial head and neck is less apparent. Areas where gadolinium may be
      helpful include size and extent of primary tumor and internal architecture of
      nodes that do not meet size criteria for malignant adenopathy. This is an area in
      which more experience is necessary, employing careful correlation with enhanced
      CT, unenhanced MR, and surgical specimens. Posttreatment follow-up of head and
      neck squamous cell lesions is a potential use for gadolinium, but this too is yet
      to be adequately studied. We have found that gadolinium enhancement provides no
      additional information important to the management of benign head and neck
      lesions over enhanced CT or unenhanced MR.

PMID- 2919231
TI  - MR-directed needle biopsies.
AB  - New generation stainless steel alloys have enabled the development of needles
      which can be used for MR-guided biopsies. Biopsy under MR guidance has the
      advantages of greater tissue contrast resolution, lack of ionizing radiation, and
      variable angle oblique imaging planes. The biopsy approaches and imaging
      techniques are described.

PMID- 2919232
TI  - [X-ray diagnosis of renal osteopathy in dialysis patients with reference to
      clinical aspects].
AB  - Pathophysiological histological and radiological findings in renal osteodystrophy
      are described. Special emphasis is laid on secondary hyperparathyroidism.
      Preliminary results of the authors' investigations show a good correlation
      between radiological findings in the phalanges of the hand and the concentration
      of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in 14 patients. The concentration of the hormone in
      the blood was measured by a new "two-site" immunoradiometric assay, which is
      specific for the intact, biologically active hormone. Patients with high
      concentrations of PTH in the blood tended to have more severe radiological
      changes. In 4 patients for whom radiographs of the hands revealed no pathologic
      findings, normal PTH concentrations in the blood were measured by this method,
      whereas the conventional assay gave elevated hormone concentrations for the same
      patients. This is due to the lack of specificity of the conventional method for
      the intact, biologically active hormone. Nevertheless, further investigations are
      needed to confirm these findings.

PMID- 2919233
TI  - [Radiotherapy with increased efficacy].
AB  - The introduction of iodine atoms into a malignant tumor by intravenous injection
      of a contrast medium that is excreted by way of the kidneys selectively increases
      the tumor's capacity for the absorption of X-ray photons. This effect is
      exploited in CCT, but in high-voltage X-ray therapy it leads to an elevated focal
      dose while the incident dose remains the same.

PMID- 2919234
TI  - [A strange calcification on/in the thorax. A dorsal pleural calcification
      following long-term drainage of a splinter injury and pleural empyema on the
      right].

PMID- 2919235
TI  - [The axillary brachial plexus block. A study of 178 patients].
AB  - Success rates and complications were studied in 178 patients scheduled for
      brachial block. METHODS. Patients of both sexes aged 9 to 79 years received
      axillary blocks in order to permit typical surgical procedures of the hand an
      forearm. The block was performed using the transarterial method described be
      Dejong. Half of the local anesthetic was administered anterior to and half
      posterior to the axillary artery. The incidence of successful blocks, latency
      time, and systemic complications were investigated; 14 days after the blocks,
      motor function and sensation were examined in order to evaluate the local
      neurological status. RESULTS. The rate of successful blocks averaged 79% using 40
      ml 1% mepivacaine after 12 min latency; this rate was increased to 89% by
      administering a further 20 ml 1% mepivacaine. Disagreeable sensations from the
      operative field occurred in 5% and mild symptoms of cerebral toxicity in 2.8% of
      cases; 1.6% of patients had cardiovascular disturbances such as hypotension or
      arrhythmias. Local complications such as hematomas were found in 17.5% local pain
      in the axillary region in 15%, and long-lasting paresthesias in 12% of cases.
      DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. The 90% rate of successful blocks is comparable to
      the range of 86-98% presented in the literature. The success rate depends on the
      definition of successful block, the experience of the anesthetist, and the volume
      and concentration of the anesthetic solution administered. The incidence of
      systemic cardiovascular complications was similar to that in the literature, but
      we observed fewer symptoms of cerebral toxicity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2919236
TI  - [Thoracic peridural anesthesia in childhood].
AB  - Local and regional anesthesia, especially peridural anesthesia, is a rarely used
      method in pediatric anesthesia. That cannot be explained by children's physis,
      since it shows in general neither a different margin of therapeutic safety nor a
      different effect/side-effect ratio than in adult. Nevertheless, psychologic
      alteration of children through operation and anesthesia necessitate simultaneous
      endotracheal narcosis during peridural anesthesia. The following characteristics
      of regional anesthesia in children should be regarded: The younger the child the
      higher is the ratio between extracellular water and body weight. Thus higher
      doses of local anesthetics in relation to body weight can be applied. The smaller
      diameters of children's nerves support diffusion of local anesthetics and,
      therefore, allow the use of lower concentrations. Increased perfusion of tissues
      and high cardiac output lead to rapid resorption and accelerated increase of
      anesthetic blood levels. This disadvantage can be avoided by use of lower
      concentrations of anesthetics. Even an extended sympathetic block during
      peridural anesthesia hardly causes any negative effect on circulatory parameters.
      We performed thoracic epidural anesthesia during thoracic and upper abdominal
      surgery in 40 5-15-year-old children. In many of the patients additional risks
      had already occurred through atelectasis or lung fibrosis. Before introducing the
      epidural catheter we always carried out endotracheal anesthesia with relaxation
      to achieve perfect conditions for the puncture. This puncture was made between Th
      6 and 10, mostly between Th 7/8, the patient lying on one side. An extension of
      analgesia between Th 3 and Th 12 was intended, which, however, could not be
      controlled because of simultaneous endotracheal anesthesia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2919237
TI  - Flow cytometry: diagnostic applications.

PMID- 2919238
TI  - Organization and operation of a flow cytometric immunophenotyping laboratory.
AB  - Technical advances in the field of flow cytometry have made it feasible for many
      academic and private hospital laboratories to purchase relatively inexpensive
      "user friendly" flow cytometers that do not require dedicated flow cytometer
      operators, special rooms, or a significant amount of laboratory space. Because
      the financial and physical constraints in operating a flow cytometer have been
      substantially reduced, many pathologists may now be considering such a purchase.
      By chronicling the clinical activities of a single flow cytometric
      immunophenotyping laboratory, this report will answer a variety of questions that
      may be asked by pathologists regarding both the utility of flow cytometers in
      clinical diagnosis and the mechanics of operating an immunophenotyping
      laboratory. The types of tissues that can be evaluated by flow cytometry will be
      detailed, and we will summarize the number and type of flow cytometric clinical
      studies performed in our laboratory since its development in 1983. Practical
      aspects of laboratory operation including technical staff requirements, specimen
      handling and processing procedures, monoclonal antibody selection, and quality
      control procedures will be presented. In addition, a comprehensive review of flow
      cytometric immunophenotyping studies as applied to the diagnosis of leukemias,
      lymphomas, and immunodeficiency disorders will be presented along with case
      examples that illustrate our approach to the interpretation of immunophenotyping
      results.

PMID- 2919239
TI  - Effects of corpus callosum stimulation on the morphology and frequency of
      epileptic bursts in the feline topical penicillin generalized model.
AB  - Twelve cats were stimulated at the rostrum of the corpus callosum while full
      epileptic activity was recorded after topical application of penicillin on the
      cortex bilaterally. Electrocorticography was performed bilaterally. In 6 animals
      the electrode position was checked by evoked potentials. Stimulation parameters
      ranged from 0.5 to 1,000 Hz, from 2 to 10 mA, and from 0.5 to 5.0 ms. No
      significant modification was found in frequency, synchrony, and morphology of the
      epileptic bursts and spikes, suggesting that callosal stimulation, at least using
      this model, is ineffective in reducing epileptic activity.

PMID- 2919240
TI  - Statistical and mathematical modeling of the AIDS epidemic. Papers from a
      conference. Baltimore, Maryland, 17-18 November, 1987.

PMID- 2919241
TI  - A model of the spread of HIV infection and the demographic impact of AIDS.
AB  - The objective of the computer simulation model described here is to project, for
      periods up to one or more decades, the annual incidence and prevalence of HIV
      infection and AIDS in a population with given epidemiological, behavioural and
      demorgraphic characteristics. In addition, the epidemic's impact on a range of
      demographic variables is calculated. The epidemiological components of the model
      use a compartmental approach and they are described with sets of linear
      differential equations. The demographic framework in which the epidemiological
      components are integrated, is based on a standard cohort component method of
      population projection. The simulated population is stratified by age, gender,
      sexual behaviour, marital status and infection/disease status. The concluding
      section provides an illustrative application of the model to a Central African
      population. In this hypothetical simulation covering the period from 1975 to
      2000, HIV prevalence in the adult population rises from 0 to 21 per cent. By the
      end of the projection period mortality is about double the level that would have
      prevailed in the absence of the epidemic, but, owing to the very high birth rates
      that prevail in most of Africa, the growth rate of the population remains
      substantially positive.

PMID- 2919242
TI  - Some stochastic models of AIDS spread.
AB  - In this paper we propose a stochastic model for the AIDS spread in a homosexual
      population. The probability generating function (PGF) of the numbers of latent
      persons, infective persons and AIDS cases is derived. By using the PGF, it is
      shown that the expected numbers and variances and covariances of these persons
      satisfy some ordinary differential equations. These equations have been solved
      numerically to assess effects of various factors on AIDS spread.

PMID- 2919243
TI  - Policy implications of modelling of the AIDS epidemic.
AB  - Health policy issues associated with AIDS are complex and controversial,
      including health care, research priorities, education, testing and
      confidentiality. Modelling may provide information relevant to their solution.
      Estimates of the future numbers of symptomatic persons and of the mix of severity
      are necessary for developing the capability to provide and fund health care
      services. Models may suggest other data needs and research directions. An
      important policy role of models is to permit evaluation of potential intervention
      steps and especially to project negative consequences. The critical contribution
      of models will be improved understanding of the dynamics of the AIDS epidemic.

PMID- 2919244
TI  - Statistical methods for short-term projections of AIDS incidence.
AB  - Short-term projections of AIDS incidence are critical for assessing future health
      care needs. This paper focuses on the method of back-calculation for obtaining
      short-term projections. The approach consists of back-calculating from AIDS
      incidence data through use of the incubation period distribution to obtain
      estimates of the numbers previously infected. The numbers previously infected are
      then projected forward to obtain short-term projections. An approach is suggested
      for accounting for new infections in short-term projections of AIDS incidence.
      Back-calculation requires accurate AIDS incidence data. A method which is
      computationally easy to implement is proposed for estimating the distribution of
      the delays in reporting AIDS cases. It was found that the reporting delay
      distribution in the United States varies by geographic region of diagnosis. Back
      calculation also requires a reliable estimate of the incubation period
      distribution. Statistical issues associated with estimating the incubation period
      distribution are considered. The methods are applied to obtain short-term
      projections of AIDS incidence in the United States. The projected cumulative AIDS
      incidence in the U.S. by the end of 1992 was 287,100 under the assumption that
      there are no new infections after 1 July 1987, and 330,600 under the assumption
      that the infection rate remains constant. These projections do not account for
      the new broadened AIDS surveillance definitions or the underreporting of AIDS
      cases to the Centers for Disease Control.

PMID- 2919245
TI  - Statistical methods for monitoring the AIDS epidemic.
AB  - This article describes statistical methods for monitoring the epidemic of the
      acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). A log-linear model is proposed to
      estimate AIDS incidence and its growth rate while taking account of delays in
      case reporting. An empirical Bayes approach for estimating the epidemic growth
      rate in low prevalence subgroups is introduced. These methods are illustrated
      with an analysis of AIDS incidence trends for seven risk groups in each of six
      geographic regions using the Centers for Disease Control AIDS case registry data
      as of September 1987. The analysis finds that AIDS incidence is currently
      doubling about once every two years and that the relative composition of new
      cases is shifting away from the older epidemics such as in north-eastern
      homosexual communities.

PMID- 2919246
TI  - The value of AIDS incidence data in assessing the spread of HIV infection.
AB  - Changes over time in the cumulative number of cases of AIDS depend in a complex
      way on several features of the epidemic, including the distribution of the
      induction time between infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and
      onset of symptoms of AIDS, heterogeneity in such behaviours as sexual practices,
      selection of partners, and IV drug use, and changes over time in these
      behaviours. Consequently, the observed increase in the doubling time in
      cumulative AIDS incidence from 5 to 13 months, since AIDS was first recognized in
      1982, demonstrates neither that the epidemic has begun to 'run its course' nor
      that behavioural changes have had a major impact in reducing incidence. Even in a
      homogeneous population with known induction distribution, AIDS incidence data
      currently are of little value in determining the number of persons infected with
      HIV unless additional information is available about the shape of cumulative
      incidence curve of HIV infection.

PMID- 2919247
TI  - Models for the HIV infection and AIDS epidemic in the United States.
AB  - Statistical models of the HIV infection epidemic in the U.S. which account for
      the observed incidence of AIDS cases in the years 1978-1987 are considered. The
      models assume a known distribution of times from infection to AIDS. The best
      model estimates that there were approximately 563,000 to 1,110,000 individuals
      infected in the U.S. in April 1987. These estimates do not take into account
      underreporting of AIDS cases. The sensitivity of the conclusions to the model's
      assumptions is ascertained by investigating a variety of parametric models for
      the infection epidemic, a variety of likely distributions for the time from
      infection to AIDS, and some plausible alternatives for the history of AIDS cases
      in the U.S.. It is concluded that there is too much uncertainty in the data and
      the models to be able to give highly accurate predictions of the number of people
      currently infected in the U.S., however, the results from the best fitting models
      suggest that there are less than the 1 to 1.5 million infected as estimated by
      the Centers for Disease Control. A Bayesian scheme is suggested for incorporating
      the uncertainty in the models.

PMID- 2919248
TI  - Disease prevention models of voluntary confidential screening for human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
AB  - Epidemic models are developed to evaluate the potential benefits of voluntary
      confidential testing (VCT) for HIV. The number of tests required to prevent one
      case (called the economic ratio ER), and the number of cases prevented by the
      screening programme are calculated. Methods differ from commonly used epidemic
      models because susceptibles and infecteds are subdivided according to testing
      status, to permit modelling of the efficacy of knowledge of HIV status in
      retarding epidemic spread. The methods also allow for subdivision into several
      homogeneous subpopulations whose members may be attracted in varying degrees to
      members of other subpopulations. Thus the common assumption of free mixing across
      subpopulations is relaxed. The following conclusions which refer to a population
      of 100,000 persons over a period of 5 to 15 years, are robust to wide variations
      in assumed parameter values and other aspects of modelling: 1. VCT prevents
      hundreds or thousands of infections in isolated high risk populations and ER
      values are typically less than 100 making VCT very attractive economically. 2.
      VCT prevents only a few infections in isolated low risk populations with initial
      prevalence 0.1 per cent or less, and the ER values are well above 2000. However,
      in 'low risk' populations with 1 per cent initial prevalence, tens or hundreds of
      infections may be prevented, and ER values fall below 2000 for plausible spread
      rates, indicating that VCT may be economically feasible in such settings. 3. In a
      mixed population of gays, bisexuals and heterosexuals, a VCT programme that aims
      primarily at the gay/bisexual subpopulations prevents more disease in the
      gay/bisexual populations, prevents more disease in the heterosexual populations,
      and requires fewer tests per case prevented than a VCT programme that tests all
      subpopulations equally.

PMID- 2919249
TI  - The number of partners and the probability of HIV infection.
AB  - This paper analyses the probability of contracting the AIDS virus in relation to
      the number of sexual contacts and the number of different partners. It is shown
      that in the case of a fixed number n of sexual contacts there is the following
      ranking from least risk to greatest risk: 1. a monogamous relationship with a non
      infected partner; 2. a monogamous relationship with a randomly selected partner;
      3. a relationship with more than one randomly selected partners; 4. n randomly
      selected partners; 5. a monogamous relationship with an infected partner.

PMID- 2919250
TI  - Heterogeneity in the probability of HIV transmission per sexual contact: the case
      of male-to-female transmission in penile-vaginal intercourse.
AB  - Recent studies have indicated variation in the infectivity beta of HIV among
      heterosexual couples. We represent this heterogeneity by modelling beta as a
      random variable. Using data on the number of contacts and seroconversion of
      couples, we fit the model by maximum-likelihood estimation with a beta
      distribution and a discrete distribution for beta. The estimates indicate the
      heterogeneity is extreme. The limitations of the model and the implications of
      the results for epidemiologic spread and further research are discussed.

PMID- 2919251
TI  - [AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases. A videocasette from the University
      Dermatology Department in Zurich].

PMID- 2919252
TI  - [Plasma cell leukemia].
AB  - The following article describes five patients with plasma cell leukemia treated
      during the last two years at a Medical University Polyclinic. Plasma cell
      leukemia is a disease which was seen extremely rarely in the past. The disease
      can develop in patients with multiple myeloma or, even more rarely, as a "de
      novo" disease. Generally patients with plasma cell leukemia are younger than the
      multiple myeloma patients and have a higher incidence of organomegaly. Despite
      the fact that patients with plasma cell leukemia received the same intensive
      chemotherapy as those with multiple myeloma, their prognosis was considerably
      worse, with a median survival time of only five month.

PMID- 2919253
TI  - [The assessment of anxiety in somatic patients--a pilot study].
AB  - 16 patients of the Medical ambulatory at the University of Basel born between
      1940 and 1945 were explored with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) of
      Spielberger for the presence of anxiety. With this self-rating inventory state
      anxiety as well as general trait anxiety can be recognized. The examined group
      was not selected on specific diagnoses. Two patients with a heavy organic disease
      (Aids, Friedreich's ataxia) showed an increased state anxiety and an increased
      general trait anxiety. Six patients with hypertension showed decreased, average
      as well as increased values of state anxiety and general trait anxiety. In one
      patient with epilepsia decreased general trait anxiety and average state anxiety
      were manifest. A patient with a depressive neurosis and functional abdominal pain
      showed increased general trait anxiety and average state anxiety. Finally, in six
      patients with different diseases, such as patients with different diseases, such
      as bronchitis, diabetes, coronary and congestive heart disease, obesity and
      myalgias, no deviation of their state and general trait anxiety values was
      evident when compared with standard values. The results are discussed.

PMID- 2919254
TI  - [Hypertension].
AB  - This 40 year old man had been treated adequately for arterial hypertension over
      the last 10 years. Within one year this arterial tension rose continuously in
      spite of treatment. A low blood-potassium value found on routine chemical
      analysis prompted an investigation on secondary causes for hypertension. The
      results of a peripheral renin-study were typical for secondary aldosteronism. An
      abdominal aortography and selective angiography of the renal arteries visualized
      an intrarenal arterial aneurysm with stenoses as causative factor of the
      renovascular hypertension. Antihypertensive treatment with an ACE-blocker
      permitted to normalize the blood-pressure values subsequently.

PMID- 2919255
TI  - [A case from practice (127). Patient: Mrs. M. S., born 1952, housewife].

PMID- 2919256
TI  - [Intestinal drug smuggling--a new diagnostic and therapeutic problem].
AB  - Since spring 1985 81 persons were examined because of suspected intestinal drug
      smuggling (body-packing). 46 patients (57%) had drug-packages in the gastro
      intestinal tract, in 35 persons (43%) the suspicion was not confirmed. 26
      patients had swallowed the drugs (mostly cocaine) whereas in 20 cases drugs were
      found in the rectum (mostly heroine). Most important for diagnosis was abdominal
      x-ray whereas in our hands abdominal sonography was unreliable. When body-packing
      is diagnosed, observation and mild laxative in conjunction with sufficient
      beverages are recommended. Serious complications in our series comprised one
      patient with mechanical ileus and another with heroine-poisoning after rupture of
      a package.

PMID- 2919257
TI  - [Exertional dyspnea, fatigue, palpitations].
AB  - This 52-year old female patient suffered from exertional dyspnea, fatigue and
      palpitations progressive for some months. She had rheumatic fever in childhood.
      Physical examination and echocardiography revealed severe pure mitral
      regurgitation, invasive studies showed dilatation of the left atrium and
      ventricle, a regurgitant volume of 70% of the stroke volume and mitral valve
      replacement was performed.

PMID- 2919258
TI  - [A case from practice (128). Patient: Mr. B. L., born 1947, engineer].

PMID- 2919259
TI  - [Computed tomography and conventional x-ray diagnosis of tumor bone lesions].
AB  - The informative value of conventional x-ray film and computed tomography was
      analysed on the basis of findings in 214 patients having 9 primary and 189
      secondary malignant tumours as well as 16 benign bone tumours. In 44% of the
      benign bone tumours CT yielded decisive additional information in so far as it
      became possible to determine the type of tumour (4) or the paraosseous tumour
      extension (3), respectively. The tumour status of the primary malignant tumours
      was determined throughout via x-ray film, whereas intraosseous and extraosseous
      extension of the tumorous process was covered much better by computed tomography.
      CT did not yield additional information in 28% of the secondary malignant bone
      tumours, whereas 33% of the osseous destructions--depending on the size and
      localisation--could be identified only via computed tomography. Decisive
      additional information was gained via CT in 39% of the patients mainly in respect
      of intraspinal or endocranial tumour extension.

PMID- 2919260
TI  - [Radiotherapy of malignant lymphomas].
AB  - Radiotherapy of malignant lymphomas has yielded excellent results especially in
      Hodgkin's lymphomas. A high rate of freedom from recurrences combined with a low
      rate of side effects can be achieved only with optimal radiotherapy. Benefit/risk
      analyses shows that the side effects are in a favourable proportion to the
      results achieved.

PMID- 2919261
TI  - [Diagnosis and therapy of differentiated thyroid cancer].
AB  - Summing up, we can state the following: Diagnosis of thyroid cancer seems easy,
      since the organ lies immediately beneath the skin, so that tumour growth could be
      readily detected, and also since thyroglobulin (tg) is an ideal and well-tried
      tumour marker. Nevertheless, malignant thyroid nodes are still frequently
      misinterpreted as benign, as benign strumae occur quite often. In view of the
      fact that malignant follicular carcinomas have a tendency to produce metastases
      via the bloodstream, in all tumours larger than 1 cm to 1.5 cm no change should
      be made in the classical therapeutic approach (total thyroidectomy, radioiodine
      therapy and levothyroxine suppression therapy), whereas in so-called occult
      papillary thyroid cancer (i.e. carcinomas smaller than 1-1.5 cm)
      hemithyroidectomy and lifelong suppression therapy can be satisfactory. It
      follows from this that in view of the low complication rate even with maximal
      therapy of differentiated thyroid cancer and the advantages resulting therefrom
      for follow-up care, the total ablation therapy should be retained as standard
      treatment. The low incidence of thyroid cancer justifies, inter alia, central
      follow-up care, the more so since this is usually performed on an
      interdisciplinary basis and there is as yet no standardised procedure for
      thyroglobulin determination.

PMID- 2919262
TI  - [MRT of intrathoracic space-occupying lesions--conventional and new rapid study
      technics].
AB  - 100 patients with histologically and cytologically confirmed intrathoracic space
      occupying growths were examined by CT and MR over and above conventional x-ray
      film diagnosis. MR tomography was performed in all the 100 patients via ECG
      triggered T1 and T2 weighted spin echo sequences. The last 35 patients were
      additionally examined via gradient echo sequences with which it is possible to
      examined 24 consecutive layers in any layer plane within 7 minutes without ECG
      triggering. Comparative evaluation of CT and MR tomography yielded an equally
      high degree of sensitivity when identifying intrathoracic growths. Compared to
      CT, determination of tumour status via MR tomography proved easier in individual
      cases. Other advantages of MR tomography were seen in the staging of bronchial
      carcinomas. Compared with conventional spin echo sequences the rapid gradient
      echo sequences reduced examination periods by more than 50%. In the cardiac
      region and the mediastinal structures that pulsate with it the diagnostic value
      of the gradient echo images is at present slightly impaired by fuzziness caused
      by movement. The image quality of the spin echo images is comparatively good in
      the regions of the superior and posterior mediastinum, the lungs and the thoracic
      wall.

PMID- 2919263
TI  - [Enuresis: the viewpoint of the urologist].
AB  - After a description of the bladder-sphincter system physiology and of the
      different stages in the acquisition of micturition control by children, as
      revealed by urodynamic explorations, the author presents the bladder immaturity
      syndrome. This entity includes diurnal disorders of micturition--such as
      urgencies, pollakiuria, more seldom retention and incontinence--which can readily
      be identified by questioning. It accounts for many cases of nocturnal enuresis
      which may benefit from treatment with anticholinergic drugs. Nocturnal enuresis
      without disorders of micturition in daytime is due to other physiopathological
      mechanisms. It is preferably treated with tricyclic antidepressants and other non
      medicinal therapies. All cases should be investigated for a possible organic
      pathology. A practical classification of enuresis is given.

PMID- 2919264
TI  - [Respiratory disorders during sleep in children].
AB  - Respiratory disorders that occur in children asleep are frequent. They are
      evaluated by studying the respiratory function at each stage of sleep, as
      determined by neurophysiological criteria, and they must be interpreted on the
      basis of what is known of respiratory adaptation during sleep in healthy infants.
      Respiratory disorders during sleep may be due to: (1) obstructive sleep apnoea
      syndrome caused by an obstruction of the upper airways, most frequently by
      enlarged tonsils; (2) nocturnal episodes of acute on chronic obstructive lung
      disease, such as cystic fibrosis, sequelae of viral infection, ciliary
      dysfunction, broncho-pulmonary dysplasia; (3) nocturnal asthma; (4) alveolar
      hypoventilation of central origin. The short-or long-term risk of respiratory
      disorders during sleep is their repercussions on pulmonary circulation and right
      heart function.

PMID- 2919265
TI  - [The child insomniac].
AB  - The most frequent of sleep disorders in children are repeated and prolonged
      wakeful periods. One month old infants are normally awake during one-third of the
      nocturnal sleeping time. Gradually, sleep moves into night and wakefulness into
      daytime. At 3 years, 25 to 38% of children wake up during the night, but after 5
      years this proportion becomes negligible. Apart from acute or chronic diseases
      which may produce sleep disorders, most of these are due to environmental
      factors. Two syndrome are worthy of special mention: deficiency of slow wave and
      deep sleep in psychosocial dwarfism, and insomnia due to intolerance to cow's
      milk. Treatment of insomniac children rests on behavioural techniques: parents
      must be helped to understand and observe the sleep-wake rhythm of their children
      and teach them to acquire regular sleeping habits.

PMID- 2919266
TI  - [Sudden death syndrome in the newborn infant and sleep].
AB  - It seem increasingly obvious that sudden death is a multifactorial syndrome, the
      result of respiratory and/or cardiac dysfunction in responses to various causes.
      Cardiorespiratory and neurophysiological explorations performed during sleep have
      considerably increased our understanding of the syndrome. They have been at the
      root of all recent theories, and they make it possible to rule out a likely cause
      in infants "rescued" from sudden death. Some of these explorations may be used
      for screening purposes, as they sometimes evaluate the risk of apnea or cardiac
      accident capable of causing sudden death. The development of sleep during the
      first 6 months of life plays de determinant role in the syndrome. Slightly more
      than 80 p. 100 of deaths occur during a period of presumed sleep. The 1 to 6
      months period is characterized by very rapid changes in the quality and
      organization of sleep: there is a substantial increase in quite sleep time,
      during which the child is most probably vulnerable, and a decrease in agitated
      sleep time which at that age is thought to protect against sudden death. This is
      also the period of life where sleep stability increases and where al circadian
      rhythms are constituted and harmonized with each other. The rapidity and nature
      of these changes probably makes this period a time of risk. Another factor of
      importance is the problem of sudden infant death is the ability to wake up.
      Recent studies have shown that infants believed to be at risk of sudden death
      seem to have disturbed awakening mechanisms.

PMID- 2919267
TI  - [Wake-sleep rhythm and school rhythm].
AB  - Recent studies, and notably 24 hour polygraphic recordings, have provided
      accurate data on the qualitative and quantitative changes in the organization of
      sleep and wake periods which occur during childhood and adolescence. These
      studies explain the lack of adaptation of some subjects, notably young children
      and teenagers, to school hours. It is hoped that this knowledge of changes in
      circadian rhythms will be taken into account by those who decide on working hours
      in schools.

PMID- 2919269
TI  - [Epidemiology and prevention of cancer of the uterine cervix].

PMID- 2919268
TI  - [Simplified treatment of poisoning by ethylene glycol].

PMID- 2919270
TI  - [Ontogenesis and organization of sleep].
AB  - The newborn infant spends three quarters of his time asleep, while at adulthood
      his sleep will occupy only 8 hours out of 24. The development of sleep and
      wakefulness is continuous from before to after birth, and follows a progressive
      pattern: first rapid in the perinatal period and until one year of age, then much
      slower until puberty. Schematically, the ontogenetic organization of the states
      of vigilance consists of: 1. the building up of a circadian sleep-wake rhythm and
      the lengthening of the ultradian Basic Rest-Activity Cycle, 2. the specific
      development of each physiological variable which is linked to the states, 3. the
      synchronization of these variables, and 4. the reduction of REM sleep time and
      the relative increase of non-REM sleep proportion. This ontogenetic scheme
      applies by in large to all mammals. It raises the fascinating question of the
      role of REM sleep and of dreaming in the evolution of the organism and of the
      species.

PMID- 2919271
TI  - [Menopause-osteoporosis: a challenge to modern society. Genova symposium (CRIS)].

PMID- 2919272
TI  - [Evaluation of the ambulatory and hospital burden of patients with stage IV HIV
      infection].
AB  - To evaluate the burden that AIDS patients will impose on health care facilities,
      we evaluated the costs incurred for patients with stage-IV HIV infection followed
      up at the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) from 1982 to 1987.
      Besides determination of these costs the study shows that management of these
      patients is progressively switching from inpatient to outpatient services. In
      1987; 0.25% of acute-care beds were occupied by patients with advanced HIV
      infection, and the inpatient cost for this new disease was estimated at
      approximately 700,000 Swiss francs.

PMID- 2919274
TI  - [Tamponade and central venous catheter. Apropos of a case].
AB  - We report the case of a patient who developed cardiac tamponade after insertion
      of a central venous catheter. Often in such situations the first symptoms of this
      severe complication are late and thus delay correct diagnosis. In our patient the
      critical situation was recognized only after hemodynamic measurements and
      echocardiography. Emergency pericardiocentesis was followed by a dramatic
      improvement. The cardinal features of this serious event and the preventive
      measures to be taken to avoid this situation after placement of a central venous
      line are discussed.

PMID- 2919273
TI  - [Long-term oxygen therapy in Switzerland].
AB  - In Switzerland long-term oxygen treatment is chiefly performed with oxygen
      concentrators provided by the Swiss Association against Tuberculosis and
      Pulmonary Diseases through its cantonal leagues. Prescription and supervision are
      carried out according to the Association's guidelines. To assess compliance with
      these guidelines, the prescription forms of 447 patients (1981-1985) were
      analyzed concerning diagnosis, lung function and blood gases. Of the 398
      diagnoses mentioned, 73% were COPD, 16% restrictive syndromes and 11%
      cardiovascular diseases (including cor pulmonale). Lung function results were
      given in 81% of the total but in only 73% and 67% of two non-COPD groups. Blood
      gases at ambiant air were given in 92% and under oxygen at the flow chosen for
      treatment in 72%. At ambiant air the PaO2 was greater than 7.33 kPa in 21% (8.18
      +/- 0.85 kPa) and less than 5.33 kPa in 19% (4.86 +/- 0.33 kPa). - These results
      show that prescription criteria are not always correctly met, especially in non
      COPD patients. They also suggest that long-term oxygen treatment is often
      prescribed mainly on the basis of clinical criteria, despite a PaO2 which would
      not require it, and also in unstable state, as indicated by the high proportion
      of cases with very low PaO2. The rationale behind the guidelines should be
      explained more clearly to prescribing doctors, in order to confine this difficult
      and costly treatment to patients who really need it.

PMID- 2919275
TI  - [The feeding of dogs in Switzerland. The results of an inquiry].
AB  - Results of inquiry made of 2190 dog owners about customs of feeding and keeping
      dogs in Switzerland are presented. The diet most often used consists of cereal
      flakes which are given together with feedstuff from animals or other commercial
      dogfood. Usually, only one meal per day is given and the amount of food is based
      on a constant body weight. Regular feeding of bones appears to have a good effect
      on digestion and dental health.

PMID- 2919276
TI  - [What is your diagnosis? Sertoli cell tumor in a dog].

PMID- 2919277
TI  - [Animal rights--new questions about animal ethics].
AB  - The assertion that animals have interests and rights comparable to those of
      humans raises some new questions: How should unavoidable conflicts between man
      and animal be solved? How should a decision be taken in a conflict between human
      demands of no vital necessity e.g. the consumption of meat or mobility, and the
      right of animals to live? The answers to these questions illustrate the scope and
      limitations of ethical discussions. In spite of this solutions have to be
      elaborated based on conscience, ideas of a fair partnership and theological
      considerations.

PMID- 2919278
TI  - Navy marine mammals.

PMID- 2919279
TI  - Court ruling rekindles controversy over SATs.

PMID- 2919280
TI  - AIDS panel urges new focus.

PMID- 2919282
TI  - Frazier reinstated at McLean.

PMID- 2919281
TI  - Cancer Board attacks tobacco.

PMID- 2919283
TI  - Wanted: normal brains.

PMID- 2919284
TI  - New trial evaluates parkinsonian therapy.

PMID- 2919285
TI  - Epithelial cell surfaces induce Salmonella proteins required for bacterial
      adherence and invasion.
AB  - Salmonella bacteria are capable of entering (invading) and multiplying within
      eukaryotic cells. Stable adherence to and invasion of epithelial cells by S.
      choleraesuis and S. typhimurium were found to require de novo synthesis of
      several new bacterial proteins. This inducible event appears to be a coordinately
      regulated system dependent on trypsin- and neuraminidase-sensitive structures
      present on the epithelial cell surface. Mutants of S. choleraesuis and S.
      typhimurium were unable to synthesize these proteins and did not stably adhere to
      nor invade eukaryotic cells. Two such S. typhimurium mutants were avirulent in
      mice, an indication that these proteins are required for Salmonella virulence.

PMID- 2919286
TI  - Cancer in the elderly.

PMID- 2919287
TI  - Roferon-A in solid tumor therapy.

PMID- 2919288
TI  - The infant of the human immunodeficiency virus-infected mother.

PMID- 2919289
TI  - The AIDS epidemic: developing an institutional response.
AB  - The AIDS epidemic presents the health care delivery system with a number of
      diverse and complex challenges. Some institutions will perceive the problems
      associated with this disease as being overwhelming and insurmontable. Others will
      be stimulated by the scientific and ethical issues presented. The need to strike
      a balance, which incorporates the needs of the institution and the population to
      be served, cannot be stressed enough. The proper planning of an institutional
      response to this epidemic should involve an evaluation of internal resources, the
      investigation of existing models of AIDS care, and an assessment of the patient
      population. The departments of nursing, medicine, pediatrics, and social work can
      provide invaluable input into this process. Consultation with community-based
      agencies is also stressed, as these organizations provide an important source of
      supportive care to outpatients. A number of concerns are raised when institutions
      begin to plan and develop responses to the AIDS epidemic. These concerns often
      center on the perception that a visible commitment to persons with AIDS-related
      illnesses will keep other patients away or that attention and resources will be
      diverted from other equally serious conditions. Such concerns are reasonable and
      must be taken into account when planning any type of dedicated services.
      Particular care must be taken to avoid diverting resources from other programs.
      For institutions already providing care to large numbers of AIDS patients, the
      decision to centralize services and provide a more comprehensive approach to care
      is often a matter of relocation as opposed to introduction of a new patient care
      service.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2919290
TI  - Psycho-social aspects of caring for families of infants infected with human
      immunodeficiency virus.

PMID- 2919291
TI  - Ethical issues in caring for pregnant women and newborns at risk for human
      immunodeficiency virus infection.

PMID- 2919292
TI  - Women infected with human immunodeficiency virus: counseling and testing during
      pregnancy.

PMID- 2919293
TI  - The radiographic appearances following adequate transfusion in beta-thalassaemia.
AB  - The main lesions of the skull and hand, observed in a group of hypertransfused
      beta-thalassaemic patients, are compared with a control group of low-transfused
      patients. Bony abnormalities reflect the relationship between proliferating bone
      marrow and bone cortex, and hypertransfusion therapy will prevent development of
      lesions only if established early in life. If this is done, the diploe in the
      skull may become normal, overgrowth of facial bone is moderate, pneumatisation of
      the paranasal sinuses is not completely prevented, and the "hair-brush" pattern
      may disappear completely. A normal appearance of the hand in adequately treated
      patients differentiates between prepubertal patients and adults.

PMID- 2919294
TI  - Micromelic bone dysplasia with cloverleaf skull.
AB  - Micromelic bone dysplasia with cloverleaf skull is a well-described entity with
      short, straight tubular bones, hydrocephalus and cloverleaf deformity of the
      skull, narrow chest and platyspondyly. A further two unrelated patients are
      presented, in whom the shape of the head varied. Both cases also showed a narrow
      foramen magnum, hypoplastic cerebellum, atrial septal defect, hypoplastic
      adrenals, and ureteric malformations. The findings in the skeleton show
      similarities to other types of generalised bone dysplasias but are
      distinguishable from these. This well-defined bone dysplasia should probably be
      regarded as a separate entity. Visceral malformations may be associated.

PMID- 2919295
TI  - Transverse posterior element fractures associated with torsion.
AB  - Six examples of a previously undescribed class of transverse vertebral element
      fractures are presented. These fractures differ from Chance and Smith fractures
      and their variants in the following respects: (1) the etiology is torsion and not
      flexion; (2) there is neither distraction of posterior ring fragments nor
      posterior ligament tears; (3) in contrast to Chance and Smith fractures,
      extension of the fracture into the vertebral body is absent or minimal; (4) the
      transverse process of the lumbar vertebra is avulsed at its base with a vertical
      fracture, not split horizontally. These fractures occur in cervical, lumbar, and
      sacral vertebrae in normal or compromised areas of the spine.

PMID- 2919296
TI  - Metaphyseal impaction fractures in acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
AB  - Patients with acute lymphatic leukaemia frequently are osteoporotic. A small
      subset of these develop disabling metaphyseal transverse fractures, usually
      bilateral and in the lower limb. These impaction fractures have a characteristic
      appearance and develop in recently laid down bone. They may develop ab initio or
      during therapy. Magnesium deficiency is found in these patients.

PMID- 2919297
TI  - Work in progress: postarthrography computed tomography of the wrist: evaluation
      of the triangular fibrocartilage complex.
AB  - This report reviews a work in progress evaluating the use of postarthrography
      computed tomography (CT) of the wrist in assessing triangular fibrocartilage
      complex abnormalities. Twenty-two triangular fibrocartilage complex perforations
      in 119 patients were identified with both multiple compartment arthrography and
      postarthrography CT. To obtain a double contrast image of the triangular
      fibrocartilage complex, the postarthrography CT examinations were performed after
      multiple compartment arthrography and the injection of air into the radiocarpal
      compartment. The site of triangular fibrocartilage complex perforation could be
      identified (radial versus peripheral) as could degenerative changes and internal
      derangements such as chondrocalcinosis. We did not, however, find any information
      not provided by arthrography that would have changed the course of management. At
      this time there is no clinical role for postarthrography CT in the evaluation of
      triangular fibrocartilage complex derangements.

PMID- 2919298
TI  - Stress views in the comparative assessment of spondylolytic spondylolisthesis.
AB  - Patients with spondylolytic spondylolisthesis were examined in six different
      positions to detect segmental instability. The amount of displacement was
      determined on lateral spot radiographs, taken in recumbent, standing, flexion,
      extension, axial compression, and traction positions in each patient. An error
      analysis was also performed. Examination in axial compression-traction was found
      to be a significantly better method for detection of segmental instability
      compared with standing-recumbent, or flexion-extension radiographs. In addition,
      the compression-traction method exhibited a higher sensitivity for identification
      of instability (73%) than standing-recumbent (33%) or flexion-extension (20%)
      views. The total error in the determination was small, +/- 2.5% (95% CL),
      providing a careful and controlled technique was used.

PMID- 2919299
TI  - The surgery of the rheumatoid wrist: postoperative appearances and complications
      of the more common procedures.
AB  - There is considerable orthopedic interest in the surgical management of
      rheumatoid arthritis involving the wrist. Surgery is being used more frequently
      in treating this condition, and many surgical options are available. The
      biomechanical basis, indications, postoperative appearances, and complications of
      these many operations should be known to the radiologist involved in preoperative
      care and postoperative follow-up. Some of the more frequent procedures are
      presented, and the complications are discussed.

PMID- 2919301
TI  - Requiem for the Eponym (Eponymomania). (For the International Skeletal Society).

PMID- 2919300
TI  - Rigid subtalar joint--a radiographic spectrum.
AB  - A painful or rigid subtalar joint is a common clinical problem. Computed
      tomography (CT) has been shown to be useful in evaluating tarsal coalition, but
      several other pathologic processes with a similar clinical presentation may
      affect the subtalar joint. Findings from 45 radiographically abnormal subtalar
      joints are presented, including examples of three different patterns of subtalar
      tarsal coalition, arthritis, infection, trauma and postsurgical changes.
      Knowledge of different causes of subtalar pathology may permit ready explanation
      of symptomatology related to the subtalar joint.

PMID- 2919302
TI  - Verbum sapienti.

PMID- 2919303
TI  - Case report 512: Spondyloenchondrodysplasia (SED) in two siblings.

PMID- 2919304
TI  - Case report 513: Tuberculosis of manubrium sterni.

PMID- 2919306
TI  - Case report 515: Simple (solitary) bone cyst of the calcaneus.

PMID- 2919305
TI  - Case report 514: Hamartomatous disorder (newly described).

PMID- 2919307
TI  - Case report 516: Lumbar vertebral chordoma causing sclerosis of affected vertebra
      (3rd lumbar vertebra).

PMID- 2919308
TI  - Case report 517: Ulcerating adamantinoma of the tibia.

PMID- 2919309
TI  - Catastrophic stress and factors affecting its consequences among Southeast Asian
      refugees.
AB  - Effects on mental health of the stress of being interned in a refugee camp were
      assessed in a community survey of 1348 Southeast Asians. The impact on depressive
      mood proved significant but short-lived. Social support derived from the ethnic
      community and from an intact marriage moderated the risk of developing depressive
      symptoms, apparently by enhancing a sense of identity and belongingness. A
      psychological coping mechanism--avoidance of the past--buffered the impact of
      camp stress on depressive symptoms. While refugees brought into the country under
      private sponsorship were expected to have a mental health advantage compared to
      those admitted under government sponsorship, this hypothesis was not confirmed.
      Private sponsorship, carried out by individuals or groups whose religion differed
      from the refugees they were supporting, acted as a source of stress.

PMID- 2919310
TI  - Survival of female breast cancer patients in Finland and in Estonia: stage at
      diagnosis important determinant of the difference between countries.
AB  - The survival experiences of female breast cancer patients diagnosed in 1968-81 in
      Finland and in Estonia were compared. The series consisted of 18,729 patients in
      Finland and 4100 in Estonia. The overall estimated 5-year relative survival rate
      was 67.3% in Finland and 55.9% in Estonia. The stage-adjusted 5-year relative
      survival rate in Estonia was 63.4% (the Finnish rates used as a standard). Older
      patients in Finland had much higher survival rates than older patients in
      Estonia. There was a clear difference in the stage distribution in Estonia
      between older and younger age groups, with non-localized cases occurring in older
      age groups. No such difference was noticed in Finland. It seems that the
      diagnostic lag for older women is longer in Estonia than in Finland. In Estonia
      older patients seek medical assistance later, or symptoms and signs of younger
      patients are more effectively studied.

PMID- 2919311
TI  - Psychosocial adjustment following a stroke.
AB  - A stroke can be a serious and debilitating health problem. The present study
      examined the effect of the severity of the stroke, patients' cognitive adaptation
      to their situation, the relationship with the caregiver and caregivers'
      adaptation on patient depression and motivation in outpatient therapy. Forty
      poststroke patients and their primary caregivers (usually a spouse) were
      interviewed an average of 9 months poststroke. Three independent predictors of
      depression were identified: a lack of meaningfulness in life, overprotection by
      the caregiver, and a less recent stroke. Motivation was independently related to
      less overprotection and lower perceptions of control over recovery. It was found
      that psychosocial factors predicted depression and motivation even when the
      effects of severity and site of the stroke were controlled for. The implications
      of cognitive adaptation and social support ideas for coping with a stroke are
      discussed.

PMID- 2919312
TI  - Role of support networks in maintenance of improved cardiovascular health status.
AB  - This study was undertaken to clarify the relationship between maintaining an
      improved cardiovascular health status and social support networks. Two hundred
      and ninety participants from a national trial that was carried out to specify the
      impact of reducing risk for cardiovascular disease were rescreened 3 years after
      completion of the trial. Original risk status of the participants was compared to
      risk status at the end to identify who had an improved risk status (n = 204).
      Risk status of 204 improvers was calculated from the rescreening data to identify
      maintainers (n = 63) and nonmaintainers (n = 143). No significant differences
      were found between maintainers and nonmaintainers in sociodemographic status, or
      in level of general support. Highly significant differences were found for four
      types of support provided specifically for risk reduction: information/advice (P
      = 0.002), appraisal (P = 0.004), emotional support (P = 0.01) and availability (P
      = 0.019). Most of these differences in support were accounted for by the larger
      support network identified by the maintainers. In addition, compared to
      nonmaintainers, maintainers' networks were more family-centered (P = 0.012), and
      were correspondingly more dense (P = 0.021). A discriminant function analysis
      using the significant variables was able to predict maintenance in 72% of the
      cases. The significant variables also accounted for 10% of the variance between
      maintainers and nonmaintainers. The implications of this study are: (1)
      assessment of support should be specific to the health outcome being studied: (2)
      research on the impact of social environment on health status will benefit from
      clearly specifying individual components of social support and social networks;
      (3) amount of social support provided is related to size of the network and
      relationship of supporter to the at-risk individual; (4) because social support
      and social networks account for a small but significant amount of the variance
      between maintainers and nonmaintainers, these concepts should be included in
      patient assessments prior to developing a treatment or maintenance plan.

PMID- 2919313
TI  - Employment of individuals with haemophilia in The Netherlands.
AB  - A study was performed to determine whether improvements in the treatment of
      haemophilia over the past 20 years have influenced the prospects of these
      patients in the labour market. Surveys on the medical and social situation of
      haemophiliacs in The Netherlands were carried out in 1972, 1978 and 1985. Most of
      the patients participated in these surveys. Trends in employment do not show
      either an increase in the number of employed haemophiliacs or a decrease in the
      number administratively defined as disabled. However, considering the influence
      of the economic recession on the position of the chronically sick on the labour
      market and the rise in the number administratively defined as disabled in the
      Dutch population, haemophiliacs perform well. Sick leave has decreased
      considerably. Although the employment rate for the group of haemophiliacs is
      lower than that for the general male population, the level of employment in
      relation to educational achievements is high and most of the employed do not feel
      limited in their daily job activities by the haemophilia. Physical mobility is a
      main factor influencing the employment status but other factors, such as the type
      of occupation or former occupation and prejudice against people with haemophilia,
      have to be considered.

PMID- 2919314
TI  - Breastfeeding trends in Singapore.
AB  - About 60% of well-to-do mothers in Singapore initiate breastfeeding. This value
      compares favourably with the 36% recently recorded for poor mothers, but is still
      unacceptably low compared to the 85-95% of well-to-do mothers and 90% of poor
      mothers who breastfed in the 1950s and 1960s. There has been a general decline in
      the incidence of breastfeeding over the last 35 years. Differences between the
      well-to-do and poor groups were initially small. A pronounced decline in the
      incidence of breastfeeding among the well-to-do mothers followed; a reversal in
      this downward trend in well-to-do mothers over the past 10 years has narrowed,
      and indeed reversed, the difference between the two groups. Similar trends can be
      found for the duration of breastfeeding. Whilst the overall decline probably
      reflects increasing affluence and 'Westernization' of the population the
      variation between these two economic groups is probably a result of differences
      in education. Among the three major ethnic communities, Chinese favoured
      breastfeeding least and Malays favoured it most. The differences are believed to
      be related to cultural differences and the ability of traditional practices and
      beliefs among the ethnic groups to resist the modern trend towards bottlefeeding.

PMID- 2919315
TI  - Determinants of fertility in a rural society: some evidence from Sierra Leone.
AB  - Data from a sample of 2000 currently married women aged 15-49 years, during a
      fertility and family planning survey carried out in rural areas of Moyamba
      District of Sierra Leone in 1979, are used to investigate the influences of
      background (wife's tribal and religious affiliations, and current place of
      residence), socio-economic (wife's education and occupation, and husband's
      education), and demographic (wife's current age, age at first marriage, desired
      family size, and infant-child mortality) variables on marital fertility in Sierra
      Leone. An OLS regression analysis indicates that the demographic variables, size
      of place of residence and wife's occupation affect fertility significantly.
      Wife's educational level and tribal affiliation exhibit marginal effects on
      fertility. Policy implications of these findings are discussed.

PMID- 2919316
TI  - Paternalism and Finnish anti-smoking policy.
AB  - Paternalism is one of the most problematic ethical issues in public health
      promotion. In the article an attempt is made to elucidate the matter by examining
      the theoretical characteristics of paternalistic attitudes and action on the one
      hand, and actual Finnish anti-smoking policies on the other. The attitudes
      adopted by Finnish health authorities toward smoking are strongly paternalistic,
      i.e. based on the idea that the general public is not to be relied on in
      assessing the health risks of tobacco use. Surprisingly, however, the actual
      governmental anti-smoking measures in Finland cannot be truthfully described as
      overtly constraining. Since paternalism implies restrictions on personal freedom
      for the individual's own good, many branches of smoking control fall outside its
      proper scope: for instance, restrictions on smoking in public premises can almost
      always be justified by referring to the harm inflicted by smokers on the other
      people. But most of the Finnish governmental anti-smoking measures which can be
      classified as paternalistic are also justifiable. Some of them concern minors
      only or mainly minors, and thus can be defended as instances of authorities'
      parental concern for our children. Some are freedom-restricting but only in a
      weak sense and are based on the idea of informing people about the dangers of
      smoking, while leaving the final decision up to them. In the last analysis, there
      is but one regulation that meets the criteria of wrongful paternalism, and that
      one, the ban on strong tobacco brands, may not be important enough, in practice,
      to raise major ethical controversies.

PMID- 2919317
TI  - [Double contrast pharyngography of dysphagia as a leading symptom. Methodology
      and diagnostic value].

PMID- 2919318
TI  - [Thermoluminescent dosimetry of panoramic zonography].

PMID- 2919319
TI  - [Radiotherapy planning: a barium sulfate-containing marker paste for computed
      tomography].

PMID- 2919320
TI  - [A negative oral intestinal contrast medium for abdominal computed tomography].

PMID- 2919321
TI  - Analgesic nitrous oxide for addictive withdrawal states.

PMID- 2919322
TI  - Paternity exclusion using 18 genetic systems in 2124 cases in four South African
      population groups.
AB  - Using 18 different blood group systems, 2,124 cases of doubtful paternity,
      unevenly distributed among four different population groups--South African
      Negroes (Xhosas) 645 (30%); South African Caucasians 264 (13%); Cape Coloureds
      (non-Malay) 1,156 (54%), and Cape Malays 59 (3%)--were analysed. Tests for red
      cell antigen, plasma protein, red cell enzyme and HLA polymorphisms were done on
      all subjects. The overall exclusion rate was 38,23%, i.e. 812 of the 2,124 men
      were not biological fathers of the children ascribed to them. The capability of
      the individual systems to exclude a man from specific paternity was also
      evaluated. The polymorphic HLA system was the most useful and alone--depending on
      the particular population group--excluded between 93.5% and 97.8% of falsely
      accused men. The proportion of men excluded also varied between different
      population groups using the different systems, e.g. the Rhesus system alone
      excluded 43.9% of South African Caucasian non-fathers and only 14% of the Xhosa
      non-fathers. This is a reflection of the gene frequencies within a particular
      population. The analysis showed that the genetic systems tested in this
      laboratory were extremely efficient in providing evidence in proof of non
      paternity.

PMID- 2919323
TI  - Morphometric analysis to detect suspected myocardial disease. A pilot study.
AB  - Myofibres in the normal left ventricle (LVs) of 24 healthy young accident victims
      and the diseased LVs of 10 subjects who died from constrictive pericarditis or
      congestive (African) cardiomyopathy were subjected to morphometric evaluation.
      Each myofibre was represented by a pair of measurements: cross-nuclear fibre (FD)
      and nuclear (ND) diameters. Using a VIDS image analyser interfaced with a light
      microscope, 150 paired measurements were determined for each of the 34 specimens.
      The bivariate relationship between FD and ND for each group of specimens were
      expressed as linear regressions. The limits for the group distribution of normal
      specimen FD/ND means were calculated and graphically depicted in the form of an
      ellipse. Disease specimens were plotted for comparison. Of the normal specimens,
      23/24 FD/ND coordinates fell within the "normal' ellipse whereas the altered
      relationship between FD and ND in pathological myocardia caused all 10 specimen
      means to be plotted outside the ellipse and their regression lines to be
      displaced from normal. It is suggested that the normal data define the
      morphometric parameters of LV myofibres in healthy hearts and create a graphic
      standard by which myofibre pathology in hearts suspected of disease can be
      detected.

PMID- 2919324
TI  - Alcohol-related parasuicide among married people.
AB  - Although parasuicide has been widely studied, its indirect relationship with
      alcohol abuse has received less attention. The present study examines the
      incidence of alcohol-related parasuicide at a Pietermaritzburg general hospital.
      Over 40% of married parasuicide women cited their husbands' abuse of alcohol and
      its associated violent behaviour as precipitants to their self-destructive acts.
      However, in contrast to overseas findings, recent alcohol intake was not
      prevalent in the parasuicide women themselves. This difference appears to be
      culturally rooted.

PMID- 2919325
TI  - [Psychiatric aspects of family killings].
AB  - There has been very little research done on family slayings in the RSA. The
      concept is defined and a short survey of the literature is provided. Five case
      studies of patients who were referred to Weskoppies Hospital after being involved
      in family killings are described; a diagnosis of depression was made in all 5
      cases. The clinical implications of manslaughter and depression are discussed,
      and suggestions are offered for future research into psychiatric factors involved
      in family killings.

PMID- 2919326
TI  - Stannosis. A report of 2 cases.
AB  - Stannosis is a condition in which tin-oxide is deposited in lung tissue after
      inhalation. Tin-oxide is radiologically visible although there is no tissue
      reaction to its presence. Two examples of the condition are described. It is of
      value to recognise the condition and so avoid unnecessary invasive diagnostic
      procedures.

PMID- 2919327
TI  - The role of the clinical health psychologist in the management of chronic
      paediatric illness. A report of 2 cases.
AB  - Behavioural problems in chronically ill children are common and adequate
      provision for holistic management is necessary. It appears preferable for
      psychological intervention to start not when the child is referred with
      behavioural problems but as soon as the medical condition is diagnosed. These
      children, and their families, are usually in need of psychological care from the
      earliest stages of the disease process. Two case reports are cited in this
      context. The role of the clinical health psychologist is emphasised.

PMID- 2919328
TI  - Pulsed Doppler and two-dimensional echocardiographic findings in coronary
      arteriovenous fistula complicated by bacterial endocarditis. A case report.
AB  - Coronary arteriovenous fistula (CAVF) may occasionally be complicated by
      bacterial endocarditis. The actual anatomical site of infection has not been
      clearly defined. A 13-year-old boy with a CAVF and Streptococcus viridans
      bacteraemia is described. The origin of the fistulous tract and a vegetation in
      close proximity to the distal drainage site into the right ventricle was
      demonstrated by Doppler two-dimensional echocardiography.

PMID- 2919329
TI  - Temporal lobectomy in epilepsy. A report of 2 cases.
AB  - Two South African patients with frequent drug-resistant complex partial seizures
      arising from the left temporal lobe were referred to the UK for anterior temporal
      lobectomy. Both patients are now seizure-free, the first 3 1/2 years and the
      second 2 1/2 years after operation. Clinical details are presented.

PMID- 2919330
TI  - Legionella pneumonia--a need for epidemiological alert.

PMID- 2919331
TI  - Small is beautiful.

PMID- 2919332
TI  - Port-a-Cath--a totally skin-covered venous access system for long-term cytotoxic
      treatment.

PMID- 2919335
TI  - The haematology of tuberculosis.

PMID- 2919334
TI  - Cardiac biopsy.

PMID- 2919333
TI  - Antibody to HTLV-I in a black South African with a neurological disorder
      resembling multiple sclerosis.

PMID- 2919336
TI  - Blood transfusion in the newborn infant.

PMID- 2919337
TI  - Priorities for research on smoking and health.

PMID- 2919338
TI  - Mononuclear leucocyte function in patients with lichen planus and cutaneous lupus
      erythematosus during chemotherapy with clofazimine.
AB  - Mitogen-induced transformation and the production of reactive oxidants by
      mononuclear leucocytes (MNLs) from patients with chronic dermatological disorders
      were investigated in vitro before and during the administration of the
      antimycobacterial/immunosuppressive agent clofazimine (200 mg 3 times weekly).
      Seven patients, 4 with lichen planus and 3 with cutaneous lupus erythematosus,
      were included in the study. Clofazimine administration did not influence the
      mitogen-induced proliferative responses of patients' MNLs. However, chemotherapy
      with this drug stimulated the production of reactive oxidants by MNLs. Since
      reactive oxidants are immunosuppressive it is possible that these effects may be
      involved in the pharmacotherapeutic activity of clofazimine.

PMID- 2919339
TI  - Consecutive melatonin circadian rhythms in normal volunteers.
AB  - Circadian plasma melatonin secretion patterns were determined in 12 healthy men
      over 3 consecutive 24-hour periods. The rhythms showed marked intra-individual
      stability, but pronounced interindividual variation. Plasma melatonin may serve
      as a reliable biological marker. Plasma melatonin assayed between 23h00 and 01h00
      gave a reliable indication of an individual's circadian melatonin rhythm.

PMID- 2919340
TI  - Disease profiles for white and black adult and geriatric patients. An analysis of
      2,008 hospital medical admissions.
AB  - A prospective analysis of 2,008 discharge diagnoses revealed important
      differences in disease incidence between black and white adult and geriatric
      patients treated in the Department of Medicine, Frere Hospital, East London.
      Among geriatric patients the major differences were the increased incidences
      among blacks of tuberculosis, pulmonary circulatory disorders and cardiomyopathy,
      as opposed to ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disorders and chronic
      obstructive pulmonary disease among whites. Among blacks hypertension was less
      common than had been expected and occurred predominantly in females. Tuberculosis
      affected 14% of blacks but only 1.6% of whites. It was also the commonest cause
      of medical deaths and responsible for 31% of deaths of black patients. Analysis
      of age patterns showed that 68% of whites and 31% of blacks were over 60 years
      old; 18% of whites and 3% of blacks were over 80 years old. These figures
      indicate the need to extend hospital facilities for geriatric patients, and for
      more comprehensive training in geriatric medicine for doctors and nurses.

PMID- 2919341
TI  - Euthyroid hyperthyroxinaemia due to endogenous antibodies to thyroxine and tri
      iodothyronine. A case report.
AB  - A case of euthyroid hyperthyroxinaemia caused by auto-antibodies to thyroxine and
      tri-iodothyronine is presented. Gel filtration chromatography of the patient's
      serum showed increased binding of radio-labelled thyroxine analogue to a
      macromolecular component, which migrated in the gammaglobulin region on
      electrophoresis. Precipitation by protein A confirmed that this was an
      immunoglobulin. The importance of recognising this condition so that
      inappropriate therapy can be avoided is stressed.

PMID- 2919342
TI  - Partial hydatidiform mole with a coexistent live full-term fetus. A case report.
AB  - A patient with a partial hydatidiform mole, who had a coexistent normal fetus, is
      described. The pregnancy proceeded to term and ended in the spontaneous, vaginal
      delivery of a normal baby. The placenta showed areas of macroscopic cystic
      degeneration with the histological features of hydatidiform mole.

PMID- 2919343
TI  - Listeria pneumonia. A case report.
AB  - A 42-year-old man with an atypical pneumonia. He had chest pain and a dry cough
      for 3 weeks, was dull at the left base clinically, and had left lower zone
      consolidation on chest radiography. The pneumonia spread despite oral ampicillin
      and cloxacillin. Blood culture grew Listeria monocytogenes and white cell count
      showed a monocytosis. He responded to intravenous penicillin and gentamicin with
      complete X-ray clearance.

PMID- 2919344
TI  - Tuberculous paraplegia during pregnancy. A report of 4 cases.
AB  - Four patients who developed tuberculous paraplegia during pregnancy are
      described. They delivered at term without complications and then underwent
      successful decompression for paraplegia.

PMID- 2919345
TI  - Antibiotic sensitivity of pathogenic bacteria in cutaneous infections in the
      Johannesburg area.

PMID- 2919347
TI  - Occupational hazards and health workers.

PMID- 2919346
TI  - Evaluation of lung function in uranium mine workers.

PMID- 2919348
TI  - Continuous insufflation of the pharynx in oropharyngeal obstruction.

PMID- 2919349
TI  - Pulmonary tuberculosis in geriatric homes in Port Elizabeth.

PMID- 2919350
TI  - Birth by days of the week.

PMID- 2919351
TI  - Differences in cardiac responses to resuscitation from burn shock.
AB  - Isolated coronary perfused hearts from guinea pigs were used to determine if
      aging alters left ventricular (LV) intrinsic contractile response to resuscitated
      burn shock. Parameters measured included LV pressure (LVP) and maximal rate of
      LVP rise (+dP/dt max) and fall (-dP/dt max) at a constant preload (LV
      enddiastolic pressure [LVEDP]). Compared with young controls (ten), aged control
      hearts (ten) showed significantly lower LVP (87.4 +/- 2.53 versus 76.0 +/- 1.5,
      p,0.001), +dP/dt max (1,351 +/- 51 versus 1,048 +/- 49, p,0.001), and -dP/dt max
      (1,154 +/- 34 versus 916 +/- 27, p,0.001), at an LVEDP of 10 millimeters of
      mercury. A 43 +/- 2 per cent third-degree burn (Walker model) was studied in ten
      young and ten aged guinea pigs. Burned aged hearts showed significantly lower LVP
      (57.1 +/- 2.1 versus 67.5 +/- 3.7, p,0.01) and -dP/dt max (707 +/- 33 versus 993
      +/- 59, p,0.001) at an LVEDP of 10 millimeters of mercury. In addition, LV
      function curves for burned aged hearts were shifted downward and to the right of
      curves obtained from young burned hearts (p,0.05). Contractile defects in the
      aged group were not overcome by altered beating frequency, increased
      extracellular calcium concentration, nor maximally effective increases in
      diastolic stretch. Finally, we examined the effects of fluid resuscitation (4
      milliliters per kilogram per percentage of burns) on contractile function in an
      additional ten young and ten aged burned guinea pigs. Contractile deficits
      persisted in both age groups despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Peak LVP and
      maximal rate of relaxation (-dP/dt) were uniformly depressed in aged as compared
      with young burned hearts (52.4 +/- 1.5 versus 63.2 +/- 2.7 and 715 +/- 42 versus
      909 +/- 52, p,0.01, respectively). These data suggest that severe myocardial
      contractile change resulting from a major thermal insult in subjects with already
      compromised hearts is likely a significant limiting factor in the response to
      burn shock and adequate fluid resuscitation.

PMID- 2919352
TI  - Second look operation in managing carcinoma of the pancreas and periampullary
      region.
AB  - From a total of 153 patients with carcinoma of the periampullary region and of
      the head of the pancreas, 127 underwent surgical treatment. There were 79 men and
      48 women with a mean age of 65 years (a range of 39 to 90 years). Of these, 26
      had resectional operations. Fifteen were carried out at the initial laparotomy
      and 11 at a second look operation (SLO). Of the 112 patients who had a palliative
      bypass at the initial laparotomy, 30, who were less than 65 years of age and were
      fit and remained so when assessed at six and 12 weeks postoperatively, were re
      evaluated for SLO. Of these, 12 had evidence of metastases and, therefore, were
      not considered for SLO. Eleven had a successful resection, and in seven,
      attempted resection had to be abandoned because of local invasion. The five year
      survival rate was 50 per cent for carcinoma of the periampullary region and 9 per
      cent for carcinoma of the head of the pancreas after primary resection. The
      comparable rates after SLO were 33.3 and 12.5 per cent, respectively. Based on
      our experience, SLO should be considered in young, fit patients as associated
      pancreatitis can make some tumors seem locally invasive and, hence, appear
      unresectable at the initial laparotomy.

PMID- 2919353
TI  - Quantitative evaluation of stiffness of commercial suture materials.
AB  - The bending stiffness of 22 commercial suture materials of varying size, chemical
      structure and physical form was quantitatively evaluated using a stiffness tester
      (Taber V-5, model 150B, Teledyne). The commercial sutures were Chromic catgut;
      Dexon (polyglycolic acid); Vicryl (polyglactin 910); PDS (polydioxanone); Maxon
      (polyglycolide-trimethylene carbonate); Silk (coated with silicone); Mersilene
      (polyester fiber); Tycron (polyester fiber); Ethibond (polyethylene terephthalate
      coated with polybutylene); Nurolon (nylon 66); Surgilon (nylon 66 coated with
      silicone); Ethilon (coated nylon 66), Prolene (polypropylene); Dermalene
      (polyethylene), and Gore-tex (polytetraflouroethylene). These are both natural
      and synthetic, absorbable and nonabsorbable and monofilament and multifilament
      sutures. All of these sutures were size 2-0, but Prolene sutures with sizes
      ranging from 1-0 to 9-0 were also tested to determine the effect of suture size
      on stiffness. The bending stiffness data obtained showed that a wide range of
      bending stiffness was observed among the 22 commercial sutures. The most flexible
      2-0 suture was Gore-tex, followed by Dexon, Silk, Surgilon, Vicryl (uncoated),
      Tycron, Nurolon, Mersilene, Ethibond, Maxon, PDS, Ethilon, Prolene, Chromic
      catgut, coated Vicryl, and lastly, Dermalene. The large porous volume inherent in
      Gore-tex monofilament suture was the reason for its lowest flexural stiffness.
      Sutures with a braided structure were generally more flexible than those of a
      monofilament structure, irrespective of the chemical constituents. Coated sutures
      had significantly higher stiffness than the corresponding uncoated ones. This is
      particularly true when polymers rather than wax were used as the coating
      material. This increase in stiffness is attributable to the loss of mobility
      under bending force in the fibers and yarns that make up the sutures. An increase
      in the size of the suture significantly increased the stiffness, and the
      magnitude of increase depended on the chemical constituent of the suture. The
      flexural stiffness of sutures was also found to depend on the duration of bending
      in the test for stiffness. In general, monofilament sutures exhibited the largest
      time-dependent stiffness. This was most pronounced with the Gore-tex suture. Most
      braided sutures also showed less time-dependence in stiffness. Nylon sutures did
      not exhibit this time-dependent phenomenon regardless of physical form.

PMID- 2919354
TI  - Juvenile malignant melanoma.
AB  - Malignant melanoma in children and adolescents is a rare phenomenon. During a
      retrospective computer-aided chart review, 78 patients less than 20 years of age
      were identified who had the diagnosis of malignant melanoma. This accounted for
      1.8 per cent of all the melanomas registered at the University Melanoma Clinic.
      Fifty-one per cent were females, and all the patients were white. Most of the
      lesions were found on the primary areas of the trunk and extremities. Sixty-seven
      per cent of the melanomas were of the superficial spreading type, and 82 per cent
      were invasive to Clark level III and IV. The range of tumor thickness was 0.32 to
      5.22 millimeters, with a mean of 1.76 millimeters. Similar population
      characteristics were noted in the adult and juvenile populations. Controlling for
      the two most powerful prognostic factors for Stage I melanoma, that is,
      ulceration and tumor thickness, the actuarial survival times between the two
      population groups were similar. The median survival times in the adult and
      juvenile population were 12.9 and 11.9 years, respectively (p = 0.54). There was
      a trend toward a shorter disease-free interval in the juvenile population. The
      five year disease-free interval was 65 per cent for adults with melanoma compared
      with 57 per cent for juveniles with malignant melanoma (p = 0.16). Multiple
      regression analysis failed to reveal age less than 20 years to be an independent
      prognostic factor for the development of metastases or over-all survival time.
      Recurrent disease was observed in 46.2 per cent of juveniles with melanoma who
      were initially Stage I at diagnosis. Eighty per cent of the relapses occurred in
      either the local skin or regional lymph nodes. Although malignant melanoma is
      rare in populations of patients younger than 20 years of age, clinicians should
      be aware that melanoma does occur in juveniles. With an aggressive approach to
      surgical therapy, survival rate is comparable with that of the adult population.

PMID- 2919355
TI  - Abstract renders the summary superfluous.
AB  - By definition, an abstract and summary must contain much the same content, as it
      is the purpose of each to provide a synopsis of the study or review. The journal
      Surgery Gynecology and Obstetrics requires both an abstract and a summary for its
      articles. We studied 83 reports from Surgery, Gynecology and Obstetrics,
      reviewing the similarities and differences in the abstracts and summaries based
      on six objective criteria: the number of words, the number of sentences, the
      number of repetitious sentences, the clarity of the abstract or summary without
      having to refer to the body of the article, the expression of conclusions and the
      introduction of new material that is not mentioned within the body of the
      article. Our results showed that, although abstracts were nearly one-third longer
      than the summaries, almost one-third of the sentences were repetitious. On the
      other hand, in one-fifth of the instances, the important conclusions of the
      article were included in either the abstract or summary but not both. We conclude
      that the quantitative and structural attributes of the summary and abstract are
      sufficiently similar to warrant that the abstract mandated by many publications
      has rendered the summary superfluous. Furthermore, when both the abstract and
      summary are included within an article, the omission of important conclusions can
      occur in one or the other. We recommend to retain the abstract or the summary in
      the conventional format in the articles rather than to have both in entirety or
      an altered format.

PMID- 2919356
TI  - A simple method for controlling hemorrhage during hepatectomy.
AB  - A technique of compressing the liver parenchyma without interfering with the
      blood supply to the remainder of the liver during anatomic and nonanatomic
      resections is presented. Two grooved nylon strips fitted into each other to form
      an ellipse that is tightened near the resection line permits the parenchymal
      incision in an unhurried and practically bloodless manner.

PMID- 2919357
TI  - Splenorenal anastomosis during resection of juxtarenal aortic aneurysm.

PMID- 2919358
TI  - An improved technique for rapid infusion of warmed fluid using a Level 1 Fluid
      Warmer.

PMID- 2919359
TI  - Quantification of abnormal intracranial pressure waves and isotope cisternography
      for diagnosis of occult communicating hydrocephalus.
AB  - Nineteen consecutive patients with suspected occult communicating hydrocephalus
      were investigated by means of clinical evaluation, neuropsychological testing,
      isotope cisternography, computed tomography scanning, and continuous intracranial
      pressure monitoring. Semi-quantitative grading systems were used in the
      evaluation of the clinical, neuropsychological, and cisternographic assessments.
      Clinical examination, neuropsychological testing, and computed tomography
      scanning were repeated 3 months after ventriculoperitoneal shunting. All patients
      showed abnormal intracranial pressure waves and all improved after shunting.
      There was close correlation between number, peak, and pulse pressures of B waves
      and the mean intracranial pressure. However, quantification of B waves by means
      of number, frequency, and amplitude did not help in predicting the degree of
      clinical improvement postshunting. The most sensitive predictor of favorable
      response to shunting was enlargement of the temporal horns on computed tomography
      scan. Furthermore, the size of temporal horns correlated with mean intracranial
      pressure. There was no correlation between abnormalities on isotope
      cisternography and clinical improvement.

PMID- 2919360
TI  - Pituitary adenoma with multiple ciliated cysts: transitional cell tumor?
AB  - The case of a prolactin-secreting pituitary tumor with multiple cyst formation is
      described. Ultrastructurally, the cyst-lining cells were ciliated and closely
      resembled those of Rathke's cleft cyst but contained secretory granules, and no
      basal lamina formation was seen between the adenoma cells and the lining cells.
      Immunohistochemical study revealed that the adenoma cells consisted of both
      prolactin-secreting cells and growth hormone-secreting cells. The lining cells
      were immunoreactive with the antiserum to cytokeratin. No S-100 protein-positive
      cells were seen. The origin of this tumor is discussed.

PMID- 2919361
TI  - Radical surgery of a galenic aneurysm with regional cerebral blood flow analysis.
      A case report.
AB  - Successful surgical treatment of a case of aneurysm of the vein of Galen is
      presented. An 11-month-old boy was admitted with episodes of convulsive attacks.
      Neuroradiological examination revealed an aneurysm of the vein of Galen filled by
      branches of posterior cerebral arteries and left thalamoperforating artery.
      Regional cerebral blood flow, which was measured by a method of xenon-enhanced
      computed tomography, showed a low flow area in the frontal and occipital regions.
      The aneurysm was approached through the bilateral parietooccipital
      interhemisphere, freed from the feeders, and ligated. During the operation,
      cortical blood flow was monitored for prevention of normal perfusion pressure
      breakthrough. After the feeders were successfully clipped, the blood flow
      increased and became normalized in the related cortex. There was no postoperative
      neurological deterioration.

PMID- 2919362
TI  - Brain tolerance to middle cerebral artery occlusion during hypotension in
      primates.
AB  - The aim of this study was to determine the duration of middle cerebral artery
      occlusion required to produce significant ischemic damage when the occlusion
      occurs during controlled systemic hypotension. In 21 anesthetized cynomolgus
      monkeys, an IV infusion of sodium nitroprusside was used to lower the mean
      arterial blood pressure to 45-50 mmHg for 90 minutes. Middle cerebral artery
      occlusion for 15, 30, 45, or 60 minutes was performed during the hypotensive
      period. Neurological function was then evaluated every 8 hours for a total of 72
      hours. At the end of the observation period, the monkeys were again anesthetized,
      magnetic resonance imaging was performed, and the brain was perfused with 10%
      buffered formalin. Neurological deficits were observed after 30 minutes, but not
      after 15 minutes, of middle cerebral artery occlusion, and rapidly increased in
      incidence and severity when the duration of occlusion was increased. After 60
      minutes of occlusion, all the monkeys exhibited severe deficits. Four monkeys
      died during the observation period--two in each of the 45- and 60-minute
      occlusion groups. Histopathological examination revealed that little or no
      ischemic damage resulted from a 15-minute occlusion during hypotension. However,
      severe ischemic damage began to occur after only 30 minutes of occlusion, and all
      monkeys subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion for 60 minutes developed
      extensive regions of infarction. The size and incidence of these infarctions
      correlated well with the lesions observed in the magnetic resonance images. These
      results demonstrate that the duration of middle cerebral artery occlusion that
      produces cerebral infarction in primates is drastically reduced when the
      occlusion occurs at hypotensive levels commonly employed during neurovascular
      surgical procedures.

PMID- 2919363
TI  - Intramedullary cavernous angiomas.
AB  - Two cases of histologically verified intramedullary cavernous angiomas at C3 and
      D5-6 are presented. Both patients suffered progressive myelopathy with
      intermittent improvement. In both cases preoperative diagnosis was possible by
      means of magnetic resonance imaging using spin echo techniques, fast imaging, and
      phase display, while spinal angiography was not helpful. Laminectomy and total
      removal of the tumors were performed with temporary increased neurological
      deficits. It is thought that magnetic resonance imaging provides a useful
      diagnostic tool in these tumors and is also essential for planning surgical
      strategy.

PMID- 2919364
TI  - Convexity meningioma with galactorrhea and hyperprolactinemia. A case report.
AB  - A case is reported of a huge convexity meningioma associated with galactorrhea
      and an elevated serum prolactin level of 41 ng/mL. Total removal of the tumor
      resulted in a return of the prolactin level to normal (9.7 ng/mL). Because of a
      severe mass effect, the distant tumor might have encroached upon the hypothalamic
      pituitary axis and interrupted PRL inhibitory factor regulation.

PMID- 2919365
TI  - "Perjury is not a crime".

PMID- 2919366
TI  - Society of University Surgeons: present and future horizons.

PMID- 2919367
TI  - Serotoninergic neurites in senile plaques in cingulate cortex of aged nonhuman
      primate.
AB  - In immunocytochemical studies, a polyclonal antiserotonin antibody was used to
      visualize fibers within the cingulate cortex of young and aged rhesus monkeys.
      Intricate and distinct patterns of serotoninergic processes were seen in anterior
      and posterior segments of cingulate cortex (Brodmann areas 24 and 23). In these
      regions of cortex, many multivaricose serotonin-immunoreactive axonal swellings
      were identified, and some of these immunostained neurites were associated with
      deposits of amyloid. These observations suggest that serotoninergic processes are
      involved in the formation of senile plaques in neocortex of aged macaques.

PMID- 2919368
TI  - Presence of ghost doublets of coded neuronal patterns: relation to synaptic
      memory storage.
AB  - Recent evidence demonstrates that controlled visual stimuli cause the generation,
      in the primary visual cortex of rhesus monkey cells, of large numbers of very
      precisely replicating copies of complex patterns of discharge consisting of three
      or more spikes, the patterns of which presumedly code for specific qualities of
      the stimuli presented. We present evidence that the copies of precisely
      replicating triplets of spikes, generally not exceeding 100 ms in duration, occur
      in close time proximity to many copies of highly precise "ghost" doublets. These
      doublets are defined as patterns consisting of two pulses, with precise
      separations in time, specifically those that would be generated if any one of the
      pulses making up a given replicating triplet were missing. In striking contrast,
      nonreplicating triplets (also present in these records)--that is, triplets made
      up of intervals that are not present in replicating triplets--are not accompanied
      by such ghost doublets. The persistence (memory) of capacity to produce such
      ghost doublets decays according to two independent kinetic rules. The first of
      these results in the disappearance of such doublets within about 0.1 s as
      measured by two independent methods, whereas the second disappears only after
      several minutes or longer. These results provide strong evidence consistent with
      the notion that at least some parts of the brain transmit, store representations
      of, and retrieve qualitative information through the use of a code consisting of
      specific patterns of nerve discharges in time.

PMID- 2919369
TI  - Chloral hydrate anesthesia alters the responsiveness of identified midbrain
      dopamine neurons to dopamine agonist administration.
AB  - Single-unit electrophysiological recording techniques were used to sample the
      basal activity of antidromically identified nigrostriatal and mesoaccumbens
      dopamine (NSDA and MADA, respectively) neurons and to examine the responsiveness
      of these cells to dopamine agonist-induced inhibition of cell firing rate in
      either chloral hydrate-anesthetized or paralyzed rats. Paralyzed rats exhibited a
      greater percentage of burst-firing cells (69%) than did anesthetized animals
      (37%). Furthermore, paralyzed rats were less sensitive to the mixed D1/D2 DA
      receptor agonist apomorphine and the selective D2 DA receptor agonist quinpirole.
      However, significantly higher doses of d-amphetamine were required in paralyzed
      animals only with respect to inhibiting MADA neurons. The abilities of
      apomorphine and quinpirole to inhibit NSDA cell firing were rate-dependent in
      both anesthetized and paralyzed rats, whereas d-amphetamine-induced inhibition
      was rate dependent only in anesthetized animals. In contrast, apomorphine- and
      quinpirole-induced inhibition of MADA neurons were rate-dependent only in
      anesthetized rats, whereas d-amphetamine-induced inhibition was rate-dependent
      only in paralyzed animals. These results suggest that general anesthesia exerts
      subtle effects on the basal activity and pharmacological responsiveness of
      midbrain dopamine neurons.

PMID- 2919370
TI  - Afferent axons from the antenna influence the number and placement of intrinsic
      synapses in the antennal lobes of Manduca sexta.
AB  - The present study compares the placement and frequency of occurrence of synapses
      in normally developing antennal lobes of the brain of the moth Manduca sexta and
      in lobes developing in the absence of afferent axons from the antenna. The
      antennal lobes develop during the metamorphosis from larva to moth, and require
      antennal afferent input to develop their characteristic knots of synaptic
      neuropil, the glomeruli, that are arrayed around a central core of coarse
      neuropil. Synapses begin to form throughout the neuropil of the antennal lobe
      before ingrowth of antennal axons into the lobe. During normal development,
      almost all synapses (those among intrinsic neurons as well as those made by
      antennal afferent axons) become segregated into glomeruli as the glomeruli are
      established. Thus, in normal mature lobes, the radial segregation between
      synaptic (glomerular) and nonsynaptic (central) regions is virtually complete. In
      lobes that have never been allowed to receive antennal axons, an outer ring of
      "protoglomerular" neuropil develops in place of the glomeruli. A similar
      segregation of synaptic and nonsynaptic regions occurs, with two major
      differences: the frequency of synapses that develops in the outer ring of fine
      textured neuropil is almost 50% higher than in normal glomeruli, and the small
      number of synapses that occur in the coarse central neuropil now occur on
      aberrant fine processes in that neuropil. Apparently, in the absence of their
      normal massive input from the antenna, elements intrinsic to the antennal lobe
      are induced to form extra synapses with each other, and to send aberrant fine
      branches to synapse in a region of neuropil normally containing predominantly
      large-caliber neurite trunks and few synapses.

PMID- 2919371
TI  - [Health care for the mentally retarded--special care. Consequences of
      liquidation].

PMID- 2919372
TI  - [A study of new patients at a dermatologic outpatient clinic].
AB  - Data on all new dermatology outpatients seen during the period 1 January to 30
      June 1987 were analyzed in order to obtain information on the types of patients
      attending the clinic and on the skin diseases presented. We also recorded the
      source of referral, the frequency of the need for surgery, and patient
      compliance. There was a general predominance of female patients (60%),
      particularly in the 21-30 years age group. The leading diagnoses were atopic
      dermatitis (18%) and psoriasis (11%), and 2/3 of the atopic dermatitis patients
      were female. A skin biopsy was performed in 12% of the new patients and the
      clinical pre-biopsy diagnosis was correct in 72% of the cases. Surgery was
      necessary in 16% of all new patients. 54% of the patients required a follow-up
      appointment. 11% of these (108 patients) failed to appear. Patients with atopic
      dermatitis were the chief offenders in this latter group. The results of the
      study suggest that out-patient costs and waiting lists could be reduced by
      revising the indications for biopsy and follow-up appointments.

PMID- 2919373
TI  - [Cytogenetic analysis in acute leukemia].
AB  - Leukemic cells often show clonal cytogenetic abnormalities. Some of these are
      strongly associated with certain morphological subgroups and seem to be of
      prognostic importance. Cytogenetic studies and molecular genetic investigations
      using recombinant DNA technology have contributed to our understanding of the
      development of leukemia. This article reviews earlier work on cytogenetic
      findings in acute leukemia, and adds our own experiences.

PMID- 2919374
TI  - [Experiences of immunologic phenotyping in acute leukemia].
AB  - Phenotyping of leukemic cells with monoclonal antibodies usually confirms the
      morphological classification in acute lymphoblastic and acute myeloid leukemia.
      Immunological phenotyping gives a more detailed subclassification and may add
      information on the stage of differentiation of the leukemic cells. This may have
      prognostic implications, and in the future may influence the choice of treatment
      modalities. It is not unusual for the leukemic cells to carry both myeloid and
      lymphoid markers. For such leukemias the prognosis is poor. We describe our
      experience from immunological phenotyping of 46 acute myeloid and 35 acute
      lymphoblastic leukemias.

PMID- 2919375
TI  - [Viral or bacterial meningitis. Differential diagnostic problems].
AB  - A 19 year old previously healthy man presented symptoms of meningitis. Culture
      from the cerebrospinal fluid revealed herpes simplex virus type 2 to be the
      responsible agent. The course was benign, the patient was never seriously ill. He
      recovered fully within a few weeks. The cerebrospinal fluid showed prolonged
      pleocytosis and low values of glucose. The traditional cerebrospinal fluid
      parameters employed in the diagnosis of meningitis, and for distinguishing
      bacterial from viral meningitis, are shown to be inadequate in many cases. Of
      these tests cerebrospinal fluid differential cell count is of most value,
      especially if repeated after 12 hours or so in the initial course. Additional
      tests have been proposed, none of which have proven to be of much help, except
      perhaps the test for lactate in the cerebrospinal fluid.

PMID- 2919376
TI  - [Herpes simplex virus infection of the central nervous system].
AB  - Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV 1) infection in the central nervous system
      results in encephalitis with high mortality and morbidity. However herpes simplex
      virus type 2 (HSV 2) infection in this area usually results in benign meningitis.
      Brain biopsy is the most sensitive and most specific method for diagnosing HSV 1
      encephalitis. Antibody determinations in serum and cerebrospinal fluid give only
      a retrospective diagnosis. A rapid non-invasive diagnostic test is urgently
      required as an alternative to biopsy. Cerebrospinal fluid viral culture may be of
      great help in diagnosing HSV 2 meningitis. Acyclovir given intravenously is the
      treatment of choice for HSV encephalitis. In the case of HSV 2 meningitis no
      studies have been conducted on systemic antiviral therapy.

PMID- 2919377
TI  - [Pathologic brain damage in male alcoholics dying outside of hospitals].
AB  - From 1984 to 1988, 195 male alcoholics aged 30-64 years who died outside
      hospitals and nursing homes in Oslo were autopsied at the Institute of Forensic
      Medicine, the National Hospital, Oslo. Of the 127 brains neuropathologically
      examined, 86 (67.7%) showed abnormalities, and 28 contained lesions of more than
      one type. One or two lesions associated with alcoholism were found in 61 cases
      (48%). Thus, 18 (14.2%) showed Wernicke's encephalopathy, 47 (37%) cerebellar
      atrophy, two central pontine myelinolysis, and one hepatic encephalopathy.
      Subdural haematoma and/or cortical contusions were found in 30 (23.6%), and
      cerebrovascular lesions in 19 (15%). Of the 195 cases, 22 had a history of
      repeated epileptic seizures. Nineteen of them were examined neuropathologically,
      and 13 had focal damage that might have been responsible for their fits. The
      results indicate that the frequency of Wernicke's encephalopathy and cerebellar
      atrophy in male alcoholics who die outside hospital is similar to that previously
      observed in cases who died in hospital. Although cerebral damage was even more
      frequent among vagrants and others dependent on social support, half the men
      living in their own homes were also affected.

PMID- 2919378
TI  - [Alcohol-induced hyperlipemia. Hypertension and extreme
      hypercholesterolemia/hypertriglyceridemia in a patient with hidden alcohol
      abuse].
AB  - The article presents the case history of a 28 year-old male with alcohol-induced
      hypertension and extreme hypercholesterolemia (36 mmol/l) and
      hypertriglyceridemia (76 mmol/l). Blood pressure and blood lipids were completely
      normalized after a few months withdrawal from alcohol. Alcoholism is emphasized
      as a possible differential diagnosis for both hypertension and hyperlipemias. The
      upper referential value for alcoholic hyperlipemia should probably be adjusted in
      accordance with the values observed in the present case.

PMID- 2919379
TI  - [Retinopathy as a complication of acute pancreatitis].
AB  - We describe a case of acute, severe retinopathy in a patient with acute
      pancreatitis. The relative times of the organ manifestations, and comparisons
      with other published cases, strongly suggest that the pancreatitis was the cause
      of the retinal changes. This complication is unknown to most physicians, but ten
      to 12 cases have been published earlier. The pathogenesis is not known. We
      briefly discuss the significance of this complication and several possible
      pathogenetic mechanisms.

PMID- 2919380
TI  - [Intestinal spirochetes].
AB  - We report a case of intestinal spirochaetosis. The bacteria were seen by light
      microscopy and reacted in an indirect immunofluorescence test on the biopsy
      material with serum with high levels of IgG antibodies against Borrelia
      burgdorferi. The patient's own serum had no detectable antibody activity against
      the bacteria. No inflammatory response was observed. Aspects of these findings
      are discussed.

PMID- 2919381
TI  - [Hypercholesterolemia. Use of laboratory analysis].
AB  - The article summarizes the use of laboratory analysis as described in the
      recently published Norwegian program for diagnosis and treatment of
      hypercholesterolemia in adults. Serum cholesterol is used both to diagnose
      hypercholesterolemia and to monitor the effect of treatment. Serum triglycerides
      should be measured when hypercholesterolemia has been found and dietetic
      treatment is considered. High density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol should be
      measured when dietetic treatment has not reduced hypercholesterolemia
      sufficiently and drug treatment is considered. We do not at present recommend
      measurement of apolipoproteins and factors within coagulation/fibrinolysis, but
      such measurements might be of importance in the near future. Blood cholesterol
      exhibits large biological variations, which makes retesting necessary before
      hypercholesterolemia is diagnosed. Analytical variation is usually less than
      biological variation, but requires use of quality control materials. This control
      is equally important for small dry chemistry analyzers as for wet chemistry
      analyzers.

PMID- 2919382
TI  - [Treatment of diarrhea in children].

PMID- 2919383
TI  - [The general population as a reference group. A discussion of the concept of the
      healthy worker effect].
AB  - In cohort studies concerning occupational diseases the general population is a
      commonly used reference entity in countries with national cancer registries or
      census bureaus. However, former and present employees regularly experience lower
      disease incidence than the general population, even in occupations with exposures
      known to cause adverse health outcomes. This phenomenon is often referred to as
      the "healthy worker effect". The concept is discussed in the present paper.

PMID- 2919384
TI  - [Who is left in the institutions? Some problems in connection with the process of
      deinstitutionalization].
AB  - The medical and psychiatric diagnoses of 168 clients aged 16 to 65 years in a
      Norwegian institution for the mentally retarded were registered together with
      medication, level of functioning, and types of problem behavior. Most of these
      clients (64.9%) were profoundly or deeply retarded, and only 6.5% were
      independent of continuous supervision or help. Medical diagnoses were found in
      87.5%, psychiatric diagnoses in 89.1% (DSM-III, axis I). Daily use of medication
      was found in 81.0% of the clients, and 48.9% used psychotropic drugs on a daily
      schedule. 58.3% of the clients had exhibited violent behavior during the last
      year, defined as assaults on persons, self-mutilation or destructiveness. The
      article discusses the implications of these observations for primary health care,
      which is expected to supply the necessary service to these clients after 1991.

PMID- 2919385
TI  - [Psychosocial gynecology and obstetrics. A need for its own specialty].
AB  - Gynaecology and obstetrics are medical fields where knowledge about the
      psychological and social factors influencing the patient's situation is
      essential. Some of these factors are risk factors for complications and illness
      during pregnancy and childbirth, and for reproductive health. Treatment and
      diagnosis of women with gynaecological disorders and of mother and child during
      pregnancy strongly influence mental health and well-being. Individual ways of
      coping with life events vary. In the individual approach to the treatment of
      women, gynaecologists need to have a broad understanding of the intrapsychic and
      social aspects of women's lives. This article lists some important fields of
      future research. We also discuss the necessity for systematic education in
      psychosocial gynaecology and obstetrics for clinical gynaecologists.

PMID- 2919386
TI  - [Nicotine chewing gums and lactation].

PMID- 2919387
TI  - [Beta agonists, the background of the excitement?].

PMID- 2919388
TI  - [Ectoparasiticides].

PMID- 2919389
TI  - [Legal status in relation to services of veterinarians in the border area of
      another EEC member country, especially in relation to the administration of
      veterinary medications].

PMID- 2919390
TI  - [To the welfare of man and animals].
AB  - This inaugural address consists of three parts, starting with an elaboration of
      the fact that there is great differentiation among animals and humans. The second
      section goes into their interests. In the third section some practical
      relationships between humans and animals are discussed and some common
      denominators are sought. The title of the address is a well-known motto in the
      Dutch veterinary world: 'Hominum animaliumque saluti', which stands for: 'To the
      Welfare of Man and Animal'.

PMID- 2919391
TI  - [Amprolium residues in eggs following administration of amprolium/ethopabate in
      laying hens and breeding hens].
AB  - Amprolium may be used as a coccidiostat in rearing hens and is a therapeutical
      agent used in laying hens. As a result of cross contamination, low amprolium
      levels may occur in feed. Feed containing a concentration of amprolium ranging
      from 5 to 250 mg/kg was therefore supplied to groups of laying hens. The
      amprolium residues in the yolks during and after treatment were subsequently
      determined. These levels varied from 1.75 mg/kg in the group fed 250 mg/kg to 0.2
      mg/kg in the group fed 5 mg/kg. Amprolium levels in the whites of eggs were much
      lower than those in the yolks. The residues in yolks decreased below detectable
      levels (less than 0.005 mg/kg) within approximately ten days after treatment.
      Rearing hens in a tiered wire floor system were given amprolium in their feed
      until the first egg was laid. Amprolium residues in yolks were detected for well
      over a fortnight after the onset of laying. The amprolium residues determined in
      yolk did not exceed US tolerance levels of 8 mg/kg.

PMID- 2919392
TI  - [Eosinophilic granuloma of the oral cavity in a Siberian husky].
AB  - An ulcerative sublingual inflammation was found to be present in a Siberian Husky
      dog. Histological examination revealed an eosinophilic granuloma. Treatment with
      corticosteroids was successful.

PMID- 2919393
TI  - [Campylobacter jejuni infections in The Netherlands].

PMID- 2919394
TI  - Effect of 1,3-butanediol on rat liver microsomal NDMA demethylation and other
      monooxygenase activities.
AB  - The administration of 1,3-butanediol (BD) previously has been shown to elevate
      blood concentrations of ketone bodies, to potentiate carbon tetrachloride
      hepatotoxicity, and to increase the hepatic microsomal content of cytochrome P450
      and the activity of aniline hydroxylase. In the present study, oral treatment (10
      g/kg) with racemic BD and each of its enantiomers (R-BD and S-BD) induced NDMA
      demethylase activity by approx. 1.5-fold in rat hepatic microsomes obtained 12 h
      later, suggesting an induction of P450IIE1, the acetone/ethanol-inducible form of
      P450. The results agreed with an immunochemically determined increase in the
      levels of this isozyme. No change in P450 content, NADPH-cytochrome-c reductase,
      or in pentoxyresorufin dealkylase activity were detected. Blood levels of acetone
      were determined during a 10-h period after BD administration and showed a higher
      initial rate of increase by R-BD, possibly due to steroselective metabolic
      oxidative metabolism. However, no difference in the induction of NDMA demethylase
      activity by the enantiomers could be detected. Induction of P450IIE1 probably
      contributes to the previously described potentiation of haloalkane-induced
      hepatotoxicity by BD administration.

PMID- 2919395
TI  - Effects of dietary pyrrolizidine (Senecio) alkaloids on vitamin A metabolism in
      rats.
AB  - In two experiments, the effect of feeding the pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA)
      containing plant tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) on the metabolism of vitamin A
      in rats was examined. In Experiment 1, dietary levels of 0, 5 and 10% tansy
      ragwort and 0, 25,000 and 100,000 IU supplementary vitamin A/kg diet were used.
      In rats fed tansy ragwort, both plasma and liver concentrations of vitamin A were
      depressed (P less than 0.05). Plasma values were decreased to about 50% of
      control values. In Experiment 2, rats fed 5% tansy ragwort had depressed plasma
      and liver vitamin A concentrations 48 h after oral dosing with vitamin A. Fecal
      excretion of vitamin A was decreased in tansy ragwort-fed rats. In control rats,
      most fecal vitamin A was excreted in the first 24 h post-dosing, while in tansy
      ragwort-fed animals, the excretion was delayed, suggesting a possible effect of
      PA on gut motility. The results indicate that PA causes reductions in liver and
      plasma vitamin A concentrations. Postulated mechanisms include an effect of PA on
      hepatic retinol-binding protein synthesis, and impaired biliary excretion
      depressing vitamin A absorption.

PMID- 2919396
TI  - Arsenic-selenium interactions determined with cultured fish cells.
AB  - A fibroblastic cell line derived from gill tissue (designated BG/G) and an
      epithelioid cell line derived from fin tissue (designed BG/F) of bluegill sunfish
      (Lepomis macrochirus) were used as the bioindicators in toxicity experiments. The
      neutral red in vitro cytotoxicity assay served as the endpoint. In both cell
      lines the sequence of observed cytotoxicity was arsenite greater than arsenate
      greater than selenite greater than selenate, with each cell type exhibiting
      comparable ranking of midpoint toxicity (NR50) concentrations. Antagonistic
      interactions were noted between combinations of arsenics and seleniums. Thus,
      selenate and selenite (at nontoxic levels) reduced, but did not eliminate, the
      acute cytotoxicities of arsenate and, to a lesser extent, of arsenite.

PMID- 2919397
TI  - Renal clearance of aluminium: studies in the isolated perfused rat kidney.
AB  - The model of isolated rat kidney was used to study the renal handling of
      aluminium (Al). The kidney function remained unchanged at perfusate
      concentrations of Al in a range of 0.04-12.4 micrograms/ml during a perfusion
      period of 60 min. The clearance values of Al decreased with increasing
      concentrations of Al in the perfusate. The fractional Al clearance was reduced
      from 70% at the lowest Al concentration in the perfusate to 8.2% at the highest
      Al concentration. The Al content of the kidneys increased dose-dependently and
      reached a maximum value of 4 micrograms Al per kidney at a perfusate
      concentration of 5 micrograms Al/ml. Protein-binding studies with Al confirmed
      the suggestion that renal elimination of Al is dependent on the degree of Al
      binding. It is proposed that at low Al load in the plasma, the kidney possesses
      the capability to eliminate Al in an effective manner.

PMID- 2919398
TI  - Concentration-dependent depletion of non-protein sulfhydryl (NPSH) content in
      lung, heart and liver tissue of rats and mice after acute inhalation exposure to
      butadiene.
AB  - The effects of different exposure concentrations of butadiene on the cellular non
      protein sulfhydryl (NPSH) content of liver, lung and heart tissue were
      investigated in B6C3F1 mice and Sprague-Dawley rats. Groups of male animals of
      both species were exposed for 7 h to 10, 50, 100, 250, 500, 1000 and 2000 ppm
      butadiene. Immediately after exposure, NPSH content of liver, lung and heart
      tissue was determined according to a modified Ellman procedure. A comparison of
      both species shows that a dose-dependent NPSH depletion can be observed in mice
      for all tissues examined. In rats, liver NPSH content shows a major reduction at
      high exposure concentrations only. In mice, depletion of NPSH content of liver,
      lung and heart tissue starts at exposure concentrations of about 250 ppm
      butadiene. A reduction in NPSH content of about 80% is observed for lung tissue
      at 1000 ppm and for liver and heart tissue at exposure concentrations of 2000 ppm
      butadiene. The data on tissue concentrations of NPSH obtained after exposure of
      rats and mice to butadiene reflect the quantitative differences in butadiene
      metabolism and in biological effectivity of reactive butadiene intermediates
      between both species.

PMID- 2919399
TI  - Toxicological study of etoposide (VP-16) in rats with special emphasis on
      testicular alteration.
AB  - Etoposide (VP-16) was administered intravenously to rats for 3 months. Testicular
      alterations induced by etoposide (VP-16) at 0.5 and 1.5 mg/kg/d were thoroughly
      assessed with light and electron microscopy. Light microscopic analyses
      demonstrated disorganization and moderate depletion of germinal epithelium at 0.5
      mg/kg/d, and complete germ cell depopulation at 1.5 mg/kg/d. Ultrastructural
      studies revealed degenerative changes in spermatogonia and early spermatocytes,
      appearance of large spermatids with multi-nuclei, and nuclear alterations and
      cytoplasmic vacuolation in Sertoli cells. Moreover, the basement membrane of the
      seminiferous tubule showed wavy lamellae and infolding to the seminiferous
      epithelium. Leydig cells manifested no significant ultrastructural changes. The
      small intestine and ovaries were not affected. The 2-month recovery period
      following cessation of treatment led to the recovery of these testicular
      alterations at the 0.5 mg/kg/d dose, but not at the 1.5 mg/kg/d dose. Judging
      from these results, etoposide (VP-16) induced damage primarily in spermatogenic
      cells, followed by Sertoli cells and the basement membrane in seminiferous
      tubules. Though reversible at intermediate doses, higher doses of VP-16 might
      produce irreversible testicular lesions.

PMID- 2919400
TI  - Effects of monosodium glutamate (MSG) on serum lipids, blood glucose and
      cholesterol in adult male mice.
AB  - Monosodium glutamate (MSG) was administered to adult male mice for 6 d at dose
      levels of 2, 4 and 8 mg/g b.w. Dose levels of 4 and 8 mg/g MSG resulted in
      significant changes in serum total lipids, triglycerides, phospholipids, free
      fatty acids and blood glucose 31 d after cessation of exposure. Administration of
      2 mg/g MSG resulted in a decrease in blood glucose concentration but had no
      effect on the other measured end-points. No change in serum cholesterol was
      observed, either in free or esterified form or in different fractions of
      lipoproteins.

PMID- 2919401
TI  - The cyanide-metabolizing enzyme rhodanese in rat nasal respiratory and olfactory
      mucosa.
AB  - Hydrogen cyanide is a commonly occurring and highly toxic air pollutant.
      Inhalation of hydrogen cyanide would expose the nasal tissues to its toxic
      affects unless a detoxicating mechanism were available. Experiments with rat
      nasal tissues showed that the cyanide-metabolizing enzyme, rhodanese, is present
      in high concentrations, particularly in the olfactory region. The olfactory
      tissues had nearly 7-fold more rhodanese on a per mg mitochondrial protein basis
      than did the liver. These experiments show that nasal metabolism of cyanide may
      have an important influence on the toxicity of inhaled cyanide and cyanogenic
      materials.

PMID- 2919402
TI  - Cardiovascular, metabolic and neurologic effects of acute carbon monoxide
      poisoning in the rat.
AB  - Acute severe carbon monoxide poisoning was investigated in a modified Levine
      preparation. The rats inhaled 2700 p.p.m. CO for 90 min (COHb = 80%). Body
      temperature, heart rate and carotid systemic and 'stump' blood pressure declined
      sharply during CO exposure. By 2 and 4 h post-CO, body temperature and blood
      pressure had not renormalized, while heart rate was elevated. Blood glucose was
      unchanged at termination of CO exposure, but increased from 115 mg/dl to 191
      mg/dl by 2 h post-CO. Hematocrit increased significantly during CO exposure, but
      no change in plasma volume was observed. Many rats showed one-sided muscle
      weakness and unidirectional rotation. By 4 h post-CO, behaviorally-assessed
      neurologic deficit was strongly correlated with an increase in left cerebral
      hemisphere water content, demonstrating a direct relationship between brain edema
      and dysfunction resulting from CO poisoning.

PMID- 2919403
TI  - Nafenopin, a peroxisome proliferator, depletes hepatic vitamin E content and
      elevates plasma oxidised glutathione levels in rats.
AB  - Male Sprague-Dawley rats were given oral doses of nafenopin (80 mg/kg/d) for up
      to 28 d. Nafenopin administration resulted in liver enlargement and induction of
      peroxisomal fatty acid beta-oxidation enzymes (which generate hydrogen peroxide),
      but little effect was observed on catalase and cytosolic GSH peroxidase was
      decreased. Hepatic vitamin E levels were depleted to around 50% of control. A
      small increase in hepatic oxidised glutathione (GSSG) content was paralleled in a
      time-dependent increase in plasma GSSG. These changes in vitamin E and GSSG
      levels may represent early indicators of oxidative stress produced in rat
      hepatocytes by nafenopin and other peroxisome proliferators as a consequence of
      the increased production of hydrogen peroxide.

PMID- 2919404
TI  - Increased alkylation of liver DNA and cell turnover in young versus old rats
      exposed to vinyl chloride correlates with cancer susceptibility.
AB  - To investigate the factors responsible for the high sensitivity of the livers of
      young rats to the carcinogenic stimulus of vinyl chloride (VC) adult and 11-day
      old Wistar rats were exposed to [1,2-14C] VC. Adult rats received either a single
      6-h exposure, or 2 single 6-h exposures separated by a treatment-free time
      interval of 15 h. Eleven-day-old rats received 2 single 6-h exposures, according
      to the same treatment schedule. The animals were sacrificed 1 h after the end of
      the corresponding exposure period; liver DNA was isolated, enzymatically
      hydrolyzed and analyzed by column chromatography. Incorporation of [14C]VC
      derived radioactivity into the physiological deoxyribonucleosides (presumably
      reflecting the activity of DNA replication) was observed for all three sets of
      experiments. Virtually no difference in 14C-incorporation was observed between
      adult rats sacrificed immediately after one single 6-h exposure to [14C]VC and
      those which received a second exposure on the following day. In contrast, an
      about 8-fold increase in 14C-incorporation into the physiological purines of DNA
      of young versus adult rats was detected. This difference is indicative of a
      significantly elevated DNA synthesis/cell replication in the liver of young (11
      d) rats. Radioactivity associated with 7-(2-oxoethyl)guanine was taken as an
      indicator of DNA alkylation by [14C]VC. Analysis of 7-(2-oxoethyl)guanine
      revealed that in adult animals the amount of this alkylation product formed is
      increased by a second exposure to VC. About 5-fold of the amount of 7-(2
      oxoethyl)guanine present in adults could be determined in liver DNA of young (11
      d) animals exposed under the same exposure conditions. Our results suggest that
      the high sensitivity of young rats to VC-induced hepatocarcinogenesis can
      reasonably be explained by enhanced DNA-alkylation and by increased cellular
      proliferation at an early age.

PMID- 2919405
TI  - Analysis of mutagenic activity in human urine after concentration on different
      resins and high-performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - Smokers' urine was tested for mutagenic activity on Salmonella typhimurium strain
      TA1538 with metabolic activation after adsorption on different resins and
      desorption with organic solvents. The amounts of XAD-2 were 1.25 and 5 g/100 ml
      urine, the amounts of alumina, cyanopropyl and C18 were all 5 g/100 ml and
      extrelut 80 g/100 ml. Adsorbed organic chemicals were eluted with acetone from
      XAD-2, with dichloromethane from extrelut and with a series of solvents from the
      other resins (hexane, toluene, dichloromethane and methanol). All columns gave
      similar results, with the exception of extrelut, which had poor recovery of
      mutagenic activity. Higher resin/urine ratios and sequences of columns gave
      better results. The organic eluates from XAD-2 columns loaded with the urine of
      patients treated with cyclophosphamide and melphalan were mutagenic on strain
      TA1535 with S9, and some mutagenic activity was also detectable in the aqueous
      eluate. Cisplatin was adsorbed on XAD-2, C18 and extrelut, but was eluted only
      from extrelut using dimethylformamide as a solvent. Smokers' urine was separated
      into several fractions with high-performance liquid chromatography, using C-18
      columns with a series of solutions of 2.5 mM phosphoric acid and acetone or with
      a gradient of methanol. Several fractions containing dissolved organic compounds
      and no histidine were mutagenic with metabolic activation, but the overall
      mutagenic activity was still lower than the one detected with one-step
      chromatography on XAD-2. Using XAD-2 resins with a high ratio of resin to urine
      still seems to be the method of choice for studying urinary mutagenicity.

PMID- 2919406
TI  - Purification and properties of cytochrome P-450 from liver microsomes of
      phenobarbital-treated marmoset monkeys (Callithrix jacchus).
AB  - One form of cytochrome P-450 from phenobarbital-induced marmoset liver was
      purified to apparent electrophoretic homogeneity and compared with the major
      inducible form isolated from rat liver. Whereas spectral properties and molecular
      weights, as well as catalytic activities towards aminopyrine and ethylmorphine N
      demethylation are quite similar, rates of O-dealkylation with enzymes from the
      two species are considerably different. While ethoxycoumarin deethylation for the
      marmoset cytochrome is about one-fortieth of that for the rat, ethoxyresorufin
      and even pentoxyresorufin dealkylations for the marmoset form are not detectable.
      By contrast, aldrin epoxidation as catalyzed by this cytochrome is about three
      times as high as that obtained from the rat.

PMID- 2919407
TI  - Ortho-iodosobenzoic acid: its acute toxicity and neurobehavioral effects in mice.
AB  - o-Iodosobenzoic acid (IBA), in a surfactant micellar medium, is a rapid and
      efficient catalyst for the hydrolysis of organophosphate (OP) esters. Since
      little is known about the toxicity of IBA, a primary screen of neurobehavioral
      toxicity was evaluated in male ICR mice. IBA was administered intraperitoneally
      in a pH 7.4 phosphate buffer solution containing 8% dimethylformamide. The
      predominant overt signs of toxicity included an immediate and transient writhing
      reflex and/or persistent spasmodic myotwitching of the abdomen, and conspicuous
      suppression of orienting/exploratory behavior and emotional defecation. The dose
      ranges for ED50 of writhing response, suppression of rearing and spontaneous
      motor activity overlapped at levels of about one-tenth the acute LD50, 742 (633
      856) mumol/kg, being 94.9 (74.5-122.5), 69.8 (47.9-105.4) and 71.1 (49.9-101.3)
      mumol/kg, respectively; the dose ranges for ED50 of abdominal myotwitching and
      depression of emotional defecation in a novel environment also overlapped but at
      levels of about one-fifth the acute LD50, being 138.4 (115.3-167.2) and 146.2
      (110.7-196.3) mumol/kg, respectively. Morphine (1.25-10 mg/kg s.c.) antagonized
      the IBA-induced writhing response and abdominal myotwitching in a dose-dependent
      manner, with a PD50 of 4.2 and 4.9 mg/kg, respectively. The present report
      demonstrates that acute intraperitoneal administration of IBA produces an
      intriguing, non-specific behavioral syndrome, probably resulting from nociceptive
      stimulation. This implies that IBA might be irritating to the skin and mucosa.

PMID- 2919408
TI  - Influence of ochratoxin B on the ochratoxin A inhibition of phenylalanyl-tRNA
      formation in vitro and protein synthesis in hepatoma tissue culture cells.
AB  - Ochratoxin B (OTB), the dechloro-analogue of ochratoxin A (OTA), was studied
      separately and in combination with OTA on the aminoacylation of phenylalanine
      tRNA (tRNAPhe) catalysed by mice liver phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase. OTB was
      neither a significant inhibitor of the reaction nor an antagonist of OTA. OTB was
      also assayed for its possible antagonistic effect on the in vivo protein
      synthesis inhibition caused by OTA in hepatoma tissue culture cells. No
      prevention of OTA inhibition could be found for OTB. It rather showed a slight
      additional inhibitory activity when mixed (100-180 microM) with low
      concentrations of OTA (40-60 microM). In conclusion, these results are not in
      favor of an antagonistic effect of OTB with respect to OTA action, at least on
      the level of cellular protein synthesis.

PMID- 2919409
TI  - Heparin anticoagulation.

PMID- 2919410
TI  - Estimation of error limits for cerebral blood flow values obtained from xenon-133
      clearance curves.
AB  - I provide the theoretical basis for an error calculus for measurements of
      cerebral blood flow using a freely diffusible tracer substance such as xenon-133.
      The use of the error calculus is exemplified by a study of the effect on the
      error margins in measurements of gray matter blood flow from flow level, relative
      weight of the gray matter compartment, and use of the earliest parts of the
      clearance curves. The clinical value of the error calculus is illustrated by its
      ability to separate different sources of measurement error. As a consequence, it
      is possible to optimize the method for blood flow calculation from the clearance
      curves, depending on the type of cerebral blood flow measurement. I show that if
      a true picture of the regional gray matter blood flow distribution is sought, the
      earliest part of the clearance curves should be used. This does, however,
      increase the error in the estimate of the average cerebral blood flow value.

PMID- 2919411
TI  - Changes of blood flow in the cerebral cortex after subcortical ischemic
      infarction.
AB  - The two-dimensional xenon-133 inhalation method was used to measure cortical
      blood flow in 16 patients with small subcortical ischemic infarcts and in 10
      patients with larger cortical infarcts in the chronic phase of stroke. An
      abnormal hemispheric asymmetry of blood flow was seen, not only in patients with
      cortical infarcts, but also in those with subcortical infarcts. In the patients
      with subcortical infarcts, focal areas of reduced cortical blood flow were seen
      in the symptomatic hemisphere remote from the tissue destruction, usually
      including part of the noninfarcted frontoparietal cortex. The cortical
      dysfunction may have contributed to the clinical manifestations including
      aphasia, which was present in 14 of the 16 patients with subcortical lesions.

PMID- 2919412
TI  - Mechanisms of vascular supersensitivity in hypercholesterolemia.
AB  - We have characterized in vitro, for the first time, the phenomenon of acute
      interaction between hypercholesterolemia and cerebrovascular function. We then
      used this model to investigate a number of mechanisms for the interaction.
      Rabbits fed a diet supplemented with 2% cholesterol developed
      hypercholesterolemia over 4 weeks with no histologically detectable
      atherosclerosis. This absence of anatomic change was reflected in normal
      biophysical elastic responses to graded radial stretch and normal optimum tension
      for responses to exogenous K+ in the selected arteries. However, basilar arteries
      removed from cholesterol-fed rabbits showed abolished myogenic responses to
      radial stretch and decreased median effective doses for added norepinephrine.
      These potentiated constrictor responses to norepinephrine were significantly
      correlated with increased plasma cholesterol concentration. A mechanism related
      to the opening of membrane calcium channels may be responsible for the
      supersensitivity.

PMID- 2919413
TI  - Atherosclerosis potentiates constrictor responses of cerebral and ocular blood
      vessels to thromboxane in monkeys.
AB  - The goal of our study was to examine the effects of infusion of serotonin and the
      thromboxane A2 analogue U46619 into one carotid artery to stimulate their release
      from platelets during aggregation. We measured blood flow to the brain and eye
      using microspheres and cerebral microvascular pressure in the pial arteries of
      normal and atherosclerotic cynomolgus monkeys. Unilateral intracarotid infusion
      of 10-30 micrograms/min serotonin did not affect cerebral blood flow in normal or
      atherosclerotic monkeys; serotonin did not alter blood flow to the eye in normal
      monkeys but decreased flow to the retina and choroid in atherosclerotic monkeys
      by 39 +/- 11% and 44 +/- 10% (mean +/- SEM), respectively. Infusion of 30 ng/min
      U46619 did not alter cerebral blood flow but increased the pressure gradient from
      the aorta to the pial artery, which is an index of large-artery resistance, in
      atherosclerotic monkeys. U46619 had no effect on blood flow to the eye in normal
      monkeys but decreased blood flow to the retina and choroid by 71 +/- 14% and 53
      +/- 13%, respectively, in atherosclerotic monkeys. Thus, atherosclerosis
      potentiates the constrictor responses of large cerebral arteries to thromboxane
      and the responses of blood vessels of the eye to thromboxane and serotonin.

PMID- 2919414
TI  - A flavonoid inhibitor of 5-lipoxygenase inhibits leukotriene production following
      ischemia in gerbil brain.
AB  - Leukotrienes C4 and D4 are arachidonic acid metabolites that constrict blood
      vessels and enhance vascular permeability; their biosynthesis is initiated by the
      reaction of arachidonic acid with 5-lipoxygenase enzyme. After bilateral carotid
      artery occlusion for 15 minutes and reperfusion of the gerbil brain for 15
      minutes, we determined the brain tissue concentrations of leukotrienes C4 and D4
      by radioimmunoassay; they had increased from a baseline concentration of less
      than 1 to a mean +/- SEM concentration of 12.8 +/- 3.9 pmol/g brain. We also
      studied the effect of a flavonoid 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor on leukotriene
      production in the reperfused gerbil brain. A water-soluble flavonoid (5-hexyloxy
      3',4'-dihydroxy-6,7-dimethoxyflavone 4'-disodium phosphate) was administered
      intravenously at a dose of 200 mg/kg body wt; 15 minutes later, both carotid
      arteries were occluded. The enhanced production of leukotrienes C4 and D4 in the
      reperfused brain was reduced by approximately 80% (from a mean +/- SEM of 12.8 +/
      3.9 to 2.2 +/- 1.3 pmol/g brain) in the presence of the 5-lipoxygenase
      inhibitor. The flavonoid did not affect the production of prostaglandin D2, the
      concentration of which also increased in the reperfused ischemic brain.

PMID- 2919415
TI  - Nicardipine reduces ischemic brain injury. Magnetic resonance
      imaging/spectroscopy study in cats.
AB  - We investigated whether the calcium channel entry blocker nicardipine would
      reduce ischemic brain damage in barbiturate-anesthetized cats subjected to
      permanent unilateral occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. The evolution of
      cerebral injury was assessed in vivo in 24 cats by a combination of proton
      magnetic resonance imaging and phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy for
      5 hours following occlusion. Immediately thereafter, the volume of
      histochemically ischemic brain tissue was determined planimetrically in triphenyl
      tetrazolium chloride-stained serial coronal sections. Nicardipine was initially
      administered as an intravenous bolus injection of 10 mg/kg/hr 15 minutes before
      or 15 minutes after occlusion, followed by continuous infusion at 8 mg/kg/hr for
      the 5 hours of the experiment. Compared with untreated controls, cats that
      received nicardipine before or after occlusion showed a significant reduction in
      the extent of edema in the ipsilateral cerebral cortex, internal capsule, and
      basal ganglia. The results of phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy
      studies suggest that nicardipine may protect against cerebral ischemic damage by
      an action on cellular metabolic processes that preserve high-energy phosphates
      during the ischemic period.

PMID- 2919416
TI  - Effect of nimodipine on cerebral blood flow and metabolism in rats during
      hyperventilation.
AB  - Nimodipine shws promise in the prevention and treatment of brain ischemia. We
      examined the interaction of nimodipine pretreatment in a dose sufficient to
      prevent postischemic hypoperfusion and hyperventilation. We studied four groups
      of rats: normocarbia plus vehicle (Group 1, n = 5), hypocarbia plus vehicle
      (Group 2, n = 4), normocarbia plus nimodipine (Group 3, n = 7), and hypocarbia
      plus nimodipine (Group 4, n = 6). Groups 3 and 4 received 1 mg/kg i.p.
      nimodipine, and Groups 1 and 2 received an equivalent amount of vehicle.
      Ventilation was left unaltered in Groups 1 and 3 or increased to lower PaCO2 to
      21-24 mm Hg in Groups 2 and 4. Determination of regional cerebral glucose
      utilization (rCGU) was carried out using the [3H]2-deoxyglucose method, and
      regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was determined by the indicator fractionation
      method using [14C]iodoantipyrine. The brain regions studied were the cerebral
      hemispheres, the diencephalon, the cerebellum, and the brainstem.
      Hyperventilation in Groups 2 and 4 from approximately 38 to 22 mm Hg reduced rCBF
      to 60% of normocarbic levels (p less than 0.05). The slope and intercept of this
      response were similar in vehicle- and nimodipine-pretreated rats. Nimodipine
      modestly decreased mean arterial blood pressure by 20% and increased plasma
      glucose concentration by 60% (p less than 0.05). Although nimodipine tended to
      increase rCBF and decrease regional cerebrovascular resistance (rCVR), this was
      significant only for hemispheric rCVR (p less than 0.05). There was a borderline
      effect for nimodipine to increase rCGU, especially during hypocarbia.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2919417
TI  - Role for gamma-aminobutyric acid in selective vulnerability in gerbils.
AB  - We tested the efficacy of various putative neuroprotective agents in the gerbil
      model of delayed neuronal death. The selective loss of anterior CA1 neurons of
      the hippocampus 4 days after 5 minutes of bilateral ischemia was complete in
      greater than 90% of the gerbils examined. We tested 11 agents for their ability
      to protect against neuronal loss. Only those agents that were associated with the
      GABAergic system exhibited protection and only when administered before the
      ischemic insult. The possibility that delayed neuronal death is the result of a
      primary defect in inhibitory neurotransmission is considered.

PMID- 2919418
TI  - Infarction of the medulla and cervical cord after fitness exercises.
AB  - The clinical association of a left lateral medullary syndrome with left
      corticospinal and posterior column deficits is reported in the case of a young
      woman with a left vertebral artery dissection. The signs are explicable on the
      basis of occlusion of branches of the vertebral artery to both the upper cervical
      cord and the medulla. The dissection may have been due to sustained rotation of
      the neck during fitness classes. In view of the undocumented benefits and the
      potential unwanted effects of this exercise, it is doubtful whether it should be
      recommended.

PMID- 2919419
TI  - Gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in multiple infarction.

PMID- 2919420
TI  - Clinical disagreement on the diagnosis of transient ischemic attack: is the
      patient or the doctor to blame?

PMID- 2919421
TI  - Human immunodeficiency virus seroprevalence among blood product recipients in San
      Francisco before transfusion.
AB  - To determine the incidence of transfusion-associated human immunodeficiency virus
      (HIV) infection after routine screening of donated blood, a pilot study estimated
      the pretransfusion prevalence of HIV infection among blood product recipients in
      San Francisco. Among the 911 nonduplicate pretransfusion specimens from
      recipients without a clinical history of acquired immune deficiency syndrome
      (AIDS) or AIDS-related complex (ARC), the overall prevalence of antibody to HIV
      was 2.9 percent (5.2% among males and 0.6% among females; p = 0.00002). If
      recipients in specifically defined or possible high-risk groups (n = 348) were
      excluded, a seropositivity rate of 1.8 percent (10/563) was detected, with all
      the positives occurring in men (10/242, 4.1%) and none in women (0/321, 0%). This
      demonstrated prevalence of HIV infection among blood product recipients in San
      Francisco before transfusion was substantially higher than the known 0.02 to 0.04
      percent prevalence in the donor population. Therefore, the population of women
      without known risk for AIDS is the best in which to assess the risk of HIV
      infection in patients who are currently receiving seronegative blood
      transfusions.

PMID- 2919422
TI  - Complications of plasma exchange.
AB  - For the past few years, the Canadian Apheresis Study Group has collected data on
      most apheresis procedures carried out throughout the country. The information
      accumulated during calendar year 1985 has been reviewed, and the complications
      that occurred as a result of therapeutic plasma exchange (PE) have been assessed.
      There were side effects during 612 (12%) of the 5235 procedures done, involving
      252 (40%) of the 627 patients treated. The most common reactions were fever,
      chills, urticaria, muscle cramps, or paresthesias; these reactions were
      encountered more frequently when plasma was used in the replacement fluid. Most
      reactions had little or no clinical significance. However, there were 28 severe
      complications, including one cardiac arrest and two respiratory arrests. Five
      late deaths occurred, but these were not related directly to PE. Although PE is
      relatively safe, life-threatening reactions do occur, and patients require
      careful observation during the procedure.

PMID- 2919423
TI  - Testing of maternal sera in pregnancies at risk for neonatal alloimmune
      thrombocytopenia.
AB  - The utility of prenatal testing of maternal serum for platelet-reactive antibody
      was assessed in 25 women at risk of delivering infants with neonatal alloimmune
      thrombocytopenia (NAT). Seventeen women were incompatible with their husbands for
      the PlA1 antigen and three for Baka; in five families, no demonstrable platelet
      specific antigen incompatibility was found. Analysis of the clinical outcome
      demonstrated that women with platelet-specific antibody detectable in any of the
      assays at any time during gestation were at risk of delivering thrombocytopenic
      infants (neonatal platelet count 31,250/microliters if mother did have antibody,
      as compared with 138,750/microliters if she did not; p less than 0.005). When
      only PlA1-incompatible pregnancies were examined, this association remained
      significant (mean neonatal platelet count in infants exposed to anti-PlA1,
      34,285/microliters; that in infants not so exposed, 243,000/microliters; p less
      than 0.001). Changes in antibody strength throughout pregnancy did not correlate
      with the severity of NAT. The combination of the antigen-capture enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay and the indirect immunofluorescence test appeared to be most
      sensitive in detecting relevant platelet-specific alloantibodies. It is concluded
      that the detection of platelet-specific alloantibody in maternal serum in
      pregnancies at risk for NAT predicts moderate to severe NAT. However, the failure
      to detect such antibody does not always predict a normal neonatal platelet count.

PMID- 2919424
TI  - Blood and component wastage report. A quality assurance function of the hospital
      transfusion committee.
AB  - The transfusion service of a regional referral medical center issues a monthly
      blood and component wastage report to the Hospital Transfusion Committee. The
      report includes the amount and type of units wasted, who is responsible, and the
      cost incurred by the wastage. The individuals responsible for wastage include
      physicians, nurses, and laboratory personnel. Physicians are responsible for most
      wastage, principally by failing to administer thawed or pooled blood products.
      The Hospital Transfusion Committee initiated a wastage-reduction program that
      included a letter to physicians indicating the patient's name and the type of
      blood and/or components that the addressed physicians was responsible for
      wasting. Simple corrective actions results in a 73 percent reduction in our blood
      and component wastage. Monitoring of blood and component wastage should be
      routine quality assurance function of the Hospital Transfusion Committee.

PMID- 2919425
TI  - Heat inactivation of human immunodeficiency virus in solutions of antithrombin
      III.
AB  - Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), isolated from cultures of infected peripheral
      blood lymphocytes, was added to solutions of highly purified antithrombin III (AT
      III), which was stabilized with 1 M citrate and 17 percent sucrose. The
      efficiency of heat inactivation of HIV in AT-III at 60 degrees C was compared
      with that of HIV in culture medium and followed for periods from 0 to at least 10
      hours. The virus added, titer 10(5) by ID50, was inactivated as rapidly (less
      than 30 minutes) and efficiently (completely) in the stabilized AT-III as in the
      culture medium. Virus was determined both by direct measurement of the HIV
      related reverse transcriptase activity and by quantitation of virus infectivity
      by ID50 assay.

PMID- 2919426
TI  - Effect of diltiazem and a prostaglandin derivative (PGBx) on platelet function
      during long-term storage.
AB  - Calcium is an intermediate messenger between platelet stimuli and platelet
      response. Published studies have shown that the decreased ability of platelets to
      control calcium flux during long-term storage leads to platelet senility.
      Platelet metabolism might be more efficient during storage if pharmacologic
      agents that limit calcium movement were incorporated into the platelet
      concentrate storage solution. This hypothesis was tested by storing platelets
      with the calcium channel blocker, diltiazem, or with a prostaglandin B1
      derivative, PGBx. During a 15-day storage period, platelets incubated with either
      diltiazem or PGBx showed improved function, as measured by aggregation, as
      compared to control platelets. The PGBx -enhanced platelet function during
      storage was accompanied by a significant decrease in glucose and an increase in
      adenosine triphospate concentrations. Platelet function after storage with PGBx
      improved in spite of significantly lower pH levels of the platelet concentrates
      at all time points tested. These studies suggest that the maintenance of calcium
      ion homeostasis during long-term platelet storage is important to in vitro
      platelet function even if the Ca2+ balance is maintained at the expense of pH and
      the glucose concentrations.

PMID- 2919427
TI  - Evaluation of a new, more oxygen-permeable, polyvinylchloride container.
AB  - A new container made of polyvinylchloride (PVC) with diethylhexyl phthalate
      (DEHP) used as the plasticizer was subjected to in vitro and in vivo evaluation
      for prolonged platelet storage. As compared with the original PVC bag, this bag
      has increased gas permeability by its reduced film thickness, larger surface area
      (400 ml capacity), and more porous label. The oxygen permeability coefficient,
      K(O2), of the new container was measured to be 655 nmol per min per atm. On the
      basis of previous studies relating the K(O2) to the maximal platelet count, it
      was predicted that this maximal count would be in the range of 7.9 to 8.9 X
      10(10) platelets. This prediction was confirmed by carrying out 58 studies
      measuring pH, pO2, and platelet count on platelet concentrates (PCs) stored for
      up to 7 days. After 5 days of storage all PCs with counts above 8.0 x 10(10) had
      pH less than or equal to 7.0, whereas those with counts below 8.0 x 10(10) had pH
      greater than or equal to 7.0. Six units (10%) with counts above 9.0 X 10(10) had
      pH levels of 6.5 or below. Thirteen of the PCs underwent extensive in vitro
      testing of platelet function during 7 days of storage. No significant differences
      were found in pH, ATP content, and decrease in platelet count, as compared with
      studies (n = 22) using PCs stored in polyolefin containers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2919428
TI  - Preparation of packed red cells suitable for intravascular transfusion in utero.
AB  - Intra-cardiac transfusion in utero is a recent development in the treatment of
      erythroblastosis foetalis. As with intra-umbilical cord transfusion, the
      procedure has been described as having a high risk of complication characterized
      by bradycardia and cardiac-arrest. Intra-coronary hyperkalemia was suspected as
      being a major contributing factor towards the complications experienced,
      particularly by the intra-cardiac delivery. The procedure is warranted, however,
      in cases where intra-umbilical cord transfusion is not possible. Therefore,
      studies comparing various methods of preparing packed cells for intravascular
      transfusion were initiated. The plasma potassium levels of gravity sedimented
      packed cells and saline washed red cells resuspended in either Ringer's lactate,
      pooled donor plasma or saline were measured. Products of saline
      washed/resuspended packed red cells transfused within 2 hours of preparation were
      found to have low potassium levels while exposing the fetus to minimal risk of
      transfusion transmitted infection and were therefore selected to be the most
      suitable product. Using this product, a significant decrease in the incidence of
      severe bradycardia resulting in cardiac-arrest, following intravascular
      transfusion (32 procedures) was observed.

PMID- 2919429
TI  - Transfusion medicine: law, ethics, and profession.

PMID- 2919431
TI  - The algorithm and the crossmatch.

PMID- 2919430
TI  - Quality control and evaluation of leukocyte-depleting filters.

PMID- 2919432
TI  - Of oil changes and their complications.

PMID- 2919433
TI  - The sensitivity and specificity of the immediate-spin crossmatch.
AB  - The immediate-spin (IS) crossmatch is used to detect ABO incompatibility between
      donor red cells (RBCs) and the serum of the intended recipient. However, this
      test may be positive in the absence of ABO incompatibility (false positive) or it
      may be negative when ABO incompatibility exists (false negative). During a 25
      month study, the rates of both false-positive and false-negative IS crossmatch
      results were evaluated, and the sensitivity and specificity of the IS crossmatch
      were determined. During the study period, 53,656 IS crossmatches were performed
      for patients without significant RBC antibodies. Fifty-five patients had positive
      IS crossmatches, and no false-negative reactions were found. In tests of 55
      patients with positive IS crossmatches, 77 false-positive and 5 true-positive
      reactions were noted. The causes of the false-positive reactions were rouleaux
      (36 patients), cold-reactive antibodies (8 patients), a combination of rouleaux
      and cold-reactive antibodies (2 patients), fibrin clot (1 patient), and
      undetermined (3 patients). The sensitivity and specificity of the IS crossmatch
      were 100 and 99.86 percent, respectively. Laboratory personnel should be aware
      that the IS crossmatch may have false-positive or false-negative results, and
      they should develop written protocols to distinguish quickly between true
      positive and false-positive reactions.

PMID- 2919434
TI  - American Society of Transplant Physicians. 1988 presidential address.

PMID- 2919435
TI  - Effects of calcium channel blockers on in vivo cellular immunity in mice.
AB  - In vitro studies have shown that calcium channel blockers (CCB) inhibit lectin
      induced lymphocyte proliferation. However, no in vivo effects have been
      documented yet. In this study we evaluated the effects of CCB on in vivo cellular
      immunity by using contact sensitivity to oxazolone in mice. From 15 to 30 twelve
      week-old female C3H mice were randomized into: 0.9 NS (sham), ethanol, CsA,
      dexamethasone (DXM), verapamil, diltiazem, and nifedipine groups. These study
      agents were given daily from day 1 to day 9 subcutaneously to the shaved
      abdominal wall. The mice were sensitized with oxazolone to the abdominal wall on
      day 2 and challenged with oxazolone on the right ear on day 8. Delayed-type
      hypersensitivity was measured on day 10 and defined as the difference in
      thickness between the right (challenged) and left (control) ear of each mouse.
      The mean DTH of each study group was compared with that of the sham, and the
      statistical significance was determined by a Student's t test. The percentage of
      change in DTH from the sham was also calculated as: (mean DTH of study drug group
      mean DTH of sham group)/mean DTH of sham group x 100%. A negative value meant a
      suppressive effect on DTH; a positive value, an enhancing one. The CsA, DXM, and
      nifedipine all had significant suppressive effects on DTH. Verapamil had a
      significant enhancing effect. Ethanol and diltiazem had no significant effect.
      More studies employing other antigens with several other cell-mediated response
      measurements along with DTH quantification should be done in order to determine
      the specificity of the immunosuppressive effect of CCB as well as the potential
      of any calcium antagonist as an adjuvant suppressive agent.

PMID- 2919436
TI  - The effect of dimethyl sulfoxide on the absorption of cyclosporine in rats.

PMID- 2919437
TI  - Subpopulations of human lung alveolar macrophages: ultrastructural features.
AB  - Lung alveolar macrophages (LAM), obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage of healthy
      donors, were separated into four subfractions on discontinuous gradients of
      Percoll and subjected to light microscopic, transmission (TEM) and scanning
      electron microscopic (SEM) studies. Alveolar macrophage morphometric analysis was
      performed on cytocentrifuged preparations. TEM of subpopulations revealed
      considerable morphologic heterogeneity. By SEM, cells of the most dense (D)
      subfraction were small, round, and, typically, the surface was highly ruffled
      with small membrane pseudopods. Cells of the least dense subfraction (A) showed a
      low degree of membrane folding or filopodia and were often totally disorganized.
      In smokers, macrophages of fraction A had a greater area and perimeter compared
      with non-smokers, whereas the inverse relationship was observed for C and D
      cells. Also, the number of electron-dense inclusions and the level of acid
      phosphatase were higher in smokers than in non-smokers. Coupled with functional
      heterogeneity the morphologic differences described in this paper suggest that
      density-separated subpopulations of LAM may represent different stages of
      differentiation or maturation.

PMID- 2919438
TI  - Ependymoma of the foramen of Monro: ultrastructural characterization.
AB  - The characteristics of clear cells of an ependymoma of the foramen of Monro have
      been studied by electron microscopy to precisely define its organellar
      composition and to establish the tumor histogenesis. Our data confirm that the
      once-thought oligodendroglial is, in fact, an ependymal tumor. Both the scarce
      number of organelles, owing to the low degree of differentiation, and the
      abundance of hyaloplasmic lipid vacuoles can account for the clear appearance of
      these tumor cells.

PMID- 2919439
TI  - Malignant oncocytic carcinoid of the pancreas.
AB  - We report a rare case of malignant oncocytic carcinoid of the pancreas including
      the diagnostic immunocytochemical and electron microscopic findings. In addition
      the tumor shows some unusual ultrastructural features: lamelliform cristae and
      cytoplasmic and nuclear crystalline structures.

PMID- 2919440
TI  - Cellular junctions in nonepithelial tumors (UP12:389-405, 1988)

PMID- 2919441
TI  - [Prevention and conservative treatment of involuntary and difficult urination].

PMID- 2919442
TI  - [Soft intraocular lenses].
AB  - Hard intraocular polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)-lenses have been implanted
      following cataract extractions since 1949, and their good properties are well
      proven. Soft intraocular lenses have only been implanted since 1976. Their
      chemical and physical properties, advantages and disadvantages are discussed with
      reference to the well known PMMA-lenses. In the short term the patients obtain
      the same visual acuity with soft intraocular lenses as with hard intraocular
      lenses, and it is the impression, that the soft lenses are more tissue
      compatible, but more prolonged follow up is required.

PMID- 2919443
TI  - [Training of patients with urinary incontinence].
AB  - The different types of urinary incontinence are defined and the possible
      educational treatment modalities are described. Stress incontinence may be
      treated by pelvic floor exercise and bio-feed-back. The object is training in
      muscle awareness with the purpose of teaching the patients to squeeze without
      activating the abdominal muscles. Significant improvement can be obtained in 22
      63% of the patients. Urge incontinence can be treated by bladder drill and bio
      feed-back. Voluntary control over the detrusor reflex is re-educated and the
      patients are instructed to adhere to a fixed voiding schedule every three hours.
      In women, 80% may be improved. In reflex incontinence, prophylactic bladder
      emptying may be initiated by stimulation of specific trigger points. Overflow
      incontinence may be reduced by optimal voiding technique and clean intermittent
      self-catheterization. Postmicturition dribble can be relieved by manual emptying
      of the urethra. No treatment is known for giggle incontinence. In nocturnal
      enuresis, conditioning treatment is recommended. Immediate waking is essential.
      Environmental incontinence is treated by securing easy access to voiding
      facilities and by training in toileting skills. Half of the patients are curable.

PMID- 2919444
TI  - [Training of patients with residual urine and/or recurrent urinary tract
      infections].
AB  - The principles for voiding instructions to patients with symptoms due to residual
      urine and to patients with recurrent urinary tract infection are reviewed and
      motivated. Residual urine may be reduced by triple voiding at one-minute
      intervals, fixed voiding intervals of three hours and by treatment of
      constipation. Additional abdominal straining and manual suprapubic expression may
      be necessary. To improve the voiding technique, pelvic floor training or bio-feed
      back are advocated with the purpose of teaching the patients to strain without
      squeezing the pelvic floor muscles. In cases without symptomatic relief, clean
      intermittent self-catheterization is advocated. The frequency of recurrent,
      uncomplicated, symptomatic, bacterial urinary tract infections may be halved by
      copious fluid intake (at least 2 litres per day), voiding every three hours in
      the daytime regardless of desire to void, triple voiding until the bladder is
      empty and regular bowel emptying. Women are advised to void after sexual
      intercourse.

PMID- 2919445
TI  - [Organic disease among patients at an open psychiatric outpatient clinic].
AB  - All of the new consultations in the Copenhagen Municipal psychiatric outpatient
      department during a period of three month were registered. Out of these, 1,149
      did not lead to admission of the patient. In 47% of these information about
      somatic condition was available and in 31% information about somatic disease was
      present. Were 21% of the 1,149 patients were concerned, there were indications
      for treatment of the somatic disease. 50% of these were treated by the medical
      staff of the department, 17% were treated in other psychiatric departments, 21%
      were treated in departments for somatic disease and 11% were referred to their
      general practitioners or practising specialists for further treatment. These
      findings emphasize the importance of medical referral in an open psychiatric
      clinic with direct therapeutic contact.

PMID- 2919446
TI  - [Measurement of alcohol in saliva with a test strip].
AB  - As the concentration of alcohol in saliva follows the concentration of alcohol in
      the blood meticulously, a test strip to measure alcohol in saliva would provide
      an easy and rapid method of semiquantitative estimation of the blood alcohol
      concentration. The authors have submitted Alco-Screen test strips to trial by
      comparing five different batches by measurement on aqueous solutions of alcohol,
      saliva to which alcohol had been added and also in practice. The batch variations
      were very great and the results obtained on aqueous solutions and saliva with
      added alcohol were too high whereas the results in practical use were, in
      general, too low. In addition, it was found that the colour of the reagent field
      was difficult to compare with the reference fields. Instructions for use were
      incomplete and easily misunderstood.

PMID- 2919447
TI  - [Psychiatric admissions among city bus drivers. A prospective study].
AB  - During the period from 1978 until and including 1984, 2,645 male bus drivers were
      followed as regards psychiatric admissions. In 1978, 83% of these had replied to
      a questionnaire about job-satisfaction and working conditions. Fifty-eight out of
      these 2,465 had been admitted to psychiatric departments during the follow-up
      period, corresponding to 117 admissions. The commonest diagnoses on discharge
      were affect reactions with a total of 35 discharges. The number of admissions to
      psychiatric hospitals among bus drivers was compared with the number of
      admissions among Danish men in 1981. Significantly fewer admissions among bus
      drivers were found in the diagnostic group manic depressive psychoses, reactive
      conditions and for all psychiatric admissions. On the other hand, the number of
      admissions among bus drivers where the diagnoses of affect reactions, paranoid
      conditions and non-specific psychoses were found to be significantly higher
      (standard morbidity ratio statistic = 217) than for Danish men. Odds-ratio for
      psychiatric admissions among the 2,045 bus drivers who had replied to the
      questionnaire in 1978 were significantly raised for the bus drivers who did not
      feel their work monotonous, were divorced, felt unbalanced and frequently
      stressed. Previous smokers had significantly lower odds ratio as compared with
      others.

PMID- 2919448
TI  - [Accidental explosions in Denmark when working on containers for combustible
      fluids].
AB  - Gases may be formed in containers for inflammable fluids and these may burn
      explosively if lit. Even apparently empty containers may contain sufficient
      quantities of gas to result in violent explosions precipitated by procedures
      which produce heat or sparks in the neighbourhood of the container. Seventeen
      persons were found to be injured in accidents of this type in a Danish
      investigation. Two of the accidental injuries proved fatal. The serious risk
      involved in handling and treating containers which contain or have contained
      inflammable fluids is, therefore, emphasized.

PMID- 2919449
TI  - [Admissions of persons aged 17-49 years to non-psychiatric departments].
AB  - Based upon data from the Danish National Patient Register, the number of somatic
      admissions during the period 1977-1984 was summed up in two municipalities with
      an average annual population of 30,426 persons in the age group 17-49 years. 38%
      of the male population and 48% of the female population in this age group had
      been admitted at least once during the period (excl. pregnancy conditions). 1% of
      the population had more than nine admissions which was 18% of all admissions.
      4.5% had more than four admissions which was 38% of all admissions. No difference
      was observed as regards sex, and age was of minor importance for the frequency of
      admissions. A significant statistical association was found between the number of
      admissions and abuse, suicidal attempts, and psychiatric illness. About half of
      the patients (males 56%, females 43%) with more than nine admissions were
      discharged with one of the "non-organic" diagnoses on at least one occasion.
      Patients with "non-organic" diseases had an average of 5.2 admissions during the
      period compared with the other diagnoses with an average of 2.7 which was 20% of
      all admissions. There were more males with abuse diagnoses and a majority of 30
      49 year-olds among the cases of psychiatric illnesses. Apart from this, no
      significant differences as regards sex and age were found among these diagnostic
      groups.

PMID- 2919450
TI  - [Bowenoid papulosis in men. Sexually transferred intra-epithelial neoplasia of
      the ano-genital region].
AB  - The clinical picture in three cases of Bowenoid papulosis is reported. Histology
      indicates carcinoma in situ changes and koilocytosis. Evidence points to the role
      of human Papillomavirus in the etiology of the disease.

PMID- 2919451
TI  - [Acute pancreatitis with few symptoms complicated by segmentary colitis].
AB  - A case of acute pancreatitis with few symptoms complicated by spontaneously
      remitting segmentary colitis is described. The possibility of overlooking the
      colonic complications in acute pancreatitis is emphasized. The pathogenesis and
      therapeutic possibilities are mentioned.

PMID- 2919453
TI  - [Cancer treatment].

PMID- 2919452
TI  - [Perinatal mortality and infant mortality during the period 1979-1985. Causes of
      death in perinatal deaths during the period 1985-1986].

PMID- 2919454
TI  - [Bone metastasis].
AB  - Bone metastases are frequently one of the first signs of disseminated disease in
      cancer patients. In the majority of patients, the primary tumour originates from
      the breast, prostate or lungs. Even although the prognosis is serious, a
      proportion of the patients will survive for several years and will thus require
      active treatment. More than 25% of the patients have no symptoms whereas pain
      dominates in the remainder. Frequent complications are pathological fractures,
      hypercalcaemia and spinal cord compression. Normally, the diagnosis can be
      established from the clinical picture compared with a series of laboratory
      analyses, x-ray investigations of the skeleton and bone scintigraphy. As
      treatment is mainly palliative, the purpose is primarily relief of pain,
      prevention of fractures and ensuring a reasonable functional level. The
      therapeutic possibilities comprise local treatment in the form of surgery and
      irradiation and also systemic treatment in the form of chemotherapy, endocrine
      therapy and possibly diphosphonates. of these, irradiation still plays the most
      important role. About 80% of the patients respond to treatment and, after 12
      months, 50-70% of the surviving patients will still be free from pain. Only few
      randomized investigations are found in the literature available and the criteria
      of response are, in general, difficult to interpret. There is, therefore, a great
      requirement for more clinically controlled investigations which assess the
      efficacy of the numerous therapeutic possibilities.

PMID- 2919455
TI  - [Meconium ileus equivalent].
AB  - Meconium ileus equivalent (MIE) can be defined as a clinical manifestation in
      cystic fibrosis (CF) patients caused by acute intestinal obstruction by putty
      like faecal material in the cecum or terminal ileum. A broader definition
      includes a more chronic condition in CF patients with abdominal pain and a coecal
      mass which may eventually pass spontaneously. The condition occurs only in CF
      patients with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI). It has not been seen in
      other CF patients nor in non-CF patients with EPI. The frequency of these
      symptoms has been reported as 2.4%-25%. Pathophysiologically, MIE is probably
      caused by a combination of EPI, increased intestinal transit time, and abnormal
      intestinal mucus. The treatment should primarily be non-operative. Specific
      treatment with N-acetylcysteine, administrated orally and/or as an enema is
      recommended. Enemas with the water soluble contrast medium, meglucamine
      diatrizoate (Gastrografin), provide an alternative form for treatment and can
      also serve diagnostic purposes. It is important that the physician is familiar
      with this disease entity and the appropriate treatment with the above mentioned
      drugs. Non-operative treatment is often effective, and dangerous complications
      following surgery can thus be avoided.

PMID- 2919456
TI  - [Serious infections in alcoholics. 1. Bacteremia, lobar pneumococcal pneumonia
      and pneumococcal meningitis in alcoholics 1974-1987].
AB  - During the period 1974-1987, the frequency of infections in alcoholics discharged
      from hospitals in Funen showed an increase of 5.53 +/- 3.38 (p = 0.0039) per
      10,000 alcoholics discharged per year. The frequency of discharged alcoholics
      increased by 3.72 +/- 0.60 per 10,000 discharged patients per year. Infections
      were diagnosed in 0.48 per cent of the discharged alcoholics and in 0.18 per cent
      of the discharged non-alcoholics (p less than 0.00001). Pneumococcal infections
      were relatively more frequent in alcoholics (p less than 0.05).

PMID- 2919457
TI  - [Serious infections in alcoholics. 2. Etiology of bacteremia and meningitis in
      alcoholics discharged from hospitals in Funen 1981, 1984 and 1986].
AB  - In 1981, 1984 and 1986 relatively more episodes of bacteremia with
      Corynebacterium in one or two tubes out of twelve were found in alcoholics and
      these normally negligible episodes may be a iatrogenic marker of intubation and
      esophagoscopy in alcoholics. Definite bacteremic episodes with E. coli,
      Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Proteus, Pseudomonas
      aeruginosa, Enterobacter, Streptococcus faecalis, haemolytic Streptococcus and
      Bacteroides were found in 0.79% of alcoholics and 0.37% of non-alcoholics (0.01
      greater than p greater than 0.001). The frequency per 100,000 discharged patients
      with positive blood cultures irrespective of bacteriological diagnosis, and also
      alcoholic liver cirrhosis was 8.12 = about two thirds of the number of deaths
      from cirrhosis per year. In selected cases of severe infections in alcoholics,
      the frequency of cirrhosis or steatosis was 29/48 = 60%. Foci were more often
      demonstrated bacteriologically in patients without cirrhosis or steatosis (0.01
      greater than p greater than 0.001). Bacteremia with Staphylococcus aureus was a
      complication of treatment 6-18 days from admission, whereas bacteremia with E.
      coli and Pneumococci was present on admission. Serious bacteremia in alcoholics
      was not found in patients over 70 years of age and the many geriatric alcoholics
      (4.7%) did not show a greater morbidity than the average geriatric patient. The
      mortality of bacteremic alcoholics was more than 45% over a 6-year period.

PMID- 2919459
TI  - [Births, abortions and extrauterine pregnancies in the community of Funen during
      1974-1986].
AB  - A retrospective investigation was undertaken of all the births and abortions
      during the period 1974-1986 in the County of Funen. The material comprised 66,020
      births, 23,179 induced abortions, 9,270 spontaneous abortions and 1,344 ectopic
      pregnancies. The distributions of the various types of pregnancy were assessed
      for the entire period and correlated with the age of the women. Comparison of the
      circumstances in 1974 and 1986 revealed significant changes (p less than 0.05)
      for pregnant women greater than or equal to 35 years with the following values:
      the number of births increased 20%, the number of spontaneous abortions increased
      56%, the number of ectopic pregnancies increased 240% and the number of induced
      abortions fell 31%. These numerical values are probably representative for all
      Denmark.

PMID- 2919458
TI  - [Surgical treatment of otosclerosis. Effects and risks].
AB  - Surgical treatment of otosclerosis involves an opening of the labyrinth and,
      accordingly, a risk of complications from that organ: vertigo and sensorineural
      hearing loss or anacusis. During the past decade, the number of new patients with
      otosclerosis has stabilized at a low level in Danish ENT-departments. Thus,
      typically the number of stapedectomies per year per department is between 10 and
      25. The study elucidates effects and risks at the operation, focusing in
      particular on the question whether this treatment ought to be centralized. In a
      seven-year period, a total of 75 stapedectomies in 73 patients with otosclerosis
      were performed at the ENT-department, Glostrup Hospital, Copenhagen. No revision
      operations were included. Hearing gain was obtained in all patients except two
      and the conductive hearing loss was eliminated in 87% of the cases. One patient
      developed severe sensorineural hearing loss caused by granuloma around the
      prosthesis, a very rare complication of uncertain cause. Thus, the results were
      satisfactory but in this series all operations except two were performed by the
      same expert surgeon in a department with high activity in otosurgery for other
      diseases. If similar conditions are not available a certain degree of
      centralization should be considered. The long-term results and the question of
      bilateral stapedectomy are discussed.

PMID- 2919460
TI  - [Functional levels in nursing homes residents assessed by the Gottfries-Brane
      Steen scale].
AB  - Thirty-three inhabitants in a nursing home were evaluated by the Gottfries-Brane
      Steen scale. The evaluation showed that more than one third of the residents had
      marked dementia, especially with intellectual symptoms. The residents showed a
      high degree of motoric problems. It is concluded that dementia is a common cause
      for placement in a nursing home, although it seldom is recorded in detail as such
      before admission.

PMID- 2919461
TI  - [Placing of patients with dementia in nursing homes as evaluated by the Gottfries
      Brane-Steen scale].
AB  - Sixteen gerontopsychiatric inpatients were compared with 33 residents in a
      somatic nursing home by Gottfries-Brane-Steen scale. Both groups showed symptoms
      of mental deterioration of intellectual and also emotional character. The
      gerontopsychiatric inpatients showed significantly more emotional deterioration
      than the others. It was concluded, that especially the emotional defect in
      combination with intellectual deterioration is the cause of the placement in a
      psychiatric ward.

PMID- 2919462
TI  - [Changes in the standardized resolutions and procedures for regional scientific
      ethical committees in Denmark].

PMID- 2919463
TI  - [Smoke poisoning. Inhalation injuries from remaining at the scene of a fire].
AB  - In 1987, 87 persons died in Denmark as the result of fires. Fifteen of these
      occurred after arson. The commonest immediate cause of death in connection with
      fire is smoke inhalation. The pathophysiology of smoke inhalation is reviewed.
      The injurious effects on health may be subdivided into three different groups,
      viz thermal injuries to the respiratory passages, hypoxia and carbon monoxide
      poisoning and the toxic effects on the pulmonary parenchyma of various compounds
      (particles, gases and steam) which develop from the burning materials in the
      process of burning. After this, the symptomatology and treatment of smoke
      inhalation are reviewed. Treatment is primarily supportive and symptomatic.
      Finally, the various fire-extinguishing agents employed to extinguish fires at
      present are reviewed. Some of these have potentially injurious effects.

PMID- 2919464
TI  - [Supracondylar fracture of the femur following total knee replacement].
AB  - A total of 157 cases of well-documented supracondylar fractures of the femur in
      patients with knee replacement on the ipsilateral side are reviewed. Predisposing
      factors and methods of treatment are described and a possible therapeutic model
      is presented.

PMID- 2919465
TI  - [Regional differences in the use of cholecystectomy in Denmark during the period
      1977-1985].
AB  - In a register-based study of all cholecystectomized patients in Denmark during
      the period from 1977-85 (37,048 patients) an account is given of the regional
      variations observed in connection with the intervention. The cholecystectomy
      operation is sub-divided into four types of operation dependent on whether the
      intervention is merely a matter of cholecystectomy or it involves the choledocus,
      the duodenum, the small intestine or other organs. The variation analysis is
      based on a division of the country into 75 areas, each primarily served by a
      single hospital. The method highly reflects the differences in clinical treatment
      strategies. The summarized rate of cholecystectomy for this period of time was
      8.2 per 10,000 persons. In areas with the highest and the lowest rates of
      operation the figures were 12.3 per 10,000 and 5.1 per 10,000, respectively. In
      18 areas, the rates of operation were significantly higher than average and in 18
      other areas significantly higher than average and in 18 other areas significantly
      below average. SCV-score (X100) 2.19. There is no systematic correlation between
      the degree of specialisation in the operating department and the frequency in
      employing the operation. Areas with an operation index significantly above
      average had the same rate of more complicated operations than simple
      cholecystectomy as the other areas. Possible causes of national as well as
      international variations in the use of cholecystectomy are discussed, and the
      need for a radical evaluation of this kind of treatment is emphasized.

PMID- 2919466
TI  - [Emergency medical services during the Nijmegen march in 1987. A consecutive
      prospective study].
AB  - In connection with the international Nijmegen march, EDB controlled registration
      of the first-aid services provided by the Danish first-aid team was carried out.
      The object of this was to register the pattern of injuries among the participants
      and correlate this with their health backgrounds in order to assess the
      possibility of selecting potential risk groups among the participants. Out of 487
      uniformed Danish participants (442 men and 45 women) 249 (51.1%) consulted the
      first-aid team. In addition, 70 other persons also consulted the first-aid team.
      These consisted mainly of foreigners in uniform and Danish civilian participants.
      The 319 participants received a total of 862 EDB registered services: 140 (44%)
      consulted the first-aid team on one occasion while the remaining 179 (56%) had
      from two to 16 consultations (mean three). The median age was significantly
      higher for those who had one consultation only as compared with the remainder (24
      as compared with 22 years). Just under 2/3 of the participants who received first
      aid services were smokers and significantly more smokers were found among those
      who participated for the first time. Uniformed persons from the womens' services
      who participated differed from their male colleagues by having significantly
      fewer skin complaints. A total of nine out of the 487 participants dropped out
      (1.8%) but only eight of these had been in contact with the first-aid services.
      These figures are too limited to permit selection of actual risk groups.

PMID- 2919467
TI  - [Breech presentation deliveries].
AB  - A total of 5,519 consecutive single deliveries at term were analysed for maternal
      and foetal factors associated with breech presentation (UK). The protocol in this
      department for breech deliveries which permits vaginal delivery of foetuses
      estimated to be between 2,400 and 3,800 g in cases where the pelvis was
      considered to be clinically normal, was also evaluated. Breech presentation was
      found in 173 cases. In 102 of these circumstances were present which permitted
      trial of vaginal delivery. Seventy-seven were delivered vaginally. An increased
      frequency of low Apgar scores (less than 8) after one minute was demonstrated
      among infants delivered vaginally in the breech presentation on comparison with
      infants delivered by Caesarean section, whereas low scoring after five minutes
      occurred with the same frequency. One infant died during delivery. Follow-up of
      infants delivered in breech presentation (mean period of observation two years)
      showed developmental disturbances in three of the vaginally delivered infants and
      in five of those delivered abdominally. Two of the infants delivered abdominally
      had severe cerebral paresis and psychomotor retardation without evidence of
      intrauterine or severe neonatal asphyxia. On comparison with the population
      delivered in cephalic presentation (HST), significantly increased frequencies of
      primiparity and light-for-dates infants were found in the breech presentations.
      Low Apgar score after one minute was significantly more frequent in breech
      presentations while low Apgar scoring after five minutes occurred with the same
      frequency. The perinatal mortality rates in breech and cephalic presentations
      were 17.3 and 4.7 per 1,000 respectively. Following correction for lethal
      malformations, the rates were 5.8 and 3.8 per 1,000, respectively.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2919468
TI  - [Cardiotocographic monitoring of deliveries. A prospective comparative study of 2
      types of electrodes].
AB  - The number of electrodes employed, the frequency of reapplication, the technical
      quality of monitoring and the complications of use of spiral electrodes and
      Copeland electrodes for cardiotocographic monitoring of deliveries are assessed
      in a prospective randomized investigation. The number of electrodes employed and
      the frequency of reapplications were significantly lower employing Copeland
      electrodes. Similarly, the electrode signal was significantly better as assessed
      by the percentage of the duration of monitoring in which the cardiotocogram did
      not register during the second stage of labour on account of poor electrode
      signals. No differences were found in the frequencies of complications or
      subjective discomfort in the mother on employing the two types of electrodes.

PMID- 2919469
TI  - [Serious complications of sternal puncture].
AB  - Fatal complications of sternal puncture are, as a rule, the result of penetration
      of the needle through the sternum followed by lesion of the pericardium and
      myocardium and finally pericardial tamponade and death. Thirty-four such cases
      are studied with a view to the technique and especially the site on the sternum
      where the puncture was made. It was supposed that the punctures in the sternum in
      the fatal cases were performed below the level of the second intercostal space
      and that that was the primary cause of the fatal outcome as the heart and
      pericardium here are very close to the sternum. Punctures at the level of the
      second intercostal space and higher should be reasonably safe. To the
      astonishment of the author, it was found that many of the fatal punctures were
      made in the sternum at the level of the second intercostal space or higher. The
      many reports in the literature were examined again and it was concluded that the
      complications might be due to inexperience and lack of training of the person who
      performed the puncture. It is concluded that puncture of the iliac crest with
      marrow aspiration and biopsy is preferable for better diagnostic value and a
      safer procedure.

PMID- 2919470
TI  - [Prognosis after surgery of infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm].
AB  - During the period from January 1972 to September 1984, 285 patients were admitted
      and treated operatively for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). At operation a non
      ruptured AAA was found in 177 patients and a ruptured AAA in 108 patients.
      Advanced age and reduced renal function were found by employment of Cox's
      regression analysis to influence the peroperative and postoperative mortalities.
      The commonest cause of postoperative death was renal failure both in cases of non
      ruptured and ruptured AAA. The commonest causes of late deaths were coronary
      occlusion, malignant disease, cerebral haemorrhage and haemorrhage from the
      anastomosis.

PMID- 2919471
TI  - [AIDS without recognized HIV status. 2 cases of AIDS without prior recognition of
      HIV status].
AB  - Two cases of fatal Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in middle aged homosexual men,
      not previously suspected of HIV-infection are presented. Neither had consciously
      considered himself at risk of contracting AIDS which emphasizes the need for
      differentiated information campaigns as well as vigilance on the part of the
      medical profession outside specialized centers.

PMID- 2919472
TI  - [Infantile arterial calcification].
AB  - A case of idiopathic infantile arterial calcification combined with hydrops
      foetalis is presented. The pathogenesis, symptomatology and diagnosis are
      reviewed.

PMID- 2919473
TI  - [Cerebral infarction in systemic lupus erythematosus].
AB  - The case-history of a man aged 31 years with systemic lupus erythematosus and
      cerebral infarction is presented. Although patients with active disease are
      young, cerebral infarcts are strikingly frequent among them.

PMID- 2919474
TI  - [The Ethics Committee's position on the criteria of death].

PMID- 2919475
TI  - Intraprostatic tumor location and pelvic lymph node metastatic pattern in early
      prostate cancer.
AB  - Recently we treated 54 patients with clinically localized prostate cancer: 8 had
      Stage A disease, 13 had Stage B1, 32 Stage B2, and 1 Stage C. Fifty of these
      patients underwent bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy and retropubic radical
      prostatectomy, while the other 4 patients underwent bilateral pelvic
      lymphadenectomy only. Pathologic staging revealed pelvic lymph node metastases in
      12 patients. We reviewed these 12 Stage D1 cases to see whether or not the
      intraprostatic tumor location influenced the locoregional metastatic nodal
      pattern. We found that metastases occurred ipsilaterally in 5 cases, while the
      other 7 patients experienced bilateral pelvic involvement. We failed to find any
      case in which contralateral nodal involvement occurred without the tumor also
      involving the pelvic lymph nodes ipsilateral to the intraprostatic tumor. The
      data suggest that it would be reasonable to perform pelvic lymphadenectomy only
      on the same side of the prostatic lesion. This modified approach potentially
      could reduce morbidity and cost to the patient.

PMID- 2919476
TI  - Management of extraperitoneal ruptures of bladder caused by external trauma.
AB  - We reviewed 105 cases of extraperitoneal bladder rupture admitted to our
      hospitals from 1959 to 1985. Primary suturing of the rupture was performed in 65
      patients, and catheter drainage alone without suturing of the rupture was
      performed in 34. The incidence of blunt trauma causing the rupture of gross
      hematuria on admission, and of associated injuries was similar in both groups.
      There was a higher incidence of women older than sixty years in the group managed
      by catheter drainage alone, and a higher incidence of laparotomy for associated
      intra-abdominal injuries and a higher mortality rate in the group treated by
      primary suturing. There were three early complications in the group treated by
      suturing (hematuria with clot retention 2, sepsis contributing to death 1) and
      four early complications in the conservatively treated group (hematuria with clot
      retention 1, pseudodiverticulum with bone spike in its floor 1, persistent
      urinary fistula 1, and sepsis contributing to death 1). There were two late
      complications in 42 patients followed in the group treated by suturing (urethral
      stricture 1, frequency and dysuria 1), and three late complications in 14
      patients followed in the conservatively treated group (hyperreflexic bladder 2,
      urethral stricture and vesical calculi 1). Catheter drainage alone for
      extraperitoneal rupture from external trauma was simple, quick to perform, and
      appealing in the multiple-injured patient. Although the early and late
      complication rates were higher in the conservatively managed group, there was no
      statistically significant difference from the group treated by primary suturing.

PMID- 2919477
TI  - Radiation therapy-associated invasive bladder tumors.
AB  - Radiotherapy-associated bladder carcinoma was found in 3.7 percent of 244 cases
      of advanced urothelial carcinoma. Average age at diagnosis of the bladder tumor
      was 63.1 years, with a mean of 20.5 years between radiation treatment and
      diagnosis. All 9 patients presented with gross hematuria. Eight patients had
      transitional cell carcinoma, 7/8 (87.5%) also had vascular or lymphatic invasion,
      and 1 was adenocarcinoma. Mean survival was 15.4 months (range 1-40 mos.), with a
      55.5 percent one-year disease-free survival after diagnosis. Four patients died
      of bladder tumor, 4 were alive with no evidence of disease, and 1 was alive with
      metastasis.

PMID- 2919478
TI  - Progressive systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) and impotence.
AB  - Scleroderma, a connective tissue disorder involving multiple organ systems, can
      be a causal factor in erectile dysfunction. Cases are presented where
      arteriographic and biopsy evidence supports this. Awareness of this association
      could make possible an early diagnosis and influence treatment choices. Corpus
      cavernosum biopsy has been utilized to this end.

PMID- 2919479
TI  - Integrated cystoscope: first rigid multipurpose operating cystoscope for local
      anesthetic endoscopy.
AB  - The Miller Integrated Cystoscope is the first small-diameter (17 Ch), rigid,
      multipurpose, operating cystoscope (biopsy, urethrotomy, ureteric
      catheterization, cutting, retrieval of stones and foreign bodies, and injection)
      designed with patient comfort in mind. Despite a small outside diameter, the 8.7
      Ch instrument channel conducts a 7.5-Ch accessory including the unique rigid
      Endoknife, which converts it into an optical urethrotome and rigid Endoneedle
      which can deliver local anesthetic and other pharmacologic agents into the
      bladder, prostate, and urethra of both male and female patients. The simplicity
      of design has dispensed with the need for more costly and conventional
      instrumentation (e.g., optical urethrotome, Albarron lever) at a fraction of the
      cost. The urologist can not only inspect the lower urinary tract (Cf fiberscopes)
      but also perform endoscopic procedures short of a full transurethral
      prostatectomy with maximum patient comfort.

PMID- 2919480
TI  - Percutaneous removal of "extra-renal" residual urinary calculus.
AB  - We report a case of an "extra-renal" calculus and associated perinephric abscess
      treated by endourologic techniques. The calculus could have fallen into the
      perinephric tissues at the time of open renal surgery.

PMID- 2919481
TI  - Posterior urethral valves. Role of temporary and permanent urinary diversion.
AB  - Between 1960 and 1983, 67 boys were treated for posterior urethral valves.
      Despite adequate valve ablation, azotemia eventually developed in 19, and they
      underwent permanent urinary diversion. Normal renal function was not achieved in
      any of these children. Diversion does not appear to have changed the natural
      course of their renal insufficiency, which is most likely secondary to damage
      incurred prior to their initial presentation. Prognostic factors useful to
      identify this select population are examined.

PMID- 2919482
TI  - Diphallia associated with malformation of hindgut derivatives.
AB  - A case of diphallia associated with bifid scrotum and duplication of urethra,
      bladder, and large intestine is reported.

PMID- 2919483
TI  - Ureteral calculi in children: review of 50 consecutive cases.
AB  - Fifty children presenting with ureteral calculi over a twenty-year period were
      studied retrospectively. There were 35 boys and 15 girls, with a mean age of five
      and a half years. Nineteen patients had a urinary tract anomaly: 11 had an
      obstructed megaureter, and 8 had previously undergone urinary tract surgery.
      Forty-four children had infection stones and the remaining 6 oxalate calculi.
      Infected urine was found in 35; the infecting organism was a Proteus species in
      23. Metabolic abnormalities were detected in 2 children. Operative removal of the
      stones was done in 39 patients, and in the remaining 11 patients the stones
      passed spontaneously. There were 6 recurrences, all within four years of initial
      presentation.

PMID- 2919484
TI  - Double pigtail (D-P) stent catheter with tether in Kock pouch ileal reservoir.

PMID- 2919485
TI  - Modulation of hematoporphyrin derivative-sensitized phototherapy with
      corynebacterium parvum in murine transitional cell carcinoma.
AB  - The interaction of photodynamic therapy (PDT) with hematoporphyrin derivative
      (Hpd) and immunotherapy with Corynebacterium parvum (CP) was studied in a murine
      transitional cell carcinoma (MBT-2) model. C3H/He mice were transplanted
      subcutaneously in the hind limb with 2.5 X 10(5) tumor cells. One day after
      transplantation, mice were randomized into groups to receive saline (control),
      PDT, CP 25 micrograms, CP 250 micrograms, CP 25 micrograms + PDT, and CP 250
      micrograms + PDT. PDT was administered by intraperitoneal (IP) injection of Hpd
      (12.5 micrograms/g body weight), followed twenty-four hours later by
      photoirradiation. CP was given intralesionally at the same time as IP injection
      of Hpd (24 hours before photoirradiation). A low dose of CP (25 micrograms) was
      shown to enhance the effect of PDT while PDT reduced the benefit obtained with
      high dose of CP (250 micrograms). In a second series of experiments, CP (250
      micrograms) treatment after photoirradiation was shown to give significantly
      greater benefit than CP treatment before photoirradiation. The study thus
      indicates that the effectiveness of combined immunophototherapy is dependent on
      the sequence of the combination and its intricate relationship with the dosage of
      CP. The enhancement of PDT by low dose of CP in this model suggests the
      usefulness of this combined immunophototherapy in enhancing tumor control and in
      lessening deleterious side effects.

PMID- 2919486
TI  - Leiomyoma of spermatic cord with unusual features.
AB  - We describe a case of a patient with osseous metaplasia and chronic inflammatory
      changes in a leiomyoma of the spermatic cord, as well as a lipoma of the cord
      with similar changes. The differential diagnosis and possible etiology of these
      findings are presented.

PMID- 2919487
TI  - Hyperinsulinism associated with primary renal cell carcinoma.
AB  - A case is reported of a patient with symptomatic hyperinsulinism associated
      initially with a renal cell carcinoma and then later, with secondary deposits
      from the same tumor. Evidence points to a strong possibility of renal tumor
      involvement in the production of insulin hypersecretion.

PMID- 2919488
TI  - Renal hydatidosis.
AB  - Renal hydatidosis in humans is rare, although it is not uncommon in sheep- and
      cattle-raising countries. We describe a patient who had renal hydatidosis with
      hydatidcysturia.

PMID- 2919489
TI  - Remarkable effect of endocrine therapy on brain metastasis from prostatic
      carcinoma.
AB  - The brain metastasis of prostatic carcinoma is rare and is distinguished by its
      poor prognosis in cases which are not surgically resectable. Herein we report on
      a case of brain metastasis of prostatic carcinoma which showed a dramatic
      regression through bilateral orchiectomy and doses of diethylstilbestrol
      diphosphate and estramustine phosphate. Neurologic and psychiatric symptoms
      diminished within three months, and the patient is alive and well without any
      subjective symptoms after twelve months.

PMID- 2919490
TI  - Benign hepatic masses mimicking metastatic renal cell carcinoma.
AB  - Making the distinction between a benign hepatic mass and renal cell carcinoma
      metastatic to the liver is crucial in evaluating a patient with renal cell
      carcinoma. The erroneous diagnosis of metastatic renal cell carcinoma may deter
      the surgeon from performing a potentially curative nephrectomy. In this report,
      we present 1 patient with cavernous hemangiomas and another patient with focal
      nodular hyperplasia of the liver. In each case the benign liver lesion was
      incorrectly diagnosed initially as metastatic renal cell carcinoma. The
      radiographic appearance of these lesions is discussed in detail.

PMID- 2919491
TI  - Role of linear tomography in evaluation of patients with nephrolithiasis.
AB  - One hundred twenty-four consecutive patients with suspected or known
      nephrolithiasis were referred for evaluation by linear tomography. Renal calculi
      were detected in 98 patients (79%). Linear tomography revealed more renal calculi
      than did preliminary KUB films in 46 patients (37%), although in only 10 cases
      (8%) was the tomogram positive if the KUB was negative. Exact quantification of
      the numbers and locations of renal stones is important in patients to be managed
      metabolically, and in those being evaluated in advance of or following
      percutaneous or extracorporeal lithotripsy.

PMID- 2919492
TI  - Nondilated obstructive uropathy.

PMID- 2919493
TI  - Retrograde balloon dilation of urethra.

PMID- 2919494
TI  - Neoplasia involving the middle ear cavity of dogs.
AB  - Eleven cases of neoplasia which involved the middle ear cavity of dogs are
      recorded. Eight of the tumours originated in the external ear canal and comprised
      four adnexal tumours, one squamous papilloma and three adenocarcinomas of the
      ceruminous glands. Papillary adenomas were recognised within the middle ear
      cavity of two dogs. In one animal the precise origin of an anaplastic carcinoma
      involving the middle ear could not be determined. Only five of the tumours were
      amendable to surgical excision and four dogs survived for more than eight months
      after surgery.

PMID- 2919495
TI  - An evaluation in pigs of Nobi-Vac AR and an experimental atrophic rhinitis
      vaccine containing P multocida DNT-toxoid and B bronchiseptica.
AB  - The trial involved eight large white sows obtained from a closed experimental
      specific pathogen free herd. Four sows (two each for an experimental vaccine and
      for Nobi-Vac AR) were vaccinated twice (eight weeks and two weeks before
      parturition) with 2 ml of vaccine administered intramuscularly. Two unvaccinated
      sows were used as an infected control group and two unvaccinated sows served as
      an uninfected control group. Forty-six piglets (28 from vaccinated sows and 18
      from unvaccinated sows) were challenged by intranasal instillation of Bordetella
      bronchiseptica at two days of age and Pasteurella multocida type D, dermonecrotic
      toxin at seven days of age. Among the infected control group some piglets died
      and there were clinical signs of pneumonia and severe turbinate atrophy. In the
      vaccinated groups the results showed that immunisation of the pregnant sows had
      provided a good level of antibodies, which were transmitted to their offspring.
      There was a significant reduction in the clinical signs and no lesions were
      observed in the group vaccinated with the experimental vaccine and only moderate
      atrophy of the turbinates in the Nobi-Vac AR group. B bronchiseptica and P
      multocida were never recovered from the lungs of the vaccinated groups and in the
      nasal cavities their frequency declined with age.

PMID- 2919496
TI  - Relationship between wing flapping at shackling and red wingtips in chicken
      carcases.

PMID- 2919498
TI  - A new insurance form.

PMID- 2919497
TI  - Bovine and human infestation with Parasitus consanguineus Oudemans and Voigts
      (Mesostigmata:Parasitinae).

PMID- 2919499
TI  - Antibiotic resistance.

PMID- 2919500
TI  - [Methodological approaches to studying the influence of parental occupation on
      the development of malignant neoplasms in children].

PMID- 2919501
TI  - [Follicular hyperplasia of the regional lymph nodes in stomach cancer and its
      prognostic significance].
AB  - Degree of follicular hyperplasia of regional lymph nodes (LFH) in patients with
      gastric tumors (T1-4N0M0) was evaluated versus 5-year survival, age, tumor size,
      depth of invasion and histologic pattern. Stage II-III LFH was found to have a
      favorable prognosis. Tumor size proved a factor influencing the degree. No
      apparent relationship between age, depth of invasion and degree of tumor cell
      differentiation, on the one hand, and LFH stage, on the other, was established.

PMID- 2919502
TI  - [The rate of tumor growth and cell loss in cervical cancer].
AB  - Time of tumor volume doubling, mitotic index and share of pathologic mitoses were
      identified in 61 patients with squamous-cell cervical tumors and the importance
      of cell loss evaluated. Tumor doubling time ranged 58-1500 days (average 314 +/-
      37); mitotic index--0.1-3.7% (average 1.07 +/- 0.07%); percentage of pathologic
      mitoses 1-89% (average 28.9 +/- 1.6%); cell loss--92.0-99.9% (average 98.2 +/-
      0.2%). Cell loss was found to be significantly different in groups of patients
      characterized by different rates of tumor growth and was directly proportional to
      tumor doubling time. There were no significant differences in mitotic index or
      pathologic mitosis share in groups with different rates of tumor growth. It is
      suggested that cell loss is determined by the tumor-bearer's antitumor systems to
      a considerable degree.

PMID- 2919504
TI  - [Effect of ionol on carcinogenesis in the kidneys].
AB  - The effect of treatment with an antioxidant--ionol (2,6-di-tert-butyl, 4
      methylphenol)--on nitrosodimethylamine-induced carcinogenesis was studied. Large
      doses of ionol were found to inhibit tumor development in the kidney. This also
      involved intensification of spontaneous peroxidation of renal cortical membrane
      cell lipids which in turn was inhibited when additional stimulation with iron was
      carried out.

PMID- 2919503
TI  - [The action of inhibitors of the amine nitrosation reaction in human gastric
      juice and in the body of animals].
AB  - The effect of ascorbic, ferulic and caffeic acids on dimethylamine and
      amidopyrine nitrosation in a medium containing 3 samples of total gastric juice
      taken from 10 humans (pH = 6.1; 3.2 and 1.7) was studied versus the amount of
      inhibitor added to the medium. The resultant relationship proved bizarre, the
      inhibitor at low concentrations stimulating nitrosation in some situations. When
      gastric juice concentration in the medium was further lowered by dilution with a
      buffer at relevant value of pH, the paradoxical effect of inhibition gradually
      disappeared.

PMID- 2919505
TI  - [Effect of estradiol dipropionate on the development of uterine sarcoma induced
      by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine in mice].
AB  - The study was concerned with the influence of single dose of estradiol
      dipropionate on its promoting effect on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced tumors in
      female CBA/CaLac mice. Estradiol dipropionate given within 19 weeks did not
      affect carcinogenesis whereas 39-week treatment stimulated uterine sarcoma
      development irrespective of single dose and schedule of administration.

PMID- 2919506
TI  - [The complex diagnosis of nonorganic neoplasms of the small pelvis].
AB  - The paper discusses the results of examination of 205 cases of extra-organ tumors
      of the small pelvis carried out in 1967-1986. The study group included 65
      pediatric and 140 adult patients, 57 (28%) males and 148 (72%) females, 194
      primary and 11 relapsing cases. Patients aged under 4 years (47, i. e. 23%)
      prevailed. Benign tumors were detected in 83 (40.5%) and malignant ones--in 122
      (59.5%) cases. Disease was asymptomatic in 39 (19.0%) patients and presented with
      multiple symptoms in 166 (81.0%). Rectally, the upper pole of lesion was palpable
      in 47 (22.9%) while the lower one--in all cases. Tumors which took up as much as
      two-thirds of the small pelvis cavity were found in 37 (56.9%) pediatric and 31
      (22.1%) adult patients. Tumorous or secondary lesions of adjacent organs were
      detected rectoscopically in 47 of 74 (63.5%) cases: sensitivity (s)-88.6%,
      specificity (sp)-57.1%; using chromocystoscopy--in 43 of 64 (67.2%): s-89.5%, sp
      75.0%; pelvic pneumography-31 of 56 (55.3%): s-68.8%, sp-54.5%; excretory
      urography-53 of 79 (67.0%): s-88.3%, sp-68.4%; irrigoscopy-55 of 79 (69.6%): s
      82.4%, sp-75.0%; angiography-30 of 70 (42.8%): s-90.9%, sp-78.4% and computer
      tomography--in 42 of 45 (93.3%) patients: s-96.4%, sp-88.2%. Four stages of
      diagnosis were suggested.

PMID- 2919507
TI  - [Side effects in chemoradiotherapy of bladder cancer].
AB  - Chemoradiation treatment was given to 60 patients with locally-advanced cancers
      of the urinary bladder and their recurrences. Split-course radiotherapy was
      carried out using a rotation technique at 3-4 week intervals. Total focal dose
      for two courses was 65-70 Gy. Combined therapy used cyclophosphamide,
      dactinomycin and cisplatin. Chemotherapy was given immediately after each course
      of irradiation. Concomitant cardiovascular pathology was registered in 46.6% of
      patients and renal function derangement--in 36.6%. However, all the patients,
      except three, received treatment matched by symptomatic therapy. Myelosuppression
      was among major side effects. Response was assessed in 47 cases (75%). The
      immediate effect of combined treatment was observed in 57.4%.

PMID- 2919508
TI  - [The aldosterone level as a probable prognostic factor in patients with kidney
      cancer].

PMID- 2919509
TI  - A population-based study of children with standard risk acute lymphoblastic
      leukemia in the five Nordic countries. A follow-up of 230 patients.
AB  - Two hundred and thirty children with standard risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia
      (ALL) were diagnosed during a period of 3 years from July 1, 1981 to June 30,
      1984 in the five Nordic countries. Criteria for standard risk ALL were age above
      2.0 and below 10 years, WBC less than or equal to 20 x 10(9)/l, no evidence of
      CNS-involvement, mediastinal mass or T- or B-cell leukemia. The children were
      treated without prophylactic CNS irradiation, the majority (200 patients)
      according to two treatment programs. Follow-up of the entire group after a
      minimum of 30 months showed 64% of the children living in complete continuous
      remission with a probability of event-free survival of 0.60. The treatment
      results are not entirely satisfactory and intensification of therapy is required.
      A subgroup of patients with WBC between 10 and 20 x 10(9)/l and with adverse
      prognosis was identified, justifying a change of the present criteria for risk
      grouping.

PMID- 2919510
TI  - Hypoxia reinforces laryngeal reflex bradycardia in infants.
AB  - The laryngeal chemoreflex involves bradycardia, apnea, swallowing and peripheral
      vasoconstriction. This reflex was studied in twelve infants, aged 5 days-28
      weeks, who had sustained an apparent life-threatening event or were siblings of
      infants who had died of the sudden infant death syndrome. The bradycardic and
      apneic components of the reflex were found to be significantly, and sometimes
      powerfully, reinforced when elicited by pharyngeal water instillation during
      acute, mild hypoxia (transcutaneous PO2 4.6-8.3 kPa). Apnea duration during
      normoxia was 0.7-15 sec, and during hypoxia 2-30 sec. Heart rate change ranged
      from +26% to -21% during normoxia, as compared with -4% to -63% during hypoxia.
      The percentage change in heart rate was found to inversely correlate with the
      transcutaneous PO2-level prevailing when the reflex was elicited. The conclusion
      is that there is a significant reinforcement of the cardiorespiratory adjustments
      when the laryngeal reflex is activated during simultaneous excitation of the
      peripheral arterial chemoreceptors. One infant, showing a particularly strong
      increase of the cardiorespiratory response to laryngeal receptor stimulation
      during hypoxia, later died of sudden infant death syndrome.

PMID- 2919511
TI  - Dental caries in Turkish immigrant primary schoolchildren.
AB  - Dental caries and the utilization of the Public Dental Service in Sweden were
      investigated in 84 Turkish immigrant children born in Sweden, 69 Turkish children
      born in Turkey and 85 Swedish age- and sex-matched controls. Dental fear was also
      studied. The mean age of the children was 8.3 years. Turkish immigrant children
      had more caries both in the primary and in the permanent teeth than Swedish
      children. Children born in Turkey had more caries in the primary dentition than
      those born in Sweden. Turkish children came more often for emergency visits than
      Swedish children and expressed dental fear more frequently. Turkish immigrant
      children therefore constitute a high risk group for caries and need supervision
      early after immigration.

PMID- 2919512
TI  - Influence of malnutrition on cognitive development assessed by Piagetian tasks.
AB  - Cognitive development of 1336 children (6-8 yr) was studied in relation to their
      nutritional status. Seven Piagetian tasks covering the mental process of a
      concrete operational period were given to each child to assess the cognitive
      development. Weschler intelligence scale for Indian Children was used to assess
      the IQ of each child. The percentage of malnourished children in stage I of
      development (preoperational) was significantly higher as that of wellnourished
      children. A higher percentage of children in the latter group was in stage III of
      development (concrete operation). In boys performance on all the tasks was
      influenced by undernutrition except for class inclusion. In girls this was true
      only for conservation of liquid, substance and ordinal relation. The results of
      the regression analysis showed that nutrition was the only factor weakly
      associated with the poor performance of the children in various tasks. Further,
      the effect of nutrition was more pronounced in conservation tasks indicating poor
      verbal reasoning and comprehension in malnourished children. Information was also
      collected regarding the parental education and occupation, socio-economic status,
      caste, economic sufficiency, psychosocial stimulation and home environment.
      However, these environmental factors did not influence the development of rural
      children. This might be due to the fact that the population in the present study
      did not vary much with regard to these variables.

PMID- 2919513
TI  - Lower incidence of elevated umbilical cord serum IgE concentration in infants of
      hepatitis B carrier mothers.

PMID- 2919514
TI  - Hallucinations and hyperthermia after promethazine ingestion.

PMID- 2919515
TI  - Furosemide and ethacrynic acid: risk factors for the occurrence of serum
      electrolyte abnormalities and metabolic alkalosis in newborns and infants.

PMID- 2919516
TI  - Pituitary enlargement, hypertrichosis and blunted growth hormone secretion in
      primary hypothyroidism.
AB  - Pituitary hyperplasia, hypertrichosis and blunted growth hormone (GH) secretion
      were observed in three children with untreated primary hypothyroidism. These
      abnormalities disappeared and improved after thyroid hormone therapy. The
      recognition of these associations may eliminate unnecessary surgery and GH
      therapy and lead to the choice of thyroid hormone replacement therapy.

PMID- 2919517
TI  - Cardiac involvement in postnatal rubella.
AB  - Two cases of rubella myocarditis are reported: a 6-year-old boy who developed a
      complete, distal to His, atrioventricular block, during the third day of illness;
      and a 12-year-old boy who developed myocarditis with congestive heart failure 20
      days following rubella infection. Although permanent pacing was required in the
      first patient, six years later he showed a normal growth and maintained normal
      activity. The second patient has deteriorated markedly and 6 months after the
      initial illness he had severe heart failure. It should be noted that myocarditis
      with abnormalities of the conduction system or congestive heart failure may be a
      complication to postnatal rubella.

PMID- 2919518
TI  - Reversible pulmonary arterial hypertension in a 6-year-old girl with extrinsic
      allergic alveolitis.
AB  - A case is reported of a 6-year-old girl who developed extrinsic allergic
      alveolitis due to hypersensitivity to her pet budgerigars. Pulmonary artery
      pressure measurements obtained by a cardiac catheterization demonstrated a
      significant increase in the pulmonary vascular resistance during the acute stage
      of the disease. Six months after exclusion of exposure to the budgerigars the
      hemodynamic of the pulmonary circulation was normalized. The present case thus
      shows that a reversible increase in the pulmonary vascular resistance in
      extrinsic allergic alveolitis of childhood may occur without development of an
      irreversible pulmonary fibrosis.

PMID- 2919519
TI  - Coexisting hereditary methaemoglobinaemia and heterozygous beta-thalassaemia.
AB  - Cyanosis was noted within a few weeks after birth in two sisters. On
      investigation the cause of cyanosis was found to be congenital
      methaemoglobinaemia due to NADH diaphorase deficiency. Heterozygous beta
      thalassaemia was present as an additional incidental finding in one of the
      sisters, but did not contribute to the symptoms, thus showing that the two
      diseases, when coexistent, do not pose additional haematological problems.
      However, it is possible that the beta-thalassaemia counteracts the tendency to
      compensatory erythrocytosis induced by methaemoglobinaemia.

PMID- 2919520
TI  - First description of "Indian childhood cirrhosis" in a non-Indian infant in
      Europe.
AB  - The first female child of healthy German parents, breast-fed for 5 weeks,
      developed progressive abdominal distension due to hepatosplenomegaly at the age
      of 7 months and died from acute liver failure 3 months later. Histology showed
      destruction of liver architecture with extreme hepatocellular copper storage,
      characteristic of "Indian childhood cirrhosis" (ICC). The family received
      drinking water from a well via copper pipes. The copper level of the water was
      extremely elevated (430 and 5510 micrograms/l) so that exogenous copper intake
      during the first months of life may have induced the fatal liver disease,
      probably in association with an unproven genetic disposition. This is the first
      description of a case of ICC in a member of a non-Indian family in Europe.

PMID- 2919521
TI  - The duration for which exclusive breast-feeding is adequate. A study in Jordan.
AB  - The object of this study was to determine the length of time for which exclusive
      breast-feeding supported adequate growth in a cohort of infants from families in
      and around Amman, Jordan. The infants were described as "faltering" if their
      incremental growth over 4 weeks fell below -2 standard deviations of the
      increments reported by Fomon in the USA. The infants were examined every 2 weeks
      until they faltered, or, without faltering, were started on supplementary foods.
      In general, up to the time of faltering, growth was satisfactory by international
      standards. The median time of faltering was 6 months. The results support the
      view that, at least in this relatively well-nourished community, exclusive breast
      feeding is satisfactory for 4-6 months. However, further examination is needed of
      the risk factors that lead to early faltering in some breast-fed children.

PMID- 2919522
TI  - Protein C activity and antigen in premature and fullterm newborn infants.
AB  - Blood was obtained from 23 premature infants (birthweights 950-2910 g at 26-35
      gestational weeks), and 27 fullterm infants (birthweights 2930-4900 g at 37-42
      gestational weeks). Protein C concentration and activity were analysed. In
      preterm infants, protein C concentrations were 2.9-24% of adult values, and those
      of protein C activity 6-32%, the corresponding figures for term infants being 16
      60% and 8.5-60%. Protein C concentrations were below 10% of adult values in four
      low birthweight infants, three of whom had significant haemorrhages. Protein C
      activity was below 10% of adult values in three infants, all of whom suffered
      from major haemorrhages.

PMID- 2919523
TI  - The outcome of neonatal septicemia during fifteen years.
AB  - The outcome of neonatal septicemia in 320 infants seen during 1969-83 has been
      evaluated. Mortality decreased from 27% to 12%. The incidence of moderate to
      severe handicaps in survivors remained unchanged at around 20%. Sixty percent of
      these handicapped children had meningitis or osteomyelitis, and many of these
      were healthy prior to onset. All handicapped infants without osteomyelitis or
      meningitis had several other risk factors that may have contributed to the final
      outcome.

PMID- 2919524
TI  - Flavobacterium meningosepticum infections in a neonatal intensive care unit.
AB  - An outbreak of nosocomial infections by Flavobacterium meningosepticum in a
      neonatal intensive care unit is described. During a period of eleven weeks two
      patients presented with septicaemia and meningitis. In addition, nine patients
      were found to be colonized and three of these neonates developed septicaemia. The
      infected patients were treated with clindamycin and piperacillin. All the
      patients survived, but the neonates with meningitis developed hydrocephalus. An
      extensive bacteriological screening of the staff was negative, but in the ward
      environment, F. meningosepticum was found around sinks, on rubber stoppers for
      milk bottles and on "cleaned" teats. Several infection control measures were
      instituted. Established routines were revised, with particular emphasis on the
      handling of objects containing or in regular contact with water.

PMID- 2919525
TI  - Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia in children below the age of one year. A review
      of 407 cases.
AB  - The bacteriology, epidemiology, infection types and mortality were reviewed in
      407 cases of Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia in the period 1967-1984 in
      children less than one year old. The number of bacteraemia cases in this age
      group increased in the seventies, but only 4% of the bacteraemias seemed to be
      due to epidemic spreading. Neonates might be at higher risk for S. aureus
      bacteraemia than older children less than one year old, and nearly all infections
      in the neonatal period were hospital-acquired. The mortality was 24%, and did not
      correlate with type of infection, but in neonates it correlated with low
      birthweight.

PMID- 2919526
TI  - Aetiology of congenital hypothyroidism in Finland.
AB  - In Finland a nationwide screening programme for congenital hypothyroidism (CHT)
      has operated since 1980 with complete coverage. Among the total of 307,000
      newborns screened, the incidence per 100,000 was 24.6 for thyroid dysgenesis and
      4.0 for dyshormonogenesis. We conclude that, when screening is based on cord
      serum TSH, the false-positive results are caused mainly by difficult delivery.
      The most important factors associated with dyshormonogenesis were CHT in the
      family, origin from a geographic risk area, and origin of both mother and father
      from the same community. These reflect the autosomal recessive inheritance. The
      risk factors for dysgenesis were female gender, CHT in the family, birth in a
      geographic risk area, and birth during a risk period of the year.

PMID- 2919527
TI  - Serum antibodies to cow's milk proteins in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease:
      Crohn's disease vs. ulcerative colitis.
AB  - Serum antibodies to five cow's milk proteins, alpha-casein, bovine serum albumin
      (BSA), beta-lactoglobulin A and B (BLG-a, BLG-b) and alpha-lactalbumin (ALA) were
      investigated in young patients with inflammatory bowel disease, 56 with Crohn's
      disease (CD), 24 with ulcerative colitis (UC). IgG antibodies against BSA and BLG
      a and -b were higher in Crohn's disease patients as compared to those with
      ulcerative colitis and controls. The IgG anti-BSA were higher in the group of CD
      patients with higher score of disease activity. Additionally, IgA antibodies to
      alpha-casein were higher in CD and UC compared to control. These findings may be
      due to increased uptake of dietary antigens or enhanced immunological response
      occurring in CD patients.

PMID- 2919528
TI  - Dysfunction of the monocyte-macrophage system in the idiopathic minimal change
      nephrotic syndrome.
AB  - We studied the function of phagocytes and the distribution of lymphocyte
      subpopulations in 23 patients with Idiopathic Minimal Change Nephrotic Syndrome.
      All the patients were in relapse at the time of the study. The latter was
      performed before specific therapy was started. Our control group consisted of 26
      normal children who were studied while undergoing routine analysis prior to
      plastic surgery. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes from the patients showed no
      alterations in their ability to ingest and to kill candidas. On the contrary,
      peripheral blood monocytes had a normal phagocytic function with a decreased
      candidacidal activity when compared to normal controls (p less than 0.001). No
      correlation was found between serum immunoglobulin levels and the monocyte lytic
      function. The absolute number of B lymphocytes was significantly increased (p
      less than 0.05), whereas the absolute number of total lymphocytes, T lymphocytes
      and T4+ and T8+ cell subsets did not differ from those of the age-matched normal
      controls. Natural killer cells were functionally normal.

PMID- 2919529
TI  - The prevalence of bacteriuria among high risk neonates in Nigeria.
AB  - Among the 446 high risk neonates studied for significant bacteriuria and pyuria
      in the neonatal wards of the Obafemi Awolowo University teaching hospital
      Complex, Ile-Ife, 7.6% and 5.8% were positive for significant bacteriuria and
      pyuria respectively, while none of the 81 infants in the control group were
      positive. Males and females were similarly affected and there was no seasonal
      variation in the prevalence of pyuria or bacteriuria. It is noteworthy that 25
      (96%) of the 26 pyuria neonates also had bacteriuria emphazising the significance
      of pyuria as a possible screening method for urinary tract infections in
      neonates. The clinical problems in the neonates studied included prematurity, low
      birthweight, neonatal jaundice, fever, CNS symptoms, ophthalmia neonatorum,
      prolonged rupture of the membranes (PROM), respiratory distress, septic
      cord/skin, diarrhoea, vomiting and feeding problems. Only prematurity and low
      birthweight were significantly associated with bacteriuria in the neonates
      studied. The organisms encountered in this study were Escherichia coli (58.4%),
      Klebsiella species (35.3%) and Proteus species (5.9%). Of the bacterial isolates,
      67% were sensitive to Ampicillin and 97% to Gentamycin. The combination of these
      antibiotics was effective in all cases in the present study. The study has
      highlighted the need for routine urine culture in our high risk neonates.

PMID- 2919530
TI  - Controlled versus hyperemic flow during reperfusion of jeopardized ischemic
      myocardium.
AB  - Controlled versus uncontrolled reperfusion of ischemic myocardium after
      experimental coronary artery occlusion was studied to determine the effect on
      regional ventricular wall motion and associated biochemical alterations. Fourteen
      pigs underwent coronary artery occlusion for 1 hour followed by 2 hours of
      reperfusion. In seven animals uncontrolled reperfusion was achieved by complete
      release of the arterial occlusion resulting in hyperemic flow. In seven other
      animals coronary flow during reperfusion was controlled at baseline levels
      eliminating hyperemic flow. Our results show that controlled reperfusion lessens
      end-diastolic wall thickness, reduces myocardial calcium deposition, increases
      the rate of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, and preserves cellular high
      energy phosphate stores in the ischemic-reperfused myocardium when compared to
      the uncontrolled reperfusion state. These data suggest that the magnitude of flow
      at an early stage of reperfusion is one of the important determinants in the
      outcome of ischemic myocardium.

PMID- 2919531
TI  - Influence of leukopenia on collateral flow, reperfusion flow, reflow ventricular
      fibrillation, and infarct size in dogs.
AB  - Leukocytes contribute to myocardial damage during ischemia and reperfusion.
      However, the mechanism involved has not been clearly elucidated. The purpose of
      the present study was to determine whether leukocyte-induced myocardial damage is
      flow mediated. In open-chest dogs submitted to 2 hours of ischemia, area at risk,
      infarct size, and regional myocardial blood flow before, during, and after
      ischemia were measured. Leukopenia was induced by a two-step method (chemotherapy
      and antineutrophil serum) in a group of 14 dogs as compared to a control group of
      18 dogs. The relation of infarct size to the major determinants of infarct size
      was analyzed by uni- and multilinear regressions. Seven control dogs had
      ventricular fibrillation at reperfusion compared to one dog with leukopenia. In
      the group with leukopenia the mean infarct size was smaller (31.1 +/- 5.8% of
      area at risk) than in the control group (47.7 +/- 2.9, p = 0.02). In addition,
      the two multiple linear regression equations were significantly different (p =
      0.01). Myocardial blood flow to the central ischemic zone did not change
      significantly between 20 and 120 minutes of ischemia in the control dogs (n = 12;
      subendocardial = 0.08 +/- 0.03 vs 0.07 +/- 0.03 ml/min/gm; subepicardial = 0.20
      +/- 0.07 vs 0.20 +/- 0.05 ml/min/gm) and in the dogs with leukopenia (n = 12;
      0.07 +/- 0.02 vs 0.07 +/- 0.02 ml/min/gm and 0.15 +/- 0.004 vs 0.18 +/- 0.04
      ml/min/gm). A similar reduction in myocardial blood flow was observed after 6
      hours of reperfusion in the control dogs (0.34 +/- 0.07 ml/min/gm vs 1.02 +/-
      0.11 at baseline, p less than 0.01) and in the dogs with leukopenia (0.25 +/-
      0.04 vs 0.81 +/- 0.08 ml/min/gm, p less than 0.01). It was concluded that the
      leukocyte-dependent myocardial injury did not appear to be mediated through a
      flow mechanism during either ischemia or reperfusion.

PMID- 2919532
TI  - Long-term stepwise sustained improvement in left ventricular ejection fraction
      after myocardial infarction.
AB  - Radionuclide left ventricular ejection fraction, end-diastolic volume, and
      exercise capacity were determined in 34 selected patients who survived a first Q
      wave anterior infarction. Patients were included in the study if they had no
      subsequent cardiac events (unstable angina or myocardial infarction) during the
      average follow-up period of 47 months (range = 36 to 70 months); none was treated
      with thrombolysis, coronary angioplasty, or bypass grafting. Overall, mean left
      ventricular ejection fraction increased from 28 +/- 10% 1 month after infarction
      to 33 +/- 10% at 3 years (p less than 0.01); mean end-diastolic volume decreased
      from 217 +/- 99 ml to 171 +/- 80 ml (p less than 0.002). Stepwise improvement in
      left ventricular ejection fraction occurred in 15 of these patients (group B) and
      was associated with a significant increase in exercise capacity. Mean ejection
      fraction in group B was 26 +/- 7% at 1 month and 41 +/- 10% at 3 years (p less
      than 0.001). In all of these patients there was improved regional wall motion in
      the noninfarct zone, whereas five patients also showed improvement in the infarct
      zone. The results indicate a progressive improvement in left ventricular function
      that occurs over time in some patients after first Q wave anterior infarction,
      independent of intervention.

PMID- 2919533
TI  - Asymptomatic left main coronary artery disease and silent myocardial ischemia.
AB  - Gathering data on the prognosis, detection, and natural history of asymptomatic
      left main coronary artery disease with silent myocardial ischemia is difficult.
      Epidemiologic studies of unexpected death and postmortem studies on silent
      myocardial infarction suggest this entity to be common. We reviewed 89
      consecutive patients with left main coronary artery disease (LMD), defined as 50%
      or greater reduction of luminal diameter. Of this group, 10 patients (11%) were
      asymptomatic (ALMD) and 79 patients (88%) were symptomatic (SLMD). All 10 ALMD
      patients were men, with a mean age of 53 years (range 40 to 65). Treadmill tests
      (TMT) were performed for: ECG abnormalities six; pre-jogging evaluation two; risk
      factor evaluation two. The TMT within 9 minutes showed 2 mm or greater ST
      depression in seven (70%) and 1 to 2 mm in three (30%). Similar TMT results were
      obtained in the SLMD group, although two patients had negative responses. The
      degree of stenosis of the left main coronary artery and the frequency of three
      vessel disease were similar in both groups. The ejection fraction (EF) and
      contractile pattern of the left ventricle (LV) were normal in all 10 ALMD
      patients, but the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) was abnormal in
      three (70%). In the SLMD group, 51 (64%) had an abnormal ejection fraction, 50
      (65%) had wall motion abnormalities, and 25 (32%) had an abnormal LVEDP.

PMID- 2919534
TI  - The impact of age on the incidence and prognosis of initial acute myocardial
      infarction: the Worcester Heart Attack Study.
AB  - As part of a community-wide study examining time trends in the incidence and case
      fatality rates (CFR) of patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction
      (MI) in sixteen hospitals in the Worcester, Massachusetts metropolitan area, the
      association of age to the incidence rates of initial acute MI and to in-hospital
      and long-term survival among 2115 patients with validated acute MI was examined.
      After selected age-specific changes in the incidence rates of initial events of
      acute MI between 1975 and 1981, the incidence rates of acute MI markedly declined
      between 1981 and 1984, resulting in decreases in the age-specific incidence rates
      of initial acute MI between 1975 and 1984. For the combined study periods, the in
      hospital CFR of acute MI increased from 5.0% in patients less than 55 years of
      age to 7.9% in those 55 to 64 years, to 16.1% in those 65 to 74 years and to
      32.1% in patients 75 years of age and older. Among discharged hospital survivors,
      increasing age was related to poorer long-term survival over a 5-year follow-up
      period. The results of this population-based study reinforce the need for, and
      importance of, modification of coronary risk factors in both young and older
      individuals, and of focused therapeutic efforts to salvage jeopardized myocardium
      in elderly patients hospitalized with acute MI.

PMID- 2919535
TI  - Efficacy, safety, and tolerance of d-sotalol in patients with refractory
      supraventricular tachyarrhythmias.
AB  - The efficacy, safety, and electrophysiologic effects of intravenous and oral d
      sotalol, an investigational class III antiarrhythmic agent, are not yet well
      characterized. We evaluated the electrophysiologic, antiarrhythmic, and
      hemodynamic effects of d-sotalol infusion (1.5 to 2.75 mg/kg) and of chronic oral
      therapy (200 to 400 mg bid) in 10 patients with chronic, paroxysmal
      supraventricular tachyarrhythmias refractory to 5 +/- 2 standard agents. Four
      patients had paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT), four had paroxysmal
      atrial fibrillation, two had atrial flutter, and one had nonparoxysmal
      reciprocating junctional tachycardia (NPRJT). PSVT was inducible or spontaneously
      present in 4 of 4 before d-sotalol. After intravenous d-sotalol PSVT was
      noninducible in three patients and slowed by 40% in one. Atrial fibrillation was
      inducible or spontaneously present in 4 of 4 before therapy. After intravenous d
      sotalol, one became noninducible, and three achieved rate-slowing (the mean
      falling from 69 to 61 bpm). In one patient, atrial flutter became noninducible;
      in another, d-sotalol slowed the rate of atrial flutter by 28%. D-sotalol
      restored sinus rhythm in the patient with NPRJT. Intravenous d-sotalol increased
      the sinus cycle length; the QTc, PR, and AH intervals; and the AV nodal
      functional refractory period, the AV nodal effective refractory period; and the
      right ventricular effective refractory period significantly. The atrial effective
      refractory period, sinoatrial conduction time, and corrected sinus recovery time
      tended to increase, but did not reach statistical significance. The QRS, PA, and
      HV intervals did not change. Mean BP fell 13.4 +/- 9.2% after intravenous d
      sotalol, but no adverse symptoms developed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2919536
TI  - Effect of calcium channel blockers on hemodynamic responses to defibrillation.
AB  - The hemodynamic response to sequences of ventricular fibrillation and
      defibrillation includes an adrenergic component that is important for the
      maintenance of blood pressure after successful defibrillation. Because calcium
      channel blocking drugs have antiadrenergic effects, we hypothesized that they
      might blunt the adrenergic response to defibrillation. Ventricular fibrillation
      was induced in 35 closed-chest dogs. Each received 4 to 7 direct current
      transthoracic shocks at three energy levels to determine defibrillation energy
      requirements. Heart rate and blood pressure were recorded. Energy sequences were
      repeated after 45 minutes of no intervention (control, n = 5) or after 45-minute
      infusions of diltiazem (0.1 mg/kg/min, n = 10), verapamil (0.1 mg/kg bolus plus
      0.01 mg/kg/min, n = 10), or nifedipine (40 micrograms/min for 3 minutes plus 2 to
      20 micrograms/min adjusted to maintain a 10 mm Hg drop in mean arterial pressure,
      n = 10). Our results show that the normal post-shock rise in mean arterial
      pressure was blunted by the calcium channel blockers diltiazem (systolic arterial
      pressure at 15 and 60 seconds post-shock, pre-drug versus post-drug: 102 +/- 9
      versus 64 +/- 9 mm Hg and 113 +/- 10 versus 87 +/- 6 mm Hg; p less than 0.05) and
      verapamil (108 +/- 9 versus 78 +/- 12 mm Hg and 113 +/- 7 versus 90 +/- 10 mm Hg,
      p less than 0.05). There were no differences in blood pressure responses after
      nifedipine treatment or no drug. Heart rate responses were not altered by
      diltiazem or verapamil; after nifedipine administration, post-shock heart rates
      were slower.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2919537
TI  - The effect of drugs and lead maturation on atrial electrograms during sinus
      rhythm and atrial fibrillation.
AB  - Antitachycardia devices need more accurate means to identify arrhythmias.
      Previous studies have found that sinus rhythm can be distinguished from a variety
      of tachyarrhythmias by algorithms that are based on time-domain and frequency
      domain analysis of intracardiac electrograms. Amplitude distribution analysis
      (time-domain) and power density spectral analysis (frequency-domain) are two of
      the techniques that have seemed to hold promise. However, previous studies have
      not evaluated whether lead maturation or drugs such as lidocaine, propranolol,
      verapamil, or isoproterenol can interfere with the ability of these algorithms to
      distinguish among cardiac rhythms. In the present study, five dogs had permanent
      atrial pacing leads placed. On a series of days, recordings were made from the
      atrial leads during sinus rhythm and induced sustained atrial fibrillation, both
      before and after administration of cardioactive drugs. For up to 1 month after
      implantation, progressive lead maturation did not prevent differentiation of
      atrial fibrillation from sinus rhythm by either amplitude distribution analysis
      or power density spectral analysis. However, the difference between the power
      density spectra of sinus rhythm and atrial fibrillation became progressively less
      with time. Isoproterenol, lidocaine, verapamil, and propranolol had no consistent
      effects on amplitude distribution analysis of atrial electrograms during sinus
      rhythm or atrial fibrillation. However, there were marked effects of drugs on
      amplitude distribution characteristics in individual dogs. Propranolol and
      lidocaine produced consistent changes in power density spectra during sinus
      rhythm and atrial fibrillation, respectively; both drugs reduced the ability of
      power density spectral analysis to differentiate sinus rhythm from atrial
      fibrillation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2919538
TI  - Prediction of left ventricular ejection fraction using a unique method of chest x
      ray and ECG analysis: a noninvasive index of cardiac performance based on the
      concept of heart volume and mass interrelationship.
AB  - A reasonably accurate, simple, inexpensive, noninvasive method of determining
      ejection fraction (EF) is necessary to evaluate left ventricular function in
      epidemiologic studies and individual patients. Using the concepts of left
      ventricular mass reflected by precordial R wave summation (M) and left
      ventricular volume (V) estimated by chest roentgenography in 114 patients with
      myocardial disease undergoing left ventriculography, EF was predicted with the
      formula: EF = 63.74 - (2.16.V) + (0.34.M); R2 = 0.69; standard error of the
      estimate (SEE) = 11. Because angiographic inferior wall motion (IWM)
      abnormalities significantly affected the results, but inferior Q waves were
      usually only present in patients having one infarct, a noninvasive technique to
      predict the presence of inferior wall motion abnormality (IMA) in patients having
      multiple infarcts was developed and based on the relationship of precordial R
      wave summation (M) and roentgenographic heart volumenometry (V). By combining V,
      M, and IMA (which predicted IWM) to determine EF, multiple linear regression
      analysis showed that EF = 67.30 - (1.56.V) + (0.23.M) - (14.18 IMA) (R2 = 0.77;
      SEE = 9). Prospective validation of the formula was then done in 139 consecutive
      individuals, with R2 = 0.49 and SEE = 9. This study demonstrates that routinely
      performed, simple, inexpensive clinical tests provide data that can be combined
      by multiple regression analysis to predict resting EF in patients with heart
      disease affecting the left ventricle. This unique method may allow inexpensive
      ventricular function screening in large population studies and in addition might
      provide an independent index of myocardial performance for clinical use, since it
      reflects the amount of contractile mass per unit of left ventricular
      volume.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2919539
TI  - Lens changes and the incidence of cardiovascular events among persons with
      diabetes.
AB  - Previous analysis of data from the Framingham Heart Study and the Framingham Eye
      Study showed that the "all-cause" death rate for diabetic persons with lens
      opacities was more than twice that of diabetic persons without lens opacities.
      Additional follow-up information was used to investigate whether these lens
      changes were associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in
      particular. At the eye examination (1973 to 1975) there were 133 diabetic persons
      with no cardiovascular disease, of whom 41% had lens changes. Of these 133
      persons, 57 had at least one cardiovascular event by the time of the most recent
      follow-up examination (1981 to 1983). Regression analyses suggested an increased
      risk of cardiovascular events among diabetic persons with lens changes (incidence
      rate ratio = 1.8; p = 0.07). Specifically there were associations of lens changes
      with the development of congestive heart failure (incidence rate ratio = 3.6; p =
      0.01) and coronary heart disease (incidence rate ratio = 2.4; p = 0.08). Thus
      lens changes, in addition to being early prognostic signs of mortality, appear to
      be predictors of cardiovascular disease in adult-onset diabetes.

PMID- 2919540
TI  - Population screening for plasma cholesterol: community-based results from
      Connecticut.
AB  - Plasma cholesterol levels were measured in 15,892 participants of a cholesterol
      screening in Hartford, Connecticut. The screenees were typically health conscious
      as evidenced by the low prevalence of current cigarette smoking (12%). However,
      more than 25% of the men and 35% of the women over the age of 50 years had
      cholesterol levels in excess of 240 mg/dl, placing them at moderate to high risk
      for coronary artery disease. Results showed a pronounced dose-response
      relationship between cigarette smoking and cholesterol levels in men of all age
      groups and in women of premenopausal age; however, average cholesterol levels
      were similar in exsmokers and subjects who had never smoked. Risk analysis
      revealed a strong positive association between cholesterol and prevalence of
      nonfatal myocardial infarctions. Notably patients with newly diagnosed
      hypercholesterolemia reduced their cholesterol levels an average of 40 mg/dl
      under the care of a physician. These results indicate that cholesterol screening
      coupled with physician follow-up and treatment can have a substantial impact in
      lowering cholesterol levels and the attendant risk of cardiovascular disease.

PMID- 2919542
TI  - Percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty via the right internal jugular vein for
      valvular pulmonic stenosis with severe right ventricular failure.

PMID- 2919541
TI  - Balloon mitral valvuloplasty via retrograde left atrial catheterization.
AB  - A technique for performing retrograde catheterization of the left atrium followed
      by double balloon mitral valvuloplasty without transseptal catheterization is
      described. Three patients have undergone double balloon mitral valvuloplasty by
      means of this technique, all with marked improvement in postdilatation mitral
      valve areas. The technique avoids iatrogenic atrial septal defects and is less
      difficult to perform than transseptal catheterization.

PMID- 2919543
TI  - Endomyocardial trauma during balloon mitral valvuloplasty.

PMID- 2919544
TI  - Pathology of aortic valvuloplasty: findings after postmortem successful and
      failed dilatations.

PMID- 2919545
TI  - Detection of aortic valve ring abscess by intraoperative epicardial two
      dimensional echocardiography.

PMID- 2919546
TI  - Echocardiographic detection of abnormal attachment of a Bjork-Shiley prosthesis
      to the interatrial septum causing an atrial septal aneurysm.

PMID- 2919547
TI  - Aortico-left ventricular tunnel: two-dimensional echocardiographic and
      angiocardiographic features.

PMID- 2919548
TI  - Atrial automatic tachycardia with two different types of electrophysiologic
      characteristics.

PMID- 2919549
TI  - Intravenous dipyridamole: body weight considerations and dosage requirements.

PMID- 2919551
TI  - Modern methods of investigating converting enzyme inhibition. Satellite symposium
      to the Xth Congress of the European Society of Cardiology. August 28 to September
      1, 1988, Vienna. Proceedings.

PMID- 2919550
TI  - The clinical description of angina pectoris in the elderly.

PMID- 2919552
TI  - Double-blind crossover versus parallel groups in hypertension.
AB  - The efficacy of antihypertensive drugs requires evaluation in clinical trials,
      the design of which must minimize variability (observer or patient) and order
      effects, eliminate bias, and include sufficient numbers of patients (i.e., have
      sufficient power) to allow real differences in blood pressure between patient
      groups to be detected at conventional levels of statistical significance. The
      crossover design of trial requires the successive examination of different
      treatments. This may result in a lengthy trial for the participant and an
      increase in the dropout rate. Therefore the parallel group design is usually
      performed for a comparison of several active drugs or drugs and placebo. This
      design avoids the potential problems of order and carryover effects, and when of
      a long duration, takes into account short-term and longer term responses to
      drugs. Crossover trials with limited periods of treatment for each phase can be
      carried out with fewer numbers of subjects and are more economical of patient
      resources. However, care must be taken to correct for order effects by
      appropriate design and to exclude carryover effects. Usually such a design only
      allows the investigator to comment on short-term blood pressure responses. The
      extrapolation of such information for longer term use of the drugs in clinical
      practice requires much caution.

PMID- 2919554
TI  - Congestive heart failure--advances in treatment. Introduction.

PMID- 2919553
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of a new angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, benazepril
      hydrochloride, in special populations.
AB  - To investigate the pharmacokinetics of benazepril hydrochloride in special
      populations, single or multiple doses between 5 and 20 mg of the new drug were
      given, and the pharmacokinetics of unchanged benazepril and its pharmacologically
      active metabolite benazeprilat were compared with those in healthy male
      volunteers. In elderly subjects and patients with mild and moderate renal
      insufficiency, there was little change in the kinetics of benazepril or
      benazeprilat. In patients with severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance less
      than 30 ml/min), benazeprilat elimination was slowed, which resulted in greater
      accumulation after repeated dosing. In patients with hepatic cirrhosis, the
      kinetics and bioavailability of benazeprilat were not affected. Therefore dose
      adjustment is unnecessary because of the patient's age, mild or moderate renal
      impairment, or hepatic cirrhosis. Dose reduction is necessary in patients with
      creatinine clearance less than 30 ml/min.

PMID- 2919555
TI  - Evolution of left ventricular function after intracoronary thrombolysis for acute
      myocardial infarction.
AB  - The temporal evolution of left ventricular (LV) function after intracoronary
      streptokinase therapy for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) was assessed from the
      data of 264 patients who had complete occlusion of either the left anterior
      descending or the right coronary artery before treatment. Angiography was
      performed immediately, and at 3 days and 6 months after AMI in 91%, 71% and 47%
      of the study group, respectively. Wall motion was measured by the centerline
      method. In patients with sustained reperfusion, the ejection fraction decreased
      at 3 days (delta = -2.0 +/- 9.9%, n = 134, p = 0.02) and recovered later (from 54
      +/- 12% acutely to 57 +/- 12% at 6 months, n = 82, p less than 0.05). These
      changes in global function were associated with a marked regression in
      hyperkinesis in the noninfarcted wall by 3 days, and delayed recovery of wall
      motion in the infarct region (delta = 0.2 +/- 0.9 at 3 days, p = 0.055; 1.0 +/-
      1.2 at 6 months, p less than 0.001). Patients without reperfusion or with
      reocclusion had a more severe decrease in ejection fraction at 3 days, and little
      or no subsequent functional recovery. The length of the hypokinetic segment
      increased significantly by 3 days but subsequently diminished to slightly less
      than the acute value. It is concluded that full recovery of ischemically impaired
      myocardium takes greater than 3 days, but compensatory hyperkinesis regresses
      earlier so that global LV function deteriorates by the third day. Variability or
      deterioration of LV function early after AMI need not be due to infarct
      extension; it can reflect regression of hyperkinesis in the noninfarcted region.

PMID- 2919556
TI  - Low vitamin B6 status in patients with acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - The vitamin B6 status of 84 patients with acute myocardial infarction was
      compared with that of 84 control subjects. Pyridoxal and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate
      (PLP) in plasma and erythrocytes, as well as the basal and total potential
      activity of the PLP-dependent enzyme aspartate aminotransferase in erythrocytes,
      were measured for a comprehensive assessment of vitamin B6 status. The mean
      levels of all vitamin B6 indexes (except pyridoxal) were lower in the patients
      than in the control subjects. The differences were statistically significant,
      except for erythrocyte PLP and total potential enzyme activity. The adjusted
      relative odds of a myocardial infarction for subjects in the lowest quartile of
      plasma PLP was about 5 times higher when compared with those in the highest
      quartile (relative odds = 5.2, 95% confidence interval = 1.4 to 18.9). Similar
      findings were found with the other vitamin B6 indexes. No significant association
      between infarct size, as estimated by creatine kinase level, and the vitamin B6
      indexes was observed.

PMID- 2919557
TI  - Clinical and hemodynamic significance of left ventricular diastolic volume
      changes by exercise radionuclide ventriculography in coronary artery disease.
AB  - Recent studies have suggested that left ventricular (LV) dilatation during
      exercise radionuclide ventriculography may identify coronary artery disease
      (CAD). Coronary anatomy and LV end-diastolic pressure at catheterization were
      compared with results of supine exercise radionuclide ventriculography in 66
      patients evaluated for chest pain. Forty-six patients had significant CAD
      (greater than 75% diameter stenosis) and 20 patients were normal. Radionuclide
      ventriculography was performed within 18 hours of catheterization, at rest and at
      peak exercise. Relative LV end-diastolic volumes were extrapolated from end
      diastolic counts. LV end-diastolic counts increased during exercise in 19 of 20
      normal subjects. In patients with CAD, LV end-diastolic counts increased in 35
      (group A) and decreased in 11 (group B). The percent change in LV end-diastolic
      counts from rest to exercise, rest ejection fraction, exercise ejection fraction
      and rest LV end-diastolic pressure for each group were 20 +/- 23%, 60 +/- 13%, 67
      +/- 13% and 8 +/- 3 mm Hg in normal subjects; 20 +/- 20%, 50 +/- 12%, 47 +/- 13%
      and 12 +/- 4 mm Hg in group A; and -9 +/- 8%, 54 +/- 21%, 49 +/- 18% and 21 +/- 7
      mm Hg in group B (mean +/- standard deviation). An increase in LV end-diastolic
      counts was unrelated to ejection fraction response or presence of underlying CAD
      but only correlated to rest LV end-diastolic pressure (p less than
      0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2919558
TI  - Electrophysiologic manifestations of the excitable gap of orthodromic
      atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia demonstrated by single
      extrastimulation.
AB  - To assess the electrophysiologic characteristics of the excitable gap, 12
      patients with orthodromic atrioventricular (AV) reciprocating tachycardia were
      studied. During tachycardia, 8 patients used a left-sided and 4 patients a right
      sided anomalous bypass tract for retrograde conduction. QRS complex-synchronized
      single extrastimuli were delivered from high right atrium, right ventricular apex
      and coronary sinus, respectively, scanning the whole cycle length of tachycardia.
      An excitable gap was determined to be present if tachycardia resetting or
      tachycardia termination occurred. The duration of the excitable gap varied among
      different pacing sites and occupied 0 to 48% (mean 17 +/- 16) of basic
      tachycardia cycle length (240 to 480 ms, mean 327 +/- 70). Three patterns of
      tachycardia resetting were observed: the sum of coupling interval and return
      cycle being (1) less than a fully compensatory pause in 12 of 12 patients, (2)
      more than a fully compensatory pause in 5 of 12 patients and (3) equal to a fully
      compensatory pause in 2 of 12 patients, depending on extent of AV nodal
      conduction delay exhibited in return cycle. Tachycardia termination was possible
      when extrastimuli were delivered from right ventricular apex and coronary sinus
      but not from high right atrium, and only when basic tachycardia cycle length was
      greater than or equal to 290 ms in 7 of 12 patients. Tachycardia termination was
      accounted for by development of orthodromic conduction block in AV node in 7 of 7
      patients and in bypass tract in 2 of 7 patients. Therefore, site of extra
      stimulation and basic tachycardia cycle length affect electrophysiologic
      manifestations of excitable gap. Further, functional properties of the AV node
      influence patterns of tachycardia resetting and are primarily responsible for
      tachycardia termination during programmed single extrastimulation.

PMID- 2919559
TI  - Importance of the endpoint of noise reduction in analysis of the signal-averaged
      electrocardiogram.
AB  - Reduction of random noise by signal averaging is required to uncover ventricular
      late potentials (LPs). Noise reduction is dependent upon the ambient noise before
      the study and the number of signal-averaged QRS complexes. Prior studies have
      used a fixed number of QRS complexes (e.g., 150 to 200) for performing signal
      averaged electrocardiograms (SAECGs). Because of variable background noise
      levels, it was hypothesized that variable noise levels after processing could
      interfere with detection of LP. Accordingly, SAECGs were performed for each
      patient to 2 prespecified noise endpoints (expressed as the standard
      deviation/square root of number of beats): 1.0 microV, which has been used
      previously as a minimal residual noise level, and 0.3 microV, a low level that
      generally can be attained in less than 450 beats. Root mean square-voltage noises
      in the 40-Hz high pass filtered vector magnitude for these studies were 1.36 +/-
      0.57 and 0.58 +/- 0.28 microV, respectively. The relative prevalence of LP was
      evaluated in 3 groups. Group I was comprised of 26 patients with sustained
      ventricular tachyarrhythmias, group II included 59 patients after myocardial
      infarction and group III had 14 normal volunteers. The prevalence of LP was
      greater in group I (69 vs 46%, p less than 0.001) and group II (34 vs 24%, p less
      than 0.01) with the 0.3-microV studies. In group III, the prevalence did not
      change (7 vs 7%, difference not significant). The greater detection of LP was due
      to improved resolution of the terminal low-amplitude QRS segment. Therefore,
      using the 0.3 microV level instead of 1.0 microV increased sensitivity of LP
      without loss of specificity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2919560
TI  - Effect of disopyramide on initiation of atrial fibrillation and relation to
      effective refractory period.
AB  - Electrophysiologic studies were performed before and after intravenous
      administration of disopyramide (2 mg/kg) to 40 patients with either documented or
      suspected atrial fibrillation (AF). In control studies, sustained AF (greater
      than 1 minute), nonsustained AF (1 to 60 seconds) and no AF were found in 14, 18
      and 8 patients, respectively. After disopyramide, the ability to initiate AF was
      totally lost in 18 patients (group A), while 22 patients (group B) showed
      sustained AF (11 patients) or nonsustained AF (11 patients). The effective
      refractory period of the atrium was 232 +/- 41 ms in the control study and 266 +/
      49 ms after disopyramide. Atrial functional refractory periods before and after
      disopyramide were 282 +/- 43 and 317 +/- 48 ms, respectively. The differences and
      ratios of the refractory periods after and before disopyramide were higher in
      group A than in group B (p less than 0.001). The prolongation of atrial
      refractoriness after disopyramide was important to suppress the initiation of AF
      in group A. In some group B patients, on the other hand, the initiation of AF was
      promoted after disopyramide. Disopyramide may alter the atrial electrophysiologic
      substrate required for AF initiation.

PMID- 2919561
TI  - Hemodynamic effects of pimobendan given orally in congestive heart failure
      secondary to ischemic or idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.
AB  - Pimobendan (UD-CG 115 BS) was administered orally to 23 patients with congestive
      heart failure (functional class IV) caused by coronary artery disease (11
      patients) or idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (12). All patients received
      maintenance doses of digoxin, furosemide and warfarin. Baseline data, collected
      during 15 hours, stayed within a 10% range. A 10-mg oral dose of pimobendan
      increased the heart rate from 95 +/- 20 to 109 +/- 24 beats/min (p less than
      0.003). The pulmonary artery wedge pressure decreased from 23.0 +/- 5.9 to 10.1
      +/- 5.2 mm Hg (p less than 0.0001), the cardiac index increased from 1.9 +/- 0.4
      to 3.3 +/- 0.7 liters/min/m2 (p less than 0.0001) and the left ventricular stroke
      work index increased from 2,005 +/- 927 to 3,065 +/- 1,161 ml/mm Hg/m2 (p less
      than 0.0001). Statistically significant improvements in hemodynamic variables
      were still present 10 hours after the administration of pimobendan. Most patients
      felt better and reported no angina or other side effect, the incidence of
      ventricular arrhythmias was unchanged and no electrocardiographic changes
      suggesting ischemia were observed. Patients with severe congestive heart failure
      experienced a prolonged improvement of their cardiovascular condition after a
      single dose of pimobendan.

PMID- 2919562
TI  - Functional anatomy of severe mitral regurgitation in active rheumatic carditis.
AB  - The mechanism of severe mitral regurgitation (MR) due to active rheumatic
      carditis is ill defined. This study involved 73 patients, aged 7 to 27 years
      (mean 13), with severe MR and active rheumatic carditis who were subjected to
      surgery. Sixty-one were studied retrospectively (group 1) and 12 prospectively
      (group 2). Active rheumatic carditis was diagnosed according to the modified
      Jones' criteria, morphologic appearances of the heart at operation and histology
      of the valve. All patients had preoperative 2-dimensional echocardiographic and
      intraoperative assessment of the mitral valve apparatus. The presence of mitral
      valve prolapse--defined as failure of leaflet edge coaptation resulting in
      systolic displacement of the free edge of the involved leaflet toward the left
      atrium--was determined in all patients. Mitral anular diameter and maximal
      systolic chordal length were measured at 2-dimensional echocardiography in group
      2 patients and compared to values obtained from matched control subjects. Anular
      and chordal dimensions in 6 of the group 2 patients were correlated with precise
      measurements obtained at surgery. Mitral valve prolapse involving the anterior
      leaflet was detected on echocardiography and confirmed at surgery in 69 patients
      (94%). Mitral anular dilatation was observed at operation in 70 patients (96%).
      Maximal anular diameter was significantly greater (p less than 0.0001) than in
      matched control subjects (37 +/- 4 vs 23 +/- 2 mm). The mean anular dimension
      measured at surgery (36 +/- 3 mm) was similar to that obtained by
      echocardiography and individual values using the 2 methods correlated well (r =
      0.93). Chordal elongation was observed in 66 patients at operation
      (90%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2919563
TI  - Efficacy of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography in children with
      congenital heart disease.
AB  - The feasibility and potential adverse effects of using intraoperative
      transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in 19 children ages 7.5 to 16 years
      undergoing surgical repair of a variety of congenital heart defects were
      evaluated. The ability of TEE to assess the adequacy of surgical repair as well
      as left ventricular function and wall motion abnormalities in this setting was
      also examined. Intraoperative transesophageal 2-dimensional and Doppler
      evaluation, and, in selected patients, echo-contrast and color flow imaging, were
      performed with either a 3.5- or 5.0-MHz phased array probe mounted within the tip
      of a flexible gastroscope. Probe insertion was successful in 18 of 19 patients.
      Fiberoptic endoscopy (9 patients) and autopsy (1 patient--cardiac donor)
      performed within 24 hours of surgery demonstrated no significant esophageal
      abnormalities. Intraoperative wall motion abnormalities were identified in 8
      patients but did not persist after the operation. An adequate surgical repair was
      demonstrated by contrast and color flow imaging in most patients. Microcavitation
      was detected in 6 patients for greater than 5 minutes after a standard debubbling
      procedure. No patient displayed any adverse neurologic effects. It is concluded
      that, with the currently available probes, intraoperative TEE can be performed
      safely and reliably in children as young as 7.5 years of age. The procedure
      provides valuable information regarding wall motion abnormalities, cardiac
      function and the adequacy of surgical repair.

PMID- 2919564
TI  - Genetic factors in the electrocardiogram and heart rate of twins reared apart and
      together.
AB  - Important physiologic mechanisms have been thought not to exhibit large amounts
      of variability, due in part to the assumption that critical biologic functions
      will have evolved to an evolutionary optimum. The attainment of this optimum
      would necessarily eliminate individual differences in these variables. Using a
      sample of monozygotic and dizygotic twins reared apart since birth or early
      infancy, 12-lead electrocardiographic recordings and vectorcardiograms were
      obtained. Values of these variables for monozygotic and dizygotic twins reared
      together were obtained from other studies. Maximum likelihood tests of genetic
      and environmental components of variation for PR interval, QRS duration, QT
      interval and ventricular rate indicated a significant contribution of genetic
      effects (most heritabilities ranged from 30 to 60%), with a negligible
      contribution from common familial environmental effects.

PMID- 2919565
TI  - New coronary events at four-year follow-up in elderly patients with recognized or
      unrecognized myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2919566
TI  - Effect of acute systemic blood pressure elevation on left ventricular filling
      with and without mitral regurgitation.

PMID- 2919567
TI  - Radiographic pulmonary congestion in end-stage congestive heart failure.

PMID- 2919568
TI  - Operative results in endomyocardial fibrosis.

PMID- 2919569
TI  - Mitral and tricuspid valve regurgitation in dilated cardiomyopathy.

PMID- 2919570
TI  - The confusion technique untangled: its theoretical rationale and preliminary
      classification.
AB  - This article examines the historical development of Milton H. Erickson's
      theoretical approach to hypnosis using confusion. Review of the literature
      suggests that the Confusion Technique, in principle, consists of a two-stage
      "confusion-restructuring" process. The article also attempts to categorize
      several examples of confusion suggestions by seven linguistic characteristics:
      (1) antonyms, (2) homonyms, (3) synonyms, (4) elaboration, (5) interruption, (6)
      echoing, and (7) uncommon words. The Confusion Technique is an important yet
      little studied strategy developed by Erickson. More work is urged to investigate
      its nature and properties.

PMID- 2919571
TI  - Coping with examination stress through hypnosis: an experimental study.
AB  - Fifty-six volunteer medical students participated in three groups balanced for
      number of subjects, performance at last examination, and hypnotizability. The
      hypnosis and waking groups attended eight group sessions once a week with general
      ego-strengthening and specific suggestions for study habits, with a ninth session
      of age progression and mental rehearsal. Subjects in these two groups practiced
      self-suggestions (in self-hypnosis or waking respectively) daily for the study
      period of 9 weeks. The control group experienced sessions of passive relaxation
      induced by light reading for the same period of time. The hypnosis group improved
      significantly in coping with examination stress, but there was no significant
      change in performance on examinations by any of the groups.

PMID- 2919572
TI  - Hypnotic versus active cognitive strategies for alleviation of procedural
      distress in pediatric oncology patients.
AB  - This study provided a differential comparison of the efficacy of standardized
      instruction in hypnosis or active cognitive strategy for provision of relief from
      procedurally induced pain and anxiety. Subjects were instructed to self-direct in
      the use of strategies during medical procedures. Twenty pediatric oncology
      patients participated in the study. They were not informed that hypnosis was one
      of the strategies. Subjects were screened for hypnotizability and randomly
      assigned to treatments. Demographic data were collected. Pre-strategy training
      observations were made during a Bone Marrow Aspiration or Lumbar Puncture
      (BMA/LP) using visual analog scales, the McGill Pain Questionnaire, State-Trait
      Anxiety Inventory, pulse and temperature readings, and interview. Following
      strategy training, data were collected during a second BMA/LP using the same
      measures as employed pre-intervention. Results indicated that both strategies
      were effective in providing pain reduction. Neither technique provided for
      anxiety reduction. Hypnotizability scale scores failed to correlate with degree
      of pain reduction.

PMID- 2919573
TI  - Ego-enhancement: a five-step approach.
AB  - The present article describes an ego-enhancement procedure which combines
      hypnotic induction, trance deepening, positive suggestion, and imagery in a five
      step "package." This procedure may be used in a generalized form with no
      reference to the patient's presenting symptoms or it may be tailored to address
      specific problems. The elements comprising the "package" are: (1) physical
      relaxation, (2) mental calming, (3) disposal of mental "rubbish," (4) removal of
      a barrier representing everything that is negative in the life of the subject,
      and (5) enjoyment of a special place where the subject feels content.
      Opportunities to tailor the approach to handle specific problems occur within
      each of these five steps, particularly when patients are in their "special
      place." Three case studies are provided to indicate how such tailoring is done.

PMID- 2919575
TI  - Hypnosis: emotions for the tin man (the schizoid personality).
AB  - Insight psychotherapy had been ineffective in helping a schizoid patient
      experience affect. He remained cold, aloof, and without overt expression of
      affect. When hypnosis was utilized, the patient overtly demonstrated affect.
      Hence the title for the article--hypnosis was effective in changing the tin man
      into a person with emotions and feelings. A discussion indicates some possible
      variables associated with this phenomenon.

PMID- 2919574
TI  - The use of indirect hypnotic suggestions for insomnia arising from generalized
      anxiety: a case report.
AB  - This case report concerns an aggressive, independent, and financially successful
      businessman who suffered with insomnia within the context of generalized anxiety
      disorder. The hypnotherapy included indirect suggestions for the insomnia
      delivered through the vehicle of metaphorical stories designed as an indirect
      intervention for the generalized anxiety. The client's perception of the problem
      was clarified and respected, but the choice of intervention strategy was designed
      to indirectly suggest more global changes. The creative changes made by the
      client were positive and enduring at 2-year follow-up.

PMID- 2919576
TI  - Acute pregnancy-associated hypertension treated with hypnosis: a case report.
AB  - A 24-year-old patient was treated using hypnotic intervention for acute pregnancy
      associated hypertension. The patient displayed evidence of secondary arrest of
      labor and acute onset of signs and symptoms of pre-eclampsia. Hypnotic
      intervention resulted in normal vaginal delivery without complications or further
      evidence of morbidity secondary to a hypertensive episode. Hypnosis as an adjunct
      in the treatment of pre-eclampsia should be investigated further.

PMID- 2919577
TI  - Barrett's esophagus: what's new and what to do.

PMID- 2919578
TI  - Physician role model: past, present, and future.

PMID- 2919579
TI  - 1988 Henry Baker lecture. The community hospital gastroenterologist: survival of
      the species.

PMID- 2919581
TI  - Duodenal Crohn's disease: an analysis of 89 cases.
AB  - Duodenal Crohn's disease has an estimated incidence of 1% to 2% among patients
      with Crohn's disease. We report 89 patients with duodenal Crohn's disease. Common
      symptoms were upper abdominal pain and symptoms of gastroduodenal obstruction.
      Contiguous disease of the gastric antrum and duodenum was present in 60% of
      patients. Endoscopic examination revealed abnormalities in 62 of 67 patients.
      Granulomas or granulomatous inflammation was found in 37 of 76 patients. Forty
      nine patients treated medically were followed up for 2-25 yr (median 9.7 yr).
      Good to excellent results were obtained in 45 patients. Thirty-three patients
      required surgical intervention, usually for gastroduodenal obstruction.
      Reoperation was required in eight patients, seven of whom had had vagotomy with
      gastroenterostomy or subtotal gastrectomy. In two of these seven patients,
      marginal ulcers developed. Both patients had had gastroenterostomy and vagotomy.
      Our experience does not support the routine use of vagotomy when a bypass
      procedure is performed. Good to excellent results were achieved in 26 of the 30
      surgically treated patients followed up for more than 1 yr (1-43 yr; median 11
      yr). Measured in terms of need for surgical intervention, gastroduodenal disease
      generated considerably less morbidity than did distal Crohn's disease (p less
      than 0.001). Most patients achieved good to excellent results whether treated
      medically or surgically.

PMID- 2919580
TI  - In vivo susceptibility of Campylobacter pylori.
AB  - Campylobacter pylori infection has been associated with duodenal ulcer, gastric
      ulcer, and non-ulcer dyspepsia. Although in vitro studies have shown that C.
      pylori is susceptible to most commonly used antibiotics, predictions from in
      vitro sensitivity studies have not led to a safe and generally effective therapy;
      C. pylori has proved to be very difficult to eradicate in vivo. We used the urea
      breath test to assess the susceptibility of C. pylori in vivo to various drugs.
      C. pylori was susceptible to bismuth subsalicylate, bismuth subnitrate, and
      furazolidone. C. pylori was not susceptible (i.e., urease activity remained
      despite administration of the drug) to the following drugs: 1) antiulcer agents
      (cimetidine, ranitidine, famotidine, omeprazole, misoprostol, sucralfate, liquid
      antacids); 2) NSAIDs (aspirin, indomethacin, ibuprofen, naproxen, tolmetin); 3)
      antibiotics (oral penicillin V, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, dicloxacillin); 4)
      salts (lithium, ferrous sulfate, gold); 5) miscellaneous (acetaminophen,
      phenytoin, hydrochlorothiazide, propranolol, metoprolol, metoclopramide,
      ursodeoxycholic acid). Oral antimicrobials can be administered directly onto the
      site of infection, so that a very low oral dose will provide many multiples of
      the in vitro minimal inhibitory concentration. Furazolidone suspension (7 mg) was
      administered seven times daily (daily dose 49 mg) to three individuals infected
      by C. pylori during suppression of gastric acid secretion with famotidine (40 mg
      bid). After 4 days, all subjects had significant reductions in urease activity
      (two to normal and one to a borderline value). This response suggested that very
      low-dose therapy may be useful either alone or combined with bismuth. Conclusive
      establishment of an etiologic (or major contributory) relationship of C. pylori
      to ulcer disease will require a safe and reliable method to eradicate the
      organism from the stomach and duodenum.

PMID- 2919582
TI  - Epidemiology of Crohn's disease in the Jewish population of central Israel, 1970
      1980.
AB  - The epidemiology of Crohn's disease (CD) during the years 1970-80 was studied in
      the Jewish population in a defined area of central Israel with 1.4 million
      inhabitants. Three hundred sixty-five patients with definite CD were identified,
      and a complete follow-up was obtained. The incidence of CD rose from 0.33 (per
      10(5)) in 1970 to 3.10 in 1979. This rise was noted in both sexes, in all age
      groups, in all major Jewish community groups, and was demonstrated in three
      different regions of the study area. It is thought to represent a true (10-fold)
      increase in incidence. The mean annual incidence was 1.55/10(5). The prevalence
      in 1970 was 7.08/10(5), and in 1980 it was 19.47/10(5). In 1970, the age-adjusted
      prevalence in immigrants from Europe-America was 13.27 and in immigrants from
      Asia-Africa it was 1.69. In 1980, the difference between the two groups narrowed
      and the prevalences were 26.05 and 12.37, respectively. This decrease in
      differences between original migrant groups, as well as the rapid changes in
      incidence, point to the effect of environmental factors in the pathogenesis of
      CD. Population studies worldwide have demonstrated an increased incidence of CD
      in Jews, with marked differences among Jews in different geographic areas. This
      suggests the coexistence of genetic and environmental factors in the pathogenesis
      of the disease.

PMID- 2919583
TI  - Pancreatic pseudocysts: clinical and endoscopic experience.
AB  - Records of 51 patients with proven pancreatic pseudocyst (PC) were
      retrospectively reviewed to assess clinical and endoscopic variables. Thirty-nine
      had surgery after preoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
      (ERCP), six patients had ERCP only, and six patients had surgery without prior
      ERCP. Forty-two pancreatograms were obtained, and all were abnormal. PC
      communication with the pancreatic duct was present in 29 and ductal obstruction
      downstream from the PC was shown in 11 studies. Thirty-five cholangiograms were
      obtained and 19 were abnormal, including ductal narrowing in 16 and biliary
      calculi in three. PC contents were cultured intraoperatively in 29 patients, and
      17 were positive. PC infection was highly correlated with the incidence of
      recurrent hospitalizations and with PC recurrence. PC infection did not occur
      significantly more often in patients with communicating PC or in those with
      preoperative ERCP. Factors that did not influence outcome included PC size,
      multiplicity, anatomic location, and PC communication with the pancreatic duct.
      Results from both ERCP and culture of PC contents add significantly to our
      knowledge of PC disease.

PMID- 2919584
TI  - Effect of renal prostaglandins on survival in patients with liver cirrhosis.
AB  - To assess the effect of renal prostaglandins on the prognosis of liver cirrhosis,
      we studied the relationship between the effect of prostaglandin synthetase
      inhibition by indomethacin on glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and effective
      renal plasma flow (RPF) and survival in 30 patients with liver cirrhosis. After
      indomethacin administration, GFR dropped significantly from 86 +/- 2 ml/min to 73
      +/- 3 ml/min (p less than 0.01) and RPF from 421 +/- 10 to 349 +/- 14 ml/min (p
      less than 0.01). Survival was not correlated with baseline GFR or RPF, but was
      correlated with changes in both GFR and RPF after indomethacin administration (p
      less than 0.01). The cumulative survival rate from 1 to 7 yr was significantly
      higher (p less than 0.01) in patients with a decrease in GFR of less than or
      equal to 15% after indomethacin administration than in patients with a decrease
      in GFR of more than 15%. Findings for changes in RPF after indomethacin
      administration were similar. These results suggest that the augmentation of
      prostaglandin inhibition by indomethacin is associated with a poor prognosis of
      liver cirrhosis. It may be involved in the depletion of renal prostaglandins to
      maintain renal hemodynamics in patients with liver cirrhosis.

PMID- 2919585
TI  - The biotransformed metabolite profiles in blood after intravenous administration
      of dehydrocholic acid.
AB  - One gram of dehydrocholic acid was injected intravenously into two patients with
      percutaneous transhepatic cholangial drainage, and the biotransformed metabolites
      profiles over a 120-min period in serum and bile were analyzed. In serum
      unconjugated 3 alpha-hydroxy-7,12-dioxo-cholanoic acid (3 alpha-OH-7,12-OXO) acid
      was markedly increased after the injection of dehydrocholic acid, and reached
      about 80 microM within 30 min. On the other hand, conjugated 3 alpha, 7 alpha
      dihydroxy-12-oxo-cholanoic acid (3 alpha,7 alpha-OH-12-OXO) was consecutively
      increased with lag time to an elevation of 3 alpha-OH-7,12-OXO. In bile, the
      major constituent of metabolites was conjugated 3 alpha,7 alpha-OH-12-OXO (more
      than 90% of the excreted metabolites), while conjugated 3 alpha-OH-7,12-OXO was
      detected as minor constituent. Therefore, between bile and serum, there was great
      difference in biotransformed metabolites profiles. The mechanism of elevation of
      unconjugated 3 alpha-OH-7,12-OXO in serum remains obscure, but this new finding
      raised a question as to whether organ-reducing 3-keto group of dehydrocholic acid
      is restricted to the liver.

PMID- 2919586
TI  - Measurement of portal shunting in dogs.
AB  - A new method for measuring the quantity of portal blood bypassing the liver
      (shunted) has been developed and tested in the dog. Shunts were mimicked by the
      simultaneous infusion of glycocholic acid into a small peripheral portal venule
      and a peripheral vein. The total infused amount was kept constant, but the ratio
      at the two infusion sites varied. Determination of the extraction efficiency of
      the liver by simultaneously measuring the hepatic vein and arterial blood for
      systemically infused [14C]glycocholic acid permitted the calculation of shunted
      blood from information provided by the concentration of glycocholic acid in the
      hepatic vein, artery, and portal vein blood. This method was tested for various
      proportion of shunting from none to complete. The total hepatic flow was
      determined with single injection of indocyanine green and the individual arterial
      and portal vein flows determined with flowmeters. The input ratios of shunting
      related quite closely to that calculated from the flowmeters or the hepatic
      extraction ratio.

PMID- 2919587
TI  - Long-term survival after an end-to-side portacaval shunt.

PMID- 2919588
TI  - Development of splenoadrenorenal shunts after obliteration of esophageal varices
      by endoscopic sclerotherapy.
AB  - We present three patients with portal hypertension in whom large
      splenoadrenorenal shunts developed after obliteration of esophageal varices by
      endoscopic sclerotherapy.

PMID- 2919589
TI  - Prosthetic endocarditis after endoscopic variceal sclerotherapy: a failure of
      antibiotic prophylaxis.
AB  - Bacteremia after esophagogastroduodenoscopy and endoscopic procedures such as
      esophageal variceal sclerotherapy is well recognized. The theoretical risk of
      endocarditis has led the American Heart Association and other authorities to
      recommend antibiotic prophylaxis for these procedures. However, no well
      documented episodes of endocarditis associated with endoscopy have been reported.
      The current case of prosthetic valvular endocarditis is clearly linked to
      endoscopic sclerotherapy and occurred despite such antibiotic administration.
      This failure of prophylaxis may be due to factors specific to this patient;
      however, the efficacy of prophylaxis remains to be proven.

PMID- 2919590
TI  - Detection of human immunodeficiency virus-1 by 35S-RNA in situ hybridization in
      solitary esophageal ulcers in two patients with the acquired immune deficiency
      syndrome.
AB  - Esophageal disease frequently complicates the course of the acquire immune
      deficiency syndrome. In two patients with unusual refractory esophageal ulcers,
      we were able to demonstrate the presence of human immunodeficiency virus RNA in
      lymphocytes and mononuclear cells from the ulcer base, using an in situ
      hybridization technique. These observations suggest that human immunodeficiency
      virus may play a role in the development or persistence of solitary refractory
      esophageal ulcers.

PMID- 2919591
TI  - Kaposi's sarcoma with visceral involvement in a young heterosexual male without
      evidence of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome.
AB  - A case of disseminated Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) in a 21-yr-old white heterosexual
      male with cryptogenic cirrhosis and no serological or immunological evidence of
      acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is reported. The patient died 2 wk
      after diagnosis. Postmortem examination showed involvement of lymph nodes, liver,
      spleen, gastrointestinal tract, and bone marrow. This case demonstrates that
      Kaposi's sarcoma can occur in a young heterosexual male with normal immune
      function and in the absence of HIV infection.

PMID- 2919592
TI  - A case of Behcet's disease with intestinal involvement due to Crohn's disease.
AB  - A 15-yr-old, Arabic male presented with painful, recurrent, self-resolving oral
      and genital ulcers, erythema nodosum and uveitis. Behcet's disease was diagnosed.
      A few months later, he experienced anorexia, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and weight
      loss. Although all routine laboratory and radiologic investigations were
      negative, colonoscopy revealed the presence of serpiginous ulcers with
      pseudopolyps and inflamed intervening mucosa in the proximal half of the colon.
      Therapy with oral steroids was helpful, but the disease exacerbated a few months
      after prednisone was discontinued. Repeat evaluation showed similar endoscopic
      findings and, on colonic biopsy, noncaseating granulomas compatible with Crohn's
      disease were seen. Again, the patient responded well to oral steroids and
      sulfasalazine. We believe that gastrointestinal involvement in our patient is
      compatible with Crohn's disease and that screening tests to rule out chronic
      inflammatory bowel disease should be performed in the presence of
      gastrointestinal involvement in Behcet's disease. Behcet's disease may be a part
      of the spectrum of chronic inflammatory bowel disease.

PMID- 2919593
TI  - Short-term administration of SMS 201-995 in the management of an external
      pancreatic fistula.
AB  - A patient presented to the hospital with a persistent high-output (greater than
      250 ml/day) external pancreatic fistula after an enucleation of an insulinoma 5
      months earlier. Daily treatment with SMS 201-995, a long-acting somatostatin
      analogue, for 8 days decreased fistulous output to less than 5 ml/day. The
      patient was discharged in stable condition 9 days after admission. All drainage
      ceased 2 days later, and the fistula has remained closed. SMS 201-995 has been
      shown to be effective in decreasing fistulous output of external pancreatic
      fistulas of various origins. With its few side effects and remarkable
      effectiveness, SMS 201-995 should be considered in the conservative management of
      any external pancreatic fistula.

PMID- 2919594
TI  - Response to W. Scott Brooks, Jr., on prophylactic sclerotherapy.

PMID- 2919595
TI  - Acute calcular cholecystitis associated with Brucella melitensis.

PMID- 2919596
TI  - Pseudochylous ascites developed in a patient with chronic renal failure:
      importance of lipoprotein analysis.

PMID- 2919597
TI  - Penile metastases from esophageal carcinoma.

PMID- 2919598
TI  - Rifampin as antipruritic agent in primary sclerosing cholangitis.

PMID- 2919599
TI  - Acute renal failure associated with ioxaglate, a low-osmolality radiocontrast
      agent.
AB  - Iodinated radiocontrast agents may cause acute renal failure, particularly in
      patients with preexisting renal failure, heart failure, or diabetes. The low
      osmolality contrast agents cause less hypersensitivity, but substantial
      nephrotoxicity has not been noted. We report three high-risk patients who
      developed acute renal failure after one of these new agents, ioxaglate, was
      administered for coronary arteriography and ventriculography. The renal failure
      was severe: two of the patients required dialysis. We could find no previously
      reported cases of acute renal failure associated with ioxaglate. Despite their
      theoretical advantages, the low-osmolality contrast agents may cause acute renal
      failure in patients who are at risk and should be used with the same precautions
      as the conventional agents.

PMID- 2919600
TI  - Phosphate-binding effects of sucralfate in patients with chronic renal failure.
AB  - Sucralfate has been reported to reduce serum phosphate concentration in patients
      with chronic renal failure. To evaluate whether sucralfate could be used to treat
      hyperphosphatemia secondary to chronic renal failure and whether this treatment
      resulted in a reduced exposure to aluminum, an open-label crossover study was
      designed to determine the efficacy, relative potency, safety, and cost of
      sucralfate v aluminum hydroxide. Of the 21 hemodialysis patients completing both
      phases of the crossover study, serum phosphate could be maintained below 4.5
      mg/dL (1.45 mmol/L) in 16 with sucralfate and in 14 with aluminum hydroxide. The
      16 patients controlled on sucralfate consumed 1,694 +/- 190 mg/d of aluminum to
      maintain a serum phosphate concentration of 3.91 +/- 0.17 mg/dL (1.27 +/- 0.05
      mmol/L) compared with the 14 patients controlled on aluminum hydroxide with an
      aluminum intake of 2,678 +/- 294 mg/d (P less than 0.025) and a serum phosphate
      concentration of 3.94 +/- 0.13 mg/dL (1.27 +/- 0.04 mmol/L). Thus sucralfate was
      an effective, albeit expensive, alternative to aluminum hydroxide for the
      treatment of hyperphosphatemia associated with chronic renal failure. Although
      the difference in aluminum intake was significant, use of sucralfate did not
      result in lower serum aluminum concentrations.

PMID- 2919601
TI  - The protective mechanism of thyroidectomy in a rat model of chronic renal
      failure.
AB  - Selective thyroidectomy (Tx) has been shown to attenuate proteinuria and disease
      progression in models of chronic renal failure (CRF). In this investigation, four
      groups of Munich-Wistar rats were studied to determine if glomerular dynamics or
      another renal metabolic consequence of Tx was responsible for the protective
      effect as measured by 24-hour protein excretion (UPROT). The groups were TxT4,
      thyroxine-replaced Tx rats with five-sixths nephrectomy; Tx, Tx rats not
      receiving replacement thyroxine with five-sixths nephrectomy; TxI, Tx rats not
      receiving replacement thyroxine with five-sixths nephrectomy that were given
      continuous intraperitoneal isoproterenol to restore systemic and renal
      hemodynamics; and TxT4(C), two-kidney Tx rats receiving replacement thyroxine
      that served as normal controls. Five-sixths nephrectomy was carried out 2 weeks
      after Tx, and experiments were carried out 1 week later. Serum T4 was profoundly
      reduced and there was failure to gain weight in Tx and TxI rats, despite similar
      protein intakes in all groups. Cardiac output was reduced in Tx, but was similar
      in TxI to levels in TxT4 rats. Whole-kidney glomerular filtration rate was lower
      in Tx, at 0.145 +/- 0.052 mL/min (P less than 0.05), but similar in TxI (0.305 +/
      0.147 mL/min) to that in TxT4 rats (0.317 +/- 0.135 mL/min). Twenty-four-hour
      urinary protein, which was 129 +/- 57 mg in TxT4, was reduced in Tx to 9 +/- 3 mg
      (P less than 0.01) but restored in TxI to 89 +/- 30 mg, a level similar to that
      in TxT4.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2919602
TI  - Removal of intracellular waste products by hemofiltration.
AB  - Because the total amount of waste products removed by hemofiltration can be
      measured exactly, it was divided into two components, that removed from the
      extracellular compartment and that removed from the intracellular compartment,
      using inulin as a marker for extracellular fluid in five uremic patients treated
      with hemofiltration in the postdilution mode. The amount removed from the
      extracellular compartment as a proportion to the total amount removed from the
      whole body by hemofiltration was 86.5% +/- 10.6% for guanidinosuccinic acid,
      69.1% +/- 15.6% for sodium, 59.4% +/- 3.3% for uric acid, 56.4% +/- 2.1% for
      inorganic phosphate, 45.6% +/- 5.3% for creatinine, 43.1% +/- 7.2% for potassium,
      42.9% +/- 3.1% for guanidinoacetic acid, 42.5% +/- 7.5% for methylguanidine,
      37.2% +/- 8.4% for chloride, 36.3% +/- 2.8% for urea, and 6.9% +/- 2.9% for
      glucose. These results show that extracellular substances such as sodium and
      guanidinosuccinic acid were removed mainly from the extracellular compartment. On
      the other hand, glucose was removed only from the intracellular compartment,
      since blood glucose level is regulated. Although uric acid, inorganic phosphate,
      creatinine, potassium, guanidinoacetic acid, and methylguanidine are
      intracellular substances, they accumulated also in the extracellular fluid in
      renal failure, and were removed from both compartments, intracellular as well as
      extracellular, by hemofiltration.

PMID- 2919603
TI  - Effect of indomethacin on the glomerular filtration rate after a protein meal in
      humans.
AB  - The renal response to a protein meal has been characterized by increases in
      glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal plasma flow and decrease in renal
      vascular resistance. Several hormonal mediators of this response have been
      proposed, including renal prostaglandins (PGs). We studied ten normal subjects
      before and after ingestion of indomethacin. All subjects had three 30-minute
      baseline creatinine and iothalamate clearances measured before and three one-hour
      clearances measured after an 80-g protein meal. The night before the second test,
      the subjects took 25 mg indomethacin and 150 mg one hour before the test meal.
      Urine PG excretion decreased significantly during the second test, from 0.60 +/-
      0.23 to 0.30 +/- 0.14 ng/min (P less than 0.01). Initial iothalamate clearance
      increased from 110 +/- 10 to a mean of 122 +/- 15 mL/min/1.73 m2 (average
      increase of 12 mL/min/1.73 m2) during the second hour after the test meal. After
      ingestion of indomethacin, the GFR remained unchanged from a baseline of 101 +/-
      9 to 101 +/- 7 mL/min/1.73 m2 (average change of -1 mL/min/1.73 m2). Because the
      time of peak increase after the meal varied from subject to subject, the maximal
      increase in GFR after the meal was calculated and found to be significantly less
      during the second test, 13 +/- 3 v 22 +/- 4 mL/min/1.73 m2 (P less than 0.05).
      Because PGs can stimulate glucagon secretion and because glucagon has been
      suggested to mediate the protein-stimulate GFR response, we measured plasma
      glucagon during both tests; these levels were not different.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2919604
TI  - Peritoneal mucormycosis in a patient receiving continuous ambulatory peritoneal
      dialysis.
AB  - A 48-year-old man receiving maintenance hemodialysis for 3 years and continuous
      ambulatory peritoneal dialysis for 1 year developed a clinical picture compatible
      with peritonitis. Three successive fluid cultures were negative, and only after
      filtration of a large volume of peritoneal fluid a fungus identified as a
      Rhizopus sp was isolated in cultures of the filtering devices. The same fungus
      was also isolated from the peritoneal catheter cuff. Intravenous amphotericin B
      was administered and both the abdominal and general conditions of the patient
      improved transiently. Twenty days after initiation of antifungal treatment, a
      clinical suspicion of intestinal perforation arose and an exploratory laparotomy
      was scheduled, but the patient died during the anesthetic induction. The patient
      never received deferoxamine; any conditions predisposing to mucormycosis, such as
      diabetes or immunosuppression, were also absent.

PMID- 2919605
TI  - Two case studies from a family with primary Fanconi syndrome.
AB  - We report two cases from a family with primary Fanconi syndrome. A 39-year-old
      white woman with a history of frequent bone fractures developed hypophosphatemia,
      hypouricemia, hypokalemia, metabolic acidosis, and renal glycosuria. Her 15-year
      old son had renal glycosuria without metabolic acidosis. Both had mildly to
      moderately impaired renal function. Determination of amino acids in 24-hour urine
      specimens confirmed the generalized nature of aminoaciduria. Acid-loading,
      bicarbonate-loading, and phosphate-loading tests revealed that the mother had
      proximal (type II) renal tubular acidosis and excessive renal loss of phosphate
      for her level of renal function. These tests for the son were normal or within
      normal limits of his renal function. Known causes of Fanconi syndrome, such as
      cystinosis and Wilson's disease, were excluded by slit-lamp eye examination and
      leukocyte cystine level determination. One unexpected finding in the son was the
      preseNce of nephrocalcinosis on x-rays; a percutaneous needle biopsy of the
      kidney showed tubular atrophy, interstitial fibrosis, and calcium oxalate crystal
      deposits. The two cases presented here represent a familial variety of the
      primary Fanconi syndrome, a rare entity with a limited number of cases reported
      in the literature.

PMID- 2919606
TI  - Glomerular crescents and pregnancy.

PMID- 2919607
TI  - Common symptoms in ambulatory care: incidence, evaluation, therapy, and outcome.
AB  - PURPOSE AND PATIENTS AND METHODS: Many symptoms in outpatient practice are poorly
      understood. To determine the incidence, diagnostic findings, and outcome of 14
      common symptoms, we reviewed the records of 1,000 patients followed by house
      staff in an internal medicine clinic over a three-year period. The following data
      were abstracted for each symptom: patient characteristics, symptom duration,
      evaluation, suspected etiology of the symptom, treatment prescribed, and outcome
      of the symptom. Cost estimates for diagnostic evaluation were calculated by means
      of the schedule of prevailing rates for Texas employed by the Civilian Health and
      Medical Program of the Uniformed Services for physician reimbursement. RESULTS: A
      total of 567 new complaints of chest pain, fatigue, dizziness, headache, edema,
      back pain, dyspnea, insomnia, abdominal pain, numbness, impotence, weight loss,
      cough, and constipation were noted, with 38 percent of the patients reporting at
      least one symptom. Although diagnostic testing was performed in more than two
      thirds of the cases, an organic etiology was demonstrated in only 16 percent. The
      cost of discovering an organic diagnosis was high, particularly for certain
      symptoms, such as headache ($7,778) and back pain ($7,263). Treatment was
      provided for only 55 percent of the symptoms and was often ineffective. Where
      outcome was documented, 164 (53 percent) of 307 symptoms improved. Three
      favorable prognostic factors were an organic etiology (p = 0.006), a symptom
      duration of less than four months (p = 0.009), and a history of two or fewer
      symptoms (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: The classification, evaluation, and management
      of common symptoms need to be refined. Diagnostic strategies emphasizing organic
      causes may be inadequate.

PMID- 2919609
TI  - Screening for hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer: a study of 22 kindreds
      in The Netherlands.
AB  - PURPOSE: Identification of the hereditary non-polyposis colorectal carcinoma
      syndrome (HNPCC) is a basis for secondary prevention. The objectives of this
      study are to investigate the natural history of HNPCC and to assess the effect of
      screening. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Screening for colorectal carcinoma was performed
      in 22 HNPCC families (colonoscopy or double-contrast barium enema and
      sigmoidoscopy). The patients were subdivided into two groups. Group A comprised
      patients with colorectal cancer who were referred because they were symptomatic.
      Group B included family members of these patients who were found to have a
      colorectal lesion by screening. We compared these groups with respect to the
      stage of tumor growth. RESULTS: Histologic examination of the tumors in Group A
      (87 patients) revealed Dukes A carcinomas in six patients, Dukes B carcinomas in
      37, Dukes C carcinomas in 21, and Dukes D carcinomas in 10 patients
      (classification unknown in 13 patients). In Group B (20 patients), adenoma was
      found in 14 and carcinoma in six patients (Dukes A in two and Dukes B in four
      patients). A total of 93 patients, including those whose tumors were detected by
      screening, had a colorectal carcinoma. The age at diagnosis ranged from 24 to 81
      years (mean age: 46 years). The location of the colonic tumors was proximal in 60
      percent. Multiple primary tumors were found in 26 percent. CONCLUSION: These
      results suggest that screening leads to the early detection of colorectal
      carcinomas and adenomas in asymptomatic members of HNPCC families. Screening
      should be initiated at the age of 20 and continued during the life of the
      individual. Careful examination of the right colon is indicated because of the
      frequent occurrence of tumors in the proximal colon. A subtotal colectomy is
      indicated at the time of diagnosis of the initial colon cancer because of the
      risk of multiple primary tumors.

PMID- 2919608
TI  - Spectrum of dysautonomia in mitral valvular prolapse.
AB  - PURPOSE: Symptoms suggesting altered autonomic regulation of cardiovascular
      function have been noted in some patients with mitral valvular prolapse (MVP) but
      may also occur in patients with other disorders. We evaluated cardiovascular
      responses to autonomic stimuli in 118 patients with symptoms of dysautonomia, 78
      of whom had MVP, and 40 of whom did not, to determine if unique patterns of these
      responses distinguished patients in one symptomatic subgroup from another.
      SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The responses of patients to standing, quantitated Valsalva
      maneuver, facial immersion in ice water, and administration of isoproterenol,
      phenylephrine, and tyramine were compared with those in 12 asymptomatic patients
      with MVP and 23 normal volunteers. RESULTS: Constitutional, cardiovascular, and
      neuropsychiatric symptoms occurred with similar frequency in the two symptomatic
      patient groups. The most common pattern of abnormal responses in symptomatic
      patients with or without MVP was (1) an increased heart rate and elevated plasma
      norepinephrine levels while supine and then while standing quietly for five
      minutes, (2) an exaggerated increase in heart rate during phase II of Valsalva,
      (3) a diminished bradycardic response during phase IV of Valsalva, and (4) an
      exaggerated heart rate response to administration of isoproterenol. The increased
      heart rate during Valsalva, but not the exaggerated sensitivity to isoproterenol,
      was correlated with the magnitude of the chronotropic response to standing only
      in symptomatic patients with MVP. Exaggerated hypertensive overshoot during phase
      IV of Valsalva was observed in only a few symptomatic patients. No consistent
      pattern of these abnormalities, however, was noted in any of the patient
      subgroups. Hemodynamic responses to autonomic stimuli in asymptomatic MVP
      patients were generally indistinguishable from those observed in normal subjects.
      CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that abnormal cardiovascular responses to
      autonomic stimuli may occur in any patient with symptoms of dysautonomia
      regardless of the presence or absence of MVP and that the pattern of these
      abnormal responses may be diverse. It is therefore important to characterize the
      pattern of altered autonomic regulation of cardiovascular function in each
      patient when considering mechanistic implications or making therapeutic decisions
      about these patients.

PMID- 2919610
TI  - Thyroid hormone resistance in a large kindred: physiologic, biochemical,
      pharmacologic, and neuropsychologic studies.
AB  - PURPOSE: Thyroid hormone resistance affects the pituitary gland and a variety of
      other tissues. We studied a large kindred with this disorder and measured a
      number of clinical markers of tissue metabolism to determine if these markers
      were useful in elucidating the sites and degree of resistance. PATIENTS: A
      kindred of 89 persons in four generations was identified; 44 had thyroid function
      tests, and 14 (five to 67 years old) were found to have thyroid hormone
      resistance. RESULTS: The inheritance pattern was autosomal dominant, with no
      common HLA haplotype. Physiologic measurements in five affected members showed
      marked heterogeneity. Four patients had normal baseline cardiac contractility,
      but only two experienced a shortening of their QKd interval into the hyperthyroid
      range with triiodothyronine (T3) therapy. Intrathyroidal 127I content was
      increased in two patients and was normal in two. Bone mineral content was normal
      in two men, but two women had marked osteopenia. The propositus, hypothyroid
      after inappropriate 131I therapy, had a hypothyroid ventilatory response to
      hypercapnea. This response became low normal during T3 (100 micrograms/day)
      administration but not during long-term thyroxine (T4) (300 micrograms/day)
      administration. Three other patients had values within normal limits and one had
      a hyperthyroid ventilatory response. Peripheral biochemical markers of thyroid
      hormone action were measured in 13 affected and 19 unaffected family members. Sex
      hormone-binding globulin was increased in zero of 13 affected patients (versus 19
      of 20 hyperthyroid, chi 2:p less than 0.001); ferritin was elevated in two of 13
      patients (versus 11 of 20 hyperthyroid, p less than 0.02); angiotensin converting
      enzyme activity was increased in one of 13 patients (versus 12 of 20
      hyperthyroid, p less than 0.025). The eldest patient had marked cardiac
      sensitivity despite normal biochemical markers. We attempted to suppress the
      integrated thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) response to thyrotropin-releasing
      hormone (TRH) using T3 (72 and 100 percent suppression in two patients), dopamine
      (40 percent suppression in one), 3,5,3'-triiodothyroacetic acid (TRIAC) (94
      percent suppression in one), and verapamil (10 percent and 40 percent suppression
      in two). Neuropsychologic function was studied in 14 individuals (11 affected,
      three unaffected). Although mild impairments were detected, they were not
      specific for thyroid hormone resistance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2919611
TI  - Prevalence of granular lymphocyte proliferation in patients with rheumatoid
      arthritis and neutropenia.
AB  - PURPOSE: Granular lymphocyte proliferation and neutropenia with or without
      splenomegaly occurs with unknown frequency in rheumatoid arthritis. We decided to
      evaluate the prevalence of Felty's syndrome and granular lymphocyte proliferation
      among patients with rheumatoid arthritis and to determine the fraction of
      patients with granular lymphocyte proliferation who also had rheumatoid
      arthritis. PATIENTS, METHODS, AND RESULTS: We retrospectively analyzed 1,053
      cases of rheumatoid arthritis and 13,505 marrow examination reports for the
      decade 1978 to 1987. Among patients with Felty's syndrome rheumatoid arthritis
      with neutropenia/leukopenia, and rheumatoid arthritis with splenomegaly, we
      identified 18 patients with neutropenia as a manifestation of rheumatoid
      arthritis. We also identified marrow examinations in 150 patients with rheumatoid
      arthritis. Using blood counts, microscopy of marrow, and surface antigen analysis
      of mononuclear cells, we determined that 12 patients had typical Felty's syndrome
      and six had granular lymphocyte proliferation, representing prevalences of 1.1
      percent and 0.6 percent, respectively. No patient had granular lymphocyte
      proliferation without neutropenia. CONCLUSION: Granular lymphocyte proliferation
      and neutropenia with or without splenomegaly in rheumatoid arthritis commonly
      resembles typical Felty's syndrome. Further, the six patients with granular
      lymphocyte proliferation represent 20 percent of our institution's patients with
      granular lymphocyte proliferation, supporting the previously described common
      association of this disorder with rheumatoid arthritis. The relatively large
      fraction of deaths (due to malignancy and infection) among the patients with
      typical Felty's syndrome suggests that their mean survival may be comparatively
      less than in those with granular lymphocyte proliferation.

PMID- 2919612
TI  - Sleep apnea syndrome in chronic renal disease.
AB  - PURPOSE: We performed this study in order to expand on an earlier report
      indicating a high prevalence of the sleep apnea syndrome in male patients with
      end-stage renal disease treated with hemodialysis and to determine whether
      patients with chronic renal insufficiency (prior to the initiation of therapy for
      end-stage renal disease) and female patients with end-stage renal disease treated
      with hemodialysis were affected. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Polysomnography was
      performed in 26 male and female patients with chronic renal insufficiency and end
      stage renal disease treated with hemodialysis who were not receiving
      testosterone. They included 22 whose histories were suggestive of sleep apnea
      ("symptomatic") and four whose histories were not ("asymptomatic"). RESULTS:
      Sixteen of the symptomatic (73 percent) and none of the asymptomatic patients
      were found to have clinically significant sleep apnea syndrome (p less than
      0.02). Both female patients and patients with chronic renal insufficiency had
      sleep apnea. In nine of these 16 cases, the disorder was primarily of the
      obstructive type. CONCLUSION: These preliminary data raise the possibility of an
      association of chronic renal disease and the sleep apnea syndrome, and suggest
      that some of the daytime sleepiness and disturbed nocturnal sleep in such
      patients may be related to sleep apnea. They also indicate that questioning
      patients with chronic renal disease and symptoms suggestive of a sleep disorder
      is useful in determining who are at high risk for the sleep apnea syndrome.
      Further study is required to establish a causal relationship between chronic
      renal disease and the sleep apnea syndrome, and to determine the prevalence of
      the latter in patients with end-stage renal disease.

PMID- 2919613
TI  - One particular leviathan.

PMID- 2919614
TI  - The prospects of autopsy: mortui vivos docuerunt? ("Have the dead taught the
      living?").

PMID- 2919616
TI  - Hypercalcemia and renal insufficiency in a 56-year-old woman.

PMID- 2919615
TI  - Obtaining permission for an autopsy: its importance for patients and physicians.
AB  - This paper reviews the importance, benefits, and methods of increasing autopsy
      percentages. Its focus is on specific procedures for obtaining autopsy consent,
      particularly in terms of addressing the problems that most often interfere with
      obtaining permission for postmortem examination. Techniques for handling various
      misconceptions about autopsies are discussed. These guides for postmortem-related
      discussions with families will lead to improvement in overall physician
      performance and satisfaction.

PMID- 2919617
TI  - Hypersensitivity reaction to bacillus Calmette-Guerin treated with
      plasmapheresis.

PMID- 2919618
TI  - Superiority of magnetic resonance imaging over computer tomography for diagnosing
      isodense bilateral subdural hematomas.

PMID- 2919619
TI  - Primary amyloidosis with unusual bone involvement: reversibility with melphalan,
      prednisone, and colchicine.

PMID- 2919620
TI  - Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in a seronegative patient with visceral
      Kaposi's sarcoma and hypogammaglobulinemia.

PMID- 2919621
TI  - Myelofibrosis and aplastic anemia: first report of the two disorders occurring
      sequentially in the same person.

PMID- 2919622
TI  - Fatal colchicine toxicity.

PMID- 2919623
TI  - Allopurinol hepatotoxicity.

PMID- 2919624
TI  - Intrathoracic extramedullary hematopoiesis simulating post-traumatic
      intrathoracic hemorrhage.

PMID- 2919625
TI  - Retinoid-associated hypertriglyceridemia in chronic granulomatous disease.

PMID- 2919626
TI  - Transient isolated thyrotropin deficiency in the postpartum period.

PMID- 2919627
TI  - A new roentgenographic sign: the split eggshell sign for aortic arch aneurysms.

PMID- 2919628
TI  - Hypercalcemia, primary hyperparathyroidism, and cardiac calcifications.

PMID- 2919629
TI  - Clinical significance of hyperbilirubinemia associated with Staphylococcus aureus
      septicemia.

PMID- 2919630
TI  - Serial studies of auditory neurotoxicity in patients receiving deferoxamine
      therapy.

PMID- 2919632
TI  - Subclinical hypothyroidism in the neonate: not to treat.

PMID- 2919631
TI  - Characterization of a new G6PD variant: G6PD Titusville.
AB  - We describe a new glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase mutant, G-6-PD Titusville.
      The propositus is a 7-month-old black male infant with a transient hemolytic
      episode. The mutant enzyme is characterized by abnormal electrophoretic mobility,
      thermolability, Km for NADP, abnormal deamino NADP use and a decreased
      sensitivity to inhibition by NADPH. G-6-PD activity of hemolysate, as measured
      under optimal in vitro conditions, was not initially decreased, whereas
      fibroblasts, granulocytes, and platelets showed a markedly decreased level of
      enzyme activity. These properties identify G6PD Titusville as a unique variant of
      this X-linked, housekeeping enzyme. We conclude that although the propositus with
      G6PD Titusville had a transient hemolytic episode, we cannot be certain whether
      this association was a causative one.

PMID- 2919633
TI  - Remission of chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis to busulphan treatment.

PMID- 2919634
TI  - Different vasomotor action of nifedipine on dynamic coronary obstructions and
      therapeutic response in effort and prinzmetal angina.
AB  - Variations induced by nifedipine (10 mg sublingually) in the residual lumen
      diameter of significant (greater than 50%) coronary lesions were assessed
      angiographically in 58 patients with effort angina (group 1) and in 19 patients
      with Prinzmetal angina (group 2). A relationship was sought between these acute
      variations of the stenotic lumen and the clinical response to treatment with the
      same drug (20 mg four times daily). Treatment efficacy was evaluated with
      exercise testing in group 1 and Holter monitoring in group 2. In group 1 the
      residual segment of stenotic diameter showed an increase, decrease, or no change
      with the calcium antagonist. Nifedipine failed to improve 40% of the cases (21%
      unchanged and 19% worsened) in group 1. In the same group of patients, the
      responses to exercise tests were dissociated from the acute vasomotor pattern.
      Changes in the pressure-rate product also did not explain the clinical results.
      In group 2 the majority of lesions had compliant portions, which invariably
      reacted to nifedipine with dilatation. All patients with the Prinzmetal form had
      relief of the anginal episodes with treatment. These data suggest that the
      therapeutic efficacy of nifedipine in classic effort angina probably is the net
      result of influences on the myocardial oxygen consumption and supply, and the
      acute coronary vasomotor pattern does not allow to predict the clinical response.
      Stenotic lesions in the Prinzmetal form possess a distinct sensitivity to the
      relaxant action of calcium channel blockade, which reasonably explains the highly
      positive response to treatment.

PMID- 2919635
TI  - Survival on dialysis therapy: one center's experience.
AB  - Patient survival while undergoing renal replacement therapy was evaluated from
      January 1, 1967, through June 15, 1986. There were 1,216 patients, of which 230
      were treated by continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), 150 by home
      hemodialysis (HHD), and the remainder by dialysis in a free-standing dialysis
      facility (LCD). Covariate analysis found that patient survival on dialysis
      therapy was not influenced by race, sex, or marital status. Patients more than 60
      years of age and patients with renal failure secondary to diabetes mellitus or
      hypertension had the worst survival on dialysis. Patients entering into CAPD were
      associated with diminished survival when compared to HHD but not to LCD. The
      ability of the initial dialysis technique to maintain a person on dialysis was
      not different when patients were matched for age, race, and etiology of renal
      failure. Only a randomized prospective trial will answer the question as to
      whether continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis can maintain a patient at home
      as long as home hemodialysis.

PMID- 2919637
TI  - Hospitals that succeed with nurses.

PMID- 2919636
TI  - Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: cellular and molecular pathogenesis.
AB  - Diffuse involvement of the pulmonary interstitium with abnormal fibrous tissue is
      a process that occurs in many settings. There are many possible etiologies for
      pulmonary fibrosis, but in the majority of individuals, a clear cause cannot be
      determined and a diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) results.
      Despite limited knowledge concerning the etiology, recent advances in biomedical
      technology offer great promise for increasing our understanding of IPF. This
      review will focus on current concepts of the pathogenesis and therapy of IPF.

PMID- 2919638
TI  - Fighting over a critically ill patient.

PMID- 2919639
TI  - Cholesterol measurements--update.

PMID- 2919640
TI  - The White House nurses.

PMID- 2919641
TI  - How to fight MG fatigue.

PMID- 2919642
TI  - A mid-life crisis for baby-boomer nurses.

PMID- 2919643
TI  - Managing Myra's madness.

PMID- 2919644
TI  - Shared governance. Reality or sham?

PMID- 2919645
TI  - A career day--with a difference.

PMID- 2919646
TI  - Speaking out. More power to you.

PMID- 2919647
TI  - Commonsense tips for working with blind patients.

PMID- 2919648
TI  - An exercise program for dialysis patients.

PMID- 2919649
TI  - ECG rhythms made easier with algorithms.

PMID- 2919650
TI  - Midwest jobfocus. The midwest plains and simple.

PMID- 2919651
TI  - Why students choose ADN programs.

PMID- 2919652
TI  - Michigan jobfocus. Michigan's magic.

PMID- 2919653
TI  - She isn't what you see.

PMID- 2919654
TI  - Glucocorticoid receptor activation in isolated perfused rat hearts.
AB  - The formation of unactivated and activated glucocorticoid receptor complexes was
      studied in intact, isolated, perfused rat hearts in the presence of
      [3H]triamcinolone acetonide. Receptor activation, as quantified by the DNA
      cellulose-binding assay, began to increase within 30 s of perfusion and reached a
      final steady-state level (t 1/2 = 4.6 min) with 46% of the steroid-receptor
      complexes bound to DNA-cellulose. With the use of a linear potassium phosphate
      (KP) gradient (5-400 mM), unactivated receptors eluted from DEAE-cellulose anion
      exchange columns at approximately 250 mM KP. Two activated receptor forms
      appeared, which eluted either in the wash fraction (binder IB) or between 50 and
      100 mM KP (binder II) and occurred with half times of 1.3 and 2.7 min,
      respectively. Postperfusion cytosol preparation did not markedly influence the
      results as receptor binding was reduced by 10% or less when a 100-fold excess of
      unlabeled triamcinolone acetonide was included in the homogenizing buffer. We
      conclude from these results that glucocorticoids are able to exert a direct
      effect on the heart through binding to their own receptor in the absence of
      endogenous hormones. The time dependency of receptor activation supports a
      physiological role for this process. However, activation rates, determined from
      conformational changes associated with altered DEAE-cellulose elution profiles
      and appearance of activated receptor forms, occur earlier and may not be
      coordinated with the rate of activation as quantified by DNA-cellulose binding.

PMID- 2919655
TI  - Regulation of intracellular calcium by cell pH in vascular smooth muscle cells.
AB  - Intracellular calcium (Cai2+) and intracellular pH (pHi) are important regulators
      of a variety of intracellular processes. Cai2+ is a regulator of muscle
      contraction, but the role of pHi is unclear. The purpose of this study was to
      determine the effect of alterations of pHi on Cai2+. A7r5 vascular smooth muscle
      cells (VSMC) were grown to confluence on glass cover slips. Cai2+ was determined
      with the fluorescent probe fura-2 and pHi with 2,7-bis-carboxyethyl-5(6)-carboxy
      fluorescein (BCECF). Alkalinization of the VSMC by exposure to 20 mM NH4Cl (delta
      pHi 0.41 +/- 0.07) resulted in a rise in Cai2+ from 99 +/- 8 to 146 +/- 13 nM (n
      = 5) in the presence of extracellular Ca2+ (Cao2+). In the absence of Cao2+,
      NH4Cl-induced alkalinization also resulted in a Cai2+ rise (delta Cai2+ = 26 +/-
      4 nM, n = 5). Similar changes in Cai2+ were observed when cells were alkalinized
      by exposure to nigericin in a KCl buffer (pH 7.7). Neither 100 microM verapamil
      or 100 microM 8,8-(N,N-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate HCl (TMB-8)
      altered the alkaline-induced changes. After cellular Ca2+ stores were partially
      depleted by exposure to AVP in a Ca2+-free solution, subsequent cell
      alkalinization induced no changes in Cai2+. These results demonstrate that
      alkalinization of VSMCs leads to a rise in cytosolic Ca2+ via release of
      intracellular Ca2+ stores. The intracellular Ca2+ storage sites appear to be the
      same as those sites sensitive to AVP. Thus pHi may regulate Cai2+ and thereby
      play a role in the regulation of vascular smooth muscle tone.

PMID- 2919656
TI  - Regulatory volume decrease by cultured renal cells.
AB  - Volume regulatory responses of OK cells (a continuous epithelioid cell line from
      opossum kidney) are examined by electronic cell sizing and measurements of
      intracellular pH in cell suspensions. In response to a 40% reduction in
      osmolality, the cells swell and then subsequently shrink toward their starting
      volume. This regulatory volume decrease (RVD) is reduced by replacement of Cl- in
      the medium with acetate. Replacement of Cl- with NO3- accelerates the RVD. The
      RVD response is inhibited by 1 mM quinine or 100 microM 4,4'
      diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS) in the medium. The inhibitory
      effect of 100 microM DIDS (but not 1 mM quinine) is altered by replacement of Cl-
      by NO3- in the medium. Hypotonic challenge does not induce a DIDS-sensitive net
      flux of acid-base equivalents. Addition of (9 microM) valinomycin also inhibits
      the RVD response. It is suggested that the RVD response of OK cells involves
      activation of separate K+ and Cl- channels.

PMID- 2919657
TI  - Stimulation of K-C1 cotransport in rat red cells by a hemolytic anemia-producing
      metabolite of dapsone.
AB  - Dapsone, a sulfone compound used in the treatment of leprosy and, more recently,
      Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, produces as a major side effect a hemolytic
      anemia. This anemia is characterized by oxidation of hemoglobin to methemoglobin
      and increased splenic uptake of red blood cells. Using a rat model, Grossman and
      Jollow (J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 244: 118-125, 1988) found that dapsone
      hydroxylamine (DDS-NOH), a dapsone metabolite, is responsible for its hemolytic
      effect in vivo. DDS-NOH also promotes hemoglobin binding to SH groups on rat red
      cell membrane proteins (Budinsky et al., FASEB J. 2: A801, 1988). Since the
      binding of hemoglobin and other reagents (e.g., N-ethylmaleimide) to membrane SH
      groups has been associated with increased K transport in red blood cells, we
      examined the effect of DDS-NOH on K efflux from rat red blood cells in vitro.
      Cells shrink when exposed to DDS-NOH (100 microM) in media with plasma-like ionic
      composition. This shrinkage is prevented if extracellular K is raised to 110 mM
      or if intra- and extracellular Cl are replaced by methylsulfate (MeSO4),
      suggesting involvement of a K-Cl cotransport pathway. Indeed, 100 microM DDS-NOH
      produces a 4- to 5-fold increase in K efflux in cells containing Cl but less than
      a 2-fold increase in cells containing MeSO4. This stimulatory effect is specific
      for K; Na efflux is slightly inhibited by 100 microM DDS-NOH. The concentrations
      of DDS-NOH required for half-maximal stimulation of Cl-dependent K efflux (53
      microM) is similar to its half-maximal hemolytic concentration in rats
      (approximately 100 microM). Furthermore, the stimulation of Cl-dependent K efflux
      by DDS-NOH is greater than 80% reversed by subsequent treatment of the cells with
      dithiothreitol, suggesting involvement of SH groups. Our results indicate that
      DDS-NOH exposure stimulates an apparent K-Cl cotransport in rat red blood cells,
      resulting in cell shrinkage under physiological ionic conditions. Since shrinkage
      of red blood cells renders them less deformable (Mohandas et al., J. Clin.
      Invest. 66: 563-573, 1980), this suggests a pathophysiological mechanism whereby
      DDS-NOH exposure in vivo could promote increased splenic uptake of red blood
      cells and hemolytic anemia.

PMID- 2919658
TI  - Cross-bridge dephosphorylation and relaxation of vascular smooth muscle.
AB  - We tested the hypothesis that relaxation in vascular smooth muscle is the result
      of inactivation of myosin light chain kinase and cross-bridge dephosphorylation.
      Fast neurally mediated contractions of swine carotid medial strips were induced
      by electrical field stimulation. Termination of the stimulus resulted in
      relaxation with a half time of 2 min. Nifedipine (0.1 microM) increased the
      relaxation rate without significant effects on the contractile response. Cross
      bridge dephosphorylation was much faster than stress decay with basal levels
      reached within 1 min when 73% of the developed stress remained. The time-course
      data of dephosphorylation and stress were analyzed with a model that predicted
      the dependences of stress and isotonic shortening velocity on cross-bridge
      phosphorylation during contraction. Rate constants resolved from contraction data
      also fitted the relaxation data when the model's prediction was corrected for
      estimated errors in the phosphorylation measurements. Because Ca2+-dependent
      cross-bridge phosphorylation was the only postulated regulatory mechanism in the
      model, these results are consistent with the hypothesis that cross-bridge
      dephosphorylation is necessary and sufficient to explain relaxation in the swine
      carotid media.

PMID- 2919659
TI  - Acetylcholine-induced intracellular acidosis in rabbit salivary gland acinar
      cells.
AB  - Intracellular pH (pHi) was measured in acini isolated from rabbit mandibular
      salivary glands using the fluorescent pH-sensitive probe 2,7-bis(carboxyethyl)
      5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF). Resting pHi was estimated to be 7.13 +/- 0.01
      (mean +/- SE of 29 experiments). Stimulation with acetylcholine (ACh) caused an
      intracellular acidosis followed by a return of pHi toward the control value with
      a half time of approximately 3 min. The intracellular acidosis was dose dependent
      and could be abolished by pretreatment of the acini with atropine (10 microM),
      suggesting that it was due to a receptor-mediated event. Incubation of the acini
      in HCO3- -free solutions or treatment of the acini with the carbonic anhydrase
      inhibitor acetazolamide (1 mM) abolished the acidosis, suggesting that the
      acidosis might be caused by loss of HCO3- from the cell. The acidosis was not
      affected by either 1) pretreatment of the acini with the anion exchange inhibitor
      4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS), or 2) equilibration of
      the acini in Cl- -free solution (Cl- substituted with glucuronate). These results
      suggest that the postulated HCO3- efflux does not occur by Cl- -HCO3- exchange.
      However, Cl- -HCO3- exchange did appear to be present because replacement of Cl-
      caused a large DIDS-sensitive alkalinization of pHi, presumably caused by HCO3-
      uptake in exchange for Cl-. The recovery of pHi after the initial acidosis on
      stimulation with ACh could be blocked by 1 mM amiloride, suggesting that the
      recovery phase was mediated by Na+-H+ exchange.

PMID- 2919660
TI  - Effects of charge on membrane processing in the proximal nephron.
AB  - To examine the effects of molecular charge on membrane processing in renal
      tubular cells, the distribution of cationic and anionic ferritin was
      characterized in microperfused proximal nephron segments. During the first 7 min
      of proximal tubule perfusion, cationic ferritin was observed 1) bound to the
      brush-border membrane, 2) in apically positioned vesicles and vacuoles, 3) in
      lysosomes, 4) in vesicles adjacent to the basolateral plasmalemma, and 5) bound
      to the basolateral plasmalemma. Compared with anionic ferritin, the distribution
      of cationic ferritin was characterized by 1) a smaller relative grain density for
      lysosomes, 2) an accumulation of granules in an enlarged pool of apical
      cytoplasmic vesicles and vacuoles, and 3) a greater number of granules reaching
      the basolateral plasmalemma. During incubation directly in the presence of
      isolated renal cortical microvilli, binding of cationic ferritin increased
      significantly as pH was lowered from 8.0 to 4.5 and was greater than that of
      anionic ferritin, which varied little with pH. The data indicate that the
      molecular charge of endocytosed substances affects routing and membrane
      processing in proximal tubular cells, suggesting that their membrane-binding
      characteristics may influence transport patterns.

PMID- 2919661
TI  - Changes of tracheal smooth muscle stiffness during an isotonic contraction.
AB  - Stiffness of the series elastic component (SEC) of canine tracheal smooth muscle
      in isotonic contraction and relaxation was measured by applying small force
      perturbations to the muscle and measuring the resulting length perturbations. The
      quick, elastic length transient was taken as the change in length of the SEC
      (delta L). The force perturbation was a train of 10-Hz rectangular force waves
      varying from 0 to 10% maximum isometric tension (Po) in magnitude (delta P = 10%
      Po). Stiffness of the SEC was estimated by the ratio delta P/delta L. The change
      in SEC stiffness with respect to the change in muscle length was further studied
      by obtaining the stress-strain curves of the SEC at different muscle lengths
      using the load-clamping method. The clamps were applied at a fixed time (10 s
      after stimulation). Length of the muscle 10 s after contraction was controlled by
      the magnitude of the isotonic afterload. It was found that the apparent SEC
      stiffness increased as muscle length decreased. This stiffness increase is not
      likely due to an increase in the number of attached cross bridges, but it is
      probably due to the gradual diminution of the SEC length itself during muscle
      shortening.

PMID- 2919662
TI  - Detection of La3+ influx in ventricular cells by indo-1 fluorescence.
AB  - We exposed indo-1-loaded cultured embryonic chick ventricular cells to 0.03-1.0
      mM extracellular lanthanum concentration ([La3+]o) and simultaneously measured
      cell contractile motion and the 410/480 nm fluorescence intensity ratio. After
      exposure to La3+, ventricular cells stopped contracting and relaxed within
      seconds, and the 410/480 fluorescence ratio increased. The increase in the
      410/480 signal was related to [La3+]o but was not affected by short exposures to
      zero extracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]o) or caffeine, suggesting that
      the fluorescence was not caused by a La3+-induced increase in intracellular
      calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) but rather to increased intracellular lanthanum
      concentration ([La3+]i). In vitro studies confirmed that indo-1 fluorescence was
      sensitive to La3+. The increase in [La3+]i in 0.1 mM [La3+]o was directly related
      to intracellular sodium concentration ([Na+]i), suggesting that La3+ entered
      cells via Na+-La3+ exchange. In contrast to ventricular cells, which have a
      functionally distinct Na+-Ca2+ exchange system, exposure of indo-1-loaded
      cultured bovine endothelial cells to La3+ failed to produce an increase in
      [La3+]i. These results indicate that exposure of ventricular cells to 0.1-1.0 mM
      [La3+]o results in a [La3+]i greater than 250 nM within 1 min. Therefore, changes
      in myocardial 45Ca2+ fluxes and contents induced by La3+ cannot be ascribed
      solely to extracellular La3+ effects.

PMID- 2919663
TI  - Ca-induced Ca release in malignant hyperthermia-susceptible pig skeletal muscle.
AB  - To provide information regarding the cause of the muscle rigidity in malignant
      hyperthermia-susceptible (MHS) pigs, the Ca-induced Ca-release mechanism of the
      sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), the Ca uptake by the SR, and the Ca-activated
      tension production of the contractile system were examined in skinned skeletal
      muscle fibers from MHS and normal pigs. In muscles of MHS pigs, the rate of Ca
      induced Ca release was significantly higher than in normal muscle. The
      potentiation effect on Ca-induced Ca release by halothane and caffeine did not
      differ appreciably between MHS and normal fibers. The rate of Ca uptake by the SR
      and the Ca sensitivity of the contractile system of MHS fibers were not different
      from those of normal fibers, and halothane in an anesthetic concentration exerted
      no effect on them. Dantrolene inhibited the Ca-induced Ca release at 38 degrees
      C. These results suggest that the principal cause of malignant hyperthermia (MH)
      in MHS pigs is due to the enhancement of the Ca-induced Ca-release mechanism of
      the SR of the skeletal muscle.

PMID- 2919664
TI  - Inositol lipid turnover and compartmentation in canine trachealis smooth muscle.
AB  - We established conditions for the study of metabolism and compartmentation of
      inositol phospholipids in canine trachealis muscle. Unstimulated muscle was
      incubated with myo-[3H]inositol for 30 min at 37 degrees C which resulted in
      labeling of the tissue free myo-inositol pool, whereas only a small amount of
      radioactivity was incorporated into inositol phospholipids or inositol
      phosphates. After addition of 5.5 microM carbachol, phosphatidylinositol (PI),
      phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PIP), and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate
      (PIP2), specific radioactivities increased exponentially, reaching apparent
      constant values in 180-240 min. Initial rates of increases in PI, PIP, and PIP2
      specific radioactivities were 39, 32, and 66 times that measured in unstimulated
      muscle. Metabolic flux rates (nmol.100 nmol total lipid Pi-1.min-1) during
      development of force averaged 0.42 +/- 0.09 and during force maintenance averaged
      0.14 +/- 0.01. Fractions of total PI, PIP, and PIP2 pools that were linked to
      muscarinic cholinergic activation were estimated to be 0.97, 0.85, and 0.65,
      respectively. Initial rates of increase in specific radioactivities and specific
      radioactivities during carbachol activation were similar in PI, PIP, and PIP2
      fast active compartments, suggesting metabolic flux from PI to PIP to PIP2 was in
      near chemical equilibrium. Turnover times for PI, PIP, and PIP2 fast active
      compartments were estimated to be 21, 1.6, and 4.0 min, respectively.

PMID- 2919665
TI  - Na-Ca exchange in ferret red blood cells.
AB  - Ferrets have high Na (140 mmol/l) red blood cells. To determine whether ferret
      red cells had a Na-Ca exchange system, Na effluxes via the Na + K + 2Cl
      cotransrpoter and Ca effluxes via the Ca pump had to be inhibited. This was
      accomplished by replacing cell chloride with nitrate and by loading the cells
      with vanadate that inhibits the Ca pump. Under these conditions, extracellular Na
      (Naout) inhibited Ca influx. Intracellular Na (Nain) was required for the large
      Ca influx as replacement of Na with Li reduced Ca influx to less than one-tenth
      of the original rate. Caout stimulated Na efflux by about twofold. The Ca efflux
      from cells depleted of Na was increased from 0.8 to 3.2 mmol.l packed cells-1.h-1
      by the presence of Naout. Cells placed in a Na-free solution accumulated Ca:
      total intracellular Ca was 20-fold higher than free Caout. Most of this Ca was
      released on addition of the Ca ionophore, A23187. Because the Na gradient had
      driven net Ca uphill, the fluxes of Na and Ca are coupled. In a Na-free solution,
      the K1/2 for Ca influx was usually approximately 10 microM (occasionally
      approximately 100 microM), and the maximal velocity (Vmax was 1.5-4.4 mmol.l
      packed cells-1.h-1. At Naout = 150 mM, K1/2 increased 5- to 150-fold. In some
      cells, Naout decreased Vmax by approximately fourfold, suggesting that Naout does
      not always compete with Caout.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2919666
TI  - A simple device for rapidly exchanging solution surrounding a single cardiac
      cell.
AB  - This study describes the design and various physiological applications of a
      simple device to rapidly change the solution surrounding a single intact cardiac
      cell. It consists of a short length of double-barreled glass tubing (theta
      tubing) attached to a miniature solenoid. A cell is positioned in one of two
      parallel streams of solution that simultaneously flow from each barrel. Rapid
      solution switching is achieved by activation of the solenoid that directs the
      adjacent stream over the cell, changing the bulk solution within 7 ms.
      Approximately 150 ms were required to change the solution at the membrane surface
      of guinea pig ventricular cells, judging from potassium-induced changes in
      resting membrane potential. This delayed response was probably due to, in part,
      restricted diffusion in the transverse tubular system. The switching speed of
      this device makes it possible to change extracellular solutions during action
      potentials and voltage-clamp pulses.

PMID- 2919667
TI  - Physiological attributes of endogenous bioactive luteinizing hormone secretory
      bursts in man.
AB  - The exact nature of glandular secretory events is difficult to discern in vivo,
      since underlying patterns of hormone release are confounded by metabolic
      clearance. Moreover, conventional immunoassay does not always agree with
      bioassay. Here, we have used the rat interstitial cell testosterone in vitro
      bioassay of luteinizing hormone (LH) to measure serial LH concentrations in the
      normal adult human male. The resultant bioactive LH time series were analyzed by
      a deconvolution model in which circulating hormone concentrations are controlled
      by the operation of four finite, nonzero, and determinable parameters: 1) the
      location(s); 2) the amplitude(s), and 3) the half-duration(s) of underlying
      secretory bursts, acted on by 4) endogenous exponential clearance kinetics. A
      macroscopic secretory burst was modeled in the algebraic form of a Gaussian
      distribution of instantaneous molecular secretory rates. The physiological
      implications of this model were examined by analyzing bioactive LH pulsatility in
      eight men sampled every 10 min for 6 h. Multiple-parameter deconvolution
      disclosed endogenous bioactive LH half-lives of 53 +/- 5.4 min (range 38-76 min),
      in agreement with earlier independent estimates of 65 +/- 4.9 (42-87) min in four
      LH-deficient men given a 35 micrograms iv bolus of human LH. Calculated
      endogenous production rates of bioactive LH (0.48 +/- 0.06 mIU.min-1.ml-1) were
      also in accord with values estimated previously from steady-state infusions of
      LH. Deconvolution further indicated that underlying bioactive LH secretory bursts
      had half-durations of only 12.2 +/- 1.5 min, occurred at intervals of 56 +/- 1.3
      min, and achieved amplitudes of 2.1 +/- 0.26 mIU.min-1.ml-1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2919668
TI  - Attenuation of the osmotic release of vasopressin by enkephalins in dogs.
AB  - To assess the possible role of circulating enkephalins in the osmotic release of
      vasopressin, Met5 (M-Enk)- or Leu5-enkephalin (L-Enk) dissolved in 0.9 or 10%
      NaCl was infused to either anesthetized or conscious dogs at a dose of 3.5 nM.kg
      1.min-1 for 15 min. Intravenous infusion of M-Enk or L-Enk produced 150- to 200
      fold increases in their plasma levels, and the elevated levels were maintained
      during the infusion. Although blood pressure (BP) in anesthetized dogs decreased
      significantly during L-Enk infusion, BP in conscious dogs was unaffected by both
      enkephalins. Neither M-Enk nor L-Enk infusion affected plasma vasopressin
      concentration (PAVP) in these anesthetized and conscious dogs that were not
      osmotically stimulated. PAVP in conscious time control dogs increased
      significantly after start of 10% NaCl infusion in spite of an increase in BP. M
      Enk or L-Enk significantly blunted the increase in PAVP induced by 10% NaCl
      infusion. This attenuation was not accompanied by any significant changes in
      plasma sodium concentration and BP compared with those of time control dogs. Thus
      increase in plasma enkephalins attenuates the osmotic release of vasopressin.

PMID- 2919669
TI  - Effect of hypercalcemia-producing tumor on 1,25(OH)2D3 biosynthesis in athymic
      mice.
AB  - Serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] levels are low in patients with
      malignancy-associated hypercalcemia (MAH), whereas murine models of MAH have high
      circulating 1,25(OH)2D3. To determine the effects of a hypercalcemia-producing
      tumor on circulating 1,25(OH)2D3, in vitro 25-hydroxyvitamin D1-hydroxylase
      (1OHase) activity was measured in kidneys from BALB/c athymic mice implanted with
      a hypercalcemia-producing human lung tumor. Twelve days of low-phosphorus diet
      (LPD) in control animals lowered serum phosphorus to levels found in tumor
      bearing mice fed normal phosphorus diet (NPD; 4.1 +/- 0.3 vs. 4.4 +/- 0.7 mg/dl,
      P = NS) and increased 1OHase activity (1.6 +/- 0.2 vs. 3.9 +/- 0.7 pmol.mg
      protein-1.5 min-1, NPD vs. LPD, P less than 0.05). 1OHase activity was greater in
      tumor-bearing animals fed NPD compared with control animals fed LPD (8.4 +/- 0.6
      vs. 3.9 +/- 0.7 pmol.mg protein-1.5 min-1, P less than 0.01). High-phosphorus
      intake suppressed 1OHase activity in both control and tumor-bearing animals.
      Seven days of parathyroid hormone infusion in control animals fed NPD raised
      serum calcium (9.4 +/- 0.2 vs. 13.3 +/- 1.6 mg/dl, P less than 0.05) and
      suppressed 1OHase activity (0.25 +/- 0.02 vs. 0.02 +/- 0.002 pmol.mg protein-1.5
      min-1, P less than 0.001). The inverse relationship of serum phosphorus and
      1OHase activity was much steeper in the tumor-bearing animals, with greater
      enzyme activity at comparable levels of serum phosphorus. The present study
      indicates that 1) factors produced by the tumor stimulate 1OHase activity, and 2)
      hypophosphatemia is required for expression of enhanced enzyme activity.

PMID- 2919670
TI  - Palmitate oxidation by isolated working fetal and newborn pig hearts.
AB  - Palmitate oxidation and the effect of palmitate on glucose and lactate
      utilization were investigated in isolated, perfused, fetal (0.9 gestation), and
      neonatal (2 day old) pig hearts. Hearts were perfused under working conditions,
      developing a mean aortic pressure of 50-55 mmHg, paced at 180 beats/min for 30
      min, with Krebs-Henseleit buffer containing 3% albumin, glucose (5 mM), and
      insulin (100 microU/ml). Palmitate (1 mM) and lactate (5 mM), either individually
      or in combination, were added to the perfusion buffer. Palmitate oxidation was
      assessed from 14CO2 production from [U-14C]-palmitate, glucose uptake as 3H2O
      production from D-[2-3H]-glucose, and lactate metabolism from changes in buffer
      lactate content. After perfusion, ATP, creatine phosphate, triglycerides, and
      glycogen were measured. Substantial palmitate oxidation was observed at both ages
      but was greater in neonatal hearts. Nevertheless, palmitate inhibited lactate
      utilization and glucose uptake similarly in fetal and neonatal hearts. Lactate
      also reduced palmitate uptake and oxidation by 40-60% in both fetal and neonatal
      hearts. During perfusions with palmitate, tissue concentrations of triglycerides
      increased approximately threefold in fetal hearts and were unaffected by lactate.
      Thus both palmitate and lactate can act as major energy substrates for the
      immature heart. Both substrates significantly (P less than 0.01) suppress glucose
      utilization, and each has suppressive effects on the other's metabolism.

PMID- 2919671
TI  - On the measurement of lactate turnover in humans.

PMID- 2919673
TI  - Regulation of intestinal biotin transport in the rat: effect of biotin deficiency
      and supplementation.
AB  - The effect of biotin deficiency and supplementation at pharmacological doses on
      the intestinal transport of the vitamin was examined in the rat using a brush
      border membrane vesicle (BBMV) technique. Transport of biotin in both jejunal and
      ileal BBMV was significantly (P less than 0.05-0.01) higher in biotin-deficient
      rats compared with control (pair-fed) rats. This increase in biotin transport
      appeared to be specific because transport of D-glucose was similar in the two rat
      groups. The increase in biotin transport in the deficient rats appeared to be
      mediated through a marked increase (146-230%) in the Vmax of the biotin transport
      process (with minimal change in the apparent Km), suggesting an increase in the
      number of the transport carriers. In contrast, supplementation at pharmacological
      doses of biotin caused significant (P less than 0.05-0.01) and specific decrease
      (suppression) in biotin transport compared with (unsupplemented) controls. The
      suppression of biotin transport in the supplemented rats appeared to be mediated
      through a marked decrease (58%) in the Vmax of the biotin transport process (with
      minimal change in the apparent Km), suggesting a decrease in the number of the
      transport carriers. These results provide evidence that biotin transport in the
      intestine is regulated by the level of the vitamin in the diet (and/or body
      stores). Furthermore, the results demonstrate the ability of the small intestine
      to adapt to the challenge of deficiency of an essential nutrient, a capability
      that may be crucial for the survival of the animal.

PMID- 2919672
TI  - Mechanisms contributing to gastric motility changes induced by PAF-acether and
      endotoxin in rats.
AB  - Platelet-activating factor (PAF) may be involved in the pathophysiology of
      gastrointestinal damage and motility changes. The effects of PAF in inducing
      gastric contractions in vivo have now been determined in pentobarbital sodium
      anesthetized rats. Local intra-arterial infusion of PAF (5-50 ng.kg-1.min-1 for
      10 min) induced a maintained rise in intragastric pressure followed by a further
      postinfusion increase. Inhibitors of eicosanoid biosynthesis had no effect on
      these gastric motility changes. However, pretreatment with cimetidine or
      methysergide decreased by 50% the initial increase in intragastric pressure,
      whereas mepyramine, adrenergic alpha- and beta-receptor blockade, atropine,
      hexamethonium, or vagotomy had no effect. During the local infusion of
      tetrodotoxin, the initial increase in intragastric pressure was not maintained,
      and the postinfusion increase was abolished. With these inhibitors and
      antagonists, there was no consistent correlation between the extent of PAF
      induced mucosal damage and increase in intragastric pressure. Tetrodotoxin had no
      effect on the changes in intragastric pressure induced by the thromboxane mimetic
      U-46619. Administration of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhosa endotoxin (50
      mg/kg iv) also increased intragastric pressure, which peaked after 10 min and
      slowly declined thereafter. These effects were inhibited by the specific PAF
      receptor antagonist L652,731, suggesting that the endogenous release of PAF may
      contribute to the endotoxin-induced increases in gastric motility. The present
      study suggests that PAF initially acts directly on smooth muscle and through
      histamine and serotonin release with a secondary motility response due to
      activation of nonadrenergic noncholinergic, neuronal activity.

PMID- 2919674
TI  - Biliary obstruction dissipates bioelectric sinusoidal-canalicular barrier without
      altering taurocholate uptake.
AB  - To study immediate events during extrahepatic cholestasis, we investigated the
      effect of short-term biliary obstruction on the bioelectrical sinusoidal
      canalicular barrier in the rat using molecular weight-matched uncharged and
      negatively charged inert solute pairs. The bioelectrical barrier averaged -22 +/-
      5 and -18 +/- 4 mV (NS) using the pair carboxy-/methoxyinulin and
      ferrocyanide/sucrose, respectively. After a 20-min biliary obstruction both
      decreased by 61 and 11%, respectively, but only the large molecular weight pair
      (the inulins) returned to base line after release of the obstruction. Inert
      solute clearances were increased after short biliary obstruction depending on
      molecular size and negative charge (ferrocyanide greater than sucrose greater
      than carboxyinulin greater than inulin), suggesting that both permeability and
      bioelectrical barriers were affected by obstruction. The hepatic extraction in
      vivo of a passively transported drug not excreted into bile (D-propranolol) was
      not affected by obstruction, whereas that of an actively transported drug
      (glycocholate) decreased from 66 +/- 8 to 41 +/- 20% during biliary obstruction
      (P less than 0.01). Unidirectional transfer of glycocholate was not affected by
      short-term biliary obstruction in the situ perfused rat liver; however, 2 min
      after [14C]glycocholate administration, increased return was observed in hepatic
      venous effluent in obstructed animals. Our findings demonstrate a loss of the
      bioelectrical barrier immediately after short-term biliary obstruction. Decreased
      hepatic extraction in the view of unaltered sinusoidal uptake demonstrates
      regurgitation of bile into blood during short-term biliary obstruction.

PMID- 2919675
TI  - Effect of Yersinia enterocolitica on intestinal mucin secretion.
AB  - Mucin and glycoprotein synthesis and secretion were evaluated in the upper, mid,
      and distal small intestine and in the proximal colon of rabbits infected with
      Yersinia enterocolitica (YE). Infected (INF) animals were examined on day 6 and
      compared with pair-fed controls and unmanipulated weight-matched rabbits. Tissue
      mucin content in vivo and mucin secretion in vitro, measured by a specific
      immunoassay, were significantly elevated in all four regions of the gut of INF
      rabbits compared with both control groups. In vitro secretion of stored
      glycoprotein, prelabeled with [3H]glucosamine, was not increased in the upper and
      mid small intestine of INF animals but was significantly elevated in the distal
      small intestine and proximal colon. In vitro incorporation of [14C]glucosamine
      was increased in all four regions of the gut of INF rabbits, but secretion of
      newly synthesized [14C]glycoprotein was only significantly elevated in the distal
      small intestine and proximal colon. A graded response was observed down the
      intestinal tract of INF rabbits, with the greatest increase in mucin content,
      synthesis and secretion occurring in the distal small intestine and proximal
      colon where the morphological impact of disease is also most severe.

PMID- 2919676
TI  - Bombesin ingestion stimulates epithelial digestive cell proliferation in suckling
      rats.
AB  - The characterization of a bombesin-like peptide in the breast milk of some
      mammals might suggest that this peptide may influence, in part, the postnatal
      development of the digestive tract. To test this hypothesis, our experiments
      investigated whether oral administration of bombesin affects epithelial
      progenitor cell proliferation in digestive organs of suckling and weaned rats.
      Four series of pups were given bombesin diluted in milk (20 micrograms/kg, 3
      times daily) or milk alone, for 5 days during either the first, second, third, or
      fourth week of life. Pups were killed after [3H]thymidine pulse labeling. DNA
      labeling and mitotic indices were estimated in the oxyntic, antral, colonic
      mucosae, and exocrine pancreas. In all tissues examined, oral bombesin
      significantly increased over control values the two cell proliferative parameters
      studied during the suckling period (P less than 0.05 to P less than 0.001). In
      bombesin-treated rats, maximal stimulation of these parameters occurred in the
      second week of life. This effect of oral bombesin on the cell kinetics
      disappeared in all tissues after weaning. This study confirms the growth
      promoting effect of bombesin observed on the digestive system of the neonatal rat
      after subcutaneous administration of the peptide and shows that bombesin, when
      given orally to suckling rats, is sufficiently resistant to proteolysis to enable
      it to exert a stimulatory effect on digestive cell proliferation. However, our
      findings as such do not prove that milk bombesin-like peptide has a physiological
      influence on the developing gastrointestinal tract and pancreas.

PMID- 2919677
TI  - Intraenterocyte distribution of absorbed lipid and effects of
      phosphatidylcholine.
AB  - The present studies were designed to investigate the distribution of absorbed
      lipid in intestinal mucosal cells and to identify the chylomicron precursor pool.
      Rats were infused intraduodenally with glyceryl tri[9,10(n)-3H]oleate (135
      mumol/h); other rats were in addition infused with 9 mumol/h of
      phosphatidylcholine. After 5-h infusion the proximal one-half of intestine was
      removed and the mucosa obtained. It was found that 50% of the radioactivity in
      the whole homogenate pelleted on centrifugation at 75,000 g.min. The supernatant
      was further fractionated by high-speed centrifugation resulting in a floating
      lipid layer, a supernatant, and a microsomal pellet. The results showed that
      these subcellular fractions had a triacylglycerol specific activity 46-52% of the
      infusate's specific activity. Including phosphatidylcholine in the duodenal lipid
      infusion increased the triacylglycerol specific activity of all subcellular
      fractions (70%) resulting in a specific activity approaching that of the
      infusate, which would be expected of chylomicron triacylglycerol. These studies
      demonstrate 1) that considerable mucosal lipid is distributed into a low-speed
      pellet, 2) that mucosal triacylglycerol specific activity can be greatly
      increased by including phosphatidylcholine in a lipid infusion, and 3) that
      despite obtaining multiple subcellular fractions, the chylomicron precursor pool
      could not be clearly identified in the mucosa of control rats.

PMID- 2919678
TI  - Autoregulation of muscarinic and gastrin receptors on gastric parietal cells.
AB  - In previous studies we demonstrated that parietal cell stimulation with gastrin
      and carbamoylcholine (carbachol) is accompanied by increased turnover of membrane
      inositol phospholipids. We conducted the present studies to examine whether
      membrane-associated protein kinase C activity is enhanced as a consequence of
      these events and to explore the role of this enzyme in regulating parietal cell
      function. We observed that carbachol and gastrin dose dependently increased
      membrane-associated protein kinase C activity while histamine did not.
      Furthermore, compounds such as phorbol esters and diacylglycerol, which are known
      to be direct stimulants of protein kinase C activity, also stimulated parietal
      cell aminopyrine uptake. In contrast, the phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol
      13-acetate and the synthetic diacylglycerol 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol
      inhibited both aminopyrine uptake and membrane inositol phospholipid turnover in
      parietal cells induced by carbachol and gastrin. The inhibitory effect appeared
      to result from reduction in the quantity of muscarinic and gastrin receptors
      without alterations in their specific affinities. These data suggest that protein
      kinase C mediates stimulation of parietal cells by gastrin and carbachol but also
      activates an autoregulatory mechanism via downregulation of muscarinic and
      gastrin receptors.

PMID- 2919679
TI  - Postprandial gastrointestinal blood flow and oxygen consumption during
      environmental cold stress.
AB  - We studied the independent and combined effects of feeding and environmental cold
      stress by measuring pre- and postprandial gastrointestinal blood flow (QGI),
      oxygen consumption (GIVO2), and oxygen extraction (GIO2ex) in seven awake 3- to 4
      day-old piglets while in a thermoneutral environment (control phase, 31 degrees
      C) and during environmental cold stress (experimental phase, 20.5 degrees C).
      Each animal consecutively completed both the control and experimental phases. In
      the control phase, measurements were made before and 30 min after feeding. In the
      experimental phase, measurements were made before and 30 min after induction of
      cold stress. A feeding was then given and measurements repeated 30 min later
      during continued cold stress. QGI (ml.100 g-1.min-1) increased postprandially
      while in a thermoneutral environment (130 +/- 11 to 152 +/- 12) but not while in
      a cold environment (126 +/- 15 to 121 +/- 8). Postprandial GIVO2 (ml O2.100 g
      1.min-1) increased from 2.1 +/- 0.2 to 3.7 +/- 0.5 while in a warm environment.
      During preprandial cold stress, an unexpected increase in GIVO2 was observed (1.7
      +/- 0.2 to 3.1 +/- 0.5). Feeding while in a cold environment provoked a further
      significant increase in GIVO2 (3.1 +/- 0.5 to 4.2 +/- 0.4). All increases in
      GIVO2 were associated with increased GIO2ex. This study has demonstrated that 1)
      postprandial GIVO2 is appropriately increased during cold stress as a function of
      GIO2ex and 2) that fasting GIVO2 is increased during cold stress, demonstrating
      an intestinal metabolic contribution to cold-induced systemic thermogenesis.

PMID- 2919680
TI  - Stimulation of oxygen uptake by glucagon is oxygen dependent in perfused rat
      liver.
AB  - Livers from well-fed female Sprague-Dawley rats (100-150 g) were perfused at flow
      rates of 4 or 8 ml.g liver-1.min-1 to deliver O2 to the organ at various rates.
      During perfusion at normal flow rates (4 ml.g-1.min-1), glucagon (10 nM)
      increased O2 uptake in perfused liver by approximately 40 mumol.g-1.h-1. In
      contrast, glucagon increased O2 uptake by nearly 100 mumol.g-1.h-1 when livers
      were perfused at high flow rates. Increase in O2 uptake was directly proportional
      to flow rate and was blocked partially by infusion of phorbol myristate acetate
      (100 nM) before glucagon. Increase in O2 uptake due to elevated flow was not due
      to enhanced glucagon delivery, since infusion of 120 nM glucagon at normal flow
      rates only increased O2 uptake by approximately 40 mumol.g-1.h-1. On the other
      hand, when O2 tension in the perfusate was manipulated at normal flow rates, the
      stimulation of O2 uptake by glucagon increased proportional to the average O2
      tension in the liver. Infusion of 8-bromo-adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate
      (BrcAMP; 25 microM) also increased O2 uptake more than twice as much at high
      compared with normal flow rates. In the presence of angiotensin II (5 nM), a
      hormone that increases intracellular calcium, glucagon increased O2 uptake by
      nearly 100 mumol.g-1.h-1 at normal flow rates. Infusion of glucagon or BrcAMP
      into livers perfused at normal flow rates increased state 3 rates of O2 uptake of
      subsequently isolated mitochondria significantly by approximately 25%. In
      contrast, perfusion with glucagon or BrcAMP at high flow rates increased
      mitochondrial respiration by 50-60%. Glucagon addition acutely to suspensions of
      mitochondria, however, had no effect on O2 uptake. These data are consistent with
      reports that glucagon administration in vivo or treatment of intact cells with
      glucagon increases O2 uptake of subsequently isolated mitochondria, a phenomenon
      that can account for the observed increase in O2 uptake in livers perfused at
      high flow rates with glucagon. Furthermore, these results are consistent with the
      hypothesis that the effect of glucagon on mitochondria is O2 dependent in the
      perfused liver. This is most likely due to an effect of intracellular calcium on
      a mechanism mediated via cAMP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2919681
TI  - Ethanol stimulates leucine uptake by rat fetal hepatocytes via trans-stimulation.
AB  - Prior studies showed that exposure of cultured rat fetal hepatocytes to ethanol
      increased sodium-independent transport of alpha-amino-isobutyric acid and
      cycloleucine. Using leucine (Leu) as a probe, we now show that this is a
      reflection of trans-stimulation of system L inward flux. Transport of Leu was
      entirely sodium independent and beta-2-aminobicyclo(2,2,1)-heptane-2-carboxylic
      acid inhibitable. Uptake kinetics indicated two components, likely systems L1 and
      L2 reported for the adult hepatocyte. The low-affinity Km was in the 0.5 mM
      range, whereas the high-affinity Km was 2% of that value. Under optimal growth
      conditions, approximately 65% of the Leu was transported by the latter system.
      Strong bidirectional exchange was shown with Leu loading, stimulating initial Leu
      uptake by 66%. Externally directed transport was enhanced 2.9 times against 5 x
      10(-3) M Leu vs. no external Leu. A 24-h exposure to ethanol (2 mg/ml) increased
      Leu uptake by up to 100%, an effect that could be mimicked by arrested cell
      replication. Both enhanced rates could be reversed by amino acid depletion,
      reflecting intracellular amino accrual that induced trans-stimulation of Leu
      uptake. Enhanced uptake was also reproduced in replicating cells by loading with
      increasing concentrations of Leu.

PMID- 2919682
TI  - Omeprazole and cimetidine versus pentagastrin in canine ex vivo gastric chamber.
AB  - The effects of acid inhibitory doses of omeprazole were compared with
      equieffective doses of cimetidine in the canine ex vivo stomach model (n = 30).
      Systemic blood pressure, temperature, stomach fluid and ion fluxes, potential
      difference, blood flow rates, and arterial and venous blood gases were monitored
      during each of nine 30-min periods. Two resting periods preceded seven periods of
      pentagastrin stimulation. During the last four of these, the drug effect was
      recorded (cimetidine 1.2 or 4.8 mumol.kg-1.h-1; omeprazole 0.3, 0.6, or 1.2
      mumol/kg). Omeprazole (1.2 mumol/kg) produced 100% inhibition of stimulated acid
      efflux, no significant decrease in total gastric blood flow (venous outflow), 90%
      return of potential difference (PD) toward resting values, and a 55% reduction in
      stimulated oxygen consumption. Omeprazole also showed a dose-dependent K+ efflux
      at the two lower doses. Cimetidine (4.8 mumol.kg-1.h-1) given during pentagastrin
      stimulation showed a 70% decrease in total gastric blood flow, a 40% return of PD
      toward resting, and a 77% reduction in stimulated oxygen consumption. Neither
      drug showed significant changes in mucosal blood flow from resting values, thus
      supporting the principle that changes in gastric acid secretion and changes in
      blood flow are not necessarily correlated.

PMID- 2919683
TI  - Inhibition of gastric emptying by glucose depends on length of intestine exposed
      to nutrient.
AB  - Nutrients inhibit gastric emptying in a dose-related fashion. We postulated that
      load-dependent gastric emptying results from the saturation of mucosal absorptive
      mechanisms, so that a longer length of the small intestine is exposed to
      unabsorbed nutrients as more nutrient enters the intestine to participate in this
      negative feedback. To test this idea, we limited exposure of 0.25 to 1.0 M
      glucose meals to various lengths of duodenum and jejunum in 17 dogs. The effects
      of these limited perfusions were then compared with experiments in which the
      whole gut (ALL) was exposed to the nutrient. Maximal inhibition was seen with 1.0
      M meal and was similar with perfusions of 150 cm and ALL. By contrast, even with
      the 1.0 M load, no inhibition of gastric emptying was seen when glucose meal was
      confined to the first 15 cm of the proximal duodenum. Only 50-60% of maximal
      inhibition was observed during confinement of 1.0 M meal to the proximal 65 cm.
      We concluded that glucose sensors are present in both the proximal and the distal
      gut and the inhibition was related to the length of the small intestine exposed
      to glucose.

PMID- 2919684
TI  - Quantitation of metabolites of isolated chicken enterocytes using NMR
      spectroscopy.
AB  - Isolated enterocytes prepared from chicken small intestine were studied by proton
      nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Perchloric acid extracts of cells were prepared
      from duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, and concentrations of 19 different metabolites
      were determined after the virtually complete assignment of all peaks in the
      aliphatic region of the spectrum. High concentrations of serine ethanolamine
      phosphodiester (SEP), creatine, taurine, and acidic amino acids were found in all
      segment extracts. Relatively high concentrations of SEP (approximately 12 mM) and
      acidic amino acids (approximately 3.5 mM) were found in the ileum, whereas
      creatine (3 mM) and lactate (6.5 mM) were found at higher concentrations in
      jejunum. Taurine (approximately 8 mM), choline (0.5 mM), and betaine
      (approximately 0.5 mM) were evenly distributed throughout the segments. Fasting
      (40 h) led to substantial increases in the concentrations of pyruvate, succinate,
      SEP, and taurine, while neutral hydrophobic amino acid concentrations fell
      appreciably. The significance of the findings is discussed, and the possible
      contributions of SEP, taurine, and choline to membrane lipid homeostasis are
      considered.

PMID- 2919685
TI  - New horizons for liaison psychiatry: biomedical technologies and human rights.

PMID- 2919686
TI  - The meaning of culturally sensitive research in mental health.
AB  - To answer the question of what culturally sensitive mental health research is,
      the author focuses on the entire process of research. He argues that research is
      made culturally sensitive through a continuing, incessant, and open-ended series
      of substantive and methodological insertions and adaptations designed to mesh the
      process of inquiry with the cultural characteristics of the group being studied.
      Illustrations include pretesting and planning of research, collection of data and
      translation of instruments, instrumentation of measures, and analysis and
      interpretation of data. The insertions and adaptations ideally have a cumulative
      effect in rendering individual projects culturally sensitive and in building
      culturally informed research.

PMID- 2919687
TI  - Legal principles in the psychiatric assessment of personal injury litigants.
AB  - The authors review the legal principles that a psychiatrist must understand in
      assessing the emotional and psychiatric sequelae of a personal injury leading to
      a litigation claim. The principles of the establishment of fault or liability,
      the assessment of pain and suffering, causal connection, the credibility of the
      plaintiff, the credibility of the expert witness, the determination of prognosis,
      the award of damages, and the adversarial system are discussed. An appreciation
      of these principles will enable psychiatrists to provide assessments that will be
      useful to the legal system in arriving at a fair and accurate determination of
      the compensation to which a victim is entitled.

PMID- 2919688
TI  - RDC alcoholism in patients with major affective syndromes: two-year course.
AB  - The authors examined the 2-year course of alcoholism as defined by Research
      Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) in 127 newly admitted patients with major affective
      syndromes and concurrent alcoholism at intake. The cumulative probability of
      remission (at least 6 months free of alcohol problems) in these patients was
      0.67. Many of the remissions began within a few weeks of intake; the remaining
      were distributed over the follow-up period. Of the patients without remissions,
      17% died, half by suicide. Diagnoses of schizoaffective disorder, indicators of
      alcohol dependence, and previous chronicity of alcohol problems predicted poor
      outcome of alcoholism, but none of these variables predicted subsequent relapse.

PMID- 2919689
TI  - Sleep EEG and DST findings in anergic bipolar depression.
AB  - The authors report sleep EEG and dexamethasone suppression test (DST) findings
      for a homogeneous sample of anergic bipolar depressed outpatients (bipolar I, N =
      7; bipolar II, N = 19) characterized by motor retardation, volitional inhibition,
      hypersomnia, or weight gain and sleep EEG findings for 26 age- and sex-matched
      normal control subjects. Sleep architecture was abnormal in bipolar depression,
      particularly with respect to little stage 1 sleep. The biological profile of an
      anergic episode of bipolar depression did not include a shorter than normal mean
      REM latency, poor sleep continuity, or abnormally low amounts of stages 3 and 4
      sleep, and only three (13%) of 23 patients manifested cortisol nonsuppression.

PMID- 2919690
TI  - Briquet's syndrome in association with depression and panic: a
      reconceptualization of Briquet's syndrome.
AB  - In a sample of 188 consecutive female psychiatric patients, Briquet's syndrome
      was found to be associated more closely with the aggregation of both major
      depression and either panic disorder or agoraphobia than with major depression or
      panic disorder-agoraphobia alone. These results are consistent with the
      hypothesis of a shared diathesis underlying some cases of major depression, panic
      disorder, agoraphobia, and Briquet's syndrome. The author proposes that Briquet's
      syndrome may represent the most extreme expression of a tendency for a number of
      physical and psychological syndromes to aggregate.

PMID- 2919691
TI  - Depression, hopelessness, and suicidal behavior in Chinese and American
      psychiatric patients.
AB  - The authors compared 37 patients in the People's Republic of China and 46
      patients in the United States who were having difficulty with suicidal thinking
      or behavior. Hopelessness, reasons for living, and suicidal efficacy showed none
      of the expected relationships with suicidal intent among the Chinese patients,
      but the two groups were similar on many variables theoretically related to
      suicidality. Chinese patients were less likely to communicate suicidal intent and
      rated suicide as less effective at solving problems. The authors examine such
      variations in the light of possibly different cultural approaches to suicidal
      behavior.

PMID- 2919692
TI  - Depression and Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - In his classic case, Alzheimer described cognitive symptoms such as amnesia,
      aphasia, and apraxia and noncognitive symptoms such as delusions and agitation.
      Recent studies have suggested that depression also occurs in Alzheimer's disease.
      In this study, 144 patients who met criteria for Alzheimer's disease were
      examined for depression on a modified version of the Present State Examination.
      The prevalence rate of major depression was 17%. The depressed Alzheimer's
      disease patients were more cognitively impaired and more disabled than the
      nondepressed patients. Studies are needed to clarify the etiology and treatment
      of depression in Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 2919693
TI  - Maintenance of an insanity defense under Montana's "abolition" of the insanity
      defense.
AB  - In 1979, Montana's insanity defense was replaced with the more restrictive mens
      rea defense, a change that has been described as an example of "abolition" of the
      insanity defense. The authors identified cases in which mental health was an
      issue in seven Montana counties for 3 years before and 3 years after the 1979
      reform. They found that acquittals based on the insanity plea markedly declined,
      but that dismissals based on incompetence to stand trial increased substantially
      following the reform. They conclude that dismissal based on incompetence to stand
      trial became a substitute for acquittal based on the insanity plea under mens
      rea.

PMID- 2919694
TI  - Psychometric assessment of first-degree relatives of 62 autistic probands in
      Utah.
AB  - The Wechsler Intelligence Scales, Wide Range Achievement Test, and the Shipley
      Hartford Test were administered to 122 parents and 153 siblings of 62 autistic
      probands in Utah. Scores were distributed as expected within the published
      normative ranges for each scale. Parents' scores correlated with those of their
      nonautistic children, but neither parents' nor siblings' scores correlated with
      the IQ level of the autistic probands. These results do not confirm prior reports
      from England and the United States of a high rate of cognitive and learning
      problems in the siblings of autistic individuals, nor the aggregation of such
      problems in the siblings of probands with high or low levels of cognitive
      function.

PMID- 2919695
TI  - The psychiatric emergency service holding area: effect on utilization of
      inpatient resources.
AB  - This study compared the rates of hospitalization from two psychiatric emergency
      services which were similar except that one service had an extended evaluation
      unit, or holding area, allowing up to 24 hours of evaluation. The rate of
      hospitalization from the service with the extended evaluation unit was 36%; the
      rate from the other service was 52%. The difference in admission rates was
      related to the availability of the extended evaluation unit, which made it
      possible for many patients to avoid rather than merely postpone admission to the
      hospital. Clinical determinants of admission and of successful treatment in the
      unit were also reviewed.

PMID- 2919696
TI  - Adverse outcome of hip fractures in older schizophrenic patients.
AB  - The psychiatric and ambulatory course of 21 older chronic schizophrenic patients
      who sustained hip fractures was studied prospectively, and their walking ability
      after the fractures was compared to that of 25 nonpsychiatric hip fracture
      patients. Although the schizophrenic patients were younger when the hip fractures
      occurred, their recuperation and ambulatory outcome were significantly worse. The
      psychiatric course was assessed with a standardized rating scale that was
      administered 6 months and 1 year after the fractures and compared to similar
      ratings done before the fractures. Significant mental deterioration was found at
      6 months after the fractures, with no further changes later.

PMID- 2919697
TI  - Self-reported anxiety in adolescents.
AB  - In a study of 988 adolescents, female gender, somatic complaints, history of
      physical and sexual abuse, poor grades, use of street drugs, and family history
      related to depression were among factors that differentiated adolescents
      reporting high anxiety from those reporting low anxiety.

PMID- 2919698
TI  - Carbamazepine-induced mania with hypersexuality in a 9-year-old boy.

PMID- 2919699
TI  - Seizure disorder misdiagnosed as borderline syndrome.

PMID- 2919700
TI  - What to do about extremely high plasma levels of tricyclics?

PMID- 2919701
TI  - Longitudinal assessment of older schizophrenic patients.

PMID- 2919702
TI  - Importance of the transference and therapeutic alliance in pharmacotherapy.

PMID- 2919703
TI  - Psychiatric aspects of lying.

PMID- 2919704
TI  - Polydipsia and hyponatremia.

PMID- 2919705
TI  - Controlling auditory hallucinations.

PMID- 2919706
TI  - Positive and negative syndromes in schizophrenia.

PMID- 2919707
TI  - Preference for alprazolam over diazepam.

PMID- 2919708
TI  - Suicide gestures and self-mutilation.

PMID- 2919709
TI  - Somatization in psychiatric patients.

PMID- 2919710
TI  - Diagnosis of refugees.

PMID- 2919711
TI  - Hemifacial flushing during unilateral ECT: an alternative explanation.

PMID- 2919712
TI  - The meaning of empathy.

PMID- 2919713
TI  - Ear wiggling tics.

PMID- 2919714
TI  - Dysthymia and depression.

PMID- 2919715
TI  - Issues in personality disorder diagnoses.

PMID- 2919716
TI  - Lymphadenopathy of Kimura's disease.
AB  - Kimura's disease is an important category of reactive lymphadenopathy in the
      Oriental population. The enlarged nodes are mostly located in the head and neck
      region. Salient pathological changes include florid germinal centers, Warthin
      Finkeldey type polykaryocytes, vascularization of germinal centers, increased
      postcapillary venules in the paracortex, eosinophilic infiltration, and
      sclerosis. The pathology of Kimura's disease is quite different from that of
      angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia (epithelioid hemangioma).
      Immunoperoxidase studies show IgE reticular networks in germinal centers.
      Nondegranulated surface IgE-positive mast cells are present in the paracortex.
      The authors propose that Kimura's disease represents an aberrant immune reaction
      to an as yet unknown stimulus. Although the individual histological features are
      nonspecific, the constellation of features is highly characteristic of Kimura's
      disease. Since lymphadenopathy can herald involvement of other tissues and the
      prognosis is excellent, accurate diagnosis of this disease in lymph node biopsies
      may spare the patients unnecessary radical surgery.

PMID- 2919717
TI  - Infiltrating syringomatous adenoma of the nipple. A clinical and pathological
      study of 11 cases.
AB  - The clinical and pathologic findings of 11 infiltrating syringomatous adenomas of
      the nipple (ISA) were studied. All neoplasms were composed of small ducts and
      solid strands of epithelial cells surrounded by desmoplastic stroma. Ten of the
      11 invaded the smooth muscle of the nipple, four extended to underlying breast
      tissue, and one showed perineural invasion. All lesions had an infiltrative
      margin, but 10 were treated successfully by local excision, even though five
      (45%) recurred. None metastasized. ISA must be distinguished from nipple duct
      adenoma and tubular carcinoma. Its clinical significance lies primarily in its
      recognition as a distinctive benign neoplasm. In the past, a variety of terms
      have been used to describe this lesion, whether it occurred in the skin, nipple,
      or substance of the breast. "Infiltrating syringomatous adenoma" is the preferred
      term to avoid using "carcinoma" for lesions involving the breast.

PMID- 2919718
TI  - Pathologic features of prognostic significance in adrenocortical carcinoma.
AB  - There are currently no well-established pathologic prognostic factors helpful in
      distinguishing low versus high grade adrenocortical carcinomas. The effect of 11
      pathologic parameters on survival was investigated in 42 cases of adrenocortical
      carcinoma. Only one variable, mitotic rate, had a strong statistical association
      with patient outcome. The 21 patients with carcinomas with greater than 20
      mitoses per 50 high power fields (hpf) had a median survival of 14 months,
      whereas the 21 patients with carcinomas with less than or equal to 20 mitoses had
      a median survival of 58 months (p less than 0.02). The presence of atypical
      mitoses, capsular invasion, tumor weight greater than 250 g, and size greater
      than 10 cm each showed a marginal statistical association with poor survival (p
      less than 0.06), whereas other features assessed, such as nuclear grade, presence
      of necrosis or of venous or sinusoidal invasion, character of the tumor cell
      cytoplasm, or architectural pattern, showed no statistical significance in
      predicting survival. It is proposed that adrenal cortical carcinomas with greater
      than 20 mitoses be designated high grade, whereas tumors with less than or equal
      to 20 mitoses be designated low grade.

PMID- 2919719
TI  - Vascular invasion in malignant melanomas. An independent prognostic variable?
AB  - The role of vascular invasion as a prognostic indicator in melanoma has not been
      fully evaluated, mainly due to difficulty in differentiating between capillaries
      and artefactual spaces caused by shrinkage in routine histological sections.
      However, immunohistochemical staining using Ulex europaeus I (UEA-I) permits
      accurate identification of tumor capillaries, thus facilitating recognition of
      vascular invasion. Sixty-six primary cutaneous melanomas were included in this
      study. Sections of each case were stained with UEA-I; then, vascular invasion at
      the level of the tumor capillary bed was sought. Hematoxylin-and-eosin-stained
      sections were reviewed; the thickness of each lesion was measured and the level
      of invasion and the growth phase of the tumors were also assessed. The frequency
      of vascular invasion was found to increase with increasing tumor thickness and
      with increasing level of invasion. Vascular invasion was seen in only one of 29
      horizontal growth phase melanomas, whereas it was identified in 28 of 37 vertical
      growth phase tumors. Although these results would seem to indicate that vascular
      invasion within melanomas is unlikely to be an independent prognostic variable,
      they may partly explain the deteriorating prognosis associated with increasing
      tumor thickness. They also lend support to the concept of "horizontal" and
      "vertical" growth phase in melanoma.

PMID- 2919720
TI  - Renal parenchymal malakoplakia. Histologic spectrum and its relationship to
      megalocytic interstitial nephritis and xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis.
AB  - We report five cases of renal parenchymal malakoplakia. They represent a
      histologic spectrum of this uncommon inflammatory process as it involves the
      renal parenchyma. Only one of these five cases presented the classical histologic
      picture of malakoplakia ("diagnostic stage"). Two cases--although with similar
      cellular infiltrate--had a marked paucity of Michaelis-Gutmann bodies and thus
      might have been classified as megalocytic interstitial nephritis were it not for
      the identification of such calcific intracellular inclusions under the electron
      microscope. The fourth case presented a pseudosarcomatous morphology and is
      similar to what has been described as a late or fibrous stage in malakoplakia of
      the urinary bladder. The last case had a destructive, frankly granulomatous
      histologic picture with a preponderance of foamy histiocytes reminiscent of
      xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis, but with clusters of von Kossa-positive
      Michaelis-Gutmann bodies. The last two forms of the disease have not been
      previously reported to occur in the kidney. We believe that these cases represent
      various stages of development of the disease.

PMID- 2919721
TI  - Intraoperative pathologic consultation. An audit of 1,000 recent consecutive
      cases.
AB  - In order to assess the accuracy of the intraoperative consultation, or "frozen
      section," a retrospective review of 1,000 consecutive intraoperative
      consultations was performed. We present these data as a quality assurance
      assessment and as an update to a body of older literature examining the accuracy
      of the frozen section. The indications for intraoperative consultation and types
      of specimen submitted have changed in recent years, and these changes are related
      to the results in the present study. The increasingly important role of
      intraoperative cytology as an adjunct to and, in many cases, a replacement for
      frozen section is also emphasized.

PMID- 2919722
TI  - Stamping method for frozen section.
AB  - An easy and very quick method for proper orientation of tissue for frozen section
      is described. In this technique the stickiness of the cold chuck is used to
      advantage and the resulting slides are of improved quality.

PMID- 2919723
TI  - Localization of circumsporozoite antigen in exoerythrocytic schizonts of
      Plasmodium cynomolgi.
AB  - We used colloidal gold probes and post-embedding immunoelectron microscopy to
      localize circumsporozoite (CS) antigen in 5- and 8-day-old in vitro cultures of
      Plasmodium cynomolgi exoerythrocytic (EE) schizonts. Both small uninucleated and
      large multinucleated EE schizonts were found in 5-day-old cultures. A mouse
      monoclonal antibody to the repeat region of the P. cynomolgi CS protein densely
      labeled the plasma membrane and surface of 5-day-old EE schizonts as well as the
      surrounding parasitophorous vacuole membrane and space. Density of labeling
      decreased significantly as EE schizonts increased in size and maturity. Labeling
      of large, multinucleated 5-day-old schizonts was sparse and limited to the
      surface of EE schizonts and to small patches of electron dense material which
      were attached to the inner surface of the parasitophorous vacuole membrane.
      Mature 8-day-old EE schizonts with developing merozoites had little detectable
      labeling. CS antigen was not associated with internal structures within
      developing schizonts. Labeling was not observed in the host cell cytoplasm or on
      the surface of infected hepatocytes. These findings indicate that epitopes
      associated with the repeat region of the P. cynomolgi circumsporozoite protein
      are sequestered within infected host cells during EE development.

PMID- 2919724
TI  - The role of phospholipase in host cell penetration by Toxoplasma gondii.
AB  - Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) plays an important pathogenic role in infections caused
      by several microorganisms and has been implicated in host cell invasion. The
      mechanism of host cell penetration by the intracellular protozoan Toxoplasma
      gondii involves several steps; we have investigated the role of PLA2 in cellular
      invasion by the tachyzoite stage of this parasite. We assayed T. gondii invasion
      of human fibroblast monolayers by measurement of the selective incorporation of
      3H-uracil into growing intracellular parasites. Exogenous PLA2 from snake venom
      (Naja naja) increased the penetration of fibroblasts by T. gondii, while horse
      antiserum to Naja hannah venom inhibited penetration. An irreversible PLA2
      inhibitor, p-bromophenacyl bromide, blocked penetration without metabolically
      disabling the parasite. When host fibroblasts were preincubated with this drug,
      penetration was not affected, supporting a role for parasite rather than host
      cell PLA2 in the penetration process. Another PLA2 inhibitor,
      nordihydroguaiaretic acid, also inhibited penetration. We assayed extracellular
      T. gondii tachyzoites, purified from host cell debris, for PLA2 activity by
      radiometric detection of fatty acid release from labeled Escherichia coli
      membranes. Sonically disrupted parasites contained a low level of calcium
      dependent PLA2 with maximum activity at pH 8.5-9.0. These experiments suggest
      that a phospholipase is implicated in T. gondii host cell invasion.

PMID- 2919725
TI  - Kala azar with disseminated dermal leishmaniasis.
AB  - In this report we summarize 5 cases of kala azar with disseminated dermal
      leishmaniasis. All had fever, hepatosplenomegaly, and disseminated skin lesions
      on admission. Maculopapular, pustular, and maculonodular eruptions were present,
      located mainly on the face and extremities. Innumerable amastigotes were
      demonstrated in the bone marrow and in the skin biopsies. All patients responded
      to Glucantime therapy.

PMID- 2919726
TI  - Identification, using isoenzyme electrophoresis and monoclonal antibodies, of
      Leishmania isolated from humans and wild animals of Ecuador.
AB  - Six strains of Leishmania isolated from wild mammals and humans on the Pacific
      Coast of Ecuador were identified by isoenzyme electrophoresis and by their
      reactivity patterns to a cross-panel of specific monoclonal antibodies using a
      radioimmune binding assay. Single isolates from Sciurus vulgaris, Potos flavus,
      and Tamandua tetradactyla were identified as Leishmania amazonensis. Three other
      strains, isolated from cutaneous lesions of humans, were identified as Leishmania
      panamensis.

PMID- 2919727
TI  - Intestinal capillariasis in Egypt: a case report.
AB  - Capillaria philippinensis eggs, larvae, and adults were identified in the stool
      of a 41-year-old female physician from Cairo, Egypt, who had never traveled
      abroad. She had eaten local and imported fish. She suffered from borborygmi,
      abdominal pain, severe diarrhea, vomiting, and loss of weight for greater than 3
      months. Treatment with Flubendazole (R17889-Janssen) 200 mg twice daily for 30
      days resulted in clinical and parasitological cure.

PMID- 2919729
TI  - Cognitive nonsense.

PMID- 2919728
TI  - Epidemiology of hepatitis B in the Gezira region of Sudan.
AB  - To determine the prevalence of and risk factors for hepatitis B infection in
      rural Sudan, 2 villages in the Gezira were surveyed. There were 851 subjects (age
      1-89 years; mean age 24.6 years) of equal sex distribution, 408 from Khalawaat
      and 443 from Saleim. HBsAg was found in 18.7%, and seropositivity for any
      hepatitis marker (HBsAg, anti-HBs, or anti-HBc) was found in 63.9%. The
      prevalence of HBsAg was highest in subjects less than 5 years of age (32.3%).
      Seropositivity for any hepatitis marker increased from 48.4% in subjects less
      than 5 years to 88.5% in persons greater than or equal to 50 years of age. HBeAg
      was present in 70% of HBsAg-positive women of childbearing age. Residence in
      Khalawaat and parenteral therapy for malaria were found to be independent risk
      factors for HBsAg-positivity. Age, residence in Khalawaat, crowding, and having
      had a tattoo were predictive of seropositivity for any hepatitis marker. The
      reason for increased markers of hepatitis B in Khalawaat compared to Saleim was
      not apparent.

PMID- 2919730
TI  - The consequences of current constraints on surgical treatment of appendicitis.
AB  - In this study, we sought to identify changes in the picture of a selected
      surgical condition during an interval of time that has brought about radical
      departures from previously established policies and programs. As a direct
      consequence, the patients take a more circuitous route to the surgeon. A
      significant number of patients with acute appendicitis in 1986 (37 percent) and
      1987 (29 percent) suffered a prolonged delay in hospitalization or surgical
      referral compared with patients in 1980. This delay was accompanied by a more
      advanced stage of disease that ultimately caused a markedly increased morbidity
      (13 percent in 1986 and 24 percent in 1987, compared with 5 percent in 1980) and
      subsequent extended length of stay. This deterioration in patient care and
      failure at cost containment had previously been examined for conditions that can
      be operated electively. This study documents that the constraints also affect the
      treatment of patients whose initial condition requires urgent operative
      treatment. With specific relation to patients with acute appendicitis, surgeons
      recognize the value of the negative appendectomy. It appears the so-called
      gatekeepers must find a way to accept a certain negative hospitalization to
      referral rate. If current constraints will not allow this, the policies and
      programs behind the constraints should be changed.

PMID- 2919731
TI  - Postoperative gastric atony after vagotomy for obstructing peptic ulcer.
AB  - From 1979 through 1984, truncal vagotomy and drainage were performed in 71
      patients with symptomatic obstructing peptic ulcers, whereas proximal gastric
      vagotomy with or without drainage was performed in 30 patients. Seven patients (7
      percent) developed prolonged early postoperative gastric atony. Six of the 71
      patients (8 percent) who had truncal vagotomy had atony, whereas only 1 of the 30
      patients (3 percent) with proximal gastric vagotomy had atony (p = 0.08). The
      atony resolved with medical management in all patients after a median of 23 days.
      At follow-up (median 3 years), 74 percent of patients with truncal vagotomy had
      an excellent or good result compared with 86 percent of those with proximal
      gastric vagotomy (p greater than 0.1). The conclusion was that prolonged early
      postoperative gastric atony occurs uncommonly after vagotomy for obstructing
      peptic ulcer. Preservation of antropyloric innervation by using proximal gastric
      vagotomy instead of truncal vagotomy may be helpful, but does not completely
      prevent the atony.

PMID- 2919732
TI  - Gastric emptying and bezoars.
AB  - Bezoars are conglomerates of undigested material in the stomach, which appear as
      a late complication of gastric surgery and are presumably related to secondary
      motility changes. We studied the gastric emptying of a technetium-99m-(Tc 99m)
      labelled solid meal in 10 patients who presented with a bezoar 1 to 20 years
      after vagotomy and pyloroplasty, vagotomy and antrectomy, vagotomy and
      gastrojejunostomy, or hemigastrectomy. The results were compared with the
      emptying data of operated patients without bezoars. The gastric retention of Tc
      99m-labelled solids at 45, 75, and 105 minutes was 85 +/- 15 percent (mean +/-
      SD), 79 +/- 17 percent, and 65 +/- 24 percent, respectively. No differences were
      found when results were compared with those of operated patients without bezoars.
      We concluded that factors other than the gastric digestive phase are the main
      contributors to bezoar formation.

PMID- 2919733
TI  - Ranitidine for prevention of postoperative suppression of delayed
      hypersensitivity.
AB  - Cell-mediated immunity was assessed by skin testing with seven delayed-type
      common antigens in 20 patients undergoing major abdominal surgery and in 20
      nonoperative control subjects. The 20 surgical patients were randomized to
      perioperative ranitidine (50 mg every 6 hours for 72 hours) or no ranitidine. The
      20 control subjects received either no ranitidine or ranitidine in the same
      dosage as the surgical patients. Skin tests were performed 2 days before and 1
      day after operation with the same time schedule in the control subjects.
      Postoperatively, the diameter of the positive skin test area decreased in each of
      10 patients without ranitidine (p less than 0.006) but increased in 9 and was
      unchanged in 1 of the ranitidine-treated patients (p less than 0.01). The skin
      test changes were similar during the two tests in ranitidine-treated surgical
      patients and the nonoperative control subjects. Ranitidine did not amplify the
      response in the nonoperated group. The potential role of histamine blockade in
      reversal of other aspects of postoperative immunosuppression and reduction in the
      risk of infection should be explored.

PMID- 2919734
TI  - Surgical morbidity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
AB  - Thirty-six surgical procedures were performed on 29 patients with systemic lupus
      erythematosus (SLE). Nineteen cases involved active lupus at the time of surgery
      and 11 were performed on an emergent basis. Most patients had multiple organ
      involvement and were on some form of systemic therapy at the time of surgery.
      Thirty-seven postoperative complications were confined to 20 of these cases.
      Comparing this complicated group with the remaining 16 uncomplicated cases, the
      patients in the former group had a higher mean dose of steroid preoperatively,
      more organ involvement by SLE, and more frequent renal involvement; a higher
      percentage of the cases in this group were emergent rather than elective. The
      majority of factors examined failed to show predictive value in the outcome of
      surgery in lupus patients. We conclude that surgical complications are frequent
      in SLE patients and have identified four factors predictive of increased
      morbidity.

PMID- 2919735
TI  - Esophageal and jejunal motor function after total gastrectomy and Roux-Y
      esophagojejunostomy.
AB  - Emptying and peristaltic activity of the esophagus and proximal jejunum were
      studied using scintigraphy and fluoroscopy documented on videotape in 11 patients
      after total gastrectomy and Roux-Y loop reconstruction. Impaired esophageal motor
      function, as judged by both methods, was seen in five patients who were all 50
      years of age or older. This was in contrast to the findings in a group of healthy
      control subjects, all over 50 years of age, in whom esophageal function appeared
      normal on scintigraphy in five of seven. Disturbed jejunal function, as judged by
      radiography, was found in eight patients, whereas the emptying rate according to
      scintigraphy was judged normal in all but two patients. Five of the patients
      complained of various adverse alimentary tract symptoms, but the scintigraphic
      and radiographic findings did not correlate with these symptoms.

PMID- 2919736
TI  - Is reperitonealization of the gallbladder bed a ritual or necessity?
AB  - Reperitonealization of the gallbladder bed after cholecystectomy is the standard
      procedure described in many textbooks of surgery. Most surgeons who advocate
      nondrainage after cholecystectomy also routinely obliterate the gallbladder bed.
      The theoretic considerations are a decrease in post-operative drainage and
      avoidance of adhesions to the liver. To evaluate the validity of the first
      consideration, 88 patients undergoing elective cholecystectomy were randomly
      allocated into two groups. In the first group, the gallbladder bed was
      reperitonealized whereas in the second group, the raw surface was left uncovered.
      No significant difference in the amount of postcholecystectomy drainage could be
      demonstrated in the two groups of patients studied.

PMID- 2919737
TI  - Pancreaticogastrostomy for chronic pancreatitis.
AB  - Forty-five patients with painful chronic pancreatitis underwent side-to-side
      pancreaticogastrostomy. Correct diagnosis was ensured by endoscopic retrograde
      cholangiopancreatography, decreased exocrine pancreatic secretion, abdominal
      calcifications, and histologic verification. A main etiologic factor was alcohol
      abuse (84 percent of patients). At a median follow-up period of 3.8 years, good,
      fair, and poor results were achieved in 56, 23, and 21 percent of patients,
      respectively. The operative mortality rate was 4.4 percent. At follow-up, 16 of
      the patients were employed, weight was increased by a mean of 2.5 kg, and the use
      of opiates was significantly reduced. Poor results were significantly related to
      preoperative use of tranquilizers and postoperative alcohol consumption. Neither
      patency of the anastomosis nor the time of observation were related to the
      operative result. The 8-year cumulative survival rate was 83 percent.

PMID- 2919738
TI  - Carotid eversion endarterectomy revisited.
AB  - Carotid eversion endarterectomy appears to be a safe and anatomically acceptable
      alternative to the standard carotid bifurcation endarterectomy, as evidenced by
      the absence of permanent neurologic morbidity and mortality in 98 operations.
      Preliminary clinical, angiographic, and noninvasive laboratory parameters suggest
      that there is a significant reduction of both residual technical defects and
      early recurrent stenosis. Specifically, no perioperative thrombosis or early
      restenosis was encountered in the 98 endarterectomies. Furthermore, only two
      technical defects have been noted, and one of these occurred in one patient who
      required a longitudinal arteriotomy and attendant suture line when the common
      carotid artery was transected too proximally and the eversion maneuver could not
      be accomplished. Serial long-term clinical and noninvasive laboratory follow-up
      evaluation, in addition to indicated postoperative angiography, will continue in
      an effort to assess the durability of a technical approach to carotid
      endarterectomy that may minimize residual defects and early restenosis.

PMID- 2919739
TI  - Comparison of regional and general anesthesia for carotid endarterectomy.
AB  - Two hundred twenty-one patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy were studied
      for morbidity and mortality. Thirty-seven had general anesthesia and 138 had
      regional anesthesia. The two groups were similar in preoperative risk factors and
      were operated on by a single surgeon and similar operative teams. Patient
      selection was prospective in the sense that the first 37 procedures were
      performed with general anesthesia and the next 184, with regional anesthesia. No
      significant difference in incidences of death, myocardial infarction, stroke, or
      transient ischemic attack was found. Hospital lengths of stay were similar. The
      type of anesthetic used for carotid endarterectomy should be the choice of the
      surgeon and operative team.

PMID- 2919740
TI  - An anatomic and functional classification for the diagnosis and treatment of
      inguinal hernia.
AB  - A simple classification of inguinal hernias is presented which can be valuable to
      surgeons as a (1) blueprint for dissecting the canal, (2) means for choosing the
      most appropriate operative procedure, (3) means for evaluating and correlating
      the prognosis of postoperative symptoms, time of convalescence, and degree of
      disability, and (4) method of identifying and communicating the exact anatomic
      derangement found so that accurate and consistent follow-up studies and
      statistics can be prepared. Diligent follow-up is essential for verifying the
      true results of hernia surgery techniques. Such follow-up requires that the
      surgeon be dedicated to examining his patients for many years, as well as to
      understanding, recording, and referencing the exact anatomic and functional
      defects found and the repairs used to correct them. Only with these factors
      identified and recorded can there be a basis for meaningful reporting and
      valuable conclusions. The classification of inguinal hernias presented here is
      intended to provide surgeons an opportunity to better evaluate their own methods
      and to more clearly communicate results with colleagues. As Oliver Wendell Holmes
      once said, "Many times ideas grow better when they are transplanted from one mind
      to another."

PMID- 2919741
TI  - Surgical needle sharpness.
AB  - We developed a standard reproducible test to determine surgical needle sharpness.
      This parameter was measured by recording the maximum force required to push a
      curved surgical needle through a thin laminated synthetic membrane. Three
      comparable groups of reversed cutting-edge needles were selected from different
      manufacturers for needle penetration testing. The results of this testing
      demonstrated that the needle diameter, manufacturing process, and the
      manufacturer were all important determinants of needle sharpness. Needles with a
      smaller diameter were sharper than those with a larger diameter. In addition,
      electrohoned or hand-honed needles were sharper than those subjected to only
      machine grinding. When comparably sized needles were compared, Ethicon
      manufactured the sharpest needles, followed by Davis & Geck and Deknatel needles.
      Scanning electron microscopic photographs and elemental analysis of the surgical
      needles could be correlated with their sharpness. The sharper needles had long,
      narrow cutting edge geometries compared with the short wide geometries of duller
      needles. The sharpest needles were fabricated from an American Society for
      Testing and Materials (ASTM) 45500 stainless steel alloy that has stronger
      tensile and yield strengths than those of ASTM 42000 and 42020 alloys used in the
      creation of the other needles. This stronger alloy allows the manufacturer to
      produce a longer, narrower cutting point geometry with reduced danger of either
      bending or breakage during surgery compared with needles made from weaker alloys
      (ASTM 42000 and ASTM 42020), which accounts for the superior sharpness of the
      Ethicon surgical needles.

PMID- 2919742
TI  - The suction knife in liver surgery.
AB  - A simple, inexpensive alternative method of blunt dissection for dividing liver
      parenchyma utilizing a suction knife is presented. The device, made from an
      ordinary suction tube, has been used successfully in six patients. Details of the
      device and method are discussed herein.

PMID- 2919743
TI  - Hepatic resection technique.
AB  - The author describes a technique of hepatic resection that is particularly
      beneficial for segmental and nonanatomic procedures. The technique is reportedly
      safe and accurate due to the use of the Nd:YAG laser and the ultrasonic
      dissector.

PMID- 2919744
TI  - Reliability of different grading systems used in evaluating surgical students.
AB  - Inter-rater agreement in assigning grades using five different grading systems
      was determined. The performance of 16 students in a surgery clerkship was rated
      by 21 faculty raters using a pass-fail grading system, a pass-fail-honors system,
      a letter grade system, a number grade scale from 1 to 10, and a number grade
      scale from 1 to 100. Inter-rater agreement coefficients were used to assess
      relative and absolute reliabilities, respectively. Both the letter grade and 1 to
      10 number grade systems provided good discrimination, had high to moderate
      reliability, and required only five raters to achieve a mean rating with the
      commonly recommended reliability of 0.80. Using the letter grade system, however,
      a majority of raters agreed on a specific grade assignment for 14 of 16 students,
      in contrast to the 1 to 10 scale, for which this was true for only 4 of 16
      students. The results of this reliability study favor the use of a letter grading
      system.

PMID- 2919745
TI  - Cisplatin in isolated limb perfusion.

PMID- 2919746
TI  - [The place of intra- and postoperative autotransfusion in the exchange of a hip
      endoprosthesis].
AB  - Intraoperative autologous transfusion with a cell separator is being employed to
      an increasing extent in orthopedic procedures associated with high blood loss,
      including surgery for exchange total hip arthroplasty. Postoperative loss of
      blood via drains after exchange total hip replacement is also considerable. To
      our knowledge, there are only unpublished reports on postoperative
      autotransfusion in this type of surgery. In this study the role of intra- and
      postoperative autotransfusion is investigated.

PMID- 2919747
TI  - [Evoked potentials in the follow-up and prognosis of patients with craniocerebral
      trauma].
AB  - The aims of this study were to find a reliable way of establishing the prognosis
      for the final outcome in the first week after head injury, to show the
      correlation between abnormalities in evoked potentials (EP) and clinical coma
      score, and finally, to document EP results in patients with the clinical
      diagnosis of brain death. We examined 46 patients, 23 in different states of coma
      and 23 with bulbar syndrome (complete absence of cortical and brain stem
      function). In the group of comatose patients brain stem auditory EP (BAEP) and
      somatosensory EP (SEP) were recorded in the first 48 h, 3-5 days, 1 week and 4
      weeks after the head injury. The depth of coma was scaled with a scoring system
      devised by the authors and with the Innsbruck coma scale. Outcome was evaluated
      with the Glasgow outcome scale after 3, 6, and 9 months. BAEP were recorded
      bilaterally after stimulation with clicks; SEP were recorded from the neck (C2)
      and the contralateral cortex (C3', C4') after electrical stimulation of the
      median nerve. Evoked potentials were scored according to a four-point scale from
      grade 1 (normal) to grade 4 (only component I present in BAEP or absence of
      cortical responses on both sides in SEP). We found a significant correlation
      between the mean SEP score of the first week and the Glasgow outcome of the 3rd
      month, but no significant correlation between the BAEP score of the first week
      and the Glasgow outcome. There was a significant correlation between SEP (BAEP)
      scores and the corresponding clinical score.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2919748
TI  - [Permeability of the alveolocapillary membrane during unilateral lung lavage. An
      experimental study].
AB  - Experimental unilateral continuous lung lavage in a nonregenerating system
      containing 3000 ml isotonic crystalloid was performed in 12 pigs to determine the
      permeability of the alveolocapillary membrane under these conditions. The maximum
      time of lavage was 270 min. The concentrations of ions in both serum and fluid
      were determined at defined intervals. Exponential functions adjusted to the
      electrolyte changes in the fluid suggest different types of kinetics: sodium and
      urea adapted rapidly to serum concentrations. The half-time of the exponential
      function was short, the permeability constant high. Calcium, phosphate, and
      creatinine increased significantly, the permeability constant being lower than
      for urea. Potassium showed a linear increase, possibly due to influx from
      intracellular compartments. Total protein and albumin increased only initially,
      levelling far below the serum values. The low permeability constants of protein
      and albumin indicate an almost total lack of permeation, the initial increase
      possibly being due to washout of the epithelial lining fluid compartment. There
      was only a minimal loss of lavage fluid into the organism.

PMID- 2919749
TI  - [A fatal paradoxical air embolism during a routine obstetric procedure (cervical
      cerclage)].
AB  - A lethal paradoxical air embolism (PLE) occurred in a 21-year-old secundigravida
      during general anaesthesia for cervical cerclage on account of cervical
      insufficiency. The diagnosis of PLE was verified postmortem; we initially
      diagnosed venous air embolism intraoperatively because of typical symptoms
      (cyanosis, pulmonary dysfunction, and vascular obstruction) and aspiration of air
      from the subclavian catheter. We also suspected an arterial embolism due to
      prominent neurologic deficits. In spite of corrective positioning, controlled
      ventilation (CPPV and PEEP), volume therapy, and sympathomimetics, resuscitation
      remained unsuccessful. This very rare complication depends upon several
      conditions: (1) opened, non-collapsible veins; (2) a pressure gradient from
      outside to inside the veins; (3) a patent foramen ovale; and (4) a right atrial
      pressure greater than that on the left, which can cause an air embolism to either
      the coronary or cerebral circulations. The pathophysiology and causative factors
      are discussed extensively as the immediately started resuscitation could not
      alter the lethal course.

PMID- 2919750
TI  - [The HELLP syndrome--a rare form of preeclampsia. Anesthesiologic and obstetric
      aspects].
AB  - A 34-year-old quadripara was hospitalized in the 33rd gestational week due to an
      acute hypertensive crisis, headache, upper abdominal pain, icterus, and
      proteinuria. Laboratory testing revealed hemolysis, hepatic dysfunction, and
      thrombopenia. The values returned toward normal after delivery by cesarean
      section. Diffuse bleeding in the surgical wound and acute renal failure
      necessitated two relaparotomies, intensive hemotherapy, and hemodialysis. Mother
      and child were released in good condition. Anesthesiological and obstetrical
      aspects of the HELLP syndrome are discussed.

PMID- 2919751
TI  - [Fibrinolytic treatment of superior vena cava syndrome, a complication of a
      central venous catheter].
AB  - Central venous catheterization plays a major role in anesthesia and intensive
      care medicine. Catheter-induced thrombosis, a common complication, develops in 15
      47% of cases. A possible sequela is the occlusion of a large central vein; one
      early sign is edema of the upper extremities or face. Although complete occlusion
      of a central vein appears to be rare, this complication should be recognized in
      view of the extensive use of central venous catheters today. We report a case of
      severe superior vena cava syndrome that developed after catheterization of the
      right internal jugular vein. Fibrinolytic treatment using streptokinase and
      urokinase proved to be successful. A dose of 100,000 units/h was chosen for each
      agent, and heparin was added during urokinase therapy. Profound clinical
      improvement was observed after a few hours. Bleeding complications did not occur
      during the 4 days of treatment.

PMID- 2919752
TI  - [Catheter induced rupture of a proximal pulmonary artery caused by vigorous
      coughing in a spontaneously breathing patient].
AB  - A complication is occurred during insertion of a pulmonary artery catheter in a
      73-year-old woman with class III NYHA cardiac failure. After easy insertion of
      the catheter, massive haemoptysis developed as the patient coughed while the
      balloon of the catheter was inflated. Despite prompt emergency measures, the
      patient did not survive. Autopsy revealed a 2.7-cm perforation of the proximal
      pulmonary artery with penetration into the right lower lobe bronchus. This
      complication and its prevention are discussed.

PMID- 2919753
TI  - [Is the infusion filter a hygienic necessity?].

PMID- 2919754
TI  - Spinal analgesia with morphine and clonidine.

PMID- 2919755
TI  - Hepatotoxicity and metabolism of isoflurane in rats with cirrhosis.
AB  - A rat model was used to determine whether isoflurane exacerbates liver
      dysfunction and whether its metabolism is changed in the presence of cirrhosis.
      Male Wistar rats were gavaged weekly with carbon tetrachloride until cirrhosis
      was well advanced. They and control rats without pretreatment with carbon
      tetrachloride and without cirrhosis were then exposed to 1.45% (1 MAC) isoflurane
      for 3 hours. Blood and urine samples were taken before, immediately, as well as
      4, 24, 48, and 72 hours after anesthesia to measure liver function and isoflurane
      defluorination. After the last samples had been obtained, the rats were
      sacrificed and the liver removed for histologic examination and in vitro
      metabolic studies. Serum levels of SGOT and SGPT and inorganic fluoride
      production in rats with cirrhosis were similar to those in control rats without
      cirrhosis. Concentrations of cytochromes b5 and p-450 and specific activities of
      microsomal defluorinase and several cytosolic enzymes were significantly lower in
      cirrhotic than in noncirrhotic liver, but their total amounts in whole liver were
      the same. The results imply that cirrhosis does not increase the risk of acute
      hepatotoxicity of isoflurane. They also demonstrate that metabolism of isoflurane
      and perhaps other volatile anesthetics may be unaffected in rats with cirrhosis,
      even though liver architecture is severely disrupted.

PMID- 2919756
TI  - Effects of halothane and enflurane on conduction velocity and maximum rate of
      rise of action potential upstroke in guinea pig papillary muscles.
AB  - Using standard microelectrode techniques, the effects of halothane and enflurane
      on the maximum rate of rise of action potential upstroke (Vmax) and conduction
      velocity of excitation were compared with those of fast sodium channel blockers
      in isolated guinea pig papillary muscles. Lidocaine and tetrodotoxin decreased
      the square of the conduction velocity in proportion to the decrease in Vmax. In
      contrast, halothane and enflurane only slightly affected Vmax, but decreased the
      conduction velocity in a concentration-dependent manner. These results suggest
      that these volatile anesthetics affect conduction velocity by a mechanism
      different from that of fast sodium channel blockers. Caution should be used when
      these anesthetics are administered to patients receiving class 1 antiarrhythmic
      agents or who have pre-existing intraventricular conduction disease.

PMID- 2919757
TI  - Status of the match in anesthesiology: 1988.
AB  - The majority of anesthesia program directors agreed 2 years ago to use the
      National Resident Matching Program (NRMP) as the mechanism for appointing senior
      medical students to second postgraduate year positions in anesthesiology. Eighty
      seven applicants for the Mayo Clinic program were surveyed to measure the level
      of cooperation with the NRMP by programs and applicants. Low percentages of
      applicants reported pressures to sign contracts (22.4%) or make verbal
      commitments before February (32.8%). The frequency of these incidents was
      extremely low when considered in light of the number of applicant interviews
      reported by the applicants who responded. Nonparticipation in the match is a more
      important problem than infractions of NRMP rules.

PMID- 2919758
TI  - A randomized comparison between midazolam and thiopental for elective cesarean
      section anesthesia. I. Mothers.
AB  - In a randomized blind trial midazolam (0.3 mg kg-1) was compared with thiopental
      (4 mg kg-1), both combined with meperidine-nitrous oxide, for elective cesarean
      section anesthesia in 40 women. We found no statistically significant differences
      between thiopental and midazolam at induction, during operation or recovery with
      regard to maintenance doses, change in maternal neurologic status based on a
      modified Glasgow Coma Scale, systolic blood pressure, and heart rate. Induction
      time was 120 seconds with midazolam and 111 seconds with thiopental. There were
      significant differences with regard to diastolic blood pressure. Side effects
      occurred with approximately equal frequencies, but vomiting was significantly
      more frequent after thiopental. Perivenous tenderness and erythema occurred in
      four patients, all after thiopental. Midazolam appears to be a suitable
      alternative to thiopental for the induction and maintenance of anesthesia for
      elective cesarean section.

PMID- 2919759
TI  - A randomized comparison between midazolam and thiopental for elective cesarean
      section anesthesia: II. Neonates.
AB  - In a randomized blind trial, the general condition of 40 neonates was assessed
      following midazolam- or thiopental-based general anesthesia for elective cesarean
      section. Among 19 neonatal neurobehavioral observations and tests, statistically
      significant differences between the midazolam and the thiopental groups were
      rare. However, a statistically significant interaction with regard to body
      temperature, general body tone, and arm recoil was observed where results were
      inferior for midazolam, although only within the first 2 hours. It was concluded
      that midazolam is as safe as thiopental for the induction and maintenance of
      elective cesarean section anesthesia in neonates.

PMID- 2919760
TI  - A randomized comparison between midazolam and thiopental for elective cesarean
      section anesthesia: III. Placental transfer and elimination in neonates.
AB  - Forty neonates delivered by cesarean section were studied, half being delivered
      of mothers in whom anesthesia was induced with midazolam (0.3 mg/kg
      intravenously) and half of mothers given thiopental (4 mg/kg). At delivery, blood
      samples from mother and the umbilical vein were drawn for determination of plasma
      concentrations of thiopental, midazolam, and alpha-hydroxymidazolam. Over the
      next 60 hours, three blood samples were drawn using a randomized procedure of two
      blood samples at 30 different times. Placental transfer, expressed as the
      umbilical/maternal concentration ratio, was 0.96, 0.66, and 0.28, respectively,
      for thiopental, midazolam, and alpha-hydroxymidazolam. The transfer of thiopental
      was significantly more rapid than the transfer of midazolam and alpha
      hydroxymidazolam. The population average of elimination half-life in neonates was
      6.3 hours for midazolam and 14.7 hours for thiopental. Both values are
      substantially larger than those found in previous studies in adults.

PMID- 2919761
TI  - Extent of blockade with various approaches to the lumbar plexus.
AB  - The extent of blockade when four different techniques were used for blocking the
      lumbar plexus was prospectively evaluated in 80 adult patients. The extent of
      blockade was measured by testing motor function of all nerves except the lateral
      and posterior femoral cutaneous nerves, which were evaluated by pinprick
      response. The posterior approaches of Dekrey at L3 (n = 20) and Chayen at L4-5 (n
      = 20) proved similarly effective in producing blockade of the femoral, obturator,
      and lateral femoral cutaneous nerves, as well as the nerves to the psoas muscle.
      The anterior approach of Winnie (femoral sheath or 3-in-1 block) using
      paresthesia (n = 20) or peripheral nerve stimulation (n = 20) proved effective in
      producing blockade of the femoral and lateral femoral cutaneous nerves, but
      ineffective for obturator nerve blockade. None of the four techniques produced
      blockade of the sacral plexus. Perhaps our means of assessing blockade (motor) is
      what produced the difference between our findings and those of others.

PMID- 2919762
TI  - Comparison of sedative infusions during regional anesthesia--methohexital,
      etomidate, and midazolam.
AB  - Using a randomized, double-blind study design, the intra- and postoperative
      sedative effects of three intravenous central nervous system depressants were
      compared in 64 patients during regional anesthesia. After establishing regional
      anesthesia, methohexital 59 +/- 29 mg IV, etomidate 12.6 +/- 8 mg IV, or
      midazolam 3.7 +/- 1.5 mg IV (mean dose +/- SD) were infused in a titrated fashion
      over 5-15 minutes to achieve similar end points of sedation. This level of
      sedation was then maintained with a variable-rate infusion of either methohexital
      180 +/- 65 mg/hr, etomidate 32 +/- 12 mg/hr, or midazolam 7.5 +/- 4 mg/hr (mean
      dose +/- SD) To maintain a stable level of sedation, changes in the maintenance
      infusion rate were required more frequently with methohexital (4.6 +/- 3 times)
      than with etomidate (2.6 +/- 2 times) or midazolam (2.7 +/- 3 times). Decreases
      in oxygen saturation below 95% were more frequent with midazolam than with
      methohexital and etomidate, while recall of intraoperative events was less
      frequent after midazolam. Observer evaluations found less sedation in the
      methohexital and etomidate groups than in the midazolam group during the early
      postoperative period. However, the patients' evaluation of residual sedative
      effects (e.g., postoperative sedation visual analogue scores) and discharge times
      from the recovery room were similar in all three groups. Nevertheless, patients
      given midazolam had significantly greater impairment of performance on the digit
      symbol substitution test in the early postoperative period than did patients
      given either methohexital or etomidate.

PMID- 2919763
TI  - Doxacurium chloride for neuromuscular blockade before tracheal intubation and
      surgery during nitrous oxide-oxygen-narcotic-enflurane anesthesia.
AB  - The neuromuscular effects of doxacurium (BW A938U) were studied in 36 patients,
      divided into four groups of 9 patients each, given doxacurium either 50
      micrograms/kg (2 x ED95) 5 or 4 minutes or 80 micrograms/kg (3 x ED95) 4 or 3
      minutes before tracheal intubation. Adequate neuromuscular relaxation permitted
      successful intubation at 5 minutes for doxacurium 50 micrograms/kg and at 4
      minutes for 80 micrograms/kg. Time to 90% blockade was 5.4 +/- 1.5 minutes for
      doxacurium 50 micrograms/kg and 3.5 +/- 1.2 minutes for 80 micrograms/kg. Time to
      25% spontaneous recovery was 84.7 +/- 54.3 minutes for doxacurium 50
      micrograms/kg and 164.4 +/- 85.2 minutes for 80 micrograms/kg. Either neostigmine
      45 micrograms/kg, neostigmine 60 micrograms/kg, or edrophonium 1000 micrograms/kg
      was given for reversal when T1 had spontaneously recovered to 25% of baseline
      level, T1 being the first response to repetitive train-of-four (TOF) stimuli (2
      Hz for 2 seconds at 10-second intervals) expressed as percent of baseline level.
      The T4:T1 ratio is the amplitude of the fourth twitch relative to the first
      twitch in a TOF stimulus expressed as a ratio. T1 rapidly achieved 90% of
      baseline in 5-10 minutes after reversal of neuromuscular blockade. In contrast,
      the T4:T1 ratio lagged, recovering to a mean of 0.6 at 20 minutes when T1 was
      over 90% of baseline. Recovery patterns were not statistically significantly
      different (unpaired t-test) among the three reversal regimens. Therefore, the
      reversal data were pooled. No clinically significant hemodynamic effects occurred
      in any group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2919764
TI  - Influence of nifedipine on systemic and regional hemodynamics during adenosine
      induced hypotension in dogs.
AB  - Previous pharmacologic studies indicating competitive interactions between
      adenosine and nifedipine at the adenosine vascular receptor suggest that
      adenosine may be a less effective hypotensive drug after pretreatment with
      nifedipine. This hypothesis was tested in 18 pentobarbital-anesthetized, open
      chest dogs by evaluating the hypotensive effects and regional hemodynamic
      responses to 60-minute intravenous adenosine infusions before and after bolus
      injection of nifedipine (20 micrograms/kg, IV). Regional blood flow was measured
      with 15-microns radioactive microspheres. Before nifedipine, infusion of
      adenosine at a rate of 126 +/- 30 mumol/min caused a 50% reduction in mean aortic
      pressure that in the presence of no change in aortic blood flow was attributable
      to a proportional decrease in systemic vascular resistance. These systemic
      effects were associated with heterogeneous changes in regional blood flow; blood
      flow decreased in the renal cortex (-68%), pancreas (-50%), spleen (-77%), and
      skin (-61%); increased in the left (+112%) and right (+265%) ventricular
      myocardium; and did not change significantly in the duodenum, liver, skeletal
      muscle, or brain. Nifedipine did not alter the dose requirement or time course of
      the adenosine-induced hypotensive response or affect the associated systemic
      hemodynamic changes. Furthermore, nifedipine caused only minor alterations in the
      regional blood flow changes during adenosine-induced hypotension. Apparently the
      high plasma levels of adenosine required for controlled hypotension in the
      present study were sufficient to overcome the blocking influence of nifedipine at
      the adenosine vascular receptor. The study demonstrates that the hypotensive
      action of adenosine remains unimpaired after pretreatment with
      nifedipine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2919765
TI  - Anesthesia for cesarean section--effects on neonates.
AB  - The effects of general and regional anesthesia on neonates after cesarean section
      have been studied mainly on elective cases. In this paper we studied infants
      delivered by elective and nonelective cesarean section at the Winnipeg Women's
      Hospital from 1975 to 1983 (n = 3940) to determine the effect of anesthetic
      technique on neonatal outcomes. A trained anesthesia nurse interviewed all
      parturients and reviewed their antepartum, labor and delivery, and anesthesia
      records. Assessments of neonatal outcomes were based on 1- and 5-minute Apgar
      scores, need for positive pressure oxygen by mask or intubation, and neonatal
      deaths (within 30 days). These outcomes were determined in three subgroups of
      neonates delivered by cesarean section: those delivered by elective section,
      those delivered by urgent cesarean section for dystocia or failure of labor to
      progress, and those delivered by section because of fetal distress. Overall,
      12.5% of the infants had 1-minute Apgar scores of 4 or less, and 1.4% had 5
      minute Apgar scores of 4 or less. Neonates born to mothers given general
      anesthesia had worse outcomes than those born to mothers given regional
      anesthesia. Among neonates delivered after elective section, general anesthesia
      was associated with a higher incidence of low Apgar scores at 1 minute. In
      neonates delivered by nonelective section, general anesthesia was associated with
      higher rates of low Apgar scores at 1 and 5 minutes as well as greater
      requirements for intubation and artificial ventilation. There were no differences
      seen in neonatal death rates with general and regional anesthesia in the three
      groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2919766
TI  - Surgical repair of hip fractures using continuous spinal anesthesia: comparison
      of hypobaric solutions of tetracaine and bupivacaine.
AB  - The aim of this study was to compare hypobaric solutions of tetracaine and
      bupivacaine in 30 geriatric patients undergoing surgical repair of hip fractures
      while under continuous spinal anesthesia. Tetracaine 1% and bupivacaine 0.5% were
      mixed with distilled water to prepare hypobaric 0.25% solutions. In a double
      blind fashion, all patients received 3 ml (7.5 mg) of either solution in the
      lateral decubitus position with the operated side up, the table being kept
      horizontal for 30 minutes after injection. The mean highest sensory levels in
      both groups, and in both operated and non-operated sides in the same group, were
      comparable, ranging between T7 and T8.5. Duration of analgesia was 134 minutes
      with tetracaine and 130 minutes with bupivacaine (NS). In both groups, motor
      blockade was satisfactory in 29/30 patients on the operated side. The frequency
      of a decrease in systolic blood pressure of more than 30% was similar in the two
      groups. The authors conclude that hypobaric solutions of both tetracaine and
      bupivacaine are suitable for surgical repair of hip fractures in geriatric
      patients and produce comparable anesthetic and hemodynamic effects.

PMID- 2919767
TI  - Midazolam-morphine sedative interaction in patients.
AB  - The sedative effects of midazolam, morphine, and their combination were studied
      in ASA physical status I and II patients. The visual analog method was used to
      determine sedative effect. A self-rated score of 50 mm or more on a 100-mm line
      was regarded as a positive response to the treatment. The dose-response curves
      for midazolam, morphine, and their combination (each in a group of 30 patients)
      were determined by probit procedure and compared with isobolographic and
      algebraic (fractional) analyses. Interactions between midazolam and morphine when
      used to produce sedation represent summation, not synergism.

PMID- 2919768
TI  - Left ventricular oxygen tensions in dogs during coronary vasodilation by
      enflurane, isoflurane and dipyridamole.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the anesthetics
      enflurane and isoflurane and of the coronary vasodilator dipyridamole on
      myocardial oxygen balance and myocardial tissue oxygen tensions. The studies were
      performed in 24 open-chest dogs during basal anesthesia with a narcotic.
      Myocardial blood flow (MBF) was measured using radioactive microspheres,
      myocardial surface tissue PO2 by means of a platinum multiwire surface electrode.
      One control group and three experimental groups were studied: enflurane (1.1
      vol%), isoflurane (0.7 vol%, both end-tidal concentrations), and dipyridamole
      (0.4 mg/kg). Mean arterial pressure significantly decreased to an average of 70
      mm Hg in all three experimental groups. Although MBF was unchanged during
      enflurane (-18%) and isoflurane (+20%), it increased during dipyridamole (+304% p
      less than 0.05 vs baseline and control, enflurane, and isoflurane groups).
      Myocardial oxygen consumption decreased significantly during enflurane and
      isoflurane but remained unchanged during dipyridamole. Thus, the ratio between
      myocardial oxygen delivery and consumption increased 6% with enflurane (p less
      than 0.05 vs baseline), 47% with isoflurane (p less than 0.05 vs baseline and
      control group) and 280% with dipyridamole (p less than 0.05 vs baseline and
      control, enflurane, and isoflurane groups). Coronary venous PO2 remained
      unchanged during enflurane but increased significantly during isoflurane and
      dipyridamole. Left ventricular surface tissue PO2 was unchanged in enflurane and
      isoflurane animals and decreased slightly, yet significantly, during
      dipyridamole. All variables remained unchanged in the control group. Thus,
      isoflurane and dipyridamole interfered with MBF autoregulation and increased
      myocardial oxygen delivery out of proportion to myocardial demands.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2919769
TI  - The effect of cimetidine and ranitidine on the duration of action of
      succinylcholine.
AB  - A recent study suggested that cimetidine prolongs the duration of action of
      succinylcholine (SCh). We examined this reported interaction, and investigated
      whether it is the result of inhibition of plasma cholinesterase (PChE). We also
      studied the effect of ranitidine on the duration of action of succinylcholine.
      Thirty patients were randomly assigned to three groups to receive oral cimetidine
      300 mg or ranitidine 150 mg or no H2-antagonist the night before surgery and
      again 1-2 hours prior to induction of anesthesia. Succinylcholine (1.5 mg/kg
      i.v.) was given to facilitate tracheal intubation after induction of anesthesia;
      neuromuscular function was monitored by evoked compound electromyogram.
      Pretreatment blood samples were analyzed for PChE activity. PChE activity and
      levels of appropriate H2-antagonists were measured in preinduction blood samples.
      No significant effect of either cimetidine or ranitidine on the duration of
      action of SCh or PChE activity was demonstrated. We conclude that H2-antagonists
      administered preoperatively do not prolong the duration of action of
      succinylcholine or alter PChE activity.

PMID- 2919770
TI  - Bunegin-Albin catheter improves air retrieval and resuscitation from lethal
      venous air embolism in upright dogs.
AB  - Three types of catheters, the Arrow multi-orifice catheter, the American Edwards
      7 Fr Swan-Ganz catheter and the Cook Bunegin-Albin multi-orifice CVP catheter
      were evaluated for their ability to retrieve venous air emboli and effect on the
      success rate of resuscitation from venous air emboli. The catheters were inserted
      in dogs anesthetized with isoflurane (1.7%, inspired) and N2O (66%) in O2 and
      placed in the sitting position with the head 90 degrees to the horizontal. Swan
      Ganz catheters were positioned with the right atrial (RA) port just above the
      junction of the superior vena cava (SVC) and the RA and the pulmonary artery (PA)
      port in the pulmonary artery. The Arrow and Bunegin-Albin multi-orifice catheters
      were placed with the proximal orifice just above the SVC-RA junction and the
      distal orifice near the mid-RA. Dogs were then given a predetermined lethal dose
      of air (5 ml.kg-1) over 30 sec via the jugular vein. Attempts to aspirate venous
      air emboli were begun with the first decrease in expired CO2. Both RA and PA
      ports of the Swan-Ganz catheter were used for aspiration. The amounts of gas
      retrieved expressed as a percent of the injected air and the incidence of
      successful resuscitation were compared. Significantly greater percentages of
      injected venous air were retrieved with the Bunegin-Albin catheter (63 +/- 14%,
      mean +/- SEM) than with the Arrow multi-orifice catheter (6 +/- 2%) or the Swan
      Ganz catheter (14 +/- 5%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2919772
TI  - Epidural butorphanol-bupivacaine for analgesia during labor and delivery.
AB  - A double-blind, randomized, dose-response study of a combination of 0.25%
      bupivacaine combined with 0, 1, 2, or 3 mg of butorphanol was studied in 40
      laboring parturients. The optimal dose of butorphanol combined with 8.5 to 10 ml
      0.25% bupivacaine was 2 mg; with 2 mg, the duration of analgesia was
      significantly greater and the time to onset of analgesia significantly shorter
      than when no butorphanol was added, and the amount of bupivacaine could be
      reduced 50%. Adverse fetal effects were not observed except that of a low
      amplitude sinusoidal fetal heart rate pattern with doses of 3 mg butorphanol. All
      neonatal observations were normal. It is concluded that epidural butorphanol can
      be a useful and safe adjunct to bupivacaine used for epidural analgesia during
      labor.

PMID- 2919771
TI  - Effect of epidural lidocaine on spinal cord blood flow.
AB  - The effect of epidural lidocaine on spinal cord blood flow (SCBF) was measured in
      mongrel dogs. Spinal evoked potentials were used to measure spinal cord
      conduction and enabled us to time the measurement of SCBF associated with maximum
      reduction in latency and amplitude of spinal evoked potentials produced by
      instillation of 5 ml of 2% lidocaine in the epidural space. We used the
      radioactive microsphere technique to quantitate SCBF in the cervical, upper
      thoracic, lower thoracic, and lumbar regions of the spinal cord. A
      narcotic/relaxant technique was used to eliminate SCBF changes associated with
      other anesthetic agents. Other parameters known to affect SCBF were kept constant
      and within normal physiologic values. As compared with saline solution controls,
      there were significant decreases in SCBF in all the four areas of spinal cord in
      animals given epidural lidocaine, most marked in the lumbar area.

PMID- 2919773
TI  - A computerized anesthesia database.
AB  - The collection of anesthesia related information in an organized fashion and the
      subsequent analysis of the data assist in the maintenance of quality anesthesia
      care. We have created and implemented a computerized anesthesia database that
      utilizes an IBM personal computer. We are now able to easily and accurately
      monitor the anesthesia practices of our large university anesthesia program. We
      recommend the wide adaptation of systems such as ours to all departments, from
      the small private hospital to the large university center.

PMID- 2919774
TI  - Epidural morphine after anterior cruciate ligament repair: a comparison with
      patient-controlled intravenous morphine.
AB  - To compare the management of postoperative pain using morphine administered by
      epidural catheter with intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (PCA), we
      prospectively studied 47 consecutive cases involving repair of the anterior
      cruciate ligament of the knee. Both the quality of analgesia and the incidence of
      side effects were documented. Compared with patients receiving PCA morphine,
      patients given epidural morphine reported significantly lower pain scores both at
      rest (0.7 +/- 1.1 versus 3.4 +/- 2.1, P less than 0.01) and with mobilization
      (3.2 +/- 2.1 versus 6.1 +/- 2.1, P less than 0.01). Although patients receiving
      epidural morphine had a greater incidence of urinary retention, there were no
      significant differences in the incidence of nausea or pruritus. There was no
      respiratory depression in either group. We conclude that epidural morphine
      provides superior analgesia with a clinically inconsequential increase in side
      effects. Further, epidural morphine may have special advantages when early
      mobilization is indicated.

PMID- 2919775
TI  - Epidural analgesia with bupivacaine reduces postoperative paralytic ileus after
      hysterectomy.
AB  - This study was undertaken to compare the effects of postoperative bupivacaine
      epidural analgesia with those of intermittent injections of ketobemidone (a
      synthetic opioid) on postoperative bowel motility in patients who had had
      hysterectomies. The epidural group (N = 20) received continuous epidural
      anesthesia with bupivacaine postoperatively for 26-30 hours and the control group
      (N = 20) received intermittent injections of ketobemidone for postoperative pain
      relief. Postoperative bowel movements and propulsive colonic motility were
      estimated from the first passage of flatus and feces and by following radiopaque
      markers by serial abdominal radiographs. In the epidural group, the times for
      first passing of flatus (31 +/- 22 hours; mean +/- SD) and feces (70 +/- 44
      hours) were significantly shorter than in the control group (flatus 58 +/- 14
      hours and feces 103 +/- 26 hours). The average position of the markers was
      significantly more distally in the epidural group immediately after operation and
      the markers continued to move forward during the first postoperative day. In the
      control group, the markers did not move during this period. The results
      demonstrate that postoperative bowel peristalsis returned earlier in the patients
      given epidural analgesia with bupivacaine for pain relief than in patients given
      a narcotic.

PMID- 2919776
TI  - Influence of Dornier HM3 system on respiration during extracorporeal shock-wave
      lithotripsy.
AB  - Patients undergoing extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL) for renal stones
      in the Dornier HM3 apparatus are immersed to the clavicles in water and anchored
      by abdominal and leg restraining straps. The respiratory effects of this system
      and sedation with midazolam were studied in 70 awake patients anesthetized with
      epidural blockade. On immersion, surface abdominal pressure and respiratory
      frequency (f) increased. Tidal volume (VT) and arterial saturation (SaO2)
      decreased. After intravenous midazolam 0.045 mg/kg body weight, VT decreased
      further to 35% below pre-immersion values and stone excursions measured by
      fluoroscopy diminished by more than 50%; reduction of VT and stone excursions
      were linearly correlated (R = 0.45). SaO2 declined sharply to 6.1% (range -1.5
      13.8%) below pre-immersion values, whereas end-tidal CO2 (PETCO2) increased more
      slowly and f remained above the pre-immersion rate. In three patients, SaO2
      decreased to below 85% but was rapidly restored to 98-100% by oxygen
      administration. The respiratory effects of sedative drugs are exaggerated by the
      Dornier HM3 system, and continuous monitoring of gas exchange and appropriate
      oxygen administration are recommended in patients receiving regional anesthesia
      and sedation.

PMID- 2919777
TI  - Selection of implantable narcotic delivery systems.
AB  - Intraspinal narcotics have dramatically influenced the way pain of malignant
      origin is managed. There has been a rapid acceptance of this modality within the
      anesthesia community to treat a wide variety of cancer pain problems. In tandem
      the development of various implantable narcotic delivery systems has complemented
      and facilitated the expanded role of intraspinal narcotics in the treatment of
      cancer pain. Appropriate patient selection is crucial if optimal results are to
      be achieved. Factors to be considered in patient selection should include the
      results of the preimplantation spinal narcotic trial, infection trial, infection
      and local conditions, hematologic status, physiologic and behavioral
      abnormalities, cost, patient support systems and life expectancy. By interfacing
      these factors with the unique profiles that each of the five types of implantable
      narcotic delivery systems offer, improved results both in terms of pain relief
      and patient satisfaction can be expected.

PMID- 2919778
TI  - Phonocardiography as a monitor of cardiac performance during anesthesia.
AB  - The usefulness of phonocardiography as a monitor of cardiac performance during
      anesthesia was investigated in six dogs. Anesthetic depression by halothane,
      isoflurane and nitrous oxide was demonstrated by the phonocardiogram. Likewise,
      the stimulating effect of dopamine clearly showed in the recordings. Changes in
      the amplitude of the first heart sound were found to correlate closely with
      changes in the maximum rate of rise of left ventricular pressure (r = 0.9551,
      0.001). P less than 0.001). Simultaneous changes in cardiac output and arterial
      pressure also occurred. Cardiac depression from anesthetics and/or disease is a
      major concern during anesthesia. Perioperative phonocardiography, a simple and
      noninvasive procedure, merits further investigation as a possible monitor of
      cardiac performance.

PMID- 2919779
TI  - Isoflurane in obstetrics.

PMID- 2919780
TI  - Evaluation of five metallic tapes for protection of endotracheal tubes during CO2
      laser surgery.

PMID- 2919781
TI  - Interpleural bupivacaine for mammography during needle localization and breast
      biopsy.

PMID- 2919782
TI  - Serum inorganic fluoride levels after enflurane in children.

PMID- 2919783
TI  - Acute bronchospasm complicating intercostal nerve block with phenol.

PMID- 2919784
TI  - Consecutive cardiac arrests on induction of anesthesia associated with nifedipine
      induced carotid sinus hypersensitivity.

PMID- 2919785
TI  - Epidural anesthesia for patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

PMID- 2919787
TI  - What wisdom is there in administering elective general anesthesia to children
      with active upper respiratory tract infection?

PMID- 2919786
TI  - Concentrations of morphine in the cerebrospinal fluid after femoral perineural
      morphine administration.

PMID- 2919788
TI  - Emergency airway management in trauma patients with a suspected cervical spine
      injury.

PMID- 2919789
TI  - Recurrent HSVL and the use of epidural morphine in obstetrics.

PMID- 2919790
TI  - Spinal anesthesia in children: surface anatomy.

PMID- 2919791
TI  - Is the message getting through?

PMID- 2919792
TI  - Diltiazem effect on regional function: perfusion pressure rather than direct
      effect?

PMID- 2919793
TI  - Another problem with a stylet in an endotracheal tube.

PMID- 2919795
TI  - Reverse Sellick maneuver.

PMID- 2919794
TI  - Cuffed endotracheal tubes in pediatric patients.

PMID- 2919796
TI  - The study of house dust mites in Taiwan.
AB  - By using a radioallergosorbent test (RAST) and intradermal skin testing, our
      previous studies strongly suggested that house dust mites are the most important
      allergen in Taiwan, especially in asthmatic children. This study was conducted to
      determine the distribution of house dust mites in houses of mite-sensitive
      asthmatic children and normals, the species of mites in various house dust
      samples, the seasonal prevalence, and the relation between the content of mite
      allergen and the mite density in dusts. Serial samples were collected every month
      between February 1986 and January 1987 from 61 houses of mite-allergic patients
      and nine normals. About 1 m2 surface area each of (A) family couch, (B) TV room
      floor carpet, (C) mattress, and (D) bed room floor carpet was vacuumed for one
      minute. The flotation method was used to collect mites in dusts and mites were
      counted under an inverted phase contrast microscope. Identification of house dust
      mite species was also performed. The RAST inhibition method was used for assay of
      mite allergen in dust extracts. The results showed the following six points. (1)
      Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (DP) was the dominant species found in house dust
      in the Taipei area (78.8%). (2) The mean number of mites was greater in August
      through November and lowest in July. (3) The content of mite allergen did not
      correlate with the number of mites in dust sample. (4) The average number of
      mites in patients' houses was not different from that in normals'
      houses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2919797
TI  - A clinical comparison of terbutaline with albuterol administered by metered-dose
      inhaler.
AB  - The effects of albuterol and terbutaline administered by metered-dose inhaler
      were compared via a randomized crossover design. For 20 previously diagnosed
      asthmatics, spirometric measurements were determined prior to and at nine times
      post-dose up to six hours. Patients used each drug for a 7-day test period and
      recorded the occurrence of side effects. As measured by FEV1 and FEF25-75, both
      drugs caused a rapid and significant bronchodilation of approximately 4-hour
      duration. For both drugs, there was little effect on blood pressure and heart
      rate and reported side effects were minimal. There was no statistically
      significant difference between drugs in pulmonary response nor in any reported
      side effect.

PMID- 2919798
TI  - Studies of neutrophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis in metabisulfite
      sensitivity.
AB  - The mechanism(s) of adverse reactions to sulfites remains unclear. To determine
      whether mast cell degranulation is involved in sulfite sensitivity, we performed
      single-blind, placebo-controlled oral aqueous challenges with potassium
      metabisulfite in 13 patients with histories suggestive of sulfite sensitivity.
      Ten patients were also skin tested with potassium metabisulfite at 10 mg/mL and
      all had negative reactions. Serum samples were obtained from all the patients
      before the challenge and for 180 minutes after the challenge. The samples were
      tested for the presence of neutrophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis, using
      both a 51chromium microchamber chemotaxis assay and a leukocyte polarization
      technique. Six of 13 patients had positive challenges as defined by a fall equal
      to or greater than 20% in their forced expiratory volume in one second. No
      significant increase in neutrophil chemotactic factor activity was detected in
      the postchallenge serum samples from patients who experienced positive or
      negative challenges. We conclude that sensitivity to aqueous metabisulfite is not
      associated with mast cell degranulation in metabisulfite skin test-negative
      patients.

PMID- 2919799
TI  - Effect of theophylline on adenosine-induced bronchoconstriction.

PMID- 2919800
TI  - Partial lipodystrophy: immunologic studies in a Sicilian girl.

PMID- 2919801
TI  - Influence of air pollution on extrinsic childhood asthma.
AB  - A crossed comparative study was done with 248 extrinsic asthmatic children living
      either in polluted or non-polluted areas (mean emission per year of sedimentary
      material greater than or less than 300 mg/m2/day, respectively) to establish the
      influence of air pollution on childhood extrinsic asthma. The mean number of
      wheezing crises per year was significantly higher for the children living in
      polluted areas (10.4 versus 7.69). In addition, incidence of severe asthma (types
      II, III, and IV) in children living in polluted areas was markedly increased
      whereas the slight form of asthma (type I) was more frequent in children living
      in non-polluted areas. No correlation, however, between the wheezing episodes and
      levels of atmospheric contaminants (fumes and SO2) was detected when a group of
      84 extrinsic asthmatic children living in polluted areas was studied
      longitudinally for a year. The data indicate that air pollution, as an isolated
      agent, plays a transient role in the appearance of wheezing episodes in subjects
      with extrinsic asthma. Results also suggest that the air pollution may potentiate
      wheezing episodes via alternative mechanisms.

PMID- 2919802
TI  - The use of the dose-response curve in the assessment of normal and asymptomatic
      asthmatic patients.
AB  - We studied bronchial reactivity, the slope of the dose-response curve to inhaled
      methacholine, in normal subjects (N), young asthmatics with normal respiratory
      resistance (Rrs) (YAL), young asthmatics with high Rrs (YAH), and old asthmatics
      with high Rrs (OAH) by three different methods: linear reactivity (slope of the
      linear cumulative dose-conductance (Grs = 1/Rrs) curve), timed reactivity (slope
      of the log concentration-Grs or time-Grs curve), and log reactivity (slope of the
      log cumulative dose-Grs curve). There were significant differences in linear
      reactivity between the N and the three asthmatics but no difference among the
      three asthmatic groups. On the other hand, both timed and log reactivities showed
      significant differences between the three asthmatic groups. Log and timed
      reactivities corrected by baseline Grs did not differentiate the YAL from the YAH
      but showed a significant difference between the YAH and OAH. This study suggests
      that timed and log reactivities may be better indices of bronchial reactivity
      than linear reactivity because they differentiate asthmatics, and that bronchial
      reactivity in asthmatics may be dependent on not only baseline airway caliber in
      asthmatics but also other factors such as atopic status or age.

PMID- 2919803
TI  - Theophylline levels after single daily and divided dosing of a once-a-day
      theophylline preparation in asthmatic children.
AB  - Twelve children with chronic asthma were treated with a single dose of sustained
      release theophylline once-a-day taken after supper at 9 PM. During the steady
      state period after 15 days of treatment, serum theophylline levels were measured
      one and two hours after dosing and then every two hours until 9 PM the following
      day. The peak concentration (mean +/- SD) of serum theophylline (20.9 +/- 6.5
      micrograms/mL) was observed eight hours after dosing while the through
      concentration (4.34 +/- 2.62 micrograms/mL) was measured 24 hours after dosing;
      the percent fluctuation (mean +/- SD) was 966.45 +/- 1105.55%. Another 15
      children were treated with the same preparation administered at 8 AM after
      breakfast and at 8 PM after supper. Serum samples for theophylline concentration
      were obtained immediately before dosing at 8 AM and then every two hours for the
      following 12 hours. The mean theophylline level observed immediately before
      dosing at 8 AM was 10.16 +/- 3.84 micrograms/mL while the mean level at 8 PM was
      9.39 +/- 4.77 micrograms/mL. The peak serum level was 13.07 +/- 5.13
      micrograms/mL at 2 PM, while the trough was 9.31 +/- 3.71 micrograms/mL at 10 AM,
      with a percent fluctuation of 155.21 +/- 147.95%. Few side effects were seen in
      both groups. The results of our study clearly demonstrated that in children the
      percent fluctuation and peak-trough differences are far greater with once daily
      than with twice daily dosing and this should be considered when planning
      theophylline treatment in asthmatic children. The administration of a once-a-day
      preparation every 8-12 hours can however result in overlapping absorption
      patterns.

PMID- 2919804
TI  - Immunologically medicated food allergy: the importance of food challenge
      procedure.

PMID- 2919805
TI  - Polyarthralgias, skin hardening, and weight loss in a 30-year-old male.

PMID- 2919806
TI  - Metabisulfite sensitivity and local dental anesthesia.
AB  - A case of sulfite sensitivity first manifesting as urticaria and acute airway
      obstruction following local anesthesia is described. A positive parenteral
      provocation test to metabisulfite was observed weeks after recovery of the
      patient from the clinical event.

PMID- 2919807
TI  - Reestimations of the protein concentrations of birch pollen allergen extracts
      selected as candidates for the international standard (IS) preparation.
AB  - The total protein concentrations of six selected candidates for an international
      standard (IS) of birch pollen were previously estimated (Ann Allergy 1987;58:71
      77). The results of analyses showed large variations depending both on the method
      and the reference protein used. More than 2-fold variations in the protein
      content were obtained using Bradford's protein binding method. In the present
      communication the protein contents of these birch IS-candidates were reestimated
      by Lowry, a modified Lowry technique, Bradford's protein-dye binding,
      bicinchoninic acid reagent and amino acid compositions. Great variations were
      obtained for the protein contents, depending on the technique employed,
      emphasizing the difficulties of choosing a proper method of protein analyses of
      pollen allergens. The Lowry and the bicinchoninic acid reagent methods gave the
      highest obtained protein estimates, while the modified Lowry and Bradford's
      protein-dye binding methods showed the lowest values. The amino acid analysis
      gave concentrations similar to those obtained by Lowry and bicinchoninic acid
      reagent methods. The Lowry method seemed to be adequate for the analysis of plant
      proteins. The amino acid analysis is currently the most precise method for
      estimation of the protein concentration irrespective of additional prosthetic
      groups. A serious shortcoming of the method is that it requires an amino acid
      analyser or other liquid chromatrographic systems, which are not commonly in
      laboratory use.

PMID- 2919808
TI  - Three cases of fatal anaphylaxis to antibiotics in patients with prior histories
      of allergy to the drug.
AB  - Three cases of fatal anaphylaxis to penicillin and cephalexin are described. All
      three patients had prior histories of severe allergic reactions to the
      antibiotics they were given. The radioallergosorbent test was positive on post
      mortem blood to the appropriate antibiotic in all three cases. RAST can be
      performed on post-mortem specimens of serum, sodium fluoride-treated blood, or
      whole blood.

PMID- 2919809
TI  - Diagnostic value of IgG4 measurements in patients with food allergy.

PMID- 2919810
TI  - Resistances and compliances of a compartmental model of the cerebrovascular
      system.
AB  - A lumped parameter compartmental model for the nonsteady flow of the
      cerebrovascular fluid is constructed. The model assumes constant resistances that
      relate fluid flux to pressure gradients, and compliances between compartments
      that relate fluid accumulation to rate of pressure changes. Resistances are
      evaluated by using mean values of artery and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fluxes and
      mean compartmental pressures. Compliances are then evaluated from clinical data
      of simultaneous pulse wave recordings in the different compartments. Estimate of
      the average CSF compartmental deformation, based on the compliance between the
      CSF and brain tissue compartments, proves to be of the order of magnitude of
      actual experimental measurements.

PMID- 2919812
TI  - A continuous cardiac output computer based on thermodilution principles.
AB  - A totally self-contained instrument for the measurement of cardiac output is
      described. The microcomputer controlled instrument is based upon the principles
      of thermodilution and is capable of making cardiac output determinations on a
      minute by minute basis. A bolus of heat is delivered to the blood via a resistive
      heating element wound on the surface of a conventional thermodilution catheter,
      and the resulting transient pulmonary artery blood temperature increases is
      monitored with the thermistor located near the tip of the catheter. The
      performance of the instrument was tested in a mock circulatory loop and in dogs
      for periods of up to 13 hours. The accuracy and reproducibility of flow
      determinations made with the system compare favorably with those made with a
      conventional cardiac output monitor. This study demonstrates the feasibility of a
      stand-alone cardiac output computer that can provide virtually continuous
      measurements of blood flow without the intervention of a technician.

PMID- 2919811
TI  - A compartmental model for oxygen transport in brain microcirculation.
AB  - A compartmental model is formulated for oxygen transport in the cerebrovascular
      bed of the brain. The model considers the arteriolar, capillary and venular
      vessels. The vascular bed is represented as a series of compartments on the basis
      of blood vessel diameter. The formulation takes into account such parameters as
      hematocrit, vascular diameter, blood viscosity, blood flow, metabolic rate, the
      nonlinear oxygen dissociation curve, arterial PO2, P50 (oxygen tension at 50%
      hemoglobin saturation with O2) and carbon monoxide concentration. The
      countercurrent diffusional exchange between paired arterioles and venules is
      incorporated into the model. The model predicts significant longitudinal PO2
      gradients in the precapillary vessels. However, gradients of hemoglobin
      saturation with oxygen remain fairly small. The longitudinal PO2 gradients in the
      postcapillary vessels are found to be very small. The effect of the following
      variables on tissue PO2 is studied: blood flow, PO2 in the arterial blood,
      hematocrit, P50, concentration of carbon monoxide, metabolic rate, arterial
      diameter, and the number of perfused capillaries. The qualitative features of PO2
      distribution in the vascular network are not altered with moderate variation of
      these parameters. Finally, the various types of hypoxia, namely hypoxic, anemic
      and carbon monoxide hypoxia, are discussed in light of the above sensitivity
      analysis.

PMID- 2919813
TI  - Analysis of human torso motion with muscle actuators.
AB  - A biomechanical model is devised to analyze the motion of the human torso and
      estimate the load on the lumbar spine, the contraction forces in the trunk
      muscles, and the sensory signals between the muscle and the nervous system. A
      state space formulation of three-dimensional (3D) equations of motion of the
      human torso is presented with muscle forces as input to the system. At least 3
      pairs of skeletal muscles are considered to be necessary for 3D motion of human
      torso. Functional anatomy of these major muscles of the human trunk are
      discussed. These muscles as well as their feedback and feedforward sensory paths
      are modeled by linear viscoelastic components and force generators. Stability of
      the torso with three pairs of muscles is studied both with muscle spindles
      inactive (open loop) and active (closed loop). Voluntary point-to-point motion of
      the torso in three-dimensional space is simulated on a digital computer,
      employing a dynamic controller, where feedback gains are tuned (programmed) by
      higher centers of nervous system.

PMID- 2919814
TI  - A programmable system for acquisition and reduction of respiratory physiological
      data.
AB  - A portable software package (TIDAL--Tools for Intelligent Data Acquisition in the
      Laboratory) for acquiring and analyzing respiratory physiological data is
      described. TIDAL supports flow-, volume-, and concentration-measuring devices,
      and any other instruments that produce linear analog outputs. The system allows
      users to specify the names and types of channels to be sampled, and the
      calculations involved in reducing samples to breath-to-breath values. The
      specification of channels and calculations is given in EDL, an Experiment
      Description Language designed for respiratory physiology. EDL comprises a set of
      internal functions (primitives) which can be combined into arbitrarily complex
      expressions. To simplify EDL programming, TIDAL includes a macro processor and a
      standard macro library; the library contains definitions for a wide variety of
      respiratory variables. Examples are inspiratory and expiratory times and total
      volumes, mean inspired and expired gas volumes and concentrations, and end-tidal
      concentrations. Variables that are derived from these primary data, such as
      respiratory quotient, are also easily specified. TIDAL is written entirely in the
      C programming language, with special attention to portable coding practices. The
      code is organized in a modular structure that eases porting to multiple
      hardware/compiler/operating system environments.

PMID- 2919815
TI  - Cytopathic effects of Moraxella bovis on cultured bovine neutrophils and corneal
      epithelial cells.
AB  - The effects of Moraxella bovis on the morphologic features of purified bovine
      neutrophils and bovine corneal epithelial cells were examined, using transmission
      and scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy. Within 2 minutes after
      incubation of bovine neutrophils with living M bovis, electron microscopic
      cellular changes included vacuolation, swelling, and loss of microplicae. Most of
      the neutrophils were lysed by 10 minutes of incubation. Human neutrophils
      phagocytosed the M bovis and remained intact, even after 30 minutes of incubation
      with the bacteria. Living M bovis killed bovine corneal epithelial cells in
      vitro. Sterile filtrates prepared from 6-hour shaker cultures of M bovis also
      killed bovine corneal epithelial cells, but the cytotoxic activity was less than
      that produced by the living bacteria. Cellular changes were first observed in
      specimens collected 1 hour after corneal cell monolayers were inoculated with
      sterile culture filtrates. The changes in these cells included pit-like lesions
      on the cellular surface, cellular separation, and vacuolation.

PMID- 2919816
TI  - Development and evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for bovine
      antibody (IgG) to Pasteurella haemolytica.
AB  - The sensitivity of an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for
      bovine IgG serum antibody to Pasteurella haemolytica was compared with that of an
      indirect hemagglutination (IHA) test. Pasteurella haemolytica serotypes were
      grown in a chemically defined cell culture medium, and soluble antigens released
      into the growth medium were used in the ELISA and IHA test. An ELISA with
      serotype-1 antigen consistently detected antibody in sera that were positive by
      IHA test (correlation, 99%). Sera reacting with serotype-1 ELISA antigens also
      reacted with ELISA antigens prepared from other serotypes. Although ELISA titers
      averaged 5 log2 units higher than IHA titers, plots of titers determined by the 2
      methods were approximately linear. Titer increases detected in paired serum
      samples by either test were similar. The ELISA was more sensitive than was the
      IHA in detecting colostral IgG antibody in serum of newborn calves. The ELISA
      uses a simple, stable antigen preparation and detects antibody to P haemolytica
      serotypes that commonly infect cattle.

PMID- 2919817
TI  - Humoral recognition of lipopolysaccharide core antigens of gram-negative bacteria
      in neonatal swine.
AB  - Serologic recognition of common lipopolysaccharide core antigens has been related
      to enhanced resistance to gram-negative bacterial disease in several species.
      Class-specific titers (IgG, IgM) were determined by direct ELISA, using intact
      Escherichia coli (J5) as a plate antigen. Serum samples were obtained from 224
      neonatal swine between the ages of 36 and 60 hours. The mean (+/- SEM) log10 IgG
      titer against gram-negative core antigens was 1:1,713 +/- 0.4718 and the mean
      log10 IgM titer was 1:202 +/- 0.5644. The IgG titer was directly related with
      litter size, birth weight, and serum total IgG concentration; IgM titer was
      directly related with dam parity and serum total IgG concentration.

PMID- 2919819
TI  - Electron microscopic study of the unique features and structural-morphologic
      relationship of canine bone marrow.
AB  - Electron microscopy revealed several unique features in canine bone marrow,
      compared with that of other species. The marrow was fatty and extensively
      trabeculated and was enclosed by a complete layer of endosteal bone-lining cells.
      Branched reticular cells were closely associated with each other and,
      occasionally, covered part of the sinus wall as an adventitial layer. The extent
      of adventitial coverage varied markedly and was less extensive, compared with
      that of other species. On average, only 23% of the sinus wall was covered by
      adventitial layer, in contrast to 65% reported in laboratory animals. Unilaminar
      sinuses, with no adventitial coverage, accounted for greater than 38% of all
      sinuses. Quantitative analysis indicated that 60% of the latter sinuses contained
      apertures, as opposed to 35% of sinuses with adventitial coverage (P less than
      0.05). Moreover, the number of apertures in unilaminar sinuses was significantly
      (P less than 0.009) greater than that in multilaminar sinuses. Apertures were
      observed every 59 microns in unilaminar sinuses, in contrast to every 109 microns
      in multilaminar sinuses. Approximately 75% of the apertures were occupied by
      cells in transit, and only 25% were free of cells. Macrophages were distributed
      throughout the marrow and were closely associated with all blood cell lines.
      Occasionally, cells that entered the lumen were not fully mature. Erythroblasts
      were seen migrating across the wall and within the lumen of sinuses. The less
      extensive adventitial coverage in canine bone marrow might indicate that the rate
      of cell delivery from the marrow into the circulation was relatively high in this
      species.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2919818
TI  - Porcine malignant hyperthermia susceptibility: halothane-induced increase in
      cytoplasmic free calcium in lymphocytes.
AB  - We tested the hypothesis that lymphocytes from swine with susceptibility to
      malignant hyperthermia (MH) had increased sensitivity to the membrane-perturbing
      effects of halothane that increase cytoplasmic calcium. Cytoplasmic concentration
      of ionized calcium in lymphocytes isolated from blood was determined in the
      presence and absence of halothane for 10 Pietrain x Poland China swine that were
      susceptible to MH and 20 Yorkshire swine that were resistant to MH. Calcium was
      determined by dual-emission spectrofluorometry and by measuring the ratio of free
      to calcium-bound form of the fluorescent calcium dye Indo-1. Mean values for
      calcium concentrations in lymphocytes from MH-susceptible (MHS) swine were 80%
      less than control values (40.5 +/- 38.8 and 185.3 +/- 91.6 nmol/L; P less than
      0.01). Untreated lymphocytes from MHS swine accumulated calcium at half the rate
      observed for controls. Exposure to 1 mmol/L halothane resulted in a 3-fold
      increase of free calcium concentration to 127.9 +/- 81.3 nmol/L in the
      lymphocytes of MHS swine, but had no significant effect on lymphocytes from
      control swine (225.0 +/- 91.4; P less than 0.01). Exposure to 2 mmol/L halothane
      resulted in a 6-fold increase of free calcium concentration to 255.9 +/- 91.4
      nmol/L in lymphocytes from MHS swine and a 63% increase in lymphocytes from
      controls (303.8 +/- 116). The rate of halothane-induced increase in cytosolic
      calcium was 13 times greater in lymphocytes from MHS swine, compared with
      controls. These data indicated that the molecular defect that results in
      halothane-hypersensitivity and is characteristic of muscle of MHS swine also
      occurs in lymphocytes from MHS swine.

PMID- 2919820
TI  - Serum and tissue fluid norfloxacin concentrations after oral administration of
      the drug to healthy dogs.
AB  - Norfloxacin, a 4-quinolone antibiotic, was administered orally to 4 healthy dogs
      at dosages of 11 and 22 mg/kg of body weight, every 12 hours for 4 days, with a 4
      week interval between dosing regimens. Serum and tissue cage fluid (TCF)
      norfloxacin concentrations were measured at 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10,
      and 12 hours after the first and seventh dose of each dosing regimen. When
      administered at a dosage of 11 mg/kg, the mean peak serum concentration (Cmax)
      was 1.0 microgram/ml at 1 hour, the time of mean peak concentration (Tmax) after
      the first dose. After the seventh dose, the Cmax was 1.4 micrograms/ml at Tmax of
      1.5 hours. The Tmax for the TCF concentration was 5 hours, with Cmax of 0.3
      microgram/ml and 0.7 microgram/ml after the first and seventh dose, respectively.
      When administered at a dosage of 22 mg/kg, the serum Tmax was 2 hours after the
      first dose, with Cmax of 2.8 micrograms/ml. After the seventh dose, the serum
      Tmax was 1.5 hours, with Cmax of 2.8 micrograms/ml. The Tmax for the TCF
      concentration was 5 hours after the first and seventh doses, with Cmax of 1.2
      micrograms/ml and 1.6 micrograms/ml, respectively. After the seventh dose, the
      serum elimination half-life was 6.3 hours for a dosage of 11 mg/kg and was 6.7
      hours for a dosage of 22 mg/kg. For serum concentration, the area under the curve
      from 0 to 12 hours (AUC0----12) was 8.77 micrograms.h/ml and 18.27
      micrograms.h/ml for dosages of 11 mg/kg and 22 mg/kg, respectively.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2919821
TI  - Serum vitamin E and blood glutathione peroxidase values of horses with
      degenerative myeloencephalopathy.
AB  - Serum vitamin E and blood glutathione peroxidase values were determined in 40
      horses with a histologically confirmed diagnosis of degenerative
      myeloencephalopathy and in 49 age-matched control horses with normal neurologic
      function. Significant differences were not detected in serum vitamin E or blood
      glutathione peroxidase values between horses affected with degenerative
      myeloencephalopathy and control horses. These findings fail to support a reported
      role of vitamin E deficiency as a cause of equine degenerative
      myeloencephalopathy.

PMID- 2919822
TI  - Onchocerca gutturosa and Onchocerca lienalis in cattle: variation in length of
      microfilariae by site of recovery.
AB  - Dermal microfilariae recovered from specimens obtained from umbilical and
      cervical sites of cattle infected with adult Onchocerca gutturosa alone or with
      adults of O gutturosa and O lienalis were measured and compared with uterine
      microfilariae obtained directly from gravid female worms of each species. Uterine
      microfilariae of O gutturosa were longer than dermal microfilariae obtained from
      cattle harboring only adults of O gutturosa. Dermal microfilariae were recovered
      from umbilical and cervical sites in these cattle. Those found at the cervical
      site had lengths equal to or greater than lengths of microfilariae recovered from
      the umbilical site. There was a significant (P less than 0.0001) shift in length
      across populations of microfilariae of O gutturosa from various sites in its
      bovine host, with a progressive decrease in length between microfilariae
      recovered from the worm's uterus, microfilariae from the cervical dermis, and
      microfilariae from the umbilical dermis, respectively. A similar direct
      comparison was not possible for microfilariae of O lienalis, because none of the
      cattle was infected with only adult worms of this species. In an indirect
      comparison, microfilariae of O lienalis were identified at the umbilicus, but
      their presence in the cervical region could not be determined unequivocally
      because of confounding of microfilariae length by concurrent infection with O
      gutturosa. Uterine microfilariae from O lienalis were longer than uterine
      microfilariae of O gutturosa, although a degree of overlap in the range of
      measurements existed between species.

PMID- 2919823
TI  - Effects of Moraxella bovis and culture filtrates on 51Cr-labeled bovine
      neutrophils.
AB  - The cytotoxicity of Moraxella bovis whole cells and culture filtrates was
      studied, using 51Cr-labeled bovine and human blood neutrophils. The cytotoxicity
      of living M bovis was directly related to the concentration of bacteria in the
      neutrophil cultures, and was maximal at an approximate neutrophil to bacteria
      ratio of 1:10. Cytotoxicity was maximal by 30 minutes after living bacteria were
      added to the suspension of the 51Cr-labeled neutrophils. Expression of the
      cytotoxicity was dependent on the presence of Ca2+ in the media, and was
      independent of the presence of Mg2+. Cytotoxic activity was eliminated by
      inactivating M bovis in buffers containing formalin or sodium azide. Hemolytic
      and nonhemolytic isolates of M bovis were examined for cytotoxic activity. All 7
      of the hemolytic isolates were cytotoxic for bovine neutrophils, but all 4 of the
      nonhemolytic isolates were devoid of cytotoxic activity. None of the 11 isolates
      were cytotoxic for human neutrophils. Sterile filtrates from 6-hour shaker
      cultures of a hemolytic M bovis isolate were cytotoxic for bovine neutrophils.
      Cytotoxicity of the filtrate was eliminated by heating, incubation with trypsin,
      or addition of EDTA to the media. Bacterial homogenates or sterile filtrates
      prepared from statistically incubated cultures of M bovis were not toxic for
      bovine neutrophils.

PMID- 2919824
TI  - Seminal vesicle and coagulating gland growth induced by intraperitoneal
      inoculation of fungi in mice.
AB  - The effect of fungi on the growth of body organs in mice was investigated.
      Single, intraperitoneal injections of yeasts (Cryptococcus albidus, Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces octosporus) or molds (Aspergillus niger,
      Geotrichum candidum, Mucor haemalis) induced an increase in the mass of seminal
      vesicles and coagulating glands independent of whole body weight changes in mice.

PMID- 2919825
TI  - Comparison of bovine and human platelet deformability, using micropipette
      elastimetry.
AB  - We evaluated the deformability of bovine platelets and contrasted the effects of
      pharmacologic and thermal perturbations on cytoskeletal structure of human and
      bovine platelets. Platelets were aspirated into micropipettes (0.7 to 0.8 micron
      in diameter) by stepwise increments in tension. The resulting lengths of the cell
      extensions were recorded. The cell extensions aspirated from bovine platelets
      were shorter than the extensions drawn from human platelets. Disassembly of the
      circumferential microtubule coil allowed human platelets to pass through the
      pipette, but the same treatments only slightly increased the deformability of
      bovine platelets. Alteration of the actin filament cytoskeleton caused increased
      mechanical fragility of human platelets. In contrast, even the combined use of
      microtubule and actin filament-disrupting agents only modestly increased the
      deformability of bovine platelets and did not cause premature fragmentation of
      the cells. Unusual cytoskeletal structure, absence of an open canalicular system,
      and disparity in granule size may all contribute to the variance in deformability
      between the platelets of the 2 species. Reduced cell deformability may impair
      bovine platelet surface interactions by diminishing the ease of cell spreading
      and formation of areas of contact between the platelet and other cell surfaces.

PMID- 2919826
TI  - Comparative study of continuous lumbar segmental epidural and subarachnoid
      analgesia in Holstein cows.
AB  - Eight adult Holstein cows were used to compare the effects of lumbar segmental
      epidural analgesia (SEA) and lumbar segmental subarachnoid analgesia (SSA). A
      modified 17-gauge Huber point (Tuohy) needle was used to place a catheter with
      stylet into either the epidural space at the thoracolumbar (T13-L1)
      intervertebral space or the subarachnoid space at the lumbosacral intervertebral
      junction. The catheters were advanced so that their tips lay at the anterior
      lumbar (L1-L2) epidural space or at the thoracolumbar (T13-L1) subarachnoid
      space. The position of the catheter was confirmed radiographically. A 5% solution
      of procaine HCl was used at mean doses of 300 mg (6 ml) to induce SEA and 84.4 +/
      12.9 mg (1.7 +/- 0.3 ml) to induce SSA. Onset of analgesia to superficial and
      deep muscular pinprick stimulation was significantly (P less than 0.05) faster in
      cows with SSA than in those with SEA (10.4 +/- 2.3 minutes vs 15.9 +/- 3.8
      minutes). Maximal thoracolumbar analgesia extended from spinal cord segments T12
      to L4 on one or both sides of the vertebral column during SEA and from T10 to L3
      on one or both sides during SSA. Duration of analgesia lasted significantly (P
      less than 0.05) longer in cows with SEA than in those with SSA (76.2 +/- 16.2
      minutes vs 53.7 +/- 14.3 minutes). The advantages and disadvantages of the SEA
      catheter technique are discussed.

PMID- 2919827
TI  - Effects of distention and neostigmine on jejunal vascular resistance, oxygen
      uptake, and intraluminal pressure changes in ponies.
AB  - The influence of distention (high baseline intraluminal pressure) and neostigmine
      methylsulfate on intestinal vascular resistance, oxygen uptake, and intraluminal
      pressure changes (rhythmic contractions) was studied in terminal jejunal
      segments, which were perfused at a constant rate, in 16 anesthetized ponies. When
      baseline intraluminal pressure was increased to 10 mm of Hg, the intestinal
      vascular resistance and amplitude of rhythmic contractions were increased.
      Neostigmine induced cyclic increases in amplitude of rhythmic contractions
      whether intraluminal pressure was 0 or 10 mm of Hg. Neostigmine also increased
      intestinal oxygen uptake at intraluminal pressures of 0 mm of Hg, but not at 10
      mm of Hg, and vascular resistance was not altered at either intraluminal
      pressure. The results indicate that intestinal hemodynamics are adversely
      affected by distention. Further, neostigmine did not adversely affect intestinal
      hemodynamics while increasing rhythmic contractions, suggesting that neostigmine
      may be useful in the treatment of ileus in equids.

PMID- 2919828
TI  - Hemostasis development in the lamb fetus and neonate.
AB  - Fetal and neonatal lamb hemostasis were studied from the 60th day of pregnancy to
      birth. Platelet counts and blood coagulation, as assessed by tests such as
      recalcification time and thromboelastography, were similar in fetuses, neonates,
      and adult sheep. The values of coagulation factors were low, ie, vitamin K
      dependent Factors II, VII, IX, and X remained unchanged (30 and 40% of adult
      reference values) until the last 10 days of gestation, and then increased until
      birth (40 to 60%). Values of fibrinogen and Factor V followed a similar pattern,
      although their activities became identical to adult values at birth. Also, we
      measured values of protein C and antithrombin III, which are synthesized by the
      liver. The importance of hepatic failure and fetal vitamin K deficiency were
      discussed. Factors VIII and XII activities increased gradually during pregnancy
      to reach adult values at birth. Fetal fibrinolytic activity increased. This could
      not be explained by the values of tissue-type plasminogen activator (it was not
      detectable) or by the presence of its fast-acting inhibitor, whose concentration
      did not decrease.

PMID- 2919829
TI  - Concentration of receptors for estradiol and progesterone in canine endometrium
      during estrus and diestrus.
AB  - Receptors for estrogen and progesterone were measured in cytosols prepared from
      specimens of canine endometrium obtained at late proestrus, day 4 of estrus, day
      2 of diestrus, and at 10 day intervals from days 10 through 80 of diestrus.
      Twenty nine adult bitches were used, with 2 to 4 dogs used at each time point.
      Concentrations of estradiol receptors measured in endometrial cytosols from late
      proestrus through day 10 of diestrus were similar (mean +/- SEM: 9.9 +/- 2.2,
      10.5 +/- 1.2, 16.3 +/- 1.6, and 16.2 +/- 2.9 pmol/g of tissue at proestrus, day 4
      of estrus, days 2 and 10 of diestrus, respectively). As serum concentrations of
      progesterone increased during early diestrus, the concentration of estradiol
      receptors decreased and were significantly (P less than 0.05) lower on days 30
      (4.9 +/- 1.3 pmol/g of tissue) and 40 (3.7 +/- 0.6 pmol/g of tissue) of diestrus.
      After day 40 of diestrus, when serum concentrations of progesterone were
      approaching basal concentrations, the concentration of estradiol receptors
      increased and remained significantly (P less than 0.05) higher from days 60 to 80
      of diestrus (day 60, 13.4 +/- 2.9; day 70, 15.7 +/- 1.7; day 80, 19.8 +/- 2.4
      pmol/g of tissue). As observed for estrogen receptors, the concentration of
      endometrial receptors for progesterone also gradually increased from late
      proestrus (4.9 +/- 1.3 pmol/g of tissue) to day 2 of diestrus (6.4 +/- 0.3 pmol/g
      of tissue).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2919830
TI  - Serum relaxin and progesterone concentrations in pregnant, pseudopregnant, and
      ovariectomized, progestin-treated pregnant bitches: detection of relaxin as a
      marker of pregnancy.
AB  - Serum concentrations of relaxin and progesterone were measured by specific
      radioimmunoassays in pregnant, pseudopregnant, or ovariectomized (between
      gestation weeks 4 and 5) pregnant Labrador Retriever bitches. Daily
      administration of 17 alpha-ethyl-19-nortestosterone was performed to maintain
      gestation in the ovariectomized pregnant bitches. This synthetic gestagen was
      selected because it did not interfere with the assay for endogenously secreted
      progesterone concentration in serum. Serum progesterone concentration was high in
      ovarian-intact pregnant or pseudopregnant bitches, but the mean progesterone
      concentration in pseudopregnant bitches (evaluated at 4 weeks after mating) was
      only 56% of the concentration in pregnant bitches. After ovariectomy, serum
      progesterone concentration decreased to undetectable values. Unlike progesterone,
      serum relaxin concentration increased during the latter half of pregnancy in the
      ovarian-intact and in the ovariectomized pregnant bitches, but relaxin was not
      detectable at any time in the pseudopregnant bitches. The amount of relaxin
      measured in the ovariectomized pregnant bitches was less (P less than 0.05) than
      that in ovarian-intact bitches, suggesting that the ovaries may have contributed
      to the total circulating relaxin concentration in the latter. Placental
      production of relaxin might have accounted for the serum relaxin concentration
      after ovariectomy; thus, the ovary and placenta each may secrete relaxin during
      gestation in bitches. Regardless of its source, measurement of serum relaxin
      concentration may offer a useful way of distinction between pregnancy and
      pseudopregnancy in dogs.

PMID- 2919831
TI  - Bioassay techniques and high-performance liquid chromatography for detection of
      oxytetracycline residues in tissues from calves.
AB  - Tissue specimens from muscle, liver, kidney, and injection sites were collected,
      and serum was obtained from 3 calves euthanatized on each of posttreatment days 5
      and 22. Calves were treated with 6.7, 13.4, or 20 mg of oxytetracycline (OTC)/kg
      of body weight, IM, once daily for 3 days; these dosages are 1, 2, and 3 times
      the label dose, respectively. One control calf was euthanatized on each of
      posttreatment days 5 and 22. In treated male calves killed 2 days after the last
      injection, OTC residues were detected in all tissues and serum, using high
      performance liquid chromatography. Tissues from all injection sites also were
      considered positive for antimicrobial residues, using the swab test on premises
      (STOP), microbial inhibition test (MIT), and thin-layer chromatography
      bioautography (TLCB) test. Kidney tissues from a calf given 13.4 mg of OTC/kg and
      kidney and liver tissues from a calf given 20 mg of OTC/kg also were considered
      positive, using the MIT and TLCB. Results of the STOP only were considered
      positive for the liver and kidney of a calf given 20 mg of OTC/kg, but
      substitution of Saskatoon antibiotic medium-3 for the original medium (antibiotic
      medium-5) allowed the STOP to detect residues in these tissues from all treated
      calves. In female calves killed 19 days after the last injection, the STOP, MIT,
      and TLCB procedures revealed positive results for tissues from some injection
      sites, but revealed negative results for other tissues.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2919832
TI  - Pulsed-wave Doppler evaluation of intracardiac blood flow in 30 clinically normal
      Standardbred horses.
AB  - Pulsed-wave Doppler echocardiography was performed on 30 clinically normal 1- to
      6-year-old racing Standardbreds. There were 13 females, 13 geldings, and 4
      stallions. Cardiac disease was not detected with M-mode, 2-dimensional real-time
      or pulsed-wave Doppler echocardiography. Normal flow velocities for right and
      left atrial outflow, right and left ventricular outflow, the aorta, and pulmonary
      artery were determined. Peak flow velocities for right and left atrial outflow
      occurred during the rapid filling phase and were higher toward the mitral valve
      (mean, 0.70 +/- 0.24 m/s) than toward the tricuspid valve (mean, 0.49 +/- 0.17
      m/s). Peak flow velocities in the right and left ventricular outflow tracts were
      similar (means, 0.81 +/- 0.10 m/s and 0.75 +/- 0.39 m/s, respectively). Peak flow
      velocities in the pulmonary artery (mean, 1.09 +/- 0.42 m/s) and aorta (mean,
      1.01 +/- 0.29 m/s) were similar, although flow peaked earlier in systole in the
      aorta than in the pulmonary artery.

PMID- 2919833
TI  - Increased peroxidation of erythrocytes of stress-susceptible pigs: an improved
      diagnostic test for porcine stress syndrome.
AB  - When incubated with solutions of hydrogen peroxide, erythrocytes of stress
      susceptible pigs produced more by-products of lipid peroxidation (as measured as
      thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances [TBARS]) than did erythrocytes from
      stress-resistant pigs. Using this technique, discrimination between the 2 pig
      types was absolute at hydrogen peroxide concentrations of 0.9 and 1.5%. This was
      in contrast to other methods of identifying stress-susceptible pigs, such as
      osmotically induced erythrocyte lysis and the determination of plasma pyruvate
      kinase and creatine kinase activities, for which considerable overlap of data was
      observed between pig types. The increased TBARS production by erythrocytes was
      further evidence for the existence of an antioxidant abnormality in stress
      susceptible pigs. However, because there were no discernible differences in the
      major blood antioxidant-related values between stress-susceptible and stress
      resistant pigs, the nature of the defect remains unclear. The production of TBARS
      by erythrocytes when incubated with hydrogen peroxide provides an improved method
      for identifying stress-susceptible pigs.

PMID- 2919834
TI  - Clinical studies of fish blood: importance of sample collection and measurement
      techniques.
AB  - Effects of blood sample collection and measurement techniques were assessed for
      blood gas tensions, acid-base status, and hematologic and plasma biochemical
      values of rainbow trout. Blood samples were collected via intraaortic cannulae
      from immersed, unrestrained fish and from emersed, restrained fish. The samples
      were analyzed at either fish body temperature (10 to 14 C) or clinical blood
      analyzer temperature (37 C); results obtained at 37 C were back-adjusted to fish
      body temperature, using standard mammalian temperature-correction factors. Fish
      emersion and handling for 30 seconds significantly (P less than 0.05) altered
      blood PCO2, acid-base status, and hematologic and plasma biochemical values. The
      results were consistent with respiratory acidosis and hemoconcentration. The use
      of mammalian temperature-correction factors for determination of fish blood gas
      tensions and acid-base status yielded values that were significantly (P less than
      0.05) different from those measured directly at fish body temperature.

PMID- 2919835
TI  - The 1983 Beirut Airport terrorist bombing. Injury patterns and implications for
      disaster management.
AB  - The casualty profile and results of the medical care provided for the survivors
      of the terrorist truck bombing of the U.S. Marine Corps facility in Beirut,
      Lebanon, in 1983 were reviewed to determine the factors that influenced casualty
      survival. This explosion resulted in 346 casualties, of whom 234 (68%) were
      immediately killed. The spectrum of injury was determined in 85 survivors using
      the Injury Severity Score (ISS). There were seven (6.3%) deaths among the 112
      immediate survivors. All deaths occurred among the 19 (17%) victims who were
      critically injured (ISS greater than 15), giving a mortality in this population
      of 37 per cent. Six (86%) of the seven deaths were associated with an initial
      delay in treatment. Head injury was the most common fatal injury among both
      immediate fatalities (71.4%) and immediate survivors (57%). Thoracic injury and
      burns each accounted for 29 per cent of survivor deaths. Triage efficiency, as
      determined by the rates of overtriage (80%) and undertriage (0), did not appear
      adversely to affect mortality. Critical analysis of disasters such as this can
      contribute to improvements in preparation and casualty care in the event of
      future disasters.

PMID- 2919836
TI  - All terrain vehicles (ATVs). A recreational gamble.
AB  - Over the period September 1985 to July 1986, the authors reviewed 28 admissions
      to the Level I trauma center as a result of all-terrain vehicle (ATV) accidents.
      The patients ranged in age from 6 to 71 years, with nearly 33 per cent (9), under
      age 16. There were 22 (78.6%) male and 6 (21.4%) female patients. All suffered
      multiple abrasions, lacerations, and contusions. In addition, 21 (75%) patients
      had a fracture of some type. Eight (28.6%), had head injuries and 3 (10.7%)
      sustained spinal cord injuries with a permanent neurologic deficit. Intrathoracic
      injury occurred in 2 patients (7.1%) and intraabdominal injuries occurred in 1
      (3.6%). Moreover, death occurred in 3 (10.7%). Simultaneously reviewed were
      admissions resulting from motor vehicle accidents (MVA) and motorcycle accidents
      (MCA) during the same period. By comparison, the death rates (DR), fracture rates
      (FR), and spinal cord lesions with deficit (SLR) were significantly higher in
      accidents with ATVs than with MVAs or MCAs. The death rates for ATVs, MVAs, and
      MCAs were 10.7 per cent, 4.6 per cent, and 1.2 per cent, respectively, with
      significance between the MCA and ATV groups, P = .0395. The FR were 75 per cent,
      53 per cent, and 65 per cent, respectively, with P = .265. SLR was found in 10.7
      per cent, 2.3 per cent, and 4.4 per cent of these same groups, with P = .0001.
      These data suggest that ATV riders are at a higher risk for sustaining fractures,
      significant spinal cord injuries, or death. ATVs clearly present a health hazard
      to riders of all ages.

PMID- 2919837
TI  - Microscopic hematuria after blunt trauma. Is pyelography necessary?
AB  - Hematuria after blunt abdominal trauma is common with multiple organ system
      injuries, and many trauma centers routinely perform intravenous pyelography (IVP)
      on all trauma patients having any degree of hematuria. However, it has been
      suggested that many IVPs could be avoided if more selective criteria were used.
      To help determine the need for an IVP, we reviewed the records of 102 consecutive
      patients undergoing IVP after blunt abdominal trauma over a 17-month period.
      Twenty-six (25%) patients had gross hematuria. Of these, seven (27%) had abnormal
      IVPs, and two (7.7%) of those required urologic surgery. Seventy-six (75%)
      patients had microscopic hematuria. Of these, one (1.3%) had an abnormal IVP but
      required no urologic surgery. Thus, if IVP had been performed only when gross
      hematuria was present, then all surgically significant urinary tract lesions
      would have been recognized, and 75 per cent of these 102 patients would have been
      spared IVPs. We agree with others that microscopic hematuria alone is not an
      indication for emergency IVP in these trauma patients. However, gross hematuria
      or other strong clinical evidence of renal injury still mandates IVP early during
      the assessment of patients who have suffered blunt abdominal trauma.

PMID- 2919838
TI  - Trauma in pregnancy. A 10-year perspective.
AB  - Trauma is the most common cause of nonobstetric death in pregnant women.
      Fortunately, the incidence of trauma in the pregnant population is low, and
      individual surgeons are unlikely to see many cases in their practice. This report
      reviews the Charity Hospital of Louisiana at New Orleans experience with trauma
      in pregnancy over a recent 10-year period. Our results, with an 8 per cent
      incidence of maternal death and 28 per cent incidence of fetal death, support the
      concept of an aggressive approach to resuscitation and evaluation of traumatized
      pregnant women to achieve optimal results.

PMID- 2919839
TI  - Penetrating injury to the carotid artery. A reappraisal of management.
AB  - Penetrating trauma remains the most common cause of cervical carotid artery
      injury. Controversy persists regarding proper management of these injuries,
      especially in the presence of a neurologic deficit. Recent experience with 24
      patients over a 5-year period is reviewed. In patients with preoperative
      neurologic deficits, neither repair nor ligation of the injured vessel altered
      outcome. Outcome correlated only with preoperative neurologic status. All
      patients without preoperative neurologic deficits should have repair attempted
      when technically feasible. Although controversial, this study supports carotid
      artery repair except in comatose patients who have profound neurologic deficits.

PMID- 2919840
TI  - Sartorius transposition to protect vascular grafts in the groin.
AB  - Fifty-two patients who required reexploration through the groin incision within
      seven days of an arterial procedure were studied to assess the value of sartorius
      transposition. Twenty-four group I patients had the sartorius muscle used to
      cover the vascular graft at reoperation while 28 group II patients had a standard
      closure. The groups were similar with respect to age, initial arterial operation,
      incidence of diabetes, and use of antibiotics and postoperative anticoagulation.
      Wound complications were frequent in both groups (62.5% vs. 57.1%, respectively)
      but outcome of these wound problems was quite different. Graft infection and
      anastomotic disruption were significantly less frequent in group I patients.
      Because fewer infected prostheses had to be removed group I patients were less
      likely to require high level amputations. Sartorius transposition is an effective
      method of protecting vascular grafts jeopardized by the high frequency of wound
      problems associated with early reoperation.

PMID- 2919841
TI  - Postoperative bleeding in cardiovascular surgery. Does heparin rebound really
      exist?
AB  - Postoperative bleeding following cardiovascular procedures is troublesome and
      often life-threatening. The effect of heparin (H) is usually reversed with
      protamine sulfate (P) at the end of vascular procedures; subsequent bleeding or
      abnormal coagulation times are ascribed to so-called heparin rebound and are
      treated with extra empiric doses of P. H rebound has heretofore been described
      only by using biologic clotting tests, which are often abnormal postoperatively.
      Thus, many instances of postoperative bleeding are treated with inappropriate and
      dangerous doses of P in the mistaken impression that more H needs to be reversed.
      Using the new test for plasma H, the azure A Assay, which measures H chemically
      rather than biologically, 27 patients were tested after cardiac bypass surgery to
      determine whether H rebound truly exists. Azure A levels of H were measured
      before the bypass procedure and every half hour from 0-8 hours after bypass in
      routine coronary artery bypass patients. Tests for prothrombin time (PT) and
      partial thromboplastin time (PTT) were performed simultaneously. The azure A test
      was performed on 252 samples of blood in the 27 patients; only one sample drawn
      anytime except immediately after bypass contained measurable H (0.4%). This
      sample became negative for H in the ensuing 30 minutes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2919842
TI  - Prospective clinicopathologic study of carotid intraplague hemorrhage.
AB  - A prospective study was conducted of 82 carotid endarterectomy plaques from 73
      patients to determine the incidence of intraplaque hemorrhage, its relation to
      the production of cerebral ischemic symptoms, and the role of the antiplatelets.
      These included 42 with hemispheric transient ischemic attacks (TIA), nine with
      hemispheric stroke (Group A), and 31 with nonhemispheric TIA's or asymptomatic
      carotid stenosis (Group B). The plaques were evaluated for the presence of
      hemorrhage. Intraplaque hemorrhage was present in 63 (76.8%) of 82; 46 (90.2%) of
      51 in Group A had hemorrhage, in contrast to 17 (54.8%) of 31 in Group B (P less
      than .001). Twenty-nine (56.86%) plaques from patients in Group A had multiple
      hemorrhages and 22 (43.14%) had single or no hemorrhages; in contrast to two
      (6.45%) that had multiple hemorrhages and 29 (93.55%) that had single or no
      hemorrhages in patients in Group B (P less than .0005). Forty-seven plaques were
      removed from patients receiving antiplatelets; 43 (91.48%) of these showed
      hemorrhages. Of the 35 plaques that were removed from patients not receiving
      antiplatelets, 26 (74.2%) showed hemorrhages (P = .071). However, when the
      plaques were studied for multiple hemorrhages, 28 (59.5%) of 47 had multiple
      hemorrhages in patients receiving antiplatelet agents in contrast to 3 (8.57%) of
      35 in patients receiving antiplatelet agents (P less than .00001). The authors
      conclude that 1) the intraplaque hemorrhage is an important and common feature in
      symptomatic carotid disease, 2) antiplatelets increase the incidence of plaque
      hemorrhages, particularly multiple hemorrhages that carry higher incidence of
      symptoms. Therefore the use of antiplatelet agents in certain patients with
      carotid artery disease is questioned.

PMID- 2919843
TI  - Pancreatitis and duodenal obstruction after aortic surgery.
AB  - Three patients developed pancreatitis and duodenal obstruction after aortic
      surgery, contributing significantly to stormy postoperative courses. Serum
      amylase and lipase levels should be obtained in any patient who has duodenal
      obstruction and/or persistent ileus after aortic surgery. If these enzyme levels
      are elevated, computerized tomography of the abdomen should be performed to
      implicate or exclude pancreatitis as a possible cause.

PMID- 2919844
TI  - Late complications of traumatic arteriovenous fistula. Case report and overview.
AB  - Traumatic arteriovenous (AV) fistulas produce several profound pathophysiologic
      and structural changes in the circulatory dynamics of the vessels associated with
      the fistula. Most of the changes are reversible with surgery. However, in
      longstanding AV fistulas, irreversible degenerative changes occur in the arterial
      wall and result in dilatation and thrombosis. This can make late closure
      technically difficult. This report presents a case of peroneal AV fistula of 18
      years duration. The diagnosis, management, and complications of long-standing AV
      fistulas are discussed.

PMID- 2919845
TI  - Splanchnic venous obstruction. A complication of chronic pancreatitis.
AB  - A retrospective review of 20 adult patients with splanchnic venous obstruction
      secondary to chronic pancreatitis was performed to identify factors important in
      the preoperative diagnosis and operative management of this disorder. Fifteen
      patients with isolated splenic vein obstruction, four with portal occlusion and
      one with isolated inferior mesenteric vein occlusion were studied. Chronic
      alcoholism was the etiology of the pancreatitis in 18 patients; two patients had
      a Type IV hyperlipidemia. Four patients with massive hemorrhage from gastric
      varices were treated with splenectomy. Most patients presented with complaints of
      chronic pancreatitis, requiring pancreaticojejunostomy to treat the underlying
      pancreatic disorder. Splenic artery inflow control was obtained preoperatively in
      six patients and offers a technique that is beneficial in decreasing operative
      blood loss. The dynamic computerized tomography (CT) scan was a valuable
      diagnostic tool in identifying splanchnic venous obstruction although selective
      angiography is required for confirmation of the diagnosis.

PMID- 2919846
TI  - Changes in oxygenation and pulse rate during endoscopy.
AB  - Continuous monitoring of arterial oxygen saturation and heart rate with a pulse
      oximeter was performed in 100 consecutive patients undergoing
      esophagogastroduodenoscopy (78) or colonoscopy (22). Twenty-four patients had
      decreases in their estimated arterial PO2 level to less than 60 mm Hg during or
      just after the procedure. In 15 patients the hypoxemia was transient, but in nine
      others, treatment was required. Twenty patients also developed a tachycardia
      greater than 120 beats/minute.

PMID- 2919847
TI  - Controlled trial methodology and progress in treatment of the acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). A quid pro quo.

PMID- 2919848
TI  - Style notes: taxonomic names in microbiology and their adjectival derivatives.

PMID- 2919849
TI  - Nebulized albuterol for acute hyperkalemia in patients on hemodialysis.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy and safety of nebulized albuterol in
      the acute treatment of hyperkalemia in patients on chronic hemodialysis. DESIGN:
      Prospective, double-blind, and placebo-controlled study. SETTING: Outpatient
      hemodialysis clinic at a university medical center. PATIENTS: Ten patients on
      maintenance hemodialysis who had chronic hyperkalemia. INTERVENTIONS: Patients
      received nebulized albuterol therapy (10 mg or 20 mg) or placebo (saline) on
      three separate occasions, serial measurements of plasma potassium levels, blood
      pressure, and pulse were then taken for a 2-hour period. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN
      RESULT: Patients had a significant decrease in plasma potassium concentrations
      that was evident by 30 minutes and sustained for at least 2 hours after albuterol
      treatment. After the administration of 10- and 20-mg doses of albuterol, the
      maximal decrease in the plasma potassium levels was 0.62 +/- 0.09 and 0.98 +/-
      0.14 mmol/L (SE), respectively. Nebulized saline administration did not produce a
      significant change in the plasma potassium concentrations. Patients did not
      develop symptoms or significant changes in blood pressure or heart rate with
      albuterol treatment. CONCLUSIONS: In the doses used, nebulized albuterol therapy
      resulted in a prompt and significant decrease in the plasma potassium
      concentrations in patients on hemodialysis, and caused no adverse cardiovascular
      effects. This treatment should be considered as an important adjunct for acute
      treatment of serious hyperkalemia in this population of patients.

PMID- 2919850
TI  - Osteoporosis in hemochromatosis: iron excess, gonadal deficiency, or other
      factors?
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: To define the prevalence, severity, type and pathogenesis of
      osteopenia in idiopathic hemochromatosis. DESIGN: Prospective study conducted
      over 18 months. SETTING: Tertiary care center. SUBJECTS: Twenty-two men with
      idiopathic hemochromatosis and 20 age-matched controls. There were 5 hypogonadal
      patients, 9 eugonadal nonvenesected patients, and 8 eugonadal venesected
      patients. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: All patients and controls were evaluated
      by spinal radiography, spinal and forearm bone mineral density estimations,
      dynamic skeletal histomorphometry, and serum biochemistry. Ten patients (45%; 95%
      CI, 24% to 68%) had osteoporosis as defined by spinal and forearm bone density
      measurements. Trabecular bone volumes were significantly reduced in the patients
      (the difference in means between patients and age-matched controls was 3.9%; CI,
      1.3% to 6.7%). No patient had osteomalacia. Hypogonadal men had lower bone mass
      measurements than eugonadal men (radial bone density: beta coefficient = -20.5;
      CI, -29.2 to -11.8; trabecular bone volume: beta coefficient = -7.1; CI, -10.8 to
      -3.3). Osteoid and osteoblastic surfaces and bone formation rates were
      significantly greater in the eugonadal venesected compared with the eugonadal
      nonvenesected persons (P less than 0.05 for all measurements). CONCLUSIONS: A
      significant decrease in bone density is seen in idiopathic hemochromatosis,
      particularly when hypogonadism is present. Low serum free-testosterone
      concentrations rather than the calciotrophic hormones determine bone mass in this
      condition.

PMID- 2919851
TI  - Unilateral renal parenchymal disease with contralateral renal artery stenosis of
      the fibrodysplasia type.
AB  - In patients who have hypertension and a unilateral small kidney, hypertension may
      have either a vascular (renal artery stenosis) or nonvascular (urologic) cause.
      Generally, the hypertension can be attributed to the abnormal-sized kidney, and
      nephrectomy of the shrunken kidney or correction of the stenotic artery will
      result in the normalization of blood pressure. We report eight cases of
      hypertension in young women shown to have a small kidney by intravenous
      urography. The abnormal-sized kidney was considered to be due to either agenesis
      or dysplasia and reflux. Although the diseased kidney was thought to be the cause
      of the high blood pressure, these patients were unique in that they had a
      stenosis of the contralateral renal artery of the fibrodysplasia type, which was
      predominantly localized in the distal part of the artery and frequently extended
      into the peripheral branches. Successful anatomic correction of the stenotic
      artery without surgery on the contralateral small kidney resulted in the
      normalization of blood pressure. This previously unrecognized combination of
      parenchymal disease of one kidney and renal artery stenosis of the fibrodysplasia
      type on the contralateral side should be considered in patients with hypertension
      and a unilateral small kidney. Such recognition could prevent the unnecessary
      treatment of these patients with an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or
      nephrectomy.

PMID- 2919852
TI  - The misinformation era: the fall of the medical record.
AB  - Medical record information has become less reliable than ever before despite the
      electronic information revolution in medical care and the authority medical
      records have been accorded in our society. Long flawed by errors introduced by
      medical personnel, patients, and machines, medical records have had a further
      decline in credibility as a result of the loss of confidentiality and the
      imposition of well-meaning but unrealistic cost-control regulations on medical
      practice. Medical records are being distorted and fashioned to keep clinically
      important but sensitive personal information about patients from public view. To
      comply with standards of care and a reimbursement system blind to biologic
      diversity, medical records are being forced to address only the technical side of
      care. Until these deficiencies are corrected, our increasing dependence on
      medical records should be balanced by increasing skepticism about the value of
      the information they contain.

PMID- 2919853
TI  - Evaluation of patients after recent acute myocardial infarction. American College
      of Physicians.

PMID- 2919854
TI  - Ischemic hepatitis from aortic dissection.

PMID- 2919855
TI  - Therapy for syphilis.

PMID- 2919856
TI  - Right-sided endocarditis with Staphylococcus aureus.

PMID- 2919857
TI  - Effects of social class differences and social mobility on growth in height,
      weight and body mass index in a British cohort.
AB  - By longitudinally linking follow-up restudies of the National Child Development
      Study it has been possible to examine not only the well-known association of
      social class with the size of the child, but also with longitudinal growth, and,
      in addition the effect of social mobility on growth. The relation of type of
      occupation of the male head of household to height and weight of the child is
      seen at all ages (7, 11 and 16) but class influence on growth from 7 years onward
      is minimal. Social mobility is a significant factor especially in relation to
      stature but is not significantly related to growth after age 7 so the effect of
      underlying conditions on the children precedes the change of type of occupation
      by their fathers.

PMID- 2919858
TI  - Acute mountain sickness and physiological stress during intermittent exposure to
      high altitude.
AB  - The effect of intermittent exposure to high altitude (4200 m) hypoxia on
      symptomatology of acute mountain sickness (AMS) was observed, and the
      relationship between AMS and stress hormone excretion was examined among shift
      workers at the United Kingdom Infrared Telescope (UKIRT) facility and a control
      group of sea level residents. Some of the shift workers experienced AMS during
      their first day at altitude, but had recovered after 5 days residence at
      altitude. Upon acute exposure to altitude, none of the shift workers reported
      severe cases of AMS after 5 days residence at sea level, but some reported severe
      cases after 45 residence at sea level, thus providing some evidence for a 'carry
      over' of acclimatization for a 5 day period. Reported symptomatology at sea level
      was predictive of 24 h. excretion rates of adrenaline and 17
      hydroxycorticosteroids at high altitude. No good predictors of symptomatology of
      AMS at high altitude were found using sea level measures alone.

PMID- 2919859
TI  - Birth dimensions in Melanesian and Indian Fijians and their relationships with
      maternal and socio-economic factors.
AB  - Fifty-nine Melanesian (MF) and 39 Indian (IF) Fijian full-term newborns were
      studied within 5 days of birth. Dimensions recorded included birthweight, length,
      crown-rump length, head circumference, upper limb length, bycondylar humeral and
      femoral diameters and four skinfolds (triceps, subscapular, suprailiac and
      thigh). Data from previous pregnancies of the presenting newborns' mothers were
      added to presenting birthweights, giving a total of 160 MF and 84 IF
      birthweights. In all birthweight and linear dimensions MFs were the bigger. Sex
      differences were significant in respect only of head circumference and the two
      bicondylar diameters. Multiple regression analysis showed dimensions in MF
      newborns to have few significant relationships with the maternal and socio
      economic variables of age, parity, stature and years of education, but IFs had
      many more significant relationships. When covariance correction was made for the
      significant maternal and socio-economic variables (maternal age and parity)
      little effect on racial differences was seen. All linear dimensions except length
      could be subsumed into birthweight. MFs had greater triceps and subscapular
      skinfold thicknesses than IFs, a difference which was not much changed by
      covariance correction for significant maternal and socio-economic variables
      (maternal stature and years of education). Measurements of shape, expressed as
      ratios of linear dimensions, showed few racial differences but males had
      relatively broader limbs. For upper limb shape only, this difference was
      maintained after covariance correction for significant maternal and socio
      economic variables (parity, stature and education). The greater size of MF
      infants at birth is associated with lower peri- and neonatal death rates. However
      this advantage is reversed during the remainder of the first year of life. It is
      suggested that better standards of infant care among IFs are responsible for this
      change.

PMID- 2919860
TI  - The validity of reported parental height in inner city areas in England.
AB  - The validity of self-reported height was assessed in a sample of Afro-Caribbean,
      Asian and Caucasian parents. Asian mothers overestimated their height (p less
      than 0.01) and Caucasian mothers overestimated that of their child's father. The
      standard deviations of the differences between reported and measured height, with
      the exception of Caucasian mothers, were large (between 4.33 cm and 11.18 cm). It
      is concluded that self-reported height from subjects living in inner city areas
      in Britain should be interpreted with great caution.

PMID- 2919861
TI  - Variability in stature growth.
AB  - An analysis of longitudinal data shows that there are marked changes in the
      variability of stature and stature velocity during growth in stature, as measured
      by the coefficient of variation. Variability in stature velocity tends to rise
      after birth but from age 2 years it gradually declines until the end of
      adolescence, once variation in the timing of adolescence is taken into account.
      Comparison of velocity variation in an affluent western society (UK) with
      velocity variation in two poorer societies (India and Thailand) shows the former
      to be systematically smaller.

PMID- 2919862
TI  - Distribution of group-specific component (Gc) subtypes in several Mongoloid
      populations of East Asia.
AB  - The distribution of group-specific component (Gc) subtypes was determined by
      isoelectric focussing in thin layer polyacrylamide gels of pH range 4 to 6.5, in
      a group of 2412 individuals from 10 Mongoloid populations of East Asia. The
      sample comprised 959 Chinese from different localities (Singapore, 249; Malaysia,
      347; Taiwan, 246; Hong Kong, 57; Fuzhou mainland, 60), 338 Koreans, 277
      Filipinos, 484 Thais, 330 Malays and 24 Indonesians. The Filipinos and Malays had
      lower frequencies of Gc2 (0.15 and 0.18) compared to other Mongoloid populations
      (0.23 to 0.32) and the Chinese (0.24 to 0.32). The frequencies of Gc1F varied
      from 0.39 to 0.49 in the Chinese and 0.35 to 0.52 in other Mongoloid populations.
      Low frequency of rarer variants was observed in most of the populations. The
      average frequency of Gc2 was higher in the Japanese (0.26 +/- 0.01) than in the
      Chinese (0.24 +/- 0.02), and in Mongoloids of East Asia (0.23 +/- 0.01) and South
      East Asia (0.17 +/- 0.01). The average frequencies of Gc1F and Gc1S were similar
      in the Chinese and Japanese, whereas the Mongoloids of South-East Asia had a much
      higher frequency of Gc1F and a lower frequency of Gc1S than the Chinese, Japanese
      and East Asian Mongoloid populations.

PMID- 2919863
TI  - The Ok Tedi Health and Nutrition Project, Papua New Guinea: adult physique of
      three populations in the North Fly region.
AB  - Adult physiques of three populations living close to a major gold and copper mine
      are described and compared. Men of all three groups do not differ in stature,
      sitting height, biceps, triceps, subscapular and medial calf skinfold
      thicknesses. However, Wopkaimin men are heavier, with bigger mid-upper arm
      circumference and bi-iliac diameter than their Ningerum and Awin counterparts.
      Women of all three groups have similar stature, sitting height, biacromial
      diameter, biceps and triceps skinfold thicknesses. Wopkaimin women have greater
      values for mid-upper arm and calf circumference, subscapular, supra-iliac and
      medial calf skinfold thicknesses, and bi-iliac diameter. These differences are
      attributed to an increase in the plane of nutrition of the Wopkaimin, who live
      closest to, and have been most affected by the Ok Tedi gold and copper mining
      operation.

PMID- 2919864
TI  - Effect of sex chromosome aneuploidy on growth of human skin fibroblasts in cell
      culture.
AB  - Growth of human skin fibroblast lines with sex chromosome aneuploidy was studied
      in cell culture. Two lines were derived from individuals with 45,X and two from
      individuals with 47,XYY chromosome constitution. The aneuploid cell lines were
      compared with normal skin fibroblasts derived from age-matched same-sex siblings.
      To ensure similar conditions in culture, each study-control pair was treated
      simultaneously and equally in all steps. Growth in both 45,X cell cultures slowed
      down earlier than in control cultures. One of the 47,XYY cultures grew faster and
      the other at a similar speed to the control culture. Thus, the 45,X cell lines
      seemed to have lesser, and one of the 47,XYY cell lines greater, growth potential
      than the 46,XX and 46,XY cells, respectively. These differences in the final cell
      numbers may relate to changes in the rate of cell division of the aneuploid cell
      lines. However, the results do not support the hypothesis that an increasing
      number of sex chromosomes decreases the rate of cell division.

PMID- 2919865
TI  - Gray-matter degeneration in presenile Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - Previous comparisons between presenile Alzheimer's disease (AD) and senile
      dementia of the Alzheimer type (SDAT) did not control for disease severity and
      duration. In the current study, 18 patients with each diagnosis were matched for
      disease duration, cognitive dysfunction, and behavioral symptoms (using the
      modified Mini-Mental Status [mMMS] examination and the Blessed Dementia Rating
      Scale [BDRS] ). Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was quantified by the
      133xenon inhalation technique, and several indices of tissue perfusion were
      examined. The two variables of primary interest were relative gray-matter
      relative weight (35% in presenile patients versus 39% in senile patients and
      healthy control subjects, p = 0.006), with neither perfusion nor disease severity
      differences between the two dementia samples. This loss of gray matter was
      significantly related to both severity and duration of disease in the patients
      with presenile AD, but not in patients with SDAT. These findings lend support ot
      previous suggestions of greater degenerative process in presenile AD and confirm
      the need to examine and control age of onset in future investigations of AD.
      Further, correlation analysis suggests greater proportion of common variance
      among clinical and physiological indices in presenile AD.

PMID- 2919866
TI  - The olfactory and cognitive deficits of Parkinson's disease: evidence for
      independence.
AB  - In the present study we sought to determine whether the olfactory deficits of
      parkinsonism are related to the cognitive and perceptual-motor manifestations of
      the disease. Pearson correlation coefficients were computed among a number of
      olfactory, neurological, and neuropsychological measures obtained from 58
      Parkinson's disease patients, including the University of Pennsylvania Smell
      Identification Test, a modified Randt memory test, a reaction time test, a finger
      tapping test, ratings of motor and neurological function, and selected verbal and
      performance subtests of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale--Revised. Data from
      38 patients with Parkinson's disease who received odor detection threshold
      testing were also evaluated. The intercorrelation matrix was subjected to a
      principal components factor analysis which yielded six clear-cut factors:
      cognitive/memory, gross motor, oral motor, fine motor, olfactory, and tremor. The
      olfactory factor received strong and nearly exclusive loadings from the olfactory
      measures (which did not evidence meaningful loadings on any of the other
      factors). A ten-trial jackknife procedure revealed the factor structure to be
      stable. Further support of the independence of the olfactory variables from the
      other measures was provided by multiple regression and canonical correlation
      analyses. Overall, these findings lend support to the hypothesis that the
      olfactory disorder of parkinsonism is independent of the cognitive, perceptual
      motor, and memory manifestations of the disease.

PMID- 2919867
TI  - Hypoxic-ischemic spinal cord injury following perinatal asphyxia.
AB  - The role of spinal cord injury in the pathogenesis of abnormal motor signs
      (depressed tone and reflexes) following severe perinatal hypoxia-ischemia was
      prospectively evaluated by clinical, electrophysiological, and neuropathological
      examinations in 18 asphyxiated neonates. All infants had an abnormal mental
      status (lethargy or coma), and seizures were present in 12. Neuromuscular
      examinations revealed hypotonia or flaccidity and hyporeflexia or areflexia in
      all infants. Neuropathological examinations of the cerebrum and spinal cord were
      conducted in the 12 neonates who expired. Cerebral pathological findings included
      cortical neuronal necrosis in 10 of 12 and subcortical white matter injury in 5
      of 12. All infants with coma or seizures displayed diffuse cortical injury, but
      no injury conformed to a parasagittal "watershed" distribution. Spinal cord gray
      matter displayed prominent ischemic necrosis in 5 patients who were typically
      flaccid and areflexic. Electromyographic examinations of all 6 survivors were
      abnormal, consistent with recent injury to the lower motor neuron above the level
      of the dorsal root ganglion. We conclude that ischemic injury to anterior horn
      cells within spinal cord gray matter is relatively common among hypotonic
      hyporeflexic neonates following severe perinatal hypoxia-ischemia. Although the
      acute neurological syndrome of neonatal asphyxia is often overshadowed by
      prominent cerebral signs such as coma and seizures, the motor abnormalities may
      be partially attributed to concurrent spinal cord injury.

PMID- 2919868
TI  - Carbamazepine and its epoxide: relation of plasma levels to toxicity and seizure
      control.
AB  - We studied the relation of plasma levels of carbamazepine (CBZ) and carbamazepine
      10,11 epoxide (CBZ-E), and their ratio to drug toxicity and seizure control in 7
      patients with complex partial seizures. CBZ-E/CBZ increased with increasing CBZ
      levels and was higher when patients were taking phenytoin or valproic acid. There
      were weak correlations between CBZ, CBZ-E levels, toxicity scores, and seizure
      control when patients were taking CBZ alone, but not when other drugs were given
      as well. There were no significant differences in the correlation with toxicity
      score or seizure frequency between CBZ, CBZ-E, or their sum. Measurement of CBZ-E
      levels did not provide additional information useful for monitoring clinical
      response to CBZ therapy.

PMID- 2919869
TI  - The open opercular sign: diagnosis and significance.
AB  - Four children with varying clinical manifestations, but with the unifying feature
      of severe developmental delay, had bilateral enlargement of the sylvian fissure
      confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Subsequently, we examined 125
      consecutive MRI scans of the heads of pediatric patients, looking for this
      insular exposure, and did not find it. Pathological correlation in 1 child
      revealed arhinencephaly and abnormal gyral formation; another is known to have
      migrational abnormalities. We suggest that the open operculum is a sign of
      arrested development and is associated with other anomalies and a poor prognosis.

PMID- 2919870
TI  - Nonconvulsive status epilepticus following cerebral angiography.
AB  - A 64-year-old man developed lethargy and aphasia immediately following cerebral
      arteriography with iothalamate meglumine. An electroencephalogram showed
      continuous epileptiform activity. The patient was treated with intravenous
      phenytoin with complete resolution of clinical symptoms and
      electroencephalographic epileptiform abnormalities. The diagnosis of
      nonconvulsive status epilepticus should be considered in cases of altered
      consciousness following cerebral arteriography.

PMID- 2919871
TI  - Transient neonatal hyperglycinemia.
AB  - Two patients with neonatal seizures and subsequent normal neurological
      development were found to have nonketotic hyperglycinemia. In both patients,
      hyperglycinemia resolved at 6 weeks of age. After cerebrospinal fluid glycine
      levels were normalized, the seizures stopped completely in one child and were
      markedly improved in the other. The possible mechanisms for the hyperglycinemia
      are discussed.

PMID- 2919872
TI  - Disseminated thymoma and myasthenia gravis: dramatic response to prednisone.

PMID- 2919873
TI  - Ocular motor paresis versus apraxia.

PMID- 2919874
TI  - "Ease of falling" syndrome.

PMID- 2919875
TI  - Essential tremor and Parkinson's disease.

PMID- 2919876
TI  - tert-butyl hydroperoxide kills cultured hepatocytes by peroxidizing membrane
      lipids.
AB  - The killing of cultured hepatocytes by tert-butyl hydroperoxide was dissociated
      from the changes both in glutathione metabolism and in intracellular calcium
      homeostasis that accompany the metabolism of this toxin. Deferoxamine, a ferric
      iron chelator, keto-methiolbutyric acid, a radical scavenger, and the
      antioxidants N,N'-diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine (DPPD) and catechol prevented the
      cell killing without effect on glutathione or calcium metabolism.
      Malondialdehyde, formed as a result of the peroxidation of cellular lipids,
      accumulated before any loss of viability. Prevention of the lipid peroxidation
      paralleled the prevention of cell killing. As much as 25 microM DPPD or 1 mM
      catechol did not prevent the iron-dependent, catalase-insensitive formation of
      tert-butyl alkoxyl radicals. Thus, DPPD and catechol do not detoxify a radical
      species that kills the cells and initiates lipid peroxidation as an
      epiphenomenon. Furthermore, lipid peroxidation cannot be dismissed as simply a
      consequence of the cell killing. It is concluded that low concentrations of tert
      butyl hydroperoxide (less than 1.0 mM) lethally injure cultured hepatocytes by a
      mechanism that depends on the peroxidation of cellular lipids.

PMID- 2919877
TI  - Purification and characterization of a galactoside-binding lectin from human
      brain.
AB  - A beta-galactoside-binding hemagglutinin was detected in soluble extracts of
      human brain. This soluble lectin was purified to homogeneity by affinity column
      chromatography on lactose coupled to divinylsulfone-activated agarose. The
      purified lectin had an isoelectric point of 3.9 and its subunit molecular mass
      estimated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate was
      14,500. Human brain lectin was not a glycoprotein and its amino acid composition
      was characterized by a high content of serine, glutamic acid, and glycine, and a
      low content of methionine and cysteine. The most potent saccharide inhibitors
      tested were thiodigalactoside, lactose, and p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactoside. An
      antibody was raised to the pure lectin. Immunological relationships were found
      between the brain lectin and several other soluble lectins of various vertebrate
      origins.

PMID- 2919878
TI  - Formation of trans-caffeoyl-CoA from trans-4-coumaroyl-CoA by Zn2+-dependent
      enzymes in cultured plant cells and its activation by an elicitor-induced pH
      shift.
AB  - A novel hydroxylase activity catalyzing the formation of trans-caffeoyl-CoA from
      trans-4-coumaroyl-CoA was identified in crude extracts from cultured parsley
      cells. The extracts were less active (Vmax/Km) in converting trans-4-coumaric to
      trans-caffeic acid. Optimal hydroxylase activity was found at pH 6.5 with a steep
      decline toward both pH 7.4 and pH 5.0. The enzyme activity requires ascorbate and
      Zn2+ at optimal concentrations of 50 and 0.5 mM, respectively. No other reductant
      could replace ascorbate, whereas high concentrations of Ca2+ partially
      substituted for Zn2+. The enzyme is soluble and appears to be located in the
      cytoplasm. The unusual pH optimum suggests that the hydroxylase is inactive at
      the normal cytoplasmic pH. Upon treatment of parsley cells with an elicitor
      derived from Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. glycinea, the cytoplasmic pH dropped
      by approximately 0.25 pH unit within 55 min as determined by 31P NMR
      spectroscopy. Our results suggest that this shift in the cytoplasmic pH is
      sufficient for the activation of the hydroxylase, eventually leading to the
      formation of caffeoyl and feruloyl esters. Such esters may be a part of a very
      rapid resistance response of the plant cells, which would leave no time for de
      novo enzyme synthesis.

PMID- 2919879
TI  - Dissociation of ferritins.
AB  - Apoferritins prepared from horse spleen and heart and rat heart and liver were
      dissociated by treatment with acetic acid (pH 1.3-3.0). Sedimentation velocity
      studies showed that apoferritins of spleen and liver (16-17 S) and heart (18-19
      S) dissociated into material sedimenting near 3.2 S. Sedimentation equilibrium
      measurements determined that most of the material had a molecular weight of
      38,000-43,000, corresponding to subunit dimers. Failure to dissociate into
      subunit monomers was confirmed by gel chromatography on Sephadex G-75 and G-150.
      With the exception of boiling in sodium dodecyl sulfate, further treatments with
      0.1-0.4 M KCl, NaCl, 4-9 M urea, 0.01-0.5 M KSCN, 0.1-0.5% Triton X-100, 5-52%
      dimethylsulfoxide, 10% ethylene glycol, or 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid all failed
      to cause dissociation into individual subunits, as did exposure to 6 M guanidine
      HCl or formic acid, or prior succinylation and/or nitration of the protein.
      Reassociation occurred between pH 4 and 7 but was not aided by the addition of
      Fe(II) or reducing agents. It is concluded that ferritins readily dissociate to
      subunit dimer units and that further dissociation does not occur without full
      denaturation of the protein.

PMID- 2919880
TI  - Monoterpene biosynthesis: mechanistic evaluation of the geranyl pyrophosphate:(-)
      endo-fenchol cyclase from fennel (Foeniculum vulgare).
AB  - Geranyl pyrophosphate:(-)-endo-fenchol cyclase catalyzes the conversion of
      geranyl pyrophosphate to (-)-endo-fenchol by a process thought to involve the
      initial isomerization of the substrate to the tertiary allylic isomer, linalyl
      pyrophosphate, and the subsequent cyclization of this bound intermediate. Studies
      with 18O-labeled acyclic precursors and H2(18)O, followed by mass spectrometric
      analysis of the cyclic product, confirmed that water was the sole source of the
      carbinol oxygen atom of endo-fenchol, thus indicating the participation of the
      solvent in terminating this presumptive carbocationic reaction. The isomerization
      component of the normally coupled reaction sequence was demonstrated directly
      using the substrate analog 2,3-cyclopropylgeranyl pyrosphosphate and by isolating
      the corresponding homoallylic analog of linalyl pyrophosphate as a major reaction
      product. The cyclization component of the reaction sequence was effectively
      dissected using linalyl pyrophosphate as substrate, and both isomerization and
      cyclization steps were shown to take place at the same active site of the
      cyclase, an observation consistent with the efficient coupling of these
      processes. 2-Fluorogeranyl pyrophosphate and 2-fluorolinalyl pyrophosphate were
      shown to be effective inhibitors of the cyclase, and the electron-withdrawing
      substituent was shown to greatly suppress the rate of cyclization of these
      labeled analogs, indicating that both steps of the coupled isomerization
      cyclization sequence are initiated by ionization of an allylic pyrophosphate.
      Additional evidence for the electrophilic nature of the reaction was obtained by
      demonstrating the ability of the cyclase to solvolyze other substrate analogs
      which bear an allylic pyrophosphate, and by showing that cyclization was strongly
      inhibited by sulfonium analogs of presumptive carbocationic intermediates of the
      reaction sequence, especially in the presence of inorganic pyrophosphate as
      counterion. In spite of the fact that the fenchol cyclase terminates the
      cyclization with an external nucleophile (H2O), the primary mechanistic features
      of this isomerization-cyclization reaction are similar to those catalyzed by
      other cyclases that terminate the reaction by deprotonation or cation capture by
      the pyrophosphate moiety of the substrate.

PMID- 2919881
TI  - Rat brain hexokinase: further studies on the specificity of the hexose and hexose
      6-phosphate binding sites.
AB  - Based on the lack of correlation between the ability of various hexoses to serve
      as substrate and the ability of the corresponding hexose 6-phosphates to inhibit
      brain hexokinase (ATP:D-hexose 6-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.1), R. K. Crane and
      A. Sols (1954, J. Biol. Chem. 210, 597-606) proposed that this enzyme possesses
      two discrete sites capable of binding hexose moieties, one serving as the
      substrate binding site and a second, regulatory in function, to which inhibitory
      6-phosphates bind. Subsequent work has provided further experimental support for
      this proposal. The pioneering work by Crane and Sols focused primarily on the
      specificity of these sites with respect to requirements for orientation of
      hydroxyl substituents at the various positions of the pyranose ring. The present
      study explores additional aspects of the specificity of these sites, namely, the
      effect of substitution of a sulfur atom in place of the oxygen in the pyranose
      ring on ability to serve as substrate or inhibitor, and the effect of
      modification in charge of the substituent at the 6-position on inhibitory
      effectiveness. 5-Thioglucose is a linear competitive (versus glucose) inhibitor
      of rat brain hexokinase, with a Ki of about 0.2 mM, and is a linear mixed
      inhibitor (versus ATP), with Ki values in this same range. 5-Thioglucose is not,
      however, readily phosphorylated by brain hexokinase. Thus, although 5-thioglucose
      binds with moderate affinity to the glucose binding site, it is not effectively
      used as a substrate of the enzyme. Inhibition of brain hexokinase by glucose 6
      phosphate or its analogs has been found to require a dianionic substituent at the
      6-position. The 6-fluorophosphate derivative and glucose 6-sulfate are poor
      inhibitors of the enzyme, and the Ki for inhibition by 1,5-anhydroglucitol 6
      phosphate increases markedly at pH values below the pK of the 6-phosphate group,
      indicating that the monoanionic form is ineffective as an inhibitor. In contrast
      to the detrimental effect that substitution of the oxygen atom in the pyranose
      ring with a sulfur has on ability to serve as substrate, 5-thio analogs are
      considerably more effective as inhibitors, the Ki for inhibition by 5-thioglucose
      6-phosphate being 10-fold lower than that seen with glucose 6-phosphate. This
      effect of the heteroatom substitution can partially offset the decreased
      inhibition resulting from monoanionic character at the 6-position, but the 6
      fluorophosphate derivative of 5-thioglucose 6-phosphate still inhibits with a Ki
      about 1000-fold greater than that seen with 5-thioglucose 6-phosphate.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2919882
TI  - Directed biosynthesis of avermectins.
AB  - Avermectin homologs are produced by Streptomyces avermitilis when externally
      supplied with sodium 2-methylpentanoate and sodium 2-methylhexanoate. The
      homologs carry 2-pentyl and 2-hexyl groups, respectively, at C-25 of the aglycone
      moiety as opposed to the 2-butyl group of "a" components and the isopropyl group
      of "b" components of natural avermectins. The new homologs designated as
      avermectin "c" and "d" components, respectively, possess potent anthelmintic and
      insecticidal activity.

PMID- 2919883
TI  - Essential histidine residues in lysolecithin:lysolecithin acetyltransferase from
      rabbit lung.
AB  - Both activities of rabbit lung lysolecithin:lysolecithin acyltransferase (EC
      3.1.1.5), hydrolysis and transacylation, are inactivated by diethylpyrocarbonate.
      The reaction follows pseudo-first-order kinetics, and second-order rate constants
      of 1.17 mM-1min-1 for hydrolysis and 0.56 mM-1 min-1 for transacylation were
      obtained at pH 6.5 and 37 degrees C. The rate of inactivation is dependent on pH,
      showing the involvement of a group with a pK of 6.5. The difference spectra
      showed an increase in absorbance at 242 nm, indicating the modification of
      histidine residues. The activity lost by diethylpyrocarbonate modification can be
      partially recovered by hydroxylamine treatment. The statistical analysis of
      residual fractional activity versus the number of modified histidine residues
      leads to the conclusion that two histidine residues are essential for the
      hydrolytic activity, whereas transacylation activity depends on only one
      essential histidine. The substrate and substrate analogs protected the enzyme
      against inactivation by diethylpyrocarbonate, suggesting that the essential
      residues are located at or near the active site of the enzyme.

PMID- 2919884
TI  - Active-site modification of superoxide dismutase by H2O2 studied through 1H NMR
      of the cobalt derivatives.
AB  - It is known that H2O2 at pH 10, inactivates copper(II)-zinc(II)-SOD although not
      much information is available on what happens at the ligands coordinated to the
      two metal ions. We have reinvestigated the system through the electronic and 1H
      NMR spectra of the cobalt(II) and copper(II)-cobalt(II) derivatives. Such studies
      indicate that the coordinated residues are maintained although there is evidence
      of some flexibility of the donor groups. The coordination around copper is
      slightly more tetragonal. Azide binding to the copper ion does not cause the
      complete detachment of one of the histidines from the copper coordination sphere,
      as happens with the untreated enzyme.

PMID- 2919885
TI  - Decreased activity of the pyruvate translocator and changes in the lipid
      composition in heart mitochondria from hypothyroid rats.
AB  - A study of the transport of pyruvate in heart mitochondria from normal and
      hypothyroid rats has been carried out. Heart mitochondria from hypothyroid rats
      translocate pyruvate via the alpha-cyanocinnamate sensitive carrier much more
      slowly than do mitochondria from normal rats. Kinetic analysis of the pyruvate
      transport shows that the Vmax of this process is decreased while there is
      practically no change in the Km values. Neither a decrease in the transmembrane
      delta pH value nor a decrease in the total number of the pyruvate carrier
      molecules, titrated with labeled alpha-cyanocinnamate, account for the decreased
      rate of pyruvate transport. The lower activity of the pyruvate translocator in
      mitochondria from hypothyroid rats is associated with a parallel decrease of the
      rate of pyruvate supported oxygen uptake. There is, however, no difference in
      either the respiratory control ratios or in the ADP/O ratios between these two
      types of mitochondria. The heart mitochondrial lipid composition is significantly
      altered in hypothyroid rats. Cardiolipin, particularly, was found to decrease by
      around 36%. In addition the pattern of fatty acids was found to be altered in
      mitochondrial membranes from hypothyroid rats. It is suggested that the decreased
      activity of the pyruvate translocator in heart mitochondria from hypothyroid rats
      can be ascribed to changes in the lipid environment which surrounds the pyruvate
      carrier molecule in the mitochondrial membrane.

PMID- 2919886
TI  - Generation of hydrogen peroxide by brain mitochondria: the effect of
      reoxygenation following postdecapitative ischemia.
AB  - The hypothesis that mitochondria damaged during complete cerebral ischemia
      generate increased amounts of superoxide anion radical and hydrogen peroxide
      (H2O2) upon postischemic reoxygenation has been tested. In rat brain
      mitochondria, succinate supported H2O2 generation, whereas NADH-linked
      substrates, malate plus glutamate, did so only in the presence of respiratory
      chain inhibitors. Succinate-supported H2O2 generation was diminished by rotenone
      and the uncoupler carbonyl cyanide m-chlorphenylhydrazone and enhanced by
      antimycin A and increased oxygen tensions. When maximally reduced, the NADH
      dehydrogenase and the ubiquinone-cytochrome b regions of the electron transport
      chain are sources of H2O2. These studies suggest that a significant portion of
      H2O2 generation in brain mitochondria proceeds via the transfer of reducing
      equivalents from ubiquinone to the NADH dehydrogenase portion of the electron
      transport chain. Succinate-supported H2O2 generation by mitochondria isolated
      from rat brain exposed to 15 min of postdecapitative ischemia was 90% lower than
      that of control preparations. The effect of varying oxygen tensions on H2O2
      generation by postischemic mitochondrial preparations was negligible compared
      with the increased H2O2 generation measured in control preparations. Comparison
      of the effects of respiratory chain inhibitors and oxygen tension on succinate
      supported H2O2 generation suggests that the ability for reversed electron
      transfer is impaired during ischemia. These data do not support the hypothesis
      that mitochondrial free radical generation increases during postischemic
      reoxygenation.

PMID- 2919887
TI  - Purification of phospholamban from bovine cardiac muscle with organic solvents.
AB  - Phospholamban (PLB), an integral membrane protein of cardiac sarcoplasmic
      reticulum, was extracted from bovine cardiac muscle with an acidic
      chloroform/methanol mixture. A combination of gel permeation and ion-exchange
      chromatographies in organic solvents allowed the purification of PLB. The
      intensive use of organic solvents throughout the isolation yielded a highly
      purified and intact protein that can be phosphorylated by cAMP protein kinase.
      The ease of purification and the high yield obtained (2.5 mg/100 g of fresh
      tissue) show that organic solvents can be very useful in the extraction and
      purification of hydrophobic membrane proteins.

PMID- 2919888
TI  - Stereoselective ligand interactions of chicken liver phosphoenolpyruvate
      carboxykinase with fluorophosphoenolpyruvate.
AB  - The stereospecific interactions of chicken liver phosphoenolpyruvate
      carboxykinase (P-enolpyruvate carboxykinase) with the two geometric isomers of 3
      fluorophosphoenolpyruvate (F-P-enolpyruvate) were examined. Previous studies have
      shown that the Z isomer of F-P-enolpyruvate is a substrate for P-enolpyruvate
      carboxykinase but the E isomer is a competitive inhibitor [T. H. Duffy and T.
      Nowak (1984) Biochemistry 23, 661-670]. The reasons for this substrate
      selectivity were investigated. Studies of the 1H, 19F, and 31P relaxation rates
      of the ligands in the binary Mn-ligand complexes indicate the formation of direct
      coordination complexes. The temperature and frequency dependence of the proton
      relaxation rates (PRR) of the respective enzyme-Mn-ligand complexes demonstrates
      that the perturbation of the electronic environment at the Mn(II) site on the
      enzyme is different upon binding of the inhibitor (E-F-P-enolpyruvate) in
      contrast to the binding of substrates (P-enolpyruvate or Z-F-P-enolpyruvate).
      Structural studies demonstrate that Z-F-P-enolpyruvate forms a second sphere
      coordination complex with enzyme-bound Mn(II). E-F-P-enolpyruvate exchanges
      slowly from the ternary complex and binds less than or equal to 10 A from the
      bound Mn(II). CD studies in the far-uv region demonstrate that the alpha-helical
      content of P-enolpyruvate carboxykinase is increased at the expense of
      antiparallel and parallel beta-sheet structure upon binding of Mn(II) and
      substrate (P-enolpyruvate or Z-F-P-enolpyruvate) to the apoenzyme, but show no
      such structural change upon binding of Mn(II) and E-F-P-enolpyruvate. Analogous
      results are observed from CD studies at the aromatic amino acid region (250-350
      nm). The stereoselective catalytic activities of P-enolpyruvate carboxykinase
      with F-P-enolpyruvate analogs can be explained by different interactions of these
      ligands within the catalytic site of the enzyme.

PMID- 2919889
TI  - Monoclonal antibody-directed characterization of rat hepatic P450 catalyzing the
      omega-1 and omega-2 hydroxylation of prostaglandins.
AB  - Previous studies have demonstrated that methylcholanthrene (MC) treatment of rats
      increases 10-fold the omega-2 hydroxylation of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) by liver
      microsomes (K. A. Holm, R. J. Engell, and D. Kupfer (1985) Arch. Biochem.
      Biophys. 237, 477-489). The current study identifies the cytochrome P450 form,
      which catalyzes a major portion of the omega-2 hydroxylation of prostaglandins in
      liver microsomes of MC-treated rats (MC-microsomes) and examines whether the same
      enzyme catalyzes this reaction in microsomes from untreated rats (control
      microsomes). Three monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), MC 1-7-1, 1-31-2, and 1-36-1,
      raised against the major liver P450 from MC-treated rats were used. MAb 1-7-1
      binds P450(57K) and P450(56K) (P450c and P450d, respectively); MAb 1-31-2 binds
      primarily P450(57K); and 1-36-1 binds solely P450(57k). MAb 1-7-1 inhibited omega
      2 and omega-1 PGE2 hydroxylations in MC-microsomes by 70 and 45%, respectively.
      By contrast, MAb 1-31-2 and 1-36-1 were not inhibitory. MAb 1-7-1 did not inhibit
      PGE2 omega-2 hydroxylation in control or in microsomes from phenobarbital-treated
      rats (PB-microsomes). Since MAb 1-7-1 binds to both P450c and P450d, and 1-31-2
      and 1-36-1 bind to P450c but are not inhibitory, these findings did not permit
      the determination of whether in MC microsomes a single isozyme (P450c or P450d)
      or both isozymes catalyze the omega-2 hydroxylation. This question was partially
      resolved by the observation that immunoaffinity-isolated P450c, supplemented with
      purified NADPH-P450 reductase, catalyzes effectively the omega-2 hydroxylation
      and to a lesser extent the omega-1 hydroxylation. There was no activity in the
      absence of reductase. The P450 antibody complex exhibits characteristics similar
      to those of the omega-2 hydroxylating activity in intact MC-microsomes supported
      by H2O2, by demonstrating a much higher activity when H2O2 is used instead of
      reductase and NADPH. Furthermore, a reconstituted monooxygenase composed of rat
      liver reductase and P450c, purified by conventional means, hydroxylated PGE2 at
      the omega-2 and omega-1 sites at a ratio of 2.8, similar to that obtained with
      the P450-antibody complex. These findings demonstrate that a major portion of the
      omega-2 hydroxylation of PGs in MC-microsomes is catalyzed by P450c; however, the
      possibility that some omega-2 hydroxylating activity is due to P450d was not
      ruled out.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2919890
TI  - Structural and immunochemical analysis of three alpha-limit dextrin
      oligosaccharides.
AB  - Complete structures are described for three urinary oligodextrins from one
      patient with type II and one patient with type III glycogen storage disease. GLC
      MS, direct probe MS, and 1H NMR demonstrate two heptasaccharides and one
      hexasaccharide containing only alpha 1-4 and alpha 1-6 linkages. The observation
      that all three oligosaccharides were present in urine of both patients and the
      occurrence of alpha 1-4 and alpha 1-6 linkages in characteristic sequences
      indicates that the oligodextrins are limit dextrins derived from alpha-amylolytic
      degradation of glycogen. The binding affinities of the oligodextrins for a
      monoclonal antibody (401/6) raised against Glc alpha 1-6Glc alpha 1-4Glc alpha 1
      4Glc, were determined by frontal analysis. The highest affinity was exhibited by
      Glc alpha 1-6Glc alpha 1-4Glc alpha 1-4Glc followed by the two heptasaccharides
      and the hexasaccharide. The results from quantitative affinity measurements agree
      with results of structural analysis by physical methods in that all oligodextrins
      containing the nonreducing terminal sequence, Glc alpha 1-6Glc alpha 1-4Glc . . .
      , are specifically bound by the antibody with similar affinities, but the
      affinity is somewhat higher for chains containing the tetrasaccharide sequence
      Glc alpha 1-6Glc alpha 1-4Glc alpha 1-4Glc at the nonreducing terminal.
      Utilization of affinity methods offers clear advantages for isolation and
      characterization of oligosaccharides with very similar structures.

PMID- 2919891
TI  - [Activation of neutrophil function by MDP-Lys(L 18)].
AB  - The study was carried out to confirm the effect of MDP-Lys (L 18) on the
      neutrophil number and function in the patients with lung cancer. The patients
      were enrolled only in case of leukopenia (equal or less than 3,000/mm3 after
      anticancer chemotherapy) and subcutaneously given 200 mcg of MDP-Lys (L 18) for 7
      days. Mean leukocyte counts were found to be 3,900/mm3 and 5,500/mm3 one day and
      one week after MDP-Lys (L 18) treatment, respectively. The rate of "markedly
      effective" and "effective" was 53% (8/15). Chemiluminescence by zymosan showed a
      significant increase after MDP-Lys (L 18) treatment. However, no change of
      neutrophil function was observed in the tests of chemiluminescence by phorbol
      myristate acetate, superoxide (O2-) production, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
      production, chemotaxis, bacterial killing and opsonization. Transient fever was
      observed in 6 cases and eruption accompanied with one fever case. It was
      concluded that MDP-Lys (L 18) could prevent infection in cancer-bearing
      immunocompromised patients by increasing the neutrophil number and function.

PMID- 2919892
TI  - [Combination chemo-endocrine therapy of metastatic and stage IV breast cancer
      with cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, prednisolone and tamoxifen (CAPT)--with
      special reference to management of brain and liver metastasis].
AB  - Sixty-three evaluable patients with metastatic and stage IV breast cancer who had
      not previously undergone chemo-endocrine therapy were treated with a combination
      chemoendocrine therapy regimen consisting of cyclophosphamide 100 mg p.o. every
      day, adriamycin 10 mg i.v. on day 1 to 5, prednisolone 10 mg or 20 mg (20 mg was
      given on day 1 to 5) p.o. every day, and tamoxifen 20 mg p.o. every day.
      Adriamycin on day 1 to 5 was repeated three times every two weeks. After a total
      dose of 150 mg of adriamycin, the patients were changed to maintenance therapy
      consisting of cyclophosphamide 100 mg p.o., prednisolone 10 mg p.o. and tamoxifen
      20 mg p.o. every day. After 72 months of the treatment there were 61 patients
      good for evaluation, 13 patients achieved a complete response (21.3%) with a
      median survival of 30.5 months and 18 patients had a partial response (29.5%)
      with a median survival of 21.0 months, and 30 patients failed to respond (49.2%)
      with a median survival of 8.5 months. There was a significant difference in
      survival time between responders (CR + PR) and non-responders (NC + PD) (p less
      than 0.001). Responses by site were seen in lung 10/18 (55.6%), liver 3/6
      (50.0%), brain 2/4 (50.0%), bone 6/17 (35.3%) and soft tissue 14/24 (56.3%). A
      Satisfactory response for brain and liver metastasis, which are usually viewed as
      a sign of grim prognosis, was obtained similar to other sites of metastasis.
      Retreatment with CAPT, which was attempted in patients with secondary brain
      metastasis who responded to CAPT for initial brain metastasis, was uniformly
      effective. High ration of androgen to corticosteroid, positive estrogen
      receptors, long disease-free survival (over two years), premenopausal, high
      Broca' index (above 110) resulted from the chemo-endocrine therapy regimen CAPT.
      Toxicity was minimal and consisted of nausea, vomiting, alopecia and leucopenia.

PMID- 2919893
TI  - [Circumvention of ACNU-resistance in rat glioma cells by pretreatment with O6
      methylguanine].
AB  - The chemotherapy of malignant brain tumors has been, only partially successful
      yet. Recently major concern is drug resistance, one of possible mechanisms of
      such drug resistance stems from inducible repair enzyme, especially in case of
      chloroethylnitrosoureas as ACNU or BCNU. We examined the changes of acquired
      resistance to ACNU in rat glioma cells by pretreatment with O6-methylguanine,
      which is a substrate for O6-methylguanine methyltransferase. ACNU-resistant
      (9L/AC) cells had established after 10 times treatments of ACNU. 9L/AC cells were
      pretreated with 2 mM O6-methylguanine for 2 hours, and subsequently challenged
      with increasing doses of ACNU for 2 hours. In vitro colony formation assay the
      survival fraction of 9L and 9L/AC cells ranged from 0.39 to 0.63 by 2-hour
      reaction of 1-3 mM O6-methylguanine. Based on the dose-response curve for ACNU in
      9L/AC cells, by O6-methylguanine pretreatment (2 mM), ACNU-resistance decreased
      markedly to one-third, one-fifth, and one-two hundredth at 12, 24, 36 microM
      ACNU, respectively. In contrast, the survival of 9L cells against ACNU was
      similar under O6-methylguanine pretreatment or nontreatment condition. Therefore,
      ACNU-resistance is considerably related to DNA repair enzyme induction, and the
      substrates may potentiate the cell-killing effect of ACNU in the resistant glioma
      cells.

PMID- 2919894
TI  - [Efficacy of etoposide in bone metastasis of breast cancer].
AB  - We have used ADM, MMC, CDDP and other drugs for a case of bone metastasis of
      breast cancer, but the bone destruction was advanced and she could not walk. We
      have also used etoposide, a new chemotherapeutic drug, for the same case. Two
      months later bone sclerosis was seen by X-ray film and pain disappeared. Bone
      sclerosis then advanced after 6 months, she has begun to stand, and after 8
      months she has been able to walk with a cane. There was no severe side effect.
      Etoposide was very effective for bone metastasis of the breast cancer.

PMID- 2919895
TI  - Side gland of Suncus murinus as a new model of sebaceous gland: 5 alpha
      reductase, androgen receptor, and nuclear androgen content in male and female
      animals.
AB  - The side gland of Suncus murinus is composed of well-developed sebaceous glands
      in both males and females. We measured the 5 alpha-reductase activity, androgen
      receptor content, and the intranuclear concentrations of testosterone and
      dihydrotestosterone in this side gland taking it as a new experimental model of
      human sebaceous glands. Lineweaver-Burk plot analysis suggested the presence of
      two classes of 5 alpha-reductase with different Km for testosterone in the
      homogenate. The enzyme activity was slightly higher in males than in females in
      the presence of a high concentration of testosterone. The levels of androgen
      receptors were approximately 40 and 30 fmol/mg protein in the cytosol and nuclei,
      respectively. The values did not differ significantly between males and females.
      The intranuclear concentration of dihydrotestosterone in the side gland was
      higher than that of testosterone in each sex. The intranuclear level of each of
      these two androgens in the female side gland was comparable to that in the male
      side gland despite the fact that the serum level of testosterone was much lower
      in the female. These data clearly indicate that the side gland is a typical
      target tissue for androgens in the female as well as in the male. Androgens other
      than testosterone may serve as precursors of dihydrotestosterone in the female
      side gland.

PMID- 2919896
TI  - Normal IgA production by peripheral blood lymphocytes in dermatitis herpetiformis
      and linear IgA dermatosis.

PMID- 2919897
TI  - Decreased levels of vitamin A in serum of patients with psoriasis.

PMID- 2919898
TI  - Human immunodeficiency virus and the patient who needs a cardiac operation.

PMID- 2919899
TI  - Human immunodeficiency virus and the cardiac surgeon: a survey of attitudes.
AB  - The decision to operate on carriers of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who
      need an urgent cardiac operation is difficult. There is a lack of knowledge about
      the effect of the presence of HIV on operative risk, about the effect of
      cardiopulmonary bypass on the progression of HIV infection to acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and about the risk to the cardiac surgical team
      of operating on 1 or more HIV carriers. This lack of knowledge is exacerbated by
      the strict regulations surrounding testing. We polled the board-certified cardiac
      surgeons in the United States on their willingness to perform open cardiac
      procedures on HIV carriers and AIDS patients. Fifty-three percent of the surgeons
      responded. Two thirds of them will operate on HIV carriers who need an urgent
      cardiac operation but regard the presence of AIDS as a contraindication to
      cardiopulmonary bypass. This is presumably a medical judgment. Those who will not
      operate on HIV carriers are apparently motivated by fear rather than moral
      judgments concerning the patients. Virtually all surgeons want to be able to test
      "high-risk" patients, and a substantial majority would test all patients.

PMID- 2919900
TI  - Reperfusion injury in the lung preserved for 24 hours.
AB  - The left lower lobes of 28 canine lungs were isolated, preserved, and then
      reperfused for 150 minutes. Five groups of lobes were studied: group 1, control
      (n = 5); group 2, one hour of warm ischemia (n = 5); group 3, one hour of warm
      ischemia + oxygen free radical scavengers (n = 5); group 4, 24 hours of cold
      ischemia (n = 8); and group 5, 24 hours of cold ischemia + oxygen free radical
      scavengers (n = 5). Oxygen free radical scavengers consisted of superoxide
      dismutase and catalase (100 micrograms/mL) given at the moment of reflow.
      Extravascular lung water (grams per gram of blood-free dry lobe weight) after
      reperfusion was 2.75 +/- 0.19, 5.46 +/- 0.60, 4.08 +/- 0.37, 9.43 +/- 0.98, and
      6.91 +/- 0.95 for groups 1 through 5, respectively (p less than 0.05, groups 2
      through 5 versus group 1; p less than 0.05, group 2 versus group 3 and group 4
      versus group 5). Lung tissue lipid peroxidation, measured as thiobarbituric acid
      reactive material, was 117 +/- 14, 314 +/- 19, and 163 +/- 25 nmol/g dry lobe
      weight for groups 1, 4, and 5, respectively (p less than 0.05, group 4 versus
      group 1 and group 4 versus group 5). The data suggest that oxygen free radical
      scavengers attenuate reperfusion injury after long-term hypothermic lung
      preservation.

PMID- 2919901
TI  - In situ prosthetic graft replacement for mycotic aneurysm of the aorta.
AB  - Mycotic aneurysms as defined in this study include only those naturally occurring
      aortic aneurysms that result from or are secondarily infected by bacteria arising
      in a distant site of infection. Of the 2,585 patients treated for aortic aneurysm
      during the past 8 1/2 years, 22 patients had disease conforming to this
      definition. The aneurysms were located in the ascending aorta in 2 patients,
      ascending aorta and arch in 5, arch and descending aorta in 1, descending
      thoracic aorta in 1, separate descending and abdominal aorta in 1,
      thoracoabdominal aorta in 5, upper abdominal aorta in 6, and infrarenal abdominal
      aorta in 1. The primary source of infection was the urinary tract in 2 patients,
      salmonellosis in 4, pneumonia in 3, sub-acute bacterial endocarditis in 2, ear,
      nose, and throat in 2, cellulitis of the hand in 1, chronic wounds in 2, dental
      extraction in 1, lumbar disc space infection in 1, septic thrombophlebitis in 1,
      and generalized febrile illness in 3. The duration of febrile illness ranged from
      2 weeks to 1 year. All patients were treated with antibiotics and operation was
      performed within 24 hours after admission in 11 patients and within one to eight
      days after admission in 11. Treatment consisted of in situ graft replacement.
      Appropriate antibiotics were given intravenously for 4 to 6 weeks in patients
      with positive cultures and continued orally for the rest of the patients' lives.
      Of the 22 patients, 19 (86%) were early survivors, and all are still alive 3
      months to 8 years postoperatively. Only 1 had a recurrent infection, which
      involved the intervertebral disc space.

PMID- 2919902
TI  - Pneumothorax in cystic fibrosis: a 26-year experience.
AB  - We reviewed the records of all patients with cystic fibrosis and radiologically
      demonstrated pneumothorax at Rainbow Babies and Childrens Hospital between 1959
      and 1987. There occurred 144 pneumothoraces, 71 right and 73 left, in 99
      patients, 48 female and 51 male. The median survival from the date of the first
      pneumothorax was 29.9 months. Primary therapy included the following:
      observation; tube thoracostomy; tube thoracostomy with instillation of quinacrine
      hydrochloride, tetracycline, silver nitrate, or talc; or partial pleurectomy.
      Complications were minimal in each group. The surgical group did significantly
      better than all other groups except the group given talc. We conclude that
      pneumothorax is a late and ominous complication of cystic fibrosis. The primary
      treatment of pneumothorax should be partial pleurectomy. Talc instillation should
      be reserved for patients in respiratory failure who are too ill to undergo
      operation and for the occasional patient in whom surgical intervention fails.

PMID- 2919903
TI  - Cryopreservation of canine trachea: functional and histological changes.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to evaluate tracheal viability and to document
      histological changes in an autograft implanted in the abdominal wall after a 1
      week period of cryopreservation. A 5-cm segment of cervical trachea was resected
      in 6 dogs. One-half of the segment was cryopreserved and stored in liquid
      nitrogen at -196 degrees C for 1 week. The other half was immediately implanted
      in an abdominal pouch fashioned from the rectus abdominis muscle (control). One
      week later, the cryopreserved segment was thawed and then implanted in a similar
      contralateral muscular pouch. Five weeks later, the control and cryopreserved
      autografts were removed and compared with the in situ trachea. Ciliary beat
      frequency was assessed by transmitted light technique. Histology was evaluated by
      light microscopy. Gross anatomy and mucus production were maintained after
      cryopreservation. Histologically the cryopreserved segment displayed both normal
      epithelium and smooth muscle cells, but the cartilage was abnormal as
      characterized by empty lacunae. Mean ciliary beat frequency of in situ, control,
      and cryopreserved segments was 13.3 +/- 1.8, 13.5 +/- 1.5, and 13.3 +/- 1.1 beats
      per second (+/- the standard deviation), respectively. We conclude that smooth
      muscle, epithelium with mucus production, and ciliary function were retained
      after cryopreservation and reimplantation. Histological changes, however, were
      suggestive of early cartilage ischemia. These findings support further evaluation
      of cryopreserved canine tracheal grafts.

PMID- 2919904
TI  - Long-term results in neonates with pulmonary atresia and intact ventricular
      septum.
AB  - Our entire institutional experience with pulmonary atresia and intact ventricular
      septum (1965 through 1987) included 115 patients, 16 of whom died before surgical
      intervention. Fifty-six percent of surgical patients (n = 99) had angiographic
      evidence of right ventricle-coronary arterial connections. The early mortality in
      the surgical group was 27.2%, and the actuarial survival was 24.7% +/- 6% at 13
      years postoperatively. Multivariate analysis indicated that the presence of
      ventriculocoronary connections (p = 0.037), a decreasing ratio between right
      ventricular and left ventricular pressure at the initial cardiac catheterization
      (p = 0.007), and lower weight at operation (p = 0.001) were incremental risk
      factors for postoperative death; the presence of Ebstein's anomaly was an
      additional risk factor in the overall experience (including patients not
      surgically treated) (p = 0.01). Nearly all long-term survivors underwent at least
      one reoperation, including right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction (n =
      39) and thromboexclusion of the right ventricle (n = 9). The presence of severe
      stenosis or interruption of the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery
      system was a uniformly lethal risk factor for patients undergoing these
      procedures (p = 0.0003). We conclude that surgical procedures that successfully
      decompress the right ventricle will usually result in biventricular circulation
      in and long-term survival of patients with pulmonary atresia with intact
      ventricular septum not complicated by Ebstein's anomaly or extensive
      ventriculocoronary connections. Decompression or thromboexclusion of the right
      ventricle is contraindicated in patients with ventriculocoronary connections and
      a right ventricle-dependent coronary circulation.

PMID- 2919905
TI  - Ten years' experience with the Senning operation for transposition of the great
      arteries: physiological results and late follow-up.
AB  - We report our results in 93 consecutive infants and children who underwent atrial
      repair of simple transposition of the great arteries using the Senning operation
      between February 1978 and February 1988. Mean age at operation was 5.6 +/- 6.3
      months (range, 1 week to 4 years); 60 were less than 6 months old. There were 65
      boys and 28 girls. Operative mortality was 5.4%, and there has been 1 late death.
      Average follow-up is 45.1 months with 39 followed more than 3 years and 25
      followed more than 5 years. Postoperative cardiac catheterization was performed
      in 43 patients. Right ventricular ejection fraction at rest averaged 0.50 +/-
      0.09 and was normal in 26 patients. Response of right ventricular ejection
      fraction to afterload stress was abnormal in 12 of 14 patients tested. Right
      ventricular ejection fraction increased normally during exercise in 6 patients,
      but was abnormal in 15. Mild tricuspid regurgitation was noted in 10 patients.
      Mild obstruction of the superior vena cava was noted in 4 patients. Baffle leak
      requiring reoperation occurred in 1 patient. Seventy-two of 80 patients are in
      sinus rhythm by latest electrocardiogram. Postoperative electrophysiological
      studies were performed in 34 patients and Holter monitoring was performed in 22.
      A major arrhythmia occurred in 8 patients: 3 required a pacemaker for junctional
      rhythm or sinus node dysfunction, 2 have symptomatic or inducible
      supraventricular tachycardia, 2 have junctional rhythm, and 1 has sick sinus
      syndrome. Eight additional patients have delayed sinus node recovery time. At
      last follow-up, 78 children (97.5%) are in New York Heart Association functional
      class I, and 2 (2.5%) are in class II.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2919906
TI  - Continued assessment of the combined Collis-Nissen operation.
AB  - The combined Collis-Nissen operation has been performed in 353 patients. Forty
      five percent had reflux esophagitis without stricture; 20%, peptic stricture;
      72%, a sliding hiatal hernia; 17%, a paraesophageal hernia; 21%, previous
      antireflux operation; 15%, esophageal spasm; 8%, scleroderma; and 32%, marked
      obesity. There were 4 postoperative deaths (mortality rate, 1.1%). Complications
      occurred in 28 patients (8%) and included wound infection (2.2%), esophageal or
      gastroplasty tube leak (1.7%), bleeding (1.1%), splenic injury, gastric atony,
      and crural repair dehiscence (each less than 1%). Follow-up includes personal
      interview, esophageal manometry, and standard acid reflux testing. The average
      length of follow-up for 261 patients (74%) followed at least 12 months is 43.8
      months. Fifty-eight percent have been followed at least 36 months; 41%, 48
      months; and 29%, 60 months or longer. Subjectively, in these 261 patients, reflux
      has been eliminated in 75%, is mild in 11%, is moderate in 9%, and is severe in
      5%. Eight percent have postthoracotomy pain; 3%, early satiety ("bloats"); and
      1%, postvagotomy diarrhea. Seventeen percent require either periodic or regular
      esophageal dilations for dysphagia. Objectively, intraesophageal pH studies show
      good reflux control in 91% and poor reflux control in 9%. Twenty-six patients
      (10%) have required reoperation for recurrent reflux or dysphagia. These results
      substantiate satisfactory reflux control using the Collis-Nissen operation in
      patients at risk for recurrence after standard repairs, but also emphasize that,
      like other antireflux procedures, the Collis-Nissen operation is not without some
      degree of postoperative adverse symptoms.

PMID- 2919907
TI  - Closure of chronic postpneumonectomy bronchopleural fistula using the
      transsternal transpericardial approach.
AB  - Thirteen patients with postpneumonectomy bronchopleural fistula occurring 4
      months to 10 years after the initial operation have been treated with a
      transsternal transpericardial approach after the associated empyema had been
      treated by either tube thoracostomy or open-window thoracostomy. In 10 patients,
      there were contraindications to using an ipsilateral transthoracic approach. In
      10 of the 13 patients, the procedure was successful. Three fistulas recurred; two
      were quite small, one of them closing spontaneously within 6 months. There were
      no deaths or clinically significant morbidity related to the transsternal
      approach. We have found this technique to be most applicable in those patients in
      whom other procedures have failed to resolve the problem. The technique is
      relatively simple and safe.

PMID- 2919908
TI  - Clinical and hemodynamic results after mitral valve replacement in patients with
      obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
AB  - Mitral valve replacement has been performed in patients with obstructive
      hypertrophic cardiomyopathy if: (1) the interventricular septum is smaller than
      18 mm in the region of usual resection; (2) atypical septal morphology is
      encountered; (3) a previous left ventricular myomectomy has been performed but
      residual major obstruction and symptoms persist; or (4) intrinsic mitral valve
      disease exists. Since 1983, mitral valve replacement has been performed in 58
      patients with obstructive HCM only. Thirty-three female patients (mean age, 47.9
      years) and 25 men (mean age, 45.7 years) met criteria 1 through 3 for mitral
      valve replacement. Patients with intrinsic mitral valve disease (criterion 4)
      were omitted from this study. All patients were in New York Heart Association
      functional class III or IV and had failed optimal medical therapy. Low-profile
      mechanical prostheses and bioprostheses were implanted, and the early mortality
      (less than 30 days or in the hospital) was 8.6% (5/58). Six patients (11.3%) died
      late, 3 suddenly of probably arrhythmia, 2 of respiratory failure, and 1 of an
      anticoagulant-related complication. After mitral valve replacement, 40 (83%) of
      48 patients surviving operation and returning for evaluation were in functional
      class I or II, whereas 8 patients were in functional class III. Hemodynamic data
      obtained 6 months postoperatively showed that pulmonary artery wedge pressure was
      normal (13.7 +/- 4 mm Hg [+/- standard deviation]), left ventricular end
      diastolic pressure had decreased (10.9 +/- 3.4 mm Hg), cardiac index was
      maintained (2.6 +/- 0.6 L/min/m2), and resting and provoked gradients were
      unremarkable. Mean follow-up was 24.2 months, actuarial survival was 86% at 3
      years, and survival free from thromboembolism, anticoagulant-related
      complication, reoperation, and congestive heart failure for the same interval was
      68%. Complications such as ventricular septal defect and complete heart block are
      avoided in patients undergoing mitral valve replacement, but device-related and
      cardiac-related complications can add to the morbidity and mortality in these
      patients in the long term.

PMID- 2919909
TI  - Penetrating wounds to the heart: a wartime experience.
AB  - Forty-nine war casualties with penetrating cardiac wounds were treated at the
      Hotel-Dieu de France University Hospital between April 1975 and December 1987.
      All the wounds were caused by high-velocity missiles. An aggressive approach was
      utilized. Emergency room thoracotomy was performed in 17 "lifeless" patients, 4
      of whom survived. Twenty-seven of the 32 patients who were in stable enough
      condition to undergo initial repair in the operating room survived. Overall
      survival was 63% (31/49). No intracardiac injuries were diagnosed in survivors,
      and no cardiac reoperations were required. Careful analysis of the trajectory of
      the missile or missiles and a portable chest roentgenogram were the most
      important factors for diagnosing a penetrating wound to the heart and for
      predicting potential associated injuries.

PMID- 2919911
TI  - Delayed primary closure after sternal wound infection.
AB  - Infected median sternotomy is a major complication of cardiac operations. Over a
      30-month period, 25 sternal wound infections were treated at a single
      institution. Twenty-four (2.7%) followed 883 operations with cardiopulmonary
      bypass, and 1 followed median sternotomy for a noncardiac procedure. Twenty-one
      of the 25 patients survived to sternal closure. Eighteen patients were treated
      with delayed primary closure and 3 with pectoralis muscle flaps. Fifteen patients
      (83%) had an uneventful postoperative course after delayed primary closure. In 2
      patients reoperation was required for sternal dehiscence, and in 1 patient a
      superficial wound infection developed, which was treated with local wound care.
      In all 18 patients the sternum eventually healed. Criteria for delayed primary
      closure included clean tissue surfaces without purulent debris, the absence of
      pockets of purulent drainage, and negative wound cultures obtained 24 hours
      before closure. The average time from operation to sternal incision and drainage
      was 11 days (range, five to 59 days). Delayed primary closure was performed nine
      days after incision and drainage (range, five to 27 days). The average hospital
      stay was 24 days after sternal incision and drainage (range, nine to 85 days).
      Cultures from specimens taken at the time of sternal incision and drainage were
      positive in all patients. Wound cultures were positive at the time of sternal
      closure in 5 patients. Wound complications developed in 2 of these 5 patients.
      Delayed primary closure has many of the advantages of classic methods, but fewer
      complications. Results are comparable, while allowing simpler wound care and less
      cosmetic deformity. Delayed primary closure is an acceptable alternative in the
      treatment of sternal wound infections.

PMID- 2919910
TI  - Cryosurgical ablation of accessory atrioventricular pathways without
      cardiopulmonary bypass: an epicardial approach for Wolff-Parkinson-White
      syndrome.
AB  - An epicardial approach has been developed and applied to 31 Kent bundles (23
      parietal, 1 right anteroseptal, and 7 posteroseptal bundles) in 28 patients with
      Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Our technique consists of dissection of the
      atrioventricular fat pad of the Kent bundle site using an ultrasonic aspirator
      and subsequent cryosurgical ablation. For the left parietal and posteroseptal
      pathways, the apex of the heart has to be retracted upward, but this maneuver was
      well tolerated in all patients. Moreover, even through a narrow operative field,
      the ultrasonic aspirator permitted deliberate dissection on the beating heart
      without injury to major coronary vessels or the atrial wall. In 89% of the
      patients, operation was performed without the use of heart-lung bypass. All
      patients were free from preexcitation. With this technique, all Kent bundles
      except that adjacent to the atrioventricular node can be ablated on the beating
      heart, usually without heart-lung bypass.

PMID- 2919912
TI  - Neonatal pneumopericardium with high-frequency ventilation.
AB  - Pneumopericardium is an uncommon condition in the neonate and has not, to our
      knowledge, previously been reported in patients treated with high-frequency
      ventilation. The results of such treatment in 8 neonates seen in the Neonatal
      Intensive Care Unit, Wilford Hall USAF Medical Center, San Antonio, Texas, are
      presented. The mean gestational age was 35 weeks, and birth weight averaged 2.7
      kg. The pneumopericardium developed while the patients were on high-frequency
      ventilation, and the diagnosis was confirmed with a chest radiogram. Treatment
      included pericardiocentesis with a needle catheter followed by placement of a 10F
      to 14F chest tube into the pericardial space. The pneumopericardium resolved in
      all 8 patients. Three of the newborns died of underlying disease; 5 survived and
      were discharged from the hospital. Pneumopericardium in the neonate is a life
      threatening complication, and appropriate therapy includes drainage with a
      pericardial tube placed under direct vision.

PMID- 2919913
TI  - Aortic allografts: reconstruction of right ventricle-pulmonary artery continuity.
AB  - The use of aortic allografts in the repair of congenital cardiac lesions has
      increased as a result of both the advent of cryopreservation and the effects of
      increased donor availability secondary to infant transplantation. During the
      period 1986 through 1987, 38 cryopreserved aortic allografts were placed for
      right ventricle-pulmonary artery discontinuity. Size of the allografts ranged
      from 11 to 26 mm (mean size, 19 mm), and age of the patients ranged from 6 weeks
      to 26 years (mean age, 5 years). Twenty-one patients had primary placement of
      aortic allografts, and 17 underwent replacement of previous conduits. There were
      5 hospital deaths (13%) overall, only 1 among the 10 patients younger than 6
      months of age with truncus arteriosus, and none among the 17 patients having
      conduit replacement. A large conduit could be placed with a low incidence (10.5%)
      of postoperative hemorrhage related to the conduit. The aortic allograft is our
      conduit of choice for both conduit replacement and primary repair of right
      ventricle-pulmonary artery discontinuity.

PMID- 2919914
TI  - Diagnosis of traumatic thoracic aortic rupture: a 10-year retrospective analysis.
AB  - A 10-year retrospective analysis of 82 patients with suspected thoracic aortic
      rupture (TAR) due to blunt chest trauma was performed to define which symptoms
      and signs were helpful in making an early diagnosis. Symptoms and signs
      associated with TAR included midscapular back pain (in the absence of thoracic
      spine fracture), unexplained hypotension, upper extremity hypertension, bilateral
      femoral pulse deficits, and initial chest tube output in excess of 750 mL. Chest
      roentgenographic signs seen with significantly greater frequency in the 12
      patients with TAR than in 70 patients without such rupture included a widened
      paratracheal stripe (7 patients), deviation of the nasogastric tube or central
      venous pressure line (5 patients), blurring of the aortic knob (9 patients),
      abnormal paraspinous stripe (6 patients), and rightward tracheal deviation (5
      patients). Mediastinal widening of greater than 8 cm occurred in 11 of the 12
      patients with TAR (sensitivity, 92%); its specificity, however, was only 10% (11
      true-positive and 63 false-positive results). In patients in hemodynamically
      stable condition who display these findings, immediate aortography should be
      considered. The presence of myocardial contusions, intraabdominal injuries, and
      pelvic fractures also occurred more frequently in patients with TAR. We conclude
      that a detailed history, physical examination, and chest roentgenography, with
      rapid progression to aortography in suspicious cases, represent the safest and
      most reliable approach to patients with TAR.

PMID- 2919915
TI  - Effect of cold cardioplegic solution and hypothermia on response to acetylcholine
      in perfused epicardial coronary artery of pig.
AB  - The effect of cold cardioplegic solution and hypothermia on the response to
      acetylcholine, a major postganglionic neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic
      nervous system, was studied using perfused epicardial coronary arteries of pigs.
      Cold crystalloid cardioplegic solution (5 degrees C) and hypothermia including
      topical cooling with slushed ice significantly augmented the coronary flow
      reduction by acetylcholine at one and two hours after rewarming. Cold Krebs
      Henseleit solution (5 degrees C) with hypothermia showed similar effects.
      However, cardioplegic solution at 37 degrees C did not affect the responsiveness.
      The coronary flow reduction induced by potassium chloride (60 mmol/L) did not
      change even after the administration of cold cardioplegic solution (5 degrees C)
      or cold Krebs-Henseleit solution (5 degrees C), indicating that cooling did not
      necessarily augment the coronary contractile response generally. It is concluded
      that cooling and subsequent rewarming can potentiate the contractile response of
      the coronary artery of the pig to acetylcholine. This suggests that cold
      cardioplegic solution with hypothermia can promote intraoperative coronary spasm
      upon activation of the parasympathetic nervous system.

PMID- 2919916
TI  - Prediction of post-cardiopulmonary bypass cardiac output.
AB  - The ability to predict cardiac output (CO) before termination of cardiopulmonary
      bypass (CPB) allows identification of potential complications once the patient is
      off bypass. We have previously demonstrated that CO early after CPB can be
      reliably predicted by a plot of venous oxygen saturation at various flow rates on
      CPB, based on in-line monitoring of venous oxygen saturation. In this study, we
      evaluated a simplified technique for predicting CO with a series of 50 patients
      on CPB. When CPB weaning began, patients were normothermic, anesthetized, and
      paralyzed. Venous oxygen saturation and arterial blood flow were recorded. At low
      pump flow just before termination of CPB, the final venous oxygen saturation was
      recorded. Assuming a proportional relationship between venous oxygen saturation
      and arterial blood flow, CO early after CPB was predicted. The simplified CO
      prediction was compared with the thermodilution CO immediately after CPB. The
      simplified technique reliably predicted CO early after CPB compared with the
      thermodilution technique. The simplicity and reliability increase the clinical
      value of the CO prediction.

PMID- 2919917
TI  - Homograft aortic root replacement to correct infective endocarditis requiring
      seven open cardiac procedures.
AB  - Infective endocarditis, presumably from a septic dental focus, affecting the
      aortic valve was seen as acute aortic regurgitation in a 20-year-old woman. Seven
      open cardiac procedures for replacement of the aortic valve and left ventricular
      outflow tract were performed over the subsequent 6 years. Aortic root replacement
      using a fresh antibiotic-sterilized homograft was performed as the last
      definitive operative procedure. This article is presented to highlight (1) the
      use of homograft aortic root replacement for extensive involvement of aortic
      valve and left ventricular outflow tract in cases of infective endocarditis and
      (2) the feasibility of multiple sternal reentries when indicated.

PMID- 2919918
TI  - Annuloplastic reconstruction for common atrioventricular valvular regurgitation
      in right isomerism.
AB  - Two patients who had common atrioventricular valvular regurgitation associated
      with right isomerism, univentricular heart of the right ventricular type,
      transposition of the great arteries, pulmonary stenosis, and both systemic and
      pulmonary venous anomalies underwent common atrioventricular valvular
      annuloplasty. They also underwent bilateral, bidirectional cavopulmonary shunt. A
      Carpentier's ring was used in patient 1 and a polytetrafluoroethylene tube was
      used in patient 2 to reduce the diameter of the common atrioventricular annuli.
      Postoperative catheterization confirmed complete elimination of regurgitation of
      the common atrioventricular valve in both patients.

PMID- 2919919
TI  - Pleuropulmonary actinomycosis associated with a systemic-to-pulmonary artery
      fistula and contralateral metastatic back mass.
AB  - We report a case of systemic-to-pulmonary artery fistula associated with thoracic
      actinomycosis and with metastatic hematogenous dissemination to the soft tissues
      of the back. The difficulty in diagnosing thoracic actinomycosis may predispose
      to the increased incidence of hematogenous spread of this disease. Although
      resection of pulmonary tissue including the infectious mass was required in
      previous cases, resection of the pleural mass alone was curative in this patient
      when combined with penicillin therapy.

PMID- 2919920
TI  - Vascular sling with tracheomalacia: surgical management.
AB  - Surgical repair of pulmonary artery sling without concomitant correction of
      associated tracheal abnormalities has yielded poor results in the past. We
      combined vascular sling repair done during cardiopulmonary bypass through a
      median sternotomy incision with tracheopexy for severe associated tracheomalacia
      in 2 infants. Neither experienced substantial postoperative respiratory
      difficulties and both had patent vascular anastomoses at 1 year after repair,
      thus supporting this approach when this combination of lesions is present.

PMID- 2919921
TI  - Transpericardial bronchial closure with omentopexy for postpneumonectomy
      bronchopleural fistula.
AB  - We report a case of successful closure of a postpneumonectomy bronchopleural
      fistula by means of the transpericardial approach with omentopexy through a
      median sternotomy incision. This method minimizes problems of infection, healing,
      and pulmonary function.

PMID- 2919922
TI  - Percutaneous endoscopic tracheostomy.
AB  - Bedside percutaneous tracheostomies are increasingly performed. This avoids
      patient transport to the operating room. Complications of this procedure are
      largely related to the blind nature of the technique. After laboratory studies, 4
      patients underwent percutaneous endoscopic guided tracheostomy in a selective
      clinical trial. There were no procedure-related complications. Endoscopic
      guidance ensures precise low tracheostomy position, prevents paratracheal tube
      misplacement, and avoids inadvertent injuries.

PMID- 2919923
TI  - Cardioplegia delivery by combined aortic root and coronary sinus perfusion.
AB  - Retrograde coronary sinus perfusion for the administration of cardioplegic
      solutions has recently been the subject of renewed interest. A method is
      described for the administration of bolus antegrade cardioplegia followed by
      continuous retrograde coronary sinus perfusion, particularly for patients with
      left main artery disease, left main equivalent, or aortic root/aortic valve
      disease. Advantages of the technique are discussed, as well as its limitations
      and its use for myocardial preservation in heart transplantation.

PMID- 2919924
TI  - Left ventricular stress during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

PMID- 2919925
TI  - Muscle-sparing thoracotomy.

PMID- 2919926
TI  - Foreign body-induced hemoptysis.

PMID- 2919927
TI  - Right atrial cardioplegia: a safe procedure for myocardial protection.

PMID- 2919928
TI  - A simplified method for pleural abrasion.

PMID- 2919929
TI  - Preventing second-generation complications due to Staphylococcus aureus.

PMID- 2919930
TI  - Management of clinically suspected acute venous thrombosis in outpatients with
      serial impedance plethysmography in a community hospital setting.
AB  - The reported high sensitivity and specificity of impedance plethysmography (IPG)
      in the diagnosis of proximal vein thrombosis were evaluated in a prospective
      cohort follow-up study, in which IPG was performed three times over a period of
      seven days in 243 consecutive outpatients with clinically suspected deep venous
      thrombosis (DVT). The test was abnormal in 112 patients (46%). The positive
      predictive value of an abnormal IPG for venography-proved DVT was 90%. One
      hundred thirty-one patients (54%) with repeatedly normal tests were considered
      not to have DVT, and anticoagulants were withheld. During six months of follow
      up, completed in all patients with repeatedly normal IPG, no patient died of
      venous thromboembolism and no patient returned with clinically suspected
      pulmonary embolism. One patient (0.8%) returned after two months with recurrent
      leg symptoms, and venous thrombosis was documented (95% confidence limits, 0.02%
      to 4.21%). Another patient, who was nonsymptomatic, had an abnormal IPG at the
      three-month follow-up visit, and venography revealed venous thrombosis. Patients
      sent by general practitioners to a community hospital, with clinically suspected
      acute DVT, can be effectively managed by serial IPG alone.

PMID- 2919931
TI  - Short-course therapy for catheter-associated Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia.
AB  - To determine the efficacy of "short-course" therapy (less than 17 days) for
      Staphylococcus aureus catheter-associated bacteremia, 13 patients were
      prospectively followed up for at least three months after completion of therapy.
      A single patient relapsed after 28 days with endocarditis. No clinical or
      microbiological predictors of relapse could be identified, and coexistent medical
      conditions associated with some degree of immunosuppression did not appear to
      predispose to relapse. The results of this study and a review of the literature
      indicate that short-course therapy for uncomplicated S aureus catheter-associated
      bacteremia has a relapse rate of only 5% to 10% and, therefore, is reasonable
      therapy for this condition. The majority of relapses are endocarditis and occur
      within ten weeks after completion of therapy. Close follow-up during this period
      is essential.

PMID- 2919932
TI  - Changing physician test ordering in a university hospital. An intervention of
      physician participation, explicit criteria, and feedback.
AB  - To decrease inappropriate test ordering by medical house staff in a university
      hospital, we examined the feasibility of an intervention that involved physicians
      in developing explicit criteria for ordering four specific tests and incorporated
      feedback of tests ordered. We implemented a time series design with measures at
      12 and six months before, during, and three weeks after the intervention. During
      the intervention, orders for initial or admission chest roentgenograms decreased
      by 22% and repeated orders for routine urinalyses, chest roentgenograms, and
      leukocyte differential counts decreased by 23%, 30%, and 46%, respectively,
      compared with the six-month preintervention period. Orders for prothrombin time
      and/or partial thromboplastin time did not fall. After the intervention, most
      test ordering remained at the intervention level. These preliminary results
      suggest that this intervention may be effective and not overly costly.

PMID- 2919933
TI  - Personal characteristics, career plans, and specialty choices of medical students
      elected to Alpha Omega Alpha.
AB  - Among US medical graduates in 1983, personal characteristics, career plans, and
      specialty choices of men and women elected to Alpha Omega Alpha (AOA), the honor
      medical society, differed in a number of ways from those of their non-AOA
      classmates. Students in AOA scored significantly higher on each subtest of the
      Medical College Admission Test, were disproportionately white, and had a higher
      proportion of parents achieving a post-high school education. Members of AOA
      participated in undergraduate medical research and authored papers during medical
      school significantly more frequently than those who were not members of AOA,
      planned a major career commitment to research, and planned careers in academic
      medicine significantly more frequently than those who did not belong to AOA. In
      contrast, neither religious preference, among students from Catholic, Jewish, or
      Protestant backgrounds, nor gender differentiated members of AOA from non-AOA
      members. Among the 15 specialties studied, internal medicine subspecialties and
      internal medicine attracted the highest proportion of students elected to AOA.

PMID- 2919934
TI  - Pulmonary disease in progressive systemic sclerosis. A complication of
      gastroesophageal reflux and occult aspiration?
AB  - Thirteen patients with progressive systemic sclerosis were studied to evaluate
      the possible role of gastroesophageal reflux as a contributing pathogenic factor
      in the pulmonary disease of the patients. The evaluation of all patients included
      fiberoptic esophagogastroduodenoscopy with biopsies of the esophagus,
      otolaryngologic evaluation, technetium Tc 99m sulfur colloid aspiration scan,
      pulmonary function testing, including the diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide
      (DLCO) test, and 24-hour intraesophageal pH monitoring with probes placed 5 and
      15 cm above the lower esophageal sphincter. Eleven patients had microscopic and
      macroscopic evidence of proximal esophagitis, 12 patients had laryngeal changes
      suggestive of aspiration, and 12 patients had abnormal DLCO values. Using
      multiple regression analysis, the degree of DLCO impairment correlated with the
      proximal and distal reflux episodes and scores recorded by pH monitoring. There
      was direct and indirect evidence for proximal gastroesophageal reflux and
      aspiration in the majority of patients, and a distinct correlation between the
      severity of reflux and the severity of pulmonary disease. Aggressive antireflux
      therapy may be helpful in reducing the pulmonary damage due to aspiration in
      these patients.

PMID- 2919935
TI  - Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the thyroid nodule. Results of a start-up
      project in a general teaching hospital setting.
AB  - The results of the initial 102 fine-needle aspiration biopsies of the thyroid
      performed at a 795-bed general teaching hospital are reported. Eighty-four of the
      nodules (82%) were cytologically benign, 18 nodules (18%) were suspicious, and
      none of the nodules was diagnosed as malignant. Five nodules In the suspicious
      group (28%) were found to be malignant following microscopic examination of the
      surgical specimens. There was one false-negative result. Based on the data from
      21 patients with both cytologic and histologic diagnoses, the positive predictive
      value of this procedure was 38% and the negative predictive value was 87%
      (sensitivity, 83%; specificity, 47%). Our results were comparable with those of
      major referral centers. Guidelines for establishing a fine-needle aspiration
      biopsy program at a general hospital are suggested.

PMID- 2919936
TI  - Treatment of recurrent thyroid cysts by injection of tetracycline or minocycline.
AB  - We analyzed the effects of tetracycline hydrochloride or minocycline
      hydrochloride sclerotherapy on 66 recurrent thyroid cysts. All were hemorrhagic
      lesions except one serous cyst; cytologic study showed all were benign. On
      average, three treatments were given until resolution or the patient became
      unavailable for follow-up. The cumulative frequency of cyst disappearance was
      33%, 45%, 52%, and 59% after 1, 2, 3, and 4 treatments. Five additional patients
      had cyst resolution after six to 19 treatments, and the serous lesion did not
      resolve. Cysts requiring more than two treatments were larger at presentation
      than those resolving after one or two treatments. Side effects in 179 treatments
      were local pain lasting ten to 20 minutes in 4.5%, radiated pain lasting one to
      two hours in 4.5%, fatigue lasting one to two days in 3.9%, and a febrile
      sensation lasting one to two days in 2.8%. Hemorrhagic thyroid cysts can usually
      be cured by repeated tetracycline or minocycline sclerotherapy with tolerable
      side effects.

PMID- 2919937
TI  - Reassessment of indications for digoxin. Are patients being withdrawn?
AB  - Several studies have shown that the majority of patients receiving digoxin can be
      successfully withdrawn. A medical record review was conducted to determine
      whether, in practice, patients were being withdrawn from digoxin. Original
      indications for digoxin therapy in 163 outpatients were as follows: congestive
      heart failure (CHF), 50%; supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), 23%; CHF and SVT,
      10%; and unknown/unclear, 17%. One third of these patients were withdrawn during
      the 3.5-year study, and 79% remained stable, off digoxin. The most significant
      predictor of withdrawal was chart indication of reassessment of the need for
      digoxin. The majority of the patients (68%) were reassessed, and of these, almost
      half were withdrawn. Physicians appear to be reassessing the need for digoxin
      therapy, resulting in higher withdrawal rates than previously reported. Results
      suggest that patients with unclear original indications, a onetime indication, or
      without clinical evidence of CHF or SVT can be successfully withdrawn.

PMID- 2919938
TI  - Aerosol bronchodilator delivery methods. Relative impact on pulmonary function
      and cost of respiratory care.
AB  - Thirty-six acutely III, hospitalized patients with acute exacerbations of
      obstructive airway disease and a greater than 10% increase in forced expiratory
      volume in 1 s after administration of aerosolized bronchodilator were randomized
      to receive either metaproterenol sulfate delivered by updraft-compressor
      nebulization (UDN) or terbutaline sulfate delivered by metered-dose inhaler (MDI)
      with a spacer. Serial analyses of pulmonary function measurements were performed
      with the use of 95% confidence intervals for the percentage response ratios of
      MDI to UDN. The response to MDI was at least equivalent to that of UDN, and MDI
      use was associated with no prolongation of hospital stay. Equivalent
      bronchodilation was achieved with MDI therapy with a lower daily charge for
      therapy for each patient and less respiratory therapist time. In hospitalized
      bronchodilator-responsive patients with acute exacerbations of obstructive airway
      disease, the MDI/spacer combination is the preferred approach when the status of
      the patient allows its use.

PMID- 2919939
TI  - Heterosexual human immunodeficiency virus transmission among the middle class.
AB  - Patterns of heterosexual human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) spread among the
      middle class have not been previously reported. Thirty-nine (35 women and four
      men) heterosexual contacts of HIV-infected individuals were evaluated by a
      private infectious diseases practice located in a predominantly white middle
      class borough of New York City. Thirty-five of 39 patients were white. The mean
      household income of all patients was +41,200. Source cases (28 men and four
      women) were predominantly intravenous drug abusers (IVDAs). After excluding those
      contacts who were referred because of HIV or hepatitis B virus infection, six of
      27 women and one of three men who agreed to be tested were seropositive for HIV.
      Heterosexual HIV spread is occurring among the middle class, with the predominant
      sources being IVDAs who do not fit the stereotype of being minorities and lower
      class. Condoms were not regularly utilized in these relationships even though (1)
      23 of 32 contacts became aware of their partners' risk behaviors before the
      diagnosis of HIV infection, and (2) 23 of 32 IVDAs had attended a methadone
      program. Such programs could be better utilized to provide HIV-related education
      since they provide access to many of these IVDAs.

PMID- 2919940
TI  - Acute hyperparathyroidism with systemic calcinosis. Report of a case.
AB  - A patient with a huge mediastinal parathyroid adenoma had an acute hypercalcemic
      crisis. The patient exemplifies the many pitfalls in diagnosis and management of
      this unusual complication. Postoperatively the patient further developed severe
      calciphylaxis with calcinosis cutis and systemic and pulmonary calcinosis, a most
      rare condition.

PMID- 2919941
TI  - Toxicity of methotrexate compared with azathioprine in the treatment of
      rheumatoid arthritis. A case-control study of 131 patients.
AB  - One hundred thirty-one patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with either
      azathioprine sodium (n = 37, 102.7 +/- 32.9 mg/d) or methotrexate sodium (n = 94,
      8.4 +/- 3.0 mg/wk) were followed up for 38 +/- 23.3 months to determine the
      nature, frequency, and potential predictors of "major" toxic reactions. Thirty
      one methotrexate-treated patients (33%) and 11 patients (30%) receiving
      azathioprine experienced a major toxic reaction during the study period. With the
      case-control method, no predictors of major toxic reactions secondary to
      azathioprine therapy were found. Sex, drug dosage, response to prior slow-acting
      antirheumatic drug therapy, concurrent use of salicylates, and age did not
      predict major toxic reactions secondary to methotrexate treatment, but the
      methotrexate-treated patients who experienced a major toxic reaction had a
      significantly greater mean level of blood urea nitrogen at the time of their
      reaction compared with the control group. Life-table analysis suggested toxic
      reactions posed a greater risk of treatment termination in methotrexate-treated
      patients compared with the lack or loss of efficacy. This trend was not apparent
      in the azathioprine group. The majority of patients in each treatment group (79
      for methotrexate and 29 for azathioprine) experienced one or more "minor" toxic
      reactions during the follow-up period.

PMID- 2919942
TI  - Endemic fluorosis with spinal cord compression. A case report and review.
AB  - We report a case of spinal cord compression in a Mexican immigrant due to
      vertebral osteosclerosis from chronic fluoride intoxication. Endemic fluorosis is
      acquired through drinking water. Groundwater sources with high fluoride content
      occur worldwide. The epidemiology, metabolism, and clinical features of fluorosis
      are reviewed. Greater physician awareness of this entity is important to identify
      correctly patients with this unusual and potentially devastating clinical
      disorder.

PMID- 2919943
TI  - Myocardial infarction: severe reversible ischemia and shock following excess
      thyroid administration in a man with normal coronary arteries.

PMID- 2919944
TI  - Salmonella arizona infections associated with ingestion of rattlesnake capsules.

PMID- 2919945
TI  - Pyomyositis in a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

PMID- 2919946
TI  - Antibiotic utilization.

PMID- 2919947
TI  - Catheter-related fungemia by Hansenula anomala.

PMID- 2919948
TI  - Desorption of aspirin from activated charcoal.

PMID- 2919949
TI  - Strongyloides.

PMID- 2919950
TI  - Serotonergic responsivity in male young adults with autistic disorder. Results of
      a pilot study.
AB  - Altered serotonergic function has been postulated to exist in autistic disorder.
      Central serotonergic responsivity was assessed with a neuroendocrine challenge
      test in seven male young adults with autistic disorder and in seven age- and
      gender-matched healthy controls. Binding indexes and physiologic responsivity of
      the platelet serotonin-2 (5-HT2) receptor complex were also measured, as was
      whole-blood serotonin content. Compared with controls, autistic subjects had
      substantially blunted prolactin release in response to a 60-mg oral dose of
      fenfluramine hydrochloride, an indirect serotonin agonist [corrected].
      Furthermore, the magnitude of serotonin-amplified platelet aggregation, mediated
      by the platelet 5-HT2 receptor complex, was reduced in the autistic group, as was
      the mean number of platelet 5-HT2 receptor sites. Among autistic subjects,
      fenfluramine-induced prolactin release correlated positively with the serotonin
      amplified platelet aggregation response and negatively with whole-blood serotonin
      content. The results of the present study are compatible with the hypothesis that
      central serotonergic responsivity is decreased in male autistic young adults.
      Correlations between central and peripheral serotonergic measures in autistic
      subjects suggest that systemic alterations in serotonergic function may occur in
      autism.

PMID- 2919951
TI  - Age of alcoholism onset. I. Relationship to psychopathology.
AB  - Numerous attempts have been made to subdivide populations of alcoholics into
      homogeneous subgroups. Although no consensus has been reached about the
      characteristics of these subgroups, a number of classification schemes have
      identified a subgroup of patients with a high genetic loading for alcoholism, an
      early onset of alcoholism, a severe course, and coexisting psychiatric problems
      consisting of aggressive tendencies or criminality. In a recent typology proposed
      by Cloninger on the basis of adoption studies, this subgroup has been classified
      as type 2. Another group of patients who were found to differ in their mode of
      inheritance and clinical characteristics was classified as type 1. The
      identification of etiologically homogeneous subgroups is easier in studies of
      adoptees than in studies of individuals who were not adopted. In an attempt to
      divide alcoholics into two groups of individuals presenting type 1 and type 2
      characteristics, we used as a criterion the age of alcoholism onset because type
      2 alcoholics as well as their fathers had been found to abuse alcohol at a
      younger age than type 1 patients. Patients with an onset of alcoholism before
      their 20th birthday were found to have a significantly higher incidence of
      paternal alcoholism and were twice as likely to have been incarcerated for crimes
      involving physical violence. We also observed other features not previously
      described in this patient subgroup. Patients who started abusing alcohol in their
      teens were three times as likely to be depressed and four times as likely to have
      attempted suicide as patients with a later onset of alcohol abuse.

PMID- 2919952
TI  - Age of alcoholism onset. II. Relationship to susceptibility to serotonin
      precursor availability.
AB  - Alcoholics who start abusing alcohol early in life have been found to exhibit
      problems with mood and aggression control more frequently than patients with a
      later onset of alcoholism. Because alcohol preference and consumption, as well as
      mood and aggression regulation, are believed to be influenced by serotonin,
      relationships between tryptophan availability and mood and aggression regulation
      were explored in alcoholics. When studied in the entire population, the ratio of
      tryptophan over other amino acids competing for brain entry (which influences
      brain serotonin) was found to be lowest one day after cessation of drinking and
      to increase progressively over the following two to three weeks. When the
      population was divided into two groups of patients according to whether subjects
      started abusing alcohol before or after 20 years of age, associations between a
      low tryptophan ratio and depressive and aggressive tendencies were significant
      only in the subgroup of patients with an early onset of alcoholism. They were not
      significant in the rest of the population. Our data are compatible with the
      interpretation that patients with an early onset of alcoholism have a preexisting
      serotonin deficit that could manifest itself by an increased alcohol intake early
      in life and by an increased vulnerability to fluctuations in precursor
      availability.

PMID- 2919953
TI  - Biochemical classifications of diagnostic subgroups and D-type scores.

PMID- 2919954
TI  - Normal beard growth and testicular volume in depressed men.

PMID- 2919955
TI  - Buspirone reduces smoking.

PMID- 2919956
TI  - College of American Pathologists Conference XIV. Safety in transfusion practices
      revisited. August 17-19, 1988. Proceedings.

PMID- 2919957
TI  - Safety in transfusion practice. Is it safe to eliminate the major crossmatch for
      selected patients?
AB  - If a patient has no clinically significant unexpected antibodies, a major
      crossmatch is not required prior to blood transfusion so long as a test method
      that demonstrates ABO incompatibility is done. In this study, the safety of using
      a noncrossmatch method for detecting ABO incompatibility was compared with the
      use of an immediate spin crossmatch (ISCX). This noncrossmatch method consisted
      of the duplicate ABO testing of blood recipients, the repeated ABO testing of
      donor blood, and a clerical check to assure that only ABO matched or compatible
      blood was selected for transfusion. During the one-year study, 7124 patient
      samples were tested in duplicate for ABO, 26,942 U of red blood cells received
      from blood collection facilities were retested for ABO, and 23,962 U of blood
      selected for transfusion based on the noncrossmatch method were tested by an
      ISCX. ABO test results were concordant for 7115 of 7124 patient samples and
      discordant for nine. Seven of the nine discordant patient test results were
      resolved prior to transfusion, and two were inadvertently overlooked. ABO test
      results were concordant for 26,922 of 26,942 donor units and discordant for 20.
      Seventeen of the 20 discordant donor test results were resolved prior to
      transfusion and three were inadvertently overlooked. Two ABO incompatibilities
      were missed by the noncrossmatch method but were detected by the ISCX. Unless
      clerical errors can be totally eliminated, it may be safer to retain the ISCX.

PMID- 2919958
TI  - Transfusion practice in the private hospital.
AB  - Recognition that human immunodeficiency virus could be transmitted by blood
      transfusion has brought the practice of transfusion medicine into the public
      consciousness with great force. Patients are informed about the dangers of
      receiving a blood transfusion and are expressing their preferences about the
      source of the blood they may receive and the conditions under which they may
      receive it. Government, blood bank organizations, and physicians are responding
      to the public demand for a safe blood supply. As a result, profound changes are
      underway in hospital blood donor services, transfusion service inventory
      controls, and patient transfusion practices. A much more bureaucratic and complex
      system has emerged. Providing help to patients and physicians as they struggle to
      cope with the vicissitudes of this confusing new transfusion medicine is the role
      of the medical director of the hospital blood bank.

PMID- 2919959
TI  - The academic hospital blood bank director. All things to all people.
AB  - The in situ academic full-time hospital blood bank director is the best person to
      provide staff education, ensure optimal patient care, and encourage transfusion
      medicine research. The blood center medical director is too far away, and the
      part-time blood bank director is often too disinterested or overcommitted to
      other tasks to function on an equal level. By "being there," the academic blood
      bank director becomes the best role model for the young physician wishing for a
      career in transfusion medicine.

PMID- 2919960
TI  - The duty to warn about transfusion risks.
AB  - Blood banks and transfusion services should anticipate that patients contracting
      transfusion-transmitted diseases will claim that these facilities have a duty to
      warn or notify patients of potential transfusion risks. Although physicians
      treating patients must secure informed consent by describing significant risks
      and possible alternatives, precedent does not support extending informed consent
      requirements to the hospital or blood bank. Nonetheless, efforts to find new
      sources of compensation may cause judges to develop new theories of liability.
      Blood bank and transfusion service medical directors, therefore, are advised to
      provide clinicians with information regarding current or emerging transfusion
      risks and alternatives such as autologous transfusion, urging communication to
      patients when informed consent is obtained.

PMID- 2919961
TI  - The efficacy of oral antimicrobials in reducing aerobic and anaerobic colonic
      mucosal flora.
AB  - We investigated the impact of intestinal antisepsis on the colonic mucosa
      associated flora. Four groups of dogs were studied: group A received no bowel
      preparation, group B received a three-day clear-liquid diet, group C underwent
      mechanical cleansing of the bowel, and group D had mechanical cleansing followed
      by oral neomycin and erythromycin. Mucosal biopsy specimens were obtained for
      bacteriologic and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) studies. No significant
      difference in recovery of mucosal bacteria was observed between groups A and B. A
      significant decrease in recovery of aerobes was observed in group C, and a
      significant decrease in both aerobes and anaerobes was observed in group D
      compared with group A; Enterobacteriaceae and Bacteroides were either eliminated
      or greatly reduced. The SEM analysis of group D revealed a marked decrease in
      mucosa-associated microflora compared with groups B and C. Oral neomycin
      erythromycin produced a significant quantitative reduction in the colonic mucosa
      associated bacterial population, including the potentially pathogenic Escherichia
      coli and Bacteroides fragilis group isolates. These mucosa-associated bacteria
      are a likely source of contamination of the abdominal cavity and wound at the
      time of colon surgery.

PMID- 2919962
TI  - Emergency abdominal operations in the patient with acquired immunodeficiency
      syndrome.
AB  - We have reviewed the medical records of ten patients with acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome who required emergency celiotomy in a three-year
      period. These operations are characterized by a high morbidity and mortality.
      Careful attention to the support of these immunosuppressed, malnourished patients
      if emergency operation is necessary may improve the poor results reported herein.

PMID- 2919963
TI  - Gallbladder response to enteral lipids in injured patients.
AB  - Severely injured patients are at risk for complications of gallbladder stasis in
      a spectrum from sludge formation and cystic duct occlusion by inspissation and,
      subsequently, acalculous cholecystitis. In a double-blind randomized trial, the
      effect of enteral lipids on the ability of the gallbladder to clear itself was
      tested. The gallbladder was assessed by ultrasonography for acute contractions,
      sludge and dilatation on days 1, 3, and 7 after injury. There were no significant
      differences between patients who received enteral lipids and controls. Both
      groups showed modest enlargement of the gallbladder and failure of contraction.
      In a population at risk for biliary stasis following severe trauma, standard
      enteral lipids did not elicit, acutely or chronically, an appropriate reflexive
      evacuation of the gallbladder.

PMID- 2919964
TI  - Is extensive lymphadenectomy necessary for surgical treatment of intramucosal
      carcinoma of the stomach?
AB  - This study was undertaken to elucidate those histological and gross features
      associated with gastric carcinoma that can be adequately treated by gastrectomy
      with less aggressive lymphadenectomy. The frequency of metastasis to the lymph
      nodes was analyzed in 514 cases of resected, solitary, gastric carcinomas. The
      frequency of metastasis to the lymph nodes increased in proportion to the
      increase in the extent of penetration by the cancer into the gastric wall. Lymph
      nodes were not involved in cases of intramucosal carcinoma of the intestinal
      type, by Lauren's histological classification. By contrast, metastasis to the
      lymph nodes was observed in cases of intramucosal carcinoma of the diffuse type,
      by Lauren's classification. We conclude that extensive lymphadenectomy is not
      mandatory for patients with intramucosal carcinoma of the stomach of the
      protruded type, since the lymph nodes do not become involved in this type of
      gastric carcinoma.

PMID- 2919965
TI  - DNA ploidy and tumor invasion in human gastric cancer. Histopathologic
      differentiation.
AB  - The relationship between DNA ploidy and tumor invasion in 254 patients with
      gastric carcinoma was studied, with particular emphasis on histopathologic
      features. In the differentiated type of adenocarcinoma, there were aneuploid
      lesions characterized by a relatively high incidence of lymph node metastasis and
      hematogenous recurrence, even when the invasion was limited to the submucosa. In
      the undifferentiated type, aneuploid lesions were rarely seen at the early stage,
      but the frequency remarkably increased with invasion into the deeper layers.
      Nodal involvement and disseminating metastasis were evident with serosal
      invasion. Analyzed by a multivariate Cox model, DNA ploidy significantly
      correlated with prognosis. Thus, DNA ploidy is a major determinant of survival,
      and the behavior of an aneuploid carcinoma is apparently controlled by individual
      histologic type.

PMID- 2919966
TI  - Guidelines for practical utilization of intraoperative frozen sections.
AB  - We reviewed 4057 intraoperative frozen sections from 1980 through 1984 to assess
      the accuracy, strengths, and weaknesses of this technique. Breast, lymph node,
      and skin comprised half of the sites evaluated. Frozen-section and final
      diagnoses agreed in 91.5% and disagreed in 6.8% of the cases; 1.7% of the cases
      were deferred. False-negative frozen-section diagnoses were due to pathologist
      sampling or judgment errors and surgeon sampling errors. There were eight (0.15%)
      false-positive diagnoses, none of which altered patient treatment. We recommend
      that lymph nodes for lymphoproliferative disorders and breast tissue for which a
      malignant diagnosis will not result in an immediate mastectomy not be submitted
      for frozen-section diagnosis. Appropriate studies of these tissues can be carried
      out without an intraoperative diagnosis; such a policy will increase the cost
      effectiveness of frozen sections without compromising patient care.

PMID- 2919967
TI  - Computed tomography and diagnostic peritoneal lavage in blunt abdominal trauma.
      Their combined role.
AB  - We reviewed medical records and films of all 196 trauma patients who underwent
      computed tomography (CT) between June 1982 and October 1986 to see whether CT
      achieved the level of accuracy attributed to it, whether diagnostic peritoneal
      lavage (DPL) performed in conjunction with CT was a useful diagnostic test for
      blunt abdominal trauma, and whether laparotomy was mandatory when pelvic fluid
      collections were seen by CT after blunt trauma. A total of 36 patients underwent
      DPL, 29 before and seven after CT. There were seven false-negative CTs that were
      clinically significant. Diagnostic peritoneal lavage was positive in three
      patients who had false-negative CTs. Although overall accuracy was excellent, CT
      was not reliable in detecting bowel injury. Diagnostic peritoneal lavage was
      helpful in detecting injuries missed by CT. Most stable patients with moderate or
      large intraperitoneal fluid collections on CT accompanying solid viscus injury
      were treated successfully without laparotomy.

PMID- 2919968
TI  - Physiologic effects of steep positioning in the surgical intensive care unit.
AB  - Ten hemodynamically stable patients requiring mechanical ventilation for
      radiographically symmetric acute lung disease were studied during steep lateral
      positioning and continuous rotation in a Roto Rest kinetic treatment bed. There
      were no significant hemodynamic or ventilatory differences among the four
      positions (supine, right side down, left side down, and rotating). In four
      patients, arterial oxygen pressure (PaO2) decreased 16% to 49% in the lateral
      position when compared with the supine position. Continuous rotation restored the
      PaO2 toward the supine value in each patient. In six patients, PaO2 increased 11%
      to 35% during lateral positioning. In five of the six patients, the increase in
      PaO2 differed between sides, suggesting asymmetric lung disease. Continuous
      rotation did not significantly alter the PaO2 from the supine values in these
      patients. Adverse effects on oxygenation caused by positional changes may be
      reversed by continuous rotation using the Roto Rest kinetic bed.

PMID- 2919969
TI  - Nosocomial abscess. Results of an eight-year prospective study of 32,284
      operations.
AB  - This article details the results of 114 abscesses found after 32,284 operations
      during a 30-day prospective infection surveillance. Abscesses occurred more often
      after gastric/esophageal (3.6%), colonic/appendiceal (2.8%), and
      pancreatic/biliary (1.5%) operations. Abscesses were intra-abdominal (58%),
      pelvic/perineal (31%), and retroperitoneal (3%). The most common pathogens were
      Escherichia coli, enterococci, and Bacteroides organisms. Abscess symptoms
      appeared 10 +/- 6 days (mean +/- SEM) after surgery and were drained 8 +/- 8 days
      after onset of symptoms. Hospital stay from onset of symptoms to discharge was
      four times greater than that for wound infection. Twenty-seven patients (28%)
      died. Mortality was increased in patients older than 50 years and in those with
      renal failure or multiple abscesses. Nosocomial abscesses had a greater morbidity
      than would infection. Excessive expense and high mortality warrant infection
      surveillance for both wound infection and ongoing nosocomial abscesses.

PMID- 2919970
TI  - Influence of estrogen receptors on survival and recurrence in patients with
      breast cancer without lymph node metastases.
AB  - A retrospective chart review was conducted to determine the prognostic effect of
      estrogen receptor (ER) protein in patients with node-negative operable breast
      cancer. One hundred nine patients with breast cancer whose tumors underwent ER
      analysis and whose lymph node negativity was established histologically were
      studied. Based on life-table analysis, the overall survival at six years was
      92.7% for ER-positive patients, 95.3% for ER-negative patients, and 94.4% for ER
      borderline patients. The disease-free survival was 83.3%, 92.8%, and 71.4%,
      respectively. Survival and disease-free survival were also correlated to
      menopausal status. The difference in survival was not statistically significant
      at six years. We conclude that in node-negative primary operable breast cancer,
      ER status should not be used as a discriminant for adjuvant treatment.

PMID- 2919971
TI  - A foregut carcinoid tumor causing Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.
AB  - A patient had severe peptic ulcer disease complicated by gastric outlet
      obstruction and choledochoduodenal fistula. Serum gastrin levels were elevated
      preoperatively to 340 ng/L. A 1.5-cm histologically benign carcinoid tumor of the
      antrum of the stomach was found at surgery, and surgical resection of the tumor
      resulted in normalization of serum gastrin levels and amelioration of the peptic
      acid diathesis. The patient remains asymptomatic at one year. Immunohistochemical
      staining demonstrated that the carcinoid indeed contained gastrin along with
      chromogranin, cholecystokinin, and neuron-specific enolase. This is a case of
      Zollinger-Ellison syndrome caused by a benign foregut carcinoid (gastric
      carcinoid-gastrinoma).

PMID- 2919972
TI  - Cefotetan-associated coagulopathies.

PMID- 2919973
TI  - Spontaneous renal rupture in pregnancy.

PMID- 2919974
TI  - Aphasia therapy: more than just hand-holding.

PMID- 2919976
TI  - Systemic interferon alfa in multiple sclerosis.

PMID- 2919975
TI  - Listeria brain abscess in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

PMID- 2919977
TI  - Chronic myelopathies associated with human T-lymphotropic virus type I. A
      clinical, serologic, and immunovirologic study of ten patients in France.
AB  - Chronic myelopathy associated with human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) has
      been described in HTLV-I endemic areas. In Paris, 167 neurologic patients were
      screened for HTLV-I by enzyme-linked immunosorbent, indirect immunofluorescent,
      and Western blot assays. Ten of the 11 patients with positive results had a
      chronic spastic paraparesis with IgG oligoclonal bands and elevated HTLV-I
      antibody index. Two of them had been born and were living in France, without HTLV
      I risk factors. Evoked potentials were abnormal in the nine tested patients and
      brain magnetic resonance images in three of seven patients. No improvement was
      observed with steroid treatment. A retrovirus similar to HTLV-I was isolated in
      five cases at different periods of the disease. Hypotheses of limited endemic
      areas in western countries are discussed. Early presence and persistence of HTLV
      I suggest that it is the etiologic agent.

PMID- 2919978
TI  - Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 antigen in cerebrospinal fluid. Correlation
      with clinical neurologic status.
AB  - Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) antigen was assayed in paired
      serum/cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimen from 85 adults and 58 children with
      acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and was compared with clinical neurological
      status. A quantitative comparison of HIV-1 antigen levels in matched serum and
      CSF specimens indicated that HIV-1 antigen expression in these compartments is
      independent and is correlated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome dementia
      complex in adults and progressive encephalopathy in children. In a longitudinal
      study (n = 47), 16 patients tested positive for HIV-1 antigen in the CSF before
      (n = 2) or coincident (n = 14) with neurological deterioration. Six patients who
      tested positive for HIV-1 antigen in the CSF remained neurologically normal for a
      median duration of follow-up of 11 months. Six of 25 patients who tested negative
      for HIV-1 antigen in the CSF, subsequently showed neurological deterioration.
      These data indicate that HIV-1 antigen expression in the CSF is not useful in
      predicting neurological deterioration.

PMID- 2919979
TI  - Neurologic involvement in Behcet's syndrome. A prospective study.
AB  - We investigated the prevalence and type of neurologic involvement in Behcet's
      syndrome in a prospective protocol. Of 323 consecutive patients with Behcet's
      syndrome seen during a 12-month period, 46 underwent neurologic evaluation
      because of headaches and/or neurologic symptoms and signs. Only 17 (5.3%) were
      found to have involvement of the nervous system. Hemispheric lesions were as
      common as brain-stem involvement. Headaches were of no clinical importance unless
      accompanied by other neurologic findings. Computed tomographic scans were of
      little diagnostic help. After 12 +/- 4 (SD) months of follow-up, only three
      patients showed worsening of their neurologic findings.

PMID- 2919980
TI  - Cerebrospinal fluid immunoglobulin abnormalities in neurosarcoidosis.
AB  - A retrospective chart review of neurosarcoidosis at the University of Texas
      Medical Branch (Galveston) between 1982 and 1987 revealed 99 patients with
      sarcoidosis. Six patients were diagnosed with neurosarcoidosis and had
      electrophoresis of serum and cerebrospinal fluid performed (one patient with a
      ventriculoperitoneal shunt was later excluded). Cerebrospinal fluid
      immunoglobulins and albumin levels were determined followed by calculation of an
      IgG index and synthesis rate for each patient. Four (80%) of five patients had
      elevated IgG indexes and synthesis rates indicative of intrathecal immunoglobulin
      production. No patient had immunoglobulin oligoclonal bands detected. To date,
      results of electrophoresis of cerebrospinal fluid in neurosarcoidosis have been
      reported in 37 patients among four series. Of these, only nine patients (24%)
      have had either an elevated IgG index or synthesis rate. Our series suggests that
      intrathecal immunoglobulin production in neurosarcoidosis occurs more frequently
      than previously described. Furthermore, the elevated indexes and synthesis rates
      without associated oligoclonal bands suggests a polyclonal immunoglobulin
      response.

PMID- 2919981
TI  - Relation of personality and attentional factors to cognitive deficits in human
      immunodeficiency virus-infected subjects.
AB  - In view of the evidence that patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection
      experience reactive depression and anxiety, it is important to determine whether
      these factors might account for some of the cognitive deficiencies observed in
      this group, as is often the case in psychiatric populations. An extensive battery
      of cognitive, personality, and attention tests was administered to 26 patients
      who tested positive for the human immunodeficiency virus. In this group were
      patients who demonstrated no symptoms, patients who had acquired immunodeficiency
      syndrome-related complex, and patients who had acquired immunodeficiency
      syndrome. Pearson Product Moment correlations were computed between scores on the
      three types of measures. The results of this correlational study suggest that
      cognitive decline in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus is
      independent of mood and attentional changes.

PMID- 2919982
TI  - Vertigo of vascular origin. Clinical and electronystagmographic features in 84
      cases.
AB  - We reviewed the clinical and electronystagmographic findings of 84 patients who
      presented to our neuro-otology clinic with vertigo of presumed cerebrovascular
      origin. There was a surprisingly high incidence of isolated episodes of vertigo
      (abrupt in onset, lasting minutes). In some patients these episodes preceded
      other symptoms of vertebrobasilar insufficiency or infarction by months.
      Peripheral vestibular abnormalities were common on electronystagmographic
      testing; 42% had unilateral hypoexcitability to caloric stimulation. We conclude
      that the vestibular labyrinth is selectively vulnerable to ischemia within the
      vertebrobasilar system.

PMID- 2919983
TI  - The intracarotid amobarbital sodium procedure. False-positive errors during
      recognition memory assessment.
AB  - Memory performance during the intracarotid amobarbital sodium (Amytal sodium)
      procedure was examined in 40 patients as part of their diagnostic work-up as
      candidates for epilepsy surgery. Free recall was significantly better following
      right hemisphere injection although no left/right difference was present during
      recognition assessment. However, the occurrence of false-positive (FP)
      recognition errors was significantly more frequent following left hemisphere
      injection. In all conditions, no relationship to seizure focus was observed.
      Patients with FP errors displayed poorer delayed verbal memory during baseline
      neuropsychological assessment compared with patients without FP errors. Data
      indicate an inverse relationship between FP errors and recent verbal memory
      function, and they suggest that impaired memory rather than failure to suppress
      incorrect responses secondary to poor self-monitoring capacity is responsible for
      the generation of FP and intrusion errors.

PMID- 2919984
TI  - Interobserver agreement in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis.
AB  - Interobserver agreement in the clinical diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS)
      among six neurologists was evaluated. Three of them participated in a study of
      the clinical diagnosis of MS, the Italian Multicenter Study (IMS). The raters
      examined the clinical forms of MS of 50 patients randomly selected from among 430
      patients recruited from the IMS. For each patient, neurologists were asked to
      make a diagnosis according to the McDonald-Halliday classification system of MS.
      The overall agreement on the diagnosis (MS present or absent) was fair, with no
      difference noted between the two groups of raters. Considering the six diagnostic
      levels instead, the reliability was higher for the neurologists participating in
      the IMS program. These neurologists agreed particularly on the Clinically
      Definite and Progressive Possible classifications. Complete disagreement was
      observed for the Early Probable or Latent and Progressive Probable
      classifications. Because of the different level of agreement on diagnosis, we
      suggest separate consideration of Clinically Definite and Progressive Probable MS
      cases in clinical trials and epidemiologic studies of this disease.

PMID- 2919985
TI  - Brain-stem auditory evoked potential abnormalities with unilateral brain-stem
      lesions demonstrated by magnetic resonance imaging.
AB  - We correlated the brain-stem auditory evoked potential (BAEP) abnormalities in 24
      patients with discrete unilateral brain-stem lesions demonstrated by magnetic
      resonance imaging. In 18 patients who had BAEP abnormalities either confined to
      or more severe on stimulation of one ear, the lesion on magnetic resonance
      imaging was in the brain stem ipsilateral to the corresponding ear. Mesencephalic
      lesions produced amplitude abnormalities of the IV/V complex while pontine
      lesions resulted in abnormalities of earlier components (wave II and/or III).
      Prolongation of the I-III interpeak latency tended to occur with pontine lesions
      and of the III-V interpeak latency with mesencephalic lesions. Unilateral brain
      stem lesions, particularly at the mesencephalic level, often produced BAEP
      abnormalities on both ipsilateral and contralateral monaural stimulation.

PMID- 2919986
TI  - Post-traumatic anosmia. Ultrastructural correlates.
AB  - Five patients suffering post-traumatic anosmia were studied at the University of
      Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver. Each patient underwent psychophysical
      testing, clinical evaluation, and olfactory biopsy. The biopsy specimens were
      examined ultrastructurally and were found to vary from normal tissues. The
      overall appearance of the olfactory epithelium in the post-traumatic patient is
      disrupted and the receptor cells are distorted. Large numbers of axons are
      located near the basement membrane and can often be found in bundles throughout
      the epithelium, extending even to the mucosal surface. Olfactory cilia are rarely
      seen in epithelia obtained from post-traumatic patients. Bald olfactory vesicles,
      often containing basal bodies, are frequently observed. We postulate that in
      these cases, the olfactory epithelium regenerates following head trauma and the
      receptor cells attempt to send axons centrally. However, the cribriform plate has
      undergone fibrotic healing and the axons are unable to penetrate it and make
      contact with olfactory bulb neurons.

PMID- 2919987
TI  - Anterior speech region. Asymmetry and weight-surface correlation.
AB  - Results of this work show, in the inferior frontal gyrus and in the different
      portions into which it was divided, asymmetry of weight and cortical surface and
      left predominance in the posterior portion, which is concerned with language. In
      spite of the difference among the absolute individual values, the correlation
      between weight and surface values is excellent in all cases, and the weight and
      surface ratio is the same for the portions related to language and different for
      the remainder of the inferior frontal gyrus.

PMID- 2919988
TI  - Divided attention, as measured by dichotic speech performance, in dementia of the
      Alzheimer type.
AB  - To determine if impaired dichotic performance in patients with dementia of the
      Alzheimer type is due to the inability to divide attention or the inability to
      perceive degraded auditory stimuli, we measured performance on tasks of both
      dichotic and degraded monotic speech materials. We also examined whether
      perception of degraded speech stimuli presented monaurally is related to
      abnormalities of temporal lobe anatomy and physiology, as we have shown for
      dichotic performance. Although the patients were impaired on both dichotic and
      monotic tests, significantly greater impairment was seen on the dichotic test.
      Our earlier finding of a significant relation between dichotic performance and
      measures of anterior temporal lobe atrophy and reduced glucose metabolism was
      replicated, but no significant relation was found between monotic tests and
      measures to temporal lobe integrity. We conclude that the inability to divide
      attention, rather than abnormal processing of degraded stimuli per se, is
      reflected in poor dichotic performance in patients with dementia of the Alzheimer
      type, and that dichotic performance, unlike degraded monotic perception, depends
      directly on the integrity of temporal cortex in these patients.

PMID- 2919989
TI  - Consensus and controversy in neurologic practice. The case of steroid treatment
      in multiple sclerosis.

PMID- 2919990
TI  - Deep cerebral venous thrombosis. Clinical, neuroradiological, and
      neuropsychological correlates.
AB  - Thrombosis of the deep cerebral venous system is usually fatal, and patients are
      frequently stuporous or comatose at presentation. This report describes serial
      radiological and neuropsychological observations in an 18-year-old woman who
      remained alert and survived this disorder. In association with diencephalic edema
      seen on computed tomographic scan, she demonstrated disorientation, abulia,
      attentional deficits, memory loss, and dyscalculia and had impaired IQ scores:
      the performance scores were worse than the verbal scores. Significant aphasia or
      sensory loss was absent. She recovered full intellectual capacity in the course
      of follow-up examinations, and the diencephalic edema seen on the computed
      tomographic scan resolved despite persistent thrombosis of the straight sinus
      demonstrable on follow-up digital angiography.

PMID- 2919991
TI  - Persistent high-altitude headache and aguesia without anosmia.
AB  - High-altitude headache and taste dysfunction are usually cured within a few
      months by descent to sea level. We studied a patient who had persistent
      bitemporal throbbing headache with the associated findings of high-altitude
      headache syndrome 15 years after a compression chamber accident. He also had loss
      of taste without loss of smell since the incident.

PMID- 2919992
TI  - Osmotic demyelination syndrome. Lack of pathologic and radiologic imaging
      correlation.
AB  - An otherwise healthy diabetic woman developed severe hyponatremia, her serum
      sodium ion levels were rapidly corrected to normal, and she had a course of
      improvement then neurologic deterioration, with seizures and coma developing in
      the subsequent two days. Imaging studies, including computed tomography and
      magnetic resonance images of the brain as late as 19 days after the osmotic
      insult, failed to show pathologically demonstrated demyelinating lesions. Osmotic
      brain injury induces demyelination in areas of gray-white apposition and,
      clinically, results in a delayed neurologic deterioration one to three days
      following the osmotic challenge. Even with magnetic resonance imaging, review of
      the literature and this experience suggest that osmotic demyelination cannot
      reliably be imaged during the first month after the insult.

PMID- 2919993
TI  - Breast cancer: role of postoperative radiotherapy.

PMID- 2919994
TI  - Non-seminomatous testicular cancer, 1989: primum non nocere.

PMID- 2919995
TI  - Do big breasts disadvantage women with breast cancer?
AB  - The present study was undertaken in order to discover whether patients with
      breast cancer in large breasts experienced a delay in the detection of their
      cancer due to the bulk of the breast and consequently presented with more
      advanced tumours compared with women with small breasts. Mastectomy specimens
      were weighed and their dimensions measured, in particular recording breast mass
      and breast thickness (anterior-posterior depth). Tumour diameter, the number of
      involved lymph nodes and the oestrogen and progesterone receptor levels were
      measured as prognostic indices. Although there was no difference in receptor
      status of tumours from large and small breasts, on presentation, patients with
      big breasts had larger tumours and more involved lymph nodes than women with
      small breasts, whether breast size was assessed by weight or thickness. Women
      with large breasts may therefore be expected to fare worse than those with small
      breasts.

PMID- 2919996
TI  - Splenectomy for immune thrombocytopenic purpura: Auckland experience 1979-87.
AB  - Of 148 elective splenectomies performed in Auckland during 1979-87, 48 were
      performed as therapy for immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). In all cases
      medical therapy had either failed to maintain their platelet count (36 patients),
      or side-effects of medical treatment had made continuation unacceptable (12
      patients). The mean age of the group was 31 years and there were 15 males and 33
      females. Thirty-four of 48 patients (71%) had a favourable response to
      splenectomy: platelet count was maintained above 150 x 10(9)/l and medical
      therapy was no longer required. There was no operative or inhospital mortality.
      Seven patients experienced postoperative complications (mainly infections) of
      which none were life-threatening. There was no difference in response between
      males and females (67% and 73% response rate, respectively), and the response
      rates of Europeans and non-Europeans were similar (71% and 69%, respectively). By
      contrast, the average age of the responders [29 years) was almost 10 years
      younger than the non-responders (38 years). It is concluded that the use of
      splenectomy as therapy for patients with ITP, who have either failed to respond
      to medical management or for various reasons cannot tolerate the complications
      associated with steroid therapy, is a safe procedure which in the present series
      was associated with no operative mortality and an acceptably low rate of
      morbidity. Younger ITP patients (less than 30 years) have a better chance of
      responding favourably to splenectomy than do older patients (greater than 40
      years).

PMID- 2919997
TI  - Management of the traumatized liver: an appraisal of 63 cases.
AB  - A review of all patients with liver trauma admitted to the Royal Adelaide
      Hospital during the period 1983-86 was undertaken. Twelve of the 63 patients
      died. Liver trauma was responsible in eight (giving a mortality rate of 12.7%).
      The overall mortality rate was 19.0%. Most of the liver injuries (83%) were due
      to blunt trauma. All the deaths occurred in this group and were related directly
      or indirectly to blood loss. A high mortality (83%) was associated with hepatic
      vein injury. Right hepatectomy was unsuccessful in preventing death in any of
      these patients. The management of major venous injuries is discussed. A
      significant number of the liver injuries was minor. Analysis of these suggests
      that a more conservative approach to the management of haemodynamically stable
      patients might be appropriate.

PMID- 2919998
TI  - Revision total hip arthroplasty using uncemented components: preliminary report.
AB  - Revision of failed cemented total hip arthroplasties represents a major technical
      challenge to orthopaedic surgeons. One of the problems encountered is loss of
      femoral bone stock, making restoration of prosthetic stability difficult.
      Revision with uncemented components may allow healing of bone defects.

PMID- 2919999
TI  - Huckstep nail arthrodesis of the knee: a salvage for infected total knee
      replacement.
AB  - Seventeen patients had Huckstep Nail arthrodeses of the knee as a salvage for
      infected total knee replacements. All patients were followed prospectively for an
      average of 22.6 months. All patients were satisfied with their results. There was
      one broken nail secondary to non-union, and three other patients with non-unions
      (two of whom were asymptomatic). It is believed that this is a reliable method of
      treatment in selected patients. It has a number of advantages over other
      techniques. In addition, a two-staged operative method with a number of technical
      improvements is outlined.

PMID- 2920000
TI  - Intestinal atresia: factors affecting survival.
AB  - Eighty-four patients with congenital jejuno-ileal or colonic atresia treated at
      this hospital during the years 1961-86 were studied. There were 42 cases of
      jejunal atresia, seven cases of jejuno-ileal atresia, 33 cases of ileal atresia
      and two cases of colonic atresia. Multiple atresias occurred in 19 patients.
      During the first 15 years of the study the mortality rate was 56%. In the last 10
      years it was 22%. Multivariate linear modelling techniques were used to determine
      the factors associated with a fatal outcome. In order of magnitude associations
      were found between death and year of treatment (P less than 0.01), the type of
      anastomosis performed to correct the atresis (P less than 0.05), the presence of
      other congenital abnormalities (P less than 0.01) and presence of a malrotation
      (P less than 0.02). The anastomoses associated with the highest mortality were
      those with a stoma. The mean length of bowel resected proximal to the anastomosis
      was 15 cm and the mean length resected distally 5 cm. Eleven patients had 60 cm
      or less of small bowel remaining after surgery and only three of these survived.
      The highest mortality rate can be expected in patients with other congenital
      abnormalities and those with a malrotation. A primary anastomosis without a stoma
      is recommended.

PMID- 2920001
TI  - Simplified hepatectomy: the tourniquet method.
AB  - A method to control bleeding from the transected liver parenchyma during
      hepatectomy is described. The merits of this tourniquet method are its simplicity
      and versatility. It is inexpensive, can be applied rapidly and performed readily.
      Hepatic transection, particularly in a cirrhotic liver, can be effected with a
      substantial reduction in blood loss.

PMID- 2920002
TI  - Transcutaneous oxygen potentials in venous disease.
AB  - Abnormal levels of transcutaneous tissue oxygen tension (TcPO2) have been
      reported in venous disease but the most appropriate application of the technique
      to the study of venous disease is not clear. Patients with mild (superficial
      varicosities) and severe venous disease (ulcers and/or skin changes) and normal
      controls were studied. Four variables derived by measurement of TcPO2 were used
      for comparison between groups. The peak postischaemic response was reduced
      markedly in patients with severe venous disease and may be the most appropriate
      way of applying TcPO2 measurements to investigation of venous disease. The
      findings support the theory that a diffusion block to oxygen exists in severe
      venous disease.

PMID- 2920003
TI  - Secretion of antidiuretic hormone in neurosurgical patients: appropriate or
      inappropriate?
AB  - In neurosurgical patients with hyponatraemia (plasma sodium less than 130 mmol/l)
      and natriuresis, increased antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion may be
      appropriate rather than inappropriate. Ten such patients were studied
      prospectively to assess circulating ADH concentration and body fluid volumes.
      Compared with a control group, the mean plasma ADH level was significantly
      elevated (0.9 pmol/l (s.e.m. = 0.2) versus 0.2 pmol/l (s.e.m. = 0.1], the total
      body water was normal (101% (s.e.m. = 3) versus 100% (s.e.m. = 6], while the
      blood volume was significantly reduced (89% (s.e.m. = 3) versus 104% (s.e.m. =
      5]. The elevated ADH level was therefore appropriate to a reduced blood volume.
      This suggests that, in neurosurgical patients with hyponatraemia, fluid
      restriction could be dangerous. Serial observations in this small group of
      patients showed that salt replacement and normal fluid intake resulted in a fall
      in the elevated ADH levels.

PMID- 2920004
TI  - Replantation of an excised segment of radial forearm tissue.
AB  - A report on a case of successful replantation of an excised segment of forearm
      tissue is presented. An 18 year old man was admitted to hospital with a
      completely excised segment of the radial side of his forearm and wrist as a
      result of a circular saw injury. The best reconstructive option was replantation
      of the excised radial forearm tissue thus providing both soft tissue cover and
      bony stabilization.

PMID- 2920005
TI  - A computer model for unconscious spread of anxiety-linked inhibition in cognitive
      networks.
AB  - Unconscious inhibitory processes, triggered by a potential anxiety reaction, are
      reviewed in the context of an emerging rapprochement between psychodynamic and
      cognitive approaches in experimental psychology. Conditions underlying spread of
      inhibitory action to other cognitive networks are first explored in three
      tachistoscopic experiments utilizing words posthypnotically tied to a potential
      anxiety, pleasure, or neutral reaction. Response times of subjects, instructed to
      ignore those words while naming pictures or solving anagrams as quickly as
      possible, reveal a highly differentiated pattern of circumstances governing
      likelihood of inhibitory spread from anxiety-linked words to target stimuli. Next
      a computer model is constructed to simulate cognitive processes from onset of
      display to eventual response, and the model is then tested for its fit to the
      empirical data. Finally, an illustrative study shows that a subset of computer
      generated predictions for spread of inhibitory action is verifiable
      experimentally.

PMID- 2920006
TI  - Correlation of neuropathy target esterase activity with specific tritiated di
      isopropyl phosphorofluoridate-labelled proteins.
AB  - Neuropathy target esterase (NTE) is a membrane-bound carboxylesterase activity
      that has been proposed as the target site for initiation of organophosphate
      induced delayed neuropathy. This activity is identified by its resistance to
      treatment with Paraoxon and sensitivity to co-incubation with Paraoxon and
      Mipafox. Sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation of membrane-associated proteins
      isolated from chick-embryo brains identified three proteins, Mr 161,000, 116,500
      and 103,000, that were labelled with [3H]di-isopropyl phosphorofluoridate in an
      NTE-like manner and that co-migrated with NTE. The 161,000-Mr and 116,500-Mr
      proteins were identified in both adult and embryo brain. One or both of these
      proteins may therefore contribute to the activity defined as NTE. In addition, a
      61,000-Mr protein was identified that does not comigrate with NTE, but that was
      labelled with [3H]di-isopropyl phosphorofluoridate in a Paraoxon-resistant and
      Mipafox-sensitive manner. The effect of Mipafox on labelling, however, was
      reversibly blocked by co-incubation with Paraoxon. This protein, therefore, is
      not NTE, but has the necessary inhibitor-sensitivity to be the target site for
      organophosphate-induced delayed neuropathy.

PMID- 2920007
TI  - Unfractionated heparin inhibits thrombin-catalysed amplification reactions of
      coagulation more efficiently than those catalysed by factor Xa.
AB  - We have proposed previously that the steps in coagulation most sensitive to
      inhibition by heparin are the thrombin-dependent amplification reactions, and
      that prothrombinase is formed in heparinized plasma only after Factor Xa
      activates Factor VIII and Factor V. These propositions were based on the
      demonstration that both heparin and Phe-Pro-Arg-CH2Cl completely inhibited 125I
      prothrombin activation for up to 60 s when contact-activated plasma (CAP) was
      replenished with Ca2+. Furthermore, the addition of thrombin to CAP before
      heparin or Phe-Pro-Arg-CH2Cl completely reversed their inhibitory effects.
      Additional support for the above hypotheses is provided in this study by
      demonstrating that, when the activity of thrombin is suppressed by heparin
      (indirectly) or by Phe-Pro-Arg-CH2Cl (directly), exogenous Factor Xa reverses the
      ability of these two agents to inhibit prothrombin activation. Prothrombin
      activation was initiated by adding Factor Xa (1 nM) or thrombin (1 or 10 nM)
      simultaneously with CaCl2 to CAP. In the absence of heparin or Phe-Pro-Arg-CH2Cl,
      prothrombin activation was seen 15 s later in either case. Heparin failed to
      delay, and Phe-Pro-Arg-CH2Cl delayed for 15 s, prothrombin activation in CAP
      supplemented with Factor Xa. In contrast, heparin and Phe-Pro-Arg-CH2Cl
      completely inhibited prothrombin activation for at least 45 s in CAP supplemented
      with 1 nM-thrombin. Heparin failed to delay prothrombin activation in CAP
      supplemented with 10 nM-thrombin, whereas Phe-Pro-Arg-CH2Cl completely inhibited
      prothrombin activation in this plasma for 45 s. These results suggest that in
      CAP: (1) Factor Xa can effectively activate Factor VIII and Factor V when the
      proteolytic activity of thrombin is suppressed; (2) heparin-antithrombin III is
      less able to inhibit Factor Xa than thrombin; (3) suppression of the thrombin
      dependent amplification reactions is the primary anticoagulant effect of heparin.

PMID- 2920009
TI  - Structural similarity of chymopapain forms as indicated by circular dichroism.
AB  - Four chymopapain forms were isolated by high-resolution liquid chromatography on
      a cation-exchange column. The three major forms possess nearly identical
      secondary and tertiary structures, as judged from their c.d. spectra; these
      components showed similar proteolytic activity and Mr values close to that of
      papain. The fourth isolated component seems to be a mixture of modified proteins.

PMID- 2920008
TI  - Biochemical localization of the transformation-sensitive 52 kDa (p52) protein to
      the substratum contact regions of cultured rat fibroblasts. Butyrate induction,
      characterization, and quantification of p52 in v-ras transformed cells.
AB  - A 52 kDa protein (p52) was identified, using differential extraction and
      electrophoretic criteria, as a major extracellular and substrate-associated
      component of normal rat kidney (NRK) fibroblasts. Cells transformed with Kirsten
      murine sarcoma virus (KNRK cells) did not express p52 constitutively, but were
      inducible for both p52 production and its substrate association during culture in
      sodium butyrate (NaB)-supplemented growth medium. Comparative analysis of the
      relative molecular mass, subcellular distribution, and isoelectric complexity
      (five variants ranging in pI from 5.4 to 6.2) of the 52 kDa species
      constitutively and inducibly expressed by NRK and KNRK/NaB cells respectively,
      indicated that they were, indeed, the same protein. p52 selectively localized to
      cellular fractions enriched in substrate focal contact sites and associated
      ventral undersurface components. NaB induction of p52 in KNRK cells occurred
      before cell spreading; other polar compounds, such as dimethyl sulphoxide, which
      did not induce KNRK cell spreading, similarly failed to elicit p52 production.
      p52 accumulated more rapidly in (and was quickly released from) the focal-contact
      enriched protein fraction of NRK cells compared with its time course of
      appearance in the medium. These data collectively suggest that p52 is one of a
      relatively small number of proteins the synthesis of which is either involved in
      determination of cell shape or regulated as a consequence of cell-shape changes.

PMID- 2920010
TI  - Transient-time analysis of substrate-channelling in interacting enzyme systems.
AB  - The kinetics of dynamically interacting enzyme systems is examined, in the light
      of increasing evidence attesting to the widespread occurrence of this mode of
      organization in vivo. The transient time, a key phenomenological parameter for
      the coupled reaction, is expressed as a function of the lifetime of the
      intermediate substrate. The relationships between the transient time and the
      pseudo-first-order rate constants for the coupled reaction by the complexed and
      uncomplexed enzyme species are indicative of the mechanism of intermediate
      transfer ('channelling'). In a dynamically interacting enzyme system these
      kinetic parameters are composite functions of those for the processes catalysed
      by the complex and by the separated enzymes. The mathematical paradigm can be
      extended to a linear sequence of N coupled reactions catalysed by dynamically
      (pair-wise) interacting enzymes.

PMID- 2920011
TI  - Effect of heparin on the glia-derived-nexin-thrombin interaction.
AB  - In order to determine the specificity of the interaction between thrombin and
      glia-derived nexin (GdN), the inactivation of proteolytically modified human
      thrombin species by GdN has been studied. The second-order rate constants for the
      inactivation of alpha-, beta T-, gamma T- and epsilon-thrombin by GdN were 1.41,
      0.63, 0.33 and 1.91 microM-1.s-1 respectively. The kinetic properties of gdN were
      also investigated in the presence of different types of heparin, fractionated
      according to antithrombin III-binding affinity. Association rate constants of
      both gdN and antithrombin III with alpha-thrombin were obtained using
      unfractionated, low- and high-affinity heparin types. The different heparin types
      gave optimal rates of inhibition at similar heparin concentrations for both
      inhibitors. At optimal heparin concentrations, the rate of inactivation of alpha
      thrombin by GdN was 0.5-1.2 nM-1.s-1, which suggests that, under these
      conditions, the interaction is diffusion-controlled.

PMID- 2920012
TI  - Glutathione transferases in rat hepatoma cells. Effects of ascites cells on the
      isoenzyme pattern in liver and induction of glutathione transferases in the
      tumour cells.
AB  - Rat hepatoma cells grown intraperitoneally as an ascites tumour were analysed
      with respect to their contents of cytosolic glutathione transferases. In contrast
      with normal liver tissue, the hepatoma cells were dominated by the class Pi
      glutathione transferase 7-7. All the major hepatic enzyme forms were down
      regulated to almost undetectable concentrations. Livers of rats bearing ascites
      hepatoma cells expressed low, but significant, amounts of protein which, by
      electrophoretic and immunochemical properties, appeared identical with
      transferase 7-7. This enzyme is not detectable in normal hepatocytes. Treatment
      of rats with trans-stilbene oxide induced the expression of transferase 7-7 in
      the livers of normal rats as well as in hepatoma-cell-bearing animals. In
      addition, a 2-fold induction of transferase 7-7 was measured in the hepatoma
      ascites cells. No significant elevation of any other enzyme forms in the hepatoma
      cells was noted.

PMID- 2920013
TI  - Physiological significance of the marked increased branching of the glycans of
      human serotransferrin during pregnancy.
AB  - Human serotransferrin (Tf) presents a microheterogeneity based on the existence
      of biantennary and triantennary glycans of the N-acetyl-lactosaminic type. By
      affinity chromatography on a concanavalin A-Sepharose column in well-defined
      conditions, human serotransferrin isolated from healthy donors was resolved into
      three carbohydrate molecular variants: Tf-I (less than 1%), Tf-II (17 +/- 2%) and
      Tf-III (82 +/- 3%) containing two triantennary glycans, one triantennary and one
      biantennary glycans and two biantennary glycans respectively. In addition, two
      'isomers' of the triantennary glycans containing the third antenna beta-1,4
      linked to the alpha-1,3-mannose residue or beta-1,6-linked to the alpha-1,6
      mannose residue were characterized by methylation analysis in the ratio 1:1 in
      both Tf-I and Tf-II variants. On concanavalin A crossed immuno-affinity
      electrophoresis, the patterns exhibited by each of the three purified variants or
      by a mixture of these variants were compared with the patterns given by
      transferrin present in sera from nonpregnant and pregnant women. The results
      suggest that the relative proportions of transferrin carbohydrate variants was
      unchanged when the concentration of transferrin was increased in serum from
      normal donors, whereas in the serum of pregnant women, especially in the last 3
      months of pregnancy, when the serum concentration of transferrin reached 4.5-5
      g/l, the relative proportions of the carbohydrate variants Tf-I and Tf-II
      increased from 1 to 6 +/- 1% and from 17 +/- 2 to 26 +/- 3% respectively while
      that of Tf-III decreased from 82 +/- 3 to 67 +/- 3%. The binding of the three
      transferrin carbohydrate variants to the receptor of the syncytiotrophoblast
      plasma membranes was determined by using Scatchard-plot analysis. The number of
      binding sites remained constant with an increase in the number of triantennary
      glycans whereas a decrease up to 6-fold in the affinity constant was observed.
      Detection of the transferrin-receptor complex by immunoblotting in the presence
      of non-dissociating detergents revealed the existence of only one type of
      receptor or of a receptor possessing similar properties involved in the binding
      of each of the three serotransferrin carbohydrate variants.

PMID- 2920014
TI  - Uptake of retinyl ester in HL-60 cells via the low-density-lipoprotein-receptor
      pathway.
AB  - Newly absorbed retinol is transported in association with chylomicrons and their
      remnants. In addition, after intake of high doses of retinol, significant amounts
      are also found in low-density lipoprotein (LDL). As both chylomicron remnants and
      LDL may be taken up by cells via the LDL receptor, and retinoids inhibit
      proliferation of some leukaemic cells, we have studied the uptake of retinol in
      leukaemic cells via the LDL-receptor pathway. HL-60 cells contain saturable
      binding sites for LDL. The binding of LDL to its receptor has a dissociation
      constant of about 3.2 x 10(-9) M, and the number of receptors per cell was
      calculated to be about 2700. Uptake of 125I-LDL by HL-60 cells was increased 2
      fold by preincubating the cells with mevinolin. The presence of specific
      receptors for LDL on HL-60 cells was further confirmed by the finding that
      exogenous LDL cholesterol was able to up-regulate the ACAT (acyl-CoA: cholesterol
      acyltransferase) activity of HL-60 cells. We then tested the uptake of retinyl
      ester in leukaemic cells via the LDL-receptor pathway. HL-60 cells were incubated
      with LDL or chylomicron remnants labelled with [3H]retinyl palmitate. Uptake of
      retinyl ester associated with both LDL and chylomicron remnants was observed.
      Furthermore, the presence of excess LDL decreased the uptake by 75-100%,
      supporting the hypothesis that the uptake of retinyl ester occurred via the LDL
      receptor in HL-60 cells.

PMID- 2920015
TI  - Altered enzyme activities and citrulline synthesis in liver mitochondria from
      ornithine carbamoyltransferase-deficient sparse-furash mice.
AB  - Male mice carrying the spfash mutation have 5-10% of the normal activity of
      ornithine carbamoyltransferase, yet are only slightly hyperammonaemic and develop
      quite well. A study of liver mitochondria from normal and spfash males showed
      that they differ in important ways. (1) The spfash liver contains about 33% more
      mitochondrial protein per g than does normal liver. (2) The specific activities
      of carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase (ammonia) and glutamate dehydrogenase are about
      15% lower than normal in mitochondria from spfash mice, whereas those of beta
      hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase are 22% higher and 30% lower
      respectively. (3) In the presence of 10 mM-ornithine and the substrates for
      carbamoyl phosphate synthesis, coupled and uncoupled mitochondria from spfash
      mice synthesize citrulline at unexpectedly high rates, about 25 and 44 nmol/min
      per mg respectively. Though these are somewhat lower than the corresponding rates
      obtained with normal mitochondria, the difference does not arise from the
      deficiency in ornithine carbamoyltransferase, but from the lower carbamoyl
      phosphate synthetase activity of the mutant mitochondria. (4) At lower external
      [ornithine] (less than 2 mM), a smaller fraction of the carbamoyl phosphate
      synthesized is converted into citrulline in spfash than in normal mitochondria.
      These studies show that what appears to be a single mutation brings about major
      adaptations in the mitochondrial component of liver. In addition, they clarify
      the role of ornithine transport and of protein-protein interactions in citrulline
      synthesis in normal mitochondria.

PMID- 2920016
TI  - The renal Na+/Ca2+ exchange system is located exclusively in the distal tubule.
AB  - The movement of Ca2+ across the basolateral plasma membrane was determined in
      purified preparations of this membrane isolated from rabbit proximal and distal
      convoluted tubules. The ATP-dependent Ca2+ uptake was present in basolateral
      membranes from both these tubular segments, but the activity was higher in the
      distal tubules. A very active Na+/Ca2+ exchange system was also demonstrated in
      the distal-tubular membranes, but in proximal-tubular membranes this exchange
      system was not demonstrable. The presence of Na+ outside the vesicles gradually
      inhibited the ATP-dependent Ca2+ uptake in the distal-tubular-membrane
      preparations, but remained without effect in those from the proximal tubules. The
      activity of the Na+/Ca2+ exchange system in the distal-tubular membranes was a
      function of the imposed Na+ gradient. These results suggest that the major
      differences in the characteristics of Ca2+ transport in the proximal and in the
      distal tubules are due to the high activity of a Na+/Ca2+ exchange system in the
      distal tubule and its virtual absence in the proximal tubule.

PMID- 2920017
TI  - Longer-term regulation of branched-chain-2-oxoacid dehydrogenase complex studied
      in rat hepatocytes in culture.
AB  - The effect of protein-free diet to decrease liver activity of branched-chain (-2
      oxoacid) dehydrogenase (BCD) complex (active form) and increase BCD kinase
      activity was unaffected by preparation of hepatocytes, but partially reversed by
      25 h of culture of hepatocytes in medium 199. Activation of BCD complex preceded
      loss of BCD kinase. The effect of culture on BCD complex was completely prevented
      by omission of branched-chain amino acids and partially prevented by 1 mM-alpha
      cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate or 0.2 mM-pyruvate/2 mM-lactate. Protein-free diet
      decreased plasma branched-chain amino and oxo ('keto') acids and increased plasma
      pyruvate and lactate. It is concluded: (1) that branched-chain amino acids are
      involved directly in regulation of activities of BCD complex and BCD kinase; (2)
      that mitochondrial uptake of branched-chain oxo acids is necessary for regulation
      of BCD complex activity; and (3) that the stable increase in BCD kinase may
      function as a hysteresis mechanism.

PMID- 2920018
TI  - Is methionine transaminated in skeletal muscle?
AB  - Methionine transamination is extensive in rat and chick skeletal-muscle
      homogenates, but is barely detectable in intact rat, but not chick, skeletal
      muscles. Branched-chain amino acids essentially block methionine transamination
      in intact muscles and homogenates from both species. The physiological
      significance of methionine transamination in skeletal muscle is questioned.

PMID- 2920019
TI  - Sub-micromolar concentrations of extramitochondrial Ca2+ stimulate the rate of
      citrulline synthesis by rat liver mitochondria.
AB  - 1. In the presence of physiological concentrations of Na+ and Mg2+, the rate of
      citrulline synthesis by isolated rat liver mitochondria respiring on a range of
      substrates was stimulated by up to 60% when the extramitochondrial Ca2+
      concentration was raised from 130 pM to 770 nM. 2. Our findings suggest that
      hormonal stimulation of the urea cycle may be mediated by Ca2+.

PMID- 2920020
TI  - Identification of an androgen-repressed mRNA in rat ventral prostate as coding
      for sulphated glycoprotein 2 by cDNA cloning and sequence analysis.
AB  - The concentrations of a small number of mRNAs in the rat ventral prostate
      increase after castration and then decrease upon androgen treatment. Since the
      repression of specific gene expression may be important in the regulation of
      organ growth, we have cloned a cDNA for an androgen-repressed mRNA, the
      concentration of which increased 17-fold 4 days after castration, and this
      increase was reversed rapidly by androgen treatment. By sequence analysis the
      androgen-repressed mRNA was identified as that coding for sulphated glycoprotein
      2.

PMID- 2920022
TI  - Some uses of extrapolation in kinetics.
AB  - Extrapolation procedures are shown to be useful for obtaining kinetic parameters
      from irreversible enzymic reactions in which there are two intermediates, under
      both single-turnover and steady-state conditions. Small excesses of one component
      are treated as if they were large excesses, which is convenient in practice. The
      method has also been applied to a non-enzymic reversible bimolecular reaction.

PMID- 2920021
TI  - Binding of various ovotransferrin fragments to chick-embryo red cells.
AB  - 1. The ability of N- and C-terminal half-molecule fragments of hen ovotransferrin
      to interact with chick red blood cells (CERBC) has been studied under conditions
      that allow binding of the transferrin to transferrin receptors to take place, but
      not the delivery of iron to the cell. Two kinds of half-molecule fragments were
      used: (a) those which can associate with one another to give a dimer resembling
      native transferrin and (b) those which cannot associate in this way because they
      lack a few amino acid residues from their C-terminal ends. 2. Neither N nor C
      half-molecules alone can bind to the CERBC, but, when both are present, tight
      binding occurs. 3. Whether or not the half-molecules can associate with one
      another makes little difference to receptor binding. 4. Given that one of the
      half-molecules is iron-saturated, the presence or absence of iron in the
      contralateral half-molecule again makes little difference to receptor binding.

PMID- 2920024
TI  - Structural and electrostatic differences between actinidin and papain account for
      differences in activity.

PMID- 2920023
TI  - The interplay of electrostatic and binding interactions determining active centre
      chemistry and catalytic activity in actinidin and papain.

PMID- 2920025
TI  - Type analysis of the oligosaccharide chains on microheterogeneous components of
      bovine pancreatic DNAase by the lectin-nitrocellulose sheet method.
AB  - The oligosaccharide chains of microheterogeneous bovine pancreatic DNAases were
      characterized by the lectin-nitrocellulose sheet method. The active fractions of
      the DNAases from column chromatography showed four major and several minor spots
      on a two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel. They were transferred on to
      nitrocellulose sheets and treated with glycosidases (neuraminidase, endo-beta-N
      acetyl glucosaminidase H or F, or peptide N-glycosidase F) and treated with
      peroxidase-coupled lectins (concanavalin A, Ricinus communis agglutinin or wheat
      germ agglutinin). From the results, the most probable oligosaccharide types were
      proposed to be as follows: the four major spots contained components which had
      high-mannose type or hybrid-type oligosaccharides, such as those susceptible to
      endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase H. In addition, spot 1 contained a complex-type
      biantennary oligosaccharide without sialic acid and spot 3 contained a tri- or
      tetra-antennary complex-type oligosaccharide with sialic acid. The component
      corresponding to spot 2 had a hybrid-type oligosaccharide chain with a
      'bisecting' acetylglucosamine, linked 1-4 to the beta-mannose residue of the
      trimannosyl core, and the component corresponding to spot 4 had a high-mannose
      type oligosaccharide chain.

PMID- 2920026
TI  - Partial purification and characterization of a formylmethionine deformylase from
      rat small intestine.
AB  - A formylmethionine deformylase from rat small-intestinal mucosa has been
      isolated, characterized and partially purified. The enzyme catalyses the release
      of equimolar amounts of formate and the free amino acid. The deformylase was
      active against formylmethionine (Km 7.1 mM) and formylnorleucine, but showed
      reduced activity against formyl-leucine. It was inactive against a range of other
      polar and nonpolar formyl-amino acids and against formyl di- and tri-peptides.
      The Mr of the native enzyme was between 45,000 and 66,000, as determined by
      h.p.l.c. gel permeation. Further purification of the enzyme either by h.p.l.c.
      ion-exchange chromatography and concanavalin A-Sepharose or by isoelectric
      focusing yielded a preparation with one predominant band of Mr 50,000 on
      SDS/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. Bacteria in the intestine present the
      host with substantial amounts of formylmethionine (fMet) from proteinase and
      carboxypeptidase digestion of bacterial formyl-peptides in the intestinal lumen.
      fMet (0.01-1.0 mM) inhibited translation of a test RNA from brome mosaic virus in
      vitro, indicating that it could have adverse effects on cellular metabolism. Gut
      epithelial fMet deformylase may be required for deformylation of this exogenous
      (bacterial) and also endogenous (mitochondrial) fMet.

PMID- 2920027
TI  - A single-parameter family of adjustments for fitting enzyme kinetic models to
      progress-curve data.
AB  - Current methods for fitting integrated rate equations to enzyme progress curves
      treat each observation as if it were an independent measurement. When the data
      are obtained by taking several successive readings from each of a series of
      progress curves, the data will not be truly independent and will exhibit
      autocorrelation. Here we propose a simple pragmatic extension of integrated rate
      equations which takes account of first-order autocorrelations. The value of the
      method is assessed when applied to five sets of experimental data.

PMID- 2920028
TI  - Physiochemical studies on achatininH, a novel sialic acid-binding lectin.
AB  - We have purified a sialic acid-binding lectin, achatininH, in a single step by
      affinity chromatography, having high affinity for 9-O-acetylneuraminic acid. The
      physicochemical characterization of the interaction of achatininH with bivalent
      metal ions and sialic acid derivatives by the use of spectrofluorimetry,
      spectropolarimetry and precipitin reaction is reported. From fluorescence
      quenching studies the binding of Ca2+ (Ka = 251 +/- 9 M-1) and of Mn2+ (Ka = 86
      +/- 5 M-1) was found to be weak, but their presence is absolutely necessary for
      sugar binding as well as biological activity. The nature and position of the
      substituent group play a very important role in the binding affinity. AchatininH
      shows a high affinity for 9-O-acetylneuraminic acid (Ka = 1.20 x 10(3) +/- 0.07 x
      10(3) M-1) compared with that for the 4-O-acetyl derivative. In oligomers the
      binding strength increases in the order monosaccharide less than disaccharide
      less than trisaccharide. The binding affinity of achatininH for the disaccharide
      was found to reach a peak around pH 8. From c.d. spectral studies achatininH was
      found to have a high beta-sheet content (46%) and a low alpha-helix content
      (24%). From precipitin analysis at least one sugar-binding site on each of the 16
      monomer subunits of the protein is indicated.

PMID- 2920029
TI  - Minimum requirements for inhibition of smooth-muscle myosin light-chain kinase by
      synthetic peptides.
AB  - Although the amino acid residues that are important for peptide substrates of
      myosin light-chain kinase have been reported, those that are important for
      peptide inhibitors of this enzyme have not previously been investigated.
      Synthetic peptides based on the sequence Lys11-Lys12-Arg13-Ala-Ala-Arg16-Ala-Thr
      Ser19 -Asn-Val21-Phe22-Ala of the chicken gizzard myosin light chain were tested
      as inhibitors of pig carotid-artery myosin light-chain kinase. The basic amino
      acid residues of the known myosin light-chain kinase inhibitor Lys-Lys-Arg-Ala
      Ala-Arg-Ala-Thr-Ser-NH2 (IC50 = 14 microM) [Pearson, Misconi & Kemp (1986) J.
      Biol. Chem. 261, 25-27] were shown to be the important residues that contribute
      to inhibitor potency, as evidence by the finding that the hexapeptide Lys-Lys-Arg
      Ala-Ala-Arg-NH2 had an IC50 value of 22 microM. This indicates that binding of
      the phosphorylatable serine residue to myosin light-chain kinase, which is of
      obvious importance for a substrate, does not enhance the potency of an inhibitor.
      With the aim of preparing more potent inhibitors, peptides Lys-Lys-Arg-Ala-Ala
      Arg-Ala-Ala-Xaa-NH2 were prepared with a variety of amino acids substituted for
      the phosphorylatable serine residue. None of these peptides was a more potent
      inhibitor than the serine peptide.

PMID- 2920030
TI  - A type VI collagen-related glycopolypeptide is the major concanavalin A-binding
      component in pig skin.
AB  - The major concanavalin A-binding component in urea/deoxycholate/mercaptoethanol
      extracts of pig skin was a collagenous disulphide-cross-linked glycopolypeptide
      with an apparent molecular mass of 150 kDa and a pI of 5.5. Antiserum against the
      electrophoretically purified glycopolypeptide gave strong dermal staining similar
      to that seen with fluorescent concanavalin A. Immunocytochemical labelling showed
      prominent labelling of 3-4 nm dermal microfilaments, particularly those
      associated with dermal blood vessels and mast cells. Immunoblotting with
      authentic antiserum indicated that the major skin glycopolypeptide was probably
      identical with collagen-like glycoprotein, the tissue form of the alpha 1/alpha 2
      subunits of type VI collagen. This was confirmed by immunoblotting of authentic
      type VI collagen from pepsin-treated pig skin. Immunoblotting, metabolic
      labelling with [3H]glucosamine and immune precipitation showed that an
      immunoreactive collagenous glycopolypeptide was synthesized and secreted by
      cultured pig skin fibroblasts. The results suggest that type VI collagen is the
      major concanavalin A-binding component in pig skin.

PMID- 2920031
TI  - Partial purification of a protein from maize (Zea mays) coleoptile membranes
      binding the Ca2+-channel antagonist verapamil.
AB  - A protein that binds the calcium-channel antagonist verapamil has been partially
      purified from maize (Zea mays) coleoptile membranes. The protein was solubilized
      with the detergent CHAPS ([ 3-(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]propane-1
      sulphonate) and purified by a combination of ion-exchange, gel-filtration and
      hydrophobic-interaction chromatography. This resulted in a 120-fold purification.
      SDS/polyacrylamide-gel-electrophoretic analysis of the polypeptides from the
      final purification step indicated that the verapamil-binding protein may have a
      major component of Mr 169,000. The dissociation constants for specific binding of
      [3H]verapamil to crude and CHAPS-solubilized maize coleoptile membrane fractions
      are 72 nM and 158 nM respectively, with respective binding-site concentrations of
      135 pmol/mg of protein and 78 pmol/mg of protein. In both cases the Scatchard
      plots are linear, indicating a single class of binding sites. [3H]Verapamil
      binding to crude maize coleoptile membrane fractions could not be displaced by
      unlabelled desmethoxyverapamil or by nifedipine, but could be displaced by
      unlabelled methoxyverapamil.

PMID- 2920032
TI  - Na-Ca exchanger as a calcium influx pathway in adrenal glomerulosa cells.
AB  - When aequorin-loaded glomerulosa cells were incubated in isotonic Na2+-free
      medium containing N-methyl-D-glucamine instead of NaCl, there was an increase in
      cytoplasmic free calcium concentration, [Ca2+] c, which was not observed when
      extracellular calcium concentration was reduced to 1 microM. Upon removal of
      extracellular sodium, there was nearly five-fold increase in fractional efflux
      ratio of calcium. The reduction of extracellular sodium resulted in a stimulation
      of calcium influx rate, the magnitude of which was dependent on extracellular
      sodium concentration. Similar stimulation of calcium influx was observed when
      extracellular sodium was replaced with lithium. Nitrendipine did not affect the
      calcium influx induced by the reduction of extracellular sodium while a
      derivative of amiloride 3',4'-dichlorobenzamil, which inhibits Na-Ca exchange,
      attenuated calcium influx observed in sodium-free medium. These results indicate
      that removal of extracellular sodium leads to an increase in [Ca2+] c by
      stimulating calcium influx and that calcium enters the cell via Na-Ca exchanger.

PMID- 2920033
TI  - The role of phospholipase A2 in microsomal lipid peroxidation induced with t
      butyl hydroperoxide.
AB  - The role of phospholipase A2 (PlA2) in lipid peroxidation induced with t-butyl
      hydroperoxide was examined in rat liver microsomes. Exposure of microsomes to t
      butyl hydroperoxide was associated with activation of endogenous PlA2. When PlA2
      was inhibited with chlorpromazine, mepacrine, or p-bromphenacyl bromide, the
      accumulation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) was reduced in a
      dose dependent manner. In contrast, the accumulation of conjugated dienes was not
      affected by chlorpromazine, and was slightly increased by mepacrine. When
      endogenous PlA2 was activated with mellitin prior to induction of peroxidation,
      accumulation of both TBARS and dienes was reduced. Analogously, pretreatment with
      exogenous PlA2 reduced both dienes and TBARS. In contrast, addition of mellitin
      following the induction of peroxidation did not alter either TBARS or dienes.

PMID- 2920034
TI  - Heterobifunctional cross-linking of a monoclonal antibody with 2-methyl-N1
      benzenesulfonyl-N4-bromoacetylquinonediimide.
AB  - The Cyssor reagent, 2-methyl-N1-benzenesulfonyl-N4-bromoacetylquinonediimide,
      which will cleave a protein chain at Cys under acidic conditions, cross-linked
      unreduced and partially reduced antibody at pH 8.0. No cleavage of the antibody
      occurred suggesting that the Cyssor reagent may be useful with certain proteins
      as a heterobifunctional cross-linker.

PMID- 2920035
TI  - The amino acid sequence of the chromosomal protein HMG-Y, its relation to HMG-I
      and possible domains for the preferential binding of the proteins to stretches of
      A-T base pairs.
AB  - The primary structure of the human high mobility group (HMG) protein HMG-Y has
      been established except for a few amino acids in the N-terminal and the C
      terminal part of the protein. It was found that the sequence was identical to
      that of HMG-I except for a run of eleven amino acids. Like HMG-I the protein was
      N-terminally blocked and the palindromic sequence Pro-Arg-Gly-Arg-Pro occurred
      twice as in HMG-I. The binding of peptides derived from HMG-I (after thermolysin
      cleavage) to poly (dA-dT).poly(dA-dT) suggested that there are at least two
      different binding domains in the protein and that binding is not dependent upon
      an intact protein.

PMID- 2920036
TI  - Interactions of factors bound at two different sites in the 5'-upstream region of
      the adenovirus 12 E1A gene.
AB  - A nuclear extract of Ehrlich ascites tumor cell contains factors binding to two
      distinct sites in the 5'-upstream region of the adenovirus 12 E1A gene. The gel
      shift assay was performed for characterization of the binding factors with oligo
      DNA probes containing sequences corresponding to these sites. The specific
      binding of a factor to one probe was enhanced when the other oligo DNA was
      present in excess in the binding reaction. Thus possibly, protein-protein
      interactions between factors may mutually prevent their binding to target
      sequences.

PMID- 2920037
TI  - Structure of mouse fatty acid synthase mRNA. Identification of the two NADPH
      binding sites.
AB  - Overlapping cDNA clones corresponding to 3.3 kb covering the carboxy-half and 3'
      non-coding regions of the single 8.2 kb mouse fatty acid synthase mRNA were
      isolated and sequenced. The sequence coded for 838 amino acid residues, followed
      by termination codon TAG, 771 nucleotides of 3' untranslated sequence and a poly
      A tail. For the first time, the two putative components of the NADPH binding
      sites of fatty acid synthase were identified, thereby making it possible to
      assign the enoyl reductase and beta-ketoacyl reductase domains of the
      multifunctional fatty acid synthase. Overall, the deduced amino acid sequence
      provides the domains for enoyl reductase, beta-ketoacyl reductase, acyl carrier
      protein and thioesterase of the mouse fatty acid synthase.

PMID- 2920038
TI  - Zero-field Mossbauer studies of diferric human transferrin.
AB  - Diferric transferrin samples labelled with 57Fe at the N- or the C-terminal
      binding sites are compared by Mossbauer spectroscopy at 15 K and in zero magnetic
      field. The spectra of the samples are similar but the fitting of single Lorenzian
      lines to the data shows that some of the line positions differ in the two cases.
      According to this we can not exclude a difference between the chemical structures
      of the binding sites that can arise for example from the participation of
      different forms of the anion and/or water in the two lobes of transferrin. All
      other line parameters (line-width, intensity) are the same within the limits of
      errors.

PMID- 2920039
TI  - Molecular cloning of the human transmembrane secretory component (poly-Ig
      receptor) and its mRNA expression in human tissues.
AB  - A 2.5 kilobase (kb) cDNA clone containing 92% of the coding region for human
      transmembrane secretory component (SC) or poly-Ig receptor, was isolated from a
      mammary gland cDNA library. The cDNA clone encoded a protein of 693 amino acids
      which showed 99% homology with the primary amino acid sequence of human free SC
      as reported by Eiffert et al. (1), and 54% homology with the deduced amino acid
      sequence of rabbit transmembrane SC for which cDNA was cloned by Mostov et al.
      (2). Northern blot analysis showed mRNA expression in various human exocrine
      tissues in good agreement with our previous immunohistochemical studies of SC.

PMID- 2920040
TI  - Association of endogenous synenkephalin containing peptides with intracellular
      membranes of bovine adrenal medulla.
AB  - The association of endogenous synenkephalin and met-enkephalin containing
      peptides with the membrane of bovine chromaffin granules and physicochemical
      characteristics of this association were studied. The associated materials were
      only released at a non physiological pH range and this effect was enhanced with
      growing salt concentrations (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 M KSCN). A higher peptide
      dissociation occurred with membrane solubilizing agents (SDS greater than Triton
      X-100 greater than digitonin). In microsomes the materials dissociated with 2 M
      KSCN (pH 7.4) corresponded to peptides larger than 12.0 kDa, while in granules
      corresponded to molecules smaller than 8.5 kDa, displaying synenkephalin and met
      enkephalin immunoreactivities. These data suggest that some sequence of the C
      terminal portion of synenkephalin may be responsible for the association of
      proenkephalin derived peptides with microsome and granule membranes.

PMID- 2920041
TI  - Activation of the bone-derived latent TGF beta complex by isolated osteoclasts.
AB  - Although TGF beta is unquestionably an important growth regulatory polypeptide
      with effects on many cell types, the cellular mechanisms which release it from
      the binding proteins which mask its biological activity are not well understood.
      Here we show that when isolated osteoclasts are activated, they release active
      TGF beta from the latent TGF beta complex produced by bone organ cultures. Since
      active TGF beta has powerful inhibitory effects on osteoclast formation and bone
      resorption and stimulates osteoblast activity, is present in abundant amounts in
      the bone matrix and is released during hormone-stimulated osteoclastic bone
      resorption, the activation of TGF beta by stimulated osteoclasts may be an
      important regulatory step in normal bone remodeling.

PMID- 2920042
TI  - Preferential cleavage of amino- and carboxyl-terminal oligopeptides from
      vasoactive intestinal polypeptide by human recombinant enkephalinase (neutral
      endopeptidase, EC 3.4.24.11).
AB  - Human recombinant enkephalinase (neutral endopeptidase, EC 3.4.24.11) cleaved
      synthetic vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP1-28) with time-and peptidase
      concentration-dependence, which left less than 30% intact after 30 micrograms was
      incubated at 37 degrees C with 0.1 micrograms and 10 micrograms of peptidase for
      120 min and 15 min, respectively. The rank order of relative rates of
      peptidolysis amino-terminal to hydrophobic amino acids was Ala4 and Val5 greater
      than Tyr22 and Ile26 much greater than Leu13 and Met17. The many effects of VIP1
      28 on epithelial cell and leukocyte functions thus may be influenced by
      degradation of the mediator by enkephalinase at the surface of target cells.

PMID- 2920043
TI  - Secretagogue induced calcium mobilization in single pancreatic acinar cells.
AB  - Microspectrofluorometry of fura-2 was utilized to monitor [Ca2+]i in single
      acinar cells stimulated with a cholinergic agonist and cholecystokinin. A similar
      amplitude of agonist induced Ca mobilization between single cell and populational
      approaches was observed. New findings in single cells not observable in
      populations of cells include: 1) the maintenance of a sustained elevation in
      [Ca2+]i above basal levels throughout agonist application, 2) the reloading of
      the agonist-sensitive Ca pool only following removal of the agonist and 3) the
      presence of oscillations of [Ca2+]i in response to agonist application which is
      enhanced at lower agonist concentrations.

PMID- 2920044
TI  - Activation of human neutrophil NADPH-oxidase in vitro by the catalytic fragment
      of protein kinase-C.
AB  - Phorbol ester treatment of intact neutrophils both stimulates protein kinase C
      (PK-C) and causes the rapid proteolytic conversion to a cytosolic, co-factor
      independent fragment, protein kinase M (PK-M). In intact neutrophils, phorbol
      ester treatment activates the NADPH-oxidase, the enzyme responsible for the
      oxidative burst. Addition of purified PK-M to resting neutrophil light density
      membranes activated the NADPH-oxidase in the presence of PS, ATP and Mg2+. A 3.5
      fold greater stimulation of oxidase (ca. 25 nmoles O2-/min/mg membrane protein)
      was obtained with comparable PK-M concentrations to that observed with the
      reconstituted PK-C system, and approximately 1/3 that obtained with arachidonic
      acid (AA) or SDS. In contrast to the reconstituted system using PK-C, PMA and
      Ca++ were neither required nor affected activity. The effect of PS was
      unexpected, since PK-M does not require phospholipids for enzymatic activity, and
      likely represents the action of PS on the oxidase itself or on another component
      in the plasma membrane fraction. Our studies demonstrate for the first time that
      purified PK-M permits reconstitution of a physiologic phorbol ester response.

PMID- 2920045
TI  - Magnesium-dependent non-specific binding of [125I]prolactin to myelinated tracts
      in the rat central nervous system.
AB  - An in vitro autoradiographic assay was used in identifying a magnesium-dependent,
      non-specific binding of [125I] prolactin to myelinated fiber tracts in the rat
      brain. Frozen tissue sections were incubated for 18 h at 4 degrees C in media
      which included [125I]prolactin alone or with a 500 fold excess of unlabelled
      prolactin. Magnesium in the incubation medium caused a non-specific binding of
      radiolabelled prolactin to the myelinated fiber tracts in the brain. In contrast,
      calcium did not facilitate prolactin non-specific binding to myelin. Hence,
      calcium should optimize the detection of specific prolactin binding sites in the
      brain by in vitro autoradiographic or radioreceptor assays.

PMID- 2920046
TI  - The nucleotide sequence of a full length cDNA clone encoding rat liver urate
      oxidase.
AB  - Recently we reported the sequence of a cDNA clone (pUOX-1), isolated from a
      lambda gt11 cDNA library, which encoded for rat liver urate oxidase (EC 1.7.3.3),
      but this clone lacked the nucleotide sequences encoding the N-terminal region for
      this enzyme. Using the cDNA insert from the pUOX-1 clone as a probe, we have now
      isolated a full length cDNA clone, pUOX-2, from a lambda gt10 library by plaque
      hybridization. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the pUOX-2 clone showed that it
      has 1379 base pairs with an open reading frame coding for 303 amino acid residues
      corresponding to a molecular mass of 34,931 daltons. In addition to the open
      reading frame the pUOX-2 contains 439 bp of 3'-untranslated and 41 bp of 5'
      untranslated sequences. The consensus polyadenylation signal AATAAA precedes a
      stretch of poly(A)+ residues at the 3' end.

PMID- 2920047
TI  - Liver histology in rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving long-term methotrexate
      therapy. A prospective study with baseline and sequential biopsy samples.
AB  - Twenty-nine patients with active rheumatoid arthritis receiving long-term oral
      weekly methotrexate (MTX) therapy were studied to determine the extent of their
      hepatic architectural changes. Liver biopsies (n = 101) were performed in all
      patients before the initiation of MTX therapy, after 2 years, and annually
      thereafter (mean duration of therapy 53 months). The hepatic histologic grade (5
      point scale) in 25 patients increased (worsened) (mean +/- SEM change 0.84 +/-
      1.02; P = 0.001). Fibrosis, confirmed by trichrome staining, developed in 14 of
      27 patients (52%). A history of alcohol consumption prior to starting MTX
      correlated significantly with subsequent worsening of the liver biopsy grade (r =
      0.55, P = 0.0054). Alcohol intake prior to study entry, elevated weight at MTX
      initiation, and dose and duration of MTX were significantly associated with the
      development of fibrosis. Elevations in serum aspartate aminotransferase levels at
      29-53 months of therapy correlated with the increase in hepatic histologic grade
      at the 3-year biopsy (r = 0.50, P = 0.04) and 4-year biopsy (r = 0.58, P = 0.03).
      We conclude that long-term MTX therapy in rheumatoid arthritis patients results
      in a statistically significant worsening in hepatic histologic grade, with common
      development of mild fibrosis. We do not consider these changes to be clinically
      significant at present.

PMID- 2920048
TI  - Lack of correlation between the Steinbrocker staging of hand radiographs and the
      functional health status of individuals with rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - We evaluated the correlation between destructive changes seen on hand radiographs
      and disability in 54 patients with definite or classic rheumatoid arthritis. No
      statistically significant correlation was found between radiographic findings and
      patient disability as determined by patient and physician assessment or by the
      patient's score on the Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales questionnaire. These
      findings call into question the appropriateness of using hand radiographs as a
      determinant of disability or as a criterion for disability insurance benefits.

PMID- 2920049
TI  - Demonstration of a cross-reactive idiotype (IdRQ) in rheumatoid factors from
      patients with rheumatoid arthritis but not in rheumatoid factors from healthy,
      aged subjects.
AB  - A human monoclonal IgM kappa paraprotein with rheumatoid factor (RF) activity was
      used to elicit antiidiotypic antibodies in rabbits. The antiidiotypic antiserum
      thus obtained reacted with samples from 40% of 72 rheumatoid arthritis patients,
      but not with any of the samples from 22 aged control subjects having serum RF.
      Our findings suggest that, despite the similarities between RF from rheumatoid
      arthritis patients and that from healthy individuals, the expression of V region
      genes may be different in healthy subjects and those with the disease.

PMID- 2920050
TI  - Tumor necrosis factor in the serum of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
AB  - In view of recent data demonstrating defective production of tumor necrosis
      factor alpha (TNF cachectin) in murine autoimmune lupus nephritis, we studied the
      serum levels of TNF in 22 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), using
      a specific radioimmunoassay. Patients with SLE had either normal or slightly
      elevated levels of TNF when compared with healthy control subjects. All 5 SLE
      patients with concomitant infections had elevated levels of TNF; those with
      systemic bacterial infection had markedly raised levels (median 260 pg/ml; normal
      less than 40). These results show that SLE in humans is not associated with a
      depressed level of circulating TNF, and that in SLE patients with infection, the
      level of TNF in the circulation increases in a manner similar to that in other
      subjects.

PMID- 2920051
TI  - Pregnancy in women with systemic sclerosis.
AB  - We assessed fetal morbidity and mortality in women with systemic sclerosis (SSc).
      Women with a history of SSc and a concomitant pregnancy completed a detailed
      questionnaire about the pregnancy. These 48 subjects were age-matched and race
      matched to 2 other groups of women (a rheumatoid arthritis group and a control
      group from the same neighborhood), all of whom had been pregnant at least once.
      There were no differences in the frequencies of miscarriage or perinatal death in
      the SSc group compared with the 2 control groups. Preterm births occurred
      slightly more frequently in both SSc patients and rheumatoid arthritis patients
      compared with the neighborhood control subjects. There were significantly more
      small full-term infants born to women with SSc. Interestingly, the increase in
      preterm births and small full-term babies occurred with equal frequency prior to
      and after the onset of disease. Although close monitoring for premature birth and
      intrauterine growth retardation is necessary, we conclude that an uneventful,
      healthy pregnancy is possible for women with SSc. Those with early, rapidly
      progressive, diffuse skin thickening should avoid becoming pregnant since,
      intrinsically, they are at higher risk of developing renal crisis.

PMID- 2920052
TI  - Does smoking protect against osteoarthritis?
AB  - While studying knee osteoarthritis (OA) in the first Health and Nutrition
      Examination Survey, we unexpectedly found a protective association between
      smoking and OA. After adjustment for age, sex, and weight, smokers had a
      significantly lower rate of OA than did nonsmokers, and heavier smokers were less
      likely to have the disease than were light smokers. To test this association in a
      separate study and see if it was due to confounding factors, we looked at the
      Framingham Osteoarthritis Study, a study of elderly members of the Framingham
      Heart Study cohort. We evaluated whether the presence of knee OA in 1983-1985 was
      related to smoking status at the first Framingham examination, 36 years earlier.
      Subjects who had been smokers at examination 1 had a lower rate of OA (190 of
      679, 28%) than did nonsmokers (276 of 736, 37.5%). In an analysis adjusted for
      age, sex, and weight, heavy smokers had a modestly lower risk of developing knee
      OA than did nonsmokers (relative risk 0.81). Also, the adjusted risk of severe OA
      was less in heavy smokers than in nonsmokers (relative risk 0.73). The negative
      association with OA persisted when we examined the average cigarette consumption
      over the first 10 years of the Framingham study. Furthermore, after controlling
      for age, sex, weight, knee injury history, sports activity history, physical
      activity level, coffee and alcohol consumption, and weight change after
      examination 1, and after modeling weight and age in a nonlinear manner, smoking
      remained a significant protector against later knee OA. It appears that smoking
      or some unidentified factor correlated with smoking modestly protects against the
      development of knee OA.

PMID- 2920053
TI  - Protective effects of corticosteroids on cartilage lesions and osteophyte
      formation in the Pond-Nuki dog model of osteoarthritis.
AB  - The in vivo effects of corticosteroids on osteoarthritic (OA) lesions were
      examined in 12 dogs in which the anterior cruciate ligament had been sectioned.
      Six were treated with oral prednisone and 6 were treated with intraarticular (IA)
      injections of triamcinolone hexacetonide (TH), at surgery and 4 weeks later.
      Twelve other operated dogs received no treatment. All dogs were killed 8 weeks
      postsurgery. Four of 15 normal control dogs received IA TH injections. Operated
      untreated dogs developed significant cartilage lesions on the femoral condyles
      and tibial plateaus with prominent osteophytes. Operated dogs treated orally or
      with IA injections had a significant reduction in osteophyte size. Cartilage
      erosions on femoral condyles were observed in 25% of the untreated dogs, 8% of
      the dogs receiving oral prednisone, and none of the dogs receiving IA TH. In both
      groups of treated dogs, the size of the tibial plateau lesions was significantly
      reduced compared with the operated untreated dogs. Histologically,
      corticosteroids significantly reduced the severity of OA structural changes of
      the cartilage on both medial and lateral femoral condyles and tibial plateaus in
      operated animals, with the exception of the lateral plateaus of those treated
      orally. In electron microscopy studies, we found no evidence of increased cell
      degeneration or death associated with steroids. IA corticosteroids had no
      deleterious effects on normal articular cartilage. These results indicate that
      glucocorticoids administered orally or intraarticularly are effective against the
      development of OA lesions in this model.

PMID- 2920055
TI  - The "neck sign" in scleroderma.
AB  - The "neck sign" consists of ridging and tightening of the skin of the neck on
      extending the head. In this study it was found to be positive in over 90% of
      patients with scleroderma and negative in patients with primary Raynaud's disease
      and in control subjects. It is a useful diagnostic test for scleroderma.

PMID- 2920054
TI  - Reversal of neutropenia with methotrexate treatment in patients with Felty's
      syndrome. Correlation of response with neutrophil-reactive IgG.
AB  - We evaluated the clinical and hematologic response to methotrexate (MTX) in 4
      women with Felty's syndrome (FS) who had had neutropenia for 1-3 years. Since
      immune complexes or antineutrophil antibodies are implicated in the pathogenesis
      of the neutropenia of FS, we also measured both direct and indirect levels of
      neutrophil-reactive IgG. All 4 patients showed a prompt and dramatic increase in
      neutrophil counts within 1-2 months of starting MTX therapy. In 3 patients, the
      symptoms of arthritis also improved; in the fourth patient, arthritis worsened.
      Recurring infections ceased in 3 patients. Neutrophil-reactive IgG levels, which
      were elevated in all patients prior to treatment, decreased toward normal while
      the patients were receiving MTX therapy. We conclude that MTX is effective in
      treating the neutropenia of FS, in part by lowering neutrophil-reactive IgG.

PMID- 2920056
TI  - Central nervous system vasculitis in Behcet's syndrome: angiographic improvement
      after therapy with cytotoxic agents.
AB  - We describe a patient with Behcet's syndrome who had clinical and angiographic
      features of widespread cerebral angiitis of small- and medium-caliber vessels. We
      report the successful treatment of this condition with a combination of cytotoxic
      agents and steroids, and demonstrate angiographically the resolution of these
      abnormalities in neuro-Behcet's disease.

PMID- 2920057
TI  - Favorable results using methotrexate in the treatment of patients with ankylosing
      spondylitis.

PMID- 2920058
TI  - Thrombocytopenia in patients with Sjogren's syndrome.

PMID- 2920059
TI  - Comment on the article by Tomana et al.

PMID- 2920060
TI  - Chronic fungal olecranon bursitis caused by Penicillium.

PMID- 2920061
TI  - Freeze-fracture study of the intramembrane particle density in the aortic smooth
      muscle cell plasmalemma of rabbits fed an atherogenic diet.
AB  - The density of intramembrane particles (IMP) of the arterial smooth muscle cell
      (SMC) plasmalemma was studied by freeze-fracture methods in rabbits fed an
      atherogenic diet. After 3 weeks of diet, no change in the IMP E face density was
      observed but the IMPs of the P face decreased by about 50%. Among the various
      functions of IMPs, they are also believed to be responsible for mechanical
      adhesion between adjacent cells and cell-cell interactions. That is why the
      modification of their frequency observed in this study may be assumed to induce
      the non-recognition of SMC between each other. Thus, they become free from each
      other and migrate into the subendothelial space. This is one of the important
      initial conditions leading to atherosclerosis. Therefore, by this freeze-fracture
      study, our hypothesis about the involvement of SMC in the earlier stages of
      atherogenesis is confirmed.

PMID- 2920062
TI  - Increased urinary mevalonic acid excretion in patients with abetalipoproteinemia
      and homozygous hypobetalipoproteinemia.
AB  - Previous reports in which cholesterol homeostasis has been examined in patients
      with phenotypic abetalipoproteinemia have shown an increase in whole body
      cholesterol synthesis when measured by sterol balance techniques but normal rates
      of cholesterol synthesis when measured by isotopic cholesterol turnover. Recent
      studies have indicated that increases in cholesterol biosynthesis are paralleled
      by increases in the plasma concentrations of mevalonic acid and by higher rates
      of excretion of mevalonic acid in the urine. In the present report we have
      measured the 24-h urinary excretion of mevalonic acid in 7 patients with
      phenotypic abetalipoproteinemia and compared this to control subjects. Urinary
      excretion of mevalonic acid was significantly higher in the patients with
      abetalipoproteinemia (57.2 +/- 10.2 nmol/kg body weight per day, mean +/- SEM) as
      compared to control subjects (23.1 +/- 1.5 nmol/kg per day). The magnitude of the
      increase in urinary mevalonic acid excretion seen in patients with
      abetalipoproteinemia (148%) is greater than the increase in whole body
      cholesterol biosynthesis assessed by sterol balance techniques (57% increase).
      Our results serve to further validate the usefulness of urinary mevalonate as an
      indicator of relative rates of cholesterol biosynthesis in humans and suggest
      that this measurement provides a valuable means to potentially screen for
      disorders associated with an oversynthesis of cholesterol.

PMID- 2920063
TI  - Change in chromatin organization of the 3'-flanking region of the rat apoprotein
      E gene in neonatal rats after an increase in transcriptional activity.
AB  - To investigate if a change in chromatin organization is associated with the
      increased transcriptional activity of the apoprotein E (apo E) gene, a study was
      done in hepatic nuclei isolated after birth to identify areas in or flanking the
      rat apo E gene with increased sensitivity to DNase I. An area of preferential
      digestion in the 3'-flanking region of the apo E gene was identified in liver
      nuclei from 3-day-old pups but not in nuclei from fetal livers collected at day
      20 of gestation. This hypersensitive area may contain information important for
      the regulated expression of the rat apo E gene.

PMID- 2920064
TI  - Modification of lipoprotein patterns and retardation of atherogenesis by a fish
      oil supplement to a hyperlipidemic diet for swine.
AB  - We have studied the effect of addition of 30 ml cod liver oil (FO) daily to a
      highly atherogenic butter (BT) diet for swine on lesion development in the
      coronary arteries and aorta, plasma lipoprotein (LP) patterns, plasma levels of
      thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and on tritiated thymidine
      labeling indices ([3H]TdR LI) of smooth muscle cells (SMC) and
      monocyte/macrophages (M/M phi) in the atherosclerotic lesions. Seventeen male
      Yorkshire swine (11.1 +/- 0.4 kg) were divided into 3 groups: BT (n = 6), BT + FO
      (n = 6) and mash (n = 5). They were fed the respective diets for 4 months.
      Terminally, fasting plasma was obtained and cholesterol contents were determined
      in various fractions of lipoproteins separated by density gradient
      ultracentrifugation, Pevikon block electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis.
      Apoprotein (B, A-I, E and C) contents of the plasma and lipoprotein fractions
      were determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and densitometry of gels
      stained with Coomassie blue. Swine were injected intramuscularly with 0.5 mCi/kg
      of [3H]TdR 2 h before death. The aorta and coronary arteries were perfusion fixed
      in situ under anesthesia. Samples were obtained for microscopic morphometry,
      autoradiography and immunohistochemistry from distal abdominal aorta, thoracic
      aorta, and proximal coronary arteries; left main (LM), left anterior descending
      (LAD), left circumflex (LCX), right main (RM), and right coronary artery (RCA).
      On the BT diet without FO there was extensive atherosclerotic (AS) lesion
      development, which was drastically reduced by the addition of FO to the BT diet
      in all sites by from 71 to 94%. The overall plasma cholesterol (CH) levels were
      reduced only modestly by the FO (816 +/- 64 to 629 +/- 14 mg/dl) but the
      distribution of CH in the various lipoprotein classes was remarkably altered. The
      CH in the large lipoprotein molecules containing both B and E apoproteins was
      reduced from 488 +/- 84 to 204 +/- 17 mg/dl by the FO with an almost
      corresponding increase in the conventional LDL molecules containing apo B only
      (158 +/- 29 to 344 +/- 15 mg/dl). We offer the hypothesis that the large apo B,E
      containing molecules are much more atherogenic than the smaller apo B containing
      molecules. This hypothesis is supported by a highly significant correlation
      between extent of lesion development in all arterial sites and plasma levels of
      CH in apo B,E containing lipoproteins. Plasma TBARS were elevated by the BT + FO
      diet but seemed to have no significant effect on the lesions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2920065
TI  - Platelet function and survival in rats with genetically determined
      hypercholesterolaemia.
AB  - Platelets from rats with genetically determined hypercholesterolaemia are
      hypersensitive to aggregation induced by thrombin compared with platelets from
      their genetic controls without hypercholesterolaemia. Aggregation or release
      induced by thrombin of platelets from hypercholesterolaemic and control rats
      correlated significantly with plasma cholesterol concentrations. Platelet
      responses to ADP or collagen were not different between the groups. The
      hypersensitivity to thrombin-induced aggregation was independent of released ADP
      or products of arachidonic acid metabolism. The changes in platelet sensitivity
      occurred with only moderate increases in plasma cholesterol concentration and
      with no detectable changes in total platelet cholesterol. The hypersensitivity of
      platelets from hypercholesterolaemic rats was not associated with a reduction in
      platelet survival or any significant injury to the aortic endothelium in these
      animals. Platelets from hypercholesterolaemic rats were smaller than platelets
      from controls. Thus, platelets from rats with genetically determined
      hypercholesterolaemia have alterations in function similar to those found with
      platelets from rats with diet-induced hypercholesterolaemia indicating that this
      strain can be used to study the mechanisms by which cholesterol can change
      platelet function without the possible complicating effects of dietary factors.
      Since platelet hypersensitivity occurred in rats with genetically determined
      hypercholesterolaemia without a reduction in platelet survival, these studies are
      also consistent with the reduced platelet survival found in animals with diet
      induced hypercholesterolaemia being independent of platelet changes.

PMID- 2920066
TI  - Guar gum and gemfibrozil--an effective combination in the treatment of
      hypercholesterolaemia.
AB  - Twenty-nine hypercholesterolaemic patients, treated for one year with gemfibrozil
      but being still hypercholesterolaemic (serum total cholesterol greater than or
      equal to 6.25 mmol/l) were included in a double-blind trial to evaluate the
      hypocholesterolaemic effects of gemfibrozil-guar gum combination (GE + GU) vs.
      gemfibrozil-placebo combination (GE + PL) using a cross-over study design. The
      patients were treated with gemfibrozil on a constant dosage (range 900-1200
      mg/day) during the entire trial. After a 4-week run-in period on GE + PL
      treatment the patients were randomly allocated to 2 groups: one received GE + GU
      15 g/day, and the other GE + PL for 3 months and after that groups were crossed
      over. Guar gum and placebo were administered as granules taken 3 times a day
      during meals. Serum total cholesterol was 8.61 +/- 0.17 mmol/l before gemfibrozil
      therapy, and 7.29 +/- 0.15 mmol/l at the end of the run-in period on GE + PL (P
      less than 0.01). During the double-blind phase serum total cholesterol values
      were 6.28 +/- 0.19 mmol/l at the end of the GE + GU treatment period and 7.21 +/-
      0.16 mmol/l at the end of the GE + PL treatment period (P less than 0.01). At the
      end of the GE + GU treatment period serum total cholesterol was 27% lower and LDL
      cholesterol 39% lower than before gemfibrozil treatment. A marked improvement
      (23%) was found in HDL/LDL ratio during GE + GU treatment compared with GE + PL
      treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2920067
TI  - Does platelet aggregation play a role in the reduction in localized intimal
      proliferation in normolipidemic pigs with fixed coronary artery stenosis fed
      dietary fish oil?
AB  - In order to investigate the effect of fish oil on intimal proliferation of
      coronary arteries with a fixed stenosis normolipidemic piglets received a basic
      diet to which either 9% (w/w) lard (L, n = 8) or 4.5% (w/w) lard and 4.5% (w/w)
      mackerel oil (ML, n = 8) was added for 4 months. Stenosis was applied by
      implanting a 4.0 X 2.0 mm (i.d.) Teflon constrictor around the left anterior
      descending coronary artery (LADCA) (o.d. 2.7 +/- 0.1 mm). During the dietary
      period ADP-induced platelet aggregation in whole blood was higher in L than in
      ML. Partial replacement of 20:4 n - 6 by 20:5 n - 3 fatty acids in the platelet
      membranes of ML may have altered platelet aggregation by changes in eicosanoid
      synthesis. The plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels did not change in L,
      but decreased in ML. At the end of the 4-month dietary period the animals were
      again anesthetized and regional myocardial perfusion (radioactive labelled
      microspheres) and systolic segment length shortening (SLS) were measured while
      the hearts were paced at 160 pulses/min. Perfusion and SLS of non-LADCA nourished
      segment were similar for L and ML. However, transmural flow to the LADCA perfused
      myocardium was impaired in both groups, but the deficiency in endocardial
      perfusion was considerably larger in L than in ML, resulting in a larger loss of
      SLS in the former. Remote (2-3 cm from the site of the constrictor) luminal
      encroachment was minimal (less than 2%) in both groups, but at the site of the
      constrictor there was significant encroachment in both groups which was higher in
      L (62 +/- 7%) than in ML (11 +/- 4%). It is thought that in these normolipidemic
      pigs the reduction in platelet aggregation may play a role in the smaller intimal
      proliferation of the fish oil-fed animals.

PMID- 2920068
TI  - High density lipoprotein metabolism in a rabbit model of
      hyperalphalipoproteinemia.
AB  - The potential utility of an animal model of hyperalphalipoproteinemia for
      examining the role of high density lipoprotein (HDL) in atherogenesis prompted
      the current studies. Preliminary data indicated that in rabbits high-coconut oil
      feeding for 30 days doubled plasma HDL-cholesterol levels, but did not affect
      lower density lipoproteins (LDL) (d less than 1.063 g/ml). Experiments were
      performed to examine the composition of these HDL and to determine the mechanism
      for the diet-induced increase in plasma HDL. Rabbits were fed commercial chow or
      chow plus 14% (w/w) coconut oil and blood samples were collected 18 h after
      feeding. Compared to chow-fed rabbits, peak levels of HDL-cholesterol were
      attained within 2 weeks, and coconut oil feeding doubled the plasma levels of HDL
      cholesterol, phospholipids and protein for up to 4 months without affecting HDL
      lipid and apoprotein composition. After 3 months the diet also increased VLDL-
      (107%) and LDL-cholesterol (40%) levels, but the absolute increases in each of
      these lipoprotein fractions was less than half of that of HDL. Isotope kinetic
      studies of 125I-HDL protein indicated a doubled rate of production of HDL and no
      change in the efficiency of removal of HDL from plasma. These studies demonstrate
      that in the rabbit high-coconut oil feeding doubles the rate of production and
      turnover of apparently normal HDL particles. It is proposed that such an animal
      model could be utilized to examine directly the role of HDL in atherogenesis.

PMID- 2920069
TI  - Screening for alcohol related problems in the antenatal clinic; an assessment of
      different methods.
AB  - This paper assesses different methods of asking about alcohol consumption in the
      antenatal clinic. Reliable screening methods are essential if appropriate
      intervention is to be accurately targeted. Women attending antenatal clinic for
      the first time were questioned about their alcohol consumption in the period
      immediately before confirmation of pregnancy. Quantity-frequency questions, a
      question about bingeing and the Cage Questions were asked as part of the routine
      clinical history by the interviewing doctor. In addition, the women were given a
      further self-completed questionnaire which contained more detailed questions
      about the usual quantity and frequency of drinking beers, wines and spirits, the
      Cage Questions again and the Brief Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (BMAST).
      Asking simple quantity-frequency questions coupled with a question about bingeing
      during the clinical history was shown to be a quick and efficient method of
      estimating alcohol intake. Self-administered questionnaires were shown to be
      unnecessary and although the Cage Questions performed better than the BMAST,
      these alcoholism screening tests were found to be unreliable in this population
      in which drinking was generally at a low level.

PMID- 2920070
TI  - Alcoholism, alcohol and attempted suicide.
AB  - Attempted suicide patients referred to a general hospital over a 10 year period
      were studied with regard to alcoholism and drinking in association with suicide
      attempts. Alcoholism was diagnosed in 7.9% of patients (14.6% of males and 4.2%
      females), and this diagnosis became proportionately more common in both sexes
      during the study period. However, only male alcoholic attempters showed an
      increase in absolute numbers during the study period, the increase in the
      proportion of females diagnosed as alcoholic being due to a decline in attempts
      by non-alcoholics. Particularly high rates of alcoholism were found in the
      unemployed of both sexes and in housewives. Alcoholic attempters were at greatly
      increased risk of making repeat attempts. Alcohol consumption shortly before a
      suicide attempt and as part of the act was extremely common, especially among
      alcoholics. In addition to increasing the likelihood of an attempt, alcohol may
      add considerably to the danger of overdoses. Careful investigation of drinking
      patterns should be an integral part of the assessment of all attempted suicide
      patients, and there should be close liaison between general hospital services for
      such patients and local alcoholism treatment services.

PMID- 2920071
TI  - Effect of acute ethanol ingestion on human gastric luminal prostaglandin E2,
      prostaglandin F2 alpha and 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha.
AB  - In healthy human volunteers we evaluated the effect of a single oral dose of 1
      g/kg of alcohol (12.5%, v/v) on the output of prostaglandin E2, prostaglandin F2
      alpha and 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha in the gastric juice. In control
      experiments performed at intervals of 5-8 days, the subjects received the
      identical volume of water. Ninety minutes after the ingestion of alcohol, or
      water, first the basal secretion and subsequently the secretion after injection
      of pentagastrin (6 micrograms/kg, i.m.) were collected over periods of 60 min.
      The concentrations of the three prostaglandins were determined by radio
      immunoassay. After ingestion of alcohol, the volume of gastric juice in response
      to pentagastrin stimulation was reduced by 24.6%, as compared with the control
      period. Ingestion of alcohol led to a significant reduction in the concentration
      of prostaglandin E2 (-42.7%) after stimulation with pentagastrin. The
      prostaglandin E2 output per hour was markedly inhibited by the ingestion of
      alcohol, both in the basal period (-47%) and after stimulation with pentagastrin
      (-55%). While stimulation with pentagastrin did not influence the secretion of
      PGE2 or PGF2 alpha, the output of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha increased appreciably (+88%)
      after the administration of pentagastrin. Alcohol also significantly (-28%)
      inhibited the secretion of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha in the period following the
      administration of pentagastrin. It is supposed that the inhibition of the
      secretion of prostaglandin E2 and 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha by acute alcohol
      ingestion, might be of significance for the development of alcohol-induced
      mucosal damage in the stomach.

PMID- 2920072
TI  - Alcohol consumption in Guadeloupe.
AB  - This study bears upon the patterns of alcohol consumption in Guadeloupe (French
      West Indies), and has been carried out over a representative sample of adults.
      Each subject was questioned about his or her consumption of alcoholic drinks and
      a blood sample taken to measure the biological indicators of chronic alcohol
      consumption. The resulting mean consumption has permitted Guadeloupeans to be
      classed among the world's foremost consumers of alcohol. For almost half of the
      adult population, this consumption takes place on a daily basis and therefore
      constitutes part of everyday life. The patterns of alcohol consumption are linked
      to sex, age, level of education, employment and socio-professional categories.
      The heavy-drinking man tends to be elderly, has a low level of education and is
      an agricultural worker; his consumption is based on rum. The woman is middle-aged
      and not working; her consumption is based on wine. These stated characteristics
      permit the setting up of tailored prevention programs.

PMID- 2920073
TI  - Patient use of treatment options at an ATU and ratings of their relative
      usefulness.
AB  - A sample of new patients attending an ATU was followed up for 6 months. All those
      who had completed at least 3 months of treatment were asked about the kinds of
      treatment they had received and their views about the usefulness of the various
      treatment options available (as were staff). Treatment outcome was assessed in
      terms of drinking behaviour and patient ratings of the severity of their drinking
      problem. The survey showed considerable variation in the intensity of treatment
      received; overall the cohort reduced their alcohol consumption substantially
      (particularly those who received more intensive treatment) and believed their
      drinking problem to be much less serious. Patient (and staff) views of the
      various treatment options are presented and discussed. Although staff and
      patients differed substantially in their views both groups showed little support
      for the involvement of relatives in treatment.

PMID- 2920074
TI  - Incidence of cervical spine injuries in association with blunt head trauma.
AB  - To establish an incidence of cervical spine injuries in significant blunt head
      trauma and to evaluate the necessity of using cervical radiography, all
      consecutive cases of blunt head trauma admitted to the trauma service over a 7
      month period were reviewed. Two hundred twenty-eight charts were reviewed for
      demographic information, circumstance of injury, complaints and physical findings
      referable to the cervical spine, presenting level of consciousness, severity of
      head injury, and cervical spine radiographic findings. Only three patients were
      found to have cervical spine injuries, for an incidence of 1.7%. Of the 122 alert
      and asymptomatic patients, none had cervical spine injury. The patient population
      was defined, yet the very low incidence of cervical spine injuries associated
      with blunt head trauma in this study precludes any identification of predictors.
      Nevertheless, the results suggest that alert and asymptomatic patients can be
      spared cervical spine radiography.

PMID- 2920075
TI  - Training lay persons to use automatic external defibrillators: success of initial
      training and one-year retention of skills.
AB  - This study was conducted to determine the feasibility of recruitment of lay
      persons to use automatic external defibrillators (AEDs), the effectiveness of
      their initial training, and the need for and frequency of retraining over time.
      Volunteers (n = 146), recruited from a variety of settings, included security
      personnel and administrative staff from large corporate centers, supervisors from
      senior care and exercise facilities, and employees in high-rise office buildings.
      Seven sites for 14 AEDs were recruited. In a single, two-hour class, participants
      learned to identify and respond to cardiac arrest, to notify emergency personnel,
      to retrieve and attach the semiautomatic (shock advisory) AED, and to respond to
      instructions presented on the display screen of the device. A skills check list
      was used to grade each student on performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation,
      operation of the device, and time required to deliver an electric countershock.
      Retesting was performed one or more times after initial training to assess skill
      retention. The study lasted 1 year. All age groups, both sexes, and each
      responder type easily learned to operate the AED, with a trend for lower
      performance scores in people aged greater than 60 years. Performance time and
      skills declined significantly after initial training, but returned to
      satisfactory levels after one retraining session and were even higher after two
      retraining sessions. With retesting, errors that would have prevented delivery of
      countershocks to patients in ventricular fibrillation were rare (six of 146
      tests, 4%). During the year of this study only three cardiac arrests occurred in
      the study sites.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2920076
TI  - A comparison of oral, rectal, and tympanic membrane-derived temperature changes
      after ingestion of liquids and smoking.
AB  - Ambulatory patients frequently ingest liquids or smoke just before temperature
      measurement. The change in body temperature measurements over time following
      ingestion of ice water, hot water, and smoking were investigated. Twenty-two
      healthy, afebrile study subjects sequentially ingested temperature-controlled
      water and smoked a cigarette. Simultaneous oral and auditory canal temperatures
      were measured over 15 minutes following ingestion. Auditory canal temperatures
      were obtained with an infrared detection probe; we designated this process a
      tympanic membrane-derived (TMD) temperature. To determine the correlation between
      rectal and TMD temperatures, 100 patients had simultaneous measurements at both
      sites. Mean initial temperatures were rectal, 37.1 +/- 0.5 degrees C (mean +/-
      S.D.); oral, 36.4 +/- 0.4 degrees C; and TMD, 37.4 +/- 0.4 degrees C. Maximal
      mean oral temperature change was greatest at 1.5 minutes after hot, +0.9 +/- 0.1
      degrees C, and cold, -1.2 +/- 0.2 degrees C, water. This change was statistically
      significant for seven minutes at the 95% confidence level (analysis of variance
      test with Dunnett's multiple range test for significance). There was no
      significant change in the TMD temperature with any ingestion. The Pearson
      correlation coefficient for 107 pairs of rectal and TMD temperatures, r = 0.90 (P
      less than .001), was excellent. It was concluded that hot and cold liquids
      significantly influence oral temperature measurement for seven to nine minutes
      following ingestion. TMD temperature is unaffected by liquid ingestion and may
      allow accurate measurement of body temperature. Further studies are needed to
      determine the accuracy of TMD temperature over a wide range of body temperature
      in diverse clinical settings.

PMID- 2920077
TI  - High-pressure water injection injury to the hand.
AB  - An 84-year-old man presented with a high-pressure injection injury of the left
      thumb. The hand-held water gun involved generates less pressure than the grease
      and paint sprayers usually involved in these injuries. The patient was managed
      conservatively in the hospital with elevation, observation, and dressing changes.
      Surgical debridement was not required. This case points out a previously
      unrecognized hazard of these devices, particularly to older individuals with
      atrophic skin.

PMID- 2920078
TI  - Rectal diazepam in pediatric status epilepticus.
AB  - Status epilepticus is a neurologic emergency with an 8% to 12% mortality. Rapid
      ablation of seizure activity is imperative. Although intravenous administration
      of diazepam is the preferred immediate treatment, vascular access is often
      difficult to achieve. Rectal administration of diazepam is easily accomplished
      during status epilepticus. Five cases in which diazepam administered in the
      rectal lumen stopped seizure activity are reported. Rectal diazepam appears to be
      safe and efficacious. It should be considered as an alternate to intravenous
      therapy when immediate vascular access is delayed. Rectal diazepam may have great
      benefit in the prehospital setting.

PMID- 2920079
TI  - Tracheal obstruction presenting as new-onset wheezing.
AB  - Two cases of recent-onset dyspnea and wheezing initially treated with
      bronchodilator therapy for presumed reactive airway disease are presented. Plain
      film chest radiographs subsequently demonstrated mediastinal masses causing
      extrinsic tracheal compression. The first patient had inoperable poorly
      differentiated squamous cell carcinoma resistant to radiotherapy. The second
      patient underwent resection of a substernal multinodular goiter with complete
      resolution of symptoms. The physician should always entertain the diagnosis of
      upper airway obstruction in all adult patients with new-onset wheezing. New-onset
      adult wheezing of uncertain etiology should prompt the physician to refer the
      patient for pulmonary function testing with flow-volume loops.

PMID- 2920080
TI  - Postural guarding and hypertension as initial manifestations of Guillain-Barre
      syndrome.
AB  - A child without any prodromal events presented with incapacitating, symmetrical
      limb pain intensified by any movement. He lacked objective motor weakness or
      reflex changes. A provisional diagnosis of Guillain-Barre syndrome was not
      entertained despite sequential examinations that further documented dysesthesia,
      postural guarding, and hypertension. The clinician must consider Guillain-Barre
      syndrome as a cause for self-imposed immobilization associated with autonomic
      dysfunction.

PMID- 2920081
TI  - Pacemaker electrode perforation of the myocardium: an unusual etiology for
      recurrent abdominal pain.
AB  - A 79-year-old man with a permanent pacemaker presented on five separate occasions
      to the emergency department with recurrent episodes of crampy abdominal pain.
      Extensive radiographic studies and repetitive labwork were nondiagnostic. Shortly
      after hospital admission on the fifth visit he experienced cardiac arrest and was
      successfully resuscitated. Poor pacemaker capture and paced clonic contractions
      of the diaphragm and abdominal wall were noted, suggesting myocardial perforation
      by the pacemaker electrode. A new lead and pulse generator were implanted and the
      patient was discharged without further abdominal discomfort. Implications of
      pacemaker electrode perforation of the myocardium are discussed.

PMID- 2920082
TI  - Hemorrhagic compression of the phrenic nerve after streptokinase infusion.
AB  - A 72-year-old woman with acute myocardial infarction underwent intravenous
      streptokinase therapy following an unsuccessful attempt at right subclavian vein
      catheterization. Three hours after initiation of therapy, chest radiograph
      revealed a markedly elevated right hemidiaphragm. Subsequent computed tomography
      and fluoroscopy of the chest revealed paralysis of the phrenic nerve by hematoma.
      This case demonstrates the hazards of attempted cannulation of noncompressible
      vessels when fibrinolytic therapy is anticipated.

PMID- 2920083
TI  - The cost of smoking: an emergency department analysis.
AB  - A representative sample of emergency departments visits was taken to determine
      the incidence of tobacco-related illnesses. Seven percent of all visits and 12%
      of gross billings were for illnesses associated with tobacco use. After
      calculation of attributable risk it was determined that 3% of visits and 5% of
      gross billings were directly attributable to tobacco. When the latter figures are
      extrapolated to all emergency departments in the United States, the result is
      nearly 2.5 million visits and $0.5 billion per year.

PMID- 2920084
TI  - Detection of colovesical fistula in the emergency department: report of a case.
AB  - A case of colovesical fistula is described, revealing the pathognomonic findings
      of terminal pneumaturia and fecaluria. The sensitivity and specificity of various
      procedures that can be performed in the emergency department for confirmation of
      the diagnosis are evaluated. Dye studies including methylene blue, the Bourne
      test, the modified diatrizoate (gastrograffin) test, barium enema and
      cystography, cystoscopy and colocystoscopic examination, and computed tomography
      and nuclear medicine scans are discussed as diagnostic modalities. Surgical
      treatment of colovesical fistula is briefly reviewed. As colovesical fistula are
      thought to occur in 2% to 22% of patients with known diverticular disease, it is
      reasonable to question all patients with recurrent urinary tract infection,
      especially those with known disease of the colon, regarding symptoms of terminal
      pneumaturia and fecaluria.

PMID- 2920085
TI  - Massive hemoperitoneum following rupture of hepatic metastases from unsuspected
      choriocarcinoma.
AB  - Spontaneous massive hemoperitoneum in a reproductive-aged woman is usually
      associated with ectopic pregnancy. An unusual cause of intraperitoneal hemorrhage
      is presented: spontaneous rupture of hepatic metastases from unsuspected
      choriocarcinoma in a 29-year-old woman 4 weeks postpartum. Although
      choriocarcinoma is known to have the potential for subsequent hemorrhage of
      secondary sites, massive hemoperitoneum due to rupture of hepatic metastases is
      rare. In this case report, the presentation, prognosis groups, and treatment
      modalities are presented.

PMID- 2920086
TI  - Serial serum drug concentrations and prolonged anticholinergic toxicity after
      benztropine (Cogentin) overdose.
AB  - A 38-year-old man overdosed on benztropine mesylate (Cogentin; Merck Sharpe &
      Dohme, West Point, PA) and developed anticholinergic poisoning syndrome, which
      lasted nine days. Serial serum benztropine concentrations were obtained during
      his hospitalization. Fluctuating benztropine levels suggested that his lengthy
      intoxication may have been secondary to prolonged, intermittent absorption rather
      than from slow plasma clearance. This is believed to be the first report of
      serial serum benztropine concentrations after overdose.

PMID- 2920087
TI  - Improving medical communication with facsimile (fax) transmission.
AB  - Facsimile machines (fax) used intensely in business, send copies of documents
      from one location to another. The medical potential for fax has not been fully
      explored. A general background in fax and the potential uses for fax between
      hospitals and within hospitals are described. Fax permits small hospitals to
      share the resources of larger hospitals and permits a large hospital to share
      resources more efficiently among its departments. The cost of a fax unit is small
      compared with the amount of work and time it can save. Clinics and private
      physicians may also find fax units cost effective. Fax boards, which provide fax
      capability to personal computers, are also described. The use of fax could
      streamline the process of patient transfer, telephone patient consultation,
      medical records retrieval, ECG interpretation, central information distribution,
      retrieval of medical literature, inpatient pharmacy orders, etc.

PMID- 2920088
TI  - The acute presentation of intestinal nonrotation.
AB  - Intestinal nonrotation has been recognized as a cause of obstruction in neonates
      and children. However, it can also be the cause of significant abdominal pain in
      adults. The pain is recurrent and often associated with a feeling of distention.
      If the diagnosis is entertained, it often can be made from basic clinical
      information.

PMID- 2920089
TI  - Hypnosis in the emergency department.
AB  - Five cases are presented wherein hypnosis was used by the emergency physician
      either as the primary mode of treatment or as an adjuvant to standard medical
      care. Common hypnotic phenomena (eg, anesthesia, analgesia), as well as novel
      effects, are reported. The technique used for trance induction and utilization is
      briefly outlined, and criteria are set forth for the bedside recognition of
      hypnotic trance.

PMID- 2920090
TI  - Head trauma and cervical spine injuries.

PMID- 2920091
TI  - [Asthma and isocyanates].
AB  - 1. After having reviewed all the 22 patients in Belgium who are indemnified for
      isocyanate occupational asthma, the authors cannot find any significant factor
      that would permit screening and previous eviction (atopy, smoking habits). Every
      patient suffers from a non-specific bronchial responsiveness even after the end
      of exposure. 2. The specific RAST HDI, MDI, TDI, performed on 26 exposed workers
      suggests an IgE-mediated sensitization, that does not appear to be a reliable
      diagnostic or prognostic factor of the disease.

PMID- 2920092
TI  - [Tracheobronchial wheezing of childhood turning into asthma?].
AB  - In order to study the allergic, immunological, functional and bronchial
      hyperreactivity (BHR) differences between wheezy bronchitis and perennial asthma,
      the author studied 285 children aged 4 to 13, divided in three groups: asthma
      group (A.g.) 102; wheezy bronchitis (W.b.g.) 103; control group 20. The following
      tests were done: skin prick test (SPT) with D. pteronyssinus (DP), Total IgE,
      specific IgE anti-DP (RAST), functional respiratory tests (FRT) with a Jaeger
      whole body plethysmography, and acetylcholine challenge to test the nonspecific
      BHR. The results show us that there are a greater number of positive SPT and
      positive RAST, functional abnormalities and a higher sensitivity to acetylcholine
      in asthmatic children (A.g.) than in those with wheezy bronchitis (differences
      between the two groups are statistically significant). (table; see text) The
      findings indicate that it exists in w.b. children an allergo-immunological
      mechanism and a bronchial hyperreactivity as we observe in asthma, but in a
      milder degree. W.b. must be carefully watched over because an important number go
      on to overt asthma. In conclusion, there is a close link between wheezy
      bronchitis and asthma in children. Atopic w.b. should be treated as an atopic
      asthma.

PMID- 2920093
TI  - Neurovegetative assessment in subjects with a risk for hypertension.
AB  - Cardiacneurovegatative assessment was studied in 60 subjects divided into three
      groups consisting of 20 normotensive subjects without familial hypertension, 20
      normotensive subjects with familial hypertension, and 20 patients with mild
      hypertension. Cardiacneurovegetative function was investigated by evaluations of
      these parameters: systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressure, heart rate, skin
      temperature, skin conductance, and muscular contraction. These measurements were
      taken before and after psychological stress (mathematical, Sacks' incomplete
      sentences, electrical, auditory) and after physical stress (cold, hand grip, head
      up tilt, lying, and standing). The results showed a significant difference of the
      psychophysiologic profiles among the three groups. On the contrary, the
      cardiovascular variables were not very sensitive or well-discriminating,
      especially when response amplitude was considered. In conclusion we propose the
      hypothesis that identification of the psychophysiologic profile in certain
      individuals may be a better marker for future development of hypertension in
      subjects with a genetic risk.

PMID- 2920094
TI  - Clinical use of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring.
AB  - This paper describes the alerting reaction and blood pressure rise induced in the
      patient when blood pressure measurement is taken by the doctor, emphasizing that
      this may be responsible for important errors in estimating the real untreated or
      treated blood pressure in hypertension. It then examines the advantages offered
      by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. It is shown that when performed intra
      arterially this approach may be useful in the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma.
      However, its wider use as a means to better discriminate between normotensive and
      borderline or mild hypertensive subjects should not yet be advocated because
      information on normalcy of ambulatory blood pressure values is limited.
      Furthermore, although target organ damage of hypertension correlates more closely
      with 24-hour or day-time blood pressure mean than with sphygmomanometric values,
      there is insufficient prospective evidence that ambulatory blood pressure is
      prognostically superior to cuff blood pressure. Finally, noninvasive ambulatory
      blood pressure monitoring (ie, the only approach suitable for clinical practice)
      is not accurate because of the relatively large number of artifactual readings
      and their limited correspondence to intra-arterial values.

PMID- 2920095
TI  - Blood pressure recovery curves after submaximal exercise. A predictor of
      hypertension at ten-year follow-up.
AB  - The purpose of this study is to examine the usefulness of blood pressure recovery
      curves after submaximal exercise in apparently normotensive young adults as an
      early predictor for hypertension. Twenty-six college age males in 1977, with
      normal blood pressures at rest, were given the Harvard Step Test and postexercise
      blood pressures were recorded. Criteria were set that differentiated a
      hypertensive from a normotensive response to exercise. In 1987, these individuals
      were contacted regarding their blood pressure status. Nine out of ten subjects
      who demonstrated a hypertensive response to exercise in 1977, now have been given
      the diagnosis of hypertension. Eleven out of twelve subjects who demonstrated a
      normotensive response to exercise in 1977, now are still considered to be
      normotensive. A proposed hypothesis is that during the course of this disease,
      exercise can unmask hypertension in subjects who have the potential for
      developing hypertension but currently have a normal resting blood pressure.

PMID- 2920096
TI  - Dietary calcium alters blood pressure in neonatal spontaneously hypertensive
      rats.
AB  - Dietary alterations in young genetically hypertensive rats have been shown to
      have a substantial impact on subsequent blood pressure (BP) development. In the
      present study, spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) pups fostered at birth to
      high calcium (2%) SHR dams developed significantly lower mean arterial pressures
      by 28 days of age than pups fostered to low calcium (0.1%) dams (93.7 v 107.7 mm
      Hg, P less than .01). To determine whether BP differences were due to milk
      ingestion or to late lactational solid diet consumption, a second experiment was
      performed. Pups were fostered at birth to medium calcium (1.0%) dams and weaned
      at 21 days to one of three calcium diets. Blood pressures were determined at 28
      days after birth. Pups weaned to the high diet at 21 days had lower pressures at
      28 days than pups weaned to the low diet (94.2 v 108.3, P less than .01),
      suggesting that the pressure variations in the first experiment were due
      primarily to solid food consumption by the pups late in the suckling period. This
      rapid BP alteration suggests that neonatal SHR have an enhanced susceptibility to
      the pressure effects of dietary calcium.

PMID- 2920097
TI  - Does chronic hyperinsulinemia cause hypertension?
AB  - The aim of this study was to determine whether chronic hyperinsulinemia,
      comparable to that found in obesity-associated hypertension, causes sustained
      increases in mean arterial pressure (MAP) or potentiates the hypertensive effects
      of angiotensin II (ANG II). Insulin infusion (0.5 or 1.0 mU/kg/min, IV), with
      plasma glucose held constant by IV glucose infusion, for seven to 28 days raised
      plasma insulin by five- to ten-fold, but did not significantly change MAP in dogs
      with reduced kidney mass that were maintained on high sodium intake. In dogs
      infused with ANG II to cause mild hypertension, insulin for 28 days did not
      potentiate the hypertension. Insulin infusion did, however, cause modest sodium
      retention during the first few days of infusion. These findings suggest that
      additional factors besides hyperinsulinemia per se are responsible for obesity
      associated hypertension.

PMID- 2920098
TI  - Saline infusion causes rapid increase in parathyroid hormone and intracellular
      calcium levels.
AB  - Previous data demonstrate that increasing dietary NaCl causes an increase in
      intracellular calcium, possibly due to elevations in parathyroid hormone (PTH).
      To ascertain whether NaCl can induce a rise in PTH and thereby raise
      intracellular calcium, five adult males were infused with normal saline, and
      plasma was analyzed for intact PTH and erythrocytes for intracellular calcium at
      15-minute intervals. Saline infusion caused a significant increase in PTH within
      15 minutes and in intracellular calcium within 30 minutes. To further demonstrate
      that PTH was directly responsible for the increased intracellular calcium,
      erythrocyte suspensions were incubated with PTH, and the PTH caused significant,
      sustained elevations in erythrocyte total intracellular calcium. These data
      indicate that NaCl-induced increases in vascular resistance may result, in part,
      from PTH-induced increases in intracellular calcium.

PMID- 2920099
TI  - What can be safely said about predialysis treatment?
AB  - The modern principles of protein restriction and concomitant treatment in the
      predialysis period were explained. Our own data of a prospective study show the
      superiority of a keto acid-substituted diet with regard to the progression of
      chronic renal failure. The advantage of a keto acid administration was
      underlined.

PMID- 2920100
TI  - Psychological aspects of low protein diet therapy.
AB  - One of the main problems in low protein diet is patient's noncompliance and the
      risk of both depression and reduced quality of life. A pilot study investigated
      the life-style and the state of mood before and during low protein diet. The
      results show a deterioration in the life-style and the state of mood. Conclusions
      are concentrated on the necessity of a systematic psychological well-founded low
      protein diet educational program.

PMID- 2920101
TI  - Engulfment of the Philadelphia strain of Legionella pneumophila within pseudopod
      coils in human phagocytes. Comparison with other Legionella strains and species.
AB  - In this paper we report our ultrastructural studies of the early phagocytosis of
      two different strains of L. pneumophila serogroup (SG) 1 (Philadelphia 1 and
      Knoxville 1) and of L. micdadei. These bacteria replicate, in vivo as well as in
      vitro, in eukaryotic cells e.g. in monocytes and macrophages. Whether or not the
      mode of entry of these organisms in phagocytes contributes to their intracellular
      survival is presently unknown. Whilst internalization of bacteria of the
      Philadelphia 1 strain occurred within a pseudopod coil, organisms of the
      Knoxville 1 strain and L. micdadei were phagocytized in the classical manner,
      i.e. between pseudopods. No ultrastructural differences were observed between the
      two strains of L. pneumophila SG 1 whereas L. micdadei appeared as shorter rods
      with an extracellular layer of relatively low electron density. The phenomenon of
      coiling phagocytosis was not affected by heat-killing the bacteria or
      preopsonization with specific antibody. Formation of phagolysosomes was seen when
      cells of the Knoxville strain and L. micdadei were used but not with the
      Philadelphia strain. In our experiments, the occurrence of coiling phagocytosis
      was specific for the Philadelphia 1 strain of L. pneumophila and independent of
      bacterial virulence. Thus, it seems most unlikely that the coiling phenomenon
      plays any important role in the resistance of Legionella to the killing abilities
      of phagocytic cells.

PMID- 2920102
TI  - Cortical bone cross-sectional osteon size in chronic pulmonary insufficiency and
      regional ischemic states.
AB  - Cross sectional osteon diameter (D) and Haversian canal diameter (d) were
      measured in undecalcified, unstained sections from the mid-diaphysis of femoral
      bones from 13 patients with long lasting chronic pulmonary insufficiency, 10
      patients with unilateral thrombosis of the femoral artery and from sex- and age
      matched normal controls. The cross sectional osteon radius (R = the distance
      travelled by osteoclats), the mean wall thickness (MWT = (D-d)/2 = distance
      travelled by osteoblasts) and the structural unit balance (B = R/MWT) were
      calculated. No significant differences were found in R, MWT og B between chronic
      pulmonary insufficiency patients and normal controls. Furthermore, no significant
      differences were found between thrombotic or non-thrombotic legs or between
      thrombotic legs and their normal controls. This part of the study does not
      support the concept that the distance travelled by the osteoclasts (R) depends on
      local supply of nutrients and/or removal of waste products. However, in all
      patients and controls R was larger in the inner zone than in the outer zone (p
      less than 0.01). This could be explained by the anatomy of the arterial supply to
      cortical bone supporting the above hypothesis.

PMID- 2920103
TI  - Similar chromosomal evolution in a uterine stromomyosarcoma and in one of two
      leiomyomas from the same patient.
AB  - The chromosomes from three uterine tumours found in the same patient, two benign
      leiomyomas (L22 and L23) and a low-grade stroma cell sarcoma with leiomyomatous
      differentiation (L24), were studied by banding technique. L23 had an abnormal
      stemline distinguished by triosomy 12. The sarcoma showed a stemline with the
      same 7q-marker as L23 plus a marker del (12)(q13-24). A comparison with
      cytogenetically studied myomas collected from the literature showed (1) that
      there are at least three different recurrent, primary, gross chromosomal changes,
      viz. t(12;14)(q14-15;q23-24), t(1;2)(p36;p24) and del(7)(q22-31) and that there
      exist at least five further types of primary chromosomal deviations. The sarcoma
      showed aberrations identical or closely related to the recurrent structural
      deviations in myomas. These observations indicate a similar evolutionary pattern
      in benign and malignant leiomyomatous tumours.

PMID- 2920104
TI  - Generation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against Staphylococcus
      aureus thermonuclease.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against Staphylococcus aureus thermonuclease (TN)
      were raised by immunizing BALB/c mice with a commercial TN preparation. Six
      monoclones were generated producing MAbs specific for S. aureus TN as tested in
      Western blots and ELISA. They all combined with a 17 kD and a 21 kD protein,
      respectively, both of which showed DNase activity. All MAbs were of IgG1 isotype
      with kappa light chain. Competition ELISA showed that five of the MAbs recognized
      a total of three different binding sites of TN, designated I, II and III,
      respectively. Only the anti-site II MAbs inhibited the DNase activity. A MAb
      based sandwich ELISA showed a lower detection limit for TN of approximately 0.5
      ng/ml protein. Only S. aureus strains (culture supernatants) showed positive
      ELISA (31 positive/31 tested), although other tested gram positive cocci produced
      thermostable nucleases. The MAbs have potentials as reagents for rapid and
      specific detection of S. aureus.

PMID- 2920105
TI  - Implantation of colon cancer cells onto renal pelvic mucosa. A case report.
AB  - We report here on a patient with recurrent sigmoid colon carcinoma. Postmortem
      examination revealed a fist-sized tumor in the retroperitoneum, invasive to the
      left ureter obstructing its lumen causing hydronephrosis of the ipsilateral
      kidney. Histological examination of the kidney showed multiple foci of
      adenocarcinoma cells on the pelvic surface. Invasion into the underlying tissue
      was not observed, and there was no tumor in the submucosal tissue of the pelvis
      or in the parenchyma of the left kidney. Cancer cells on the renal pelvic mucosa
      showed strong immunoreactivities for CEA and CA 19-9. These findings suggest that
      the tumor foci in the pelvis are formed by the intraluminal implantation of colon
      cancer cells detached from the ureteric metastasis. Our case presents the
      possibility of the implantation of carcinoma cells in the human urinary tract.

PMID- 2920106
TI  - Qualitative assessment and morphometry in the study of the ileal reservoir after
      restorative proctocolectomy.
AB  - Little is known about the long-term effects on the reservoir mucosa in patients
      with ulcerative colitis and familial polyposis coli who undergo proctocolectomy
      with subsequent construction of ileal reservoir/pouch and ileoanal anastomosis.
      In these patients, questions regarding adaptation towards a more colon-like
      mucosa and/or development of (pre)malignant changes are of particular importance.
      With the aim of designing a method for reliable evaluation of the mucosa in the
      ileal pouch, biopsies from 10 patients were studied by semiquantitative
      assessment and morphometry. The findings were compared with those obtained from
      normal jejunum, ileum, and colon. The following parameters were found to be
      important: Villous surface density, quantity of goblet cells, number of mitoses,
      and the presence/absence of predominantly sulphated mucin+ goblet cells. The
      number of Paneth cells did not show significant changes. The villous surface
      density was determined by a cycloid test system applied to vertical sections.
      Semiquantitative assessment was a sufficiently precise method for the evaluation
      of the quantity of goblet cells. The counting of sulphated mucin+ goblet cells
      was not reproducible, instead a simple statement about the presence or absence of
      these cells was judged to be adequate. The number of mitoses and of Paneth cells
      were counted directly. During the first year of function the ileal pouch showed
      signs of adaptation towards a colon-like mucosa: Reduction of villous surface
      density, increased mitotic activity, and appearance of sulphated mucin+ goblet
      cells. The number of Paneth cells did not show significant changes. The amount of
      goblet cells was generally not increased, rather reduced in some patients.

PMID- 2920107
TI  - 'Patient charges and the use of dental services: some evidence'.

PMID- 2920108
TI  - Vocational training eligibility.

PMID- 2920110
TI  - 'Soft lasers--have they a place in dentistry?'.

PMID- 2920109
TI  - 'Identification in the Manchester air disaster'.

PMID- 2920111
TI  - Fair pay for hygienists.

PMID- 2920112
TI  - 'HIV infection: comparing attitudes, knowledge and cross-infection control
      amongst dentists in San Francisco and Great Britain'.

PMID- 2920113
TI  - 'A physical and microbial evaluation of the re-use of non-sterile gloves'.

PMID- 2920114
TI  - 'Dentists causing harm with x-rays'.

PMID- 2920115
TI  - AIDS and dentistry.

PMID- 2920116
TI  - Funds for research.

PMID- 2920117
TI  - Intracranial tumours presenting with facial pain.
AB  - Facial pain is a common presenting symptom in oral surgery outpatient clinics.
      Among the large number of patients presenting in this way, a small number of
      patients will be found to have intracranial tumours. Three such cases are
      described and recommendations made regarding the selection of facial pain
      patients for further investigation.

PMID- 2920118
TI  - Cervicofacial actinomycosis in pregnancy.
AB  - Two cases of cervicofacial actinomycosis in pregnancy are described and the
      refractory nature of the condition in pregnancy is discussed.

PMID- 2920119
TI  - Calcification of the dental papilla. A rare finding.
AB  - An interesting case is reported, of calcification of the dental papilla. As yet,
      little is known about this asymptomatic calcification, which constitutes a rare
      radiographic finding, deforming the root of a vital tooth, generally a lower
      premolar or canine.

PMID- 2920120
TI  - Simple summary calculations.
AB  - Methods of measuring the general magnitude or central tendency of sets of data
      are described, including the mean, median and mode. Similarly, methods of
      determining the degree of dispersion of the observations about the mean,
      including range, variance, and standard deviation are presented, together with
      worked practical examples of their use and importance. The use of algebraic
      notation in statistics is described.

PMID- 2920121
TI  - Oral surgery: the diagnosis.
AB  - It is because we are experts in our field that patients seek our advice about the
      varied problems that they have in and around their mouths. In order to be able to
      give such advice, and to effectively treat the patient, a wide range of
      knowledge, skills and expertise has to be called upon by the practitioner.
      Listening to, observing, questioning, examining and performing further tests on
      the patient are all necessary stages along the pathway leading to a diagnosis.
      Only then is the practitioner in a position to consider the treatment options and
      to enter into discussions with the patient as to the best course of action to
      take. The time spent in this part of patient management is time well spent, and
      will greatly increase the likelihood of a successful outcome to the treatment.

PMID- 2920122
TI  - Vocational training. A year of opportunity.
AB  - Vocational training, a stepping stone or a wasted year? The response speaks for
      itself. The need was perceived for some sort of cushioning between under-graduate
      protection and the harsh realities of a working day in general practice. The
      support for the scheme from dental students was overwhelming. The worried
      conversations of some final year students, discussing their futures, should
      change dramatically. The new graduate can now face the challenges of his first
      steps in the real world with more confidence and security. Yet, argues Simon
      Lewis, vocational training offers much more than just a stepping-stone.

PMID- 2920123
TI  - AIDS update.

PMID- 2920124
TI  - NHS: the challenge of change.

PMID- 2920125
TI  - Belshazzar's feast.

PMID- 2920126
TI  - 'Keeping up-to-date with tooth notation'.

PMID- 2920127
TI  - Oral surgery and orthodontic training.

PMID- 2920128
TI  - 'Community orthodontic services: a local review'.

PMID- 2920129
TI  - 'Spare a thought for the resident hospital dental surgeon'.

PMID- 2920130
TI  - 'The control of cross-infection in dentistry'.

PMID- 2920131
TI  - Management of the small child with gross caries.

PMID- 2920132
TI  - 'The hospital service today'.

PMID- 2920133
TI  - A comparison of ibuprofen and dihydrocodeine in relieving pain following wisdom
      teeth removal.
AB  - Although dihydrocodeine (DF118) is widely prescribed by general dental
      practitioners, there is little evidence that it is successful in controlling post
      operative dental pain. Ibuprofen is known to be effective in this situation. A
      single dose, double-blind study was carried out in 148 patients to compare 400 mg
      ibuprofen with 30 mg dihydrocodeine and placebo for treating moderate to severe
      pain following the removal of unilateral, impacted mandibular third molar teeth
      under local anaesthesia. An additional dose of either ibuprofen or dihydrocodeine
      was available after 2 hours. The post-operative ibuprofen reduced pain and
      produced more pain relief than dihydrocodeine or placebo. Furthermore, fewer
      patients receiving ibuprofen took additional analgesic at 2 hours. Patients who
      received ibuprofen as supplementary medication also experienced less pain and had
      greater pain relief than those receiving dihydrocodeine as supplementary
      medication, even when their post-operative treatment had been placebo. More
      patients reported the medication as having been effective if they took ibuprofen
      either post-operatively or as supplementary analgesia. Ibuprofen is an
      appropriate analgesic for treating post-operative dental pain.

PMID- 2920134
TI  - The prevention of cross-infection. Progress in the West Midlands.
AB  - A questionnaire was sent to a group of general dental practitioners in the West
      Midlands, one year after they had participated in a previous survey and a year
      following publication of the British Dental Association's 'Guide to blood-borne
      viruses and the control of cross-infection in dentistry'. Results show that
      awareness of the need to safeguard patients and staff from the risks of cross
      infection continues to grow and that procedures undertaken to reduce the
      possibility of cross-infection continue to be improved.

PMID- 2920135
TI  - Oral surgery: assessment and treatment.
AB  - In arriving at a diagnosis, a dentist will have employed much skill and
      expertise, but there can be no doubt that in formulating a treatment plan, in
      addition to skill and expertise, intuition and wisdom (and sometimes inspiration)
      are required. Whereas the road to diagnosis is paved with objectivity, the road
      to treatment is paved with subjectivity and instinct.

PMID- 2920136
TI  - Probability and sampling.
AB  - The concept of probability is introduced, and the role of probability
      distributions in statistical theory is discussed, with particular reference to
      the Normal distribution and its characteristics. Sampling and sampling variation
      are described, together with sampling error, the standard error of the mean, and
      confidence intervals for determining the likely magnitude of a population mean.

PMID- 2920137
TI  - Mortality in the British rubber industry 1946-85.
AB  - The mortality experienced by a cohort of 36,691 rubber workers during 1946-85 has
      been investigated. These workers were all male operatives first employed in any
      one of the 13 participating factories in 1946-60; all had worked continuously in
      the industry for a minimum period of one year. Compared with the general
      population, statistically significant excesses relating to cancer mortality were
      found for cancer of the pharynx (E = 20.2, O = 30, SMR = 149), oesophagus (E =
      87.6, O = 107, SMR = 122), stomach (E = 316.5, O = 359, SMR = 113), lung (E =
      1219.2, O = 1592, SMR = 131), and all neoplasms (E = 2965.6, O = 3344, SMR =
      113). Statistically significant deficits were found for cancer of the prostate.
      (E = 128.2, O = 91, SMR = 71), testis (E = 11.0, O = 4, SMR = 36), and Hodgkin's
      disease (E = 26.9, O = 16, SMR = 59). Involvement of occupational exposures was
      assessed by the method of regression models and life tables (RMLT). This method
      was used to compare the duration of employment in the industry, the duration in
      "dust exposed" jobs, and the duration in "fume and/or solvent exposed" jobs of
      those dying from causes of interest with those of all matching survivors.
      Positive associations (approaching formal levels of statistical significance)
      were found only for cancers of the stomach and the lung. The results of the RMLT
      analysis are independent of those from the SMR analysis, and the study continues
      to provide limited evidence of a causal association between the risks of stomach
      cancer and dust exposures, and the risks of lung cancer and fume or solvent
      exposures in the rubber industry during the period under study.

PMID- 2920138
TI  - Smoking, occupational exposure to rubber, and lung cancer.
AB  - A cohort of 1624 employees (957 men, 667 women) in a rubber factory in Shanghai
      have been followed up since 1972 and their 12 year mortality experience is
      presented. The relative risk of lung cancer for smokers was 8.5 for men and 11.4
      for women and for rubber workers exposed to curing agents or talc powder 3.2 for
      men and 4.6 for women.

PMID- 2920139
TI  - Disability, mortality, and incidence of cancer among Geneva painters and
      electricians: a historical prospective study.
AB  - The 1916 painters and the 1948 electricians who resided in the Canton of Geneva
      at the time of the 1970 census were identified and followed up to 1984. During
      the study period 121 disability pensions were awarded to painters and 59 to
      electricians. Age standardised incidence of disability per 1000 man-years at risk
      was higher among painters than among electricians for all neuropsychiatric causes
      (1.23/1000 and 0.68/1000, respectively) and for all other causes (5.50/1000 and
      3.41/1000, respectively). No case of presenile dementia was diagnosed among
      painters. There was inadequate evidence to indicate that the higher risk of
      neuropsychiatric disability for painters might have been due to their
      occupational exposure to organic solvents. A possible toxic effect of these
      substances on the central nervous system was confounded with alcoholism which was
      associated with disability from neuropsychiatric disease in 12 of 20 painters and
      in only one of 10 electricians. Mortality and incidence of cancer were assessed
      among both cohorts and compared with the expected figures calculated from Geneva
      rates. Among painters there was a significant increase in overall mortality (O =
      254, E = 218.5), in mortality from all cancers (O = 96, E = 75.4), and in
      incidence from all cancers (O = 159, E = 132.0). For the specific cancer sites,
      there was a significant excess risk for lung cancer (mortality: O = 40, E =
      23.0), which was possibly related to occupational exposure to asbestos and to
      zinc chromate, although cigarette smoking was not controlled. The significant
      excesses of biliary tract cancer and of bladder cancer were in accordance with
      previous observations among painters from other countries. There was also a
      significant increase in incidence from testicular cancer (O=5, E=1.6), which has
      not been reported before. For causes of death other than cancer the excesses for
      alcoholism (O=5, E=0.8). for liver cirrhosis (O=14, E=8.8), for motor vehicle
      accidents (O=12, E=5.9), and for cerebrovascular disease when allowing for ten
      years of latency (O=8, E=4.0), were consistent with a probable increased risk of
      alcohol abuse. Among electricians overall mortality was similar to that expected
      (O=137, E=139.0). No significant excess risk was found for all cancers or for any
      specific cancer site. Because of the small number of expected deaths the
      statistical power was low for the assessment of a possible risk for leukaemia or
      for brain tumour.

PMID- 2920140
TI  - Risk of cancer from the use of tar bitumen in road works.
AB  - Tar bitumens are increasingly being used as a binder in road works. They consist
      of a standard product of about 70% bitumen and 25-30% tar. Tar bitumens are
      classifiable as the pyrolysis products of organic materials and are applied hot.
      Depending on the temperature used there are emissions of various intensities of
      polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), some of which are carcinogenic. A total
      of 250 one hour air samples was taken at breathing height on 20 days at 11 road
      works sites. The region of road paving operations in the immediate neighbourhood
      of the finishing machine operator and the screedmen were the chosen sampling
      points. A total of 19 unsubstituted chromatography/mass spectrometry. These
      included benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene, chrysene, dibenzo[a,h]anthracene,
      and indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, all of which are carcinogenic. The median
      concentrations of chrysene and of benzo[b,j + k] fluoranthenes (determined en
      masse) were 9.3 and 2.8 micrograms/m3 respectively. The median concentrations of
      benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and indeno[1,2,3,-cd]pyrene were 0.7 and 0.2 micrograms/m3
      respectively. Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene had the lowest median concentration with
      about 0.03 micrograms/m3. Of the resulting shift means, the BaP concentration was
      over 1 microgram/m3 in about 50% of the cases, over 2 micrograms/m3 in 35%, and
      over 5 micrograms/m3 in about 15%. Even when the temperature of the paving mix
      was only between 120 degrees and 135 degrees C. 4.8% of the concentrations
      (identical to 3 samples) were greater than 2 micrograms BaP/m3, this value was
      exceeded in 34.9% of the determinations (identical to 30 samples) when the
      temperature of the tar bitumen was between 135 degrees and 150 degrees C. The
      highest concentration measured here was 17.8 micrograms BaP/m3. The recommended
      maximum paving temperature of the paving mix of 150 degrees C was exceeded in
      about 23% of all cases. The maximum concentration determined under any condition
      was 22 microgram/m(3). Thus the employment of tar bitumen as a binding material
      during road paving operations must be regarded as causing a considerable risk to
      health. The primary task is to ascertain whether tar bitumen can be replaced as a
      binder in paving for roads and what safety measures are practicable.

PMID- 2920141
TI  - Environmental and health studies of farm workers in Swedish swine confinement
      buildings.
AB  - The relation between the health of workers and the environment in swine
      confinement buildings was investigated in a study of 57 workers on 30 swine farms
      in southern Sweden and 55 matched controls. Swine workers reported significantly
      higher frequencies of respiratory symptoms, more frequent colds and absence due
      to chest illness, and a history of pneumonia. The increased frequency of symptoms
      of respiratory disease was related to the number of years and percent of the day
      spent working with swine. Symptoms were also associated with respirable dust,
      total dust, endotoxin in total dust, and number of microbes in the air of the
      work environment. In a multiple regression analysis of the relation between 16
      different environmental parameters to work period shifts of five pulmonary
      function parameters, endotoxin was found to be significantly related to the FEV1
      in a dose dependent way.

PMID- 2920142
TI  - Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) and exposure to vibration, repetitive wrist
      movements, and heavy manual work: a case-referent study.
AB  - Possible connections between carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) and exposure to
      vibrating handheld tools, repetitive wrist movements, and heavy manual work were
      examined in a case-referent study. The cases were 38 men operated on for CTS
      between 1974 and 1980. For each case, two referents were drawn from among other
      surgical cases (hospital referents) and two further referents from the population
      register and telephone directory, respectively (population referents). Thirty
      four of 38 cases (89%) and 143 of 152 referents (94%) were interviewed by
      telephone. An increased prevalence of obesity, rheumatoid disease, diabetes, or
      thyroid disease was observed among the cases but most did not suffer from any of
      these disorders. CTS was significantly correlated with exposure to vibration from
      handheld tools and to repetitive wrist movements but showed a weaker correlation
      with work producing a heavy load on the wrist. A cause-effect relation between
      CTS and exposures to handheld vibrating tools and to work causing repetitive
      movements of the wrist seems probable. Some differences between hospital and
      population referents indicate that a case-referent study of this type could be
      biased by inappropriate selection of referents.

PMID- 2920143
TI  - Sister chromatid exchange analysis in lymphocytes of workers exposed to
      hexavalent chromium.
AB  - To investigate the usefulness of sister chromatid exchange (SCE) analysis in
      lymphocytes as an indicator for mutagenic effects after in vivo exposure to
      hexavalent chromium (Cr), SCE frequency was analysed in lymphocytes of 44 Cr
      platers occupationally exposed to hexavalent Cr and 47 controls. Although urinary
      Cr analysis confirmed that the Cr platers were exposed to Cr, no effects of the
      exposure on SCE frequency were found. Smokers, both Cr platers and controls, had
      a significantly higher SCE frequency than non-smokers. These results suggest that
      SCE analysis in human lymphocytes is not a good indicator of possible mutagenic
      effects of exposure to hexavalent Cr.

PMID- 2920144
TI  - Occupational asthma after exposure to azodicarbonamide: report of four cases.
AB  - Azodicarbonamide (Chemical Abstract Service Registry No 123.77.3) is an organic
      low molecular weight agent used for blowing and foaming plastics. Finely ground
      azodicarbonamide can be a pulmonary and sometimes a cutaneous acute sensitiser.
      Four cases of work related asthma are reported.

PMID- 2920145
TI  - Ethical conflict in the practice of occupational medicine.
AB  - The practice of occupational medicine has been portrayed as being fraught with
      ethical conflict and yet this problem has received little systematic study. A
      question and case study survey of a randomly selected cohort of members of the
      American Occupational Medical Association has been performed to examine the
      extent and nature of this problem in occupational medicine practice in the United
      States. The results indicate a strong reliance on traditional medical role models
      in responding to ethical conflict but with significant underlying tension between
      more deontological physician-patient approaches and more teleological public
      health approaches. These results have significant implications for the synthesis
      of bioethical theories based on a perceived complementarity of ethical reality,
      as well as suggesting important improvements in future occupational medicine
      training.

PMID- 2920146
TI  - Reversible airways obstruction and interstitial pneumonitis due to acetic acid.

PMID- 2920147
TI  - Pleural mesothelioma in a brake mechanic.

PMID- 2920148
TI  - Calculating expected numbers of deaths in cohort studies.

PMID- 2920149
TI  - Long-term follow-up of retinal blood flow in diabetes using the blue light
      entoptic phenomenon.
AB  - The blue light entopic phenomenon was used to measure retinal blood flow in 87
      diabetics and 10 normal controls in a longitudinal study. The time interval
      between the initial and final studies was 21-39 months (mean 31.4). The retinal
      blood flow velocity did not change in the 10 subjects in the control group nor in
      those nine patients with no retinopathy, all but one of whom remained free of
      retinal lesions. In the 24 with background retinopathy the flow velocity fell
      significantly from 0.71 (SD 0.35) mm/s to 0.48 (0.13) mm/s (p less than 0.01).
      The velocity also decreased in the preproliferative group of 16 patients from
      0.62 (0.39) mm/s to 0.41 (0.14) mm/s (p less than 0.05). The retinopathy status
      changed in 11 of this group. In those with proliferative retinopathy (now
      treated) and those treated previously there was no change in flow velocity.

PMID- 2920150
TI  - Mesectodermal leiomyoma of the ciliary body: case report.
AB  - The clinical, light microscopical, and electron microscopical features of a
      mesectodermal leiomyoma of the ciliary body are presented. This exceptionally
      rare and apparently benign tumour is considered to be of neural crest origin. In
      the case described the tumour cells were seen to contain thin filaments with
      focal densities and conspicuous numbers of mitochondria, and smooth muscle
      protein was demonstrated by immunohistochemical means.

PMID- 2920151
TI  - Levels of zinc in plasma, erythrocytes, and hair, and levels of serum copper in
      patients with retinitis pigmentosa in Turkey.
AB  - This study was made on 100 patients with retinitis pigmentosa and 23 of their
      relatives. Their plasma, erythrocyte, and hair Zn and serum Cu levels were
      compared with those of a control group of 14 healthy persons. No statistically
      significant difference in these levels was found between the patients with
      retinitis pigmentosa and the relatives or controls.

PMID- 2920152
TI  - Retinal and choroidal vascular occlusion secondary to corticosteroid
      embolisation.
AB  - We report a case of visual loss following intranasal injection of triamcinolone
      acetonide and phenylephrine hydrochloride in a 22-year-old female with chronic
      sinusitis. Clinical examination and fluorescein angiography revealed vascular
      occlusions which involved multiple small branches of both the choroidal and
      retinal circulations. The mechanism of such a complication probably involves
      inadvertent intra-arterial injection into the anterior or the posterior ethmoidal
      artery, with retrograde flow into the opthalmic arterial system. Precautions can
      be taken to avoid such complications.

PMID- 2920153
TI  - A new synthetic material for the brow suspension procedure.
AB  - This report describes the use of a new synthetic material, combining polyester
      with carbon, in nine brow suspension procedures. The mechanical properties of
      polyester, with the fibrous tissue inducing properties of carbon, combine to
      produce a scaffolding on which fibrovascular ingrowth is possible. Subsequent
      fibrosis gives a permanent effect. Early results indicate that the material is
      tolerated well in the eyelid, but the problem of early slippage remains.

PMID- 2920154
TI  - Repair of an avulsed upper lid and partially severed lower lid.
AB  - We present a case in which trauma from a broken glass resulted in complete
      amputation of the upper lid and severe lacerations to the lower lid but with an
      intact and functioning globe. The avulsed upper lid was repaired as a composite
      autograft. The possible management of such an unusual case is discussed.

PMID- 2920155
TI  - Accuracy of routine intraocular lens power calculation in a district general
      hospital.
AB  - To assess the accuracy of routine preoperative biometry we reviewed all cases of
      extracapsular cataract extraction with posterior chamber implant performed at
      Queen Alexandra Hospital in 1985. Of 471 eyes included in the survey 67.9% were
      within 1.0 D of the expected refraction and 90.7% within 2.0 D. Factors
      influencing accuracy are discussed. The necessity of routine preoperative
      biometry is emphasised.

PMID- 2920156
TI  - Epithelial downgrowth: a 30-year clinicopathological review.
AB  - We performed a retrospective clinicopathological review of 124 patients with
      epithelial downgrowth seen over a 30-year-period at the Massachusetts Eye and Ear
      Infirmary. The purpose of this study was to determine predisposing factors in the
      development of epithelial downgrowth, diagnostic symptoms and signs, and the
      results of various types of treatments. The incidence of this condition after
      cataract surgery was 0.12%, decreasing to 0.08% over the latter decade. 82% of
      postsurgical patients with epithelial downgrowth presented to the ophthalmologist
      within one year following surgery, commonly complaining of decreasing visual
      acuity, red eye, and pain. The most common presenting signs of epithelial
      downgrowth were retrocorneal membrane, which was seen in 45% of patients,
      glaucoma in 43%, corneal oedema in 21%, and a positive Seidel test in 23%. We
      found that a variety of conditions predispose to epithelial downgrowth but that
      no one factor was present in all cases. Damage to the underlying endothelium,
      corneal stromal vascularisation, and stromal downgrowth appeared to be important
      events not emphasised in prior studies. The angle was partially or totally closed
      in 87% of enucleation specimens. Patients treated surgically underwent fewer
      enucleations than those treated medically or not treated.

PMID- 2920157
TI  - Rabies: ocular pathology.
AB  - Ocular pathology in the first European case of human bat-borne rabies is
      described. The patient was a 30-year-old bat scientist who seven weeks after bat
      bite developed neurological symptoms and died 23 days later. Rabies virus
      antigens were detected in brain smears. After extensive virological studies the
      virus turned out to be a rabies-related virus, closely resembling the Duvenhage
      virus isolated from bats in South Africa in 1980. By light microscopy focal
      chronic inflammatory infiltration of the ciliary body and of the choroid was
      found. PAS-positive exudate was seen in the subretinal and in the outer plexiform
      layers of the retina, and retinal veins showed endothelial damage and
      perivascular inflammation. Many of the retinal ganglion cells were destroyed. The
      presence of rabies-related viral antigen in the retinal ganglion cells was shown
      by positive cytoplasmic immunofluorescence, though electron microscopy failed to
      identify definite viral structures in the retina. By immunohistochemistry glial
      fibrillary acidic protein was observed in the Muller's cells, which are normally
      negative for this antigen but express it as a reactive change when the retina is
      damaged. Synaptophysin, a constituent of presynaptic vesicles of normal retinal
      neurons, was not detected in the retina.

PMID- 2920158
TI  - Fibrinous iritis due to oxybuprocaine.
AB  - Following minor surgery performed under topical application of oxybuprocaine
      (Dorsacaine, Novesin) two patients suffered from fibrinous iritis and moderate
      corneal swelling. We believe that this represents a toxic reaction caused by an
      inadvertent entry of this drug into the anterior chamber during the procedure.

PMID- 2920159
TI  - A survey of surgical rotations for oral & maxillofacial surgery trainees.
AB  - Seventy oral and maxillofacial surgery departments were sent questionnaires to
      determine whether they made provision for their medically qualified registrars to
      undergo 1 year's surgical training in recognition for the Part II FRCS oral and
      maxillofacial surgery option of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. Fifty
      six (80%) replies were received revealing that 11 (19.6%) departments had
      existing arrangements for a surgical rotation while 14 (25%) had plans to
      implement one. These results are further reported.

PMID- 2920160
TI  - How community pharmacy staff manage a patient with possible oral cancer.
AB  - Community pharmacy staff were surveyed for the advice they would offer to a
      patient with a history highly suggestive of oral carcinoma. Less than 10% of 57
      pharmacies indicated that a dental or medical opinion should be sought. This
      study confirms that the knowledge of pharmacy staff about oral disease is as
      limited as it is about systemic disease and suggests that a dental or medical
      consultation is necessary for persisting complaints.

PMID- 2920161
TI  - Long standing trismus as the initial presentation of acute catatonic
      schizophrenia.
AB  - A case is reported where long standing trismus was the presenting factor in a
      case of catatonic schizophrenia. The investigations and treatment are described.

PMID- 2920162
TI  - The Rosai Dorfman syndrome in a 50-year-old male.
AB  - A case is presented of a 50-year-old man with Rosai Dorfman Syndrome (Sinus
      histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy) who had facial, cervical and
      cutaneous involvement.

PMID- 2920163
TI  - Florid cemento-osseous dysplasia (gigantiform cementoma) in a Caucasian woman.
AB  - The present study reports a case of an uncomplicated florid cemento-osseous
      dysplasia in a 39-year-old Caucasian woman. The extensive dysplastic lesions
      affected all jaw quadrants and both radio-opaque and lytic lesions were
      demonstrated radiographically. Histopathological studies revealed calcified,
      partly acellular cementum-like tissue. All clinical, radiographic, biochemical
      and histological features were suggestive of the diagnosis of florid cemento
      osseous dysplasia.

PMID- 2920164
TI  - Aggressive calcifying odontogenic cyst--a possible variant of ameloblastoma.
AB  - A case of an aggressive calcifying odontogenic cyst of the maxilla is presented.
      It recurred twice after surgical excision over the course of a year and was
      subsequently treated by maxillectomy followed by radiotherapy. The current
      histological criteria for the diagnosis of calcifying odontogenic cyst were
      satisfied but it is argued that they are drawn too widely. Since the majority of
      calcifying odontogenic cysts are benign in behaviour the presence of cytological
      indicators of local destruction and invasiveness alongside the usual features of
      calcifying odontogenic cysts (presence of dentinoid, epithelial ghost-cell
      degeneration) should be the over-riding prognostic considerations and should thus
      be reflected in the diagnostic title. Such tumours are best regarded as variants
      of ameloblastoma rather than as unusually aggressive forms of calcifying
      odontogenic cyst and an appropriate name would be 'dentinogenic ghost-cell
      ameloblastoma'.

PMID- 2920165
TI  - Elastic cartilage in the incisive canal region: report of a case.
AB  - A man complained persistently of 'gritty bits' coming into his mount from behind
      the upper front teeth over a period of 10 years. Elastic cartilage was found
      within fibrous connective tissue of the incisive papilla region and it is
      suggested that transepidermal elimination of elastotic material, as happens in
      perforating dermatoses, was responsible for this patients complaint.

PMID- 2920166
TI  - Focal dermal hypoplasia syndrome with incomplete transverse facial cleft and
      tumour of the lips.
AB  - A case of Goltz's syndrome complicated with both incomplete transverse facial
      cleft and characteristic tumour of the upper and lower lips is presented. Tumour
      excision and repair of defect were successfully performed.

PMID- 2920167
TI  - Localisation of retained roots by fibre-optic transillumination.
AB  - The rationale for the use of fibre-optic transillumination in the location of
      residual roots is discussed and the technique is described.

PMID- 2920168
TI  - The Broadgreen osteotomy splint.
AB  - A modification is suggested to the standard cast metal cap splint which allows
      accurate and easier localisation in the operative and post-operative phases.

PMID- 2920169
TI  - New treatment for Ludwig's angina.

PMID- 2920170
TI  - Comparison of the structural organization and expression of germinal and somatic
      rat histone H4 genes.
AB  - A rat somatic histone H4 gene was isolated by screening a rat genomic library
      using a cloned cell-cycle-regulated human histone H4 gene as a probe. The somatic
      histone H4 gene was subcloned and the nucleotide sequence was determined. The
      structural organization and expression of the somatic histone H4 gene and the rat
      germinal histone H4t gene were compared. Although the predicted amino-acid
      sequences of the two histones were identical, 49 out of 102 codons differed. The
      leader sequence of the germinal histone H4t mRNA was 17 bases compared to 40
      bases for the somatic histone H4 mRNA, and the 3' terminal sequence of the
      germinal histone H4t mRNA was 52 bases compared to 75 bases for the somatic
      histone H4 mRNA. The germinal histone H4 gene also lacked a consensus purine-rich
      motif which was present in the 5' noncoding region of the somatic histone H4
      gene. Northern blot analyses and S1-nuclease protection analyses revealed that
      the germinal histone H4t and H1t genes were expressed during spermatogenesis in
      rat pachytene spermatocytes, and the somatic histone H4 gene was expressed only
      in nongerminal rat cells and tissues. The histone H4t gene was also expressed in
      some other rat cell types. The differences in expression of the histone H4t and
      H1t genes may reflect differences in transcription, differences in turnover rates
      of the mRNAs, or a combination of these factors.

PMID- 2920171
TI  - Singlet molecular oxygen causes loss of biological activity in plasmid and
      bacteriophage DNA and induces single-strand breaks.
AB  - Damage of plasmid and bacteriophage DNA inflicted by singlet molecular oxygen
      (1O2) includes loss of the biological activity measured as transforming capacity
      in E. coli and single-strand break formation. Three different sources of 1O2 were
      employed: (i) photosensitization with Rose bengal immobilized on a glass plate
      physically separated from the solution; (ii) thermal decomposition of the water
      soluble endoperoxide 3,3'-(1,4-naphthylidene) dipropionate (NDPO2); and (iii)
      microwave discharge. Loss of transforming activity was documented after exposing
      bacteriophage M13 DNA to 1O2 generated by photosensitization employing
      immobilized Rose bengal, and with bacteriophage luminal diameter X174 DNA, using
      the thermodissociable endoperoxide (NDPO2) as a source of 1O2. These findings are
      in agreement with experiments in which plasmid DNA pBR322 was exposed to a gas
      stream of 1O2 generated by microwave discharge. The effects of 1O2 quenchers and
      of 2H2O indicate 1O2 to be the species responsible. Strand-break formation in
      pBR322 and luminal diameter X174, measured as an increase of the open circular
      form at the expense of the closed circular supercoiled form, was observed without
      alkaline treatment after exposing the DNA to 1O2, using either agarose gel
      electrophoresis or sucrose gradient separation. The effect of quenchers and 2H2O
      indicate the involvement of 1O2 in DNA damage. We conclude that singlet oxygen
      can cause loss of biological activity and DNA strand breakage.

PMID- 2920172
TI  - Studies of interactions of porphyrins with transfer RNA by high-resolution NMR.
AB  - The interactions of tetra-4N-methylpyridyl porphyrin and its zinc(II), copper(II)
      and manganese(III) complexes with brewer's yeast type V phenylalanine specific
      tRNA have been evaluated by high-resolution NMR. Differences in chemical shifts
      have been noted for three proton resonances in response to the presence of small
      quantities of the free base and the zinc and copper complexes. The protons giving
      rise to these signals are located on bases T54 and psi 55, both of which are
      involved in the primary intraloop and interloop hydrogen bonds that hold the D
      and T psi C loops together in the tertiary structure. In addition, broadening of
      specific resonances due to hydrogen bonding protons in the D stem at low ratios
      of porphyrin to tRNA indicates that the association of porphyrins increases the
      rate of imino proton exchange. The titration of the tRNA with the manganese(III)
      complex did not reveal shifts or specific broadening comparable to the other
      porphyrins at low ratios. The changes induced in the NMR spectrum of tRNA by
      porphyrins define their site of interaction with the polynucleotide. This site,
      at the outside of the elbow-bend in the tRNA 'L', is different from the locus of
      binding in tRNA for other classical DNA intercalators. Furthermore, a new mode of
      binding may be involved that is neither intercalative nor simply electrostatic.

PMID- 2920173
TI  - Drug induction of P450IIB1/IIB2 and 5-aminolevulinate synthase mRNAs in rat
      tissues.
AB  - Expression of the phenobarbitone-inducible cytochrome P-450 mRNA species
      (cytochrome P450IIB1/IIB2) has been investigated in tissues of rats following
      administration of 2-allyl-2-isopropylacetamide or phenobarbitone. Using a cDNA
      probe complementary to these mRNAs, a 2.1 kb mRNA species was detected in liver
      and lung of untreated rats and to a lesser extent in kidney. This species was not
      detected in testis, brain or erythroid spleen. Following drug treatment, this
      mRNA species was increased in liver and kidney, particularly after administration
      of 2-allyl-2-isopropylacetamide. Using oligomeric probes specific for cytochrome
      P-450 IIB1/IIB2 mRNAs it was shown that both mRNAs are present in untreated liver
      and are induced by drug treatment, while in lung only cytochrome P-450 IIB1 was
      detected and this was not induced. However, in kidney, neither of these mRNAs
      could be detected, even after drug treatment. This indicates that either the
      levels of these mRNAs in kidney are below the limit of detection or that a
      related mRNA is induced which does not hybridize to the oligomeric probes. This
      represents the first report of a phenobarbitone-inducible cytochrome P-450 mRNA
      in rat kidney. The tissue-specific drug induction of cytochrome P-450 mRNAs
      correlated with an increased level of mRNA for 5-aminolevulinate synthase. This
      finding is compatible with the proposal that induction of 5-aminolevulinate
      synthase is dependent upon the lowering of heme levels through increased amounts
      of cytochrome P-450 apoprotein.

PMID- 2920174
TI  - DNA fork displacement rate measurements in heated Chinese hamster ovary cells.
AB  - DNA fork displacement rates (FDR) were measured in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)
      cells heated at either 43.5 degrees C or 45.5 degrees C for various times. The
      inhibition of fork movement rate by heat was both time and temperature dependent,
      i.e., 10-20 min at 43.5 degrees C or 5 min at 45.5 degrees C was required to
      decrease the FDR to 20-30% of the control rate of 1 micron/min. Following
      heating, the reduced FDR was found to be constant for at least 75 min. The
      observed effects of heat on reduced rates of DNA replicon initiation and chain
      elongation and the increase in DNA with single-stranded regions could be
      explained by the heat sensitivity of the FDR. Any of these alterations in the DNA
      replication process may lead to many opportunities for abnormal DNA and/or
      protein interactions to occur which ultimately may lead to the observed formation
      of chromosomal aberrations.

PMID- 2920175
TI  - Purification of carp growth hormone and cloning of the complementary DNA.
AB  - The growth hormone (GH) was isolated and purified from common carp (Cyprinus
      carpio) pituitary glands by salt precipitation and HPLC on reverse-phase C18
      columns. The carp GH cDNA was synthesized and cloned in Escherichia coli using
      EcoRI linkers and pBR322 as vector. The positive clones were selected and
      sequenced. The full-length carp GH cDNA contains 1187 nucleotide basepairs with
      an open reading frame coding for the precursor form carp GH of 210 amino-acid
      residues. The partial amino-acid sequence from the protein completely agrees with
      that derived from the cDNA, with serine as the first residue in mature carp GH
      preceded by a 22-residue hydrophobic signal peptide. Comparison of the amino-acid
      sequence of carp GH with those of various species reveals positional identity at
      32.4%, 38.8%, 42.0%, 37.2%, 66%, 55% and 49% with GHs of man, rat, duck,
      bullfrog, salmon, tuna and yellow tail, respectively.

PMID- 2920176
TI  - A relationship between retinol and cellular retinol-binding protein
      concentrations in human squamous cell carcinomas.
AB  - The retinol and retinyl ester concentrations in human xenografted squamous cell
      carcinomas, with various concentrations of cellular retinol-binding protein
      (CRBP), were studied, as well as the in vivo uptake and esterification in these
      tumours of labelled retinol, presented as a complex with plasma RBP. The mean
      retinol concentration in the different tumours was in the range 3.7-6.2 nmol/g
      protein, and the mean CRBP concentration was between 16 and 69 nmol/g protein.
      There was a statistically significant correlation between the retinol and the
      CRBP concentrations in the same tumour (P less than 0.001; r = 0.622).
      Calculation of the maximal extent of retinol-saturation of CRBP showed low values
      (range: 9-26%). Retinyl palmitate, the predominant retinyl ester, comprised
      approx. 70% of the retinyl esters in the tumours. There was no correlation
      between the concentration of CRBP and that of retinyl palmitate. The uptake of
      [3H]retinol from intravenously injected retinol-RBP complex was similar in the
      four human squamous cell carcinomas studied, and not related to their CRBP
      concentration. 20% of the radioactivity in tumour specimens was lipid soluble, as
      compared to 96% in liver specimens, showing that in the former a higher fraction
      metabolised to polar compounds. Taken together, our results suggest that in these
      squamous carcinoma cells, factors other than cellular CRBP content are the major
      determinants of net cellular uptake and esterification of retinol. The cellular
      retinol concentration, on the other hand, appears proportional to CRBP content.

PMID- 2920177
TI  - Intracellular free magnesium and phosphorylated metabolites in hexokinase- and
      pyruvate kinase-deficient red cells measured using 31P-NMR spectroscopy.
AB  - The erythrocyte metabolism of two patients with nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia
      caused by a hexokinase deficiency, and a pyruvate kinase deficiency,
      respectively, were studied with NMR. The complexing of ATP and 2,3
      diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) with Mg2+ and hemoglobin (Hb) was determined using
      31P-NMR on oxygenated and deoxygenated cells to investigate the influences of
      these enzyme defects on intracellular magnesium distribution and on Hb oxygen
      dissociation. In the pyruvate kinase-deficient red blood cells, the 2,3-DPG
      concentration was almost twice the normal value and the ATP concentration was
      near the lower limit of the normal range. In the hexokinase-deficient red cell
      population, the predominance of young cells masked the deficiency. Therefore,
      reticulocyte control cells were included in this study. In the oxygenated
      pyruvate kinase-deficient cells, the fraction of ATP that is complexed to
      magnesium as well as the free Mg2+ concentration were normal, despite the
      abnormal concentration of 2,3-DPG. In the deoxygenated cells the free Mg2+
      concentration was lower than in normal cells. The fraction of Hb complexed with
      2,3-DPG was higher than normal in both oxygenated and deoxygenated pyruvate
      kinase-deficient cells, in accordance with the high p50 of the oxygen-hemoglobin
      dissociation curve. In hexokinase-deficient cells, two major abnormalities are
      found: when the cells were deoxygenated, the concentration of ATP and 2,3-DPG
      fell. This was not observed for any other sample and could, therefore, be a
      consequence of the hexokinase deficiency. Despite almost normal levels of
      magnesium-binding metabolites, the free Mg2+ concentration in oxygenated and
      deoxygenated cels is much lower than in normal cells. This could be a cell-age
      related phenomenon, since lower free Mg2+ concentrations were also found in
      reticulocyte control cells.

PMID- 2920178
TI  - Renal epithelial cell lines (BSC-1, MDCK, LLC-PK1) express 11 beta-hydroxysteroid
      dehydrogenase activity.
AB  - Renal tissue of several species has been shown to express considerable 11 beta
      hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11-HSD, EC 1.1.1.146) activity. However, it is
      uncertain as to which renal cell types exhibit 11-HSD activity. In the present
      study, we investigated corticosterone metabolism in BSC-1 cells, a continuous
      renal epithelial cell line derived from the African green monkey (Cercopithecus
      aethiops). In incubation experiments using 3H-labelled corticosterone and HPLC,
      we have demonstrated oxidative 11-HSD activity in intact monolayers of BSC-1
      cells as well as in BSC-1 cell homogenates. 11-HSD activity in cell homogenates
      could be stimulated 7-9-fold by the addition of exogenous NADP+ (1 mM). In
      contrast, no reductive 11-HSD could be detected either in intact cells or in cell
      homogenates under various experimental conditions which were designed to favor
      reductive 11-HSD activity. Pilot experiments were performed in cell homogenates
      from two other renal epithelial cell lines derived from canine (MDCK) and porcine
      (LLC-PK1) kidney. They also revealed oxidative but no reductive 11-HSD activity.
      The data provide evidence for an epithelial localization of renal oxidative 11
      HSD activity.

PMID- 2920179
TI  - 31P-NMR evidence for cytoplasmic acidification and phosphate extrusion in
      syringomycin-treated cells of Rhodotorula pilimanae.
AB  - 31P-NMR spectroscopy was used to investigate the effects of the phytotoxin,
      syringomycin, on phosphate metabolism and intracellular pH changes in the yeast
      Rhodotorula pilimanae. Syringomycin, at levels between 20 and 60 units per 10(8)
      cells, caused a cellular efflux of orthophosphate. At 40 and 60 unit per 10(8)
      cells, the efflux was accompanied by a decrease in polyphosphate and an
      acidification of the cytoplasm. At low temperatures (5 degrees C) and with 75
      units per 10(8) cells, these effects were more rapid and pronounced. The efflux
      of phosphate was confirmed by chemically assaying extracellular phosphate after
      syringomycin treatment.

PMID- 2920180
TI  - The effects of heavy metal cations and sulfhydryl reagents on degranulation from
      digitonin-permeabilized neutrophils.
AB  - Digitonin-permeabilized neutrophils were exposed to micromolar levels of a
      variety of heavy metal cations and sulfhydryl oxidants to gain insight into the
      potential biochemical mechanisms underlying neutrophil degranulation. The results
      from this study suggest that the oxidation of intracellular sulfhydryl groups may
      play a role in neutrophil signal transduction. Evidence to support this
      conclusion is based on the observation that cupric phenanthroline and
      Cu2+/cysteine, agents reported to induce disulfide bond formation, evoke
      significant granule enzyme release when presented to permeabilized neutrophils.
      The stimulatory actions of these compounds occur in the absence of Ca2+ and are
      blocked by the sulfhydryl reducing agent, dithiothreitol. In addition, we
      observed marked potentiation of Ca2+-induced secretion by potentially
      physiological levels of Ni2+. Although we are unaware of any Ni2+-requiring
      enzymes in eukaryotic cells that are likely to be pertinent to degranulation, the
      ability of this divalent metal cation to lower the Ca2+ requirements for granule
      secretion suggests that it may play an important regulatory role in Ca2+
      dependent processes. Finally, we observed significant granule release when
      permeabilized neutrophils were exposed to the heavy metal cations, Hg2+ and Ag+.
      The apparent stimulatory actions of these metals were the result of lysis rather
      than degranulation. Thus, the ability of these metals to lyse intracellular
      organelles such as lysosomal granules may contribute to their toxicological
      properties.

PMID- 2920181
TI  - Effect of alanine on in vitro glucose utilization by rat interscapular brown
      adipose tissue.
AB  - The rates of either glucose or alanine incorporation into tissue and oxidation to
      CO2 were studied in rat interscapular brown adipose tissue in order to evaluate
      the mutual influence of both substrates on their uptake and utilization. Tissue
      fragments were incubated in vitro in the presence of 1-10 mM glucose and 0.3-1.5
      mM alanine. The highest glucose oxidation rate was obtained with the lowest
      alanine concentrations tested. This suggests that alanine inhibits glucose
      utilization by this tissue at concentrations that are within the physiological
      plasmatic range. Glucose levels had little effect upon alanine oxidation, but
      glucose had a permissive effect on the utilization of alanine. On the basis of
      these results, it is postulated that this glucose conservation effect of alanine
      on brown adipose tissue can help to prevent glucose wastage in postprandrial
      situations.

PMID- 2920182
TI  - Glucose, glutamine and ketone body utilisation by resting and concanavalin A
      activated rat splenic lymphocytes.
AB  - The utilisation of glucose, glutamine, acetoacetate and D-3-hydroxybutyrate were
      investigated over 72 h of incubation of rat splenic lymphocytes, with and without
      concanavalin A. Lymphocytes consumed both ketone bodies; acetoacetate was
      consumed preferentially. The ketone bodies reduced glucose consumption by 30-50%,
      but had little effect on lactate production. Glutamine uptake was concentration
      dependent up to 4 mM, and consumption was increased in the presence of
      concanavalin. Glutamine stimulated glucose consumption and lactate production in
      both resting and activated cells. Complete oxidation contributed 65% of glucose
      derived ATP, but less than 40% of glutamine-derived ATP. Glutamine metabolism
      makes only a minor contribution to lymphocyte ATP generation.

PMID- 2920183
TI  - Formation of inositol polyphosphates in cultured human sweat duct cells in
      response to cholinergic stimulation.
AB  - Inositol phosphate formation in response to cholinergic stimulation was studied
      in cultured human sweat duct cells, prelabelled with myo-[2-3H]inositol.
      Formation of inositol mono-, bis-, tris- and tetrakisphosphates was increased
      after 15 min stimulation by 30 microM carbachol. Formation of inositol 1,3,4
      trisphosphate and inositol tetrakisphosphate was significantly increased within 1
      min at carbachol concentrations between 10 microM and 100 microM. No detectable
      increase in inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate formation was observed at 15 s or 1 min,
      but an increase was observed after 15 min at a carbachol concentration of 30-100
      microM. The data are consistent with an involvement of inositol polyphosphates in
      the biphasic response of ion transport, to cholinergic stimulation in these cells
      (see Pederson, P.S. (1986) 6th Professional Conference "Broken Arrow 1986".
      Genetic and Eptihelial Dysfunction in Cystic Fibrosis (Riordan, J.R. and
      Buchwalds, M., eds.), Alan Liss, New York and Pedersen, P.S. (1987) Med. Sci.
      Res. 15, 769-770) and suggest a different pattern of metabolism from exocrine
      acinar cells.

PMID- 2920184
TI  - Common or distinct receptors for gastrin and cholecystokinin in gastric mucosa?
AB  - The differentiation between gastrin (HG) and cholecystokinin (CCK) receptors in
      gastric mucosa was examined on isolated parietal (F3) and non-parietal (F1) cells
      from rabbit fundic mucosa separated by elutriation. Direct binding assays on
      enriched cell populations were performed using 125I-labeled HG-17, 125I-labeled
      CCK-8 and 125I-labeled CCK-39 as probes. (1) On F1 cells, the dissociation
      constants (Kd) for the two labeled CCKs were nearly the same (62 pM for CCK-8 and
      74 pM for CCK-39) but the binding capacity for CCK-8 was 2-times higher than for
      CCK-39. HG-17 also bound to this cell population, but its Kd value as about 2
      times higher (110 pM) than that of CCK. The presence of two distinct classes of
      sites on F1 cells can be suggested from competition studies: one more specific
      for CCK, which bound CCK-8 and CCK-39 with the same affinity, and another class
      more specific for gastrin, which bound CCK-8 and HG-17 with the same affinity and
      CCK-39 with a low affinity. (2) On F3 cells, CCK-8 and HG-17 bound with similar
      affinities (Kd values 81 pM for CCK-8 and 87 pM for HG-17), but CCK-39 did not
      specifically bind to this cell population. The presence of a binding site more
      specific for HG than for CCK on F3 cells was confirmed by competition studies in
      which CCK-33 competed for binding with labeled HG-17 and labeled CCK-8 with a 50
      times lower affinity than the other peptides.

PMID- 2920185
TI  - cDNA and deduced amino acid sequence for the rat hydrophobic pulmonary surfactant
      associated protein, SP-B.
AB  - Pulmonary surfactant prevents collapse of lung alveoli by lowering surface
      tension at the air/liquid interface. The hydrophobic surfactant associated
      proteins SP-B and SP-C have been shown to be important in surfactant function and
      metabolism. A cDNA clone for rat SP-B was isolated and sequenced. Northern
      analysis showed mRNA for SP-B was present in whole lung and was greatly enriched
      in alveolar type II cells, but was not present in brain, kidney, spleen or liver.
      A full length transcript of the rat SP-B cDNA clone consists of 1536 bases and
      encodes an open reading frame of 376 amino acids. The predicted molecular mass of
      the primary translation product is 42 kDa and the predicted molecular mass of the
      mature protein is 8 kDa. Extensive homology exists between the rat sequence for
      SP-B and those reported for human and canine SP-B. The position of 25 cysteine
      residues has been extremely well preserved across all three species. An N-linked
      glycosylation site in the COOH region has been conserved across all three
      species. A search of the NIH database revealed homology between rat SP-B and the
      active site for the mouse contrapsin serum proteinase inhibitor.

PMID- 2920186
TI  - Multiple molecular forms of cytochrome P-450SCC purified from bovine corpus
      luteum mitochondria.
AB  - Cytochrome P-450 related to side-chain cleavage of cholesterol (P-450SCC) was
      isolated from bovine corpus luteum mitochondria in the form of its stable
      cholesterol complex. The isolation procedure included ammonium sulfate
      fractionation and chromatography on omega-aminohexyl-Sepharose (AH-Sepharose).
      Corpus luteum P-450SCC was resolved into one minor (AH-I) and two major (AH-II
      and AH-III) fractions by the chromatography. Results of re-chromatography
      suggested the possibility that AH-III Fraction was originally complexed with
      lipidic material. The two major fractions purified by the re-chromatography (AH
      IIR and AH-IIIR Fractions) showed essentially a single band on sodium dodecyl
      sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and their absorption spectra
      were indistinguishable from each other. Both fractions were further resolved into
      two major and some minor bands of P-450SCC by isoelectric focusing on
      polyacrylamide gel in the presence of a non-ionic detergent, as detected by
      protein staining, heme staining and immunoblot analysis with anti-bovine P-450SCC
      monoclonal antibody. Both AH-IIR and AH-IIIR Fractions were further resolved by
      high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on SP-TSK gel column into two
      fractions, SP-I and SP-II. These fractions had the same N-terminal amino acid
      sequence, showed similar catalytic activity and resolved into one major and a few
      minor bands on isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gel. Much more
      heterogeneity was observed in purified P-450SCC preparations from bovine adrenal
      cortex mitochondria. These results indicated the presence of multiple molecular
      forms of corpus luteum P-450SCC as well as adrenal cortex P-450SCC. Computer
      simulation studies were carried out in order to analyze the mechanism of
      formation of multiple bands on isoelectric focusing. The multiple bands of corpus
      luteum P-450SCC could be explained by postulating the presence of two isozymes
      (or molecular forms) having a pair of sites each with or without a charged group.

PMID- 2920187
TI  - On the structure of alpha-crystallin: construction of hybrid molecules and
      homopolymers.
AB  - The alpha A2 and alpha B2 subunits of bovine alpha-crystallin were purified by
      chromatofocussing in urea and assembled into homopolymers. Light-scattering
      measurements indicated their molecular masses were 360 and 420 kDa. The alpha A2
      and alpha B2 polypeptides were also used to construct a series of hybrid
      molecules with alpha A/alpha B ratios ranging from 7:1 to 1:7. Sedimentation
      velocity analyses, isoelectric focussing under non-deaggregating conditions,
      circular dichroism spectroscopy and immunochemical analysis indicated that all of
      the subunits had copolymerized to alpha-crystallin-like aggregates with complete
      regeneration of the native structure. The polymers could be distinguished on the
      basis of their differing affinities for the antiserum. This was directly related
      to the proportion of alpha A2 subunits in each polymer. It was concluded that the
      alpha A2 and alpha B2 subunits are structurally equivalent and occupy equivalent
      site in the alpha-crystallin aggregates. It was also concluded that a micellar
      like quaternary structure was consistent with most previous observations on the
      protein.

PMID- 2920188
TI  - Voluntary movement dysfunction in schizophrenics.
AB  - Several aspects of fine motor control were compared in schizophrenics and two
      control populations. The motor behavior analyzed was a button-press response in a
      forced choice paradigm. Three areas of abnormality were seen in schizophrenics:
      first, the interval preceding the motor response was characterized by reduced
      motor steadiness prior to the button-press response; second, the motor response
      was made with excessive force (hyperdynamia); and third, the agonist-antagonist
      synchrony (motor reversal) was impaired. Schizophrenics on and off neuroleptics
      did not differ on any measure of motor control, but schizophrenics with
      clinically observed tardive dyskinesia were found to have significantly less
      steadiness prior to the motor response than other schizophrenics.

PMID- 2920189
TI  - Reaction time impairment in schizophrenia and affective illness: the role of
      attention.
AB  - A young but chronic group of schizophrenic and affective disorders patients was
      tested for simple reaction time (RT) and RT while engaged in a concurrent task.
      The affective disorders patients were subdivided by the presence of psychotic
      features. The results show that extreme slowing of RT is due to psychoticism and
      is not characteristic of nonpsychotic affective illness. Extreme intrasubject
      variability, however, was specific to schizophrenia, and may be a trait marker of
      the disorder.

PMID- 2920190
TI  - Sensory gating in schizophrenics and normal controls: effects of changing
      stimulation interval.
AB  - Auditory evoked potentials were recorded using a paired click, conditioning
      testing paradigm in 10 schizophrenics and in 10 normal subjects with no family
      history of psychotic disorder. The paradigm is used to demonstrate central
      nervous system gating of responsiveness to auditory stimuli by examining the
      extent to which the response to the conditioning stimulus diminishes the response
      to a test stimulus occurring a short time later. Recordings were made at
      conditioning-testing intervals of 500 msec, 150 msec, and 75 msec to determine
      subjects' gating of responsiveness to stimuli repeated at various intervals. The
      schizophrenics had conditioning-testing ratios indicative of poor gating of the
      auditory P50 wave at the 500-msec and 150-msec intervals, but most patients had
      good sensory gating at the 75-msec interval. Normal subjects showed good sensory
      gating at all three intervals. Results suggest that although sensory gating
      mechanisms responsible for changes in neuronal response at longer intervals are
      chronically defective in schizophrenics, other gating mechanisms functioning at
      shorter intervals appear to be intact and function well in most patients. The
      results may lead to increased specification of the neurobiological basis of
      sensory abnormalities in schizophrenia.

PMID- 2920191
TI  - Essential fatty acids in plasma phospholipids in schizophrenics.
AB  - Blood samples were taken from schizophrenics and control patients in three
      different centers. The phospholipids were extracted from plasma and their fatty
      acid composition analyzed. Similar and consistent differences between
      schizophrenics and controls were observed at all three centers. The n-6 essential
      fatty acid levels were significantly reduced, whereas n-3 essential fatty acids
      were elevated.

PMID- 2920192
TI  - Treatment outcome, seizure duration, and the neurophysin response to ECT.
AB  - Serum concentrations of immunoreactive neurophysin (IRN) and vasopressin
      associated neurophysin (hNpI) were measured before and after the first treatment
      in a course of electroencephalographically monitored electroconvulsive therapy
      (ECT) given to 19 depressed patients. The difference (DIFF) between the serum
      concentrations of IRN and hNpI is equivalent to the concentration of oxytocin
      associated neurophysin. Before ECT the six patients who had a good outcome at 2
      months after the course of ECT had a mean serum IRN concentration one-half (p
      less than 0.05) and a mean serum DIFF concentration one-third (p less than 0.05)
      that of the 13 patients who had a poor outcome. The increase in serum DIFF
      concentration (but not IRN or hNpI) after the first ECT correlated with the
      improvement on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (r = -0.73, p less than
      0.005) and the Montgomery and Asberg Depression Rating Scale (r = -0.49, p less
      than 0.05). The peak percentage increase in serum DIFF concentrations after ECT
      was 4 times greater (p less than 0.001) in the good outcome group than in the
      poor outcome group. None of the neurophysin responses to ECT correlated with
      electroencephalogram-measured seizure duration.

PMID- 2920193
TI  - Auditory event-related potentials in adolescents at risk for drug abuse.
AB  - We evaluated sensory and cognitive information processing in noninstitutionalized
      delinquent male adolescents and in age-matched low delinquency controls. Detailed
      psychometric testing documented the nature of the aggressive behavior of these
      young men. Deficits in information processing, as assessed by event-related
      potential (ERP) techniques, were observed at several levels of the auditory
      system in the delinquent group. The delinquent group showed delays in wave V of
      the brainstem auditory evoked potential, shorter N100 latency, and decreased slow
      wave amplitude of cognitive event-related potentials when subjects were asked to
      perform a mental task in a noisy environment. It remains to be determined whether
      or not such information-processing deficiencies are common among delinquent
      populations and how they might influence the development of delinquent behavior
      and drug abuse.

PMID- 2920194
TI  - Measuring cholinergic sensitivity: I. Arecoline effects in bipolar patients.
AB  - In a previous study, bipolar patients were found to be more sensitive than
      controls to induction of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep by the direct muscarinic
      agonist arecoline. We have replicated this observation in a new group of patients
      and controls. However, much overlap between groups was seen. Muscarinic
      supersensitivity appears to be present in some bipolar affective patients, but
      the REM induction procedure may not be the optimal method for measuring it.

PMID- 2920195
TI  - Measuring cholinergic sensitivity: II. Arecoline effects on metabolic activity in
      pontine regions of rat brain.
AB  - Brain imaging studies may help to localize areas particularly sensitive to
      cholinergic agonists. A study in rats using the 2-deoxyglucose method for
      studying changes in brain metabolic activity was performed. Among regions in the
      pons/medulla, arecoline, 0.05 mg/kg ip, increased glucose utilization in the
      dorsal raphe, median raphe, and basilar pontine nuclei without producing
      behavioral or cardiovascular effects. These brain areas, along with the
      hippocampus, may be pertinent to studies of muscarinic supersensitivity in
      humans.

PMID- 2920196
TI  - Auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia: does humming help?

PMID- 2920197
TI  - Serum homovanillic acid concentrations in carbamazepine-treated chronic
      schizophrenics.

PMID- 2920198
TI  - Interrater reliability of MECTA SR-1 seizure duration.

PMID- 2920199
TI  - Menstruation and cerebral blood flow.

PMID- 2920200
TI  - Dextroamphetamine and dexamethasone suppression test prediction of desipramine
      response.

PMID- 2920201
TI  - Sleep EEG in bulimic, depressed, and normal subjects.

PMID- 2920202
TI  - [Ultrasound hemolysis].
AB  - An ultrasound unit for hemolysis for an analytic device is presented which
      permits hemolysis without the need of a specific insonification chamber which is
      an unwanted discontinuity along the probe path. This is possible by direct
      insonification of a flexible tube which contains the flowing blood. The influence
      of ultrasound power, insonification time and coupling conditions on the result of
      hemolysis is investigated.

PMID- 2920203
TI  - [Cybernetic studies of the behavior of human equilibrium using frequency analysis
      (2)].
AB  - The present paper describes the evaluation of static and dynamic experiments
      investigating the regulation of human balance. The results from a neurologically
      unremarkable group of test subjects are reported and discussed. These results are
      compared with those of a patient suffering from multi-infarction disease.

PMID- 2920204
TI  - Cytogenetic and molecular analysis in Philadelphia negative CML.
AB  - We studied the clinical, hematologic, cytogenetic and molecular biologic features
      in four patients with Philadelphia (Ph) negative chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).
      In all four cases the clinical and hematologic characteristics were
      indistinguishable from Ph positive CML. Cytogenetic analysis showed a normal
      karyotype in two patients and chromosomal translocations apparently not affecting
      chromosome 22 in the other two cases. Southern blot analysis using probes of the
      bcr region, demonstrated a bcr break-point in all four patients. In situ
      hybridization with bcr, c-abl, and c-sis probes showed unusual hybridization
      sites for 5'-bcr and c-abl indicating complex chromosomal rearrangements
      affecting three different chromosomes in the four patients investigated. Using
      polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by hybridization to oligonucleotide
      probes specific for the bcr-abl fusion region, the expression of a chimeric bcr
      abl mRNA was detected. In these patients we demonstrated that (a) CML with a
      breakpoint in the bcr region without cytogenetically detectable Ph chromosome is
      characterized by the same genomic recombination of 5'-bcr and c-abl as CML with
      standard Ph translocation and (b) unusual localization of 5'-bcr and c-abl
      sequences caused by complex Ph translocation does not interfere with
      transcription of the bcr-abl fusion gene.

PMID- 2920205
TI  - The enhancer-like sequence 3' to the A gamma gene is polymorphic in human
      populations.
AB  - Cloning and sequencing of the enhancer 3' of the A gamma globin gene of a
      particularly low G gamma and HbF sickle cell anemia (SCA) patient unexpectedly
      revealed three base changes (T----C, C----A, and A----G at sites +2285, +2460,
      and +2676) previously associated with the Seattle-type HPFH, thus leading the
      authors to suspect that the three mutations were polymorphic. The determination
      of the incidence of the mutations among various ethnic groups allowed the authors
      to conclude that this is a widely spread polymorphism, thus excluding any role of
      these base changes in the determination of the hereditary persistence of fetal
      hemoglobin (HPFH) phenotype. The origin of these three mutations is not clear
      because they appear linked, and the same bases (C, A, G) are found in homologous
      position in the 3' of the normal G gamma gene. As C, A, G at positions +2285,
      +2460, and +2676 are found with a 100% frequency in African SS patients and
      presumably among normal Africans (to explain the extremely high frequency among
      normal American blacks), it is likely that this was the sequence preceding the
      division of races. The presence of T, C, and A at the same positions apparently
      occurred after the divergence between blacks and the other races, that is, within
      the last 1 million years.

PMID- 2920206
TI  - Graft-v-host disease is associated with autoimmune-like thrombocytopenia.
AB  - Persistent thrombocytopenia after allogeneic marrow transplantation is associated
      with poor patient survival. To identify the mechanisms of the thrombocytopenia,
      we studied platelet and fibrinogen kinetics and antiplatelet antibodies in 20
      patients between 60 and 649 days (median 90) after transplantation. Seventeen
      patients had isolated thrombocytopenia (less than 100 X 10(9) platelets/L): the
      marrow cellularity was normal in five patients and slightly reduced in 12, and
      there was no discrepancy between thrombopoiesis and myeloerythropoiesis. Three
      patients had pancytopenia following marrow graft rejection (two) and relapse of
      leukemia (one). Only three patients had evidence of increased platelet
      production, indicating that in most cases there is a poor marrow response to
      thrombocytopenia early after marrow grafting. There was no correlation between
      platelet count and splenic pooling, suggesting that hypersplenism was an unlikely
      mechanism of the thrombocytopenia. Although there was a direct relationship
      between platelet count and platelet survival, the reduction in platelet survival
      was greater than what could be explained by the fixed platelet removal found in
      thrombocytopenic patients; this suggests increased platelet destruction. Seven
      patients had intercurrent infections that reduced both platelet and fibrinogen
      survivals. In addition, platelet antibodies bound to autologous or marrow donor
      platelets were present in five of the 12 patients studied. Patients with
      antiplatelet antibodies had lower platelet counts (30 +/- 10 X 10(9)/L v. 49.1 +/
      28.7 X 10(9)/L, P less than 0.05) and platelet survivals (1.32 +/- 0.92 days v.
      3.58 +/- 2.02 days, P less than 0.05) than patients without antiplatelet
      antibodies. Furthermore, platelet-bound autoantibodies were present in five of
      six patients with grade II-IV acute or chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD),
      but were not present in six patients free of GVHD (P less than 0.01). We conclude
      that persistent thrombocytopenia after marrow transplantation is most often
      secondary to increased platelet destruction mediated by multiple mechanisms and
      that platelet autoantibodies are found in patients with acute or chronic GVHD.

PMID- 2920207
TI  - Elimination of clonogenic tumor cells from HL-60, Daudi, and U-937 cell lines by
      laser photoradiation therapy: implications for autologous bone marrow purging.
AB  - Laser photoradiation therapy was tested in an in vitro model for its efficacy in
      the elimination of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma cells. Results show that at 31.2 J/cm2
      of laser light in the presence of 20 micrograms/mL of merocyanine 540 (MC540)
      there was greater than 5 log reduction in Burkitt's lymphoma (Daudi) cells.
      Similar tumor cell kill was obtained for leukemia (HL-60) cells at a laser light
      dose of 93.6 J/cm2. However, to obtain the same efficiency of killing for
      histiocytic lymphoma (U-937) cells, a higher dose of MC540 (25 micrograms/mL) was
      required. Clonogenic tumor stem cell colony formation was reduced by greater than
      5 logs after laser photoradiation therapy. Under identical conditions for each
      cell line the percent survival for granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming units
      (CFU-GM, 45.9%, 40%, 17.5%), granulocyte/erythroid/macrophage/megakaryocyte
      (GEMM, 40.1%, 20.1%, 11.5%), colony-forming units (CFU-C, 16.2%, 9.1%, 1.8%), and
      erythroid burst-forming units (BFU-E, 33.4%, 17.8%, 3.9%) was significantly
      higher than the tumor cells. Mixing of gamma ray-irradiated normal marrow cells
      with tumor cells (1:1 and 10:1 ratio) did not interfere with the elimination of
      tumor cells. The effect of highly purified recombinant interferon alpha (rIFN) on
      laser photoradiation therapy of tumor cells was also investigated. In the
      presence of rIFN (30 to 3,000 U/mL), the viability of leukemic cells was observed
      to increase from 0% to 1.5% with a concurrent decrease in membrane polarization,
      suggesting an increase in fluidity of cell membrane in response to rIFN. However,
      at higher doses of rIFN (6,000 to 12,000 U/mL) this phenomenon was not observed.
      The viability of lymphoma cells remained unaffected at all doses of rIFN tested.
      These results may have therapeutic relevance in patients undergoing interferon
      treatment who require bone marrow transplantation, as the complete elimination of
      tumor cells by marrow-purging procedures may be hampered by this increased
      survival in the presence of interferon.

PMID- 2920208
TI  - In utero gene transfer and expression: a sheep transplantation model.
AB  - Retroviral-mediated gene transfer was used to insert a Neo R gene into fetal
      sheep hematopoietic cells obtained by exchange transfusion from lambs in utero.
      After gene transfer the cells were returned to the donor fetus. The lambs were
      examined after birth for the presence of a functioning Neo R gene. Of ten
      analyzable animals, six were positive for G418 resistant progenitor cells (CFU
      Mix, CFU-C, BFU-E, CFU-E). Two animals were studied for extended periods of time:
      8 and 24 months. Each has demonstrated a pattern wherein positive periods are
      interspersed with times when there were no detectable G418-resistant cells. We
      conclude that retroviral-mediated gene transfer can be used to insert genes into
      early progenitor cells of fetal sheep in utero and that the animals can continue
      to demonstrate blood cells expressing the gene for more than 2 years after birth.
      This is a US government work. There are no restrictions on its use.

PMID- 2920209
TI  - Erythrocyte deformation under shear flow.

PMID- 2920210
TI  - High-level secretion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha contributes to hematopoietic
      failure in hairy cell leukemia.
AB  - Hairy cell leukemia (HCL) is frequently associated with severe pancytopenia. The
      authors detected high levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha in the bone
      marrow serum of patients with HCL and found anti-TNF-alpha neutralizing
      monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) to be able to enhance hematopoiesis of HCL patients
      in in vitro colony assays. As potent producers of TNF-alpha, hairy cells could be
      identified, thus implicating the malignant population in the pathogenesis of
      hematopoietic failure due to inappropriate secretion of this cytokine.

PMID- 2920211
TI  - A point mutation in the coding region of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase
      associated with familial porphyria cutanea tarda.
AB  - Familial porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) is inherited as an autosomal dominant
      trait caused by decreased activity of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase (URO-D). In
      most families with PCT, URO-D mRNA levels are normal but both catalytic activity
      and immunologic reactivity of URO-D are half normal. We have cloned and sequenced
      8 URO-D cDNA transcripts derived from a pedigree member with familial PCT. Three
      of the cDNAs had sequences encoding normal URO-D but five cDNA's contained a
      point mutation resulting in a gly----val substitution at amino acid position 281.
      An oligonucleotide probe complementary to the mutant sequence hybridized to DNA
      from affected individuals within the pedigree, but not to DNA from normal
      individuals. Measurements of pulse labeled URO-D in Epstein-Barr virus
      transformed lymphocytes indicated that the mutant protein has a half-life in vivo
      of less than four hours. In vitro measurements utilizing labeled URO-Ds generated
      in a reticulocyte lysate system revealed a 12-hour half-life for the mutant
      protein compared with a 102-hour half-life for normal URO-D. This is the first
      URO-D mutation to be characterized in a pedigree with familial PCT. This mutation
      was not detected in affected individuals from seven other PCT pedigrees,
      suggesting that PCT can result from different mutations.

PMID- 2920212
TI  - Inhibition against CFU-C and CFU-E colony formation by soluble factor(s) derived
      from hairy cells.
AB  - The inhibitory effect by hairy cell conditioned medium (HCCM) on the growth of
      granulocyte and erythrocyte colony forming cells was studied in vitro. The
      percent inhibition of CFU-C formation by HCCM from four hairy cell leukemia (HCL)
      patients ranged from 36% to 76%, while no inhibition was observed with
      conditioned medium (CM) obtained from three B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia
      (B-CLL) patients nor from two normal controls. HCCM inhibited specially the
      growth of rG-CSF responding stem cells. The hairy cell-derived colony inhibitory
      factor from HCCM was nondialyzable, fairly stable to heat treatment, and trypsin
      sensitive. Its maximal inhibitory activity against granulopoiesis was observed in
      the fractions of 5,000 to 6,000 daltons. Moreover HCCM inhibited CFU-E colony
      formation but not BFU-E. These results indicate that hairy cells produce a factor
      that inhibits granulopoiesis and erythropoiesis in vitro. This factor may play a
      role in neutropenia and anemia observed in HCL.

PMID- 2920213
TI  - Beta-thalassemia due to two novel nucleotide substitutions in consensus acceptor
      splice sequences of the beta-globin gene.
AB  - We have identified two novel RNA-splicing mutations affecting a critical
      nucleotide (nt) in the acceptor consensus sequences at both the IVS-1/exon 2 and
      IVS-2/exon 3 junctions of the human beta-globin gene. Both mutations are single
      nt substitutions, T to G and C to A, at position -3 adjacent to the invariant AG
      dinucleotide. For the IVS-2/exon 3 mutation abnormal splicing into the cryptic
      splice site at IVS-2 nt 579 is documented. Identification of these two mutations
      provides further support for the importance of the location of specific
      nucleotides within the consensus sequences in splice site selection and RNA
      processing.

PMID- 2920214
TI  - Molecular characterization of a high A2 beta thalassemia by direct sequencing of
      single strand enriched amplified genomic DNA.
AB  - Two families, one of Anglo-Saxon-Dutch descent, and the other, West Indian black,
      have an atypical beta thalassemia characterized by an unusually high level of Hb
      A2 in the heterozygous state. Restriction endonuclease mapping showed a deletion
      of about 1.35 kilobase (kb) in the 5' region of the beta globin gene. Direct
      sequencing of a specific region of genomic DNA amplified by a new modification of
      the polymerase chain reaction defined the deletion to be 1,393 base pairs (bp)
      and to be the same in both families. The deletion extends from 485 bp 5' to the
      mRNA CAP site to the middle of the second intervening sequence. This deletion,
      together with three others previously described that remove the 5' end of the
      beta gene but leave the delta gene intact, are all associated with unusually high
      levels of Hb A2 in the heterozygous state.

PMID- 2920215
TI  - Characterization of the potentiation effect of activin on human erythroid colony
      formation in vitro.
AB  - Activin, also named FSH-releasing protein, was previously shown to induce
      hemoglobin accumulation in K562 cells and potentiate the proliferation and
      differentiation of CFU-E in human bone marrow cultures. Present studies indicate
      that the potentiation effect of activin is lineage specific. In addition to CFU
      E, activin caused an increase in the colony formation of BFU-E from either bone
      marrow or peripheral blood. It had little effect on the colony formation of CFU
      GM and the mixed colonies from CFU-GEMM. In serum-depleted culture, the effect of
      activin was shown to be dose-dependent with doses effective at picomolar
      concentrations. The potentiation effect of activin was exerted indirectly through
      mediation of both monocytes and T lymphocytes. Activin was also found to increase
      specifically the proportion of DNA-synthesizing erythroid progenitors from both
      bone marrow and peripheral blood. It had little effect on DNA synthesis in CFU-GM
      and in mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes. Addition of the monocytes or T lymphocytes
      to their respective depleted subpopulations of mononuclear cells reconstituted
      the enhancing effect of activin on the colony formation and DNA synthesis of
      erythroid progenitors. These results strongly suggest a specific role of activin
      in potentiating the proliferation and differentiation of erythroid progenitors in
      vitro.

PMID- 2920216
TI  - Evidence for the presence of tissue factor activity on subendothelium.
AB  - By a variety of methods, tissue factor activity was demonstrated in the
      subendothelium of rabbit aorta and human umbilical artery. In one method, everted
      segments of de-endothelialized vessels were mounted in an annular perfusion
      chamber and the subendothelial surface was exposed to nonanticoagulated human
      blood under controlled flow. Procoagulant activity was assessed by measuring
      fibrin deposition on subendothelium and fibrinopeptide A (FPA) levels in post
      chamber blood. Both fibrin deposition and FPA were decreased with rabbit vessel
      segments exposed (at a shear rate of 650 seconds-1) to blood from patients with
      factor VII deficiency and with umbilical artery segments (at shear rates of 90 to
      180 seconds-1) that had been pretreated with a monoclonal antibody to human
      tissue factor. In a second method, everted umbilical artery segments were mounted
      on a stir bar and the subendothelial surface was exposed, with stirring, to
      plasma or purified coagulation factors. The capacity of the surface to clot
      plasma on addition of calcium was inhibited by the antibody to tissue factor. The
      surface also activated purified 3H-factor X in the presence of factor VIIa, but
      not in its absence, and this surface property was almost entirely eliminated by
      pretreating the vessel segments with antitissue factor. Tissue factor activity in
      subendothelium could play a role in both the arrest of bleeding and in promoting
      the formation of thrombi at sites of vascular injury.

PMID- 2920217
TI  - Acute immune hemolysis induced by a degradation product of amphotericin B.
AB  - We report here on an eight-year-old boy who first developed acute intravascular
      hemolysis following therapy with amphotericin B (AmB) and subsequently a delayed
      hemolytic transfusion reaction due to alloantibodies. Although there is as yet no
      evidence for metabolism of AmB in vivo, the hemolysis appeared to be the result
      of sensitization against a degradation product of the drug. The patient's serum
      contained a hemagglutinating IgM antibody that reacted with all red blood cells
      (RBC) tested in the presence of plasma obtained from patients receiving AmB (ex
      vivo antigen), but not in the presence of their urine, AmB itself, or with AmB
      pretreated RBC. These findings indicate that the antibody was directed against a
      degradation product of AmB, presumably a trace metabolite, that has not yet been
      identified.

PMID- 2920218
TI  - Expression of nonspecific cross-reacting antigen species in myeloid leukemic
      patients and healthy subjects.
AB  - The reactivity of two monoclonal antibodies recognizing NCA-95 and NCA-55 (MAb 47
      and MAb 192, respectively) with a polyclonal anti-NCA serum in myeloid leukemic
      cells isolated by density gradient centrifugation was compared using an
      immunofluorescence test (IF). It was observed that the blood myeloid cells in
      78.8% of the patients with different types of myelocytic leukemias and all
      granulocytes of 15 normal donors showed similar expression of the NCA species
      studied. The leukocytes of the remaining patients did not synthesize the NCA-95
      species regardless of the maturation stage of the cells studied. In two patients,
      synthesis of this NCA form was limited to the fractions containing myelocytes and
      metamyelocytes. We have found that all anti-NCA antibodies studied recognized
      different antigenic epitopes in a myeloid cell series. A relationship between the
      patient's survival and the proportion of NCA-containing cells was also observed.

PMID- 2920219
TI  - Blood erythroid progenitors (CFU-E and BFU-E) in acute lymphoblastic leukemias.
AB  - Circulating erythroid progenitors from 14 patients with acute lymphoblastic
      leukemia (ALL) and from 8 healthy subjects were studied in culture to determine
      the frequency and size of CFU-E- and BFU-E-derived colonies. Cells were cultured
      in a plasma clot system, and hemoglobinized colonies identified by
      diaminobenzidine reaction. The numbers of CFU-E and BFU-E per milliliter of
      peripheral blood were greatly increased in 10 patients when compared to controls.
      In 13 patients, the size distribution of BFU-E-derived colonies, analyzed by
      counting the number of subunits in each colony, was also found to differ
      significantly from controls, with a large excess of small colonies and a low
      percentage or a total lack of large colonies. This abnormal BFU-E size
      distribution was partially corrected, in the 5 patients tested, by the addition
      to the culture medium of 10% phytohemagglutinin-leukocyte-conditioned medium (PHA
      LCM). Bone marrow crowding out of the normal progenitors, as well as disturbances
      in the cellular interactions involved in their normal development, most likely
      explain these results and these factors could be implicated in the frequent
      pancytopenia of ALL.

PMID- 2920220
TI  - Aplastic anaemia.

PMID- 2920221
TI  - Bioassays for detection of aldicarb in watermelon.

PMID- 2920222
TI  - Minicolumn technique for the detection of deoxynivalenol in agricultural
      commodities.

PMID- 2920223
TI  - Organochlorine insecticide residues in soils used for vegetable and tropical
      fruit production in the Cudgen-Duranbah area of New South Wales.

PMID- 2920224
TI  - Spontaneous occurrence of ochratoxin A residues in porcine kidneys in Belgium.

PMID- 2920225
TI  - Long-term effects of land application of aqueous oil effluent on photosynthetic
      efficiency of certain varieties of Oryza sativa L.

PMID- 2920226
TI  - Organochlorine residues in human adipose tissue in Spain: study of an agrarian
      area.

PMID- 2920227
TI  - An improperly labeled container with chloropicrin: a farmer's nightmare.

PMID- 2920228
TI  - Pesticide exposure to a greenhouse drencher.

PMID- 2920229
TI  - Method for the preliminary assessment of aquatic contamination sites using
      sediment extract toxicity tests.

PMID- 2920230
TI  - Lead poisoning of northern pintail ducks feeding in a tidal meadow contaminated
      with shot from a trap and skeet range.

PMID- 2920231
TI  - Sodium nitrilotriacetate (NTA) influences the larval development and
      metamorphosis of marine invertebrates.

PMID- 2920232
TI  - Cadmium-binding proteins in midgut gland of freshwater crayfish Procambarus
      clarkii.

PMID- 2920233
TI  - Effects of organic and inorganic lead on the oxygen equilibrium curves of the
      fresh water field crab, Barytelphusa guerini.

PMID- 2920234
TI  - Metabolism of chlorobenzene and hexachlorobenzene by the zebra fish, Brachydanio
      rerio.

PMID- 2920235
TI  - Effects of bleached kraft mill effluent (BKME) on the schooling behavior of
      vendace (Coregonus albula L.).

PMID- 2920236
TI  - Studies on the role of gastrointestinal tract contents in the methylation of
      inorganic mercury compounds.

PMID- 2920237
TI  - Histopathological effects of monosodium methanearsonate (MSMA) on New Zealand
      white rabbits (Oryctalagus cuniculus).

PMID- 2920238
TI  - Effect of petroleum vapors inhalation on intestinal absorption of glucose and
      some amino acids in the rat.

PMID- 2920239
TI  - Absorption of mercuric chloride and mercuric sulphide and their possible effects
      on tissue glutathione in mice.

PMID- 2920240
TI  - Maintained improvement in calcium balance and bone mineral content in patients
      with osteoporosis treated with the bisphosphonate APD.
AB  - The effects of the (3-amino-1-hydroxypropylidene)-1,1-bisphosphonate (APD) in
      osteoporosis were investigated in a series of open studies. Seven patients
      received a high dose of 600 mg/day of APD orally and showed an increase in
      calcium balance of 5.5 mmol/day (P less than 0.01) within a period of 10 days. In
      a group of 14 patients with osteoporosis, receiving a low dose of 150 mg/day of
      APD continuously, the mean calcium balance rose from -0.72 +/- 0.59 mmol/day
      before treatment to 1.33 +/- 0.87 mmol/day (P less than 0.005) after 1 year. In
      24 patients treated with APD 150 mg/day for a mean period of 3.7 years (range 1.4
      6.2) repeated dual photon absorptiometry measurements of the lumbar spine showed
      a mean rate of increase in bone mineral content of 3.1 +/- 1.0% per year (P less
      than 0.005). This yearly gain in bone mineral content appeared continuous for
      several years of treatment. In a comparable group of 19 patients with
      osteoporosis who also received conventional care and treatment but no APD, no
      significant changes in bone mineral content were found. Addition of a low dose of
      APD to conventional treatment of osteoporosis does not only prevent bone loss but
      induces a continuous gain in bone mass. These results justify long-term
      prospective studies with uninterrupted low dose APD treatment in osteoporosis.

PMID- 2920241
TI  - Bone mineral density of the spine and proximal femur in normal and osteoporotic
      subjects in Japan.
AB  - Bone mineral density (BMD) of the spine and proximal femur in Japanese men and
      women was investigated with dual photon absorptiometry, using gadolinium-153.
      Peak bone mass of the spine (L2-4) was 1.20 g/cm2 in women which was lower than
      that of men by 4.7%, whereas BMD of the femoral neck was 0.91 g/cm2 in women and
      lower than in men by 13.3%. Bone loss was faster in postmenopausal women than in
      men of the corresponding age, and the regressions of BMD on age were 6.7-times
      higher at L2-4 and 5.1-times higher at the femoral neck than in men. Such rates
      of loss became slower both in the lumbar spine and proximal femur in women after
      70 years of age, but the density at the proximal femur kept decreasing in men
      after 70 years of age. Fracture thresholds of each region were evaluated at the
      90th percentile for BMD of L2-4 in patients with vertebral crush fractures and
      for BMD of the proximal femur in patients with hip fractures. The fracture
      threshold was 0.97 g/cm2 at the spine and 0.67 g/cm2 at the femoral neck in
      women. BMD values at the spine and proximal femur in normal Japanese men and
      women appear to be lower than those in white American control population.

PMID- 2920242
TI  - Is there a need for more theoretical biology?

PMID- 2920243
TI  - Unconscious guilt as a cause of sexualized relationships.
AB  - The author summarizes 4 years of intensive psychotherapy with a patient who
      engaged in various forms of self-destructive behavior, including the sexual
      fondling of his 14-year-old stepdaughter. The author illustrates the important
      role that unconscious guilt may play in motivating a patient to engage in what
      ordinarily would be thought of simply as illicit drive-gratifying behavior. She
      describes the patient's reported childhood traumas and the therapeutic process of
      treatment, and gives examples of interpretations that facilitated the patient's
      efforts to gain control over his self-destructive behavior.

PMID- 2920244
TI  - Crisis intervention through early interpretation of unconscious guilt.
AB  - The author describes an approach to crisis intervention based on the assumption
      that a crisis reconfirms a patient's unconscious pathogenic beliefs and increases
      unconscious guilt. The nature of the psychopathology can be understood in terms
      of the patient's history, current life problems, and testing of the therapist.
      Treatment involves offering the patient a dynamic evaluation that includes
      interpretation of the role of pathogenic beliefs and guilt in the crisis. This
      approach provides symptomatic relief and may lead to incipient personality
      change. Improvement may be due in part to the greater openness to change
      characteristic of persons in crisis. However, this approach seems effective
      primarily because patients are enabled to disconfirm their pathogenic beliefs and
      thereby reduce unconscious guilt.

PMID- 2920245
TI  - Critique of a new view of unconscious guilt.

PMID- 2920246
TI  - Reality testing and judgment.
AB  - Both clinical and research efforts will be enhanced when professionals clearly
      understand the meaning of the terms reality testing and judgment. Until recently,
      clinicians and writers often failed to differentiate between them and also
      introduced other similar words and phrases that further diminished the
      specificity of the term reality testing. After reviewing some recent efforts to
      clarify the terminology, the author discusses the critical role of sensation as a
      precursor to perception and cognition, and the interaction of all three elements
      in the development of reality testing. He concludes with proposals to clarify the
      clinical applications of the terminology.

PMID- 2920247
TI  - The role of culture and family in mental illness.
AB  - A case is presented of a 25-year-old Oriental man who shocked his family by
      revealing his homosexuality, choosing atheism over his family's traditional
      Christian religion, and attempting suicide. The discussant examines the cultural
      implications of the family's reactions to the patient's clinical picture.

PMID- 2920248
TI  - The role of unconscious guilt in psychopathology and psychotherapy.
AB  - Using a new psychoanalytic perspective, the author explains how irrational
      unconscious guilt originates, how it produces psychopathology, and how it is
      mastered in psychotherapy. According to this perspective, unconscious guilt is a
      product of repressed irrational beliefs derived from traumatic childhood
      experiences. The author emphasizes the role of guilt as a source of resistance
      and transference, and he explains patients' unconscious efforts to master
      problems with guilt through an ongoing process of testing the therapist.
      Therapeutic outcome significantly depends on the degree to which therapists pass
      patients' tests and accurately analyze patients' guilt-based resistances and
      transferences. The author briefly describes an empirical study based on these
      concepts.

PMID- 2920249
TI  - Renal hydatid disease. Importance of pre-operative diagnosis.

PMID- 2920250
TI  - Primary osteogenic sarcoma of the kidney.

PMID- 2920251
TI  - Spontaneous regression of subcutaneous and pulmonary metastases from renal
      carcinoma.

PMID- 2920252
TI  - Another approach to the treatment of priapism.

PMID- 2920253
TI  - Ureteric meatotomy guided by antegrade insertion of a double J splint.

PMID- 2920254
TI  - Irrigation and acute ureteric dilatation--as for ureteroscopy.
AB  - The effects of irrigation with sterile and infected saline after acute ureteric
      dilatation by graded Teflon dilators were evaluated renographically and
      histologically in minipigs. The minipig ureter was dilated from its normal
      calibre of 4 F to 10 F, and 100 ml of sterile or infected saline were then
      introduced from a height of 60 cm under gravity. One week after irrigation and
      dilatation the ipsilateral kidney was either functioning less than 10% or there
      was an obstructive nephropathy. Histology at 3 months suggested that
      extravasation of infected irrigating fluid was the most likely cause of ureteric
      stricture formation.

PMID- 2920255
TI  - The severity of urinary incontinence in women. Comparison of subjective and
      objective tests.
AB  - The subjective assessment of urine loss in 84 incontinent women was quantified by
      using a 10-cm visual analogue scale. These results were compared with the results
      of a 2-h pad weighing test. We found no relationship between a patient's
      subjective impression of the severity of her incontinence and the corresponding
      objective assessment by a 2-h pad weighing test.

PMID- 2920256
TI  - Assessment of the results of Stamey bladder neck suspension.
AB  - A total of 48 patients with genuine stress incontinence underwent endoscopic
      bladder neck suspension; 36 patients (75%) were completely cured of their
      incontinence but 12 (25%) suffered recurrent leakage. In 2 cases this was due to
      infection and erosion of the vaginal sutures; in 4 cases failure was ascribed to
      a small capacity bladder and "pipe-stem" urethra. In the remaining 6 unsuccessful
      cases the Stamey sutures had cut through flimsy endopelvic fascia. It was
      concluded that endoscopic bladder neck suspension has advantages over
      colposuspension in terms of reduced dissection and hospital stay, but its success
      rate is lower than originally reported. Failures due to suture infection and
      buttress displacement may be avoided by not using Dacron and, instead, by picking
      up vaginal subdermis with nylon sutures--the same tissue used to provide support
      in a Burch colposuspension.

PMID- 2920257
TI  - Lack of relationship of conus reflexes to bladder function after spinal cord
      injury.
AB  - A series of 20 patients with acute complete suprasacral cord lesions underwent
      serial urodynamic assessment of vesicourethral function and serial measurement of
      sacral reflex latency times (SRL) and reflex threshold throughout a follow-up
      period of 42 to 83 weeks (mean 50). No correlation was found between any pattern
      of SRL latencies or reflex thresholds and subsequent bladder behaviour. The
      reproducibility of sacral reflex latencies was found to be poor (mean variation
      of serial measurements from initial reading 21%) and could not be explained on
      the basis of "dynamic" neurological recovery. Studies using the bladder as a
      stimulus site were unreliable. The value of SRL studies in detecting subtle
      neurophysiological changes is discussed.

PMID- 2920258
TI  - Bladder replacement by ileocaeco-urethrostomy or ileo-urethrostomy with a
      reservoir after cystoprostato-vesiculectomy for bladder cancer. A functional
      evaluation.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the function of the intestinal segments
      used to replace the bladder after cystoprostato-vesiculectomy. The series
      included 30 patients, 10 of whom underwent clinical, radiological, urodynamic and
      electromanometric investigations. Seven patients had an ileocaeco-urethrostomy
      (ICUS) and 3 had an ileo-urethrostomy with a reservoir (IR). The results were
      good in all patients and there was no sign of tumour recurrence. All were
      completely continent during the day but during the night only those who observed
      the 2-h intervals between voiding were continent. The radiological findings for 1
      patient showed grade I asymptomatic vesicoureteric reflux. In all cases, periodic
      pressure waves were observed during electrocystomanometric tests at basal levels,
      with the IR patients showing waves higher in frequency and lower in amplitude.
      Prostigmin induced a significant variation in motor activity in IR patients only.
      The urodynamic tracings showed an almost physiological flow in both groups.
      Cystomanometry revealed good compliance in both types of new bladders. The height
      and width of contraction waves during filling was greater in ICUS than in IR
      patients. Good perineal sphincteric activity was demonstrated by
      electromyography. Low passive resistance was indicated by the urethral pressure
      profile. Preliminary analysis of data indicated good functional micturition and
      renal function in both ICUS and IR patients. Slight differences were found
      between the two intestinal segments used for bladder replacement.

PMID- 2920259
TI  - Three years' experience with an ileal low pressure bladder substitute.
AB  - At the beginning of this century it was realised that peristalsis would cause
      incontinence if bowel was used for augmentation or substitution of the bladder.
      Trans-section of the antimesenteric border and cross-folding of the intestinal
      segments (Goodwin's cup-patch technique) is an efficient means of solving this
      problem and has been successfully used in the Kock pouch. We anastomosed the
      ileal low pressure reservoir to the membranous urethra in 22 male patients
      following radical cystoprostatectomy for bladder cancer. The mean observation
      time was 16 months (range 3-36). The capacity of the bladder substitute increased
      with time, the average being 450 ml after 6 months. In the first 4 patients with
      a short (2-5 cm) intestinal segment between the pouch and the urethra,
      micturition was prolonged, residual urine varied from 50 to 300 ml and
      bacteriuria was found. Occasional expulsions of several ml of urine were caused
      by peristalsis within this short tubular segment. In the following 18 patients,
      the low pressure reservoir was anastomosed directly to the membranous urethra.
      Micturition was good, with no notable residual urine, no bacteriuria and no
      paroxysmal urinary incontinence. However, a safety pad is used by half of the
      patients because once or twice a week, mainly at night, a few ml of urine may be
      lost. No significant changes in serum electrolytes, bicarbonate or creatinine
      were noted. With the three different antireflux techniques used, no obstructive
      or inflammatory changes in the upper urinary tracts were found, although no long
      term antibiotic prophylaxis was given.

PMID- 2920260
TI  - The Mitrofanoff principle for continent urinary diversion.
AB  - A continent urinary diversion was formed for 16 patients using the Mitrofanoff
      principle for continence. As originally described, this system used the appendix
      tunnelled into the bladder to form a continent catheterisable vesicostomy. We
      have expanded the technique and have used all available narrow tubes as continent
      conduits (ureter 10 cases, appendix 5, Fallopian tube 1). The urine container was
      made of large and small intestine and bladder in several combinations. The system
      has been very satisfactory: 14 patients were continent and able to catheterise; 1
      required a revision to achieve continence and 1 awaits revision; 3 patients
      required revision procedures for stricture.

PMID- 2920261
TI  - The enigma of interstitial cystitis--an autoimmune disease?
AB  - Interstitial cystitis (IC) is characterised by recurrent inflammation and
      destruction of bladder tissue without obvious cause. To determine whether this
      self-perpetuating disease is the result of an autoimmune disorder, we studied 26
      patients with IC of mean duration 5 years and compared the results with those of
      a control group of similar age and sex with other urological complaints. We
      performed a standard autoimmune profile and looked for specific antibodies to
      normal human bladder in the serum, using an indirect immunofluorescence
      technique. Deep bladder biopsies were examined by conventional histology and
      cryostat sections were studied with peroxidase-conjugated anti-human antibodies
      in a search for immunoglobulin deposition within the bladder. Seventeen of 26
      patients with IC (65%) and 5 of 14 controls (36%) demonstrated non-organ-specific
      antibodies; 40% of those with IC had anti-nuclear antibodies; 18 IC patients
      (75%) and 4 of 10 controls (40%) had anti-bladder antibodies present in the
      serum, but 5 healthy volunteers showed no such antibody activity. There was no
      statistically significant difference between the two groups for either type of
      antibody (Fisher's exact test). Only 5 of 17 patients with IC (29%) showed
      immunoglobulin deposition in the bladder epithelium, a similar proportion to
      controls (38%); 4 of these 5 had circulating anti-bladder antibodies present in
      the serum. Although IC patients demonstrated a non-specific increase in antibody
      formation, this was not significantly different from a similar group of other
      urological patients. The lack of specificity makes this immunological response
      more likely to be a secondary phenomenon associated with inflammatory damage to
      the bladder rather than the primary cause of the disease.

PMID- 2920262
TI  - Concurrent adriamycin and radiotherapy in locally advanced bladder cancer.
AB  - A prospective 2-phase study was performed on 24 patients with locally advanced
      transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder to evaluate the toxicity of
      integrated treatment with Adriamycin 10 mg/m2 (group A) or 20 mg/m2 (group B) and
      hyperfractionated, accelerated radiotherapy. Local and systemic toxicity with
      Adriamycin 10 mg/m2 was significantly lower than with 20 mg/m2. Complete tumour
      remission was achieved in 18 patients (6 of 8 patients in group A and 12 of 16 in
      group B). In 12 cases the treatment could be stopped after the first series.

PMID- 2920264
TI  - Urine microscopy and culture in the selection of patients for urinary tract
      investigation.
AB  - In a 1-year laboratory-based study the validity of certain findings on microscopy
      and culture of mid-stream urine specimens as predictive of the presence of
      structural or functional abnormalities of the urinary tract was tested. During
      1986, infection was diagnosed in 12,705 specimens sent to the laboratory by
      general practitioners; in the light of the findings a comment suggesting the
      possibility of underlying urinary tract pathology was appended to the reports of
      specimens from 652 patients. Data were available from the investigation of 233 of
      these patients. The percentage in whom abnormalities were detected considerably
      exceeded that reported from studies of bacteriuric children and of adult women
      with symptoms. It is suggested that the use of these criteria may assist
      clinicians to select, from the very large number of patients who suffer from
      urinary tract infection, those who require investigation.

PMID- 2920263
TI  - New combination chemotherapy programme for bladder cancer.
AB  - Forty patients with either metastatic, post-radiotherapy recurrent, or poor
      prognosis locally advanced transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder were
      treated in a new combination chemotherapy programme with methotrexate,
      vinblastine, mitozantrone and JM8 (carboplatin); 33 patients were assessable for
      response. There were 9 complete responses (27%), 12 partial responses (36%) and 7
      disease stabilizations (21%); 5 patients (15%) had progressive disease. The
      median duration of complete response has not been reached and is in excess of 9
      months (range 4- greater than 18 months). This regimen was without significant
      toxicity and this is in contrast with M-VAC, which is thought to be currently the
      most effective treatment for urothelial cancer.

PMID- 2920265
TI  - Volatile N-nitrosamines in urinary catheters.
AB  - Levels of volatile N-nitrosamines were measured in 10 brands of latex and 2
      brands of silicone catheters using high performance liquid chromatography. The
      cytotoxicity of catheters from identical batches was determined by measuring the
      inhibitory effect of catheter extracts on the uptake of 3H-labelled thymidine
      into L-929 fibroblasts in culture (IC50). The most frequently encountered
      nitrosamines were N-nitrosodi-n-butylamine and N-nitrosodiethylamine. Total N
      nitrosamine levels in excess of 100 ng/g were found in 6 of the 16 catheters
      tested. When compared with the cytotoxicity of the catheters a significant
      correlation was found, with increasing nitrosamine content being associated with
      greater cytotoxicity. In view of the reported toxic and carcinogenic effects of
      these compounds it is suggested that the nitrosamine content of catheters be
      routinely monitored and safe regulatory limits be imposed.

PMID- 2920266
TI  - Oestrogen in the treatment of prostatic carcinoma. What is the safe and effective
      dose of ethinyloestradiol?
AB  - The treatment of prostatic carcinoma with diethylstilboestrol (DES) and
      ethinyloestradiol (Lynoral) has become less popular since the introduction of new
      forms of treatment such as antiandrogens, estramustine phosphate and LHRH
      analogues. One of the reasons for this decline in popularity is the risk of
      cardiovascular side effects during treatment with oestrogens. In the literature,
      different dosages of DES and ethinyloestradiol are recommended and different
      rates of cardiovascular side effects are reported. In a prospective study, 18
      patients were treated with ethinyloestradiol 0.05 mg/day. In most cases this
      lowered the plasma testosterone permanently below castrate level during therapy.
      Also, because the acid phosphatase returned to normal in almost all patients,
      this treatment seemed adequate. In 4 patients the treatment was stopped because
      of side effects, in 3 of these because of cardiovascular complications. The
      cardiovascular side effect at this dose are considerable (29%) but comparable
      rates are reported in some studies following placebo treatment of patients with
      prostatic carcinoma.

PMID- 2920267
TI  - Urethral substitution in women.
AB  - A series of 30 female patients underwent total urethral substitution for a
      variety of conditions, usually urogenital sinus abnormalities or post-irradiation
      vesicourethrovaginal fistulae. Five different techniques were used: bladder flap
      neourethroplasty, neourethroplasty using a urinary tract remnant,
      vaginal/urogenital sinus neourethroplasty, pedicled labial skin tube
      neourethroplasty and colonic substitution neourethroplasty with synchronous
      implantation of an artificial sphincter. Bladder flap neourethroplasty is
      appropriate if the bladder size is adequate and if the bladder neck is
      incompetent, but stress incontinence is a common complication which must be
      anticipated and dealt with proleptically. Vaginal/UG sinus neourethroplasty is
      preferred if the bladder neck is competent enough to preserve continence. When no
      other tissue is available, particularly after radiotherapy, a pedicled labial
      skin tube neourethroplasty gives the best results. Colonic substitution with the
      implantation of an artificial sphincter is not satisfactory. Any surgically
      created neourethra should be wrapped with either labial fat pads or omentum and,
      in the absence of a competent bladder neck, with an artificial sphincter cuff to
      support the urethra and to prevent it telescoping, and for use as a back-up if
      continence is not adequate.

PMID- 2920268
TI  - Epididymo-orchitis and Brucellosis.
AB  - A series of 40 patients presented with epididymo-orchitis between January 1983
      and August 1985. In 14 brucellosis was diagnosed. In 10 of these (72%) both
      testis and epididymis were involved and 1 had bilateral disease. All patients
      with brucella epididymo-orchitis were treated with streptomycin and tetracycline
      and complete resolution occurred in 8 (57%).

PMID- 2920269
TI  - Effect of phentolamine on venous return in human erection.
AB  - A group of 25 patients underwent Doppler penile blood examination and
      cavernometry before and after 5 mg of phentolamine injected intracavernously. The
      organic or psychogenic nature of impotence was determined by psychological
      testing, the intracavernous injection of papaverine, hormonal evaluation,
      neurological examination, Doppler penile blood flow measurement and cavernometry
      for vascular investigations. The intracavernous injection of phentolamine had no
      effect on the venous return and it provoked penile arterial dilatation. The
      erectile angle, which was also measured, was less evident than after the
      injection of papaverine. The results confirmed the fact that an increase in
      arterial inflow alone is not sufficient to induce a rigid erection in man.

PMID- 2920270
TI  - Early calcification of haematoma in the renal pelvis.

PMID- 2920271
TI  - Renal parenchymal malakoplakia.

PMID- 2920272
TI  - The use of milk progesterone analysis to monitor reproductive activity in the
      camel (Camelus dromedarius).
AB  - Milk progesterone profiles were used to monitor the ovarian changes during the
      post-partum period of five she-camels. Milk samples were collected daily for 60
      days from four suckling camels (1-4) and from one animal whose calf died on day
      3. Progesterone was determined using the Ovucheck Bovine progesterone kits. The
      first increase of progesterone level in the five animals occurred on days 28, 26,
      21, 24 and 20 respectively. At least two progesterone peaks of 6 +/- 2 SD days'
      duration occurred during the 60 days. An early one day peak was also noticed in
      three animals.

PMID- 2920273
TI  - Changes in limb loading with lameness for a number of Friesian cattle.
AB  - Lameness in cattle is an expensive problem. Gait studies may assist in
      understanding the factors involved. The gait changes of four lame cows were
      related to the gaits of non-lame cows. The vertical forces and horizontal fore
      and-aft forces during the stance phase of steps were investigated using a force
      plate. The maximum vertical force (MVF) was often reduced on lame limbs. The
      horizontal forces showed an initial decelerative force followed by an
      accelerative force. For sound cows the maximum accelerative force (MAF) and the
      maximum decelerative force (MDF) were of the same order of magnitude, while those
      for lame animals were generally modified. Forces applied to the non-lame limbs of
      lame cows were also changed, probably to reduce further the loads exerted upon
      the lame foot.

PMID- 2920274
TI  - The relationship between milk yield and cystic ovarian disease in cattle.
AB  - Studies were conducted to understand the relationship, if any, between the amount
      and pattern of milk yield and the occurrence of cystic ovarian disease (COD) in
      dairy cattle. More than 70 cows with cysts were compared with herd mates of
      similar lactation number. Total milk yield in lactations when cysts occurred and
      in the preceding lactations were not different from the corresponding lactations
      in control cows. Patterns of monthly milk yield did not differ between the two
      groups of cows. However, weekly analysis in early lactation revealed differences.
      Both groups of cows achieved peak yields at a similar time (5.4 +/- 1.2 vs 5.7 +/
      1.9 weeks post partum in normal vs cows with COD). However, owing to an early
      decline in yield of cows with COD, their duration of peak yield was significantly
      shorter (P less than 0.05) than in the control cows (3.2 +/- 2.2 vs 5.6 +/- 2.4
      weeks). Both the attainment and the decline of peak yield occurred 5.6 (range = 2
      15) weeks before the cysts were diagnosed. It is concluded that COD is not
      particularly a disease of higher yielding cows and that COD has no discernible
      effect on the milk yield or its pattern. It is speculated, however, that some
      cows in early lactation, while trying to meet the requirements of sustained peak
      milk production, are more susceptible to minor environmental changes (such as new
      social interactions, or changes in diet). These events may lead to a drop in milk
      production and disruption of events controlling normal ovulation, resulting in
      the formation of ovarian cysts.

PMID- 2920275
TI  - Ethological aspects of leg fractures in deep litter laying chickens.
AB  - Unilateral leg fractures in chickens on deep litter were investigated when 15
      cases (0.21%), all hens, had occurred during 40 weeks and ethological factors
      were suspected. A significant subsequent reduction to three cases in 33 weeks
      followed advice to farm staff on their footwork and the avoidance of sexually
      crouching hens.

PMID- 2920276
TI  - Effect of ivermectin on the ear mange mite, Psoroptes cuniculi, of rabbits.
AB  - Rabbits, naturally infected with ear mange mite, Psoroptes cuniculi, were
      injected subcutaneously with a single dose of ivermectin at 200 micrograms or 400
      micrograms/kg of body weight. The effect of the drug was evaluated clinically and
      parasitologically over 4 weeks. The animals in both groups became negative for
      mites 6 days after treatment and remained so until the end of trial. The ear
      lesions disappeared in both groups. However, the regression of lesions was faster
      in rabbits administered 400 micrograms/kg of ivermectin.

PMID- 2920277
TI  - Studies on the prevalence and laboratory transmission of fascioliasis in animals
      in the Kashmir Valley.
AB  - In Kashmir, 85.1% of cattle, 51.3% of sheep and 14.8% of goats were found
      infected with Fasciola spp. The prevalence rate varied from 66.6 to 100.0%, 25.0
      to 100% and nil to 66.0% in cattle, sheep and goats respectively in different
      months of the year. Fasciola gigantica was the predominant species in all animal
      species but sheep harboured both F. gigantica and F. hepatica. The prevalence of
      F. hepatica infection in sheep happens to be the first report from India. Lymnaea
      auricularia sensu stricto supported the development of F. gigantica under
      laboratory conditions. The incubation temperature affected the shedding of the
      cercariae. Snails maintained at 25-27 degrees C started cercarial shedding as
      early as day 20 post-infection (PI), whereas those maintained at 10-12 degrees C
      commenced it from day 64 PI. One out of three experimentally infected guinea pigs
      aged 1 month revealed adult flukes in the liver at necropsy on day 52 PI.

PMID- 2920278
TI  - Effect of tetrathiomolybdate administration on the excretion of copper, zinc,
      iron and molybdenum in sheep bile.
AB  - The copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and iron (Fe) excreted daily in the bile of three
      sheep were estimated at 0.20, 0.10 and 0.36 mg respectively. Intravenous
      administration of tetrathiomolybdate (TM) increased bile Cu excretion and reduced
      liver Cu concentration. Tetrathiomolybdate had no significant effect on the
      excretion of Zn and Fe. These findings indicate that at least one of the
      mechanisms by which TM induces hypocuprosis is by increasing biliary Cu
      excretion. Hence it has a possible use in the treatment of Cu storage diseases in
      man and animals.

PMID- 2920279
TI  - A retrospective study of hepatic abscesses in goats: pathological and
      microbiological findings.
AB  - Post-mortem examination of 658 goats showed that 17 (2.5%) exhibited hepatic
      abscesses. The following bacteria were isolated: Corynebacterium
      pseudotuberculosis (58.9%), Escherichia coli (11.8%), Corynebacterium sp.
      (11.8%), Pasteurella haemolytica (5.9%), Proteus sp. (5.9%) and Staphylococcus
      aureus (5.9%). Hepatic abscesses occurred more frequently in adult animals.
      Eleven of the 17 goats (64.7%) were older than 12 months of age. Four goats
      (23.5%) were 12 months of age and only two (11.8%) were less than 1 year of age.
      All of the goats with hepatic abscesses were in poor nutritional condition and
      the abscesses were invariably associated with accompanying pathological disorders
      at other body sites.

PMID- 2920280
TI  - Abattoir condemnation of pigs and its economic implications in Singapore.
AB  - Losses due to mortality and rejection of carcases and viscera in a population of
      2,959,607 pigs admitted for slaughter in Singapore abattoirs between 1984 and
      1986 were studied. Mortality losses were 2822 pigs (9.5 per 10,000 admissions)
      while 3039 whole carcases (10.3 per 10,000 admissions) were condemned at post
      mortem examination. The main reason for rejection of carcases was pyaemia
      (30.3%). Kidneys and livers were the two main organs of economic value rejected.
      Rejection of kidneys was primarily due to nephritis (54.8%) while liver
      condemnation was mainly due to cirrhosis (38.6%). The financial loss from
      abattoir rejection was S$5.27 millions or S$1.78 per pig admitted. The value of
      abattoir condemnation data as a tool in preventive medicine is discussed.

PMID- 2920281
TI  - Serum biochemistry of Zebu bulls and their Friesian crosses fed two planes of
      protein.
AB  - Twenty-one Bunaji (White Fulani, Zebu) and 21 Friesian X Bunaji cross-bred bull
      calves, approximately 6 months of age, were each divided after weaning into two
      groups and fed isocaloric rations containing 14.45% (high protein) and 8.51% (low
      protein) crude protein for 10 months. Serum samples were collected biweekly for
      10 months and analysed for serum proteins. Age had no significant effect. The
      Bunaji had significantly (P less than 0.05) higher total protein, albumin, and
      alpha 1-globulin than Friesian X Bunaji. While there was no significant
      difference in body condition score between the two breeds, the Friesian X Bunaji
      had a significantly (P less than 0.05) higher growth rate. Animals on high
      protein diets had significantly (P less than 0.05) higher total protein, albumin,
      alpha 2-globulin, gamma-globulin and total globulin than those on low protein.
      However, alpha 1-globulin and beta-globulin were not significantly (P greater
      than 0.05) different for the two treatment groups.

PMID- 2920282
TI  - Dermoid cysts in camels.
AB  - In our experience the camel (Camelus dromedarius) seems to be affected more
      commonly by dermoid cysts as compared to other cutaneous cysts. However, apart
      from one reference (Monteverde, 1935), the dermoid cyst has not been reported in
      the camel. This report documents dermoid cysts in identical locations in 11
      camels with two camels having bilateral dermoid cysts at the similar site.

PMID- 2920283
TI  - Postaccess processes in the open vs. closed class distinction.
AB  - We present the results of two auditory lexical decision experiments in which we
      attempted to replicate findings originally presented in Bradley (1978,
      Computational distinctions of vocabulary type, Ph.D. dissertation, MIT). The
      results obtained by Bradley were used as evidence for a processing distinction
      between the open and the closed class vocabularies; this distinction then used as
      part of an explanation for agrammatism in the comprehension and production of
      Broca's aphasics. In our first experiment we failed to replicate Bradley's result
      of frequency insensitivity in the closed class. Our second experiment, however,
      replicates Bradley's finding that closed class based nonwords (e.g., thanage)
      fail to induce interference effects in nonword decisions. We argue that our
      results, together with the various other reported failures to replicate Bradley's
      frequency insensitivity result, indicate that the open and closed classes may
      play distinct roles in postaccess phenomena involving the processing of
      morphological information but that such studies cannot address the question of
      whether the open vs. closed class distinction plays a role in syntactic
      processing.

PMID- 2920284
TI  - Immediate memory functions in reading disability subtypes.
AB  - This study examined immediate memory processes in specific reading disability
      subtypes. Three subgroups (n = 15 in each subgroup) of reading disabled children
      were examined: (a) perceptual-motor disorder, (b) verbal disorder-general, and
      (c) verbal disorder-specific (memory). The three groups were matched for age and
      full scale IQ. All children received a memory-for-colors task (Color Span Test)
      designed to evaluate intra- and intermodal serial memory functioning. Comparison
      of memory profiles for the three reading disability subtypes revealed that
      patterns varied depending on mode of stimulus presentation or response. Although
      all three groups performed considerably below normative levels on each of the
      four subtests of the Color Span Test, all subjects performed significantly better
      on verbally presented items than on visually presented items. The findings were
      interpreted to suggest that these reading disabled children may not consistently
      utilize verbal strategies for coding or retrieval of information when stimuli are
      visually presented.

PMID- 2920285
TI  - The effects of right and left hemiparkinsonism on prosody.
AB  - Recent studies show right hemisphere dominance in the mediation of emotional
      prosody and left hemisphere contribution to linguistic prosody in patients with
      cortical injury. The present study investigated emotional and linguistic
      functions of prosody as well as facial and musical processing in 21 patients with
      lateralized subcortical disease. Fourteen right hemiparkinsonians (RPD) and 7
      left hemiparkinsonians (LPD) were compared to 17 normal controls (NC). Patients
      were impaired on receptive and expressive tests of emotional and linguistic
      prosody. Patients were also selectively impaired on emotional processing of
      facial stimuli and in the musical processing of pitch and tonal memory, though
      not timber. These findings suggest that monotone speech reported in PD is of
      multimodal origins and may involve dysfunction in neural centers involved in
      emotional and linguistic processing. There were no differences between RPD and
      LPD groups in the pattern of deficits, suggesting bilateral involvement in
      emotional processing at the subcortical level.

PMID- 2920286
TI  - Cortical deafness cannot account for the inability of Japanese macaques to
      discriminate species-specific vocalizations.
AB  - Bilateral ablation of the superior temporal gyrus in Japanese macaques results in
      a significant hearing loss (cortical deafness) as well as in an inability to
      discriminate between two types of their "coo" vocalizations. A two-part
      investigation was conducted to determine whether the hearing loss may itself
      affect the ability to discriminate vocalizations. First, four normal Japanese
      macaques were tested for their ability to discriminate coos which were filtered
      to simulate the effect of a cortical hearing loss. Second, four Japanese macaques
      with bilateral superior temporal gyrus lesions were tested for their ability to
      discriminate coos which were amplified and equalized to compensate for each
      animal's hearing loss. All four normal macaques were able to discriminate the
      filtered coos easily whereas compensating for the operated monkeys' hearing
      losses did not improve their performances. It appears that the inability of
      monkeys with bilateral superior temporal gyrus lesions to discriminate
      conspecific vocalizations is not simply due to the accompanying hearing loss, but
      is a separate auditory disorder.

PMID- 2920287
TI  - Sequence initiation performance by stutterers under conditions of response
      competition.
AB  - Male stutterers and nonstutterers were compared on their performance of a task
      that required tapping keys as rapidly and accurately as possible to reproduce
      different sequences of finger movements as soon as they had been demonstrated on
      a visual display panel. Testing using the right hand alone confirmed previous
      findings that stutterers are significantly slower than nonstutterers in
      initiating new movement sequences and make significantly more errors on initial
      sequences. Subjects were also tested on this sequence reproduction task while
      they performed concurrently a manual task with the left hand that required
      turning a knob in response to signal tones. The hypothesis underlying the study
      was that associated with stuttering is a dysfunction in the mechanisms regulating
      interhemispheric communication, and it was predicted that the concurrent task
      would interfere more with the sequence reproduction task performance of
      stutterers than with that of nonstutterers. A joint analysis of the speed and
      accuracy aspects of performance of the two tasks confirmed the prediction.
      Additional research required to clarify whether the effects are in fact due to
      the hypothesized interhemispheric mechanisms or to a generally greater
      susceptibility of stutterers to interference from any concurrent motor or
      cognitive activity is discussed.

PMID- 2920288
TI  - The effect of semantic and syntactic structure on verbal memory in Alzheimer's
      disease.
AB  - This study examined the ability of 17 patients with Alzheimer's disease and 17
      normal-old subjects to recall short sentences that were normal, or had a
      disruption in either their semantic structure, their syntactic structure, or both
      their semantic and syntactic structure. Results showed that sentence recall
      performance was affected similarly in the demented and normal-old subjects by
      both the syntactic and semantic structure of the sentences. The presence of
      either type of language structure appeared to allow both normal and demented
      subjects to organize strings of words into multiword chunks for more efficient
      memory encoding.

PMID- 2920289
TI  - Semantic abilities in dementia of the Alzheimer type. 1. Lexical semantics.
AB  - The lexical semantic abilities of 18 Alzheimer patients were investigated using
      confrontation naming tasks (including both visual and tactile naming tests) and
      compared to those of a group of institutionalized, nonneurologically impaired
      control subjects matched for age, sex, and educational level. The Alzheimer
      patients produced a greater number of naming errors than the control subjects.
      The errors made by subjects during the naming tasks were analyzed according to a
      set of 16 error response types. The Alzheimer patients' response patterns suggest
      that they do recognize objects which they are unable to name and are able to
      identify the semantic class to which the target belongs, but cannot provide the
      lexeme corresponding to the correct individual class member. The results support
      a semantic network disruption rather than a visual perceptual deficit as the
      basis of the naming disturbance observed in Alzheimer patients.

PMID- 2920290
TI  - Processing of lexical ambiguities: a comment on Milberg, Blumstein, and Dworetzky
      (1987).
AB  - In a study by Milberg, Blumstein, and Dworetzky (1987), normal control subjects
      and Wernicke's and Broca's aphasics performed a lexical decision task on the
      third element of auditorily presented triplets of words with either a word or a
      nonword as target. In three of the four types of word triplets, the first and the
      third words were related to one or both meanings of the second word, which was
      semantically ambiguous. The fourth type of word triplet consisted of three
      unrelated, unambiguous words, functioning as baseline. Milberg et al. (1987)
      claim that the results for their control subjects are similar to those reported
      by Schvaneveldt, Meyer, and Becker's original study (1976) with the same prime
      types, and so interpret these as evidence for a selective lexical access of the
      different meanings of ambiguous words. It is argued here that Milberg et al. only
      partially replicate the Schvaneveldt et al. results. Moreover, the results of
      Milberg et al. are not fully in line with the selective access hypothesis
      adopted. Replication of the Milberg et al. (1987) study with Dutch materials,
      using both a design without and a design with repetition of the same target words
      for the same subjects led to the original pattern as reported by Schvaneveldt et
      al. (1976). In the design with four separate presentations of the same target
      word, a strong repetition effect was found. It is therefore argued that the
      discrepancy between the Milberg et al. results on the one hand, and the
      Schvaneveldt et al. results on the other, might be due to the absence of a
      control for repetition effects in the within-subject design used by Milberg et
      al. It is concluded that this makes the results for both normal and aphasic
      subjects in the latter study difficult to interpret in terms of a selective
      access model for normal processing.

PMID- 2920291
TI  - Reaction time methodology and the aphasic patient: a reply to Hagoort (1988).
AB  - P. Hagoort (1988, Brain and Language, 36, 335-348) suggests that the results of
      an experiment conducted with aphasic patients reported by W. Milberg, S. E.
      Blumstein, and B. Dworetzky (1987, Brain and Language, 31, 138-150) are
      "difficult to interpret in terms of a selective access model for normal
      processing because of a confound caused by the use of repeated lexical decision
      targets." We argue that the use of repeated lexical decision targets and other
      methodological compromises are necessary for using the lexical decision reaction
      time paradigm with aphasic patients. Furthermore, the minor differences between
      our data and those presented by Hagoort do not undermine our claims concerning
      semantic processing in different subgroups of aphasics, nor our comparisons of
      these patients to normal subjects.

PMID- 2920292
TI  - Immunological, psychological and sociological studies in alcohol abusers and long
      term abstainers.
AB  - The presented results are part of a broader study of problems of alcoholism
      investigated within the research project on "Pathogenesis of Major Mental
      Diseases". The paper consists of three parts: immunovirological, psychological,
      and sociopsychological. Certain signs of disbalance were found in the immune
      system of 196 alcoholics, as compared with 363 controls, which proved reversible
      with the improvement of the patient's condition. This may be interpreted as an
      additional sign of recovery of the somatic condition of the patient. In the
      psychological part screening questionnaires were adapted and used in 335
      inpatients and 116 outpatients. In a pilot study the pesonality characteristics
      of 30 obtaining alcoholics were compared with those of 37 treated alcoholics. A
      scale of psychic rigidity was elaborated for alcoholics (130 subjects) as
      compared to controls (70 subjects). The sign of psychic rip6dity was evaluated
      for its suitability in discriminating between alcoholics and non-addict drinkers.
      In the sociological part diagnostic lists were elaborated containing 195 markers
      reflecting different aspects of the sociopsychological profile of persons at risk
      and of alcohol abusers. The investigated subjects came from a factory community.

PMID- 2920293
TI  - [The effect of trigeminal zone irritation on parameters of forced vital capacity
      in humans].
AB  - In 44 healthy males aged 18-21 years, the authors studied the effect of
      irritation of the trigeminal zone by ammonia vapors and by immersion of the face
      into water on parameters of forced vital capacity. Inhalation of ammonia
      immediately induced impairment of all the studied parameters of forced
      expiration. In the later time intervals (up to the 10th minute after inhalation)
      the air flow remained reduced over the whole forced expiration (FVC/FET), mainly
      at the expense of decreased air flow at the end of forced expiration (FEF75-85%).
      Inhalation of ammonia also resulted in abolition of the psychically induced
      higher heart rate and in its normalization. Immersion of the face into cold water
      caused reduction in the values of FVC, FEV1, FVC/FET, and FEF0-25%. After
      voluntary apnea in the air there was only a small reduction of FEF0-25%. In the
      light of these findings, the authors consider irritation of cold receptors of the
      face to be the main cause of the changes in functional parameters of the lungs
      during immersion reflex.

PMID- 2920294
TI  - [Use of suprasternal imaging with 2-dimensional echocardiography in adults].
AB  - The authors demonstrate the justification of the suprasternal approach from the
      hollow of the neck in routine two-dimensional echocardiographic examination in
      adult patients. Echocardiographic and angiographic imaging is documented in two
      patients after surgery for coarctation of the aorta, with the narrowed section of
      the arch of the aorta well visualized, and in the third patient with partial
      anomalous opening of the pulmonary veins, the dilated left innominate vein
      draining blood from the left vertical vein into the dilated upper vena cava was
      clearly visible.

PMID- 2920295
TI  - [Paroxysmal march hemoglobinuria--a 1-year duration in a young man].
AB  - The development of paroxysmal march hemoglobinuria in a young man is described.
      It first appeared when he was 31 years old and lasted for over one year. It was
      induced only by long walking (half an hour and more) on paved city streets and
      did not appear after any other physical exertion. Apart from the dark urine, the
      condition had a completely asymptomatic course and after one year it
      spontaneously disappeared. The practical implication of differentiating
      hemoglobinuria from other potential causes resulting in dark coloration of urine,
      such as hematuria, porphyrinuria and myoglobinuria, is being emphasized. The
      discussion presents a concise analysis of the problem of hemolysis developing as
      a result of mechanical damage to erythrocytes, particularly with regard to
      paroxysmal march hemoglobinuria. (Ref. 18.).

PMID- 2920296
TI  - Use of selected quantitative parameters of the electric field of the heart in
      evaluating the presence and site of preexcitation.
AB  - Electrocardiographic methods play a decisive role in evaluation of the health
      condition of subjects with WPW pattern. The authors examined 54 patients with WPW
      pattern with different degrees of preexcitation. The presence of preexcitation
      and the localization of its focus was determined by surface electrocardiographic
      mapping using the original Czechoslovak computer equipment KARDIO-SMEP 01.0. The
      duration of ventricular activation was determined according to root mean square
      signals. By means of potential and temporo-spatial analysis of peak negative
      regions of instantaneous maps (in 2 ms intervals) they determined the duration of
      the period of proper preexcitation, of fusion of the two activation events, and
      of the end depolarization of the ventricles. In localizing the preexcitation
      focus they proceeded according to the criteria of Benson et al. (1982) with
      individual evaluation of quantitative preexcitation parameters of ECG maps and
      according to vector analysis of the delta wave. Quantitative and temporo-spatial
      evaluation of the mutual relationship of the two activation events in WPW pattern
      allows to establish reliably the presence, degree and focus localization of
      preexcitation even at a low degree of preexcitation and at a low-potential level
      of the preexcitation surface activity on ECG maps.

PMID- 2920297
TI  - Genotoxic effects of heavy metals in rat hepatocytes.
AB  - The genotoxic interaction of metals, which are common environmental contaminants,
      was studied in cultured hepatocytes. Freshly isolated rat hepatocytes were
      exposed to concentrations of cadmium, copper, silver and lead salts ranging from
      non-cytotoxic to moderately cytotoxic (as determined by LDH release), and the
      incorporation of [3H]thymidine into the DNA, as a measure of repair synthesis,
      was followed. In addition, the uptake of metals by the nuclear fraction was
      determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma/Mass Spectrometry or atomic
      absorption spectrophotometry. The evaluation of binding of 109Cd to the DNA in
      situ was also attempted. It was observed that after a 20 h exposure period, all
      the metals investigated were found in the nuclear fraction of hepatocytes, with
      Ag apparently being accumulated less efficiently. In parallel, Cd (0.18 to 1.8
      microM) and Cu (7.9 to 78.5 microM) consistently produced a statistically
      significant stimulation of [3H]thymidine incorporation into the DNA, in the
      presence or absence of hydroxyurea while Ag was active only at the highest
      concentration tested (18.5 microM). In contrast, Pb failed to induce a UDS
      response at the levels used. Moreover, exposure of hepatocytes to 1.8 microM
      109CdCl2 for 20 h led to a DNA binding ratio of 0.98 +/- 0.23 ng Cd/micrograms
      DNA. The present results support the view that the nucleus may be an important
      target organelle for metal toxicity.

PMID- 2920299
TI  - Effects of tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate, pyrethroids and DDT in the V79.
AB  - The effects of the pyrethroids flucythrinate, cyfluthrin, bioallethrin and
      resmethrin on metabolic cooperation between V79 cells were investigated. Addition
      of flucythrinate to cocultures of 6-thioguanine-resistant and 6-thioguanine
      sensitive V79 cells significantly increased the mutant cell recovery, indicating
      inhibition of intercellular communication. No such effect was observed by the
      other pyrethroids tested. To compare the modes of action of TPA-, DDT-, and
      pyrethroid-induced inhibition of intercellular communication, co-exposure
      experiments were undertaken. Addition of TPA, together with increasing doses of
      fenvalerate or flucythrinate, produced a synergistic response. Various
      combinations of fenvalerate-, flucythrinate- and DDT-exposure gave results in
      accordance with an additive response. The result suggest different pathways of
      action for TPA and the insecticides investigated in this study.

PMID- 2920298
TI  - Synergistic inhibition of metabolic cooperation by oleic acid or 12-0
      tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate and dichlorodiphenyltrichlorethane (DDT) in
      Chinese hamster V79 cells: implication of a role for protein kinase C in the
      regulation of gap junctional intercellular communication.
AB  - The effects of TPA and/or DDT and oleic acid and/or DDT on gap junction-mediated
      intercellular communication (i.e. metabolic cooperation) between Chinese hamster
      V79 cells was examined. Addition of TPA, DDT or oleic acid alone to cocultures of
      6-thioguanine-resistant (6-TGR) and 6-thioguanine-sensitive (6-TGS) V79 cells
      significantly increased the recovery of 6-TGR cells indicating inhibition of
      metabolic cooperation. In the presence of TPA and DDT or oleic acid and DDT the
      observed recovery of 6-TGR cells was significantly greater than the expected
      (calculated) additive 6-TGR cell recovery. No synergistic increases in 6-TGR cell
      recovery were observed when co-cultures of V79 cells were exposed to dieldrin and
      DDT. These results indicate that TPA and DDT or oleic acid and DDT can act
      synergistically to inhibit metabolic cooperation. These data suggest a role for
      protein kinase C in the regulation of gap junction-mediated intercellular
      communication.

PMID- 2920301
TI  - Asepsis--an indispensable part of the patient's care plan.

PMID- 2920302
TI  - Wound care.
AB  - Knowledge of wound physiology and factors that affect wound healing is extremely
      valuable to the critical care practitioner. Critical care patients are all
      inherently at risk for wound healing complications and infection. Early
      recognition of high-risk patients and optimization of the patient's wound healing
      resources can, in many cases, prevent such complications.

PMID- 2920300
TI  - Two models for screening chelating agents for cadmium removal.
AB  - The effectiveness of some chelating agents to mobilize cadmium from Chinese
      hamster ovary cells after chronic exposure (20 hr), as well as from cytosolic
      metallothionein, was studied. In the first protocol, the most effective substance
      was 2,3-dimercaptopropanol, followed by 2,3-dimercaptopropane-1-sulfonate and 2,3
      dimercaptosuccinic acid, whereas CaNa3-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid X 5
      H2O showed less effect. Simultaneous incubation of cells with cadmium and the
      chelating agent resulted in a different order of effectiveness: CaNa3 DTPA
      prevented cadmium uptake almost totally, 2,3-mercaptopropanol by 75% and 2,3
      dimercaptopropane-1-sulfonate by 35%. Neither CaNa3-diethylenetriamine
      pentaacetic acid X 5 H2O nor 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid had altered the
      distribution of cadmium between the cytosolic protein fractions after a 2 hr
      incubation of cells, whereas after this period, 2,3-dimercaptopropanol had
      removed all cadmium from metallothionein, and 2,3-dimercaptopropane-1-sulfonate
      about 50%. None of the chelating agents had reduced the amount of Cd bound to
      high molecular weight proteins. In the cell-free system, 2,3-dimercaptopropanol
      and 2,3-dimercaptopropane-1-sulfonate were equally effective and removed all
      cadmium from metallothionein within ten minutes. CaNa3-diethylenetriamine
      pentaacetic acid X 5 H2O, however, even after 60 min, had removed only 50% of the
      cadmium. The remaining cadmium was found distributed to the high molecular weight
      and lower molecular weight protein fractions.

PMID- 2920303
TI  - Surveillance of nosocomial infections.
AB  - Surveillance for nosocomial infections is one of the most effective quality
      assurance outcome measurements of health care. To provide the most reliable data,
      organization is the key to reporting good data. Specific criteria must be
      defined, and where and how the necessary data is most readily available must be
      determined. Surveillance activity must be performed concurrently so that data can
      be reported in a timely manner and appropriate action can be taken if necessary.
      Reports must be designed in a concise and understandable manner so they are
      easily interpreted and can be effectively used. The method of data reporting must
      be analyzed, committees and individuals who need to evaluate the data must be
      identified, and any necessary action must be taken to ensure that data fit the
      evaluators' needs. The use of graphics to provide a clearer picture of consistent
      rates or problem areas should be evaluated.

PMID- 2920304
TI  - Combination of disopyramide and propranolol in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
AB  - Fifteen patients were studied by echocardiography, apexcardiogram and carotid
      pulse tracings in four ways: basally; on propranolol 40 mg, three times daily; on
      disopyramide 200 mg single dose, three days after propranolol discontinuation;
      and on both drugs. The following data were measured: systolic anterior mitral
      motion slope, systolic anterior mitral distance from the septum, outflow tract
      diameter, the A wave to the total apexcardiographic excursion ratio, carotid
      pulse contour and left ventricular ejection time index. Propranolol did not
      produce any significant changes while disopyramide was much more effective in
      changing the data in a direction suggesting diminution of left ventricular
      outflow gradient. The combination of propranolol and disopyramide had the
      greatest influence. Fourteen patients received the two drugs for 12.3 +/- 4.3
      months with improvement of NYHA class.

PMID- 2920305
TI  - Termination of sustained ventricular tachycardia with a new antitachycardia
      pacemaker: role of the nonautomatic mode to follow pacemaker function.
AB  - The use of an antitachycardia pacemaker for the treatment of recurrent, drug
      resistant nonsyncopal sustained ventricular tachycardia in a 28-year-old patient
      is described. The report emphasizes the role of electrocardiographic recording
      during manual activation of the tachycardia response in an outpatient setting.
      The follow-up covers 12 months with 26 spontaneous tachycardia episodes forcing
      the patient to go to an emergency room to monitor tachycardia termination. Mean
      ventricular tachycardia cycle length was 340 +/- 21 ms. Tachycardias were
      terminated either by the primary or secondary modality without acceleration or
      degeneration to ventricular fibrillation. Thus, it was possible to assess the
      efficacy and the safety of the termination programs. Unlike during intensive in
      hospital testing, restoration of stable sinus rhythm was complicated by re
      emergence of ventricular tachycardia. It is concluded that manual activation with
      medical supervision provides safe management of selected patients with
      ventricular tachycardia. However, in-hospital testing overestimated, in this
      case, the efficacy of tachycardia response modalities to terminate spontaneous
      tachycardia episodes. The customization of an antitachycardia pacemaker with an
      automatic implantable cardioverter/defibrillator may increase the quality of life
      as it would allow switching to automatic pace termination.

PMID- 2920306
TI  - Congenital complete heart block in an infant with free plasma carnitine
      deficiency.
AB  - A newborn male presenting with congenital complete heart block was found to have
      low levels of free plasma carnitine. Among the many complications of carnitine
      deficiency is a structural disruption of myocardial tissue. A deficiency of
      carnitine may be causally related to the presence of cardiac dysrhythmias in this
      patient on the basis of mechanical disturbance to the cardiac conducting system.

PMID- 2920307
TI  - Increased calcium uptake in vascular tissue by plasma of salt induced
      hypertensive Dahl rats.
AB  - Elevated intracellular free cytosolic calcium in vascular smooth muscle cells has
      been suggested in the pathophysiology of hypertension and circulating factors in
      the plasma have been implicated. To investigate the role of these factors on
      calcium homeostasis in salt induced hypertension, calcium uptake was measured in
      aortae of Sprague-Dawley rats by plasma derived from Dahl salt sensitive and
      resistant rats given high (8.0%) and low (0.4%) salt diets, respectively, for
      four weeks. Calcium uptake was also measured in aortae of Dahl rats on these
      diets. Calcium uptake in aortae and systolic blood pressure were higher (P less
      than 0.001) in Dahl salt sensitive rats given a high salt diet as compared to
      those on a low salt diet. Plasma from salt sensitive rats on high salt diet
      increased calcium uptake (P less than 0.001) in aortae of Sprague-Dawley rats. In
      contrast, no changes in calcium uptake and systolic blood pressure were observed
      in Dahl salt resistant rats. The parallel increase in systolic blood pressure and
      calcium uptake in Dahl salt sensitive rats on high salt diet suggests that
      increased intracellular free calcium may be involved in the pathophysiology of
      hypertension. The increased calcium uptake seems to reflect an abnormality in
      calcium handling by the vessels. These data also demonstrate that plasma from
      salt sensitive rats on high salt diet increases calcium uptake in aortic tissue.

PMID- 2920308
TI  - Facts about adolescent suicide.

PMID- 2920309
TI  - Charting behaviors of psychiatric nursing.

PMID- 2920310
TI  - Therapeutic relationships in milieu therapy.

PMID- 2920311
TI  - Youth suicide.

PMID- 2920312
TI  - Biologic and structural evaluation of 80 surgically excised human umbilical vein
      grafts.
AB  - Human umbilical vein is a valuable alternative to autogenous saphenous vein in
      lower-limb revascularization. However, the long-term patency is not as good. To
      understand better the reasons for this, the authors studied the biologic and
      structural changes occurring in 80 segments of human umbilical vein (HUV) grafts
      excised from 70 patients. Morphologic, histologic and scanning electron
      microscopy examinations were performed on each specimen. It was noted that
      increasing duration of implantation was associated with greater encapsulation and
      less surrounding inflammatory reaction. Twenty-six percent of clinically
      noninfected grafts were found to harbour bacteria. Bacteremic colonization was
      often in the folds of the luminal surface. As a result of these findings, the
      authors emphasize the need for complete excision of clinically infected grafts.
      Anastomoses between HUV segments are discouraged because they are associated with
      a high frequency of infection and a corresponding decrease in duration of
      implantation. Delamination of the wall was common, and such sites may represent
      areas at risk for further degradation. Continued surveillance of the biologic and
      structural changes occurring in excised grafts remains an important method in
      increasing our understanding of the evolutive complications of HUV grafts.

PMID- 2920313
TI  - Extra-anatomic bypass grafting: a rational approach.
AB  - To determine predictors of long-term patency in extra-anatomic bypass grafting,
      the authors studied retrospectively the charts of 134 patients who underwent
      bypass grafting (axillofemoral in 17, axillobifemoral in 32 and femorofemoral in
      85). Of the study group, 64% were men; the mean age was 65 +/- 12 years (+/-
      SEM). The indications for grafting were limb salvage (102), claudication (27) and
      replacement of septic grafts (5), and for using the extra-anatomic route included
      high risk (83), sepsis (8) and unilateral disease (34). Operative mortality was
      6% and the early graft occlusion rate 7.4%. The late death rate was 44%. At 3
      years, the life-table patency rates for the various procedures were axillofemoral
      52.5%, axillobifemoral 67.7% and crossfemoral 86.9%. Smoking significantly (p
      less than 0.05) decreased the patency rate, but diabetes did not. However,
      amputation was more frequent in diabetics. Indications for operation did not
      alter patency rates, but did affect operative mortality. The authors conclude
      that extra-anatomic bypass grafting is highly successful, but not as successful
      as anatomic bypass. When appropriate, the axillobifemoral graft is preferred to
      the axillounifemoral graft because of its increased patency. Crossfemoral grafts
      must be carefully monitored to ensure that no donor limb stenosis occurs and this
      procedure should not be attempted unless the disease is truly unilateral.

PMID- 2920314
TI  - Abdominal aortic aneurysm: consequences of a positive family history.
AB  - To assess the prevalence of coexisting abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) within
      certain families, a retrospective review was carried out of patients who had
      undergone AAA repair over a 5-year period. Contact was made with 305 families
      (52%) and a positive history of an affected, first-degree relative was obtained
      in 34 (11%). A known AAA was reported to affect approximately 20% of siblings at
      risk when the proband had an affected parent or sibling. Siblings of patients
      with an affected first-degree relative represent a high-risk group that may
      benefit from a screening program for earlier detection and elective management of
      AAA.

PMID- 2920315
TI  - Transiliac bypass for infected femoral end of an aortofemoral graft.
AB  - Infection of an aortofemoral fabric graft is among the most serious complications
      of vascular surgery and necessitates removal of the graft. The authors chose a
      transosseal (iliac bone) approach to permit a new graft to be carried down to the
      periphery without the risk of contamination or pressure on it from the patient's
      position. They performed this procedure in a 71-year-old man. He underwent a
      transiliac bypass before the infected limb of an aortobifemoral graft was
      removed. He was well 11 months after the operation and the graft was functioning
      well with no evidence of infection.

PMID- 2920316
TI  - Renal oncocytoma in pregnancy: a case report.
AB  - Oncocytoma is an uncommon renal tumour and this is the first report of such a
      tumour occurring in a pregnant woman. Optimal treatment is nephrectomy and the
      prognosis is usually good, though metastasis has been reported. It is unknown
      whether pregnancy alters tumour behaviour or the prognosis.

PMID- 2920317
TI  - Failure of preoperative cultures to predict development of Staphylococcus aureus
      wound infections after cardiac surgery.
AB  - To assess the predictive value of preoperative surveillance cultures for the
      postoperative development of Staphylococcus aureus wound infection, the findings
      in 563 patients who underwent elective cardiac surgery were evaluated. One
      hundred and forty-seven (26%) were found to be S. aureus carriers preoperatively.
      Postoperatively, 11 S. aureus wound infections developed, 4 in patients whose
      cultures were positive preoperatively and 7 in patients whose cultures were
      negative preoperatively. The patient's endogenous flora appears to be the source
      of only a minority of such postoperative infections. The authors conclude that
      preoperative surveillance cultures are not of value in predicting patients at
      risk for wound infection after elective cardiac surgery.

PMID- 2920318
TI  - Incidence and importance of bacteriuria in postoperative, short-term urinary
      catheterization.
AB  - The frequency and importance of bacteriuria in patients requiring short-term
      postoperative catheterization (24 to 48 hours) is unknown. From a prospective,
      controlled study of 100 patients requiring catheterization postoperatively, the
      authors determined that there was a definite risk (6%) of bacteriuria; however, a
      symptomatic urinary tract infection developed in only 1% of the patients. There
      was no advantage to using either a latex or silicone catheter. It appears that
      the risk of symptomatic bacteriuria in this group of patients is very low when a
      closed urinary drainage system is used under strict, sterile conditions of
      catheter insertion and with meticulous ongoing catheter care.

PMID- 2920319
TI  - Synovial cyst of the hip: an unusual cause of an inguinal mass.
AB  - A palpable groin mass is a common surgical problem. The authors describe the case
      of a 58-year-old man who had a painless right groin mass. Initial clinical
      evaluation suggested a femoral hernia. Subsequent radiologic evaluation revealed
      a synovial cyst of the hip. Awareness of this anomaly will aid early diagnosis
      and influence treatment.

PMID- 2920320
TI  - Primary anterior mediastinal tumours: "an investigational algorithm".
AB  - A review of 33 months' experience with primary anterior mediastinal masses in 31
      patients disclosed that in 9 (29%) the tumour was benign. Nineteen (86%) of the
      22 malignant tumours and only 2 of the 9 benign tumours were symptomatic.
      Diagnosis was established by histopathologic examination of a biopsy specimen or
      resected tissue and serum radioimmunoassay for alpha-fetoprotein or human
      chorionic gonadotropin, beta-subunit. The authors present an investigational
      algorithm, using modern procedures, to facilitate the diagnosis of this
      relatively uncommon and challenging condition.

PMID- 2920321
TI  - Unusual gastric foreign bodies.

PMID- 2920322
TI  - Doctor or mister?

PMID- 2920323
TI  - Stapled bypass procedure for unresectable pancreatic carcinoma.

PMID- 2920324
TI  - Perforated benign gastric ulcer: the case for simple closure.
AB  - During the 12 years from 1975 to 1986 at University of Alberta Hospital,
      Edmonton, 36 patients were found to have a perforated gastric ulcer. A review of
      their operative treatment revealed that only one patient had a definitive gastric
      resection despite reports in the literature recommending the procedure. This
      study was undertaken to determine if simple closure was appropriate treatment for
      the majority of these patients. Even the enthusiasts of gastric resection would
      agree that advanced patient age, serious underlying disease and delay in
      treatment are contraindications to the procedure for perforated gastric ulcer. We
      found that 28 (78%) of the 36 patients had one or more of these
      contraindications. Thus, the high-risk nature of the patients presenting to our
      institution with perforated gastric ulcer explains the frequent use of simple
      closure in these cases. The data from this study indicate that the profile of
      patients presenting with perforated benign gastric ulcer needs to be defined
      before generalizations regarding surgical treatment are made.

PMID- 2920325
TI  - Care in the air.

PMID- 2920326
TI  - Funds for health care: new source?

PMID- 2920327
TI  - Induced abortion: the CMA's position.

PMID- 2920328
TI  - Letting patients know where you stand.

PMID- 2920330
TI  - Gastrointestinal gas.

PMID- 2920329
TI  - The Hippocratic Oath.

PMID- 2920331
TI  - Unusual cause of carpal tunnel syndrome.

PMID- 2920332
TI  - Promotion of infant formula and feeding products.

PMID- 2920333
TI  - Getting help for depressed colleagues.

PMID- 2920334
TI  - Research in obstetric care: questions and methods.

PMID- 2920335
TI  - Understanding physicians' response to AIDS.
AB  - Attempts to comprehend physicians' extreme reaction to AIDS (acquired immune
      deficiency syndrome) have met with great difficulty since the disease brings into
      question traditional norms and assumptions. As the medical profession struggles
      to develop guidelines and policies to help it deal with this disease, it can draw
      on very little systematic research on the effect of AIDS on physicians' attitudes
      and practices. We suggest a framework developed from the literature on
      physicians' and society's response to other disorders that would provide a basis
      for organizing the ever-increasing amount of information on physicians and AIDS
      and would guide systematic research aimed at understanding and predicting
      physicians' participation in the prevention and management of AIDS. Within this
      framework we consider how characteristics of the disease, elements of the health
      care system and physicians' attitudes interact to influence clinical and personal
      practices. AIDS had led to new delineations of physicians' responsibility,
      modification of prevailing beliefs about physician autonomy and thus a
      redefinition of the role of the physician in North America.

PMID- 2920336
TI  - Differences in intrapartum obstetric care provided to women at low risk by family
      physicians and obstetricians.
AB  - To determine differences in practice style and to examine maternal and neonatal
      outcomes, we reviewed the hospital charts of 1115 women admitted by family
      physicians and 1250 women admitted by obstetricians who gave birth at one of
      three teaching hospitals in Toronto between April 1985 and March 1986. All the
      women in the two groups were categorized retrospectively as being at low risk at
      the onset of labour on the basis of their prenatal records and their admission
      histories and physical examination results. There were higher proportions of
      younger women and women of lower socioeconomic status in the family physician
      group than in the obstetrician group (p less than 0.001). The rates of
      interventions, including artificial rupture of the membranes, induction,
      augmentation, low forceps plus vacuum extraction, episiotomy and epidural
      anesthesia, were all higher in the obstetrician group. The mean birth weight and
      the cesarean section rate were the same in the two groups. Differences in labour
      and delivery outcomes between the two groups, including a higher rate of
      spontaneous vaginal delivery for the family physicians, reflected a more
      "expectant" practice style by family doctors. However, there were no significant
      differences in the rates of maternal or neonatal complications. A practice style
      characterized by a higher rate of interventions was not associated with improved
      maternal or newborn outcome in this low-risk setting.

PMID- 2920338
TI  - Sterilization: Canadian choices.
AB  - Significant differences in cost and safety between vasectomy and tubal ligation
      have been reported. For this reason the incidence of these two procedures between
      1976 and 1986 was studied to obtain information upon which future policy
      decisions might be based. Although tubal ligation predominated in almost every
      province and year its rate declined by 27.6% over the study period, whereas the
      rate of vasectomy increased by 39.1%. When projected to 1988 the national rates
      for the two procedures became nearly equal; those for Quebec had become equal by
      1986. Provincial differences were most marked in eastern Canada, where
      neighbouring provinces had the highest and the lowest rates of sterilization in
      the country. Given the relative economic and surgical disadvantages of tubal
      ligation, policymakers may wish to consider fostering an increased acceptance of
      vasectomy, particularly in areas where such acceptance continues to be slow.

PMID- 2920337
TI  - Relation of family physician or specialist care to obstetric interventions and
      outcomes in patients at low risk: a western Canadian cohort study.
AB  - To determine the relation of family physician or specialist care to intrapartum
      interventions and outcomes, we carried out a historical cohort study of 1456
      obstetric patients at low risk admitted between Nov. 15, 1984, and Mar. 15, 1986,
      to a western Canadian teaching hospital. The patients were classified as being at
      low risk on admission by means of chart review. Family physicians and specialists
      were found to have similar rates for most of the interventions measured, although
      the interventions for which significantly different rates were found suggest a
      less interventionist style of intrapartum care by family physicians. There were
      no significant differences in maternal or neonatal outcomes except for a higher
      proportion of infants weighing less than 2500 g among primigravid women cared for
      by family physicians compared with those under the care of specialists. Self
      selection of physician specialty by patients resulted in differences in the
      demographic characteristics of the two patient populations. The findings support
      the continued involvement of family physicians in the provision of obstetric
      care.

PMID- 2920340
TI  - The primacy of diet in the treatment of hyperlipidemia.

PMID- 2920339
TI  - Massive necrosis of fat and skin as complication of obesity.

PMID- 2920341
TI  - Georgia survey results are bleak news for AIDS educators.

PMID- 2920342
TI  - The doctor as medical entrepreneur: there are still MDs willing to take the
      plunge.

PMID- 2920343
TI  - Medicine in Uganda: the impact of prolonged war and epidemic AIDS on medical
      care.

PMID- 2920344
TI  - Art-related health hazards: artists should be put in picture.

PMID- 2920345
TI  - Ottawa's geriatric assessment program: "better care is less expensive care".

PMID- 2920346
TI  - Is the house call coming back? Did it ever leave?

PMID- 2920347
TI  - Alzheimer's research: physicians begin to tread in an ethical minefield.

PMID- 2920348
TI  - Do you love this planet?

PMID- 2920349
TI  - AIDS and the arts: the iconography of an epidemic.

PMID- 2920350
TI  - Geriatric dermatology.

PMID- 2920351
TI  - Aging of the United States population. The dermatologic implications.
AB  - Clearly in the near and later future the older patient will augment significantly
      the burden of dermatologic disease and the consequent need for care. Increasing
      in numerical strength, those 65 years and older, carrying along the common
      problems prevalent in every adult age group, will, by living longer, have new
      problems related to wear, tear, and actinic exposure as well as pharmacologically
      induced problems arising from needed therapy for other conditions. The
      predictable challenge to our specialty is formidable.

PMID- 2920352
TI  - The case for a name change from neoadjuvant chemotherapy to induction
      chemotherapy.

PMID- 2920353
TI  - The social implications of questionable cancer therapies.
AB  - Questionable or "unorthodox" treatments are not selected in a vacuum; their
      degree of popularity and the particular types used are functions of their social
      and cultural context. The liquid preparations that were popular earlier in this
      century reflected fascination with bottled medicinals, consistent with the
      growing era of pharmaceutical medicine. Today's questionable remedies are
      similarly consistent with their social and cultural context. "Metabolic"
      therapies emphasizing diet, self care, vitamins, and internal cleansing, along
      with "immune-enhancing" regimens, represent today's reigning "alternatives." Such
      approaches reflect underlying social trends and values, such as belief in
      assuming personal responsibility for one's health, the importance of self care
      and physical fitness, patients' rights movements, dietary emphases encouraged by
      conventional and alternative medicine alike, the holistic medicine movement, and
      general disaffection with organized medicine. Just as questionable therapies are
      born of the values and beliefs of their culture, so these treatments and their
      use affect the social environment in which they exist. The relationship is
      reciprocal and cyclic, with social trends encouraging particular forms of
      questionable regimens and these regimens, in turn, reinforcing prevailing social
      beliefs. Public beliefs about cancer were reflected in responses to our studies
      of unorthodox cancer therapies and of psychosocial correlates of survival.
      Responses revealed widely held values and beliefs about cancer, cancer treatment,
      and medicine generally. These themes are described.

PMID- 2920354
TI  - Treatment of alpha chain disease. Results of a prospective study in 21 Tunisian
      patients by the Tunisian-French intestinal Lymphoma Study Group.
AB  - Between 1981 and 1985, the authors studied 21 Tunisian patients with alpha chain
      disease. Twenty of 21 underwent laparotomy. According to Galian et al. six
      patients were classified Stage A, two Stage B, and 13 Stage C. The therapeutic
      regimen included the following: (1) Antibiotics: In the case of intestinal
      bacterial overgrowth (IBO), antibiotics selected by their antibiograms were
      delivered; in absence of IBO, metronidazole plus ampicillin were first given. The
      antibiotic treatment was changed in case of therapeutic failure. (2)
      Chemotherapy: From 1981 to 1983 a cyclophosphamide, Adriamycin (doxorubicin),
      teniposide (VM-26), prednisone (CHVP) protocol (Adriamycin 35 mg/m2, teniposide
      50 mg/m2 day 2, cyclophosphamide 300 mg/m2 days 2 through 4, prednisone 40 mg/m2
      days 1 through 10) was used. After 1983 bleomycin 15 mg, Adriamycin 30 mg,
      vinblastine 10 mg were given on day 15. Serum immunoelectrophoresis and
      immunohistochemical study of duodenojejunal specimens were made on a 3-month and
      6-month basis, respectively. Survival curve analysis was made according to Kaplan
      and Meier. Results were as follows: (1) Stage A: Six patients were first treated
      by antibiotics alone; two complete responses (CR) persisting 42 and 55 months
      later were observed, respectively. The four antibiotic failures were submitted to
      further chemotherapy with four subsequent failures and two deaths. (2) Stage B-C:
      Chemotherapy led to nine CR with one precocious relapse, a salvage chemotherapy
      allowing to one more CR. (3) All stages mixed, percentage of survival reached 90
      +/- 12% at 2 years and 67 +/- 25% at 3 years, all patients alive beyond 3.5 years
      being disease-free.

PMID- 2920355
TI  - Tamoxifen treatment increases the concentration of 52K-cathepsin D and its
      precursor in breast cancer tissue.
AB  - The pro-cathepsin D of Mr 52,000 is regulated by estrogens via the estrogen
      receptor (RE) and is secreted by breast cancer cells in vitro. In an attempt to
      predict the hormone responsiveness of breast cancer in vivo, we have assayed
      total 52K cathepsin D and its precursor in the primary breast cancer cytosol of
      36 patients treated before surgery with 30 mg of tamoxifen daily for 1 to 5 weeks
      (average, 3 weeks). Compared to a similar control population, total 52K cathepsin
      D was increased by tamoxifen (P = 0.02) but less so than its precursor (P less
      than 0.001). Furthermore, 45% of the RE-positive tumors from tamoxifen-treated
      patients had a higher cathepsin D precursor concentration than the same type of
      tumor from control patients, or than RE-negative tumors from tamoxifen-treated
      patients. This 3-week challenge test was probably too short to avoid partial
      estrogenic activity of tamoxifen (flare) and the authors infer that longer time
      of treatment would decrease rather than increase the concentration of cathepsin D
      in the RE-responsive tumors. However, two cancers from patients with relapses
      after prolonged tamoxifen treatment (greater than 6 months) also had high
      concentrations of 52K cathepsin D and its precursor. The authors conclude that
      the concentration of cathepsin D and its precursor in breast cancer cytosol can
      be increased by short-term tamoxifen treatment, suggesting that these tumors are
      estrogen responsive.

PMID- 2920356
TI  - 4-epidoxorubicin in recurrent cervical cancer.
AB  - Thirty-eight patients with histologically proven recurrent cervical cancer were
      treated with epirubicin, an analogue of anthracycline. There were eight complete
      responders and ten partial responders. The overall response rate was 47.8%. The
      survival duration of the responders was significantly longer than that of the
      nonresponders. The optimal dose of epirubicin has yet to be determined. The
      dosage of 120 mg/m2 was well tolerated. The role of epirubicin as an adjuvant
      chemotherapeutic agent in the treatment of cervical cancer was discussed.

PMID- 2920357
TI  - Factors affecting the response of recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix
      to cisplatin.
AB  - From June 1977 to June 1987 74 patients were treated with cisplatin for recurrent
      squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix as the primary chemotherapeutic agent.
      Sixty-eight patients were evaluable for response or survival. Patients with
      disease confined to the chest had a 53% complete response rate with an overall
      response rate of 73%. Patients with localized pelvic recurrences or persistence
      demonstrated no complete responses and a 21% overall response rate. Isolated
      chest metastases are more likely to respond to cisplatin than pelvic recurrences
      (P = 0.0007); however, location of recurrence did not significantly alter
      survival (mean 22.7 months versus 14.1 months; P = 0.24.). Concomitant disease in
      other locations reduced the likelihood of response in the chest (P less than
      0.05) by virtue of lack of response in those other sites. Lesion size, clinical
      stage, patient age, and duration from primary treatment to recurrence were not of
      significance with regard to response or survival. When evaluating response to
      chemotherapy in recurrent cervical cancer, location of metastasis and effect on
      survival must be considered.

PMID- 2920358
TI  - The importance of tamoxifen to a cisplatin-containing regimen in the treatment of
      metastatic melanoma.
AB  - The combination of dacarbazine (DTIC, 220 mg/m2) and cisplatin (DDP, 25 mg/m2) IV
      daily for 3 days every 3 weeks, carmustine (BCNU, 150 mg/m2) IV every 6 weeks,
      and tamoxifen (TAM, 10 mg orally twice daily) produced a 50% objective response
      rate in patients with metastatic melanoma. Associated with this treatment, there
      was a high incidence of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE).
      In an effort to reduce this toxicity, this regimen minus TAM was studied, and the
      results are reported. Twenty of twenty patients are evaluable for response and
      toxicity. There was one complete response (CR) lasting 5+ months and one partial
      response (PR) lasting 4+ months for an overall response rate of 10% (95%
      confidence limits, 1.23% to 31.70%). Two patients exhibited a mixed response and
      three patients developed disease stabilization lasting 4 to 10 months. Toxicity
      was similar to the original study except that no patients developed DVT or PE.
      This statistically significant (Fisher's exact test [two-tail] P = 0.008)
      decrease in the response rate by comparison with that achieved with the TAM
      containing regimen may signal an essential role of TAM in this regimen. TAM may
      be acting in synergy with cisplatin through its calcium channel-blocking
      properties. TAM should be included as described in the initial reports, and the
      patients should be carefully observed for vascular complications.

PMID- 2920359
TI  - Acquired protein C deficiency in patients with breast cancer receiving
      cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil.
AB  - Recent reports have documented an increase of thrombotic complications in
      patients with carcinoma of the breast receiving chemotherapy regimens containing
      cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil. The authors studied blood
      from nine such patients screening for abnormalities that might predispose to
      thrombosis or indicate that the coagulation cascade had been activated. Six of
      the patients were in the adjuvant setting, and three had metastatic disease.
      Samples were collected from each patient before, during, and after completion of
      the chemotherapy in question. In each patient a statistically significant decline
      in functional protein C activity (P = 0.001) was demonstrated at midtherapy. In
      seven of nine patients functional protein C level normalized after the cessation
      of therapy. No other positive results were found. The authors conclude that the
      combination of cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil, when
      administered to patients with a diagnosis of carcinoma of the breast, causes a
      reversible decline in the activity of protein C.

PMID- 2920360
TI  - Late regrowth of pituitary adenomas after irradiation and/or surgery. Hazard
      function analysis.
AB  - A retrospective analysis was performed on all patients with pituitary adenomas
      treated at the Radiation Oncology Center, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology,
      St. Louis, Missouri. Of 210 patients treated from April 1954 through December
      1982, 70 were treated with radiotherapy alone (RT), 121 received immediate
      postoperative RT (2 to 6 weeks), and 19 received RT following surgical failure.
      The mean follow-up time from the date of diagnosis for those patients alive at
      the time of last follow-up was 13.0 years (range, 3.0 to 30.0 years). Actuarial
      progression-free survival was analyzed up to 30 years. The 10-, 20-, and 30-year
      progression-free survival was 80.5%, 73.5%, and 73.5% for those patients treated
      with irradiation alone and 92.8%, 71.2%, and 44.0% for those treated with
      immediate postoperative irradiation. The median time to first failure from
      initial diagnosis by original treatment was 3.8 years for surgery alone, 4.2
      years for RT only, and 10.2 years for surgery plus postoperative RT. Analysis for
      risk of recurrence per 5-year interval was performed using a hazard function
      analysis. The risk of recurrence after radiotherapy alone was greatest during the
      first 5-year interval after treatment and decreased to zero by 20 years. However,
      the risk of recurrence after primary surgery and postoperative radiotherapy
      revealed an increasing risk for recurrence up to 30 years after treatment. The
      concept of "cure" for pituitary adenomas requires extended follow-up.

PMID- 2920361
TI  - Detection of squamous cell carcinoma antigen in normal squamous epithelia and in
      squamous cell carcinomas of the uterine cervix.
AB  - Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) antigen is a subfraction of tumor antigen TA-4
      isolated from a cervical squamous cell carcinoma. The specificity of SCC antigen
      and the factors influencing its release into serum were evaluated. Antigen
      concentrations were measured in 157 tissue extracts and in 188 sera of patients
      with nonmalignant or malignant gynecologic diseases. A commercial
      radioimmunoassay based on polyclonal antibodies (Abbott Laboratories, North
      Chicago) was used. Cytosol concentrations were significantly higher (P less than
      0.005) in normal squamous epithelia (means = 6040 ng/mg cell protein [CP]) and in
      squamous cell carcinomas (means = 2483 ng/mg CP) of the exocervix than those in
      normal columnar epithelia and in adenocarcinomas of the endocervix, endometrium,
      ovary, and breast (means = 1-508 ng/mg CP). Despite the high antigen
      concentrations in normal squamous epithelia, elevated serum levels (greater than
      2.5 ng/ml) were almost exclusively found in patients with cervical squamous cell
      carcinomas. The sensitivity of SCC antigen as a marker for primary carcinomas was
      61%, increasing from 29% in Stage I to 89% in Stage IV. The positivity rate was
      higher in women with well-differentiated (78%) and moderately differentiated
      carcinomas (67%) than in those with poorly differentiated tumors (38%). The
      results show that SCC antigen is not tumor specific. The release into serum is
      independent of local tissue content, but is apparently influenced by the
      infiltrative growth, the mass, and the degree of histologic differentiation of
      the tumor.

PMID- 2920362
TI  - Effect of yttrium-90-labeled anti-carcinoembryonic antigen monoclonal antibody on
      the morphology and phenotype of human tumors grown as peritoneal carcinomatosis
      in athymic mice.
AB  - Grossly visible peritoneal carcinomatosis resembling that seen in man was
      produced in athymic mice 7 days after intraperitoneal injection of 8 x 10(5)
      cells of the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-producing human colon carcinoma cell
      line LS174T. The mice received intraperitoneal injections of 40 to 160 microCi of
      yttrium-90 (90Y)-labeled anti-CEA monoclonal antibody (MAb). When the mice were
      killed 12 days after injection, a significant inhibition of tumor growth, ranging
      from 40% to 95%, was observed in the treated animals when compared to the growth
      of tumors in the untreated animals (P less than 0.001). No mortality secondary to
      the therapy was seen. The bone marrow was depleted significantly at the higher
      doses of labeled MAb, but total recovery was observed 4 weeks after treatment.
      Histologically, the treated tumors showed extensive radiation effects early in
      the posttherapy period and massive necrosis at later times. Minute foci of viable
      tumor remained in the periphery. New tumor outgrowths with histologic features
      similar to those in the untreated controls began to appear 3 weeks after therapy.
      The CEA expression of the treated tumors was similar to that of the untreated
      controls during the early posttreatment period, diminishing progressively as the
      tumors became necrotic. Newly grown tumor nodules in the treated animals lacked
      significant CEA expression both initially and at later times. Our studies suggest
      that therapy with 90Y-anti-CEA MAb therapy results in selection of tumor clones
      lacking CEA, and that a single large dose of 90Y-MAb should be more effective
      than multiple fractions of smaller doses.

PMID- 2920363
TI  - Experimental model for locally recurring mammary tumors. Development, morphology,
      karyotype, growth kinetics, and experimental metastatic potential.
AB  - A rat model was established for evaluating the biology of locally recurring
      mammary tumors after surgical resection of the primary tumor. Eight distinct cell
      lines were independently derived from primary tumors and local recurrences after
      surgical removal of 13762NF rat mammary adenocarcinoma clone MTF7(T20). In vivo
      tumor doubling times between the "parental" MTF7(T20) cell line, primary tumor
      derived cell lines sc1 and sc3, and the local recurrence (LR) sublines varied
      after the inoculation of 10(6) tumor cells into the mammary fat pad of female
      Fischer 344 rats. Doubling times were shorter for LR3, and LR4, LR5, and LR6 than
      their primaries sc3 and MTF7(T20), respectively, and longer for LR1 and LR1a than
      their primary tumor sc1. The LR sublines varied considerably for their
      experimental metastatic potentials. Both increases and decreases in metastatic
      potential were seen compared to MTF7(T20), sc1, and sc3. Karyotype analysis by G
      banding revealed the presence in the LR sublines of several marker chromosomes,
      previously identified in MTF7 at tissue cultures 11 and 35. Two new chromosome
      markers were identified: M54, shared by MTF7(T20), sc1, LR4, LR5 and LR6, and
      M55, shared by MTF7(T20), sc1, LR1, sc3, LR3, LR4, and LR6. These data indicate
      that local tumor regrowth after surgical excision of the primary tumor in this
      model most likely selects the growth of tumor cell subpopulations already present
      within the primary tumor. Differences in growth kinetics, karyotype, and
      metastatic potential between the parental MTF7(T20), primary tumors sc1 and sc3,
      and their LR sublines may reflect in vivo influences on the phenotypic diversity
      generated during the development of local mammary tumor recurrences after
      surgical treatment of the primary tumor.

PMID- 2920364
TI  - Mammary fibromatosis. A benign spindle-cell tumor with significant risk for local
      recurrence.
AB  - Twenty-two patients with fibromatosis of the breast were studied to define the
      clinical and pathologic features of this uncommon stromal tumor. All were female
      patients, 14 to 80 years (median, 25). Bilateral lesions were synchronous in
      three and asynchronous in one case. One tumor grew near a saline breast implant,
      one followed trauma, and one arose at the site of excision of a fibroadenoma a
      year earlier. No patient had Gardner's syndrome. Two patients had contralateral
      carcinoma and one was previously treated for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Two lesions
      were subareolar. Size ranged from 1 to 10 cm (average, 3 cm). Microscopically,
      some of the fibrocollagenous proliferations were keloidal. Others were more
      cellular with rare mitoses (less than 1/10 high-power field). Focal lymphoid
      infiltrates in about 50% of cases were mainly peripheral. Twenty were treated
      first by excision and two had mastectomy with residual tumor found in one breast.
      Six patients (27%) had recurrences after 2 to 72 months (average, 30 mo)
      including one bilateral recurrence. Recurrences in four cases were treated by
      reexcision, one had no treatment, and one mastectomy was performed for a 4-cm
      recurrence. Although histologically benign, mammary fibromatosis recurs locally
      and rarely when recurrent requires radical surgery. It should not be mistaken for
      an inflammatory condition. Wide local excision is recommended for initial
      therapy.

PMID- 2920365
TI  - Prognostic value of quantitative pathologic features and DNA content in
      individual patients with stage I endometrial adenocarcinoma.
AB  - The prognostic value of clinical features, qualitative and quantitative
      pathologic characteristics and steroid receptor incidence was evaluated in 50
      patients with Stage I endometrial adenocarcinoma. It turned out that many of
      these features were prognostically important. Estrogen receptor content was not
      significantly associated with prognosis in our material, but patients with
      progesterone receptor positive lesions had a better survival than those in which
      the tumors were progesterone receptor negative. Multivariate analysis also
      clarified that only three features in combination had independent significance:
      mean shortest nuclear axis, DNA index, and depth of myometrial invasion (in
      sequence of decreasing importance). The prognostic rule consisting of these
      features overshadowed the value of all other features investigated. The
      overriding prognostic value of this highly reproducible rule was clear from the
      complete separation of 27 survivors and six nonsurvivors in the learning set of
      33 patients. In an independent test set, all three nonsurvivors and 13 of the 14
      survivors were correctly classified, thus confirming the accuracy and reliability
      of the developed rule to predict the outcome of future patients with Stage I
      endometrial adenocarcinoma.

PMID- 2920366
TI  - Thrombotic microangiopathy in three patients with cured lymphoma.
AB  - Thrombotic microangiopathy (TM) occurred 14 to 27 months after last chemotherapy
      in two patients with diffuse large cell lymphoma and in one patient with
      Hodgkin's disease. Death from TM occurred in two patients who had no evidence of
      lymphoma at postmortem examination, and the lone survivor's disease is in
      complete clinical remission. All three patients had prominent arthritis.
      Occurrence of TM in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma has not previously been reported: its
      cause is uncertain; it may be to a late sequela of successful lymphoma
      chemotherapy.

PMID- 2920367
TI  - Prospective evaluation of diagnostic accuracy of gastrofiberscopic biopsy in
      diagnosis of gastric cancer.
AB  - The accuracy of gastrofiberscopic biopsy in diagnosis of gastric malignancies has
      been evaluated by studying operative and postmorten findings and clinical follow
      up data in linkages at Osaka Cancer Registry, Japan, after an average of 7.7
      years. Satisfactory data were obtained in follow-ups of all 1331 patients
      examined. There were only 31 (3.7%) false-negative diagnoses of malignancy among
      858 patients diagnosed as having benign lesions, and only three (0.6%) false
      positive diagnoses among 473 patients diagnosed as having malignant tumors. The
      false-negative diagnoses were most frequent in cases of elevated types of early
      cancer, advanced cancer of type 4 and leiomyosarcoma, or in cases located in the
      posterior wall and in the antrum. The three benign lesions that were diagnosed as
      malignant by biopsy were all associated with active ulceration, indicating that
      care is necessary in taking biopsy specimens of ulcerated lesions. From these
      findings the sensitivity and specificity of the gastrofiberscopic biopsy method
      for detection of gastric malignancies were calculated to be 93.8% and 99.6%,
      respectively, and the overall accuracy for all the patients was 97.4%. These
      results reconfirm that gastrofiberscopic biopsy is very useful for diagnosis of
      gastric malignancies.

PMID- 2920368
TI  - Selection criteria for local excision with or without adjuvant radiation therapy
      for rectal cancer.
AB  - As an alternative to radical surgery, local excision with or without adjuvant
      pelvic radiation therapy has been used in selected patients with rectal cancer.
      To determine which clinical and pathologic features can predict the presence of
      positive lymph nodes (LN+), a retrospective review of 168 patients who underwent
      potentially curative surgery for rectosigmoid and rectal cancer was performed. By
      univariate analysis, tumor penetration, grade, and histology were significant
      predictive features. This was confirmed by logistic regression analysis. The
      incidence of LN+ increased with increasing tumor penetration (T1, 0%; T2, 28%;
      T3, 36%; T4, 53%; P = 0.04), grade of adenocarcinoma (well-differentiated, 0%;
      moderately differentiated, 30%; poorly differentiated, 50%; P = 0.07, [borderline
      significance]), and the presence of any colloid histology (pure adenocarcinoma,
      30%; total colloid, 52%; P = 0.04). Using 2 X 2 contingency tables, the presence
      of blood vessel invasion (BVI), lymphatic vessel invasion (LVI), vascular
      invasion (VI), total colloid histology, and high grade further increased the
      incidence of LN+ with increasing tumor penetration. Regardless of tumor size,
      grade, histology, BVI, LVI, or VI, none of the nine patients with Stage T1 tumors
      or the seven with well-differentiated adenocarcinomas had LN+. For this group,
      local excision alone is recommended. The incidence of LN+ was greater than or
      equal to 19% in all other categories. For this group of patients, if there is no
      evidence of gross tumor in the pelvis, then a local excision plus adjuvant pelvic
      radiation may be an alternative to radical surgery.

PMID- 2920369
TI  - Cutaneous malignant melanoma. II. The natural history and prognostic factors
      influencing the development of stage II disease.
AB  - The survival history of 259 patients with Stage I cutaneous malignant melanoma
      who were at risk for developing regional nodal metastases (Stage II) were
      studied. Eighty-seven of 377 Stage I patients (23%) developed regional nodal
      metastases (Stage IIB) with 40% 5-year survival. Fifty patients had regional
      nodal metastases at presentation, with or without a known primary (Stages IIA or
      IIC, respectively), with a 42% 5-year survival. A step-down multivariate analysis
      using the Cox regression model revealed four risk factors as being highly
      significant for predicting a more favorable survival outcome: (1) thinner Breslow
      thickness (P = 0.0001), (2) pathologic Stage I disease (P = 0.004), (3) no
      clinical ulceration (P = 0.0004), and (4) being a woman younger than 50 years of
      age (P = 0.029). These results are discussed in reference to other series.

PMID- 2920370
TI  - Special communication. The Cooperative Human Tissue Network.
AB  - This report is to make the general scientific community aware of availability of
      human tissues through this network. During the short period of its existence,
      this network has developed useful procedures for distributing human tumor tissue
      in a rapid, scientifically useful, cost-effective manner to investigators to whom
      this tissue would not otherwise be available. The growth in the number of
      specimens being distributed matches the previous experience of each of the member
      institutions in internal distribution activities. It is expected that the
      availability of tissue will lead to new research initiatives and grant
      applications. This Network has been established as a model which can in the
      future be expanded to meet the needs of the scientific community at large. The
      National Cancer Institute encourages investigators engaging in cancer research
      who have need of human tissues to submit their requests to the Cooperative Human
      Tissue Network.

PMID- 2920371
TI  - Effect of dietary linoleic acid level on lodgement, proliferation and survival of
      mammary tumor metastases.
AB  - High levels of dietary linoleic acid (18:2) have been shown to increase the
      spontaneous metastasis of line 4526 mouse mammary tumors. In this report, the
      influence of 18:2 on specific events of tumor metastasis, namely, lodgement,
      proliferation and survival, were studied using spontaneous and experimental
      metastasis assays with line 4526 cells. A significantly greater number of
      radiolabeled tumor cells lodged in the lungs of mice fed 4, 8 and 12% 18:2 when
      compared with mice fed lower levels of 18:2. The effect of dietary 18:2 appeared
      to be on the host tissue (lungs) and not the tumor cells. Lodgement of tumor
      cells first cultured in serum of mice fed 18:2 then injected into mice fed 1%
      18:2 was not affected. There were no significant differences in the percentage of
      [3H]thymidine labeled metastatic cells from lungs of mice fed different levels of
      18:2. However, the number of surface lung nodules that appeared in mice 21 days
      after injection of unlabeled line 4526 cells increased in mice fed 8 and 12% 18:2
      compared with those fed lower levels of 18:2. Thus, dietary 18:2 may increase
      metastasis by influencing the lodgement, implantation and survival but not
      proliferation of line 4526 mouse mammary tumor cells.

PMID- 2920372
TI  - Characterization of two monoclonal antibodies that recognize high molecular
      weight colon antigens.
AB  - Two monoclonal antibodies, M32-1 (Ig-G1,k) and M39-2 (IgM,k), were prepared
      against high molecular weight (greater than 650 kDa) cytosol antigens (HMW-CA) of
      a human adenocarcinoma of the colon (GW-39). These monoclonal antibodies appeared
      to bind to determinants on two distinct high molecular weight colon antigens. One
      was shown by gel filtration to be a 650 kDa glycoprotein (gp650) containing at
      least one 300 kDa antigenic subunit (gp300). The other antigen eluted from a S
      300 Sephacryl column at a molecular size of 600 kDa (gp600) and was resistant to
      dissociation by detergents, salts and chaotropic agents. The differential
      sensitivity of these two high molecular weight glycoproteins to treatment with
      trypsin, chondroitinase ABC, HNO2, endoglycosidase H and 2-mercaptoethanol
      suggest that monoclonal antibodies M39-1 and M39-2 react with distinct antigenic
      determinants located on two separate, high molecular weight, colon antigens.
      Since these antigens are only detected in extracts prepared from normal mucosa,
      well-differentiated tumors or margins of well-differentiated tumors, their
      expression appears to be related to a well-differentiated cell phenotype.

PMID- 2920373
TI  - Modulation of murine melanoma growth by naloxone.
AB  - The present study was undertaken to determine the effect of the opioid receptor
      antagonist, naloxone, on the growth of B16 melanoma, a murine tumor known to
      possess opioid receptors. Naloxone inhibited the growth of B16 melanoma in vitro
      when monolayer cultures were continuously exposed to concentrations of greater
      than or equal to 0.25 mg/ml. Tumor cell proliferation as measured by
      [3H]thymidine ([3H]Tdr) incorporation is reduced by a continuous 48-h treatment
      with greater than or equal to 0.025 mg/ml but slightly enhanced by a 6-h
      treatment. The administration of naloxone to mice caused a transient inhibition
      of subcutaneous local tumor growth at doses of 0.1, 1 and 10 mg/kg daily. At a
      dose of 10 mg/kg daily, naloxone caused a slight reduction in the number of
      pulmonary metastases following the intravenous inoculation of tumor cells. The
      mechanism by which naloxone inhibits tumor growth in vivo is not clear, but
      factors other than direct cytotoxicity may also be involved. The results further
      support the role of the endogenous opioid system in the modulation of tumor
      growth.

PMID- 2920374
TI  - The high sensitivity of cells transformed by E1A gene of adenovirus type 12 to
      diacylglycerol-mediated cell killing.
AB  - Viability of rat 3Y1 fibroblasts transformed by adenovirus type 12 (Ad12) was
      markedly impaired by the administration of dilinoleoylglycerol (DLG) to the
      culture medium. To identify the gene(s) of Ad12 responsible for the high
      sensitivity to DLG, we established several transformed sublines of 3Y1 induced by
      the viral E1A gene or by the mutants of Ad12 which have mutations in the E1A
      region. All of the transformed sublines of 3Y1 expressing either the 12S or the
      13S message from the E1A region were highly sensitive to the cytotoxicity of DLG.
      We propose that the high sensitivity of Ad12-transformed cells to the DLG
      mediated cytotoxicity is attributable to the common function of E1A-12S and E1A
      13S mRNA products.

PMID- 2920375
TI  - Inducibility of glutathione S-transferases in hamsters.
AB  - The effects of 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC), 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
      (TCDD), phenobarbital, trans-stilbene oxide (TSO), pregnenolone-16 alpha
      carbonitrile (PCN), dexamethasone, ethanol, isoniazid and butylated
      hydroxyanisole (BHA) on hepatic glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities toward
      six substrates were determined in hamsters. TCDD and 3-MC, which are
      comparatively poor inducers of GSTs in rats, were most effective in enhancing GST
      activities in hamster liver. In contrast, TSO, BHA and phenobarbital, which are
      very effective inducers of hepatic GSTs in rats and mice, were ineffective or
      poor inducers of GSTs in hamster liver. While dexamethasone increased some GST
      activities, treatments with PCN, ethanol and isoniazid were without effect. The
      findings indicate that not only the control activity but also the inducibility of
      hepatic GSTs are different in hamsters from those in other species.

PMID- 2920377
TI  - Skin tumors: experimental and clinical aspects.

PMID- 2920376
TI  - Lack of initiating activity of the peroxisome proliferator ciprofibrate in two
      stage hepatocarcinogenesis.
AB  - The peroxisome proliferator ciprofibrate was examined for its ability to initiate
      hepatocarcinogenesis in rats. Ciprofibrate was fed in the diet at levels of 0%,
      0.01% and 0.025% for 2 weeks in order to induce steady-state peroxisome
      proliferation. Rats were then subjected to partial hepatectomy and then
      maintained for 6 months on a basal diet or one containing 0.05% phenobarbital.
      Ciprofibrate treatment did not increase the number or volume of altered hepatic
      foci (putative preneoplastic lesions). However, ciprofibrate treatment increased
      liver weights in a dose-dependent manner in rats which did not receive
      phenobarbital. It is concluded that ciprofibrate-induced peroxisome proliferation
      is not sufficient to induce initiation, but that a permanent change is produced
      which results in an increased liver weight.

PMID- 2920378
TI  - Comparative study of the composition of primary and secondary dentine.
AB  - There is considerable variation in the composition of primary and secondary
      dentine. In general, secondary deposits, regardless of type, contain less
      calcium, phosphorous, and collagenous matrix per unit volume when compared to
      primary dentine. Fluoride levels show the reverse tendency. These observations
      suggest a more open, porotic structure for secondary deposits.

PMID- 2920379
TI  - Acidogenesis by oral streptococci at different pH values.
AB  - Streptococcus mutans is known to be one of the most cariogenic oral
      microorganisms. Recently, organisms classified as S. mutans have been shown to be
      genotypically heterogeneous and to form at least six separate species. In this
      study, differences in acid production between the mutans streptococci and
      Streptococcus sanguis were investigated at pH values from 5.0 to 7.0. While all
      of the species investigated were able to produce acids, Streptococcus sobrinus
      was found to be significantly more acidogenic than the others. S. sobrinus was
      capable of sustained acid production at pH levels below 6.0, while acid
      production by other species ceased or was strongly inhibited. These results
      indicate that S. sobrinus deserves more attention as a potentially cariogenic
      microorganism.

PMID- 2920380
TI  - Interactions of zinc with fluoride on growth, glycolysis and survival of
      Streptococcus mutans GS-5.
AB  - Effects of zinc and/or fluoride on growth, glycolysis and survival of
      Streptococcus mutans GS-5 were examined in vitro. Zinc inhibited growth and
      glycolysis, and enhanced the antimetabolic activity of fluoride. Zinc alone had
      little effect on cell survival. During cell growth without pH control a
      protection from cell death was mediated by fluoride, which appeared to be caused
      by a higher final pH in the culture medium. When cell death was observed under
      controlled pH conditions in a lactate-acetate buffer at pH 6.5, 5.0 or 4.0,
      fluoride was bactericidal only at pH 4.0. However, the combination of zinc plus
      fluoride was strongly bactericidal at all pH values that were tested.

PMID- 2920381
TI  - Effect of systemic fluoride on rat molar morphology. Stereophotogrammetric
      analysis.
AB  - Female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups. All three groups were
      given the same solid diet (with 1.6 ppm F). Group I was given deionized water,
      group II drank water with 5 ppm fluoride added, and group III had 50 ppm fluoride
      added. All females were mated with the same male. The pups were sacrificed at 28
      days, and the mandibles were removed and cleaned. Three-dimensional
      representations of the occlusal surfaces of the 1st and 2nd mandibular molars
      were reproduced via computer-digitized images using stereophotogrammetry. Fissure
      depths and widths were measured, and 'volumes' of the fissures were computed. The
      fissure widths, depths, and volumes were compared statistically using unpaired t
      tests between groups (p less than 0.05). There were significant differences in
      fissure depth between groups I and II and between groups I and III. For fissure
      volumes, significant differences were found between groups I and III. The width
      of the fissure and the overall tooth size were not significantly different
      between fluoride-treated groups. Standardization showed a reproducibility to
      within +/- 40 mm with the stereophotogrammetric method.

PMID- 2920382
TI  - Dentine caries in vivo. Combined scanning electron microscopic and
      microradiographic investigation.
AB  - Dentine subjected to an in vivo demineralization challenge by plaque looses
      substantial amounts of mineral and is expected to change its ultrastructure.
      Results are presented of a combined microradiography and scanning electron
      microscopy (SEM) study on in vivo demineralized human dentine. The tissue was
      first demineralized in vivo under plaque for 3 weeks and subsequently analyzed by
      microradiography and SEM. In 6 participants dentine was positioned in a full
      prosthesis just under M2 in such a way that the outer surface of the tissue was
      1.5 mm lower than the surface of the prosthesis; plaque accumulation takes place
      in the recessed area. A special technique allows SEM observations (at a given
      distance from the outer surface) on broken thin sections of demineralized dentine
      with a mineral content determined by microradiography. The results show that the
      ultrastructure of the dentine changes during severe demineralization. The main
      ultrastructural features are, however, still largely intact, even if half of the
      mineral originally present has been lost. In dentine with a mineral content of
      about 25 vol%, the dentinal tubules are enlarged by about 30%. In vivo
      demineralized dentine looses mineral in substantial amounts both from
      intertubular and from peritubular regions.

PMID- 2920383
TI  - Effects of Parafilm and cheese chewing on human dental plaque pH and metabolism.
AB  - The effects of chewing Parafilm and cheese following sucrose rinsing on human
      dental plaque pH and plaque fluid organic and amino acid concentrations were
      investigated. Immediate increases in plaque pH were observed following chewing
      with concomitant decreases in lactate and acetate concentrations and increases in
      the concentration of formate and many amino acids. Chewing with cheese when
      compared with Parafilm resulted in significantly higher (p less than 0.05) plaque
      fluid concentrations of most amino acids, although significant decreases (p less
      than 0.05) in phosphate, succinate, and acetate concentrations were observed.
      However, no significant difference in the levels of formate, lactate, and
      propionate were found between the two chewing treatments.

PMID- 2920384
TI  - Caries-related microbiological findings in a group of teenagers and their
      parents.
AB  - The levels of salivary Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli and caries
      experience were studied in 113 teenagers and 163 adults. The study population
      consisted of 82 mother-child and 73 father-child pairs. The number of decayed,
      missing, and filled tooth surfaces (DMFS) was eightfold higher in adults than in
      teenagers (56.4 +/- 22.8 vs. 7.3 +/- 6.7). The percentage distribution of the
      level of salivary S. mutans and lactobacilli was approximately the same in both
      groups. The mean number of DMFS increased with increasing levels of salivary S.
      mutans and lactobacilli, the correlation being highly significant both in
      teenagers and adults. There was a significant correlation of the DMFS indices in
      the mother-child pairs (r = 0.364), but the correlation was not significant in
      the father-child pairs (r = 0.138). The salivary level of S. mutans was higher in
      the children of mothers with high DMFS values compared to the children of mothers
      with low DMFS values.

PMID- 2920385
TI  - Protection by F, I, Sr, and combinations against fermentation attack by
      Streptococcus sobrinus artificial plaque on bovine enamel.
AB  - Labial surfaces of 64 bovine incisors (8 teeth/treatment) were subjected to 1-min
      treatment with (1) 500 ppm Sr, (2) 0.5% I2 plus 1% KI solution, (3) F varnish
      treatment (Duraphat) for 24 h, or (4) combined treatments. The treated teeth were
      incubated under an artificial Streptococcus sobrinus plaque for 10 days. The
      'oral fluid' with maleate buffer (pH 5.8) partially saturated with Ca3(PO4)2 and
      with or without 3.3% sucrose or sucrose plus 25 ppm F, was replaced by a mixture
      containing thioglycolate broth and the buffer for 4 h daily. This was done in an
      attempt to maintain the viability of the plaque as it was not renewed. Analysis
      of the Ca and inorganic P in the fluid phase taken after the 1st and the 10th day
      of incubation indicated that complete protection was obtained with F varnishing
      plus 25 ppm F in the fluid, with added sucrose. The Sr plus F treatment was more
      protective than F or Sr alone. The iodine treatment was slightly protective when
      combined with F varnishing. The results of the enamel surface and subsurface F
      and Sr as well as measurements of surface microhardness also indicated the
      highest protective effect with the double-F treatment and a marked protection
      provided by the Sr plus F treatment. The efficacy of the double-F treatment was
      partly explained by the prevention of a fall in 'plaque' pH and partly by the
      release of bacterial inorganic P in the extracellular fluid. The present caries
      model is versatile in quantification of changes in numerous parameters (14
      parameters measured) involved in the caries-like process and its inhibition.

PMID- 2920386
TI  - Cardiac catheterization: who's doing the teaching?

PMID- 2920387
TI  - Hemodynamic abnormalities during coronary angiography: comparison of Hypaque-76,
      Hexabrix, and Omnipaque-350.
AB  - The hemodynamic effects induced by coronary angiography in dogs with low osmolar
      ionic dimer Hexabrix (HB) and nonionic Omnipaque-350 (OM) were compared to the
      standard ionic contrast medium, Hypaque-76 (H76), both in the normal heart and in
      one with simulated severe cardiac disease. Left coronary angiography was
      performed in 12 "normal" closed-chest dogs with 10-cc injections of H76, HB, and
      OM in a randomized, blinded fashion. The maximal change in the left ventricular
      (LV) systolic pressure (SP), mean aortic pressure (MAP), left ventricular end
      diastolic pressure (LVEDP), and LV dp/dt were recorded. The LVSP and MAP fell 30
      +/- 3 mm Hg and 26 +/- 4 mm Hg with H76, 22 +/- 2 mm Hg and 19 +/- 2 mm Hg with
      HB, and 7 +/- 1.5 mm Hg and 5 +/- 1 mm Hg with OM (P less than .001). The LVEDP
      increased 4.8 +/- 0.5 mm Hg with H76, 3 +/- 0.5 mm Hg with HB, but only 0.2 mm Hg
      with OM (P less than .001). The LV dp/dt decreased 392 +/- 63 mm Hg/sec with H76
      and 235 +/- 21 mm Hg/sec with HB, but increased 411 +/- 50 mm Hg with OM (P less
      than .001). In eight additional open-chest dogs, left coronary angiography was
      performed 1 hr after occlusion of the proximal LAD coronary artery and in the
      presence of a critical circumflex coronary artery (CX) stenosis.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2920388
TI  - Angiographic coronary morphology in postinfarction angina.
AB  - To investigate the pathophysiologic relevance of angiographically irregular
      coronary stenoses in postinfarction angina (PIA), we analyzed the clinical course
      and coronary angiograms of 73 patients studied within 30 days of infarction.
      Coronary lesions were classified as smooth or irregular. Thirty-six patients had
      PIA (Group 1) and 37 had an uncomplicated course (Group 2). Irregular lesion(s)
      in patent infarct-related arteries were found in 77% of Group 1 vs. 24% of Group
      2 patients (P less than 0.005). Irregular lesion(s) in any coronary artery were
      found in 58% of Group 1 versus 19% of Group 2 patients (P less than 0.002). Other
      univariate predictors of PIA included older age, hypertension, angina before
      myocardial infarct, lower peak creatine kinase, three-vessel disease, and higher
      modified Gensini score. Multivariate analysis ranked lesion irregularity as the
      strongest predictor of PIA. Our data suggests that ruptured atherosclerotic
      plaques may be important in the pathogenesis of PIA. It is possible that lesion
      irregularity is associated with an active process and/or a residual thrombus,
      which may be responsible for postinfarction angina.

PMID- 2920389
TI  - Dual connection of the left anterior descending coronary artery to the left and
      right coronary arteries.
AB  - Origin of the left anterior descending coronary artery from the right coronary
      artery is a well-described but rare congenital coronary anomaly. In this report,
      we describe two cases in which the mid left anterior descending coronary artery
      is connected to the right coronary artery through an intraseptal connecting
      vessel, while the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery originates
      normally from the left main coronary artery. This previously unreported pattern
      suggests partial persistence of the peritruncal ring, which occurs during normal
      embryologic development of the coronary circulation. Even though it is
      classically described as an epicardial structure, the vascular pattern in our
      cases suggests that the peritruncal ring may have an intramural segment in some
      individuals.

PMID- 2920390
TI  - Inadvertent Swan-Ganz catheter placement in the left pericardiophrenic vein.
AB  - Placement of flow-directed Swan-Ganz catheters without fluoroscopic guidance
      occasionally results in placement in positions other than the pulmonary artery.
      In the case presented, the inadvertent placement of such a catheter into the left
      pericardiophrenic vein was probably facilitated by distortion of the right heart
      and systemic venous anatomy.

PMID- 2920391
TI  - Echocardiographic findings in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
      (AIDS) and AIDS-related complex (ARC).
AB  - Although a variety of cardiac abnormalities have been described in AIDS patients,
      it is unclear whether these are incidental findings or they presage clinically
      important heart disease. Also, because AIDS-related complex (ARC) is, in general,
      a milder form of AIDS, we wondered if echocardiographic abnormalities would
      differ in kind or in frequency, when compared with AIDS. To answer these
      questions, we studied the echocardiographic findings and the demographic features
      of 15 patients with AIDS and 24 patients with ARC. The ARC group had
      abnormalities in the same proportion as in our AIDS group, except for
      echocardiographic mitral valve prolapse. The MVP, however, did not appear to be
      due to intrinsic valvular disease. Rather, echocardiographic MVP was associated
      with low body weight (P = .02) but not with the cardiac signs or symptoms of MVP.
      Four AIDS patients had LV dysfunction. Of the echocardiographic variables, only a
      wide EPSS was significantly correlated with survival, as it is in other
      populations. We conclude that although echocardiographic abnormalities are common
      in AIDS and ARC patients, most of these abnormalities lack clinical significance.

PMID- 2920392
TI  - Safety and convenience of a mechanical injector pump for coronary angiography.
AB  - Coronary angiography and left ventriculography was performed in 5,887 consecutive
      patients over a 5-year period using a mechanical injector pump activated by a
      foot switch. Five coronary dissections occurred, four of the right coronary
      artery and one of the left internal mammary artery, which had been grafted to the
      left anterior descending artery. One patient had angina following an air embolus;
      there were no significant intramyocardial injections of contrast agent. The
      pressure generated in the catheter by hand injection of contrast agent was
      compared with that generated by the injector pump. Contrast agent was injected
      through a 7F Judkins Right 4 and an 8F Sones catheter by hand at slow, medium,
      and fast rates by hand and by the injector pump at 2,3, and 4 ml/sec; maximum
      pressure generated was recorded. Although the pressures generated through a Sones
      catheter were similar using both methods, pressures with hand injection were much
      more variable. The pressures generated with hand injection through a Judkins
      catheter were lower than those with pump injection, but again the pressures
      showed much greater variability with hand injection. The pump was found to be
      safe, reliable, predictable, and convenient when used for coronary angiography
      with Sones and Judkins catheters. It eliminates the need for a trained assistant
      during the procedure of coronary angiography.

PMID- 2920393
TI  - Accurate determination of the transaortic valve gradient using simultaneous left
      ventricular and femoral artery pressures.
AB  - Accurate determination of the transaortic valve gradient has required two
      catheters, one in the left ventricle and one in the ascending aorta. We now
      report a new technique for measurement of the transaortic valve gradient from the
      simultaneous left ventricular (LV) and femoral artery (FA) pressure tracings.
      This technique was compared with the "true" gradient obtained by measurement of
      the simultaneous LV and central aortic pressures, and is accurate (R = 0.999) and
      relatively simple. Other approaches used to determine the mean transaortic valve
      gradient were less accurate: simultaneous LV-FA (R = 0.991); aligned LV-FA (R =
      0.974); averaged simultaneous and aligned LV-FA (R = 0.981); and nonsimultaneous
      LV-aorta pullback (R = 0.953). Thus, this new technique provides an accurate
      transaortic valve gradient without requiring the use of two central catheters.

PMID- 2920394
TI  - The potential risk of thrombosis during coronary angiography using nonionic
      contrast media.
AB  - The influence of contrast media on coagulation has an important association with
      thromboembolic complication during coronary angiography. In this study, whole
      blood was methodically mixed with nonionic contrast medium, Iohexol (IOH),
      conventional ionic contrast medium, Hypaque-76 (H76), and low osmolar ionic dimer
      Hexabrix (HB) in vitro. The thrombotic propensity of contrast agents can be
      evaluated by measuring the clot formation of the mixtures. The experiments were
      repeated with whole blood after systemic heparinization. In the in vitro study, 5
      ml of canine (N = 10) and 3 ml of human (N = 11) whole blood was incubated for 30
      min in glass tubes with equal volumes of IOH, H76, HB, and 0.9% NaCl before
      heparinization. Clot formation with IOH and 0.9% NaCl were seen both in dogs (4.0
      +/- 0.7 gm and 5.6 +/- 0.8 gm) and in patients (1.4 +/- 0.9 gm and 2.9 +/- 1.3
      gm), whereas no clot was seen with H76 or XB. Following heparinization, no clot
      was visualized in any mixture of whole blood with contrast media or 0.9% NaCl.
      Similar results were observed in the catheter-syringe system with canine blood (N
      = 11) mixed with the contrast agents. Blood clots found in 15 min and 30 min of
      IOH were 0.07 +/- 0.08 gm and 0.44 +/- 0.20 gm (P less than 0.01) and of NaCl
      were 0.29 +/- 0.37 gm and 0.69 +/- 0.38 gm (P less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2920395
TI  - In situ analysis of antibody-forming cells from the BALB/c CRIc idiotype family:
      idiotopic heterogeneity among clustered cells.
AB  - Immunocytochemical staining methods were applied toward defining the in situ
      expansion of the BALB/c mouse antibody-forming cells (AFC) that express the CRIc
      idiotype (id) family associated with the antibody response against the p
      azophenylarsonate (Ar) hapten. CRIc+ AFC dominated the early primary anti-Ar
      response but represented a decreased fraction of the anti-Ar AFC during secondary
      responses. Two subsets of the CRIc family, CRIc1 and CRIc2, differed in their
      relative expression, with CRIc1 more pronounced during primary responses and
      CRIc2 better expanded in secondary responses. Idiotopic differences among AFC in
      very close proximity suggested convergent migration among B cells having similar
      but not identical V regions or possibly V region mutations among clonally derived
      cells. The approach also allowed in situ idiotypic analysis of polyclonally
      activated B AFC.

PMID- 2920396
TI  - In vitro regeneration of activated rat peritoneal mast cells cocultured with 3T3
      fibroblasts.
AB  - Rat peritoneal mast cells (MC) cocultured with 3T3 fibroblasts (MC/3T3) were
      activated by compound 48/80 to release most of their histamine content
      (approximately 90%). These activated MC could be kept viable in vitro for as long
      as 2 weeks, during which their regeneration had been followed. As early as 3-4 hr
      following activation, the MC started reacquiring their resting morphology. In 1-2
      weeks they were more densely granulated grossly resembling nonactivated, control
      MC. Reactivation of MC/3T3 with compound 48/80 on Day 7 or 14 of culture resulted
      in a percentage histamine release which was similar to that of Day 0, and to
      control MC/3T3, indicating that these activated MC were functionally responsive.
      Activated MC/3T3 could partially resynthesize histamine during the 14 days of
      culture following activation. On Day 7 their histamine content was approximately
      23% and on Day 14 approximately 40% of the initial amount they had on Day 0,
      prior to activation. Thus, MC/3T3 activated by compound 48/80 in vitro can
      regenerate by resuming their initial morphology, becoming responsive to a
      subsequent reactivation and resynthesizing histamine.

PMID- 2920397
TI  - Partial characterization of a low-molecular-weight, macrophage-derived inhibitor
      of DNA synthesis: a possible immunoregulatory molecule.
AB  - It has been previously reported that tumor-associated macrophages isolated after
      combination therapy contained an activity that inhibited thymocyte proliferation
      in the IL-1 comitogenic assay. The present report shows that this macrophage
      derived inhibitory factor (MDIF) inhibits DNA synthesis in diverse adherent and
      nonadherent cells in vitro. The elution pattern seen after chromatography using
      Bio-Gel P10 or Sephadex G-25 columns indicated a molecular size of 3-6.5 kDa.
      However, full activity was retained when MDIF was passed through an Amicon
      filtration membrane having a cut off of 500 Da. It was also seen that other
      molecules less than 500 Da, such as thymidine, thimerosal, and PGE2, each of
      which was also shown to be growth inhibitory, eluted in a size range similar to
      that of MDIF after chromatographic separation. Ion exchange chromatography
      confirmed that MDIF was distinct from thymidine, and a radioimmunoassay indicated
      that PGE2 was not responsible for MDIF activity. Little or no inhibitory activity
      could be detected in macrophages isolated from progressing tumors or from tumors
      excised after cyclophosphamide treatment of tumor bearers. Given that this
      inhibitory activity was associated with macrophages derived from tumors induced
      to regress by combination therapy, the possibility is discussed that MDIF may
      play an important role during the regulation of immune reactions at the tumor
      site.

PMID- 2920398
TI  - [Specific and nonspecific indicators of activation of influenza viruses before an
      epidemic caused by influenza viruses subtype A/H3N2 and type B in Czechoslovakia
      in 1986].
AB  - The authors submit an aetiological and epidemiological analysis of the influenza
      epidemic which occurred in the CSR between the 4th and 14th week of 1986 and was
      caused by the influenza virus subtype A/H3N2/ and type B. The epidemic affected a
      total of 27.1% of the population, in the age group of 0-5 years 63.7%, in the age
      group 6-14 years 52.7% and in the age group above 15 years 17.1%. In the course
      of the epidemic 77,458 cases of pneumonia and bronchitis were reported and 1,412
      deaths with the diagnosis influenza, bronchitis, pneumonia and chronic affection
      of the lungs. The authors analyze also specific indicators of the activation of
      influenza viruses and reach the conclusion that serological evidence of the
      circulation of influenza viruses in the population was detected already in the
      third quarter of 1985, the first isolations were made six weeks before the
      influenza epidemic. Activation of the influenza viruses is indicated already
      during the pre-epidemic period by some non-specific indicators which include the
      rising number of patients with acute respiratory affections in surgeries and the
      rising number of children absent from nurseries and nursery schools on account of
      these diseases. The most sensitive non-specific indicator is the rising number of
      patients with respiratory diseases in surgeries of the First aid medical service.

PMID- 2920399
TI  - [Comparison of 2 methods for determining antibodies to collagen: the ELISA test
      and passive hemagglutination].
AB  - For the determination of antibodies against collagen in different rheumatic
      diseases the authors elaborated two serological techniques. It was particularly
      the passive haemagglutination, which proved to be little sensitive and
      insufficiently reproducible. Therefore, for the determination of antibodies
      against collagen the authors introduced the ELISA method as one of the varieties
      of enzyme immunoanalysis, giving more precise results. Both methods were compared
      and it has become apparent that the ELISA method is more reliable and more
      suitable for the determination of antibodies against collagen.

PMID- 2920400
TI  - [The importance of the microprecipitation reaction in agar in the diagnosis of
      toxoplasmosis].
AB  - The authors examined 56 pigs by an isolation experiment for Toxoplasma gondii and
      simultaneously by the Sabin-Feldman reaction, microprecipitation reaction in agar
      (MPA), quantitative microprecipitation reaction in agar (MPAK), reaction with
      complement-fixing and indirect haemagglutination reaction with toxoplasma
      antigen. In nine pigs with positive isolation finding, the Sabin-Feldman reaction
      and quantitative microprecipitation reaction in agar was positive in eight cases.
      In cases of negative Sabin-Feldman reaction, the quantitative microprecipitation
      reaction was always negative. The quantitative microprecipitation reaction in
      agar is therefore a suitable indicator of the success of isolation experiments.
      For a simplicity of the test it is suitable for immunological diagnostics of
      toxoplasmosis in pigs in common practice.

PMID- 2920401
TI  - [A standard code for naming microbes].
AB  - The author suggests a code for communication and processing of data which
      involves the formation of code names, in particular of microorganisms. These code
      is reached after agreement, made compulsory and then strictly respected. The
      principle for the formation of the code is relative comprehensibility, simplicity
      and orientation on a given area of application. The generation of the code is
      made by a computer.

PMID- 2920402
TI  - Kinetic study of the Jaffe reaction for quantifying creatinine in serum: 2.
      Evaluation of buffered reagent and comparison of different data-processing
      options.
AB  - Here we describe the evaluation of several data-processing options for the
      kinetic determination of creatinine by use of the Jaffe reaction. Data-processing
      options evaluated include initial-rate, two-point fixed-time, rate at t = k-1,
      and multipoint curve-fitting predictive methods. We evaluated these options for a
      buffered formulation of the Jaffe reagent and studied the effects of potential
      interferents, including glucose, acetoacetate, bilirubin, and albumin, on each
      option. To reduce effects of bilirubin, we evaluated the inclusion of a
      preoxidation step with ferricyanide. All the data-processing options gave good
      precision and linearity between the measurement objective and creatinine
      concentration. However, differences between slopes of calibration plots in
      aqueous and serum matrices ranged from a high of +60% for the two-point, fixed
      time method to a low of -11% for the curve-fitting, predictive method. Standard
      additions of creatinine to sera were quantified reliably (yielding 96% to 102% of
      target values) by the predictive method and less reliably (62% to 102%) by the
      other methods. We conclude that the predictive method has the potential to yield
      the most reliable results for creatinine.

PMID- 2920403
TI  - Short-term and long-term variability of indices related to nutritional status. I:
      Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, and Zn.
AB  - Five free-living women (ages 28-38 y) and five women (ages 23-44 y) residing in a
      metabolic unit and eating a constant diet were assessed for variation in indices
      related to mineral nutrition. Blood was sampled once a month for five months,
      once a week for five weeks, and once a day for five days to assess analytical and
      biological variability. Analytical variability was determined by using
      concurrently run duplicate control samples prepared from plasma or serum pools.
      Of the measured indices, serum ferritin varied most, with intra-individual
      variance of 4.72% to 18.0%. Much of this variance may have been because of
      changes in iron status or in the analytical technique used. Intra-individual
      month-to-month variance for other indices ranged from 17% for superoxide
      dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1) to 1.5% for calcium. Correction for long-term analytical
      variation indicated that most of the variance was associated with the biological
      component. The higher biological variabilities of some indices, including
      ferritin or superoxide dismutase, need to be considered when nutritional status
      is being evaluated or when serial observations are made over a protracted period
      in clinical studies or trials.

PMID- 2920404
TI  - Rapid, reliable in vivo assays of human phosphate metabolites by nuclear magnetic
      resonance.
AB  - This accurate, reliable, and fast method of assaying absolute concentrations of
      phosphate metabolites noninvasively in living tissue, including that of humans,
      combines 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and 1H NMR imaging.
      The images are used to measure the areas of metabolite-bearing tissue in selected
      sections through the subject, and 31P spectra are acquired from the same section,
      together with a concentration reference located on the periphery. Metabolite
      concentrations are calculated from the ratios of areas and integrated signal
      intensities. Apparatus and protocol are designed to eliminate corrections due to
      magnetic field nonuniformities and NMR relaxation times. Mean (and SD)
      concentrations of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), phosphocreatine, and inorganic
      phosphate (Pi) measured in the brains of 15 normal adult human volunteers with a
      1.5-T NMR system were 3.03 (0.49), 5.18 (0.89), and 1.5 (0.7) mmol per liter of
      wet tissue, respectively. Acquisition times of only a few minutes should
      facilitate metabolic studies of patients with disorders in limbs and brain,
      particularly those affecting entire organs.

PMID- 2920405
TI  - Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme pattern in sera of patients with malignant
      diseases.
AB  - Total lactate dehydrogenase (LDH; EC 1.1.1.27) activity and the percentage
      distribution of LDH isoenzymes were determined in 127 patients with malignant
      diseases. A shift in the isoenzyme patterns was observed toward the M-type, with
      an increase in the percentage of LDH-4 and LDH-5 isoenzymes and a slight increase
      in total LDH activity of all patients. Serum samples from 68 of the patients
      contained an abnormal isoenzyme of LDH, "LDH-1 ex," that, on agarose gel
      electrophoresis at pH 8.6, migrated between albumin and LDH-1 isoenzyme.
      Chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or surgical removal of the tumor was accompanied by
      disappearance of this abnormal isoenzyme. The heat stability of LDH-1 ex
      isoenzyme appears to be similar to that of LDH-1 but greater than that of the
      other LDH isoenzymes. Statistical analysis of these data demonstrated a
      significant correlation between malignancy and the appearance of LDH-1 ex
      isoenzyme (P less than 0.001). In contrast, the relationship between LDH-1 ex
      isoenzyme and metastasis or anatomical location of the malignancy is not
      statistically important (P less than 0.1).

PMID- 2920406
TI  - Differences between capillary and venous blood-alcohol concentrations as a
      function of time after drinking, with emphasis on sampling variations in left vs
      right arm.
AB  - Twelve healthy men drank 0.8 g of ethanol per kilogram of body weight during 30
      min after an overnight (10 h) fast. At nine exactly timed intervals (30-390 min
      after the start of drinking), blood was sampled through indwelling catheters in
      cubital veins on the left and right arms. Immediately thereafter, capillary blood
      was sampled from fingertips on the left and right hands. The blood ethanol
      concentration (BAC) was determined by headspace gas chromatography. The SD for
      alcohol determinations in venous blood, including the left vs right arm sampling
      variation, was 30 mg/L (range 8.3-83 mg/L), whereas for capillary blood the SD
      was 35 mg/L (range 11-60 mg/L). This difference much exceeded the purely
      analytical errors: SD = 2.67 mg/L for venous blood and 14.2 mg/L for fingertip
      blood. During the first 60 min after the subjects started to drink, capillary BAC
      exceeded venous BAC, the mean difference at 30 min being 136 mg/L (range 36-216
      mg/L). In the postabsorptive state later than 60 min after drinking, venous BAC
      exceeded capillary BAC [mean difference 58 mg/L (range 0.0-170 mg/L]), the values
      for venous and capillary BAC crossing 37 min (range 6-77 min) after the end of
      drinking. Apparently, the source of blood analyzed, venous or capillary, must be
      considered in clinical pharmacokinetic studies of ethanol.

PMID- 2920407
TI  - Standardization of a commercial (Boehringer Mannheim diagnostics) enzymic method
      for cholesterol.
AB  - The Laboratory Standardization Panel of the National Cholesterol Education
      Program recommends that cholesterol method accuracy ideally be within 3% of the
      true value determined by the Abell-Kendall Reference Method, a component of the
      National Reference System for Cholesterol. As one of the Abell-Kendall network
      laboratories established to facilitate cholesterol standardization, the approach
      we recommend for determining accuracy involves a comparison analysis on patients'
      specimens by the method in question and by the Abell-Kendall method. Use of fresh
      specimens precludes matrix interactions that may influence enzymic measurement.
      Using this approach, we assessed an enzymic method for cholesterol with two
      instruments (Boehringer Mannheim/Hitachi 717 and 737), with BMD reagent,
      controls, and calibrator. Fresh and frozen sera were analyzed with both
      instruments over three days. The Abell-Kendall method was used at the Northwest
      Lipid Research Center on frozen aliquots of the same sera. Both instruments
      demonstrated good agreement with the Reference Method, as determined by linear
      regression; overall bias averaged less than -2% for the Hitachi 717 and -1% for
      the Hitachi 737 at 2000 mg/L--i.e., within the accuracy recommendation. We
      observed a difference in bias for fresh and frozen specimens; with the Hitachi
      717, fresh specimens exhibited -3% bias at 2000 mg/L, but there was virtually no
      bias of determinations of frozen specimens.

PMID- 2920408
TI  - Changes in creatine kinase activity in the course of acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - Peak activity of creatine kinase (CK; EC 2.7.3.2) and its decline were determined
      in 380 patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) whose CK values had peaked
      after admission to the hospital. During hospitalization, 26 patients either died
      (14 patients) or experienced nonfatal re-infarction (12 patients). In 22 of these
      26 patients CK activity decreased by less than 50% within 48 h after the peak
      value was measured. In all patients who did not die or develop re-infarction, CK
      activity decreased by greater than 50% during the 48 h after the peak. Evidently
      the rate of decline of CK (i.e., whether more than or less than 50%) from its
      peak value during the 48 h after AMI may be helpful in assessing which patients
      are at high risk for developing re-infarction or dying.

PMID- 2920409
TI  - Chromatofocusing and isoelectric focusing in immobilized pH gradients compared
      for characterization of human hemoglobin variants.
AB  - We compared the performance of two highly resolving methods, chromatofocusing
      (CRF) and isoelectric focusing in immobilized pH gradients (IPGF), for the
      separation of human hemoglobin variants. Lysates containing 13 different
      hemoglobins, including variants of clinical and geographical importance, and four
      electrophoretically "silent" variants (Hb Brockton, Hb Cheverly, Hb Koln, and Hb
      Waco) were analyzed. Both techniques showed a good intrarun precision (CV = 0.87%
      for CRF, 0.27% for IPGF) and high and similar resolving power (0.010 pH units,
      with the pH gradients used in this work). The use of an ultranarrow IPGF range
      (pH 7.15-7.35; pH gradient = 0.019 pH/cm) allowed the resolution between Hb
      Brockton, Hb Koln, and Hb A. In some cases (Hb D-Los Angeles, Hb F, Hb Waco), the
      variants were separated from Hb A in different orders, depending on which
      technique was used, probably because of the different analytical principles of
      the two methods. As a second-level test, both procedures are informative for
      characterization of human hemoglobin variants.

PMID- 2920410
TI  - Diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction from two measurements of creatine kinase
      isoenzyme MB with use of nonparametric probability estimation.
AB  - By using bivariate probability estimation for the diagnosis of acute myocardial
      infarction (AMI) we show how to overcome the difficulties encountered for
      patients whose clinical presentation is atypical and those encountered when
      multiple isoenzyme determinations are treated by univariate methods. We use the
      values for creatine kinase isoenzyme MB measured at the time of admission and 12
      h later to estimate the Bayes factors in favor of AMI. The Bayes factors are
      compiled into a table that the clinician can use to estimate the posterior
      probability that a patient has AMI. The table of Bayes factors is based on data
      for a sample of 802 non-AMI patients and 180 AMI patients. Further to validate
      the method, we randomly chose 200 of the non-AMI and 50 of the AMI patients as an
      evaluation sample, then used the remaining 602 non-AMI and 130 AMI patients to
      recompute the Bayes factors. These Bayes factors were used to find the
      probability of AMI for each of the 250 patients in the evaluation sample. The
      method resulted in only one false positive and no false negatives. For the
      misclassified patient the measurements at admission and 12 h later were 1 and 11
      U/L; the posterior odds were 15 to 1 in favor of AMI, but in fact the patient was
      non-AMI.

PMID- 2920411
TI  - A self-consistent set of reference values for 23 clinical chemical analytes.
AB  - Heparinized plasma of 528 blood donors was subjected to the 23 most frequently
      ordered chemical and enzymatic tests. The central fraction of the distribution of
      all results for each test was estimated. Out of the 528 donors a reference
      population has been selected. Because of the lack of other criteria, the result
      for any test of a blood donor was selected as a value belonging to the reference
      population if the results for the other 22 analytes of this particular donor lay
      within their own central fraction. On this basis an iterative procedure for the
      selection was programmed, considering the interaction between tests. The
      procedure was stopped when the reference limits for all 23 tests were converging.
      Fractions from 0.90 to 0.98 were applied to results for men and women donors
      separately. The elimination procedure and the criteria to select the best fitted
      fraction are discussed. The derived reference intervals are designated a "self
      consistent set of reference values."

PMID- 2920412
TI  - Automated determination of drugs in serum by column-switching high-performance
      liquid chromatography. IV. Separation of tricyclic and tetracyclic
      antidepressants and their metabolites.
AB  - We describe automated column-switching high-performance liquid chromatography for
      determining nine tricyclic and tetracyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and their
      metabolites in human serum. TSKgel ODS-80TM and TSKprecolumn PW (Tosoh Co.,
      Tokyo) are used in the analytical column and the precolumn, respectively. A 200
      microL serum sample is directly injected onto the precolumn. After washing the
      serum proteins from the precolumn with potassium phosphate buffer, the precolumn
      connection is switched to introduce the retained substances onto the analytical
      column. The drugs are then eluted within 30 min with an acetonitrile/potassium
      phosphate buffer mixture containing sodium 1-heptanesulfonate. The analytical
      recoveries (95-104%), reproducibilities (within-run CV less than 3%), and
      detection limits (10 micrograms/L) indicate that this HPLC system is suited for
      therapeutic drug monitoring. Correlations were good between the TCA
      concentrations in serum and administered dose (r = 0.713, n = 41), and between 10
      hydroxynortriptyline and nortriptyline in serum (r = 0.691, n = 24).

PMID- 2920413
TI  - Screening for microalbuminuria by use of a rapid, low-cost colorimetric assay.
AB  - We evaluated the pyrogallol red-molybdate(IV) method for quantification of
      urinary protein as a screening procedure for microalbuminuria by determining the
      assay's sensitivity and specificity at different concentrations of urinary
      albumin as measured by a comparison laser-nephelometric immunoassay. The
      pyrogallol red-molybdate(IV) method has sensitivity and specificity similar to
      that for other semiquantitative assays, but it is less expensive and sample
      throughput can be high if microtiter plate techniques are used.

PMID- 2920414
TI  - Erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein compared in the elderly.
AB  - The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP)
      concentrations were studied in 101 elderly individuals (mean age 72 y) to
      determine their utility as diagnostic aids in subjects with underlying
      infection/inflammation. Whereas ESR and CRP were both significantly increased in
      patients with infection or inflammation, or both, analysis of variance indicated
      that those subjects still alive six months later had significantly lower ESR
      values. Analysis of sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive values
      indicated that neither test satisfactorily discriminated between patients with
      and those without ongoing active or chronic disease. Receiver-operating
      characteristic curve analysis confirmed the low true-positive/false-positive
      ratios of both ESR and CRP. In the elderly, neither CRP nor ESR has distinct
      advantages over the other, and both tests evidently have limited utility.

PMID- 2920415
TI  - Liquid-chromatographic assay of urinary porphobilinogen.
AB  - This is a rapid (10 min per sample), highly sensitive procedure for quantifying
      urinary porphobilinogen (PBG). Interfering substances are removed by selectively
      adsorbing PBG onto an ion-exchange resin. After PBG is eluted with 0.5 mol/L
      formic acid, Ehrlich's reagent is added to produce the chromophore, which is then
      injected into a liquid chromatograph equipped with a diode-array detector. PBG is
      separated by a linear gradient (10% to 100%) of methanol in 10 mmol/L phosphate
      buffer, pH 3.0. Absorbance is monitored at 555 nm. Assay response varies linearly
      with PBG concentration over the range 0-110 mumol/L (0-25 mg/L). As little as 1.5
      mumol/L (0.3 mg/L) can be detected. In prepared urine samples with known PBG
      concentrations, the within-run coefficient of variation (CV) ranged from 1.7% to
      3.2%, the day-to-day CV from 3.5% to 6.1%. PBG concentrations in 24-h urine
      collected from 25 healthy subjects were all below the detection limit of the
      assay (less than 1.5 mumol/L). We used the new assay to measure PBG
      concentrations in the urine of two patients with latent porphyria. This method is
      more sensitive than spectrophotometric techniques currently used for measuring
      urinary PBG.

PMID- 2920416
TI  - Automated determination of urinary Na+, K+, chloride, inorganic phosphate, urea,
      and creatinine without sample dilution, with the "RA-XT".
AB  - We describe how concentrations of chloride, urea, inorganic phosphate, and
      creatinine in urine can be measured directly, without manual sample dilution, in
      a discrete analyzer (the Technicon "RA-XT"). These methods were accurate for
      concentrations of chloride up to 280 mmol/L, urea up to 500 mmol/L, inorganic
      phosphate up to 50 mmol/L, and creatinine up to 30 mmol/L. CVs are less than 3%
      nd results correlate well with those obtained by continuous-flow analysis (SMA
      II). All these reagents are stable at room temperature for three weeks. Analyses
      are easy to perform and infrequent calibration is required.

PMID- 2920417
TI  - Interference of coumarin therapy with the "Heptest" owing to declining
      prothrombin concentrations.
AB  - The Heptest kit (Haemachem, Inc., St. Louis, MO) for quantifying heparin in
      plasma is based on heparin-mediated inhibition of factor Xa, resulting in
      prolongation of clotting time. In 19 of 55 plasma samples obtained from 32
      patients concurrently receiving coumarin and heparin, Heptest results exceeded
      true heparin values by more than 0.2 int. unit/mL; four samples showed a
      deviation exceeding 0.4 int. unit/mL. We show here that these deviations are
      caused by coumarin-induced decreases of plasma prothrombin. This problem can be
      circumvented by adding purified prothrombin or normal plasma to the assay
      mixture.

PMID- 2920418
TI  - Effect of hematocrit and added heparin on ionized calcium in capillary blood
      samples from neonates.
AB  - Sampling of capillary blood for determination of ionized calcium (Ca2+) in
      neonates requires that extra heparin be added to prevent clotting in the sampling
      tube and (or) in the Ca2+ analyzer. Because the additive dissolves in the plasma
      compartment, different hematocrit (erythrocyte volume fraction, EVF) values may
      cause different results for Ca2+. To study the effect of EVF and heparin
      additive, we repeatedly removed plasma, thereby increasing the EVF. These samples
      with different EVF's were aspirated into commercial capillary tubes containing
      heparin and, according to our routine procedure, an additional 10 microL
      (approximately 0.9 int. unit) of sodium heparin. We found a negative bias of 0.05
      0.09 mmol/L in Ca2+, depending on the EVF. Adding saline instead of heparin gave
      the same effect, indicating that this bias was entirely due to dilution. We
      suggest compensating for this by adding 0.09 mmol/L to the actual value for
      ionized calcium when EVF exceeds 70%. The increase in Ca2+ in neonates on days 1
      to 5 postpartum is physiological and not an effect of change in EVF.

PMID- 2920419
TI  - Time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay system especially suited for research
      applications.

PMID- 2920420
TI  - New method for determining bound and ionized calcium in serum.

PMID- 2920421
TI  - Two commercial test kits for CK-MM isoforms evaluated for early recognition of
      acute myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2920422
TI  - HPLC determination of hemoglobin A1C in the presence of the fast hemoglobin I
      Philadelphia.

PMID- 2920423
TI  - An unusual band that binds hemoglobin after ultracentrifugation of hemolyzed
      plasma for lipoprotein separation.

PMID- 2920424
TI  - Effect of storage conditions on saliva thiocyanate concentration.

PMID- 2920425
TI  - Fructosamine assay modified for the estimation of glycated hemoglobin.

PMID- 2920426
TI  - Emetine identified in urine by HPLC, with fluorescence and ultraviolet/diode
      array detection, in a patient with cardiomyopathy.
AB  - A 15-year-old girl with a four-month history of cardiac failure from undetermined
      cause was admitted to the hospital with weakness, fatigue, and weight loss.
      During her hospitalization she was found to have abused diet aids, laxatives, and
      cathartics. Although an electrocardiogram revealed nonspecific T-wave
      abnormalities and laboratory studies showed supranormal enzyme test results for
      creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase, no definite explanation of the
      cardiomyopathy was forthcoming. Ipecac abuse leading to cardiomyopathy was
      suspected early in the hospitalization. HPLC analysis of a urine sample showed
      emetine, a principle component of ipecac, the presence of which was later
      confirmed by more-specific HPLC analysis with photodiode array detection.

PMID- 2920427
TI  - The new International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90).
AB  - A new international temperature scale, the ITS-90, will replace the International
      Practical Temperature Scale of 1968 (amended edition of 1975), IPTS-68(75), on 1
      January 1990. Temperatures on the ITS-90 will agree more closely with
      thermodynamic temperatures; therefore, the ITS-90 represents a substantial
      improvement over the IPTS-68(75). Fortunately for the clinical laboratory
      community, the change in the scale will be at most only 0.05 degrees C or less in
      the range from 0 to 60 degrees C, but corrections in primary calibrations should
      be made so that the calibrations are based on the ITS-90.

PMID- 2920428
TI  - Determination of 4,4'-methylenebis(2-chloroaniline) in urine.

PMID- 2920429
TI  - Serum magnesium as affected by drugs.

PMID- 2920430
TI  - Strategy for diagnosis of monoclonal gammopathies in serum.

PMID- 2920431
TI  - Differentiating between sensitivity and limit of detection.

PMID- 2920432
TI  - Quality control of glucose monitors outside the clinical laboratory: use of
      commercial nonhuman erythrocyte preparations supplemented with additional
      glucose.

PMID- 2920433
TI  - Differences between alkaline phosphatase activities in serum and lyophilized
      controls in AMP buffer explained.

PMID- 2920434
TI  - Direct determination of free thyroxin in undiluted serum by equilibrium
      dialysis/radioimmunoassay.

PMID- 2920435
TI  - Modified method of analysis for metadrenaline in urine.

PMID- 2920436
TI  - Incorporation of butylated hydroxytoluene in the mobile phase increases
      sensitivity in carotenoid chromatography.

PMID- 2920437
TI  - Salivary melatonin estimation in assessment of pineal-gland function.

PMID- 2920438
TI  - Disturbance of the determination of hemoglobin concentration in patients with
      high leukocyte counts.

PMID- 2920439
TI  - Specific determination of plasma dexamethasone by HPLC and RIA--application to
      standard dexamethasone suppression test in psychiatric patients.
AB  - Three radioimmunoassays (RIA), with or without preparative HPLC, were applied to
      the monitoring of plasma dexamethasone (DXM) levels during standard dexamethasone
      suppression test (DST) in psychiatric patients. Due to the robotic ease of the
      fully automated HPLC process, precision of the chromatographic assay was
      equivalent to that of the direct assays, but prepurification improved both
      sensitivity and specificity. These improvements allowed the elucidation of the
      following features: (1) half (36) of the patients (68) displayed infranormal DXM
      levels (less than or equal to 0.40 ng/ml) whatever the cortisol response; (2) 22%
      (15) patients (68) with DXM levels in the low control range showed a strong
      inhibition of cortisol suppression. These observations raise some doubts on the
      validity of the DST test and introduce the following questions. (1) What is the
      dependence of cortisol suppression upon DXM absorption and catabolism? (2) Does
      plasma DXM measurement several hours after its physiological action still reflect
      its effect on the hypothalamo-hypophyseal axis? (3) What is the reliability of
      DXM direct assays when measuring low DXM levels in the presence of high cortisol?

PMID- 2920441
TI  - Complement activation after prolonged exercise.
AB  - The effects of a 2.5-h running test on the concentrations of the complement
      cleavage products C3a, C4a and C5a in plasma were examined in eight healthy young
      males. In all participants the C3a and C4a values were raised during (1 h after
      the start) and immediately after exercise. C4a was also raised 1 and 3 h after
      the race. These results provide evidence for complement activation after
      prolonged exercise.

PMID- 2920440
TI  - Association between increased concentrations of free thyroxine and unsaturated
      free fatty acids in non-thyroidal illnesses: role of albumin.
AB  - We measured the concentrations of non-esterified free fatty acids and free and
      total thyroid hormones in serum from patients with various non-thyroidal
      illnesses (NTI) and chronic renal failure (CRF). The total concentration of free
      fatty acids was measured enzymatically and the eight most abundant fractions were
      determined by gas-liquid chromatography. The concentration of total free fatty
      acids was significantly increased in the NTI group as compared with controls (p
      less than 0.01); the concentrations of oleic, linoleic and linolenic acid were
      increased more than those of the other fractions. In NTI the serum-free thyroxine
      (FT4) concentration was increased (p less than 0.01) and the free
      triiodothyronine (FT3) concentration was decreased (p less than 0.001); these
      concentrations were measured by equilibrium dialysis. There was a significant
      correlation between the levels of total free fatty acids and FT4 in the NTI (n =
      43) group (r = 0.45, p less than 0.01), and also between the levels of linoleic
      acid and FT4 (r = 0.35, p less than 0.05). The serum albumin concentration was
      decreased in the NTI group, and when free fatty acid to albumin molar ratios were
      calculated stronger correlations with FT4 were observed (total free fatty acids:
      r = 0.55; p less than 0.001; oleic acid: r = 0.30, p less than 0.05; linoleic
      acid: r = 0.46, p less than 0.01; linolenic acid: r = 0.35, p less than 0.05).
      There was no correlation between FT4 and unsaturated FFA concentrations in CRF
      patients, who had normal mean FT4 and total FFA levels. These results support the
      hypothesis that unsaturated fatty acids are involved in the increase of serum FT4
      in NTI, especially when albumin levels are low.

PMID- 2920442
TI  - Urinary excretion of 2,3-butanediol and acetoin by babies on a special care unit.
AB  - 2,3-Butanediol was detected by capillary gas chromatography in 45 urine samples
      from 20 babies on a special care unit, 17 of whom were premature. The meso form
      of the diol predominated and in 21 samples was the only diastereoisomer present.
      Acetoin was found in 20 of the samples. It was never detected in the absence of
      2,3-butanediol. 2,3-Butanediol was not detectable in more than trace amounts in
      urine from 66 other babies on the unit. The most likely origin of these compounds
      was from bacterial fermentation of pyruvate in the gut. Their presence may be
      explained by abnormal gut colonisation with acetoin-producing microorganisms, an
      abundant supply of nutrient lactose in the colon and increased intestinal
      permeability. It is further evidence of the magnitude of intestinal carbohydrate
      fermentation in preterm babies. 2,3-Butanediol could prove a useful biochemical
      marker for abnormal colonisation of neonates on special care units.

PMID- 2920444
TI  - The determination of plasma oxalate concentrations using an enzyme/bioluminescent
      assay. 2. Co-immobilisation of bioluminescent enzymes and studies of in vitro
      oxalogenesis.
AB  - An inexpensive, continuous flow assay for the determination of oxalate in plasma
      is described. The assay is based on the bioluminescent determination of NADH, a
      product of the degradation of oxalate by oxalate decarboxylase and formate
      dehydrogenase, using bioluminescent enzymes immobilized on cyanogen bromide
      activated sepharose. The detection limit of the assay is 0.8 mumol/l. Intra-batch
      CV values of 5.2 and 3.8% were obtained at oxalate concentrations of 18 and 60
      mumol/l. Recovery of added oxalate averaged 100.7%. Plasma oxalate ranged from
      less than 0.8 to 2 mumol/l in 14 healthy subjects, and from 6 to 134 mumol/l in
      125 patients with renal disease treated by continuous ambulatory peritoneal
      dialysis. Ascorbic and dehydroascorbic acid did not directly interfere in the
      assay. In vitro oxalogenesis was observed in blood from 12 healthy subjects, but
      only after samples had stood at room temperature for more than 6 h. No
      significant oxalate generation occurred in blood from 24 patients with impaired
      renal function, even after standing at room temperature for 24 h. Oxalate
      generation was inhibited by the addition of oxalate to plasma, but the addition
      of urea and creatinine was without effect.

PMID- 2920443
TI  - Validation of the Friedewald formula for the measurement of low density
      lipoprotein cholesterol in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
AB  - The Friedewald formula has been widely used in the estimation of the serum LDL
      cholesterol concentration in diabetic patients. In patients with insulin
      dependent diabetes we have compared the serum LDL cholesterol concentrations
      obtained when VLDL was isolated in the preparative ultracentrifuge and its
      cholesterol content directly determined with those when the 'Friedewald Formula'
      assumption that there is a fixed ratio between total serum triglycerides and VLDL
      cholesterol was used in the calculation of the LDL cholesterol value. Both
      methods gave similar results which were closely correlated (r = 0.98) with a
      slope of 0.98 on linear regression analysis for patients with serum triglycerides
      of less than 2.5 mmol/l. The inclusion of a small number of hypertriglyceridaemic
      patients (14%) had virtually no impact on these findings.

PMID- 2920445
TI  - Effect of fish oil supplementation on erythrocyte lipid pattern, malondialdehyde
      production and glutathione-peroxidase activity in psoriasis.
AB  - Erythrocytes from psoriatic patients have a significant increase in
      polyunsaturated fatty acids (p less than 0.001) especially in arachidonic acid (p
      less than 0.001). Glutathione peroxidase activity, in both erythrocytes and
      platelets, was stimulated when compared with normal cells (p less than 0.001,
      less than 0.02, respectively) and the production of malondialdehyde was also
      increased in psoriasis (p less than 0.01). The level of plasma selenium was
      significantly reduced (52.80 vs 72.49 ng/ml; p less than 0.001). alpha-Tocopherol
      and retinol were both normal in plasma of psoriatics. After two months of fish
      oil supplementation, the erythrocyte lipid pattern was changed, eicosapentaenoic
      and dochesaenoic acids substituting the arachidonate in the membrane. A reduction
      in malondialdehyde (p less than 0.01), a prolongation of bleeding time (p less
      than 0.05) and a further stimulation of glutathione-peroxidase (p less than
      0.001) in both erythrocytes and platelets was also found.

PMID- 2920446
TI  - Human plasma contains low molecular weight factors which stimulate active sodium
      transport in erythrocytes.
AB  - The aim of this study was to establish whether differences in sodium efflux rate
      constants (ke) in human erythrocytes occur when artificial media are compared
      with plasma. Using a 22Na tracer method, a mean total ke of 0.49 +/- 0.10 h-1 and
      significantly (p less than 0.05) lower ke values in Hanks' solution (0.43 +/-
      0.08 h-1) and Basic Salt Solution (0.37 +/- 0.07 h-1) were observed. Exhaustive
      dialysis of plasma against Hanks' solution over a membrane with relative
      molecular mass cut-off of 1000 Da resulted in a decrease of the plasma total ke
      value to that measured in Hanks' solution. After equilibrium dialysis of plasma
      against Hanks' solution a decrease of total ke was found in plasma and an
      increase of the ke in Hanks' solution was measured. The data suggest the presence
      of an excess of dialyzable, active sodium transport stimulating plasma factor(s)
      with relative molecular mass below 1000 Da.

PMID- 2920447
TI  - Racial effect on serum creatine-kinase: implications for estimation of
      heterozygosity risks for females at-risk for Duchenne dystrophy.

PMID- 2920448
TI  - Determination of tellurium in biological fluids by means of electrothermal
      vaporization-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ETV-ICP-MS).

PMID- 2920450
TI  - Serum and ascitic fluid concentrations of apolipoproteins A and B in alcoholic
      cirrhosis patients.

PMID- 2920449
TI  - Carboxyl terminal glycine extended progastrin (gastrin-G) in human gastric mucosa
      and gastrinomas.

PMID- 2920451
TI  - GdMRI--good value at 150 DM a vial?

PMID- 2920452
TI  - Tympanosclerosis: a scanning electron microscopic study.
AB  - Twelve specimens of tympanosclerosis were examined. Six were immediately fixed in
      3% glutaraldehyde and 6 were obtained from the departmental collection of
      specimens in wax blocks which had previously been examined by light microscopy.
      Seven specimens were demineralized. The material was examined macroscopically, by
      light microscopy and by scanning electron microscopy to a magnification of
      x25,000. The microstructure of tympanosclerosis is an irregular three-dimensional
      collagen lattice, enclosing distinct, spherical, mineralized aggregates, housed
      in lacunar-like spaces. This lattice is continuous with the plaque surface which
      is an envelope, probably of proteinaceous material. The spherical calcified
      aggregates were absent from the demineralized specimens. There was no structural
      difference in the scanning electron microscopic appearances of specimens
      processed conventionally in 3% glutaraldehyde and those previously embedded in
      wax.

PMID- 2920453
TI  - No peak-peak tympanometric conversion following surgery for otitis media with
      effusion in relation to airway size: a new treatment strategy?
AB  - This study was performed to examine the relationship between the pre-operative
      radiographic palatal airway and no peak-peak tympanometric conversion 1 yr
      following adenoidectomy, adenotonsillectomy or no pharyngeal surgery performed
      for otitis media with effusion. A relationship between the airway in children
      with otitis media with effusion and matched controls is described and this is
      used to analyse tympanometric change in 3 airway size groups. No peak-peak
      conversion was significantly greater following adenoidectomy or
      adenotonsillectomy compared with no pharyngeal surgery in those with small
      airways and tonsillectomy conferred no additional benefit. Adenoidectomy with or
      without tonsillectomy is probably best avoided in children with large
      radiographic palatal airway measurements when planning surgical treatment for
      established disease, although this may ultimately be related to age at operation.

PMID- 2920454
TI  - Evaluation of a computer interview system for use with neuro-otology patients.
AB  - The effectiveness, feasibility and credibility of a computer assessment package
      was evaluated in a group of 60 neuro-otological outpatients. The computer system
      was compared with a standard questionnaire and used to elicit basic neuro
      otological information prior to clinical interview. The majority of patients
      (81%) preferred computer assessment. There were no differences in attitude or
      difficulties between diagnostic groups. Older patients had more difficulties and
      took longer than younger patients. The computer system was also more efficient
      than the form from an information handling and administrative point of view.

PMID- 2920455
TI  - Antroscopy: a comparison between the sublabial (canine fossa) and intranasal
      (inferior meatus) approaches as an out-patient procedure.
AB  - We present a prospective randomized study comparing two approaches for out
      patient antroscopy. The traditional inferior meatus route was seen to be
      associated with a higher incidence of discomfort and significant complications.
      An alternative route via the canine fossa provided easier access, better patient
      tolerance and improved visualization of the antral contents. It was associated
      with a lower incidence of immediate complications, although there were a number
      of delayed symptoms, all of which were mild and transient. The canine fossa
      approach under local anaesthesia offers an effective and more acceptable
      alternative for antroscopy as an out-patient procedure.

PMID- 2920456
TI  - Hypaque and steroids in the treatment of sudden sensorineural hearing loss.
AB  - While the origins of sudden sensorineural hearing loss remain unproven and
      treatment empirical, the most appropriate therapy remains a matter of
      controversy. In this paper we have analysed the current forms of treatment, i.e.
      diatrizoate meglumine, steroids and a vasodilator. The results suggest that
      although several related factors were shown to indicate a good prognosis
      regardless of the therapy, none of the currently available regimens produces
      consistently better results than the spontaneous recovery rate of 65% reported by
      Mattox & Simmons.

PMID- 2920457
TI  - The location of the upper oesophageal sphincter and its behaviour during bolus
      propagation--a simultaneous cineradiographic and manometric investigation.
AB  - By means of simultaneous cineradiographic and manometric examinations using
      closely positioned microtransducers the maximal pressure of the upper oesophageal
      sphincter was found at a level 20 mm below the plane of the vocal folds and 6 mm
      above the level of the cricoid arch. The sum of these 2 distances is in
      accordance with the distance between the vocal fold level and the lower border of
      the cricoid arch given in the literature. This implies that the high pressure
      zone of the upper oesophageal sphincter corresponds to the pars fundiformis of
      the cricopharyngeus muscle. The lower part of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor
      and the upper circular muscle fibres of the oesophagus contribute to the
      sphincter. When the bolus approached the sphincter, the pressure decreased and
      during bolus passage the pressure was below or well below half of the resting
      pressure. The pressure profile disclosed no signs of muscular dyscoordination or
      discontinuity of the upper oesophageal sphincter.

PMID- 2920459
TI  - Dermatologic therapy II.

PMID- 2920458
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging in head and neck cancer.
AB  - The scans of 120 patients with proven head and neck cancer who underwent magnetic
      resonance imaging (MRI) at Mt. Vernon hospital were reviewed and, where possible,
      compared with their clinical, computed tomography (CT) and histological findings.
      MRI was generally superior to both clinical examination and CT in the detection
      of cervical lymphadenopathy and in the assessment of primary tumour extent,
      particularly in the tongue base, nasopharynx and parotid gland. Small
      intracranial tumour extensions were more readily detected by MRI than CT. MRI was
      no better than CT in distinguishing between malignant and inflamed tissues and
      was generally inferior to CT in spatial resolution, patient acceptance and
      examination cost.

PMID- 2920460
TI  - Wound repairs. Unusual problems and solutions.
AB  - This article presents solutions to difficult surgical repair problems. Solutions
      for the repair of defects in the ear (in this case the ear lobule) and upper lip
      are discussed. A solution is also provided for an exasperating problem that
      arises when cheek and neck lifts are done. An aid for the design of cutaneous
      flaps is shown, and an improvisation that can be used for the closure of wounds
      near the nose and upper lip is presented. Properly used, this technique can
      enhance the cosmetic result of wound closures that might otherwise distort the
      ala nasi or structures near the lip.

PMID- 2920461
TI  - Tattoos.
AB  - Tattoo removal is a difficult, risky task that should not be undertaken lightly.
      Postprocedural scars are inevitable and unavoidable. Salabrasion is often the
      best removal procedure, if it will work. Also included for discussion are various
      excision techniques.

PMID- 2920462
TI  - Treatment of mucoid cysts of fingers and toes by injection of sclerosant.
AB  - Mucoid cysts of the fingers and toes may be cured by injection of a sclerosant
      such as sodium tetradecyl sulfate. Easy to perform and inexpensive, this
      technique appears to be without complications. Most patients are cured after a
      single injection. Very few need a second or third injection. Relapses are
      uncommon.

PMID- 2920463
TI  - Informed consent for chemical peels and dermabrasion.
AB  - Clinicians have an obligation to make sure that patients are adequately informed
      and understand, first, the general risks involved in any elective procedure, and,
      second, whether there are any features in their medical profiles that pose
      greater risks or pose the possibility of greater benefits than the average
      patient. Patients must understand the concepts of general risk, the possibility
      of unpredictable events happening randomly, and their own personal risk of having
      this happen. The remainder of the article deals with the information regularly
      provided to patients who show an interest in dermabrasions or chemical peels.

PMID- 2920464
TI  - Alternative topical therapy.
AB  - Although there have been revolutionary changes in the management and treatment of
      dermatologic disorders with topical therapies, these potent remedies do not
      always work in recalcitrant and intractable cases. When all the "modern"
      preparations have been exhausted, falling back on some old remedies often proves
      curative. This article offers a list of 73 alternative topical measures that are
      often beneficial.

PMID- 2920465
TI  - Therapeutic potpourri.
AB  - Many older treatments should not be discarded because of newer modalities.
      Various dermatologic disorders may be controlled effectively by prescribing these
      older topical agents.

PMID- 2920466
TI  - The renal metabolism of pepsinogen A and C in man.
AB  - Pepsinogen A (PGA) and pepsinogen C (PGC) are almost identical low molecular
      weight proteins with marked differences in renal handling. PGA is present in
      large amounts while PGC is almost absent in the urine of healthy subjects.
      Whether the amount of PGA in the urine represents the total amount of PGA that is
      extracted, is unknown. We, therefore, assessed the renal metabolism of PGA and
      PGC by measuring PGA, PGC and creatinine concentrations in the aorta and the
      right renal vein, and in the urine from patients undergoing elective heart
      catheterization. The renal extractions of PGA and PGC were not significantly
      different from the extraction of creatinine: 22%, 18% and 24%, respectively.
      Sixty-eight percent of PGA and 98% of PGC extracted from the circulation were
      metabolized by the kidney, and fractional metabolism was closely related to the
      fractional reabsorption of PGA and PGC from the glomerular filtrate. It is
      concluded that the kidney metabolizes PGA and PGC. The fractional metabolism of
      PGA and PGC can be calculated from the fractional reabsorption. Further studies
      on the renal handling of pepsinogens are warranted as they may provide
      information on factors affecting renal metabolism of low molecular weight
      proteins.

PMID- 2920467
TI  - Adult respiratory distress syndrome following administration of nitroprusside in
      postpartum acute renal failure.

PMID- 2920468
TI  - Rapid diagnosis of hemodialysis catheter sepsis.

PMID- 2920469
TI  - Human recombinant erythropoietin treatment in transfusion dependent anemic
      patients on maintenance hemodialysis.
AB  - Six anemic hemodialysis patients dependent on regular blood transfusions and with
      massive iron overload were treated with recombinant human erythropoietin (r
      huEPO). The effect on absolute reticulocyte count, hemoglobin and serum ferritin
      was studied during a twenty-week period. Red-cell volume and red-cell life span
      were measured with 51Cr-tagged erythrocytes at baseline and after twenty weeks of
      r-huEPO. Absolute reticulocyte counts and hemoglobin concentration rose markedly
      (from 55.6 +/- 31.2 to a maximum of 174.9 +/- 31.0 x 10(9)/l at 4 weeks and from
      6.8 +/- 0.3 to a maximum of 11.2 +/- 1.3 g/dl at 12 weeks, respectively, p less
      than 0.001) without any further need for transfusions. Red-cell volumes increased
      concomitantly (from 58 +/- 4 to 81 +/- 11% of normal, p less than 0.005), in
      spite of a persistent shortening of red-cell life span (45 +/- 18 and 47 +/- 4
      days before and after r-huEPO). Markedly elevated serum ferritin concentrations
      indicating iron overload decreased slowly from 3,550 +/- 1,615 to 2,721 +/- 1,506
      micrograms/l (p less than 0.05). It is concluded that r-huEPO is very effective
      in treating the anemia of patients maintained on hemodialysis. The favorable
      effects on hemoglobin and red-cell volumes occur in spite of persistent hemolysis
      and lead to a slow reduction of iron overload.

PMID- 2920470
TI  - Long-term prognosis of chronic idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis. An
      analysis of 334 cases with particular regard to tubulo-interstitial changes.
AB  - A retrospective long-term study (average follow-up time 5.2 years) of 334
      patients with idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis (MGN) was carried out with
      the following results: 1) MGN was found to have a relatively good prognosis when
      all cases were considered together: 5-year kidney survival rate (KSR) -88%, and
      10-year KSR -77%. 2) Univariate survivorship analysis showed the following
      morphological and clinical parameters to be associated with an increased risk of
      terminal renal insufficiency or death from renal disease: a) tubulo-interstitial
      changes; b) glomerular stage III as opposed to stages I and II; c) elevation of
      serum creatinine concentration at the time of the biopsy; d) arterial
      hypertension at the time of the biopsy. 3) Multivariate analysis showed that only
      tubulo-interstitial changes (interstitial fibrosis and/or acute renal failure)
      found at the time of the biopsy and their clinical correlate, serum creatinine
      concentration, were significant and therefore of definite prognostic importance.
      4) Unsystematic therapy with steroids and/or cytostatic agents does not improve
      the long-term prognosis of MGN. 5) The cause of disease in the tubulo
      interstitial system in MGN is discussed. Interstitial fibrosis is considered to
      develop possibly as a consequence of unresorbed interstitial edema which can
      develop during an episode of acute renal failure. Coexisting T-cell-mediated
      disease in the region of the intertubular capillaries is also considered as a
      possible factor in the development of interstitial fibrosis.

PMID- 2920471
TI  - Clinical and laboratory features of patients with chronic renal disease at the
      start of dialysis.
AB  - We examined clinical and laboratory features retrospectively in 402 patients at
      the start of chronic hemodialysis in order to define better the "uremic syndrome"
      in the dialysis era. The information gathered included demographic data, renal
      diagnoses, uremic symptoms, biochemical values, and prevalences of hypertension
      (69%), diabetes mellitus (23%) and ischemic heart disease (16%). Unexpected
      findings were the wide ranges of serum creatinine levels (3.5 to 35 mg/dl) and
      blood urea nitrogen levels (35 to 345 mg/dl), and the frequency of hyponatremia
      (27%), hypoalbuminemia (52%), and anion gaps above 25 mg/dl (5%). There were
      higher hematocrits in males and diabetics, lower serum creatinine levels in
      females, diabetics and older patients, and lower blood urea nitrogen levels in
      blacks. The time interval from diagnosis of diabetes mellitus to initiation of
      dialysis in patients with diabetic nephropathy due to juvenile-onset diabetes
      mellitus (20.6 +/- 6.8 years) was twice that in adult onset diabetes mellitus
      (10.3 +/- 8.3 years).

PMID- 2920472
TI  - Apolipoprotein B turnover in dialysis patients: its relationship to pathogenesis
      of hyperlipidemia.
AB  - Exogenously labelled Iodine-125-VLDL (very low density lipoprotein) was given
      intravenously to twelve dialysis patients and four normal controls. Specific
      activities of I-125-VLDL apoB (apolipoprotein B) and I-125-IDLapoB (intermediate
      density lipoprotein apolipoprotein B) were measured for forty-eight hours.
      Synthesis rates (flux) and fractional catabolic rates (FCRs) of VLDLapoB and
      IDLapoB for hyperlipidemic (n = 8), normolipidemic (n = 4) dialysis patients and
      controls (n = 4) were calculated. Dialysis patients had lower VLDLapoB FCRs than
      controls (p less than 0.05); hyperlipidemic dialysis patients had marginally
      raised VLDLapoB flux over normolipidemics (p = 0.0508), suggesting apoB
      production might play a greater role in the pathogenesis of hyperlipidemia.
      Hyperlipidemics had lower IDLapoB FCRs than controls (p = 0.01). IDLapoB flux was
      similar in all three groups. The discrepancy in VLDLapoB fluxes between
      hyperlipidemics and normolipidemics with similar IDLapoB fluxes suggested that
      VLDLapoB could be directly catabolized in hyperlipidemics. ApoB concentration was
      increased in VLDL, IDL of hyperlipidemics when compared with normolipidemics (p
      less than 0.05) and controls (p = 0.01). Hyperlipidemic VLDL plasma levels were
      relatively enriched with cholesterol when compared with controls, p less than
      0.01, and normolipidemics, p less than 0.05. These factors might all contribute
      towards accelerated atherogenesis in hyperlipidemic dialysis patients.

PMID- 2920473
TI  - Ultrastructural alterations of glomerular anionic sites in IgA nephropathy.
AB  - The ultrastructural alterations of glomerular anionic sites were studied in
      biopsy specimens from 34 patients with IgA nephropathy using polyethyleneimine
      (PEI). Prominent common findings in the glomeruli of the patients were few PEI
      particles in electron dense deposits in the mesangial and subepithelial area and
      marked reduction in glomerular anionic sites covered with deposits. The anionic
      sites of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) and epithelial cell surface coat
      (ESC) appeared unaltered in the patients with hematuria and/or mild proteinuria.
      But in patients with proteinuria in the nephrotic range, focally discrete loss of
      anionic sites in the lamina rara externa (LRE) was seen and the number of anionic
      sites of the ESC were decreased with retraction of the foot processes. The
      anionic sites of the lamina rara interna showed much less change in these
      patients. Subepithelial deposits were often seen concomitantly with focal loss of
      anionic sites in the LRE at the site of the deposits, but subendothelial deposits
      had little influence on the anionic sites of the neighboring GBM. The anionic
      sites of GBM that showed focal thinning with small GBM projections were
      appreciably decreased in number, but those in split GBM were not decreased. These
      results suggest that either loss of the negative charge on the glomerular
      capillary wall associated with subepithelial immune deposition or morphological
      changes of the GBM contribute to the progression of proteinuria in IgA
      nephropathy.

PMID- 2920474
TI  - Effects of RA 233 treatment on the adhesive, invasive and metastatic properties
      of 13762NF rat mammary tumor cells.
AB  - The pyrimido-pyrimidine analogue RA 233 has pleiotropic and differential effects
      on cultured tumor cell clones isolated from the 13762NF rat mammary
      adenocarcinoma. A nonresponsive clone of low metastatic potential (MTC) was not
      modified in its cell fragility or invasive, adhesive or lung-colonizing
      properties by RA 233 treatment. In contrast, a drug-responsive clone of high
      metastatic potential (MTLn3) was rendered less invasive and its cell fragility
      was decreased with RA 233 treatment, although its adhesiveness to lung
      microvascular endothelial cells and subendothelial matrix was unaffected by RA
      233. Lung colonization of intravenously injected MTLn3 cells in syngeneic rats
      was significantly increased by RA 233 treatment, whereas spontaneous metastasis
      from the mammary fat pad to lung sites was decreased, although this decrease was
      not statistically significant.

PMID- 2920475
TI  - Association of near-diploid DNA content and N-myc amplification in
      neuroblastomas.
AB  - Seventeen neuroblastomas at different clinical stages were analysed for their N
      myc copy number and flow cytometrically determined DNA content. Aneuploidy was
      found in 11 patients (65 per cent), whereas the remaining were near-diploid. N
      myc amplification was found significantly (P less than 0.05) confined to near
      diploid tumors (3 out of 6 cases). This finding indicates a very selective
      mechanism of oncogene amplification which is independent of gross chromosomal
      imbalance and limited to specific loci in the human genome. Association of near
      diploidy and age at diagnosis older than 24 months was also demonstrated (P less
      than 0.05). Thus, flow cytometric analysis of DNA content together with N-myc
      gene dosage allowed us to distinguish two different subsets of neuroblastoma
      tumors: the first one aneuploid, with single-copy N-myc, usually observed in
      patients younger than 24 months with localized or IV-S clinical stages; the
      second one near-diploid, with frequent N-myc amplification, usually observed in
      patients older than 24 months with advanced clinical stages.

PMID- 2920476
TI  - Changes in adhesive properties of tumor cells do not necessarily influence
      metastasizing capacity.
AB  - BSp6S and BSp73AS are two rat tumors which grow locally after intra-footpad (ifp)
      application. BSp73ASML and BSp6AS are variants, which metastasize via the
      lymphatics. Both variants have lost adherence properties, as shown by in vitro
      culture on plastic surfaces, suggesting that loss of adherence may be accompanied
      by increased metastasizing capacity. However, after growth of BSp6S and BSp73AS
      in vitro on poly(2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate) (polyHEMA)-coated plates, which
      resulted in loss of adherence and spreading, and subsequent intravenous (iv) or
      ifp injection of non-adherent tumor cells into syngeneic rats, metastasizing
      capacity was not increased. It is concluded that loss of adherence may facilitate
      metastatic spread, but certainly is not sufficient for initiation.

PMID- 2920478
TI  - Symposium: First Canadian Quinolone Conference and Workshop. December 1987, Lake
      Louise, Alberta. Proceedings.

PMID- 2920477
TI  - Plasminogen activator activity in clonogenic cell populations separated from a
      murine fibrosarcoma.
AB  - Tumor cells from a murine fibrosarcoma (FSa) produce plasminogen activator (PA),
      a protease that converts the zymogen plasminogen into the trypsin-like enzyme
      plasmin. Several studies indicate that tumor cell invasion is accompanied by
      proteolysis and that PA, generated by highly malignant cells, is by far the most
      ubiquitous protease associated with malignant transformation. Subpopulations of
      FSa cells were isolated by using density gradient centrifugation and the ability
      of these populations to form lung colonies was compared with their associated
      levels of PA production. Five populations of cells from a murine fibrosarcoma
      were separated in continuous gradients of Renografin in the density range 1.05
      1.18 g/cm2. The PA activities of an unseparated control cell lysate and cell
      lysates of the five separated populations were determined by using [125I]fibrin
      as a substrate in a reaction between cell lysate and plasminogen. The assay was
      based on the release of digested [125I]fibrin from the surface of Petri dishes
      into the supernatant solution, and the results were expressed as a percentage of
      the total radioactivity. The cell populations collected at densities of 1.05 and
      1.09 (B1, B2) were the more clonogenic with relative clonogenic efficiencies of
      2.6 and 3.3 times that of the unseparated tumor population, respectively.
      Analysis for PA demonstrated that enzyme formation was restricted mostly to these
      two populations. Cells from populations 4 and 5 did not secrete increased amounts
      of PA and had reduced clonogenic efficiencies compared with the unseparated FSa
      control population. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that PA
      activity is correlated with the clonogenicity of tumor subpopulations isolated
      from a heterogeneous and complex tumor system such as the FSa.

PMID- 2920479
TI  - The pharmacokinetics and tissue penetration of the fluoroquinolones.
AB  - There are marked differences among the pharmacokinetic properties of the
      quinolones. Absorption of norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and enoxacin is incomplete,
      whereas the bioavailability of pefloxacin, ofloxacin and fleroxacin is almost
      100%. With the exception of norfloxacin the quinolones can be taken orally or
      administered by the parenteral route. Maximum serum concentrations vary between
      1.5 and 10.7 micrograms/ml depending on the dose and antibiotic given. Respective
      AUC's of 78 and 5.5 micrograms/ml-h are observed following the administration of
      400 mg of either fleroxacin or norfloxacin. Protein binding is low (less than or
      equal to 30%) and apparent volume of distribution is between 1.5 and 3.1
      liters/kg. Pefloxacin undergoes extensive metabolism in the liver (85%) while
      less than 5% of ofloxacin is transformed. Norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin have the
      shortest half-lives (+/- 4h), while fleroxacin and pefloxacin have the longest
      (10-12h). In renal failure, no adjustments are necessary with pefloxacin, while
      major modifications in dosing interval and/or doses are needed when ofloxacin is
      given. The pharmacokinetics of the quinolones is disturbed in elderly subjects
      and cystic fibrosis patients. Concurrent administration of antacids which contain
      aluminum hydroxide or magnesium hydroxide leads to reduced absorption, while
      probenecid blocks the tubular secretion of some quinolones. These drugs diffuse
      rapidly in extravascular fluid, saliva, urine, kidney, prostate, bile and
      peritoneal fluid. Slightly lower levels can be detected in fibrin clots,
      cerebrospinal fluid and the heart. Ciprofloxacin offers the best therapeutic
      ratio (concentration serum-tissue/minimum inhibitory concentration) against
      Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

PMID- 2920480
TI  - Antimicrobial therapy: past, present, and future.
AB  - Antimicrobial chemotherapy is a growth industry in the rapidly changing world of
      health care. The identification of new pathogens, new treatment modalities, and
      new issues related to our patterns of antimicrobial use ensure that the practise
      of Infectious Diseases in 1994 will be markedly different than it has been in
      1988. Ongoing adaptation and radical change will both be required of each one of
      us as we modify our treatment guidelines to ensure that our patients receive
      optimal antimicrobial therapy for maintaining or regaining their health.

PMID- 2920481
TI  - Current experience with quinolones in the treatment of urinary tract infection.
AB  - Urinary infection in some clinical situations remains difficult to treat with
      standard oral therapy. Particular problems occur in individuals with underlying
      genitourinary abnormalities, with intolerance to multiple oral agents, with
      infections due to resistant organisms, and in men with prostatitis. The
      fluoroquinolone antimicrobials have an extended spectrum of activity compared to
      standard oral therapy, achieve high concentrations in the urine following the
      usual therapeutic doses, and are relatively free of major adverse effects. Thus,
      they may be effective therapy for some of the clinical situations for which
      current oral therapy is not satisfactory. However, the majority of clinical
      studies published to date have examined the use of quinolone therapy in the
      treatment of urinary infection primarily in individuals with a normal
      genitourinary tract, a group in which an 85-100% cure rate is achieved with
      standard oral therapy. Further studies of quinolones, particularly in individuals
      with underlying abnormalities of the genitourinary tract and in men with
      prostatitis, are required to clarify their role in these clinical situations and
      to document the extent of the emergence of resistant organisms. Other studies
      which would compare quinolones, examine more carefully cost effectiveness uses,
      and evaluate the effectiveness and safety of extended therapy are also needed to
      identify the appropriate therapeutic niche of this new group of drugs in the
      management of urinary infection.

PMID- 2920482
TI  - Role of fluoroquinolones in lower respiratory tract infections.
AB  - Oral quinolones such as ciprofloxacin are promising agents in the treatment of
      serious bronchopulmonary infections due to susceptible gram-negative micro
      organisms such as Haemophilus influenzae, Branhamella catarrhalis, Klebsiella
      pneumoniae and even Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Their moderative activity against
      Streptococcus pneumoniae may limit the use of these agents in the treatment of
      acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and in the empiric management of
      community-acquired bacterial pneumonia. Further prospectively designed studies
      are needed to address this issue. The ability of quinolones to effectively
      penetrate bronchial mucosa and to be concentrated within macrophages may afford
      additional advantage to these agents. They should not be used as a sole agent in
      the treatment of aspiration pneumonia nor anaerobic pleuropulmonary disease.
      Quinolones are very active in experimental models of Legionnaire's disease and
      deserve further clinical study. Ciprofloxacin is a promising alternative to
      standard parenteral drugs in the management of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections
      in adults with cystic fibrosis. The potential for drug interactions with
      theophylline must be kept in mind for patients on both of these drugs.

PMID- 2920483
TI  - Role of oral fluoroquinolones as an alternative to traditional parenteral therapy
      for patients with serious infections.

PMID- 2920484
TI  - The role of the fluoroquinolones in primary care practice.

PMID- 2920485
TI  - Prevention and control of resistance to the quinolones.

PMID- 2920486
TI  - Home oxygen therapy. Outcome of infants discharged from NICU on continuous
      treatment.
AB  - Forty-four oxygen-dependent infants were discharged home in oxygen from an NICU
      during an 8-year period. Survivors were followed for 3 years. The infants'
      discharge diagnoses were bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) (39), sleep apnea (2),
      and congenital cardiac defects (3). The five infants who had diagnoses other than
      BPD all died, but 34 of 39 infants with BPD survived. Supplemental oxygen was
      discontinued at a mean age of 13.4 months. The infants with BPD experienced
      health, growth, nutritional, neurodevelopmental and sensory problems that
      necessitated frequent rehospitalizations and utilization of a variety of medical
      and support services.

PMID- 2920487
TI  - The real challenge of "Baby Doe": considering the sanctity and quality of life.

PMID- 2920488
TI  - Bulimia, tricyclic antidepressants, and mania.
AB  - Anorexia nervosa and bulimia are common conditions that are difficult to treat
      effectively. Psychopharmacologic agents, particularly tricyclic antidepressants,
      are now being used as adjunctive therapy in bulimia. The case of a 15-year-old
      girl with bulimia who was treated with imipramine and had a severe (and first)
      manic episode is presented. The complication of drug-induced mania observed in
      patients treated with tricyclic antidepressants is discussed.

PMID- 2920489
TI  - Use of antidepressants in bulimia.

PMID- 2920490
TI  - Nursing bottle caries: characteristics of children at risk.
AB  - Nursing bottle carries is a pattern of extensive decay in newly erupted maxillary
      incisors. We examined nutritional, demographic, and behavioral characteristics of
      children with this condition and age/sex-matched controls, generating a profile
      of factors associated with increased risk for the development of this disease.
      Parents of 24 consecutive bottle caries patients seen in a private pediatric
      dental office completed a questionnaire. Controls were children receiving routine
      primary pediatric health services at a university based clinical office. Children
      with bottle caries were more likely to be living in a single parent household (p
      = 0.005). A higher incidence of sleep difficulties and strong temper also was
      reported (p = 0.05). Cases were more likely to take the bottle to bed and, to an
      older age than controls. They received less professional advice regarding weaning
      as well as less fluoride supplementation (p = 0.025). Clinical recognition of
      this profile may foster provision of specific anticipatory guidance resulting in
      primary prevention of this condition.

PMID- 2920491
TI  - Paraplegia after lumbar puncture. In an infant with previously undiagnosed
      hemophilia A. Treatment and peri-operative considerations.
AB  - We report a 3-month-old infant who became paraplegic from an epidural hematoma
      caused by a diagnostic lumbar puncture for work-up of sepsis. The differential
      diagnosis of the cause of paraplegia was epidural hematoma formation versus
      spinal abscess. Hemophilia A was diagnosed when coagulation studies were
      discovered to be abnormal, and non-contrast CT scan revealed an epidural mass
      with spinal cord displacement. The coagulopathy was rapidly corrected
      preoperatively with an infusion of cryoprecipitate. A medially limited bilateral
      T8-L4 laminectomy allowed complete evacuation of the hematoma with maximum
      preservation of normal bone tissue, but no clinical improvement resulted.
      Coagulopathy should be highly suspect in an infant who becomes paraplegic after
      lumbar puncture. The coagulopathy may be rapidly corrected with deficient factor
      replacement, allowing major spinal surgery to be performed safely.

PMID- 2920492
TI  - Recurrent bacterial meningitis. Secondary to malformation of the inner ear.
AB  - A 5-year-old girl with congenital sensorial deafness experienced four episodes of
      bacterial meningitis in a 13-month period. On the fourth episode, an extensive
      search for the cause of recurrent meningitis was conducted. Complete immunologic
      studies, humoral, cellular, and phagocytic, yielded negative results. Precise
      otological examination, i.e., skull roentgenograms, an inner ear target CT scan,
      and puncture of the eardrum, was attempted, which disclosed the inner ear
      malformation (Mondini's anomaly) and a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fistula. CSF
      discharge from the oval window was repaired surgically. Extensive otologic
      evaluation should be conducted in patients with recurrent bacterial meningitis.

PMID- 2920493
TI  - Nail size in normal infants. Establishing standards for healthy term infants.
AB  - The nails of 48 healthy infants of 39 to 41 weeks' gestation were measured with
      dial calipers to establish both a method for measurement of nails and standards
      of nail size. Nail width and length were measured directly, and an estimated area
      was calculated. Nail area was compared between sexes and races and was not found
      to differ significantly except between races for the first fingernail. A
      description of the term newborn nail is presented.

PMID- 2920494
TI  - Is it sexual abuse? Confusion caused by a congenital anomaly of the genitalia.
AB  - Because of the increasing number of reports of sexual abuse of children,
      pediatricians should become more familiar with the examination of the genitalia
      of prepubertal children and learn to recognize physical indicators of abuse.
      Although some physicians may not recognize abnormal findings on examination, in
      other cases, unusual physical findings may be reported erroneously as possible
      abuse. The authors report a case of an unusual genital finding in a child which
      was suspected initially as being caused by sexual abuse but was subsequently
      determined to be a congenital anomaly. An external examination using a colposcope
      was useful in delineating the normal appearance of the tissues in question.

PMID- 2920495
TI  - Education on the concept of essential drugs and rationalized drug use.

PMID- 2920496
TI  - Ferrous sulfate reduces levodopa bioavailability: chelation as a possible
      mechanism.
AB  - This study examined the effect of ferrous sulfate, a widely used iron treatment,
      on levodopa bioavailability in normal subjects. A 250 mg tablet of levodopa was
      taken with and without a 325 mg tablet of ferrous sulfate by eight normal
      subjects in a randomized crossover trial. When levodopa was taken with ferrous
      sulfate there was a 55% decrease in peak levodopa levels (3.6 +/- 2.6 vs 1.6 +/-
      0.82 nmol/ml; p less than 0.05) and a 51% decrease in AUC (257 +/- 133 vs 125 +/-
      51 nmol.min/ml; p less than 0.01). Persons with the highest peak levodopa levels
      and AUC after levodopa alone had the greatest reduction in peak levodopa levels
      and AUC after levodopa ingestion with ferrous sulfate. Iron in its ferrous state
      is oxidized rapidly to the ferric state in the presence of levodopa at pHs found
      in the small intestine. In the ferric state, iron binds very strongly to
      levodopa. Chelation of iron by levodopa is the likely mechanism for this drug
      interaction. The clinical significance of this interaction is yet to be
      established.

PMID- 2920497
TI  - Adaptive control of etoposide administration: impact of interpatient
      pharmacodynamic variability.
AB  - We sought to use a previously derived pharmacodynamic model for 72-hour etoposide
      infusions to adaptively control administration of this agent and to demonstrate
      that more predictable toxicity could be obtained with this dosing scheme. A
      randomized crossover study design was used to compare "standard" dosing (125
      mg/m2/day) to adaptive control, with dose adjustment at 28 hours based on the 24
      hour plasma level. A total of 31 patients received 86 cycles of chemotherapy, 36
      by standard dosing and 50 by adaptive control. However, there was no demonstrable
      advantage to the adaptive control scheme, because of apparent bias of the
      previous model. A new model was proposed that also included serum albumin,
      performance status, and prior RBC transfusions as measures of interpatient
      pharmacodynamic variability. We conclude that adaptive control dosing of
      etoposide is feasible but that the therapy must be individualized for both
      pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic variability.

PMID- 2920498
TI  - Effect of quinolones on caffeine disposition.
AB  - Six healthy volunteers received a single caffeine dose after pretreatment with
      norfloxacin, pipemidic acid, or placebo in a crossover, randomized, single-blind
      clinical trial. Quinolones altered the pharmacokinetics of caffeine, with a
      significant increase in the AUCs and a decrease in plasma clearance. The
      elimination half-life increased significantly with pipemidic acid. The apparent
      volume of distribution, mean renal clearance, and time to reach maximum caffeine
      concentrations remained unaltered. There was a decline in caffeine metabolite
      levels in the 24-hour urine samples for both quinolone treatments, suggesting
      that pipemidic acid and, to a lesser degree, norfloxacin inhibit metabolism of
      the N-demethylation pathways of caffeine. The practical consequence of this
      observation could be caffeine accumulation during repeated intake of coffee. In
      two additional healthy volunteers under a controlled multiple-dose regimen of
      caffeine ingestion, administration of pipemidic acid for 2 days caused a fourfold
      increase in the plasma concentrations of caffeine.

PMID- 2920499
TI  - Effect of yohimbine on blood pressure in patients with depression and orthostatic
      hypotension induced by clomipramine.
AB  - Orthostatic hypotension, one of tricyclic antidepressant treatment's side
      effects, is also a factor in limiting adequate antidepressant dosing. We tested
      in a double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled study the effect of low doses (4
      mg/t.i.d.) of yohimbine in 12 patients with depression with clomipramine-induced
      orthostatic hypotension. Yohimbine, a selective alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist,
      had a favorable effect in orthostatic hypotension and induced a significant
      increase in blood pressure. A pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interaction
      between yohimbine and clomipramine or demethylclomipramine was discussed.

PMID- 2920500
TI  - Individual variability in the blood pressure response to intravenous
      phenylpropanolamine: a pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic investigation.
AB  - The intersubject variability in blood pressure response to 0.44 mg/kg intravenous
      phenylpropanolamine (d,l-norephedrine) was studied in 10 normal subjects. A
      phenylpropanolamine or placebo infusion was administered over 45 minutes on
      separate days according to a double-blind, balanced protocol. Blood pressure
      increased by 24 +/- 13/16 +/- 7 mm Hg (systolic/diastolic, mean +/- SD) after the
      phenylpropanolamine infusion and was statistically different from the placebo
      infusion response (7 +/- 5/8 +/- 3 mm Hg). Phenylpropanolamine infusions were
      terminated early in two subjects (hyperresponders) after 0.31 and 0.23 mg/kg
      because of excessive increases in blood pressure (52/30 and 34/21 mm Hg,
      respectively). The hyperresponders had the lowest peak serum phenylpropanolamine
      concentrations. These data suggest that considerable intersubject variability
      exists in the blood pressure response to intravenous phenylpropanolamine. A
      pharmacokinetic basis for the variability in response to racemic
      phenylpropanolamine was not observed. A relationship did not exist within the
      group between blood pressure effect and serum concentration but did exist within
      each subject. Therefore phenylpropanolamine's blood pressure effect in an
      individual cannot be predicted solely from a serum concentration of racemic drug.

PMID- 2920501
TI  - Monoamine oxidase inhibition by phenelzine and brofaromine in healthy volunteers.
AB  - The two monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors phenelzine and brofaromine given for 2
      to 3 weeks were compared in six volunteers. Blood pressure sensitivity to
      intravenous tyramine increased 2.6-fold during phenelzine (60 mg/day) and 4.8
      fold during brofaromine, whereas sensitivity to oral tyramine increased more
      during phenelzine (15.7-fold vs 8.5-fold). After withdrawal of phenelzine,
      pressor sensitivity to oral tyramine returned to control values within 2 and for
      more than 8 weeks. Relative bioavailability of conjugated tyramine was elevated
      sixfold by brofaromine and 11.6-fold by phenelzine. Urinary elimination of
      tryptamine increased during phenelzine and brofaromine to 12.7-fold and
      threefold, respectively. 3-Methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) and 3-methoxy-4
      hydroxymandelic acid (VMA) excretion decreased during brofaromine significantly
      by 72% and 49%, respectively. The nonsignificant decrease of MHPG excretion and
      the increase of intravenous tyramine pressor sensitivity caused by phenelzine are
      significantly related. The data suggest that the selective reversible MAO-A
      inhibitor brofaromine has a larger therapeutic safety than phenelzine.

PMID- 2920502
TI  - Safety, tolerability, and pharmacologic activity of multiple doses of the new
      platelet activating factor antagonist WEB 2086 in human subjects.
AB  - The safety, tolerability, and pharmacologic activity of WEB 2086, a novel,
      specific platelet activating factor antagonist, were examined in two double
      blind, placebo-controlled, within-subject crossover studies. In each study, WEB
      2086 (three times 40 mg/day or three times 100 mg/day) was administered for 7
      days to 12 healthy volunteers. Pharmacologic activity of the compound was
      monitored with ex vivo platelet activating factor-induced platelet aggregation.
      Multiple administration of WEB 2086 resulted in a continuous, almost complete
      inhibition of this aggregation. Nevertheless, no clinically significant drug
      related effects on vital and laboratory parameters or obvious drug-dependent
      adverse reactions were observed. In conclusion, the performed studies confirmed
      earlier findings that WEB 2086 was an effective platelet activating factor
      antagonist in human beings and, furthermore, showed no side effects that would
      provide objections against further clinical trials with this substance in
      patients.

PMID- 2920503
TI  - Nitrendipine versus hydrochlorothiazide in hypertensive patients over 70 years of
      age.
AB  - The effects of nitrendipine and hydrochlorothiazide were studied in hypertensive
      elderly patients. Blood pressure was reduced (p less than 0.01) by both
      nitrendipine (13/10 +/- 4/3 mm Hg [n = 15], mean +/- SE) and hydrochlorothiazide
      (25/11 +/- 4/2 mm Hg [n = 16]). After hydrochlorothiazide, plasma glucose, uric
      acid, and renin activity increased and plasma potassium levels decreased. Edema
      and flushing were the main adverse reactions during nitrendipine. The response of
      blood pressure and heart rate to head-up tilt were not significantly different
      under both treatments. However, the effects of both drugs on diastolic blood
      pressure and norepinephrine responses to head-up tilt differed significantly. We
      conclude that, in the elderly, hydrochlorothiazide lowers systolic blood pressure
      more effectively than nitrendipine. However, nitrendipine does not have any of
      the potentially harmful metabolic side effects that were found during
      hydrochlorothiazide therapy. The clinical significance of a lower vasoreactivity
      during nitrendipine, as was found with the head-up tilt test, has to be
      established.

PMID- 2920504
TI  - Influence of absorbable and nonabsorbable lipids and lipidlike substances on drug
      bioavailability.
AB  - The influence of three diets (olestra, triglyceride oil, and water) on the
      bioavailability of a single dose of propranolol, diazepam, norethindrone, and
      ethinyl estradiol was evaluated. For each drug the diets were randomly
      administered in a crossover fashion; a period of at least 14 days separated each
      of the drug studies. Blood samples were obtained before and after the oral
      administration of test drug and diet. Specific timing of blood samples varied for
      the respective drugs. AUCs were determined by the trapezoidal method. There were
      no statistical differences observed in the absorption of the various drugs
      evaluated in this study when administered with olestra, triglyceride oil, or
      water, except that the time to peak concentration of diazepam was significantly
      longer with the triglyceride oil than with olestra or water.

PMID- 2920505
TI  - Effects of time of dose in relation to food on the bioavailability of Theo-Dur
      Sprinkle at steady state in asthmatic children.
AB  - The effects of administration of Theo-Dur Sprinkle in the fasting state (phase
      A), 10 minutes before food (phase B), and immediately after food (phase C) were
      investigated in 12 children with asthma aged 5 to 9 years at steady state. The
      AUC during the dosing interval was significantly reduced in phases B and C
      compared with phase A, and bioavailability relative to the fasting state was
      reduced to 77% +/- 15% (range 61% to 104%) in phase B and 70% +/- 16% (range 40%
      to 103%) in phase C. The average plasma theophylline concentration during the
      dosing interval and Cmax were also significantly reduced in phases B and C
      compared with phase A. The morning predose plasma theophylline concentration in
      phase B was 22% lower than the predose concentration with Theo-Dur tablets taken
      10 minutes before breakfast. The diurnal variation in predose plasma theophylline
      concentrations was increased from 28% in phase A to 63% in phase C. There was no
      significant difference in any parameter between administration 10 minutes before
      food and immediately after food.

PMID- 2920506
TI  - Assessment of the debrisoquin and dextromethorphan phenotyping tests by gaussian
      mixture distributions analysis.
AB  - From a sample of 149 unrelated Spaniards, individuals were phenotyped for their
      ability to hydroxylate debrisoquin and O-demethylate dextromethorphan. The
      distribution of urinary metabolic ratios for each test was analyzed by univariate
      gaussian mixture distributions analysis to determine the number of populations,
      the mean and standard deviation of the metabolic ratios for each population, and
      the proportion belonging to each population. For the 124 subjects phenotyped with
      both the debrisoquin and dextromethorphan tests a bivariate analysis was
      performed. The results demonstrate that both tests similarly separated this
      sample into two populations, with 10% belonging to poor metabolizer phenotypes.
      In addition, the correlation between the metabolic ratios from each test is
      significant, indicating that they are measuring the same biologic trait and the
      certainty of correctly identifying the debrisoquin oxidation phenotype of an
      individual is improved by using the results of both tests.

PMID- 2920507
TI  - An insurance policy to reduce the risk of dying from breast cancer.

PMID- 2920508
TI  - Tibia vara caused by focal fibrocartilaginous dysplasia.
AB  - A case of severe unilateral tibia vara in a young boy is reported. The clinical
      and radiological features were identical to the only three reported cases of
      focal fibrocartilaginous dysplasia. With conservative management the child showed
      a complete recovery. The importance of recognising this condition is emphasised,
      as unnecessary surgery may be avoided. The radiologist can play a major role in
      making the diagnosis.

PMID- 2920509
TI  - Superior aspect of the perirenal space.

PMID- 2920510
TI  - In defence of the duodenum.

PMID- 2920511
TI  - Unilateral orbital edema following the intravascular injection of contrast
      medium.

PMID- 2920512
TI  - Relapsing polychondritis.

PMID- 2920513
TI  - The accuracy of volumetric measurement of high-grade gliomas.
AB  - To assess the accuracy of volumetric measurement of high-grade intracranial
      gliomas by computed tomography (CT), the scans of 26 patients were studied
      retrospectively. Twenty patients had only pre-treatment scans while six had scans
      both before and after chemotherapeutic treatment. Tumour volumes were measured
      separately by two observers, each on two occasions. A significant intraobserver
      variation in volumetric measurement was encountered, as well as a systematic
      variation between the observers; one radiologist consistently reading higher than
      the other. The after treatment readings were more variable than the pre-treatment
      readings, and most changes in tumour volume following treatment were obscured by
      the intra-observer variation. This study provides further evidence of the
      limitations of volumetric measurement as a means of assessing the response of
      high-grade gliomas to treatment.

PMID- 2920514
TI  - Can computed tomography be relied upon to detect skull fractures?
AB  - Skull fractures were detected on plain films in 63 of 100 consecutive head
      injured patients admitted to a neurosurgical unit. On routine computed
      tomographic (CT) lateral scout films, only 58% of lateral fractures were detected
      and there was a false positive rate of 12%. None of the anterior or posterior
      fractures was seen. On the routine axial CT cuts only 22.5% of fractures were
      detected. When examined at bone window settings, 76% of vertical and 37.5% of
      oblique linear fractures were detected but none of the horizontal fractures. All
      comminuted and depressed fractures were demonstrated when the axial cuts were
      examined at bone window settings and in all but one case by the scanogram and at
      routine brain window settings. Basal fracture extent was better shown by axial CT
      than on plain films, especially at bone window settings. Recommendations are made
      regarding the use of CT in the detection of skull fractures.

PMID- 2920515
TI  - Computed tomography in the management of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
AB  - Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is one of the common cancers in China. According
      to mass surveys, the incidence of NPC in some areas of Guangdong is
      39.84/100,000. Due to its high contrast resolution CT has the ability to show not
      only superficial abnormality but also deep infiltration of the fasciae and
      muscles of the parapharyngeal region. Computed tomography scanning was performed
      on more than 1000 patients with NPC in the Tumour Hospital in the 2 years from
      1984 to 1986. The role of CT scanning in NPC can be summarised as: (1) detection
      of primary lesions not accessible to pharyngoscopy; (2) determination of the
      extent of disease; (3) clinical staging; (4) radiotherapy planning; (5) follow up
      evaluation; (6) the differentiation of recurrence and radiation damage to the
      brain; and (7) the demonstration of distant metastasis. In contrast to the
      concept of jugular chain metastasis via the postero-lateral pharyngeal lymph
      nodes, our material has demonstrated that the lesion most probably spreads to the
      carotid sheath area directly from the pharyngeal lesion. The tendency of
      submucosal spread of NPC is emphasised.

PMID- 2920516
TI  - Normal lymph node size in the mediastinum: a retrospective study in two patient
      groups.
AB  - The size and number of normal mediastinal lymph nodes seen on computed tomography
      were studied retrospectively in 110 patients from the Royal Marsden Hospital,
      Sutton, and St Bartholomew's Hospital, London. The mediastinum was divided into
      four areas. Lymph nodes were seen in 81% of patients. The number of patients with
      nodes in a specific area varied from 28% in the right superior mediastinum to 46%
      in the pretracheal retrocaval space. Seventeen per cent of the areas studied
      contained one node, 11% contained two or three nodes and 4% had three nodes.
      Fewer nodes were seen in patients with sparse mediastinal fat. Sixty-seven per
      cent of patients had nodes measuring 5 mm or less in maximum transverse diameter
      and 21% of patients had one or more nodes of 6-10 mm. Only a single calcified
      node measured more than 10 mm. We conclude that the majority of nodes are 5 mm or
      less in diameter and that almost all normal nodes measure 10 mm or less.

PMID- 2920517
TI  - Shadows over screening mammography.

PMID- 2920518
TI  - The value of computed tomography in the diagnosis and management of
      bronchiectasis.
AB  - In order to evaluate the usefulness of computed tomography (CT) in the diagnosis
      and management, as distinct from only the diagnosis, of bronchiectasis, we
      retrospectively reviewed the clinical, lung function, and radiological data of 38
      patients suspected of having the disease. All had chest radiographs, CT scans,
      and bronchograms. The approach was to examine the radiological investigations
      with the clinical data in three stages: I, chest radiograph; II, CT; III,
      bronchography (BG), as if they were newly presenting cases. At the end of each
      stage, a decision was made either to proceed to the next stage or to stop because
      further investigation was considered unlikely to alter management. Apparent
      normality, equivocal abnormality, or unilateral abnormality were criteria for
      proceeding. Unfitness for surgery, unequivocal bilateral disease, or mild disease
      were criteria for stopping after a firm diagnosis had been made. We stopped at
      stage I in four patients (11%) because the chest radiograph showed bilateral
      bronchiectasis and two had poor lung function. We stopped at stage II in 15
      patients (39%): 12 had bilateral disease on CT; three had unilateral disease on
      CT but their clinical features were so mild that BG was considered unjustified.
      Scrutiny of the CT and BG films of those patients who were judged not to require
      CT or BG in the retrospective review confirmed that these would not have altered
      their management. Of the remaining 19 patients who proceeded to stage III, BG was
      useful in 15 (39%) by confirming or refuting CT findings, but was not useful in
      four (11%) because of underfilling. We conclude that optimal use of chest
      radiographs and CT in patients suspected of having bronchiectasis can
      significantly reduce the necessity of performing BG.

PMID- 2920519
TI  - A comparison of radiation doses to the breast in computed tomographic chest
      examinations for two scanning protocols.
AB  - Compared with other radiological examinations in which the breasts are directly
      exposed, the breast doses involved in computed tomographic (CT) chest
      examinations are high. A CT protocol which reduces such breast dose has been
      investigated. Breast doses have been measured for contiguous 10 mm scans and
      interspaced 3 mm scans. Differences in the breast doses were found between the
      left and right breasts for both scanning protocols. The dose associated with the
      interspaced scans was lower by a factor of about two compared with that for the
      contiguous scans.

PMID- 2920520
TI  - Aortic displacement on computed tomography of idiopathic retroperitoneal
      fibrosis.
AB  - We present two cases of proven idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis in which
      displacement of the aorta from the spine (caused by the presence of tissue
      posterior to the aorta) was demonstrated on computed tomography, an appearance
      which has not been reported previously.

PMID- 2920521
TI  - Oesophageal tears during pneumatic balloon dilatation for the treatment of
      achalasia.
AB  - Fifty-eight contrast studies of the oesophagus, performed in patients shortly
      after balloon dilatation for the treatment of achalasia, were reviewed for
      evidence of perforation. Forty-nine examinations (85%) were normal and nine
      studies (15%) were abnormal. Three main radiological patterns were observed.
      Complete rupture of the oesophagus occurred in two cases. Incomplete tears of the
      oesophageal wall were present in seven cases: in one patient there was a linear
      mucosal tear while in six patients there was a localised outpouch or
      diverticulum. All patients with abnormal contrast studies were successfully
      managed conservatively. The range of radiological appearances of the distal
      oesophagus following balloon dilatation should be recognised to avoid unnecessary
      surgical intervention.

PMID- 2920522
TI  - Ulcerogenic choledochoduodenal fistula.
AB  - Spontaneous choledochoduodenal fistula is a rare form of biliary enteric fistula
      which is usually related to peptic ulcer disease and therefore is seen more often
      in men. This is in contrast to the more common cholecystoduodenal fistula which
      is associated with calculous gall-bladder disease and occurs predominantly in
      women. We report two cases diagnosed by radiology following unhelpful laparotomy.

PMID- 2920523
TI  - The fragmented staghorn calculus: a radiological sign of pyonephrosis.
AB  - Staghorn calculi may cause several complications, particularly important being
      the development of pyonephrosis due to long-standing infection. We describe four
      patients who presented with either a marked systemic illness or a loin mass due
      to pyonephrosis. In each patient, the plain abdominal radiograph showed a
      fragmented staghorn calculus, which is suggested as a radiological sign of
      pyonephrosis and indicative of the need for surgical attention.

PMID- 2920524
TI  - Fatal outcome of pelvic radiotherapy for carcinoma of the cervix in a patient
      with systemic lupus erythematosis.
AB  - Although there is an impression that patients with connective tissue disorders
      tolerate radiotherapy less well than other patients, this is not well documented
      in the literature. We present the case of a patient with a 7-year history of
      systemic lupus erythematosis who developed fatal pelvic necrosis as an
      unexpectedly severe complication after radiotherapy for carcinoma of the cervix.

PMID- 2920525
TI  - Primary cutaneous neuroendocrine (Merkel cell or trabecular carcinoma) tumour of
      the skin: a radioresponsive tumour.
AB  - Four patients with primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin (Merkel cell or
      trabecular carcinoma) are reported to document their response to radiotheraphy.
      In three patients there was complete response following radiation treatment, with
      no local recurrence, whilst the other patient died later with distant metastases.
      In one patient, post-operative irradiation after excision of an involved local
      node prevented the growth of further tumour in this nodal group but the
      unirradiated primary site recurred after initial wide local excision only. This
      rare tumour appears to be radioresponsive, and although more clinical data are
      required, we would advocate a wider study of radiotherapy to the primary lesion
      after biopsy or excision biopsy, in association with prophylactic nodal
      irradiation. These tumours occur predominantly in elderly people in whom the
      avoidance of extensive surgery is particularly desirable.

PMID- 2920526
TI  - A case of breast carcinoma with sarcomatous metaplasia.
AB  - We report the distinct mammographic appearance of a breast carcinoma in a woman
      of 58 years, which proved on histology to be adenocarcinoma with metaplasia to
      osteosarcoma. The unusual appearance may alert radiologists, surgeons and
      pathologists to the possibility of an uncommon tumour.

PMID- 2920527
TI  - A method of quantifying sinus arrhythmia: parallel effect of respiration on P-P
      and P-R intervals.
AB  - 1. The electrocardiogram was recorded for 3 min during spontaneous respiration in
      70 subjects aged 15-86 years who were in sinus rhythm. Using a signal-averaging
      approach, the presence of respiratory variation of P-P intervals was analysed by
      multiple regression against a cosine function (cosinor analysis). 2. By cosinor
      analysis the phase of respiration when the intervals were longest was determined,
      together with the amplitude of the variation of the intervals around their mean
      value. 3. Respiratory variation of P-P intervals (respiratory sinus arrhythmia)
      was demonstrated in 84% of subjects; its amplitude decreased with age and
      respiratory rate. On average, the duration of P-P intervals varied by 2.8% around
      the mean, and the maximum duration occurred around the time of end-expiration. 4.
      By cosinor analysis, and allowing for variation of heart rate, P-R intervals
      showed an independent respiratory variation in 39% of cases, and its average
      amplitude was 1.2% around the mean. 5. The respiratory variation of P-R and P-P
      intervals showed similar phase relationships to respiration, suggesting that
      during respiration there is parallel alteration of sinoatrial and
      atrioventricular node function.

PMID- 2920528
TI  - Paradoxical effect of respiration on ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation.
AB  - 1. In 50 subjects with atrial fibrillation we have attempted to demonstrate
      variation of ventricular rate with respiration, as evidence of cardioregulatory
      reflex activity. 2. The electrocardiogram was recorded for 3 min during
      spontaneous respiration. The presence of respiratory variation of R-R intervals
      was analysed by multiple regression against a cosine function (cosinor analysis),
      making it possible to determine the phase of respiration when the intervals were
      longest. 3. Variation in ventricular rate with respect to respiration was
      demonstrated (P less than 0.05) in seven (14%) cases. On average, R-R intervals
      were longest at the end of inspiration; this contrasts with sinus rhythm where P
      P, P-R and R-R intervals are longest around the time of end-expiration. 4. These
      results suggest that in atrial fibrillation the beat-to-beat ventricular rate may
      be under the influence of cardioregulatory reflexes, but the effect of
      respiration is weak and paradoxical.

PMID- 2920529
TI  - Effect of passive muscle stretching in osteoarthritis of the hip.
AB  - 1. Twenty-five minute daily muscle stretching, perpendicular to the fibre
      direction of the adductor muscles without movement of the hip, was performed in
      patients with osteoarthritis of the hip. 2. Before and after treatment hip
      abduction was measured and muscle biopsies were taken for analysis of fibre cross
      sectional areas of type 1 and type 2 fibres as well as adenosine 5'-triphosphate,
      creatine phosphate and glycogen contents. 3. From the results it is concluded
      that passive muscle stretching leads to a significant increase in hip abduction
      of 8.3 degrees (P less than 0.05). There was also a significant increase of type
      1 and type 2 fibre cross-sectional area and of glycogen content after the
      treatment period (P less than 0.05), but the concentrations of adenosine 5'
      triphosphate and creatine phosphate did not change significantly.

PMID- 2920530
TI  - Inter-relationship between urinary kallikrein-kinins and arginine vasopressin in
      man.
AB  - 1. Physiological saline solution was infused in nine normal subjects and six
      patients with central diabetes insipidus (DI). At 120 min after the start of
      infusion, arginine vasopressin (AVP) was injected intramuscularly. Urine was
      collected in 30 min fractions before and after AVP administration. 2. The urinary
      excretions of kallikrein-like activity (KAL-A) (S-2266 hydrolysis activity) and
      immunoreactive kinins (i-kinins) were significantly lower in patients with DI
      than in normal subjects before AVP administration, while there were no
      differences in plasma renin activity, plasma aldosterone concentration,
      creatinine clearance and blood pressure between the two groups, except for a
      marked water diuresis in patients with DI. The urinary excretion of KAL-A and i
      kinins correlated positively with the urinary excretion of AVP. 3. AVP
      administration increased both plasma AVP and urinary excretion of AVP to similar
      levels in both groups. As a result, urine volume decreased to a greater degree in
      patients with DI than in normal subjects. In contrast, the urinary excretions of
      KAL-A and i-kinins were increased by AVP administration, with a greater response
      in normal subjects than in the patients with DI. 4. After overnight fasting,
      acute water loading was carried out orally for 15 min in six normal subjects. At
      30 min plasma AVP was suppressed by water loading to almost the basal level found
      in patients with DI. Urinary excretions of KAL-A and i-kinins in the first 30 min
      fraction after loading were also suppressed to the basal level in patients with
      DI. Later, the urinary excretion of KAL-A increased together with the increase in
      urine flow. Urine volume and free water clearance markedly increased except in
      the first 30 min fraction, compared with the control period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2920531
TI  - Erythrocytes alter the pattern of renal hypoxic injury: predominance of proximal
      tubular injury with moderate hypoxia.
AB  - 1. The distribution of morphological injury was assessed qualitatively and
      quantitatively in the perfused rat kidney in vitro at controlled rates of oxygen
      delivery in the presence of low concentrations of erythrocytes. 2. In control
      kidneys (total oxygen delivery approximately 32 mumol/min per kidney) no injury
      was seen in the medullary thick ascending limb of Henle's loop (MTAL) whilst 11
      +/- 5(SD)% of proximal tubules sustained damage. 3. Mild hypoxia (total oxygen
      delivery approximately 28 mumol/min per kidney) produced little or no injury to
      MTAL, namely 6 +/- 4(SD)% and 3 +/- 3% of tubules damaged, respectively. In
      contrast, both groups sustained extensive damage to proximal tubules, averaging
      46 +/- 13% (P less than 0.01 vs control) and 84 +/- 14% (P less than 0.001 vs
      control), respectively. This damage was equally distributed between the
      superficial and deep cortex. 4. Comparison with morphometric data obtained
      previously from cell-free-perfused rat kidneys [P.J. Ratcliffe, Z. H. Endre, S.
      J. Scheinman, J. D. Tange, J. G. G. Ledingham & G. K. Radda (1988) Clinical
      Science 74, 437-448] showed that (a) erythrocytes prevent hypoxic damage to the
      MTAL at mild and moderate levels of hypoxia; (b) when oxygen delivery rates are
      matched between cell-free- and erythrocyte-perfused kidneys, proximal tubular
      injury is greater in the presence of erythrocytes; (c) when arterial partial
      pressure of oxygen is matched between cell-free- and erythrocyte-perfused
      kidneys, the degree of proximal tubular injury is similar. 5. The data suggest
      that the proximal tubule and not the MTAL is the nephron segment most at risk of
      hypoxic injury in vitro.

PMID- 2920532
TI  - Urinary albumin excretion and blood pressure in the general population.
AB  - 1. Twenty-four hour urinary albumin excretion rate was measured by a sensitive
      radioimmunoassay in 99 male and 100 female randomly selected factory workers,
      aged between 20 and 60 years. 2. The median (range) albumin excretion rates for
      men and women of 4.67 (1.0-25.8) and 5.25 (0.2-33.0) mg/24 h, respectively, were
      not significantly different. 3. No correlation was established between diastolic,
      systolic or mean arterial blood pressure and albumin excretion rate for the whole
      group. 4. Twenty-eight subjects with systolic and/or diastolic blood pressures
      greater than or equal to 140/90 mmHg (18.7/12.0 kPa) showed a positive
      correlation between mean arterial blood pressure and albumin excretion rate (r =
      0.412, P less than 0.01). 5. There was no significant relationship between number
      of cigarettes smoked, age or alcohol intake and albumin excretion rate. 6. The
      data suggest that in the general population albumin excretion rate is variable
      and not dependent on blood pressure, but at blood pressures greater than 140/90
      mmHg (18.7/12.0 kPa) albumin excretion rate may become pressure dependent,
      although high albumin excretion rates were sometimes found in subjects with blood
      pressures less than 140/90 mmHg (18.7/12.0 kPa).

PMID- 2920533
TI  - Transamination of methionine in humans.
AB  - 1. This study was designed to investigate the transamination pathway of
      methionine in humans. 2. Evidence is provided that methanethiol and its
      metabolites are formed via transamination of methionine. 3. Gas-liquid
      chromatography was used to measure serum and urinary transamination metabolites
      of methionine: 2-keto-4-methylthiobutyrate, 3-methylthiopropionate and
      methanethiol, and the metabolites of methanethiol, dimethylsulphide, protein-S-S
      CH3 (a mixed disulphide of blood proteins and methanethiol) and X-S-S-CH3 (a
      mixed disulphide of methanethiol and another thiol with an unknown component X).
      4. Methionine and the transamination intermediates were measured in 10 normal
      subjects, in six normal subjects after L-methionine loading (0.1 g/kg body
      weight) and in a male patient with hepatic methionine adenosyltransferase (EC
      2.5.1.6) deficiency. 5. In the patient with methionine adenosyltransferase
      deficiency, at least 20% of methionine was degraded via transamination. In normal
      subjects transamination of methionine did exist but was quantitatively not
      important in methionine catabolism, not even after methionine loading. 6. The
      results of this study might be of importance for future studies on the role of
      methanethiol in hepatic encephalopathy.

PMID- 2920534
TI  - Effect of liver disorders on ethanol elimination and alcohol and aldehyde
      dehydrogenase activities in liver and erythrocytes.
AB  - 1. Liver biopsies were performed in healthy control subjects and in subjects with
      alcoholic and non-alcoholic liver disease in order to examine alcohol
      dehydrogenase (ADH; EC 1.1.1.1) and aldehyde dehydrogenase [ALDH; aldehyde
      dehydrogenase (NAD+); EC 1.2.1.3] activities. Erythrocyte ALDH and ethanol
      metabolism were also investigated in the same subjects. 2. Fifteen per cent of
      the subjects studied (seven of 48 subjects tested) presented atypical ADH
      activity, characterized by elevated activity at pH 7.4 or 8.8 compared with that
      found in subjects with the usual ADH form. However, the ethanol elimination
      curves obtained in two subjects with atypical ADH were indistinguishable from the
      kinetics of the group with normal ADH. Subjects displaying atypical ADH activity
      showed normal liver and erythrocyte ALDH activities. 3. Considering only the
      subjects with the normal ADH form, hepatic ADH activity was unaltered in subjects
      with non-alcoholic liver disease (chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis) and in those
      with alcoholic steatosis. Subjects with alcoholic hepatitis or alcoholic
      cirrhosis showed a lower ADH activity compared with the healthy control group. 4.
      In spite of the changes detected in subjects with alcoholic liver disease, curves
      of blood ethanol concentration after oral administration of 0.4 g of ethanol/kg
      were indistinguishable between the alcoholic hepatitis group and the control
      group. 5. Hepatic ALDH activity, assayed at 300 mumol/l acetaldehyde, was found
      to be diminished in all liver pathologies investigated, regardless of their
      aetiology. Nevertheless, erythrocyte ALDH activity was not modified in subjects
      with non-alcoholic or alcoholic liver disease. As a result of these findings, no
      relationship was found between hepatic and erythrocyte ALDH.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2920535
TI  - Maternal zinc during oral iron supplementation in pregnancy: a preliminary study.
AB  - 1. To investigate the possible effect of iron ingestion on maternal zinc status,
      one group of women was given 94 mg of iron per day as ferrous sulphate with
      multivitamins during the second and third trimesters of their pregnancies and
      another, control, group was given a placebo of multivitamins without iron. 2. The
      subjects given iron developed significantly lower plasma zinc concentrations than
      those in the control group. This effect on zinc was maximal by 6 weeks, whilst
      that on maternal iron status was slower. 3. There was no parallel decrease of
      zinc concentration in maternal mixed leucocytes, or of plasma heatlabile alkaline
      phosphatase activity, suggesting that there was a redistribution of zinc between
      plasma and tissues. 4. The results indicate that iron supplementation during
      pregnancy alters the disposition of zinc in the mother.

PMID- 2920536
TI  - Platelet intracellular free calcium concentration in normotensive and
      hypertensive pregnancies in the human.
AB  - 1. Basal and stimulated platelet intracellular free calcium concentrations were
      measured in non-pregnant women and in third trimester patients who were either
      normotensive or who had pregnancy-induced hypertension or pre-eclampsia. There
      were 15 subjects in each group. 2. A trend for a reduction of the maximal
      response of platelet calcium levels to stimulation by 5-hydroxytryptamine was
      seen in pregnant groups compared with nonpregnant subjects, but this was
      significant only in pre-eclampsia. 3. No significant differences in basal or
      adenosine 5'-pyrophosphate-stimulated levels of platelet intracellular free
      calcium concentration were observed between the four groups. 4. These results
      illustrate that basal platelet calcium levels are unchanged in hypertension of
      pregnancy. Alterations in basal platelet calcium levels may not be involved in
      the platelet activation that is a feature of pre-eclampsia.

PMID- 2920537
TI  - Perception of rotated forms: a theory of information types.
AB  - The present article proposes a theory of form perception in an attempt to
      understand puzzling problems in mental rotation and in perception of forms
      rotated in the frontal-parallel plane. According to the theory, it is critical to
      distinguish four types of information. They result from the orthogonal
      combination of two binary distinctions: information can be orientation-free or
      orientation-bound, elementary or conjunctive. The theory provides an explanation
      as to when and why mental rotation has to be performed. If two forms can be
      discriminated only on the basis of conjunctive orientation-bound information,
      mental rotation or some other functionally equivalent strategy is required.
      Mental rotation is unnecessary if the forms differ in either type of orientation
      free information, provided that the difference is actually encoded as such. This
      explanation along with the proposed distinctions among the four types of
      information was supported by two mental rotation experiments and three visual
      search experiments.

PMID- 2920538
TI  - Critical period effects in second language learning: the influence of
      maturational state on the acquisition of English as a second language.
AB  - Lenneberg (1967) hypothesized that language could be acquired only within a
      critical period, extending from early infancy until puberty. In its basic form,
      the critical period hypothesis need only have consequences for first language
      acquisition. Nevertheless, it is essential to our understanding of the nature of
      the hypothesized critical period to determine whether or not it extends as well
      to second language acquisition. If so, it should be the case that young children
      are better second language learners than adults and should consequently reach
      higher levels of final proficiency in the second language. This prediction was
      tested by comparing the English proficiency attained by 46 native Korean or
      Chinese speakers who had arrived in the United States between the ages of 3 and
      39, and who had lived in the United States between 3 and 26 years by the time of
      testing. These subjects were tested on a wide variety of structures of English
      grammar, using a grammaticality judgment task. Both correlational and t-test
      analyses demonstrated a clear and strong advantage for earlier arrivals over the
      later arrivals. Test performance was linearly related to age of arrival up to
      puberty; after puberty, performance was low but highly variable and unrelated to
      age of arrival. This age effect was shown not to be an inadvertent result of
      differences in amount of experience with English, motivation, self-consciousness,
      or American identification. The effect also appeared on every grammatical
      structure tested, although the structures varied markedly in the degree to which
      they were well mastered by later learners. The results support the conclusion
      that a critical period for language acquisition extends its effects to second
      language acquisition.

PMID- 2920539
TI  - Evaluation of a dental preventive program for Danish chocolate workers.
AB  - The purpose of the present study was to develop and evaluate a preventive dental
      program at two Danish chocolate factories. The program was undertaken within the
      setting of an occupational health service in order to control oral occupational
      diseases. Eighty-nine persons (80%), 19-61 yr of age, participated in a 2-yr
      follow-up study. Preventive care was offered to the workers by a dental
      hygienist. Clinical prophylaxis was given at four visits the first year and two
      visits the second year. Health education was based on active involvement of the
      participants and safety committee or safety group members in order to stimulate
      self-care activities at the factories. The outcome of the program was evaluated
      by clinical recordings of visible plaque index (VPI), gingival bleeding (GB),
      calculus index (CI), and DMFS. Data on dental conditions were recorded at
      baseline, after 12, and after 24 months. Questionnaires were completed by the
      workers each time in order to obtain data on dental knowledge, attitudes, dental
      health behavior, social network activities, and perceptions of the process. The
      results showed improvement in dental health in terms of stepwise reductions in
      VPI, GB, CI, and DS. For example, mean GB decreased from 36% of the teeth scored
      at baseline to 9% at 24 months and mean DS decreased from 2.3 to 0.7. Positive
      developments of dental health behavior were observed. The proportion of workers
      reporting daily toothbrushing at work increased from 6% to 24% during the program
      and the proportion of workers using dental floss regularly increased from 24% to
      47%. However, the changes in dental knowledge and attitudes were rather
      diffuse.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2920540
TI  - Dental patients' knowledge and beliefs about periodontal disease.
AB  - The knowledge and beliefs about periodontal disease of 1093 regularly attending
      patients in 36 North Carolina general dental practices were examined. Patients
      had a strong positive orientation toward keeping their teeth. Correct information
      concerning the signs, causes, prevention, and treatment of periodontal disease
      was widely held. Older patients were more knowledgeable about treatment and signs
      of periodontal disease, while younger patients expressed more positive beliefs
      about keeping their teeth for a lifetime. Although patients' knowledge was not
      perfect, it included few misperceptions that could threaten oral health.
      Additional education was most needed with respect to the significance of bleeding
      gums.

PMID- 2920541
TI  - Reproducibility and overlapping of bitewing radiographs: comparison of Eggen-bite
      with Kwik-bite.
AB  - In the present study the reproducibility of horizontal dimensions and of
      overlappings of two filmholder techniques with aiming devices (Eggen-bite and
      Kwik-bite) and additionally the number of overlappings on the resulting bitewing
      radiographs were compared. The overlapping reproducibility was significantly
      higher with Kwik-bite. The microdensitometric reproducibility demonstrated the
      same tendency, but the result was not significant. Bitewings carried out by an
      oral radiologist demonstrated fewer overlappings with Eggen-bite than with Kwik
      bite, while bitewings carried out by inexperienced students revealed no
      difference between the methods. Both reproducibility and number of overlappings
      should be taken into consideration when bitewing filmholder techniques are used
      in epidemiological and longitudinal studies.

PMID- 2920542
TI  - Comparison of oral radiographic findings among 35-year-old Oslo citizens in 1973
      and 1984.
AB  - The purpose of the present study was to evaluate a variety of radiographically
      detectable conditions found on orthopantomograms of 141 individuals as a part of
      an oral health survey of 35-year-old Oslo citizens, born 1949. Radiographic
      findings were recorded and compared with those of a similar study made in 1973.
      The findings revealed a statistically significant reduction in the prevalence of
      marginal bone loss. The frequencies of endodontically treated teeth and teeth
      with apical radiolucencies were unchanged.

PMID- 2920543
TI  - Oral health of Polish children and WHO/FDI goals for the year 2000.
AB  - Based on available epidemiology data, dating sporadically from 1967 to 1985, of
      the oral health situation of Polish children and youngsters, the attainment of
      the first three oral health goals of FDI/WHO for the year 2000 is discussed. It
      can be assumed that the first oral health goal may be reached by at most only 10%
      of Polish children. The second oral health goal may be achieved by some 60% of 12
      yr-old Polish children. The third oral health goal will be reached by at most 33%
      of 18-yr-old Polish youngsters. The reasons for these rather pessimistic
      prognoses are explained.

PMID- 2920544
TI  - Reassessment of the effect of fluoridation on cost of dental treatment among
      Scottish schoolchildren.
AB  - The present study, which is a repeat of a 1980 study, compares the dental
      treatment needs of 5, 10, and 15-yr-old life-time residents of a fluoridated town
      (Stranraer) and non-fluoridated town (Annan). Although fluoridation ceased in
      July 1983, the cost of all dental treatment in 1986 was 57% lower for 5-yr-olds
      in the fluoride area compared with the non-fluoride one. The corresponding
      differences in costs for 10- and 15-yr-old groups were 36% and 63%, respectively.
      Comparison with the 1980 results showed a 21% drop in the cost of all treatment
      for 5-yr-olds in Annan and a 4% drop in 10-yr-olds. The corresponding comparison
      for Stranraer 5-yr-olds showed a 43% reduction in the cost of all treatment. The
      10-yr-old group in Stranraer showed a 21% increase in the cost of all treatment
      and a 115% increase in the cost of restorations for caries. The implications of
      these findings and the possible link with the cessation of water fluoridation are
      discussed.

PMID- 2920545
TI  - Dental hygienists' influence on the patients' knowledge, motivation, self-care,
      and perception of change.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to assess the success of the dental hygienist in
      the dental health education of dental patients in general dental practice.
      Special emphasis was laid on health education in the field of periodontics. The
      answers on a questionnaire of 159 dental patients who visited a dental hygienist
      were compared with the answers of 302 dental patients who had never visited a
      dental hygienist. The comparison was done by means of t-test and regression
      analysis on specially developed scales with regard to knowledge, motivation, self
      care, and perception of change. On all scales the dental patients who visited a
      dental hygienist scored better. This difference remained when social demographic
      variables and the dentist's influence were taken into account. This indicates
      that the dental hygienist is successful in the behavioral aspect of her work.

PMID- 2920547
TI  - A polyepisodic course in bipolar illness: possible clinical relationships.
AB  - Using archival data, we conducted a systematic study of consecutive admissions of
      bipolar patients and found that an early age of onset, a subacute onset, a family
      history of bipolarity, and the administration of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
      during an index episode were individually associated with a polyepisodic course
      of illness (three to nine or more episodes) during a period of observation which
      included onset of illness, index admission, and a period of follow-up. The family
      history of biopolarity which seems to predispose to multiple episodes suggests
      that what may be transmitted may not necessarily be a bipolar illness but
      possibly an illness with many episodes, thus increasing the likelihood of
      occurrence of a manic episode.

PMID- 2920546
TI  - Clinical picture of snuff dipper's lesion in Swedes.
AB  - In a survey of oral mucosal lesions in 20,333 individuals, 1,466 individuals with
      snuff dipper's lesions were found. All but seven of the snuff dippers were men,
      which gives a prevalence of snuff dipper's lesions of 15.9% in the male
      population. Four degrees (1-4) of clinical severity of lesions were allotted.
      There were positive correlations between the severity of the lesion and years
      with the habit, daily amount of snuff used, time with contact between snuff and
      the oral mucosa, and, to some extent, with age of the snuff dipper. There were
      differences between the different brands of snuff as regards the severity of the
      snuff dipper's lesion produced.

PMID- 2920548
TI  - The dose-response relationship for memory impairment by anticholinergic drugs.
AB  - Twelve stabilized chronic schizophrenic outpatients receiving maintenance
      treatment with fluphenazine decanoate plus anticholinergic antiparkinsonian drugs
      underwent two challenge sessions receiving, in random sequence and double-blind,
      injections of either benztropine or glycopyrrolate (a peripherally active
      anticholinergic agent that penetrates the CNS poorly, used as an active placebo).
      Performance on free recall testing was significantly worse after benztropine than
      after glycopyrrolate. It has previously been shown that routine clinical doses of
      anticholinergic antiparkinsonian drugs impair verbal learning relative to a drug
      free baseline. Our results suggest that memory impairment continues to further
      increase as anticholinergic drugs are pushed to the upper limit of the acceptable
      clinical range.

PMID- 2920549
TI  - Traumatic stress disorder: diagnostic and clinical issues in former prisoners of
      war.
AB  - Examined are a variety of clinical issues in the diagnosis and treatment of
      Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) of former prisoners of war (POWs).
      Difficulties and complexities in understanding and diagnosing PTSD in former POWs
      presenting symptomatic complaints associated with this disorder are explored.
      Data collected on former POWs complaining of PTSD and diagnosed by DSM-III-R
      criteria revealed Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and Millon
      Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI) clinical profiles appropriate for clinical
      application. Comparative data between German-held and Japanese-held POWs
      experiencing PTSD and adjustment-related stressors are discussed. Import on
      clinical strategies with diagnosed patients suggests both behavioral approaches
      to treatment and future directions in research.

PMID- 2920550
TI  - Axis I phenomenology of borderline personality disorder.
AB  - The Axis I phenomenology of 50 outpatients meeting both Diagnostic Interview for
      Borderlines (DIB) and DSM-III criteria for Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD),
      29 outpatients meeting DSM-III criteria for Antisocial Personality Disorder
      (APD), and 26 outpatients meeting DSM-III criteria for Dsythymic Disorder as well
      as DSM-III criteria for some other type of Axis II disorder (dysthymic OPD) was
      assessed blind to clinical diagnosis using the Structured Clinical Interview for
      DSM-III (SCID). Borderlines were significantly more likely than antisocial
      controls to have met DSM-III criteria for an affective disorder, particularly
      Dysthymic Disorder, and an anxiety disorder. They were also significantly more
      likely than dysthymic OPD controls but significantly less likely than antisocial
      controls to have met DSM-III criteria for alcohol abuse/dependence and drug
      abuse/dependence. The authors conclude that: (1) the link between BPD and
      unipolar affective disorders is less specific than previously suggested, and (2)
      there is a link between BPD and impulse disorders that may be of equal, if not
      greater, importance.

PMID- 2920551
TI  - Personality and suicidal behavior in depressed patients.
AB  - The relationship between personality and suicidal behavior was evaluated in 53
      patients with primary major depressive disorder. Mean borderline personality
      scale scores on the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI) differed between
      suicide attempters and non-attempters. The frequency of personality disorder
      diagnoses, especially borderline personality disorder, was not higher in the
      suicide attempters. Clinical and theoretical implications of these findings are
      discussed.

PMID- 2920552
TI  - A comparison of clinical and self-report diagnoses of DSM-III personality
      disorders in 552 patients.
AB  - This report examines the relationship between clinicians' diagnoses of
      personality disorder and self-report diagnoses of personality disorder obtained
      from the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire (PDQ). The results from 552
      patients showed general lack of agreement between clinical and self-report
      diagnoses of DSM-III personality diagnoses. The best agreement obtained was for
      Borderline Personality Disorder: k = 0.46, and r = .51 for scaled ratings.
      Possible sources of disagreement including failings of the self-report
      questionnaire, difficulties in relying upon patients' self-reports, lack of
      reliability of clinical diagnoses of personality, and possible inherent lack of
      reliability of several of the DSM-III personality disorders are discussed.

PMID- 2920553
TI  - A family study of anorexia nervosa and bulimia.
AB  - A family study is presented that examines the association between eating
      disorders and affective illness. 307 relatives of 30 eating disorder patients, of
      16 patients with major depression, and of 20 normal controls, were interviewed to
      determine lifetime histories of psychiatric illness. Using logistic regression
      analyses, the results supported previous findings of a familial association
      between eating disorders and major depression. However, there was no evidence
      that clinical features of eating disorder patients (presence of bulimia or major
      depression) can be used to predict morbid risk. In addition, the results failed
      to reveal a familial aggregation of either alcoholism or drug abuse in eating
      disorder families.

PMID- 2920554
TI  - Development of a graphic psychiatric self-rating scale.
AB  - This report describes the development of a clinical instrument that is intended
      to assess general inpatient psychopathology among patients who cannot communicate
      directly with the clinician, either due to a language barrier or other problems
      with verbal communication. Reliability and validity of the instrument indicate
      that it can serve a useful purpose as a self-rating scale that obviates the need
      for extensive verbal communication. The scale also appears to be sensitive to
      changes in symptom intensity over time.

PMID- 2920555
TI  - Focus on Scotland. Taking the high road. Interview by Sue Smith.

PMID- 2920556
TI  - Focus on Scotland. Over the sea from Skye. Interview by Sue Smith.

PMID- 2920557
TI  - Home--or home?

PMID- 2920558
TI  - Community nurse profile. All in a day's work.

PMID- 2920559
TI  - Crisis on the streets.

PMID- 2920560
TI  - Career paths for nursing: another step forward.

PMID- 2920561
TI  - Effects of gastric alkalization on bacterial colonization in critically ill
      patients.
AB  - Gastric alkalization of critically ill patients is associated with bacterial and
      fungal overgrowth in gastric contents. We studied the incidence of gastric
      colonization and its relation to other infections and antibiotic therapy in 25
      critically ill ICU patients. All patients received 12-h NG Mylanta II and 15
      received an H2-receptor antagonist. All patients had bacterial colonization of NG
      contents within 4 days of ICU admission and 10 had Candida colonization within 8
      days. There were 70 NG isolates and the same isolates were found in
      tracheobronchial secretions (n = 46), blood (n = 4), urine (n = 4), and wounds (n
      = 8). Tracheobronchial colonization was preceded by NG colonization with the same
      organism in 12 instances (11 patients), was concurrent with NG colonization in 20
      instances (14 patients), was followed by NG colonization in 14 instances (11
      patients), and had no similar NG isolate in 18 instances (11 patients). NG
      culture of the same organism preceded four of eight positive blood cultures. In
      35 of 70 NG isolates and five of 11 subsequent tracheobronchial isolates,
      colonization occurred despite concurrent appropriate antibiotics. We conclude
      that colonization of alkalinized NG contents is universal, is a common source of
      infection in other areas, and is not prevented by systemic antibiotic therapy.
      Local antibiotic therapy may be important in controlling this important source of
      infection.

PMID- 2920562
TI  - Hypothermia outcome score: development and implications.
AB  - Multiple rewarming methods have been recommended for the treatment of hypothermia
      in the ED. Because the hypothermic patient population is heterogenous, a method
      for stratifying mortality risk when comparing therapies is desired. We used
      univariable and multivariable statistical analyses to identify variables which
      discriminated between patient death or survival in the 24 h after arrival in the
      ED. Prehospital cardiac arrest, a low or absent presenting BP, elevated BUN, and
      the need for either tracheal intubation or NG tube placement in the ED were found
      to be significant predictors of patient demise in a large database (n = 428). The
      likelihood ratio was used to develop and validate an empiric hypothermia outcome
      score that can be used in future hypothermia treatment studies to account for
      differences of patient presentation.

PMID- 2920563
TI  - Correlation of nonlinear mathematical transformation of the normal
      electrocardiogram with the severity of coronary artery disease.
AB  - Signal processing was applied to normal ECGs to study whether the results could
      predict coronary artery disease (CAD) on angiography. ECGs determined to be
      normal by conventional criteria for 116 white males and 84 white females were
      subjected to signal processing. The technique applied nonlinear mathematical
      transformation to a segment of seven ECG leads which were photographically
      imaged, automatically digitized, normalized for time, and had topographical
      coordinate transformation using an IBM-XT microcomputer. The resulting
      curvilinear display on the computer monitor was termed a biopotential coordinate
      transformation (BCT). Successive superimposition of BCTs from normal ECGs of
      patients with normal angiograms developed boundaries of a normal template for
      each lead. Study BCTs were then compared to the normal templates to predict the
      presence or absence of CAD. Correlation of the BCT results with the severity of
      CAD for the males resulted in average sensitivities of 80%, 84.4%, and 91.7% for
      single, double, and triple-vessel CAD, respectively. Similarly, for the females
      average sensitivities were 59.1%, 73.9%, and 88.9%, respectively. In past studies
      on the same population, the BCT process detected CAD with average sensitivity of
      85.1% and specificity of 81.8% for white males and average sensitivity of 73% and
      specificity 81% for white females. As such, computerized signal processing of
      ECGs may provide a noninvasive method for detection of CAD in patients with
      seemingly normal resting ECGs. The results of this study indicate that the
      sensitivity of the process increases in direct proportion to the severity of CAD.
      Further investigation is warranted for process refinement and verification.

PMID- 2920564
TI  - Whole lung pulmonary angiography in the intensive care unit with two portable
      chest x-rays.
AB  - Suspected massive pulmonary embolism requires urgent, accurate diagnosis. We
      describe a technique for pulmonary angiography in the ICU. Four patients admitted
      with suspected pulmonary embolism had fulminating cardiorespiratory failure with
      support requirements precluding transfer. Each patient had a flow-directed
      pulmonary angiography catheter inserted into the pulmonary artery. In two
      catheter positions, 25 ml of iopamidol 612 mg/ml was delivered from a portable
      angiographic injector at a flow of 20 ml/sec. A portable x-ray was taken
      immediately before completion of syringe excursion. Major central pulmonary
      emboli were seen in three patients and a negative angiogram was obtained on the
      fourth. Two of the three positive diagnoses were confirmed at pulmonary
      embolectomy. The negative diagnosis was confirmed at autopsy. Pulmonary
      angiography via a flow-directed catheter enabled precise and rapid diagnosis of
      pulmonary embolism in patients too ill to transfer for formal angiography.

PMID- 2920565
TI  - Screening for hypoglycemia with plasma in neonatal blood of high hematocrit
      value.
AB  - A model utilizing human umbilical cord blood was used to screen for hypoglycemia
      in a simulated neonatal situation. The aims of the study were to assess the
      effect of increasing Hct concentration on Dextrostix readings, and to determine
      whether plasma samples, in contrast to conventional whole blood samples, were
      acceptable for Dextrostix determinations in selected cases. Dextrostix readings
      were determined on 65 whole blood samples of varying Hct, and on plasma
      specimens, 48 of which were paired with whole blood samples. The results were
      compared with plasma true glucose values. Plasma Dextrostix readings correlated
      well with true glucose values throughout the entire Hct range (r = .94, slope =
      1.16). Whole blood Dextrostix readings, on the other hand, were Hct-dependent
      and, with increasing Hct values, became falsely low. As a result, a Hct values
      greater than 70%, whole blood Dextrostix readings were less than 50% of the true
      glucose value (r = .94, slope = 0.45). Plasma Dextrostix determinations may offer
      an accurate means of screening for neonatal hypoglycemia in asymptomatic infants
      with high Hct, pending laboratory glucose results.

PMID- 2920566
TI  - Transient expectoration of pancreatic fluids in a patient with pancreaticopleural
      fistula.

PMID- 2920567
TI  - Oxygen delivery and lactic acidosis.

PMID- 2920568
TI  - Gaar equation is not a reliable predictor of pulmonary capillary pressure.

PMID- 2920570
TI  - Dermatology convention digest. Highlights from the annual meeting of the American
      Academy of Dermatology.

PMID- 2920569
TI  - Acute benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome after midazolam infusions in children.

PMID- 2920571
TI  - Flow-directed pulmonary artery catheterization. Moratorium vs clinical trial.

PMID- 2920572
TI  - Patient dumping. The physician's dilemma.

PMID- 2920573
TI  - Pleural and lung cryobiopsies during thoracoscopy.
AB  - Cryotherapy through rigid bronchoscopy has been used in the past three years in
      the treatment of endobronchial tumors. We performed pleural and lung cryobiopsies
      during thoracoscopy. The hemostatic properties and the quality of the
      histopathologic specimens obtained using this technique offer an innovative
      approach to the diagnosis of pleural effusion with associated lung disease.

PMID- 2920574
TI  - Unexpected high prevalence of silent pulmonary embolism in patients with deep
      venous thrombosis.
AB  - In patients presenting with clinically suspected deep vein thrombosis,
      symptomatic pulmonary embolism is rarely apparent. To assess the prevalence of
      silent pulmonary embolism in outpatients with proven deep vein thrombosis but
      without symptoms of pulmonary embolism, perfusion ventilation lung scans were
      performed in 101 consecutive patients at presentation. Fifty-one percent of these
      patients had a high probability lung scan at the initiation of treatment. In
      comparison, in patients referred with suspected venous thrombosis, but who on
      subsequent objective testing did not have venous thrombosis (n = 44), the
      prevalence of a high probability-scan for pulmonary embolus was only 5 percent.
      At repeat lung scanning, performed after one week of anticoagulant treatment,
      complete to partial improvement was observed in 68 percent of the patients with
      initially abnormal scans. Lung-scan detected asymptomatic pulmonary embolism
      occurs frequently in patients presenting with symptomatic deep venous thrombosis,
      and the majority of these emboli showed significant to complete resolution within
      one week of anticoagulant treatment.

PMID- 2920575
TI  - Chronic thromboembolic occlusion in the adult can mimic pulmonary artery
      agenesis.
AB  - In the first 100 patients operated on for C T-E PH, three were referred with the
      diagnosis of UPAA having been made elsewhere. We found that many features of
      these two conditions are so similar that differential diagnosis is very
      difficult. Shared features may include findings on chest x-ray film, pulmonary
      angiography, CT scan and MRI studies. Since the two conditions vary substantially
      with respect to the methods of potential surgical correction, recognition of this
      possible differential diagnostic dilemma is important.

PMID- 2920576
TI  - Subclinical effects of cigarette smoking. A five-year follow-up of physiologic
      comparisons of healthy middle-aged smokers and nonsmokers.
AB  - Measurements of ventilatory function, lung elastic recoil, diffusing capacity,
      and distribution of ventilation were obtained on healthy middle-aged cigarette
      smokers and nonsmokers on two occasions five years apart in order to assess the
      effects of smoking and the change which may occur over this five-year interval.
      Subjects were drawn from a randomly selected sample of the population of Tucson,
      AZ. Exactly the same protocol, methods, and equipment were employed in both
      studies. Although very few of these healthy subjects had abnormal function, there
      were significant differences in most indices of function between smokers and
      nonsmokers. However, we could discern no difference between smokers and
      nonsmokers in change in function over five years. It appears that, in smokers who
      remain free of serious respiratory trouble, there are subtle changes which
      accumulate over the years and which are too gradual to detect over a five-year
      interval.

PMID- 2920577
TI  - Patient and family participation in the management of respiratory failure in
      Duchenne's muscular dystrophy.
AB  - Mechanical ventilation is now considered a therapeutic option for respiratory
      failure associated with Duchenne's muscular dystrophy (DMD). Through the
      monitoring of forced vital capacity and PCO2, prediction of impending respiratory
      failure is possible. This knowledge allows the patient to choose institution of
      mechanical ventilation before acute respiratory failure or no intervention and
      preparation for a natural death. To assist patients and families in this decision
      making, a special clinic was established. Thirty adolescent boys with DMD were
      followed up. Eighteen boys reached the end stage of their disease. Three died of
      cardiac failure. Prediction of respiratory failure was possible in 14 of the
      remaining 15; 11 of the 15 were able to make educated choices regarding
      respirator assistance or a natural death. The clinic has shown that in the
      majority of cases, when properly educated, patients and families can be active
      participants in life-and-death decisions.

PMID- 2920578
TI  - Doppler evaluation of changing cardiac dynamics during Cheyne-Stokes respiration.
AB  - For the purpose of elucidating the mechanisms and/or effects of the
      cardiovascular changes occurring during Cheyne-Stokes respiration, we utilized
      Doppler echocardiography to determine intracardiac flow velocity profiles during
      the changing phases. Left ventricular inflow (LVI) and outflow (LVO) were
      examined in ten patients, nine with heart failure and one with a cerebrovascular
      accident. The mean LVI, peak early (E) and late diastolic (A) and LVO velocities
      were measured at the end of both the hyperpneic and apneic phases. The phasic
      hemodynamic changes observed during Cheyne-Stokes respiration by Doppler profile
      could be explained by the development of LV diastolic dysfunction and a decrease
      in LV stroke volume during the apneic phase of Cheyne-Stokes respiration.
      Alternatively, an increase in PCO2 during the apneic phase may increase pulmonary
      vascular resistance lowering preload and stroke volume, whereas during the
      hyperpneic phase, pulmonary vascular resistance is reduced with resultant
      increase in left ventricular preload and increase in stroke volume. Both theories
      are speculative and the precise hemodynamic changes associated with Cheyne-Stokes
      respiration requires further investigation.

PMID- 2920579
TI  - The relationship between lung volume and standard scalar ECG parameters in normal
      subjects.
AB  - Although the relationship between abnormalities in the ECG and lung volumes has
      been well described in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease, little is
      known about this relationship in normal subjects. We investigated this
      relationship in normal, supine subjects at lung volumes ranging from residual
      lung volume to total lung capacity. We found that there was a significant right
      shift in the frontal axis with increasing lung volume. Over the precordium, R
      wave amplitude decreased mainly at the lateral leads and S wave amplitude
      increased chiefly at the anterior leads. These results are consistent with a
      normal vertical shift and clockwise rotation of the heart with increasing lung
      volume.

PMID- 2920580
TI  - Threshold pressure training, breathing pattern, and exercise performance in
      chronic airflow obstruction.
AB  - The effects of six weeks of threshold pressure inspiratory muscle training (IMT)
      on inspiratory muscle performance, breathing pattern and exercise performance
      were studied in eight patients with severe airflow obstruction. The results
      indicated that IMT improved inspiratory muscle performance but did not affect
      exercise performance or breathing pattern during maximal exercise.

PMID- 2920581
TI  - Increase in number of myocardial ischemic episodes following nifedipine
      administration in two patients. Detection of silent episodes by Holter monitoring
      and role of heart rate.
AB  - Out of 34 consecutive patients with angina and treated with nifedipine, two
      subjects (5.8 percent) showed a significant increase of transient myocardial
      ischemic episodes during the period of treatment, as assessed by continuous
      Holter ECG monitoring. In both these patients, a large proportion of ischemic
      episodes happened to be asymptomatic. A relationship between nifedipine intake,
      heart rate increase, and number of ischemic episodes was observed. This
      occasional aggravation of myocardial ischemia could be related to an increase in
      myocardial oxygen demand medicated through a drug-induced reflex tachycardia.

PMID- 2920582
TI  - Chemiluminescence and antibody-dependent, cell-mediated cytotoxicity between
      human alveolar macrophages and peripheral blood monocytes in smokers, nonsmokers,
      and lung cancer patients.
AB  - Some evidence suggests a capability of peripheral blood monocytes to destroy
      tumor cells, while this ability by human alveolar macrophages, the main defense
      cells in the alveoli, is still debatable. We measured the chemiluminescence and
      antibody-dependent, cell-mediated cytotoxicity in the PBMs and HAMs of 12 lung
      cancer patients and 20 healthy subjects; the latter included ten smokers and ten
      nonsmokers. The PBMs were prepared by using a Ficoll-Hypaque density gradient,
      then separated by Petri-dish adherence. The HAMs were taken during the
      bronchoalveolar lavages. The chemiluminescence in the HAMs of smokers was
      significantly higher than nonsmokers, (p less than 0.05), which did not occur in
      the PBMs. Chemiluminescence in HAMs from the lung cancer patients was also
      significantly higher than the smoker control subjects (p less than 0.01).
      However, the lung cancer patients had significantly lower ADCC activity than the
      smokers in the control group (4.52 +/- 2.96 vs 8.27 +/- 2.83 percent; p less than
      0.05). The chemiluminescence in the PBMs showed no statistical difference between
      the lung cancer patients and smoker control, but PBMs of the lung cancer patients
      had significantly lower ADCC activity than the smoker normal control group. The
      HAMs from lung cancer patients produced more superoxide anion, for an increased
      chemiluminescence reaction was noted, although ADCC activity was lower than in
      smokers, ie, HAMs were ineffective in killing tumors. Environmental factors such
      as cigarette smoking affect HAM's function by causing an increase of superoxide
      anion production. The chemiluminescence and ADCC activity in the PBMs does not
      always correspond to the HAMs findings. These results suggest that PBMs can not
      accurately reflect or predict the HAMs' function in lung diseases.

PMID- 2920583
TI  - Comparison of PEFR and FEV1 in patients with varying degrees of airway
      obstruction. Effect of modest altitude.
AB  - Measurements of FEV1 and PEFR performed on a Jones Pulmonor Spirometer (JPF) were
      compared with PEFR obtained with a mini-Wright peak flow meter (WPF) in 102
      patients. Data were converted to percent predicted. Standard deviations of
      triplicate measurements were: FEV1, 3.01 percent; JPF, 7.22 percent; and WPF,
      5.12 percent. Correlation of best of three measurements was FEV1-JPF r = .758;
      FEV1-WPF r = .744; and JPF-WPF r = .846. The mean percent predicted of the best
      of three values of FEV1 was 74.8 percent, JPF 91.4 percent, and WPF 94 percent.
      These higher values for percent predicted PEFR were obtained throughout the range
      of FEV1 values. Studies on nine normal volunteers in an atmospheric chamber
      suggested that higher altitudes may account for higher PEFR values. We conclude
      that PEFR, measured by either waterless spirometer or mini-Wright peak flow
      meter, has greater intrasubject variability than FEV1, and it tends to
      underestimate the degree of pulmonary impairment.

PMID- 2920584
TI  - A randomized controlled trial of methylprednisolone in the emergency treatment of
      acute exacerbations of COPD.
AB  - We conducted a randomized, controlled double-blind study to determine whether
      intravenous administration of methylprednisolone early in the therapy for acute
      exacerbations of COPD would improve pulmonary function in the Emergency
      Department and reduce the need for hospitalization. Ninety-six patients completed
      the study. All were at least 50 years of age and had no history of asthma.
      Patients received aminophylline and hourly administration of aerosolized
      isoetharine. Methylprednisolone (100 mg) or physiologic saline solution was given
      within one-half hour of arrival in the Emergency Department. Spirometry was
      performed initially and after the third and fifth aerosol treatments. We found no
      greater improvement in FEV1 in the group receiving the steroid (37 percent) than
      in the control group (43 percent; NS). There was also no difference in the rate
      of hospitalization (33 percent in the steroid-treated group vs 30 percent in the
      control group; NS). We conclude that early administration of methylprednisolone
      does not affect the emergency phase of treatment for acute exacerbations of COPD.

PMID- 2920585
TI  - Dexamethasone as prophylaxis for acute mountain sickness. Effect of dose level.
AB  - Rapid exposure of unacclimatized persons to high altitude causes the syndrome
      acute mountain sickness (AMS). Prophylactic treatment with frequent high doses of
      dexamethasone has been shown to prevent AMS. To determine whether lower, less
      frequent doses were effective in preventing AMS, 28 men between the ages of 18
      and 32 were exposed to a simulated altitude of 4,570 m for 45 h in a hypobaric
      chamber on two occasions while taking one of three doses of dexamethasone (4 mg,
      1 mg, or .25 mg every 12 h) or a placebo in a double-blind, crossover design. The
      4-mg dose of dexamethasone reduced the incidence of AMS symptoms compared with
      placebo and the other dose levels. Dexamethasone did not alter fluid balance or
      plasma volume changes, but treatment with 1 mg and 4 mg suppressed cortisol
      secretion. There was no evidence of adrenal cortical suppression after treatment
      with dexamethasone or placebo 48 h after discontinuing altitude exposure and drug
      treatment. The results indicate that 4 mg of dexamethasone twice daily is an
      effective prophylactic treatment for AMS, while lower doses are relatively
      ineffective.

PMID- 2920586
TI  - Phenotype of blood monocytes and alveolar macrophages in interstitial lung
      disease.
AB  - The immunologic phenotype of the monocyte-macrophage cell populations in
      bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and monocytes in peripheral blood (PB) were
      studied in 20 patients with sarcoidosis, 18 with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
      (IPF), seven with extrinsic allergic alveolitis (EAA), and 12 healthy volunteers.
      There were no significant differences in expression of the immunologic markers
      CD13(My7), CD14(My4), and Monocyte-2 on blood monocytes between the patient
      groups and healthy volunteers, but there were marked differences between groups
      in the expression of the three markers on BAL macrophages. The percentage of
      Monocyte-2+ macrophages was increased in BAL in subjects with sarcoidosis, EAA,
      and IPF compared with healthy volunteers, greatest in EAA. This increase is
      probably due to increased recruitment of blood monocytes into alveoli, since the
      cells had a monocytic morphology on phase contrast microscopy (in normal subjects
      the majority of blood monocytes, but few alveolar macrophages, express the
      Monocyte-2 antigen). Patients with IPF had a significantly lower percentage of
      CD13(My7)+ macrophages in BAL than the other three groups. Compared with IPF
      patients and healthy volunteers, patients with EAA had a significantly higher
      percentage of CD14(My4)+ macrophages, whereas in sarcoidosis patients the numbers
      were reduced. These observations suggest an increased influx of blood monocytes
      into the alveoli in interstitial lung disorders. Phenotypic differences were
      found between the BAL macrophage populations of the various interstitial
      diseases. These differences in alveolar macrophage phenotype may be due to local
      factors, depending on the type of inflammation.

PMID- 2920587
TI  - Effect of radiation therapy on bronchial obstruction due to bronchogenic
      carcinoma.
AB  - We evaluated the effect of radiation therapy in 57 patients with obstruction of a
      large bronchus with NSCC. Response with aeration of the atelectatic lung was seen
      in 12 patients (21 percent). Three patients (5 percent) showed partial response
      with persistent partial atelectasis, and nine patients (16 percent) showed good
      response with complete aeration of the atelectatic lung. In these patients the
      response appeared to be related to the dose of radiation. All of the patients who
      responded received more than 50 Gy. The difference in the response rate related
      to the dose of radiation was statistically significant (p less than 0.05). The
      rates were similar with all histologic types of NSCC. Regardless of the clinical
      response observed, bronchoscopy performed two to four months after completion of
      radiation therapy in 14 patients revealed persistent endobronchial tumor. There
      was no significant relationship between the persistence of endobronchial tumor,
      the dose of radiation therapy, and the tumor's histologic type. Of the 12
      patients with radiographic improvement in atelectasis, fibrotic changes developed
      in four (33 percent) patients and pneumonitis in two (17 percent). Progression of
      disease with distant metastases occurred in 58 percent (seven) of the 12 patients
      who showed a clinical response of their bronchial obstruction. The median time to
      survival was nearly identical in responders and nonresponders.

PMID- 2920588
TI  - Chronic simple bronchitis in pigeon fanciers. Relationship of cough with
      expectoration to avian exposure and pigeon breeders' disease.
AB  - The prevalence of chronic bronchitis and its relationship to antigenic exposure
      was studied in a population of pigeon fanciers. Two hundred and eighty seven
      fanciers completed a questionnaire regarding symptoms and circumstances of avian
      exposure and had IgG antibody to pigeon gammaglobulin measured by an enzyme
      linked immunosorbent assay. Chronic bronchitis occurred in 26.2 percent of
      nonsmoking fanciers and increased in prevalence as antibody levels rose (p less
      than 0.001). Although significantly more common (p less than 0.005) in the 85
      (29.6 percent) fanciers who also had typical delayed symptoms of pigeon breeders'
      disease (PBD), chronic bronchitis was the only manifestation of the disease in 24
      (8.4 percent) of the population surveyed. Chronic bronchitis was not related to
      the intensity or duration of avian exposure suggesting that host factors are more
      important in its pathogenesis. Chronic bronchitis must be considered to be an
      integral part of the clinical spectrum of PBD.

PMID- 2920589
TI  - A possible association of rheumatoid arthritis and sarcoidosis.
AB  - There are eight previous reports of sarcoidosis developing in patients with
      rheumatoid arthritis. Reported here are two patients with rheumatoid arthritis
      who developed sarcoidosis. Both patients have HLA antigen DR4 and Sjogren's
      syndrome. Only stage II chest roentgenogram abnormalities previously have been
      described in patients with rheumatoid arthritis who developed sarcoidosis. This
      report demonstrates that these patients may present with stage III sarcoidosis.
      The prevalence of sarcoidosis in this clinic population is two per 263 as
      compared with 20 to 80 per 100,000 in the general population. This may indicate a
      previously unappreciated increased prevalence of sarcoidosis in patients with
      rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 2920590
TI  - Continuous monitoring of mixed venous oxygen saturation in patients with acute
      myocardial infarction.
AB  - Continuous measurement of mixed venous oxygen saturation (SvO2) has been
      suggested as an adjunct in monitoring critically ill patients. We evaluated SvO2
      monitoring in 24 patients suffering from complicated myocardial infarctions.
      Cardiac output and arterial lactate levels were measured when there were
      persistent 5 percent changes in SvO2, and otherwise, every 12 hours or as
      indicated clinically. Increases in SvO2 by 5 and 10 percent corresponded with an
      increase in cardiac index in 78.5 percent and 75 percent of measurements,
      respectively. Decreases in SvO2 by 5 and 10 percent corresponded with decreases
      in cardiac index in 45.5 percent and 61 percent of measurements. Twenty percent
      changes in cardiac index showed dissimilar directional changes with SvO2 in 62
      percent of cases. Arterial blood lactate levels correlated poorly with SvO2.
      Survivors had significantly higher mean SvO2 and cardiac indices than
      nonsurvivors (p less than 0.01). The clinical management of patients with
      myocardial infarction may not be altered in view of the limitations of SvO2 in
      reflecting tissue hypoxia. We conclude that continuous monitoring of SvO2 may not
      be a sensitive measure of cardiac output after acute myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2920591
TI  - Inotropic response to digoxin and dopamine in patients with severe sepsis,
      cardiac failure, and systemic hypoperfusion.
AB  - We studied the inotropic response to dopamine and digoxin in 20 patients with
      severe sepsis and left ventricular failure. Left ventricular failure was defined
      as a left ventricular stroke work index less than or equal to 40 g.m/m2 at a
      pulmonary artery wedge pressure greater than or equal to 15 mm Hg. Hemodynamic
      assessment was obtained before and following administration of digoxin 10
      micrograms/kg IV or dopamine, 5 to 12 micrograms/kg/min IV. Patients treated with
      digoxin demonstrated a significant increase in LVSWI. The LVSWI increased 13 +/-
      10 percent in the dopamine-treated patients compared with 74 +/- 16 percent in
      the digoxin patients (p less than 0.02). We conclude that digoxin exhibited
      significant inotropic activity in patients with sepsis.

PMID- 2920592
TI  - Invasive hemodynamic monitoring in the United Kingdom. Enough or too little?
AB  - In response to a questionnaire regarding use of invasive hemodynamic monitoring
      techniques in the United Kingdom, 211 replies were received from 276 hospitals
      (76.4 percent). Over one fifth of Intensive Care or combined Intensive/Coronary
      Care Units did not use pulmonary artery catheters (PAC); of those that did, two
      thirds used no more than two/month, and only two units used more than ten/month.
      Nearly a quarter did not possess a cardiac output computer. Only 18 complications
      occurring in the preceding year were reported, which suggests underrecognition.
      Clinical indications and lack of expertise were the main reasons proferred for
      limited use; however, cost (which was generally underestimated) and clinical
      value also were mentioned. The majority of CCUs did not use PACs, and only 10
      percent used more than two/month. Only 10 percent of hospitals have used them
      perioperatively and most cardiothoracic units used no more than two PACs/month.
      In view of the large difference in numbers used between the United Kingdom and
      the United States, a large-scale study is warranted to determine the actual value
      of PACs in reducing mortality and morbidity.

PMID- 2920593
TI  - Ventilation-perfusion imaging in evaluating regional lung function in
      nonpenetrating injury to the chest.
AB  - The extent of chest wall and lung injury after nonpenetrating injury to the chest
      (NIC) determine how aggressive and invasive management modalities should be. We
      investigated the value of ventilation (133Xe) and perfusion (99mTc) studies as
      indicators of extent of lung injury in 28 patients with moderate to severe
      unilateral NIC. The ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) abnormalities were compared with
      parameters conventionally used to evaluate NIC. All studies were carried out
      within 24 h of NIC and repeated 24 h later. Ventilation (p less than 0.001) and
      perfusion (p less than 0.01) abnormalities were more extensive soon after NIC
      than suggested by chest roentgenograms. Chest x-ray film changes lagged behind
      V/Q changes on admission and also after 24 h. The extent of ventilation,
      perfusion, and chest x-ray film abnormalities on admission were all predictors of
      increased morbidity. V/Q studies may be useful to define the extent as well as
      the changes in regional lung function following NIC.

PMID- 2920594
TI  - Automaticity of the SN and A-V junctional tissue before and after chemical
      denervation in the dog.
AB  - Automaticity of SN and A-V junctional tissue was studied in 40 dogs in which a
      stable junctional rhythm was obtained following thermal ablation of the SN and
      sulcus terminalis. Atrial overdrive pacing studies were performed both before and
      after chemical denervation of the heart. Control sinus cycle and junctional CL
      were 438 +/- 13 ms and 751 +/- 23 ms, respectively. Chemical denervation resulted
      in significant prolongation of both junctional CL and maximal corrected
      junctional recovery time; junctional rate was down to 46 percent of the sinus
      rate observed before suppression of SN activity. Neither sinus CL nor maximal
      corrected SN recovery time changed significantly after administration of drugs.
      The basal autonomic nervous system has a relatively greater influence on the
      junctional pacemaker than on the normal SN in the dog and, when SN was
      suppressed, chemical denervation prolonged the junctional CL by 23 percent and
      junctional recovery time by 63 percent.

PMID- 2920595
TI  - Removal of bronchial secretions by two-phase gas-liquid transport.
AB  - Net outward wave motion of secretions from airways by two-phase gas-liquid
      transport is favored by higher airflow during expiration than inspiration. This
      can be accomplished by IRV in which the controlled mode of mechanical ventilation
      is adjusted such that the inspiratory cycle is prolonged and the expiratory phase
      is shortened. Studies were done on six anesthetized, nasally intubated sheep.
      Simulated mucus was instilled into the bronchi at 15-min intervals during I-E
      ratio of 1:2.7, 1.9:1, and 3:1. The IRV modes of 1.9:1 and 3:1 promoted transport
      of simulated mucus outward. Neither systemic blood pressure nor cardiac output
      were altered by IRV. Thus, IRV might be useful in the management of excessive
      bronchial secretions in mechanically ventilated patients. However, clinical
      trials of IRV should take into account its potential for producing adverse
      hemodynamic effects and barotrauma in patients with compromised cardiac function
      due to auto-PEEP attendant with its usage.

PMID- 2920596
TI  - The man who loved drunken crabs. A case of pulmonary paragonimiasis.

PMID- 2920597
TI  - Management for interstitial lung disease. State of the art.
AB  - A survey of 109 pulmonary physicians representing both private practice and
      academic medicine was conducted to learn their practice of management and
      treatment of interstitial lung disease. Of the 109, 25 (23 percent) responded.
      Twenty-two of 23 routinely obtain tissue diagnosis. The routine method was
      transbronchial biopsy by 15 physicians vs open lung biopsy by seven. Few (n = 5)
      use BAL cell analysis. The majority of clinicians used two to four criteria to
      initiate therapy. Physiology laboratory data were the predominant criteria used
      by the majority of physicians and also were most commonly used to monitor a
      patient's course over time. Prednisone was the drug of choice for therapy.
      Immunosuppressive therapy was not used until failure of steroid therapy was
      observed. There was little consistency in the diagnostic procedures applied,
      criteria for the decision to treat, the drugs used to treat, or methods for
      monitoring.

PMID- 2920598
TI  - Superimposed high frequency ventilation with conventional mechanical ventilation.
AB  - A 73-year-old man with ARDS-multiple organ failure due to Chlamydia psittaci, was
      successively supported with conventional respiratory techniques. After 48 hours
      of no clinical improvement, HFV was superimposed to CMV in order to combine the
      advantages of each one. Since improvement has been seen in all ventilatory
      parameters, this method is suggested as another mode of ventilation for patients
      with refractory hypoxia and hypercarbia who do not respond to conventional
      respiratory care.

PMID- 2920599
TI  - Sudden death as the initial manifestation of diffuse pleural mesothelioma.
AB  - Malignant mesotheliomas are generally considered pathognomonic of asbestos
      exposure. The prognosis of mesothelioma varies with clinical staging of the
      disease. The overall survival of patients from the time of diagnosis is six to 16
      months. Although patients with malignant mesotheliomas often have nonspecific
      symptoms and signs, occult diffuse pleural mesothelioma is uncommon, and one that
      occurs in a patient with no evidence of asbestos exposure must be exceedingly
      rare. Sudden death as the initial manifestation of pleural mesothelioma, to our
      knowledge, has not been previously reported in the literature. One such unusual
      case is documented here.

PMID- 2920600
TI  - Stump neuroma masquerading as recurrent malignancy on chest roentgenogram.
AB  - An amputation neuroma is a nerve's attempt at repair following amputation. While
      many are asymptomatic, some present as a painful mass. We describe a patient who,
      following a forequarter amputation for sarcoma, developed a stump neuroma that
      was unusual because it was first discovered on a routine chest roentgenogram.

PMID- 2920601
TI  - Postobstruction pulmonary edema.
AB  - Several occurrences of pulmonary edema following relief of acute upper airway
      obstruction have been reported. The edema is associated with normal cardiac
      filling pressures and responds promptly to conservative therapy. Its origin may
      be attributed to the cardiopulmonary effects of the vigorous inspiratory effort
      that the spontaneously breathing patient generates to overcome respiratory
      obstruction (the Muller maneuver). A patient with postobstruction pulmonary edema
      complicated by hypovolemia and myocardial infarction is described. Prompt
      invasive hemodynamic monitoring in selected high-risk patients is suggested.

PMID- 2920602
TI  - Head-up tilt table evaluation in a trained athlete with recurrent vaso-vagal
      syncope.
AB  - A 27-year-old trained athlete with recurrent syncope of suspected vaso-vagal
      origin was evaluated. A 60 degrees head-up tilt table test reproducibly triggered
      the patient's spontaneous symptoms and allowed the investigation of different
      modalities of therapy (medical and pacing) in preventing syncopal episodes. The
      head-up tilt table test may be a useful tool in the evaluation of syncope of vaso
      vagal origin, helping to determine the initial precipitating vagal event and the
      effect of therapy.

PMID- 2920603
TI  - Pulmonary infiltration with blood eosinophilia after scorpion sting.
AB  - A 30-year-old man developed bilateral pulmonary infiltrates with blood
      eosinophilia after receiving a scorpion sting. A short course of corticosteroids
      resulted in rapid improvement. The PIE syndrome after scorpiasis has not, to our
      knowledge, been described previously.

PMID- 2920604
TI  - Recurrent bronchial carcinoid tumor.
AB  - Bronchial carcinoid tumors are considered to be of low grade malignancy, and if
      completely resected, to be cured. A patient with resection of a bronchial
      carcinoid presented 18 years later with superior vena caval obstruction, and
      carcinoid syndrome due to a recurrence. There was an excellent response to
      radiation.

PMID- 2920605
TI  - Depressed central respiratory drive causing weaning failure. Its reversal with
      doxapram.
AB  - A patient failed to wean from mechanical ventilation. Her problem was unique in
      that she had a depressed central drive to breathe manifested by hypopnea when
      removed from the ventilator. After excluding the known problems that impair
      successful weaning, we empirically administered three separate infusions of
      doxapram, a respiratory stimulant. These infusions produced a dramatic
      improvement in spontaneous ventilation and led to successful weaning and hospital
      discharge.

PMID- 2920606
TI  - Removal of broken fragment of biopsy forceps with magnetic extractor.
AB  - Transbronchial lung biopsy performed on a 51-year-old woman for the evaluation of
      nodular densities with cavities in the bilateral apical areas was complicated by
      the breakage of the biopsy forceps. The broken fragment of the forceps was
      successfully retrieved by use of the magnetic extractor through a fiberoptic
      bronchoscope under fluoroscopic guidance.

PMID- 2920608
TI  - Myocardial bridging of a coronary artery--a not-so-benign anomaly.

PMID- 2920607
TI  - Elicitation of myocardial ischemia by nifedipine in a case of coronary artery
      fistula.
AB  - A 63-year-old woman had chest pain that worsened when nifedipine was given. She
      was found to have a right coronary-to-thorax angioma/fistula. Acute nifedipine
      administration elicited precordial symptoms, associated with ischemic changes in
      the inferior ECG leads and an obvious vasodilatation of the fistulous tract,
      suggesting that a nifedipine-induced "steal" phenomenon might be responsible for
      the paradoxic clinical response.

PMID- 2920609
TI  - Diagnostic value of serum to pleural fluid zinc ratios in pleural effusions.

PMID- 2920610
TI  - Legionella pneumonia and AIDS.

PMID- 2920611
TI  - Bronchoalveolar T-lymphocytosis in HTLV-1-associated myelopathy.

PMID- 2920612
TI  - Bronchoscopic aspect of pulmonary aspergilloma.

PMID- 2920613
TI  - Leaking endotracheal tube.

PMID- 2920614
TI  - Pulmonary function tests in AIDS.

PMID- 2920615
TI  - [Current aspects of a new staging classification of colorectal cancer and its
      clinical consequences].

PMID- 2920616
TI  - [Current aspects of a new staging classification of bronchial cancer and its
      clinical consequences].

PMID- 2920617
TI  - [Current aspects of a new staging classification of pancreatic cancer and its
      clinical consequences].

PMID- 2920618
TI  - [Long-term laryngoscopic follow-up in vocal cord paralysis following struma
      surgery].
AB  - Of 525 patients 17 (3.2%) showed a laryngoscopically established palsy of the
      recurrent laryngeal nerve after surgery due to goiter. A laryngoscopic follow-up
      of all these patients, performed at least one year after the operation, revealed
      that 76.5% of the recurrent nerve palsies were temporary and 23.5% were
      permanent. Danger of permanent palsy increased in the sequence--uncomplicated
      nodular goiter--struma maligna--recurrent goiter. The outcome of long-term follow
      up showed a palsy rate of 0.8%, which was much lower than the corresponding rate
      reported by short-term control (p = 0.005). Therefore laryngoscopic long-term
      follow-up in cases of postoperative abnormal laryngoscopic function should be a
      standard part of follow-up in thyroid gland surgery.

PMID- 2920619
TI  - [Synchronous occurrence of neoplasias of the thyroid gland and hyperthyroid
      nodular struma in an endemic area].
AB  - The simultaneous occurrence of hyperthyroidism and differentiated carcinoma of
      the thyroid gland is more frequent than previously assumed. In our endemic goiter
      region 16.5% of patients with thyroid carcinoma have hyperthyroidism and 1.8% of
      patients with hyperthyroidism have a thyroid carcinoma. The tumors are
      predominantly located in autonomous adenomas but are also found in cold nodules.
      Not only scintigraphically cold nodules but also warm and hot nodules must be
      suspected of malignancy. Consistent preoperative cytodiagnosis of all goiter
      nodules, including hot nodules, is therefore recommended. Surgical treatment of
      toxic multi-nodular goiters should be considered more often.

PMID- 2920620
TI  - [Identification of the recurrent laryngeal nerve in thyroid gland surgery--a
      status determination].
AB  - The recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy is the most important complication in thyroid
      surgery. It seems to be possible to reduce the rate of palsies by consequently
      identifying the recurrent laryngeal nerve. A comparison of statistics out of the
      literature with and without identification of the recurrent laryngeal nerve shows
      this. A follow-up of our patients of the years 1980-1982 (1312 operations)
      confirms this finding.

PMID- 2920621
TI  - [Systematic assessment of postoperative complications. A form of personal quality
      control].
AB  - A quality control program for the surveillance of surgical complications is
      described which includes all persons working at a surgical unit. The house
      surgeon when writing his letter for the general practitioner after the patient is
      demissed uses a special form for postoperative complications. Ten well defined
      types of complications, e.g. haematoma, fistula, abscess, pneumonia are recorded.
      Another surgeon responsible for the control program gathers weekly all forms
      presenting the results monthly at an audit to all surgeons of the unit. Here
      results are discussed in detail. Each surgeon gets his own complication profile
      monthly. Every three months the results of surveillance program are presented to
      all staff members including nurses, so that cooperative actions to reduce the
      complication rate can be taken. From January 1, 1985 to June 30, 1987, 2597
      operations were performed, 213 patients (8.2%) suffered postoperative
      complications especially after surgery of the colon and rectum (28%),
      cholecystectomy (26%) and hernia repair (18%). Comparing three time periods
      (1985, 86, 87) no significant amelioration of complication rates were found. But
      factors influencing complications like very high age of patients, seriousness of
      the disease, and diabetes were not evenly distributed in all three samples.
      Therefore it might be impossible to lower the complication rate since those
      factors can't be influenced by better preparation for and better performing of
      surgery.

PMID- 2920622
TI  - [Microvascular re-anastomosis of the testis in management of recurrent inguinal
      hernia].

PMID- 2920623
TI  - [The new TNM classification and its effect on surgical treatment of stomach
      cancer].

PMID- 2920624
TI  - Colorectal trauma.
AB  - Surgical treatment of colon and rectal trauma continues to challenge physicians.
      Injuries to a colon or rectum filled with feces results in subsequent peritoneal
      contamination which will lead to severe septic complications unless dealt with
      promptly and correctly. The authors have reviewed the records of 242 patients
      with colon and rectal trauma operated on at the Cook County Trauma Unit from July
      1, 1973 to December 31, 1983, to evaluate treatment results. The mechanism of
      trauma was penetrating in 233 of 242 patients. Most, if not all, colonic lesions
      were treated with either exteriorization, resection and no anastomosis, or
      closure and proximal colostomy. Mortality related to colonic injury was 2.5
      percent. Morbidity related to colonic injury included wound infection, 6.3
      percent; abscess, 2.5 percent; other, 3.3 percent. Despite the severity of the
      trauma, adherence to conservative principles of "no anastomosis" in the
      overwhelming majority of cases has resulted in low morbidity and mortality.

PMID- 2920625
TI  - Defecometry. A new method for determining the parameters of rectal evacuation.
AB  - The parameters of defecation, i.e., maximum rectal pressure increase during
      straining, duration of effective evacuation, and the work performed to evacuate a
      simulated stool, can be quantified by defecometry, a new method to evaluate the
      defecation act. Simultaneous anal pressure records demonstrate the nature of the
      sphincter activity during simulated defecation. The test was performed on 19
      patients with constipation and on 14 controls. Five patients could not evacuate
      the simulated stool, while five others could, but more laboriously than the
      remaining nine patients whose defecation was comparable with the controls.
      Laborious defecation is characterized by longer duration and more performed work
      during evacuation. Every patient with difficult or ineffective evacuation had
      sphincter contraction during defecation, whereas this phenomenon was not observed
      in patients with normal defecation. Defecometry permits more adequate
      identification and characterization of the outlet-obstruction-type constipated
      patients than the simple balloon expulsion test and the analysis of sphincter
      activity during straining with empty rectum in lateral decubitus. Early diagnosis
      and treatment of patients with outlet obstruction is important to avoid late
      neuromuscular damage to the pelvic floor.

PMID- 2920626
TI  - A new balloon-retaining test for evaluation of anorectal function in incontinent
      patients.
AB  - The balloon-retaining test consists of progressive filling of a compliant
      intrarectal balloon in a patient in the sitting position. The pressure inside the
      balloon is monitored and the patient is asked to retain the balloon as long as
      possible and to report first, constant, and maximal tolerable sensation levels. A
      balloon is used to simulate semisolid and solid stool. This test is a more
      realistic approach to the evaluation of fecal continence than the rectal saline
      infusion test and anal manometry. The test evaluates the rectal reservoir
      function, sensation, and sphincter competence simultaneously; however, the real
      rectal distensibility and compliance must be determined by compliance measurement
      until the maximal tolerable level for patients in a reclining position is
      reached. This test also permits objective evaluation of the effect of different
      treatments in incontinent patients.

PMID- 2920627
TI  - Recurrent typhlitis. A disease resulting from aggressive chemotherapy.
AB  - Neutropenic typhlitis is a frequently fatal disease most commonly reported in
      leukemics. The authors have treated eight such patients over the last 18 months.
      All patients had abdominal pain and sepsis during chemotherapy-induced
      neutropenia. CT scanning was diagnostic in six patients thought to have
      typhlitis. Two patients were not diagnosed before exploratory laparotomy. The
      authors have found nonoperative treatment highly effective in patients who do not
      manifest signs of peritonitis, perforation, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, or
      clinical deterioration. Recurrent typhlitis was frequent after conservative
      therapy (recurrence rate, 67 percent), however. One patient underwent an elective
      right hemicolectomy after a second episode, and typhlitis did not recur despite
      neutropenia associated with a subsequent course of chemotherapy. It is concluded
      that successful treatment of this disease hinges on: 1) early diagnosis provided
      by a high index of suspicion and the use of CT scanning, 2) nonoperative
      treatment for uncomplicated cases, and 3) elective right hemicolectomy to prevent
      recurrence.

PMID- 2920628
TI  - Prognostic staging of extraperitoneal rectal cancer.
AB  - In 375 patients who had curative resection for cancer of the rectum below the
      peritoneal reflection, prognosis was evaluated according to four currently used
      staging systems, i.e., Dukes' system, the modified TNM system described by the
      American Joint Committee for Cancer Staging, The Australian Clinicopathological
      Staging System, and The Astler-Coller Staging System. Dukes' Staging System,
      which originally was described for use in rectal cancer, gives as good a
      prognostic separation as any of the other staging systems, some of which include
      serosal involvement as a staging criteria, which cannot be used for cancer of the
      extraperitoneal part of the rectum. It is furthermore demonstrated that an
      important prognostic separation can be obtained by dividing the B group of Dukes'
      Staging System into tumors that reach the surface of the muscularis propria and
      those with demonstrable invasion of extrarectal structures, the latter having as
      bad a prognosis as Dukes' C tumors.

PMID- 2920629
TI  - Intraoperative colonic irrigation with povidone iodine. An effective method of
      wound sepsis prevention.
AB  - In the ten-year period between 1975 and 1986, 367 patients underwent colonic
      resection with subsequent anastomosis using intraoperative colonic irrigation
      with 10 percent povidone iodine. One hundred thirty three patients underwent
      resection of the right or transverse colon, whereas 233 patients had left
      hemicolectomy with low anterior anastomosis or reanatomosis. Twenty individuals
      underwent emergency resection for perforation and temporary end colostomy.
      Nineteen of these patients returned for definitive reanastomosis as part of a two
      stage procedure. The rate of wound infection, and/or intra-abdominal abscess
      formation was retrospectively reviewed and found to be completely nonexistent in
      these patients. This study examines the various techniques used to reduce the
      rate of wound infection after colonic surgery and addresses the concept of
      intraoperative povidone iodine irrigation.

PMID- 2920630
TI  - Pelvic drainage after anterior resection of the rectum.
AB  - Thirty patients undergoing anterior resection of the rectum were randomized for
      postoperative drainage with either corrugated (N = 14) or corrugated plus Shirley
      sump drain (N = 16). Drainage volume per 24 hours was measured, and volume of
      residual pelvic fluid collection estimated by CT scan on the seventh
      postoperative day. A mean of 591.9 +/- 415.2 ml of fluid drained during the first
      seven postoperative days. There was a significant (P less than 0.01) increase in
      24 hour drainage volume between the fourth and sixth postoperative days. There
      was no significant difference in drainage volumes between the two drainage
      methods. Residual pelvic fluid collection (median volume, 16 ml) was detected in
      80 percent of patients at one week after operation. While this was larger (24 ml
      median) for the corrugated only group compared with the corrugated plus sump
      drain group (11.5 ml median), the difference was not significant. Fluid loss
      during the first postoperative week (616.6 +/- 424.2 ml) was significantly (P
      less than 0.05) less when the anastomosis was situated higher than 12 cm (294 +/-
      192 ml) compared with 6 to 12 cm from the anal margin (496 +/- 210 ml), or after
      coloanal anastomosis (1077 +/- 432 ml). Residual pelvic fluid collection was
      larger after coloanal anastomosis (median, 33 ml; range, 1.5 to 90 ml) compared
      with 6 to 12 cm (median, 11 ml; range, 0-124 ml) or higher than 12 cm (median 9
      ml; range, 0 to 16 ml) from the anal margin, but the difference was not
      significant. Drainage after anterior resection is important because large volumes
      of serosanguineous fluid collect, especially after resection of low tumors.
      Neither of the drainage methods tested in this study prevented persisting pelvic
      fluid collection at the seventh postoperative day.

PMID- 2920631
TI  - Melanosis coli. Prevalence, distribution, and histologic features in 200
      consecutive autopsies at Kuopio University Central Hospital.
AB  - The occurrence of large-bowel melanosis was evaluated by microscopy in 200 large
      bowels at autopsy. Melanin was seen as yellow-brown pigment in the macrophages of
      the lamina propria. The pigment stained with diastase-alcian blue PAS, Fontana,
      and iron stains. One hundred nineteen of 200 (59.5 percent) bowels showed
      melanosis, which was equally common in both sexes. Usually more than one segment
      was involved (most commonly, four segments). Melanosis was common in the proximal
      part of the colon, but much rarer in distal parts (sigmoid and rectum). Affected
      segments were successive; negative segments between positive ones were
      exceptional. If the rectum was affected, all five proximal segments were affected
      in 11 of 12 cases. The intensity of melanosis was directly related to the number
      of segments involved. In the oral part of the colon, affected males had a higher
      intensity of melanosis than affected women, but about the same intensity in the
      sigmoid and rectum. The fraction of patients with melanosis increased with age.
      Of men and women in the age group of 20 to 54 years, 32 and 44 percent were
      affected, and above the age of 75 years, 76 and 67 percent, respectively.

PMID- 2920632
TI  - Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma of the colon. Report of a case.
AB  - A rare case of mucinous cystadenocarcinoma arising in the sigmoid colon, found
      accidentally during an operation for cholecystolithiasis, is reported. The tumor
      was located 40 cm from the anal verge, and had two histologic variations
      consisting of a large distended cystic lesion and branching cystic channels with
      papillary proliferation of the epithelium. Serial sections revealed the existence
      of a luminal communication between the two lesions. The tumor tissue was seen
      mainly in the muscularis propria with no mucosal involvement. The papillary
      portion had a highly differentiated appearance, giving rise to considerable
      difficulty in determining whether it was benign or malignant. In a localized
      area, however, the tumor invaded into the subserosa and showed distinctive
      atypical changes. The tumor cells showed intense reactivity for carcinoembryonic
      antigen. This mucinous cystadenocarcinoma was considered to be originated from an
      enterogenous cyst, a possible derivative of duplication of the colon. The
      differential diagnosis concerning this rare tumor is also discussed.

PMID- 2920633
TI  - Adenocarcinoma developing in a rectosigmoid conduit used for urinary diversion.
      Report of a case.
AB  - Adenocarcinoma of the colon developing at or about the sites of ureterosigmoid
      anastomoses for urinary diversion has been documented in the literature. A case
      report is presented that illustrates that a carcinoma can develop in a large
      bowel urinary conduit not exposed to the fecal stream. Colonic bladders are being
      used with increasing frequency, making observation for this delayed complication
      necessary. How this neoplastic transformation might occur is discussed.
      Suggestions for the management of this problem and guidelines for follow-up are
      also presented.

PMID- 2920634
TI  - Perianal Bowen's disease associated with Crohn's colitis. Report of a case.
AB  - A 24-year-old woman with a two-year history of inflammatory bowel disease, with
      no anal or perineal involvement, underwent a proctocolectomy and ileostomy.
      Pathologic evaluation of the specimen revealed Crohn's colitis and unsuspected
      perianal Bowen's disease. The patient is free of Crohn's and Bowen's disease 6.5
      years later. The association of perianal Bowen's disease with Crohn's colitis is
      discussed.

PMID- 2920635
TI  - Congratulations on "Current Status".

PMID- 2920636
TI  - Patient care guidelines.

PMID- 2920637
TI  - Statement on outpatient percutaneous liver biopsy.
AB  - This document represents a consensus statement dealing with optimum patient care
      in a significant clinical area. The statement has been prepared by the Patient
      Care Committee of the American Gastroenterological Association with the advice of
      other experts and with peer review. As with all such guidelines, this should be
      interpreted in a nondogmatic manner, so as not to exclude other therapies or
      opinions in any particular situation. Based on present knowledge, limited at
      times, future modifications or other changes in this statement may be necessary.

PMID- 2920638
TI  - Perforation of esophagus after endoscopic variceal sclerotherapy. Incidence and
      clues to pathogenesis.
AB  - To determine the true incidence of endoscopic variceal sclerotherapy (EVS)
      related esophageal perforation, a retrospective analysis of 900 EVS procedures
      using sodium tetradecyl sulfate performed on 170 patients during a five-year
      period (1980-1985) was carried out. Autopsy data of all patients who received EVS
      and who died (32 patients, 100%) during this period were available to confirm the
      diagnosis of perforation. Esophageal perforation was confirmed in 5 (2.9%) and
      was seen in patients with advanced alcoholic liver disease. Importantly, most
      patients did not manifest features of an esophageal leak, but presented instead
      as a deterioration in condition and died after a mean (+/- SD) 14 +/- 5.2 days.
      Analysis of the clinical and EVS data reveals that the risk of developing
      perforation is high when EVS is performed during active bleeding. The
      extravariceal location of sclerosant and microabscesses may be important
      predisposing factors. In our experience large-dose injection, deep ulceration,
      and balloon tamponade are less likely predisposing factors of this complication.

PMID- 2920639
TI  - Significant DQw1 association in achalasia.
AB  - Achalasia is a neuromuscular disorder of the esophagus with unknown etiology.
      There have been suggestions that this disorder is immunologically mediated. To
      examine this possibility, HLA phenotyping was prospectively performed on 40
      patients with documented achalasia (24 Caucasian, 16 blacks). Results showed a
      positive association for the class II HLA antigen, DQw1, with 83% of Caucasians
      (P less than 0.02) and 86% of blacks having the antigen (NS). The relative risk
      for developing achalasia with the presence of DQw1 was 4.2 in Caucasians and 3.6
      in blacks. A negative correlation for the DRw53 antigen was noted in Caucasian
      patients with a relative risk of 0.23. These results indicate an immunogenetic
      association for achalasia and provide insight into the pathogenesis of this
      disorder.

PMID- 2920641
TI  - Effect of low extracellular calcium on gallbladder contraction in vitro.
AB  - Increases in intracellular calcium ion mediate smooth muscle contraction, but the
      requirement for extracellular calcium availability during this process is
      unclear. We studied the intact guinea pig gallbladder in an organ bath to define
      the effect of low bath calcium on contractile responses to varying doses of
      cholecystokinin-octapeptide, histamine, and acetylcholine. The contractile
      responses to cholecystokinin-octapeptide and acetylcholine were dependent on the
      presence of calcium in the bath, with a 40-100% reduction in contraction when
      buffer with no added calcium was used. In contrast, the contractile response to
      histamine was unchanged when stimulation was carried out in low calcium buffer.
      The contractions of the guinea pig gallbladder induced by cholecystokinin
      octapeptide and acetylcholine, but not histamine, appear to require near
      physiologic levels of extracellular calcium.

PMID- 2920640
TI  - Plasma cholecystokinin and gallbladder responses to intraduodenal fat in
      gallstone patients.
AB  - Impaired gallbladder emptying is one of the various factors suggested to be
      involved in the pathogenesis of gallstones. The present study was undertaken to
      determine whether gallbladder emptying, endogenous cholecystokinin (CCK)
      secretion, or their interrelation is altered in patients with gallstones. After
      intraduodenal administration of 60 ml corn oil, plasma CCK concentration was
      measured by a sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay and gallbladder emptying by
      cholescintigraphy. Patients with gallstones (N = 20) produced significantly less
      endogenous CCK (105 +/- 17 pmol/liter 60 min; P less than 0.001) than control
      subjects (191 +/- 11 pmol/liter 60 min, N = 20); gallbladder emptying in the
      patients was significantly decreased at 5, 10, 40, 45, and 50 min but the
      reduction in gallbladder emptying did not reach statistical significance at 60
      min (patients 44 +/- 8%, control subjects 60 +/- 4%). In addition, the
      gallbladder responsiveness to intravenous infusion of the synthetic CCK analog
      cerulein was investigated. Based on the results of gallbladder emptying in
      response to endogenous and exogenous CCK, four subgroups of gallstone patients
      were identified: (1) a group (N = 7) with normal gallbladder sensitivity to CCK,
      (2) a group (N = 6) with significantly increased gallbladder sensitivity to CCK,
      (3) a group (N = 6) with impaired gallbladder emptying after corn oil due to a
      significantly reduced endogenous CCK secretion but with normal gallbladder
      sensitivity to CCK, and (4) one patient whose gallbladder was unresponsive to CCK
      and was found to have chronic cholecystitis at surgery.

PMID- 2920642
TI  - Endoscopic biliary manometry in patients with suspected sphincter of Oddi
      dysfunction and in patients with cystic dilatation of the bile ducts.
AB  - We studied the motility of the sphincter of Oddi in 12 patients with suspected
      sphincter of Oddi dysfunction, in four patients with cystic dilatation of the
      bile ducts (two Caroli's cases and two fusiform choledochal cyst cases), and in
      33 patients with retained common duct stones. In these last 33 patients, the
      motor activity of the sphincter of Oddi was similar to that recorded in nine
      control subjects without pancreatic or biliary diseases. In the suspected Oddi
      dysfunction cases, both the basal sphincteric pressure and the frequency of the
      phasic contractions were significantly elevated (P less than 0.001). Patients
      with biliary cystic dilatation showed an increased basal pressure, but the
      frequency of the contractions was elevated in only those with choledochal cysts
      and the amplitude in only one of the two patients with Caroli's disease. Motor
      disorders of the sphincter of Oddi provide a basis for an alternative
      etiopathogenesis of cystic disease of the biliary system and a possible
      explanation for pain and dilatation of the bile duct in patients with suspected
      sphincter of Oddi dysfunction.

PMID- 2920643
TI  - Physiological gastroesophageal reflux and esophageal motor activity studied with
      a new system for 24-hour recording and automated analysis.
AB  - Gastroesophageal reflux and esophageal motility were studied for 24 hr in 32
      ambulatory healthy volunteers (20-73 years old), using a newly developed system,
      consisting of a microprocessor-based data recorder and algorithms for fully
      automated data analysis. Physiological reflux was more extensive than expected on
      the basis of widely used normal values. The percentage of time with pH less than
      4 and the duration of the reflux episodes increased with age. Of the more than
      2000 esophageal contractions occurring per day, peristaltic contractions
      constituted 50.9 +/- 2.0%. Their amplitude was significantly lower between meals
      than during meals and during the night. The duration of the peristaltic
      contractions increased with age. Simultaneous contractions constituted 10.4 +/-
      1.2% of the esophageal contractions. Their incidence increased with age. We
      conclude that continuous ambulatory 24-hr recording with automated analysis of
      esophageal motility and pH profile is feasible, that the upper limits of normal
      in ambulatory esophageal pH recording are higher than previously accepted, and
      that age, meals, and body position must be taken into account in the
      interpretation of both 24-hr esophageal pH and pressure data.

PMID- 2920644
TI  - Nonsurgical management of esophageal perforation from pneumatic dilatation in
      achalasia.
AB  - Perforation of the esophagus is a well-described complication of pneumatic
      dilatation in patients with achalasia. Although successful management of these
      patients without surgical intervention has been reported, little follow-up data
      exist. We report the successful nonsurgical management of esophageal perforation
      after pneumatic dilatation in three patients. Manometric and radionuclide
      esophageal emptying studies in these patients showed satisfactory results after
      the dilatations despite the occurrence of perforation, and the excellent
      symptomatic response has been maintained during a follow-up period ranging from
      one to four years.

PMID- 2920645
TI  - Proinflammatory effects of local abdominal irradiation on rat gastrointestinal
      tract.
AB  - Although the role of inflammatory processes in the genesis of late changes in the
      gastrointestinal tract following exposure to ionizing irradiation has been
      extensively studied, few studies have concentrated on the presence of an acute
      inflammatory response in the period immediately following radiation. We therefore
      examined, in rats, whether the local application of 10 Gy cobalt-60 irradiation
      to the abdomen led to changes in the gut within the first 24 hr that were
      consistent with an acute inflammatory response. In stomach, small intestine, and
      colon, local irradiation led to a significant increase in the accumulation of
      plasma within the tissue by 4-8 hr following irradiation. This increase in tissue
      plasma volume, indicative of an increased microvascular permeability, was then
      sustained until the end of the 24-hr assessment period in all tissues examined.
      Concurrent with this was a consistent transient increase in tissue red blood cell
      volume, suggestive of vasodilation. Of particular note, a significant increase in
      the number of mucosal neutrophils was also observed between 2 and 12 hr following
      irradiation. This elevation in mucosal neutrophils was particularly marked in the
      pericryptal or deep mucosal regions of small intestine and colon and consistently
      preceded the vasodilation and enhanced permeability. Furthermore these
      pathophysiological alterations occurred at a time when histological changes in
      the mucosa consistent with an impaired mucosal microcirculation (ie, edema of the
      lamina propria and subepithelial bleb formation) were present. These results
      support the hypothesis that an inflammatory response occurs in the gut during the
      first 24 hr following abdominal irradiation. Such changes may then further
      exacerbate the damage initiated by the ionizing radiation.

PMID- 2920646
TI  - Identification of proline-specific carboxypeptidase localized to brush border
      membrane of rat small intestine and its possible role in protein digestion.
AB  - A proline-specific carboxypeptidase (carboxypeptidase P, EC 3.4.12.-) was
      identified and partially characterized in the brush border membrane fraction of
      rat intestinal enterocytes and shown to be distinct from pancreatic proteases.
      The carboxypeptidase activity of isolated brush border membranes, with Z-Gly-Pro
      Leu as substrate, was 43 nmol/min/mg protein representing a 16-fold purification
      when compared with mucosal cell homogenates. Activity was maximal in the middle
      region of the small intestine, and villus cells had twice the activity of crypt
      cells. Carboxypeptidase activity was maximal at pH 7.0, was stimulated by
      divalent cations, and was inhibited by metal chelating agents, suggesting that it
      is a metalloenzyme. The enzyme had the highest activity with synthetic peptides
      containing proline penultimate to the carboxy terminus. In vivo patterns of
      hydrolysis and absorption of amino acids from Z-Pro-Trp were examined using an
      intestinal perfusion technique. These studies indicate that brush border membrane
      carboxypeptidase may play an important role in the digestion of proline
      containing peptides and proteins.

PMID- 2920647
TI  - Effects of gastric fundic stimulation on glucose absorption and water and
      electrolyte fluxes from rabbit small bowel.
AB  - A single-pass perfusion model was developed to measure net fluxes of glucose,
      water, sodium, and potassium across upper jejunal and duodenal mucosa in vivo in
      the anaesthetised rabbit. Irrigation of the gastric fundic mucosa with Michaelis'
      buffer (pH 8) reduced jejunal mean glucose absorption by 21.3% (P less than 0.04)
      and duodenal glucose absorption by 27.2%. Irrigation of gastric fundic mucosa
      with 0.1 M glycine at pH 2 increased mean jejunal glucose absorption by 25%.
      Jejunal net secretion of water and sodium were reduced by gastric fundic alkali.
      Potassium net fluxes in jejunum and duodenum were not significantly affected.
      These results support the hypothesis that the gastric fundic mucosa is sensitive
      to chemical stimulation, responding by a humoral mechanism that modified the rate
      of glucose absorption from the small bowel mucosa.

PMID- 2920648
TI  - Reduction in index of oxygen saturation at margin of active duodenal ulcers may
      lead to slow healing.
AB  - This study tested the hypothesis that reduced perfusion of a duodenal ulcer
      margin (ie, the mucosa 1-2 mm from the edge of the ulcer base) is associated with
      slow healing. Reflectance spectrophotometric measurement of indices of mucosal
      hemoglobin concentration (IHB) and mucosal hemoglobin oxygen saturation (ISO2)
      were obtained endoscopically in 21 patients at the ulcer margin and the adjacent
      mucosa (ie, the mucosa 1-2 cm from the edge of the ulcer base). In 17 patients
      with adequate follow-up, stepwise multilinear regression analysis revealed a
      significantly negative correlation (r = -0.69, P less than 0.05) between ISO2 at
      the ulcer margin minus ISO2 at the adjacent mucosa (delta ISO)2 and ulcer healing
      time. In addition, smoking, being black, and early relapse since the last ulcer
      attack were found to be associated with increased duration required for healing.
      The results of this pilot study suggest factors, in addition to smoking, that may
      have to be considered in future studies concerned with duodenal ulcer healing.

PMID- 2920649
TI  - Release of protective products, different from prostaglandins, by rat stomachs
      exposed to mild irritant.
AB  - The factors responsible for the mediation of mild irritant-induced (adaptive)
      cytoprotection to the rat stomach are not fully understood. The existence of
      cytoprotective products that are released by the gastric mucosa in response to
      its exposure to a mild irritant is assessed in this work. Gastric contents of
      rats exposed to a mild irritant (0.3 N HCl) or to 0.3 N NaCl (control) were
      collected, titrated to neutrality, and administered orally to prefasted animals
      followed by 100% ethanol. Ethanol-induced gross hemorrhagic injury in rats
      pretreated with the 0.3 N HCl gastric contents were significantly less than in
      control treated rats (P less than 0.01). Pretreating the donor or recipient rats
      with indomethacin did not interfere with the generation or protective action of
      the 0.3 N HCl gastric contents. These findings demonstrate that the exposure of
      the gastric mucosa to a mild irritant causes the release of protective products,
      which are different from prostaglandins, into the gastric lumen.

PMID- 2920650
TI  - Campylobacter pylori in esophagus, antrum, and duodenum. A histological and
      microbiological study.
AB  - Two hundred forty-six patients with a wide range of upper gastrointestinal tract
      disorders were investigated for the presence of Campylobacter pylori infection in
      esophagus, gastric antrum, and duodenum. C. pylori was identified in 52% of
      patients in at least one site, and microbiological and histological techniques
      were used to exclude the presence of the organism. Esophageal infection was not
      significant and is probably due to reflux. Antral C. pylori was significantly
      associated with active gastritis and active duodenitis and is possibly
      pathogenic.

PMID- 2920651
TI  - Prognosis and prognostic factors in chronic pancreatitis.
AB  - To evaluate the prognosis and prognostic factors of chronic pancreatitis, 84
      patients with alcoholic chronic pancreatitis and 51 with nonalcoholic chronic
      pancreatitis have been followed for 1-21 years (average of 7.1 years). The follow
      up period was defined as the period from diagnosis to death in those who died and
      to the present in those still alive. The following conclusions were obtained. (1)
      Patients with alcoholic chronic pancreatitis showed a significantly higher
      mortality rate (26.2%) and cancer death rate (8.3%) than the age- and sex-matched
      population. In patients with nonalcoholic chronic pancreatitis, however, the
      difference did not reach the level of statistical significance, although both
      rates tended to be higher. (2) Patients with alcoholic chronic pancreatitis
      showed a significantly poorer prognosis than those with nonalcoholic chronic
      pancreatitis. (3) Frequent causes of death in chronic pancreatitis were cancer
      (11 cases) and diabetes-associated conditions (renal failure in three cases,
      intractable pneumonia in one, hypoglycemic shock in two, and myocardial
      infarction in two). Death directly from pancreatitis was observed in four. (4)
      Unfavorable prognostic factors in alcoholic chronic pancreatitis included heavy
      drinking, continuance of drinking after diagnosis, smoking, insulin-dependent
      diabetes, and an advanced age. In nonalcoholic chronic pancreatitis, however,
      patients' age was the only significant prognostic factor; smoking did not reach
      the level of statistical significance, although it tended to lead to a poorer
      prognosis.

PMID- 2920652
TI  - Effect of natural peptide YY on pancreatic secretion and cholecystokinin release
      in conscious dogs.
AB  - The effects of natural peptide YY on pancreatic secretion under different
      stimulatory conditions and on fatty acid-induced cholecystokinin release were
      examined in five conscious dogs with pancreatic and gastric fistulas. Intravenous
      infusion of natural peptide YY at 1 and 0.2 microgram/kg/hr caused 60 and 40%
      inhibition of secretin- and cholecystokinin-stimulated secretion, respectively,
      and 40-50 and 20-40% inhibition of intraduodenal oleate stimulated secretion,
      respectively. A significant but transient decrease in the plasma cholecystokinin
      level was observed in response to peptide YY under oleate stimulation. The
      present study demonstrates that peptide YY has a potent inhibitory effect on both
      exogenously and endogenously stimulated pancreatic secretion and has a mild
      suppressive effect on fatty acid-induced cholecystokinin release suggesting that
      this peptide is an important colonic inhibitor of pancreatic secretion.

PMID- 2920654
TI  - Use of somatostatin analog in management of carcinoid syndrome.
AB  - Carcinoid tumors are the most frequent gut neuroendocrine tumors accounting for
      more than 50% of all tumors of the gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) axis. These
      tumors appear to derive from a stem cell line capable of differentiating into a
      variety of malignant cells that secrete many different peptides and amines. The
      symptoms of carcinoid tumors are often non-specific, vague abdominal pain that
      may precede the diagnosis by a median of 9 years. Carcinoid syndrome occurs in
      less than 10% of patients. We evaluated the effects of SMS 201-995 in 14 such
      patients, 12 with diarrhea, 8 with flushing, 3 with wheezing, one with tricuspid
      valve incompetence, 6 with facial telangiectasia, 3 with a pellagra type
      dermatosis and one with myopathy. Diarrhea was abolished or significantly reduced
      in 83%, flushing in 100%, wheezing in 100%, and myopathy improved in the one
      patient. Blood serotonin was resistant to change, urine 5HIAA fell in 75%, and
      most gut neuropeptide hormones apart from somatostatin were suppressed. Tumor
      growth appeared to be slowed in 2/3 of cases treated for up to 4 years. The
      analog of somatostatin appears to be a useful addition to the therapeutic
      armamentarium for carcinoid tumors and the symptom complex.

PMID- 2920653
TI  - Involvement of pancreatic polypeptide (PP) in luminal feedback regulation in the
      conscious rat.
AB  - The possibility of the involvement of pancreatic polypeptide (PP) release in
      luminal feedback regulation in the conscious rat was examined. Pancreatic
      secretion in the intestinal phase in the rat is regulated by negative feedback
      control so that a decrease in luminal protease activities produced by a diversion
      of bile-pancreatic juice (BPJ) from the intestine stimulates pancreatic
      secretion. Plasma concentration of rat PP and the effect of exogenous infusion of
      rat PP on pancreatic secretions during BPJ diversion were determined. Plasma PP
      concentration significantly increased with BPJ diversion and peaked at 90 min
      after BPJ diversion began, almost paralleling changes in protein output.
      Exogenous PP infusion (1, 2 and 10 micrograms/kg/hr) inhibited pancreatic protein
      and fluid outputs but not the bicarbonate output during BPJ diversion. PP was
      shown to be physiologically released in the intestinal phase of pancreatic
      secretion; however, the physiological role of endogenous PP remains unknown.

PMID- 2920655
TI  - Acute tubular necrosis: preventing complications.
AB  - Any patient who demonstrates a decrease in urinary output, compromise in
      hemodynamic parameters, or exposure to nephrotoxic agents will be thoroughly
      assessed by the critical care nurse for signs or symptoms of acute tubular
      necrosis (ATN). Prompt recognition of the patient who is at risk, and early
      nursing interventions, can prevent or improve the course of ATN, the most common
      form of acute renal failure (ARF).

PMID- 2920656
TI  - Retention technique #1. Developing managerial warmth.
AB  - A manager who has interpersonal warmth is not simply gullible or naive, but
      instead possesses a valuable skill in reaching others. In most manager-employee
      relationships, some degree of limit-setting and judgment are necessary; however,
      warmth integrated with limit-setting is more satisfying for both employee and
      manager. Although warmth as an interpersonal phenomenon is affected by the
      employee's perception, certain managerial actions can increase the likelihood of
      being perceived as warm; yet, in spite of careful adherence to the guidelines for
      communicating warmth, managerial warmth will still be rejected in some
      situations. As is true of any managerial technique, the effective use of warmth
      requires an assessment of the employee's personality and the approach most
      appropriate for the situation at hand. The excellent manager is able to quickly
      adapt, matching the level of warmth to the situation. See Nurse Manager Retention
      Factors for viewpoints from nurses themselves. Interpersonal management style is
      an important retention factor.

PMID- 2920657
TI  - Building respect: the key to retention.

PMID- 2920658
TI  - Retention technique #2. Closing critical care beds.
AB  - The key to nursing retention is to be sensitive to the pressures and demands
      placed on staff nurses who want to provide and take pride in giving quality
      patient care. If an institution has many critical care nursing vacancies, it is
      important to avoid pushing the remaining nurses beyond human limits. It may even
      be necessary to close beds to keep the remaining nurses, rather than allow the
      stress of the nursing shortage to cause them to resign too.

PMID- 2920659
TI  - Retention technique #3. Research: future impact on image and retention.
AB  - The recruitment, retention, utilization, and image of nursing are critical issues
      facing nurses today. Critical care nursing research will assist us in dealing
      with these problems to prepare for a twenty-first century in which nursing is a
      valued profession. This author takes an optimistic view of the future and
      explains how she believes nursing research will help solve these recruitment and
      retention problems.

PMID- 2920660
TI  - Retention technique #4. Developing retention strategies within your internship
      program.
AB  - Internship programs are a well-established method of recruiting and preparing
      nurses for practice in critical care. This author describes how to incorporate
      strategies into a program that may enhance the retention of the nurse, following
      the internship program.

PMID- 2920662
TI  - Decreased cardiac output: a nursing diagnosis.
AB  - Controversy exists regarding whether "Decreased Cardiac Output" is really a
      nursing, or instead, a medical diagnosis. These authors clarify the importance of
      this diagnosis for nursing care.

PMID- 2920661
TI  - Retention technique #5. Teaching opportunities: retention of the experienced
      critical care nurse.
AB  - Continued career development is an important goal for critical care nurses.
      Assisting clinical nurses to develop strong teaching skills can promote their
      career advancement and self-confidence, while increasing retention of these
      experienced professionals. If you are an experienced nurse interested in
      developing teaching skills, this article will help you to begin. If you are a
      manager, educator, or a clinical nurse specialist, the author suggests ideas for
      helping your expert colleagues develop these abilities.

PMID- 2920663
TI  - Sex differences in the marital functioning of treated alcoholics.
AB  - Fifty-five treated alcoholics (31 males and 24 females) were matched with a
      control group of social drinkers on four dimensions: sex, age, level of education
      and number of children. Spouses of alcoholic and non-alcoholic respondents were
      also sampled (total n = 199). Respondents and spouses completed the following
      questionnaires: The Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS), the Areas of Change
      Questionnaire (AC), and the Marital Status Inventory (MSI). Major results were as
      follows: (1) Alcoholics reported poorer marital functioning than non-alcoholics.
      (2) Male alcoholics described less troubled relationships than did female
      alcoholics. (3) However, spouses of alcoholics described strained marriages in
      both cases. (4) Alcoholic couples were less congruent than control couples on
      conscious decisions regarding marital dissolution. (5) Alcoholic wives had taken
      more steps towards marital dissolution than their husbands had, whereas alcoholic
      husbands had taken fewer steps than their wives had. It was suggested that male
      alcoholics externalize their drinking and deny its impact on their marriages,
      whereas female alcoholics acknowledge their drinking and take the blame for their
      marital problems. Therapeutic and research implications were discussed.

PMID- 2920664
TI  - Effects of ethanol on human fractionated response times.
AB  - The effects of ethanol (EtOH) on response components varying along a central vs.
      peripheral dimension were studied in five subjects. Reaction times (RTs) were
      fractionated by electromyographical recordings into premotor (central) and motor
      (peripheral, contractile) components. Highly practiced subjects performed a
      simple and discrimination RT task and related movement without significant
      impairment at the moderate blood ethanol concentration (BEC) (0.10%). At the
      higher BEC (0.17%), all components involving central processing (response time,
      RT and premotor time) were impaired in both simple and discrimination RT. More
      peripheral components (contractile time and movement time) were little affected.
      Contractile time was slowed slightly but significantly, but only in the
      combination of EtOH and the discrimination task which suggests that the stimulus
      discrimination stage of information processing can influence the activation of
      motor units involved in carrying out the movement.

PMID- 2920665
TI  - Cognitive functioning of alcoholics and its relationship with prognosis.
AB  - In a preliminary study a group of 30 alcoholics were subjected to psychological
      tests to explore the influence of regular alcohol intake on their cognitive
      functioning and its relationship with prognosis. The functions chosen were,
      arousal and maintenance of attention, verbal intelligence and performance
      intelligence. Tests used were the Binet Kamat test of intelligence and Bhatia
      short scale. Level of education was positively correlated with attention-span and
      verbal intelligence, but not with performance intelligence. The inter-test
      discrepancy alone on the performance intelligence test could be assessed for
      evaluation of cognitive impairment. Poor P.Q. scorers sought medical consultation
      before their mid thirties and had earlier onset of alcoholism. Elder addicts
      (above 35 years) showed more abstraction deficiency. The higher the P.Q. the
      higher was its' positive correlation with adjustment to work, but not to family.

PMID- 2920666
TI  - High blood lead level in alcoholics: wine vs. beer.
AB  - One hundred and sixty one alcoholics (121 men and 40 women) were studied during a
      social rehabilitation program. All had a daily intake of ethanol higher than 1
      g/kg/day. The mean lead blood level was 28 micrograms/100 ml and was as high as
      72.5 micrograms/100 ml in one subject. Wine drinkers had a higher blood lead
      level (29.8 micrograms/100 ml) than beer or spirit drinkers (23.8 micrograms/100
      ml). A significant correlation was found between the blood lead level and
      systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressure and this relation was independent
      of sex, weight or age. We conclude that a high blood lead level can be a risk
      factor for hypertension in alcoholics.

PMID- 2920667
TI  - Alcohol and the validation of experimental aggression paradigms: the Taylor
      reaction time procedure.
AB  - The aim was to find out whether intoxicated and sober subjects would calibrate a
      shock scale to the same objective level and whether shocks received would be
      subjectively experienced in the same way in terms of pain and discomfort. The
      intention was also to replicate previous studies attributing an aggression
      enhancing effect to alcohol. The subjective ratings were made within the Taylor
      reaction time 'aggression machine'. Twenty-four subjects were randomly assigned
      to either an alcohol or a control group. The former drank 0.8 ml of pure
      alcohol/kg body wt. Results indicated no differences among groups on a shock
      setting measure of aggression under unprovoked or provoked conditions and no
      differences in level of calibration of shocks or in subjective ratings of pain
      and discomfort. These results were contrary to all predictions and are discussed
      as indirectly supportive of an hypothesis stating that this version of the
      'aggression machine' may not generate a valid measure of aggression when used in
      alcohol research.

PMID- 2920668
TI  - Flow cytometric analysis of oxidative product formation in phytohemagglutinin
      stimulated ethanol-treated immune mononuclear cells.
AB  - Oxidative products formed by immune mononuclear cells were studied by flow
      cytometry. JURKAT T cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells were incubated
      with 2,7-dichlorofluorescin diacetate. This substance was hydrolysed in the
      cells, leading to a non-fluorescent product which was oxidized into highly
      fluorescent 2,7-dichlorofluorescein by oxygen reactive species. These latter
      products were analysed by flow cytometry in phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated
      ethanol (ETH)-treated mononuclear cells. The level of fluorescence intensity (FI)
      was found higher in stimulated cells than in non-stimulated cells. ETH displayed
      two different effects on the cells: either a decrease of FI associated with a
      decrease of the number of fluorescent cells (FC) or an increase in FI. Both
      effects were dose-dependent. ETH is an effective scavenger of .OH radicals, but
      it is also oxidized by the microsomal ETH oxidizing system with production of
      oxygen reactive species, which probably explains the opposite effects of ETH. In
      the presence of desferal, an iron-chelating agent, and nordihydroguaiaretic acid,
      an inhibitor of the lipooxygenase pathway, the cells showed a decrease of FI and
      FC. These results suggest that .OH and other oxygen reactive species are involved
      in stimulation by PHA of ETH-treated immune mononuclear cells.

PMID- 2920669
TI  - Effects of dapiprazole, clonidine and yohimbine on the development of dependence
      and withdrawal behaviour in mice.
AB  - There is evidence that central noradrenergic hyperactivity is involved in the
      manifestation of the major signs and symptoms of the opiate withdrawal syndrome.
      In order to assess whether or not the noradrenergic system is also implicated in
      the development of opiate dependence, we studied dapiprazole, an alpha-1
      selective adrenoceptor antagonist, clonidine and yohimbine using the acute
      dependence model in mice. When administered just before naloxone, after
      dependence development, all three drugs reduce abstinence signs. When injected 15
      min before morphine to observe the drugs' effects on the development of
      dependence, dapiprazole depresses all the symptoms registered while clonidine
      decreases only jumping, but increases paw and head shakes. None of these drugs
      affects the naloxone precipitated withdrawal syndrome when injected 1 h before
      morphine. It is suggested that the noradrenergic system is involved in both the
      manifestation of the withdrawal syndrome and in the development of opiate
      dependence. Diapiprazole may be a useful tool in patients and in pharmacological
      studies of dependence and abstinence.

PMID- 2920670
TI  - Alcoholism--assessment and diagnosis.
AB  - Ninety-two patients with alcoholism were interviewed on various aspects of
      alcohol use. Factor analysis of the data revealed five factors: withdrawal
      symptoms; help seeking behaviour; pathological drinking; legal difficulties;
      family problems. The analysis suggested the possibility of heterogenity in this
      clinical sampling with alcoholism.

PMID- 2920671
TI  - Prospective study of alcoholism treatment in Kuwait: a 5-year follow-up report.
AB  - The outcome of a 5-year prospective follow-up study of 100 patients treated in
      the Kuwait Hospital for alcohol-related problems is reported using two parameters
      computed from weighted follow-up variables, i.e., Offset Score measuring
      patients' initial follow-up status and Direction of Slope summarizing consequent
      follow-up scores. Nineteen patients had died representing 14 times the age
      corrected national rate. Univariate and multivariate analyses of outcome measures
      against prefollow-up patients' characteristics revealed that variables indicating
      heavy alcohol use independent of each other predicted negative outcome and
      mortality. The tendency of the group score distribution towards normalization
      uninfluenced by treatment is demonstrated. The pertinence of these findings to
      the medical profession in Kuwait is stressed.

PMID- 2920672
TI  - Guillain-Barre's syndrome in alcoholics.

PMID- 2920673
TI  - [Hereditary dysprothrombinemia with a mild bleeding tendency (prothrombin
      Magdeburg)].
AB  - Seven members of one family over three generations were found to have a
      characteristic reduction to about 0.5 of the ratio between factor II clotting
      activity and factor II concentration, which was not seen when measuring
      prothrombin after activation with staphylocoagulase. In addition to the "normal"
      prothrombin, two abnormal prothrombins, with higher molecular weights and lower
      isoelectric points, were found by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This is
      an autosomal hereditary dysprothrombinemia, the affected persons being
      heterozygotes. Five of the seven persons had a slightly increased bleeding
      tendency which manifested itself especially in more marked or prolonged
      posttraumatic and postoperative bleedings.

PMID- 2920674
TI  - [Neutropenic enterocolitis].
AB  - In three patients with neutropenia who had died after a short period from their
      basic disease (myelodysplasia, medullary carcinoma, acute myeloic leukaemia),
      autopsy revealed segmental necrotising enterocolitis in the caecal region
      (neutropenic enterocolitis). Morphologically the enterocolitis was characterised
      by necrotized mucosa, marked oedema of the intestinal wall, intramural gas, the
      absence of pseudomembranes and a nearly complete absence of inflammatory cell
      infiltrates. In one case a palpable abdominal tumour had been produced by
      pseudotumorous thickening of the intestinal wall. The pathogenesis in these three
      cases might be a neutropenia-associated disturbance of the intestinal flora with
      selective proliferation of toxin-producing clostridia.

PMID- 2920675
TI  - [Endocardial dual-chamber stimulation in an anomalous persistent left superior
      vena cava].
AB  - A persistent left superior vena cava was noted in a 63-year-old woman during
      pacemaker implantation because of sinus bradycardia and AV dissociation. During
      atrial test stimulation a 2 degree AV block occurred at a rate of only 110/min
      and dual-chamber provision was thus necessary. Both catheters were introduced
      into the right heart via the coronary sinus, but placement of the right
      ventricular lead was made more difficult than usual because of looping. One year
      later pacemaker function (DDI mode) was unchanged and the patient symptom-free.

PMID- 2920676
TI  - [Long-term storage of autologous blood in case of vital need].

PMID- 2920677
TI  - [Side effects of a cartilage extract].

PMID- 2920678
TI  - [Tumor patients and alternative medicine. Attempt at characterizing users of
      alternative treatment methods in oncology].
AB  - 161 oncological outpatients at Basel University hospital were anonymously
      questioned as to their motives for undergoing treatment methods which had not
      been proven efficacious. 71 patients stated that they were using unconventional
      remedies, principally diet and anthroposophical treatment. "Building up
      resistance" (87%) and "supplementary treatment" (69%) were the main reasons
      given. A lack of confidence in conventional medicine (6%) or failure of previous
      therapy (4%) was less important. In attempting to characterize users and non
      users of unorthodox medical treatments in this group of patients significant
      differences were revealed in the patients' political and religious convictions,
      as well as their health consciousness. Users more often described themselves as
      "left-wing" or "ecologically-orientated", and more frequently experienced a
      strengthening of their religious faith through their illness. No differences
      could be determined as to age, sex, family status or attitude toward disease.

PMID- 2920679
TI  - [Pharmacokinetics of cisplatin in long-term hemodialysis treatment].
AB  - A 66-year-old woman with ovarian cancer which had metastasized was receiving
      chemotherapy with cisplatin and cyclophosphamide while undergoing haemodialysis
      for chronic renal failure. Cisplatin concentration in plasma was measured by
      flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy. After infusion of 40 mg cisplatin/m2
      body-surface peak levels of 2.06 micrograms/ml and 2.29 micrograms/ml were
      obtained after the second and third treatment cycles, respectively. Terminal half
      life was 14 days. Clearance value during haemodialysis was 470 ml/min. Seven
      treatment cycles were administered, up to doses of 60 mg/m2 cisplatin and 600
      mg/m2 cyclophosphamide. Complete remission occurred after five treatment cycles.
      But the patient died 22 months after onset of treatment from an acute non-A, non
      B hepatitis.

PMID- 2920680
TI  - [Magnetic resonance and computed tomography in brain evaluation].

PMID- 2920681
TI  - [Ciprofloxacin management of pelvic inflammation caused by Salmonella panama].

PMID- 2920682
TI  - [Psychophysiologic loads amplify clinical stress tests].

PMID- 2920683
TI  - [Midazolam causing respiratory arrest and hypotension].

PMID- 2920685
TI  - [Is biochemical screening for alcohol abuse ethical?].

PMID- 2920684
TI  - [A case of polyradiculitis with EKG deviations and weakened heart sounds].

PMID- 2920686
TI  - [Diagnosis and treatment by orthopedic manipulation].

PMID- 2920687
TI  - [Rehabilitation of limb amputees].

PMID- 2920688
TI  - [Physiatric health promotion].

PMID- 2920689
TI  - [Physiatrics of the elderly as a special group].

PMID- 2920690
TI  - [Physiotherapy is a humane interaction].

PMID- 2920691
TI  - [The physiatric contribution to physical fitness].

PMID- 2920692
TI  - [The physiatric management of orthopedic patients].

PMID- 2920693
TI  - [The physiatric management of potential axial and locomotor diseases].

PMID- 2920694
TI  - The relationship of frog pressure to heel expansion.
AB  - A study was carried out on five horses and four ponies to assess the effect of
      altering frog pressure on hoof expansion. Measurements of hoof expansion were
      made using strain gauges. It was concluded that whereas frog pressure affects
      hoof expansion, it is only one of several factors. Increasing frog pressure may
      result in increased expansion, or contraction, or may have virtually no affect.
      The variable results of changing frog pressure should be taken into account when
      considering therapeutic shoeing.

PMID- 2920695
TI  - A technique for assessing hoof function in the horse.
AB  - This paper describes the application of foil strain gauges to the hoof wall, and
      the use of measuring equipment to monitor weightbearing and changes in hoof shape
      in shod and unshod horses. It concludes that the systems can detect hoof movement
      and that results are reproducible. It is also concluded that the use of a
      conventional nailed on iron shoe restricts flexion and spreading of the hoof wall
      at the ground surface, but has little effect on the degree of expansion of the
      heels of the foot.

PMID- 2920696
TI  - Comparison of transtracheal aspirate and bronchoalveolar lavage cytology in 50
      horses with chronic lung disease.
AB  - Comparisons were made between transtracheal aspirate (TTA) and bronchoalveolar
      lavage (BAL) cytology obtained from 50 horses with chronic lung disease and from
      10 control horses. There was no significant correlation between the TTA cytology
      and the BAL cytology, suggesting that the cell population in the trachea is not
      representative of the cell population in the lower airways. In control horses the
      range of differential cell counts obtained from TTA fluid was remarkably large,
      whereas the variability in cell populations observed in BAL fluid was smaller. In
      the principal horses the total and differential cell counts of the TTA and BAL
      fluids were within the 95 per cent confidence interval in 38 and 24 per cent of
      cases, respectively; and an increase in percentage neutrophils was most common.
      It was concluded that BAL may be a useful diagnostic aid when evaluating horses
      with chronic lung disease, but that the clinical usefulness of cytological
      evaluations of TTA fluid may be limited in these cases.

PMID- 2920697
TI  - Muscular adaptation of horses during intensive training and detraining.
AB  - Five horses were studied during a five-week regime of controlled intensive daily
      training on a high-speed treadmill followed by five weeks of detraining. Muscle
      biopsies were taken weekly from both the right and left gluteus muscle and from
      the sternocephalicus muscle before, and at the end of, the training and
      detraining periods. Histochemical and biochemical analyses of the
      sternocephalicus muscle showed no metabolic adaptation with either training or
      detraining. No significant differences were observed in any of the analysed
      parameters in the gluteus muscle between contralateral sites. Glycogen levels
      decreased by 10 to 15 per cent after one to two weeks of training, remained low
      during the training period and increased to pretraining levels after one week's
      cessation of training. Citrate synthase activity increased rapidly and was 27 per
      cent higher after one week and 42 per cent higher after five weeks of training.
      Lactate dehydrogenase activity decreased by 15 per cent during this period. The
      changes seen in these enzyme levels persisted during the detraining period. No
      alterations were seen in fibre type composition but type IIA fibre areas
      decreased by 19 per cent after five weeks training and capillary density
      increased by 17 per cent. It is concluded that a period of intensive training
      will rapidly increase the oxidative capacity and the capillary density in an
      actively working muscle, and that these metabolic adaptations are well maintained
      during a subsequent period of detraining.

PMID- 2920698
TI  - Interactions between chloramphenicol, acepromazine, phenylbutazone, rifampin and
      thiamylal in the horse.
AB  - The potential for interactions between chloramphenicol, phenylbutazone,
      acepromazine and thiamylal and chloramphenicol, rifampin, and phenylbutazone were
      evaluated in two groups of experiments. In the first, five horses were given
      thiamylal intravenously (iv) (6.6 mg/kg) after pretreatment with acepromazine,
      and the time of recumbency was determined. Administration of chloramphenicol iv
      (25 mg/kg) 1 h prior to anaesthesia significantly lengthened the recumbency time
      from 21.8 +/- 4.8 mins to 36.0 +/- 8.3 mins. There was an apparent but not
      statistically significant decrease in recumbency time when phenylbutazone (4.4
      mg/kg) was administered iv daily for 4 days prior to anaesthesia. In the second
      series of experiments, phenylbutazone (4.4 mg/kg), chloramphenicol (25 mg/kg) and
      rifampin (10 mg/kg) were administered in various sequences to five different
      horses. Chloramphenicol pretreatment produced a significant decrease in the
      elimination rate and rifampin a significant increase in the elimination rate of
      phenylbutazone. The half-life of elimination of phenylbutazone alone was about 4
      h. Following four days pretreatment with rifampin it was approximately 2.7 h, it
      was approximately 5.6 h and 9.5 h, respectively, when chloramphenicol was
      administered in one dose 1 h before or two doses 12 h and 1 h before
      phenylbutazone.

PMID- 2920699
TI  - Left ventricular function and haemodynamics in ponies during exercise and
      recovery.
AB  - Myocardial and haemodynamic responses to strenuous treadmill exercise were
      monitored with chronically implanted instrumentation in seven physically
      untrained ponies. In two other ponies, haemodynamics were monitored using a
      conventional catheter technique. During exercise (mean +/- sem heart rate = 203
      +/- 3 beats/min), left ventricular peak systolic ahd end-diastolic blood pressure
      significantly increased from 125 +/- 2 to 208 +/- 6 mmHg and from 29 +/- 1 to 58
      +/- 3 mmHg, respectively (P less than 0.05). Peak positive first derivative of
      left ventricular pressure (dP/dt) was also increased significantly, (1397 +/- 144
      to 6016 +/- 325 mmHg/sec), as were myocardial segment velocity of shortening
      during systole (dL/dtsys) and stroke work (193 and 109 per cent, respectively).
      Paradoxically, segment systolic shortening was reduced significantly (P less than
      0.05) with respect to resting control values for 10 mins after cessation of
      exercise, with the maximal reduction of 22 per cent occurring at 2 mins post
      exercise. In addition, left ventricular segment stroke work decreased
      significantly to 67 per cent of resting control value at 2 mins post exercise.
      This study demonstrates that analysis of regional myocardial performance in
      conjunction with haemodynamic data permits a detailed description of cardiac
      events during and immediately following exercise, facilitating definition of
      changes which are not readily reflected by haemodynamics. Based on these
      findings, the authors conclude that untrained ponies may readily complete short
      bouts of near-maximal exercise, yet experience significantly diminished left
      ventricular function in the immediate post exercise period.

PMID- 2920700
TI  - Effect of freeze-drying on measurements of pH in biopsy samples of the middle
      gluteal muscle of the horse: comparison of muscle pH to the pyruvate and lactate
      content.
AB  - Muscle biopsies taken after exercise, in comparison to those at rest, contain
      increased amounts of blood and this is a particular problem in studies of the
      horse. The inclusion of blood in muscle will introduce an upward bias in values
      of pH measured in muscle homogenates. In an attempt to control this, muscle
      biopsy samples of the middle gluteal from Thoroughbred horses were freeze-dried
      and dissected free of blood before determination of pH. Following exercise,
      muscle pH measured after freeze-drying was similar to that measured in
      homogenates prepared from frozen samples. In contrast, freeze-drying appeared to
      increase muscle pH in samples taken at rest. This was probably the result of loss
      of CO2 during freeze-drying. Muscle pH determined in freeze-dried samples taken
      at rest and after exercise was linearly related to pyruvate and lactate content
      (P less than 0.001). It is concluded that muscle samples taken after exercise can
      be freeze-dried and dissected free from blood before determination of pH, whereas
      this procedure will cause an alkaline shift in samples taken at rest.

PMID- 2920701
TI  - Use of high-speed cinematography and computer generated gait diagrams for the
      study of equine hindlimb kinematics.
AB  - High-speed cinematography with computer aided analysis was used to study equine
      hindlimb kinematics. Eight horses were filmed at the trot or the pace. Filming
      was done from the side (lateral) and the back (caudal). Parameters measured from
      the lateral filming included the heights of the tuber coxae and tailhead,
      protraction and retraction of the hoof and angular changes of the tarsus and
      stifle. Abduction and adduction of the limb and tarsal height changes were
      measured from the caudal filming. The maximum and minimum values plus the
      standard deviations and coefficients of variations are presented in tabular form.
      Three gait diagrams were constructed to represent stifle angle versus tarsal
      angle, metatarsophalangeal height versus protraction-retraction (fetlock height
      diagram) and tuber coxae and tailhead height versus stride (pelvic height
      diagram). Application of the technique to the group of horses revealed good
      repeatability of the gait diagrams within a limb and the diagrams appeared to be
      sensitive indicators of left/right asymmetries.

PMID- 2920702
TI  - Effects of season and lower ambient temperature on the structure of the sweat
      glands in anhidrotic horses.
AB  - Histological studies of the sweat glands of anhidrotic horses in the Hong Kong
      summer and under conditions of reduced thermal stress, both natural and
      controlled, were undertaken to determine if glandular regeneration occurs.
      Clinical data were collected for comparison with the histological results in each
      instance. Horses were assigned to one of three categories on the basis of the
      resulting change in the number of thin glandular profiles in a cooler
      environment. Group 1, which was classed as normal, had a low initial value, which
      was maintained. Group 2, typical of mild and moderately affected animals, had a
      high initial value, which fell markedly after as little as six weeks in the cool
      environment. Animals in Group 3, classed as severely affected, had a high initial
      value which remained high even after prolonged exposure to the cool environment.
      Light microscopical examination of the sweat glands in the heat, and after six
      weeks in a cool environment, provided a means of predicting the degree of
      anhidrotic severity and the potential for recovery in a cool climate. This was
      superior to clinical observation, although a diagnostic test based on glandular
      function is still required.

PMID- 2920703
TI  - Three cases of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in the Thoroughbred newborn foal.

PMID- 2920704
TI  - Autosomal trisomy in a Standardbred colt.

PMID- 2920705
TI  - Uterus bicollis in a Clydesdale mare.

PMID- 2920706
TI  - Subchondral osseous cyst formation after an intra-articular fracture in a filly.

PMID- 2920707
TI  - Light and electron microscopic changes in sural nerves in Ethiopian diabetics.
AB  - The light and electron microscopic morphological changes in sural nerve biopsies
      from 32 Ethiopian diabetics and 4 malnourished non-diabetic subjects were studied
      in order to determine the role of malnutrition in the development of diabetic
      neuropathy. The most prominent finding in diabetics with clinical neuropathy was
      reduction in the density of myelinated axons of all diameters especially the
      large ones. Affected nerves showed abundant intraneural collagen, and evidence of
      nerve regeneration in some cases. Demyelination, though present, was less marked.
      Changes in the vasa nervorum were seen in only one case. The morphological
      changes correlated with the duration and severity of the diabetes and with nerve
      conduction velocity. No changes were seen in malnourished non-diabetics and
      diabetics without clinical neuropathy, thus suggesting that malnutrition by
      itself does not contribute significantly to the development of diabetic
      neuropathy. Axonal degeneration appears to be the predominant feature in diabetic
      neuropathy.

PMID- 2920708
TI  - The frequency of multiple births in Gondar Hospital northwestern Ethiopia.
AB  - The frequency of multiple births was analysed using data on 12287 deliveries
      conducted at the Gondar College of Medical Sciences Teaching Hospital in
      Northwestern Ethiopia, between 1977 and 1985. There were a total of 183 multiple
      births giving a frequency of 14.9 per thousand deliveries. The prevalence rates
      of twins and triplets were 14.4 and 0.49 per thousand deliveries respectively.
      Increasing rates of twinning by maternal age and parity were observed, the peak
      prevalence was seen after the sixth parity and in mothers 40-44 years old. Using
      Weinberg's differential method, the monozygous and dizygous twinning rates per
      thousand deliveries were 4.8 and 11.7 respectively. The latter rate tended to
      increase with both parity and maternal age. The findings of this study suggest a
      lower frequency of multiple births than in previous reports from Ethiopia and
      other African countries and hence are not characteristic of the continent. The
      rates found occupy an intermediate position between those for Caucasians and
      Africans. Multicentre data should, therefore, be analysed to confirm the findings
      of this and other reports concerning multiple births in Ethiopia.

PMID- 2920709
TI  - Sensitivity patterns of bacteria isolated from patients at Sidamo Regional
      Hospital.
AB  - This study from the Sidamo Regional Hospital presents the prevailing sensitivity
      to common antimicrobials among 337 bacterial isolates from abscesses, infected
      wounds, urine or gonorrhoeal infections. As expected, Staphylococcus aureus
      Escherichia cloi, Proteus supp and Streptococcus pyogenes were most frequently
      grown from abscesses and infected wounds, whereas E. coli, Proteus spp,
      Klebsiella spp, and coagulase negative staphylococci dominated in urinary tract
      infections. Very high rates of reduced sensitivity, including multiresistance to
      commonly used antibiotics, were detected. Of 54 isolates of Niesseria gonorrhoeae
      84% were resistant to penicillin-G by disc diffusion method. Beta lactamase
      production was detected in 4 of 6 isolates tested.

PMID- 2920710
TI  - Histopathological features of liver disease in hospitalized Ethiopian patients.
AB  - A retrospective analysis of 860 liver biopsy specimens processed by the
      Department of Pathology of Addis Ababa University was made to determine the
      frequencies of the various histopathological lesions seen among Ethiopians
      admitted with liver disease. One hundred fifty six (18.1%) of the specimens were
      inadequate for precise pathological diagnosis. Liver cirrhosis accounted for
      25.4% (179) and primary hepatocellular carcinoma for 19.2% (135) of all
      diagnoses. Porphyria cutanea tarda was diagnosed in 12.4% (87) of the biopsy
      specimens. Hepatitis, metastases to the liver, and hepatic granulomata were
      present in 8.8% (62), 4.5% (32) and 2.8% (20) of the specimens respectively. In
      countries like Ethiopia where autopsies and diagnostic facilities are limited,
      and liver diseases prevalent, percutaneous needle biopsy is a useful procedure to
      define the histopathology of different types of liver disease.

PMID- 2920711
TI  - The effect of high altitude on saliva aldosterone and glucocorticoid
      concentrations.
AB  - Saliva was collected from six healthy young men at hourly intervals at sea level
      and after 1-2, 8-9 and 15-16 days at 4450 m on Mount Kenya for measurement of
      aldosterone (SA) and glucocorticoid (SGC, cortisol + cortisone) concentrations.
      Blood samples were collected simultaneously with some of the saliva samples and
      analysis of these showed that plasma and saliva concentrations of aldosterone and
      glucocorticoids were highly correlated (r = 0.91 and 0.75 respectively; p less
      than 0.01 for both hormones). Mean SA for the group was reduced to approximately
      50% of the sea-level value (p less than 0.05) by the time the first saliva
      samples were collected at altitude, and remained at this depressed level
      throughout the 2-week period on Mount Kenya, although there was considerable
      inter-subject variation. SGC concentration also tended to be lower on Mount Kenya
      than at sea level. Though SA was lower throughout the day at altitude compared to
      sea level, the principal difference in the temporal pattern of SA was the
      reduction or complete absence of the marked rise in SA that normally occurs in
      the first few hours after rising. SA and SGC responses to exercise, which
      consisted of stepping on and off and 0.4-m high stool 60 times/min for 25 min,
      were assessed at sea level and after various periods at 4450 m.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2920712
TI  - Predictors of sweat loss in man during prolonged exercise.
AB  - Nineteen healthy male subjects, differing in training status and Vo2max (52 +/- 1
      ml.min-1.kg-1, mean +/- SEM; 43-64 ml.min-1.kg-1, range), exercised for 1 h at an
      absolute workload of 192 +/- 8 W (140-265 W); this was equivalent to 70 +/- 1%
      Vo2max (66-74%). Each exercise test was performed on an electrically braked cycle
      ergometer at a constant ambient temperature (22.5 +/- 0.0 degrees C) and relative
      humidity (85 +/- 0%). Nude body weight was recorded prior to and after each
      exercise test. Absolute sweat loss (body weight loss corrected for respiratory
      weight loss) during each test was 910 +/- 82 g (426-1665 g); this was equivalent
      to 1.3 +/- 0.1% (0.7-2.2%) of pre-exercise body weight (relative sweat loss).
      Weighted mean skin temperature and rectal temperature increased after 5 min of
      exercise from 30.5 +/- 0.3 degrees C and 37.2 +/- 0.1 degrees C respectively to
      32.5 +/- 0.2 degrees C and 38.8 +/- 0.1 degrees C respectively, recorded
      immediately prior to the end of exercise. Bivariate linear regression and
      Pearson's correlation demonstrated absolute sweat loss was related to Vo2max (r =
      0.72, p less than 0.001), absolute exercise workload (r = 0.66, p less than
      0.01), body surface area (r = 0.62, p less than 0.01), weight (r = 0.60, p less
      than 0.01) and height (r = 0.53, p less than 0.05). Relative sweat loss was
      related to VO2max (r = 0.77, P less than 0.001) and absolute exercise workload (R
      = 0.59, P less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2920713
TI  - Flexibility of the shoulder joint measured as range of abduction in a large
      representative sample of men and women over 65 years of age.
AB  - In a representative survey of 1000 elderly men and women aged over 65 years
      living in their own homes, assessments have been made of flexibility measured as
      range of shoulder abduction in addition to health status, psychological well
      being and reported customary activity. The results for shoulder abduction were
      approximately normally distributed and the mean values (+/- 1 standard deviation)
      were as follows: - in men aged 65-74 years, 129 (+/- 14) degrees and aged over 74
      years, 121 (+/- 19) degrees; in women aged 65-74 years, 124 (+/- 19) degrees and
      aged over 74 years, 114 (+/- 22) degrees. These mean values are about 30 degrees
      less than those accepted for younger subjects. Nearly half the distribution falls
      below the accepted threshold level of 120 degrees for adequate function. There
      were significant effects of sex and age (P less than 0.001); women had poorer
      flexibility and the reduction with age amounted to 10 degrees per decade.
      Multiple regression analysis showed that the effect of age was accounted for in
      part by health, strength and customary use. The effects of use were most marked
      in those with some disability. This suggests that maintained or increased use
      could offset some of the age-related loss of the range of shoulder movement.

PMID- 2920714
TI  - The fatigability of two agonistic muscles in human isometric voluntary submaximal
      contraction: an EMG study. I. Assessment of muscular fatigue by means of surface
      EMG.
AB  - During an external isometric constant torque (25% of the maximal voluntary
      contraction) maintained until the maximal endurance time (limit time), we
      analysed and compared the changes in electromyographic (EMG) activity
      illustrating muscular fatigue simultaneously with mechanical activity (the
      tangential acceleration theta") related to physiological tremor. The EMG
      activities recorded were of two agonistic flexors, the biceps brachii (BB) and
      the brachioradialis (BR) muscles and one of the main extensors, the triceps
      brachii (TB). The integrated EMG increase and the mean power frequency (MPF) of
      the power spectrum density function (PSDF) decrease were larger for BR than for
      BB activity. These two findings suggested a greater BR fatigability. However, it
      is shown that differences between BB and BR MPF changes could be related to
      differences in the PSDF upper frequency limit of the two muscles and also to the
      relative magnitude of their tremor component.

PMID- 2920715
TI  - The fatigability of two agonistic muscles in human isometric voluntary submaximal
      contraction: an EMG study. II. Motor unit firing rate and recruitment.
AB  - The recruitment and firing rate of biceps brachii (BB) and brachioradialis (BR)
      motor units (MUs) were studied in the course of fatiguing isometric contractions
      at 20%-30% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). MU recruitment generally
      occurred throughout the maintained contraction and was similar for BB and BR
      muscles. Newly recruited MUs started to discharge in the form of bursts, the
      duration of which increased until a continuous rhythmical firing was achieved.
      Within each burst, the first interval between two consecutive discharges was
      usually the shortest. MU threshold was lowered just after the limit time of the
      maintained contraction. The MU's firing rate either increased or remained stable
      as a function of the elapsed time. It is concluded that (1) in fatiguing
      isometric contractions at 20%-30% MVC contractile failure is mainly compensated
      for by MU recruitment and a lowered MU threshold and (2) differences between in
      surface changes in the electromyogram of BB and BR muscles cannot easily be
      explained by related differences in MU firing rate and recruitment.

PMID- 2920716
TI  - Comparison between a 30-s all-out test and a time-work test on a cycle ergometer.
AB  - The relationship between the amount of work (Wlim) performed at the end of
      constant-power exhausting exercise and exhaustion time (tlim) has been studied
      for supramaximal exercise [105%, 120%, 135% and 150% of the individual maximal
      aerobic power, (MAP)] performed on a Monark cycle ergometer in nine men. The Wlim
      -tlim relationship was described by a linear relationship (Wlim = a + b . tlim).
      Intercept a was roughly equivalent to the work produced during a 1-min exercise
      performed at MAP. Slope b was equal to 79% of MAP. Intercept a has been
      correlated with the total amount of work (AW) performed during a 30-s all-out
      test supposed to assess anaerobic capacity. Intercept a was significantly (p less
      than 0.05) correlated with AW. The anaerobic capacity was not depleted at the end
      of the all-out test, as the mechanical power at the 30th s of this test was
      approximately equal to twice MAP. However, AW was significantly higher than
      intercept a. It was likely that the value of intercept a was an underestimation
      of the maximal anaerobic capacity because of the inertia of the aerobic
      metabolism. Indeed, an exponential model of the Wlim--tlim relationship, which
      takes the interia of the aerobic metabolism into account, shows that a linear
      approximation of the Wlim--tlim relationship yields a systematic underestimation
      of the anaerobic capacity. Consequently, intercept a of the Wlim--tlim
      relationship is not a more accurate estimation of the anaerobic capacity than the
      AW performed during a 30-s all-out test.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2920717
TI  - Plantarflexor muscle function in young and elderly women.
AB  - Contractile properties of the ankle plantarflexor muscles were compared between
      groups of young (means = 26 y) and elderly (means = 82 y) women. The H-reflex
      muscle contraction in the elderly group was characterized by a significant
      slowing of torque generation, as compared to the young women (means for average
      rate of torque development were young = 0.16 Nm ms-1 +/- 0.02 (SE), elderly =
      0.09 Nm ms-1 +/- 0.02, P less than 0.05). However, the proportion of the total
      motor unit pool activated by the reflex was similar for the young and elderly
      groups at 63% and 70%, respectively. Maximal voluntary isometric torques were
      significantly lower (71%) in the elderly (young means = 135.3 Nm +/- 9.3, elderly
      means = 39.2 Nm +/- 2.9, P less than 0.01). These results are consistent with,
      and extend, previous reports showing decreased strength and speed of contraction
      in elderly muscle. Given that the average body weight was similar for the young
      and elderly groups, it was concluded that the aged plantarflexor muscles
      exhibited considerable impairment in ability to generate stabilizing torques
      about the ankle joint.

PMID- 2920718
TI  - Comparison of twitch potentiation in the gastrocnemius of young and elderly men.
AB  - The capacity for twitch potentiation in the gastrocnemius muscle was determined
      following maximal voluntary contractions (MVC) in 11 elderly (means +/- SD; 66.9
      +/- 5.3 years) and 12 young (25.7 +/- 3.8 years) men. Potentiation was observed
      by applying selective stimulation to the muscle belly, 2 s after a 5 s MVC. With
      this procedure, both groups showed significant (P less than 0.05) increases in
      twitch tension in the gastrocnemius (ratios of potentiated twitch to baseline
      were means = 1.68 +/- 0.40 for young vs means = 1.40 +/- 0.20 for the elderly, P
      less than 0.001). Time to peak tension of the twitch decreased from means = 101.5
      +/- 17.9 ms to means = 88.0 +/- 15.8 ms in the young men following potentiation;
      the respective values for the older men were 136.7 +/- 17.9 ms and 133.1 +/- 28.6
      ms. These changes resulted in a greater rate of tension development in the
      potentiated state. The elderly gastrocnemius thus showed qualitatively similar
      changes in the isometric twitch following potentiation, but reduced and prolonged
      responses in comparison to young adults. Slowed muscle contraction and reduced
      capacity for potentiation may be physiological correlates of the reported
      morphological changes in aged skeletal muscle.

PMID- 2920719
TI  - Influence of cold exposure on blood lactate response during incremental exercise.
AB  - This study examined the effect of acute exposure of the whole body to cold on
      blood lactate response during incremental exercise. Eight subjects were tested
      with a cycle ergometer in a climatic chamber, room temperature being controlled
      either at 24 degrees C (MT) or at -2 degrees C (CT). The protocol consisted of a
      step increment in exercise intensity of 30 W every 2 min until exhaustion. Oxygen
      consumption (VO2) was measured at rest and during the last minute of each
      exercise intensity. Blood samples were collected at rest and at exhaustion for
      estimations of plasma norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (E), free fatty acid (FFA)
      and glucose concentrations, during the last 15 s of each exercise step and also
      during the 1st, 4th, 7th, and the 10th min following exercise for the
      determination of blood lactate (LA) concentration. The VO2 was higher during CT
      than during MT at rest and during nearly every exercise intensity. At CT, lactate
      anaerobic threshold (LAT), determined from a marked increase of LA above resting
      level, increased significantly by 49% expressed as absolute VO2, and 27%
      expressed as exercise intensity as compared with MT. The LA tended to be higher
      for light exercise intensities and lower for heavy exercise intensities during CT
      than during MT. The E and NE concentrations increased during exercise, regardless
      of ambient temperature. Furthermore, at rest and at exhaustion E concentrations
      did not differ between both conditions, while NE concentrations were greater
      during CT than during MT. Moreover, an increase off FFA was found only during
      CT.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2920720
TI  - Effects of pre-motion electromyographic silent period on dynamic force exertion
      during a rapid ballistic movement in man.
AB  - The effects of pre-motion silent period (PSP) on dynamic force exertion were
      studied in ten healthy subjects performing ballistic elbow extensions. The
      experiments were designed to evaluate the significance of mean differences
      between the averaged dynamic force curves of two groups: PSP-presence groups and
      PSP-absence groups. The presence of PSP was judged quantitatively and
      automatically by means of a newly developed method using statistical analysis.
      The results indicated that there were two effects of PSP on dynamic force
      exertion: one was a reducing effect, observed prior to the movement; the other
      was a reinforcing effect, observed in the first part of the ballistic movement.
      The duration of the reinforcement was significantly correlated with the duration
      of the reducing effect of PSP. The findings suggested that the reinforcement of
      dynamic force may be produced by the pre-stretch of agonistic muscles caused by
      prior force reduction due to PSP occurrence. The fact that PSP plays an important
      role in dynamic force exertion suggests that PSP may be incorporated in the
      central motor control system designed to interrupt the background activity, to
      stretch the agonist and to reinforce the dynamic force.

PMID- 2920721
TI  - Gastric emptying during exercise: effects of heat stress and hypohydration.
AB  - To determine the effects of acute heat stress, heat acclimation and hypohydration
      on the gastric emptying rate of water (W) during treadmill exercise, ten
      physically fit men ingested 400 ml of W before each of three 15 min bouts of
      exercise (treadmill, approximately 50% VO2max) on five separate occasions.
      Stomach contents were aspirated after each exercise bout. Before heat acclimation
      (ACC), experiments were performed in a neutral (18 degrees C), hot (49 degrees C)
      and warm (35 degrees C) environment. Subjects were euhydrated for all experiments
      before ACC. After ACC, the subjects completed two more experiments in the warm
      (35 degrees C) environment; one while euhydrated and a final one while
      hypohydrated (-5% of body weight). The volume of ingested water emptied into the
      intestines at the completion of each exercise bout was inversely correlated (P
      less than 0.01) with the rectal temperature (r = -0.76). The following new
      observations were made: 1) exercise in a hot (49 degrees C) environment impairs
      gastric emptying rate as compared with a neutral (18 degrees C) environment, 2)
      exercise in a warm (35 degrees C) environment does not significantly reduce
      gastric emptying before or after heat acclimation, but 3) exercise in a warm
      environment (35 degrees C) when hypohydrated reduces gastric emptying rate and
      stomach secretions. Reductions in gastric emptying appear to be related to the
      severity of the thermal strain induced by an exercise/heat stress.

PMID- 2920722
TI  - Gastric emptying during walking and running: effects of varied exercise
      intensity.
AB  - Gastric emptying is increased during running (50%-70% maximal aerobic uptake,
      VO2max) as compared to rest. Whether this increase varies as a function of mode
      (i.e. walking vs running) and intensity of treadmill exercise is unknown. To
      examine the gastric emptying characteristics of water during treadmill exercise
      performed over a wide range of intensities relative to resting conditions, 10 men
      ingested 400 ml of water prior to each of six 15 min exercise bouts or 15 min of
      seated rest. Three bouts of walking exercise (1.57 m.s-1) were performed at
      increasing grades eliciting approximately 28%, 41% or 56% of VO2max. On a
      separate day, three bouts of running (2.68 ms-1) exercise were performed at
      grades eliciting approximately 57%, 65% or 75% of VO2max. Gastric emptying was
      increased during treadmill exercise at all intensities excluding 75% VO2max as
      compared to rest. Gastric emptying was similar for all intensities during walking
      and at 57% and 65% VO2max during running. However, running at 74% VO2max
      decreased the volume of original drink emptied as compared to all lower exercise
      intensities. Stomach secretions were markedly less during running as compared to
      walking and rest. These data demonstrate that gastric emptying is similarly
      increased during both moderate intensity (approximately 28%-65% VO2max) walking
      or running exercise as compared to resting conditions. However, gastric emptying
      decreases during high intensity exercise. Increases in gastric emptying during
      moderate intensity treadmill exercise may be related to increases in intragastric
      pressure brought about by contractile activity of the abdominal muscles.

PMID- 2920723
TI  - Effects of estrus cycle on thermoregulatory responses during exercise in rats.
AB  - In female rats, rectal temperature (Tre), tail vasomotor response, oxygen uptake
      (VO2), and carbon dioxide production (VCO2) were measured in proestrus and estrus
      stages during treadmill running at two different speeds at an ambient temperature
      (Ta) of 24 degrees C. Experiments were performed at 2.00-6.00 a.m., when the
      difference in Tre was greatest between the two stages; Tre at rest in the estrus
      stage was 0.54 degrees C higher than in the proestrus stage. In a mild warm
      environment, threshold Tre for a rise in tail skin temperature (Ttail) was also
      higher in the estrus stage than in the proestrus stage. In contrast, no
      difference was seen in the threshold Tre and steady state Tre at the end of
      exercise between proestrus and estrus stages. These values were higher at the
      higher work intensity. VO2 was also similar between the two stages, except in the
      second 5 min after the beginning of exercise, when VO2 was greater and Tre rose
      more steeply in the proestrus stage. These data indicate that deep body
      temperature during exercise is regulated at a certain level depending on the work
      intensity and is not influenced by the estrus cycle.

PMID- 2920724
TI  - Enzyme nomenclature. Recommendations 1984. Supplement 2: corrections and
      additions.

PMID- 2920725
TI  - Characterization of a 48-kDa nucleic-acid-binding fragment of nucleolin.
AB  - Nucleolin (C23 or 100 kDa) is an abundant single-stranded-nucleic-acid-binding
      nucleolar protein proposed to be involved in the early stages of ribosome
      assembly. A stable 48-kDa fragment of the protein was produced either by
      proteolytic activity present in nucleolar extracts or by added trypsin. The
      hydrodynamic and DNA-binding properties of the 48-kDa fragment were compared with
      the parent molecule. Protein sequencing indicated that the fragment begins at
      residue 282; amino acid composition of the fragment including 10-12 methylated
      arginine residues suggested that the fragment contains the entire COOH-terminal
      two-thirds of the protein. The 48-kDa fragment was more globular than nucleolin,
      as indicated by a lower frictional coefficient (1.3 vs. 2.0 for nucleolin) and a
      similar sedimentation coefficient (4.1-4.3S) in spite of the reduction in
      molecular mass. Although the 48-kDa fragment retained single-stranded-DNA-binding
      activity, the binding capacity and the ability to reassociate DNA were about
      fivefold and sixfold lower, respectively, than nucleolin. Similarly, tenfold
      higher concentrations of the 48-kDa fragment were required to form nucleoprotein
      aggregates. These results suggest that nucleolin contains a globular COOH
      terminal domain for nucleic-acid binding and a NH2-terminal region which is
      involved in protein-protein interactions and modulating nucleic-acid-binding
      activity.

PMID- 2920726
TI  - Comparative characterization of membrane-associated and cytosolic Tyr-protein
      kinases in human erythrocytes.
AB  - In recent years, two protein-tyrosine kinase activities, phosphorylating tyrosine
      residues on the transmembrane band-3 protein, have been isolated from human
      erythrocyte membranes and partially characterized by different laboratories, i.e.
      one extracted by non-ionic detergent (Triton X-100 or Nonidet P-40), the other
      solubilized by 0.25 M NaCl from the detergent-insoluble residue. The present
      paper shows that these two membrane-associated Tyr-protein kinases purified, in
      the presence of bovine serum albumin, by phosphocellulose chromatography followed
      by heparin-Sepharose chromatography, have the same apparent molecular mass (36
      kDa) determined by Ultrogel Ac44 filtration. Moreover, both Tyr-protein kinases
      exhibit several identical properties, including Km values for band 3, the random
      acidic copolymer poly(Glu,Tyr)4:1 and angiotensin II, pH dependence, response to
      Mn2+ and Mg2+, response to NaCl and 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate. All these properties
      are identical or very similar to those exhibited by the Tyr-protein kinase
      previously isolated by us from human erythrocyte cytosol. These results suggest
      that the two membrane-associated and the cytosolic Tyr-protein kinase activities
      are mediated by the same enzyme, distributed between the cytosol and the membrane
      structures.

PMID- 2920727
TI  - Characterization of two murine (2'-5')(A)n-dependent endonucleases of different
      molecular mass.
AB  - RNase L is considered as the major if not unique target of (2'-5')(A)n and
      therefore as an important intracellular mediator of interferon action. It behaves
      as an 185-kDa species in various cell extracts when analyzed by gel filtration.
      SDS/PAGE analysis of the polypeptides covalently labelled with a (2'-5')(A)4-3'
      [32P]pCp probe reveals a single 80-kDa species, thus attesting a multimeric form
      of the 185-kDa protein. At variance with such data, mouse spleen extracts reveal
      an additional 40-kDa polypeptide with (2'-5')(A)n-dependent ribonucleolytic
      activity. This seemingly new form of RNase L migrates as a 40-kDa polypeptide
      when analyzed under native or denaturing conditions. It bears some structural
      similarity with the larger-molecular-mass RNase L as revealed by partial
      proteolysis. It is probably not generated through proteolytic degradation of the
      185-kDa RNase L during extract preparation, although its physiological
      significance is unknown. Indeed various protease inhibitors do not significantly
      alter the ratio of 40-kDa and 185-kDa (2'-5')(A)n-dependent ribonucleases;
      moreover, the (2'-5')(A)n-binding capacity of the 40-kDa polypeptide is more
      stable than that of the 185-kDa one.

PMID- 2920728
TI  - Purification and properties of five different forms of human
      procarboxypeptidases.
AB  - Three different procarboxypeptidases A and two different procarboxypeptidases B
      have been isolated for the first time, in a pure and native state, from human
      pancreatic extracts. These proteins were purified in one or two quick steps by
      anion-exchange HPLC. All these forms have been biochemically characterized. Two
      of the procarboxypeptidases A, the A1 and A2 forms, are obtained in a monomeric
      state while the other, the A3 form, is obtained as a binary complex of a
      procarboxypeptidase A with a proproteinase E. This complex is stable in aqueous
      buffers at various ionic strengths and develops carboxypeptidase A and proteinase
      E activities in the presence of trypsin. The A1 and A2 forms show clear
      differences in electrophoretic mobility in SDS/polyacrylamide gels, isoelectric
      point, proteolytic activation process with trypsin and susceptibility to thermal
      denaturation. In contrast, these properties are similar in the A1 and A3 (binary
      complex) forms. On the other hand, with respect to the properties listed above,
      the B1 and B2 forms differ from each other mainly in isoelectric point. An
      overall comparison of the above properties reveals the unusual character of the
      A2 form, midway between the other A and B forms. N-terminal extended sequence
      analysis carried out on these proenzymes confirm that they constitute different
      isologous forms.

PMID- 2920729
TI  - Purification of nitrate reductase from Nicotiana plumbaginifolia by affinity
      chromatography using 5'AMP-sepharose and monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Nitrate reductase was purified from leaves of Nicotiana plumbaginifolia using
      either 5'AMP-Sepharose chromatography or two steps of immunoaffinity
      chromatography involving monoclonal antibodies directed against nitrate reductase
      from maize and against ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase from N.
      plumbaginifolia. Nitrate reductase obtained by the first method was purified 1000
      fold to a specific activity of 9 units/mg protein. The second method produced an
      homogenous enzyme, purified 21,000-fold to a specific activity of 80 units/mg
      protein. SDS/PAGE of nitrate reductase always resulted in two bands of 107 and
      99.5 kDa. The 107-kDa band was the nitrate reductase subunit of N.
      plumbaginifolia; the smaller one of 99.5 kDa is thought, as commonly reported, to
      result from proteolysis of the larger protein. The molecular mass of 107 kDa is
      close to the values calculated from the coding sequences of the two nitrate
      reductase genes recently cloned from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv Xanthi).

PMID- 2920730
TI  - The carboxyltransferase activity of the sodium-ion-translocating methylmalonyl
      CoA decarboxylase of Veillonella alcalescens.
AB  - Methylmalonyl-CoA decarboxylase of Veillonella alcalescens catalyzed the isotopic
      exchange between methylmalonyl-CoA and [1-14C]propionyl-CoA or between malonyl
      CoA and [1-14C]acetyl-CoA. The exchange was independent of sodium ions and was
      abolished by avidin. The enzyme also catalyzed the carboxyl transfer reaction
      from methylmalonyl-CoA to acetyl-CoA yielding propionyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA, and
      vice versa. The beta subunit was dissociated from methylmalonyl-CoA decarboxylase
      by prolonged washing of the enzyme while bound via its biotin prosthetic group to
      monomeric avidin-Sepharose. The beta-chain-depleted enzyme was inactive as a
      methylmalonyl-CoA decarboxylase but retained carboxyltransferase activity. The
      beta subunits were specifically protected by Na+ ions from tryptic hydrolysis.
      Based on these and other observations the following functions may be assigned to
      the different polypeptide chains of methylmalonyl-CoA decarboxylase:
      carboxyltransferase (alpha), carboxybiotin-carrier-protein decarboxylase (beta),
      biotin carrier protein (gamma). The function of the delta chain is unknown.

PMID- 2920731
TI  - Synthesis of glycoconjugates derived from various lipopolysaccharides of the
      Vibrionaceae family.
AB  - Conjugation of simple ketoses (such as 3-deoxy-D-manno-2-octulosonic acid and N
      acetylneuraminic acid) and of various O-specific polysaccharides (from Aeromonas
      hydrophila and Aeromonas salmonicida) to the bifunctional spacer 1,6
      hexanediamine, was achieved by reductive amination. The saccharide--1-(6-amino)
      hexane alkyamines obtained were converted into the corresponding isothiocyanate
      derivatives and coupled to the free epsilon-amino group of lysine residues of the
      protein carrier bovine serum albumin. In similar manner, the aldehyde group
      introduced by selective periodate oxidation into the partially O-deacylated
      lipopolysaccharide of Vibrio anguillarum was conjugated to 1,6-hexanediamine,
      converted into the corresponding isothiocyanate and covalently attached to bovine
      serum albumin.

PMID- 2920732
TI  - The energy-conserving nitric-oxide-reductase system in Paracoccus denitrificans.
      Distinction from the nitrite reductase that catalyses synthesis of nitric oxide
      and evidence from trapping experiments for nitric oxide as a free intermediate
      during denitrification.
AB  - 1. A Clark-type electrode that responds to nitric oxide has been used to show
      that cytoplasmic membrane vesicles of Paracoccus denitrificans have a nitric
      oxide reductase activity. Nitrous oxide is the reaction product. NADH, succinate
      or isoascorbate plus 2,3,5,6-tetramethyl-1,4-phenylene diamine can act as
      reductants. The NADH-dependent activity is resistant to freezing of the vesicles
      and thus the NADH:nitric-oxide oxidoreductase activity of stored frozen vesicles
      provides a method for calibrating the electrode by titration of dissolved nitric
      oxide with NADH. The periplasmic nitrite reductase and nitrous-oxide reductase
      enzymes are absent from the vesicles which indicates that nitric-oxide reductase
      is a discrete enzyme associated with the denitrification process. This conclusion
      was supported by the finding that nitric-oxide reductase activity was absent from
      both membranes prepared from aerobically grown P. denitrificans and bovine heart
      submitochondrial particles. 2. The NADH: nitric-oxide oxidoreductase activity was
      inhibited by concentrations of antimycin or myxothiazol that were just sufficient
      to inhibit the cytochrome bc1 complex of the ubiquinol--cytochrome-c
      oxidoreductase. The activity was deduced to be proton translocating by the
      observations of: (a) up to 3.5-fold stimulation upon addition of an uncoupler;
      and (b) ATP synthesis with a P:2e ratio of 0.75. 3. Nitrite reductase of
      cytochrome cd1 type was highly purified from P. denitrificans in a new, high
      yield, rapid two- or three-step procedure. This enzyme catalysed stoichiometric
      synthesis of nitric oxide. This observation, taken together with the finding that
      the maximum rate of NADH:nitric-oxide oxidoreductase activity catalysed by the
      vesicles was comparable with that of NADH:nitrate-oxidoreductase, is consistent
      with a role for nitric-oxide reductase in the physiological conversion of nitrate
      or nitrite to dinitrogen gas. 4. Intact cells of P. denitrificans also reduced
      nitric oxide in an antimycin- or myxothiazol-sensitive manner. However, nitric
      oxide was not detected by the electrode during the reduction of nitrate. Nitric
      oxide synthesis from nitrate could be detected with cells in the presence of very
      low concentrations of Triton X-100 which selectively inhibits nitric-oxide
      reductase activity. 5. Nitric oxide was detected as an intermediate in
      denitrification by including haemoglobin with an anaerobic suspension of cells
      that was reducing nitrate. The characteristic spectrum of the nitric oxide
      derivative of haemoglobin was observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2920733
TI  - Defective processing and binding of low-density lipoprotein receptors in
      fibroblasts from a familial hypercholesterolaemic subject.
AB  - The properties of the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor were studied in skin
      fibroblasts from a homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemic subject, MM (MM
      cells), who exhibits a defect in the processing of the precursor form of the
      receptor. Despite the prolonged half-life of the precursor (3 h), essentially all
      was eventually processed to the mature form, which was degraded with a half-life
      of approximately 6 h. The receptor content of the MM cells, determined by
      radioimmunoassay, was slightly lower than normal and by immunoblotting it was
      estimated that 55% was present as the mature form at equilibrium. The mature
      receptor reached the cell surface and was internalized and recycled apparently
      normally, with about 60% accessible to pronase at any time. Immunoblotting,
      immunoassay and surface labelling with 125I all indicated that the cells
      contained twice as much surface receptor protein as would be expected from the
      binding of LDL. Maximum heparin-releasable LDL binding to MM cells was 20% of
      normal and the apparent affinity for LDL was reduced. The cells did not show the
      marked increase in affinity and reduction in binding exhibited by normal cells
      when cooled to 4 degrees C. Also, neither the apparent affinity of the receptors
      nor the maximum binding at 37 degrees C was greatly affected by an antibody that
      has been shown to reduce the affinity and halve the binding of normal cells. The
      results suggest that the mutation in the LDL receptor gene of these cells
      affected the ability of the receptors to bind LDL in a similar manner to the
      antibody, possibly by promoting aggregation of receptors on the cell surface, and
      halving the amount of LDL bound.

PMID- 2920734
TI  - Hemoglobin from the Antarctic fish Notothenia coriiceps neglecta. 1. Purification
      and characterisation.
AB  - Antarctic fishes live at a constant temperature of -1.8 degrees C, in an oxygen
      rich environment. In comparison with fishes that live in temperate or tropical
      waters, their blood contains less erythrocytes and hemoglobin. A study was
      initiated on the structure and function of Antarctic fish hemoglobin. The
      erythrocytes of the Antarctic benthic teleost Notothenia coriiceps neglecta, of
      the family Nototheniidae, have been shown to contain two hemoglobins, accounting
      for about 90% and 5% of the total content. These hemoglobins have been isolated,
      and obtained in crystalline form. They are tetramers and contain two pairs of
      globin chains. The globin chains of each hemoglobin have been purified and
      characterised. The two hemoglobins appear to have one of the two globin chains in
      common. The Root and Bohr effects have been investigated in erythrocytes,
      'stripped' hemolysates and pure hemoglobins, indicating that the functional
      properties are finely regulated by pH and allosteric effectors.

PMID- 2920735
TI  - Hemoglobin from the Antarctic fish Notothenia coriiceps neglecta. 2. Amino acid
      sequence of the alpha chain of Hb1.
AB  - The complete amino acid sequence of the alpha chain of the main hemoglobin of the
      Antarctic fish Notothenia coriiceps neglecta (family Nototheniidae) has been
      determined. It consists of 142 residues; an acetylated seryl residue is at the
      amino terminal. The molecular mass is 15,519 Da. In comparison with alpha-chain
      sequences of non-Antarctic poikilothermic fish hemoglobins, the homology appears
      to be significantly lower than that existing among the latter species. A higher
      homology has been found with the alpha-chain sequence of the non-poikilothermic
      bluefin tuna.

PMID- 2920736
TI  - The influence of purification and protein heterogeneity on the crystallization of
      p-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase.
AB  - The structure of the enzyme p-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase was determined to a
      resolution of 0.25 nm [Wierenga et al. (1979) J. Mol. Biol. 131, 53-73] with
      crystals belonging to space group C222(1). Subsequently it was impossible to
      repeat the growth of this crystal form and only poor quality tetragonal crystals
      could be obtained. We have thoroughly investigated this problem and found that
      Cibacron-blue-purified enzyme appears to be heterogeneous with respect to
      aggregation state and Cys-116 oxidation. Most importantly, it could be firmly
      established that C222(1) crystals can only be grown from purely dimeric p
      hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase possessing an intact SH group. Ion-exchange
      chromatography on DEAE-Sepharose can successfully remove those forms of the
      enzyme which impede successful crystallization. Sulfite and dithiothreitol
      improve crystallization by dissociating the enzyme oligomers into dimers; sulfite
      especially gives excellent results.

PMID- 2920738
TI  - A survey and critical evaluation of a dual isotope (Dicopac) vitamin B12
      absorption test.
AB  - The results of all dual isotope tests (2142) carried out on 1989 patients, 807
      males (40.6%) and 1182 females (59.4%), during a 10 year period (1976-1985
      inclusive) in the Grampian Health Board Area (population 497,272) have been
      reviewed. Patient age ranged from 5-95 years with 45.5% over 60 years. The
      referring specialties were Gastroenterology (47.6%), Haematology (11.3%),
      Paediatrics (2.1%) and all others (39.0%). According to the manufacturer's
      recommended criteria, results were classified as normal in 1054 (49.2%), abnormal
      in 659 (30.8%), equivocal in 337 (15.7%) and unsatisfactory in 92 (4.3%) tests.
      Vitamin B12 malabsorption of ileal type was indicated in 544 tests (25.4%) and of
      gastric type in 115 (5.4%). Of the latter, 76 were related to pernicious anaemia,
      10 to previous gastric surgery and 2 to gastric carcinoma. Of the 337 patients
      with equivocal results, 138 patients were reviewed and 115 (83.3%) found to have
      a documented cause for gastric malabsorption (96 pernicious anaemia and 19
      previous gastric surgery). In 172 patients with proven pernicious anaemia the
      manufacturer's recommended criteria for gastric malabsorption were completely
      satisfied in only 76 (44.3%) but 167 (96.5%) had an excretion ratio greater than
      or equal to 1.3 and 127 (73.8%) a ratio greater than or equal to 1.7.
      Unsatisfactory tests were mainly due to incomplete urine collection (91.3%) or
      contamination with another isotope (5.4%).

PMID- 2920737
TI  - The behavior of 99mTc-hexamethylpropyleneamineoxime (99mTc-HMPAO) in blood and
      brain.
AB  - 99mTc-hexamethylpropyleneamineoxime (99mTc-HMPAO) is a reagent for scanning
      cerebral blood flow. We investigated how 99mTc-HMPAO changed in the blood and
      brain. The 99mTc-HMPAO, which was prepared by adding of 99mTcO4- to HMPAO and
      Sn(II), consisted of primary and secondary complexes, reduced hydrolyzed 99mTc,
      and 99mTc-pertechnetate. The percentage of the primary complex in 99mTc-HMPAO
      decreased with time after preparation. The primary complex converted to the
      secondary one very rapidly in the presence of plasma. When 99mTc-HMPAO was
      injected into patients, 99mTc activity was immediately partitioned in the plasma
      fraction, with approximately 60% in whole blood. In plasma, 99mTc was found to be
      associated with proteins such as albumin and globulin. 99mTc trapped in red cells
      was not washed out with either plasma or saline. Biodistribution studies showed
      that the less lipophilic compounds of 99mTc-HMPAO could not pass through the
      blood brain barrier (BBB), and therefore did not accumulate in the brain. The
      results of gel chromatography and equilibrium dialysis indicated that no specific
      99mTc binding protein was present in the brain. Considering the instability of
      99mTc-HMPAO in vivo, we proposed that the speed at which the primary complex
      converted to the less lipophilic compounds was important in allowing 99mTc-HMPAO
      to pass through the BBB and to be fixed in the brain.

PMID- 2920739
TI  - [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose scintigraphy in diagnosis and follow up of treatment in
      advanced breast cancer.
AB  - Seventeen patients with advanced breast cancer were imaged with a specially
      collimated gamma camera to study tumor uptake of 2-[18F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose
      (FDG) before and during therapy. Fourteen patients (82%) showed increased FDG
      accumulation in metastatic tumors, 6/8 (75%) of axillary, supra or
      infraclavicular metastatic lymph nodes were detectable. In one of these cases,
      FDG imaging was the first method to identify axillary metastasis causing nerve
      compression. Also, pulmonary and liver metastases could be imaged with FDG; both
      in two patients. The intra individual variability in uptake was considerable in
      bone metastases, and some lesions remained FDG negative: 99mTc-DPD was superior
      in detecting bone disease. Bone metastases of the osteolytic or mixed type were
      better visualized than sclerotic ones. Ten patients were reimaged later to assess
      the effect of therapy on FDG uptake. Increased uptake was associated with
      clinical progression, while unchanged or diminished uptake did not predict the
      course of disease as reliably. This study indicates that FDG can be used to image
      breast cancer metastases. FDG may be valuable in monitoring treatment response,
      but positron emission tomography (PET) would probably be more appropriate than
      planar imaging for this purpose.

PMID- 2920740
TI  - Determinants of diagnostic accuracy in pulmonary scintigraphy for pulmonary
      capillary protein leak associated with adult respiratory distress syndrome
      (ARDS): a technical note.
AB  - Radionuclide assessment of pulmonary capillary protein leak using [99mTc] human
      serum albumin (99mTc-HSA) was first reported from our laboratory. In this study
      we investigated the impact of 1) sampling time post tracer injection, and 2) lung
      region assignment, on diagnostic accuracy between 2 groups (control n = 20 and
      ARDS n = 20). Each patient received 370 MBq 99mTc-HSA i.v. and was imaged for 45
      min. The slope index (SI) [change in lung: heart activity ratio/min] was
      calculated from 11 computer assigned lung regions for intervals of 5-15 (early
      [E]) and 15-45 (late [L]) min. The diagnostic accuracy of E vs L SI calculations
      for the 11 regions was evaluated by stepwise logistic regression. E SI data and L
      SI data from the lower 1/3 of the lung did not achieve significance for inclusion
      in the discriminant model (P less than 0.05). In the nine remaining regions L SI
      was significant. Optimal discrimination was achieved from L SI data obtained from
      a region confined to the lateral half of the mid 3rd of the lung field
      (sensitivity 81%, specificity 85%, accuracy 83%). The results confirm that: 1) a
      late (15-45 min) sampling period and 2) proper region assignment are necessary to
      maximize accuracy of this technique.

PMID- 2920741
TI  - beta-Methyl-15-p-iodophenylpentadecanoic acid metabolism and kinetics in the
      isolated rat heart.
AB  - The use of 15-p-iodophenyl-beta-methyl-pentadecanoic acid (beta Me-IPPA) as an
      indicator of long chain fatty acid (LCFA) utilization in nuclear medicine studies
      was evaluated in the isolated, perfused, working rat heart. Time courses of
      radioactivity (residue curves) were obtained following bolus injections of both
      beta Me-IPPA and its straight chain counterpart 15-p-iodophenyl-pentadecanoic
      acid (IPPA). IPPA kinetics clearly indicated flow independent impairment of fatty
      acid oxidation caused by the carnitine palmitoyltransferase I inhibitor 2[5(4
      chlorophenyl)pentyl]oxirane-2-carboxylate (POCA). In contrast, beta Me-IPPA
      kinetics were insensitive to changes in fatty acid oxidation rate and net
      utilization of long chain fatty acid. Analysis of radiolabeled species in
      coronary effluent and heart homogenates showed the methylated fatty acid to be
      readily incorporated into complex lipids but a poor substrate for oxidation. POCA
      did not significantly alter metabolism of the tracer, suggesting that the tracer
      is poorly metabolized beyond beta Me-IPPA-CoA in the oxidative pathway.

PMID- 2920742
TI  - Myocardial 201Tl washout after combined dipyridamole submaximal exercise stress:
      reference values from different patient groups.
AB  - Dipyridamole stress is favorable in patients unable to exercise maximally for
      201Tl myocardial scintigraphy. Aside from an analysis of uptake defects, proper
      washout analysis can be limited by heart rate variations when isolated
      dipyridamole stress is used. Heart rate standardized 201Tl washout kinetics after
      a combined dipyridamole and submaximal exercise stress protocol (CDSE), feasible
      in elderly patients as well as in patients with peripheral artery disease, were
      therefore studied to investigate the 201Tl washout after CDSE in differently
      defined patient groups: Group I comprised 19 patients with documented heart
      disease and angiographically excluded coronary artery disease (CAD); group II
      contained 17 patients with a very low likelihood of CAD determined by both normal
      exercise radionuclide ventriculography and normal 201Tl uptake. Group III
      comprised 56 patients with a 50% pretest likelihood of CAD but normal 201Tl
      uptake. Mean washout values were nearly identical in all groups. Despite similar
      uptake patterns, however, washout standardized by CDSE was significantly lower
      than the normal washout values after maximal treadmill exercise. Thus an
      obviously lower 201Tl washout after CDSE than after maximal treadmill exercise
      must be considered if washout analysis criteria after dipyridamole are applied to
      evaluate ischemic heart disease. Nevertheless, heart rate elevation achieved by
      additional submaximal exercise stress seems necessary, adequate and clinically
      safe for standardisation of washout analysis in dipyridamole 201Tl scintigraphy.

PMID- 2920743
TI  - Automatic assignment of elliptical ROIs: first results in planar scintigrams of
      the left ventricle.
AB  - Several algorithms for quantitative analysis of 201Tl scintigrams require
      operator assigned elliptical regions. Therefore these algorithms are hampered by
      inter- and intra-observer errors. In this paper we present a robust algorithm to
      determine automatically contours with elliptical shapes. The algorithm is based
      on the Hough transformation and can determine the parameters describing an
      ellipse even in low signal-to-noise ratio images and when the contour is only
      partially visualized such as in non-perfused regions of the left ventricular
      myocardium. As long as the number of parameters to describe the shape of the
      contour is not too large, the same kind of algorithm can also be used for
      differently shaped contours, and for 3D elliptical contours as in SPECT.

PMID- 2920744
TI  - The diameter of coronary arteries in infants and children without heart disease.
AB  - Two-dimensional echocardiographic examinations of the proximal left and right
      coronary artery were performed in 100 children without heart disease. Fifty-nine
      boys and 41 girls were studied whose ages ranged from 1 day to 17 years old. The
      diameter of the proximal right and left coronary artery was 1 mm in newborns and
      4.5 mm in teenagers. No significant difference was observed between male and
      female subjects. A linear correlation between the coronary artery dimensions and
      the patient's age, weight, length, and body surface area could be demonstrated.
      The closest linear correlation corresponded to the patient's length with a
      correlation coefficient of r = 0.91 and r = 0.89 for the right and the left
      proximal coronary artery respectively. A quick orientation concerning normality
      of coronary artery diameters is possible with our graph of body length and
      corresponding coronary artery size. Knowing normal echocardiographic values for
      proximal coronary artery diameters, even subtle changes of these vessels can be
      diagnosed and the number of invasive diagnostic procedures, e.g. in Kawasaki
      disease, can be reduced.

PMID- 2920745
TI  - High dose intravenous methylprednisolone for Kassabach-Merritt syndrome.
AB  - Kassabach-Merritt syndrome involving the sternum in a 2-month-old child is
      described. Treatment with high dose intravenous methylprednisolone resulted in
      normalization of the platelet count and disappearance of haemangioma.

PMID- 2920746
TI  - Recurrent parotid gland enlargement as an initial manifestation of Sjogren
      syndrome in children.
AB  - Recurrent parotid gland enlargement is a common disorder in children, while that
      of auto-immune aetiology is rare. Three children with recurrent parotid swelling
      had autoantibodies including antinuclear antibody, anti-SS-A (Sjogren syndrome
      A), SS-B (Sjogren syndrome-B) antibodies and rheumatoid factor, abnormal
      sialograms and lymphocytic infiltration of salivary glands, which were consistent
      with Sjogren syndrome. Initially, all three lacked symptoms of
      keratoconjunctivitis sicca. During follow up, two patients developed xerostomia
      and were diagnosed as having primary Sjogren syndrome. Recurrent parotid
      enlargement appears to be important as an initial manifestation of Sjogren
      syndrome in children.

PMID- 2920747
TI  - Infants born to mothers with antibodies against Borrelia burgdorferi at delivery.
AB  - A serological survey over a 1-year period of 1416 mothers at delivery and their
      1434 offspring for the presence of anti-Borrelia burgdorferi antibodies revealed
      a prevalence of 0.85%. Clinically active Lyme disease during pregnancy was found
      in 1 of these 12 women with elevated titres and the child was born with a
      ventricular septal defect. Of six affected children, two had hyperbilirubinaemia,
      one muscular hypotonia, one was underweight for gestational age, one was
      macrocephalic, and one had supraventricular extrasystoles. Anomalous findings
      could not be attributed to B. burgdorferi due to a lack of serological evidence
      of intrauterine infection. Our data do not imply the need for serological
      screening in pregnancy, however, the importance of recognition and treatment of
      Lyme disease in pregnancy is emphasized.

PMID- 2920748
TI  - Meningitis due to Borrelia burgdorferi in the initial stage of Lyme disease.
AB  - Borrelia burgdorferi (B.b.) was isolated from cerebrospinal fluid from two
      children with aseptic meningitis. Serology for B.b. was initially negative or
      borderline and became positive during the subsequent course. Children with
      aseptic meningitis of unknown origin should be re-evaluated within 1 month to
      detect possible increasing antibody titres to B.b. Aseptic meningitis may be a
      stage 1 manifestation of Lyme disease.

PMID- 2920749
TI  - Unusual course of a Chlamydia pneumonia in an infant with IgG2/IgG4-deficiency.
AB  - An unusual case of Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis) pneumonia, complicated
      by the development of a pneumothorax, is reported in an IgG2/IgG4 deficient
      infant delivered by caesarean section. C. trachomatis was isolated initially from
      a throat smear and subsequently from pleural effusions. Serological examinations
      using the complement fixation test were negative in sera of both mother and
      child. However, using immunofluorescence the presence of an acute or recent
      infection was confirmed by IgM-antibodies in the serum of the infant and IgA
      antibodies in the serum of the mother. At the age of 7 months the girl suffered
      from impetigo contagiosa which was partially resistant to antibiotic treatment.
      IgG-subclass deficiency was diagnosed after the onset of this disease and the
      girl was then treated by immunoglobulin transfusion.

PMID- 2920750
TI  - Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome in a mother and son.
AB  - The Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome is a condition characterized by mental retardation,
      typical facial changes and broad thumbs and big toes. The cause is unknown;
      almost all cases are sporadic. We describe a mother and son with Rubinstein-Taybi
      syndrome. Literature search documented at least 413 cases with 558 sibs. An
      affected offspring has occurred at least twice, possibly six times. In 45 yet
      undescribed Dutch cases no recurrence was found in 94 sibs. A submicroscopic
      chromosome deletion seems the most probable explanation, but other alternatives
      may be possible.

PMID- 2920751
TI  - Postaxial acrofacial dysostosis or Miller syndrome. A case report.
AB  - A case of postaxial acrofacial dysostosis (Miller syndrome) is presented. This
      rare syndrome is essentially characterized by a Treacher-Collins-like facial
      appearance together with absence of the fifth digital ray of all limbs and
      variable forearm hypoplasia.

PMID- 2920752
TI  - Further evidence for infectious origin of isolated transient
      hyperphosphatasaemia.
AB  - Marked transient increases in serum alkaline phosphatase activity were found in
      three siblings with upper respiratory tract infections. This supports
      observations suggesting an infectious origin of the condition termed "transient
      hyperphosphatasaemia of infancy and early childhood".

PMID- 2920753
TI  - Low antithrombin III: accurate predictor of idiopathic respiratory distress
      syndrome in premature neonates.
AB  - A prospective study was performed in premature neonates to determine the
      predictive values of antithrombin III (AT III) deficiency immediately after
      birth, for the subsequent development of idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome
      (IRDS), intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH) and death. Of the 81 premature infants
      studied, 24 developed IRDS (30%). Of these 24 premature infants, 8 also developed
      IVH and 9 infants died within the follow-up period of 7 days. The mean plasma AT
      III level was significantly lower in the infants developing IRDS (0.23 U/ml vs
      0.35 U/ml, P less than 0.0005). Within this study group 33 neonates of less than
      30 weeks' gestation showed a prevalence for IRDS of 48%. In this group, AT III
      activity levels below 0.30 U/ml were 8.5 times as likely to result from infants
      with IRDS than from infants without IRDS. The diagnostic accuracy indices of
      criteria for the development of IRDS were: a sensitivity of 100%, a specificity
      of 88%, a positive predictive value of 89% and a negative predictive value of
      100%. The predictive values for the development of IVH and occurrence of death
      were insignificant. Therefore, in premature neonates the combination of less than
      30 weeks' gestation and an AT III below 0.30 U/ml is highly suggestive of IRDS
      and may facilitate the evaluation of early treatment.

PMID- 2920754
TI  - Primary infantile hypomagnesaemia; report of two cases and review of literature.
AB  - We describe two male infants suffering from primary hypomagnesaemia, diagnosed at
      3 months and 2.5 months of age. They both presented with generalised convulsions,
      with case 2 exhibiting hypocalcaemia which did not respond to calcium and case 1
      having normocalcaemia at first but hypocalcaemia 3 days after admission. Both
      improved dramatically after initiation of magnesium therapy. A carrier-mediated
      transport defect is the most likely cause of this disease. It is of the utmost
      importance that a correct and prompt diagnosis be made as therapy is simple and
      effective. Failure in diagnosing this condition could prove fatal as demonstrated
      in the family history of case 2.

PMID- 2920755
TI  - Neurogenic bladder due to herpes zoster infection in an infant.
AB  - A case is presented of Herpes zoster (HZ) infection in a 2.5-month-old infant
      with the added complication of a neurogenic bladder. The patient's mother
      suffered from varicella during the 18th week of pregnancy. The patient had a
      typical herpetic rash at the age of 2.5 months, and developed constipation and a
      neurogenic bladder. While the constipation improved, bladder atonicity led to
      hydroureters necessitating bilateral ureterostomies. Urinary tract involvement of
      HZ is well known in adults and is reversible. To our knowledge this is the first
      report of such a complication of HZ infection in infants.

PMID- 2920756
TI  - Congenital hypomyelination with axonopathy.
AB  - We report a case of congenital neuropathy taking a rapidly fatal clinical course.
      Ultrastructural features of the peripheral nerve were unusual with sparsity of
      myelinated fibres, lack of "onion bulb" formation and presence of axonal damage.
      This case is compared with previously reported cases of early infantile
      neuropathy.

PMID- 2920757
TI  - Vitamin D metabolism in tumoral calcinosis.

PMID- 2920758
TI  - New estradiol-linked nitrosoureas: can the pharmacokinetic properties help to
      explain the pharmacodynamic activities?
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosocarbamoyl-L-alanine-estradiol
      17-ester (CNC-alanine-estradiol-17-ester) a new estradiol-linked anticancer drug
      and the unlinked DNA-crosslinking agent 1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosocarbamoyl-L
      alanine (CNC-alanine) have been studied in methylnitrosourea-induced female
      Sprague-Dawley rats after equimolar intravenous and oral administration. In
      comparison with the unlinked single agent, the CNC-alanine-estradiol-17-ester
      showed a 3-fold longer halflife in plasma and a three times larger volume of
      distribution. The distribution after intravenous administration was nearly three
      times faster. The absorption after peroral administration was likewise two times
      faster. The bioavailability of the estradiol-linked drug was determined to be
      52%. After application of CNC-alanine-estradiol-17-ester the cytostatic
      metabolite CNC-alanine was found, indicating the cleavage of the ester bond. CNC
      alanine generated from CNC-alanine-estradiol-17-ester showed a 50% longer
      halflife than when applied directly. The results indicate that linking 2
      chloroethyl-nitrosoureas to estradiol can result in new anticancer agents with
      modified properties in comparison to the unlinked single agent. The higher
      antineoplastic activity of the hormone-linked drug can mainly be attributed to
      differences in the pharmacokinetic behaviour.

PMID- 2920759
TI  - Evaluation of cardiac toxicity of idarubicin (4-demethoxydaunorubicin).
AB  - Cardiac toxicity of idarubicin (4-demethoxydaunorubicin), a new daunorubicin
      derivative, was tested in 49 phase II patients with advanced malignancies. In 26
      patients the drug was given intravenously at a dose of 13 mg/m2 and in 23 orally
      at a dose of 45 mg/m2. Cardiac toxicity was evaluated by means of
      electrocardiography, left ventricular systolic time intervals, echocardiography
      and radionuclide cineangiography. The type and incidence of ECG abnormalities
      were comparable to those observed with other anthracycline analogs. Other
      functional parameters, serially measured to evaluate delayed cardiotoxicity in
      patients who received more than 65 mg/m2 intravenously or 225 mg/m2 orally, were
      not significantly different from pretreatment values. No patient developed
      clinical congestive heart failure. Only one patient exhibited a drop in the left
      ventricular ejection fraction of more than 15% from pretreatment values. These
      data indicate that idarubicin given orally or intravenously at the tested doses
      has no significant cardiotoxic activity in the range of the cumulative doses
      attained.

PMID- 2920760
TI  - A phase II study of high dose ifosfamide in metastatic colorectal cancer.

PMID- 2920761
TI  - A phase II trial of oral idarubicin plus dibromodulcitol in advanced breast
      cancer.

PMID- 2920762
TI  - Therapy of small cell lung cancer: the use of surgery.

PMID- 2920763
TI  - Prolactin and breast cancer.

PMID- 2920764
TI  - Effective systemic therapy for spinal epidural metastases from breast carcinoma.
AB  - A complete resolution of spinal epidural metastases following systemic therapy,
      consisting of chemotherapy and/or hormonal therapy, is reported in four patients
      with breast carcinoma. Remissions were of substantially longer duration than
      previous remissions induced by radiotherapy. Single systemic therapy is an
      underestimated way of treatment for spinal epidural metastases. This way of
      treatment should be considered when radiotherapy has failed. Under certain
      circumstances it might even be considered as primary treatment. The protracted
      remissions following systemic therapy, even in the case of a complete
      myelographic block, warrant further clinical studies concerning this mode of
      treatment.

PMID- 2920765
TI  - Changes in scalp hair after cancer chemotherapy.

PMID- 2920766
TI  - The effect of trifluoperazine, a calmodulin antagonist, on the growth of normal
      and malignant epidermal keratinocytes in culture.
AB  - Calmodulin, a cytoplasmic calcium binding protein, is present in concentrations
      two- to four-fold higher in malignant cells compared to normal cells. In an
      effort to learn the significance of these elevated levels, we examined the effect
      of calmodulin blockage on the growth of normal and malignant keratinocytes in
      vitro. The level of calmodulin in SCC12.B2, a line of keratinocytes derived from
      an epidermal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), was about 3.5 times greater than in
      normal, human newborn foreskin keratinocytes. When exposed to trifluoperazine
      (TFP), an inhibitor of calmodulin, cell growth was reduced primarily in the
      cultures of normal keratinocytes. This growth inhibition resulted from two
      changes in the replicating population of cells, namely an increase in cell cycle
      length and an increase in rate of cell cycle withdrawal. Cell cycle withdrawal is
      the irreversible arrest of the cell cycle and is an early event in keratinocyte
      terminal differentiation. There was no measurable effect on the cell cycle time
      or withdrawal rate in SCC12.B2. The increased resistance to growth arrest in SCC
      cells may be a consequence of the elevated level of calmodulin in these cells.

PMID- 2920767
TI  - Clinical and radiological correlation of retroperitoneal metastasis from
      nonseminomatous testicular cancer treated with chemotherapy.
AB  - Forty patients with retroperitoneal metastasis from nonseminomatous testicular
      cancer treated with chemotherapy were retrospectively studied to (1) evaluate the
      predictive value of mass size as detected by computerized tomography (CT) as an
      indicator for postchemotherapy surgery and (2) determine the factors that
      influence relapse. Patients received two further courses of chemotherapy after
      their serum biomarkers became normal and computed tomography indicated a complete
      response or presence of a residual but stable mass. We found that patients with
      initial metastases less than 2 cm had a low frequency (14%) of residual masses
      after chemotherapy, vs. 59% for those with masses of 2-5 cm and 75% for those
      with masses of greater than 5 cm (P = 0.03). Of 22 patients with primary
      embryonal carcinoma, three of seven (43%) with residual masses after chemotherapy
      had mature teratoma at surgery. Six patients had small (1-2 cm) residual
      abnormalities that were not removed, and three of these patients relapsed. In
      conclusion, increasing size of retroperitoneal metastasis by CT scan predicts for
      increased likelihood of a residual mass after chemotherapy; patients who have a
      residual mass greater than or equal to 1 cm require retroperitoneal
      lymphadenectomy after chemotherapy, whether the tumor histology is embryonal
      carcinoma or teratoma. The role of surgery for patients who have residual
      retroperitoneal masses less than 1 cm after chemotherapy could not be determined
      from our study.

PMID- 2920768
TI  - Factors at presentation influencing the prognosis in breast cancer.
AB  - Presentation data on 607 breast cancer patients treated by a variety of
      modalities at Guy's Hospital, London, have been analysed using the Cox
      proportional hazards model, to identify factors associated with length of overall
      survival. When deaths attributable to causes other than breast cancer were
      treated as censoring events, the significant factors were found to be stage, mode
      of treatment, menstrual status and tumour size. The analysis was repeated for the
      subgroup of 326 patients treated by modified radical mastectomy. Four variables:
      stage, age at menarche, menstrual status and age were found to be significantly
      associated with both overall survival and length of distant recurrence-free
      interval. These factors have been combined to create a prognostic index which has
      been used to define subgroups of patients with different prognosis. The index has
      been validated on a separate group of 457 modified radical mastectomy patients
      treated at the same hospital.

PMID- 2920769
TI  - Analysis of glycoproteins released from benign and malignant human breast:
      changes in size and fucosylation with malignancy.
AB  - Radiolabelled glycoproteins released into media from benign and malignant human
      breast tissue after 48 h organ culture have been analysed using SDS
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and fluorography. Major differences were
      identified between benign and malignant tissues: (i) a considerably higher
      incidence of glycoproteins in the molecular weight range 210-280 kDa detected
      from carcinomas than benign samples, with incidence being greater in poorly
      differentiated tumours; (ii) fucosylation of these glycoproteins released from
      carcinomas but not benign breast; (iii) heterogeneity, particularly of
      fucosylation, between the carcinomas but consistency amongst benign breast. A
      glycoprotein of MW 230 kDa was of particular interest since it was not detected
      from any benign samples but was present in 11 of 17 carcinomas, when it was
      almost always fucosylated. This could prove to be a useful tumour marker.

PMID- 2920770
TI  - The relationship between the unmodified initial tissue pH of human tumours and
      the response to combined radiotherapy and local hyperthermia treatment.
AB  - The relationship between unmodified tumour pH before treatment and tumour
      response was investigated in patients receiving combined radiotherapy and local
      hyperthermia treatment. Tumour pH showed a statistically significant positive
      correlation with the response rate (Spearman correlation coefficient 0.31, n =
      50, 2P less than 0.05). The mean pH of tumours showing a complete response (CR)
      was significantly higher than that of tumours showing a partial response (PR) as
      well as those showing no change (NC). As the means of the PR and NC groups were
      not significantly different from each other, these groups were combined for
      further analysis. The pH of the CR group was also significantly different from
      that of the NC + PR group (CR: 7.36 +/- 0.05, median 7.36, n = 18, NC + PR: 7.16
      +/- 0.06, median 7.21, n = 32); Mann-Whitney test: 2P less than 0.05).
      Stratification of the data with respect to radiotherapy dose, hyperthermia dose
      or tumour volume showed that these factors were not associated with tumour pH to
      such a degree that they might have seriously biased the results. The results
      suggest that enhancement of the cytotoxic effects of hyperthermia by low pH known
      from experiments with cell cultures is not observed in tumours which are treated
      with radiotherapy and hyperthermia, and that even the converse may occur. The
      reasons for this are discussed at length and it is suggested that sudden
      modification of the tumour pH directly prior to or during treatment is imperative
      to obtain any sensitizing effect.

PMID- 2920771
TI  - Protective effect of oral cysteamine against induction of gastric cancer by N
      methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in Wistar rats.
AB  - The effect of oral administration of cysteamine (2-aminoethanethiol
      hydrochloride) on the incidence and histology of gastric adenocarcinomas induced
      by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) was investigated in inbred Wistar
      rats. Oral administration of 0.4% cysteamine in food after treatment with MNNG
      for 25 weeks significantly reduced the incidence and number of adenocarcinomas of
      the glandular stomach in experimental Week 52. Histological examination showed
      that adenocarcinomas that did develop in rats fed on cysteamine had high mucin
      producing activity. Furthermore, oral administration of cysteamine caused a
      significant increase in serum gastrin level and significant decreases in the
      antral mucosal pH and the labeling indices of the antral mucosa. These findings
      indicate that cysteamine inhibits the development of gastric adenocarcinomas when
      given orally. This effect may be related to its ability to decrease proliferation
      of antral mucosal cells.

PMID- 2920772
TI  - Chronic diazepam treatment produces regionally specific changes in GABA
      stimulated chloride influx.
AB  - GABA-stimulated 36Cl- influx was used to investigate regional differences in
      response to chronic diazepam treatment by comparing cortical and cerebellar
      tissue from rats chronically treated with diazepam for 3 weeks. Using a treatment
      protocol which has previously been shown to produce behavioral tolerance and
      physical dependence, cortical membrane preparations from chronic diazepam-treated
      rats were found to exhibit a decreased responsiveness to the stimulation of 36Cl-
      influx by GABA and a corresponding decrease in the ability of flunitrazepam to
      enhance GABA-stimulated 36Cl-influx. This decrease in sensitivity to
      flunitrazepam, however, appears to reflect the underlying decrease in sensitivity
      to GABA. In contrast, in membrane vesicles prepared from cerebella of chronic
      diazepam-treated rats, there was no measurable effect on GABA-stimulated 36Cl-
      influx or on the enhancement of GABA-stimulated 36Cl- influx by flunitrazepam.
      These results support the suggestion that there is a regionally specific
      reduction in GABA/benzodiazepine receptor function following chronic
      benzodiazepine treatment.

PMID- 2920773
TI  - RU 24722, a new eburnamine derivative, induces selective alterations in cerebral
      glucose utilization in freely moving rat.
AB  - The effect of a new eburnamine derivative, RU 24722, a putative phasic activator
      of catecholaminergic systems on local cerebral glucose utilization was studied in
      freely moving rats 15 min, 90 min and 6 h after the intraperitoneal
      administration of the drug (25 mg/kg). Of the 53 brain regions examined, 9
      exhibited significant time-dependent increases of glucose utilization (up to 45
      55%). Some changes were early and transient, as in the substantia nigra
      reticulata and the paraventricular nuclei. Other areas showed sustained (median
      septal nucleus) or delayed increases of glucose utilization (lateral septum,
      dorsal subiculum, hippocampal fimbria, fronto-parietal motor cortex and ventral
      cochlear nucleus). No significant alterations of glucose utilization could be
      elicited in the locus coeruleus and raphe nuclei, and none of the brain regions
      showed a decrease in glucose consumption. Our findings suggest that RU 24722
      preferentially stimulates the activity in some brain areas involved in cognitive,
      vegetative and locomotor functions.

PMID- 2920774
TI  - Influence of age on calcium entry blocking drugs in rat aorta is spasmogen
      dependent.
AB  - On rat aorta, diltiazem (0.2 microM) caused parallel shifts in the Ca2+
      concentration-response curves (K+-depolarized preparations). In aged (greater
      than 19 months) rats, this shift (0.57 log units) was smaller than in young (2
      months) rats (1.04 log units) indicating an age-related reduction in the potency
      of diltiazem. Felodipine (10 nM), like diltiazem (1 microM) in a previous study,
      depressed the maximum response to noradrenaline more in preparations from aged
      rats (40% reduction) than from young rats (14% reduction). This increase in the
      effect of felodipine or diltiazem vs. noradrenaline reflected a reduction in the
      alpha-adrenoceptor reserve for noradrenaline. Accordingly, the depression in the
      maximum responses to other spasmogens (5-HT or K+) by 1 microM diltiazem was not
      increased by age (5-HT, young 59%, aged 49% reduction; K+, young 65%, aged 70%
      reduction). This aging can have two opposing influences on the effects of Ca2+
      entry blocking drugs on rat aorta - a decrease in potency, yet an increase in
      effectiveness against spasmogens with a reduced receptor reserve.

PMID- 2920775
TI  - Antiinflammatory action of salicylates: aspirin is not a prodrug for salicylate
      against rat carrageenin pleurisy.
AB  - A current hypothesis postulates that the antiinflammatory effect of aspirin
      (acetylsalicylic acid) is mediated by its metabolite salicylic acid through
      inhibition of PGE2 synthesis. We tested this hypothesis in rats with carrageenin
      induced pleurisy. Aspirin or salicylate, given orally, reduced exudation and cell
      migration into the pleural cavity, aspirin being more potent than salicylate. The
      antiinflammatory effect of aspirin cannot be explained only in terms of
      salicylate formation. Doses of aspirin and salicylate that inhibit inflammation
      by 50% result in salicylate levels in the exudate of 70 +/- 12 and 323 +/- 17
      micrograms/ml, respectively. At a significant antiinflammatory dose (100 mg/kg),
      salicylate did not reduce the prostaglandin and thromboxane content of the
      exudate. This indicates that inhibition of cyclooxygenase is not a likely
      mechanism for the antiinflammatory effect of salicylate. Salicylate only reduced
      the amount of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha in the exudate at higher doses (200 mg/kg), while
      aspirin at an equally antiinflammatory dose (50 mg/kg) reduced the content of 6
      keto-PGF1 alpha, TXB2, PGD2 but not of PGE2 in the exudate. It therefore seems
      unlikely that an inhibition of PGE2 synthesis is the common mechanism by which
      aspirin and salicylate exert their antiinflammatory effects. These results do not
      supported the hypothesis that aspirin is a prodrug for salicylate but rather
      indicate that both compounds may exert their antiinflammatory effects partly by
      different mechanisms.

PMID- 2920776
TI  - Central muscarinic involvement in cardiovascular control in sinoaortic-denervated
      rats.
AB  - A study was made of the cardiovascular effects of centrally administered
      cholinergic drugs in conscious sham-operated or sinoaortic-denervated (SAD) rats.
      Neostigmine (0.01-1 micrograms) and bethanechol (0.125-2 micrograms), injected
      intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.), induced a dose-dependent increase in mean
      blood pressure. This effect was significantly greater in SAD rats than in sham
      operated rats. The heart rate was reduced by both neostigmine and bethanechol in
      sham-operated rats but remained unaltered in SAD animals. Similar doses of
      neostigmine and bethanechol injected i.v. did not have an effect in sham-operated
      rats. Central muscarinic blockade with methylatropine (1 or 5 micrograms i.c.v.)
      prevented the cardiovascular effects induced by neostigmine (1 microgram i.c.v.)
      in both groups of rats. The administration of methylatropine (0.3 mg/kg i.v.) to
      sham-operated rats only prevented the bradycardia induced by neostigmine (1
      microgram i.c.v.), the pressor response was not affected. These results lend
      support to the view that cholinergic pathways are involved in the pressor and
      bradycardic responses of sham-operated rats and that they are mediated through
      central muscarinic receptors. The bradycardia induced by lower doses of the
      anticholinesterase, neostigmine, cannot be reflex-mediated. The fact that the
      pressor response to neostigmine was higher in SAD rats than in sham-operated
      animals could be either due to a different activity of the cholinergic pathways
      or to an abolition of baroreflex afferent activity. These results also suggest
      that there is a connection between central cholinergic pathways and baroreflex
      efferent activity.

PMID- 2920777
TI  - Circadian rhythm of the in vitro stimulation of adenylate cyclase in rat heart
      tissue.
AB  - Adenylate cyclase activity in rat heart ventricles displayed a circadian rhythm
      with a maximum around 8:00 h and a minimum around 20:00 h. In vitro stimulation
      with 0.1 mM of isoprenaline, Gpp(NH)p or forskolin increased the 24-h-mean basal
      adenylate cyclase activity by 1.7-, 2.7- and 10.7-fold, respectively. The
      magnitude of the drug-induced stimulation varied significantly with the time of
      day. However, the drugs did not affect the timing of the circadian maximum or the
      amplitude (as % of 24-h-mean) of the basal rhythm. The data are the first to show
      that the response to the in vitro stimulation of the cardiac adenylate cyclase
      also displays a pronounced circadian rhythm.

PMID- 2920778
TI  - K+ channels openers prevent epilepsy induced by the bee venom peptide MCD.

PMID- 2920779
TI  - Protein composition of human aqueous humor: SDS-PAGE analysis of surgical and
      post-mortem samples.
AB  - We analyzed the protein composition of human aqueous humor. Samples were obtained
      by paracentesis from 25 human eyes (age range 64-92 years) at elective cataract
      surgery, and from 20 age-matched post-mortem eyes within 1.5 to 18 hr after
      death. Individual samples were assayed for total protein, and the polypeptides
      were separated by qualitative SDS-PAGE into high-, medium- and low-molecular
      weight ranges and then silver-stained. The clinical samples showed a remarkable
      consistency in the total protein values (mean +/- SEM: 12.4 +/- 2.0 mg per 100
      ml) and no detectable variations in the profiles of the silver-stained proteins.
      Twelve major protein fractions, with apparent molecular weights of 140, 80
      (doublet), 67, 60 (doublet), 35, 27, 25, 17, 14.6 and 9 kDa, were present. A
      preliminary analysis showed that the 17 kDa band contained a molecule resembling
      basic fibroblast growth factor. Two additional samples of aqueous humor from
      patients whose blood/aqueous barrier was compromised during paracentesis showed a
      quantitative and qualitative increase in the polypeptides that were present.
      Compared with the samples of aqueous humor obtained at surgery, the post-mortem
      samples exhibited a greater variability in total protein content (56.1 +/- 11.6
      mg per 100 ml) and an increased number of high- and low-molecular-weight protein
      fractions. In view of wide differences in the clinical parameters, including
      ocular and systemic medications, systemic illness, surgical premedications,
      anesthesia and total serum protein values, the similarity in the protein profiles
      of the carefully drawn surgical samples is most remarkable. Our results indicate
      that, in patients who underwent elective cataract surgery, the levels of major
      proteins in human aqueous humor are not affected by wide individual variations in
      the clinical parameters. We attribute this finding to the care taken in the
      collection of aqueous humor samples.

PMID- 2920780
TI  - A rabbit lens epithelial cell line supports expression of an exogenous crystallin
      gene characteristic of lens fiber cell differentiation.
AB  - Cell lines derived from the lens generally fail to maintain synthesis of
      crystallins in long-term culture. Here we demonstrate that the N/N1003A line of
      undifferentiated lens epithelial cells, derived from a newborn rabbit, does not
      produce detectable levels of alpha-, beta- or gamma-crystallin transcripts, yet
      is capable of supporting the transient expression of the mouse gamma 2-crystallin
      promoter, a promoter which is active only in terminally differentiated lens fiber
      cells in vivo. Analysis of a set of deletion constructs suggested that sequences
      required for activity of the mouse promoter in N/N1003A cells are similar, but
      not identical, to those previously shown to be essential in primary chick embryo
      lens explants. Therefore, these results suggest that different transcriptional
      factors may be capable of supporting lens-specific activity of the mouse gamma 2
      promoter. In addition, this cell line, N/N1003A, should be useful for
      investigations on the elements regulating gamma-crystallin gene expression.

PMID- 2920781
TI  - Immunomicroscopical study of type VI collagen in the trabecular meshwork of
      normal and glaucomatous eyes.
AB  - Cross-strained fiber bundles called long-spacing collagen or curly collagen occur
      in normal eyes in the trabecular meshwork. It can be seen in the basement
      membrane of the trabecular lamellae, in the sheath of the elastic-like fibers and
      underneath the inner wall of Schlemm's canal, where it forms part of the so
      called plaque material. The amount of this long-spacing collagen increases with
      age and is significantly more pronounced in glaucomatous eyes. Using
      immunohistochemical and immuno-electronmicroscopic methods, we have been able to
      show that type VI collagen is present in the aggregates called long-spacing
      collagen.

PMID- 2920782
TI  - The effects of aging and cataract formation on the trypsin inhibitor activity of
      human lens.
AB  - Assays were carried out to determine the trypsin inhibitor activity present in
      the water-soluble and water-insoluble fractions of human lenses of various ages.
      Little change was seen in the inhibitor activity of the water-soluble protein
      fraction. When this fraction was chromatographed on an Agarose A-1.5 m column,
      however, the inhibitor activity was increasingly associated with the high
      molecular weight (HMW) protein fraction with age. A gradual increase in water
      insoluble inhibitor was seen up to age 60, which correlated with the increase in
      protein in this fraction. After age 60, a marked increase in the water-soluble
      inhibitor activity was observed. In 80-90-yr old lenses, 1 mg of water-insoluble
      protein was able to inhibit 200 micrograms of crystallin trypsin by 50%. Similar
      assays on a collection of cortical and brunescent cataracts also showed very high
      levels of water-insoluble inhibitor activity. In most cases, these values were
      higher than those for the age-matched control lenses. Fractionation of the water
      insoluble proteins showed that the bulk of the activity remained with the urea
      insoluble fraction in cataractous lenses. A low molecular weight trypsin
      inhibitor was isolated from the water-soluble and water-insoluble fractions of
      human lenses. An age-dependent increase in this inhibitor was observed by
      activity measurements and electrophoretic analysis.

PMID- 2920783
TI  - Nucleotide levels in human lens: regional distribution in different forms of
      senile cataract.
AB  - Sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography methods were employed to assess
      regional distribution of adenine, guanosine and uridine nucleotides in clear and
      cataractous human eye lenses. According to slit-lamp examination, three forms of
      senile cataract were distinguished: (1) supranuclear or deep cortical cataract
      (typical senile cataract), (2) primary nuclear cataract (cataracta brunescens)
      and (3) subcapsular cortical cataract associated either with a supranuclear (3a)
      or a secondary nuclear cataract (3b). Except for AMP, which was highest in the
      nuclear fraction, all other nucleotides (ATP, ADP, GTP, and UTP) were
      predominantly located in the anterior cortex (plus epithelium) of clear as well
      as cataractous lenses, that is, ATP levels in the nucleus amounted to 20% of
      those found in the anterior cortex (plus epithelium); ATP levels in the posterior
      cortex were about 60% of those in the anterior cortex (plus epithelium).
      Significant differences in the absolute regional nucleotide level existed between
      the different forms of cataract. Highest ATP levels were found in the anterior
      cortex (plus epithelium) of clear lenses and deep or supranuclear cortical
      cataract. The ATP level was slightly diminished in primary nuclear cataract and
      in supranuclear cortical cataract when associated with an early subcapsular
      cortical cataract. ATP levels were depressed to less than 30% in the anterior
      cortex (plus epithelium) of lenses with a subcapsular cortical cataract when
      associated with either an early secondary nuclear or a mature cataract.
      Furthermore, the ATP/ADP ratio was decreased in this form of senile cataract. The
      decrease in lens nucleotide level did not correlate with increased age. These
      data suggest that decreases in regional ATP level are a secondary event and do
      not appear to be causally involved in the genesis of the 'cataracta senilis'.

PMID- 2920785
TI  - Development of tight junctions in the human ciliary epithelium.
AB  - Using the freeze-fracture technique, the tight junctions of the human ciliary
      epithelium were studied from 8 to 24.5 weeks of gestation with regard to their
      ability to act as a barrier to tannic acid. Zonular tight junctions were present
      as early as the 8th week of gestation, even before the emergence of ciliary
      folds, and they constituted an effective barrier to tannic acid at all stages
      studied. In the earliest stages, intramembranous particles were observed on the
      crest of membrane elevations, at regions of the future tight junctions.
      Discontinuous and loose networks of tight junctional strands were also
      encountered, indicating the formation of tight junctions. After the 10th week of
      gestation, ciliary folds developed and the configuration of the tight junctional
      networks underwent important changes. The apico-basal thickness of the junction,
      the number of superimposed strands, and the number of anastomoses decreased,
      while the number of complex strands increased. At the same period, junctional
      elements tended to become arranged in parallel lines. Steps which may lead to the
      formation of the tight junctions and the possible significance of the
      morphological modifications are discussed.

PMID- 2920784
TI  - Lysophospholipase and the metabolism of lysophosphatidylcholine in isolated
      bovine rod outer segments.
AB  - Incubation of bovine rod outer segments (ROS) with radiolabeled palmitic acid
      (16:0) and lysophosphatidylcholines (lysoPC) radiolabeled in either the fatty
      acid or the choline group indicated the presence of a lysophospholipase activity
      that is unaffected by Ca2+. In the presence of ATP, Mg2+ and CoA and acyl
      CoA:lysophospholipid acytransferase activity is evident, and free fatty acids,
      including those released by lysophospholipase activity, are esterified to
      membrane phospholipids. At low concentrations of lysoPC, 68% of it is acylated to
      form phosphatidylcholine (PC) and 24% is converted to glycerophosphocholine (GPC)
      and fatty acid per hour. As the concentration of lysoPC increases
      lysophospholipase activity increases, acyl-CoA:lysophospholipid acyltransferase
      activity decreases, and the proportion of lysoPC converted to PC decreases. The
      rate of production of lysophospholipids in vitro under phospholipase A
      stimulatory conditions exceeds the rate at which it can be removed by 5-10-fold.
      This suggests the possibility that an early step in light, anoxia- or hypoxia
      induced damage to photoreceptor cells may be activation of the phospholipase A
      endogenous to ROS.

PMID- 2920786
TI  - The fine structure of vascular-astroglial relations in transplanted fetal
      neocortex.
AB  - The vascular development within allografts of rat fetal neocortex was examined
      ultrastructurally with particular attention to astroglial-endothelial
      relationships. Grafts placed in the fourth ventricle exhibited a progressive
      astrogliosis around the host pial or choroidal vessels incorporated within the
      transplant which was evident by 1 month postoperative. Immunostaining with
      antisera to laminin showed intense reactivity around such neovessels at the light
      microscopic level. Transplants located intraparenchymally within the host
      parietal cortex also developed reactive astroglial "cuffs" around their marginal
      vessels by 1 week postoperative, although the degree and location of this
      reaction varied considerably with time. The origin of the reactive astroglia
      could not be directly determined from this study, but it is possible that they
      were stimulated by the collagen and fibroblasts present around vascularizing host
      pial and choroidal vessels in intraventricular grafts and by meningeal elements
      that entered the wound created for the intraparenchymal grafts. The marked
      astroglial reactivity within the grafts raises issues concerning their metabolic
      activity and their intimate relationship with brain endothelium. The close
      proximity of reactive astroglia to the graft vasculature would not appear to
      enhance the blood-brain barrier capabilities of transplant neovasculature,
      especially in intraventricular transplants, as might be suggested by many in
      vitro studies.

PMID- 2920787
TI  - Interactions between donor and host tissue following cross-species
      septohippocampal transplants.
AB  - Interactions between donor and host tissues following xenogeneic transplantation
      were studied using the neural cell surface antigen, Thy 1.2, as a marker for the
      donor tissue. Dissociated septal cells from Thy 1.2-positive fetal mice were
      transplanted to the dentate gyrus of Thy 1.2-negative adult rats. At post
      transplantation survival times between 1 and 5 months, an antibody to Thy 1.2 was
      used to identify donor tissue. The results demonstrate that the donor tissue was
      capable of migrating and developing within the host following transplantation.
      Thy 1.2-positive cells and processes were consistently found within the
      supragranular, infragranular, and molecular layers of the dentate gyrus, and
      occasionally within the hilus, suggesting that mechanisms existed within the host
      which influenced the development of the transplanted tissue. Additionally, the
      survival and growth of the Thy 1.2-positive neurons differed from previous
      reports describing the growth of acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-positive fibers from
      xenogeneic transplants. This finding suggested that in addition to growing within
      the host, xenogeneic transplants may also stimulate a compensatory sprouting
      response from the host.

PMID- 2920788
TI  - Immunological reactions induced by intracerebral transplantation: evidence that
      host microglia but not astroglia are the antigen-presenting cells.
AB  - The immunological reactions to embryonic cerebellar xenografts (n = 16) and
      allografts (n = 8) in host rat brain were studied after 2, 4, and 6 weeks of
      survival and compared to a control group consisting of 10 rats with isografts.
      Indirect immunofluorescence was performed on fresh frozen brain sections using
      antibodies against antigen presenting cells (Ia/Ox-6+ cells) and T helper
      (W3/25+) cells. Massive infiltrations of both cell types were found within
      xenografts. Ia antigen was present in the walls of small vessels near the
      transplant as well as in the ventricles on supra- and subependymal cells. In host
      tissue surrounding the grafts, Ox-6+ immunoreactivity was also observed in a
      population of cells ranging from an irregular rod-like shape with short branching
      processes to more rounded cell bodies with retracted processes. The appearance of
      these cells was characteristic of microglia. These cells were GFAP-negative.
      These cellular reactions were associated with rejection of the grafts. In
      contrast, the allografts survived, but nevertheless cells expressing Ox-6+ and to
      a lesser extent W3/25+ immunoreactivity were found along the injection needle
      tract and in damaged host tissue surrounding the grafts. No Ox-6+ perivascular
      infiltrations were seen. Some staining was also found within the allografts,
      mainly associated with damaged tissue. Ox-6+ ramified cells were also observed.
      Both Ox-6+ and W3/25+ immunoreactivity decreased with the time of survival. Host
      and donor GFAP-positive astrocytes did not express Ox-6+ molecules, and therefore
      probably were not involved in presenting antigen to effector cells. The control
      isografts also survived very well, but nevertheless Ox-6+ and less widespread
      W3/25+ cells were present in surrounding injured host tissue. Ox-6+ perivascular
      infiltration was not found in the host brain of animals with isografts. Ox-6+ and
      W3/25+ immunoreactivities were present primarily in graft areas that appeared
      damaged, often closely associated with injured host tissue. These results
      indicate that the process of implantation of grafts and associated brain injury
      induces enhanced Ia/Ox-6+ immunoreactivity, primarily on microglia in brain
      parenchyma surrounding grafts, and suggest that host microglia may substantially
      contribute to the initiation of immune reactions against intracerebral grafts.
      Despite this predisposition to an immunological response, only in the case of
      xenografts did these reactions, with the addition of Ox-6+ perivascular cuffing
      and cell infiltrations within the grafts, lead ultimately to graft rejection.

PMID- 2920789
TI  - Controlled release of dopamine from a polymeric brain implant: in vitro
      characterization.
AB  - A biocompatible polymeric matrix system for the long-term controlled release of
      dopamine has been developed. Solid particles of this bioactive agent were
      encapsulated in ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVAc). Following immersion in
      an aqueous buffer solution, the release rate of dopamine from the polymer matrix
      was found to depend on the initial concentration of dopamine in the polymer.
      After coating the matrix devices with an additional impermeable layer of EVAc,
      constant rates of release were obtained by creating a cavity in this impermeable
      layer. The observed experiments are consistent with a diffusion-limited model of
      dopamine release; all the in vitro experimental results were therefore correlated
      by the effective diffusion coefficient of dopamine through the porous polymer
      network. These results are discussed in terms of potential design modifications
      to achieve desired release characteristics for a variety of neuroactive
      substances, including neurotransmitters or their precursors.

PMID- 2920790
TI  - Parallel development of noradrenergic innervation and cellular compartmentation
      in the rat spleen.
AB  - By combining neurochemical measurement of norepinephrine (NE) with double-label
      immunocytochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase-positive (TH+) noradrenergic nerves
      and specific lymphoid markers, we have examined the developmental
      compartmentation of noradrenergic nerves in the rat spleen. TH+ nerve fibers were
      present in the white pulp of the spleen at birth, among surface IgM-positive
      (sIgM+) B lymphocytes at the outer border of the periarteriolar lymphatic sheath
      (PALS), distant from the central artery. During the first 7 days, noradrenergic
      innervation developed rapidly, forming plexuses of nerve fibers along the central
      artery and its branches, among T and B lymphocytes of the PALS, and along the
      developing marginal sinus where ED3+ macrophages accumulate. The splenic
      concentration of NE (per mg wet wt.) and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-phenetheleneglycol
      (MHPG), a NE metabolite, increased rapidly during this period, suggesting that NE
      is available and released from these nerves. From 7-14 days, the white pulp
      expanded to include an inner PALS, outer PALS, marginal sinus, and marginal zone;
      during this period, TH+ fibers arborized principally among T lymphocytes of the
      inner PALS and adjacent to macrophages along the marginal sinus. By 14 days of
      age, NE concentration reached adult levels, although the MHPG/NE ratio (an index
      of NE turnover) remained higher throughout development than in adulthood.
      Finally, from 14-28 days, the outer PALS expanded to include follicles containing
      sIgM+ B lymphocytes. At the earliest stages of follicular development, a
      parafollicular rim of noradrenergic fibers was present, providing occasional
      branches which arborized within the follicle. No further changes were observed in
      either noradrenergic innervation or cellular compartmentation after 28 days of
      age. These findings suggest that noradrenergic fibers are present in developing
      compartments of the spleen at the earliest stages of their development, providing
      norepinephrine for interaction with a variety of adrenoceptor-bearing lymphoid
      and nonlymphoid cells.

PMID- 2920791
TI  - Sensory nerve crush and regeneration and the receptive fields and response
      properties of neurons in the primary somatosensory cerebral cortex of cats.
AB  - Extracellular recordings were made of activity evoked in neurons of the forepaw
      focus of somatosensory cerebral cortex by electrical stimulation of each paw in
      control cats and cats that had undergone crush injury of all cutaneous sensory
      nerves to the contralateral forepaw 31 to 63 days previously. Neurons responding
      only to stimulation of the contralateral forepaw were classified as sa; neurons
      responding to stimulation of both forepaws were classified as sb; neurons
      responding to stimulation of both contralateral paws were classified as sc; and
      neurons responding to stimulation of at least three paws were classified as m.
      The ratio sa:sb:sc:m neurons was 46:3:0:0 in control cats and 104:15:3:26 in cats
      that had undergone nerve crush 1-2 months prior to study. sa neurons from
      experimental cats had depth distributions similar to those in controls and
      responded to contralateral forepaw stimulation with more spikes per discharge,
      longer latency, and higher threshold than sa neurons in control cats. m neurons
      from experimental cats were distributed deeper in the cortex than sa neurons,
      and, when compared to experimental sa neurons, they responded with longer latency
      and poorer frequency-following ability; however, the number of spikes per
      discharge and threshold were not significantly different. The appearance of wide
      field neurons in this tissue may be explained in terms of strengthening of
      previously sub-threshold inputs to neurons in the somatosensory system. If the
      neurons in sensory cortex play a requisite role in cutaneous sensations and if
      changes similar to those reported here occur and persist in human cortex after
      nerve crush, then "complete" recovery of sensation in such patients may occur
      against a background of changed cortical neuronal responsiveness.

PMID- 2920792
TI  - Regional cerebral incorporation of plasma [14C]palmitate, and cerebral glucose
      utilization, in water-deprived Long-Evans and Brattleboro rats.
AB  - Regional rates of incorporation into brain of intravenously administered
      [14C]palmitate and regional cerebral metabolic rates for glucose (rCMRglc) were
      measured in water-provided (WP) and water-deprived (WD) homozygous (DI) and
      heterozygous (HZ) Brattleboro rats, a mutant strain unable to synthesize
      vasopressin, and in the parent Long-Evans (LE) strain. Following 15 h or 4 days
      of water deprivation, rCMRglc was elevated threefold in the pituitary neural lobe
      of LE-WD and DI-WD as compared with LE-WP rats, and in the paraventricular
      nucleus of LE-WD, and the supraoptic nucleus of DI-WD rats. However,
      incorporation of [14C]palmitate into these regions was not specifically altered.
      The results indicate that water deprivation for up to 4 days increases rCMRglc in
      some brain regions involved with vasopressin, but does not alter [14C]palmitate
      incorporation into these regions. Incorporation of plasma [14C]palmitate is
      independent of unlabeled plasma palmitate at brain regions which have an intact
      blood-brain barrier, but at nonbarrier regions falls according to saturation
      kinetics as cold plasma concentration rises, with a mean half-saturation constant
      (Km) equal to 0.136 mumol.ml-1.

PMID- 2920793
TI  - Prolongation of twitch potentiating mechanism throughout muscle fatigue and
      recovery.
AB  - Measurements have been made of twitch amplitudes in human ankle dorsiflexor
      muscles during and following fatiguing electrical stimulation. In six subjects,
      studied with the arterial circulation occluded, the twitch was observed to
      undergo an early potentiation (mean, 99 +/- 50%) followed by complete
      disappearance. A second, smaller phase of potentiation (mean, 25 +/- 30%)
      occurred during recovery and gave way to prolonged depression of the twitch. A
      comparison of these results with those obtained with an intact circulation
      suggested that the four phases in the behavior of the twitch were the net result
      of two processes, potentiation and fatigue, with different time courses. Provided
      they are timed appropriately, observations of twitch amplitude can provide useful
      information concerning the development of, and recovery from, muscle fatigue.

PMID- 2920794
TI  - Focal stimulation of human peripheral nerve with the magnetic coil: a comparison
      with electrical stimulation.
AB  - The hypothenar compound motor action potential (CMAP) response to ulnar nerve
      stimulation at the elbow was used as a test system in the human to compare
      excitations by a round magnetic coil (MC), 92 mm in outer diameter, and by
      electrical bipolar or tripolar stimulation. Optimal focality of excitation was
      obtained with the MC at 90 degrees to the extended arm and its plane parallel to
      the arm, i.e., an orthogonal-longitudinal orientation. Tangential orientation of
      the MC on the arm, i.e., laying it flat on the arm, powerfully excited additional
      structures. As expected from classical axonology, orthogonal-transverse
      orientations were the least effective. With orthogonal-longitudinal orientation
      and submaximal stimulation, the spread of excitation lateral to the median nerve
      at the wrist was of the order of 10-15 mm, the thickness of the MC being 12 mm.
      With the same orientation, the site of origin of the distally propagating impulse
      was estimated by comparing CMAP latencies to bipolar electrical (with cathode
      distal) and MC stimulation. Tripolar stimulation (with cathode intermediate) had
      no advantage over bipolar stimulation. The impulse originated 13-22 mm from the
      midpoint of the contacting edge. Rotating the MC through 180 degrees and thus
      reversing the field polarity did not significantly change the CMAP latency,
      indicating that the effective cathode and anode lay within a few mm of each
      other. Stimulating with a tilted MC resulted in a maximum CMAP when the
      orthogonal-longitudinal orientation failed to do so. A simple volume conductor
      model yielded a potential gradient of the right order of magnitude (35 mV/mm)
      when the MC stimulator output was 25% of maximum, i.e., a little above threshold
      for exciting ulnar motor axons.

PMID- 2920795
TI  - Undernutrition during early adult life significantly affects neuronal
      connectivity in rat visual cortex.
AB  - Male black and white Hooded Lister rats were undernourished for 29 days during
      early adult life. Undernourished rats had 30% more synapses per neurone in the
      visual cortex than matched controls. It is suggested that undernutrition may
      cause a delay in the normal decline of this ratio.

PMID- 2920796
TI  - Serotonin uptake in cerebral cortex cultures: imipramine-like inhibition by N
      isopropyl-p-iodoamphetamine.
AB  - In cultured rat neocortex, uptake of [3H]serotonin (5-HT) and the SPECT
      radiopharmaceutical N-isopropyl-p-[123I]iodoamphetamine (IMP) was demonstrated
      after 4 and 14 days in vitro. Both imipramine and cold IMP inhibited [3H]5-HT
      uptake. Uptake of [123I]IMP was inhibited by imipramine but not by cold 5-HT. The
      similarity in the behaviors of IMP and imipramine indicates that uptake of IMP
      might be related to a serotonergic uptake system in a way that is similar to that
      in which imipramine is related to such a system.

PMID- 2920797
TI  - Expansion of the bile acid pool changes the biliary transport characteristics of
      centrizonal hepatocytes.
AB  - We investigated whether acinar differences in taurocholate transport are
      responsible for the increased maximal secretory rate observed after expansion of
      the bile acid pool. The bile acid pool was expanded by cholate feeding for four
      days. Periportal and centrizonal hepatocytes were then probed by ante- and
      retrograde liver perfusion, respectively. In control animals, secretory rate
      constant (alpha 1) averaged 0.439 +/- 0.123 and 0.104 +/- 0.035 min-1 during ante
      and retrograde perfusion, respectively, in the absence of exogenous
      taurocholate. These values did not significantly change when taurocholate was
      infused. In cholate-fed animals, alpha 1 was comparable during antegrade
      perfusion but was significantly reduced (0.038 +/- 0.035, p less than 0.05)
      during retrograde perfusion in the absence of exogenous taurocholate, presumably
      owing to induction of cytosolic bile acid binding proteins. During loading with
      exogenous taurocholate, by contrast, alpha 1 was significantly accelerated (0.252
      +/- 0.026; p less than 0.01) in centrizonal hepatocytes from bile-acid fed rats.
      Expansion of the bile acid pool is able to change the bile salt secretory
      characteristics of centrizonal hepatocytes toward those of periportal ones.

PMID- 2920798
TI  - A visual pigment of the sturgeon retina.
AB  - The visual pigments of hybrid sturgeon (a cross between Acipenser ruthenus (male)
      and Huso huso (female) have been studied both by the methods of incomplete
      partial bleaching and HPLC analysis. On the basis of the results obtained the
      relationship between the structure of opsins and the spectral characteristics of
      visual pigments is discussed.

PMID- 2920799
TI  - Studies on correlations between chloroquine-induced tissue damage and serum
      enzyme changes in the rat.
AB  - The administration of chloroquine to rats resulted in a significant elevation of
      serum enzymes and a corresponding decrease of these enzymes in the tissues. The
      changes in serum and kidney enzymes were most marked, thus indicating a primary
      renal dysfunction.

PMID- 2920800
TI  - Chronic cadmium intake results in dose-related excretion of metallothionein in
      urine.
AB  - Urinary excretion of metallothionein was measured by radioimmunoassay in rats
      given drinking water containing 5 or 50 mg cadmium/l for up to 2 years. The
      metallothionein levels corresponded to the concentration of cadmium in the
      drinking water and increased linearly over the course of the study. These results
      demonstrate that urinary metallothionein is a sensitive biological indicator of
      oral cadmium exposure.

PMID- 2920801
TI  - A basic protein from bovine brain that co-precipitates with tubulin in vitro.
AB  - A 193 kDa protein consisting of 58 kDa subunits, which has pI values of 8.50 and
      8.65, was purified from bovine brain cytosol. It formed heavy precipitates with
      tubulin, and the molar ratio of tubulin dimer to this protein in the precipitate
      was 3.2. In contrast to microtubules containing ordinary microtubule-associated
      proteins, these complexes remained stable against cold and 1 mM CaCl2.

PMID- 2920802
TI  - Effect of thyroid hormone on somatomedin-C release from perfused rat liver.
AB  - The effect of thyroid hormone on plasma somatomedin-C (SmC) level and on SmC
      release from perfused rat liver was investigated. Plasma SmC levels and liver
      tissue SmC were significantly increased in thyroxine-treated rats. Physiological
      doses of triiodothyronine increased SmC release and SmC concentration in the
      perfused rat liver. These results indicate that thyroid hormone directly enhances
      the synthesis and release of SmC in the rat.

PMID- 2920803
TI  - The effect of homogenization temperature upon the apparent cellular
      compartmentalization of unoccupied estrogen receptor.
AB  - Homogenization of rat uterus at elevated temperatures results in an increased
      nuclear localization of unoccupied estrogen receptor. This is a nonlinear effect
      which is accounted for by an increased population of KCl-resistant nuclear
      binding sites at the elevated homogenization temperatures.

PMID- 2920804
TI  - Anti-bovine beta-lactoglobulin antibodies react with a human lactoferrin fragment
      and bovine beta-lactoglobulin present in human milk.
AB  - Human milk samples react against anti-bovine beta-lactoglobulin rabbit
      antibodies, as measured by a competitive radioimmunoassay. Immunoreactivity was
      positive even in milk from mothers consuming a diet free of cow's milk. An
      increase with a diet rich in cow's milk proteins was detected by
      immunoelectrophoresis. The human milk fraction cross-reacting with anti-bovine
      beta-lactoglobulin antibodies corresponds to the 20 kDa fragment from the N
      terminal end of human lactoferrin. Three regions of this fragment exhibit
      sequence homology with a sequence contained in cow's beta-lactoglobulin (between
      residues 124 and 141).

PMID- 2920805
TI  - Distribution of tunichrome and vanadium in sea squirt blood cells sorted by flow
      cytometry.
AB  - Specialized blood cells of many tunicates accumulate high concentrations of
      vanadium and phenolic peptide pigments called tunichromes (TC). In order to
      determine whether V and TC reside in the same cells, Ascidia nigra and Ascidia
      ceratodes blood cell subpopulations were isolated by fluorescence-activated cell
      sorting (flow cytometry) and chemically analyzed. V was found in the spherical,
      green/grey signet ring cells, and to a lesser degree in the mulberry-shaped,
      yellow/green morula cells (MRs), whereas free TC was detected mainly in MRs.

PMID- 2920806
TI  - Preliminary observations of a bacteriophage infecting Xenorhabdus luminescens
      (Enterobacteriaceae).
AB  - A bacteriophage infective to Xenorhabdus luminescens, a bacterial symbiont of
      heterorhabditid nematodes, was recovered from insects that supported poor
      nematode development. Plaque tests showed the phage particles to be infective
      only to primary and not secondary colonies of X. luminescens. The phage was not
      infective to X. nematophilus primaries or secondaries. The bacteriophage
      particles ranged 80-90 nm in length, with the head ranging from 40 to 50 nm in
      diameter. Restriction analysis was performed on isolated bacteriophage DNA. This
      first report of a bacteriophage from Xenorhabdus species has practical
      implications since it could be detrimental to cultures of Heterorhabditis
      nematodes that are being produced throughout the world for the biological control
      of insects.

PMID- 2920807
TI  - Glucosamine enhanced sperm-egg binding but inhibited sperm-egg fusion in mouse.
AB  - In order to study the sperm-egg recognition mechanism on the surface of the
      plasma membrane, zonae were removed from mouse eggs by exposure to acidic
      conditions. Sperm binding to denuded eggs was then observed in the presence of
      various sugars. Among several carbohydrates tested, only glucosamine (GlcN) was
      found to increase the number of sperm bound to eggs while inhibiting sperm-egg
      fusion. The inhibition was reversible; when denuded eggs were transferred to a
      GlcN free medium, a high rate of polyspermy was observed.

PMID- 2920808
TI  - Sex linkage of malic enzyme in Xenopus laevis.
AB  - Genetic analysis of mME variants (mitochondrial malic enzyme, E.C. 1.1.1.40) in
      Xenopus laevis revealed sex linkage of the mMe locus and indicated a WZ/ZZ type
      of sex determination. Codominant mMe alleles occur on both W and Z chromosomes,
      with a recombination frequency of 6.1% +/- 1.5% between mMe and the sex
      determining locus (or region).

PMID- 2920809
TI  - Isolation and structure of the strong cell growth and tubulin inhibitor
      combretastatin A-4.
AB  - The African tree Combretum caffrum (Combretacae) has been found to contain a
      powerful inhibitor of tubulin polymerization (IC50 2-3 microM), the growth of
      murine lymphocytic leukemia (L 1210 and P 388 with ED50 approximately 0.003
      microM and human colon cancer cell lines [(e.g. LoVo (ED50 = 0.005 microgram/ml),
      HT 29 (ED50 0.02 microgram/ml, Colo 205 (ED50 = 0.07 microgram/ml), DLD-1 (ED50 =
      0.005 microgram/ml) and HCT-15 (ED50 = 0.0009 microgram/ml] designated
      combretastatin A-4 (1c). The structure assigned by spectral techniques was
      confirmed by synthesis.

PMID- 2920810
TI  - Ventilatory and circulatory adjustments in the European eel (Anguilla anguilla
      L.) exposed to short term hypoxia.
AB  - Respiratory and circulatory (measured and calculated) variables were obtained at
      the same time in resting eels, during normoxia and after 1 h exposure to
      environmental hypoxia (water PO2 of 40 torr). In normoxia, values of respiratory
      and circulatory variables appeared less than those reported for most other fish.
      These differences could be partly explained by a lower level of standard
      metabolism and a greater uptake of O2 through the skin. Hypoxia caused a marked
      decrease in heart rate (40%), cardiac output (37%), ventral and dorsal arterial
      blood pressures (22% and 32%), associated with a constriction of prebranchial
      veno-venous shunt, and an increase in branchial vascular resistance (30%).
      Atropine treatment during hypoxia reduced, but did not abolish, bradycardia, and
      branchial vascular resistance remained unchanged. The lack of increase in cardiac
      stroke volume as well as the slowing of the heart in atropine-treated eel, could
      be regarded as metabolic effects of sustained hypoxia. The increase in branchial
      resistance and constriction of prebranchial veno-venous shunt could be regarded
      as a direct myogenic effect of hypoxia. Hypoxic exposure resulted in an increase
      in ventilatory water flow Vg (more than twofold), a decrease in gill O2 uptake
      (50%) and oxygen partial pressure in arterial (PaO2 80%) and mixed venous blood
      (PvO2 78%), and in increase in the transfer factor for O2 of the gills, TO2,
      (+66%). The ventilatory convection requirement increased (fivefold) while
      extraction (EwO2%) and effectiveness (Eff%) of gill oxygen transfer were
      maintained in spite of hyperventilation. Hypoxic hyperventilation reduced partial
      pressure of CO2 (PaCO2 from 3.4 to 0.7 torr) and markedly raised pH (pHa from
      7.98 to 8.33) in arterial blood, thus causing a typical respiratory alkalosis,
      which resulted in increased O2 affinity and capacity of eel haemoglobin.

PMID- 2920811
TI  - Sideband transmission in interference filters and its implications for
      measurements of spectral sensitivity.
AB  - Commercial interference filters used in much of comparative vision science are
      constructed to suppress the transmission of light outside the primary passband.
      However, despite attempts to suppress sideband transmission, it does occur. This
      sideband transmission can lead to serious problems when working in the
      ultraviolet (UV) spectrum. The use of UV interference filters with a tungsten
      source which is calibrated with a silicon photodiode, produce large reproducible
      errors.

PMID- 2920812
TI  - Composition and distribution of retinal and 3-hydroxyretinal in the compound eye
      of the dragonfly.
AB  - Retinoids in the compound eyes of nymphs and adult dragonflies in 11 families of
      the 3 suborders were extracted by the oxime method, and analysed by high
      performance liquid chromatography. Almost all of the species examined contained
      both retinal and 3-hydroxyretinal in the compound eye. The ratio of 11-cis 3
      hydroxyretinal to 11-cis retinal (3-OH ratio) was calculated as an index of the
      retinoid composition. The 3-OH ratios of the whole eye of nymphs in all the
      suborders and of adults of the suborder Zygoptera were very high, 2.2 at the
      minimum, but in Anisozygoptera and Anisoptera most of the ratios were distributed
      between 1 and 2.7. In the family Gomphidae, exceptionally low 3-OH ratios, less
      than 1, were observed in several species. The regional distributions of the
      retinals in the adult compound eyes were also examined. In the Zygopteran
      compound eye, both retinals were distributed evenly all over the eye, while in
      the compound eye of the other two suborders, the 3-OH ratios in the dorsal area
      of the eye were extremely low. In several species of Gomphidae and Libellulidae
      the ratios in the dorsal areas were zero. From the correspondence of these
      results and the compartment of the compound eye, it appeared that the large
      ommatidia in the dorsal area contained only retinal. This was confirmed when the
      large facet region in the dorsal part of the compound eye of an Anax was excised
      and examined, and only retinal was detected. However, the ventral area of the
      true dragonflies' compound eye which did not include the large ommatidia
      contained both retinals, and the 3-OH ratio was more than ten. The biological
      significance of using both retinals as chromophores of visual pigments in the
      dragonfly eye is discussed in relation to the structure of the ommatidia and to
      the vision of dragonflies.

PMID- 2920813
TI  - Gastric evacuation of the lemon shark Negaprion brevirostris (Poey) under
      controlled conditions.
AB  - Gastric evacuation of the juvenile lemon shark, Negaprion brevirostris, a
      tropical inshore apex predator, was studied in the laboratory under conditions of
      25 degrees C and 32% salinity. Sharks were starved for 48-96 h after which they
      were fed a 2.7% body weight meal of fish fillet. Gastric evacuation was assessed
      by stomach lavage every 3 h for 24 h thereafter. Results showed that the gut is
      emptied in about 24 h with fillets being removed from the stomach following the
      equation Y = Yoe-bt, where Y is percent of meal recovered at time t, Yo is the
      initial meal size, and b is the instantaneous rate of evacuation. The exponential
      function of gastric evacuation in the lemon shark is similar to that in teleosts,
      but the kinetics are slower. The caloric density of the meal remaining in the
      stomach increased, approaching that of protein in the first 12 h after feeding,
      as carbohydrates (glycogen) were digested. After 12 h the caloric value dropped
      as protein was digested, suggesting an orderly and efficient intake of food
      energy by the lemon shark.

PMID- 2920814
TI  - The effects of forced and voluntary diving on plasma catecholamines and
      erythrocyte pH in the aquatic anuran, Xenopus laevis.
AB  - The lactacidosis and hypoxaemia associated with enforced diving in Xenopus leads
      to a marked increase in circulating catecholamines, a phenomenon not observed
      during periods of voluntary diving. The magnitude of the catecholamine surge
      (predominantly noradrenaline) during an enforced dive appears to be matched to
      the severity of the hypoxaemia and/or acid-base disturbance. Indeed, a strong
      linear correlation was found between the decrease in arterial pH and the rise in
      plasma catecholamines that resulted from an enforced 60 min dive. During that
      time, the levels of plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline showed a strong inverse
      exponential correlation with arterial oxygen tensions (PaO2). Simultaneous
      measurements of red cell pH showed that Xenopus does not regulate its erythrocyte
      pH in the face of a plasma acidosis, unlike the adrenergically mediated pH
      regulation of red cells of certain teleost fish.

PMID- 2920815
TI  - O2 tension, swimming-velocity, and thermal effects on the metabolic rate of the
      Pacific albacore Thunnus alalunga.
AB  - The oxygen consumption rates (VO2) of 9 albacore tuna, Thunnus alalunga (8.5-12
      kg) were measured at sea in a swimming respirometer to determine the effects of
      relative swimming velocity, ambient O2 tension, and water temperature.
      Significant positive relationships were obtained between tail-beat frequency and
      relative speed and between relative speed and VO2. The albacore metabolic rate
      was not appreciably affected by exposure to water temperatures ranging from 13.5
      degrees to 16.9 degrees C. Brief exposure to hyperoxia (200-400 mmHg), which was
      done to reduce the initial stress upon fish in the respirometer, did not affect
      VO2. Hypoxia (50-99 mmHg), however, did tend to reduce VO2 and affect swimming
      velocity.

PMID- 2920816
TI  - Comparative morphology of the eyes of Sagitta (Chaetognatha) in relation to depth
      of habitat.
AB  - A survey of the eye structure in 10 species of Sagitta (phylum Chaetognatha)
      which differ in habitat was carried out: 5 epipelagic, 4 mesopelagic and 1
      bathypelagic species. Paying attention to the dimension of the pigment cell, and
      assuming that the perforated lamellae are the photoreceptive regions (PRs), we
      classified the eyes of the 10 species into 5 types. In type I and II eyes there
      is one large pigment cell. The maximum length of the pigment cell relative to
      that of the eye (PC/E) is more than 30% in dorsal view and more than 50% in
      transverse sections. The pigment cell is surrounded by a wide area of the PR that
      we designated "central PR". The type II eye possesses, in addition, near the
      periphery of the eye, masses of PRs which measure about 15% of the central one in
      size. We call these positionally separated PRs "peripheral PR". In type III eyes
      the pigment cell and the central PR are small (PC/E is about 10% in dorsal view
      and less than 40% in transverse sections) and the peripheral PRs are scattered.
      In type IV eye the pigment cell is also small and the central PRs extend to the
      periphery. In type V eye the pigment cell is absent and the PR occupies a wide
      area of the dorsal half of the eye. The type I and II eyes were found mostly in
      epipelagic species, the type III and IV, in mesopelagic species, and the type V,
      in bathypelagic species. The adaptational significance of the small pigment
      cells, the peripheral PRs, and the pigmentless eye is discussed. In addition, we
      report a new type of photoreceptive cell in mesopelagic Sagitta zetesios, in
      which two receptoral processes emerge from single cells, in contrast to one in
      all the other species of Sagitta.

PMID- 2920817
TI  - Hepatic structural correlates of liver fibrosis: a morphometric analysis.
AB  - Liver fibrosis is an important feature of many liver diseases, and the assessment
      of fibrosis is essential for diagnosis and prognosis. Liver needle biopsy,
      however, tends to sample preferentially the soft parenchyma, which poorly
      reflects the true extent of fibrosis. Therefore, we have searched for capsule and
      parenchymal features that are correlated with the fibrosis. To test for these
      correlations, we used a morphometric analysis of a rat model of liver fibrosis.
      We demonstrated that, of the variables examined, capsule thickness was the best
      correlate of liver fibrosis. Our results also showed that there were parenchymal
      structures that underwent changes that were well-correlated with the development
      of fibrosis in the liver. These changes were identified as increases in
      hepatocyte nucleus, cytoplasm, and mitochondria. These facts suggest that, at
      least in a rat model of fibrosis, capsule thickness is a useful parameter by
      which to assess liver fibrosis and that specific and apparently adaptive
      parenchymal changes are well-correlated to fibrosis.

PMID- 2920818
TI  - Cellular mechanisms of toxicity and tolerance in the copper-loaded rat. II.
      Pathogenesis of copper toxicity in the liver.
AB  - The distribution of copper has been studied in the liver of the copper-loaded rat
      at the ultrastructural level by X-ray electron probe microanalysis in order to
      clarify the pathogenesis of copper-induced damage. Male rats fed a high copper
      diet (1500 ppm) for 16 weeks were killed at intervals; their livers were removed
      and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and 2% glutaraldehyde for electron microscopy
      and were analyzed for copper by AA spectrophotometry. Three different forms of
      lysosomes were identified with respect to their morphology and X-ray emission
      profiles: Type I lysosomes appeared early and contained iron and zinc in addition
      to markedly elevated copper peaks, whereas later appearing Type II lysosomes
      included sulfur and phosphorus in addition to copper. Type III lysosomes were
      associated with the recovery period and contained much reduced elemental residue.
      Degenerative changes were not observed in any of the three types of lysosomes.
      Copper and other elemental residues, including sulfur, were also identified
      within the hepatic parenchymal cell nuclei and by contrast were associated with
      irreversible nuclear damage. Nuclear copper is directly injurious to this
      organelle and responsible for the subsequent cell death whereas copper contained
      within lysosomes is apparently innocuous.

PMID- 2920819
TI  - Overall proteolysis in perfused and subfractionated chemically induced malignant
      hepatoma of rat: effects of amino acids.
AB  - Control livers and chemically induced hepatoma-bearing livers of nonstarved rats
      were perfused cyclically with and without the addition of amino acids (known to
      suppress proteolysis) to the perfusate. Morphologic analysis of the fractional
      cytoplasmic volume of the lysosomal apparatus (dense bodies and autophagic
      vacuoles) demonstrated that the addition of amino acids to the perfusion medium
      inhibited autophagic sequestration of cytoplasm in both tumor and control
      hepatocytes, although the inhibition was stronger in control than in tumor
      hepatocytes. The fractional cytoplasmic volume of autophagic vacuoles (AVs) was
      larger in hepatoma cells than in control hepatocytes regardless of whether amino
      acids were added or not. The transition (degradation of sequestered cytoplasm) of
      AVs into dense bodies seems to be prolonged in malignant hepatoma cells.
      Assessment of rates of protein degradation both in the perfusion medium and in
      isolated lysosomes disclosed that proteolysis was much lower in tumor liver than
      in control liver. This can be explained by lower lysosomal enzyme activities in
      tumor cells, as was evident from tissue homogenate and isolated lysosomes. The
      addition of amino acids to the perfusate reduced total proteolysis from 1.73 to
      0.78% per hour in control hepatocytes and from 0.49 to 0.33% per hour in tumor
      hepatocytes, i.e., inhibitions of 55 and 33%, respectively. Proteolysis as
      estimated from isolated lysosomes was also inhibited by amino acids added to the
      perfusion medium but the inhibition was more conspicuous in control (from 14 to
      7.4%) than in tumor cells (from 5.2 to 3.6%). In conclusion, the results show
      that the relative cytoplasmic volume of AVs is higher but overall proteolysis
      lower in malignant hepatoma tissue than in control liver. Amino acids in
      perfusion medium inhibit overall proteolysis and AVs sequestration in both tumor
      and control hepatocytes, although the inhibition is stronger in control
      hepatocytes. Thus, even highly neoplastic cells maintain their ability to respond
      to physiologic regulators.

PMID- 2920820
TI  - Cytoskeletal changes induced in vitro by 2,5-hexanedione: an immunocytochemical
      study.
AB  - The effects of 2,5-hexanedione, the main metabolite of the solvents hexane and
      methyl butyl ketone, have been explored in different in vitro epithelial (CG5 and
      HEp-2) and melanoma (JR8) cells by means of immunochemistry and electron
      microscopy. The administration of the toxicant to the cell monolayers at
      noncytolytic concentrations for 24 and 48 hr exerted several effects on the cell
      lines studied. Most epithelial and melanoma cells detached from the substrate
      were in the mitotic phase, whereas cells adhering to the substrate showed time
      dependent organelle changes. In fact, after treatment with 2,5-hexanedione,
      mitochondria appeared swollen, with distorted cristae and rarefied matrix;
      changes in intracytoplasmic vesicles were also detected. Cytoskeletal components
      were also investigated. A remarkable rearrangement of microfilaments and
      intermediate filaments (keratin and vimentin) was detected in a time-dependent
      manner. In particular, actin ruffles and intermediate filament aggregates were
      observed. Furthermore, the microtubular apparatus seemed to be less affected. The
      results here reported seem to indicate cytoskeletal components as probable
      targets of 2,5-hexanedione cytotoxicity in cultured cells.

PMID- 2920821
TI  - Membrane damage in leukemic cells induced by ether and ester lipids: an electron
      microscopic study.
AB  - This paper reports a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) study of different
      leukemic cell lines exposed to 1-octadecyl-2-methyl-rac-glycero-3-phosphocholine
      (ET-18-OMe). This is an ether lipid analog of platelet activating factor (1-alkyl
      2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) which inhibits neoplastic cell growth in
      vitro and in vivo and is believed to exert its action through an interaction with
      the plasma membrane. In this paper evidence of the morphological alteration of
      leukemic cell membranes due to the exposure to varying concentrations of ET-18
      OMe in vitro and in vivo is presented. This membrane damage consists of formation
      of blebs and holes, and the severity of these two phenomena correlate with the
      degree of cell viability loss. These alterations were analyzed in comparison to
      those induced by the known and structurally related permeabilizing agent,
      lysophosphatidylcholine, an ester lipid.

PMID- 2920822
TI  - Dependence of the length of the heavy chain of chymotryptic subfragment 1 on the
      temperature of myosin digestion.
AB  - Limited digestion of filamentous myosin with chymotrypsin at 0 degrees C in the
      absence of divalent cations generates two forms of subfragment 1 (S1), with heavy
      chains of 95 kDa and 98 kDa. The difference is at the C-terminal end of the
      chain. The 98 kDa form prevails, in contrast to the preparations obtained by
      digestion at room temperature which consist of the shorter species and only
      traces of the longer one. The results support the idea of a temperature-dependent
      conformational transition at the head-rod junctional region of the myosin heavy
      chain.

PMID- 2920824
TI  - Characterization of platelet-activating factor-induced elevation of cytosolic
      free calcium concentration in eosinophils.
AB  - In order to evaluate the role of calcium in the activation processes in
      eosinophils induced by platelet-activating factor (PAF), we investigated the
      changes in free cytoplasmatic Ca2+ concentration using fura-2. PAF causes a rapid
      and transitory rise of the intracellular free calcium ion concentration [(
      Ca2+]i) in purified guinea pig eosinophils of approx. 1000 nM above a basal level
      of 120.7 +/- 36.5 nM (n = 10). The effect was dose-related with a maximum rise at
      1000 nM PAF and an EC50 of 17.4 nM and specifically inhibited by the PAF
      antagonist WEB 2086 with an IC50 of 95.5 nM. WEB 2086 did not affect either the
      leukotriene B4- or the fMet-Leu-Phe-induced elevation of [Ca2+]i. The response to
      PAF was dependent on external Ca2+ as it was significantly inhibited by EGTA
      (85.6 +/- 5.4%) and Ni2+ (95.8 +/- 2.1%) but not by the dihydropyridine
      antagonist nimodipine. We conclude that Ca2+ entry via receptor-operated Ca2+
      channels may be involved in PAF-induced degranulation of eosinophils.

PMID- 2920823
TI  - Carnitine cycle in brown adipose tissue mitochondria as a tool for studying the
      regulatory role of fatty acids in the uncoupling protein function.
AB  - A concerted function of purine nucleotide (PN) binding and fatty acid (FA)
      release from the uncoupling protein (UP) resulting in the maximum coupling
      (potential) of brown adipose tissue (BAT) mitochondria was demonstrated. The
      uncoupling effect of FA was studied (at 4 mM MgCl2): 17 nmol oleate per mg
      protein caused a slight uncoupling with 8.9 mM ATP but with ATP below 3.6 mM
      almost total uncoupling was achieved. This shows that the PN-controlled gate can
      be stabilized in the closed conformation (with 8.9 mM ATP), also when FA is bound
      to UP. The sensitivity of the FA effect to ATP proves that oleate directly
      interacts with UP. The closed conformation of the H+ channel of UP is then
      abolished by oleate when a lower free ATP concentration is maintained outside.

PMID- 2920825
TI  - Molecular structure of the human alcohol dehydrogenase 1 gene.
AB  - The structure and nucleotide sequence of an allele at the ADH1 locus have been
      determined. The nucleotide sequence of this allele is identical to that of a cDNA
      clone [(1986) Biochemistry 25, 2465-2470] and the intron positions of the ADH1
      gene are identical to that of the ADH2 gene [(1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 2027
      2033].

PMID- 2920826
TI  - Nitrile hydratase of Rhodococcus sp. N-774. Purification and amino acid
      sequences.
AB  - The nitrile hydratase of Rhodococcus sp. N-774 was purified and crystallized. The
      enzyme is composed of two different subunits (molecular masses: subunit alpha,
      28,500 Da; subunit beta, 29,000 Da). The amino-terminal amino acid sequence of
      each subunit was determined. There is no sequence homology between the two
      subunits, suggesting that the peptides originate from different cistrons. The
      activity of the purified enzyme did not decrease during incubation in the dark,
      whereas it gradually decreased in intact cells.

PMID- 2920828
TI  - Evidence for the monomeric nature of thymosins.
AB  - According to gel-filtration experiments, alpha- and beta-thymosins appear to form
      oligomers, which are 4-5-fold larger than the corresponding polypeptides.
      However, on analysis by sedimentation equilibrium ultracentrifugation,
      prothymosin alpha and thymosin beta 4 showed relative molecular masses of 12,800
      and 4600, which are close to the values calculated from their amino acid
      sequences, confirming their existence in solution as discrete monomeric entities.

PMID- 2920827
TI  - Myristic acid is the NH2-terminal blocking group of the 43-kDa protein of Torpedo
      nicotinic post-synaptic membranes.
AB  - The NH2-terminal blocking group of the 43-kDa peripheral membrane protein (43-kDa
      protein) of Torpedo post-synaptic membranes has been identified as myristic acid.
      To identify that blocking group pure 43-kDa protein was digested with trypsin and
      the blocked tryptic peptide was isolated by reverse phase HPLC. That peptide
      coeluted with and had the same amino acid composition as a synthetic peptide,
      myristoyl-Gly-Gln-Asp-Gln-Thr-Lys, the structure of the amino terminus predicted
      from the protein sequence deduced from a cDNA clone. The presence of myristate
      was confirmed by the precise molecular mass of the peptide, 886.5266, determined
      by fast atom bombardment mass spectroscopy.

PMID- 2920829
TI  - Electron microscopy study of non-precipitating anti-dinitrophenyl antibodies.
AB  - Non-precipitating anti-dinitrophenyl pig immunoglobulins G have been studied by
      negative staining, freeze-drying and high-resolution shadow casting. The general
      morphology of the molecules is described. The predominant conformation of
      antibody molecules is a tripod-like one.

PMID- 2920830
TI  - Convenient plasmid vectors for construction of chimeric mouse/human antibodies.
AB  - Chimeric antibodies composed of mouse-derived variable regions and human-derived
      constant regions have been developed for clinical use. However, construction of
      chimeric mouse/human genes in expression vectors is time-consuming work. In this
      study, we developed convenient vectors for construction of chimeric mouse/human
      antibodies. The protocols are as follows: In mouse hybridomas and B cells, most
      active VH and V kappa genes can be identified as rearranged bands by Southern
      hybridization of EcoRI- and HindIII-digested DNAs with JH and J kappa probes,
      respectively, and such fragments can be isolated in lambda-EcoRI and lambda
      HindIII vectors, respectively. We constructed two plasmids: pSV2-HG 1 gpt
      contains human C gamma 1 and Ecogpt genes, and only one EcoRI site upstream of
      the C gamma 1 gene; pSV2-HC kappa neo contains human C kappa and neo genes, and
      only one HindIII site upstream of the C kappa gene. An isolated EcoRI fragment
      containing a VHDHJH gene and a HindIII fragment containing a V kappa J kappa gene
      are inserted into pSV2-HC kappa neo, respectively. Both resulting plasmid DNAs
      are co-transfected into SP2/0 cell, a non-Ig-secreting mouse myeloma.
      Transformants are selected by both mycophenolic acid and G418. With this
      procedure, it takes only 2 months to obtain chimeric antibodies.

PMID- 2920831
TI  - Interaction of iodoacetamidofluorescein-labelled tropomyosin with
      deoxyribonuclease I.
AB  - 5-Iodoacetamidofluorescein (IAF) reacted with rabbit cardiac muscle tropomyosin
      (TM) to yield a highly fluorescent product, IAF-TM. The extent of labelling
      reached one fluorescein group per TM molecule in solutions at pH 8.5. While
      fluorescence polarization values for IAF-TM solutions were unaffected by the
      presence or absence of KCl, addition of pancreatic deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I)
      resulted in a 10% drop, suggestive of a greater freedom of motion of the
      fluorescein label in the presence of DNase I. Furthermore, a 15% increase in
      slopes of Stern-Volmer plots for IAF-TM in the presence of DNase I demonstrated a
      greater susceptibility of the fluorescein group to dynamic quenching by iodide.
      These results suggest that interaction between DNase I and TM produces a
      localized unfolding of the coiled coil near the IAF reactive site on TM.

PMID- 2920832
TI  - GTP interacts through its ribose and phosphate moieties with different subunits
      of the eukaryotic initiation factor eIF-2.
AB  - We have previously shown that a GTP derivative bearing p-azidoaniline at the
      gamma-phosphate group specifically labels the gamma-subunit of eukaryotic
      initiation factor eIF-2. In the present study a new GTP derivative carrying the
      photoreactive group at the ribose moiety of GTP was applied for affinity labeling
      of eIF-2 in different initiation complexes. Using this GTP analogue the beta
      subunit of eIF-2 was found to be specifically labeled in all complexes
      investigated. It is concluded that GTP interacts with both the beta- and gamma
      subunit of eIF-2: the guanosine moiety is in contact with the beta-subunit and
      the gamma-phosphate group with the gamma-subunit.

PMID- 2920833
TI  - Inhibition of myeloid differentiation by inhibitors of ADP-ribosylation.
AB  - Inhibitors of ADP-ribosylation inhibited the myeloid differentiation of murine
      myelomonocytic leukemia, WEHI-3BD+ cells induced by granulocyte colony
      stimulating factor. Benzamide, at 2.0 mM, inhibited 50% of the WEHI-3BD+ cell
      differentiation but had no significant effect on the proliferation. However,
      benzylaminododecylguanine hydrochloride and p-methoxylbenzylaminodecamethylene
      guanidine sulfate at 2.0 and 2.2 microM, respectively, inhibited 50% of
      proliferation but had no effect at all on differentiation. The differential
      effects of inhibitors provide a model to study the role of ADP-ribosylation in
      myeloid differentiation.

PMID- 2920834
TI  - Squalene epoxide cyclase and microemulsion.
AB  - Squalene epoxide cyclase was extracted from microsomal preparations of rat liver
      using anionic, cationic and non-ionic microemulsions. The anionic microemulsion
      was the best with respect to protein solubilisation, extracted cyclase activity
      and stability of this activity over time. The activity assay showed cyclase
      activity to be higher in anionic microemulsion than in buffer in the presence of
      surfactant. Calcium chloride in the anionic microemulsion had a stabilising
      effect and less total protein seemed to be extracted.

PMID- 2920835
TI  - Isolation and sequencing of a cDNA clone encoding 107 kDa sialoglycoprotein in
      rat liver lysosomal membranes.
AB  - A cDNA for 107 kDa sialoglycoprotein (LGP 107), the major protein component of
      rat liver lysosomal membranes, was isolated and sequenced. The 1.8 kbp cDNA
      contained an open reading frame encoding a polypeptide consisting of 386 amino
      acid residues (Mr 41,914). The deduced NH2-terminal 10-residue sequence is
      identical with that determined for purified LGP 107. The primary structure
      deduced for LGP 107 contains 20 potential N-glycosylation sites and exhibits
      82.5, 43 and 60% sequence similarities to mouse LAMP-1, chicken LEP 100, and a
      120-kDa human lysosomal glycoprotein, respectively. Among these lysosomal
      glycoproteins, the amino acid sequence of the putative transmembrane segment is
      highly conserved. Northern blot hybridization analysis identified a single
      species of LGP 107 mRNA (2.1 kbp in length) in rat liver, kidney, brain, lung,
      spleen, heart and pancreas, although its level in pancreas was very low.

PMID- 2920836
TI  - Human platelets release alpha-6-L-fucosyltransferase upon activation.
AB  - Previously we have shown that human platelets release alpha-6-L
      fucosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.68) during coagulation of blood [(1987)
      Glycoconjugate J. 4, 43-49]. Here we report that agonists which induce platelet
      aggregation bring about release of the enzyme. In quantitative terms the release
      of alpha-6-L-fucosyltransferase by washed, aggregated platelets was very similar
      to that occurring during blood coagulation.

PMID- 2920837
TI  - Leupeptin does not affect the normal signal transduction mechanism in platelets.
AB  - Calpains are Ca2+-dependent serine proteases that can regulate protein kinase C
      mediated cellular events by cleaving the membrane-bound native enzyme to yield an
      activated cytosolic fragment. Inhibition of calpain by leupeptin may cause
      enhancement or inhibition of cellular functions depending on the nature of the
      protein kinase C reaction involved. We have studied the effects of leupeptin on
      platelet responses (aggregation, secretion, thromboxane B2 formation and
      intracellular Ca2+ and pH changes) induced by either thrombin, collagen or
      phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (TPA), which are known to activate protein kinase
      C by different mechanisms. Only thrombin-induced responses were inhibited by
      leupeptin. This suggests that the inhibitory effect of leupeptin is not due to
      antagonism of calpain in this system, but to direct interference with the
      proteolytic effect of thrombin.

PMID- 2920838
TI  - Activation by calcium of AMP deaminase from the human red cell.
AB  - We have investigated the effects of Ca2+ on AMP deaminase from human red cells.
      At variance with the other known modulators, Ca2+ increased the apparent affinity
      for AMP without modifying the characteristic positive cooperativity of the enzyme
      towards the substrate. Ca2+ sensitivity was not modified by dialysis, but
      dilution of the haemolysate produced an activation of the enzyme similar to that
      induced by Ca2+. Simultaneously, the Ca2+ dependence was lost. The sensitivity to
      other modulators, such as ATP, diphosphoglycerate or phosphate, was not modified
      by dilution. Partial purification of the enzyme produced the same effects as
      haemolysate dilution. These results may be interpreted to mean that Ca2+ acts by
      antagonizing an endogenous inhibitor present in red cell lysates.

PMID- 2920839
TI  - The crystal structure of the three-iron ferredoxin II from Desulfovibrio gigas.
AB  - The crystal structure of oxidized ferredoxin II from the sulfate-reducing
      bacterium Desulfovibrio gigas has been determined and refined at 1.7 A
      resolution. The folding of the polypeptide chain is similar to that of the 2[4Fe
      4S] ferredoxin in Peptococcus aerogenes, except for an extended helical segment
      near the C-terminus. The single [3Fe-4S] cluster in D. gigas is similar to a [4Fe
      4S] cluster, but lacks one Fe atom and is coordinated to Cys-8, -14 and -50. The
      side chain of Cys-11 is not bound to the cluster, but is rotated toward the
      solvent and modified by some, as yet undetermined, chemical group. Cys-18 and Cys
      42 form a disulfide bridge. A previously undetected extra amino acid is found
      after residue 55.

PMID- 2920840
TI  - Degradation of type IX collagen by matrix metalloproteinase 3 (stromelysin) from
      human rheumatoid synovial cells.
AB  - The degradation of type IX collagen, a minor collagen in cartilage, was examined
      by treatment with three different types of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)
      purified from the culture medium of rheumatoid synovial cells. Neither MMP-1
      (collagenase) nor MMP-2 (so-called 'gelatinase') could digest type IX collagen,
      but MMP-3 (stromelysin) readily degraded it into smaller fragments. This suggests
      that MMP-3 may be responsible for the pathological degradation and/or normal
      turnover of type IX collagen.

PMID- 2920841
TI  - A peptidyl alpha-amidation activity in chromaffin granules of bovine adrenal
      medulla.
AB  - Peptidyl alpha-amidation activity in bovine adrenal medulla has been localized in
      chromaffin granules by density gradient centrifugation. The activity was found to
      be both soluble and membrane-associated. Both enzymatic activities were
      stimulated by the addition of Cu2+ and ascorbate. The pH maximum for alpha
      amidation in the chromaffin granules in pH 8.0-8.5. By gel filtration, the
      soluble enzyme activity appeared as a protein of approx. 40 kDa. It is suggested
      that this enzyme is involved in the carboxyl-terminal amidation of metorphamide,
      amidorphin and neuropeptide Y.

PMID- 2920842
TI  - Safety guidelines for the andrology laboratory.

PMID- 2920843
TI  - Interobserver variation in estimation of day of conception intercourse using
      selected natural family planning charts.
AB  - In order to study outcome of pregnancy related to timing of conception it is
      necessary to have both markers of ovulation and records of intercourse. Natural
      family planning (NFP) charts where the woman records basal body temperature (BBT)
      and mucus signs are ideal for this purpose. Much work has been done relating
      timing of BBT and mucus signs to ovulation, but very little work has been done to
      examine interobserver agreement on the interpretation of these signs. Four NFP
      experts examined 28 NFP pregnancy charts to determine the BBT rise, the mucus
      peak, and two most likely days of conception intercourse. The charts were
      selected because they provided difficulties in interpretation. The reviewers were
      able to agree on the most probable day of conception intercourse in 96.4% of
      cases, on the mucus peak in 74.1% of cases, and on the interval between the most
      probable conception intercourse and mucus peak in 70.4% of cases. There was poor
      agreement on the first day of the BBT rise (38.5%). The authors conclude that in
      selected difficult NFP charts, the mucus peak is a more valid indirect measure of
      ovulation both because it is subject to less interobserver variation and because
      it more closely approximates the timing of ovulation.

PMID- 2920844
TI  - Male or female sterilization: a comparative study.
AB  - The study compares 709 males and 546 females recruited from a well-defined
      geographic area and sterilized during a 5-year period at the same hospital.
      Medical records were reviewed and questionnaires sent out. Widespread
      satisfaction with the sterilization was found. The sterilized women had
      experienced contraceptive side effects and failures more often than the men. Only
      70% of the laparoscopic sterilizations could be carried out during a 1-day
      admission, 25% of the women complained about long-term sequelae, and there were
      1% failures. The vasectomies were carried out on an outpatient basis, there were
      few postoperative symptoms, and 0.5% failures were recorded. Female sterilization
      was at least four times as expensive as vasectomy. It is concluded that vasectomy
      is generally to be preferred to female sterilization, and that the preoperative
      guidance should involve both man and wife.

PMID- 2920845
TI  - Human embryo viability after freezing with dimethylsulfoxide as a cryoprotectant.
AB  - This study concerns the effects of a slow freezing and thawing protocol using
      dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) as a cryoprotectant on the survival and viability of 319
      supernumerary human embryos produced after in vitro fertilization. One hundred
      twenty-one transfers were performed in a natural cycle and 18 pregnancies were
      achieved (15%), from which 14 were ongoing (12%). Overall, 52% of the thawed
      embryos retained at least 50% of their initial blastomeres intact after thawing,
      and were replaced. Survival was strongly correlated to prefreezing embryonic
      quality, as 78% of type I embryos, 55% of type II, 40% of type III, and none of
      type IV could be transferred. Implantations were obtained from type I embryos
      (21% per embryo replaced) and from type II (14.5%), whereas none of the type III
      embryos resulted in a pregnancy. In the authors' experience, using the DMSO
      protocol, the best pregnancy rates were achieved when replacing 8-cell embryos of
      high morphologic prefreezing quality. No statistically significant difference
      could be demonstrated, however, in implantation rates between 8-cell and 4-cell
      embryos, or between synchronously and asynchronously dividing concepti.

PMID- 2920846
TI  - The impact of spermatic vein ligation on the male factor in in vitro
      fertilization-embryo transfer and its relation to testosterone levels before and
      after operation.
AB  - Criteria for improved semen quality after varicocele operations are not clear, as
      they do not express sperm fertilization capacity, its most important
      qualification. Twenty-two couples, 12 with mechanical female infertility (group
      I) and 10 with normal female fertility (group II), in whom the husband had
      subfertile semen in the presence of varicocele, and who had failed preoperative
      in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET) attempts, were readmitted for the
      IVF-ET procedure following the repair of varicocele. In group I, a 20% pregnancy
      rate was achieved after the operation, while no pregnancies occurred before
      surgery. In group II, four pregnancies (40%) were achieved after operation.
      Plasma testosterone (T) levels demonstrated a significant increase in 50% of the
      patients in both groups after surgery, resulting in a concurrent improved
      fertilization, cleavage, and pregnancy rates.

PMID- 2920847
TI  - Interrelationships among semen characteristics, antisperm antibodies, and
      cervical mucus penetration assays in infertile human couples.
AB  - Semen characteristics, antisperm antibodies, and cervical mucus penetration
      studies were analyzed in 754 couples and 95 men undergoing infertility
      evaluation. The means for the different semen/sperm variables were within ranges
      published for fertile men. Ages of the men ranged from 22 to 55 years and
      accounted for a small amount of variation. Sperm counts were lowest in September,
      December, and January, and highest in April, May, October, and November. Of the
      sperm characteristics, morphology appeared to be associated with the most other
      variables. Specimens with more than 50% abnormal sperm forms were overall of
      significantly poorer quality in terms of sperm counts, motility, forward
      progression, and ability to penetrate cervical mucus. Antisperm antibodies
      (agglutinating and immobilizing) were detected in the serum samples of 19.0% of
      the men, 20.4% of the women, and 32.8% of the couples where one or both partners
      were positive. Agglutinating antibody titers were significantly correlated
      between partners. Serum titers of antisperm antibodies were associated with
      decreased sperm counts, motility, forward progression, and normal forms
      (immobilizing antibodies). Multiple correlation analysis indicated significant
      independent effects of sperm concentration, motility, forward progression, and
      antibodies on sperm-cervical mucus penetration scores of the men. In women,
      cervical mucus penetration was adversely affected by the presence in the serum of
      sperm agglutinating antibodies and of immobilizing activity in the cervical
      mucus.

PMID- 2920848
TI  - Absorption of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) after its intramuscular administration.
AB  - In order to produce a sustained release system for natural androgens, two groups
      of six hypogonadal males received intramuscular (IM) 40 mg crystalline
      dihydrotestosterone (DHT), either with particle size of less than 50 microns (DHT
      M) or between 100 and 150 microns (DHT-C). Serum DHT was analyzed through 51 days
      of follow-up. In the DHT-M group, serum DHT was above pretreatment values for 17
      days, whereas in the DHT-C group, this period was extended over 50 days. The area
      under the serum concentration-time curve and the half-life of absorption
      calculated for the DHT-C group were greater than those obtained for the DHT-M
      group (55.1 ng/day/ml and 21 days vs. 14.5 ng/day/ml and 6 days; P less than
      0.01). The authors conclude that DHT injection appears to be an effective and
      convenient technique for restoring serum physiologic DHT levels. This approach is
      suitable for long-term substitution therapy.

PMID- 2920849
TI  - Seminal prolactin and its relationship to sperm motility in men.
AB  - Semen assessment and levels of serum and seminal plasma prolactin (PRL) were
      determined in 81 men. In subjects with both normal sperm concentrations and
      normal sperm motility, the levels of serum and seminal plasma PRL were 14.7 +/-
      1.48 and 10.0 +/- 1.05 ng/ml (mean +/- standard error of the mean, SEM, P less
      than 0.05), respectively. This difference is not observed either in subjects with
      polyzoospermia with normal sperm motility, or in those with oligozoospermia.
      Serum PRL was higher in azoospermia and also in subjects with lower levels of
      seminal citric acid. Seminal plasma PRL was directly related to sperm motility (r
      = 0.70, P less than 0.01) and inversely related to sperm concentration (r = -0.42
      P less than 0.05). Seminal PRL was increased in subjects with higher levels of
      seminal citric acid and decreased in subjects with lower levels of corrected
      seminal fructose. Serum and seminal plasma PRL did not change significantly in
      subjects with different concentrations of serum testosterone.

PMID- 2920850
TI  - Successful single-cell biopsy and cryopreservation of preimplantation mouse
      embryos.
AB  - We have previously observed that preimplantation embryo biopsy in the mouse
      causes a reduction in implantation rate in utero. After minor modifications to
      the technique, we now find that sampling a single blastomere from the 4-cell
      mouse embryo does not compromise continued development in vitro or in vivo. When
      transferred to pseudopregnant foster mice, 60.3% and 64.3% of biopsied and
      control embryos, respectively, implanted into the uterine wall, and 52.6% and
      52.4% of biopsied and control embryos, respectively, developed into fetuses. In a
      separate series of experiments, we have demonstrated that biopsied mouse embryos
      can be successfully cryopreserved by ultrarapid freezing even though they have a
      punctured zona pellucida. Biopsied (frozen-thawed), control (frozen-thawed), and
      nonfrozen embryos had an implantation rate of 81.1%, 74.3%, and 74.1%,
      respectively, and a fetal formation rate of 62.2%, 62.9%, and 66.7%,
      respectively.

PMID- 2920851
TI  - Unilateral gamete intrafallopian transfer: the preferred method?
AB  - Pregnancy occurred in 8 of 14 patients with the unilateral transfer of three or
      four oocytes at GIFT procedures. These results suggest that unilateral GIFT may
      be at least as successful as the bilateral approach. It would appear that
      unilateral GIFT rather than in vitro fertilization should be used for patients
      with one normal fallopian tube, and if the pregnancy rates with unilateral GIFT
      are substantiated, then this would be preferable to the bilateral approach, as
      operating time is shorter and there is less risk of trauma to the fallopian tubes
      at the time of gamete transfer.

PMID- 2920852
TI  - Triplet pregnancy following oocyte donation to a functionally agonadal woman.
AB  - Reported is the first triplet gestation following oocyte donation to an agonadal
      woman. The transfer of five ova resulted in implantation of all five, with
      continued embryonic development in three. Pregnancy support was provided by
      exogenously administered oral E2 and intramuscular P for 100 days, at which time
      placental hormone production solely maintained the gestations.

PMID- 2920853
TI  - Experience relating to pregnancy, lactation, and the after-weaning condition of
      hyperprolactinemic patients treated with bromocriptine.

PMID- 2920854
TI  - Free testosterone levels during the menstrual cycle in obese versus normal women.
AB  - In a group of seven normally ovulating moderately obese women, testosterone
      parameters were studied throughout the menstrual cycle and compared with values
      obtained in normal-weight control women. Plasma T, percent free T (unbound), and
      free T concentrations were higher and exhibited little variation during the
      phases of the cycle compared with the normal-weight controls. Testosterone
      production and its parameters thus are higher in even moderately obese women.

PMID- 2920856
TI  - Salpingitis isthmica nodosa: evidence it is a progressive disease.

PMID- 2920855
TI  - Cortisol levels in human follicular fluid.
AB  - This study shows that cortisol levels in follicular fluids in stimulated cycles
      were correlated with oocyte maturity and in vitro fertilizability. The levels
      were significantly higher than the concentrations found in spontaneous cycles.
      Our findings suggest that the presence of cortisol in follicular fluid may play a
      role in follicular development and oocyte maturation.

PMID- 2920857
TI  - Evaluation of vasovasostomy candidates by deoxyribonucleic acid flow cytometry of
      testicular aspirates.
AB  - Flow cytometry can be performed on testicular aspirates of vasovasostomy
      candidates preoperatively. On the basis of ploidy ratios and debris components,
      DNA histograms can be classified as normal or abnormal. Using this method, the
      likelihood of the presence of sperm may be predicted.

PMID- 2920858
TI  - Luteal hCG in ovulation induction.

PMID- 2920859
TI  - Classification of mullerian anomalies.

PMID- 2920860
TI  - [HLA-A, B, C phenotype frequencies in progressive systemic scleroderma].
AB  - In 41 patients suffering from progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS) the phenotype
      frequencies of 28 HLA-A, B, C antigens were determined. Compared to 2947 blood
      donors the PSS patients exhibited an increase in the HLA-B8 frequency (37% versus
      19%). This difference revealed to be not significant after the correction
      according to the number of antigens tested. The same was with the increase in the
      frequency of HLA-B5, B13, B27, Cw2 and the decrease in the frequency of HLA-A2,
      B12, B14, B15, B4 and Cw3. The results were compared with the data reported in
      the literature. Additionally, there were no differences when compared the diffuse
      PSS with the acral form and CREST, respectively.

PMID- 2920861
TI  - [Coexistence of porphyria cutanea tarda and lupus erythematosus].
AB  - We report on the appearance of porphyria cutanea tarda in a patient with systemic
      LE and in two patients with discoid LE. A review is given on the corresponding
      literature. It is suggested that both lupus erythematosus and porphyria cutanea
      tarda have multifactorial inheritance. The cause of coexistence can be common
      genes responsible for the genetic determination which also predispose to the
      occurrence of both diseases. The question of etiology still remains obscure. This
      coexistence raises, however, a more practical question as regards the therapeutic
      modalities for the two diseases.

PMID- 2920862
TI  - [Anti-psoriasis and phototoxic effect of a hematoporphyrin derivative following
      topical administration and irradiation with visible light].
AB  - An ointment, consisting of 100 micrograms hematoporphyrin derivative +5.0 ml
      dimethylsulfoxide +95.0 ml Unguentum Alcoholum lanae SR, was checked for both
      phototoxic and antipsoriatic efficacy. After topical application and irradiation
      with visible light or ultraviolet radiation, healthy skin showed delayed
      erythemas, whereas psoriasis plaques improved markedly.

PMID- 2920863
TI  - Full assessment of the child.

PMID- 2920864
TI  - Stretching soleus muscle to prevent contractures.

PMID- 2920865
TI  - Optic neuritis and multiple sclerosis: what is the relationship?

PMID- 2920866
TI  - Isolated birth injury of the phrenic nerve.

PMID- 2920867
TI  - Physical therapy for infants with spastic diplegia.

PMID- 2920868
TI  - Children with preschool minor neurodevelopmental disorders. V: Neurodevelopmental
      profiles at age 13.
AB  - A cohort of children diagnosed at age seven as suffering from deficits in
      attention, motor control and perception was compared at age 13 with a group of
      children without such problems. More than two-thirds of the index children no
      longer had any clearly detectable motor problems at 13, but they still had
      significantly prolonged complex reaction times. These results suggest that
      children with these deficits in the early school years have a fair biological
      prognosis by the early teen years.

PMID- 2920869
TI  - Locomotor strategies preceding independent walking: prospective study of
      neurological and language development in 424 cases.
AB  - Locomotor strategies used before the acquisition of independent walking were
      studied in 424 infants. 270 were survivors of neonatal intensive care (the index
      group); the other 154 (controls) had had no perintal complications. Five forms of
      locomotion were distinguished: crawling on hands and knees, creeping on the
      stomach, bottom-shuffling, other, and none before independent walking. Crawling
      was the most common form of locomotion in both groups. A higher percentage in the
      index group were late crawlers (greater than 10 months), but similar proportions
      in both groups were bottom-shufflers or simply stood up and walked. One of the
      most important factors influencing locomotor strategies was asymmetry. Analysis
      of the influence of locomotor strategies on psychomotor and linguistic outcome up
      to five years showed no significant relationships within the index group.
      However, within the control group, infants who crawled had a statistically
      greater incidence of later motor delay, which is in contrast to the findings of
      other studies.

PMID- 2920870
TI  - Children with preschool minor neurodevelopmental disorders. IV: Behaviour and
      school achievement at age 13.
AB  - A cohort of children with deficits in attention, motor control and perception at
      seven years, drawn from a total population sample of such children in Goteborg,
      Sweden, was compared at 13 years with a group of normal children with regard to
      behaviour and school achievement. The index group showed persisting high rates of
      severe behavioural problems, as judged by teachers', parents' and self-rating
      questionnaires. None had been treated with stimulants or other drugs to reduce
      the symptoms of their neurodevelopmental disorders. It seems that these
      children's problems were slightly less in the early teen years than they were at
      10 years, but the rates were still much in excess of those in the comparison
      group.

PMID- 2920871
TI  - The infant motor screen.
AB  - The authors describe the Infant Motor Screen, which is a brief evaluation of the
      quality of motor patterns of preterm infants from four to 16 months of age. It
      was developed for use with an assessment of motor milestones as part of a
      developmental screening program for high-risk infants. 111 infants were tested at
      four months and 58 at eight months. The predictive validity for cerebral palsy
      was high: sensitivity and specificity, respectively, were 0.93 and 0.89 at four
      months and 1.00 and 0.96 at eight months. Inter-observer agreement was between
      0.82 and 0.87 for item scoring and between 0.93 and 1.00 for test rating.

PMID- 2920872
TI  - Nystagmus after medulloblastoma.
AB  - Ten survivors of medulloblastoma were examined for residual opthalmological
      signs. Gaze-evoked nystagmus occurred in six children, four of whom also had
      pronounced upbeat nystagmus. This is a rare and specific type of nystagmus
      associated with lesions of the cerebellar vermis and medulla, and has not been
      described previously as a long-term sequel of medulloblastoma. The recognition of
      upbeat nystagmus is important because visual acuity may be reduced in upward gaze
      and difficulties at school may ensue for these children, who may be already
      intellectually and behaviourally compromised.

PMID- 2920873
TI  - Cranial ultrasonography in the evaluation of macrocrania in infancy.
AB  - Cranial ultrasonography was used in the initial evaluation of 40 infants with
      macrocrania. Three of the infants had normal findings. The other 37 had evidence
      of various types of abnormality: intraventricular obstructive hydrocephalus,
      external hydrocephalus, arrested hydrocephalus with atrophy, or mild
      ventriculomegaly. All the infants were given neurological and developmental
      examinations at the time of presentation and were followed up for one year.
      Sonograms and head-circumference and intracranial pressure measurements were done
      at intervals, according to the initial ultrasound findings and the clinical
      status of the children. Neurodevelopmental outcome was related to the type of
      abnormality. The majority of children with external hydrocephalus were
      neurodevelopmentally normal at follow-up. In contrast, those with obstructive or
      arrested hydrocephalus had unfavourable outcomes, which may be related to the
      significant perinatal insult causing the hydrocephalus. CT confirmation was
      available for 16 of the infants.

PMID- 2920874
TI  - Long-term prognosis after neonatal tetanus.
AB  - Twenty-four Turkish children who had had neonatal tetanus were evaluated by means
      of physical and neurological examinations and psychometric tests at four to 15
      years of age. Enuresis, mental retardation and growth retardation were frequent
      findings. The prevention of neonatal tetanus is important not only because of the
      high mortality rate but also because of its sequelae.

PMID- 2920875
TI  - What determines ownership of a cell line?

PMID- 2920876
TI  - State-dependent hypotonia in posterior cricoarytenoid muscles of the larynx
      caused by cholinoceptive reticular mechanisms.
AB  - The neural control of the accessory respiratory muscles regulating upper airway
      patency is poorly understood. This is particularly true with regard to the
      declines in electromyographic (EMG) activity of upper airway muscles during
      sleep. To specify the cellular mechanisms causing decreased upper airway muscle
      tone during sleep, we used an established pharmacological model of rapid eye
      movement (REM) sleep. With this model, a REM sleep-like state was reliably
      produced by microinjecting the cholinergic agonist carbachol directly into the
      pontine reticular formation of the cat. EMG recording were taken from the
      posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) muscles of the larynx during wakefulness and the
      carbachol-induced, REM sleep-like state. This experimental model had not been
      previously used to study the neuropharmacological control of the upper airway.
      The results revealed a dose-dependent decrease in PCA muscle tone caused by
      pontine microinjections of carbachol. To investigate the cholinergic specificity
      of these effects, the muscarinic cholinergic antagonist pirenzepine was centrally
      administered before carbachol. Pirenzepine pretreatment effectively blocked the
      carbachol-induced, REM sleep-like state and attendant changes in muscle tone.
      These results specify for the first time that muscarinic cholinergic mechanisms
      within the pontine reticular formation can causally mediate state-dependent
      hypotonia in accessory respiratory muscles of the upper airway.

PMID- 2920877
TI  - Marked increase of cysteine levels in many regions of the brain after
      administration of 2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylate.
AB  - Although brain cysteine levels can be increased by administration of cysteine,
      treatment with this amino acid causes toxicity. L-2-Oxothiazolidine-4
      carboxylate, a compound in which the thiol group is masked, is effectively
      transported into the mouse and rat brain. It is converted intracellularly by the
      action of 5-oxoprolinase into L-cysteine. Study of various regions of the rat
      brain (cerebellum, hypothalamus, cortex, brain stem, pons, caudate nucleus)
      showed that the levels of cysteine increased significantly after administration
      of L-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylate. Glutathione levels were not increased or
      were only slightly increased under these conditions, reflecting the low rate of
      glutathione synthesis in many regions of the brain.

PMID- 2920878
TI  - Stability of the heart rate power spectrum over time in the conscious dog.
AB  - The purpose of this experiment was to test the stability of the heart rate (HR)
      power spectrum over time in conscious dogs. HR was recorded for 1 h for each of
      six animals on 2 days. A Fast Fourier transform was used to derive the HR power
      spectrum for the 12 contiguous 5-min epochs comprising the 1-h recordings.
      Changes in frequency and amplitude of the various spectral peaks were
      quantitatively examined. We confirm the presence of two major concentrations of
      power centered around 0.02 (low frequency peak) and 0.32 Hz (high frequency
      peak). However, we observed variations in these spectral peaks, especially their
      amplitudes, both within each hour and from day 1 to day 2. The amplitudes of
      these two spectral peaks tended to vary reciprocally. HR power spectra based on 5
      min of recorded data were also derived from an additional eight animals in both
      the lying and standing positions; the power spectra from these short recordings
      were sufficiently sensitive to detect redistributions in power due to changes in
      posture in all eight dogs. We conclude that: 1) data should be recorded for
      relatively long periods (e.g., 1 h) to characterize the HR power spectrum; 2)
      some variability in frequency and amplitude will persist across spectra even when
      based on longer data bases; 3) care should be taken to ensure that the subject's
      behavioral state is stable within the recording period; 4) shorter (e.g., 5 min)
      data bases are not suitable except for detecting relatively robust changes in the
      HR power spectrum.

PMID- 2920879
TI  - Endoscopic management of cysts and pseudocysts in chronic pancreatitis: long-term
      follow-up after 7 years of experience.
AB  - Endoscopic cystoenterostomy was performed in 33 patients with chronic
      pancreatitis. Endoscopic cystoduodenostomy (ECD) was done in 22 cases of
      symptomatic paraduodenal cysts and endoscopic cystogastrostomy (ECG) in 11 cases
      of retrogastric pseudocysts. The success rates were 96% for ECD and 100% for ECG.
      The relapse rate was 9% after ECD and 19% after ECG. No significant complications
      were observed after successful ECD and clinical relief of pain was achieved in 20
      patients. ECD was an effective and definitive treatment for 19 of the 22 cases.
      Two complications of ECG were gastric hemorrhage and iatrogenic pseudocyst
      infection. In two ECG patients, percutaneous drainage was required. ECG alone was
      a definitive treatment for 8 of the 11 cases. When restricted to the precise
      morphological indication (paraintestinal cyst bulging into the duodenal or
      gastric lumen), ECD is the first choice for treatment of paraduodenal cysts,
      whereas ECG is an alternative procedure for the drainage of retrogastric
      pseudocysts, offering at least results as good as percutaneous drainage.

PMID- 2920880
TI  - Quantitation of colonic injury from argon laser, neodymium: YAG laser and
      monopolar electrocautery applied to flat mucosa and small sessile polyps of the
      canine colon.
AB  - This study determined the optimum laser energy for ablation of colonic mucosal
      lesions and small sessile polyps in the canine colon. Neodymium (Nd):YAG laser,
      argon laser, and monopolar electrocautery were applied to exposed canine colonic
      mucosa for various application times at various power settings. At the minimum
      energy level necessary to ablate mucosa, the Nd:YAG laser caused greater
      muscularis injury than the argon laser and monopolar electrocautery. At higher
      energy levels, monopolar electrocautery and Nd:YAG laser caused greater
      muscularis injury than argon laser. Small surgically created polyps in the canine
      colon were ablated endoscopically with the three energy sources. Single-session
      complete polyp ablation occurred most frequently with Nd:YAG laser and least
      frequently with argon laser. The depth of tissue injury beneath polyp ablation
      sites was least with argon laser and greatest with Nd:YAG laser. This study
      suggests that the argon laser is safer than the Nd:YAG laser or monopolar
      electrocautery for coagulation of flat colonic mucosal lesions. Although the
      argon laser is safer for the coagulation of small sessile colonic polyps, it may
      be less effective than monopolar electrocautery or the Nd:YAG laser for the
      single-session fulguration of polyps greater than 5 mm in diameter.

PMID- 2920881
TI  - Assessment of mucosal hemodynamics in normal human colon and patients with
      inflammatory bowel disease.
AB  - Reflectance spectrophotometry measures indices of mucosal hemoglobin
      concentration (IHB) and oxygen saturation (ISO2). In the rat colon,
      characteristic patterns of IHB and ISO2 are associated with ischemia with
      congestion (increased IHB and decreased ISO2) and ischemia without congestion
      (decreased IHB and decreased ISO2). Endoscopic measurements with acceptable
      interobserver variability was demonstrated in the canine stomach. In eight
      healthy subjects, endoscopic measurement in different areas of the colon and
      rectum revealed significantly lower IHB values in the splenic flexure. These
      observations are compatible with reduced flow and increased susceptibility to
      ischemic damage in this watershed area. The endoscopic measurements in 13
      patients with active inflammatory bowel disease revealed an increase in IHB and
      ISO2 values in the involved areas, indicating an increase in mucosal blood flow.
      In six patients restudied when the disease remitted, these values returned to
      normal.

PMID- 2920882
TI  - Diazepam versus midazolam (versed) in outpatient colonoscopy: a double-blind
      randomized study.
AB  - Midazolam is a new parenteral benzodiazepine premedication for endoscopy.
      Consecutive patients were randomized to receive either intravenous midazolam or
      diazepam as premedication for outpatient total colonoscopy by one endoscopist.
      Fifty-five patients received diazepam (0.15 mg/kg) and 50 received midazolam
      (0.07 mg/kg). Both patient and endoscopist were blind to the study drug used. The
      two groups were similar with respect to age, sex, and indication for colonoscopy.
      Patients were rated by the endoscopist for degree of cooperation, sedation, and
      pain during examination. There was significantly more oversedation in the
      midazolam group than in the diazepam group (p less than 0.05). Immediate
      procedure recall was less in midazolam patients (p less than 0.005), but on
      repeat interview the next day there was no difference between the two groups
      concerning recall of the endoscopy. There was no significant difference between
      the two groups in the incidence of arm pain. We conclude that in a clinical
      setting, midazolam does not appear to offer any significant advantage over
      diazepam, except for cost. Midazolam carries an increased risk of oversedation
      when it is administered on a milligram per kilogram basis and should instead be
      titrated individually.

PMID- 2920883
TI  - Acute gastritis occurring within 24 hours of severe head injury.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the early appearance and incidence of
      stress gastritis following severe head injury. We performed upper
      esophagogastroduodenoscopy in 44 patients within 24 hours of a head injury. All
      patients were comatose and required ventilatory support. Forty of the patients
      (91%) had gastritis at esophagogastroduodenoscopy. The lesions were distributed
      in the fundus and corpus of the stomach (77% of the patients), in the esophagus
      (30% of the patients), in the antrum (25% of the patients), and in the duodenum
      (7% of the patients). The grade of gastritis at esophagogastroduodenoscopy did
      not correlate with the severity of the head injury, the type of head injury
      sustained, the timing of esophagogastroduodenoscopy after head injury, or the
      presence of shock on admission. However, patients with grade III gastritis had a
      greater injury Severity Score than patients with grade 0 gastritis (normal
      mucosa). Gastroduodenal mucosal damage is common after severe head injury and
      occurs soon after the event.

PMID- 2920884
TI  - Induced current on the guide wire during sphincterotomy.

PMID- 2920885
TI  - Endoscopic sphincterotomy in Billroth II patients: an improved method using a
      diathermic needle as sphincterotome and a nasobiliary drain as guide.

PMID- 2920886
TI  - Preoperative diagnosis of gallbladder perforation by endoscopic retrograde
      cholangiography.

PMID- 2920887
TI  - Changing concepts in the management of pancreatic pseudocysts.

PMID- 2920888
TI  - Adherent tumor on the tip of the scope.

PMID- 2920889
TI  - Improving patient tolerance for esophageal laser therapy.

PMID- 2920890
TI  - Studies on the ignition properties of unipolar and bipolar diathermy probes.

PMID- 2920891
TI  - Skin tags for the diagnosis of colorectal polyps.

PMID- 2920892
TI  - Colitis due to strongyloidiasis.

PMID- 2920893
TI  - Seasonal cycles in testicular activity in the frog, Rana perezi.
AB  - Studies of seasonal testicular cycle based on spermatogenetic activity and direct
      measurement of plasma testosterone were made in male frog Rana perezi obtained
      from its natural biotope in the Iberian Peninsula. Testosterone plasma level was
      determined by radioimmunoassay and exhibited notable differences according to
      season: plasma testosterone was lowest (less than 0.5 ng/ml) in summer and then
      increased progressively to reach a peak in spring (3-4 ng/ml), coincident with
      mating. After spermiation, when an increase in temperature and photoperiod in the
      natural habitat occurs, levels decline. Fat bodies also show a pronounced
      seasonal cycle with total regression following breeding and maximal development
      in winter. However, testicular weight was independent of seasons, and no
      significant change was observed throughout the year. Histological evidence
      indicates that although cell nests of different types are present every month of
      the year, the most important spermatogenetic activity is initiated in summer. The
      possible relationship between spermatogenetic activity and testosterone
      production and the importance of environmental factors as synchronizers of
      seasonal reproduction are discussed.

PMID- 2920894
TI  - The effect of severe starvation and captivity stress on plasma thyroxine and
      triiodothyronine concentrations in an antarctic bird (emperor penguin).
AB  - The effect of confinement and severe starvation on the plasma thyroxine (T4) and
      triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations was determined in emperor penguins
      (Aptenodytes forsteri). During their annual cycle, emperor penguins fast freely
      for periods of up to 4 months and may thus represent a unique subject to study
      endocrine adaptations to fasting. Plasma T4 concentrations progressively
      decreased following capture and confinement of naturally fasting penguins, and
      within 15-20 days stabilized at levels three times lower than in free-living
      penguins. A transient fourfold increase in plasma T3 concentration developed
      within the day following confinement in parallel with a rise in daily body mass
      loss. Both plasma T3 concentration and mass loss subsided to normal levels within
      15 days. The decrease in plasma T4 concentration is in accordance with the well
      known inhibitory effect of stress on thyroid function in birds and mammals,
      whereas the transient increase in plasma T3 concentration seems related to
      enhancement of energy expenditure as a consequence of restlessness. Starvation
      severe enough to exhaust fat stores and to activate protein catabolism induced a
      6- and 5 to 10-fold fall in plasma T4 and T3, respectively. This is in marked
      contrast with maintenance of plasma thyroid levels during long-term natural
      fasting associated with protein sparing (R. Groscolas and J. Leloup (1986) Gen.
      Comp. Endocrinol. 63, 264-274). Surprisingly, there was a final reincrease in
      plasma T4 concentration in very lean penguins. These results suggest that the
      effect of starvation on plasma thyroid hormones seems to depend on how much
      protein catabolism is activated and demonstrate the acute sensitivity of thyroid
      hormone balance to stress in penguins.

PMID- 2920895
TI  - Purification and properties of pituitary gonadotropic hormone from Indian
      teleosts: freshwater murrel (Channa punctatus) and carp (Catla catla).
AB  - Gonadotropic hormone (GtH) from the pituitaries of two widely different Indian
      teleosts, a freshwater murrel and a carp, was purified by solvent fractionation,
      Sephadex G-100 gel filtration, affinity chromatography on concanavalin A
      Sepharose (Con A-Sepharose), and immunoaffinity chromatography. Elution profile
      from gel filtration showed three peaks in both cases, peak I and II were clearly
      separated in murrel but not in carp. Peak II demonstrated strong GtH activity in
      both murrel and carp but this activity could also be detected in peak I and III
      of carp. TSH activity was restricted to peak I in murrel and was distributed in
      all three peaks in carp. Chromatography on Con A-Sepharose was useful in
      harvesting carp glycoprotein hormones, but gave no advantage in murrel. A pure
      homogenous GtH from murrel and carp could be obtained by using immunoaffinity
      chromatography. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of murrel and carp GtH showed
      a single discrete band. Determination of molecular weight (MW) by Sephadex G-100
      gel filtration indicated that murrel and carp GtH were 42,000 and 40,000 Da,
      respectively. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of murrel and carp GtH
      revealed two dissimilar subunits, alpha and beta. MW of murrel and carp alpha
      subunits were 18,000 and 16,000 while those of beta were 27,000 and 26,000 Da,
      respectively. Comparison of electrophoretic patterns of murrel and carp GtH alpha
      and beta with ovine LH subunits reveal distinct teleostean GtH subunits.

PMID- 2920896
TI  - Steroidogenesis in Fundulus heteroclitus. I. Production of 17 alpha-hydroxy,20
      beta-dihydroprogesterone, testosterone, and 17 beta-estradiol by prematurational
      follicles in vitro.
AB  - In order to understand better the mechanism of gonadotropin action on
      steroidogenesis in prematurational follicles of Fundulus heteroclitus, follicle
      synthesis of 17 alpha-hydroxy, 20 beta-dihydroprogesterone (17 alpha-OH,20 beta
      DHP), testosterone (T), and 17 beta-estradiol (E2) from a variety of precursors
      and the maturational response of oocytes were simultaneously followed in vitro.
      The addition of 25-hydroxycholesterol, pregnenolone, or progesterone to
      unstimulated follicles increased media 17 alpha-OH,20 beta-DHP, T, and E2, as
      well as oocyte germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) in a dose-dependent manner.
      Inhibition of cholesterol side-chain cleavage by aminoglutethimide blocked 25
      hydroxycholesterol-promoted steroid accumulation and GVBD, indicating that 25
      hydroxycholesterol does not directly induce GVBD, but rather is metabolized in
      the follicle to an active steroid (presumably 17 alpha-OH,20 beta-DHP). Likewise,
      trilostane, an inhibitor of delta 5-3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, blocked
      pregnenolone action. Both inhibitors also completely abolished steroid
      accumulation and GVBD promoted by a F. heteroclitus pituitary extract (FPE), but
      not GVBD induced by exogenous 17 alpha-OH,20 beta-DHP. FPE also significantly
      depressed T but enhanced E2 production from exogenous precursors. We have
      concluded from these observations that (1) cholesterol side-chain cleavage and
      pregnenolone conversion to progesterone are essential for gonadotropin-promoted
      follicle steroid production and the resulting reinitiation of meiosis by the
      oocyte, (2) the enzymes necessary for the conversion of cholesterol to 17 alpha
      OH,20 beta-DHP, T, and E2 are present in the unstimulated, prematurational
      follicle, and (3) gonadotropin initiates steroidogenesis by acting at a step
      prior to the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone; it also appears to
      enhance aromatase activity.

PMID- 2920897
TI  - Vitellogenin induction by estradiol in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus.
AB  - In oviparous vertebrates estrogens induce hepatic synthesis of vitellogenin (VG),
      a blood protein sequestered in vitellogenic oocytes and from which lipovitellin
      (LV) and phosvitin are derived. Our objective was to identify VG in the channel
      catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. An intraperitoneal injection of estradiol-17 beta
      into adult male fish induced a dose-dependent accumulation of a 150 kDa protein
      (EP) in the plasma. EP was detectable in Coomassie blue-stained polyacrylamide
      gels within 24 hr after injection of 2 mg hormone/100 g body weight. During the
      next 4 days, EP increased from 5 to about 25% of the total plasma protein.
      Electrophoretic mobility, peptide mapping, and immunological crossreactivity
      showed EP to be indistinguishable from a plasma protein in adult females with
      vitellogenic ovaries. Two major yolk polypeptides, YP1 (120 kDa) and YP2 (29.6
      kDa), were precipitated by (NH4)2SO4 from a yolk protein extract. YP1 but not YP2
      reacted with an anti-EP polyclonal antiserum in Western blots. Peptide mapping
      after proteolysis with trypsin showed YPs 1 and 2 to be unique and revealed
      structural homologies between YP1 and EP. Liver but not pancreatic explants from
      an estradiol-treated male synthesized and secreted a [35S]methionine-labeled, 150
      kDa protein beginning about 2 hr after initial exposure to the label. We
      tentatively conclude that EP and YP1 represent VG and LV, respectively. YP2
      remains unidentified.

PMID- 2920898
TI  - Steroid metabolism in the testes of the breeding and nonbreeding three-spined
      stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus.
AB  - Steroid metabolism in the testes of sticklebacks was studied in vitro by tissue
      incubations with [3H]pregnenolone or [3H]androstenedione as precursors. In males
      in full reproductive condition (nesting), [3H]pregnenolone was mainly converted
      via progesterone and 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone into androstenedione, 11 beta
      hydroxyandrostenedione, and 11-ketoandrostenedione. The latter was the largest
      product formed. The main products from the [3H]androstenedione incubation, 11
      beta-hydroxyandrostenedione and 11-ketoandrostenedione, confirm these findings.
      The rate of androgen synthesis, especially of 11-ketoandrostenedione, was much
      lower after the end of the breeding season.

PMID- 2920900
TI  - Variations of calcitonin-like immunoreactivity in the crustacean Orchestia
      cavimana during a molt cycle.
AB  - The investigation of calcitonin-like immunoreactivity performed in whole extracts
      of the terrestrial crustacean Orchestia cavimana using radioimmunoassay revealed
      large amounts of these peptides varying in concentration according to the stages
      of the molt cycle. Their level is maximum at the time of the exuviation. The
      results are then discussed regarding the particular calcium metabolism of this
      species in function of its terrestrial conditions of life.

PMID- 2920899
TI  - Seasonal variations in testicular germ cell stages and in plasma concentrations
      of sex steroids in male rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) maturing at 2 years old.
AB  - Male rainbow trout of an autumn- and a spring-spawning strain were sampled every
      28 days over a period of 2 years, starting when they were approximately 6 months
      old. Plasma concentrations of testosterone (T), 11-ketotestosterone (11-K), and
      17 alpha,20 beta-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17,20 beta-P) were measured by
      radioimmunoassay. A histometric method was used to determine the absolute
      quantities of several germ cell stages, including spermatogonia B, spermatocytes,
      spermatids, spermatozoa, and resorbing spermatozoa. The general pattern of
      gonadal development in the two strains was similar, e.g., steroids peaking in the
      order T----11-K----17,20 beta-P. However, there were a large number of
      differences--in the timing of first appearance of various parameters, in the
      timing and magnitude of various peaks, in the histological appearance of the
      regressing testes, and in the heterogeneity of the male population. T and 11-K
      levels were not associated with any particular germ cell stage in the two
      strains. Peak 17,20 beta-P levels coincided with the period when ovulated females
      were present and milt production was maximal.

PMID- 2920901
TI  - Plasma LH and prolactin levels during the reproductive cycle of the cockatiel
      (Nymphicus hollandicus).
AB  - Plasma-luteinizing hormone (LH) and prolactin (Prl) levels were determined using
      radioimmunoassay during two reproductive cycles in captive cockatiels (Nymphicus
      hollandicus)--an altricial species in which both parents share incubation and
      care of young. Birds were stimulated to breed by increasing daylength, light
      intensity, ambient temperature, and presenting nest boxes. LH levels were
      elevated during the time of nest inspection in females and peaked during egg
      laying. In contrast, LH levels were highest in males during nest inspection but
      were lower during egg laying. In both sexes, LH continued to decline during
      incubation and care of the young but rose in pairs laying a second clutch. Female
      and male Prl levels increased during egg laying, peaked during incubation, then
      declined to egg-laying levels during the nestling stage. Prl continued to decline
      during the fledgling stage and reached prelaying levels unless a second clutch
      was begun. In conclusion, in cockatiels, nest inspection and laying are
      characterized by high LH levels while high Prl levels occur during incubation and
      feeding of nestlings in both males and females.

PMID- 2920902
TI  - In vitro effects of cyanoketone and epostane on LH-induced germinal vesicle
      breakdown in oocytes of Indian major carps.
AB  - The effect of cyanoketone (inhibitor of delta 5-3 beta-hydroxysteroid
      dehydrogenase) and epostane (inhibitor of 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) on
      LH-induced in vitro germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) in the oocytes of Indian
      major carps, Labeo rohita, Cirrhinus mrigala, and Catla catla, was investigated
      using five concentrations for each inhibitor. Both of these inhibitors could
      significantly inhibit the LH-induced GVBD at all of their concentrations in L.
      rohita and C. catla. However, in C. mrigala, when the oocytes were incubated with
      cyanoketone or epostane along with LH, the rate of GVBD was not induced
      significantly at their lowest concentration but four other higher concentrations
      could inhibit the LH-induced GVBD. A probable mechanism of inhibition of the
      oocyte maturation by these inhibitors is discussed in the light of available
      literature.

PMID- 2920903
TI  - Oxidative metabolism in a teleost, Anabas testudineus Bloch: effect of thyroid
      hormones on hepatic enzyme activities.
AB  - In vivo administration of L-thyroxine (L-T4) in Anabas testudineus, while
      significantly stimulated the activities of cytochrome c oxidase and alpha
      glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (alpha-GPDH), inhibited glucose-6-phosphate
      dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH), cytosolic and mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase (cyt.
      MDH; mit. MDH), and Mg2+ DNP-dependent adenosine triphosphatase (Mg2+ ATPase)
      activities. The activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), succinate
      dehydrogenase (SDH), and catalase remained unaltered after L-T4 treatment.
      Administration of protein synthesis inhibitors such as actinomycin D, while
      significantly inhibited cytochrome oxidase, alpha-GPDH, catalase, SDH, and Mg2+
      ATPase activities, did not change LDH, cyt. MDH, and mit. MDH activities.
      Chloramphenicol injection significantly stimulated cytochrome oxidase, alpha
      GPDH, and G-6-PDH activities. Simultaneous injections of actinomycin D or
      chloramphenicol with 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine (L-T3) or L-T4 prevented the
      effects of thyroid hormones on enzyme activities, when compared to the respective
      controls.

PMID- 2920904
TI  - The prevention of an acute rise in intraocular pressure following Q-switched
      Nd:YAG laser iridotomy with clonidine.
AB  - We evaluated the ability of topical clonidine to suppress an acute rise in
      postoperative intraocular pressure (IOP) following Nd:YAG laser iridotomy. A
      total of 36 eyes (29 patients) with chronic primary angle-closure glaucoma
      underwent Q-switched Nd:YAG laser iridotomy: 18 eyes were treated topically with
      0.5% clonidine ophthalmic solution prior to and immediately following the
      procedure, and a control group of 18 eyes underwent Nd:YAG laser iridotomy
      without topical clonidine. The control group was selected to match the clonidine
      treated group in terms of preoperative IOP, the extent of peripheral anterior
      synechia, and the total amount of laser energy delivered. None of the clonidine
      treated eyes experienced an IOP rise greater than 4 mm Hg over baseline, whereas
      4 of the nontreated eyes (22.2%) developed an IOP rise greater than 10 mm Hg. The
      mean IOPs were significantly lower during the first 4 h postsurgery in the
      clonidine-treated eyes.

PMID- 2920905
TI  - Blood-retinal and blood-aqueous barrier permeability, lens autofluorescence and
      transmission in insulin-dependent diabetic youngsters.
AB  - The permeability of the blood aqueous and blood retinal barrier, the lens
      transmission, and the lens autofluorescence were measured by fluorophotometry in
      7 diabetic youngsters treated by conventional therapy (mean age, 10.9 +/- 4.4
      years), 9 diabetic youngsters treated by continuous s.c. insulin infusion (mean
      age, 12.3 +/- 5.0 years), and 13 healthy controls (mean age, 12.4 +/- 5.1 years).
      The mean permeability value for the blood retinal barrier of the diabetic
      juveniles did not differ significantly from that of the controls (P greater than
      0.4), and no correlation with metabolic control (HbAlc) or duration of diabetes
      was found (P greater than 0.1). No differences in lens transmission larger than
      4% were found. The mean value of lens autofluorescence corrected for normal age
      dependency was found to correlate with the metabolic control: an increase of mean
      HbAlc by 1% resulted in an extra increase of autofluorescence by 11% (P = 0.002).
      This result suggests that good metabolic control can suppress excess lens
      autofluorescence, a precursor of cataract.

PMID- 2920906
TI  - The effect of therapeutic ultrasound on the average of multiple intraocular
      pressures throughout the day in therapy-resistant glaucoma.
AB  - The effect of therapeutic ultrasound was evaluated in 17 patients with therapy
      resistant glaucoma by comparing average intraocular pressure (IOP) curves
      measured before and 3-4 months after insonification. The insonification regimen
      was standardized; the medication was identical during both pressure curve
      measurements. The average IOP decrease was 44% +/- 24 SD (range, 73% decrease to
      6% increase). In 82% of the patients the IOP decrease was more than 34%. There
      was no correlation between the percentage of IOP decrease and the average IOP
      before insonification (correlation coefficient, 0.21; P = 0.41).

PMID- 2920907
TI  - Bilateral retinopathy and encephalopathy.
AB  - A 22-year-old woman presenting with recurrent transient episodes of vertebro
      basilar artery syndrome and blurred vision was initially diagnosed as suffering
      from a collagen disease affecting the retina and CNS. Treatment with systemic
      steroids induced an apparent remission. However, a rapid deterioration of her
      condition prompted a reevaluation of the diagnosis and treatment. Ophthalmoscopic
      examination disclosed numerous ischemic foci in both eyes, scattered superficial
      hemorrhages, and neovascular tufts on the optic nerves. The possibility that both
      the cerebral and ocular phenomena were the results of systemic showering of
      emboli was raised. Careful two-dimensional echo cardiography revealed a mitral
      mass compatible with myxoma of the left atrium. The difficult differential
      diagnosis of combined encephalopathy and retinopathy is discussed.

PMID- 2920908
TI  - Pattern electroretinogram of the blue cones.
AB  - In man the electroretinogram to pattern reversal stimuli (P-ERG) represents a
      cone response of the proximal retina, dominated by the cone mechanisms sensitive
      to red (R) and green (G). Additionally there is a cone mechanism sensitive to
      blue (B) which can be studied with and without steady exposure to yellow light.
      During exposure to a superimposed uniform yellow background (576 nm) the
      transient P-ERG of the B cones is represented by potentials of small amplitude
      (less than 1 microV). The latency (peak time) of the response is about 30 ms
      longer than that of the midspectral (R and G) cones. Furthermore, the P-ERG of
      the B cones saturates at low luminances and exhibits a maximum amplitude at about
      460 nm. Without yellow adaptation, the P-ERG of the B cones can be studied only
      with low-intensity stimuli of short wavelengths. Near threshold, both the long
      latency response of the B cones and the short-latency response of the R and G
      cones are recorded simultaneously, forming a double-peaked wave shape. At
      suprathreshold luminances, even of short wavelength (435 nm) the P-ERG of the B
      cones is concealed by the larger short latency response of the midspectral cone
      mechanism.

PMID- 2920909
TI  - On the ocular distribution of cardiac glycosides in guinea pigs following acute
      administration.
AB  - Tritiated ouabain, digitoxin, and digoxin were given IV to anesthetized guinea
      pigs. The tritium content of the ocular tissues (cornea, iris, lens, vitreous
      body, retina, choroid, sclera, and optic nerve) was measured after 1 and 3 h and
      compared with the amount of tritium found in the brain and some peripheral
      organs. High levels of digitoxin were found in the brain and retina. Digoxin was
      detected in large quantities in the retina, but only small levels were found in
      brain tissue. Ouabain was nearly absent in the retina and cerebrum, whereas in
      most other ocular and peripheral tissues the three cardiac glycosides were
      present in comparable quantities. The IP injection of tritiated digoxin resulted
      in lower absolute tissue levels, but a pattern of distribution similar to that
      observed in anesthetized guinea pigs was found in conscious animals.

PMID- 2920910
TI  - The effect of argon laser trabeculoplasty upon the normal human trabecular
      meshwork.
AB  - The effect of argon laser trabeculoplasty (ALT) upon the normal human trabecular
      meshwork, as determined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy is
      reported. The lower nasal and temporal quadrants of an eye received ALT 5 and 1
      day, respectively, prior to enucleation. Laser impact sites were identified as
      focal disruptions of trabeculae, together with connective tissue and cellular
      debris. Surviving trabecular endothelial cells near the laser lesions exhibited
      signs of phagocytic and migratory activity. Exogenous macrophages also
      contributed to the clearance of debris. Activated trabecular cells were observed
      leaving the meshwork by migrating over the corneal endothelium. By 5 days post
      ALT increased amounts of trabeculae lacked an endothelial covering. More
      activated trabecular cells but fewer macrophages were noted. A laser lesion sited
      close to Schwalbe's line induced, within 5 days, a local corneal endothelial wave
      front to advance towards it, thus reflecting many late failed ALT specimens that
      we have seen.

PMID- 2920911
TI  - Cellular carbohydrate components in human, rabbit and rat lacrimal gland. Studies
      using fluorescein and peroxidase labelled lectins.
AB  - Orbital lacrimal glands from adult male and female rabbits, rats and humans were
      examined for the presence of intracellular receptors of four lectins:
      concanavalin-A agglutinin, lutus tetragonolobus agglutinin, ricinus comunis-60
      agglutinin and wheat-germ agglutinin using fluorescein-conjugated lectin and
      peroxidase labelling methods for fluorescence and electron microscopy,
      respectively. Lectins were used as specific probes to detect carbohydrate moiety
      of the lacrimal gland. The pattern of labelling with the lectins suggests that N
      acetyl-glucosamine, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, D-galactose, D-mannose, sialic acid
      and L-fucose are contained in the lacrimal gland of the three species. The
      significance of these findings is discussed.

PMID- 2920912
TI  - Fine structural defects in a case of congenital microcoria.
AB  - A case of congenital miosis associated with myopia and cataract is described.
      Tissue obtained at iridectomy was examined with the electron microscope and
      compared with a specimen of normal iris. The miotic iris was found to be
      hypoplastic and to display differences in the cellular density of the stroma. The
      contractile processes of the dilator myoepithelium were conspicuously absent from
      the underlying stroma, and the existing myofibrils were much disarranged.

PMID- 2920913
TI  - The cumulative defect curve: separation of local and diffuse components of visual
      field damage.
AB  - We present a new display mode of the results of an Octopus visual field
      examination, which allows for an easy and reliable assessment of the local and
      diffuse components of the disturbances of a visual field. Essentially, this
      display consists of the cumulative distribution of the local defect values.
      Application to typical cases is discussed.

PMID- 2920914
TI  - Contact transscleral retinopexy using a sapphire crystal probe.
AB  - To examine the laser-tissue interactions for contact transscleral irradiation,
      argon and CW Nd:YAG light was delivered through a synthetic sapphire crystal
      which was held in direct conjunctival contact perpendicular to the peripheral
      retina. The threshold for retinal whitening was 0.5 J in the rabbit, 1.0-1.5 J in
      the monkey, and 1.0-4.0 J in human eyes. Histologic examination of the acute
      injury and at 2 days, 1, 3, 6, and 12 weeks, showed coagulative lesions centered
      around the pigmented layers in the rabbit. While severe chorioretinal disruption
      and hemorrhage did occur depending on species, energy level, and probe location,
      no scleral perforation was noted at any setting. These preliminary studies
      suggest that transscleral contact lasers may be used safely in clinical
      situations where selective ablation of the peripheral retina or pigmented tissues
      is the primary objective.

PMID- 2920915
TI  - Effects of non-peptidal CCK receptor antagonist (L-364,718) on pancreatic
      responses to cholecystokinin, gastrin, bombesin, and meat feeding in dogs.
AB  - Postprandial pancreatic secretion results from the interaction of neural and
      hormonal factors but their contribution to the net postprandial secretion is
      unknown. Recent description of highly specific and potent cholecystokinin (CCK)
      receptor antagonists allows the determination of the physiological role of CCK in
      the postprandial pancreatic secretion. In six dogs with chronic pancreatic
      fistulae, the blockade of CCK receptors by non-peptidal agent (L-364,718) caused
      little change in basal pancreatic secretion, but decreased significantly (p less
      than 0.05) by about 60% the pancreatic protein response to meat feeding and
      virtually abolished the pancreatic responses to CCK-8 and bombesin. The
      pancreatic protein responses to pentagastrin, reaching about 37% of CCK maximum,
      was also significantly reduced but this effect was less pronounced than that
      observed in tests with CCK-8 or bombesin stimulation. In contrast,
      cholinergically stimulated pancreatic secretion, reaching about 40% of CCK
      maximum, was unaffected by L-364,718. Cholecystokinin antagonism also failed to
      affect the postprandial and bombesin induced increments in plasma CCK and gastrin
      concentrations, but significantly reduced the PP responses to CCK-8 bombesin and
      meat feeding possibly as a result of the removal of the CCK mediated release of
      PP. We conclude that CCK plays a crucial role in the mediation of the
      postprandial and bombesin induced pancreatic secretion and in the PP release.

PMID- 2920916
TI  - Total protein output during rapid reduction of bile salt secretion rates in man.
AB  - An investigation was undertaken to study the effect of bile salt secretion on
      total biliary protein secretion in man. Bile was collected in eight patients from
      a tube in the bile duct. Collection was started after a meal and continued for
      six hours, in order to obtain bile salt secretion rates over the entire
      physiological range. Total protein secretion rates did not vary with change in
      bile salt secretion or bile flow. The protein pattern assessed by SDS-PAGE did
      not vary with bile salt secretion. The results indicate that bile salt secretion
      has little influence on biliary protein secretion under these conditions in man.
      Changes in bile salt secretion were associated with linear change in bile flow,
      but there was no relationship between bile flow and protein secretion rates. This
      argues against convective sieving of plasma proteins into bile.

PMID- 2920917
TI  - Annular pancreas: a clinical, endoscopic, and immunohistochemical study.
AB  - A patient with annular pancreas presenting with severe upper abdominal pain is
      discussed. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) was diagnostic,
      with successful injection of major and minor papillae showing pancreas divisum,
      an annular duct emptying at the major papilla and changes of severe chronic
      pancreatitis in all duct systems. Pylorus preserving pancreatoduodenectomy gave
      complete pain relief. The annulus was shown immunohistochemically to be entirely
      of ventral gland origin. Chronic pancreatitis was histologically less severe in
      the dorsal gland. Antegrade dye injection with x-ray showed dorsal to ventral
      connection in the resected specimen.

PMID- 2920918
TI  - Cruveilhier-Baumgarten (C-B) disease.
AB  - A case of Cruveilhier-Baumgarten (C-B) disease is described. It is the first
      reported from Zambia and from Southern Africa.

PMID- 2920919
TI  - Adenocarcinoma in Barrett's oesophagus: an overrated risk.
AB  - Barrett's oesophagus is a risk factor for the development of oesophageal cancer
      and for this reason annual endoscopic surveillance has been proposed. In this
      retrospective study of all patients with Barrett's oesophagus diagnosed in a 12
      year period carcinoma had developed in only four patients. The incidence of
      oesophageal cancer in this series was one in 170 patient years, which means a 30
      fold increase compared with the general population. The survival of patients with
      Barrett's oesophagus was not different, however, from an age and sex matched
      control population. It is concluded that systematic endoscopic surveillance of
      patients with Barrett's oesophagus is not indicated.

PMID- 2920920
TI  - Pelvic floor neuropathy.

PMID- 2920921
TI  - Constancy of glucose and starch fermentations by two different human faecal
      microbial communities.
AB  - The fermentation of glucose and corn starch by faecal suspensions from two
      subjects was examined over a three and a half year period. The substrate
      specificity and products of the faecal fermentations of each subject were
      relatively stable during this period and were significantly different between
      subjects. The major soluble end products of fermentation of glucose or starch
      were acetate, propionate, and butyrate. Hydrogen temporarily accumulated and was
      subsequently used in fermentations by both subjects. Hydrogen was used without
      methane production in fermentations of subject 1, but was used for methane
      formation in fermentations of subject 2. Although the rates of glucose
      fermentation were similar between both subjects; subject 1 produced a
      significantly greater molar ratio of propionate than did subject 2. The rate of
      fermentation of starch by faecal suspensions from subject 1 was faster than that
      of subject 2. The molar ratio of butyrate was greater for starch fermentations by
      subject 2, while the molar ratio of propionate was greater with subject 1.
      Significant differences were found between subjects in molar ratios and
      concentration of acetate and propionate and concentrations of butyrate in faeces.

PMID- 2920922
TI  - Orocaecal transit time in health and in thyroid disease.
AB  - Altered bowel habit commonly occurs in thyroid disease. We measured orocaecal
      transit in healthy volunteers and in hyperthyroid and hypothyroid patients before
      and after treatment, using the lactulose hydrogen breath test incorporating a
      standard liquid meal to obtain a more physiological assessment. Mean transit time
      in 12 control subjects was 85 (8) minutes (mean (SE)) (mean coefficient of
      variation between replicate studies, 8.6% (3%)). In eighteen hyperthyroid
      patients transit was more rapid at 49 (4) minutes (p less than 0.01). Ten
      hypothyroid patients had a transit time similar to controls at 91 (9) minutes.
      Transit time returned to normal in thyrotoxic patients after treatment but in
      eight hypothyroid patients retested, it remained unchanged. Our findings suggest
      that (a) the inclusion of a liquid meal provides a reproducible method of
      measuring orocaecal transit using the lactulose hydrogen breath test, (b) rapid
      small bowel transit in thyrotoxicosis may be one factor in the diarrhoea which is
      a feature of the disease and (c) if altered gut transit is the cause of sluggish
      bowel habit in hypothyroidism, delay in the colon, and not small bowel, is likely
      to be responsible.

PMID- 2920923
TI  - Relationships between symptoms, menstrual cycle and orocaecal transit in normal
      and constipated women.
AB  - Because severe constipation is a disorder largely confined to young women, the
      possibility that menstrually related factors contribute to disturbed
      gastrointestinal motor function has been raised. It has also been reported that
      normal menstruating women show changes in upper gut transit between the
      follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle and that patients with
      constipation show prolonged transit. We therefore studied relationships between
      symptom severity and orocaecal transit during the menstrual cycle in a group of
      14 constipated women and a series of control groups comprising seven normal
      menstruating women, five postmenopausal women, and eight normal men, to determine
      whether phases of the menstrual cycle were associated with alteration in symptoms
      or transit. A regular menstrual cycle was reported by 13 of the 14 patients
      (range 26-30 days) and by all the menstruating female volunteers. Seven patients
      noted variation in constipation during the menstrual cycle, in all cases this
      comprised an improvement in symptoms just before or during menstruation. No
      consistent relationship between symptom severity and follicular or luteal phase
      was noted. Repeated orocaecal transit measurements in the four study groups
      showed no consistent differences (greater than 0.05) between groups or during the
      menstrual cycle (mean change weeks 1-4, -10 +/- 20 min). These findings are
      inconsistent with the hypothesis of a progesterone related effect upon orocaecal
      transit in either normal or constipated women.

PMID- 2920924
TI  - Intestinal transit in healthy southern Indian subjects and in patients with
      tropical sprue.
AB  - Whole gut transit was measured in a group of 21 healthy volunteers and 21
      patients with tropical sprue by radio-opaque marker technique, using mean transit
      time single (MTTS) and single stool transit (SST) method. Mean SST in controls
      was 25.8 (1.4) (SE) hours, which is considerably shorter than in controls in
      temperate zones. Mean SST (23.7 (0.6) h) correlated significantly with average
      MTTS (24.9 (1.6) h) (r = 0.88; p less than 0.001) confirming that SST is a valid
      method to measure intestinal transit in the tropics. Patients with tropical sprue
      had a mean SST similar to controls (24.4 (1.1) h), in spite of significantly
      higher faecal weights (580 (41.2) g v 252 (17.2) g; p less than 0.001).

PMID- 2920925
TI  - Surface vibration analysis (SVA): a new non-invasive monitor of gastrointestinal
      activity.
AB  - A computerised system for measurement of vibration at the abdominal surface was
      constructed which was addressed to the evaluation of gastrointestinal (GI) motor
      function. Preliminary studies revealed a dominant low frequency signal which was
      synchronous with the heartbeat and was considered representative of aortic
      pulsation. This was excluded by selective spectral filtration. The remaining
      signal was processed and measured by computer, with provision of quantitative
      energy values as well as of graphic display. The developed method, called surface
      vibration analysis (SVA) has been evaluated clinically; (a) against oral to
      caecal transit times (OCCT) of a standard solid meal, in five patients with
      severe postgastrectomy diarrhoea, seven patients with mild idiopathic diarrhoea
      and 22 healthy volunteers. (b) against prokinetic effects of a gastrointestinal
      stimulant (cisapride) in nine patients. In (a) postprandial SVA energy
      measurements were greater (SVA [*X (SEM)] = 406,933 (98,224] and oral to caecal
      transit of the solid meal was more rapid (OCTT = *90 (29) min) in the severe
      diarrhoea patients [postgastrectomy] than either the mild diarrhoea group (*SVA =
      235,317 (50,780); *OCTT = *199 (42) min) or normal volunteers (*SVA = 212,062
      (27,153); *OCTT = 242 (19) min) [p less than 0.01 for SVA and OCTT]. In the total
      group, an inverse correlation was observed between quantitative SVA energy values
      and oral to caecal transit times of solids (Spearman's rho = -0.486; p less than
      0.01). In (b), drug stimulation of the GI tract caused an increase of fasting SVA
      measurements from *21,217 (5956) [before] to *41,937 (9606) [after] intravenous
      cisapride (p less than 0.05). This new technique may be useful for evaluation of
      gastrointestinal motor activity.

PMID- 2920926
TI  - Abnormal cardiovascular reflexes in patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux.
AB  - Using five non-invasive tests, abnormalities of cardiovascular reflex function
      were found in 20 of 50 patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux. Abnormalities of
      pupil cycle time, an index of non-vagal parasympathetic function, were found in
      only a few patients, implying that the cardiovascular abnormalities observed were
      not part of a generalised parasympathetic defect. The findings are consistent
      with the hypothesis that an abnormality of vagal function may contribute to the
      pathogenesis of gastro-oesophageal reflux.

PMID- 2920927
TI  - Smoking delays gastric emptying of solids.
AB  - Oesophageal transit and gastric emptying of liquids and solids was measured in
      eight normal subjects with a single test meal containing In113 labelled water and
      an omelette labelled with Tc99m sulphur colloid. Each volunteer was studied,
      basally, whilst continuously smoking, and while chewing nicotine gum. Neither
      liquid, nor solid oesophageal transit were affected by smoking, or gum. Liquid
      gastric emptying occurred exponentially and clearance was not affected by smoking
      nor gum (mean basal t1/2 17.4 (2.7) (SEM) min, smoking t1/2 16.6 (7.4) min, gum
      t1/2 12.5 (2.9) min). Gastric emptying of solid had three components. An initial
      mean lag phase increased from 17.5 (2.7) min, to 27.5 (6.1) min (p less than
      0.05) during smoking, but was not prolonged by nicotine gum (17.5 (1.1) min). A
      subsequent linear emptying phase was also slowed by smoking from a mean of 1.01
      (0.15)% min to 0.80 (0.15)% min (p less than 0.05), but was not affected by
      nicotine gum, 1.06 (0.2)% min. A third complex phase of solid gastric emptying
      was not analysed. Smoking delays gastric emptying of solids, but not liquids;
      nicotine is not responsible for this effect. This observation may partly explain
      the adverse effect of smoking in patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux.

PMID- 2920928
TI  - Postprandial antral hypomotility in patients with idiopathic nausea and vomiting.
AB  - The pathogenesis of idiopathic nausea and vomiting is poorly understood and could
      involve disorders of gut motility. The contractile activity of the stomach and
      small bowel was studied in 20 patients (seven men) with nausea and vomiting for
      longer than six months. None had previous gastric surgery, mechanical obstruction
      and metabolic causes were excluded. Fasting (four hours) and fed (up to two
      hours) contractile activity was recorded by a low compliance infusion system from
      the gastric antrum (four sites), the duodenum and the jejunum. Normal criteria
      were established in seven healthy controls. During fasting, from one to three
      (median 2) migrating motor complexes (MMC's) were present in patients and
      controls. Only two patients had contractile abnormalities during fasting. After a
      solid-liquid test meal, the contractility of the gastric antrum (quantified
      electronically as a cumulative motility index for 60 minutes) was significantly
      impaired in patients (p = 0.012). Six patients had normal qualitative and
      quantitative antral activity but two of them had 'phrase III-like fasting
      activity' in the small bowel after the test meal. Postprandial antral
      hypomotility was identified as a major abnormality in patients with unexplained
      nausea and vomiting.

PMID- 2920929
TI  - Pernicious anaemia and Campylobacter like organisms; is the gastric antrum
      resistant to colonisation?
AB  - Gastric biopsies from 86 patients with pernicious anaemia were examined for
      Campylobacter like organisms with particular attention to those showing an antral
      gastritis in addition to the usual pattern of body gastritis. All the patients
      had chronic atrophic gastritis in the body but Campylobacter like organisms were
      found at this site in only three patients. Thus the Type A pattern of gastritis
      (autoimmune) seen in patients with pernicious anaemia is only rarely associated
      with Campylobacter like organisms. Forty four of these patients had biopsies from
      body and antrum, 16 showed an antral gastritis of whom only one had Campylobacter
      like organism present. Twenty five of this latter group of patients were
      rebiopsied after five years. There was no change in the pattern of gastritis, and
      the same single patient remained colonised. The frequency of an antral gastritis
      in patients with pernicious anaemia was 36% yet the frequency of antral
      colonisation by Campylobacter like organisms was very low (6%). These results
      show that, as in the body, Campylobacter like organisms are not associated with
      gastritis when it occurs at this site in pernicious anaemia. The antral gastritis
      that may accompany body gastritis in pernicious anaemia seems more likely
      therefore to be an extension of primary type A body gastritis (autoimmune) rather
      than a secondary type B (chronic) gastritis and, it is argued, the antrum may
      exhibit resistance to colonisation.

PMID- 2920930
TI  - Production of antibodies to gliadin in intestinal mucosa of patients with coeliac
      disease: a study at the single cell level.
AB  - Lymphocytes obtained after enzymatic digestion of intestinal biopsies from
      patients with coeliac disease were examined for the presence of gliadin specific
      antibody secreting cells by means of the ELISPOT technique. This technique
      permits enumeration of gliadin antibody secreting immunocytes, differentiated
      with regard to immunoglobulin class. Patients with coeliac disease were found to
      have high (834/10(6) cells) numbers of antigliadin spot forming cells (SFC) in
      gut mucosa. IgG and IgM antigliadin antibody secreting cells were infrequently
      shown whereas IgA antigliadin SFC predominated in all patients tested (average
      68% of total SFC). Ten control patients were investigated in parallel with the
      coeliac patients and showed only low numbers of gliadin antibody secreting cells
      in gut mucosa (49/10(6) isolated cells). Antigliadin antibody secretion by
      peripheral blood mononuclear cells was shown in only two of six coeliac patients
      tested and in none of the control patients. The findings suggest that the
      intestinal mucosa is a major site for antigliadin antibody production and that
      IgA is the dominating Ig-class of these antibodies. The high sensitivity and
      accuracy of the ELISPOT technique may provide a useful instrument for future
      studies of antibody production and regulation of the gut immune response to
      gluten and other alimentary antigens in coeliac and other intestinal diseases.

PMID- 2920931
TI  - Effect of peritoneo-venous shunt on portal pressure.
AB  - The cause of variceal bleed after a peritoneo-venous shunt is not known. Portal
      haemodynamic consequences of a peritoneo-venous shunt are poorly understood. The
      most critical period after a peritoneo-venous shunt is the early postoperative
      period when rapid mobilisation of peritoneal fluid occurs. Serial changes in the
      portal pressure during the early postoperative period have not been recorded. In
      the present study preoperative wedge hepatic vein (WHV), right atrial (RA) and
      pulmonary capillary wedged (PCW) pressures, cardiac index (CI), and plasma volume
      (PV) were measured in five alcoholic cirrhotic patients with tense ascites for up
      to 20 hours postoperatively. The longterm effect was assessed by repeating the
      intrahepatic and/or wedged hepatic vein pressures in three of the surviving
      patients after 10 to 20 months. A significant increase in the circulatory
      dynamics and portal pressure was seen within two hours after shunt placement.
      Wedged hepatic vein pressure increased from 27.6 (8.2) mmHg to 37.2 (9.2) mmHg (p
      less than 0.01), RA pressure increased from 6.8 (1.5) mmHg to 14.0 (4.3) mmHg (p
      less than 0.05), PCW increased from 7.2 (3.5) mmHg to 19.3 (5.7) mmHg (p less
      than 0.01), CI increased from 3.4 (0.27) lit/m2/min to 4.3 (0.85) lit/m2/min (p
      less than 0.05). This was accompanied by a 34% increase in the plasma volume from
      1838.5 (142.1) to 2471.4 (210) ml/m2. These derangements were maintained up to 20
      hours postoperatively. After 10 to 20 months, repeat measurements revealed a
      return to preoperative measurements. It is concluded that there is an acute
      increase portal pressure after a peritoneo-venous shunt attributed to increased
      circulation plasma volume, resulting from rapid mobilisation of ascitic fluid
      after the shunt. A sudden increase in portal pressure might be an important
      provoking factor for variceal bleeding after peritoneo-venus shunt.

PMID- 2920933
TI  - Looking at HCFA's snapshot of nursing homes.

PMID- 2920932
TI  - Ursocholic acid: bile acid and bile lipid dose response and clinical studies in
      patients with gall stones.
AB  - The biliary bile acid and bile lipid responses to six weeks treatment with
      approximately 5, 10, and 15 mg/kg/day of ursocholic acid (UCA) were studied in 11
      gall stone patients. Maximum enrichment of bile with UCA (24 (SE) 4.9%) occurred
      with 15 mg UCA/kg/day. The maximum reduction in biliary cholesterol saturation
      was seen with the 10 mg/kg/day dose when the moles % cholesterol fell from 14
      (2.4)% before treatment to 5.6 (0.83)% (p less than 0.02) and the saturation
      index fell from 1.4 (0.23) to 0.77 (0.13) (p less than 0.05). Clinical studies of
      the safety and efficacy of UCA in dissolving gall stones were carried out in 13
      patients treated for up to two years with a dose of approximately 10 mg/kg/day.
      Diarrhoea caused withdrawal of treatment in three patients. There were no
      significant changes in liver function or haematology tests but fasting serum
      cholesterol tended to rise during treatment. Of nine patients treated for greater
      than 6 months, only one showed complete gall stone dissolution. As UCA may cause
      diarrhoea and hypercholesterolaemia, has only a modest effect on biliary
      cholesterol saturation and low gall stone dissolution efficacy, it is unlikely to
      replace existing forms of gall stone dissolution therapy.

PMID- 2920934
TI  - Staying healthy after 85.

PMID- 2920935
TI  - The incontinency taboo.

PMID- 2920936
TI  - Paying for long-term care.

PMID- 2920937
TI  - Dementia and depression: a devastating pair.

PMID- 2920938
TI  - A past well remembered....

PMID- 2920939
TI  - Nurse-managed approach to care.

PMID- 2920940
TI  - Making the family a partner in quality assurance.

PMID- 2920941
TI  - Cholesterol reducers. Worth the price?

PMID- 2920942
TI  - Jack Sprat and all that.

PMID- 2920943
TI  - Acute care patients also get depressed.

PMID- 2920944
TI  - What restraint policies don't say.

PMID- 2920945
TI  - Evidence for the efficacy of adjuvant therapy in epithelial ovarian tumors of low
      malignant potential.
AB  - During the 10-year period from January 1975 through December 1985, 48 patients
      with low malignant potential epithelial ovarian tumors were treated on the
      Gynecology Service at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. No patients were
      lost to follow-up and the mean duration of follow-up was 42 months. Twenty-nine
      patients were Stage I, 5 patients were Stage II, 11 patients were Stage III, 1
      patient was Stage IV, and 2 patients were unstaged. Patients were divided into
      those with no residual disease after initial surgical treatment (29), microscopic
      residual disease (7), and gross residual disease (12). No patient without
      residual disease died from cancer. Of the 19 patients with residual disease, all
      received adjunctive chemotherapy alone, radiation therapy alone, or a combination
      of both. Three of 19 patients died from cancer. Twelve patients with residual
      disease were found to be free of disease at second-look surgical reassessment
      following adjunctive therapy. This review indicates that adjunctive therapy can
      eradicate residual disease in patients with epithelial ovarian tumors of low
      malignant potential.

PMID- 2920947
TI  - 426 cases of stage I endometrial carcinoma: a clinicopathological analysis.
AB  - Between February 1, 1965, and December 31, 1985, 426 patients affected with Stage
      I adenocarcinoma of the endometrium were submitted to surgery in the Department
      of Gynecologic Oncology of the Regina Elena Cancer Institute. The value of the
      present survey is represented by the homogeneous diagnostic data on the basis of
      which the treatment was planned. Criteria of histological grading and myometrial
      invasion were always followed, making it possible to carry out a protocol
      combining surgery with radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and/or hormone therapy. In
      fact, an accurate evaluation of the grading, the infiltration of the myometrium,
      and the localization and size of the lesion are necessary to establish the risk
      of lymph node invasion. This last parameter is the most important as far as the
      therapeutic protocol, recurrences, and/or metastases and survival are concerned.
      The high 5-year survival rate, despite the high average age of the patients
      (74.7% between the ages of 51 and 70), associated pathologies, and the relatively
      low incidence of complications from treatment, demonstrate the validity of the
      protocol adopted.

PMID- 2920946
TI  - Antiproliferative effect of gossypol and its optical isomers on human
      reproductive cancer cell lines.
AB  - The antiproliferative effect of gossypol and its optical isomers on various human
      cell lines of reproductive and nonreproductive tissue origin was studied. Various
      reproductive cancer cell lines of ovarian, gestational, and testicular origin
      were highly sensitive (IC50 values of 0.86-1.98) to gossypol. The
      antiproliferative action of gossypol was not restricted to reproductive cancers,
      as non-reproductive cancer cell lines were also equally sensitive (IC50 values of
      0.69-3.55). In addition, actively proliferating untransformed cells such as
      fibroblasts and PHA-activated lymphocytes were also sensitive (IC50 values of
      0.87-2.51). (-)-Gossypol was 3.6-12.4 times more potent than (+)-gossypol and
      1.48-2.65 times more potent than (+/-)-gossypol. The most sensitive indicator of
      gossypol action was a decrease in DNA synthesis followed by inhibition of protein
      synthesis and uptake of rhodamine-123 by mitochondria as tested in an ovarian
      cancer cell line (OVCA 433) and a fibroblast line (Hs27). These results indicate
      that gossypol possesses a general nonselective antiproliferative action toward
      human cells in vitro. Further, the pharmacologic activity of gossypol as an
      antiproliferative agent is primarily attributable to its (-) isomer, which is
      also the active isomer as a contraceptive.

PMID- 2920948
TI  - Synergistic effects of cis-platinum and cytosine arabinoside on ovarian carcinoma
      cell lines, demonstrated by dual-parameter flow cytometry.
AB  - Ovarian cancer tends to remain confined to the peritoneal cavity even after
      widespread dissemination. In order to test the in vitro cytotoxic effect of cis
      platinum (CP) and cytosine arabinoside (ara-C), a combination which, in theory,
      is particularly suitable for intraperitoneal (IP) administration, ovarian cancer
      cells were exposed to each drug alone and in combination and then sampled
      serially for 336 hr with cell counts and flow cytometry (FCM). We used dual
      parameter FCM analysis to study changes in DNA and nuclear protein
      simultaneously. There was good correlation between the degree of cell kill noted
      in the counts and the duration of observed cytokinetic disturbances in all the
      treated series. CP and ara-C alone produced temporary cytotoxic and cytokinetic
      changes. Together, the two agents produced an enhanced CP effect which lasted 336
      hr and was accompanied by continued evidence of cell kill in the counts. We
      conclude that CP and ara-C in vitro act synergistically on ovarian cancer to
      achieve a high level of cell kill after a single simultaneous application.

PMID- 2920949
TI  - Endometrial adenocarcinoma histologic subtypes: clinical and pathologic profile.
AB  - All cases of endometrial adenocarcinoma treated at the Geisinger Medical Center
      from January 1970 to June 1980 were retrospectively reviewed in an attempt to
      elucidate the clinical and pathologic profiles of the various histologic
      subtypes. Complete clinical and pathologic data was available in 418 cases of
      stage I endometrial adenocarcinoma. The frequency of the histologic subtypes were
      adenocarcinoma 66%, adenoacanthoma 16%, adenosquamous 5%, papillary 8%, clear
      cell 3%, and secretory 2%. Absolute 5-year survival was adenocarcinoma 88%,
      adenoacanthoma 91%, adenosquamous 62%, papillary 63% (P less than 0.01), clear
      cell 43% (P less than 0.001), and secretory 89%. When comparing the clinical and
      pathologic profile of the various histologic subtypes, adenosquamous (52%, P less
      than 0.001) and clear cell (43%, P less than 0.05) were associated with the
      highest percentage of grade 3 differentiation. Adenosquamous (38%, P less than
      0.05) and clear cell (36%) also had the highest percentage of deep myometrial
      invasion. Papillary subtype (46%, P less than 0.05) was associated with the
      highest percentage of nulliparity. There was no difference among the subtypes
      when comparing menopausal status, exogenous estrogen, obesity, hypertension,
      diabetes, or uterine size. In summary, (1) adenocarcinoma and adenoacanthoma are
      the most frequent subtypes; (2) adenosquamous, papillary, and clear cell have
      decreased 5-year survival; (3) the decreased 5-year survival in adenosquamous and
      clear cell subtypes appears to be associated with increased grade 3
      differentiation and deep myometrial invasion while the poor prognosis associated
      with papillary subtype was not related to grade or myometrial invasion.

PMID- 2920950
TI  - Complications of combined radical hysterectomy-postoperative radiation therapy in
      women with early stage cervical cancer.
AB  - Fifty patients with cervical cancer were treated with radical hysterectomy and
      lymphadenectomy followed by postoperative radiation therapy for high risk factors
      (nodal metastases, lymphvascular space invasion, close or involved margins) at
      the University of Alabama at Birmingham Medical Center from 1969 to 1984. Fifteen
      (30%) of the patients treated had serious complications, 8 (16%) requiring an
      operation, and 1 (2%) dying as a result of treatment-related problems. This
      combined modality approach is associated with significant complications.

PMID- 2920952
TI  - Radiation treatment of FIGO stage IVA carcinoma of the cervix.
AB  - Forty-eight patients with FIGO stage IVA cervix cancer were treated with
      radiation therapy at the Hunter Radiation Therapy Center, Yale--New Haven
      Hospital from 1966 to 1985. Nine of the 48 patients are alive without recurrence
      (NED) and the 5-year actuarial survival rate is 18% (+/- 6%, standard error).
      There was a substantial difference in outcome based on treatment technique.
      Thirty-five patients were treated with external beam (EB) plus intracavitary (IC)
      and 8 of these patients (23%) are NED. None of the 12 patients treated with EB
      alone are alive. One patient treated with preoperative EB plus exenteration is
      NED. The severe complication rate was 22% and most complications were
      vesicovaginal fistulas due to successful treatment for bladder involvement. There
      was a significant difference in survival for patients with minimal parametrial
      disease (stage IVA1) versus patients with significant parametrial disease (stage
      IVA2) which was defined as fixation to one or both pelvic sidewalls or
      hydronephrosis on IVP. The 5-year survival for stage IVA1 disease was 46% (+/-
      14%) versus only 5% (+/- 4%) for stage IVA2 disease. Our results indicate that
      superior survival for stage IVA cervix cancer patients is associated with two
      factors: minimal parametrial disease and radiation treatment which combines EB
      plus IC.

PMID- 2920951
TI  - Intraperitoneal chromic phosphate in ovarian cancer: risks and benefits.
AB  - Between March 1977 and December 1985, 59 patients were treated with
      intraperitoneal chromic phosphate at The University of Alabama Birmingham
      Hospitals and its affiliates. Twenty-seven patients received primary adjuvant
      therapy. Thirty-two patients were treated "secondarily" after tumor recurrence or
      after a "positive" second-look laparotomy. Associated morbidity was noted to be
      12% with reoperation required in 7%. Early stage and grade tumors demonstrate a
      good prognosis. Little, if any, benefit was demonstrated in "secondary" therapy
      of advanced stage and grade tumors.

PMID- 2920953
TI  - A study of the monoclonal antibody OC 125 to diagnose malignant ovarian tumors.
AB  - Serum CA 125 was assayed preoperatively in 40 patients with ovarian malignancies
      and in 44 normal individuals. The correlation between CA 125 and tumor histology,
      tumor burden, ascites, and the clinical stage was analyzed. CA 125 levels greater
      than 65 U/ml were defined as positive. The results revealed normal values in each
      of the 44 normal individuals. CA 125 was elevated in 35 of 40 (87.5%) patients
      with malignant ovarian tumors including 23 of 24 (95.8%) patients with epithelial
      ovarian cancers, 7 of whom had stage I disease. Serum CA 125 was also elevated in
      12 of 16 (75%) patients with nonepithelial ovarian malignancies. The results
      suggest that the CA 125 level can be correlated with tumor histology, tumor
      burden, and ascites but not with clinical stage.

PMID- 2920954
TI  - Treatment of advanced epithelial ovarian cancer with cisplatin and
      cyclophosphamide.
AB  - Between June 1981 and June 1984, 50 patients with stage III or IV epithelial
      ovarian cancer underwent initial surgery followed by combination chemotherapy
      with cisplatin 50 mg/m2 iv and cyclophosphamide 500-1000 mg/m2 iv at 28-day
      intervals. No patients with borderline or well-differentiated tumors were
      included. If patients were clinically disease-free after 12 cycles of therapy, a
      second-look laparotomy was performed. A complete response was noted in 12
      patients (24%), 11 of whom were surgically evaluated. A partial response was
      noted in 4 patients (8%), 3 of whom were surgically evaluated. Thirty-four
      patients (68%) had no response to therapy. The median progression-free survival
      (PFS) for the entire group was 19.8 months, with a median survival of 27 months.
      Patients with less than or equal to 2 cm residual disease had a superior median
      PFS (25.4 months vs 18 months) and median survival (29.4 months vs 19.5 months)
      to those patients with greater than 2 cm residual disease. Patients who underwent
      primary debulking had a longer median survival than patients who underwent
      "interval" debulking after two to four cycles of chemotherapy (29.2 months vs
      17.3 months). Thirteen patients (26%) are alive without evidence of disease, 4
      patients are alive with disease, and 33 patients are dead of disease. Toxicity
      was very moderate. In summary, the activity and toxicity of the combination of
      cisplatin and cyclophosphamide compare favorably to other cisplatin combination
      regimens.

PMID- 2920955
TI  - Ovarian clear cell adenocarcinoma.
AB  - The clinical and pathologic features of 29 cases of ovarian clear cell
      adenocarcinoma (OCCA) were studied to evaluate outcome and potential predictors
      of survival. Patients' ages ranged from 30 to 89 years (median, 54 years). The
      study group, using the FIGO classification, consisted of 10 Stage I, 5 Stage II,
      7 Stage III, 5 Stage IV, and 2 unstaged patients. Previous or concurrent
      endometriosis was noted in 45% of patients. Three patients (10.3%) had
      hypercalcemia. Only stage and the presence of macroscopic residual disease had a
      statistically significant association with survival. Stage I and II patients
      experienced a survival similar to a group of 305 patients with adenocarcinomas of
      non-clear cell type in our ovarian cancer registry with the exception of the very
      poor survival among Stage IC OCCA patients. Patients with Stage III and IV OCCA
      had a worse survival than non-OCCA registry patients of similar stage. Few
      objective responses to adjuvant chemotherapy could be demonstrated in these high
      stage OCCA patients. Further study of postoperative adjuvant therapies is
      warranted.

PMID- 2920956
TI  - Immune complexes in ovarian carcinoma.
AB  - Immunodiagnostic screening may improve the survival of ovarian carcinoma by
      earlier detection and follow-up during treatment. Presently, several ovarian
      cancer-associated antigens are being utilized to monitor treatment response; a
      specific and precise test for screening is not currently available. The present
      study was designed to investigate the presence and clinical significance of
      circulating immune complexes (IC) in patients with ovarian carcinoma using a
      polyethylene glycol (PEG) assay. If this assay were to prove clinically useful in
      patients with ovarian carcinoma, its potential as a screening test would then be
      evaluated. Serum was obtained from 38 patients with advanced ovarian carcinoma
      preoperatively, postoperatively, and prior to the administration of a combination
      chemotherapy regimen containing cisplatin. Five patients had values greater than
      or equal to 0.10. This test identified only 12.5% of the patients with active
      disease. Serial sampling failed to reveal any correlation with disease status.
      Our experience does not support the usefulness of IC levels in studying or
      treating patients with ovarian carcinoma.

PMID- 2920957
TI  - Carcinoma of the fallopian tube: clinical management.
AB  - From 1970 to 1986, 36 women were diagnosed to have primary fallopian tube cancer.
      Fifty-three percent of the patients were Stage III with a median adjusted
      survival of 27 months. Although varied adjunctive therapies were employed, none
      provided a clear survival benefit. Five "second-look" procedures were performed.
      Only one was negative, occurring in a Stage IIIC patient treated with combination
      chemotherapy. She has continued without evidence of disease 26 months following
      diagnosis. Recurrent disease was uniformly fatal, despite efforts at salvage
      therapy. Disease biology and response to therapy parallels that of similar stage
      epithelial carcinoma of the ovary.

PMID- 2920958
TI  - Is subradical surgical treatment for carcinoma of the cervix uteri stage IB
      logical?
AB  - Twenty-eight patients with squamous carcinoma of the cervix FIGO stage Ib were
      treated with three courses of neoadjuvant chemotherapy with a VBP modified
      scheme. Clinical responses showed that the percentage of complete and moderate
      responses exceeds 95% of the cases. Clinical response was also related to tumor
      bulk measurement by ultrasound scanning. Twenty-three of the patients were then
      subjected to the Wertheim-Meigs operation. Pathological findings of surgical
      specimens showed absence of residual lesion in 6 patients (26.1%) and carcinoma
      smaller than 0.5 cm in 5 patients (21.7%). Tumor response to neoadjuvant
      chemotherapy was excellent in NG3, MG3 tumors when lymphoplasmomonocytic
      infiltration was present. In accord with this result a new protocol was
      developed.

PMID- 2920959
TI  - Estrogen receptors in fine-needle aspirates from metastatic lesions of
      gynecologic tumors.
AB  - The estrogen receptor content in metastases of gynecological tumors was analyzed
      with an immunocytochemical technique in material obtained by fine-needle
      aspiration. Eighteen patients with metastasis from ovarian (10 cases),
      endometrial (4 cases), and uterine cervical (4 cases) carcinomas were studied.
      Three metastases showed specific nuclear staining for estrogen receptors and they
      originated from primary tumors in the ovary, the cervix, and the endometrium.
      Thus needle aspirates can be used for cytomorphologic diagnosis as well as
      determination of estrogen receptors and their use has potential value when a
      decision must be made between hormonal therapy or chemotherapy in patients with
      generalized gynecological carcinomas.

PMID- 2920960
TI  - Therapeutic effect of a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody on human ovarian cancer
      xenograft in nude mice.
AB  - The therapeutic value of 131I-OC125, a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody directed
      against a human ovarian tumor associated antigen CA125, was examined in an
      ascites forming intraperitoneal human ovarian carcinoma nude mouse model. Nude
      mice were injected intraperitoneally with NIH:OVCAR3 cells. Twenty-one days after
      tumor transplantation, groups of animals were injected intraperitoneally as
      follows: Group 1 with 200 microCi of 131I-OC125 (n = 20), Group 2 with 200
      microCi of 131I (n = 17), Group 3 with 200 microCi of 131I-IgG (n = 21), Group 4
      with 60 micrograms of OC125 (n = 18), and Group 5 was left untreated (n = 21).
      Survival of the tumor-bearing animals was used as the endpoint of the experiment.
      Mean survivals were found to be 52 +/- 18 days for the 131I-OC125 group, 53 +/-
      16 days for the 131I-IgG group, 49 +/- 13 days for the 131I group, 47 +/- 24 days
      for the OC125 group, and 47 +/- 15 days for the untreated control. These results
      would indicate no therapeutic advantage of 131I-OC125 over controls in this
      animal model. However, other approaches using single as well as multiple
      radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies need to be tested in this model in order to
      definitely establish the efficacy of this treatment modality.

PMID- 2920961
TI  - Adjuvant chemotherapy in a pregnant patient with endodermal sinus tumor of the
      ovary.
AB  - The development of germ cell carcinoma of the ovary during pregnancy is a rare
      occurrence. Recent advances in chemotherapy have improved significantly the
      prognosis for patients with early stage disease. Use of cytotoxic agents in
      pregnancy traditionally has been avoided because of possible teratogenic effects.
      We describe a pregnant patient who was found to have endodermal sinus tumor of
      the ovary, stage I, at 13 weeks gestation. She received five courses of adjuvant
      VAC chemotherapy, beginning with her 17th week of gestation, prior to delivery of
      a normal infant at term. After an additional seven courses of chemotherapy, a
      second-look laparotomy revealed no evidence of disease. The infant is
      developmentally normal at 1 year. A comprehensive review of the literature
      describing use of chemotherapeutic agents in pregnancy is presented.

PMID- 2920962
TI  - Carcinoma of the ovary presenting as obstructive jaundice.
AB  - Obstructive jaundice due to metastatic lymphadenopathy in the region of the
      common bile duct has been reported in many malignancies, but never previously as
      the presenting symptom in ovarian cancer. A case in point is presented.

PMID- 2920963
TI  - Ogilvie's syndrome of colonic pseudo-obstruction: a complication of radical
      hysterectomy with pelvic and paraaortic lymphadenectomy.
AB  - Ogilvie's syndrome of colonic pseudo-obstruction has been reported in a wide
      variety of systemic disorders including blunt and surgical trauma but apparently
      not as a complication of radical hysterectomy with pelvic and paraaortic
      lymphadenectomy. Its occurrence following extensive paraaortic dissection in this
      case but no report so far of its occurrence after routine radical hysterectomy
      supports the most commonly proposed etiology of disturbed splanchnic nerve supply
      to the colon as a cause. Colonic pseudo-obstruction following radical
      hysterectomy with pelvic and paraaortic lymphadenectomy is reported and the
      etiology, diagnosis, and management are discussed to highlight the condition so
      that possible associated morbidity/mortality may be avoided.

PMID- 2920964
TI  - Molar pregnancy coexisting with a normal fetus: a case report.
AB  - Molar pregnancy with a coexisting live fetus is a rare occurrence. We present
      morphologic and cytogenetic analysis of a recent case. Cytogenetic studies
      revealed a 46, XX karyotype for the fetus, the normal placenta, and the abnormal
      placenta. Chromosome banding studies confirmed the presence of maternal and
      paternal chromosomes in all three tissues. These studies favored the possibility
      that both tumor and fetus arose from a single gestation. Subsequently, the
      patient required chemotherapy for low-risk, metastatic trophoblastic disease.

PMID- 2920965
TI  - Gynecologic cancer treated with a chemotherapy regimen containing cisplatin.

PMID- 2920967
TI  - Maternal echocardiography in hypertensive pregnancies.
AB  - Echocardiographic hemodynamic and left ventricular parameters were determined in
      14 normotensive and 18 hypertensive women during the last trimester of pregnancy.
      The hypertensive patients had significantly higher mean values of total
      peripheral resistance (p less than 0.001), maximum velocity of posterior wall
      motion (p less than 0.05), mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (p
      less than 0.01) and percent fiber shortening of left ventricular diameter (p less
      than 0.05). The mean values for heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output,
      cardiac index, left ventricular posterior wall thickness and septal thickness did
      not differ significantly in both groups. These results reflect increased cardiac
      contractility related to elevated peripheral vascular resistance in subjects with
      pregnancy-induced hypertension.

PMID- 2920966
TI  - Influence of ritodrine on plasma steroids and human placental lactogen levels in
      third-trimester pregnancies.
AB  - The effects of ritodrine, administered by intravenous, intramuscular or per os
      routes, upon plasma levels of unconjugated estriol, estradiol, progesterone and
      human placental lactogen (HPL) were investigated in 24 third-trimester
      pregnancies. Ritodrine administered at a constant rate of 200 micrograms/min for
      3 h, injected intramuscularly 8 x 10 mg/day for 5 days or given orally in doses
      of 6 x 20 mg/day for 10 days resulted in a significant decrease in the steroid
      hormone concentration and a significant elevation of HPL levels.

PMID- 2920968
TI  - Maternal smoking in relation to the incidence of early neonatal jaundice.
AB  - A case-control study was carried out to investigate the association between
      maternal smoking during pregnancy and the risk of early neonatal jaundice. A
      total of 1,569 cases of neonatal jaundice (2.7% of all singleton births) were
      identified from the 1984 Washington State birth certificates as having a
      bilirubin level greater than 10 mg/dl within the first 2 days of life. 2,336
      nonjaundiced infants were randomly selected to serve as controls. Information
      regarding smoking during pregnancy was also obtained from the birth certificates.
      After excluding infants with known risk factors for neonatal jaundice, 912 cases
      and 1,752 controls were available for analyses. Infants whose mother smoked
      cigarettes during pregnancy were at lower risk of neonatal jaundice (odds ratio =
      0.81; 95% confidence interval = 0.66-0.99) relative to infants of nonsmokers.
      This relative risk changed very little after adjusting separately for maternal
      age, infant's gender, number of prior pregnancies, number of prenatal visits,
      marital status and number of prior fetal deaths. There was suggestive evidence
      that this apparent protective effect may be operating only among normal and high
      birth-weight infants.

PMID- 2920969
TI  - Uptake of 3H-norepinephrine in different segments of the human non-pregnant and
      pregnant uterus.
AB  - Tissue specimens from uterine cervix and corpus of non-pregnant and pregnant
      women were incubated in vitro in the presence of 3H-norepinephrine. The uptake in
      the cervix exceeded those of the lower and upper segments of the corpus, and this
      difference was most pronounced at term pregnancy. The neuronal uptake in the
      cervix constituted approximately 80% of the total uptake and was higher than in
      isthmus and fundus (50 and 20%, respectively). The results favour the notion that
      cervical nerves remain functionally intact throughout pregnancy and support
      previous histochemical studies demonstrating a segmental difference in uterine
      innervation and a partial denervation of the myometrium at term.

PMID- 2920970
TI  - A rabbit model of endometriosis.
AB  - Since not all problems in endometriosis can be studied in the human, there is
      need of an animal model. We transplanted endometrial tissue of the rabbit into
      the peritoneal cavity and studied the changes after 12 weeks. At that time the
      endometrial implants in the rabbit had become cystic structures. The macroscopic
      and histologic appearance was consistent with endometriosis. Hormonal
      supplementation turned out not to be necessary. Microsurgical techniques
      prevented the formation of tubo-ovarian adhesions. This makes the rabbit model
      suitable for studying the influence of endometrial implants on fertility.

PMID- 2920971
TI  - Biophysical and endocrine-metabolic changes during menopausal hot flashes:
      increase in plasma free fatty acid and norepinephrine levels.
AB  - Thermocutaneous, vascular, metabolic and hormonal changes were investigated
      during 11 hot flashes from 6 postmenopausal women. The first detectable change
      was an increase in finger blood flow with a concomitant enhancement of skin
      conductance. The increase in skin conductance was followed rapidly by a sharp
      rise in finger temperature. The main endocrine-metabolic changes associated with
      the above phenomena were a sharp increase in plasma free fatty acids
      (approximately 65%), norepinephrine (approximately 100%) and LH (approximately
      20%) levels. Plasma glucose and cortisol tended to be increased but did not reach
      statistical significance; on the other hand, plasma insulin, glucagon, growth
      hormone, epinephrine and dopamine remained unchanged.

PMID- 2920972
TI  - Impairment of dopaminergic and opioidergic activity in patients with polycystic
      ovarian disease is restored by treatment for the induction of ovulation.
AB  - The luteinizing hormone (LH) response to metoclopramide (MCP), a dopamine
      receptor antagonist, and naloxone (NAL), an opioid receptor antagonist, was
      evaluated in 7 patients with polycystic ovarian disease (PCOD) before and during
      treatment with purified human urinary follicle-stimulating hormone (hFSH), and in
      6 control women during spontaneously ovulating cycles. Before treatment, in all
      patients both MCP and NAL administration did not increase plasma LH levels. In
      the 6 subjects ovulating following hFSH treatment the LH response to MCP and NAL
      at preovulatory and midluteal phases was restored, as it occurred in control
      women. Our results suggest that in PCOD the dopamine and opioid activity in the
      hypothalamus are decreased. The reversal of peripheral ovarian response induced
      by treatment for the induction of ovulation may restore these impaired
      neuroendocrine activities.

PMID- 2920973
TI  - Epidermal growth factor receptor expression in gynecological malignancies.
AB  - Epidermal growth factor receptor (IEGF-R) levels were analyzed in 72
      gynecological tumor specimens. Measurable EGR-R levels were found in a
      significant percentage of ovarian and uterine tumors. Moreover, all vulvar
      epidermoid carcinomas and uterine sarcomas analyzed were EGF-R positive. In all
      tumor types examined, scattered EGF-R levels were observed. Higher EGF-R levels
      were found in metastatic than in primary ovarian tumors. Moreover, EGF-R were
      found to be more expressed in less differentiated than in well-moderately
      differentiated endometrial tumors. Our results suggest a role of EGF or EGF-like
      substances in regulating the growth of gynecological malignancies, and indicate
      EGF-R expression as a possible prognostic factor.

PMID- 2920974
TI  - 45,XO/46,X,dic(Yq) mosaicism in Turner's phenotype with endodermal sinus tumor of
      the ovary.
AB  - A case of a endodermal sinus tumor of the ovary in a patient with
      45,XO/46,X,dic(Y) mosaicism is reported because of the rarity of the karyotype
      and condition. A 15-year-old girl was admitted to Yamagata University Hospital
      because of constipation for several days. Physical examination showed webbing of
      the neck, cubitus valgus and short stature. Her abdomen was bulging. Chromosomal
      analysis showed 45,XO/46,X,dic(Yq) mosaicism in karyotype. alpha-Fetoprotein and
      CA-125 in the serum were high. A left ovarian tumor was found by laparotomy;
      however, the right ovary was a streak gonad and the uterus was hypoplastic. An
      endodermal sinus tumor was diagnosed by a pathologist. After operation, cisplatin
      vinblastin-bleomycin chemotherapy was instituted and the tumor marker went down.
      This patient is still healthy and under observation at the outpatient clinic.

PMID- 2920975
TI  - Menstrual variation of estrogen receptor content in vaginal tissue.
AB  - Estrogen receptor content in vaginal tissue was quantified in 12 healthy female
      volunteers during the menstrual cycle. Epithelial biopsies were obtained at cycle
      days 10 and 21 and investigated by a monoclonal enzyme immunoassay. Measurable
      amounts of estrogen receptors were found in all women at both sampling occasions.
      In women with an ovulatory menstrual cycle, a significant fall in V-receptor
      content was recorded during the luteal phase. Structural and functional changes
      in the vaginal epithelium during the menstrual cycle may be important for the
      diagnosis and susceptibility to certain viral infections.

PMID- 2920976
TI  - Intraperitoneal heparin in peritoneal dialysis and its effect on fibrinopeptide A
      in plasma and dialysate.
AB  - In 6 patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis we investigated the
      inhibition of intraperitoneal fibrin formation by heparin. A continuous addition
      of 500 U of heparin per liter dialysate was used for 52 h. In plasma no heparin
      activity could be detected, even 52 h after intraperitoneal administration of
      heparin. The fibrin formation was determined by fibrinopeptide A, a thrombin
      induced split product of fibrinogen. In patients under regular continuous
      ambulatory peritoneal dialysis we determined the fibrinopeptide A concentrations
      in plasma. The values were comparable with the fibrinopeptide A concentrations
      measured in disseminated intravascular coagulopathy. They decreased during
      intraperitoneal administration of heparin from 63.2 +/- 11.8 to 4.9 +/- 1.7
      ng/ml. The fibrinopeptide A concentration in the 4-hour intraperitoneal dialysate
      (155.8 +/- 15.7 ng/ml) decreased after heparin administration to 8.5 +/- 2.0
      ng/ml and was always higher than in plasma. We conclude that 500 U heparin per
      liter dialysate prevents the intraperitoneal fibrin formation. The low
      antithrombin III concentration (0.44 +/- 0.13 mg/dl) in protein-poor dialysate
      seems to be sufficient to inhibit the thrombin activity after acceleration by
      heparin.

PMID- 2920977
TI  - Enhancement of the activation of Glu-plasminogen by urokinase in the simultaneous
      presence of tranexamic acid or fibrin.
AB  - The activation rate of Glu-plasminogen (Glu-plg) by urokinase (UK) was enhanced
      in the presence of either tranexamic acid or fibrin with an increase in the
      catalytic rate constant (kcat). The maximum increase in kcat was obtained at 0.5
      mM of tranexamic acid and 0.1 microM of fibrin. Km did not change. The addition
      of fibrin to 1 mM tranexamic acid resulted in a further increase in kcat of the
      UK activation of Glu-plg. On the other hand, the addition of tranexamic acid to
      0.1 microM fibrin further increased kcat of the UK activation of Glu-plg. Thus,
      stimulatory effects were observed on the activation of Glu-plg by UK in the
      simultaneous presence of tranexamic acid and fibrin. Fibrin-binding sites on the
      kringle 5 of Glu-plg may be involved in the further increase in the activation
      rate of Glu-plg by UK in the presence of both fibrin and tranexamic acid in
      comparison to that in the presence of tranexamic acid alone. Possibly, the Glu
      plg binding with both tranexamic acid and fibrin (at kringle 5) may be most
      effectively activated by UK. It is also suggested that two molecules of Glu-plg
      bind to one molecule of fibrin monomer.

PMID- 2920979
TI  - [The health reform law under review. Its realization is now underway].

PMID- 2920978
TI  - Protein C in the neonatal period.
AB  - Protein-C activity and antigen were measured in 141 full-term infants during the
      first month of life. The levels of both protein-C activity and antigen were about
      one third the level for normal adults in cord blood, and significantly lower than
      the cord blood during the 1st to 2nd days of life. They increased with age
      progressively, but did not reach the lowest limit in normal adults even in the
      first month. The low ratio of protein-C activity and antigen was demonstrated in
      some infants within the first 4 days of life. The precipitin arc of neonatal
      infants, which had a discrepancy between protein-C activity and antigen levels,
      showed an anodal shift upon agarose gel electrophoresis in the presence of Ca2+.
      The abnormal protein C in the neonatal period may be regarded as protein induced
      by vitamin-K absence or antagonist.

PMID- 2920980
TI  - [Growth in the number of physicians and the structure of medical practice. Has
      the quality of ambulatory care changed?].
AB  - In order to realize a good health policy that, over the long term, combines
      humanity, effectiveness and efficiency, corrections in the evolution of the
      number of physicians, changes in the structure of practices, and the preservation
      of quality in ambulatory care are urgent tasks for the remaining decade of this
      century. In this connection, the development of medical orientational data and
      the so-called priority health aims, will be of use. In particular, the system of
      "health-insurance" doctors is threatened by external influences outside the
      control and authority of the administrative organs concerned. Here, the influence
      on the overcapacity of doctors arises in the present constitutional provision
      which states that all those physicians who wish to work within the health
      insurance system, must be allowed to do so. Owing to the increasing "financial
      bottlenecks" that health-insurance doctors will encounter, the future practicing
      physician will increasingly become a "businessman", since rising costs and
      decreasing turnover will exercise a powerful effect on the doctor's practice. In
      such a situation new practice structures might have a positive effect. In view of
      all these factors that threaten the independence of the practicing physician, the
      difficulty arises of preserving the quality of medical care. Already, attempts
      are being made, on an "outside the medical profession" basis, to ensure quality
      control, and the proposals made by the expert councils are an indication that
      this discussion must be intensified among the medical profession itself.

PMID- 2920981
TI  - [Arguments for a unified evaluation scale].

PMID- 2920982
TI  - [Observations critical of the new evaluation scale].

PMID- 2920983
TI  - [Demonstration of a tumor-associated permeability factor in malignant effusions].

PMID- 2920984
TI  - [The economics of medical technology in the internist's practice. Current
      situation and possible alternatives].

PMID- 2920985
TI  - [The pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Basal membrane injury by persisting
      viral infection].

PMID- 2920986
TI  - [Social relations decisively stamp HIV epidemiology].

PMID- 2920987
TI  - [AIDS research. Cooperation is extended].

PMID- 2920988
TI  - [Vision disorders with neurogenic causes. Exclusion of ophthalmologic causes-
      clinic admission is recommended].

PMID- 2920989
TI  - [Too thin to work?].

PMID- 2920990
TI  - [AZT therapy. Success in HIV-infected children].

PMID- 2920991
TI  - Increased tumor necrosis factor production by monocytes in alcoholic hepatitis.
AB  - Tumor necrosis factor is a cytokine that mediates many of the biologic actions of
      endotoxin. Recent studies have shown that tumor necrosis factor administration
      may cause liver injury and that tumor necrosis factor may mediate the lethality
      of the hepatotoxin galactosamine. One of the most potent inducers of tumor
      necrosis factor production is endotoxin. Because patients with alcoholic liver
      disease frequently have endotoxemia and because many of the clinical
      manifestations of alcoholic hepatitis are known biologic actions of tumor
      necrosis factor, we thought it would be important to evaluate tumor necrosis
      factor activity in patients with alcoholic hepatitis. Basal and
      lipopolysaccharide-stimulated tumor necrosis factor release from peripheral blood
      monocytes, a major source of tumor necrosis factor production, was determined in
      16 patients with alcoholic hepatitis and 16 healthy volunteers. Eight of 16
      alcoholic hepatitis patients and only two of 16 healthy volunteers had detectable
      spontaneous tumor necrosis factor activity (p less than 0.05). After
      lipopolysaccharide stimulation, mean monocyte tumor necrosis factor release from
      alcoholic hepatitis patients was significantly increased to over twice that of
      healthy controls (25.3 +/- 3.7 vs. 10.9 +/- 2.4 units per ml, p less than 0.005).
      We conclude that monocytes from alcoholic hepatitis patients have significantly
      increased spontaneous and lipopolysaccharide-stimulated tumor necrosis factor
      release compared to monocytes from healthy volunteers. We suggest that some of
      the metabolic abnormalities and possibly some of the liver injury of alcoholic
      hepatitis may be due to enhanced tumor necrosis factor production.

PMID- 2920992
TI  - Digoxin-like immunoreactive substances in chronic liver disease.
AB  - Digoxin-like immunoreactive substances, which cross-react with digoxin antibody,
      have been found to have natriuretic effect and Na+,K+-ATPase inhibitory effect.
      The role of digoxin-like immunoreactive substances in chronic liver disease was
      studied by radioimmunoassay in 63 serum and 60 urine samples from 58 patients
      with chronic liver disease and compared with 16 controls. Although the mean serum
      digoxin-like immunoreactive substances level of compensated chronic liver disease
      patients (0.06 +/- 0.05 ng per ml, p less than 0.01) was higher than that of
      controls (0.02 +/- 0.03 ng per ml), only four patients had serum digoxin-like
      immunoreactive substances higher than 0.10 ng per ml. Mean serum digoxin-like
      immunoreactive substances level was much higher in patients with decompensated
      chronic liver disease who had ascites (0.32 +/- 0.17 ng per ml, p less than
      0.001), hepatorenal syndrome (0.57 +/- 0.20 ng per ml, p less than 0.001) and
      hepatic encephalopathy (0.43 +/- 0.20 ng per ml, p less than 0.001). Five
      patients with recent variceal hemorrhage requiring transfusions and saline
      infusion had significantly increased serum digoxin-like immunoreactive substances
      (mean: 0.16 +/- 0.06 ng per ml, p less than 0.001) before the development of
      clinically detectable ascites.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2920993
TI  - Urea cycle enzyme activities are normal and inducible by a high-protein diet in
      CCl4 cirrhosis of rats.
AB  - We produced moderately severe, inactive micronodular cirrhosis in rats using CCl4
      and measured the urea cycle enzyme activities in liver after feeding a 15% casein
      diet for 1 week and again after a 60% casein diet for 1 week. There was no
      deficiency of any of the five urea cycle enzymes in cirrhotic livers of rats pair
      fed the 15% casein diet. Argininosuccinate synthetase and carbamyl phosphate
      synthetase activities were lower than in non-pair-fed controls by some baselines.
      All five enzymes in cirrhotic livers were induced 1.5- to 3-fold by the high
      protein diet expressed as units per 100 gm of rat. The level of carbamyl
      phosphate synthetase activity was lower in the livers of rats pair-fed the 60%
      casein diet than in control livers based on wet weight, collagen-free protein and
      DNA, but the activities were equal expressed as units per 100 gm of rat. This
      example of CCl4-induced cirrhosis in the rat does not serve as a good model for
      human cirrhosis, in which the urea cycle enzymes are reported to be decreased in
      activity.

PMID- 2920994
TI  - Hepatic metabolism of colloidal gold-low-density lipoprotein complexes in the
      rat: evidence for bulk excretion of lysosomal contents into bile.
AB  - Rats were treated with 17 alpha-ethinyl estradiol to induce high levels of low
      density lipoprotein receptors in hepatocytes. When these rats were given
      intravenous injections of low-density lipoprotein-colloidal gold complexes, most
      of the gold (labeled with 195Au) appeared to be taken up by Kupffer cells, as
      were complexes of colloidal gold with albumin or polyvinylpyrrolidone. However,
      when these rats were also administered gadolinium chloride, which blocks Kupffer
      cell activity, most of the low-density lipoprotein-gold (but not gold complexed
      with albumin or polyvinylpyrrolidone) was taken up into hepatocytes by receptor
      mediated endocytosis and concentrated in peribiliary lysosomes, as determined by
      electron microscopy. Colloidal gold taken up as a complex with low-density
      lipoprotein was excreted into the feces via the common bile duct at a maximal
      rate of about 5% daily, 4 to 12 days after injection. Thereafter, the rate of
      gold excretion fell off until reaching a plateau after 3 weeks. At this late
      time, most of the colloidal gold was shown by electron microscopy to be in
      Kupffer cells, whereas earlier (6 days after injection) it was contained mainly
      in older hepatocytic lysosomes, identified by lipofuscin granules. It is
      concluded that, in rats, hepatocytic lysosomes empty most of their contents into
      bile every week or two, apparently by exocytosis.

PMID- 2920995
TI  - The effect of biliary enteroenterostomy on the pharmacokinetics of enterally
      administered cyclosporine in rats.
AB  - A major factor in poor bioavailability of cyclosporine in children undergoing
      orthotopic liver transplantation appears to be poor absorption of the drug. Our
      hypothesis is that the Roux-en-Y choledochojejunostomy used for biliary drainage
      in these children causes cyclosporine malabsorption by reducing the length of
      bowel available for absorption and by distally displacing the entry of bile into
      the intestine. In these experiments, we determined the effect of biliary
      enteroenterostomy on the pharmacokinetics of enterally administered cyclosporine
      in Sprague-Dawley rats. Experimental rats (n = 24) were prepared for study by
      constructing self-emptying jejunal blind loops. Sham rats (n = 9) had jejunal
      transection and reanastomosis. Control rats (n = 26) had no operation. Two to 4
      weeks later, chronic biliary-enteric fistulae were formed in all animals. In
      experiments, [3H]cyclosporine was delivered into the duodenum while the site of
      bile delivery varied. Hourly and cumulative [3H]cyclosporine excretion into bile
      was quantitated, which our preliminary data show to be a valid estimate of
      absorption. In control rats, bile was delivered into the duodenum or was replaced
      with saline and sucrose solution. In experimental rats, bile was infused either
      into the duodenum, which tested bowel shortening only, or into the proximal end
      of the blind loop, which tested the combined effects of bowel shortening and
      distal displacement of bile entry. In sham rats, bile was infused into the
      duodenum, which controlled for previous abdominal surgery, or into the
      midjejunum, which tested for distal bile entry only. Two effects of biliary
      enteroenterostomy on cyclosporine absorption were observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2920996
TI  - Effects of vitamin E deficiency on hepatic mitochondrial lipid peroxidation and
      oxidative metabolism in rats with chronic dietary iron overload.
AB  - Peroxidative decomposition of organelle membrane phospholipids with subsequent
      organelle dysfunction is a postulated mechanism of liver cell injury in
      parenchymal iron overload. We studied the effects of different alpha-tocopherol
      concentrations on hepatic mitochondrial lipid peroxidation and oxidative
      metabolism in rats with chronic dietary iron overload. There was no evidence of
      mitochondrial lipid peroxidation (conjugated dienes) or alteration in
      mitochondrial oxidative metabolism in alpha-tocopherol-deficient rats with normal
      hepatic iron levels. Significant reductions in mitochondrial respiratory control
      ratios and oxidative phosphorylation ratios were seen in association with
      increased conjugated dienes in all three groups of iron-loaded rats regardless of
      the alpha-tocopherol status (deficient, normal or excess); thus, the alpha
      tocopherol deficiency associated with dietary iron overload in this experimental
      model is not responsible for the mitochondrial abnormalities observed. In
      addition, chronic parenteral administration of alpha-tocopherol to iron-loaded
      animals, which increased hepatic levels of this substance 3-fold, did not
      ameliorate the hepatic mitochondrial lipid peroxidation or the defects in
      mitochondrial oxidative metabolism resulting from iron overload.

PMID- 2920997
TI  - Stimulation of DNA synthesis in hepatocytes by Kupffer cells after partial
      hepatectomy.
AB  - The role of Kupffer cells during reparative regeneration of rat liver was
      investigated with an in vitro experimental model. Conditioned media from primary
      cultures of Kupffer cells isolated from intact and regenerating liver were added
      to primary cultures of hepatocytes, and [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA was
      studied. Kupffer cell-conditioned media from intact liver and regenerating
      remnant liver significantly stimulated DNA synthesis in hepatocytes as compared
      with control media (p less than 0.05). Moreover, the stimulating activity of
      Kupffer cells prepared from regenerating liver at 6 and 12 hr after partial
      hepatectomy was significantly higher than that of Kupffer cells from untreated
      rats (p less than 0.05). The activity was found in serum-free conditioned media.
      This stimulating activity exponentially increased as the increase of the number
      of the cultured cells, indicating that the stimulating activity was released
      directly by cultured Kupffer cells. These results suggest that Kupffer cells
      stimulate DNA synthesis in hepatocytes by producing and releasing certain
      factor(s) at an early stage of liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy.

PMID- 2920998
TI  - Immunization of experimental animals with dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase, as
      a purified recombinant polypeptide, generates mitochondrial antibodies but not
      primary biliary cirrhosis.
AB  - The availability of recombinant mitochondrial autoantigens may permit the
      experimental study of the pathophysiology of primary biliary cirrhosis.
      Previously, we demonstrated that high-titer antibodies to the 74 kD mitochondrial
      autoantigen dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase could be generated when BALB/c
      mice were immunized with purified recombinant protein. Based on these data, we
      attempted an 8-month study to induce antibodies and liver dysfunction by
      immunizing AKR/J, C3H/J and CBA/HeJ mice as well as rats, guinea pigs, rabbits
      and rhesus monkeys with purified recombinant human dihydrolipoamide
      acetyltransferase. Antibodies to dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase were readily
      induced and detected in all species of experimental animals with species and
      strain differences in the titer of the responses. Of particular interest, rabbits
      and guinea pigs produced antibodies which were specifically reactive with the
      functional site of dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase, whereas the other strains
      and species produced antibodies to other epitopes on the molecule. Finally,
      similar to data on humans with primary biliary cirrhosis, the pyruvate
      dehydrogenase enzyme pathway was inhibited in the presence of immunized animal
      sera. These data imply that features other than simply an antibody response to
      mitochondrial enzymes are required for the development of primary biliary
      cirrhosis. Further studies will be necessary to determine the mechanisms by which
      mitochondrial proteins elicit an immune response.

PMID- 2920999
TI  - Propranolol does not alter cerebral blood flow and functions in cirrhotic
      patients without previous hepatic encephalopathy.
AB  - Since it has been suggested that propranolol could lead to hepatic
      encephalopathy, we undertook a study to assess the effects of propranolol on
      cerebral blood flow and cerebral functions. Sixteen patients with alcoholic
      cirrhosis and large esophageal varices and without major hepatic dysfunction
      (Child-Pugh score less than 14) or previous hepatic encephalopathy were
      randomized to receive either propranolol or placebo. The following measurements
      were performed before and 15 min after single intravenous administration of 15 mg
      propranolol or placebo and again 1 week after chronic oral administration of
      propranolol 160 mg per day or placebo: cerebral blood flow by the xenon-133
      inhalation technique, quantitative electroencephalogram, psychometric test
      (number connection test), arterial ammonia, pH and pCO2, resting and exercise
      heart rates (after single administration, electroencephalogram, number connection
      test and biochemical measurements were not performed). Cerebral blood flow was
      not significantly modified by treatment (propranolol group: 80 +/- 23 vs. 76 +/-
      11 and 83 +/- 9; placebo group: 73 +/- 10 vs. 75 +/- 11 and 81 +/- 18 ml per 100
      gm per min, respectively, before and after single and repeated administration).
      Likewise, neither of the two treatments significantly altered number connection
      test, quantitative electroencephalogram index, arterial ammonia, pH and pCO2. We
      conclude that, in this population of cirrhotic patients, propranolol did not
      alter cerebral blood flow or neuropsychological functions. As a consequence,
      hemodynamic alterations cannot be considered as causes of possible cerebral side
      effects of propranolol in cirrhotic patients without severe hepatic dysfunction
      and previous hepatic encephalopathy.

PMID- 2921000
TI  - Problems with animal models of chronic liver disease: suggestions for improvement
      in standardization.

PMID- 2921001
TI  - Does hypophosphatemia play a role in acute liver failure?

PMID- 2921002
TI  - Chlamydia trachomatis and ascites: going with the flow?

PMID- 2921003
TI  - Hyperparathyroidism and portacaval shunt: a syndrome or a coincidence?

PMID- 2921004
TI  - Quantification of cholesterol nucleation-promoting activity in human gallbladder
      bile: a "homeopathic" approach?

PMID- 2921005
TI  - Human embryotoxicity of pyrrolizidine-containing drugs.

PMID- 2921006
TI  - Acupuncture in epidemic HBV hepatitis: other ritual surgical procedures in Africa
      as well.

PMID- 2921007
TI  - Complexities of HBV DNA integration.

PMID- 2921008
TI  - Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) in younger adults: a retrospective study of
      133 cases.
AB  - Clinical and biological data have been evaluated, using both univariate and Cox's
      multivariate statistical analyses, in a series of 133 Chronic Lymphocytic
      Leukemia (CLL) patients with a mean age of 46.6 years (range 31-50). In
      univariate analyses, anemia (Hb less than 13 g/dl), peripheral blood (PB)
      lymphocytosis (greater than 40 x 10(9)/l) and bone marrow (BM) lymphocytosis
      (greater than 80 per cent) were shown to be of significant prognostic value.
      Multivariate analysis, through a forward stepwise procedure, showed that the most
      important and independent variable is the BM lymphocytosis. These results are
      different from those obtained in previous studies and particularly in a recent
      identical study performed by the same Cooperative Group on 1777 patients with a
      mean age of 64.2 years (Mandelli et al., 1987). No significance can be
      demonstrated in stratifying this series of younger patients according to
      different staging methods (Rai et al., 1975; Binet et al., 1981b; Mandelli et
      al., 1987). Therefore this population of CLL patients, with less than 50 years of
      age, has risk factors quite different from classical CLL. The results of the
      present study show that the diagnostic approach to B-CLL in younger adults must
      be more complete: using the common diagnostic criteria, established staging
      systems appear to be inadequate in this series of younger patients.

PMID- 2921009
TI  - Diagnostic features and survival in typical and prolymphocytoid variants of
      chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
AB  - Diagnostic features were evaluated with regards to survival in 203 cases of
      typical and prolymphocytoid chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Excluding 27 (13 per
      cent) patients with second malignancies, survival analyses indicated that the
      prognostic factors with greatest significance were age at presentation (less than
      65 years and 65 years or more: p = 0.0004), proportions of prolymphocytoid cells
      (less than 10 per cent and 10 per cent or more: p less than 0.0001 age corrected)
      and surface immunoglobulin (SIg) density (weak and more than weak: p = 0.001 age
      corrected). In contrast, sex, absolute numbers of prolymphocytoid cells, SIg
      light chain type and FMC7 expression were not prognostically significant. These
      observations suggest that the recognition and delineation of prolymphocytoid CLL
      variants by morphological and immunophenotypic criteria, although important in
      diagnostic terms, may have less relevance with respect to prognosis and patient
      management.

PMID- 2921010
TI  - Retrovirus-associated adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma: an epidemiologic study of
      five cases among Hawaii-born offspring of migrant Japanese.
AB  - Adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma (ATLL) is a distinct clinicopathologic entity
      etiologically linked to HTLV-I infection. We have identified five cases of
      retrovirus-associated ATLL among Hawaii-born first generation offspring (nisei)
      of migrant Japanese. Four patients were offspring of migrant Japanese (issei) who
      emigrated to Hawaii from Okinawa, an HTLV-I endemic area. The fifth patient was
      born of parents who emigrated to Hawaii from Fukushima and Miyagi prefectures,
      HTLV-I nonendemic areas. Epidemiologic implications and family studies with
      regard to HTLV-I antibody testing of the index cases are discussed. The high rate
      of HTLV-I antibody seropositivity among family members and relatives indicates
      that the risk of acquiring HTLV-I infection and of developing ATLL persists long
      after migration. Documentation of ATLL among offspring of Japanese immigrants to
      Hawaii is an important observation because it confirms the potential for long
      latency between putative exposure to virus and the development of overt disease.
      Changing marriage patterns among the Hawaii-Japanese may weaken the risk of
      vertical virus transmission to the descendents of migrants from southern Japan,
      while increasing the risk to children born of mixed marriages. In addition, blood
      products derived from high-risk donors will constitute a continuing hazard if
      they are not subject to screening.

PMID- 2921011
TI  - Decision-support systems' downfall: management.

PMID- 2921012
TI  - Greener pastures: knowing when to change jobs.

PMID- 2921013
TI  - Retirement housing: bigger isn't always better.

PMID- 2921014
TI  - Substandard care rules would put hospitals at risk.

PMID- 2921015
TI  - Hospitals support insurance for the working poor.

PMID- 2921016
TI  - Product-line approach controls cost of providing indigent care.

PMID- 2921017
TI  - Quality info is free--if you know where to look.

PMID- 2921018
TI  - To tell the truth, CEOs are valuable witnesses.

PMID- 2921019
TI  - Psych ads move from scare tactics to education.

PMID- 2921020
TI  - 'Hotel service' directors gain professionalism.

PMID- 2921021
TI  - CEO represents hospitals on technology council.

PMID- 2921022
TI  - Technology, physician supply reshape obstetrics.

PMID- 2921023
TI  - Public hospitals: health care's safety net. Interview by David Holthaus.

PMID- 2921024
TI  - Contract management adds value to hotel services.

PMID- 2921025
TI  - Health care entrepreneur's key to success: break the mold.

PMID- 2921026
TI  - Competition and culture are slowing HMO growth.

PMID- 2921027
TI  - Rigid policies can help a plaintiff's case.

PMID- 2921028
TI  - Lack of complementation between xeroderma pigmentosum complementation groups D
      and H.
AB  - The construction of permanent hybrid cell lines between xeroderma pigmentosum
      (XP) cells from different complementation groups allows analysis not only of the
      degree of repair correction but also of the restoration of biological activity to
      the UV-irradiated cells. With use of an immortal human cell line (HD2) that
      expresses excision repair defects typical of XP group D, a series of permanent
      hybrid cells has been produced with XP cells from groups A to H. Excision repair,
      as measured by incision analysis and unscheduled DNA synthesis, is restored to
      normal or near normal levels in crosses involving HD2 and cells from XP groups A,
      B, C, E, F, G, and I. All these hybrids show complementation for the recovery of
      normal UV resistance. As expected, hybrids expressing poor incision and
      hypersensitivity to UV were produced in crosses between HD2 and XPD fibroblasts,
      but they were also produced without exception when XPH was the partner. In the
      permanent HD2 x XPD or XPH hybrids, analysis of incision capacity reveals
      abnormally low activity and therefore that there has been no complementation. The
      true hybrid nature of HD2 x XPH cells has been confirmed by HL-A and -B tissue
      typing; moreover, detailed kinetic analysis of incision in these cells shows that
      the XPH phenotype, rather than the XPD, is expressed, i.e. breaks accumulate at
      low UV fluence of 1 J/m2. To help confirm these findings, another immortal XPD
      cell line was used in fusions involving HD2, XPH, or XPI. Cells resistant to
      ultraviolet were produced only with XPI fibroblasts. These data are discussed in
      terms of whether XPD and H mutations are likely to be allelic with respect to
      incision.

PMID- 2921029
TI  - Increase of sister chromatid exchanges in excision repair deficient xeroderma
      pigmentosum.
AB  - The distribution of spontaneous sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) was studied in
      PHA-stimulated lymphocytes from 15 patients affected by xeroderma pigmentosum
      (XP). The study of unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) in twelve of these patients
      showed that seven were deficient and five proficient. The number of SCEs in XP
      patient cells was higher than in those of 19 controls, and the distributions of
      SCEs per cell were significantly different. However, the results varied when XP
      patients were considered in relation to their UDS: the group of XP patients with
      proficient UDS did not differ, whereas the group of XP patients with deficient
      UDS was very significantly different from controls. The group not tested for UDS
      was similar to the deficient UDS group. The possible relationship between the
      increase of SCEs and the type of DNA repair defect is discussed.

PMID- 2921030
TI  - Linkage analysis of the Duffy blood group marker with several chromosome 1 genes
      in an extended pedigree with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.
AB  - We have recently demonstrated tight linkage of the Duffy blood group marker to
      the alpha-spectrin gene in an extended pedigree with Charcot-Marie-Tooth
      neuropathy. To determine a more precise location of the Duffy blood group locus
      on the chromosome 1 map we have tested several more chromosome 1 genes for
      linkage with this marker. We found suggestive linkage with the antithrombin III
      and apolipoprotein A2 genes and conclusive linkage with the gene coding for beta
      nerve growth factor.

PMID- 2921031
TI  - Regional localization of the TIMP gene on the human X chromosome. Extension of a
      conserved synteny and linkage group on proximal Xp.
AB  - The gene encoding a tissue inhibitor of metallo-proteinases, TIMP, has previously
      been shown to be X-linked in both the human and mouse genomes. We have used a
      series of somatic cell hybrids segregating translocation and deletion X
      chromosomes to map the TIMP gene on the human X chromosome. In combination with
      previous data, the gene can be assigned to Xp11.23----Xp11.4. Genetic linkage
      analyses demonstrate that TIMP is linked to the more distal ornithine
      transcarbamylase (OTC) locus at a distance of about 22 centimorgans. The data are
      consistent with the conclusion that TIMP maps to a conserved synteny and linkage
      group on the proximal short arm of the human X chromosome and on the pericentric
      region of the mouse X chromosome, including loci for synapsin-1, a member of the
      raf oncogene family, OTC, and TIMP.

PMID- 2921032
TI  - Expression of fragile sites in human sperm and lymphocyte chromosomes.
AB  - Sperm and lymphocyte chromosome studies in a normal, fertile male have shown a
      high degree of coincidence between chromosome lesions and fragile sites in both
      types of cells. In this donor we also found that some fragile sites expressed in
      sperm chromosomes coincided with those expressed in lymphocyte chromosomes. These
      results indicate that the chromosome lesions expressed in sperm do not occur at
      random and that they are not technical artifacts. The fragility expression in
      sperm chromosomes could reflect in vivo conditions. The presence in some sperm
      metaphases of acentric fragments suggests that chromosome fragility can result in
      the loss of chromosome fragments or give rise to de novo structural
      rearrangements. However, the incidence of sperm with chromosomal abnormalities
      observed in this man was within the normal range.

PMID- 2921033
TI  - Expression of folate-sensitive fragile sites in lymphocyte chromosomes.
AB  - The expression of folate-sensitive fragile sites (FS) was analyzed using MTX as a
      fragility inducer in seven normal subjects [four unrelated persons and three
      members of one family (father, mother, and son)]; a woman heterozygous for fra
      Xq27.3 with a 47,XXX karyotype; and her son, affected by the fra-X syndrome. The
      mean expression of chromosome lesions (CL) other than Xq27.3 was 70.1% (686CL in
      978 metaphases), and the coincidence between CL and FS was 68.9%. We propose six
      new c-fra sites: bands 4q33 and 11q22 because they were found in two members of
      the same family; band 13q32 because it had a frequency of expression of 3% of
      metaphases; and bands 3p13, 8q21, and Xq21 because they were observed in four of
      the nine individuals studied.

PMID- 2921035
TI  - Til 1--a human lymphoblastoid cell line with minimal DNA methylation.
AB  - Methylation has been shown to be correlated with several fundamental cellular
      processes, including changes in gene expression, alterations in chromatin
      structure and inactivation of the mammalian X chromosome. It is possible,
      therefore, that the methylation status of a particular sequence may reflect
      involvement in a number of processes. Given this potentially confused situation,
      it is clear that many studies would be facilitated if unmethylated or minimally
      methylated DNA from a mammalian source were available. A major use of such DNA
      would be in the construction of long-range physical maps. In many cases, long
      range physical maps are a prerequisite for the eventual isolation of disease
      genes that have been localised to a particular chromosomal region by other means
      (e.g. genetic linkage studies). Many of the enzymes used in such long-range
      mapping experiments are methylation sensitive, which makes it difficult to
      determine how many sites for a particular enzyme are present in any DNA sequence.
      Here we report the finding of a minimally methylated DNA in the human
      lymphoblastoid cell line, Til 1. The methylation level of Til 1 DNA was analysed
      in several ways and compared with that in human lymphocytes, placental tissue and
      other lymphoblastoid cell lines. The results showed clear and reproducible
      differences in methylation among the cell types, both at a global level and in
      the vicinities of specific DNA sequences. Lymphocyte DNA had the highest level of
      methylation while placental DNA and cell line DNA had lower but similar levels.
      Til 1 had abnormally low levels of 5-methylcytosine when measured directly, and
      no detectable methylation at any of the restriction sites examined.

PMID- 2921034
TI  - Analysis of two 47,XXX males reveals X-Y interchange and maternal or paternal
      nondisjunction.
AB  - Two cases of 47,XXX males were studied, one of which has been published
      previously (Bigozzi et al. 1980). Analysis of X-linked restriction fragment
      length polymorphisms revealed that in this case, one X chromosome was of paternal
      and two were of maternal origin, whereas in the other case, two X chromosomes
      were of paternal and one of maternal origin. Southern blot analysis with Y
      specific DNA probes demonstrated the presence of Y short arm sequences in both
      XXX males. In one case, the results obtained pointed to a paracentric inversion
      on Yp of the patient's father. In situ hybridization indicated that the Y
      specific DNA sequences were localized on Xp22.3 in one of the three X chromosomes
      in both cases. The presence of Y DNA had no effect on random X inactivation. It
      is concluded that both XXX males originate from aberrant X-Y interchange during
      paternal meiosis, with coincident nondisjunction of the X chromosome during
      maternal meiosis in case 1, and during paternal meiosis II in case 2.

PMID- 2921036
TI  - The human homologues of Fim1, Fim2/c-Fms, and Fim3, three retroviral integration
      regions involved in mouse myeloblastic leukemias, are respectively located on
      chromosomes 6p23, 5q33, and 3q27.
AB  - Three mouse genomic domains, Fim1, Fim2, and Fim3, were previously described as
      proviral integration regions frequently involved in the early stages of
      myeloblastic leukemogenesis induced in vivo or in vitro by the Friend murine
      leukemia virus. Fim2 was identified as the 5' end of the c-Fms protooncogene,
      which encodes the receptor of the macrophage colony stimulating factor (Csflr).
      The functions of Fim1 and Fim3 are not yet known, but these regions are highly
      conserved among different species. To examine whether these regions could
      correspond to known human loci involved in genetic alterations specific to some
      human leukemias, we undertook their chromosomal mapping. The localization of
      FIM2/c-FMS on 5q33 was confirmed. FIM1 and FIM3 were localized on human
      chromosomes 6p22.3-p23 and 3q27 respectively. Interestingly, translocations
      involving these two regions have been described in various hematopoietic
      malignancies: the t(6;9)(p23;q34) in acute nonlymphocytic leukemias and the 3q26
      q28 translocations in a large variety of leukemias.

PMID- 2921037
TI  - Incontinentia pigmenti and X-autosome translocations. Non-isotopic in situ
      hybridization with an X-centromere-specific probe (pSV2X5) reveals a possible X
      centromeric breakpoint in one of five published cases.
AB  - Incontinentia pigmenti (IP) is a rare X-linked disease with marked female-to
      female transmission and a dominant pattern of inheritance. Reports of six
      unrelated females with IP and X-autosomal translocations, all with the X
      breakpoint at Xp11, and an additional report of a female with IP and a
      45,X/46,X,r(X) karyotype suggests that this may be the locus for the IP gene.
      When four of these cases, including the r(X), were re-examined with a non
      isotopic in situ hybridization technique and an X centromere-specific probe
      (pSV2X5), the Xp11 breakpoint was confirmed. However, results from a fifth
      reported case, t(X;17), showed that the X breakpoint was within the centromeric
      alphoid repetitive sequences recognized by the probe pSV2X5. As the clinical
      presentation of this patient was consistent with the IP phenotype and diagnosis,
      the centromeric position of the X-chromosome breakpoint raises several questions
      with respect to the homogeneity of the Xp11 locus for IP.

PMID- 2921038
TI  - Molecular definition of the 11p15.5 region involved in Beckwith-Wiedemann
      syndrome and probably in predisposition to adrenocortical carcinoma.
AB  - To define more precisely, in molecular terms, the region involved in Beckwith
      Wiedemann syndrome (BWS), we have studied patients with BWS and a constitutional
      duplication of 11p15 using eight 11p15 markers. In the first case with a de novo
      duplication and extra material on 11p, the region spanning pter to CALCA,
      excluded, was duplicated. In the second case, the rearrangement was characterized
      using somatic cell hybrids established with lymphocytes from the father who
      carried a balanced translocation t(11;18)(p15.4;p11.1). The breakpoint lay
      exactly in the same region. It could thus be inferred that the two sons, who were
      the first cases reported of BWS with dup11p15 and adrenocortical carcinoma
      (ADCC), carried a duplication similar to that observed in the first case.
      Together with evidence for specific somatic chromosomal events leading to loss of
      11p15 alleles in familial cases of ADCC, it can be hypothesized that a gene
      involved in predisposition to ADCC maps to region 11p15.5.

PMID- 2921039
TI  - Linkage of X-linked retinitis pigmentosa to the hypervariable DNA marker M27 beta
      (DXS255).
AB  - A hypervariable DNA marker is closely linked to one of the most severe forms of
      night blindness, X-linked retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Affected individuals with X
      linked RP, obligate carriers, and ophthalmologically identifiable carriers of the
      disease were included in a linkage study. The diagnosis was established in five
      sibships by funduscopic and electrophysiological investigations. When the X
      linked probe M27 beta was used, 2 recombinants out of 29 informative meioses were
      detected (theta = 0.07 at a maximum lod of 4.75). The hypervariable probe
      detected two different alleles in 38 of 39 females tested. M27 beta is therefore
      a potentially very useful probe for carrier detection and prenatal diagnosis, as
      well as for addressing the question of heterogeneity of X-linked RP.

PMID- 2921040
TI  - Demonstration of a Sandhoff disease-associated autosomal 50-kb deletion by field
      inversion gel electrophoresis.
AB  - Field inversion gel electrophoresis (FIGE) of SfiI-digested chromosomal DNA was
      used to demonstrate a 50-kb deletion in one allele of the gene encoding the beta
      subunit of human hexosaminidase (HEXB at 5q13) of two apparently unrelated
      patients with Sandhoff disease. In conventional electrophoretic restriction
      analysis, this deletion was masked by hybridization of bands from the other
      allele.

PMID- 2921041
TI  - Nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) inserted in 6q15.
AB  - We studied a family in which three of the members present one chromosome 6 with
      an isochromatid gap at the band 6q15 level. Studies of the chromosomes by various
      banding techniques suggested that the secondary constriction represents a stalk
      from an acrocentric chromosome inserted into 6q15. The possible influence of the
      abnormal localization is considered.

PMID- 2921042
TI  - Duplication of an Xp segment that includes the ZFX locus causes sex inversion in
      man.
AB  - Two 46,XY females with tandem duplications of an X short arm segment were studied
      by cytogenetic and Southern blot analysis. The results show that the duplicated
      segment in each case included the Xp21.2-Xp22.2 interval, resulting in a double
      dose of ZFX on the single active X chromosome. The results from our two cases, in
      conjunction with those reported by other workers, lead us to conclude that the
      duplication is the reason for the sex inversion. If ZFY and ZFX are indeed sex
      determining gene loci, these findings favour a model of sex determination
      characterized by antagonistic interaction between these genes.

PMID- 2921043
TI  - Genetic polymorphism of human urine deoxyribonuclease I.
AB  - A genetic polymorphism of human urine deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I) has been
      detected by the technique of polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing (IEF-PAGE)
      followed by immunoblotting with anti-DNase I antibody. Family studies showed that
      the three common phenotypes - DNASE1 1, 1-2, and 2 - and the other four rare
      phenotypes - DNASE1 1-3, 2-3, 2-4, and 3-4 - represent homozygosity or
      heterozygosity for four autosomal codominant alleles, DNASE1*1, *2, *3, and *4.
      The frequencies of the DNASE1*1, DNASE1*2, DNASE1*3, and DNASE1*4 alleles in a
      studied Japanese population were 0.5453, 0.4396, 0.0117, and 0.0034,
      respectively.

PMID- 2921044
TI  - A beta-thalassemia mutant caused by a 300-bp deletion in the human beta-globin
      gene.
AB  - Larger deletions are a rare cause of beta-thalassemia. We report a further
      instance of a deletion comprising about 300 bp in a female heterozygote. Exon 1,
      part of IVS-1 and the 5' beta-globin gene promotor region are lost.

PMID- 2921045
TI  - Remarks on the article "H-Y antigenicity of human fibroblasts" by C. Jorgensen
      and E.J. Eichwald.

PMID- 2921046
TI  - Primary and secondary syphilis, 20 years' experience. 2. Clinical features.
AB  - The notes of 946 patients with primary and 854 with secondary syphilis were
      retrospectively reviewed. Of the 184 heterosexual men with primary syphilis, 182
      (99%) had chancres affecting the penis, compared with 467 (64%) of the 728
      homosexual men (p less than 0.0001). Anorectal chancres occurred in 249 (34%) of
      homosexual men. The commonest features of secondary syphilis included a rash,
      lymphadenopathy, and mucous patches of the mouth or genital area. Hepatitis,
      meningitis, other neurological problems, iridocyclitis, and periostitis were all
      exceptionally rare. The clinical features of primary and secondary syphilis do
      not appear to have changed in recent years.

PMID- 2921048
TI  - Characteristics of inflammatory cells in urethral smears from men with non
      gonococcal urethritis.
AB  - Differential cell counts in inflammatory exudates were undertaken in urethral
      smears from men with non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU) for the first time,
      recurrent NGU (presumably reinfection) after a new sexual contact, or persistent
      NGU (in patients with no recent history of sexual exposure). Patients
      experiencing first episodes of NGU had significantly higher macrophage counts,
      both in relative and absolute terms, than the other two groups, regardless of the
      presence or absence of Chlamydia trachomatis in the urethral culture. The
      estimated total inflammatory cell count (ETICC) in the urethral exudate was
      assessed by counting the number of inflammatory cells in the first voided urine.
      The ETICC was significantly lower in patients with persistent NGU but no recent
      history of sexual exposure than in patients with NGU for the first time or with
      NGU presumably caused by a new infection. The ETICC in all three groups of
      patients was significantly higher than in controls. A more precise definition of
      NGU or more reproducible methods of diagnosis may possibly differentiate patients
      without an infective cause.

PMID- 2921047
TI  - Treating genitourinary and pharyngeal gonorrhoea with single dose ceftriaxone.
AB  - The efficacy of ceftriaxone 250 mg given as a single intramuscular dose to treat
      genitourinary and pharyngeal gonorrhoea is compared with the outcome of the
      Danish standard treatment for uncomplicated genitourinary gonorrhoea,
      pivampicillin 1.4 g and probenecid 1 g, both given by mouth. The study comprised
      327 patients for whom the diagnosis of gonorrhoea was made by microscopy of a
      methylene blue stained smear at their first visit to the clinic and for whom the
      diagnosis was later confirmed by culture of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. One hundred
      and seventy patients with genitourinary gonorrhoea (18 with and 152 without
      concomitant pharyngeal infection) were treated with ceftriaxone. One hundred and
      fifty seven (17 with and 140 without concomitant pharyngeal infection) were
      treated with pivampicillin. One week after treatment N gonorrhoeae was isolated
      from none of 18, 1/152, (1%), 11/17 (65%), and 6/140 (4%) patients, respectively.
      At a second attendance two weeks after treatment no further treatment failure was
      found. During the study period, a further 52 patients with pharyngeal infection
      (with or without concomitant genitourinary infection) that was shown by culture
      only were treated with a single intramuscular injection of 250 mg ceftriaxone. No
      treatment failure was observed in this group. Only minor adverse drug reactions
      were seen. Ceftriaxone 250 mg as a single intramuscular injection is therefore
      safe and effective in treating gonorrhoea, including pharyngeal infection.

PMID- 2921049
TI  - Colposcopy, biopsy, and cytology results in women with chlamydial cervicitis.
AB  - Colposcopy and biopsy were carried out at diagnosis and at follow up of 222
      women. Of 322 cervical biopsy specimens taken, 174 were from women with
      chlamydial cervicitis (patients) and 48 from control women (both at diagnosis)
      and 100 from 76 patients and seven controls at follow up. Of the 174 patients
      with chlamydial cervicitis, 158 (91%) had erythema compared with 9/48 (19%)
      controls, and 140 (81%) had "follicles" and lumps compared with three (6%)
      controls. The cervical polymorphonuclear leucocyte (PMNL) count in a high power
      (x 1000) field (HPF) was 85 in patients compared with 47/HPF in controls.
      Cervical ectopia was found in 154 (89%) patients compared with 32 (67%) controls.
      After treating the 174 patients, we found erythema in nine (5%) and "follicles"
      in 16 (9%); both conditions were disappearing. Lymphocytic germinal follicles
      were found on histology in only 5/165 patients compared with none in controls or
      in patients at follow up examination (after treatment for chlamydial cervicitis).
      Inclusions were found in 6/165 patients compared with none in controls or
      patients at follow up. Chlamydiae were found on electron microscopy in slides
      from seven out of 159 patients compared with none from controls or 81 subjects at
      follow up. Estimating numbers of inflammatory cells and measuring vascularity
      showed diffuse increases in lymphocytes and plasma cells and increases in
      vascularity in both endocervical and exocervical tissue of patients with
      chlamydial cervicitis. These increases were lessened by treatment.

PMID- 2921050
TI  - Bacampicillin to treat non-gonococcal urethritis in men: pilot study.
AB  - Of 84 men with non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU), 24 yielded Chlamydia trachomatis
      by either cell culture or MicroTrak immunofluorescence test. All 84 were treated
      with bacampicillin 800 mg twice a day for seven days. Five (one chlamydia
      positive) defaulted from follow up 10 to 14 days after the start of treatment. Of
      the 23 chlamydia positive patients who attended follow up, 22 became chlamydia
      negative; 14 of the 23 patients also became asymptomatic and had normal urethral
      smears. Of the 56 chlamydia negative patients who attended follow up, 21 were
      cleared of their urethritis. Two patients reported side effects; one drowsiness
      and one mild diffuse alopecia. Bacampicillin may therefore be a safe and
      effective alternative to tetracycline or erythromycin in treating chlamydial
      urethritis in men.

PMID- 2921051
TI  - Value of colposcopy in sexually transmitted diseases clinic based on first year's
      experience.
AB  - Two hundred and thirty two patients underwent cervical colposcopy within the
      first year of establishing a colposcopy service in the sexually transmitted
      diseases clinic at St Mary's Hospital, London. Their mean age was 27 years.
      Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) was identified in 68 of 81 (84%)
      patients whose smears showed dyskaryosis and who underwent biopsy. CIN was also
      detected in 14 of 41 (34%) patients who underwent biopsy and whose repeat smears
      were reported as giving normal results. The value of assessing two consecutive
      smears was evident, however, because none of the 99 patients with CIN had two
      normal smear results consecutively. Patients requiring treatment underwent laser
      ablation, which was provided in the department of gynaecology. These results show
      that colposcopy plays a vital part in managing patients with abnormal smears and
      indicate that genitourinary physicians need to give priority to developing
      colposcopy services in their specialty.

PMID- 2921052
TI  - Recognising covert disease in women with chronic vulval symptoms attending an STD
      clinic: value of detailed examination including colposcopy.
AB  - A vulval colposcopy clinic was established in the sexually transmitted diseases
      (STD) clinic of St Mary's Hospital, London, to investigate patients with chronic
      symptoms (mean duration 3 1/2 years). Fifty patients with a mean age of 33 were
      studied for 12 months, and a specific diagnosis was established for many of them.
      Forty complained of pruritus vulvae, 33 of dyspareunia, and 30 of vulvodynia. One
      or more macroscopic abnormality was seen in 29 of the women, the most common
      being erythema, papules, plaques, and fissures. Colposcopic abnormalities,
      however, were identified in 45 of the women, the most common being acetowhite
      epithelium in a flat, papillary, or cobblestone pattern. Biopsy specimens were
      obtained from 33 of the patients, and all had abnormal histological features.
      Those of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection were the most common, and were
      found in 27 specimens; evidence of vulval intraepithelial neoplasia was seen in
      seven and that of dermatoses in 10. Further work is required, however, before
      concluding that HPV was necessarily responsible for the chronic symptoms.

PMID- 2921053
TI  - Intralesional interferon alfa-2b treatment of condylomata acuminata previously
      resistant to podophyllum resin application.
AB  - The safety and efficacy of intralesionally administered interferon alfa-2b were
      assessed in 11 patients suffering from condylomata acuminata for four to 10
      months for whom application of podophyllum resin had proved unsuccessful. Three
      warts from each patient were injected with 10(6) IU interferon alfa-2b three
      times a week for three weeks. Treatment was followed by a 13 week observation
      period. Interferon alfa-2b treatment resulted in a highly significant (p less
      than 0.0001) reduction in the mean size of the treated warts, which decreased
      from an initial size of 29 mm2 to 2-3 mm2 by week 16. In six out of the 10
      patients completing the trial, both the test condylomata and adjacent control
      warts cleared completely; a recurrence was observed in one of these six patients.
      Influenza like symptoms (headache and myalgia) were the most common side effects
      reported, though they were mild in nature and not disabling. These results
      corroborate those of previous trials with interferon preparations and indicate
      that its antiviral activity makes it a possible treatment for this sexually
      transmitted disorder.

PMID- 2921054
TI  - Tuberculous cavernositis of the penis: case report.
AB  - The case of an elderly man with tuberculous cavernositis of the penis leading to
      distortion and sinus tract formation is reported. The condition resembled
      carcinoma. Histopathology, a positive tuberculin test result, and a good response
      to treatment aided in making the diagnosis.

PMID- 2921055
TI  - Bone invasion in secondary syphilis.

PMID- 2921056
TI  - Is self application of podophyllin an acceptable treatment of genital warts in
      men?

PMID- 2921057
TI  - Transmission of HIV-I from men to women in central Africa.

PMID- 2921058
TI  - Entropy reduction and decorrelation in visual coding by oriented neural receptive
      fields.
AB  - Image coding is optimally efficient if the coefficients of the representation are
      nonredundant, in the Shannon sense that their mutual information is zero. In that
      case, the code coefficients are uncorrelated and they form a statistically
      independent ensemble, so that the conditional probability of one coefficient's
      value, given any other coefficient's value, is the same as its unconditional
      probability: P(x/y) = P(x). In order for each coefficient to capture a unique
      property of the image that cannot be captured by any other coefficient, the
      expansion functions employed in the code must be linearly independent. In order
      for the code coefficients to have zero mutual information, the code primitives
      must be orthogonal so that their projections onto each other are always zero. In
      biological visual systems, although it is clear that some forms of efficiency
      (such as speed) are desirable, it is not obvious whether coding efficiency as
      measured by mutual information among the neurons is a factor which explains any
      of their properties. The center/surround receptive field profiles of neurons in
      the retina and geniculate are far from an orthogonal set, but a given neuron can
      still be regarded as a decorrelator of the incoming signal in the sense that it
      responds primarily to changes in the image (changes in space, time, chrominance,
      etc.) At the level of the brain's visual cortex, the introduction of the new
      variable of orientation selectivity can be regarded not only as a means for
      providing orientation labels for image structure, but also more basically as an
      effective decorrelator of the neural representation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2921059
TI  - Localized texture processing in vision: analysis and synthesis in the Gaborian
      space.
AB  - Recent studies of cortical simple cell function suggest that the primitives of
      image representation in vision have a wavelet form similar to Gabor elementary
      functions (EF's). It is shown that textures and fully-textured images can be
      practically decomposed into, and synthesized from, a finite set of EF's. Textured
      images can be synthesized from a set of EF's using image coefficient library.
      Alternatively, texturing of contoured (cartoon-like) images is analogous to
      adding chromaticity information to contoured images. A method for texture
      discrimination and image segmentation using local features based on the Gabor
      approach is introduced. Features related to the EF's parameters provide efficient
      means for texture discrimination and classification. This method is invariant
      under rotation and translation. The performance of the classification appears to
      be robust with respect to noisy conditions. The results show an insensitivity of
      the discrimination to relatively high noise levels, comparable to the
      performances of the human observer.

PMID- 2921060
TI  - Black light: how sensors filter spectral variation of the illuminant.
AB  - Visual sensor responses may be used to classify objects on the basis of their
      surface reflectance functions. In a color image, the image data are represented
      as a vector of sensor responses at each point in the image. This vector depends
      both on the surface reflectance function and on the spectral power distribution
      of the ambient illumination. Algorithms designed to classify objects on the basis
      of their surface reflectance functions typically attempt to overcome the
      dependence of the sensor responses on the illuminant by integrating sensor data
      collected from multiple surfaces. In machine vision applications, we show that it
      is often possible to design the sensor spectral responsivities so that the vector
      direction of the sensor responses does not depend upon the illuminant. We state
      the conditions under which this is possible and perform an illustrative
      calculation. In biological systems, where the sensor responsivities are fixed, we
      show that some changes in the illumination cause no change in the sensor
      responses. We call such changes in illuminant black illuminants. It is possible
      to express any illuminant as the sum of two unique components. One component is a
      black illuminant. We call the second component the visible component. The visible
      component of an illuminant completely characterizes the effect of the illuminant
      on the vector of sensor responses.

PMID- 2921061
TI  - Fractal character of the auditory neural spike train.
AB  - Long-counting-time pulse-number distributions (PND's) were measured from a broad
      variety of cat primary auditory fibers using different tone and noise stimuli,
      counting times T, and number of samples NT. Whereas short-counting-time PND's (T
      approximately 50 ms) manifest the presence of spike pairs (an enhancement of even
      over odd-count probabilities), the irregular shapes of the long-counting-time
      PND's (T approximately greater than 0.1 s) reveal that the underlying sequence of
      action potentials consists of spike clusters when viewed on a longer time scale.
      For all units measured, the count variance-to-mean ratio (Fano factor) F(T)
      varied little over some 90 dB change in the stimulus level. On the other hand,
      F(T) increased substantially as T and/or NT were increased, corresponding to the
      capture of larger and larger spike clusters in the counting time. A relationship
      is developed between the Fano-time function F(T) and the normalized coincidence
      rate function, g(tau) versus delay time tau. A plausible form for g(tau) leads to
      a Fano-time function in good accord with the data. The observed power-law growth
      of the Fano factor for large counting times [F(T) approximately T alpha where 0
      less than alpha less than 1] is accompanied by a power-law decay of the
      coincidence rate for large delay times [g(tau) approximately tau alpha -1] and a
      power-law form for the power spectral density at low frequencies [S(f)
      approximately f -alpha]. The behavior of the PND's and the scale invariance
      implicit in these fractional-power-law relationships suggest that the neural
      events on all primary auditory fibers exhibit fractal behavior for sufficiently
      large times (sufficiently low frequencies). The spike pairs and spike clusters in
      the PND's are natural consequences of this behavior. The fractal dimension D
      identical to alpha is estimated to be in the range of 0.3 approximately less than
      D approximately less than 0.9 for counting times in the range 0.1-10 s. The
      fractal dimension provides a measure of the degree of event clustering, or
      irregularity of a sequence of events, that is preserved over different time
      scales. PND's from low-skew vestibular units, in contrast, do not exhibit fractal
      behavior. It is suggested that auditory neural-firing patterns may serve to
      efficiently sample natural fractal noises.

PMID- 2921062
TI  - Computation of the passive electrical parameters of neurons using a system model.
AB  - Time-domain analysis of voltage responses to current pulse stimulation has been
      used to estimate the electrotonic parameters of neurons using the signal model.
      Errors are likely to accumulate from various steps of the analysis due to noise
      and electrode artifacts. A system model, which has inherent noise immunity and
      filtering properties, is presented here. This model employs frequency-domain
      analysis of the input impedance of a neuronal model (an RC cable). The
      resistances and capacitances of the system model are estimated from the cell
      input impedance using an optimization strategy. Using the expression for the
      input impedance, any specified number of equalizing time constants can be
      computed exactly. The accessibility to these equalizing time constants 1)
      provides greater insight into the charge equalization along the length and
      circumference of the cable, and 2) improves the estimation of all other passive
      parameters including the electrotonic length. Thus, the system model approach
      allows information to be extracted more directly and accurately than the signal
      model approach.

PMID- 2921063
TI  - A neural network architecture for preattentive vision.
AB  - Recent results towards development of a neural network architecture for general
      purpose preattentive vision are summarized. The architecture contains two
      parallel subsystems, the boundary contour system (BCS) and the feature contour
      system (FCS), which interact together to generate a representation of form-and
      color-and-depth. Emergent boundary segmentation within the BCS and featural
      filling-in within the FCS are herein emphasized within a monocular setting.
      Applications to the analysis of boundaries, textures, and smooth surfaces are
      described, as is a model for invariant brightness perception under variable
      illumination conditions. The theory shows how suitably defined parallel and
      hierarchical interactions overcome computational uncertainties that necessarily
      exist at early processing stages. Some of the psychophysical and
      neurophysiological data supporting the theory's predictions are mentioned.

PMID- 2921064
TI  - Dynamical neural network organization of the visual pursuit system.
AB  - The central nervous system is a parallel dynamical system which connects sensory
      input with motor output for the performance of visual tracking. This paper
      applies elementary control system tools to extend dynamical neural network models
      to the visual smooth pursuit system. Observed eye position responses to target
      motions and characteristics of the plant (eye muscles and orbital mechanics)
      place dynamical constraints on the interposed neural network controller. In the
      process of constructing a model for the controller, we show two previous pursuit
      system models, using efference copy and feedforward compensation, are equivalent
      from an input-output standpoint. We introduce a controller model possessing a
      potentially highly parallel implementation and offer an example with supporting
      neural firing rate data. Changes in time delays or other system dynamics are
      expected to lead to compensatory adaptive changes in the controller. A scheme to
      noninvasively simulate such changes in system dynamics was developed. Actual
      physiologic data of adaptive responses to increased time delay is presented as an
      example of the utility of this parallel controller. Compensatory changes in our
      parallel controller model are easily predicted. These results suggest a
      productive interaction between neural network modeling, neurophysiology, and
      control systems engineering.

PMID- 2921065
TI  - Computer vision: a source of models for biological visual processes?
AB  - This paper reviews some basic computer vision techniques and speculates about
      their possible relevance to the modeling of human visual processes. Special
      emphasis is given to image segmentation techniques and how they relate to
      processes of perceptual organization, such as those embodied in the Gestalt
      "laws."

PMID- 2921066
TI  - A hexagonal orthogonal-oriented pyramid as a model of image representation in
      visual cortex.
AB  - Retinal ganglion cells represent the visual image with a spatial code, in which
      each cell conveys information about a small region in the image. In contrast,
      cells of primary visual cortex employ a hybrid space-frequency code in which each
      cell conveys information about a region that is local in space, spatial
      frequency, and orientation. Despite the presumable importance of this
      transformation, we lack any comprehensive notion of how it occurs. Here we
      describe a mathematical model for this transformation. The hexagonal orthogonal
      oriented quadrature pyramid (HOP) transform, which operates on a hexagonal input
      lattice, employs basis functions that are orthogonal, self-similar, and localized
      in space, spatial frequency, orientation, and phase. The basis functions, which
      are generated from seven basic types through a recursive process, form an image
      code of the pyramid type. The seven basis functions, six bandpass and one low
      pass, occupy a point and a hexagon of six nearest neighbors on a hexagonal sample
      lattice. The six bandpass basis functions consist of three with even symmetry,
      and three with odd symmetry. The three even kernels are rotations of 0, 60, and
      120 degrees of a common kernel; likewise for the three odd kernels. At the lowest
      level, the inputs are image samples. At each higher level, the input lattice is
      provided by the low-pass coefficients computed at the previous level. At each
      level, the output is subsampled in such a way as to yield a new hexagonal lattice
      with a spacing square root 7 larger than the previous level, so that the number
      of coefficients is reduced by a factor of seven at each level. In the biological
      model, the input lattice is the retinal ganglion cell array. The resulting scheme
      provides a compact, efficient code of the image and generates receptive fields
      that resemble those of the primary visual cortex.

PMID- 2921067
TI  - Recruitment data for nerve cuff electrodes: implications for design of
      implantable stimulators.
AB  - Recruitment characteristics of nerve cuff electrodes implanted in four cats for
      five months were measured. Monopolar, bipolar, and tripolar configurations were
      considered. Approximately twice the current was required to achieve a given
      response using the tripolar configuration as compared with monopolar stimulation.
      Bipolar stimulation also required more current than monopolar stimulation. Using
      the recruitment data, a number of strategies for modulating muscle tension were
      considered. It was shown that both pulse amplitude and pulse duration should be
      software-selectable to achieve adequate control of muscle tension when using
      either pulse amplitude modulation or pulse duration modulation. When using pulse
      amplitude modulation, it was found to be desirable to operate at a low pulse
      duration in the high end of the allowable range for pulse amplitude. For pulse
      duration modulation, one should operate at a low pulse amplitude in the high end
      of the allowable range for pulse duration. The effect of pulse amplitude and
      pulse duration step size on the maximum step change in muscle tension and the
      linearity of the recruitment curves were examined. The use of logarithmic steps
      in the modulation parameter was examined and was shown to result in improved
      controllability and linearity.

PMID- 2921068
TI  - Quantitative characterization and sorting of three-dimensional geometries:
      application to left ventricles in vivo.
AB  - A procedure for automatic sorting of three-dimensional (3-D) shapes is proposed.
      The procedure is applied to sort into normal and abnormal categories, human left
      ventricles (LV) using in vivo data from 19 subjects (ten normal and nine abnormal
      LV's) studied by ultrafast tomography (Cine-CT). The procedure starts by
      utilizing a vector in a helical coordinate system to describe the spatial
      geometry of each individual LV cavity. This individual vector is then
      anatomically aligned and normalized to eliminate effects due to size, yielding a
      dimensionless vector, denoted as "geometrical cardiogram" (GCG). The GCG
      characterizes the instantaneous 3-D geometrical information of the individual LV.
      For the group of healthy subjects, the Karhunen-Loeve Transform (KLT) is then
      applied to compress the geometric information contained in their individuals' GCG
      vectors, at end diastole (ED) and end systole (ES), and yield a unique set of
      basis vectors. The "normal shape domain" is next defined as a truncated set of
      the KLT basis vectors from which a normal GCG can be reconstructed with a mean
      squared error (MSE) smaller than a defined threshold. The calculated MSE of any
      individual GCG reconstructed in this domain is then used as a criterion for
      sorting the 3-D shapes. Hearts which yield MSE greater than the threshold are
      considered abnormal. When applied to the study group of 19 subjects a significant
      difference (p less than 0.0001) between the MSE values obtained for the normal
      LV's, and those obtained for the abnormal LV's was detected, thus leading to a
      successful sorting of all the studied LV's. Finally, the KLT is applied to yield
      a compact representation of the 3-D geometry of any LV (normal or abnormal).

PMID- 2921069
TI  - Nonlinear parameter estimation applied to psychophysically measured impulse
      responses.
AB  - A technique is presented for the estimation of the impulse response, based on
      data from a psychophysical experiment on threshold vision. A two-step method is
      used for the estimation of the model parameters. The first step is a Hankel
      matrix approach, and the second an unweighted least squares method. Results of
      this estimation technique are presented. The model with the estimated parameters
      corroborates other psychophysical data. The estimates obtained are adequate for
      the intended purposes of simulation and modeling.

PMID- 2921070
TI  - Distribution models of recirculating lymphocytes.
AB  - Linear time-invariant, linear time-variant, and linear time-delay models are
      compared to a more accurate nonlinear model for the distribution of recirculating
      lymphocytes to various relevant organs of the immune process. The models are
      based on various degrees of approximation to the complex non-Newtonian tubile
      flow and tissue diffusion phenomena.

PMID- 2921071
TI  - Optimization of symptomatic therapy in Parkinson's disease.
AB  - A third-order nonlinear mathematical model of the dose-effect relationship of
      levodopa, one of the most common drugs used for the symptomatic therapy of
      Parkinson's disease, is derived with the aid of a visual tracking based method
      which allows the measurement of some Parkinsonian symptoms quantitatively and
      objectively. The parameters of this model are identified for each subject
      separately due to the large interpatient variability in response to treatment.
      The model is then used to optimize the dosage regimen for each patient
      individually (according to the clinical particularities and needs of each
      patient) with respect to an objective function which includes the symptoms
      dynamically and the total amount of levodopa which is to be administered.
      Encouraging clinical results of this control engineering approach to therapy
      optimization are presented. The advantages and drawbacks of this approach are
      discussed and further research directions are indicated.

PMID- 2921072
TI  - Tracking time-varying properties of the systemic vascular bed.
AB  - The problem of tracking changes in viscoelastic properties of the systemic
      arterial bed is considered and a recursive estimation procedure, belonging to the
      class of output-error algorithms with adjustable compensator, is developed and
      discussed. By means of computer simulations, suitable values are determined for
      the key design variable which controls the tradeoff between tracking ability and
      noise sensitivity of the algorithm. In this way, the algorithm allows on-line
      estimation of arterial compliance, peripheral resistance, and characteristic
      impedance on the basis of aortic pressure and flow signals. Furthermore, the
      results obtained from data numerically simulated, as well as measured on a mock
      circulatory system, demonstrate that the dominant arterial time-constant can be
      tracked by the algorithm using only measurements of the aortic pressure during
      diastole.

PMID- 2921073
TI  - Source parameter estimation in inhomogeneous volume conductors of arbitrary
      shape.
AB  - In this paper it is demonstrated that the use of a direct matrix inverse in the
      solution of the forward problem in volume conduction problems greatly facilitates
      the application of standard, nonlinear parameter estimation procedures for
      finding the strength as well as the location of current sources inside an
      inhomogeneous volume conductor of arbitrary shape from potential measurements at
      the outer surface (inverse procedure). This, in turn, facilitates the inclusion
      of a priori constraints. Where possible, the performance of the method is
      compared to that of the Gabor-Nelson method. Applications are in the fields of
      bioelectricity (e.g., electrocardiography and electroencephalography).

PMID- 2921074
TI  - Parametric modeling of somatosensory evoked potentials.
AB  - In this paper, we examine methods of characterizing somatosensory evoked
      potentials (SEP's) in both the time and frequency domains. We have found that the
      truncated impulse response (TIR) method produced an accurate time domain model of
      the SEP signals at model orders greatly reduced from the original state space
      matrix. The TIR method was valuable for smoothing signals that were slightly
      corrupted by noise. In this case, the simulated data sequence was close to the
      original data sequence in the mean squared error sense. For signals that were
      greatly corrupted by noise, the TIR method was not able to perform as well.
      Therefore, the TIR method was not a feature extraction method but was valuable
      for data simulation. In the frequency domain, we have used the autoregressive
      moving average model (ARMA) to parameterize the SEP signal. An overdetermined set
      of Yule-Walker equations was created to determine the autoregressive (AR)
      parameters of the original data with the model order established by the singular
      value decomposition. From these AR parameters, a residual time series was
      generated which was used to find the moving average parameters. The resulting
      ARMA model was used to produce a simulated data sequence. The frequency domain
      characteristics of the simulated sequence and the corresponding power spectral
      density of the ARMA filter were very close to the periodogram of the original
      data sequence. Accurate parameterization was achieved for the SEP waveforms at
      low filter lengths.

PMID- 2921075
TI  - Federal commission on nursing: final report.

PMID- 2921076
TI  - Physiological mechanisms for calcium-induced changes in systemic arterial
      pressure in stable dialysis patients.
AB  - The mechanisms by which variations in blood ionized calcium (Ca2+) influence
      systemic arterial pressures independent of changes in extracellular fluid volume,
      pH, and electrolytes are unknown. To study this issue, we dialyzed eight stable
      hemodialysis patients on three separate occasions during 1 week with dialysates
      differing only in calcium concentration. Ultrafiltration was adjusted to achieve
      the patient's estimated dry weight. Postdialysis Ca2+ was measured, as were
      arterial blood gases, electrolytes, magnesium, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine,
      and hematocrit. Blood pressures and two-dimensional, targeted M-mode
      echocardiograms were recorded with the patient in the supine position after 15
      minutes of rest. Postdialysis, three different levels of Ca2+ were achieved.
      Other measured biochemical variables and body weight did not differ among the
      three study periods. Changes in Ca2+ correlated directly with changes in
      systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressures, left ventricular stroke volume,
      and cardiac output. In contrast, heart rate, left ventricular end-diastolic
      dimension, and total systemic vascular resistance were not altered significantly
      by changes in Ca2+. Thus, alterations in Ca2+ within the physiological range
      affect systemic blood pressure primarily through changes in left ventricular
      output rather than in peripheral vascular tone in stable dialysis patients.

PMID- 2921077
TI  - Effect of oral calcium on blood pressure response in salt-loaded borderline
      hypertensive patients.
AB  - To clarify the mechanism of the antihypertensive effect of oral calcium loading,
      we studied the effect of low versus high calcium intake on salt-induced blood
      pressure elevations in patients with borderline hypertension. After a 7-day
      period of dietary salt restriction (50 meq/day), 27 patients were placed on a
      high salt (300 meq/day), low calcium (250 mg/day) diet for 7 days; 14 of these
      patients were given 2,160 mg/day of supplementary calcium (Ca group), and 13
      patients were given placebo (non-Ca group). With a high salt intake, the percent
      increase in mean blood pressure was smaller in the Ca group than in the non-Ca
      group (+2.85 +/- 1.22% vs. +8.63 +/- 1.66%, respectively, p less than 0.01). The
      Ca group showed a smaller weight gain (p less than 0.05) and a greater urinary
      excretion of sodium (p less than 0.005) than the non-Ca group. In the Ca group,
      but not in the non-Ca group, high salt intake resulted in an increase in
      intraerythrocyte magnesium content (p less than 0.01), which was correlated
      inversely with the salt-induced changes in mean blood pressure (r = -0.54, p less
      than 0.05). While the increase in cellular magnesium was greater in the Ca group,
      the changes in red blood cell sodium and sodium/potassium ratio were not
      different between the two groups. The results suggest that oral calcium
      supplementation may prevent a rise in blood pressure in patients on a high salt,
      low calcium diet by attenuating the sodium retention.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2921078
TI  - Sequential changes of cerebrospinal fluid sodium during the development of
      hypertension in Dahl rats.
AB  - The role of sodium retention and consequent changes in cerebrospinal fluid sodium
      concentration in the genesis of hypertension in Dahl rats was evaluated. Dahl
      salt-sensitive (DS, n = 7), Dahl salt-resistant (DR, n = 7), and Sprague-Dawley
      (n = 6) rats were housed in metabolic cages and instrumented with a stainless
      steel cannula in the cisterna magna and a femoral arterial catheter. A blood
      sample was drawn daily (200 microliters), and cerebrospinal fluid was collected
      by continuous 24-hour withdrawal (200 microliters/day). Daily sodium, potassium,
      and water balances were also determined. Rats were studied sequentially on 0.4%,
      4%, and 8% sodium diets (7 days per sodium level). Mean arterial pressure
      increased with 4% NaCl from 107 to 120 mm Hg (p less than 0.05) over 24 hours in
      DS rats and remained at about that level until the NaCl was increased to 8%,
      which resulted in a gradual rise of mean arterial pressure over the next 7 days
      to 135 mm Hg. Cerebrospinal fluid sodium was unchanged in DR and Sprague-Dawley
      rats fed 4% or 8% sodium, but in DS rats rose from 152.3 to 155.2 +/- 0.6 meq/l
      on the third day at 4% sodium and remained elevated over the next 2 weeks of
      study. Blood sodium was unchanged throughout the study in all groups. On the
      first day only of the 4% and 8% sodium diets, both DS and DR rats exhibited a
      similar net retention of sodium, which was greater than the Sprague-Dawley rats
      (p less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2921079
TI  - Norepinephrine release and reuptake by hypothalamic synaptosomes of spontaneously
      hypertensive rats.
AB  - We compared the overflow of endogenous norepinephrine during electrical field
      stimulation, the norepinephrine content, and the rate of initial neuronal uptake
      of [3H]norepinephrine in synaptosomes isolated from hypothalamus and brainstem of
      spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats at 7 and 13
      weeks of age. The synaptosomes of two rats, a SHR and a WKY rat control, were
      simultaneously processed and subjected to the same electrical field stimulation.
      The overflow of endogenous norepinephrine during electrical stimulation (2 Hz, 2
      minutes) in the hypothalamic synaptosomes of 7-week-old SHR was significantly
      greater, whereas the overflow of 13-week-old SHR was equivalent to the age
      matched WKY rat. The norepinephrine content of synaptosomes was about the same in
      SHR and age-matched controls. There was also significantly enhanced
      [3H]norepinephrine uptake in the hypothalamic synaptosomes of young SHR, but
      neither the hypothalamic nor the brainstem samples of 13-week-old SHR showed any
      significant difference in their rate of [3H]norepinephrine uptake. These data are
      similar to those we observed (unpublished observations) in perfused mesenteric
      artery system in which norepinephrine release was significantly elevated during
      periarterial nerve stimulation only in young SHR. Thus, these results suggest
      that a parallel enhancement of norepinephrine release in hypothalamus with that
      of peripheral nervous system may play an important role during development of
      hypertension in young SHR.

PMID- 2921080
TI  - Endothelium-mediated spontaneous response in aortic rings of deoxycorticosterone
      acetate-hypertensive rats.
AB  - Aortic rings isolated from normotensive Sprague-Dawley rats (CONT) exhibited
      spontaneous tone when the preparations were stretched. After administering
      deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA), the rats became hypertensive, and this
      spontaneous tone increased remarkably. The spontaneous tone was dependent on the
      extracellular calcium concentration. Incubation with the calcium entry blocker D
      600 attenuated the spontaneous response to a greater degree in rings from DOCA
      rats than in rings from CONT rats. Nifedipine relaxed the already developed
      spontaneous tone. Removal of the endothelium greatly depressed spontaneous tone,
      but did not diminish the contraction caused by norepinephrine. On the basis of
      our findings, we conclude that 1) spontaneous tone depends on calcium influx,
      presumably through specific stretch-operated membrane channels, 2) these stretch
      dependent channels are blocked by D-600 and nifedipine, 3) spontaneous tone is
      enhanced in DOCA hypertension, and 4) the endothelium appears to act as a
      receptor for stretch, mediating--at least in part--the spontaneous contractile
      response by releasing a constrictor agent.

PMID- 2921081
TI  - Chronic hypotensive effects of verapamil in angiotensin hypertension are steroid
      independent.
AB  - This study was designed to examine the mechanisms that contribute to the chronic
      hypotensive effects of verapamil during angiotensin II-induced hypertension.
      Hypertension was induced in five dogs by continuous intravenous infusion of
      angiotensin II (5 ng/kg/min) for 17 days. On the sixth day of angiotensin II
      infusion when daily sodium balance was achieved, mean arterial pressure (control,
      92 +/- 4 mm Hg), plasma aldosterone concentration (control, 5.2 +/- 0.9 ng/dl),
      and renal resistance (control, 0.28 +/- 0.01 mm Hg/ml/min) were increased 37 +/-
      8 mm Hg, 13.6 +/- 5.0 ng/dl, and 0.20 +/- 0.05 mm Hg/ml/min, respectively. At
      this time there were no significant changes in glomerular filtration rate,
      effective renal plasma flow, net sodium and water balance, or extracellular fluid
      volume. Subsequently, when verapamil was infused (at 2 micrograms/kg/min)
      simultaneously with angiotensin II (days 7-13), there was a net loss of 55 +/- 10
      meq sodium, a 7.0 +/- 0.7% fall in extracellular fluid volume, and approximately
      a 70% reduction in the chronic effects of angiotensin II on mean arterial
      pressure and renal resistance; in contrast, verapamil failed to attenuate the
      long-term aldosterone response to angiotensin II. Further, although glomerular
      filtration rate and effective renal plasma flow tended to increase during
      verapamil administration, there were no consistent chronic long-term changes in
      these renal indexes. In comparison with these responses in hypertensive dogs,
      when verapamil was infused for 7 days before the induction of angiotensin II
      hypertension, there were no significant changes in any measurements except mean
      arterial pressure, which fell 11 +/- 1 mm Hg. Thus, these data fail to support
      the hypothesis that the chronic stimulatory actions of angiotensin II on
      aldosterone secretion are dependent on a sustained increase in transmembranal
      calcium influx. Moreover, these data indicate that the pronounced long-term
      hypotensive effects of verapamil in angiotensin II hypertension are due to
      impairment of the direct renal actions of angiotensin II rather than the indirect
      sodium-retaining effects that are mediated via aldosterone secretion.

PMID- 2921082
TI  - Effect of irradiation, cyclophosphamide, and etoposide (VP-16) on number of
      peripheral blood and peritoneal leukocytes in mice under normal conditions and
      during acute inflammatory reaction.
AB  - In order to develop a suitable model for studying the role of granulocytes and
      monocytes in resistance against pathogenic microorganisms, we investigated the
      effect of irradiation and cytostatic treatment (cyclophosphamide and VP-16) on
      the number of both peripheral blood and peritoneal leukocytes in male Swiss mice.
      Irradiation and cyclophosphamide treatment severely decreased the number of both
      granulocytes and monocytes in peripheral blood, whereas VP-16 only lowered the
      number of blood monocytes to a significant degree and had little effect on the
      number of blood granulocytes or lymphocytes. When normal mice were injected
      intraperitoneally with newborn calf serum (NBCS) the number of peritoneal
      granulocytes rose about 100-fold within 6 h. In irradiated and cyclophosphamide
      treated mice, this influx of granulocytes into the peritoneal cavity was
      virtually eliminated, as was the concomitant increase in the number of blood
      granulocytes; in VP-16-treated mice, on the other hand, the number of peripheral
      blood and peritoneal granulocytes increased to the same degree as in normal mice.
      An increase in the number of peripheral blood monocytes and peritoneal
      macrophages occurred 24-48 h after injection of NBCS in normal mice. This
      increase was significantly impaired by irradiation as well as by treatment with
      cyclophosphamide or VP-16.

PMID- 2921083
TI  - Effects of psoriatic scale extracts on oxidative metabolic responses in
      granulocytes assessed by chemiluminescence.
AB  - The peptide fractions containing C5a des arg and anionic neutrophil activating
      peptide (ANAP) and the low-molecular-weight fractions containing LTB4 in
      psoriatic scale extracts exert a potent polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN)
      chemotactic activity. To evaluate whether any of these components in the
      psoriatic scale extracts stimulate a respiratory burst in PMNs, we studied
      luminol-dependent chemiluminescence (CL) in PMNs under their direct stimulation.
      After fractionation by molecular sieve chromatography, pooled peptide fractions
      eluting near the cytochrome c marker from eight samples induced high CL in PMNs,
      whereas those eluted in low-molecular-weight fractions after vitamin B12 marker
      were very weak in this response. Moreover, in six samples such low-molecular
      weight fractions eluting near the vitamin B12 marker were found to have a
      suppressive effect on the oxidative metabolism of neutrophils induced by other
      stimulators. These findings suggest that the fraction of chemotactic peptides in
      psoriatic scales plays a major role in the activation of PMNs, inducing tissue
      damage in the psoriatic lesional epidermis. On the other hand, at least some low
      molecular-weight components in psoriatic scales seem to exert an inhibitory
      effect on the respiratory burst induced by other activators.

PMID- 2921085
TI  - How efficient is "safer sex" in preventing HIV infection?

PMID- 2921084
TI  - Aggregated human colostral sIgA stimulates delayed, non-complement-dependent, NBT
      reduction by human neutrophils.
AB  - Antibodies often alert polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) to the presence of
      pathogens. In a study to learn if secretory immunoglobulins can carry out this
      function, we observed that as little as 4 micrograms/ml of secreted human
      immunoglobulin A from colostrum (sIgA), in the absence of antigen, stimulated
      human PMNs to reduce nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT). NBT reduction was inhibited 71%
      by superoxide dismutase. Active complement pathways were not required since
      comparable activity was obtained in the presence of heat-inactivated serum.
      Aggregated forms of sIgA were much more stimulatory than nonaggregated dimeric
      sIgA. Such interaction between PMNs and sIgA could act in situ to enhance
      protection against infections of exposed body sites or could initiate
      inflammatory tissue damage.

PMID- 2921087
TI  - The microbiological efficacy of the combination of fosfomycin and vancomycin
      against clinically relevant staphylococci.
AB  - Infections with multiresistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus and
      Staphylococcus epidermidis pose severe clinical problems. The drug of choice in
      such cases, vancomycin, is potentially ototoxic and nephrotoxic and this may give
      rise to additional problems in the patient. Fosfomycin has been shown to be
      nephroprotective when given with vancomycin and with other nephrotoxic drugs. We
      report the inhibitory and bactericidal activity of fosfomycin and vancomycin
      alone and in combination against 26 clinically relevant strains of S. aureus and
      48 strains of S. epidermidis. In most instances these two drugs showed
      indifferent or additive effects, synergism or antagonism was only rarely
      observed. Assessment of the bactericidal action of the combination revealed
      similar effects. The combination of fosfomycin and vancomycin may, therefore, be
      beneficial in clinical situations where the nephrotoxic effect of vancomycin
      cannot be tolerated.

PMID- 2921086
TI  - The penetration of antibiotics into human pancreas.
AB  - In order to analyse the penetration of two antibiotics (mezlocillin and
      metronidazole) which cover the spectrum of microorganisms involved in pancreatic
      infection, we determined their concentration in pancreatic tissue, juice and cyst
      fluid in 16 patients undergoing pancreatic surgery. In addition, the external
      pancreatic fistula fluid of one patient was analysed for antibiotic concentration
      and bacterial counts during a seven-day treatment with mezlocillin, metronidazole
      and netilmicin (i.v.). Antibiotic concentrations were determined by HPLC between
      16 and 210 (median 74) min after i.v. administration of 4 g mezlocillin and 500
      mg metronidazole, respectively. The median concentration of mezlocillin was 23.2
      (range: 3.1-37.4) mg/kg, 15.9 (range: 4.2-55.0) mg/l and 9.9 (range: 5.2-14.8)
      mg/l in pancreatic tissue, juice and cyst fluid, respectively. The median
      concentration of metronidazole was 5.1 (range: 1.8-13.0) mg/kg, 8.5 (range: 3.6
      16.2) mg/l and 1.2 (0.9-1.4) mg/l in pancreatic tissue, juice and cyst fluid,
      respectively. From the fistula patient, seven different bacteria were cultured
      (five aerobic and two anaerobic isolates); their concentration in fistula fluid
      ranged from 10(5) to 10(7) CFU/ml. The bacteria sensitive for mezlocillin and
      metronidazole disappeared after four days of i.v. treatment, whereas the two
      isolates sensitive for netilmicin showed continuous growth seven days after i.v.
      treatment. The peak concentrations for mezlocillin, metronidazole and netilmicin
      in the fistula fluid were 6.8 mg/l, 5.6 mg/l and less than 0.1 mg/l,
      respectively.

PMID- 2921089
TI  - Treatment of pertussis with josamycin.

PMID- 2921088
TI  - Epidemiology of HIV and hepatitis B virus (HBV) in selected African and Asian
      populations.
AB  - 401 sera from patients of a rural hospital in Zimbabwe (1987), 211 South African
      sera (1982/83), as well as 460 sera from four Katmandu hospitals (1985) were
      tested for HIV-1 antibodies. The sera from Zimbabwe and Nepal were additionally
      tested for anti-HIV-2 using a panel of different tests, for hepatitis B markers,
      and partially for antibodies against other viral, bacterial, and protozoal
      antigens. Detailed clinical and sociodemographic data were taken from the
      Zimbabwe and Katmandu patients. The prevalence of HIV-1 antibodies in the
      Zimbabwe study population was 3.2%. All infections were found in the age group 17
      to 30 years (n = 254). The epidemiological situation was entirely different from
      that of HBV (hepatitis B virus). No serum could be confirmed to be anti-HIV-2
      positive, but a definite diagnosis is still difficult to establish. Regular town
      contacts may be considered a possible risk factor. Antibodies against HIV-1 could
      not be detected in the South African and Asian sera. The seropositivity for anti
      HBc in Katmandu (14%) and the prevalence of HBsAg (1.1%) was much lower than
      reported from other Asian countries.

PMID- 2921090
TI  - Tobramycin dosage recommendation in patients with cystic fibrosis.

PMID- 2921091
TI  - Unusual resistance to cefuroxime by strains of Alcaligenes faecalis.

PMID- 2921092
TI  - Surveillance of hospital-associated infections.
AB  - A totally laboratory-based system for surveillance of hospital-associated
      infections is not sensitive enough, but may be a base for surveillance of urinary
      tract infections. The SENIC study has convincingly demonstrated that for the four
      most important hospital-associated infections in the U.S., active ongoing intense
      surveillance based on daily patient chart and/or Kardex reviews in itself reduces
      the infection rate. Studies in other countries indicate that for postoperative
      wound infections this holds true also outside the U.S. For other types of
      nosocomial infections, similar studies outside the U.S. are urgently needed. The
      SENIC study underlines the importance of infection control nurses, but also of
      well-trained hospital epidemiologists.

PMID- 2921093
TI  - WHO symposium: Use and abuse of antibiotics worldwide. Sept. 29-30, 1988,
      Freiburg, FRG. Summary reports.

PMID- 2921094
TI  - Human leptospirosis--a review of 50 cases.
AB  - Epidemiological and clinical aspects of 50 consecutive patients, 47 adults and
      three children, hospitalized between 1977 and 1987 for human leptospirosis, were
      reviewed. 45 (90%) of the patients were from rural regions. 32 (64%) cases
      occurred in individuals at occupational risk for the infection. 35 (70%) cases
      were registered in the warm season. The source of infection was known in 34 (68%)
      cases. Weil's disease was diagnosed in 31 (62%) patients, aseptic meningitis in
      12 (24%) and acute unexplained fever in seven (14%). Haemodialysis was required
      for 11 (35%) patients with Weil's disease. Three (6%) patients died. Cause of
      death was massive gastrointestinal haemorrhage in two and renal failure in one.
      Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae was responsible for 39 (78%) cases, Leptospira
      canicola for six (12%), Leptospira grippotyphosa for two (4%), and Leptospira
      australis, Leptospira ballum and Leptospira sejroe, for one case each. A muscle
      biopsy was performed in six patients and a renal biopsy in three. Focal necrotic
      muscular changes, with mild mononuclear infiltrate, were found. Pigmented casts
      in distal convoluted tubules, mild interstitial inflammatory infiltrate and
      mesangial enlargement of some glomeruli were observed in kidney biopsies. A good
      knowledge of the protean clinical manifestations of leptospirosis and an accurate
      laboratory study are required for a correct diagnosis.

PMID- 2921095
TI  - Spinal anesthesia.

PMID- 2921096
TI  - On the central effects of a new partial benzodiazepine agonist Ro 16-6028 in man:
      pharmaco-EEG and psychometric studies.
AB  - In a double-blind placebo-controlled study, the encephalotropic and psychotropic
      properties of a new partial benzodiazepine agonist Ro 16-6028 were investigated
      as compared to a pure agonist diazepam utilizing quantitative EEG and
      psychometric analysis as well as clinical observations. Ten normal volunteers
      received randomized (latin square design) and at weekly intervals, single oral
      doses of placebo, 0.05 mg, 0.1 mg and 0.2 mg Ro 16-6028 and 10 mg diazepam as
      reference substance. EEG-recordings, psychometric tests and evaluation of blood
      pressure, pulse and side effects were carried out at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 h.
      Computer-assisted spectral analysis of the EEG demonstrated after 10 mg diazepam,
      a typical "anxiolytic" pharmaco-EEG profile characterized by an increase of beta
      activity, decrease of alpha activity and acceleration of the centroid total
      activity. Ro 16-6028 induced in the vigilance-controlled recordings a similar
      profile thereby exhibiting tranquilizing properties too. However, in the resting
      condition we observed also an increase of delta/theta activity along with a
      decrease of alpha activity while the beta augmentation was observed mostly in the
      fast frequency bands and not so much in the middle fast frequency bands as is the
      case with the known full agonists. The latter findings were somewhat reminiscent
      of the pharmaco-EEG profiles seen often in certain neuroleptics. Our data
      indicate a selective sedation after the novel partial agonist. Dose/treatment
      efficacy calculations demonstrated 10 mg diazepam as the most CNS-effective drug
      followed closely by 0.2 mg Ro 16-6028, 0.1 mg and 0.05 mg, while placebo induced
      the least changes. Only 0.2 mg Ro 16-6028 and the reference compound differed
      from placebo at all times. Time-efficacy calculations showed a peak effect of the
      novel partial agonist around the 3rd h and that of diazepam in the 1st h.
      Psychometric tests demonstrated similar findings. After 0.2 mg Ro 16-6028 a
      decrease of attention, numerical memory, psychomotor activity, wakefulness and
      CFF was observed, while mood improved at later time periods outlasting the
      sedation. After 10 mg diazepam 10 out of 13 psychometric and psychophysiological
      variables showed significant findings previously described as typical for
      anxiolytic sedatives in normals. On the whole, the partial agonist induced less
      sedation than the full agonist, which is reflected in its superiority in regard
      to noopsychic and thymopsychic functions. Evaluation of pulse and blood pressure
      showed no clinically relevant findings. The new partial agonist was well
      tolerated.

PMID- 2921097
TI  - 99mTc hexakis-t-butyl isonitrile (TBI): an agent for the diagnosis of coronary
      artery diseases.
AB  - Basic and clinical studies were undertaken to determine pharmacokinetic
      mechanisms, blood flow-related characteristics and potential clinical utility of
      the 99mTc hexakis-t-butyl isonitrile (TBI) in the non-invasive diagnosis of
      ischemic heart diseases. Pharmacokinetic studies with TBI in animals demonstrated
      a high initial lung, heart and liver uptake. The lung clears at a relatively
      faster rate, the activity in the heart remained constant with a buildup of
      activity in the liver. These pharmacokinetic characteristics allowed for a
      myocardial imaging at 30-45 min post-injection at rest. The regional myocardial
      distribution of TBI was shown to be linearly related to microsphere-determined
      regional myocardial blood flow with a redistribution potential in transient
      ischemic myocardium (i.e., mimics 201Tl). The first pass extraction fraction (in
      vitro) for TBI was shown to be nearly 100% and independent on flow levels. In
      general, the slow tissue clearance rate or the lack of it might be due to the
      high degree of lipophilicity with the complete lack of any hepatic or
      extrahepatic metabolism to a less lipophilic metabolite. The complex demonstrated
      a high degree of cardiac membrane association. The net extraction in isolated
      heart slices was shown to be dependent on pH and temperature, independent of
      energy. The clinical studies demonstrated a similar pharmacokinetic pattern to
      the animal studies and documented the perfusion and ventricular function utility
      of TBI in the diagnosis of ischemic heart diseases.

PMID- 2921098
TI  - Simvastatin (MK 733) in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia: a two-year
      trial.
AB  - Simvastatin (MK 733), a new competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl
      coenzyme A reductase, given in daily doses of 20 mg and 40 mg for 104 weeks, has
      been shown to lower the serum total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein
      cholesterol level by more than 30% and the serum apoprotein B level by 20% in 19
      adult patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. A slight but non
      significant increase of high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels was shown
      throughout the trial with significant elevation of the serum apoproteins AI and
      AII only observed at week 52. Mild and transient clinical or biochemical
      (increases of creatine phosphokinase and transaminases) side effects, observed in
      some patients, did not necessitate the withdrawal of the medication. Full
      ophthalmological examinations did not reveal ocular disturbances, particularly no
      apparent increase of lens opacities, during the trial. Simvastatin seems to be an
      effective and safe drug as monotherapy in the treatment of heterozygous familial
      hypercholesterolemia.

PMID- 2921099
TI  - Cefoperazone pharmacokinetics in patients with liver cirrhosis: a predictive
      value of the ujoviridin test.
AB  - Pharmacokinetics of cefoperazone was studied in 10 healthy volunteers and in 11
      patients with liver cirrhosis. In the same persons, we also examined the
      clearance of ujoviridin--a preparation of indocyanine green. Within 12 h, 31.8
      (+/- 7.6)% of the 2 g dose of cefoperazone was eliminated in the urine of healthy
      persons and 74.3 (+/- 7.9)% (mean +/- SD) was eliminated in the urine of
      cirrhotics. The biological half-life (beta-phase) of cefoperazone in healthy
      volunteers and in cirrhotics was 1.77 (+/- 0.25) and 4.29 (+/- 1.16) h, total
      clearance 1.009 (+/- 0.187) and 0.583 (+/- 0.169) ml/s and hepatic clearance
      0.694 (+/- 0.174) and 0.152 (+/- 0.079) ml/s, respectively. The differences are
      statistically significant (p less than 0.001). We also found good correlation
      between total clearance of cefoperazone and clearance of ujoviridin (r = 0.842)
      and even better between hepatic clearance of cefoperazone and ujoviridin
      clearance (r = 0.957), both statistically significant. The findings suggest that
      the dosage of cefoperazone should be reduced in patients with liver cirrhosis and
      that the ujoviridin clearance test is a good indicator of impaired cefoperazone
      elimination.

PMID- 2921100
TI  - Efficacy of atenolol in the short and long-term treatment of patients with effort
      stable angina.
AB  - A double-blind, crossover, randomized placebo controlled study involving 15
      patients with effort stable angina, was carried out to assess atenolol (A) 100 mg
      during an 8-week period. Thereafter, atenolol antianginal efficacy was evaluated
      in a 6-month follow-up open non-comparative study. No antianginal drugs other
      than A were administered except for isosorbide dinitrate 5 mg when necessary. At
      the end of the 2-week wash-out period, and at the end of each 2-week period
      during the crossover phase of the study, and every 12 weeks during the 6-month
      follow-up, an ergometric test was performed and the following parameters were
      evaluated: HR, SBP, DP, Total Work Load (TWL) and S-T changes. The Barlett's test
      was performed to assess variance homogeneity, while the Tukey Hd test was used to
      evaluate the parameters during the treatments. During atenolol, the reduction in
      SBP was close to statistical significance, HR and S-T were significantly reduced
      (p less than or equal to 0.05) whereas TWL was significantly increased (p less
      than or equal to 0.05). During long-term atenolol treatment, all cardiovascular
      parameters clearly improved in comparison to the placebo period, confirming the
      antianginal efficacy of atenolol, even in the long-term treatment.

PMID- 2921101
TI  - Lowering of maximum urethral pressure by (D-Met2, Pro5)-enkephalinamide in
      patients with neurogenic vesicourethral dysfunction due to spinal cord injury.
AB  - The effect of (D-Met2, Pro5)-enkephalinamide upon urethra in patients with
      chronic neurogenic vesicourethral dysfunction due to spinal cord injury was
      investigated. Urethral pressure profile was recorded with Urolab 1154 and 1700A
      urethral pressure profile puller-pump. Ten mg of the drug was administered
      subcutaneously. Urethral pressure profile was again recorded at 10, 20, 30, 40,
      50 and 60 min after drug administration. Heart rate was also noted at these time
      points. There was a significant decrease in maximum urethral pressure from 134 +/
      19 cm H2O in the basal study to 107 +/- 28 cm H2O at 10 min (p less than 0.01);
      102 +/- 30 cm H2O at 20 min (p less than 0.001); 94 +/- 19 cm H2O at 30 min (p
      less than 0.001); 100 +/- 20 cm H2O at 40 min (p less than 0.001); 102 +/- 29 cm
      H2O at 50 min (p less than 0.001); and 109 +/- 36 cm H2O at 60 min (p less than
      0.001) after subcutaneous administration of (D-Met2, Pro5)-enkephalinamide. There
      was a significant increase in heart rate from 81 +/- 5 to 95 +/- 9 at 10 min (p
      less than 0.01) and to 87 +/- 10 at 20 min (p less than 0.01) after the drug.
      Subsequenly, the heart rate returned to near-basal values. The side effects were:
      conjunctival injection in all the cases; dryness of mouth in two; itching over
      the body in one; sensation of insect crawling over the body in one; and feeling
      of oppression over the chest immediately after drug administration in
      one.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2921102
TI  - Lawmaking and lobbying: two viewpoints.

PMID- 2921103
TI  - Prehospital pain control: nitrous oxide inhalation.
AB  - Pain control in the prehospital emergency setting is often a neglected aspect of
      patient care. This article reports findings from 6 months of nitrous oxide use in
      the field. Its safety and effectiveness in selected cases is demonstrated.

PMID- 2921104
TI  - Toxic shock syndrome reporting in Iowa.
AB  - Since August 1980 131 cases of TSS-like illness have been reported by health
      professionals in Iowa to the Department of Public Health. Over half of the cases
      have been reported by the Statewide Epidemiology and Consultation Program.

PMID- 2921105
TI  - The case of a young man with a stroke.

PMID- 2921106
TI  - A pain in the gluteus.

PMID- 2921107
TI  - The emerging personnel shortage.

PMID- 2921108
TI  - Ethical dilemmas in head and neck cancer.
AB  - Ethical dilemmas in head and neck cancer daily confront physicians, patients,
      families, and society at large. For every situation there are potential benefits
      and real burdens, as well as risks. There are no "right" answers for any given
      situation, but there are processes for assisting the primary decision makers
      involved in reaching meaningful and appropriate decisions. This paper asks some
      pertinent ethical questions and suggests some ways of responding to the issues.

PMID- 2921109
TI  - Role of aerobic gram-negative rods, anaerobes, and fungi in wound infection after
      head and neck surgery: implications for antibiotic prophylaxis.
AB  - The prevention of wound infection after major contaminated head and neck surgery
      is a critical issue for the head and neck surgeon. The proper interpretation of
      cultures taken from wounds is uncertain. Multiple organisms are invariably
      isolated from this nonsterile site including indigenous aerobic and anaerobic
      flora, aerobic gram-negative rods, and fungi. We present evidence from controlled
      antibiotic trials that demonstrate the pathogenicity of oropharyngeal anaerobic
      flora. The presence of aerobic gram-negative rods and fungi generally represent
      colonization and antibiotic coverage need not routinely be directed at these
      organisms. On the other hand, the antibacterial spectrum of an agent used for
      head and neck would prophylaxis should include coverage for pathogenic oral
      flora, namely the gram-positive aerobic cocci (especially streptococci) and
      anaerobic bacteria.

PMID- 2921110
TI  - Needle aspiration biopsy of the pre-epiglottic space.
AB  - Clinical staging of supraglottic carcinoma requires evaluation of the pre
      epiglottic space (PES). To explore the role of fine needle aspiration biopsy of
      the PES in the staging of epiglottic carcinoma, endoscopic transvallecular fine
      needle aspiration biopsies of the PES were performed in 16 patients with
      epiglottic carcinoma. The results of aspiration cytology were compared with CT
      scanning and postoperative histopathologic sections of the PES after total or
      supraglottic laryngectomy. This preliminary report shows that needle aspiration
      biopsy of the PES is a safe and sensitive technique, having a high correlation
      with histopathologic follow-up. Needle biopsy, along with CT scan, is clinically
      useful in staging the PES, which cannot be examined directly.

PMID- 2921111
TI  - Bulbar amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: patterns of progression and clinical
      management.
AB  - Patients with bulbar amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are often referred to
      the otolaryngologist/head and neck surgeon and speech pathologist for evaluation
      and management of dysphagia and dysarthria. These patients comprise an unusual
      group because of the progressive and multi-system nature of their illness. The
      neuromuscular disabilities associated with bulbar ALS cause a myriad of related
      symptoms associated with swallowing, speech, and respiration. Although the rate
      of progression cannot be predicted, a general pattern of progression is noted.
      Bulbar disease accounts for the majority of the worst symptoms of ALS. The loss
      of the ability to swallow changes eating from a pleasurable task to a burden of
      survival. Loss of communication effectively imprisons the patient in a state of
      isolation. The progressive weakness of respiration, predominantly a spinal rather
      than bulbar manifestation, is the cause of death for nearly all ALS patients and
      is also discussed. The general patterns of progression of bulbar ALS are outlined
      in this paper. The development of symptoms are correlated with specific treatment
      recommendations to aid the clinician in devising an orderly plan of management
      for this progressive disease.

PMID- 2921112
TI  - Modern management of cervical scrofula.
AB  - From 1970 to 1984, 32 patients were treated for tuberculous (TB) masses, which
      measured 1.2-5.5 cm. The posterior triangle was involved in 19 patients, anterior
      triangle in 7, and more than one triangle in 6 (3 bilateral). A superficial node
      was excised for diagnosis. Acid-fast bacilli were identified on the smear of 18
      patients. Caseation necrosis was present in 27 specimens, sarcoidosis in four,
      nonspecific lymphadenitis in one; all cultures grew Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A
      chest x-ray showed no active TB. Chemotherapy was given for 9-18 months (9 months
      when only one node was diseased and 18 months with extensive nodal involvement).
      Follow-up examinations in all patients (greater than 3 years, mean 8.6 years) has
      revealed no recurrence. The need to excise all cervical TB nodes, chronically
      inflamed and often fused to important structures, was eliminated by adequate
      chemotherapy.

PMID- 2921113
TI  - Rationale for elective modified neck dissection: a word of caution.

PMID- 2921114
TI  - [Specific IgE to Staphylococcus aureus in patients with atopic dermatitis].
AB  - It is a well-known feature of atopic dermatitis (AD) that the patient's skin is
      heavily colonized by Staphylococcus aureus. S. aureus-derived antigens may be
      important triggers of the immune response and may significantly contribute to the
      genesis of the cutaneous pathology of AD. Therefore, serum samples of 52 patients
      with AD, all of whom had signs of moderate to severe disease activity, were
      tested for antistaphylococcal IgE antibodies with RAST discs coupled to antigens
      derived from Wood 46 strain. Total IgE concentrations and specific IgE to nine
      different common allergens were also determined. Only 2 patients showed
      significant levels of specific IgE antibodies to S. aureus (RAST class greater
      than or equal to 2). Both these patients were found to have high total IgE and
      significant levels of specific IgE to all nine common allergens tested. One of
      the patients had marked eosinophilia. We conclude that the presence of specific
      IgE to S. aureus is not correlated with the disease activity in AD. Specific
      antistaphylococcal IgE does not represent an important diagnostic feature in AD,
      but may be of importance for the detection of subgroups within patients affected
      by AD.

PMID- 2921115
TI  - [Regression of over 150 skin metastases of malignant melanoma with complex
      homeopathic therapy].
AB  - Within a period of 7 years, a female patient with malignant melanoma on the calf
      developed over 150 cutaneous metastases in the vicinity of the primary tumour.
      During the course of the following 8 years all but one of these disappeared
      again. One year later the patient died of metastases in the lungs and brain. The
      author discusses this unusual history and examines the significance of a course
      of homeopathic "complex therapy" administered during the decisive period.

PMID- 2921116
TI  - [Lichen ruber ulcerosus plantae].
AB  - A 66-year-old patient suffering from painful ulcerative lichen planus of the feet
      is presented. Various treatments (topical and oral corticosteroids, irradiation
      and a 6-month therapy with acitretin) were tried without success. Skin grafting
      in the affected areas was helpful and resulted with an acceptable and painless
      state.

PMID- 2921118
TI  - AIDS and osteopathic medical education.

PMID- 2921117
TI  - Screening for breast health.

PMID- 2921119
TI  - Refining our cholesterol awareness.

PMID- 2921120
TI  - Comparison of three methods of determining oxygen consumption and resting energy
      expenditure.
AB  - Resting energy expenditure (REE) in intensive care unit patients was evaluated by
      three methods--indirect calorimetry (REE-IC), Fick equation (REE-F), and
      estimation from the Harris-Benedict equation (REE-HB). The mean REE-IC and REE-F
      values did not differ significantly. However, both values were significantly
      higher than the REE-HB. The present study indicates that a reasonably accurate
      estimate of the REE can be obtained from data available by Swan-Ganz
      catheterization. The Fick method is technically simpler to perform and less
      expensive than indirect calorimetry. The invasive nature of Swan-Ganz
      catheterization is a major disadvantage. However, right-sided heart
      catheterization frequently is required for the management of intensive care unit
      patients. For them, REE-F appears to be a reasonable alternative.

PMID- 2921121
TI  - Use of hyaluronate sodium v air in extracapsular cataract extraction.
AB  - A total of 17 patients underwent extracapsular cataract extraction with
      artificial lens implantation by one surgeon. Eight were given hyaluronate sodium
      (Healon) during the procedure, while nine received only air. Corneal thickness
      and endothelial cell counts were obtained one day prior to surgery and 90 days
      postoperatively. There were mean cell losses of 10.5% and 11.2% in the Healon and
      air groups, respectively. This is a mean difference of 0.7%, which is not
      significant statistically. Therefore, despite several studies that demonstrate
      the protective value of hyaluronate sodium on the corneal endothelium during
      anterior segment surgery, this study showed no such difference in the protective
      effects between the two.

PMID- 2921122
TI  - Biomechanical and osteopathic approach to shoulder pain.
AB  - One of the most common complaints heard by primary care physicians is shoulder
      pain. Yet, most shoulder discomfort can be attributed to a variety of physiologic
      and anatomic dysfunctions outside of the glenohumeral joint. This paper addresses
      the anatomic and biomechanical mechanisms of shoulder motion and presents a
      logical approach to diagnosis and osteopathic treatment of the sore shoulder.

PMID- 2921123
TI  - Phlegmasia cerulea dolens as a complication of percutaneous insertion of a vena
      caval filter.
AB  - Unsuccessfully treated iliofemoral venous thrombosis can result in pulmonary
      embolism, phlegmasia cerulea dolens, and post-thrombotic syndrome. Phlegmasia
      cerulea dolens is characterized by tense swelling of the lower extremity with
      tenderness of the thigh over the femoral vein, mottling of the limb, and absent
      distal pulses. Without treatment, phlegmasia cerulea dolens can progress to cause
      venous gangrene and ultimate limb loss. In the reported case, phlegmasia cerulea
      dolens developed in a middle-aged woman with metastatic thyroid carcinoma
      following Greenfield filter placement via the femoral vein after heparinization
      for deep-vein thrombophlebitis had failed.

PMID- 2921124
TI  - Acute visual loss in systemic lupus erythematosus.
AB  - Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) often presents as a multisystem disease that
      can be difficult to diagnose. Although ocular symptoms are infrequent, actual
      acute visual loss has been reported. A review of four cases of acute visual loss
      from a lupus clinic revealed that two patients had visual loss as a presenting
      sign of SLE. One had bilateral occipital lobe infarctions, the other multiple
      cotton wool spots and an attenuated retinal vascular system. Of the two patients
      with documented SLE prior to the onset of visual problems, one presented with a
      coincidental retinal tear and the other with retinal phlebitis.

PMID- 2921125
TI  - Urinary tract endometriosis.
AB  - Although endometriosis is a common gynecologic pathologic phenomenon, involvement
      of the urinary tract is relatively rare. The clinical presentation and course of
      urinary system disease is extremely variable, as illustrated by the seven cases
      presented in this report. Therapy primarily is surgical, but a thorough
      understanding of the disease process and a complete knowledge of the patient's
      history and desires for fertility conservation are necessary to plot the most
      appropriate treatment course. Bladder involvement is more common, and usually
      less devastating, than either ureteral or kidney involvement. No signs, symptoms,
      or physical findings are pathognomonic, and the clinician must maintain a high
      index of suspicion in all cases of advanced pelvic endometriosis.

PMID- 2921127
TI  - The Shanghai International Conference in Radiation Oncology (SICRO). Shanghai,
      China, May 1987. Selected presentations.

PMID- 2921126
TI  - Preparing an AIDS policy for colleges of osteopathic medicine.
AB  - There are currently 1.5 million people in the United States infected with the
      human immunodeficiency virus. In the next five to ten years, this nation's health
      care facilities and medical schools could be inundated with staggering numbers of
      the sick and dying. Unless our osteopathic and allopathic colleges and allied
      health care centers are adequately prepared for this crisis, many of these people
      will not receive adequate care. A recent survey conducted by Ohio University
      College of Osteopathic Medicine (OU-COM) revealed that many osteopathic colleges
      do not have a formal policy to deal with the multiple complex issues of the AIDS
      epidemic. This brief article reviews the approach which OU-COM took to correct
      this deficiency. In addition, the article includes OU-COM's conclusions and
      recommendations regarding many of the salient issues, with a discussion of the
      rationale behind those conclusions.

PMID- 2921128
TI  - Radiotherapy in China today.
AB  - The treatment of cancer by radiation in China began in the early 1930's. However,
      up to 1949, its development was very slow. Following Liberation, the growth of
      this specialty has been extremely rapid, as shown by the kind of modern
      radiotherapeutic equipment that is available today in many centers of our
      country. Currently almost every province has a cancer center with a good
      radiotherapy department and consequently, treatment results have improved over
      the past years. Due to the large number of patients seen in every radiotherapy
      department, many types of cancers are treated each day; thus clinical trials can
      be concluded in a shorter time. The author will show the kind of work that is
      being achieved in China in general, and Shanghai in particular.

PMID- 2921129
TI  - Radiation therapy of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: prognostic factors based on a 10
      year follow-up of 1302 patients.
AB  - One thousand three hundred and two patients with carcinoma of the nasopharynx
      were initially treated with radiation therapy at this hospital in 1974. The
      overall 1-, 3-, 5-, and 10-year survival rates were 89.86%, 60.60%, 47%, and
      33.03% respectively. At the end of the radiotherapeutic course the residual
      lesion rate was 10.52% in the nasopharynx 17.27% in cervical lymphnode. In about
      one-half of the cases with residual lesions, the masses disappeared without
      further treatment. Prognosis was not improved in the group with supplemental
      doses. The recurrence rates of the primary nasopharyngeal and metastatic cervical
      lesion were 18.43%, and 16.12% respectively within 10 years after initial
      treatment. The 10-year survival rate of the patients with a second course of
      radiotherapy was 15.04%, higher than of those not retreated (4.9%). Data of this
      group also reveal that the present pathological classification cannot reflect the
      degree of prognosis. Increase dosage or combination with chemotherapy did not
      improve the prognosis. Radiation encephalomyetic damage is discussed.

PMID- 2921130
TI  - Comparison of continuous and split-course radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal
      carcinoma.
AB  - From July 1977 through December 1980, a series of 1882 cases with nasopharyngeal
      carcinoma (NPC) had their first definitive radiotherapy course at our department,
      1424 cases by continuous treatment regimen, and 458 cases by a split-course
      regimen. The interval of the split was 11-45 days, with an average of 28.6 days.
      Trials were non-randomized, but the treatment conditions for both groups were the
      same. The overall 5-year survival rate was 34.6%, 35.4% for the continuous group
      and 31.8% for the split-course group. The 5-year survival rate for Stage IV
      patients (squamous cell carcinoma Grade III) was 25.7% (69/268) for the
      continuous group and 14.1% (10/71) for the split-course group. Breaking down the
      cases by primary and cervical metastatic sites, for T3 cases, the 5-year local
      control rate for the primary site was 29.4% (133/451) for the continuous group,
      and 18.6% (22/118) for the split-course group. These differences are
      statistically significant (p less than 0.05). However, according to the data
      shown by this series, we can conclude that the split-course treatment regimen had
      no benefit over the continuous one when overall 5-year survival is considered.

PMID- 2921131
TI  - Long-term observation after radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC).
AB  - One thousand one hundred twenty-seven cases of nasopharyngeal carcinoma were
      treated with routine radiotherapy from October 1969 to March 1976, of which 436
      cases have survived for more than 5 years, 323 cases have survived for over 10
      years. The follow-up rate was 98.4%. The present paper analyzes the factors
      involved in these 436 cases. All patients were treated with tele60Co unit, and in
      the neck some cases were treated with orthovoltage therapy. The total dose to the
      primary lesion was 60-75 Gy in 6-8 weeks and in a few cases over 80 Gy were
      needed, and 50 Gy were applied bilateral cervical lymphatic chain. In this series
      of cases the 10-year overall survival rate was 28.7%, with Stage I being 66.7%,
      Stage II 46.5%, Stage III 28.0%, and Stage IV 18.6%, respectively. Statistically,
      68 cases died of cardiovascular and other diseases and should be eliminated for
      net survival calculations. Therefore, we could obtain an actual 10-year survival
      rate of 30.5%. However, it should be noted that most of these cases were
      advanced, with Stage III, IV accounting for 82.3%, thus at Stage I, II the 10
      year survival rate was 48%, while at Stage III, IV rate was down to 24.5%, which
      was statistically significant (p less than 0.01). Local and cervical recurrence
      as well as distant spread of diseases, for these cases started from the fifth to
      the tenth year after radiotherapy, the mortality caused by the above-mentioned
      three sites together was 76.9%. According to these findings, we propose that
      follow-up after radiotherapy in NPC exceeds 10-years. Of the 323 NPC cases, 10
      were nasopharyngeal local recurrence which were re-irradiated, accounting for
      3.1%. This paper shows that the 3-year survival rate in the local recurrence
      which were re-irradiated was 34.5%, the 5-year survival rate was 14.8%, and the
      10-year survival rate was 11.5%. The failure after re-irradiation was caused by
      local recurrence and metastasis with a mortality of 83.6%. These results
      emphasize that the success of initial irradiation is important.

PMID- 2921132
TI  - Intracavitary radiation treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma by the high dose
      rate afterloading technique.
AB  - Sixty-four patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma were treated by various
      combinations of external irradiation with intracavitary radiotherapy using the
      high dose rate afterloading technique. The afterloading intracavitary radiation
      (AIR) was given as a routine boost or for residual or recurrent disease. The
      external irradiation dose varied from 45 to 70 Gy, whereas the AIR dose ranged
      from 10-50 Gy, depending on the nature of the primary nasopharyngeal lesion. The
      results were quite encouraging, although the longest follow-up so far has only
      been just over 4 years. Of 13 such cases that received external radiotherapy plus
      AIR as primary treatment, 12 have survived. However, of the 9 cases who received
      AIR for local recurrence after external radiotherapy, only 5 survived. Of the
      total of 64 cases treated by AIR from June 1981 to May 1986, 54 are alive. No
      serious radiation sequelae have been observed. It can be concluded that AIR for
      nasopharyngeal carcinoma is indicated for boosting the dose to the nasopharyngeal
      cavity with appropriate reduction in external irradiation dose, and for residual
      or recurrent disease after primary external radiotherapy.

PMID- 2921133
TI  - Ten-year follow-up of esophageal cancer treated by radical radiation therapy:
      analysis of 869 patients.
AB  - The 10-year follow-up 869 patients with esophageal cancer treated by radiation is
      presented with emphasis on treatment methods, and results. The survival rates
      declined as the staging of the lesion advanced (p less than 0.01). The results
      improve with the shortening of the lesion (p less than 0.005) in the absence of
      metastasis. The effect of radiation is closely related to the dose given. A
      booster dose of 5-10 Gy in addition to the conventional curative dose of 60-69 Gy
      may increase the long-term survival of this cancer. The causes of the external
      irradiation failure are mainly recurrence and out of control of disease. Also,
      the author has discussed the occurrence and prevention of some complications.

PMID- 2921134
TI  - High dose-rate afterloading in the treatment of cervical cancer of the uterus.
AB  - From January 1981 to December 1983, 380 patients with cervical carcinoma of
      uterus were treated with high dose-rate intracavitary afterloading therapy
      (Ralstron-20B) and 60Co external irradiation. All of these cases have been
      followed over 3-5 years. The 5-year survival rates for Stages I, II, III, and IV
      were 100%, 81.5%, 73.9%, and 0% respectively. The over all 5-year survival rate
      was 79.1%. The results were comparable to that of conventional radium therapy in
      1980 (5-year survival rate for radium group: Stage I 50%, Stage II 72.2%, Stage
      III 52.2%, Stage IV 0%). The moderate and severe rectal reactions in this series
      were 11.8% and 1.6% (radium group moderate 6.0%, severe 2.2%), which were higher
      than that of radium group. The incidence of bladder reaction was 7.1%. The
      problems of high dose-rate intracavitary therapy and the combination therapy with
      intracavitary and external irradiation are discussed in this paper.

PMID- 2921135
TI  - External cobalt 60 irradiation alone for stage IIB carcinoma of the uterine
      cervix.
AB  - From 1964 to 1980, 97 patients with Stage IIb carcinoma of cervix uteri were
      treated by external 60Co irradiation alone. Of these 97 patients, 94 (96.9%) had
      squamous cell carcinoma. The parametrial extension of the lesion almost reached
      the pelvic wall in 73.2% and vaginal extension reached to the upper half of
      vaginal in 24.7% of the patients. A tumor dose of 60 Gy was given to the whole
      pelvis by a four field technic (opposing parallel AP and lateral portals) in 6-8
      weeks. A booster dose of 10 Gy was delivered to the cervix by a pair of reduced
      opposing parallel AP portals or a perineal portal in a week. The doses delivered
      were equivalent to the Time-Dose-Fractionation (TDF) value of 110-130 at the
      center of pelvis and 90-110 in the whole pelvis. The 5-year survival rate for all
      97 patients was 56.7%. It was 59.8% when those who died of other diseases were
      excluded. The prognosis of patients without residual tumor on the cervix and/or
      vagina was better than that with residual tumor (p less than 0.01). Thirty-seven
      patients died of cancer (23 died of recurrence, 8 of distant metastases, 2 of
      both, and 4 were lost before the fifth year). Of these 37 patients, 97.3% died
      within 3 years after initial treatment. During the radiation treatment, reactions
      were moderate. Late complications included 19 (19.6%) with mild cystitis and 16
      (16.5%) with mild proctitis, 2 (2.7%) developed recto-vaginal fistula. These
      results were slightly poorer than those using intracavitary and external
      irradiation or the combination of preoperative irradiation plus surgery. Yet, for
      patients with extensions nearing the pelvic wall or with contra-indications to
      surgery or intracavitary radiotherapy, external irradiation alone is still of
      value.

PMID- 2921136
TI  - DNA flow cytometric analysis of human nasopharyngeal carcinoma in nude mice.
AB  - The tissue from a patient with nasopharyngeal carcinoma has been transferred to
      nude mice (BALB/c), and has successfully been growing through twenty passages.
      The tumors in the nude mice and primary human tumor have been examined for the
      cellular DNA content by FCM and also conventional pathological examination,
      chromosome analysis, and EBV test. The tumor take rate varied markedly in
      different passages with a mean value of approximately 70%, and showing a tendency
      to increase. The tumor doubling time within 6-12 weeks after transplantation of
      six tumors in 18 and 20 passages were 14.8 and 9.3 days respectively. However,
      the tumor volume at 12 weeks varied significantly, ranging from 438 to 1998 mm3.
      By FCM, it has been found that the values of DNA index were about the same in
      both primary tumor and the tumors in nude mice. The distribution of various phase
      cells in cell cycle was also about the same in both. In conclusion, the
      application of FCM to examine the cellular DNA content of the tumor in nude mice
      is a rapid and sensitive method, useful in the investigation on the stability of
      biological characteristics of human NPC in nude mice and in further studies on
      the effects by various therapeutic methods.

PMID- 2921137
TI  - The use of Chinese herb medicine in experimental radiotherapy.
AB  - Extracts from a group of destagnative herbs, 764-1, and the effective chemical,
      764-3, were tested by an in vitro experiment using a HeLa-S3 cell line. Under
      aerobic conditions, the shoulder of the cell survival curve diminished or
      disappeared according to the different doses of 764-1 used, but no change in
      slope was observed. In nitrogen, when the dose of 764-1 increased to 20 mg/ml
      (ID20), besides the disappearance of the shoulder, the slope of the curve also
      showed changes at lower doses (4-8 Gy); up to 10-25 Gy the curve became more
      flattened. 764-3 showed almost a similar effect by mainly affecting the shoulder
      of the survival curve. At low drug doses a SER as high as 1.87 might be obtained
      under hypoxic condition. At the same time 764-1 was used in testing the effect on
      radiation lung damage. It was found that 764-1 could markedly inhibit the change
      of alveolar surfactant at 1 and 3 weeks after radiation. A wide field of
      investigation is thus spread out in front of us on radiosensitization and
      protection. Further studies on 764-3 are carried out.

PMID- 2921138
TI  - Establishment, characteristics, and utilization of a new in vivo-in vitro system.
AB  - Radiotherapy and chemotherapy are two important methods for malignant tumor
      treatment. To research radiobiological response in therapy, we have established a
      better experimental method in contrast to the traditional ones such as TCD50,
      regrowth delay, cell survival curve, etc, all with their limitations. A new mouse
      tumor in vivo-in vitro system LA795 Vv-Vt has been developed for studies on
      radiobiology. Such a system could be used to study the in vivo response of a
      solid tumor by the in vitro cloning assay. For the purpose of increasing the PE
      in vitro, LA795 Vv-Vt tumor line was purified through culturing the cells as a
      clonogenic spheroid. The spheroids were then injected into the flank of mouse
      subcutaneously for tumor growth. The in vivo-in vitro system LA795 Vv-Vt is an
      excellent model dissecting and analyzing the various factors which affect tumor
      development and determine the response of tumor to specific agent and regimens.

PMID- 2921139
TI  - Radiosensitizing activity of 1-alkyl-3-nitropyrrolo-(2,3-b)-pyridine derivative.
AB  - Radiosensitization characteristics of a newly synthesized N-(3,N'
      morpholinpropyl)-2-[3-nitropyrrolo-(2,3-b)-pyridine -1-yl] ethanoic acid amide
      and the chemical basis of the action were studied. Partition coefficient, radox
      potentials for the one electron reduction of the compound were determined. This
      was confirmed by studies on the radiosensitization effect and cytotoxicity of the
      compound tested in vitro using Chinese hamster V79 cells. The results show that
      the sensitizing efficiency for this compound is C1.6 at a concentration of 0.5
      mmol dm-3, which is similar to MISO. Its toxicity was not lower than that of MISO
      or metronidazole.

PMID- 2921140
TI  - Radiation survival properties of cultured human gastric adenocarcinoma cells and
      the effect of AT-1727.
AB  - Tumor cells (SGC-7901) obtained from a human gastric adenocarcinoma have been
      examined with regard to their intrinsic sensitivity to gamma-irradiation and as
      to how this intrinsic sensitivity might be altered by growth in a synthesized
      agent AT-1727 (N4-morpholino-methyl-3,5-dioxopiperazynyl-1,2 ethanl). Clonogenic
      survival was measured via colony formation assays and fitted to single-hit
      multitarget formula. Exponentially growing cells exhibited the mean of survival
      parameters: D0 = 0.86 + 0.04 Gy; n = 7.03 + 2.3; Dq = 1.63 + 0.23 Gy and SF2
      (surviving fraction of conventional daily clinical dose of 2 Gy) = 45-50%. Split
      dose survival assays and delayed plating methods were used to exploit the
      capacity of sublethal damage repair of this cell line studied demonstrating the
      reappearance of initial shoulder on the survival curve and an increased survival.
      Alteration of radiosensitivity of SGC cells by AT-1727 was shown when cultures
      were incubated in a medium with the drug for a 6 hr interval between split dose
      irradiation, indicating the inhibition of sublethal damage repair. The
      radioresistance of hypoxic SGC cells was decreased when pre-treatment with AT
      1727 was given 2 hr before irradiation, and the decrease of surviving fraction
      was drug-dose dependent. A maximum enhanced effect was obtained when 0.15 mM of
      AT-1727 was used, reaching an ER of 1.24. Inhibition of sublethal damage repair
      and action as a hypoxic radiosensitizer were considered to be two parts of the
      mechanism of AT-1727 in modification of radiation effects.

PMID- 2921141
TI  - Carcinoma of the urinary bladder category T2,3NXM0 treated by 40 Gy external
      irradiation followed by cesium137 implant at reduced dose (50%).
AB  - Forty-eight bladder cancers T2NXM0 with bad prognostic factors and 42 T3NXM0
      growths, suitable for interstitial treatment, were submitted to 40 Gy external
      irradiation immediately followed by Cae137 Implant at "reduced dose".
      Intercurrent death corrected 5-year survival for both groups was about 80%. The
      influence of previously identified bad prognosticators (more than one TUR, WHO
      grade 3, 4, vascular invasion in the biopsy specimen, pathological IVP) was
      nearly eradicated.

PMID- 2921142
TI  - Radiotherapy for testicular seminoma stage I: treatment results and long-term
      post-irradiation morbidity in 365 patients.
AB  - After infradiaphragmatic radiotherapy the cancer-related 10 year survival was 99%
      in 365 patients with seminoma Stage I referred to the Norwegian Radium Hospital
      between 1970 and 1982. Thirteen patients relapsed, 11 of them within the first 3
      years after treatment. Nine of the recurrent patients were cured by radiotherapy
      alone (4) or in combination with chemotherapy (5). There is no need to include
      the inguinal lymph nodes into the irradiation field or to give scrotal
      irradiation, not even to patients with tumor infiltration beyond the testicular
      tissue, or to those with prior scrotal or inguinal surgery. At least 1 year after
      radiotherapy moderate or more severe dyspepsia was observed in 16 patients. Nine
      patients developed a peptic ulcer. In general, there was no increased risk for
      development of a second non-germ cell cancer after radiotherapy. However, 4
      patients developed a pulmonary cancer indicating a border-line significance of
      increased risk for this type of malignancy. (p:0.05). In conclusion,
      infradiaphragmatic radiotherapy remains the optimal routine treatment in seminoma
      patients with Stage I.

PMID- 2921143
TI  - Carcinoma of the uterine cervix stage IB and IIA: results of postoperative
      irradiation in patients with microscopic infiltration in the parametrium and/or
      lymph node metastasis.
AB  - One hundred and thirty-two patients received postoperative radiation therapy
      following radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy for carcinoma of the
      uterine cervix Stage IB and IIA. In 43 patients with negative lymph node the 5-
      and 10-year survival rate was 85%. The other 89 patients with positive lymph node
      had 5- and 10-year survival rates of 60% and 51%, respectively. Multifactorial
      analysis of prognostic factors in the group of patients with lymph node
      metastasis disclosed pathology, microscopic infiltration in the parametrium and
      vascular space invasion as independent prognostic factors, that is, the 5-year
      survival rates were: 66% for squamous cell carcinomas versus, 25% for
      adenocarcinomas (p value: 0.001), 76% negative parametrium versus 39% positive
      parametrium (p value: 0.008), 68% no vascular space invasion versus 43% if
      invasion was observed (p value: 0.04). Sites of failure in 37 recurrences out of
      89 patients with lymph node metastasis were pelvic alone 9, distant metastases
      alone 15, and combined pelvic plus distant metastasis in 12 patients. In one
      patient the site of failure was unknown. These data warrant more intensive local
      and systemic treatment, particularly in patients with poor prognostic factors. In
      the whole group, severe complications were observed in 11 patients.

PMID- 2921144
TI  - Toxicity of open-field whole abdominal irradiation as primary postoperative
      treatment in gynecologic malignancy.
AB  - Between June 1979 and March 1985, 77 patients received whole abdominal radiation
      as the sole postoperative treatment for gynecologic malignancy. With an open
      field technique of irradiation, a median of 3,000 cGy was delivered to the entire
      abdominal contents with partial liver and kidney shielding; the total dose to the
      pelvis after boosts was 5,100 cGy, and that to the sub-diaphragmatic and para
      aortic nodal regions was 4,200 cGy. The primary sites of malignancy were the
      endometrium in 41 patients, ovary in 25, uterus in 5, fallopian tube in 4, and
      cervix in 2. Seven patients (9%), all older than 60 years, experienced acute
      gastrointestinal toxicity that interrupted treatment, only one of whom failed to
      complete the prescribed course as a result. Hematologic toxicity was sufficient
      to interrupt therapy in 21 patients (27%), 1 of whom failed to complete therapy
      as a result. Hematologic toxicity was not increased in elderly patients. All
      patients were followed up for a minimum of 30 months (median, 43 months) or until
      death. Six patients experienced a treatment-related bowel obstruction (two of
      whom had concomitant progressive intra-abdominal disease); the 3-year actuarial
      risk for a treatment-related bowel obstruction was 9%. This risk was
      significantly increased by high-dose boosting for residual disease. Only one
      instance of clinical radiation pneumonitis occurred, and no cases of clinical
      hepatitis were noted; however, subclinical evidence of pulmonary and hepatic
      radiation effect was frequent. Whole abdominal irradiation as described has
      modest toxicity for patients with gynecologic cancer who are at high risk for
      intra-abdominal failure.

PMID- 2921145
TI  - Intraperitoneal radioimmunotherapy for ovarian cancer: pharmacokinetics,
      toxicity, and efficacy of I-131 labeled monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Thirty-six patients with ovarian cancer were treated with intraperitoneal I-131
      labeled monoclonal antibodies to tumor associated antigens. The activity of I-131
      administered was increased from 20 mCi to 158 mCi and the pharmacokinetics and
      toxicity evaluated. Five patients who had developed HAMA (Human Antimouse
      Antibodies) were retreated, and the pharmacokinetics and toxicity of the first
      and second treatment compared. Patients receiving their first therapy (HAMA
      negative), had a maximum of 25% (range 19.8-39.8%) of the injected activity in
      their circulation. This was accompanied by severe marrow suppression at I-131
      activities over 120 mCi. The 5 HAMA positive patients had only 5% injected
      activity in the systemic circulation (range 3.8-6%), with rapid urinary excretion
      and neglible marrow suppression. In 31 patients with assessable disease there
      were no responses in 8 patients with gross disease (nodules greater than 2 cms),
      partial responses in 2 out of 15 patients with nodules less than 2 cms, and
      complete responses in 3 out of 6 patients with microscopic disease. The non
      specific radiation dose to the peritoneal cavity was estimated to be less than
      500 cGy by lithium fluoride TLD, and could not be expected to account for the
      responses seen.

PMID- 2921146
TI  - The effect of hyperthermia on the early- and late-appearing mouse foot reactions
      and on radiation carcinogenesis: Part II. Effect on radiation carcinogenesis
      (thermal enhancement and oxygen enhancement).
AB  - The effect of hyperthermia on radiation carcinogenesis was investigated in the
      C3Hf/Sed mouse foot. The foot was irradiated under hypoxic conditions, in air, or
      under hyperbaric oxygen conditions to evaluate the oxygen effect. Hyperthermia at
      43.5 degrees C for 45 min was given by immersing the animal foot into a constant
      temperature water bath. A malignant tumor in the irradiated foot was first
      observed congruent to 250 days after irradiation. Tumors developed in the
      irradiated area until day 850. RCD50, or 50% radiation carcinogenesis dose was
      the endpoint and was calculated based on the tumor incidence 650 days after
      irradiation. RCD50 following radiation given alone under hypoxic conditions was
      66.3 (60.0-73.2) Gy, and the oxygen enhancement ratio (hypoxic/hyperbaric oxygen)
      was 3.0 (2.5-3.5). Radiation carcinogenesis was enhanced by hyperthermia given
      with a 20 min treatment interval with no significant alteration in the oxygen
      effect. Thermal enhancement was greatest when hyperthermia was given 20 min prior
      to irradiation (2.5 [2.2-2.9] under hypoxia). No thermal enhancement was observed
      when two treatments were given with a treatment interval of 2 days. The median
      time to develop a malignant tumor decreased with increasing radiation dose. This
      median time was shorter following combined hyperthermia and irradiation (423
      days) than following radiation alone (504 days). Histological studies revealed
      that more than 80% of tumors were soft tissue sarcomas, and the most common tumor
      was fibrosarcoma. Squamous cell carcinoma was found in 7% of all tumors.

PMID- 2921148
TI  - Long-term survival and patterns of failure after postoperative radiation therapy
      for subtotally resected rectal adenocarcinoma.
AB  - Between 1977 and 1984, 17 patients received external beam irradiation after
      subtotal resection of rectal carcinoma. Ten patients had microscopic residual
      disease and 7 had gross residual disease. In the group with microscopic residual
      disease, 4 had tumor cut through with pathologically involved margins, 5 had
      adjacent unresected structures that were biopsy positive, and 1 had tumor
      spillage into the pelvis. The patients with gross residual disease were noted by
      the surgeon to have visible tumor after maximal debulking. Nine of 17 cases had
      involved pelvic lymph nodes. Radiation was administered to the pelvis with 4, 6,
      or 10 MV photons. Doses ranged from 40 to 60 Gy, with a median dose of 50 Gy
      given at 1.8 to 2.0 Gy per fraction, 5 days per week. Three patients received
      bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), 2 received 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), and 1 received
      hycanthone. Thirteen of the 17 patients (76%) experienced local failure and, of
      these, 10 also developed distant disease. No patients developed distant
      metastasis in the absence of local failure. Local control was achieved in 3 of 10
      patients (30%) with microscopic residual and 1 of 7 (14%) with gross residual.
      Four of the 17 patients (24%) have remained free of disease for greater than 5
      years. External beam irradiation is capable of producing long-term survival and
      local control in a minority of patients with rectal cancer after subtotal
      resection. Investigation of more aggressive forms of therapy such as the addition
      of intraoperative irradiation, brachytherapy, radiation dose modifiers, and
      chemotherapy is warranted.

PMID- 2921147
TI  - Heat shock stimulates polyamine oxidation by two distinct mechanisms in mammalian
      cell cultures.
AB  - Heat shock stimulates both exogenous and endogenous polyamine oxidation in
      mammalian cells, but by distinct biochemical mechanisms. Exogenously added
      polyamines are oxidized in serum via the temperature-dependent activation of a
      single class of enzymes, the copper-dependent amine oxidases. Endogenous
      polyamines undergo a two-step reaction sequence involving acetylation by a heat
      inducible acetyltransferase and subsequent oxidation by a constitutively
      expressed, flavin-dependent polyamine oxidase. In both instances, polyamine
      oxidation generates hydrogen peroxide and reactive aldehydes which influence cell
      viability as demonstrated by inhibitor studies. Aminoguanidine, an inhibitor of
      the copper-dependent amine oxidases, confers protection to cells during either a
      severe 43 degrees C heat shock or a relatively nontoxic heat stress followed by
      incubation at 37 degrees C, all in the presence of exogenous spermidine. Specific
      inhibition of the endogenous polyamine oxidase will also confer partial survival
      protection after heat shock, but only in cultures that have been previously
      depleted of cellular glutathione. These data confirm that hyperthermic stress can
      generate an oxidative stress in mammalian cells via induction of polyamine
      oxidation. Further, through distinct extracellular and intracellular mechanisms,
      these temperature-dependent polyamine oxidation reactions can modulate cell
      viability.

PMID- 2921149
TI  - Nasopharyngeal carcinoma with dermatomyositis.
AB  - From 1976 to 1986, ten out of 1154 consecutive nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC)
      patients were found to have dermatomyositis (DM). Their clinical features and
      treatment results were analyzed. The skin manifestation was typical of DM and
      myopathy occurred in seven patients. All the tumor on presentation were early
      stage and locoregional control after radiotherapy was satisfactory. All but one
      patient had DM prior to diagnosis of NPC. The prognosis of NPC was not affected
      by DM with survival being comparable to contemporary controls. The complication
      of radiotherapy were unusually severe. Chronic radiation skin ulceration occurred
      in 2 patients and subcutaneous indurated fibrosis affecting both sides of neck
      occurred in all patients. Acute radiation mucositis was also prominent.

PMID- 2921150
TI  - Radiation therapy of keratoacanthomas: results in 55 patients.
AB  - The radiation therapy of keratoacanthomas in fifty-five patients treated between
      1976 and 1986 using orthovoltage X rays (contact and soft X ray therapy) is
      reported. The total dose delivered was 40 Gy by means of twice weekly fractions
      of 4 Gy each in 52 cases, and 60 Gy by twice weekly fractions of 5 Gy each in 3
      cases with notable cellular atypia. In all cases we obtained complete regression
      of the lesions irradiated within 1 month after the termination of radiotherapy.
      So far we have not had any recurrences. The cosmetic result was always
      satisfactory. We should like to point out the association between
      keratoacanthomas and a second malignancy in two cases. The role of radiotherapy
      in the treatment of keratoacanthomas is discussed and re-confirmed, in relation
      to the literature data.

PMID- 2921151
TI  - Results of postoperative irradiation of medulloblastoma in adults.
AB  - This study analyzes the results of combined surgery and radiation therapy in 13
      cases of medulloblastoma in adults treated at the Institute of Oncology in Cracow
      between 1974-1980. There were 5 women and 8 men. The mean age of the patients was
      22.4 years. The overall crude 5-year survival was 62%. Four patients developed
      recurrence at the primary site (in one case local recurrence was concurrent with
      pulmonary metastases). The posterior fossa dose in these patients was 2625, 3000,
      4800, and 5000 cGy. All 5-year survivors received the posterior fossa dose
      ranging from 5000 to 5400 cGy. For optimal local control the posterior fossa dose
      of at least 5400 cGy is recommended, with prior irradiation of the whole cranio
      spinal axis.

PMID- 2921152
TI  - Evaluation of treatment results of squamous cell carcinoma of the buccal mucosa.
AB  - Of the 49 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the buccal mucosa referred to
      the Rotterdam Radio-Therapeutic Institute (RRTI) and Universital Hospital
      Dijkzigt Rotterdam (AZD) during 1970-1984, 31 patients had an advanced stage of
      disease, 21 patients had clinical evidence of lymph node metastasis. Forty
      patients were treated with curative intention. Treatment modalities were:
      radiation therapy, preoperative radiation followed by surgery, and primary
      surgery. Eighteen of the 40 patients (45%) developed a local tumor recurrence;
      nearly all recurrences occurred within 2 years. The incidence was equal in all
      treatment groups. Of the 22 patients with initial clinically negative neck,
      regional relapse occurred in 3 of the 14 patients, of whom the neck was not
      treated electively by radiation therapy; all three in combination with a local
      recurrence. None of the 8 patients with electively irradiated necks developed a
      regional relapse. Eight of the 18 patients with initial clinically enlarged lymph
      nodes treated either by radiotherapy or surgery, developed a regional relapse, 5
      in combination with a local recurrence. Treatment of the clinically positive neck
      by neck dissection was superior to radiotherapy. Local recurrence carried a poor
      prognosis. Almost 70% died of their disease. The overall and corrected 5-year
      survival was 38% and 52% respectively.

PMID- 2921153
TI  - Improvements in brachytherapy quality assurance.
AB  - Quality assurance (QA) for a busy brachytherapy service is a demanding task which
      requires the involvement of the entire brachytherapy team. This communication
      describes the QA program for brachytherapy procedures and source identification
      and inventory which is currently practiced at the Radiation Oncology Center,
      Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology.

PMID- 2921154
TI  - Comparison of automated and manual shielding block fabrication.
AB  - This work reports the results of a study comparing computer controlled and manual
      shielding block cutting. The general problems inherent in automated block cutting
      have been identified and minimized. A system whose accuracy is sufficient for
      clinical applications has been developed. The relative accuracy of our automated
      system versus experienced technician controlled cutting was investigated. In
      general, it is found that automated cutting is somewhat faster and more accurate
      than manual cutting for very large fields, but that the reverse is true for most
      smaller fields. The relative cost effectiveness of automated cutting is dependent
      on the percentage of computer designed blocks which are generated in the clinical
      setting. At the present time, the traditional manual method is still favored.

PMID- 2921155
TI  - Conformation therapy to improve the irradiation of the spinal axis.
AB  - Techniques for the irradiation of the spine have remained largely unchanged since
      the introduction of megavoltage therapy. The main disadvantages of these
      techniques are the inhomogeneous dose distribution and the problems associated
      with field joins. The tracking method of conformation therapy employs a short
      field length and translates the patient through the beam on the couch of a
      computer controlled treatment unit. Dose uniformity along the spinal axis is
      achieved by controlling the speed at which the target travels through the
      radiation field. Treatment is given at standard source-axis distance (SAD) and
      the need for external shielding is eliminated by shaping the width of the field.
      The join with the cranial fields is independent of any skin marks, removing the
      risk of over- or under-dosage. Treatments are planned automatically from computed
      tomography (CT) information by an in-house planning system. The calculated doses
      have consistently shown good agreement with phantom measurements. Three cobalt
      dose distributions are presented and compared: a tracking treatment; a single
      posterior field, and two matched fields. The superiority of conformation therapy
      over the other commonly used treatment methods is clearly demonstrated.

PMID- 2921156
TI  - Tandem tip fracture: a rare complication of intracavitary therapy of cervix
      cancer and how to avoid its occurrence.
AB  - A case is described in which the distal tip of a tandem fractured off in a
      patient's uterus during an intracavitary application of a tandem and ovoids.
      Potential contributing factors are evaluated. Methods to prevent and detect
      structural defects in tandems before they become clinically manifest are
      discussed.

PMID- 2921157
TI  - The proportion of stem cells in murine tumors.
AB  - Considerable evidence suggests that tumors contain only a minority of cells which
      are capable of regrowing the tumor (ie. tumor stem cells). Since all tumor stem
      cells must be killed if treatment is to be successful, the number of stem cells
      in a tumor can be expected to be an important determinant of curability. We have
      attempted to examine the proportion of stem cells in a variety of murine tumors
      by making measurements of three different parameters which might be expected to
      be related to stem cell content: (a) the radiation dose required to control the
      tumor (TCD50); (b) the number of cells required to transplant the tumor (TD50)
      and (c) the in vitro plating efficiency. An inverse correlation has been
      demonstrated between measured TCD50 and TD50 values for two independent groups of
      murine tumors of varying histopathological type. An inverse correlation was also
      obtained between the TD50 value and in vitro plating efficiency for a group of
      spontaneous murine mammary tumors. These correlations most likely reflect
      underlying differences in the stem cell content of the tumors, and indicate that
      there is a wide range (2-3 orders of magnitude) of stem cell proportions in
      different murine tumors, even those which have been transplanted a number of
      times.

PMID- 2921158
TI  - Radiation therapy technology: manpower survey 1987.
AB  - A chronic shortage of radiation therapy technologists exists in the United
      States. This report presents the data obtained in a 1987 survey of all radiation
      oncology facilities identified by the Patterns of Care master list. Of the 1,142
      questionnaires mailed, 52% were returned. The survey identified 2,328
      credentialed (ARRT) and 554 non-credentialed technologists employed in radiation
      therapy. Of this total of 2,882, 2,141 were identified as staff technologists. A
      total of 1,186 megavoltage units were identified, giving a ratio of 1.8
      technologist/megavoltage unit. Two hundred sixty open funded positions and 230
      unfunded positions for radiation therapy technologists were identified. The
      report compares the results of this 1987 Radiation Therapy Technology Manpower
      Survey with the results of the three previous surveys conducted in 1975, 1977,
      and 1981. Whereas this comparison demonstrates that progress has been made,
      current trends in allied health education are expected to have a negative impact
      on recruitment into radiation therapy technology. Program directors report that
      the number and quality of applicants to all allied health education programs is
      declining, and this trend in radiation therapy technology is substantiated by a
      drop in the number of students enrolled in programs, from 970 in 1986-87 to 777
      in 1987-88. Our discussion addresses the areas of new program development,
      recruitment, retention, innovative programs, and overseas recruitment.

PMID- 2921159
TI  - Early onset acute radiation toxicity and amiodarone.

PMID- 2921161
TI  - Optimization of the absorbed power distribution for an annular phased array
      hyperthermia system.
AB  - One of the systems under investigation for producing hyperthermia noninvasively
      for treating deep-seated tumors is the annular phased array. This device consists
      of two rings of eight electromagnetic apertures that are placed concentrically
      about the long axis of the patient and radiate energy toward the center. Previous
      theoretical and clinical studies have concentrated primarily on systems where the
      amplitude and phase of the signal applied to each aperture were the same, and
      these studies have shown that the system is capable of depositing power deep
      within the patient. Nevertheless, in many situations the system was not capable
      of producing desirable temperature distributions in the tumor and normal tissue.
      In this paper we report on a 2-dimensional theoretical investigation where an
      optimization routine was used to select the amplitude and phases of each of eight
      apertures. The optimization procedure and resulting calculations were based on CT
      scans of patients with tumors. The electrical and thermal properties of the
      different organs and tissues were taken into account. The optimization routine
      tried to achieve uniform absorbed power in the tumor region with zero absorbed
      power outside. Using the optimized amplitudes and phases, the SAR (specific
      absorption rate, W/kg) was calculated for the array. The results show that in
      general the optimization procedure was successful in that the power deposited
      within the tumor volume was increased with less power deposited into normal
      tissue when compared to the equal amplitude and phase case. This SAR data was
      then used as the input to a program based on the bioheat transfer equation, which
      calculated the temperature distribution in the patient model for an assumed set
      of blood perfusion rates. Depending on the location, size of the tumor, and blood
      perfusion rates, the improvement in the percentage of the tumor brought to
      therapeutic temperature varied from 0% to as much as 80%.

PMID- 2921160
TI  - Hyperthermia quality assurance guidelines.
AB  - These Hyperthermia Quality Assurance guidelines are a result of a joint workshop
      of the Hyperthermia Committee of the American College of Radiology and the
      Hyperthermia Physics Center, which is the national quality assurance program
      under Contract No. N01-CM-37512 with the National Cancer Institute. Hyperthermia
      technology presently lacks the kind of standardization in equipment, treatment
      procedures, patient monitoring, and treatment documentation available in
      radiotherapy. Therefore, preventing unacceptable variability in treatment data
      demands a strong commitment to in-house quality control procedures and to
      centralized quality assurance reviews in cooperative multi-institutional trials.
      This paper presents a set of test procedures necessary to ensure proper operation
      of equipment, suggests a frequency for such tests, and also includes guidelines
      on quality control procedures to be used during treatment to improve the safety,
      effectiveness, and reproducibility of hyperthermia treatments. A set of forms are
      presented to indicate the minimum data, albeit incomplete, that must be collected
      for acceptable documentation of treatment. These guidelines should be valuable
      not only to the new entrants in the field but also to those participating in
      multi-institutional cooperative hyperthermia trials. They have been approved by
      the Hyperthermia Committees of American College of Radiology, American Society
      for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology, Radiation Therapy Oncology Group and the
      American Association of Physicists in Medicine.

PMID- 2921162
TI  - Improved coupling of ultrasound hyperthermia applicators to patients.
AB  - Coupling ultrasound (US) hyperthermia (HT) applicators to patients requires an
      acoustical medium conforming to both applicator and patient that allows for
      rapid, reproducible set-up for each treatment and prevents drift or misalignment
      of the applicator during treatments. We describe a technique that uses a
      commercially available immobilization foam to create a rigid, conforming foam
      block that kinematically positions the US applicator over the tumor area. The
      central volume of the foam block is removed and filled with a plastic bag of
      degassed water or with US gel during treatments. We also describe a technique for
      positioning surface and interstitial thermometry sensors in alignment with
      individual elements of a multi-element US applicator. Using these techniques,
      relative movement between patient and applicator is minimized, correct
      thermometry sensor location relative to each US element is confirmed, and
      efficient transmission of the acoustical power into the target volume is assured.
      These techniques are particularly important when using multi-element applicators
      with complex temperature-power control algorithms.

PMID- 2921163
TI  - A proposed standard data file format for hyperthermia treatments.
AB  - One of the most critical areas of research essential to improve the clinical use
      of hyperthermia in cancer therapy is the determination and evaluation of
      temperature during therapy. In order to improve the dissemination of newly
      developed thermometry measurement and analysis programs and facilitate the
      transport of hyperthermia data files between computers for both intra- and inter-
      institutional use, we propose a standard file format, the Hyperthermia Data
      Standard (HDS), which can be used for all hyperthermia data. This data file
      consists of segments of which nine have been defined. The first is an initial
      /VERSION segment which identifies the file standard. This is followed by eight
      major segments: 2) a /IDENT segment which contains file and patient
      identification information; 3) a /TEXT segment containing additional
      miscellaneous documentation; 4) a /TUMOR segment which provides tumor and
      treatment site information; 5) a /HSETUP segment which contains treatment setup
      information; 6) a /FORMAT segment which defines the data segment structure; 7) a
      /DATA segment containing the actual thermometry data; 8) a /FOLLOWUP segment for
      documenting patient response; and 9) an /ANALYSIS segment containing summary
      information. All segments begin and end with a specified delimiter and, except
      for the first two (/VERSION and /IDENT), may be repeated more than once. For ease
      in debugging and verifying adherence to the standard, all information in the file
      is encoded in printable ASCII characters. All segments consist solely of records
      containing KEYWORDS and KEYWORD VALUES which identify specified information.
      Certain KEYWORDS are standard, i.e., having specified names and information
      formats as defined in this document. The /DATA segment consists of ASCII encoded
      chronological treatment thermometry and other data whose format and structure is
      identified in the /FORMAT segment. The /ANALYSIS segment provides the flexibility
      to store the results of any analysis program along with the actual data file for
      ease of data management. This thermometry data file standard is designed to
      provide both flexibility and extendability for all possible forms of hyperthermia
      treatment data. Furthermore, it is designed to provide a simple format which may
      be easily read by higher level languages. This document is intended for
      commercial manufacturers and others who are writing programs to document clinical
      hyperthermia treatments with the intention that they either use this format for
      their data storage or provide a means to convert their data into this
      format.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2921164
TI  - Local-regional recurrence in breast cancer after mastectomy and adriamycin-based
      adjuvant chemotherapy: evaluation of the role of postoperative radiotherapy.
AB  - In an attempt to determine whether patients treated for breast cancer with
      radical or modified radical mastectomy and adjuvant chemotherapy benefit from
      postoperative radiotherapy, 400 women with Stages II-III breast cancer who
      received adjuvant chemotherapy based on the combination of Adriamycin and Cytoxan
      were analyzed retrospectively. Prognostic features which predicted a high risk of
      isolated local-regional relapse were identified. Thirty-eight percent of these
      patients were also treated with postoperative radiation in addition to adjuvant
      chemotherapy and were compared to those patients treated only with adjuvant
      chemotherapy. With a median follow-up of 60 months, 15% of the patients reviewed
      developed local-regional disease as the first site of relapse without
      concommitant systemic relapse. When examined univariately, stage of disease,
      tumor size, nodal status, and estrogen receptor status were strong prognostic
      variables. Age, cell type, location of tumor within the breast, menstrual status,
      radiation dose, and type of treatment were not significantly related to isolated
      local-regional relapse. However, patients who received postoperative radiation
      were significantly more advanced in their disease condition. When the factors
      were examined multivariately, the type of treatment along with stage of disease
      were found to be statistically significant prognostic indicators. About half of
      the patients were tested for estrogen receptor status. Multivariate analysis
      performed on this subset of patients showed that estrogen receptor status, type
      of treatment, and axillary nodal status were significant predictors of the risk
      of isolated local-regional relapse. This study suggests that patients treated
      with mastectomy and Adriamycin and Cytoxan-based adjuvant chemotherapy may
      benefit from postoperative radiation in reducing the risk of isolated local
      regional recurrence.

PMID- 2921165
TI  - Postoperative radiotherapy of supratentorial low-grade gliomas.
AB  - Forty-nine patients with supratentorial low-grade gliomas underwent surgery
      (biopsy or subtotal resection) and postoperative radiotherapy at the Mayo Clinic
      between 1976 and 1983. The median, 5-, and 10-year overall survivals for the
      total group were 6.5 years, 62%, and 14%, respectively. Nine prognostic variables
      were examined for their possible association with survival, including age, sex,
      site, size, CT enhancement, histologic type, extent of resection, radiation
      volume, and radiation dose. Of these variables, only histologic type was
      significantly associated with survival. The estimated 5-year survival was 100%
      for the 5 patients with pilocytic astrocytomas, 83% for the 20 patients with
      oligodendrogliomas or mixed oligo-astrocytomas, and 40% in the 24 patients with
      ordinary astrocytomas (log rank p = 0.001). Other possible prognostic variables,
      such as radiation volume or total dose, showed no association with survival.
      Twenty-seven patients had a documented treatment failure. For the 20 patients in
      whom the pattern of failure could be determined, all failed within their
      radiation portals. Eleven patients had additional tissue obtained following
      suspected disease recurrence. Tumor was found in ten of these patients, and
      radionecrosis in one.

PMID- 2921166
TI  - Radiation tolerance of the cervical spinal cord.
AB  - The incidence of permanent injury to the spinal cord as a complication of
      radiation therapy generally correlates positively with total radiation dosage.
      However, several reports in the literature have indicated that fraction size is
      also an important factor in the development or nondevelopment of late injuries in
      normal tissue. To determine the effect of fraction size on the incidence of
      radiation-induced spinal cord injuries, we reviewed 144 cases of head and neck
      cancer treated at our institution between 1971 and 1980 with radiation greater
      than 5600 cGy to a portion of the cervical spinal cord. Most of these patients
      received greater than or equal to 6000 cGy, with fraction sizes ranging from 133
      cGy to 200 cGy. Fifty-three of the 144 patients have been followed up for 2 years
      or more. Nearly half of these (26 patients) received greater than 6000 cGy with
      fraction sizes of 133 cGy to 180 cGy. Only 1 of the 53 (1.9%) has sustained
      permanent spinal cord injury; 20 months after completion of radiation treatments
      he developed Brown-Sequard syndrome. Our experience suggests that radiation
      injuries to the spinal cord correlate not only with total radiation dosage, but
      also with fraction size; low fraction sizes appear to decrease the incidence of
      such injuries.

PMID- 2921167
TI  - Biological effectiveness of fast neutrons on a murine osteosarcoma.
AB  - The effect of fast neutrons and gamma rays on a murine osteosarcoma was studied.
      The NROS tumor, a radiation-induced osteosarcoma in a C3H mouse, was transplanted
      into the right hind legs of syngeneic female mice and locally irradiated with
      single or four daily doses of either fast neutrons or gamma rays. The NROS
      contained 13-30% hypoxic cells. It took approximately 7 days for the NROS tumor
      to show apparent reoxygenation following gamma ray irradiations. Two assays were
      used to determine the neutrons' relative biological effectiveness (RBE) to gamma
      rays: tumor growth delay time and tumor control dose. The largest RBE of 4.5 was
      obtained at the smallest dose of neutrons examined, followed by a gradual
      decrease down to 2.3. The tumor growth delay assay indicated that the RBE values
      of 2.6-3.1 after single doses of fast neutrons increased to 3.1-4.5 after four
      daily fractions. The 50% tumor control doses were 78.5 Gy and 33.0 Gy after
      single doses of gamma rays and fast neutrons, resulting in an RBE of 2.3.
      Fractionated doses increased the RBE to 2.6. Mitotic cells disappeared shortly
      after irradiation but reappeared 7 days after irradiation.

PMID- 2921168
TI  - Radiotherapy of the rhabdomyosarcoma R1H of the rat: hyperfractionation--126
      fractions applied within 6 weeks.
AB  - The effect of a hyperfractionated irradiation treatment on the response of the
      rhabdomyosarcoma R1H of the rat was studied. Tumors were irradiated under ambient
      conditions with 126 fractions of X rays, applied in 3 fractions per day with a
      time interval of 8 +/- 1 hr between fractions on 7 days per week during 6 weeks.
      The total dose ranged from 54 to 90 Gy, that is the dose per fraction ranged from
      0.43 to 0.71 Gy. Tumor response was assessed by tumor control probability and
      tumor net growth delay. The tumor response to the hyperfractionated treatment was
      found to be slightly more effective compared to the results obtained in a
      previous study where treatments with 6, 18, 30, and 42 fractions were applied.
      Since normal tissues are considerably spared with increased numbers of fractions,
      clinical studies with hyperfractionation seem to be very promising.

PMID- 2921169
TI  - The effects of tumor mass, tumor age, and external beam radiation on tumor
      specific antibody uptake.
AB  - The effects of external beam radiation on tumor uptake of radiolabeled monoclonal
      antibody were investigated. Nude mice bearing carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
      producing subcutaneous human tumor xenografts (LS174T) were irradiated (60Co)
      with a single fraction of 0, 2 or 20 Gy, 6 or 11 days after tumor inoculation. An
      Indium-111 labeled anti-CEA monoclonal antibody (T84.66) was injected 1-2 hrs
      after irradiation. Biodistribution studies performed at 48 hrs showed a
      statistically significant (p less than 0.01) inverse correlation between tumor
      mass and tumor antibody uptake. Tumor age was also a significant factor with 11
      day old tumors having significantly less uptake (p less than 0.0001) compared to
      6 day old tumors for a given mass. Radiation increased tumor antibody uptake only
      in those tumors where growth inhibition also occurred. Multiple regression
      analysis showed that this inverse correlation between tumor mass and antibody
      uptake was the same for irradiated and nonirradiated tumors. We conclude that, in
      this model system, radiation does not act independently to enhance tumor antibody
      deposition. Radiation's primary effect is to reduce tumor mass, with mass
      reduction then resulting in an increase in antibody uptake. The clinical
      implications of this study are discussed.

PMID- 2921170
TI  - Studies concerning the effect of external irradiation on localization of
      radiolabeled monoclonal antibody B72.3 to human colon carcinoma xenografts.
AB  - Recent studies in animal models involving antibody tumor targeting of hepatoma
      and melanoma and clinical trials involving hepatoma patients have suggested that
      preirradiation of tumors may enhance antibody tumor targeting. These reports led
      us to study the effect of external irradiation on monoclonal antibody (MAb)
      targeting of human carcinomas; as a model system, we used MAb B72.3 and the LS
      174T human colon carcinoma xenograft in athymic mice. LS-174T tumors exposed to
      300 cGy grew to approximately 93% the size of non-irradiated tumors, while those
      exposed to 600, 900, or 2,000 cGy were approximately 41% the size of control
      tumors. Splitting the 900 cGy into three 300-cGy fractions yielded a two-fold
      lower tumor volume compared with a single 900-cGy fraction. Histochemical
      evaluation of the carcinomas revealed a decrease in the number of mitoses per
      high power field consistent with early effects of radiation exposure. Using the
      avidin-biotin complex immunoperoxidase technique, carcinomas were assayed for
      expression of the tumor associated glycoprotein (TAG)-72, the high-molecular
      weight mucin detected by MAb B72.3. No discernable variation was observed in the
      staining intensity among tumors in both the control and radiation treated group;
      that is, differences among tumors within each group were compatible with the
      known heterogeneous expression of TAG-72. Exposure of carcinomas to 300 or 900
      cGy in a single fraction or 900 cGy split in three 300-cGy fractions did not
      yield a consistent or substantial enhanced localization of radiolabeled MAb B72.3
      IgG or F(ab')2 to tumors. A 1.5-fold augmentation of MAb binding to tumors was
      observed in preirradiated mice; however, these results were not statistically
      significant. Inherent differences in tumors such as cell type of origin, size,
      spatial configuration, extent of vascularization and volume of interstitial space
      may contribute to variability of the effect of preirradiation of tumors on
      antibody binding. Our results suggest that consistent augmentation of
      radiolabeled antibody localization to tumors is not a universal phenomenon.

PMID- 2921171
TI  - Tumor imaging of Dalton's lymphoma using antibody-desferal-Ga-67 complex.
AB  - Using desferal, a bifunctional chelating agent, Ga-67 was conjugated to the
      antibody, anti DLAA, specific for a 80 KD antigen associated with Dalton's
      lymphoma (DLAA) and was used for imaging of murine lymphomas induced by an 'air
      pouch' technique. Scintiscan studies were carried out at 24 hr, 48 hr, 72 hr,
      after i.v. administration of Ga-67-anti DLAA-DF complex and compared with
      scintigrams obtained after administration of free Ga-67 citrate and suspension of
      Ga-67, DF, anti DLAA to different batches of tumor bearing mice. The study was
      also carried out using mouse IgG, a non-specific antibody, instead of anti DLAA.
      The results were compared with biodistribution studies. Scintigrams demonstrated
      that with anti DLAA there was maximum uptake of Ga-67 by the tumor providing the
      best images.

PMID- 2921172
TI  - Adhesion formation in experimental chronic radiation enteropathy.
AB  - We have studied the late changes associated with radiation enteropathy in mice
      over a period of 224 days following single or split doses of gamma radiation
      delivered to the total abdomen (TAI). We focused on the importance of adhesion
      formation as a cause of strictures and gut-associated deaths following TAI. Gut
      associated peritoneal adhesions were found in mice 2-7 months after receiving
      13.5-17.5 Gy TAI and appeared to constitute the most consistent serious late
      effect of irradiation. There was a good correlation between adhesion formation
      and death for both the single and split-doses of radiation. Adhesions primarily
      involved the large gut, normally near the cecum. They appeared to result from
      serosal breakdown and were the major cause of partial gut obstruction. Submucosal
      fibrosis was present but seemed to be a comparatively minor cause of strictures.
      Local lymphoid hyperreactivity was also seen following TAI and may have
      contributed to the late sequelae. The complexity of the pathogenesis of chronic
      radiation enteropathy was indicated by finding three successive waves of non
      scheduled deaths following TAI. The first wave (28-70 days) was not related to
      adhesion formation and may have been due to localized failure of mucosa to
      regenerate after irradiation with consequent ulceration. The second wave (98-140
      days) occurred over the period when adhesion formation and fibrosis were most
      marked. In the third wave (168-224 days), the additional complication of fluid
      exudation was seen. Further experimentation is obviously needed to better define
      the complex pathogenesis of radiation enteropathy with dose and time after
      radiation but our data strongly support a multifactorial causation with an
      important role for adhesion formation in the disease complex.

PMID- 2921173
TI  - Lung density changes observed in vivo in rat lungs after irradiation: variations
      among and within individual lungs.
AB  - Lung density measurements using Computed Tomography have been used before at
      various intervals after irradiation to monitor radiation-induced changes in the
      lung. The average lung density, its standard deviation which was used as a
      measure of the density homogeneity throughout the lung, and the densities of
      smaller lung regions were measured before and up to 76 weeks after irradiation in
      rat lungs. Large differences in individual response to irradiation were observed.
      Both increases and decreases in lung density were measured. Regions of very low
      density were often found adjacent to dense foci of radiation damage. These
      compensatory changes made the measurement of changes in average lung density an
      insensitive index of radiation damage. However, the measurement of regional
      densities in smaller lung volumes, a method not previously applied to rodents,
      was a much more sensitive index of radiation damage. Changes from non-irradiated
      control lung densities were observed at earlier times and for lower radiation
      doses.

PMID- 2921174
TI  - Misonidazole binding in SCCVII tumors in relation to the tumor blood supply.
AB  - Misonidazole (MISO) binding was examined in murine squamous cell carcinomas as a
      function of distance from the tumor blood supply. C3H mice bearing subcutaneous
      SCCVII tumors were injected intraperitoneally with 3H-MISO followed at various
      times later by intravenous injection or infusion of the fluorescent perfusion
      probe, Hoechst 33342. Tumors were then excised, and single cell suspensions
      prepared for fluorescence activated cell sorting. Cells sorted on the basis of
      Hoechst 33342 fluorescence were examined for 3H-MISO content by liquid
      scintillation counting or autoradiography. MISO content in the 10% of cells most
      distant from the blood supply was as much as 8 times greater than the amount in
      the 10% of cells closest to the blood supply. The largest differentials in MISO
      content between dimly and brightly staining regions were obtained if (a) tumors
      greater than about 300 mg were used, (b) at least 3 hr were allowed for MISO
      metabolism and binding prior to analysis, and (c) cell sorting was performed on
      the basis of concentration of Hoechst (correcting for cell size) rather than on
      the basis of total fluorescence intensity per cell. As tumors enlarged, MISO
      content increased even in the cells closest to the blood supply suggesting a
      decrease in net tumor oxygenation perhaps caused by intermittent hypoxia.

PMID- 2921175
TI  - Dose fractionation and regeneration in radiotherapy for cancer of the oral cavity
      and oropharynx: tumor dose-response and repopulation.
AB  - In a retrospective study, local control of the primary tumor in 498 squamous cell
      carcinomas of the oral cavity and oropharynx was analyzed with respect to initial
      tumor volume, total dose after normalization for variations in fraction size, and
      to overall treatment time. Primary tumors were grouped into 4 sites, tongue
      (175), oral cavity including floor of mouth, faucial pillar, soft and hard palate
      and gingiva (210), tonsil (72) and buccal mucosa (41). Total doses of 60Co
      irradiation ranged from 30 Gy to 72 Gy, overall treatment times from 15 to 80
      days and dose per fraction from 1.8 to 6 Gy. The large number of patients and
      diversity of dose fractionation patterns permitted assessment of the independent
      contributions to treatment outcome of stage, fraction size and overall treatment
      duration. The following conclusions were drawn: (1) Overall treatment time
      influenced strongly the probability of local tumor control. Over the interval of
      about 30-55 days used in treating most of this series of patients, an increase of
      60 cGy per day, on average, was required for a constant control rate. (2) The
      increase in dose was attributed to accelerated tumor clonogen growth rate. Such
      accelerated growth could be a major determinant of failure in protracted
      regimens. (3) The accelerated rate of regrowth was similar for all tumor sites
      and stages. (4) The dose for tumor control was relatively independent of
      variations in fraction size within a range of about 1.6 Gy to 3 Gy: the
      alpha/beta value in the linear quadratic isoeffect equation was at least 15 Gy.
      (5) Local control at the primary site required an average of about 3 Gy more for
      each increase in T stage. This increase most likely reflected an increased number
      of tumor clonogens, not a decreased tumor cell radiosensitivity. (6) The
      probability of control at the primary site was less likely if lymph nodes were
      positive, but this association was only shown to be statistically significant for
      primaries classified here as oral cavity and oropharynx, not tonsil, tongue or
      buccal mucosa. (7) After allowing for differences in treatment parameters,
      especially for heterogeneity in overall treatment times, tumor control
      probability increased steeply with increase in total dose. (8) A general
      principle of radiotherapy, at least for squamous carcinomas of head and neck,
      should be to deliver the desired fractionated dose regimen without unnecessary
      interruptions and in the shortest time compatible with no reduction in dose below
      that tolerated by the late-responding normal tissues.

PMID- 2921176
TI  - Dosimetric evaluation of a variable energy superficial X-ray machine with
      applications for endocavitary radiotherapy techniques.
AB  - This investigation presents the beam characteristics of a newly-marketed variable
      energy superficial X ray machine for radiotherapy. The X ray system hardware,
      including a high voltage generator, and console software allow for nine
      independent operator-selected X ray beams from 10-150 kVp. Filament current
      values are also independently variable; 1.0-13.0 mA for 90-150 kVp, and 1.0-30.0
      mA for 10-90 kVp. The HVL's, effective energies, and radiation outputs for the
      nine combinations of kVp and mA are presented. In addition, percentage depth dose
      and beam uniformity results are presented as a function of cone size. Radiation
      output stability and reproducibility results are included. Discussion of
      adaptation of this X ray system to the Papillon technique for the treatment of
      rectal cancers is presented.

PMID- 2921177
TI  - Simulating blocks in treatment planning calculations.
AB  - It is difficult to make an accurate calculation of dose distribution
      incorporating blocks using a ray model. One approach is to simulate the blocking
      in a treatment planning distribution by using negatively weighted beams. A second
      is to employ an external contour. The parameters of the negative beam or contour
      can be adjusted using empirical dosimetric data. This paper discusses the
      calculation of the dose distributions using negatively weighted beams and
      external contours, compares them with measurements in and around blocked areas
      for a range of field sizes, block sizes, and depths of interest in treatment
      planning applications, for 60Co, 6 MV, and 10 MV beams, and assesses their
      applicability.

PMID- 2921178
TI  - If we can't define the quality, can we assure it?

PMID- 2921179
TI  - Reply to editorial by James Oleson, M.D., PH.D.

PMID- 2921180
TI  - Low dose prophylactic irradiation in metastatic breast cancer: possible roles of
      cell killing versus tumor bed effect.

PMID- 2921181
TI  - Pelvic node irradiation.

PMID- 2921182
TI  - The influence of pelvic node irradiation on prognosis.

PMID- 2921183
TI  - Sexual behavior and contraceptive risk taking among sexually active adolescent
      females.
AB  - Drawing on DeLamater's conceptual model of premarital contraceptive activity,
      this study assessed the relationships between various social, developmental, and
      behavioral variables and contraceptive risk taking by sexually active adolescent
      females. The hypotheses were tested on a national random sample of unmarried
      sexually active adolescent females (n = 1512) ages 15-20 years from Cycle III of
      the National Survey of Family Growth. The number of years the subjects had been
      sexually active was the strongest predictor of their frequency of sexual
      intercourse, followed by their frequency of attendance at religious services. The
      inverse relationship between religious attendance and coital frequency was much
      stronger among whites than blacks. When the influence of these variables on
      contraceptive risk taking was assessed, coital frequency explained 7.2% of the
      variation in contraceptive risk taking, with the number of years the adolescent
      had been dating explaining a small amount of additional variation. Our data
      support not only the first stage of DeLamater's conceptual model of premarital
      contraceptive activity, but also aspects of Jessor's more general theory of
      adolescent risk taking and problem behavior.

PMID- 2921185
TI  - Psychosocial and clinical variables in pregnant adolescents. A survey of
      maternity home residents.
AB  - Substantial research exists about pregnant adolescents, but there are few studies
      focusing on this population in residential maternity homes. This survey was
      designed to gather data about demographic and clinical characteristics, self
      esteem, and social support available to adolescents in two maternity homes in Los
      Angeles. Adolescents' attachment to their unborn fetus was also evaluated. The
      culturally diverse sample included 90 unmarried subjects between 14 and 19 years
      of age. Results suggest that adolescents in maternity homes possess many of the
      same attributes as pregnant adolescents in the larger community. Self-esteem
      scores of residents of the Self-Esteem Inventory (mean = 66.67) were similar to
      those reported in other studies of pregnant adolescents. There was great
      variation found in the quantity and quality of functional social support received
      by residents. Family (97.8%) and friends (78.8%) were identified as significant
      individuals in the social network of the residents. Although the majority of
      adolescents had not planned their pregnancy, their scores on the prenatal
      attachment questionnaire supported a positive affiliation with their fetus. Based
      on these findings, recommendations are offered for programs to facilitate the
      development of self-esteem and support-enhancing skills of pregnant adolescents
      living in residential maternity homes.

PMID- 2921184
TI  - The relationship between maternal weight for height and term birth weight in
      teens and adult women.
AB  - Many factors may contribute to the high rates of low birth weight observed in
      most studies of teen pregnancy. This study examined the contribution of low
      prepregnancy weight and low gestational weight gain, both of which are more
      common in teens than in adults. Records were obtained for 90 primiparous teens
      (less than 16 years old at conception) and 90 primiparous adult women (19-30
      years old at conception) delivering at St. Luke's Hospital in New York City.
      Women were matched for year of delivery and clinic payment status. Mean birth
      weight was 264 g lower in the teen group than in the adult group. In both groups,
      birth weight increased with increased maternal prepregnancy weight, weight gain,
      and percent of standard weight for height at term. In adults, birth weight
      plateaued when maternal weight for height was 120% or more of standard. In teens,
      however, birth weight was 200-400 g lower than in the adults in all weight-for
      height categories except at 140% or more of standard. Both the low birth weight
      rates and the portion of infants weighing less than 3000 g were much higher in
      the teen mothers. Thus, even if maternal weight at term is appropriate for
      height, teen mothers have smaller babies than adult women do.

PMID- 2921186
TI  - Group therapy with adolescent cancer patients.
AB  - This preliminary study assessed the psychologic distress and group psychotherapy
      of a small group of adolescents and young adults with cancer. A strong
      relationship was found between the patients' and parents' amount of psychologic
      distress. It seems that youngsters with cancer in active medical treatment (as
      well as their parents) use more denial and that psychotherapy increases
      psychologic distress.

PMID- 2921187
TI  - Nipple (papilla) development in girls: III. The effects of pregnancy.
AB  - Previous cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of girls have documented that
      they have a significant growth in nipple size during Tanner stages pubic hair
      (PH)4 and PH5 or breast (B)4 and B5. This study assesses whether there is any
      effect of pregnancy on nipple development in adolescent girls. Thirty-three
      pregnant girls were compared to a previously reported group of 390 girls who were
      not pregnant. Of the 33 girls, ten were followed longitudinally for a period of
      nine to 79 months, during which time they became pregnant. In each girl, nipple
      diameter was measured and the Tanner stage assessed. A markedly significant
      increment in nipple size was noted in the girls who were pregnant (pregnancy
      nipple size 12.6 mm vs. PH5 9.7 mm and B5 9.9 mm). Comparison of ten girls prior
      to and during pregnancy revealed a significant increment as well (10.2 mm vs.
      12.8 mm, respectively). Pregnancy provides a further stimulus for nipple
      development in girls beyond that which occurs during normal puberty.

PMID- 2921189
TI  - Dentists' professional satisfaction with adolescent dentistry and its association
      with adolescent dental health behavior.
AB  - This study examines dentists' perceptions of behaviors felt to interfere with
      providing adequate dental care to adolescents. We analyzed gender differences,
      and whether the dentists' perceptions of adolescent patients were associated with
      their professional satisfaction. A stratified random sample of 227 graduates
      (males = 180, females = 47) from a Southern dental school were asked to complete
      a questionnaire assessing professional satisfaction. Based on Kruskall-Wallis
      analysis of variance tests, female dentists expressed generally higher levels of
      satisfaction than males with adolescent dentistry, diagnosis and treatment
      planning, patient education, preventive procedures, and the adolescent dentistry
      curricula during dental school. Male dentists felt that the male adolescents'
      failure to keep appointments, communication problems, seeking dental care only in
      emergency situations, and resentment of authority interfered more with their
      providing adequate dental care than did female dentists. Male dentists also felt
      that the female patients' menstrual period, communication problems, low tolerance
      of pain, seeking dental care only in emergency situations, and resentment toward
      authority were more significant problems than did the female dentists.
      Communication problems with both male and female adolescents were more strongly
      correlated with the dentists' satisfaction with adolescent dentistry than any
      other variable.

PMID- 2921188
TI  - Breast-feeding attitudes and practices among adolescents.
AB  - Breast-feeding attitudes of 128 low-income, pregnant adolescents were assessed
      using a questionnaire developed for this population. Teens who had been breast
      fed as infants had more positive attitudes than bottle-fed teens (p less than
      0.002); no differences in attitudes were found by race or age. Pregnant teens who
      planned to breast-feed their infants had higher attitude scores than those who
      planned to bottle feed or who were uncertain (p less than 0.001). Of the sample,
      32.4% subsequently breast-fed their baby; these teen mothers had more positive
      attitude scores than the teen mothers who bottle fed (p less than 0.001). The
      prenatal infant feeding plans of these pregnant teens were significantly related
      to their postnatal feeding practices (p less than 0.001). Selected implications
      of these data for health care professionals are discussed.

PMID- 2921190
TI  - Intussusception secondary to Meckel's diverticulum. A challenging diagnosis in
      adolescence.
AB  - A 14-year-old male was found to have an intussusception secondary to an
      invaginating Meckel's diverticulum. He was initially referred for crampy
      abdominal pain and diarrhea, and inflammatory bowel disease was suspected. The
      etiology of most intussusceptions is unknown; however, both in adolescence and
      adulthood they may be initiated by a lead point. This paper presents, analyzes,
      and discusses an intussusception caused by a Meckel's diverticulum as a lead
      point and the difficulty in making a preoperative diagnosis.

PMID- 2921191
TI  - An adolescent girl with headache and syncope.
AB  - A 14-year-old girl with a 3-month history of multiple syncopal episodes followed
      by headache was diagnosed as having basilar artery migraine. She did not improve
      on anticonvulsant, anticholinergic, or beta-blocker therapy. Her symptoms
      resolved during a course of skin temperature biofeedback training, and she
      remains asymptomatic at 1 year follow-up.

PMID- 2921192
TI  - Treatment of tetracycline toxicity with tetracycline.

PMID- 2921193
TI  - Giardiasis--zoonosis or not?

PMID- 2921194
TI  - Welfare benefits may be taxable.

PMID- 2921195
TI  - Are veterinarians health professionals?

PMID- 2921196
TI  - Creative veterinary marketing.

PMID- 2921197
TI  - Ehrlichiosis.

PMID- 2921198
TI  - A critical analysis of swine medicine in American veterinary schools.

PMID- 2921199
TI  - Skillful writing: a tool for today's veterinarian.

PMID- 2921200
TI  - Goitrogenic effects in offspring of swine fed sulfadimethoxine and ormetoprim in
      late gestation.
AB  - Effects of feeding sulfadimethoxine and ormetoprim to sows and gilts in late
      gestation were evaluated. One sow and 2 gilts were randomly selected and were fed
      1 of 3 rations: (1) a gestation ration from farm A, where congenital goiter in
      newborn pigs was a problem, (2) gestation ration from farm A containing 275 g of
      sulfadimethoxine and 55 g of ormetoprim/100 kg of ration, or (3) standard swine
      gestation ration containing 275 g of sulfadimethoxine and 55 g of ormetoprim/100
      kg of ration. Sows and gilts were fed the appropriate ration for 22 to 58 days
      before farrowing. The numbers of stillborn or weak pigs did not increase in any
      group. However, congenital goiter was detected in all pigs from swine fed
      medicated rations 2 and 3. Congenital goiter was not present in pigs from swine
      given gestation ration 1.

PMID- 2921201
TI  - Radiographic evaluation of nonanesthetized and nonsedated dogs for hip dysplasia.
AB  - The use of chemical or gas restraint was unnecessary in most large breed dogs
      being evaluated radiographically for hip dysplasia. Of 100 large-breed dogs, 97
      were successfully radiographed for hip dysplasia evaluation without the use of
      sedation or anesthesia.

PMID- 2921202
TI  - Diffuse alveolar injury in two dogs.
AB  - Proliferative interstitial pneumonia of undetermined cause was diagnosed in 2
      dogs. The clinical signs in both dogs consisted primarily of acute onset, rapid
      breathing, and raspy lung sounds. Radiography revealed a diffuse increase in
      pulmonary alveolar density. In both dogs, the primary pathologic process was
      diffuse alveolar pneumocyte injury, and the pulmonary lesions were similar.
      Proliferation of type II pneumocytes (some of which were atypical mononucleated,
      and others multinucleated) was a prominent feature of the interstitial pneumonia.
      Because of the atypical features of some pneumocytes in such cases, biopsy
      findings may suggest a neoplastic process. Proliferative interstitial pneumonia
      should be included in the differential diagnosis of a diffuse pulmonary disease
      that is poorly responsive to medical treatment.

PMID- 2921203
TI  - Anti-triiodothyronine antibodies associated with hypothyroidism and lymphocytic
      thyroiditis in a dog.
AB  - A 5-year-old spayed Shetland Sheepdog had clinical signs consistent with
      hypothyroidism. Laboratory findings, including subnormal serum T4 concentration,
      also were suggestive of hypothyroidism; however, the apparent serum T3
      concentration, as determined by a solid phase assay, was extremely high. Thyroid
      scintigraphy revealed ectopic radionuclide uptake in the neck and thyroid biopsy
      revealed lymphocytic thyroiditis. Determination of T3 autoantibody titer
      confirmed that the previously measured high serum T3 concentration was spuriously
      high because of autoantibodies to T3.

PMID- 2921204
TI  - Repair of sixth lumbar vertebral fracture-luxations, using transilial pins and
      plastic spinous-process plates in six dogs.
AB  - Transilial pins and paired plastic spinous-process plates were used to repair
      fracture-luxations of the sixth lumbar vertebra in 6 dogs. All dogs had signs of
      lumbar pain and variable lower motor neuron deficits to the hindquarters
      (including hind limbs, tail, and pelvic region). Lumbar pain was decreased or
      resolved the day after surgery in all dogs, and 3 dogs were able to walk without
      assistance. One dog initially deteriorated neurologically after surgery and 2
      dogs with multiple concurrent orthopedic injuries had no improvement in
      neurologic function and remained nonambulatory. Pin migration associated with
      improper bending of the transilial pins and requiring early implant removal was
      the most common postoperative complication. Four dogs had no neurologic
      abnormalities 1 to 3 months after surgery. One dog had a resolving unilateral
      sciatic nerve deficit 9 months after surgery, and another dog was euthanatized 3
      months after surgery because of continued paraparesis and urinary and fecal
      incontinence. These 6 cases illustrate the efficacy of plastic spinous-process
      plates in combination with transilial pins for the repair of fracture-luxation of
      the sixth lumbar vertebra.

PMID- 2921205
TI  - Dinoseb toxicosis in two dogs.
AB  - Two male English Setters were noticed to be breathing rapidly, hyperexcitable,
      and atactic after roaming a rural area for 2 hours. Both dogs' cost were stained
      with yellow liquid. One dog died while en route to the veterinarian. Treatment
      was begun for the surviving dog for what was initially diagnosed to be
      organophosphorus or carbamate insecticide toxicosis. Before the diagnosis could
      be confirmed, the second dog died. The yellow liquid on the dogs' skin was
      identified as dinoseb in high concentrations. Dinoseb is an acutely toxic,
      substituted dinitrophenolic herbicide believed to act as an uncoupler of electron
      transport from oxidative phosphorylation.

PMID- 2921206
TI  - Pemphigus foliaceus in two Shetland sheepdog littermates.
AB  - Two female Shetland Sheepdog littermates simultaneously developed pemphigus
      foliaceus at 6 months of age. Three other littermates were not affected. One
      bitch (tricolored) was not treated, and the disease has remained active for 2
      years. The other bitch (blue merle) has been successfully managed with
      glucocorticoids and gold salts.

PMID- 2921207
TI  - Surgical correction of congenital medial patellar luxation in a llama.
AB  - Unilateral congenital medial patellar luxation in a young llama was corrected by
      medial joint capsule release, tibial crest transposition, trochleoplasty, and
      lateral joint capsule imbrication. The techniques used were the same as described
      in the dog. One year after surgery, the llama was not lame, but had a valgus
      deformity originating at the stifle, most likely caused by lateral femoral
      condyle hypoplasia.

PMID- 2921208
TI  - Cutaneous ergotism in a herd of dairy calves.
AB  - Weather conditions in northern Illinois favored infection of pasture grasses with
      Claviceps purpurea. A herd of 52 Holstein heifers selectively grazed the
      seedheads of an orchard grassbromegrass pasture infected with C purpurea and were
      poisoned. Peptide alkaloids were found in the sclerotia. Clinical signs of
      intoxication included lameness, edema of the hind limbs, epilation, areas of skin
      necrosis, and diarrhea. Pathologic findings included myopachynsis of arterioles
      in the deep dermal areas, lungs, kidney, spleen, submucosa of small intestines
      and cerebral cortex, focal cracks on the hoofs, and multifocal areas of
      detachment of the hoof wall. Of the 52 heifers, 3 died on the farm, 1 was
      euthanatized, and 3 were sold. The remaining heifers conceived without
      difficulty, and subsequent calvings were uncomplicated.

PMID- 2921209
TI  - Aflatoxicosis in Iowa swine: eight cases (1983-1985).
AB  - During 1983, 1984, and 1985, aflatoxicosis was diagnosed in 8 Iowa swine herds
      after the herds were fed corn from the 1983 corn crop. As a result of the
      diagnosis, the associated environmental conditions, clinical signs of
      aflatoxicosis, macroscopic and microscopic lesions, aflatoxin concentrations
      detected in feeds, and management of affected swine were reviewed. Concentrations
      of aflatoxin in shelled corn and complete feed were as high as 2,020 ng and 1,200
      ng of aflatoxin (B1 and B2)/g of feed, respectively. Clinical signs of
      aflatoxicosis included decreased feed consumption and weight loss. Some pigs died
      acutely, but death often was preceded by a period of clinical disease. Greater
      morbidity and mortality were observed in swine herds that consumed greater
      concentrations of aflatoxin.

PMID- 2921210
TI  - Idiopathic epilepsy in three gaur (Bos gaurus).
AB  - Idiopathic epilepsy was diagnosed in 3 gaur in a zoologic park collection during
      a 3-year period. Seizures were characterized by tonic rigidity of all limbs.
      Results of serum biochemical analysis, CBC, blood lead analysis, CSF analysis,
      and necropsy were within normal limits in all gaur. The role of heredity in
      development of seizures in these gaur is unclear because of limited founder stock
      of gaur in North America.

PMID- 2921212
TI  - 1987 incomes of US veterinarians.

PMID- 2921211
TI  - Abortion, stillbirth, neonatal death, and nutritional myodegeneration in a rabbit
      breeding colony.
AB  - Vitamin E deficiency was found to be the cause of reproductive failure and
      nutritional myodegeneration in a rabbit breeding colony. The diagnosis was based
      on the low vitamin E concentration of doe liver (5.73 micrograms/g) associated
      with myodegeneration of tongue, skeletal muscle, and heart and the absence of
      other abnormal microbiologic and parasitologic findings. Supplementation of the
      diet with wheat germ oil returned the does' fertility to normal, and abortion,
      stillbirth, and neonatal death ceased.

PMID- 2921213
TI  - What is your diagnosis? Chronic osteomyelitis of the right scapula and right
      femur.

PMID- 2921214
TI  - Isolation and characterization of new antibiotics resorcinomycins A and B.
AB  - New antibiotics, resorcinomycins A and B, were isolated from the culture broth of
      a streptomycete strain identified as Streptoverticillium roseoverticillatum. The
      antibiotics are water-soluble amphoteric substances, positive to SAKAGUCHI'S
      reagent. The molecular formulas C14H20N4O5 and C13H18N4O5 for A and B were
      indicated by elemental analysis and secondary ion MS. The structures of these
      antibiotics were determined by 1H and 13C NMR spectrometry and some chemical
      evidences to be N-[(S)-alpha-guanidino-3,5-dihydroxy-4
      isopropylphenylacetyl]glyci ne and N-[(S)-alpha-guanidino-3,5-dihydroxy-4
      ethylphenylacetyl]-glycine, respectively.

PMID- 2921215
TI  - A new biological role of sangivamycin; inhibition of protein kinases.
AB  - During the screening for the inhibitors of protein kinase C (PKC), we found that
      a streptomycete produced an inhibitor in our bleb-forming assay (Osada et al., J.
      Antibiotics 41: 925, 1988). The inhibitor was isolated and identified as
      sangivamycin (4-amino-5-carboxamide-7-(D-ribofuranosyl)pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine).
      Biological activity of sangivamycin was compared with that of other 7
      deazaadenosine group antibiotics, tubercidin and toyocamycin. Sangivamycin showed
      a strong inhibitory activity against bleb-formation of K562 cells and PKC. On the
      other hand, tubercidin and toyocamycin had only weak activities in both assays.
      This paper deals with a new biological activity of sangivamycin, that of an
      inhibitor of protein kinases, especially PKC.

PMID- 2921216
TI  - Serum effect on cellular uptake of spermidine, spergualin, 15-deoxyspergualin,
      and their metabolites by L5178Y cells.
AB  - Spergualin (SG) and 15-deoxyspergualin (DSG) were more slowly incorporated into
      L5178Y cells than spermidine. SG and DSG inhibited carrier-mediated transport of
      [3H]spermidine competitively with inhibition constants of 0.67 mM and 0.45 mM,
      respectively. Addition of calf serum stimulated uptake of [3H]spermidine into the
      cells in a serum concentration-dependent manner. The effect was not observed when
      horse serum was used in place of calf serum. Preincubation of spermidine in calf
      serum for 1 hour before addition to cells remarkably decreased cellular
      incorporation of tritium. Three amine oxidase inhibitors, aminoguanidine, 3
      hydroxybenzyloxyamine, and semicarbazide, inhibited stimulation of uptake of
      [3H]spermidine by calf serum and the decrease of it by preincubation in calf
      serum. So we propose that cellular incorporation or binding of products generated
      by oxidation of spermidine by amine oxidase in calf serum was much faster than
      that of spermidine itself and they were unstable and transformed quickly to
      unincorporable or non-binding substances if cellular targets were not present.
      Effect of amine oxidase inhibitors on cytotoxic activity of SG and DSG were
      determined in low and high concentrations of calf serum. In the presence of 10%
      calf serum in the basal medium, cytotoxicity to L5178Y cells by SG and DSG was
      suppressed at high drug concentrations (above 10 micrograms/ml) and enhanced at
      low drug concentrations (below 2.5 micrograms/ml) by amine oxidase inhibitors. In
      the presence of 0.5% calf serum suppression of cytotoxicity at high drug
      concentrations by amine oxidase inhibitors was also observed, but enhancement at
      low drug concentrations was obscure. These data may suggest the existence of two
      kinds of cytotoxic mechanism of SG and DSG, one dependent on and one independent
      of amine oxidase in serum.

PMID- 2921217
TI  - Structural alteration of SN-07 chromophore.

PMID- 2921218
TI  - Microbial O-phosphorylation of macrolide antibiotics.

PMID- 2921219
TI  - Isolation and properties of a blasticidin S acetylating enzyme from a producer
      organism.

PMID- 2921220
TI  - A new antibiotic, tautomycetin.

PMID- 2921221
TI  - A new antitumor antibiotic, FR-66979.

PMID- 2921222
TI  - Structures of jietacines: unique alpha,beta-unsaturated azoxy antibiotics.

PMID- 2921223
TI  - Two new carbapenem antibiotic-producing actinomycetes: Kitasatosporia papulosa
      sp. nov. and Kitasatosporia grisea sp. nov.
AB  - Two new carbapenem antibiotic-producing actinomycetes, the cell-walls of which
      contain LL-diaminopimelic acid and meso-diaminopimelic acid, were isolated from
      soil. The two strains were subjected to taxonomic studies, which involved
      morphological, cultural, physiological and chemotaxonomical characterization, the
      latter including the cell-wall chemo-type, whole-cell sugar composition,
      phospholipid composition, menaquinone system and DNA base composition. These
      strains were identified as new species of the genus Kitasatosporia. The proposed
      names are Kitasatosporia papulosa for strain AB-110 (IAM 13637, FERM 9000, JCM
      7250) and Kitasatosporia grisea for strain AA-107 (IAM 13638, JCM 7249).

PMID- 2921224
TI  - Origin of monacolin L from Aspergillus terreus cultures.
AB  - In freshly harvested Aspergillus terreus cultures grown for the production of
      lovastatin (formerly called mevinolin), no monacolin L could be detected.
      However, during the isolation of lovastatin, significant quantities of monacolin
      L appeared. It has been discovered that a new metabolite structurally related to
      the members of the monacolin series is present. This metabolite is unstable and
      under mildly acidic conditions and elevated temperature, it converts to monacolin
      L. The subject metabolite is proven to be a hydroxylated derivative of
      dihydromonacolin L identified as 3 alpha-hydroxy-3,5-dihydromonacolin L. It seems
      that all monacolin L found later during various treatments of the broth and broth
      extracts is formed from that precursor via a dehydration reaction. The new
      metabolite was converted to its phenacyl ester, by means of extractive
      alkylation, for isolation and structure elucidation by chemical, chromatographic
      and spectroscopic methods. This ester, on standing, gradually formed the
      corresponding lactone.

PMID- 2921225
TI  - Endusamycin, a novel polycyclic ether antibiotic produced by a strain of
      Streptomyces endus subsp. aureus.
AB  - Endusamycin formerly called CP-63,517 (C47H77O14Na), is a novel polycyclic ether
      antibiotic produced by a new strain of Streptomyces endus subsp. aureus (ATCC
      39574). Recovery, fractionation and purification were achieved using standard
      procedures. Forms include the endusamycin free acid, mp 95 approximately 105
      degrees C, lambda max 232 nm (log E 4.16), [alpha]25D +47.4 degrees (c 0.5,
      methanol) and a crystalline sodium salt, mp 215 approximately 220 degrees C,
      lambda max 232 nm, (log E 4.15), [alpha]25D +25 degrees (c 0.5, methanol). The
      structure is shown below, Fig. 1. Endusamycin exhibited; antibacterial activity,
      in vitro against Gram-positive and anaerobic bacteria, effectiveness against
      coccidia in poultry, and stimulation of propionic acid production in an in vitro
      system.

PMID- 2921226
TI  - Hydrogenation of quinone compounds during secondary ion mass spectra measurement.
AB  - Antibiotics containing a quinone group show characteristic reduced pseudo
      molecular ions (M + 2)+ and (M + 3)+ during the measurements of secondary ion
      mass spectra using glycerol as a matrix. The ratios of peak intensities (M + 2)+
      and (M + 3)+ over (M + 1)+ increase with time. As this phenomenon is not found
      using sulfolane as a matrix, the quinone group seems to be hydrogenated to a
      hydroquinone by active hydrogen which is produced from a free hydroxyl group of
      the glycerol by bombardment with the Xe+ beam. This hydrogenation reaction is
      specific for the quinone group.

PMID- 2921227
TI  - Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 3-(2-imidazolyl)thiomethyl
      cephalosporins.
AB  - The synthesis and structure-activity relationships of a series of 3-(2
      imidazolyl)thiomethyl cephalosporins are described. Among the compounds, 7 beta
      [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-(Z)-2-methoxyiminoacetamido]-3- [(4,5
      dicarboxyimidazol-2-yl)thiomethyl]-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid (1) exhibited
      potent activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria including
      Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We also estimated lipophilicity of the compounds from the
      chromatographic log k' value of reversed-phase HPLC. The relationship between
      lipophilicity and biological activity showed that compound 1 had the most
      suitable lipophilicity.

PMID- 2921229
TI  - Viriplanin A, a new anthracycline antibiotic of the nogalamycin group. II. The
      structure of a novel hydroxyamino sugar from reduced viriplanin A.
AB  - Methyl 2,3,6-trideoxy-3-hydroxyamino-3-C-methyl-alpha-D-ribo-hexopyranoside+ ++
      (2) and the corresponding amino sugar (4) were isolated from reduced viriplanin A
      by acidic methanolysis and esterified to the di-p-bromobenzoates (3 and 5),
      respectively. The absolute configuration of crystalline 3 was determined by X-ray
      analysis to be alpha-D. This result could be confirmed by oxidation of 2 to
      methyl alpha-D-decilonitroside (6) and from the CD spectra of 3 and 5. Thus, the
      nitrogen-containing sugars of viriplanin A and probably those of decilorubicin
      and arugomycin belong to the D-series.

PMID- 2921228
TI  - Synthesis and antibacterial evaluation of N-alkyl vancomycins.
AB  - Over eighty N-alkyl vancomycins were synthesized by reductive alkylation of
      vancomycin with the appropriate aldehydes. The N-alkyl vancomycins exhibit
      greater antibacterial activity than the corresponding N-acyl vancomycins and the
      parent antibiotic. Some of these semisynthetic vancomycins are five times more
      active than vancomycin. The N-alkyl vancomycins also show longer elimination half
      lives in rats than vancomycin.

PMID- 2921230
TI  - Phenelfamycins, a novel complex of elfamycin-type antibiotics. III. Activity in
      vitro and in a hamster colitis model.
AB  - Phenelfamycins A, B, C, E, F and unphenelfamycin make up a recently isolated
      group of elfamycin-type antibiotics. All of the phenelfamycins were active
      against Gram-positive anaerobes, including Clostridium difficile. Phenelfamycin A
      was also active in vitro against Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Streptococci.
      Phenelfamycin A was found to be effective in prolonging the survival of hamsters
      in an animal model of C. difficile enterocolitis. After oral administration of
      phenelfamycin A to hamsters, antibiotic was detected in the caecal contents but
      not in the blood.

PMID- 2921231
TI  - Rat pituitary tumor cells in serum-free culture. I. Selection of thyroid hormone
      responsive and autonomous cells.
AB  - The growth of GH4C1, GH3, GH1, and GH3C15 rat pituitary tumor cell lines was
      studied in a serum-free medium (designated TRM-1) formulated with 1:1 (vol/vol)
      mixture of Ham's F12 nutrient mixture and Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (F12
      DME) containing 15 mM 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES),
      50 micrograms/ml gentamicin supplemented with 10 micrograms/ml bovine insulin, 10
      micrograms/ml human transferrin (Tf), 10 ng/ml selenous acid, 10 nM 3,5,3'
      triiodothyronine (T3), 50 microM ethanolamine (Etn), and 500 micrograms/ml bovine
      serum albumin. Of the lines evaluated, only the GH1 failed to grow in TRM-1.
      Passage of the GH4C1 and GH3 lines from serum-containing medium into TRM-1 caused
      an initial selection resulting in cells that grew progressively at higher rates
      and finally were maintained indefinitely in TRM-1. These populations showed a
      requirement for supraphysiologic concentrations of T3 (1.0 to 10 nM). After
      adaptation of the GH4C1 line in TRM-1 for greater than or equal to 20
      generations, removal of components gave a less complex mixture containing 15 mM
      HEPES, 50 micrograms/ml gentamicin, 10 micrograms/ml Tf, 10 nM T3, and 50 microM
      Etn (designated TRM-2) that supported serial passage of the cells. Under these
      conditions, thyroid hormone dependence was lost progressively. When T3 was
      removed from TRM-2 adapted cells, a third population was selected that no longer
      required thyroid hormones and was only slightly stimulated by T3. These studies
      demonstrated that the combination of serum-containing and serum-free conditions
      can be used to select pituitary cell populations that a) required both serum
      factor(s) and T3 for optimum growth, b) required supraphysiologic concentrations
      of T3 without serum proteins other than Tf and albumin, and c) were completely
      autonomous in that they proliferated in medium supplemented only with Tf and
      nutrients without necessity of other serum factor(s) or T3.

PMID- 2921232
TI  - Rat pituitary tumor cells in serum-free culture. II. Serum factor and thyroid
      hormone requirements for estrogen-responsive growth.
AB  - The effect of 17 beta-estradiol (E2) on growth of GH4C1 rat pituitary tumor cells
      was investigated under serum-free conditions and with medium containing charcoal
      extracted serum. Serum-free TRM-1 medium was a 1:1 (vol/vol) mixture of F12-DME
      supplemented with 50 micrograms/ml gentamicin, 15 mM 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1
      piperazineethanesulfonic acid, 10 micrograms/ml insulin, 10 micrograms/ml
      transferrin, 10 ng/ml selenous acid, 10 nM 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3), 50
      microM ethanolamine, and 500 micrograms/ml bovine serum albumin. The cells grew
      continuously in TRM-1 but were E2 responsive only when growth was retarded by
      reducing the T3 concentration to 10 pM (TRM-MOD). Addition of 1 to 10 nM E2 to
      TRM-MOD increased growth by 0.3 to 0.9 cell population doublings over controls in
      9 d. By using medium supplemented with charcoal-extracted sera, basal growth
      became 1 to 1.5 cell population doublings in 9 d. Addition of 0.1 pM E2 to medium
      containing charcoal-extracted serum caused a significant increase in cell number
      whereas pM-nM concentrations stimulated 200 to 570% increases over controls. The
      effect of steroid hormone was the same in phenol-red-containing and indicator
      free medium. The data presented confirm that the major requirements for
      demonstration of estrogenic effects in culture were optimum concentrations of
      thyroid hormones and the presence of yet-to-be-characterized serum factors.

PMID- 2921233
TI  - Growth of rat mammary tumor line 64-24 in liposome-supplemented defined medium.
      I. Effect of liposome B components on colony growth.
AB  - An improved serum-free medium has been developed that supports growth of rat
      mammary tumor line 64-24 with far less protein supplementation and with a much
      smaller inoculum than previously possible. An initial survey showed that MCDB 202
      supported clonal growth with 1% dialyzed serum. The remaining serum was then
      replaced with 5 micrograms/ml insulin, 10 ng/ml epidermal growth factor (EGF), 1
      micrograms/ml hydrocortisone, 50 ng/ml ovine prolactin, and 5 micrograms/ml
      liposome B (a mixture of soy lecithin, sphingomyelin, cholesterol, vitamin E, and
      vitamin E acetate in liposome form). Insulin and EGF are required and growth is
      improved by hydrocortisone and prolactin. Estradiol is stimulatory in the absence
      of liposome B. With adequate iron supplementation, transferrin has no effect.
      Liposome B increases growth rate substantially. Most of the growth stimulation
      can be replaced with phosphatidylethanolamine or sphingomyelin.

PMID- 2921234
TI  - Growth of rat mammary tumor line 64-24 in liposome-supplemented defined medium.
      II. Effect of liposome B and prolactin on colony forming efficiency.
AB  - During studies on serum-free clonal growth of rat mammary tumor line 64-24, we
      observed that liposome B causes a major increase in colony-forming efficiency.
      This phenomenon was studied with a short-term assay based on phase contrast
      microscopic observation of the effects of liposome B on recently plated, serum
      depleted cells. In the serum-free medium, colony forming efficiency is not
      determined primarily by viability (measured by dye exclusion) or cell attachment.
      Instead, most of the effect is determined by the extent of degeneration that
      occurs during cell elongation and the first division. Factors that prevent
      degeneration, such as liposome B, restore colony forming efficiency. Prolactin
      alone stimulates cell elongation but does not prevent degeneration. However, the
      combination of prolactin and liposome B increases colony formation to levels
      observed in the presence of serum.

PMID- 2921235
TI  - Analysis of plasma protein and lipoprotein synthesis in long-term primary
      cultures of baboon hepatocytes maintained in serum-free medium.
AB  - The analysis of lipoprotein synthesis and secretion in primary hepatocytes has
      been restricted by the short-term viability and low proliferative response of
      hepatocytes in vitro. During this investigation a serum-free medium formulation
      was developed that supports long-term maintenance (greater than 70 d) and active
      proliferation of primary baboon hepatocytes. Examination of proliferating cells
      by electron microscopy revealed a distinctive hepatocyte ultrastructure including
      intercellular bile canaliculi and numerous surface microvilli. High levels of
      secreted apolipoproteins A-I and E were detected in the tissue culture medium by
      gel electrophoresis and immunoblot analysis. Immunoprecipitation of proteins from
      [35S]-methionine labeled tissue culture medium revealed the synthesis and
      secretion of numerous plasma proteins. Metabolic labeling of cells with [35S]
      methionine followed by single-spin density gradient flotation of the media
      demonstrated that apolipoproteins were being secreted in the form of lipoprotein
      particles with buoyant densities corresponding to the very low density
      lipoprotein and low density lipoprotein range, and to the high density
      lipoprotein range. The labeled apolipoproteins included Bh, E, and A-I. This
      system for primary hepatocyte culture should prove very useful in future
      investigations on the regulation of lipoprotein production by hepatocytes.

PMID- 2921236
TI  - Characterization of vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype in long-term culture.
AB  - Studies of bovine carotid artery smooth muscle cells, during long-term in vitro
      subcultivation (up to 100 population doublings), have revealed phenotypic
      heterogeneity among cells, as characterized by differences in proliferative
      behavior, cell morphology, and contractile-cytoskeletal protein profiles. In
      vivo, smooth muscle cells were spindle-shaped and expressed desmin and alpha
      smooth muscle actin (50% of total actin) as their predominant cytoskeletal and
      contractile proteins. Within 24 h of culture, vimentin rather than desmin was the
      predominant intermediate filament protein, with little change in alpha-actin
      content. Upon initial subcultivation, all cells were flattened and fibroblastic
      in appearance with a concomitant fivefold reduction in alpha-actin content,
      whereas the beta and gamma nonmuscle actins predominated. In three out of four
      cell lines studied, fluctuations in proliferative activity were observed during
      the life span of the culture. These spontaneous fluctuations in proliferation
      were accompanied by coordinated changes in morphology and contractile
      cytoskeletal protein profiles. During periods of enhanced proliferation a
      significant proportion of cells reverted to their original spindle-shaped
      morphology with a simultaneous increase in alpha-actin content (20 to 30% of
      total actin). These results suggest that in long-term culture smooth muscle cells
      undergo spontaneous modulations in cell phenotype and may serve as a useful model
      for studying the regulation of intracellular protein expression.

PMID- 2921237
TI  - Stainless steel mesh supports high density cell growth and production of
      recombinant mullerian inhibiting substances.
AB  - Stainless steel mesh supported the high density growth of anchorage dependent CHO
      fibroblasts without the use of a special culture system. CHO cells, designated B
      9, containing an amplified genomic construct of the human gene for Mullerian
      Inhibiting Substance (MIS), grew to a high confluent density on stainless steel
      meshwork while producing substantial amounts of human recombinant MIS over a long
      period of time. The mesh could be easily coated with various extracellular matrix
      proteins, such as Laminin, Fibronectin, Collagen or Matrigel, which permitted the
      testing of the effects of surface modifications on cell yield and recombinant
      protein production. Since the amount of medium per surface area required for
      optimal cell growth is lower than for some large volume cell culture methods,
      media costs can be reduced using mesh. In addition, no special cell culture
      equipment or complex manipulations are required. Thus, the use of meshwork for
      anchorage-dependent cells can increase the efficiency of growth and decrease the
      cost of recombinant protein production.

PMID- 2921238
TI  - Two transcribing activities are involved in expression of the Streptomyces
      galactose operon.
AB  - The Streptomyces galactose operon is transcribed from two independently regulated
      promoters: galP1, located at the 5' end of the operon and responsible for
      galactose-dependent transcription of the operon, and galP2, an internal
      constitutive promoter. We identified and partially separated two distinct
      transcribing activities involved in expression of this operon. Using RNA
      polymerase from Streptomyces lividans and Streptomyces coelicolor partially
      purified by chromatography on heparin-agarose and DNA-cellulose, we detected
      activities capable of initiating transcription in vitro specifically from either
      galP1 or galP2. Circumstantial evidence suggests that the activity for galP2
      transcription is a holoenzyme species associated with the previously described
      sigma 28 protein (referred to here as sigma C). The galP1-transcribing activity
      is more difficult to evaluate. This activity may correspond to a holoenzyme
      species associated with sigma A (formerly sigma 35), although other possibilities
      are discussed. This would be the second reported example of a catabolite
      controlled gene in Streptomyces species expressed from multiple promoters
      recognized by different holoenzyme forms. This may indicate that the involvement
      of RNA polymerase heterogeneity in gene expression in Streptomyces species is a
      more general strategy for regulation than the specialized gene expression seen in
      Escherichia coli.

PMID- 2921239
TI  - Activation of formylmethanofuran synthesis in cell extracts of Methanobacterium
      thermoautotrophicum.
AB  - In cell extracts of Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum, formylmethanofuran
      (formyl-MFR) synthesis (an essential CO2 fixation reaction that is an early step
      in CO2 reduction to methane) is subject to a complex activation that involves a
      heterodisulfide of coenzyme M and N-(7-mercaptoheptanoyl)threonine O3-phosphate
      (CoM-S-S-HTP). In this paper we report that titanium(III) citrate, a low
      potential reducing agent, stimulated CO2 reduction to methane and activated
      formyl-MFR synthesis in cell extracts. Titanium(III) citrate functioned as the
      sole source of electrons for formyl-MFR synthesis and enabled this reaction to
      occur independently of CoM-S-S-HTP. In addition, CoM-S-S-HTP was found to
      activate an unknown electron carrier that reduced metronidazole. The activation
      of formyl-MFR synthesis by CoM-S-S-HTP may involve the activation of a low
      potential electron carrier.

PMID- 2921240
TI  - Microbial degradation of beta-chlorinated four-carbon aliphatic acids.
AB  - Alcaligenes sp. strain CC1 is able to grow on several alpha-chlorinated aliphatic
      acids (2-chlorobutyrate, 2-chloropropionate, and chloroacetate), as well as on
      the beta-chlorinated four-carbon aliphatic acids trans-3-chlorocrotonate, cis-3
      chlorocrotonate, and 3-chlorobutyrate as sole carbon and energy sources.
      Dehalogenation of alpha-chlorinated acids could be measured by using resting
      cells grown on all the different carbon sources, whereas dehalogenation of beta
      chlorinated four-carbon acids could be detected only by using resting cells grown
      on four-carbon compounds. A constitutive 2-haloacid dehalogenase, which did not
      show any activity with beta-chlorinated four-carbon acids, was detected in cell
      extracts. Cell extracts of crotonate-grown cells additionally contained a beta
      haloacid dechlorination activity, which acted on trans-3-chlorocrotonate, cis-3
      chlorocrotonate, and 3-chlorobutyrate and was strictly dependent on coenzyme A,
      ATP, and Mg2+. Dechlorination of beta-chlorinated four-carbon acids takes place
      after activation of the acids to their coenzyme A derivatives and seems to be
      independent of the constitutive 2-haloacid dehalogenase.

PMID- 2921241
TI  - Identification and sequence analysis of two related flagellin genes in Rhizobium
      meliloti.
AB  - The genomic region that codes for the flagellin subunits of the complex flagellar
      filaments of Rhizobium meliloti was cloned and sequenced. Two structural genes,
      flaA and flaB, that encode 395- and 396-amino-acid polypeptides, respectively,
      were identified. These exhibit 87% sequence identity. The amino acid sequences of
      tryptic peptides suggest that both of these subunit proteins are represented in
      the flagellar filaments. The N-terminal methionine was absent from the mature
      flagellin subunits. Their derived primary structures show almost no relationship
      to flagellins from Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, or Bacillus subtilis
      but exhibit up to 60% similarity to the N- and C-terminal portions of flagellin
      from Caulobacter crescentus. It is suggested that the complex flagellar filaments
      of R. meliloti are unique in being assembled from heterodimers of two related
      flagellin subunits. The tandemly arranged flagellin genes were shown to be
      transcribed separately from unusual promoter sequences.

PMID- 2921242
TI  - Identification and characterization of catA, a mutation causing catalase
      deficiency in Dictyostelium discoideum.
AB  - Various strains of Dictyostelium discoideum were assayed for catalase activity.
      We were able to demonstrate the presence of catalase in lysates of all strains
      tested except one, ts12m. Lysates of this strain did not show any detectable
      level of catalase. The increased sensitivity of intact ts12m amoebae to hydrogen
      peroxide was consistent with the catalase deficiency. We followed catalase
      activity through a developmental time course for the wild type (Ddb) and were
      able to show its presence throughout development. No catalase activity was
      detected from ts12m in any stage of development. The growth and development of
      this acatalasemic strain of D. discoideum was no different than those of the wild
      type. The mutation, catA, was assigned to linkage group II.

PMID- 2921243
TI  - Changes in diadenosine tetraphosphate levels in Physarum polycephalum with
      different oxygen concentrations.
AB  - Cellular levels of diadenosine tetraphosphate (Ap4A) were measured, by a specific
      high-pressure liquid chromatography method, in microplasmodia of Physarum
      polycephalum subjected to different degrees of hypoxia, hyperoxia, and treatment
      with H2O2. Ap4A levels increased three- to sevenfold under anaerobic conditions,
      and the microplasmodia remained viable after such treatment. Elevated levels of
      Ap4A returned to the basal level within 5 to 10 min upon reoxygenation of the
      microplasmodia. The increases in Ap4A levels were larger in stationary-phase or
      starved microplasmodia than in fed, log-phase microplasmodia. The maximal
      increase measured in log-phase microplasmodia was twofold. No significant changes
      in Ap4A levels occurred in microplasmodia subjected to mild hypoxia, hyperoxia,
      or treatment with 1 mM H2O2. These results indicate that in P. polycephalum, Ap4A
      may function in the metabolic response to anaerobic conditions rather than in the
      response to oxidative stress.

PMID- 2921244
TI  - Organization of the flaFG gene cluster and identification of two additional genes
      involved in flagellum biogenesis in Caulobacter crescentus.
AB  - In Caulobacter crescentus, mutations have been isolated in more than 30 flagellar
      genes (fla, flb, and flg) which are required in the cell cycle event of flagellum
      biogenesis. The flaF and flaG mutations and two newly identified mutations, flbT
      and flbA (P.V. Schoenlein and B. Ely, J. Bacteriol. 171:000-000, 1989), have been
      localized to the flaFG region. In this study, the genetic and physical
      organization of this region was analyzed, using the cloned 4.0-kilobase flaFG
      region in the recombinant plasmid pPLG727. Plasmid pPLG727 complemented flaF,
      flaG, flbA, and flbT mutations. Further complementation studies with pPLG727
      derivatives indicated that flaF and flbT are unique but overlapping transcription
      units, whereas flbA and flaG constitute a single transcription unit. To determine
      the direction of transcription of the putative flbA-flaG operon, the promoterless
      chloramphenicol transacetylase gene was inserted into various positions in the
      flbA-flaG region, and merodiploid strains containing these transcriptional
      fusions were assayed for gene function and expression of chloramphenicol
      resistance. These studies showed that transcription proceeds from flbA to flaG.
      To confirm the complementation analysis, Southern analyses were performed on
      chromosomal DNAs isolated from strains containing insertion and deletion
      mutations. Taken together, these studies defined the relative gene order at one
      end of the flaYG flagellar gene cluser as flgL-flaF-flbT-flbA-flaG.

PMID- 2921245
TI  - Role for [corrected] Agrobacterium tumefaciens ChvA protein in export of beta-1,2
      glucan.
AB  - Functional chvA and chvB genes are required for attachment of Agrobacterium
      tumefaciens to plant cells, an early step in crown gall tumor formation. Strains
      defective in these loci do not secrete normal amounts of cyclic beta-1,2-glucan.
      Whereas chvB is required for beta-1,2-glucan synthesis, the role of chvA in
      glucan synthesis or export has not been clearly defined. We found that cultures
      of chvA mutants contained as much neutral beta-1,2-glucan in the cell pellets as
      did the wild type, with no detectable accumulation of glucan in the culture
      supernatant. The cytoplasm of chvA mutant cells contained over three times more
      soluble beta-1,2-glucan than did the cytoplasm of the wild-type parent. Unlike
      the wild type, chvA mutants contained no detectable periplasmic glucan. The amino
      acid sequence of chvA is highly homologous to the sequences of bacterial and
      eucaryotic export proteins, as observed previously in the case of ndvA, a
      rhizobial homolog of chvA. Strong sequence homology within this family of export
      proteins is concentrated in the carboxy-terminal portions of the proteins, but
      placement of consensus ATP-binding sites, internal signal sequences, and
      hydrophobic domains are conserved over their entire lengths. These data suggest a
      model for beta-1,2-glucan synthesis in A. tumefaciens in which glucan is
      synthesized inside the inner membrane with the participation of ChvB and
      transported across the inner membrane with the participation of ChvA.

PMID- 2921246
TI  - A protein required for transcriptional regulation of Agrobacterium virulence
      genes spans the cytoplasmic membrane.
AB  - The VirA protein is one of two proteins required for transcriptional activation
      of Agrobacterium tumefaciens virulence genes in response to phenolic compounds
      released by plants during infection. We describe two experimental approaches
      which indicate that this protein has a transmembrane topology. First,
      spheroplasts of Escherichia coli or wild-type A. tumefaciens expressing the VirA
      protein were treated with proteinase K to digest periplasmic proteins, and the
      remaining proteins were immunologically stained on Western blots (immunoblots) by
      using anti-VirA antibody. Second, transposon TnphoA was used to generate
      translational fusions between virA and phoA, the latter of which is the
      structural gene for alkaline phosphatase. Both techniques indicated that VirA
      spans the cytoplasmic membrane, with approximately 275 amino acids near the amino
      terminus being localized in the periplasmic space and the rest of the protein
      being localized in the cytoplasm. We also show that overexpression of VirA in E.
      coli is deleterious to cell growth and that this phenomenon depends on the
      synthesis of either the second hydrophobic core or some nearby portion of the
      VirA protein.

PMID- 2921247
TI  - Cloning and sequence analysis of flaA, a gene encoding a Spirochaeta aurantia
      flagellar filament surface antigen.
AB  - Spirochaeta aurantia DNA that coded for an antigenic determinant of the flagellin
      associated with the filament surface of the periplasmic flagella was isolated.
      When expressed in Escherichia coli, the antigenic polypeptide had an apparent
      molecular weight of 37,000. Sequence analysis of the antigen-encoding DNA
      revealed the presence of an open reading frame that determined a polypeptide with
      a predicted molecular weight of 31,241. This polypeptide showed a region of
      identity with the N-amino-terminal region of the 39,000- and 37,000-dalton
      flagellins of the distantly related spirochetes Treponema phagedenis and
      Treponema pallidum, respectively (S. J. Norris, N. W. Charon, R. G. Cook, M. D.
      Fuentes, and R. J. Limberger, J. Bacteriol. 170:4072-4082, 1988). The region of
      identity in the deduced S. aurantia polypeptide was preceded by a possible signal
      sequence and signal peptidase cleavage site.

PMID- 2921248
TI  - Mutation of Bacillus firmus OF4 to duramycin resistance results in substantial
      replacement of membrane lipid phosphatidylethanolamine by its plasmalogen form.
AB  - Mutant strains of alkalophilic Bacillus firmus OF4 that were selected for
      resistance to duramycin had greatly reduced levels of membrane
      diacylphosphatidylethanolamine, as had been found in studies of such mutants of
      Bacillus subtilis. In the B. firmus strains, however, substantial levels of
      plasmenylethanolamine were found. This is an unusual membrane component for an
      aerobic eubacterium, but the presence of trace amounts even in the wild type was
      confirmed in experiments with 32Pi-labeled growth medium. The membrane lipid
      composition of the duramycin-resistant strains had several other changes that
      also left alkalophilic growth unimpaired.

PMID- 2921250
TI  - Structure of an acidic exopolysaccharide of Pseudomonas marginalis HT041B.
AB  - The exopolysaccharide of Pseudomonas marginalis HT041B has been characterized as
      a 1,3-linked galactoglucan in which galactose and glucose are in the alpha- and
      beta-anomeric configurations, respectively. The polysaccharide is substituted
      with pyruvate at the 4 and 6 positions of galactose and with succinic acid at
      either the 2 or 4 position of glucose. This polysaccharide has been given the
      trivial name marginalan.

PMID- 2921249
TI  - Two chromosomal loci involved in production of exopolysaccharide in Agrobacterium
      tumefaciens.
AB  - The chromosomal locus pscA (exoC) of Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4301 has been
      cloned by complementation of the avirulent and exopolysaccharide (EPS)-deficient
      mutant LBA4301 pscA. We have also identified a new locus, termed psdA
      (polysaccharide depression) and located 16 kilobases from pscA in the A.
      tumefaciens chromosome, that negatively affects EPS production when it is present
      in more than one copy in A. tumefaciens LBA4301. Subcloning, transposon
      mutagenesis, and transcriptional analysis have been conducted for both loci and
      indicate that pscA and psdA are transcribed in the same orientation. Acidic-EPS
      assays showed that psdA depresses succinoglycan production and that its negative
      effect increases with the copy number of the gene. Virulence tests of psdA
      transconjugants on Datura stramonium showed no visible alteration in virulence,
      while LBA4301 pscA was totally avirulent.

PMID- 2921251
TI  - Immunity to diphtheria, six to 15 years after a basic three-dose immunization
      schedule.
AB  - The results of a study of the immunity to diphtheria of 283 girls (9-18 years of
      age) vaccinated at the age of two years with three doses of vaccine, are
      reported. The rabbit skin test was used to determine the titre of serum
      diphtheria antitoxin. 55.8% of the subjects were found to be protected (titre
      greater than or equal to 0.1 IU/ml), 38.9% were only relatively immune (titre
      greater than or equal to 0.01- less than 0.01 IU/ml), and 5.3% were unprotected
      (titre less than 0.01 IU/ml). The antitoxin titres showed a tendency to decrease
      with time. Even so, 6-15 years after vaccination, the percentages of protected
      and partially protected subjects were still high (95%).

PMID- 2921252
TI  - A comparison of polyclonal antisera to pregnanediol 3 alpha glucuronide obtained
      from three different rabbits and their use in ELISA.
AB  - The variation in the estimates of urinary pregnanediol glucuronide obtained by
      ELISA with 12 polyclonal antisera has been assessed. Of the 12 antisera, eight
      gave values comparable with each other and could be used interchangeably in the
      ELISA. Thus a large stock of polyclonal antibody which gave consistent values was
      generated and can now be used in diagnostic ELISA over a long period of time.
      This procedure is more economical than the development of monoclonal antibodies
      for the same purpose.

PMID- 2921253
TI  - The quantitative assay of the clustering activity of the lymphocytosis-promoting
      factor (pertussis toxin) of Bordetella pertussis on Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)
      cells.
AB  - An experimental design and a statistical method for the estimation of the
      clustering-response activity of lymphocytosis-promoting factor (LPF) in Chinese
      hamster ovary cells growing in wells on a microplate were investigated. The
      scoring method introduced by Ipsen was adopted to express the grade of the
      clustering response rather than the end-point method generally used. The scoring
      method was validated by statistical analyses. The grade of response varied with
      the location of the wells on a microplate, and thus the expression of the
      clustering activity of a test sample in terms of the end-point may be inadequate
      in terms of accuracy and reproducibility. It was shown that the allocation of
      test samples to individual wells according to a Latin square design minimized the
      effect of the location of wells on the clustering response. Under such
      experimental conditions, a fairly precise and reproducible method for the
      quantification of the clustering activity was developed.

PMID- 2921254
TI  - Actual burn nutrition care practices. A national survey (Part I).

PMID- 2921255
TI  - A randomized trial of plasma exchange in the treatment of burn shock.
AB  - Hypovolemia following major thermal injury results from increased capillary
      permeability with subsequent loss of fluid into the interstitium. Investigations
      of burn shock have demonstrated the release of circulating factors that effect
      these fluid shifts. Previous studies have suggested that this process can be
      altered by the performance of plasma exchange in patients who fail to respond to
      conventional resuscitation. This study evaluated the effect of plasma exchange
      during burn shock. Twenty-two adult subjects were randomly assigned to one of two
      groups. The control group received standard fluid resuscitation guided by the
      Parkland formula; the treatment group received the same resuscitation in addition
      to a course of plasma exchange. Seventeen subjects, eight from the control group
      and nine from the plasma exchange group, completed the study. Control subjects
      had a mean age of 37 years, a mean burn size of 52.3% total body surface area,
      and a mean full-thickness injury of 24.6% total body surface area. Plasma
      exchange patients had a mean age of 38 years, a mean burn size of 49.4% total
      body surface area, and a mean full-thickness injury of 37.3% total body surface
      area (p less than 0.01 compared to the control group). Completion of
      resuscitation was accomplished earlier in the plasma exchange group (20.2 hours
      versus 30.8 hours; p less than 0.05). There was no difference in the total amount
      of fluid required to achieve resuscitation. The mean urine output during
      resuscitation was greater for the plasma exchange group (p less than 0.01).
      Performance of plasma exchange during the second 8-hour period after the burn did
      not alter the course of burn shock in this study group.

PMID- 2921256
TI  - Sequence of morphologic events in experimental smoke inhalation.
AB  - The experimentally induced smoke inhalation injury in sheep is in many respects
      similar to that observed in smoke-injured humans. Our sheep model allows us to
      describe a sequence of morphologic changes that may be divided into four fairly
      discrete although overlapping phases. The magnitude of the destructive process
      and the length and characteristics of each phase are related to the severity of
      the injury and the superimposed complications. The availability of this animal
      model may allow the experimental manipulation of each of the four described
      phases to investigate physiopathologic and therapeutic implications toward the
      prompt normalization of pulmonary function.

PMID- 2921257
TI  - Normal phosphatidylcholine composition of lung surfactant 24 hours after
      inhalation injury.
AB  - The effects of cotton smoke injury on the phosphatidylcholine composition of
      pulmonary surfactant material were studied. While under halothane anesthesia, 18
      ewes were intubated using a double-lumen tube. In six sheep the left lung was
      exposed to smoke; in another six sheep the right lung was exposed to smoke. A
      sham group of six sheep was insufflated with air instead of smoke. Twenty-four
      hours later the animals were killed, and alveolar lavage fluid was obtained from
      both lungs. Phospholipid material was separated, and its relative
      phosphatidylcholine composition was determined. In the smoke-treated lungs this
      composition was not different statistically when compared with the contralateral
      and the sham-exposed lungs. These findings suggested that smoke inhalation has no
      effect on the composition of the phosphatidylcholine fraction in the alveolar
      lining layer 24 hours after injury.

PMID- 2921258
TI  - Effects of inhalation injury on airway blood flow and edema formation.
AB  - We measured airway blood flow in unanesthetized sheep under control conditions
      and after lung injury induced by inhalation of cotton smoke. Blood flows in
      trachea, carina, main stem bronchi, intraparenchymal bronchi, and whole lung were
      measured by injection of radioactive microspheres. In 10 control sheep mean blood
      flow (+/- SD) was trachea, 17.2 +/- 10.5; main stem bronchi, 17.5 +/- 7.6; and
      whole lung (parenchyma inclusive of all small intraparenchymal airways), 20.5 +/-
      11.9 ml.min-1/100 gm tissue weight. After injury, measurements were made 8 to 30
      hours after smoke inhalation when respiratory distress was evident by arterial
      oxygen tensions of less than 60 mm Hg. Inhalation injury had little effect on
      cardiac output or blood flow to peripheral tissue. However, after inhalation
      injury airway blood flow (n = 6) was increased nine times in trachea, eight times
      in main stem bronchi, twelve times in intraparenchymal bronchi, and two times in
      whole lung. The increased airway blood flow resulted from a selective
      vasodilation of the airway vasculature because arterial driving pressures were
      unchanged by inhalation injury. Other investigators have shown that the
      microvascular permeability of the bronchial circulation is remarkably sensitive
      to inflammation, and the present experiments suggest that a selective
      vasodilation of the airway vasculature is another aspect of the airway response
      to inflammation. Increased airway blood flow through a leaky microvasculature may
      increase capillary filtrate from the bronchial circulation and contribute to the
      pulmonary edema of inhalation injury.

PMID- 2921259
TI  - Smoke inhalation and airway management at a regional burn unit: 1974-1983. Part
      I: Diagnosis and consequences of smoke inhalation.
AB  - Victims of smoke inhalation with and without burns and burn patients with
      respiratory insufficiency for reasons other than smoke at a regional burn unit
      are profiled in terms of age, burn size, length of stay, and mortality. The
      diagnostic characteristics of patients with an inhalation injury (N = 108) are
      listed; 7% of all patients (N = 52) have known smoke exposure with equivocal
      evidence for injury to the airway or pulmonary parenchyma. The degree of
      respiratory (visceral) failure experienced by patients with inhalation injury is
      not uniformly severe. Many of the clues to this diagnosis are indirect and not
      always related to the severity of pulmonary injury. Timing and degree of visceral
      failure control the severity of the injury, which increases progressively from
      that in patients with a burn only (parietal injury) through those with a visceral
      injury only (smoke without burn), those with both smoke and burn, to those with a
      burn and uniformly severe respiratory failure on the basis of sepsis.

PMID- 2921260
TI  - Topical lidocaine in the treatment of partial-thickness burns.
AB  - The analgesic properties and systemic absorption of topical lidocaine in the
      treatment of partial-thickness burns were evaluated by applying a 5% lidocaine
      cream to the burn wound at a concentration of 1 mg/cm2. The plasma lidocaine
      level was measured in 24 patients 15, 30, 60, 120, and 240 minutes after
      application. Systemic analgesics were given 30 minutes before application of the
      lidocaine cream. The Visual Analog Scale was used to record pain intensity in 30
      patients just before and 30 minutes after application of the lidocaine cream. The
      maximal area treated was 28% total body surface area partial-thickness burn with
      application of 4.5 gm of lidocaine, resulting in a plasma level of 5.8
      micrograms/ml. The plasma lidocaine level was constant during the 4-hour
      experiment and was associated with a significant decrease in pain. No infectious,
      allergic, or cardiovascular complications were observed. Our results indicate
      that topical lidocaine cream offers significant pain relief of long duration
      without associated systemic side effects.

PMID- 2921261
TI  - The problem of Social Security disability determination for the burn patient. A
      report from the Committee on Rehabilitation of the American Burn Association
      (ABA).
AB  - The ABA Rehabilitation Committee has developed a form to be included in the
      hospital record at discharge that should facilitate the Social Security
      disability determination process for the burn patient. This form should aid in
      the disability determination process by guiding the Social Security disability
      examiner to the pertinent evidence of limitation and chronicity in the often
      cumbersome medical record and by emphasizing the multiple body system nature of
      the severe burn injury.

PMID- 2921262
TI  - Automated hydrotherapy pool water treatment system.
AB  - An automated hydrotherapy water treatment system was described that controls
      chemical pumps that maintain the pool's water pH and chlorine levels at the
      designated set points, regardless of the bather load. This system consists of
      sensing electrodes, a controller, and positive displacement pumps. Because
      outbreaks of waterborne infections have never been reported in facilities in
      which the pool water has been continuously maintained at pH 7.2 to 7.8 with a
      free available chlorine level of at least 1.0 ppm, we recommend that this type of
      water treatment system be installed in all public pools.

PMID- 2921263
TI  - The microbiology and cleaning of thermoplastic splints in burn care.
AB  - The ability of thermoplastic splints to be a vehicle for the transfer of
      microorganisms from the burn wound was explored. Twenty splints were evaluated
      and 10 (50%) were found to have recoverable microorganisms immediately after
      being removed from the burn patient. Air drying for 10 minutes was not shown to
      be an effective method of removing contaminating microorganisms. A cleaning
      protocol using a quaternary ammonia solution proved to be 100% effective in
      removing microorganisms from thermoplastic splint material.

PMID- 2921264
TI  - Have you tried the sandwich splint? A method of preventing hand deformities in
      children.
AB  - The prevention of contractures of the burned hand is an arduous problem in the
      young pediatric burn patient. Difficulty in applying splints, along with the time
      consuming fabrication of complex splints, led to the development of the
      "sandwich" splint. This easily produced splint provides a means of preventing and
      treating hand deformities in this patient age group. Positive results have been
      noted with the use of this splint in conjunction with the patient's usual active
      physical therapy program.

PMID- 2921265
TI  - Burn prevention begins at home ... your home.

PMID- 2921266
TI  - Promoting a burn center ... and burn prevention.

PMID- 2921267
TI  - Registered nurses and burn care facilities. Factors associated with turnover
      rates.
AB  - The health care system in the United States is suffering from a severe shortage
      of registered nurses. Burn treatment facilities are no exception to this
      phenomenon. As a result of this shortage, institutions have begun hiring less
      trained personnel such as licensed practical/vocational nurses (LPNs/LVNs),
      nursing assistants, burn technicians, and nursing students to fill the void. This
      shortage is so significant that the American Medical Association (AMA) has
      proposed a new category of bedside care provider, a "Registered Care
      Technologist" (RCT). The purpose of this paper is to determine the magnitude of
      the registered nurse shortage in burn care facilities. A second purpose is to
      identify factors associated with high turnover rates and to document the reasons
      why registered burn nurses are leaving their positions.

PMID- 2921268
TI  - The use of the bone curet in debridement of the burn wound and graft recipient
      sites.
AB  - We describe the use of the simple bone curet for the purpose of scraping and
      debriding partial-thickness burn wounds and other chronic wounds encountered by
      the burn surgeon before autograft placement. In our experience the instrument
      allows more efficient and safer operating room debridement than does the standard
      scalpel blade.

PMID- 2921269
TI  - In vivo and in vitro test for growth potential of liver cells from rats during
      early stage of hepatocarcinogenesis by 3'-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene.
AB  - A rapid increase in the fraction of small liver cells was observed in the liver
      of rats during the early stage of hepatocarcinogenesis by 3'-methyl-4
      dimethylaminoazobenzene (3'-Me-DAB). The change in cell population was
      represented by the decrease in glucose-6-phosphatase activity and by the increase
      in number of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase-positive cells. When DNA synthesis of
      liver cells from rats fed 3'-Me-DAB was measured by autoradiography in primary
      culture, it began to increase 2 weeks after the start of the carcinogen feeding,
      reaching a plateau level after 3 weeks. Liver cells from rats fed 3'-Me-DAB for 2
      weeks or over demonstrated a remarkable resistance to the cytotoxic effect of the
      carcinogen (0.24 mM) in primary culture. Furthermore, liver cells from rats fed
      3'-Me-DAB for 3 weeks or over proliferated in the presence of the carcinogen in
      primary culture. When liver cells from 3'-Me-DAB-fed and control rats were
      transplanted into syngeneic rat spleens, the former cells proliferated more
      vigorously than did the latter. The growth potential of liver cells from 3'-Me
      DAB-fed rats tended to be enhanced with time in the carcinogen feeding.
      Hepatocellular carcinomas developed in the host spleens implanted with liver
      cells from a rat fed 3'-Me-DAB for 8 weeks. As described above, liver cells from
      rats fed 3'-Me-DAB demonstrated much greater proliferative ability than normal
      control cells in vivo and in vitro.

PMID- 2921270
TI  - Chronic liver injury by thioacetamide and promotion of hepatic carcinogenesis.
AB  - To verify whether a mild, but prolonged liver injury by chemicals needing
      bioactivation causes both hepatic cirrhosis and the appearance of hepatocyte
      nodules and tumors (providing the liver has been exposed previously to initiating
      stimuli), diethylnitrosamine-initiated and uninitiated rats were administered
      thioacetamide at low dose (250 mg/l drinking water) for 6 months. Hepatocyte
      nodule incidence as well as changes in the drug-metabolizing system were followed
      at monthly intervals. In the uninitiated rats a micronodular liver cirrhosis
      slowly developed upon thioacetamide chronic administration; a few hepatocyte
      focal lesions of small size were seen from the 3rd month onward. By contrast in
      the diethylnitrosamine-initiated thioacetamide-treated rats the liver was
      macronodular because of the appearance and growth of many hepatocyte nodules;
      some hepatomas were also seen. During thioacetamide administration both
      uninitiated and diethylnitrosamine-initiated rats underwent a progressive
      decrease of the cytochrome P-450 liver content as well as of the activity of
      aminopyrine N-demethylase, ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase and ethoxyresorufin O
      deethylase. On the other hand, most components of the phase II of the drug
      metabolizing system were markedly enhanced. In conclusion, chronic administration
      of thioacetamide at low doses provided strong promoting stimuli for previously
      initiated hepatocytes.

PMID- 2921271
TI  - Effect of continuous vs intermittent application of 3-OH-tamoxifen or tamoxifen
      on the proliferation of the human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 M1.
AB  - The antiproliferative potency of 5 x 10(-7) M tamoxifen (TAM) and 3
      hydroxytamoxifen (3-OH-TAM) was investigated during continuous (8 days) or
      intermittent (2 h every 2nd or 3rd day, respectively) application to the
      oestrogen-receptor-positive, estradiol-sensitive human mammary carcinoma cell
      line MCF-7 M1, a variant of MCF-7 wild type. Growth modulation was evaluated in
      parallel by counting cells and by measuring DNA content. Continuous incubation
      resulted in a growth inhibition to 21.8 +/- 3.2% by 3-OH-TAM and to 39.5 +/- 4.8%
      by TAM when compared with control cultures defined as 100%. Intermittent addition
      induced a growth reduction to 23.0 +/- 2.1% by 3-OH-TAM and to 41.2 +/- 2.4% by
      TAM in relation to 100% controls. Addition of 3-OH-TAM for 2 h only at day 1
      resulted in an inhibition to 70.3 +/- 3.2%, again in relation to 100% controls.
      When TAM was administered once for 2 h at day 1 it induced an inhibition to 79.0
      +/- 4.9% at day 8. The in vitro results indicate that (a) at 5 x 10(-7) M 3-OH
      TAM has a better antiproliferative effectiveness than TAM, (b) the intermittent
      application is as effective as continuous application (no significant
      difference), and (c) the addition once a week reveals only a slight growth
      reduction after 8 days of culture. Application of the long-living TAM results in
      continuously high serum concentrations, which have been shown to create resistant
      cell clones. Compared to TAM the 3-OH metabolite has a considerably shorter half
      life and its application in vivo reveals rise and fall of its serum
      concentrations. Since the presented data demonstrate that 3-OH-TAM is more potent
      than TAM and that the intermittent application is as effective as the continuous
      form, interval therapy with 3-OH-TAM may slow down the process of acquiring
      resistance to antioestrogens.

PMID- 2921272
TI  - Tumor cell recruitment in the mouse adenocarcinoma EO 771 directly demonstrated
      by double labeling with [3H]- and [14C] thymidine and flow cytometry.
AB  - Tumor cell recruitment in the mouse adenocarcinoma EO 771 after application of 1
      beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (AraCyt) has been directly demonstrated by double
      labeling with [3H]- and [14C]-thymidine. This method enables a quantitative study
      of the extent and time course of tumor cell recruitment in this solid mouse
      tumor. The results show that tumor cell recruitment is a continuous process that
      starts early after AraCyt application (about 4-8 h) and lasts about 1 day with a
      maximum at about 12 h after Ara-Cyt application. Up to 40% of all cells are
      recruited at that time. The recruited tumor cells re-enter the resting state
      after having passed through one cycle.

PMID- 2921273
TI  - Sensitivity of Burkitt lymphoma Daudi cells to inactive influenza virus.
AB  - Interaction of UV-inactivated influenza A/X47 virus at high multiplicity caused a
      rapid inhibition in cellular protein and DNA synthesis, thus arresting Burkitt
      lymphoma-derived Daudi cell multiplication, and eventually killing the cells. The
      mechanism of the cytolytic effect is presumably, linked to the increase in cell
      membrane permeability indicated by elevation in 51Cr release. This might be the
      consequence of the mass adsorption and/or penetration of viral particles.

PMID- 2921274
TI  - Tumor-initiating activity in mouse skin and carcinogenicity in rat mammary gland
      of dibenzo[a]pyrenes: the very potent environmental carcinogen dibenzo[a,
      l]pyrene.
AB  - Comparative studies of tumor-initiating activity in mouse skin and
      carcinogenicity in rat mammary gland were conducted with several dibenzo[a]
      pyrenes (DBPs). SENCAR mice were initiated with DB[a, e]P, DB[a, h]P, DB[a, i]P,
      DB[a, l]P and anthanthrene, and promoted with tetradecanoyl-phorbol acetate. The
      same compounds were tested by intramammillary injection in female Sprague-Dawley
      rats. Anthanthrene was inactive in both mouse skin and rat mammary gland. DB[a,
      e]P was a very weak tumor-initiator in mouse skin and was inactive in rat mammary
      gland. DB[a, h]P induced twice as many papillomas in mouse skin as DB[a, i]P,
      although both compounds exhibited similar tumor latencies and percentages of
      tumor-bearing mice. These two compounds induced similar numbers of mammary
      tumors, but treatment of the rats with DB[a, i]P resulted in a significantly
      larger number of adenocarcinomas. DB[a, l]P was toxic to both the mice and rats.
      Treatment of mouse skin with this compound led to an erythema, which delayed the
      beginning of promotion until the 3rd week after initiation. Despite this delay,
      papillomas began appearing 5 weeks after initiation with DB[a, l]P and the number
      of tumors increased rapidly. The compound was so toxic in the rats that half of
      the animals died in the first 9 weeks and the remaining animals were sacrificed
      after 15 weeks. Nonetheless, DB[a, l]P was the strongest carcinogen tested,
      inducing seven tumors per rat within 10 weeks. These results demonstrate that
      DB[a, l]P, which is present in tobacco smoke, is an extremely potent carcinogenic
      aromatic hydrocarbon. Furthermore, some of these compounds can serve as useful
      models for elucidating their mechanisms of activation.

PMID- 2921275
TI  - Iron-induced lipid peroxidation and inhibition of proliferation in Ehrlich
      ascites tumor cells.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to find further experimental evidence for the
      postulated negative association between the extent of lipid peroxidation in tumor
      cells and their proliferative behavior. After incubation of Ehrlich ascites tumor
      cells at 37 degrees C for 30 min with increasing concentrations of Fe(II)
      histidinate (Fe/His) the following parameters were determined: the formation of
      lipid hydroperoxides was measured fluorimetrically after reaction with
      dichlorofluorescein; 4-hydroxynonenal was determined by reversed-phase high
      pressure chromatography after derivatization with dinitrophenylhydrazine; as a
      third parameter of lipid peroxidation the formation of 2-thiobarbituric-acid
      reactive substances was determined. The proliferative activity was determined by
      measuring the growth rate in vivo after reimplantation i.p. of the tumor cells
      into mice. Trypan-blue exclusion tests for viability were performed before
      reimplantation. The reliability of the trypan-blue exclusion tests was checked by
      comparing the results with another parameter of viability, the release of the
      cytosolic enzyme lactate dehydrogenase. The concentration both of lipid
      hydroperoxides and of 2-thiobarbituric-acid-reactive substances showed a biphasic
      dependence on the concentration of Fe/His with maximal increase at iron
      concentrations of 0.25 mM and 0.1 mM respectively. 4-Hydroxynonenal, in contrast,
      showed a continuous increase up to 41.1 nM (corresponding to 0.58 pmol/10(9)
      cells) with increasing iron concentration in the range from 0.1 mM to 0.6 mM. The
      total number of tumor cells, when determined 5 days after reimplantation,
      continuously decreased with increasing iron concentration, showing half-maximal
      inhibition at about 0.22 mM Fe. The exclusion of the trypan-blue dye was
      unaffected by the presence of iron at any concentration used. Similarly, iron had
      no influence on the release of lactate dehydrogenase. The results support the
      hypothesis that 4-hydroxynonenal may act as an inhibiting messenger between
      endogenic lipid peroxidation and proliferation.

PMID- 2921276
TI  - Proteinase-like peptidase activities and oestrogen receptor levels in breast
      cancer tissue.
AB  - The relationship between proteinase-like peptidase activities and oestrogen
      receptor levels and status in breast cancer tissue homogenates from 61 patients
      with breast cancer has been evaluated. With Spearman's rank-order correlation
      analysis, significant positive correlations were observed between receptor levels
      and the activities of cathepsin-(B + L)-like, cathepsin-H-like, trypsin-like,
      plasminogen-activator-like and elastase-like peptidases. In addition, the
      activities of all but the latter enzyme were significantly higher in patients
      with receptor-rich tumours than in receptor-poor tumours, and this may have
      implications for future treatment regimens for patients with oestrogen-receptor
      rich tumours. The findings reported are consistent with the suggestion that in
      breast cancer there may be an association between steroid receptors and
      proteolytic enzymes such that the release of these enzymes may be under hormonal
      control.

PMID- 2921277
TI  - Isolation and characterization of low- and high-metastatic clones from murine RCT
      (Radiological, Chiba, and Toyama) sarcoma.
AB  - We have established low- and high-metastatic clones, named RCT(-) and RCT(+)
      cells, respectively, from the RCT (Radiological, Chiba, and Toyama) sarcoma
      spontaneously developed in a C3H/He male mouse by the limiting-dilution method in
      vitro or by the combination of the lung passages and limiting-dilution methods.
      After 20 serial passages in vitro, the metastatic potential of each clone did not
      alter. Morphologically, both cells were spindle-shaped, but RCT(+) cells were
      slightly thicker and larger than RCT(-) cells. The organization of actin
      containing filaments was slightly poorer in RCT(+) cells than that in RCT(-)
      cells. Marked differences were observed in their growth characteristics and
      adhesiveness to plastic or collagen-coated surfaces, that is, RCT(+) cells grew
      more slowly but could adhere more rapidly and firmly to the surfaces than RCT(-)
      cells. RCT(+) cells were agglutinated by all lectins used but several lectins
      could not agglutinate RCT(-) cells. These results could be a reflection of the
      difference in oligosaccharide residues on the surface of each cell and, in part,
      might reflect the difference in organization of the actin-containing filaments
      that regulate the mobility of lectin receptors. No significant difference between
      these cell clones was noted in their sensitivity to natural-killer-cell-mediated
      cytotoxicity in vitro. RCT(-) and RCT(+) cells are considered to be the most
      useful experimental model for the study of the certain sarcomas.

PMID- 2921278
TI  - Localization of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha-subunit transcripts during
      myogenesis and motor endplate development in the chick.
AB  - In 15-d-old chick latissimi dorsi muscles, the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
      (AChR) alpha-subunit mRNA is densely accumulated at the level of subsynaptic
      nuclei of the motor endplate (Fontaine et al., 1988). In this paper, using in
      situ hybridization with genomic probes, we further show that the expression of
      the AChR alpha-subunit gene in the embryo, revealed by the accumulation of mature
      mRNAs, starts in myotomal cells and persists during the first stages of muscle
      development in a majority of muscle nuclei. Subsequently, the distribution of
      AChR alpha-subunit mRNAs becomes restricted to the newly formed motor endplates
      as neuromuscular junctions develop. To assess the transcriptional activity of
      individual nuclei in developing muscles, a strictly intronic fragment of the AChR
      alpha-subunit gene was used to probe in situ the level of unspliced transcripts.
      AChR alpha-subunit unspliced transcripts accumulate around a large number of
      sarcoplasmic nuclei at embryonic day 11, but can no longer be detected at their
      level after embryonic day 16 in the embryo. A similar decrease in the
      accumulation of AChR alpha-subunit transcripts is observed between day 4 and day
      6 in primary cultures of muscle cells. On the other hand, in vivo denervation and
      in vitro blocking of muscle electrical activity by the sodium channel blocker
      tetrodotoxin results in an increase in the labeling of muscle nuclei. Yet, only
      6% of the muscle nuclei appear labeled by the strictly intronic probes after
      denervation. The possible significance of such heterogeneity of muscle nuclei
      during motor endplate formation in AChR gene expression is discussed.

PMID- 2921279
TI  - The actions of retinoids on cellular growth correlate with their actions on gap
      junctional communication.
AB  - Retinoic acid (a possible morphogen), its biological precursor retinol, and
      certain synthetic derivatives of retinol profoundly change junctional
      intercellular communication and growth (saturation density) in 10T 1/2 and 3T3
      cells and in their transformed counterparts. The changes correlate: growth
      decreases as the steady-state junctional permeability rises, and growth increases
      as that permeability falls. Retinoic acid and retinol exert quite different
      steady-state actions on communication at noncytotoxic concentrations in the
      normal cells: retinoic acid inhibits communication at 10(-10)-10(-9) M and
      enhances at 10(-9)-10(-7) M, whereas retinol only enhances (10(-8)-10(-6) M). In
      v-mos-transformed cells the enhancement is altogether lacking. But regardless of
      the retinoid or cell type, all growth responses show essentially the same
      dependence on junctional permeability. This is the expected behavior if the cell
      to-cell channels of gap junctions disseminate growth-regulating signals through
      cell populations.

PMID- 2921280
TI  - Modulation of adipocyte differentiation by tumor necrosis factor and transforming
      growth factor beta.
AB  - Cultured TA1 adipocytes treated with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) lose
      intracytoplasmic lipid and, over a period of days, come to resemble their
      predifferentiated progenitors (preadipocytes). To examine the extent to which
      this phenotypic reversion represents a return to a less differentiated cell, we
      examined three major characteristics that distinguish preadipocytes from
      adipocytes: (a) pattern of gene expression; (b) hormonal requirement for
      accelerated adipogenesis; and (c) pattern of protein synthesis. We found that
      within hours of TNF addition to adipocytes, mRNAs for genes whose expression is
      augmented during adipogenesis decreased to predifferentiated levels; in addition,
      like preadipocytes, TNF-treated adipocytes required exposure to hormones to
      accelerate adipogenesis. Further, the pattern of protein synthesis seen on
      polyacrylamide gels reverted to that seen before differentiation. Transforming
      growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) also caused a rapid decrease in expression of
      adipose genes when added to fully differentiated cells, an effect that was
      achieved by treatment with either TGF-beta 1 or TGF-beta 2. These effects were
      seen in the absence of a demonstrable proliferative response to either TNF or TGF
      beta. Thus characteristics that define the "terminally" differentiated state in
      adipocytes are subject to modulation by environmental influences.

PMID- 2921281
TI  - Perineurial cells coexpress genes encoding interstitial collagens and basement
      membrane zone components.
AB  - Perineurial cell cultures were established from the sciatic nerves of adult
      Wistar rats. Highly enriched cultures were studied with respect to the production
      of extracellular matrix components under conditions free from the influence of
      Schwann cells, axons, or the extracellular matrix of peripheral nerves. Indirect
      immunofluorescence staining revealed the presence of collagen type IV epitopes,
      and electron microscopy demonstrated patches of basement membrane on the
      perineurial cell surfaces. Collagenous fibrils with a diameter of 15-20 nm were
      also observed in the intracellular space. SDS-PAGE of radiolabeled medium
      proteins showed a pattern of bands suggesting the synthesis and secretion of
      fibronectin, and type I and IV collagens. Northern hybridizations revealed
      characteristic polymorphic mRNA transcripts corresponding to fibronectin, laminin
      B2 chain, as well as to the alpha-chain subunits of type I, III, and IV
      collagens. Furthermore, in situ hybridizations suggested expression of these
      genes by cultured perineurial cells without apparent heterogeneity within the
      cell populations. In situ hybridizations of sciatic nerve tissue from 2-wk-old
      rats also suggested that perineurial cells express alpha 1(I) and alpha 2(IV)
      collagen, as well as laminin B2 chain genes in vivo. This profile of matrix gene
      expression is different from that of Schwann cells, which do not synthesize
      fibronectin, or that of fibroblastic cells, which do not form a cell surface
      basement membrane. The capability of perineurial cells to express genes for the
      basement membrane zone and for interstitial collagens further adds to our
      understanding of the functional role of perineurial cells in developing and
      healing peripheral nerve, as well as in certain neoplastic lesions of neural
      origin, such as von Recklinghausen's neurofibromas.

PMID- 2921282
TI  - The level of Z-DNA in metabolically active, permeabilized mammalian cell nuclei
      is regulated by torsional strain.
AB  - Permeabilized nuclei from mammalian cells encapsulated within agarose microbeads
      in an isotonic buffer are active in transcription and replication (Jackson, D.
      A., and P. R. Cook. 1985. EMBO (Eur. Mol. Biol. Organ.) J. 4:913-918). Their DNA
      is intact and the nuclei are accessible to macromolecules. Myeloma nuclei
      prepared in this way were used to probe the extent of DNA negative supercoiling
      and the effects of altering torsional strain by binding radioactively labeled
      monoclonal antibodies to Z-DNA. Control experiments used monoclonal antibodies
      against a nonhistone chromosomal protein, HMG-17. On increasing the amount of
      anti-HMG-17 added, a binding plateau was reached encompassing a 200-fold range of
      antibody concentration. On binding anti-Z-DNA antibody, a similar broad plateau
      of constant binding was found encompassing a 100-fold range of antibody
      concentration. The latter result was taken as a measure of preexisting Z-DNA in
      the nuclei. Additional anti-Z-DNA antibody binding can be "induced" in the
      presence of much higher concentration of antibody, apparently by perturbing the B
      DNA/Z-DNA equilibrium. On inhibiting topoisomerase I with camptothecin, an
      elevated antibody binding plateau was found, suggesting that elastic torsional
      strain in the DNA is responsible for stabilizing the preexisting Z-DNA. This
      interpretation is supported by the fact that addition of small, nicking amounts
      of DNase I leads to a complete loss of antibody binding in the Z-DNA plateau
      region but not in the region of "induced" Z-DNA.

PMID- 2921283
TI  - Autonomous splicing and complementation of in vivo-assembled spliceosomes.
AB  - We have used an in vivo system generating assayable amounts of a specific pre
      mRNA to study the relationship between splicing and an operationally defined
      nuclear matrix preparation (NM). When NM is prepared by extraction of DNase I
      treated nuclei with an approximately physiological concentration of KCl (0.1 M),
      a portion of NM-associated precursor can be spliced in vitro in the presence of
      ATP and Mg2+ and in the absence of splicing extract ("autonomous splicing"). We
      propose that the autonomous reaction, which does not exhibit a temporal lag and
      is half-complete in 5 min, occurs in fully assembled, matrix-bound
      ribonucleoprotein complexes (in vivo spliceosomes). Extraction of the NM with
      concentrations of KCl greater than 0.4 M eliminates autonomous splicing but
      leaves behind preassembled complexes that can be complemented for splicing with
      HeLa cell nuclear extract. The splicing complementing factor, representing one or
      more activities present in the nuclear extract and also in the cytoplasmic S100
      fraction, is relatively heat resistant, devoid of an RNA component, and does not
      bind to DEAE-Sepharose in 0.1 M KCl. It exists in the nucleus in two forms; bound
      to autonomous spliceosomes and free in the nucleoplasm. Biochemical features of
      the complementation reaction, and conditions for reversible uncoupling of the two
      splicing steps are described and discussed.

PMID- 2921285
TI  - Localization of phycoerythrin at the lumenal surface of the thylakoid membrane in
      Rhodomonas lens.
AB  - The thylakoids of cryptomonads are unique in that their lumens are filled with an
      electron-dense substance postulated to be phycobiliprotein. In this study, we
      used an antiserum against phycoerythrin (PE) 545 of Rhodomonas lens (gift of R.
      MacColl, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY) and protein A-gold
      immunoelectron microscopy to localize this light-harvesting protein in
      cryptomonad cells. In sections of whole cells of R. lens labeled with anti-PE
      545, the gold particles were not uniformly distributed over the dense thylakoid
      lumens as expected, but instead were preferentially localized either over or
      adjacent to the thylakoid membranes. A similar pattern of labeling was observed
      in cell sections labeled with two different antisera against PE 566 from
      Cryptomonas ovata. To determine whether PE is localized on the outer or inner
      side of the membrane, chloroplast fragments were isolated from cells fixed in
      dilute glutaraldehyde and labeled in vitro with anti-PE 545 followed by protein A
      small gold. These thylakoid preparations were then fixed in glutaraldehyde
      followed by osmium tetroxide, embedded in Spurr, and sections were labeled with
      anti-PE 545 followed by protein A-large gold. Small gold particles were found
      only at the broken edges of the thylakoids, associated with the dense material on
      the lumenal surface of the membrane, whereas large gold particles were
      distributed along the entire length of the thylakoid membrane. We conclude that
      PE is located inside the thylakoids of R. lens in close association with the
      lumenal surface of the thylakoid membrane.

PMID- 2921284
TI  - Changes in lysosome shape and distribution correlated with changes in cytoplasmic
      pH.
AB  - Lysosomes labeled by uptake of extracellular horseradish peroxidase display
      remarkable changes in shape and cellular distribution when cytoplasmic pH is
      experimentally altered. Normally, lysosomes in macrophages and fibroblasts
      cluster around the cell center. However, when the cytoplasmic pH is lowered to
      approximately pH 6.5 by applying acetate or by various other means, lysosomes
      promptly move outward and accumulate in tight clusters at the very edge of the
      cell, particularly in regions that are actively ruffling before acidification but
      become quiescent. This movement follows the distribution of microtubules in these
      cells, and does not occur if microtubules are depolymerized with nocodazole
      before acidification. Subsequent removal of acetate or the other stimuli to
      acidification results in prompt resumption of ruffling activity and return of
      lysosomes into a tight cluster at the cell center. This is correlated with a
      rebound alkalinization of the cytoplasm. Correspondingly, direct application of
      weak bases also causes hyperruffling and unusually complete withdrawal of
      lysosomes to the cell center. Thus, lysosomes appear to be acted upon by
      microtubule-based motors of both the anterograde (kinesin) type as well as the
      retrograde (dynein) type, or else they possess bidirectional motors that are
      reversed by changes in cytoplasmic pH. During the outward movements induced by
      acidification, lysosomes also appear to be smaller and more predominantly
      vesicular than normal, while during inward movements they appear to be more
      confluent and elongated than normal, often becoming even more tubular than in
      phorbol-treated macrophages (Phaire-Washington, L., S. C. Silverstein, and E.
      Wang. 1980. J. Cell Biol. 86:641-655). These size and shape changes suggest that
      cytoplasmic pH also affects the fusion/fission properties of lysosomes. Combined
      with pH effects on their movement, the net result during recovery from
      acidification is a stretching of lysosomes into tubular forms along microtubules.

PMID- 2921286
TI  - Asymmetric behavior of severed microtubule ends after ultraviolet-microbeam
      irradiation of individual microtubules in vitro.
AB  - The molecular basis of microtubule dynamic instability is controversial, but is
      thought to be related to a "GTP cap." A key prediction of the GTP cap model is
      that the proposed labile GDP-tubulin core will rapidly dissociate if the GTP
      tubulin cap is lost. We have tested this prediction by using a UV microbeam to
      cut the ends from elongating microtubules. Phosphocellulose-purified tubulin was
      assembled onto the plus and minus ends of sea urchin flagellar axoneme fragments
      at 21-22 degrees C. The assembly dynamics of individual microtubules were
      recorded in real time using video microscopy. When the tip of an elongating plus
      end microtubule was cut off, the severed plus end microtubule always rapidly
      shortened back to the axoneme at the normal plus end rate. However, when the
      distal tip of an elongating minus end microtubule was cut off, no rapid
      shortening occurred. Instead, the severed minus end resumed elongation at the
      normal minus end rate. Our results show that some form of "stabilizing cap,"
      possibly a GTP cap, governs the transition (catastrophe) from elongation to rapid
      shortening at the plus end. At the minus end, a simple GTP cap is not sufficient
      to explain the observed behavior unless UV induces immediate recapping of minus,
      but not plus, ends. Another possibility is that a second step, perhaps a
      structural transformation, is required in addition to GTP cap loss for rapid
      shortening to occur. This transformation would be favored at plus, but not minus
      ends, to account for the asymmetric behavior of the ends.

PMID- 2921288
TI  - The metabolic effects of mild hypothermia on global cerebral ischemia and
      recirculation in the cat: comparison to normothermia and hyperthermia.
AB  - The metabolic effects of graded whole body hypothermia on complete global
      cerebral ischemia and recirculation was investigated in the cat. Hypothermia was
      induced to one of three levels prior to ischemia; T = 26.8 degrees +/- 0.5
      degrees C (n = 4), T = 32.1 degrees +/- 0.2 degrees C (n = 5), and T = 34.6
      degrees +/- 0.3 degrees C (n = 6), and maintained constant throughout 16 min of
      ischemia and 1.5-2 h of recirculation. Intracellular cerebral pH and relative
      concentrations of high-energy phosphate metabolites were continuously monitored,
      using in vivo 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Except for the
      first 4 min of ischemia, no significant differences were detected in the response
      of adenylate intensities and intracellular pH to ischemia and recirculation
      between the hypothermic groups. The three hypothermic groups were then pooled
      into one group, and the data compared to previously published data from a
      normothermic group, T = 38.4 degrees +/- 0.6 degrees C (n = 14), and a
      hyperthermic group, T = 40.6 degrees +/- 0.2 degrees C (n = 9), subjected to the
      identical ischemic and NMR measurement protocols. The hypothermic animals
      exhibited a statistically significant reduction of cerebral intracellular
      acidosis, both during ischemia and recirculation, as well as a more rapid return
      of adenylate intensities during recirculation, compared to the normothermic or
      hyperthermic groups. The data thus suggest that mild hypothermia has an
      ameliorative affect on brain energy metabolism and intracellular pH under
      conditions of complete global cerebral ischemia and recirculation.

PMID- 2921287
TI  - Differential axonal transport of isotubulins in the motor axons of the rat
      sciatic nerve.
AB  - The axonal transport of the diverse isotubulins in the motor axons of the rat
      sciatic nerve was studied by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
      after intraspinal injection of [35S]methionine. 3 wk after injection, the nerve
      segments carrying the labeled axonal proteins of the slow components a (SCa) and
      b (SCb) of axonal transport were homogenized in a cytoskeleton-stabilizing buffer
      and two distinct fractions, cytoskeletal (pellet, insoluble) and soluble
      (supernatant), were obtained by centrifugation. About two-thirds of the
      transported-labeled tubulin moved with SCa, the remainder with SCb. In both
      waves, tubulin was found to be associated mainly with the cytoskeletal fraction.
      The same isoforms of tubulin were transported with SCa and SCb; however, the
      level of a neuron-specific beta-tubulin subcomponent, termed beta', composed of
      two related isotubulins beta'1 and beta'2, was significantly greater in SCb than
      in SCa, relative to the other tubulin isoforms. In addition, certain specific
      isotubulins were unequally distributed between the cytoskeletal and the soluble
      fractions. In SCa as well as in SCb, alpha''-isotubulins were completely soluble
      in the motor axons. By contrast, alpha''' and beta'2-isotubulins, both
      posttranslationally modified isoforms, were always recovered in the cytoskeletal
      fraction and thus may represent isotubulins restricted to microtubule polymers.
      The different distribution of isotubulins suggests that a recruitment of tubulin
      isoforms, including specific posttranslational modifications of defined isoforms
      (such as, at least, phosphorylation of beta' and acetylation of alpha'), might be
      involved in the assembly of distinct subsets of axonal microtubules displaying
      differential properties of stability, velocity and perhaps of function.

PMID- 2921289
TI  - Cytosolic free calcium, NAD/NADH redox state and hemodynamic changes in the cat
      cortex during severe hypoglycemia.
AB  - Using indo-1, a fluorescent Ca2+ indicator, in vivo fluorometric measurements
      were made of changes in cytosolic free Ca2+, NAD/NADH redox state, and
      hemodynamics directly from the cat cortex during and after severe insulin-induced
      hypoglycemia. Cytosolic free Ca2+ started to increase when the EEG became
      isoelectric, remained at a significantly high level (p less than 0.05) during the
      period of isoelectric EEG (IEEG), and recovered to the control level 6 min
      following an intravenous infusion of glucose. The NAD/NADH redox state oxidized
      significantly during IEEG and then recovered rapidly to the control level after
      the glucose infusion. Local cortical blood volume (LCBV) increased gradually
      during the progression of hypoglycemia, reaching the maximal level (146 +/- 7%)
      at the end of IEEG, and then started to recover. The mean transit time (MTT)
      through the cortical microcirculation was shortened during the IEEG (control:
      3.84 +/- 0.41 s versus IEEG: 2.73 +/- 0.17 s, p less than 0.05), whereas it was
      prolonged during the 30-min recovery period (5.68 +/- 0.58 s, p less than 0.05).
      Local cortical blood flow calculated from the LCBV and MTT showed a twofold
      increase 5 min into IEEG (201 +/- 27% of control, p less than 0.05), recovered 15
      min into the recovery period, and then decreased to 77% of control (p less than
      0.05) by 30 min. The data support the hypothesis that hypoglycemic brain damage
      might be mediated by an elevation of cytosolic free calcium.

PMID- 2921290
TI  - Cerebral energy metabolism in cyanide encephalopathy.
AB  - This study documents the effects of an intracarotid artery injection of a lethal
      threshold amount of KCN (2.5 mg.kg-1) on the energy metabolism and histology of
      the rat brain. This dose of KCN resulted in a rapid abolition of
      electroencephalographic activity, which remained essentially absent for up to 3
      h. Cerebral metabolite measurements 0.25 h after KCN infusion indicated a 52%
      reduction in cytochrome oxidase activity, a 600% increase in lactate, a 32%
      reduction in ATP, a 73% increase in ADP, and an 85% decrease in glycogen.
      Measurements of the above energy metabolites over the ensuing 7 days showed a
      return to control of all metabolites by 6-24 h. Corresponding to the
      normalization of energy metabolism was a return of EEG and conscious activity.
      Histological examination of cyanide-exposed animals revealed a paucity of change
      with only one animal at 0.5 h showing several dark neurons, two animals at 1 h
      with minor pallor of corpus callosum and caudate-putamen, and one animal at 48 h
      with a small hippocampal infarction. It is concluded that it may be impossible to
      produce a serious enough disruption of cerebral metabolism with KCN injection, to
      produce neuronal damage by purely "histotoxic" mechanisms.

PMID- 2921291
TI  - Cerebral vascular volume after repeated ischemic insults in the gerbil:
      comparison with changes in CBF and brain edema.
AB  - The time course of changes in cerebral intravascular volume was evaluated during
      24 h following a series of three 5-min carotid artery occlusions spaced at 1-h
      intervals and compared with the changes occurring after single 5- or 15-min
      occlusions. Quantitative estimates of cerebral red cell volume, plasma volume,
      and total blood volume were obtained from the distribution spaces of 51Cr-labeled
      erythrocytes and 125I-albumin infused prior to killing at varied recirculation
      intervals. Significant reductions in vascular volume occurred in all ischemic
      brain regions within 1 h following a single 5-min occlusion, which recovered to
      control values within 6 h. A similar time course was seen after repeated
      occlusions. The reductions in volume remained significant at 6 h after a single
      15-min occlusion, but there was no difference from control by 24 h. Thus, the
      time course of total vascular volume correlates well with that of CBF changes
      previously described, and both blood flow and blood volume are at normal levels
      during the time of severe edema 24 h after repeated occlusions. Calculated
      cerebral hematocrit was 60-70% of that obtained from the femoral artery, but was
      identical in all brain regions and was constant throughout the postischemic
      recirculation period, with the exception of a transient reduction in both
      peripheral and cerebral hematocrit observed at 6-h recirculation following single
      15-min occlusions. These results suggest that changes in CBF and blood volume
      reflect primarily the status of larger vessels and that values in the normal
      range may be observed even under conditions of severe edema and impaired
      perfusion at the capillary level.

PMID- 2921292
TI  - Cerebral superoxide anion generation during seizures in newborn pigs.
AB  - Cerebral superoxide anion generation during bicuculline-induced seizures was
      measured in newborn pigs. Using two closed cranial windows inserted over the
      parietal cortices, superoxide dismutase (SOD)-inhibitable nitroblue tetrazolium
      (NBT) reduction was determined during 20 min of seizure activity induced by
      bicuculline, 5 mg/kg i.v. A modest increase in SOD-inhibitable NBT reduction was
      observed in piglets subjected to bicuculline-induced seizure activity (2.4 +/-
      0.6 pmol/mm2 in 20 min) when compared to control piglets (0.4 +/- 0.3 pmol/mm2 in
      20 min). Pretreatment with indomethacin (5 mg/kg i.v.) reduced SOD-inhibitable
      NBT reduction during seizures to the control level (0.5 +/- 0.4 pmol/mm2 in 20
      min). We conclude that small quantities of superoxide anion radical are produced
      by newborn pig brain during bicuculline-induced seizures and that cyclooxygenase
      metabolism of arachidonic acid appears to be a major source.

PMID- 2921293
TI  - CNS stimulation and PGE2 release. III. Pentamethylenetetrazole-induced seizures.
AB  - Measurement of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in the ventriculocisternal perfusate of
      the halothane anesthetized, artificially ventilated cat has revealed low but
      measurable levels of the prostanoid (64 +/- 5 pg/min). Administration of
      pentamethylenetetrazole (PTZ) resulted in a rapid appearance of paroxysmal
      bursting, the magnitude and duration of which was dose dependent. During the 30
      min interval after seizure initiation, PGE2 secretion rates into the
      ventriculocisternal perfusate rose by five- to sevenfold. Though the initial rate
      of PGE2 secretion correlated closely with the initial magnitude of bursting,
      there were significant differences, viz. the time courses. Thus, after a low dose
      of PTZ (200 mg/kg) the increase and return to normal of PGE2 secretion was time
      locked with the onset and offset of seizures. In contrast, after high doses of
      PTZ (250 mg/kg i.v.), seizure activity returned to near baseline by 90 min, while
      the levels of PGE2 secretion remained elevated for periods in excess of 150 min.
      Pretreatment with clonazepam (CLP: 3 mg/kg i.v. infusion) blocked seizures
      otherwise induced by PTZ (250 mg/kg) and the increase in PGE2 secretion. CLP
      administration 60 min after the initiation of seizures, blocked further seizure
      activity but did not alter the elevated secretion of PGE2. We thus believe these
      data jointly support the hypothesis that under intense paroxysmal bursting there
      is a change in neuronal state such that large stores of free fatty acids are
      available either because they have accumulated during the seizure because of a
      continued Ca2+ influx or the presence of large and continuing concentrations of
      Ca2+ accumulating in the cytosol secondary to energy failure.

PMID- 2921294
TI  - Mechanisms of cerebrovascular O2 sensitivity from hyperoxia to moderate hypoxia
      in the rat.
AB  - Cerebrovascular dilation over PaO2 ranging from hyperoxia to moderate hypoxia is
      unexplained. We hypothesize that tissue acidosis is the cause. Local cortical
      cerebral blood flow (LCBF), tissue hydrogen ion concentration [H+]t, and tissue
      PO2 (PtO2) were measured with microelectrodes in the parietal cortex of 18 rats
      during a 30-min steady state on 60 to 10% inspired O2 (PaO2, 300 to 40 torr)
      during 40% N2O analgesia. Five rats kept on 60% O2/40% N2O served as controls. In
      18 rats at a PaO2 of 275 +/- 7 torr (mean +/- SEM) and PaCO2 of 35 +/- 1 torr,
      cerebral values were: LCBF = 129 +/- 23 (mean +/- SEM) ml.100 g-1.min-1; [H+]t =
      62 +/- 6 nM; and PtO2 = 25 +/- 3 torr. As PaO2 was reduced from about 300 to 40
      torr, changes in these variables in percentage of control with respect to PaO2,
      were described by the following equations, all at P less than 0.0001: LCBF = 85.9
      + 5,572/Pao2; [H+]t = 97.15 + 1,012/PaO2; and PtO2 = 108.8 - 3,492/PaO2.
      Simultaneous solution of the LCBF and [H+]t equations at various PaO2 revealed a
      slope of 8.82%/nM. Direct correlation between LCBF in ml.100 g-1.min-1 and [H+]t
      in nM revealed a linear relationship defined by the equation Y = -7.472 + 1.6705X
      (r = 0.6426) for [H+]t between 56 and 160 nM (pH = 7.25 and 6.80) but no
      correlation at [H+]t values between 56 and 32 nM (pH = 7.25 to 7.50).
      Cerebrovascular tone is directly correlated with [H+]t during progressive, 30-min
      steady-state reduction in PaO2 from 350 to 40 torr.

PMID- 2921295
TI  - Acetylcholine and vasoactive intestinal peptide in cerebral blood vessels: effect
      of extirpation of the sphenopalatine ganglion.
AB  - The innervation of cerebral blood vessels by nerve fibers containing
      acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and the
      vasomotor effects of the two neurotransmitters have been analyzed in the rat
      following the uni- or bilateral removal of the sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG),
      which is thought to be the major origin of this innervation. Histochemistry of
      AChE-positive nerve fibers and the immunoreactivity toward VIP revealed only a
      30% reduction in the innervation pattern of the rostral part of the cerebral
      circulation following the operation. At approximately 4 weeks postoperatively,
      the original nerve network was restored. Quantitative measurements of
      cholineacetyltransferase activity and VIP revealed similar reductions in the
      levels of collected large cerebral arteries at the base of the brain and in small
      pial vessels overlying the cerebral cortex at the various postoperative times
      following uni- or bilateral removal of the SPG. The two techniques thus
      complemented each other. Vasomotor reactivity to acetylcholine (ACh) and VIP was
      examined in proximal segments of the middle cerebral artery at the various
      postoperative times. Generally, the removal of the SPG had no effect on the
      responses to ACh or VIP. The evidence indicates that only approximately one-third
      of the cholinergic/VIP innervation of the rostral part of the cerebral
      circulation originates in the SPG.

PMID- 2921296
TI  - Effect of hemoglobin on neurogenic responses and cholinergic parameters in
      porcine cerebral arteries.
AB  - Electrically stimulated neurogenic vasodilation and endothelial-dependent
      cholinergic vasodilation in cerebral arteries are both blocked by hemoglobin. To
      determine if neurogenic vasodilation has a cholinergic component, we examined the
      effect of hemoglobin on neurogenic responses and perivascular cholinergic
      parameters in isolated porcine cerebral arteries. The perfused circle of Willis
      has a mixed response to transmural nerve stimulation (TNS) that is predominantly
      vasodilation. Exposure to hemoglobin (5 microM) causes constriction of this
      preparation while simultaneously blocking TNS-induced vasodilation. At similar
      concentrations, however, hemoglobin did not alter electrically stimulated,
      tetrodotoxin-sensitive release of acetylcholine. Hemoglobin also had no effect on
      neuronal choline uptake or esteratic inactivation of acetylcholine. These results
      demonstrate the ability of low concentrations of hemoglobin to alter cerebral
      neurogenic vasodilation. The failure of hemoglobin to affect any aspect of
      cholinergic transmission, however, provides further evidence against a direct
      vasodilatory role for acetylcholine as a terminal transmitter in isolated
      cerebral blood vessels.

PMID- 2921297
TI  - The transport of leucine and aminocyclopentanecarboxylate across the intact,
      energy-depleted rat blood-brain barrier.
AB  - The transport across the blood-brain barrier of the large neutral amino acid
      leucine and the nonmetabolised aminocyclopentanecarboxylate (ACPC), of similar
      molecular size, was studied in the perfused, energy-depleted rat brain. It was
      found that when both leucine and ACPC were perfused for periods of up to 10 min
      their accumulation in the brain increased in a linear fashion. The ratio of
      perfusate radioactivity per milliliter and tissue radioactivity per gram (Rt/Rp)
      rose to above unity for both leucine and ACPC, indicating continued uptake
      against a concentration gradient of the radiolabel within the CNS. When the
      effect of increasing the concentration of the amino acid upon its influx into the
      brain was studied, it was found that under these conditions the kinetics of
      transport for both leucine and ACPC were of a similar order of magnitude to those
      reported previously in vivo. The values for the Michaelis constant for transport
      (Km), maximum rate of transport (Vmax), and the constant for the apparently
      linear, nonsaturable component (Kd) for leucine into the cerebrum were 84.5 +/-
      29.0 microM, 45.5 +/- 1.5 nmole/min/g, and 2.62 +/- 0.15 microliters/min/g,
      respectively, and for ACPC 381 +/- 64 microM, 54.0 +/- 1.5 nmole/min/g and 0.35
      +/- 0.10 microliter/min/g, respectively. Comparing this data with previously
      reported values it is suggested that the transport of leucine into the central
      nervous system from a perfusate or bolus where no other competing amino acids are
      present, is flow dependent. Furthermore, ACPC enters the brain almost entirely by
      a carrier-mediated process, with little or no nonsaturable influx despite a
      similar oil/water partition coefficient as leucine.

PMID- 2921299
TI  - Microbial contamination of cosmetics and personal care items in Egypt--eye
      shadows, mascaras and face creams.
AB  - We examined a total of 150 samples, including 27 eye shadows, 27 mascaras and 96
      face creams, for their microbial contents. Mascaras were generally more
      contaminated than eye shadows. More than 75% of the examined eye shadows
      contained fewer than 100 c.f.u./g aerobic bacterial count compared to 63% of the
      mascaras examined. Viable bacteria were not recovered from 61% and 48% of the eye
      shadows and mascaras respectively. While 4% of the eye shadows were heavily
      contaminated (contained more than 10(4) c.f.u./g), 15% of the mascaras were as
      heavily contaminated (with more than 10(4) c.f.u./ml of bacteria). Face creams
      were generally more heavily contaminated than eye shadows and mascaras. More than
      70% of the examined creams contained more than 100 c.f.u./g of bacteria compared
      to 23% and 37% of eye shadows and mascaras respectively. Only 5% of the face
      creams were heavily contaminated. However, 27% of the creams were contaminated
      with more than 10(3)-10(4) c.f.u./g of bacteria compared to none in this range
      for both eye shadows and mascaras. Qualitative tests for detection of hazardous
      bacteria showed that none of the eye shadows were contaminated with any of those
      micro-organisms. Out of nine items of a specific brand of mascara, three isolates
      of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, one isolate of Citrobacter freundii and one isolate of
      Klebsiella pneumonia were detected. Among the creams, two brands showed the
      highest contamination levels with more than 85% of the tested samples containing
      more than 10(3) c.f.u./g fungi and at least 10(4) c.f.u./g bacteria.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2921298
TI  - The effect of a low pH saline perfusate upon the integrity of the energy-depleted
      rat blood-brain barrier.
AB  - The effect of a low pH perfusate upon the integrity of the rat blood-brain
      barrier was studied using an in situ supravital brain perfusion technique in
      which high-energy phosphates are depleted. Control animals were perfused for 10
      min with a Ringer's salt solution containing the metabolic inhibitor 2,4
      dinitrophenol (DNP) and adjusted to a pH of 7.4. In two separate experimental
      groups the perfusate, consisting of either the same medium as the controls or
      with additional buffering from Tris maleate, was switched after 5 min at a pH of
      7.4, to a medium adjusted to pH 5.5 with lactic acid. Following a total perfusion
      time of 10 min, the integrity of the blood-brain barrier was assessed using the
      small molecular weight tracer [14C]mannitol. The cerebral perfusate flow rates
      (CPFR) after 10 min of perfusion were also determined in the three groups by
      perfusing for 40 s with [14C]iodoantipyrine. In each group, mannitol was excluded
      from the tissue of the brain to the same degree as has been previously reported
      in vivo, indicating an intact blood-brain barrier. There was also no significant
      pH-dependent change in CPFR. Ultrastructural examination of animals that had been
      perfusion fixed following in situ perfusion revealed no obvious differences
      between the cerebral endothelium of the control and low pH perfused animals.
      These results demonstrate that in the absence of energy-producing metabolism a
      perfusate pH of 5.5 is insufficient to disrupt the blood-brain barrier.

PMID- 2921300
TI  - Microbial contamination of cosmetics and personal care items in Egypt--shaving
      creams and shampoos.
AB  - We examined a total of 192 samples, including eight different brands of shaving
      cream and eight brands of shampoo, for their total aerobic bacterial, coliforms
      and fungal counts. Shaving creams were more heavily contaminated with bacteria
      than shampoos. Viable bacterial were not recovered from 57% and 10% of shampoos
      and shaving creams, respectively. Only 3% of shaving creams were heavily
      contaminated with more than 10(4) c.f.u./g, while none of the shampoos contained
      such a high number of bacteria. With regard to the medium range contamination
      levels, 52% of shaving creams showed bacterial counts ranging from 10(2) to 10(3)
      c.f.u./g or ml, compared to 15% of shampoos which were contaminated to the same
      level. Fourteen per cent of shaving creams were contaminated with greater than
      10(3)-10(4) c.f.u./g or ml, compared to 1% of the shampoos. No coliforms were
      recovered from either the shaving creams or the shampoos; however, Staphylococcus
      spp. were detected in six samples of both shampoos and shaving creams. Some of
      these Staphylococci, were aureus type. One isolate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was
      also detected in a sample of shampoo. The incidence of fungal contamination was
      much less than the bacterial contamination. No viable fungi were recovered from
      88% and 76% of the shaving creams and shampoos, respectively. The majority of the
      remaining samples, for both products, were contaminated with less than 100 fungal
      cell/g or ml. The pH of all the tested samples was alkaline (pH 7.2-9), which is
      well known to inhibit fungal contamination.

PMID- 2921301
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of theophylline in serum and its
      use in therapeutic drug monitoring.
AB  - A rapid, highly sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic method has been
      developed for the determination of theophylline in serum using beta
      hydroxyethyltheophylline as an internal standard (IS). Theophylline and IS were
      extracted from serum using a mixture of dichloromethane: isopropanol (90: 10,
      v/v) and eluted from a 5 microns, C-18 reversed-phase column at 60 degrees C with
      a mobile phase consisting of sodium acetate buffer-acetonitrile (90:10, v/v), at
      a flow rate of 1 ml/min with ultraviolet detection at 280 nm. Each analysis
      required no longer than 7 min to perform. Quantification was achieved by the
      measurement of the peak: height ratio and the relative and absolute recoveries
      varied from 86 to 100%. Within-day coefficients of variation ranged from 2.9 to
      5.1% and between-day coefficients of variation from 1.1 to 5.9% in
      subtherapeutic, therapeutic, and toxic concentrations.

PMID- 2921302
TI  - The stability of amoxycillin sodium in normal saline and glucose (5%) solutions
      in the liquid and frozen states.
AB  - The stability of a 1% w/v solution of amoxycillin sodium in normal saline and in
      glucose (5%) solutions was examined in the liquid and frozen states over the
      temperature range -26-60 degrees C. It was found that under all conditions
      amoxycillin sodium was much less stable in glucose (5%) solution. Freezing the
      solutions markedly reduced amoxycillin sodium stability. Maximum degradation
      rates in the frozen state occurred over the temperature range -7.5 degrees C to 
      6.5 degrees C in normal saline and at -8.9 degrees C in glucose (5%) solutions.
      For example, in normal saline the liquid state t90 (time for the concentration to
      decrease to 90% of its initial value) at 0 degree C of 252 h, was reduced to 8 h
      at -6.5 degrees C and increased to 14 h at -19.2 degrees C. In glucose (5%)
      solution comparative values of 12.5 h at 0 degree C, 2.5 h at -6.5 degrees C and
      8.4 h at -19.2 degrees C were found. Amoxycillin sodium is very unstable in these
      solutions even at -26 degrees C. Maximum stability of the solutions examined in
      this study was at 0 degree C in normal saline and at -26 degrees C in glucose
      (5%) where the t90 value was 25.5 h.

PMID- 2921303
TI  - Patients' knowledge concerning their medications on discharge from hospital.
AB  - Fifty patients were interviewed, on discharge from hospital, about their
      medications. Nine (18%) patients did not know, and a further four (8%) had
      inappropriate beliefs about why they were taking at least one of their discharge
      medications. Very few patients knew of significant side-effects which they might
      expect, or precautions which they should take, and over half did not know how
      long they were to continue taking their medicines. A small proportion was unable
      to read the bottle or open the container. Thus, even patients who, by virtue of
      an in-patient stay, have had a prolonged opportunity for education regarding
      their medicines have very little knowledge of their medicines upon discharge from
      hospital.

PMID- 2921304
TI  - Optimization of blood sampling time after intravenous bolus doses of gentamicin.
AB  - Comparisons were made, based on a one-compartment model, between predicted serum
      concentrations obtained at various sampling times after i.v. bolus and i.m.
      injections of gentamicin. Post-dose concentrations 1 h after i.m. injection were
      within 3% of the maximum concentration at steady-state, indicating that this was
      the optimal sampling time. Serum concentrations 1 h post-i.v. bolus were less
      than 7% different from those 1 h post-i.m. injection. In a clinical trial, blood
      samples taken earlier during the distribution phase of the drug, after an i.v.
      bolus, resulted in serum concentrations which were up to 74% higher than
      concentrations at 1 h. A survey of a sample of U.K. hospitals showed that only
      41% were taking samples at 1 h post i.v. bolus of gentamicin. The majority of
      hospitals recommended a range of post-dose serum concentrations between 4 and 12
      mg/l for patients with septicaemia, but when adjusted for errors related to
      sampling time, 36% of hospitals recommended a minimum which was equivalent to
      less than 4 mg/l at 1 h post dose. Post-dose concentrations of gentamicin should
      be measured in samples taken 1 h after either i.v. bolus and i.m. injections.

PMID- 2921305
TI  - Population pharmacokinetics of phenytoin from routine clinical data in Japan.
AB  - Routine clinical pharmacokinetic data collected from out-patients who received
      phenytoin were analysed to estimate population pharmacokinetic parameters. There
      were 505 steady-state phenytoin concentrations and associated dosage rates
      (mg/day) from 220 out-patients. The data were analysed using NONMEM, a computer
      program designed for population pharmacokinetic analysis that allows pooling of
      data from many individuals. The influence of weight on the maximum elimination
      rate (Vm) and age on the Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) or the influence of
      dosage form on the bioavailability (F) of phenytoin were investigated. The Vm and
      Km of a 60-kg adult out-patient were estimated to be 369 mg/day and 3.67 mg/l,
      respectively. The parameter of a power function of weight was estimated to adjust
      Vm for body size. The best function adjusts Vm in proportion to weight to the
      0.55 power. The Km for patients less than 15 years old was 16% less than that for
      adults. When the F of phenytoin is assumed to be 100% in the patients prescribed
      a tablet, the F value in the patients prescribed a powder was 89.5%.

PMID- 2921306
TI  - Antithyroid and goitrogenic effects of millet: role of C-glycosylflavones.
AB  - Pearl millet [Pennisetum millet (L.) leeke] is the main source of food energy for
      the rural poor in many areas of the semiarid tropics. Epidemiological evidence
      suggests that millet may play a role in the genesis of endemic goiter in these
      areas, and sparse experimental data in rats support this suspicion. This study
      was undertaken to determine in vivo in rats and in vitro using porcine thyroid
      slices and a thyroid peroxidase (TPO) assay the goitrogenic and antithyroid
      effects of millet diets, extracts of millet, and certain pure compounds contained
      therein. For use in these studies, whole grain millet was progressively dehulled
      to yield successively four bran and four flour fractions in which direct analyses
      revealed progressively lower concentrations of C-glycosylflavones. In vivo
      feeding of bran fraction 1, that richest in C-glycosylflavones, led to a
      significant increase in thyroid weight and antithyroid effects. Feeding of bran
      fraction 2, the next richest in C-glycosylflavones, produced similar, but less
      marked, changes. In vitro studies of 125I metabolism using porcine thyroid slices
      indicated that extracts of bran fractions 1 and 2 were most potent, producing
      changes similar to those produced by methimazole (MMI). At a concentration of 60
      mumol/L, glucosylvitexin, the major C-glycosylflavone present in millet, had
      effects comparable to those of 1 mumol/L MMI. Similarly, in studies of porcine
      TPO, extracts of bran fraction 1 caused pronounced (85%) inhibition of enzyme
      activity, and progressively less inhibition was induced by extracts of bran
      fractions 2, 3, and 4. Overall, the TPO-inhibiting activities of the various
      millet fractions closely correlated with their C-glycosylflavone concentrations.
      Three C-glycosylflavones present concentrations. Three C-glycosylflavones present
      in millet, glucosylvitexin, glycosylorientin, and vitexin, also inhibited TPO
      activity. Thus, in vivo and in vitro studies revealed that millet diets rich in C
      glycosylflavones produce goitrogenic and antithyroid effects similar to those of
      certain other antithyroid agents and small doses of MMI. We conclude that in
      areas of iodine deficiency in which millet is a major component of the diet, its
      ingestion may contribute to the genesis of endemic goiter.

PMID- 2921307
TI  - Differences between circadian and ultradian organization of cortisol and
      melatonin rhythms during activity and rest.
AB  - We compared the cortisol and melatonin circadian and ultradian rhythms in normal
      men using two approaches: 1) the men were exposed successively to two conditions,
      one normal and a second chosen to alter differently each of the hormones, i.e.
      complete bedrest for 34 h (supine, fasting, and under dim light), and 2) analyses
      of the rhythms using a combination of curve smoothing for the description of the
      24-h rhythm, and peak detection and spectral analysis for the measurement of
      periodic phenomena. Blood was sampled every 30 min from 0700-0700 h. A diurnal
      rhythm was detected for both hormones, with different underlying frequencies.
      Plasma cortisol had an ultradian rhythm of 8 h. From 0000-0800 h (night) and 0830
      1600 h (early day), the pulsatile activity and baseline values of cortisol were
      high, while from 1630-2400 h (late day), these variables were low. During
      complete bedrest, pulsatile activity and baseline values were even higher during
      the night period, and the nocturnal peak of cortisol, usually present between
      0300-1000 h, was split in two, with an early peak at 0000-0400 h. There were two
      specific events during the day associated with synchronous, high amplitude
      pulses: awakening and eating at noon. No such pulses occurred at suppertime or
      when the men fasted. Melatonin secretion was organized around a 5.5-h period. In
      the rest condition, plasma melatonin values were higher during the night. The 24
      h rhythms of cortisol and melatonin were temporally related. Plasma melatonin
      began to rise when plasma cortisol was at its lowest, it peaked when cortisol
      began to rise, and it began to decrease when cortisol reached its peak, with a 5
      h phase delay between plasma cortisol and melatonin rise at night. In summary,
      melatonin and cortisol rhythms have different ultradian frequencies, suggesting
      an intrinsic difference in the mechanisms controlling their secretion. In
      addition, their responses to restricted physical activity in an environment with
      dim light were completely different; for plasma melatonin, the change was
      primarily quantitative, with an increase in total production especially at night,
      while for plasma cortisol, there was more of a qualitative change, with different
      patterns of pulsatile activity and possible splitting of the nocturnal peak. The
      differences in the ultradian organization of these two hormones imply that the
      correlation between their peaks must depend on a third factor, which is likely to
      be the 24-h organization of the day.

PMID- 2921308
TI  - Thyroid peroxidase activity-inhibiting immunoglobulins in patients with
      autoimmune thyroid disease.
AB  - The thyroid microsomal antibody (M-Ab) has been found to be an antibody against
      thyroid peroxidase (TPO), and such antibodies have been reported not only to bind
      TPO but also to directly inhibit TPO activity. In this study we investigated the
      relationship between TPO activity-inhibiting immunoglobulin (TPII) and thyroid
      function in 55 untreated patients with hyperthyroidism due to Graves' disease and
      35 untreated patients with Hashimoto's disease. TPO partially purified from the
      microsomal fraction of Graves' thyroid tissue by Sephacryl S-300 gel filtration
      was incubated with immunoglobulin (Ig) fractions of serum prepared by
      precipitation with 15% polyethylene glycol. At the end of incubation, TPO
      activity was measured by a guaiacol assay. The TPII level was expressed as the
      TPII index, defined as the inhibition of TPO activity by patient Ig divided by
      inhibition produced by a known positive Ig. We also measured serum free T4, free
      T3, and TSH concentrations and anti-M-Ab titers, the latter by a microenzyme
      linked immunosorbent assay. When a positive TPII index was defined as more than
      the mean + 2 SD of the TPII index (0.38) for 15 normal subjects, 13 patients with
      Graves' disease and 14 patients with Hashimoto's disease had positive TPII index
      values. There was a positive correlation between the TPII index values and the M
      Ab titers in patients with either Graves' disease (r = 0.38; P less than 0.01) or
      Hashimoto's disease (r = 0.52; P less than 0.01). The mean TPII index in patients
      with Hashimoto's disease was significantly higher than that in patients with
      Graves' disease [0.38 +/- 0.42 (+/- SD) vs. 0.19 +/- 0.41; P less than 0.05]. The
      slope of the regression line between the TPII index values and the M-Ab titers
      for patients with Hashimoto's disease was steeper than that for patients with
      Graves' disease. The mean serum free T4 concentration was significantly lower in
      those patients with Hashimoto's disease who had positive TPII index values than
      in those with negative TPII index values (14.0 +/- 5.0 vs. 9.6 +/- 3.7 pmol/L; P
      less than 0.01). There was no significant difference in thyroid function between
      the patients with Graves' disease with positive and negative TPII index values.
      TPII appears to inhibit thyroid function in some patients, but no simple
      relationship between TPII and thyroid function in autoimmune thyroid disease was
      demonstrated. Understanding the factors that control access of anti-TPO antibody
      to its antigen may help to elucidate the significance of circulating anti-TPO
      antibody.

PMID- 2921309
TI  - Metabolism of [3H]equilin-[35S]sulfate and [3H]equilin sulfate after oral and
      intravenous administration in normal postmenopausal women and men.
AB  - The absorption of equilin sulfate and equilin from the gastrointestinal tract was
      determined in normal men after the ingestion of [3H]equilin-[35S]sulfate or a
      mixture of [3H]equilin and equilin-[35S]sulfate, while the metabolism of equilin
      sulfate was investigated after iv administration of [3H]equilin sulfate to
      postmenopausal women. After the oral administration of [3H]equilin-[35S]sulfate,
      equilin sulfate containing both 3H and 35S was isolated from plasma; however,
      only in the first sample taken at 10 min was the 3H/35S ratio the same as that of
      the [3H]equilin-[35S]sulfate ingested. The 3H/35S ratio then increased, and by 12
      h only traces of equilin-[35S]sulfate were detectable. Similarly, after the
      ingestion of [3H]equilin and equilin-[35S]sulfate, [3H]equilin-[35S]sulfate was
      isolated from plasma. The 3H/35S ratio was at all time points greater than the
      3H/35S ratio of the ingested mixture. Analysis of urine indicated that over 98%
      of 35S was not associated with any steroid and was most likely inorganic sulfate.
      After iv administration of [3H] equilin sulfate to postmenopausal women, equilin,
      equilenin, 17 beta-dihydroequilin, and 17 beta-dihydroequilenin were isolated
      from the urine. These results indicate that 1) some of the orally administered
      equilin sulfate was absorbed from the gut without prior hydrolysis, 2) some
      equilin sulfate was hydrolyzed in the gut before absorption; 3) equilin was
      absorbed more efficiently than equilin sulfate; 4) equilin absorbed was readily
      sulfated and circulated in this form; and 5) equilin sulfate was extensively
      metabolized, and the metabolites were excreted in the urine mainly conjugated
      with glucuronic acid.

PMID- 2921310
TI  - Thyroid peroxidase and thyroid microsomal autoantibodies.
AB  - The antithyroid microsomal antibodies found in the serum of patients with
      autoimmune thyroid disease are directed largely, if not entirely, against thyroid
      peroxidase (TPO). In this study we used a highly purified, well characterized,
      large tryptic fragment of porcine TPO (hereafter referred to as purified porcine
      TPO) to examine possible differences among microsomal antibodies in patients with
      autoimmune thyroid disease. Antibodies against this TPO preparation and also
      against a synthetic peptide corresponding to residues 780-793 of the deduced
      sequence of the native enzyme were compared with microsomal antibodies from
      patients in immunoblot experiments. The antiporcine TPO and antisynthetic peptide
      antibodies reacted with crude preparations of human TPO. Binding of serum
      microsomal antibodies to purified porcine TPO was also found. Purified porcine
      TPO shows two fragments after gel electrophoresis under reducing conditions: a
      59K fragment corresponding to the amino end of the molecule, and two
      approximately 30K fragments corresponding to the carboxyl end. Using an
      immunoblot procedure with purified porcine TPO as the antigen, we found that at
      least two epitopes were involved in microsomal antibody production: one
      associated with the 59K fragment and the other with the approximately 30K
      fragment(s). The distribution of serum antibodies against these epitopes differed
      among the patients, indicating that these antibodies comprise a heterogeneous
      group. Serum from patients with autoimmune thyroid disease significantly
      inhibited human TPO activity, raising the possibility that microsomal antibodies
      may contribute to the impaired thyroid function that occurs in some patients with
      autoimmune thyroid disease.

PMID- 2921311
TI  - Hormonal manipulation of endometrial maturation.
AB  - Three experimental protocols were devised to induce endometrial maturation in 12
      women with ovarian failure. Each was planned to serve a dual purpose: to resolve
      a particular clinical situation related to synchronization between ovum donor and
      recipient and to answer a specific question about endometrial physiology. A
      fourth protocol of sequential estrace (2-6 mg/day) and progesterone (P4; 25-50
      mg/day, im) simulating the 28-day natural cycle, served as a control protocol (18
      cycles). A short follicular phase protocol consisted of only 6 days of estrogen
      (E) administration before addition of P4 (13 cycles). In the long follicular
      phase protocol (5 cycles), estrace was given for 3-5 weeks, and P4 administration
      was accordingly postponed. In 6 accelerated secretory transformation cycles, 150
      mg/day P4 were administered, im, from day 15 onward. The adequacy of the induced
      endometrial cycles was evaluated by hormonal, morphological, and histochemical
      criteria relevant to endometrial normalcy and receptivity. Serum estradiol levels
      and the areas under the estradiol curves for the long and short follicular phase
      protocols differed significantly from those during the control cycles (P less
      than 0.005). Areas under the estradiol curves in the accelerated secretory
      transformation protocol yielded significantly higher P4 values than those in all
      other protocols (P less than 0.05). All biopsies in the 3 experimental protocols
      compared favorably with those of the control protocol. Glycocalyx intensity
      (periodic acid-Schiff) and the amount of galactose residues in the glycocalyx
      (Ricinus communis-I agglutinin) were greatest during the periimplantation
      interval. We conclude that a very short exposure of the human endometrium to E
      or, conversely, prolonged E stimulation will allow normal endometrial maturation
      with the addition of P4. Supraphysiological doses of P4 in the accelerated
      secretory transformation protocol significantly enhanced endometrial maturational
      processes.

PMID- 2921312
TI  - Estrogen replacement decreases the set point of parathyroid hormone stimulation
      by calcium in normal postmenopausal women.
AB  - Estrogens decrease serum total and ionized calcium (Ca) concentrations in
      postmenopausal women with or without primary hyperparathyroidism, but cause
      little or no increase in serum PTH suggesting a modification of the relationship
      between the two. In order to define this relationship, we studied the effect of
      conjugated estrogens on total and ionized serum Ca and serum PTH concentrations
      in five normal postmenopausal women, before and after 3, 11, and 23 weeks of
      therapy. Dynamic tests of parathyroid gland function, based on 2-h iv infusions
      of CaCl2 and NaEDTA, were performed at each time. Total and ionized serum Ca and
      carboxylterminal PTH were measured every 15 min during the infusions, and
      parathyroid function was evaluated by a nonlinear 4-parameter mathematical model.
      Estrogen therapy caused decreases in serum total [2.36 +/- 0.04 (SD) mmol/L,
      baseline vs. 2.19 +/- 0.05 mmol/L, 23 weeks, P less than 0.005) and ionized
      calcium (1.27 +/- 0.01 mmol/L, baseline vs. 1.21 +/- 0.02 mmol/L, 23 weeks, P
      less than 0.005]; the decreases were evident at 3 weeks and persisted for the
      duration of the study. Serum PTH concentrations did not change (8.94 +/- 1.84
      pmol/L, baseline vs. 8.98 +/- 2.38 pmol/L, 23 weeks). Three parameters of the
      parathyroid function, the maximal response to hypocalcemic stimulation, the
      nonsuppressible fraction of circulating PTH, and the slope of PTH on calcium at
      the set point were not affected by estrogen treatment. The fourth parameter, the
      set point of PTH stimulation by serum total calcium (2.16 +/- 0.04 mmol/L,
      baseline vs. 1.97 +/- 0.07 mmol/L, 23 weeks, P less than 0.0166) or by serum
      ionized Ca (1.19 +/- 0.04 mmol/L, baseline vs. 1.12 +/- 0.03 mmol/L, 23 weeks, P
      less than 0.01), was decreased by estrogen treatment. This was evident at the
      earliest time point studied and persisted thereafter. The decrease in ionized Ca
      set point only explained 40% of the decrease in total calcium set point, the
      remaining 60% being related to hemodilution of plasma protein during therapy. We
      conclude that estrogen replacement can influence parathyroid function in
      postmenopausal women by resetting the set point of PTH stimulation by ionized Ca.
      This in turn could contribute to the estrogen-induced changes in their Ca
      balance.

PMID- 2921313
TI  - Neurohypophyseal secretion in response to cholecystokinin but not meal-induced
      gastric distention in humans.
AB  - Exogenous administration of cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK) is known to
      decrease food intake and slow gastric emptying in humans and animals. Recent
      studies have shown that CCK stimulates neurohypophyseal secretion of oxytocin
      (OT) in rats and arginine vasopressin (AVP) in monkeys, and that gastric
      distention also stimulates OT release in rats. We therefore studied AVP and OT
      secretion in 14 normal subjects in response to meal-induced gastric distention
      and administration of CCK, both separately and in combination, to assess whether
      these stimuli similarly activated central neurohypophyseal pathways in humans.
      Neither plasma AVP nor OT concentrations increased after gastric distention
      produced by ingestion of a large meal. However, a dose-related increase in plasma
      AVP, but not OT levels, occurred after CCK administration, the threshold CCK dose
      being 0.05 micrograms/kg body weight. The AVP secretion in response to CCK
      administration was significantly correlated with subjective aversive symptoms
      quantified by use of a numeric scale (r = 0.61, P less than 0.001). In 12 of the
      14 subjects plasma AVP levels increased in association with symptoms of
      epigastric pressure and discomfort before the onset of overt nausea or emesis.
      The combination of CCK and meal-induced gastric distention did not stimulate
      increases in plasma AVP levels in excess of those produced by CCK administration
      alone. The results demonstrate that AVP secretion resulting from emetic center
      activation often is a graded response that can begin in association with milder
      degrees of visceral discomfort before symptoms of overt nausea or emesis. In
      addition, the stimulation of AVP secretion by CCK administration, but not by meal
      induced gastric distention in association with physiological satiety, suggests
      that some component of the anorectic effects of exogenous CCK in man likely
      results from activation of brainstem emetic centers.

PMID- 2921314
TI  - Resistance to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 of cultured psoriatic epidermal
      keratinocytes isolated from involved and uninvolved skin.
AB  - 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3], a hormonally active form of vitamin D3,
      has been reported to stimulate epidermal differentiation and to be an effective
      treatment of psoriatic lesions. We studied the responsiveness of psoriatic
      epidermal keratinocytes to 1,25-(OH)2D3 in explant-outgrowth cultures of involved
      and uninvolved skin from six patients with psoriasis. A feeder layer was required
      for outgrowth of psoriatic epidermal keratinocytes of involved skin, but not for
      that of cells of uninvolved skin. The growth of normal epidermal keratinocytes
      was inhibited by 1,25-(OH)2D3, and the number of DNA-synthesizing cells,
      determined in autoradiographs, was reduced to about 15% of that in control
      cultures by 1 nmol/L 1,25-(OH)2D3 (0.4 ng/mL). Epidermal keratinocytes isolated
      from both involved and uninvolved skin of patients with psoriasis were resistant,
      and 100-fold more 1,25-(OH)2D3 was required to inhibit their DNA synthesis. These
      results afford new insight into the etiology and therapy of psoriasis.

PMID- 2921315
TI  - Globin gene expression in erythroid human fetal liver cells.
AB  - We measured steady-state levels of the human globin mRNAs in liver samples from
      several mid-gestational fetuses. RNA from the epsilon, gamma, beta, zeta, theta,
      and alpha globin genes were present in fetal liver samples isolated from 10-25-wk
      embryos. The abundance of all human globin mRNAs declined in older fetuses,
      presumably because of a gradual reduction in the proportion of erythroid
      precursors in the liver as development proceeds. The gamma:beta globin mRNA ratio
      in 10-18-wk fetal erythroblasts was 6-7:1, and in adult erythroid bone marrow the
      ratio was 0.02:1. In fetal liver samples, the relative abundance of epsilon
      transcripts was less than 1% that of gamma, and zeta transcripts less than 5%
      that of alpha. Embryonic transcripts declined in abundance during late fetal
      development and were not detected in newborn liver or adult erythroid bone
      marrow. theta globin mRNA also represented a minor species (less than 1% that of
      alpha) in fetal liver samples, but in contrast to the embryonic mRNAs, was most
      abundant in adult marrow samples obtained from patients with erythroid
      hyperplasia. These results support the hypothesis that globin protein levels are
      regulated by the relative amounts of each globin mRNA at various stages of
      erythropoietic development.

PMID- 2921316
TI  - Stimulus-induced critical point. Mechanism for electrical initiation of reentry
      in normal canine myocardium.
AB  - The hypothesis was tested that the field of a premature (S2) stimulus,
      interacting with relatively refractory tissue, can create unidirectional block
      and reentry in the absence of nonuniform dispersion of recovery. Simultaneous
      recordings from a small region of normal right ventricular (RV) myocardium were
      made from 117 to 120 transmural or epicardial electrodes in 14 dogs. S1 pacing
      from a row of electrodes on one side of the mapped area generated parallel
      activation isochrones followed by uniform parallel isorecovery lines. Cathodal S2
      shocks of 25 to 250 V lasting 3 ms were delivered from a mesh electrode along one
      side of the mapped area to scan the recovery period, creating isogradient
      electric field lines perpendicular to the isorecovery lines. Circus reentry was
      created following S2 stimulation; initial conduction was distant from the S2 site
      and spread towards more refractory tissue. Reentry was clockwise for right S1
      (near the septum) with top S2 (near the pulmonary valve) and for left S1 with
      bottom S2; and counterclockwise for right S1 with bottom S2 and left S1 with top
      S2. The center of the reentrant circuit for all S2 voltages and coupling
      intervals occurred at potential gradients of 5.1 +/- 0.6 V/cm (mean +/- standard
      deviation) and at preshock intervals 1 +/- 3 ms longer than refractory periods
      determined locally for a 2 mA stimulus. Thus, when S2 field strengths and tissue
      refractoriness are uniformally dispersed at an angle to each other, circus
      reentry occurs around a "critical point" where an S2 field of approximately 5
      V/cm intersects tissue approximately at the end of its refractory period.

PMID- 2921317
TI  - Relationship between whole plasma calcitonin levels, calcitonin secretory
      capacity, and plasma levels of estrone in healthy women and postmenopausal
      osteoporotics.
AB  - The exact role of calcitonin (CT) in the pathogenesis of postmenopausal
      osteoporosis remains unknown. Whole plasma calcitonin (iCT) basal levels,
      metabolic clearance rate (MCR), and production rate (PR) of CT were measured in 9
      premenopausal and 16 postmenopausal women, including 11 osteoporotics (OP). Basal
      iCT levels were statistically lower in postmenopausal women than in the
      premenopausal group (P less than 0.01) and strongly correlated (r = 0.72; P less
      than 0.001) with estrone circulating levels (E1). MCR were similar in all groups.
      PR were similar in eugonadal women between 22 (mean +/- SD = 30.9 +/- 9.9
      micrograms/d) and 37 yr (mean +/- SD = 25.5 +/- 11.1 micrograms/d) premenopausal
      women. In healthy postmenopausal women PR were reduced, but not significantly
      (mean +/- SD = 19.5 +/- 6.95 micrograms/d), whereas osteoporotic patients
      presented a highly significant reduction of CT PR (mean +/- SD = 9.8 +/- 4
      micrograms/d) (P less than 0.01). Because there is a strong relationship between
      E1 and PR (r = 0.64; P less than 0.001), CT secretory capacity appears to be
      modulated by estrogen circulating levels. This modulation leads to a menopause
      related decrease in iCT. In osteoporotics, an independent impairment of CT
      production drastically lowers PR and basal iCT levels. CT might be one of the
      determining factors in the pathogenesis of postmenopausal osteoporosis.

PMID- 2921318
TI  - Transforming growth factor beta regulates thyroid growth. Role in the
      pathogenesis of nontoxic goiter.
AB  - The production and growth regulatory activity of transforming growth factor beta
      were studied in human thyroid tissue. As estimated by its mRNA expression in
      fresh tissue samples, transforming growth factor beta was produced in normal and
      in diseased thyroid glands. Transforming growth factor beta mRNA was mainly
      produced by thyroid follicular cells and in lesser quantities by thyroid
      infiltrating mononuclear cells. The concentrations of transforming growth factor
      beta mRNA were lower in iodine-deficient nontoxic goiter than in Graves' disease
      and normal thyroid tissue. Transforming growth factor beta protein secretion by
      cultured thyroid follicular cells was also low in nontoxic goiter, but could be
      increased by addition of sodium iodide (10 microM) to the culture medium.
      Recombinant transforming growth factor beta did not affect basal tritiated
      thymidine incorporation in cultured thyroid follicular cells, but inhibited, at a
      concentration of 10 ng/ml, the growth stimulatory influence of insulin-like
      growth factor I, epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor alpha, TSH,
      and partly that of normal human serum on cultured thyroid follicular cells. This
      inhibition was greater in Graves' disease than in nontoxic goiter. These results
      suggest that transforming growth factor beta may act as an autocrine growth
      inhibitor on thyroid follicular cells. Decreased transforming growth factor beta
      production and decreased responsiveness to transforming growth factor beta may be
      cofactors in the pathogenesis of iodine-deficient nontoxic goiter.

PMID- 2921319
TI  - Peroxisomal bifunctional enzyme deficiency.
AB  - Peroxisomal function was evaluated in a male infant with clinical features of
      neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy. Very long chain fatty acid levels were elevated in
      both plasma and fibroblasts, and beta-oxidation of very long chain fatty acids in
      cultured fibroblasts was significantly impaired. Although the level of the bile
      acid intermediate trihydroxycoprostanoic acid was slightly elevated in plasma,
      phytanic acid and L-pipecolic acid levels were normal, as was plasmalogen
      synthesis in cultured fibroblasts. The latter three parameters distinguish this
      case from classical neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy. In addition, electron
      microscopy and catalase subcellular distribution studies revealed that, in
      contrast to neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy, peroxisomes were present in the
      patient's tissues. Immunoblot studies of peroxisomal beta-oxidation enzymes
      revealed that the bifunctional enzyme (enoyl-CoA hydratase/3-hydroxyacyl-CoA
      dehydrogenase) was deficient in postmortem liver samples, whereas acyl-CoA
      oxidase and the mature form of beta-ketothiolase were present. Density gradient
      centrifugation of fibroblast homogenates confirmed that intact peroxisomes were
      present. Immunoblots of fibroblasts peroxisomal fractions showed that they
      contained acyl-CoA oxidase and beta-ketothiolase, but bifunctional enzyme was not
      detected. Northern analysis, however, revealed that mRNA coding for the
      bifunctional enzyme was present in the patient's fibroblasts. These results
      indicate that the primary biochemical defect in this patient is a deficiency of
      peroxisomal bifunctional enzyme. It is of interest that the phenotype of this
      patient resembled neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy and would not have been
      distinguished from this disorder by clinical study alone.

PMID- 2921320
TI  - Chronic exercise training protects aged cardiac muscle against hypoxia.
AB  - To test the hypothesis that chronic exercise may improve tolerance to hypoxia in
      aged hearts, we compared cardiac function of exercised rats to that of their age
      matched, nonexercised controls. Right ventricular papillary muscles were removed
      from young adult (9 mo) and old (24-26 mo) male Fischer 344 rats that were
      chronically exercised on a rodent treadmill and from their age-matched,
      nonexercised controls. During isometric contraction, hypoxia depressed
      contraction and relaxation in all muscles, but to a lesser extent in the
      exercised groups. A significant exercise effect was observed in the following
      variables: the maximum developed tension, the maximum rate of tension
      development, the maximum rate of tension decline, and the time required for the
      hypoxia to reduce maximum tension by 20%. The maximum rate of tension decline was
      more sensitive to hypoxia than was the maximum rate of tension development in all
      groups. Exercise also had an effect on the temperature dependence of cardiac
      performance during hypoxia. Thus, chronic exercise results in the preservation of
      both contraction and relaxation during hypoxia for aged as well as young adult
      hearts.

PMID- 2921321
TI  - Collagen gene expression by cultured human skin fibroblasts. Abundant steady
      state levels of type VI procollagen messenger RNAs.
AB  - Previous studies have suggested that procollagen types I and III are the major
      collagenous gene products of cultured human skin fibroblasts. In this study the
      expression of 10 different genes, encoding the subunit polypeptides for collagen
      types I-VI, by human skin fibroblasts in culture was analyzed by molecular
      hybridizations. Northern transfer analysis demonstrated the presence of specific
      mRNA transcripts for collagen types I, III, IV, V, and VI, but not for type II
      collagen. Quantitation of the abundance of these mRNAs by slot blot
      hybridizations revealed that type I, III, and VI procollagens were the major
      collagenous gene products of skin fibroblasts in culture. The mRNAs for type IV
      and V collagens represented only a small percentage of the total collagenous mRNA
      transcripts. Further analysis by in situ hybridization demonstrated that the
      majority of the cultured cells coexpressed the genes for type I, III, and VI
      procollagen pro-alpha chains. Further in situ hybridization analyses revealed the
      expression of type VI collagen genes in normal human skin. These data demonstrate
      that human skin fibroblast cultures can be used to study the transcriptional
      regulation of at least nine genetically distinct procollagen genes. The data
      further suggest that type VI collagen, in addition to types I and III, may be a
      major collagenous component of human skin.

PMID- 2921322
TI  - Cutaneous xanthoma in association with paraproteinemia in the absence of
      hyperlipidemia.
AB  - In the present report we describe a patient with multiple myeloma and long
      standing paraproteinemia who developed xanthoma in the absence of an elevation in
      plasma cholesterol or triglyceride concentrations. Studies demonstrated that our
      patient's monoclonal IgG antibody interacted with apoprotein B-100. The LDL
      antibody complex isolated from our patient did not affect the degradation of LDL
      by human fibroblasts, indicating that while IgG derived from our patient
      interacted with LDL it did not alter the metabolism of this lipoprotein by the
      LDL receptor pathway. Since the LDL receptor pathway is the major route of LDL
      metabolism, this probably explains why our patient was not hyperlipidemic. In
      contrast to an absence of effect on the LDL receptor, our patient's LDL-antibody
      complex stimulated cholesterol esterification within macrophages indicating the
      uptake and degradation of the LDL-antibody complex. The LDL-antibody complex
      inhibited the degradation of acetyl LDL by macrophages (scavenger pathway),
      demonstrating that our patient's LDL-antibody complex was recognized as a
      modified LDL. Moreover, mixing Ig from our patient with normal LDL also resulted
      in the normal LDL increasing the esterification of cholesterol by macrophages.
      One can hypothesize that our patient's monoclonal IgG-LDL complex interacted with
      the macrophage scavenger receptor, thereby resulting in the occurrence of
      xanthoma in the absence of hyperlipidemia.

PMID- 2921323
TI  - Characterization of aldosterone-induced potassium secretion in rat distal colon.
AB  - The role of apical and basolateral membranes in aldosterone-induced active
      potassium (K) secretion in rat distal colon was investigated by measuring mucosal
      to-serosal (Jms) and serosal-to-mucosal (Jsm) 42K fluxes (mueq.h-1.cm-2) across
      isolated stripped mucosa under short-circuit conditions in normal and secondary
      hyperaldosterone animals. In normal colons mucosal tetraethylammonium (TEA; 30
      mM) or barium (Ba; 5 mM), but not cesium (Cs; 15 mM), reduced Jsm without
      affecting Jms. In aldosterone animals (a) net K secretion (-0.54 +/- 0.11) was
      converted to net K absorption (0.63 +/- 0.15) by mucosal TEA, which produced a
      marked reduction in Jsm (0.82 +/- 0.07) and an increase in Jms (0.35 +/- 0.07).
      In contrast mucosal Ba resulted in a relatively smaller reduction in JK(sm)
      without altering JK(ms), whereas mucosal Cs was ineffective; (b) serosal
      bumetanide or the removal of serosal Na or Cl markedly inhibited JK(sm and
      abolished net K secretion; and (c) serosal ouabain (1 mM) produced qualitatively
      similar effects to those of serosal bumetanide. These results demonstrate that
      (a) normal rat distal colon contains apical TEA- and Ba-sensitive K channels; (b)
      aldosterone induces TEA-sensitive and Ba-sensitive apical K channels; (c)
      aldosterone-induced K secretion requires both the Na,K-pump and Na-K-2Cl
      cotransport for K uptake across the basolateral membrane; and (d) alteration of
      any of these processes results in inhibition of aldosterone-induced active K
      secretion simultaneously with stimulation of K absorption.

PMID- 2921324
TI  - Macrophage phagocytosis of aging neutrophils in inflammation. Programmed cell
      death in the neutrophil leads to its recognition by macrophages.
AB  - Mechanisms governing the normal resolution processes of inflammation are poorly
      understood, yet their elucidation may lead to a greater understanding of the
      pathogenesis of chronic inflammation. The removal of neutrophils and their
      potentially histotoxic contents is one prerequisite of resolution. Engulfment by
      macrophages is an important disposal route, and changes in the senescent
      neutrophil that are associated with their recognition by macrophages are the
      subject of this investigation. Over 24 h in culture an increasing proportion of
      human neutrophils from peripheral blood or acutely inflamed joints underwent
      morphological changes characteristic of programmed cell death or apoptosis. Time
      related chromatin cleavage in an internucleosomal pattern indicative of the
      endogenous endonuclease activation associated with programmed cell death was also
      demonstrated. A close correlation was observed between the increasing properties
      of apoptosis in neutrophils and the degree of macrophage recognition of the aging
      neutrophil population, and a direct relationship between these parameters was
      confirmed within aged neutrophil populations separated by counterflow
      centrifugation into fractions with varying proportions of apoptosis. Macrophages
      from acutely inflamed joints preferentially ingested apoptotic neutrophils and
      histological evidence was presented for occurrence of the process in situ.
      Programmed cell death is a phenomenon of widespread biological importance and has
      not previously been described in a cell of the myeloid line. Because it leads to
      recognition of intact senescent neutrophils that have not necessarily disgorged
      their granule contents, these processes may represent a mechanism for the removal
      of neutrophils during inflammation that also serves to limit the degree of tissue
      injury.

PMID- 2921325
TI  - Purification of a distinct placental lactogen receptor, a new member of the
      growth hormone/prolactin receptor family.
AB  - Recent findings from this laboratory suggest that the biological actions of
      placental lactogen (PL) in mammalian fetal tissues are mediated through binding
      of the hormone to a distinct and unique PL receptor. We have now purified this
      receptor from fetal and maternal sheep liver, characterized its binding to PL,
      growth hormone (GH), and prolactin (PRL), and determined its molecular weight by
      SDS-PAGE and by affinity cross-linking techniques. Soluble extracts containing
      specific, high-affinity (Kd 0.5 nM) PL binding activity were prepared by
      incubating ovine fetal and maternal liver microsomes with 1% Triton X-100. The
      detergent solubilized PL receptor was purified two- to threefold by ion-exchange
      chromatography and an additional twofold by gel exclusion chromatography on
      Sepharose 6B. The PL receptor was then purified 75,000- to 125,000-fold by
      affinity chromatography using a column of ovine PL (oPL) coupled to Affi-Gel 10.
      The molecular weight of the oPL receptor as determined by SDS-PAGE and by cross
      linking techniques was 44,000 +/- 2,000 (range 40,000-48,000). The purified
      receptor bound 125I-oPL specifically and with high affinity (Kd 0.5 nM) but did
      not bind either radiolabeled ovine GH or ovine PRL. In addition, in competition
      studies using 125I-oPL as the radioligand, the purified PL receptor bound
      unlabeled oPL with a potency 30-50 times greater than that of ovine GH and 500
      1,000 times greater than that of ovine PRL. These findings demonstrate the
      presence of a specific PL receptor in fetal and maternal sheep liver. The PL
      receptor, together with the GH and PRL receptors, constitute a family of distinct
      but related hormone receptors that differ in their relative affinities for PL,
      GH, and PRL. Changes in the expression of the three receptors may mediate changes
      in the hormonal control of growth during the transition from fetal to postnatal
      life.

PMID- 2921326
TI  - Prophylaxis of early ventricular fibrillation by inhibition of acylcarnitine
      accumulation.
AB  - Hypoxia in isolated myocytes results in accumulation of long-chain acylcarnitines
      (LCA) in sarcolemma. Inhibition of carnitine acyltransferase I (CAT-I) with
      sodium 2-[5-(4-chlorophenyl)-pentyl]-oxirane-2-carboxylate (POCA) prevents both
      the accumulation of LCA in the sarcolemma and the initial electrophysiologic
      derangements associated with hypoxia. Another amphiphilic metabolite,
      lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), accumulates in the ischemic heart in vivo, in part
      because of inhibition of its catabolism by accumulating LCA. It induces
      electrophysiologic alterations in vitro analogous to early changes induced by
      ischemia in vivo. The present study was performed to determine whether POCA could
      prevent accumulation of both LCA and LPC induced by ischemia in vivo and if so,
      whether attenuation of early arrhythmogenesis would result. LAD coronary artery
      occlusions were induced for 5 min in chloralose-anesthetized cats. Coronary
      occlusion in untreated control animals elicited prompt, threefold increases of
      LCA (73 +/- 8 to 286 +/- 60 pmol/mg protein) and twofold increase of LPC (3.3 +/-
      0.4 to 7.5 +/- 0.9 nmol/mg protein) selectively in the ischemic zone, associated
      with ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation (VF) occurring
      within the 5-min interval before acquisition of myocardial samples in 64% of the
      animals. POCA prevented the increase of both LCA and LPC. It also prevented the
      early occurrence of VT or VF (within 5 min of occlusion) in all animals studied.
      The antiarrhythmic effect of POCA was not attributable to favorable hemodynamic
      changes or to changes in myocardial perfusion measured with radiolabeled
      microspheres. Thus, inhibition of CAT-I effectively reduced the incidence of
      lethal arrhythmias induced early after the onset of ischemia. Accordingly,
      pharmacologic inhibition of this enzyme provides a promising approach for
      prophylaxis of sudden cardiac death, that typically occurs very soon after the
      onset of acute ischemia, in man.

PMID- 2921327
TI  - Effects of acetazolamide on Na+-HCO-3 cotransport in basolateral membrane
      vesicles isolated from rabbit renal cortex.
AB  - We evaluated the effects of acetazolamide on Na+-HCO3- cotransport in basolateral
      membrane vesicles isolated from the rabbit renal cortex. Na+ uptake stimulated by
      an imposed inward HCO3- gradient was not significantly reduced by 1.2 mM
      acetazolamide, indicating that acetazolamide does not directly inhibit Na+-HCO3-
      cotransport. 4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonate (DIDS)-sensitive Na+
      base cotransport was found to be absolutely CO2/HCO3--dependent. We therefore
      tested whether acetazolamide-sensitive availability of HCO3- at the basolateral
      membrane could be rate-limiting for Na+-base cotransport under some conditions.
      In the presence of a CO2/HCO3- buffer system but absence of an initial HCO3-
      gradient, Na+ influx was stimulated fivefold by an outward NH4+ gradient. This
      stimulation of Na+ influx by an outward NH4+ gradient was inhibited greater than
      75% by 0.6 mM acetazolamide, suggesting that acetazolamide blocked the ability of
      the NH4+ gradient to generate an inward HCO3- gradient. In the presence of an
      inward HCO3- gradient, Na+ influx was inhibited greater than 70% by an inward
      NH4+ gradient. This inhibition of Na+ influx was reduced to only 35% by 0.6 mM
      acetazolamide, suggesting that acetazolamide blocked the ability of NH4+ to
      collapse the inward HCO3- gradient. Similarly, Na+ influx in the presence of an
      inward HCO3- gradient was inhibited greater than 80% by an outward acetate
      gradient, and this inhibition was reduced to only 50% by acetazolamide. Thus,
      acetazolamide caused either inhibition or stimulation of Na+ uptake depending on
      the conditions with respect to pH and HCO3- gradients. The indirect interaction
      of acetazolamide with the basolateral membrane Na+-HCO3- cotransport system may
      be an important mechanism underlying inhibition of proximal tubule acid secretion
      by this agent.

PMID- 2921328
TI  - Electrophysiologic characteristics of sudden QRS axis deviation during
      orthodromic tachycardia. Role of functional fascicular block in localization of
      accessory pathway.
AB  - We analyzed the effect of functional fascicular block (FFB) on ventriculoatrial
      conduction time (VACT) during orthodromic tachycardia (OT) in 32 patients with
      single accessory pathway (AP) of the Kent bundle type. The location of AP was
      left free wall (LFW-AP) in 21 patients, left posteroseptal in 6, right free wall
      in 2, and right anteroseptal in 3. FFB either alone or in combination with
      functional left or right bundle branch block (LBBB or RBBB) occurred
      predominantly at the onset of OT and was initiated with ventricular extrastimulus
      technique more often than with atrial extrastimulation. In patients with LFW-AP,
      isolated functional left anterior fascicular block (LAFB) produced significant
      prolongation in VACT (15-35 ms). A similar magnitude of VACT increase (20-35 ms)
      was also observed when LAFB was associated with RBBB. Although 25-45-ms
      prolongation in VACT occurred with functional LBBB and normal axis, an additional
      20-55-ms VACT increase was seen when LAFB accompanied LBBB. Functional LAFB,
      alone or in combination with bundle branch block, however, did not prolong VACT
      in patients with other AP locations. Furthermore, left posterior fascicular block
      did not produce prolongation of VACT in any of the cases. It is concluded that in
      patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, evaluation of VACT during
      functional LAFB provides important information regarding AP localization and a
      clear separation of LFW-AP from all other locations.

PMID- 2921330
TI  - A modification of the sagittal splitting technique ensuring that the osteotomy
      split lies immediately medial to the lateral cortex.
AB  - A modification of Obwegeser's sagittal splitting method for the correction of
      mandibular prognathism has been developed. The anterior border of the proximal
      segment is partially removed at the beginning of osteotomy, which is carried out
      on the immediate inner surface of the lateral cortex. This osteotomy plane just
      under the lateral cortex, obtained by the use of a thin, disposable reciprocating
      sawblade, contributed to a lower incidence of postoperative lower lip
      hypaesthesia in the 14 cases presented.

PMID- 2921329
TI  - Functional effects on glomerular hemodynamics of short-term chronic cyclosporine
      in male rats.
AB  - We evaluated the effects of chronic cyclosporine (CsA) administration on the
      determinants of nephron filtration rate (SNGFR) using micropuncture techniques
      (mp) in male Munich-Wistar rats. Animals received CsA (30 mg/kg SQ) in olive oil
      daily for 8 d before mp. Controls (PFC) were pair fed. SNGFR, glomerular
      capillary hydrostatic pressure gradient (delta P), nephron plasma flow (SNPF),
      plasma protein oncotic pressure (pi A), and glomerular ultrafiltration
      coefficient (LpA) were quantitated in each experiment. CsA was associated with a
      lower SNGFR due to decreases in SNPF and a major reduction in delta P but no
      decrease in LpA. Plasma volume expansion (PVE) caused SNGFR, delta P, and SNPF to
      increase in both CsA and PFC without eliminating the differences between CsA and
      PFC. CsA/PVE rats responded normally to angiotensin II (AII) infusion indicating
      that the low delta P associated with CsA is not due to unresponsiveness to AII.
      Prior renal denervation caused SNGFR and SNPF to increase in CsA-treated animals
      but failed to alter the reduction in glomerular capillary pressure after CsA or
      to eliminate the glomerular hemodynamic differences between treated animals and
      pair-fed controls. This constellation of glomerular hemodynamic abnormalities
      suggests that the renal effect of short-term chronic CsA administration is
      mediated primarily by a reduction in the afferent effective filtration pressure
      resulting from an imbalance between pre- and postglomerular vascular resistances.

PMID- 2921331
TI  - Malar bone fractures and their sequelae. A statistical study of 1.393 cases
      covering a period of 20 years.
AB  - The authors analyse the results of 1.393 cases of malar fractures treated in the
      maxillo-facial Departments of Montpellier and Perpignan. A clinical and
      therapeutic classification is given. Study of the sequelae demonstrated that the
      most frequent were infra-orbital nerve lesions, residual displacement of the
      malar bone, diplopia, and enophthalmos. A point is made about the use of
      Franchebois's inflatable balloon as a means of retention. Its indications as well
      as its contra-indications are clearly defined. The reduction in the number of
      bone sequelae, when compared to cases treated without the balloon, demonstrates
      the efficacy and simplicity of this method.

PMID- 2921332
TI  - Mandibular invasion by oral squamous cell carcinoma.
AB  - Forty-five specimens consisting of mandibular bone and adjacent squamous cell
      carcinoma were histologically investigated. In 23 of them, there was no
      involvement of the mandibular bone: a continuous periosteal layer separated the
      tumour from the bone. Tumour spread through periosteal lymphatics was not
      observed in any of these cases and therefore there is no reason to sacrifice bone
      when the tumour is not fixed to the jaw. Twenty-two specimens exhibited bony
      involvement. In 10 of them, the bone was eroded by an advancing tumour front.
      None of these cases exhibited tumour invasion into cancellous spaces, dental
      canal or periodontal ligament space. Tumours with this type of bony involvement
      are amenable to mandible-sparing surgical treatment. The other 12 exhibited
      diffuse growth into cancellous bone, dental canal and, if present, periodontal
      ligament space. Cases like these are to be operated on by removing the entire
      thickness of the involved mandibular part. Tumours involving bone were slightly
      larger than those leaving bone uninvolved. The tumours eroding bone were of a
      smaller size than those infiltrating bone. The differences, however, are too
      small to have a predictive value in treatment planning. Attention is drawn to the
      presence of dental epithelial rests that should not be mistaken for invading
      tumour nests.

PMID- 2921333
TI  - Mandibular reconstruction with the THORP condylar prosthesis after
      hemimandibulectomy.
AB  - The subject of this paper is the evaluation of the advantages pertaining to the
      THORP (titanium hollow screw reconstruction plate) condylar prosthesis for
      reconstruction after hemimandibulectomy and exarticulation. The THORP condylar
      prosthesis is three-dimensionally adjustable, enabling the intraoperative
      meticulous functional adaptation of the condyle. Various designs of the condyle
      make it possible to achieve optimal congruency between the articular fossa and
      condyle. The anchorage of the prosthesis to the stump of the mandible is achieved
      with perforated hollow-screws rigidly fixed to the plate, thus producing optimal
      functional stability. The long-term follow-up of eleven cases, reconstructed with
      this system, confirmed the correct guidance and functional efficiency of this
      type of condylar prosthesis.

PMID- 2921334
TI  - Ornithine-vasopressin gangrene and reconstruction of the upper lip. Case report.
AB  - A bilateral cleft lip and palate case received ornithine-vasopressin intra
      operatively in preparation for a vasoconstricted field of the various lip
      segments prior to the repair of the cleft lip. A cyanotic tinge appeared
      immediately. This eventually led to total necrosis of the upper lip. Various
      relevant blood tests were done and a mild thrombocytosis was found. Surgical
      reconstruction of the upper lip was performed by means of a forked cross-lip flap
      -the main blood supply coming from the columella--as well as by means of an
      inferiorly pedicled cheek flap from the para-nasal area.

PMID- 2921335
TI  - Necrotizing fasciitis of the middle third of the face. A case report.
AB  - A 48-year-old man with necrotizing fasciitis in the right middle third face is
      presented. The patient had uncontrolled diabetes mellitus and liver cirrhosis.
      The condition was controlled by early diagnosis, prompt surgical management and
      adjunctive broad spectrum antibiotic cover after entering hospital, the curettage
      of the necrotizing tissue of the right cheek was especially effective.

PMID- 2921336
TI  - United Kingdom external quality assessment in blood coagulation: the first 21
      years.

PMID- 2921337
TI  - False positive bromide partition test in lymphomatous meningitis.

PMID- 2921338
TI  - Neutrophil elastase and elastic tissue in emphysema.

PMID- 2921339
TI  - Death certification: increased clinical confidence in diagnosis and lack of
      interest in confirmation by necropsy is not justified.
AB  - Comparison of 742 necropsies from 1975 with 833 from 1984 showed that the degree
      of certainty the clinicians attached to their diagnosis of the underlying cause
      of death had increased significantly in 1984. This was due almost exclusively to
      an increase in the certainty of the diagnosis of circulatory disease.
      Unfortunately, this was not justified as the numbers of false positive and false
      negative diagnoses were high in both years. With this increased certainty came a
      lack of interest in the necropsy. Similar lack of interest was also shown by
      surgeons in 1984, though in this instance it was accompanied by a high level of
      agreement between their diagnoses and necropsy findings.

PMID- 2921340
TI  - Fatal head injury in children.
AB  - A comprehensive neuropathological study was undertaken on 87 children aged
      between 2 and 15 years with fatal head injuries to identify those features which
      occurred at the time of head injury (fractured skull, contusions, intracranial
      haematoma and diffuse axonal injury) and those which were subsequently produced
      by complicating processes (hypoxic brain damage, raised intracranial pressure,
      infection and brain swelling). The types of brain brain damage identified were
      remarkably similar to those seen in adults. The only difference was the
      prevalence of diffuse brain swelling in children.

PMID- 2921341
TI  - Fine needle aspiration of thyroid nodules: three years' experience.
AB  - To overcome the difficulties arising in the management of cold nodules of the
      thyroid--many are unnecessarily resected because of the risk of malignancy--fine
      needle aspiration cytology was used in the assessment of thyroid lesions in 113
      patients. Aspirates were categorised into three groups as follows: group (i),
      consistent with simple goitre or cyst; group (ii), suspicious of underlying
      cellular lesion or tumour; group (iii), malignant. Resections for simple goitre
      were reduced from eight of 14 (40%) to two of 42 (3%) over three years, and the
      yield of neoplastic lesions coming to surgery as a result of aspiration increased
      from two of 12 (16%) to nine of 14 (69%) over the same period. It is concluded
      that fine needle aspiration cytology is an effective means of discriminating
      between simple and neoplastic thyroid lesions. This permits more appropriate
      patient management and a beneficial saving of resections for simple goitre. False
      negative diagnoses (two cases) in our series are of more concern than false
      positive results, but can be minimised by careful attention to sampling and
      cytological detail.

PMID- 2921342
TI  - Proliferative activity in endometrial stromal granulocytes throughout menstrual
      cycle and early pregnancy.
AB  - The proliferative activity in endometrial stromal granulocytes was studied using
      two approaches. Firstly, mitotic activity was studied in paraffin wax embedded
      sections of normal non-pregnant endometrium and early pregnancy decidua stained
      with phloxine-tartrazine. Secondly, the monoclonal antibody Ki67 was applied to
      cryostat sections of similar tissues. Endometrial stromal granulocytes were
      identified by their labelling with NKH1, Dako T11, UCHL1 or Dako-LC. The
      percentage of cases in which endometrial stromal granulocytes showed mitosis was
      25%, 75%, 86%, and 93%, respectively in proliferative, early secretory, mid
      secretory, and late secretory phases, and 14% in early decidua. There were at
      most one or two endometrial stromal granulocytes in mitosis per 10 high power
      fields. Double labelled cells were present in small numbers in proliferative
      endometrium and in moderate numbers in secretory endometrium. Only a few cells in
      early decidua double labelled with Ki67/T11; moderate numbers of cells double
      labelled with Ki67/Dako-LC. It is concluded that proliferative activity does
      occur in endometrial stromal granulocytes and is particularly prominent in the
      late secretory phase.

PMID- 2921343
TI  - Statistics on microcomputers: a non-algebraic guide to their appropriate use in
      biomedical research and pathology laboratory practice. 4. Correlation and
      regression.

PMID- 2921344
TI  - Serum placental-like alkaline phosphatase (PLAP): a novel combined enzyme linked
      immunoassay for monitoring ovarian cancer.
AB  - A new combined enzyme linked immunoassay (ELISA) was developed to measure both
      serum placental-like alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) activity (PLAPA) and
      concentration (PLAPC) in the same microtitre plate using an Imperial Cancer
      Research Fund monoclonal antibody, designated H17E2. PLAP A and PLAP C were
      determined together with an existing marker, CA125 in 397 serial samples from 87
      patients with epithelial ovarian cancer. Retrospective assessment showed the
      sensitivity to increase from 73% with CA125 alone, to 88% using CA125 and PLAP A,
      and to 93% with all three markers in 261 samples from the patients with known
      active disease at the time of sampling. When the results for all 397 samples were
      included in the analysis, however, the specificity, sensitivity, accuracy and
      predictive powers of this monoclonal antibody were not sufficiently high to
      assist in the prospective follow up of patients with ovarian cancer. This was due
      to a significant number of false positive and false negative results. Our data
      indicate that PLAP A or PLAP C estimation with H17E2 may, therefore, only be of
      value in the management of those patients with known active disease who are
      already known to be "marker positive" for this antigen.

PMID- 2921345
TI  - N-myc gene product expression in neuroblastoma.
AB  - The presence and distribution of N-myc gene product were studied in 13
      neuroblastomas and five ganglioneuroblastomas, using immunohistochemical
      techniques. Nine tumors (eight neuroblastomas and one ganglioneuroblastoma of
      composite type) contained neuroblastoma cells with positive nuclei for N-myc
      protein. Microscopic examination showed that most of the positive neuroblastoma
      cells seemed to be immature, with no apparent neuronal differentiation. Nine of
      11 tumours with amplified N-myc gene copies exhibited tumour cells with positive
      immunostaining for the N-myc gene product, while none of the seven non-N-myc
      amplified cases contained immunoreactive tumour cells. The survival of the
      patients positive for N-myc protein was significantly low compared with that of
      the negative ones. It is concluded that immunohistochemical staining for the N
      myc gene product will facilitate prediction of the prognosis of patients with
      neuroblastoma.

PMID- 2921346
TI  - Primary acquired sideroblastic erythropoiesis in non-anaemic and minimally
      anaemic subjects.
AB  - Six patients had primary sideroblastic erythropoiesis together with a haemoglobin
      concentration of 12.0 g/dl or higher. In four cases this was associated with
      macrocytosis. Other abnormalities included failure of erythroid progenitor growth
      from peripheral blood in three cases and occasional dysplastic appearances in
      neutrophils and megakaryocytes. Sideroblastic erythropoiesis seems to be an early
      manifestation of the myelodysplastic syndrome and may present clinically at a pre
      anaemic stage.

PMID- 2921347
TI  - Tolerance to penicillin in streptococci of viridans group.
AB  - Tolerance to penicillin was investigated in 40 isolates of optochin-resistant,
      alpha-haemolytic streptococci. Thirteen strains exhibited tolerance to penicillin
      (MBC:MIC ratio greater than or equal to 32) when stationary phase inocula were
      used, but only seven strains retained the tolerance phenotype in experiments with
      logarithmic phase inocula. There was a striking association between tolerance and
      Eagle's optimum dosage effect, particularly among strains that displayed
      tolerance in both the stationary and the logarithmic growth phases. Sequential
      viable counts on representative strains showed that reliance on the arbitrary
      criterion of bactericidal activity of 99.9% reduction of the original inoculum
      after 24 hours' exposure may occasionally lead to difficulties in the recognition
      of penicillin tolerance. In general, however, the 99.9% killing criterion
      provided a useful discriminator between strains that were rapidly killed by
      penicillin and those (tolerant strains) in which the bactericidal activity was
      much reduced.

PMID- 2921348
TI  - ACP Broadsheet 120: January 1989. Guide to diagnosis of inborn errors of
      metabolism in district general hospitals.

PMID- 2921349
TI  - Effect of international sensitivity index (ISI) of thromboplastins on precision
      of international normalised ratios (INR)
AB  - The contribution of the thromboplastin international sensitivity index (ISI) to
      the interlaboratory coefficient of variation (CV) of the international normalised
      ratio (INR) with individual reagents was assessed. In theory the precision of the
      INR should increase with lower ISI values. An empirical relation has been
      established between the ISI, the INR, and its CV for two rabbit thromboplastins
      used in sufficient numbers for analysis in the United Kingdom. This was based on
      the cumulative data from the United Kingdom National External Quality Assessment
      Scheme (NEQAS) surveys over two years beginning in 1986. The actual precision
      achieved in NEQAS for the two reagents depends on the ISI value of the
      thromboplastin and it agreed closely with the figure predicted by the empirical
      model. The findings show that the ISI value of a thromboplastin strongly
      influences the interlaboratory variability of the INR obtained with it. The CV of
      the INR approximates to the CV of the prothrombin ratio multiplied by the ISI.
      Manufacturers of thromboplastin should therefore be encouraged to produce
      reagents showing good precision of results reported as simple prothrombin ratios
      and a low ISI value to avoid impairment in precision when ratio results are
      transformed to INR.

PMID- 2921350
TI  - Effect of automation on prothrombin time test in NEQAS surveys.
AB  - The performance of coagulometers in the National Quality Assessment Scheme
      (NEQAS) surveys of the prothrombin time conducted between 1986 and 1987 was
      reviewed. There were sufficient data for analysis for eight types of coagulometer
      used with a single type of thromboplastin reagent and one instrument with an
      alternative reagent. The overall reliability efficacy of each instrument was
      evaluated by determining the orthogonal regression slope parameters for
      prothrombin time (PT) and international normalised ratios (INR) using the manual
      technique as the reference method. Seven of the eight types of coagulometer
      tended to overestimate the INR. A pattern frequently observed with coagulometers,
      and difficult to regulate, was a trend to underestimate INR below 3.0 and
      overestimate higher INR. Overestimation of INR values over 3.0 was particularly
      pronounced with three types of instrument (Fibrintimer, Lancer, KC4/10). The
      KC4/10 was used by a sufficient number of participants to permit analysis of the
      performance of individual instruments. Within instrument differences were similar
      to those produced by different types of coagulometers. Thromboplastin reagents
      affected the INR values obtained with coagulometers. The study indicates that
      each local reagent-instrument combination must be calibrated by the participant
      to obtain reliable INR values. The use of a general correction factor for a local
      PT system seems to be invalid owing to the considerable variation in performance
      of individual coagulometers. The two best guides to the choice of coagulometer
      may be the deviation from the manual result and precision estimated by the
      coefficient of variation of the INR.

PMID- 2921351
TI  - Statistics on microcomputers. A non-algebraic guide to the appropriate use of
      statistics packages in biomedical research and pathology laboratory practice. 5.
      Analysis of categorical data.

PMID- 2921352
TI  - Aspergillosis of the nose and paranasal sinuses.
AB  - Fulminant aspergillosis was diagnosed on nasal biopsy in a 49 year old man who
      had features of an aspergilloma. Further postmortem examination of this area was
      performed and the results were contrasted with the histological features of other
      Aspergillus infections. The nasal biopsy specimen and postmortem examination
      showed infiltrating Aspergillus hyphae with tissue necrosis and little
      inflammatory response. The hyphae were easily seen with routine stains. This
      contrasts with the findings in invasive aspergillosis where there is fibrosis and
      a granulomatous response to the Aspergillus hyphae. The hyphae are seen in giant
      cells using fungal stains. In the saprophytic infections aspergilloma and
      allergic Aspergillus sinusitis there is no tissue invasion or destruction.
      Aspergillus infections of the nose and paranasal sinuses often require biopsy for
      accurate diagnosis. As treatment varies pathologists need to be able to
      distinguish the different patterns of infection.

PMID- 2921353
TI  - Campylobacter-like organisms and heterotopic gastric mucosa in Meckel's
      diverticula.
AB  - To assess the possibility that Campylobacter pylori might colonise heterotopic
      gastric mucosa a detailed histological review of 69 cases of Meckel's diverticula
      resected over 17 years was undertaken. Twenty three were resected incidentally
      while 46 were excised as the suspected cause of symptoms. Gastric mucosa was
      found in 13 diverticula (19%), 10 from the symptomatic group and three from the
      incidental cases, of which eight showed active gastritis affecting the
      heterotopic mucosa. Specific staining showed spiral bacteria with the typical
      morphology of C pylori adherent to gastric mucosa in four of the diverticula
      showing active gastritis. Campylobacter-like organisms were not seen on normal
      heterotopic gastric mucosa or on adjacent intestinal epithelium. The findings
      show that Campylobacter-like organisms, identical in appearance, staining, and
      distribution with C pylori, colonise and possibly inflame heterotopic gastric
      mucosa in Meckel's diverticulum.

PMID- 2921354
TI  - Comparison of clinical and postmortem diagnosis of pulmonary embolism.
AB  - The incidence of pulmonary embolism and the number of clinically missed diagnoses
      of it in necropsies carried out between 1960 and 1984 at this department were
      investigated. Pulmonary embolism primarily affects elderly people with serious
      underlying disease; in this study it was found more often in women. The incidence
      of pulmonary embolism (9% of all necropsies) was unchanged during the period
      studied. In contrast, pulmonary embolism as the "sole" cause of death increased
      (p less than 0.0005). Although most pulmonary emboli were the immediate cause of
      death, the clinical diagnosis was often missed (in 84% of all cases).
      Furthermore, such clinically missed diagnoses increased over the years (p less
      than 0.005), especially in patients with heart disease and cancer. Without
      necropsy there will be considerable underdiagnosis of pulmonary embolism,
      therefore providing a misleading figure in the death statistics for this often
      fatal disease.

PMID- 2921355
TI  - The binding of peroxidase-labelled lectins to human endometrium in normal
      cyclical endometrium and endometrial adenocarcinoma.
AB  - The nature of endometrial glycoconjugates throughout the menstrual cycle was
      investigated using a panel of lectins directed against specific sugar groups.
      This approach was also applied to a series of endometrial adenocarcinomas the
      findings for which were compared with those of normal controls. A change in the
      expression of glycosubstances was found in relation to the phase of the menstrual
      cycle; that there was increasing sialylation of terminal galactose groups during
      the secretory phase. This change may be influenced by progesterone. One group of
      endometrial adenocarcinomas exhibited binding patterns similar to those seen in
      secretory endometrium and this may be related to progesterone receptor state.
      Expression of fucose containing glycosubstances was identified in half of the
      carcinomas but not in the normal control tissue, thus indicating that a change in
      fucosylation occurs with endometrial neoplasia. None of the lectin binding
      patterns, however, correlated with variables in the patients themselves or within
      the tumours.

PMID- 2921356
TI  - C-myc oncogene product P62c-myc in ovarian mucinous neoplasms:
      immunohistochemical study correlated with malignancy.
AB  - The monoclonal antibody Myc 1-6E10 was used to determine the cellular
      distribution of the c-myc oncogene product p62c-myc in 60 mucinous ovarian
      tumours. Three patterns of immunostaining were apparent: (i) nuclear staining
      alone; (ii) staining of the nucleus and basal cytoplasm; and (iii) staining of
      the entire cell. Of the 21 cases of mucinous cystadenoma, 11 showed nuclear
      staining alone, and a further case showed additional weak staining of the basal
      cytoplasm. Nuclear staining alone was not present in any of the 17 borderline
      mucinous tumours examined. Strong staining of the nucleus and basal cytoplasm was
      seen in 16 of these borderline cases, six of which also showed focal staining of
      the apical cytoplasm. All 22 cases of mucinous cystadenocarcinoma showed staining
      of the cell nucleus and entire cell cytoplasm. Focal staining of the apical
      cytoplasm in six of 17 borderline mucinous tumours produced a pattern of c-myc
      immunostaining similar to that of cystadenocarcinoma. Retrospective analysis of
      the clinical data showed that no significant differences between patients with
      borderline tumours of these two categories could be defined. Although
      immunostaining with Myc 1-6E10 can be used in the categorisation of mucinous
      ovarian tumours, it is concluded that standard histological criteria are more
      accurate indicators of tumour behaviour than is an assessment of c-myc
      expression.

PMID- 2921357
TI  - Association between invasiveness, inflammatory reaction, desmoplasia and survival
      in colorectal cancer.
AB  - Five hundred and twenty seven colorectal carcinomas were reviewed histologically.
      A multivariate analysis (Cox) was used to test the prognostic importance of
      certain histological features (invasiveness, inflammatory reaction, and amount of
      fibrous tissue) at the tumour edge after allowance had been made for
      clinicopathological stage, tumour site, and histological type and grade. A poorly
      defined tumour border, lack of inflammatory reaction, and a pronounced fibrosis
      (desmoplasia) at the tumour edge were associated with unfavourable stage
      distributions, but each of these features also had an independent effect on
      prognosis.

PMID- 2921358
TI  - Pseudohyponatraemia, hypercholesterolaemia, and primary biliary cirrhosis.
AB  - A 62 year old woman with primary biliary cirrhosis was found to have a plasma
      sodium concentration of 115 mmol/l. Follow up showed this to be a
      "pseudohyponatraemia" due to a massively raised serum cholesterol concentration
      of 78 mmol/l. Electrophoresis of serum lipoproteins and of the lipoproteins and
      apolipoproteins in fractions isolated on density-gradient ultracentrifugation
      showed that the major portion of the serum cholesterol was being transported with
      lipoprotein-X. Low density lipoprotein-cholesterol concentration was also raised.
      Lipoprotein-X contained, in addition to albumin and apolipoprotein C,
      apolipoprotein E. This case is of interest because of the degree of
      hypercholesterolaemia, its association with pseudohyponatraemia, and the
      unequivocal demonstration of apolipoprotein E associated with lipoprotein-X.

PMID- 2921359
TI  - Diurnal variations in serum biochemical and haematological measurements.
AB  - Twenty five biochemical and haematological measurements were determined on
      nonfasting blood and serum samples collected between 9 am and 7 pm from a
      representative group of 7685 British middle-aged men. Most measurements showed
      significant diurnal variations, but only for bilirubin, phosphate, and
      triglyceride did time of day account for more than 5% of the between subject
      variance. Serum bilirubin concentrations showed a pronounced downward trend in
      the afternoon, the mean value after 6 pm being 30% lower than the mean value in
      the morning. Mean serum triglyceride and phosphate concentrations increased
      steadily through the day. Mean concentrations of potassium, haemoglobin, and
      haematocrit and red cell count were higher in the morning, while urea and
      creatinine concentrations and white cell count had higher means in the afternoon.
      Glucose showed a pattern consistent with short term response to meals. The
      effects of these diurnal trends on routine use of biochemical tests needs careful
      consideration, and a greater understanding of their biological mechanisms is
      required.

PMID- 2921360
TI  - Quantitation of lactoferrin in odontogenic cyst fluids.
AB  - A competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method was used to
      measure the concentration of lactoferrin in fluids from 36 odontogenic
      keratocysts, 15 dentigerous cysts, and 30 radicular/residual cysts. Keratocyst
      fluids contained significantly higher concentrations of lactoferrin than fluids
      from the other two types of cyst (p less than 0.001); but the range of values
      obtained within each group was large. Although lactoferrin represents a larger
      proportion of the total protein in keratocyst fluids than in dentigerous or
      radicular cyst fluids, lactoferrin concentration is not an absolute diagnostic
      marker for keratocysts. Lactoferrin concentration correlated strongly with the
      numbers of neutrophils present in keratocyst fluids (p less than 0.001), less so
      for dentigerous cyst fluids (p less than 0.05, and not at all in the case of
      radicular cyst fluids. It is suggested that neutrophils are the source of
      lactoferrin in the three categories of cyst studied but that the relatively
      impermeable nature of the keratocyst lining probably accounts for the
      particularly high concentrations of lactoferrin found in their fluids. Given that
      most keratocysts were asymptomatic, acute inflammation itself does not explain
      the reason for the high numbers of neutrophils in many of the fluids.

PMID- 2921361
TI  - Discrepant toxoplasma latex agglutination test results.
AB  - The analysis of 4450 toxoplasma serology results showed that 59 (1.3%) latex
      agglutination reactions were not confirmed in the dye test. These discrepant
      results were associated with an unspecified IgM antibody but not associated with
      kit batch variation, inactivation of sera, concurrent cytomegalovirus infection,
      or the presence of hepatitis B virus "e" antigen. The latex agglutination test is
      useful as a screen for toxoplasma infection but false positive reactions do
      occur. Patients at risk of severe toxoplasmosis should be investigated by
      additional tests.

PMID- 2921362
TI  - False positive latex tests negative by ELISA for toxoplasma IgG.
AB  - An enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit for detecting IgG class antibody
      to T gondii was compared with the latex agglutination test to determine the
      specificity as a screening method in 12 patients who had undergone heart
      transplantation (recrudescence of T gondii infection n = 3, donor acquired
      infection n = 3; acute cytomegalovirus infection n = 6). The latex agglutination
      test detected antibodies to primary T gondii infection much earlier in the
      infection than the ELISA, but the ELISA method was useful for detecting previous
      infection. It is concluded that the ELISA technique is more complex to perform
      than the latex agglutination test but the use of IgM and IgG assays combined
      could reduce the number of samples sent to the reference laboratory and thus
      reduce the time taken to obtain a final result.

PMID- 2921363
TI  - Biotin-labelled antigen screening test for toxoplasma IgM antibody.
AB  - A method for the simple preparation of biotin-labelled toxoplasma antigen was
      used with avidin peroxidase in an IgM-capture enzyme linked immunosorbent assay
      (BAM-ELISA). Although the overall predictive value of a positive result was only
      38%, its low cost and 100% sensitivity makes it a very suitable screening test.
      Positive results can be confirmed by an alternative assay, thus providing a more
      economical and effective diagnostic service than either screening all sera by a
      commercial test or selecting sera for IgM testing.

PMID- 2921364
TI  - Comparison of two bone trephine instruments used for quantitative
      histomorphometry.
AB  - Transilial bone samples were obtained at necropsy using trephine instruments with
      internal diameters of 2 mm and 7 mm. Undecalcified histological sections were
      prepared and two structural histomorphometric variables (percentage of trabecular
      bone volume and surface density of bone) were estimated by a Quantimet 720 image
      analyser. The differences between the variables measured from the two adjacent
      cores were due to differences in biopsy site rather than the size of the sample.
      The smaller diameter needle is therefore recommended for use as the biopsy
      procedure is simpler and tissue sections can be prepared sooner than is the case
      with the larger needle.

PMID- 2921365
TI  - Tightly spiral shaped bacteria in gastric antrum: are they urease positive?

PMID- 2921366
TI  - Sensitivity of Campylobacter pylori to colloidal bismuth subcitrate.

PMID- 2921367
TI  - Enterotoxin production by strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from clinical
      specimens.

PMID- 2921368
TI  - Nucleolar organiser regions in squamous tumours of the pharynx and larynx.

PMID- 2921369
TI  - Hypercalcaemia in Hodgkin's disease without hyperparathyroidism or skeletal
      metastases.

PMID- 2921370
TI  - Comparative longitudinal study of 2 methods of scheduling maintenance visits: 4
      year data.
AB  - 116 subjects were recruited from a population of patients previously treated for
      adult periodontitis and maintained in periodontal health by means of periodic
      prophylaxes every 3-6 months. The subjects were divided into a control (C) and a
      test (T) group. A total of 33 patients in the T group and 47 in the C group
      completed the 4-year study. The C subjects were examined every 6 months and given
      a prophylaxis every 3 months. The patients in the T group were examined at
      similar intervals, but prophylaxes were administered according to the
      individualized scheme of Listgarten and Shiffter, on the basis of a differential
      microscopic count of subgingival bacterial morphotypes. Recurrent periodontitis
      was defined as an increase in probing depth of 3 mm or more from baseline
      measurements. Teeth so affected were sampled microbiologically when the diagnosis
      of recurrent disease was made and "exited" from the study for treatment. A
      control microbial sample was taken at the same time from a previously-defined
      pooled sample of non-affected surfaces with comparatively high, but stable
      probing depths. During a 4-year period, more than half of the subjects developed
      at least one recurrence of disease, and one-third of the subjects had 2 or more
      recurrences of periodontitis. Disease recurred on approximal surfaces 81% and on
      orovestibular surfaces 19% of the time. There were no significant differences in
      the rate of disease recurrence between the C and the T group, even though recall
      intervals in the T group at the 4-year examination averaged 19.4 months and an
      average of 30.6 months had elapsed since the previous prophylaxis. Both groups
      exhibited similar plaque index and gingival index scores, similar probing depth
      and attachment level measurements, and similar proportions of different bacterial
      morphotypes during the 4-year study. However, differences were noted between
      examinations for both groups with respect to most of these criteria. This study
      provides 4-year longitudinal data on the clinical and certain microbiological
      characteristics of a population of adult patients previously treated for moderate
      to advanced periodontitis, and subsequently placed on periodontal maintenance.
      The results indicate that some of these patients may remain in good periodontal
      health despite the lack of regular tri-monthly recall visits, and that
      microscopic monitoring of the subgingival microbiota may be of value in
      identifying these individuals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2921371
TI  - Effects of subgingival irrigation on A. actinomycetemcomitans.
AB  - The effects of repeated subgingival irrigation on Actinobacillus
      actinomycetemcomitans was examined. 24 periodontal pockets harboring A.
      actinomycetemcomitans in 3 juvenile and 4 adult periodontitis patients were
      studied. The protocol included bi-weekly subgingival irrigation with hydrogen
      peroxide of the periodontal sites until the micro-organism was no longer detected
      by selective culture, or for 6 months. A. actinomycetemcomitans was gradually
      suppressed to below detection following the irrigation regime and could no longer
      be detected in 46% of the sites at completion of the irrigation protocol. The
      sites were microbiologically re-examined 5 months after cessation of the
      irrigation regime. A. actinomycetemcomitans re-occurred in only 2 of the sites
      from which it had originally been suppressed below detection. The results
      indicate: (1) that the irrigation regime tested has some potential to suppress A.
      actinomycetemcomitans in periodontal pockets; (2) that the effect of the
      irrigation protocol generally lasted for 5 months; (3) that the reduction rate of
      A. actinomycetemcomitans to below detectable levels seems related to the initial
      number of cultivable bacteria from the periodontal pocket.

PMID- 2921372
TI  - The impact of regression towards the mean on probing changes in studies on the
      effect of periodontal therapy.
AB  - The purpose of this report was to evaluate the magnitude of the regression
      towards the mean (RTM) relative to the observed changes in probing measurements
      following periodontal therapy in 2 groups of patients. Regression lines were
      calculated for observed changes in probing depths and probing attachment levels
      related to the initial probing depths of the individual sites. Regression lines,
      adjusted for the RTM effect, were also calculated. For the extreme subgroups of
      recorded shallow and deep sites, the RTM effect (mm) was found to amount to a
      maximum of 0.6 mm. It appears unlikely that erroneous conclusions have been made
      in previous clinical studies evaluating probing depth changes in deep sites,
      since the RTM accounts for a limited portion of the observed changes. For probing
      depth changes in shallow sites and for probing attachment level changes in both
      shallow and deep sites, the RTM accounts for a larger proportion of the observed
      mm changes. It therefore seems prudent to be careful about interpretation of
      these changes in clinical studies, where the RTM effect has not been adjusted
      for. Whenever possible, duplicate initial recordings should be taken to allow
      determination of and subsequent adjustment for the RTM effect.

PMID- 2921373
TI  - A retrospective radiographic study of alveolar bone loss in the primary dentition
      in patients with localized juvenile periodontitis.
AB  - Lately, it has been questioned whether localized juvenile periodontitis (LJP) is
      restricted to the permanent dentition, or if it sometimes might have a
      prepubertal onset, involving the primary dentition. To clarify this question, 17
      patients with LJP, together with 17 non-LJP matched controls, were
      retrospectively examined for radiographic signs of alveolar bone destruction in
      their primary dentitions. All LJP subjects but one showed localized marginal bone
      loss, whereas no bone loss was observed among the controls. The results suggest
      that at least some cases of LJP start in the primary dentition prior to the
      involvement of the permanent teeth.

PMID- 2921375
TI  - Microbiological aspects of diseases.

PMID- 2921374
TI  - Metronidazole plus amoxycillin in the treatment of Actinobacillus
      actinomycetemcomitans associated periodontitis.
AB  - The potential use of an adjunctive therapy of metronidazole plus amoxycillin for
      the subgingival elimination of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in
      periodontitis patients was investigated. 22 patients participated in this study,
      11 with localized juvenile periodontitis (LJP) and 11 with rapidly progressive
      periodontitis (RPP). 14 patients had received periodontal treatment in the past.
      All patients were subgingivally infected with A. actinomycetemcomitans. After
      mechanical subgingival debridement in combination with the antibiotic treatment,
      elimination of A. actinomycetemcomitans was achieved in all patients but one.
      With this one exception, clinical improvements were observed in all patients,
      resulting in reduced pocket probing depths as well as in a significant reduction
      in bleeding on probing. Re-examination of 16 patients after 9-11 months revealed
      that A. actinomycetemcomitans was still undetectable and further clinical
      improvement was observed. It was concluded that the combination of metronidazole
      plus amoxycillin is a valuable adjunct to mechanical therapy in A.
      actinomycetemcomitans associated periodontal infections.

PMID- 2921376
TI  - A 1-year study on the maintenance of gingival health by a dentifrice containing a
      zinc salt and non-anionic antimicrobial agent.
AB  - An experimental dentifrice containing zinc citrate and Triclosan was used by
      student nurses for 12 months without supervision, while a corresponding group
      used a control dentifrice. Dental flossing was not permitted during the first 6
      months. Gingival health achieved in a pre-experimental period, during which oral
      hygiene instruction was given, was maintained by users of the experimental
      dentifrice for 12 months but not by users of the control dentifrice. About 1/3 of
      the control group used floss daily during the 2nd 6 months and significantly
      improved their gingival health to a level comparable to that of the experimental
      group. Flossing brought no extra benefit for the latter group. In the control
      group, approximal regions were less healthy than buccal or lingual sites. The
      gingival health of these sites improved significantly with daily flossing. The
      experimental dentifrice maintained gingival health in all sites irrespective of
      the use of floss. The study has confirmed that oral health can be maintained by
      the use of the experimental dentifrice for at least 12 months in a habitual
      toothbrushing regime, and that the dentifrice would be as effective and simpler
      than relying on the combination of brushing and regular flossing.

PMID- 2921377
TI  - Relationships between alveolar bone levels measured at surgery, estimated by
      transgingival probing and clinical attachment level measurements.
AB  - Alveolar bone level measurements obtained by transgingival probing were compared
      with alveolar bone levels measured during surgery at 178 sites in 9 patients.
      Probing depth measurements using constant loads of 30 g and 60 g were also
      compared with bone levels measured at surgery at the above sites. The effects of
      inflammation, location of the site on the tooth surface and tooth type were also
      investigated. Transgingival probing was unaffected by these factors and proved to
      be an accurate method of measuring alveolar bone levels (r = 0.975). Probing
      depth measurements were affected by the presence of inflammation, assessed by the
      bleeding response to probing, and variation in probing load. The effect of
      inflammation was to reduce the mean distance between the probe tip and the
      alveolar bone from 2.4 mm to 1.9 mm. None of the relationships between the
      measurements were significantly affected by the location of the site on the tooth
      surface, or by tooth type.

PMID- 2921378
TI  - Odontogenic epithelial hamartomas in periodontal structures.
AB  - 4 hamartomas apparently derived from remnants of the dental lamina and enamel
      organ are reported in a collection of human jaw specimens. These epithelial
      lesions represent a transitional stage between a developmental anomaly and a
      distinct odontogenic neoplasm. Earlier reports indicated that such lesions with
      clinical symptoms are rare; however, this study suggests a more common occurrence
      on a microscopic level.

PMID- 2921379
TI  - Citric acid burnishing of dentinal root surfaces. A scanning electron microscopy
      report.
AB  - The integrity of formalin-fixed periodontally diseased root surfaces was assessed
      following root planing to dentin and citric acid application. Extracted human
      teeth (fixed in 10% formalin), with crowns removed, were vertically sectioned in
      half. A horizontal groove on each proximal surface marked the extent of
      attachment loss. The diseased root surface was vigorously root planed to expose
      dentin. Cotton pellets, soaked in a saturated solution of citric acid, were
      either "placed" (control) or "burnished" (vigorously rubbed using root planing
      pressure) (experimental) on the prepared root surface for 5 min. Pellets were
      changed 2 times/min. The teeth were fixed and prepared for scanning electron
      microscope viewing and photography. A representative print was selected for each
      specimen. To confirm differences between test and control groups, untrained
      raters were asked to perform 2 sorting exercises. First, they were asked to sort
      the representative photographs of each specimen into 2 piles based on surface
      characteristics. Second, they were asked to choose from pairs of photographs,
      representing matched specimens, the one photograph which appeared to have the
      greatest collagen surface area. The surfaces of experimental specimens revealed
      patent dentinal tubules and an intertubular area with a very distinct "shag
      carpet" appearance of deeply tufted collagen fibrils. Control samples also
      exhibited open dentinal tubules, yet the intertubular surface displayed a "matted
      collagen" surface. Results of the 2 sorting exercises confirm that burnishing of
      formalin-fixed dentin root surfaces for 5 min with cotton pellets soaked in a
      saturated solution of citric acid consistently produces a distinct tufted
      collagen fibril surface.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2921380
TI  - Neural hyperplasia is not a diagnostic prerequisite in nodular prurigo. A
      controlled morphometric microscopic study of 26 biopsy specimens.

PMID- 2921381
TI  - Pilomatricoma associated with epidermoid cyst.
AB  - The clinical and pathological features of 4 cases of pilomatricoma associated
      with epidermoid cysts, are described. None of the cases showed features of
      Gardner's syndrome.

PMID- 2921382
TI  - Scrotal calcinosis.

PMID- 2921383
TI  - Morphometrical analysis of mycosis fungoides on paraffin-embedded sections.
AB  - Morphometry was carried out on H&E stained paraffin sections of 29 cases of
      contact dermatitis (CD) and 35 cases of mycosis fungoides (MF) (patch stage 12;
      plaque stage 11; tumor stage 12); 9 nuclear parameters, mean thickness of the
      infiltrate and 5 stereological parameters were assessed for each slide.
      Application of a non-parametric discriminant analysis (k-nearest neighbour
      method) which is based on median of nuclear areas, mean maximal nuclear diameter,
      volume density and numerical density of nuclei provided discrimination between CD
      and patch stage MF at an efficiency of 82.9% (specifity 86.7%, sensitivity
      61.5%). Efficiency of discrimination between CD and plaque stage was 92.5%
      (specifity 89.7%, sensitivity 91.7%) and between CD and tumor stage 100% when
      discriminant analysis was based on the mean thickness of the infiltrate. Although
      unequivocal discrimination between CD and MF cannot be achieved in each
      individual case, morphometry on routine paraffin material obviously provides
      additional objective criteria for the diagnosis of early MF.

PMID- 2921384
TI  - A survey of reference accuracy in five national dental journals.
AB  - Previous studies have examined the bibliographic accuracy of citations in medical
      journals. The purpose of this study was to assess reference accuracy in five
      national dental journals. One hundred references were randomly selected from the
      March, 1987, issue of each of five dental journals (a total of 500 references).
      Each reference was verified either from the original source or from other
      indexing tools if the original was unavailable. References were divided into two
      categories: incorrect and correct. The number of incorrect references was counted
      and subdivided into major and minor errors. The errors were grouped by types of
      error: author, article title, citation (which included errors in journal title,
      volume, issue, and page numbers), and "unable to verify". This survey found 211
      (42%) inaccuracies out of 500 references reviewed, with a total of 248 errors
      within the incorrect group. Out of the latter, 173 (70%) were minor errors, and
      75 (30%) were major errors. Types of minor errors ranked as follows: minor
      article title errors, 86 (35%); minor author errors, 61 (25%); and minor citation
      errors, 26 (10%). Types of major errors were ranked as follows: incorrect journal
      citation, 32 (13%); "unable to verify", 25 (10%); incorrect author, 10 (4%); and
      incorrect article title, 8 (3%). The results of this survey showed that nearly
      half of the references reviewed were inaccurate.

PMID- 2921385
TI  - A modified DDE Index for use in epidemiological studies of enamel defects.
AB  - The aim of this study was to investigate possible modifications to the DDE Index
      to make it simpler to use and to make the data collected more meaningful and
      amenable to analyses and interpretation. After the use of the DDE Index in a
      National Study in Ireland, initial alterations to the Index were tested on a
      group of children with enamel defects, in Ireland and New Zealand. The DDE Index
      was then modified to allow for the measurement of demarcated, diffuse, and
      hypoplastic defects and their severity. With the Modified Index, the prevalence
      of defects both on index teeth and all permanent tooth surfaces of 8- and 15-year
      old children in fluoridated Cork City and non-fluoridated areas of Cork County
      and Manchester, U.K., was measured. The prevalence of enamel defects on one or
      more index teeth of children in the three areas ranged from 30 to 42% in 8-year
      olds and from 31 to 38% in 15-year-olds. The percentage of children affected as
      seen by full-mouth examination was somewhat higher, ranging from 38 to 51% for 8
      year-olds and 58 to 63% for 15-year-olds. The percentage of index teeth affected
      (7 to 14%) was generally higher than for all teeth (5 to 9%). Demarcated
      opacities were the most common defect seen. Diffuse opacities were found to be
      the discriminating factor between the fluoridated and non-fluoridated areas. In
      all areas, the vast majority of diffuse opacities extended over less than 1/3 of
      the surface area of the teeth affected.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2921386
TI  - Increased pH-lowering ability of Streptococcus mutans cell masses associated with
      extracellular glucan-rich matrix material and the mechanisms involved.
AB  - Streptococcus mutans strain IB-1600 was cultivated in Todd-Hewitt broth (THB) or
      THB supplemented with sucrose (S). Cell mass obtained from THB exhibited a high
      cell density and negligible glucan-rich extracellular matrix material (EMM),
      whereas cell mass from 2% S-supplemented THB exhibited widely-spaced cells
      separated by EMM. The pH-lowering potential of the different cell masses was
      studied in vivo with an intra-oral enamel demineralization test and rinsing with
      glucose solution, and in vitro with a model which permits vertical penetration of
      glucose through the cell mass and pH evaluation at different depths within the
      cell mass. In vivo, the pH profile of EMM-rich cell mass derived from 2% S
      supplemented THB was characterized by a lower pH minimum and a slower return of
      the pH as compared with THB-derived cell mass. In vitro, an increase in cell mass
      EMM content was associated with a more rapid initiation and an increase in the
      rate of pH drop in the depth of the cell masses. Evaluation of the acidogenic
      potential of the cells in cell masses derived from THB and 2% S-supplemented THB
      with suspensions of dispersed cell mass and added glucose indicated no
      difference. The buffering capacity of cell mass derived from 2% S-supplemented
      THB within the pH range of 6.5-4.0 was greatly reduced as compared with that of
      THB-derived cell mass, due to the relatively low buffering capacity of EMM. The
      presence of EMM also appeared to enhance the porosity of the cell mass.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2921387
TI  - Prevention of sucrose-induced demineralization of tooth enamel by chewing
      sorbitol gum.
AB  - Measurements were made of the effect of chewing sorbitol gum on the intra-oral
      demineralization induced by rinsing with 10% sucrose solutions. Blocks of bovine
      enamel were covered with a layer of Streptococcus mutans IB1600, and mounted on
      palatal appliances that were worn by five subjects for defined periods of time.
      Enamel demineralization was determined by following changes in iodide
      penetrability (delta Ip) of the enamel surfaces. Delta Ip increased to a maximum
      of about 15 units between 30 and 45 min, while the pH of the S. mutans plaque
      dropped to below 4 by 15 min. Plaque pH returned to 4.9 by 60 min. Chewing
      sorbitol gum after the sucrose rinse minimized further increases in delta Ip and
      brought about a more rapid return of the S. mutans plaque pH toward neutrality.
      The effect of chewing gum was greater when chewing was initiated earlier so that,
      when gum was given at five min after the sucrose rinse, demineralization was only
      37% of that obtained without gum. The findings confirm earlier reports on the
      effect of gum on plaque pH, and directly demonstrate the profound protective
      effects that chewing sorbitol gum can have on tooth enamel.

PMID- 2921388
TI  - The effects of pellicle formation on streptococcal adhesion to human enamel and
      artificial substrata with various surface free-energies.
AB  - The influence of a pellicle on streptococcal adhesion was studied. A "ripened"
      two-hour salivary pellicle and an "early" five-minute salivary pellicle were
      formed on human enamel and artificial solid substrata with varying surface free
      energies. Three strains of oral streptococci, also with widely different surface
      free-energies, were used for adhesion studies. Pellicle formation and
      streptococcal adhesion took place at a constant shear rate of 21 s-1. Adhesion of
      S. mitis BMS to bare and pellicle-covered enamel was low and not significantly
      affected by the presence of a pellicle (0.7 x 10(6) and 0.6 x 10(6) cells.cm-2,
      resp.), whereas the numbers of S. sanguis 12 and S. mutans NS adhering to bare
      enamel (4.2 x 10(6) cells.cm-2 and 13.8 x 10(6) cells, cm-2, resp) were
      significantly reduced by the presence of a pellicle. This reduction was almost
      complete after only five minutes of salivary protein adsorption (1.9 x 10(-6) and
      1.1 x 10(6) cells.cm-2 for S. sanguis and S. mutans, resp.) but further reduced
      for S. sanguis adhering to a ripened pellicle (0.7 x 10(6) cells.cm-2). The
      numbers of streptococci adhering at equilibrium to bare enamel could be fitted to
      a thermodynamically based model, which was previously described for bacterial
      adhesion to homogenous artificial substrata. Streptococcal adhesion to artificial
      substrata exposed to saliva was low, and the differences among uncoated materials
      were markedly reduced even after only five minutes' exposure to saliva.

PMID- 2921389
TI  - A new method for the estimation of mutans streptococci in human saliva.
AB  - A new method for quantitating the numbers of mutans streptococci in saliva--the
      "Strip mutans" test--was developed. It includes the following steps: A prepared
      plastic spatula is contaminated with saliva, transferred to a selective broth,
      incubated for two days, and dried. A predetermined area is counted or evaluated
      for CFUs of mutans streptococci. The medium contains sucrose to promote adhesion
      of mutans streptococci to the strip. Bacitracin, added just before use, is the
      basis for the selectivity. Results with the new medium were compared with those
      from the "spatula technique" and with those from conventional saliva sampling
      with dilution. The studies involved 302 and 60 schoolchildren, respectively.
      There was a highly significant correlation between the results from the new
      method and those from conventional methods. The strip mutans test is easy to used
      and has long shelf-life, and the spatulas with adherent colonies can be saved for
      future comparisons.

PMID- 2921390
TI  - Curing light-activated composite cement through porcelain.
AB  - The purpose of the study was to determine the exposure times needed to harden a
      light-activated composite cement through various thicknesses of porcelain. A
      negative exponential model was developed with which the relative hardness of a
      composite could be predicted from the product of the exposure time and the square
      root of the light intensity at 470 nm. Hardness data obtained by varying the
      exposure time and porcelain thickness were found to fit this model. A
      relationship was derived to predict the required exposure time, t, of a composite
      under porcelain with a transmission coefficient, Tc, and a thickness, l:t = toTc
      1/2, where to is the exposure time of the composite alone.

PMID- 2921391
TI  - Mechanical properties of poly(alkyl alpha-fluoroacrylate)s as denture-base
      materials.
AB  - alpha-Fluoro-substituted acryl polymers, poly(methyl alpha-fluoroacrylate) (PMFA)
      and poly(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl alpha-fluoroacrylate) (P3FFA) were investigated for
      extension to denture-base resins. PMFA, in which fluorine attaches to the polymer
      chain, had excellent mechanical properties: For instance, compressive and bending
      strength and bending modulus were 50% higher than those of PMMA. P3FFA, in which
      fluorines are substituted at the end of the pendant alkyl ester, showed poor
      mechanical properties. Contrary to expectations, the amount of water sorption of
      PMFA was about twice that of PMMA, while that of P3FFA was almost zero.
      Copolymers of MFA and 3FFA were prepared in an attempt to optimize the mechanical
      properties and the water sorption. The copolymer with 40% of 3FFA showed higher
      compressive, diametral tensile, and bending strength; in particular, the bending
      modulus and water resistance were about 35% and 20% higher, respectively, than
      those of PMMA. Improvement of the mechanical properties and increase of the water
      sorption of PMFA may be due to intermolecular forces induced by polarizability of
      the fluorine and carboxy group along the polymer chain. Decrease of the water
      sorption by fluorine substituted on the alkylester group as in P3FFA may be due
      to higher hydrophobicity and steric effect of the fluoroalkyl substitute.

PMID- 2921392
TI  - Oligomers with pendant isocyanate groups as adhesives for dentin and other
      tissues.
AB  - Oligomers containing pendant isocyanate groups were synthesized from various
      vinyl monomers, m-isopropenyldimethylbenzyl isocyanate (TMI), and 2
      isocyanatoethyl methacrylate (IEM). The liquids were characterized by their
      refractive indices, infrared spectra, and percentage of isocynate groups in the
      molecule. Adhesive properties of these compounds were compared with those of
      oligomers prepared from methacrylate esters, IEM, and/or TMI which had been
      synthesized previously. Bond strengths of the sodium salt of ethylenediamine
      tetraacetic acid (Na2EDTA adjusted to pH 7.4) and glutaraldehyde-treated dentin
      cemented to composite resin with dilute solutions of the oligomers and then
      stored in water were determined by the procedure of Kemper and Kilian (1975).
      These adhesive compositions, especially formulations synthesized from vinyl
      monomers, adhered at least as well to dentin as did other dentin bonding agents.
      Oligomers synthesized with methacrylate esters bonded more strongly to bone than
      did other hard-tissue adhesives. These oligomeric compositions are also excellent
      soft-tissue adhesives. For example, they provide a strong bond between a
      collagenous substrate (such as calfskin) and cured denture-base resin. Provided
      that their biological properties prove satisfactory, these compositions could
      find many applications as hard- and soft-tissue adhesives in clinical dentistry.

PMID- 2921394
TI  - Relationships between the size, position, and angulation of human jaw muscles and
      unilateral first molar bite force.
AB  - Human subjects commonly show large variations in bite force produced at the first
      molar teeth. To evaluate the role of muscle cross-sectional sizes and lever arms
      in bite-force production, we correlated these variables in 11 healthy adults.
      Axial and coronal images obtained by magnetic resonance were combined with
      conventional lateral cephalograms and dental cast data to reconstruct the
      craniomandibular morphology in each subject. The cross-sectional sizes of the
      right masseter and medial pterygoid muscles, their lever arms, and the bite-point
      lever arms were measured directly from these reconstructions. Physiological
      recordings of bite force were made in the region of the right first molar by
      means of a customized transducer aligned perpendicular to the functional occlusal
      plane. The average bite force for the sample as a whole was 189 +/- 78 N. The
      coefficients of variance were greater for bite forces, and for the cross
      sectional sizes of the two muscles, than for their respective lever arms. Highly
      significant Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficients (p less than 0.005)
      were found between masseter and medial pterygoid cross-sectional size, and
      between the cross-sectional size of each muscle and bite force. No significant
      correlations (p greater than 0.1) were found between muscle or bite-point lever
      arms and bite force. Despite the fact that craniofacial spatial morphology may
      differ among subjects, jaw muscle size alone seems to explain most of the
      variation in bite force reported by ourselves and others.

PMID- 2921393
TI  - Comparison of fluoride uptake produced by tray and flossing methods in vitro.
AB  - The purposes of this study were to compare: (i) the fluoride (F) uptake by enamel
      in approximal areas of teeth when the F agent was applied in vitro via a tray or
      a flossing technique; and (ii) the effectiveness of two treatments--acidulated
      phosphate fluoride (APF) alone and CaHPO4.2H2O (DCPD)-forming pre-treatment
      followed by APF. Groups of three teeth (one premolar and two molars) were mounted
      in impression compounds simulating their oral configuration. In the tray group,
      teeth received one four-minute treatment by means of custom-formed trays. In the
      flossing group, the approximal areas of teeth were flossed for 40 sec twice daily
      for three days with an absorbent floss wetted with the treatment solution. All
      teeth were incubated in a saliva-like solution except during treatment. At the
      end of the three-day period, teeth were unmounted and washed in 1 mol/L KOH for
      24 hours. The F uptake was calculated from biopsy data obtained before and after
      the treatment. The results showed that (i) DCPD-APF produced significantly
      greater F uptake than APF alone in both the tray and flossing methods, and (ii)
      the flossing technique produced significantly greater F uptake in the approximal
      areas than the tray method for either treatment.

PMID- 2921395
TI  - Model of mercury vapor transport from amalgam restorations in the oral cavity.
AB  - A model of the oral cavity was used as the basis for a discussion of the
      conditions prevalent during the transport of mercury vapor from amalgam
      restorations via the saliva to the gas phase of the oral cavity during
      respiration or during pumping of air through the mouth. It was found that the
      mercury diffusion rate through the saliva layer is independent of the air flow
      rate through the oral cavity. Mercury appears to be transported as atoms both in
      the aqueous phase of saliva and in the gas phase. The majority of the mercury
      atoms reaching the gas phase appears to originate directly from the surface of
      the amalgam restorations, passing through the saliva layer, while only a minority
      originates from mercury dissolved in the aqueous phase. The amount of mercury
      released per unit of time to the gas phase was shown to be independent of the air
      flow rate during respiration and pumping. Furthermore, the released mercury atoms
      are distributed partly to the gas phase, from which they are respired to the
      lungs and the environment, and partly to the saliva and the gastro-intestinal
      tract, by swallowing.

PMID- 2921396
TI  - A clinical, radiographic, and histological evaluation of permucosal dental
      implants of dense hydroxylapatite in dogs.
AB  - A clinical, histological, and radiographic examination was performed on 77
      permucosal dental implants, made of dense sintered hydroxylapatite: 34 solid
      cylinders and 43 hollow cylinders. The hollow cylinders were pre-compressed
      between two titanium caps. The implants were placed in partly edentulous
      mandibles of dogs, and were physiologically loaded. Healing was clinically and
      radiographically evaluated during a six-month to five-year period. At various
      times, implants with their surrounding tissues were removed and prepared for
      light and electron microscopy. All implants showed a good initial fit and were
      maintained in place without undercut or mechanical stabilization. After 18
      months, 76% of the solid cylinders had fractured at the implant/bone junction due
      to fatigue. However, the submerged portions of the solid cylinders were preserved
      without clinical problems, and became entirely embedded in bone. The pre-stressed
      implants did not fracture, and 91% were functioning 24 months after placement.
      The average scores of pocket depths and gingival bleeding showed no significant
      differences between implants and surrounding natural teeth. Bone deposition
      occurred on the entire surface of the implant below the crest of the alveolar
      bone, and intimate bone contact was confirmed by electron microscopy. It was also
      observed that a layer of bone tissue was deposited on the implant surface in the
      permucosal area just above the alveolar bone level. Embedding of gingival fibers
      in this layer resulted in gingival attachment to the implant, comparable with
      that of natural teeth.

PMID- 2921397
TI  - A look at the future of American dentistry.

PMID- 2921398
TI  - In favor of double testing.

PMID- 2921399
TI  - Punch technique--an alternative approach to the repair of pierced earlobe
      deformities.
AB  - The punch technique of repairing pierced earlobe deformities is a practical and
      simplified alternative to the usual method of repair. The procedure can easily be
      performed in any dermatology office since the instruments required are very
      basic. The technique is presented in a series of illustrations, and the results
      are cosmetically acceptable.

PMID- 2921400
TI  - Marking the spot.
AB  - Tattooing with India ink is a precise and practical method for identifying biopsy
      sites when there is a significant delay between biopsy and definitive surgery.

PMID- 2921401
TI  - Argon-pumped tunable dye laser therapy for facial port-wine stain hemangiomas in
      adults--a new technique using small spot size and minimal power.
AB  - A low power, argon-pumped tunable dye laser was used to deliver yellow light of
      577 nm. Individual blood vessels within port-wine stain hemangiomas were treated
      with a 0.1-mm beam of light using 8 X magnification. This technique permits
      excellent resolution of facial and nuchal port-wine stain hemangiomas in adults
      without the adverse complications of textural change, permanent pigmentation
      abnormality, or hypertrophic scarring.

PMID- 2921402
TI  - Postirradiation extensive cicatricial scalp alopecia treated by tissue expansion.
AB  - The scalp of a 20-year-old woman with extensive cicatricial alopecia caused by x
      ray irradiation for tinea capitis has been reconstructed by the use of tissue
      expansion. Two stages were required to reconstruct the large defect. The hair
      bearing posterior scalp has been expanded to cover the whole irradiated area,
      creating a new anterior hairline and a pleasing cosmetic result.

PMID- 2921403
TI  - Topical hemostatic agents for dermatologic surgery.

PMID- 2921404
TI  - Acoustic distortion products in humans: systematic changes in amplitudes as a
      function of f2/f1 ratio.
AB  - The effects of primary-tone separation on the amplitude of distortion-product
      emissions (DPEs) at the 2f1-f2 frequency were systematically examined in ten ears
      of five subjects. All individuals had normal hearing and middle-ear function
      based upon standard clinical measures. Acoustic-distortion products were elicited
      at 1, 2.5, and 4 kHz by equilevel primaries at 65, 75, and 85 dB SPL, while f2/f1
      ratios were varied in 0.02 increments from 1.01-1.41 (4 kHz), 1.01-1.59 (2.5
      kHz), or 1.01-1.79 (1 kHz). A principal outcome reflected in the detailed
      structure of both average and individual ratio functions was a nonmonotonic
      change in DPE amplitude as the ratio of f2/f1 increased. Despite the presence of
      amplitude nonmonotonicities, there was clearly a region of f1 and f2 separation
      that generated a maximum DPE. The effects of primary-tone separation on DPE
      amplitudes were systematically related to DPE frequency and primary-tone level.
      For all three levels of stimulation, the f2/f1 ratio was inversely related to DPE
      frequency. Thus larger ratios reflecting a greater separation of f1 and f2 were
      more effective in generating DPEs at 1 kHz rather than at 4 kHz. The optimal
      ratio for 2.5 kHz fell at an intermediate value. Conversely, acoustic distortion
      product amplitude as a function of primary-tone level was directly related to the
      frequency separation of the primary tones. Regardless of the frequency region of
      the primary tones, smaller f2/f1 ratios were superior in generating DPEs in
      response to 65-dB stimuli, whereas larger ratios elicited bigger DPEs with
      primaries at 75 and 85 dB SPL. Within any specific stimulus-parameter
      combination, individual variability in DPE amplitude was noted. When all stimulus
      conditions describing the variations in frequency and level were considered, an
      f2/f1 ratio of 1.22 was most effective in maximizing DPE amplitude.

PMID- 2921405
TI  - Physiological responses to the pulsation threshold paradigm. I: Pulsation
      threshold patterns do not reproduce physiological rate profiles of high-pass and
      low-pass noise maskers.
AB  - This article compares psychophysical measures of human processing of acoustic
      stimuli with one neurophysiological representation (normalized discharge rate
      profiles) of those stimuli. Psychophysical pulsation threshold patterns (PTPs)
      were derived for high-pass and low-pass noise maskers. Spectral features of both
      maskers are clearly evident in the PTPs. However, while the representation of
      high-pass noise in the PTPs becomes sharper with increasing masker level, the
      representation of low-pass noise degenerates as masker level is increased. One
      assumption that has been used previously to interpret pulsation threshold data is
      that PTPs reflect the profile of activity in primary neural elements in response
      to the masking stimulus. To investigate this hypothesis, normalized-rate profiles
      of responses to both maskers were derived from populations of auditory-nerve
      fibers in cats. Normalized-rate profiles do not exhibit the same behavior as PTPs
      for high-pass noise maskers in that the neural representation of the band edge
      degenerates as sound level increases. Furthermore, the distinction between the
      passband and the stop band is lost in the neural rate profiles, whereas the
      distinction improves in the high-pass noise PTPs.

PMID- 2921406
TI  - Physiological responses to the pulsation threshold paradigm. II: Representations
      of high-pass noise in average rate measures of auditory-nerve fiber discharge.
AB  - In a companion article [L. I. Hellstrom, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 85, 230-242 (1989)],
      it was shown that psychophysical pulsation threshold masking patterns (PTPs) for
      high-pass noise maskers are not a simple transformation of the profile of
      activity evoked in the auditory nerve by the masker. In this article, PTPs are
      compared with neural representations in which interactions of masker and probe
      are considered. It is hypothesized that, at pulsation threshold, some criterion
      value of rate change occurs when the stimulus switches from masker to probe. The
      iso-rate probe level, defined for single auditory-nerve fibers, is the probe
      level at which this rate change is zero. Iso-rate probe levels are lowest when
      probe frequency equals best frequency (BF) of the fiber. Profiles of iso-rate
      probe level versus BF (equal to probe frequency) are qualitatively similar to
      PTPs but differ quantitatively, e.g., in the rate of growth of probe level with
      masker level (1.2 dB/dB for PTPs, 0.54 dB/dB for iso-rate profiles). Quantitative
      differences can be further reduced by requiring a positive rate criterion. These
      results suggest that PTPs are not solely a reflection of the internal
      representation of the masker, but reflect responses to the probe tone as well.

PMID- 2921407
TI  - Spectral differences in the ability of temporal gaps to reset the mechanisms
      underlying overshoot.
AB  - When very brief tonal signals are presented immediately after the onset of a
      gated noise masker, detectability can be 10-20 dB worse than when the signal is
      delayed by several hundred milliseconds, an effect known as the overshoot. It has
      long been known that, when an "onset" is created in an otherwise continuous,
      broadband masker by briefly turning it off and on again, the detectability of a
      brief signal presented soon after this temporal gap will decline gradually as the
      gap is increased from a few milliseconds to a few hundred milliseconds. In other
      words, the auditory system recovers to its quiescent, resting state following an
      adequate silent interval. Here, the broadband maskers consisted of three adjacent
      spectral bands--one centered on the frequency of the tonal signal, one low passed
      below the lower edge of the center band, and one high passed above the upper edge
      of the center band. The signal was a 2500-Hz tone having a total duration of 6
      ms. In different blocks of trials, either all three bands, only the center band,
      or only the two flanking bands were temporally gapped by a duration ranging from
      10-300 ms. When the center band was about 750 Hz wide (about 2.5 critical
      bandwidths), this differential gapping process resulted in typical recovery
      functions when all three bands (the entire spectrum) or when just the two
      flanking bands were gapped. However, when only the center band was gapped, there
      was no evident recovery--rather, detectability remained near the signal level
      required with a continuous masker, even for a gap duration of 300 ms.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2921408
TI  - Comodulation masking release for various monaural and binaural combinations of
      the signal, on-frequency, and flanking bands.
AB  - The threshold for a signal masked by a narrow band of noise centered at the
      signal frequency (the on-frequency band) may be reduced by adding to the masker a
      second band of noise (the flanking band) whose envelope is correlated with that
      of the first band. This effect is called comodulation masking release (CMR).
      These experiments examine two questions. (1) How does the CMR vary with the
      number and ear of presentation of the flanking band(s)? (2) Is it possible to
      obtain a CMR when a binaural masking level difference (BMLD) is already present,
      and vice versa? Thresholds were measured for a 400-ms signal in a continuous 25
      Hz-wide noise centered at signal frequencies (fs) of 250, 1000, and 4000 Hz. This
      masker was presented either alone or with one or more continuous flanking bands
      whose envelopes were either correlated or uncorrelated with that of the on
      frequency band; their frequencies ranged from 0.5fs to 1.5fs. CMRs were measured
      for six conditions in which the signal, the on-frequency band, and the flanking
      band(s) were presented in various monaural and binaural combinations. When a
      single flanking band was used, the CMR was typically around 2-3 dB. The CMR
      increased to 5-6 dB if an additional flanking band was added. The effect of the
      additional band was similar whether it was in the same ear as the original band
      or in the opposite ear. At the lowest signal frequency, a large CMR was observed
      in addition to a BMLD and vice versa. At the highest signal frequency, the extra
      release from masking was small. The results are interpreted in terms of the cues
      producing the CMR and the BMLD.

PMID- 2921409
TI  - Comodulation masking release (CMR) as a function of masker bandwidth, modulator
      bandwidth, and signal duration.
AB  - These experiments examine how comodulation masking release (CMR) varies with
      masker bandwidth, modulator bandwidth, and signal duration. In experiment 1,
      thresholds were measured for a 400-ms, 2000-Hz signal masked by continuous noise
      varying in bandwidth from 50-3200 Hz in 1-oct steps. In one condition, using
      random noise maskers, thresholds increased with increasing bandwidth up to 400 Hz
      and then remained approximately constant. In another set of conditions, the
      masker was multiplied (amplitude modulated) by a low-pass noise (bandwidth varied
      from 12.5-400 Hz in 1-oct steps). This produced correlated envelope fluctuations
      across frequency. Thresholds were generally lower than for random noise maskers
      with the same bandwidth. For maskers less than one critical band wide, the
      release from masking was largest (about 5 dB) for maskers with low rates of
      modulation (12.5-Hz-wide low-pass modulator). It is argued that this release from
      masking is not a "true" CMR but results from a within-channel cue. For broadband
      maskers (greater than 400 Hz), the release from masking increased with increasing
      masker bandwidth and decreasing modulator bandwidth, reaching an asymptote of 12
      dB for a masker bandwidth of 800 Hz and a modulator bandwidth of 50 Hz. Most of
      this release from masking can be attributed to a CMR. In experiment 2, the
      modulator bandwidth was fixed at 12.5 Hz and the signal duration was varied. For
      masker bandwidths greater than 400 Hz, the CMR decreased from 12 to 5 dB as the
      signal duration was decreased from 400 to 25 ms.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2921410
TI  - Minimum audible angle thresholds obtained under conditions in which the
      precedence effect is assumed to operate.
AB  - Two experiments were conducted to examine the ability of human listeners to
      localize the "lag" or "echo" source in a precedence effect paradigm. A 5-ms noise
      burst was presented from a source located between 554-279 cm from the subject.
      This "lead" source was always located at 0 degrees azimuth. At the same time, one
      of two sources located at a distance of 610 cm from the subject was also
      activated with the same 5-ms noise burst. The subject's task was to identify
      which lag source had been active. Across sessions, the angular distance between
      the lag sources was varied, so as to allow a determination of the minimum audible
      angle (MAA) that could be resolved. Tests were run in a room designed to minimize
      reflections and in a hallway that was acoustically quite complex. No systematic
      differences in MAA thresholds were observed as a function of the environment
      employed. MAA thresholds obtained without the signal from the lead speaker were
      less than 1 degree for four of the five subjects tested. The precedence effect,
      as measured by the change in the MAA threshold, appears to have only a modest
      influence on localization performance. Under conditions in which the lead source
      was concurrently active, the thresholds were generally elevated by only 2 degrees
      4 degrees. A reduction of this magnitude in the ability to resolve the position
      of the lag source does not seem to be sufficient, in itself, to account for the
      excellent localization performance frequently observed in reflective
      environments.

PMID- 2921411
TI  - Kanamycin induced low-frequency hearing loss in the budgerigar (Melopsittacus
      undulatus).
AB  - The chronic effects of kanamycin (KM) on hearing in the budgerigar were
      investigated by behavioral audiometry. The birds received a daily intramuscular
      injection of KM (100 mg/kg or 200 mg/kg) for 10 successive days, and absolute
      thresholds between pre- and post-treatment were compared. KM induced both
      transient and permanent low-frequency specific hearing loss; i.e., the elevation
      of threshold for frequencies below 1 kHz was greater than that for frequencies
      above 1 kHz. Moreover, the degree of hearing loss was dose dependent. The low
      frequency selective effects of KM in the present study were contrary to the high
      frequency specificity of aminoglycoside ototoxicity in mammals. To assess the
      effect of KM on auditory frequency resolution, critical ratios were estimated in
      pathological birds with low-frequency specific hearing loss. There was a linear
      relation between shift in critical ratio and shift in absolute threshold,
      suggesting that the increase in the critical ratio is due to a decrease in the
      efficiency of the detector mechanism rather than a change in the spectral
      resolving power of the birds.

PMID- 2921412
TI  - Articulatory dynamics of loud and normal speech.
AB  - A comparison was made between normal and loud productions of bilabial stops and
      stressed vowels. Simultaneous recordings of lip and jaw movement and the
      accompanying audio signal were made for four native speakers of Swedish. The
      stimuli consisted of 12 Swedish vowels appearing in an /i'b_b/ frame and were
      produced with both normal and increased vocal effort. The displacement, velocity,
      and relative timing associated with the individual articulators as well as their
      coarticulatory interactions were studied together with changes in acoustic
      segmental duration. It is shown that the production of loud as compared with
      normal speech is characterized by amplification of normal movement patterns that
      are predictable for the above articulatory parameters. In addition, it was
      observed that the acoustic durations of bilabial stops were shortened, whereas
      stressed vowels were lengthened during loud speech production. Two
      interpretations of the data are offered, viewing loud articulatory behavior as a
      response to production demands and perceptual constraints, respectively.

PMID- 2921413
TI  - The influence of final-syllable position on the vowel and word duration of deaf
      talkers.
AB  - Hearing talkers produce shorter vowel and word durations in multisyllabic
      contexts than in monosyllabic contexts. This investigation determined whether a
      similar effect occurs for deaf talkers, a population often characterized as
      lacking coarticulation in their speech. Four prelingually deafened adults and two
      hearing controls produced three sets of word sequences. Each set included a
      kernel word and six derived forms (e.g., "speed," "speedy," "speeding," etc.).
      The derived forms were created by adding unstressed and stressed syllables to the
      kernel form. A spectrographic analysis indicated that the deaf subjects did not
      always decrease word and vowel durations for the derivatives. Unlike hearing
      speakers, they often did not reduce vowel segments more than consonant segments.
      Three explanations are forwarded for the shortening effects. One relates to the
      implementation of temporal rules, the second concerns the organization imposed
      upon the articulators to produce speech, and the third suggests a language
      independent vocal tract characteristic. The role of auditory information in
      developing the shortening effects is also considered.

PMID- 2921414
TI  - Predictors of subsyllabic durations in speech motor control.
AB  - Speech motor control timing was examined by means of a multiple correlational
      analysis involving interarticulatory delay and speech rate as predictor
      variables, and four subsyllabic time segments of the syllable [ka] as dependent
      variables. The hypothesis was that the two putative temporal constraints have
      differential predictive capacity for various segments of the syllable. Results
      from 11 subjects were in support of the hypothesis. Syllable onset duration was
      reliably predicted by the linear addition of interarticulatory delay and speech
      rate, while the duration of the midportion of the syllable was nearly exclusively
      predicted by the overall speech rate. This model was found to be applicable to
      all conditions of normal and clenched teeth, context-free and contextual,
      normally paced and rapid speech production, with minor differences in predictive
      capacity for different conditions.

PMID- 2921415
TI  - Modeling the perception of concurrent vowels: vowels with the same fundamental
      frequency.
AB  - The ability of listeners to identify pairs of simultaneous synthetic vowels has
      been investigated in the first of a series of studies on the extraction of
      phonetic information from multiple-talker waveforms. Both members of the vowel
      pair had the same onset and offset times and a constant fundamental frequency of
      100 Hz. Listeners identified both vowels with an accuracy significantly greater
      than chance. The pattern of correct responses and confusions was similar for
      vowels generated by (a) cascade formant synthesis and (b) additive harmonic
      synthesis that replaced each of the lowest three formants with a single pair of
      harmonics of equal amplitude. In order to choose an appropriate model for
      describing listeners' performance, four pattern-matching procedures were
      evaluated. Each predicted the probability that (i) any individual vowel would be
      selected as one of the two responses, and (ii) any pair of vowels would be
      selected. These probabilities were estimated from measures of the similarities of
      the auditory excitation patterns of the double vowels to those of single-vowel
      reference patterns. Up to 88% of the variance in individual responses and up to
      67% of the variance in pairwise responses could be accounted for by procedures
      that highlighted spectral peaks and shoulders in the excitation pattern.
      Procedures that assigned uniform weight to all regions of the excitation pattern
      gave poorer predictions. These findings support the hypothesis that the auditory
      system pays particular attention to the frequencies of spectral peaks, and
      possibly also of shoulders, when identifying vowels. One virtue of this strategy
      is that the spectral peaks and shoulders can indicate the frequencies of formants
      when other aspects of spectral shape are obscured by competing sounds.

PMID- 2921416
TI  - Interactive factors in consonant confusion patterns.
AB  - Confusion patterns among English consonants were examined using log-linear
      modeling techniques to assess the influence of low-pass filtering, shaped noise,
      presentation level, and consonant position. Ten normal-hearing listeners were
      presented consonant-vowel (CV) and vowel-consonant (VC) syllables containing the
      vowel /a/. Stimuli were presented in quiet and in noise, and were either filtered
      or broadband. The noise was shaped such that the effective signal level in each
      1/3 octave band was equivalent in quiet and noise listening conditions. Three
      presentation levels were analyzed corresponding to the overall rms level of the
      combined speech stimuli. Error patterns were affected significantly by
      presentation level, filtering, and consonant position as a complex interaction.
      The effect of filtering was dependent on presentation level and consonant
      position. The effects stemming from the noise were less pronounced. Specific
      confusions responsible for these effects were isolated, and an acoustical
      interaction is suggested, stressing the spectral characteristics of the signals
      and their modification by presentation level and filtering.

PMID- 2921417
TI  - Stop-consonant recognition for normal-hearing listeners and listeners with high
      frequency hearing loss. I: The contribution of selected frequency regions.
AB  - The purpose of this study is to specify the contribution of certain frequency
      regions to consonant place perception for normal-hearing listeners and listeners
      with high-frequency hearing loss, and to characterize the differences in stop
      consonant place perception among these listeners. Stop-consonant recognition and
      error patterns were examined at various speech-presentation levels and under
      conditions of low- and high-pass filtering. Subjects included 18 normal-hearing
      listeners and a homogeneous group of 10 young, hearing-impaired individuals with
      high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss. Differential filtering effects on
      consonant place perception were consistent with the spectral composition of
      acoustic cues. Differences in consonant recognition and error patterns between
      normal-hearing and hearing-impaired listeners were observed when the stimulus
      bandwidth included regions of threshold elevation for the hearing-impaired
      listeners. Thus place-perception differences among listeners are, for the most
      part, associated with stimulus bandwidths corresponding to regions of hearing
      loss.

PMID- 2921418
TI  - Stop-consonant recognition for normal-hearing listeners and listeners with high
      frequency hearing loss. II: Articulation index predictions.
AB  - Articulation index (AI) theory was used to evaluate stop-consonant recognition of
      normal-hearing listeners and listeners with high-frequency hearing loss. From
      results reported in a companion article [Dubno et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 85,
      347-354 (1989)], a transfer function relating the AI to stop-consonant
      recognition was established, and a frequency importance function was determined
      for the nine stop-consonant-vowel syllables used as test stimuli. The
      calculations included the rms and peak levels of the speech that had been
      measured in 1/3 octave bands; the internal noise was estimated from the
      thresholds for each subject. The AI model was then used to predict performance
      for the hearing-impaired listeners. A majority of the AI predictions for the
      hearing-impaired subjects fell within +/- 2 standard deviations of the normal
      hearing listeners' results. However, as observed in previous data, the AI tended
      to overestimate performance of the hearing-impaired listeners. The accuracy of
      the predictions decreased with the magnitude of high-frequency hearing loss.
      Thus, with the exception of performance for listeners with severe high-frequency
      hearing loss, the results suggest that poorer speech recognition among hearing
      impaired listeners results from reduced audibility within critical spectral
      regions of the speech stimuli.

PMID- 2921419
TI  - Some effects of talker variability on spoken word recognition.
AB  - The perceptual consequences of trial-to-trial changes in the voice of the talker
      on spoken word recognition were examined. The results from a series of
      experiments using perceptual identification and naming tasks demonstrated that
      perceptual performance decreases when the voice of the talker changes from trial
      to trial compared to performance when the voice on each trial remains the same.
      In addition, the effects of talker variability on word recognition appeared to be
      more robust and less dependent on task than the effects of word frequency and
      lexical structure. Possible hypotheses regarding the nature of the processes
      giving rise to these effects are discussed, with particular attention to the idea
      that the processing of information about the talker's voice is intimately related
      to early perceptual processes that extract acoustic-phonetic information from the
      speech signal.

PMID- 2921420
TI  - Acoustic properties and perception of stop consonant release transients.
AB  - This study focuses on the initial component of the stop consonant release burst,
      the release transient. In theory, the transient, because of its impulselike
      source, should contain much information about the vocal tract configuration at
      release, but it is usually weak in intensity and difficult to isolate from the
      accompanying frication in natural speech. For this investigation, a human talker
      produced isolated release transients of /b,d,g/ in nine vocalic contexts by
      whispering these syllables very quietly. He also produced the corresponding CV
      syllables with regular phonation for comparison. Spectral analyses showed the
      isolated transients to have a clearly defined formant structure, which was not
      seen in natural release bursts, whose spectra were dominated by the frication
      noise. The formant frequencies varied systematically with both consonant place of
      articulation and vocalic context. Perceptual experiments showed that listeners
      can identify both consonants and vowels from isolated transients, though not very
      accurately. Knowing one of the two segments in advance did not help, but when the
      transients were followed by a compatible synthetic, steady-state vowel, consonant
      identification improved somewhat. On the whole, isolated transients, despite
      their clear formant structure, provided only partial information for consonant
      identification, but no less so, it seems, than excerpted natural release bursts.
      The information conveyed by artificially isolated transients and by natural
      (frication-dominated) release bursts appears to be perceptually equivalent.

PMID- 2921421
TI  - The elastic microstructure of various tissues.
AB  - Previous work has indicated that a modified Quate-Lemons scanning acoustic
      microscope (SAM) is capable of measuring the acoustic propagation properties of
      sections of biological tissue. The lens is excited by an impulse, rather than a
      tone burst, and the undemodulated returning signal from the tissue is recorded.
      The variations in received signal with time are used to deduce the sound speed,
      attenuation, impedance, and section thickness. In this article, the technique is
      applied to various types of tissue, and the variations in acoustic propagation
      properties are computed. Conventional tone burst SAM images at 425 MHz are
      compared with the time resolved data in order to elucidate the contrast
      mechanisms. The effects of varying the frequency and position of the focal plane
      on the tone burst images are interpreted in the light of the broadband results.

PMID- 2921422
TI  - Simulating the open-loop transfer function as a means for understanding acoustic
      feedback in hearing aids.
AB  - Suppressing unstable acoustic feedback in hearing aids will first require
      knowledge of the open-loop transfer functions of such systems. Reported herein is
      a mathematical technique for simulating the open-loop transfer function of an in
      situ eyeglass-type hearing aid. In particular, a computer program was developed
      that characterized the hearing aid as a serial connection of two-port blocks,
      each representing one individual component of a hearing aid. Included, for
      example, were two-port blocks representing the microphone, amplifier, receiver,
      sound tubes leading to the eardrum (including the ear canal itself), earmold
      vent, and external pathway from the vent outlet back to the microphone. The
      computer program was validated by replicating laboratory data derived from an
      experiment involving a nonstandard manikin fitted with a nonstandard artificial
      ear. Next, the open-loop transfer function of an eyeglass-type hearing aid in
      situ on the manikin was simulated via the computer program. Unfortunately, those
      computer-generated data were not replicated in the laboratory due to the
      difficulty encountered in actually measuring the open-loop transfer function.
      Nevertheless, investigators were able to utilize those data to predict, within +/
      25 Hz, the "squeal" frequency of unstable acoustic feedback.

PMID- 2921423
TI  - Intensity discrimination of pulsed tones by the goldfish (Carassius auratus).
AB  - Intensity discrimination thresholds for 500-ms pure-tone bursts were measured as
      a function of frequency in the goldfish (Carassius auratus) using classical
      respiratory conditioning. At 55-dB sensation level (SL), thresholds range from
      1.44-2.2 dB between 100 and 1600 Hz. There is not important effect of frequency
      on intensity discrimination. Thresholds at 35-dB SL average 0.7 dB higher than at
      55-dB SL. This is a small difference in the context of the threshold variability.
      In intensity discrimination acuity, the goldfish is quantitatively similar to
      other vertebrates, including birds and mammals.

PMID- 2921424
TI  - Frequency discrimination in the goldfish (Carassius auratus): effects of roving
      intensity, sensation level, and the direction of frequency change.
AB  - The ability of goldfish to detect a change in the frequency of 400-Hz pure-tone
      bursts was studied using classical respiratory conditioning. The frequency
      discrimination threshold was measured at 15-, 35-, and 55-dB sensation level
      (SL), under conditions of (1) constant intensity, (2) roving intensity (plus and
      minus 6-dB burst-to-burst variation in intensity), (3) upward frequency change,
      and (4) downward frequency change. There was no overall effect of SL on frequency
      discrimination, but roving the intensity elevated thresholds by about 6 Hz (33%)
      and increased variability. Upward shifts in frequency elevated thresholds
      slightly (by 2 Hz or 10%) relative to downward shifts. These relatively small and
      statistically insignificant effects suggest that earlier measures of frequency
      discrimination in the goldfish are not due to the detection of simple changes in
      spike rate within individual peripheral channels.

PMID- 2921425
TI  - American Cancer Society and smoking cessation.

PMID- 2921426
TI  - Laboratory guidelines and infection control.

PMID- 2921427
TI  - Tobacco use and oral health.

PMID- 2921428
TI  - The optimum placement-site of the electrode in electric pulp testing of the 12
      anterior teeth.
AB  - The present study of 2,387 recordings of 12 anterior teeth in 53 patients
      indicates that the incisal edge is the optimal placement-site for the electric
      pulp tester to determine the lowest response threshold. The results show
      significant individual variations in the lowest threshold responses of the
      cervical-third, middle-third, incisal one-third, and incisal edge sites on a
      tooth, with a confidence level of 99%, according to the analysis of variance. The
      maxillary teeth gave a higher response threshold than the mandibular teeth and
      different types of teeth (canines and incisors) had statistically significant
      different response thresholds. The application of the electric pulp tester to the
      incisal-edge region with exposed dentin produced the most significant decrease in
      the threshold response.

PMID- 2921429
TI  - Rapidly progressive periodontal disease associated with HIV infection: report of
      case.
AB  - A case of rapidly progressive periodontal disease associated with human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is presented. Rapid horizontal bone loss,
      with only moderate inflammation, occurred during a 13-month period. Pocket depth
      was significantly less than anticipated, given the degree of bone loss. The
      patient had no signs or symptoms of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).
      The cause, features, diagnosis, and management are discussed.

PMID- 2921430
TI  - Cheilitis glandularis: a pediatric case report.
AB  - Cheilitis glandularis is a rare disorder, usually affecting the lower lip of
      adults. This case involved both lips of an adolescent male. A familial history of
      the condition may have contributed to the involvement of both lips, and may
      reinforce the importance of hereditary tendency in the development of cheilitis
      glandularis. Emotional disturbance and poor oral hygiene also had a role in the
      disorder in this case, which was successfully treated with surgery.

PMID- 2921431
TI  - Prevalence of perforations in disposable latex gloves during routine dental
      treatment.
AB  - Durability of gloves with respect to reducing cross-contamination and decreasing
      the risk of occupationally acquired infections was studied. In this study,
      pinholes were found in 1.8% of unused surgical latex gloves and 2.0% of latex
      examination gloves. The incidence of pinhole defects in gloves emphasizes the
      importance of operative techniques that minimize stress to the glove and the need
      to change gloves, especially for procedures lasting more than 2 hours.

PMID- 2921432
TI  - Effect of finishing on the in vivo wear rate of a posterior composite resin.
AB  - A problem with posterior composites is an unacceptable wear level. One factor
      contributing to inadequate wear resistance may be the way the restoration is
      surfaced or finished. A clinical study was carried out to determine the influence
      of finishing on the wear rate of a posterior composite resin. Except for the
      first 30 days, the resistance to wear was significantly higher for the unfinished
      group as compared to those that received a conventional finish. The average
      difference in wear between the two groups was nearly 40 microns.

PMID- 2921433
TI  - Advertising, ethics, and the free market.

PMID- 2921434
TI  - Code on dental procedures and nomenclature. Council on Dental Care Programs.

PMID- 2921435
TI  - Revised ANSI/ADA specification no. 5 for dental casting alloys. Council on Dental
      Materials, Instruments, and Equipment.

PMID- 2921436
TI  - Call to action on the global poverty reduction act.

PMID- 2921437
TI  - FYI: more news about Olestra.

PMID- 2921438
TI  - O-Anon, resource for significant others of bulimic patients.

PMID- 2921439
TI  - Modified food starch and nutrient density of baby foods.

PMID- 2921440
TI  - Implementing food policy: Calorie Conscious Consumer Project.

PMID- 2921441
TI  - Evaluation of a hospital-based education program for patients with diabetes.
AB  - Ninety-three hospitalized patients with diabetes were followed for a 4-month
      period after discharge. Fifty-three of them attended an inpatient diabetes
      education program. The primary objectives of this research were to (a) determine
      the effectiveness of the program in improving diabetes-related behaviors and
      outcomes of the patients attending the program and (b) study the effects of time
      on those behaviors and outcomes. Examples of self-care behaviors included eating
      three meals per day, daily urine testing, and maintaining an exercise program.
      Outcome measures included reduced fasting blood glucose levels, reduced insulin
      requirements, fewer hospitalizations, and fewer emergency room visits. At 1 and 4
      months after discharge, the group that attended the program reported better
      compliance for all self-care behaviors than did the group that did not attend the
      program. Outcomes were also better for the group that attended the education
      program.

PMID- 2921442
TI  - Teaching self-management skills to cystic fibrosis patients and its effect on
      their caloric intake.
AB  - This study was undertaken to examine whether cystic fibrosis patients who
      received nutrition counseling based on self-management skills had an increased
      caloric intake and enhanced body mass index (kg/m2) values. Thirty-seven
      patients, aged 4 to 29 years, were placed on a nonrestricted nutrition program
      for a study period of 4 years. Bandura's self-management principles were applied
      in counseling patients to meet their nutrition needs. The results showed
      significant increases in energy intake and body mass index values (p less than
      .001). The mean energy intake increased from 93.6 +/- 16.9% of the Recommended
      Dietary Allowance to 125.8 +/- 24.1% of the RDA, and mean body mass index value
      increased from 16.9 +/- 2.3 to 18.8 +/- 2.5. Pulmonary functions remained
      unchanged during the counseling period. Four to six counseling sessions were
      required before the mean caloric intake of the patients increased to the desired
      goal of 115% of the RDA. During the remainder of the study period, the mean
      caloric intake rose to 125% of the RDA. The results of this study suggest that
      cystic fibrosis patients are able to increase their caloric intake significantly
      with counseling.

PMID- 2921443
TI  - Management activities in community dietetics practice.
AB  - Information on the management activities of community dietitians was obtained
      through a mail survey of 350 randomly selected community dietitians. Subjects
      provided information on their management level, the importance to their job
      performance of 83 management activity statements, and the percent of time they
      spent performing management activities in each of nine categories. Twenty-nine
      percent of the respondents indicated job responsibilities in lower-level
      management; 45% had mid-level and 26% had upper-level management
      responsibilities. Numbers of activities rated essential or very important
      increased as management levels increased. Kinds of activities changed from
      technical to human to conceptual as management levels increased. Mid-level
      management subjects, while still spending time working with clients, reported
      spending considerable time on coordinating, investigating, and evaluating, often
      reporting as much time spent on those activities as did upper-level management
      subjects. Definitions provided by respondents indicated great diversity in job
      requirements and settings.

PMID- 2921444
TI  - Dietary habits, weight history, and vitamin supplement use in elderly
      osteoarthritis patients.
AB  - Osteoarthritis is a chronic disabling disease in the elderly, but few studies
      have examined nutritional parameters of osteoarthritis patients. For 82
      ambulatory elderly osteoarthritis patients, a registered dietitian assessed the
      following: consumption of 72 food items, using a food-frequency questionnaire;
      weight history, by measuring current weight and asking the weight at age 20,
      maximum adult weight, and minimum adult weight; dietary habits; and vitamin
      supplement consumption. Joint pain and activities of daily living (ADL) were
      assessed by a physician. On the basis of the Four Food Group guidelines, dietary
      intakes were suboptimal in the dairy and grain groups, which are important
      sources of calcium, vitamin D, thiamin, iron, and riboflavin. Eighty percent of
      the sample were obese (BMI greater than or equal to 27). The average weight
      change since early adulthood was a gain of 59 lb. Current joint pain and ADL
      restrictions were not related to obesity or weight gain. Vitamin/mineral
      supplements were consumed by 37% of the sample.

PMID- 2921445
TI  - Vitamin and mineral supplementation practices of adults in seven western states.
AB  - Seven western states (Arizona, California, Idaho, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, and
      Wyoming) were surveyed in 1986 to determine the extent of vitamin/mineral
      supplementation and dosage levels of single supplements. Questionnaires were
      mailed to 3,500 individuals. A 57.8% response rate was obtained from the
      deliverable surveys, with a sample size of 1,730. The sample consisted of 54%
      women and 46% men and was predominantly white (88.9%). Fifty-four percent of the
      sample consumed some type of supplement; multiple vitamin/minerals were consumed
      with the greatest frequency. For single supplements, vitamin C was reported with
      the greatest frequency (23.1%), followed by some type of calcium supplement
      (22.5%) and vitamin E (11.1%). More than 80% of the vitamin C users indicated a
      dosage of 250 mg/day. Most respondents consumed calcium dosages of less than
      1,000 mg/day. For vitamin E, 75% of the users consumed more than 200 IU/day. The
      data suggest that the potential for toxicity due to excess supplementation levels
      exists in the western states studied.

PMID- 2921446
TI  - Nutrient intake in young, highly competitive gymnasts.

PMID- 2921447
TI  - Evaluation of the nutrition counseling environment of hospitalized patients.

PMID- 2921448
TI  - Comparison of conventional and videotaped diabetic exchange lists instruction.

PMID- 2921449
TI  - Energy and nutrient intakes of soldiers consuming MRE operational rations:
      physiological correlates.

PMID- 2921450
TI  - Estimation of product yield and numbers of portions of turkey rolls in a
      convection oven.

PMID- 2921451
TI  - Familial aggregation of multiple myeloma and central nervous system diseases.
AB  - Degenerative central nervous system diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and
      lymphoreticular malignancies such as multiple myeloma occur with increased
      frequency with advancing age. Relatives of early-onset Alzheimer's disease
      patients may have an increased risk of lymphoreticular malignancies. This led us
      to evaluate the family history of central nervous system diseases in a case
      control study of multiple myeloma. Thirteen of 439 multiple myeloma cases had one
      or more first-degree relatives with degenerative or demyelinating central nervous
      system disease. In comparison, there were nine "positive" family histories in
      1,317 matched hospital controls (relative risk = 4.4, 95% confidence interval =
      1.9-10.3). Relative risks for the component categories of Parkinson's disease,
      multiple sclerosis, and miscellaneous degenerative central nervous system
      diseases were 3.0, 4.0 and 11.9, respectively. Our findings suggest that the
      degenerative and demyelinating central nervous system diseases and the
      lymphoreticular malignancies may comprise an etiologically related group of
      "protean diseases." These diseases may have a shared genetic susceptibility,
      possibly an immunologic abnormality. The varied disease manifestation in family
      members suggests a second necessary etiologic step of a variable and possibly
      environmental nature.

PMID- 2921452
TI  - Characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment of alcoholism in elderly patients.
AB  - The purpose of this study is to examine the ability of physicians to diagnose
      alcoholism in the elderly patient and to define characteristics specific to the
      elderly patient with alcoholism. During a 3-month period, all new admissions to
      the medical service of The Johns Hopkins Hospital were screened for alcoholism
      with two screening tests (the CAGE questionnaire and Short Michigan Alcohol
      Screening Test). The prevalence of screen-positive alcoholism was 27% in patients
      under 60 years of age and 21% in patients 60 years and older. Elderly patients
      with alcoholism were more likely to be black (P less than .01), but did not
      differ significantly in any other way from elderly patients who did not have
      alcoholism. Although 60% of screen-positive young patients with alcoholism were
      identified by their houseofficers, only 37% of elderly patients with screen
      positive alcoholism were so identified (P less than .05). The elderly patients
      with alcoholism were significantly less likely to be diagnosed by their
      houseofficer if they were white, female, or had completed high school (P less
      than .01). Even when diagnosed, elderly patients with alcoholism were less likely
      than younger patients with alcoholism to have treatment recommended by their
      houseofficers (P less than .05) and, if treatment were recommended, it was less
      likely to be initiated (P less than .05). These data suggest that current medical
      education is deficient in providing physicians with the skills to detect and
      treat elderly patients with alcoholism.

PMID- 2921453
TI  - Drug-induced illness as a cause for admission to a community hospital.
AB  - To assess the rate of occurrence of drug-induced illness as a cause for admission
      to the general medicine service of a community hospital, charts were reviewed
      retrospectively of all patients admitted to the service over two randomly
      selected one-month periods. Statistical analysis was performed on patients over
      and under the age of 65, and on iatrogenic and noniatrogenic admissions. Twenty
      three of 244 patients (9.4%) were admitted with drug-induced illness. Patients
      with drug-induced illness had 5.7 medications as compared to 3.2 medications per
      patient admitted for other reasons (P less than .05). A single drug was
      responsible for 61% of all drug-induced illness admissions. Aspirin and other
      nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents were most often implicated. Eighteen of 155
      elderly patients (11.7%) were admitted with drug-induced illness. These patients
      were on an average of 6.3 medications as compared with 3.8 medications per
      elderly patient admitted for other causes (P less than .005). Polypharmacy and a
      preponderantly elderly population may explain the substantial number of
      admissions caused by adverse drug reactions. Further research to assess the role
      of patient age and the number and type of medications involved in the event of
      drug-induced illness requires standardization of definition and diagnostic
      criteria.

PMID- 2921454
TI  - Prescribing of psychotropics in elderly nursing home patients.
AB  - This study examined the prescribing of psychotropic drugs for patients 65 years
      of age and older in nursing homes using data from the 1984 National Nursing Home
      Survey pretest. The most frequently used antipsychotic, anxiolytic,
      antidepressant, and sedative/hypnotic medications were respectively: haloperidol,
      hydroxyzine, doxepin, and temazepam. Results indicate that more than one-fifth of
      the patients having orders for psychotropic medications did not have a documented
      mental disorder. More than one-fourth of the study patients had orders for more
      than one psychotropic medication. Nursing home patients who received
      psychotropics had concurrent orders for an average of 3.3 nonpsychotropic
      medications, many of which could increase the possibility of drug interactions
      and potential side effects.

PMID- 2921455
TI  - Deaths from residential fires among older people, United States, 1984.
AB  - Deaths from fires are the fifth leading cause of injury death among people aged
      65 years or older. To describe the epidemiology of deaths from residential fires
      among older people, we analyzed mortality data for 1984 collected by the National
      Center for Health Statistics. Although older people represented only 12% of the
      U.S. population in 1984, they accounted for 29% (1,278) of that year's 4,466
      residential fire deaths. Conflagrations accounted for 78% of older people's
      deaths from residential fires; clothing ignitions and other fires accounted for
      11% each. Residential fire death rates increased with advancing age. Older black
      people had death rates 4.6 times the death rates of older white people. Older
      males had higher death rates than older females. Host, environmental, and
      behavioral risk factors for residential fire deaths among older people and
      potential strategies for intervention are discussed. Unless intervention
      strategies are focused on older people, the residential fire death toll in the
      U.S. may actually grow as the population of older people increases from 12% of
      the population in 1984 to about 21% of the population in 2030.

PMID- 2921456
TI  - Methods used to manage urinary incontinence by older adults in the community.
AB  - This paper addresses the ways that noninstitutionalized older adults deal with
      involuntary urine loss. The data come from a 1983-1984 sample survey of Washtenaw
      County, Michigan residents aged 60 and over. Five hundred twelve self-reported
      incontinent respondents are included in the analyses. About a quarter of the
      incontinent respondents had discussed their condition with a doctor in the
      previous year, while 66% used one or more methods to control urine loss.
      Respondents preferred using absorbent products (47% of those who used some
      method) and locating a toilet upon reaching a destination (42%). Fewer
      respondents manipulated their voiding patterns (29%) or diet and fluid intake
      (17%), or did pelvic muscle exercises (10%). Only 7% were taking medication for
      their incontinence. Logistic regression analyses were performed to identify
      factors associated with the choice of actions. Predictors were taken from
      theoretical models of health service utilization and health behavior, and
      included predisposing characteristics, health beliefs, enabling factors, and
      illness variables. Illness variables, particularly severity and type of
      incontinence, were the best predictors of consultation with a doctor and use of
      any urine control method. The predictors were less useful for understanding the
      choice of a specific method.

PMID- 2921457
TI  - Evaluation of a supervised exercise program in a geriatric population.
AB  - Most studies that assess the effects of exercise in the elderly involve subjects
      who are in good health. The objective of this prospective longitudinal study was
      to examine the impact of exercise on cardiovascular fitness, flexibility, and
      strength in an elderly population that included chronically ill individuals.
      Patients were recruited initially from a population of veterans over 64 years of
      age who use a VA outpatient clinic as their regular source of care. The exercise
      intervention consisted of 90 minutes of exercise 3 days per week at 70% of the
      patient's maximal capacity. Activities included stationary cycling, stretching,
      weight training, and walking. Of 69 patients who began the program, 49 (71%)
      reached 4-month follow-up. Most patients completing follow-up (76%) had at least
      one chronic disease, such as arthritis, hypertension, or heart disease. Patients
      who dropped out were more likely to have multiple chronic illnesses than those
      who remained in the program. Average weekly attendance was 65% and was stable
      over time. Improvements in cardiovascular fitness at 4-month follow-up were
      significant: Metabolic equivalents increased from 7.1 +/- 2.3 to 8.3 +/- 2.6 (P
      less than .001), treadmill time increased from 8.5 +/- 3.8 to 11.2 +/- 4.2
      minutes (P less than .001), submaximal heart rate decreased from 123.7 +/- 18.8
      to 118.8 +/- 19.4 beats per minute (P less than .001) and resting heart rate
      decreased from 68.1 +/- 10.6 to 63.3 +/- 11.6 beats per minute (P =
      .005).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2921459
TI  - Reasons for nonimmunization against influenza in the aged.

PMID- 2921458
TI  - Acute mesenteric infarction in elderly patients.
AB  - The clinical features, the treatment given, the factors governing treatment
      selection, and the result of such treatment were analyzed in all patients aged 65
      years and over in whom a tissue diagnosis of acute mesenteric infarction was made
      at a major teaching hospital. Thirty-two such patients, of mean age 78.5 years,
      were identified during the 8-year study period. Expected clinical features of
      bowel infarction were commonly absent; for example, there was no abdominal pain
      and no abdominal tenderness in 29% and 26% of patients, respectively. A sizeable
      minority of patients (29%) were acutely confused at presentation. All patients
      not undergoing surgery died shortly after admission to hospital. For those 20
      patients (63%) who underwent abdominal surgery, half were discharged alive from
      hospital. Whether or not the patient survived was associated with the ward to
      which they were originally admitted. Those admitted to a surgical ward tended to
      be younger and had a more typical clinical presentation than their counterparts
      admitted to a medical ward. In particular they were more likely to have abdominal
      pain and distention and less likely to be confused. Surgical intervention was
      undertaken more often and earlier in those admitted to surgical wards and this
      may have accounted for the better outcome. It should be emphasized that acute
      mesenteric ischemia is a potentially correctable surgical condition even in very
      elderly people. A realization that the presentation is often atypical should
      increase the likelihood of early recognition and lead to improved patient
      survival.

PMID- 2921460
TI  - Limiting medical care: the cogency of physicians.

PMID- 2921461
TI  - Serum erythropoietin in healthy older persons.

PMID- 2921462
TI  - Risk disclosure for mammography in the elderly.

PMID- 2921463
TI  - Do methodological problems negate findings of important nursing home studies?

PMID- 2921464
TI  - The use of depression rating scales.

PMID- 2921465
TI  - What's really the problem in nursing homes?

PMID- 2921466
TI  - Massive diflunisal overdosage with recovery.

PMID- 2921467
TI  - The treatment of major depression in older and younger psychiatric inpatients.

PMID- 2921469
TI  - Nerve terminal morphology in C57BL/6NNia mice at different ages.
AB  - The mammalian neuromuscular junction (NMJ) appears to undergo a dynamic
      remodeling process with advancing age. Previous studies suggest that the NMJ
      becomes progressively larger with age, to a greater degree in fast-twitch muscles
      than slow-twitch muscles. To better understand this process, quantitative
      morphometry was conducted on soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) nerve
      terminals from C57BL/6NNia mice aged 4, 8, 10, 12, 18, 22, 24, and 32 months.
      Computer-aided morphometry of camera lucida drawings of aging nerve terminals
      indicated significant differences in the size and complexity of NMJs in both
      muscles between different age groups; however, there were no significant net
      trends with age. The magnitude and direction of the morphometric changes depended
      on the particular ages compared, and occurred to a greater degree in the EDL.
      This study is the first comprehensive morphometric study of C57BL/6NNia nerve
      terminals at so many ages. The results are similar to those obtained for the
      Fischer 344 rat, and support the hypothesis that nerve terminal remodeling is a
      dynamic process, not a progressive elaboration.

PMID- 2921468
TI  - Thermogenic responses of younger and older rats to cold exposure: comparison of
      two strains.
AB  - Oxygen consumption and colonic temperatures at rest and during 6 hours at 6
      degrees C, body composition, adipose tissue cellularity, and the binding of
      guanosine 5'-diphosphate (GDP) to isolated brown fat mitochondria were measured
      in younger (12 months) and older (24 months) male Fischer 344 (F344) and Osborne
      Mendel (O-M) rats. The rates of resting mass-independent oxygen consumption, the
      total cold-induced oxygen consumption expressed as body mass-independent (L.kg
      body mass-.67) or as lean body mass-independent (L.kg lean body mass-.67) did not
      differ among the four groups. Although the absolute (g) and the percentage of
      carcass mass as lean body tissue did not differ within the strains, these
      measures were significantly greater in the younger and older O-M rats compared to
      the F344 counterparts. In contrast, cold-exposed O-M rats showed significantly
      greater total specific GDP binding to isolated brown fat mitochondria than did
      the O-M animals (an index of brown fat thermogenic capacity); GDP binding did not
      differ between 12 and 24 months in either strain except when expressed in terms
      of body mass to the 0.67 power. In general, the results presented here showed no
      significant age-related loss in oxygen consumption in either strain. However,
      there did appear to be strain-related differences in brown fat mitochondrial GDP
      binding, and body composition.

PMID- 2921470
TI  - Age as a predictor of diagnostic and initial treatment intensity in newly
      diagnosed breast cancer patients.
AB  - Newly diagnosed breast cancer patients (N = 494) aged 45-90 years were studied to
      determine if age was associated with appropriate diagnostic and prognostic
      evaluations, and initial definitive therapy. Women 75 years of age and older were
      less likely to receive an appropriate diagnostic evaluation than were younger
      women, but age was not associated with an appropriate prognostic evaluation.
      Older patients with local disease who were undergoing lumpectomy were less likely
      to receive follow-up radiation; older patients with regional disease undergoing
      mastectomy were less likely to receive adjuvant chemotherapy (including hormonal
      therapy). Physicians' attitudes about appropriateness of therapy appear to be the
      major determinant of what treatment is received.

PMID- 2921471
TI  - Aging and gastrin production: changes in serum and antral gastrin concentrations
      in the rat.
AB  - Serum gastrin concentration and antral gastrin content were measured in 4-5- and
      26-28-mo rats under fed conditions, after 3 days of starvation, and after 1 day
      of refeeding after starvation, to determine whether gastrin homeostasis is
      altered during aging. Gastric weight was 29% greater, but antral weight and DNA
      were less in the older rats. Serum gastrin fell during starvation and rose during
      refeeding in both groups, but it was lower in aging rats only during refeeding.
      Antral gastrin content in older animals was 60% of that in young rats. Starvation
      reduced antral gastrin only in the young, whereas refeeding lowered antral
      gastrin in the older animals. We conclude that, in aging rats, the relationship
      of serum and antral gastrin is altered during changes in food intake.

PMID- 2921472
TI  - Studies in the distribution of body fat: I. Effects of age, sex, and obesity.
AB  - The pattern of body fat distribution has been shown to be related to a large
      number of variables of clinical importance. A variety of indices have been
      devised, many of them simple enough to be useful in large-scale clinical studies.
      Relationships among these several indices and systematic information on the
      effects of age, sex, and obesity have, however, not been systematically studied.
      Five anthropometric ratios that classify individuals into different body types
      have been computed for 1179 men and women aged 17-96 years. These are: waist hip
      ratio, arm thigh ratio, waist thigh ratio, waist arm ratio, and subscapular
      triceps skinfold ratio. In general, the age patterns show progressive trends
      toward increasing upper and central body fat deposition with age. In women there
      tends to be a postmenopausal acceleration of this trend. The ratios are
      distinctly higher in men than in women and are also independently influenced by
      the body mass index. Predictive equations that take age and BMI into account for
      each of the indices for men and women have been provided.

PMID- 2921473
TI  - Age and simple reaction time: decade differences for 5,325 subjects.
AB  - In a booth at a public exhibition entitled "Medicines for Man," 5,325 men, women,
      and children carried out a 1-minute test of simple reaction time (RT) with 1 to
      10 second randomized variable preparatory interval (PI). They recorded their ages
      by decade. Average RT over the last eight (of ten) trials increased progressively
      from the 20s up to age 60 and over, and downward to the teens and under 10s. The
      single fastest RT in each test varied much less with age, only the 20s being
      clearly faster than the rest, with the under 10s slower. Within-subject
      variability of RT was increased only in the under 10s and over 60s. Ability to
      sustain attention during the longer PIs may underlie the gross average RT
      differences with age, and possibly some more basic neural property the
      superiority of the 20s in fastest RT.

PMID- 2921474
TI  - Influence of sentence context on speech perception in young and older adults.
AB  - This study investigated the ability of young and older adults to use contextual
      cues to understand speech in ordinary listening situations. Key word recognition
      scores were obtained with the Speech Perception in Noise (SPIN) test. Sentence
      lists contained 50 key words preceded by a high predictability (HP), low
      predictability (LP), or a carrier phrase (CP) context accompanied by a varying
      background of multitalker babble. Comparison of the low context items vs the
      number of meaningfully rich items correctly identified provided an index of the
      listener's ability to use contextual information in the HP sentences. The LP and
      CP score reflected the individual's ability to recognize items based only on the
      acoustic-phonetic information of the key words. Most individuals were able to
      take some advantage of contextual cues in everyday sentences; however, the older
      listeners were more adversely affected by background noise than younger
      listeners. For clinical utilization of the SPIN test, further research is needed
      to develop normative data as a function of age to make it an "age-fair" test.

PMID- 2921475
TI  - Data quality and age: health and psychobehavioral correlates of item nonresponse
      and inconsistent responses.
AB  - This study examined item nonresponse and inconsistent responses (IRs) and their
      health and psychobehavioral correlates in a population-based survey of adults 65
      years and older. We administered an in-person questionnaire concerning physical,
      social, and psychological health to 1,155 men (mean age = 73.7 years) and 1,942
      women (mean age = 74.8 years). Nonresponse rates varied with item topic, and
      "don't know" (DK) responses were more common than refusals. DKs increased with
      age of respondent, tended to be more common in women than men, and were
      associated with poorer physical, cognitive, and psychological functioning.
      Conversely, IRs increased with age among men but not women, but were also
      associated with poorer physical, cognitive, and psychological functioning.
      Results are discussed in terms of motivational and attentional factors, and their
      implications for survey research with the frail elderly and very old are noted.

PMID- 2921476
TI  - Absence of depression in elderly adults.
AB  - Depressive symptomatology has been reported to be most prevalent over the age of
      65. This study examined the effects of age (young less than or equal to 60 years,
      old greater than 60 years) and sex on the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), MMPI
      Scale 2 (Depression), and Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). Responses to somatic
      versus psychological complaints on the BDI were examined separately, and the
      physical malfunctioning subscale (D3) of the MMPI-2 was also evaluated. No age
      effects were found on any of the depression scales' total scores. On the BDI, the
      older group reported more somatic complaints than the younger group.
      Psychological complaints were reported equally for young and old groups. Women
      reported more depressed items on the MMPI-2 and reported a greater number of
      symptoms of physical malfunctioning (D3) than men for both age groups. No age by
      sex interaction reached significance. A report of greater physical malfunctioning
      (D3) was significantly associated with higher scores on all the depression
      scales. The increased prevalence of somatic complaints on self-report depression
      scales probably results in higher scores, which are misinterpreted as
      representing more depression in the elderly population. It is recommended that a
      depression scale such as the GDS, which excludes somatic items, be used to assess
      depression in older adults.

PMID- 2921477
TI  - Effects of sensory and motor functioning on adult intellectual performance.
AB  - This study examined longitudinal health and intelligence data to determine
      whether sensory or motor deficits account for some of the age-related
      intellectual changes that are commonly seen from midlife onward. Although sensory
      and motor functioning did not account for the age-related decrements in
      performance on speeded, visual perceptual tasks found for this sample in previous
      work, we did find that hearing deficits added error variance to performance
      estimates on two verbal subtests of the Wechsler scales.

PMID- 2921478
TI  - The home environments of older people: a description of the psychosocial
      processes linking person to place.
AB  - This study describes how older people endow the home environment with meaning.
      Specifically, it describes the nature and meaning of the linkages between the
      older individual and the home environment, suggesting that the home environment
      is given meaning through three classes of psychosocial processes relating the
      person to (a) the sociocultural order, (b) the life course, and (c) the body.
      Seven discrete components of the processes are illustrated, using extensive case
      examples derived from lengthy ethnographic interviews with seven elderly
      informants. In the context of the relationship of the individual to culture, the
      study assumes the salience of personal meaning as a significant level of
      analysis.

PMID- 2921479
TI  - Elderly persons living alone: the effect of community context on living
      arrangements.
AB  - Current explanations of elderly household composition focus largely upon
      individual demographic, economic, and health characteristics and frequently
      ignore the effects of the community context within which elderly persons live. In
      this study, we incorporate the community context into an aggregate explanation of
      intermetropolitan variation in rates of living alone among elderly persons. We
      contend that three crucial community resources influence the rate of living
      alone: demographic and normative environment, economic affordability, and
      community social services. Data for Metropolitan Statistical Areas in the United
      States in 1980 provide initial support for this community-level explanation of
      elderly household composition.

PMID- 2921480
TI  - Home care for elderly persons: linkages between formal and informal caregivers.
AB  - Prior research has generally focused on characteristics of elderly persons that
      predict contact with community services or the volume of services used. In
      contrast, this study investigates how personal care and home health services are
      used in relation to assistance from primary kin caregivers. A typology was
      developed based on task sharing or segregation between kin caregivers and service
      providers, and four types of informal-formal linkages around these tasks were
      identified: kin independence, formal service specialization, dual specialization,
      and supplementation. Findings regarding predictors of the types showed that
      caregiver and care recipient need variables were most significant in
      differentiating among them, although caregiver gender also had some
      discriminatory power.

PMID- 2921481
TI  - Measuring the communication of social support from adult children.
AB  - Further knowledge of the nature and significance of the relationships of elderly
      persons to their adult children requires the application of social support scales
      tapping the quality and content of their interactions. Scaling efforts must
      further address conceptual and operational specification, the differentiation of
      sources and dimensions of support, the objectification of self-report scales, and
      construct validity. Respondents to this survey are a community, stratified
      probability sample of adults aged 50 and older (N = 1,174). Measures employed
      include 2 items reflecting instrumental support and 17 items designed to tap
      Cobb's (1976) definition of expressive support as consisting of information that
      one is loved, esteemed, and embedded in a social relationship characterized by
      mutual caring and obligation. Factor analyses consistently discern one
      instrumental and three expressive dimensions of support: Caring and Concern,
      Social Integration, and Love and Affection. These subscales are differentially
      correlated with sociodemographic characteristics of the parents and adult
      children, as well as with depression and disability. Implications of these and
      other findings are discussed.

PMID- 2921482
TI  - An examination of loneliness among elderly Canadian seasonal residents in
      Florida.
AB  - As part of a larger study focusing on different facets of the lives of 2,731
      older Canadians who seasonally reside in Florida, we investigated primarily the
      extent of family and friendship contacts and the loneliness expressed by these
      older Canadians. The data were collected using a questionnaire that was
      distributed and returned by mail. The sample was taken from the subscription list
      of a newspaper in Florida that was a subsidiary of a large Canadian newspaper.
      The results show a population that was relatively young, married, in generally
      good health, and with rather extensive contacts with family and friends while
      residing in Florida. Nevertheless, more than a fifth indicated they were at least
      somewhat lonely. Results, using discriminate function analysis, showed that those
      more lonely were younger, female, less educated, not married, in poorer physical
      health, had fewer Florida friends, and had more children who lived near them in
      Canada, but fewer children who lived near them in the United States. Implications
      of the results are discussed.

PMID- 2921483
TI  - Puzzles in the epidemiology of colon cancer.

PMID- 2921484
TI  - The value of Chiba fine-needle aspiration biopsy in the diagnosis of hepatic
      malignancy: a comparison with Menghini needle biopsy.
AB  - The detection or exclusion of metastatic liver involvement is critical in the
      management and prognosis of patients with malignant disease. Noninvasive imaging
      modalities such as computed tomography, ultrasound, and technetium colloid liver
      scan are highly sensitive but nonspecific. Serum alkaline phosphatase is of
      similar value. A blind liver biopsy by the Menghini technique is often done to
      confirm the diagnosis, but its yield is low. We prospectively evaluated 74
      patients using blind Menghini needle biopsy and concurrent Chiba fine-needle
      aspiration biopsy (FNAB) techniques. A positive diagnosis of malignancy was made
      in 30 patients (41%). In only 25 (34%) was the diagnosis made by Menghini biopsy,
      while Chiba FNAB confirmed the diagnosis in all 30 patients. Thus, concurrent use
      of both needles increased the diagnostic accuracy by 7%. Seven additional
      patients, considered to have one or more contraindications for the Menghini
      biopsy, underwent Chiba FNAB alone; the diagnosis was confirmed in all without
      complication. We conclude that FNAB alone or in combination with Menghini biopsy
      is valuable and safe in the diagnosis of metastatic liver disease.

PMID- 2921485
TI  - Gastric epithelial polyps. A 10-year study.
AB  - We have reviewed the 10-year experience of a community teaching hospital with
      gastric epithelial polyps and have analyzed 121 polyps removed from 35 patients.
      Hyperplastic polyps constituted nearly 75% of the polyps examined; fundic gland
      polyps constituted 17%, and adenomatous polyps were infrequent (8.6%). No
      clinical or endoscopic finding distinguished the variants of polyp before
      histologic examination. The majority of hyperplastic and fundic gland polyps were
      multiple. Whenever there were multiple polyps, all polyps were of the same
      histologic type. In no case did adenocarcinoma originate within a benign polyp.
      In only a single case was there an associated adenocarcinoma elsewhere in the
      stomach. None of the adenomatous polyps was linked with gastric adenocarcinoma.

PMID- 2921486
TI  - Delayed cholescintigraphy in the diagnosis of unilateral hepatic duct obstruction
      in the nonicteric patient.

PMID- 2921487
TI  - Irritable bowel support group: a new form of management.

PMID- 2921488
TI  - Mechanisms of hypoxemia during panendoscopy.
AB  - Hypoxemia during esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD), or panendoscopy has been
      generally attributed to sedation. We studied 49 patients ranging in age from 17
      to 71 years with normal or nearly normal lung function undergoing EGD to
      determine the effects of sedation and the effects of the endoscope on arterial
      oxygen saturation (SaO2). All patients received intravenous diazepam and 41 also
      received meperidine. EGD was delayed 10.7 +/- 7.5 min after intravenous diazepam
      administration in the 42 group 1 patients. Seven patients underwent EGD within 2
      min of receiving intravenous diazepam (group 2). Ventilation decreased after
      diazepam, recovered, then decreased immediately after endoscope insertion in the
      group 1 patients. Periods of hypopnea, up to 39 s long, were observed during EGD.
      The average decrease in SaO2 was 4.0% after diazepam (p less than 0.0001). SaO2
      returned to the pre-EGD level, then decreased 2.4% during EGD (p less than
      0.0005). Maximum SaO2 decrease occurred 27 +/- 6 s after insertion of the
      endoscope then rapidly recovered. There was a linear correlation between the
      duration of hypopnea and maximum SaO2 decrease (r = 0.84, p less than 0.001). All
      group 2 patients experienced a period of hypopnea (13.3 +/- 9.6 s) and SaO2
      declined 9.0%. The SaO2 decline was significantly greater in the group 2 subjects
      (p less than 0.0001). Our results confirm previous findings that intravenous
      sedation causes hypoventilation and hypoxemia. Moreover, hypoventilation and
      further arterial oxygen desaturation are caused by either the mechanical effect
      of the endoscope or a reflex stimulated by it.

PMID- 2921489
TI  - Is the gastrin response to secretin provocation a function of antral G-cell mass?
      Results in the hypergastrinemia of acid hyposecretion.
AB  - Some patients with hypergastrinemic achlorhydria may have false-positive secretin
      provocation as an exaggeration of the normal gastrin response to secretin,
      presumably related to an increased, or more responsive, antral G-cell mass. To
      test this hypothesis, we reviewed our experience with secretin provocation in
      normogastrinemic subjects with presumed normal antral G-cell mass (normal--17,
      duodenal ulcer--13) and in patients with hypergastrinemia related to changes in
      antral G-cells (vagotomy--5, hypochlorhydria--7, achlorhydria--10). Basal serum
      gastrin (mean +/- SEM) was progressively higher for each group; normal (42 +/- 3
      pg/ml), duodenal ulcer (53 +/- 4 pg/ml), vagotomy (226 +/- 54 pg/ml),
      hypochlorhydria (346 +/- 92 pg/ml), achlorhydria (844 +/- 100 pg/ml). On
      selective analysis of only those with gastrin rises, significant differences (p
      less than 0.05) in peak gastrin change were found between achlorhydria (93 +/- 21
      pg/ml) compared with all other groups and between hypochlorhydria (40 +/- 12
      pg/ml) versus normal (6 +/- 1 pg/ml). Linear regression in these responders
      showed a significant correlation (p less than 0.001) between basal gastrin and
      peak gastrin change after secretin. There were no false-positive secretin
      provocation tests, but four achlorhydric patients had gastrin rises greater than
      100 pg/ml, whereas no patient in the other categories had rises above 90 pg/ml.
      Our results support the concept that patients with hypergastrinemic achlorhydria
      tend to have greater G-cell responsiveness to secretin provocation, which may
      account for the false-positive results in some such patients.

PMID- 2921490
TI  - Fibrinous pericarditis in alcoholic liver disease.
AB  - The autopsy data at the University of Southern California Liver Unit was studied
      during a 6-year period to investigate the relationship of fibrinous pericarditis
      with liver diseases. We found 18 cases of fibrinous pericarditis in 220 patients
      with alcoholic liver disease but none in 32 patients with fulminant and subacute
      hepatitis without alcoholism or in 39 patients with nonalcoholic cirrhosis.
      Although all the 18 patients with pericarditis had azotemia, 3 patients had
      pericarditis develop only in mild renal function impairment. These findings
      suggest that chronic alcoholism may precipitate pericarditis during the
      hepatorenal syndrome.

PMID- 2921491
TI  - Transient esophageal obstruction after pneumatic dilation for achalasia.
AB  - We report what we believe to be the first patient in whom an esophagram
      immediately after a routine, uncomplicated pneumatic dilation revealed complete
      esophageal obstruction. With conservative medical therapy, the obstruction
      spontaneously resolved within 48 h, and total relief of dysphagia followed. Other
      reports have told of distal narrowing and slow emptying of the esophagus after
      pneumatic dilation. Most of these patients had a good therapeutic result. Hence,
      partial or complete esophageal obstruction after pneumatic dilation does not by
      itself represent evidence of treatment failure.

PMID- 2921492
TI  - Benign pneumoperitoneum in a patient with celiac sprue.
AB  - A patient with celiac sprue was found to have an asymptomatic pneumoperitoneum.
      Prompt recognition that the pneumoperitoneum was due to pneumatosis cystoides
      intestinalis prevented unnecessary surgical intervention. Severe mucosal disease
      of the small intestine can be associated with an asymptomatic pneumoperitoneum.

PMID- 2921493
TI  - Multifocal adenocarcinoma of the proximal small intestine in a patient with
      celiac sprue.
AB  - Adenocarcinoma of the small intestine is a known complication of celiac sprue. We
      report a 63-year-old man with a history of celiac disease who developed anemia,
      guaiac-positive stools, and jaundice. Five discrete adenocarcinomas of the
      proximal small intestine were identified over a 9 year period. Endoscopic
      retrograde cholangiopancreatographic (ERCP) and radiographic evaluation of the
      small bowel were helpful in diagnosing adenocarcinoma involving the ampulla of
      Vater and jejunum. This case demonstrates for the first time the multifocal,
      malignant potential of sprue. It also illustrates the importance of an
      aggressive, systematic work-up of patients whose course has changed despite
      dietary restriction.

PMID- 2921494
TI  - Hemangiosarcoma of the rectum after chronic anorectal ulceration.
AB  - A 37-year-old man with a 30-year history of recurrent anorectal ulceration
      developed a hemangiosarcoma of the rectum. This diagnosis was made based on
      histology and immunocytochemistry. We believe this is the fifth reported case of
      hemangiosarcoma of the rectum and is another example of a rare granulation tissue
      sarcoma.

PMID- 2921495
TI  - Lumping and splitting through thick and thin bowel.

PMID- 2921496
TI  - Sigmoid volvulus as a complication of ileal Crohn's disease.
AB  - Intestinal volvulus in patients with Crohn's disease is rare and we could find
      only one report of sigmoid volvulus with active Crohn's colitis. We have seen a
      54-year-old woman with long-standing Crohn's disease who developed large-bowel
      obstruction. After eventual detorsion of the sigmoid volvulus, we found that her
      ileum was involved with active Crohn's disease and that her colonic mucosa was
      free of mucosal lesions. In this case, we suspect that the reactivation of the
      ileal Crohn's disease as well as other features commonly associated with Crohn's
      disease contributed to the development of sigmoid volvulus by causing fixation,
      torsion, and dilatation of distal bowel.

PMID- 2921497
TI  - Spontaneous rupture of the liver associated with amyloidosis.
AB  - Fatal spontaneous rupture of the liver is described in a 46-year-old women with
      hepatic amyloidosis diagnosed premortem by liver biopsy. An autopsy revealed
      systemic amyloidosis, with no evidence of an underlying chronic inflammatory
      condition, infection, or immunocyte dyscrasia. By computerized search, this is
      only the third reported case of spontaneous rupture of the liver complicating
      amyloidosis.

PMID- 2921498
TI  - Pseudo-Budd-Chiari syndrome: extrinsic deformity of the intrahepatic inferior
      vena cava mimicking membranous obstruction.
AB  - Budd-Chiari syndrome secondary to membranous obstruction of the intrahepatic
      inferior vena cava is a treatable form of chronic liver disease. I report a
      patient with portal hypertension in whom distortion of the inferior vena cava by
      cirrhosis and increased intraabdominal pressure initially suggested this
      condition. The correct diagnosis was made by obtaining lateral views during
      inferior vena cavography, which demonstrated a tapered, rather than membranous,
      obstruction, along with normal hepatic venous anatomy and pressure and markedly
      increased portal vein pressure during transhepatic puncture with a thin needle.
      That extrinsic deformity of the inferior vena cava may mimic membranous
      obstruction has not been emphasized recently. This distinction is important as
      surgical membranotomy is not indicated in patients with cirrhosis and secondary
      deformity of the inferior vena cava.

PMID- 2921499
TI  - Low-dose ursodeoxycholic acid prolongs cholesterol nucleation time in gallbladder
      bile of patients with cholesterol gallstones.
AB  - The high rate of stone recurrence represents a drawback of non-surgical therapy
      of cholesterol gallstone disease. Although most studies report that long-term
      bile acid treatment does not have protective effects, preliminary results suggest
      that low-dose ursodeoxycholic acid decreases the rate of gallstone recurrence in
      a subgroup of younger patients. To clarify the underlying mechanism we
      investigated whether low-dose ursodeoxycholic acid treatment influences biliary
      cholesterol saturation and/or nucleation time of cholesterol. Ten patients with
      cholesterol gallstones and functioning gallbladder received 250 mg
      ursodeoxycholic acid/day at bedtime 6-10 days prior to cholecystectomy. Eleven
      patients with cholesterol gallstones without treatment served as controls.
      Cholesterol crystals were present in the gallbladder bile of 7 out of the 10
      patients receiving ursodeoxycholic acid and in all control biles. Ursodeoxycholic
      acid treatment significantly (P less than 0.02) decreased the cholesterol
      saturation index (mean +/- S.E.: 0.94 +/- 0.05 vs. 1.43 +/- 0.18) and led to an
      approximately 5-fold prolongation (P less than 0.005) of the cholesterol
      nucleation time (mean +/- S.E.: 12.0 +/- 2.4 vs. 2.3 +/- 0.7 days). We conclude
      that low-dose ursodeoxycholic acid might be effective in the prevention of post
      dissolution gallstone recurrence by both decreasing cholesterol saturation and
      prolonging cholesterol nucleation time.

PMID- 2921500
TI  - Bile salts and hydrodynamics of bile formation.
AB  - We report a novel method to assess bile secretory pressure using a Statham
      pressure transducer. The studies were performed in vivo in male Sprague-Dawley
      rats under pentobarbital anesthesia. Maximal secretory pressure averaged 21.8 +/-
      1.1 (S.D.) cmH2O. The bile accumulated after 10 min of obstruction was 7.7 +/-
      2.8 microliters.g-1; assuming a basal biliary dead space of 2.3 microliters.g-1,
      the distended capacity of the biliary tree averaged 10 microliters.g-1. The small
      volume of the strain gauge permitted calculation of compliance of the biliary
      tree which averaged 0.35 +/- 0.12 microliters.cmH2O-1.g-1. Stimulation of bile
      flow by bile salts reduced the time required to reach maximal bile secretory
      pressure. Taurocholate but not taurodehydrocholate decreased maximal secretory
      pressure within minutes, the pressure-time curves showing a new equilibrium
      between bile formation and regurgitation forces. Both bile flow and bile salt
      recoveries were decreased by taurocholate but not by taurodehydrocholate.
      Taurocholate decreased biliary compliance while taurodehydrocholate had no
      effect. This provides further evidence that taurocholate increases the biliary
      permeability and suggests that this bile salt also affects the elastic properties
      of the biliary tree.

PMID- 2921501
TI  - Retinol and retinyl esters in patients with alcoholic liver disease.
AB  - Liver retinoid levels and the retinyl esters were examined in liver biopsy
      specimens from 70 patients with alcoholic and nonalcoholic liver diseases. There
      was a wide variation in the liver retinoid levels. The liver retinoid level was
      statistically significantly lower in 15 patients with alcoholic liver disease and
      a depressed Normotest (NT) value of less than 65% compared with patients with
      alcoholic liver disease and a normal NT value of greater than 65% (P less than
      0.01). The mean serum retinol level in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis was 0.68
      +/- 0.38 mumol/l compared with 1.99 +/- 1.14 mumol/l in patients with alcoholic
      fatty liver (P less than 0.03). The relative amount of retinyl oleate was
      increased in the alcoholic fatty liver compared with the nonalcoholic fatty liver
      (P less than 0.001).

PMID- 2921502
TI  - Dimethylnitrosamine-induced cirrhosis. Evidence for an immunological mechanism.
AB  - The present study is concerned with the early events associated with the
      development of cirrhosis induced by dimethylnitrosamine (DMN). The antigenic
      expression of MHC class II components (Ia) and of some intermediate filament
      proteins (vimentin and desmin) have been studied by immunohistochemistry and the
      findings correlated with ultrastructural data. Micronodular cirrhosis developed
      after 3 weeks of treatment with DMN but enhanced expression of Ia antigen on
      macrophages and on infiltrating lymphocytes was observed after 1 week, before the
      formation of septa, suggesting that immune-mediated mechanisms are involved in
      the response to DMN-induced liver injury. The expression of vimentin and of
      desmin also increased at an early stage and at 3 weeks the septa were outlined by
      cellular elements showing positivity for both intermediate filament proteins. In
      keeping with these observations, ultrastructural data showed active division of
      macrophages in situ, infiltration of the parenchyma by T and B lymphocytes,
      activation of lipocytes (Ito cells) showing evidence of mitosis, and the presence
      of transitional elements between lipocytes, myofibroblasts and fibroblasts. This
      experimental model may be helpful in understanding the relationship between
      immune-mediated response to liver injury and development of hepatic fibrosis.

PMID- 2921504
TI  - The role of sinusoidal stenoses in portal hypertension of liver cirrhosis.
AB  - To investigate the significance of sinusoidal stenoses in portal hypertension,
      liver cirrhosis was produced by feeding a choline-deficient diet for 6 months in
      rats, and hepatic haemodynamics were examined in the cirrhotic rats before and
      after feeding ordinary rat pellets for another 2 months. Feeding ordinary rat
      pellets led to the disappearance of fat droplets accumulated in the hepatocytes,
      normalization of the size of the swollen hepatocytes, and recovery from
      sinusoidal stenoses. As a result, increased sinusoidal vascular resistance and
      elevated portal vein pressure were reduced markedly, and clinical signs of portal
      hypertension, ascites and collateral blood circulation around the liver improved
      prominently. These facts suggest that sinusoidal stenoses lead to an increase in
      hepatic vascular resistance and portal hypertension.

PMID- 2921503
TI  - Methionine enkephalin is increased in plasma in acute liver disease and is
      present in bile and urine.
AB  - Plasma immunoreactive methionine enkephalin is increased in cirrhosis. To
      determine whether it was increased in acute liver disease and chronic renal
      failure and whether the peptide was present in bile and urine, it was measured by
      radioimmunoassay in appropriate samples. Plasma immunoreactive methionine
      enkephalin, while at its peak in 15 patients with acute liver disease (median 425
      pmol/l, range 220-1460), was approximately six times greater (P less than 0.001)
      than in 15 patients with chronic renal failure (70 pmol/l, 50-140), 15 controls
      with other diseases (75 pmol/l, 50-115) and 15 healthy controls (65 pmol/l, 50
      95). In eight of the patients recovering from acute liver disease, the decline of
      the peptide's plasma level correlated with that of the alanine aminotransferase
      (r = 0.813, P less than 0.01) and prothrombin time (r = 0.682, P less than 0.05)
      measured in the simultaneously taken blood. Immunoreactive methionine enkephalin
      was found to be excreted in bile and urine. The possibility that increased plasma
      methionine enkephalin, and possibly other opioid peptides, may contribute to some
      of the manifestations of acute liver failure is worthy of further investigation.

PMID- 2921505
TI  - The effect of portal diversion upon function of the reticuloendothelial system
      and upon plasma fibronectin levels.
AB  - A previous publication suggested that for 9 weeks after portal diversion in dogs,
      there were no changes in reticuloendothelial function assessed by measurement of
      t1/2 or phagocytic index of reticuloendothelial test lipid emulsion. The present
      study was conducted in rats over 18 weeks. It was observed that the phagocytic
      index decreased and the t1/2 lengthened at 18 weeks after either portacaval shunt
      or portacaval transposition and that plasma levels of fibronectin were elevated
      four- or five-fold after either form of diversion, whilst only being elevated two
      fold after sham operation. There was an increase in portacaval shunt rats in
      liver tissue distribution of administered lipid emulsion when tested between 6
      and 12 weeks post-operatively which then returned towards normal. The activity in
      portacaval transposition and sham-operated rats was unaltered. These studies
      suggest that the delay in clearance of administered particles in portacaval shunt
      and portacaval transposition rats is related to the portal diversion rather than
      to altered blood flow and thus the finding is of relevance in patients with
      cirrhosis who also have significant portacaval shunting.

PMID- 2921506
TI  - Treatment of protracted acute type B hepatitis with recombinant alpha-A
      interferon. A pilot study.
AB  - Six individuals with protracted acute type B hepatitis were treated with
      recombinant alpha-A-interferon for 12 weeks. Two females eliminated the HBV
      completely, while 4 males did not respond. Response was preceded by a flare-up of
      the liver disease. It appears that responses to interferon are not higher in
      protracted acute type B hepatitis than in progressed chronic active hepatitis B.
      This assumption has to be proven in larger studies on a statistical basis.

PMID- 2921507
TI  - Detection of hepatitis B virus core gene products in sera and liver of HBV
      infected individuals.
AB  - The C gene of hepatitis B virus (HBV) codes for at least two different proteins
      (p 21c and p 17e). To investigate the expression of C-gene-encoded proteins in
      vivo, serum and liver samples from HBsAg-positive patients as well as serial
      serum samples from an HBV-transfected chimpanzee were studied. Antibodies
      directed against bacterially synthesized C-fusion proteins were used in Western
      blots to test for the presence of p 21c and p 17e. In serial serum samples from
      the chimpanzee, p 21c and p 17e were detected concomitantly during the acute
      phase of the infection. When sera of patients with chronic HBV infection were
      studied, all sera containing p 17e were found to be positive also for p 21c. Sera
      positive for HBV DNA but negative for HBeAg were only positive for p 21c,
      indicating that HBeAg/p 17e is not an absolutely reliable marker for infectivity.
      In liver tissue specimens from 20 patients with HBV-related liver diseases, p 21c
      was detected in five cases, indicating viral replication. The p 17e antigen,
      however, was present only in low amounts in three of these five, suggesting that
      synthesis of p 21c and p 17e is not strictly coupled. C/Pol-gene-encoded fusion
      proteins were found in the liver tissue of only one patient with cirrhosis,
      supporting our previous finding that detectable levels of these proteins are
      expressed rarely.

PMID- 2921508
TI  - Coproporphyrinogen oxidase, protoporphyrinogen oxidase and ferrochelatase
      activities in human liver biopsies with special reference to alcoholic liver
      disease.
AB  - The activities of coproporphyrinogen oxidase, protoporphyrinogen oxidase and
      ferrochelatase have been assayed in human liver biopsies using recently developed
      highly sensitive specific enzyme assays. The specific activities (nmol/min/mg
      protein) in controls were 0.010 +/- 0.003 (mean +/- S.D., n = 11), 0.18 +/- 0.07
      (n = 9) and 0.062 +/- 0.022 (n = 8), respectively. The total activities
      (mumol/min/liver) were determined, using ultrasound to determine liver volumes,
      and were 2.6 +/- 0.6 (n = 5), 36.6 +/- 13.9 (n = 6) and 14.2 +/- 5.4 (n = 3),
      respectively. Both specific and total enzyme activities in alcoholics with fatty
      liver were not significantly different from normal controls. Decreased
      protoporphyrinogen oxidase activity (0.08 nmol/min/mg protein or 20.2
      mumol/min/liver) was found in two patients with variegate porphyria. In a patient
      with erythrohepatic protoporphyria a reduction of the ferrochelatase activity
      (0.01 nmol/min/mg protein) was demonstrated.

PMID- 2921509
TI  - Inheritance of retarded forebrain commissure development in fetal mice: results
      from classical crosses and recombinant inbred strains.
AB  - Deficiency of the adult corpus callosum in BALB/c mice shows incomplete
      penetrance and is clearly polygenic, whereas the defect in fetuses shows complete
      penetrance and a much less complex mode of inheritance. Retardation of the growth
      of the corpus callosum and the hippocampal commissure in the fetal mouse
      forebrain was expressed by a standard score (z) derived from body weight, such
      that a fetus with a score less than -2.0 was held to have commissures abnormally
      small for the body size. By this index, almost all C57BL/6 fetuses were normal,
      whereas BALB/c fetuses in the body weight range 0.5 to 1.0 g were often 5
      standard deviations below the expected value of 0.0. In classical crosses between
      C57BL/6J and BALB/cWah, inheritance of the index of abnormality (z) was
      recessive, and about half of the fetuses in backcrosses to BALB/c were below 
      2.0. However, the distribution of scores was not bimodal. The results were
      consistent with a two-locus but not a single-locus difference between parent
      strains. Among the seven recombinant inbred strains derived from the By strains
      of C57BL/6 and BALB/c, there were three or possibly four distinct clusters of
      strains, which also suggested two-locus inheritance and excluded a single-locus
      difference. Although substantial retardation of commissure growth was evident in
      fetuses, deficiency or absence of the corpus callosum in weanling and adult By
      recombinant inbred mice was extremely rare in all strains except BALB/cByJ. These
      data confirm anatomical results showing that, in all but the most extremely
      retarded cases, the corpus callosum recovers from an obvious prenatal defect.

PMID- 2921510
TI  - EMS-induced mutations in Anopheles quadrimaculatus (Say), species A.
AB  - Three new mutants were induced in a laboratory strain of Anopheles
      quadrimaculatus (Say), species A, by feeding adult males ethyl methanesulfonate
      (EMS). Rose eye (ro) is a recessive X-linked trait. Short antenna (Sa) and
      melanotic (Mel) are dominant autosomal traits that are lethal in the homozygous
      condition. Linkage crosses and X-autosome translocations were used to assign
      short antenna to the right arm of chromosome 3 about 45 map units proximal to
      stripe (st+), and melanotic was located on chromosome 2 near the centromere.

PMID- 2921511
TI  - Microphthalmia: a new recessive mutation in the Norway rat.

PMID- 2921512
TI  - Evidence of mendelian inheritance of the nucleolar organizer regions in the
      Spanish common rabbit.

PMID- 2921513
TI  - Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn.

PMID- 2921514
TI  - Hypertension as the presenting problem in primary hypothyroidism.

PMID- 2921515
TI  - Section 89--no relief in sight.

PMID- 2921516
TI  - How to manage multiple insurance plans.

PMID- 2921517
TI  - The drama of the 1989 legislative session begins to unfold.

PMID- 2921518
TI  - The general internist: is he the gatekeeper of the medical care system or the
      doormat?

PMID- 2921519
TI  - Expression of viral and virus-like elements in DNA repair
      deficient/immunodeficient "wasted" mice.
AB  - Wasted mice bear an autosomal recessive mutation (wst) that causes neurologic
      abnormalities, faulty DNA repair in lymphocytes, and immunodeficiency at mucosal
      sites. Recent work has suggested possible viral involvement in these
      manifestations by demonstrating abnormal viral gp70 expression that segregates
      with the wasted mutation. In the experiments reported here, we examined tissue
      specific expression of AKR viral (AKV) sequences and virus-like 30S (VL30)
      elements in wasted and control mice. Our studies showed that AKV and VL30 RNA
      expression were two- to fivefold higher in spleen, brain, and thymus of mice
      bearing the wst allele than in those of control mice. (These tissues have all
      been shown to display functional or developmental abnormalities in wst/wst mice.)
      Expression of viral mRNA in Peyer's patches and mesenteric lymph nodes was
      similar in wasted and control animals. The majority of the VL30-hybridizing RNA
      in all tissues could be attributed to long-terminal-repeat rather than to main
      body sequences. These differences in expression between wasted and control mice
      could not be attributed to differences in VL30 or AKV gene copy number. Our
      results demonstrate an association between altered expression of viral and virus
      like sequences and the development of tissue-restricted abnormalities in wst/wst
      mice.

PMID- 2921520
TI  - Intravenously injected sialidase inactivates attachment sites for lymphocytes on
      high endothelial venules.
AB  - Blood-borne lymphocytes initiate entry into secondary lymphoid organs, such as
      peripheral lymph nodes (PN) and gut-associated Peyer's patches (PP), by a highly
      specific adhesive interaction between the lymphocytes and the endothelium of
      specialized blood vessels known as a high endothelial venules (HEV). The
      selectivity with which functional subpopulations of lymphocytes migrate into
      particular lymphoid organs is believed to be regulated by the expression of cell
      adhesion receptors and complementary ligands on lymphocytes and HEV,
      respectively. The entry of lymphocytes into PN and PP has clearly been shown to
      involve distinct receptor-ligand pairs. Employing the Stamper-Woodruff in vitro
      adhesion assay, which measures lymphocyte attachment to HEV in cryostat-cut
      sections of lymphoid organs, we have previously shown that treatment of PN
      sections with two different sialidases inactivates HEV-adhesive ligands, whereas
      treatment of PP tissue sections has no effect on HEV-adhesive function. We now
      report that in vivo exposure of HEV to sialidase (after i.v. injection of the
      enzyme) also selectively prevents subsequent in vitro attachment of lymphocytes
      to PN HEV but not to PP HEV. Consistent with this organ-selective impairment of
      HEV-adhesive function by sialidase, i.v. injection of the enzyme is shown to
      prevent short term lymphocyte accumulation within peripheral lymph nodes while
      having no significant effect on accumulation in PP, blood, or nonlymphoid organs.
      Histologic examination with the sialic acid-specific lectin from Limax flavus
      verified that i.v. injected sialidase effectively removes stainable sialic acid
      moieties from HEV in both PN and PP. This study confirms that sialic acid is
      required for the adhesive function of PN HEV-ligands. A role for sialic acid as
      either a recognition determinant or as a regulatory molecule can be envisioned.
      In view of the fact that many pathogens release sialidase and cause substantially
      elevated serum levels of this enzyme, the present observations may have
      pathophysiologic significance. One mechanism by which such pathogens may avoid
      destruction is to inactivate susceptible HEV-ligands and disrupt the entry of
      lymphocytes into lymphoid organs where immune responses against the pathogens
      would normally be initiated.

PMID- 2921521
TI  - Purification and amino acid analysis of two human monocyte chemoattractants
      produced by phytohemagglutinin-stimulated human blood mononuclear leukocytes.
AB  - Physicochemical characteristics of monocyte chemotactic activity in the culture
      fluid of PHA-stimulated human mononuclear leukocytes (MNL) were investigated.
      Among several chemotactic activity peaks eluted from a TSK-2000 gel filtration
      column, one peak, corresponding to a molecular mass of 17 kDa, accounted for
      about 40% of total chemotactic activity. On a chromatofocusing column, most of
      the 17-kDa activity eluted in a pH range of 9.4 to 7.9. It could bind to Orange-A
      Sepharose. These three characteristics--molecular mass, basic isoelectric point,
      and dye column binding--were similar to those of human glioma-derived monocyte
      chemotactic factor (GDCF), recently purified in our laboratory. Therefore, the
      MNL-derived chemoattractant was purified by the same procedures used for
      purification of GDCF, namely Orange-A Sepharose chromatography, carboxymethyl
      (CM)-HPLC, and reverse phase (RP) HPLC. About 50% of the culture fluid
      chemotactic activity bound to Orange-A Sepharose and was eluted in a single peak
      by a NaCl gradient. The active pool from the Orange-A column was separated into
      two sharp peaks by CM-HPLC, each of which eluted at identical acetonitrile
      concentrations from a RP HPLC column. By SDS-PAGE, the peptides had apparent
      molecular masses of 15 and 13 kDa and appeared homogeneous. Amino acid analysis
      showed that the composition of the two peptides was almost identical; and the N
      terminus of each peptide was apparently blocked. Shared characteristics of these
      peptides and the GDCF peptides include identical elution patterns from CM- and RP
      HPLC columns, identical SDS-PAGE migration, almost identical amino acid
      composition, and blocked N terminus. This suggests that the monocyte attractants
      isolated from culture fluid of PHA-stimulated MNL are identical to those derived
      from human glioma cells.

PMID- 2921522
TI  - Increased regional vascular albumin permeation in the rat during anaphylaxis.
AB  - The changes in vascular albumin permeation induced by systemic anaphylaxis were
      studied simultaneously in 21 different tissues of the same animal. Before Ag
      challenge sensitized rats were injected i.v. with 125I-albumin (test tracer),
      51Cr-RBC (vascular space marker) and 57Co-EDTA (extravascular space marker). The
      index of vascular permeation used was the tissue to blood isotope ratio (tbir),
      which was obtained by dividing the ratio of 125I/51Cr counts in each tissue by
      the ratio of the same isotopes in the arterial blood sample. After Ag challenge,
      the increase in the tbir varied considerably among the different tissues. The
      most pronounced increase was noted in the lymph node (ninefold) followed by the
      aorta and mesentery (six- to sevenfold) and the various parts of the
      gastrointestinal tract (four- to sixfold). In the skin less than skeletal muscle
      less than lung less than liver and eye two- to fourfold increases occurred.
      Relatively minor increases in albumin permeation (less than twofold) were
      observed in the brain less than kidney less than heart and less than spleen. The
      testis was the only organ in which no significant change occurred. For some of
      the tissues there was also an increase in the tbir for 57Co/51Cr (an index of the
      extracellular fluid space) suggesting edema formation. The highest increase was
      noted in the aorta (fourfold). Minor increases occurred in the atrium of the
      heart, stomach, duodenum, and lymph nodes. There was also a 36% increase in
      hematocrit. Therefore, systemic anaphylaxis caused extensive extravasation of
      albumin and hemoconcentration.

PMID- 2921523
TI  - The C5-sufficient A/J congenic mouse strain. Inflammatory response and resistance
      to Listeria monocytogenes.
AB  - A/J mouse strain poorly responds to an inflammatory stimulus and is highly
      susceptible to Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) infection. This defect in the
      phagocyte inflammatory response caused by the C5 component of C deficiency was
      shown, by linkage analysis, to be the major reason for the extreme susceptibility
      of A/J mice to Lm infection. The importance of this genetic defect in C5 in
      relation to the poor macrophage inflammatory response and to the susceptibility
      to Lm infection was evaluated by developing a C5-sufficient congenic A/J mouse
      strain. This A/J.C5 mouse strain was studied for its inflammatory response and
      for its susceptibility to Lm infection. C5-sufficient congenic A/J.C5 mice showed
      a slight improvement (2X) in their level of macrophage inflammatory response;
      however, they did not mount an as strong response as the Listeria-resistant
      C57BL/6J mice which donated the C5 allele. When infected with Lm, A/J.C5 mice
      were found to be as resistant as C57BL/6J mice. These results suggest that the
      presence of C5 on an A/J background partially improves the deficient macrophage
      inflammatory response of that strain. This increase is sufficient to render the
      A/J.C5 mouse strain highly resistant to Listeria infection. A/J.C5 mouse strain
      represents a new tool for the study of the importance of C5 in resistance to
      infection and in the regulation of the macrophage inflammatory response.

PMID- 2921525
TI  - Molecular analysis of the rat MHC. II. Isolation of genes that map to the RT1.E
      grc region.
AB  - An initial mapping analysis of growth and reproduction complex (grc) and grc+
      genomic DNA identified several restriction fragment length polymorphisms specific
      for the grc region of the MHC. To analyze further the genomic organization and
      structure of the grc, a cosmid library was constructed from a grc+-bearing strain
      (R21). One cosmid cluster, encompassing 41.4 kb of DNA, contained four, or
      possibly five, class I genes that mapped to the RT1.E-grc region Two unique non
      class I fragments were isolated from certain cosmids within this cluster. These
      fragments were hybridized to genomic DNA derived from five rat strains (BIL/2,
      R18, R21, R22, and BIL/1), and the results showed that grc-bearing rats have a
      deletion of at least 3.1 kb of DNA in the region immediately adjacent to the MHC.
      The loss of the genes in this region is probably the cause of the growth and
      reproductive defects in these animals and probably also of their increased
      susceptibility to chemical carcinogens.

PMID- 2921526
TI  - Antibody secreted by the hybridoma line IIIA4.

PMID- 2921524
TI  - Developmental regulation of membrane and secretory Ig gamma 2b mRNA.
AB  - To better understand the developmental regulation of membrane and secretory forms
      of Ig Heavy chain mRNA, mutations were made in a gamma 2b gene in vitro and
      assayed for their expression in cell lines representative of early and late
      stages of B cell development. Processing of the gamma 2b mRNA did not change with
      the amount of message produced, demonstrating that the production of
      predominantly secretory mRNA in plasma cells is not the consequence of increased
      message synthesis. The length of the intron between the secretory and membrane
      exons was found to affect the relative expression of secretory and membrane mRNA,
      but this effect was also observed in non-lymphoid cells, suggesting that the
      intron "gradient effect" does not identify the processing reaction which is
      regulated during B cell differentiation. Deletion of the signals for the splice
      from CH3 to the membrane exons resulted in the exclusive production of secretory
      mRNA irrespective of the developmental stage of the recipient cell, suggesting
      that this splice reaction plays a role in regulating these mRNA, and that
      competition between the two polyadenylation sites does not dictate the relative
      expression of the two forms of message. Appropriate ratios of the two forms were
      produced from a 2.3-kbp fragment of the gamma 2b gene containing the secretory
      cleavage and membrane splice signals in the context of a different transcription
      unit. These results suggest that the changes in the relative expression of
      secretory and membrane gamma 2b mRNA during B cell development are mediated by a
      competition between cleavage at the secretory polyadenylation and splicing from
      CH3 to the membrane exons.

PMID- 2921527
TI  - Cell-mediated cytotoxicity. A highly sensitive and informative flow cytometric
      assay.
AB  - Determination of target cell lysis by cytolytic effectors has typically been
      achieved by two methods: the release of various markers from the cell, as in
      51chromium release assays and the uptake of markers into the cell, as in trypan
      blue uptake in single cell/conjugate binding assays. Problems associated with
      these assays might include: (1) poor uptake, (2) nonspecific release, (3) poor
      statistics, (4) length of assays, or (5) subjectivity. These difficulties
      prompted the development of a new sensitive flow cytometric assay employing two
      fluorochromes. PKH-1, a fluorochrome which fluoresces in the green, binds to the
      cytoplasmic membrane and does not leak or transfer, is used to identify the
      target cell population. Propidium iodide fluoresces in the red and is used to
      detect non-viable cells. Use of these two fluorochromes and two parameter
      analysis allows for identification of four subpopulations in the sample: live
      effectors, dead effectors, live targets and dead targets. By enumeration of these
      subpopulations the following information can be calculated: (1) the percent
      target lysis, (2) effector-to-target cell ratios, (3) viability of the effector
      cells at the termination of the assay, and (4) viable effector to target cell
      ratios. The results show that PKH-1 labeling of target cells had no effect on
      effector-target cell interactions. Excellent correlation was found between this
      method and the chromium assay, however, due to earlier detection of the lytic
      event, this method provides a distinct time advantage over current methods.

PMID- 2921528
TI  - Cross-reaction of antibodies to coupling groups used in the production of anti
      peptide antibodies.
AB  - A polyclonal antibody raised against a peptide conjugated using 1-ethyl-3-(3
      dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide hydrochloride to maleic anhydride-derivatised
      lysozyme showed substantial cross-reactivity with m-maleimidobenzoyl-N
      hydroxysuccinimide ester-derivatised haemocyanin. This was due to antibodies
      produced against maleic anhydride-derivatised groups on lysozyme that reacted
      with m-maleimidobenzoyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester-derivatised groups on
      haemocyanin. This observation is important because it is common practice, in the
      production of anti-peptide antibodies, to use two conjugates. The same peptide is
      coupled to two different protein carriers by two different coupling methods. One
      conjugate is used for immunisation and the other for testing the serum. This
      method assumes that the only antigen common to the two conjugates is the peptide
      and this was not the case here. A method is described for screening sera which
      involves affinity purification of the anti-peptide antibody and comparison of
      binding to the immunogen with that to an appropriate control conjugate. This
      method avoids the problem of any cross-reaction to coupling groups or proteins.

PMID- 2921529
TI  - Assays for total and antigen-specific polymeric IgA in serum based on binding to
      secretory component.
AB  - Binding assays with secretory component (SC) were used to detect polymeric IgA
      antibody to E. coli lipopolysaccharide and to estimate total polymeric IgA in
      sera from 14 patients with alcoholic liver disease and eight normal controls.
      Radioiodinated human SC was shown to bind to polymeric IgA and IgM but not to
      monomeric IgA, secretory IgA or IgG. Serum aliquots (0.5 ml) were totally
      depleted of IgM using 2 ml anti-IgM affinity columns and the effluent sera were
      titrated in microtitre plates coated with lipopolysaccharide, the binding of
      polymeric IgA being detected by adding 10 ng radiolabelled SC. Total polymeric
      IgA was measured via its capacity to inhibit the binding of 5 ng labelled SC to
      IgM coated wells, quantitation being achieved by comparison with the inhibition
      produced by purified polymeric IgA. Total lipopolysaccharide-specific IgA
      antibody was detected by ELISA in sera from both patients and controls, 1185 +/-
      793 and 56 +/- 19 U/100 microliters (mean +/- SD), respectively; but polymeric
      IgA antibody was detected only in patients' sera (131 +/- 214 U/100 microliters).
      The concentration of total polymeric IgA was higher in patients' sera than in
      control sera (488 +/- 333 and less than 120 micrograms/ml respectively).

PMID- 2921530
TI  - A two-particle turbidometric latex immunoassay for the detection of specific IgM
      antibodies.
AB  - A simple two stage assay using latex particles as a reaction indicator has been
      developed for the detection of IgM antibodies to Trichinella spiralis. In the
      first stage, magnetic polystyrene beads (Dynabeads) coated with T. spiralis
      antigen were incubated for 30 min with the test serum. After washing, in the
      second stage, the assay was developed for 1 h using anti-mu-coated latex
      particles. After sedimentation of the Dynabeads the turbidity of the resultant
      latex suspension was measured spectrophotometrically at a wavelength of 400 nm. A
      decrease in turbidity of more than 20% from that of the control, unreacted,
      suspension was considered positive. Using an IgM phosphorylcholine-binding
      monoclonal antibody which was reactive with T. spiralis, the sensitivity of the
      assay was determined to be 110 ng/ml of antibody. This was 20-fold less than the
      sensitivity achieved in an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
      When the assay was applied to sera obtained from CBA/N or BALB/c mice, which were
      either normal or immunized against T. spiralis, the expected results were
      obtained with titers up to 1/640 observed, and confirmed (r = 0.93, P less than
      0.001) in the ELISA.

PMID- 2921531
TI  - What is a safe heat dose which can be applied to normal brain tissue?

PMID- 2921532
TI  - Characteristics of the response of soft tissue sarcoma to hyperthermia: the
      correlation between temperature distribution, radiological examination and
      histology.
AB  - Nineteen patients with soft tissue sarcoma were treated by a combination modality
      of hyperthermia and radiation or chemotherapy. There were 26 treatment sites. The
      size of the tumours ranged from 2.5 x 2 cm to 24 x 26 cm. Hyperthermic treatments
      were given twice a week, for a total of five to 14 sessions. Twenty-one tumours
      were treated by hyperthermia combined with radiotherapy, 2 Gy daily, five times a
      week, for a total of 40-78 Gy. Three tumours were treated by hyperthermia and
      arterial infusion of adriamycin, 100-120 mg in five or six treatments. For the
      superficial tumours the complete response rate was 40 per cent, and for the deep
      seated tumours 6.2 per cent. Among the 12 tumours with no response, nine in which
      the treatment was evaluated as effective histologically (necrosis of the tumour)
      and by X-ray CT findings (development of a prominent hypodensity area) were
      included. Six cases were studied to correlate the X-ray CT findings, angiography
      and histological findings before and after hyperthermic treatment. The data were
      also used to interpret the thermal curve. The increased hypodensity area was
      roughly proportional to the development of necrosis, but there was one case in
      which hypodensity was not correlated with the necrosis. On the contrary, even in
      the contrast-enhanced area around the tumour in which the presence of residual
      tumour was strongly suspected clinically, no tumour cells were visualized.
      Clinical evaluation of the effect by size of the tumour can be supplemented by CT
      findings and histology, but should be cautiously adopted.

PMID- 2921533
TI  - A technique for combining microwave hyperthermia with intraluminal brachytherapy
      of the oesophagus.
AB  - A technique for combining microwave hyperthermia with 192Ir brachytherapy for the
      treatment of oesophageal carcinoma is described. This approach uses an
      intraluminal afterloading applicator and up to six microwave antennae to deliver
      both hyperthermia and brachytherapy, with minimal modification of the existing
      procedure for brachytherapy alone. Each microwave antenna includes a built-in
      thermistor to control temperature and balance power. Longitudinal temperature
      distributions were measured in situ from within the applicator, and at the
      applicator-tissue interface in vivo. Two-dimensional SAR and steady-state
      temperature distributions measured in muscle-equivalent phantom are presented and
      discussed. The technique appears to be capable of elevating tissue temperature to
      greater than 42 degrees C in a radially symmetric volume of length greater than 5
      cm, with radial penetration of 0.5 cm. The clinical technique is relatively
      simple and well tolerated.

PMID- 2921534
TI  - A microcomputer controlled, local hyperthermia system for uniform tumour heating
      in unanaesthetized mice.

PMID- 2921535
TI  - Stability of temperatures during hyperthermia treatments.
AB  - Attempts to develop a dosimetry for hyperthermia treatments have been limited by
      problems such as the inability of hyperthermia delivery systems to produce
      desired temperature distributions and the complexity of modelling complete
      temperature distributions. However, dosimetric modelling could be simplified if
      spatial temperature distributions were temporally stable after the treatment's
      initial heat-up period. In this study, therefore, temporal stability of spatial
      distributions was examined quantitatively. Hyperthermia was induced
      electromagnetically. Treatment parameters were documented on surface
      transparencies. These parameters were kept as constant as possible during
      treatments, and were reproduced as closely as possible from treatment to
      treatment. Manual thermometer translation devices facilitated temperature
      scanning along interstitial catheters. Intra-treatment spatial temperature
      profiles T(r) of the same catheter were plotted together to characterize each
      treatment. Time-averaged T(r) of different treatments were plotted together to
      show inter-treatment variations. Standard deviations sigma T of temperature from
      average temperature after heat-up were calculated from 302 T(r) obtained from 57
      treatments of eight humans and three canines. Over periods of 30-60 min each, the
      average sigma T of all points scanned was +/- 0.8 degrees C, an order of
      magnitude less than intratumoral spatial variations of temperature. We conclude
      that procedures for reproducing treatment parameters led to a desirable extent of
      temporal stability of temperature during hyperthermia.

PMID- 2921536
TI  - Effects of hyperthermia on the intracellular pH and membrane potential of Chinese
      hamster ovary cells.
AB  - The effects of hyperthermia (exposure to 41-47 degrees C) on the intracellular pH
      and membrane potential have been studied using Chinese hamster ovary HA-1 cells.
      Our goal was to determine whether intracellular pH changes or changes in membrane
      potential correlated with cell killing. The intracellular pH (pHi) was measured
      using the DMO partitioning technique. A rapid acidification of the intracellular
      environment was observed at all the elevated temperatures studied. The pHi
      reached a plateau value of approximately 6.9, and started reversing towards
      normal values upon prolonged exposure to heat. Similar patterns were seen for
      delta pH (pHi-pHo). The membrane potential difference (delta psi) was measured
      using the fluorescence quenching of 3,3-dipropylthio-carbocyanine, and calibrated
      using a 86Rb+ diffusion potential. We found that delta psi falls to zero only
      upon prolonged exposure to temperatures above 43 degrees C. When the external pH
      was changed from normal values the drop in delta psi occurred more readily.
      Development of thermotolerance resulted in an increase in the time required to
      make delta psi change by half. The changes in delta psi were shown to be
      irreversible. When the proton electrochemical gradient (delta mu H+) was
      calculated using the measured values of delta psi and delta pH, the trends
      observed were the same as those seen for delta psi. The changes observed for pHi
      can be accounted for by the changes in the pK values of the components involved
      in the intracellular buffering. The changes in delta psi and delta mu H+ may
      reflect the physical breakdown of the transmembrane H+ gradients, which may be
      the actual mechanical process of cell death. No correlation of cell survival with
      the measured parameters was observed.

PMID- 2921538
TI  - Tuning forks: the problem of striking.
AB  - Tuning fork tests have accompanied us from the beginning of otology. Various
      methods of striking have been used during the century and the efforts to attain
      standardization appear to have been forgotten since audiology became available.
      The article reviews the history of the standardization and throws a new light on
      the production of overtones and air, compared to bone, conduction frequency. The
      article stresses the importance of tuning fork testing in clinical practice.

PMID- 2921537
TI  - Histopathological changes in the spinal cord after 434 MHz microwave hyperthermia
      in the cervical region of the rat.
AB  - The time-course of thermal damage to the spinal cord was studied after
      hyperthermia of the cervical region in the rat. Local 434 MHz microwave heating
      of the spinal cord (cervical 5-thoracic 2) was obtained by using a ring-shaped
      applicator. Heat treatment at 42.9 degrees C (+/- 0.4 degrees C) for 38 min
      resulted in neurological symptoms, ranging from uncoordinated use of the forelegs
      to paralysis and death in 90 per cent (28/31) of the animals. Histological
      sectioning of the treated part of the spinal cord was performed immediately, 4,
      24 h and 3, 7, 14 and 28 days after hyperthermia. Immediately and 4 h after
      treatment, neurons in the grey matter of the cord were affected and vacuolization
      was observed in the white matter. In animals with paralysis 1 day after
      treatment, we noticed neuronal degeneration, myelin pallor and sometimes
      haemorrhagic foci in white and grey matter. As a reaction to the thermal injury,
      gliosis was observed and invasion of macrophages and lymphocytes (day 3-14).
      Animals which had severe neurological symptoms at day 1 after hyperthermia, but
      had recovered completely 28 days after treatment, showed focal scar formation and
      demyelination in the spinal cord. The observed neurological complications
      correlated well with the localization of the observed histopathological changes
      in the cervical spinal cord.

PMID- 2921539
TI  - Temporal bone venous anomaly of surgical significance.
AB  - Variability in the size of the dural sinuses and jugular bulb is not uncommon and
      usually manifests as a high jugular bulb encroaching upon the floor of the middle
      ear. A rarer entity is the superior and medial extension of the jugular bulb into
      the bone of the posterior wall of the internal auditory meatus. We report a case
      where this anomaly was encountered during acoustic neuroma surgery making
      exposure of the fundus of the internal auditory meatus technically impossible.
      The possibility of a communication with the superior petrosal sinus is discussed.

PMID- 2921540
TI  - Aneurysm of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery mimicking an intracanalicular
      acoustic neuroma.

PMID- 2921541
TI  - Mycotic aneurysm of the petrous portion of the internal carotid artery.
AB  - A case of a mycotic aneurysm of the petrous portion of the internal carotid
      artery is presented. This entity is extremely rare and the problems associated
      with the diagnosis and clinical management are discussed.

PMID- 2921542
TI  - Post-traumatic asymptomatic saccular aneurysm of the internal carotid artery.
AB  - A patient presented with mild upper airway obstruction after being shot from
      behind through the neck and soft palate. Two days later he developed palsies of
      the IXth to XIIth cranial nerves inclusive on the traumatised side. These palsies
      resolved spontaneously after three weeks. Further investigation revealed the
      presence of a saccular aneurysm of the internal carotid artery. The internal
      carotid artery was ligated after gradual closure for three days using a Preston
      clamp.

PMID- 2921543
TI  - Recurrent bilateral peripheral facial palsy.
AB  - Facial nerve paralysis is a common otolaryngological diagnosis. Recurrent
      unilateral peripheral facial palsy is found in about 7 per cent of the cases.
      Simultaneous bilateral facial palsy is relatively uncommon and occurs in 0.3-2.0
      per cent of cases of facial palsy. Recurrent, simultaneous, bilateral, idiopathic
      facial palsy to the best of our knowledge has never been reported. A case of
      recurrent, simultaneous, bilateral, idiopathic facial palsy is presented. No
      evidence of systemic or local disease was found in both attacks of peripheral
      facial palsies. The association with states of stress is the only common finding
      between the two attacks.

PMID- 2921544
TI  - Genetic counselling for isolated hearing loss.
AB  - An investigation into the causes of sensorineural hearing loss in young children
      has been used as a basis for determining risk factors for parents of children
      with a hearing loss of unknown origin having a further affected child and for the
      defect to be passed on to a subsequent generation. The degree of hearing loss
      likely to be found if further children are affected, is examined.

PMID- 2921545
TI  - Lasers: importance of power density.

PMID- 2921546
TI  - Lighting: aid to pharyngeal pouch identification.

PMID- 2921547
TI  - Organogenesis of the middle ear structures.

PMID- 2921548
TI  - Does severe water deprivation affect the inner ear? An experimental study of the
      gerbilline endolymphatic sac.
AB  - Through an ultrastructural study of the endolymphatic duct (ED) and sac (ES)
      system, the effects of an impaired body fluid metabolism on the inner ear fluid
      environment in the mongolian gerbil has been evaluated. A dehydrative state has
      been determined depriving of water for both five and twelve days this desert
      animal, which is known to withstand long periods of water abstinence. The
      morphological changes of the ED and ES under these circumstances have been
      compared with those induced by ethacrynic acid intoxication. Although the
      cochlear partition did not show signs of damage, the ED and ES system seems to be
      negatively influenced by the dehydrative state and displays a marked imbibition
      of the subepithelial tissue, which at places shows accumulation of an organic
      matrix. A regulating role for the antidiuretic hormone on the inner ear fluids of
      the mongolian gerbil is also proposed and discussed.

PMID- 2921549
TI  - Mycotic infection of the ear (otomycosis): a prospective study.
AB  - Otomycosis (fungal infection of the ear) is not uncommon clinical problem
      encountered in our ENT practice. It makes up to 6 per cent of all patients with
      symptoms of ear disease seen in the Outpatient Clinic. Of the 193 patients with a
      clinical diagnosis of otomycosis, 171 cases produced positive fungal isolates. In
      this study Aspergillus species (niger and fumigatus) have been the most common
      fungal pathogens. Various aetiopathological factors have been examined in detail,
      and the available literature reviewed. The results of the treatment by nine
      antifungal agents currently available in Bahrain have been analysed.

PMID- 2921550
TI  - Validity of tympanometry in cases of confirmed otosclerosis.
AB  - The otoadmittence or impedance measurements are common procedures in the
      diagnosis of middle ear pathologies. The present study was undertaken for the
      purpose of studying the clinical validity of static admittance values in 42
      confirmed otosclerotic ears. For both 220 Hz and 660 Hz probe tones only one
      third of the otosclrotic ears had low admittance values, as expected. The
      remainder showed admittance values in the normal or high ranges. No significant
      correlation was found between air bone gap (ABG) and the admittance values.

PMID- 2921551
TI  - Repair of tympanic membrane perforations using hyaluronic acid: an alternative to
      myringoplasty.
AB  - Fifteen dry, small or medium-sized tympanic membrane perforations were treated by
      local application of 1 per cent hyaluronic acid after excision of the perforation
      rim. The duration of the perforations ranged from two months to ten years.
      Fourteen of the perforations were covered within 15 +/- 7.4 (S.D.) days and 5 +/-
      2.4 (S.D.) applications were needed to achieve closure. Hyaluronic acid treatment
      of dry tympanic membrane perforations not exceeding one quadrant seems to be an
      alternative to surgical myringoplasty.

PMID- 2921552
TI  - Bone pate repair of the eroded incus.
AB  - The authors report on a series of 25 patients who, in the process of undergoing
      tympanoplasty, were noted to have erosion of the long process of the incus. This
      was repaired with bone pate in an attempt to restore ossicular continuity. The
      methods and results are presented and the prospects for the future are discussed.

PMID- 2921553
TI  - Obliteration of the middle ear cleft.
AB  - All patients who have undergone obliteration of the middle ear cleft at Plymouth
      are reviewed. All had chronically discharging mastoid cavities and middle ears
      resistant to medical treatment, and all had at least one major operation to
      eradicate disease. All had an average hearing loss on the affected side of more
      than 80 decibels prior to operation. All ears have remained dry since
      obliteration, with a blind pit in the meatus. There have been no complications
      apart from a collection of fluid under one muscle flap.

PMID- 2921554
TI  - Role of post-operative electroneuronography in predicting facial nerve recovery
      after acoustic neuroma removal: a pilot study.
AB  - Complete clinical facial paralysis immediately after acoustic neuroma removal
      occurs in between 40 to 90 per cent of patients despite the fact that the facial
      nerve has been preserved anatomically. Some of these patients improve rapidly
      with adequate cosmetic and functional recovery. Others however, have incomplete
      or no return of useful function. A pilot study to assess the prognostic value of
      electroneuronography (ENOG) in 14 patients following acoustic neuroma removal was
      performed. The results suggest that post operative ENOG is of value in dividing
      those patients with anatomically intact facial nerves yet complete clinical
      paralysis post-operatively into groups: one with rapid improvement to an
      acceptable functional and cosmetic result and one with prolonged paralysis with
      incomplete or no recovery. Electroneuronography may thus be used to predict the
      initial recovery profile in patients with complete facial paralysis after
      surgery.

PMID- 2921555
TI  - Evaluation of recent experience in hypoglossal-facial nerve anastomosis in the
      treatment of facial palsy.
AB  - This evaluation of recent experience of hypoglossal-facial nerve anastomosis in
      ten patients who had undergone acoustic neuroma resection, indicates that this
      procedure may have a role to play in the treatment of this disfiguring condition.
      Facial symmetry at rest is satisfactory in the majority of patients, who suffered
      little long term deficit from the loss of their hypoglossal nerve. This procedure
      is ideally suited to otolaryngological practice.

PMID- 2921556
TI  - Effect of respiration on nasopharyngeal radiographs when assessing adenoidal
      enlargement.
AB  - Clinical assessment of adenoidal enlargement in children is difficult and so the
      lateral nasopharyngeal radiograph is frequently used to assess both adenoid size
      and the appearance of the adjacent airways. Various measurements of the soft
      tissues and airways can be made to assess normality or otherwise. Little
      previously has been mentioned about the physiological conditions, particularly
      the mode of respiration, under which these radiographs should be obtained and how
      changes in these conditions affect their appearance. The marked effect in the
      appearances of nasopharyngeal soft tissues and palatal airway on simply changing
      from mouth to nose breathing is presented, and an alternative method of
      examination, for use under certain circumstances is described.

PMID- 2921557
TI  - Cholesteatoma of the external auditory canal in hemifacial hypertrophy
      (hyperplasia).
AB  - Congenital hemifacial hypertrophy is an extremely rare condition. At the time of
      writing this article, there have been 37 cases reported in the literature. Of
      these, only two have appeared in the otolaryngologic literature. Cholesteatoma of
      the external auditory canal (EAC) in hemifacial hypertrophy has not been reported
      before. This article reports one such case, and discusses the classification of
      hemihypertrophies. A review of the literature is included in the discussion.
      Management of cholesteatomas of the external auditory canal is also touched upon.
      A new theory for the peculiar site selection of cholesteatomas of the external
      auditory canal is postulated.

PMID- 2921558
TI  - Morphology of a columellaform stapes.
AB  - A columellaform stapes found in male patient 18 years old with a conductive
      hearing loss, has been examined by SEM and light microscopy. The ossicle was
      smaller than a normal stapes. The head was linked to the base by a crural plate,
      probably formed by the fusion of the material of the two crura. Microscopy showed
      a slightly less interwoven structure of the fibrillar bone present mainly at the
      cranial aspect of the crural plate. Honeycomb-like bone was confined to the
      caudal part of the crural plate. Microscopy revealed a cavity in the centre of
      the stapes at the transition between the base and the plate. During surgery, a
      bony structure was found linking the posterior side of the head of the stapes to
      the pyramidal eminence. Post-operative audiograms revealed improved hearing with
      some residual conductive loss of about 10 dB. This case illustrates that a
      columellaform stapes may occur without forming part of a syndrome.

PMID- 2921559
TI  - Localized middle ear effusions: three unusual acute cases in adults.
AB  - Three cases of acute, non-suppurative otitis media in adults are described. They
      are unusual in that the effusion was confined to the upper middle ear, whilst the
      lower middle ear was aerated. The aetiology of such localized effusions, is
      probably related to the anatomy of the middle ear compartments, the mucosal folds
      forming them and the apertures allowing communication between them. The
      compartments are relatively constant and are a result of the embryological
      development of the middle ear. The localization of these effusions, demonstrates
      the segmental anatomy of the middle ear.

PMID- 2921560
TI  - Carcinoid tumour of the middle ear.
AB  - Carcinoid tumours belong to the rarer neoplasms of the middle ear. In 1980,
      Murphy et al. described the first case of a carcinoid tumour of the middle ear.
      Only five cases could be traced in the literature. The light and electron
      microscope features of a primary atypical carcinoid tumour of the middle ear are
      presented and compared with those described in the literature. Primary carcinoid
      of the middle ear appears to be derived from the epithelial lining of the middle
      ear. Distant metastases have not been reported. The duration and nature of the
      symptoms are of little diagnostic value. An atypical carcinoid tumour in the left
      ear of a 33-year-old woman is described.

PMID- 2921561
TI  - Primary cholesteatoma of the mastoid presenting as cervical abscess.
AB  - Primary cholesteatoma has been described in a number of sites within the temporal
      bone. We report an unusual case of primary cholesteatoma, confined to the
      mastoid, presenting with Bezold's abscess of the anterior cervical triangle, in
      an otherwise asymptomatic elderly man with normal hearing.

PMID- 2921562
TI  - Transpalatal approach to the petrous apex.
AB  - A case is described in which a transpalatal, transpharyngeal approach was used
      for access to a cyst of the petrous apex. Although its indications are limited,
      in selected patients this conservative procedure has advantages over the more
      invasive lateral routes.

PMID- 2921563
TI  - Traumatic CSF fistula presenting late as a middle ear effusion.
AB  - CSF otorrhoea is not uncommon following head injury but late presentation is
      rare. In the case described an unsuspected temporal bone fracture presented after
      an interval of ten years with a conductive deafness due to fluid in the middle
      ear simulating serous otitis media.

PMID- 2921564
TI  - Recurrent meningitis associated with meningioma of the mastoid cavity.
AB  - A 53-year-old female patient who presented with recurrent meningitis as a result
      of a meningioma, is reported. The meningioma was found to be wholly contained
      within the left mastoid antrium. To our knowledge this is the first reported case
      of a meningioma localised to the mastoid antrium. The patient had been assessed
      in the ENT department on two separate occasions, 17 years and 19 years previously
      for nebulous symptoms related to the left ear which had cleared spontaneously.
      Following a second episode of pyogenic meningitis, both of which were associated
      with aural symptoms, radiological examination suggested an intramastoid pathology
      which prompted mastoid exploration. Histological examination of the mass confined
      to the mastoid antum provided the diagnosis of meningioma. There was no clinical
      or radiological evidence of extratemporal spread of tumour.

PMID- 2921565
TI  - [Study of the HLA system and glyoxalase in 31 insulin-dependent diabetics free
      from micro and macro-angiopathies after more than a 20-year development].
AB  - Insulin-dependent diabetics are not equal as concerns vascular complications.
      Many factors have been incriminated. The object of this study was to determine if
      a genetic factor protected the insulin-dependent diabetic from vascular
      complications. The population included 31 unrelated, white insulin-dependent
      diabetic subjects (18 females and 13 males), with diabetes of over 20 years'
      duration (21 to 43 years, m +/- SD 27.82 +/- 6.03 years; age at diagnosis: 2 to
      57 years, m +/- SD 22.7 +/- 15.19 years). The absence of vascular lesions was
      checked for by the following investigations: visual acuity, fundoscopic
      examination, retinal fluorescein angiography (Canon F 60 Z), systolic pressure on
      the thigh and ankle, Doppler velocimetry, plethysmography of the lower limbs,
      serum creatinine level, urinary protein. The study of the HLA A, B, DR
      specificities was carried out using the Tersaki microlymphocytotoxicity assay,
      those of C4 by high voltage gel electrophoresis followed by hemolytic detection,
      those of B1 using Alper's method and those of glyoxalase by gel electrophoresis
      followed by a glutathione redox reaction in order to test for a marker for a
      possible protective genetic factor against complications. The antigen frequencies
      found were compared with: 1) Those in the general Caucasian reference population
      (9th Histocompatibility Workshop, 1984). The study group presented the HLA
      characteristics known to occur in insulin-dependent diabetes: increase in A30,
      B8, B18, D6, DR3, DR4, BfF1 and decrease in A3, B7, DR2. Furthermore an increase
      in the frequency of DRw53, DQw2 and DQw3 alleles was noted.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2921566
TI  - [The influence of anthropometric factors, hemorheologic parameters and the level
      of arterial pressure on pulse wave velocity].
AB  - The measurement of the pulse wave velocity (PWV) is widely used in clinical
      practice to assess the elasticity of the arterial system. It can be influenced by
      a number of factors. The present study was undertaken to assess the possible role
      of anthropometric factors, hemorheological parameters and blood pressure on this
      element. STUDY DESIGN: Sixty-three male subjects, mean age: 21 +/- 1.6 years,;
      height: 177 +/- 7 cm; weight: 76 +/- 13 kg, were subjected to Doppler measurement
      of the carotid-femoral PWV with synchronous recording of blood pressure. In
      parallel, the following were carried out: nycthemeral blood pressure recording,
      measurement of plasma vicosity and erythrocyte deformability, determination of
      hematocrit, fibrinogen and total proteins. The Quetelet indices and body surface
      area (BSA) were calculated for each patient. These data were analyzed by multiple
      linear regression. RESULTS: Three parameters affect PWV: 24-hours diastolic blood
      pressure, hematocrit, and body surface area (the coefficient of multiple
      correlation: r = 0.597, the percent variability of the explained variable is
      equal to 35.7%, the regression equation can be written: PWV CF (cm/sec) +
      0.283*Diast/24 hours + 0.742* hematocrit + 9.486* BSA = 0.629). The following
      parameters are not involved: plasma viscosity, erythrometry, total proteins,
      fibrinogen, Quetelet index, systolic and diastolic blood pressure during the
      investigation, mean systolic pressure and mean heart rate over 24 hours.
      COMMENTS: The PWV-diastolic pressure relationship is well-known. In contrast, the
      effect of the hematocrit and body surface area has never been reported.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2921567
TI  - [Study of the veno-arteriolar reflex in young and elderly subjects by recording
      of TcPO2].
AB  - The variations' measurement of transcutaneous oxygen tension (TcPO2) looks as an
      interesting local vasomotor reflex (L.V.R.) exploration, particularly on lower
      limbs arterial occlusive disease. However the possible impacts of physiological
      ageing upon this reflex have not clearly been evaluated. But they can be better
      analysed with a dynamic measure of TcPO2 on the first intermetatarsal space of
      the patient, successively recumbent, sitting standing and walking on a moving
      walkway. TcPO2 is measured with a Radiometer TCM3 oxygen monitor. Two groups of
      patients, without any arterial occlusive lesion, have been tested like that: 20
      young (mean age: 23.3 +/- 1.8 years) and 16 older subjects (mean age: 68.3 +/- 6
      years). In recumbent position, TcPO2 is about 74.05 +/- 5.6 mmHg in young and
      62.2 +/- 4.7 mmHg in older subjects (P less than 0.01). From recumbent to sitting
      position, after 15 seconds TcPO2 is elevating to a maximal value at 1 min 30 sec.
      (85 +/- 6 mmHg in young--71.5 +/- 5 mmHg in older subjects--P less than 0.01).
      Whilst in young TcPO2 decreases slowly to a stable value, at 5 minutes, higher
      than in recumbent (+ 6.3 +/- 0.5 mmHg), in the older TcPO2 increases ever to a
      stable value higher than in recumbent (+ 12 +/- 0.7 mmHg). For the last ones
      there is no TcPO2 adaptation from recumbent to sitting position because of the
      vascular ageing, while the LVR increased from recumbent to standing position.
      During the walk, the LVR disappears for both of them. These measurements confirm
      the decrease of vascular reactivity with ageing and oblige to compare the results
      on same age people, during the arterial occlusive disease exploration, by
      evaluating the graph kinetics.

PMID- 2921569
TI  - [Therapy of Buerger's disease].

PMID- 2921568
TI  - [Etiopathogenesis of Burger's disease].

PMID- 2921570
TI  - [Surgical aspects in the therapy of Buerger's disease].
AB  - Buerger's disease is generally not improved by reconstructive surgery. This one
      may be expected to succeed only on the atherosclerotic occlusions which
      eventually occur. Surgical treatment is therefore essentially based on the lumbar
      sympathectomy, both for trophic purpose as well as for pain relief. Criteria for
      unavoidable amputations are then exposed.

PMID- 2921571
TI  - [Capillaroscopy and diabetic microangiopathies].
AB  - Using conjunctival capillaroscopy, the authors studied 40 diabetic patients
      during glycemic decompensation. The capillaroscopic test, after all metabolic
      control tests, was repeated 1 and 3 months later and demonstrated improved
      microcirculation in 10 patients, and proved that therapeutic control is possible
      during the progression of diabetic microangiopathy.

PMID- 2921572
TI  - [The value of studying the ocular conjunctiva in case-finding in prediabetic
      states].
AB  - Capillaroscopy, the only method available for the study of the microcirculation,
      without modifying its hydraulics, often provides a wealth of information in
      certain systemic diseases in which the microcirculatory involvement precedes
      clinical manifestations and of course, macrovascular complications. The
      prospective study of a healthy population is particularly demonstrative and the
      authors proposed scores on which diabetic microangiopathy could be suspected. The
      latter was confirmed by detailed laboratory investigations on one hand, and by
      the course of the disease on the other. For this reason, any subject at risk of
      diabetes should undergo at least one annual capillaroscopic examination of the
      ocular conjunctiva or if not, of the peri-ungual region. Furthermore, the study
      of microvessels in subjects with controlled and treated disease showed a
      regression of the anomalies which depended on proper control of diabetes, and
      this particularly nontraumatic test procedure which can be repeated and provides
      a wealth of information, can give a good reflection of proper therapeutic
      control, especially if it is performed by a trained and experienced investigator.

PMID- 2921573
TI  - [The contribution of femoral hemodynamics (velocity, intra-arterial pressure) in
      the indications for vascular reconstruction in ischemia of the lower limbs].

PMID- 2921574
TI  - Normal limits of the electrocardiogram in a Chinese population.
AB  - 12-lead electrocardiograms (ECGs) from 503 healthy Chinese individuals were
      computer-analyzed to derive the normal limits of the ECG in a Chinese population.
      With respect to ECG amplitudes, there were highly significant differences between
      men and women. The mean S wave amplitude in V2 decreased with increasing age, but
      the mean R wave amplitude in V5, for example, remained remarkably constant
      throughout the age groups. The QRS duration was on average 7.6 msec shorter in
      women than in men. The mean frontal QRS axis shifted superiorly by 17 degrees
      with increasing age, resulting in an upward trend in R wave amplitude in leads I
      and aVL. It was concluded that ECG diagnostic criteria for Chinese individuals
      should be age- and sex-dependent.

PMID- 2921575
TI  - The QT interval during exercise in healthy children 6-14 years old.
AB  - Some children and adolescents with stress-induced syncope and a normal QT
      interval at rest are said to have a prolonged QT interval during exercise. Normal
      values for the QT interval of children during exercise, however, are lacking.
      Therefore, the authors determined, in 60 healthy boys aged 6-14 years, the QT
      interval during stepwise increase in exercise on a bicycle ergometer and
      constructed a graph containing, with a probability of 95%, at least 90% of normal
      QT intervals during exercise within its confidence limits. The QT interval as a
      function of heart rate during exercise can be expressed by the equation QT (s) =
      0.4 - 9.18.10(-4) x heart rate (min-1) +/- 0.02.

PMID- 2921576
TI  - Effect of changes in the definition of ventricular tachycardia on the prevalence
      of complex ventricular ectopy.
AB  - The presence of ventricular tachycardia (VT) is commonly considered to represent
      a risk factor for sudden cardiac death as well as an indication for
      antiarrhythmic drug therapy. Although spontaneous VT is generally diagnosed by
      the presence of three or more consecutive ectopic beats, proposed criteria for
      induced VT require six or more complexes at rates exceeding 90 or 100 beats/min.
      To determine the clinical implications of a similar change in the diagnostic
      criteria for spontaneous VT, the authors examined 324 consecutive 24-hour
      ambulatory electrocardiograms. Of these, 111 (34.3%) had episodes of three or
      more ventricular premature beats. If six or more beats were required, only 34
      (30.6%) would have been diagnosed as having VT. Requiring a minimum rate of 90 or
      100 beats/min had less consequence, eliminating only 10 (9.0%) and 12 (10.8%)
      patients, respectively. Patients with only three to five beat runs had
      significantly fewer isolated premature beats (4,462.8 +/- 588.4 vs 7,158.1 +/-
      1,688.1) and ventricular couplets (186.2 +/- 39.2 vs 294.3 +/- 74.4) per day, and
      slower average rates (142.1 +/- 4.6 vs 171.8 +/- 6.7 beats/min) during
      ventricular tachycardia than did those with runs of six or more beats. Thus,
      altering the definition of spontaneous VT has marked effects on the prevalence of
      this arrhythmia. Those patients excluded did, however, have a lower prevalence of
      associated electrocardiographic risk factors.

PMID- 2921577
TI  - Body surface maps of ectopic P waves originating in the left atrium in the dog.
AB  - Body surface maps of the P wave in dogs stimulated at various sites on the atria
      were prepared to find diagnostic signs to detect the origin of left atrial
      rhythm. Body surface electrograms from 87 points on the thorax and 8-12 points on
      the epicardial surface of both atria were simultaneously recorded. The body
      surface P maps disclosed characteristic findings according to whether the site of
      the stimulation was at the lower right atrium (RA) or the upper, middle, or lower
      left atrium (LA). In the LA rhythm, the maximum of the P maps moves from the left
      to the right chest during the later phase of atrial excitation, while it goes
      from the right to the left in the sinus or the RA rhythm. In the P maps of the
      rhythm originating in the upper LA, the minimum always stays at a position on the
      chest above the location of the maximum, while the negative potential areas are
      above the positive ones. The maps of the middle LA rhythm show that the maximum
      and the minimum are located horizontally to each other on the chest. The positive
      and negative areas cover both sides of the chest, separated by zero lines running
      vertically. In the low LA rhythm, the maximum is always located at a position on
      the chest above the minimum, and the positive areas are above the negative ones.
      These results indicate that mapping of the body surface P waves is a valuable
      method for diagnosing left atrial rhythm and for detecting the approximate
      location of its origin.

PMID- 2921578
TI  - Electrocardiographic markers of impaired left ventricular ejection performance in
      aortic stenosis.
AB  - To determine whether the ECG would be useful in the prediction of impaired left
      ventricular ejection performance in aortic valve stenosis, the authors evaluated
      121 patients according to (1) the time relationship of the R peak in V6 to the S
      peak in V2; and (2) the negative P wave terminal force in V1 (Morris index, n =
      109). Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was significantly depressed in
      patients with the R peak in V6 later than the S peak in V2 (R peak delay in V6, n
      = 24), compared with those with the R peak in V6 preceding the S peak in V2 or
      with both peaks occurring simultaneously (n = 97) (LVEF 40.8 +/- 11.8% vs 69.9 +/
      13.3%, p = .000). LVEF less than 55% was present in 87.5% of patients with the R
      peak delay in V6 and in only 23.7% of those without this finding. The Morris
      Index was significantly greater in patients with LVEF less than 55% (n = 39) than
      in those with LVEF greater than or equal to 55% (n = 70) (Morris Index 0.063 +/-
      0.035 msec vs 0.030 +/- 0.025 msec, p = .000). The R peak delay in V6 is a highly
      specific (96.1%), but less sensitive (47.7%), indicator of depressed LVEF, its
      positive predictive value and predictive accuracy being 87.5% and 78.5%,
      respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2921579
TI  - The effect of torso inhomogeneities on body surface potentials quantified using
      "tailored" geometry.
AB  - The effect of torso inhomogeneities on the electrocardiographic body surface
      potentials in general, and the waveform of the QRS complex in the standard leads
      in particular, were studied by using an inhomogeneous, numerical model of the
      torso including the (lower) conductivity of the lungs and the (higher)
      conductivity of the ventricular cavities. The relevant geometry was derived from
      actual data as measured from NMR scans of the subjects studied. The simulated
      potentials were compared to the body surface potentials recorded in the same
      individuals. In view of the observed high quality of the correspondence in the
      fully inhomogeneous case, the quantitative results of the study of the effects of
      the involved inhomogeneities attain a high level of credibility. To facilitate
      this analysis a new tool is introduced: the contribution maps.

PMID- 2921580
TI  - Compensating conduction times as a mechanism of alternating reentry tachycardia:
      computer modelling experiments.
AB  - This article concerns a currently reported hypothesis explaining the alternations
      of conduction time during intra atrioventricular (AV) nodal reentrant tachycardia
      (AVNRT). This hypothesis supposes simple mutual influence of sequences of
      intranodal conduction during reentry tachycardia that use the same circuit in
      different tachycardia cycles. It has been suggested that delayed conduction
      prolongs the recovery time of the circuit, thus making it possible to transmit
      the excitation wave with a faster speed in the next tachycardia loop; this less
      delayed loop shortens the recovery interval of the pathway and results in
      subsequently delayed conduction of the following tachycardia cycle. A computer
      model simulating intra-AV nodal reentrant conduction was used to imitate and
      prove this hypotheses. The results are negative, showing that the suggested
      mechanism is too simplistic and that either the pathophysiologic background of
      the AVNRT cycle length oscillations must be different or additional phenomena
      must be considered to improve the hypothesis.

PMID- 2921581
TI  - Arrhythmogenic effects of mexiletine in infarcted Purkinje tissues.
AB  - The electrophysiologic effects of mexiletine on canine subendocardial Purkinje's
      fibers were examined 24 hours after a two-stage ligation of the left anterior
      descending coronary artery. Transmembrane potentials were recorded simultaneously
      in normal (NZ) and infarcted (IZ) zones before and during superfusion with
      mexiletine. Mexiletine (3, 6, and 9 mg/l) reduced the values of maximum diastolic
      potential (MDP), action potential amplitude (APA), and maximum rate of phase 0
      depolarization (Vmax). The effective refractory period (ERP) was lengthened by
      the drug. These findings are consistent with the actions of class IB
      antiarrhythmic drugs. In 42% of the preparations examined, repetitive responses
      were induced at or near the ERP during superfusion with 3 mg/l mexiletine. These
      extra responses were no longer elicited during superfusion with 6 mg/l
      mexiletine. A mechanism for the origin of these reentrant-type arrhythmias based
      on the action of mexiletine is presented.

PMID- 2921582
TI  - Hypocalcemic Torsades de Pointes.
AB  - Torsades de pointes is a unique form of ventricular tachycardia that occurs in
      the presence of prolonged QT interval. Many predisposing factors have been
      identified. A classical form of torsades de pointes occurring in the presence of
      hypocalcemia and prolonged QT interval in an elderly woman is reported. In this
      patient the QT prolongation was markedly rate-dependent. Hypocalcemia was a
      postoperative complication following removal of parathyroid adenoma, performed
      earlier for hyperparathyroidism. Torsades de pointes did not recur after
      normalization of serum calcium. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first
      electrocardiographic documentation of hypocalcemic torsades de pointes.

PMID- 2921583
TI  - Hyperkalemia-like ECG changes simulating acute myocardial infarction in a patient
      with hypokalemia undergoing potassium replacement.
AB  - A pseudo-infarctional ECG pattern, previously noted to occur rarely in
      association with hyperkalemia, was observed in a patient with severe hypokalemia
      in the course of K+ replacement but while she was still hypokalemic. It is
      inferred that this puzzling ECG feature reflected a reduction of
      intracellular/extracellular [K+] ratio in a patient with decreased intracellular
      K+ concentration undergoing rapid K+ repletion.

PMID- 2921584
TI  - Response-reinforcer contingency and spatially defined operants: testing an
      invariance property of phi.
AB  - A chamber containing 72 response keys defining the circumference of a circle 1 m
      in diameter was used to examine the relation between differentiation of response
      location and a measure of response-reinforcer contingency known as the phi
      coefficient. A different target key was specified in each successive phase, and
      response location was differentiated with respect to the target. Criterional and
      noncriterional responses (i.e., responses "near" and "far" from the target) were
      defined using targeted percentile schedules to control the overall probability of
      each response class. By manipulating criterional (and, hence, noncriterional)
      response probability and the reinforcement probabilities conditional on each, a
      mathematical invariance property peculiar to phi in contingency analysis was
      examined. Specifically, diagonally interchanging cell frequencies in a 2 x 2
      table relating criterional/noncriterional responses to
      reinforcement/nonreinforcement leaves phi unchanged. Hence, the degree of
      response differentiation predicted by phi remains unchanged under the four
      permutations implied by the various diagonal interchanges. This predicted
      invariance was examined under values of phi equal to .33, .58, and .82.
      Increasing phi generally increased the stereotypy of response location. Three of
      the permutations generated almost interchangeable performance at different phi
      values. The remaining permutation, however, generated functions relating response
      concentration to phi with slopes shallower than those obtained under the other
      permutations. This resulted from relatively higher levels of differentiation,
      compared to the other permutations, at low phi values. These data strongly
      suggest boundary conditions on the ability of phi to reflect completely the local
      processes that are indexed by phi at a molar level.

PMID- 2921585
TI  - The application of Herrnstein's law of effect to disruptive and on-task behavior
      of a retarded adolescent girl.
AB  - The purpose of the present study was to evaluate Herrnstein's law of effect as a
      description of socially significant behavior in an applied setting. The subject
      was an 18-year-old retarded girl with a history of autistic-like and aggressive
      behavior. Using a baseline design for two response classes and stimulus
      conditions, eight categories of subject and staff behavior were monitored over a
      3-week period. A computerized observation system, developed for use in the
      present investigation, was used to obtain real-time durations of the behavior
      categories alone and in combination. Overlapping durations of teacher and subject
      behavior were then correlated to yield approximations to a functional definition
      of reinforcement. Plots of behavior by contingent reinforcement revealed a
      hyperbolic relationship for each response class, the shape of which varied as a
      function of extraneous reinforcement r0. In addition, estimated parameters in
      Herrnstein's equation did not differ significantly from those obtained through
      independent observation. Finally, Herrnstein's equation accounted for an average
      63% of variance in response allocation. Results are discussed in terms of the
      relevance of matching-law theory to behavior in applied settings.

PMID- 2921586
TI  - Contextual control of emergent equivalence relations.
AB  - Three college students in Experiment 1 and 1 student in Experiment 2 learned
      visual conditional discriminations under contextual control by tones; the visual
      comparison stimulus that was correct with a given sample stimulus depended on
      whether a high tone or a low tone was present. Two of the subjects in Experiment
      1 then demonstrated the emergence of two sets of contextually controlled three
      member classes of equivalent stimuli, and the subject in Experiment 2 showed the
      emergence of contextually controlled four-member classes; the class membership of
      each stimulus varied as a function of the tones. Class membership was
      demonstrated by the subjects' performance of new conditional discriminations that
      they had never been taught directly. In Experiment 2, the procedures were
      intended to ensure that the tones exerted second-order conditional control and
      did not simply form compounds with each of the visual stimuli, but the subject's
      verbal description of the tasks suggested that this intention might not have been
      successful. It could not be ascertained, therefore, whether the tones exerted
      contextual control as independent second-order conditional stimuli or simply as
      common elements of auditory-visual stimulus compounds.

PMID- 2921587
TI  - Children's identity matching and oddity: assessing control by specific and
      general sample-comparison relations.
AB  - After children in Experiments 1 and 2 learned identity matching or oddity,
      control by sample-comparison relations was assessed. Tests for generalized
      control displayed novel samples and two comparison stimuli, one identical to the
      sample. Specific relations were tested with identical or nonidentical sample
      comparison stimuli from one set of stimuli and substitute comparisons from either
      the other training set or from a novel set. When tests displayed identical
      stimuli, patterns of comparison selection suggested control by generalized
      identity and oddity. However, selection patterns varied when stimuli were
      nonidentical and familiar or novel substitute comparisons were used. Therefore,
      control by specific relations is not a precondition for generalized identity and
      oddity. One set of training stimuli was used in Experiment 3, and generalized
      performances occurred again. Moreover, control by specific relations was shown by
      the oddity subjects and 2 of 6 identity subjects. Generalized and specific
      control may therefore exist simultaneously. In Experiment 4, selections were
      irregular on tests displaying substitute comparisons and samples and familiar
      comparison stimuli; this finding supported the relational account of specific
      sample-comparison control found in Experiment 3.

PMID- 2921589
TI  - Stimulus class formation and stimulus-reinforcer relations.
AB  - This study examined stimulus class membership established via stimulus-reinforcer
      relations. Mentally retarded subjects learned conditional discriminations with
      four two-member sets of visual stimuli (A, B, C, and D). On arbitrary-matching
      trials, they selected comparison stimuli B1 and B2 conditionally upon samples A1
      and A2, respectively, and C1 and C2 conditionally upon B1 and B2, respectively.
      On identity-matching trials, they selected all stimuli as comparisons
      conditionally upon identical stimuli as samples. Throughout training, correct
      selections of A1, B1, C1, and D1 were followed by one reinforcer, R1, and those
      of A2, B2, C2, and D2 were followed by another, R2. Subsequent tests documented
      the formation of two four-member stimulus classes, A1-B1-C1-D1 and A2-B2-C2-D2.
      The class membership of the A, B, and C stimuli could have been based on
      equivalence relations that resulted from the arbitrary-matching training. D1 and
      D2 had never appeared on arbitrary-matching trials, however. Their class
      membership must have been based on relations with R1 and R2, respectively.
      Results thus confirm a previous finding that stimulus classes can be expanded via
      stimulus-reinforcer relations. They also define more precisely the potential
      nature of those classes and the conditions under which class membership can be
      established.

PMID- 2921588
TI  - Effects of atropine on the repeated acquisition and performance of response
      sequences in humans.
AB  - The present study assessed a 24-hr time course for the acute effects of
      intramuscular injections of atropine sulfate (0, 1.5, 3.0, and 6.0 mg/70 kg) in
      healthy adult humans responding under a two-component multiple schedule of
      repeated acquisition and performance of response sequences. Subjects resided in
      an inpatient research ward for the duration of the study. In each component of
      the multiple schedule, subjects completed a different sequence of 10 responses in
      a predetermined order using three keys of a numeric keypad. In the acquisition
      component, the subjects' task was to acquire a new sequence each session. Eight
      sessions were conducted daily: one immediately before administration of the drug
      and then 0.5, 1.5, 3.0, 5.0, 7.0, 9.0, and 24.0 hr after administration. In the
      performance component, the response sequence always remained the same. Overall
      percentage of errors increased and overall response rates decreased in the
      acquisition and performance components as an orderly function of drug dose.
      However, these effects were selective in that behavior in the acquisition
      component generally was affected at lower doses than in the performance
      component. When behavior was affected in both the acquisition and performance
      components, the time courses of effects were similar. Drug effects began at 0.5
      or 1.5 hr, reached peak effects between 3.0 and 5.0 hr, and returned to placebo
      levels between 7.0 and 9.0 hr postdrug in both schedule components. None of the
      drug doses produced reliable effects the day after drug administration (24-hr
      postdrug) in either schedule component. The present study provides the first
      within-subject assessment of the magnitude and duration of the effects of an
      anticholinergic on repeated acquisition and performance baselines and extends to
      atropine the selective effects on these two baselines demonstrated previously
      with other compounds in humans and nonhumans.

PMID- 2921590
TI  - Theories of probabilistic reinforcement.
AB  - In three experiments, pigeons chose between two alternatives that differed in the
      probability of reinforcement and the delay to reinforcement. A peck at a red key
      led to a delay of 5 s and then a possible reinforcer. A peck at a green key led
      to an adjusting delay and then a certain reinforcer. This delay was adjusted over
      trials so as to estimate an indifference point, or a duration at which the two
      alternatives were chosen about equally often. In Experiments 1 and 2, the
      intertrial interval was varied across conditions, and these variations had no
      systematic effects on choice. In Experiment 3, the stimuli that followed a choice
      of the red key differed across conditions. In some conditions, a red houselight
      was presented for 5 s after each choice of the red key. In other conditions, the
      red houselight was present on reinforced trials but not on nonreinforced trials.
      Subjects exhibited greater preference for the red key in the latter case. The
      results were used to evaluate four different theories of probabilistic
      reinforcement. The results were most consistent with the view that the value or
      effectiveness of a probabilistic reinforcer is determined by the total time per
      reinforcer spent in the presence of stimuli associated with the probabilistic
      alternative. According to this view, probabilistic reinforcers are analogous to
      reinforcers that are delivered after variable delays.

PMID- 2921591
TI  - M-mode echocardiographic findings in apparently healthy, non-athletic Norwegians
      aged 20-70 years. Influence of age, sex and body surface area.
AB  - In order to assess M-mode echocardiographic recordings in a normal Norwegian
      population, 190 apparently healthy subjects (95 women and 95 men) aged 21-69
      years were examined with an Irex Meridian system. Measurements were performed
      according to criteria recommended by the American Society of Echocardiography.
      Absolute values for all parameters except for left ventricular (LV) shortening
      fraction (SF) were greater in men (P less than 0.001). When corrected for body
      surface area (BSA), the differences between the two genders were far less
      pronounced. Women had greater left atrium (LA) (P less than 0.01) and LV end
      diastolic diameter (EDD) (P less than 0.001), whereas the interventricular septum
      in end-diastole (IVS-ED) (P less than 0.05) and LV posterior wall (PW) in ED (P
      less than 0.001) were thicker in men. Only weak correlations between age and the
      various echocardiographic parameters with r-values less than or equal to 0.30
      were observed. It is recommended that BSA corrected values should be preferred
      since the differences between men and women are negligible. When absolute values
      are used, different normal ranges for both sexes should be applied.

PMID- 2921592
TI  - Computer-detected ventricular tachycardia in the coronary care unit: prognosis in
      patients with and without acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - Survival (for up to 6 years) in coronary care unit (CCU) patients with
      ventricular tachycardia (VT) was studied with the aid of an automated arrhythmia
      monitoring system. Ventricular tachycardia was defined as four or more
      consecutive ventricular beats with a rate above 120 per min. During an 18-month
      period. VT was observed in 102 individuals (13%) out of 800 patients without
      acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The 102 patients were compared with age- and
      sex-matched patients with AMI and VT and a group with AMI but without VT.
      Hospital mortality was 27% in patients with AMI and VT, 23% in patients with AMI
      without VT, and 16% in non-AMI patients with VT (NS). First year mortality after
      discharge was 20% in the non-AMI group compared to 12% in the AMI groups (NS).
      The 1-6 years survival curves also did not differ significantly between the
      groups with a yearly mortality of between 5 and 6%. Acute myocardial infarction
      patients with rapid VT (greater than 150 min-1) or long VT (more than 10 beats)
      had a higher hospital mortality, otherwise the number or type of VT episodes did
      not relate to short- or long-term prognosis in the studied groups. Ventricular
      tachycardia in the CCU did not seem to be an indicator of poor long-term
      prognosis. It is concluded that long-term prognosis in patients with VT in the
      CCU was little influenced by a current diagnosis of AMI.

PMID- 2921593
TI  - Complete occlusion of the left main coronary artery: clinical and angiographic
      observations in five cases.
AB  - Involvement of the left main coronary artery is observed in approximately 5 to 8%
      of patients with coronary artery lesions detected by coronary angiography, but
      occlusion of the left main artery is a very infrequent finding. Out of
      approximately 4000 patients undergoing coronary angiography, four men and one
      woman, 37 to 60 years old, showed total occlusion of this vessel. Four of them
      had angina pectoris and three had had a myocardial infarction. All five showed
      deep ST depression in V 2(or 3)-6 during bicycle exercise testing. Apart from the
      left main artery occlusion, all had significant obstructive lesions in other
      coronary vessels, including the right coronary artery or its major branches.
      There was collateral circulation from the right coronary artery in all patients.
      Left ventricular function was well preserved in three patients and markedly
      impaired in two. Four patients underwent bypass surgery and they have been
      followed for 10 to 28 months. Three are free of angina and one has only minimal
      angina. One patient refused surgery and he continued to have severe angina
      despite intense medical treatment. He died suddenly after 30 months follow-up. In
      patients with complete occlusion of the left main coronary artery, development of
      adequate collateral flow seems important in preserving left ventricular function,
      but collaterals are usually insufficient to prevent angina. Moreover, associated
      obstructive lesions in other coronary arteries constitute a potential threat to
      the collateral circulation. Effective symptomatic relief is obtained by coronary
      bypass grafting, and revascularization may also improve prognosis in this subset
      of patients with coronary heart disease.

PMID- 2921594
TI  - Advanced cardiac life support in the prehospital setting: the Reykjavik
      experience.
AB  - Since 1982 a mobile emergency care unit (emergency ambulance) manned by a
      physician has been operated in Reykjavik. During 1982-1986 there were 138
      attempted resuscitations in sudden cardiorespiratory arrest from cardiac causes.
      Twenty-four patients (17%) were discharged home, all but one without mental
      impairment. Seventy-three patients presented with ventricular fibrillation, 21
      (29%) of which were discharged. The mean ambulance response time was 5 min.
      Bystanders initiated cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in 40 cases (29%) which
      significantly improved the outcome. In witnessed arrests, 19 of 36 patients (53%)
      with bystander-initiated CPR were discharged compared to 5 of 62 patients (8%)
      where CPR awaited the arrival of the ambulance team. These results are comparable
      to those obtained in larger metropolitan areas. In small urban areas the size of
      Reykjavik (population of 110,000), an advanced and efficient prehospital care can
      be organized as an extension of the emergency departments role.

PMID- 2921595
TI  - Haemorrhagic and thromboembolic complications in patients with atrial
      fibrillation on anticoagulant prophylaxis.
AB  - We studied clinically relevant haemorrhagic and thromboembolic events in 213
      patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) during 818 patient-years of anticoagulant
      (AC) treatment. The incidence of complicating events per 100 patient-years of
      treatment in three groups of patients, those with mitral valve disease (MVD; n =
      34), without MVD (n = 102) and those with previous thromboembolism (TE; n = 77)
      was: major peripheral haemorrhages 3.1, 3.3 and 8.2 (non-MVD vs. TE group, P less
      than 0.05), cerebrovascular events 3.9, 3.0 and 3.0 (NS), and peripheral arterial
      thromboembolism 0, 0 and 1.5 (non-MVD vs. TE group, P less than 0.05). The
      proportion of thrombotest values less than 5 and/or greater than 20% at regular
      check-ups was 9.8% in patients with and 6.9% in patients without major peripheral
      haemorrhages (P less than 0.01). Major peripheral haemorrhages are frequent in
      patients with AF receiving AC treatment. They are most likely to occur in those
      with previous thromboembolism and among those with unstable AC control.

PMID- 2921596
TI  - Pancytopenia--a rare manifestation of folic acid deficiency.
AB  - In the western world folic acid deficiency is a relatively rare cause of anaemia
      in the elderly population. A 79-year-old woman presented with pancytopenia
      (haemoglobin 3.4 mmol l-1, leucocytes 1.2.10(9)l-1, thrombocytes 22.10(9)l-1) due
      to folic acid deficiency. The deficiency was caused by an extremely low dietary
      intake. The case was complicated with infection and haemorrhagic manifestations.
      Administration of folic acid increased the number of erythrocytes, leucocytes and
      thrombocytes markedly. Beside vitamin B12 deficiency folic acid deficiency must
      be borne in mind in megaloblastic anaemias complicated with leucopenia and/or
      thrombocytopenia. Since the body stores of folic acid are low, rapid diagnosis
      and treatment are important.

PMID- 2921597
TI  - Hyposelenaemia: patients with gastrointestinal diseases are at risk.
AB  - A retrospective study of serum selenium determinations performed in a hospital
      laboratory revealed 47 cases of hyposelenaemia (defined as a serum selenium level
      below 0.74 mumol l-1). Moderate hyposelenaemia (serum selenium 0.30-0.55 mumol l
      1) was found in 11 patients and seven of these suffered from gastrointestinal
      diseases. Furthermore severe hyposelenaemia (serum selenium below 0.30 mumol l-1)
      was detected in three patients, who were all affected by gastrointestinal
      disease. We concluded that patients with gastrointestinal diseases are especially
      at risk of developing selenium deficiency and should be monitored by repeated
      determinations of serum selenium. Patients with moderate or severe hyposelenaemia
      should receive selenium treatment.

PMID- 2921598
TI  - Increased skeletal muscle Na/K-ratio in obese men, but not in women, with glucose
      intolerance.
AB  - Obesity is associated with glucose intolerance. Glucose is to a large extent
      disposed in the skeletal muscle. Peripheral insulin resistance, as well as
      decreased enzymatic activity in the skeletal muscle, has been suggested in type
      II diabetes. Potassium is essential for such enzymatic reactions. In this study,
      obese men, but not women, with glucose intolerance tended to have a lower total
      body potassium per kg body weight, indicating a smaller muscle mass, than weight
      matched normoglycaemic men. They also had a lower skeletal muscle potassium
      content per 100 g dry weight (P less than 0.05) and a higher muscle Na/K-ratio (P
      less than 0.05) compared with obese men with normal glucose tolerance. Muscle fat
      and muscle sodium content were higher in obese men than in women with the same
      body mass index (P less than 0.01). The muscle electrolyte changes can be
      explained by a decrease in the insulin mediated Na/k-pump activity across the
      cell membrane or a smaller number of insulin receptors on the skeletal muscle
      cell in patients with glucose intolerance.

PMID- 2921599
TI  - The size of the hepatitis delta agent.
AB  - The size of the hepatitis delta virus was determined by filtration of infectious
      plasma through polycarbonate membranes and the inoculation of filtrates into
      chimpanzees. Chimpanzees inoculated with filtrates of 50 nm and 30 nm, but not 15
      nm filters, developed delta hepatitis. The minimum size of infectious hepatitis
      delta virus was estimated to be approximately 30 nm, which is consistent with
      measurements of particles thought to be the virus.

PMID- 2921600
TI  - Differential effect of amantadine hydrochloride on the systemic and local immune
      response to influenza A.
AB  - Anti-influenza serum and nasal antibody titers were followed during a double
      blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study assessing the prophylactic efficacy
      of 50, 100, and 200 mg/day of amantadine hydrochloride against experimental
      challenge with influenza A/Beth/1/85. The geometric mean titers (GMT) of serum
      hemagglutination inhibition antibody (P = .05) as well as serum influenza
      specific IgG (P = .004) were significantly lower for all amantadine groups when
      compared to placebo. There were no significant differences in the GMT of either
      type of serum antibody titer comparing any of the three amantadine groups. Viral
      titers were also lower in the amantadine groups compared to the placebo group and
      not significantly different among the three amantadine groups. Nasal antibody
      titers in the 100-mg and 200-mg amantadine groups were significantly lower than
      placebo titers (P = .002). Nasal antibody titers in the 50-mg amantadine group
      did not differ significantly from titers in the placebo group (P = .892).
      Possible reasons for the differential effect of amantadine on the serum and nasal
      antibody response are discussed.

PMID- 2921602
TI  - Lymphocyte subsets alteration in patients with argentine hemorrhagic fever.
AB  - Peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations were studied in 15 patients with
      Argentine Hemorrhagic Fever (AHF), during the acute period of the disease and in
      early convalescence. Anti-human Ig antibodies were used to identify B cells and
      monoclonal antibodies to assess T4 and T8 subsets. During the acute period of the
      disease, significant alterations were found in B, T4, and T8 lymphocytes (P less
      than .001), as well as in T4/T8 ratios (P less than .001). These abnormalities
      disappeared in early convalescence, around 30 days after the clinical onset.
      Diminished numbers of T4 lymphocytes are interpreted as relevant to the
      immunodepression that characterizes the acute phase of AHF.

PMID- 2921601
TI  - Female to male transmission of hepatitis B virus between Chinese spouses.
AB  - Three hundred thirty-seven community-based spouses were tested for the presence
      of hepatitis B virus (HBV) markers to assess the direction of HBV transmission
      between couples. The prevalence rate of HBV infection among husbands whose wives
      were hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive was higher compared with those
      whose wives were HBsAg-negative. Moreover, the frequency of HBV seropositivity
      among husbands was 100% if their wives carried HBeAg and showed a trend
      correlation (P = .009). The prevalence difference was 13.8%, and the 95%
      confidence interval (95% Cl) was 7.9-19.7% after adjusting for spouses' age. In
      contrast, HBV infection rate of wives did not show an association with the
      husbands' HBsAg or HBeAg carrier status. The prevalence difference was 7.1%, but
      95% Cl was -2.5-16.8% after adjusting for spouses' age. Female to male
      transmission of HBV between spouses appears to be more efficient.

PMID- 2921603
TI  - Shedding of coronavirus-like particles by children in Lesotho.
AB  - Stools from 266 children in four districts of Lesotho were examined for viruses
      by electron microscopy (EM) over a 5-week period. Eighty one (30.5%) of the
      children shed coronavirus-like particles (CVLPs). Shedding was not significantly
      associated with diarrhea. The proportion of children shedding these particles
      increased with increasing age. In one district, the prevalence of CVLP shedding
      (67.9%) was at least twice the prevalence in any of the other three districts.
      This was the only district to be sampled during the first week of the study. It
      was shown that the proportion of children shedding CVLPs declined during each of
      the 5 weeks of study. The stools of six children who shed CVLPs in the early
      summer of 1984-85 were negative by EM 5 months later. There was no association
      between the shedding of pathogenic bacteria or parasites and the presence or
      absence of CVLPs in the stool.

PMID- 2921604
TI  - Emergence of large plaque-producing clones of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
      in vitro.
AB  - Large plaque-inducing clones were obtained from small plaque-inducing parental
      clones of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) by the plaque-cloning method. The
      cloned HIVs that formed large and small plaques were studied as follows: 1)
      infectivity was determined by the ratio of plaque-forming units (PFU) to reverse
      transcriptase (RT) activity; 2) viral growth was assessed by the amount (RT
      activity) of virus after infection; and 3) HIV long terminal repeat (LTR)-linked
      gene expression of the viruses was measured by chloramphenicol acetyltransferase
      (CAT) assay using persistently infected MOLT-4 cells. Results showed that clones
      producing large plaques showed similar or slightly lower infectivity but higher
      virus production, faster viral growth, and higher gene expression activity than
      clones producing small plaques. These analyses revealed that clones producing
      large plaques could replicate more rapidly than those producing small plaques.
      Restriction enzyme map analysis of these cloned viruses showed that they were
      also genetically different. These results suggest that the changes in the
      biological features observed here might be due to mutation during the cloning
      procedure.

PMID- 2921605
TI  - Epidemiology of molluscum contagiosum using genetic analysis of the viral DNA.
AB  - The molecular epidemiology of molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) infections was
      investigated by restriction endonuclease analysis of the genomes of 222 separate
      isolates collected from 147 patients living in Germany (33 patients), Hong Kong
      (6 patients), and Scotland (108 patients). MCV type 1 (MCV-1) caused 96.6% of the
      infections, and MCV type 2 (MCV-2) caused 3.4%. However, isolates from four of
      the 142 MCV-1-infected patients and two of the five MCV-2-infected patients
      showed minor differences in their DNA restriction patterns because of the loss of
      a single or very few recognition sites for the enzymes used. No genome variations
      were detected amongst isolates collected from different sites or on several
      occasions from individual patients or from closely related patients. Southern
      blot hybridization revealed a high level of relatedness between MCV-1 and 2. No
      differences were seen in the appearance or anatomical localization of lesions
      caused by either virus type. In particular, there was no preferred genital
      localization for MCV-2 infections.

PMID- 2921606
TI  - Inhibitor of protein synthesis blocks long-term behavioral sensitization in the
      isolated gill-withdrawal reflex of Aplysia.
AB  - To study the effects of protein synthesis inhibition on long-term sensitization
      of the gill- and siphon-withdrawal reflex of Aplysia, we have developed an
      isolated reflex preparation in which we could expose the inhibitor to only that
      part of the central nervous system involved in mediating the reflex and not to
      the other parts of the animal's central nervous system, thus minimizing the
      possible systemic side effects. We have found that long-term sensitization can be
      obtained in the isolated gill reflex, and that this long-term process, but not
      the short-term process, is blocked selectively by anisomycin, a reversible
      inhibitor of protein synthesis. Moreover, to obtain this blockade of long-term
      sensitization, this drug need only be applied during the training procedure.

PMID- 2921607
TI  - A quantitative analysis of the development of the central nervous system in
      juvenile Aplysia californica.
AB  - The marine mollusc Aplysia californica has proved to be a useful preparation for
      analyzing the development of learning and memory on both behavioral and cellular
      levels. An important issue in this analysis concerns the anatomical substrate
      upon which learning is superimposed during development. As a first step in
      examining this question, in the present study we have determined the number of
      neurons in all the major central ganglia at each stage during juvenile
      development, a time when several forms of learning first emerge in Aplysia. We
      found that a large and highly nonlinear proliferation of neurons occurs during
      juvenile development, with the greatest increase in cell number occurring during
      a specific juvenile stage: Stage 12. The neuronal proliferation is system-wide,
      occurring in each of the central ganglia simultaneously, suggesting the action of
      a general developmental signal or trigger (perhaps a hormone). Accompanying the
      increase in neuron number in Stage 12 there is a large increase in neuropilar
      volume (150-fold), which significantly increases the opportunity for synaptic
      interactions late in juvenile development.

PMID- 2921608
TI  - Phase I study of the combination of alpha-2 interferon and cisplatinum.
AB  - Based on preclinical evidence of synergy, we performed a Phase I study of the
      combination of alpha-2 interferon and cisplatinum in patients with advanced
      malignancy. A fixed dose of 5 x 10(6) U/m2 alpha interferon was given three times
      weekly. Cisplatinum was given once weekly at dose levels of 5, 10, 20, 25, and 30
      mg/m2. Dose-limiting toxicity consisted of flu-like symptoms and malaise leading
      to decreased performance status. Response was seen in a patient with metastatic
      melanoma. Recommended doses for Phase II study are 5 x 10(6) U/m2 of alpha-2
      interferon three times weekly and 25 mg/m2 of cisplatinum once weekly.

PMID- 2921609
TI  - Melanoma patient antibody responses to melanoma tumor-associated antigens defined
      by murine monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Sera from melanoma patients undergoing immunization with three distinct
      immunogens were evaluated for development of IgG antibody specific for the
      melanoma tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) GD3 and 250-kd glycoprotein (high
      molecular weight; HMW). Of 99 patients receiving either irradiated allogeneic
      melanoma cells admixed with bacillus Calmette-Guerin, vaccinia viral oncolysate
      melanoma cell membranes, or cholesterol hemisuccinate-modified melanoma cells, 12
      were determined to have responded against GD3 and 17 against the HMW TAA. This
      reactivity was measured using both direct binding to purified TAA and specific
      inhibition of binding of murine monoclonal antibodies R24 and Me-1-14 for GD3 and
      HMW TAA, respectively. Preimmune sera from these patients did not react with
      these TAAs, nor did preimmune sera or follow-up sera from melanoma patients
      electing not to receive immunotherapy. These results suggest that melanoma
      patients can be immunized against these TAAs as presented on the melanoma cell
      membrane in an immunotherapy setting and that immunization using purified TAAs
      might likewise be feasible.

PMID- 2921610
TI  - Effects of coumarin (1,2-benzopyrone) and cimetidine on peripheral blood
      lymphocytes, natural killer cells, and monocytes in patients with advanced
      malignancies.
AB  - The combination of coumarin and cimetidine has yielded objective tumor
      regressions in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma and malignant
      melanoma. While the mechanism of action of cimetidine appears to be
      immunomodulatory, coumarin appears to have direct effects on tumor cells as well
      as immunomodulatory activity. We utilized monoclonal antibody labeling techniques
      to monitor peripheral blood lymphocyte, natural killer (NK) cell, and monocyte
      phenotypes in patients treated with coumarin and cimetidine. Patients received
      coumarin 100 mg orally daily for 14 days; on day 15 cimetidine 300 mg four times
      daily was added and both drugs were continued until disease progression. Studies
      were performed pre treatment and at 2, 4, and 8 weeks on therapy. There were no
      alterations in T-cells, helper/inducer T-cells, cytotoxic/suppressor T-cells, B
      cells, Ia + lymphocytes, or NK cells. However, an increase was noted by 2 weeks
      on therapy in the percentage of monocytes and the percentage of DR+ monocytes.
      This change in the monocyte population occurred in the presence of coumarin
      alone, before the institution of cimetidine. While this treatment appears to
      increase DR expression by monocytes, further studies with larger numbers of
      patients are needed to determine if this observed change is related to antitumor
      response.

PMID- 2921611
TI  - Effects of coumarin (1,2-benzopyrone) on lymphocyte, natural killer cell, and
      monocyte functions in vitro.
AB  - We have demonstrated in a pilot study that the combination of coumarin (1,2
      benzopyrone) and cimetidine is capable of producing objective antitumor responses
      in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma. In a previous study, we used
      monoclonal antibody labeling techniques to monitor peripheral blood lymphocytes
      and monocytes in patients with advanced malignancies treated with coumarin and
      cimetidine. While there was no quantitative alteration in T-lymphocytes, B
      lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, or cells bearing Ia antigen, there was an
      increase in the percentage of CD-14 (M5E2+) monocytes and DR+ monocytes by 2
      weeks on therapy that persisted over the 8 weeks of monitoring. Because patients
      received coumarin for 2 weeks prior to institution of cimetidine, these changes
      were attributed to coumarin. In this report, we present the results of in vitro
      studies designed to determine if coumarin alters the functional properties of
      normal peripheral blood lymphocytes, NK cells, or monocytes. In a standard NK
      cytolytic assay, coumarin failed to produce any significant alteration in NK
      activity against K562, ACHN, or Caki-2 cell lines. Coumarin did produce an
      augmentation of lymphocyte mitogenic response to phytahemagglutinin but not to
      concanavalin A or pokeweed mitogen. Coumarin produced a modest suppression of
      superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide generation by monocytes but not by
      macrophages. The effect of coumarin on antigen processing of tetanus toxoid by
      macrophages was examined using normal donor cells. While an augmentation of
      antigen processing was noted in some normal donors, this was an inconsistent and
      inconclusive finding. Further studies are required to define the precise effects
      of coumarin on immune cell populations from both normal subjects and cancer
      patients.

PMID- 2921612
TI  - Morphometric alteration of rat myelinated fibers with aging.
AB  - The number, size, density and pathologic alterations of myelinated fibers (MF) of
      ventral and dorsal roots and of peroneal and sural nerves in groups of female
      Fischer 344 rats at 10, 20, and 30 months of age were evaluated to characterize
      nerve changes with old age. Except for minimal changes in the peroneal nerve, no
      statistically significant alteration in number of MF/nerve or in the fascicular
      area was associated with aging. The unaltered number was misleading since
      striking changes in MF size distribution, pathologic alterations of fibers and
      the presence of regeneration clusters suggested age-related degenerative and
      regenerative events. These changes were most dramatic in the ventral root, where
      myelin infolding, myelin separation from axon and ballooning, macrophagia and
      hyperplasia of Schwann cell nuclei were pronounced. Concomitant with these
      alterations, axonal atrophy (a reduction in caliber of axons relative to myelin
      spiral length or number of myelin lamellae) was demonstrated in MF of the ventral
      root in old age.

PMID- 2921613
TI  - Myelin phagocytosis by peritoneal macrophages in organ cultures of mouse
      peripheral nerve. A new model for studying myelin phagocytosis in vitro.
AB  - Organ cultures of degenerating nerve fascicles were exposed to cultured
      macrophages obtained by peritoneal lavage. Invasion of the nerve fascicle by
      phagocytes was shown by prelabeling with carbon and with electron microscopy.
      There was massive active phagocytosis of degenerating myelin sheaths. The
      invading phagocytic cell population was identified as Fc receptor-positive, Mac-1
      positive macrophages by immunocytochemistry. The Schwann cell population
      persisted without significant myelin phagocytosis. The vitality of the Schwann
      cell population was shown by subsequent reimplantation of the organ cultures into
      host animals. The reimplants had retained their ability to remyelinate
      regenerating axon sprouts. These observations were made in cultures exposed to
      cytostatic agents. If cytostatic agents were omitted, there was proliferation of
      endogenous phagocytes in the nerve fascicles without added peritoneal cells.
      These endogenous phagocytes were identified as proliferating resident monocytes
      and were positive for the Fc receptor and Mac-1 markers. This model allows
      studies on how monocytes recognize and digest degenerating myelin apart from
      surviving Schwann cells.

PMID- 2921614
TI  - Selective localization by neuroglia of immunoglobulin G in normal mice.
AB  - Plasma proteins including immunoglobulins have been previously localized in
      neurons with processes extending outside the blood-brain barrier, but not within
      glia under normal conditions. Immune modulating functions have been proposed for
      both microglia and astrocytes in several pathological states. Using
      immunocytochemistry, we have found that large numbers of neuroglial cells contain
      immunoglobulin G (IgG) in normal mice of the C57 BL/6 strain. Most IgG-positive
      cells had both the morphology and distribution of microglia, including a higher
      density in grey matter, and were frequently found in perivascular or perineuronal
      locations. The accumulation of IgG does not appear to be by nonselective
      phagocytosis of extracellular fluid, since serum albumin could not be detected
      within microglia. There was little overlap in the distribution of cellular
      processes positive for IgG and those which showed astrocytic markers. Neuronal
      accumulation of plasma proteins was also seen in a distribution described by
      previous investigators. The function of this selective accumulation of IgG by
      normal microglia is unknown, but may reflect a role in the immune response within
      the central nervous system.

PMID- 2921615
TI  - Teaching home health aides the use of Life Review.
AB  - Life Review is presented as a therapeutic nursing intervention for the elderly.
      This article describes a class on life review for home health aides and shows the
      ease with which these aides managed life review. The description of this class
      may serve as a model for inservice educators to teach nurse aides the use of life
      review.

PMID- 2921616
TI  - Preceptor program evaluation demonstrates improved orientation.
AB  - Although the preceptor method of orientation is generally accepted as an
      effective mechanism for orienting newly employed nurses, very few evaluation
      studies of preceptor programs have been reported in the literature. This article
      describes a study designed prior to implementing a preceptor program at the
      University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics in order to measure the outcomes of
      the program. Data were collected on the satisfaction of orientees, preceptors,
      other staff nurses, and nurse managers. The preceptor role and preceptor's level
      of comfort and skill were studied. To quantify the economic impact, both length
      of orientation and nursing turnover were considered.

PMID- 2921617
TI  - A comprehensive training program for multidisciplinary treatment plans.
AB  - A client-oriented treatment plan that will direct and coordinate health care
      staff, thereby ensuring efficient quality client care, is a worthy goal. After
      planning, implementing, and evaluating a training program for this purpose, the
      authors concluded that the key to quality client care and successful
      implementation of this program lies in proper preparation and administrative
      support.

PMID- 2921618
TI  - Continuing learning among registered nurses employed in a community hospital.
AB  - This study indicated that hospital nurses learn through a variety of modes and
      that part-time nurses participated less frequently in certain learning activities
      than full-time nurses. Findings will be used to identify and expand resources for
      learning in this setting, devise strategies for enhancing participation of nurses
      in a variety of educational activities, and broaden the perspective of the
      administration and staff in relation to what constitutes continuing learning
      among professionals.

PMID- 2921619
TI  - Management education needs of head nurses.
AB  - Today's head nurses must be skilled in the art of management in order to meet the
      needs of patients, unit staff, administrative staff, and the employing
      organization. More hospitals are recognizing the need to offer basic education
      programs that assist head nurses to develop necessary knowledge and skills. Based
      on a study of 41 head nurses, the author discusses findings and recommendations
      for planning education programs for head nurses.

PMID- 2921620
TI  - Application of the nursing process to a continuing education course.
AB  - The nursing process is a fundamental component of curricula in schools of
      nursing. The nursing process also is adaptable to continuing education offerings
      provided by a nursing education and research department of an urban, community
      teaching hospital. This article describes how nurse educators used the nursing
      process as the basis for development, implementation, and evaluation of an
      advanced medical-surgical continuing education program.

PMID- 2921621
TI  - Organizational rites and nursing.

PMID- 2921622
TI  - Quality assurance in nursing staff development.

PMID- 2921623
TI  - Retaining graduate nurses: a staff development challenge.
AB  - The high attrition of graduate nurses in their first nursing positions has a
      significant and costly impact on Staff Development Departments. Orientation of
      these new practitioners demands increased use of resources (educators, money, and
      energy) which in turn decreases the availability of these resources for the
      career development of the more experienced RN staff. To justify this investment,
      the new graduate must be retained beyond the first year. Staff development
      educators are challenged to create and test new strategies to facilitate this
      retention. This article describes one strategy, support groups, and its effect
      upon the retention and job satisfaction of graduate nurses during their first
      year of employment.

PMID- 2921624
TI  - Implementing differentiated practice: the Sioux Valley Hospital experience.
AB  - Historically, nurses with different levels of education have been used
      interchangeably in acute care hospitals. If nursing is going to be viewed as a
      preferred career choice and acute care hospitals are to retain staff, nurse
      administrators must provide a nursing practice model that differentiates scope of
      practice based on education. The authors discuss how they implemented a system of
      differentiated practice.

PMID- 2921625
TI  - Stoplight Grid: a color-coded visual system for per diem staff assignment.
AB  - What is the best way to appropriately assign per diem nursing personnel? The
      author describes a systematic approach to per diem staff assignment called the
      Stoplight Grid. The Stoplight Grid correlates staff skills and preferences with
      unit needs and integrates this data into a color-coded system for staff
      assignment.

PMID- 2921626
TI  - Concept of the month: implementing King's Conceptual Framework at the bedside.
AB  - Acknowledging the use of conceptual frameworks as the future of nursing,
      administrators are searching for methods to incorporate theory into practice. The
      challenge is to do this in a way that is meaningful and useful to the nurse at
      the beside. The authors describe how one directorate, in a 650-bed community
      hospital, developed a program that enabled nurses to understand and apply Imogene
      King's systems and concepts to their practice.

PMID- 2921627
TI  - Practice partnerships: the newest concept in care delivery.
AB  - The shortage of nurses provides an opportunity to advance clinical reasoning to
      include deciding exactly which hands-on care activities must be done by the
      professional nurse and which aspects of care can be provided by a nurse extender.
      The relationship of the professional nurse and her "extender partner" is a new
      solution to an old problem...one that has lasting power because it advances
      professionalism.

PMID- 2921628
TI  - Enhancing the image of nursing.
AB  - A Task Force from a Midwestern teaching hospital developed a comprehensive
      strategy to enhance the image of nursing in both the hospital and the community.
      Nursing administrators will find the Task Force's process and outcomes useful in
      addressing the image of nursing in their own institutions.

PMID- 2921629
TI  - Professional liability insurance.

PMID- 2921630
TI  - Interinstitutional collaboration for nursing excellence: Part 1, Creating the
      partnership.
AB  - A partnership between two unrelated public institutions was formed to enhance the
      quality of clinical learning for students and staff, promote exemplary care to
      patients, and foster expansion of nursing research. The critical nucleus of the
      partnership is the unit-based clinical nurse specialist who performs the multiple
      functions of professional nursing: practice, education, and research. This two
      part series describes the collaboration effort. Part 1 focuses on the
      organizational structure created for the partnership, and part 2 reports the
      findings of a 15-week pilot study conducted to test the model.

PMID- 2921631
TI  - Manager impact on retention of hospital staff: Part 1.
AB  - The impact of middle managers on retention of 71 hospital professionals was
      examined in this prospective study. Price and Mueller's 1981 model of turnover
      was expanded to include the leadership characteristics of middle managers. In
      Part 1, research design, methods, and descriptive results are presented. Data on
      predictor variables were obtained by two questionnaires comprised of established
      instruments. Retention data then were collected for 6 months. Part 2 of this
      series, the impact of the manager and recommendations for improving retention,
      will be presented in the April issue.

PMID- 2921632
TI  - Providing equal access for deaf clients.
AB  - Fifteen years after the passage of a law by the Federal Government, many
      hospitals are still not providing hearing-impaired patients with equal access to
      their services in a consistent and effective way. Not only does this create
      frustrating situations for the patients and hospital staff, but it also puts the
      hospital in the position of noncompliance with the law. The author describes how
      one hospital addressed this issue at the level of service provision and found
      some workable solutions.

PMID- 2921633
TI  - Comparative costs of a cooperative care program versus hospital inpatient care
      for gynecology patients.
AB  - The cost of gynecologic care delivered in a cooperative care (co-op) unit was
      compared with the cost for similar patients treated in a traditional hospital
      inpatient unit. No significant differences were found. This finding was in direct
      contrast to our earlier study of obstetric patients where overall savings were
      achieved. The authors did, however, find cost savings (approximately $450) for
      those co-op patients cared for by physicians who were frequent users of the unit.
      Most of the savings for this group was achieved through a reduction in the cost
      of routine services, which includes nursing care. If the current nursing shortage
      leads to an increase in co-op units, nursing administrators need to be aware that
      potential cost savings may depend on physician familiarity with the co-op
      concept. A major role of nursing therefore, is to provide information on the
      benefits of cooperative care both to physicians and to potential patients.

PMID- 2921634
TI  - Values and vision in chaotic times.
AB  - Nursing administrators can be more successful in stabilizing the major labor
      force in the hospital by ensuring that organizational values are explicitly
      shared, discussed, and visible to those in the nursing department. Standards and
      expectations that operationalize the values must be developed and implemented.
      Methods to measure accomplishment of the standards must be quantifiable and
      measured on an ongoing basis and staff and management must be held accountable
      for the standards. Finally, reward and recognition systems must flow from
      attainment of the standards that operationalize organizational values. If any one
      of the components of the model is missing, organizational values cannot be
      actualized, employees will not experience the stabilizing effect of understanding
      the values that drive the organization's decision-making, and resources will not
      be used maximally to move the organization toward its vision of quality patient
      care.

PMID- 2921635
TI  - The crisis in nursing administration education.

PMID- 2921636
TI  - Interinstitutional collaboration for nursing excellence: Part 2. Testing the
      model.
AB  - Two unrelated public institutions formed a partnership to foster excellence in
      professional nursing. The organizational structure was described in Part 1
      (February 1989). This second article reports a 15-week pilot study conducted on
      seven hospital units to determine the degree to which the clinical nurse
      specialist can merge the multiple functions of professional nursing: practice,
      education, and research.

PMID- 2921637
TI  - Effect of dietary lipid composition on rat liver microsomal phosphatidylcholine
      synthesis.
AB  - Effects of dietary lipid on microsomal membrane fatty acid composition and
      phosphatidylcholine synthesis were examined with respect to the degree of
      saturation and chain length of dietary fatty acids. Diets containing 20% fat
      (wt/wt), primarily in the form of coconut oil, beef tallow, or soybean oil were
      fed to weanling rats for 28 d. All diets were adequate in essential fatty acids.
      Feeding the coconut oil diet, containing more than 50% saturated medium-chain
      fatty acids, increased the long-chain omega 3 fatty acid levels and altered the
      ratio of omega 6 to omega 3 fatty acids in membrane phosphatidylcholine and
      phosphatidylethanolamine compared to that in animals fed diets containing a
      saturated tallow or polyunsaturated soybean oil diet. Change in membrane fatty
      acid composition in response to the coconut oil diet was accompanied by decreased
      synthesis of phosphatidylcholine via the cytidine diphosphate choline (CDP
      choline) pathway, and increased synthesis via the phosphatidylethanolamine
      methyltransferase (PEMT) pathway. An overall decrease in phosphatidylcholine
      production was reflected in a lower ratio of phosphatidylcholine to
      phosphatidylethanolamine in the membrane. Modulation of hepatic
      phosphatidylcholine synthesis during early growth thus appears to be in response
      to the ratio of long-chain omega 6 fatty acids to omega 3 fatty acids in membrane
      phospholipid rather than levels of specific fatty acids or the relative degree of
      saturation of fatty acids in the diet.

PMID- 2921638
TI  - Dietary fat and cholesterol effects on cholesterol metabolism in CBA/J and
      C57BR/cdJ mice.
AB  - The aim of this study was to determine how small differences in dietary fats
      affect cholesterol metabolism in mice hypo- (CBA/J) and hyperresponsive
      (C57BR/cdJ) to diet-induced hypercholesterolemia. Six-wk-old male mice were fed
      either a diet corresponding to the U.S. average gross composition (US74, 40% of
      total energy as fat, 347 mg cholesterol/1000 Kcal, P/S = 0.24) or a modified-fat
      diet (30% of total energy as fat, 46 mg cholesterol/1000 Kcal, P/S = 0.91). After
      8 wk of feeding, neither strain had developed hypercholesterolemia. CBA/J mice
      had higher concentrations of serum total and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
      cholesterol and a higher esterified-to-free cholesterol ratio than did C57BR/cdJ
      mice. CBA/J mice maintained a constant serum cholesterol concentration mainly by
      adjusting the hepatic hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) activity,
      whereas C57BR/cdJ mice did so by changing the fecal excretion of cholesterol.
      Compared to the modified-fat diet, the US74 diet caused an increase in the ratio
      of total to HDL serum cholesterol, liver microsomal free cholesterol, fecal
      cholesterol and hepatic microsomal cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity and a
      decrease in hepatic microsomal HMGR activity. We conclude that the metabolic
      responses to small differences in dietary fat are different in CBA/J and
      C57BR/cdJ mice.

PMID- 2921639
TI  - Plasma lipids, lipoproteins, and fecal excretion of neutral sterols and bile
      acids in rats fed various high fat diets or a low fat/high sucrose diet.
AB  - The effect of feeding various diets on plasma lipids and lipoproteins and on
      fecal excretion of neutral sterols and bile acids was studied in rats fed for 7
      wk diets containing 42% of energy as either coconut oil (CO), sunflower seed oil
      (SO), fish body oil (FBO), cod liver oil (CLO), or a low fat/high sucrose diet
      (SU). Triacylglycerols (TG) in whole plasma and VLDL + LDL were lower in rats fed
      high amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) than in those fed the CO diet.
      Plasma HDL2 components in FBO and CLO groups were generally lower than in the
      other groups. Percentages of liver and heart linoleic and arachidonic acid were
      higher in the SO group, but lower in groups fed marine oils, than in the CO
      group. There was a high relative amount of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic
      acid in liver and heart of rats fed marine oils. Fecal excretion of bile acids
      was lower in the PUFA groups than in the CO group, whereas the sum of neutral
      sterols was similar in all groups. Plasma HDL2 (and VLDL + LDL) correlated
      positively, but HDL3 negatively, with fecal bile acid excretion. Accordingly,
      increased bile acid excretion does not seem to account for hypolipemia following
      intake of PUFA diets.

PMID- 2921640
TI  - Changes in plasma cholesterol density distribution of young adult male rats fed a
      high fat and cholesterol diet following maternal cholestyramine treatment.
AB  - The effects of feeding cholestyramine to pregnant rats, which has been shown to
      increase the fetal hepatic rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis, HMG CoA
      reductase, on the plasma cholesterol density distribution was studied in the
      young adult male rat offspring before and after feeding a diet high in fat and
      cholesterol. As in previous studies, offspring of rats fed cholestyramine during
      pregnancy had a plasma total cholesterol level similar to controls when fed a low
      fat and cholesterol diet, but higher than controls when fed a 20% (wt/wt) fat
      plus 5% (wt/wt) cholesterol diet. Analyses of the plasma cholesterol density
      distribution by continuous gradient ultracentrifugation showed that, compared to
      control rats, rats born to dams fed cholestyramine had more cholesterol in the
      higher density regions of plasma before and after a 7-d high fat and cholesterol
      diet challenge. After a 4- or 7-d diet challenge, rats fed cholestyramine had 2-3
      times more cholesterol in the d less than or equal to 1.006 g/ml range of plasma
      compared to the control offspring. The results suggest that long term changes in
      cholesterol metabolism due to early nutrition in the rat may include altered
      plasma or intestinal lipoprotein metabolism, rather than an effect specific to
      hepatic cholesterol synthesis.

PMID- 2921641
TI  - Effect of single oral doses of ascorbic acid on body temperature in healthy
      guinea pigs.
AB  - A series of experiments were conducted to examine the effect of single oral doses
      of ascorbic acid on body temperature in healthy guinea pigs. Fifteen male guinea
      pigs (approximately 200 g) were fed a nonpurified diet designed for rabbits (a
      scorbutogenic diet) ad libitum and received orally 2 mg L-ascorbic acid/100 g
      body wt daily. After acclimation, rectal temperatures were recorded hourly
      following five separate ascorbate dosage treatments: 0 (control dosage), 2, 10 or
      50 mg ascorbic acid/100 g body wt, or 50 mg ascorbic acid and 0.07 mg
      indomethacin/100 g body wt. Mean body temperature was significantly elevated (P
      less than 0.05) after 1 h in animals receiving either the 10 or 50 mg dosage (+
      0.27 +/- 0.05 and + 0.41 +/- 0.07 degree C, respectively) compared to that in
      animals receiving the 2 mg dosage (-0.07 +/- 0.05 degree C), the recommended
      daily intake for guinea pigs. Changes in body temperature of animals receiving
      the 50 mg dosage plus indomethacin did not differ significantly from those
      reported with the 2 mg dosage. Thus, a single oral dose of ascorbic acid at
      levels 5-25 times the recommended intake, can elevate body temperature
      significantly in healthy guinea pigs, a phenomenon which is inhibited by
      indomethacin administration.

PMID- 2921642
TI  - Measurement of calcium and phosphorus fluxes during lactation in the rat.
AB  - Novel, two-compartment metabolic cages for rats were constructed to examine Ca
      and P fluxes during lactation. Four consecutive balance studies of 4 d each were
      performed in lactating rats and nonlactating controls. Lactating rats had
      dramatically higher intestinal absorptions of Ca and P resulting from both
      increased food consumption and elevated fractional absorptions of these elements.
      Urinary Ca excretion was reduced during lactation whereas urinary P excretion was
      unchanged. Endogenous fecal Ca excretion (determined by infusing 45Ca and
      dividing fecal 45Ca content by urinary 45Ca specific activity) was similar in
      lactating and nonlactating rats. In a separate study, pup retention of ingested
      Ca averaged 96%. Therefore, the difference in pup carcass Ca content between d 1
      and 17 of age is assumed to equal 96% of the Ca transfer rate into milk. Similar
      calculations were applied to P. Milk transfer rates were determined to be 126 and
      99 mg/d for Ca and P, respectively. These calculations indicate that 19% of the
      Ca transferred to milk was derived from the maternal skeleton with the maternal
      diet supplying the remaining Ca. This study provides the first comprehensive
      analysis of the alterations in Ca and P fluxes that occur during lactation in the
      rat.

PMID- 2921643
TI  - Effects of iron deficiency on metallothionein-I concentrations in blood and
      tissues of rats.
AB  - The effects of iron deficiency and of restriction of food intake on blood and
      tissue metallothionein-I (MT-I) concentrations in rats were investigated.
      Compared to ad libitum fed controls, MT-I concentrations in the blood cells of
      the iron-deficient rats were higher, whereas concentrations in pair-fed control
      rats were lower. Iron deficiency also increased MT-I concentrations in the bone
      marrow but concentrations in the liver were unchanged and those in the kidneys
      were reduced. The MT-I in the blood cells was associated mainly with the lighter
      cell fractions which were rich in reticulocytes. It is suggested that
      concentrations of MT-I in blood cells reflect erythropoietic activity.

PMID- 2921644
TI  - The enhancement of nonheme iron bioavailability by beef protein in the rat.
AB  - Beef protein was found to enhance the bioavailability of nonheme iron in the rat.
      Anemic rats were fed diets containing soy protein concentrate or rice bran as the
      source of nonheme iron with either lactalbumin or distilled water-washed beef,
      which was heme free. The criteria used to determine the relative biological value
      (RBV) of iron was the difference between the products of final hemoglobin x final
      weight and initial hemoglobin x initial weight during the repletion period.
      Animals fed diets with only lactalbumin as a source of dietary protein and graded
      levels of FeSO4 (RBV of FeSO4 = 100%) served as controls. The RBV of the
      endogenous iron in soy protein and rice bran was found to be 91 and 46%,
      respectively. Substituting washed beef for lactalbumin increased the RBV of soy
      protein iron to 96% (results not statistically significant) and of rice bran iron
      to 75% (results significant, P less than or equal to 0.05). These findings
      demonstrate the "meat factor" effect in the rat for the first time. Two days
      after completion of the 11-d hemoglobin regeneration period, the apparent
      absorption of iron was measured during a 60-h balance period. The apparent
      absorption of iron by rats fed diets containing beef tended to be higher,
      compared to animals fed diets containing lactalbumin.

PMID- 2921645
TI  - Copper status in the rat is affected by modes of copper delivery.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine whether the interaction between
      fructose and copper status can be affected by the mode of copper administration.
      Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 94) were fed from weaning diets that contained 0.65
      0.85 mg copper/kg diet for 42 d. The experimental design of the study was a 2 x 2
      x 3 analysis of variance: two types of carbohydrate (fructose, corn starch), two
      modes of copper delivery (orally or subcutaneously) and three different extrinsic
      copper levels (0, 1.5 or 3 mg/kg diet or 0, 11.25 or 22.5 micrograms Cu/d by
      injection). In the rats fed fructose, direct indicators of copper status such as
      plasma copper and tissue superoxide dismutase activity were increased to a much
      greater extent when copper was supplied subcutaneously rather than orally as part
      of the diet. In the starch-fed rats the effect of the mode of copper delivery on
      the levels of these indices was usually not significantly different. As a result,
      the feeding of fructose as compared to starch produced lower levels of direct
      indicators of copper status when copper was supplied in the diet but not
      subcutaneously. It appears that ingestion of fructose as compared to starch
      increases the requirement for copper and that the mode of copper administration
      that circumvents the gastrointestinal tract attenuates the fructose-copper
      interaction. Thus, the fructose-copper interaction occurs either during
      intestinal digestion and absorption, hepatic uptake of copper via the portal
      blood or its hepatic utilization.

PMID- 2921646
TI  - Influences of age and weaning on in vivo pancreatic protein synthesis in the
      lamb.
AB  - In vivo pancreatic protein synthesis rates were obtained from the uptake of L
      [3,4(n)-3H]valine co-injected with a flooding dose of unlabeled valine into 1-, 5
      , and 8-wk-old suckling lambs, and 8-wk-old weaned animals. Protein fractional
      synthesis rate was 184%/d at 1 wk of age and 153%/d in 5-wk-old animals (P
      greater than 0.05). This lack of developmental change resulted from constant (P
      greater than 0.05) ribosomal capacities (total RNA/protein ratios) and
      efficiencies of protein synthesis (synthetic rates relative to RNA). No further
      alteration for protein fractional synthesis rate (144%/d) occurred in 8-wk-old
      suckling animals (P greater than 0.05). In contrast, 8-wk-old ruminants exhibited
      higher protein fractional synthesis rate (244%/d) than 8-wk-old suckling animals,
      although ribosomal capacity was markedly higher in both 8-wk-old groups than in
      youngest animals (P less than 0.05). The present findings clearly indicate that
      in vivo protein synthesis in the developing ovine pancreas depends primarily on
      age. Potentialities for increased rates of pancreatic protein synthesis, i.e.,
      increases in total RNA content and ribosomal capacity appear between 5 and 8 wk
      of age in this species. At 8 wk of age, however, when lambs are generally weaned,
      solid food ingestion resulted in a rise for both fractional and absolute rates of
      protein synthesis, essentially because ruminants maintained a higher efficiency
      of protein synthesis than milk-fed animals (P less than 0.005). Finally, there
      was a relationship between pancreatic protein synthesis and protein intake in
      only ruminant lambs.

PMID- 2921647
TI  - Effect of dietary iodine on autoimmune thyroiditis in the BB Wistar rats.
AB  - Diabetes-prone BB Wistar rats were fed a modified AIN-76 diet providing the
      following amounts of iodine for 10 wk: 0.2 mg/kg diet (recommended amount); 1.0
      mg/kg; 2.0 mg/kg; or 3.0 mg/kg. The thyroids were examined for gross and
      microscopic changes and sera were assayed for antibodies to triiodothyronine
      (T3), thyroxine (T4), and thyroglobulin (Tg). The body weights and food
      consumption of the rats fed 0.2 mg of iodine/kg were significantly lower than
      those of the animals fed higher amounts. Urinary iodine excretion reflected
      dietary intakes. The thyroids from animals fed 2.0 and 3.0 mg/kg were
      significantly (P less than 0.01) larger than those from animals fed 0.2 mg/kg.
      One rat fed 0.2 mg/kg and 2 rats in each group fed 2.0 and 3.0 mg/kg had
      extensive lymphocytic thyroiditis. Three rats fed 1.0 mg/kg, 6 fed 2.0 mg/kg and
      6 fed 3.0 mg/kg had enlarged thyroids. Two rats fed 0.2 mg/kg, 2 fed 2.0 mg/kg
      and 6 fed 3.0 mg/kg had detectable Tg antibodies. These data suggest that high
      iodine intakes increase Tg antibodies, which may be associated with an increase
      in autoimmune thyroiditis in these animals.

PMID- 2921648
TI  - Dietary beta-carotene in rat models of gastrointestinal cancer.
AB  - The effect of dietary beta-carotene (BC) was investigated in models of gastric
      and colonic carcinogenesis. Male Wistar rats were fed a diet with 0.4% BC during
      weaning, then 0.2% BC throughout. Cancer in the stomach and small intestine was
      induced by giving 80 mg/l N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) in drinking
      water for 52 wk, but BC failed to affect carcinogenesis under these conditions,
      although the incidence of gastric adenocarcinoma was reduced slightly. Neoplastic
      and nonneoplastic lesions in the liver, skin, and pancreas were also present to a
      similar extent with BC feeding and without BC. Colorectal cancer was induced by
      six 2 mg intrarectal infusions of MNNG per rat over a 3-wk period, with the rats
      held another 22 wk without an inhibitory effect by BC. Thus, 0.2% dietary BC
      failed to influence significantly the development of neoplasia induced by a
      direct-acting carcinogen in the gastrointestinal tract.

PMID- 2921649
TI  - The future direction of nutrition research: nutrition science reflects the
      principals of biological organization.

PMID- 2921650
TI  - Mechanisms of contour curvature discrimination.
AB  - Visual processing of contour curvature was investigated by measuring increment
      thresholds for curvatures from 0.31 to 25.4 deg-1. Curvature discrimination was
      assessed for three classes of stimuli: simple curved contours, high-frequency
      bandpass-filtered contours, and low-pass-filtered contours. High-frequency
      bandpass filtering had no effect on discrimination at low curvatures and only a
      modest effect at high curvatures. In contrast, low-pass filtering caused
      substantial threshold elevations at all curvatures. Thus the data lead to the
      surprising conclusion that high-spatial-frequency, orientation-selective
      mechanisms dominate curvature processing over the entire range of curvatures
      tested, a conclusion at odds with previous suggestions that large, low-spatial
      frequency filters are involved in analyzing low curvatures. The data are
      explained accurately by a two-process model for curvature extraction: at high
      curvatures the local-processing model proposed by Wilson [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A. 2,
      1191 (1985)] fits the data well, whereas at low curvatures orientations are
      compared at points displaced a fixed distance along the tangent to the curve.

PMID- 2921651
TI  - Transient and steady-state response properties of movement detectors.
AB  - The transient and steady-state responses of movement detectors are studied at
      various pattern contrasts (i) by intracellularly recording from an identified
      movement-sensitive interneuron in the fly's brain and (ii) by comparing these
      results with computer simulations of an array of movement detectors of the
      correlation type. At the onset of stimulus motion, the membrane potential
      oscillates with a frequency corresponding to the temporal frequency of the
      stimulus pattern before it settles at its steady-state level. Both the transient
      and the steady-state response amplitudes show a characteristic contrast
      dependence. As is shown by computer modeling, the transient behavior that we
      found in the experiments reflects an intrinsic property of the general scheme of
      movement detectors of the correlation type. To account for the contrast
      dependence, however, this general scheme has to be elaborated by (i) a
      subtraction stage, which eliminates the background light intensity from the
      detector input signal, and (ii) saturation characteristics in both branches of
      each movement-detector subunit.

PMID- 2921652
TI  - Component analysis of spatial and spectral patterns in multispectral images. II.
      Entropy minimization.
AB  - In Part I [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 4, 2101 (1987)] of this series, we developed a
      method for estimating both spatial patterns and spectral curves of components in
      a multispectral scene. This method does not need spatial and spectral information
      about the components but only multispread imagery data. The estimation is given
      as a feasible solution set satisfying the nonnegativity constraint for density
      and spectral response for all components at all pixels. In this paper, we
      estimate unique solutions for both the component patterns and the spectra from
      the feasible solution set. The solution is given by optimizing an entropy
      minimization criterion. This criterion enhances the spectral or spatial features
      of individual components. Two experimental results are shown to demonstrate the
      effectiveness of this method with biological and cytochemical specimens. The
      limitations of this method for unique pattern estimation are also discussed.

PMID- 2921654
TI  - Avoiding the overuse of radiographs.

PMID- 2921653
TI  - Retinal inhomogeneity and motion in depth.
AB  - The relation between retinal inhomogeneity and motion in depth was explored by
      means of a circularly symmetric but nonuniform stimulus pattern, designed to fit
      the inhomogeneity of the subject's retina. Radial motion of the quasi-sinusoidal
      rings of this target evokes an illusion of motion in depth: forward if the
      frontal-plane motion is centrifugal, backward if it is centripetal. Like the
      Plateau spiral, this stimulus produces strong motion aftereffects (MAE's) over a
      wide range of spatial and temporal frequencies. Over a much more limited
      frequency range, the forward MAE is significantly more adaptable than the
      backward MAE. This forward effect was found to occur only at very low spatial
      frequencies (approximately 0.05-0.5 cycles/deg at the fovea) and velocities near
      20 deg/sec. The effect was destroyed by decentering the target or by varying its
      homogeneity so that it no longer matched the retina. These results suggest a hard
      wired collision-avoidance system.

PMID- 2921655
TI  - The Proplast/Teflon dilemma.

PMID- 2921656
TI  - Condylar displacement and temporomandibular joint dysfunction following bilateral
      sagittal split osteotomy and rigid fixation.
AB  - In this study changes in intercondylar width (ICW) and intercondylar angle (ICA)
      that occurred with rigid fixation after bilateral sagittal split osteotomy and
      mandibular advancement are documented and correlated with temporomandibular (TM)
      symptoms, magnitude of advancement, and mandibular shape. Even though individual
      changes occurred, there was no significant difference between the mean
      preoperative and postoperative ICA and ICW measurements. There was also no
      significant difference between the preoperative and postoperative incidence of TM
      pain or clicking. No correlation was found between the magnitude of advancement
      and the percent change in ICA or ICW, and the mandibular shape did not correlate
      to changes in ICW. This study suggests that screw osteosynthesis does not
      significantly change ICA or ICW. The fact that no significant increase in TM
      symptoms occurred indicates that the changes in condylar position that did occur
      were within the range of clinical adaptability of the patients.

PMID- 2921657
TI  - Free grafting of traumatically displaced or resected mandibular condyles.
AB  - A technique of free grafting of the mandibular condyle with a vertical ramus
      osteotomy is advocated in cases presenting with markedly displaced fracture
      dislocation of the condyle, in reconstruction of the TMJ after mandibular
      resection, and in providing access for vascular surgery approaches to the
      treatment of carotid aneurysms. The technique of free transplantation of the
      condyle did not result in any aseptic necrosis or any arthritic changes in 35
      patients observed over a period of 3 to 15 years. All patients had excellent TMJ
      function.

PMID- 2921658
TI  - Effect of different surgical repair modalities on regeneration of the rabbit
      mandibular nerve.
AB  - A study was designed to evaluate the ability of the rabbit mandibular nerve to
      regenerate when exposed to crush and resection injuries, as well as to determine
      how differently sized resection injuries healed when repaired with either
      autogenous grafts or laminin-lined collagen tubulization. The nerve demonstrated
      a regenerative capacity over a 1-cm defect, with morphology and function that
      approximated normals, but could not span a 2-cm gap defect unaided. Crush
      injuries produced findings that were inferior to both those in normal nerves and
      in those with resections. In 1-cm defects, both grafting and tubular repairs
      produced similar results, with substantial recovery of neural function after 16
      weeks. In 2-cm defects, autogenous grafting was superior to tubulization by both
      morphologic and functional assessment. Replacement of the lateral cortex of the
      mandible after nerve repair was shown to be unnecessary. The implications of
      these findings as they relate to nerve injury and repair in humans is discussed.

PMID- 2921659
TI  - Uniaxial pullout evaluation of internal screw fixation.
AB  - Multiple techniques of internal screw fixation are being used in clinical oral
      and maxillofacial surgery. This study evaluated the uniaxial pull-out strength of
      five commonly used screws and Kirschner pins placed by five different techniques.
      The pull-out strength of the Kirschner pins was significantly less (P greater
      than .0001) than that of the screws. The screw techniques did not differ
      significantly.

PMID- 2921660
TI  - Cowden syndrome: clinical and pathological considerations in two new cases.

PMID- 2921661
TI  - Pathogenesis and treatment of ranula: report of three cases.

PMID- 2921662
TI  - Postmortem examination of six maxillary core-vent implants: report of a case.

PMID- 2921663
TI  - Treatment for solitary eosinophilic granuloma of the mandible by steroid
      injection: report of a case.

PMID- 2921664
TI  - Age-related deposition of amyloid P component in normal human testis.
AB  - The distribution of amyloid P component in normal human testes from fetal life to
      old age was studied by a direct immunofluorescent technique on frozen sections.
      Amyloid P is readily and invariably detected in association with elastic fibres
      around seminiferous tubules and in blood vessels from the age of 30 years
      upwards. The same is true for most cases during the twenties, but in no case
      below the age of 18 was its presence demonstrable.

PMID- 2921665
TI  - Flow cytometric DNA analysis of 199 histologically favourable or unfavourable non
      Hodgkin lymphomas.
AB  - We have studied the nuclear DNA content of histologically favourable (n = 82) or
      unfavourable (n = 117) non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs) diagnosed between 1957 and
      1978 in the Tampere University Central Hospital. The DNA analysis was done by
      applying a trypsin digestion method to archival tumour samples. DNA aneuploidy
      was seen in 40 per cent of the unfavourable cases and in 10 per cent of the
      favourable cases, but varied considerably between different histological
      subtypes. The unfavourable cases showed high proliferative activity (S-phase
      fraction, SPF), while considerable variation in the SPF among the favourable NHLs
      was noted. Among the unfavourable NHLs, cases with DNA-aneuploid tumours had
      significantly (P less than 0.01) worse prognosis than stage and treatment matched
      cases with DNA-diploid tumours. In general, survival of the patients who had high
      SPF tumours was significantly lower compared with patients with low SPF tumours
      (P less than 0.01). However, SPF was not related to the prognosis in the
      unfavourable NHLs. We conclude that the flow cytometric DNA analysis revealed
      characteristic features in the favourable and unfavourable NHLs and may be useful
      in predicting the clinical outcome of patients.

PMID- 2921667
TI  - Mast cells in human lungs.
AB  - Mast cells were stained deeply in human lung tissue with acidic toluidine blue to
      obtain maximum numbers possible in paraffin sections. One hundred high-power
      fields were counted per section, and mean and median values summarized as mast
      cells per mm2. Immersion-fixed samples of fresh lung tissue (not bronchi) were
      taken as controls from seven patients after surgery, and showed mean values of
      44.7 mast cells per mm2 after formalin fixation, and 51.9 per mm2 after Carnoy's
      fixative. Mast cell heterogeneity may explain these differences, but so could
      random variation between counts. In two patients with extrinsic allergic
      alveolitis (hypersensitivity pneumonitis), fresh lung tissue from open lung
      biopsies showed raised values of 90.8 and 101.9 mast cells per mm2, matching the
      high mast cell counts reported in bronchopulmonary lavage fluid in the condition.
      Control post-mortem lung tissue from two patients dying of non-pulmonary diseases
      showed mean values of 26.1 and 50.6 mast cells per mm2. Post-mortem lung tissue
      from three patients dying of asthma showed very low mean values of 4.7, 5.7, and
      5.9 mast cells per mm2. Low mast cell counts due to severe degranulation have
      been reported before in the bronchi in asthma deaths, but not, to our knowledge,
      in the lung parenchyma. This finding implies a wider area of mediator release,
      and helps to explain the severity of the acute attack, and the fatal outcome.

PMID- 2921666
TI  - Immunoelectron microscopic studies of immune complex deposits and basement
      membrane components in IgA nephropathy.
AB  - The relationship between the immune complex deposits of mesangial IgA nephropathy
      and the basement membrane components, type IV collagen and fibronectin, has been
      investigated by an indirect immunogold technique in four cases of mesangial IgA
      disease. Using paraformaldehyde-fixed, Lowicryl K4M resin-embedded kidney, IgA,
      IgM and C3 were localized in the mesangial electron-dense deposits with 10 and 20
      nm gold-labelled secondary antibodies. In the same glomeruli, type IV collagen
      and fibronectin were rarely present within the electron-dense deposits, although
      both were distributed throughout the remainder of the mesangial matrix with the
      exception of the subepithelial regions. These two components were also present
      within the glomerular basement membrane and localized mainly on the endothelial
      aspect. A similar distribution of the basement membrane components was seen in a
      control kidney processed in the same way. This technique gives reproducible
      results and has demonstrated for the first time the relationship between the
      mesangial immune complex deposits of mesangial IgA nephropathy and the basement
      membrane components of the matrix in which they are found.

PMID- 2921668
TI  - Macroscopic and microscopic early effects of tumour necrosis factor on murine
      Meth A sarcoma, and relation to curative activity.
AB  - Mice with solid Meth A sarcoma in the skin received an intravenous or
      intralesional injection of graded doses of recombinant human tumour necrosis
      factor (rTNF). Local treatment caused red discolouration and necrosis of the
      central portion of the tumour within 24 h over a larger range of doses than
      intravenous treatment. Effects showed a limited dose dependence and no
      significant correlation with subsequent cures, which were far more frequent after
      local treatment. A dose of rTNF that induced about equal macroscopic necrosis by
      both routes caused much more pronounced microscopic effects after local
      administration. Effects included mitotic arrest, granulocyte margination,
      endothelial damage, hyperaemia, congestion, oedema, and tumour cell necrosis.
      rTNF did not affect the Meth A cells in vitro. Locally injected skins showed
      moderate vascular effects which were more marked in tumour-bearing mice, but skin
      necrosis was absent. Data show that quantitative histology rather than
      macroscopically visible necrosis correlates with cure rates. A broad interference
      of rTNF with tumour blood supply seems to be a major cause of the induced
      necrosis. Granulocytes may be involved in vascular damage. The different effects
      of rTNF on skin and tumour indicate that tumour vasculature has enhanced
      susceptibility to rTNF and probably lesser repair capacity.

PMID- 2921669
TI  - Glandular changes in the rete testis: metastatic tumour or adenomatous
      hyperplasia?

PMID- 2921670
TI  - How do we teach pathology?

PMID- 2921671
TI  - Measurement of the S-phase duration in normal and abnormal human endometrium by
      in vitro double labelling with bromodeoxyuridine and tritiated thymidine.
AB  - The duration of the S phase of the cell cycle (ts) in the glands and stroma of
      normal, hyperplastic, and malignant endometrium was measured in vitro using a
      double labelling technique. Endometrial organ cultures were incubated
      sequentially in tritiated thymidine (3HTdR) and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) each for
      1 h. Labelled cells were visualized in tissue sections using 3HTdR
      autoradiography and immunohistochemistry with an anti-(BrdU) antibody. Three
      populations of cells, single labelled with either 3HTdR or BrdU, and double
      labelled cells, were easily identified and ts was calculated from both the rate
      of influx into, and efflux out of S. There were no significant differences in ts
      in the different tissue types or between influx and efflux in the glands.
      However, in the stroma ts calculated from the rate of efflux was significantly
      shorter than that calculated from the rate of influx, suggesting that during the
      cell culture period the rate of cell efflux from S was greater than influx. This
      is the opposite to what would be expected in an exponentially growing cell
      population and suggests that there may be an effect from the culturing
      conditions.

PMID- 2921672
TI  - Changes in the cancer spectrum at autopsy: 1975-1984.
AB  - In an autopsy series of 8571 cases from 1975 to 1984, cancer deaths increased
      significantly, particularly in those cases over 60 years of age. A similar trend
      was seen in the mortality statistics from the district. Study of the degree of
      correlation between the frequency for the different types of cancer and the total
      deaths from that cancer at autopsy in the population supplies guidelines for use
      in assessing the relevance of autopsy findings to epidemiological research. It is
      stressed that without autopsy control monitoring of cancer in a population is
      incomplete and unreliable. An autopsy frequency of 40 per cent or more for the
      cancer in question in the population as a whole is required combined with series
      of 5-600 cases if satisfactory studies are to be initiated. Such conditions are
      difficult to fulfil for the less common types, but offer a valid approach to the
      monitoring of those types of cancer that are numerous enough to merit such
      attention.

PMID- 2921673
TI  - Pulmonary endocrine cells in chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
AB  - Pulmonary endocrine cells have been studied according to their immunoreactivity
      for neuron-specific enolase, gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), calcitonin, leucine
      enkephalin, and serotonin in the lungs of subjects with chronic bronchitis and
      emphysema. The overall population was significantly greater in comparison with
      matched controls. The change was most marked in lobes affected by pneumonic
      consolidation, and did not affect equally the sub-populations of cells as
      identified by their content of peptide; the difference was much greater for
      calcitonin-containing cells than for those immunoreactive for GRP. This change
      may be the basis of the hypercalcitoninaemia and hypercalcitoninuria which have
      been reported in patients with inflammatory pulmonary disease.

PMID- 2921674
TI  - Different types of segmental sclerosing glomerular lesions in six experimental
      models of proteinuria.
AB  - From 133 to 615 glomeruli were examined in sections of kidneys from each of 60
      animals, representing six rodent models of proteinuria. Particular attention was
      paid to the position of segmental lesions. Lewis rats given sheep anti-rat
      glomerular basement membrane antibodies had lesions almost exclusively at the
      glomerulo-tubular junction. Wistar rats on a diet of 24 per cent casein or with
      subtotal nephrectomy and a diet of 24 per cent soya had lesions mainly at the
      hilum. Wistar rats given bovine serum albumin had global lesions but virtually no
      segmental lesions. Wistar rats given puromycin aminonucleoside had lesions at the
      glomerulo-tubular junction and global mesangial abnormalities shortly after the
      treatment but later developed segmental lesions at all parts of the glomerulus.
      Untreated BUF/Mna rats had lesions at the glomerulo-tubular junction early in
      life but later had lesions at all parts of the glomerulus. Untreated NZB/NZW
      hybrid mice had various types of glomerulonephritis and also had lesions at the
      glomerulo-tubular junction. These findings showed that (1) segmental lesions at
      the glomerulo-tubular junction, or glomerular tip, occur in experimental animals,
      a fact not previously reported, and these tip changes are a common feature in
      several different models of proteinuria; (2) hilar segmental lesions are seen in
      conditions with hyperfiltration of protein; and (3) segmental lesions at various
      parts of the glomerulus are seen in some models of proteinuria and probably
      indicate late effects of random toxic damage to the glomerulus. Thus, there are
      at least three different types of segmental glomerular lesions in experimental
      animals--tip, hilar, and random--with different morphology and pathogenesis. It
      is likely that these findings can be extended to human renal diseases with
      segmental glomerular lesions. This will help to clarify the controversial and
      unsatisfactory term focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.

PMID- 2921675
TI  - The glomerular tip lesion: a distinct entity or not?

PMID- 2921676
TI  - Emphysema in the blotchy mouse: a morphometric study.

PMID- 2921677
TI  - How do we teach pathology? Bridging the gap between theory and practice.

PMID- 2921678
TI  - Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 158th meeting. 4-6 January
      1989, London. Abstracts.

PMID- 2921679
TI  - Long-term pulmonary sequelae of meconium aspiration syndrome.
AB  - To determine the incidence of long-term sequelae after meconium aspiration
      syndrome (MAS), we studied 11 children who had MAS at age 8.2 +/- 0.2 years (mean
      +/- SD) and nine healthy control subjects with pulmonary function and exercise
      stress tests. The MAS children had evidence of mild airway obstruction,
      hyperinflation, and increased closing volumes in comparison with control values.
      During graded exercise stress tests on a treadmill, MAS children achieved normal
      maximal oxygen consumption and anaerobic threshold without a significant fall in
      arterial oxygen saturation or increase in CO2 tension. Exercise-induced
      bronchospasm occurred in four (36%) MAS subjects but in none of the control
      subjects. We conclude that children surviving MAS have long-term pulmonary
      sequelae, including airway obstruction, hyperinflation, elevated closing volumes,
      and airway hyperreactivity; yet they achieve normal aerobic capacity. These
      findings are similar, although less severe, than those after prematurity and
      bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

PMID- 2921680
TI  - Survival and clinical outcome in patients with cystic fibrosis, with or without
      neonatal screening.
AB  - After an experimental neonatal screening program for cystic fibrosis had been
      carried out in the Netherlands during 1973 to 1979, a follow-up study to evaluate
      the effects of neonatal screening was started in 1980. Although before 1980 the
      management of patients with cystic fibrosis was partly left to local hospitals,
      from the start of the follow-up program all patients in the study received
      similar treatment. A cumulative survival rate, calculated with exclusion of the
      patients with meconium ileus, showed at the age of 11 years a significantly
      better survival rate (p less than 0.05) for the 19 patients from the screened
      population (88%) than for the 25 patients from the nonscreened population (60%).
      Clinical condition was assessed on entry and at the age of 9 years in 16 screened
      and 20 nonscreened patients. On entry, comparison showed significantly better
      chest radiograph scores for the screened patients but no other significant
      differences. At the age of 9 years, after several years of similar treatment for
      all patients in the study, significantly better clinical (p less than 0.02) and
      chest radiograph scores (p less than 0.01), lower IgG levels (p less than 0.05),
      and higher vitamin A levels (p less than 0.01) were observed in the screened
      patients. Our study results suggest that early diagnosis and appropriate
      treatment may prevent serious deterioration and death at a young age, and may
      reduce the extent of early irreversible lung damage in patients with cystic
      fibrosis.

PMID- 2921681
TI  - Nocturnal home oxygen in the treatment of hypoxemic cystic fibrosis patients.
AB  - The effect of nocturnal oxygen therapy on mortality and morbidity rates and on
      progression of disease was tested in a double-blind, randomized trial of 28
      subjects with advanced cystic fibrosis. Patients were selected on the basis that
      their awake arterial oxygen tension was less than 65 mm Hg when they were
      clinically stable. Oxygen was prescribed in 1 L/min increments to obtain an awake
      arterial oxygen tension of greater than or equal to 70 mm Hg. Subjects received
      humidified oxygen or room air from modified concentrators. They were enrolled
      over a 3-year period and followed for an average (+/- SD) of 26 +/- 9 months. The
      average number of hours per night of concentrator use was 5.3 +/- 3.2 hours in
      the air group and 7.0 +/- 1.9 hours in the oxygen group. Over the follow-up
      period there were four deaths in each group, and oxygen therapy had no
      significant effect on the frequency of hospitalizations. Progression of disease
      was ascertained from nutritional status, pulmonary function, blood gas values,
      exercise ability, and right ventricular ejection fraction response to exercise
      (as measured by equilibrium-gated radionuclide angiocardiography), and
      psychologic status was measured by standardized tests of mood, self-esteem, and
      cognitive function; group comparisons for the first year revealed no significant
      differences; however, school or work attendance was maintained in the oxygen
      group but deteriorated in the air group. Clinical signs of cor pulmonale were
      documented during follow-up in 10 patients in toto, and all lived at least 9
      months from the onset of these signs. The lack of association between the onset
      of these signs and imminent death, or the usefulness of measurements of the
      maximal oxygen uptake during progressive exercise and the right ventricular
      ejection fraction response to exercise as prognostic indicators, suggest that
      death may not be the result of cor pulmonale. We conclude that nocturnal oxygen
      treatment in patients with cystic fibrosis did not appear to affect mortality
      rates, the frequency of hospitalizations, or the progression of disease; oxygen
      use should be instituted only after the development of symptoms related to
      hypoxemia.

PMID- 2921682
TI  - Home health care for children assisted by mechanical ventilation: the physician's
      perspective.
AB  - To obtain the physician's perspective concerning their care of children at home
      who required prolonged life-supportive medical technology, we conducted a mailed
      survey of 126 physicians caring for 25 children assisted by ventilators who had
      been discharged from 11 Illinois hospitals to their homes. The 51 (41%)
      physicians who responded included those practicing in many specialties from a
      variety of hospital settings throughout Illinois. The majority of respondents had
      less than 4 years' experience with ventilator-assisted children and were in their
      earlier years of practice. Most physicians surveyed had participated in discharge
      planning and maintained an active role with their patients at home after
      discharge. The majority believed that changes in ventilatory settings could be
      accomplished in the home and found hospitalization unnecessary for adjustments of
      the home care prescription. The physicians thought that the roles and
      responsibilities should be defined for both the tertiary and community-based
      physician before hospital discharge, and that development and support of
      resources at the community level were essential for the success of home care.

PMID- 2921683
TI  - Percutaneous femoral venous catheterizations: a prospective study of
      complications.
AB  - In a prospective, 45-month study, we compared the complication rates of
      percutaneously placed femoral and nonfemoral central venous catheters in
      critically ill pediatric patients. Forty-one percent of the 395 central venous
      catheters placed during this interval were femoral. Noninfectious complications
      were recognized for 2.5% of femoral catheters and 2.1% of nonfemoral catheters.
      Only three complications occurred with catheter insertion, all during nonfemoral
      attempts. Systemic infections that were possibly attributable to the central
      venous catheter were found in 3.7% of patients with femoral catheters and 7.3% of
      those with nonfemoral catheters. Femoral venous catheterization offers several
      practical advantages for central access over other sites. The low incidence of
      complications documented in this study suggests that the femoral vein is the
      preferred site in most critically ill children when central venous
      catheterization is indicated.

PMID- 2921684
TI  - Physiologic and methodologic issues regarding humidity therapy.

PMID- 2921685
TI  - Bulging fontanelle after immunization with diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine
      and diphtheria-tetanus vaccine.

PMID- 2921686
TI  - Risk of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus by bite of an infected
      toddler.

PMID- 2921687
TI  - Computed tomography scanning of the liver to determine efficacy of iron chelation
      therapy in thalassemia major.

PMID- 2921688
TI  - Low inspired gas temperature and respiratory complications in very low birth
      weight infants.
AB  - We analyzed 3705 measurements of inspired gas temperature in the first 96 hours
      of life, with concurrent measurements of ventilator variables and arterial oxygen
      tension, to determine any relationship to respiratory sequelae in 149 infants
      assisted by artificial ventilation. All management was with one type of
      ventilator (model IV100B, Sechrist Industries Inc., Anaheim, Calif.) and one type
      of humidifier (model MR 500, Fisher and Paykel, Auckland, New Zealand), and
      infants were placed under radiant heaters. Outcome for infants weighing greater
      than or equal to 1500 gm at birth was no different at low (less than or equal to
      36.5 degrees C) versus high (greater than 36.5 degrees C) values of mean inspired
      gas temperature during the first 96 hours. However, infants weighing less than
      1500 gm at birth had less respiratory morbidity at the higher temperatures; there
      was a reduction in the incidence of pneumothorax from 43% at low to 13% at high
      temperatures (p = 0.006) and a reduction in the severity of chronic lung disease,
      measured as mean Fio2 at 29 days in survivors, from 37.2% at low to 27.5% at high
      temperatures (p = 0.001). Clinical evaluation of the humidifier, as it was used
      in this study, suggested that temperature settings less than 36.5 degrees C were
      associated with inspired gas humidity between 28 and 36 mg H2O/L. For any
      humidifier, there may be a critical threshold for inspired gas humidity below
      which the risk of respiratory complications in very low birth weight babies is
      increased. This hypothesis requires rigorous scrutiny by controlled trial. In
      future studies, direct measurements of inspired gas humidity are needed to make a
      precise estimate of the optimal level.

PMID- 2921689
TI  - Airway reactivity as determined by a cold air challenge in infants with
      bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

PMID- 2921690
TI  - Cefotaxime and desacetylcefotaxime pharmacokinetics in very low birth weight
      neonates.
AB  - The single-dose pharmacokinetics of cefotaxime (CTX) and desacetylcefotaxime
      (dCTX) after a 50.0 mg/kg intravenous dose were evaluated in 18 very low birth
      weight neonates (13 male; 1015.6 +/- 349.8 gm; 28.4 +/- 2.4 weeks gestational
      age) during the first week of life. Microanalytic high-performance liquid
      chromatography was used to quantitate both CTX and dCTX from serum. A two
      compartment open model best characterized the disposition of CTX during a 24-hour
      post-dose period. The disposition of dCTX was adequately characterized by a one
      compartment model. The elimination half-life, apparent steady-state volume of
      distribution, and total body clearance of CTX (mean +/- SEM) were 4.44 hours,
      0.461 +/- 0.027 L/kg, and 0.074 +/- 0.003 L/hr/kg, respectively. Peak
      concentrations (mean +/- SD) of dCTX (17.96 +/- 5.54 mg/L) occurred at 0.6 to 8.3
      hours (5.9 +/- 1.9 hours) after CTX administration, and the apparent elimination
      half-life of dCTX was 9.36 hours. Comparison of CTX and dCTX pharmacokinetic
      parameters between very low birth weight neonates who weighed less than 1000 gm
      (n = 9; 703.3 +/- 46.6 gm; 27.0 +/- 0.8 weeks gestational age) and greater than
      or equal to 1000 gm (n = 9; 1328.8 +/- 48.6 gm; 29.8 +/- 0.5 weeks gestational
      age) revealed no significant differences, but significant linear correlations
      were found between gestational age and weight versus CTX half-life and total body
      clearance. Because of the prolonged clearance of both CTX and dCTX in the very
      low birth weight neonate, a CTX dose of 50 mg/kg every 24 hours may provide
      effective serum concentrations for susceptible infections outside the central
      nervous system.

PMID- 2921691
TI  - Continuous intravenous phenylephrine infusion for treatment of hypoxemic spells
      in tetralogy of Fallot.

PMID- 2921692
TI  - Hyponatremia and seizures after intravenous administration of desmopressin
      acetate for surgical hemostasis.

PMID- 2921693
TI  - Effect of ranitidine on twenty-four-hour gastric acidity in infants.

PMID- 2921694
TI  - Toxic effects of atenolol consumed during breast feeding.

PMID- 2921695
TI  - Nifedipine transfer into human milk.

PMID- 2921696
TI  - Identification during the postpartum period of infants who are at high risk of
      child maltreatment.
AB  - To determine whether clinicians correctly identify newborn infants who are at
      high risk of child maltreatment, we examined the outcomes of high-risk and non
      high-risk children. Infants who were born at Yale-New Haven Hospital from 1979 to
      1981 and who were referred by clinicians during the postpartum period to the
      hospital's child abuse registry because they were considered at high risk of
      child abuse or neglect became the high-risk group. For each high-risk infant, a
      comparison infant was selected and matched according to date of birth, gender,
      race, and method of payment for the hospitalization. For both groups, the
      occurrence of maltreatment was ascertained by reviewing the medical records until
      the child's fourth birthday. Each injury for which medical care was sought was
      classified into one of seven categories (from definite child abuse to accident)
      by a pediatrician who was unaware of the child's risk status. Information also
      was recorded about nonorganic failure to thrive and changes in the child's
      caretaker. Maltreatment (defined as abuse or neglect) occurred more frequently in
      the high-risk group than the comparison group (adjusted matched odds ratio = 4.3;
      95% confidence interval = 1.41, 6.93; p less than 0.001), as did poor weight gain
      from a nonorganic cause (matched odds ratio = 7.0; 95% confidence interval =
      1.59, 30.79; p less than 0.01) and changes in the child's caretaker (matched odds
      ratio = 9.0; 95% confidence interval = 3.80; 20.55; p less than 0.001). We
      conclude that as early as the postpartum period, clinicians can identify some
      families who are at high risk of maltreatment and other major adverse outcomes
      resulting from poor parenting.

PMID- 2921697
TI  - Psychologic functioning in 8- to 16-year-old cancer survivors and their parents.
AB  - This study presents data on psychologic adjustment (self-concept, depression,
      locus of control, family environment, and parental distress) for a sample of 8-
      to 16-year-old long-term cancer survivors (n = 138) and their mothers, and for a
      sample consisting of a matched group of healthy children (n = 92) and their
      mothers. The null hypothesis of no group differences between survivors and
      control subjects was tested with respect to these variables. It was hypothesized
      that survivors with severe late effects would have poorer self-concepts, a more
      external locus of control, and more depressive symptoms than children with no or
      mild-to-moderate late effects. The children completed the Piers-Harris Self
      Concept Scale, the Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale, and the Children's
      Depression Inventory. Mothers completed the Family Environment Scale and the
      Derogatis Stress Profile. The majority of former patients are functioning within
      normative limits on these standardized measures, although their scores were lower
      than those in the comparison group. One-way analyses of variance on the dependent
      measures indicate that the children with severe medical late effects have a
      poorer total self-concept, more depressive symptoms, and a more external locus of
      control than those with no or mild-to-moderate late effects. Therapies for
      childhood cancer are now well standardized and many long-term deleterious effects
      are known, so children at risk can be identified readily and steps taken early in
      treatment to prevent or mitigate future psychologic problems.

PMID- 2921699
TI  - The foreskin and urinary tract infections.

PMID- 2921698
TI  - Psychosocial responses of children to cardiac pacemakers.
AB  - To examine the psychosocial responses of children and adolescents with a cardiac
      pacemaker and compare their responses to those of their peers, we evaluated 30
      pediatric pacemaker patients, aged 7 to 19 years, and two age- and sex-matched
      comparison groups, including 30 patients with similar heart disease but without
      pacemakers and 30 physically healthy children, using standardized psychometric
      tests and a specific interview format. We postulated that children with
      pacemakers would experience greater stress in psychosocial adaptation. No
      significant differences on standardized measures of trait anxiety, self
      competence, or self-esteem were found between the pacemaker group and the
      comparison groups. In contrast, pacemaker subjects were significantly (p less
      than 0.05) more external in their locus-of-control orientation than were healthy
      subjects, suggesting a diminished sense of personal control and less autonomy.
      Pacemaker subjects, particularly the older ones, had significantly (p less than
      0.05) greater knowledge of pacemaker systems than did subjects in the other two
      groups, facilitating the use of intellectualization as a coping mechanism. The
      pacemaker patients were likely to be as fearful of social rejection as of
      potential pacemaker failure. All three groups identified potential negative peer
      reactions toward an individual with a pacemaker. The patients with cardiac
      disease but without pacemakers and the healthy subjects perceived significant (p
      less than 0.05) social and emotional differences between patients with pacemakers
      and their peers, but the pacemaker patients did not view themselves as different
      from their peers. This study demonstrates healthy psychosocial adaptation of
      children with cardiac pacemakers. Although these children appear to cope
      effectively with the stress of their life situation through the use of denial and
      intellectualization, they may experience problems both in the development of
      autonomy and in social isolation and rejection.

PMID- 2921700
TI  - Gastric outlet obstruction in chronic granulomatous disease.

PMID- 2921701
TI  - Leukocyte studies in diagnosis of neonatal sepsis.

PMID- 2921702
TI  - Management of pain caused by pancreatitis.

PMID- 2921703
TI  - Nonoliguric hyperkalemia in preterm neonates.

PMID- 2921704
TI  - Tracheal suction in meconium-stained neonates.

PMID- 2921705
TI  - Maternal hyperparathyroidism and neonatal rickets.

PMID- 2921706
TI  - Use of naloxone in asphyxiated neonates.

PMID- 2921707
TI  - Hypercalcemia associated with normal 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentrations in a
      neonate with factor IX deficiency.

PMID- 2921708
TI  - The gingival effects of dental airpolishing as evaluated by scanning electron
      microscopy.
AB  - An air-powder abrasive system was tested among 20 volunteers, who had healthy
      gingiva or slight gingivitis, but no periodontal pockets. Impressions of randomly
      selected areas (n = 103) were taken before and after airpolishing and positive
      replicas were prepared for scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Gingival bleeding
      increased statistically significantly (p less than 0.001) during the treatment.
      Also gingival erosive changes were increased when using airpolishing technique (p
      less than 0.001). The erosive changes observed by SEM and the subjective symptoms
      during and after the operation positively correlated to the presence of gingival
      inflammation (p less than 0.001). It can be concluded that also the negative
      aspects of the airpolishing technique should be taken into consideration,
      especially when operating near the gingival margin.

PMID- 2921709
TI  - Quantification of bacterial penetration in spontaneous periodontal disease in
      beagle dogs.
AB  - The role of bacteria in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease is controversial.
      Although bacterial penetration has been demonstrated in human periodontitis,
      relationships of bacteria to varying levels of periodontal health in other
      animals has not been well documented. In this study of beagle dog periodontium,
      bacteria were counted within the various tissue regions of sites which exhibited
      periodontal health, gingivitis, or periodontitis. Affected sites within whole
      block sections from two aged beagle dogs were prepared for investigation by light
      (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and bacterial counts were subjected
      to statistical analysis for differences. Periodontitis sites viewed with LM had
      more bacteria than healthy sites. Neither LM nor SEM observations yielded any
      other differences in bacterial counts between the levels of periodontal health.
      When viewed using SEM, the sulcular epithelium had more bacteria than the other
      tissue regions in diseased sites. Relative to the number of bacteria in plaque,
      however, counts from all microscopic observations were very low. These findings
      indicate that the presence of bacteria within the periodontium is of questionable
      significance in the pathogenesis of spontaneous periodontal disease in beagle
      dogs.

PMID- 2921710
TI  - The effect of an antimicrobial mouthrinse on early healing of gingival flap
      surgery wounds.
AB  - A randomized double-blind crossover design study using 25 patients requiring
      bilateral gingival flap surgery was completed. The effect of rinsing
      postsurgically three times daily with an antimicrobial mouthrinse or
      physiological saline on dental plaque formation, gingival inflammation, bleeding,
      wound healing, and patient comfort was evaluated at 7, 14 and 28 days. The
      antimicrobial rinse was statistically significantly 28.9% more effective than
      saline at seven days for reducing plaque. It was also significantly more
      effective for improving wound healing at day 7 as measured by edema (p less than
      0.04). There were no significant differences in gingival index scores or bleeding
      at any time period. Use of an antimicrobial mouthrinse may be an effective aid in
      early healing of gingival flap surgery wounds.

PMID- 2921711
TI  - Different cross-linked types of collagen implanted in rat palatal gingiva.
AB  - Collagen membrane preparations were manufactured with the aim of enhancing wound
      healing following periodontal surgery. After crosslinking by various processing
      methods (with ultraviolet and hexamethylenediisocyanate) and to various extents,
      two types of collagen (atelocollagen and tendon collagen) were implanted into a
      dissection site within palatal gingival tissue. The time course of healing
      responses was investigated histologically. Collagen implantation was found to
      accelerate fibrous connective tissue attachment to the root surface and inhibit
      apical migration of the junctional epithelium. Cross-linked atelocollagen was
      superior in biocompatibility to the other collagen membranes studied.

PMID- 2921712
TI  - The effect of health beliefs on the compliance of periodontal patients with oral
      hygiene instructions.
AB  - Problems of patient compliance in periodontics are evident. This study explored
      factors which may contribute to the degree of adherence. Using the "Health Belief
      Model" a questionnaire was constructed and administered to 120 patients of the
      Department of Periodontology, University of Frankfurt Dental School. Compliance
      of these patients during the hygienic phase was assessed using a bleeding index.
      The data set for statistical evaluation comprised 96 patients. The loss was due
      to missing of appointments and incomplete questionnaires. There was no
      significant correlation between patient compliance on the one hand and
      sociodemographic variables (age, sex, family status), disease parameters, and the
      health beliefs "susceptibility," "barriers," "dentist-patient-relationship," and
      "experience with therapy" on the other hand. "Motivation," "seriousness,"
      "benefits," "experience with affected organ," and tooth-loss-index were
      significant predictors with Spearman correlation coefficients running from 0.17
      to 0.32. When the predictor variables were combined the coefficient was 0.59.
      This study further supports the assumption that health beliefs play a significant
      role in the determination of health related behavior.

PMID- 2921713
TI  - Influence of age on August levels of pineal immunoreactive arginine vasotocin in
      rats.
AB  - The present study was undertaken to evaluate carefully the influence of age on
      physiological levels of arginine vasotocin-like peptide in rat pineal glands.
      Glands were collected from male and female rats aged 13, 33, 53, and 73 days on
      August 4, 12, and 19, 1984. Individual extracts were assayed for arginine
      vasotocin (AVT) by radioimmunoassay. The results confirm our previous observation
      that rat pineal AVT immunoactivity (iAVT) increases significantly during August
      each year; and in this study, each group of rats reached the same peak level of
      iAVT (700-750 pg/gland) regardless of age or gender. Thus we do not confirm a
      previously reported decrease in AVT activity with age. In our studies thus far,
      season of the year is the physiological variable with the most significant
      influence on pineal AVT activity levels.

PMID- 2921714
TI  - Catecholaminergic mechanisms mediate hypothermia-induced elevations in pineal
      gland N-acetyltransferase in neonatal rats.
AB  - The newly born of many mammalian species are ectothermic, and it is possible that
      biochemical processes important for the metabolism of endocrine hormones might
      vary with alterations in the environmental temperature. Temperature-induced
      fluctuations in pineal gland N-acetyltransferase activity were investigated in 4
      , 12-, and 20-day-old rats placed for 4 hr in 23 or 34 degrees C environments.
      Enzyme activity increased dramatically in ectothermic 4- and 12-day-old animals
      exposed to the 23 degrees C environment, but not in endothermic 20-day-old rats.
      The elevations in daytime pineal gland NAT activity seen in cold-exposed animals
      were absent in rats previously subjected to chemical sympathectomy induced by 6
      hydroxydopamine, or in animals treated with the beta-noradrenoceptor antagonist
      drug propranolol. Catecholaminergic nerves and beta-noradrenoceptors known to be
      important for light-induced changes in mammalian pineal gland biochemistry also
      appear essential for environmental temperature-dependent elevations in neonatal
      pineal N-acetyltransferase activity.

PMID- 2921715
TI  - Unusual configurations of endoplasmic reticulum in pinealocytes of the Djungarian
      hamster (Phodopus sungorus).
AB  - Ultrastructural observations of the pineal gland of Phodopus sungorus revealed
      different morphological forms of endoplasmic reticulum. These included
      crystalloids composed of 200A-wide tubules with an intervening space of 200A and
      connected at right angles to form a rectangular lattice; complexes of undulating
      500A-wide tubules in an electron-dense cytoplasmic matrix; and stacks of
      flattened cisternae covered with granular electron-dense material. All these
      structures are continuous with the surrounding endoplasmic reticulum. Frequently
      one structure is directly connected with another. The exact function of these
      structures derived from the endoplasmic reticulum is still unclear, but they can
      be assumed to be morphological features of augmented secretory activity.

PMID- 2921716
TI  - Regulation of melatonin in the harderian glands of golden hamsters.
AB  - A daily rhythm in melatonin concentration in Harderian glands (HG) of female
      golden hamsters is described and is characterized by significant reductions
      following lights-on. Concentrations in HG of intact or pinealectomized males are
      low and consistent over a 24-hour period. Castration of males is accompanied by
      increased levels of melatonin in the HG to approach those of females. When
      castrated males are exposed to short photoperiods, however, melatonin levels are
      typically low. Levels of serotonin (5-HT), 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), and 5
      hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) are extremely variable in GH of both males and
      females, precluding definitive conclusions. Melatonin concentrations in HG of
      females do not appear to be affected by light or stress per se, nor are the
      superior cervical ganglia the pathway by which concentrations are modified.

PMID- 2921718
TI  - Nursing research with preoperational age children: the use of standardized tests.
AB  - Very few standardized tools are currently available for nurses who work with
      preoperational age children. This article suggests steps to adapt research tools
      used with older children for use with younger children.

PMID- 2921717
TI  - Modulating action of melatonin on serotonin-induced aggravation of ethanol
      ulceration and changes of mucosal blood flow in rat stomachs.
AB  - Effects of melatonin and serotonin on ethanol ulceration and mucosal blood flow
      in the rat stomach were investigated. Melatonin and serotonin (5-HT)
      administration did not produce observable gastric injury in the ex vivo stomach,
      but the 5-HT dose dependently reduced glandular mucosal blood flow (GMBF) in this
      organ. Ethanol depressed GMBF and induced visible glandular mucosal injury. The
      latter effect was prevented by melatonin preincubation. Serotonin pretreatment
      aggravated the gastric mucosal injury and GMBF changes induced by ethanol; these
      actions were partially reversed by melatonin. The findings indicate that the GMBF
      and gastric injury are related; the reduction in FMBF, however, may not be the
      sole factor responsible for ulceration. The antagonistic effects of melatonin on
      5-HT action on the stomach suggest that melatonin may act as a modulator for 5-HT
      action on the gastrointestinal tract.

PMID- 2921719
TI  - Compliance with chronic illness regimens: school-aged children and adolescents.
AB  - More chronically ill school-aged children and adolescents are surviving into
      adulthood due to recent medical advances and modern technology. However,
      noncompliance rates are higher among adolescents than adults. Noncompliance is
      costly, can lead to complications, and may be life-threatening. Several models of
      compliance are discussed. Variables described in recent research as related to
      noncompliance (personal, family, and illness factors) are discussed. Those
      factors that emerged as most important in adolescent compliance were self-esteem,
      social functioning, and perceived autonomy. It appears that psychological needs
      may compete and conflict with the need for adherence to illness regimens in
      adolescence.

PMID- 2921720
TI  - Night terrors: strategies for family coping.
AB  - This article discusses the occurrence of night terrors (parvor nocturnus) in
      children. The characteristics of a typical night terror incident are described,
      as are the common parental reactions to such frightening events. Nurses who work
      with children and families need to know about the etiology and clinical course of
      night terrors. They need to be able to differentiate night terrors from other
      sleep disturbances and determine possible ways to alleviate the occurrences. This
      article emphasizes assessment, anticipatory guidance, education, and counseling.
      A practical guide for parents is included to provide families with information on
      ways to cope with night terrors.

PMID- 2921721
TI  - Implementation of a clinical study of a pain management program for pediatric
      oncology patients.

PMID- 2921722
TI  - Nihilism and the young.

PMID- 2921723
TI  - The games we play.

PMID- 2921724
TI  - Development and use of the Preschool Behavior Inventory.
AB  - This article is on the development and use of the Preschool Behavior Inventory
      (PBI), a mental health screening tool for preschool children. The PBI was
      developed to fulfill the need for a valid and reliable mental health screening
      tool for preschool children that could be completed by parents in a brief period
      of time in a variety of settings, including well-child clinics, pediatricians'
      offices, outpatient clinics, hospitals, Head Start programs, day-care centers,
      and preschools. The validity and reliability of the PBI were tested in three
      phases on 433 preschool children in Tacoma-Pierce County, WA. The children were
      in day care, preschools, or early childhood screening programs. To test the
      validity and reliability of the PBI, comparisons were made between parents'
      ratings on the PBI and ratings on the Mental Health Rating Scale completed by
      preschool teachers, day-care providers, and/or mental health specialists in the
      Tacoma-Pierce County Health Department. Based on these studies, the PBI was found
      to have good validity and reliability.

PMID- 2921725
TI  - Blue Healon.
AB  - A random prospective study comparing clear sodium hyaluronate (Healon) and blue
      Healon was done in 50 patients who had routine extracapsular cataract surgery
      with lens implantation. Blue Healon was more visible and easier to remove. For
      this reason there was less residual Healon postoperatively in the blue Healon
      group, with slightly fewer cells and less flare and blood in the immediate
      postoperative period. There were no other differences and the mechanical
      properties of the two Healons were the same.

PMID- 2921726
TI  - Surface quality of intraocular lenses.
AB  - We observed circular furrow-like patterns on the implanted intraocular lens
      surface in postoperative follow-up examination by specular microscopy. The
      patterns may have been deep lathe-cut marks or compression-related marks on the
      optics. Specular microscopy, polarized light microscopy, and scanning electron
      microscopy detected a similar circular mark on the optic surface of a control
      intraocular lens of the same model. A reconsideration of surface quality is
      indicated.

PMID- 2921727
TI  - Consultation section.

PMID- 2921728
TI  - Ocular pneumoplethysmography after lens implantation.

PMID- 2921729
TI  - Free-hand precutting of transverse keratotomies.

PMID- 2921730
TI  - Analysis of astigmatic keratotomy.
AB  - Eighty-two keratotomy procedures were performed for both idiopathic and
      postsurgical astigmatism or myopic astigmatism and analyzed for efficacy using
      vector and linear regression analysis. Delta keratometry values (delta K) were
      computed for each case as delta K in the desired axis of effect using vector
      analysis. Six different procedures were compared including both intersecting and
      nonintersecting trapezoidal keratotomy, relaxing incisions with compression
      sutures, T cuts with radial keratotomy, T cuts alone, and RK with elliptical
      optical zones. Our results showed that the greatest shifts occurred in the
      trapezoidal groups, whereas the most predictable effects occurred in the relaxing
      incision/compression suture group. Astigmatic keratotomy is capable of producing
      large shifts in corneal astigmatism; however, the accuracy of these procedures
      remains highly variable.

PMID- 2921731
TI  - Refractive evaluation of astigmatic keratotomy procedures.
AB  - We evaluated the efficacy of three transverse incision astigmatic keratotomy
      procedures using a vector analysis that enabled us to determine the magnitude of
      the effect and the axis in which it occurred. These procedures were used for low
      levels of astigmatism (0.5 diopter [D] to 3.75 D): (1) staggered, radial-touching
      transverse (T) incisions, (2) non-radial-touching T incisions, and (3) T
      incisions with interrupted radial. Most procedures were performed in conjunction
      with radial keratotomy for spherical correction of myopia. The non-radial
      touching T procedure was the least effective method of reducing astigmatism. The
      staggered, radial-touching T and T with interrupted radial procedures were
      equally effective in reducing over 93% (on the average) of the preoperative
      astigmatism. Of these two procedures, the T with interrupted radial procedure was
      the most accurate, with the effect of the surgery deviating less than ten degrees
      from the desired axis in over 70% of the eyes.

PMID- 2921732
TI  - Paired transverse relaxing keratotomy: a combined technique for reducing
      astigmatism.
AB  - Phacoemulsification, posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation, and corneal
      relaxing incisions were performed as a combined procedure in 75 eyes with
      preexisting with-the-rule or against-the-rule astigmatism. The results of this
      study confirm that this technique can safely reduce preexisting low and moderate
      astigmatism with a greater likelihood of achieving excellent uncorrected visual
      acuity.

PMID- 2921733
TI  - Transverse astigmatic keratotomy combined with phacoemulsification and
      intraocular lens implantation.
AB  - Transverse astigmatic keratotomy is a surgical technique to correct preoperative
      corneal astigmatism during cataract surgery. The operative technique is described
      and the results of my first 40 cases are reviewed. The average keratometric
      astigmatism for this group before surgery was 2.6 dipoters (D). The average
      reduction in astigmatism was 1.5 D, which yielded a final residual average
      astigmatism of 1.1 D after surgery. Cases of substantial astigmatism showed the
      most improvement. Less improvement was seen in cases of minimal preoperative
      astigmatism. No increase in net keratometric astigmatism was seen in any of the
      eyes studied. Minor complications were limited to several small corneal abrasions
      created by the front-cutting diamond blade and one late temporary wound
      dehiscence. The only serious complication was one case of corneal
      macroperforation. Recommendations for handling this complication and future high
      astigmatism cases are given.

PMID- 2921734
TI  - Correction of preexisting astigmatism at the time of small incision cataract
      surgery.
AB  - To reduce preexisting astigmatism in patients having cataract surgery, paired
      keratotomy incisions of graded lengths were performed at the time of cataract
      extraction. Small incisions, made possible by foldable silicone implants, were
      used to make the correction more accurate. The results obtained in 48 patients
      are analyzed. It appears that this technique is safe, quick, and helpful in
      reducing preexisting astigmatism.

PMID- 2921735
TI  - Small incisions to control astigmatism during cataract surgery.
AB  - Astigmatic changes in three series of cataract surgical procedures were compared.
      Two series comprised eyes having phacoemulsification and implantation of a
      foldable silicone lens through a 3.0 mm to 4.0 mm incision or a 5.8 mm diameter
      polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) lens through a 6.0 mm incision. The third series
      comprised eyes having a planned extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE)
      procedure through a 10.0 mm incision and implantation of a PMMA posterior chamber
      lens. Surgically induced cylinder changes were compared by examining preoperative
      and postoperative dioptric cylinder power changes without regard to axis changes
      and by using vector analysis to compute induced cylinder for cases with axis
      changes. Both phacoemulsification series had similar mean induced cylinder
      levels, which were significantly less than mean induced cylinder in the ECCE
      group at both three and six months after surgery. Over 70% of the eyes in the two
      small incision phacoemulsification groups achieved an uncorrected visual acuity
      of 20/40 or better at three months, whereas only 28% of the ECCE group achieved
      that acuity. We concluded that the phacoemulsification procedure induced
      significantly less astigmatism and provided faster visual rehabilitation than the
      ECCE procedure. Furthermore, the use of small diameter PMMA IOLs inserted through
      small incisions minimized surgically induced cylinder in a way comparable to the
      use of foldable silicone implants, while maintaining good visual results with
      fewer postoperative complications.

PMID- 2921736
TI  - Corneal press-on ruler for astigmatic keratotomy.

PMID- 2921737
TI  - U-shaped anterior capsulotomy for in-the-bag intraocular lens placement.

PMID- 2921738
TI  - Psychological issues in childhood cancer survivors.

PMID- 2921739
TI  - Offspring of childhood cancer survivors.

PMID- 2921740
TI  - Correlational research.

PMID- 2921741
TI  - BCNU (carmustine).

PMID- 2921742
TI  - Survivors make my day.

PMID- 2921743
TI  - The patient failed therapy.

PMID- 2921744
TI  - Orthodontic therapy for the restorative patient. Part I: The biomechanic aspects.
AB  - The integration of interspecialty treatment before the restorative and
      prosthodontic efforts of the dentist can eliminate conditions that have the
      potential to jeopardize successful completion of the proposed treatment. Adult
      dentitions that have deteriorated because of neglect, fear, caries, extractions,
      or trauma can be restored to stability, health, function, and esthetics. In "Part
      I, The biomechanic aspects," the orthodontic paralleling of proposed abutment
      teeth displays premolar (buccolingual) and molar (mesiodistal) uprighting
      procedures that achieve improved force distribution to these teeth. Molar
      intrusion (occlusoapical) to improve an occlusal plane distribution of adverse
      forces to the proposed opposing fixed partial denture is discussed. These vexing
      problems facing successful reintegration of the altered states of occlusal
      relationships frequently can be answered by the incorporation of preprosthodontic
      corrections.

PMID- 2921745
TI  - Transferring anterior occlusal guidance to the articulator.
AB  - Anterior disclusion has become accepted as an optimal therapeutic model in the
      restoration of the anterior dentition. The ability to achieve anterior disclusion
      is influenced by the anterior determinants of esthetics, phonetics, skeletal
      relation, tooth position, abutment distribution, and alveolar bone support in
      addition to the posterior condylar determinants. Temporary restorations are made
      to incorporate these factors and it becomes necessary to transfer the information
      to working models of the articulator. A technique is described whereby a wax or
      silicone index fixed partial denture is made at chairside, duplicating the
      temporary restoration that is directly transferable to the working casts of the
      articulator. This technique allows the technician to make final restorations
      according to the index fixed partial denture, thus incorporating the anterior
      determinants of occlusion in conjunction with the posterior condylar determinants
      specific to each patient.

PMID- 2921746
TI  - Analysis of rotation centers of various mandibular closures.
AB  - Wax interocclusal records of five subjects made during three types of mandibular
      closing movement at various degrees of jaw opening were successively placed
      between mandibular and maxillary casts that were mounted on an articulator.
      Recording pins inserted into the lateral sides of the casts were used to record
      the amount of movements. The rotation centers were then calculated and the
      following results were obtained. (1) For the terminal hinge closure in which the
      mandible was guided by the chinpoint, no statistically constant rotation center
      was observed. (2) For the most retruded closure of the mandible in which each
      subject was asked to make the most retruded position by his own effort, a
      constant rotation center was found in two of five subjects. (3) For habitual
      closure of the mandible no constant rotation center was observed, and where the
      interocclusal distance was less than 1 mm the mandible seemed to close
      perpendicular to the occlusal plane.

PMID- 2921747
TI  - A comparative study of the strength of aluminous porcelain and all-ceramic
      crowns.
AB  - This study compared the breaking strengths of all-ceramic crowns constructed with
      aluminous porcelain, the Cerestore system, and the Dicor system on an anterior
      tooth preparation. Fifteen crowns from each group were constructed to comparable
      dimensions on dies from the same master die. Ten crowns from the same group were
      cemented on the master die and loaded until catastrophic failure. Five crowns
      from each group were embedded and sectioned to examine internal adaptation. No
      significant difference was found between the load necessary to produce failure in
      the aluminous porcelain and Dicor crowns and the load needed to initiate crack
      formation in the Cerestore crowns. However, seven of the 10 Cerestore crowns
      showed a two-phase failure pattern; the difference between crack initiation and
      catastrophic failure was significant. Within the limitation of this study,
      neither the Cerestore (high alumina core) nor the Dicor (castable glass-ceramic)
      produced an all-ceramic crown superior to the current aluminous porcelain crown.

PMID- 2921748
TI  - Antimicrobial activity of calcium hydroxide liners on Streptococcus sanguis and
      S. mutans.
AB  - The antimicrobial activity of 10 calcium hydroxide liners on Streptococcus
      sanguis and S. mutans was studied. One hundred plates of tryticose soy agar-sheep
      red blood cells (10%), each with four distinct 3 mm diameter wells, were divided
      into two groups of 50. One group was inoculated with S. sanguis and the second
      group with S. mutans. A 4 mg liner was placed in each of three wells; the fourth
      well was left empty as a control. Plates were incubated at 37 degrees C and
      observed at 24 hours, 48 hours, and 7 days. All liners inhibited growth of both
      organisms. The inhibitory zones for S. mutans were larger than inhibitory zones
      for S. sanguis for all tested liners. Life Fast Set material had significantly
      less inhibitory effect on S. mutans. VLC Dycal, Life, and Life Fast Set materials
      had significantly less inhibitory effect on S. sanguis at p = 0.05.

PMID- 2921749
TI  - The labial endodontic access: a rational treatment approach in anterior teeth.
AB  - Labial endodontic access is an alternative to the conventional lingual endodontic
      access in permanent teeth. The labial approach facilitates visibility and
      provides direct access to the root apex. Current restorative procedures offer
      improved methods to overcome the esthetic impairment resulting from this
      approach. Labial access is especially beneficial for patients with limited
      mandibular opening. Other indications are in Angle's class II division 2
      dentitions or in teeth with resin-bonded cast restorations. Anatomic studies for
      the single tooth that corroborate the labial endodontic approach are reviewed.

PMID- 2921750
TI  - The orbital shell: an aid in positioning the ocular component and verifying
      margin contours for oculofacial prostheses.
AB  - The correct location of the orientation (conversational gaze) of the ocular
      component is vital to esthetically pleasing oculofacial prostheses. This location
      should be verified before time and energy are spent on sculpturing the
      oculofacial prosthesis. A technique is described that uses a clear acrylic resin
      shell as a matrix and Play-doh material as a support medium to position and
      support the ocular component to verify the orientation. In addition, the thin
      acrylic resin shell can be used to refine border inaccuracies that may exist
      clinically.

PMID- 2921751
TI  - Nasopharyngeal impression technique for fabrication of a radiation carrier.
AB  - A new technique for intracavitary application of Iridium 192 seeds in carcinoma
      of the nasopharynx is described. This technique allows for accurate construction
      of a nasopharyngeal carrier that permits the radiotherapist to deliver an
      adequate dose of irradiation to the nasopharynx.

PMID- 2921752
TI  - The relationship between condylar guidance and temporomandibular joint clicking.
AB  - The association between condylar inclination and temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
      clicking was tested by measuring the angles of condylar guidance in the sagittal
      plane during opening and closing movements in 12 subjects with temporomandibular
      joint clicks and 16 subjects without TMJ clicks. Each subject had tracings made
      by using a customized functional clutch. All subjects had full dentition and were
      without symptomatic mandibular dysfunction. Condylar inclinations were measured
      in parasagittal tracing planes. The travel path of the hinge axis of the
      condyle's movements was recorded, directly formed, and compared with a four
      component axiograph recording that used the axis-orbital plane as a reference for
      the subjects. The measurements of angles along several distances (millimeters) of
      condylar guidance from the axis-orbital plane were obtained and evaluated. The
      measurements were made in the sagittal plane and through opening-closing
      movements starting from the actual occlusal vertical dimension of each subject.
      The results do not support the hypothesis that mean angles of the condylar
      guidance are significantly different in the group with TMJ clicking compared with
      the group without TMJ clicking.

PMID- 2921753
TI  - Prognostic features of value in the management of temporomandibular joint pain
      dysfunction syndrome by occlusal splint therapy.
AB  - Fifty consecutive patients diagnosed as suffering from a temporomandibular joint
      pain-dysfunction syndrome that required occlusal splint therapy were studied.
      Particular attention was given to observable features that could be analyzed
      during resolution as indicated by using successive visual analogue scales for
      pain assessment. By photographing occlusal registrations before and after each
      splint adjustment visit it was shown that the stabilization of occlusal patterns
      as resolution progressed gave a good indication of the success of treatment in
      most patients. In patients in which stabilization of patterns occurred but pain
      continued there was an indication of a complicating psychosocial disorder.

PMID- 2921754
TI  - A mathematical method for calculating the compensating anterior stop pin setting
      of a semiadjustable arcon articulator.
AB  - The geometry of a semiadjustable arcon articulator and development of
      mathematical formulae to calculate the setting of the anterior stop pin that
      compensates for the thickness of the interocclusal centric relation record are
      discussed. Measurements of the facebow mounted maxillary cast and interocclusal
      centric relation record are used in these formulae. Testing on 30 diagnostic
      mountings indicated that the formulae can reliably predict the amount of anterior
      stop pin opening necessary to allow near parallelism of the maxillary and
      mandibular bows of the articulator when the interocclusal centric relation record
      is removed and the mounted casts are brought into occlusion. The vertical
      component of dental malocclusion is identified as a source of variability in the
      setting of the anterior stop pin and therefore in the geometry of the
      articulator; it is defined as a need for further study.

PMID- 2921755
TI  - The use of microwave energy for processing acrylic resins.
AB  - Test strips of five different resins were processed with (1) microwaves by using
      a kitchen-type microwave oven, and (2) a conventional water bath. The strips were
      tested for hardness, porosity, and transverse strength. The results showed no
      significant difference between resin strips cured by either method. Maxillary
      dentures were waxed on stone casts of an aluminum model in another study. The
      dentures were processed with the same five resins, half by using microwave energy
      and the remainder with the water bath. The adaptation of the processed dentures
      to the aluminum cast was measured with feeler gauges. The results showed no
      statistically significant differences between dentures cured by either method.
      These studies demonstrated that the important physical characteristics of
      microwave-cured resin are approximately the same as resin cured in a conventional
      water bath. Curing dentures by microwave energy has the advantages of reduced
      curing time, ease, and cleanliness.

PMID- 2921756
TI  - Use of mouthguards during tooth preparation for patients with extreme tooth
      hypersensitivity.
AB  - During tooth preparation, the air and water from a dental handpiece occasionally
      cause painful stimulation of hypersensitive teeth. Use of mouthguards may be an
      alternative for the management of patients with tooth hypersensitivity.

PMID- 2921757
TI  - Crown cementation: put a handle on it.
AB  - During tooth preparation, the air and water from a dental handpiece occasionally
      cause painful stimulation of hypersensitive teeth. Use of mouthguards may be an
      alternative for management of patients with tooth hypersensitivity.

PMID- 2921758
TI  - An evaluation of the criteria used to diagnose mandibular dysfunction with the
      mandibular kinesiograph.

PMID- 2921759
TI  - Can electrical stimulation be used to establish a physiologic occlusal position?

PMID- 2921760
TI  - An evaluation of the criteria used to diagnose mandibular dysfunction with the
      mandibular kinesiograph.

PMID- 2921761
TI  - Promoting power and control in the elderly client.

PMID- 2921762
TI  - Handle with care: the geriatric patient in the ambulatory surgery environment.

PMID- 2921763
TI  - A practical system for narcotic control within the OR/PACU.

PMID- 2921764
TI  - Practical points in the management of laryngospasm.
AB  - Laryngospasm is an emergency situation and must be promptly recognized. Without
      quick recognition and proper treatment, the patient's airway may occlude, leading
      to respiratory arrest followed by cardiac arrest. Because laryngospasm is a
      potential life-threatening postoperative event, the PACU nurse must remain a
      guardian of the airway.

PMID- 2921765
TI  - Is midazolam a dangerous drug?
AB  - Midazolam can be used to achieve anxiolysis, to provide conscious sedation with
      anterograde amnesia during operations performed under local or regional
      anesthesia, to induce general anesthesia, and as part of a balanced anesthetic.
      Understanding the pharmacologic properties and potential adverse side effects of
      any drug is necessary in order to dose and monitor patients effectively. When
      used with vigilance, appropriate patient monitoring, and slow, careful titration
      to desired effect, midazolam is an extremely useful and safe medication for both
      inpatients and outpatients.

PMID- 2921766
TI  - Introduction to quantitative research and analysis.
AB  - We have now gained appreciation for both qualitative and quantitative research.
      Whichever method we choose can only serve to strengthen our professional
      identity. It has been said that qualitative research attempts to uncover what
      needs to be learned while quantitative research seeks to determine the amount. My
      advice to all PACU nurses is to begin recording observations and keep an
      inventory. The design of a study can be determined later; it's the research
      question that bears merit. Above all, do not ever discount a feeling, a hunch, or
      an instinct. You may well be on the verge of a very important discovery. Carpe
      diem--or seize the opportunity--it's worth taking!

PMID- 2921767
TI  - Commission questions existence of RN shortage.

PMID- 2921768
TI  - Isomeric yohimbine alkaloids block calcium-activated K+ channels in medullary
      thick ascending limb cells of rabbit kidney.
AB  - The alpha2-adrenergic antagonist yohimbine (YOH) and the closely related isomers
      corynanthine (COR) and rauwolscine (RAU) caused brief interruptions in current
      characteristic of a fast blocker Ca2+-activated K+ channels in cultured medullary
      thick ascending limb (MTAL) cells. The apparent dissociation constants (Kapp) for
      COR, YOH, and RAU, respectively, at the intracellular face of the channel in the
      presence of 200 mM K+ are 45 +/- 1, 98 +/- 2, and 310 +/- 33 microM. The Kapp for
      COR on the extracellular side also in the presence of 200 mM K+ was much greater
      at 1.6 +/- 0.17 mM. Increasing K+ on the same side as the blocker relieves the
      blocking reaction. The Kapp for the alkaloids varies with K+ in a manner
      quantitatively consistent with K+ and the alkaloids competing for a common
      binding site. Finally, blocking by the charged form of these alkaloids is voltage
      dependent with changes in Kapp of 86 +/- 7 and 94 +/- 6 microM per e-fold change
      in voltage for blockers applied either from the inside or outside. The alkaloids
      block at an electrical distance similar to tetraethylammonium, suggesting that
      the site within the channel pore of these molecules may be similar.

PMID- 2921769
TI  - Sodium D-glucose cotransport in the gill of marine mussels: studies with intact
      tissue and brush-border membrane vesicles.
AB  - Glucose transport was studied in marine mussels of the genus Mytilus. Initial
      observations, with intact animals and isolated gills, indicated that net uptake
      of glucose occurred in mussels by a carrier-mediated, Na+-sensitive process.
      Subsequent studies included use of brush-border membrane vesicles (BBMV) in order
      to characterize this transport in greater detail. The highest activity of Na+
      dependent glucose transport was found in the brush-border membrane fractions used
      in this study, while basal-lateral membrane fractions contained the highest
      specific binding of ouabain. Glucose uptake into BBMV showed specificity for Na+,
      and concentrative glucose transport was observed in the presence of an inwardly
      directed Na+ gradient. There was a single saturable pathway for glucose uptake,
      with an apparent Kt of 3 microM in BBMV and 9 microM in intact gills. The
      kinetics of Na+ activation of glucose uptake were sigmoidal, with apparent Hill
      coefficients of 1.5 in BBMV and 1.2 in isolated gills, indicating that more than
      one Na+ may be involved in the transport of each glucose. Harmaline inhibited
      glucose transport in mussel BBMV with a Ki of 44 microM. The uptake of glucose
      was electrogenic and stimulated by an inside-negative membrane potential. The
      substrate specificity in intact gills and BBMV resembled that of Na+-glucose
      cotransporters in other systems; D-glucose and alpha-methyl glucopyranoside were
      the most effective inhibitors of Na+-glucose transport, D-galactose was
      intermediate in its inhibition, and there was little or no effect of L-glucose, D
      fructose, 2-deoxy-glucose, or 3-O-methyl glucose. Phlorizin was an effective
      inhibitor of Na+-glucose uptake, with an apparent Ki of 154 nM in BBMV and 21 nM
      in intact gills. While the qualitative characteristics of glucose transport in
      the mussel gill were similar to those in other epithelia, the quantitative
      characteristics of this process reflect adaptation to the seawater environment of
      this animal.

PMID- 2921770
TI  - Lungs of the gecko Rhacodactylus leachianus (Reptilia: Gekkonidae): a correlative
      gross anatomical and light and electron microscopic study.
AB  - The lungs of the New Caldeonian gecko Rhacodactylus leachianus were examined by
      means of gross dissection and light and electron microscopy. This tropical
      species, which is the largest living gecko, possesses two simple, single
      chambered lungs. Right and left lungs are of similar size and shape. The lung
      volume (27.2 ml.100 g-1) is similar to that of the tokay (Gekko gecko) but
      differs in that the gas exchange tissue is approximately homogeneously
      distributed, and the parenchymal units (ediculae) are very large, approximately 2
      mm in diameter. The parenchymal depth varies according to the location in the
      lung, being deepest near the middle of the lung and shallowest caudally. Scanning
      and transmission electron microscopy reveal an unusual distribution of ciliated
      cells in patches on the edicular walls as well as on the trabeculae. Secretory
      cells are very numerous, particularly in the bronchial epithelium, where they
      greatly outnumber the ciliated cells. The secretory cells form a morphological
      continuum characterized by small secretory droplets apically and large vacuoles
      basally. This continuum includes cells resembling type II pneumocytes but which
      are devoid of lamellar bodies. Type I pneumocytes similar to those of other
      reptiles cover the respiratory capillaries, where they form a thin, air-blood
      barrier together with the capillary endothelial cells and the fused basement
      laminae. The innervation, musculature, and vascular distribution in R. leachianus
      are also characterized. Apparent simplification of the lungs in this taxon may be
      related to features of its sluggish habits, whereas peculiarities of cell and
      tissue composition may reflect demands of its mesic habitat.

PMID- 2921771
TI  - Extracellular matrix of sea urchin and other marine invertebrate embryos.
AB  - The extracellular matrix surrounding the sea urchin embryo (outer ECM) contains
      fibers and granules of various sizes which are organized in recognizable patterns
      as shown by ultrastructural studies, particularly stereoimaging techniques. The
      use of the ruthenium red method for retaining and staining the ECM, with
      modifications of the Luft (Anatomical Record 171:347-368, 1971) method for
      invertebrate embryos, allows for the clarification of certain structures,
      particularly fiber compaction in the interzonal region, and microvillus
      associated bodies. The inner ECM in the sea urchin embryo includes the basal
      lamina and blastocoel matrix. Stereoimages show that the fibers which are loosely
      distributed in the blastocoel matrix become compacted around the periphery of the
      blastocoel to form the basal lamina. The ruthenium red method was also used on a
      number of marine invertebrate embryos and larvae, representing different phyla,
      to facilitate comparisons between their surface coats. The similarities observed
      in the specimens shown suggest that ECMs are widely found on marine invertebrate
      eggs, embryos, and larvae, and that they resemble vertebrate ECMs and may,
      therefore, have similar functions.

PMID- 2921772
TI  - Skeletal muscle architecture of the rabbit hindlimb: functional implications of
      muscle design.
AB  - The muscle-fiber architecture of 29 muscles from six rabbits (Oryctolagus
      cuniculus) was measured in order to describe the muscular properties of this
      cursorial animal, which possesses several specific skeletal adaptations. Several
      muscles were placed into one of four functional groups: hamstrings, quadriceps,
      dorsiflexors, or plantarflexors, for statistical comparison of properties between
      groups. Antagonistic groups (i.e., hamstrings vs. quadriceps or dorsiflexors vs.
      plantarflexors) demonstrated significant differences in fiber length, fiber
      length/muscle length ratio, muscle mass, pinnation angle, and number of
      sarcomeres in series (P less than .02). Discriminant analysis permitted
      characterization of the "typical" muscle belonging to one of the four groups. The
      quadriceps were characterized by their large pinnation angles and low fiber
      length/mass ratios, suggesting a design for force production. Conversely, the
      hamstrings, with small pinnation angles, appeared to be designed to permit large
      excursions. Similar differences were observed between plantarflexors and
      dorsiflexors, which have architectural features that suit them for force
      production and excursion respectively. Although these differences were not
      absolute, they represented clear morphological distinctions that have functional
      consequences.

PMID- 2921773
TI  - Quality of life assessment in cancer clinical trials--it's time to catch up.

PMID- 2921774
TI  - Microvascular injury in pathogenesis of interferon-induced necrosis of
      subcutaneous tumors in mice.
AB  - DBA/2 mice were injected sc with cells from the highly malignant Friend
      erythroleukemia cell (FLC) 3Cl8 subline, which is resistant to mouse interferon
      alpha/beta, or with the ESb lymphoma. When interferon alpha/beta was injected
      intratumorally or peritumorally, tumor growth was markedly suppressed, and
      established vascularized tumor nodules became progressively necrotic. Tumor
      necrosis was of the coagulation type that usually results from deprivation of
      blood flow. Morphologic examination of approximately 1,000 blood vessel profiles
      and approximately 2,000 endothelial cells in 1-micron Epon sections of sc 3C18
      FLC tumors showed that interferon treatment resulted in rapid and pronounced
      vascular endothelial cell damage that preceded tumor necrosis. No inflammatory
      cell infiltrate was observed. Our results suggest that interferon alpha/beta
      exerted an antitumor effect in these tumor models by damaging tumor blood
      vessels, causing disruption of tumor blood flow, which led to ischemic tumor
      necrosis.

PMID- 2921775
TI  - Glucocorticoid hormone effect on transplacental carcinogenesis and lung
      differentiation: influence of histocompatibility-2 complex.
AB  - In the mouse, the histocompatibility-2 (H-2) haplotype influences induction of
      lung and intestinal tumors by N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) treatment of fetuses or
      infant mice. The differentiation of lung and intestinal epithelium is known to be
      regulated by glucocorticoids. We show that glucocorticoid-induced development of
      alveolar lung volume is H-2 influenced and that glucocorticoid treatment of
      fetuses also influences prenatal ENU induction of lung and intestinal tumors.
      These glucocorticoid effects on tumorigenesis are also H-2 influenced. The number
      of papillary lung tumors increased in B10 (H-2b) and decreased in B10.A (H-2a)
      mice. In the intestine, the number of tumors increased in H-2b females and
      decreased in H-2b males. In H-2a mice, the number of intestinal tumors was
      unchanged but their location was altered. We propose that the H-2 complex
      influences tumorigenesis in lung and small intestine by affecting the hormonal
      regulation of differentiation of target epithelial cells.

PMID- 2921776
TI  - Increased melphalan activity in intracranial human medulloblastoma and glioma
      xenografts following buthionine sulfoximine-mediated glutathione depletion.
AB  - In previous studies we demonstrated that administration of buthionine sulfoximine
      (BSO) to athymic BALB/c mice bearing intracranial human glioma xenografts
      resulted in highly selective depletion of glutathione in neoplastic tissue with
      minimal effects on contralateral normal brain tissue. In the present study we
      treated athymic BALB/c mice bearing intracranial human glioma (D-54 MG) or
      medulloblastoma (TE-671) xenografts with melphalan alone or BSO followed by
      melphalan. Administration of BSO depleted intracellular glutathione to 7.5% of
      the control level. BSO plus melphalan resulted in a significant increase in
      median survival over that produced by melphalan alone: 45.3% versus 26.4% in TE
      671 and 69% versus 27.6% in D-54 MG. These studies justify further efforts to
      modulate chemotherapeutic and radiotherapeutic interventions of primary malignant
      brain tumors by depletion of glutathione.

PMID- 2921777
TI  - Differentiation between papillary and nonpapillary renal cell carcinomas by DNA
      analysis.
AB  - Recent studies have shown that the deletion of chromosome 3p or the loss of DNA
      sequences at 3p is generally associated with the development of renal cell
      carcinoma (RCC). However, chromosome analysis of some papillary RCCs suggested
      that this type of tumor differs genotypically from the most common nonpapillary
      RCCs. Therefore, by using cytogenetic and molecular genetic approaches, we
      examined human papillary and nonpapillary RCCs for the loss of heterozygosity or
      homozygosity at the short arm of chromosome 3. The constitutional heterozygosity
      for the DNF15S2 locus and for one allele of the c-erbA beta and the c-raf-1 proto
      oncogenes was lost in nonpapillary RCCs, whereas both alleles were retained in
      each papillary RCC analyzed. We conclude that the loss of DNA sequences at the
      chromosome 3p region is a genomic change occurring consistently in nonpapillary
      RCCs, but never occurring in papillary RCCs.

PMID- 2921778
TI  - Dermal absorption of the insect repellent DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide) in rats
      and monkeys: effect of anatomical site and multiple exposure.
AB  - The dermal absorption of 14C-ring-labeled DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide) applied
      in acetone to the skin of Sprague-Dawley rats and rhesus monkeys for 24 h was
      determined. Absorption in rats dosed middorsally was 36 +/- 8% with a urinary
      excretion half-life (t1/2) of 20 h. Both the extent and rate of absorption in
      monkeys were highly dependent on anatomic site, with 14 +/- 5% (t1/2 = 4 h)
      penetrating the forearm, 33 +/- 11% (t1/2 = 6 h) the forehead, 27 +/- 3% (t1/2 =
      7 h) the dorsal forepaw, and 68 +/- 9% (t1/2 = 8 h) the ventral forepaw. Since
      DEET is commonly applied frequently by the same individual, the effect of
      multiple exposure was investigated. No significant difference (p greater than or
      equal to .3) was obtained either between the total percentage absorbed dermally
      with single (36 +/- 8%; t1/2 = 20 h) as compared with three (31 +/- 5%; t1/2 = 16
      h) DEET applications at 2-h intervals to rats, or between single (14 +/- 5%; t1/2
      = 4 h) as compared with three (12 +/- 1%; t1/2 = 4 h) applications at 0.5-h
      intervals to monkey forearm. A DEET metabolite detected in urine 4 h following
      topical exposure in humans was extractable following either acid (HCl) hydrolysis
      or urine treatment with beta-glucuronidase and was identified as ethyltoluamide
      (parent ion 163; base ion 119) following HPLC purification and characterization
      by GC/MS.

PMID- 2921779
TI  - Increased erythrocyte protoporphyrins and blood lead--a pilot study of childhood
      growth patterns.
AB  - The National Health and Nutrition Survey 1976-1980 demonstrated the inverse
      association of blood lead 8-35 micrograms/dl (0.4-1.7 microM) with height and
      weight in 2680 children 1-7 yr old. Growth has not been examined. A retrospective
      pilot study was made of growth, 0-42 mo, for 54 children found to have
      erythrocyte protoporphyrins greater than 35 micrograms/dl (0.6 mM) at 12-23 mo.
      For 24/54, all blood leads were less than 30 micrograms/dl (1.2 microM), with a
      peak annual mean of 18.5 micrograms/dl (0.9 microM); for 30/54, mean blood lead
      was 46.7 micrograms/dl (2.2 microM) at 12-23 mo with all subsequent blood leads
      greater than or equal to 30 micrograms/dl (1.2 microM). In both groups the mean
      height and weight at birth were at the 25th percentile. The high-lead children
      had increased weight velocity at 15 mo of age and were heavier at 24 mo. Weight
      gain related to total caloric intake, supporting food consumption, and hand-to
      mouth behavior as significant factors in an increased blood lead ages 9-24 mo.
      The monthly directional change of height and weight percentiles after 24 mo,
      however, showed a decreased frequency of upward shifts when blood lead was
      greater than or equal to 30 micrograms/dl. Although an early high food intake
      appears to contribute to high blood lead by increasing the intake of lead from
      food and mouthing, persistent increases in the high blood lead and erythrocyte
      protoporphyrins were associated with subsequent growth retardation.

PMID- 2921780
TI  - Changes in pulmonary lavage fluid of guinea pigs exposed to ultrafine zinc oxide
      with adsorbed sulfuric acid.
AB  - Ultrafine metal oxide particles (diameters less than 0.1 microns) and sulfur
      dioxide are important products of coal combustion. Interaction of these products
      in the effluent stream results in formation of ultrafine particles with adsorbed
      sulfur compounds, including sulfuric acid. The toxicity of ultrafine zinc oxide
      particles with adsorbed sulfuric acid was evaluated by comparing pulmonary lavage
      fluid from guinea pigs exposed for 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 consecutive daily 3-h periods
      to ultrafine zinc oxide generated in the presence of sulfur dioxide (ZnO + SO2)
      to pulmonary lavage fluid from guinea pigs exposed to an equivalent concentration
      of ultrafine ZnO. Two groups of guinea pigs exposed either to SO2 or to particle
      free furnace gas served as additional controls. Cells, protein, and activities of
      lactate dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase, and alkaline phosphatase were increased
      in lavage fluid obtained from guinea pigs exposed to ZnO + SO2 as compared to
      guinea pigs exposed to ZnO. These results demonstrate the potential importance of
      ultrafine metal oxides as carries of sulfuric acid derived from fossil fuel
      combustion.

PMID- 2921781
TI  - Cochlear implants: update of the program at the University of British Columbia.
AB  - Since 1982, we have performed 26 cochlear implants at the University of British
      Columbia. The first 14 patients were implanted with the House/3M single-channel
      unit and the last 12 have been implanted with the Nucleus 22-channel unit. This
      paper reviews the methods used in patient selection and rehabilitation and
      compares the results obtained in patients using a single-channel with those using
      a multi-channel unit.

PMID- 2921782
TI  - Cochlear implant hearing performance at the University of Minnesota.
AB  - The hearing performance of six post-lingually deaf adults implanted with the
      Nucleus 22-channel device are presented. All patients achieved measurable open
      set speech recognition with implant alone. The best hearing performance was
      achieved with a combination of lipreading and cochlear implant. For this
      condition our group achieved an average open set speech discrimination score of
      85% (CID sentences) and an average speech tracking rate of 70 words per minute.
      We attribute the success of our group to careful pre-operative selection,
      including attention to candidate motivation toward hearing rehabilitation.

PMID- 2921783
TI  - Analogue signal representation in the medial superior olive of the cat.
AB  - Temporal sound processing is likely to depend upon a delay line at a low level in
      the auditory pathways. We searched for such a delay line in the medial superior
      olivary nucleus of anesthetized cats. A remarkably pure sinusoidal neurophonic
      field potential could be recorded in the center of the MSO which was localized
      electrophysiologically as the point of the field potential polarity reversal and
      histologically by microinjection WGA-HRP through the recording microelectrode.
      Fourier analysis of the neurophonic potentials revealed increasing degradation by
      distortion products with distance from the MSO center. Neurophonic tuning curves
      indicated a similar frequency selectivity for individual recording sites as
      predicted by cochlear filter functions. Cross correlation of neurophonics
      recorded at different positions along the medio-lateral axis demonstrated the
      presence of a delay line, extending to over 0.6 ms. It is concluded that delay
      lines required for directional hearing and complex tone identification exist in
      the MSO.

PMID- 2921784
TI  - Reconstruction of intermediate sized mucosal defects with the pectoralis major
      myofascial flap.
AB  - An uncovered pectoralis major muscle flap (PMF) was utilized in 12 patients for
      reconstruction of mucosal defects of intermediate size. The PMF is nonhair
      bearing and thinner and more flexible than the myocutaneous flap.
      Epithelialization of the PMF occurs slowly but results in a mucosal surface that
      is nonkeratinized and closely resembles normal. The paddle of the PMF contracts
      as much as 75% during healing. However, none of our patients developed deficits
      attributable to contracture of the flap, presumably because only modest-sized
      defects were repaired. The PMF is useful for reconstruction of intermediate-sized
      defects approximately 6 x 6 cm, defects that are too large to close with local
      flaps and tend to be too small to be closed conveniently with a bulky
      myocutaneous flap. Contracture of the PMF precludes its use for reconstruction of
      large defects.

PMID- 2921785
TI  - [Snoring: physiopathology, surgical treatment and a modified uvulo-palato
      pharyngoplasty].
AB  - Sleep apnea, now recognized as a specific clinicopathological entity, had
      received little attention until late 1960 when described by Gastaud. Since that
      time, following the works of Ikematsu, Guillemineault and Fujita, there has been
      rapid extension in the knowledge and understanding of sleep problems and
      associated surgery. Snoring, whether part of the sleep apnea syndrome or alone,
      may be explained with the help of an aerodynamic model comparing the pharynx to a
      Starling resistance. The factors nasal obstruction, abnormal mass in the upper
      respiratory airways and transmural resistance are discussed in the light of this
      model. To modify some of the above factors, surgical techniques have been
      described. We feel these conventional techniques do not take into account the
      normal healing process of inverted double C scars. We have modified the classic
      technique by sectioning the palatopharyngeus muscle and used Z-plasty to close
      the surgical defect. This is followed by a limited resection of the soft palate.
      As a consequence, the soft palate is being brought forward in the healing process
      and the oropharynx AP diameter is enlarged. This minimal type of resection of the
      soft palate precludes complications of velopharyngeal incompetency or relative
      pharyngeal stenosis. We have studied 200 snorers and operated on 90 of them, 25
      according to the standard technique and 65 with the modified technique. The
      modified technique, while limiting the amount of palate to be removed and also
      the morbidity, is easy to standardize and offers as good results with fewer
      risks.

PMID- 2921786
TI  - Congenital cholesteatoma of the middle ear in children.
AB  - Congenital cholesteatoma, once considered to be a rarity, has shown an
      exponential increase in its incidence as evidenced by numerous clinical studies
      over the past decade. No explanation has been offered for this phenomenon. A
      review of the literature indicates that the definition of "congenital
      cholesteatoma" has strayed from the original one formulated by Derlacki and
      Clemis, which included a cholesteatoma medial to an intact tympanic membrane,
      without prior history of aural infections. Allowing patients with recurrent
      otitis media into studies may have contributed to a "false positive" rise in the
      incidence of this condition. This article reviews 19 cases of cholesteatomas
      behind intact tympanic membranes, treated at the Montreal Children's Hospital
      over a 10-year period. They represent 22% of the entire cholesteatoma population.
      There appears to be two groups of patients, each with a distinct clinical
      presentation that correlates well with the surgical outcome. Whether this implies
      different pathogenetic mechanisms remains unclear.

PMID- 2921787
TI  - Treatment of tracheocutaneous fistulae in children.
AB  - Tracheocutaneous fistula is a frequent sequel of long-term tracheotomy in
      children and adults. Persistence of the tracheotomy stoma can lead to increased
      morbidity and mortality, especially in patients with limited pulmonary reserve.
      Recommendations for treatment have included both primary closure as well as
      excision of the fistulous tract with healing by secondary intention. Operative
      management and outcome of tracheocutaneous fistula performed at The Hospital For
      Sick Children between January 1978 and January 1988 was reviewed retrospectively.
      Complications of primary closure included pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum, and
      poor wound healing, often leading to significant patient morbidity. Excision of
      the fistulous tract and temporary replacement of the tracheotomy tube with
      secondary wound healing resulted in no complications and successful closure in
      all cases. In our experience, tracheocutaneous fistula in the pediatric
      population are best managed in this way.

PMID- 2921788
TI  - Radical neck dissection: a subjective and objective evaluation of postoperative
      disability.
AB  - Nearly all patients who undergo radical neck dissection note significant
      morbidity if the XIth cranial nerve is sacrificed. Physicians can be misled to
      believe in a lower morbidity because the usual physical examination is unreliable
      in detecting weakness and because patients rarely persist in mentioning shoulder
      problems during follow-up visits. Eleven patients between the ages of 55 and 70,
      who had undergone unilateral neck dissection with sacrifice of the XIth cranial
      nerve, were given questionnaires and were objectively evaluated for strength and
      active range of motion on a Cybex II dynamometer. Eighty-two percent of patients
      experienced pain, 91% experienced weakness, and 91% experienced impairment on the
      affected side. Peak torque for the affected side ranged between 0 to 85% of the
      peak torque for the normal shoulder. Gravity-free active range of motions were 20
      degrees to 162 degrees with 8 of 11 at 100 degrees or less. In all but two
      patients, the passive range of motion was limited by pain.

PMID- 2921789
TI  - Will the increased military low-level flying activity in Labrador be detrimental
      to the hearing of humans in the region?
AB  - The Government of Canada has directed the Department of National Defence to
      encourage our NATO allies to increase use of their facilities at Goose Bay,
      Labrador. This has already resulted in a substantial increase in the amount of
      military flying in the area, and more is projected. Much of the flying is done at
      very low altitude. The aboriginal people in the region (the Innu and, to a lesser
      extent, the Inuit) are demanding a halt to low-level military flying, and their
      representatives claim that the noise from the low-flying jet aircraft can cause
      hearing loss and ear disease. A survey on the ground in the area measured noise
      levels up to 127.7 dBA with very brief exposure levels. A task force commission
      to look at the problem concluded that occasionally low-level subsonic overflights
      might produce noise levels that were potentially damaging to hearing, but that
      the probability of this happening is at present very low because of the low
      frequency of flights. This might change if the frequency of flights increases.

PMID- 2921790
TI  - The "exploding" syringe.

PMID- 2921791
TI  - Posterolateral exposure for renal artery reconstruction.
AB  - Anterior approaches to the renal arteries are complicated by the intervening
      renal veins, inferior vena cava, and abdominal viscera. We describe techniques of
      direct posterolateral access to both right and left renal arteries by use of an
      extended retroperitoneal exposure. This approach allows for grafting from the
      aorta or iliac artery on either side and is particularly suitable on the left
      side for direct retropancreatic splenorenal artery anastomosis, which is
      described in detail. It is also useful for distal reconstruction of branch renal
      arteries, renal artery embolectomy, and autotransplantation "bench surgery." We
      have used this approach in 28 patients with no operative deaths and two
      reconstructive occlusions.

PMID- 2921792
TI  - Salvage of occluded arterial bypass grafts by means of thrombolysis.
AB  - Seventy-two thrombosed peripheral arterial bypass grafts in 62 patients were
      treated by local intraarterial thrombolytic infusion. The initial success rate
      was 69% (50 of 72 grafts). Graft material and location had no significant effect
      on the initial results. Urokinase was used in 43 cases with a 84% success rate,
      and streptokinase was used in 29 cases with a 48% success rate. After a follow-up
      period that ranged from 2 to 58 months, 27 grafts remained patent, with an
      average patency duration of 15 months (median 8 months). Overall graft patency at
      the end of 1 year was 60% applying life-table analysis. Factors that were
      evaluated to determine their effect on long-term patency included graft age and
      material, graft location, and the presence or absence of an underlying
      correctable lesion. The most significant factor in long-term patency was the
      presence of a lesion that was correctable by surgical revision or balloon
      angioplasty. In 25 grafts with underlying stenotic lesions, the 1-year patency
      was 86% after successful treatment. Twenty-five grafts without detectable lesions
      had 37% 1-year patency.

PMID- 2921793
TI  - Clinical and chemical characterization of an adventitial popliteal cyst.
AB  - We present further evidence that adventitial cysts of the popliteal artery are
      ganglions, based on studies of a lesion found in a 51-year-old man. The cyst was
      located entirely within the adventitia, lacked a cellular lining, and did not
      communicate with either the arterial lumen or the synovial space. The contents
      were gel-like and composed of 1.64 gm of hyaluronic acid and 0.20 gm of protein
      per dl. This material did not possess boundary-lubricating ability in a test
      system that slides natural latex rubber against glass. The histologic appearance,
      chemical composition, and absence of lubricating ability more closely resemble
      the characteristics of ganglions. These findings suggest that the cyst was not
      synovial but rather ganglionic in origin.

PMID- 2921794
TI  - Cerebrovascular accident after Greenfield filter placement for paradoxical
      embolism.
AB  - A 69-year-old man with paradoxical embolism suffered a cerebral embolism despite
      treatment with anticoagulants and placement of a Greenfield filter. The open
      architecture of the filter allows it to maintain caval patency better than other
      mechanical devices, but this design also permits passage of emboli up to 3 mm in
      diameter. Although such small emboli do not produce symptoms in the pulmonary
      circuit, they can be devastating in the cerebral circulation. For this reason,
      the Greenfield filter may be inadequate treatment for paradoxical embolism.
      Ligation of the inferior vena cava is proposed as an alternative that provides
      better protection against small emboli.

PMID- 2921795
TI  - Vascular prosthetic infection with Staphylococcus epidermidis: experimental study
      of pathogenesis and therapy.
AB  - To determine whether a slime-producing strain of Staphylococcus epidermidis was
      capable of producing acute infection of a prosthetic vascular graft, 5 cm
      segments of knitted Dacron were implanted in the infrarenal aortic position of
      dogs in three groups of animals. These included a control group (no graft
      contamination), a contaminated group that received a graft soaked in an S.
      epidermidis solution (untreated group), and a contaminated group in which
      perioperative antibiotics (three doses of cefamandole, 100 mg/kg) were
      administered (prophylaxis group). In all the animals reexploration and graft
      removal were performed at 10 days, with replacement of the defect being achieved
      with a new uncontaminated graft. These animals underwent exploration a third time
      after an additional 10-day period. S. epidermidis was not grown from the control
      animals (n = 7) but was cultured in 44% of the prophylaxis group (n = 9) and 88%
      of the untreated group (n = 16) during at least one of the operative procedures
      (chi 2 = 15.859; p less than 0.001). The pathologic features of acute S.
      epidermidis infection were best seen in the untreated animals and included
      anastomotic disruption (56%), periaortic hematoma, and lymphadenopathy (94%).
      Microscopic examination of the aortic tissues revealed extensive infiltrates of
      leukocytes, macrophages, and foreign body giant cells with aortic necrosis. These
      features were less prominent in the prophylaxis animals. We conclude that S.
      epidermidis is capable of producing acute graft infection with perigraft
      inflammation and anastomotic disruption. The administration of perioperative
      antibiotics reduced but did not abolish these effects of bacterial contamination
      of prosthetic vascular grafts.

PMID- 2921796
TI  - Rotational muscle flaps: a new technique for covering infected vascular grafts.
AB  - Twenty-one patients with established localized infection of vascular bypass
      grafts were treated with aggressive debridement and rotational muscle flap
      coverage to control graft infection. There were six gram-positive, six gram
      negative, four mixed, and three fungal graft infections. Graft material included
      Dacron, Gore-Tex (registered trademark of W. L. Gore Associates Inc., Elkton,
      Md.), Dacron and Gore-Tex in combination, and saphenous vein. Twenty of 21
      patients had successful preservation of graft function, local wound healing, and
      control of infection. There were no amputations or deaths. The one failure was
      caused by incomplete debridement of an infected graft segment. Aggressive
      debridement and rotational muscle flap coverage is an effective means of treating
      locally infected vascular bypass grafts.

PMID- 2921797
TI  - Technical innovations in nonreversed translocated saphenous vein bypass.

PMID- 2921798
TI  - Exposed subcutaneous vein graft in the calf: coverage by conversion to a deep
      anatomic position.

PMID- 2921799
TI  - Does compliance mismatch alone cause neointimal hyperplasia?

PMID- 2921800
TI  - A prospective randomized trial of Unna's boots versus hydroactive dressing in the
      treatment of venous stasis ulcer.

PMID- 2921801
TI  - Alterations in aortic endothelial cell morphology and cytoskeletal protein
      synthesis during cyclic tensional deformation.

PMID- 2921802
TI  - [A case of vesical carcinoma with sarcomatous changes--immunohistochemical and
      electron microscopic observations].
AB  - The immunohistochemical and electron microscopic characteristics of a vesical
      carcinoma with a sarcomatous change in a 90-year-old man are described. Keratin
      was strongly positive in the carcinomatous region and was also identified in the
      sarcomatous region. CEA was present only in the carcinomatous region. Both the
      carcinomatous and sarcomatous regions were negative for S 100 protein, myoglobin,
      lysozyme, and desmin. Electron microscopically, a few tumor cells with
      tonofilaments were observed in the sarcomatous region. Many tumor cells in the
      sarcomatous region had no characteristic structures suggestive of epithelial or
      mesenchymal origin. However, transitional types of tumor cells, between the
      epithelial cells and the cells with neither epithelial nor mesenchymal
      differentiation, were noticed. Therefore, this suggested that the sarcomatous
      region was a site of immature epithelial cell proliferation.

PMID- 2921803
TI  - [A case of spermatocytic seminoma].
AB  - In April, 1987, we treated a 33-year-old male patient who presented a painless
      swelling of the right scrotal content of 6 months duration. After surgery, the
      resected testis weighed 130 g, and the cut surface showed an edematous, white
      yellow, homogenous tumor. A histopathological examination revealed a typical
      spermatocytic seminoma composed of three types of tumor cells. The small cells
      had pyknotic nuclei and an eosinophilic cytoplasm while the medium-sized cells
      and most of the giant cells had nuclei containing granular chromatins. Some of
      giant cells contained a filamentous, chromatin-like spireme of primary
      spermatocytes. A chest X-ray, CT scanning and lymphography revealed no metastatic
      lesions, and the patient is still alive with no evidence of disease 10 months
      after the orchiectomy.

PMID- 2921804
TI  - [Diagnosing the depth of esophageal carcinoma invasion by esophagography
      scoring].
AB  - In patients with an esophageal carcinoma, it was important to determine the depth
      of the carcinomatous involvement so as to decide on its resectability and
      prognosis. Thus four measurements of the esophagography findings involving ninety
      five post-esophagectomy patients were categorized into four grades and scored
      from point 1 to point 4, depending on the degree of severity, the measurements
      being the size of the tumor, the circumferential carcinomatous invasion, the
      degree of stenosis, and the depth of the ulcer. The sum total scores of these
      four esophagography findings were found to correlate well (P less than 0.01) with
      the depth of the invasion (submucosa, muscularis propria, adventitia, and the
      adjacent structures).

PMID- 2921805
TI  - [The prognostic significance of esophageal carcinoma based on various irradiation
      methods].
AB  - From 1975 to 1987, 170 unresectable esophageal carcinomas were curatively
      irradiated. Ninety-eight cases were treated with conventional fractionation and a
      small field, 32 cases to a large T-shaped field, and 40 cases with conventional
      50-60 Gy doses followed by 14-28 Gy of low-dose rate telecobalt therapy (LDRT: 1
      Gy/hr, 4-7 Gy/day). The one-year, three-year and five-year survival rates in all
      cases were, 33%, 9% and 5%, and in LDRT groups, 37%, 15% and 8%, respectively.
      The survival rate and the local cure rate in the LDRT group were a little better
      than the others. The prognosis of T-shape group was proven to be the same as
      conventional group.

PMID- 2921806
TI  - [DNA analysis by flow cytometry in breast carcinoma].
AB  - Using deparaffinized tumor specimens, a flow cytometric DNA analysis was
      performed in 63 primary breast cancers from patients who were treated from 1976
      through 1982. Fourty-three percent of the cases were found to be aneuploid, and
      57% were diploid. No trend to increased aneuploid proportion with a more advanced
      disease was noted. There was no correlation between the level of ploidy and the
      clinicopathological factors. Aneuploid tumors seem to have a poorer survival, but
      no significant difference was found between the two patterns of ploidy. Patients
      with a low S-phase fraction (SPF) had a significantly longer survival than those
      with a high SPF. A DNA analysis of the tumor cells in breast cancer is felt to be
      use for a prognostic evaluation.

PMID- 2921807
TI  - [A case-control study of stomach cancer in young females, with special reference
      to the effects of pregnancy and delivery].
AB  - To investigate the effects of pregnancy and delivery on stomach carcinogenesis,
      we have conducted a case-control study. The cases consisted of females aged 34 or
      below who had been histologically diagnosed as having a stomach cancer, covering
      a period from 1967 to 1986 at the Center for Adult Diseases, Osaka. Our birth
      year-matched controls were selected from female examinees who had undergone a
      gastroendoscopy in 1986. In this manner, a total of 79 cases and 158 controls
      were obtained. For women in the age group from 30 to 34, a history of their
      pregnancies and deliveries seemed to have protective effects on stomach
      carcinogenesis (RR = 0.36, P less than 0.05), whereas for those in the age group
      under 30, it appeared to be a risk factor for stage IV stomach cancer (RR = 4.42,
      P less than 0.05).

PMID- 2921808
TI  - [Dysplasia of the gallbladder].
AB  - Out of 2,027 resected gallbladders that were examined, 46 (2.2%) manifested
      dysplasia and, to study this further, step sections, 5 mm apart, were performed.
      The average age of these dysplastic cases was 63.8 years, with a male to female
      ratio of 1:3. The most frequent dysplastic sites in the gallbladder were in the
      fundus and the body. Excluding adenomas, polypoid lesions, the dysplasia appeared
      flat, granular, or irregular. As to diameter, 68.6% were within 1 cm, and 89%
      were no more than 2 cm. The majority of cases manifesting mild dysplasia had
      lesions of up to 5 mm in size while the lesions seen in moderate cases were
      within 2 cm. Stones were found in 80.4% of the cases, and incidences of
      intestinal metaplasia and pseudopyloric gland metaplasia were found in 80.4% and
      100% of these cases, respectively. Incidences of dysplasia adjacent to the
      carcinoma was seen in 41.8% of the cases, and frequently found in early-stage
      lesions and well-differentiated carcinomas. Our findings have led us to believe
      that recognition of the intestinal metaplasia-dysplasia-carcinoma sequence is
      important.

PMID- 2921809
TI  - [A clinicopathological study of advanced ovarian cancers without an enlargement
      of the ovaries].
AB  - A clinicopathologic study of advanced ovarian carcinomas without an enlargement
      of the primary site has been performed. Cases studied were taken from 64 cases
      with a "common" epithelial tumor whose ovaries upon resection were directly
      measured for size. The ovaries of five cases (8%) were normal in size, and 3 (5%)
      of this number had been treated by chemotherapy prior to the resection of their
      ovaries. All three cases had been suspected to have an ovarian cancer at the
      start of treatment, one of these cases given a definite diagnosis of ovarian
      cancer, stage III, and the remaining two cases diagnosed as belonging to a
      special category. In these 3 cases, the ovaries had decreased in size and the
      primary cancerous site was difficult to determine, owing to the administered
      chemotherapy. A preoperative diagnosis of the remaining two of the 2 cases
      suspected an ovarian cancer in one, and a uterine corpus carcinoma, Ia in the
      other, associated with an ovarian cancer, stage III. These findings suggest that
      even though the enlargement of the ovaries was not to be remarkable, a laparotomy
      should be performed in cases strongly suspected of ovarian cancer, so as to
      ascertain the correct diagnosis by a careful inspection of the intraabdominal
      cavity, such as checking for the presence of ascites with malignant cells, or an
      elevated serum CA 125 without any other accountable primary foci.

PMID- 2921810
TI  - [Effect of morphine in cancer pain].
AB  - The usefulness of oral morphine to alleviate pain has been tested in 70 patients
      with cancer. The efficacy was found to be 87% (61/70). The starting dose was 10
      mg/d-12 mg/d (mean 36 mg/d), and the maximum dose was 10 mg/d-3,600 mg/d. Twenty
      four of these patients were able to stay at home or go to the hospital for dose
      treatment. In 27 patients, oral morphine dose were able to administrated until
      death. Although vomiting and constipation were frequent side effects, the
      administration of adjuvant drugs relieved these symptoms. It was found that these
      oral morphine doses did not shorten a patient's life span. Thus we have concluded
      that oral morphine proved a useful, safe, and convenient drug for the control of
      cancer pain.

PMID- 2921811
TI  - [A case of esophageal carcinoma complicated by Crohn's disease].
AB  - A case of an esophageal cancer complicated by Crohn's disease is reported. A 76
      year-old female was admitted to the Nara National Hospital with symptoms of
      melena and dysphagia. An esophageal X-ray study revealed a circular, stenotic
      lesion at the lower intra-thoracic esophagus. Histological examination of a
      specimen confirmed a moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. A barium
      enema was then given which showed an irregular stenotic lesion, 28 cm in length,
      at the terminus of the ileum. Thus, an esophageal blind resection and a resection
      of the terminal portion of the ileum was jointly performed. A histological
      examination of the resected ileum confirmed Crohn's disease.

PMID- 2921812
TI  - [An autopsied case of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia, showing a remarkably
      elevated serum level of CA 19-9].
AB  - Discussed herein is an autopsied case of a 30-year-old male with Idiopathic
      Interstitial Pneumonia (IIP) manifesting a markedly elevated CA 19-9 in the serum
      (maximum, over 120,000 U/ml). Despite a careful examination, no malignant lesion
      was found. The postmortem examination revealed a marked elevation of CA 19-9 in
      the serum and in the lung tissue. Further immunohistochemically regenerative
      bronchiolar and alveolar epithelial cells were more intensely positive for CA 19
      9 than in our controls. These CA 19-9 positive cells for the most part, were
      found to stain with alcian blue. It is considered that IIP induces activation of
      sialyl-transferase in these cells.

PMID- 2921813
TI  - [A case of tubular adenoma of the breast preoperatively suspected to be an
      advanced cancer].
AB  - A very rare case of a tubular adenoma of the breast is reported. The patient, 59
      year-old woman, was admitted to hospital because of a large, left breast tumor.
      The tumor, 11 cm in diameter, was adhered to the surface skin. Because a
      malignancy was suspected, an incisional biopsy was first carried out. A
      pathologic examination revealed it to be a tubular adenoma, and a simple
      mastectomy was chosen as the operative procedure because a latent malignancy was
      not ruled out. The removed tumor was grossly cystic and a histological
      examination supported the finding that it was a non-malignant tubular adenoma.

PMID- 2921814
TI  - HST1 and INT2 gene coamplification in a squamous cell carcinoma of the
      gallbladder.
AB  - The HST1 gene has previously been found to be amplified in over 40% of squamous
      cell carcinomas of the esophagus. We performed Southern blot analyses on squamous
      cell carcinomas of the lung, nasal cavity, uterine cervix and gallbladder, using
      HST1, INT2 and five other oncogenes as probes. The HST1 and INT2 genes, both of
      which were mapped to chromosome 11 at band q13, were coamplified in a squamous
      cell carcinoma of the gallbladder. The degree of amplification exceeded eight
      fold.

PMID- 2921815
TI  - Early lesions and natural progression of bladder carcinoma (minute bladder
      carcinoma).
AB  - Morphological analyses of minute bladder carcinomas (less than 5mm in diameter)
      and their natural progression to advanced carcinomas were examined. There were 71
      minute carcinomas in 25 cases, the highest number in any one case being eight.
      The growth forms of the 71 minute carcinomas were classified into six types:
      papillary (35), Brunn's nest-like (20), intermediate between those two (9),
      simple displacing (3), inverted papillary (2) and invasive (2). There appeared to
      be two kinds of advanced papillary carcinoma, one forming a papillary tumor from
      the onset of progression, and the other, initially exhibiting Brunn's nest-like,
      intermediate or simple displacing tumors and finally forming papillary tumors.
      Some of the papillary carcinomas seemed to have developed from papillomas. Two
      pathways to invasive carcinomas from papillary tumor were suggested: one showing
      invasive growth directly from the papillary tumor, the other developing invasive
      changes in the proliferative processes from Brunn's nest-like or intermediate
      tumors. Invasive growths occurred in tumors of G2 or over and in those in which
      the character of the tumor was changed to that of squamous cell carcinoma. They
      appeared to be more frequent (four cases out of 13 compared with one out of 10)
      in the advanced papillary carcinomas which had seemingly developed from the
      various kinds of minute tumor other than papillary. Invasive minute carcinoma was
      regarded as being an early stage of advanced non-papillary invasive carcinoma.

PMID- 2921816
TI  - Acute lymphoblastic leukemia following treatment with human growth hormone in a
      boy with possible preanemic Fanconi's anemia.
AB  - The patient had a low birth weight and was born with appearance anomalies
      including microcephalus, microphthalmia, hypoplastic mandible, double chin due to
      cutaneous fold, micropenis. Ability to move and intelligence appeared to develop
      normally, but growth was markedly retarded. In June 1982, at the age of 2 yr 4
      mo, the patient underwent tolerance tests whereby a deficiency of human growth
      hormone (GH) was proved by poor GH secretion response. GH was administered until
      April 1985 when acute lymphoblastic leukemia developed. The patient's younger
      brother, born in 1986, had similar birth anomalies and was diagnosed as having
      Fanconi's anemia. It therefore seems possible that our patient developed his
      acute leukemia through the stimulatory effect which GH had on a predisposition to
      leukemia.

PMID- 2921817
TI  - Control of cisplatin-induced delayed emesis with metoclopramide and
      dexamethasone: a randomized controlled trial.
AB  - Forty-two patients with advanced lung cancer undergoing chemotherapy containing
      cisplatin (80 mg/m2) were submitted to a randomized controlled trial to evaluate
      the effect of the combination of metoclopramide and dexamethasone for the
      treatment of delayed cisplatin-induced emesis occurring more than 24 hours after
      cisplatin administration. All patients received intravenously (i.v.) high-dose
      metoclopramide and dexamethasone on the day of cisplatin treatment. Excellent
      emetic control (no emesis during the 24 hours following cisplatin administration)
      was achieved in 30 out of 41 patients (73%) with this combination. Patients
      treated i.v. with metoclopramide and dexamethasone on days 2-7 experienced less
      delayed emesis, nausea and anorexia compared to those treated with a placebo
      (delayed emesis, 25 vs 50%, respectively, P = 0.105; more than four days of
      nausea, 10 vs 35%, respectively, P = 0.059; less than three days of anorexia, 80
      vs 50%, respectively, P = 0.048). Although the results of the study showed no
      statistically significant advantage with the combination of i.v. metoclopramide
      and dexamethasone for patients treated with cisplatin, in view of the short
      duration of anorexia and the marginal reduction in nausea. Female patients tended
      to have more emetic episodes and extrapyramidal side effects (except akathisia)
      than male patients, but the differences were not statistically significant except
      for acute emesis (P less than 0.005).

PMID- 2921818
TI  - Cimetidine-mediated augmentation of lymphocyte responses to phytohemagglutinin in
      gastric cancer patients.
AB  - The effect of cimetidine, a histamine type 2 receptor antagonist, on lymphocyte
      responses to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was studied in 58 gastric cancer patients.
      Cimetidine significantly enhanced lymphocyte responses to PHA in certain gastric
      cancer patients. The degree of enhancement was associated with tumor load. A
      significant inverse correlation was observed between the degree of enhancement
      and that of the original lymphocyte responses to PHA. The degree of enhancement
      significantly correlated with the proportions of OKT3 and OKT8 positive cells. A
      determination of the degree of enhancement in selected gastric cancer patients
      revealed it to fall to a low level after a certain period following curative
      gastric resection. These data appear to favor the in vivo therapeutic
      administration of cimetidine to advanced gastric cancer patients.

PMID- 2921819
TI  - Testicular tumors occurring in non-twin brothers: a case report.
AB  - The present report describes two cases of seminoma that occurred simultaneously
      in non-twin brothers. These siblings were typed for HLA-A, -B, -C and -DR
      specificities, and manifested identical haplotypes. Sixty-four sets of affected
      siblings have been reported prior to the present cases. We examined HLA-DR
      antigen in brothers with testicular tumors and hereditary roles in the etiology
      are discussed.

PMID- 2921820
TI  - [Mechanism in the development of symptoms. 1. Keypoints in observation. Fever].

PMID- 2921821
TI  - [Psychological approach in nursing. 1. Negative attitude of a patient facing
      hysterectomy].

PMID- 2921822
TI  - [Unforgettable patients in a psychiatric ward. Mr. A. who taught a lesson in
      interpersonal relationships].

PMID- 2921823
TI  - [Experience in nursing education at an American university].

PMID- 2921824
TI  - [Nursing education at universities: a view from clinical nursing].

PMID- 2921825
TI  - [The role of college education in nursing].

PMID- 2921826
TI  - [Expectation and results of college education].

PMID- 2921827
TI  - [University nursing education and the study of nursing: a view of a student].

PMID- 2921828
TI  - [In search of quality home service care closely tied to the area: an interview
      with Mrs. Joanne M. Pedersen, supervisor, Ramsey County Public Health Nursing
      Service, Minnesota].

PMID- 2921829
TI  - [Communication with cancer patients on their treatment: patients' awareness of
      the nature of their illness at the time of chemotherapy and an analysis of their
      attitudes toward recovery].

PMID- 2921830
TI  - [Bedside nursing. A reflection on the interactions with a psychiatric patient who
      developed a romantic attachment to nursing personnel].

PMID- 2921831
TI  - [A profile. Ms. Kisano Shioda, a 91-year-old lady who is an active member of
      Akebonokai, an organization for breast cancer patients].

PMID- 2921832
TI  - [An organization of breast cancer patients. 10. Encouragement by my family].

PMID- 2921833
TI  - [Experience of a nursing instructor as a patient. 10. Apprehension associated
      with illness].

PMID- 2921834
TI  - [Nursing theory 36. Orem's nursing theory. 2. The self-care theory and theory of
      insufficient self-care].

PMID- 2921835
TI  - [Information science for nurses. 10. Information science and judgment].

PMID- 2921836
TI  - [Welfare and medical care in the aging society. 29. Aging and married couples.
      2].

PMID- 2921837
TI  - [A report of the international cooperative medical project in Colombia. 1.
      Selection of a model area].

PMID- 2921838
TI  - Digitalis intoxication and treatment with digoxin antibody fragments in renal
      failure.
AB  - Severe digitalis intoxication today is preferentially treated by intravenous
      infusion of Fab fragments of digoxin antibodies (Digitalis Antidot BM). The
      kinetics of Fab fragments in the circulation are well known when kidney function
      is normal or slightly impaired. There are no data available, however, in complete
      renal failure. We observed a patient with life-threatening digitalis intoxication
      (serum digoxin, 3.7 ng/ml) and anuria, who was treated successfully by 160 mg Fab
      fragments i.v. Serum digoxin and Fab fragment concentrations could be followed
      for 229 h. The extrarenal clearance of Fab fragments was lower (5.6 ml/min) than
      in patients with normal kidney function (10.9 ml/min). This finding suggests that
      lower doses than usual might be sufficient for treating patients with severe
      digitalis intoxication and renal failure.

PMID- 2921839
TI  - [Oxoferin and sodium chlorite--a comparison].
AB  - Oxoferin, a preparation approved for wound treatment, has been subjected to an in
      vitro analysis. 1. Oxoferin produces methaemoglobin even if diluted 500 fold, and
      leads to additional alterations if added in high concentrations to red cells.
      Sodium chlorite (NaClO2, 15 mM) is equivalent to undiluted Oxoferin. 2. Oxoferin
      in fiftyfold dilution damages fibroblasts in cell culture slowly and
      persistently. This dilution is equieffective with a 200 microM solution of sodium
      chlorite. Oxoferin and sodium chlorite also damage vascular endothelial cells. 3.
      The oxidation equivalent of Oxyoferin is 12.3 mM sodium chlorite. Our data
      indicate that Oxoferin may be equated essentially with aqueous sodium chlorite.

PMID- 2921841
TI  - Multiple brown tumors in a patient with nutritional secondary
      hyperparathyroidism.
AB  - For years, brown tumors have been considered to be a characteristic of primary
      hyperparathyroidism. However, since 1963 several reports indicate the incidence
      of brown tumors in patients with renal secondary hyperparathyroidism to be 1.5%
      1.7%. The appearance of multiple brown tumor lesions is rather uncommon in
      secondary hyperparathyroidism which is also true for malabsorption as its cause.
      We report on a 56-year-old man presenting with pain in the bones and multiple
      osteolyses. A bone biopsy specimen and the laboratory examinations were
      indicative of secondary hyperparathyroidism caused by malabsorption most likely
      due to Billroth's II/I gastric resection. Thus, the patient's osteolyses
      represent brown tumors which have been induced by nutritional secondary
      hyperparathyroidism.

PMID- 2921840
TI  - Carpal tunnel syndrome and vitamin B6.
AB  - Twelve patients with carpal tunnel syndrome were studied. Clinical and
      electrophysiological data were obtained and an estimation of vitamin B6
      (pyridoxine) status by an assay of erythrocyte aspartate aminotransferase and
      coenzyme stimulation assay were done. None of the patients was found to have
      vitamin B6 deficiency. Patients were treated with 150 mg of pyridoxine daily for
      3 months. Erythrocyte aspartate aminotransferase increased significantly (p less
      than 0.001) in all the patients. In 6 patients there were clinical and
      electrophysiological improvement and erythrocyte aspartate aminotransferase
      increased more than in the other 6 patients. The data obtained appear to indicate
      that although vitamin B6 deficiency is not common in carpal tunnel syndrome
      patients, pyridoxine supplementation can be recommended as adjuvant treatment in
      those patients undergoing surgery.

PMID- 2921842
TI  - Non-responsiveness to allopurinol in renal hypouricaemia.

PMID- 2921843
TI  - Correlation of caffeine elimination and Child's classification in liver
      cirrhosis.
AB  - Apparent pharmacokinetic parameters of caffeine elimination from the circulation
      were determined in 27 patients with histologically confirmed liver cirrhosis, 8
      patients with miscellaneous liver disease, and 8 patients with other than liver
      disease. The usefullness of this quantitative test to assess the severity of
      liver cirrhosis was compared to the Child-Turcotte or Child-Pugh classification
      score as well as to the galactose elimination capacity of these patients. Using
      reversed-phase high pressure liquid chromatography caffeine, paraxanthine,
      theophylline, and theobromine were analysed in blood plasma collected before and
      after an oral dose of caffeine. Compared to apparent caffeine pharmacokinetics in
      patients with normal livers or miscellaneous liver disease, cirrhosis was
      characterized by a statistically significant reduction in apparent caffeine
      clearance and prolongation in half-life. The reduced apparent plasma
      disappearance rate of caffeine in cirrhotics was related to the retarded
      formation of paraxanthine which was the main metabolite of caffeine in blood
      plasma both in the absence or presence of liver disease. The apparent caffeine
      clearance in cirrhosis decreased with increasing Child-Turcotte classification
      score: Child's class A patients differed significantly from Child's class B or
      Child's class C patients, whereas the difference between Child's class B and C
      patients did not reach statistical significance (Wilcoxon's rank test). In
      addition there was a strong correlation between the Child-Pugh classification
      score and apparent caffeine clearance (P less than 0.001). However, no
      correlation existed between Child's classification and galactose elimination
      capacity. Our data emphasize the value of the Child-Turcotte or Child-Pugh
      classification in assessing the severity of liver cirrhosis in a simpler and less
      time-consuming way than using quantitative liver function tests.

PMID- 2921844
TI  - [Megakaryocytic myelosis--clinical aspects, morphology and platelet function].
AB  - The study reviews 22 patients, aged between 19 to 73 years, with megakaryocytic
      myelosis. In the course of the disease 11 patients presented haemorrhagic
      manifestations, 12 patients thrombotic complications, and 6 patients the
      association of haemorrhage and thrombosis. The maximum platelet counts ranged
      from 524 to 2700 x 10(9)/l. The bone marrow showed a conspicuous megakaryocytic
      proliferation with polyploidy of the nuclei, giant forms and clusters. Marked
      alterations of erythro- and granulopoiesis were excluded. There was no evidence
      for a reactive thrombocytosis in any case. Patients with thrombocythaemia due to
      megakaryocytic myelosis (n = 14), with secondary thrombocytosis of various origin
      (n = 16), and a control group of healthy donors (n = 20) were investigated with
      respect to the aggregation behaviour and the total calcium content of blood
      platelets. In 9 of 14 patients with megakaryocytic myelosis platelet rich plasma
      did not respond to epinephrine (15 mumol/l), a concentration which induced at
      least weak aggregation in 14 of 16 patients with secondary thrombocytosis and
      also in healthy subjects. In patients with megakaryocytic myelosis the mean
      extent of aggregation induced by epinephrine, collagen or adenosine diphosphate
      was significant lower as compared to controls whereas in patients with secondary
      thrombocytosis in most cases this parameter did not differ significantly from
      that of controls. The total calcium content of platelets was significantly lower
      in both groups of patients as compared to controls. In 14 patients with
      megakaryocytic myelosis the concentration of the glycoprotein (GP) IIb-IIIa
      complex was estimated by crossed- and rocket-immunoelectrophoresis and found to
      be decreased in 8 of them.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2921845
TI  - Carcinoma of the nasopharynx--comparison of the UICC and Ho clinical staging
      systems.
AB  - From 1974 to 1985 definitive radiation therapy was performed in 76 patients with
      nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Of the 76 patients 59 presented UICC stage IV and
      13 UICC stage III. The distribution of the stages was more homogeneous for the Ho
      system: Ho I, n = 4; II, n = 21; III, n = 16; IV, n = 32; V, n = 3. Radiotherapy
      followed the guidelines of the M.D. Anderson Hospital in Houston. A median dose
      of 68 Gy was given to the primary and of 66 Gy to the neck nodes, independent of
      the histologic subtype. The 5-year actuarial survival rate was 41% and the
      disease specific relapse-free survival (r.f.s.) 45%. Analysis according to the
      UICC classification and Ho's classification showed obvious deficiencies in both
      staging systems, but did not result in major prognostic differences. The freedom
      from local relapses correlated (P less than 0.05) with the T categories of the
      UICC at presentation (75% in T1 vs 45% in T4) and the freedom from distant
      metastases was significantly influenced by the cervical status (fixed cervical
      lymph nodes (UICC N3) vs, e.g., UICC N2: 51% vs 90%; P less than 0.05). In case
      of supraclavicular lymph nodes (Ho IV; Kyoto C) the freedom of distant metastases
      was lower than in case of upper cervical lymph nodes (58% and 79%, respectively;
      P = 0.3).

PMID- 2921846
TI  - [Calcium-free hemodialysis--value in therapy of hypercalcemic crisis].
AB  - If conservative treatment of hypercalcemic crises is ineffective, low calcium
      bath or zero calcium bath hemodialysis represent good alternatives. We report 5
      patients (from 54 to 82 years old) treated with calcium free acetate hemodialysis
      because of hypercalcemic crises due to breast cancer with bone metastases,
      thiazids' medication and immobilisation, liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular
      carcinoma and hyperparathyroidism. By 3 hours' therapy calcium concentration
      could be reduced from a mean value of 3.74 mmol/l (3.13-4.46) to 2.47 mmol/l
      (1.38-3.12). In 3 cases rapid clinical improvement was achieved and in 4 cases
      the subsequent conservative therapy was sufficient to maintain serum calcium
      levels within reference range. In accordance to other investigators we consider
      hemodialysis as an effective method of low risk in hypercalcemic crises. Calcium
      rebound may occur in patients with hyperparathyrodism.

PMID- 2921847
TI  - [No fear of analgesics! Pain-free tumor patients].

PMID- 2921848
TI  - [Shared pain].

PMID- 2921849
TI  - [Position paper on anesthesia].

PMID- 2921850
TI  - [Anesthesia. Use in emergency situations].

PMID- 2921851
TI  - [Revision of guidelines. Current status of nursing education].

PMID- 2921852
TI  - [Nursing teachers in conflict].

PMID- 2921853
TI  - [Educational evaluation in the nursing facility--a precious tool].

PMID- 2921854
TI  - [Almost like home].

PMID- 2921855
TI  - [A new program at Bon Secours. 3 post-diploma specialties, one purpose].

PMID- 2921856
TI  - [Prevention of mouth disorders in terminal patients. The importance of nursing
      diagnosis].

PMID- 2921857
TI  - [Physician-patient: the dilemma of truth. 1].

PMID- 2921858
TI  - Bone marrow embolism following cryosurgery of bone: an experimental study.
AB  - Cryosurgery is commonly used in medicine for treatment of benign and malignant
      lesions. We had clinical and experimental data indicating that cryosurgery of
      intact bone could cause bone marrow intravasation and embolism, i.e., particles
      of bone marrow entering extraosseous veins and occluding pulmonary vasculature.
      This study was designed to investigate the pathogenesis of bone marrow
      intravasation and embolism after cryosurgery. Three hypotheses on the
      pathogenesis of bone marrow intravasation were tested using a model of
      cryosurgical continuity lesion in rats and rabbits. Influence of physical and
      circulatory factors were excluded supporting a mechanical-biological hypothesis;
      the intravasation of bone marrow after cryosurgery of bone is caused by an
      increased intramedullary pressure. The increased intramedullary pressure is due
      to edema in the medullary cavity caused by cryosurgical damage to cell membranes.
      It is demonstrated that the bone marrow intravasates can embolize to the lungs
      causing respiratory insufficiency. This can be a serious complication following
      cryosurgery of intact bone. Prophylactic decompression of the medullary cavity
      can possibly prevent the rise in intramedullary pressure and thus intravasation
      and embolisation of bone marrow after cryosurgery of intact bone.

PMID- 2921859
TI  - An artificial anal sphincter. Phase 2: Implantable sphincter with a perineal
      colostomy.
AB  - To find an alternative to the stigmata of abdominal colostomy, an artificial anal
      sphincter (utilizing the currently available artificial urinary sphincter) was
      implanted around an end perineal colostomy following standard abdominal perineal
      resection. Of 13 swine, 7 completed full evaluation with working sphincters, 3
      animals died prematurely of unrelated causes, and 3 animals were sacrificed due
      to sphincter slough before inflation was begun. Seven animals had long-term
      evaluation of the sphincter for 2 to 6 months' duration. In 5 animals (72%) there
      was complete fecal continence; one animal (14%) had occasional partial
      incontinence and one had total incontinence, both due to sphincter malfunction
      from breakage of the connecting tab. Two of the seven animals had delayed slough
      of the sphincter after 2 months and 4.5 months of success, and 2 animals had
      erosion of the intraperitoneal balloon reservoir into the small bowel. In
      addition, 5 of 9 (55%) control pumps were complicated by skin erosion or
      infection; all were relocated successfully. The fact that an intact artificial
      anal sphincter can provide excellent continence demonstrates that this concept of
      perineal placement for bowel control is valid. Refinements in the device to
      prevent tab breakage, investigation of correct sphincter pressures to prevent
      sloughing, and better sites for implantation of the pump and balloon reservoir
      are requisite solutions for a fully implantable system to restore near-normal
      bowel function after radical abdominal perineal resection.

PMID- 2921860
TI  - Systolic time intervals in canine experimental acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis.
AB  - The effect of experimental acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis on hemodynamics and
      systolic time intervals were studied simultaneously by catheterization in dogs.
      Following the initial hemodynamic measurements pancreatitis was induced by a
      mixture of trypsin and sodium taurocholate infused into the pancreatic duct (PG,
      n = 7). After 60 min of surveillance the hemodynamic measurements were repeated
      and the results were compared to those obtained from the sham-operated group (CG,
      n = 7) paced at a similar contraction frequency to the PG after the follow-up
      time. Left ventricular ejection time (LVET) and the ratio of PEP/LVET (PEP,
      preejection period) increased more in the PG than in the CG (P less than 0.05 and
      P less than 0.001, respectively). This was related to a lower left ventricular
      end-diastolic volume and pressure in the PG in comparison to the CG (P less than
      0.05). PEP remained unaltered in both groups during the interventions. No
      significant differences between the groups were observed in the responses of the
      maximum value of the left ventricular systolic pressure rise (dP/dtmax). The
      ejection fraction decreased more in the PG than in the CG (P less than 0.05),
      which was related to the decreased end-diastolic volume in the PG (P less than
      0.001). Mean aortic pressure decreased significantly in the PG (P less than
      0.01). The results indicate that experimental acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis
      leads to altered loading conditions of the heart and causes marked alterations in
      the systolic phases of the contraction cycle. This model of experimental
      pancreatitis does not depress the myocardial contractility on the basis of these
      results.

PMID- 2921861
TI  - Effects of enteral and intravenous antimicrobial treatment on survival following
      intestinal ischemia in rats.
AB  - One hundred and twenty rats underwent transection of the superior mesenteric
      artery. The animals were randomly divided into eight groups of 15 animals.
      Control group 1 and groups 3, 5, and 7 received intravenous normal saline,
      gentamicin, metronidazole, and gentamicin plus metronidazole, respectively.
      Control group 2 and groups 4, 6, and 8 received the same compounds enterally.
      Small and large bowel sections were taken postmortem and a necrosis score was
      assigned in blinded fashion. Gentamicin did not prolong survival, indicating that
      gram-negative microbes were not important in this pathology. Longer survival
      times for animals given either metronidazole or gentamicin plus metronidazole (P
      less than 0.01) indicate that anaerobes were a causative factor in mortality.
      During the first 15 hr after ischemia, antibiotics did not change mortality.
      After 15 hr, enteral administration was superior to intravenous administration in
      any regimen including metronidazole (P less than 0.01).

PMID- 2921862
TI  - Continuous intravenous ammonia infusion as a model for the study of hepatic
      encephalopathy in rabbits.
AB  - To obtain a more precise pathophysiological evaluation of the role of ammonia in
      acute hepatic encephalopathy, we compared the plasma ammonia concentrations and
      electroencephalographic recordings (EEGs) of rabbits with surgically induced
      acute hepatic failure (AHF, n = 10) and normal rabbits administered an infusion
      of ammonium acetate (NH4-Ac, n = 7) over a 10-hr period. AHF was surgically
      induced by portocaval shunting followed by hepatic artery ligation 48 hr later.
      In the infusion group the dose of NH4-Ac, initially 0.78 mmol/kg/hr, was
      increased every 2 hr by 0.13 mmole/kg/hr during a 10-hour period to simulate the
      arterial NH3 concentrations observed in AHF. Ammonia levels in rabbits
      administered the NH4-Ac infusion were identical to those observed in AHF, with
      the exception of the higher initial value in the AHF group. Moreover, the mean
      rates of increase in grade of encephalopathy in the two groups were similar,
      although the EEG grades in the infusion group were significantly less at all time
      points. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that a more pathophysiological
      approach to identification of the putative toxins in hepatic encephalopathy is
      feasible. Some of the EEG abnormalities of acute hepatic encephalopathy in
      rabbits are presumably due to hyperammonemia; the encephalopathy observed in AHF
      at zero time is probably caused by the previously constructed portocaval shunt
      via an undefined, but possibly also ammonia-related, mechanism.

PMID- 2921863
TI  - Measurement of human portal blood flow by continuous thermodilution.
AB  - We wanted to use the Ganz thermistor catheter, developed to measure blood flow in
      human coronary sinuses, to measure portal venous flow, which is greater. We
      prepared a model circuit with a high flow rate and studied the method for
      suitability and reproducibility of the measurements. Correlation was close
      between the measured and calculated flow rates when the thermal indicator was
      injected at the rate of 48 ml/min. Measurements were highly reproducible. The
      catheter was then tested clinically. It was inserted into the portal trunk during
      percutaneous transhepatic catheterization to measure the portal venous flow.
      Measurements in patients with cirrhosis of the liver were close to those reported
      by other workers, and were reproducible. The results suggest that this method
      will be useful for the continuous local measurement of portal venous flow that
      varies with time, and will provide information about portal circulation in
      hepatic disease.

PMID- 2921864
TI  - Linear response of collateral cerebral perfusion pressure during carotid
      clamping.
AB  - Phenylephrine is frequently used to increase systemic arterial pressure during
      carotid endarterectomy. However, little is known of its effect on collateral
      cerebral perfusion pressure, particularly in patients with high collateral
      cerebral vascular resistance who are at increased risk of cerebral ischemia
      during carotid clamping. We tested the hypothesis that this subset of patients
      can have collateral perfusion pressure, and hence collateral cerebral blood flow,
      increased in a predictable way by elevating systemic arterial pressure. We
      measured mean systemic arterial pressure (Pa), jugular venous pressure (Pv), and
      mean carotid back pressure (Pc), and calculated collateral cerebral perfusion
      pressure (P = Pc - Pv) and the ratio of collateral to ipsilateral hemisphere
      cerebral vascular resistance (Rc/Rh) in 18 patients with low P. Initial
      measurements were Pa = 84 +/- 8.8 (mm Hg, mean +/- SD), Pv = 7.8 +/- 3.9, Pc = 26
      +/- 5.1, P = 18 +/- 4.5 and Rc/Rh = 3.4 +/- 1.15. During phenylephrine infusion,
      Pa = 108 +/- 11, Pc = 32 +/- 6.5, and P = 24 +/- 7.2, increases of 29, 23, and
      33%, respectively (P less than 0.05). Unchanged were Pv = 8.2 +/- 4.1 (5%) and
      Rc/Rh = 3.5 +/- 1.30 (3%) (P greater than 0.8). The latter two findings indicate
      that cerebral perfusion pressure and mean systemic arterial pressure are linearly
      related according to the fluid mechanics equation governing these parameters: Pa
      = P(Rc/Rh + 1) + Pv. These results support the use of phenylephrine to increase
      collateral blood flow during carotid endarterectomy in patients with low cerebral
      perfusion pressure.

PMID- 2921865
TI  - In vitro toxicity of topical antimicrobial agents to human fibroblasts.
AB  - Topical antimicrobial agents are essential to optimal burn care. However,
      exposure of WI-38 human diploid fibroblasts (ATCC CCL 75) and fresh donor human
      dermal fibroblasts to silver sulfadiazine and mafenide acetate results in a
      significant reduction in cell proliferation, as determined by hemocytometer cell
      counts and total matrix protein assays, within 48 hr of exposure. Changes in
      cellular morphology and progressive deterioration of cytoplasmic organelles and
      the nucleus are seen with phase-contrast microscopy and transmission electron
      microscopy. These findings may explain the clinical observation of delayed wound
      healing after the use of topical antimicrobial agents.

PMID- 2921866
TI  - Prevention of bridge binding in immunoassays: a general estradiol tracer
      structure.
AB  - Iodinated estradiol tracers were synthesized with three different bridges
      connecting the radiolabelled moiety to the steroid core: Hemisuccinate,
      carboxymethyloxime and amide. Taking these iodinated tracers in combination with
      ten antibodies raised against estradiol-6-CMO-albumin, titers and slopes of
      calibration curves have been compared to the corresponding data using a 3H
      tracer. The data indicate that the tracer with the amide bridge is recognized
      similarly to the tritiated estradiol by all antibodies tested, whereas the two
      other iodinated tracers exhibit substantial bridge binding. The results suggest
      that the amide tracer structure can generally be used to improve the quality of
      estradiol antibodies suffering from bridge binding effects.

PMID- 2921867
TI  - In vitro evidence for modification of rat liver glucocorticoid receptor binding
      properties and transformation by hyperthermia.
AB  - The physico-chemical parameters of the interaction of [3H]triamcinolone acetonide
      (TA) with the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and the in vitro activation of
      glucocorticoid-receptor complexes were studied in liver cytosols of rats exposed
      to 41 degrees C hyperthermia. A significant reduction in glucocorticoid binding
      and a slight increase in binding affinity were detected in hyperthermic rats as
      compared to the controls. The number of binding sites was 0.48 +/- 0.02 and 0.73
      +/- 0.03 pmol/mg protein for heat-treated and control rats, respectively.
      Differences in equilibrium dissociation constants (0.52 +/- 0.08 nM for
      hyperthermic and 0.94 +/- 0.13 nM for control animals) were reflected in
      corresponding differences in dissociation rate constants at 25 degrees C (5.1 x
      10(-4) and 7.5 x 10(-4) min-1, respectively), whereas association rate constants
      were similar. The inactivation kinetics of unoccupied GR at 25 degrees C was the
      same in both groups. Glucocorticoid-receptor complexes in liver cytosol from
      hyperthermic and control rats were thermally activated to a similar extent, but
      the activation rate was significantly lower in the former. Mixing experiments
      with the control and hyperthermic rat liver cytosols suggest that this impairment
      of glucocorticoid-receptor complexes activation could be at least in part
      ascribed to heat stress-related changes in the action of activation modulator(s).
      Sedimentation behaviour of unactivated and activated [3H]TA-receptor complexes of
      hyperthermic and control rats was identical.

PMID- 2921868
TI  - Comparative effects of 17 beta-estradiol, progestin R5020, tamoxifen and RU38486
      on lactate dehydrogenase activity in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells.
AB  - The effects of 17 beta-estradiol (estradiol), synthetic progestin R5020 and their
      antagonists, tamoxifen (Tam) and synthetic RU38486 on lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
      activity in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells during the growth period were
      studied. A specially developed quantitative cytochemical assay was used; LDH
      activity is expressed per cell, and is thus independent of the positive and
      negative growth effects of the hormones and antagonists. Estradiol and R5020
      stimulated LDH activity after similar exposures (6-48 h) and the stimuli were
      concentration dependent over the range 10(-7) M to 10(-10) M. As for the
      antagonists, RU38486 stimulated LDH activity in much the same way as estradiol
      and R5020; Tam alone, on the other hand, does not stimulate LDH, but when added
      to estradiol, Tam inhibits estradiol mediated LDH activation. When present at
      half-stimulant concentration, estradiol + R5020 and estradiol + RU38486 exhibit
      additive effects on LDH activity. Thus LDH appears to be an interesting tool for
      the study of hormone and antagonist effects in MCF-7 breast cancer cells.

PMID- 2921869
TI  - Interaction of antiprogestins with progesterone receptors in rat uterus.
AB  - Cytosolic and nuclear progesterone receptors (PRc and PRn) under antiprogestin
      treatment were measured in rat deciduoma and compared with values for
      contralateral (nondeciduomatous) rat uterine tissue. Uterine PRc and PRn of the
      progesterone treated group were 101 +/- 8.7 and 4770 +/- 590 fmol/mg DNA
      respectively. After treatment with antiprogestins STS-557, 5 alpha-DNE, (5 alpha
      dihydronorethisterone), 5 alpha-DNG (5 alpha-dihydronorgestrel), RU-22092 and RU
      16556, PRc in the nondeciduomatous control horn ranged from 127 to 377 fmol/mg
      DNA and PRn from 2785 to 17925 fmol/mg DNA. In the decidual tissue, PRc decreased
      significantly (4.6 +/- 0.8 fmol/mg DNA) on 5 alpha-DNG treatment as compared with
      the progesterone alone treatment group (147 +/- 3.8). PRn in decidual tissue also
      decreased maximally on 5 alpha-DNG treatment. These results suggest that the
      interaction of antiprogestins may not be identical in control uterine tissue and
      in deciduoma.

PMID- 2921870
TI  - The kinetic mechanism of the hypothalamic progesterone 5 alpha-reductase.
AB  - The kinetic mechanism of the hypothalamic NADPH-linked progesterone 5 alpha
      reductase from female rats was determined to be equilibrium ordered sequential by
      initial velocity, product inhibition and dead-end inhibition studies. Analysis of
      the initial velocity data resulted in intersecting double reciprocal plots
      indicating a sequential mechanism (apparent Km (progesterone) = 95.4 +/- 4.5 nM;
      apparent Kia(NADPH) = 9.9 +/- 0.7 microM). The plot of 1/v vs 1/progesterone
      intersected on the ordinate which is consistent with an equilibrium ordered
      mechanism. Ordered addition of the substrates was also supported by product
      inhibition studies with NADP versus NADPH and NADP versus progesterone. NADP is a
      competitive inhibitor versus NADPH (apparent Kis = 4.3 +/- 1.3 microM) and a
      noncompetitive inhibitor versus progesterone (apparent Kis = 31.9 +/- 1.4 microM
      and apparent Kii = 145.4 +/- 15.5 microM). These inhibition patterns show that
      NADPH binds prior to progesterone. Taken together, these analyses indicate that
      the cofactor, NADPH, binds to the enzyme in rapid equilibrium and preferentially
      precedes the binding of progesterone.

PMID- 2921871
TI  - No evidence for aromatization of [3H]testosterone in oestrogen receptor
      containing cells of the epididymis.
AB  - Oestrogen receptors are found in the principal cells of the caput and in apical
      and clear cells of the epididymis of the mouse. The distribution pattern of
      oestrogen receptors is different from that of androgen receptors and suggests a
      physiological role for oestrogens in the epididymis. We examined by competition
      experiments and thaw-mount autoradiography to see whether aromatization of
      [3H]testosterone is the source of oestrogens in the epididymis. After injection
      of [3H]testosterone we found the same labeling pattern as after non-aromatizable
      [3H]dihydrotestosterone. In particular, apical and clear cells showed a low or no
      nuclear concentration of radioactivity as with [3H]dihydrotestosterone.
      Competition with oestradiol had no effect on the binding pattern of
      [3H]testosterone in the epididymis in contrast to its effects in the brain of the
      same animals. Competition with dihydrotestosterone abolished labeling in contrast
      to the brain, where no effect was observed. Thus no aromatization of
      [3H]testosterone to oestrogens but conversion to dihydrotestosterone seems to
      occur in the epididymis.

PMID- 2921872
TI  - Dissociation of 19-hydroxy- 19-oxo-, and aromatizing-activities in human
      placental microsomes through the use of suicide substrates to aromatase.
AB  - Suicide substrates of aromatase were used as chemical probes to determine if free
      19-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione (19-OHA) and 19-oxoandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione
      (19-oxoA) are obligatory intermediates in the aromatization of androst-4-ene-3,17
      dione (androstenedione) to oestrone by human placental aromatase. A radiometric
      HPLC assay was used to monitor 19-hydroxy, 19-oxo-, and aromatized products
      formed in incubations of [14C]androstenedione and human placental microsomes.
      When microsomes were preincubated with the suicide substrates 10 beta-mercapto
      estr-4-ene-3,17-dione (10 beta-SHnorA), or 17 beta-hydroxy-10 beta-mercaptoestr-4
      ene-3-one (10 beta-SHnorT), it was found that 19-hydroxy-, 19-oxo- and aromatase
      activities were inhibited in parallel. However, when the suicide substrates 4
      hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione (4-OHA) and 19-mercaptoandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione
      (19-SHA) were preincubated with placental microsomes, significantly greater
      inhibition of formation of oestrogens was observed in comparison to the
      inhibition of formation of 19-hydroxy- and 19-oxo-metabolites. Furthermore,
      significantly more time-dependent inhibition of 19-oxoA formation was observed in
      comparison to inhibition of 19-OHA formation with these same inhibitors. These
      results suggest that 19-hydroxy- and 19-oxo-androstenediones are not free,
      obligatory intermediates in the aromatization of androstenedione by human
      placental aromatase, but rather are products of their own autonomous cytochrome P
      450-dependent, microsomal enzymatic activities.

PMID- 2921873
TI  - Identification of 20 alpha-hydroxy-5 alpha-pregnan-3-one and 20 beta-hydroxy-5
      alpha-pregnan-3-one in human pregnancy urine.
AB  - 20 beta-Hydroxy-5 alpha-pregnan-3-one and 20 alpha-hydroxy-5 alpha-pregnan-3-one
      were isolated and identified from a pool of urine collected from women in the
      third trimester of pregnancy. Following isolation by Sephadex LH-20 and HPLC, the
      identity of each compound was established by comparison of GC-MS data for the
      methyloxime-trimethylsilyl ethers with those for authentic standards.

PMID- 2921874
TI  - Effect of inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis on epinephrine-induced
      gastroduodenal electromechanical changes in humans.
AB  - We conducted a double-blind randomized study to investigate the role of
      endogenous prostaglandins in epinephrine-induced changes in human gastric
      electromechanical activity. Intravenous administration of a pharmacologic dosage
      of epinephrine (222 ng/kg per min) caused gastric dysrhythmia in 8 of 12 healthy
      subjects. After indomethacin treatment, the incidence of epinephrine-induced
      gastric dysrhythmia was reduced to 4 of 12 healthy subjects, which is similar to
      the incidence of gastric dysrhythmia noted in the placebo group. The difference,
      however, was not statistically significant (P = 0.2). Epinephrine also
      substantially inhibited both the amplitude and the frequency of antral
      contractions. Indomethacin treatment partially reversed the reduction in the
      amplitude but not the frequency of antral contractions. These results suggest
      that endogenous prostaglandins may, in part, regulate the amplitude of human
      antral contractions; however, the role of prostaglandins in epinephrine-induced
      gastric dysrhythmia in humans remains uncertain.

PMID- 2921875
TI  - Acute acalculous cholecystitis.
AB  - Acute acalculous cholecystitis occurs infrequently, but the incidence seems to be
      increasing. Its attendant high associated morbidity and mortality dictate prompt
      diagnosis. Diagnosing this condition is often difficult because of the patient's
      debilitated medical condition and the limitations of biliary imaging techniques.
      During a 5-year study period (1981 through 1986), 20 patients underwent
      assessment and treatment for acute acalculous cholecystitis at our institution.
      This observation suggests an increase in incidence in comparison with a
      previously reported review of 28 such patients during a 16-year period at our
      institution. Initial treatment consisted of cholecystectomy in 18 patients, and
      percutaneous transhepatic cholecystostomy was successfully used in the other 2
      patients. The postoperative mortality and morbidity for these 20 patients were
      30% and 55%, respectively. Percutaneous transhepatic cholecystostomy should be
      explored further as a treatment option for acute acalculous cholecystitis.

PMID- 2921876
TI  - Proper use of aerosol corticosteroids to control asthma.
AB  - Aerosol glucocorticoids are highly effective in the treatment of bronchial
      asthma. Clinically apparent systemic hypercortisolism is virtually nonexistent in
      patients who receive such therapy, although local effects of candidiasis or
      dysphonia may occur. Treatment failures can often be attributed to poor patient
      compliance or incorrect use of the pressurized aerosol inhaler. The addition of a
      spacer device to the inhaler improves the technique and the results in many
      patients. Furthermore, many patients with asthma require 2 or 3 times the
      conventional dose of aerosol corticosteroids for optimal control of pulmonary
      function. Careful coaching is essential for the successful use of aerosol
      corticosteroids.

PMID- 2921877
TI  - Acute acalculous cholecystitis.

PMID- 2921878
TI  - Ethanol ablation of parathyroid tumors.

PMID- 2921879
TI  - Thyroxine replacement therapy and bone mineral density.

PMID- 2921880
TI  - Tuberculosis in the US Hispanic population.

PMID- 2921881
TI  - Advances in health status assessment. Overview of the conference.
AB  - Although the art and science of health status measurement have a considerable
      history that is in some ways as old as the healing arts themselves, interest and
      developments in this field have accelerated in the last two decades. To take
      advantage of this encouraging environment, the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation
      sponsored its second conference on Advances in Health Status Assessment. It had
      two major goals: first, to let developers and potential users of health
      assessment tools explore further the conceptual and methodologic issues of
      particular concern to them; second, to highlight advances in applying these tools
      to clinical practice, clinical and biomedical research, and policy research. This
      monograph reports on the proceedings of that conference: three overviews and nine
      empirical reports in the above mentioned areas, one special report on health
      promotion, and four studies on particular methodologic issues: barriers to the
      use of health status assessment instruments; the advantages and limitations of
      generic and disease-specific measures; incorporating patient utilities into
      health status measures; and discounting. The conference highlighted both the
      considerable advances made in this field in the recent past and the numerous
      conceptual, methodologic, and practical problems yet to be resolved.

PMID- 2921882
TI  - Advances in health status assessment: conference proceedings. July 13-15, 1988,
      Menlo Park, California.

PMID- 2921883
TI  - Patterns of change in disability and well-being.
AB  - Longitudinal data that track the course of disability and well-being are being
      collected for older populations, with remeasurements taken at annual or longer
      intervals. These can miss much of the genuine dynamics that older people
      experience. This analysis uses a data set with fine-grained data on health and
      function. It involves 165 persons ages 55 and over who were followed for minimum
      of 1 year (up to 2 years) after hospitalization for a chronic condition (six of
      which were specified). Within that period, each person had nine separate contacts
      for assessment of cognitive, physical, social, and emotional function.
      Respondents also kept health diaries continuously for a year. This article
      reports patterns of change for the diaries only, focusing on two items recorded
      daily: self-rated health and activity level. We analyze the data visually, by
      plots of these items over time for each person, and statistically, by numerical
      indicators of changes and levels for the items. Differentials in changes and
      levels by patient characteristics (e.g., age, sex, marital status, diagnosis)
      were explored. Most people experience a posthospital improvement, with the
      majority attaining their usual levels of well-being and activity, despite their
      serious illness. But this recovery is usually interrupted by episodes of low well
      being and activity and even further hospital stays. Statistical analyses show
      that, overall, physical health suffers a small decline over the year whereas
      activity levels tend to improve. Health is worst and activity levels lowest,
      gains are smallest and declines largest, for elderly (ages 75 and older) men and
      for nonmarried people, especially men. Together, the visual and statistical
      analyses confirm the profound dynamics in health and function that middle-aged
      and older people with chronic conditions experience.

PMID- 2921884
TI  - Multidimensionality of health status in an elderly population. Construct validity
      of a measurement battery.
AB  - Although health is generally accepted to be a multidimensional construct, the
      relationship among various domains has not been well defined. To understand this
      issue better we used principal components analysis to examine the relations among
      a set of health status measures gathered on 590 elderly members of a health
      maintenance organization (HMO). These included functional health, emotional
      health, social activity within and outside of the family, and cognitive
      functioning (all based on patient interview), physicians' ratings of patients'
      health, and chart-derived data on physiologic health. Support was obtained for
      the umbrella concept of "health" as well as for six subcomponents: functional
      health, emotional health, physiologic health, both kinds of social activity, and
      cognitive functioning. Patients' ratings of their overall physical and mental
      health were related to functional, physiologic, and emotional health factors,
      whereas physicians' ratings of overall physical and mental health were never
      related to the emotional health factor. This suggests that patients may hold a
      broader frame of reference in gauging overall health than physicians do.

PMID- 2921885
TI  - The Quality of Well-being Scale. Applications in AIDS, cystic fibrosis, and
      arthritis.
AB  - The Quality of Well-being (QWB) Scale combines preference-weighted measures of
      symptoms and functioning to provide a numerical point in-time expression of well
      being that ranges from zero (0) for death to 1.0 for asymptomatic optimum
      functioning. The QWB includes three scales of function: mobility, physical
      activity, and social activity. Each step of these scales is associated with
      preference weights. Preference adjustments for symptoms are also included. This
      paper describes how this general system was used to evaluate outcomes in three
      different clinical conditions: acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), cystic
      fibrosis, and arthritis. In one study, the QWB was administered to 31 patients
      participating in evaluation of azidothymidine (AZT) treatment for AIDS. The QWB
      system demonstrated substantial benefits of AZT treatment in comparison to
      placebo. In a second study, the QWB and a series of pulmonary function measures
      were administered to 44 patients with cystic fibrosis. The QWB was demonstrated
      to be significantly correlated with measures of pulmonary function, including
      FEV1 and maximal midexpiratory flow rate (MMEFR). In addition, there were
      significant associations between the QWB and measures of exercise tolerance. In
      the third study, the QWB and an arthritis-specific measure were administered to
      83 arthritis patients before and after their treatment. The QWB was at least as
      capable of detecting clinical change in this population as was the disease
      specific measure. For all three conditions, the QWB considered side effects and
      benefits of treatment in a common unit. Clinical trial data are cited to suggest
      that the QWB is a valuable outcome measure in arthritis treatment evaluation. We
      conclude that the QWB has substantial validity as a general health outcome
      measure and that the system can be used with different populations.

PMID- 2921886
TI  - General versus disease-specific measures. Further work on the Sickness Impact
      Profile for head injury.
AB  - Three modifications devised to make the Sickness Impact Profile more sensitive to
      head injury are evaluated in 202 head-injured and 132 general trauma patients 1
      month and 12 months after injury. The modifications consist of adding items,
      deleting nonapplicable items, and reweighting areas of function. Each of the
      modifications, and especially all three combined, slightly but significantly
      improve discrimination of head-injured and comparison subjects and increase
      correlations with neurologic and neuropsychologic severity indexes. These slight
      improvements occur more often at 12 months than at 1 month and among those
      without rather than with pre-existing conditions. No improvements are found in
      the ability to classify patients into subgroups. The modifications fail to make
      improvements sufficiently large or consistent to provide a practical advantage
      over the SIP. The standard SIP provides a reasonable measure of psychosocial
      functioning following head injury. It relates to head injury and other system
      injury severity and reflects recovery with time. The SIP score relates to
      emotional functioning even after injury severity has been taken into account.
      Until other factors, such as emotional status and responses style, are better
      controlled, little benefit is likely to be obtained from creating disease
      specific psychosocial measures.

PMID- 2921887
TI  - Assessment of children's health status. Field test of new approaches.
AB  - The assessment of children's health status presents unique difficulties. These
      include parent-child differences in reports of functioning, knowledge of what
      constitutes age-appropriate functioning, obtainment of accurate information for
      child, and demonstration of the predictivity of health status measures. Recent
      measures (the Functional Status II-R and instruments from the RAND Health
      Insurance Experiment) address physical, social, and psychologic domains of
      children's health. The authors modified these instruments to develop short (7 and
      14 items) questionnaires (RAND, FSQ) to assess child health. Scoring on these
      questionnaires was compared with traditional measures of illness severity and
      medical service utilization. The authors also evaluated coding illness-specific
      and general health limitations (FSQ-S and FSQ-G, respectively). Patients included
      the parents of 113 children with chronic illness (100 asthmatics). Measure
      stability was evaluated over a 6-month period in a subset of patients. Internal
      consistency (Cronbach's alpha) of the seven-item RAND measure was .78, the FSQ-S
      .78, and the FSQ-G .73 to .89 during repeated samplings over 6 months. The FSQ-S
      and Rand seven-item measure were moderately correlated (.47, P less than .001).
      The authors observed significant correlations among alternate codings of the FSQ
      and RAND and between the FSQ-S, FSQ-G, RAND, and severity measure with
      traditional indices of medical service utilization. Parents were more likely to
      attribute certain functional status problems (e.g., being tired) to illness than
      they were other problems (e.g., moodiness or interest in things). The findings
      demonstrate that these measures have acceptable psychometric properties and
      provide preliminary evidence of construct validity in a group of young children
      with asthma. Using general and specific measures will provide differing pictures
      of a child's functioning. No single measure completely taps the impact of illness
      as measured by a panel of traditional indicators of illness burden and medical
      service utilization.

PMID- 2921888
TI  - Using composite health status measures to assess the nation's health.
AB  - Research in progress at the National Center for Health Statistics for evaluating
      the usefulness of composite measures of health status for assessing the nation's
      health is described. Three measures suitable for use in the general population,
      the Health Insurance Experiment-Functional Limitations (HIE-FL), the Health
      Utility Index (HUI), and the Quality of Well-being (QWB) scale, have been mapped
      to data collected in the 1980 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). Analysis
      using current algorithms for making composite function status measures according
      to the QWB methods suggests that traditional single indicators of health tend to
      overestimate the level of health by about 10%. When symptoms and problems are
      added to the composite function score, the overestimate as measured by the single
      indicator is at least 50%. The authors are continuing to validate these
      algorithms, to develop similar ones for the HIE-FL and HUI, and to extend the
      analysis to data collected in 1977, 1979, and 1984. Current results indicate that
      to realize fully the benefits of composite measures, well-established, valid, and
      reliable measures of health-related quality of life should be included as part of
      the regular NHIS data collection procedures.

PMID- 2921889
TI  - Using proxies to evaluate quality of life. Can they provide valid information
      about patients' health status and satisfaction with medical care?
AB  - Instruments using interview data to measure health status have been increasingly
      used to measure patient outcomes. To assess the potential utility of proxy
      responses about health status when subjects are unable to respond, the authors
      compared the responses of 60 subject and proxy pairs on instruments measuring
      overall current health, functional status, social activity, emotional health, and
      satisfaction with medical care. Proxies were asked to respond as they thought the
      subject would. Subject and proxy responses were strongly correlated with each
      other for overall health, functional status, social activity, and emotional
      health (P less than .001), and moderately correlated for satisfaction (P less
      than .005). Proxies reported lower emotional health and satisfaction than did
      subjects (P less than .005). Proxy and subject mean responses were generally
      similar for overall health, functional status, and social activity. However,
      those proxies who spent more time per week helping the subject rated the
      subject's functional status and social activity as more impaired than did the
      subject (P less than .05). Subjects who had poorer overall health tended to rate
      their health relatively lower than did the proxies (P less than .05). These
      results suggest that use of proxies intermingled with subjects to measure health
      status through interview may lead to biased results.

PMID- 2921890
TI  - Health perceptions of primary care patients and the influence on health care
      utilization.
AB  - This prospective study was conducted to determine the influence of primary care
      patients' health perceptions on their utilization of health care services.
      Patients' health perceptions were measured using the RAND Corporation's General
      Health Perceptions Questionnaire. Physicians provided scores of how they thought
      the patients perceived their health and of actual physical and emotional health.
      Utilization data (number of office visits, number of telephone calls to the
      physician, and ambulatory charges) were evaluated for a 12-month period after
      completion of the questionnaire. Of 208 patients, 62 (30%) patients with health
      perceptions scores less than 50 had greater degrees of anxiety (P less than
      .001), depression (P less than .001), health-related worry (P less than .001),
      and felt less able to resist illness (P less than .001) than patients with higher
      health perception scores. Analysis of covariance was used to control for
      differences in physical health among groups of patients with varying health
      perceptions. These analyses revealed that patients with low health perceptions
      made more office visits (P = .002), more telephone calls to the physician (P =
      .01), and had more office charges (P = .05) than patients with higher scores.
      Physicians accurately predicted the patients' health perceptions in 49% of the
      cases. In 37%, they thought patients would score their health perceptions higher
      than they did; in 14% they thought patients would score their health perceptions
      lower. Health perceptions are an important factor contributing to the use of
      health care by primary care patients, regardless of the patient's actual physical
      health. Persons with low health perceptions account for approximately 5% of
      office visits, a clinically important fraction, especially when compared to the
      9% of office visits for hypertension, the most common disease treated in the
      medical office.

PMID- 2921891
TI  - [Quo vadis, psychiatry?].

PMID- 2921892
TI  - [Interleukins--hormones of immunologic defense].

PMID- 2921893
TI  - [Risk of overestimation of non-pharmacologic treatment of hypertension?].

PMID- 2921894
TI  - [PO2 value is less reliable when frozen blood specimens are used].

PMID- 2921895
TI  - [Ultraviolet rays are not cytotoxic].

PMID- 2921896
TI  - [Combined drug therapy against Campylobacter in duodenal ulcer and non-ulcerous
      dyspepsia].

PMID- 2921898
TI  - [Large dose of medicine in the National Encyclopedia. Also, wrong terms by the
      national linguistic standards].

PMID- 2921897
TI  - [Anal incontinence--examination and treatment].

PMID- 2921899
TI  - [Vaccines today and tomorrow].

PMID- 2921901
TI  - [Social medicine. The usefulness of research in social medicine--from practical
      application to ideas].

PMID- 2921900
TI  - [Terminal care programs].

PMID- 2921902
TI  - [123 cases of adverse effects of alternative medicine. Several severe injuries
      after a stay at a health resort].

PMID- 2921903
TI  - [Bengt Winblad, geriatric researcher: the need for care increases with more and
      more people over the age of 80].

PMID- 2921904
TI  - [A valuable publication about the role of general medicine in the future].

PMID- 2921905
TI  - [Fetal surgery--surgical incompetence or a realistic treatment alternative?].

PMID- 2921906
TI  - [Risk of overvaccination against tetanus--who is deciding: the National Board of
      Health and Welfare or the manufacturer?].

PMID- 2921907
TI  - [Award-winning poster on wound management].

PMID- 2921908
TI  - [Fibromyalgia--an entity?].

PMID- 2921909
TI  - [Platelet activating factor--a new agent to control asthma].

PMID- 2921910
TI  - [Family therapy often has a good effect on psychiatric problems].

PMID- 2921911
TI  - [Tinnitus--examination, management and treatment].

PMID- 2921912
TI  - [An effective peroral cholera vaccine developed in Sweden].

PMID- 2921913
TI  - [A promising new vaccine against typhoid fever].

PMID- 2921914
TI  - [A dramatic spread of HIV in Southeast Asia. The number of infected addicts using
      syringes increased from 16 to 43 per cent in 1 year in Thailand].

PMID- 2921915
TI  - [The status of the human embryo in ideologic history--an erroneous translation of
      the Holy Bible influences the debate on abortion].

PMID- 2921916
TI  - [Ethics in life's borderland. Keep human life and biological life apart and
      experience and medically prove death].

PMID- 2921918
TI  - [Time for Swedish education in the science of public health].

PMID- 2921917
TI  - [How ought the science of public health be developed?].

PMID- 2921919
TI  - [It is unreasonable to demand a time limit in government-supported education in
      psychotherapy].

PMID- 2921920
TI  - [Delegation of aged challenges primary care as the basis of geriatric hospital
      care].

PMID- 2921921
TI  - [To drink moderately--good and bad for the cardiovascular system].

PMID- 2921922
TI  - [Does the number of menstrual cycles influence the risk of breast cancer?].

PMID- 2921924
TI  - [Treatment of dermatoses using the Bucky method is effective and comfortable for
      the patient].

PMID- 2921923
TI  - [Analyses of serum potassium in outpatients can be done at comparatively long
      intervals].

PMID- 2921925
TI  - [Iontophoresis in hyperhidrosis depresses sweating].

PMID- 2921926
TI  - [Hazardous work and predictors of hand eczema--vocational guidance of patients
      with atopic allergy].

PMID- 2921927
TI  - [Bipolar esophageal ECG improves diagnostic possibilities].

PMID- 2921928
TI  - [How acute is psychiatric consultation?].

PMID- 2921929
TI  - [Abdominal aortic aneurysm with aortocaval fistula--a rare complication].

PMID- 2921930
TI  - [Aneurysm of the aortic arch treated surgically under hypothermia and circulatory
      arrest].

PMID- 2921931
TI  - [Perimyocarditis with elevated cardiac enzymes caused by Borrelia infection].

PMID- 2921932
TI  - [Prevention with agents affecting uterine contraction is seldom necessary in the
      third stage of labor].

PMID- 2921933
TI  - [Social medicine].

PMID- 2921934
TI  - [Collagen antibodies and their effect on wound healing].
AB  - The influence of antibodies to collagen on wound healing was tested by the use of
      a standard incision wound in rats. The antisera--specific for the terminal
      determinants of the collagen molecule--were obtained from rabbits immunized with
      rat--or pig--skin collagen and injected intraperitoneally, i.e. systemically.
      Generalized immune reactions or signs of incompatibility were not observed. The
      injection of antisera on the 7th postoperative day led to a significant gain of
      tensile strength. This effect was achieved by the homologous antiserum (p less
      than 0.01) as well as by the heterologous antiserum (p less than 0.04). The
      heterologous antiserum further induced a significant fall of free serum
      hydroxyproline (p less than 0.005). The application of the heterologous antiserum
      on the 14th postoperative day caused a significant decrease of tensile strength
      (p less than 0.006). The results are referred to collagen-specific immune
      reactions and varying conditions in the wounded area during different phases of
      wound healing.

PMID- 2921935
TI  - [Chronic osteomyelitis and cancer of the fistula].
AB  - Malignant change following chronic osteomyelitis with draining sinuses is rare
      (0.38-2.7%). The time from onset of osteomyelitis until malignant changes differs
      but needs 30 years in an average. Most patients are men between 50 and 60 years
      of age. If there is any doubt about malignancy (bleeding, tumor growth) biopsy
      should be performed and repeated if histological findings give no clear
      diagnosis. Metastases should be excluded by x-ray of the chest, scintigram and CT
      of the regional lymphnodes. Correct surgical therapy can only be done by
      amputation or exarticulation of the extremity. Patients who were operated upon
      malignant carcinoma of a sinus after osteomyelitis ought to be controlled in a
      regular follow-up including blood test (tumor marker).

PMID- 2921936
TI  - [AIDS--current significance in surgery].

PMID- 2921937
TI  - Tryglycylvasopressin-reduced portal and systemic concentrations of serum bile
      acids after exogenous chenodeoxycholic acid load in rats as a reflection of
      reduced splanchnic blood flow.
AB  - The effect of triglycylvasopressin (TGVP) on the absorption of chenodeoxycholic
      acid (CDCA) was investigated in three groups of six rats (controls, CDCA, CDCA +
      TGVP) through the evaluation of portal and caval serum bile acids (SBA)
      concentrations after an oral load with CDCA to investigate whether changes in
      this parameter reflect variations in splanchnic blood flow induced by a
      vasoconstrictor. The results indicate that CDCA was absorbed and led to a
      significant increase in SBA. This increase was reduced by TGVP administration:
      portal blood 380.0 +/- 61.2 vs 279.7 +/- 45.3; caval blood 151.8 +/- 45.7 vs 41.7
      +/- 12.5 (mumol/l; mean +/- s.d.). This suggests that variations in SBA
      concentrations could reflect changes in splanchnic circulation.

PMID- 2921938
TI  - Caroli's disease and adult polycystic kidney disease: a rarely recognized
      association.
AB  - Caroli's disease is a rare form of fibropolycystic disease of the hepatobiliary
      system characterized by segmental cystic dilatation of intrahepatic ducts. It is
      associated with intrahepatic cholelithiasis, cholangitis and hepatic abscesses.
      Like other forms of fibropolycystic disease of the liver, Caroli's disease is
      often accompanied by cystic renal disease, specifically renal tubular ectasia or
      medullary sponge kidney. Adult-type polycystic kidney disease associated with
      Caroli's disease is rare, only one such case having appeared in the literature to
      our knowledge. We present a second instance of this association.

PMID- 2921939
TI  - Relation of sinusoidal stenoses following hepatocyte swelling to hepatic vascular
      resistance in experimental liver cirrhosis.
AB  - To investigate the significance of sinusoidal stenoses and a decrease in the
      sinusoidal bed due to hepatic cell swelling as a factor increasing hepatic
      vascular resistance in liver cirrhosis, hepatic vascular resistance in choline
      deficient diet-induced cirrhotic rats was measured by an isolated liver perfusion
      method. In the cirrhotic rats, the swollen hepatic cells resulting from
      accumulation of fat droplets narrowed the sinusoids and decreased the sinusoidal
      bed. Consequently, the hepatic vascular resistance was increased by 2.7 times
      normal (8.60 +/- 2.32 mm H2O.ml-1.min; controls, 3.13 +/- 0.67 mm H2O.ml-1.min),
      and portal hypertension was also recognized (188.1 +/- 26.3 mm H2O; controls,
      114.2 +/- 12.8 mm H2O). In the cirrhotic rats fed with ordinary rat pellets for 2
      months, however, the sinusoidal stenoses and the decreased sinusoidal bed
      recovered to nearly normal as a result of disappearance of the fat droplets in
      the hepatic cells. The increased hepatic vascular resistance was decreased to 1.5
      times normal (4.68 +/- 0.82 mm H2O.ml-1.min), and the elevated portal vein
      pressure was reduced (141.5 +/- 17.4 mm H2O). These findings clearly demonstrate
      that an important factor leading to an increase in hepatic vascular resistance is
      sinusoidal stenoses and a decrease in the sinusoidal bed resulting from swollen
      hepatic cells.

PMID- 2921940
TI  - Protective effect of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) on energy metabolism and
      reticuloendothelial function in the ischemically damaged canine liver.
AB  - The protective effects of PGE1 on ischemia-related liver damage were evaluated in
      dogs. Ninety minutes warm hepatic ischemia was induced by the total clamping of
      hepatic inflow vasculatures with portal bypassing. The survival rate improved up
      to 62.5% when PGE1 was administered intravenously prior to ischemia, while no dog
      survived for longer than 1 week in the nontreated group. Hepatic ATP content was
      restored up to 80% of preischemic level 2 h after reflow in the PGE1 pretreated
      group, compared to 55% recovery in the nontreated group. Complete normalization
      of hepatic energy charge and rapid decrease of lactate were also seen in the PGE1
      group. The clearance rate of intravascular lipid emulsion remained fairly normal
      in the PGE1 group, thereby suggesting well-preserved hepatic reticuloendothelial
      functions. The serum activities of beta-glucuronidase, GOT and GPT were
      suppressed in the PGE1-pretreated group, thereby implying a well-protected
      hepatic integrity. The histology revealed well-preserved hepatic architecture.
      The remarkable cytoprotective effect of PGE1 on hepatic ischemia shown in this
      study indicates that PGE1 warrants further study for protection of ischemically
      compromised hepatic allografts.

PMID- 2921941
TI  - Rheumatoid aortitis: a rarely recognized but clinically significant entity.
AB  - Aortitis as a feature of rheumatoid arthritis is considered rare. We have,
      however, identified 10 patients with aortitis from among 188 consecutive autopsy
      cases of rheumatoid arthritis. There were 5 men and 5 women with a mean duration
      of rheumatoid arthritis of 9.6 years. Nine were rheumatoid factor positive and
      had associated nodules. In addition to standard treatment regimens, 9 patients
      received corticosteroids. Although involvement of the thoracic aorta was most
      common, involvement of both the thoracic and abdominal aorta was present in 4
      cases. Two patients had aneurysmal dilatation of the thoracic aorta and 1 of the
      abdominal aorta. Microscopic features of aortitis included necrosis of medial
      smooth muscle and elastica, with an inflammatory infiltrate comprising primarily
      lymphocytes and plasma cells. A panmural aortitis was seen in 3 cases. Rheumatoid
      granulomas were noted in the aortic wall in 5. The diagnosis of aortitis was not
      made until autopsy in any case. Aortitis was hemodynamically significant in 3
      patients. Two had congestive heart failure secondary to thoracic aortitis and
      aortic valvulitis, and 1 had rupture of an abdominal aortic aneurysm at a site
      involved by aortitis. Seven patients had rheumatoid vasculitis with a mean of 10
      organs involved. Six of these died of complications directly related to
      vasculitis, including 4 patients with coronary arteritis and associated
      myocardial infarction. Aortitis can be a feature of severe rheumatoid arthritis
      and is often associated with rheumatoid vasculitis. Hemodynamic compromise does
      occur and may be fatal.

PMID- 2921942
TI  - Inferring the number of evolutionary events from DNA coding sequence differences.
AB  - The estimation of the amount of evolutionary divergence that has taken place
      between two DNA coding sequences depends strongly on the degree of constraint on
      amino acid replacements. If amino acid replacements are relatively unconstrained,
      the individual nucleotide is the appropriate unit of analysis and the method of
      Tajima and Nei can be used. If amino acid replacements are constrained, however,
      this method is shown to be inapplicable. For sequences with strong amino acid
      constraints, a method is outlined analogous to the Tajima and Nei method using
      codons as the unit of analysis. Only synonymous substitutions are used. Codon
      usage data can be employed to estimate the necessary parameters of the
      calculation, or a priori models of substitution may be employed. Sequences with
      significant but intermediate constraints on amino acid replacements are, in
      principle, unanalyzable.

PMID- 2921943
TI  - Evolution of homologous domains of cytoplasmic intermediate filament proteins and
      lamins.
AB  - The earliest gene duplications in the evolution of the intermediate filament
      proteins created the ancestors of acidic keratins, basic keratins, nonepithelial
      intermediate filament proteins, and lamins. Biochemistry and function of
      cytoplasmic intermediate filaments differ greatly from those of lamins.
      Cytoplasmic intermediate filament proteins have a different cellular location
      than lamins, form different types of supramolecular structures, and are missing a
      protein segment found in lamins; but the data presented here indicate that the
      cytoplasmic intermediate filaments do not have a common ancestor separate from
      the ancestor of lamins. In the non-epithelial intermediate filament branch, the
      ancestor of neurofilament proteins and the common ancestor of desmin, vimentin,
      and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) diverged first. By evolutionary
      criteria, the intermediate filament protein recently discovered in neuronal cells
      does not belong to the neurofilament family but is more closely related to
      desmin, vimentin, and GFAP. Sequences of different sub-domains yield different
      evolutionary trees, possibly indicating existence of sub-domain-specific
      functions.

PMID- 2921944
TI  - Rapid evolution of variants in a rodent multigene family encoding salivary
      proteins.
AB  - A survey of polypeptides encoded by RNA isolated from the submandibular glands of
      members of the Muridae (species of Mus and Rattus), in conjunction with cDNA
      cloning, has identified a class of salivary proteins that we term "spot
      proteins." Although clearly homologous, these proteins show dramatic differences
      between species in their polypeptide length. On the basis of the sequence of the
      corresponding clones, it is inferred that the rat spot 1 protein has a size of
      6,370 daltons (Da), whereas that of the inbred mouse spot 1 is 11,603 Da. A
      second component is expressed in some stocks and strains of Mus, and this spot 2
      protein has a size of up to 19,212 Da. The sizes of the corresponding mRNAs show
      parallel differences, and the variation in the sizes of mRNAs in different
      species of Mus correlates with the pattern of speciation, the size increasing
      with increased relatedness to inbred mice. The spot protein sequence comprises
      three domains: an N-terminal domain rich in hydroxy and acidic amino acids, a
      central domain consisting of repeats of a 9-amino-acid sequence, and a C-terminal
      domain that in the mouse is very basic. Variation in the number of repeats
      largely accounts for the differences in size between the mouse and rat mRNAs and
      their encoded polypeptides, and the coding sequence appears to have been
      expanding during speciation in the Muridae. There is extensive divergence in
      sequence between the mouse and rat mRNAs and their encoded proteins. The pattern
      of amino acid replacements and nucleotide substitutions is consistent with
      little, if any, selection constraint on the precise sequence of the spot
      proteins, suggesting that it is the overall architecture of the molecule, rather
      than the precise structure, that is important for function. There is strong
      evidence for a gene conversion event having occurred between the two mouse
      sequences. Frequent recombination by unequal crossing-over between spot protein
      coding sequences, if it occurs between active and silent genes, could account not
      only for the expansion in their size but also for their rapid divergence.

PMID- 2921945
TI  - A horizontal intravital microscope-plus-bone chamber system for observing bone
      microcirculation.
AB  - A horizontal intravital microscope has been built which utilizes the telescope
      optics format with infinity-corrected objectives. The intravital stage
      accomodates a rabbit into which a tibial bone chamber has been implanted. The
      chamber is itself an optical component and is considered an integral part of the
      system. Each animal is observed in supine position with its implanted leg held in
      an adjustable spring-loaded yoke which aligns the bone chamber in the optical
      axis. Long working-distance objectives and condensers allow for viewing of the
      slit-gap tissue in the bone chamber with both transmitted and epi-illumination;
      the latter being applied for fluorescence studies. A unique feature of the system
      is a transfer lens holder which can be relocated within the microscope tube. This
      adjustable lens holder allows for changing of transfer lenses, thereby freeing
      the investigator to utilize objective lenses with preferred numerical apertures
      for a given image size.

PMID- 2921946
TI  - The path of retrograde flow from the lumen of the lateral saphenous vein of the
      dog to its vasa vasorum.

PMID- 2921947
TI  - Relationship between phasic changes in human skin blood flow and autonomic tone.
AB  - Heart rate beat-to-beat oscillations synchronous with respiration and blood
      pressure waves, have been found to be a marker of sympathovagal interaction in
      man and animals. Oscillations of heart rate, respiration, and cutaneous blood
      flow were simultaneously recorded to assess the relationship between autonomic
      nervous control and cutaneous circulation in a group of 21 healthy subjects and
      in a group of 6 healthy patients after brachial plexus anesthesia and consequent
      sympathetic blockade. In the first group, changes in posture were employed to
      modify autonomic tone. Relative changes in cutaneous blood flow were recorded by
      laser-Doppler flowmetry. Spectral analysis techniques (cross-correlation) were
      used to quantify the relationship between oscillations common to the recorded
      signals. A standing maneuver induced a significant decrease of the cross
      correlation between respiratory and heart rate fluctuations (from 4.93 +/- 0.16
      to 4.44 +/- 0.16 a.u.; P less than 0.001), and a significant increase of the
      cross-correlation between heart rate and skin blood flow fluctuations (from 0.64
      +/- 0.31 to 1.33 +/- 0.21 a.u.; P less than 0.001), but did not modify the cross
      correlation between respiratory and skin blood flow fluctuations (from 2.87 +/-
      0.15 to 3.04 +/- 0.14 a.u.; NS). After the standing maneuver the maximum
      correlation between heart rate and skin blood flow was always due to oscillations
      in the range of 0.1 Hz (or 10-sec period), similar to the oscillations described
      in large arteries. Sympathetic blockade reduced significantly the cross
      correlation between heart rate and skin blood flow (P less than 0.001). These
      results suggest that the cross-correlation between skin blood flow and heart rate
      at 10-sec period fluctuations can be used as an index of the influence of the
      autonomic tone on skin blood circulation.

PMID- 2921948
TI  - Arteriolar vasoconstriction and tachyphylaxis with intraarterial angiotensin II.
AB  - Several aspects of the differences between the responses of the second- to fifth
      order arterioles (A2 to A5) to intraarterial administration of angiotensin II
      (AII) were studied by intravital microscopy on an original preparation of rat
      cremaster muscle. Dose-response curves displayed a leftward shift when the
      arteriolar order increased. Doses inducing 50% vasoconstriction were 15.1, 0.51,
      and 0.08 micrograms for A3, A4, and A5, respectively. For A2, very small
      vasoconstriction was found even at the highest dose of angiotensin II. The
      dynamics of the response were also dependent on the arteriolar order. The
      duration of the peak of vasoconstriction increased from A3 to A5, and the
      interval between the contact of vascular wall with drug and the response was
      smaller in A4 and A5 than in A3. To understand the effect of diameter as a
      determinant of heterogeneity in the degree of arteriolar vasoconstriction,
      norepinephrine was administered under the same conditions as angiotensin II, and
      responses were measured on arterioles with the same morphological characteristics
      as those examined after angiotensin II. When comparing the regression curves for
      the percentage of vasoconstriction vs diameter, we found that this relationship
      was drug dependent. The significantly steeper slope for angiotensin II than for
      norepinephrine excluded the possibility that heterogeneity of the degree of
      vasoconstriction is solely due to differences between the morphological
      characteristics of the arterioles. Since tachyphylaxis to AII is considered to be
      a reflection of the drug-receptor interaction, we also studied the magnitude of
      this phenomenon from proximal to distal parts of the arteriolar network. We
      showed that the degree of partial tachyphylaxis after 1 microgram AII was
      dependent on the arteriolar order and a decreasing tachyphylaxis gradient was
      evidenced from A3 to A5 arterioles.

PMID- 2921949
TI  - Modification of anionic sites in myocardial capillary basal laminae of diabetic
      rats.
AB  - Capillary basal laminar thickening is a distinctive feature of diabetic
      microangiopathy; however, the mechanism responsible for this abnormality remains
      to be clarified. Recent reports have described a reduction in the distribution of
      anionic sites in diabetic glomerular basement membranes, with the suggestion that
      this reduction may generate a compensatory synthesis of basal laminar
      constituents, causing laminar thickening. In order to provide additional
      information, the character and distribution of the basal laminar anionic profile
      were examined in the myocardium of diabetic rats. Diabetes mellitus was induced
      in 14 rats by injection with streptozotocin, ip; 6 rats served as controls.
      Myocardial tissue was subjected to Charonis' procedure for the demonstration of
      anionic sites with the cationic electron-dense dye, ruthenium red, following the
      sacrifice of the animals at intervals up to 11 months after the induction of the
      diabetes. The tissues were then processed routinely for electron microscopic
      examination. A total of 20 electron micrographs, at magnifications of 13,000x and
      33,000x, were obtained from each rat for the quantitation of anionic sites. A
      length measuring 6 micron along each basal lamina was utilized for determining
      the number of anionic loci. Results of this study show that (1) the number and
      size of anionic sites in myocardial basal laminae is reduced in diabetic rats,
      (2) this decrease becomes more pronounced with prolongation of the diabetes, (3)
      it is detectable prior to the demonstration of basal laminar thickening by
      electron microscopy, and (4) enzyme digestion treatments indicated that heparan
      sulfate proteoglycan is the essential stainable component of the anionic sites.
      These findings provide evidence that the laminar anionic profile is altered in
      the diabetic myocardium and support the view that this abnormality constitutes a
      significant initial event in the pathogenesis of basal laminar thickening.

PMID- 2921951
TI  - How does AIDS affect the Chinese?

PMID- 2921950
TI  - The effect of anesthetics on lymphatic contractility.
AB  - Spontaneous contractions and those elicited by electrical stimulation were
      studied in isolated segments of bovine mesenteric lymphatic vessels. The effects
      of three general anesthetics, pentobarbitone, halothane, and ether, on these
      spontaneous and evoked contractions were studied. Pentobarbitone and halothane
      inhibited spontaneous contractions in a dose-dependent fashion. In doses of 10(
      4) M or greater both drugs completely abolished spontaneous contractility but
      when contractions were elicited by electrical stimulation pentobarbitone
      inhibited them in a dose-dependent manner whereas halothane did not. In contrast
      to the above results ether in doses as high as 10(-2) M had little effect on
      lymphatic contractility. It is concluded that, in doses similar to plasma levels
      found during general anaesthesia, halothane and pentobarbitone significantly
      depressed lymphatic contractility while ether did not.

PMID- 2921952
TI  - Asian culture and communications in midwifery.

PMID- 2921953
TI  - School nurses and professional status.

PMID- 2921954
TI  - Psychological effects of lower section caesarean.

PMID- 2921956
TI  - "The politics of health".

PMID- 2921955
TI  - What parents should know about asthma.

PMID- 2921957
TI  - MIDIRS: a database for midwives.

PMID- 2921958
TI  - Education reform and speech therapy.

PMID- 2921959
TI  - Special delivery?

PMID- 2921960
TI  - Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)--a treatment for infertility.

PMID- 2921961
TI  - Sexuality--before and after birth.

PMID- 2921962
TI  - Carers' careers--contingencies and crises.
AB  - A review of the literature on employment decisions shows that chance events vary
      in their contribution to the employment decision. The nature of these events
      varies between being quite favourable to being almost totally malign. The
      uncertainties involved in student midwives' employment decisions require certain
      strategies to be used to make allowance for these chance events, which may assume
      the proportions of crises. The recent study of student midwives' employment
      decisions demonstrates the nature of some of the uncertainties with which they
      are faced and the ways in which they cope. Conclusions are drawn concerning the
      significance of these processes for midwife managers.

PMID- 2921963
TI  - The holistic health care of couples undergoing IVF/ET.
AB  - The purpose of this paper is to discuss the role of health professionals as
      educators, counsellors and support system persons for couples undergoing in-vitro
      fertilisation/embryo transfer (IVF/ET). All health care professionals must take a
      more assertive role in promoting the holistic health care approach to IVF
      patients so that they may be protected from unnecessary emotional distress.
      Prolonged insensitive evaluations with no clear end in view intensify
      frustrations and erode the patient's self-esteem. Comprehensive medical/nursing
      services are needed, as well as ongoing education, counselling and psychological
      support. Holistic health care considers all diagnostic and therapeutic
      modalities. Emphasis should be put on answering patients' questions, allaying
      fears and recognising any medical or psychological factors that may be important
      during the course of therapy. Adequate pre- and post-operative preparation of the
      couple should be a priority for health professionals.

PMID- 2921964
TI  - [The point of attack on DNA].

PMID- 2921965
TI  - [Risk of HIV infection at the research laboratory].

PMID- 2921966
TI  - A light source for testing radiological television cameras.
AB  - A light source for testing and setting up radiological television systems has
      been designed and built using green light emitting diodes and an optical
      integrating sphere. It is shown to have an optical spectrum similar to the green
      output phosphors used in x-ray image intensifiers (XRII's). It can be made
      uniform in intensity across the output port and does not show the small scale
      granularity characteristic of phosphors. It has a Lambertian angular distribution
      which, by the addition of neutral density filters, can be made to mimic the
      angular distribution at the output of an XRII. It can easily and accurately be
      modulated or switched and a luminance comparable to that of an XRII output
      phosphor can be achieved.

PMID- 2921967
TI  - A new photoconductor imaging system for digital radiography.
AB  - Amorphous selenium is a material often used in the x-ray imaging system. The main
      application is in xeroradiography where the structure of the sensor is a layer of
      selenium on a conductive substrate. The signal is a charge density on the surface
      which is revealed by a toner or by electrostatic probe for digitalization. In the
      system described here, the sensor structure is different for the sensor is
      covered by an electrode, a thin layer of metal, which gives another interface.
      The reading system needs the scanning of a light beam and the resolution power
      depends on the size of the beam. It is easier to scan a light beam than
      electrostatic probes so a more compact system can be realized. In the process,
      there are two phases: the storage and the reading. The time spent between the two
      phases reduces the quality of the image, and an in situ reading system,
      integrated to the radiographic machine will be, for this reason, more efficient.
      Also, the sensor needs good memory effect. One has investigated different sensors
      based on a structure of a thin photoconductive layer between two electrodes to
      find a memory effect. We have already seen this phenomena in the Bi12 SiO20 (B.
      Richard, "Contribution a l'etude d'un procede d'imagerie radiologique utilisant
      le photoconducteur BO12 SiO20," Ph.D. thesis, Paris, 1987). In amorphous selenium
      with some dopants and some type of metallic contact, the memory effect is
      important enough to realize a system. With 2 X 2 cm samples, a complete x-ray
      digital imaging system has been built.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2921968
TI  - Linearity and contrast scale control in computed tomography.
AB  - The aim of this paper is to present linearity studies and quality control charts
      for changes in the computed tomography (CT) number of water and contrast scales
      for two CT scanners over one year. Linear regression relates the attenuation
      coefficient to CT number. The CT number for water and the contrast scale values
      as obtained from the fit are: CT1 = (-0.13 +/- 1.3) Hounsfield units (HU), CT2 =
      (-1.8 +/- 1.6) HU and contrast scale (CS)1 = (1.80 +/- 0.03) 10(-4) cm-1 HU-1,
      CS2 = (1.82 +/- 0.02) 10(-4) cm-1 HU-1 for Picker International scanner models
      600SE and 1200SX, respectively. Direct measurements of CT numbers are compared
      with fitted results, providing a necessary preliminary steps in the development
      of objective CT interpretation.

PMID- 2921969
TI  - The effect of differences in data base on the determination of absorbed dose in
      high-energy photon beams using the American Association of Physicists in Medicine
      protocol.
AB  - Exposure rates were adjusted at the National Institute of Standards and
      Technology (NIST) on January 1, 1986 to take into account more recent values for
      some physical parameters, mainly in electron stopping power ratios. Exposure
      calibration factors for 60Co gamma rays Nx will therefore be lowered by 1.1%.
      Consequently, absorbed dose determinations in high-energy photon beams will be
      reduced by the same amount if the values for these physical parameters remain
      unchanged in the American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) protocol.
      If the same data base as used at NIST is applied in the AAPM protocol, then
      Ngas/Nx values, water-air stopping power ratios, and Pwall values will be
      different. The overall change in absorbed dose determinations using a consistent
      set of data will be a reduction of 0.8% for 60Co gamma rays and 1.5% for a 20-MV
      x-ray beam compared to the values before January 1, 1986. Since the net effect is
      small when different sets of data are applied, the new NIST exposure calibration
      factors may be used in combination with the AAPM protocol without significant
      error.

PMID- 2921970
TI  - A water phantom controller for automated acquisition of linac beam parameters.
AB  - Three-dimensional water phantoms are routinely used when acquiring the data
      necessary to commission medical linear accelerators. A new water phantom
      controller has been developed at our institution that is unique in several
      aspects. The water phantom controller is based on an IBM XT compatible computer.
      This has been interfaced to an Artronix three-dimensional water phantom and a
      commercially available linac setup controller. Some of the unique features of the
      new controller are (i) its ability to perform three-dimensional coordinate
      transformations on the fly (this removes the need to level and align the water
      tank with the beam axes and greatly reduces setup time). (ii) Its ability to
      communicate with a device which can control the linac operating parameters (this
      allows the water phantom controller to adjust, for example, the jaw size of the
      accelerator as it acquires data). (iii) Its ability to output the acquired data
      in a number of modes, including screen display, hardcopy plot, or disk file that
      may be transferred to a central treatment planning computer). (iv) Its ability to
      digitally process the acquired data. This water phantom controller may be used to
      gather machine data in a highly automated manner, greatly reducing the time
      required to gather the desired data.

PMID- 2921971
TI  - Determination of accurate dosimetric parameters for beveled intraoperative
      electron beam applicators.
AB  - Intraoperative electron beam therapy requires accurate dose maximum/monitor unit
      (Dmax/MU) values for both flat and beveled ended applicators (cones). Measurement
      of Dmax/MU values with either solid or nontilting scanning water systems may give
      rise to inaccuracies due to the difficulty in locating an accurate position for
      dmax, since the ionization chamber usually cannot be scanned along the central
      axis of the beveled intraoperative applicator. A linear one-dimensional scanner
      (which permits ionization measurements to be made as a function of water depth)
      has been modified to provide scanning along a line up to 30 degrees from the
      perpendicular to the phantom surface. This modification has proven helpful in
      improving the accuracy of certain dosimetric parameters (e.g., Dmax/MU) of
      beveled applicators. For example, we found inaccuracies which arose when we
      measured Dmax/MU of beveled intraoperative radiation therapy cones in either
      solid or other scanning water systems were greatly reduced, especially for the
      lower electron beam energies (e.g., 6 and 9 MeV).

PMID- 2921972
TI  - The use of storage phosphors for portal imaging in radiation therapy: therapists'
      perception of image quality.
AB  - Two drawbacks in quality of portal radiographs in radiation therapy are their low
      contrast and low spatial resolution. These are due to the low differential
      absorption of body tissues at therapeutic energies and to a relatively large
      radiation source. We used an experimental, high-contrast sensitivity storage
      phosphor imaging system (Eastman Kodak Co.) to produce portal images. The system
      consists of a storage phosphor detector, a high-contrast sensitivity laser
      scanner (12 bit), an image processing module, and a laser printer (12 bit).
      Patients undergoing radiation therapy treatments had both a conventional portal
      image and a storage phosphor image taken. Both were displayed side-by-side and
      were evaluated independently by three radiotherapists according to quality of
      information to verify the treatment field. Each of the three radiotherapists
      rated the storage phosphor images to be better (p less than 0.001) than the
      conventional images. However, rated improvements of low-contrast storage phosphor
      images of the pelvis and abdomen (40) were significantly lower than those of high
      contrast (head, neck, and chest) images (53).

PMID- 2921973
TI  - Dose delivery error detection by a computer-controlled linear accelerator.
AB  - A commercial dual photon energy, computer-controlled linear accelerator has a
      complex collimation and beam delivery system. For accurate dose delivery, six
      separate motorized elements must be properly positioned for a given beam
      selection. Experimentally instituted misalignments of the primary electron
      scattering foils, the primary collimator, the flattening filter, the scattering
      foil carousel, and the backscatter shield or shutter produced significant dose
      delivery errors. The ability of the Mylar window monitor chamber to detect these
      errors was examined for x-ray beams. The fault detection system failed to
      interrupt dose delivery in a number of situations where the error in dose per
      monitor unit delivered ranged from -6% to +270% of the calibrated value.

PMID- 2921974
TI  - Input of treatment planning data via a video frame grabber.
AB  - Video frame grabbers are powerful devices which perform rapid conversion of video
      images into digital format for subsequent computer processing. Recently, the cost
      of these devices has become competitive with sonic and magnetic digitizing
      tablets commonly used in radiation therapy treatment planning. Frame grabbers,
      plus all associated hardware/software can be interfaced to a variety of personal
      or microcomputers, and allow input of irregular treatment field and patient
      contour data into standard treatment planning systems. Such a system is
      described, which offers advantages of speed, accuracy, and resolution as compared
      to more conventional digitizing systems.

PMID- 2921975
TI  - Comments on "Image Feature Analysis and Computer-Aided Diagnosis in Digital
      Radiography. I. Automated Detection of Microcalcifications in Mammography".

PMID- 2921976
TI  - Comments on "Reference Dose Rates for Single- and Double-Plane 192Ir Implants".

PMID- 2921977
TI  - A generalized formulation of diffusion effects in micron resolution nuclear
      magnetic resonance imaging.
AB  - A generalized formulation of the diffusion related nuclear magnetic resonance
      (NMR) signal is derived from a random walk model. Previous analyses performed in
      the NMR spectroscopy were the formulations of the diffusion related signal
      amplitude at a specific time, such as the spin echo formation time. They are, in
      general, not applicable to continuous time domain analyses. In this paper, we
      have extended the theory to the two-dimensional imaging case and derived an
      analytical formula useful for the computation of the diffusion affected signal as
      a function of continuous time for a time variant gradient. This formulation will
      be useful in NMR imaging, especially in NMR microscopy where the diffusion
      associated signal attenuation is serious due to the strong gradient fields (100
      1000 G/cm), and at the same time data are acquired continuously for the
      acquisition period. In addition to the loss of the resolution and signal-to-noise
      ratio due to the random phase fluctuation by diffusion, the variation of the
      intensity during the data acquisition period introduces a line broadening whose
      full width at half-maximum is found to be much larger than the bandwidth-limited
      resolution or diffusion related intrinsic resolution. This line spreading effect
      is integrated in a computer simulation and is evaluated as an integral part of
      the overall diffusion effects in micron resolution NMR imaging or NMR microscopy.

PMID- 2921978
TI  - Geometrical aspects of computed tomography: sensitivity profile and exposure
      profile.
AB  - A simple model has been developed for the generation of theoretical sensitivity
      and exposure profiles perpendicular to the tomographic plane in computed x-ray
      tomography. The model incorporates the functional dependence on scanner geometry,
      focal spot size and shape, and detector sensitivity. The sensitivity and exposure
      profiles are best depicted as the convolution of functions, when appropriately
      scaled, describing the focal spot intensity distribution and the transmittance of
      the pre- and postpatient collimators. Predictions of the model agree well with
      experimental results on both sensitivity and exposure profiles for small and
      large nominal slice thicknesses from five different computed tomography (CT) x
      ray systems. The CT x-ray systems selected represent both state of the art and
      older scanner models. Comparisons are also made on the degree of matching of the
      sensitivity and exposure profiles for each scanner which can be used as a measure
      of geometrical efficiency in the direction perpendicular to the tomographic
      plane.

PMID- 2921979
TI  - Determination of three-dimensional structure in biplane radiography without prior
      knowledge of the relationship between the two views: theory.
AB  - A novel method allows the determination of three-dimensional object structure
      from two projection images that are obtained at arbitrary, unknown orientations.
      Only minimal prior information concerning the imaging system is required. First,
      the image coordinates of eight or more object points that can be identified
      unambiguously in both views are used to determine the relative geometry of the
      two projections. Subsequently, the three-dimensional coordinates of the
      identified object points are determined, to within a scale factor, from the image
      coordinates of the points and the calculated imaging system geometry. A
      theoretical description of the overall method is provided, along with techniques
      for the reduction of effects of experimental errors and numerical errors that may
      arise in the course of the calculations. Methods to retrieve the absolute scale
      of the object are discussed also.

PMID- 2921980
TI  - Basic imaging properties of a computed radiographic system with photostimulable
      phosphors.
AB  - We measured the characteristic curve, modulation transfer function (MTF), and the
      Wiener spectrum of a commercially available computed radiographic (CR) system
      with photostimulable phosphor plate (imaging plate, IP). The characteristic curve
      (system response) obtained by an inverse-square x-ray sensitometry showed a wide
      dynamic range (order of 10(3) in maximum). The slit technique was employed to
      determine the MTF's, such as IP MTF, presampling MTF including the unsharpness of
      the detector (IP) and the blurring effect of the sampling aperture, and laser
      printer MTF. It was found that the MTF of the standard type of IP was comparable
      to that of medium-speed screen/film systems. The noticeable degradation of
      resolution in our CR system, however, occurred at the stage of image data
      sampling: the presampling MTF was inferior to the IP MTF due to the effect of the
      scattering and resultant spreading of the incidence laser beam and the emitted
      luminescence. The noise was characterized by means of digital Wiener spectrum
      using uniformly exposed noise data. Exposure ranges could be separated into
      different sections depending upon the noise sources, such as quantum mottle at
      low exposure and system structure noise at high exposure.

PMID- 2921981
TI  - Scientific basis of breast diaphanography.
AB  - Diaphanography, also known as transillumination, is a breast diagnostic technique
      based on differences in the diffuse transmittance of visible or near-infrared
      radiation. Previous papers by the authors reported on investigations of the
      effect of tumor size, depth at which the tumor is located, the thickness of the
      breast, and the effect of using photons of different wavelengths. The results
      from the study reported here indicate that absorption of light in hemoglobin is
      the basis for the luminance contrast, and shift in the infrared to red
      transmission ratio, in the diaphanographic image. Evidence is based on known
      extinction coefficients for oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin as a function of
      wavelength, measurements of the transmitted spectrum in specimens, in vivo dual
      wavelength transillumination imaging of lesions containing different amounts of
      blood (bloody and clear cysts, hematomas, veins, fibroadenomas, and carcinomas),
      and comparison of preoperative diaphanographic images to blood vessel volumes
      measured by microscopic analysis of surgical specimens. Oxygenation affects the
      relative proportions of infrared and red light transmitted, but does not
      influence the diagnosis based on luminance contrast.

PMID- 2921982
TI  - Macroscopic dosimetry for radioimmunotherapy: nonuniform activity distributions
      in solid tumors.
AB  - In the context of radioimmunotherapy of cancer, there is a need for continued
      improvement of dosimetry of radionuclides localized in tumors. Current methods
      assume uniform distribution of radionuclides in the tumor despite experimental
      evidence indicating nonuniormity. We have developed a model in which nonuniform
      distribution of radioactivity in the tumor is taken into account. Spherically
      symmetric radionuclide distributions, depending linearly and exponentially on the
      radial position, are considered. Dose rate profiles in the tumor are calculated
      for potentially useful beta-emitting radionuclides, including 32P, 67Cu, 90Y,
      111Ag, 131I, and 188Re, and for 193mPt, an emitter of conversion electrons and
      low-energy Auger electrons. For the radionuclide distributions investigated, high
      energy beta emitters, such as 90Y, are most effective in treating large tumors
      (diameter, d greater than approximately 1 cm), whereas for small tumors (d
      approximately 1 mm), medium energy beta emitters such as 67Cu are better suited.
      Very small tumors (d less than 1 mm), and micrometastases are best handled with
      low-energy electron emitters such as 193mPt.

PMID- 2921983
TI  - An energy sensitive cassette for dual-energy mammography.
AB  - A cassette for simultaneously acquiring dual-energy mammographic images is
      proposed and studied utilizing a theoretical noise analysis model. The cassette
      consists of a sandwich of two storage phosphor plates separated by a copper
      filter. The front, low atomic number, plate was assumed to be comprised of SrFBr
      and the rear, high atomic number, plate of commercially available BaFBr (98
      mg/cm2 coating weight). Assuming a constant x-ray tube voltage of 50 kVp and a
      typical breast thickness, the theoretical model yielded a front SrFBr phosphor
      coating weight of approximately 21 mg/cm2. The study indicates that a relatively
      large separation in the average of x-ray photon energies absorbed in the two
      plates can be obtained. It also indicates that both a high-quality conventional
      (single energy) digital image and a tissue canceled digital image (i.e., a
      calcium image) can be obtained at dose levels comparable to those currently
      employed. The latter image could potentially improve the early detection of
      cancerous microcalcifications and also lends itself to computer aided diagnosis.

PMID- 2921984
TI  - Simulation studies of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry.
AB  - Computer simulations were performed to predict the performance characteristics of
      dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. K-edge filter techniques were analyzed in
      detail and compared to 153Gd sources in terms of output intensity, precision,
      patient dose, image contrast, beam hardening, and marrow fat effects. Similar
      analyses were performed for two dual-kV techniques that have been reported in the
      literature. The simulations indicate that K-edge filter techniques, or a dual-kV
      technique combined with K-edge filtering, can provide performance capabilities
      that equal or exceed those achievable with 153Gd systems. A (70/140) dual-kV
      technique with conventional (Al or Cu) filtration also has advantages in terms of
      source output intensity, but is 2-3 X inferior to the K-edge techniques and 153Gd
      in terms of patient dose and beam-hardening effects.

PMID- 2921985
TI  - Comparison of absorbed dose in bone substitute material and water using
      ionization measurements.
AB  - Absorbed dose in a liquid substitute for bone has been compared with absorbed
      dose in water for 9-, 12-, and 15-MeV electron beams using ionization chamber
      measurements. The ionization readings were converted to dose using collisional
      mass stopping power ratios. The collisional mass stopping powers for the liquid
      substitute of bone were calculated using the Monte Carlo Code PEGS4. The results
      of our study show that there is an increase in dose in the liquid bone substitute
      compared to water at shallow depths. The maximum increase in dose was 5%, 4%, and
      2% at depths of 1.2, 1.5, and 2.0 cm, respectively, for 9-, 12-, and 15-MeV
      electrons. The density of the liquid bone substitute was 1360 kg/m3 and the
      effective atomic number was 11.

PMID- 2921986
TI  - Calibration frequency as determined by analysis of machine stability.
AB  - Simple statistical analysis is applied to the evaluation of the output
      measurements of equipment used in radiotherapy. The calibration frequency is
      calculated based on the stability of the equipment and the performance parameters
      required by the quality control criteria.

PMID- 2921987
TI  - A method of calculating the output factors of arbitrarily shaped electron fields.
AB  - It has been well demonstrated in the past that the dose output of an electron
      beam is highly dependent upon the design of the collimation system, the beam
      energy, and the field dimensions. Various approaches have been taken to calculate
      the output factor of an arbitrary rectangular beam. These methods, however,
      cannot be readily extended to accurately calculate the output factor of an
      irregular field. In this work, the output factor of an arbitrarily shaped
      electron field is calculated as the product of three terms: a weighting factor
      which is explicitly derived from a discrete electron pencil beam model, the known
      output factor of the regular electron field defined by an applicator or a set of
      trimmers from which the irregular field is formed, and a machine-dependent term
      which models the scatter contribution from the shielding. For the machine and
      fields of clinical interest discussed here, it was found that this latter term
      could be neglected; this may not be true in general. Results from this
      calculation are compared to measured data.

PMID- 2921988
TI  - Radiation probe for indirect evaluation of the high-voltage waveform of a Mo
      anode mammography unit.
AB  - A radiation probe was designed for indirectly determining the high voltage of a
      Mo anode mammography unit. The real time processing of the probe outputs yields
      exposure time, voltage waveform, kVp, and ripple in the range 24-40 kVp useful
      for screen-film mammography. The probe, connected to a portable computer, will be
      employed in a survey of radiation dose and image quality in mammography as part
      of an ongoing program in Italy.

PMID- 2921989
TI  - A fast low-noise line scan x-ray detector.
AB  - A fast, low-noise line scan detector (NIKOS) for digital radiography has been
      developed. It consists of an input x-ray phosphor screen that is coupled to a
      modified Reticon photodiode array by means of fiber optics with incorporated
      image intensifier. In its current version the detector can be operated with a
      maximum 500 Hz image acquisition rate for interlaced readout of two lines of 128
      pixels each. Using a Gd2O2S:Tb x-ray input phosphor, an afterglow of 25% in the
      first subsequent readout was observed. We also conducted afterglow measurements
      on several other powder and single-crystal phosphors and the photodiode array.
      Using CdWO4, the afterglow of the detector is limited by the lag of the
      photodiode array of 4.5%. By modifying the readout electronics the noise of the
      photodiode array was reduced to below 1 Graylevel, corresponding to a signal-to
      noise ratio of 5200. The detective quantum efficiency (DQE) of the detector
      ranged from 0.18 to 0.4 for typical signal levels. The sensitivity was 10%
      saturation per 1.9 mR entrance dose. The modular design of the NIKOS detector
      allows for individual selection of each component to optimize performance for a
      given application.

PMID- 2921990
TI  - Neurogenetic diseases.

PMID- 2921991
TI  - [Free and sulfoconjugated plasma catecholamines in premature infants and mature
      newborn infants after birth].
AB  - Sulfate conjugation represents a major pathway for the inactivation of free
      catecholamines. We investigated the ability of newborns to protect the body
      against an overflow of free catecholamines by sulfoconjugation. No difference of
      free catecholamines in the umbilical artery was found in preterm and term
      newborns. Furthermore, preterm and term newborns were able to form
      sulfoconjugated catecholamines. In term newborns, but not in preterm newborns,
      there was a significant relationship between free catecholamines and their
      respective sulfoconjugated forms (p less than 0.001). In comparison to term
      infants sulfoconjugated dopamine and norepinephrine were significantly decreased
      in preterm newborns, although the placental extraction rates of these
      catecholamines were markedly lower in preterm infants. This favors the
      conclusion, that synthesis rather than increased degradation may be responsible
      for the low levels of sulfoconjugated catecholamines in preterm infants. Thus,
      preterm newborns might be less able to inactivate free catecholamines by
      sulfoconjugation. The clinical importance of these results concerning treatment
      of preterm newborns with dopamine and noradrenaline has yet to be established.

PMID- 2921992
TI  - [The left ventricular functional parameter in M-mode echocardiography in various
      administration rates of a loading dose of theophylline in premature infants].
AB  - The aim of study was to show a positive effect of theophylline on the cardiac
      pump function immediately after i.v. bolus injection of the loading dose.
      Therefore we recorded m-mode echocardiograms before and immediately after bolus
      injection (over 2-3 min) of 6 mg/kg theophylline. On studying 12 preterm infants
      we observed a reduction of the left ventricular shortening fraction and
      circumferential shortening velocity. In the second part of the study we
      administered the same dose of theophylline over a period of 20 min. No
      significant differences in m-mode echocardiographic parameters before and after
      infusion were seen. We attribute these results to incalculable effects of
      theophylline preload, wall distension, and afterload. Nonetheless slow
      application of theophylline loading dose is recommended in preterm infants.

PMID- 2921993
TI  - [The causes of short stature in children in ambulatory care].
AB  - The data relating to all children referred over a 10-year period to the out
      patient department of a children's hospital in a West German city because of
      growth retardation were retrospectively analyzed. A diagnosis of short stature
      was made in 306 patients. The proportion of boys to girls was 2.5:1. The average
      age of the patients was about 10 years (0.75-17.4); 9.8% of the children were
      less than 4 years old, and 5.9% were over 16 years. In 68.3% of the patients the
      Study revealed constitutional delay of growth or familial short stature or a
      combination of two. Twelve children (3.9%) were demonstrated to have growth
      hormone deficiency.

PMID- 2921994
TI  - [The prognosis of the very small premature infant. Catamnestic studies of
      premature infants with a birth weight up to 1,000 grams].
AB  - 29 of 50 premature infants with a birth weight up to 1,000 g survived and were
      examined between 2-9 years of age. 13 children showed no or only minimal
      abnormalities. 11 children were felt to require treatment but to have a good
      prognostic outcome. 3 children had multiple disabilities. From the total of 16
      children requiring treatment only 5 were under treatment before our evaluation.
      The quality of life is good for 24 of the 29 survivors.

PMID- 2921995
TI  - [Respiratory insufficiency in mucoviscidosis. Pathophysiologic aspects of
      conservative drug therapy].
AB  - The compensated chronic respiratory acidosis in a girl with cystic fibrosis
      changed into a mixed respiratory acidosis and metabolic alkalosis under the
      influence of therapeutic measures. As a consequence respiratory insufficiency
      worsened. Conservative management of the alkalosis alone both improved hypoxemia
      and hypercapnia without needing artificial ventilation.

PMID- 2921996
TI  - Histidine modulates the clastogenic effect of oxidative stress.
AB  - The kinetics of the formation of single-strand breaks induced by H2O2 in DNA is
      more rapid in Eagle's Modified Minimal Essential Medium (MEM) than in phosphate
      buffered saline (PBS). Among the components of MEM, we found that histidine
      increases the rate of degradation of DNA by H2O2 in PBS dose-dependently. In
      hamster lung fibroblasts histidine increases the cytotoxicity of H2O2, as well as
      the number of sister-chromatid exchanges and the frequency of micronuclei induced
      by hydrogen peroxide.

PMID- 2921997
TI  - Variability of the adaptive response to ionizing radiations in humans.
AB  - Human lymphocytes exposed to low doses of ionizing radiations from incorporated
      tritiated thymidine ([3H]dThd) or from X-rays become less susceptible to the
      induction of chromatid aberrations by high doses of X-rays. This indicates that
      low doses of ionizing radiation can produce an effect similar to the adaptive
      response observed with alkylating agents in prokaryotes, animal and plant cells.
      To determine whether there is individual variability in the adaptive response to
      ionizing radiations we exposed human lymphocytes from 18 different healthy donors
      to 'adapting' doses of [3H]dThd (0.01 microCi/ml) or X-rays (0.01 Gy) and
      subsequently to a 'challenge' treatment of 0.75 Gy of X-rays delivered 2 h before
      fixation. Four of the 18 donors did not show an adaptive response; in some cases
      in these individuals a synergistic response of increased, rather than decreased,
      damage was found. Two of these 4 donors showed no adaptive response in 3
      subsequent experiments separated by 4-month intervals. This suggests that the
      human population exhibits a heterogeneity in the adaptive response to ionizing
      radiations which might be, at least in part, genetically determined.

PMID- 2921998
TI  - Clastogenic effects of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum. I. Induction of chromosomal
      aberrations in somatic and germinal cells of mice.
AB  - The clastogenicity of cisplatin, cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II), an extensively
      used antitumor drug, has been studied employing (101/E1 X C3H/E1)F1 mice, aged 12
      14 weeks. Chromosomal aberrations were assessed in mitotic divisions of bone
      marrow cells and differentiating spermatogonia. The drug was tested at 3 doses,
      0.5, 1.0 and 2.5 mg/kg and 1.0, 2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg, respectively, for bone marrow
      and spermatogonia. Cisplatin had a clastogenic effect which was dose-dependent in
      both cell types. The frequencies of aberrant cells increased non-linearly in bone
      marrow and the dose-response relationship could be best described by a linear
      quadratic equation. At the highest dose the affected cells carried multiple
      aberrations. An average of 2.7 aberrations per aberrant cell was observed 12 h
      after treatment of the mice with 2.5 mg/kg of cisplatin. In differentiating
      spermatogonia the dose response for aberrant cells could be described by a linear
      equation. The damage to the individual affected cell was less dramatic than in
      bone marrow, averaging 1.4 aberrations per damaged cell at the highest dose
      tested. Gaps were excluded from these considerations but they generally also
      showed a dose-related increase. A quantitative comparison of the clastogenic
      response to cisplatin was based on the dose-response relationships using 2
      criteria, the doubling dose and the dose of unit increase (DUI). For both
      comparisons the general conclusion was that bone marrow cells were twice as
      sensitive as differentiating spermatogonia to the clastogenic action of
      cisplatin.

PMID- 2921999
TI  - 4-Quinolone antibiotics: positive genotoxic screening tests despite an apparent
      lack of mutation induction.
AB  - The effects of different 4-quinolone antibiotic derivatives (4-Qs) in a number of
      short-term tests commonly employed for the evaluation of genetic toxicity were
      studied. Incorporation of [3H]thymidine into mitogen-stimulated peripheral blood
      lymphocytes was strongly enhanced at a low concentration (1.56 micrograms/ml) for
      most of the tested 4-Qs, whereas DNA strand breakage in lymphoblastoid cells was
      evident only for ciprofloxacin (10 micrograms/ml and upwards), ofloxacin (80
      micrograms/ml) and norfloxacin (160 micrograms/ml). Ciprofloxacin induced a
      significant amount of unscheduled DNA synthesis, but was found to be negative in
      a shuttle vector plasmid mutation test. Ciprofloxacin (80 micrograms/ml) did not
      inhibit enzymes involved in the early steps of pyrimidine biosynthesis. Cell
      growth was slightly depressed at a concentration of 20 micrograms/ml, becoming
      marked at 80 micrograms/ml. In conclusion, this study seeks to contribute to an
      improved evaluation of genotoxic screening test data, by focusing attention on
      the conflicting effects imposed by the 4-Qs on a battery of such tests.

PMID- 2922000
TI  - Identification of ataxia telangiectasia heterozygotes by flow cytometric analysis
      of X-ray damage.
AB  - Flow cytometry was used to identify heterozygotes for the autosomal recessive DNA
      repair deficiency disease ataxia telangiectasia (AT). Confluent G0/G1 fibroblasts
      from 4 homozygotes (at/at), 5 obligate heterozygotes (at/+) and 7 presumed normal
      controls (+/+) were X-irradiated with 200 Rad and subcultured immediately in
      medium containing 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). Cells were harvested 72 h later and
      stained with fluoresceinated anti-BrdU antibody to identify cells that had
      entered S phase. They were counterstained with propidium iodide to measure total
      DNA content. On the basis of relative release from G0/G1, the at/+ strains as a
      group (33 +/- 3% release) were distinguished from both the presumed +/+ strains
      (60 +/- 3%) and at/at strains (85 +/- 3%), although the individual values for
      some strains did show overlap between genotypes. When 10 cell strains were coded
      and analyzed in 'blind' experiments, all 4 heterozygotes were correctly assigned,
      although one poorly growing presumed normal line was incorrectly assigned as a
      heterozygote. By a similar assay in which exponentially growing cultures were
      pulsed briefly with BrdU 8 h after irradiation with 400 Rad and then harvested
      immediately, presumed +/+ cells as a group could be distinguished from at/at
      cells but not from at/- cells. This combination of assays assists in the
      identification of all 3 AT genotypes. This should be of both basic and diagnostic
      use, particularly in families known to segregate AT.

PMID- 2922001
TI  - Flow cytometric analysis of X-ray sensitivity in ataxia telangiectasia.
AB  - Flow cytometric analysis of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation during DNA
      synthesis was used to characterize the effects of X-rays on cell-cycle kinetics
      in the DNA-repair deficiency disease ataxia telangiectasia (AT). Cultured
      fibroblasts from homozygotes (at/at), heterozygotes (at/+) and normal controls
      (+/+) were either: (1) irradiated, cultured, then pulsed with BrdU and harvested,
      or (2) pulsed with BrdU, irradiated, cultured and then harvested. Cells were then
      fixed and stained with both a fluoresceinated monoclonal antibody against BrdU to
      identify S-phase cells and with propidium diiodide to measure total DNA content.
      Irradiation of +/+ and at/+ cells induced a similar, transient G2/M arrest
      detectable within 8 h, which subsequently delayed by 6-8 h the passage of cells
      into G1 and depleted early S phase. In contrast, at/at cells failed to arrest in
      G2/M phase and entered the next cell cycle without pausing to repair radiation
      induced damage. X-Rays also blocked entry of +/+ G1 cells into S phase,
      subsequently reducing the total S-phase population. This effect was not observed
      in at/at cells. These cell-cycle responses to radiation may be of diagnostic use
      and ultimately may help explain the basic defect in AT.

PMID- 2922002
TI  - Adaptive response of human lymphocytes to low-level radiation from radioisotopes
      or X-rays.
AB  - Human peripheral blood lymphocytes stimulated in vitro were exposed to low level
      irradiation ('adaptive dose') from radioisotopes ([3H]dThd, [14C]dThd, HTO and
      32P). After 50 h in culture, they were irradiated with 50 rad of X-rays
      ('challenge dose') and fixed 3 h later. In another series, the lymphocytes
      received an adaptive dose of 5 rad of X-rays at 32 h after stimulation and a
      challenge dose of 150 rad at 48 h; the cells were fixed at 54 h. In cells that
      received both the adaptive and challenge doses, the frequencies of chromosomal
      aberrations (chromatid and isochromatid deletions) were lower than expected on
      the basis of additivity of the effects of the individual treatments. These
      results support those published from Wolff's laboratory in showing that human
      lymphocytes can become 'adapted' by prior exposure to low level irradiation so
      that they become less sensitive to the chromosome-breaking effects of X-rays
      delivered subsequently. The magnitude of reduction in frequencies in the
      'adapted' cells, however, varied between the blood samples from different donors.

PMID- 2922003
TI  - Induction of sister-chromatid exchanges by direct and indirect mutagens in human
      lymphocytes, co-cultured with intact rat liver cells. Effect of enzyme induction
      and preservation of the liver cells by freezing in liquid nitrogen.
AB  - An in vitro assay system using intact rat hepatocytes and human peripheral
      lymphocytes is described which has been developed with the aim of bringing test
      conditions closer to in vivo conditions, thereby broadening the available battery
      of simple in vitro assays. A culture vessel, which contains an inner chamber with
      a semipermeable bottom, has been designed to allow easy removal of the
      hepatocytes. Determination of sister-chromatid exchange rate was used as the
      experimental end point. For validation, a series of chemicals were used which
      have been tested previously in a large interlaboratory investigation of short
      term test methods. Our study supplies complementary information to this
      investigation in as much as some chemicals could be correctly assigned as
      positive or negative, in contrast to what was found in the earlier tests.
      Furthermore, we show that the metabolic capacity of both normal and induced liver
      cells can be preserved in liquid nitrogen for long periods.

PMID- 2922004
TI  - Cytogenetic effects of fenvalerate in mammalian in vivo test system.
AB  - A synthetic pyrethroid insecticide, fenvalerate, was tested for its cytogenetic
      effects in the mouse in vivo test system at 100, 150 and 200 mg/kg. Bone marrow
      metaphase analysis revealed significant increases in chromosomal aberrations in
      the groups treated with 150 and 200 mg/kg by intraperitoneal injection. In the
      micronucleus test the occurrence of PCEs with MN marginally increased with dose.
      Induction of PCEs with MN was significant over control again with the higher two
      doses. Incidence of sperm abnormalities slightly increased with dose but a
      significant increase was noted in all treated series over control.

PMID- 2922005
TI  - The release of mutagens from airborne particles in the presence of physiological
      fluids.
AB  - Airborne particulates collected indoors in residences and outdoors were extracted
      by soxhlet extraction and sonication with methanol. In a comparative study in
      which mutagenic activity was evaluated in the Salmonella typhimurium reversion
      assay both soxhlet extraction and sonication proved to be suitable extraction
      methods. First, the residue, obtained by sonication of loaded filters with
      methanol followed by evaporation to dryness (tar), was sonicated with newborn
      calf serum and lung lavage fluid from pigs. All serum extracts of the tar were
      mutagenic to Salmonella typhimurium TA98, and contained direct- and indirect
      acting mutagens. However, the mutagenic activity recovered by serum was only
      about half of the total mutagenic activity of the tar. The other part of the
      mutagenic activity remained in the tar. Lung lavage fluid was only able to remove
      5-10% of direct-acting mutagens from the tar of all samples. About 20% of
      indirect-acting mutagens from indoor air were recovered in lung lavage fluid,
      while the lung lavage fluid extract from outdoor air did not show indirect
      mutagenic activity. Second, mutagenic activity recovered by direct sonication of
      the filters with physiological fluids was comparable with the recovery obtained
      by sonication of the tar. However, after sonication of the filter with lung
      lavage fluid hardly any mutagenic activity remained on the filter, whereas after
      sonication of the tar a clear mutagenic activity was observed in the non-soluble
      residue.

PMID- 2922006
TI  - Increased frequency of sister-chromatid exchange induced by dothistromin in CHO
      cells and human lymphocytes.
AB  - Dothistromin is a metabolite produced by Dothistromin pini and Cercospora
      arachidicola. The latter fungus is a pathogen of the peanuts and thus the
      mycotoxin may be a contaminant of foodstuffs. Dothistromin induces a dose
      dependent increase in sister-chromatid exchange frequency in Chinese hamster
      ovary cells and stimulated human lymphocytes. The increased frequency in human
      lymphocytes seen with dothistromin is significantly higher among lymphocytes from
      smokers compared with those from non-smokers.

PMID- 2922007
TI  - The Computerized Laboratory Notebook concept for genetic toxicology
      experimentation and testing.
AB  - We describe a microcomputer system utilizing the Computerized Laboratory Notebook
      (CLN) concept developed in our laboratory for the purpose of automating the
      Battery of Leukocyte Tests (BLT). The BLT was designed to evaluate blood
      specimens for toxic, immunotoxic, and genotoxic effects after in vivo exposure to
      putative mutagens. A system was developed with the advantages of low cost,
      limited spatial requirements, ease of use for personnel inexperienced with
      computers, and applicability to specific testing yet flexibility for
      experimentation. This system eliminates cumbersome record keeping and repetitive
      analysis inherent in genetic toxicology bioassays. Statistical analysis of the
      vast quantity of data produced by the BLT would not be feasible without a central
      database. Our central database is maintained by an integrated package which we
      have adapted to develop the CLN. The clonal assay of lymphocyte mutagenesis
      (CALM) section of the CLN is demonstrated. PC-Slaves expand the microcomputer to
      multiple workstations so that our computerized notebook can be used next to a
      hood while other work is done in an office and instrument room simultaneously.
      Communication with peripheral instruments is an indispensable part of many
      laboratory operations, and we present a representative program, written to
      acquire and analyze CALM data, for communicating with both a liquid scintillation
      counter and an ELISA plate reader. In conclusion we discuss how our computer
      system could easily be adapted to the needs of other laboratories.

PMID- 2922008
TI  - DNA adduct formation, metabolism, and morphological transforming activity of
      aceanthrylene in C3H10T1/2CL8 cells.
AB  - Aceanthrylene (ACE), a cyclopenta-fused polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (CP-PAH)
      related to anthracene, has been studied for its ability to be metabolized, to
      form DNA adducts, and to morphologically transform C3H10T1/2CL8 mouse embryo
      fibroblasts in culture. Although ACE has been previously shown to be a strong
      mutagen in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA89 and TA100, it did not transform
      C3H10T1/2 cells (0.4-16 micrograms/ml) under 2 treatment protocols: treatment
      (for 24 h) 1 day after seeding the cells; treatment (for 24 h) 5 days after
      seeding the cells. Both protocols are effective in detecting the morphological
      transforming activity of PAH and CP-PAH and the latter protocol has been shown to
      be effective in detecting chemicals which are active in the first protocol only
      with the additional treatment of the cells with a tumor promoter. ACE is
      metabolized by C3H10T1/2 cells to ACE-1,2-dihydrodiol (the cyclopenta-ring
      dihydrodiol) at a rate of 450 pmoles ACE-1,2-dihydrodiol formed/h/10(6) cells.
      ACE-7,8-dihydrodiol and ACE-9,10-dihydrodiol, identified as major Aroclor-1254
      induced rat liver microsomal metabolites from their UV, NMR, and mass spectral
      data, were not identified in incubations of C3H10T1/2 cells with ACE. ACE-DNA
      adducts in C3H10T1/2 cells were isolated, separated, identified, and quantitated
      using the 32P-postlabeling method. ACE forms 4 major adducts and each was
      identified as an ACE-1,2-oxide/2'-deoxyguanosine adduct. The level of adduction
      was 2.18 pmoles ACE adducts/mg DNA after a 24-h incubation of ACE (16
      micrograms/ml) with C3H10T1/2 cells. ACE-DNA adduct persistence and repair were
      evaluated in C3H10T1/2 cells using a hydroxyurea block after ACE treatment. ACE
      DNA adducts were not repaired under the conditions used in the morphological
      transformation studies. Thus, ACE provides an interesting example of a mutagenic
      PAH which is metabolized by C3H10T1/2 cells to active intermediates, forms
      relatively stable and persistent 2'-deoxyguanosine adducts in C3H10T1/2 cells,
      and yet induces no detectable morphological transforming activity under the
      experimental conditions used.

PMID- 2922009
TI  - Chromosome aberrations induced by aflatoxin B1 in rat bone marrow cells in vivo
      and their suppression by green tea.
AB  - Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-induced chromosome aberrations (CA) in rat bone marrow cells
      consisted mainly of gaps and breaks. Cells with exchanges and multiple CA were
      observed infrequently. The incidence of aberrant cells and the number of
      aberrations per cell were at their maximum levels 18 h after the AFB1 injection.
      They were dependent on the administered dose of AFB1. Rats given the hot water
      extract from green tea (GTE) 24 h before they were injected with AFB1 displayed
      considerably suppressed AFB1-induced CA in their bone marrow cells. Rats
      administered GTE 2 h before or after the AFB1 injection showed no suppressive
      effect. The suppressive effect of GTE on AFB1-induced CA paralleled the dose of
      GTE when given in the range between 0.1 and 2 g/kg body weight; higher doses
      produced no additional suppression. On the other hand, rats given the hot water
      extract from black tea or coffee 24 or 2 h before the AFB1 injection showed no
      suppressive effect. The administration of caffeine 24 h before the AFB1 injection
      suppressed AFB1-induced CA as well as the administration of caffeine 2 h before
      the AFB1 injection. However, the suppression rate with 2 h was larger than with
      24 h. The suppression by ellagic acid was found only when it was given 2 h before
      the AFB1 injection. The administration of ascorbic acid or tannic acid did not
      significantly suppress AFB1-induced CA. The tannin mixture extracted from green
      tea (GTTM) showed a similar tendency to GTE, that is, the administration of GTTM
      24 h before the AFB1 injection potently suppressed AFB1-induced CA, while the
      administration of GTTM 2 h before the AFB1 injection did not suppress them
      significantly. The suppressive effect of GTTM on AFB1-induced CA paralleled the
      dose of GTTM when given in the range of 75-450 mg/kg body weight.

PMID- 2922010
TI  - A comparison of sister-chromatid exchange in mouse peripheral blood lymphocytes
      exposed in vitro and in vivo to phosphoramide mustard and 4
      hydroxycyclophosphamide.
AB  - Cyclophosphamide (CP) and two of its known metabolites, 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide
      (4-OHCP) and phosphoramide mustard (PAM), were analyzed for their ability to
      induce sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs) in mouse peripheral blood lymphocytes
      (PBLs) in vitro and in vivo. At equimolar concentrations, CP is a more potent SCE
      inducer in vivo than PAM and PAM and 4-OHCP induce equal numbers of SCEs in a
      dose-dependent manner. The present study also shows that these metabolites of CP
      are more potent SCE inducers than CP itself in vitro. This relationship might be
      explained by the differences in pharmacokinetics of these compounds.

PMID- 2922011
TI  - Sister-chromatid exchanges in lymphocytes of workers exposed to
      trichloroethylene.
AB  - To detect mutagenic effects of trichloroethylene (TCE) on humans, sister
      chromatid exchanges (SCEs) were analyzed in lymphocytes of 22 workers
      occupationally exposed to TCE and 22 matched controls. Although urinalysis in the
      workers revealed their obvious exposure to TCE, no increase in SCE frequencies
      was found in lymphocytes of the workers. SCE analysis in lymphocytes could not
      detect mutagenic effects by occupational exposure to TCE on humans.

PMID- 2922012
TI  - Enhancement of benzene clastogenicity by praziquantel in mice.
AB  - Praziquantel (PQ) is a commonly used drug to treat patients with schistosomiasis.
      Previous studies using cells in vitro have shown that PQ can enhance the
      mutagenic activities of known mutagens. We have conducted a cytogenetic - urine
      metabolite study to determine the in vivo clastogenic and co-clastogenic
      potential of PQ with a ubiquitous environmental contaminant, benzene (BZ). 16
      groups of adult male ICR mice (5 animals per group) were used. They were negative
      control, solvent controls (cremophore E1 3%, olive oil and combined), positive
      control (BZ 440 mg/kg b.w.) and 11 exposed groups. To test for clastogenicity of
      PQ, mice were treated orally with 100, 400, 800 and 1200 mg/kg b.w. PQ and
      sacrificed 30 h later for determination of micronuclei (MN) frequency in bone
      marrow polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE). None of these PQ does induced an
      increase of MN frequency. On the other hand, BZ induced, as expected, a high
      frequency of MN (46.4 +/- 6.34/1000 PCE). The enhancement effect of PQ was tested
      in 7 groups of mice using 3 different protocols. Mice were treated with 440 mg/kg
      b.w. BZ and 1 h later with 0, 100, 200, 400, 800 and 1200 mg/kg b.w. PZ. In
      another group, 800 mg/kg PQ was administered at 3 h after BZ exposure. In the
      last group, PQ (800 mg/kg) was administered at 1 h prior to BZ exposure. Results
      from the first combined exposure group showed a significant PQ dose-dependent
      increase in the frequency of MN in PCE (p less than 0.05). The increase with the
      two high doses of praziquantel is significantly higher (p less than 0.05) than
      the MN frequencies in the benzene control and the expected value based on the
      additive effects of the two agents. Studies with other combined treatment groups
      showed that the induction of MN was highest when PQ was administered at 1 h
      before BZ exposure. Moreover, the presence of BZ metabolites (muconic acid,
      phenol, catechol and hydroquinone) in urine was studied in 6 of the combined
      treatment groups. This metabolite study revealed that PQ enhanced the metabolism
      of BZ towards the pathway to form muconaldehyde which is converted to muconic
      acid in urine. In conclusion, our study showed that PQ is not a clastogen but can
      enhance the clastogenic activity of BZ in vivo by shifting the metabolic pathways
      of BZ towards formation of muconaldehyde which may be responsible for the
      enhancement effect.

PMID- 2922013
TI  - The prevention of benzene-induced genotoxicity in mice by indomethacin.
AB  - Benzene is a myelotoxin which affects hemopoietic progenitor cells leading to
      bone-marrow depression as well as a genotoxin which causes chromosomal
      abnormalities including micronucleus formation. We have demonstrated previously
      that benzene administered to DBA/2 or C57B1/6 mice causes bone-marrow depression
      and increased prostaglandin E2 levels in bone marrow; both of these effects can
      be prevented by the coadministration of indomethacin, a selective inhibitor of
      prostaglandin synthase. We report, herein, that benzene (400-600 mg/kg body
      weight), under conditions where it depresses bone-marrow cellularity, also
      induces an increase in the frequency of micronucleus formation in polychromatic
      erythrocytes of C57B1/6 mice which is also prevented by the coadministration of
      indomethacin at levels that do not inhibit cytochrome P450 or myeloperoxidase. In
      Swiss Webster wild-type mice doses of benzene from 400 to 1000 mg/kg were without
      effect on marrow cellularity, but did induce the formation of micronucleated
      polychromatic erythrocytes which could be prevented by indomethacin. In contrast,
      DBA/2 mice, a strain highly sensitive to benzene, exhibited significant bone
      marrow depression at a dose of benzene of 100 mg/kg body weight. Even at this low
      dose, benzene is too toxic toward developing erythrocytes to allow the evaluation
      of micronucleus formation. The frequency of induction of micronucleated
      polychromatic erythrocytes by benzene thus depends on the strain of mouse used.
      Furthermore, micronucleus formation appears to be an early and very sensitive
      indicator of benzene toxicity. A possible role for prostaglandin H synthase in
      the geno- and myelo-toxicity of benzene is discussed.

PMID- 2922014
TI  - Renal insufficiency in treated essential hypertension.
AB  - We analyzed the clinical courses of 94 patients with treated primary hypertension
      and initially normal serum creatinine concentrations (less than or equal to 133
      mumol per liter [less than or equal to 1.5 mg per deciliter]) who were followed
      for a mean (+/- SD) of 58 +/- 34 months (range, 12 to 174) to determine the
      frequency with which renal function deteriorated and the factors associated with
      deterioration. Fourteen patients (15 percent) had an increase in serum creatinine
      concentrations (greater than or equal to 35 mumol per liter [greater than or
      equal to 0.4 mg per deciliter]); in 16 percent of the 61 patients with apparently
      good control of blood pressure, the serum creatinine concentration rose 59 +/- 33
      mumol per liter (0.67 +/- 0.38 mg per deciliter). Despite good control of
      diastolic blood pressure (less than or equal to 90 mm Hg), black patients were
      twice as likely as white patients to have elevations in serum creatinine (23
      percent vs. 11 percent). Stepwise discriminant function analysis showed that a
      significant rise in the serum creatinine concentration was most likely to occur
      in association with older age, black race, a higher number of missed office
      visits, and employment as a laborer. We conclude that although renal function was
      preserved in 85 percent of patients with treated hypertension, it may deteriorate
      in some patients despite good blood-pressure control. Our observations may partly
      explain why hypertension, particularly among black persons, remains a leading
      cause of renal disease in the United States.

PMID- 2922015
TI  - The physician factor in cesarean birth rates.
AB  - To investigate the influence of physicians' practice styles on the rate of
      deliveries by cesarean section, we studied 1533 affluent women at low risk of
      obstetrical complications who were cared for by 11 obstetricians in a single
      community hospital. The mean rate of delivery by cesarean section was 26.9
      percent, but the rate ranged from 19.1 to 42.3 percent, according to the
      physician. The mean rate of primary cesarean section (i.e., the rate for women
      without previous cesarean deliveries) was 17.2, with a range of 9.6 to 31.8
      percent. A stepwise logistic-regression model of the determinants of primary
      cesarean section, including the individual physician, parity, birth weight, and
      maternal age and excluding specific medical indications, showed that only
      nulliparity (P less than 0.0001) was more important than the identity of the
      physician (P less than 0.001) in its influence on the rate of cesarean section.
      Variation in cesarean-section rates among physicians was not attributable to the
      practice setting, the patient population, the degree of obstetrical risk, or the
      physician's recent medicolegal experience, and it was not accompanied by
      corresponding differences in neonatal outcome. We conclude that individual
      practice style may be an important determinant of the wide variations in the
      rates of cesarean delivery among obstetricians. Our data do not permit us to say
      with certainty whether the procedure is overused by some obstetricians or
      underused by others, but we found no obvious differences in neonatal outcome
      associated with differences in the cesarean-section rate.

PMID- 2922016
TI  - Inotropic therapy for heart failure: paradise postponed.

PMID- 2922017
TI  - The kidney in hypertension--villain and victim.

PMID- 2922018
TI  - Bulimia nervosa.

PMID- 2922019
TI  - The prevalence of anorexia nervosa.

PMID- 2922020
TI  - Polycystic kidney disease.

PMID- 2922021
TI  - Right renal trauma: a side effect of biliary lithotripsy.

PMID- 2922022
TI  - Valvular heart disease in systemic lupus erythematosus.

PMID- 2922023
TI  - Transmission of infectious agents by inadequately sterilized ENT instruments.

PMID- 2922024
TI  - Eye injuries to football players.

PMID- 2922025
TI  - Medical advice by celebrities.

PMID- 2922026
TI  - Efficacy of neonatal ocular prophylaxis for the prevention of chlamydial and
      gonococcal conjunctivitis.
AB  - Opinions differ concerning the efficacy of prophylaxis against neonatal
      chlamydial and gonococcal conjunctivitis. From January 1986 through June 1988, we
      gave all infants born at Kings County Hospital Medical Center one of three
      prophylactic agents -- silver nitrate drops, erythromycin ophthalmic ointment, or
      tetracycline ophthalmic ointment. The treatments were rotated monthly. Gonococcal
      ophthalmia occurred in 8 of the 12,431 infants born during the study (0.06
      percent), 1 in the silver nitrate group, 4 in the erythromycin group, and 3 in
      the tetracycline group (P not significant). Seven of these infants were born to
      women who had received no prenatal care. From September 1985 through December
      1987, we screened 4357 pregnant women for cervical chlamydial infection, of whom
      341 (8 percent) had positive cultures. Of their offspring, 230 were evaluated for
      neonatal chlamydial conjunctivitis; the incidence was 20 percent in the silver
      nitrate group, 14 percent in the erythromycin group, and 11 percent in the
      tetracycline group (P not significant). We conclude that neonatal ocular
      prophylaxis with either erythromycin or tetracycline ophthalmic ointment does not
      significantly reduce the incidence of chlamydial conjunctivitis in the offspring
      of mothers with chlamydial infection as compared with silver nitrate, and that
      better management of maternal chlamydial infection is therefore required. We also
      conclude that there is a small but appreciable incidence of neonatal gonococcal
      ophthalmia that could be prevented by better prenatal screening and treatment of
      maternal gonococcal infection.

PMID- 2922028
TI  - Why we need a program for the control of Chlamydia trachomatis.

PMID- 2922027
TI  - Association of the Lewis blood-group phenotype with recurrent urinary tract
      infections in women.
AB  - Blood-group antigens are found on the surface of urothelial cells and may affect
      bacterial adherence and thereby the susceptibility to urinary tract infection. We
      determined the ABO, P, and Lewis blood-group phenotypes in 49 white women with
      histories of recurrent urinary tract infections and compared them with those
      found in 49 healthy control women without recurrent urinary tract infections.
      There was no significant difference between the two groups in the distribution of
      the ABO or P phenotypes. The distribution of Lewis blood-group phenotypes among
      control women was similar to that in the general population: secretor phenotype
      (Le(a-b+)), 74 percent; nonsecretor phenotype (Le(a+b-)), 18 percent; and
      recessive phenotype (Le(a-b-)), 8 percent. The following distribution was noted
      among the women with recurrent urinary tract infections: secretor phenotype, 45
      percent; nonsecretor phenotype, 29 percent; and recessive phenotype, 26 percent
      (P = 0.002). When the women with nonsecretor and recessive phenotypes were
      combined and considered collectively, the odds ratio (an estimate of relative
      risk of recurrent urinary tract infection) for those without the secretor
      phenotype was 3.4 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.5 to 7.9). We conclude that
      there is an increased frequency of the Lewis blood-group nonsecretor (Le(a+b-]
      and recessive (Le(a-b-] phenotypes among women with recurrent urinary tract
      infections.

PMID- 2922029
TI  - Chlamydia trachomatis pneumonia in an HIV-seropositive patient.

PMID- 2922030
TI  - Changes in needle sharing and syringe cleaning among San Francisco drug abusers.

PMID- 2922031
TI  - Amplification of DNA from epithelial cells in urine.

PMID- 2922032
TI  - Chromosome analyses from urinary sediment: postnatal confirmation of a prenatally
      diagnosed trisomy 20 mosaicism.

PMID- 2922033
TI  - Insertion of umbilical arterial catheters with guidance by ultrasound.

PMID- 2922034
TI  - Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:3 sepsis after blood transfusion.

PMID- 2922035
TI  - Glycogen storage disease associated with Niemann-Pick disease.

PMID- 2922036
TI  - Is extracorporeal biliary lithotripsy painless? My experience with three shock
      wave sources.

PMID- 2922037
TI  - Changes in misconduct investigation planned.

PMID- 2922038
TI  - Legacy of Three Mile Island.

PMID- 2922039
TI  - Veterinary science. Plan to close schools resisted.

PMID- 2922040
TI  - Mental health. Sterilization protests.

PMID- 2922041
TI  - Plagiarism dispute. Clinical researchers at odds.

PMID- 2922042
TI  - Risks from ionizing radiation.
AB  - For the public in the United Kingdom--and the United States--natural radon is a
      far greater radiation hazard than are emissions from nuclear installations.

PMID- 2922043
TI  - Human immunodeficiency virus. Revving up gene expression.

PMID- 2922044
TI  - Cell motility. Networks from mutants.

PMID- 2922045
TI  - Designer catalytic antibodies.

PMID- 2922046
TI  - Daedalus. New eyes for old.

PMID- 2922047
TI  - Distemper virus in Baikal seals.

PMID- 2922048
TI  - 'Amylin' hormone.

PMID- 2922049
TI  - On the SCIDs?

PMID- 2922050
TI  - Structure of tumour necrosis factor.
AB  - Tumour necrosis factor is a trimeric molecule, each subunit of which consists of
      an antiparallel beta-sandwich. Individual subunits from the trimer by a novel
      edge-to-face packing of beta-sheets. A comparison of the subunit fold with that
      of other proteins reveals a remarkable similarity to the 'jelly-roll' structural
      motif characteristic of viral coat proteins.

PMID- 2922051
TI  - A laminin-like adhesive protein concentrated in the synaptic cleft of the
      neuromuscular junction.
AB  - A striking example of topographic specificity in synapse formation is the
      preferential reinnervation of original synaptic sites on denervated muscle fibres
      by regenerating motor axons. This specificity is mediated by the basal lamina of
      the synaptic cleft. A glycoprotein, s-laminin, has now been identified that is
      selectively associated with synaptic basal lamina and is recognized by
      motoneurons. Molecular cloning reveals that s-laminin is a novel homologue of
      laminin, a potent promoter of neurite outgrowth.

PMID- 2922052
TI  - Incubation period of AIDS in San Francisco.
AB  - In a closed population, the distribution of AIDS diagnoses over time is the
      convolution of the distributions of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections
      and the incubation period. This has motivated estimates of the infection
      distribution, assuming known diagnosis and incubation distributions, but the
      usefulness of this method is limited by uncertainty about incubation. The large
      amount of information on the distribution of HIV infections in San Francisco's
      gay community suggests the opposite approach--estimating the incubation
      distribution, assuming known infection and diagnosis distributions. A non
      parametric implementation of this strategy produced an estimate with a median at
      9.8 years, increasing hazard rates, and less uncertainty than previous estimates.

PMID- 2922053
TI  - A new strategy for the generation of catalytic antibodies.
AB  - The high binding affinity and specificity of antibodies for a wide range of
      ligands has recently been exploited in the generation of catalysts for acyl
      transfer reactions, carbon-carbon bond forming and carbon-carbon bond cleaving
      reactions. In addition, a number of strategies are emerging for the generation of
      catalytic antibodies including transition state stabilization, catalysis by
      approximation, and the introduction of catalytic groups or cofactors into
      antibody combining sites. An important goal in the design of catalytic antibodies
      is the development of general rules relating hapten structure to the
      corresponding catalytic groups in the antibody combining site. We report here
      that electrostatic interactions between a hapten and the complementary antibody
      can be exploited to generate catalytic amino-acid side chains in an antibody
      combining site. The antibody-catalysed reaction, a beta-elimination reaction,
      exhibits saturation kinetics, substrate specificity, competitive inhibition by
      hapten, and specific inactivation by a reagent that modifies carboxylate
      residues.

PMID- 2922054
TI  - Three amino acids of the oestrogen receptor are essential to its ability to
      distinguish an oestrogen from a glucocorticoid-responsive element.
AB  - Steroid hormone receptors activate specific gene transcription by binding as
      hormone-receptor complexes to DNA enhancer elements termed hormone responsive
      elements. A highly conserved 66-amino-acid region of the oestrogen and
      glucocorticoid receptors which corresponds to part of the receptor DNA-binding
      domain (region C) determines the specificity of target gene recognition. This
      region contains two subregions (CI and CII), encoded in two separate exons, that
      are analogous to the 'zinc fingers' of the transcription factor TFIIIA. The N
      terminal CI finger determines the recognition specificity of the hormone
      responsive element. A chimaeric oestrogen receptor, in which the CI finger is
      replaced with the corresponding glucocorticoid receptor CI finger region,
      activates transcription from a reporter gene containing a glucocorticoid
      responsive element, but not from a reporter gene containing an oestrogen
      responsive element. We report here that three amino acids located at the C
      terminal side of the oestrogen receptor CI finger play a key part in this
      specificity.

PMID- 2922055
TI  - Genomic footprinting with Taq polymerase.
AB  - The linear amplification of chemically sequenced DNA with DNA polymerase from
      Thermus aquaticus permits the direct detection of DNA methylation and protein-DNA
      interaction sites in vivo.

PMID- 2922056
TI  - More wicked ways with hormones.

PMID- 2922057
TI  - Soviet psychiatry. New independent association.

PMID- 2922058
TI  - Cortical physiology. Is grandmother an oscillation?

PMID- 2922059
TI  - Our ancestors.

PMID- 2922060
TI  - The Caenorhabditis elegans heterochronic gene lin-14 encodes a nuclear protein
      that forms a temporal developmental switch.
AB  - During wild-type development, a protein product of the Caenorhabditis elegans
      heterochronic gene lin-14 is localized to nuclei of specific somatic cells in
      embryos and early larvae, but is absent in late larvae and adult soma. Gain-of
      function lin-14 mutations cause the level of lin-14 protein to remain high
      throughout development, resulting in developmental reiterations of early cell
      lineages. The normal down-regulation of the lin-14 nuclear protein level encodes
      a temporal switch between early and late cell fates.

PMID- 2922061
TI  - Oscillatory responses in cat visual cortex exhibit inter-columnar synchronization
      which reflects global stimulus properties.
AB  - A fundamental step in visual pattern recognition is the establishment of
      relations between spatially separate features. Recently, we have shown that
      neurons in the cat visual cortex have oscillatory responses in the range 40-60 Hz
      (refs 1, 2) which occur in synchrony for cells in a functional column and are
      tightly correlated with a local oscillatory field potential. This led us to
      hypothesize that the synchronization of oscillatory responses of spatially
      distributed, feature selective cells might be a way to establish relations
      between features in different parts of the visual field. In support of this
      hypothesis, we demonstrate here that neurons in spatially separate columns can
      synchronize their oscillatory responses. The synchronization has, on average, no
      phase difference, depends on the spatial separation and the orientation
      preference of the cells and is influenced by global stimulus properties.

PMID- 2922062
TI  - A diacylglycerol analogue reduces neuronal calcium currents independently of
      protein kinase C activation.
AB  - Diacylglycerol analogues (for example 1,2-oleoylacetylglycerol, OAG) and phorbol
      esters are activators of protein kinase C, and have been widely used to study the
      function of this enzyme in both intact cells and cell-free preparations.
      Electrophysiological studies have shown that these activators can either depress
      or increase Ca2+ currents, or decrease K+ currents when applied outside the cell.
      It has been assumed that these effects are mediated by protein kinase C
      activation. Here we report that micromolar levels of OAG and phorbol esters
      depress Ca2+ currents in chick sensory neurons independently of their effect as
      activators of protein kinase C. The depression of the Ca2+ current is rapid and
      is unaffected by intracellular application of the protein kinase C inhibitors
      staurosporin, sphingosine and H-7. Furthermore, the activators were ineffective
      when applied intracellularly, indicating that their site of action is on the
      outside of the membrane.

PMID- 2922063
TI  - A dominant control region from the human beta-globin locus conferring integration
      site-independent gene expression.
AB  - The regulatory elements that determine the expression pattern of a number of
      eukaryotic genes expressed specifically in certain tissues have been defined and
      studied in detail. In general, however, the expression conferred by these
      elements on genes reintroduced into the genomes of cell lines and transgenic
      animals has turned out to be at a low level relative to that of endogenous genes,
      and influenced by the chromosomal site of insertion of the exogenous construct.
      We have previously shown that if regions flanking the human beta-globin locus are
      introduced into the mouse genome along with the human beta-globin gene, a level
      of expression comparable to that of endogenous genes can be achieved that is also
      independent of integration site. We have now defined a dominant control region
      with these properties consisting of 6.5 kilobases of DNA encompassing erythroid
      cell-specific DNase I hypersensitive sites. The identification of such dominant
      control regions could have important applications in somatic gene therapy.

PMID- 2922064
TI  - [The decision making process of the family physician in choosing a drug].
AB  - The GP's decision-making process in selecting drugs, as determined empirically,
      is described. In most cases (approx. 90%), the GP depends on ready memory and
      chooses from among 4-5 drugs that come to mind first. The cognitive structure of
      the storage of drugs in the GP's memory is primarily determined by the chemical
      properties and action. Proprietary drugs constitute the nodes of this cognitive
      structure. Criteria involved beside those mentioned above are price, efficacy and
      Dutch make. Prescription preferences are primarily determined by side effects and
      efficacy, much less by price and product type (proprietary vs generic drugs).
      Analysis of the GP's decision-making process using general models of human
      decision making and consumer behaviour is a promising technique for further study
      of doctors' selection of drugs.

PMID- 2922065
TI  - [An infant with AIDS].
AB  - A four-month-old girl was hospitalized with pneumococcal sepsis from which she
      recovered. Subsequently she developed various other infectious diseases,
      including chronic diarrhoea caused by Cryptosporidium. After a period with
      neurological symptoms, later sagittal sinus thrombosis and cerebral atrophy, she
      died at age 13 months. It was found that the child suffered from AIDS. The mother
      was seropositive and the virus had probably been transmitted via the placenta.
      Rapid recognition of infants and young children with AIDS is necessary, for in
      the near future more cases of this disease will occur. Antiviral treatment may
      bring about improvement in children as well.

PMID- 2922066
TI  - [Transient bone marrow inhibition caused by aminoglutethimide].
AB  - A 53-year-old woman with reversible bone marrow insufficiency caused by
      aminoglutethimide (AGT) treatment of metastatic breast carcinoma is described.
      The clinical picture included moderate thrombocytopenia and severe
      granulocytopenia complicated by Gram-positive septicaemia and skin infections,
      and by oral candidiasis. Withdrawal of AGT and antibiotic therapy resulted in
      clinical and haematological recovery, but the patient died suddenly, probably
      from a cardiac cause. Autopsy revealed widespread bone metastases, but no bone
      marrow infiltration of breast carcinoma. The haematological hazards caused by
      application of AGT are discussed.

PMID- 2922067
TI  - [The surgical treatment of recurrent breast carcinoma of the axilla].

PMID- 2922068
TI  - [Extrapyramidal movement disorders following the use of flunarizine].

PMID- 2922069
TI  - [Is otitis media with effusion harmful for the language development of young
      children?].

PMID- 2922070
TI  - [Unexplained fever with spontaneous remission in a patient who traveled in the
      tropics].

PMID- 2922071
TI  - [Allergic reactions in the nasal mucosa].

PMID- 2922072
TI  - [Neurotoxicity of lithium with normal lithium levels].

PMID- 2922073
TI  - [Post-traumatic stress disorder: not only in war victims].

PMID- 2922074
TI  - [Organic-psychiatric and psychoreactive disorders in AIDS].

PMID- 2922075
TI  - [Clinically important drug interactions].

PMID- 2922076
TI  - [Appropriate practice by specialists].

PMID- 2922077
TI  - [Admissions and bed occupancy at the hospital before and after the beginning of
      budgeting; a dance of billions].
AB  - Hospital budgeting was enacted in 1983 and led to a spectacular decrease of
      hospital admissions. Admissions of elderly patients were an exception, however;
      progress in medicine results in ever-increasing possibilities of adequate
      treatment for this group. The shortening of the average hospital stay, evident
      since a number of years, continued unchanged after 1982. Taking into account the
      greying of the patients, the number of hospital days per 100 of the population
      has decreased by 20% between 1982 and 1987. This descending curve grows
      increasingly steep. The evolution outlined has probably resulted in a 10-figure
      reduction.

PMID- 2922078
TI  - [Operations before and after the beginning of budgeting; ever better results from
      medical practice].
AB  - The number of operations performed clinically has decreased fairly steeply,
      mostly since 1982, the start of hospital budgeting. This decrease concerns all
      age groups except that of 65 and older. It appears that especially the minor
      operations are performed in the outpatient clinic more often than formerly. In
      spite of the fact that this renders the clinical operation schedule gradually
      heavier, the mortality of patients undergoing clinical operations, already low,
      continues to decrease rather rather markedly. These findings strongly suggest
      that the progress of modern medicine also particularly benefits the aged.

PMID- 2922079
TI  - [An unusual expression of a complication following hysterectomy; the patient
      kneels in front of the doctor].
AB  - During operation of a woman aged 54 years for inguinal hernias, abdominal
      hysterectomy was carried out as well. A severe wound infection occurred.
      Subsequently, the patient was unable to sit down because she could not flex the
      left upper leg. Laparotomy revealed thrombosis and sclerosis of the left ovarian
      vein which impaired contraction of the iliopsoas muscle. Adverse effects of
      hysterectomy are briefly discussed.

PMID- 2922080
TI  - [The use of collected body materials in epidemiologic research].

PMID- 2922081
TI  - [Participation in sports during pregnancy].

PMID- 2922082
TI  - [The effect of prevention of infections in travelers to (sub)tropical areas].

PMID- 2922083
TI  - [The administration of calcium channel blockers in patients with cerebrovascular
      diseases].

PMID- 2922085
TI  - [Legionella pneumophila infection in hotel Aktizeus in Heraklion on Crete?].

PMID- 2922084
TI  - [Lasting neurologic injury in therapeutic lithium plasma levels].

PMID- 2922086
TI  - [Syringomyelia from the neurosurgical viewpoint].
AB  - Indications for, and methods of, surgical treatment in patients with
      syringomyelia are described. In 16 patients a syringomyelic cavity was drained.
      Clinical, radiological and operative findings and results are reported and
      discussed. In six of twelve patients followed up, progressive deterioration was
      arrested by operation and two patients improved.

PMID- 2922087
TI  - [Differential diagnosis of Friedreich ataxia].
AB  - The clinical records of 72 patients with spinocerebellar ataxias which had
      manifested before the age of 20, were examined in a retrospective study.
      Depending on whether the muscle stretch reflexes in the legs were positive or
      negative, two groups were distinguished, that of early onset cerebellar ataxia
      with retained tendon reflexes (EOCA) (13 P.) and that of Friedreich's ataxia (FA)
      (59 P.). The clinical course was much worse in the FA patients compared with
      EOCA. Cardiomyopathy and diabetes mellitus were not a feature of EOCA. Scoliosis
      and a disturbed position sense in the toes were more frequent in FA cases. The
      striking differences in clinical signs and course of the diseases justify the
      differentiation of EOCA from FA, as suggested by Harding in 1981.

PMID- 2922088
TI  - [Space-occupying, traumatically-induced hemorrhage of the posterior cranial
      fossa].
AB  - A total of 4,408 patients were treated for head injuries from 1980 to 1986 at the
      University Hospital of Innsbruck in Austria. Nine of them (0.2%) showed a
      traumatic, space-occupying hematoma in the posterior fossa. Clinical signs are
      often elusive, but tentorial or foraminal herniation with apnea may suddenly
      arise. Heightened awareness of these lesions and closely monitoring these
      patients are both necessary, especially when there is a fracture over the
      transverse sinus or the foramen magnum. Computed tomography helps to establish
      the diagnosis and leads to appropriate neurosurgical treatment. The overall
      mortality of patients with these lesions was 22% in our patients.

PMID- 2922089
TI  - [Evoked potentials before and following decompression craniotomy in space
      occupying cerebellar infarct].

PMID- 2922090
TI  - [Paroxysmal kinesiogenic choreoathetosis].

PMID- 2922091
TI  - [Intraosseous meningioma. A report of 2 cases].

PMID- 2922092
TI  - [The morphology of the lumbar spinal canal].
AB  - Measurements of cast preparations of epidural cavities yielded data
      characterising the "internal silhouette" of the lumbar vertebral canal. Three
      groups of different shapes of lumbar vertebral canal were found to be
      statistically distinguishable from each other. These are determined by the
      constitution of the patient. The different spatial capacity of the three types
      and the different relations of the diameters modify the value of the isolated
      determined distance, for example of the sagittal diameter at L5, which is a
      clinically extremely relevant factor that must be taken into account.

PMID- 2922093
TI  - [Safe placement of atrial shunt catheters using intracardiac ECG. Initial
      experiences with a new ECG adapter system in 33 patients].
AB  - In 1960 Robinson inaugurated the method of placing atrial shunt catheters with
      the help of intracardiac ECG monitoring. Vulnerability to artifacts and problems
      with electrical safety (which have since been solved) led to its disuse. A newly
      developed ECG adapter proved free from artifacts and was practicable in 33
      patients. 31 shunts were correctly placed without requiring time-consuming
      radiography. 2 extracardiac false positions were clearly identifiable by means of
      true negative results, which after correction showed a typical atrial ECG. The
      ECG method is compared with 9 other positioning methods. It seems to be superior
      to the conventional chest x-ray and equal to fluoroscopy. However, the method is
      not on a par with sophisticated measuring techniques such as intracardiac
      pressure monitoring or intravasal sonography.

PMID- 2922094
TI  - [Clinical aspects and diagnosis of lumbosacral perineural cysts].
AB  - Perineurial cysts are sometimes space-occupying cystic dilatations of the lumbo
      sacral nerve roots at or distal to the junction of the posterior root and the
      dorsal ganglion. The wall is composed of perineurium and neural tissue. We report
      on 2 cases of upper sacral perineurial cysts with their computed tomography and
      myelography findings. Indication for operation is discussed: perineurial cysts
      should only be operated on if their clinical symptoms are clearly attributable to
      them and other causes like degeneration of the lumbar spine can be excluded.

PMID- 2922095
TI  - Idiopathic cervical arachnoid cyst. 3 case reports.
AB  - Three cases of cervical intradural arachnoid cysts of different forms are
      described in detail from the viewpoint of neuroradiological findings. In two
      patients the symptoms simulated juvenile muscle atrophy of unilateral upper
      extremity; the other case showed findings as in a tumour. It should be noted that
      in comparison with cysts at the thoracic level, cervical arachnoid cysts show
      various different neurological and neuroradiological findings. In this paper,
      some characteristics of cervical arachnoid cyst in myelography, CT and MRI are
      discussed, in addition to the neurological aspects.

PMID- 2922096
TI  - Sellar chondroma in a case of Ollier's disease.
AB  - Chondromas are rare intracranial tumours. Sometimes they occur as a manifestation
      of a 'generalised chondromatosis'. The authors present a case of sellar chondroma
      in a patient with Ollier's disease. The tumour showed a mainly suprasellar
      extension resulting in a chiasmatic syndrome. The pathogenesis of intracranial
      chondromas, their clinical features, and CT- and MRI-findings are discussed.

PMID- 2922097
TI  - [Etiology of the recurrence of lumbar intervertebral disk displacement].
AB  - In a review for reasons of 100 disc prolapses reoperations we found in 62% a
      recurrence of disc prolapse at the same level, in 24% a recurrence at a different
      level, whereas in 14% we found that the nerve route was closely connected. We
      reoperated 44% in the first two years and 69% in the first five years. The time
      between the operations was prolonged if there was a short period of time for
      relief of pain after operation and a long period of preoperative symptoms. The
      variables of risk of a disk prolapse recurrence are recorded in a risk score, in
      which 64% of the patients belonged retrospectively to a risk group. The
      correlation between operation interval and score points showed that patients with
      short interval had high score ratings.

PMID- 2922098
TI  - New international headache classification.

PMID- 2922099
TI  - World-wide trends in multiple sclerosis mortality.
AB  - Mortality attributed to multiple sclerosis (MS) was analyzed for 35 countries
      around the world using World Health Organization reports from 1965 to 1984.
      Trends were plotted for the United States and Canada, for various regions of
      Europe, Israel, South America, Asia, Australia and some Pacific countries. In
      general, MS mortality has declined steadily in North America and most of western
      Europe as well as in countries with a western culture but has remained stable or
      increased in eastern and northern Europe. Although several Mediterranean
      countries reported a recent increased frequency of MS, it was not (yet?) evident
      in mortality data. Intensive prospective surveillance of MS frequency trends in
      selected regions of the world will determine the validity of the trends based on
      mortality.

PMID- 2922100
TI  - Secular trends in mortality rates from motor neuron disease in Kentucky 1964
      1984.
AB  - All death certificates with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or motor neuron
      disease (MND) as the primary or underlying cause occurring among Kentucky
      residents between 1964 and 1984 were manually reviewed. Geographic variability
      within Kentucky was evident for three intervals, 1964-1967, 1968-1978, and 1979
      1984, with a more marked pattern among females than among males. There was a
      shifting age pattern of MND mortality with a higher proportion of cases in older
      ages for the most recent time period. Again, this pattern was more marked among
      females. Furthermore, there was a slight increase in total average annual age
      adjusted ALS/MND mortality rates over the three intervals. The increase is
      slight, but with the previous stability of reported rates and the shifting
      geographic and age patterns, there is evidence to support the need for incidence
      studies targeted at specific environmental exposures.

PMID- 2922101
TI  - Epidemiology of motor neuron disease in two Italian provinces. Analysis of
      secular trend and geographic distribution.
AB  - Incidence and prevalence rates of motor neuron disease in two Italian provinces
      (Asti and Cuneo, Piedmont region) in the period 1971 through 1985 were estimated.
      The data were omogeneous in the investigated area, but an increasing incidence of
      the disease during the period studied was found, particularly in older age groups
      and in females. An increasing trend in mean age of onset of symptoms was also
      found.

PMID- 2922102
TI  - Transient ischemic attacks in the community: occurrence and clinical
      characteristics. A population survey in the area of Florence, Italy.
AB  - A simple self-administered questionnaire was mailed to a population sample of
      8,626 (40-65 years old) to identify transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) that
      occurred in the previous 12 months. This study was conducted in a well-defined,
      medically controlled geographic area. 75.4% of the questionnaires were returned.
      The procedure identified 52 TIA cases (43 definite and 9 uncertain). The 12-month
      period prevalence for TIAs was 6.6 per 1,000 (95% confidence limits of 4.8-8.9)
      among the respondents. The annual incidence rate for first TIAs was 3.1 per 1,000
      (95% confidence limits of 1.9-4.7). Our results differ from those reported in
      hospital series or in population surveys based on clinical records, with higher
      incidence and prevalence rates, female preponderance and higher frequency of
      vertebrobasilar attacks.

PMID- 2922103
TI  - Stroke in a French prospective population study.
AB  - Since 1985 there has been a Stroke Registry in Dijon to record every stroke
      occurring in the population of a city of 140,000 inhabitants. The survey has been
      exhaustive and included the numerous sources of information as well as CT
      scanning. The annual incidence is 145/100,000 with an annual specific incidence
      of 170/100,000 in men, 126/100,000 in women. The annual specific incidence shows
      a female preponderance until 30 years of age, after which the males lead from the
      age of 30 to 80, when the rates become equal. Sixty-eight percent of strokes
      produced by infarct, 12% by lacunae, 5% by subarachnoid hemorrhage and 15% by
      cerebral hemorrhage. Differences exist in this distribution, with the
      preponderance of young people in subarachnoid hemorrhage, and cerebral hemorrhage
      is commoner in the 5th decade while infarct increases with age in both sexes.
      Infarct appears commoner during winter, transient ischemic attacks during summer,
      while cerebral hemorrhage has a constant incidence during the year. Mortality is
      high mainly during the 1st month with 12.5% during the 1st week, 21.5% the 1st
      month and 30% the 1st year. Our results are in the mean similar to white
      occidental countries, but opposite to those observed in Japan; they emphasize the
      importance of the lacunar syndrome, and the seasonal variations in different
      types of stroke.

PMID- 2922104
TI  - Neurotensin in microdissected brain nuclei and in the pituitary of the lean and
      obese Zucker rats.
AB  - Neurotensin (NT) is a tridecapeptide common to the gastrointestinal tract and
      central nervous system which suppresses food intake when centrally injected in
      various regions of the hypothalamus. We measured neurotensin levels in several
      microdissected brain nuclei as well as in the pituitary in 10 obese hyperphagic
      Zucker (fa/fa) rats, 9 heterozygous Fa/fa and 5 Fa/Fa lean rats. The greatest NT
      concentration and content were observed in the anterior lobe of the pituitary in
      the median eminence and in the lateral preoptic area (500 to 1000 pg/area, 3 to 5
      ng/mg protein). NT was also detected in the median preoptic area, paraventricular
      (PVN), supraoptic, ventromedian nuclei (VMN) (about 250 pg/nucleus, 1.5 to 2
      ng/mg protein). The smallest amounts were found in the suprachiasmatic (SCH) and
      accumbens nucleus (about 100 pg/nucleus, 1 ng/mg protein) and the peptide was
      absent in the cortex. NT content in the obese rat was significantly lower in all
      brain nuclei examined except the accumbens nucleus. This was most evident in the
      three nuclei involved in the regulation of feeding behaviour: PVN (276 +/- 38
      (Fa/Fa) vs 188 +/- 15 (fa/fa) pg/nucleus, P less than 0.05), VMN (226, +/- 21
      (Fa/Fa) vs 75 +/- 22 (fa/fa) pg/nucleus, P less than 0.001), and SCH (98 +/- 14
      (Fa/Fa) vs 52 +/- 11 (fa/fa) pg/nucleus, P less than 0.05). There was no
      difference in the pituitary lobes between lean and obese rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2922105
TI  - Stimulation of cholinergic receptor mediated secretion from the bovine adrenal
      medulla by neuropeptide Y.
AB  - The bovine adrenal medulla has been shown to possess binding sites for
      neuropeptide Y (NPY) and to release NPY in response to nicotinic receptor
      stimulation. Therefore we chose to investigate the influence of this peptide on
      adrenomedullary secretion using the retrogradely perfused bovine adrenal gland.
      The secretion of enkephalin-like peptides, norepinephrine and epinephrine was
      monitored after nicotinic cholinergic receptor stimulation in the presence and
      absence of NPY. NPY, alone, had no effect on secretion from the adrenal gland but
      produced a dose dependent increase in the secretion of enkephalin-like peptides
      and catecholamines when the cholinergic agonist, 1,1 dimethyl-4
      phenylpiperizinium iodide, was present. The increase was significant at 1 X 10(
      8) M when compared to release in the absence of NPY. The stimulatory action of
      other cholinergic agonists (nicotine and acetylcholine) was likewise potentiated
      by the addition of the neuropeptide. Peptide YY and pancreatic polypeptide did
      not mimic the effect of NPY when examined at the same concentration. In contrast
      to the potentiation observed in the perfused adrenal gland, NPY (1 X 10(-8) M)
      inhibited the cholinergic mediated release of enkephalin-like peptides and
      catecholamines from cultured bovine chromaffin cells. These data suggest that NPY
      may have the capacity to augment cholinergic receptor mediated secretion from the
      bovine adrenal gland.

PMID- 2922106
TI  - Effects of VIP and helodermin on thyroid hormone secretion in the mouse.
AB  - The two peptides VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide) and helodermin have both
      been shown to occur within the thyroid gland: VIP in intrathyroidal nerves and
      helodermin in the C-cells. Both peptides have previously been demonstrated to
      enhance the release of radioiodine from the prelabelled thyroid in vivo. Since a
      considerable amount of radioiodine released from the thyroid under these
      conditions may be non-hormonal, we reexamined the effects of VIP and helodermin
      on thyroid hormone secretion by the use of the specific technique of studying the
      release of radioiodine bound to specific T4 antiserum in mice. We thereby found
      that anti-T4-bound radioiodine in T3-pretreated animals increased after
      intravenous injection of VIP (1.5 nmol/animal) to 280 +/- 24% (P less than
      0.001), and after intravenous injection of helodermin (1.5 nmol/-animal) to 186
      +/- 26% (P less than 0.001) compared to 78 +/- 5% in controls. As a comparison,
      the corresponding figure after injection of TSH (70 microU/animal) was
      approximately 350% (P less than 0.001). In contrast, in animals not pretreated
      with T3, neither TSH, nor VIP helodermin significantly altered the plasma level
      of anti-T4-bound radioiodine. Also, VIP and helodermin did not change the plasma
      levels of free T4 in non-pretreated animals. In summary, the sensitive and
      specific technique of measuring the release of anti-T4-bound radioiodine in vivo
      after pretreatment with NA 125I and T3 detected a stimulation of the thyroid
      hormone secretion by VIP and helodermin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2922107
TI  - Radioimmunoassay of cyclo(His-Pro) in unextracted human plasma: report of a
      normal range and definition of factors critical for successful assay.
AB  - A radioimmunoassay for cyclo(His-Pro) (CHP) in unextracted human plasma that can
      detect 40 pg has been developed. Elution profile of CHP-like immunoreactivity
      (CHP-LI) corresponded precisely to those of [3H] cyclo(His-Pro) by both high
      pressure liquid chromatography and Sephadex G-25 column chromatography. In
      addition plasma CHP-LI exhibited close immunoidentity with authentic CHP.
      Charcoal treatment of plasma containing [3H] cyclo(His-Pro) resulted in loss of
      both CHP-LI and [3H] cyclo(His-Pro) activity. Plasma frozen at draw and assayed
      at 0, 6 and 24 hours displayed no change in CHP-LI while an aliquot from the same
      sample maintained at 4 degrees C and assayed at the same time intervals showed a
      50% rise (0 hrs-856 +/- 47 pg/ml; 24 hrs-1288 +/- 85 pg/ml) (+/- SE) over 24
      hours. In addition, plasma drawn from 14 volunteers and immediately frozen until
      assay yielded a mean CHP value of 829 +/- 64 pg/ml (+/- SE) while that of 14
      volunteers that was maintained at 25 degrees C for 90 minutes was significantly
      higher at 1085 +/- 34 pg/ml (+/- SE) (p less than 0.03). Taken together, these
      data suggest that CHP can be easily measured in a direct RIA of human plasma,
      however, failure to maintain the sample frozen from the time of draw until assay
      may yield spuriously elevated values.

PMID- 2922108
TI  - Cholecystokinin system in striatal-nigral neuronal networks: infusion of
      quinolinic acid into rat striatum.
AB  - Unilateral infusions of quinolinic acid (QUIN) into the rat striatum led to an
      increase in cholecystokinin octapeptide sulfate-like immunoreactivity (CCK8S-LI)
      in the striatum and substantia nigra 4 days later. These changes were suppressed
      by the injection of gamma-aminobutyric acid into substantia nigra 30 min before
      sacrifice. Intraperitoneal administration of haloperidol 40 min before sacrifice
      also suppressed the effect of QUIN on CCK. These results suggest that
      nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons regulate CCK neurons via presynaptic sites in
      the striatum, and also that striatonigral GABAergic neurons interact with CCK
      neurons in the substantia nigra.

PMID- 2922109
TI  - Immunohistochemical localization of secretogranin II in the rat cerebellum.
AB  - Secretogranin II (chromogranin C) is a peptide related to chromogranin A and
      secretogranin I (chromogranin B) which is secreted by a regulated pathway from
      both neurons and endocrine cells. In the present study we have determined by
      light microscopic immunocytochemistry its distribution in the cerebellum and in
      adjacent brain stem regions. Secretogranin II was found to be widely distributed
      throughout the gray matter of these regions. Highly immunoreactive structures in
      the cerebellar cortex included the majority of climbing fibers, a large number of
      mossy fibers, sparse varicose fibers in the molecular layer and a subpopulation
      of neuronal perikarya in the granule cell layer. The location and shape of these
      neurons are very similar to those of a novel type of cerebellar neurons which has
      been recently described. A moderate level of immunoreactivity was observed on
      fibers travelling among Purkinje cells and parallel to the pial surface in the
      Purkinje cell layer. A variable, but in general low, degree of immunoreactivity
      was also detectable in the perikarya of Purkinje cells. In the deep cerebellar
      nuclei a loose network of secretogranin II-positive fibers was visible. Neurons
      of the nuclei, however, were non-immunoreactive. A dense network of highly
      immunoreactive fibers was found throughout the brain stem regions adjacent to the
      cerebellum. Our results indicate that secretogranin II has in the cerebellum and
      adjacent regions a distribution more widespread than that of known regulatory
      peptides and suggest that the peptide-mediated signaling in the cerebellum plays
      a role more important that has been acknowledged so far.

PMID- 2922110
TI  - Developmental and regeneration-associated regulation of the limbic system
      associated membrane protein in explant cultures of the rat brain.
AB  - In the present study we have examined the topographic and temporal patterns of
      expression of the limbic system associated membrane protein by light and electron
      microscopic immunocytochemistry in organotypic cultures of the rat brain. The
      regional, cellular and subcellular distribution of staining in young cultures was
      similar to that in the intact brain of corresponding age. Since the tissue in
      vitro is isolated both from afferents and targets, short-term protein expression
      appears to be regulated by factors intrinsic to the neuron. In culture, the
      protein was present on the surface of neurons which are physiologically
      interconnected, such as neurons belonging to the septohippocampal system
      (cholinergic neurons in the septum and pyramidal and granule cells in the
      hippocampus). It was also present on the surface of axons and growth cones during
      process outgrowth. Thus, the limbic system associated membrane protein is
      expressed in an appropriate spatial and temporal pattern for mediating
      interactions between growing axons and their targets. The expression of the
      protein in culture showed some important differences as compared to the intact
      brain. With increasing age, there was an increasing scattering and disappearance
      of immunoreactivity in cultures fixed with paraformaldehyde/glutaraldehyde. The
      decreased immunoreactivity in aged cultures does not appear to reflect decreased
      protein synthesis, because unfixed and acetone-fixed explants continued to show
      immunostaining. Furthermore, dot-blot assays showed similar amounts of
      immunoreactivity in culture as in the intact brain of corresponding age. Thus,
      the age-dependent decrease of immunoreactivity may reflect altered insertion of
      the protein into the membrane or a modification of the epitope recognized by the
      antibody. There was a rapid increase (within 1 hour) of immunostaining on the
      surface of sprouting processes following mechanical lesion of mature, unstained
      axons. The altered distribution after tissue injury could be a means of ensuring
      specificity of connectivity during nerve fiber regeneration. On the basis of the
      reported findings, we suggest that system-specific membrane proteins, including
      the limbic system associated membrane protein, may mediate the formation of
      specific connections in the brain. Furthermore, we suggest that the reinnervation
      processes taking place after central nervous system injury may exhibit a similar
      molecular basis to the development of neural pathways.

PMID- 2922111
TI  - Co-release of neuropeptide Y and noradrenaline from pig spleen in vivo:
      importance of subcellular storage, nerve impulse frequency and pattern, feedback
      regulation and resupply by axonal transport.
AB  - The importance of subcellular storage, nerve impulse rate and pattern, and
      feedback regulation, as well as resupply by axonal transport for the release of
      noradrenaline and neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity, was studied in the blood
      perfused pig spleen in vivo. Vasoconstrictor responses were recorded as perfusion
      pressure changes. Subcellular fractionation experiments using sucrose density
      gradients showed a bimodal distribution of noradrenaline (peak concentrations at
      0.8 and 1.1 M sucrose) while only one main peak of neuropeptide Y was present (at
      1.1 M sucrose). Overflow suggesting release of noradrenaline and neuropeptide Y
      like immunoreactivity could be detected after 10 s stimulation at 10 Hz. The
      ratio for the output of noradrenaline and neuropeptide Y upon continuous nerve
      stimulation in control animals decreased with frequency. After inhibition of
      noradrenaline reuptake by desipramine the vasoconstrictor response and
      noradrenaline output were enhanced while the corresponding overflow of
      neuropeptide Y was reduced by 50% at 0.5 Hz. Stimulation with the irregular or
      regular bursting patterns at high frequencies caused larger perfusion pressure
      increase and relative enhancement of neuropeptide Y output compared to
      noradrenaline than a continuous stimulation both before and after desipramine
      treatment. A similar fractional release per nerve impulse was calculated both for
      [3H]noradrenaline (5.6 +/- 1.0 x 10(-5) and neuropeptide Y (7.3 +/- 0.3 x 10(-5).
      After reserpine treatment combined with preganglionic denervation the
      vasoconstrictor responses were more long-lasting, neuropeptide Y release was
      enhanced while noradrenaline content and release were reduced by 99%. The
      difference in neuropeptide Y overflow between continuous and bursting types of
      stimulation was smaller after reserpine treatment. After prolonged intermittent
      stimulation with regular bursts (20 Hz) for 1 h the splenic content of
      neuropeptide Y was reduced by 58%, while no change was observed for
      noradrenaline. The maximal perfusion pressure increase upon prolonged nerve
      stimulation after reserpine was similar in control and reserpine-treated animals,
      but after reserpine the vasoconstrictor response and neuropeptide Y release were
      subjected to fatigue. Ligation experiments of the splenic nerves revealed the
      splenic neuropeptide Y content was resupplied by axonal transport with a
      calculated total tissue turnover time of 11 days. In contrast, axonal transport
      contributed only to a marginal extent for the resupply of noradrenaline.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2922112
TI  - The onset of myogenesis in denervated mouse skeletal muscle regenerating after
      injury.
AB  - Denervation of skeletal muscle stimulates increased turnover of muscle nuclei and
      connective tissue cells. The present investigation tests whether denervation
      "primes" myogenic precursor cells, so that the onset of DNA synthesis in muscle
      precursors after traumatic injury occurs earlier than in innervated muscle. The
      left legs of 29 male BALBc mice were denervated, and 1 week later small incisions
      were made in the tibialis anterior muscles of both legs (denervated and
      innervated). At specific times after injury each mouse was injected once with
      tritiated thymidine to label replicating muscle precursors. Muscle lesions were
      sampled 10 days after injury (when all precursors had fused to form myotubes) and
      prepared for auto-radiography. The presence of labelled myotube nuclei showed
      that muscle precursors had been synthesizing DNA at the time when [3H]thymidine
      had been injected. Our data suggest that very few precursors were proliferating
      in denervated muscle within 30 h after injury, and the onset of myogenesis at 30
      h was essentially the same in denervated and innervated muscle. The retrospective
      analysis indicates that there were also similar proportions of muscle precursors
      proliferating at different times after injury, in regenerating lesions of both
      denervated and innervated muscle. Thus, denervation does not stimulate an earlier
      regenerative response in injured skeletal muscle.

PMID- 2922113
TI  - American Academy of Neurology. 41st annual meeting program. Chicago, April 13-19,
      1989. Abstracts.

PMID- 2922114
TI  - Building and promoting the executive team.

PMID- 2922115
TI  - Nursing and administration: a synthesis model.
AB  - The position taken in this article is that nursing administrative practice is a
      synthesis of knowledge and skills from the two major fields of study, nursing and
      administration. This synthesis is unique, needs further explication, and differs
      from a simple combination of content from two separate fields. Expanded study of
      nursing is an essential component of graduate programs in nursing administration
      and embraces both discipline and practice considerations. It proceeds from the
      perspective of clients as pluralities and organizations and systems as
      appropriate units of analysis. Nurses in executive positions, operating from an
      expanded knowledge base, have an opportunity to empower nursing and exert
      substantial influence on the nature and direction of health care. Concurrently
      they can empower other members of the executive team through development of
      creative patterns of interdependence as the organization pursues the goal of high
      quality, evenly distributed, cost-effective patient care.

PMID- 2922116
TI  - Nurse executive leadership: a corporate perspective.
AB  - It is a new age of understanding for nursing leaders. New corporate leadership
      positioning and power allow nurses the opportunity to evaluate leading abilities
      and to develop innovative leadership models. A corporate perspective sheds new
      light on old and difficult leadership problems. New sources of information are
      useful to all nursing leaders as they guide professional nurses, students,
      physicians, administrative colleagues, and others involved in health care
      delivery.

PMID- 2922117
TI  - Management preparation for nurse executives: the dual degree option.
AB  - Nurses have the clinical expertise that enables them to better understand the
      complex issues inherent in management of the delivery of health care. Yet without
      adequate preparation in management, as well as training of higher levels of
      nursing theory and research, nurses will be less prepared to compete at higher
      levels as the system continues to change. The University of Colorado offers a
      program designed to meet these needs, which serves as a national model for other
      schools of nursing considering such a curricular change. Further research needs
      to be conducted to identify the specific components of a graduate program that
      will enable the nurse executive to develop advanced nursing practice skills while
      developing the management skills necessary to achieve effectiveness in the
      practice setting. Because the long-term outcome of the dual degree model is still
      unknown, the effectiveness of the program in the health care system over time
      will be evaluated in relation to three outcomes: first, the effectiveness of
      program goals and objectives for producing successful nurse executives; second,
      the effectiveness of the curriculum design in preparing successful nurse
      executives; and third, satisfaction of graduates with the program and with their
      preparation. Participants in the dual degree program look forward to meeting this
      challenge.

PMID- 2922118
TI  - The nurse executive and interdisciplinary team building.
AB  - Team-building efforts of the nurse executive will raise nursing's status and
      strengthen nursing's image as a reliable, self-managed department able to make
      valuable contributions to health care delivery. Nurse administrators who assume
      the responsibility of building and maintaining productive interdisciplinary teams
      at the executive level will be rewarded with increased visibility, recognition,
      and power. Such opportunities for leadership should not be ignored or left to the
      purview of hospital administrators, physicians, or any other discipline.

PMID- 2922119
TI  - The theory of bureaucratic caring for nursing practice in the organizational
      culture.
AB  - Changes in the health care environment have raised many questions related to
      patient care. How are political, economic, legal, and technological caring
      decisions made? How is spiritual caring fostered? How can ethical caring be the
      grounds on which moral decisions are made? What new policies must be designed to
      enhance the human perspective in corporate policy, and how will these principles
      and policies guide actions? The impact of the Theory of Bureaucratic Caring on
      the corporate enterprise will necessitate a system shift from a narrow to a broad
      focus where management and caring views can exist side by side and realistically
      represent the transformation of health care organizations to benefit humankind.

PMID- 2922120
TI  - Executive teamwork at the University of Michigan Medical Center.

PMID- 2922121
TI  - Executive teamwork at the University of Michigan Medical Center.

PMID- 2922122
TI  - Creating the foundation for an effective executive team.

PMID- 2922123
TI  - The evolution of the nurse executive role from one perspective.

PMID- 2922124
TI  - Forming and executive team.

PMID- 2922125
TI  - Effective staff functioning in dealing with executive teams.

PMID- 2922126
TI  - Reflections of the executive team.

PMID- 2922128
TI  - The changing health care environment: challenges for the executive team.

PMID- 2922129
TI  - Factors associated with pregnancy-induced hypertension.
AB  - This article reports the results of a correlational study that explored the
      association between the three factors of pregravid weight, prenatal weight gain
      at 28 weeks and maternal age, and the subsequent development of pregnancy-induced
      hypertension (PIH). A significant relationship between low maternal age and PIH
      development was found. Further data analysis showed that PIH occurred
      significantly more often when the second trimester mean arterial pressure (MAP)
      did not drop to a level lower than the first trimester MAP. Clinically, emphasis
      should be placed on early detection of women at high risk for PIH development.
      Analysis of the MAP changes could prove to be a low-cost, effective and low-risk
      predictive test for PIH development.

PMID- 2922127
TI  - The corporate challenge.

PMID- 2922130
TI  - How each state stands on legislative issues affecting advanced nursing practice.

PMID- 2922132
TI  - Smoking and health: 25 years of progress.

PMID- 2922131
TI  - Sudden hearing loss.
AB  - The condition of "sudden hearing loss" is characterized by an abrupt and usually
      unilateral reduction of hearing. The loss may affect any frequency and may range
      from mild to profound in degree. This type of hearing loss causes particular
      difficulty in assessment because several chronic conditions may manifest similar
      initial symptoms. Sudden hearing loss is an emergency which demands astute
      recognition and a prompt otolaryngological referral. The key to prompt
      recognition in the primary care setting includes the maintenance of a high index
      of suspicion accompanied by a thorough and accurate patient history.

PMID- 2922133
TI  - The social epidemiology of smoking during pregnancy among Mexican women.
AB  - The association between maternal tobacco smoke exposure and hazards to
      reproduction has been investigated since the turn of the century. Numerous
      studies have demonstrated an increased risk to the developing fetus as a result
      of maternal smoking. This risk continues to manifest itself postnatally into
      childhood. The present study examined both risk factors for and consequences of
      smoking behavior among a sample of 50 pregnant women consecutively admitted to
      the obstetrics ward of the Tijuana General Hospital, Tijuana, Mexico. A
      questionnaire completed postpartum examined social, cultural, and economic
      variables for the mother, and physical variables of the newborn. Twenty-one
      subjects were smokers and 29 were nonsmokers. The number of previous pregnancies
      per subject was significantly higher in the group of smoking mothers. Overall,
      86.2% of the nonsmoking mothers had three or fewer pregnancies versus 52.4% of
      the smoking mothers (p less than or equal to 0.005). It was also noted that the
      smoking subjects tended to be light smokers (90% reported smoking ten or fewer
      cigarettes a day, with an average of 4.27 years of smoking history). No
      difference in knowledge of the harmful effects of smoking during pregnancy was
      observed between the two groups; however, the proportion of subjects whose
      mothers and siblings also smoked was significantly higher (p less than or equal
      to 0.005 and p less than or equal to 0.01, respectively) in the smoking groups.
      The results are discussed in terms of antismoking prevention and health promotion
      programs for the developing world.

PMID- 2922134
TI  - Smoking in the workplace: research needs and potential applications.

PMID- 2922135
TI  - Nonsmoking/smoking policy implementation at the state level.

PMID- 2922136
TI  - The smoke-free hospital: a smoke-free worksite.

PMID- 2922137
TI  - Implementation of a smoking policy in the United States Army.

PMID- 2922138
TI  - Rainier Bancorporation's policy on smoking.

PMID- 2922139
TI  - Evaluating worksite smoking policies. Methodologic issues.
AB  - This paper discusses the methodologic issues one confronts when studying the
      impact of worksite smoking policies, using one such study as an example. Topics
      covered include defining the research questions, deciding on timing of
      measurements in relation to policy implementation, advantages and disadvantages
      of cohort versus cross-sectional research designs, and alternative measurement
      techniques. The sample study examined changes over one year in the smoking
      related behaviors and attitudes of employees of a hospital that initiated a
      restrictive smoking policy, in relation to employees of a comparable hospital
      without a restrictive policy. The short term impact on ambient carbon monoxide
      was also examined. A case is made for studying the impact of smoking policy in
      the context of other strategies for reducing smoking prevalence at the worksite,
      such as individual treatment and organizational initiatives to motivate smoking
      cessation.

PMID- 2922140
TI  - "Smokeless cigarette" faces legal challenge.

PMID- 2922141
TI  - Human abuse through the ages.

PMID- 2922143
TI  - The sexual abuse of boys.

PMID- 2922142
TI  - The need for physicians to recognize sexual abuse in children.

PMID- 2922144
TI  - Child abuse: where are we going?

PMID- 2922145
TI  - Perestroika, new mental health legislation, and Soviet psychiatry.

PMID- 2922147
TI  - Spouse abuse.

PMID- 2922146
TI  - Abuse of the child and anxiety in the adult.
AB  - We report on the early development and family background of 20 patients admitted
      to an anxiety disorders clinic serving a disadvantaged population. Sixteen of
      these 20 patients had been abused or neglected. Nineteen had a diagnosis of at
      least one personality disorder. We discuss the relationship between the patients'
      backgrounds and their current disorders. It is our thesis that the traumatic
      background of our patients is the major factor that allows anxiety to be passed
      across the generations.

PMID- 2922148
TI  - Torture and health care professionals.

PMID- 2922149
TI  - Fetal neglect and abuse.

PMID- 2922150
TI  - Child abuse: the physician's responsibility.

PMID- 2922151
TI  - Abuse of the adolescent.

PMID- 2922153
TI  - Confronting child abuse and neglect in New York State.

PMID- 2922152
TI  - Abuse of the elderly: misuses of power.

PMID- 2922154
TI  - Anorexia nervosa: the destructive pursuit of thinness.

PMID- 2922155
TI  - The physician's management of child maltreatment.

PMID- 2922156
TI  - Secondary syphilis in a prepubertal child. Differentiating condylomata lata from
      condylomata acuminata.

PMID- 2922157
TI  - AIDS among New York State children.

PMID- 2922158
TI  - Corrections please ...

PMID- 2922159
TI  - On the mark ...

PMID- 2922160
TI  - Off-tour nurse vs. primary nurse: defining the roles.

PMID- 2922161
TI  - Age discrimination.

PMID- 2922162
TI  - The role of the LPN or ... the problem of two levels.

PMID- 2922163
TI  - The new nursing organization.

PMID- 2922164
TI  - Managing the "super-achiever" nurse.

PMID- 2922165
TI  - Self-scheduling for professional nurses.

PMID- 2922166
TI  - Utilization review: a psychiatric perspective.

PMID- 2922167
TI  - Managing the borderline personality.

PMID- 2922168
TI  - Streamlined documentation through exceptional charting.

PMID- 2922169
TI  - Taking the "guesstimates" out of FTE budgeting. Full-time equivalency.

PMID- 2922170
TI  - The performance edge.

PMID- 2922172
TI  - Preoperative teaching: a need for change.

PMID- 2922171
TI  - A hospital-based learning center.

PMID- 2922173
TI  - Leadership: do it with style.

PMID- 2922174
TI  - Performance-based evaluations.

PMID- 2922175
TI  - Management rights in unionized hospitals.

PMID- 2922176
TI  - Decision-making and conscience: protecting values in a clinical area.

PMID- 2922177
TI  - Despite appearances, no clean bill of health for semiconductor trade.

PMID- 2922178
TI  - Changing benefits funding presents challenge for health professionals.

PMID- 2922179
TI  - Cancerphobia liability: will this be "tort of the decade" in the '90s?

PMID- 2922180
TI  - Replacing the 'soft' touch with the safe touch.

PMID- 2922181
TI  - Prescription VDT lenses alleviate visual discomfort of display users.

PMID- 2922182
TI  - Threshold shift in hearing level stems from non-occupational cause.

PMID- 2922183
TI  - Effective hearing programs require assessment, testing, enforcement.

PMID- 2922184
TI  - Judge refuses to quash AIDS suit.

PMID- 2922185
TI  - Cost reduction trend forces new practices in occupational medicine.

PMID- 2922186
TI  - Is the color of your skin dangerous to your health and safety at work?

PMID- 2922187
TI  - Surgical reconstruction of the arthritic knee II.

PMID- 2922188
TI  - Cementless total knee replacement in patients 50 years old and under.
AB  - In this article, the authors present their initial experience with a cementless
      total knee prosthesis implanted in a young, active group of patients. The results
      compare favorably to reported cemented series.

PMID- 2922189
TI  - New Jersey low contact stress knee replacement system. Ten-year evaluation of
      meniscal bearings.
AB  - A metal-backed, interchangeable, meniscal bearing knee replacement system has
      been designed to combine low constraint forces with low contact stresses (LCS) to
      allow nearly normal joint articulation and loading as well as long-term wear
      resistance of the implants. System components allow unicompartmental,
      bicompartmental, tricompartmental, and revision knee arthroplasties. In this
      prospective comparison study, the early series of cases used methyl methacrylate
      for prosthesis-to-bone fixation, whereas the more recent series of knee
      replacements used sintered-bead porous coating to allow tissue ingrowth
      stabilization of all implants. Overall results in the first 149 cemented cases
      with 2- to 10-year follow-up (mean 7.6 years) were good to excellent in 85.2 per
      cent, fair in 3.4 per cent, and poor in 11.4 per cent using a strict knee scoring
      scale. Fair and poor results were seen predominantly in multiply operated and
      implant revision cases. The best cemented results were noted in primary cases,
      95.1 per cent of which had good to excellent results. Overall results in the
      first 208 cementless cases with 2- to 7-year follow-up (mean 4.4 years) were good
      to excellent in 91.8 per cent, fair in 2.4 per cent, and poor in 5.8 per cent.
      Fair and poor results were also seen predominantly in multiply operated and
      implant revision cases. The best cementless results were noted in primary cases,
      98.2 per cent of which had good to excellent results. Of 140 meniscal bearing
      implants in the entire series, one dislocation occurred (0.7 per cent) which
      required open bearing replacement. Of 217 rotating platform bearing implants in
      the entire series, 7 dislocations occurred (3.2 per cent), which required open
      bearing replacement or revision of components for malposition. These dislocations
      were seen predominantly in revision cases involving insufficient flexion
      stability; 6 of the 7 cases were revisions. This study demonstrates the efficacy
      of mobile bearing elements for use in knee replacement arthroplasty. It is
      essential that flexion and extension gaps be controlled to maintain contact
      pressure on such bearings to avoid problems of subluxation or dislocation.

PMID- 2922190
TI  - High tibial osteotomy with fixation by a blade plate for medial compartment
      osteoarthritis of the knee.
AB  - Surgical techniques were described on tibial osteotomy above the tuberosity, the
      fragments of which were fixed with a Koshino blade plate. Postoperative clinical
      results on 176 knees with medial compartment osteoarthritis of 138 patients with
      an average age of 62.1 years were excellent in 110 and good in 55 knees with an
      average of 5.5 years' follow-up. The best knee score was obtained in the knee
      with postoperative limb alignment of 6 to 15 degree valgus angulation (standing).
      The results were satisfactory, especially in postoperative management, which was
      much easier with the Koshino blade plate fixation than with other methods. The
      sinking of the osteotomy site was checked through observation of screw movement
      in the slot of the plate during postoperative management in 53 selected knees,
      and the averaged distance of sinking was 3.9 +/- 2.5 mm. The time of mechanical
      bone union judged by cessation of sinking averaged 12.9 +/- 6.2 weeks after
      osteotomy.

PMID- 2922191
TI  - [Surgical treatment of critical valvular aortic stenosis in neonates and infants
      based on echocardiographic diagnosis].
AB  - The results of surgical intervention are reported in 10 cases of critical
      valvular aorta stenosis diagnosed with echocardiography in neonatal age and
      infancy. The significance of echocardiography (2-dimensional, M-mode, Doppler)
      which does not mean stress for the patient in critical state and provides correct
      diagnosis is emphasized. Correct diagnosis contributes to the performance of
      operation in appropriate time as well as the use of immediately performable and
      correct surgical technique is considered necessary. These are the first cases in
      Hungary where open heart operations have been carried out on the basis of
      echocardiography in neonatal age and infancy. The good results proved the
      adequacy of the solution.

PMID- 2922192
TI  - [A simple method of cervical myelography by lumbar injection of Omnipaque].
AB  - The authors report on the experiences with cervical myelography performed in 94
      cases in the past years at their Institute. On the basis of the results a simple
      and reliable procedure easy to perform with the lumbar administration of
      Omnipaque contrast material in lying position is described and recommended.
      Examinations performed by cervical puncture are justified only according to the
      authors' opinion if their method fails to be successful.

PMID- 2922193
TI  - [A new method of heparin therapy: subcutaneous administration in
      thromboembolism].

PMID- 2922194
TI  - [After the convention of physicians and artists].

PMID- 2922195
TI  - [Report of the experiences of a nursing instructor--teaching on the ward].

PMID- 2922196
TI  - [I lay there full of anxiety and wanted to die].

PMID- 2922197
TI  - Misunderstanding possible in scope of work.

PMID- 2922198
TI  - A primer on MedisGroups.

PMID- 2922199
TI  - Disposal of office hazardous wastes.

PMID- 2922201
TI  - Amend retirement plans for 1986 law changes. Health Care Group.

PMID- 2922200
TI  - Families and physician impairment.

PMID- 2922202
TI  - Dosage strategy in treating schizophrenia.

PMID- 2922203
TI  - Dreams and madness.

PMID- 2922204
TI  - Body image among 22 persons with acquired and congenital severe mobility
      impairment.
AB  - Interviews concerning body image were conducted with 10 persons with tetraplegia
      due to traumatic spinal cord injury and 12 persons with cerebral palsy. They all
      needed a wheelchair and daily assistance from another person. Their
      satisfaction/dissatisfaction with their body in different situations was reported
      on a visual analogue scale. The body size as estimated on a Body Puzzle was
      compared with true measurements. The body mass index of the 22 persons was
      calculated. These results showed only slight differences between the groups of
      persons with acquired and congenital motor impairment and did not differ from the
      results in a reference group. Information was obtained about different
      experiences of the interviewed persons, e.g. those from the viewpoint of a
      wheelchair user, lack of body language and moving about in dreams. In general,
      the adjustments made to the problems concerning body image by the persons with
      severe mobility impairment were successful. This finding is important in the
      light of the efforts among persons with severe mobility impairment to reach
      equality and 'a normal life'.

PMID- 2922205
TI  - Preliminary evaluation of a pressure clinic in a new spinal injuries unit.
AB  - A pressure clinic is described, and its effectiveness in preventing pressure
      sores assessed. Preliminary results suggest that the incidence of pressure sores
      can easily be reduced by the introduction of this service.

PMID- 2922206
TI  - The natural history of neurological recovery in patients with traumatic
      tetraplegia.
AB  - During the years 1965 to 1986 the Rehabilitation Institute in Konstancin, Poland
      provided treatment for about 1400 patients admitted to hospital within the first
      hours or days after injury to the cervical spinal cord. This communication
      presents an analysis of 122 patients with tetraplegia, with absent sensation or
      only slight deep sensation preserved on admission. The patients showed
      considerable neurological recovery of the paralysed muscles. The analysis
      includes the age of patients, the level and degree of spinal cord injury, the
      mechanism of spinal injury, the time interval from injury to the return of
      sensation, voluntary movements and bladder automatism functions, as well as the
      ability to walk.

PMID- 2922207
TI  - Energy cost of paraplegic locomotion with the ORLAU ParaWalker.
AB  - Ten subjects with neurological lesion levels between T4 and T9 have been
      evaluated in the laboratory at ORLAU using their orthosis in its mechanical form
      alone (without FES assist). Initially the oxygen consumption at rest was
      measured. Then the patients were asked to walk (orthotic gait) at their preferred
      constant steady speed for a period of 5 minutes. Min. VO2 was measured during the
      exercise. From these readings the energy cost and consumption of the patients'
      gait was calculated. Our results show that the ParaWalker allows more efficient
      walking than do bilateral long leg braces and a paraplegic 3 point gait. It also
      shows that higher speeds with lower energy cost walking is possible with a
      different orthotic approach for high or mid thoracic lesion paraplegics. We
      believe that the energy demands to walk with the ParaWalker are within
      sustainable limits.

PMID- 2922208
TI  - Spinal cord degeneration associated with type II decompression sickness: case
      report.
AB  - The medical history, clinical and neuropathological findings at necropsy are
      described in a 50-year-old male amateur diver who suffered from Type II
      decompression sickness, a spinal 'bend'. He survived as a paraplegic for 4 years.
      In the spinal cord upward Wallerian degeneration in the posterior columns and
      downward degeneration in the corticospinal tracts was explained by multiple small
      and medium sized infarcts affecting the centripetal blood supply to the cord.
      There was preservation of a rim of subpial fibres on the surface of the posterior
      and lateral columns. The grey matter and nearby white matter (supplied by the
      centrifugal arterial supply) was unaffected.

PMID- 2922209
TI  - A case of post-traumatic syringomyelia. Neuropathological findings after 1 year
      of cystic drainage.
AB  - A 58-year-old man sustained C4-C5 post-traumatic myelopathy with C3-C4
      subluxation, slight compression of C3 vertebral body, C4 spinous process fracture
      and C6 compression fracture. He subsequently developed syringomyelia from C4 to
      C6, which was shunted into the subarachnoid space. Postoperatively, there was
      some but insignificant improvement of his symptoms although a postoperative
      metrizamide spinal computerised tomography showed complete drainage of the cyst.
      This patient died 1 year later. Autopsy examination of the spinal cord showed
      extensive damage of the posterior half of the cord at C3-C4 but the damage was
      much less extensive from C4 to C6 (where the syrinx was located), affecting
      mainly the right dorsal column at C4 and the right dorsal column and right
      anterior horn at C5-C6. In this patient, the syrinx developed in the partially
      damaged segments of the cord at the level of the spinal fractures and complete
      drainage of the cyst was not followed by satisfactory relief of his symptoms.

PMID- 2922210
TI  - Urinary problems in decompression sickness.

PMID- 2922211
TI  - Even children have arthritis.
AB  - Children experience a number of problems related to juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
      (JRA), including pain, stiffness, and loss of mobility that interferes with
      normal growth and development. Innovative nursing in a variety of settings is
      needed to manage the child with this chronic illness.

PMID- 2922212
TI  - The effects of play therapy on developmental achievement levels of abused
      children.
AB  - Child abuse has been a visible social problem in America over the last several
      years, but a difficult one to study by social scientists. Play therapy can have a
      positive effect on the developmental achievement levels of these abused children.

PMID- 2922213
TI  - Developing a quality home care program for children.
AB  - Many children who might have died or been institutionalized before can now be
      cared for in the home by their families with an increase in home care and high
      technology services. Home health agencies must respond to this need by initiating
      and developing quality pediatric home care programs.

PMID- 2922214
TI  - Retention of infant CPR instruction by parents.
AB  - Twenty-one families of high-risk infants were followed at home after receiving
      cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) instruction prior to hospital discharge.
      Parents retained large amounts of theoretical knowledge about CPR up to 2 months
      following instruction. Skills were less well retained, but retention was better
      than reported for other lay groups.

PMID- 2922215
TI  - Nursing update: hypophosphatemic rickets.
AB  - Hypophosphatemic rickets is a nonnutritional condition that requires lifelong
      care and treatment. The Roy Adaptation Model serves the nurse in assessing and
      planning care for children and their families according to four adaptive modes:
      physiologic, self-concept, role function, and interdependence.

PMID- 2922216
TI  - Pediatric management problems (aortic coarctation).

PMID- 2922217
TI  - Community service: an avenue for nursing power.
AB  - Directing volunteer nursing expertise and services can greatly benefit the
      community, the nursing profession, and the nurse. This article presents concepts
      of power from a nursing perspective and the benefits of directing nursing
      expertise into a community.

PMID- 2922218
TI  - Anabolic steroids.

PMID- 2922219
TI  - Pain in the nonverbal patient: advocating for the critically ill neonate.
AB  - Relief of suffering is a major goal of nursing care. Nurses caring for nonverbal
      patients must develop specialized skills needed to assess pain and communicate
      their assessments to other nurses, physicians, and parents. Through collaborative
      efforts, pain relief for these patients can be achieved.

PMID- 2922220
TI  - Fiscal planning--the capital budget.
AB  - A well-prepared and accurate capital budget is a key part in successfully
      managing a nursing unit. A well-prepared capital budget will provide a nursing
      unit with the appropriate equipment needed for patient care.

PMID- 2922221
TI  - Identifying signs that nurses interpret as indicating pain in newborns.
AB  - PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: The purpose is to explore the behavioral and physiological
      signs that nurses interpret as suggesting the possibility of pain in the newborn.
      METHODOLOGY: The data collection instrument used was a General Information and
      Pain Sensitivity Questionnaire asking nurses to identify those physiological and
      behavioral signs that suggest the possibility of pain in the newborn. It was
      distributed to 109 nurses who worked in units where newborns are hospitalized;
      this was in a 1,000-bed tertiary care, university-affiliated hospital in the
      Midwest. RESULTS: Eighty-one nurses responded (74%). Three signs were selected
      "always" with a high frequency: fussiness, crying, and grimacing. When the scores
      of "always" and "usually" were combined for these three items, the figures are
      96%, 79%, and 79%, respectively for selection rate. CONCLUSIONS: The fact that
      only three signs were selected with confidence suggests the difficulty and
      tentative nature of nursing decisions regarding the assessment of pain in the
      newborn.

PMID- 2922222
TI  - The importance of supporting nursing colleagues on scope of practice issues.
AB  - Although scope of practice issues contained in state statutes are often perceived
      as "tedious" by nurses, these issues are nonetheless important. This article
      cites a recent court case that demonstrates the importance of supporting nursing
      colleagues on these issues.

PMID- 2922223
TI  - A quick guide for home use of inhalant medications.
AB  - The chronic and frequently recurring symptoms in an obstructive lung disease such
      as asthma often dictate a complex home treatment program for the child and
      family. In planning for discharge of an asthmatic child, the nurse assesses and
      evaluates a variety of treatment modalities.

PMID- 2922224
TI  - Value of systematic post mortem radiographic examinations of fetuses--400 cases.
AB  - A retrospective study of 400 cases of fetal deaths has been carried out to assess
      the value of systematic post mortem radiological examination. Apart from general
      diagnosis purpose, special attention was given to the assessment of bone age and
      mineralization. The results were correlated with the clinical, U.S., chromosomal
      and pathological data. Computerized analysis of our information show the
      following results: (1) The radiological examination was valuable for the final
      diagnosis in 13.5% of cases. (2) It brings additional information in 34.5% of
      cases. (3) It had no diagnostic value in 52%. Furthermore, several points deserve
      attention such as apparition of teeth (21 weeks), calcaneum (24 weeks). Major
      osteoporosis was always associated with a constitutional bone disease or an
      infectious process. An excessive length of the upper limbs (12) was seen in 11
      cases of anencephaly. We suggest that a radiological examination should not be
      routinely performed, when the diagnosis is otherwise obvious, but should be
      considered in the presence of dwarfism, or other limb abnormalities and when the
      gestational age is uncertain. The films provide essential information especially
      for further genetic counselling. Systematic post mortem radiographic examinations
      are performed in all naturally aborted fetuses over 11 weeks of gestation in our
      institution. A retrospective study of the last 400 cases was designed in order to
      assess the value of this examination, with regard to overall diagnosis and
      assessment of bone maturation and mineralisation.

PMID- 2922225
TI  - The association of congenital neuroblastoma and congenital heart disease. Is
      there a common embryologic basis?
AB  - Several authors have reported an association between neuroblastoma and congenital
      heart disease; others contend that, unlike specific well-known associations
      between malignancy and congenital defects (Wilm's tumor and aniridia, leukemia
      and Down's syndrome), no real relationship exists. We present three cases of
      cyanotic congenital heart disease in which subclinical neuroblastoma was found.
      We speculate that abnormal neural crest cell migration and development may be a
      common link between cardiac malformations and congenital neuroblastoma.

PMID- 2922226
TI  - Cardiovascular malformations and the neural crest.

PMID- 2922227
TI  - Failure of development of the growing breast after radiation therapy.
AB  - Four cases are presented in which young girls received radiation therapy to treat
      childhood malignancies. Subsequently, one breast, which had been included in the
      radiation field in each case did not develop. This phenomenon has been seen after
      orthovoltage as well as supervoltage therapy, but is not mentioned in recent
      diagnostic imaging literature.

PMID- 2922229
TI  - Basilar impression and osteogenesis imperfecta in a three-year-old girl: CT and
      MRI.
AB  - A 3-year-old girl with osteogenesis imperfecta developed symptomatic basilar
      impression. Her neurological symptoms were treated by foramen magnum
      decompression and laminectomy. This is an unusually young patient to have this
      condition.

PMID- 2922228
TI  - Percutaneous translumbar inferior vena cava central line placement in a
      critically ill child.
AB  - In patients requiring long term central venous access, common venous access
      routes may become occluded. Surgical placement of central venous catheters may
      not always be possible or optimal. Percutaneous translumbar inferior vena cava
      central line placement offers an additional access route. The technique of
      translumbar inferior vena cava central venous access is described in a critically
      ill child.

PMID- 2922230
TI  - Ultrasound screening for congenital cardiac malformations in the fetus. Its
      importance for peri- and postnatal care.
AB  - Congenital cardiac malformations (CCM) are the commonest congenital anomalies.
      Using ultrasonography (US), the incidence of CCM in a selected group of fetuses
      and the impact of CCM on perinatal and postnatal care was evaluated. The
      indication for fetal echocardiography (F-ECHO) in 152 pregnancies was a positive
      family history in 61, fetal arrhythmias seen by routine obstetrical controls in
      53, suspected CCM during obstetrical US in 9, growth retardation in 3 and
      contracted maternal factors in 6. Twenty pregnancies had no special indication. F
      ECHO was performed between the 18th and the 39th gestational week. Twenty-seven
      cardiac malformations were found (18%), 10 of which were important; 3 succumbed
      at birth, 2 after surgical intervention, 1 was aborted and 4 needed intensive
      care at birth. Of 53 cases with arrhythmias, 3 needed special care during
      pregnancy: Digitalis in a case of atrial flutter, sick leave and bedrest in 2
      with supraventricular tachycardia, premature delivery in 1 case with complete AV
      block due to an intraventricular tumor. The extremely high incidence of CCM in
      this group proves the need for careful fetal evaluation to detect malformations.
      Nowadays F-ECHO can and should be performed as early as in the 18th gestational
      week, allowing either to interrupt a pregnancy or to plan delivery in a well
      equipped center which provides the necessary measures for these newborns.

PMID- 2922231
TI  - An outbreak of meningococcal disease in Auckland, New Zealand.
AB  - A large epidemic of disease caused by Group A sulfonamide-resistant Neisseria
      meningitidis has been occurring in Auckland, New Zealand, from June, 1985, and
      peaking in October, 1985 (spring), and June, 1986 (winter). By the end of 1986 an
      overall attack rate of 8.3 cases/100,000 total population per year had been
      calculated. The attack rate in children younger than 15 years was
      30.4/100,000/year and the highest rate occurred in children younger than 5 years:
      all Auckland 68.8/100,000/year; South and Central Auckland 98.7/100,000/year.
      Seventy-nine percent of cases younger than 15 years of age occurred in 30% of the
      childhood population. The overall case-fatality ratio was 7% with the highest
      rate (22%) occurring in male children age 1 to 2 years. An outbreak in an
      industrialized country of an infectious disease usually seen in developing
      countries calls for investigation of living conditions and other sociodemographic
      factors in the population affected. Specific action in the form of a vaccination
      program particularly targeted to those at risk was planned and implemented before
      the winter of 1987.

PMID- 2922232
TI  - Serum cortisol responses in febrile children.
AB  - Adrenocortical stress response in children with a variety of febrile illnesses
      was prospectively evaluated in 76 patients presenting to a general pediatric
      clinic with temperature greater than 101 degrees F (38.3 degrees C). Serum
      cortisol concentrations at presentation and again after recovery from infection
      were determined. Overall mean magnitude change in cortisol concentrations was 3.6
      fold. Cortisol response was unrelated to the height of temperature but
      significant differences depending on clinical diagnosis were identified. The
      largest response (5-fold) was observed in patients with pneumonia, bacterial
      meningitis and fever of undetermined etiology. Current recommendations to double
      or triple replacement hydrocortisone dosage during times of increased stress in
      children with adrenal insufficiency are adequate only for simple febrile
      illnesses such as upper respiratory infection and streptococcal pharyngitis but
      could be subtherapeutic for infections such as pneumonia, meningitis and fever of
      undetermined origin, which imply a greater systemic involvement. It is possible,
      but untested, that a 4- to 5-fold increase in dosage would be more appropriate in
      those conditions.

PMID- 2922233
TI  - Blood cultures in private pediatric practice: an eleven-year experience.
AB  - We describe an 11-year experience with bacteremia in a two-physician suburban
      private pediatric practice. Patients studied were ages 3 to 24 months with a body
      temperature of greater than or equal to 39.4 degrees C and nonfocal illness.
      During these 11 years, 23 such babies had bacteremia, 21 with Streptococcus
      pneumoniae. Three risk factors for bacteremia were identified: absolute
      neutrophil counts greater than or equal to 10,500/microliters; cool season
      (November to April), and Yale observation score greater than 10. The positive
      predictive values for bacteremia were 33, 41 and 57%, respectively, when (1)
      absolute neutrophil count was greater than or equal to 10,500, (2) absolute
      neutrophil count was greater than or equal to 10,500 and it was the cool season,
      and (3) all 3 risk factors existed. Of 158 babies at low risk for bacteremia by
      these criteria, none was treated and none developed serious complications of
      bacteremia. Eight of the 23 bacteremic infants received no expectant antibiotic
      therapy and 15 received presumptive amoxicillin treatment in dosages ranging from
      20 to 174 mg/kg/day. Twelve bacteremic infants either were not treated or
      received dosages of 100 mg/kg/day or less; complications developed in 5 of the 12
      (persistent bacteremia, 2; facial cellulitis, 3). The remaining 11 bacteremic
      babies received approximately 150 mg/kg/day (range, 136 to 174) and none had
      complications (P = 0.03 by Fisher's exact test). The costs of identifying and
      treating infants suspected of having possible occult bacteremia were examined.

PMID- 2922234
TI  - A concurrent epidemic of respiratory syncytial virus and echovirus 7 infections
      in an intensive care nursery.
AB  - We describe concurrent outbreaks of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and
      Echovirus 7 (Echo 7) infections in a neonatal intensive care unit, including
      infants who had dual infections. Seventy-three infants were identified as having
      RSV from January through June, 1984. During the same surveillance period Echo 7
      was cultured from 20 infants, and 6 infants had concurrent RSV and Echo 7 and RSV
      were isolated, but not concurrently. This dual outbreak of RSV and Echo 7
      infections persisted for months despite infection control measures. Control
      procedures were complicated by: (1) cases of RSV infection at less than 72 hours
      of age, which had not previously been reported and which led to the
      reintroduction of RSV into "clean" areas; (2) the lack of a rapid diagnostic test
      for enterovirus infection; (3) the number of infants who were asymptomatic with
      each infection; and (4) the logistical problems of handling a dual pathogen
      outbreak in a confined setting. These problems were compounded by the many risk
      factors associated with nosocomial infections found in neonatal intensive care
      settings such as prolonged hospitalizations, endotracheal or nasogastric tubes
      and contact with many ancillary care personnel.

PMID- 2922235
TI  - Fever, bacteriuria and concomitant disease in children with urinary tract
      infection.
AB  - A total of 124 children aged 0.2 to 6 years were enrolled in a study of first
      time febrile urinary tract infection. The patient population was stratified in
      groups according to the stringency of criteria for fever and bacteriuria and the
      presence of concomitant disease. The major group of 88 patients consisted of
      children with fever greater than or equal to 38.5 degrees C measured at the
      hospital within 24 hours of diagnosis, bacteriuria verified by suprapubic bladder
      aspiration or repeated cultures of voided urine, but without concomitant disease.
      These children were mainly infected with attaching Escherichia coli specific for
      galactose alpha (1----4) beta galactose containing receptors and had laboratory
      evidence of inflammation. Another group of 11 children were distinguished with
      strictly defined bacteriuria and concomitant disease. These children were
      infected with nonattaching bacteria and had lower concentrations of C-reactive
      protein in serum and lower microsedimentation rates than the major group. Five of
      these children had a reduction in renal concentrating capacity. The study
      emphasizes the heterogeneity among patients with fever and bacteriuria but does
      not rule out the possibility of renal involvement in any subgroup.

PMID- 2922236
TI  - Tinea nigra palmaris and plantaris: a black fungus producing black spots on the
      palms and soles.

PMID- 2922237
TI  - Cat-scratch disease associated with a vertebral osteolytic lesion.

PMID- 2922238
TI  - An outbreak of tuberculosis in a family day care home.

PMID- 2922239
TI  - Laryngeal coccidioidomycosis causing airway obstruction.

PMID- 2922240
TI  - Cerebellar infarction as a complication of pneumococcus meningitis.

PMID- 2922241
TI  - Giardiasis and breast-feeding in urban Africa.

PMID- 2922242
TI  - Diagnostic value of acoustic reflectometry in children with acute otitis media.

PMID- 2922243
TI  - Charts: the TORCH syndrome revisited.

PMID- 2922244
TI  - Vertical transmission of Citrobacter diversus from mother to infant.

PMID- 2922245
TI  - Trends in mortality in children hospitalized with meningococcal infections, 1957
      to 1987.
AB  - We reviewed charts of 261 children seen at Children's Hospital of Wisconsin from
      1957 to 1987 with culture-proven meningococcemia or meningococcal meningitis, and
      we analyzed trends in mortality and disease severity for that interval. Overall
      case fatality was 10%, ranging from 9% in the period 1957 to 1963, to 16% in the
      period 1980 to 1987 (P = 0.15). The percent of patients admitted with severe
      disease increased from 14% to 38% (P = 0.001). When stratified by disease
      severity, case-fatality rates did not change with time. We conclude that
      technologic advances of the past 30 years had no measurable impact on mortality
      from meningococcal infection in our hospital and that crude case-fatality rates
      can be misleading if disease severity is not considered.

PMID- 2922246
TI  - Nursing makes a difference.

PMID- 2922248
TI  - NLN testing: products and services for registered nursing programs 1989.

PMID- 2922247
TI  - Recovery from childbirth--does the "postpartum period" last only six weeks?

PMID- 2922249
TI  - [Basic behavior guidelines in airplane hijacking].

PMID- 2922250
TI  - [EEG in general practice to demonstrate primary intracranial tumors. Field of
      applications and limitations].
AB  - In Denmark, the annual death rate due to primary intracranial tumours is 320, an
      unsatisfactory result of treatment that stresses the need of earlier diagnosis.
      This entails investigation on a wide range of indications. In a population with a
      low prevalence of a given disease, but with a high prevalence symptom which might
      be due to the disease in question, is required a highly accurate diagnostic test.
      Is EEG sufficiently reliable?

PMID- 2922251
TI  - [Herpes zoster neuralgia--a persistent therapeutic problem].
AB  - Most patients with acute herpes zoster (AHN) who are younger than 50 yrs recover
      spontaneously and need no more specific medication than NSAID-analgetics.
      However, older patients and those treated with immunosuppressive medication are
      at high risk of developing postherpetic neuralgy (PHN), and may need intensive
      treatment for severe pain. Unfortunately there is no specific method so far to
      prevent PHN. In the prevention of PHN some promising results have been gained
      with antiviral drugs, sympathetic blocks, corticosteroids, psychotropic and
      anticonvulsive drugs. The earlier any of these treatments is started in AHM, the
      better results. When PHN has developed, in most cases there is no effective
      treatment to be offered. In the Pain Clinic of Helsinki University Hospital
      antidepressive and neuroleptic drugs as well as transcutaneous neurostimulation
      have been used for PHN treatment.

PMID- 2922252
TI  - [Penicillin allergy].
AB  - Patients are often labelled "allergic to penicillin" without adequate reason.
      Since penicillins are frequently the drugs of choice, this label should not be
      accepted lightly. The allergic reactions to penicillins are of immediate,
      accelerated, or delayed-type hypersensitivity. The most serious reactions are
      those of acute- and accelerated-type, which are both IgE mediated. Ideally,
      patients suspected of being allergic to penicillins should be tested in
      succession with RAST, skin testing, and per-oral provocation. Patients with
      serious infections and documented penicillin allergy should undergo
      desensitisation. Patients with penicillin allergy have a slightly increased risk
      of reactions to cephalosporins.

PMID- 2922253
TI  - [AIDS/HIV in the Third World].

PMID- 2922254
TI  - [Children and AIDS].
AB  - Children suffering from HIV-infection is a serious and increasing problem all
      over the world. The pediatric AIDS cases are usually transmitted through vertical
      transmission from a HIV-infected mother to the fetus during pregnancy, but it is
      not possible before the age of 15 months to decide with certainty whether the
      infant is infected or not. The risk of HIV-transmission from mother to fetus is
      about 50 per cent. The prognosis of the infected infants are very bad, the
      morbidity and mortality are high. In USA 60 per cent of the infants with congenit
      HIV-infection have died before the age of 2 years. The progress of HIV-infection
      in infants and children is characterized by bacterial infections with subsequent
      sepsis, neurological symptoms and regression of the psychomotor development. Most
      of the families are basically suffering from severe psychosocial problems eg drug
      abuse and at least one of the parents is HIV-infected. A family with a HIV
      antibodypositive child is a family suffering from crises, illness, lack of
      resources and social isolation, and is therefore in need of medical,
      psychological and social treatment and support. It is urgent to help these
      children and their families through interdisciplinary intervention to give the
      children an optimal quality of life. To obtain this it is necessary with
      interdisciplinary comprehensive programs and multidisciplinary collaboration in
      the community. And in these programs it is important to prioritate the primary
      prophylaxis in trying to reduce the number of infants born in risk of HIV
      infection.

PMID- 2922255
TI  - [Norwegian propositions for blood transfusion practices].

PMID- 2922256
TI  - [Why don't our patients take their medicine? An example from asthma/allergy
      care].

PMID- 2922257
TI  - [Child abuse and neglect].
AB  - There is still room for improvement with regard to legal protection of children,
      the education of parents as to the task of parenthood, and coordination between
      different specialties in assisting families with children through crisis
      situations. The article reports Scandinavian investigations into child abuse and
      the preventive measures hitherto introduced. The Scandinavian seminars on child
      abuse and neglect have been important forums for the exchange of experience, both
      with regard to research and clinical practice.

PMID- 2922258
TI  - [Clinical significance of controlled trials: estimation of confidence intervals
      for therapeutic effects].

PMID- 2922259
TI  - A structural analysis of P. polycephalum U1 RNA at the RNA and gene levels. Are
      there differentially expressed U1 RNA genes in P. polycephalum? U1 RNA evolution.
AB  - U1 RNAs were isolated from P. polycephalum microplasmodia nuclei and sequenced. A
      P. polycephalum gene coding for U1 RNA was also isolated. The coding region of
      this gene differs at 3 positions compared to the isolated U1 RNA species. Both
      isolated RNAs and the gene encoded RNA can be folded according to the secondary
      structure model previously proposed for U1 RNA. Putative regulatory elements very
      similar to those required for efficient transcription of U RNA genes from
      vertebrates, in particular, the -200 distal enhancer element, are present in the
      flanking regions of this gene. The presence of several U1 RNA genes in P.
      polycephalum was confirmed by Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA. In contrast
      to yeast S. cerevisiae U1 RNA, P. polycephalum U1 RNAs have a length similar to
      that of U1 RNAs from higher eukaryotes. Nevertheless, P. polycephalum U1 RNAs
      probably differ from these RNAs in the 5'-terminal segment supposed to base-pair
      with the 5'-end of introns. The results are discussed taking into account
      phylogenetic evolution and functional role of U1 RNA.

PMID- 2922260
TI  - Distamycins inhibit the binding of OTF-1 and NFE-1 transfactors to their
      conserved DNA elements.
AB  - We investigated the effects of the antiviral agent distamycin A and of a
      distamycin derivative (FCE 24517) which possesses antineoplastic activity on the
      binding of some regulatory proteins to DNA. Both compounds inhibited the binding
      to DNA of the ubiquitous octamer binding factor OTF 1 and of the erythroid
      specific GATAAG protein (NFE 1). This was shown using the electrophoretic
      mobility shift assay on a DNA fragment of human gamma-globin gene promoter (-156
      to -201), on the same fragment with a point mutation (T to C mutation) known to
      have an increased affinity of binding for NFE 1, on a DNA fragment of human
      histone H2B promoter and on a DNA fragment of mouse alpha 1 globin promoter. The
      ability of distamycin or of FCE 24517 to inhibit the binding was specific for AT
      rich sequences since neither drug inhibited the binding of nuclear protein
      factors to the sequence CCACACCC of the human beta globin gene. Binding to DNA
      was investigated by evaluating the drugs' ability to protect selected sequences
      from DNase I digestion (DNase footprinting). Distamycins binding was highly
      preferential for DNA sequences containing stretches of AT. These studies indicate
      that chemicals which have a high degree of DNA sequence-specific binding can
      selectively inhibit the binding of regulatory proteins to DNA. These effects
      might be responsible for modification of the transcription of specific genes and
      might to some extent account for these drugs' antiviral and antineoplastic
      activities. This approach offers potential for the investigation of new such
      drugs.

PMID- 2922261
TI  - Human dopamine beta-hydroxylase gene: two mRNA types having different 3'-terminal
      regions are produced through alternative polyadenylation.
AB  - Two kinds of cDNA (types A and B) encoding human dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH)
      were isolated from a pheochromocytoma cDNA library. Type A (2.7 kb) and B (2.4
      kb) encoded the same amino acid sequence and were different only in 3'
      untranslated region. Type A contained 3'-extension of 300 bp at the end of type
      B. Subsequently, we isolated human DBH gene and analyzed genomic DNA by Southern
      hybridization. Human DBH gene (approximately 23 kb) was composed of 12 exons and
      existed as a single gene on genome. Exon 12 encoded 3'-terminal region of 1,013
      bp of type A, including the 300 bp sequence. These results indicate that
      alternative use of two polyadenylation sites from a single DBH gene generates
      different mRNA types. This conclusion was supported by Northern hybridization and
      S1 nuclease mapping experiments. The ratio of type A and B mRNAs in
      pheochromocytoma was roughly 1.0 to 0.2. We found possible transcription
      regulatory elements, TATA, CCAAT, CACCC, GC boxes, near the transcription
      initiation site of DBH gene. Sequences homologous to glucocorticoid and cyclic
      AMP response elements were also observed.

PMID- 2922263
TI  - Two novel human DNA tandem repeat families from the hypervariable DNA probe
      homologous to human apolipoprotein CII-gene intron and D. virilis satellite.

PMID- 2922262
TI  - A human placental cDNA clone that encodes nonhistone chromosomal protein HMG-1.
AB  - From a human placental lambda gt11 cDNA library, we have isolated a cDNA clone
      that encodes the entire 215-residue amino acid sequence of HMG-1. Analysis of an
      internal sequence similarity suggests that the DNA-binding domains of HMG-1 are
      separated by a rather long and flexible linker segment. Southern blotting of DNA
      digested with BamHI indicated a highly variable number of genes (or pseudogenes)
      for HMG-1 in different species. Characterization of HMG-1 mRNA expression by
      Northern blotting showed that three mRNA species of approximately 1.0, 1.4 and
      2.4 kb were expressed in all mammalian organs and cell lines examined. These
      included several rat organs at different stages of development. Northern analysis
      also suggested the occurrence of HMG-1 mRNA in an invertebrate and a plant
      species.

PMID- 2922264
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of a tomato mitochondrial tRNA(Cvs) (GCA) gene.

PMID- 2922265
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of the Sesbania rostrata leghemoglobin (Srglb3) gene.

PMID- 2922266
TI  - Primary structure of the Chlorella vulgaris small subunit ribosomal RNA coding
      region.

PMID- 2922267
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mitochondrial genes coding for
      tRNA(Gln) (UUG) and tRNA(Met) (CAU).

PMID- 2922268
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of the rat low density lipoprotein receptor cDNA.

PMID- 2922269
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of the streptokinase gene from a group-G Streptococcus.

PMID- 2922270
TI  - Nucleotide cDNA sequence coding for the PVXc coat protein.

PMID- 2922271
TI  - An improved method for directly sequencing PCR amplified material using dimethyl
      sulphoxide.

PMID- 2922272
TI  - Anomalous values of Mycoplasma genomes sizes determined by pulse-field gel
      electrophoresis.

PMID- 2922273
TI  - Studies on the role of tetrazole in the activation of phosphoramidites.
AB  - The mechanism of the tetrazole-activated coupling step in the synthesis of
      oligonucleotides via phosphoramidites is studied with the help of model
      reactions: Treatment of diethoxydiisopropylaminophosphane with two equivalents of
      tetrazole resulted in a diethoxy-tetrazolophosphane, whose (31P)-NMR shift of 126
      ppm is identical with the signal observed during internucleotide bond formation.
      A series of different related diethoxy-phosphorous-acid derivatives were also
      synthesized; their (31P)-NMR signals between 123.9 and 130.8 ppm are additional
      evidence for the intermediacy of a tetrazolide species. Further NMR
      investigations with more basic azoles showed that tetrazole is also active as a
      proton donor.

PMID- 2922274
TI  - (dT-dC)n and (dG-dA)n tracts arrest single stranded DNA replication in vitro.
AB  - Previous in vivo studies have indicated that (dT-dC)n.(dG-dA)n tracts (referred
      to here as (TC)n.(GA)n), which are widely dispersed in vertebrate genomes, may
      serve as pause or arrest signals for DNA replication and amplification. To
      determine whether these repeat elements act as stop signals for DNA replication
      in vitro, single stranded DNAs including (TC)n or (GA)n tracts of various
      lengths, were prepared by cloning such tracts into phage M13 vectors, and were
      replicated with the Klenow fragment of the E. coli DNA polymerase I, or with the
      calf thymus DNA polymerase alpha, by extension of an M13 primer. Gel
      electrophoresis of the reaction products revealed that the replication was
      specifically arrested around the middle of both (TC)n and (GA)n tracts of n
      greater than or equal to 16. However, whereas in the (TC)n tracts the arrests
      were less prominent at pH = 8.0 than at pH = 6.5-7.5, and were completely
      eliminated at pH = 8.5, the arrests in the (GA)n tracts were stronger at the
      higher pH values. These results, and previous data, suggest that the arrests were
      caused by formation of unusual DNA structures, possibly triple helices between
      partially replicated (TC)n or (GA)n tracts, and unreplicated portions of these
      sequences.

PMID- 2922275
TI  - Alternating d(G-C)3 and d(C-G)3 hexanucleotides containing 7-deaza-2'
      deoxyguanosine or 8-aza-7-deaza-2'-deoxyguanosine in place of dG.
AB  - The synthesis of alternating hexamers (8-13) derived from d(C-G)3 or d(G-C)3 but
      containing c7z8Gd (2) or c7Gd (3) instead of dG is described employing
      phosphoramidite-chemistry. Apart from the isobutyryl group the
      dimethylaminomethylene residue was used for the nucleobase-protection of 3. The
      methyl- and the cyanoethyl-phosphoramidites of 3 (5a-c) were synthesized. They
      were employed together with those of c7G or c7z8Gd in automated oligonucleotide
      synthesis. Tm-values as well as thermodynamic data of the oligomers 9, 10, 12,
      and 13 indicated that duplexes were destabilized if c7Gd replaced dG, whereas
      c7z8Gd stabilized the duplex structure. In contrast to d(C-G)3 which underwent
      salt-dependent B-Z transition, CD-spectra of oligomers containing c7Gd or c7z8Gd
      in place of dG showed retained B-conformation.

PMID- 2922276
TI  - Effects of 5-fluorouracil/guanine wobble base pairs in Z-DNA: molecular and
      crystal structure of d(CGCGFG).
AB  - The chemotherapeutic agent 5-fluorouracil is a DNA base analogue which is known
      to incorporate into DNA in vivo. We have solved the structure of the
      oligonucleotide d(CGCGFG), where F is 5-fluorouracil (5FU). The DNA hexamer
      crystallizes in the Z-DNA conformation at two pH values with the 5FU forming a
      wobble base pair with guanine in both crystal forms. No evidence of the enol or
      ionized form of 5FU is found under either condition. The crystals diffracted X
      rays to a resolution of 1.5 A and their structures have been refined to R-factors
      of 20.0% and 17.2%, respectively, for the pH = 7.0 and pH = 9.0 forms. By
      comparing this structure to that of d(CGCGCG) and d(CGCGTG), we were able to
      demonstrate that the backbone conformation of d(CGCGFG) is similar to that of the
      archetypal Z-DNA. The two F-G wobble base pairs in the duplex are structurally
      similar to the T-G base pairs both with respect to the DNA helix itself and its
      interactions with solvent molecules. In both cases water molecules associated
      with the wobble base pairs bridge between the bases and stabilize the structure.
      The fluorine in the 5FU base is hydrophobic and is not hydrogen bonded to any
      solvent molecules.

PMID- 2922277
TI  - Role of the branch site/3'-splice site region in adenovirus-2 E1A pre-mRNA
      alternative splicing: evidence for 5'- and 3'-splice site co-operation.
AB  - The adenovirus E1A gene encodes five overlapping mRNAs which are processed by
      alternative RNA splicing from a common pre-mRNA. To characterize cis-acting
      sequence elements which are of importance for the alternative 5'-splice site
      selection deletion and substitution mutants within the intron that is common to
      all E1A mRNAs were constructed. Deletion of the wild-type E1A branch
      site/polypyrimidine tract resulted in activation of a functionally redundant
      sequence located within an A/T rich sequence just upstream of the normal E1A
      lariat branch site. Removal of both regulatory sequences abolished in vivo
      splicing completely and did not lead to activation of cryptic 3'-splice sites at
      other locations in the E1A pre-mRNA. Furthermore we show that the sequence around
      the E1A branch site/3'-splice site region may have a more direct effect on the
      efficiency by which the alternative E1A 5'-splice sites are selected. Replacing
      the E1A branch site/3'-splice site region with the corresponding sequence from
      the second intron of the rabbit beta-globin gene or the first intron of the major
      late transcription unit resulted in drastic changes in E1A 5'-splice site
      selection. For example, with the E1A/beta-globin hybrid gene the 9S mRNA became
      the most abundant E1A mRNA to accumulate. This contrasts with the wild-type E1A
      gene in which almost undetectable levels of 9S mRNA were produced in transient
      expression assays. Our results strongly suggest that a cooperative interaction
      between 5'- and 3'-splice sites on a pre-mRNA determines the outcome of
      alternative splicing.

PMID- 2922278
TI  - Liver cell specific gene transcription in vitro: the promoter elements HP1 and
      TATA box are necessary and sufficient to generate a liver-specific promoter.
AB  - The hepatocyte-specific promoter element HP1, which is present in several genes
      specifically expressed in the liver, is active in an in vitro transcription
      system. The liver-specificity is retained in the in vitro system, as the activity
      is found in extracts of rat liver or hepatoma cells but is absent in an L-cell
      extract. Mutational analysis identifies HP1 as a 13 bp element: Two point
      mutations abolish the function of HP1. This inactivation is correlated with a
      reduced binding affinity of the transcription factors recognizing HP1. Two other
      mutants, which reduce the activity of HP1, bind the transcription factors with an
      affinity identical to the wildtype sequence. This suggests that the binding of
      the transcription factors is not sufficient for activation of HP1 dependent
      transcription. The function of HP1 depends on the presence of a TATA box within a
      distance of some 70 bp. Various TATA sequences are functional and no
      stereospecific alignment between HP1 and the TATA box is required.

PMID- 2922279
TI  - A novel photoproduct of 2'-deoxyguanosine induced by acetone photosensitization:
      8-(2,3,4-trihydroxybutyl)guanine.
AB  - Acetone photosensitisation of 2'-deoxyguanosine in deaerated aqueous solution
      gives 8-(2,3,4-trihydroxybutyl)guanine as a major photoproduct. Its structure and
      that of its tetraacetate have been determined primarily by high resolution 1H NMR
      and mass spectrometry; a di-isopropylidene derivative has also been prepared.
      Mechanistic aspects of this novel photochemical transformation are discussed,
      particularly in relation to the alkaline cleavage of acetone photosensitised DNA
      at the sites of guanine bases.

PMID- 2922280
TI  - Activation of interferon-regulated, dsRNA-dependent enzymes by human
      immunodeficiency virus-1 leader RNA.
AB  - Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) leader RNA, which contains double-stranded
      regions due to inverted repeats, was shown to activate the dsRNA-dependent
      enzymes associated with the interferon system. HIV-1 leader RNA produced in vitro
      using SP6 RNA polymerase was characterized using probes for antisense and sense
      strand RNA. The RNA preparation was free from significant levels of antisense
      RNA. HIV-1 leader RNA was shown to activate dsRNA-dependent protein kinase in a
      cell-free system from interferon-treated HeLa cells. Affinity resins, consisting
      of HIV-1 leader RNA covalently attached to cellulose, immobilized and activated
      dsRNA-dependent protein kinase and 2-5A-synthetase. HIV-1 leader RNA, therefore,
      may be a contributing factor in the mechanism by which interferon inhibits HIV
      replication.

PMID- 2922281
TI  - The purification of an erythroid protein which binds to enhancer and promoter
      elements of haemoglobin genes.
AB  - An erythroid nuclear protein (EF1), originally detected as a protein binding
      within the nuclease hypersensitive site upstream of the chicken beta H-globin
      gene, has been purified. This protein of 37,000-39,000 molecular weight binds to
      three sites within the hypersensitive region: one between the CCAAT and TATA
      boxes, the second (further upstream) next to a NF1 binding site, and the third
      adjacent to a regulatory element found in a number of beta-globin genes. The EF1
      protein also binds to an erythroid-specific promoter element of the mouse alpha
      globin gene and to two sites within the chicken beta A-globin enhancer. These six
      EF1-binding sites are related by the consensus sequence A/TGATAA/GG/C. A minor
      protein of molecular weight 72,000 which co-purifies with EF1 also binds to the
      same sequences.

PMID- 2922282
TI  - Pulse-field linkage of the P3, G6pd and Cf-8 genes on the mouse X chromosome:
      demonstration of synteny at the physical level.
AB  - Utilising pulse-field gel electrophoresis physical linkage between three mouse X
      linked genes has been demonstrated. The three genes, P3, G6pd and Cf-8 all lie
      within 400 Kb of DNA. This physical linkage mirrors the situation on the human X
      chromosome, representing the first demonstration of mouse/human synteny at the
      physical level. A detailed physical map encompassing 1.6 Mbp of this region is
      presented. A number of the rare cutter restriction enzyme sites within this map
      are partially blocked on the inactive X chromosome, presumably due to the
      methylation of CpG rich islands. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis therefore
      provides a useful tool for the study of X-inactivation over large regions of the
      X chromosome.

PMID- 2922283
TI  - Remarkably AT-rich genomic DNA from the anaerobic fungus Neocallimastix.
AB  - The genomic DNA of an anaerobic rumen phycomycete of the genus Neocallimastix has
      been purified and characterized. The non-repetitive fraction of the DNA has a G.C
      content of only 13%. The ribosomal RNA genes are highly reiterated, making up
      about 30% of the total DNA, and are evident as a more G.C-rich satellite with a
      repeating unit of about 9.4 kilobases (Kb). A.T-rich regions of DNA are highly
      dispersed and possess some sequence complexity. Chemical analysis of the DNA
      constituents reveals no evidence of modified bases. The genome of this anaerobic
      fungus has the highest A.T content of any organism so far described.

PMID- 2922284
TI  - Chromosome 7 long arm deletion breakpoints in preleukemia: mapping by pulsed
      field gel electrophoresis.
AB  - Chromosome 7 long arm deletions (7q-) are recurring chromosome abnormalities in
      leukemic bone marrow cells. In four patients we have previously localized the
      breakpoints in band 7q22 between the erythropoietin (EPO) and plasminogen
      activator inhibitor type 1 (PLANH1) genes that map 3 cM apart. The pro alpha 2(I)
      collagen (COL1A2, in band 7q22) and T cell receptor beta chain genes (TCRB, in
      band 7q35) have been found undeleted in one patient with an interstitial
      deletion. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis was used to map the breakpoints more
      accurately in two patients with a 7q- chromosome. The results suggested that
      lymphocytes and granulocytes give identical restriction patterns with several
      enzyme-probe combinations, and that a breakpoint possibly was within 195 kb of
      EPO in one patient but not in another. The gene order cen-COL1A2-EPO-breakpoint
      tel was suggested but physical linkage between COL1A2 and EPO was not found. A
      new putative TCRB restriction fragment length polymorphism or inherited
      methylation site was detected.

PMID- 2922285
TI  - Orientation of the agarose gel matrix in pulsed electric fields.
AB  - The technique of transient electric birefringence was used to investigate the
      effect of pulsed electric fields on the orientation of the agarose gel matrix.
      Orientation of the gel was observed at all electric field strengths. Very slow,
      time-dependent effects were observed when pulses of 10-100 V/cm were applied to
      1% gels for 0.5-2 seconds, indicating that domains of the matrix were being
      oriented by the electric field. The sign of the birefringence reversed when the
      direction of the applied electric field was reversed, indicating that the domains
      tend to orient in the perpendicular direction after field reversal. Theories of
      gel electrophoresis will need to incorporate the orientation of the matrix in
      order to provide a complete explanation of electrophoresis in agarose gels.

PMID- 2922286
TI  - Synthetic repeating sequence DNAs containing phosphorothioates: nuclease
      sensitivity and triplex formation.
AB  - More than twenty repeating sequence DNAs containing phosphorothioates were
      prepared from the appropriate dXTPs with DNA polymerase I. The Tms of the
      modified DNAs were all lower than the parent polymers. A phosphorothioate group
      5' to a pyrimidine gave rise to a large decrease than 5' to a purine, e.g.,
      poly(dA).poly(dT) = 50 degrees; poly(dsA).poly(dT) = 44 degrees;
      poly(dA).poly(dsT) = 33 degrees; and poly(dsA).poly(dsT) = 26 degrees. The
      presence of phosphorothioate groups had a dramatic effect on triplex formation;
      poly[d(TC)].poly[d(sGsA)] spontaneously dismutases to a triplex at pH 8 whereas
      triplex formation in poly[d(sTsC)].poly[d(GA)] was inhibited. Surprisingly
      poly(dsG).poly(dC) had a Tm which initially decreased with increasing ionic
      strength. Resistance to digestion with pancreatic DNAse I did not correlate with
      phosphorothioate content. Poly[d(AsT)], poly[d(TsC)].poly[d(sGA)] and
      poly[d(sTG)].poly[d(sCA)] were resistant whereas poly[d(sAT)] and
      poly[d(sTsTG)].poly[d(CsAsA)] were rapidly degraded. Thus phosphorothioate groups
      cause small conformational changes and may reveal new families of conformational
      polymorphisms.

PMID- 2922287
TI  - Protein-DNA conjugates produced by UV irradiation and their use as probes for
      hybridization.
AB  - Several proteins have been crosslinked to DNA by low dose uv irradiation. The
      principle of the method is based on an efficient and fast radiation induced
      reaction of amino acid residues with DNA at low pH. The method seems to be of
      general applicability for crosslinking proteins to DNA in a very simple one step
      procedure. Some of such DNA-protein conjugates have been used as probes for
      hybridization experiments. DNA-protein A probes were found to be most useful.

PMID- 2922288
TI  - AP-1/jun binding sites mediate serum inducibility of the human vimentin promoter.
AB  - The vimentin gene is inducible by serum in quiescent Balb/c 3T3 cells, but the
      molecular mechanism of this induction is unknown. The results presented here
      represent a first step towards the elucidation of the pathway of events leading
      from growth factor-receptor interaction to this induction. A series of Bal 31
      deletions of the human vimentin promoter are used to show that a sequence
      residing at -700 is responsible for the serum, and also TPA inducibility of this
      gene. This sequence is able to confer serum inducibility upon uninducible
      constructs regardless of its position and orientation, indicating that it is this
      element alone which is required for this induction. The isolated sequence is a
      strong enhancer as well. Further deletions and the use of synthetic
      oligonucleotides demonstrate that a 24-mer containing two AP-1/jun binding sites
      confer both serum and TPA inducibility upon the human vimentin gene. Gel
      retardation analysis confirms that this sequence binds an AP-1 -like protein.

PMID- 2922289
TI  - Enhancer functions and in vitro protein binding of native and mutated interferon
      responsive sequences.
AB  - Mutants of the Interferon responsive sequence (IRS) of the mouse and human (2'
      5') A synthetase (moE-IRS and hE-IRS) were tested for their Interferon (IFN)
      inducible enhancer functions and for protein binding in vitro. Two complexes R1
      and R3, were formed specifically with the hE-IRS. R3 migrated much faster and was
      about ten times more abundant than R1. R1 and R3 are increased about 2-fold in
      IFN-treated HeLa extracts relatively to extracts from non-treated cells. R1 and
      R3 seem to involve the same DNA sequence in the probe since they react
      identically to competitors. Two proteins of 69 and 46 kDa form the IRS specific
      complexes as revealed by UV cross-linking. Identical DNA probes bearing either
      the hE-IRS or moE-IRS form complexes of different characteristics with nuclear
      proteins, suggesting that the two IRS variants are the targets of binding of
      different proteins or of different protein complexes.

PMID- 2922290
TI  - Amplified inverted duplications within and adjacent to heterologous selectable
      DNA.
AB  - Plasmids containing a dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) expression unit were
      transfected into DHFR-deficient Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Methotrexate
      exposure was used to select cells with amplified DHFR sequences. Three cell lines
      were isolated containing amplified copies of transfected DNA that had integrated
      into the Chinese hamster genome. Plasmid DNA was found to co-amplify with
      flanking hamster sequences that were repetitive (2 cell lines) and unique (1 cell
      line). Fragments comprising the junctions of amplified plasmid and CHO DNA were
      found to exist as inverted duplications in all three cell lines. These
      observations provide evidence that inverted duplication occurred prior to DNA
      amplification, thus underscoring the importance of inverted duplication in the
      DNA amplification process.

PMID- 2922291
TI  - Isolation and in vitro expression of the ricin A-chain gene: effect of deletions
      on biological activity.
AB  - The gene encoding the ricin A-chain was isolated and subcloned into an in vitro
      expression vector downstream from the SP6 promotor. mRNA encoding the A-chain
      strongly inhibited the translational activity of reticulocyte lysates. The
      inhibition correlated with glycosylase activity on rRNA, and could be abolished
      by addition of antibodies specific for ricin. mRNA generated after linearization
      of the vector at unique restriction sites within the A-chain coding sequence did
      not inhibit, except after linearization with ScaI. Also mutants lacking the 28 N
      terminal amino acids of native A-chain strongly inhibited the lysates. However,
      in both cases no glycosylase activity could be observed. We also show that the
      lack of a stop codon in mRNA does not affect the level of expression as assayed
      here.

PMID- 2922292
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of the structural genes for the mitochondrial cys, lys, gln
      and leu-tRNAs from the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis K8.

PMID- 2922293
TI  - Sequence of a small ribosomal RNA gene from Plasmodium lophurae.

PMID- 2922294
TI  - A wheat cDNA clone which is homologous to the 17 kd heat-shock protein gene
      family of soybean.

PMID- 2922295
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of the potato leafroll virus coat protein gene.

PMID- 2922296
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of a Lactobacillus delbrueckii gene encoding a minor (UCG)
      tRNA(ser).

PMID- 2922297
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of cytochrome P-450 cholesterol side-chain cleavage cDNA
      isolated from porcine testis.

PMID- 2922298
TI  - Cloning and sequence of mouse erythroid delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase cDNA.

PMID- 2922299
TI  - DNA sequence of a genomic clone encoding an Arabidopsis acyl carrier protein
      (ACP).

PMID- 2922300
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of the cynomolgus monkey apolipoprotein E cDNA.

PMID- 2922301
TI  - Sequence of the chloroplast rps14 gene encoding the chloroplast ribosomal protein
      S14 from rice.

PMID- 2922302
TI  - New recombinant linear DNA-elements derived from Kluyveromyces lactis killer
      plasmids.

PMID- 2922304
TI  - Looking for liberation.

PMID- 2922303
TI  - No fixed abode.

PMID- 2922305
TI  - Against the grain.

PMID- 2922306
TI  - When sex isn't any fun.

PMID- 2922307
TI  - Models for intensive care. Small patient big challenge.

PMID- 2922308
TI  - Models in intensive care. Non-verbal communication.

PMID- 2922309
TI  - Primary nursing. Night rites.

PMID- 2922310
TI  - Shoulder pain in stroke patients.

PMID- 2922311
TI  - Setting up a GP smear recall scheme.

PMID- 2922312
TI  - Fluid intake and urinary tract infection.

PMID- 2922313
TI  - Making sense of temporary transvenous pacing.

PMID- 2922314
TI  - Why figures cannot lie.

PMID- 2922315
TI  - Management. The name game.

PMID- 2922316
TI  - Needle point.

PMID- 2922317
TI  - Self-inflicted injury.

PMID- 2922318
TI  - Quest: NT's educational supplement.

PMID- 2922319
TI  - Quest. Building a strong foundation.

PMID- 2922321
TI  - Quest. The missing link.

PMID- 2922320
TI  - Quest. A model marriage?

PMID- 2922322
TI  - Standing empty.

PMID- 2922323
TI  - Poverty and infant deaths.

PMID- 2922324
TI  - Back to postbasics.

PMID- 2922325
TI  - The select few.

PMID- 2922327
TI  - Trading places.

PMID- 2922326
TI  - Disability. Facing up to my epilepsy.

PMID- 2922328
TI  - Who decides?

PMID- 2922329
TI  - Primary nursing. One to one.

PMID- 2922330
TI  - Management. Only if the face fits?

PMID- 2922331
TI  - Systems of life. No. 167. Senior systems. 32. Locomotor system 3--joints.

PMID- 2922332
TI  - A dearth of knowledge.

PMID- 2922334
TI  - Mental Handicap Nursing.

PMID- 2922333
TI  - Acute intestinal obstruction.

PMID- 2922335
TI  - Mental Handicap Nursing. The revolution is over.

PMID- 2922336
TI  - Planning for the elderly.

PMID- 2922337
TI  - Community initiatives. Accidents will happen.

PMID- 2922338
TI  - Community initiatives. Community patch-work.

PMID- 2922339
TI  - Back to school.

PMID- 2922340
TI  - Waking up to postoperative pain.

PMID- 2922341
TI  - Uncharted territory.

PMID- 2922342
TI  - Tumour takes all.

PMID- 2922343
TI  - Taste changes in cancer patients.

PMID- 2922344
TI  - Autonomy and accountability.

PMID- 2922345
TI  - Progressing nicely.

PMID- 2922346
TI  - Diabetes. Teaching the teaching of self-care.

PMID- 2922348
TI  - Nursing interventions for addicted patients.

PMID- 2922347
TI  - Diabetes. Sweet success. Interview by Andrew Heenan.

PMID- 2922349
TI  - The role of the psychiatric nurse in a community substance abuse prevention
      program.
AB  - There is an increasing awareness of the need for prevention of substance abuse
      related problems. The psychiatric nurse is especially equipped to strengthen the
      bonds among citizens and parents, health agencies and schools, law enforcement
      and hospitals to assist the community in the design and implementation of its own
      prevention program. The nurse is able to facilitate the community's own vested
      interests in a manner congruent with its needs. The nature and scope of nursing
      practice have traditionally included responses to health-conducive behavior. The
      nurse emphasizes self-determination and choice in health matters; therefore,
      substance abuse prevention efforts are likely to be incorporated by the
      community. The nurse provides the knowledge of addiction and abuse and assists
      the community in its health enhancement by using addiction and nursing theory,
      interpersonal process, research competencies, and teaching skills.

PMID- 2922351
TI  - Rehabilitation.

PMID- 2922350
TI  - The role of the addictions nurse specialist in a general hospital setting.
AB  - The four major roles of the addictions nurse specialist were defined. Specific
      examples of role implementation were described for the roles of practitioner,
      consultant, educator, and researcher. It is evident that the roles of consultant
      and educator permeate the roles of practitioner and researcher in the practice
      setting. Role differentiation among addictions nurse specialists will continue as
      the role becomes more widely utilized. Critical to the success of the addictions
      nurse specialist are (1) organizational support, (2) clearly defined role
      expectations, and (3) mutually established short- and long-term goals for the
      position.

PMID- 2922352
TI  - Community liaison nursing. An expanded role for the rehabilitation nurse.
AB  - Throughout the United States nurses are increasingly becoming responsible for the
      evaluation process for entry into inpatient rehabilitation programs. Often called
      "Liaison Nurses," they interface between rehabilitation centers and the broader
      health care community.

PMID- 2922353
TI  - Halo-body jacket immobilization in rheumatoid arthritis patients with cervical
      myelopathy.
AB  - The rehabilitation nurse may care for patients with arthritis in a variety of
      settings. When the patient has advanced RA, the problem of cervical myelopathy
      may require surgical intervention and use of the halo-body jacket immobilization
      orthosis. Expert pre- and postoperative management requires a knowledge of
      surgical nursing as well as rehabilitation nursing, in the traditional sense, to
      prevent complications and promote optimum recovery. When dealing with people who
      have lived with RA for many years, the rehabilitation nurse must continue to
      assess the patient's knowledge of the disease and use of self-management
      strategies and community resources.

PMID- 2922354
TI  - Client and family learning in the rehabilitation setting.
AB  - Learning in the rehabilitation setting, whether it be inpatient or community
      based, is a vital part of the client and family's role as consumers of
      rehabilitation care. Educational programs foster client participation in
      selecting appropriate modes of learning activities as they relate to the recovery
      process and help the client and family make a smooth transition into community
      living. Varied modes of instruction may be used, including practice sessions,
      group learning activities, computerized programs, use of videos as well as
      printed resources. The role of the nurse as educator coupled with a broad range
      of teaching strategies provides the client and family effective tools to make
      ongoing changes related to their functional abilities. The role of the
      rehabilitation nurse as an educator is an evolving one. No longer is the nurse
      practicing in a rehabilitative setting, whether it be inpatient or community
      based, guaranteed what appeared to be unending time to conduct educational
      programs. Past constraints, shortened stays, the client assuming an earlier role
      as a self-care agent, the focus on wellness, disabled individuals mainstreaming
      into community life, greater family involvement in rehabilitation efforts, and
      increased use of paraprofessionals force the nurse to strengthen and clarify her
      role as educator. Nurses need to value their teaching role as an integral part of
      the team effort. Strategies include scheduling teaching time with clients and
      families, recording activities and outcomes, discussing educational issues with
      other disciplines, and designing and promoting an environment that is conducive
      to learning.

PMID- 2922355
TI  - Often-ness.

PMID- 2922356
TI  - Simulation of vancomycin peak and trough concentrations using five dosing methods
      in 37 patients.
AB  - Five methods of dosing vancomycin (Matzke, Moellering, Nielsen, Lake-Peterson,
      and manufacturer's) were simulated in 37 patients. Ten serum samples were
      obtained after a 1-hour intravenous infusion of 6.2-20 mg/kg total body weight. A
      preinfusion serum sample was obtained from patients not studied on the first
      dose. Initial estimates of pharmacokinetic values were made using nonlinear
      iterative least squares regression and serum concentration-time data. These data
      were fitted to a two-compartment, open-infusion model. Simulations of the peak
      and trough serum concentrations at steady state for each patient were determined
      by multiple-dose simulated pharmacokinetics and each patient's pharmacokinetic
      values using the regimen suggested by each of the five methods. Steady-state
      serum concentrations, predicted systemic clearance by each method (except Lake
      Peterson), and the daily dose for each patient recommended by each method were
      determined. All the methods underpredicted actual drug clearance, with the
      Nielsen method having the lowest prediction. The Matzke method recommended the
      largest dosage. Using each of the methods, only 3-16% of patients would have
      achieved recommended peak and trough serum concentrations. In the simulation
      model used, no method performed satisfactorily in attaining the desired
      vancomycin peak and trough concentrations. We suggest that the Lake-Peterson
      method could be used initially, provided that monitoring is also performed to
      adjust the dosage regimen further.

PMID- 2922357
TI  - Drug-induced toxicities associated with high-dose cytosine arabinoside infusions.
AB  - The frequency and significance of central nervous system (CNS), ocular, and
      dermatologic toxicities associated with high-dose cytosine arabinoside (HDARA-C)
      infusions was evaluated. Patients were selected from one of three Southeastern
      Cancer Study Group protocols using HDARA-C 2-3 g/m2 body surface area (BSA) and
      their medical records were reviewed to identify and document the frequency of the
      toxicities. Those exhibiting CNS toxicity were compared across age, sex, race,
      previous standard-dose ARA-C or HDARA-C therapy, and infusion rate for toxicity
      occurrence. Statistical analysis was performed using Fisher's exact test with p
      less than 0.05. Of the 53 patients evaluated, 37.7% exhibited CNS, 37.7% ocular,
      and 45.3% dermatologic toxicities. Of the risk factors evaluated, only increasing
      age and previous ARA-C therapy approached statistical significance. The CNS
      toxicities associated with HDARA-C are clinically significant since permanent
      damage may result. Ocular and dermatologic toxicities usually resolve without
      medical intervention when HDARA-C therapy is discontinued. Further study is
      necessary to determine appropriate prophylaxis for these toxicities.

PMID- 2922358
TI  - Effects of alprazolam on respiratory drive, anxiety, and dyspnea in chronic
      airflow obstruction: a case study.
AB  - Alprazolam, an anxiolytic benzodiazepine, has a pharmacologic profile similar to
      that of diazepam. An intermediate half-life of 10-12 hours and a comparatively
      brief duration of activity relative to other anxiolytic benzodiazepines justified
      evaluation of a 0.5-mg test dose in an anxious patient with chronic obstructive
      lung disease. Subjective indexes, breath-by-breath respiratory drive response to
      hypercapnia, and blood alprazolam concentrations were determined before and after
      dosing. Subjective testing included a visual analog dyspnea scale, the state
      anxiety inventory, and subjective feelings visual analog scales (represented by
      alertness, calmness, and level of contentment). After dosing, the patient was
      better able to tolerate the rebreathing study technique. Statistically
      significant improvements in dyspnea (t - 10.20; p 0.0005), anxiety (t - 45.85; p
      less than 0.0001), alertness (t - 13.04; p less than 0.0001), cententedness (t -
      12.27; p less than 0.0001), and calmness (t - 8.05; p less than 0.0001) occurred
      after alprazolam administration. Drive to breathe, as determined by mouth
      occlusion pressure and minute ventilation, was not statistically different before
      and after dosing. No adverse effects were reported or observed. Further study is
      warranted.

PMID- 2922359
TI  - Humeral locking nail: a preliminary report.

PMID- 2922360
TI  - Intraoperative femoral fractures associated with cementless total hip
      arthroplasty.
AB  - Between 1982 and 1986, 56 femoral fractures associated with cementless total hip
      arthroplasty (THA) were evaluated and compared to a randomly selected cementless
      THA control group without fractures. Depending upon the femoral shaft location,
      these fractures were classified as Types I, II or III. There were 45 (80%) Type
      I, 9 (16%) Type II, and 2 (4%) Type III fractures. Patient evaluations were
      quantified using a modified d'Aubigne-Harris scoring system. Nonparametric
      statistical methodology was used for fracture and control group comparisons.
      Treatment protocols were divided into various modalities, depending upon fracture
      classification. Type I and Type II fractures have no long-term prognostic hazards
      associated with them (P greater than 0.1), while Type III fractures appear to
      have analogous clinical results (sample size was too small for statistical
      analysis).

PMID- 2922361
TI  - Slipped capital femoral epiphysis. Results of treatment with a single cannulated
      screw.
AB  - Thirty patients with 36 slipped capital femoral epiphysis underwent pinning with
      a single cannulated screw. All patients were pinned in situ, allowed immediate
      weight bearing as tolerated, discontinued crutches at 6 weeks, and had a minimum
      of 1 year follow up (average 21 months). One patient had avascular necrosis, one
      patient had bilateral chondrolysis, and two patients required repinning.

PMID- 2922362
TI  - Rotationplasty: an option for limb salvage in childhood osteosarcoma.

PMID- 2922363
TI  - High lumbar disk herniations. Case reports.

PMID- 2922364
TI  - Intraarticular entrapment of a displaced olecranon fracture. A case report.

PMID- 2922365
TI  - Adolescent tibia vara.
AB  - Adolescent tibia vara is less common and less well described when compared to
      infantile tibia vara. Yet, the two share a significant number of features related
      to their epidemiology and histology. The two diseases differ most in their
      radiographic appearance. It does not, however, necessarily follow that their
      etiologies cannot be similar. By its epidemiology and histology, adolescent tibia
      vara appears to be related to repetitive trauma in the form of abnormal force
      directed on the medial tibial growth plate due to obesity, the adolescent growth
      spurt, or residual, incompletely corrected physiologic varus. Such forces may
      give growth plate suppression by the Heuter Volkman principle similar to what is
      thought to occur in infantile tibia vara. In the infant, this results in typical
      radiologic findings related to an epiphyseal ossification center which is
      cartilagenous and moldable and results in progressive medial wedging. In the
      adolescent, however, this ossification center is bony and, therefore, will not
      deform under stress. The growth plate, however, still responds with decreased
      growth resulting in varus deformity. Thus, adolescent tibia vara, by definition
      not related to trauma or infection, may in fact reflect the same pathologic
      process at work as in infantile tibia vara.

PMID- 2922366
TI  - Answer please. Omovertebral bone.

PMID- 2922367
TI  - Radiologic case study. Eosinophilic granuloma of the spine causing neurologic
      deficit.

PMID- 2922368
TI  - Intracapsular hip fractures: case reports and discussion.
AB  - Two cases of intracapsular hip fracture illustrate some of the treatment options
      available for Garden Stage IV fractures. In Case 1, a prosthesis was chosen
      because of the patient's physiologic age and poor general health. In Case 2, a
      compression screw augmented with a single-pin fixation to prevent rotation was
      used. This patient, although only 3 years younger than the first patient, was in
      good health. Although there was some posterior comminution, an attempt at
      fixation, allowing time for bone healing, was appropriate. Arthroplasty may be
      needed in several years if bone healing fails.

PMID- 2922369
TI  - Benign osteoblastoma.
AB  - A case of benign osteoblastoma is presented with a description of the typical
      clinical, radiographic, and pathologic features associated with osteoblastoma.
      The recommended treatment is tumor excision with avoidance of radiation therapy.

PMID- 2922370
TI  - Scoliosis in syringomyelia.

PMID- 2922371
TI  - False-positive and false-negative cytogenetic findings on chorionic villus
      sampling.

PMID- 2922372
TI  - Chromosome 1 deletion associated with increased nuchal fold thickness in the
      second trimester.

PMID- 2922373
TI  - Detection of rubella virus in fetal and placental tissues and in the throats of
      neonates after serologically confirmed rubella in pregnancy.
AB  - From 35 therapeutic abortions performed because rubella had occurred at 2-19
      weeks of pregnancy, 120 fetal organs, 12 specimens of mixed products of
      conception, and 15 placentae were tested for rubella virus. Virus was isolated
      from 10 out of 11 fetuses (91 per cent) from women infected at 2-8 weeks, from 5
      out of 8 (63 per cent) infected at 9-10 weeks, and from 2 out of 16 (13 per cent)
      infected at 11-19 weeks. Hybridization tests for viral RNA on 39 fetal organs
      from eight cases revealed infection in four additional fetuses. Virus was
      isolated from only 3 out of 15 aborted placentae, but hybridization tests on six
      placentae revealed infection in three additional specimens. Hybridization was
      superior to virus isolation for detecting rubella infection in products of
      conception and is therefore potentially the better method for examining chorionic
      villus biopsies. Rubella virus was isolated from the throats of 4 out of 9
      infants (44 per cent) infected during the first 12 weeks of gestation, but from
      none of 13 infected after 17 weeks. Infants in the latter group are unlikely to
      infect susceptible contacts.

PMID- 2922374
TI  - [The shock lung syndrome in agranulocytosis patients].

PMID- 2922375
TI  - [Campylobacter pylori and gastritis. Association or induction?].

PMID- 2922376
TI  - [4 histopathologic differentiation grades in breast cancer? Data on the
      recommendations of the UICC in 1987].

PMID- 2922377
TI  - [Bronchiolitis obliterans with organized pneumonia. Case report and discussion of
      the disease picture].

PMID- 2922378
TI  - [Arteriopathia calcificans infantum in an infant with mucoviscidosis].

PMID- 2922379
TI  - [Intravascular bronchioloalveolar tumor following interstitial giant cell
      pneumonia].

PMID- 2922380
TI  - [Immunohistochemical demonstration of HIV-p24 antigen in formalin fixed and
      paraffin embedded brain and spinal cord tissue].

PMID- 2922381
TI  - [Morphologic change in Campylobacter pylori associated gastritis in and following
      successful antibacterial therapy].

PMID- 2922382
TI  - [The so-called endothelial vacuoles of the placental vessels--physiology or
      disease?].

PMID- 2922384
TI  - The academy in 2000.

PMID- 2922383
TI  - [Comment on a previous article].

PMID- 2922385
TI  - United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology (United States-Canadian Division
      of the International Academy of Pathology) annual meeting. San Francisco, March 5
      10, 1989. Abstracts.

PMID- 2922386
TI  - Society for Pediatric Pathology. Annual meeting. San Francisco, CA, March 4-6,
      1989. Abstracts.

PMID- 2922387
TI  - An ultrastructural and immunohistochemical evaluation of cytodifferentiation in
      neuroblastic tumors.
AB  - Twenty-six cases of neurogenic tumors consisting of 2 ganglioneuromas (GN), 8
      ganglioneuroblastomas (GNB), and 16 neuroblastomas (NB) were studied to evaluate
      their cytodifferentiation. Ultrastructurally, a moderate to large number of
      neuritic processes and high density neurosecretory granules (NSG) were found in
      all cases of GN and well-differentiated GNB, in two-thirds of poorly
      differentiated GNB, in about a half of rosette-fibrillary NB, and in no case of
      round-cell NB. All GN and GNB had tumor cells which were positive for both
      chromogranin and neurofilaments. Of the 16 cases of NB, 12 were positive for
      chromogranin, and 13 and 15 were positive for Mr 200,000 and 68,000 neurofilament
      polypeptides, respectively. However, both markers appeared mainly in tumor cells
      maturing toward neuroblasts. Electron microscopy was helpful for the diagnosis of
      undifferentiated NB in those cases immunohistochemically negative for
      chromogranin or neurofilaments. We conclude that ultrastructural and
      immunohistochemical examinations are useful for the morphologic assessment of the
      degree of maturation of neuroblastic tumors.

PMID- 2922388
TI  - Squamous carcinoma of the esophagus in patients with Barrett esophagus.
AB  - Adenocarcinoma of the esophagus is a well-known complication of Barrett
      esophagus, especially in white men. We present three cases of squamous carcinoma
      of the esophagus in Barrett patients. All three patients were white men. None had
      a history of symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux or of Barrett esophagus, but all
      had substantial usage of alcoholic beverages and tobacco. All three tumors were
      located in squamous-lined mucosa above the Barrett mucosa. Columnar epithelial
      dysplasia was present in the Barrett mucosa of two of our patients, and the third
      patient had a squamous carcinoma of the pharynx. Squamous carcinoma represented
      2% of Barrett-associated esophageal carcinomas at our institution in 1980 through
      1986. Five additional cases were found in the literature, and all were also in
      white men. This demographic predominance stood in striking contrast to the 26%
      prevalence of white patients among those with squamous carcinoma of the esophagus
      at our institution (P less than 0.0002) and to the 50% prevalence of white men
      among our patients with Barrett esophagus (P less than 0.02). Two of the
      literature cases also had substantial alcohol and tobacco usage and had
      synchronous adenocarcinoma arising in Barrett mucosa. Our findings of a
      strikingly high prevalence of white men and of multifocal neoplastic changes in
      the upper aerodigestive tract suggest a pathogenetic relationship between
      squamous carcinoma of the esophagus and Barrett esophagus, possibly due to
      alcoholic beverage and tobacco usage. Endoscopic surveillance of Barrett patients
      for early detection of adenocarcinoma has been recommended; contemporaneous
      evaluation of the squamous-lined esophagus by biopsy and cytopathology may be
      advisable.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2922389
TI  - Ultrastructural morphometry distinguishes Burkitt's-like lymphomas from
      neuroendocrine neoplasms: useful criteria applied to the evaluation of a poorly
      differentiated neuroendocrine neoplasm of the nasal cavity masquerading as
      Burkitt's-like lymphoma.
AB  - The present study describes the potential usefulness of ultrastructural
      morphometry in diagnosis. Ultrastructural morphometric criteria were applied to
      the evaluation of a poorly differentiated neuroendocrine neoplasm of the nasal
      cavity that was initially thought to be a Burkitt's-like lymphoma (BLL). Although
      the nasal lesion in question failed to stain with over 50 cell lineage-relevant
      antibodies, it did stain for vimentin (an intermediate filament protein) and Ki
      67 (a nuclear antigen associated with cell proliferation). Routine electron
      microscopy revealed a primitive neoplasm with abundant cytoplasmic lipid droplets
      and sparse dense granules with no intercellular junctions. Treatment options,
      which included extensive facial surgery, prompted more study. Tissue processed
      for the uranaffin reaction revealed sparse uranaffin-positive granules indicating
      the presence of true neurosecretory granules. An ultrastructural morphometric
      analysis of the neoplastic nuclei of this patient placed the tumor outside the
      morphometric domains for BLLs (18 cases) and neuroblastomas (11 cases) and within
      the morphometric domain of neuroendocrine carcinomas (9 cases). A greater mean
      standard deviation (P less than 0.05) and mean coefficient of variation (P less
      than 0.02) of nuclear perimeter in the neuroendocrine (NE) group related to the
      BLL group indicated greater nuclear pleomorphism within the NE group as
      illustrated in bivariate graphic displays. The possible origin of the neoplasm
      within the nasal mucosa is discussed.

PMID- 2922390
TI  - Postembedding immunogold electron microscopy for S100, tubulin, and cytoskeletal
      proteins in an amelanotic malignant melanoma.
AB  - A postembedding Protein A-colloidal gold technique was used for the
      ultrastructural immunocytochemical investigation of S100, tubulin, and
      cytoskeletal proteins in a Lowicryl K4M-embedded melanoma with numerous
      microtubules. S100 protein was localized in the cytoplasm and the nuclei of tumor
      cells. Melanosomes were not labeled with S100. Perinuclear intermediate filaments
      and filaments in cytoplasmic processes reacted positively for vimentin. The
      straight, rod-shaped, parallel intracisternal microtubules failed to react with
      antisera to tubulin, S100, vimentin, cytokeratin, neurofilaments, desmin, glial
      fibrillary acidic protein, and immunoglobulin light chains. These results give an
      improved correlation between the ultrastructural and immunocytochemical
      characteristics of the tumor, confirm the melanocytic origin of it, and
      demonstrate the application and usefulness of the postembedding immunogold method
      in the investigation of the protein composition of subcellular structures.

PMID- 2922391
TI  - A histiocytoid (epithelioid) vascular tumor of the ovary: occurrence within a
      benign cystic teratoma.
AB  - This report describes the case of a 22-yr-old woman with benign cystic teratomas
      of both ovaries. One of the teratomas contained a histiocytoid (epithelioid)
      vascular tumor. The lesion was composed of closely arranged, variably canalized,
      nests and cords of vacuolated, histiocytoid endothelial cells. Nuclear morphology
      was relatively uniform, but four to six mitotic figures were found per ten high
      power fields. Stromal inflammatory cells were notably sparse. Intravascular
      growth was absent. The patient remained well 30 mo after surgery. The authors
      review the literature concerning vascular tumors of the ovary and comment on
      histiocytoid vascular lesions in general.

PMID- 2922392
TI  - Natural-abundance 13C NMR study of glycogen repletion in human liver and muscle.
AB  - Optimizing the surface-coil design and spectral-acquisition parameters has lead
      to the observation of the 13C NMR natural abundance glycogen signal in man at 2.1
      T. Both the human muscle and hepatic glycogen signals can be detected
      definitively with a time resolution of approximately equal to 13 min. A 1H/13C
      concentric surface coil was used. The 1H outer coil was 11 cm in diameter; the
      13C inner coil was 8 cm in diameter. The coils were tuned to 89.3 MHz and 22.4
      MHz, respectively. The 1H coil was used for optimizing field homogeneity
      (shimming) the magnet and for single-frequency decoupling of the C1 glycogen
      signal. Total power deposition from both the transmitter pulse and the continuous
      wave decoupling did not exceed the Food and Drug Administration guideline of 8
      W/kg of tissue. Experiments were done for which healthy subjects returned to the
      magnets at different times for 13C NMR measurement. The spectral difference
      between experiments was within the noise in the C1 glycogen region. Because of
      the spectral reproducibility and the signal sensitivity, hepatic glycogen
      repletion can be followed. Four hours postprandial, hepatic glycogen increases by
      3.8 times from the basal fasted state. The hepatic glycogen data correspond
      directly to previous biopsy results and support the use of 13C NMR as a
      noninvasive probe of human metabolism.

PMID- 2922393
TI  - Isolation and sequence of cDNA encoding a cytochrome P-450 from an insecticide
      resistant strain of the house fly, Musca domestica.
AB  - A cDNA expression library from phenobarbital-treated house fly (Musca domestica)
      was screened with rabbit antisera directed against partially purified house fly
      cytochrome P-450. Two overlapping clones with insert lengths of 1.3 and 1.5
      kilobases were isolated. The sequence of a 1629-base-pair (bp) cDNA was obtained,
      with an open reading frame (nucleotides 81-1610) encoding a P-450 protein of 509
      residues (Mr = 58,738). The insect P-450 protein contains a hydrophobic NH2
      terminus and a 22-residue cysteine-containing fragment near the COOH terminus
      that is known to bind the heme; both of these features have been found in the
      more than five dozen vertebrate P-450 proteins of which the sequences are
      presently known. Interestingly, the termination codon UAA may be contained in a
      putative polyadenylylation signal (AAUAAA) of the mRNA. This P-450 protein
      exhibits the most similarity (27% amino acid positional identity) with mammalian
      proteins of the P450III family but qualifies as a member of another family, which
      we propose to designate the P450VI gene family. This cDNA and deduced protein
      sequence should provide important information in the study of evolution of the P
      450 gene superfamily, as well as provide an important probe for studying the
      regulation of insect P-450 and understanding the molecular genetics of
      insecticide resistance.

PMID- 2922394
TI  - Phosphorylation and glycosylation of the luteinizing hormone receptor.
AB  - Purified testicular and ovarian luteinizing hormone/human chorionic gonadotropin
      (hCG) receptors are phosphorylated at serine and threonine residues by the
      catalytic subunit of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase A).
      Occupancy of the receptors by hCG significantly increased the rate but not the
      extent of phosphorylation. However, prolonged preincubation of receptors with hCG
      reduced the subsequent rate of receptor phosphorylation. Identical phosphopeptide
      maps were obtained for the phosphorylated ovarian and testicular receptors. The
      phosphorylated receptor, like the native receptor, bound to wheat germ lectin and
      hCG-Sepharose and migrated as a single band of Mr 90,000 (testis) and Mr 85,000
      (ovary) on NaDodSO4/PAGE. Neuraminidase treatment of receptors caused reductions
      of molecular weight to 82,000 (testis) and 77,000 (ovary), and further treatment
      with O-Glycanase had minimal effect on molecular size. However, deglycosylation
      with N-Glycosidase and endoglycosidase F produced a single labeled polypeptide of
      Mr 59,000 for both gonadal receptors. Treatment of native receptors with
      neuraminidase caused no apparent change in binding of gonadotropin to blotted
      receptors, whereas deglycosylated receptors showed a major reduction in hormone
      binding. These results indicate that luteinizing hormone/hCG receptors are
      sialoglycoproteins with predominantly N-linked glycosyl residues that account for
      the size difference between testicular and ovarian receptors and that may
      participate in the interaction with gonadotropin. Receptor occupancy by agonist
      leads to a conformational change that facilitates its phosphorylation during
      initial binding and reduces the rate of phosphorylation after more prolonged
      exposure to hCG.

PMID- 2922395
TI  - Simultaneous recordings of force and sliding movement between a myosin-coated
      glass microneedle and actin cables in vitro.
AB  - To elucidate the molecular mechanism of muscle contraction resulting from the ATP
      dependent actin-myosin interaction, we constructed an assay system with which
      both the force and the movement produced by the actin-myosin interaction in vitro
      can be simultaneously recorded and analyzed. The assay system consisted of the
      giant internodal cells of an alga, Nitellopsis obtusa, which contain well
      organized arrays of actin filaments (actin cables) running along the cell long
      axis, and a glass microneedle (tip diameter, approximately 7 microns; elastic
      coefficient, approximately 40 pN/microns), which was coated with skeletal muscle
      myosin at the tip and extended from a micromanipulator at right angles with the
      actin cables. When the myosin-coated tip of the microneedle was brought into
      contact with the exposed surface of the actin cables, it exhibited ATP-dependent
      movement along the actin cables over a distance of 20-150 microns in 20-200 s (20
      23 degrees C) and eventually stopped due to a balance between forces generated by
      the actin-myosin interaction (800-6000 pN) and by the bent microneedle. Since the
      load on the force-generating myosin molecules increased with the bending
      displacement of the microneedle (auxotonic condition), the relation between the
      load and the sliding velocity of the myosin heads past the actin cables was
      determined from the time course of the microneedle movement recorded with a video
      system. The shape of the force-velocity curve thus obtained was convex upwards,
      similar to that of the force-velocity curve of intact frog muscle fibers obtained
      under the auxotonic condition.

PMID- 2922396
TI  - Destabilization of an alpha-helix-bundle protein by helix dipoles.
AB  - The finite difference Poisson-Boltzmann method is used to calculate the
      electrostatic work of assembling the four alpha-helices of Themiste dyscritum
      hemerythrin to form the protein's observed antiparallel helical bundle. The
      calculations account for the interaction of each helix dipole with the high
      dielectric solvent as well as for pairwise interactions of the dipoles with each
      other. We find that the electrostatic work of assembly is dominated by
      unfavorable changes in dipole-solvent interactions rather than by favorable
      interactions between antiparallel helices. Furthermore, the electrostatic energy
      difference between the observed arrangement of helices in hemerythrin and at
      least one other possible helical arrangement is less than 1 kT. These results
      suggest that the helix dipole actually destabilizes the helical bundle and that
      it plays little or no role in producing the observed bundle geometry.

PMID- 2922397
TI  - A 4-kDa maize chloroplast polypeptide associated with the cytochrome b6-f
      complex: subunit 5, encoded by the chloroplast petE gene.
AB  - Four polypeptides, three of which are chloroplast-encoded, have been shown to be
      associated with the thylakoid membrane cytochrome b6-f complex. In this report,
      the gene for a fifth polypeptide, which copurifies with the b6-f complex, is
      identified through the use of an antibody generated against a synthetic
      decapeptide predicted from a maize chloroplast DNA sequence. The deduced 37-amino
      acid sequence of the immunoreactive 4-kDa polypeptide is 100% and 86% conserved
      in the respective similar open reading frames encoded by Nicotiana tabacum and
      Marchantia chloroplast DNA. The 4-kDa polypeptide is present in both etioplasts
      and chloroplasts of maize and is found as well in spinach, tobacco, pea, wheat,
      and rice thylakoids. Similar to the other subunits of the b6-f complex, it is
      intrinsic to the membrane, and its hydrophilic COOH terminus is located at the
      stromal thylakoid surface. We propose to call the 4-kDa polypeptide "subunit 5"
      and the chloroplast gene that encodes it the petE gene.

PMID- 2922398
TI  - Positive and negative regulatory elements in the mouse albumin enhancer.
AB  - Most enhancer elements so far described are comprised of multiple DNA binding
      sites for proteins that act to increase the rate of transcription. In this report
      we show that the far upstream mouse albumin enhancer element (-10.5 to -8.5
      kilobase pairs) is a composite of at least three functional regions: a negative
      region that suppresses an otherwise positive, liver-specific enhancer element and
      a third region that by itself is inactive but in conjunction with the remaining
      elements overrides the effect of the negative region. The protein that binds to
      the overriding element is C/EBP, a liver-enriched transcription factor, whereas
      the newly identified protein that is responsible for full liver-specific enhancer
      activity is found in HeLa cell and spleen extracts as well as in extracts
      prepared from the liver. This latter protein may therefore be an example of a
      widely distributed protein that because of cell-specific modification or
      interaction has a tissue-specific, positive action on transcription.

PMID- 2922399
TI  - Transforming growth factor alpha may be a physiological regulator of liver
      regeneration by means of an autocrine mechanism.
AB  - We investigated whether transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-alpha) is involved
      in hepatocyte growth responses both in vivo and in culture. During liver
      regeneration after partial hepatectomy in rats, TGF-alpha mRNA increased; it
      reached a maximum (approximately 9-fold higher than normal) at the peak of DNA
      synthesis. The message and the peptide were localized in hepatocytes and found in
      higher amounts in hepatocytes obtained from regenerating liver. TGF-alpha caused
      a 13-fold elevation of DNA synthesis in hepatocytes in primary culture and was
      slightly more effective than epidermal growth factor. TGF-beta blocked TGF-alpha
      stimulation when added either simultaneously with TGF-alpha or a day later. TGF
      alpha message increased in hepatocytes stimulated to undergo DNA synthesis by TGF
      alpha or epidermal growth factor, and the peptide was detected in the culture
      medium by RIA. In the regenerating liver, the increase in TGF-alpha mRNA during
      the first day after partial hepatectomy coincided with an increase in epidermal
      growth factor/TGF-alpha receptor mRNA and a decrease (already reported) in the
      number of these receptors. We conclude that TGF-alpha may function as a
      physiological inducer of hepatocyte DNA synthesis during liver regeneration by
      means of an autocrine mechanism and that its stimulatory effects in this growth
      process are balanced by the inhibitory action of TGF-beta 1.

PMID- 2922400
TI  - Oxidative capacity of muscle and mitochondria: correlation of physiological,
      biochemical, and morphometric characteristics.
AB  - The oxidative capacity of cat skeletal muscles (soleus, gracilis, and gracilis
      chronically stimulated for 28 days) was derived from the total mitochondrial
      content in the muscle, the surface area of mitochondrial inner membranes, and
      respiratory activities of isolated mitochondria. Mitochondrial content was
      estimated by standard morphometry. The surface area of mitochondrial inner
      membranes per unit volume of mitochondria was estimated by a stereological
      method. The respiratory activities of isolated mitochondria were measured
      biochemically, using pyruvate/malate, glutamate/malate, succinate, or cytochrome
      c as substrate. Structurally and functionally, mitochondria from the three muscle
      types showed nearly identical characteristics. Oxidative activity was dependent
      on substrate; with succinate, 5.8 ml of O2 per min per ml of mitochondria was the
      rate most likely to represent physiological conditions. Oxidative activities of
      3.1 ml.min-1.ml-1 with pyruvate/malate and 14.5 ml.min-1.ml-1 with cytochrome c
      as substrates were theoretical lower and upper bounds. The oxidative capacity of
      each of the three muscles was thus in direct proportion to the total volume of
      mitochondria in the muscle. The respiratory capacity of isolated mitochondria was
      very near to the maximal oxygen uptake rate of mitochondria that is commonly
      estimated in intact muscles of a wide variety of animals.

PMID- 2922401
TI  - Generation of human monoclonal antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus.
AB  - Based on the finding that cells producing antibodies to human immunodeficiency
      virus (HIV) circulate in the peripheral blood of HIV-infected individuals,
      attempts were made to immortalize such B cells with Epstein-Barr virus.
      Mononuclear cells from 58 HIV-seropositive subjects at various stages of HIV
      infection were transformed, and anti-HIV cell lines were derived from 4 subjects,
      all of whom were in early stages of infection. Seven of these cell lines have
      been stable with respect to antibody production for up to 15 months. Three lines
      are producing IgG antibody to the 41-kDa HIV transmembrane glycoprotein gp41 and
      4 produce IgG antibodies to the 24-kDa HIV core protein p24, its precursors and a
      breakdown product. The antibodies are reactive by ELISA, by
      radioimmunoprecipitation, and by Western blot, demonstrating the feasibility of
      producing multiple stable cell lines synthesizing human monoclonal antibodies to
      HIV by immortalization of peripheral blood cells with Epstein-Barr virus.

PMID- 2922402
TI  - Ischemic and reperfusion injury of rat peripheral nerve.
AB  - A rat model of severe nerve ischemia was used to study the effects of ischemia
      and reperfusion on nerve conduction, blood flow, and the integrity of the blood
      nerve barrier. Conduction failure was consistently found in the sciatic-tibial
      nerve during 1- and 3-hr ischemic periods. Recovery of the compound muscle action
      potential was prompt and complete upon reperfusion following 1 hr of ischemia.
      However, after 3 hr of ischemia, recovery in the proximal portion of the sciatic
      nerve was less than 10%, and conduction block occurred in the distal portion of
      the nerve. Nerve blood flow was restored to only 55% and 45% of resting values
      following 1 and 3 hr, respectively, of ischemia and did not recover even after 2
      hr of reperfusion. The blood-nerve barrier was not statistically impaired to the
      passage of [14C]sucrose following 1 hr of ischemia but was significantly impaired
      after 3 hr of ischemia. The permeability-surface area product was consistently
      greater following 1 hr of reperfusion than during the immediate reperfusion
      period. These data indicate that severe ischemia of peripheral nerve results in
      reperfusion injury, conduction block, and blood-nerve barrier disruption.
      Microvascular events, which may occur during reperfusion, may be important in
      amplifying the nerve fiber damage that began during ischemia.

PMID- 2922403
TI  - Anticancer activities of adenine nucleotides in mice are mediated through
      expansion of erythrocyte ATP pools.
AB  - ATP and AMP exhibit significant anticancer activities against established footpad
      CT26 colon adenocarcinoma in CB6F1 mice. Adenosine, inorganic phosphate, and
      inorganic pyrophosphate were without such effects under identical conditions.
      Daily intraperitoneal injections of adenine nucleotides in large volumes of
      saline, starting after the tumors became palpable, resulted in inhibition of
      tumor growth and a few "cures." The treatment was not toxic to the host as
      determined by changes in body weights. Weight loss observed in animals upon
      progression of the fast-growing CT26 tumors was slowed markedly in adenine
      nucleotide-treated mice. The inhibition of weight loss in tumor-bearing mice was
      shown to be neither the cause nor the effect of the inhibition of tumor growth.
      Intraperitoneal injections of AMP or ATP but not of adenosine yielded expansions
      of erythrocyte ATP pools in host animals. The expanded erythrocyte ATP pools are
      stable over a period of hours, while slowly releasing micromolar amounts of ATP
      into the blood plasma compartment, leading to several-fold increases in plasma
      (extracellular) ATP levels. Based on previous studies in which 1-5 microM
      extracellular ATP effectively inhibited the growth of a variety of tumor cells in
      several in vitro systems, it is suggested that similar levels of ATP in blood
      plasma account for the anticancer activities observed in a murine host.

PMID- 2922404
TI  - Energy metabolism of monocytic Ehrlichia.
AB  - We investigated if the monocytic Ehrlichia are totally dependent on their host
      cells for energy, or, as Rickettsia, are capable of some ATP synthesis in vitro.
      The Miyayama strain of Ehrlichia sennetsu and the Maryland and Illinois strains
      of Ehrlichia risticii were cultivated in a mouse macrophage cell line, separated
      from host cell constituents by procedures that included Renografin or Percoll
      gradient centrifugation, and tested after cryopreservation. Cells incubated
      without a metabolizing substrate contained little, if any, ATP. When the
      Ehrlichia cells were incubated for 1 hr at 34 degrees C with glutamine,
      significant amounts of ATP were detected. The amounts of ATP attained with
      glutamine were decreased in some instances by the addition of atractyloside, an
      inhibitor of adenine nucleotide translocase in mitochondria, and were decreased
      consistently and to a greater extent by 2,4-dinitrophenol. When ATP, instead of
      glutamine, was added to the ehrlichiae, upon incubation the amount of ATP was
      markedly decreased. Comparable responses under all these conditions were obtained
      with Rickettsia typhi, although the final ATP levels were higher. Control
      preparations derived from uninfected mouse macrophages or from the discards of
      the Ehrlichia purification procedures contained negligible amounts of ATP, which
      were not increased by incubation with glutamine. We conclude that with respect to
      ATP metabolism, the monocytic Ehrlichia resemble Rickettsia more closely than
      Chlamydia, even though Ehrlichia resemble Chlamydia in their intracellular
      location in the phagosomes and in possibly having a developmental cycle.

PMID- 2922405
TI  - Spatially and temporally resolved calcium concentration changes in oscillating
      neurons of crab stomatogastric ganglion.
AB  - Calcium concentration changes during oscillations of the membrane potential of
      crab (Cancer irroratus or Cancer borealis) stomatogastric neurons were monitored
      at many positions by using the calcium indicator dye arsenazo III and a
      photodiode array. Data analysis algorithms using signal averaging techniques were
      developed to improve the time resolution of the measured calcium changes. As
      previously reported, calcium oscillations were detected from all regions of the
      neuropil but not from the soma or axon. In some cells step increases in
      intracellular neuropil calcium were correlated with each of the action potentials
      in the burst (on the peak of the voltage oscillation). In other cells we observed
      calcium oscillations phase-locked to the membrane potential with no spike-related
      component. A few cells had both spike-evoked and graded potential components to
      the calcium oscillations. In those cells, the spatial distribution of the spike
      correlated calcium influx differed from that of the voltage-oscillation
      correlated calcium influx, suggesting that different neurites might interact with
      their postsynaptic targets with different mixtures of graded and spike-correlated
      transmitter release.

PMID- 2922406
TI  - The basal ganglia, the deep prepyriform cortex, and seizure spread: bicuculline
      is anticonvulsant in the rat striatum.
AB  - The gamma-aminobutyric acid antagonist, bicuculline methiodide (BMI), induces
      myoclonic seizures in rats when injected into the deep prepyriform cortex at
      concentrations lower than those that induce convulsions from the amygdala,
      hippocampus, or neocortex. This observation prompted the suggestion that the deep
      prepyriform cortex was responsible for seizure generation regardless of the
      neurotransmitter and neuronal circuits involved. Bilateral intrastriatal
      application of BMI protects rats against seizures induced by (i) local
      application of BMI into the deep prepyriform cortex and (ii) systemic application
      of bicuculline, pilocarpine (a cholinergic agonist), or kainic acid (a glutamate
      receptor agonist). The region of the striatum sensitive to the previously unknown
      anticonvulsant action of BMI is located in the immediate vicinity of the deep
      prepyriform cortex and is 100-150 times more sensitive to the anticonvulsant
      action relative to the sensitivity of the deep prepyriform cortex to the
      convulsant action of BMI. These data suggest a powerful gamma-aminobutyric acid
      dependent gating role of the basal ganglia in determining the seizure threshold
      in the forebrain. This argues against the suggestion that the deep prepyriform
      cortex plays a crucial role in the generation of seizures following systemic
      administration of convulsants. The discovery of an anticonvulsant action of BMI
      in the rat striatum contradicts the gamma-aminobutyric acid theory of epilepsy,
      which implies that deficits in the gamma-aminobutyric acid-mediated inhibition in
      the central nervous system lead to the emergence of seizures.

PMID- 2922407
TI  - Stimulus-specific neuronal oscillations in orientation columns of cat visual
      cortex.
AB  - In areas 17 and 18 of the cat visual cortex the firing probability of neurons, in
      response to the presentation of optimally aligned light bars within their
      receptive field, oscillates with a peak frequency near 40 Hz. The neuronal firing
      pattern is tightly correlated with the phase and amplitude of an oscillatory
      local field potential recorded through the same electrode. The amplitude of the
      local field-potential oscillations are maximal in response to stimuli that match
      the orientation and direction preference of the local cluster of neurons. Single
      and multiunit recordings from the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the
      thalamus showed no evidence of oscillations of the neuronal firing probability in
      the range of 20-70 Hz. The results demonstrate that local neuronal populations in
      the visual cortex engage in stimulus-specific synchronous oscillations resulting
      from an intracortical mechanism. The oscillatory responses may provide a general
      mechanism by which activity patterns in spatially separate regions of the cortex
      are temporally coordinated.

PMID- 2922408
TI  - A stretch-activated K+ channel sensitive to cell volume.
AB  - The role of K+ channels in cell osmoregulation was investigated by using the
      patch-clamp technique. In cell-attached patches from Necturus proximal tubule,
      the short-open-time K+ channel at the basolateral membrane could be stretch
      activated by pipette suction, where a negative pressure of 6 cm H2O (588.6 Pa)
      was sufficient to increase the open probability of the channel by a factor of 4.0
      +/- 0.8 (n = 7 tubules). A 50% reduction in bath osmolarity increased cell volume
      by 66 +/- 10% and increased the K+-channel open probability by a factor of 5.8 +/
      1.4 (n = 7) in the same cell-attached patches that were activated by pipette
      suction. A kinetic analysis indicates one open state and at least two closed
      states for this epithelial K+ channel. Both suction and swelling shorten the
      longest time constant of the closed-time distribution by a factor of 3, without
      significant effect on either the mean open time or the shorter closed-state time
      constant. The similar effect of suction and swelling is consistent with the
      hypothesis that stretch-activated K+ channels mediate the increase in macroscopic
      K+ conductance that occurs during osmoregulation of amphibian proximal tubules.
      Calculations based on a simple model indicate that small increments in cell
      volume could produce statistically significant increases in K+-channel activity.

PMID- 2922409
TI  - Calcium metabolism, serum thyroid-stimulating hormone, prolactin, and growth
      hormone in spontaneously hypercholesterolemic rats.
AB  - We have shown previously that spontaneously hypercholesterolemic (SHC) rats
      exhibit abnormal bone metabolism with advanced bone resorption, which develops
      with age. In this study, we measured serum levels of growth hormone, thyroid
      stimulating hormone, and prolactin in addition to several parameters of calcium
      metabolism and renal function in young (6-week) and old (24-week) SHC rats and
      compared these with age-matched Sprague-Dawley rats. In young SHC rats, urinary
      excretion of hydroxyproline and serum levels of calcium were significantly
      elevated and excretion of protein into urine and urea nitrogen in the serum were
      normal, suggesting that calcium metabolism was abnormal without kidney
      dysfunction at this age. Serum growth hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone
      levels were markedly higher (20- to 30-fold and 4- to 5-fold, respectively) in
      young and old SHC rats, whereas serum prolactin levels were similar. A high level
      of serum thyroid-stimulating hormone was associated with elevated levels of
      thyroxine and triiodothyronine in young SHC rats, but not old ones. These results
      demonstrate that the rat exhibits abnormalities in endocrine function as well as
      calcium metabolism preceding the occurrence of renal dysfunction.

PMID- 2922410
TI  - Blunted responses to vasoconstrictors in mesenteric vasculature but not in portal
      vein of spontaneously hypertensive rats treated with relaxin.
AB  - Relaxin (RLX), an ovarian polypeptide hormone that is particularly associated
      with gestation in viviparous species, has recently been shown to decrease blood
      pressure in virgin spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) upon chronic infusion.
      In this investigation, vascular reactivity to angiotensin II, arginine
      vasopressin, and norepinephrine was studied in the perfused mesenteric artery and
      isolated portal vein of control and RLX-treated virgin spontaneously hypertensive
      rats. The latter received an intravenous infusion of 75 ng/hr purified rat RLX
      for 2 days, whereas the controls were given an equal infusion of saline. All of
      the animals were then killed and their tissues processed for in vitro study. In
      the perfused mesenteric artery, the concentration-response curves for arginine
      vasopressin and norepinephrine were shifted to the right by a factor of about 2
      (P less than 0.05 and P less than 0.005, respectively) after RLX treatment. In
      the isolated portal vein, the response to angiotensin II was not affected; the
      effect of norepinephrine was slightly displaced to the right (increase in EC50)
      and the maximum response remained unchanged. These results demonstrate that RLX
      treatment for 42 hr blunted the vascular response to vasoconstrictor agents in
      the mesenteric vasculature and are consistent with similar observations reported
      previously in the same tissue of 20-day-old pregnant rats. It is concluded that
      RLX may be involved in the blunted response to vasoconstrictor agents during
      gestation in the rat.

PMID- 2922411
TI  - Blood flow distribution with adrenergic and histaminergic antagonists.
AB  - Superficial fibular nerve stimulation (SFNS) causes increased pre- and post
      capillary resistances as well as increased capillary permeability in the dog hind
      paw. These responses indicate possible adrenergic and histaminergic interactions.
      The distribution of blood flow between capillaries and arteriovenous anastomoses
      (AVA) may depend on the relative effects of these neural inputs. Right hind paws
      of anesthetized heparinized dogs were vascularly and neurally isolated and
      perfused with controlled pressure. Blood flow distribution was calculated from
      the venous recovery of 85Sr-labeled microspheres (15 microns). The mean transit
      times of 131I-albumin and 85Sr-labeled microspheres were calculated. The effects
      of adrenergic and histaminergic antagonists with and without SFNS were
      determined. Phentolamine blocked the entire response to SFNS. Prazosin attenuated
      increases in total and AVA resistance. Yohimbine prevented increased total
      resistance, attenuated the AVA resistance increase, and revealed a decrease in
      capillary circuit resistance. Pyrilamine attenuated total resistance increase
      while SFNS increased capillary and AVA resistances. Metiamide had no effect on
      blood flow distribution with SFNS. The increase in AVA resistance with SFNS
      apparently resulted from a combination of alpha 1 and alpha 2 receptor
      stimulation but not histaminergic effects.

PMID- 2922412
TI  - Effect of age and growth rate on myocardial irritability in broiler chickens.
AB  - Young broiler chickens are undergoing a period of extremely rapid growth and may
      be expected to be in a state of extreme endocrine and biochemical flux. These
      birds are also subject to a sudden death syndrome of unknown etiology. We
      hypothesized that an increased myocardial sensitivity in birds exhibiting early
      rapid growth may contribute to this syndrome. The objective of the current study
      was to investigate the interaction between early growth rate and age on
      myocardial irritability in young broiler chickens. This study utilized 74 male
      broiler chickens between 3 (Group A, 21-24 days) and 6 (Group B, 43-47 days)
      weeks of age exhibiting rapid (heavy weight, greater than 425 g at 2 weeks) and
      slow (low weight, less than 350 g at 2 weeks) early growth. Physiologic
      parameters such as blood pressure, heart rate, and arterial blood gases in the
      awake, restrained birds were essentially unchanged across these groups.
      Myocardial irritability of the anesthetized bird (pentobarbital) as measured by
      the threshold to electrical fibrillation was significantly increased only in the
      Group A HW birds. The results of this study suggest an increased myocardial
      irritability in large young broilers (3 weeks of age) that is no longer present
      in a similar group of older birds (6 weeks of age). These findings are consistent
      with the hypothesis that there is an increased myocardial sensitivity in birds
      succumbing to sudden death syndrome, with death due to myocardial fibrillation.
      Further research is needed to determine the mechanisms involve.

PMID- 2922413
TI  - Are you looking forward to the future?

PMID- 2922414
TI  - What is an alcohol problem?

PMID- 2922415
TI  - How would mandatory continuing education work?

PMID- 2922416
TI  - Women's experiences of gynaecology.

PMID- 2922417
TI  - Reusable or disposable theatre linen--which is best?

PMID- 2922418
TI  - Department of Health research studentships.

PMID- 2922419
TI  - Teaching patients to cope with catheters at home.

PMID- 2922420
TI  - Dietary restriction and aging.

PMID- 2922421
TI  - Effect of dietary restriction and aging on lymphocyte subsets in germfree and
      conventional Lobund-Wistar rats.

PMID- 2922422
TI  - C-reactive protein in aging Lobund Wistar rats.

PMID- 2922423
TI  - The effect of dietary restriction on serum hormone and blood chemistry changes in
      aging Lobund-Wistar rats.

PMID- 2922424
TI  - Age-related changes in adrenal catecholamine levels and medullary structure in
      male Lobund-Wistar rats.

PMID- 2922426
TI  - Adenohypophysial changes in conventional, germ free and food-restricted aging
      Lobund-Wistar rats. A histologic, immunocytochemical and electron microscopic
      study.
AB  - The pituitaries of aging male Lobund-Wistar rats were investigated by histology,
      immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy. In contrast to previous studies
      undertaken on aging rats of various strains, no lactotroph hyperplasia was found
      in the adenohypophysis of the present study. Lactotroph adenomas producing PRL
      were infrequent, whereas gonadotroph adenomas containing FSH and LH were common.
      The frequency of gonadotroph adenomas was decreased in germ free as well as food
      restricted rats and in those in which the germ free state was associated with
      reduced food intake.

PMID- 2922425
TI  - Modest dietary restriction and serum somatomedin-C/insulin like growth factor-I
      in young, mature and old rats.

PMID- 2922427
TI  - The morphology of adenohypophysial cells in aging Lobund-Wistar rats in tissue
      culture: an ultrastructural study.

PMID- 2922428
TI  - Effect of dietary restriction on gastrointestinal cell growth.

PMID- 2922429
TI  - Fatty acid compositional changes in germfree and conventional young and old rats.

PMID- 2922430
TI  - Functional and biochemical parameters in aging Lobund-Wistar rats.

PMID- 2922431
TI  - Blood glutathione: a biochemical index of life span enhancement in the diet
      restricted Lobund-Wistar rat.
AB  - These experimental results demonstrate that dietary restriction in both
      conventional and germfree rats results in enhanced longevity compared to fullfed
      animals. This increase in median survival age was due to a delay of 8 months in
      the onset of mortality in the restricted rats. Thereafter the aging rates of the
      short-lived subpopulations were the same for both groups. However, the aging rate
      of the long-lived restricted subpopulation was greater. The blood glutathione
      profiles demonstrated that a GSH deficiency of aging occurred in both the
      restricted and the long-lived groups. These data confirmed in the rat the
      findings observed previously in mosquito, mouse and man and verified the
      generality of the GSH and longevity relationship. Of special interest is that the
      blood glutathione levels were consistently higher at all ages of the restricted
      compared to fullfed rats and decreased more slowly during senescence. These
      findings indicate a direct relationship between enhanced GSH status and increased
      longevity due to dietary restriction. Further this suggests that glutathione may
      be a molecular mechanism for the diet restriction and longevity phenomenon.

PMID- 2922432
TI  - Cellular antioxidant defense system.

PMID- 2922433
TI  - The role of oxidative modification in cellular protein turnover and aging.

PMID- 2922434
TI  - The design of the Lobund Aging Study and the growth and survival of the Lobund
      Wistar rat.

PMID- 2922435
TI  - Spontaneous diseases in aging Lobund-Wistar rats.

PMID- 2922436
TI  - Effects of dietary restriction on body composition and body size in germfree and
      conventional Lobund-Wistar rats.

PMID- 2922437
TI  - Cardiac fibrosis in the aged germfree and conventional Lobund-Wistar rat.

PMID- 2922438
TI  - Aging: where we have been and where we are going.

PMID- 2922439
TI  - Effects of aging, diet restriction and microflora on oral health in humans and
      animals.

PMID- 2922440
TI  - How does dietary restriction retard diseases and aging?

PMID- 2922442
TI  - Structural brain abnormalities in patients with bulimia nervosa.
AB  - Computed tomographic (CT) brain scans were performed in 50 inpatients with
      bulimia nervosa, 50 anorectic inpatients, and 50 age-matched control subjects. A
      number of patients with bulimia nervosa had enlarged ventricles and/or sulcal
      widening, but the degree and frequency of ventricular dilatation and sulcal
      widening were not so pronounced as in patients with anorexia nervosa. As the
      bulimic patients were of normal body weight, the CT abnormalities cannot be
      attributed to emaciation, which has often been suggested as the cause of
      abnormalities found in anorectic patients. Since many bulimic patients repeatedly
      attempt to lose weight by going on restrictive diets, the morphological brain
      alterations may reflect the endocrine and metabolic reactions to starvation-
      regardless of whether starvation has led to emaciation, as in the case of
      anorexia nervosa, or only counterbalanced the binges of high-caloric food. This
      assumption is supported by the finding that in both bulimic and anorectic
      patients ventricular size is inversely correlated with the plasma levels of
      triiodothyronine, a low concentration of which is an indicator for starvation.

PMID- 2922441
TI  - Comparison of EEG sleep measures among depressive subtypes and controls in older
      individuals.
AB  - Psychobiological research has been used to validate subtypes of affective
      disorder. Nosologic separation of delusional from nondelusional depression has
      recently been aided by sophisticated analyses of sleep electrophysiology. In the
      present study, the sleep of elderly delusional and nondelusional depressed
      patients could be successfully distinguished from that of aged controls using
      standard sleep parameters. However, only a combination of manual and spectral
      analytic techniques separated the depressive subtypes. These results are
      preliminary and need replication in a larger sample.

PMID- 2922443
TI  - Regional cerebral blood flow during alcoholic blackout.
AB  - Regional cerebral blood flow was measured during alcoholic blackout in a 61-year
      old man with a blood-alcohol level of 0.38%. The mean flow level was found to be
      elevated by about 30-60% compared to repeated studies during long-term
      abstinence. The regional pattern did not change greatly. Increases of mean
      regional cerebral blood flow have previously been reported during social drinking
      and in Wernicke-Korsakoff's syndrome. A common disturbance of subcortical
      activation systems is hypothesized.

PMID- 2922444
TI  - Blood platelet uptake of serotonin in episodic aggression.
AB  - Blood platelet uptake of 3H-serotonin (5HT uptake), a potential marker of
      serotonergic function, was determined in male outpatients with episodic
      aggression (n = 15) and in age- and sex-matched nonaggressive controls (n = 15).
      Correlations with rating scales of "impulsivity" (Barratt Impulsivity Scale, 10th
      revision) and "anger" (Spielberger Anger Expression Scale) were performed. Mean
      5HT uptake was 18% lower in patients with episodic aggression. A significant
      negative correlation between % difference in platelet 5HT uptake and impulsivity
      score was observed, but the correlation between 5HT uptake and anger was not
      significant. These results support the hypothesis of disturbed serotonergic
      function in aggression and suggest that the primary relationship is in the
      "control" of aggression. The blood platelet may be useful in identifying
      impulsive subtypes.

PMID- 2922445
TI  - Sex roles and regional cerebral blood flow.
AB  - Several investigators have reported higher resting cerebral blood flow (CBF) in
      females as compared to males. The relationship between sex roles as quantified by
      Bem's Sex Role Inventory and CBF was evaluated in 106 right-handed, physically
      and mentally healthy, drug-free volunteers. CBF was measured noninvasively with
      the 133xenon inhalation technique. The CBF values correlated inversely with age
      and positively with carbon dioxide levels, confirming previous reports. Females
      obtained significantly higher CBF values than males; the differences tended to be
      most obvious in frontal regions. Males and females who scored high on femininity
      showed higher CBF as compared to low-femininity subjects even after the effect of
      sex was covaried out. High masculine sex role tended to be associated with lower
      CBF, but the effect was less clear.

PMID- 2922446
TI  - Pseudocholinesterase in obsessive-compulsive patients.
AB  - Levels of pseudocholinesterase (PsChe) were measured in 20 patients with
      obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and 20 healthy volunteers. The OCD group had
      significantly higher PsChe serum activity than in their sex- and age-matched
      control group. Patients' scores on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety (HRS-A)
      and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were not correlated with their PsChe
      levels. The results provide additional support for the observation of higher
      PsChe levels among anxiety-related psychiatric conditions. However, the
      relationships among anxiety, depression, and PsChe appear to be complex. The
      nature and implications of elevated PsChe levels are still unknown.

PMID- 2922447
TI  - Is there a relation between the seriousness of suicidal intent and the lethality
      of the suicide attempt?
AB  - The relation between the strength of an individual's intent to commit suicide and
      the nature and seriousness (lethality) of any suicide attempt has been a
      controversial one. Some studies suggest a positive correlation, while others
      report no connection. The present investigation included 60 patients, who were
      studied shortly after they had been admitted to a medical service after a suicide
      attempt. Measures of depression, impulsivity, suicidal intent, seriousness of the
      attempt, and efforts to prevent intervention were obtained. Results reveal that
      both depression and impulsivity correlate positively with the strength of the
      intent to commit suicide, but there appears to be almost no correlation in this
      population between measures of intent and seriousness of the attempt.

PMID- 2922448
TI  - Platelet MAO activity and personality variations in normals.
AB  - The authors examined platelet MAO activity and several personality variables in
      58 non-clinic-referred healthy adult males. The psychological tests administered
      consisted of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, the Personality
      Research Form-E, and the Zuckerman Sensation Seeking Scale. The findings
      replicated previous findings in the literature.

PMID- 2922449
TI  - A Visual Analogue Scale technique to measure global vigor and affect.
AB  - This article describes an easily administered Visual Analogue Scale (VAS)
      technique that can be used to detect changes in mood and subjective activation.
      The method yields two summary measures: Global Vigor (GV) and Global Affect (GA),
      each ranging in value from 0 to 100. The instrument was administered about six
      times per day in 38 healthy control and 6 depressed patients participating in
      temporal isolation studies. This yielded a total of 5,734 control subject
      sessions and 575 patient sessions. For both groups, frequency distributions of GV
      and GA were shown to be approximately Gaussian, and evidence was obtained
      suggesting that the instrument was being completed properly. On average,
      depressives were about 0.6 standard deviations lower than controls in GV and
      about 1.5 standard deviations lower in GA, confirming the validity of the scales.
      Measures of GV in controls were shown to be sensitive to both jet lag and diurnal
      variation, thus confirming the reliability and validity of GV in these
      situations. In two studies involving more than 50 days of voluntary seclusion,
      measures of GA were found to show an almost monotonic decline, tracking the
      decline in mood and confirming the reliability and validity of GA in that
      situation.

PMID- 2922450
TI  - A psychometric study of surface electrode placements for facial electromyographic
      recording: I. The brow and cheek muscle regions.
AB  - Despite the burgeoning literature using facial electromyography (EMG) to study
      cognitive and emotional processes, the psychometric properties of facial EMG
      measurement have received little attention. Two experiments were conducted to
      assess the reliability and validity of facial EMG as a measure of specific facial
      actions. In Experiment 1, two recording sites in the brow region were compared
      for their ability to differentiate facial actions hypothesized to be due to the
      activation of the corrugator supercilii from facial actions presumed to be due to
      the activation of proximate muscles (e.g. depressor supercilii, procerus,
      frontalis, levator labii superioris alaeque nasi, orbicularis oculi), and four
      sites in the infraorbital triangle were compared for their ability to
      differentiate facial actions hypothesized to be due to the activation of the
      zygomaticus major from facial actions presumed to be due the activation of
      proximate muscles (e.g. zygomaticus minor, risorius, buccinator, orbicularis
      oculi, orbicularis oris). Fifteen subjects were instructed to pose a series of
      facial actions while EMG activity was sampled simultaneously at all sites. In
      Experiment 2, 5 subjects returned to the laboratory for a more extensive
      investigation of surface EMG activity over the zygomaticus major muscle region.
      The results of this experiment confirmed the findings of Experiment 1. Overall,
      the results demonstrate that certain recording sites located over specific facial
      muscle regions are more sensitive and valid indices of particular facial actions
      than other nearby sites.

PMID- 2922451
TI  - The relationship between the type A behavior pattern and physiological
      responsivity: a quantitative review.
AB  - Researchers have attempted to specify the process linking Type A behavior to
      coronary artery disease. Increased cardiovascular and neuroendocrine reactivity
      in Type A individuals has been proposed as the intervening mechanism. There have
      been several previous reviews of the research relating Type A behavior to
      physiological reactivity. The authors' conclusions have been equivocal; some
      assert that Type A persons are more reactive, whereas others find no evidence for
      such a conclusion. In this report, meta-analysis, an alternative to the
      traditional narrative review, was employed to provide a quantitative evaluation
      of the relationship between Type A behavior and physiological reactivity. Results
      indicated that: 1) Type As respond to cognitive and psychomotor stimulus
      situations with greater heart rate and systolic blood pressure responses, 2) this
      relationship is not evident in females, 3) the relationship is more evident for
      some cognitive tasks than for others, and 4) the strength of the relationship
      depends upon the instrument used to assess Type A behavior.

PMID- 2922452
TI  - The law of initial values: differentiated testing as an empirical generalization
      versus enshrinement as a methodological rule.

PMID- 2922453
TI  - Aerobic fitness and the cardiovascular response to stress.
AB  - The observation that aerobically fit persons react to physical load with a
      smaller sympathetic response than do less fit subjects suggests that their
      response to psychological stress might also be reduced. The evidence for this,
      however, is far from consistent. It was argued that this inconsistency might be
      due to the incomplete measurement of the response system involved. In the present
      experiment two groups, which differed strongly in maximal aerobic power, were
      compared with respect to their cardiovascular response to a laboratory stressor.
      In addition to the traditional heart rate and blood pressure measurements, pre
      ejection period, cardiac output, and peripheral resistance were assessed. Since
      only the part of the stress response that is not accounted for by metabolic needs
      might have pathological significance, the so-called "additional" responses were
      also measured. Fitness was shown to be associated with smaller sympathetic
      effects on both heart and vessels. The decrement in pre-ejection period and the
      heart rate response were smaller in the high fit group. The total peripheral
      resistance and diastolic blood pressure responses pointed to a much stronger
      vascular reactivity in the low fit group. Unexpectedly cardiac output did not
      increase during stress. The strong heart rate response in the low fit group was
      compensated by a reduction in stroke volume, which probably originated in an
      increased peripheral resistance. The largest discrepancy between the effects of
      sympathetic activation during stress and exercise occurred in the vessels, as
      demonstrated by the large "additional" response in total peripheral resistance
      during stress. The data point to the often neglected role of vascular processes
      in experiments of this kind. Furthermore, it seems necessary to take the effect
      of fitness into account when comparing subjects with respect to their
      cardiovascular stress response.

PMID- 2922454
TI  - Stimulus novelty and significance as determinants of electrodermal responsivity:
      the serial position effect.
AB  - Three experiments examined the effects of stimulus novelty and significance on
      the skin conductance component of the orienting response. The test stimuli used
      in the different experiments involved either a neutral change in stimulation
      (i.e., adding or deleting components to the standard stimuli), or an introduction
      of a significant element to the standard stimulus. The serial position of the
      test stimulus was manipulated in all three experiments. In Experiment 1,
      nonsignificant test stimuli were introduced at the second, fourth, sixth, or
      eighth trial of the complex sequence of eight stimuli (i.e., a sequence comprised
      of varying standard stimuli). None of the test stimuli produced enhanced skin
      conductance responses under these conditions. Experiment 2 utilized the same
      design with only one difference: the test stimuli were presented following a
      simple stimulus sequence (i.e., repetition of a fixed standard stimulus). In this
      design enhanced skin conductance responses to the test stimuli were observed in
      almost all experimental conditions, with an advantage of a late over an early
      presentation of the test stimulus. Experiment 3 was designed to compare serial
      position effects of significant and neutral test stimuli. A serial position
      effect was obtained only for the neutral test stimuli, showing once again an
      advantage for late presentations. It was suggested that different mechanisms
      might underlie skin conductance responses to significant stimuli and to novel
      neutral stimuli.

PMID- 2922455
TI  - Race, parental history of hypertension, and patterns of cardiovascular reactivity
      in women.
AB  - This study examined the interaction of race and parental history of hypertension
      on patterns of cardiovascular responses among women. Two stressors were used that
      produce different patterns of cardiovascular reactivity: mental arithmetic,
      primarily a beta-adrenergic stimulus, and the cold face stimulus, which evokes
      alpha-adrenergic (i.e. vascular) activity. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure,
      heart rate, forearm blood flow, and forearm vascular resistance were assessed
      before, during, and after arithmetic and cold face stimulus. Both tasks produced
      the expected patterns of cardiovascular adjustment, although no Black-White
      differences occurred during arithmetic. However, Black subjects did show a slower
      recovery of diastolic blood pressure following arithmetic. The cold face stimulus
      produced significantly greater changes in systolic blood pressure in the Black
      than in the White women. Parental history of hypertension did not relate
      significantly to reactivity. The results provide limited support for the idea
      that Black females exhibit a greater pressor response than White females to a
      stimulus that produces primarily vascular rather than cardiac changes. These
      findings are discussed in relation to previous findings with males and with
      respect to their implications for the role of reactivity in Black-White
      differences in hypertension prevalence.

PMID- 2922456
TI  - Orienting in schizophrenia: habituation to auditory stimuli of constant and
      varying intensity in patients high and low in skin conductance responsivity.
AB  - Groups of schizophrenics and normal controls were exposed to different series of
      tones of constant (80dB) and variable intensity (60, 80, and 100 dB).
      Measurements included bilateral skin conductance, finger pulse volume, and heart
      rate. Both groups were split on the common median in skin conductance response to
      constant intensity tones to form matched patient and control groups of low and
      high responsivity. The low and high responsive schizophrenic groups were more
      clearly separated than the two control groups in rate of spontaneous skin
      conductance fluctuations, skin conductance magnitudes, and skin conductance
      levels, primarily because of generalized hyperactivity in high responsive
      patients. This pattern was clearest for the most intense tone and left hand
      recordings. High responsive schizophrenics also showed larger response
      amplitudes, shorter rise and recovery times, and a smaller ratio of elicited to
      spontaneous responses, than high responsive controls. Finger pulse volume
      responses recorded from the left hand were smaller in the patient groups, whereas
      patients and controls did not differ in right hand recordings. High skin
      conductance responsive subjects showed more heart rate deceleration than low
      responsive subjects, and schizophrenics had more decelerative responses than
      controls.

PMID- 2922457
TI  - Stability of myoelectric slow waves and contractions recorded from the distal
      colon.
AB  - The stability of physiological activity in the distal colon was investigated by
      recording 5-6 hours in each of 6 healthy adults. Contractions and myoelectric
      slow waves were recorded from the sigmoid colon (25-30 cm from the skin surface)
      and rectum (10-15 cm), and pressure waves were recorded from the proximal small
      intestine. The activity index (sum of areas of all waves divided by recording
      time) varied by 200% to 800% across 4-min samples for all motility and
      myoelectric slow wave recordings. Spectral analysis indicated that contractile
      activity waxed and waned in a cycle with a period of 40-55 min in the colon and
      64-80 min in the small intestine. Myoelectric slow wave activity in the colon
      cycled with a period of 30-40 min. Contractile activity in the sigmoid colon was
      correlated with similar activity in the rectum, but myoelectric slow wave
      activity in the colon was not correlated with myoelectric slow waves in the
      rectum. The frequency composition of contractions and slow waves was unstable
      over time.

PMID- 2922458
TI  - Does the heart know what the eye sees? A cardiac/pupillometric analysis of motor
      preparation and response execution.
AB  - Autonomic response measures are well suited for the study of preparation because
      they allow the analysis of covert aspects of performance. This is illustrated by
      an experiment in which task-evoked cardiac and pupillary responses were compared
      during a disjunctive (Go/No Go) reaction task. The motoric demands of the task
      were varied by manipulating foreperiod length (4 and 8 s) and probability of
      response (25%, 50%, and 75%). Reaction time increased with foreperiod length and
      decreased with probability of response. The depth of anticipatory heart rate
      deceleration was affected only by foreperiod length. Analysis of the beats
      during, and directly preceding and following the imperative stimulus revealed
      that interbeat intervals increased with probability of responding and foreperiod
      duration. The effect of stimulus timing relative to the R-wave of the ECG was
      also analyzed. Early occurring stimuli prolonged the cycle of their occurrence
      more than late occurring stimuli. The cycle time effect was somewhat more
      pronounced for No Go stimuli than for Go stimuli. The subsequent cycle was
      shorter for early occurring stimuli compared to late stimuli. This effect was
      stronger for Go compared to No Go trials. Both Go and No Go reactions elicited
      significant pupil dilations. The No Go dilation peaked earlier than the Go
      dilation and its amplitude was smaller. Probability of responding affected the
      latency of the No Go dilation but not that of the Go dilation. The current
      results justify an interpretation of preparation in terms of a timing mechanism
      (indexed by heart rate deceleration during the foreperiod) and a mechanism
      allocating processing resources to stimulus encoding (indexed by cardiac slowing
      just prior to stimulus occurrence) and response preparation (indexed by continued
      cardiac deceleration and pupillary dilation).

PMID- 2922459
TI  - Components of type A behavior and task-induced cardiovascular activation.
AB  - The present study sought to determine whether there are subcomponents of the Type
      A behavior pattern that are more closely related to cardiovascular reactivity
      than others. The components studied were factor analytically derived subscales of
      the Jenkins Activity Survey denoting Irritation and Impatience, on the one hand,
      and Hard-Driving and Competitive, on the other. Heart rate, pulse transit time,
      forearm electromyography, and palmar skin conductance were measured while the
      subjects performed a continuous perceptual motor task, as well as during
      baselines before and after the task. The Irritation and Impatience dimension was
      consistently related to task-induced changes in heart rate, both in regression
      analyses and in extreme group analyses of variance. A significant relation was
      also observed for pulse transit time but not for electromyography. The Hard
      Driving and Competitive dimension, on the other hand, was not related to any
      psychophysiological measures. These results were interpreted to mean that
      Irritable and Impatient subjects showed a cardiovascular reaction pattern
      indicative of active coping processes during task performance.

PMID- 2922460
TI  - Attention to color: an analysis of selection, controlled search, and motor
      activation, using event-related potentials.
AB  - In this study the organization of information processing in a selective search
      task was examined by analyzing event-related potentials. This task consisted of
      searching for target letters in a relevant (attended) color. The ERPs revealed
      two different effects of attention: an early occipital negativity (+/- 150 ms)
      reflecting feature-specific attention, and a later, central N2b component (+/-
      240 ms) reflecting covert orienting of attention. A later, prolonged negativity
      (search-related negativity) (+/- 300 ms), maximal at Cz, was related to
      controlled search to letters in the attended color. Detection of relevant targets
      resulted in a parietal P3b component. Depending on stimulus presentation
      conditions an earlier response to both attended and unattended targets was found:
      an N2 component (+/- 250 ms). In these same conditions, C'3-C'4 asymmetries
      (Corrected Motor Asymmetries--CMA) suggested motor activation at +/- 300 ms, in
      the same time range as search-related negativity. It was argued that N2 and CMA
      suggest the existence of a preattentive target detection system, operating in
      parallel with a slower serial attentive system, as reflected by N2b and search
      negativity.

PMID- 2922461
TI  - Nursing no place to scrimp on health care cost.

PMID- 2922462
TI  - Radiation litigation in retrospect.
AB  - Most of the radiation litigation filed against the United States pursuant to the
      Federal Tort Claims Act has been defended by asserting federal sovereign immunity
      or by proving that the plaintiff's injury is unrelated to his radiation exposure.
      This paper reports that the second defense is best advanced by comprehensive
      pretrial investigation of the plaintiff's claim, which frequently results in
      voluntary dismissal of the legal action.

PMID- 2922463
TI  - The role of the expert witness.

PMID- 2922464
TI  - Radiation litigation: future issues.
AB  - Scientists and regulators have successfully been able to control exposures to man
      made ionizing radiation so that mankind has been able to enjoy its vast benefits
      without experiencing the significant harm which would occur from high doses.
      However, thousands of lawsuits have been filed claiming that low occupational
      levels of ionizing radiation have caused cancer and other illnesses. It will be
      decades before the legal system determines the rules of law which will apply to
      this new type of lawsuit and the effects which these cases will have upon those
      persons who work with sources of ionizing radiation. This article explores some
      of the issues which are expected to arise as these cases work their way through
      the courts.

PMID- 2922465
TI  - The effect of gamma radiation on DNA methylation.
AB  - The effect of 60Co gamma radiation on DNA methylation was studied in four
      cultured cell lines. In all cases a dose-dependent decrease in 5-methylcytosine
      was observed at 24, 48, and 72 h postexposure to 0.5-10 Gy. Nuclear DNA
      methyltransferase activity decreased while cytoplasmic activity increased in
      irradiated (10 Gy) V79A03 cells as compared to controls. No DNA demethylase
      activity was detected in the nuclei of control or irradiated V79A03 cells.
      Additionally, gamma radiation resulted in the differentiation of C-1300 N1E-115
      cells, a mouse neuroblastoma line, in a dose- and time-dependent manner. These
      results are consistent with the hypothesis that (1) genes may be turned on
      following radiation via a mechanism involving hypomethylation of cytosine and (2)
      radiation-induced hypomethylation results from decreased intranuclear levels of
      DNA methyltransferase.

PMID- 2922466
TI  - Proportionality of 60-Hz electric field bioeffect severity to average induced
      transmembrane potential magnitude in a root model system.
AB  - The postulate that electric field-induced bioeffects in the root model system are
      related to the induction of 60-Hz transmembrane potentials (Vim) was
      quantitatively tested. Root segment growth rate data and the calculated mean 60
      Hz Vim which would arise in the cortical cells of a segment under specified
      exposure conditions were subjected to regression analysis. Statistically
      significant correlations between segmental growth rate and segmental-average Vim
      were obtained using data analyzed (1) within species at a constant applied field
      strength, (2) within species and pooled across field exposures, and (3) pooled
      across both species and exposures. In C. sativus roots, segmental growth is
      inhibited when segmental-average Vim attain a value of 3.4-3.6 mV. In C. maxima
      roots, growth inhibition occurs when Vim attain or exceed 2.3-2.7 mV. Segmental
      growth cessation is predicted to occur when segmental-average Vim exceed 7-9 mV.

PMID- 2922467
TI  - Analysis of structural and numerical chromosomal aberrations at the first and
      second mitosis after X irradiation of two-cell mouse embryos.
AB  - Two-cell mouse embryos were X-irradiated in the late G2 phase in vivo. The first
      and second postradiation mitoses were analyzed for chromosomal anomalies. The
      majority of structural aberrations visible at the first mitosis after irradiation
      were chromatid breaks and chromatid gaps; only a few interchanges and dicentrics
      were observed. The aberration frequency resulted in a dose-effect relationship
      which was well described by a linear model. At the second mitosis 29% of the
      structural aberrations of the first mitosis were counted; the aberration quality
      changed only slightly. It is discussed whether these aberrations are to be
      considered "new," "derived," or unchanged transmitted aberrations. Contrary to
      the results obtained after irradiation of one-cell embryos, little chromosome
      loss was induced by radiation in two-cell embryos.

PMID- 2922469
TI  - Chromatin decondensed by acetylation shows an elevated radiation response.
AB  - V-79 Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts exposed to 5 mM n-sodium butyrate were
      irradiated with 60Co gamma rays and cell survival was determined by the cell
      colony assay. In a separate set of experiments the acetylated chromatin obtained
      from these cells was irradiated and the change of molecular weight of the DNA was
      evaluated by alkaline sucrose density centrifugation. At a survival level of 10(
      2) to 10(-4) cells exposed to butyrate were found to be 1.3-1.4 times more
      radiosensitive than control cells. Exposure of isolated chromatin to 100 Gy of
      60Co gamma irradiation generated 0.9 +/- 0.03 single-strand breaks (ssb) per 10
      Gy per 10(8) Da and 2.0 +/- 0.3 ssb/10 Gy/10(8) Da for control and acetylated
      chromatin, respectively. The elevated radiation sensitivity of chromatin relaxed
      by acetylation is in good agreement with previous results on chromatin expanded
      by histone H1 depletion [Heussen et al., Radiat. Res. 110, 84-94 (1987)]. Packing
      and accessibility of DNA in chromatin appear to be major factors which influence
      the radiation sensitivity. The intrinsic radiation sensitivity of chromatin in
      various packing states is discussed in light of the variation of radiation
      sensitivity of whole cells in the cell cycle which incorporates repair.

PMID- 2922468
TI  - Radiation-induced association of beta-glucuronidase with purified nuclei from
      irradiated MOLT-4 and HeLa cells.
AB  - Beta-glucuronidase, a lysosomal marker enzyme, associates with purified nuclei
      from HeLa and MOLT-4 cell lines in a radiation dose-dependent manner, up to 300
      cGy in MOLT-4 cells, and 1000 cGy in HeLa cells. In MOLT-4 cells (200-cGy
      exposure), there is a significant increase in beta-glucuronidase activity
      detected in the nuclear fraction 24 h postirradiation with a maximum association
      occurring at 72 h. In HeLa cells (1000-cGy exposure), a significant association
      is first detected 24 h postirradiation with a maximum association at 48 h. The
      association is not the result of nonspecific contamination occurring during
      nuclei purification since nuclei from irradiated cells show no greater levels of
      plasma membrane marker and mitochondrial marker than controls. The nature of the
      association remains unclear, but activity is not removed by detergents used in
      the nuclei isolation procedure, and incubation of the nuclei with EDTA reverses
      the association only modestly. Exposure of nuclei from irradiated cells to
      anisotonic buffers also results in only a small decrease in beta-glucuronidase
      activity associated with the nuclei. These observations suggest that lysosomal
      hydrolases become intimately associated with the nuclei of irradiated cells.

PMID- 2922470
TI  - Radiobiological intercomparison of clinical neutron beams for growth inhibition
      in Vicia faba bean roots.
AB  - Relative biological effectiveness (RBE) and oxygen enhancement ratio (OER) values
      of different neutron beams produced at the variable energy cyclotron "Cyclone" of
      Louvain-la-Neuve (Belgium) were determined. The neutrons were obtained by
      bombarding a beryllium target with 34-, 45-, 65-, or 75-MeV protons or with 50
      MeV deuterons. The biological system was growth inhibition in Vicia faba bean
      roots. Taking the p(65) + Be neutron beam as a reference, RBE values were found
      equal to 1.36 +/- 0.2, 1.20 +/- 0.1, 1.00 (ref), 0.98 +/- 0.1, and 1.18 +/- 0.1,
      respectively; the doses corresponding to 50% growth inhibition were 0.39, 0.44,
      0.53, 0.54, and 0.45 Gy. For the same beams, OER values were found equal to 1.55
      +/- 0.1, 1.38 +/- 0.1, 1.29 +/- 0.1, 1.41 +/- 0.1, and 1.60 +/- 0.2,
      respectively.

PMID- 2922471
TI  - Protection against radiation-induced mutagenesis in V79 cells by 2
      [(aminopropyl)amino] ethanethiol under conditions of acute hypoxia.
AB  - The effects of the radioprotector 2-[(aminopropyl)amino] ethanethiol (WR-1065) on
      radiation-induced cell killing and mutagenesis at the hypoxanthine-guanine
      phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) locus in V79 Chinese hamster cells under
      hypoxic or aerobic conditions were examined. Conditions of acute hypoxia were
      attained by gassing 10(6) cells in 1-ml volumes in individual glass ampoules for
      2 min with nitrogen. Ampoules were then sealed and incubated at 37 degrees C for
      60 min. Following this treatment, cell survival after irradiation as expected was
      significantly enhanced. The effect of acute hypoxia on the formation of HGPRT
      mutants by irradiation was also investigated. Mutation frequencies were
      determined with a 6-day expression time and corrected for the number of
      spontaneous background mutants. Although mutation induction was approximately
      linear as a function of radiation dose under most conditions tested, it was
      significantly reduced in cell populations made acutely hypoxic prior to
      irradiation. Protection against mutation induction was apparent and similar when
      cells were irradiated in the presence of the radioprotector, regardless of
      whether they were also hypoxic or aerated. If cells were irradiated in air and
      then made hypoxic, no significant protection was still observed. These results
      suggest that the antimutagenic effect of WR-1065 is not due solely to its ability
      to scavenge radiation-induced oxygen-free radicals, but rather that it may also
      modulate these effects through the scavenging of metabolically induced free
      radicals and/or the chemical repair of radiation-induced DNA lesions.

PMID- 2922472
TI  - Combined effects of radiation and caffeine on embryonic development in mice.
AB  - The combined effect of radiation and caffeine has been studied in mouse embryos.
      Radiation and/or caffeine were administered to ICR mice on Day 11 of gestation.
      Intrauterine death, gross malformation, and fetal body weight were selected as
      indicators of effects. Doses of whole-body gamma irradiation were 0.5 to 2.5 Gy
      and those of caffeine were 100 and 250 mg/kg maternal body wt. Intrauterine
      mortality increased with increasing radiation dose; this trend was more
      remarkable in combination with caffeine. Gross malformations such as cleft palate
      and defects of forelegs and hindlegs appeared frequently in the fetuses treated
      with both radiation and caffeine. Decreased fetal weight was observed even in
      mice treated with 0.5 Gy of radiation or 100 mg/kg caffeine. There was a linear
      relationship between dose and reduction of fetal weight. The fetal weight was a
      sensitive, precise, and easy-to-handle indicator for the effects of growth
      retardation. Intrauterine mortality and frequencies of cleft palate and defects
      of forelegs and hindlegs were higher than the sum of those induced by radiation
      and by caffeine separately. The results indicated that the combined action of
      radiation and caffeine on intrauterine death and malformations was synergistic.

PMID- 2922473
TI  - pH-dependent effects of the ionophore nigericin on response of mammalian cells to
      radiation and heat treatment.
AB  - The extracellular pH (pHe) in many solid tumors is often lower than the pH of
      normal tissues. The K+/H+ ionophore nigericin is toxic to CHO cells when pHe is
      below but not above 6.5, and thus it has potential for selective killing of tumor
      cells in an acidic environment. This study examines the pH-dependent effects of
      nigericin on the response of CHO cells to radiation and heat treatment. Cells
      held for 4 h in Hank's balanced salt solution, after 9 Gy irradiation, exhibit
      potentially lethal damage recovery (PLDR) which is maximal at pHe 6.7-6.8.
      Addition of nigericin, postirradiation, not only inhibits PLDR when pHe is below
      6.8, but interacts synergistically with radiation to reduce survival below that
      of cells plated immediately after irradiation when pHe is 6.4 or lower. Nigericin
      enhances heat killing of CHO cells perferentially under acidic conditions, and
      where neither heat nor drug treatment alone is significantly toxic. Survival of
      cells held for 30 min at 42.1 degrees C in the presence of 1.0 microgram/ml
      nigericin is 0.6, 0.08, 0.003, and 0.00003 at pHe 7.4, 6.8, 6.6, and 6.4,
      respectively, relative to survival of 1.0 in untreated cultures. The biochemical
      effects of nigericin at pHe 7.4 vs pHe 6.4 have been investigated. Nigericin
      inhibits respiration, stimulates glucose consumption, and causes dramatic changes
      in intracellular concentrations of Na+ and K+ at pHe 7.4 as well as 6.4. The drug
      reduces intracellular levels of ATP, GTP, and ADP but has more pronounced effects
      under acidic incubation conditions. Others have shown that nigericin equilibrates
      pHe and intracellular pH (pHi) only when pHe is 6.5 or lower. Our observations
      and those of others have led us to conclude that lowering of pHi by nigericin is
      either the direct or indirect cause of enhancement of radiation and heat killing
      of cells in an acidic environment.

PMID- 2922474
TI  - Steroid hormone production in testis, ovary, and adrenal gland of immature rats
      irradiated in utero with 60Co.
AB  - Pregnant rats received whole-body irradiation at 20 days of gestation with 2.6 Gy
      lambda rays from a 60Co source. Endocrinological effects before maturation were
      studied using testes and adrenal glands obtained from male offspring and ovaries
      from female offspring irradiated in utero. Seminiferous tubules of the irradiated
      male offspring were remarkably atrophied with free germinal epithelium and
      containing only Sertoli cells. Female offspring also had atrophied ovaries.
      Testicular tissue obtained from intact and 60Co-irradiated rats was incubated
      with 14C-labeled pregnenolone, progesterone, 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, and
      androstenedione as a substrate. Intermediates for androgen production and
      catabolic metabolites were isolated after the incubation. The amounts of these
      metabolites produced by the irradiated testes were low in comparison with the
      control. The activities of delta 5-3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 17 alpha
      hydroxylase, C17,20-lyase, and delta 4-5 alpha-reductase in the irradiated testes
      were 30-40% of those in nonirradiated testes. Also, the activities of 17 beta-
      and 20 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases were 72 and 52% of the control,
      respectively. In adrenal glands, the 21-hydroxylase activity of the irradiated
      animals was 38% of the control, but the delta 5-3 beta-hydroxysteroid
      dehydrogenase activity was comparable to that of the control. On the other hand,
      the activity of delta 5-3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase of the irradiated
      ovary was only 19% of the control. These results suggest that 60Co irradiation of
      the fetus in utero markedly affects the production of steroid hormones in testes,
      ovaries, and adrenal glands after birth.

PMID- 2922475
TI  - Apparent synergism between radiation and the carcinogen 1,2-dimethylhydrazine in
      the induction of colonic tumors in rats.
AB  - We have evaluated the interaction of radiation and 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)
      with respect to colon carcinogenesis in the Fischer 344 rat and have demonstrated
      the utility of this model for future more detailed mechanistic studies. In
      initial experiments, single doses of abdomen-only radiation (9 Gy) or DMH (150
      mg/kg) were employed alone or in combination. Radiation was administered 3.5 days
      prior to the DMH. At 8 months post-treatment, the incidence of DMH-induced colon
      tumors was doubled by prior radiation exposure. When the protocol was repeated
      employing a DMH dose of 135 mg/kg with a 6-month observation period, the
      incidence of tumors induced by DMH alone was reduced, but the combination of
      radiation plus DMH still resulted in an augmentation of tumor incidence. When the
      protocol of radiation plus DMH was repeated three times at monthly intervals, a
      15-fold increase in tumor incidence (from 5 to 74%) was observed at 6 months post
      treatment. This finding demonstrates an apparent synergy between the radiation
      and the chemical carcinogen. Throughout these studies, the appearance of
      carcinomas was associated with preexisting colonic lymphoid nodules. The
      reproducibility of tumor induction as well as range of tumor incidence generated
      by variations in this system may be adequately sensitive to examine the
      combination of much lower doses of radiation and/or chemical carcinogen. The
      relationship between existing lymphoid aggregates which alter local epithelial
      cell kinetics and which are associated with fenestrations in the basement
      membrane, and the development of colon cancer in congruent sites may assist in
      defining dose-response curves for combined agents as well as providing a system
      for evaluating the mechanisms underlying their interactions.

PMID- 2922476
TI  - Selenite-induced variation in glutathione peroxidase activity of three mammalian
      cell lines: no effect on radiation-induced cell killing or DNA strand breakage.
AB  - The selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase activities of three mammalian cell
      lines, HT29, P31, and N-18, cultured in medium with low serum content, increased
      about 2-, 5-, and 40-fold, respectively, after supplementation with 100 nM
      selenite. Catalase, CuZn superoxide dismutase, and Mn superoxide dismutase
      activities were not generally influenced by selenite supplementation, and there
      was only a minor nonselenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase activity in the
      investigated cell lines. Gamma-irradiated control and selenite-supplemented cells
      showed no changes in the surviving fractions, as estimated by clonogenic survival
      or [3H]-thymidine uptake, nor were there any significant differences between the
      two groups in the induction of DNA strand breaks after gamma irradiation under
      repairing (37 degrees C) or nonrepairing (0 degrees C) conditions. The results
      suggest that selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase does not contribute
      significantly to the radiation resistance of cultured mammalian cells.

PMID- 2922477
TI  - Radiation-induced endothelial dysfunction and fibrosis in rat lung: modification
      by the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor CL242817.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)
      inhibitor CL242817 as a modifier of radiation-induced pulmonary endothelial
      dysfunction and pulmonary fibrosis in rats sacrificed 2 months after a single
      dose of 60Co gamma rays (0-30 Gy) to the right hemithorax. CL242817 was
      administered in the feed continuously after irradiation at a regimen of 60
      mg/kg/day. Pulmonary endothelial function was monitored by lung ACE activity,
      plasminogen activator (PLA) activity, and prostacyclin (PGI2) and thromboxane
      (TXA2) production. Pulmonary fibrosis was evaluated by lung hydroxyproline (HP)
      content. Lung ACE and PLA activities decreased with increasing radiation dose,
      and cotreatment with CL242817 significantly ameliorated both responses. CL242817
      dose-reduction factors (DRF) were 1.3-1.5 for ACE and PLA activity. Lung PGI2 and
      TXA2 production increased with increasing radiation dose, and CL242817 almost
      completely prevented both radiation responses. The slope of the radiation dose
      response curves in the CL242817-treated rats was essentially zero, precluding
      calculation of DRF values for PGI2 and TXA2 production. Lung HP content also
      increased with increasing radiation dose, and CL242817 significantly attenuated
      this response (DRF = 1.5). These data suggest that the ability of ACE inhibitors
      to ameliorate radiation-induced pulmonary endothelial dysfunction is not unique
      to captopril [Ward et al., Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 15, 135-140
      (1988)], rather it is a therapeutic action shared by other members of this class
      of compounds. These data also provide the first evidence that ACE inhibitors
      exhibit antifibrotic activity in irradiated rat lung.

PMID- 2922478
TI  - Halogenated pyrimidines as radiosensitizers for high-LET radiation.
AB  - The incorporation of iododeoxyuridine (IdUrd) into Chinese hamster cells was
      examined as a possible radiosensitizer for fission spectrum neutrons. Dose
      response curves comparing both X rays and neutrons in the same cell line with the
      same IdUrd replacement showed a similar radiation enhancement for IdUrd
      incorporation. Enhancement ratios at the 1% survival level were 1.8 for X rays
      and 1.5 for fission spectrum neutrons. While the mechanism of this enhancement in
      the response for fission neutron radiation is unclear, these positive data should
      support further exploration to determine if halogenated pyrimidine incorporation
      results in sensitization for neutron energies employed in therapy.

PMID- 2922479
TI  - Satellite colony formation: a potential problem in the quantitative assay for
      neoplastic transformation of human cell hybrids (HeLa x skin fibroblasts).

PMID- 2922480
TI  - Oncogenic transformation by fractionated doses of neutrons.

PMID- 2922481
TI  - Nurse liability in patient transfer.

PMID- 2922482
TI  - Can nurse "diagnose" arrest of labor? Case in point: Ewing v. Aubert (532 So. 2d
      876--LA (1988)).

PMID- 2922483
TI  - Legal case briefs for nurses. GA.: incident report altered: punitive damages;
      CO.: concealing death: indictment dismissed.

PMID- 2922484
TI  - Nurses fail to respond to emergency "stat". Case in point: Garcia v. U.S. (697 F.
      Supp. 1579--CO (1988)).

PMID- 2922485
TI  - The hidden fallacies in longitudinal designs.

PMID- 2922486
TI  - Maternal confidence during toddlerhood: comparing preterm and fullterm groups.
AB  - The purposes of this study were to explore predictors of maternal confidence
      during toddlerhood among mothers of children born preterm and fullterm and to
      determine if mothers of toddlers born preterm were less confident in parenting
      than mothers of toddlers born fullterm. Mothers of children born preterm (n = 62)
      and fullterm (n = 70) aged 12 months through 36 months (postnatal age) completed
      a measure of maternal confidence during toddlerhood, the Toddler Care
      Questionnaire (TCQ), and a family background form. Major predictor variables
      included the extent of the mother's prior childcare experience, toddler birth
      order, and maternal report of toddler handicaps and major health problems. Data
      on neonatal condition were collected from hospital records. There was no
      difference in mean TCQ score between the preterm and fullterm groups. In the
      preterm group, prior childcare experience, birth order, and maternal report of
      the toddler having cerebral palsy explained 33% of the variance. In the fullterm
      group, prior childcare experience, maternal age and toddler's birthweight
      explained 38% of the variance. The findings are discussed in light of Bandura's
      theory of self-efficacy (1982).

PMID- 2922487
TI  - Instructional information and breast self-examination practice.
AB  - The effects of four interventions on frequency and thoroughness of breast self
      examination (BSE) were compared. The interventions provided different types of
      information, as derived from a self-regulation framework, to promote BSE
      practice. Women seeking BSE instruction (N = 204) were randomly assigned to
      interventions. No intervention effects on frequency were observed. However, exam
      frequency increased from pre- to postintervention and remained constant over 3
      and 6 months follow-up. Interaction effects observed on thoroughness suggested
      that a positive effect of sensory information about the breast was conditional
      upon having had prior experience with BSE. Implications for research, theory, and
      practice are drawn.

PMID- 2922488
TI  - Confusion in the hospitalized elderly: incidence, onset, and associated factors.
AB  - Seventy-one non-surgical patients over age 60 years were studied to obtain
      information about the incidence, onset and variables associated with the onset of
      confusion. The incidence of confusion was 38%; 27 of the 71 subjects developed
      confusion during hospitalization. Nineteen of the 27 patients developed confusion
      by the second day of hospitalization; no new cases of confusion were detected
      after the sixth day of hospitalization. An examination of the psychophysiologic
      variables associated with the onset of confusion produced a profile of the
      confused elderly patient. Confused patients were: hypernatremic, hypokalemic,
      hyperglycemic, hypotensive, had elevated blood levels of creatinine and urea
      nitrogen, received more medications, were more frequently perceived by nurses as
      confused, had more orienting objects in their immediate environment, and fewer
      interactions with significant others. Recommendations for the continued
      investigation and care of confused patients are offered.

PMID- 2922489
TI  - Theoretical modeling to predict violence in hospitalized psychiatric patients.
AB  - Research from a nursing perspective on factors related to psychiatric inpatient
      violence is lacking. The purpose of the study was to test a nursing theoretical
      framework of violence using predictive model testing. Data were collected by 57
      nursing staff on 162 hospitalized patients in four hospitals. Inconsistencies in
      the social and therapeutic rules predicted 18% of the violent behavior.
      Demographic and medical variables contributing to violence were: history of
      violence towards others, length of hospitalization, and the diagnosis of
      substance abuse. The findings support the need for further research to identify
      nursing concepts that contribute to patient violence.

PMID- 2922490
TI  - Blood pressure norms for healthy young adults: relation to sex, age, and reported
      parental hypertension.
AB  - Blood pressure norms are presented for 1,522 white, healthy, nonsmoking,
      normotensive 18 to 22-year-old men and women as a function of age and parental
      hypertension. Age effects were observed for diastolic blood pressure among males
      only. Parental hypertension was related to higher systolic and diastolic blood
      pressure among young women, and women with two hypertensive parents had higher
      systolic blood pressure than women with one hypertensive parent. The use of oral
      contraceptives is likely to have affected these results. Directions for future
      research are given.

PMID- 2922491
TI  - Some ethical implications of qualitative research.
AB  - Traditional values in nursing dictate a high level of concern for the welfare of
      research participants. Initial attempts at setting minimal ethical standards
      stemmed from the quantitative approaches. As qualitative modalities are more
      widely used, nurses must become acutely aware of possible problems in study
      design and planning, the dangers of coercion and deception, threats to
      confidentiality and trust, implications of the emergent design, and providing for
      a new concept of informed consent. The new character of the research relationship
      is examined in light of possible strategies for protection of research
      participants while preserving the integrity of qualitative investigation.

PMID- 2922492
TI  - Involvement of perivascular neuropeptide Y nerve fibres in uterine arterial
      vasoconstriction in conjunction with pregnancy.
AB  - The perivascular neuropeptide Y (NPY) innervation and its relation to adrenergic
      nerves of uterine arteries from non-pregnant and pregnant guinea pigs was
      analyzed immunocytochemically. The NPY content of the uterine artery was, in
      addition, measured radioimmunologically (RIA). Vasomotor effects of NPY per se
      and in combination with other vasoconstrictors were examined using a sensitive in
      vitro method. Pregnancy did not visibly affect density and distribution of NPY
      immunoreactive fibres. The NPY fibres contained in addition immunoreactivity to
      dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (marker for noradrenergic neurons). RIA revealed a
      slight decrease of NPY content during pregnancy, probably due to the increased
      smooth muscle volume of uterine arteries. The contractile effect of NPY on
      uterine arteries was weak, while vasoconstriction induced by various agonists was
      potentiated by NPY, particularly during pregnancy. It is concluded that
      perivascular NPY-containing nerve fibres may be involved in the dramatic blood
      flow alterations that occur in the uterine circulation in connection with
      pregnancy and partus.

PMID- 2922493
TI  - Comparison of helodermin, VIP and PHI in pancreatic secretion and blood flow in
      dogs.
AB  - Helodermin, VIP and PHI, which share a high degree of homology with secretin,
      have been identified in the gut but their physiological role is unknown. In this
      study 3 series of tests were carried out to determine the actions of helodermin,
      VIP and PHI on pancreatic secretion in 6 conscious dogs and amylase release from
      the dispersed canine pancreatic acini and to correlate the alterations in
      pancreatic secretory and circulatory effects in 24 anesthetized dogs. Helodermin,
      VIP and PHI infused i.v. in graded doses (12.5-200 pmol/kg.h) resulted in a dose
      dependent increase in pancreatic HCO3 secretion reaching, respectively, 100%, 7%
      and 2% of secretin maximum. When combined with constant dose infusion of CCK-8
      (100 pmol/kg.h), helodermin but not VIP or PHI augmented dose-dependently the
      HCO3 secretion. When added in various concentrations (10(-10)-10(-5)M) to the
      incubation medium of dispersed pancreatic acini only helodermin but not VIP or
      PHI increased dose-dependently amylase release reaching about 50% of CCK-8
      maximum. In anesthetized dogs, the pancreatic blood flow (PBF) measured by
      electromagnetic blood flowmetry showed an immediate and dose-dependent increase
      following the injections of various doses of helodermin, VIP, PHI and secretin,
      the peak blood flow preceding by about 1 min the peak secretory stimulation. This
      study shows that helodermin resembles secretin in its potent pancreatic HCO3
      stimulation but differs from VIP or PHI which are poor secretagogues but potent
      vasodilators. We conclude that if tested peptides are released in the gut,
      helodermin, like secretin, may be involved in the hormonal stimulation of
      exocrine pancreas, whereas VIP and PHI may serve mainly as vasodilators in the
      pancreatic circulation.

PMID- 2922494
TI  - Bombesin microinjected into the dorsal vagal complex inhibits vagally stimulated
      gastric acid secretion in the rat.
AB  - Medullary sites of action for bombesin-induced inhibition of gastric acid
      secretion were investigated in urethane-anesthetized rats with gastric fistula.
      Unilateral microinjection of bombesin or vehicle into the dorsal vagal complex
      was performed using a glass micropipet and pressure ejection of 100 nl volume;
      gastric acid output was measured every 10 min by flushing the stomach.
      Microinjection of vehicle into the dorsal vagal complex did not alter gastric
      acid secretion (1.9 +/- mumol/10) from preinjection levels (2.9 +/- 0.8 mumol/10
      min). Microinjection of the stable thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) analog, RX
      77368, at a 77 pmol dose into the dorsal vagal complex stimulated gastric acid
      secretion for 100 min with a peak response at 40 min (24.1 +/- 3.2 mumol/10 min).
      Concomitant microinjection of RX 77368 (77 pmol) with bombesin (0.6-6.2 pmol)
      into the dorsal vagal complex dose dependently inhibited by 35-86% the gastric
      acid response to the TRH analog. Bombesin (6.2 pmol) microinjected into the
      dorsal vagal complex inhibited by 17% pentagastrin infusion-induced stimulation
      of gastric acid secretion (13.2 +/- 0.8 mumol/10 min) whereas intracisternal
      injection induced a 69% inhibition of the pentagastrin response. These results
      demonstrate that the dorsal motor complex is a sensitive site of action for
      bombesin-induced inhibition of vagally stimulated gastric secretion. However,
      other medullary sites must be involved in mediating the inhibitory effect of
      intracisternal bombesin on pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion.

PMID- 2922495
TI  - Effects of peptide YY on intestinal blood flow distribution and motility in the
      dog.
AB  - Previous investigators in our laboratory have demonstrated that peptide YY (PYY),
      a putative gut hormone, exerts a potent emetic effect when administered
      intravenously to conscious dogs. The current study was carried out to examine the
      effects of an emetic dose of PYY on cardiovascular status, splanchnic blood flow
      distribution (estimated using 15 micron microspheres) and small intestinal
      motility in anesthetized dogs. PYY, infused i.v. at a dose of 25 pmol/kg/min led
      to a localized significant reduction in small intestinal muscularis externa blood
      flow both 15 and 30 min after the start of PYY infusion in both jejunum and
      ileum. This decreased muscularis perfusion was not accompanied by any significant
      change in whole gut wall blood flow and was explained on the basis of an observed
      significant redistribution of blood flow away from the muscularis towards the
      mucosa/submucosa. Similar, although non-significant, effects of PYY on colonic
      blood flow distribution were also observed. Despite the effects on jejunum and
      ileum, PYY exerted minimal effects on duodenal blood flow. The decrease in ileal
      and jejunal muscularis blood flows was accompanied by a significant increase in
      the amplitude of intestinal contractions in these regions. Frequency of
      contractions was unaltered however. These results demonstrate that PYY infusion
      leads to concurrent changes in small intestinal blood flow and motility.

PMID- 2922496
TI  - The cholecystokinin receptor antagonist CR1409 increases plasma cholecystokinin
      in rats.
AB  - This study was undertaken to determine whether plasma cholecystokinin (CCK)
      levels are affected by the administration of the CCK-receptor antagonist CR1409
      to rats. Infusion of 0.19, 0.94 and 4.75 mg/kg.h CR1409 for 30 min each into 6
      conscious rats increased (P less than 0.05) plasma CCK from 1.3 +/- 0.5 to 6.0 +/
      1.2, 5.4 +/- 1.2, and 5.4 +/- 1.0 pM, respectively. In a subsequent study
      infusion of stepwise increasing lower doses of 0.3, 1.5, 7.5, 37.5 and 187.5
      micrograms/kg.h CR1409 for 30 min each into 6 other rats dose-dependently
      increased (P less than 0.05) plasma CCK from 1.4 +/- 0.3 to 3.1 +/- 0.6, 4.1 +/-
      0.8, 5.4 +/- 1.0, 5.9 +/- 0.8 and 7.1 +/- 1.1 pM, while infusion of saline did
      not affect plasma CCK concentrations. We therefore conclude that the CCK-receptor
      antagonist CR1409 increases plasma CCK in the rat.

PMID- 2922497
TI  - Prevalence of staphylococcal species in four dairy herds.
AB  - The prevalence of staphylococcal species isolated from bovine mammary glands was
      determined in four dairy herds. Staphylococcus aureus and S hyicus were the
      predominant organisms isolated from cows in a herd with a bulk milk somatic cell
      count (SCC) greater than 900 X 10(3). One herd with a bulk milk SCC of 565 X
      10(3) had a high incidence of S aureus while the predominant coagulase-negative
      species were S epidermidis and S hyicus. S hyicus predominated in two herds with
      bulk milk SCC less than 200 X 10(3); prevalence of S aureus was low. The impact
      of herd management practices such as post-milking teat antisepsis on distribution
      of staphylococcal species is discussed.

PMID- 2922498
TI  - A strain of Babesia divergens, attenuated after long term culture.
AB  - The Weybridge strain of Babesia divergens became less virulent after 18 months in
      culture and was believed to be attenuated. Inoculations with the attenuated line
      using as many as 5 x 10(8) infected erythrocytes failed to raise a normal
      infection in Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) whereas, with the line
      that had been passaged from culture through gerbils at bimonthly intervals,
      inoculations of 10(7) infected erythrocytes gave rise to fatal infections.
      Gerbils were immunised with the attenuated line using doses ranging from 5 x
      10(5) to 5 x 10(7) infected erythrocytes. Parasitaemias in the infected gerbils
      did not exceed 0.7 per cent after immunisation. All animals were protected when
      challenged with the virulent line four weeks later. Control animals died four
      days after challenge infection.

PMID- 2922499
TI  - Sensitivity of field isolates of Eimeria species to monensin and lasalocid in the
      chicken.
AB  - Isolates of Eimeria species obtained from broiler or from breeder farms were
      compared for their sensitivity to two ionophorous anticoccidial drugs, monensin
      and lasalocid. All of 25 isolates from broiler farms were resistant to 100 ppm
      monensin or 90 ppm lasalocid, while 14 of 16 isolates were resistant to monensin
      and seven of 16 to lasalocid from breeder farms (replacement layer and broiler
      breeder).

PMID- 2922500
TI  - Radiographic measurement from the lateromedial projection of the equine foot with
      navicular disease.
AB  - Radiographic measurements from the lateromedial projection of the equine foot
      were compared in three groups of horses. Group 1 consisted of 143 normal horses,
      group 2 were 60 horses with clinical navicular disease and group 3 were 161
      horses with clinical and radiographic navicular disease. Several measurements
      tended to be larger in group 3 than group 1. An enlargement of the navicular bone
      was observed in proximodistal and dorsopalmar directions. Partial enlargement of
      the pedal bone was observed in groups 2 and 3. Few differences were observed
      between age classes. All horses aged four years and over had an increased length
      of the hoof in the dorosopalmar direction and a decrease of the cranial angle of
      the hoof. Enlargement of the navicular bone fits well into the concept of
      osteoarthrosis. The pedal bone was partly engaged. These findings may be an
      expression of a regional acceleratory phenomenon.

PMID- 2922501
TI  - Development of immunity to incoming radiolabelled larvae in lambs continuously
      infected with Trichostrongylus vitrinus.
AB  - Infective third stage larvae (L3) of Trichostrongylus vitrinus were radiolabelled
      with 75 selenium by a method which did not affect their viability. Three groups
      of six-month-old lambs were infected daily with 1000 L3 for four, eight and 12
      weeks, respectively. After each period, one of those groups (n = 5) and a group
      (n = 4) of worm-free controls were challenged with three consecutive daily doses
      of 1000 radiolabelled L3, killed 10 days after the first dose, and their worm
      burdens examined. After four weeks of continuous infection partial immunity to
      the establishment of challenge L3 was apparent, and by eight and 12 weeks, with
      the exception of one sheep, there was almost total resistance to incoming worms.
      Immunity was also expressed as an inhibition of the development of established
      worms.

PMID- 2922502
TI  - Reproduction of proliferative enteritis in gnotobiotic pigs.
AB  - Gnotobiotic pigs dosed orally with filtrates (0.8 and 0.65 micron) of intestinal
      mucosa from a pig affected by proliferative haemorrhagic enteropathy developed
      lesions of proliferative enteritis, affecting mainly the ilea. Other piglets
      dosed with filtrates of affected mucosa from the same source and from other
      proliferative haemorrhagic enteropathy or intestinal adenomatosis mucosae, did
      not develop lesions. All inocula contained numerous campylobacter-like organisms
      evident in stained smears, Campylobacter coli and C mucosalis. C coli colonised
      the intestines of all the pigs, C hyointestinalis (which was not detected in the
      inocula) did so in some affected and unaffected pigs while C mucosalis was not
      recovered from any of the intestines. Although other explanations are possible
      the number and viability of the intracellular campylobacter-like forms is likely
      to be the critical factor in infectivity. In affected intestines the crypts were
      colonised by campylobacter-like organisms, and their attachment and entry into
      enterocytes was associated with cellular proliferation. Immunofluorescence
      reactions suggested that the intracellular campylobacter-like organisms were
      antigenically distinct from the known Campylobacter species. It is possible,
      therefore, that porcine proliferative enteritis is caused by a further
      unidentified Campylobacter species, or that there is a marked antigenic change of
      C hyointestinalis or C coli on entry into porcine enterocytes.

PMID- 2922503
TI  - Mouse models for evaluation of virulence of Chlamydia psittaci isolated from
      ruminants.
AB  - Intestinal strains of Chlamydia psittaci isolated from faeces of clinically
      healthy sheep or goats were differentiated from pathogenic strains isolated from
      animals affected with chlamydial diseases by their virulence in mice. The
      invasiveness of strains after footpad inoculation was estimated in non-pregnant
      mice by recording the colonisation and the enlargement of the spleen on days 6
      and 9 after inoculation. The abortifacient effect was judged by measuring the
      colonisation of placenta and fetuses of pregnant mice inoculated intravenously on
      day 11 +/- 1 of pregnancy. While 25 of 27 pathogenic strains were invasive and
      able to colonise placenta and fetuses, eight of 10 intestinal strains were not.
      The model permits graded differentiation between virulent and non-virulent
      strains and suggests that in propitious circumstances intestinal chlamydia could
      reach and colonise the placenta and disturb the pregnancy.

PMID- 2922504
TI  - Comparison of protein patterns between invasive and non-invasive ovine strains of
      Chlamydia psittaci.
AB  - Protein patterns displayed in sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) electrophoresis by
      invasive and noninvasive strains of Chlamydia psittaci showed three constant
      differences, the most distinctive being a band at 90 Kd from invasive strains. In
      comparison with other methods so far described, this method provides a more
      efficient means of differentiating between invasive and non-invasive strains.
      Furthermore, it may lead to the development of improved methods of diagnosis.

PMID- 2922505
TI  - Work of breathing in exercising ponies.
AB  - This paper attempts to evaluate the changes in the mechanical work of breathing
      induced by the increase of ventilation in ponies exercising on a treadmill.
      Airflow, tidal volume (VT) and oesophageal pressure were simultaneously recorded
      in eight ponies (four to six years old and weighing 258 +/- 11 kg) before, during
      and after standardised exercise. Respiratory frequency, VT and minute volume (Ve)
      for each phase of the experimental protocol were calculated from the collected
      data. The pressure-volume diagrams were traced and the work per cycle (Wrm) was
      estimated by measuring the area enclosed in the loop. The work per minute (Wrm)
      and the work per litre of ventilation (Wrm litre-1) were also calculated. From
      rest to fast trot Wrm litre-1, Wrm and Wrm had increased 8.1, 13.0 and 55.6
      times, respectively. The relationships between Ve and Wrm litre-1 was linear and
      that between Ve and Wrm curvilinear. Results suggested that the mechanical cost
      of the work of breathing could be a limiting or at least a constraining factor of
      the increase of ventilation during strenuous exercise in ponies.

PMID- 2922506
TI  - Identity of the E-series prostaglandin produced by equine chondrocytes and
      synovial cells in response to a variety of stimuli.
AB  - Although an E-series prostaglandin has previously been identified in equine
      inflammatory exudate, the identity of this eicosanoid as PGE2 has not been
      confirmed. The objective of this study was the specific characterisation of the
      prostaglandin produced by equine cells in the presence of an inflammatory
      stimulus. By using two radioimmunoassays, a relatively non-specific PGE2 assay
      and a more specific PGE1 assay, it has been possible to identify the E-series
      prostaglandin produced by equine chondrocytes and synovial cells, in response to
      a variety of stimuli, as PGE2.

PMID- 2922507
TI  - Effect of short term intravenous infusion of noradrenaline on energy metabolism
      in shorn and unshorn pregnant sheep.
AB  - The effect of a three hour intravenous noradrenaline (NA) infusion, at a dose of
      0.8 micrograms min-1 kg-1 bodyweight, on energy metabolism was studied in five
      pairs of shorn and unshorn pregnant ewes. The concentration of oxygen and carbon
      dioxide in blood was significantly higher in shorn animals during saline
      infusion, but this difference between shorn and unshorn groups was removed by NA
      infusion. Significant increases in the plasma concentrations of glucose, lactate,
      non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), 3-hydroxybutyrate and glycerol occurred in
      both shorn and unshorn animals during NA infusion. There was a 48 per cent larger
      rise in the plasma NEFA concentration during NA infusion in the unshorn group,
      suggesting that the lipolytic effect of exogenous NA is greater in these animals.
      NA infusion had no effect on the plasma concentration of thyroid hormones in both
      groups of ewes, while growth hormone levels fell and cortisol increased in all
      animals. The plasma insulin concentration was significantly reduced during NA
      treatment in the unshorn group, but was unchanged in shorn animals. These results
      may be a consequence of sympathetic activity already being elevated in shorn ewes
      due to chronic exposure to an environmental temperature below the thermoneutral
      zone.

PMID- 2922508
TI  - Hypotension produced by rapid intravenous administration of chloramphenicol in
      anaesthetised dogs.
AB  - Rapid intravenous administration (60 mg s-1) of chloramphenicol (50 mg kg-1) in a
      40 per cent w/v polyethylene glycol (400 to 600), 30 per cent ethyl alcohol, 2
      per cent benzyl alcohol and 28 per cent distilled water vehicle produced a
      transient but significant decrease in systemic arterial blood pressure and heart
      rate with no effect on central venous pressure in sodium pentobarbital
      anaesthetised dogs. The vehicle alone had no significant effect on any of the
      parameters studied. Various approaches including the use of anticholinergic,
      antihistaminergic, antiadrenergic and ganglion blocking drugs failed to attenuate
      chloramphenicol induced hypotension and bradycardia. However, the hypertensive
      response to bilateral carotid arterial occlusion was significantly attenuated by
      rapid intravenous administration of chloramphenicol. The results clearly indicate
      that chloramphenicol itself, but not its vehicle, is responsible for the severe
      hypotension and bradycardia. These results also suggest that chloramphenicol
      induced hypotension and bradycardia might be mediated peripherally via
      vasodilation due to its direct effect on vascular smooth muscle and centrally via
      interruption of the baroreceptor reflex pathway.

PMID- 2922509
TI  - Temporal ELISA response of rams to Brucella ovis following experimental infection
      or vaccination.
AB  - Sera from rams vaccinated with antigens extracted chaotropically from Brucella
      ovis by potassium thiocyanate treatment were used to optimise a whole-cell,
      enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (CELISA) and to monitor the temporal
      serological response of rams which had been challenged with infected semen by the
      intranasal or intrapreputial route. Three patterns of CELISA response were
      detected. Thirteen of 15 rams intranasally challenged did not respond
      serologically (pattern 1 or nil response). Only one of 15 rams in the intranasal
      group exhibited a rise and fall response with CELISA (pattern 2), while another
      showed a rise and surge response (pattern 3). The numbers of rams in the
      intrapreputial group which displayed a pattern 1 or 2 or 3 response were four,
      nine and two, respectively. No ram with a pattern 2 response excreted B ovis in
      the semen or showed any other evidence of infection, whereas rams with a pattern
      3 response excreted B ovis in the semen and developed palpable lesions.
      Intrapreputially challenged rams that were CELISA-positive consistently mounted
      an antibody response against B ovis about two to four weeks earlier than
      intranasally challenged rams.

PMID- 2922510
TI  - Enzyme variation and pathogenicity of recent field isolates of Eimeria tenella.
AB  - Seventy isolates of Eimeria tenella, obtained from commercial poultry farms
      worldwide and four reference laboratory strains were characterised by studies on
      the electrophoretic mobility of up to three enzymes. All populations possessed
      the same electrophoretic form of lactate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase
      and one of two forms of glucose phosphate isomerase. One isolate was
      characterised by both forms of glucose phosphate isomerase. Studies on several
      isolates indicated that there was no correlation between the form of glucose
      phosphate isomerase found and the pathogenicity of an isolate.

PMID- 2922511
TI  - Late effects of cancer treatment in children and adults.

PMID- 2922512
TI  - [The physician as medication. Relationship effects in pharmaceutical medicine as
      exemplified by the placebo].
AB  - The healing effect of relationships within the complex system of medicine was
      elucidated on the example of the placebo effect. A comparison with an archaic
      healing system shows that these effects are ubiquitous and are probably valid for
      all healing systems. The placebo effect occurs not only within sugar pills but is
      a constant phenomenon with every allopathic drug. Today's research into the
      endorphin system gives evidence of the psychosomatic pattern of the anodyne
      effect of placebo. A patients contemporary relationships as well as his culture
      related self understanding have both an impact on coping mechanisms. In this
      context the importance of religious belief in coping with illness is emphasised.

PMID- 2922513
TI  - [Experiences with podophyllotoxin in the treatment of condylomata acuminata].
AB  - We treated 26 patients with condylomata acuminata with a 0.5% solution of
      podophyllotoxin (Condyline). Twelve of these patients were unsuccessfully
      pretreated with a common podophyllin 20% solution - some of them up to three
      months. In 22 patients (84.5%) we observed complete healing of lesions within 30
      (6 bis 175) days with podophyllotoxin. Prompt response, minor side-effects, and
      the possibility for the patients to carry out the treatment themselves are the
      advantages of this podophyllotoxin preparation.

PMID- 2922515
TI  - [A case from practice (131). Patient: Mr. H.J. S., born 1962, clerk].

PMID- 2922514
TI  - [The treatment of severe, therapy-resistant depression using infusions of
      antidepressants].
AB  - Infusion-therapy with antidepressants has been of value in severe as well as
      therapy resistant depressive states. In addition to doses lower than those used
      for oral treatment, a more rapid onset of therapeutic effect and a better
      tolerance, the beneficial effect seems also to depend on the setting in which the
      treatment takes place. Infusion-therapy is a combined pharmacopsychotherapeutic
      procedure. Next to infusion-treatment a pretreatment with neuroleptics is advised
      either via the oral or parenteral route. In extremely refractory depression the
      infusion-therapy can be applied twice a day; in some cases we resort to
      continuous infusion for a few days. Infusion-therapy is not applicable in
      patients prone to epileptic seizures or with serious cerebral dysfunction with a
      risk of delirium. In case of doubt an EEG is mandatory. Tricyclic antidepressants
      may not be used in cardiac diseases especially those with troubles of the
      conduction propagation or repolarization.

PMID- 2922516
TI  - [Role of electrocardiogram and echocardiogram in the evaluation of hypertensive
      patients].

PMID- 2922518
TI  - [Arterial hypertension in children].

PMID- 2922517
TI  - [Radioisotope studies in secondary arterial hypertension].

PMID- 2922519
TI  - [Systolic arterial hypertension in the aged].

PMID- 2922520
TI  - [Hypertension and strokes].

PMID- 2922521
TI  - [Arterial hypertension and pregnancy].

PMID- 2922523
TI  - [Voice as an affective index].

PMID- 2922522
TI  - [Physical exercise and arterial hypertension].

PMID- 2922524
TI  - [10th anniversary of the Center of Family Studies].

PMID- 2922525
TI  - [Diagnostic assessment of hypertensive patients].

PMID- 2922526
TI  - [Physiopathology of death and resuscitation].

PMID- 2922527
TI  - [Coma: a practical approach].

PMID- 2922528
TI  - [Family approach to psychosomatic disorders in ambulatory medicine].

PMID- 2922529
TI  - [Profile of a psychiatric consultation service for students].

PMID- 2922530
TI  - [Phobias].

PMID- 2922531
TI  - [Differential diagnosis and treatment of hypogonadism].

PMID- 2922532
TI  - [Shock].

PMID- 2922533
TI  - [Erythropoietin].

PMID- 2922534
TI  - [Aspects of the cycle of Echinococcus multilocularis and of the epidemiology of
      alveolar echinococcosis in the Jura mountains of Switzerland].

PMID- 2922535
TI  - [Current epidemiologic and immunologic aspects of alveolar echinococcosis].

PMID- 2922536
TI  - [Immunodiagnosis of alveolar echinococcosis].

PMID- 2922537
TI  - [Hepatic alveolar echinococcosis. Clinical and morphologic findings apropos of 80
      cases].

PMID- 2922538
TI  - [A survey of the practice of psychotherapy by physicians from Vaud (performed in
      May-June 1987)].

PMID- 2922539
TI  - [Infection of the sperm in male sterility].
AB  - Sperm infection is a classic cause of infertility. But, it cannot be considered
      without a minimum of precautions. First, infection of the sperm must be proven
      (presence of altered leucocytes, even higher than 10(5) or 10(6)/ml is not
      sufficient). What are the consequences of sperm infection? For many germs,
      especially chlamydiae and mycoplasma, the effect on sperm is not recognized or
      demonstrated. Once the infection is recognized, an etiology must be found:
      unrecognized chronic urethritis, prostatitis and/or chronic vesiculitis, chronic
      epididymitis. The infection must be adequately treated: according to the germ,
      according to the results of the resistance to antibiotics, according to the
      etiology. The author concludes that a true sperm infection is very rare; but it
      must be looked for as soon as it is suspected, especially in patients with a
      recent history of genital infection. Therefore an effective treatment of
      infertility is possible.

PMID- 2922540
TI  - [Treatment of varicoceles].
AB  - The mechanisms of infertility in varicoceles are still ill-defined; their
      repercussions are variable and unrelated to the degree of venous dilatations (a
      good number of such patients have no fertility problems). Oligo-astheno
      teratospermia is a non-pathognomonic entity, also encountered in chronic
      infections, previous history of cryptorchidism, gonadotrophic insufficiencies and
      toxic of iatrogenic causes. Should varicoceles be operated on, in order to treat
      the oligo-astheno-teratospermia? After strongly advocating surgery in the 60's,
      this approach is, in retrospect, being questioned. Varicoceles affect a very
      heterogeneous population with various degrees of infertility. To answer this
      question, randomized studies based on strict criteria, should be undertaken.

PMID- 2922541
TI  - [Male infertility and intrauterine insemination with abnormal sperm].
AB  - Intra-uterine insemination of capacitated sperm has disappointing results when
      this sperm is abnormal, since the overall pregnancy rate does not exceed 11 p.
      cent of the couples who have not given up before the 6th cycle of treatment.
      However, considering the ineffectiveness of the treatments of idiopathic or
      secondary oligo-astheno-teratospermia, and the still limited effectiveness of
      fertilization in vitro with his type of sperm, intra-uterine CAI may currently be
      offered for a limited time to sterile couples with very abnormal sperm,
      contingent on a precise methodology in the preparation of the sperm as well as
      the time of ovulation.

PMID- 2922542
TI  - [The male factor in fertilization in vitro].
AB  - Every sperm parameter has an effect on the chances of fertilization. When
      fertilization has been obtained with a sperm, the cleavage rate is identical
      regardless of the count, the mobility or the results of the migration test. On
      the contrary, in case of teratospermia, the cleavage rate of fertilizing sperms
      is significantly decreased. The rate of pregnancy by transfer is identical with
      normal sperm and sperm deficiency.

PMID- 2922543
TI  - [When should donor artificial insemination be considered?].
AB  - DAI (artificial insemination with donor) is a method used in male infertility. If
      azoospermia represents the standard medical indication of DAI, moderate sperm
      insufficiencies may, on the contrary, benefit from other medically assisted
      procreation techniques. The place of artificial insemination with spouse or
      fertilization in vitro as opposed to DAI, is discussed in the presence of male
      hypofertility. The DAI must be used as a last resort after failure of all other
      treatments.

PMID- 2922544
TI  - [Sterility and sexuality].
AB  - In some couples, an absence of pregnancy may be related to sexual difficulties.
      They should always be considered if the couples do not mention this subject. It
      is also necessary to keep in mind that sterility may result in sexual problems.
      In all cases, it is the physician's responsibility to listen to, reassure and
      comfort the couples who look to him/her for the realisation of their dream:
      having a child.

PMID- 2922545
TI  - [Interpretation of the sperm count].
AB  - The sperm count has proved to be one of the first examination performed in
      evaluating the fertility of a couple. It has been possible to establish a few
      standardized norms from the sperm count of fertile men, but, except for
      azoospermia, there is no specific limit beyond which it is possible to confirm
      the absence of fertilization of a sperm. The various criteria of the sperm count
      then examined, emphasizing the importance of studying the morphology, on optical
      as well as electron microscopy, since it is the spermatozoid's morphology as well
      as their mobility that differentiate fertile man from infertile ones. Any
      abnormality often severely compromises the ability to fertilize spermatozoids.

PMID- 2922547
TI  - [Substance abuse: social aspects].

PMID- 2922546
TI  - [Testing the fertility of the spermatozoa].
AB  - The sperm count, an absolutely necessary examination, seems no longer sufficient
      to establish a prognosis of fertility. Fertilization in vitro, for a diagnostic
      purpose, would be the ideal examination, but because of the ethical and technical
      problems it raises, other tests have been developed. The test of spermatozoid
      survival at 24 hours in Menezzo's B2 medium and interspecific fertilization in
      vitro (hamster-test) are carried out on isolated spermatozoids according the FIV
      protocol. The survival test provides two parameters: the presence of mobility and
      the rate of retention of the mobility after 24 hours. With the hamster-test it is
      possible to study the penetration and decondensation of the spermatozoids in the
      ovocytes. The results obtained with the survival test show that the absence of
      gradual mobility and a retention rate below 25 p. cent after 24 hours,
      significantly affect the cleavage of ovocytes during FIV. These two parameters
      affect, in a similar fashion, the percentage of fertilized ovocytes in the
      hamster-test. The latter seems less specific than the survival test to establish
      a prognosis before FIV. However, it is interesting as it allows the study of the
      different stages of fertilization of spermatozoid samples, from the same
      ejaculation, under varied experimental conditions. These tests require a
      standardization and present a definite advantage during exploration prior to FIV,
      AIC.

PMID- 2922548
TI  - [Substance abuse: individual aspects].

PMID- 2922549
TI  - [Substance abuse: afterwards].

PMID- 2922550
TI  - [At Pierre-Nicole].

PMID- 2922551
TI  - [Understanding wound healing in order to treat a wound better].

PMID- 2922552
TI  - [Radiotherapy: problems and sequelae, treatment measures].

PMID- 2922553
TI  - [Nutrition of patients in radiotherapy].

PMID- 2922554
TI  - [Practical aspects of bladder catheterization].

PMID- 2922555
TI  - [Making good use of culture in nursing care].

PMID- 2922556
TI  - [General care, psychiatry--towards a common education].

PMID- 2922557
TI  - [The views of others are sometimes disturbing].

PMID- 2922558
TI  - [Occupational nurses: still an ambiguous function].

PMID- 2922559
TI  - [Detection of deafness in children].

PMID- 2922560
TI  - [Planned hemodilution in orthopedics].

PMID- 2922561
TI  - [New ways to explore the spine].

PMID- 2922562
TI  - [Cardioversion after a loading dose of amiodarone].

PMID- 2922563
TI  - [Risks and benefits of treatment with sodium fluoride of osteoporosis with
      vertebral collapse].

PMID- 2922564
TI  - [Common pulmonary tuberculosis].

PMID- 2922565
TI  - [Standard thoracic radiography in children. Diagnosis orientation and
      management].

PMID- 2922566
TI  - [Non-steroidal inflammatory agents].

PMID- 2922567
TI  - [Thrombolytic agents].

PMID- 2922568
TI  - [Acute angle-closure glaucoma. Etiology, physiopathology, diagnosis, course and
      prognosis, treatment].

PMID- 2922569
TI  - [Depressive syndrome. Etiology (including iatrogenic), diagnosis, course and
      prognosis, treatment].

PMID- 2922570
TI  - The relation between cutaneous blood flow and cell content in the tuberculin
      reaction.
AB  - The relationship of velocity of blood flow to density and microanatomical
      distribution of inflammatory cells in the dermis was studied in 20 human
      tuberculin tests. Most positive reactions showed maximal blood flow velocities
      (measured as red blood cell (RBC) flux) at the centre of the reaction, but the
      two most intense responses showed 'central relative slowing' (CRS) with higher
      RBC flux at the periphery. Two of the four clinically negative reactions showed a
      considerable acceleration of blood flow, but the other two showed no such
      acceleration. The packing density of lymphocytes/monocytes in the perivascular
      zone was greater in the stronger positives than in the weaker reactions. The
      density of cells in the intervening dermis was markedly lower than in the foci:
      the lesions with CRS had the highest density of cells in the diffuse infiltrate
      of the reticular dermis. At the centre of the reaction, blood flow velocity was
      generally related to density of cellular infiltrate, except in those with CRS,
      which had a disproportionately lower blood flow velocity. The finding that the
      circulatory adaptation to a delayed hypersensitivity reaction can be inadequate
      may explain the dermal acidosis previously observed in intense skin test
      reactions, and may be the underlying mechanism of necrosis in hypersensitivity
      reactions.

PMID- 2922571
TI  - Recombinant protein A of non-staphylococcal origin is not mitogenic for human
      peripheral lymphocytes. Mitogenicity of natural protein A is caused by a
      contaminant.
AB  - Recombinant protein A(SpA) produced in Escherichia coli or Bacillus subtilis
      bacteria did not induce activation of human peripheral mononuclear cells, whereas
      SpA preparations obtained from naturally occurring Staphylococcus aureus bacteria
      as well as recombinant SpA from Staphylococcus xylosus were potent mitogens.
      Further purification of SpA from S. aureus showed that the mitogenic material was
      concentrated in the side fractions containing more basic molecules. Some
      staphylococcal enterotoxins are mitogenic for human cells and in order to test
      whether contaminating enterotoxins would be responsible for the mitogenic effect
      of SpA preparations, rabbit antibodies were produced against enterotoxin A and B.
      These antibodies inhibited activation of human cells induced by the enterotoxins
      used for immunization but did not affect the activation induced by SpA
      preparation. The addition of selected human sera to in vitro cultures resulted in
      an inhibition of the response induced by low doses of SpA. There was no clear
      relationship between these effects and the content of IgG antibodies against
      staphylococcal enterotoxins A, B, and Cl in the sera. Thus, we conclude that the
      mitogenicity of SpA preparations is caused by contaminating molecules, probably
      not enterotoxins A, B, or Cl.

PMID- 2922572
TI  - Production of human antibodies to bee venom phospholipase A2 in vitro.
AB  - Phospholipase A2 (PLA) is the major antigen of bee venom. Whereas individuals
      frequently stung by bees, such as bee keepers, show high levels of IgG4 anti-PLA
      antibodies in serum, most patients sensitive to bee venom possess increased IgE
      anti-PLA. We have established a culture system by which anti-PLA antibodies can
      be induced in vitro. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated in a
      first step with PLA and/or pokeweed mitogen (PWM). After 3 days of culture the
      cells were washed and further incubated with fresh medium. Anti-PLA antibodies
      were estimated by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and anti-PLA
      antibody secreting cells were counted by means of an ELISA plaque assay. Cells
      from bee keepers, but not those from normal donors, produced anti-PLA IgG in
      vitro. The isotype pattern of anti-PLA antibodies produced in vitro was identical
      to that found in serum of the respective donor. Anti-PLA IgM antibody-secreting
      cells developed at low frequencies in both bee keepers and normal donors whereas
      PLA-specific IgE could not be detected. The formation of anti-PLA IgG was
      suppressed by high amounts of antigen, while the IgM response was not affected.
      We conclude that PWM-induced antibodies reflect the in vivo situation of the
      donors and that anti-PLA IgG and IgM are regulated by different pathways and
      mechanisms.

PMID- 2922573
TI  - IgG subclasses of pneumococcal antibodies--effect of allotype G2m(n).
AB  - Antibody responses to three pneumococcal polysaccharides (types 3, 14, and 18C)
      were analysed after vaccination with a 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine.
      Antibodies to all three polysaccharides could be detected before immunization.
      Clear cut IgG, IgA, and/or IgM antibody responses to the polysaccharides were
      seen in three-quarters of the vaccinees. IgG2 was the predominant and IgG1 the
      second most abundant subclass of anti-pneumococcal IgG antibodies both before and
      after the vaccination. The relative proportions of IgG2 and IgG1 antibodies
      exhibited a continuous variation from 1:0 to approximately 0:2. After
      vaccination, G2m(n)-positive homozygotes had about four times more IgG2
      antibodies (anti-14 and anti-18C) than G2m(n)-negative vaccinees. Heterozygotes
      occupied an intermediate position. The same pattern was seen less clearly in type
      3 antibodies after vaccination, and in all three antibodies before vaccination.
      The G2m(n) allotypes had no detectable effect on the levels of IgG1, IgG4, or IgM
      antibodies, and possibly a weak effect on IgG3 and IgA antibodies (G2m(n)
      positive homozygotes responded strongly).

PMID- 2922574
TI  - Liver sinusoidal blood containing natural killer-like cells.
AB  - Rat liver sinusoidal washout cells were examined. These cells, which are
      marginated in sinusoids, could be washed out by simple flushing of the
      vasculature with culture media without enzymes and under physiological portal
      pressure. They revealed, in comparison to peripheral blood mononuclear cells,
      high cytotoxic activity commonly attributed to the natural killer (NK) and
      natural cytotoxic (NC) cells, and were found to be anti-asialo-GM1-negative.
      Liver sinusoidal cytotoxic cell (LSCC) activity has been found to be associated
      with the large granular lymphocytes in low-density cells in OX8-positive as well
      as in OX8-negative populations. The mononuclear cells washed out from the liver
      microvasculature could be stimulated with NK-sensitive targets to release soluble
      factors which selectively lyse YAC-1 tumour cells and inhibit growth of normal
      haematopoietic granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming cells in vitro. The
      cytotoxic cell population in the liver turned out to be blood-borne in origin and
      not resident. Our findings suggest that liver sinusoidal cytotoxic cells
      represent an NK population with a predilection for marginating in the liver and
      may be important in eliminating tumour or virus infected cells passing through
      the liver from the circulation. The mechanism of their accumulation in liver
      sinusoids remains unclear.

PMID- 2922575
TI  - Urethral recurrence after cystoprostatectomy for bladder carcinoma.
AB  - Eighty-nine male patients underwent cystoprostatectomy for bladder carcinoma.
      Prophylactic urethrectomy was performed only on 7 patients whose tumour extended
      to or beyond the bladder neck. During the follow-up period 9 of 82 patients (11%)
      developed a urethral recurrence. Eight out of these 9 patients had carcinoma in
      situ or multiple papillary tumours in the bladder. Of all those patients who had
      carcinoma in situ, either primary or concomitant with papillary tumour, 18%
      developed urethral recurrence. The corresponding figure for patients with
      multiple tumours in the bladder was 15%. Thus the presence of carcinoma in situ
      or multiple tumours in the bladder seem to be important risk factors for urethral
      recurrence after cystoprostatectomy.

PMID- 2922576
TI  - Urodynamics in radical retropubic prostatectomy.
AB  - Urodynamic examinations were performed on 19 patients undergoing radical
      retropubic prostatectomy for localized prostatic carcinoma. Altogether 16
      urodynamic parameters were analyzed preoperatively and 6 months afterwards. There
      was a significant decrease in bladder wall compliance and an increase in
      intravesical and abdominal pressure at maximum flow rate postoperatively. These
      findings may reflect a partial bladder decentralization caused by surgery. The
      amount of residual urine was reduced postoperatively. Two patients (10.5%) were
      totally incontinent, and in both the postoperative urethral closure pressures
      were low.

PMID- 2922577
TI  - Pyeloureteral dynamics. Pelvic pressure and kidney function in partial long-term
      ureteric obstruction.
AB  - In 10 pigs with reno-scintigraphically proven normal upper urinary tracts, a
      standardized partial obstruction of the left ureter was created at the lower
      kidney pole level. Three weeks later kidney function was scintigraphically
      reassessed and the pressure flow relationship in the flow range 0-20 ml/min
      outlined. The partially obstructed pelvic baseline pressure varied from 9.0 to
      32.0 cmH2O. During perfusion small increases in pelvic pressure were seen at all
      flow rates in the individual cases and there was a linear relationship between
      pressure and flow. Compared to previous results of a similar but acute
      obstruction the results were identical in pressure ranges and pressure flow
      profile. This demonstrates, that a longitudinal stability in transport mechanism
      qualities is present also during the course of obstruction. The pelvic pressure
      at low flow rates was significantly correlated to kidney function depression,
      whereas perfusion pressures at high flow rates did not show any correlation,
      except at 20 ml/min. This clearly indicates, that the pelvic pressure at normal
      urine flow rate is an important factor in the pathogenesis of obstructive
      nephropathy.

PMID- 2922578
TI  - Cystic dilatation of Cowper's gland duct--an overlooked cause of urethral
      symptoms?
AB  - Dilatation of Cowper's gland duct was diagnosed in four men with symptoms
      including post-voiding dribbling, frequency of micturition, dysuria and
      hematuria. Cystourethrography gave the correct diagnosis in all cases. Treatment
      consisted of transurethral incision of the cystic excretory duct, providing
      marsupialization into the urethra. Investigation of longstanding or recurrent
      episodes of urethral symptoms in men should include cystourethrography with this
      lesion in mind. It seems to be less rare than was previously assumed.

PMID- 2922579
TI  - IGA nephropathy: a retrospective evaluation of prognostic indices in 176
      patients.
AB  - One hundred and seventy-six patients with mesangial IgA nephropathy have been
      studied retrospectively. Mean follow up from apparent onset of the disease was
      9.3 years and with follow up from the diagnostic renal biopsy of 4.6 years. Our
      aim was to evaluate the prognostic significance of sex, age and type of symptoms
      at onset. The degree of proteinuria, presence of hypertension or decreased renal
      function, histological lesions and IFL pattern at the time of the diagnostic
      renal biopsy were recorded. 17 of the patients developed End Stage Renal Failure
      (ESRF) during the study. According to the Logrank test (renal survival) and Cox
      stepwise proportional hazard model, severity of glomerular mesangial lesions and
      degree of proteinuria are the most important indicators of a poor prognosis. The
      significance of all other parameters disappear after correction for histological
      lesions and degree of proteinuria. Our conclusion is that a semiquantitative
      light microscopical examination is an excellent prognostic index in IgA
      nephropathy, as is a simple determination of protein excretion in the urine.

PMID- 2922581
TI  - Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy: first choice therapy for ureteral stones.
AB  - Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy represents the first choice therapy for
      reno-ureteral stone disease, being successful in more than 85% of cases. When
      extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy is associated with both appropriate
      cystoscopic manipulations and with a proper positioning of the patient on the
      stretcher of the lithotripter, it can be successfully applied to ureteral stones
      regardless of their specific location. We report 99 patients with ureteral
      calculi submitted to extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy with a stone free rate
      of 98%.

PMID- 2922580
TI  - Intestinal oxalate and calcium absorption in recurrent renal stone formers and
      healthy subjects.
AB  - The fractional intestinal absorption of oxalate and calcium was investigated by
      isotope techniques in 20 normal subjects and in 12 idiopathic calcium oxalate
      stone formers. The greatest amount of 14C-oxalate was excreted during the first
      six hour period in controls as well as in stone formers. The stone formers had a
      greater intestinal uptake of oxalate (11 +/- 5.1%) than the controls (6.2 +/-
      3.7%; p less than 0.01). There was no significant relationship between the
      fractional absorption of oxalate and the total urinary oxalate excretion. The
      stone formers also had a higher fractional uptake of calcium compared to the
      controls (55 +/- 11% vs. 47 +/- 9.1%; p less than 0.05). There was a positive
      relationship (r = 0.47) between the urinary excretions of calcium and oxalate in
      the stone formers. During these conditions no correlation could be demonstrated
      between the fractional absorptions of oxalate and calcium, neither in the stone
      formers nor in the controls. In conclusion, patients with recurrent formation of
      calcium oxalate containing stones appear to have an enhanced intestinal uptake of
      both oxalate and calcium. This disturbance could be of primary pathogenic
      importance for their stone forming propensity.

PMID- 2922582
TI  - Transvaginal-distal urethroplasty. A multipurpose operation.
AB  - Experience of a surgical procedure used to treat five women with varying
      pathology of the lower urinary tract is described. Transvaginal elongation of the
      urethra and distal urethroplasty were performed in all cases, with gratifying
      results. The procedure is presented as a multipurpose operation.

PMID- 2922583
TI  - Nephrogenic adenoma. Reports of two cases.
AB  - Nephrogenic adenoma is a rare lesion of the urinary tract. Two cases in the
      urinary bladder are described. Histologically the tumor consists of cystic and
      tubular structures resembling the distal part of the nephron. The etiology and
      pathogenesis are discussed and a new etiologic theory is presented.

PMID- 2922584
TI  - Cancer incidence of workers in a Finnish sawmill.
AB  - The cancer incidence of 1,223 sawmill workers with continuous employment of at
      least one year between 1 January 1945 and 31 December 1961 was followed until 31
      December 1980. Separate analyses were made for the 801 workers hired after 1
      January 1945, and smoking habits were surveyed. Among the men, 90 cases of
      primary cancer were detected versus 83.5 expected and among the women 55 cancer
      cases versus 44.5 expected. Skin cancer was in excess among the men, especially
      among those employed after 1 January 1945. Lip, mouth, and pharynx cancer and
      lymphomas were also slightly in excess among the men, as was leukemia among both
      sexes. Workplace exposure, especially to chlorophenols, may be associated with
      the excess skin cancer and the slight excess of lymphomas, but this finding
      should be further evaluated with special emphasis on well-defined exposure data.

PMID- 2922586
TI  - Risk of lung, larynx, pharynx and buccal cavity cancers among carbon electrode
      manufacturing workers.
AB  - Among workers employed in factories producing carbon graphite products the risk
      of cancer due to exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons was estimated. In
      one cohort (plant A), a cancer incidence study was carried out; the number of
      cases were not significantly increased for lung cancers [7 cases, standardized
      incidence ratio (SIR) 79] or for cancers of the upper respiratory and alimentary
      tract (10 cases, SIR 103). In another cohort (plant B), a mortality study was
      carried out; neither the mortality from lung cancer [13 deaths, standardized
      mortality ratio (SMR) 118] nor that from upper respiratory and alimentary tract
      cancers (10 deaths, SMR 125) was significantly higher than expected. Within each
      cohort, a case-referent study was carried out. In plant A the odds ratios were
      high but nonsignificant for lung cancers (odds ratio 3.42) and upper respiratory
      and alimentary tract cancers (odds ratio 2.19) and they showed a nonsignificant
      relationship with duration of exposure. In plant B, the odds ratios were low for
      every cancer site.

PMID- 2922585
TI  - Cancer risks among New Zealand meat workers.
AB  - The study reports a series of case-referent studies based on the New Zealand
      Cancer Register and involving 19,904 male cancer patients aged 20 years or more
      at the time of registration during the period 1980-1984. For each cancer site,
      the registrations for the remaining sites formed the reference group. An
      increased risk for lung (OR 1.30, 95% CI 1.06-1.58) and laryngeal (OR 2.01, 95%
      CI 1.19-3.39) cancer was found among meatworkers. It was confined to men aged
      less than 65 years at registration. The risk for soft-tissue sarcoma was elevated
      (OR 1.90, 95% CI 0.90-4.02). The risk estimate for all types of leukemia was
      elevated moderately (OR 1.45, 95% CI 0.90-2.31), but cell type-specific analyses
      revealed a greater effect for acute myeloid leukemia (OR 2.12, 95% CI 1.09-4.12).
      This study adds to the evidence that employment as a meatworker is associated
      with increased risk for several forms of cancer.

PMID- 2922587
TI  - Lung cancer, smoking, and employment in foundries.
AB  - A case-referent study on lung cancer was conducted in Cracow, Poland. Men dying
      of lung cancer within a 6-year period (1980-1985) formed the case group. The
      reference series was selected from death registers and was frequency-matched with
      the cases by sex and age. Deaths due to other respiratory diseases were excluded.
      Information on the occupation, smoking habits, and residency of 901 cases and 875
      referents was collected from their next-of-kin. The combined effect of smoking
      and industrial exposure, in particular employment in steel or iron foundries, was
      investigated by multivariate analyses and was very well fitted by a
      multiplicative model. Foundry employment, in particular in the younger age (less
      than 70 years) group, occupational exposure to known carcinogens in other
      industries for more than 20 years, and smoking were found to be risk factors.

PMID- 2922588
TI  - Mortality of auto mechanics. A ten-year follow-up.
AB  - This study was set up to investigate whether work in car repair workshops is
      associated with an increased risk of ischemic heart disease and specific
      malignant neoplasms. For this purpose, a cohort of auto mechanics has been
      followed through 10 years with regard to cause-specific mortality. Comparisons
      were made with another cohort of skilled male workers who were not exposed to
      asbestos or petrochemical substances. The auto mechanics' mortality was increased
      for ischemic heart disease [standardized mortality ratio (SMR) 121, 95%
      confidence interval (95% CI) 102-145], other cardiovascular diseases (SMR 112,
      95% CI 82-150), cancer (SMR 115, 95% CI 97-136), other diseases (SMR 119, 95% CI
      94-149), and external causes (SMR 131, 95% CI 113-153). For specific cancer
      sites, increases were seen for pancreatic cancer, urinary cancer outside the
      bladder, and pleural mesothelioma.

PMID- 2922589
TI  - Triazine herbicides and ovarian epithelial neoplasms.
AB  - The possible role of a class of herbicides, triazines, in ovarian carcinogenesis
      has been evaluated in a population-based case-referent study. The trade names
      reported by the study subjects, and the type of cultivation in which they worked,
      were used for the assessment of exposure. Women previously exposed to triazines
      showed a significant relative risk of 2.7 for ovarian neoplasms. Although none of
      the doses could be quantified for the study subjects, two risk trends in favor of
      the plausibility of the association were found: the first by duration and the
      second by probability of exposure. The population representativity of the study
      and the comparability of information between the cases and referents suggest the
      lack of any major bias in the results. Triazine-related risk remained consistent
      when the analysis was restricted to farmers and when the exposure to other
      herbicides and to other types of cultivation were considered. Unexposed farmers
      had the same risk as unexposed nonfarmers.

PMID- 2922590
TI  - Olfactory function in painters exposed to organic solvents.
AB  - The olfactory receptor cells are in direct contact with the exterior environment,
      and some chemical agents can impair olfactory function. The olfactory function of
      54 painters exposed to organic solvents was compared with that of 42 unexposed
      referents. A new clinical test validated for the sense of smell was used, the
      University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test. Age, smoking habits,
      exposure to organic solvents, and medical disorders of importance for the sense
      of smell were recorded. The painters had a somewhat lower test score than the
      referents. However, the influence of the exposure variable was not statistically
      significant in a multiple regression analysis including age and smoking habits.
      The exposure to organic solvents was low, and therefore an effect of high
      exposure on olfactory function cannot be ruled out. Since some of the painters
      had earlier been highly exposed, the effects of high exposure are likely to be
      reversible.

PMID- 2922591
TI  - Subjective symptoms and psychological performance of chlorine-alkali workers.
AB  - Subjective symptoms and psychological performances on a computer-administered
      test battery were studied among a group of 60 chlorine-alkali workers and their
      matched referents. The exposure time of the group exposed to inorganic mercury
      vapor had been about 14 years, and the estimated long-term average exposure had
      been about 25 micrograms/m3 of air. The exposed workers had an actual mercury
      concentration of 51.9 (SD 25.0, range 15-150) nmol/l in blood and 84.1 (SD 56.6,
      range 15-260) nmol/l in urine. Neither perceptual motor nor memory nor learning
      abilities of the mercury-exposed workers showed any disturbances in a comparison
      with the referents. However, the exposed group reported statistically
      significantly more memory disturbances than the referents. Strain caused by three
      shift work was a possible cofactor for other increased subjective symptoms,
      namely, for sleep disorders, fatigue, and confusion.

PMID- 2922593
TI  - Europe tries to untangle laws on patenting life.

PMID- 2922592
TI  - Self-reported symptoms in the neck and upper limbs of female assembly workers.
      Impact of length of employment, work pace, and selection.
AB  - In a questionnaire study 148 women in assembly work reported statistically
      significantly higher rates of pain, in the last 7 d, in their shoulders (odds
      ratio 3.4) and hands (odds ratio 2.8) as compared to 60 referents age-adjusted.
      There was a strong association between duration of employment and complaints in
      the hands. For the younger women, but not the older ones, there was an increase
      in pain in the shoulders, neck, and upper back with duration of employment. The
      odds ratio for pain in the shoulders and neck increased with an increasing work
      pace, except for very high paces, for which there was a decrease. Among 76 former
      assembly workers 26% reported pain as the cause of having left this work. There
      was no overall increase in the frequency of complaints among those who had left.

PMID- 2922594
TI  - No patent for Harvard's mouse.

PMID- 2922595
TI  - Specific recognition of cruciform DNA by nuclear protein HMG1.
AB  - Cruciform DNA, a non-double helix form of DNA, can be generated as an
      intermediate in genetic recombination as well as from palindromic sequences under
      the effect of supercoiling. Eukaryotic cells are equipped with a DNA-binding
      protein that selectively recognizes cruciform DNA. Biochemical and immunological
      data showed that this protein is HMG1, an evolutionarily conserved, essential,
      and abundant component of the nucleus. The interaction with a ubiquitous protein
      points to a critical role for cruciform DNA conformations.

PMID- 2922596
TI  - Reciprocal effects of hyper- and hypoactivity mutations in the Drosophila pattern
      gene torso.
AB  - In Drosophila, five "terminal" polarity genes must be active in females in order
      for them to produce embryos with normal anterior and posterior ends. Hypoactivity
      mutations in one such gene, torso, result in the loss of the most posterior
      domain of fushi tarazu expression and the terminal cuticular structures. In
      contrast, a torso hyperactivity mutation causes the loss of central fushi tarazu
      expression and central cuticular structures. Cytoplasmic leakage,
      transplantation, and temperature-shift experiments suggest that the latter effect
      is caused by abnormal persistence of the torso product in the central region of
      the embryo during early development. Thus, the amount and timing of torso
      activity is key to distinguishing the central and terminal regions of the embryo.
      Mutations in the tailless terminal gene act as dominant maternal suppressors of
      the hyperactive torso allele, indicating that the torso product acts through, or
      in concert with, the tailless product.

PMID- 2922598
TI  - Financial benefit from research.

PMID- 2922597
TI  - Fenfluramine studies.

PMID- 2922599
TI  - Duesberg's PNAS paper.

PMID- 2922600
TI  - Animal research and government policy.
AB  - In the report "Synthetic CD4 peptide derivatives that inhibit HIV infection and
      cytopathicity" by Jeffrey D. Lifson et al. (5 Aug., p. 712), the last seven
      residues of the CD4 peptide (26-50) should have been SFLTKGP rather than STLTKGP.

PMID- 2922601
TI  - Animal rightists claim bomb blast.

PMID- 2922602
TI  - Ethical questions haunt new genetic technologies.

PMID- 2922603
TI  - NIH offers AZT to exposed workers.

PMID- 2922604
TI  - Ecologists wary about environmental releases.

PMID- 2922605
TI  - New family of adhesion proteins discovered.

PMID- 2922606
TI  - Sequence-specific peptide cleavage catalyzed by an antibody.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies have been induced that are capable of catalyzing specific
      hydrolysis of the Gly-Phe bond of peptide substrates at neutral pH with a metal
      complex cofactor. The antibodies were produced by immunizing with a Co(III)
      triethylenetetramine (trien)-peptide hapten. These antibodies as a group are
      capable of binding trien complexes of not only Co(III) but also of numerous other
      metals. Six peptides were examined as possible substrates with the antibodies and
      various metal complexes. Two of these peptides were cleaved by several of the
      antibodies. One antibody was studied in detail, and cleavage was observed for the
      substrates with the trien complexes of Zn(II), Ga(III), Fe(III), In(III), Cu(II),
      Ni(II), Lu(III), Mg(II), or Mn(II) as cofactors. A turnover number of 6 x 10(-4)
      per second was observed for these substrates. These results demonstrate the
      feasibility of the use of cofactor-assisted catalysis in an antibody binding site
      to accomplish difficult chemical transformations.

PMID- 2922608
TI  - Animal rights and animal wrongs.

PMID- 2922607
TI  - Sindbis virus: an efficient, broad host range vector for gene expression in
      animal cells.
AB  - Sindbis virus, an enveloped virus with a single-stranded RNA genome, was
      engineered to express a bacterial protein, chloramphenicol acetyltransferase
      (CAT), in cultured insect, avian, and mammalian cells. The vectors were self
      replicating and gene expression was efficient and rapid; up to 10(8) CAT
      polypeptides were produced per infected cell in 16 to 20 hours. CAT expression
      could be made temperature-sensitive by means of a derivative that incorporated a
      temperature-sensitive mutation in viral RNA synthesis. Vector genomic RNAs were
      packaged into infectious particles when Sindbis helper virus was used to supply
      virion structural proteins. The vector RNAs were stable to at least seven cycles
      of infection. The expression of CAT increased about 10(3)-fold, despite a 10(15)
      fold dilution during the passaging. Sindbis virus vectors should prove useful for
      expressing large quantities of gene products in a variety of animal cells.

PMID- 2922609
TI  - Epidemiologic investigation.

PMID- 2922610
TI  - Pesticides and kids.

PMID- 2922611
TI  - NAS weighs in with 7-lb diet guide.

PMID- 2922612
TI  - GM, Hughes settle stock fight.

PMID- 2922613
TI  - France introduces bioethics law.

PMID- 2922614
TI  - Free calcium at rest during "catch" in single smooth muscle cells.
AB  - Tension and intracellular free calcium concentration [( Ca2+]i) were measured
      simultaneously in single smooth muscle cells isolated from the anterior byssus
      retractor muscle (ABRM) of Mytilus edulis that were loaded with the fluorescent
      Ca2+ indicator fura-2. Electrical stimulation evoked a transient elevation of
      [Ca2+]i associated with a "catch" contraction. During the catch state, however,
      [Ca2+]i was effectively at its resting level and was unaffected by 5
      hydroxytryptamine, which induced a rapid relaxation from catch. The results
      indicate that a maintained high [Ca2+]i is not required for the maintenance of
      catch tension in intact ABRM and that there was no significant change in [Ca2+]i
      upon abolition of catch.

PMID- 2922615
TI  - Guide to biotechnology products and instruments. Guide to scientific instruments.

PMID- 2922616
TI  - The biology of heme II.

PMID- 2922617
TI  - Growing up together.

PMID- 2922618
TI  - Reporting of child abuse: influence of characteristics of physician, practice,
      and community.
AB  - This survey of 120 Alabama pediatricians, family physicians, and general
      practitioners investigated the relationship between physician, practice, and
      community characteristics and the factors that impede reporting of detected child
      abuse. Solo practitioners and rural physicians were most concerned about the
      effect of reporting on their relationship with their patients. Small town
      physicians, recent medical school graduates, and physicians who had attended
      child abuse workshops were most likely, and urban physicians least likely, to
      endorse an ethical or legal responsibility to report. Attendees of workshops were
      more confident in their ability to recognize abuse and less likely to think they
      could best handle the case themselves. Male physicians were reluctant to report
      because of the likelihood of having to appear in court. All physicians were
      reluctant to report cases about which they were uncertain and were concerned
      about the lack of prompt action after their reports; general practitioners
      expressed reluctance to report due to a wide variety of factors.

PMID- 2922619
TI  - Large pericardial effusion after cardiac surgery: role of echocardiography in
      diagnosis and management.
AB  - We performed M-mode and two-dimensional (2-D) echocardiograms prospectively in
      140 patients an average of eight days after open heart surgery. Large pericardial
      effusions occurred in 13 patients; three had complete circumcardiac pericardial
      effusion, four had local anterior adhesions, five had extensive anterior
      adhesions (posterior loculated effusion), and one had a large loculated
      pericardial effusion contiguous to the right atrium. In five patients with
      tamponade, the effusion was drained, with immediate reversal of symptoms and
      signs of tamponade. In the other eight patients, who had no deterioration in
      cardiovascular status, the effusion was not drained; instead, these patients were
      treated medically with indomethacin and observed with serial echocardiograms, and
      the effusions eventually disappeared. The most consistent echocardiographic
      differences between the five patients with and the eight patients without
      tamponade were that patients with tamponade had larger posterior pericardial
      effusions, more severe left atrial compression, and more indentation of the right
      atrial wall. Echocardiography plays an essential role in diagnosis and management
      of large pericardial effusions after open heart surgery. Patients with large
      pericardial effusions who are clinically stable need only medical management,
      including serial echocardiograms, but drainage is indicated if the cardiovascular
      or respiratory status worsens. Certain echocardiographic findings indicate a high
      probability of tamponade.

PMID- 2922620
TI  - Preoperative cardiac consultations in a teaching hospital.
AB  - Perioperative consultations may play a major role in the care of surgical
      patients in an era of prospective payments. Since insurance reimbursement policy
      favors limitations in the number of consultants on a case, general medicine
      ("holistic") consultation services may become preferred perioperative consultants
      in the future. To focus curriculum planning for perioperative consultants, we
      reviewed the content of 60 consecutive perioperative consultations by noncardiac
      surgery services to a university cardiology consultation team. Clinical
      descriptions of the patients' exercise tolerance showed that 95% of the patients
      belonged in functional classes I and II. One fourth of the requests were for
      routine preoperative clearance. The most frequent cardiac conditions for
      evaluation were congestive heart failure, old myocardial infarctions, murmurs,
      abnormal electrocardiograms, angina, and previous histories of coronary artery
      bypass surgery. Few patients needed management of arrhythmias. Physicians
      involved in perioperative care should assess their abilities in managing these
      cardiac conditions.

PMID- 2922621
TI  - Hypertension: variations in prevalence in the black population.
AB  - Prevalence trends in hypertension in black men and women show an inversion at
      about ages 45 to 54 years. Incidence, mortality, and treatment of hypertension
      after age 35 can probably be related to this inversion. Incidence data are
      inconsistent and scanty. Morbidity data are incomplete and mostly unreliable.
      Mortality data partially explain the inversion. Long-term epidemiologic studies
      of hypertension in black elderly persons are needed to explain these variations
      in prevalence, which may have a beneficial impact on treatment and prognosis.

PMID- 2922622
TI  - Biochemical testing in patients with alcoholic liver disease.
AB  - We evaluated physicians' laboratory utilization patterns for hospitalized
      patients with alcoholic liver disease and examined the relationship between the
      frequency of test ordering and certain variables in clinical outcome. During the
      study, 185 patients with alcoholic liver disease were hospitalized 378 times at
      the VA Medical Center, Long Beach, California. Physicians ordered liver panels
      (including serum albumin, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, lactic
      dehydrogenase, glutamic pyruvate transaminase, and glutamic oxaloacetic
      transaminase) an average of 7.4 times per hospitalization. Increased biochemical
      testing did not decrease length of stay or improve clinical outcomes such as
      development of complications or survival of hospitalization. Since the treatment
      of alcoholic liver disease is largely supportive and not dependent upon frequent
      biochemical testing, we recommend that these tests be ordered only when patients
      are admitted to or discharged from the hospital, and when there has been a
      clinical change.

PMID- 2922623
TI  - Carcinoma of the prostate: changing incidence associated with annual urologic
      screening.
AB  - The Urology Service at Brooke Army Medical Center has conducted routine screening
      rectal examinations for early diagnosis of carcinoma of the prostate since 1979.
      A review of the incidence of carcinoma of the prostate reveals that routine
      screening has yielded a significant increase in disease incidence. This incidence
      appears higher than national averages. It is apparent that a commitment to early
      diagnosis through screening for carcinoma of the prostate also requires a
      commitment in medical resources.

PMID- 2922624
TI  - Tracheoesophageal compression syndromes related to vascular ring.
AB  - Seventeen cases of vascular ring have been encountered at Ochsner Clinic over the
      past 22 years. Anatomic configurations consisted of double aortic arch in 11
      cases, right aortic arch with left ligamentum arteriosum in five cases, and
      aberrant right subclavian artery in one case. In four cases chest x-ray films
      revealed air block or hyperinflation and led to further diagnostic tests. The
      definitive diagnostic methods included esophagogram in 15 cases, aortography in
      14 cases, two-dimensional echocardiography in one case, and
      esophagoscopy/bronchoscopy in eight cases. Presenting symptoms were respiratory
      in 13 cases and feeding difficulties in three; one asymptomatic case was found
      incidentally. Four cases of air block syndrome were observed as an early and
      unusual presentation of vascular ring in infants. Hyperinflation of the lung
      fields on chest x-ray film should spur suspicion of a possible vascular ring. Two
      case reports are included to demonstrate air block in relation to vascular rings
      in neonates.

PMID- 2922625
TI  - Nurse-initiated health promotion prompting system in an internal medicine
      residents' clinic.
AB  - Although cure of many diseases depends on early detection, screening schemes have
      been difficult to implement in busy clinic environments. We describe the testing
      of a nurse-initiated prompting system for six health promotion and disease
      prevention procedures in an internal medicine residents' clinic at a university
      affiliated community program. Maneuvers investigated were breast examination,
      pelvic examination and Pap smear, rectal examination in men, mammogram, stool
      guaiac test, and blood glucose determination. A nurse reviewed the charts and
      used a list in the front of each chart to prompt residents in the experimental
      group. Residents in the control group were not prompted. A significant
      improvement (P less than .05) in performance was seen in the prompted group.
      Performance of rectal examination and mammograms improved most, increasing from
      41% to 93% and 18% to 64%, respectively. There were no significant changes in the
      control group. This simple nurse-initiated prompting system improved the
      performance of health promotion and disease prevention maneuvers.

PMID- 2922626
TI  - Why perform a routine history and physical examination?
AB  - Science uses two types of data--one for generating hypotheses and a second for
      testing hypotheses. In clinical medicine the history and physical examination
      generate the data used for making hypotheses about what could possibly be wrong
      with the patient; but the various laboratory and imaging procedures are used for
      hypothesis-testing, ie, deciding which of the possible problems is actually the
      one bothering the patient. Although comparisons between physical examination
      maneuvers and imaging procedures may tell something about the precision of the
      former, in general such comparisons can tell little about the intrinsic worth of
      one versus the other, because these two different types of procedures generate
      data with two completely different types of usage.

PMID- 2922627
TI  - Methemoglobinemia and hemolytic anemia after phenazopyridine hydrochloride
      (Pyridium) administration in end-stage renal disease.
AB  - Phenazopyridine is a commonly used urinary tract analgesic. As illustrated by the
      case we have reported, its use may be complicated by the development of
      methemoglobinemia and hemolytic anemia, especially in patients with renal
      insufficiency.

PMID- 2922628
TI  - Polyglandular autoimmune syndrome, type 2.
AB  - We have described two patients with Addison's disease and associated
      endocrinopathies, a condition termed polyglandular autoimmune (PGA) syndrome,
      type 2. One of our patients also had autoimmune hypothyroid disease, and the
      other had premature gonadal failure and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. This syndrome
      shows that glandular disorders tend to occur together. It has been suggested that
      an HLA-associated genetic predisposition coupled with environmental factors
      triggers an autoimmune process resulting in glandular hypofunction or
      hyperfunction. We stress the necessity for evaluation of every individual with
      idiopathic Addison's disease for associated endocrinopathies.

PMID- 2922629
TI  - Acute bilateral diffuse pulmonary shadowing after evacuation of hydatid mole.
AB  - Acute bilateral diffuse pulmonary shadowing complicates the resection of hydatid
      mole approximately 10% of the time. Etiologic factors include trophoblastic
      emboli, pulmonary emboli, high output congestive failure, and DIC. Prompt
      recognition and emergency oxygen therapy with PEEP are imperative for survival.

PMID- 2922630
TI  - Secondary adrenal insufficiency manifested as an acute febrile illness.
AB  - High fever occurred in a 30-year-old woman five weeks after transsphenoidal
      hypophysectomy for a pituitary adenoma. Extensive investigation failed to reveal
      any evidence of infection, and the clinical findings suggested the fever to be a
      manifestation of steroid withdrawal. Either suboptimal dosage of corticosteroid
      replacement therapy or omission of such therapy in adrenal insufficiency must be
      considered in the differential diagnosis of enigmatic postoperative fever.

PMID- 2922631
TI  - Unusual chronic maculopapular rash associated with human immunodeficiency virus
      infection.
AB  - A 21-year-old black man with sickle cell disease who has received blood
      transfusions for 11 years because of recurrent stroke has had a decline in
      numbers of circulating lymphocytes and T4 cells over the past four years. Two and
      a half years ago persistent generalized lymphadenopathy developed, associated
      with a positive test for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody. For the
      past seven months he has had a pruritic maculopapular rash, primarily on the
      extensor surfaces of the extremities. Multiple skin biopsies revealed only
      nonspecific perivascular infiltrates of mononuclear cells. This rash appears to
      be an unusual manifestation of HIV infection, and may be an indicator of
      impending AIDS.

PMID- 2922632
TI  - Aneurysm of the internal iliac vein as a rare source of pulmonary
      thromboembolism.
AB  - This is the first reported case of internal iliac vein aneurysm, manifested by
      recurrent pulmonary embolism. The case emphasizes the importance of searching for
      unusual sources of unexpected and unexplained pulmonary emboli. Venous aneurysms
      may have various manifestations and sequelae. Antecedent trauma and arteriovenous
      fistulas should be excluded.

PMID- 2922633
TI  - Cryptococcal meningoencephalitis presenting transient focal cerebral symptoms.
AB  - Cryptococcal meningoencephalitis (CM) is a fatal disease if untreated. We have
      presented an unusual case of CM clinically diagnosed as transient ischemic
      attacks. Therapy with amphotericin B and flucytosine cured the infection and the
      patient had no further episodes of transient focal cerebral dysfunction. In
      patients with transient focal cerebral symptoms, study of the cerebrospinal fluid
      may prove helpful.

PMID- 2922634
TI  - Yersinia enterocolitica causing spinal osteomyelitis and empyema in a
      nonimmunocompromised host.
AB  - We have reported a case of spinal osteomyelitis and empyema caused by Yersinia
      enterocolitica. Because this patient was in otherwise good health without
      evidence of liver disease, the extent of her illness was remarkable. This unique
      report of Y enterocolitica infection of the spine not only illustrates the
      organism's capacity for hematogenous spread in nonimmunocompromised patient, but
      documents survival in the face of widely disseminated multisystemic disease.
      Furthermore, the management of this patient was unusual in that operation was
      required. The astute clinician should consider the possibility of spinal
      involvement in a patient with Yersinia colitis and neck pain and should also
      recognize the possibility of serious and widespread infection in an otherwise low
      risk patient. In a patient with widespread disease, focal collections of fluid
      may necessitate surgical management.

PMID- 2922635
TI  - Acute inguinal lymphadenitis associated with Yersinia enterocolitica.

PMID- 2922636
TI  - Movements of the sacroiliac joints. A roentgen stereophotogrammetric analysis.
AB  - Twenty-five patients (21 females and 4 males) with sacroiliac joint disorders
      were studied with roentgen stereophotogrammetry in physiologic positions as well
      as in the extreme of physiologic positions. There was a constant pattern of
      motion with different load, especially around the transverse axis. The rotations
      were small and in mean between position 2.5 degrees (0.8 degree-3.9 degrees). The
      translation was, mean, 0.7 mm (0.1-1.6 mm). There was no difference between
      symptomatic and asymptomatic joints.

PMID- 2922637
TI  - Biochemical and structural properties of the cartilage end-plate and its relation
      to the intervertebral disc.
AB  - The cartilaginous end-plate is thought to play an important role in the nutrition
      of the intervertebral disc, and hence may be of significance in the etiology of
      back pain. The present study describes the biochemical and histologic properties
      of the end-plate and adjacent tissues in the young human adult lumbar spine.
      Thus, a datum is established in which to demonstrate variation with location and
      relationships between properties of different tissues. Results of the chemical
      analyses show a change in composition through the end-plate with that at the
      outer annulus and nearer the bone, having higher collagen but lower proteoglycan
      and water contents, than the end-plate nearest the disc at the nucleus. Histology
      demonstrated numerous disruptions along the end-plate, with Schmorl's nodes being
      present in several specimens. Where these occurred, the disc, and in some cases
      the end-plate, showed loss of proteoglycan compared with the surrounding tissue.

PMID- 2922638
TI  - Measurement of human lumbar spine ligaments during loaded and unloaded motion.
AB  - Length changes in the ligaments of human lumbar spine motion segments were
      investigated in order to find conditions under which unusual stress or stress
      reduction is found in the longitudinal ligaments and facet joint capsules.
      Flexibility measurements were performed under load. Increasing load and height
      reduction in the motion segment increases the flexibility. The anterior and
      posterior longitudinal ligament normally operate in the elastic part of their
      stress-strain curve. Destruction of the intervertebral disc leads to a
      dislocation of the centers of rotation in the motion segment. Two types of facet
      joint capsules were observed. Height reduction in the motion segment leads to
      abnormal strains in one type sooner than in the other, which can be normalized by
      slight flexion. Injection of a silicone compound into the disc normalizes many of
      the changes in the motion segment due to height reduction.

PMID- 2922639
TI  - The geometry of the muscles of the lumbar spine determined by magnetic resonance
      imaging.
AB  - Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a new multiplanar imaging technique that
      clearly demonstrates soft tissue anatomy. The lumbar spines of 26 males have been
      scanned. From the transverse scans, the position and cross-sectional areas of the
      muscles of the lumbar region were recorded. Regression analysis was performed to
      relate these values to trunk measurements and body weight. Sagittal scans were
      used to measure the angles to the vertical of the lumbar discs and of the skin
      overlying the spinous processes. The position of each lumbar disc relative to two
      skin points was measured. These parameters can then be used in biochemical
      calculations of low-back forces.

PMID- 2922640
TI  - Spinal stability and intersegmental muscle forces. A biomechanical model.
AB  - The human spinal column, devoid of musculature, is incapable of carrying normal
      physiologic loads. In an in vitro experiment, the effect of simulated
      intersegmental muscle forces on spinal instability was investigated. Intact and
      sequentially injured fresh lumbar functional spinal units were subjected to three
      dimensional biomechanical tests with increasing muscle forces. With the
      application of muscle forces, range of motion (ROM) increased and neutral zone
      (NZ) decreased in flexion loading, while both ROM and NZ decreased in extension
      loading. In lateral bending, ROM and NZ were unaffected by the application of the
      muscle forces. In axial rotation, ROM decreased significantly, while NZ decrease
      was statistically insignificant. It was concluded that the action of the
      intersegmental muscle forces is to maintain or decrease intervertebral motions
      after injury, with the exception of the flexion ROM, which increased with the
      application of muscle forces. In addition, the study suggested that Neutral Zone
      is a better indicator of spinal instability than Range of Motion.

PMID- 2922641
TI  - Physical activity and the strength of the lumbar spine.
AB  - The cadaveric lumbar spines of nine young men killed in road accidents were
      subjected to a range of mechanical tests, and the results compared with the men's
      occupational and recreational histories. It was found that the compressive
      strength of the spines tended to increase with the level of physical activity in
      life, but the increase was significant only in the eight spines aged 18 or over.
      Compressive failure usually occurred in the vertebral body, but in three cases,
      the disc prolapsed into the vertebral canal; these discs came from three of the
      four most physically active individuals. It is concluded that physical activity
      strengthens both the vertebrae and the discs. A high level of activity can cause
      vertebral strength to exceed that of the discs.

PMID- 2922642
TI  - Spinal mobility in adolescent girls with idiopathic scoliosis and in structurally
      normal controls.
AB  - Spinal mobility and posture were studied in 29 adolescent girls (mean age, 13.9
      years) with thoracal idiopathic scoliosis, and in 30 healthy girls (mean age,
      14.0 years) of the same age. Measurements of the mobility were conducted by
      inclinometers and a compass in three planes; sagittal, frontal, and horizontal.
      The structurally healthy girls were taller and heavier than the scoliotics; the
      difference was statistically significant for weight (P less than 0.01). The
      positional inclines of sacrum, upper lumbar and thoracic areas were significantly
      smaller in the scoliotics, resulting in smaller lumbar lordosis and thoracic
      kyphosis in them (P less than 0.001). In the thoracic spine, forward flexion was
      smaller (P less than 0.01), whereas extension (P less than 0.001) and the total
      sagittal mobility (P less than 0.01) were greater in the scoliotics. In the
      healthy controls, the thoracic clockwise rotation was significantly (P less than
      0.05) larger than the counterclockwise. This side difference had disappeared in
      the scoliotics, and their total thoracic rotation was indicatively smaller than
      in the controls. In the lumbar spine, extension was smaller (P less than 0.01) in
      the scoliotics than in the controls. All spinal mobility measurements noted there
      was no change of general spinal flexibility in the scoliotics.

PMID- 2922643
TI  - Segmental wiring for spinal deformity. A morbidity report.
AB  - Members of the British Scoliosis Society were circulated a questionnaire in order
      to establish the morbidity of surgery for spinal deformity in the years 1983 and
      1984 in Great Britain. Surgeons were asked to report the complications relating
      to all types of surgery for spinal deformity in order to establish the relative
      morbidity of segmental spinal wiring. Of the 1,121 patients reported, 1.4%
      suffered neurologic complications. In straightforward surgery for adolescent
      idiopathic scoliosis, there were four serious neurologic complications: three
      with Harri-Luque and one with routine Harrington distraction instrumentation. A
      plea is made that morbidity studies of spinal deformity surgery should compare
      all types of instrumentation and should be sufficiently detailed to allow
      statistical comparison.

PMID- 2922644
TI  - Meningeal skin fistula. A complication following Harrington rod instrumentation
      and segmental wiring.

PMID- 2922645
TI  - Fibrous dysplasia of the axis. A case report.

PMID- 2922646
TI  - Nicardipine after spinal cord compression in the lamb.
AB  - To study the effects of the calcium channel blocker nicardipine on spinal cord
      blood flow and spinal evoked potentials, the following study was undertaken.
      After cord compression, which was productive of paraparesis, nicardipine was
      administered intravenously in 10 anesthetized lambs. Ten control animals were
      subjected to compression but received saline instead. Nicardipine produced a
      significant decrease in mean arterial pressure when compared to the control
      group. Thirty minutes after compression, spinal cord blood flow also was lower in
      the nicardipine group compared with controls. Spinal evoked potentials did not
      recover after compression in either group.

PMID- 2922647
TI  - New headache classification.

PMID- 2922648
TI  - Stroke, myocardial infarction, and survival during long-term follow-up after
      carotid endarterectomy.
AB  - Epidemiological data on 211 patients undergoing 256 carotid endarterectomies were
      reviewed, and current data for the 205 perioperative survivors were analyzed by
      the actuarial method. The median follow-up period was 7.0 years (range: 1 month
      to 23.2 years). Seven percent of patients were lost to follow-up. Actuarial
      survival was 77% (5 years) and 49% (10 years), but lower than for the general
      population. Late stroke occurred in 27 patients (13%) (fatal in 9), being
      ipsilateral to an endarterectomy in only 10 (4.9%). The annual ipsilateral stroke
      rate (0.41%), comparable to that of the general population, suggests protection
      from subsequent stroke. Myocardial infarction occurred in 69 patients (34%), and
      accounted for 49% of late deaths.

PMID- 2922649
TI  - HMOs: the failed promise.

PMID- 2922650
TI  - Brain abscess associated with congenital heart disease.
AB  - Between 1952 and 1985, 25 cases of brain abscess with congenital heart disease
      were treated at the Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical College Hospital.
      Patients' ages ranged from 5 to 38 years. The most common form of congenital
      heart disease was tetralogy of Fallot, occurring in 13 cases. The abscesses were
      located in the parietal, frontal, and temporal lobes. The pus from the abscesses
      was sterile in 13 of 19 cases. In the rest, Streptococcus was the predominant
      organism. Twenty-three cases were treated by aspiration of the abscess through a
      burr hole. In two cases, initial aspiration was followed by excision of the
      abscess. The mortality rate of the whole group was 32%. The etiology of brain
      abscess in patients with congenital heart disease is discussed.

PMID- 2922651
TI  - A cause and cure of some cases of "writer's cramp".
AB  - Writer's cramp is a very disabling condition characterized by difficulty in fine
      movements of the hand such as writing, shaving, or performing surgery. It is
      associated with pain in the forearm and upper arm. Women with writer's cramp
      experience comparable difficulty. An analysis of 100 cases of ruptured C6 disk,
      proved at operation and taken at random from the files of Semmes-Murphey Clinic,
      was carried out, and showed that 60 of these had pain in the right arm and 40 had
      pain in the left arm. Twenty of those with right arm pain had writer's cramp.
      There was one questionable case of writer's cramp in the left arm. Of the 20 who
      had writer's cramp, 13 had complete relief of writer's cramp and pain, 1 had no
      relief (Dr. Butts), and there were 6 lost to follow-up. At least one cause of
      writer's cramp is suggested, but no claim is made that this is the only cause.

PMID- 2922652
TI  - Intraspinal melanotic arachnoid cyst and lipoma in neurocutaneous melanosis.
AB  - A 22-year-old woman with neurocutaneous melanosis is reported in whom an
      intraspinal melanotic congenital arachnoid cyst and melanotic lipoma occurred at
      the same thoracic location. Such combined occurrence of lesions of the central
      nervous system, producing compression of the spinal cord, has not been noted in
      any previously reported case of neurocutaneous melanosis. The pathogenesis of
      these two unusual melanotic lesions is discussed in relation to the
      ectomesenchymal properties of the neural crest. The concurrent melanotic
      arachnoid cyst and lipoma, in juxtaposition, were demonstrated by a computed
      tomography scan in which the preoperative diagnosis of lipoma was possible
      through the density of the lesion.

PMID- 2922653
TI  - Removal of an arteriovenous malformation in the optic chiasm. A case of Bonnet
      Dechaume-Blanc syndrome without retinal involvement.
AB  - A rare case of an arteriovenous malformation involving the optic chiasm
      associated with vascular anomaly in the left maxillary region is presented. The
      angiogram demonstrated an arteriovenous malformation arising from the anterior
      circle of Willis (internal carotid, posterior communicating, and proximal
      anterior cerebral arteries), and located in the region of the optic chiasm and
      hypothalamus. The case was diagnosed as the Bonnet-Dechaume-Blanc syndrome
      without intraorbital and retinal arteriovenous malformations. The suprasellar
      arteriovenous malformation was removed, except for a small portion in the
      hypothalamus, with satisfactory results.

PMID- 2922655
TI  - The longest lasting legacy.

PMID- 2922654
TI  - Intracranial mycotic aneurysm associated with transsphenoidal surgery to the
      pituitary adenoma.
AB  - A case is reported in which a mycotic aneurysm of the supraclinoidal portion of
      the internal carotid artery formed as the result of suprasellar infection
      following transsphenoidal surgery. The source of infection was thought to be a
      maxillary sinusitis. The aneurysm was treated with systemic antibiotic therapy
      and disappeared 4 months after the operation. Repeated angiography showed the
      whole course from the formation to the disappearance of the aneurysm and was
      valuable in the treatment of intracranial mycotic aneurysms.

PMID- 2922657
TI  - The neurosurgeon as chairman of surgery.

PMID- 2922656
TI  - Surgical repair of aneurysms of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery--a
      clinical series.
AB  - Aneurysms of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery are relatively rare.
      Fourteen such aneurysms (10 vertebral, 4 peripheral) are reported, and their
      clinical presentation, surgical therapy, and outcome are discussed. All 14
      patients had suffered a subarachnoid hemorrhage; 93% (n = 13) underwent direct
      clipping of the aneurysm while 7% (n = 1) underwent coating of the aneurysm. Two
      patients died in the perioperative period (one from vasospasm and one from
      rebleeding). Full activity was achieved by all but one (92%) of the remaining
      patients in extended follow-up.

PMID- 2922658
TI  - Immunocytochemical evidence of progesterone receptors in human meningiomas.
AB  - The presence of progesterone receptors in meningioma tissue is demonstrated by
      use of highly specific monoclonal antibodies against the rabbit progesterone
      receptors which cross-react with human progesterone receptors in breast cancer
      cells, thus giving evidence of the existence of genuine progesterone receptors in
      human meningiomas.

PMID- 2922659
TI  - Cerebral resuscitation with succinate and fructose-1, 6-diphosphate.
AB  - To test the hypotheses that succinate or fructose-1, 6-diphosphate may have a
      beneficial effect in global cerebral ischemia, we induced complete global
      cerebral ischemia for 5 minutes in rabbits by occlusion of the ascending aorta
      and the superior and inferior vena cavae. Fifteen minutes after restoration of
      cerebral blood flow, animals received an intravenous bolus of either succinate or
      fructose-1,6-diphosphate followed by continuous infusion. Another group of
      animals received fructose-1, 6-diphosphate beginning prior to aortic occlusion.
      Control animals received intravenous glucose by bolus, followed by infusion.
      Cerebrospinal fluid lactate levels were measured before occlusion and at 2 1/2
      hours after occlusion, when the animals were sacrificed. In all animals
      electrocortical silence was demonstrated for the 5 minutes of global ischemia.
      The percent change in cerebrospinal fluid lactate levels in all groups was
      statistically similar. Only two of seven of the control animals recovered
      electroencephalogram amplitude during the 2 1/2 hour observation period. Time for
      recovery of amplitude on the electroencephalogram in animals receiving fructose
      1, 6-diphosphate either before or after ischemia was statistically similar to
      controls. In the succinate treated group, all seven animals regained preocclusion
      levels of electroencephalogram amplitude within 36 minutes of the restoration of
      cerebral blood flow. Succinate administered after complete global cerebral
      ischemia resulted in significantly increased recovery of cerebral electrical
      activity (Fischer's exact test, p less than 0.05).

PMID- 2922660
TI  - Effects of hypercapnia on cerebral blood flow following prophylactic and delayed
      experimental superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery bypass.
AB  - Cerebral blood flow was studied in dogs to ascertain whether preexisting
      superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery bypass could preserve
      hypercapnic reactivity following acute ischemia and whether postischemic-delayed
      revascularization would restore hypercapnic reactivity. In six dogs flow was
      preserved and some degree of hypercapnic response remained following proximal
      occlusion with a patent bypass. During complete ischemia (bypass occluded) there
      was no hypercapnic reactivity in the ischemic zone. Significant flow was restored
      to the ischemic area following bypass reopening, but a cerebral blood flow
      decrease was seen with subsequent hypercapnia. In the opposite (control)
      hemisphere hypercapnia always produced significant cerebral blood flow increases.
      These data support the superiority of prophylactic over delayed superficial
      temporal artery-middle cerebral artery bypass in appropriate clinical situations.

PMID- 2922661
TI  - Effect of the nonglucocorticoid 21-aminosteroid U74006F experimental cerebral
      vasospasm.
AB  - The present work was performed to establish whether the nonglucocorticoid, 21
      aminosteroid, U74006F, could prevent the development of delayed cerebral
      vasospasm after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage. The subarachnoid hemorrhage
      was produced by percutaneous injection of 4.5 mL of nonheparinized autologous
      blood into the cisterna magna of rabbits. U74006F (1 mg/kg) or placebo was
      injected intraperitoneally every 12 hours starting 12 hours prior to induction of
      hemorrhage for a total of six doses. The animals were sacrificed by perfusion
      fixation. The basilar artery was removed on day 2 and processed for morphometric
      analysis. Control/placebo and subarachnoid hemorrhage/placebo basilar artery
      diameters were 651.2 +/- 25.4 and 366.3 +/- 34.2 mu, respectively.
      Control/U74006F basilar artery diameters (669.8 +/- 21.8 mu) were not
      significantly different from that of the control/placebo group. U74006F treatment
      greatly minimized subarachnoid hemorrhage-induced reduction in mean luminal
      diameter (563.7 +/- 48.2 mu) (p less than 0.001). These results demonstrate
      considerable therapeutic promise for U74006F in the prevention of cerebral
      vasospasm.

PMID- 2922662
TI  - Effect of blood flow rate and donor vessel diameter on the patency of carotid
      venous bypass grafts in dogs.
AB  - A saphenous vein graft was implanted from the right subclavian to the right
      common carotid artery in seven dogs (group I) and between the right and left
      common carotid arteries in another seven dogs (group II). The recipient artery
      was ligated proximally to augment blood flow through the graft. Immediately after
      the anastomoses were completed, the average blood flow through the graft was 32
      +/- 25 mL/min in group I and 122 +/- 22 mL/min in group II. At sacrifice 30 days
      later, angiography showed that all grafts in group I were thrombosed, whereas six
      (87.5%) of seven grafts in group II were patent. These findings suggest that a
      larger donor vessel diameter and higher graft flow rates may improve patency in
      venous bypass grafts that are 3 to 5 mm in diameter.

PMID- 2922663
TI  - Early berry aneurysm formation in Marfan's syndrome.
AB  - A detailed study of cerebral arterial forks by serial sectioning was made in a 33
      year-old woman with typical Marfan's syndrome who died of septicemia following
      cardiac surgery. Two forks of the right middle cerebral artery exhibited the
      atrophic changes associated with early berry aneurysm formation indicating that
      the mode of development of these aneurysms is similar in both Marfan's syndrome
      and in non-Marfan subjects.

PMID- 2922664
TI  - Focal brain ischemia model in rats. An experimental study.
AB  - Using 74 male rats, anatomical variations of branching of the proximal segment of
      the middle cerebral artery were studied. In 36 rats (28 Sprague-Dawley rats and
      eight spontaneously hypertensive rats), the middle cerebral artery and/or its
      branches were occluded at various sites. Occlusion of the middle cerebral artery
      at the lateral border of the olfactory tract with or without simultaneous
      ligation of the ipsilateral common carotid artery rarely caused cerebral
      infarction in Sprague-Dawley rats. Occlusion of the olfactory branch in addition
      to the trunk of the middle cerebral artery caused large infarction of the pallium
      in five of eight Sprague-Dawley rats. Occlusion of the middle cerebral artery at
      the medial border of the olfactory tract caused infarction in the pallium and/or
      basal ganglia in five of six rats, and neurologic deficits were severe and
      persistent. Occlusion of the middle cerebral artery at the lateral border of the
      olfactory tract in spontaneously hypertensive rats caused large infarction with
      severe neurologic deficits in all eight animals. Possible factors responsible for
      such diverse differences and the relative value of each group as an experimental
      model of focal cerebral ischemia in rats were discussed.

PMID- 2922665
TI  - Hypersensitivity reaction associated with sterile ventriculoperitoneal shunt
      malfunction.
AB  - Infection and obstruction remain significant problems associated with shunts. We
      studied the clinical and pathological findings in 29 patients who underwent
      surgical procedures to revise malfunctioning ventriculoperitoneal shunts. The
      preoperative diagnosis for shunt malfunction was infection in 8 cases, and
      obstruction in 18 cases. A pathologist NK independently examined the shunt
      hardware removed from the patients without knowledge of the clinical diagnosis.
      There were 19 ventricular catheters, 15 valves, and 14 abdominal catheters
      examined. Fourteen of the patients had had three or more shunt revisions. Three
      of these patients had evidence of some hypersensitivity reaction due to the shunt
      hardware (multiple eosinophils and giant cells in tissue enveloping shunt
      hardware). Of the 15 patients who had two or less shunt revisions, none had
      evidence of hypersensitivity on pathological examination of the shunt hardware.
      We conclude that pathological examination of shunt hardware is helpful in
      understanding noninfectious causes of shunt malfunction. We have identified a
      subgroup of patients who developed a hypersensitivity-like reaction around the
      shunt that in certain instances may lead to shunt malfunction. It is important to
      identify these patients for they may be more likely to have multiple episodes of
      shunt malfunction.

PMID- 2922666
TI  - Gadolinium-DTPA enhancement of a recurrent intramedullary ependymoma: a case
      report.
AB  - Magnetic resonance images enhanced with the paramagnetic contrast agent
      gadolinium-DTPA accurately differentiated a recurrent intramedullary spinal cord
      ependymoma from surrounding postoperative and postirradiation spinal cord tissue
      changes, thereby facilitating total excision of the lesion. The illustrative case
      and the merits of enhanced magnetic resonance imaging are presented.

PMID- 2922667
TI  - Spinal cord damage caused by rotation of a T-drain in a patient with
      syringoperitoneal shunt.
AB  - We report on a severe complication to the use of intramedullary T-drain in
      syringoperitoneal shunting procedures: rotational forces in the shunt system
      causing the arms of the T-drain to gradually compress spinal cord tissue and
      damage it. Further rotation/destruction was prevented by removing the distal part
      of the drain system, and by separating the two arms of the T-drain, thus changing
      it into a syringosubarachnoidal shunt. The syrinx remained collapsed throughout
      all procedures.

PMID- 2922668
TI  - Hypothalamic and basal forebrain germinoma presenting with amnesia and
      hyperphagia.
AB  - Patients harboring primary intracranial germinomas usually have had Parinaud's
      syndrome and hydrocephalus (with pineal tumors) or hypopituitarism, visual loss,
      and diabetes insipidus (with suprasellar tumors) at presentation. The few
      reported cases of verified intraparenchymal hypothalamic germinomas all have been
      in prepubertal males with progressive neurologic deficits, altered levels of
      consciousness, or clinically apparent panhypopituitarism. The subject of this
      report was an endocrinologically normal, primiparous 24-year-old woman who
      presented with hydrocephalus followed by worsening anterograde amnesia and
      hyperphagia despite having a functioning ventriculoatrial shunt. Computed
      tomography scanning and magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated an anterior
      hypothalamic, thalamic, and basal forebrain mass, which stereotactic biopsy
      proved to be a germinoma. Intraaxial germinomas restricted to the anterior
      hypothalamus or thalamus rarely have been reported. The clinical features of the
      current patient may be unique.

PMID- 2922669
TI  - Metastatic Ewing's sarcoma to the brain: case report and review of treatment.
AB  - An unusual case of Ewing's sarcoma metastatic to the brain is presented.
      Neurosurgical intervention has a role in the treatment of patients with central
      nervous system metastasis of this rare tumor.

PMID- 2922670
TI  - Synovial cyst at the craniovertebral junction.
AB  - A case of synovial cyst of the upper cervical spine that resulted in spastic
      quadriparesis and sensory loss is reported. Radiographic evaluation included a
      computed tomography scan after myelography and a magnetic resonance imaging scan.
      The synovial cyst was removed by a laminectomy at C-1 and C-2, combined with a
      foramen magnum craniectomy. The patient had a good recovery.

PMID- 2922671
TI  - The course of the internal carotid artery.

PMID- 2922672
TI  - Continued progress against cardiovascular diseases.

PMID- 2922673
TI  - Prospective comparison of gastric secretory function after gastrectomy with
      either Billroth II or Roux-en-Y anastomosis.
AB  - In order to delineate the role of enterogastric reflux in changes of
      postoperative gastric secretory functions, 22 patients with peptic ulcers, who
      were randomly assigned to partial gastrectomy without vagotomy with either
      Billroth II or Roux-en-Y anastomosis, were prospectively studied before and 6
      months after surgery. Preoperatively, there were no significant differences in
      gastric secretory functions between the two groups of 11 patients.
      Postoperatively, median fasting bile acids in the stomach increased in the
      Billroth II patients from 0.35 to 16.10 mumol/hr (p less than 0.01), but
      significantly decreased in the Roux-en-Y patients from 0.30 to 0.10 mumol/hr (p
      less than 0.05), which indicated adequate prevention of enterogastric reflux
      after the Roux-en-Y procedure. Gastrectomy resulted in significant reductions of
      median values of basal acid output (4.6 vs 0.6 mmol/hr, p less than 0.01, and 4.2
      vs 0.4 mmol/hr, p = 0.02), peak acid output (31.6 vs 4.2 mmol/hr, p less than
      0.01, and 38.7 vs 4.5 mmol/hr, p less than 0.01), serum pepsinogen A (121 vs 86
      micrograms/L, p less than 0.01, and 92 vs 45 micrograms/L, p less than 0.01),
      meal-stimulated serum gastrin secretion (1472 vs 199 pM.60 min, p less than
      0.0001, and 1017 vs 199 pM.60 min, p less than 0.0001) in the patients with
      Billroth II and Roux-en-Y anastomosis, respectively. There were, however, no
      significant differences in gastric secretory parameters between the two groups
      when studied 6 months after surgery. Therefore it is concluded that after
      gastrectomy, enterogastric reflux does not affect the secretory function of the
      gastric remnant within the first 6 months after surgery.

PMID- 2922674
TI  - The dilemma of outcome assessment after operations for morbid obesity.
AB  - Outcome of 56 patients who underwent horizontal gastroplasty (HGP) and 126 who
      underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) was assessed at 18 months
      postoperatively according to three definitions of successful weight loss; also,
      outcome was evaluated in the context of amelioration of obesity-related medical
      problems. Outcome definitions included the following: I, loss of 25% or more of
      preoperative weight; II, loss of 50% or more of excess weight; III, loss to
      within 50% of ideal body weight. To evaluate the impact of preoperative weight on
      success rate, patients were divided into two weight groups: "morbidily" obese
      patients, who were 100 to 199 pounds overweight (n = 146), and "super"-obese
      patients who were 200 pounds or more overweight (n = 36). Weight loss was
      significantly greater with RYGB versus HGP by each of the three definitions of
      success. Medical problems either improved or resolved with weight loss in 95% of
      cases. There were statistically significant differences in success rate depending
      on outcome definition in both HGP and RYGB patients. Success rate ranged from
      zero in super-obese HGP patients by Definition III to 97% in super-obese RYGB
      patients by Definition I. Although super-obese patients lost more pounds than the
      lighter morbidly obese patients, a significantly lower number of super-obese
      patients lost within 50% of ideal weight. Super-obese patients must lose more
      weight to reduce their actuarial risk. These results show that the definition of
      successful outcome may significantly influence the overall success rate in a
      large series of bariatric surgical patients.

PMID- 2922675
TI  - Is proximal pancreatoduodenectomy with pyloric preservation superior to total
      pancreatectomy?
AB  - The records of all patients who underwent pylorus-preserving pancreatic resection
      (29 subtotal and 4 total pancreatectomies) during a 10-year period at the Mayo
      Clinic were reviewed. Thirty-day operative mortality was 6%. Early postoperative
      morbidity occurred in 45% of patients and necessitated reoperation in four
      patients. One patient had a hemorrhage from a marginal ulcer in the early
      postoperative period. The incidence of late postoperative morbidity was 18%.
      Marginal ulcers developed in the late postoperative period in three additional
      patients, for an overall incidence of 13%. One patient underwent vagotomy and
      pyloroplasty because of intractable bleeding 2 years after initial operation. The
      29 patients who underwent pylorus-preserving pancreatoduodenectomy (PPW) were
      compared (retrospectively) with 200 patients who had undergone standard
      pancreatoduodenectomy (Whipple operation) during the same 10-year period. The
      overall incidences of marginal ulcer were 10% in the PPW group and 5% in the
      Whipple group; the incidences of delayed gastric emptying were similar in these
      groups. We believe that caution is warranted in the use of PPW, as yet an
      unproved procedure.

PMID- 2922676
TI  - Risk factors of postoperative pulmonary complications after vascular surgery.
AB  - Smoking and chronic obstructive disease are common in patients who undergo
      vascular surgery. These patients seem especially at risk for postoperative
      respiratory complications (PRCs). The value of preoperative spirometric tests to
      determine the risk of PRC has been recently challenged. The current prospective
      study was undertaken to identify the risk factors of PRC in these patients. One
      hundred fifty-one patients, including 67 patients who underwent abdominal aortic
      surgery, were included in this study. Preoperative and peroperative parameters
      were collected and analyzed in a multivariate analysis. PRCs were classified as
      minor and major. A significantly prolonged postoperative hospital stay was
      associated with major complications (21.3 +/- 9.0 vs 14.3 +/- 6.0 days). The
      overall incidence of PRC was 37.1%, and the incidence of major PRC was 15.2%.
      Patients who underwent abdominal aortic surgery had a higher incidence of PRC
      (53%; major PRC, 24%). In addition to abdominal aortic surgery, other risk
      factors were chest deformation, recent bronchitis, duration of surgery, and
      FEV1/VC. In patients who underwent abdominal aortic surgery, the risk factors for
      major PRC were decreases in preoperative FEV1/VC and PaO2. This study confirms
      the importance of an evaluation of a patient's respiratory condition, especially
      by preoperative spirometry and blood gas analysis, to determine the risk of PRC
      in a given population. General risk factors, such as the American Society of
      Anesthesiologists' classification, fail to achieve this task. The identification
      of patients with unacceptable risks remains a challenge.

PMID- 2922677
TI  - Mechanical factors predisposing to intimal hyperplasia and medial thickening in
      autogenous vein grafts.
AB  - Autogenous veins undergo intimal hyperplasia and medial thickening when used as
      arterial bypass grafts. Exposing veins to arterial pressure and flow subjects
      them to three static deformations, three static stresses, increased pulsatile
      deformations, pulsatile stresses, and altered shear stress at the blood-intima
      interface. All of these occur simultaneously; thus it is unclear which of these
      nine mechanical factors predispose to the histologic changes that occur in the
      vein wall. Three sequential experiments were performed in 38 dogs to determine
      the role of each of these factors. Results showed that intimal hyperplasia is
      best associated with low flow velocity, a factor correlated with low blood-artery
      shear stress. By contrast, medial thickening is best associated with increased
      deformation of the vein wall in the circumferential direction (increased
      diameter). These findings correlate with clinical responses of vein grafts.

PMID- 2922678
TI  - Reconstruction of a functional hemidiaphragm with use of omentum and latissimus
      dorsi flaps.
AB  - After ablative surgery that involves the diaphragm, autologous tissue is the
      material of choice for reconstruction--particularly if adjuvant radiotherapy is
      planned. Latissimus dorsi muscle and omentum are reliable sources of such tissue.
      A case is reported describing a method of diaphragm reconstruction after
      resection by mobilization of the upper latissimus dorsi and passing the free
      muscle portion over the residual costal margin to form a neodiaphragmatic
      leaflet. Suture of the transposed latissimus free end to the residual diaphragm
      tendon and the use of omentum to fill defects residual after muscle transposition
      were used to complete the reconstruction.

PMID- 2922679
TI  - Transhepatic embolization of superior mesenteric varices in portal hypertension.
AB  - A 49-year-old woman with a history of excessive consumption of alcohol
      experienced lower-intestinal bleeding 2 years after undergoing a total abdominal
      hysterectomy and salpingo-oophorectomy because of carcinoma of the cervix.
      Mesenteric arteriograms showed large, focal varices in the ileum, hepatofugal
      blood flow, and an abnormal communication between these varices and the right
      ovarian vein. Percutaneous transhepatic embolization of these varices with
      absorbable, gelatin sponge (Gelfoam) and coils was successful in stopping the
      intestinal bleeding.

PMID- 2922680
TI  - Axillary compression syndrome with neurapraxia due to operative positioning.
AB  - A 20-year-old man underwent a 9-hour operation in a left lateral position for the
      removal of an osteoblastoma involving the pedicles of thoracic vertebrae T-11 and
      T-12 and for fixation with bond grafting. Immediately after the operation,
      extensive swelling of the left shoulder area was noted. The radial pulse on the
      left was intact, and there was movement of the fingers of the left hand, which
      ceased completely by the following morning. A computerized axial tomographic scan
      showed extensive swelling of the pectoral, deltoid, and other muscles around the
      shoulder. An emergency decompression procedure was carried out by dividing the
      pectoral and anterior scalene muscles; prompt return of some motor activity in
      the left hand followed, and this gradually returned to normal. This case of what
      may be termed "axillary" compression syndrome suggests that extra care should be
      taken to use an adequate axillary roll and to avoid lengthy operations in a
      lateral position, and indicates a method for decompression.

PMID- 2922681
TI  - Complications in cardiac transplant patients requiring general surgery.

PMID- 2922682
TI  - Regional anesthesia for certain patients undergoing thyroid and parathyroid
      surgery.

PMID- 2922683
TI  - Managing a 13-year-old boy with blunt abdominal trauma.

PMID- 2922684
TI  - Adrenaloma: a better term than incidentaloma.

PMID- 2922685
TI  - Aspects of dental plaque formation with special reference to colloid-chemical
      phenomena.
AB  - In order to investigate factors of importance for plaque formation and the rate
      of plaque formation 133 randomly selected individuals went through a 3-day period
      of plaque accumulation. From these individuals one group of "heavy" and one group
      of "light" plaque formers were selected for further studies. These subjects were
      investigated with reference to clinical, biochemical, biophysical and
      microbiological variables, that in the literature have been suggested to
      influence plaque formation. The collected data were analysed statistically both
      by comparisons between the two groups and by multiple regression. In the
      comparative analyses there were only minor differences between the groups, and no
      single studied variable was considered as the only explanation to the great
      difference in the amount of plaque formed after 3 days between "heavy" and
      "light" plaque formers. The multiple regression showed that the initial bacterial
      colonization of tooth surfaces was dependent on the clinical wettability of tooth
      surfaces, the saliva-induced aggregation of oral bacteria and finally the
      relative salivary flow conditions around the tooth surfaces where the bacterial
      samples were collected. On basis of these results, it was suggested that saliva
      and oral bacteria could at least partly be looked upon as being a biological
      colloid system system. Further studies were designed to investigate whether oral
      bacteria could be regarded as colloid particles or not, and to study the
      properties of saliva as a colloid suspending medium. These studies showed that
      bacteria suspended in different salt solutions were dependent on pH, ionic
      concentration and the valency of the cations in the solutions to be able to
      aggregate. The aggregating capacity further seemed to be specific for different
      bacterial species and strains. Addition of saliva from "heavy" and "light" plaque
      formers influenced the colloid stability of bacteria suspended in water in
      different ways. Saliva from "light" plaque formers gave a lower colloid stability
      in suspensions of a plaque-forming bacterium (Streptococcus sanguis) as compared
      to the addition of saliva from "heavy" plaque formers. No such differences were
      observed in suspensions of S. salivarius, which is normally not a plaque-forming
      bacterium. The results indicate that colloid-chemical processes might be involved
      in bacterial attachment to tooth surfaces, and that initial bacterial
      colonization of tooth surfaces at least partly follow general biophysical laws.

PMID- 2922687
TI  - Who needed AIDS to stay alive?

PMID- 2922686
TI  - Adjuvant treatment of node-negative breast cancer.
AB  - About half of all breast cancer patients do not have axillary nodal involvement
      at the time of diagnosis, and this fraction will become even larger as more women
      participate in screening mammography programs. Recently completed trails of
      limited surgery have changed the primary management of node-negative disease for
      many women. Now, early results from a number of carefully controlled clinical
      trails suggest ways in which the approach to adjuvant treatment of this disease
      can be improved.

PMID- 2922688
TI  - Reporting peer review actions to the Texas State Board of Medical Examiners.
AB  - This article originally was prepared for presentation at the 1988 Texas Health
      Law Conference, Nov 4, 1988, in Austin. It appears this month in Texas Medicine
      to emphasize the importance of state and federal laws that require reporting of
      certain peer review actions by hospitals, medical societies, and other
      organizations to the Texas State Board of Medical Examiners (TSBME). The author,
      Michael G. Young, is staff counsel for the TSBME. He formerly was staff attorney
      and director, Office of Medical Ethics, at Texas Medical Association.

PMID- 2922689
TI  - When the doctor dies.
AB  - This article addresses the unpleasant subject of death--the death of a physician.
      Unlike the demise of other professionals, a doctor's death leaves a unique set of
      problems for a spouse to deal with. In addition to the legal requirements of
      returning the license to practice medicine, both the state and federal narcotics
      licenses, and the triplicate prescription forms, a doctor's spouse is also
      responsible for disposing of office equipment and making provisions for patient
      records. A 12-point outline offers a guide for physicians to follow in preparing
      a spouse for dealing with these problems.

PMID- 2922690
TI  - [Current pharmacotherapy of heart insufficiency in old age].
AB  - Signs of cardiovascular diseases have been found in more than 50% of elderly
      people over 65 years in industrialized countries. Congestive heart failure is an
      especially disabling consequence in up to 49% of the age-class 75 to 80 years.
      Treatment of these patients follows the same guidelines as in younger patients
      with congestive heart failure; however, treatment results are poor in many
      instances, and undesirable side effects are frequent. For an adequate management
      of congestive heart failure in the elderly, one should consider specific age
      related changes of the heart muscle cell, of the myocardial structure, of the
      vessel wall as well as functional changes of cardiovascular regulation, e.g.
      blunted reflexes and disturbed feed-back loops of hormonal regulation. Moreover,
      pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of medicaments differ in elderly
      people, which should be considered for an age-adapted specific management of
      congestive heart failure in this patient-group.

PMID- 2922691
TI  - [Antibiotic therapy of bacterial pneumonia in the elderly].
AB  - After reviewing the epidemiological data of mortality and morbidity of pneumonia
      in old people, the various mechanisms of respiratory tract infections are
      described. This approach points out the very important problem of nosocomial
      pulmonary infections. The clinical diagnosis is not easy in this high risk
      population whose reactions to infection are usually weak and atypical. For
      multiple reasons, the bacteriological proof of the infectious disease in old age
      is very difficult to obtain, and the adapted antibiotherapy is uncertain. The
      choice of the medication will also have to be based on the modified
      pharmacokinetics for old people. Empiric considerations are very usefull as well
      as the discovery of new antibiotics, but above all, it is most important not to
      forget the possible immunization.

PMID- 2922692
TI  - [The significance of exteropropioception (tactile-kinesthetic system) for verbal
      and nonverbal behavior following brain lesions].
AB  - Brain performance is organized by complex feedback networks. Lesions disrupt and
      short-circuit the older phylogenetic behaviour. Recovery takes place by bridging
      over, essentially induced by sensory input. Given its plurality,
      exteroproprioception is the most powerful modality of input. A model of its
      stimulation ("guidance of movements in problem-solving every day tasks") reaching
      attention and cooperation of heavily injured patients is summarized, and
      arguments in favour of it are advanced.

PMID- 2922693
TI  - [The relation of hospital and outpatient care: an important factor in geriatric
      practice].
AB  - An example of a way to establish contact between hospital and outpatient care was
      demonstrated by the method of working at a clinic for geriatrics and
      rehabilitation. The basis for evaluation of the working method concerning the
      patient is optimal information about his situation at the time of
      hospitalisation. An objective for the hospitalisation can be determined together
      with the patient. The progress achieved during hospitalisation is judged at
      regular intervals by the patient and the staff taking care of him. This makes an
      estimation of the length of required hospitalisation possible. About 40% of the
      patients returning to family practitioner care require outpatient care. The
      division between the different services involved is demonstrated. The working
      method was judged, based on an inquiry at the family practitioners.

PMID- 2922694
TI  - [Psychotherapy of the elderly adult: what are the possibilities?].
AB  - A good understanding of the psychopathology of old age presupposes the knowledge
      of adult psychology and the theories of development. It is important to
      understand well the mechanisms that contributed to build up a personality in one
      way or an other. Old age is considered as a "stage" with specific tasks. The
      psychic equilibrium is constantly threatened and as well as adolescence old age
      must be considered as a period of great vulnerability. To face this danger
      energetic redistributions must take place. Sexuality and defence mechanisms are
      analysed by taking in account age-specific aspects. In so far as psychotherapy is
      concerned we shortly discuss systemic therapies but mainly the technic of
      supportive psychotherapy.

PMID- 2922695
TI  - [Pharmacotherapy and milieu therapy in senile dementia].
AB  - A causal therapy is temporarily effective in one quart and permanently effective
      in one eighth of patients with senile dementia after precise differential
      diagnostic evaluation. A careful examination of the different aspects of
      cognition allows in all cases the recognition of the specific primary cognitive
      deficits and of the preserved cognitive skills. Communication of this knowledge
      to the relatives and the professional caregivers allows an adequate adaptation of
      the human and physical environment to the needs and skills of the demented. This
      will diminish secondary behaviour changes. The same goal has the specific
      pharmacotherapy of these symptoms. To minimalize side-effects, psychopharmaca in
      the aged have to be used less frequently, with lower doses, for shorter periods
      and with less different substances.

PMID- 2922696
TI  - [The memory clinic].
AB  - The aim of the Memory Clinic, in operation at Basel since 1986, is the early
      detection of dementing disorders in ambulatory elderly patients. Special emphasis
      is put on the differential diagnosis and detection of reversible mental disorders
      such as depression. Treatment comprises medical, psychological and social
      measures. For suitable patients, drug treatment with investigational compounds is
      offered. Memory training programs and therapeutic groups for patients with
      coexisting affective disorders as well as groups for relatives are held. By these
      means the Memory Clinic attempts to improve the situation of elderly patients
      with cognitive disturbances and to maintain them longer in the community.
      Experience with the first 180 patients is reported.

PMID- 2922697
TI  - [Multidimensional assessment as a method in geriatric medicine].
AB  - In regard to everyday problems with older patients on the emergency wards of our
      hospitals the usual diagnostic procedures are obviously not very helpful in
      uncovering the multiple problems these patients have. They need a comprehensive
      assessment which includes evaluation of the patient in several domains, namely
      physical, mental, socioeconomic, functional and environmental status. The
      multidisciplinary character of the comprehensive geriatric assessment and its
      problems and goals are discussed.

PMID- 2922698
TI  - Dephosphorylation of human fibrinogen, previously phosphorylated in vitro by
      protein kinase C, by whole blood or intestinal alkaline phosphatase. Effects on
      thrombin-induced gelation of in vitro dephosphorylated human fibrinogen.
AB  - Human fibrinogen, a phosphoprotein, was either left untreated or phosphorylated
      by protein kinase C. Then both were dephosphorylated by calf intestinal alkaline
      phosphatase. The dephosphorylated fibrinogen gave an increased fibre thickness
      during thrombin-induced gelation. Whole blood anticoagulated by heparin, EDTA or
      sodium citrate, contained dephosphorylating activity against 32P-labeled
      fibrinogen, although there were significant differences in activity among the
      three anticoagulants.

PMID- 2922699
TI  - Elastase-like activity in cultured aortic endothelial cells.
AB  - Cultured porcine aortic endothelial cells were studied for cellular and secreted
      elastase activity. We describe an activity hydrolyzing the synthetic elastase
      substrate, succinyl(alanine)3 nitroanilide, but not elastin, which was shown to
      be membrane located and was not secreted to the culture medium. A different
      neutral proteinase activity degrading insoluble elastin was demonstrated in the
      culture medium following its fractionation by gel filtration high performance
      liquid chromatography (HPLC). Since no elastinolytic activity could be directly
      detected in the conditioned medium, it is likely that the chromatographic
      separation removed an endogenous inhibitor.

PMID- 2922700
TI  - Platelet membrane glycoprotein V: characterization of the thrombin-sensitive
      glycoprotein from human platelets.
AB  - Human platelets contain a single membrane glycoprotein which is susceptible to
      thrombin proteolysis, glycoprotein V. We have purified 1 mg of glycoprotein V
      from 10(13) platelets using a combination of gel filtration, hydroxylapatite and
      ion-exchange chromatographies. Glycoprotein V has a blocked amino-terminus.
      Following proteolysis by human alpha-thrombin, a major fragment, termed
      glycoprotein Vf1, had the sequence Gly-Pro-Phe-X-Arg-Pro-Ala-Ala-Asp-Glu-Ser-Val
      Glu-Ala-Pro-Val-Asn-Gln-Al a-Glu- Ala-Pro-. The purified glycoprotein was not a
      substrate for human gamma-thrombin. Glycoprotein V contained 17.5% carbohydrate,
      with the majority of the carbohydrate consisting of neutral hexoses.
      Deglycosylated glycoprotein V had a molecular weight of 57.5 kDa compared to the
      glycosylated protein's 82 kDa and the deglycosylated protein was recognized by
      polyclonal antibodies raised against glycoprotein V. Immunoelectrophoresis of
      human and rat platelets and megakaryocytes gave a single immunoreactive band,
      with the rat glycoprotein having a slightly larger molecular mass. Glycoprotein V
      is most likely an integral membrane protein.

PMID- 2922701
TI  - Normalization by dietary cod-liver oil of reduced thrombogenesis in essential
      fatty acid deficient rats.
AB  - Rats, deficient in essential fatty acids (EFA), were given diets containing 5
      energy% sunflowerseed oil (SO, rich in linoleic acid), cod-liver oil (CLO, rich
      in timnodonic acid and cervonic acid), or hydrogenated coconut oil (HCO),
      containing no EFAs at all. SO and CLO feeding resulted in normalization of the
      reduced arterial thrombus formation in EFA-deficient animals. SO feeding was
      associated with the normalization of the arachidonic acid content of platelet
      phospholipids. CLO feeding did not have this effect but greatly increased the
      availability of timnodonic acid (EPA) and cervonic acid (DHA). Further research
      is required to investigate whether these changes in fatty acid composition can be
      hold responsible for the normalizing effect of dietary CLO on the disturbed
      arterial thrombosis tendency in EFA deficient rats, possibly via the formation of
      eicosanoids.

PMID- 2922702
TI  - Structural features of heparin and their effect on heparin cofactor II mediated
      inhibition of thrombin.
AB  - Heparins from different species and tissues show similar levels of ATIII and HCII
      mediated anti-IIa activities. On fractionation, chains containing predominantly
      ATIII or HCII activities could not be separated. Oligosaccharide mapping
      demonstrates that the concentration of an oligosaccharide comprising a portion of
      heparin's ATIII binding site in a particular heparin fraction correlates with
      ATIII mediated anti-IIa activity, but does not correlate with HCII mediated anti
      IIa activity. These results suggest that ATIII and HCII do not share a common
      binding site. Partial enzymatic depolymerization of heparin resulted in large
      oligosaccharides which could be purified and partially characterized. Although
      oligosaccharides of degree of polymerization (dp) 18 and 20 showed significant
      ATIII and HCII mediated anti-IIa activities no separation of these activities
      resulted. These data suggest however that a minimum chain length of dp18 was
      required for HCII mediated anti-IIa activity.

PMID- 2922703
TI  - Tyrosine platelet levels in normal subjects.

PMID- 2922704
TI  - PAF-induced platelet aggregation and TXB2 formation.

PMID- 2922705
TI  - Fibrinolytic activity of normal human blood monocytes.
AB  - Neutrophils (PMN) are important in the cellular phase of blood fibrino lytic
      activity (FA). The contribution of monocytes (MC), which have FA, is unclear. To
      determine the relative roles of these cells to activity in normal blood, we
      examined, by solid phase radiofibrin assay, FA of normal blood and plasma, and of
      purified PMN and MC, with and without plasminogen (PLG), mini-plasminogen (mPLG),
      the other major elastase fragment of PLG, or autologous plasma. PMN alone (0.5 x
      10(6)/ml) had striking activity (292 +/- 25 SEM ng fibrin lysed/h; n = 10 normal
      subjects) while MC alone (0.5 x 10(6)/ml) had mean FA of 32 +/- 4 ng/h, which
      could be accounted for by contaminating PMN (36 +/- 8 ng/h). Thus, in a 1 h assay
      (when cellular FA accounts for 70-80% of FA in whole blood), normal numbers of MC
      (0.5 x 10(6)/ml) had no detectable FA when assayed with PLG or normal plasma.
      With longer assay times (2-6 h), PLG-dependent (plasminogen activator, PA)
      activity was demonstrated with mixtures of MC and PLG or plasma. This PA activity
      was released into the medium and required prior contact of MC and an intact,
      soluble PLG molecule for PA activity to be detected in medium (suggesting a PLG
      MC triggering mechanism), since activity was reduced or absent when MC were
      exposed to mPLG, the other major elastase fragment of PLG, or solid phase PLG.
      Exposure of MC to solid phase fibrin did not result in PA release. MC PA activity
      was little affected by cycloheximide pretreatment, indicating preformed rather
      than newly synthesized PA. By SDS-PAGE and fibrin zymography, MC extracts
      revealed a single PA band with features of pro-urokinase (single chain urinary
      type PA): Mr 55,000, inhibition by antiurokinase antibody (but not by anti-tPA),
      and resistance to inhibition by DFP. By ELISA assay, approximate normal monocyte
      content of this PA (as Mr 55,000 urokinase) was 0.03 fg (3.3 x 10(8) molecules)
      per cell.

PMID- 2922706
TI  - Is there any correlation between platelet aggregation, plasma lipoproteins,
      apoproteins and membrane fluidity of human blood platelets?
AB  - Fluorescence anisotropy (which is inversely related to membrane fluidity) of gel
      filtered platelets of 18 normolipemic subjects (20-26 years) was measured after
      incubation with three different fluorescent probes (DPH, TMA-DPH, and 6-As).
      These values were correlated to both platelet aggregation parameters after
      stimulation with ADP (4 microM), epinephrine (10 microM) or collagen (2
      micrograms/ml PRP) and to plasma lipids, lipoproteins and apoproteins.
      Fluorescence anisotropy values after DPH-labeling of platelets were only
      negatively correlated to TG (p less than 0.05). No correlation was found between
      fluorescence anisotropy values of DPH, TMA-DPH and 6-As to LDL-C, Lp(a), HDL-C
      and HDL3-C (p less than 0.01). However, fluorescence anisotropy values of DPH and
      TMA-DPH were negatively correlated to apoproteins A2 and B (p less than 0.05). No
      correlations were found between fluorescence anisotropy after DPH labeling and
      different aggregation parameters. TMA-DPH and 6-As fluorescence anisotropy values
      are correlated to epinephrine induced stimulation (p less than 0.01).

PMID- 2922707
TI  - A microtitre plate test for assessment of in-vitro thrombogenicity in factor IX
      concentrates using a chromogenic substrate.

PMID- 2922708
TI  - A quantitative venous thrombosis model with stasis based on vascular lesion.

PMID- 2922709
TI  - Amiodarone potentiates acenocoumarin.

PMID- 2922710
TI  - In vivo effects of thymic epithelial culture supernate and thymosin fraction 5 on
      ADP-induced thromboembolic respiratory depression in mice.

PMID- 2922711
TI  - Active role of plasma in blood hypercoagulability induced by phenylhydrazine.

PMID- 2922712
TI  - [Regionalization of hospitals in Oslo].

PMID- 2922713
TI  - [Is regionalization disadvantageous for patients? A registration study based on
      ambulance transports in Oslo].
AB  - The number of transferrals between Oslo hospitals has been doubled since the
      hospital system was regionalized in 1982. Essentially, this development may be
      explained by the increased need to refer patients to the highly specialized
      hospitals because of recent years advances in medical technology. During a two
      month period in 1988, 4,841 admissions to hospitals in Oslo were registered, and
      917 transferrals between hospitals. We found that patient-transport was adequate
      in 92% of the cases. However, ambulance personnel reported 389 cases (8%) of
      delayed admissions and unnecessary transferrals between the hospitals. In most
      cases, the real cause of the problems was a too rigid attitude among health
      workers. The inflexibility of the present system seems to be a major threat to
      the principle of regionalization. We propose a simple set of rules which will
      protect the principle and also the requests of the patients.

PMID- 2922714
TI  - [Has regionalization fulfilled administrative expectations? Work load,
      utilization and therapeutic costs at somatic hospitals in Oslo].
AB  - Regionalization of the health system in Oslo has equalized pressure of work in
      the hospitals and improved utilization of available hospital beds. The Local
      Authorities have succeeded in restricting the increase in hospital costs through
      improved economic control. The study documents a considerable overcapacity of
      acute care beds and large differences between the hospitals in regard to waiting
      lists for surgical operations. Health care planners are recommended to give
      priority to the home care services and nursing homes, and at the same time reduce
      the number of acute care beds.

PMID- 2922715
TI  - [Regionalization in Oslo. Attitude of health personnel].
AB  - A mail survey conducted among physicians, nurses and ambulance personnel in Oslo
      revealed considerable support for regionalization of the city's hospital
      services. The physicians would prefer to reduce the larger hospital regions and
      increase the smaller ones in order to improve collaboration between hospitals and
      other public health services. All health care workers strongly emphasized a need
      for a more flexible practice of the system with regard to regional boundaries.

PMID- 2922716
TI  - [Patient flow at a medical intensive care unit].
AB  - Intensive care units have been established in all somatic hospitals in Norway
      over the last two decades. In order to examine the use of these units in a
      medical department the group of patients admitted to the unit at Haukeland
      hospital during a six month period was analyzed. The flow of patients is twice
      that found in the regular medical wards. The dominating reason for admittance is
      heart disease. The overall mortality of the patients in these units is high.
      However, it is probable that it may be possible to define groups of patients, who
      without reduction of medical security, could be treated in regular and less
      costly medical wards.

PMID- 2922717
TI  - [Smoking and sperm quality in men undergoing fertility studies].
AB  - The sperm quality (sperm number, concentration, motility, morphology and
      vitality) of 350 men under fertility investigation were compared in relation to
      their smoking habits. No significant differences (Kruskal-Wallis test) in sperm
      quality could be demonstrated between non-smokers, moderate smokers (1-14
      cigarettes/day) and heavy smokers (15-40 cigarettes/day). This was true when all
      the data were analyzed together and when analyzed separately for
      oligospermic/hypospermic men (1-39) or for men with reduced forward motility
      (less than 25% of sperm cells with progressive movement). The distribution of non
      smokers, moderate and heavy smokers was the same in groups of men with normal
      sperm quality as in groups with reduced quality. The present study does not
      provide support for the contention that smoking has deleterious effects on sperm
      quality, at least when using conventional parameters.

PMID- 2922718
TI  - [Splenic salvage in distal pancreatectomy].
AB  - In distal pancreatectomy, splenectomy has usually been an expedient component. In
      view of the recognized risk of overwhelming postsplenectomy septicaemia the
      current trend is splenic salvage whenever possible, in trauma surgery as well as
      in elective surgery. In order to emphasise this point we report a case of distal
      pancreatectomy with splenic salvage.

PMID- 2922719
TI  - [Gelastic and cursive epilepsy].
AB  - When the most prominent ictal symptom in an epileptic seizure is laughing or
      running the condition has been termed respectively gelastic or cursive epilepsy.
      The article presents five patients with these ictal symptoms and discusses their
      clinical and EEG-features, etiology, and localisation of lesions responsible for
      the seizures. Laughter and running as ictal symptoms are usually part of complex
      partial seizures involving limbic structures or their efferent or afferent
      pathways.

PMID- 2922720
TI  - [Pulmonary edema and pericarditis after inhalation of Teflon fumes].
AB  - Inhalation of fumes from pyrolysis of polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) is known
      to cause polymer fume fever, a mild syndrome of influenza-like symptoms of short
      duration. Occasionally more severe reactions occur. Several cases of pulmonary
      edema have been reported, only one of which was fatal. We report a case history
      of pulmonary edema and pericarditis following inhalation of fumes from grinding a
      Teflon coated surface. Pericarditis has not been reported previously in
      connection with polymer fume reactions. We discuss various aspects of such
      reactions, with reference to the case and to selected literature.

PMID- 2922721
TI  - [Dietary advice in hyperlipidemia. A challenge for the health care service].
AB  - We propose practical dietary advice for patients with hyperlipidemias, based on
      data obtained from new results in epidemiology, clinical trials and laboratory
      experiments. We suggest a schedule for obtaining reliable data on dietary habits,
      to be used as a basis for advice to the individual patient. If the dietary fat
      intake can be reduced from about 40% to 25% of the total energy it is possible to
      achieve an average reduction in serum cholesterol of 10-20%. It is very important
      that doctors and other health personnel become involved in providing dietary
      advice in connection with treatment and prevention of coronary heart disease.

PMID- 2922722
TI  - [Radial artery flap].
AB  - We have successfully treated patients suffering from skin and soft tissue defect
      with arteria radialis forearm flap. We have used this method either with
      proximally or distally vascular pedicled island flap. On several occasions we
      used forearm flap as a free microvascular transplant. Sensation can be provided
      through anastomosis of one of the sensitive nerves of the forearm and, if
      necessary, pedicled or free osteocutaneous flap can be carried out.

PMID- 2922724
TI  - [Use of beds in somatic hospitals in Oslo in 1986].
AB  - There are more hospital beds available in somatic hospitals in Oslo than in any
      other county in Norway. Nevertheless, the number of patients discharged from Oslo
      hospitals is not substantially higher than expected when we consider the
      demographic composition of the region. The beds in Oslo hospitals are allocated
      three times more often than hospital beds in other parts of the country to
      elderly patients needing nursing. Thus the Oslo hospitals seem to take over
      functions which are normally taken care of elsewhere in Norway at lower levels of
      treatment. As a result, the annual number of discharged patients per bed is lower
      in Oslo hospitals than in corresponding Norwegian hospitals elsewhere.

PMID- 2922723
TI  - [Correct handling of serum separating gel tubes is of significance].
AB  - We review the construction, handling, advantages and drawbacks of serum separator
      tubes. A study is reported, which demonstrates that serum potassium measurements
      are less reliable when gel-barrier sampling tubes are used incorrectly. We give
      guidelines for correct use of such equipment.

PMID- 2922725
TI  - [Attitudes of the population and patients to regionalization in Oslo].
AB  - A representative sample of the population of Oslo was interviewed, and a sample
      of patients discharged from Oslo-hospitals were surveyed using a standardized
      questionnaire which focused on their attitudes towards the regionalization of the
      health services in Oslo. The results clearly demonstrate that the patients and
      the population at large both have full confidence in Oslo's hospitals. In
      general, the patients felt secure that their regional hospital had both the
      capacity and expertise to take proper care of them. Only a small minority would
      have changed hospital if this had been possible. The majority were in favour of
      the present regionalization principle, and prefer this to an arrangement where
      they could choose a hospital themselves.

PMID- 2922727
TI  - [A student who came from the reading room].

PMID- 2922726
TI  - [Should hospitals be allowed to transfer surplus patients? A study of the patient
      load situation at medical and surgical wards in regionalized hospitals in Oslo].
AB  - The regionalization arrangements in Oslo are based on each regional hospital
      having a clearly defined geographical catchment area. This paper considers the
      patient load in these four regional hospitals during the course of a year and
      discusses whether a cooperative arrangement should be introduced so that
      overloaded hospitals are permitted to transfer surplus patients to other
      hospitals. This arrangement is not considered advisable for the following
      reasons: Firstly, there is rarely enough space; secondly, peak loads usually
      occur at the same time; and finally, such an arrangement would tend to undermine
      the advantages of each regional hospital having its own defined sphere of
      responsibility.

PMID- 2922728
TI  - [Spigelian hernia alias inguinal hernia].

PMID- 2922729
TI  - [Pregnancy and sick leave].

PMID- 2922730
TI  - [Heart contusion].

PMID- 2922731
TI  - [Hearing impairment in Oslo children].

PMID- 2922732
TI  - [Hearing loss among children in Oslo].
AB  - The study concerns children born the years 1975-84. Only children in need of
      hearing aids are taken into account. The incidense was 1.08 per 1,000 live born
      children. The prevalens in January 1988 was 1.57 per 1,000 children, including 18
      children moving into the city. The etiology among 75 children was 47% prenatal,
      16% perinatal, 11% postnatal defects and further 26% of unknown neurogenic
      origin. Among the 63 impaired children living in Oslo 1988 15 or 24% had multiple
      handicaps. Identification of hearing loss before one year of age increased from
      23% for children born 1975/79 to near 60% for children born 1980/84. At risk
      children should be tested before leaving hospital after delivery.

PMID- 2922733
TI  - [Memory function after head injuries].
AB  - The article evaluates memory function in 190 patients with traumatic head
      injuries. Both the patient's own impression of his/her memory function and a
      neuropsychological examination are separately rated as normal, slight, moderate
      or severely affected. The main tendency is for patients with mild head injuries
      (who were never in coma or who were in coma for up to 15 minutes) to express
      greater problems with their memory function than revealed by neuropsychological
      testing. On the other hand, patients who were in coma for more than one week,
      express memory problems less frequently than shown by testing. There are low
      corresponding figures between the different degrees of memory function expressed
      by the patients, and the results of the neuropsychological testing. The results
      have implications both for diagnosis and for vocational counseling.

PMID- 2922734
TI  - [Improved aerobic exercise performance after short-term training of patients with
      coronary disease].
AB  - Maximal oxygen consumption was measured during treadmill exercise in 44 patients
      with coronary artery disease. Exercise was performed before and after a 4-week
      course of training. Patients with a previous myocardial infarction and no angina
      pectoris (n = 27) increased their maximal oxygen consumption by 16% after
      training. There was no such increase in patients with angina pectoris (n = 17).
      The subjective feeling of wellbeing after training was the same in both groups of
      patients. Thus, the advantages of short term training can be both of a
      symptomatic character and a real improvement in cardiovascular function.

PMID- 2922736
TI  - [Neuroleptic malignant syndrome].
AB  - Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is a rare but often serious complication of
      treatment with antipsychotic drugs. The syndrome is characterized by
      hyperthermia, altered state of consciousness, muscular rigidity and autonomous
      dysfunction. The article reviews the syndrome and presents a case-history.

PMID- 2922735
TI  - [Fatal infection after a dog bite. Septicemia caused by Dysgonic fermenter 2
      bacteria].
AB  - The article describes a case of lethal septicaemia caused by the bacterium
      Dysgonic fermenter 2, following a dog bite. We discuss symptoms, bacteriology and
      treatment, and present a review of the literature.

PMID- 2922737
TI  - [Intestinal spirochaetosis].
AB  - It is well known that spirochetes may be found in the digestive tract of various
      species, including humans. We describe a homosexual man with long-standing
      diarrhoea, probably caused by intestinal spirochaetosis. The diagnosis was based
      upon light microscopic demonstration of a thin haematoxyphilic bandlike layer
      covering the intestinal surface epithelium, which is an established diagnostic
      characteristic of intestinal spirochaetosis. The spirochaetosis was further
      confirmed by electron microscopy. The pathogenetic significance of spirochetes in
      human intestinal disease is not fully understood. However, intestinal
      spirochaetosis should be suspected in patients with long-standing diarrhoea.
      Symptomatic spirochaetosis in the gut responds well to treatment with
      metronidazole. The spirochetes of the human digestive tract constitute a newly
      defined genus of the family Treponemataceae.

PMID- 2922738
TI  - [Computer systems for general practitioners. Status and development].
AB  - Patient-administrative systems are becoming increasingly accepted in general
      practice. The market is now more mature than before. Many physicians are now
      purchasing computer systems for general practice the second time. Due to national
      characteristics of the health services the market for these systems is not truly
      international. In Norway this market is dominated by two makes: Infodoc and
      Profdoc. In future more physicians will use systems for general practice, and
      more functions will be added, although the usefulness of these may be a matter
      for discussion. Furthermore, the importance of telecommunications is expected to
      increase, and similarly, integration with other services. This development would
      be furthered by central government action for the purpose of harmonizing and
      standardizing data, systems and possibly user-interface.

PMID- 2922739
TI  - [Cardiovascular diseases as a public health problem].

PMID- 2922740
TI  - [Technical aids. A better life for terminal cancer patients].

PMID- 2922741
TI  - [Electronic information bank for health services in Norway].
AB  - This article proposes the establishment of a central, on-line information bank
      for the Norwegian health services. The article discusses the potential content
      and functions of the information bank. It is concluded that, in addition to
      increasing the availability of health-related information, such an information
      bank might also improve communication at several levels of the health care
      system.

PMID- 2922742
TI  - [What does the public think about the regional health care? A questionnaire study
      done in Northern Norway].

PMID- 2922743
TI  - [Synonymous preparations and drug costs. A debate which has gone wrong?].

PMID- 2922744
TI  - [The occurrence of hardjo-positive dairy cows in the Northern Netherlands. A
      prospective serological survey].
AB  - More than 5000 lactating cows from 82 farms, in the northern part of the
      Netherlands, were serologically examined for antibodies to Leptospira hardjo.
      Hardjo-positive cows were found on 52% of the farms with a mean incidence of 23%
      positive animals. Considerable differences were observed in the percentages
      hardjo-positive cows per region (7-30%), as well as in the percentages positive
      cows per positive farm (22-46%). With the exception of one region (14%) the
      percentages of hardjo-positive farms per region hardly differed (average 58%). In
      addition to the animal survey 488 sera of men working and/or living on cattle
      farms were also examined. Twenty-six persons were hardjo-positive. Most of these
      persons (circa 90%) milked regularly. All seropositive persons were found on
      farms with hardjo-positive cattle. Results from an inquiry on circa 200 farms
      indicated, that hardjo-infections probably occur with a higher frequency on
      larger farms. Finally the results from this survey confirm the observation in the
      literature, that symptoms of hardjo-infections are more frequently found in the
      autumn.

PMID- 2922745
TI  - [Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)].

PMID- 2922746
TI  - [Blood coagulation-promoting agents: which ones, when, why?].

PMID- 2922747
TI  - [Dehorning of calves using the Leister-Ghibli hot air pistol].
AB  - The present study was concerned with the applicability and efficiency of the
      Leister-Ghibli hot-air gun used in disbudding calves. The tool was used in thirty
      three calves averaging an age of seven weeks. Subsequently, none of the calves
      showed growth of horns. When the burning time is 20-25 seconds, the depth effect
      of the hot air is mainly limited to the epidermis and, at the same time, suffices
      to prevent the growth of horn.

PMID- 2922749
TI  - "How to write a paper".

PMID- 2922748
TI  - [Breed variations in feed intake and energy utilization in dairy cows].
AB  - In four experimental studies on feed intake, two completely mixed rations
      containing 0 and 50 per cent of concentrates respectively were fed ad lib. to
      dairy cattle of four different breeds: the Jersey, the Holstein-Friesian (HF),
      the Dutch Black-and-White (FH) and the Dutch Red-and-White (Meuse-Rhine-Yssel).
      There are considerable differences in feed intake between the breeds,
      particularly between the Jerseys and the heavier breeds (HF + MRY + FH). The
      experimental studies in the Jerseys showed that there was an interaction between
      breed and the composition of the feed, which is due to differences in nutrient
      requirements between breeds. These variations are attributable to differences in
      composition of the milk. The dairy breeds, Jersey and HF, use a large part of the
      energy taken up for milk production and a smaller part for maintenance than do
      the double-purpose breeds: FH and MRY.

PMID- 2922750
TI  - Cardiogenic shock after acute coronary occlusion. Pathogenesis, early diagnosis,
      and treatment.
AB  - The early natural history of left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD)
      occlusion and the development of cardiogenic shock was studied in 35 open chest
      anesthetized dogs observed for 6 hours. Six control dogs underwent LAD isolation
      without occlusion, 13 underwent isolated LAD occlusion to simulate single vessel
      disease, and 14 underwent LAD occlusion and a 50% left circumflex coronary artery
      (LCA) stenosis to stimulate multi-vessel disease. Control dogs undergoing
      anesthesia showed no significant changes in hemodynamics after 6 hours. All dogs
      with single vessel disease survived and developed immediate and persistent
      dyskinesis of the anterior wall, a compensatory hypercontractility of remote
      muscle (131% of control)*, slight energy and substrate depletion and anaerobic
      metabolism (increased G6P)* despite maintenance of "normal" blood flow through
      the LCA. In contrast, early mortality was 57% in simulated multi-vessel disease
      as intractable ventricular fibrillation and/or cardiogenic shock caused the
      deaths of 7 of 13 dogs (57%)*. Remote muscle became progressively hypocontractile
      (61% of control)* and caused progressive reduction in stroke work index (less
      than or equal to 0.5 g x m/kg)*. Remote muscle showed moderate substrate and
      energy depletion (greater than or equal to 60% fall of ATP and CP, 37% fall of
      glutamate)* and more pronounced evidence of anaerobic metabolism (G6P rose 373%)*
      despite "normal" blood flow. These findings suggest that remote muscle is the
      principle determinant of mortality after an otherwise non-lethal cardiac
      event.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2922751
TI  - Valve replacement in children: early and late results.
AB  - In order to analyze the problems associated with prosthetic valve replacement
      (PVR) in the pediatric population, we have reviewed 29 children, 3.5 to 15 years
      of age, who were operated upon from 1970 to 1986. The indications were congenital
      valve malformations in 16 patients, rheumatic valve disease in 7, degenerative
      disease in 2 and bacterial endocarditis in 4. Ten children underwent aortic valve
      replacement (AVR), 14 mitral valve replacement (MVR), 1 tricuspid valve
      replacement and 4 double valve replacement (mitral-aortic in 3 and mitral
      tricuspid in 1). Twenty-one mechanical (11 aortic and 10 mitral) and 12
      biological prostheses (8 mitral, 2 aortic, and 2 tricuspid) were implanted. There
      was 1 hospital death (3.4%). Follow-up data were available for all survivors from
      3 to 184 months. There were 8 late deaths (5.9% patient-year), 4 among children
      with mechanical and 4 among those with biological prostheses. Overall actuarial
      survival at 14 years is 62.5 +/- 10.2% with no significant difference in survival
      between AVR (77.8 +/- 14%) and MVR (44.4 +/- 16%) (p = 0.31) at 10 years and
      between recipients of mechanical (65.7 +/- 13%) or biological prostheses (60.0 +/
      15%) (p = 0.62) at 6 years. No documented embolic or anticoagulant-related
      complications occurred in the entire series.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2922752
TI  - Lethal blockage of a Bjork-Shiley artificial heart valve caused by strut fracture
      -the metallurgical aspect.
AB  - The fracture of the outlet strut of a Bjork-Shiley artificial heart valve
      implanted in a 21 year old man lead--6 years after the operation--to the valve
      disc jamming closed with a resulting lethal heart failure and circulation
      standstill. The probable cause of the valve strut fracture could be determined by
      metallurgical/metallographical investigation of the material and the production
      methods.

PMID- 2922753
TI  - Translocation of aberrant right subclavian artery in dysphagia lusoria in
      children through a right thoracotomy.
AB  - Anatomical reestablishment of orthograde flow into the right subclavian artery in
      children with arteria lusoria is emphasized. We present two infants and one young
      child who were successfully treated by translocation of the aberrant right
      subclavian artery to the ascending aorta without graft interposition through a
      right thoracotomy. Several surgical approaches are reviewed.

PMID- 2922754
TI  - Is electrocautery safe for internal mammary artery (IMA) mobilization? A study
      using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
AB  - Being the graft of choice, the internal mammary artery (IMA) is increasingly used
      for coronary artery bypass grafting. Presently, electrocautery is liberally used
      to mobilize both IMAs. Preservation of IMA flow surface was evaluated by scanning
      electron microscopy (SEM) after mobilization with either sharp dissection or
      electrocautery in five clinical patients undergoing coronary artery bypass
      surgery. Major side branches were secured with metallic clips. Specimens for SEM
      were harvested after heparinization but before institution of cardiopulmonary
      bypass from the terminal branches of both IMAs after they had been skeletonized
      with either mobilization method. When mobilization of the IMA was performed as a
      pedicle, the flow surface was well preserved in both groups. However, if a
      contact of the electrocautery blade with the wall of the IMA or with a metallic
      clip parallell to the wall was allowed, a clearly visible zone of endothelial
      damage, sometimes associated with mural trombus formation was observed. In
      conclusion, caution is needed with electrocautery. Thermal injuries of the IMA
      may remain undetected during surgery and cause graft occlusion later.

PMID- 2922755
TI  - Bierhoff et al. 'Hemangiopericytoma of the lung--a rare differential diagnosis of
      lung tumors'.

PMID- 2922756
TI  - In vitro metabolism of methylene chloride in human and animal tissues: use in
      physiologically based pharmacokinetic models.
AB  - Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PB-PK) models describe the dynamic
      behavior of chemicals and their metabolites in individual tissues of living
      animals. Because PB-PK models contain specific parameters related to the
      physiological and biochemical properties of different species as well as the
      physical chemical characteristics of individual chemicals, they are useful tools
      for performing high dose/low dose, dose route, and interspecies extrapolations in
      hazard evaluations. An example of such extrapolation has been presented by M. E.
      Andersen, H. J. Clewell III, M. L. Gargas, F. A. Smith, and R. H. Reitz (Toxicol.
      Appl. Pharmacol. 87, 185-205, 1987), who employed a PB-PK model for methylene
      chloride (CH2Cl2) to estimate the chronic toxicity of this material. However, one
      limitation of this PB-PK model was that the metabolic rate constants for the
      glutathione-S-transferase (GST) pathway in humans were estimated by allometric
      scaling rather than from experimental data. In this paper we report studies
      designed to estimate the in vivo rates of metabolism of CH2Cl2 from in vitro
      incubations of lung and liver tissues from B6C3F1 mice, F344 rats, Syrian Golden
      hamsters, and humans. A procedure for calculating in vivo metabolic rate
      constants from the in vitro studies is presented. This procedure was validated by
      making extrapolations with mixed function oxidase enzymes (MFO) acting on CH2Cl2,
      where both in vitro and in vivo rates of metabolism are known. The in vitro rate
      constants for the two enzyme systems are consistent with the hypothesis presented
      by Andersen et al. that metabolism of CH2Cl2 occurs in vivo by two competing
      pathways: a high-affinity saturable pathway (identified as MFO) and a low
      affinity first-order pathway (identified as GST). The metabolic rate constants
      for GST obtained from these studies are also consistent with the hypothesis of
      Andersen et al. that production of large quantities of glutathione/CH2Cl2
      conjugates in vivo may increase the frequency with which lung and liver tumors
      develop in some species of animals (e.g., B6C3F1 mouse). When in vivo studies in
      humans are unavailable, in vitro enzyme assays provide a reasonable method for
      estimating metabolic rate constants.

PMID- 2922757
TI  - Histochemical localization of rhodanese activity in rat liver and skeletal
      muscle.
AB  - A previously described histochemical technique was applied to the localization of
      rhodanese (thiosulfate sulfurtransferase, EC 2.8.1.1) activity in rat skeletal
      muscle and liver. The physiological function of rhodanese is controversial, but
      it and other sulfurtransferases can catalyze the conversion of cyanide to the
      much less toxic thiocyanate. The volume of distribution of cyanide in human and
      dog is said to correspond roughly to the blood volume. Because of this and other
      observations, it was hypothesized that sulfurtransferase activity associated with
      the vascular endothelium on smooth muscle layers of blood vessels might play a
      role in cyanide detoxification. However, little enzyme activity as identified
      histochemically was associated with those sites in comparison with others
      examined. As expected, high activity was found in the liver and moderately high
      levels were present in skeletal muscle. In muscles sectioned longitudinally,
      points of rhodanese staining occurred in linear arrays along the lengths of the
      muscle fiber corresponding to the location of mitochondria within the fiber. The
      original technique called for incubation of tissue sections with both thiosulfate
      and cyanide. When thiosulfate was omitted, staining for rhodanese activity was
      still clearly identifiable in both liver and muscle sections with cyanide alone.
      In muscle sections the inclusion of both thiosulfate and cyanide resulted in a
      preferential staining of type I fibers presumably because of their higher content
      of mitochondria. Thus, this technique is a potential alternative to the NADH
      dehydrogenase stain for distinguishing between type I and type II muscle fibers.
      Incubation of tissue sections with only thiosulfate produced results that did not
      appear to differ from those obtained when both substrates were omitted. From
      these observations it may be inferred that the endogenous pool of sulfane-sulfur
      available to sulfurtransferases is larger than any alleged endogenous pool of
      cyanide. Although sulfurtransferase activity in muscle appeared to be lower than
      that in liver, the total body muscle mass is greater than the liver mass. Thus,
      these results support other evidence that skeletal muscle may make a significant
      contribution to total cyanide biotransformation in the absence of exogenously
      added thiosulfate.

PMID- 2922758
TI  - Effects of subacute administration of physostigmine on blood acetylcholinesterase
      activity, motor performance, and soman intoxication.
AB  - Subacute administration of carbamates is under study as pretreatment against
      soman, a toxic anticholinesterase agent. In this study, the sustained release of
      physostigmine salicylate (Phy) in rats was achieved via osmotic minipumps; each
      pump contained 2 ml of Phy solution (0.4, 10, or 50 mg/ml) and delivered 2.5
      microliter/hr for 28 days. At the corresponding dosage rates, rat whole blood
      acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was suppressed by approximately 11, 42, and
      66%, respectively. These levels of Phy administration caused no decrement in
      performance on an accelerating rotarod (ARR) when tested between Days 3 and 27 of
      the 28-day exposure. The highest level of Phy caused a mean weight loss of 11%
      initially, with recovery by the 17th day. On Day 27 the rats were given 0.08
      mg/kg, im, of scopolamine (SCP), 30 min before exposure to soman (58
      micrograms/kg; 1 LD50, iv). In combination with SCP, the two highest levels of
      Phy prevented lethality and a decrement in ARR performance by soman, while the
      lowest level showed 40% lethality after soman and the survivors exhibited partial
      recovery to their own presoman control performance by 24 hr. These results
      suggest that, in a pretreatment mode, 42-66% inhibition of AChE by sustained
      exposure to Phy, with an acute dose of cholinolytic, would suffice to protect
      against lethality and motor performance decrement by a toxic level of soman.

PMID- 2922759
TI  - Modulation of neurotoxic esterase activity in vitro by phospholipids.
AB  - Neurotoxic esterase (NTE), the proposed molecular site for the initiation of
      organophosphorus-induced delayed neuropathy, is a membrane-associated enzyme. NTE
      activity was solubilized from chicken brain microsomal membranes with the
      detergent 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1- propanesulfonate and
      partially separated from other solubilized hen brain esterases by DEAE-Sephacel
      anion-exchange chromatography using stepwise increases in salt concentration;
      however, there was poor recovery of NTE activity and only a slight increase in
      NTE specific activity. NTE activity in the "high salt" fraction (i.e., the NTE
      enriched fraction) was markedly activated by a heat-stable factor(s) present in
      other fractions eluted from the column. This activating factor was extracted with
      organic solvents, suggesting that it may be lipid. In a related study, purified
      phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylserine were also
      found to activate the partially separated NTE activity in a concentration
      dependent manner while phosphatidyl-inositol was found to inhibit the same
      partially separated NTE fraction in a concentration-dependent manner. The results
      suggest that lipids may modulate NTE activity and that the loss of lipid
      cofactors during chromatographic separations may underlie some of the
      difficulties encountered in isolation of active NTE.

PMID- 2922760
TI  - Effects of adsorption of benzo[a]pyrene onto carbon black particles on levels of
      DNA adducts in lungs of rats exposed by inhalation.
AB  - Exposure of rodents to benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) associated with particles has
      previously been shown to result in increased retention of BaP and metabolites in
      lungs. To determine if DNA damage might be enhanced, DNA adducts were measured in
      lungs of F344 rats following inhalation of pure BaP aerosols or BaP absorbed on
      carbon black particles. Groups of rats were exposed nose only to filtered air,
      [14C]BaP (2 mg/m3), or [14C]BaP (2 mg/m3) adsorbed on carbon black (97 mg/m3)
      (BaP/CB) for 4 hr/day, 1 day/week, for 12 weeks. Groups of rats were terminated
      at 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 weeks after the beginning of the 12-week exposure
      period. Retention of total 14C in lungs was used as an indicator of total
      reactive metabolites. DNA isolated from lungs was analyzed for adducts using a
      32P-postlabeling assay. Inhalation of BaP/CB resulted in 100-fold higher levels
      of 14C in lungs at the end of the 12-week exposure than did inhalation of pure
      BaP. The halftime for the decline in 14C levels was 34 +/- 3 weeks (mean +/- SE)
      for rats exposed to BaP/CB and 6 +/- 2 weeks for rats exposed to pure BaP. At the
      end of 12 weeks of exposure, DNA adducts in lungs of rats exposed to pure BaP
      ranged from 2-15 adducts per 10(9) bases (mean = 7, n = 4) and in rats exposed to
      pure BaP absorbed on carbon black ranged from 10-12 adducts per 10(9) bases (mean
      = 11, n = 4); DNA adducts in lungs of sham-exposed rats ranged from 0-2 adducts
      per 10(9) bases (mean = 1, n = 4). The halftimes for the decline in DNA adducts
      in lungs were 3 +/- 1 weeks (mean +/- SE) for the rats exposed to BaP/CB and 5 +/
      2 weeks for the rats exposed to BaP. One of the DNA adducts found following
      exposure to both BaP and BaP/CB was tentatively identified as the BaP diol
      epoxide deoxyguanosine (BPDE) adduct. Levels of both total and BPDE DNA adducts
      were significantly increased (p less than 0.05) in lungs of rats exposed to both
      BaP and BaP/CB compared to levels in lungs of sham-exposed rats. There were no
      significant differences in levels of DNA adducts in lungs of rats exposed to BaP
      or BaP/CB, although the pattern of adducts was different between the two exposure
      modes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2922761
TI  - Retinoid-induced hemorrhaging and bone toxicity in rats fed diets deficient in
      vitamin K.
AB  - The recent increase in the clinical use of synthetic vitamin A compounds has led
      to concern of possible side effects. Some of these effects are known to be
      influenced by dietary levels of vitamin K. We therefore compared the toxic
      effects of 13-cis-retinoic acid (13cisRA), retinyl acetate (ROAc), and N-(4
      hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (4HPR) in male Sprague-Dawley rats maintained on diets
      containing different levels of vitamin K. Animals were fed either an NIH-07 diet
      supplemented with menadione (3.1 ppm vitamin K3), an NIH-07 diet not supplemented
      with menadione, or an AIN-076 purified diet devoid of vitamin K. The retinoids
      had no effect on prothrombin times of animals fed the supplemented diet. When
      menadione was omitted from the diet, however, 4HPR-dosed animals had elevated
      prothrombin times. This effect was observed as early as Day 7 and was accompanied
      by one confirmed hemorrhagic death. 13cisRA-dosed animals showed no change in
      prothrombin times. In the high-dose ROAc group, there was a twofold increase in
      prothrombin times but only after prolonged dosing. In animals fed the NIH-07
      diets, 13cisRA and ROAc induced multiple bone fractures at all dose levels. In
      contrast, 4HPR administered at the highest dose induced only one fracture in one
      animal. Animals fed the purified diet lost weight faster and diet sooner than
      those maintained on the other diets. Bone fractures were not observed in these
      animals because of early deaths resulting from hemorrhaging. For all retinoid
      dosed groups maintained on the purified diet, changes in prothrombin times
      occured as early as 1 week. The order of effect was 4HPR greater than ROAc
      greater than 13cisRA, with increases in prothrombin times correlating with
      increases in hemorrhagic deaths. Hence, the degree of retinoid-induced
      hemorrhage, but not the incidence of bone fractures, was inversely related to
      vitamin K levels in the diet. 13cisRA and ROAc, but not 4HPR, caused a dose
      dependent reduction in plasma osteocalcin, an effect that correlated with
      retinoid-induced bone effects. In contrast, serum alkaline phosphatase was
      elevated in animals dosed with 13cisRA or 4HPR but not in those dose with ROAc.
      For this enzyme, the electrophoretic pattern on agarose gel showed a decrease,
      compared to controls, in the major isozyme in serum of ROAc-dosed animals. Hence,
      plasma osteocalcin is a better predictor of retinoid-induced bone effects than
      serum alkaline phosphatase.

PMID- 2922762
TI  - Studies on the mechanism of coumarin-induced toxicity in rat hepatocytes:
      comparison with dihydrocoumarin and other coumarin metabolites.
AB  - Single doses of coumarin (125 mg/kg, ip) produced a depletion of hepatic
      nonprotein sulfhydryl groups (mainly reduced glutathione; GSH) in young male
      Sprague-Dawley rats after 2 hr and increased liver weight and produced hepatic
      centrilobular necrosis after 24 hr. Coumarin also produced time- and dose
      dependent toxic effects in primary rat hepatocyte cultures. A marked reduction of
      GSH levels was also observed in vitro and this was not due either to the
      formation of oxidized glutathione (GSSG) or to the leakage of GSH and/or GSSG
      from the hepatocytes. Coumarin-induced toxicity in rat hepatocytes could be
      inhibited by the cytochrome P450 inhibitors ellipticine and metyrapone and
      potentiated by depleting hepatocyte GSH levels with diethyl maleate. In contrast
      to coumarin, dihydrocoumarin--which lacks the 3,4-double bond--produced little
      toxicity in rat hepatocytes either in vivo (127 and 254 mg/kg, ip) or in vitro.
      Similarly, coumarin was more toxic to rat hepatocytes than a number of known
      coumarin metabolites including 3- and 7-hydroxycoumarin and o-hydroxyphenylacetic
      acid. The results of these studies demonstrate a good in vivo/in vitro
      correlation for the effects of coumarin and dihydrocoumarin in rat hepatocytes.
      Furthermore, the data suggest that coumarin hepatoxicity in the rat is due to
      coumarin bioactivation by cytochrome P450-dependent enzymes to a toxic
      metabolite(s), which may be a coumarin 3,4-epoxide intermediate. GSH appears to
      protect against coumarin-induced toxicity possibly by the formation of conjugates
      with the toxic coumarin metabolite(s).

PMID- 2922763
TI  - The isolated perfused porcine skin flap. III. Percutaneous absorption
      pharmacokinetics of organophosphates, steroids, benzoic acid, and caffeine.
AB  - The isolated perfused porcine skin flap (IPPSF) has been developed as an
      alternative in vitro tool for examining the pharmacokinetics and mechanisms of
      percutaneous absorption. In this study, dosing solutions of seven 14C
      radiolabeled compounds representing three chemical classes--organic acid/base
      [benzoic acid (B), caffeine (C)], organophosphate (OP) pesticides
      (diisopropylfluorophosphidate, malathion, parathion), and steroid hormones
      (progesterone, testosterone)--were prepared in ethanol and applied topically at a
      surface concentration of 40 micrograms cm-2 to the IPPSF. A three-compartment
      pharmacokinetic model used to stimulate mass transfer from the surface (C1),
      diffusion through epidermis and dermis (C2), and transfer into the capillary
      perfusate (C3), was developed based on flux through the IPPSF from 0 to 8 hr.
      This basic model accurately stimulated measured IPPSF fluxes for five of seven
      compounds, including the OPs and steroids. The model was modified to simulate the
      shunting of drug to fast and slow release pathways, which occurred for B 3-4 hr
      postapplication, and to account for flow-dependent flux increases seen for C at 6
      hr postapplication. The latter may be due to a direct pharmacologic effect, since
      C is a known vasodilator. Extrapolated (to 6 days) areas under the curve from the
      model simulations were compared with in vivo percutaneous absorption estimates,
      obtained from 6-day excretion studies in pigs. The in vivo-in vitro correlation,
      based on simple linear regression across compounds, was excellent (R2 = 0.88, R =
      0.94, p less than 0.002). These results suggest that xenobiotic penetration in
      the 8-hr IPPSF experiments is highly predictive of in vivo absorption totals (6
      day studies). In addition, since pig and human skin are similar physiologically
      and pharmacologically, the IPPSF may eventually have applications in formulating
      human dermal risk assessment models.

PMID- 2922764
TI  - Studies of chemical toxicity to fresh and cryopreserved rat hepatocytes.
AB  - Isolated hepatocytes are useful for studying the metabolism and mechanisms of
      hepatic toxicity of foreign chemicals. A problem with using human hepatocytes is
      the limited and irregular availability of normal human liver. Cryopreservation
      could provide a useful way of storing hepatocytes until they are needed. As a
      preliminary step to using human hepatocytes we have compared the toxic response
      to chemical toxicants of primary cultures of fresh rat hepatocytes and rat
      hepatocytes cryopreserved as previously described (G. Powis, K. S. Santone, D. C.
      Melder, L. Thomas, D. J. Moore, and T. J. Wilke, 1987. Drug Metab. Dispos. 15,
      826). After 24 hr in culture the cryopreserved hepatocytes had a plating
      efficiency 75% that of noncryopreserved hepatocytes. The cultured cryopreserved
      hepatocytes showed a small increase in spontaneous lactate dehydrogenase release
      compared to that of cultured noncryopreserved hepatocytes. A similar toxic
      chemical-induced increase in lactate dehydrogenase release occurred in the
      cultured cryopreserved as in the noncryopreserved hepatocytes. The 50% effective
      concentrations (EC50) for lactate dehydrogenase release (+/- SE, n = 3
      preparations) from cultured cryopreserved and noncryopreserved hepatocytes for
      chlorpromazine were 235 +/- 20 and 215 +/- 30 microM, for cadmium chloride 200 +/
      5 and 272 +/- 23 microM, and for menadione (2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone) 24 +/-
      7 and 44 +/- 8 microM, respectively. The EC50 values for intracellular
      glutathione depletion in cultured cryopreserved and noncryopreserved hepatocytes
      were for chlorpromazine 200 +/- 8 and 235 +/- 8 microM, for cadmium chloride 242
      +/- 19 and 213 +/- 7 microM, and for menadione 22 +/- 2 and 21 +/- 3 microM,
      respectively. The results show that cryopreservation offers a practical way of
      storing rat hepatocytes for studies of chemical toxicity.

PMID- 2922765
TI  - Drug-induced hydrogen peroxide production in isolated rat hepatocytes.
AB  - A method for measuring drug-induced hydrogen peroxide production in freshly
      isolated rat hepatocytes is described. 3-Amino-1,2,4-triazole, an irreversible
      inhibitor of the enzyme catalase markedly reduces the capacity of isolated
      hepatocytes to metabolize hydrogen peroxide, with maximum inhibition (80%) being
      observed after 40 min of co-incubation. The present method is based on the
      observation that this inhibition of catalase by 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole is
      prevented by methanol and that the effect of methanol is reversed in the presence
      of hydrogen peroxide. Using this assay we could demonstrate increased hydrogen
      peroxide production during the metabolism of diquat, paraquat, xanthine,
      benzylamine and glycolate by hepatocytes. Inhibition of the hydrogen peroxide
      metabolic capacity was greatest with glycolate and diquat, whereas paraquat and
      benzylamine only had a minor effect.

PMID- 2922766
TI  - 6-Methyl-1,3,8-trichlorodibenzofuran (MCDF) as a 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p
      dioxin antagonist in C57BL/6 mice.
AB  - 6-Methyl-1,3,8-trichlorodibenzofuran (MCDF), 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
      (TCDD) and TCDD plus MCDF were administered to C57BL/6 mice and their effects on
      several aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor-mediated responses including hepatic
      microsomal aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) and ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase
      (EROD) induction, immunotoxicity and teratogenicity were determined. MCDF did not
      induce hepatic microsomal AHH and EROD at doses up to 500 mumol/kg, however, co
      administration of MCDF (50 mumol/kg) with a dose of TCDD which elicited a
      submaximal induction response (i.e. ED80-100, 15 nmol/kg) resulted in some small
      but significant inhibition of the induction of hepatic microsomal AHH and EROD
      (14 and 17%, respectively) compared to that observed with TCDD alone. Co
      administration of TCDD and other doses of MCDF (10, 100, 200 or 500 mumol/kg) did
      not effect the induction response. These results were in contrast to the
      effectiveness of MCDF as an antagonist of the induction of AHH and EROD by TCDD
      in the rat (up to 50% inhibition of monooxygenase induction). Administration of
      MCDF (4, 20 and 40 mumol/kg) to C57BL/6 mice caused some inhibition of the
      splenic plaque-forming cell response to sheep erythrocytes only at the highest
      dose (26% decrease); the interaction of MCDF (4, 20 and 40 mumol/kg) and an
      immunotoxic dose of TCDD (3.7 nmol/kg) resulted in significant protection from
      the immunotoxic effects of TCDD at the 2 higher dose levels of MCDF. Similarly,
      MCDF (400 mumol/kg) did not cause cleft palate in mice but at this dose level
      MCDF afforded some protection from TCDD (20 micrograms/kg)-mediated cleft palate
      in mice. However, studies utilizing [3H]TCDD suggested that the protective
      effects may be due to modulation of TCDD reaching the palate in the co-treated
      animals (MCDF plus TCDD). Although both MCDF and Aroclor 1254 were both weak Ah
      receptor agonists in C57BL/6 mice, the former compound was much less effective as
      a TCDD antagonist. The observed species-specific effects for these 2 TCDD
      antagonists may be related species-dependent differences in receptor structure
      and receptor-ligand (i.e. agonist or antagonist) interactions.

PMID- 2922767
TI  - Sex differences in nephrotoxic and gastrointestinal effects of phenylbutazone.
AB  - Male and female Wistar rats were used to study the sex differences in
      nephrotoxic, ulcerogenic and lethal effects of phenylbutazone (PBZ). In one
      series of experiments, male and female rats were given daily oral doses of 25,
      125, 250, 400 and 500 mg PBZ/kg for 7 days to assess mortality, gross and
      microscopic lesions of the stomach, intestine and kidneys and to determine the
      PBZ effects on renal protein and glucose excretion. In another series of
      experiments, PBZ effects on renal gluconeogenesis and p-aminohippurate (PAH)
      accumulation in renal cortical slices were measured 12 h after administration of
      the same PBZ doses to male and female rats. Reduced glutathione (GSH) depletion
      and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in kidney cortex and liver were determined 2 h
      after a single administration of 250 mg PBZ/kg to male and female rats. To
      measure the effects of PBZ on blood urea nitrogen (BUN), male and female rats
      were given a single dose of PBZ (125 mg/kg) and were sacrificed at different time
      intervals, from 0 to 48 h. Gross and microscopic examination of the kidneys and
      gastrointestinal tract showed more pronounced renal and gastrointestinal lesions
      in surviving female than in male rats at the same doses. In PBZ treated male
      rats, BUN did not differ from control rats 48 h after PBZ administration. In
      female rats, BUN increased from 18 to 96 mg/100 ml 48 h after PBZ administration.
      After 7 days of PBZ treatment there was a greater increase of protein excretion
      in female than in male rats, but there were almost no sex differences in glucose
      excretion. Twelve hours after PBZ administration, renal PAH accumulation and
      gluconeogenesis were not different from controls in male rats but decreased in a
      dose-dependent fashion in females. A significant depletion of GSH and a
      significant increase in MDA content in liver and renal cortex occurred in female
      but not in male rats. In conclusion, the PBZ treatment was associated with
      nephrotoxic and gastrointestinal effects which could be detected earlier and were
      greater in female than in male rats.

PMID- 2922768
TI  - Toxicity studies with quinine hydrochloride.
AB  - Three-month studies in the rat, a rat embryo-toxicity study and a specific study
      to investigate ototoxicity were carried out with quinine hydrochloride. The
      results of these studies suggest an acceptable daily intake of 40 mg quinine
      hydrochloride for an adult. There were no indications of teratogenic effects and
      no indications of interference with auditory function in rats receiving up to 200
      mg/kg.

PMID- 2922769
TI  - Site and pathogenesis of infarcts associated with carotid endarterectomy.
AB  - We analyzed perioperative strokes in 658 carotid endarterectomies with the
      purpose of explaining the pathogenesis from the morphologic aspect of the infarct
      on cerebral computed tomograms. All endarterectomies were performed with
      continuous electroencephalographic monitoring. Of the 42 ischemic strokes (6.4%
      of all endarterectomies), 34 could be studied. Seven infarcts were
      hemodynamically induced (five watershed infarcts, two patients with bilateral
      ischemia); all seven occurred during surgery. Twenty-three of the remaining 27
      infarcts were within the territory of the middle cerebral artery (20) or anterior
      cerebral artery (three) and were probably of thromboembolic origin; 13 of these
      23 occurred during surgery (57%). If intraoperative stroke was heralded by
      permanent electroencephalographic changes, these were not related to the moment
      of cross-clamping. In four patients the computed tomogram was normal. We believe
      these facts favor the hypothesis that thromboembolism is the most important
      factor in the pathogenesis of perioperative stroke associated with carotid
      endarterectomy under conditions of optimal cerebral monitoring.

PMID- 2922770
TI  - Prospective analysis of carotid endarterectomy and silent cerebral infarction in
      97 patients.
AB  - To determine the incidence of perioperative silent cerebral infarction, 97
      patients who underwent carotid endarterectomy were prospectively studied with
      preoperative and postoperative computed tomograms. Thirty-one of 96 patients
      (32%) had findings of cerebral infarction on preoperative computed tomograms.
      Silent cerebral infarction was found preoperatively in 17 patients (18%) (lacunar
      infarction in 10, cortical infarction in five, both cortical and lacunar
      infarctions in one, and cerebellar infarction in one). Transient ischemic attacks
      occurred in 10 of the 17 patients with silent cerebral infarction; however,
      symptoms were appropriate to the site in only five of these 10 patients. Fourteen
      of the 17 patients with silent cerebral infarction had a hemodynamically
      significant carotid stenosis, and seven patients had an ulcerated plaque on
      preoperative angiogram. The incidence of these lesions was similar to that found
      in the group of 66 patients without cerebral infarction. Endarterectomy specimens
      revealed a higher but not significantly different incidence of ulcerated plaque
      in the silent cerebral infarction group. There were no perioperative deaths.
      Following surgery, one patient (1%) with a preoperative silent cerebral
      infarction suffered a transient ischemic attack, and two patients (2%) with
      normal preoperative computed tomograms developed permanent neurologic deficits
      with new cortical infarctions on postoperative computed tomograms. No new silent
      cerebral infarctions were found on postoperative computed tomograms in any of the
      97 patients. Our data suggest that silent cerebral infarction is a common
      preoperative finding with an as-yet unclear etiology and that carotid
      endarterectomy does not appear to be a cause.

PMID- 2922771
TI  - Incidence of transient ischemic attacks in Oxfordshire, England.
AB  - The Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project is a prospective register of all new
      cases of stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA) in a population of 105,000
      residents of Oxfordshire, England. Between November 1, 1981, and October 31,
      1986, 184 patients presented for the first time to a general practitioner or
      hospital with a TIA. The crude annual incidence rate was 0.35/1000, 0.42/1000
      standardized to the 1981 population of England and Wales. We estimate that each
      year approximately 21,000 patients in England and Wales (about half of whom are
      greater than 70 years old) consult a doctor for the first time with a TIA.
      Approximately 80% of our 184 patients had TIAs in the carotid distribution; the
      remainder had TIAs in the vertebrobasilar distribution or TIAs of uncertain
      vascular distribution. The incidence of TIA increased sharply with increasing
      age, and the overall incidence in men was very similar to that in women
      (incidence ratio 1.3). However, in middle age, men were much more likely to
      suffer a TIA than women (odds ratio 2.6), which probably explains the marked male
      predominance in most hospital-based studies and treatment trials in which the
      elderly, and thus women, are underrepresented. This has important implications
      for the design and interpretation of clinical trials of treatment for TIAs.

PMID- 2922773
TI  - Changes in survival following stroke in five North Carolina counties observed
      during two different periods.
AB  - We evaluated survival following stroke for patients from a five-county area of
      rural North Carolina enrolled in either of two community hospital-based stroke
      survey programs. In this area, the first program enrolled 843 stroke patients
      between 1970 and 1973 and the second program enrolled 786 stroke patients between
      1979 and 1980. One-year survival increased from 49% in the first program to 62%
      in the second for all stroke patients, from 54% to 68% for patients with cerebral
      infarction, and from 18% to 55% for patients with cerebral hemorrhage. While
      other reports have attributed declining stroke mortality to a decline in the
      incidence of stroke, our study suggests that increased survival after stroke may
      account for a large portion of the decrease in stroke mortality.

PMID- 2922772
TI  - Differences in mortality and cardiovascular morbidity during a 3-year follow-up
      of transient ischemic attacks and minor strokes.
AB  - We prospectively followed 78 patients with transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) from
      the carotid artery territory and 45 patients with minor ischemic strokes for 3
      years. The mean +/- SD age of the patients in the TIA group was 66.9 +/- 7.9
      years compared with 68.8 +/- 6.7 in the minor stroke group. Mortality among the
      TIA patients was significantly higher than that among minor stroke patients (18
      of 78 compared with two of 45, p less than 0.01); mortality in the minor stroke
      group was not higher than that in the background population, whereas mortality in
      the TIA group was almost twice as high. The most common cause of death in the TIA
      group was myocardial infarction, and morbidity due to myocardial infarction and
      new TIA was higher in the TIA group than in the minor stroke group (35 events
      compared with seven), whereas no difference was found regarding stroke (five
      strokes compared with eight). Preexisting vascular disease implied an increased
      risk of mortality and morbidity in the TIA group. We conclude that carotid
      territory TIA indicates a worse prognosis than minor stroke as mortality is
      higher in TIA patients at the same preexisting vascular disease prevalence and
      stroke frequency.

PMID- 2922774
TI  - Destinations of stroke patients discharged from the Montreal area acute-care
      hospitals.
AB  - The destinations of stroke patients after discharge from acute-care hospitals
      were studied to ascertain the current use of health care resources. The 1984-1985
      acute-care hospital discharge listings for the province of Quebec were consulted
      to identify 3,045 adults of the Montreal area who were discharged, deceased or
      alive, with a primary or secondary diagnosis of stroke. The relation between the
      length of stay (i.e., the time to death or discharge to long-term care,
      rehabilitation, or home) and the explanatory variables (age, sex, neighborhood
      socioeconomic status, type of stroke, and university affiliation of the
      discharging hospital) was assessed using Cox's proportional hazards models. Older
      patients and those with hemorrhagic strokes had the highest risk of death.
      However, patients with hemorrhagic strokes were more likely to survive if
      admitted to a university teaching hospital. Older patients, those with
      nonhemorrhagic strokes, and those admitted to university teaching hospitals were
      more likely to be discharged to long-term care. A greater proportion of patients
      discharged to rehabilitation centers were young, lived in a high-socioeconomic
      status neighborhood, and had suffered a nonhemorrhagic stroke. Patients had a
      significantly higher probability of going home if they were young, had had a
      nonhemorrhagic stroke, had been admitted to a university teaching hospital, or
      were male.

PMID- 2922775
TI  - Streptokinase treatment versus calcium overload blockade in experimental
      thromboembolic stroke.
AB  - Thromboembolic brain ischemia was produced in dogs using an autologous blood clot
      model. The effect of postembolic treatment with flunarizine and streptokinase on
      hemispheric cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen (CMRO2), oxygen extraction ratio
      (OER), and cerebral blood flow (CBF) was studied by positron emission tomography
      (oxygen-15 technique) 24 hours after the insult. We studied five groups of
      experimental dogs and compared them with a control group of nonembolized dogs.
      Group I received no treatment, Group II was treated locally with 500,000 IU
      streptokinase starting 30 minutes after the insult, Group III received
      streptokinase locally 30 minutes after the insult and 0.1 mg/kg i.v. flunarizine
      immediately after the insult and 2 hours later, Group IV received flunarizine as
      Group III, and Group V was orally pretreated with 0.5 mg/kg/day flunarizine
      during 2 weeks preceding embolization. Compared with the contralateral
      hemisphere, in the embolized hemisphere a significant reduction of CMRO2 (-25% to
      -40%) and CBF in normocapnia (-35%) and hypercapnia (-50%) was observed in Groups
      I, II, and V. In Groups III and IV, CMRO2, OER, and CBF of the embolized
      hemisphere were within the normal range during normocapnia and hypercapnia; the
      extent of the ischemic lesions was markedly less than in the other groups of
      experimental dogs. We conclude that flunarizine treatment after experimental
      thromboembolic stroke had a favorable influence on brain tissue. Chronic
      preventive flunarizine treatment failed to have a beneficial effect.

PMID- 2922776
TI  - Spinal cord blood flow and systemic blood pressure after experimental spinal cord
      injury in rats.
AB  - We looked at the relation between systemic arterial blood pressure and recovery
      from spinal cord injury by inducing both hypertension and hypotension in 25 rats
      randomly allocated to five equal groups. The rats received no injury, a mild (2.3
      g), or a severe (53.0-g) spinal cord injury lasting 1 minute. We used the
      hydrogen clearance technique to measure spinal cord blood flow at the injury site
      (T1) and at an adjacent site (C6). Mean systemic arterial blood pressure was
      either increased with adrenaline or decreased by phlebotomy in 20-mm-Hg intervals
      except for the severe-injury group, in which the posttraumatic pressure could
      only be increased with adrenaline. Spinal cord blood flow remained constant in
      the no-injury group between 81 and 180 mm Hg. After a mild injury, induced
      moderate hypertension (121-140 mm Hg) improved spinal cord blood flow
      significantly, whereas hypotension decreased it in a linear fashion. Severe
      injury caused a marked decrease in spinal cord blood flow and mean systemic
      arterial blood pressure. Even extreme hypertension (161-180 mm Hg) induced by
      adrenaline did not significantly increase spinal cord blood flow at T1 but caused
      hyperemia at C6 due to loss of autoregulation. In conclusion, normotension should
      be attempted, irrespective of the severity of spinal cord injury. Induced
      hypertension after severe spinal cord injury was not beneficial in improving
      spinal cord blood flow at the injury site while potentially increasing hemorrhage
      and edema.

PMID- 2922777
TI  - Tolerance of the cerebral venous system to retrograde perfusion pressure in focal
      cerebral ischemia in rats.
AB  - Using quantitative double-tracer autoradiography, we examined the tolerance of
      the rat cerebral venous system in focal cerebral ischemia to retrograde perfusion
      pressure into the inferior cerebral vein. At perfusion pressures of less than 150
      mm Hg, there was no significant change in local cerebral blood flow (LCBF) and
      blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. At pressures of greater than 170 mm Hg,
      significant changes occurred in BBB permeability in the superficial cortical
      layers and there was a mild reduction of LCBF. In the group of rats subjected to
      200 mm Hg perfusion pressure, the change in BBB permeability extended to the
      entire cortical zone and significant reduction of LCBF occurred. Our results
      indicate for the first time that during conditions of focal cerebral ischemia,
      the rat cerebral venous system can tolerate up to 150 mm Hg of retrograde
      perfusion pressure into the cerebral venous system without any change in BBB
      permeability or in LCBF. However, progressive change in BBB permeability and
      reduction in LCBF occur once the perfusion pressure exceeds 170 mm Hg. This
      finding may permit more efficient delivery of cytoprotective agents into ischemic
      tissue.

PMID- 2922778
TI  - Pathogenesis of transient ischemic attacks and stroke in baboons.
AB  - We describe a series of experiments in which a subhuman primate model was used to
      create temporary and permanent cerebral ischemia by three separate mechanisms. In
      the first group of five baboons, a hemodynamic model was produced by creating
      unilateral and bilateral carotid stenotic lesions of varying degrees with and
      without associated reduction in systemic perfusion pressure. Only global ischemic
      changes and no focal changes resulted. In the second group of three baboons, a
      macroembolic model was produced by introducing solid particulate material into
      the extracranial circulation. No reversible contralateral focal neurologic
      changes resulted. In the third group of 11 baboons, cerebral ischemia was
      produced by introducing agents known to cause platelet aggregation (arachidonic
      acid, adenosine diphosphate, and collagen) into the extracranial arterial
      circulation. Arachidonic acid caused seizures, adenosine diphosphate caused
      severe postural hypotension, and only collagen fibrils produced a picture
      resembling a transient ischemic attack. We propose a theory that intravascular
      activation of the prostaglandin cascade by chemical initiation may result in the
      pathophysiologic changes of transient cerebral ischemia.

PMID- 2922779
TI  - Influence of granulocytopenia on canine cerebral ischemia induced by air
      embolism.
AB  - We subjected nine dogs with severe granulocytopenia 4 days after the
      administration of mechlorethamine to 1 hour of cerebral ischemia induced by the
      controlled, incremental injection of air into the internal carotid artery.
      Cortical somatosensory evoked responses and cerebral blood flow determined by
      [14C]iodoantipyrine autoradiography were compared with those of six control dogs
      that had received mechlorethamine 1 day previously and were not yet
      granulocytopenic. Eleven additional control dogs received no mechlorethamine but
      had identical ischemic insults and were followed for 4 hours after ischemia. Both
      control groups had identical evoked response outcomes after 1 hour of recovery
      from ischemia. Granulocytopenic dogs had improved evoked response recoveries
      compared with either control group after 1 hour of recovery. No areas of very low
      blood flow were observed 1 hour after ischemia in the granulocytopenic dogs, but
      three of five dogs in the control group receiving mechlorethamine had such areas.

PMID- 2922780
TI  - Sarcoidosis presenting with stroke.
AB  - A 25-year-old black man with sarcoidosis presented with transient ischemic
      attacks followed by sudden, persistent right hemiparesis. He gave a history of
      recent, recurrent lower motor neuron facial palsy. Computed tomography
      demonstrated an infarct in the left internal capsule. Chest x-ray film showed
      bilateral hilar and mediastinal lymphadenopathy and multiple opacities in the
      lung fields. Serum angiotensin converting enzyme concentration was raised, and a
      Kveim test was positive for sarcoidosis. Despite clear pathologic reports of
      cerebral vasculitis in neurosarcoidosis, the occurrence of stroke is extremely
      rare.

PMID- 2922781
TI  - Pure sensory stroke due to a pontine lacune.
AB  - A 53-year-old hypertensive man presented with the sudden onset of an isolated
      lemniscal sensory syndrome of the entire left side of his body. Magnetic
      resonance images showed a small lacune in the right paramedian pons corresponding
      to the location of the medial lemniscus.

PMID- 2922782
TI  - Occipital infarction with hemianopsia from carotid occlusive disease.
AB  - Extracranial internal carotid artery occlusive disease usually produces stroke in
      the middle cerebral artery territory or the border zone between the middle and
      anterior cerebral arteries. It is unusual for occipital infarction in the
      posterior cerebral artery territory to be caused by internal carotid artery
      disease despite the fact that the posterior cerebral artery may arise directly
      from the internal carotid artery as an anatomic variation. We describe a patient
      with a fetal posterior cerebral artery originating from the internal carotid
      artery, and the initial manifestation of his extracranial internal carotid artery
      occlusive disease was hemianopsia from occipital infarction.

PMID- 2922783
TI  - Blunt traumatic carotid dissection with delayed symptoms.
AB  - We describe five patients with blunt traumatic carotid dissection with delayed
      clinical presentation that varied from 2 weeks to 6 months. Four patients had
      severe head injury, and one patient had direct blunt trauma to the neck.
      Cerebrovascular symptoms developed in four patients. The fifth patient suffered
      loss of vision as a result of a concurrent giant intracranial dissecting
      aneurysm. Arteriography demonstrated a "string sign" in two cases and a cervical
      carotid aneurysm in three; two of the latter also had siphon occlusion, and one
      of these had a superimposed supraclinoid dissecting aneurysm. One patient was
      treated by thromboendarterectomy, one by aneurysmorraphy, another by carotid
      ligation, and the other two patients were treated medically. Mechanisms of
      injury, forensic problems, and therapeutic options are discussed.

PMID- 2922784
TI  - Trauma: a personal perspective.
AB  - 1. Empathic caring is essential to deliver high-quality nursing care. 2. As
      nurses, we need to understand what patients are feeling to help decrease their
      emotional trauma. 3. Many OR patients do not have the luxury of good support
      systems, familiarity with caregivers and environment, and a medical knowledge
      base to enhance understanding.

PMID- 2922785
TI  - OR experiences are for student nurses.
AB  - 1. The media, lack of appropriate socializing comments regarding clinical nursing
      specialties and unavailable rotations may contribute to a student nurse's
      negative conception of RNs who work in the OR care environment. 2. Developing a
      project of this kind has informal and formal parameters. Informal parameters are
      based on becoming familiar with OR constructs; formal parameters are established
      by reviewing the mission statement and philosophy of both the nursing education
      program and that of the health-care institution. 3. Nonprivate, non-parochial,
      university-affiliated agencies welcome student learning experiences and have the
      time, place and people resources to support them. However, private, for-profit or
      free-standing health-care agencies may require contracts as documentation of the
      goals and motivations for the activities.

PMID- 2922786
TI  - A training system for first and solo assistants in microsurgery.
AB  - 1. A system to train nurses to be first and solo assistants of microsurgery has
      been practiced in our hospital for the past 13 years. 2. Under our unique weekly
      rotation system, nurses are educated to be all-around nurses. Microsurgical
      assistance is only one of approximately eight sections of the rotation. 3. Under
      this system, nurses can become extremely efficient solo assistants after 3 years.

PMID- 2922787
TI  - Teddy bear clinic.
AB  - 1. The Shriners Institute in Boston developed a day to educate children about
      hospitals and the OR environment. 2. OR nurses have instituted extensive
      procedures and policies to allow potential patients the information they need to
      know their rights. 3. The most important instruction was for the children to ask
      those questions that they thought their teddy bears might ask.

PMID- 2922788
TI  - Posttransfusion survival of red cells frozen for 8 weeks after 42-day liquid
      storage in AS-3.
AB  - Current standards recommend that red cells (RBCs) should be frozen within 6 days
      of donation. There are situations, however, in which it is desirable to freeze
      RBCs that are older than 6 days, such as for the salvage of rare or autologous
      units. To determine the therapeutic efficacy of RBCs frozen after prolonged
      liquid storage, standard units were drawn from nine normal donors and stored at 4
      degrees C for 42 days in a nutrient-additive solution, AS-3. 51CrRBC survival
      assays were performed (24-hour survival: 78.2 +/- 12.4%; n = 8) and the units
      were frozen at -80 degrees C in glycerol for 8 weeks. After deglycerolization,
      the mean RBC recovery was 81.0 +/- 4.1 percent and the mean 24-hour 51Cr survival
      was 78.0 +/- 9.1 percent. The index of therapeutic effectiveness (ITE) was
      determined by multiplying the postdeglycerolization 24-hour 51Cr survival by the
      mean RBC recovery (63.3 +/- 9.2). ITE values greater than 60 percent (75% 51Cr
      survival x 80% RBC recovery) were considered acceptable. Mean adenosine
      triphosphate levels declined from an initial 3.81 +/- 0.56 micromol per g of
      hemoglobin to 2.33 +/- 0.55 micromol per g after frozen storage. These findings
      show that an acceptable percentage of RBCs survives frozen storage after maximum
      liquid storage (mean ITE greater than 60%). If necessary, RBCs stored in AS-3 can
      be frozen at any time before 42 days.

PMID- 2922789
TI  - Polyethylene glycol improves the indirect antiglobulin test.
AB  - PEG3350, a linear polymer of ethylene glycol, was evaluated as a potentiator of
      the indirect antiglobulin test (IAGT). The polymer enhances the avidity and
      affinity of clinically significant red cell alloantibodies than those obtained
      with bovine serum albumin (BSA). The sensitivity and specificity of the PEG
      mediated reactions were superior to those obtained with BSA. Subpopulations of
      red cells, such as those encountered with fetomaternal hemorrhages, were detected
      at lower concentrations with PEG than with BSA using the microscopic Du test. The
      superiority of the PEG reaction, its simplicity, and the reagent's relatively low
      cost make substitution of the polymer for BSA in the IAGT an attractive option.

PMID- 2922790
TI  - Extended survival of neocytes produced by a new system.
AB  - Red cells (RBCs) prepared by a new system using centrifugation to produce neocyte
      enrichment were studied in two laboratories. The system used a blood bag with a
      geometric configuration such that younger, less dense cells could be separated
      from older, denser cells. Phthalate ester density gradient curves determined that
      neocyte enrichment was 81.3 percent in one laboratory and 82 percent in the
      other. RBC viability was studied by 51Cr autologous transfusion in normal
      volunteer donors. A randomized, paired design was used in which each donor was
      transfused once each with neocytes and with RBCs of all ages. The mean control
      half-life was 34.8 +/- 5.4 days in one laboratory and 34.0 +/- 3.6 days in the
      other. The mean half-life of the neocyte-enriched RBCs was 45.2 +/- 8.2 days in
      one laboratory and 45.1 +/- 4.4 days in the other. This represented a more than
      30 percent increase in half-life for the neocyte-enriched RBCs, a significant
      difference. This new system, a two-bag set that costs +15, allows the simple,
      efficient separation of neocyte-enriched RBCs that would have a longer half-life
      and could reduce the transfusion requirement in patients receiving chronic
      transfusion therapy.

PMID- 2922791
TI  - The effect of additives on red cell 2,3 diphosphoglycerate levels in CPDA
      preservatives.
AB  - Forty-two chemical substances, chosen because they might influence red cell
      metabolism, were screened for effect on red cell adenosine triphosphate and 2,3
      diphosphoglycerate (2,3 DPG) levels during storage in CPD or CPDA-1 at 4 degrees
      C. Of these substances, six appeared on initial screening to increase 2,3 DPG
      levels during storage; on repeated examination, four compounds, i.e., oxalate,
      glyoxalate, ethyl oxaloacetate, and L-phenylalanyl-L-alanine, consistently
      increased 2,3 DPG levels during storage. It was shown that glyoxalate was
      converted rapidly to oxalate in blood, presumably through the lactate
      dehydrogenase reaction. Ethyl oxaloacetate is known to hydrolyze, giving rise to
      oxalate. Thus, the effect of both glyoxalate and ethyl oxaloacetate can be
      explained by the formation of oxalate, a compound already known to increase 2,3
      DPG levels. The effect of L-phenylalanyl-L-alanine remains to be explained, but
      it may be hydrolyzed to L-alanine and L-phenylalanine, both of which are thought
      to have the capacity to increase red cell 2,3 DPG levels by inhibiting pyruvate
      kinase activity.

PMID- 2922792
TI  - Blood group phenotypes in Taiwan.
AB  - This report describes a study of 31 red cell antigens in 13 blood group systems
      tested over a period of 3 years in the Chinese population of Taiwan. The study
      provides evidence that major differences exist between Taiwanese and whites or
      blacks in five blood group systems: Rh, MNSs, Duffy, P, and Xg.

PMID- 2922793
TI  - Absence of HIV-1 infection in antibody-negative sexual partners of HIV-1 infected
      hemophiliacs.
AB  - In order to confirm the presence and determine the frequency of human
      immunodeficiency virus, type 1 (HIV-1) infection prior to antibody production, 23
      healthy women with histories of repeated unprotected sexual exposure to HIV-1
      infected hemophiliacs were tested for evidence of HIV-1 infection. Female
      subjects were tested for HIV-1 antibody (enzyme immunoassay [EIA] and Western
      blot), HIV-1 serum antigen, HIV-1 DNA gag sequences by the polymerase chain
      reaction, and HIV-1 virus isolation from peripheral mononuclear cells. Twenty-two
      of 23 (96%) women were negative by all HIV-1 assays. One woman was positive by
      all the HIV-1 assays including an EIA screening test for HIV-1 antibody. These
      preliminary results suggest that the frequency of HIV-1 infection in antibody
      negative sexual partners of HIV-1 infected individuals is probably very low.

PMID- 2922794
TI  - A prospective study evaluating the lowering of hemoglobin standards for blood
      donors.
AB  - Strict regulations exist for the selection of blood donors. These include minimum
      hemoglobin (Hb) standards of 13.5 and 12.5 g/dL for males and females
      respectively. In Canada 2% of all blood donors, or approximately 25,000
      individuals annually attempt to make a blood donation but are deferred because
      their Hb level does not meet these minimum accepted standards. In a previous
      study we provided a biostatistical approach to ascertain objectively the optimal
      minimum Hb standards for blood donors to best discriminate between iron deficient
      and non iron deficient individuals. The derived values were lower than the
      existing minimum Hb standards and because of concern that blood donors accepted
      using these lower Hb standards might have asymptomatic disease, the proposed new
      levels were not adopted. This present prospective study was undertaken to assess
      the impact on the blood donors of the new Hb standards. Over 26 months we
      evaluated 1,558 donors (695 males and 863 females). On entry into the study they
      were screened for a variety of medical conditions which could result in
      asymptomatic anemia and 6 months later they answered a health questionnaire.
      Blood donors were entered into 1 of 3 groups. Group I were donors accepted by the
      existing criteria. Group II were donors who did not meet the existing Hb criteria
      but satisfied the newly derived standards. Group III were donors deferred even by
      the new Hb standards.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2922795
TI  - The blood supply--safer than it has ever been.

PMID- 2922796
TI  - A citrate-dependent red cell antibody reactive only in bromelin.

PMID- 2922797
TI  - Limitations of paternity testing calculations revisited.

PMID- 2922798
TI  - Experimental validation of paternity probability.

PMID- 2922799
TI  - Microencapsulated parathyroid cells as a bioartificial parathyroid. In vivo
      studies.
AB  - Parathyroid cells were isolated from healthy rats, encapsulated in alginate
      polylysine membranes, and injected intraperitoneally into rats on which total
      parathyroidectomies had been performed. Three days posttransplant, serum calcium
      and PTH-M concentrations had increased to near-normal levels in the recipient
      animals. Similar results were observed in a separate group of
      parathyroidectomized rats 3 days after free parathyroid cells were implanted, but
      within 4 weeks serum calcium and PTH-M concentrations had decreased almost to
      pretransplant levels in these rats. In the rats with encapsulated cell
      transplants, by contrast, serum calcium and PTH-M levels were significantly
      higher, even after 8 weeks. No therapeutic effects were observed in rats injected
      with empty capsules or in the control group, which received no capsules or cells.
      These results indicate that transplants of microencapsulated parathyroid cells
      can temporarily reverse aparathyroidism in rats without the use of
      immunosuppressive drugs, and that further studies are warranted to investigate
      possible future clinical applications of this treatment.

PMID- 2922801
TI  - Graft-versus-host resistance induced by tolerant cell populations. Evidence
      against clonal deletion as a mechanism of transplantation tolerance.
AB  - Characterization of the effect of immunization of F1 hybrid hosts with low doses
      of parental cells has shown that the F1 hybrid response to the receptor for the
      unshared MHC antigen on the immunizing cell induces specific resistance to a GVH
      challenge from cells of the same parental strain. We have shown that cells from
      parental rats tolerant to the unshared MHC antigens are capable of inducing GVH
      resistance in F1 hybrids. Unlike cells from normal parental rats that induce GVH
      resistance only when given in low immunizing doses of 10(6) cells, 10(6)-10(8)
      cells from tolerant donors effectively immunize F1 hybrids. This effect does not
      appear to be the result of passive transfer of suppressor cells from the tolerant
      donor. An alternative explanation is that tolerant populations contain cells that
      express the receptor for the tolerated alloantigen. The finding that normal
      parental populations that have been deleted of receptor-bearing cells by passage
      through semiallogeneic intermediate hosts do not induce GVH resistance, whereas
      tolerant cell populations do, confirms that clonal deletion does not adequately
      account for the functional characteristics of the tolerant cells. Attempts to
      delete putative receptor-bearing cells from the tolerant population however
      produced equivocal results.

PMID- 2922800
TI  - Hepatic tolerance to hypotension as assessed by the changes in arterial ketone
      body ratio in the state of brain death.
AB  - Hepatic tolerance to hypotension was assessed by changes in arterial ketone body
      ratio (KBR) and hepatic energy charge levels in experimental brain death induced
      by epidural ballooning in dogs, and compared with the hemorrhagic shock model.
      Systolic arterial blood pressure was significantly decreased from 182 mmHg to 67
      mmHg after completion of brain death (P less than 0.01), but KBR was maintained
      at near the control value of 1.098 +/- 0.051 in spite of marked hypotension.
      Hepatic energy charge was 0.846 +/- 0.016 and remained at normal level. No
      significant changes were observed in lactate level, total bilirubin, SGPT, and
      LDH. SGOT was slightly elevated but was still within normal limits (P less than
      0.05). Light microscopic examination revealed no apparent ischemic change in the
      centrilobular region under hematoxylin and eosin staining. By contrast, KBR
      decreased from 0.975 +/- 0.054 to 0.273 +/- 0.060 following hypotension in the
      Wiggers' shock model (P less than 0.01). Lactate levels were gradually elevated
      significantly (P less than 0.05), but no significant increases were observed in
      total bilirubin, SGOT, SGPT, and LDH. It is suggested that the hepatic energy
      status is well maintained in the state of brain death, in which state the liver
      has high tolerance to marked hypotension until shortly before stoppage of the
      heart.

PMID- 2922802
TI  - The effect of cyclosporine on macrophage oxidative burst potential during graft
      versus-host reactions in mice.
AB  - The development of graft-versus-host reactions in mice was characterized by an
      increase in activated macrophage populations in the peritoneum and spleen of the
      animals. In the present study we tested the effect of the immunosuppressive agent
      CsA on the appearance and activity of such macrophages. Parental spleen
      lymphocytes were injected intraperitoneally into F1 hybrids (BALB/c x C57Bl/6),
      and 13 days following injection we monitored the number of peritoneal exudate
      cells (PEC), spleen enlargement, and the oxidative burst (OB) of adherent
      peritoneal macrophages (APM). Macrophage OB was assessed by measuring O2- and
      H2O2 production, following stimulation with 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate
      (TPA). In GVHR mice a 72% increase in their spleen to body weight ratio was
      observed, whereas in CsA-treated GVHR mice only a 32% increase was evident.
      Assessment of the effect of CsA on the number and function of peritoneal cells
      revealed that CsA caused a 73% reduction in the number of infiltrating PEC in
      GVHR mice. Furthermore, measurements of H2O2 and O2- production by APM revealed
      that the overall OB capacity of APM from CsA-treated mice was significantly
      reduced compared to APM from nontreated GVHR mice. CsA had no effect on the
      number and OB activity of paraffin oil elicited or resident PEC. These results
      indicate that CsA may prevent recall and activation of macrophages via its effect
      on T cell lymphokine release and thus may lessen the contribution of macrophage
      derived toxic reagents to the damage inflicted by GVHR.

PMID- 2922803
TI  - Correlation between two radioimmunoassay methods for cyclosporine determination.

PMID- 2922804
TI  - Transient cortical blindness and occipital seizures with cyclosporine toxicity.

PMID- 2922805
TI  - New brooms.

PMID- 2922806
TI  - Stroke in a subsaharan Nigerian hospital--a retrospective study.
AB  - The case records of 53 consecutive Nigerian inpatients with stroke in the
      University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Maiduguri were retrospectively
      reviewed. The mean age at presentation was 55 years and the male to female ratio
      was 2.5:1. The mean duration of symptoms before presentation was 11.1 weeks and
      the average duration of stay in hospital was 3 weeks. Thirty-three (63%) of the
      lesions were infarctive and 19 (37%) were haemorrhagic. Only 3 (6%) patients gave
      a history of prior transient ischaemic attacks (TIAs). Forty-two (79%) patients
      were hypertensive at presentation out of which 27 (64%) had the hypertension
      diagnosed for the first time. Four (8%) patients were non-insulin dependent
      diabetics. There were 11 hospital deaths (21%). Thus hypertension, more than half
      undiagnosed at admission, was the most common risk factor for stroke in the
      hospital population studied.

PMID- 2922808
TI  - Bangladesh National Drug Policy: an assessment.

PMID- 2922807
TI  - Infectious diseases in a Nicaraguan refugee camp in Costa Rica.
AB  - Some Nicaraguans living in Costa Rica are in refugee camps. The types and rates
      of infectious diseases in the Pueblo Nuevo refugee camp were measured by
      examining medical records for 1985 and performing stool and blood testing. The
      incidence of infections was 320 episodes per 1000 persons per year. Respiratory
      infections represented 63% of all illnesses and pulmonary tuberculosis was high.
      Malaria was not found in blood samples and no childhood illnesses preventable by
      immunizations were recorded in the records. Intestinal parasites were found in
      56% of the persons examined, considerably higher than the 15% prevalence noted in
      surveys of Costa Rica as a whole. Trichuris trichiura was found in 40% of the
      positive stool samples. The deficient hygienic conditions and overcrowding in the
      camp are responsible for the high rates of infections and the continued presence
      of infections many of which probably were acquired in Nicaragua. Improvement of
      hygienic conditions can be accomplished by involving the refugees in education,
      cleaning and identifying problem areas. Adequate sanitation and improved water
      supply, and reducing overcrowding are also recommended.

PMID- 2922809
TI  - Knee surgery and the Indian knee. The importance of the preservation of flexion.
AB  - The pattern of knee pathology seen in an Indian mission hospital following the
      introduction of knee clinics is described. This paper reports the results of the
      first 200 consecutive patients seen at these clinics, relating the findings to
      anticipated treatments. The occurrence of degenerative disease was high. The
      importance of knee flexion, in order to be able to squat, is highlighted. The
      necessity to adopt this position materially alters the types of treatment that
      can be offered to this group of people. It is concluded that treatments common to
      the West are not always suitable for patients in the Third World.

PMID- 2922811
TI  - Temporary colostomy as a permanent treatment for sigmoid volvulus: a simple and
      safe one-stage procedure.

PMID- 2922810
TI  - Experience with 103 cases of intestinal gangrene in Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
AB  - One hundred and three patients with intestinal gangrene were managed in Ile-Ife,
      Nigeria over a 10-year period. The overall mortality in the series was 25.2%.
      Strangulated hernias were responsible for 65 cases (63%), intussusception 20.4%,
      adhesions 11.7% and volvulus 2.9%. Avoidable deaths resulted from anastomotic
      breakdown and inadequate preoperative fluid therapy. Primary intestinal resection
      and end-to-end anastomosis of large bowel involved in gangrene gave very good
      results. It was found to be quite safe and economical, and avoided the
      inconveniences and complications of a colostomy.

PMID- 2922812
TI  - Monitoring polio trends from physiotherapy records. Independent sentinel
      surveillance in Pakistan.

PMID- 2922813
TI  - Pulmonary tuberculosis complicated by bronchopleural fistula.

PMID- 2922814
TI  - Oesophageal cancer in Sudan.

PMID- 2922815
TI  - Ocular trauma.
AB  - Well over half a million people in the world are blind as a result of eye
      injuries. It is not known how much of the final visual damage is the result of
      delayed or inappropriate management at the primary care level. However, it is
      certain that the outcome of ocular trauma by prompt action that will prevent
      serious loss of sight. He or she requires neither specialist knowledge, nor
      expensive instruments, but only the common sense application of a few basic
      clinical skills.

PMID- 2922817
TI  - Paediatric resuscitation: appropriate equipment.

PMID- 2922816
TI  - Treating childhood respiratory illness in developing countries: mist therapy
      without electricity.
AB  - We have developed an effective and well-accepted method of providing mist for
      children with acute respiratory distress. This method can be especially useful in
      areas of the world where resources are limited.

PMID- 2922818
TI  - Cranial surgery in a rural Kenyan hospital.

PMID- 2922819
TI  - Primary health care with limited resources.

PMID- 2922821
TI  - Successful abdominal pregnancy.

PMID- 2922820
TI  - Response to drug treatment in children with chronic anaemia.

PMID- 2922822
TI  - Ketamine drip anaesthesia for Caesarean section.

PMID- 2922823
TI  - Non-traumatic coma in Zambia.
AB  - A series of 170 patients with non-traumatic coma seen over a 16-month period is
      reported. The Glasgow coma scale significantly correlated with outcome (P less
      than 0.001). The diagnosis was also important in determining outcome. Hospital
      mortality was lowest in patients with cerebral malaria (22.7%), eclamptic coma
      (36.4%), and organophosphorous poisoning (30.4%). A diagnostic approach to non
      traumatic coma is outlined and the management of the different causes is
      discussed. Most hospitals in tropical Africa should be able to diagnose up to 90%
      of cases with non-traumatic coma and simple therapy is likely to be effective in
      the majority of cases.

PMID- 2922824
TI  - [MRI--where do we stand].

PMID- 2922825
TI  - [The effect of anabolic androgenic steroids on muscle strength, body weight and
      lean body mass in body-building men].
AB  - A review of the effects of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) on muscle strength,
      body weight and lean body mass in body-building men is presented. In about half
      of the placebo-controlled studies, a significant effect on the above mentioned
      response variables is found. In all cases where an effect was achieved, the drug
      used was methandrostenolone or stanozolol. Whether this is connected with a
      special quality of these AAS or whether the negative results achieved with the
      other AAS are caused by type 2 error is not yet known. The use of AAS as
      ergogenic drugs must be deprecated because of their marginal effects, the risks
      of side effects and the unsporting, unethical aspects.

PMID- 2922827
TI  - [Drug addiction and HIV infection].
AB  - HIV infection has spread rapidly among intravenous drug addicts. In Denmark, the
      infection is limited to Copenhagen where the prevalence is 10-25%. Improved
      supervision of this partial epidemic is essential. The measures instituted to
      limit spread of infection are still inadequate.

PMID- 2922826
TI  - [HIV infection among homosexual and bisexual men in Denmark. Occurrence and
      transmission].
AB  - In Denmark, AIDS has primarily affected men with homosexual behavior. In order to
      follow the occurrence and development in this group, the sero-epidemiological
      investigations which focus on the underlying HIV epidemic are reviewed. HIV was
      introduced in Denmark towards the end of the nineteen-seventies and spread
      rapidly in the beginning of the nineteen-eighties among promiscuous homosexual
      men in Copenhagen to a level in which 1/4-1/3 were found to be infected in small
      selected materials. From the middle of the nineteen-eighties, decreasing
      tendencies were observed in the numbers of homosexual and bisexual men in whom
      antibodies to HIV were demonstrated for the first time. Epidemiological evidence
      suggests that the rate of spread of HIV among homosexual men slowed down in the
      second half of the nineteen-eighties. In 1985, it was estimated that at least
      6,000 homosexual men were infected with HIV. No investigations justify new
      increased estimates of the numbers of HIV-infected homo- and bisexual men in
      Denmark. Epidemiological data demonstrate clearly that unprotected receptive anal
      coitus is the main route of infection for homosexually transmitted HIV. The risk
      of infection appears to be much lower for the active partner in anal coitus with
      an HIV-infected man. No epidemiological investigations have demonstrated oral sex
      as the route of infection for HIV among men although this does not exclude the
      possibility of HIV-infection in occasional cases of oral sex.

PMID- 2922828
TI  - [Massive feto-maternal hemorrhage. Diagnosis, quantitation, etiology and (para
      clinical findings)].
AB  - Massive feto-maternal haemorrhage occurs with a frequency of approximately 1 out
      of 1,000 deliveries and involves a considerable risk for intrauterine/perinatal
      morbidity and mortality. Three cases of massive feto-maternal haemorrhage are
      described. Methods of diagnosis and quantitation are reviewed. The etiological
      conditions are briefly mentioned and clinical and paraclinical aspects in the
      fetus/infant and also the mother are reviewed. Investigation for feto-maternal
      haemorrhage should be undertaken in all cases of unexplained stillbirth and
      perinatal death and in all cases with hypovolaemic shock or non-haemolytic
      anaemia in neonates. In addition, investigation should be undertaken in selected
      cases with deterioration of fetal condition after eg trauma to the uterus,
      external version and amniocentesis, particularly in cases with massive vaginal
      haemorrhage and/or aspiration of haemorrhagic amniotic fluid. In these latter
      cases, it may also be of value to carry out Kleihauer's test on aspirate from the
      vagina and/or amniotic fluid with the object of determining whether the
      haemorrhage is of fetal or maternal origin.

PMID- 2922829
TI  - [Self-reported pattern of illness and hospitalization during pregnancy. Results
      from a nation-wide questionnaire study].
AB  - In a representative questionnaire investigation covering all of Denmark, 3,152
      women provided information about their health during a recent pregnancy. Of
      these, 1,411 (45%) had been ill or had experienced severe complaints related to
      the pregnancy and 625 (20%) had been hospitalized during pregnancy. The average
      duration of hospitalization was two weeks with great variations in the various
      conditions. Women with multiple pregnancies were hospitalized for an average of
      six weeks. Increased incidence of hypertension and placental insufficiency were
      found among women over the age of 35 years whereas preeclampsia was most common
      among primigravidae. Women who had previously had a spontaneous abortion had an
      increased frequency of haemorrhage, threatened abortion and threatened premature
      delivery. Previous infertility was not associated with increased occurrence of
      complications of pregnancy-related morbidity were observed between women who had
      work outside the home and women who worked in their homes. Women with work
      outside the home who reported illness or severe pregnancy-related symptoms had an
      average period of sick-leave of six weeks for health reasons. The most prolonged
      periods of sick-leave were in cases of threatened abortion, threatened premature
      delivery and multiple pregnancies. The right to take leave with pay or
      maintenance allowance prior to the expected date of delivery is not utilized to
      any great extent more by women with illness during pregnancy. On the other hand,
      women with long educations utilized this right to a greater extent than unskilled
      women, who had, on the other hand increased leave on account of health reasons.

PMID- 2922830
TI  - [Is hepatitis B antigenemia a risk in adjuvant cytostatic treatment of breast
      cancer?].
AB  - One-hundred and fifteen consecutive patients with breast cancer were examined for
      hepatitis B. All the patients received adjuvant chemotherapy. The median age was
      46 years (range 26-54 years). None of the patients were found to be HBsAg
      positive. The prevalence of HbsAg was within the limits of 0-0.026 (95%
      confidence interval). Vaccination of patients receiving chemotherapy is not
      indicated. Furthermore, regular HBsAg screening among patients under 55 years
      cannot be recommended.

PMID- 2922831
TI  - [Bruising after venepuncture].
AB  - A randomized cross-over investigation was carried out on 24 healthy volunteers to
      investigate the occurrence of bruising following compression on the extended or
      flexed elbow respectively, following venepuncture in the cubital fossa. Following
      48 uncomplicated venepunctures (24 x 2) a total of 8 (17%) were found to have
      bruising, four of these after compression on the extended elbow and four after
      compression on the flexed elbow. It is concluded that there are no differences in
      the frequencies of bruising following closed venepuncture in the cubital fossa
      regardless of whether the subsequent compression is undertaken on the extended or
      flexed elbow.

PMID- 2922832
TI  - [The Angelchik prosthesis in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux].
AB  - Eighteen patients were treated for severe symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux
      with insertion of an Angelchik prosthesis. Three months after the operation all
      were free of symptoms. Postoperative 12-hour intra-esophageal pH monitoring
      showed significant reduction in acid reflux. Basal gastroesophageal sphincter
      pressure did not change significantly. After three years, one of the patients had
      symptomatic relapse. We conclude that the Angelchik prosthesis is effective in
      the treatment of symptomatic gastro-esophageal reflux, and that it is an
      alternative to conventional surgical procedures.

PMID- 2922833
TI  - [Electrocoagulation as radical treatment of anorectal cancer].
AB  - During a 17 year period, 19 patients with ano-rectal cancers were treated
      radically by electrocoagulation. Ten patients (52%) were treated successfully
      with electrocoagulation as the only treatment. The method is recommended as an
      alternative to radical surgery in carefully selected patients. The patients
      should be followed up at regular intervals. No serious complications occurred.

PMID- 2922834
TI  - [Mesenteric cysts in Denmark in 1980-86].
AB  - On the basis of a material of mesenteric cysts from a period of six years in all
      Denmark, the symptomatology, diagnosis and treatment of mesenteric cysts (MC) are
      described. These cysts are rare: approximately one par 130,000 somatic
      admissions. Mesenteric cysts may be encountered along the entire gastro
      intestinal canal from the duodenum to the rectum but are, however, most frequent
      in the mesentery of the small intestine. The symptoms were variable and depended
      upon the site, mobility, tension on the mesentery, the complications and, to a
      lesser extent, on the size. Ultrasonic scanning was the most important diagnostic
      aid. 5% of the cysts contained chyle and up to one third of these are stated to
      be malignant. Computed tomographic scanning is recommended preoperative as the
      density can reveal whether the content is chylous. Enucleation of mesenteric
      cysts would be attempted but, in cases of large cysts which prove difficult to
      resect, internal marsupialization may be employed. Material with low frequencies
      of recurrence and few complications have been presented employing this
      therapeutic method.

PMID- 2922835
TI  - [Hearing disorders--what do we know?].
AB  - The object of this investigation is to describe persons with hearing defects
      knowledge about and the offers of help from the service for the deaf and,
      simultaneously, to describe the attitudes in the primary health sector to hearing
      problems and knowledge about the audiological possibilities in the hospital
      sector. One hundred and three consecutive persons referred to the service for the
      deaf for the first time (35 men and 68 women with an average of 74 years, range
      15-94 years) were included in the investigation. The sex and age distributions
      were representative for the adult patient clientele in this department. On
      investigation in the department, the patients replied to a questionnaire which
      could reveal: the complaint which had led to referral to the department; how
      possible hearing problems had been discovered; why the patient sought help just
      now; how long the problem had been present; the treatment he/she expected to
      result from the investigation; whether the patient had previously discussed the
      hearing problem with the ENT specialist or his own general practitioner. 86%
      sought help in the department on account of hearing problems which had most
      frequently been noticed by the patient himself and his family. 55% had had the
      problem for one to five years and only 13% had had the problem for one year or
      less. 26% had experienced the hearing problem for more than five years. 59%
      expected relief of the problem in the form of a hearing aid, while 28% had no
      expectations about improvement or relief of their problem.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2922836
TI  - [Endoscopic treatment of acute colonic pseudo-obstruction].
AB  - Four patients admitted on account of various extracolonic conditions developed
      acute pseudo-obstruction of the colon during hospitalisation. All of these were
      successfully treated with colonoscopic decompression. The technique is described.

PMID- 2922837
TI  - [Perforation of the rectosigmoid colon following autoerotic manipulation].
AB  - A case of perforation of the rectosigmoid colon following autoerotic transanal
      manipulation with a billiard cue is presented. The indications for operation and
      aids for removal of foreign bodies in the rectum are discussed.

PMID- 2922838
TI  - [Giant cell arteritis and gangrene of the tongue].
AB  - A case of loss of the tongue on account of infarction in a patient with temporal
      arteritis is described. Causal factors including temporal arteritis are briefly
      discussed.

PMID- 2922839
TI  - [Giant diverticulum of the sigmoid colon].
AB  - A case of a giant sigmoid diverticulum is presented with a review of clinical and
      radiological features and surgical treatment. The origin is discussed in relation
      to a peroperative observation of air-trapping.

PMID- 2922840
TI  - [A permanent pacemaker with variable frequency].

PMID- 2922841
TI  - [Continuing studies on wake therapy of endogenous depression--physiological
      principles and realization].

PMID- 2922842
TI  - [Postoperative urine retention].

PMID- 2922843
TI  - [Nature and extension of drug information to general practitioners. A
      questionnaire study].

PMID- 2922844
TI  - International Conference on Medicine and Law, Prague, August 1988. Education in
      ethics for the medical and legal profession as a mean of preventing the
      involvement of doctors and lawyers in torture and other inhumane procedures.

PMID- 2922845
TI  - [Notification of occupational diseases from general practice during the period
      1978-1987].

PMID- 2922846
TI  - [Terminal care, information and cooperation].

PMID- 2922847
TI  - [Toxic effects of anesthetic waste gases].

PMID- 2922848
TI  - [Deliberations on the future organization of diagnostic and treatment control of
      hyperlipidemia. Experiences from the county of Funen].

PMID- 2922849
TI  - [Diagnosis of hyperlipidemia in patients admitted with acute myocardial
      infarction].

PMID- 2922850
TI  - [Hyperlipidemia in patients under 60 years of age admitted for suspected
      myocardial infarction].

PMID- 2922851
TI  - [Terminal care of cancer patients. 1. Frequency and clinical problems].

PMID- 2922852
TI  - [Terminal care of cancer patients. 2. Communication and cooperation].

PMID- 2922853
TI  - [Terminal care of cancer patients. 3. Problems and suggestions for improvement].

PMID- 2922854
TI  - [Mortality rates in alcoholic and non-alcoholic liver cirrhosis in Denmark].

PMID- 2922855
TI  - [Bilateral Freiberg's disease. Clinical and radiologic onset after age 44].

PMID- 2922856
TI  - [Thyroid cancer in Denmark during the period 1943-85. Cancer statistics number
      23].

PMID- 2922857
TI  - [International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease].

PMID- 2922858
TI  - [Hypertension and anesthesia].

PMID- 2922859
TI  - [Zopiclone (imovane)--a new sedative agent].

PMID- 2922860
TI  - [The Radical Party wishes to change the function of school physicians].

PMID- 2922861
TI  - [Health and disease].

PMID- 2922862
TI  - [Ventricular pseudoaneurysm after acute myocardial infarction].
AB  - Left ventricular aneurysm is a common complication of myocardial infarction. The
      most common type of aneurysm is a true aneurysm which forms after transmural
      infarction by gradual thinning and expanding of the scarred left ventricular
      wall. Its distinctive features are that of a large-mouthed sac containing all
      layers of ventricular wall. A rare type of aneurysm is the "false" or
      pseudoaneurysm of the left ventricle that develops from rupture of recently
      infarcted myocardial wall forming a localized haemopericardium confined by
      parietal pericardium. Pathologically, there is a small narrow-necked channel
      connecting the ventricle with a large sac consisting of only clot and fibrous
      pericardial tissue without any myocardial elements. Pseudoaneurysms are
      distinguished from the true variety by their marked tendency to rupture. Because
      surgical repair of a pseudoaneurysm is often successful, it is important to make
      the diagnosis of this entity as early as possible. Two-dimensional
      echocardiography in combination with Doppler-flow is the mainstay of clinical
      diagnosis.

PMID- 2922863
TI  - [Mentally ill homeless persons].
AB  - Homelessness is a social problem but it is frequently associated with other
      problems connected with health. Abuse of illegal and legal intoxicants and severe
      mental illness among homeless persons make it increasingly difficult to provide
      support and help for homeless persons solely by means of social measures.
      Mentally ill homeless individuals are frequently well known both by the social
      authorities and by the staff of psychiatric hospitals. They have frequently been
      offered the traditional forms of help and therapeutic measures traditionally
      employed without this resulting in "cure and stability" and they are frequently
      left to their own devices. Many of the mentally ill homeless persons have some
      form of addiction which renders their existence more difficult. Hostels and homes
      for care do not traditionally offer homes for this type of clientele but this may
      prove necessary. It will be necessary to provide new measures, e.g. domiciliary
      forms for this group but without a multidisciplinary therapeutic team and without
      cooperation between the social services and the health services this can scarcely
      prove successful.

PMID- 2922864
TI  - [Venereal diseases in children and sexual abuse].
AB  - Sexual abuse in children is reported increasingly frequently. The abuse
      frequently comes to the attention of the authorities when the children present
      symptoms which raise the suspicion of sexual abuse. One of these symptoms may be
      sexually transmitted disease in the child. Previously, there was a tendency to
      accept the possibility that sexually transmitted disease in children could be
      transmitted by other means than sexual contact, eg indirectly by infected
      bedclothes and toilet articles. Where gonorrhoea is concerned, no documentation
      exists in the literature for non-sexual infection in children. Condylomata
      acuminata are caused by infection with the human papilloma virus and may possibly
      infect children by non-sexual contact in rare instances but, in the majority of
      cases, meticulous investigation of the surroundings of the children will raise
      the suspicion of sexual abuse as the cause of the infection. The case history of
      gonococcal vulvo-vaginitis in a girl aged 23 months were the source of infection
      could not be successfully proved is mentioned. Two case histories are reported
      concerning anal condylomata acuminata in a girl aged nine years who had been
      sexually abused and a girl aged 25 months where there was a strong suspicion of
      sexual abuse but where the source of infection remained unknown. On the basis of
      literature from recent years and the case histories reported here, it is
      concluded that all gonococcal infections in children must be regarded as being
      sexually transmitted and these should, therefore, be reported to the social
      authorities. In addition, all children with ano-genital condylomata acuminata
      should be investigated meticulously for sexual abuse and be reported to the
      social authorities, if the suspicion is well founded.

PMID- 2922865
TI  - [The value of routine check-ups of patients after radical surgery of colonic
      cancer or rectal cancer].
AB  - In this retrospective study, the efficiency of the postoperative follow-up
      regimen was evaluated in patients, radically operated for cancer of the colon or
      cancer of the rectum. The follow-up regimen consisted of clinical examination,
      including sigmoidoscopy every six months, supplemented by an X-ray of the colon
      every year. Two-hundred and eighty-nine patients were included in the study.
      Twenty-three local recurrences and 19 new malignant tumors were diagnosed 20 and
      13 months (mean) after the primary operation, respectively. About one third of
      the local recurrences and half of the new malignant tumors were diagnosed at the
      planned follow-ups. Among these patients, a significantly higher success rate as
      regards radical operation was observed at the second operation. IN CONCLUSION:
      more frequent follow-ups during the first two years after the primary operation
      are recommended in order to improve early diagnosis.

PMID- 2922866
TI  - [Peritonitis in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Experiences after 7
      years].
AB  - A retrospective study of CAPD-related peritonitis revealed a frequency of 1.7
      episodes per treatment year among 121 patients during a period of 7 years. Life
      table methodology estimated a 44% probability of still remaining peritonitis-free
      after six months on CAPD, with no differences between subgroup populations
      according to sex, age (younger/older than 60 years) and primary disease
      (diabetic/non-diabetic). A marked improvement in probability of remaining
      peritonitis-free was evident in the last calendar period (1983-86). The
      predominant etiological microorganisms in peritonitis episodes were
      staphylococci. In 25% of the episodes, no microorganism could be isolated. One
      patient died from peritonitis; lethality 0.7% per year. Ten patients (8%) were
      transferred from CAPD because of either repeated episodes of peritonitis or a
      single complicated episode.

PMID- 2922867
TI  - [Carcinoma of the urachus].
AB  - The urachus is an embryological structure originating from the allantois and
      situated in Retzius' space. Neoplasms originating from the urachus are very rare.
      They become clinically manifest late in the course of the disease. Deformation of
      the apex of the bladder and supravesical calcifications are described as
      radiological findings but these are of limited diagnostic value and should be
      supplemented by ultrasonic scanning, computed tomography and possibly by magnetic
      resonance scanning which will provide information about the extent of the
      disease. The final diagnosis is based on the macroscopic findings and the
      macroscopic picture. Three cases representing various aspects of the disease are
      presented. Treatment consists of en bloc resection in the form of partial
      cystectomy and excision of the tissue in Retzius' space and the umbilicus. The
      results are, however, disappointing as the five-year survival rates in the
      majority of materials do not exceed 10%. Irradiation is of doubtful value and
      chemotherapy is scarcely of value in the treatment.

PMID- 2922868
TI  - [Laser treatment of penile cancer].
AB  - The treatment of localized penile cancer has hitherto been surgical amputation of
      the penis. In our 12 cases, tumorectomy was performed by CO2 or ND:YAG-laser
      radiation with minimal tissue ablation. Local recurrences occurred and the
      patients must be followed regularly in the outpatient clinic. The recurrences
      were treated by repeated laser radiation. No patients died of penile cancer
      during a mean observation of 16 months (range 3-50). Laser tumorectomy has
      definitive therapeutic advantages compared with penile amputation, because the
      result is acceptable for the patient and his micturition and sexual life are not
      altered.

PMID- 2922870
TI  - [Ride-on rotary motor mowers--a new mechanism of injury. Home accidents].
AB  - A hand injury caused by a ridding-on rotary motor mower is described. The injury
      was caused by a piece of wire caught by the rotar of the machine which projected
      and rotated from under the safety guard. This mechanism of injury is possible on
      account of the relatively large dimensions of the riding-on rotory motor mower.
      The user had climbed down from the machine to remove objects lying close to the
      motor mower and was hit on the dorsum of the left hand. He sustained severe
      traumatic lesions of the first and third fingers and traumatic amputation of the
      second finger corresponding to the distal phalynx. The authors suggest that a
      "dead man's grib" which acts via weight bearing on the driver's seat of the
      machine should be made legally compulsory in Denmark when the new safety measures
      for rotory motor mowers are drawn up.

PMID- 2922869
TI  - [Pulmonary hypertension in children treated with ventriculo-atrial shunt in
      hydrocephalus].
AB  - Four infants treated with ventriculo-atrial shunt for hydrocephalus developed
      sudden pulmonary hypertension, several years after the first operation. All
      infants died in spite of replacement of the distal shunt and AK treatment. At
      necropsy, old microemboli were found in the small lung vessels in two infants
      whereas the two other infants were suspected of having the same lesions from
      clinical investigations. The overall frequency for this complication was
      estimated to be 6.7% (95% CI 1.4-14.3%).

PMID- 2922871
TI  - [Carcinoid syndrome misinterpreted as an allergic reaction].
AB  - A case of the carcinoid syndrome in a woman aged 65 years is reviewed. The
      condition was initially interpreted and treated as allergy. The carcinoid
      syndrome should be borne in mind in cases of recently-developed allergy in
      elderly patients.

PMID- 2922872
TI  - [Life-threatening hypokalemia during a weight reducing regimen in a woman with
      hypertension treated with diuretics].
AB  - A case of hypokalaemia and metabolic alkalosis precipitated by a self-composed
      slimming diet in a woman treated with diuretics is presented. Cardiac stimulation
      and respirator treatment were required in addition to electrolyte therapy.
      Patients treated with diuretics should be warned against starting slimming cures
      without simultaneous frequent control of serum potassium.

PMID- 2922873
TI  - [Primary liver cancer in Denmark 1943-1985. Cancer statistics 24].

PMID- 2922874
TI  - [Introduction to the challenging of the authoritative role of the physician.
      Interview by Asger Thomsen].

PMID- 2922875
TI  - [Continuing education of medical specialists at the National Hospital].

PMID- 2922876
TI  - [First year of the Board of Ethics].

PMID- 2922877
TI  - [The disappointed patient and the burned-out physician].

PMID- 2922878
TI  - [Social factors are of significance in giving birth to children with low birth
      weight].

PMID- 2922879
TI  - Ultrasonically induced disruption and hemolysis of vitreous hemorrhages.
AB  - High-intensity focused ultrasound was used to insonify simulated vitreous
      hemorrhages in two in vitro models and one in vivo animal model. Histopathologic
      evaluation of the treatment effect was performed with light and electron
      microscopy. Ultrasonic parameters resulting in histopathologically proven
      disruption and hemolysis of intravitreal blood were investigated. Most important
      in obtaining this effect were the temporal average acoustic power and pulse
      repetition rate of the applied ultrasonic beam. Accurate positioning of the
      therapeutic beam and visualization of internal spatio-temporal response patterns
      in the blood during insonification were monitored via simultaneous diagnostic B
      mode imaging. Results suggested that high-intensity focused ultrasound might
      facilitate the two major mechanisms involved in the natural resorption process of
      vitreous hemorrhages namely hemolysis and surface-dependent phagocytosis.

PMID- 2922880
TI  - Ultrasound-induced damage of veins in pig ears, as revealed by scanning electron
      microscopy.
AB  - Pig ear veins have been treated in situ with ultrasound at a frequency of 750 kHz
      and intensity of 1.5 W cm-2 (spatial average) during which the temperature in the
      surrounding tissues rose to 52-54 degrees C. The veins were examined by scanning
      electron microscopy. Gaps developed between the endothelial cells, which showed
      many fine perforations in their membranes. Extensive blood clots were observed in
      which erythrocytes had become more spherical and showed damaged membranes.
      Effects on membranes were also found with HeLa cells heated to 50 degrees C, and
      have been previously described by others in heat-treated blood vessels.

PMID- 2922881
TI  - Investigation of cavitation in flowing media by lithotripter shock waves both in
      vitro and in vivo.
AB  - Cavitation produced by lithotripter shock waves was characterized in vitro in
      water and blood, and in vivo in aortic blood by means of a 1.6 MHz resonant
      bubble detector. This system was readily able to detect bubbles resulting from
      shock-wave induced cavitation in both water and blood flowing through plastic
      tubes in vitro, and even in blood pumped by the heart through a plastic arterio
      venous shunt. However, this system was unable to detect evidence of shock-wave
      induced cavitational activity occurring within the intact vascular systems of
      dogs in vivo.

PMID- 2922882
TI  - Cavitation induced by asymmetric, distorted pulses of ultrasound: a biological
      test.
AB  - Prediction of the response of gaseous microbubbles to ultrasonic waves is
      complicated by the finite-amplitude distortion associated with large amplitude
      acoustic fields. Typical finite-amplitude pulses in medical applications consist
      of a sharp positive spike followed by a smaller, slowly varying negative
      pressure. In previous theoretical studies it was found that: (a) the peak
      positive pressure is a very poor index of bubble response; (b) the peak-negative
      pressure typically underestimates the bubble response; (c) a better predictor of
      bubble response is the pressure amplitude of the fundamental in a Fourier series
      expansion of the distorted pulse. It is reported here that the killing of
      Drosophila larvae exposed to pulsed, symmetric, sinusoidal fields and to pulsed,
      asymmetric, distorted fields is consistent with these predictions.

PMID- 2922883
TI  - An explanation for the decrease in cell lysis in a rotating tube with increasing
      ultrasound intensity.
AB  - Previous observations indicate that for in vitro mammalian cells insonated in
      rotating test tube the amount of cell lysis initially increases to some maximum
      and then decreases with further increase in ultrasound exposure. The results of
      the present investigation support the postulate that the reduction in cell lysis
      with increase in ultrasound intensity is related to the development of an
      ultrasonically induced "cloud" of bubbles in the fluid between the transducer and
      test tube; these bubbles mitigate against acoustic transmission thus reducing
      cell lysis in the insonated test tube.

PMID- 2922884
TI  - A second order approximation in the Doppler equation.

PMID- 2922885
TI  - The Doppler shift and speed of sound in blood.

PMID- 2922886
TI  - The in vitro effect of electromagnetically generated shock waves (Lithostar) on
      the Dunning R3327 PAT-2 rat prostatic cancer cell-line. A potentiating effect on
      the in vitro cytotoxicity of vinblastin.
AB  - High energy shock wave lithotripsy has proven to be an effective tool in the
      management of renal calculi. The effects of electrohydraulically generated high
      energy shock waves (HESW) on tumor cells were described only recently. Here we
      present data on the experimental design for treatment of tumor cells, using
      electromagnetically generated shock waves. The determination of the focal area,
      in which pressures are at least 50% of the maximum pressure, appeared to be
      essential. In vitro HESW treatment resulted in a dose dependant anti
      proliferative effect on Dunning R-3327 PAT-2 rat prostate cancer subline,
      determined by temporal growth curve analysis after plating of treated cells in
      soft agar. Furthermore, it was shown that HESW treatment had a potentiating
      effect on Vinblastin treatment. The combination of HESW with Vinblastin appeared
      to have an additive in vitro anti-proliferative effect on PAT-2 prostatic cancer
      cells.

PMID- 2922887
TI  - Cyclosporine A impairs wound healing of ureterocystoneostomy in rats. Scanning
      electron microscopic examination.
AB  - The effect of cyclosporine A (CsA), an immunosuppressive agent used in
      transplantation, on wound healing following microsurgical neoimplantation of a
      ureter in the bladder of 63 SIV ZUR rats was examined morphologically using the
      light and scanning electron microscopes and functionally by radiography.
      Following ureterocystoneostomy (UCN) on the right side, the animals in Group I
      (control group) received 1.0 ml CsA solvent (0.1 g ethanol and 0.3 g intralipid)
      per day. Group II received 12.5 mg/kg/day CsA and Group III 17.5 mg/kg/day CsA.
      All drugs were administered i.p. A third of the animals in each group were
      reoperated 7, 14 or 28 days after UCN. At these time intervals, there were no
      radiologically demonstrable differences in the operated side. Examination under
      the scanning electron microscope indicated delayed restitution of epithelium in
      the bladder for rats which had received CsA as compared to the control group. In
      the area of the UCN, CsA caused dose-independent retardation of the regenerative
      hyperplasia associated with wound healing (Group I: max. 7 days after UCN: Group
      II and Group III, max. 14 days after UCN). Hyperplastic areas had ropy
      microridges and uniform short microvilli. Where the hyperplasia exhibited nodular
      and papillary formation, also histologically more evident under CsA, occasional
      epithelial cells had pleomorphic microvilli on their luminal surface. Unlike
      other known premalignant changes of this kind, the frequent occurrence of
      pleomorphic microvilli under CsA was reversible. In general, CsA led to dose
      unrelated protraction of UCN wound healing with no lasting functional disturbance
      in rats.

PMID- 2922888
TI  - Cyclosporine (Sandimmune) and wound healing.

PMID- 2922889
TI  - Interactive computerized morphometric analysis for the differential diagnosis
      between dysplasia and well differentiated adenocarcinoma of the prostate.
AB  - To distinguish prostatic dysplasia (or adenosis) from well differentiated
      adenocarcinoma on transrectal needle biopsy, a morphometric study was conducted
      on 20 cases of adenosis and 20 cases of well differentiated adenocarcinoma of the
      prostate. About 100 cells for each patient were analyzed by means of a
      computerized image analyzer, and mean nuclear diameter, mean nuclear area, mean
      form factor and number of cells in eight classes of nuclear diameter were
      studied. The best predictors of malignancy (evaluated by means of Receiver
      Operating Characteristics curves) were mean nuclear area greater than 28 mu2,
      presence of more than 5% of cells with nuclear diameter greater than 6.15 mu, and
      mean nuclear diameter greater than 5 mu. Using these diagnostic criteria the
      probability of malignancy for a positive specimen rises from 14% (pre-test) to
      75% (post-test).

PMID- 2922890
TI  - Serum-Zn-levels in prostatic cancer.
AB  - Zinc in serum of both patients with prostatic carcinoma and men without prostatic
      cancer was analyzed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). No
      significant differences were found between the group with prostatic carcinoma
      without metastasis and the group used for comparison. The Zn level in serum of
      patients with both prostatic carcinoma and metastases was decreased in comparison
      to the other groups. A decrease in the Zn concentration was also found for men
      without metastases after orchiectomy and hormone therapy.

PMID- 2922892
TI  - Efficient storage of urodynamic signals by computer: application of FAN adaptive
      sampling.
AB  - Digital storage of urodynamic signals such as detrusor pressure and flowrate at a
      sufficiently high sampling rate (10 samples per second) to allow subsequent
      analysis requires considerable computer memory. A procedure for compressing these
      data by deleting redundant samples (the fan method of adaptive sampling) was
      tested. The method allows a flexible adaptation to specific hardware and a
      compromise between storage requirements and accuracy. In this study the number of
      samples required for adequate reconstruction of the detrusor pressure signal
      could be varied from 80% to 4% of the original number of samples by varying the
      average difference between reconstructed and original signal from 0.01 to 2 cm
      H2O. Fast components of the measurements (for example cough peaks) which were
      lost if a lower sampling rate or averaging was used to obtain equally low storage
      requirements were unaffected by this compression technique.

PMID- 2922891
TI  - Immunological aspects of intravesical administration of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin
      (BCG) in the guinea pig.
AB  - The only form of effective immunotherapy for human cancer is the intravesical
      administration of BCG in the treatment of superficial bladder tumors. In this
      study BCG was administered intravesically (once a week for six consecutive weeks)
      in guinea pigs to investigate the immune response. Both specific immune responses
      against BCG itself and nonspecific immune responses such as leukocyte subset
      distribution, mitogenic (ConA, PHA, LPS) lymphocyte stimulation and spontaneous
      cytotoxic (NK and LAK cell) activity were determined in the regional draining
      (iliac) lymph node and in the spleen. The PPD skin test became positive after the
      fourth intravesical instillation of BCG when 1 X 10(5) culturable particles or
      higher dosages of BCG were administered. A low dose of 1 X 10(3) c.p. of BCG
      induced a positive PPD skin reaction in 2 of 4 animals after six BCG
      instillations. After six BCG instillation BCG immune lymphocytes were present
      both in the iliac lymph nodes and in the spleen. No differences in mitogenic
      responses to ConA, PHA and LPS were observed in iliac lymph nodes or the spleen
      between placebo or BCG treated animals. In the regional iliac lymph nodes a
      significantly increased number of leukocytes was present. These lymph node cells
      showed a significant increase in the expression of MHC class II (Ia) immune
      response antigen on their surface. In the spleen no differences were observed
      after BCG administration regarding the number of cells present and in terms of
      the Ia antigen expression of the leukocytes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2922893
TI  - High energy shock waves do not affect either primary tumor growth or metastasis
      of prostate carcinoma, R3327-MatLyLu.
AB  - We investigated the possibility that extracorporeal high energy shock wave (HESW)
      treatment of solid tumors increased metastatic tumor cell spread using a rapidly
      metastasising rat prostate tumor variant (R3327-MatLyLu). Volume of HESW treated
      primary tumor, the volume of metastatic lymph nodes and the number of lung tumor
      nodules formed were compared with values in untreated control rats. HESW
      treatment resulted in marked hemorrhage and readily visible hematoma at the focal
      point of treatment. Tumor histology directly after treatment showed extravascular
      blood cells due to breakage of blood vessels. Contrary to previous reports we
      could not observe a delay in tumor growth rate in either small or medium sized
      tumors. More importantly the extent of metastatic spread was not influenced by
      HESW treatment.

PMID- 2922894
TI  - [Microcomputer systems in urology: hardware--mole's hole or useful equipment?].
AB  - The basic concepts and elements of micro- and minicomputer hardware components
      frequently used in urology are described. For advanced users, the details and
      trends are discussed in more detail. The interdependence of hardware and
      operating systems is emphasized. In addition, a method for the evaluation of
      personal computer performance is presented. Finally, proposals are made
      concerning purchasing procedures and selection criteria.

PMID- 2922895
TI  - [The effect of mineral water containing calcium on supersaturation of urine with
      calcium oxalate].
AB  - The influence of mineral waters with different calcium content on the urine
      composition was investigated. Twelve healthy male test persons were housed for 3
      x 24 h (once a week) in a climatic chamber under constant resting conditions. The
      standardized food intake was distributed equally over 24 h. Six 4-h urine samples
      were collected and chemically analyzed to study the risk of stone formation. The
      total amount of mineral water (Staatl. Fachingen or Bad Wildunger Helenenquelle)
      or of tapwater was administered in three portions (700 ml at 9.00, 350 ml at
      13.00, 350 ml at 17.00). After mineral water intake, the calcium concentration in
      the urine was slightly higher. However, the more highly mineralized water caused
      a significant increase in the urinary magnesium concentration, which persisted
      into the night. The citrate concentration was increased as a result of
      alkalization of the urine. After mineral water intake the oxalate excretion was
      slightly (but not significantly) higher. However, no increased risk of calcium
      oxalate stone formation was seen when different supersaturation ratios were used
      as the basis of calculation. In a second study, further 12 volunteers of both
      sexes were given an oxalate-rich standard meal and 500 ml of the test waters in
      addition. The urine oxalate concentration was measured hourly for 6 h after the
      meal, and the total oxalate excretion was calculated. The renal oxalate excretion
      after mineral water intake was significantly reduced compared with tapwater
      controls. This effect may be caused by intestinal binding of oxalate by calcium
      and indicates a further lowering of the risk of calcium oxalate crystallization.

PMID- 2922896
TI  - [Risk indicators of urinary calculus formation: value of oxalate and citrate
      excretion in comparison with the oxalate tolerance value].
AB  - Several methods for the measurement of crystallization conditions in urine, the
      so-called whole urine systems, have recently been of considerable interest in
      urolithiasis research. The diagnostic accuracy of the oxalate tolerance value
      (OTV) was therefore compared with the daily excretion of oxalate and citrate in
      normal persons and patients with urinary calculi. With the aid of the
      oxalate/citrate ratio, 77% of the patients could be classified correctly. After
      standardization of the experimental conditions (24-h urine sample, constant pH
      value, consideration of endogenous oxalate) we succeeded in correctly classifying
      82% of patients using the OTV. These results favour the introduction of the OTV
      as a clinical chemical tool for the follow-up of patients with urinary calculi
      and for the screening of normal persons at risk.

PMID- 2922897
TI  - [Polychemotherapy using the M-VEC protocol (methotrexate, vinblastine,
      epirubicin, cisplatin) in advanced urinary bladder cancer--effectiveness and
      toxicity].
AB  - We report on preliminary experience with a modified M-VAC (methotrexate,
      vinblastine, adriamycin and cisplatin) regimen in which adriamycin was replaced
      by the less toxic 4-epirubicin at equal doses (M-VEC). This study includes 58
      patients suffering from advanced bladder cancer, with a minimum observation time
      of 12 months; each patient received at least two courses of M-VEC (mean follow-up
      22 months, average 3.9 cycles). Most (22; 37.9%) of the tumors were T3-4 NO MO;
      20 (34.4%) were T3-4 N1-2 MO; and 16 (27.7%) were T3-4 NO-2 M1. Microscopically,
      52 (89.6%) were pure transitional cell carcinoma, 5 were (8.6%) squamous
      cell/carcinomatous transformation; 1 (1.8%) sarcoma was found. Chemotherapy was
      given as palliative treatment in 34 (58.6%) patients, as neo-adjuvant therapy in
      19 (32.8%) cases and as adjuvant therapy in 5 (8.6%) patients. The overall
      response rate was 72.3% (CR = 51.7%), with a mean duration of response of 18+
      months. The disease-free survival so far amounts to 24/58 (41.4%). Squamous cell
      carcinoma does not respond to M-VEC. Locally advanced bladder cancer (T3-4 NO-2
      MO) responds significantly better than metastatic (M1) disease (78.5% vs 56.2%),
      resulting in an increased survival rate (57% versus 12.5%) after 22 months. The
      toxicity of M-VEC is considerably lower than has been reported for other regimens
      (M-VAC, CMV, CM). The toxic effects included mucositis (3%), nadir sepsis (2.4%)
      and drug-related death (2.4%).

PMID- 2922898
TI  - [BCG in reflux].
AB  - Nine patients with radiologically proven vesicorenal reflux (3 bilateral, 4
      unilateral, 2 with unilateral double-J stents) received intravesical bacillus
      Calmette-Guerin (BCG) as prophylactic treatment for recurrent superficial bladder
      carcinoma. One patient with a double-J stent suffered an attack of high fever,
      probably following obstruction of the stent. All other patients tolerated one
      cycle or two cycles (5 of 9 patients) of 6 weekly instillations without
      significant complications. There was no increased toxicity compared with a
      control group of 39 patients without reflux who were receiving BCG. Topical
      intravesical immunotherapy with BCG in patients with vesicorenal reflux can be
      given without a rise in the complication rate; indeed, in view of the multifocal
      appearance of urothelial carcinoma in this subgroup, this type of therapy even
      appears to be desirable.

PMID- 2922899
TI  - [Differential diagnosis of acute scrotum by nuclear medicine study].
AB  - Sixty-four patients with acute scrotal pain were examined by radionuclide scrotal
      scanning. We compared clinical, surgical and radionuclide findings. The scrotal
      scanning is a rapid, non invasive and painless examination with high accuracy in
      inflammatory disease. But two falsely negative scans in acute testicular torsion
      warn against this simple method. Torsion of the appendix testis were not
      recognized by scanning.

PMID- 2922901
TI  - The ins and outs of cash flow.

PMID- 2922900
TI  - [Pheochromocytoma and adrenal gland hyperplasia in a remaining atrophic kidney].
AB  - We report the not-yet-published case of a renal cell carcinoma in an atrophic
      kidney in combination with ipsilateral pheochromocytoma and adrenal cortex
      hyperplasia. The cause of the adrenal cortex hyperplasia was found to be the
      result of a reaction to the accompanying adaptation hyperplasia.

PMID- 2922903
TI  - Development of a coding system for recording clinical findings in farm animal
      practice.
AB  - A coding system was developed for recording veterinary information in the
      University of Liverpool farm animal practice. Existing coding systems were found
      to be unsuitable for use on a microcomputer in a veterinary practice. A number of
      new coding formats were developed and tried. The need to record varying detail,
      to analyse data and to enter data quickly resulted in biaxial hierarchical codes.
      These are used in an automated coding system to record all veterinary and
      reproduction information in the practice.

PMID- 2922902
TI  - Comparison of two early season anthelmintic programmes on a commercial beef farm.
AB  - Two early season suppressive anthelmintic programmes, ivermectin given three,
      eight and 13 weeks after turn out and a morantel sustained release bolus
      administered at turn out, were compared on a commercial farm. The morantel
      treated cattle grew significantly faster than the ivermectin treated group during
      the period of treatment, on average at 0.80 kg/day compared with 0.71 kg/day (P
      less than 0.01). In the second half of the grazing season (13 to 25 weeks after
      turn out) the ivermectin treated group grew faster than the morantel treated
      group although the difference was not statistically significant. Over the entire
      grazing season there was no significant difference in average growth rate between
      the morantel treated group which grew at 0.80 kg/day and the ivermectin treated
      group which grew at 0.77 kg/day. These results were related to pasture larval
      counts, faecal egg counts and plasma pepsinogen levels throughout the grazing
      period. It was concluded that the morantel sustained release bolus allowed
      growing cattle to reach their production potential during the period of
      treatment. However, its efficacy in maintaining production throughout the grazing
      season was reduced by the 90 day treatment period which failed to give the level
      of control of gastrointestinal nematode parasites achieved by the 105 day period
      of treatment in the ivermectin programme.

PMID- 2922904
TI  - Multifocal symmetrical encephalopathy in Simmental calves.

PMID- 2922905
TI  - Evidence for sheep as a maintenance host for Leptospira interrogans serovar
      hardjo.

PMID- 2922906
TI  - Elaphostrongylus cervi in Danish wild red deer (Cervus elaphus).

PMID- 2922908
TI  - Veterinary remuneration.

PMID- 2922907
TI  - Riley recommendations.

PMID- 2922909
TI  - Quality assessment scheme.

PMID- 2922910
TI  - Computers in veterinary practice.

PMID- 2922911
TI  - Electrolytes and reproductive hormone concentrations in maternal plasma and fetal
      fluids of dairy cows with hydrops.
AB  - Electrolytes, metabolites, cortisol and reproductive hormones were measured in
      maternal plasma taken at least twice daily from three cases of bovine hydrops
      before, during and after parturition induced by dexamethasone or prostaglandin.
      Caesarean operations were required for two of the cases. Maternal plasma
      electrolytes remained within the normal range, but average potassium and
      creatinine concentrations were higher (9.2 and 0.68 mmol/litre, respectively)
      than normal (4.7 and 0.42 mmol/litre) in samples of amniotic fluid obtained at
      calving. Sodium (100 mmol/litre) and chloride (67 mmol/litre) in allantoic fluid
      were also higher than normal (53 and 20 mmol/litre, respectively). Conversely,
      creatinine concentrations were lower than normal in allantoic fluid (2.2 vs 13.8
      mmol/litre). Oestradiol concentrations were lower than normal in maternal plasma
      (ranges: less than 20 to 140 pg/ml vs 30 to 440 pg/ml); maximum prostaglandin F
      metabolite (PGFM) concentrations were slightly elevated (ranges 1.1 to 2.0 ng/ml
      vs 0.4 to 0.9 ng/ml). Progesterone and cortisol concentrations remained within
      the normal range; the latter hormone increased markedly in parallel with raised
      PGFM concentrations. In two cases, the concentrations of reproductive hormones
      tended to be lower in the amniotic fluid than in the allantoic fluid. For
      example, progesterone concentrations were 42.8 and 14.9 ng/ml in the amniotic
      fluids vs 64.2 and 29.8 ng/ml in the allantoic fluids of the two cows; PGFM
      concentrations were 27.7 and 4.3 ng/ml vs 34.6 and 5.0 ng/ml, and oestradiol
      concentrations were 1.5 and 3.5 ng/ml vs 1.1 and 6.4 ng/ml in the two fluids,
      respectively.

PMID- 2922912
TI  - Stress resistant and stress susceptible landrace pigs: comparison of blood
      variables after exposure to halothane or exercise on a treadmill.
AB  - Stress susceptible pigs develop pale, soft, exudative pork as a consequence of
      exposure to natural stress or exposure to halothane. Hyperstimulation of
      glycolysis is a major component of the stress reaction. Whether natural and
      artificial stress have other similarities was investigated by exposing pigs to
      halothane or to physical exercise, and measuring their blood composition. There
      were many similarities between the two groups but the significant differences
      suggest that although both halothane and exercise induce glycolysis, the
      mechanisms involved are different.

PMID- 2922913
TI  - An intersex horse with X chromosome trisomy.
AB  - An X-trisomy has been detected in an intersexuality Spanish-bred horse by using G
      and C-banding methods. The external characteristics and the behavioural and
      physiological irregularities of the horse are described. This is the first time
      that an association between an X-trisomy and a case of intersexuality has been
      reported in any domestic animal.

PMID- 2922914
TI  - Microbiological and pathological evaluation of vaccination against naturally
      occurring caprine pasteurellosis.

PMID- 2922915
TI  - Riley recommendations.

PMID- 2922916
TI  - Acute nephropathy in young lambs.

PMID- 2922917
TI  - Listerial abortion in the bitch.

PMID- 2922918
TI  - Withdrawal of mitotane.

PMID- 2922920
TI  - 'What's the BVA doing about it?'.

PMID- 2922919
TI  - Veterinary remuneration.

PMID- 2922921
TI  - Bovine fascioliasis: a need to revisit control strategy.

PMID- 2922922
TI  - Relationship between virulence of Chlamydia psittaci strains and establishment of
      persistent infection of McCoy cells.
AB  - The pathogenicity of chlamydial strains for their natural hosts and their ability
      to induce persistent infections in McCoy cells were compared. Both virulent and
      avirulent strains persistently infected McCoy cells, but the appearance of the
      cell culture varied between strains. Avirulent strains induced completely
      inapparent persistent infection (infection Type 1), while with invasive strains
      the culture alternated between periods of cell multiplication and periods of
      extensive cytopathic change (infection Type 2). The virulence of virulent strains
      was not attenuated, even after 6 months of culture, but after 2 or 3 months some
      avirulent strains produced infection Type 2 and became invasive for mice and
      abortive for ewes. This variation of virulence was accompanied by a modification
      of protein patterns.

PMID- 2922923
TI  - Yellow fever virus proteins NS2A, NS2B, and NS4B: identification and partial N
      terminal amino acid sequence analysis.
AB  - A series of fusion proteins corresponding to the hydrophobic ns2 and ns4 regions
      of yellow fever virus (YF) were generated in Escherichia coli using trpE fusion
      vectors. Antisera to ns2 and ns4 region fusion proteins recognize virus-specific
      proteins of 15 and 27 kDa, respectively. N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis
      of the 27-kDa protein indicates that the N-terminus of YF NS4B immediately
      follows a signalase-like cleavage site. Additional sequence data generated by
      microsequence analysis of labeled proteins immunoprecipitated with mouse
      hyperimmune antisera have identified the 15-kDa protein as NS2B and an additional
      20-kDa viral protein as NS2A. Comparison of the sequences adjacent to the N
      termini of these viral proteins suggests that three distinct types of cleavage
      events are involved in processing the hydrophobic YF ns2 and ns4 regions. These
      include cleavage after a short side chain amino acid to generate the N-terminus
      of NS2A, cleavage after two arginine residues to produce the N-terminus of NS2B,
      and a cleavage site consistent with the specificity of signalase to generate the
      N-terminus of NS4B. Analysis of virus-specific protein patterns in several
      different mammalian cell lines and in Aedes albopictus cells suggests that the
      same cleavage sites are used in different hosts. These findings are discussed in
      relation to the processing of flavivirus polyproteins.

PMID- 2922924
TI  - Sequence analysis of the nucleocapsid protein gene of human coronavirus 229E.
AB  - Human coronaviruses are important human pathogens and have also been implicated
      in multiple sclerosis. To further understand the molecular biology of human
      coronavirus 229E (HCV-229E), molecular cloning and sequence analysis of the viral
      RNA have been initiated. Following established protocols, the 3'-terminal 1732
      nucleotides of the genome were sequenced. A large open reading frame encodes a
      389 amino acid protein of 43,366 Da, which is presumably the nucleocapsid
      protein. The predicted protein is similar in size, chemical properties, and amino
      acid sequence to the nucleocapsid proteins of other coronaviruses. This is
      especially evident when the sequence is compared with that of the antigenically
      related porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), with which a region
      of 46% amino acid sequence homology was found. Hydropathy profiles revealed the
      existence of several conserved domains which could have functional significance.
      An intergenic consensus sequence precedes the 5'-end of the proposed nucleocapsid
      protein gene. The consensus sequence is present in other coronaviruses and has
      been proposed as the site of binding of the leader sequence for mRNA
      transcriptional start. This region was also examined by primer extension analysis
      of mRNAs, which identified a 60-nucleotide leader sequence. The 3'-noncoding
      region of the genome contains an 11-nucleotide sequence, which is relatively
      conserved throughout the Coronavirus family and lends support to the theory that
      this region is important for the replication of negative-strand RNA.

PMID- 2922925
TI  - The sequences of the reovirus serotype 1, 2, and 3 L1 genome segments and
      analysis of the mode of divergence of the reovirus serotypes.
AB  - We report the sequence of the L1 genome segment of reovirus serotype 3 strain
      Dearing, which encodes the minor core component protein lambda 3. It is 3854 bp
      long, with a long open reading frame starting at position 19 that is 1267 codons
      long. Protein lambda 3 is not detectably related to any other protein, nor does
      it appear to possess motifs indicative of recognized specialized functions. We
      have also sequenced the L1 genome segments of reovirus serotypes 1 and 2. The
      serotype 1 and 3 L1 genome segments are extremely closely related; there are only
      154 mismatches (4.1%), 80% of which are in third base codon positions, so that
      these two lambda 3 proteins are 98.3% related (only 22 mismatches out of 1267).
      The serotype 2 L1 genome segment is only 75% related to the serotype 1 and 3
      genome segments, and the serotype 2 lambda 3 protein is 92% related to the
      serotype 1 and 3 lambda 3 proteins. We have also analyzed the divergence patterns
      by which the various reovirus genome segments evolved into the three serotype
      forms. It appears that serotype 2 separated from the serotype 1/3 precursor long
      before serotypes 1 and 3 themselves diverged. In all cases the third base codon
      positions in the various genome segments have diverged about 80% toward
      randomness. The first and second base codon positions have diverged much less and
      to varying degree, depending, presumably, on each protein's ability to accept
      changes without significant loss of function. For the separation into the
      serotype 1 and 3 forms, the extent of divergence of the various genome varies
      over a very wide range. The S1 genome segments have again diverged most
      extensively, the extent of divergence in the first, second, and third base codon
      positions being about 50, 35 and 75%, respectively. For seven other genome
      segments that we examined the extent of third base codon position divergence is
      56, 53, 48, 29, 22, 13, and 6%, whereas first and second base codon position
      divergence ranges from no more than 6 to 2 and 3 to less than 1%, respectively.
      The most likely explanation of these patterns is that the separation of the
      various genome segments into the present-day serotype 1 and 3 associated forms
      occurred at different times during evolution, from progenitors that were genome
      segment reassortants with survival rates as high as or higher than those of
      homologous genome segment sets.

PMID- 2922926
TI  - Molecular cloning and analysis of the N5 neuraminidase subtype from an avian
      influenza virus.
AB  - The neuraminidase (NA) gene from the prototype N5 influenza virus,
      A/Shearwater/Australia/72, has been cloned and completely sequenced. An open
      reading frame of 1404 bp (468 amino acids) is flanked by 20-bp 5'- and 31-bp 3'
      untranslated regions. The deduced amino acid sequence of the N5 gene was compared
      with sequences from N2, N1, N7, N8, and N9 subtypes. One hundred thirteen amino
      acid residues (24%) are completely conserved across subtypes and include active
      site residues, cysteines, potential glycosylation sites, and certain glycines
      which suggests that these subtypes share a common ancestor and adopt the same 3-D
      conformation. Three groups can be assigned from amino acid homologies: (i) N5,
      N8, N1; (ii) N7, N9; and (iii) N2 where the percentage identity within groups is
      55-68% and between groups is 40-46%, the N5-N8 pair bearing the closest identity
      (68%). Phylogenetic analysis suggests that these groups diverged concurrently.

PMID- 2922927
TI  - Organization of tomato bushy stunt virus genome: characterization of the coat
      protein gene and the 3' terminus.
AB  - We have synthesized cDNA clones of the genome of the cherry strain of tomato
      bushy stunt virus (TBSV-cherry) and have used them as hybridization probes to
      identify and position two 3' coterminal subgenomic RNAs of approximately 2.2 and
      0.9 kilobases (kb) in length. The 5' termini of the two subgenomic RNAs have been
      mapped to positions located 2156 and 936 nucleotides respectively from the 3'
      terminus of the viral genome. The nucleotide sequence of cDNA clones encompassing
      the region of the genome containing both of the subgenomic RNAs has been
      determined. The sequence data indicate that two nested open reading frames (ORFs)
      occur in the most 3' proximal location on the genome suggesting that the 0.9-kb
      subgenomic RNA potentially encodes two polypeptides of 19,397 and 21,610 Da.
      Comparison of the amino acid sequence of a potential translation product of
      41,024 Da encoded by the first ORF of the 2.2-kb subgenomic RNA with the
      published capsid protein amino acid sequence of the BS-3 strain of TBSV indicates
      that the 2.2-kb subgenomic RNA encodes the capsid protein. The TBSV coat protein
      cistron is located internally on the genome and thus its genetic organization
      differs from that reported for most other small, spherical viruses with
      monopartite genomes. Amino acid sequence comparisons of analogous regions of the
      cucumber necrosis virus (CNV) genome confirms a close relationship between the
      viruses.

PMID- 2922928
TI  - Sequence analysis of the mumps virus mRNA encoding the P protein.
AB  - The nucleotide sequence of the mumps virus phospho- or polymerase-associated (P)
      protein mRNA has been determined by sequencing a full-length cDNA clone and
      confirmed by partially sequencing the mRNA and the genome. The mRNA contains 1311
      nucleotides excluding the poly(A) and encodes a protein of 390 amino acids with a
      calculated molecular weight of 41,574. Three small polypeptides were seen in in
      vitro translation of viral mRNA and hybrid-selected P mRNA, possibly representing
      internal initiation in the same reading frame of the P protein. A second
      overlapping reading frame is predicted from the sequence which has a capacity to
      code for two polypeptides of 56 and 34 amino acids, respectively. Whether these
      two polypeptides are expressed in infected cells is not known. Comparison of the
      P protein sequence with that of Sendai virus, measles virus, parainfluenza virus
      type 3, and canine distemper virus (CDV) showed no distinct homology but
      comparison with the P protein of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) showed 25.6%
      homology.

PMID- 2922929
TI  - Segment W of Campoletis sonorensis virus: expression, gene products, and
      organization.
AB  - Campoletis sonorensis virus (CsV, Polydnaviridae) is a segmented double-stranded
      DNA virus which has an apparently symbiotic relationship with the parasitic wasp,
      Campoletis sonorensis. CsV replicates in the oviducts of the parasitic wasp and
      is injected into the wasp's host, Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera; Noctuiidae),
      during oviposition. In the parasitized lepidopteran host, the virus has a
      dramatic effect on host physiology and viral gene products are believed to play
      an essential role in the survival of the parasitic wasp's egg and larva. In the
      current study, we used Northern blot analyses to examine expression from segment
      W in the parasitized host and in the parasitic wasp. Segment W hybridized
      primarily to two relatively abundant mRNAs (1.6 and 1.0 kb) from the parasitized
      host. These 1.6- and 1.0-kb mRNAs, which were previously shown to be transcribed
      from two closely related genes (WHv1 and WHv2) on segment W (G. W. Blissard, O.
      P. Smith, and M. D. Summers, 1987, Virology 160, 120-134) increased in relative
      abundance between 2 and 24 hr postparasitization (pp) and were detected
      throughout parasitization (8 days). To study the proteins encoded by these
      closely related genes, the open reading frame from each of the related genes was
      cloned into a baculovirus expression vector. By pulse labeling in the presence
      and absence of tunicamycin, we examined secretion and glycosylation of these CsV
      proteins in infected lepidopteran cells (Spodoptera frugiperda). Expression of
      segment W in the oviducts of the female wasp was also examined. Segment W
      hybridized to at least five CsV mRNAs on Northern blots of poly(A) mRNA from C.
      sonorensis oviducts. To identify specific CsV mRNAs and map putative viral genes
      expressed in wasp oviduct tissues, segment W was used to screen a cDNA library of
      C. sonorensis oviduct mRNAs. Three cDNAs were used to identify CsV mRNAs by
      Northern blot analyses and to map the locations of three putative CsV genes on
      segment W. Cross-hybridization within the CsV genome was examined with cloned
      segment W and with the three cloned cDNAs.

PMID- 2922930
TI  - Extrahepatic replication of woodchuck hepatitis virus in chronic infection.
AB  - We describe studies of woodchuck hepatitis virus nucleic acids in liver and other
      tissues of chronically infected woodchucks, using Southern and Northern blot
      hybridization techniques. Single-stranded and covalently closed circular
      replicative DNA molecules were distinguished from partly double-stranded virus
      genomes. In most animals the liver contained more virus than any other organ, but
      all extrahepatic organs studied (spleen, thymus, pancreas, and kidney) contained
      viral DNA and significant amounts of viral RNA. In the spleen, partly double
      stranded virus genomes were present at higher levels than in any other organ but
      liver, but nonetheless replicative intermediates were not detected. The
      observation of RNA transcripts in the absence of detectable covalently closed
      circular DNA template suggests that a small proportion of cells in extrahepatic
      tissues are infected with WHV.

PMID- 2922931
TI  - [Requests for chemical analysis: growth without end?].
AB  - The number of analyses dealt within laboratory medicine increased from 1970 until
      the middle of the 80s by about 15% per annum in the German Federal Republic. The
      number of analyses in clinical chemistry, haematology, blood banking and
      haemostaseology have now reached a plateau. Because these analyses account for
      85% of laboratory testing in big hospitals, the problems of rapid growth do not
      exist any longer. The single most important concern today is the spiralling cast
      of the remaining 15% of analyses, in the fields of serology, tumour diagnosis and
      monitoring, endocrinology, drug monitoring and microbiology. These
      investigations, which are rapidly increasing at the rate of about 15% annually,
      are mainly analyzed by means of the immunoassay technique. Immunoassays are very
      cost-intensive and, thus, current trends in laboratory medicine are characterized
      by an overproportional increase in costs with no foreseeable diminution in
      escalation.

PMID- 2922932
TI  - [IgE and IgG antibody response in patients with type I allergy to birch pollen].
AB  - IgE and IgG antibody responses to birch pollen were investigated in sera derived
      from patients with type I allergy to birch pollen by means of immunoblotting.
      56/58 patient sera contained IgE antibodies to a 17 kD pollen protein, recently
      designated as Bet v 1. In 33/58 patient sera no evidence was obtained for IgE
      antibodies to other pollen proteins than Bet v 1. However, in 25/58 sera, IgE
      antibodies reacting with 11 different allergens of 13, 15, 18, 27, 29, 32, 36,
      39, 44, 57, 68 kD with an individual prevalence ranging from 1.7% to 17.2% were
      identified. All these IgE-binding proteins were also recognized by patients IgG.
      IgG responses to Bet v 1 were rather weak or lacking entirely, whereas in the
      case of the minor allergens pronounced IgG responses were observed. Samples from
      patients undergoing hyposensitization therapy showed an induction of anti-Bet v 1
      IgG and a decrease in anti-Bet v 1 IgE upon treatment. These changes in antibody
      profiles to Bet v 1 did not correlate with the clinical benefit of the
      hyposensitization therapy.

PMID- 2922933
TI  - Labile disulfide bonds and free thiol groups in human IgG. IV. Use of the "sigma
      S" value for postoperative monitoring of gynaecological malignant tumors.
AB  - "sigma S" comprises both disulfide bonds reactive to dithionitrobenzoate, as well
      as free SH groups of serum immunoglobulin G. In 38 cases of invasive
      gynaecological tumors, the value of sigma S was ascertained to be 1.04 +/- 0.25
      (mean +/- SD), which, in accordance with former results, differs significantly
      from the reference value of 1.51 +/- 0.36 (2 p less than 0.001). 14 days after
      surgery, at the latest, sigma S significantly increased to an average value of
      1.33 +/- 0.26 (2p less than 0.001). This increase was apparently influenced by
      both the localisation, as well as by the completeness of removal of the tumors.
      Of 15 squamous cell carcinomas of the cervix uteri, 14 were radically removed and
      showed a highly significant postoperative increase in the sigma S value (2p less
      than 0.001). All of the 12 adenocarcinomas of the corpus uteri were totally
      removed and the sigma S increased significantly (2p = 0.05). Of 11
      cystocarcinomas of the ovary, only 3 cases were completely operable. The
      remaining 8 cases had residual tumors with diameters greater than 5 cm. The
      postoperative increase in sigma S in these cases was not of statistical
      significance.

PMID- 2922934
TI  - [Changing physicians in general practice].

PMID- 2922935
TI  - [The effectiveness of antimicrobial chemotherapy in patients with acute infection
      of the upper respiratory tract].

PMID- 2922936
TI  - [A publication for the family physician].

PMID- 2922937
TI  - [Acupuncture--a method in the treatment of vasomotor rhinitis].

PMID- 2922938
TI  - Milk analysis for the iodine status of dairy cows.
AB  - Milk iodine analysis is a valuable tool in assessing the iodine intake of milk
      cows under quite different conditions. It can be used as a routine method of
      quality control for large areas, for the status of the cow, as well for the
      iodine intake of the population. Regarding the cow: from time to time samples of
      feed and blood should be available for checking how much of the milk iodine has
      passed through the body and has contributed to the iodine status. Regarding the
      population: all iodine in the milk is available for nutrition.

PMID- 2922939
TI  - [Serum and whole blood concentrations of fat and water soluble vitamins in normal
      persons and athletes].
AB  - Water-and fat-soluble vitamins have a key function in many metabolic processes
      and are of special importance for athletes. The water-soluble vitamins thiamine,
      riboflavin and pyridoxine and the fat-soluble vitamins beta-carotene, retinol and
      alpha-tocopherol were determined by High-Pressure-Liquid-Chromatography (HPLC).
      The mean serum values in non athletes (ng/ml) were for thiamine 9.23 +/- 3.62,
      riboflavin 6.17 +/- 2.46 and pyridoxine 12.41 +/- 4.59; the blood values for
      thiamine 20.12 +/- 7.58, riboflavin 13.43 +/- 3.97 and pyridoxine 18.75 +/- 6.66.
      The mean values of the fat-soluble vitamins were for beta-carotene 3.76 +/- 252
      micrograms/l, retinol 598 +/- 141 micrograms/l and alpha-tocopherol 12.6 +/- 2.9
      mg/l. The values of athletes (of different sport disciplines) for the water
      soluble vitamins were much higher compared to the values found in non-athletes
      whereas the values for the fat-soluble vitamins were not much different.

PMID- 2922940
TI  - [The value of determining delta-aminolevulinic acid in urine (method II, East
      German occupational monitoring) as a screening procedure for the assessment of
      internal residues in occupational exposure to lead].
AB  - For the purpose of supervising workers exposed to lead the ratio of blood lead is
      determined several times per year. The withdrawal of blood samples from the vein
      necessary for this purpose as well as the comparatively high analytic expense
      make it essential to revise, whether it is possible to give up the analysis of
      blood lead at least partially in favour of other diagnostic measures less
      affecting the worker. Our investigation gave evidence of the fact, that the
      validity of a screening test for evaluating the blood lead concentration on the
      basis of the determination of delta-aminolaevulinic acid in urine (method II, AB
      DDR; 2 nd morning urine) is insufficient.

PMID- 2922941
TI  - [Characterization of exposure to pollutants in spray painting industries using
      room air concentration values and an exposure test].
AB  - Occupational-hygienic measurements of the interior air concentration had been
      performed in a large number of spray painting plants. The analyses stated that
      with most of the cases the exposition risk on varnishers is characterized by
      aerosol concentration and the concentration of lead and chromate in it. The
      concentrations of vapours of solvent mixtures are of subordinate importance.

PMID- 2922942
TI  - [The possible role of occupational factors in influencing the manifestation of
      idiopathic femur head necrosis].
AB  - The idiopathic necrosis of the femoral head of adults is increasing. The disease
      appears in the age from 20 to 40 years and leads to the destruction of the
      femoral head. The final state is often a severe osteoarthrosis of the hip joint
      already in the efficient lifetime. The etiology of the idiopathic necrosis of the
      femoral head is not yet cleared up. There were only few information about
      possible professional factors. In a study the professional anamnesis of 153
      patients were utilized. Thereby high portions of works with dynamic and static
      charges and expositions of vibrations were found.

PMID- 2922943
TI  - [Prevention of occupational and community health problems using Falisan Universal
      liquid caustic].
AB  - Based on tests with Falisan-Universal fluid caustic the authors report on
      measuring results of laboratory tests and analyses of utilization. The air
      pollution caused by the active agent phenyl mercury acetate and the formulation
      remedy dimethylformamide is assessed. Conclusions are made for the caustic's
      application and for its tests.

PMID- 2922944
TI  - [Micromethods for the Widal reaction].
AB  - Micro methods are described at the example of Salmonella and Yersinia-O-Widal and
      the Salmonella-H-Widal. The reaction is performed by micro titre plates with
      painted antigens. Basic Fuchsin had been used. Other antigen concentrations are
      partially required as to the tubule agglutination. The parallel comparison of the
      tubule and micro methods with test serum resulted in an important variation range
      of the tubule method. By subjective registration the rates may vary between 3 to
      6 titre stages, same results in the micro method amount to 1 titre stage only.
      Thus by means of the micro method, the evidence of the Widal reaction is improved
      reducing at the same time expenses for material and work.

PMID- 2922945
TI  - [Patient attitudes as predictors of success in autogenic training].
AB  - Therapy related patterns of attitudes are already traceable before starting
      autogenous training and can be considered to be predictors of therapeutic
      success. They make possible an approach to the differential indication of
      psychotherapy as situative variables in addition to the patients' habitual
      characteristics. Patients' who are successful in autogenous training can be
      described pretherapeutically by specific patterns of attitudes, which can be
      characterized by a low external locus of control (Krampen 1981) with rather
      little differentiated insight in the psychogenesis.

PMID- 2922946
TI  - [Cooperation between East Germany and Czechoslovakia in studying the effect of
      environmental pollution on school children].
AB  - This report presents key outcomes of joint growth and development studies
      conducted in children permanently living in areas adversely affected by
      pollutants in air. Further attention is focussed on the evaluation of effects of
      some of the so-called compensatory measures applied in Czechoslovakia, namely a 3
      week outdoor schooling organized for these children in the relatively clean
      recreational areas. The beneficial health effects of year's season and
      specifically of the spontaneous, active and sufficiently long outdoor exercise
      are documented in graphs. As it is pointed out in this context, children in the
      place of their permanent residence tend to have relative little exercise outdoor,
      may run an increased risk of exposure to indoor pollutants, and may suffer from
      passive smoking effects if their parents cannot refrain from smoking habits at
      home.

PMID- 2922947
TI  - [Epidemiologic study of indoor formaldehyde and nitric oxide pollution].
AB  - The authors report on some selected results of an 87-pilot study, by means of
      which has been started to analyse the influence of formaldehyde, nitrogenous
      oxide and tobacco smoke on school children visiting 3. classes in old and new
      buildings in their schools and dwellings.

PMID- 2922948
TI  - [A passive sampler for simultaneous determination of formaldehyde and nitrogen
      dioxide in indoor air].
AB  - The author demonstrates a diffusion passive collector for simultaneous
      determination of HCHO and NO2 of indoor air. The passive collector consists of a
      bottom-equipped glass tube, a shaped insertion of refined-steel wire netting
      (impregnated by triethanolamine) and a polyethylene cap sealing the opening. With
      an exposition period of 1 to 6 days, the pollutants HCHO and NO2 can be
      determined within a range of 10 to 400 micrograms/m3. After cleaning the
      collectors by chromium sulphuric acid, they can be used for any number you like.

PMID- 2922949
TI  - [Subcutaneous fat necroses, arthritis and vasculitis of small skin vessels in
      chronic pancreatitis].
AB  - We describe an 42 year old patient suffering from chronic pancreatitis for 7
      years who additionally developed subcutaneous fat necrosis, acute arthritis and
      erythema nodosum--like skin lesions. These symptoms associated with acute or
      chronic pancreatic disease represent a rare clinical entity. In this case the
      clinical course was rapidly progressive, resistant to therapy and further
      complicated by a vasculitic process.

PMID- 2922950
TI  - [German Association for the Study of the Liver. Abstracts 1989. Dusseldorf, 20-21
      January 1989].

PMID- 2922951
TI  - [Necrotizing panniculitis in pancreatitis].
AB  - A 46-year old man developed subcutaneous fat necrosis of the right upper thigh in
      association with pancreatitis. The panniculitis established by biopsy resolved 4
      years later. Subcutaneous nodular fat necrosis is a rare dermatological
      manifestation of pancreatitis or pancreas carcinoma which may be clinically
      indistinguishable from erythema nodosum. Biopsy of the skin lesion reveals a
      characteristic histological picture with necrotic fat cells surrounded by
      lymphocytes, histiocytes and plasmacells.

PMID- 2922952
TI  - [Validation of long-term ECG equipment].

PMID- 2922953
TI  - [ST-segment analysis in long-term ECG: amplitude and phase response of various
      systems in comparison with standard ECG and their effect on true original
      reproduction of ST segment depression].
AB  - Ambulatory ECG monitoring has been suggested as a method for the detection of
      transient myocardial ischemia. But it is still unclear how accurately ST-segment
      alterations can be detected with the different systems. Measurement of amplitude
      and phase response is a valid method to estimate the fidelity of reproduction of
      an ECG-signal. We investigated the direct-recording long-term ECG systems
      CardioData Mk4 with recorder PR3, CardioData Mk4 with Spacelabs recorder, DMI
      Eclipse with DMI Recorder, Reynolds Pathfinder II with Oxford replay PB2 and
      recorder MR-10 and Reynolds Pathfinder III with tracker in comparison to a
      standard ECG recorder Picker Schwarzer C6800. Amplitude vs frequency response
      curves were derived from input sinus waves ranging from 0.01 to 500 Hz. The phase
      response was measured with a phase-sensitive waveform at a frequency range from
      0.05 to 10 Hz. To determine the distortion of the ST-segment on the actual ECG,
      we produced a standard PQRST-signal that was modified to provide flat ST-segment
      depressions from 0 to 0.5 mV at 0.05 mV increments. The low and high frequency
      cut-off of the amplitude response was found at 0.09 and 220 Hz with the standard
      ECG recorder. A phase shift of -30 degrees was detected at 0.07 Hz. ST-segment
      depressions of the test-ECG were reflected to the same extent. For the CardioData
      System, both cassette recorders yielded lower and upper cut-off frequencies of
      0.06 and 0.07, and 20 and 16 Hz, respectively. A phase shift of -30 degrees was
      found at 0.35 and 0.31 Hz, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2922954
TI  - Determination of methadone in human hair by radioimmunoassay.
AB  - The concentrations of methadone in human hair were measured. The washed hair was
      cut in 1-mm pieces approximately, then incubated overnight at 45 degrees C with
      0.1 m HCl. The extracts were alcalized by 1 m NaOH and diluted by phosphate
      buffer, pH 7.4. The methadone concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay.
      The method is simple, rapid, and practicable for routine determination.

PMID- 2922955
TI  - [Forensic medicine and morphologic aspects of fatal amniotic fluid aspiration].
AB  - The massive aspiration of amniotic fluid as one cause of a fatal postpartal
      asphyxia will be demonstrated under the aspect of preliminary criminal law
      proceedings against physicians because of medical negligence. The
      pathomorphologically established diagnosis of a fatal aspiration of amniotic
      fluid supposes extensive and systematic quantitative histological examination of
      both lungs. The technique of histological cross sections through the entire lung
      combined with morphometry is a suitable method to exactly record the alterations
      of bronchi and lung parenchyma by aspiration of amniotic fluid and their
      complications, such as interstitial emphysema.

PMID- 2922956
TI  - [Comparative histologic studies of the origin of petechial thymus hemorrhage].
AB  - Systematic histological investigations were carried out on the thymus with regard
      to the incidence and genesis of petechial thymus hemorrhages in 145 cases of
      death (fetuses from pregnancy terminations and stillbirth, mature and immature
      neonates, SIDS cases, other baby deaths, deaths during infancy and childhood).
      Petechial thymus hemorrhages were most frequently found in SIDS cases (87%). Even
      though distinguishable, a distribution pattern similar to that of thymus
      hemorrhages in SIDS cases (including hemorrhages mainly in the cortical zone of
      the lobes) could be detected in the group of fetuses from pregnancy terminations
      and stillbirth, as well as in mature and immature neonates. Histologically,
      deaths in babies and infants without extrinsic suffocation showed a different
      histological bleeding pattern (irregular hemorrhages of varying size in the
      cortex and medulla of the lobes). In violent extrinsic suffocation of babies and
      infants, thymus hemorrhages were much rarer and less pronounced in quantitative
      terms. Acute and subacute or chronic forms of asphyxia, the cause of death and
      the duration of the death struggle are discussed as pathogenetic factors to
      explain the different patterns of the findings.

PMID- 2922957
TI  - [Gunshot wounds of the head in soldiers wearing military helmets-- general
      aspects and experiments and observations on the biomechanics and wound
      morphology].
AB  - With respect to wound ballistics, the situation is different if the person
      wearing a military helmet suffers head injuries from a bullet. The mechanisms of
      injury were investigated in four experimental series and supplemented by a case
      history. The study showed surprising results: in the majority of cases, the
      helmet does not protect the wearer, but instead intensifies the damage caused by
      the bullet. The reasons for this phenomena are changes in the stability of the
      projectile and deformation of or damage to the bullet. All of these mechanisms
      result in the bullet striking the tissue with higher energy. In this
      investigation, Kevlar helmets were also tested, which are not penetrated by 9 X
      19 mm parabellum bullets. Even so, however, severe injuries of the skull and
      brain can occur because the projectile causes intensified impressions on the
      skull under the helmet and, in addition, an acceleration of the head.

PMID- 2922958
TI  - Genetic polymorphisms of orosomucoid ORM1 and ORM2 in a Japanese population:
      occurrence of new ORM1 alleles.
AB  - Genetic polymorphisms of orosomucoid ORM1 and ORM2 in a Japanese population from
      northern Japan were investigated using isoelectric focusing (IEF) in ultrathin
      layer polyacrylamide gels containing Triton X-100 and immunofixation. Nine ORM1
      phenotypes which are determined by four common and one rare alleles were
      observed. Two of the identified alleles at this locus were considered to be new.
      The ORM2 pattern was classified into 14 phenotypes as products of one common and
      two variant alleles. The estimated allele frequencies were ORM1*1 = 0.668, ORM1*2
      = 0.170, ORM1*2.1 = 0.136, ORM1*5.2 = 0.022 and ORM1*7 = 0.004; ORM2*1 = 0.972,
      ORM2*3 = 0.006 and ORM2*6 = 0.022.

PMID- 2922959
TI  - A case of Churg-Strauss syndrome.
AB  - A 54-year-old woman died after being battered, but the forensic autopsy revealed
      that her injuries were not serious or lethal. A detailed histological examination
      revealed that the basic disease had been Churg-Strauss syndrome. The
      differentiation of this syndrome of pulmonary infiltration and eosinophilia (PIE
      syndrome) from other allergic and noninfectious granulomatoses needs cautions
      consideration.

PMID- 2922960
TI  - [Forensic medicine and toxicologic aspects of 2-propanol poisoning].
AB  - Two cases of poisoning with 2-propanol (isopropylalcohol) are reported. In one
      case, nail polish remover was drunk by a 2-year-old child. The concentration of 2
      propanol and its metabolite acetone in the blood could be observed over a period
      of approximately 50 h. The highest concentration of 2-propanol determined was
      4.22 g/l. Acetone reached a maximum value of 2.27 g/l 12 h after ingestion. The
      child survived without any observable after-effects. In the second case, a 35
      year-old man drank ethanol in addition to 2-propanol. The poisoning was lethal.
      The possible time of intake before death is discussed in relation to the
      estimated levels of ethanol, 2-propanol and acetone found in the blood and urine.
      The histomorphological findings are often important as well with regard to time
      of intake.

PMID- 2922961
TI  - [Follow-up study of affect, anxiety and aggression in inpatient treatment of
      anorexia nervosa].
AB  - Under the assumption of affect-defense (alexithymia) n = 20 anorexia nervosa
      patients being treated in the University Hospital of Hamburg-Eppendorf from 1980
      to 1982 were examined with respect to their affects of anxiety and aggressivity
      by employing speach samples (three times a week)--according to Gottschalk-Gleser-
      and questionnaires (ANIS) during hospitalization and compared to n = 10 control
      patients from somatic clinics (orthopedics, surgery, gynecology). Particularly
      examined were emotional responses toward events during the in-patient period. As
      the most important result we found distinct affectivity in the anorexia patients
      that was partly stronger than that of the somatic control patients, so that
      (judged from our sample of anorexia nervosa) the hypothesis of alexithymia has to
      be rejected.

PMID- 2922962
TI  - [Decoupling or ultra-short therapy of torticollis].
AB  - S. Rentrop's survey of literature on the history of the psychotherapeutic
      treatment of torticollis (76 titles) last year has encouraged us to contribute
      two examples of treatment to the discussion. The large number of theories,
      explanations, and treatment methods reveals the wide variety of increasingly
      effective treatment techniques, but it also makes apparent the dilemma involved
      in the search for a clear and comprehensive theory. On the basis of two case
      studies, we would like to show how torticollis symptoms could be eliminated with
      the help of a one-time focus on a largely unconscious traumatic complex, without
      additional therapy. One of the two female patients was treated in a supportive
      clinical environment, the other appeared at the out-patient clinic only once.
      Finally, we discuss the theoretical approach involved.

PMID- 2922963
TI  - [Changes in regional cortical blood flow in hypnosis].
AB  - Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was measured by means of the 133-Xenon
      inhalation method in 12 healthy male volunteers experienced in self-hypnosis for
      several months. During a well performed levitation of the right arm in hypnosis
      as compared to resting conditions, we found a global increase of cortical blood
      flow and a regional activation of temporal areas; the latter finding is
      considered to reflect acoustical attention. In addition, a so far unexplained
      desactivation of inferior temporal areas was observed during successful self
      hypnosis and hypnosis. While there was a global absolute increase of cortical
      blood flow bilaterally, we could not observe a relative increase of the right as
      compared to the left hemisphere during hypnosis. Several subjects successfully
      performed the levitation of the right arm, despite a relative left hemispheric
      activation, provided the absolute right hemispheric activation remained dominant.

PMID- 2922964
TI  - [The impact of perceptual stereotypes in indications for psychoanalysis].
AB  - Results of several experimental studies concerning the practice of selecting
      patients for psychoanalytic therapies are presented. The convergent findings
      strongly suggest that the indication for psychoanalytic therapies are heavily
      stereotyped and are dependent upon stimuli that do not result from communicative
      interaction with the patient. These facts are confronted with the psychoanalytic
      understanding of the role of countertransference during the indication process.
      Countertransference and stereotypes person perception do not necessarily
      contradict each other. It is proposed that countertransference reactions in this
      situation are partly a consequence of compatibility stereotypes vis a vis the
      patient which are quickly and unconsciously formed and which are afterwards
      differentiated and extended but also rationalized on a conscious level.

PMID- 2922965
TI  - [Differentiation of the long-term effects of inpatient psychosomatic therapy of
      patients with anorexia nervosa].
AB  - In a catamnestic study of 103 anorexia nervosa patients treated at the university
      medical clinic in Heidelberg between 1970 and 1980, 51 patients were personally
      evaluated after 3, 6 years using a multi-dimensional system of criteria that
      covered 30 different symptom areas. There was a clear improvement with regard to
      constipation, vomiting, and the abuse of laxatives, various laboratory
      parameters, psychic symptoms, and vocational situation. Secondary amenorrhea,
      psychic suffering, and overly strong emotional ties to the family, however, were
      still found among two-thirds of the patients. Long-term success of treatment was
      found to correlate closely with an early age both for the onset of the disorder
      and for the beginning of treatment. Reduction of physical symptoms by the time of
      the post-examination was closely related to the extent of the family therapy
      carries out. In general, males appeared to benefit from treatment more than did
      female patients. Cluster analysis revealed that of four groups of patients
      studied, only one group could be called healthy; anorexia nervosa symptoms
      persisted to varying degrees in the other groups. Psychological testing using the
      PEF brought to light the following relationships: The greater the degree of
      illness at the time of the catamnestic study, the stronger the patient's tie to
      his/her own family, the greater the concern with physical appearance, the more
      achievement oriented, and the greater the aversion to playful activity.

PMID- 2922966
TI  - [Hemodynamic characteristics of necrotizing pancreatitis].
AB  - Seventy-one patients with necrotizing pancreatitis in stages II and III were
      treated at the surgical intensive care unit in the authors' hospital, between
      1982 and 1986. Pathological courses in 23 patients were so severe that a
      pulmonary catheter had to be applied to monitor haemodynamic changes. Seventeen
      of these 23 patients died (73.9 per cent), while six survived. The gravest
      difference between these two groups was relating to vasculopulmonary resistance,
      which went up strongly in the first group (428 +/- 19 dyn X sec X cm-5) and
      stayed moderate in the second (201 +/- 13 dyn X sec X cm-5). The left-ventricular
      stroke work index in the first group was lower with significance than that in the
      second, the values being 33.4 +/- 2 g X m/m2 versus 44 +/- 4.6 g X m/m2.

PMID- 2922967
TI  - The anergic state as a predictor of pancreatic sepsis.
AB  - From 1984 to 1987, 187 patients with acute pancreatitis (AP) were studied. All
      patients were stratified according to Ranson's criteria upon admission and were
      followed up by performing a CT scan weekly. One hundred and thirty-eight patients
      had 3 or less Ranson's criteria (non-severe acute pancreatitis = NSAP) and 49
      presented 4 or more (severe acute pancreatitis = SAP). Ninety-six percent of the
      patients with (p less than 0.0001). Of the 49 patients with SAP, 39 developed
      pancreatic or peripancreatic NSAP were reactive to skin tests on the third week,
      while 4% remained anergic necrosis and were operated. Twenty-two of these
      patients had positive cultures demonstrating the presence of bacteria in the
      tissue samples. One hundred percent of the infected patients remained anergic
      until surgery, while only 40% of those with negative cultures remained anergic (p
      less than 0.05). Mortality rate correlated well with skin test responses, being
      31% in anergic patients while only 5% in reactive subjects. Sustained anergic
      state (AS), sequentially checked, is associated with a high incidence of
      pancreatic sepsis.

PMID- 2922968
TI  - [Results of surgical treatment of chronic pancreatitis].
AB  - On the basis of a group of 67 patients studied by the authors, the various
      techniques for the surgical treatment of chronic pancreatitis are discussed. The
      average age of the patients covered by this study was 45.7 years, and the
      male:female ratio was 2.9:1. In more than 82% of the cases a history of chronic
      alcohol abuse was definitely established. For the drainage operations performed
      the preferred operative techniques were the pancreaticojejunal anastomosis and,
      where pancreatic pseudocysts were present, the cystojejunostomy. Resection of the
      pancreas was performed in a total of 18 patients, the clinical mortality here
      being 5.6%. In our study also the long-term prognosis for patients with chronic
      pancreatitis depended, on the whole, less upon the operative technique chosen
      than upon the subsequent degree of alcoholism.

PMID- 2922969
TI  - [Pancreatic kinetics of ampicillin].
AB  - Intravenous application of 50 mg/kg of ampicillin was followed by determination
      of ampicillin concentrations in surgically removed pancrease tissue of human
      patients and dogs. Concentration curves in pure pancreatic juice were recorded
      from dogs in which external pancreatic fistulae had been surgically induced. The
      ampicillin concentrations recorded from both human tissue and dogs were as low as
      six to eight per cent relative to corresponding serum levels. Values as low as
      0.13 to 1.5 per cent relative to corresponding serum levels were recorded from
      pure pancreatic juice of dogs and from one human patient. These findings are
      likely to suggest that the permeation of ampicillin into the pancreas i too low
      and, consequently, cannot be effective for prophylaxis and therapy in the context
      of infectious complications.

PMID- 2922970
TI  - [Data on surgical indications in necrotizing pancreatitis--results of a
      validation study].
AB  - 134 patients with necrotizing pancreatitis were operated. Preoperative organ
      insufficiency (pulmonary or renal), the presence of shock or sepsis and the
      intraoperative morbidity factors: parenchymal necroses greater than 30%,
      extrapancreatic necroses, ascites and in particular bacterial contamination were
      directly correlated with prognosis and mortality. The occurrence of these
      morbidity factors consequently signifies an urgent indication for operation.

PMID- 2922971
TI  - Intraperitonealisation of pancreas and multiple coeliostomy--a possible approach
      to reduce mortality of acute necrotizing pancreatitis.
AB  - The authors report their experience with surgical treatment of acute necrotizing
      pancreatitis. 207 of 411 patients with acute pancreatitis were operated upon.
      Acute necrotizing pancreatitis was found in 126 individuals. The following
      surgical procedures were used: subtotal spleno-pancreatectomy in 26 cases (20.6
      per cent), necrectomy or sequestrectomy in 25 cases (19.7 per cent), and
      conservative procedures, including drainage or incision of the pancreatic
      capsule, in 76 cases (70.6 per cent). Most of the operations were delayed
      emergency interventions. The authors found adequate exposure of the pancreas as
      well as on proper drainage of the lesser sac and retroperitoneal areas essential.
      This can be accomplished by means of the authors' procedure called
      "intraperitonealisation" of the pancreas and by multiple coeliostomy.

PMID- 2922973
TI  - [The role of peritoneal lavage in the surgical treatment of acute necrotizing
      pancreatitis].
AB  - Treatment of patients for acute pancreatitis is reported in this paper, with
      particular reference being made to the effectiveness of peritoneal lavage.
      Aetiological factors as well as surgical indications and techniques are
      communicated against the background of ten years of experience. Results are
      separately reported for two periods under review, with no peritoneal lavage used
      in the first phase. Results improved, and lethality rates dropped in the second
      five-year period, despite growing numbers of severe courses. Effects of
      peritoneal lavage are considered possible in the latter cases. However, mortality
      in the wake of early surgery has continued to be high, that is in connection with
      most severe forms of pancreatitis (when surgical action had been taken in the
      first week of manifest illness). No improvement appeared to be obtainable in such
      cases from postoperative peritoneal lavage.

PMID- 2922974
TI  - [Follow-up of node-negative patients with breast cancer].
AB  - In 136 cases of nodal-negative breast cancer, the further course regarding the
      incidence of metastases or recurrence was observe over a period of up to 83
      months. Parameters have been tumor size, location, grading, the number of
      extirpated lymphatic nodules, hormone receptor status, and menopause status.
      After a mean observation period of 3.5 years, distant metastases had appeared in
      23 cases = 16.9%. In this collective, the recurrence rate in premenopausal
      patients was 17.4% in postmenopausal patients ones 16.7%. An interesting trend
      became apparent in correlation between relapse and conducted primary therapy: All
      patients with tumor stage T1 who had received chemotherapy - at least one cycle
      of CMF - were free of relapse partially over the complete observation period.
      Regarding the fact that early hematogenous dissemination is also possible without
      involvement of regional lymphatic nodules, at least a perioperative chemotherapy
      appears useful. Definite statements concerning usefulness and efficiency of this
      mode of therapy however are only possible after evaluation of results of
      controlled studies.

PMID- 2922972
TI  - [Intensive therapy of acute necrotizing pancreatitis].
AB  - The prognosis of pancreatitis can be improved by persistent involvement of
      intensive therapy in the therapeutic concept applied to acute cases. Abdominal
      lavage, properly timed relaparotomy, analgesia through peridural catheter,
      artificial ventilation in cases of respiratory insufficiency, and adequate fluid
      substitution are some of the measures by which the course of acute pancreatitis
      can be most effectively tackled. Results so far obtained from this therapeutic
      concept are reported in some detail.

PMID- 2922975
TI  - [Detection and significance of tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA) in breast cancer
      patients].
AB  - 20 female with breast cancer aged between 44 and 72 years have been investigated
      for tissue-polypeptid-antigen (TPA). 20 females without any disorders of the
      breast were included in our control group. Their age ranged between 22 and 48
      years. Patients with breast cancer have been treated by limited-radical
      mastectomy according to Auchincloss-Madden followed by axilla dissection and
      chemotherapy. Cancer has been typed pathohistologically, graded and classified
      using TNM-nomenclature of maligne tumours. So we can characterize our patients as
      "pT2N1M0". We estimated TPA preoperativ upto 24 months postoperatively. Our
      results showed an early and significant increase of TPA in 5 patients suffering a
      recurrence.

PMID- 2922976
TI  - [Partnership status in preparation for therapeutic donor insemination].
AB  - An investigation is presented which inquiries the psychological problems of
      sterile couples after diagnosing of male infertility. The interpretation of
      conversation topics accomplished by 460 couples suggests that coping with
      infertility by the couple, the character of the desire for a child, the level of
      stress tolerance, the ability to cooperation and the agreement to compromise
      determine the psychological situation of a couple infertile by male. These facts
      should be taken into consideration in regard of the therapeutic insemination by
      donor.

PMID- 2922977
TI  - [Diagnosis of thyroid function in uterine myomatosis].
AB  - A correlation between thyroid disease and uterine myoma has been discussed till
      the fourth decade of this century. Since then, this possible connection was given
      no further notice. We examined 79 women needing a hysterectomy for various
      reasons regarding myometrial histology, thyroid function and thyroid antibodies.
      The patient group bearing myomas showed significantly more frequent (23%)
      pathological TRH/TSH stimulation tests results than the control group (3.7%, p =
      0.0543). 10 of 22 patients with myomas had microsomal and/or thyroglobin
      antibodies, compared with none in the control group (n = 17, p = 0.0019).
      Therefore regarding these results a connection between thyroid disease and
      uterine myoma should undergo a more detailed examination.

PMID- 2922978
TI  - [Attitude and sex behavior following hysterectomy].
AB  - 488 women have been asked after abdominal or vaginal hysterectomy by way of
      retrospective questionnaires about preoperative anxieties, postoperative
      psychosomatic complaints as well as disturbances of their vita sexualis. 48.6% of
      the patients had anxieties before operation and anaesthesia. After hysterectomy
      71.9% of the women reported about hot flushes and other psycho-vegetative
      complaints. Although hot flushes occurred significantly more frequent in patients
      with salpingooophorectomy they could be observed also in one third of the women
      without removal of the ovaries. However libido, cohabitation frequency and orgasm
      ability were reduced significantly more frequent in the group of women after
      hysterectomy with salpingooophorectomy. This is caused by the failing blood
      supply to the ovary via the branches of the uterine artery. The reduce
      postoperative psychosomatic complaints as well as sexual dysfunctions it is
      important to give qualited instructions before and after the operation. On no
      account should a prophylactic exstirpation of the adnexa be carried out before
      the age of 50 years. A hormonal substitution is recommended to be done in time
      even for patients whose ovaries have not been removed suffering from psycho
      somatio discomforts.

PMID- 2922979
TI  - [Hematohydrometra 11 years after cervix conization: a cause of acute massive lung
      thromboembolism].
AB  - In this case report an unusual chain of late complications with a fatal outcome
      following conization is presented. A scarred obliteration of the cervix resulted
      in the development of a hematohydrometra, which caused a calf vein thrombosis by
      compression of the vena iliaca externa with obstruction of venous outflow of
      crural vessels and a final massive pulmonary thrombo-embolism 11 years after the
      surgical procedure.

PMID- 2922980
TI  - Continuous infusion of midazolam during anaesthesia and postoperative sedation
      after maxillofacial surgery.
AB  - The clinical effects and pharmacokinetics of 24 h infusion of midazolam (MDZ)
      during major maxillofacial surgery and postoperative observation in an Intensive
      Care Unit (ICU) were studied in 20 patients. During anaesthesia, infusion of MDZ
      at 5 mg/h combined with 67% nitrous oxide, 1.8 (s.d. = 0.8) mg of fentanyl, and
      26.5 (s.d. = 11.4) mg of vecuronium, adequately suppressed clinical responses to
      surgical nociceptive stimuli. Postoperatively, infusion of MDZ was continued in
      the ICU at 5 mg/h until 9 a.m. of the first postoperative day for sedation of the
      intubated but spontaneously breathing patients. The depth of sedation in the ICU
      was scored from 1-5 (1 = "awake and tense", 5 = "unable to communicate"). During
      infusion the sedation score decreased from 3.8 after ICU arrival to 2.2 at 8 a.m.
      of the first postoperative day. Neither ventilatory nor circulatory depression
      were observed. After cessation of MDZ, recovery from sedation was fast. The
      degree of amnesia was low. During constant rate infusion no increase in plasma
      concentration of either MDZ or metabolites occurred. T1/2 beta of MDZ after
      cessation was 125 min (range 90-320) and its total body clearance was 10.5
      ml/kg/min (s.d. = 3.1). The volume of distribution, clearance and T1/2 beta were
      significantly longer in women than in men. It was concluded that 24 h of MDZ
      infusion at 5 mg/h caused satisfactory ICU sedation with fast recovery, but that
      individual tailoring of the infusion rate may still improve the quality of
      sedation.

PMID- 2922981
TI  - Suppression of neutrophil migration and chemiluminescence is due to the sulphur
      atom in the thiobarbiturate molecule.
AB  - In this study the hypothesis was tested that the substituent at the C 2 position
      of the barbiturate molecule is crucial for the obvious differences in inhibitory
      potencies between various barbiturates with respect to neutrophil functions in
      vitro. Using isolated neutrophils from healthy volunteers, the comparative
      effects of two pairs of sulphur or oxygen-substituted analogues on
      chemiluminescence, random and chemotactic migration were examined. Five other
      i.v. barbiturates were also tested in the chemiluminescence assay. The key
      observation with all the assay systems was that the oxybarbiturates proved ten to
      a hundredfold less suppressive than their sulphurated analogues or the other
      thiobarbiturates. Thus, enhanced inhibitory potency was dependent on the presence
      of the sulphur atom in the barbiturate molecule and could no longer be explained
      exclusively on the basis of divergent physicochemical features.

PMID- 2922982
TI  - Thoracic paravertebral block: a method of pain control.
AB  - The adverse effects of pain on acutely ill or traumatized patients are well
      documented. A variety of pain-relieving techniques are now available to meet the
      varied requirements for pain relief. This paper presents the results of a single,
      large-volume injection of bupivacaine 0.5% in the thoracic paravertebral space,
      achieving pain relief over several thoracic dermatomes in patients with
      respiratory compromise secondary to thoracic or upper abdominal injury. The block
      proved quick and simple to perform, with excellent clinical results of long
      duration and virtually no complications. Although not previously described, this
      single, large-volume injection approach to achieving an extensive thoracic
      paravertebral block may well become an important pain management technique in
      appropriate patients.

PMID- 2922983
TI  - Early detection of the TUR syndrome by marking the irrigating fluid with 1%
      ethanol.
AB  - The ethanol concentration in the expired breath (EB-ethanol), the volumetric
      fluid balance and the serum sodium concentration were measured in the course of
      60 transurethral resections of the prostate in which the irrigating fluid was
      1.5% glycine + 1% ethanol. Measurement of EB-ethanol indicated absorption of
      irrigant at a rate of more than 150 ml in 10 min, as measured volumetrically.
      There was a significant direct linear relationship between EB-ethanol and the
      cumulative volume of irrigant absorbed (R2 = 0.83); this correlation was stronger
      when the duration of absorption was taken into account (R2 = 0.90). EB-ethanol
      was inversely related to the overall change in the serum sodium concentration
      during the operation (R2 = 0.88). Symptoms that are recognized components of the
      TUR syndrome developed in 8 of the 13 patients absorbing more than 11 of
      irrigant, while the ethanol exerted no adverse effects. The results of the study
      indicate that 1% ethanol is a suitable marker for monitoring irrigant absorption
      by means of the expired breath test in routine transurethral surgery. At this
      concentration the sensitivity of the test is adequate for detecting absorption,
      while the ethanol is less toxic than the irrigant fluid itself.

PMID- 2922984
TI  - Epidural morphine delays gastric emptying and small intestinal transit in
      volunteers.
AB  - The influence of a painful stimulus and lumbar epidural morphine on gastric
      emptying, the orocecal transit time and small intestinal transit were studied in
      nine healthy volunteers. Acetaminophen absorption was used as a measure of the
      rate of gastric emptying. Orocecal transit time was determined by measuring the
      end-expiratory hydrogen concentration. Small intestinal transit was calculated
      from measurements of the orocecal transit time and gastric emptying. Cold pain
      stress with intermittent immersion of the feet in ice-cold water was used as a
      painful stimulus. Each volunteer was investigated on 3 different days: once after
      receiving 4 mg of epidural morphine and during cold pain; once during cold pain;
      and once under control conditions without pain and epidural morphine. Immersion
      of the feet in ice-cold water was always very painful, but was more tolerable
      during epidural morphine analgesia. The increase in blood pressure which
      accompanied the cold pain was the same whether this pain was induced without or
      during epidural morphine analgesia. Gastric emptying, orocecal transit time and
      small intestinal transit were delayed during epidural morphine analgesia compared
      with the findings under the control and plain cold pain conditions. Cold pain
      stress alone did not influence gastric emptying, orocecal transit time or
      intestinal transit. To conclude, epidural morphine in itself delayed gastric
      emptying, orocecal transit and transit through the small intestine in healthy
      volunteers.

PMID- 2922985
TI  - Effects of epidural bupivacaine and epidural morphine on bowel function and pain
      after hysterectomy.
AB  - A comparison was made of the effects of continuous epidural analgesia with
      bupivacaine and intermittent epidural morphine on bowel function after abdominal
      hysterectomy. The duration of postoperative ileus was assessed as the time from
      the end of operation to the first postoperative passage of flatus and feces.
      Twenty-two patients were randomly allocated to two equal groups. An "epidural
      morphine" group received general anesthesia and epidural morphine for
      postoperative pain relief, and an "epidural bupivacaine" group was given combined
      general anesthesia and epidural anesthesia with 0.5% bupivacaine intraoperatively
      and epidural analgesia with 0.25% bupivacaine postoperatively. Epidural morphine
      or bupivacaine was given for 42 h postoperatively. Pain intensity (visual analog
      scale) was low in both groups, but lower (P less than 0.05) in the epidural
      bupivacaine group. The time to first passage of flatus was 22 +/- 16 h in the
      epidural bupivacaine group and 56 +/- 22 h in the epidural morphine group (P less
      than 0.001). The time to first postoperative passage of feces was shorter (P less
      than 0.05) in the former than in the latter 57 +/- 44 h vs 92 +/- 22 h). The
      patients of the epidural bupivacaine group started intake of oral fluids earlier
      (P less than 0.01) and to a greater extent (P less than 0.05) than those in the
      epidural morphine group. It is concluded that the duration of postoperative ileus
      after hysterectomy is shorter when epidural bupivacaine is given for
      postoperative pain relief than when this is achieved by epidural morphine.

PMID- 2922986
TI  - Cardiotoxicity of ropivacaine--a new amide local anaesthetic agent.
AB  - Anaesthetically equipotent doses of lidocaine, bupivacaine and a new bupivacaine
      like local anaesthetic agent, ropivacaine, were injected into the left anterior
      descending coronary artery of pentobarbital-anaesthetized pigs. The aim was to
      study the cardiotoxicity of ropivacaine in relation to the two other drugs. A
      random, crossover, dose response study design was used. The following doses of
      the drugs were administered: lidocaine (L): 1,2,4,8 and 16 mg, bupivacaine (B):
      0.25, 0.5, 1,2 and 4 mg and ropivacaine (R): 0.33, 0.66 1.33, 2.66 and 5.33 mg.
      Systemic haemodynamics, left ventricular dP/dT and a 12-lead electrocardiogram
      were recorded continuously during the study period. The drugs depressed cardiac
      contractility in relation to their local anaesthetic potency on the isolated
      nerve-4:3:1 (B:R:L). The prolongation of the ECG QRS-interval was regarded as a
      measure of electrophysiologic toxicity. Comparable prolongation of the QRS
      interval was recorded after 2 mg of bupivacaine, 4.5 mg of ropivacaine and 30 mg
      of lidocaine. Thus, the electrophysiological toxicity ratio was 15:6.7:1 (B:R:L).
      Provided local anaesthetic potency data can be extrapolated from the isolated
      nerve preparation to regional anaesthesia in humans, ropivacaine appears to
      provide a greater margin of safety than bupivacaine, if inadvertently injected
      into the venous circulation.

PMID- 2922987
TI  - The risk of ischaemic brain damage during the use of self-retaining brain
      retractors.
AB  - Self-retaining brain retractors (SRBR) are commonly used during intracranial
      surgery and they are indispensable during microneurosurgery. To evaluate
      limitations in the employment of SRBR, as well animal as human studies have been
      performed. In the animal studies, male Wistar rats were used for measurements of
      regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) changes during brain retractor pressure (BRP)
      provided by lead weights. These weights, corresponding to different levels of mm
      Hg, were applicated for different periods of time on the parietal cortex after
      craniotomy. In one part of the animal studies different profiles of the
      application surface of the weights were evaluated. For measurement of the rCBF (n
      = 41) autoradiography with carbon-14(14C)iodoantipyrine was used as described by
      Gjedde et al (1980). A neuropathological method (n = 30) was used to reveal
      possible brain damage after graded BRP. In the rats the thresholds of rCBF,
      regional cerebral perfusion pressure (rCPP) and time were 20-25 ml/100 g/min, 20
      mm Hg and 7-10 minutes respectively. In the human studies only alert patients
      without neurological deficits (except defects of the visual fields) and in whom
      preoperative CT-scans did not disclose any sign of infarction were included. BRP
      beneath as well the tip as the centre of the SRBR and the MABP were recorded
      continuously. Patients with peroperative complications were excluded. During the
      operations induced hypotension (n = 20) and mannitol (n = 6) were administrated.
      The patients (n = 23) had a 3-month follow-up examination. In man the thresholds
      of rCPP and time were found to be 10 mm Hg and 6-8 minutes, respectively. Other
      authors have found a rCBF threshold of 10-13 ml/100 g/min (Astrup 1982, Iannotti
      & Hoff 1983). It is concluded that the results obtained in the rat studies are
      comparable to the human situation if reservations are made concerning the
      differences in the thresholds of rCBF and rCPP. The time threshold of cerebral
      ischaemia seems to be rather equal in rat and in man. If these thresholds are
      reached, intermittent BRP is absolutely recommendable. It was also found that the
      most easily-handled retractors, those with a flat profile, did not decrease the
      rCBF further than other types of retractors.

PMID- 2922988
TI  - Neuroendocrine markers in central nervous system neuronal tumors (gangliocytoma
      and ganglioglioma).
AB  - We studied five cases of central nervous system neuronal tumor, one gangliocytoma
      and four gangliogliomas, both ultrastructurally and immunohistochemically, using
      antibodies to neuroendocrine markers including tyrosine hydroxylase (TH),
      serotonin (5HT), somatostatin (SOM), met-enkephalin (MEK), leu-enkephalin (LEK),
      substance P (SP), gastrin, vasopressin, oxytocin, vasoactive intestinal
      polypeptide, adrenocorticotropic hormone and calcitonin. In all cases, the
      presence of dense-core vesicles (60-250 nm) in the neuronal elements was the
      characteristic ultrastructural finding. Synapses were observed in two cases.
      Immunohistochemically, variable numbers of neuronal cells showed positive
      staining for SOM in five cases, TH, MEK and LEK in three cases, and 5HT and SP in
      one case each. The others were negative. Positive immunoreactivity for multiple
      markers was shown in all cases. SOM, TH, 5HT and SP were present in the small- to
      medium-sized cells, while MEK and LEK were almost exclusively confined to the
      large cells. Our study clearly indicated that these tumors contained neuronal
      cells which were not homogeneous with regard to neuroendocrine markers.

PMID- 2922990
TI  - In situ analysis of cell kinetics in human brain tumors. A comparative
      immunocytochemical study of S phase cells by a new in vitro bromodeoxyuridine
      labeling technique, and of proliferating pool cells by monoclonal antibody Ki-67.
AB  - A newly developed in vitro labeling method with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)
      identifies S phase cells in situ in freshly obtained surgical tissue of human
      brain tumors which is subsequently fixed and embedded in paraffin for BrdU
      immunovisualization. For the first time, the BrdU labeling index (LI) is
      successfully compared here with the LI obtained by immunostaining of frozen
      sections of the same tumors with monoclonal antibody Ki-67 which identifies all
      proliferating cells, i.e., the growth fraction. LIs were counted in at least five
      different areas with high density of labeled cells; at least 1,000 cells were
      counted. In 13 metastatic tumors, Ki-67 LI was 8.3%-62.6%, and BrdU LI was 5.1%
      28.0%. In 18 gliomas, Ki-67 LI was 1.4%-19.3%, and BrdU LI was 0.2%-11.6%. In 7
      meningiomas, Ki-67 LI was 0.3%-3.0%, and BrdU LI was 0%-2.0%. Statistical
      comparison of Ki-67 and BrdU LIs by linear regression analysis revealed a highly
      significant correlation: BrdU LI = 0.99 + 0.34 Ki-67 LI (r = 0.92, P less than
      0.001). A significant heterogeneity of proliferation patterns may occur within
      one sample from area to area, as well as between different samples of the same
      tumor, especially in gliomas; thus, some subjective influence on LIs by arbitrary
      sampling and selection could occur in quantitative evaluation of in situ cell
      kinetics of human brain tumors. This study indicates that our in vitro BrdU
      labeling method allows the in situ identification of S phase cells in excellently
      preserved fixed tumor tissue which is well suited for further histological
      examination.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2922989
TI  - Further confirmation of serotonin reduction in the neostriatum during
      hyperthermia-induced convulsions: a quantitative immunohistochemical study.
AB  - Changes occurring in serotonin neurons during hyperthermia and hyperthermia
      induced convulsions were examined by quantitative immunohistochemistry. A marked
      increase in serotonin immunoreactivity was observed at the rostral and
      intermediate levels of the neostriatum of mice kept at high temperatures with no
      convulsions, and a significant reduction in serotonin immunoreactivity was
      verified throughout the neostriatum of mice which had hyperthermia-induced
      seizures. These results suggest that serotonin neurons change significantly
      during thermal stress and seizures, and that regional analysis is essential for
      an understanding of the role of serotonin neurons.

PMID- 2922991
TI  - Ganglioside mapping of a human medulloblastoma xenograft.
AB  - The ganglioside patterns of medulloblastomas have never been established; in this
      study we report the ganglioside profile of the human medulloblastoma cell line TE
      671 grown as a xenograft in nude mice. Gangliosides were isolated and
      structurally analyzed by fast atom bombardment mass spectometry following
      permethylation. Identification of individual gangliosides was also performed by
      immunostaining of high-performance thin-layer chromatography-separated bands.
      Total ganglioside levels of 0.20 mumol/g of tissue were obtained, consistent with
      those reported for human glioma cell lines grown as xenografts; predominant
      monosialogangliosides of TE-671 xenografts were II3-alpha-NeuAc-LacCer (GM3) and
      II3-alpha-NeuAc-GgOse3Cer (GM2) but there were also relatively large proportions
      of IV3-alpha-NeuAc-LcOse4Cer (3'-isoLM1), IV3-alpha-NeuAc-nLcOse4Cer (3'-LM1) and
      a further ganglioside of the neolacto-series with an extra lactosamine moiety.
      The only oligosialoganglioside detected was IV3, II3-alpha-NeuAc2-GgOse4Cer
      (GD1a).

PMID- 2922992
TI  - Cerebellar injury due to phenytoin. Identification and evolution of Purkinje cell
      axonal swellings in deep cerebellar nuclei of mice.
AB  - The present study describes the identification and the ultrastructural and
      numerical evolution of Purkinje cell axonal swellings induced by phenytoin.
      Thirty male C57Bl/6J mice received phenytoin orally in doses up to 100 mg/kg
      daily and were killed after 3, 6, 10, 14, and 48 days of treatment. Light and
      electron microscopic investigations as well as morphometric analysis of cut
      surface area and numerical density of axonal swellings were performed. The
      swellings appeared as early as 6 days after initiation of treatment and gradually
      increased in size and frequency. Use of an anti-lymphocyte monoclonal antibody
      (CD 3), specifically cross-reacting with Purkinje cells, identified the swellings
      as dystrophic Purkinje cell axons. On grounds of their ultrastructural appearance
      they were classified into three distinct types occurring at different time
      intervals after phenytoin exposure. At 6 days, most axonal swellings contained
      loosely aggregated membranous vesicles and tubules in a finely granulated matrix
      (type 1). At 14 days, larger axonal swellings appeared characterized by the
      presence of three-dimensional networks of branched and anastomosing membranous
      tubules (type 2). At 48 days, even larger axons contained bodies of highly
      condensed membranous material of sometimes paracrystalline appearance (type 3).
      It is suggested that phenytoin-induced axonal pathology of Purkinje cells is a
      dynamic process characterized by the progressive accumulation of proliferating
      membranous material arranged in an increasingly complex fashion.

PMID- 2922993
TI  - Complement-derived polypeptide C3adesArg as a mediator of inflammation at the
      blood-brain barrier in a new experimental cat model.
AB  - The effect of the complement-derived polypeptide C3adesArg as a mediator of
      inflammation in the central nervous system was examined. Twenty-five anesthetized
      cats received 4 mg of this polypeptide by intraventricular injection, 20 cats who
      served as controls received saline. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was sampled 3 h
      after intraventricular injection and the brains were removed. For assessment of
      the permeability of the blood-brain barrier the CSF penetration of four
      antibiotics, which were given intravenously was measured. Five control animals
      were employed for each antibiotic (tobramycin, ampicillin, imipenem, fosfomycin),
      whereas six C3adesArg-treated animals were used for each antibiotic and seven for
      tobramycin. Besides CSF levels of glucose, the prostanoids 6-keto-prostaglandin
      F1 alpha, thromboxane B2 and prostaglandin E2 were measured. The morphological
      examinations in the CSF sediments and histological brain sections in the
      C3adesArg-treated animals disclosed a distinct inflammation with leptomeningeal
      and perivascular infiltration of polymorphonuclear granulocytes compared to
      normal findings in the controls. The CSF/serum ratios of all of the antibiotics
      were markedly elevated compared to controls, indicating a blood-brain barrier
      disruption. The levels of all prostanoids were significantly higher in the
      treatment group than in the control group, whereas the glucose levels were lower.
      These findings are in accordance with a granulocytic meningitis as seen in some
      infections at the acute stage. It is concluded that C3adesArg acts as a mediator
      of inflammation in the central nervous system.

PMID- 2922995
TI  - An autopsy case of familial juvenile Alzheimer's disease with extensive
      involvement of the subcortical gray and white matters.
AB  - An autopsy case of familial juvenile Alzheimer's disease with extensive
      involvement of the subcortical gray and white matters is reported. A 33-year-old
      woman showed a progressive dementia and died of cardiac failure at the age of 45.
      Neurological examination disclosed choreatic movements, myoclonus, rigidity, and
      generalized convulsion. Gross inspection of the brain showed a diffuse cerebral
      atrophy and marked degenerations of both the subcortical gray and white matters.
      Microscopically, numerous and extensive argyrophilic changes such as senile
      plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and granulovacuolar degenerations were observed
      in the brain. The present case was characterized by a severe neuronal loss in the
      basal ganglia, substantia nigra, dentate nucleus, and thalamus as well as a
      marked myelin loss and axonal damage in the cerebral white matter. This case
      suggested a combination of multisystemic degeneration and primary degeneration of
      the cerebral white matter. The pathological similarity of this case to
      Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and Pick's disease is discussed.

PMID- 2922994
TI  - Immunocytochemistry of four mixed pituitary adenomas and intrasellar
      gangliocytomas associated with different clinical syndromes: acromegaly,
      amenorrhea-galactorrhea, Cushing's disease and isolated tumoral syndrome.
AB  - Four tumors consisting of pituitary adenomatous cells (AD) intricated with
      ganglion cells (GC) were studied. Each case was associated with a different
      clinical syndrome: acromegaly, amenorrhea-galactorrhea, Cushing's disease and
      isolated tumoral syndrome with no hormonal hypersecretion. (a) In the case with
      acromegaly, immunoreactive growth hormone (IR-GH) was present in 80% of AD. IR
      vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) was found in 5%-10% of AD and in few GC. Rare
      GC and processes showed IR-GH-releasing hormone (GRH), -somatostatin (SRIH), 
      gonadotropin-releasing hormone and -adrenocorticotropin-releasing hormone. (b) In
      the case with amenorrhea-galactorrhea, IR-prolactin (PRL) was seen in 90% of AD.
      IR-PRL and -VIP were present in rare GC. (c) In the case with Cushing's disease,
      60% of AD and very few GC contained IR-adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and beta
      lipotropin. Rare GC processes contained IR-SRIH. (d) In the case without
      pituitary hormone hypersecretion, PRL was localized in rare AD and GC. Pituitary
      hormone and neuropeptides were never colocalized in the same cells. No case
      displayed IR-neurophysins or -thyroliberin. Pituitary hormones were localized by
      ultrastructural immunogold labeling. These findings show that: (i) in three
      cases, pituitary hormones (PRL and ACTH), and, in one case, VIP could be
      localized in both adenomatous and ganglion cells; (ii) the pituitary hormone
      containing cells in the tumors could be related to the hypersecretory syndromes;
      (iii) intratumoral IR-VIP and -GRH might be involved in GH and PRL hypersecretion
      in the cases with acromegaly and amenorrhea-galactorrhea.

PMID- 2922996
TI  - Astrocytic infection in canine distemper virus-induced demyelination.
AB  - Acute canine distemper virus (CDV)-induced demyelinating lesions were examined
      with double-labelling immunocytochemistry simultaneously demonstrating CDV
      antigen and glial fibrillary acidid protein (GFAP) as marker for astrocytes. It
      was shown that 64% of all astrocytes within the demyelinating lesions were
      infected and that 95% of all infected cells counted in the lesions were
      astrocytes. These results suggest that the astrocyte is the main target for CDV
      and that astroglial infection may play an important role in the mechanism of
      demyelination.

PMID- 2922997
TI  - Effects of ageing and physical training on rat skeletal muscle. An experimental
      study on the properties of collagen, laminin, and fibre types in muscles serving
      different functions.
AB  - The purpose of the present investigation was to study the effects of both
      advancing age and life-long endurance training on the connective tissue and fibre
      composition of two types of rat skeletal muscle. In particular, additional
      evidence was sought on age- and training-induced transformations of muscle
      fibres, and on the significance of intramuscular collagen in muscle functioning.
      For this purpose a combined study of exercise and ageing throughout the life-span
      of the experimental animals was constructed. To gain a broad view of muscle
      responsiveness the muscle fibre types, the estimates of different biochemical and
      histological properties of collagen as well as of the passive mechanical
      properties of both a slow (m. soleus = MS) and a fast (m. rectus femoris = MRF)
      skeletal muscle were determined. The results can be summarized as follows: 1) The
      percentage of type I fibres in MS increased from about 60% in one-month-old rats
      up to about 90% in the untrained and almost 100% in the trained rats at ages
      between 4 and 10 months. In adult animals the proportion of type I fibres was
      significantly higher in the MS of the trained than untrained animals. In the slow
      area of MRF, the percentage of type IIA fibres increased from a mean value of
      below 40% in one-month-old rats to above 50% in the untrained and near to 70% in
      the trained rats at the age of 24 months. Correspondingly, the proportion of type
      IIB fibres decreased with both age and training. In both types of muscles, there
      was a tendency towards smaller cross-sectional areas for the predominant fibre
      type in the trained rats when compared to the untrained rats. Consequently, the
      long-term endurance training used did not reverse the age-related shift in muscle
      fibre composition but clearly accelerated the fibre transformation towards more
      fatigue-resistant muscle fibres with slower contractile speeds. Nevertheless, the
      slowing due to endurance training is not necessarily deleterious, as different
      mechanisms may be involved in these age- and training-related alterations. The
      former appears to involve degenerative changes in the neuromuscular system
      whereas endurance-type activity could assist in the maintenance of the low
      threshold neural activity important for the expression of slow contractile
      characteristics. 2) The slow postural soleus contained more collagen compared
      with the fast locomotor rectus femoris muscle. The concentration of total
      collagen as well as the area-fractions of both endomysium and perimysium were
      larger in MS than in MRF.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2922998
TI  - Intrafascicular multi-unit recordings from the human infra-orbital nerve.
AB  - Intrafascicular micro-electrode recordings were made from the human infra-orbital
      nerve close to the infra-orbital foramen. The fascicular organization was studied
      and multi-unit activity from low-threshold mechanoreceptive afferents was
      recorded during tactile stimuli, vibration and facial movements. Attempts were
      also made to record C-fibre activity. Innervation zones corresponding to 66
      fascicles were mapped with tactile stimuli on facial hairy skin and the red zone
      of the lip. Most of these fields were located on the upper lip, where they
      overlapped, indicating a high innervation density. The fields had a median size
      of 3.8 cm2. Skin indentation evoked dynamic on- and off-responses and a much less
      pronounced static discharge. The afferent double-peaked responses to an
      oscillating probe applied to the peri-oral region induced similar grouping of the
      EMG activity during sustained lip protrusion. Contraction of facial muscles and
      stretching of the skin evoked on- and off-responses, whereas the static discharge
      was less pronounced, especially during sustained stretching. The dynamic
      sensitivity to minor variations in contraction and stretching was high, and
      during normal facial movements, as in speech, there was a barrage of impulses
      originating from mechanoreceptors within large facial areas. Functional
      implications of these sensorimotor interactions are discussed. Sympathetic C
      fibre activity, frequently seen in recordings from the supra-orbital nerve, was
      never encountered in the infra-orbital nerve recordings, indicating a lack of
      such fibres. Failure to detect afferent C-fibre activity could be explained by
      methodological difficulties.

PMID- 2922999
TI  - Mechanoreceptive units in the human infra-orbital nerve.
AB  - Eighty-four low-threshold mechanoreceptive afferents innervating facial hairy
      skin or the red zone of the lip were recorded with micro-electrodes from the
      human infra-orbital nerve. Based on their responses to skin indentations, the
      units were classified as slowly or fast-adapting, with small or large receptive
      fields. The responses to hair movement, skin stretching and contraction of facial
      muscles were also studied. Both hairy skin and the red zone were innervated by
      slowly and by fast-adapting units. The innervation density was found to be
      highest at the corner of the mouth and on the upper lip. Slowly adapting units
      with small fields in hairy skin were most common and included units responding to
      sustained hair displacement. These units are suggested to have two types of end
      organs, either pilo-Ruffini endings or Merkel cell-neurite complexes. The slowly
      adapting units with large fields were spontaneously active stretch receptors and
      may have corresponded to Ruffini corpuscles, although the possibility of other,
      intramuscular, receptors could not be ruled out. Only one afferent possibly
      innervated a Pacinian corpuscle. Most mechanoreceptors were also activated by
      skin stretching or contraction of facial muscles. Many of the slowly adapting
      units with small fields responded to the onset and release of stretch, whereas
      their discharge in response to sustained stretching adapted more or less
      completely. Spontaneously active units had the most sustained stretch response.
      It is concluded that several types of cutaneous mechanoreceptors can operate as
      sensitive proprioceptors of importance for facial kinaesthesia and motor control.

PMID- 2923000
TI  - Sympathectomy provides evidence of dopamine storage in rat laryngeal nerve
      paraganglia.
AB  - Catecholamine content in the recurrent and superior laryngeal nerves (RLN and
      SLN) of the rat was analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography after
      surgical and chemical sympathectomy. Sympathectomy induced by repeated injections
      of guanethidine did not lead to any change in the dopamine (DA) level, whereas
      the noradrenaline (NA) content decreased by 68% and 64% respectively in the RLN
      and SLN. Surgical excision of the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) did not alter
      the level of DA in the SLN, but caused a 60% decrease of DA in the RLN. Removal
      of SCG did not affect the NA levels either in the RLN or in the SLN, unless it
      was combined with extirpation of the middle cervical ganglion, which induced a
      decrease in NA in both nerves. The results indicate that much of the DA in the
      laryngeal nerves is stored outside the sympathetic nerve fibres, probably in the
      small organs earlier characterized as endoneurial paraganglia.

PMID- 2923001
TI  - The rat epitrochlearis muscle: metabolic characteristics.

PMID- 2923002
TI  - Short-term effects of stimulus interval changes in guinea-pig and rat atrial
      muscle.
AB  - Isometric force and action potentials were recorded in thin atrial strips from
      guinea-pigs and rats (32 degrees C). The restitution of peak force and action
      potential duration, after a regular contraction, was determined (test interval
      0.1-120 s), together with the post-extrasystolic potentiation. The mechanical
      restitution could be described with an exponential function in two phases as:
      force = A(I-e-k1t) + B(I-e-k2t). By increasing the basic stimulation rate in
      guinea-pig atria from 0.2 to 2 Hz, the size of A was approximately doubled while
      B was only slightly affected. When [Ca2+] was increased from 0.9 to 3.6 mmol l-1,
      the size of A increased approximately 3.4 times while B decreased only slightly.
      There was a close correlation between steady-state contractility of the muscle
      and parameter A but not parameter B. In a similar fashion post-extrasystolic
      potentiation can be described as: force = Ce-kt + D. This potentiation was
      greater in guinea-pig than in rat hearts. In both species the rate of
      potentiation decay (k) was usually similar to the rate of the first phase of
      restitution (k1). It seems reasonable to interpret the parameters A and B as
      reflections of two separate intracellular compartments for activator calcium.

PMID- 2923003
TI  - Metabolic control of large-bore arterial resistance vessels, arterioles, and
      veins in cat skeletal muscle during exercise.
AB  - The metabolic control of the vascular bed in cat gastrocnemius muscle during
      exercise was studied with a new technique (Bjornberg et al. 1988) permitting
      continuous and simultaneous recordings of arteriolar and capillary pressures, and
      of resistances in the following consecutive vascular section: proximal arterial
      resistance vessels greater than 25 microns, arterioles less than 25 microns, and
      on the venous side. The study thereby provided quantitative data for resistance
      and active intrinsic tone in these vascular segments at rest, during graded
      exercise vasodilatation, and in the post-exercise period. Slight activation of
      the metabolic control system by low-frequency somatomotor nerve stimulation
      ('light exercise') caused inhibition of intrinsic tone and decreased vascular
      resistance selectively in the arteriolar section. At increasing workloads,
      arteriolar resistance was further decreased, but resistance and tone in the
      proximal arterial resistance vessels and the veins then became clearly reduced as
      well. This difference in effectiveness of the metabolic control system on the
      different segments of the vascular bed was expressed quantitatively in terms of a
      'metabolic vasodilator index'. Graded activation of the metabolic control system
      led to a marked segmental redistribution of intrinsic vascular tone, in turn
      resulting in an increased pressure drop across the proximal arterial vessels in
      the veins and a decreased pressure drop over the arterioles. The observed
      decrease in the pre- to post-capillary resistance ratio caused, at a constant
      arterial pressure of 100 mmHg, a graded increase in capillary pressure with
      increasing workloads, at maximum vasodilatation by an average value of 14 mmHg
      above the resting control value of 15.4 +/- 0.6 mmHg. In the post-exercise
      period, recovery of vascular tone to control was more rapid in the proximal
      arterial resistance vessels and the veins than in the arteriolar segment.

PMID- 2923004
TI  - Antidepressant withdrawal syndromes: phenomenology and pathophysiology.
AB  - The literature reporting signs and symptoms produced by the abrupt or gradual
      withdrawal of antidepressants is reviewed. Patients with antidepressant
      withdrawal syndromes are presented and principles governing their care are
      highlighted. Finally, the author summarizes evidence that antidepressant-induced
      supersensitivity of central and peripheral muscarinic cholinergic mechanisms may
      account for commonly observed antidepressant withdrawal phenomena.

PMID- 2923005
TI  - Acute changes in cerebral blood flow associated with marijuana smoking.
AB  - Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured in experienced (ES) and inexperienced (IS)
      marijuana smokers with the 133xenon inhalation technique before and after smoking
      both a high-potency marijuana cigarette and a placebo marijuana cigarette. CBF
      was measured twice under resting conditions in a control group. Mood states
      before and after marijuana smoking were quantified with the Profile of Mood
      States (POMS). Analyses of POMS factors after smoking marijuana revealed IS had
      an increase in anxiety while ES had a decrease. IS also had a significant
      increase in depression and decrease in vigor, but neither variable changed in the
      ES. After marijuana, CBF decreased in IS, but in ES, it increased in comparison
      with the 2 control runs. In both IS and ES, CBF changes following placebo
      administration were similar to those associated with marijuana smoking. However,
      in IS, the marijuana-induced CBF decrease was significantly higher than that
      associated with placebo. There were no statistically significant differences
      between the CBF increase seen after placebo and marijuana in ES. Anxiety, anger,
      fatigue, confusion and depression had significant negative correlations with CBF
      while vigor correlated positively, but the anxiety factor was the only one to
      account for a significant percentage of the change (parital correlation) in
      hemispheric CBF.

PMID- 2923006
TI  - Explorative single-blind study on the sedative and hypnotic effects of buspirone
      in anxiety patients.
AB  - In this single-blind study the sedative and hypnotic properties of buspirone, a
      nonbenzodiazepine anxiolytic, were investigated in 8 anxious outpatients.
      Polysomnographic recordings were gathered during baseline, at the start of active
      medication, after 3 weeks of treatment and one night after discontinuing
      treatment. Daytime alertness was measured using the Multiple Sleep Latency Test
      and performance tests. The effects of buspirone on sleep structure were minimal
      and of no clinical consequence. Subjectively, the patients reported improved
      sleep quality. There were no effects on daytime alertness at the beginning, after
      3 weeks or at sudden discontinuation of the medication. It is concluded that
      buspirone does not have a sedative or hypnotic effect in anxiety patients.

PMID- 2923007
TI  - Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in Taiwan defined by the Chinese Diagnostic
      Interview Schedule.
AB  - The Taiwan Psychiatric Epidemiological Project, conducted from 1982 to 1986, used
      the multistage random sampling method with 5005, 3004 and 2995 subjects selected
      respectively from metropolitan Taipei (MT), 2 small towns (ST) and 6 rural
      villages (RV). The case identification tool was the Chinese modified Diagnostic
      Interview Schedule (DIS-CM). This study presents the lifetime and one-year
      prevalence of 27 and of 17 specific psychiatric disorders respectively. The
      lifetime prevalence of any disorder defined by the DIS-CM -- excluding tobacco
      dependence -- was 16.3%, 28.0% and 21.5% in the MT, ST and RV samples
      respectively. The differences in lifetime prevalence between the sexes and
      between the 3 sampling areas were significant for 15 and 8 disorders
      respectively. The ST sample seemed to have the most disorders, with the highest
      prevalence among 3 sampling areas. The mean ratio of one-year to lifetime
      prevalence was 0.67. The differences in prevalence rates between the 3 sampling
      areas and between the international studies are discussed from methodological,
      social and cultural points of view.

PMID- 2923008
TI  - Depression among general hospital patients in Greece.
AB  - We estimated the prevalence of depression in 150 medical and surgical inpatients.
      Forty-three patients (29%) scoring at 14 or above on the Beck Depression
      Inventory (BDI) were classified as depressed. An excess of women and white-collar
      workers and more stressful life events during the last 12 months were found among
      the depressed patients. Of the 21 BDI items, 6 differentiated the 43 medical
      surgical depressed patients from a group of 43 psychiatric inpatients with a
      diagnosis of primary or secondary depression (Feighner's criteria). Medically ill
      depressed patients scored higher in social withdrawal, work inhibition and
      irritability but lower in loss of libido, sleep disturbance, and lack of
      satisfaction. Our results show rates of depression in a medical inpatient
      population in Greece comparable with those in other studies. The use of BDI may
      help assessment of depression in general hospital patients.

PMID- 2923009
TI  - Use of mental health services in south Verona and Groningen. A comparative case
      register study.
AB  - A comparison was made of the utilization of mental health services in a
      psychiatric case register area in Italy (south Verona) and one in the Netherlands
      (Groningen). All residents living in these areas who contacted a mental health
      service in 1982 were traced and followed for a period of one year. The year
      prevalence rates differed considerably (110/10,000 in south Verona and 329/10,000
      in Groningen). Rates of single consulters were similar in both areas, while those
      of chronic inpatients were more than 11 times higher in Groningen than in south
      Verona. After excluding both single consulters and chronic inpatients, when
      comparing service consumption according to fixed classes of scores, the category
      of highest service use accounted for 60% of care provided in Groningen as
      compared with less than 30% in south Verona. The proportion of total service
      consumption due to inpatient care was about the same in both areas, but brief
      admissions were more common in south Verona. Moreover, when service use was
      considered as a relative construct, about 10% of patients in both areas could be
      called high users. Finally, long-term patients were more prevalent in Groningen
      (26%) than in south Verona (13%).

PMID- 2923010
TI  - Regional differences in mortality from dementia in Australia: an analysis of
      death certificate data.
AB  - Australian death certificate data were analysed to determine whether they can
      provide useful information on regional differences in the prevalence of dementia.
      Strong differences between the Australian states were found in the prevalence of
      dementing disorders at death. However, evidence indicated that death
      certification practices influenced the prevalence rates found: a) the reported
      prevalence of various dementing disorders at death has changed greatly over quite
      a short period; b) the prevalence of dementing disorders at death was more
      strongly influenced by place of death than by place of birth; and c) the
      differences between states were a result of very high rates in particular regions
      which, in one case, could be traced to the death certification practices of a
      single medical practitioner. It is concluded that death certificate data are not
      useful for investigating regional differences in the prevalence of dementia.

PMID- 2923011
TI  - Blood serotonin levels in suicidal schizophrenic patients.
AB  - A decrease in central serotonin metabolism has been found in suicidal patients.
      In schizophrenic patients suicidality is predominantly observed as a transient
      phenomenon being most pronounced during an acute psychotic episode. We
      investigated blood serotonin levels as a paradigm for serotonin metabolism in
      suicidal schizophrenic women who were psychotic and compared their data with
      those of nonsuicidal psychotic schizophrenic women and healthy controls. Blood
      serotonin was lower in suicidal female schizophrenic patients (0.44 +/- 0.05
      mumol/l, n = 17) than in nonsuicidal female schizophrenic patients (0.94 +/- 0.07
      mumol/l, n = 17; P less than 0.001) or in healthy women (0.90 +/- 0.02 mumol/l, n
      = 26; P less than 0.001). These findings support the hypothesis that decreased
      serotonin metabolism may be associated with suicidal behavior in schizophrenic
      women.

PMID- 2923012
TI  - The prevalence of dementia as measured by the Cambridge Mental Disorders of the
      Elderly Examination.
AB  - General practice patients aged 75 years and over were screened for cognitive
      impairment using the Mini-Mental State Examination. Those scoring 23 or below and
      a sample of those scoring 24 or 25 were assessed using the Cambridge Mental
      Disorders of the Elderly Examination (CAMDEX), a structured interview schedule
      specifically designed to detect mild dementia. The CAMDEX includes a mental state
      examination, a psychiatric history, detailed cognitive testing and an information
      interview. The prevalence of dementia in 2311 patients was found to be 10.5%,
      about half that found in most earlier studies. Possible reasons for this low rate
      are discussed.

PMID- 2923013
TI  - Some characteristics of the psychiatric population attending a primary care
      centre in Kuwait.
AB  - This study examined the sociodemographic correlates of psychiatric illness in a
      primary care centre in Kuwait. A total of 164 psychiatric patients seen over a 3
      year period formed the experimental group while 165 nonpsychiatric patients
      attending the same centre formed the control group. Results showed significant
      differences in basic demographic variables of the 2 groups. The psychiatric
      patients were significantly more likely to be single, unskilled, young, less
      educated and living alone or in an overcrowded household and to report more
      recent life events than controls. The absence of family and social support,
      lacking a meaningful job and chronicity of illness were significantly correlated
      with poor treatment response. Possible interpretations of the results were
      discussed in the cultural context of our patients. The fact that 57% of the
      psychiatric patients had been ill for more than 6 months prior to consultation
      highlights the importance of orientation of primary care practitioners to the
      psychiatric aetiology of somatic presentation of many of their patients.

PMID- 2923014
TI  - Phenomenology and pathophysiology of antipsychotic withdrawal symptoms.

PMID- 2923015
TI  - Anxiety.

PMID- 2923016
TI  - Feasibility of sigmoidoscopic screening for bowel cancer in a primary care
      setting.
AB  - Sigmoidoscopic screening for bowel cancer is controversial because of its
      debatable efficacy, lack of patient and physician acceptance of the procedure,
      and uncertainty about its practicality with the large numbers of patients in
      primary care settings. This study addressed patient acceptance and practicality.
      During an 18-month period, 75 percent of all patients aged 50 years and greater
      who were seen for health maintenance accepted sigmoidoscopy. The procedure was
      integrated into office routines without disrupting other patient care. While
      compliance with fecal occult blood testing was high (88 percent), sensitivity of
      this test for neoplastic polyps within reach of the proctosigmoidoscope was low
      (11 percent). These results suggest that acceptance of sigmoidoscopy by patients
      seen in family physicians' offices could be greater than has been anticipated.

PMID- 2923017
TI  - Obstetric care in a rural family practice.
AB  - Obstetrical care in the United States is becoming more difficult for rural
      populations to obtain. Fewer family physicians are providing obstetrical
      services. This study is a report of one family physician's obstetric experience
      in a small rural town. In a series of 67 obstetrical patients, 8 percent of the
      deliveries occurred outside of the hospital. The rate of Cesarean section was 3
      percent, significantly less than the greater than 20 percent national average.
      There was 1 premature delivery, and no infant deaths. These figures compare well
      with national averages and show the need for family physicians to provide
      obstetrical care in rural areas.

PMID- 2923019
TI  - Pleural effusion and hydronephrosis in a newborn.
AB  - While the association of obstructive uropathy with ascites has been known since
      1863, and with pleural effusion since 1954, the latter combination remains rare.
      This case report describes a male newborn with a massive left pleural effusion
      that was caused by same-sided hydronephrosis from obstructing posterior urethral
      valves. The effusion disappeared within a few days after adequate urinary
      drainage was established, and the infant was remained well since the abnormal
      urethral valves were fulgurated cystoscopically. Review of the clinical and
      experimental literature reveals no consensus about how pleural fluid accumulates
      in the presence of obstructive uropathy, and this neonate showed a direct inverse
      relation between the amount of pleural fluid drainage and urinary output via
      catheter. Hydronephrosis should be considered diagnostically when a newborn has a
      pleural effusion that is otherwise unexplained.

PMID- 2923018
TI  - The consultant family physician.
AB  - Family physicians frequently consult and refer to other specialists, both
      generalist and subspecialist. Less commonly has the family physician been used as
      a consultant. A randomized questionnaire survey of family physicians in five
      midwestern states was used to consider the frequency and reasons for other
      specialists collaborating with the family physician as a consultant. Fifty
      percent of the respondents consult and refer to as well as receive
      consultations/referrals from other family physicians. Thirty-five percent of the
      respondents receive consultations and referrals from other generalist
      specialists, and 28 percent receive theirs from subspecialists. Most often these
      occur because the patient has no family physician, but family physicians are also
      used for their procedural skills and coordination of patient evaluation and
      management, including preoperative evaluation of patients. This study confirms
      that the consultant family physician is an important part of the health care
      team.

PMID- 2923020
TI  - Seeing over one's shoulder and out of the corner of one's eye.

PMID- 2923023
TI  - Medical manpower in Alabama: shortage, sufficiency or surfeit?

PMID- 2923021
TI  - Flexible sigmoidoscopy.

PMID- 2923022
TI  - Adoption.

PMID- 2923024
TI  - The tragedy of trauma.

PMID- 2923025
TI  - Life?

PMID- 2923026
TI  - Herpes simplex of the nipple: infant-to-mother transmission.
AB  - Intrafamilial spread of herpes simplex is a recognized problem. A case is
      presented in which a 15-month-old child was infected by a five-year-old sibling
      with presumed gingivostomatitis. The young child then transmitted symptomatic
      herpes infection to both maternal nipples during breast feeding. Although mouth
      to-breast transmission of herpes simplex virus may be rare, it is appropriate to
      advise breast-feeding mothers of children with herpes gingivostomatitis of this
      possibility.

PMID- 2923027
TI  - Pseudoparasitism with Gordius robustus.
AB  - The Gordius worm is a parasite of crickets and other arthropods, but not of
      humans. In almost all cases, the association between humans and the Gordius
      species, such as Gordius robustus, is purely coincidental. Gordius
      pseudoparasitism must be distinguished from true helminthic disease to alleviate
      patient anxiety and to avoid an unnecessary course of antihelminthics.

PMID- 2923028
TI  - Recurrent toxic shock syndrome.
AB  - While the classic manifestations of toxic shock syndrome in a high-risk patient
      are readily recognized, probable cases of the syndrome are often overlooked. This
      is especially true of nonmenstrual toxic shock syndrome, which may be associated
      with a variety of clinical conditions. There is a 30 percent risk of recurrence
      following the first episode of toxic shock. The roles of prophylactic antibiotics
      and oral contraceptives in reducing recurrences require further study.

PMID- 2923029
TI  - Pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy.
AB  - Pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy may appear any time after the fourth month of
      gestation. This distinct dermatosis is characterized by pruritus and small,
      follicle-centered, erythematous papules that may be excoriated or may have the
      appearance of small pustules. Distribution is variable, although all reported
      cases have included the abdomen. There is an absence of systemic maternal or
      fetal toxicity, and the condition resolves spontaneously after delivery. The
      cause of this dermatosis is unknown.

PMID- 2923030
TI  - Arnold-Chiari malformation: a diagnostic challenge.
AB  - Arnold-Chiari malformation is a disorder of embryologic development. In Type I,
      there is cerebellar displacement into the spinal canal, but hydrocephalus and
      syringomyelia are variable. Type II usually is manifested by severe hydrocephalus
      and myelomeningocele in infancy. Type I malformations may pose diagnostic
      challenges because they often produce bizarre and vague symptoms. A careful
      history and physical examination, coupled with neurologic testing, especially
      magnetic resonance imaging, will lead to the correct diagnosis.

PMID- 2923031
TI  - Use of a hearing assistance device in nursing homes.
AB  - An inexpensive hearing assistance device can improve communication with nursing
      home residents. In patients who do not have prescribed hearing aids or who are
      being audiologically evaluated, voice amplification with such a device
      facilitates initial assessment as well as ongoing care. Such devices are
      available at local consumer outlets for under $30, making them available to
      persons who are unable to afford more sophisticated models.

PMID- 2923032
TI  - An algorithm for corticosteroid withdrawal.

PMID- 2923033
TI  - High-altitude illness.

PMID- 2923034
TI  - Newborn circumcision.

PMID- 2923035
TI  - Trauma.

PMID- 2923036
TI  - AAP issues statement on perinatal HIV infection.

PMID- 2923037
TI  - Five-minute HIV test now available.

PMID- 2923038
TI  - Satisfaction with board certification in nuclear pharmacy.

PMID- 2923039
TI  - It's time to take the next step.

PMID- 2923040
TI  - Commitment to the profession of pharmacy: are there sex differences?

PMID- 2923041
TI  - APhA year in review.

PMID- 2923042
TI  - Opening and positioning a pharmacy for success, Part 1.

PMID- 2923043
TI  - One price for all.

PMID- 2923044
TI  - Policy committee work challenges members.

PMID- 2923045
TI  - State of the profession.

PMID- 2923046
TI  - A symposium: Myocardial ischemia--current status and future directions. June 12
      14, 1987, Kyoto, Japan. Proceedings.

PMID- 2923047
TI  - Effects of nifedipine on left ventricular distensibility, relaxation and filling
      dynamics during pacing-induced myocardial ischemia.
AB  - Diastolic left ventricular properties were assessed in 8 patients with coronary
      artery disease at rest and during postpacing states before and after nifedipine
      (10 mg sublingually). Typical anginal pain developed in all patients during
      pacing tachycardia before but not after nifedipine. Postpacing increases in end
      diastolic pressure (10 +/- 5 [mean +/- standard deviation] to 23 +/- 9 mm Hg) and
      volume (99 +/- 29 to 113 +/- 27 ml) were greatly attenuated with nifedipine (13
      +/- 7 and 97 +/- 22 ml, respectively). These responses were associated with
      normalization of postpacing shifts of the ventricular diastolic pressure-volume
      curve upward or more to the right. The time constant of ventricular relaxation
      was prolonged by pacing tachycardia (44 +/- 10 to 62 +/- 5 ms) and was reduced to
      the control level in postpacing beats after nifedipine. The peak rate of early
      ventricular filling was affected neither by pacing stress nor by nifedipine. When
      regional myocardial function was expressed by a radial coordinate system, the
      nonischemic segment responded to the control pacing with an increase in end
      diastolic length and comparable augmentation of the stroke excursion, while the
      ischemic segment showed a marked reduction in stroke excursion with end-diastolic
      length unchanged. Thus, the diastolic pressure-length relation moved up to the
      higher portion of the single curve in the nonischemic segment, while it shifted
      directly upward in the ischemic segment. These responses were markedly attenuated
      with nifedipine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2923048
TI  - Angiographic observations and clinical relevance of coronary thrombus in unstable
      angina pectoris.
AB  - To assess the mechanisms of unstable angina, the coronary angiographic studies in
      69 patients with severe unstable angina (prolonged pain or pain at rest) and in
      20 patients with stable angina were blindly reviewed to assess the coronary
      morphologic changes in these syndromes. Coronary angiography was performed an
      average of 1.7 days from admission and an average of 24 hours from last symptoms
      of chest pain in patients with unstable angina. Angiographic studies were
      analyzed for evidence of coronary thrombus (intraluminal filling defects) at
      significant stenoses in patent vessels or thrombus at sites of total occlusion)
      and for coronary lesion morphology suggesting a complex or acute lesion
      (irregular or ill-defined margins, inhomogeneity, haziness or ulceration).
      Angiographic evidence of coronary thrombus was present in 40 of 69 patients (58%)
      with unstable angina: 31 (45%) had intraluminal filling defects and 9 (13%) had
      thrombotic total occlusion with well-developed collaterals present. Only 1 of 20
      patients (5%) with stable angina had evidence of thrombus (p less than 0.001).
      Complex lesions were present in 18 other unstable patients (26%) and in 2 other
      patients (10%) with stable angina who did not have angiographic evidence of
      thrombus. Overall, 58 of 69 patients (84%) with unstable angina had morphologic
      findings suggesting an acute process (thrombus or complex lesion) compared with 3
      of 20 patients (15%) with stable angina, p less than 0.0001. Thus, unstable
      angina is associated with a high prevalence of angiographic coronary thrombus and
      complex lesions suggesting an acute process, in contrast to stable
      angina.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2923049
TI  - Acceleration of cell necrosis following reperfusion after ischemia in the pig
      heart without collateral circulation.
AB  - A study of whether reperfusion accelerates cell death was performed in 35 pig
      hearts without collateral circulation. In 15 animals, the distal one-third of the
      left anterior descending coronary artery was occluded for 1 hour followed by 1-,
      3-, or 7-hour reperfusion in 5 animals each. As controls, 5 hearts each were
      examined after 1, 2, 4 and 8 hours of occlusion of the artery without
      reperfusion. Heart rate and aortic pressure before and during occlusion and
      reperfusion did not change in any group. The subepicardial and subendocardial
      regional blood flow decreased to almost zero in all hearts after occlusion (85 +/
      1 to 2 +/- 2) but recovered during reperfusion (65 +/- 15 ml/100 g/min).
      Specimens were histologically examined by an enzyme method using nitrotetrazolium
      blue, an immunohistochemical method using myoglobin antibody, by staining with
      hematoxylin-eosin and Masson's trichrome. In the control hearts, clear
      demarcation of the infarct area was observed 4 hours after occlusion. However, in
      the reperfusion group, clear demarcation of the infarct was seen after 1-hour
      reperfusion, namely, 2 hours after the onset of infarct. Demarcation was seen not
      only in the tissue with contraction band necrosis, but also in the tissue with
      coagulation necrosis. Therefore, it is concluded that reperfusion accelerates
      cell death due to both contraction band necrosis and coagulation necrosis.

PMID- 2923050
TI  - Enhanced responsiveness of smooth muscle, impaired endothelium-dependent
      relaxation and the genesis of coronary spasm.
AB  - Pathophysiology and genesis of coronary artery spasm were examined in vivo and in
      vitro in Gottingen miniature pigs. Five of 36 consecutive pigs before endothelial
      denudation showed evidence of regional hyperconstriction after intracoronary
      administration of histamine (group 1). Histologic examination revealed intimal
      thickening along the spastic site. Because 5 pigs died during endothelial
      denudation, cholesterol feeding was randomly assigned to 13 of the remaining 26
      pigs (group 2) and others were fed a regular low cholesterol diet (group 3) for 3
      months. Regional coronary hyperconstriction was also evident after intracoronary
      administration of histamine at the site of denudation, and the degree of
      constriction was 78 +/- 3 and 74 +/- 4% in groups 2 and 3, respectively. Because
      the intimal thickening was confirmed at the site of spasm in groups 2 and 3,
      spontaneous as well as denudation-induced intimal thickening accompanied the
      enhanced responsiveness to histamine, irrespective of the level of serum
      cholesterol. However, the role of geometry on histamine-induced luminal narrowing
      was only 6% and was not physiologically significant. Augmented responses of the
      coronary artery to histamine, but not to phenylephrine or potassium chloride were
      reproduced in the nonbeating isolated heart preparations perfused at 90 mm Hg
      with oxygenated Krebs-Henseleit solution, and the degree and location of in vitro
      hyperconstriction were similar to that in vivo and were not attenuated after
      pretreatment with the nerve transmitter blockers, guanethidine (3 X 10(-6) M),
      atropine (10(-6) M) and tetrodotoxin (3 X 10(-7) M). Accordingly, spasm can be
      provoked without the influence of blood constituents and neural factors.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2923051
TI  - Effects of afterload elevation on the ischemic myocardium in isolated, paced
      canine heart with partial coronary stenosis.
AB  - The effect of afterload elevation on the ischemic myocardium was examined in an
      isolated, paced canine heart with a partial coronary stenosis. The coronary blood
      flow of the left circumflex coronary artery was reduced to approximately one
      third of the values before stenosis. The left circumflex coronary stenosis
      produced a decrease in global ventricular function, a decrease in systolic
      shortening and deviation of the ST-segment of the epicardial electrocardiogram
      and an increase in myocardial carbon dioxide (CO2) tension of the ischemic
      region. Then, afterload elevation with constant preload decreased the myocardial
      CO2 tension and improved the ST-segment deviation of the ischemic myocardium.
      Mechanical function, estimated by the relation between mean aortic pressure and
      systolic shortening, also improved with elevation of mean aortic pressure. In
      contrast, afterload elevation combined with preload elevation did not improve
      ischemic injury, as estimated by myocardial CO2 tension, and did not improve ST
      segment deviation or mechanical function despite an increase in left circumflex
      coronary flow. These results suggest that the elevation of afterload pressure
      under constant preload improves ischemia produced by a partial coronary stenosis
      due to increased coronary blood supply; however, the preload elevation
      counterbalances the beneficial effects of afterload elevation.

PMID- 2923052
TI  - Usefulness of negative dP/dt upstroke pattern for assessment of left ventricular
      relaxation in coronary artery disease.
AB  - It has been reported that regional asynchrony due to acute ischemia disturbs the
      exponential nature of left ventricular (LV) pressure reduction and may alter the
      pattern of (-)dP/dt upstroke curve. If LV pressure decreases exponentially during
      the isovolumic relaxation period (P = Ae-t/T + B, where A and B = constants, t =
      time and T = time constant), the (-)dP/dt upstroke curve should also be
      exponential and upward-convex because dP/dt = A(-t/T)e-t/T. To test this theory
      in humans, the LV (-)dP/dt upstroke curve was analyzed in 9 normal subjects, 12
      patients with effort angina pectoris (AP) and 15 with old myocardial infarction
      (MI) under the basal conditions. The (-)dP/dt upstroke was convex-upward in all
      normal subjects, but convex-downward in 9 of 12 patients with AP and in all
      patients with MI, which suggests nonexponential decrease in LV pressure in the
      groups with AP and MI. The dP/dt (20/60), which is the ratio of the (-)dP/dt
      value at 20 ms after peak (-)dP/dt to that at 60 ms after peak (-)dP/dt, was
      significantly lower in the group with AP (1.70 +/- 0.07) and in the group with MI
      (1.61 +/- 0.13) than in normal subjects (2.08 +/- 0.18) (p less than 0.005). This
      indicates that (-)dP/dt upstroke 20 to 60 ms after peak (-)dP/dt increases more
      slowly in the groups with AP and MI than in normal subjects. Theoretical
      consideration showed that such a slower increase of the upstroke resulted from
      impaired early to midrelaxation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2923053
TI  - Reperfusion-induced calcium gain after ischemia.
AB  - Reperfusion-induced calcium gain provides a marker of irreversible injury, but
      whether the cells gain calcium because of irreversible injury caused by the
      ischemic episode, or whether it is the reperfusion-induced calcium gain that
      triggers the irreversible injury has yet to be established. Using isolated rat
      hearts made ischemic for either 30 or 60 minutes, and reperfusing with Krebs
      Henseleit buffer or Krebs-Henseleit buffer containing either 2,3-butanedione
      monoxime (to inhibit contractile activity) or 2,4-dinitrophenol or nitrogen
      gassed substrate-free Krebs-Henseleit buffer (to inhibit oxidative
      phosphorylation), the effect of reperfusion was monitored in terms of calcium
      gain and ultrastructural changes including loss of sarcolemmal integrity. The
      results establish that the routes of calcium entry during postischemic
      reperfusion are complex. The calcium gain can occur in the absence of
      mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and is modulated by interventions
      introduced at the moment of reperfusion which affect the contractile state. There
      are at least 2 routes of calcium entry: contraction-dependent and contraction
      independent. The former is probably associated with the development of
      sarcolemmal discontinuities. The results also establish that when sarcolemmal
      integrity has been destroyed, the cells can gain excess calcium under conditions
      that prevent mitochondrial calcium uptake. Accordingly, the mitochondria cannot
      be the only intracellular organelles that accumulate calcium under these
      conditions. Additional studies are needed to identify the other sites of calcium
      binding under conditions of adenosine triphosphate deprivation.

PMID- 2923054
TI  - Alterations in left ventricular relaxation, early diastolic filling and passive
      viscoelastic properties during postpacing ischemia.
AB  - Alterations in left ventricular relaxation, early diastolic filling, regional
      myocardial dynamics and passive viscoelastic properties during postpacing
      ischemia were studied in 9 patients with coronary artery disease. In all patients
      typical anginal pain developed during pacing tachycardia, and in the postpacing
      beat, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure increased from 14 +/- 4 to 26 +/- 5
      mm Hg (mean +/- standard deviation, p less than 0.01), relaxation time constant
      increased from 44 +/- 9 to 59 +/- 7 ms (p less than 0.01) and ejection fraction
      diminished from 63.1 +/- 9.1 to 52.8 +/- 10.8% (p less than 0.01). However, peak
      rate of early left ventricular filling obtained from frame-by-frame analysis of
      left ventriculograms did not change significantly. The time difference from
      segmental peak lengthening to left ventricular peak filling increased
      significantly in the ischemic segment (32 +/- 30 vs 77 +/- 49 ms, p less than
      0.05). Chamber stiffness constant of a viscoelastic model increased significantly
      from 0.0177 +/- 0.01 to 0.0354 +/- 0.015 (p less than 0.01) without change in
      chamber viscosity constant. In the ischemic segment, peak rate of lengthening
      decreased by 45% with ischemia, and peak rate of lengthening normalized for the
      end-diastolic segment length by 36%. However, peak rate of lengthening normalized
      for the extent of systolic shortening did not change. The control segment showed
      a tendency to increase in these 3 parameters, but the changes were not
      statistically significant. Thus, peak rate of segmental myocardial lengthening
      decreased with ischemia because of a decrease in segmental shortening.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2923055
TI  - Evolution of late potential activity in the first six weeks after acute
      myocardial infarction.
AB  - The evolution of surface ventricular late potential activity was studied in 50
      patients during the 6 weeks after first acute myocardial infarction (AMI). In 15
      of 47 patients (32%) late potential activity appeared within 6 hours of the onset
      of major symptoms. Its prevalence overall remained approximately 30% at each
      recording time but with marked individual variability in appearance. Late
      potential activity was associated with late ventricular arrhythmias (greater than
      24 hours after AMI) but not with early ventricular arrhythmias (less than 24
      hours after AMI). Late ventricular arrhythmias or sudden death occurred only in
      the 6 patients with late potential activity (p less than 0.05). Early ventricular
      fibrillation (15 patients) occurred equally in the patients with and without late
      potential activity. Thus, late potential activity occurs at some stage in the
      first 6 weeks after AMI in 50% of patients, but its timing is variable. It is a
      sensitive but not specific predictor of late ventricular arrhythmias and sudden
      death, but not of early ventricular fibrillation.

PMID- 2923056
TI  - Rapid serial enzyme measurements in evaluation of patients with suspected
      myocardial infarction.
AB  - Because clinical and laboratory criteria cannot accurately establish the presence
      or absence of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) at the time of initial
      presentation, this diagnosis is not confirmed in the majority of patients
      admitted to coronary care units. To study the effectiveness of serial changes in
      enzyme activity in specimens taken at presentation and 8 hours later in
      establishing the likelihood of AMI, the results in 1,214 patients with acute
      cardiac symptoms of less than 24 hours' duration were retrospectively evaluated.
      In 1,007 patients with initially normal creatine kinase (CK), an increase in CK
      (positive delta-CK) occurred in 98% of patients with AMI and 16% of patients
      without AMI. In 196 patients with elevated total CK, a low ratio of CK to
      aspartate aminotransferase was found in 98% of patients with AMI and 33% of
      patients without AMI. These 2 enzyme ratios had a sensitivity greater than 90% in
      patients with typical and atypical histories. The overall predictive value of
      serial enzyme measurements for AMI was 53%, compared with 18% in patients
      selected for admission. These results suggest that serial enzyme measurements
      could be used in the initial evaluation of patients with suspected AMI, and have
      the potential to reduce the number of patients admitted to coronary care units
      who do not have AMI.

PMID- 2923057
TI  - Paradoxical elevation of threshold to angina pectoris by cold pressor test in men
      with significant coronary artery disease.
AB  - Patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) have angina pectoris at varying
      levels of myocardial oxygen demand. Fluctuations in coronary blood supply due to
      dynamic changes in coronary vasomotor tone are believed to be responsible for
      this variation in angina threshold. Cutaneous cold application produces an
      inappropriate increase in coronary vascular resistance in patients with CAD. To
      assess the effect of a coronary vasoconstrictor stimulus during exercise (when
      there are competitive stimuli for coronary dilatation), 16 men with documented
      CAD and angina underwent 2 exercise tolerance tests, 1 performed for control
      purposes and the other during cold application (hand and forearm immersed in
      ice). The cold pressor test elicited an increase in systolic blood pressure at
      rest (134 vs 159 mm Hg, p less than 0.02) at the end of stage I (145 vs 165 mm
      Hg, p less than 0.02) and at peak exercise (154 vs 166 mm Hg, p less than 0.05).
      The diastolic pressure was similarly increased during cold pressor exercise test,
      but the heart rate showed little or no change. Most patients (11 of 16) tolerated
      equal or greater double products (heart rate X systolic pressure X 10(-3) at
      angina (17 vs 20, p less than 0.02), 1-mm ST-segment depression (16 vs 18, p less
      than 0.05) and peak exercise (18 vs 20, p less than 0.08) during cold pressor
      exercise test as compared with the baseline exercise test, without a reduction in
      exercise capacity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2923058
TI  - Multivariate analysis of the twenty-year follow-up of the Donolo-Tel Aviv
      Prospective Coronary Artery Disease Study and the usefulness of high density
      lipoprotein cholesterol percentage.
AB  - The aim of this study was to assess the role of high density lipoprotein (HDL)
      cholesterol percentage and its relation to other variables assumed to be coronary
      risk factors. The 20-year follow-up involved 2,633 presumably healthy subjects,
      1,308 men and 1,325 women, aged 25 to 69 years at the beginning of the study in
      1964. Variables determined at entry examination included total cholesterol, HDL
      cholesterol, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, body mass index and
      cigarette smoking. During the 20-year period there were 242 fatal and nonfatal
      definite coronary events in men, and 108 in women. All variables differed in
      varying degrees between subjects who did and did not have a definite coronary
      event. Three multiple logistic regression models revealed that among these
      variables the most important was HDL-cholesterol percentage, which significantly
      improved the regression, even after total cholesterol was included with all other
      risk factors. With the first model, goodness-of-fit tests indicated that
      predicted values fit the observed values well, even after the first step, if HDL
      cholesterol percentage is entered. The second and third models significantly fit
      the predicted values only after entering the HDL-cholesterol percentages. This
      means that although all the other variables, including total cholesterol,
      differed significantly between the affected and nonaffected groups, they were
      insufficient predictors alone. The results reveal that HDL-cholesterol percentage
      had the highest predictive value for risk of future coronary disease; it
      significantly improved the predictive capability of the logistic regression
      model, even after adjustment for all other mentioned variables.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2923059
TI  - Prevalence and hemodynamic correlates of malnutrition in severe congestive heart
      failure secondary to ischemic or idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.
AB  - Whereas cardiac cachexia is well recognized, the frequency and hemodynamic
      correlates of malnutrition in severe congestive heart failure (CHF) have not been
      established. Anthropometric and serum albumin assessment of nutritional status
      was compared with hemodynamic, echocardiographic and serum chemistry evaluation
      in 48 patients with severe CHF (ejection fraction 0.17 +/- 0.05). Malnutrition,
      as defined by decreases in percent body fat determined from skinfold thicknesses,
      weight/height index or serum albumin, was present in 24 of 48 (50%) patients, who
      did not differ from the 24 well-nourished patients in cardiac index (1.9 +/- 0.6
      vs 2.1 +/- 0.6 liters/min/m2) and pulmonary artery wedge pressure (30 +/- 6 vs 27
      +/- 10 mm Hg), but had higher right atrial pressure (16 +/- 5 vs 9 +/- 6 mm Hg, p
      less than 0.01) and more severe tricuspid regurgitation by semiquantitative
      Doppler grading on a 0 to 3 scale (2.0 +/- 0.9 vs 0.9 +/- 0.8, p less than 0.01).
      Right atrial pressure was the only independent hemodynamic predictor of
      malnutrition (p less than 0.0002). Malnourished patients had lower serum sodium
      (134 +/- 4 vs 139 +/- 4 mEq/liter, p less than 0.01) and total triiodothyronine
      levels (89 +/- 30 vs 115 +/- 26 ng/dl, p less than 0.01) and higher creatinine
      levels (1.6 +/- 0.7 vs 1.2 +/- 0.4, p less than 0.03). None of the other
      biochemical markers of nutritional status differed between the groups except
      lower serum triglyceride levels (115 +/- 73 vs 186 +/- 97 mg/dl, p less than
      0.05) in malnourished patients. Malnutrition is common in patients with severe
      CHF and is associated with increased right atrial pressure and tricuspid
      regurgitation.

PMID- 2923060
TI  - Increased complications and prolonged hospital stay in elderly cardiac surgical
      patients with low serum albumin.
AB  - Cardiac surgery in elderly patients is associated with acceptable operative
      mortality but an increased complication rate. Malnutrition is common in the
      elderly and may adversely affect surgical outcome. To determine the effect of
      hypoalbuminemia on postoperative complications, 92 patients greater than or equal
      to 75 years (range 75 to 90) undergoing a variety of major cardiac surgical
      procedures were evaluated. Thirteen patients (14%) had a serum albumin level less
      than 3.5 g/dl preoperatively. Compared to patients with normal albumin,
      hypoalbuminemic patients had an increased frequency of postoperative confusion,
      congestive heart failure, low cardiac output, renal dysfunction and
      gastrointestinal complications (all p less than 0.05). Mean postoperative length
      of stay was markedly prolonged in these patients (27 vs 12 days; p less than
      0.001), and mortality also tended to be higher (31 vs 13%; p = 0.11). Using
      multivariate analysis, albumin less than 3.5 g/dl was the most powerful predictor
      of postoperative renal dysfunction (p less than 0.01), and was also an
      independent predictor of increased length of stay (p less than 0.01) and
      gastrointestinal disorders (p less than 0.05). Thus, hypoalbuminemia is a
      powerful indicator of an increased risk of perioperative complications in elderly
      patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Increased attention to nutritional factors
      is warranted in these patients.

PMID- 2923061
TI  - Mutations in the apolipoprotein B-100 gene: an important underlying cause of
      familially transmitted hypercholesterolemia and premature arteriosclerosis?

PMID- 2923062
TI  - Anticoagulation for cardioversion of atrial fibrillation.

PMID- 2923063
TI  - Doppler-detected tricuspid, mitral or aortic regurgitation in end-stage renal
      disease.

PMID- 2923064
TI  - Morphologic changes in coronary artery seen late after endarterectomy.

PMID- 2923065
TI  - Anomalous origin of four coronary ostia from the right sinus of Valsalva.

PMID- 2923066
TI  - Late recurrent rupture of a sinus of Valsalva aneurysm.

PMID- 2923068
TI  - Closed mitral commissurotomy is not obsolete in developed countries.

PMID- 2923067
TI  - Morbidity associated with anomalous origin of the left circumflex coronary artery
      from the right aortic sinus.

PMID- 2923069
TI  - Preoperative prediction of significant coronary artery disease in patients with
      valvular heart disease.

PMID- 2923070
TI  - A hitherto neglected cause of myocardial infarction associated with normal
      coronary arteries: chronic Chagas' heart disease.

PMID- 2923071
TI  - Body composition changes assessed by bioelectrical impedance measurements.
AB  - Twelve healthy volunteers consumed a very-low-calorie diet for 2 d to achieve a
      body-weight loss mainly from a loss of fat-free mass, ie, of glycogen plus water.
      Body weight, body density, and bioelectrical impedance were measured before and
      after weight loss. Body-weight loss was 1.3 +/- 0.5 kg. Loss of fat-free mass as
      measured by densitometry was 1.2 +/- 0.8 kg. Changes in body weight and fat-free
      mass measured by densitometry did not differ significantly and were significantly
      different from zero. Reduction of fat-free mass as determined by bioelectrical
      impedance was 0.5 +/- 0.8 kg, which was significantly different from body-weight
      loss and loss of fat-free mass as measured by densitometry but not significantly
      different from zero. The results show that after weight loss the bioelectrical
      impedance method overestimates the fat-free mass by approximately 1 kg.

PMID- 2923072
TI  - Measured and predicted calorie requirements of adults during recovery from severe
      burn trauma.
AB  - Major burn trauma produces large elevations in metabolic energy expenditure (MEE)
      during acute care. However, overfeeding can occur and is detrimental to recovery.
      The formulae often used to estimate caloric support to meet MEE are based on body
      weight, predicted resting metabolic rate (RMR), body surface area, or the total
      body surface area burned (BSAB). These predictive equations originate from
      studies of less than or equal to 30 patients generally lacking measurements
      beyond the third week of convalescence. We report 565 measurements by indirect
      calorimetry for 122 adults between the burn day and day 149 postburn. A
      standardized protocol of nutritional support and early wound closure was
      followed. Predictions of MEE are compared in subcategories of BSAB (2-25%; 30
      50%; 51-75%; and 76-98%). For major burns exceeding 30% BSAB, 2X the predicted
      RMR was consistently closest to the measured MEE, assuring adequate calorie
      provision while minimizing the risk of overfeeding.

PMID- 2923073
TI  - Repetitive weight loss and weight regain: effects on weight reduction, resting
      metabolic rate, and lipolytic activity before and after exercise and/or diet
      treatment.
AB  - Body composition, maximal aerobic power (VO2 max), resting metabolic rate (RMR),
      and lipolytic activity of abdominal adipocytes were measured in 20 women (body
      mass index [BMI] = 33.5) during 14 wk of exercise training (4 h/wk at 60% of VO2
      max) and dietary restriction (840 kcal/d). Frequent dieters (yo-yo) and women
      without a dietary history (non-yo-yo) were matched into the following groups:
      diet-exercise yo-yo (DE-Y), diet-exercise non-yo-yo (DE-NY), and diet-non-yo-yo
      group (D-NY). After 14 wk significant differences in weight loss and fat loss
      were revealed between D and DE groups but not between yo-yo and non-yo-yo
      dieters. RMR decreased in all groups but there was a significantly smaller
      decline after 14 wk for the diet-exercise groups. No effects of frequent dieting
      or exercise on basal and stimulated lipolytic activity were observed.

PMID- 2923074
TI  - Aspartame and its constituent amino acids: effects on prolactin, cortisol, growth
      hormone, insulin, and glucose in normal humans.
AB  - Because large doses of phenylalanine stimulate prolactin secretion in man, we
      studied the acute effects of oral doses of aspartame (0.534 g, equivalent to the
      amount of aspartame in approximately 1 L beverage), aspartic acid (0.242 g), and
      phenylalanine (0.3 and 1.0 g) on serum prolactin and other hormones in normal
      humans. Prolactin was not stimulated by any of the aspartame meals, aspartic
      acid, or 0.3 g phenylalanine; a small rise in serum prolactin, similar to that
      produced by a high-protein mixed meal, followed ingestion of 1.0 g phenylalanine.
      Serum growth hormone showed no statistically significant changes in response to
      any of the experimental meals whereas cortisol and insulin fell slightly and
      glucose rose slightly during each of the meals. We conclude that these doses of
      aspartame do not alter secretion of prolactin, cortisol, growth hormone, or
      insulin in normal individuals.

PMID- 2923075
TI  - Diet and plasma androgens in postmenopausal vegetarian and omnivorous women and
      postmenopausal women with breast cancer.
AB  - We studied 27 postmenopausal women, 9 vegetarians, 10 omnivores, and 8 apparently
      healthy women with breast cancer (BC), four times during 1 y. Dietary intakes
      were recorded and plasma androgens and sex-hormone-binding globulin (SHBG)
      binding capacity were determined. Androstenedione (A), testosterone (T), free T
      (FT), and SHBG were higher in omnivores than in vegetarians. In multiple
      correlation analysis, intakes of protein and fat were positively correlated with
      A, T, and FT, whereas the intakes of carbohydrate, grain, total fiber, and grain
      fiber showed the opposite correlations. Protein intake was positively correlated
      with percentage FT (%FT) and negatively with SHBG. BC patients had a similar
      pattern to omnivores with even higher levels of A and T (significant compared
      with vegetarians) and they showed significantly higher FT and lower SHBG than
      both control groups. We conclude that a Western-type diet in postmenopausal women
      is associated with high A, T, %FT, FT, and low SHBG and this pattern was apparent
      in the BC patients.

PMID- 2923076
TI  - Postprandial lipemia and chylomicron clearance in athletes and in sedentary men.
AB  - To examine the effects of exercise on postprandial serum triglyceride (TG)
      metabolism, we measured oral and intravenous fat tolerance and chylomicron-TG
      half-life in highly trained endurance athletes and in a sedentary control group
      matched for body weight and fasting serum TG concentration. Postprandial lipemia
      was lower in athletes after meals containing 40 g fat (1.5 +/- 0.7 vs 2.6 +/- 1.5
      mmol.L-1.8 h-1, p less than 0.001) or 140 g fat (2.5 +/- 1.2 vs 6.1 +/- 1.9
      mmol.L-1.8 h-1, p less than 0.001). The disappearance of an intravenous bolus of
      Intralipid was faster in athletes (5.4 +/- 1.2%/min) than in sedentary men (4.3
      +/- 0.8%/min, p less than 0.01). The half-life of chylomicron-TG was shorter in
      athletes (3.0 +/- 0.8 min) than in sedentary men (4.0 +/- 1.0 min, p less than
      0.05). These findings indicate that chronic exercise decreases postprandial
      lipemia by reducing chylomicron-TG's half-life. This effect is due partly to
      reduced fasting serum TG pool size and partly to a direct effect of exercise on
      the serum TG removal system.

PMID- 2923077
TI  - Linoleic-acid-enriched diet: long-term effects on serum lipoprotein and
      apolipoprotein concentrations and insulin sensitivity in noninsulin-dependent
      diabetic patients.
AB  - Long-term (30 wk) effects on serum lipoproteins and insulin sensitivity of two
      diets, one with a low polyunsaturated to saturated fat ratio (P:S 0.3) and one
      with a P:S of 1.0, were compared in 14 patients with noninsulin-dependent
      diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) in a crossover study. Total and LDL-cholesterol levels
      declined by 7.6% (p less than 0.01) and 9.8% (p less than 0.01), respectively,
      during the high P:S diet. VLDL-, HDL2-, and HDL3-cholesterol; triacylglycerol;
      and apolipoprotein A1, A2, and B levels were not affected by the change in P:S.
      Despite a modest increase of insulin-mediated glucose disposal at physiologic
      insulinemia during the high P:S diet, no influence was seen on glycemic control,
      and on blood glucose, plasma insulin, and C peptide responses to mixed meals. In
      conclusion, a linoleic-enriched diet in patients with NIDD causes a less
      atherogenic lipoprotein profile but does not influence glycemic control and
      carbohydrate tolerance.

PMID- 2923078
TI  - Bile-salt-activated lipase: effect on kitten growth rate.
AB  - Because of the presence of bile-salt-activated lipase in cat milk, the dependence
      of the kitten on bile-salt-activated lipase is anticipated for milk fat
      absorption. To test this hypothesis, we initiated a feeding experiment comparing
      the growth rate of kittens fed with formula with those fed with formula and
      supplemented with purified human milk bile-salt-activated lipase. The results
      indicated that the kittens fed formula with supplemental enzyme had a growth rate
      twice that of kittens fed with formula alone. This study also indicated that the
      kitten can be utilized as an animal model in the investigation of the functional
      role of bile-salt-activated lipase. In this study we also performed the partial
      characterization of cat milk protein and fat.

PMID- 2923079
TI  - Human milk proteins: separation of whey proteins and their analysis by
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) gel
      filtration, and anion-exchange chromatography.
AB  - Human milk proteins are of nutritional and physiological significance to the
      newborn infant. To further study these proteins, a rapid procedure to separate
      and analyze human milk whey proteins was developed using fast protein liquid
      chromatography (FPLC). First, to separate whey proteins from casein, different
      variables such as low- or high-speed centrifugation at different temperatures
      with or without adjustment of pH to 4.6 or 4.3 and with or without addition of
      calcium to whole milk or skim milk were tested. Each variable was evaluated by
      gel filtration, anion-exchange chromatography, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)
      polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis, immunoelectrophoresis, and
      immunodiffusion. The optimum method for a discrete separation of whey and casein
      is the adjustment of whole milk to pH 4.3 with addition of 60 mmol calcium/L,
      followed by ultracentrifugation. Rapid and sensitive separation and analysis of
      whey proteins was achieved by FPLC gel filtration and anion-exchange
      chromatography.

PMID- 2923080
TI  - Microcalorimetric study of muscle and platelet thermogenesis in anorexia nervosa
      and bulimia.
AB  - Muscle and platelet thermogenesis was measured by direct microcalorimetry in
      patients with anorexia nervosa. The median heat production, as calculated per
      unit of tissue mass, was 0.35 mW/g in vastus lateralis muscle, which is
      significantly lower (p less than 0.001), by approximately 50% than that in
      matched healthy subjects, 0.74 mW/g. The average deficit in body weight was 35%.
      Platelet heat production was decreased to a lesser degree with median values
      being 51.3 fW per cell and 60.9 fW per cell, respectively (p less than 0.02).
      Patients with bulimia without concomitant anorexia nervosa had normal heat
      production values. In the control group a positive correlation appeared (rs =
      0.75, p less than 0.02) between resting muscle heat production and body surface
      area whereas no such relationship was found in the anorexic group.

PMID- 2923081
TI  - Gustatory function and dietary habits in users and nonusers of smokeless tobacco.
AB  - Nicotine and smoking may modify gustatory function or preferences and are
      associated with altered energy balance; however, there is no information on
      whether smokeless tobacco (ST) has similar effects. Evaluations of gustatory
      function (threshold sensitivity, perceived intensity of suprathreshold stimuli,
      preferences) were conducted on 28 chronic ST users and 30 nonusers after both
      abstaining and using ST. Subjects also maintained 7-d dietary records that
      included descriptions of the predominant taste qualities of foods. There were few
      user vs nonuser differences in gustatory measures. Among nonusers, use of ST
      reduced perceived intensity of salty, sour, and bitter stimuli. Users reported
      greater alcohol intakes and lower consumption of carbohydrates, sweet foods,
      fruits, and grains. Chronic use of ST does not appear to have substantial effects
      on gustatory function but may be associated with decreased carbohydrate intakes,
      perhaps related to increased alcohol use and possibly because of reduced
      consumption of sweet-tasting foods.

PMID- 2923082
TI  - Conjunctival impression cytology: feasibility of a field trial to detect
      subclinical vitamin A deficiency.
AB  - Two hundred and thirty-six Guatemalan children aged 2-14 y were examined for
      subclinical vitamin A deficiency by use of conjunctival impression cytology
      (CIC). The feasibility of the technique and quality of a modified touch procedure
      were assessed. Neither lid speculum nor physical restraint in the form of a
      papoose board was used. The CIC technique was easily performed on children aged
      greater than 3 y but was more difficult among those less than or equal to 3 y.
      Laboratory processing of specimens is uncomplicated but interpretation may be
      problematic and requires clearly defined criteria of normal and abnormal cytology
      as well as careful standardization of readers.

PMID- 2923083
TI  - Ascorbate and dehydroascorbate: distribution in mononuclear cells of healthy
      elderly people.
AB  - Concentrations of ascorbic acid and total ascorbate (ascorbic acid +
      dehydroascorbic acid) were determined in mononuclear cells from eight elderly men
      and nine elderly women (aged greater than 65 y) on controlled intakes of vitamin
      C. No increase in mononuclear cell ascorbic acid concentration was observed for
      intakes between 30 and 280 mg/d. A significant increase in total ascorbate
      concentrations was observed for the same range of intakes (p less than 0.01),
      primarily because of an increase in dehydroascorbic acid. Women were found to
      have significantly higher ascorbic acid concentrations in mononuclear cells than
      men (p less than 0.02) for similar intakes of vitamin C. No difference was
      observed for total ascorbate concentrations. The ratio of dehydroascorbate to
      ascorbate increased with increasing intake of vitamin C for both men and women.

PMID- 2923084
TI  - Preferential incorporation of alpha-tocopherol vs gamma-tocopherol in human
      lipoproteins.
AB  - Approximately 12 h after the ingestion of a single dose containing 1000 mg each
      of all-rac-alpha-tocopherol and RRR-gamma-tocopherol, the plasma and lipoproteins
      of normal subjects contained equal increases of both tocopherols; by 24 h the
      concentration of gamma-tocopherol, but not the alpha-tocopherol, decreased
      sharply. Similar studies in hyperlipidemic subjects demonstrated that the plasma
      and the chylomicron fraction from lipoprotein lipase-deficient patients (with
      elevated chylomicrons) contained both tocopherols up to 24 h, whereas plasma from
      a patient with dysbetalipoproteinemia (with elevated beta very-low-density
      lipoproteins) displayed the decrease in gamma-tocopherol at 24 h. These studies
      demonstrate that both alpha- and gamma-tocopherols are absorbed and secreted by
      the intestine in chylomicrons, and suggest that alpha-tocopherol is
      preferentially secreted by the liver in nascent lipoproteins. Furthermore,
      studies in post-gall bladder surgery patients suggest a preferential secretion of
      gamma-tocopherol in bile. Thus, the liver rather than the intestine appears to
      discriminate between alpha- and gamma-tocopherols.

PMID- 2923085
TI  - Calcium supplements and milk: effects on acid-base balance and on retention of
      calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus.
AB  - The effect of supplementing a basal diet containing 697 mg calcium daily (17.4
      mmol/d) with an additional 900 mg Ca daily from milk, Ca chloride, or a Ca
      carbonate preparation was examined in eight adult males during a 56-d metabolic
      balance study. The ingestion of the milk or Ca supplements had no overall effect
      on Ca retention by these subjects because the milk and supplements depressed
      apparent absorption of Ca in the gut and fractional tubular reabsorption of Ca in
      the kidneys. Supplementation of the diet with CaCl and to a lesser extent with
      milk significantly increased renal acid excretion whereas supplementation with
      CaCO3 depressed renal acid excretion. The three Ca supplements significantly
      altered magnesium and phosphorus absorption and urinary excretion in different
      manners but had no overall effect on retention of P or Mg. The responses of our
      subjects to these treatments may be different than those of subjects who are
      chronically in negative balance in regard to Ca.

PMID- 2923086
TI  - Lifetime calcium intake and physical activity habits: independent and combined
      effects on the radial bone of healthy premenopausal Caucasian women.
AB  - Lifetime calcium intake and lifetime physical activity (PA) habits of 181 healthy
      premenopausal Caucasian women (aged 20-50) were studied. Nondominant arm was
      measured by single-photon absorptiometry at the distal (Dis) or 5-mm site and the
      midshaft (Mid) or two-thirds site of the radius. Values of bone mineral content
      (BMC), bone width (BW), and bone mineral density (BMD) were obtained. An
      intermediate or high lifetime Ca (greater than 500 mg/d) was significantly
      associated with a greater DisBMC (p = 0.0031), DisBMD (p = 0.0031), MidBMC (p =
      0.0015), and MidBMD (p = 0.0015) when adjusted for PA. Similarly, with Ca
      adjusted for, a high lifetime PA (greater than or equal to 45 min of moderate to
      strenuous activity four times a week) was significantly associated with greater
      DisBMC (p = 0.0032), DisBMD (p = 0.0022), MidBMC (p = 0.0012), MidBW (p =
      0.0173), and MidBMD (p = 0.0546). These findings suggest important roles for both
      adequate Ca intake and PA habits in enhancing peak adult skeletal mass and a
      trade-off between these two variables, when each was intermediate or higher.

PMID- 2923087
TI  - Iron absorption in humans as influenced by bovine milk proteins.
AB  - The effect of the two major bovine milk protein fractions on the dialyzability of
      iron in vitro under simulated gastrointestinal conditions and on the absorption
      of Fe by humans was studied. Liquid-formula meals were prepared from hydrolyzed
      maize starch, corn oil, and either spray-dried egg white or a milk-protein
      product. In meals containing egg white, 3.32% of the Fe was dialyzable. The
      substitution of casein and whey protein products reduced the dialyzable fraction
      to 0.19-0.56% and 0.86-1.60%, respectively. Percentage Fe absorption was also
      reduced by the substitution of casein or whey protein for egg white. Mean
      absorption values fell from 6.67 to 3.65% and 2.53 to 0.98%, respectively. When
      the intact milk-protein products were replaced by enzyme- or acid-hydrolyzed
      preparations, the dialyzable fraction increased markedly and in proportion to the
      extent of hydrolysis. A similar but much smaller effect on absorption was
      observed. These studies suggest that bovine casein and whey proteins are
      responsible at least in part for the poor bioavailability of the Fe in some
      infant formulas.

PMID- 2923088
TI  - Iron status: prevalence of impairment in three Hispanic groups in the United
      States.
AB  - Little is known about the iron status of Hispanic groups in the United States.
      Data from the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used to
      estimate the prevalence of impaired Fe status for persons aged 5-74 y from three
      Hispanic groups: Mexican Americans (MAs), Cubans, and Puerto Ricans; prevalences
      were also calculated for non-Hispanic whites (NHWs) and non-Hispanic blacks
      (NHBs) using data from the second National Health and Nutrition Examination
      survey. A three-variable model called the MCV model was used to assess impaired
      Fe status. Prevalences based on the MCV model did not differ between Hispanic
      groups. Differences between Hispanics and non-Hispanics occurred only among 20-44
      y-old females, where MAs had a higher prevalence than NHWs or NHBs. With this
      exception, these Hispanic groups do not appear to be at greater risk of impaired
      Fe status than non-Hispanics.

PMID- 2923089
TI  - Fasting plasma amino acids in elderly men.
AB  - The fasting amino acid profile in 22 healthy young men aged 25-35 y (group A) was
      compared with the fasting profile in 21 healthy independent men aged 65-85 y
      (group B), in 23 orally-fed nursing home men with dementia aged 65-92 y (group
      C), and in 17 tube-fed nursing home men with dementia aged 65-88 y (group D).
      Groups B, C, and D had significantly (p less than 0.05) lower levels of
      methionine and branched-chain amino acids than group A. Methionine was
      significantly lower in groups C and D than in group B. The ratio of essential to
      nonessential amino acids was significantly lower in groups B, C, and D than in
      group A. The data suggest that the intake of essential amino acids may often be
      suboptimal in both independent and institutionalized elderly men.

PMID- 2923090
TI  - Relationship of alcohol consumption to diet: a population-based study in Hawaii.
AB  - The relationship of alcohol use to diet was examined in 2272 male and 2337 female
      adults aged 45 y and older who provided a quantitative diet history during 1977
      1979. Mean values for each dietary variable, adjusted for smoking, ethnicity,
      income, and education, were compared in each sex between abstainers and drinkers
      and by tertile of ethanol intake. Linear relationships with extent of drinking
      were also sought. Drinkers were found to be less obese than abstainers.
      Consumption of carbohydrate, vitamins, calcium, fruits, fruit juices, and raw
      vegetables was greater among abstainers whereas consumption of fat (particularly
      polyunsaturated fatty acids), cholesterol, zinc, meat, pickled vegetables, and
      dried fish was greater among drinkers. Because validations of dietary
      questionnaires have shown that alcohol consumption is more accurately recalled
      than food intake, the possibility of a residual confounding effect for these
      dietary variables should be considered in epidemiologic studies of alcohol and
      health.

PMID- 2923091
TI  - The value of morphometry and DNA flow cytometry in addition to classic
      prognosticators in superficial urinary bladder carcinoma.
AB  - In 80 patients with primary superficial bladder carcinoma Tumor Nodes Metastasis
      (TNM classification: stages Ta and T1) with adequate follow-up of at least four
      years, the value of selective nuclear morphometry and DNA flow cytometry on
      paraffin-embedded material in addition to classic prognosticators was assessed.
      Only the quantitative techniques appeared to be valuable predictors of new tumor
      occurrence. The recurrence rate in patients with large nuclei (mean nuclear area
      greater than 95 micron 2; n = 29) and in aneuploid cases (n = 30) was
      significantly higher (Wilcoxon: P = 0.05 and P = 0.0001) than in those with small
      nuclei (mean nuclear area less than = 95 micron 2; n = 51) and diploid cases (n =
      50). The prevalence of large nuclei and aneuploidy also appeared useful to
      predict progressive recurrence, i.e., grade 3 or/and muscle invasive carcinoma
      (TNM classification: stages T2-T4) (chi-square: P less than 0.0001). Clinical
      follow-up showed that only 62.1% of the cases with large nuclei remained free of
      progressive recurrence, compared with 92.2% of those with small nuclei (Mantel
      Cox: P less than 0.0001). For the aneuploid and diploid cases, these figures came
      to 53.3% and 98% (Mantel-Cox: P less than 0.0001). By multivariate analysis DNA
      ploidy was selected as the best discriminator. None of the classic
      prognosticators, including histologic grade, had additional prognostic value.
      Also, morphometry did not add to the prognosis prediction, which can be explained
      by the considerable overlapping between the prevalence of large nuclei and
      aneuploidy (24 of 29 and 30 cases, respectively). These findings practically
      suggest that patients presenting with superficial carcinoma with large nuclei
      (mean nuclear area greater than 95 microns 2) or aneuploid DNA values should be
      treated more aggressively.

PMID- 2923092
TI  - Expression of type 1 and type 2 blood group-related antigens in normal and
      neoplastic gastric mucosa.
AB  - The distribution of the blood group-related antigens type 1 (Lewis(a) [Le(a)],
      Lewis(b) [Le(b)]) and type 2 (H type 2, Y) has been examined in histologically
      normal and malignant mucosa of 40 surgical specimens of patients with
      adenocarcinoma of the stomach, with the use of a panel of monoclonal antibodies.
      Patients' Lewis phenotype and secretor status are correlated to the authors'
      findings. The surface epithelium of normal pyloric and fundic mucosa expressed
      the Lewis isoantigen (Le(a) in Le[a+b-] phenotype and Le(b) in Le[a-b+]
      phenotype), whereas the deep areas of this mucosa no showed the Le(a), Le(b)
      antigens and expressed the Y and H type 2 antigens whatever the secretor status
      of patients. Nineteen of 24 patients with Le(a-b+) phenotype showed anomalous
      expression of Lea antigen in neoplastic cells. In three of them, this alteration
      was found in tumor adjacent mucosa. No expression of Le(a) or Le(b) antigens was
      found in tumors or normal mucosa from Le(a-b-) phenotype patients.

PMID- 2923093
TI  - Blast-like cells in cerebrospinal fluid of neonates. Possible germinal matrix
      origin.
AB  - Primitive cell clusters (PCCs) composed of immature blast-like cells were
      observed in Wright's-stained cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytocentrifuge specimens
      from four infants over an 18-month period. All of these patients had
      hydrocephalus; in three this was secondary to subependymal germinal matrix
      intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) associated with prematurity. The fourth was
      associated with Arnold-Chiari malformation, Chiari type II. In the CSF samples
      from the patients with IVH, hemosiderin-laden macrophages were also prominent
      and, in some cases, were intimately admixed with the PCCs. Immunoperoxidase
      staining of cytocentrifuge preparations from one of the patients revealed that
      the PCCs stained with neuron-specific enolase (NSE) but not with pan-leukocyte
      antibodies. Cells with similar morphologic characteristics to PCCs in the CSF of
      infants have been infrequently illustrated in the literature and thought to be of
      hematopoietic origin. However, the immunohistochemical findings and the clinical
      presentation suggest that PCCs are most likely germinal matrix cells.

PMID- 2923094
TI  - Crohn's disease uveitis. Parasitization of vitreous leukocytes by mollicute-like
      organisms.
AB  - Crohn's disease (CD) is an idiopathic chronic inflammatory gut disease with
      frequent extragut inflammatory manifestations in the eyes, orbit, lungs, joints,
      and skin. A bacterial cause of CD is suspected, but cultivation of a specific
      pathogen has not been forthcoming. Mollicute-like organisms (MLOs) were recently
      reported to cause human chronic ocular inflammatory disease. Inoculation of this
      MLO into mouse eyelids produced chronic progressive granulomatous ocular and
      orbital inflammatory disease. In addition, MLOs disseminated to produce similar
      disease in the gut, heart, and lungs. MLOs are noncultivable cell wall-deficient
      bacterial pathogens. Because they also pass bacteria-retaining 0.450-micron
      filters, they can be overlooked or confused with viruses. Because MLOs have a
      characteristic ultrastructural appearance, they can be identified in diseased
      cells with the use of a transmission electron microscope. MLOs parasitize and
      destroy leukocytes. They alter the nucleus, replace the cytoplasm, and destroy
      organelles. MLO-caused disease is treatable by certain antibiotics. This report
      describes MLO-parasitized vitreous lymphocytes, monocytes, and polymorphonuclear
      leukocytes from three patients with CD who had chronic uveitis. The results
      indicate that MLOs probably caused the uveitis of these patients with CD. The gut
      as the possible source of the MLO is suggested. Rifampin therapy of Crohn's and
      MLO-caused disease is discussed.

PMID- 2923095
TI  - Hepatic sinusoidal fibrosis in agnogenic myeloid metaplasia.
AB  - Autopsy studies in two patients who had agnogenic myeloid metaplasia of long
      duration revealed significant extramedullary hematopoiesis in the liver
      associated with significant hepatic perisinusoidal/sinusoidal fibrosis. Fibrosis
      was nonzonal and irregularly distributed throughout the livers. Early changes
      were found in areas with normal parenchymal architecture and showed significant
      thickening of collagen fibers surrounding the liver cell plates. In areas with
      extensive fibrosis, coarse collagen fibers filled the sinusoidal space and
      resulted in the loss of hepatocytes, but nodular regeneration was absent. Hepatic
      perisinusoidal/sinusoidal fibrosis in livers with extensive extramedullary
      hematopoiesis may be more common than previously recognized.

PMID- 2923096
TI  - Evaluation of stat and routine turnaround times as a component of laboratory
      quality.
AB  - Quality assurance has been an essential part of clinical laboratory operations
      for more than two decades. Analytic precision and accuracy goals have been
      established, and laboratory performance is monitored periodically. For a
      laboratory test to be useful, it must be available in a timely manner. Expedience
      of result reporting has not, however, been routinely included among measures of
      laboratory quality. The authors evaluated stat and routine turnaround times for
      42,414 requests on 24 clinical analytes over a 14-day period with the use of a
      personal computer. Median turnaround time is 1.70 times faster for stat than for
      routine tests. When examined by shift, average turnaround time is considerably
      faster for tests ordered stat than for tests ordered routinely during the day and
      evening shifts, when the work load is the greatest. The authors are now examining
      turnaround time as an indicator of quality laboratory performance and efficiency.
      Computer systems in many clinical laboratories already have the sophistication
      necessary to perform turnaround time analysis. The authors recommend that
      clinical laboratories begin to include timeliness of stat and routine result
      reporting as part of their quality assurance programs. Laboratories may also wish
      to investigate the usefulness of stat requests during slower shifts because these
      requests may interrupt the normal flow of specimens without expediting result
      reporting.

PMID- 2923097
TI  - Special report: perils, problems, and minimum requirements in shipping pathology
      slides.

PMID- 2923098
TI  - An American Board of Orthodontics case report. Surgical treatment of adult Class
      II, division 2 malocclusion.
AB  - A case report is presented of an adult Class II, Division 2 malocclusion with a
      deep bite, excessive overjet, mandibular deficiency, and accentuated curve of
      Spee. Treatment consisted of full-banded orthodontic appliances combined with a
      surgical mandibular advancement using a midsagittal split osteotomy.

PMID- 2923099
TI  - An American Board of Orthodontics case report. Correction of a severe Class II
      malocclusion.
AB  - Many factors often combine to create a malocclusion. Broadly these include the
      genetic potential of the individual and environmental or local factors. Class II,
      Division 1 malocclusions may result from both inherited skeletal and dental
      patterns and an additional environmental factor such as thumb sucking or some
      other habit. Successful treatment of patients with this type of malocclusion
      requires both an orthodontic correction of the existing dental and skeletal
      problems and also control of any deleterious habit. The following case report
      deals with a patient who had such a malocclusion.

PMID- 2923100
TI  - Biomechanical effect of anteriorly directed extraoral forces on the craniofacial
      complex: a study using the finite element method.
AB  - This study was designed to investigate the biomechanical effect of protractive
      maxillary orthopedic forces on the craniofacial complex by use of the three
      dimensional finite element method (FEM). The three-dimensional FEM model was
      developed on the basis of a dry skull of a young human being. The model consisted
      of 2918 nodes and 1776 solid elements. Eighteen cranial and facial sutural
      systems were integrated in the model. An anteriorly directed 1.0-kg force was
      applied on the buccal surfaces of the maxillary first molars in both a horizontal
      parallel direction and a 30 degree obliquely downward direction to the functional
      occlusal plane. The nasomaxillary complex showed a forward displacement with
      upward and forward rotation in a horizontal protraction case, whereas a downward
      force produced almost translatory repositioning of the complex in an anterior
      direction. High stress levels were observed in the nasomaxillary complex and its
      surrounding structures. However, the pattern of stress distributions within the
      complex was different in two force systems. A downward protraction force produced
      relatively uniform stress distributions, indicating the importance of the force
      direction in determining the stress distributions from various orthopedic forces.

PMID- 2923101
TI  - Labial root torque: effect on the maxilla and incisor root apex.
AB  - This study was designed to determine the effectiveness of labial root torque on
      anterior nasomaxillary development. Quantification was made of the angular and
      linear changes in Downs' point A (representing midsagittal basal bone) and
      incisor point A (representing the dentoalveolar bone) and any concomitant incisor
      root resorption. The study was divided into two parts: part 1--to determine the
      anatomic configuration of the premaxillary region by use of laminagraphy on
      skulls, and part 2--to use the morphologic landmarks found in part 1 to assess
      the development of the nasomaxillary complex in maxillary retrusive patients. The
      clinical study involved 17 maxillary retrusive patients, aged 8.0 to 15.7 years,
      who had been treated for a period between 0.31 and 3.70 years with edgewise
      advancing mechanics. Clinical results indicate that during the first phase of
      orthodontic treatment with labial root torque, encompassing a 0.63-year mean
      treatment period, a greater rate of advancement of Downs' point A was produced
      when compared with normal growth. The skeletal convexity increased, whereas
      normal growth straightened the profile. Incisor point A advanced at a greater
      rate than Downs' point A, suggesting that treatment caused a larger dentoalveolar
      effect than the effect on midsagittal basal bone. When treatment was extended to
      1.57 years, similar changes were found but at a reduced rate. Overall apical root
      resorption was 12.7%/year. Sex and age were not found to have any correlation to
      the amount of apical root loss.

PMID- 2923102
TI  - Changes in facial profile during orthodontic treatment with extraction of four
      first premolars.
AB  - Soft-tissue profiles were examined in 160 orthodontic patients treated with
      removal of four first premolars. Records of 10- to 30-year-old patients were
      selected at random from five sources: patients treated by Charles H. Tweed on
      file at the Tweed Foundation, patients treated with the Begg technique by the
      Kesling-Rocke group, patients from two practices with pretorqued, preangulated
      edgewise appliances, and patients with premolars enucleated at an early age. The
      mean changes for the total sample included an increase of 5.2 degrees in the
      nasolabial angle, and retraction of the upper and lower lips 3.4 and 3.6 mm to
      the E line, respectively. For different measurements, between 5% and 25% of the
      sample had values indicating more protrusive lips after treatment. In comparisons
      among groups, the Tweed patients generally exhibited the greatest lower lip
      retraction. When profile changes were compared to values representing normal (or
      "ideal") facial esthetics, it was evident that extraction of four first premolars
      generally did not result in a "dished-in" profile. Approximately 10% to 15% of
      cases could be defined as excessively flat after treatment. Eighty percent to 90%
      of patients treated by extraction of four first premolars had soft-tissue
      measurements that suggested the profile was improved by treatment or remained
      satisfactory throughout treatment.

PMID- 2923103
TI  - Comparison of the dentofacial patterns for native Greek and American-Caucasian
      adolescents.
AB  - The study of the craniofacial relations and variations in man has long been used
      to differentiate various racial groups in physical anthropology. Morphologic
      features of different races and ethnic groups are not randomly distributed but
      appear in geographic clusters. Richardson wonders whether there is only one race,
      comprising ethnic groups separated by cultural, climatic, and geographic
      boundaries, causing subtle changes in facial morphology. Since the introduction
      of roentgenographic cephalometry in orthodontics, several methods of analysis
      have been developed for clinical diagnosis and treatment planning. Also, these
      methods have been used to establish the cephalometric norms of different ethnic
      groups: American Negro, Australian aborigine, American Mexican, Norwegian,
      Indian, Japanese, Swedish, and Iranian. Sassouni, Ricketts, and others have
      concluded that norms differ between Caucasians and other ethnic and racial
      groups. Ethnic differences in facial traits do exist. Awareness of the normal
      dentofacial pattern of each ethnic group will undoubtedly ensure better success
      of treatment to establish optimal facial harmony. These conclusions prompted the
      present investigation, which compares Greek and American-Caucasian dentofacial
      patterns of adolescents, and provides information on the facial characteristics
      of Greek adolescents. To date, no similar study has been made.

PMID- 2923104
TI  - In re: "The specialty of orthodontics".

PMID- 2923105
TI  - Remarks of the AAO president at the opening ceremony of the 2nd International
      Congress of the Japan Orthodontic Society, Oct. 18, 1988.

PMID- 2923106
TI  - Legal aspects of orthodontic practice: risk management concepts. Diagnosis, root
      resorption, and progress monitoring.
AB  - In this and succeeding issues of the American Journal of Orthodontics and
      Dentofacial Orthopedics, factual risk management scenarios will be presented.
      These scenarios are based on composites of actual court cases that have been
      tried to verdict or decision. Valuable risk management lessons may be learned
      from careful analysis of the course of the events described. Please be advised
      that the standard of care determined in any case is specific for that
      jurisdiction and that set of facts as established by expert testimony for the
      prevailing party.

PMID- 2923107
TI  - Inpatient treatment of PCP abusers and users.
AB  - Screening of 155 consecutive admissions to a voluntary, 4-6 week substance abuse
      inpatient rehabilitation program revealed a 13% prevalence of PCP abuse (defined
      by DSM-III criteria) and a 23% prevalence of nonabusive PCP use. The 20 PCP
      abusers were significantly younger (31.6 vs 40.2 years) and had more prior
      arrests (2.0 vs 0.8) than the 36 nonabusive users, but did not differ in other
      sociodemographic characteristics. The age range of patients was older than
      previously reported in the literature, with three PCP abusers (15%) and 15 users
      (42%) 40 years of age or older. A majority of both abusers (80%) and users (97%)
      also abused other drugs, including alcohol (57%), opiates (29%), marijuana (29%),
      and stimulants (18%). The mean length of stay for PCP abusers was 27 days, with
      11 completing inpatient treatment. Urine samples were collected upon admission
      from all patients and assayed for PCP by gas chromatography with N-P detection
      (sensitivity = 0.1 ng/mL). Patients with initial positive PCP results had follow
      up urines collected at least weekly until the PCP assay was negative or they left
      the treatment program. Twenty-seven percent of patients had PCP detected in
      admission urine samples, one-third of whom initially denied PCP use. Six patients
      still had PCP detected after 4 weeks of hospitalization, without evidence of PCP
      reuse. These findings suggest that PCP abuse and use are common among unselected
      patients seeking substance abuse inpatient treatment and that they are not
      confined to the adolescent/young adult age group.

PMID- 2923108
TI  - Psychoactive drugs, alcohol, and stress and coping processes in older adults.
AB  - Data are presented on a) the relationship between psychoactive substance use and
      personal characteristics, b) the relationship between psychoactive substance use
      and appraisal of and coping with stressful situations, and c) the use of
      psychoactive substances specifically to cope with stress among older people. Data
      were provided by 141 65-to-74-year-old retired Caucasians who were assessed
      repeatedly over 6 months. Compared to national samples, subjects were relatively
      heavy users of alcohol and average users of psychoactive drugs. Use of alcohol
      increased with income, and drug use was associated with several psychosocial
      characteristics as well as with psychological and somatic health. Psychoactive
      substance use did not relate to the ways subjects appraised and coped with
      stressful encounters. Further, only a small number of subjects used drugs or
      alcohol specifically to help them cope in these encounters. The findings about
      psychoactive drug users are compared with other findings about misusers of drugs,
      and the risks associated with each type of drug use are discussed.

PMID- 2923109
TI  - What happens to babies exposed to phencyclidine (PCP) in utero?
AB  - Fifty-seven infants exposed to phencyclidine (PCP) in utero were followed for the
      first year of life. Thirty-six (65%) of the 55 for whom birth records were
      available manifested symptoms of neonatal narcotic withdrawal syndrome, including
      16 (52%) of those whose mothers denied opiate abuse during pregnancy. Temperament
      problems were noted in 47% of the babies and sleep problems in 14%. The majority
      of infants grew normally, but a larger than expected number started out small and
      remained small. Testing using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development at age one
      year revealed a mental development index (mean +/- SD) of 94 +/- 10 and a
      psychomotor development index of 98 +/- 10. Attachment behavior was abnormal in
      17%. Most infants were cared for by their natural mother. Further studies are
      needed to determine later effects of in utero PCP exposure, as well as effects on
      the infants being raised by women who have used PCP. Phencyclidine toxicity needs
      to be considered when evaluating babies with signs of neonatal narcotic
      withdrawal syndrome.

PMID- 2923110
TI  - The allocation of drug addicts to different types of treatment. An evaluation and
      a two-year follow-up.
AB  - In Denmark the official aim has been to reduce methadone treatment, even though
      no effort is made to directly forbid this therapy. A multiprofessional committee
      was established to regulate and limit methadone treatment. There were no specific
      guidelines for what type of drug addict should be treated with methadone. We
      found that allocation for the Regional Narcotic Committee of the Municipality of
      Copenhagen during 1982-1984 did not serve the desires of the addicts because only
      41% followed it. Allocation also did not follow the principles of research in
      this field. In a 2-year follow-up investigation we found that drug addicts had a
      mortality rate of 6.3/year, rising criminality (significant), and falling
      availability to the labor market (nonsignificant). We therefore came to the
      conclusion that the efforts of the committee did not improve the conditions of
      drug addicts. Only those drug addicts who had been under almost constant
      methadone treatment had a low lethality and a falling number of criminal
      convictions (significant). Finally, it is concluded that limited research within
      this field prevents more specific treatment and improved use of financial
      resources.

PMID- 2923111
TI  - The natural history of alcoholism versus treatment effectiveness: methodological
      problems.
AB  - A majority study of alcoholism treatment concluded that results of treatment were
      no better than the natural history of untreated alcoholism. This conclusion
      cannot be considered valid because of methodological problems which render the
      treated and untreated samples incomparable. The latter methodological problems
      include age cohort differences between the untreated and treated samples, and
      differences in socioeconomic status. Other issues confounding the original
      conclusion are inadequacy of the minimal treatment provided. Major reviews of
      alcoholism treatment and recent outcome studies indicate that treatment optimism
      is warranted in contrast to the view that treatment renders no advantage over
      "natural" outcome.

PMID- 2923112
TI  - The role of female occupation in severity of alcohol-related problems.
AB  - This study investigated whether occupational class is related to the severity of
      problems associated with alcohol abuse in females. Sixty-six female alcoholic
      inpatients at a private psychiatric hospital were studied. Of these women, 31
      were workers (working at the time of admission), 18 were unemployed workers
      (unemployed at admission but had worked most of their adult lives), and the
      remaining 17 were homemakers. Problem severity was assessed for 66 alcoholic
      women using the Addiction Severity Index (ASI), a standardized clinical
      interview. A questionnaire assessing the degree of occupational stress
      experienced was also administered. Employment problem severity ratings from the
      ASI differed significantly across the three occupation subgroups [F(2,63) =
      10.99, p less than .05]; the unemployed workers reported more severe employment
      problems than did either the workers [t(63) = 3.07, p less than .05] or
      homemakers [t(63) = 4.77, p less than .05]. There were no significant differences
      between the three groups on the other five ASI dimensions. A cluster analysis on
      ASI severity ratings revealed a trend for workers to have family and
      psychological problems in addition to alcoholism. This seems not to have had an
      impact on wanting a job change; significantly more homemakers (z = 4.77, p less
      than .05) and unemployed workers (z = 4.56, p less than .05) than workers wanted
      a job change.

PMID- 2923113
TI  - Alcoholism and family interaction: an experimental paradigm.
AB  - The purpose of this paper is to describe the authors' ongoing investigation of
      alcoholism and family interaction--a large-scale observation study involving
      intact families assessed under a broad range of conditions. The methodology is
      characterized by the inclusion of two control groups, laboratory observations
      involving experimental drinking procedures, and naturalistic home observations
      focused on dinnertime interactions. Key issues addressed involve the impact of
      alcoholism on the process and structure of family life, the degree to which
      varying patterns of family interaction serve to potentiate or inhibit the
      development of alcoholism in children of alcoholics, and the degree to which
      observed patterns vary in relation to nature of dysfunction (alcoholism versus
      depression). The current status and initial outcomes of the project are described
      in detail.

PMID- 2923114
TI  - The outbreeding of alcoholism.
AB  - A hypothesis on the outbreeding of alcoholism is presented. Supporting evidence
      includes historical and biologic factors as well as the inverse relationship
      between the length of exposure to alcohol and the prevalence of alcoholism in
      societies.

PMID- 2923115
TI  - Exposure to television as a risk factor for violence.

PMID- 2923116
TI  - Trends in the incidence of myocardial infarction in Western Australia between
      1971 and 1982.
AB  - Trends in the incidence of and mortality from myocardial infarction in Perth,
      Western Australia, were studied for the period 1971 to 1982. The estimated age
      adjusted incidence rate of myocardial infarction fell by 24% in males and 37% in
      females over this period. The rate fell in each of six age-sex groups, but the
      proportional decrease in those aged less than 45 years was nearly double that in
      those aged 45 years and over, as it was in females compared with males and in
      fatal cases compared with nonfatal cases. Over 80% of the decline in mortality
      was in deaths outside hospital. This and seven other comparable studies all
      showed a net decrease in the estimated incidence of myocardial infarction in both
      sexes, with median annual decreases of 2% in males and 3% in females. It is
      concluded that the decline in the incidence of myocardial infarction contributed
      substantially to the observed decrease in ischemic heart disease mortality, and
      that the most plausible explanation for the decline in incidence is a reduction
      in the prevalence of risk factors for myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2923117
TI  - Rose Questionnaire angina among United States black, white, and Mexican-American
      women and men. Prevalence and correlates from The Second National and Hispanic
      Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys.
AB  - The prevalence of Rose Questionnaire angina and its association with coronary
      heart disease risk factors and manifestations were investigated in representative
      samples of the US population. The study populations included 1,135 black and
      8,323 white subjects aged 25-74 years examined in the Second National Health and
      Nutrition Examination Survey, 1976-1980, and 2,775 Mexican-American subjects aged
      25-74 years examined in the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey,
      Mexican-American portion, 1982-1983. Age-adjusted prevalence rates of Rose angina
      were similar among black, white, and Mexican-American women (6.8%, 6.3%, and
      5.4%, respectively). An excess in the prevalence of Rose angina was observed in
      women compared with men for white and Mexican-American persons under age 55
      years, but not for those over age 55. Electrocardiographic evidence of myocardial
      infarction and self-reported heart attack were strongly associated with prevalent
      Rose angina among white men and women aged 55 years and over, but not among those
      below age 55. Serum cholesterol, body mass index (weight (kg)/height (m)2),
      current cigarette smoking, and dyspnea were independently associated with an
      increased risk of prevalent angina in multivariate logistic models for white
      women, excluding those with a prior heart attack. Because many younger women with
      chest pain who may consult physicians are likely to have elevations in
      cardiovascular risk factors, their self-reported chest pain can be used as an
      opportunity to intervene and reduce their future risk of cardiovascular disease.

PMID- 2923118
TI  - Tar content of cigarettes in relation to lung cancer.
AB  - Although it is generally considered established that the risk of lung cancer is
      directly related to the tar content of cigarettes, an examination of the results
      of previous studies does not yield conclusive evidence in favor of the
      hypothesis. The authors evaluated this issue in a study of 881 cases of lung
      cancer and 2,570 hospital controls who were 40 to 69 years of age; data were
      collected by interview in hospitals in the United States and Canada from November
      1981 to June 1986. For each year of smoking, cigarette brands were classified
      according to their tar content as published in regular Federal Trade Commission
      reports (from 1967 to 1985) or the Reader's Digest (from 1957 to 1966). Tar
      values for years for which there was no published information were estimated by
      interpolation. Smokers were divided, according to the tar content of their
      cigarette brands averaged over a specified period, into low (less than 22
      mg/cigarette), medium (22-28 mg/cigarette), and high (greater than or equal to 29
      mg/cigarette) tar smokers. When the average tar content was based on cigarettes
      smoked at least 10 years previously, the relative risk estimates for medium and
      high tar smokers compared with low tar smokers were 3.0 and 4.0 after control for
      potentially confounding factors, including the number of cigarettes smoked per
      day. The trend was significant (p = 0.002). The tendency for the risk of lung
      cancer to increase with increasing tar content was consistent among men and
      women. The results provide further support for the hypothesis that the tar
      content of cigarettes is directly related to lung cancer risk. However, the data
      were limited in that there were very few subjects whose lifetime tar exposure
      averaged less than 10 mg/cigarette.

PMID- 2923119
TI  - Cancer risk after evaluation for infertility.
AB  - To evaluate cancer risk by various causes of infertility, the authors conducted a
      retrospective cohort study among 2,335 women evaluated for infertility at the
      Mayo Clinic between 1935 and 1964. Most cancers occurred at expected frequencies,
      with the exception of cancers of the thyroid (standardized incidence ratio (SIR)
      = 2.6) and other endocrine glands (SIR = 6.7), although analyses were based on
      small numbers. Patients with progesterone deficiencies (31 per cent of the study
      subjects) had a 20 per cent higher cancer risk than did those with other causes
      of infertility, with excesses deriving primarily from cancers of the lung,
      cervix, ovary, and thyroid and from melanoma. Breast cancer risk, however, was
      not elevated in either patients with progesterone deficiencies (SIR = 0.9) or
      patients with other causes of infertility (SIR = 1.0). Examination of other
      parameters of infertility, including age at evaluation, type of infertility
      (primary vs. secondary), and years of attempted conception, showed no elevated
      risks of breast cancer in any subgroup. These results fail to support previous
      studies that have linked progesterone deficiencies among infertile women to
      elevated breast cancer risk. However, the data suggest a possible involvement of
      a progesterone deficiency in the etiology of other cancers, particularly thyroid
      cancer and melanoma.

PMID- 2923120
TI  - Clustering of premature mortality in 1,761 insulin-dependent diabetics and their
      family members.
AB  - The clustering of premature mortality was investigated in 1,761 insulin-dependent
      diabetics and their family members from the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh
      Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus Registry from 1950-1981. At follow-up, 5% of
      the mothers and 13% of the fathers were deceased. Life table analyses revealed
      that fathers of deceased diabetics were significantly more likely to die
      prematurely than fathers of living diabetics (18% vs. 8% at age 55 years; p =
      0.02). A father-diabetic son concordance of mortality appeared to be responsible
      for this effect. A similar overall trend was observed for maternal mortality,
      although the difference was not statistically significant. Cause-specific
      analyses revealed that the increased paternal mortality was primarily the result
      of cardiovascular disease. Overall mortality rates of parents of deceased
      diabetics were higher than those of the general population, reaching statistical
      significance in the age group 35-44 years (p less than 0.05). Mortality among
      diabetic siblings was also examined. Diabetic siblings of deceased diabetics had
      a markedly increased risk of dying compared with diabetic siblings of living
      diabetics (p = 0.001). These findings indicate that premature mortality among
      both diabetic and nondiabetic relatives of diabetics clusters in families in
      which there is a deceased insulin-dependent diabetic, and suggest that the marked
      increase in mortality among persons with insulin-dependent diabetes may be partly
      under familial control.

PMID- 2923121
TI  - Blood lead-blood pressure relations: alcohol intake and hemoglobin as
      confounders.
AB  - A cohort of 1,052 persons (504 men and 548 women) born in 1936 and residing in
      the Glostrup area, Denmark, underwent a comprehensive physical examination in
      1976 at age 40 years, and 966 underwent a complete reexamination five years
      later. The examinations included blood lead concentration and blood pressure
      assessment under careful quality control. Complete blood lead and blood pressure
      data were available for 861 of these subjects (451 men and 410 women). The median
      blood lead levels were 13 and 9 micrograms/100 ml at age 40 years and 9 and 6
      micrograms/100 ml at age 45 years in men and women, respectively. A slightly
      increased blood lead concentration was seen at age 40 years in women with a
      systolic blood pressure above 140 mmHg and/or a diastolic blood pressure above 90
      mmHg. Systolic blood pressure in men and women and diastolic blood pressure in
      women correlated significantly with log blood lead at age 40 years but not at age
      45 years, a doubling in blood lead being associated with an increase in blood
      pressure of 3 mmHg or less. Of nine potential confounders assessed, only blood
      hemoglobin and alleged alcohol intake were significantly associated with both
      blood lead and blood pressure. If one or both confounders were entered into a
      multiple regression analysis, all associations between blood lead and blood
      pressure became nonsignificant, in some cases with a negative regression
      coefficient. In addition, the blood lead:hemoglobin ratio was poorly associated
      with blood pressure, particularly in individuals with a low alcohol intake.
      Because both hemoglobin level and alcohol intake appear to be biologically
      plausible confounders, any independent effect of low-level lead exposure on blood
      pressure could not be determined.

PMID- 2923122
TI  - Effect of a malaria suppression program on the incidence of African Burkitt's
      lymphoma.
AB  - From 1977 to 1982, the authors attempted a malaria suppression trial in North
      Mara District, Tanzania, to see whether the incidence of Burkitt's lymphoma (BL)
      could be lowered by reducing the level of malarial infection in a child
      population below 10 years of age. Immediately after initiation of the suppression
      trial, the prevalence of malaria fell drastically in the Mara children; however,
      soon after, the rate of malarial infection rose again in the trial area in spite
      of continued chloroquine distribution, and by 1981 the prevalence of malarial
      infection again reached the high levels that had prevailed in the North Mara
      lowlands before 1977. However, during the period of chloroquine distribution in
      North Mara, the level of malarial infection there was constantly lower than that
      observed in a comparison area in South Mara, although the two areas had been
      similar with respect to malaria endemicity prior to the intervention. During the
      years of chloroquine distribution in North Mara, the incidence rate of BL there
      fell considerably, from about 4 per 100,000 population to about 1 per 100,000
      population, and it rose again to pretrial levels in 1984, that is, about two
      years after the chloroquine distribution had been terminated. This apparent
      association between malaria suppression and decline in BL incidence at first
      seemed to indicate that malaria is a causal factor in BL production. A close
      scrutiny of the survey data revealed, however, that the decline in BL incidence
      might have started several years before the chloroquine distribution began; thus
      it appears that the malaria suppression could not have been the sole cause of the
      BL decline.

PMID- 2923123
TI  - Epidemiologic surveillance for endemic Giardia lamblia infection in Vermont. The
      roles of waterborne and person-to-person transmission.
AB  - The authors studied 1,211 laboratory-confirmed, non-outbreak-related cases of
      giardiasis in Vermont residents reported through Vermont's laboratory-based
      active surveillance system between 1983 and 1986. Giardiasis was the most common
      reportable disease in the state, with an average annual incidence rate of 45.9
      cases per 100,000 population per year. This rate is higher than that in other
      states reporting giardiasis incidence. Morbidity from giardiasis was also
      significant in that 30% of cases reported symptoms lasting four or more weeks.
      Waterborne transmission was suggested to be an important cause of non-outbreak
      related cases because rates of infection were highest in persons receiving
      nonfiltered municipal or nonmunicipal residential drinking water. Rates were also
      higher at higher elevations, where water supplies may be difficult to protect
      from contamination. In addition, the pattern of age-specific incidence rates and
      the high estimated incidence of infection in children attending day care
      suggested that person-to-person transmission also played a role in causing non
      outbreak-related cases. Routine surveillance data can serve to indicate likely
      important routes of transmission of giardiasis in the community.

PMID- 2923124
TI  - Longitudinal studies of infectious diseases and physical growth of infants in
      Huascar, an underprivileged peri-urban community in Lima, Peru.
AB  - Longitudinal studies of morbidity from infectious diseases and physical growth
      were completed from July 1982-June 1984 for 153 Peruvian newborns during the
      first year of life. Admission to the cohort was restricted to infants with birth
      weights greater than 2,500 g. Surveillance workers inquired about symptoms of
      diarrheal, respiratory, and other illnesses during thrice-weekly home visits;
      anthropometrists measured weight and length each month to assess the infants'
      patterns of physical growth and relative nutritional status. During 48,209 child
      days of observation, upper respiratory infections were present on 13,409 child
      days (27.8% prevalence) and diarrhea on 7,466 child-days (15.5% prevalence). The
      diarrhea incidence rate averaged 9.8 episodes per child-year of observation; all
      children had at least one episode of diarrhea. Average weights approximated those
      of the National Center for Health Statistics reference population during the
      first five to six months, but declined thereafter in relation to reference data.
      Average lengths were less than the reference data at all ages. The average
      weights for age and lengths for age of girls were generally greater than those of
      boys relative to the reference population. Rates of stunting and wasting
      increased progressively during the first year of life.

PMID- 2923125
TI  - Sibship size as a risk factor for hepatitis A infection.
AB  - Marked ethnic differences in the prevalence of anti-hepatitis A antibodies among
      Jews in Israel are only partly explained by variation in socioeconomic status. In
      this study, various sociodemographic variables were examined as possible
      correlates of anti-hepatitis A antibodies in a group of 552 Jewish males aged 25
      44 years examined between January and April 1987. Among subjects aged 25-29
      years, 41.5% of those of European and American origin had antibodies as compared
      with 88.5% of those of Asian and North African origin (p less than 0.0001),
      whereas by the age of 40-44 years, this difference had largely disappeared. In
      further univariate analysis, number of siblings, years of education, and number
      of children were also significantly associated with the presence of antibodies.
      When multiple logistic regression was used to control simultaneously for the
      effects of the other variables, sibship size emerged as the strongest correlate
      of anti-hepatitis A antibodies (p less than 0.0001), and it appears to explain a
      large part of the ethnic differences in antibody status. These findings provide
      strong evidence for the role of siblings in the spread of hepatitis A infection.

PMID- 2923126
TI  - Gestational vaginal bleeding and pregnancy outcome.
AB  - The relation between vaginal bleeding and pregnancy outcome was examined in a
      prospective study of 3,531 women seeking prenatal care in New York City from 1975
      through 1985. Women were interviewed in the second trimester or later and were
      followed up at delivery. The frequency of vaginal bleeding during pregnancy was
      22%. Few maternal characteristics or exposures were predictive of bleeding, and
      those that were associated with an increased risk of bleeding were only
      marginally so. Risk factors included advanced maternal age, previous spontaneous
      or induced abortion, working during pregnancy, and certain gynecologic conditions
      (fibroids, cervical inflammation, and ovarian cysts). Severity of bleeding was
      examined in relation to birth weight and length of gestation at delivery. Light
      bleeding during pregnancy was not associated with decreased birth weight or with
      shortened gestation at delivery. Heavy bleeding was associated with a decrease in
      mean birth weight of about 100 g (p less than 0.05) but was not significantly
      associated with the risk of low birth weight (odds ratio (OR) = 1.7, 95%
      confidence interval (CI) 0.9-3.3). Heavy bleeding was associated with preterm
      delivery among private patients (OR = 6.4, 95% Cl 1.7-23.5) but not public
      patients (OR = 0.3, 95% Cl 0.1-1.4). First trimester bleeding of any severity was
      marginally associated with congenital malformations in the offspring (OR = 1.7,
      95% Cl 1.0-2.9); the effect was the same for major and minor abnormalities. There
      was no association between first trimester bleeding and placental complications
      of pregnancy or the delivery of a stillborn infant.

PMID- 2923127
TI  - Mortality in a northeastern Native American cohort, 1955-1984.
AB  - Patterns of mortality among members of the Seneca Nation of Indians between
      January 1, 1955, and December 31, 1984, were investigated. The study cohort
      consisted of all members of the Seneca Nation residing in New York State who were
      listed in the tribal rolls as of January 1, 1955 (n = 3,262). Deaths among cohort
      members were identified through a computer match against New York State vital
      records files. Sex-specific standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were calculated
      on the basis of mortality patterns exhibited by the general population of New
      York State, exclusive of New York City. Seneca Nation males demonstrated an
      excess of deaths from all causes (SMR = 124), while all-cause mortality among
      Seneca Nation females did not differ from that expected (SMR = 106). Both males
      and females exhibited excess mortality from infectious diseases, diabetes
      mellitus, cirrhosis of the liver, and accidents and injuries. Excess mortality
      was also noted among males for deaths due to atherosclerosis and
      hernia/intestinal obstruction and among females for deaths due to pneumonia,
      chronic nephritis, and homicide. Both sexes exhibited a deficit of deaths due to
      malignant neoplasms and circulatory diseases. Findings from this study will be
      useful to those responsible for the planning and implementation of health care
      programs among the Seneca Nation of Indians and other Native American groups.

PMID- 2923128
TI  - Genotypic and phenotypic similarities in pulmonary function among family members
      of adult monozygotic and dizygotic twins.
AB  - Population studies have demonstrated that obstructive airways disease aggregates
      within families. The authors used a twin family model of analysis to estimate the
      genetic and environmental influences on pulmonary function. A total of 1,635
      members of 414 families of adult twins (252 monozygotic, 162 dizygotic) enrolled
      in the Greater Boston Twin Registry were studied between 1981 and 1982.
      Correlations in levels of forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and
      forced vital capacity (FVC), adjusted for age, sex, height, and current smoking
      status, were compared among 16 groups of relatives sharing various degrees of
      genetic relatedness. A direct relation between shared genotype and the magnitude
      of the familial correlations for pulmonary function was observed. For FEV1, the
      correlations were 0.71 for monozygotic twins (100% shared genotype), 0.16 to 0.29
      for relatives with 50% shared genotype, 0.09 to 0.27 for relatives with 25%
      shared genotype, 0.06 for cousins with 12.5% shared genotype, and -0.14 to 0.14
      for unrelated family members. Correlations for FVC were similar. Stratification
      of the analysis by concordance or discordance for passive tobacco smoke exposure
      or for frequency with which families visited one another did not systematically
      alter these relations. These data suggest that phenotypic similarities in
      pulmonary function relate directly to genetic similarities, and are consistent
      with a multifactorial mode of inheritance.

PMID- 2923129
TI  - Competing risks bias arising from an omitted risk factor.
AB  - The authors describe a form of selection bias that may arise when a second
      disease selectively removes from the population persons susceptible to the
      primary disease of interest. Two examples of this bias are given: 1) a lack of
      association between an exposure and the primary disease may appear as an inverse
      association, and 2) a direct association between exposure and primary disease may
      be greatly attenuated. These examples of bias require the presence of an unknown
      risk factor in addition to the exposure of interest.

PMID- 2923130
TI  - The case of the missing eights. An object lesson in data quality assurance.

PMID- 2923131
TI  - Re: "Challenges to Epidemiology in the Next Decade".

PMID- 2923132
TI  - Re: "Events of Reproductive Life and the Incidence of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer".

PMID- 2923133
TI  - Characterization of phospholipase C activity of the plasma membrane and cytosol
      of an osteoblast-like cell line.
AB  - The properties of phospholipase C (PL-C) in the plasma membranes (PM) and the
      cytosol of osteoblast-like osteosarcoma cells, UMR-106, were analyzed to see if
      separate enzymes or similar enzymes were involved in signalling, transduction,
      and arachidonate release. The cytosolic PL-C displayed substrate affinities in
      the order of phosphatidylinositol (PI) greater than phosphatidylinositol-4
      phosphate (PIP) or phosphatidylinoisitol-4, 5-bisphosphate (PIP2). Hydrolysis of
      PI, PIP, and PIP2 by cytosolic PL-C was not affected by GTP or GTP gamma S and
      other nucleotides. PI hydrolysis by PM and cytosolic PL-C was undetectable in the
      presence of 500 microM EGTA and displayed two activity plateaus at various
      concentrations of Ca2+. The Km for Ca2+ in the PL-C activity of the first plateau
      was 0.08 microM. Significant hydrolysis of PIP2 by cytosolic PL-C was observed in
      the absence of Ca2+. In contrast to the enzyme(s) predominant in the cytosol, the
      order of substrate affinities for PM PL-C was PIP2 greater than PIP greater than
      PI. Only PIP2 hydrolysis by PM PL-C was stimulated by both GTP and GTP gamma S in
      a dose-dependent manner. PIP2 hydrolysis by PL-C of the PM was not observed in
      the absence of Ca2+, serving to further discriminate this enzyme activity from
      that of the cytosol. PIP2 hydrolysis by PL-C of the PM also was biphasic in the
      dependence on Ca2+. At resting cytosolic Ca2+ levels, the Vmax of the high
      affinity activity already had been achieved. Guanine nucleotide stimulation of
      PIP2 hydrolysis by PM PL-C was characterized by increased maximum activity with
      an unchanged Km for Ca2+ or for PIP2. The pH optimum of PIP2 hydrolysis was
      similar between cytosolic and PM forms of PL-C. PIP2 hydrolysis with production
      of IP3 (PL-C activity) in UMR-106 cells treated with [2-3H]-myoinositol was
      stimulated by PTH, and this stimulation was not inhibited by pertussis toxin.
      These data suggest that UMR-106 cells possess at least two distinct PL-C
      activities, one predominant in the cytosol and activated by increasing cytosolic
      Ca2+ with PI as the substrate. The second enzyme, a GTP-activated PIP2-specific
      PL-C in the plasma membranes may play an important role in hormone-induced PIP2
      hydrolysis mediated through guanine nucleotide regulatory proteins and may
      participate in the hormonal regulation of osteoblast cytosolic Ca2+ and bone
      remodeling functions.

PMID- 2923134
TI  - Hyperuricemia, gout, and autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease.
AB  - The relationship between hyperuricemia, gout, and autosomal dominant polycystic
      kidney disease (ADPKD) is not widely recognized. In an attempt to further clarify
      this relationship, the authors have studied 17 patients with ADPKD, 9 controls, 9
      patients with proven gout and chronic renal failure, 11 patients with gout and
      normal renal function, and 11 patients with chronic renal failure. The mean serum
      uric acid concentration was higher in patients with ADPKD as a group than in
      controls (8.0 +/- 1.7 mg/dl vs. 6.4 +/- 1.6 mg/dl, p less than .02). Clinical
      gout was identified in 24% of patients with ADPKD; none of the patients with
      chronic renal failure of other etiologies had gout. Fractional excretion of uric
      acid and the activity of the enzyme hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl
      transferase (HGPRT) were not different among the groups studied. From this study
      the authors conclude that ADPKD should be included among those diseases
      associated with hyperuricemia and gout. A partial deficiency in HGPRT or abnormal
      renal handling of uric acid do not appear to be responsible for the increased
      incidence of gout in patients with ADPKD.

PMID- 2923135
TI  - Serial bilirubin determinations as a prognostic marker in clinical infections.
AB  - Patients with documented serious infection and total bilirubin values of greater
      than 2 mg/dl were surveyed for serial changes in bilirubin and other laboratory
      and clinical features. Of 19 patients studied, 12 (Group A) had persisting or
      increasing hyperbilirubinemia, and 7 (Group B) had decline in bilirubin after
      infection onset. None demonstrated marked changes in other liver tests. Only one
      patient had infection directly involving the hepatobiliary system. There were no
      significant differences between the two groups with respect to underlying
      illnesses, active hepatobiliary diseases, pathogens, bacteremia, or
      administration of cholestatic drugs. All Group A patients died because of
      uncontrolled infections, whereas all Group B patients survived with resolution of
      infection (p less than .001). Ten of 15 patients with available preinfection
      liver tests demonstrated serial bilirubin increases without marked changes in
      other liver tests prior to clinical recognition of infection. These findings
      demonstrate that hyperbilirubinemia disproportionate to increases in other tests
      may manifest before recognition of infection and that persistent or progressive
      hyperbilirubinemia is indicative of ongoing active infection.

PMID- 2923136
TI  - Chronic sodium depletion increases myocardial calcium content in normotensive
      rats.
AB  - Increased myocardial contractility was found in the perfused heart isolated from
      sodium depleted Sprague-Dawley rats. Previously, it was reported that in vitro
      exposure of different cardiac preparations to low Na+ buffers was associated with
      both an increased contractility and an increased Ca2+ content in the cells.
      Therefore, this study was designed to examine increases in ventricular Ca2+
      content in the hearts of chronically sodium depleted rats. Two groups of 12-week
      old Sprague-Dawley rats were studied. One group (n = 5) received furosemide (5
      mg/kg/day IP for 4 days), a low Na+ diet and distilled drinking water for 6 weeks
      (low sodium plus diuretics group = LSD). The other group (n = 5) received the
      same low Na+ diet, but 0.5% NaCl was supplemented in drinking water (regular
      sodium group = RS). Body weight and blood pressure were measured weekly during
      the dietary period in all rats. At the end of the 6 weeks, heart weight as well
      as water and electrolyte contents of the heart were measured in all animals.
      Results showed that both body weight and heart weight were significantly lower in
      LSD than in RS. Moreover, ventricular Na+ content was reduced while ventricular
      Ca2+ content was doubled in LSD compared to RS (8.2 +/- 0.2 units vs. 9.2 +/- 0.3
      units, p less than .05 and 0.45 +/- 0.13 units vs. 0.23 +/- 0.01 units, p less
      than .01, respectively). We conclude that in vivo sodium depletion induces an
      increase in ventricular calcium content; this increased myocardial calcium may be
      related to the increased in vitro cardiac contractility observed after chronic in
      vivo sodium depletion, but its distribution between intracellular and
      extracellular compartments needs to be determined.

PMID- 2923137
TI  - Financial barriers to medical care: a prospective study in a university
      affiliated community clinic.
AB  - Access to medical care in the United States is deteriorating, particularly for
      the poor. The authors evaluated patients who could not afford medical care
      recommended by physicians in a university-affiliated clinic that serves a
      predominantly indigent population. The authors determined the patients'
      demographic characteristics, their medical problems, and the types of care for
      which financial barriers existed. In addition, the authors compared the patients'
      demographic characteristics and medical illnesses with those of a control group
      of patients from the clinic who did not experience financial barriers to medical
      care. Of the 1,950 patients evaluated, 94 (4.8%) were unable to afford care
      recommended by their physicians. Sixty-seven percent were US citizens, 73% were
      unemployed, 63% had monthly family incomes of less than $500, and only 33% had
      health insurance. The patients had a variety of medical problems, ranging from
      hearing loss, for which they could not obtain hearing aids, to breast masses, for
      which they could not obtain mammographies or biopsies. When compared to patients
      who did not experience financial barriers to recommended care, the study patients
      tended to be poorer, more likely to be undocumented, more likely to be uninsured,
      and less likely to have acute, self-limited illnesses. Our findings support the
      argument that the nation's current piecemeal approach to providing indigent
      health care may lead to serious financial barriers to access in some localities.

PMID- 2923138
TI  - Response of pulmonary mechanics to terbutaline in patients with bronchopulmonary
      dysplasia.
AB  - Terbutaline was administered to eight ventilator-dependent infants with evolving
      bronchopulmonary dysplasia to determine the potential for reductions in airway
      resistance. The drug was administered by nebulization through the endotracheal
      tube. Pre-treatment and post-treatment pulmonary mechanics measurements were
      performed. Patients had reductions in inspiratory (-14%, p = NS), expiratory (
      47%, p less than .05) and total (-24%, p = NS) resistances. Tidal volume
      increased 36% (p less than .01). This study demonstrates that nebulized
      terbutaline can improve pulmonary mechanics in ventilator-dependent infants with
      evolving bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

PMID- 2923139
TI  - Increased hematocrit mitigates ischemic renal damage in the splenectomized dog.
AB  - Splenectomy (SPLX) prevents ischemic acute tubular necrosis (ATN) and peritubular
      capillary (PTC) congestion. This study attempts to reverse the protective effect
      of splenectomy in the ischemic model of ATN by increasing hematocrit before
      inducing ATN. Sham-SPLX, SPLX, and SPLX dogs given packed red cells to elevate
      hematocrit by 30% (SPLX-high hematocrit) received bilateral renal artery
      obstruction (RAO) for 120 minutes. Renal function was tested for 6 days post-RAO.
      Hematocrit in the SPLX-high hematocrit group was greater (p less than .05) than
      the SPLX-RAO group but did not differ from the non-SPLX group. All groups had
      different (p less than .05) serum creatinine levels for 48 hours post-RAO, and
      untreated animals differed from all the others at 144 hours. Serum creatinine was
      highest in untreated, lowest in SPLX-high hematocrit, and intermediate in
      noninfused SPLX animals. The same pattern was observed in blood urea nitrogen,
      creatinine clearance and renal histopathology. Fractional excretion of sodium in
      the SPLX groups was six times that in the intact animals (p less than .05),
      irrespective of hematocrit level. We conclude that increased hematocrit is
      protective in ischemic ATN, and does not promote PTC congestion or ATN in the
      SPLX animal. In addition, the protective effect of splenectomy may be mediated,
      in part, by mechanism(s) that alter sodium transport or osmolar excretion.

PMID- 2923140
TI  - Advanced upper airway obstruction caused by cervical goiter.
AB  - Goiters are an unusual cause of advanced upper airway obstruction. Previously
      described patients have been clearly symptomatic, and most have had substernal
      goiters. We present a patient with minimal symptoms with severe upper airway
      obstruction from a cervical goiter despite long-term therapy with thyroid
      hormone. Her spirometry exceeded criteria for urgent surgery. Patients with large
      goiters should have spirometry with flow-volume loop performed despite minimal or
      absent symptoms of respiratory distress.

PMID- 2923141
TI  - Severe metabolic ketoacidosis induced by starvation and exercise.

PMID- 2923142
TI  - Dominantly inherited childhood gigantism resembling Sotos' syndrome.
AB  - Excessive growth in infancy and onset of puberty at age four was observed in a
      boy with features resembling Sotos syndrome. Early development of secondary
      sexual characteristics and advanced osseous maturation were observed. The family
      history was significant; excessive weight gain tended to occur in female family
      members in association with rapid growth in infancy and childhood. A delayed
      insulin response to glucose was observed in both mother and sister, and diabetes
      developed during his mother's gestation. These observations suggest that
      undetermined factors associated with excessive growth may be inherited as a
      dominant trait with variable expression.

PMID- 2923143
TI  - Spontaneous arteriovenous fistula between the left common iliac artery and iliac
      vein.
AB  - A left lower quadrant bruit, reduced left dorsalis pedis pulse, and left leg
      edema were found in an elderly male presenting with chest pain, hypotension,
      heart failure, and azotemia. Measurement of cardiac output, 12.3 1/minute,
      systemic vascular resistance, 349 (normal, 770-1500), and arterial-mixed venous
      oxygen differential, 1.3 (normal, 10-20) confirmed the suspicion of AV fistula,
      which was shown by arteriogram to be left common iliac artery to iliac vein.
      Repair was accomplished without incident and the patient made an excellent
      recovery. This patient's AV fistula is an excellent example of a treatable cause
      of high output congestive heart failure. Further, his rapid recovery after
      fistula repair undertaken in the setting of hypotension, renal failure, and
      refractory heart failure emphasizes the need for aggressive surgical
      intervention.

PMID- 2923144
TI  - Physician-patient privilege: who may have access to medical records?

PMID- 2923145
TI  - Pathogenesis, complications and treatment of glomerulonephritis. Proceedings of
      the First Roma Nephrology Conference. Fiuggi, Italy, September 28-29, 1987.

PMID- 2923146
TI  - Renal immune deposits induced by antibodies reactive with cell-surface antigens
      in laboratory animals and in man.

PMID- 2923147
TI  - Autoimmune responses in systemic vasculitis.

PMID- 2923148
TI  - Ciclosporin in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome of children.

PMID- 2923149
TI  - The golden tapetal sheen reflex in retinal disease.
AB  - A mother and son with dominant cone dystrophy manifested the retinal reflexes
      seen in Oguchi's disease (mother) and the carrier female of X-linked retinitis
      pigmentosa (son). Another patient with cone dystrophy (simplex) showed localized
      areas of a golden reflex in each eye. A patient with juvenile macular dystrophy
      exhibited a diffuse golden-orange reflex throughout the posterior pole. The
      latter two patients did not have the Mizuo phenomenon.

PMID- 2923151
TI  - Reversibility of the early stages of idiopathic macular holes.
AB  - Three patients had a history of unilateral acute visual loss accompanied by
      clinical and fluorescein angiographic findings compatible with foveal sensory
      retinal detachment secondary to vitreofoveal traction. The reversibility of this
      early stage of idiopathic macular hole formation in all three eyes was associated
      with spontaneous release of vitreofoveal traction and with improvement in visual
      acuity. A localized detachment of the vitreous from the sensory retina in the
      macula with an associated vitreous condensation overlying the macula was evident
      in all three cases.

PMID- 2923150
TI  - Bilateral central retinal artery occlusions, disk drusen, and migraine.
AB  - A central retinal artery occlusion occurred in the left eye of a 25-year-old
      woman with migraine and bilateral intrapapillary drusen. An extensive
      investigation failed to establish the presence of any systemic disease or
      vasculopathy. Eight years later she had a central retinal artery occlusion in her
      right eye. Optic disk drusen and migraine may have combined to produce this
      patient's bilateral visual loss consequent to retinal vaso-occlusion.

PMID- 2923152
TI  - Diurnal variation in vision after radial keratotomy.
AB  - We tested eight patients who had undergone radial keratotomy with regard to
      refraction, keratometry, corneal thickness, and intraocular pressure one to two
      weeks after surgery. Patients were examined immediately after eye-lid opening at
      7:30 A.M. and again at 4:00 P.M. The contralateral eye was used as a control. The
      treated eye was 1.48 +/- 0.24 diopters (mean +/- S.E.M.) more hyperopic at the
      morning examination compared to the afternoon visit, whereas the control eye had
      an insignificant shift (0.16 +/- 0.06 diopters). The treated eye was
      significantly flatter (1.37 +/- 0.19 diopters) in the morning than in the
      afternoon when compared to the control eyes, which were only 0.11 +/- 0.09
      diopter flatter. The intraocular pressure changed insignificantly in both the
      treated and control eyes (-0.5 +/- 0.53 mm Hg and -0.5 +/- 0.84 mm Hg,
      respectively). The mean morning corneal thickness was significantly greater
      (5.7%) than the afternoon thickness when compared to the controls (1.7% morning
      increase in thickness). These data suggest that diurnal variation in corneal
      thickness after radial keratotomy plays a role in diurnal variation of vision in
      the early postoperative period.

PMID- 2923153
TI  - Accuracy of topographic measurements with the Optic Nerve Head Analyzer.
AB  - We used a plastic model of the human eye to study the accuracy with which the
      Optic Nerve Head Analyzer estimates the surface contour and two-dimensional size
      of the optic nerve head. Computer-generated contour lines were similar to the
      actual cross-sectional contour of plastic cups as photographed by scanning
      electron microscopy. The magnification error of computer-measured cup diameters
      was inversely related to the axial length of the model. The slope of this
      relationship was reduced with the use of either refraction or axial length as a
      correction factor for magnification error. Of the two correction factors, the
      former provided the closest estimation of the known diameters in the phakic
      model, while the latter performed better in the aphakic model.

PMID- 2923154
TI  - Topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.

PMID- 2923155
TI  - A technique for precise placement of laser applications in transscleral Nd:YAG
      cyclophotocoagulation.

PMID- 2923156
TI  - A 16-year follow-up in a corticosteroid-sensitive patient with glaucoma secondary
      to a benign adrenal adenoma.

PMID- 2923157
TI  - Semiconductor diode laser photocoagulation of human malignant melanoma.

PMID- 2923158
TI  - Malignant teratoid medulloepithelioma of the ciliary body simulating persistent
      hyperplastic primary vitreous.

PMID- 2923159
TI  - Iris pigment mosaicism in carriers of X-linked ocular albinism cum pigmento.

PMID- 2923160
TI  - Controlled delivery of perfluorocarbon liquids.

PMID- 2923161
TI  - Double upper eyelid crease with a hereditary pattern.

PMID- 2923163
TI  - Glass bead implantation in the scleral cavity during evisceration.

PMID- 2923162
TI  - Retroaponeurotic fat.

PMID- 2923164
TI  - Neurotrophic corneal ulcers in congenital sensory neuropathy.

PMID- 2923165
TI  - A benign nevus of cornea and corneoscleral limbus.

PMID- 2923166
TI  - Relative afferent pupillary defect induced by patching.

PMID- 2923167
TI  - Occlusion-induced contralateral afferent pupillary defect.

PMID- 2923168
TI  - Variables associated with ultraviolet transmittance measurements of intraocular
      lenses.

PMID- 2923169
TI  - Accuracy of lens power calculations with the biconvex and meniscus intraocular
      lenses.

PMID- 2923170
TI  - Wrist muscle tone and self-care skill in persons with hemiparesis.
AB  - The purpose of this research was to investigate the interaction between muscle
      tone at the wrist and self-care function in persons with hemiparesis. Dynamic and
      static muscle tone measurements were taken at the wrist. Self-care ability was
      measured with a chart review and the Klein-Bell Scale. The results of the study
      did not support the assumption that there is a significant relationship between
      muscle tone and activities of daily living for persons with hemiparesis. Perhaps
      other variables such as the general state of health, cognition, and perception
      should also be considered during the treatment of self-care.

PMID- 2923171
TI  - Changes in occupational role performance after a severe burn: a retrospective
      study.
AB  - Ten men with severe burn injuries were interviewed to examine their perceptions
      of the residual impact of severe burn on performance in self-care, home
      management, work, and leisure occupations within the year after rehabilitation.
      Three patterns of occupational role performance after a burn were identified: (a)
      a resumption of participation in all four occupational categories; (b) a return
      to independence in self-care with substantive impairment in home management,
      work, and/or leisure roles; and (c) substantive disruption in all occupational
      roles. Role loss or disruption was commonly associated with reduced endurance,
      intolerance for standing and walking, and impaired grip strength and upper
      extremity skill. Suggestions for rehabilitation programming and research are
      made.

PMID- 2923172
TI  - The scholarly productivity of occupational therapy faculty members: results of a
      regional study.
AB  - A study of the scholarly activities of 66 occupational therapy faculty members at
      selected academic health centers was conducted through a mailed survey. An
      analysis of the responses showed that (a) the respondents' primary scholarly
      activities were reporting research findings in refereed journal articles and
      presenting papers at professional meetings and (b) only a small percentage of the
      respondents had directed extramurally funded projects. In addition, the level of
      scholarly productivity of the occupational therapists was significantly lower
      than that of their allied health colleagues. The majority of the respondents
      indicated that their own academic preparation was the primary factor that
      encouraged their scholarly pursuits and that heavy teaching responsibility was
      the primary discouraging factor. The respondents indicated also that faculty
      scholarly activities are, and will continue to be, important considerations in
      academic promotion decisions.

PMID- 2923174
TI  - Modified Bobath sling with distal support.

PMID- 2923173
TI  - Pregnancy and quadriplegia: an occupational therapy home program.

PMID- 2923175
TI  - Making a difference: a premise of occupation and health.

PMID- 2923176
TI  - A single success may not predict other successes.

PMID- 2923177
TI  - Is relief for personnel shortages in sight?

PMID- 2923178
TI  - Metabolic changes of recovery.

PMID- 2923179
TI  - Entry level and specialized practice: a professional encounter.

PMID- 2923180
TI  - Biochemical evidence for programmed cell death in rabbit uterine epithelium.
AB  - Uterine epithelial cell proliferation, differentiation, and death are known to be
      regulated by estrogen and progesterone. The authors investigated a specific
      pattern of cell death called apoptosis, or programmed cell death, which is
      biochemically characterized by a specific pattern of DNA degradation. DNA
      isolated from endometrium of ovariectomized pseudopregnant rabbits showed a
      pattern of DNA cleavage at internucleosomal locations. In comparison, DNA from
      the endometrium of non-ovariectomized animals, as well as several other organs,
      did not exhibit that pattern. This biochemical evidence supports previous and
      present morphologic data and correlates with it. Under the experimental
      conditions used, only the uterine epithelial compartment of the endometrium shows
      apoptotic cell death, which is absent in the stromal compartment.

PMID- 2923181
TI  - Endothelial stimulation of intimal cell proliferation in a porcine aortic organ
      culture.
AB  - A porcine thoracic aortic organ culture system was used to study the interaction
      between endothelial cells (EC) and the underlying intimal smooth muscle cells
      (SMC). The presence of EC in organ cultures was confirmed by the ability of
      luminal cells to incorporate acetylated-LDL. It was found that incubation of
      nondenuded organ cultures in 5% fetal bovine serum for 7 days resulted in a
      significant increase in the mean number of intimal SMC (41.5 +/- 0.9) compared
      with organ cultures in which the endothelium was removed at the beginning of the
      experiment (denuded, 15.2 +/- 0.8). Incubation of the latter for 7 days in
      conditioned medium collected from nondenuded organ cultures also resulted in a
      significant increase in the mean number of intimal SMC (30.2 +/- 2.2). Incubation
      of aortic medial SMC cultures in the conditioned medium also enhanced SMC growth.
      Autoradiography studies at each day of the 7 days showed that intimal SMC
      proliferation was similar in both nondenuded and denuded organ cultures when the
      latter was incubated in the conditioned medium. These data suggests that in this
      model the secretion of a soluble mediator by dysfunctioning, injured, or
      proliferating endothelial cells stimulates intimal cell proliferation either
      directly or indirectly.

PMID- 2923182
TI  - Effects of formaldehyde gas on the respiratory tract of rhesus monkeys. Pathology
      and cell proliferation.
AB  - Formaldehyde is a nasal carcinogen in rats but it remains to be determined what
      cancer risk this chemical poses in humans. Molecular dosimetry studies of
      formaldehyde and cellular proliferative responses to formaldehyde-induced
      cytotoxicity have been studied in the rodent and are important components of the
      authors' ongoing research, which has now been extended to nonhuman primates, a
      species more analogous to humans. The present study was designed to characterize
      formaldehyde injury in the respiratory tract of nonhuman primates to provide a
      direct comparison to the toxic effects of formaldehyde in rodents. Groups of
      three rhesus monkeys were exposed to room air, or 6 ppm formaldehyde for 5 days
      per week for 1 or 6 weeks, and the respiratory tract was assessed for nature and
      extent of histologic responses, and changes in epithelial cell proliferation
      rate. Lesions were characterized by mild degeneration and early squamous
      metaplasia confined to specific regions of the transitional and respiratory
      epithelia of the nasal passages and the respiratory epithelium of the trachea and
      major bronchi. There was minimal progression of histologic changes between 1 and
      6 weeks; however, the percent of nasal surface area affected significantly
      increased in the 6-week exposure group. Formaldehyde-induced lesions were
      associated with increases in cell proliferation rates up to 18-fold over
      controls, which remained significantly elevated after 6 weeks of exposure.
      Histologic lesions and increases in cell proliferation were most extensive in the
      nasal passages and were minimal in the lower airways, whereas the maxillary
      sinuses exhibited no evidence of a response to formaldehyde exposure. Based on
      the extent of lesions and cell proliferation data, it appears that the monkey is
      more sensitive than the rat to the acute and subacute effects of formaldehyde at
      6 ppm. The absence of response in the maxillary sinuses in the monkey suggests
      that combining tumors of the nasal cavity and sinuses in epidemiologic studies
      may not be appropriate for formaldehyde cancer risk assessment. Results of this
      study also have provided important information for tissue sample site selection
      in the monkey respiratory tract for ongoing molecular dosimetry studies.

PMID- 2923183
TI  - M cells and granular mononuclear cells in Peyer's patch domes of mice depleted of
      their lymphocytes by total lymphoid irradiation.
AB  - The cytoarchitecture of Peyer's patches that were depleted of their lymphocytes
      by total lymphoid irradiation (TLI) was examined with particular attention to the
      effects on M cells in the follicle epithelium and on mononuclear cells in
      follicle domes underlying the epithelium. Five-month-old, specific pathogen-free
      Balb/c mice were irradiated with 200-250 rad/day, five times a week to a total
      dose of 3400-4250, and their Peyer's patches were either fixed for electron
      microscopy or frozen for immunohistochemistry 1-4 days after completion of
      irradiation. Control mice were examined at the same time intervals. Follicle
      domes of TLI mice had approximately one fourth the epithelial surface area of
      domes of control mice. Within the epithelium, lymphoid cells were virtually
      depleted after TLI, and yet the epithelium contained M cells. In control mice,
      most M cells were accompanied by lymphoid cells in invaginations of the apical
      lateral cell membrane. In TLI mice, most M cells did not have such apical-lateral
      invaginations and were columnar shaped. Other than lacking lymphocytes, these
      cells appeared to be mature M cells. Some M cells did have lymphoid cells or
      granular mononuclear cells below their basal membranes, adjacent to the basal
      lamina. Below the epithelium, the proportion of granular mononuclear cells was
      greatly increased following TLI. The retention of M cells and the increase in
      proportion of granular mononuclear cells in follicle domes are consistent with
      selective depletion of lymphocytes following TLI. Persistence of M cells without
      lymphocytic invaginations after TLI suggests that M cells can differentiate in
      the absence of, or at least in the presence of very few, lymphocytes, and that
      invagination by lymphocytes is not necessary to maintain mature M cell
      morphology.

PMID- 2923184
TI  - In vitro and in vivo growth and differentiation of clones of tracheal basal
      cells.
AB  - Studies were performed to examine the hypothesis that the basal cells in the
      large conducting airways function as stem cells. Basal cells were isolated from
      the tracheas of adult rabbits using centrifugal elutriation procedures. Such cell
      isolates that contained greater than 90% basal cells were plated in culture at
      low cell density to produce individual basal cell clones. Clones were similarly
      obtained from unfractionated tracheal cells (mixed tracheal cells). Basal cell
      and mixed cell clones were tested to compare their in vitro growth capacity and
      their ability to reepithelialize denuded tracheal grafts with a mucociliary
      epithelium. Both basal cell and mixed cell clones underwent 15 to 20 population
      doublings in culture. The sizes of their clonogenic cell compartments were
      roughly similar. When inoculated into denuded tracheal grafts, both types of
      clones were equally efficient in establishing a mucociliary epithelium. The major
      secretory cell types observed in tracheas repopulated with the two types of cell
      clones were cells containing small secretory granules and either rough or smooth
      endoplasmic reticulum. Goblet cells were seen in approximately 40% of tracheas
      repopulated with either of the two types of cell clones. It is concluded that in
      rabbits tracheal basal cells can generate secretory cells with varying
      morphologic characteristics as well as ciliated cells and may be regarded as
      epithelial stem cells.

PMID- 2923185
TI  - Sequential ultrastructural changes of the pancreas in zinc toxicosis in
      ducklings.
AB  - The sequential ultrastructural alterations of the pancreas in zinc toxicosis were
      examined in ducklings fed 2500 ppm Zn (as ZnSO4) for 56 days. From days 3 to 17,
      acinar cells had cytoplasmic vacuoles that contained electron-dense, zymogen-like
      material and increased autophagocytosis. Other changes were swollen mitochondria
      and dilatation, vesiculation, degranulation and intracisternal sequestration of
      rough endoplasmic reticulum. Apoptosis was the predominant form of cell deletion.
      By day 10, acinar cellular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis were noted. Islets
      appeared normal. After day 19, the pancreas consisted of ductlike structures
      embedded in fibrous connective tissue with a minimal inflammatory cell response.
      These ductlike structures were lined by attenuated to cuboidal, atrophic acinar
      cells. Many cells contained granular, electron-dense cytoplasmic debris that
      served as a marker of previous cell damage. This ultrastructural study provides
      support for a previously proposed theory that ductlike structures (tubular
      complexes) arise by atrophy and dedifferentiation of acinar cells.

PMID- 2923187
TI  - Demonstration of early ischemic injury in porcine right ventricular myocardium.
AB  - Past studies of acute canine right ventricular (RV) ischemia have failed to
      demonstrate early irreversible injury or decreased function; however, the dog has
      extensive collateral circulation that may attenuate RV myocardial injury. The aim
      of this study was to measure RV function using contrast ventriculography and
      assess myocardial injury by immunohistochemical evaluation of creatine kinase
      (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and tropomyosin (TROP) as well as by electron
      microscopy after right coronary occlusion in 14 closed-chest pigs. Significant
      depression in RV ejection fraction and stroke volume index after 10 minutes and
      was observed (P less than 0.05). CK, LDH, and TROP were positive in control
      tissue with a diminution of CK and LDH staining along the subendocardium after 15
      minutes of ischemia. Irreversible ultrastructural injury in conjunction with
      large losses of CK and LDH became evident after 30 minutes. Thus, in the pig,
      which has a coronary anatomy similar to humans, significant RV dysfunction and
      irreversible myocardial injury can be demonstrated after 15 to 30 minutes of
      ischemia.

PMID- 2923186
TI  - Directed exocytosis of secretory granules containing apolipoprotein E to the
      adherent surface and basal vacuoles of macrophages spreading on immobile immune
      complexes.
AB  - As macrophages spread on an immune complex-coated surface, large, clear basal
      vacuoles and numerous coated vesicles and tubules form rapidly and are
      occasionally contiguous with the adherent surface, creating a microcompartment
      between the immune complex-coated surface and the cell membrane. The present
      study explored the nature of this basal compartment by examining the distribution
      of a major secretory product of macrophages, apolipoprotein E (ApoE), and of a
      lysosomal enzyme, acid phosphatase, by enzyme and immunocytochemistry. Upon
      contact of the macrophages with the immune complexes, intracellular stores of
      ApoE were secreted rapidly in the first 10 to 20 minutes to the area of ligand
      receptor interaction. ApoE filled the large basal vacuoles and was also found in
      invaginations on the adherent surface that were sealed to the influx of proteins
      and peptides from the bulk medium. In contrast, the contents of lysosomes were
      not redistributed to the basal compartment. By 2 hours most of the ApoE had
      appeared in the bulk medium, suggesting that the protein could move out of the
      basal compartment. These data suggest that specific ligand-Fc receptor
      interactions serve to target secretion by macrophages to selective focal areas of
      contact, and that there are also mechanisms for retrieval of material from these
      sites.

PMID- 2923188
TI  - Time-related changes in microsphere entrapment in canine jejunum.
AB  - To assess the validity of repeated blood flow measurements using the microsphere
      technique, the apparent blood flows in the anatomic layers of the jejunum were
      determined from the entrapment of 9-, 11.5-, and 17-micron microspheres at 1.5,
      15, 30, and 60 min after their injection. The entrapment of 17-micron spheres in
      the mucosa plus submucosa and in the muscularis propria remained similar at all
      times, but these spheres migrated (P less than 0.01) from the submucosa to the
      mucosa. By 1.5 min, 5 +/- 2% of 11.5-micron spheres had shunted, but no
      subsequent shunting was observed. No migration of 11.5-micron spheres from the
      mucosa, submucosa or the muscularis was observed. The shunting of 9-micron
      spheres from the whole wall increased from 19 +/- 4% at 1.5 min to 40 +/- 4% at
      60 min (P less than 0.001). These data suggest that 17-micron spheres can only
      fractionate the blood flow of the whole wall into that of the mucosa plus
      submucosa and that of the muscularis propria, while 11.5-micron spheres may
      measure fractional flow to the submucosa separately. The continued washout of 9
      micron microspheres precludes their use for repeated blood flow measurements.

PMID- 2923189
TI  - Sulfate transport in human lung fibroblasts (IMR-90): effect of pH and anions.
AB  - We previously reported the presence of a carrier-mediated sulfate transport
      system in human lung fibroblasts (IMR-90) (A. Elgavish, J. B. Smith, D. J.
      Pillion, and E. Meezan. J. Cell. Physiol. 125: 243-250, 1985). Kinetic studies
      carried out in the lung fibroblasts show that Cl- inhibits SO4(2-) uptake in a
      competitive manner. Taken together with the fact that high extracellular Cl-
      stimulates SO4(2-) efflux, these results suggest that SO4(2-) uptake into lung
      fibroblasts occurs via a SO4(2-)-Cl- exchange mechanism. Extracellular HCO3-
      inhibits sulfate influx in a competitive manner (pH 7.5) but has no marked effect
      on sulfate efflux. SO4(2-) and HCO3- may therefore have the ability to bind to a
      common extracellular anion binding site, but they do not appear to exchange for
      one another. Lowering extracellular pH has a stimulatory effect on the initial
      rate of sulfate uptake. The pK of the extracellular pH effect is around pH 7.0,
      indicating that small changes in the extracellular pH around the ambient levels
      encountered under physiological conditions will markedly affect sulfate influx
      into the cell. Kinetic studies suggest that lowering extracellular pH increases
      the initial rate of sulfate influx by increasing the affinity of the carrier for
      sulfate twofold. Lowering intracellular pH inhibits the initial rate of sulfate
      influx into the cell. The pK of this intracellular pH effect is also around pH
      7.0, indicating that physiological levels of intracellular protons are necessary
      for the normal activity of the anion exchanger.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2923190
TI  - Rat lung lectin gene expression is regulated developmentally and by
      dexamethasone.
AB  - The cell-agglutinating activity of soluble beta-galactoside-binding proteins
      (lectins) is developmentally regulated in several mammalian organs. Little is
      known of the alterations in gene expression that underlie this developmental
      regulation. Rat lung contains a dimeric beta-galactoside-binding protein that
      exhibits a postnatal peak of hemagglutination activity caused in part by an
      increased rate of lectin synthesis. We now report rat lung lectin mRNA
      concentration increased to a peak at age 6 days; dexamethasone treatment aborted
      this increase. Southern blot analysis is compatible with the presence of more
      than one lectin gene. However, two lines of evidence indicate that we measured a
      single gene product: 1) only one lectin of subunit Mr 14,000 is present in rat
      lung (Biochemistry 27: 692-699, 1988), and 2) in Northern blot analysis of RNA,
      the lectin cDNA hybridized with only one mRNA species. Our present findings,
      taken with prior studies of lectin synthesis, indicate that the postnatal
      increase in lectin synthesis is mediated pretranslationally and by an increased
      efficiency of translation. Dexamethasone treatment impairs the increase of lectin
      mRNA concentration but increases translational efficiency.

PMID- 2923191
TI  - Density-independent isolation of type II pneumocytes after partial pneumonectomy.
AB  - Type II pneumocytes were isolated by immunoglobin G (IgG) panning from the lungs
      of normal rats and the right lung of rats (180-200 g) subjected to left
      pneumonectomy. Cells were studied at 7 (pnx-7) and 15 (pnx-15) days
      postoperative, times during and after, respectively, rapid compensatory growth of
      the right lung. After 24 h of primary culture, pnx-7 cells contained 32% more
      protein per DNA, and incorporated thymidine at a rate 224% greater than cells
      isolated from control rats. Both the protein-to-DNA ratio and thymidine
      incorporation returned to control values in pnx-15 cells. Uptake of exogenous
      spermidine also was increased by 50% in pnx-7 cells at 24 h of primary culture
      and returned to control values in pnx-15 cells. Increased spermidine uptake was
      due to an increase in the maximal velocity (Vmax) of transport from 30.3
      (control) to 45.5 pmol.micrograms DNA-1.h-1 (pnx-7), with no change in the
      apparent Km of 1.32 microM. No change was observed in the relative rates of
      phospholipid or neutral lipid biosynthesis. The increases in thymidine
      incorporation and spermidine uptake were significantly greater than those
      previously observed [Am. J. Physiol. 254 (Cell Physiol. 23): C684-C690, 1988] in
      pnx-7 cells isolated by Percoll gradient sedimentation. These results suggest
      that pnx-7 lungs contain distinct subpopulations of type II pneumocytes, the
      recovery of which is dependent on the cell isolation protocol employed.

PMID- 2923192
TI  - A fluorescent indicator for measuring cytosolic free magnesium.
AB  - The previously developed chelator O-aminophenol-N,N,O-triacetic acid (APTRA) (L.
      A. Levy, E. Murphy, B. Raju, and R. E. London. Biochemistry 27: 4041-4048, 1988)
      has been modified to yield a fluorescent analogue which can be utilized as an
      intracellular probe for ionized Mg2+. The fluorescent analogue, FURAPTRA, with a
      magnesium dissociation constant of 1.5 mM, is structurally analogous to the
      calcium chelator fura-2 and exhibits a similar excitation shift on magnesium
      complexation. Hence, data on the intracellular Mg2+ concentration can be obtained
      using an analogous ratio method. The acetoxymethyl form of the chelator is
      readily loaded into cells and has been used to determine a cytosolic free Mg2+
      concentration of 0.59 mM for isolated rat hepatocytes. As a consequence of the
      relatively high levels of cytosolic Mg2+, the problem of ion buffering is much
      less severe than for the analogous calcium indicators.

PMID- 2923193
TI  - Autoxidation, dehydration, and adhesivity may be related abnormalities of sickle
      erythrocytes.
AB  - The sickle gene has remarkably pleiotropic effects. In an attempt to understand
      the complex pathobiology of sickle disease, we have searched for potential
      relationships between various cellular abnormalities. In the present studies, we
      treated normal erythrocytes (RBCs) with phenazine methosulfate to stimulate
      intracellular generation of superoxide and thereby stimulate the excessive
      autoxidation characteristic of sickle RBCs. In response, RBCs show a dose
      dependent increase in adherence to endothelium, easily achieving the degree of
      abnormal adherence typical of unmanipulated sickle RBCs. This is mediated by
      adverse effects of oxidant on cellular hydration, as evidenced by amelioration of
      abnormal adhesivity if the drug's dehydrating effect is inhibited. Consistent
      with potential relevance of this to sickle pathobiology, the abnormal endothelial
      adherence of sickle RBCs can be worsened or improved by dehydrating or hydrating
      these cells, respectively. These data suggest an intimate relationship between
      three abnormalities of sickle RBCs previously thought to be unrelated
      (autoxidation, dehydration, and adhesivity). Although multiple mechanisms may
      contribute to abnormal cell-cell interactions in sickle disease, the potentiation
      of sickle RBC adhesivity by cellular dehydration may help explain why clinical
      dehydration has been identified as a precipitant of vasocclusive crisis. Insofar
      as abnormal adhesivity participates in the sickle vasocclusive process, these
      data provide further rationale for attempting to manipulate RBC hydration as a
      therapeutic maneuver in this disease.

PMID- 2923194
TI  - Lack of endothelium-dependent relaxation in coronary resistance arteries of
      cholesterol-fed rabbits.
AB  - The endothelium-dependent contractile responses of subepicardial coronary
      resistance arteries (286 +/- 18 microns ID, n = 22) from rabbits fed either a 0.5
      or 2.0% cholesterol-enriched diet or a control diet for 10-12 wk were determined
      under isometric conditions at the optimum length for active force production
      (Lo). After the development of tone with 29 mM K+-Krebs, arteries from control
      rabbits treated with acetylcholine (0.1-10 microM) showed a concentration
      dependent relaxation, with a maximum decrease in tone of 63%. In contrast,
      coronary arteries from animals fed 0.5 and 2.0% cholesterol contracted to
      acetylcholine (approximately 210% increase in tone). A similar phenomenon was
      seen with arteries precontracted with 10 nM 9,11-methanoepoxy-prostaglandin H2 (U
      46,619), a thromboxane A2 mimetic. The contractile responses to acetylcholine
      occurred in arteries in which the endothelium was structurally intact and which
      were devoid of plaque. Arteries from cholesterol-fed animals were poorly
      responsive to ADP (0.01-10.0 microM), whereas arteries from normal animals
      relaxed. All arteries relaxed to an equal degree when exposed to acidified
      nitrite, which produces nitric oxide (NO). The data suggest that as a result of
      hypercholesterolemia, there may be a dysfunction in the synthesis or release of
      endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) by the endothelial cells of coronary
      resistance arteries, rather than an abnormality of the smooth muscle cells per
      se.

PMID- 2923195
TI  - Matrix-derived soluble components influence type II pneumocytes in primary
      culture.
AB  - Type II pulmonary epithelial cells cultured on a plastic surface fail to retain
      differentiated form and function. During the first 3 days in primary culture, the
      cells flatten and lose characteristic lamellar inclusions; they increase in size
      and exhibit accelerated rates of protein synthesis and thymidine incorporation.
      These transitions are inhibited markedly if the cells are plated on matrigel
      (MG), a laminin-rich surface derived from the Englebreth-Holm-Swarm (EHS)
      sarcoma. Soluble components released from matrigel (MGS) mimic some of the
      effects of the solid gel. As on a plastic surface, the cells flatten when exposed
      to MGS during culture. In contrast, MGS inhibits thymidine incorporation and
      protein synthesis; it is most effective when added early in the culture interval.
      Direct contact of the cells with the matrigel surface itself is always more
      effective than maximal MGS activity. The effects of MGS are not reproduced by
      purified laminin or by transforming growth factor-beta, both of which are present
      in matrigel. These results indicate that the effects of the solid matrigel
      surface on cell morphology are caused in part by direct cell-matrix contact but
      that additional effects, such as decreased DNA synthesis, can be mediated by
      activity of solubilized gel components. They further provide a model wherein
      changes in type II cell morphology and function, which typically occur in
      parallel during primary culture, can be separated experimentally.

PMID- 2923196
TI  - Alanine transport systems in isolated basal plasma membrane of human placenta.
AB  - Concentrative transfer of amino acids from mother to fetus is affected by
      transport across both microvillous (maternal-facing) and basal (fetal-facing)
      plasma membranes of the human placental syncytiotrophoblast. Isolated basal
      plasma membrane vesicles were used to elucidate transport systems for neutral
      amino acids across this membrane. The concentration dependence and inhibition of
      zero-trans-alanine uptake were studied and four pathways for alanine uptake were
      defined as follows: 1) a sodium-dependent system shared by methylaminoisobutyric
      acid, which has the characteristics of an A system; 2) a sodium-dependent system
      resistant to inhibition by methylaminoisobutyric acid, which has the
      characteristics of an ASC system; 3) a sodium-independent system which may
      resemble an L system; 4) nonsaturable uptake. The microvillous membrane of the
      syncytiotrophoblast possesses systems similar to 1 and 3, but system 2 is unique
      to the basal plasma membrane. Active and passive transport of amino acids across
      both microvillous and basal plasma membranes may contribute to trophoblast amino
      acid uptake and nutrition and to the transfer of amino acids to the fetus.

PMID- 2923197
TI  - Na+-Ca2+ exchange in cardiac sarcolemma: modulation of Ca2+ affinity by exercise.
AB  - The high activity of the cardiac Na+-Ca2+ exchanger has led to the suggestion
      that it plays an important role in the regulation of myocardial contractility. We
      have proposed that exercise training increases stroke volume as a consequence of
      an enhanced contractility caused by an adaptation in Ca2+ transport across the
      cardiac plasma membrane (sarcolemma). The present study examined the possibility
      that the Na+-Ca2+ exchanger in heart muscle is modified in response to training.
      Sprague-Dawley rats (female, n = 72) were randomly divided into exercise-trained
      (T) and sedentary control (C) groups. As a result of the 11-wk treadmill-training
      paradigm, group T had a 7.6% higher (P less than 0.005) heart-to-body weight
      ratio and a 36% increase (P less than 0.01) in gastrocnemius mitochondrial enzyme
      activity. Na+-Ca2+ exchange was studied in highly purified sarcolemmal vesicles
      using rapid-quenching techniques. The absolute initial rate of uptake was
      significantly higher in T vs. C at calcium concentrations [( Ca2+]) ranging from
      10 to 80 microM. This increased uptake appears to be due solely to the fact that
      the apparent Km of the myocardial Na+-Ca2+ exchanger for Ca2+ was significantly
      lower in T vs. C (15.7 +/- 1.1 vs. 36.1 +/- 2.6 microM), since the maximum
      velocity was unchanged. The observed increase in the affinity of the exchanger
      for Ca2+ is not attributable to group differences in vesicular purity, cross
      contamination, or passive Ca2+ efflux. This observation is consistent with
      observed alterations in sarcolemmal composition in response to exercise training.
      We propose that the modification of the Na+-Ca2+ exchanger may play an important
      role in the adaptation of the heart to exercise.

PMID- 2923198
TI  - Density-dependent hyperpolarization in cultured aortic smooth muscle cells.
AB  - The membrane potential (Em) of cultured aortic smooth muscle cells from Sprague
      Dawley (SD), Wistar-Kyoto (WKY), and spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rats was
      measured in proliferating primary cultures. Em of SD cells in high-density
      cultures was -51 to -58 mV, whereas that of low-density cultures (1-2 days) was 
      30 mV. This difference was due to a continuous process of hyperpolarization
      during proliferation in culture. Em of WKY and SHR hyperpolarized similarly, from
      -12 to -42 and -38 mV, respectively. Hyperpolarization of Em of SD, WKY, and SHR
      cells was related to cell density rather than time in culture. Em may be a
      sensitive and significant indicator of the changes in the differentiated state
      expressed by proliferating smooth muscle in vitro.

PMID- 2923199
TI  - Skeletal muscle growth is stimulated by intermittent stretch-relaxation in tissue
      culture.
AB  - Avian pectoralis muscle cells differentiated in vitro are mechanically stimulated
      by repetitive stretch-relaxation of the cell's substratum using a computerized
      mechanical cell stimulator device. Initiation of mechanical stimulation increases
      the efflux of creatine kinase from the cells during the first 8-10 h of activity,
      but the efflux rate returns to control levels after this time period. Decreased
      total cell protein content accompanies the temporary elevation of creatine kinase
      efflux. With continued mechanical stimulation for 48-72 h, total cell protein
      loss recovers and significantly increases in medium supplemented with serum and
      embryo extract. Myotube diameters increase and cell hyperplasia occurs in the
      stimulated cultures. In basal medium without supplements, mechanical activity
      prevents myotube atrophy but does not lead to cell growth. Mechanically induced
      growth is accompanied by significant increases in protein synthesis rates. The
      increases in protein synthesis and accumulation induced by mechanical stimulation
      are not inhibited by tetrodotoxin but are significantly reduced in basal medium
      without supplements. Mechanically stimulated cell growth is thus dependent on
      medium growth factors but independent of electrical activity.

PMID- 2923200
TI  - Two distinct mechanisms are responsible for single K channel block by internal
      tetraethylammonium ions.
AB  - Tetraethylammonium (TEA) ions blocked the unitary currents through the delayed
      rectifier potassium channels of Drosophila neurons from the cytoplasmic side of
      inside-out membrane patches by two distinct mechanisms. First, TEA attenuated the
      single-channel conductance, probably by producing very rapid block-unblock
      reactions at the inner mouth of the potassium pore. Second, TEA markedly enhanced
      the slow inactivation, making the incidence of channel openings highly nonrandom;
      blank traces with no channel openings during repetitive depolarizations showed a
      significant tendency to be clustered in the presence of TEA. This second action
      accounts for almost half of the reduction of average current produced by 10 mM
      internal TEA.

PMID- 2923201
TI  - Tight monolayers of rat alveolar epithelial cells: bioelectric properties and
      active sodium transport.
AB  - Because the pulmonary alveolar epithelium separates air spaces from a fluid
      filled compartment, it is expected that this barrier would be highly resistant to
      the flow of solutes and water. Investigation of alveolar epithelial resistance
      has been limited due to the complex anatomy of adult mammalian lung. Previous
      efforts to study isolated alveolar epithelium cultured on porous substrata
      yielded leaky monolayers. In this study, alveolar epithelial cells isolated from
      rat lungs and grown on tissue culture-treated Nucleopore filters resulted in
      tight monolayers with transepithelial resistance greater than 2,000 omega.cm2.
      Changes in bioelectric properties of these alveolar epithelial monolayers in
      response to ouabain, amiloride, and terbutaline are consistent with active sodium
      transport across a polarized barrier. 22Na flux measurements under short-circuit
      conditions directly confirm net transepithelial absorption of sodium by alveolar
      epithelial cells in the apical to basolateral direction, comparable to the
      observed short-circuit current (4.37 microA/cm2). The transport properties of
      these tight monolayers may be representative of the characteristics of the
      mammalian alveolar epithelial barrier in vivo.

PMID- 2923202
TI  - Water movement: does thermodynamic interpretation distort reality?
AB  - In a recent theoretical analysis of water flow, Finkelstein (Water Movement
      Through Lipid Bilayers, Pores, and Plasma Membranes: Theory and Reality, 1987)
      has attacked the contributions of irreversible thermodynamics, stating that "the
      thermodynamic treatment of uphill water flow completely distorts reality."
      Instead he presents a mechanistic formulation. For a porous membrane, water flow
      is attributed to convection generated by a favorable hydrostatic pressure
      gradient within pores, even when in the presence of permeant solutes water moves
      against its chemical potential gradient; water flow may "drag", solute, to an
      extent determined by the solute partition coefficient, but the possibility that
      solute flow may drag water is excluded. We argue that this formulation violates
      the second law of thermodynamics. Water cannot move against its chemical
      potential gradient because of the influence of only part of the chemical
      potential gradient. Furthermore, the proposed mechanism requires that at one of
      the membrane-solution interfaces water must move against both its concentration
      gradient and the hydrostatic pressure gradient. Also considered by Finkelstein is
      the nature of the reflection coefficient sigma, a kinetic variable, which he
      concludes can be evaluated (in a porous membrane) by measurement of the
      (equilibrium) solute partition coefficient. We claim that in general it is not
      possible to evaluate a kinetic variable from measurements of equilibrium
      parameters alone. A valid kinetic analysis must incorporate the contribution of
      all coupled flows.

PMID- 2923203
TI  - Water movement: does thermodynamic interpretation distort reality?

PMID- 2923204
TI  - Oxygen consumption after massive sympathetic nervous system discharge.
AB  - We evaluated the possibility that massive, sympathetic nervous system (SNS)
      activation [as may precede the development of neurogenic pulmonary edema (NPE)]
      increases O2 demand. O2 consumption (VO2) and plasma concentrations of the
      calorigenic agents, epinephrine (EPI) and norepinephrine (NE) were measured in
      alpha-chloralose-anesthetized dogs under control conditions and for 3 h after the
      administration of either 1) intracisternal (ic) veratrine to activate the SNS, 2)
      intravenous (iv) veratrine, 3) ic saline, or 4) ic veratrine, after clamping the
      adrenal blood vessels. VO2 increased 31.7 +/- 3.6% (SE), and EPI and NE increased
      to, respectively, 30,853 +/- 8,347 and 8,176 +/- 2,104 pg/ml in the ic veratrine
      group. No increases in VO2 and EPI and attenuated increases in NE were observed
      in the ic veratrine animals with clamped adrenals. No significant increases in
      VO2 or catecholamine concentrations were observed after ic saline or iv veratrine
      administration. These data suggest that the elevated VO2 may have been mediated
      by adrenal catecholamines and that an increased metabolic rate may complicate the
      ability of patients with severe NPE to balance O2 supply with demand.

PMID- 2923205
TI  - Alterations of fasting glucose and fat metabolism in intrauterine growth-retarded
      newborn dogs.
AB  - Maternal nutritional deprivation resulted in reduced fetal weight at term
      gestation (251 +/- 7 vs. 277 +/- 7 g, P less than 0.01) in newborn dogs. Growth
      retarded pups developed lower blood glucose levels after 3, 6, and 9 h of
      neonatal fasting, reduced plasma levels of free fatty acids (FFA) at 9 and 24 h,
      and lower ketone bodies at 24 h compared with age-matched newborn control pups.
      Systemic rates of palmitate and alanine turnover were not affected, but systemic
      glucose turnover was reduced for 3-9 h after birth. The rate of alanine
      incorporation into glucose from 3 to 9 h was also reduced in growth-retarded pups
      compared with timed controls. Paradoxically, the rate of incorporation of
      palmitate into triglycerides was augmented in the smaller growth-retarded pups.
      Hepatic glycogen content was reduced at every time in the study among growth
      retarded pups, whereas the rates of glycogenolysis between birth and 24 h were
      equivalent in the two pup groups. In contrast, hepatic triglyceride levels were
      augmented throughout the study in pups with growth retardation. Maternal
      starvation and lower glucose levels resulted in a lower hepatic energy charge,
      and augmented cytoplasmic and mitochondrial NAD-to-NADH ratios in intrauterine
      growth-retarded pups. These data suggest that intrauterine growth retardation in
      dogs results in fasting neonatal hypoglycemia that is due in part to reduced
      systemic glucose production. We speculate that reduced rates of gluconeogenesis
      from alanine and reduced oxidation of alternate fuels such as FFA contribute to
      hypoglycemia. FFA recycling to triglyceride synthesis rather than oxidative
      pathways may contribute to the observed reduction of circulating glucose levels.

PMID- 2923206
TI  - Reciprocal changes of muscle oxidases and liver enzymes with recovery from iron
      deficiency.
AB  - We determined the recovery time courses of muscle oxidases and liver enzymes
      after iron administration to iron-deficient rats. Female 21-day-old Sprague
      Dawley rats were fed an iron-deficient (3 mg Fe/kg) or a control (50 mg Fe/kg)
      diet for 3 wk. The deficient rats were then injected with 50 mg Fe as iron
      dextran/kg body wt (Fe-T) or saline (Fe-) intraperitoneally. At 16, 40, 64, 112,
      and 180 h after injection, blood and tissue samples were taken to determine
      hemoglobin concentration (Hb), gastrocnemius glycolytic enzyme and oxidase
      activities, and liver amino acid catabolic enzyme activities. No changes were
      observed in any parameter across time in either the Fe- or control (Fe+) rats. In
      the Fe- rats, Hb, pyruvate + malate (P + M), 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG), and succinate
      oxidases (SO) were depressed to 33, 36, 44, and 7% of Fe+, respectively (P less
      than 0.05). At 16 h, Fe-T values were significantly elevated compared with Fe-
      rats but still only 40, 48, 55 and 10% of controls, respectively. Glutamate
      dehydrogenase (GDH) and alanine aminotransferase (AAT) of Fe- rats were 174 and
      134% of control values (P less than 0.05). By the 180-h time point, Hb, P + M, 2
      OG, and SO of Fe-T rats increased to 99, 84, 89, and 43% of Fe+ values, whereas
      GDH and AAT activities declined to 111 and 106% of controls. Glycolytic enzymes
      showed no systematic changes with iron deficiency or after iron
      administration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2923208
TI  - Effect of sepsis on activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in skeletal muscle
      and liver.

PMID- 2923207
TI  - Developmental changes in adrenergic regulation of fetal arginine vasopressin
      secretion.
AB  - Fetal adaptation to the extrauterine environment is associated with profound
      alterations in pulmonary, renal, and cardiovascular functions. Coincident with
      these changes are a variety of endocrine responses including concomitant
      increases in plasma catecholamine and arginine vasopressin (AVP) levels. In view
      of the demonstrated interaction between the sympathoadrenal system and the
      neurohypophysis in adult mammals, we questioned whether increases in plasma
      catecholamine levels in the fetus affect fetal plasma AVP levels and whether
      catecholamine-AVP interactions change developmentally. Chronically catheterized
      fetal lambs at either 131 +/- 1 (preterm) or 142 +/- 1 days (term) received
      graded infusions of either epinephrine (E) or norepinephrine (NE) at rates of
      0.04, 0.2, 0.75, 1.5, and 3.0 micrograms.min-1.kg-1 during successive 40-min
      infusion periods. Plasma AVP concentrations in term animals significantly
      increased (1.4 +/- 0.1 to 5.1 +/- 1.6 pg AVP/ml) in response to E infusion of
      0.75 microgram.min-1.kg-1 or greater. The log-linear dose response curves for
      each animal were used to determine the minimum plasma E concentration required to
      stimulate AVP secretion or "threshold." The mean plasma E threshold for AVP
      secretion was significantly lower in term animals (1.4 +/- 0.4 ng/ml) than in
      preterm animals (6.6 +/- 0.9 ng/ml). Plasma E levels were positively correlated
      with plasma AVP levels (r = 0.90) above the threshold value in both groups.
      Changes in plasma AVP levels were observed in preterm or term animals in response
      to NE only at the highest infusion rate studied.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2923209
TI  - Effects of ethanol on amino acid transport in basolateral liver plasma membrane
      vesicles.
AB  - Ethanol has been reported to inhibit hepatocellular processes such as
      gluconeogenesis and protein synthesis that depend, in part, on amino acid uptake.
      Since previous studies in cultured hepatocytes indicate that ethanol may have a
      direct and selective inhibitory effect on amino acid transport, the effects of
      ethanol on amino acid uptake into basolateral (sinusoidal) rat liver plasma
      membrane (blLPM) vesicles were examined. Uptake of [3H]alanine, [3H]leucine, and
      [35S]cysteine was measured by a rapid Millipore filtration technique in the
      presence of inwardly directed Na+ and K+ gradients and under tetramethylammonium
      (TMA+)- and Na+-equilibrated conditions. Ethanol preincubation produced a
      concentration-dependent inhibition of Na+-dependent alanine and cysteine uptake;
      no effect was observed on either Na+-independent alanine and cysteine uptake or
      Na+-independent leucine transport. Ethanol had no effect on L-alanine transport
      under Na+-equilibrated conditions; however, initial rates of 22Na flux were
      enhanced in the presence of ethanol. On the basis of differences in 2
      (methylamino)isobutyrate and L-cysteine sensitivity, ethanol inhibition of Na+
      dependent alanine transport in blLPM vesicles largely but not exclusively
      corresponded to the hormone-responsive system A for amino acid transport
      described in isolated hepatocytes. Kinetic analysis showed that ethanol treatment
      resulted in an alteration in the apparent maximum velocity of reaction (Vmax) of
      Na+-dependent alanine transport without affecting the apparent Km for alanine.
      The inhibitory effects of ethanol on the time course of Na+-dependent alanine
      uptake were reversible.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2923210
TI  - Electrophysiological evidence for Na+-coupled bicarbonate transport in cultured
      rat hepatocytes.
AB  - Recent observations suggest that hepatocytes exhibit basolateral electrogenic Na+
      coupled HCO3- transport. In these studies, we have further investigated this
      transport mechanism in primary culture of rat hepatocytes using intracellular
      microelectrodes to measure membrane potential difference (PD) and the pH
      sensitive fluorochrome 2',7'-bis(carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein to measure
      intracellular pH (pHi). In balanced media containing 25 mM HCO3-, PD averaged 
      32.1 +/- 0.6 (SE) mV and pHi averaged 7.22 +/- 0.03. PD became more negative
      (hyperpolarized) when extracellular [HCO3-] was increased and less negative
      (depolarized) when extracellular HCO3- was decreased. Acute replacement of
      extracellular Na+ by choline also resulted in membrane depolarization of 18.0 +/-
      1.6 mV, suggesting net transfer of negative charge. This decrease in PD upon Na+
      removal was HCO3- -dependent, amiloride insensitive, and inhibited by the
      disulfonic stilbene 4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid
      (SITS). PD also decreased upon acute exposure to SITS. The degree of
      depolarization seen with removal of Na+ or HCO3- correlated directly with resting
      PD (r = 0.81 and 0.95, respectively), suggesting a voltage-dependent mechanism.
      Removal of extracellular Na+ also decreased pHi to 7.06 +/- 0.02, and this
      acidification was decreased in the absence of HCO3- or in the presence of SITS or
      amiloride. These studies provide direct evidence for electrogenic Na+-coupled
      HCO3- transport in rat hepatocytes. Further, they suggest that it represents a
      major pathway for conductive movement of Na+ across the membrane and that it
      contributes, along with Na+-H+ exchange, to the intracellular acidification
      observed upon removal of extracellular Na+.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2923211
TI  - Brush-border inositol transport by intestines of carnivorous and herbivorous
      teleosts.
AB  - Transport characteristics of myoinositol by isolated brush-border membrane
      vesicles of two fish, the herbivorous tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) and the
      carnivorous eel (Anguilla anguilla), were measured. [3H]myoinositol uptake by
      vesicles of both fish was stimulated by a transmembrane Na gradient, was
      electrogenic, and was inhibited by phloridzin. Kinetic analysis of myoinositol
      influx disclosed species differences (tilapia, K = 0.15 mM, Jmax = 0.2 nmol.mg
      protein-1.min-1; eel, K = 2.6 mM, Jmax = 0.8 nmol.mg protein-1.min-1). D-glucose
      inhibition of myoinositol influx was shown to be noncompetitive. Additional
      inhibition studies with a range of sugars demonstrated that aldohexoses in the C
      1 chair conformation were preferred substrates. Myoinositol had no effect on D
      glucose transport. Preloading vesicles with myoinositol transstimulated
      [3H]myoinositol uptake, while the use of internal D-glucose was without effect.
      These results suggest that the intestinal brush border may have a pathway for
      myoinositol transport entirely separate from that for D-glucose but inhibited by
      D-glucose via binding to a regulator site on the myoinositol transporter.
      Markedly dissimilar influx kinetic constants suggest possible differences in
      myoinositol needs by carnivorous and herbivorous fish.

PMID- 2923212
TI  - Basolateral inositol transport by intestines of carnivorous and herbivorous
      teleosts.
AB  - Myoinositol transport by isolated basolateral membrane vesicles was characterized
      from intestines of the herbivorous tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) and the
      carnivorous eel (Anguilla anguilla). [3H]myoinositol transport occurred by
      nonelectrogenic, facilitated diffusion independent of cation gradients and was
      inhibited by phloretin (Ki = 0.6 and 0.9 mM for tilapia and eel, respectively)
      but not by phloridzin. Kinetic analysis of myoinositol influx disclosed no
      differences in concentration yielding half-maximal influx or maximum influx
      between these species. D-Glucose inhibition of myoinositol influx was shown to be
      noncompetitive. Additional inhibition studies with a range of sugars demonstrated
      that aldohexoses in the C-1 chair conformation were preferred substrates.
      Myoinositol had no inhibitory effect on D-glucose transport. Preloading vesicles
      with myoinositol transstimulated [3H]myoinositol uptake, while the use of
      internal D-glucose was without effect. These basolateral data support the
      contention that epithelial myoinositol carriers are separate from D-hexose
      transport systems present on the same membrane but are modulated by hexose
      binding to a regulator site on the myoinositol transporter. Furthermore, the
      comparison of two fish species suggests that genetic dietary transport adaptation
      occurs on the brush-border membrane, while no such adaptation is present at the
      epithelial basolateral pole.

PMID- 2923214
TI  - Changes in hepatic blood volume on galactose and indocyanine green uptake by cat
      liver.
AB  - The liver has important functions as a blood volume reserve and in uptake and
      metabolism of many substrates. This study examines whether changes in hepatic
      blood volume modify the uptakes of model substrates galactose and indocyanine
      green (ICG) in cats anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium. A hepatic venous long
      circuit technique with an extracorporeal reservoir was used to control hepatic
      flow and venous pressure and to allow repeated sampling of arterial, portal, and
      hepatic venous blood without depletion of the cat's blood volume. Hepatic blood
      volume was measured by plethysmography. Galactose and ICG were infused
      intravenously at constant rates for 200 min in each of three series of
      experiments. The first series were time controls. In the second series, hepatic
      blood volume was increased by raising hepatic venous pressure. In the third
      series hepatic blood volume was decreased by hepatic nerve stimulation and
      infusions of norepinephrine and angiotensin. Hepatic congestion resulted in small
      increases in blood galactose levels, suggesting mild impairment of hepatic
      galactose metabolism. Decreases in liver blood volume did not modify hepatic
      galactose metabolism. Increases in hepatic blood volume facilitated while
      decreases inhibited ICG uptake, but the effects were small. Sinusoidal velocity
      and transit time have minor effects on uptake even for protein-bound substrates.
      In summary, large changes in hepatic blood volume had minor effects on galactose
      and ICG blood concentrations, suggesting that the metabolic functions of the
      liver are essentially independent of the blood reservoir function.

PMID- 2923213
TI  - Identification and characterization of a pancreatic intrinsic factor in the dog.
AB  - An intrinsic factor has been identified in the canine pancreas, and output and
      properties of this protein have been compared with those of gastric intrinsic
      factor in the dog. Mean concentrations of intrinsic factor and peak outputs per
      minute were approximately 5- to 10-fold higher in pure pancreatic juice after
      stimulation with secretin and cholecystokinin, respectively, than in pentagastrin
      stimulated gastric juice. Purified gastric and pancreatic intrinsic factors had
      an identical molecular mass of 65 kDa, estimated by gel filtration on Sephacryl S
      200, while sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis demonstrated
      single bands corresponding to 53 kDa. Immunoblots showed that rabbit polyclonal
      antiserum to canine gastric intrinsic factor cross-reacted with canine pancreatic
      intrinsic factor. Gastric and pancreatic intrinsic factor-cyano[57Co]cobalamin
      complexes exhibited comparable association constants for ileal receptors in
      canine brush-border vesicles, while there was minimal binding to jejunal
      vesicles. These findings demonstrate that the canine pancreas is an important
      source of an intrinsic factor that closely resembles gastric intrinsic factor in
      the dog.

PMID- 2923216
TI  - Migrating myoelectric complex demonstrated in four avian species.
AB  - The migrating myoelectric complex (MMC) is demonstrated in four avian species:
      three gallinaceous birds (Gallus, Phasianus, Coturnix) and an owl (Strix). The
      complex in birds is strikingly similar to the MMC that is known in mammalian
      species. It has the same basic pattern of quiescence, followed by a period of
      irregular spike activity, then a period of intense regular spike activity, and
      finally a return to quiescence. The frequency and duration of avian MMCs are
      similar to those of mammals, but the propagation velocity and slow-wave frequency
      are slower. Granivorous birds (Gallus, Phasianus) and carnivores (Strix) exhibit
      the same basic motility patterns whether in the fed or fasted states.
      Interspecific differences occur, however, in the details of frequency,
      propagation velocity, duration, and slow-wave frequency. The closely related
      galliforms (chickens, pheasants) are more similar to each other in MMC
      characteristics than either is to the more distantly related owls.

PMID- 2923215
TI  - Different mechanisms of contraction generation in circular muscle of canine
      colon.
AB  - Smooth muscle cells from the circular muscle layer of the dog colon showed a
      mechanical threshold of -44 mV. No gradient in mechanical threshold was measured
      between the cells from the submucosal and myenteric plexus surface. The threshold
      was passed during the upstroke and the plateau phase of the spontaneous slow-wave
      activity from cells at the submucosal surface and by spike potentials occurring
      mainly in cells at the myenteric plexus surface and sporadically in cells at the
      submucosal surface. Carbachol-induced specific changes in electrical and
      mechanical activities that were inhibited by calcium influx blockade are as
      follows: 1) increase in slow-wave duration; 2) decrease in plateau potential; 3)
      enhancement of spiking activity; and 4) increase in contractility. This indicates
      that calcium influx is significantly increased in the presence of carbachol in
      cells at both surfaces of the circular muscle layer. The increase in calcium
      influx could be the result of a direct action by carbachol on the calcium
      conductance and/or could be mediated by a decrease in outward current. The latter
      is suggested by the carbachol-induced membrane depolarization associated with an
      increase in the input resistance, which were both methoxyverapamil insensitive.
      The results show that an excitatory stimulus can generate contraction of the
      circular muscle through different electrophysiological activities. In addition,
      the patterns of spontaneous electrical activity and the different responses to
      carbachol stimulation provide further information about the heterogeneous nature
      of the electrical activities within the colonic circular muscle layer.

PMID- 2923218
TI  - D-glucose and L-leucine transport by human intestinal brush-border membrane
      vesicles.
AB  - This study utilized intestinal brush-border membrane vesicles obtained from organ
      donor intestine to characterize the absorption of D-glucose and L-leucine in the
      human intestine. Both D-glucose and L-leucine were taken up by sodium gradient
      dependent active transport along the entire length of the small intestine. The
      relative magnitude of transport for both substrates under sodium gradient
      conditions followed the order distal jejunum greater than proximal jejunum
      greater than distal ileum. The number of carrier systems in these brush-border
      membrane vesicles was estimated by Eadie-Hofstee plot analysis. This analysis
      revealed that L-leucine was actively transported via a single high-affinity
      transport system for the length of the human small intestine. In contrast, the
      transport of D-glucose occurred via a high-affinity system along the length of
      the intestine and via a low-affinity, high-flux transport system that was limited
      to the proximal intestine. Both glucose transport systems were sodium dependent
      and phlorizin sensitive. The locations and apparent kinetic parameters of these
      transport systems indicated that these systems function efficiently in vivo as
      important mechanisms for carbohydrate and protein assimilation in humans. The
      presence of these active transport systems along the entire small intestine
      explains the formidable capacity for carbohydrate and protein assimilation in
      humans.

PMID- 2923217
TI  - Effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 on enterocyte basolateral membrane Ca transport in rats.
AB  - One, twenty-five dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3], commonly known as calcitriol,
      stimulates intestinal Ca absorption through increased activity of a cellular
      transport process. To determine whether transcellular Ca transport involves
      energy-dependent Ca efflux across enterocyte plasma membrane in vitamin D
      sufficient rats, in vitro bidirectional Ca fluxes were measured under short
      circuited conditions across proximal duodenum from rats fed diets adequate in
      vitamin D and containing a normal Ca diet (NCD), a low Ca diet (LCD), or fed NCD
      and injected with 50 ng of 1,25(OH)2D3 daily for 4 days before study. LCD or
      1,25(OH)2D3 increased Ca net flux [Jnet, mucosal-to-serosal flux minus the
      serosal-to-mucosal flux] by increasing Ca mucosal-to-serosal flux (Jm----s) (mean
      +/- SE, NCD vs. LCD vs. 1,25(OH)2D3, 16 +/- 4 vs. 179 +/- 18 vs. 82 +/- 21
      nmol.cm-2. h-1, P less than 0.0001). Initial ATP-dependent Ca uptake rates by
      duodenal basolateral membrane vesicles (BLMV) was greater in vesicles from rats
      fed NCD compared with LCD and not different from NCD injected with 1,25(OH)2D3.
      These studies suggest that in vitamin D-replete animals, 1,25(OH)2D3 increases
      epithelial Ca Jm----s by mechanisms that do not involve ATP-dependent BLM Ca
      efflux. ATP-dependent Ca exit from the cell under these conditions may play a
      role in intracellular Ca homeostasis rather than Ca absorption.

PMID- 2923219
TI  - Effect of dietary K+ and 75% nephrectomy on the morphology of principal cells in
      CCDs.
AB  - This investigation was carried out to determine the effect of potassium on the
      amplification of the basolateral membrane of principal cells in cortical
      collecting ducts (CCDs), which normally occurs after a large reduction of renal
      mass. Rats that underwent a 75% reduction of renal mass and were fed a diet
      deficient in potassium for 10 days after surgery had a lower concentration of
      potassium in the blood and excreted less potassium in the urine than either
      corresponding sham-operated (SO) rats or 75% nephrectomized (NPX) rats fed a
      normal-potassium diet. In the NPX rats fed the diet deficient in potassium, there
      was a marked inhibitory effect on the amplification of the basolateral membrane,
      which normally occurs in principal cells of CCDs after renal mass has been
      greatly reduced. In fact the surface density of the basolateral membrane, as well
      as the size of the principal cells in the animals fed the diet deficient in
      potassium were the same as those of principal cells in the SO rats fed the normal
      potassium diet. Thus the present data show that the increase in cell size and the
      amplification of the basolateral membrane that occurs in principal cells after a
      75% reduction of renal mass is inhibited by factors associated with potassium
      depletion.

PMID- 2923220
TI  - Volume and ion transport by fetal rat alveolar and tracheal epithelia in
      submersion culture.
AB  - The complex architecture of the mammalian lung has hindered measurements of
      permeability of and transport by the intact alveolar epithelium. We compared
      properties of fetal rat alveolar buds and tracheas in submersion culture by
      microelectrode and micropuncture techniques. Both alveolar buds and tracheas form
      cysts that accumulate liquid for up to 3 wk in culture. The transepithelial
      electric potential difference (PD) of alveolar buds and tracheas (lumen negative,
      1.2-3.5 and 8-21 mV, respectively) was abolished by metabolic inhibitors or
      ouabain in the bath. Despite the difference in PDs, both epithelial regions,
      after 1 or 2 wk in culture, exhibited the following. 1) Cl- activities and
      concentrations in luminal liquid were 13 and 34% higher than the bathing medium;
      Na+ and K+ concentrations were not different. 2) Bumetanide inhibited PD by 70%,
      whereas terbutaline increased PD by 45%. 3) Amiloride injected into the cyst
      lumen induced a 20% decrease in the PD of 1-wk explants but did not affect 2-wk
      preparations. Replacement of bath Na+ by choline decreased the PD of tracheas by
      85% but did not change alveolar PD in the presence or absence of bumetanide. The
      pattern of cyst liquid composition and PD responses to drugs suggests that fetal
      rat alveolar and tracheal epithelia secrete Cl-, which drives volume flow.

PMID- 2923221
TI  - Interaction between loop of Henle flow and arterial pressure as determinants of
      glomerular pressure.
AB  - Experiments were performed in anesthetized rats to study the relationship between
      loop of Henle perfusion rate, arterial pressure, and stop-flow pressure (SFP) as
      an index of glomerular capillary pressure. In one set of experiments we measured
      the SFP feedback response to changes in loop perfusion at three levels of
      arterial pressure. The maximum SFP response fell significantly from 13.1 +/- 1.44
      to 8.14 +/- 1.72 and 3.13 +/- 0.76 mmHg when arterial pressure was reduced from
      118.1 +/- 1.27 to 98.8 +/- 0.51 and 78.8 +/- 1.72 mmHg. In other experiments
      arterial pressure was altered while loop perfusion rate was fixed at one of three
      levels. Without loop perfusion SFP changed with a slope of 0.27 +/- 0.04
      mmHg/mmHg in the arterial pressure range between 80 and 130 mmHg. During
      perfusion at the flow rate at which response is half maximum, the slope was
      significantly reduced to 0.12 +/- 0.04. During perfusion at 45 nl/min, it was
      0.03 +/- 0.05, a value not significantly different from zero. During dopamine
      administration (70 micrograms/kg min) SFP was pressure-dependent even during loop
      perfusion at 45 nl/min. These results show that arterial pressure determines TGF
      responsiveness and that the TGF signal determines the range of a regulatory input
      that is directly dependent on arterial pressure.

PMID- 2923222
TI  - Ketoacid production in acute respiratory and metabolic acidosis and alkalosis in
      rats.
AB  - Metabolic acidosis inhibits and alkalosis enhances ketoacid production in ketotic
      humans and animals. To compare these effects with those of superimposed
      respiratory acid-base disturbances, ketone output was evaluated in awake ketotic
      rats during metabolic (intravenous infusions of HCl or NaHCO3) or respiratory
      (hyper or hypocapnia) disorders. With decreases in blood pH of 0.1-0.2 units over
      3 h, blood ketone concentrations significantly decreased an average of 1.9 mM
      (metabolic) and 1.1 mM (respiratory) and urinary ketone excretion rates
      significantly decreased by 1.3 mumol/min (metabolic). With increases in systemic
      pH, blood ketone concentrations and urinary ketone excretion rates were
      significantly increased. Changes in blood pH correlated with changes in urinary
      ketone excretion rates in both metabolic (r = 0.87) and respiratory (r = 0.67)
      acid-base disturbances. The alterations occurred promptly and were rapidly
      reversible. These findings indicate that modest changes in systemic pH from
      metabolic or respiratory acid-base disturbances modify net ketoacid production in
      ketotic rats, confirm pH control of endogenous acid output as an acid-base
      regulator, and show that systemic pH, not bicarbonate concentration, mediates the
      process.

PMID- 2923223
TI  - Pathogenetic mechanisms in experimental hemoglobinuric acute renal failure.
AB  - To evaluate mechanisms in hemoglobinuric acute renal failure (ARF) rats were
      infused with hemoglobin under aciduric or alkalinuric conditions. Aciduric rats
      developed azotemia, distal heme casts, and proximal tubular cell (PTC) necrosis,
      whereas alkalinuric rats developed no renal damage. Aciduria converted hemoglobin
      to met-hemoglobin, which precipitated, forming distal casts and inducing ARF.
      Hematin formation was not observed. The importance of met-hemoglobin production
      was indicated by its greater toxicity than hemoglobin during aciduria and by its
      ability to induce ARF even under alkalinuric conditions. A link between
      obstructing casts and PTC necrosis was identified; tubular obstruction induced by
      various mechanisms (met-hemoglobin casts; ureteral ligation; ischemic ARF)
      increased PTC hemoglobin uptake, producing lysosomal overload (giant
      endolysosomes) and PTC necrosis. This worsened ischemic ARF despite an otherwise
      subtoxic hemoglobin dose being used that had no discernible acute renal
      vasoconstrictive effect. Iron chelation (deferoxamine)/hydroxyl radical scavenger
      (Na benzoate) therapy did not mitigate this exacerbation of ischemic injury,
      suggesting a nonoxidant mechanism. We conclude that H is nephrotoxic,
      particularly when intratubular obstruction facilitates PTC heme uptake. Thus
      aciduria-induced met-hemoglobin cast formation and concomitant ischemic renal
      injury predispose to its nephrotoxic effect.

PMID- 2923224
TI  - Inner medullary blood flow in postischemic acute renal failure in the rat.
AB  - To study the effect of renal ischemia on the circulation in the inner medulla,
      blood flow in descending and ascending vasa recta was determined by fluorescence
      videomicroscopy in the exposed papilla of the uninephrectomized rat after
      clamping of the renal artery for 45 min. Total renal blood flow was determined in
      parallel studies with an electromagnetic flowmeter. Animals were studied 90 min
      (group 1E) and 24 h (group 2E) after right nephrectomy and release of the left
      renal artery clamp. Control rats were studied 90 min (group 1C) and 24 h (group
      2C) after right nephrectomy alone. In groups 1E and 2E, total renal blood flow
      was reduced to 70 and 80% of that in their respective controls; renal vascular
      resistance increased by 50 and 73%, respectively. In striking contrast, blood
      flow was markedly elevated in descending and ascending vasa recta in groups 1E
      and 2E compared with the values in their respective uninephrectomized controls.
      These results indicate that the circulation in the inner medulla is rapidly
      restored after 45 min of total renal ischemia and that vasa recta blood flow
      rises above normal after 90 min and 24 h, despite a reduction in total renal
      blood flow and an increase in renal vascular resistance.

PMID- 2923225
TI  - Amiloride transport in rabbit renal brush-border membrane vesicles.
AB  - Rabbit renal brush-border membrane vesicles (BBMV) were used to study amiloride
      transport across the luminal membrane of proximal tubular cells. An outwardly
      directed H+ gradient (pHi 6.0; pHo 7.5) stimulated 8 microM [14C]-amiloride
      uptake into BBMV and supported a transient "active" accumulation of substrate
      consistent with the presence of an amiloride-H+ exchange process. Uptake was
      inhibited, in the presence or absence of a pH gradient, by 1 mM unlabeled
      amiloride or 20 mM tetraethylammonium (TEA). Amiloride transport was not directly
      affected by the presence of 100 mM Na+ in the extravesicular medium, suggesting
      that Na-H exchange did not mediate amiloride flux. Amiloride transport was a
      saturable process with a maximal flux (under pH gradient conditions) of 3 nmol.mg
      1.min-1 and an apparent Kt of 8 microM. TEA acted as a competitive inhibitor of
      this process with an apparent Ki of approximately 80 microM, similar to the Kt of
      TEA transport via the TEA-H+ exchanger. Likewise, amiloride acted as a
      competitive inhibitor of TEA uptake with an apparent Ki of approximately 11
      microM. Preloading BBMV with 1-2 mM TEA stimulated the rate of amiloride uptake
      and supported a transient active accumulation of amiloride. We conclude that
      amiloride and TEA are transported by a common pathway in BBMV, which involves a
      carrier-mediated exchange with H+ and which may play a role in the tubular
      secretion of these compounds.

PMID- 2923226
TI  - Voltage dependence and barium sensitivity of colonic K secretion in renal
      failure.
AB  - Net colonic K secretion (JKnet) is increased in rats and humans with chronic
      renal failure (CRF). To study whether transepithelial potential difference (PD),
      active transport forces and/or luminal K conductance play a role in this
      adaptation, experiments were performed in the colon of control, K-adapted, and
      CRF rats. Under basal conditions the PD in vivo in CRF was greater than in
      controls and not different from K-adapted rats. JKnet was comparable in vivo in
      CRF and K-adapted rats and was greater than in controls. Amiloride (10 microM)
      reduced PD and JKnet in K-adapted and CRF rats to levels comparable to controls.
      Under in vitro short-circuited conditions serosal-to-mucosal K flux (JKs----m) in
      distal colon was significantly increased in K-adapted and CRF animals compared
      with control, whereas barium caused a significant reduction in JKs----m in all
      groups of animals. The barium-sensitive component of K secretion was greater,
      however, in the two experimental groups (-0.2 +/- 0.02 and -0.2 +/- 0.07 in K
      adapted and CRF animals, respectively, vs. -0.08 +/- 0.02 microeq.h-1.cm-2 in
      controls, P less than 0.05). However, luminal barium failed to completely inhibit
      the increase in K secretion observed in the experimental groups. These data
      suggest that an increase in PD that results in a rise in luminal negativity,
      stimulation of active transport, and an increase in barium-sensitive K channels
      and barium-insensitive pathways in apical membrane of distal colon participate in
      the mechanism by which net K secretion is increased in the large intestine of
      subjects with CRF.

PMID- 2923227
TI  - Effect of inosine on pial arterioles: potentiation of adenosine-induced
      vasodilation.
AB  - We examined the cerebral vasoactivity of inosine and its effect on pial
      arteriolar vasodilation induced by adenosine. Pial circulation was observed
      through cranial windows implanted in rats anesthetized with halothane. No
      significant change in venous or arteriolar diameter was apparent when inosine
      (10(-6) to 10(-3) M) was superfused. In contrast, adenosine in concentrations of
      10(-7) and 10(-6) M dilated pial arterioles by 9.0 +/- 1.2 and 17.7 +/- 1.7%,
      respectively. Addition of 10(-5) M inosine had no effect, whereas 10(-4) M
      inosine enhanced the vasodilation induced by 10(-7) M adenosine to 19.4 +/- 1.7%
      and that by 10(-6) M adenosine to 23.3 +/- 2.3%. When theophylline (5 X 10(-5) M)
      was perfused together with 10(-7) M adenosine and 10(-4) M inosine, the
      vasodilation was almost completely abolished. The present study indicates that
      inosine alone does not affect pial vessel diameter but potentiates the response
      of pial arterioles to exogenous adenosine. This potentiating action of inosine
      may be attributed to an increase in perivascular adenosine and may be explained
      by the action of inosine as an adenosine uptake inhibitor.

PMID- 2923228
TI  - Adrenergic control of intrarenal arteries of rabbits.
AB  - A comparative study of the adrenergic control of two sequential rabbit intrarenal
      arteries of differing diameter [intrarenal branch artery (IRBA)-unstretched lumen
      diameter (ULD) approximately 300 microns and interlobar artery (ILA)-ULD
      approximately 250 microns] has been conducted. The neurogenic contractile
      response of isolated segments in relation to the maximum response to l
      norepinephrine (NE) was minimal (8 Hz response approximately 30% of maximum
      contraction) and similar in both types of arteries. Phentolamine (PTA) (10(-6) M)
      blocked neurally evoked contractions of the IRBAs at 2, 4, and 8 Hz and of the
      ILAs at 2 and 4 Hz. (8 Hz responses were not entirely blocked in 3 out of 8
      ILAs.) The sensitivity to exogenous NE decreased with a decrease in intrarenal
      vessel diameter, whereas the maximum active smooth muscle cell stress to NE was
      greater than 3 X 10(5) N/m2 for each vessel. All arterial segments constricted in
      response to histamine (H) and NE with equal maximal effects; however, sensitivity
      to H was greater in the smaller artery (ILA). The comparative contractile
      responses to nerve stimulation and exogenous NE in sequential renal arteries
      contrasts to the pattern of these responses in sequential arteries in any other
      rabbit regional bed previously studied (pulmonary and ear vasculature).

PMID- 2923229
TI  - Responses to acute hypoxemia in fetal sheep at 0.6-0.7 gestation.
AB  - A majority of previous studies of fetal responses to acute hypoxemia has focused
      on the response of the sheep fetus greater than 120 days of gestation when many
      regulatory systems have been established. To assess the response of younger, less
      well-developed fetuses, we exposed two groups of fetal sheep (I, 84-91 days; II,
      97-99 days gestational age) to acute hypoxemia by giving the ewe a gas mixture
      containing 9% O2 to breathe. We decreased descending aortic PO2 in both groups of
      fetuses [I, 24 +/- 6 to 14 +/- 3 (SD) Torr; II, 23 +/- 3 to 12 +/- 4 Torr] by a
      degree similar to that achieved in previous studies of fetuses greater than 120
      days of gestation. Mean arterial blood pressure (I, 31 +/- 6; II, 40 +/- 3 Torr)
      did not change significantly from control values, and heart rate (I, 224 +/- 27;
      II, 203 +/- 16 beats/min) increased significantly in group II fetuses with
      hypoxemia. In group I and II fetuses, as in older fetuses, cerebral, myocardial,
      and adrenal blood flows, measured by the microsphere technique, increased, and
      pulmonary blood flow decreased. These responses mature early and are likely local
      vascular responses to decreases in oxygen content. Combined ventricular output
      and umbilical-placental blood flow decreased significantly in both groups. Unlike
      the response of the fetus greater than 120 days, acute hypoxemia did not decrease
      blood flow to the musculoskeletal and cutaneous circulations (group I only),
      gastrointestinal, or renal circulations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2923230
TI  - Impairment of endothelium-dependent dilatation of cerebral arterioles during
      diabetes mellitus.
AB  - The goal of this study was to determine whether responses of cerebral arterioles
      to vasoactive substances released by platelets are altered during diabetes
      mellitus. To induce diabetes, rats were injected with streptozotocin (50-60 mg/kg
      ip). Rats were characterized as diabetic by a blood glucose of greater than 300
      mg/dl. Diameter of pial arterioles was measured during superfusion with ADP,
      serotonin, and the thromboxane analogue (U-46619), with the use of intravital
      microscopy in control (non-diabetic) and diabetic rats. ADP (10(-5)M) increased
      pial arteriolar diameter by 13 +/- 1% (mean +/- SE) in control rats and did not
      change diameter of arterioles in diabetic rats (1 +/- 1%). Serotonin (10(-5)M)
      increased diameter of cerebral arterioles by 9 +/- 1% in control rats and
      constricted arterioles by 5 +/- 2% in diabetic rats. Nitroglycerin produced
      similar dilatation of cerebral arterioles in control and diabetic rats,
      suggesting that impaired dilatation of cerebral arterioles in diabetic rats was
      not related to nonspecific impairment of vasodilatation. The thromboxane analogue
      U-46619 produced similar constriction of cerebral arterioles in control and
      diabetic rats. Thus endothelium-dependent dilatation of cerebral arterioles in
      response to ADP and serotonin is profoundly impaired in diabetic rats.

PMID- 2923231
TI  - Length-tension relationship of vascular smooth muscle in single arterioles.
AB  - Longitudinal response gradients in the microcirculation may in part be explained
      in terms of the length-tension relationship of vascular smooth muscle at
      different points along the vascular tree. To test this hypothesis, four branching
      orders of arterial vessels (20-80 microns ID) were dissected from the hamster
      cheek pouch and cannulated with concentric micropipettes. Intraluminal pressure
      was monitored with a servo-null micropipette, and arteriolar dimensions were
      measured using a videomicrometer. All arterioles developed spontaneous tone in
      physiological saline solution. Pressure-diameter curves were recorded for
      maximally activated vessels and for passive vessels. Maximal active wall tension
      varied nearly threefold, but maximal active medial wall stress (approximately 4 x
      10(6) dyn/cm2) varied only approximately 20% between the different vessel orders.
      These data support the concept that smooth muscle cells from vessels of different
      sizes are mechanically similar but do not completely explain the longitudinal
      response gradients reported in the cheek pouch microcirculation. An analysis of
      the effect of arteriolar wall buckling suggests that the luminal folds that
      develop at short vessel radii may broaden the peak of the active stress-length
      curve and extend the pressure range over which arterioles are most sensitive to
      physical and chemical stimuli.

PMID- 2923233
TI  - Effect of myocardial ischemia on hemodynamic response to carotid occlusion.
AB  - Fourteen mongrel dogs were anesthetized and instrumented to measure arterial
      pressure (AP), left ventricular pressure (LVP), aortic blood flow, and heart rate
      (HR). Hydraulic occluders were placed around the left anterior descending (LAD, n
      = 9) and left circumflex (LCC, n = 14) coronary arteries. A bilateral carotid
      occlusion (BCO) was made before and during either anterior (LAD occlusion) or
      posterior (LCC occlusion) ischemia. Posterior ischemia significantly (P less than
      0.01) reduced the BCO-induced increases in mean AP (by 44.3 +/- 7.3%), systolic
      LVP (by 65.5 +/- 6.9%), first derivative of LVP (dLVP/dt, by 95.7 +/- 44.3%), and
      aortic resistance (by 117.7 +/- 26.9%). In contrast, anterior ischemia failed to
      alter significantly the hemodynamic response to BCO. Bilateral vagotomy
      attenuated or eliminated many of the effects of posterior ischemia on the BCO
      response. In fact, the change in aortic resistance was no longer affected by the
      ischemia and increased to the same extent, as noted during the control BCO.
      However, mean AP (38.7 +/- 6.8%), systolic LVP (40.3 +/- 8.7%), and dLVP/dt (62.4
      +/- 11.0%) remained significantly reduced when compared with the control (no
      coronary occlusion) response. These data suggest that 1) posterior ischemia
      elicits a greater reduction in the BCO response than anterior ischemia, and 2)
      vagal afferents as well as depression of contractile function may both contribute
      to the BCO response inhibition noted during posterior ischemia.

PMID- 2923232
TI  - Effects of arginine vasopressin on hemodynamics and lung fluid balance in lambs.
AB  - The purpose of this project was to study the effects of increased plasma
      concentrations of arginine vasopressin (AVP) on hemodynamics and lung fluid
      balance in lambs. We studied 16 unanesthetized newborn lambs during a base-line
      period and while infusing AVP into a hindlimb vein at 1.65 +/- 0.12 and 2.98 +/-
      0.15 mU.kg-1.min-1. We measured aortic, pulmonary arterial, and left atrial
      pressures and heart rate continuously and cardiac output at frequent intervals.
      In five additional experiments, we collected samples of pure lung lymph during a
      base-line period and while infusing AVP at 2.02 +/- 0.15 mU.kg-1.min-1. AVP
      infusion increased plasma concentrations of AVP to 11.3 +/- 5.2 and 19.9 +/- 5.2
      microU/ml at the low and high rates of infusion, respectively. Both aortic and
      left atrial pressures increased at the low rate of infusion (11 and 3 Torr,
      respectively) but remained unchanged at the higher rate. Systemic vascular
      resistance increased, and heart rate and cardiac output decreased at each rate of
      infusion. In fact, at the higher rate of infusion cardiac output decreased 38%
      when compared with base line. Neither pulmonary artery pressure nor pulmonary
      vascular resistance was affected by infusion of AVP. Despite the increase in left
      atrial pressure, the rate of lung lymph flow was not affected by the infusion of
      AVP, whereas the lymph-to-plasma protein ratio decreased slightly but
      significantly from 0.64 +/- 0.02 to 0.60 +/- 0.02.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2923234
TI  - Deleterious effect of ouabain on myocardial function during hypoxia.
AB  - The effect of cardiac glycosides on myocardial function during hypoxia is
      controversial. Accordingly, we studied left ventricular performance during
      hypoxia and reoxygenation in the presence of a mildly inotropic, nontoxic dose of
      ouabain using isolated, isovolumic, buffer-perfused rabbit hearts. After 15 min
      of hypoxia, left ventricular developed pressure was less in the ouabain-treated
      group than in controls (35 +/- 4 vs. 55 +/- 3 mmHg, P less than 0.025). Left
      ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) increased more during hypoxia in the
      presence of ouabain (9 +/- 1 to 32 +/- 7 with ouabain vs. 9 +/- 1 to 14 +/- 3
      mmHg without ouabain, P less than 0.005) despite comparable degrees of coronary
      vasodilatation and myocardial lactate production in the two groups. When coronary
      flow was abruptly reduced to zero to eliminate the coronary turgor contribution
      to diastolic pressure, LVEDP after 15 min of hypoxia in the presence of ouabain
      was greater than that in control hearts that did not receive ouabain (13 +/- 4
      vs. 4 +/- 1 mmHg, P less than 0.05), implicating greater diastolic myocardial
      fiber tension in the ouabain group during hypoxia. With reoxygenation, recovery
      of developed pressure was less and end-diastolic pressure remained elevated in
      the ouabain-treated group when compared with controls. We conclude that a
      modestly inotropic dose of ouabain exacerbates the decrease in diastolic
      ventricular distensibility induced by hypoxia, worsens the decline in developed
      pressure during hypoxia, and impairs recovery during reoxygenation.

PMID- 2923235
TI  - Coronary vascular responses to chemical stimulation of abdominal visceral organs.
AB  - Topical application of bradykinin or capsaicin to abdominal visceral organs
      produces adrenergically mediated, reflex increases in mean arterial pressure and
      cardiac work. To determine the effects on coronary blood flow, the left main
      coronary artery of anesthetized cats was perfused at constant pressure with a
      servo-controlled pump. Cardiovascular parameters were measured during reflex
      stimulation before and after beta-adrenoceptor blockade with propranolol. Before
      propranolol, reflex activation led to increases in the double product and
      myocardial oxygen consumption, usually accompanied by increases in coronary blood
      flow. However, in 32% of the observations, decreases in flow were observed.
      During beta-adrenoceptor blockade, reflex stimulation produced increases in
      cardiac work, whereas the increases in coronary blood flow were attenuated.
      Marked decreases in average coronary blood flow were observed more frequently
      (42%). In the presence of propranolol, contrary to the unblocked state, increases
      in oxygen consumption were achieved by increased oxygen extraction. Subsequent
      alpha-adrenoceptor blockade with phentolamine abolished all reflex changes. These
      data indicate that during stimulation of abdominal visceral chemoreceptors, the
      major coronary response is vasodilation, but in a sizable fraction of cases,
      abdominal visceral reflexes can produce sympathetically mediated coronary
      vasoconstriction.

PMID- 2923236
TI  - Effect of hematocrit on microvascular pressures in 3- to 5-wk-old rabbit lungs.
AB  - To examine the effects of blood hematocrit (Hct) and apparent viscosity on the
      pulmonary microcirculation, we studied 30 isolated, perfused 3- to 5-wk-old
      rabbits with varying perfusate Hct. We partitioned total vascular resistance by
      measuring pulmonary artery and left atrial pressures and by micropuncture the
      pressures in the subpleural microcirculation in 20-40 microns diameter
      arterioles, 20-40 microns venules, and 250-300 microns venules. To prevent active
      vasomotion and changes in vessel geometry, we paralyzed the vasculature with
      papaverine hydrochloride. We studied four groups of lungs: group I (n = 7) with
      low Hct (17.8 +/- 2.4%); group II (n = 9) with medium Hct (46.8 +/- 8.2%); group
      III (n = 6) with high Hct (74.4 +/- 5.8%); and group IV (n = 8) with both low and
      high Hct perfusates. Lungs were perfused at constant flow (80 +/- 4 ml.kg body wt
      1.min-1) in zone 3, airway and venous pressures being 6 and 8 cmH2O,
      respectively. We found that in lungs perfused with low Hct, approximately 52% of
      the total resistance was in arteries, approximately 25% in microvessels, and
      approximately 21% in small veins, with very little resistance in large veins.
      With an increase in perfusate hematocrit and apparent viscosity, total pulmonary
      vascular resistance increased mainly because of an increase in resistance in
      arteries and small veins, with little change in resistance in microvessels and
      large veins.

PMID- 2923237
TI  - d-Propranolol prevents adenosine formation associated with myocardial
      hypoperfusion.
AB  - d-Propranolol eliminates the increased adenine nucleoside release from
      hypoperfused hearts [R. D. Wangler, D. F. DeWitt, and H. V. Sparks, Am. J.
      Physiol. 247 (Heart Circ. Physiol. 16): H330-H336, 1984]. To determine whether d
      propranolol reduces adenosine formation or adenosine release into the vascular
      compartment, we measured myocardial tissue adenosine (TADO). Decreased formation
      would lower TADO, whereas decreased release would elevate TADO. Reduction of
      perfusion pressure by 50% reduced coronary flow (CF), venous oxygen tension
      (PVO2), and myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2) by approximately 40, 25, and
      35%, respectively. Total adenosine and inosine released during 30 min of
      hypoperfusion increased 10- and 5-fold, respectively. Also, TADO increased from
      2.68 +/- 0.37 to 5.17 +/- 0.67 nmol/g (P less than 0.05). In the presence of d
      propranolol, the same reduction in perfusion pressure caused a similar decrease
      in CF and MVO2. d-Propranolol eliminated the release of adenosine and inosine
      associated with hypoperfusion. TADO after 30 min of hypoperfusion plus d
      propranolol was not significantly increased (3.27 +/- 0.40 nmol/g) and was
      significantly less than hypoperfused hearts. When severe hypoperfusion was
      created by reducing perfusion pressure 75%, adenosine release still did not
      increase if d-propranolol was present. When adenosine release was plotted as a
      function of oxygen supply-consumption, they were related in a hyperbolic fashion.
      Despite the severity of hypoperfusion, in the presence of d-propranolol the
      supply-to-consumption ratio was similar to that of the control perfusion group
      (no drug). We conclude that d-propranolol blocks nucleoside formation during
      hypoperfusion by reducing oxygen demand such that a reduction of oxygen supply no
      longer stimulates adenosine formation.

PMID- 2923238
TI  - Cerebral blood flow and evoked potentials during Cushing response in sheep.
AB  - We determined how alterations in systemic hemodynamics, characteristic of the
      Cushing response, are related to changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF), cerebral
      metabolic rate of O2 (CMRO2), and brain electrical conductive function, as
      assessed by somatosensory-evoked potentials (SEP) and brain stem auditory-evoked
      responses (BAER). In three groups of eight pentobarbital-anesthetized sheep,
      intracranial pressure was gradually elevated to within 50, 25, or 0 mmHg of base
      line mean arterial pressure and then held constant for 40 min by intraventricular
      infusion of mock cerebrospinal fluid. Microsphere-determined CBF fell when
      cerebral perfusion pressure was less than 50 mmHg. CMRO2 fell when CBF fell
      greater than 30-40%. Mean aortic pressure and cardiac output increased when CBF
      fell greater than 40%, i.e., at approximately the level at which CMRO2 fell.
      Furthermore, the magnitude of the increase in arterial pressure and cardiac
      output correlated with the reduction of CMRO2. SEP latency did not increase
      unless CBF fell greater than 55-65%, corresponding to a 20-30% reduction of
      CMRO2. Increased latency of BAER wave V was associated with a fall in midbrain
      blood flow of greater than 65-70%. Thus increase in SEP and BAER latencies
      required reductions of flow greater than those required to elicit a systemic
      response. This demonstrates that there is a range of intracranial pressure over
      which the increase in arterial pressure preserves sufficient CBF to sustain
      minimal electrical conductive function. The best predictor of the onset and
      magnitude of the Cushing response in adult sheep is the decrease in CMRO2.

PMID- 2923239
TI  - Free radical defense mechanisms and neutrophil infiltration in postischemic
      skeletal muscle.
AB  - A growing body of experimental data indicates that reactive oxygen metabolites
      such as superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals may mediate the
      microvascular and parenchymal injury produced by reperfusion of ischemic skeletal
      muscle. One potential source of these reactive oxygen metabolites is the
      inflammatory neutrophil. To assess neutrophil accumulation in postischemic
      skeletal muscle, we measured tissue myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in skeletal
      muscle biopsies taken during control, after 4 h of ischemia, and after 1 h of
      reperfusion. Tissue levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase
      (SOD), and catalase (CAT) were measured in the same samples to identify
      alterations in tissue free radical defense mechanisms due to ischemia
      reperfusion. Reperfusion of ischemic skeletal muscle was associated with a
      dramatic increase in tissue neutrophil content (as reflected by a 26-fold
      increase over control in tissue MPO activity after 1 h of reperfusion) and a
      concurrent 50% decrease in GSH content. Tissue CAT and SOD activities were
      unaffected by ischemia-reperfusion. These results suggest a possible relationship
      between ischemia-reperfusion-induced injury, neutrophil infiltration, and the
      reduction in tissue GSH.

PMID- 2923240
TI  - Effect of umbilical blood flow on transplacental diffusion of ethanol and oxygen.
AB  - We studied the effect of varying umbilical blood flow (F) on transplacental
      diffusion of ethanol and O2 before and during partial occlusion of the fetal
      abdominal aorta. At steady state, samples of umbilical and uterine arterial and
      venous blood were drawn simultaneously from chronically indwelling catheters and
      analyzed for the concentration of ethanol. O2 capacity, O2 saturation, PO2, PCO2,
      and pH. A decrease in F from 507 to 289 ml/min (P less than 0.001) was associated
      with a significant (P less than 0.02) increase of the umbilical-uterine venous
      ethanol concentration difference. This increase was indicative of a 25%
      diffusional shunt for ethanol on the fetal side of the placenta. The decrease in
      F caused a decrease in the umbilical O2 delivery-to-control O2 uptake ratio from
      3.1 to values between 2.2 and 0.8 and was associated with a decrease in fetal O2
      uptake to values between 94 and 56% of control. Uterine venous PO2 increased in
      response to the decrease in fetal O2 uptake. Umbilical venous PO2 correlated with
      uterine venous PO2 (r = 0.8, P less than 0.02). The response of fetal O2 uptake
      to decrease in umbilical O2 delivery was nonlinear and confirmed previous
      studies, showing that the normal umbilical O2 delivery rate exceeds approximately
      twofold the minimum necessary to sustain a normal rate of fetal oxidative
      metabolism.

PMID- 2923241
TI  - Propagation of vasomotor responses coordinates arteriolar resistances.
AB  - We tested the hypothesis that a conduction pathway intrinsic to the arteriolar
      wall possesses the properties necessary to coordinate vasomotor responses in the
      microcirculation. Acetylcholine (ACh) or norepinephrine (NE) was iontophoresed
      onto cheek pouch arterioles (15-35 microns diam) of pentobarbital-anesthetized
      hamsters, and diameter responses were observed using intravital video microscopy.
      ACh and NE induced vasodilation and vasoconstriction, respectively, that
      propagated both upstream and downstream from the site of application. Propagated
      vasomotor responses decayed with distance along the arterioles; this decay was
      characterized by mechanical length constants of 1.9 and 1.8 mm for ACh and NE,
      respectively. Vasodilations and vasoconstrictions initiated on daughter vessels
      of a branch propagated into parent arterioles that were approximately twice the
      diameter of the daughter vessels. Iontophoretic stimuli applied simultaneously to
      paired daughter vessels induced propagated responses that summed linearly in the
      parent vessel. We conclude that the arteriolar network functions as a highly
      coordinated syncytium and that diverse vasomotor stimuli can be summed and
      integrated within the peripheral microvasculature.

PMID- 2923242
TI  - Conduction of vasomotor responses in arterioles: a role for cell-to-cell
      coupling?
AB  - Vasomotor responses of arterioles triggered by the iontophoretic application of
      acetylcholine (ACh) or norepinephrine (NE) are conducted along the vessel wall.
      The present experiments focus on elucidating the mechanism of conduction in
      arterioles of the superfused cheek pouch preparation in pentobarbital
      anesthetized hamsters. Localized muscarinic or adrenergic receptor blockade on an
      arteriolar segment produced by atropine or phentolamine, respectively, did not
      affect propagation through the region of blockade but did block vasomotor
      responses to ACh or NE applied to the segment. Thus muscarinic and alpha
      adrenergic receptors can trigger the propagation of vasomotor responses, but
      these receptors are not involved in their conduction. Tetrodotoxin did not affect
      either local or propagated responses to ACh or NE. Treatment of arteriolar
      segments with calcium antagonists (verapamil, diltiazem, nifedipine, or
      manganese) caused maximal dilation locally but did not affect propagation through
      the dilated region. The preceding findings argue against a neural pathway for
      propagation. A depolarizing solution (137 mM KCl) applied by micropipette to
      arteriolar segments caused both local and propagated vasoconstriction and
      significantly attenuated propagated vasodilation induced with ACh (P less than
      0.05). Putative antagonists of gap-junctional communication (hypertonic sucrose
      solution, octanol, CO2) reversibly attenuated or abolished propagated responses.
      We hypothesize that propagation of vasomotor responses along arterioles is
      initiated via a local change in membrane potential secondary to receptor
      occupation and that changes in potential spread electrotonically through gap
      junctions coupling smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, or both.

PMID- 2923243
TI  - Basal metabolic energy requirements of polarized and depolarized arrest in rat
      heart.
AB  - Basal energy requirements of polarized [tetrodotoxin (TTX), 25 microns] and
      depolarized [potassium (K), 20 mM] arrested hearts were studied by continuously
      measuring myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2) during 60 min of normothermic
      arrest in isolated Langendorff-perfused rat hearts. TTX, a fast sodium channel
      blocker, was used to produce polarized arrest because of its specificity and
      reversibility. MVO2 was significantly lower in the polarized (TTX) group at all
      time points, a typical difference occurring 30 min after arrest (0.070 +/- 0.005
      vs. 0.109 +/- 0.006 ml O2.min-1.g dry wt-1, P less than 0.001). Coronary flow was
      lower in the polarized group (14.3 +/- 1.4 vs. 28.4 +/- 2.2 ml.min-1.g dry wt-1,
      P less than 0.001, data at 30 min of arrest), but flow-restricted studies showed
      basal MVO2 to be independent of variation in coronary flow within this range.
      Recovery of function was similar in both groups. Ventricular pressure during
      cardiac arrest was lower in the polarized group (5.5 +/- 1.2 vs. 10.3 +/- 1.3
      mmHg, P less than 0.01, data at 30 min of arrest), implying reduced myocardial
      wall tension and a lower intracellular calcium concentration. These results
      suggest that polarized arrest can decrease myocardial metabolic demands below
      that of depolarized arrest. A plausible mechanism is a reduction in myocardial
      wall tension caused by decreased calcium influx mediated by the Na-Ca exchanger.

PMID- 2923244
TI  - Subendocardial infarction produces epicardial parasympathetic denervation in
      canine left ventricle.
AB  - Forty dogs underwent anterior descending coronary artery dissection with most
      having occlusion that was either maintained or reperfused. Study was performed 1
      4 days later. Multiple electrodes placed in normal and ischemic zones were used
      to determine the depth of the epicardial rim overlying a subendocardial
      infarction. This was done by comparing voltage differential with respect to time
      (dV/dt) measurements of sequential bipolar electrograms along each needle. By
      this means, test sites with a rim were documented, and depths of epicardial
      biopsies for choline acetyltransferase were chosen. Epicardial effective
      refractory period (ERP) responses to vagal nerve stimulation were measured. In
      sham-operated controls, vagal stimulation prolonged ERP, and choline
      acetyltransferase activity was equivalent in all sites. In contrast, dogs with
      all durations of coronary occlusion and various thicknesses of subendocardial
      infarction had no significant prolongation of ERP limited to rim sites overlying
      the infarct during vagal nerve stimulation. Corresponding choline
      acetyltransferase activity was decreased in rim sites compared with remote areas.
      In addition, dogs given norepinephrine or physostigmine (to potentiate
      parasympathetic responses) did not demonstrate significant ERP prolongation with
      vagal stimulation. Infusion of acetylcholine into the distal ligated coronary
      artery produced dose-dependent prolongation of ERP in sites overlying the
      infarct. These data taken together support the hypothesis that subendocardial
      infarction, regardless of its homogeneity or thickness, produces parasympathetic
      denervation of the overlying epicardial rim.

PMID- 2923245
TI  - Mutual interaction of vasoconstriction and endothelial damage in stenotic
      arteries.
AB  - Coronary artery vasomotion may be important in the pathogenesis of angina
      pectoris. Numerous experimental studies demonstrated accentuated arterial
      vasomotion in endothelium-damaged vessels. We examined interactions of stenosis,
      arterial vasoconstriction, and endothelium denudation in a stenosed artery
      preparation in vitro. Canine carotid arteries and porcine coronary arteries were
      perfused with a physiological salt solution under constant pressure and a fixed
      distal resistance. Pressures at the proximal and distal ends of the artery, as
      well as the flow, were continuously recorded. Hemodynamic responses to serotonin,
      norepinephrine, and angiotensin II were separately studied. In intact arteries
      without stenosis, the agonists produced a 30-40% reduction in lumen diameter
      without altering flow or distal pressure. After a luminal stenosis was created,
      vasoconstriction produced by the agonists decreased flow and increased the
      pressure gradient across the stenosis. Flow decreased to (or near) zero,
      indicating occlusion at the stenotic site. After endothelial loss, this effect
      was amplified, demonstrating occlusion of the artery and suppression of the flow
      at significantly (P less than 0.05) lower concentrations of agonist (0.1-0.3)
      compared with endothelial intact arteries. These studies illustrate 1) the
      necessity for the presence of stenosis in large arteries for vasoconstriction to
      impair flow and 2) the protecting effect of intact endothelium in blunting the
      effects of arterial vasoconstriction in stenosed vessels. Through the reciprocal
      interaction of arterial stenosis, vasoconstriction, and endothelial damage,
      ischemic events associated with certain types of vasomotion can be explained.

PMID- 2923246
TI  - Coronary sinus pressure and arterial flow during intermittent coronary sinus
      occlusion.
AB  - The relationship between coronary artery flow and coronary venous pressure during
      intermittent coronary sinus occlusion was studied in dogs at normal perfusion,
      left anterior descending artery occlusion, and reperfusion. Coronary sinus
      occlusion and release phases were varied systematically. The periodicity of the
      data and the assumption of a linear relationship between pressure and flow
      suggested Fourier analysis as a methodological approach. To show the systematic
      slow oscillations of coronary venous pressure and arterial flow induced by
      intermittent occlusion of the coronary sinus, the data were smoothed by
      superimposing consecutive cycles of identical occlusion-release timing and
      filtering the higher frequencies. A small number of Fourier components,
      corresponding to the time scale of the respective occlusion-release cycle, was
      sufficient to study the long wavelength behavior. The effect of arbitrarily
      varying the occlusion-to-release ratio at a given total cycle length was
      investigated in hypothetical pressure and flow curves based on interpolation of
      experimental Fourier coefficients. By means of a transfer function relating
      pressure and flow in the frequency domain, it was possible to predict the
      arterial flow curve using coronary venous pressure measurements only. Because at
      zero frequency the pressure-flow relationship cannot be assumed to be linear, the
      mean value of flow could not be obtained in this way. However, the deviation of
      flow from the mean, i.e., the shape of the flow curve, was reproduced
      satisfactorily.

PMID- 2923247
TI  - Rate of oxygen loss from arterioles is an order of magnitude higher than
      expected.
AB  - The experimental data on oxygen flux from arterioles in the hamster cheek pouch
      retractor muscle [L. Kuo and R. N. Pittman, Am. J. Physiol. 254 (Heart Circ.
      Physiol. 23): H331-H339, 1988] were analyzed under the assumption that the
      permeability to oxygen is the same in both perfused and unperfused tissue;
      permeability is defined as the product of the diffusion and solubility
      coefficients. However, our analysis indicated that the observed oxygen flux was
      inconsistent with this assumption and that permeability to oxygen of a blood
      perfused tissue may be an order of magnitude higher than previously assumed.

PMID- 2923248
TI  - Pulse-synchronized contractions: and addendum to Windkessel.

PMID- 2923249
TI  - Fourth ventricle bombesin injection suppresses ingestive behaviors in rats.
AB  - Food intake after fourth intracerebroventricular (icv) injections of bombesin
      (BBS) was measured in intact rats. BBS injections (greater than or equal to 10
      ng) reliably suppressed chow intake in 17-h food-deprived rats. Systemic
      injections of BBS (50 ng) had no effect on food intake. These data indicate that
      BBS can act directly on caudal brain stem site(s) to inhibit food intake. The
      behavioral specificity of fourth icv BBS was evaluated by measuring the effects
      of fourth icv BBS injection on water intake by 17-h water-deprived rats in the
      presence and absence of food. Fourth icv injections of BBS in doses greater than
      10 ng suppressed 30-min and 2-h water intake relative to saline injection when
      food was available in the home cage. In contrast, when food was not present
      during the 2-h intake test, fourth icv injections of BBS had no effect on water
      intake. This suggests that the inhibition of water intake was secondary to the
      effects of BBS on food intake. Lastly, sucrose (0.1 M) was paired with fourth icv
      BBS (50 ng), fourth icv saline, and intraperitoneal LiCl (1.5 meq/kg) in three
      groups of naive rats, and sucrose preference was subsequently measured. Rats that
      received injections of either saline or BBS preferred sucrose during the 24-h two
      bottle test, and their preference ratios were significantly greater than those of
      the LiCl-injected rats. The role of afferent signals elicited by fourth ventricle
      BBS administration in the control of food intake is discussed.

PMID- 2923250
TI  - Effect of blood glucose concentration on osmoregulation in diabetes mellitus.
AB  - Poorly controlled insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is associated with
      considerable elevations of plasma vasopressin concentrations, although well
      controlled diabetics have normal osmoregulated thirst and vasopressin release. We
      studied the effect of blood glucose concentration on osmoregulated thirst and
      vasopressin secretion in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Blood glucose was
      maintained overnight, and for the duration of the study, in either the euglycemic
      (4-5 mmol/l) or hyperglycemic (10-12 mmol/l) range, and patients underwent
      infusion of hypertonic (855 mmol/l) sodium chloride solution. Plasma sodium was
      lower during the hyperglycemic study, but elevation in plasma sodium
      concentration by infusion of saline caused progressive linear increases in both
      thirst and plasma vasopressin concentrations in both studies. Linear regression
      analysis defined lowered plasma sodium thresholds for both thirst appreciation
      and vasopressin release during the hyperglycemic study, although the sensitivity
      of the osmoreceptors remained unchanged. Analysis of the data in terms of plasma
      osmolality, corrected for the increase in blood glucose in the hyperglycemic
      study, revealed no differences in the osmotic thresholds for thirst or
      vasopressin release; sensitivity of the osmoreceptors also remained the same.
      Drinking abolished thirst and lowered plasma vasopressin concentrations before
      major changes in plasma sodium were observed. These results show that insulin
      dependent diabetic patients osmoregulate appropriately when moderately
      hyperglycemic but that the threshold plasma sodium for vasopressin secretion and
      thirst appreciation is lowered by an unknown mechanism.

PMID- 2923251
TI  - Effect of fasting on glucose turnover in a carnivorous fish (Hoplias sp).
AB  - Intravenous glucose tolerance tests and measurements with [6-3H]glucose of rate
      of glucose replacement, transit time, and body glucose mass were performed in fed
      and fasted Hoplias malabaricus. Both glycemia levels and the rate of decline of
      blood glucose following intravenous administration of 500 mg/kg glucose were
      significantly lower in 60-day-fasted than in fed fish. Changes in plasma free
      fatty acids were opposite to those in blood glucose. The rate of glucose
      replacement, calculated graphically from mean +/- 3 SE plots of glucose specific
      radioactivity, was 0.71 (0.66-0.77) mg.kg-1.min-1 in fed H. malabaricus and
      decreased to 0.51 (0.46-0.56) mg.kg-1.min-1 after 60 days without food, with a
      concomitant reduction of body glucose mass (mmin, 138 vs. 83 mg/kg). In fish
      starved for 10 mo the rate of glucose replacement and body glucose mass were
      further reduced to 0.35 (0.29-0.42) mg.kg-1.min-1 and 57 mg/kg (mmin),
      respectively. It is concluded that a progressive decline in the rate of glucose
      utilization contributes to the adaptation of fish to prolonged fasting.

PMID- 2923252
TI  - Administering triazolam on a circadian basis entrains the activity rhythm of
      hamsters.
AB  - A single injection of the short-acting benzodiazepine, triazolam, can induce
      permanent phase shifts in the circadian rhythm of locomotor activity in free
      running hamsters, with the direction and magnitude of the phase shifts being
      dependent on the circadian time of treatment. The shape of the "phase-response
      curve" to triazolam injections is totally different from that for light pulses.
      These findings raise the possibility that repeated injections of triazolam on a
      circadian basis might be capable of entraining the circadian pacemaker underlying
      the activity rhythm of hamsters and that the entrainment pattern might differ
      from that observed in animals entrained to light pulses. To test this hypothesis,
      blind hamsters received intraperitoneal injections of triazolam (or vehicle)
      every 23.34, 23.72, 24.00 or 24.66 h for 19-20 days, and the effect of these
      injections on the period of the rhythm of wheel-running behavior was determined
      during and after treatment. Repeated injections of 0.1 mg triazolam at these time
      intervals resulted in the entrainment of the activity rhythm in 36 of 40 animals,
      whereas 0 of 40 animals entrained to vehicle injections. Importantly, the phase
      relationship between triazolam injections and the circadian activity rhythm was
      dependent on the period of drug treatment and could be predicted from the phase
      response curve to single injections of triazolam. These phase relationships are
      dramatically different from those observed between the activity rhythm and 1-h
      light pulses presented at similar circadian intervals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2923253
TI  - Evidence for a physiological role for CCK in the regulation of food intake in
      mice.
AB  - The effects of L-364,718, a cholecystokinin receptor antagonist, on
      cholecystokinin octapeptide-induced inhibition of food, and its effect on food
      intake when given alone, were studied in mice using several different feeding
      paradigms. In all studies, L-364,718 (100 micrograms/kg, 1.0 mg/kg) reversed the
      ability of cholecystokinin octapeptide to decrease food intake. L-364,718
      enhanced food consumption compared with controls in nonfasted mice (100
      microgram/kg) and in prefed mice (50, 100, 250 micrograms/kg). The number of
      reinforcements, using a lever press, was also enhanced by L-364,718 (100
      micrograms/kg) compared with control. In other paradigms, L-364,718 failed to
      enhance food intake. These results are compatible with the suggestion that
      cholecystokinin may play a physiological role in the regulation of food intake.

PMID- 2923254
TI  - Failure of chronic beta-adrenergic blockade to inhibit overfeeding-induced
      thermogenesis in humans.
AB  - The effect of the beta-adrenergic antagonist propranolol on the increase in
      resting metabolic rate (RMR) induced by overfeeding was examined to determine
      whether increased beta-adrenergic activity contributes to this response. Six male
      subjects who were overfed with carbohydrate (1,600 excess kcal/day) for 10 days
      without drug treatment (control group) had increases (compared with values after
      10 days of weight maintenance) in RMR after 6 days [0.24 +/- 0.06 kcal/min (22%)]
      and 10 days of overfeeding [0.17 +/- 0.03 kcal/min (15%)]. Eight male subjects
      were given a weight-maintenance diet for 10 days with oral propranolol treatment
      (40-60 mg every 6 h) over the last 7 days of this period. Five of these subjects
      were then overfed for 10 days, and three remained on the weight-maintenance diet;
      propranolol treatment continued until the end of the study. Propranolol
      significantly reduced RMR (mean 9%) before the onset of overfeeding but did not
      prevent increases in RMR after 6 days [0.18 +/- 0.05 kcal/min (16%)] and 10 days
      of overfeeding [0.17 +/- 0.03 kcal/min (15%)]. In the subjects who remained on
      the weight-maintenance diet throughout the study, there was no reversal of
      propranolol's initial reduction of RMR that would have falsely elevated the
      overfeeding effect. These data provide further evidence that the increase in RMR
      induced by overfeeding in humans is not mediated by increased beta-adrenergic
      activity.

PMID- 2923255
TI  - Determinants of arterial pressure after chronic spinal transection in rats.
AB  - The present study was conducted to determine whether sympathetic vasoconstrictor
      activity is a determinant of mean arterial pressure (MAP) hours and days after
      cervical spinal transection (CST) in unanesthetized rats. MAP on the 2 days
      before CST was 107.2 +/- 3.6 and 103.3 +/- 3.0 mmHg, respectively, and fell to
      77.7 +/- 1.1 mmHg on day 1 after CST. MAP returned to control levels over the
      course of the study and, by day 9 after CST, was not statistically different from
      control (98.6 +/- 3.4 mmHg). Neither autonomic ganglionic blockade nor alpha
      adrenergic blockade affected MAP the 1st day after CST. Similarly, alpha
      adrenergic blockade was without effect on days 3, 5, and 7 after CST.
      Administration of a vasopressin V1-antagonist had no effect on MAP on day 1 or
      day 8 after CST. However, blockade of angiotensin-converting enzyme with
      captopril decreased arterial pressure both on day 1 (-22.1 +/- 2.6 mmHg) and day
      8 (-23.3 +/- 2.9 mmHg) after CST. We conclude that neither sympathetic nor
      vasopressin vasoconstrictor activity affected MAP within the 1st wk after CST.
      Although the vasoconstrictor actions of angiotensin II were important, these
      effects were not responsible for the normalization of MAP observed after CST.

PMID- 2923256
TI  - Effects of chronic icv infusion of vasopressin on sleep-waking cycle of rats.
AB  - The effect of arginine vasopressin (AVP) on the duration and the relative
      proportion of sleeping and wakeful periods has been investigated. Vigilance
      states were determined by visual scoring of polygraphic recordings from
      unrestrained rats. Animals were implanted with a cannula into the third ventricle
      through which AVP or related drugs, dissolved in artificial cerebrospinal fluid,
      were infused at a constant rate by an osmotic pump. Polygraphic data were
      collected 24 h/day from day 4 to day 9. Recordings were continued for 3
      additional days during AVP recovery. AVP infusions significantly increased the
      amount of time spent in waking compared with control or recovery periods (12%).
      This effect was mimicked by an AVP agonist (2-phenylalanine, 8-ornithine
      oxytocin). Oxytocin, a peptide structurally close to AVP, induced a mild change
      in waking time. The infusion of an AVP antagonist, 1-desaminopenicillamine-2-(O
      methyl)tyrosine-arginine vasopressin (dPTyr(Me)AVP), or of anti-AVP antibodies
      significantly decreased duration of waking. The infusion of antioxytocin
      antibodies did not modify the duration of waking. The effects of structural
      analogues of AVP relatively specific for each type of peripheral AVP receptor
      indicated the participation of a V1-like AVP receptor in the action of AVP on
      waking time. During infusion of anti-AVP antibodies and dPTyr(Me)AVP and during
      the first days of recovery from AVP infusion, the ultradian rhythmic distribution
      of sleep and wakefulness was still present, but the amplitude of the circadian
      rhythm was reduced.

PMID- 2923257
TI  - Comparison of intracerebroventricular and intracarotid infusions of PGE2 in
      conscious sheep.
AB  - Conscious sheep chronically prepared with nonocclusive indwelling vascular and
      cerebroventricular catheters were used to compare hemodynamic, hematologic,
      hormonal, and behavioral responses of intracarotid (ic) prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)
      to intracerebroventricular (ivt) PGE2. PGE2 had less potent hemodynamic effects
      when infused ivt than when infused ic. Intracarotid PGE2, 100 ng.kg-1.min-1,
      increased arterial pressure and heart rate 31 mmHg and 26 beats/min, respectively
      (P less than 0.01), whereas ivt PGE2, 300 ng.kg-1.min-1, did not alter heart rate
      and increased arterial pressure 9 mmHg (P less than 0.01). Both ic and ivt PGE2
      increased packed cell volume 3% (P less than 0.01). Neither ic nor ivt PGE2
      caused changes in plasma concentrations of epinephrine or norepinephrine. Despite
      ivt PGE2S less potent hemodynamic effects, ivt administration of PGE2 decreased
      plasma osmolality 2 mosmol/kg (P less than 0.05) and sodium concentration 2 meq/l
      (P less than 0.01) and increased plasma vasopressin concentration 2.5-fold (P
      less than 0.05). Intracerebroventricular PGE2 also caused some physical and
      behavioral changes that were not observed during ic PGE2 administration or during
      ivt infusion of vehicle. These changes included pupillary constriction,
      vocalization, and coughing. We conclude that PGE2 given ivt may not reach the
      same sites in the brain as does ic PGE2 or that ivt PGE2 may reach the same sites
      in different concentrations.

PMID- 2923258
TI  - Central effect of angiotensin II on baroreflex regulation in conscious rabbits.
AB  - Central effects of angiotensin II (ANG II) on arterial baroreflex control of
      renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) and heart rate (HR) were examined in
      conscious rabbits. Intravenous infusions of ANG II (5-320 ng.kg-1.min-1)
      significantly reduced the baroreflex inhibition of HR compared with phenylephrine
      (PE) (0.5-16 micrograms.kg-1.min-1), whereas reflex inhibition of RSNA was
      unaltered. Background intravenous infusions of ANG II did not alter the
      baroreflex responses of RSNA nor HR to increases (with PE) or decreases in mean
      arterial pressure (with nitroglycerin or inferior vena cava occluder). When ANG
      II was infused into the vertebral artery (VA) the integrated pressor response was
      greater than intravenous infusions. Progressive VA infusions of ANG II resulted
      in a significantly blunted baroreflex inhibition of HR compared with intravenous
      infusions, whereas the reflex inhibition of RSNA was identical between VA and
      intravenous infusions. These results suggest that ANG II produces central pressor
      effects via a hindbrain site and reduces baroreflex inhibition of HR without
      altering baroreflex inhibition of RSNA.

PMID- 2923259
TI  - Prolactin stimulates food intake in the absence of ovarian progesterone.
AB  - Increases in serum estrogen inhibit food intake. Conversely, progesterone
      stimulates food intake, probably via its antiestrogenic action. We have reported
      that elevated serum prolactin also stimulates food intake in female rats. It is
      unclear whether this effect is mediated through elevated levels of progesterone.
      The present study investigated the effects of prolactin on food intake and brown
      fat activity in the absence of progesterone. Female Osborne-Mendel rats were
      assigned to one of six groups: sham operated (Sham, n = 10), ovariectomized (OVX,
      n = 10), OVX + low estrogen (EL, n = 11), OVX + EL + prolactin (PIT, n = 9), OVX
      + high estrogen (EH, n = 10), and OVX + EH + PIT (n = 8). Estrogen levels were
      elevated by Silastic implants. Prolactin levels were elevated through pituitary
      transplants placed under the kidney capsule. Nine days postsurgery, food intake
      was significantly higher in OVX vs. Sham rats. Estrogen-treated rats (OVX + EL
      and OVX + EH) had significantly suppressed food intake values compared with both
      Sham and OVX animals. Finally, hyperprolactinemic rats (OVX + EL + PIT and OVX +
      EH + PIT) ate significantly more food than did estrogen-treated rats without
      pituitary explants. Despite the hyperphagia, no significant differences in brown
      fat GDP binding were observed. These data indicate that prolactin stimulates food
      intake in the absence of ovarian progesterone.

PMID- 2923260
TI  - Regulated nocturnal hypothermia induced in pigeons by food deprivation.
AB  - The daily body temperature (Tb) cycle of pigeons is altered by food deprivation
      in that Tb falls to lower and lower levels on consecutive nights after the onset
      of deprivation, whereas the Tb levels during corresponding days remain nearly
      unchanged. Manipulations of spinal cord temperature, a major feedback parameter
      in the avian thermoregulatory system, reveal that episodes of nocturnal
      hypothermia are regulated. The spinal cord threshold temperature for inducing
      increases in metabolic heat production falls to progressively lower levels each
      night and returns to normal euthermic levels during the day.

PMID- 2923261
TI  - Central respiratory modulation of medullary sympathoexcitatory neurons in rat.
AB  - The central respiratory generator exerts a modulatory influence on sympathetic
      nerve discharge. In cats the sympathoexcitatory neurons of the
      rostroventrolateral medulla (RVL) exhibit central respiratory modulation as well.
      Because RVL sympathoexcitatory neurons are largely responsible for the
      maintenance of sympathetic vasomotor tone, it is likely that the modulation of
      these neurons accounts for the central respiratory modulation of sympathetic
      discharge. In the present study experiments were performed to characterize the
      pattern of respiratory modulation of lumbar sympathetic nerve discharge (LSND) in
      the halothane-anesthetized rat. Phrenic-triggered averaging of LSND exhibited a
      small depression coincident with the onset of the phrenic burst followed by a
      large peak that was coincident with the cessation of the phrenic burst. Phrenic
      triggered histograms of the activity of RVL sympathoexcitatory neurons exhibited
      three patterns of central respiratory modulation: inspiratory depression (I),
      inspiratory peak (II), and early inspiratory depression followed by a
      postinspiratory peak (III), a pattern that was very similar to that seen in LSND.
      Both nerve recording and single-unit recording experiments were performed in
      vagotomized rats with or without intact barosensory afferents. A comparison of
      the results suggested that, in the rat, the baroreflex does not modify or
      contribute to the central respiratory modulation of sympathetic output. Finally,
      a comparison was made between presumed nonadrenergic pacemaker-like neurons and
      putative C1 adrenergic neurons in the RVL. No differences were found in the
      patterns of central respiratory modulation.

PMID- 2923262
TI  - Effect of sympathetic blockade on diurnal variation of hemodynamic patterns.
AB  - Heart rate, stroke volume, and intra-arterial blood pressure were monitored
      continuously in each of four monkeys, 18 consecutive h/day for several weeks. The
      mean heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, systolic and diastolic blood
      pressure, and total peripheral resistance were calculated for each minute and
      reduced to hourly means. After base-line data were collected for approximately 20
      days, observation was continued for equal periods of time under conditions of
      alpha-sympathetic blockade, beta-sympathetic blockade, and double sympathetic
      blockade. This was achieved by intra-arterial infusion of prazosin, atenolol, or
      a combination of both in concentration sufficient for at least 75% reduction of
      response to injection of agonists. The results confirmed previous findings of a
      diurnal pattern characterized by a fall in cardiac output and a rise in total
      peripheral resistance throughout the night. This pattern was not eliminated by
      selective blockade, of alpha- or beta-sympathetic receptors or by double
      sympathetic blockade; in fact, it was exacerbated by sympathetic blockade,
      indicating that the sympathetic nervous system attenuates these events. Because
      these findings indicate that blood volume redistribution is probably not the
      mechanism mediating the observed effects, we have hypothesized that a diurnal
      loss in plasma volume may mediate the fall in cardiac output and that the rise in
      total peripheral resistance reflects a homeostatic regulation of arterial
      pressure.

PMID- 2923263
TI  - Effects of brain natriuretic peptide on renal nerve activity in conscious
      rabbits.
AB  - Responses of renal nerve activity (RNA) to intravenous infusion of brain
      natriuretic peptide (BNP) were examined in chronically instrumented conscious
      rabbits with all baroreflexes intact, sinoaortic baroreceptor denervation (SAD),
      and SAD plus vagotomy. In intact rabbits, an infusion of BNP at a rate of 0.3
      microgram.kg-1.min-1 for 30 min decreased mean arterial pressure (MAP) by 8 +/- 1
      mmHg and increased RNA by 48 +/- 4% but did not alter heart rate (HR). The
      decrease in MAP in SAD rabbits (20 +/- 3 mmHg) was greater than in intact
      rabbits, whereas RNA increased less (21 +/- 7%). After SAD plus vagotomy, BNP
      lowered MAP by 25 +/- 4 mmHg, whereas RNA was not altered significantly. To
      further examine the effects of BNP on baroreflex control of HR and RNA, the
      baroreceptors were stimulated or unloaded by raising or lowering MAP by
      injections of phenylephrine or glyceryl trinitrate, respectively. The maximum
      change in each HR or RNA response to phenylephrine or glyceryl trinitrate was
      plotted against the maximum change in each MAP response and a logistic function
      curve was fitted to the MAP-HR and MAP-RNA relationship. BNP did not alter the
      slope of either curve but shifted both curves to the left. These results indicate
      that 1) in intact rabbits, BNP increases RNA due to sinoaortic and
      cardiopulmonary baroreflexes and 2) BNP resets the baroreflex control of HR and
      RNA to a lower arterial pressure.

PMID- 2923264
TI  - Evidence for a regenerative capacity in adult mammalian cardiac myocytes.
AB  - Cardiac muscle does not contain a copopulation of myogenic cells and is
      mitotically inactive; hence, any regenerative capacity of the myocardium most
      likely originates from viable fragments of damaged cells rather than mitogenic
      activity. To assess the extent of such tissue recovery, single doses of the drug
      bupivacaine were used to induce degeneration of rat ventricular myocytes, and
      histological evidence for tissue recovery was sought. Up to 1 wk posttreatment,
      extensive degeneration was found around the injection site. At 2 wk, evidence of
      regeneration could be seen, and at 3 wk posttreatment, some relatively normal
      looking tissue was found.

PMID- 2923265
TI  - The somatosensory evoked potentials of normal infants: influence of filter
      bandpass, arousal state and number of stimuli.
AB  - Median nerve somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) were investigated in 35
      normal newborns aged 0-5 days. During stimulation at a regular frequency of
      0.5/s, potentials deriving from cervical (CS2-Fz) or scalp (C3'-Fz) level were
      recorded with five different bandpasses (1-100 to 100-5,000 Hz (-6 dB/oct], with
      a variable number of stimuli (25-350) and in different arousal states: awake or
      in irregular sleep (non-quiet), or in regular sleep (quiet). The 1-100 Hz filter
      introduced a slight distorsion of the N13 and N19 (1) and (2) potentials but a
      better signal-to-noise ratio compared with the other filter settings. A 20-5,000
      Hz bandpass resulted in an inacceptable distorsion of the N19 (1) and (2) peak.
      For the 100-5,000 Hz bandpass an almost complete suppression of the cortical
      components was obtained. With a 1-100 Hz bandpass a N13 and a N19 potential could
      be recorded in all infants; in 75% of them a bilobed N19 peak was present. In the
      quiet state (n = 13) either a bilobed N19 peak was observed with prolonged N19
      (1) and (2) peak latencies compared with the non-quiet state or a large unilobed
      N19 wave. An increase in the number of stimuli from 25 to 100 resulted in a
      decrease of 33% in the amplitude of the N19(1) peak. We advocate to record SEPs
      in the neonatal period with a filter bandpass of 1-100 Hz and with a low number
      of stimuli (25-50), with attention for the arousal state of the infant.

PMID- 2923266
TI  - The influence of postmenstrual age estimation on the scatter of brainstem
      auditory evoked potential latencies.
AB  - In normal twins the brainstem auditory evoked potential (BAEP) was recorded. The
      inter-individual variation of the I-V peak latency-interval within the twins
      appears to be of the same order of magnitude as the variation of the I-V peak
      latencies generally observed in infants. Consequently we conclude that in low
      risk twins the inter-individual variation of the I-V peak latencies of the BAEP
      is maximally 0.4 msec and cannot be ascribed to a difference in postmenstrual
      age.

PMID- 2923267
TI  - Porencephaly and hydranencephaly: a neuropathological study of four autopsy
      cases.
AB  - Four autopsy cases of porencephaly and hydranencephaly were evaluated clinico
      pathologically. The patients showed profound mental retardation, convulsive
      seizures and spastic quadriplegia. The life spans were much shorter in the
      hydranencephalic cases. Pathologically, the cerebral cortex in the vicinity of
      the parenchymal defects often showed an abnormal cytoarchitecture, which appeared
      to be closely correlated with superficial glial proliferation. Several
      neurofibrillary tangles were found in the nucleus basalis of Meynert and the
      locus ceruleus in a 23-year-old porencephalic patient, and so-called grumose
      degeneration of the dentate nucleus in three patients, including a 2-month-old
      hydranencephalic boy. It is suggested that extensive cerebral defects may cause
      neuronal degeneration of the subcortical nuclei.

PMID- 2923268
TI  - Hypoglycemia in a child with congenital muscular dystrophy.
AB  - Since skeletal muscle is an important source of precursor for gluconeogenesis, it
      would not be surprising if carbohydrate metabolism was altered in some muscle
      disorders. We report a 7-10/12-year-old white male with congenital muscular
      dystrophy whose recurrent episodes of vomiting and dehydration were due to
      fasting hypoglycemia. He was found to have a blood glucose of 21 mg/dl with an
      episode of vomiting and dehydration. Diagnostic fasting replicated the symptoms
      and hypoglycemia. Associated laboratory findings included hypoalaninemia,
      ketonemia, and acidosis. With use of frequent feedings, there were no further
      episodes over 1-9/12 years of observation. To our knowledge this is the first
      report of hypoglycemia complicating muscular dystrophy. However, hypoglycemia may
      not be diagnosed because of the nonspecific nature of the symptoms. Hypoglycemia
      should be considered when children with reduced muscle mass develop otherwise
      unexplained vomiting.

PMID- 2923269
TI  - The effect of intraventricular interferon on subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.
AB  - Two patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) were treated with
      intraventricular alpha interferon (IFN-alpha) via an Ommaya reservoir for 20-57
      months. The clinical course of the disease was followed for 20-67 months.
      Clinical improvement was observed after daily intraventricular administration of
      IFN in one case. There were no serious complications or side effects during
      interferon therapy except for the fever. Intraventricular administration of IFN
      appears superior to intrathecal administration for long-term treatment in several
      respects and is considered to be a potential therapeutic modality for SSPE.

PMID- 2923270
TI  - Changing views of NMR: automated high-resolution NMR with a sample changer.

PMID- 2923271
TI  - Chemical ionization of laser-desorbed neutrals in a Fourier transform mass
      spectrometer.

PMID- 2923272
TI  - Modification of a high-efficiency passive sampler to determine nitrogen dioxide
      or formaldehyde in air.

PMID- 2923273
TI  - Analytical applications of polarimetry, optical rotatory dispersion, and circular
      dichroism.

PMID- 2923274
TI  - Separation of serotonin from catechols by capillary zone electrophoresis with
      electrochemical detection.
AB  - Capillary zone electrophoresis with electrochemical detection is demonstrated
      with columns having only 9-microns inner diameter. Amperometric detection limits
      of 0.7 amol are reported for serotonin. The difficult problem of resolving
      serotonin and dopamine--two neurotransmitters of interest having similar
      electrophoretic mobilities--is addressed by chemical means to improve
      selectivity. These include buffer modification with 2-propanol and a system
      employing borate complexation of the catechol in combination with sodium dodecyl
      sulfate micelles.

PMID- 2923275
TI  - Diameters and cross-sectional areas of branches in the human pulmonary arterial
      tree.
AB  - Measurements were made of the diameters of the three branches meeting at each of
      1,937 bifurcations in the pulmonary arterial tree, using resin casts from two
      fully inflated human lungs. Cross-sectional areas of the parent branch and of the
      daughter branches were calculated and plotted on a log-log plot, which showed
      that mean cross-sectional area increases in a constant proportion of 1.0879 at
      bifurcations. The mean value of the ratio of daughter branch diameters at
      bifurcations was 0.7849. The mean value of the exponent z in the equation flow =
      k (diameter(z)) was found to be 2.3 +/- 0.1, which is equal to the optimal value
      for minimizing power and metabolic costs for fully developed turbulent flow.
      Although Reynolds number may exceed 2,000 in the larger branches of the pulmonary
      artery, turbulent flow probably does not occur, and in the peripheral branches
      Reynolds number is always low, excluding turbulent flow in these branches. This
      finding seems to be incompatible with the observed value of z. A possible
      explanation may be that other factors may need to be taken into account when
      calculating the theoretical optimum value of z for minimum power dissipation,
      such as the relatively short branches and the disturbances of flow occurring at
      bifurcations. Alternatively, higher arterial diameters reduce acceleration of the
      blood during systole, reduce turbulent flow, and increase the reservoir function
      of the larger arteries. These higher diameters result in a lower value of z.

PMID- 2923276
TI  - Progesterone secretion and mitochondrial size of aging porcine corpora lutea.
AB  - A functional dependency between the nongravid uterus and the ovaries is essential
      to luteolysis and the return to estrus in the pig. After mating of gilts, the
      corpora lutea develop, and they are required for the maintenance of pregnancy to
      a normal duration of about 114 days. Hysterectomy of luteal phase (day 6)
      nongravid gilts results in persistence of the corpora lutea to 150 days. We
      report that these corpora secrete greater quantities (P less than 0.025) of
      progesterone than during the later half of gestation (days 54-108). Although
      aging corpora lutea remain functional for at least an additional 35 days, an
      abrupt reduction by half in progesterone secretion (16 ng/ml) occurs about day
      114 in hysterectomized gilts that coincides with the prepartum decrease to basal
      serum levels (less than 0.5 ng/ml) at parturition (day 114) and during lactation.
      Aging corpora lutea remain large (averaging greater than 450 mg) on days 124 and
      136 in hysterectomized gilts, whereas they regress (averaging less than 75 mg) in
      the lactating dams. Mitochondria continue to increase in size in aging corpora
      lutea of hysterectomized gilts until day 136; in contrast, they decrease during
      the postpartum period in lactating dams. A precisely timed signal, possibly of
      ovarian origin or from the CNS and pituitary gland, entrains in hysterectomized
      and pregnant pigs at day 113 that results in marked shifts in relaxin and
      progesterone secretion. Progesterone secretion and mitochondrial features suggest
      that porcine corpora lutea seem genetically controlled and are preprogrammed at
      estrus for the duration of pregnancy, regardless of the presence of conceptuses
      or absence of the uterus.

PMID- 2923277
TI  - Progesterone promotes a massive infiltration of the rat uterine cervix by the
      eosinophilic polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
AB  - Rat uterine cervices contained an eosinophilic infiltrate during labor, whereas
      samples of cervices obtained from nonpregnant controls had no infiltrate. A heavy
      eosinophilic invasion, which closely resembled that of the cervix uteri at term,
      could be reproduced in ovariectomized rats following progesterone administration,
      but not in spayed rats injected with estrogen. Light and electron microscopic
      evidence showing a widespread collagenolysis in the cervical stroma at term is
      presented. This collagenolysis follows the eosinophilic invasion. On the basis of
      these observations, a possible role for the eosinophilic infiltrate of the
      uterine cervix is discussed.

PMID- 2923278
TI  - Development of spermatozoa in the rhea.
AB  - We have examined the ultrastructural changes that take place during
      spermiogenesis in the rhea. Spermatozoa are characterized by a curved head and a
      midpiece. A thin rod extends from the anterior tip of the spermatozoon through
      the center of the nucleus. A 3-mu-long distal centriole occupies the entire
      midpiece. The principal piece is characterized by a small fibrous sheath and tiny
      dense fibers that are only observed in the region of the principal piece, which
      is immediately behind the annulus. During development a circular manchette
      surrounds the nucleus of young spermatids. Later the microtubules of the circular
      manchette become reorganized into a longitudinal manchette. A long distal and
      short proximal centriole are observed in early round spermatids. The distal
      centriole becomes associated with the plasma membrane. Later the proximal
      centriole is observed in association with the nucleus. The area around the
      centriole pair then accumulates dense material, which is associated with either
      the centrioles or the circular manchette. The longitudinal manchette forms and
      then disappears and mitochondria subsequently associate with the distal
      centriole. The long centriole of the rhea enables this species to develop a
      midpiece similar to the midpiece of mammalian sperm without the complex
      intercellular movements that characterize mammalian spermiogenesis.

PMID- 2923279
TI  - Immunocytochemical localization of hepatic fatty acid binding protein in the rat
      intestine: effect of fasting.
AB  - Localization of hepatic fatty acid binding protein (h-FABP) in the small and
      large intestines of rats was studied by light and electron microscopic
      histochemistry using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) method. In the small
      intestine of rats fed ad libitum, an intense FABP immunoreactivity was confined
      to the absorptive epithelial cells of the villi, but not of the crypts. The
      lowest margin of the immunoreactive cell sheet was closer to the crypts in the
      proximal than in the distal portions of the small intestine. In the large
      intestine, FABP immunoreactivity was present in the surface epithelial cells,
      with higher intensity in the proximal than in the distal portions of the
      intestine. After fasting rats for two days, many crypt cells exhibited intense
      immunoreactivity for h-FABP, resulting in an extension of the lowest margin of
      the immunoreactive cell sheet deep into the crypts. Such expansion of the
      immunoreactive cell population was reversed by refeeding the animals. With regard
      to the intracellular localization of immunoreactivity in the jejunum, the
      basolateral portion of the cytoplasm exhibited a more intense immunoreaction than
      the apical portion in the majority of immunoreactive cells lining the villi,
      whether the animals were fed or fasted. The immunoreactive products appeared in
      the cytoplasmic matrix without association with any subcellular
      structures.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2923280
TI  - Neural crest ablation does not alter pulmonary vein development in the chick
      embryo.
AB  - Cranial neural crest, which extends from the mid-diencephalon to somite five,
      plays an integral role in development of pharyngeal arch derivatives and supplies
      mesenchyme to the aortic arch arteries. Neural crest cells in pharyngeal arches
      three, four, and six migrate to the heart and are involved in aorticopulmonary
      and conotruncal septation. Ablation of the "cardiac" neural crest cells in chick
      embryos results in a variety of outflow tract anomalies, including persistent
      truncus arteriosus. Although other studies have shown the importance of the
      neural crest in the development of the cardiac outflow tract, the role of neural
      crest in venous development has not been established. This investigation
      evaluates the effect of cardiac neural crest ablation on the morphological
      development of the pulmonary vein. The presence of the pulmonary vein was
      confirmed initially at early stage 15 using histological sections and computer
      reconstructions of serially sectioned, normal embryos. India ink injections
      demonstrated a complete, patent pulmonary circuit at stage 18. Cardiac neural
      crest was ablated at stages 8-10. Operated, sham-operated, and control embryos
      were sacrificed at incubation day 11, and acrylic plastic casts prepared of the
      intravascular compartment. In experimental embryos with persistent truncus
      arteriosus, there were no morphological differences in the pulmonary veins,
      compared with shams and controls. These data indicate that the lesions of the
      cardiac neural crest have little morphological impact on pulmonary vein
      development. It is concluded that alterations in the cardiac neural crest are not
      involved in venous anomalies such as cor triatriatum and total or partial
      anomalous pulmonary venous return.

PMID- 2923281
TI  - Morphogenesis of the secondary palate in mouse embryos with special reference to
      the development of rugae.
AB  - Morphological studies of secondary palate formation, with special reference to
      the development of rugae, were carried out on Jcl:ICR mouse embryos. Three rugae
      were observed on the anterior part of the future oral surface of the vertically
      developing palatal shelves in 13-day embryos. Rugae increased in number as the
      development of the palatal shelves proceeded, and five to six prominent rugae
      were observed in 14-day embryos just prior to shelf elevation. The folding of
      these five to six rugae progressed in conjunction with the formation of a sharp,
      valley-like groove at the base of the anterior two-fifths of the vertical palatal
      shelves. As palatal shelves elevated, the groove disappeared gradually, and,
      accordingly, the folding of rugae loosened. In the groove region, the superficial
      epithelial cells were roundish, while the basal ones were elongated. Such
      characteristic features were no longer observed when the disappearance of the
      groove was completed. Eight rugae were observed on the future hard palate of 14
      day embryos with already completed palatal fusion. An additional ruga was
      frequently found in 15-day embryos, and the pattern then was almost the same as
      that of an adult. Epithelial thickening and condensation at the rugae region, as
      well as mesenchymal condensation under the epithelium of the rugae, were
      confirmed in embryos both before and after elevation of the palatal shelves.
      There is a possibility that these structural characteristics observed in the
      epithelial and mesenchymal cells of the rugae and groove regions may be related
      to palatal shelf elevation.

PMID- 2923282
TI  - Differential expression of galactose and N-acetylgalactosamine residues during
      fetal development and postnatal maturation of rat glomeruli as revealed with
      lectin conjugates.
AB  - A battery of fluorochrome- or peroxidase-coupled lectins, reacting with alpha- or
      beta-galactose (Gal), terminal N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc), or Gal-(beta 1-3)
      GalNAc residues, was used to study the emergence and distribution of cellular
      glycoconjugates in developing and adult rat glomeruli. Neuraminidase pretreatment
      of the specimens was applied to monitor the maturation of the glomerular
      sialoglycoprotein coat. In the adult glomeruli, the lectin conjugates applied
      reacted sparsely or not at all, but most of them showed an increased reactivity
      with podocytes and/or the glomerular basement membrane after neuraminidase
      treatment. In the embryonic glomeruli, lectins reacting with beta-Gal residues
      prominently bound to the basement membranes, as revealed in double-staining with
      laminin antibodies. This reactivity decreased first during late postnatal
      development. Some terminal Gal-(beta 1-3)-GalNAc residues were noted in the
      earliest podocytes, but obviously soon became covered by sialylation.
      Furthermore, the developing podocytes prominently displayed alpha-Gal residues,
      as marked by Maclura pomifera (MPA) and Jacalin reactivities but not by the GSA-I
      conjugates. During postnatal maturation these reactivities also decreased. The
      GalNAc-specific Helix pomatia (HPA) and Helix aspersa (HAA) agglutinins bound to
      basement membranes of evolving podocytes but later revealed in the podocytes only
      a Golgi-like cytoplasmic reactivity. These two lectins showed a marked difference
      in their binding to tubular basement membranes. In lectin blotting experiments of
      electrophoretically separated polypeptides transferred onto nitrocellulose, the
      peanut agglutinin (PNA) and MPA conjugates revealed upon neuraminidase treatment
      a broad Mr 140,000 polypeptide, compatible with podocalyxin, both in isolated
      developing and adult glomeruli. The MPA conjugate revealed a similar polypeptide
      in developing glomeruli, even without neuraminidase treatment. Similar
      experiments with the HPA and HAA conjugates revealed different polypeptides in
      both adult and developing glomeruli. Obviously, in the rat kidney the maturation
      of the podocyte sialoglycoprotein coat and the glomerular basement membranes are
      multiphasic processes that continue even during late postnatal development.

PMID- 2923283
TI  - Body weight gain as related to craniofacial and calvarial volumetric changes in
      growing rabbits.
AB  - This investigation was conducted to evaluate the relationship between calvarial
      and craniofacial volumetric growth relative to body weight gain. Ten male New
      Zealand white rabbits received spherical tantalum bone markers in the nasal,
      frontal, parietal, and temporal bones: a minimum of two in each bone segment. The
      animals were followed from age 32 to 144 days using a roentgen
      stereophotogrammetric system and an accurate scale. Implant stability was checked
      at each stereometric examination. Sutural growth and volumetric changes were
      computed and correlated to weight increase. Successive calvarial and craniofacial
      polyhedron expansion, as well as weight, showed considerable variability and
      interindividual variation throughout the observation period. Calculated
      coefficients of determination, linear regressions, and the correlation
      coefficients for each age interval demonstrated weak correlations, especially for
      calvarial to weight data. Consequently, this study suggests a low dependence of
      calvarial volumetric growth, reflecting the neural mass expansion on body weight
      development. Thereby, further indications of the low reliability of weight as a
      parameter of general health evaluation was provided.

PMID- 2923284
TI  - Effects of aging on the neurons within area 17 of rhesus monkey cerebral cortex.
AB  - A light and electron microscopic examination of area 17 of the visual cortex in
      well-fixed young (5-6 years) and old (25-35 years) rhesus monkeys was carried out
      to determine the effects of age on neurons. The analyses were made in a portion
      of area 17 on the lateral surface of the hemisphere just caudal to the lunate
      sulcus. Light microscopic measurements of the mean cortical depth in vertically
      oriented 1-micron-thick sections reveal no obvious thinning with age, and the
      mean diameters of neuronal nuclei do not change with age. On the basis of counts
      of neuronal profiles containing nuclei in 250-microns-wide strips of 1-micron
      thick sections passing through the entire depth of the cortex, no significant
      neuronal loss could be detected. These findings are consistent with our electron
      microscopic observations on this area of the cortex, for in the old monkeys the
      neurons show little cytological evidence of advanced age beyond the presence of a
      few lipofuscin granules, although the neuropil contains some profiles of
      degenerating small-caliber dendrites, myelinated axons, and a few axon terminals.
      Large vacuoles, some 10 microns or more in diameter, are present in the neuropil
      of the old animals. Some of these vacuoles appear to represent a late stage in
      the degeneration of myelinated axons, for they are bounded by a thin, laminated
      sheath. Other large vacuoles, of unknown origin, often contain membranous debris
      and have an attenuated limiting membrane. It is concluded that the cell bodies of
      neurons in area 17 of old rhesus monkeys do not show significant structural
      changes due to age, although some of the neuronal processes in the neuropil are
      affected.

PMID- 2923285
TI  - Foveal regions of bird retinas correlate with the aster of the inner nuclear
      layer.
AB  - A radiate specialization, the aster, has been found in whole-mount retinas of
      birds and is associated to each one of the temporal and nasal fovea, with the one
      related to the convexiclivate nasal fovea more evident. This radial arrangement
      extends uniformly in all directions from the foveal pit. Transverse sections of
      the retina show that this structure is formed by bands of cells and bundles of
      fibers from the inner nuclear layer.

PMID- 2923286
TI  - Delayed muscle fiber transformation after foreign-reinnervation of excessive
      muscle tissue.
AB  - Following partial denervation motor units can increase (by self-reinnervation) as
      much as four to five times their normal size. To investigate the still unknown
      quantitative reinnervation capacity of a motor nerve in the case of foreign
      reinnervation, in adult male rats the denervated sternomastoid muscle was either
      self-reinnervated by its original nerve or foreign-reinnervation by the omohyoid
      nerve, which had to reinnervate the three times the amount of muscle fibers and
      six times the amount of muscle mass. After survival times of 7, 8, 9, or 10
      months, nerves and muscles were investigated histochemically and
      immunohistochemically. The omohyoid nerve could fully reinnervate the
      sternomastoid muscle, but at 7 and 8 months this muscle still revealed nearly the
      same proportions of IIA and IIB fibers as were seen in the self-reinnervated
      sternomastoid at all stages. However, in the following 2 months a shift of the
      fiber pattern toward that of the normal omohyoid was observed, as evidenced by a
      strong increase in type IIB fibers (from 24% to 62%), at the expense of type IIA
      fibers. These findings are in contrast to those after foreign (cross)
      reinnervation of leg muscles where the fiber transformation (according to the
      foreign motor input) occurs in parallel with the reinnervation process during the
      first 2-3 months. The delayed fiber transformation observed could be the
      consequence of the highly enlarged peripheral field of the omohyoid motoneuron
      pool or could merely reflect a general difference between limb and neck
      muscles.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2923287
TI  - How should residual neuromuscular blockade be detected?

PMID- 2923288
TI  - Recovery of airway protection compared with ventilation in humans after paralysis
      with curare.
AB  - d-Tubocurarine (dTc) was administered intravenously to six healthy unanesthetized
      volunteers to assess the sensitivity to neuromuscular blockade of those muscles
      involved in protecting the airway against obstruction and/or aspiration relative
      to the muscles of inspiration. Each subject was given an intravenous bolus of dTc
      followed by an infusion to allow three different levels of inspiratory muscle
      weakness as measured by maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP). Levels of MIP were
      control (-90 cm H2O), -60, -40, and -20 cm H2O. Vital capacity (VC), hand grip
      strength (HGS), and end-tidal CO2 (PETCO2) were obtained at each level. At each
      level of weakness and at intermediate values during recovery, muscles of airway
      protection were functionally assessed by noting the MIP at which the maneuver
      could be accomplished and the MIP at which they could not. The mean of these two
      values was calculated for each subject. The tests were: 1) ability to swallow, 2)
      ability to perform a valsalva maneuver, 3) prevent obstruction of the airway, and
      4) ability to approximate teeth. These were compared with head lift and straight
      leg raising. At maximum neuromuscular blockade (MIP of -20 cm H2O), VC was 2.0
      liters, HGs was 0, and PETCO2 was normal. Muscles of airway protection were still
      incapacitated. Swallowing returned above MIP of -43 cm H2O, approximation of
      teeth above -42 cm H2O, airway obstruction above -39 cm H2O, and valsalva above 
      33 cm H2O. Thus, although ventilation may be adequate at MIP = -25 mmHg, the
      muscles of airway protection are still nonfunctional.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2923289
TI  - Safety of supplementing axillary brachial plexus blocks.
AB  - The incidence of failed local anesthetic axillary blockade varies but can be as
      high as 20-30%. The authors propose to evaluate the safety of supplementing an
      axillary block with mepivacaine 30 min after the initial injection. An axillary
      blockade was performed on 10 healthy patients scheduled for forearm or hand
      surgery using a new catheter technique. Mepivacaine 1% with epinephrine (7 mg/kg)
      was administered initially and followed 30 min later by half the original dose
      (3.5 mg/kg). Plasma levels of mepivacaine were estimated at frequent intervals
      for 5 h after the initial injection. There were no symptoms or signs of local
      anesthetic toxicity, and plasma levels of mepivacaine remained below those that
      usually caused symptoms. In conclusion, the authors conclude that mepivacaine 1%
      with epinephrine (10.5 mg/kg) can be safely administered in divided doses into
      the axillary sheath within a 31-min period.

PMID- 2923290
TI  - Caudal epidural morphine for control of pain following open heart surgery in
      children.
AB  - The safety and efficacy of epidural morphine injected into the caudal space for
      control of postoperative pain following open cardiac surgery in children was
      studied. Thirty-two children between the ages of 2-12 yr for whom early
      postoperative tracheal extubation was anticipated were randomly assigned to
      control and study groups. Study subjects received a caudal injection of
      preservative free morphine sulfate (0.075 mg/kg) in preservative-free normal
      saline (5-10 ml) following completion of surgery, but prior to awakening and
      extubation of the trachea. Supplemental intravenous morphine administration and
      pain scores were recorded for 24 h. Patients in the study group received
      significantly less (P less than 0.03) morphine (0.32 mg.kg-1.24 h-1) and had
      significantly lower pain scores than did patients in the control group (0.71
      mg.kg-1.24 h-1). The mean duration of complete analgesia in patients receiving
      caudally administered morphine was 6 h (range 2-12), but decreased analgesic
      requirements were noted for the entire 24 h. No respiratory depression was
      evident by clinical variables or repeated arterial blood gas values. Nausea
      without vomiting occurred in 4/16 patients in the study group. No patient
      described pruritus. The authors were unable to evaluate the occurrence of urinary
      retention because all patients had indwelling urinary catheters. They found
      caudal epidural morphine to be safe and effective in the treatment of
      postoperative pain in children following open heart surgery.

PMID- 2923291
TI  - Regional blood flow and tissue oxygen pressures of the collateral-dependent
      myocardium during isoflurane anesthesia in dogs.
AB  - The authors investigated the effects of isoflurane on blood flow and tissue
      oxygen pressures of a collateral-dependent myocardium. Seventeen dogs divided
      into two groups were studied 3-4 weeks after implantation of ameroid coronary
      artery constrictors to completely occlude the proximal part of the left anterior
      descending artery. Experiments were performed during anesthesia with an opiate
      that was infused intravenously throughout the experiments. In Group 1 (n = 9),
      measurements were obtained during control and during isoflurane- (1.6-2.2 vol%)
      induced hypotension (mean arterial pressure, 60 mmHg). In Group 2 (n = 8), the
      identical protocol was applied, but norepinephrine was infused to maintain
      normotension. Dipyridamole effects were studied in five animals of Group 2 after
      a second control period at least 1 h after discontinuation of isoflurane.
      Isoflurane-induced hypotension caused reductions of blood flow and surface tissue
      oxygen pressures in the collateral flow-dependent area. Vasodilation in the
      normal left ventricular areas was demonstrated by an unchanged blood flow despite
      a reduced oxygen consumption and by a significantly increased coronary sinus
      hemoglobin oxygen saturation. When arterial pressure was maintained at its
      control level by norepinephrine, tissue oxygen pressures remained constant and
      collateral as well as normal area flow increased significantly during isoflurane.
      Coronary vascular resistance was lower during administration of isoflurane and
      norepinephrine compared with that during isoflurane induced hypotension,
      suggesting a significant contribution of tissue oxygen demand in regulation of
      coronary vascular resistance. At comparable levels of arterial pressure and left
      ventricular oxygen consumption, normal zone blood flow was significantly higher
      during dipyridamole than during isoflurane and norepinephrine. Thus, isoflurane
      induced hypotension decreased blood flow and tissue oxygen pressures of
      collateral flow-dependent myocardial areas. However, neither isoflurane nor
      dipyridamole caused such alterations when arterial pressure was normal.

PMID- 2923292
TI  - Pulmonary resistance during halothane anesthesia is not determined only by airway
      caliber.
AB  - Studies of the effect of halothane on airway smooth muscle have used pulmonary
      resistance as an index of airway caliber. However, pulmonary resistance (RL) is
      the sum of airway resistance (Raw), which changes with airway caliber, and of
      tissue resistance (Rti), which depends on the pressure-volume hysteresis of the
      lung. To separate the effects of halothane on airway caliber from its possible
      effects on tissue pressure-volume hysteresis in the unstimulated lung and during
      bronchoconstriction, the authors measured both components of RL before and during
      vagus nerve stimulation in 12 dogs before and during halothane administration.
      Rti was always the major component of RL, constituting 77 +/- 14% (mean +/- SD)
      of RL before vagus nerve stimulation and 64 +/- 21% of RL during stimulation in
      the absence of halothane. Vagus nerve stimulation caused approximately equal
      increases in both Rti and Raw. Halothane attenuated the response of both Rti and
      Raw to vagus nerve stimulation in a dose-dependent fashion. At 1 MAC, the Rti
      response was 44 +/- 13% of its value before halothane administration and the Raw
      response was 32 +/- 12% of its value before halothane administration; these
      responses were not significantly different. The authors conclude that changes in
      RL during halothane administration are caused not only by changes in airway
      caliber, as previously assumed, but also reflect a significant effect of
      halothane on lung tissue pressure-volume hysteresis.

PMID- 2923293
TI  - Interaction of fentanyl and pentobarbital on peripheral and cerebral hemodynamics
      in newborn lambs.
AB  - The effects of 3.0 mg.kg-1 fentanyl on cerebral and peripheral hemodynamics alone
      and when combined with subanesthetic doses of pentobarbital (4.0 mg.kg-1), were
      studied in 11 unanesthetized, newborn lambs, in whom catheters had been
      previously inserted. After a control period, drugs were administered at 20-min
      intervals by intravenous bolus injection. Group 1 animals (n = 5) received
      fentanyl, pentobarbital, and naloxone (0.01 mg.kg-1), whereas Group 2 animals (n
      = 6) had the order of fentanyl and pentobarbital reversed. All animals responded
      to pain (withdrawal to tail clamping) and appeared conscious (eyes open, alert to
      sound) when either fentanyl or barbiturate was given alone. The combination of
      drugs, however, produced complete unresponsiveness. All of these effects were
      reversed by naloxone. Cardiac output did not change after either fentanyl or
      pentobarbital was administered individually but decreased significantly (29% in
      Group 1, 21% in Group 2) after administration of the combination of both. Mean
      arterial pressure and heart rate were unchanged. Cerebral blood flow, oxygen (O2)
      transport, and O2 consumption did not change after either administration of
      fentanyl or pentobarbital alone but decreased significantly after both (22%, 30%,
      19%, respectively, in Group 1 and 35%, 40%, 38%, respectively, in Group 2). The
      decrease in cerebral O2 transport nearly paralleled the decrease in cerebral O2
      consumption such that the ratio, the fractional O2 extraction, increased
      slightly. Fentanyl decreased kidney blood flow alone (24%) and in combination
      with pentobarbital (25%), although pentobarbital did so only when combined with
      fentanyl.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2923294
TI  - Measurement of stroke volume with three-dimensional transesophageal ultrasonic
      scanning: comparison with thermodilution measurement.
AB  - The accuracy of measuring cardiac stroke volume with a new transesophageal phased
      array ultrasonic probe was investigated in 10 dogs. The method involved scanning
      the heart to obtain serial images covering the entire left ventricular cavity at
      end-expiration. An off-line computer analysis of the images was used to form
      three-dimensional reconstructions of the left ventricular cavity at end-diastole
      and end-systole, from which stroke volume was determined. Comparison with stroke
      volume determined by thermodilution during a wide range of hemodynamic conditions
      gave the following results for least-squares regression on 57 determinations
      (with the 95% confidence limits in parentheses): slope 0.95 (0.842-1.06),
      ordinate intercept 2.1 (2.0-2.2) ml, standard error of the estimate 4.1 ml, and
      correlation coefficient of 0.92 (0.87-0.95). Histologic examination of sections
      of esophagus surrounding the tip of the probe in nine dogs demonstrated minimal
      trauma to the esophageal wall, with eight specimens described as normal and one
      showing mild inflammation. The authors conclude that three-dimensional
      reconstruction of the left ventricular cavity from multiple transesophageal
      images offers a safe and accurate, although presently tedious, method for
      determining stroke volume.

PMID- 2923295
TI  - Mechanical factors do not influence blood flow distribution in atelectasis.
AB  - The contribution of mechanical factors to the vascular resistance of the
      atelectatic lung has been studied in vivo in the anesthetized open-chest dog.
      When the left lung was ventilated with an hypoxic gas mixture (while the right
      lung was ventilated with 100% O2), left lung blood flow decreased from 0.99 +/-
      0.11 1.min-1 to 0.40 +/- 0.08 1.min-1 due to hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction
      (hypoxic stimulus PSO2 = 36.1 +/- 0.8 mmHg). When the left lung was made
      atelectatic, blood flow decreased to 0.65 +/- 0.11 1.min-1, consistent with a
      weaker hypoxic stimulus (PSO2 = 54.0 +/- 3.2 mmHg). With the addition of sodium
      nitroprusside infused intravenously, left lung blood flow increased to 1.05 +/-
      0.14 1.min-1 during atelectasis, and to 0.61 +/- 0.09 1.min-1 during hypoxic
      ventilation, while flow remained at 0.94 +/- 0.18 1.min-1 during hyperoxic
      ventilation. When the results were plotted on pressure-flow diagrams, the
      hyperoxic, hypoxic, and atelectatic lung points fell on the same pressure-flow
      line in the presence of nitroprusside. It is concluded that hypoxic pulmonary
      vasoconstriction is the major (but not necessarily only) determinant of increased
      vascular resistance in the atelectatic lung, and that passive mechanical factors
      do not measurably affect blood flow distribution during open-chest atelectasis.

PMID- 2923296
TI  - Disruption of the rhythmic activity of the medullary inspiratory neurons and
      phrenic nerve by fentanyl and reversal with nalbuphine.
AB  - The effects of intravenous administration of fentanyl (50 and 100 micrograms/kg)
      on the discharge activity of the medullary inspiratory neurons and of the phrenic
      nerve were studied following vagotomy in nine decerebrate, paralyzed mechanically
      ventilated cats. In six cats, the inspiratory neurons explored were in the dorsal
      respiratory group (DRG) associated with the nucleus of the tractus solitarius
      (NTS), while in the remaining three, they were in the ventral respiratory group
      (VRG). In the former group, the rhythmic discharge of the inspiratory neurons was
      disrupted by fentanyl and replaced by a continuous discharge superimposed with
      irregularly occurring bursts. These changes were also reflected by the phrenic
      nerve discharge. Inspiratory neuronal activity increased significantly (P less
      than 0.05) at 1 and 5 min after completion of fentanyl injection. Disruption of
      the rhythmic activity of the inspiratory neurons and its replacement by a
      continuous and irregular discharge may lead to sustained contraction of
      inspiratory muscles and cessation of respiration. In the VRG, the activity of the
      inspiratory neurons was totally abolished by fentanyl. Thus, it appears that
      different groups of medullary inspiratory neurons have differential sensitivity
      to fentanyl. Nalbuphine, an opiate agonist-antagonist, restored the normal
      pattern and magnitude of the activity of the inspiratory neurons.

PMID- 2923297
TI  - The effect of halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane on the dynamic stiffness of
      rabbit papillary muscle.
AB  - The authors examined the effect of halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane on the
      dynamic stiffness of rabbit papillary muscles in Ba2+ contracture. Ca2+ was
      replaced by Ba2+ in order to constantly activate myofibrils. The dynamic
      stiffness of the contractured muscle was examined by exposing the muscle to
      sinusoidal length perturbations at frequencies of 0.05-30 Hz under two
      concentrations of anesthetic, approximately 0.5, and 1.5-2 mM, and at two Ba2+
      concentrations, 0.5 and 1.5-2 mM. The anesthetics had no effect on the frequency
      (fmin) at which minimum stiffness occurred, but markedly decreased the stiffness
      modulus at high frequencies (Khi). The decrease in Khi was significant for all
      anesthetics at the P less than 0.05 level. Increasing the Ba2+ concentration from
      0.5 to 1.5-2 mM in the presence of 0.5 mM of anesthetic resulted in a return of
      Khi to control levels. The authors conclude that halothane, enflurane, and
      isoflurane did not alter actin-myosin ATPase kinetics, because fmin was
      unchanged, but decreased the number of crossbridge interactions, because Khi was
      significantly decreased by all three anesthetics.

PMID- 2923299
TI  - The longitudinal distribution of pulmonary vascular resistance during unilateral
      hypoxia.
AB  - Pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure and the longitudinal distribution of
      pulmonary vascular resistance (arterial and venous components) can be determined
      by analysis of pressure decay curves following pulmonary artery occlusion. To
      validate this technique in intact animals, pulmonary artery occlusion pressure
      decay curves were obtained from both lungs in six anesthetized sheep during
      control conditions (100% O2) and during unilateral hypoxic ventilation (100% O2
      versus 100% N2). Analysis of pulmonary artery occlusion pressure curves indicated
      the following: 1) in the hypoxic lung, unilateral hypoxia increased the
      precapillary portion of pulmonary vascular resistance from 72% of the total
      resistance to 89% of the total resistance in that lung; 2) in the nonhypoxic
      lung, unilateral hypoxia did not significantly affect the distribution of
      pulmonary vascular resistance; and 3) unilateral hypoxia produced no significant
      change in pulmonary capillary pressure in the hypoxic lung compared with control;
      however, pulmonary capillary pressure was significantly greater in the nonhypoxic
      lung. These results are consistent with other evidence that hypoxic pulmonary
      vasoconstriction acts locally and primarily affects resistance at the arteriolar
      level. Pulmonary artery occlusion pressure decay curve analysis appears to be a
      valid technique for the measurement of pulmonary capillary pressure and the
      longitudinal distribution of pulmonary vascular resistance in intact anesthetized
      animals. These measurements pertain only to the vasculature distal to the site of
      pulmonary artery occlusion with the catheter, and, thus, caution must be used
      when applying this technique in a setting of nonhomogenous lung injury.

PMID- 2923298
TI  - Halothane induces depressor responses to noxious stimuli in the rat.
AB  - The effect of halothane on hemodynamic responses to noxious stimuli was
      investigated in anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats. It was found that
      increasing the end-tidal halothane concentration from sub-MAC to supra-MAC levels
      was frequently associated with a reversal of the mean arterial pressure response
      to a noxious stimulus from a pressor response to depressor response. The
      depressor responses could be produced by noxious stimuli at several sites but
      were of greatest frequency (100%) and magnitude (up to -80 mmHg) after clamp
      application at the base of the tail. The depressor responses were often, but not
      always, accompanied by decreases in heart rate. The correlation coefficient
      between the changes in heart rate and the changes in mean arterial pressure
      caused by noxious stimuli was +0.61 (n = 9). The authors further characterized
      the depressor responses in an additional 18 rats. The depressor responses were
      not influenced by vagotomy or muscarinic cholinergic blockade and were associated
      with concurrent decreases in both cardiac output and systemic vascular
      resistance. The hemodynamic changes associated with the depressor responses were
      consistent with a centrally mediated withdrawal of sympathetic tone. Knowledge of
      this effect of halothane on the arterial blood pressure and heart rate responses
      to noxious stimuli may be important for correctly interpreting animal responses
      to noxious stimuli in the presence of general anesthetic agents, particularly
      because animals are frequently used to characterize both the potency and the
      hemodynamic effects of anesthetic agents. The presence of depressor responses
      also indicates that mean arterial pressure responses to noxious stimuli cannot be
      used as a linear index of anesthetic depth in rats anesthetized with halothane.

PMID- 2923301
TI  - Anesthetic management for oophorectomy in a patient with lymphangiomyomatosis.

PMID- 2923300
TI  - Whistling face syndrome: general anesthesia and early postoperative caudal
      analgesia.

PMID- 2923302
TI  - Airway management for unilateral lung lavage in children.

PMID- 2923303
TI  - Succinylcholine-induced hyperkalemia in a patient with metastatic
      rhabdomyosarcoma.

PMID- 2923304
TI  - All that quakes does not necessarily shiver.

PMID- 2923305
TI  - The use of a vinyl glove does not affect pulse oximeter monitoring.

PMID- 2923306
TI  - EKG artifacts during intraoperative evoked potential monitoring.

PMID- 2923307
TI  - High spinal anesthesia in an infant.

PMID- 2923308
TI  - Adverse reactions to non-ionic iodinated contrast media do occur during general
      anesthesia.

PMID- 2923309
TI  - More on anesthesia machines and malignant hyperpyrexia.

PMID- 2923310
TI  - A potential complication of fiberoptic intubation.

PMID- 2923311
TI  - Draft guideline for selection and use of disinfectants.

PMID- 2923312
TI  - Survey of patients' knowledge of nosocomial infections.
AB  - A survey of discharged patients revealed that 62% of respondents were aware of
      the risk of nosocomial infection before they received the survey. Of the
      respondents 12.4% said they had suffered from a nosocomial infection; 70% were
      concerned about their risk of acquiring a nosocomial infection in the future; 83%
      believed nosocomial infections were preventable; 69% said the risk of acquiring a
      nosocomial infection was never explained to them during hospitalization; and 62%
      were dissatisfied with the information that hospitals and the medical community
      provided concerning the risk of nosocomial infections. Fifty-seven percent were
      willing to pay an extra $7.14 mean per diem charge to enhance the hospital's
      infection control program if this payment would lower their risk of infection.
      This survey suggests that the subset of responding patients want to know more
      about the risk of nosocomial infections, and they are willing to pay for more
      resources to be channeled into effective infection control programs.

PMID- 2923313
TI  - Survey of techniques used for sterilization of facial implants.
AB  - Policies need to be developed in each institution to ensure that OR personnel
      alert the CSS when implants are sent to CSS for sterilization so that a spore
      test can be processed with each implant regardless of the method of sterilization
      (steam, gas, or other). Implants should be quarantined for a 48-hour negative
      test result when possible. It is advisable to keep a log in CSS for items that
      require premature release with prior notification of the physician. In situations
      when implants and materials must be customized during surgery, OR personnel may
      sterilize the unwrapped implants and materials with a spore test. Under special
      circumstances, such materials may be released for use before obtaining the
      results of the 48-hour spore test, if the special circumstances are recorded in a
      log in the OR. If a spore test is subsequently found to show positive results,
      the physician and infection control personnel should be notified by telephone by
      OR personnel. Opposition to these policies in institutions that have implemented
      them has gradually diminished as surgeons have become used to the requirements
      and realize the rationale. OR nurses and infection control personnel need to
      understand that the procedures constitute safer patient care practices and that
      they are in full compliance with CDC guidelines.

PMID- 2923314
TI  - AIDS: problem solving in infection control. Universal precautions: Part 2.

PMID- 2923315
TI  - Threat of AIDS: relationship between knowledge and attitudes.

PMID- 2923316
TI  - Compliance with needle disposal policies.

PMID- 2923317
TI  - Force systems from an ideal arch--large deflection considerations.
AB  - A sophisticated mathematical simulation is presented which allows for the
      consideration of large activations in orthodontic appliances and their effect
      upon the resulting force systems which are delivered to teeth. Effects of
      bracket/wire interaction are studied using this new tool. Previous studies of
      force systems from an ideal arch were redone with the new analysis in which the
      wire was either rigidly restrained or free to slide. The restraint of the wire
      produced large mesio-distal forces and increased the magnitude of the moments on
      each bracket. If the wire is free to slide, both large deflection and small
      deflection solutions give similar results. The relative force system M1/M2
      fundamentally held true with large deflections and restraint; however, some
      differences were noted. The significance of allowing wire to slide in the bracket
      is discussed.

PMID- 2923318
TI  - Force distribution comparisons of various retraction archwires.
AB  - A photoelastic study comparing the effects of the activations of three retraction
      arch wires used in orthodontic therapy. Schematic representations of space
      consolidations, intrusion and root torque are illustrated.

PMID- 2923319
TI  - Mandibular rotation and lower face height indicators.
AB  - Lower face height indicators and mandibular rotation are assessed at 7 and 12
      years of age in a sample of 46 children, comparing the corpus axis and mandibular
      plane as indicators of change in mandibular position. The parameters involving
      the mandibular plane consistently show higher correlations.

PMID- 2923320
TI  - Correlations among craniofacial angles and dimensions in Class I and Class II
      malocclusions.
AB  - In normal and Class I malocclusions, ramus and mandibular angles are found to
      correlate most strongly with cranial base dimensions rather than angles, whereas
      in Class II malocclusions these angles tend to relate more closely to the cranial
      base angles.

PMID- 2923321
TI  - Rotational effects of S-N on the dentoskeletal pattern within the range of
      normal.
AB  - The range of orientation of SN in relation to the craniofacial centroid line in a
      Class I sample with "acceptable" profiles is divided into three groups for
      comparison with facial dentoskeletal structures and evaluation of the adaptations
      among them. This manuscript was originally submitted September, 1986.

PMID- 2923323
TI  - Aligning, leveling, and torque control--a pilot study.
AB  - Aligning, leveling, and anterior torque control of teeth from the onset of
      treatment is suggested with thermal ni-ti rectangular low stiffness wires. Before
      and after superimpositions show the degree that torque control was achieved on
      four clinical patients.

PMID- 2923322
TI  - Stability of maxillary surgery in openbite versus nonopenbite malocclusions.
AB  - Lateral cephalometric radiographs were evaluated to determine the posttreatment
      stability of 66 patients treated with LeFort I osteotomies to reposition their
      maxillae superiorly. The sample was divided into three groups based on the degree
      of pretreatment overbite: openbite subsample--no incisal overlap; overlap
      subsample--incisal overlap and no incisal contact; contact subsample--incisal
      overlap with incisal contact. The cephalograms were superimposed and linear
      measurements were made at each interval (pretreatment, posttreatment, and at
      least one year posttreatment). The results clearly show that the three subsamples
      reacted differently during the posttreatment interval. 42.9 percent of the
      subsample with pretreatment openbite showed a significant increase in facial
      height, significant eruption of maxillary molars, and a significant decrease in
      overbite. 28.6 percent of the openbite subsample and 16.7 percent of the overlap
      subsample showed a significant increase in facial height, significant eruption of
      maxillary incisors, and no change in overbite. The contact subsample had no
      significant posttreatment changes. Possible reasons for the posttreatment
      instability in the openbite subsample are proposed.

PMID- 2923324
TI  - Case report. Presence of fibrous dysplasia affects the treatment approach for a
      28-year old female patient.

PMID- 2923325
TI  - Pulmonary hemorrhage in a young infant.

PMID- 2923326
TI  - Comparison between refractoriness after distilled water-induced asthma and
      exercise-induced asthma.
AB  - Inhalation of distilled water (DW) frequently induces bronchoconstriction in
      asthmatic patients. We compared the degree of refractoriness to repeated
      inhalation of DW to that of repeated exercise challenge in 14 asthmatics.
      Refractoriness was seen following inhalation of DW. The maximum drop in FEV1 (%
      of predicted) following the first challenge was 31 +/- 13% and the maximal drop
      following the second challenge was 18 +/- 9% (P less than .01). The pattern of
      the airway response seen during 45 minutes following repeated inhalation of DW
      and exercise was similar. Cross refractoriness was also seen when inhalation of
      DW followed exercise challenge. It was concluded that both stimuli probably share
      a common mechanism of action on the airway.

PMID- 2923327
TI  - Pine nut allergy in perspective.
AB  - Anaphylaxis and other acute allergic reactions following the ingestion of pine-
      or pinon--nuts are documented and reviewed in perspective. Systemic allergic
      reactions to other relatively uncommon or "exotic" foods are also considered.
      Although hypersensitivity to more than one type of "nuts" is reported by some
      individuals, no significant cross-reactivity between any of these, or between
      pine pollen, pine resin, and pine nuts has been demonstrated.

PMID- 2923328
TI  - Two cases of aspirin-intolerant asthma whose leukocytes demonstrated
      hypersensitivity to sulpyrin.
AB  - Two cases of aspirin-intolerant asthma whose polymorphonuclear leukocytes
      demonstrated hypersensitivity to sulpyrin in vitro were reported. The patients
      were 14- and 15-year-old girls. Aspirin and sulpyrin intolerance were confirmed
      by aspirin oral provocation test and bronchial sulpyrin inhalation provocation
      test. In those intolerant patients, preincubation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes
      with sulpyrin enhanced the calcium ionophore A23187-induced leukotriene C4
      production as compared with those of healthy adults and aspirin-tolerant asthma.

PMID- 2923329
TI  - The role of food allergy on school behavior and achievement.

PMID- 2923331
TI  - Prehospital intravenous line placement: a prospective study.
AB  - We prospectively measured the on-scene time, transport time, and IV line starting
      time for 97 patients receiving paramedic care in an urban region during an 18
      month period. The overall success rate for IV line placement was 91%, and the
      average successful IV line starting time was 2.5 minutes. En route IV line
      attempts had similar success rates and starting times. The on-scene IV line
      starting times were shorter than the transport times in 86% of patients. We
      conclude that definitive IV line medical therapy, when available, can be
      delivered effectively by paramedics at the scene. We also conclude that en route
      IV line placement is feasible in trauma victims.

PMID- 2923330
TI  - Reperfusion arrhythmia: myth or reality?
AB  - Early reports of "reperfusion arrhythmia" after experimental temporary coronary
      occlusion raised concern that these arrhythmias, particularly ventricular
      fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia, might occur in association with
      reperfusion of an occluded coronary vessel during thrombolysis. Such an
      occurrence could increase the risk of transfer of such patients. To provide a
      more definitive answer to this question, we reviewed hospital and transfer
      records for all patients with acute myocardial infarction transferred by our
      critical care transfer service between January 1, 1985, and November 30, 1987,
      noting the occurrence of five types of arrhythmia: ventricular fibrillation,
      ventricular tachycardia, premature ventricular contractions, bradycardia, and
      atrioventricular block, both before and during transfer. Five hundred patients
      with acute myocardial infarction less than 48 hours old were transferred during
      this period. Two hundred twenty-five patients received thrombolytic therapy; 270
      did not (five unknown). The type of acute myocardial infarction was known for 471
      patients: 192 were anterior, 203 were inferior, and 76 were lateral. There were
      no deaths during transfer. Overall survival through hospitalization was 91%. The
      incidence of arrhythmia was 36% before transport and 12% during transport. There
      was no difference in arrhythmias overall, or with respect to any of the five
      arrhythmias specified, between patients who received thrombolytic therapy before
      and during transport and those who did not. Reperfusion arrhythmia does not
      appear to be a clinically significant entity during the transport of patients who
      are receiving IV thrombolytic therapy.

PMID- 2923332
TI  - Pediatric critical care transport: is a physician always needed on the team?
AB  - We conducted a retrospective study of the interventions performed by physicians
      in 191 transfers by our pediatric critical care transport team. Currently, the
      team always includes a pediatrician or pediatric resident, a pediatric emergency
      department nurse, and a pediatric respiratory therapist. Procedures performed
      during transport were divided into those done only by physicians in our
      institution and those also performed by nurses or respiratory therapists.
      Physician procedures were performed in 9% of transports. Medications given during
      transport were divided into three categories. Category 1 included drugs used only
      in our ICU and therefore with a physician present. Category 2 drugs were usually
      given in the ICU but were occasionally administered on the floor with close
      physician involvement. Category 3 included drugs routinely given on the floor
      with rare physician involvement. Category 1 drugs were required on 19% of
      transports, category 2 was the highest level used on 15%, and category 3 drugs
      alone were used on 20%. No medications were administered on 46% of transports. At
      the completion of each trip, the transport physician was asked if he believed the
      transport would have been successful without a physician but with an experienced
      pediatric ED nurse and respiratory therapist. The answer was "yes" in 46% of the
      cases (n = 166), "no" in 43%, and "unsure" in 11%. In 91% of the transports, no
      procedures were performed that required a physician. In 66%, no medications were
      used that required physician presence. In at least 46%, the physician believed
      his expertise was not required for the transport's success.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2923333
TI  - Lack of effectiveness of lidocaine for sustained, wide QRS complex tachycardia.
AB  - Records of 31 episodes of sustained, wide QRS complex tachycardia treated with IV
      boluses of lidocaine in 20 consecutive patients were reviewed. Most of the
      episodes were managed in the emergency department. Patient ages ranged from 18 to
      91 years (mean +/- SD, 64 +/- 17), and 17 of 20 were men. All but three had
      coronary artery disease. Although 19 of 20 patients were admitted with a
      diagnosis of "rule out acute myocardial infarction," only two had this diagnosis
      confirmed. Seventeen patients had ventricular tachycardia, and three had wide QRS
      complex supraventricular tachycardia. Patients were given one to three boluses of
      lidocaine totaling 75 to 400 mg (127 +/- 64 mg). Termination of the tachycardia
      was temporally related to lidocaine administration in only six of 31 episodes
      (19%) occurring in five of 20 patients. In three of these five patients,
      lidocaine was given again for a recurrence of the tachycardia and was
      ineffective. A similarly low efficacy was seen in 20 episodes initially managed
      in the hospital compared with 11 episodes initially managed by paramedics. Thus,
      although lidocaine is widely considered the drug therapy of first choice for
      sustained wide QRS complex tachycardia, it was not usually effective in our
      study. Patients presenting to the ED with this rhythm disturbance rarely prove to
      have acute myocardial infarction. Although this small retrospective study should
      not be the basis for a change in standard medical practice, the recommendation of
      lidocaine as initial therapy for such patients should be reexamined.

PMID- 2923334
TI  - The usefulness of serum electrolytes in the evaluation of acute adult
      gastroenteritis.
AB  - Acute gastrointestinal disorders are among the most common problems encountered
      by the emergency physician. Serum electrolytes are commonly ordered in the
      evaluation of patients with gastroenteritis. We retrospectively reviewed the
      charts of all 281 patients with a discharge diagnosis of acute gastroenteritis
      seen in our emergency department during a recent six-month period. Electrolytes
      were ordered on 207 of these patients, and the time spent in the ED was three to
      four times longer for patients on whom electrolytes were ordered. Of these 207,
      24 (11%) had electrolyte abnormalities, but only two (1%) had clinically
      significant electrolyte abnormalities, which were defined as values that affected
      patient treatment or disposition. On presentation, 56 patients (27%) had
      orthostatic vital sign changes (defined as a pulse increase of 30 or more on
      standing). Five (10%) had electrolyte abnormalities. None of the abnormalities
      were clinically significant. Eleven patients (5%) were hospitalized. One patient
      had electrolyte abnormalities that were not the cause of hospitalization. No
      patients with uncomplicated gastroenteritis alone had clinically significant
      electrolyte abnormalities. We conclude that there is no justification for the
      routine ordering of serum electrolytes on the adult patient with acute
      gastroenteritis.

PMID- 2923335
TI  - On-line medical command in theory and practice.
AB  - Paramedics are often required to use on-line medical command (OLMC) when they
      provide advanced life support. We evaluated the efficacy of OLMC use under this
      broad patient inclusion rule and limited paramedic discretion. OLMC was
      associated with an average of an eight-minute longer on-scene time, and an
      infrequent rate of physician-directed deviation from written treatment protocols
      (3.7% of all OLMC calls). Of the system's advanced life support patients, 6.1%
      experienced changes in their prehospital health status, reflected in changes in
      the patient's level of consciousness. OLMC use was associated with improved
      health status in 5.5% of patients compared with 3.2% for those treated without
      OLMC (P = .1). The health status of 1.3% of the patients treated with OLMC
      deteriorated. This was not significantly different from the 1.1% of patients
      treated without OLMC whose status deteriorated. We suggest that targeted OLMC use
      with expanded paramedic discretion may improve the efficacy of OLMC. Further
      controlled comparative studies of OLMC efficacy under targeted OLMC use versus
      broad patient inclusion rules are needed.

PMID- 2923336
TI  - Access to emergency departments: a survey of HMO policies.
AB  - An unresolved question related to the practice of health maintenance
      organizations' (HMOs) controlling access to medical care is whether such
      screening of patients seeking emergency department treatment impairs efficient
      patient care or endangers patients. A preliminary study was undertaken to
      determine whether so-called gatekeeping of access to EDs was common practice.
      Medical directors of HMOs in 39 states and the District of Columbia were surveyed
      by a mail questionnaire to assess policies regarding ED access. There were 98
      (80.3%) respondents to 122 questionnaires, representing 26% of all federally
      qualified HMOs in the United States. Of the 98 respondents, 90 (92%) used the
      distinctions "life-threatening" and "nonlife-threatening" in defining their ED
      access policies. In life-threatening situations, members were permitted to go to
      any hospital without calling the gatekeeper first. In nonlife-threatening
      situations 78 of 98 (80%) required that permission be obtained prior to an ED
      visit. Most required a telephone call; nonphysicians could act as gatekeepers in
      46 of 78 (59%). Thirty-nine percent of the 98 respondents limited their members
      to using the EDs of certain hospitals only. Ninety-four of 98 (96%) reviewed all
      ED visits prior to making any payment. We discuss here the implications of these
      gatekeeping policies.

PMID- 2923337
TI  - Emergency department telephone advice.
AB  - Emergency department personnel are frequently asked to give advice to members of
      the community who telephone for advice or information about a wide variety of
      medical problems. A study was designed to determine the consistency and accuracy
      of directions given to adults who call EDs seeking advice about a problem. Forty
      six EDs were selected and telephoned for advice by a research assistant who
      presented a scenario that could have reasonably been interpreted as a patient
      experiencing myocardial ischemia. Nine percent of the calls were answered and
      managed only by ED unit secretaries. Fifty-six percent of the respondents failed
      to ask the caller any questions about the patient or the chief complaint. Only
      four ED respondents instructed the caller to call 911 and have the patient
      brought to the ED. The data suggest that telephone advice given by some EDs is
      nonstandardized and may be inadequate to the point of jeopardizing the welfare of
      the caller.

PMID- 2923338
TI  - Vital records in the development of injury control research.
AB  - Most of the resources of the emergency physician are devoted to persons already
      injured, with little emphasis on prevention. Analyses of state and local injury
      statistics are necessary to identify local prevention needs in order to set
      program priorities. We discuss an example, an analysis of statewide injury
      fatalities identified through the Illinois Vital Records database. The overall
      death rate for injuries in illinois was lower than that found for the United
      States. However, the need for research on several high-risk age groups for
      certain injuries was identified. Most notably, the homicide rate for those 15 to
      24 years old was 140% of the national rate. Other specific nonwhite age groups
      were overrepresented in poisoning, fire, and firearm deaths, while specific white
      age groups were overrepresented in suicide, fall, and drowning deaths. The
      research regarding the etiologies of these injuries and the formulation and
      evaluation of prevention strategies based on this research must be
      interdisciplinary. The emergency physician is in a unique position to serve as a
      member of such an interdisciplinary injury control team, but currently there is
      little emphasis on or training for this role.

PMID- 2923339
TI  - Pacemaker function during helicopter transport.
AB  - A 71-year-old man had an increased pacemaker firing rate during helicopter
      transport. The increased rate, which resolved as soon as the engines were shut
      down, was thought to be due to the vibrations of the helicopter. We discuss the
      effect of vibration and electromagnetic force generated during helicopter
      transport on pacemakers. As the number of patients transported by air ambulances
      increases, the potential sequela must be recognized.

PMID- 2923340
TI  - The emergency management of a medicinal leech bite.
AB  - Leeches have been used as a medicinal remedy for years untold. Recently, there
      appears to have been a resurgence in the use of the medicinal leech, Hirudo
      medicinalis. Presented is the case of a patient who called the emergency
      department for advice concerning the management of a bleeding leech bite. We
      discuss briefly the pharmacologically active salivary contents of the leech and
      an approach to the emergency therapy of a medicinal leech bite.

PMID- 2923341
TI  - For whom the (phone) bell tolls.

PMID- 2923342
TI  - Bystander CPR--discouragement or reaffirmation?

PMID- 2923343
TI  - ABEM & critical care.

PMID- 2923344
TI  - Digital rectal message for PSVT.

PMID- 2923345
TI  - The data on HMO patients with AMI.

PMID- 2923346
TI  - Trauma in pregnancy.

PMID- 2923347
TI  - Evaluation by TC-99m leukocyte scan.

PMID- 2923348
TI  - Education adapts to meet challenges.

PMID- 2923349
TI  - Women cite child care as vital to family.

PMID- 2923350
TI  - ANA researches career center plan.

PMID- 2923351
TI  - ANA narrows focus, balances budget.

PMID- 2923353
TI  - Responding to the natural direction of change: nursing's educational and practice
      agenda.

PMID- 2923352
TI  - Keep quality of education, expectations high.

PMID- 2923354
TI  - North Dakota educates under new rules.

PMID- 2923356
TI  - Respiratory health of a population living downwind from natural gas refineries.
AB  - Since 1958 there has been a perception of excess illness in a rural Canadian
      population living downwind from two natural gas refineries, the emissions of
      which contain mostly sulfur dioxide but also hydrogen sulfide. To determine if
      there was an excess of adverse health outcomes in the population exposed (defined
      by place of residence), a health survey was undertaken in 1985 in this area and
      in one unexposed to emissions but demographically similar. Participation was 92%
      from both the exposed population (n = 2,157) and a representative sample (n =
      839) of the main reference population. More respiratory symptoms were reported in
      the exposed group than in the non-exposed group among those 5 to 13 yrs of age
      (28% versus 18%) and among never-smokers greater than or equal to 14 yrs of age
      (35% versus 24%). FEV1, FVC, and FEV1/FVC were similar in both areas.
      Dichotomizing the level of exposure (high, low) within the exposed area revealed
      a trend in the high exposure area toward increased respiratory symptoms in the
      younger age group (39% versus 24%), but decreased symptoms in the older age group
      (33% versus 36% among never-smokers). FEV1 was similar between the two areas. The
      excess of respiratory symptoms in the exposed area unassociated with impaired
      spirometric values would be compatible with increased awareness of health or a
      small biologic environmental effect.

PMID- 2923355
TI  - Effects of inhalable particles on respiratory health of children.
AB  - Results are presented from a second cross-sectional assessment of the association
      of air pollution with chronic respiratory health of children participating in the
      Six Cities Study of Air Pollution and Health. Air pollution measurements
      collected at quality-controlled monitoring stations included total suspended
      particulates (TSP), particulate matter less than 15 microns (PM15) and 2.5
      microns (PM2.5) aerodynamic diameter, fine fraction aerosol sulfate (FSO4), SO2,
      O3, and No2. Reported rates of chronic cough, bronchitis, and chest illness
      during the 1980-1981 school year were positively associated with all measures of
      particulate pollution (TSP, PM15, PM2.5, and FSO4) and positively but less
      strongly associated with concentrations of two of the gases (SO2 and NO2).
      Frequency of earache also tended to be associated with particulate
      concentrations, but no associations were found with asthma, persistent wheeze,
      hay fever, or nonrespiratory illness. No associations were found between
      pollutant concentrations and any of the pulmonary function measures considered
      (FVC, FEV1, FEV0.75, and MMEF). Children with a history of wheeze or asthma had a
      much higher prevalence of respiratory symptoms, and there was some evidence that
      the association between air pollutant concentrations and symptom rates was
      stronger among children with these markers for hyperreactive airways. These data
      provide further evidence that rates of respiratory illnesses and symptoms are
      elevated among children living in cities with high particulate pollution. They
      also suggest that children with hyperreactive airways may be particularly
      susceptible to other respiratory symptoms when exposed to these
      pollutants.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2923357
TI  - Quantitative sputum cytologic findings in 109 nonsmokers.
AB  - While sputum cytologic findings associated with cigarette smoking have been
      described, little information is available regarding nonsmokers for comparative
      analysis. Over a 3-month period, our cytopathology laboratory examined 3-day
      pooled sputa from 109 never smokers. Eighty-five percent were able to produce
      satisfactory results without recourse to induction. Ninety of 93 (97%)
      individuals had negative or reactive sputum cytologic findings. No carcinoma was
      identified. Two cases showed metaplastic changes and one case revealed dysplasia
      but all were from symptomatic never smokers. Eight components of stimulation of
      bronchial epithelium were microscopically quantified on each case and the mean
      values of each were calculated to produce a profile of an asymptomatic never
      smoker.

PMID- 2923358
TI  - Increased alveolar plasminogen activator in early asbestosis.
AB  - Alveolar macrophage-derived plasminogen activator (PA) activity is decreased in
      some chronic interstitial lung diseases such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and
      sarcoidosis but increased in experimental models of acute alveolitis. Although
      asbestos fibers can stimulate alveolar macrophages (AM) to release PA in vitro,
      the effect of chronic asbestos exposure of the lower respiratory tract on lung PA
      activity remains unknown. The present study was designed to evaluate PA activity
      of alveolar macrophages and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid in asbestos
      exposed sheep and asbestos workers. Forty-three sheep were exposed to either 100
      mg UICC chrysotile B asbestos in 100 ml phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or to 100
      ml PBS by tracheal infusion every 2 wk for 18 months. At Month 18, chest
      roentgenograms were analyzed and alveolar macrophage and extracellular fluid PA
      activity were measured in samples obtained by BAL. Alveolar macrophage PA
      activity was increased in the asbestos-exposed sheep compared to control sheep
      (87.2 +/- 17.3 versus 41.1 +/- 7.2 U/10(5) AM-24 h, p less than 0.05) as was the
      BAL fluid PA activity (674.9 +/- 168.4 versus 81.3 +/- 19.7 U/mg alb-24 h, p less
      than 0.01). Among the asbestos-exposed sheep, 10 had normal chest roentgenograms
      (Group SA) and 15 had irregular interstitial opacities (Group SB). Strikingly,
      whereas Group SA did not differ from the control group in BAL cellularity or PA
      activity, Group SB had marked increases in alveolar macrophages (p less than
      0.005), AM PA activity (p less than 0.02), and BAL PA activity (p less than
      0.001) compared to the control group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2923359
TI  - Maximal expiratory and inspiratory flow-volume curves in Parkinson's disease.
AB  - In order to investigate the type and degree of upper airway obstruction (UAO) in
      a group of patients with Parkinson's disease in different stages of the disease,
      we obtained maximal expiratory and inspiratory flow-volume (MEFV and MIFV) curves
      and maximal static mouth pressures. The clinical disability was indicated by a
      Hoehn-Yahr (H-Y) scale, ranging from III to V, and a more continuous Northwestern
      University Disability Scale (NUDS), ranging from zero to 50. Twelve patients were
      in H-Y Group III, and eleven and eight were in Groups IV and V, respectively. The
      pattern of the flow-volume curves was classified as either normal, or with
      superimposed regular or irregular oscillations (A), or with rounded-off and
      delayed expiratory peak appearance (B). Mean MEFV curves in Groups III and IV
      were not appreciably different from reference. In Group V, the mean curve showed
      a lower peak expiratory flow (PEF) and a more convex tail. Only the effort
      dependent variables PEF, peak inspiratory flow (PIF), and maximal mouth pressures
      at RV and TLC (PmTLC and PmRV) appeared to be significantly correlated with the
      NUDS index and decreased with increasing clinical disability. The mean values of
      those variables were also significantly different between the H-Y groups. The
      number of normal curves decreased from H-Y Group III to Group V. The contribution
      of A and B curves was relatively equal in the groups, with only a small number of
      A curves.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2923360
TI  - Respiratory mechanics in acute quadriplegia. Lung and chest wall compliance and
      dimensional changes during respiratory maneuvers.
AB  - We measured lung and chest wall compliance as well as rib cage and abdominal
      dimensions in the supine position in five acute C4-7 quadriplegics. Studies were
      performed serially from 1 to 12 months after injury. Results were compared with
      those of control groups of chronic (greater than 1 yr after injury) quadriplegics
      and normal volunteers. We found that lung compliance was lower in acute and
      chronic quadriplegics (0.129 +/- 0.023 and 0.176 +/- 0.043 L/mm Hg, respectively)
      than in normal subjects (0.278 +/- 0.086 L/mm Hg) and that these changes
      apparently occurred within 1 month of injury. Specific lung compliance appeared
      to be reduced to a lesser degree, suggesting that the changes in lung compliance
      were partly due to reduced lung volumes and partly to altered mechanical
      properties of the lung. During respiratory maneuvers, abdomen and rib cage
      dimensional changes demonstrated rib cage distortion. This distortion was less
      severe in chronic than in acute quadriplegics. The improvement in chest wall
      stability was likely due to increased strength of cervical accessory muscles of
      respiration and improved coupling of the various rib cage elements in chronic
      quadriplegics.

PMID- 2923361
TI  - Transtracheal oxygen decreases inspired minute ventilation.
AB  - Although patients using transtracheal oxygen (TTO2) frequently report decreased
      dyspnea and improved exercise tolerance, the mechanism for these effects is
      unknown. We hypothesized that these patients might have decreased inspired minute
      ventilation (VI), and this might be one mechanism for their decreased dyspnea and
      improved exercise tolerance. The effects of TTO2 on VI were studied in seven
      patients with chronic hypoxemia; two had chronic obstructive lung disease and
      five had severe restrictive disorders. VI, exhaled minute ventilation (VE),
      respiratory rate (RR), tidal volume (VT), earlobe O2 saturation (O2 sat), and
      arterial blood gases were measured while patients received varying amounts of
      oxygen either transtracheally or by mouth to achieve equivalent degrees of
      oxygenation. With TTO2 VI was reduced compared to VI with mouth O2 at similar
      levels of PaO2. As TTO2 flow rate increased, VI decreased; at 6 L/min O2
      delivered transtracheally, mean VI was reduced by 54 +/- 7.0%. Reduction in VI
      was due to decreased VT; RR did not change. To determine if air delivered
      transtracheally decreased VI, five patients were studied while receiving air
      transtracheally or by mouth. With transtracheal air, VI was significantly less
      than VI obtained while breathing air by mouth. We conclude that VI is decreased
      when oxygen or air is delivered directly into the trachea and that VI decreases
      as transtracheal flow increases. This effect is not due solely to changes in
      oxygenation. Decreased dyspnea and improved exercise tolerance in patients using
      TTO2 may be due to decreased VI and decreased inspiratory work of breathing.

PMID- 2923362
TI  - Pulmonary and extrapulmonary contributors to hypoxemia in liver cirrhosis.
AB  - To determine and to quantify the pulmonary and extrapulmonary contributors to
      hypoxemia in liver cirrhosis, we measured in 10 cirrhotics blood gases, P50,
      hemodynamics, ventilation, and the distribution of ventilation-perfusion ratios
      (VA/Q) using the multiple inert gas elimination technique. Seven patients had an
      arterial hypoxemia (PaO2 = 69 +/- 6 mm Hg, mean +/- SD), and three patients were
      normoxemic (PaO2 = 89 +/- 6 mm Hg). In each hypoxemic patient, the VA/Q
      distributions were characterized by the presence of low VA/Q units. A negative
      logarithmic correlation was found between the dispersion of the blood flow
      distribution and the arterial PO2. An acute inspiratory hypoxia (FIO2, 0.125)
      elicited an increase in pulmonary vascular resistance by 58.5% in the hypoxemic
      group and by 81.6% in the normoxemic one (p = NS between the two groups). The
      percent change in pulmonary vascular resistance induced by hypoxia was not
      correlated with the percent change in the dispersion of the blood flow
      distribution. A theoretical analysis showed that the mean arterial PO2 of 69 mm
      Hg of the hypoxemic group differed from a normal reference value of 96 mm Hg as a
      result of the combined effects of reduced hemoglobin (-4 mm Hg), increased P50
      (+4 mm Hg), increased ventilation (+10 mm Hg), low VA/Q (-35 mm Hg), and true
      shunt (-2 mm Hg). These results show that the "hypoxemia of liver cirrhosis" is
      essentially caused by VA/Q mismatching, which is not explained by an abnormal
      hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction.

PMID- 2923363
TI  - The measurement of inspiratory muscle strength by sniff esophageal,
      nasopharyngeal, and mouth pressures.
AB  - Sniff esophageal pressure (Pes) is a useful measurement of global inspiratory
      muscle strength, although it does require passage of an esophageal balloon. We
      investigated the relationship between nasopharyngeal pressure (Pnp) or pressure
      within the mouth (Pmo) and Pes during a maximal sniff from FRC without a
      noseclip. We measured Pes, Pnp, and Pmo simultaneously in 10 normal volunteers,
      and in 12 patients with inspiratory muscle weakness. In both groups, Pnp and Pmo
      were slightly less but very close to Pes. In normal volunteers, the mean ratio
      Pnp/Pes was 0.92 +/- 0.006 (mean +/- SE) and Pmo/Pes was 0.95 +/- 0.006.
      Regression analysis showed Pes = 4.57 + 1.05 Pnp (r = 0.995, p less than 0.001)
      and Pes = 0.74 + 1.05 Pmo (r = 0.994, p less than 0.001). Similar relationships
      between Pnp, Pmo, and Pes were found over a wide range of pressures generated by
      submaximal sniffs in normal subjects. In patients, the mean ratio Pnp/Pes was
      0.90 +/- 0.02 and Pmo/Pes was 0.87 +/- 0.03. Regression analysis showed Pes =
      5.12 + 1.0 Pnp (r = 0.949, p less than 0.001) and Pes = 11.2 + 0.882 Pmo (r =
      0.936, p less than 0.001). We conclude that Pnp and Pmo predict Pes during a
      maximal sniff in both normal subjects and in patients with inspiratory muscle
      weakness. Sniff Pnp and/or Pmo may provide a useful and less invasive method of
      measuring maximal inspiratory pressures during a sniff.

PMID- 2923364
TI  - Transdiaphragmatic twitch pressure. Effects of lung volume and chest wall shape.
AB  - The effect of lung volume and thoracoabdominal shape on the transdiaphragmatic
      twitch pressure (Pdit) amplitude was evaluated in six volunteers during airway
      occlusion. Twitch stimulation was applied through fine wire electrodes implanted
      near both phrenic nerves. Stimulations were tolerated with little discomfort and
      constant phrenic nerve responses were maintained for hours. At FRC the group mean
      Pdit was 31.4 cm H2O (range, 19 to 36 cm H2O), and its coefficient of variation
      ranged between 2 and 5% in individual subjects. At 1 L above FRC, the Pdit
      decreased a mean of 7.8 cm H2O (range, 2.8 to 11.9 cm H2O). This change was
      caused primarily by a decrease in esophageal pressure amplitude. The shape of the
      relaxed chest wall was altered by loading the rib cage with a force of 5 to 9 kg.
      Load and shape had little effect on Pdit independently of lung volume. Our
      modified technique of phrenic nerve stimulation through small wire electrodes is
      ideally suited for longitudinal intervention studies in patients. We conclude
      that the variability of Pdit with shape is small compared with its expected
      decrease with lung volume.

PMID- 2923365
TI  - Does the abnormal pattern of breathing in patients with interstitial lung disease
      persist in deep, non-rapid eye movement sleep?
AB  - Patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD) characteristically exhibit an
      increased ventilation and breathing frequency when awake. We wanted to see if
      these increases persisted during deep non-REM sleep. Using noninvasive
      techniques, we have quantified the pattern of breathing, arterial oxygen
      saturation, and transcutaneous PCO2 (PtcCO2) during standardized conditions of
      relaxed wakefulness and during Stage 4 (S4) sleep in eight patients with ILD and
      eight age-matched normal control subjects. The patients were given supplemental
      oxygen in order to prevent hypoxic ventilatory stimulation. The data were
      compared between the two groups during each of these states and also between
      states within each group. During wakefulness in the patients, respiratory
      frequency (f) and PtcCO2 were higher (p less than 0.001 and p less than 0.05,
      respectively) and inspiratory time (TI) and expiratory time (TE) were shorter (p
      less than 0.05 and p less than 0.001, respectively) than in the normal subjects.
      However, during S4 sleep, there were no significant differences between groups.
      Comparing wakefulness with S4 sleep: in the normal subjects during sleep, f and
      PtcCO2 were increased (p less than 0.01 and p less than 0.05, respectively), TE
      was shortened (p less than 0.01), and ventilation (VI) was unchanged. In
      contrast, in the patients, f decreased (p less than 0.001), TE lengthened (p less
      than 0.01), VI decreased (p less than 0.05), and the rise in PtcCO2 seen in the
      normal subjects during sleep did not occur.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2923366
TI  - The role of atmospheric pressure variation in the development of spontaneous
      pneumothoraces.
AB  - It has been postulated that spontaneous pneumothoraces (SP) develop because of
      rupture of subpleural blebs, and that atmospheric pressure changes (delta AP) may
      be contributory. A 5-year retrospective analysis of SP admissions was carried out
      to determine if delta AP do play a role in SP development. Using a 36-yr record
      of hourly delta AP, a normative background for delta AP was constructed. A fall
      in AP below the fifth, or a rise above the ninety-fifth percentile during these
      time periods, was classed as "unusual." Atmospheric pressure changes in the 4
      days prior to SP were analyzed. The expected frequency of SP occurring by chance,
      if no relationship to delta AP existed, was also calculated. A total of 192 cases
      of SP was analyzed. Traumatic pneumothoraces were excluded. The majority of cases
      (72%) had been exposed to at least one "unusual" delta AP in the 4 days prior to
      onset of symptoms. Among those with four or more "unusual" exposures, SP
      occurrence was significantly more frequent than expected by chance alone (p less
      than 10(-10]. A strong positive association between delta AP and SP was not found
      in all cases, as delta AP are unlikely to be the only causative factor for SP.
      This finding of a relationship with ambient pressure changes lends support to the
      theory that SP develop as a result of rupture of subpleural blebs.

PMID- 2923367
TI  - Low glucose and pH levels in malignant pleural effusions. Diagnostic significance
      and prognostic value in respect to pleurodesis.
AB  - In order to determine the diagnostic and prognostic significance of low pleural
      glucose and pH levels, we executed a prospective study of these parameters and
      cytologic yield in 77 cases of malignant pleural effusions diagnosed from 116
      consecutive thoracoscopies. The extension of the neoplasms detected by
      thoracoscopy as well as the results of our attempts to carry out pleurodesis by
      talc were also studied. Pleural glucose levels were less than 60 mg/dl in 16
      cases, and the cytologic yield was positive in 14 of these cases (87%). The
      glucose value rose above this level in 61 cases, and the cytology was positive in
      30 cases (49%; p less than 0.006). A pH less than 7.30 was encountered in 18
      cases and there were positive cytologic findings in 14 of these cases (78%). The
      pH was above 7.30 in 46 cases, and cytologic studies were positive in 22 cases
      (48%; p less than 0.03). There were ten cases in which both the glucose and pH
      levels were low, and the cytology was positive in 9 cases (90%), while there were
      40 cases in which both the glucose and pH levels were high and cytologic yields
      of 20 of these cases were positive (50%; p less than 0.03). The extension of the
      lesions observed during thoracoscopy showed important differences as far as this
      related to the glucose levels (p less than 0.005), but this relationship as it
      concerned pH levels was even more significant (p less than 0.0002). The
      differences were also highly significant (p less than 0.003) when the glucose and
      pH were jointly considered.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2923368
TI  - Characteristics of upper airway chemoreflex prolonged apnea in human infants.
AB  - Water instilled into the pharynx of sleeping human infants elicits a range of
      chemoreflex responses that, occasionally, includes prolonged apnea (defined as
      absence of ventilation for at least 20 s, or for a shorter period if accompanied
      by bradycardia of less than or equal to 100 b.p.m. or cyanosis). To learn more
      about airway receptors mediating this prolonged apneic response and factors
      determining its occurrence, we examined the importance of stimulus location and
      associations between prolonged apnea, bradycardia, and upper airway responses. A
      total of 29 episodes of prolonged apnea were recorded after water stimulation in
      12 infants. Bradycardia (HR less than 100) followed stimulus delivery but was
      always preceded by apnea and did not appear as an independent chemoreflex
      response. Behavioral arousal and prolonged apnea were not mutually exclusive
      responses and recovery from prolonged apnea was not always closely linked with
      arousal. Occurrence of prolonged apnea was greater after pharyngeal than nasal
      stimulation, and was frequently associated with coughing, but not with sneezing,
      suggesting that prolonged apnea is elicited from a sensory site close to, or the
      same as, one mediating cough. We conclude, using this water stimulus method, that
      the predominant receptors for chemoreflex-prolonged apnea are located in the
      pharynx or larynx rather than in the nose.

PMID- 2923369
TI  - The effects of prostaglandin E1 on lung injury complicating hyperdynamic sepsis
      in sheep.
AB  - We examined the hypothesis that PGE1 would reduce the severity of lung injury in
      sheep rendered septic by cecal ligation and perforation (CLP). Twenty-four to 30
      h after CLP, septic lung injury was documented in 37 sheep because pulmonary
      lymph flow (Qlym) was increased above the baseline, nonseptic study (delta =
      +7.38 +/- 5.1 ml/h; p less than 0.05), whereas the lymph-to-plasma total protein
      ratios remained unchanged. During a subsequent 24-h "septic treatment" study
      period, Qlym continued to increase in an untreated study group (septic treatment
      minus septic delta = +10.24 +/- 4.9 ml/h; p less than 0.05), but not in sheep
      treated with PGE1 by continuous infusion at two doses, 1 micrograms/kg/h ("low
      dose": delta Qlym = -0.04 +/- 6.1 ml/h; p = NS) and 1 microgram/kg/min ("high
      dose": delta Qlym = -0.04 +/- 6.1 ml/h; p = NS. Mean pulmonary artery pressures
      (Ppa) increased in the untreated group during the septic treatment period (delta
      = +3.74 +/- 4.8 mm Hg; p less than 0.01), but not during PGE1 infusion in either
      of the low-dose (delta Ppa = -4.1 +/- 5.7 mm Hg; p less than 0.04) or the high
      dose (delta Ppa = -0.1 +/- 6.2 mm Hg; P = NS) groups. Unlike other study groups,
      the PaO2 fell in the high-dose PGE1 group during the septic treatment study
      (delta PaO2 = -15.0 +/- 9.6 mm Hg; p less than 0.01). During a study period of
      drug withdrawal 24 h after the septic-treatment period, Qlym again increased in
      the low-dose PGE1 group such that the untreated and PGE1 groups were no longer
      dissimilar.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2923370
TI  - Accumulation of hyaluronan (hyaluronic acid) in the lung in adult respiratory
      distress syndrome.
AB  - The concentrations of hyaluronan (HA) were measured in bronchoalveolar lavage
      (BAL) fluid and serum from 12 patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome
      (ARDS). The median BAL fluid HA concentration was 353 micrograms/L, about six
      times higher than that seen in control patients (p less than 0.001). The median
      serum HA value was 619 micrograms/L, which was a 30-fold increase compared with
      that in the control patients (p less than 0.001). Another connective tissue
      component, type III procollagen peptide, was not recovered in significant amounts
      during lavage in patients with ARDS, but it appeared in the bloodstream in
      increased concentrations (p less than 0.001). Obtained recovery of HA during
      lavage of patients with ARDS cannot be explained by an enhanced passive leakage
      from the bloodstream because of increased alveolar-capillary permeability, but
      rather could reflect a mobilization of HA from lung interstitial tissue because
      of hydrostatic mechanisms. Alternatively, the appearance of HA in the alveolar
      space in ARDS might reflect an enhanced lung synthesis of HA. An increased HA
      production can possibly be mediated, directly or indirectly, by activated
      complement components, since a significant relationship was seen between
      increased plasma concentrations of C3a des Arg and BAL fluid HA (r = 0.61; p less
      than 0.05). The observed accumulation of HA in the small airways in ARDS may be
      expected to immobilize water and thereby contribute to the interstitial and
      alveolar edema. The inverse correlation (r = 0.71; p less than 0.01) seen between
      BAL fluid HA and pulmonary oxygenation index (PaO2/inspired oxygen fraction)
      supports such a hypothesis.

PMID- 2923371
TI  - The effect of inhaled naloxone on resting bronchial tone and exercise-induced
      asthma.
AB  - We wanted to determine whether 10 mg naloxone inhaled quantitatively could
      modulate the resting bronchial tone and respiratory response in exercise-induced
      asthma (EIA). In 11 asthmatic subjects, we measured specific airway conductance
      (SGaw) and forced expiratory flow (FEF) before and after the inhalation of
      naloxone or saline. In another 10 asthmatic subjects, we measured SGaw, FEF, and
      the ventilatory gas exchange, heart rate, and blood pressure responses produced
      by a treadmill exercise during 3 separate days: without any pretreatment (Day 1)
      or preceded by the inhalation of either 10 mg naloxone (Day 2) or saline (Day 3).
      We found that after 10 mg inhaled naloxone only one of 11 subjects
      bronchodilated, displaying an isolated, reproducible delta SGaw greater than 40%
      at 30 and 60 min. In the EIA protocol, the cardiopulmonary responses during
      exercise remained similar on all experimental days, but in seven of 10 subjects
      (all with %FEV1/FVC greater than or equal to 70% delta SGaw was -60 +/- 11%, + 1
      +/- 40%, and -52 +/- 7% during no treatment, naloxone, and saline days,
      respectively (p less than 0.05). FEF changes were comparable on all days (p
      greater than 0.05). IN CONCLUSION: (1) consistent with the general role of
      endogenous opioids, these neurotransmitter/neuromodulators can modulate a stress
      related bronchoconstrictor response (EIA), but only very seldom the resting
      bronchial tone. (2) Naloxone does not blunt EIA through a decrease in the
      asthmogenic stimulus (i.e., ventilation) or airway caliber change, but presumably
      through competition with the endogenous opioids released during exercise.

PMID- 2923372
TI  - Occurrence, predictors, and consequences of adult asthma in NHANESI and follow-up
      survey.
AB  - Adult asthma has been the subject of relatively few epidemiologic studies;
      separation from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has been difficult.
      Utilizing a cohort of 14,404 subjects, 25 to 74 yr of age, from the First
      National Health and Nutrition Survey (NHANESI, 1971-75) traced by the NHANESI
      Epidemiologic Followup Survey (1982-84), we investigated prevalence, incidence,
      predictors, and consequences of adult asthma. Cases were based on subject reports
      of active doctor-diagnosed asthma (without COPD). Differentiation of asthma from
      COPD was partially successful, as suggested by correlations with smoking status
      and pulmonary symptoms, but was imperfect, as suggested by subsequent hospital
      experience. Followup interview underestimated interim hospital diagnosis of
      asthma by 28%. Prevalence of active asthma at NHANESI among U.S. adults was
      estimated at 2.6%, and followup incidence of new-onset asthma at 2.1/1,000/yr.
      Low income was the strongest independent predictor of asthma; the higher rates
      seen in blacks were largely explained by their lower income. Males and females
      had equal prevalence rates, but females had higher incidence rates. Asthma
      prevalence and incidence were independent of age and cigarette smoking.
      Asthmatics were often hospitalized with various lung conditions in the followup
      period, but unlike those with COPD, did not have a significantly increased risk
      of death.

PMID- 2923373
TI  - Mechanisms of hypoxemia in patients with status asthmaticus requiring mechanical
      ventilation.
AB  - Eight consecutive patients (mean +/- SD age, 43 +/- 11 yr) with acute severe
      asthma (status asthmaticus) requiring assisted ventilation were studied within
      the first 24 to 48 h of admission, at maintenance FIO2 and while breathing 100%
      O2, using the multiple inert gas elimination technique. Ventilation-perfusion
      (VA/Q) inequality was characterized by a marked bimodal blood flow distribution
      (perfusion to normal and low VA/Q populations) in all but two patients, with a
      mean of 27.6 +/- 12.3% of the total perfusion present in the low VA/Q ratio units
      (between 0.1 and 0.005). As a result, the dispersion of pulmonary blood flow
      distribution (log SDQ) was severely abnormal (mean, 1.65 +/- 0.28; normal range,
      0.3 to 0.6). No patient had a substantial shunt (VA/Q = 0) (mean value, 1.5 +/-
      2.3%). The ventilation distribution was never bimodal, but the dispersion of the
      ventilation distribution (log SDV) was moderately elevated (1.01 +/- 0.24). High
      VA/Q areas (ventilation to VA/Q units between 10 and 100) were generally absent.
      While breathing 100% O2, PaO2, PvO2, and PaCO2 significantly rose, as did shunt
      and blood flow dispersion. Patients with life-threatening acute severe asthma
      treated by mechanical ventilation show: (1) the most abnormal gas exchange
      characteristics of the VA/Q spectrum observed to date in human asthma but
      essentially the same pattern as in patients with less severe disease; (2) a high
      level of hypoxic pulmonary vascular response; (3) a significant amount of shunt
      while breathing 100% O2, suggesting the presence of absorption atelectasis or
      redistribution of blood flow.

PMID- 2923374
TI  - Surface IgA and Fc-alpha receptors on human alveolar macrophages from normal
      subjects and from patients with sarcoidosis.
AB  - Human alveolar macrophages (AM) obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) were
      found to bear cytophilic IgA and Fc alpha-receptors (Fc alpha R) on their
      surface. The cytophilic IgA belongs to the IgA1 subclass, but unoccupied
      receptors can be saturated with either IgA1 or IgA2 molecules. Although both
      polymeric and monomeric forms could attach, binding was about 5-fold greater for
      the polymers. Both cytophilic IgA and Fc alpha R are sensitive to trypsin and
      disappear after 18 h of AM culture. An increase in cytophilic IgA was observed on
      AM from untreated patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis, but not on AM from steroid
      treated patients. A significant correlation was found between IgA levels in BAL
      and the percentage of AM with cytophilic IgA in normal subjects and in steroid
      treated sarcoid patients. However, no such relationship was seen among untreated
      patients. These data suggest that multiple factors may modulate AM surface
      receptors for IgA. Inflammatory events occurring in the lungs could alter
      receptor expression and perhaps be of significance in the immunophysiopathology
      of certain pulmonary diseases.

PMID- 2923376
TI  - Effect of heparin and warfarin on chronic hypoxic pulmonary hypertension and
      vascular remodeling in the guinea pig.
AB  - Chronic hypoxia produces pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary vascular
      remodeling. Heparin partially prevents the rise in right ventricular pressure and
      vascular remodeling in chronically hypoxic mice. To determine if this is due to
      the anticoagulant property of heparin or another property, we compared the effect
      of oral warfarin given at an anticoagulating dose (0.5 mg/kg/day) to heparin
      given by continuous infusion at a dose that does not prolong the partial
      thromboplastin time (PTT) (20 units/kg/h) on hypoxic pulmonary hypertension and
      vascular remodeling in the guinea pig. Normoxic control animals either untreated
      or treated with heparin or Coumadin were all alike in blood gases, pulmonary
      vascular resistance, right heart weights, and pulmonary histology. Hypoxia (10%
      0(2) for 10 days) induced similar and significant increases in mean pulmonary
      artery (PA) pressure in both the hypoxic control and warfarin groups (19 +/- 1 mm
      Hg (mean +/- SEM) in both groups versus 11 +/- 0.1 mm Hg in the normoxic control
      group; p less than 0.05). Total pulmonary vascular resistance (TPR) was also
      increased from 0.041 +/- 0.002 in the normoxic control group to 0.087 +/- 0.007
      and 0.071 +/- 0.003 mm Hg/ml/min/kg in the hypoxic control and warfarin groups,
      respectively (p less than 0.05). Whereas anticoagulation with warfarin did not
      protect the guinea pig from developing pulmonary hypertension, heparin markedly
      reduced PA and TPR (15 +/- 1 mm Hg and 0.052 +/- 0.002 mm Hg/ml/min/kg,
      respectively; p less than 0.05 versus hypoxic control or warfarin).(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2923375
TI  - Clearance of phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol from liposomes, liposomes loaded
      with metaproterenol, and rabbit surfactant from adult rabbit lungs.
AB  - Rabbits were given by tracheal instillation liposomes, liposomes carrying
      metaproterenol sulfate (MPS) and suspended in a MPS solution, rabbit surfactant,
      or rabbit surfactant suspended in a MPS solution. The lipid suspensions were
      labeled with [14C]cholesterol and [3H]phosphatidylcholine. The percent recoveries
      of the labels were measured over 24 h in alveolar wash, lung tissue after
      alveolar wash, and the total lungs. All clearance curves for both
      phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol from liposomes were the same in the presence
      or absence of MPS. Alveolar clearance curves for both labels from rabbit
      surfactant were the same; however, the surfactant-associated labels were cleared
      to the lung tissue more rapidly than were the liposome-derived labels. Despite
      different alveolar clearance curves, all clearance curves for cholesterol from
      the total lungs were similar at a rate of 20 to 30%/24 h of the injected labeled
      cholesterol. Phosphatidylcholine was cleared from the total lungs more rapidly,
      at rates from 35 to 56%/24 h. Although MPS did not change labeled liposomal lipid
      clearance, the beta-agonist increased surfactant lipid clearance. The different
      responses to beta-agonist and the different alveolar clearance curves indicated
      distinct alveolar-to-lung tissue metabolism for liposomal versus surfactant
      phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol, although overall lung clearance rates were
      similar.

PMID- 2923377
TI  - Human neutrophil elastase causes glycoconjugate release from the epithelial cell
      surface of hamster trachea in organ culture.
AB  - It is known that human neutrophil elastase (HNE) treatment of hamster tracheal
      explants causes the release of glycoconjugates, most of which appear to have the
      characteristics of mucus glycoproteins. This study was designed to determine the
      origin of HNE-induced glycoconjugate release from 1-day-old cultures of adult
      hamster trachea. After confirming that HNE treatment released glycoconjugates
      from cultures labeled with tritiated glucosamine, light microscopic
      autoradiograms and electron micrographs were prepared. Untreated cultures and
      cultures treated with inactivated HNE served as controls. HNE treatment caused a
      40 to 50% decrease in the silver grain count on the external apical surfaces of
      secretory cells (p less than 0.05) and ciliated cells (p less than 0.01). Silver
      grain counts in secretory and ciliated cell cytoplasm, submucosa, and nontissue
      background were not significantly different from controls. The percentage of
      nongranulated secretory cells and the number of secretory granules in granulated
      secretory cells were similar in the HNE-treated and untreated controls. There was
      no evidence of constitutive release of radiolabeled glycoproteins, or of
      discharge of secretory granules from the secretory cells. We conclude that HNE
      releases mucins and other glycoconjugates from the external surfaces of both
      secretory and ciliated cells in tracheal organ culture.

PMID- 2923378
TI  - The pathophysiology of rhinitis. II. Assessment of the sources of protein in
      histamine-induced nasal secretions.
AB  - Nasal provocation tests were performed on nine atopic and 15 nonatopic subjects
      in order to assess the sources of protein in histamine-induced secretions and to
      examine the bilateral secretory response to unilaterally applied topical
      histamine (the nasonasal reflex). Nasal lavages were assayed for the following
      proteins: albumin, total protein, secretory IgA (sIgA), nonsecretory IgA (serum
      IgA), and total IgA. Histamine stimulation produced a profound ipsilateral
      protein secretion enriched in the serum proteins albumin and nonsecretory IgA.
      Histamine also produced a smaller contralateral protein secretion (about 15% as
      large as the ipsilateral response) which contained disproportionately elevated
      concentrations of the glandular protein sIgA. Topical pretreatment with
      chlorpheniramine (an H-1 antihistamine) completely abrogated the ipsilateral
      nasal secretory response to histamine. Nasal pretreatment with atropine (a
      muscarinic antagonist) had no significant effect on ipsilateral nasal secretion
      and did not alter the capacity of histamine to stimulate contralateral secretions
      (the nasonasal reflex). Histamine therefore stimulates secretion by both a direct
      action that increases plasma protein extravasation and by an indirect reflex
      mechanism that stimulates glandular secretion.

PMID- 2923379
TI  - Toxicity of eosinophil cationic proteins for guinea pig tracheal epithelium in
      vitro.
AB  - We tested the effects of four eosinophil granule cationic proteins: major basic
      protein (MBP), eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), eosinophil peroxidase (EPO),
      and eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN), on guinea pig tracheal epithelium in
      vitro. Examination by inverted microscopy revealed that MBP, both the form
      stabilized by alkylation of sulfhydryl groups as well as the native form of the
      molecule, ECP, EPO by itself, as well as EPO + H2O2 + halide, but not EDN, cause
      dose-related damage to the tracheal epithelium. The lowest concentrations of MBP
      and ECP causing damage were 10 and 100 micrograms/ml, respectively. In contrast,
      EDN, although biochemically similar to ECP, did not damage the tracheal
      epithelium in concentrations of up to 200 micrograms/ml. MBP caused exfoliation,
      as well as bleb formation and ciliostasis. EPO in the presence of the H2O2
      producing enzyme glucose oxidase (GO), Cl-, 0.11 M, and iodide caused
      ciliostasis, bleb formation, and exfoliation of epithelial cells at
      concentrations as low as 1 U/ml (3.9 micrograms/ml). EPO + GO in the presence of
      Cl-, 0.11 M, alone or with Cl- and l-, 10(-4) M, or Cl- and Br-, 5 x 10(-5) M,
      were all toxic to epithelium. Surprisingly, EPO by itself caused partial
      ciliostasis, bleb formation, and exfoliation of epithelial cells in a dose
      related manner at concentrations as low as 10 to 30 U/ml (39 to 121
      micrograms/ml). These results confirm prior observations showing the toxicity of
      MBP to tracheal epithelium and indicate that ECP and EPO alone, as well as EPO +
      GO + halide, cause damage. Thus, several eosinophil granule proteins are able to
      damage respiratory epithelium.

PMID- 2923380
TI  - Cellular events in the bronchi in mild asthma and after bronchial provocation.
AB  - We have undertaken detailed cellular and ultrastructural examination of bronchial
      biopsies and bronchial lavage fluid from allergic asthmatic patients in order to
      determine the nature and degree of the inflammatory processes in mild allergic
      asthma. Eight atopic asthmatic patients (mean PC20 histamine, 0.90 mg/ml) and
      four nonasthmatic control subjects underwent fiberoptic bronchoscopy. All
      asthmatic subjects were clinically stable for 2 wk prior to bronchoscopy and
      required either no treatment or inhaled albuterol alone. A single 50-ml bronchial
      wash was undertaken, followed by endobronchial biopsy of subcarinae. These
      procedures were repeated in the asthmatic subjects 18 h after bronchial
      provocation with allergen or methacholine. Subsequently, all subjects underwent
      bronchial reactivity testing with inhaled histamine. The clinical and physiologic
      data were not revealed to the pathologist interpreting the specimens. The
      asthmatic subjects shed a significantly greater number of epithelial cells into
      the lavage fluid than did the nonasthmatic subjects (7.23 versus 1.48 x 10(4)/ml,
      p = 0.048). There was a statistically significant inverse correlation between the
      lavage epithelial cell count and bronchial reactivity (rho = -0.64, p = 0.03). In
      the asthmatic subjects, but not in the control subjects, there was extensive
      deposition of collagen beneath the epithelial basement membrane, mast cell
      degranulation, and mucosal infiltration by eosinophils, which exhibited
      morphologic evidence of activation. Eosinophils, monocytes, and platelets were
      found in contact with the vascular endothelium, with emigration of eosinophils
      and monocytes in the asthmatic subjects. These changes were found irrespective of
      bronchial challenge with allergen. We conclude that allergic asthma is
      accompanied by extensive inflammatory changes in the airways, even in mild
      clinical and subclinical disease.

PMID- 2923381
TI  - Comparison of questionnaire and diary methods in acute childhood respiratory
      illness surveillance.
AB  - We compared two prospective survey methods, an interviewer-administered
      questionnaire and a daily diary, used concurrently to record acute respiratory
      illness experience over a 2-yr period in 422 children 5 to 11 yr of age from East
      Boston, Massachusetts. Respondents contributed more months of data with the
      questionnaire than with the diary method. Respiratory symptom and illness rates,
      as determined for the first year by each of the methods, were compared for 277
      children who had less than 4 months of missing data. Respondents from families
      with more children tended to report a lower total respiratory illness rate by the
      diary than by the questionnaire method (p = 0.006). Although upper respiratory
      illness rates did not differ by method, lower respiratory illnesses were reported
      more frequently (p = 0.0001) by questionnaire than by diary. In the group of 49
      children who were identified as having had greater than one lower respiratory
      illness, 25% of the illnesses reported as having been lower respiratory by
      questionnaire were reported as having been another form of respiratory illness by
      diary. For this group the ratio of 3:1 of boys to girls for the diary as compared
      with 1.5:1 for the questionnaire suggests the presence of reporting bias and no
      comparability of methods. Standardization of an acute respiratory illness
      questionnaire would provide greater opportunity than use of diaries for synthesis
      of prospective data from different epidemiologic studies.

PMID- 2923382
TI  - Bronchopulmonary dysplasia, undernutrition, and iron.

PMID- 2923384
TI  - Inspiratory muscle training with a pressure threshold breathing device in
      patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

PMID- 2923383
TI  - Clinical interpretation of airway response to a bronchodilator: epidemiologic
      considerations.

PMID- 2923385
TI  - Orthodeoxia as a sign of pulmonary fibrosis.

PMID- 2923386
TI  - High-level penicillin resistance among isolates of enterococci. Implications for
      treatment of enterococcal infections.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine the extent and clinical significance of high-level
      penicillin-resistant Enterococcus faecium at our institution. DESIGN:
      Surveillance of clinical enterococcal isolates, in-vitro susceptibility and timed
      survival studies, and determination of antibiotic efficacy in an experimental
      model of enterococcal endocarditis. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: For a 6-month
      period, 14% of enterococcal isolates (30 of 212) were identified as E. faecium.
      One third of the isolates were highly resistant to penicillin G (minimum
      inhibitory concentration [MIC], greater than or equal to 200 micrograms/mL) but
      did not produce beta-lactamase. The findings from in-vitro survival studies
      showed that this high-level resistance resulted in the loss of bactericidal
      activity normally observed when an aminoglycoside antibiotic agent is combined
      with penicillin. An experimental rat model of endocarditis provided in-vivo data
      that confirmed our in-vitro observations. After the rats received therapy for 72
      hours, penicillin G either alone or in combination with gentamicin did not
      significantly decrease the numbers of enterococci in vegetations on heart valves
      compared with untreated controls (P = 0.62 and P = 0.58, respectively).
      CONCLUSIONS: Enterococcus faecium accounts for a notable proportion of clinical
      enterococcal isolates. Many strains from patients at our institution, as well as
      from patients at other institutions throughout the country, are highly resistant
      to penicillin. Because high-level penicillin resistance has important therapeutic
      implications, periodic surveillance and MIC testing of significant enterococcal
      isolates, especially E. faecium, are suggested.

PMID- 2923387
TI  - Importance of gonadal steroids to bone mass in men with hyperprolactinemic
      hypogonadism.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of alteration of gonadal steroids on
      bone mass in men with hyperprolactinemic hypogonadism. DESIGN: Prospective survey
      of patients for a median period of 33 months. SETTING: Neuroendocrine clinical
      center of a referral-based university medical center. INTERVENTIONS: Reversal of
      hyperprolactinemia by bromocriptine therapy, transsphenoidal surgery, or
      radiation therapy, alone or in combination. PATIENTS: Consecutive sample of 20
      male patients with prolactin-secreting pituitary tumors. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN
      RESULTS: In patients who had a reversal of hyperprolactinemia and a restoration
      of gonadal function, a significant increase in bone density of the radial shaft
      was noted (mean +/- SE, 0.77 +/- 0.03 to 0.84 +/- 0.03 g/cm2; P less than or
      equal to 0.05). These patients also had a minimal change in the density of
      vertebral bone (109 +/- 9 to 115 +/- 10 mg of potassium phosphate, dibasic/cm3).
      Patients who remained hypogonadal despite the reversal of hyperprolactinemia had
      no change in radial (0.76 +/- 0.03 to 0.76 +/- 0.04 g/cm2) or vertebral bone
      density (105 +/- 10 to 103 +/- 9 mg of potassium phosphate, dibasic/cm3). There
      was a positive correlation between the change in testosterone level and the
      change in radial (r = 0.67, P less than or equal to 0.003) or vertebral bone
      density (r = 0.70, P less than or equal to 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: The reversal of
      hypogonadism, independent of the prolactin concentration, is associated with an
      improvement in bone mass. Our findings emphasize the importance of gonadal
      steroids in maintaining skeletal integrity in men.

PMID- 2923388
TI  - The two-period crossover design in medical research.
AB  - The crossover design has enjoyed popularity with many clinical researchers, but
      has been criticized by biostatisticians. The central problem is the inability to
      derive an unbiased estimate of the treatment effect when differences occur
      because of the different sequences in which treatments are applied. This problem
      can be traced to a deficiency of the logic of the crossover arrangement itself.
      Factors that can invalidate the findings of a crossover trial include nonuniform
      pharmacologic and psychologic carry-over effects, failure to return patients to
      their baseline state before the crossover, nonuniform changes in the patients
      over time, and the use of time-dependent response measures. When these problems
      can be anticipated, a parallel-groups design should be used instead of a
      crossover trial.

PMID- 2923389
TI  - Fulminant mumps myocarditis.

PMID- 2923390
TI  - Cocaine abuse and deep venous thrombosis.

PMID- 2923391
TI  - Screening for diabetes mellitus.

PMID- 2923392
TI  - Diagnosing the Sweet syndrome.

PMID- 2923393
TI  - Treatment of neurosyphilis.

PMID- 2923394
TI  - Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and aplastic anemia.

PMID- 2923395
TI  - Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in sickle cell disease.
AB  - We present a series of 21 children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and
      sickle cell disease (SCD). Thirteen patients underwent adenotonsillectomy with
      resolution of symptoms and improvement in alveolar hypoventilation.
      Adenotonsillectomy involves significantly increased risks in patients with SCD.
      We present our protocol for management of these difficult surgical patients,
      including vigorous hydration and transfusion therapy. Polysomnography has proven
      valuable both in diagnosis and in identifying severely affected patients.
      Increased end tidal alveolar carbon dioxide during sleep has proven to be a
      significant predictor of disease, while oxygen saturation monitoring was shown to
      be unreliable. The incidence of adenotonsillar hypertrophy (ATH) in SCD appears
      increased and not related to infectious diseases. We suggest that ATH represents
      a part of the natural course of compensatory lymphoid tissue enlargement in
      children with SCD.

PMID- 2923396
TI  - Botulinum toxin for relief of bilateral abductor paralysis of the larynx:
      histologic study in an animal model.
AB  - We previously reported the effectiveness of botulinum toxin injections in the
      cricothyroid muscle under electromyographic guidance for lateralization of the
      true vocal cord in the mongrel dog. These additional experiments were performed
      to substantiate the effectiveness of botulinum toxin injections in laryngeal
      muscle to overcome airway obstruction produced by bilateral abductor vocal cord
      paralysis. A predetermined aliquot of the toxin was injected into the
      cricothyroid muscle of ten dogs, the duration of its effectiveness was noted, and
      repeated injections were given the animals. Biopsies of the injected muscles were
      obtained in three of the animals for routine histologic and electron microscopic
      studies. The effects of the toxin were recorded by cinelaryngoscopy and videotape
      documentation. In all the dogs, the true vocal cord was lateralized effectively
      and there was no morbidity, dysphagia, aspiration, or deaths. This study also
      confirms that the effects of the toxin in the canine larynx are spontaneously
      reversed and that multiple injections do not cause irreparable damage to the
      laryngeal muscles.

PMID- 2923397
TI  - Natural history of treated T1N0 squamous carcinoma of the glottis.
AB  - The records of 373 patients with T1N0 squamous carcinoma of the glottis were
      examined. Of these, 271 underwent initial hemilaryngectomy; 102 had full-course
      irradiation for cure. While the overall survival rates of the two initial
      therapies were similar, failure of the initial treatment modality was
      approximately twice as frequent in the irradiated patients (34.4%) as in the
      patients undergoing hemilaryngectomy (16.9%). The effect of this difference in
      initial failure rate on quality of life and on cost of overall therapy will be
      discussed.

PMID- 2923398
TI  - Effect of vocal fold augmentation on laryngeal vibration in simulated recurrent
      laryngeal nerve paralysis: a study of Teflon and Phonogel.
AB  - Flaccid laryngeal nerve paralysis may be treated by vocal fold augmentation with
      Teflon injection, which is successful to various degrees depending on the
      subjective interpretation of the patient or clinician. A new material, Phonogel,
      consisting of cross-linked bovine collagen, is available but not approved for
      human use in this area. Ten dogs were submitted to videostroboscopy,
      photoglottography, electroglottography, and acoustic analysis in the normal
      state, with stimulated recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis, and with injection of
      either Teflon or Phonogel. A statistical comparison and the advantages and
      disadvantages of each material are discussed in relation to this study and its
      clinical use.

PMID- 2923399
TI  - Definitive radiotherapy in the management of stage I and II carcinomas of the
      glottis.
AB  - Definitive radiotherapy for early glottic carcinoma continues to offer excellent
      control and the advantage of voice preservation. In the 13 years from January
      1972 through December 1984, there were 187 patients diagnosed with squamous cell
      carcinoma of the glottis at the University of Virginia Medical Center. One
      hundred forty-eight patients were treated with definitive radiotherapy as the
      initial management. The 3-year disease-free survival for the irradiated
      population was 93.6% in stage I and 75.5% in stage II. Twenty patients had
      recurrences following radiotherapy, and 13 of 20 were successfully surgically
      salvaged for an overall determinate survival of 100% in stage I and 85.7% in
      stage II at 3 years. These statistics are comparable to those from our previous
      16-year review of 147 patients from 1956 through 1971. Factors of prognostic
      significance were persistent hoarseness after radiotherapy, impaired cord
      mobility, subglottic extension, and multiple sites of involvement in stage I. We
      conclude that definitive radiotherapy offers excellent survival and that a
      majority of the small number of treatment failures can be managed with surgical
      salvage.

PMID- 2923400
TI  - Oncocytic cyst of the larynx.

PMID- 2923401
TI  - Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy.
AB  - Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy is a lymphoreticular disorder of
      obscure pathogenesis with extranodal lesions and a variable clinical course.
      Clinical manifestations are most often in the head and neck, with 97% of patients
      showing cervical lymphadenopathy and a significant but lesser number having
      lesional infiltrates in the upper aerodigestive tracts, particularly the nasal
      cavity and salivary glands.

PMID- 2923402
TI  - Latissimus dorsi free flap for restoration of facial contour defects.
AB  - The treatment of facial asymmetries presents an aesthetic component of great
      importance. To correct facial contour defects, there are many therapeutic
      possibilities available, such as autologous tissue grafts and inorganic implants.
      The arrival of microsurgical techniques has improved the outlook for facial
      contour restoration. Among the tissues used are groin, escapular, and omentum
      flaps. This article introduces our experience with the latissimus dorsi free flap
      for the restoration of facial contour defects. Our experience is based on 7
      patients affected with hemifacial microsomia and Romberg's disease. Operative
      planning, surgical procedure, and results are described. The use of the
      latissimus dorsi free flap is our procedure of choice for its greater
      adaptability in conforming to the shape of the defect, its long vascular pedicle,
      the abundance of available tissue, and minimal tendency to ptotic changes. At
      present we recommend this technique for replacement of soft tissue in severe
      defects of the face.

PMID- 2923403
TI  - Treatment of delayed union, nonunion, and malunion of the phalanges of the hand.
AB  - Nonunion occurs in less than 1% of phalangeal fractures. Despite this rarity we
      have accumulated a series of 14 proximal and middle phalangeal delayed unions,
      nonunions, and malunions. All patients but 1 were initially treated by a
      physician other than the senior author. All patients developed loss of active
      motion following their primary treatment. Secondary treatment was by open
      reduction and internal fixation with Kirschner wires. The mean and median total
      active motion before secondary treatment were 130 and 90 degrees, respectively.
      Following secondary treatment, the total active motion increased significantly (p
      less than 0.05) to a mean of 215 degrees and a median of 255 degrees. We
      recommend secondary treatment of delayed union, nonunion, and malunion of
      phalanges of the hand. Open reduction and internal fixation followed by early
      (two to three weeks) active motion leads to a significant improvement in finger
      function.

PMID- 2923404
TI  - Drug injection injuries of the upper extremity.
AB  - The increasing incidence of illicit intravenous drug abuse has reached epidemic
      proportions in western society. Although the accompanying infectious
      complications such as hepatitis and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome receive
      the most notoriety, injection injuries are causing an increasing number of
      problems. A retrospective review of patients requiring admission for acute or
      chronic drug injection injuries of the upper extremities was made at the Detroit
      Receiving Hospital from 1980 through 1985. The demographical, historical,
      physical, microbiological, and follow-up data were analyzed. The majority of the
      injuries involved subcutaneous injections into the hand with accompanying
      inflammatory or infectious complications. The bacteriological data revealed
      unique characteristics and did not reflect patterns expected from inoculation of
      normal skin flora. A treatment regimen based on the data is proposed.

PMID- 2923405
TI  - An effective cosmetic treatment for Ota's nevus.
AB  - The congenital facial melanocytic lesion Ota's nevus is reviewed, and an
      effective cosmetic treatment--sequential dry ice application and epidermal
      peeling combined with argon laser--is discussed. It is emphasized that Ota's
      nevus is not simply a dermal lesion and that patients should receive careful
      ophthalmological follow-up.

PMID- 2923406
TI  - Monomorphic adenoma of the parotid in a premature neonate.
AB  - We report the case of a monomorphic adenoma of the parotid in a neonate. Although
      solid tumors of the parotid are rare in the pediatric population, these lesions
      may develop in utero and present at any time after birth. A solid mass in the
      parotid must be considered malignant until proved otherwise regardless of the age
      of the patient.

PMID- 2923407
TI  - Striving for excellence in breast reconstruction: the salvage of poor results.
AB  - Poor results in breast reconstruction can often be salvaged by turning to
      alternative techniques when the original treatment strategy has not produced
      optimum results. To do this, the surgeon must be willing to admit to aesthetic
      failures and correct them. If this is done honestly and vigorously, the
      multiplicity of methods presently available can allow us to turn many of our
      failures into successes. Five patients are presented to illustrate these
      principles and suggest some specific strategies for improving mediocre or poor
      results.

PMID- 2923408
TI  - The extended temporoparietal fascia "non-free" flap.
AB  - The extended temporoparietal fascia flap is a logical variation of previously
      accepted extended free tissue transfers, which are unique in that the recipient
      and donor vessels are identical. This local scalp flap permits adequate distant
      ipsilateral skull coverage with minimal patient inconvenience. If desired,
      retrograde fascial perfusion from cephalad collaterals allows the completion of
      long interposition vein graft microanastomosis to the superficial temporal
      vessels before creating any recipient site defect without fear of flap warm
      ischemia time. Although the patient described had complications, the concept of
      the extended temporoparietal fascia flap has been proved to be an intriguing
      option for head and neck reconstruction.

PMID- 2923409
TI  - Sad pleats.
AB  - A surgical technique is presented for the correction or improvement of the
      unaesthetic pleat that arises from the commissures of the mouth and gives the
      patient a sad look.

PMID- 2923410
TI  - The role of external cranial fixation in simplifying scalp composite tissue
      transfer.
AB  - The use of external devices for cranial suspension or immobilization may
      facilitate the transfer of skin grafts or flaps needed for scalp coverage. Skull
      tongs are readily available in any trauma center. Following composite tissue
      transfer to the skull, skull tongs can prevent compromise of the microanastomoses
      or the flap itself by eliminating pressure or shear forces that might otherwise
      jeopardize these reconstructive efforts.

PMID- 2923411
TI  - Results of treatment of 48 ring avulsion injuries.
AB  - A retrospective study of 48 patients with ring avulsion injuries was performed.
      Patients were grouped according to severity of damage. Revascularization with
      interposition grafts was performed in all patients where indicated. In contrast
      to the experience of others, even class III lesions (total avulsion) were
      salvaged.

PMID- 2923412
TI  - Do children need routine preoperative blood tests and blood cross matching in
      orthopaedic practice?
AB  - A review of 315 children admitted for elective orthopaedic surgery on 346
      occasions showed that 88.7% had a full blood count and 8.1% had serum urea and
      electrolyte estimations performed preoperatively. Two abnormal haemoglobin
      concentrations were found. One was known beforehand and the other clinically
      suspected. No other haematological or urea and electrolyte abnormality was found.
      On 82 occasions (23.7%) blood was cross matched. Blood was transfused on 15
      occasions (18.3%) using 23% of cross matched blood. Routine preoperative full
      blood count, serum urea and electrolyte estimations are not indicated in healthy
      children. In our experience, only children who may need blood transfused
      postoperatively need a preoperative haemoglobin concentration estimation as a
      baseline. These are patients undergoing major spinal, pelvic girdle and upper
      femoral surgery.

PMID- 2923413
TI  - Imperforate anus in male children: a new operation of primary perineal
      rectourethroanoplasty.
AB  - From experience in managing 348 patients with imperforate anus and after
      considering the existing literature, there appeared to be the possibility of
      performing a safe primary correction of supralevator anorectal anomalies via a
      perineal approach in the neonatal period in males. A total of 39 patients have
      been treated by the new operation, and in 31 of these patients the operation was
      carried out at birth. With a stiff catheter in the urethra, via a horizontal 'H'
      shaped perineal incision and through the puborectalis sling, the rectum was
      mobilised and the fistula transfixed. The rectum was brought through the sling
      and sutured to the perineum so that perineal skin entered the new anal canal. In
      a few patients an abdominal approach was required at the same time. There were
      few postoperative complications. Subsequent X-rays showed good urethral and
      pelvic floor anatomy and function. Twenty-five of the babies are now over 2 years
      old. Of these, 84% are continent for solid faeces and 68% for liquid faeces. The
      perineal approach permits satisfactory identification of the puborectalis, rectum
      and fistula in most babies. Cutting the pelvic floor is not satisfactory.
      Introducing perineal skin into the anal canal is important. Early operation
      enables the child to learn to use its perineum. It is difficult to know whether
      the results in this series are attributable to the type of operation or its
      timing.

PMID- 2923414
TI  - Death from unsuspected colorectal cancer.
AB  - An analysis of all subjects undergoing autopsy in the Plymouth Health District
      over a 10-year period revealed 61 cases of unsuspected colorectal cancer. The
      carcinoma was the primary cause of death in 57 cases and surgical treatment for
      cure might have been possible in over one-half. The 61 subjects accounted for
      4.1% of all cases of fatal colorectal cancer in this area. Examination by means
      of rectal digital palpation, rigid sigmoidoscopy and flexible sigmoidoscopy might
      have diagnosed 10, 24 and 41 carcinomas respectively. This study has demonstrated
      that a significant number of colorectal cancers remain undetected until after
      death. These cases should be included in future studies of colorectal cancer.

PMID- 2923415
TI  - Surgical intervention in severe acute pancreatitis: 476 cases in 20 years.
AB  - During a 20-year period 1967-86, 476 consecutive cases of severe acute
      pancreatitis were managed by one surgeon (GAK) and the role and results of
      surgical intervention in this group were reviewed. Of the 173 cases undergoing
      surgery, 77 were laparotomies for diagnosis, seven for the excision of necrotic
      pancreatic tissue and 89 for postpancreatitis complications (18 pseudocysts, 53
      pancreatic abscesses, one large bowel perforation, 17 patients with persistent
      obstructive jaundice and one case of acute haemorrhage into a cyst causing
      obstructive jaundice). There were 50 deaths (11%) of whom 38 died early in the
      course of the disease, two died following total pancreatectomy and 10 died as a
      consequence of a pancreatic abscess. Based on this experience and on the current
      understanding of this condition, the place of surgery in severe acute
      pancreatitis is discussed briefly.

PMID- 2923416
TI  - Flexible urethroscopy: use in difficult male catheterisation.
AB  - A method is described for passing a urethral catheter down a guidewire which has
      been placed using a flexible cystoscope.

PMID- 2923417
TI  - Cholecystectomy and the development of colorectal neoplasia: a prospective study.
AB  - One hundred asymptomatic patients over 60 years of age who had cholecystectomy
      carried out at least 10 years earlier underwent double contrast barium enema and
      sigmoidoscopy. The incidence of colorectal adenomas and carcinomas was compared
      with age and sex matched controls undergoing routine post mortems. In the post
      cholecystectomy group 12% had tumours (8 adenomas greater than 1 cm in diameter,
      4 carcinomas). In the control group 3% had tumours (3 adenomas); P = 0.02. This
      study confirms that patients with a history of cholecystectomy have an increased
      risk of developing colorectal adenomas and carcinomas.

PMID- 2923419
TI  - Acute traumatic haemarthrosis of the knee: expectant treatment or arthroscopy?
AB  - We have prospectively studied 50 patients with an acute traumatic haemarthrosis
      of the knee to investigate the place of examination under anaesthesia and
      arthroscopy in a district general hospital. There was a wide spectrum of injury
      to the knee, and 30% of patients required operative procedures. These important
      injuries could not be diagnosed reliably on initial clinical examination. We
      conclude that in the active patient under 35 years of age this policy allows
      prompt and appropriate treatment.

PMID- 2923418
TI  - Distal femoropopliteal bypass using a composite graft of PTFE and non-reversed
      saphenous vein.
AB  - The results of femoropopliteal bypass to the infragenicular popliteal artery, in
      the absence of suitable saphenous vein have, in the main, been disappointing. We
      present a new type of composite graft, for use when the distal anastomosis is
      below the knee, which avoids the potential problems of prosthetic graft alone.
      The graft consists of a proximal segment of 6 mm expanded PTFE (Gore-Tex; or
      Impra), anastomosed to transposed non-reversed autologous saphenous vein. Forty
      two patients were studied following unilateral, below knee composite
      femoropopliteal graft surgery for severe claudication or critical ischaemia.
      Pressure indices were calculated along with intraoperative flow rate, and all
      patients were followed up at regular intervals to assess graft patency. During
      the study period three patients died and graft occlusion occurred in a further
      eight. Analysis of the cumulative patency curve revealed that the majority of
      occlusions occurred in the first 3 months. The patency at 12 and 18 months was
      encouraging with values of 84% and 79% respectively. Comparison of pressure
      indices revealed a significant increase following surgery (P less than 0.001).
      The postoperative pressure index appeared to predict the grafts likely to occlude
      and the intraoperative flow rates mirrored a similar trend. Grafts which occluded
      had a significantly lower pressure index and flow rate (P less than 0.01, P less
      than 0.002, respectively). Our results suggest that for infragenicular
      femoropopliteal bypass grafting where full length in-situ vein graft is not
      possible; a composite graft using PTFE with non-reversed vein is a good
      alternative.

PMID- 2923420
TI  - Coeliac plexus block and cephalic spread of injectate.
AB  - Extensive cephalic spread of solution occurred in three out of seven cases
      studied during coeliac plexus blockade. Spread on to cardiac nerves and plexus
      may be a factor in hypotension following this procedure. Incremental dosage and
      careful screening is recommended.

PMID- 2923421
TI  - Age: an important factor in Barrett's oesophagus.
AB  - Thirty-one patients with a columnar lined oesophagus were studied. Half the
      patients were aged 70 years or over and only four patients were under 60 years of
      age at presentation. More than two-thirds of patients presented with a
      complication. Comparison by age showed a significant difference (P = 0.006)
      between the nine patients with uncomplicated Barrett's oesophagus (median age 64
      years, range 28-79 years) and the 22 presenting with a complication (median age
      75 years, range 36-89 years). This finding supports the view that the condition
      is acquired and that complications occur after injury resulting from prolonged
      reflux. Five patients (16%) had a carcinoma. Of the remaining 26 patients only
      seven (27%) underwent an antireflux procedure. Old age, associated medical
      problems and the effective control of symptoms by medical management (drugs and
      dilatation), reduced the need for surgery in this elderly population.

PMID- 2923422
TI  - Viable intraluminal tumour cells and local/regional tumour growth in experimental
      colon cancer.
AB  - To determine if viable intraluminal tumour cells can leak through a watertight
      anastomosis and cause local/regional (extraluminal) tumour growth, tumour cells
      were introduced 2 cm proximal to a colonic anastomosis following laparotomy in a
      Wistar/Furth rat colon cancer model. Local/regional tumour growth was observed in
      all rats except a sham anastomotic group. No intraluminal tumour growth was
      observed in either group. Viable intraluminal tumour cells cause local/regional
      tumour growth by leakage through a clinically intact anastomosis and may be an
      important cause of local/regional tumour growth in human colorectal cancer.

PMID- 2923423
TI  - Some clinical and technical aspects of circular stapled anastomoses of rectum and
      oesophagus.
AB  - A complete 8-year experience using the circular stapling instrument is described;
      109 rectal and 59 oesophageal anastomoses were performed. Intra-operative
      problems included two suspected rectal leaks, damage to the tissues in two
      patients when using too large an instrument, cardiac arrythmias in one patient,
      precipitated by contact between the heart and the instrument, one
      instrument/operator failure, and inversion of the muscle layer was incomplete in
      three oesophageal anastomoses. Postoperative complications included two leaks,
      seven strictures, seven abscesses and one patient required reoperation. There
      were no deaths attributable to the use of the instrument or the method of
      anastomosis. The instrument has allowed satisfactory anastomoses to be performed
      in relatively inaccessible sites.

PMID- 2923424
TI  - Subcutaneous ketamine analgesia: postoperative analgesia using subcutaneous
      infusions of ketamine and morphine.
AB  - A series consisting of 32 women undergoing total abdominal hysterectomy received
      a standard narcotic-free anaesthetic. For the first 24 h postoperatively, eight
      were given the standard regimen of intramuscular morphine sulphate whilst the
      other three groups received continuous subcutaneous infusions of either morphine
      sulphate, ketamine hydrochloride or the two drugs combined. The amount of time
      they were pain free, the incidence of sleep and nausea, together with
      cardiovascular and respiratory changes were recorded. All three subcutaneous
      regimens produced significantly more pain-free readings than intramuscular
      morphine, but ketamine resulted in higher respiratory rates and less sleepiness.
      No patient reported psychomimetic side effects, but ketamine on its own produced
      feelings of malaise in three patients on the second postoperative day.
      Subcutaneous infusions provide better postoperative analgesia than intermittent
      intramuscular morphine. Ketamine on its own cannot be advocated, but combined
      with morphine it allows a single infusion rate to be used for all patients,
      decreasing the need for nursing and medical involvement.

PMID- 2923425
TI  - A randomised comparison of two postoperative fluid regimens.
AB  - Postoperative paralytic ileus follows all significant gastrointestinal surgery.
      Its duration is variable and has led to a variety of empirical and time-consuming
      oral fluid regimens. We have compared a traditional method of fluid
      administration with an unstructured, simpler, patient-determined approach. A
      series of 102 patients on a general surgical ward who required intravenous fluids
      on the day after surgery were randomised by a closed envelope system to one of
      two protocols and followed prospectively. Of these, 12 patients were erroneously
      randomised or unable to fulfil trial requirements. The first, 'regulated' group
      (n = 41) received hourly aliquots of oral fluid as determined by twice daily ward
      rounds according to ward routine. The second, 'unregulated' group (n = 49) were
      given a jug of water and instructed to drink as desired. Patients in the
      regulated group received less of their postoperative fluids by the oral route at
      all stages of recovery but there were no significant differences in the mean
      durations of intravenous therapy, nasogastric intubation or hospital stay.
      Postoperative complication and mortality rates were also similar. Patients who
      underwent gastric or duodenal procedures (n = 14) showed a similar pattern of
      results. We conclude that 'patient-determined' regulation of postoperative oral
      fluid intake is safe and effective and may greatly simplify ward management.

PMID- 2923426
TI  - Surgical glove failure rate.
AB  - Surgical gloves were collected after day-time operations for a 4-week period.
      Glove punctures were located by inflating each glove with compressed air and
      immersing the inflated glove in water. During the period of the study 681
      surgical operations were performed. A total of 3790 gloves was collected, 334
      gloves (8.8%) had perforations at the end of the surgical procedure. Defects
      occurred in one or more gloves in 32.0% of all operations.

PMID- 2923427
TI  - Transthoracic sympathectomy for palmar hyperhidrosis in children under 16 years
      of age.
AB  - Palmar hyperhidrosis can be a disabling condition in children. We report the
      results of transthoracic sympathectomy in 18 children aged 16 years or under.
      Follow-up, 1 to 11 years after surgery, revealed a high incidence of late
      sequelae, but these were not significant when compared to the primary condition.
      Transthoracic sympathectomy is recommended for children with severe palmar
      hyperhidrosis.

PMID- 2923428
TI  - Bupivacaine squirting.

PMID- 2923429
TI  - It's time to put some 'teeth' into solutions to the nursing shortage.

PMID- 2923430
TI  - Wrist arthroscopy. An ambulatory surgery procedure.
AB  - Because wrist arthroscopy is a relatively new procedure, at this point in time,
      it may be more valuable for diagnosis of wrist pain and mechanical disorders than
      for the treatment of them. It does, however, make the selection of proper
      surgical treatment more predictable. As more precise small joint instrumentation
      is developed for arthroscopic procedures, surgical treatment at the time of
      diagnosis becomes increasingly possible. The need for a second invasive procedure
      for many conditions may be eliminated, which in turn will benefit the patient.

PMID- 2923432
TI  - Congenital absence of the vagina. Surgical treatment and perioperative care.
AB  - A simple surgical technique is described for the correction of an absent vagina.
      It combines the positive features of the traditional approach of using a split
      thickness skin graft from the thigh or buttock applied on a plastic mold with the
      intermittent-pressure method of vaginal development. Since 1975, the new isograft
      technique has been performed on 15 patients at the Royal Women's Hospital,
      Melbourne, with excellent results and no complications. With one exception,
      satisfactory coitus productive of orgasm has occurred following the procedure.

PMID- 2923431
TI  - Electrical injuries. Considerations for the perioperative nurse.

PMID- 2923433
TI  - Clinical ladders. A plan that works.
AB  - Today is a challenging time for hospitals and nurse managers. Times of nursing
      shortage and the presence of more critically ill patients demand creative
      strategies. A clinical ladder helps managers hire and retain nurses. More
      importantly, it encourages perioperative nurses to advance their skills, making
      them better prepared to care for the seriously ill surgical patient in a safe,
      effective, and efficient manner.

PMID- 2923434
TI  - Nursing care documentation. Creating a perioperative nursing record.

PMID- 2923435
TI  - Medical device reporting. A pilot study of nurses.

PMID- 2923436
TI  - Recommended practices. Operating room environmental sanitation. AORN Recommended
      Practices Subcommittee.

PMID- 2923437
TI  - Recommended practices. Traffic patterns in the surgical suite. AORN Recommended
      Practices Subcommitte.

PMID- 2923438
TI  - Court actions regarding refusal of blood products.

PMID- 2923439
TI  - Particles from drill bit and metal suction tip friction distort magnetic
      resonance imaging.

PMID- 2923440
TI  - Is clinical experience for OR nursing managers necessary?

PMID- 2923441
TI  - State legislatures address reimbursement, uncompensated care, nurse practice act;
      Connecticut allows RN first assistants.

PMID- 2923442
TI  - Safety of pregnancy after discontinuation of isotretinoin.
AB  - Isotretinoin (13-cis-retinoic acid, Accutane) increases the risk of major
      congenital malformations in infants exposed to isotretinoin during pregnancy.
      However, there have been no epidemiologic reports to date on the effect of a
      subsequent pregnancy after discontinuation of isotretinoin. This article
      describes our analysis of pregnancy case reports from patients in whom conception
      occurred after isotretinoin treatment had been discontinued. Based on the 88
      prospectively ascertained cases, the incidence rate of both spontaneous and
      missed abortions from all pregnancies was 9.1% (eight patients), and the
      incidence rate of congenital malformation among the live births was 5.0% (four
      patients). The incidence rates for both these outcomes were not significantly
      different from the rates reported for women of reproductive age in the general
      population. In addition, the malformations reported were not characteristic of
      retinoic acid-induced congenital anomalies.

PMID- 2923443
TI  - Granulomatous perioral dermatitis in children.
AB  - Five children, aged 3 to 11 years, developed a distinctive perioral, perinasal,
      and periorbital rash, consisting of tiny, closely spaced, flesh-colored
      "micronodules." Histopathologic examination in all five cases revealed upper
      dermal and perifollicular granulomas admixed with lymphocytes. There were no
      associated systemic abnormalities. The lesions resolved after months to years,
      leaving no scars. We propose that this condition is a form of perioral dermatitis
      with granulomatous histologic features, which can be distinguished from
      sarcoidosis and other facial eruptions in childhood both on clinical and
      histologic grounds.

PMID- 2923444
TI  - Blood vitamin and trace metal levels in epidermolysis bullosa.
AB  - Plasma or erythrocyte levels of ten nutrients (vitamins A, C, B12 and B6; folate;
      thiamine; riboflavin; zinc; copper; iron) were assayed in 73 patients with
      various forms of inherited epidermolysis bullosa (EB). Whereas the mean level for
      each nutrient was within its normal range, deficient levels were noted in
      individual EB subsets for selected nutrients. Notable abnormalities included low
      levels of plasma iron and zinc (in junctional EB and recessive dystrophic EB),
      vitamin C (primarily in EB simplex), vitamin A (in junctional and recessive
      dystrophic EB), vitamin B12 (primarily in EB simplex), and vitamin B6 (especially
      in recessive dystrophic EB). With the exception of low plasma iron and zinc
      levels in junctional and recessive dystrophic EB, however, only a minority of
      patients in any of the EB subsets had low levels of most of the other nutrients,
      and an apparent correlation with malabsorption was possible with only selected
      nutrients.

PMID- 2923445
TI  - Characteristic cutaneous lesions in patients with brucellosis.
AB  - Among 436 cases of brucellosis included in a 12-year prospective protocol, we
      identified 27 patients (6%) with cutaneous lesions (13 men and 14 women; mean
      age, 35.1 +/- 16.5 years). Twenty-one patients had positive blood cultures for
      Brucella melitensis. A disseminated violet-erythematous, papulonodular eruption
      (20 cases) and erythema nodosum-like lesions (three cases) were the most frequent
      eruptions observed, appearing during the initial episode of the disease or in
      relapse. Histologic findings were a dermal inflammatory infiltrate of lymphocytes
      and histiocytes in a perivascular and periadnexal arrangement, with a focally
      granulomatous appearance, and occasional extension to subcutaneous fat. Skin
      cultures were positive for B melitensis in two of four cases. Our results suggest
      that there are characteristic clinical and histologic cutaneous findings in
      patients with brucellosis and that hematogenous spread of the microorganism can
      be the most important pathogenic mechanism of these lesions.

PMID- 2923446
TI  - Subgaleal lipomas.
AB  - The subgaleal lipoma is a heterotopic tumor of adipose tissue appearing between
      the galea and periosteum of the frontal bone. In this tight, closed plane, the
      lipoma appears as a firm, fixed, immobile mass, unlike the usual lipoma. Clinical
      recognition of the subgaleal location is important before biopsy so that the
      incision is deep enough to find the tumor.

PMID- 2923447
TI  - Palisaded encapsulated neuromas. A clinicopathologic study.
AB  - Reed et al described the clinical and light-microscopic findings of palisaded
      encapsulated neuromas in 1972, but few cases have been reported since. We have
      studied 81 consecutive tumors. Clinically, these were solitary, asymptomatic, 2-
      to 6-mm, flesh-colored papules, usually located on the face of middle-aged
      patients. The correct diagnosis was rarely made; the lesion was most often
      mistaken for a basal cell epithelioma, melanocytic nevus, or other benign tumor.
      Light microscopy revealed single or multiple encapsulated dermal lobules composed
      of interlacing Schwann cells. Variable numbers of fine axons and myelin sheath
      remnants were present. Palisading of nuclei was not a prominent feature. Electron
      microscopy demonstrated substantial numbers of class C fibers (mostly
      nonmyelinated) only partially enveloped by Schwann cell cytoplasm.
      Pathologically, palisaded encapsulated neuromas are distinctive true neuromas
      resembling those seen in the multiple mucosal neuroma syndrome. Electron
      microscopic findings are similar to those seen in peripheral nerve regeneration,
      suggesting that palisaded encapsulated neuromas may be traumatic in origin, and
      could represent regeneration following local minor injury to the skin.

PMID- 2923448
TI  - Treatment of malignant carcinoid syndrome with a long-acting somatostatin
      analogue.
AB  - A patient with malignant carcinoid syndrome was treated with a long-acting
      somatostatin analogue. The cutaneous and systemic improvement our patient had
      while receiving this therapy is described.

PMID- 2923449
TI  - Eruptive dysplastic nevi associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection.
AB  - The cutaneous manifestations of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome include
      infections and neoplasms resulting from the immunodeficient state. Seven patients
      presenting with the symptom of new eruptive nevi with dysplastic histologic
      findings are described. These patients noted multiple new moles, which occurred
      in crops and in individuals without the dysplastic nevus syndrome (familial
      melanomas). This symptom occurred as the patients became symptomatic from their
      human immunodeficiency virus infection, developing acquired immunodeficiency
      syndrome or its related complex. Further confirmation and study of this
      phenomenon could lead to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of
      melanocytic dysplasia and its relationship to the immune system.

PMID- 2923450
TI  - An unusual photoactivated skin eruption. Quinidine-induced livedo reticularis.

PMID- 2923451
TI  - Blue-gray discoloration of the face. Amiodarone-induced cutaneous
      hyperpigmentation.

PMID- 2923452
TI  - Solitary nodule of the scrotum. Leiomyoma.

PMID- 2923453
TI  - Multiple cutaneous plexiform schwannomas with tumors of the central nervous
      system.

PMID- 2923454
TI  - Kaposi's sarcoma in a 6-day-old infant with human immunodeficiency virus.

PMID- 2923455
TI  - Topical phototoxicity from oral methoxsalen capsules.

PMID- 2923456
TI  - Drug-induced photosensitivity reaction.

PMID- 2923457
TI  - Cutis verticis gyrata as a marker of internal malignancy.

PMID- 2923458
TI  - School holidays and admissions with asthma.
AB  - The admission rate for asthma at a children's hospital was studied over an 11
      year period. Admissions varied unpredictably over periods of a few days, but
      there was a repeated yearly pattern of peaks and troughs with an interval of
      several weeks. The short term variation could be attributed to chance effects
      alone, excluding any important role for short term influences--for example,
      weather changes--in precipitating asthma admissions. There was a definite
      association between the longer term variation and school holidays. The admission
      rate fell during holidays and there were two or more peaks during terms. The
      pattern is consistent with a largely viral aetiology for asthmatic attacks
      throughout the year. We postulate that school holidays disrupt the spread of
      viral infections in a community, with synchronisation of subsequent attacks.
      Travel during holidays may facilitate acquisition of new viral strains by the
      community.

PMID- 2923459
TI  - Lung function eight years after neonatal ventilation.
AB  - Forty children who had had artificial ventilation during the neonatal period were
      studied at the age of 8-10 years with spirometry, the nitrogen washout test,
      bicycle exercise test, pulse oximetry, electrocardiogram, vectorcardiogram, and
      chest radiography. The median gestational age at birth was 29 weeks, and the
      median birth weight was 1310 g. Hyaline membrane disease was the indication for
      neonatal ventilation in 25 children. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia was diagnosed
      from radiographs in 11 infants (27%). Airway obstruction was observed in 10 of 11
      children who had had bronchopulmonary dysplasia and in nine of 29 children who
      had not. After inhalation of terbutaline, the forced expiratory volume in one
      second (FEV1) was significantly increased. General hyperinflation was found in 16
      of 17 children with abnormal chest radiographs (eight who had had
      bronchopulmonary dysplasia and nine who had not). Functional residual capacity
      was significantly higher in children with abnormal radiographs. Each child had a
      normal maximum working capacity and a normal electrocardiogram, and all but two
      had normal vectorcardiograms. Oxygen saturation at maximum work load decreased
      significantly in both groups of children. The risk of future respiratory problems
      calls for further follow up of lung function and chest radiography.

PMID- 2923460
TI  - Staff stress and job satisfaction at a children's hospice.
AB  - A study of staff stress and job satisfaction was undertaken in a children's
      hospice. In addition factors were investigated which might be stressful or which
      helped staff to manage in difficult circumstances. Three quarters were under
      comparatively little stress and in general showed very few psychological symptoms
      but a distinct subgroup were under a great deal of stress. A number of factors,
      notably recent personal bereavement and unresolved grief about a death that had
      occurred before they came to work at the hospice, distinguished this small group.
      Job satisfaction was generally high. The main sources of stress were: the sense
      of impotence staff felt when they were unable to relieve perceived needs or
      distress; dealing with negative responses in families, and conflicts within the
      staff group. The most important mitigating factors were: the informal support
      that staff provided for each other in this small cohesive working unit, the
      homelike atmosphere of the hospice, and the diversity of professional and
      personal skills among the staff group. The implications of these findings for
      reducing stress among staff dealing with dying people are discussed; this
      includes not only staff on paediatric wards, intensive care and neonatal units,
      but also community paediatric nurses.

PMID- 2923461
TI  - Totally implantable venous access systems in paediatric practice.
AB  - Forty seven totally implantable venous access systems have been inserted in 45
      patients for the management of malignant disease (n = 29), haematological
      disorders (n = 5), and cystic fibrosis (n = 11). We report our experience with
      them and discuss the problems we have encountered during the past three years.

PMID- 2923462
TI  - Symptoms and signs of progressive hydrocephalus.
AB  - The clinical features of 107 cases of children with hydrocephalus and measured
      raised intraventricular pressure were analysed retrospectively. Fifty one
      children had recently been diagnosed as having hydrocephalus, and the remainder
      had had shunts injected to direct the cerebrospinal fluid. The most common
      symptoms in the group were vomiting, behavioural changes, drowsiness, and
      headaches. The most common clinical signs were inappropriately increasing
      occipitofrontal head circumferences, tense anterior fontanelles, splayed sutures,
      and distension of the scalp veins. Half the infantile cases of hydrocephalus were
      without symptoms, and a quarter of the cases with cerebrospinal fluid shunts and
      measured raised intraventricular pressure were without signs. There were no fewer
      than 33 different clinical signs including several unusual ones, such as macular
      rash and sweating. We believe that the presentation of hydrocephalus with raised
      intraventricular pressure is sufficiently variable, unusual, or even absent to
      justify the direct measurement of intracranial pressure.

PMID- 2923463
TI  - Renal tubular proteinuria and microalbuminuria in diabetic patients.
AB  - The urinary extraction of albumin, retinol binding protein, and N-acetyl-beta-D
      glucosaminidase were studied in 60 children with insulin dependent diabetes
      mellitus and in 45 normal children to find out whether the renal tubules played a
      part in causing the early increase in urinary excretion of albumin that occurs in
      diabetes mellitus. Two overnight urine samples were collected and the protein
      excretion measured and expressed as the geometric mean of the protein to
      creatinine ratio (urinary albumin:creatinine ratio, urinary retinol binding
      protein:creatinine ratio, and urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase:creatinine
      ratio, respectively). The excretion of all three proteins was significantly
      higher in the diabetic children with 15 (25%) of urinary albumin:creatinine
      ratio, 16 (27%) of urinary retinol binding protein:creatinine ratio, and 43 (72%)
      of urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase:creatinine ratio values being above
      the normal range. Significant correlations were observed between urinary
      albumin:creatinine ratio and urinary retinol binding protein:creatinine ratio,
      urinary albumin:creatinine ratio and urinary N-acetyl-beta-D
      glucosaminidase:creatinine ratio, and urinary retinol binding protein:creatinine
      ratio and urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase:creatinine ratio. There were
      also significant correlations between glycated haemoglobin 1c (HbA1c) and these
      proteins, especially N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase. No correlations were
      observed with the fractional excretion of sodium, flow rate of urine, glomerular
      filtration rate, or blood pressure. These data show that tubular abnormalities
      are present early in the course of insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and
      suggest that the early increase in urinary excretion of albumin may be at least
      partly tubular in origin, and that glycaemic control may influence this aspect of
      proximal tubular function.

PMID- 2923464
TI  - Pyloric stenosis: congenital or acquired?
AB  - Pyloric muscle dimensions were measured in 1400 consecutive newborn infants. Nine
      of these subsequently developed pyloric stenosis. Their pyloric measurements at
      birth were all within the normal range. Congenital preformed muscular hypertrophy
      does not appear to be present in babies who later develop pyloric stenosis.

PMID- 2923465
TI  - Dysphagia due to oesophageal web.
AB  - An 8 year old boy developed a recurrent sensation of food sticking in his throat
      during meal times. Barium swallow examination showed an anterior oesophageal web
      at the level of C5. Symptoms disappeared after pharyngoscopy and dilatation of
      the web.

PMID- 2923466
TI  - Spontaneous regression of congenital epulis of the newborn.
AB  - An infant with congenital gingival epulis which spontaneously regressed over the
      first year of life is reported. A policy of conservative management should be
      adopted in this condition unless there are feeding problems in the newborn period
      or reasons to doubt the diagnosis.

PMID- 2923467
TI  - Shared care in paediatrics.

PMID- 2923468
TI  - Families with congenital heart disease.
AB  - Families with congenital heart deformities appear to have more difficulties and
      stress than those with other deformities. Some problems are intrinsic to the
      deformity but others are largely related to communication difficulties between
      the groups doing home support and those in supraregional centres.

PMID- 2923469
TI  - Joint work in paediatrics: a child psychiatry perspective.

PMID- 2923470
TI  - Brittle or battered?

PMID- 2923471
TI  - Good tolerance of pyrazinamide in children with pulmonary tuberculosis.

PMID- 2923472
TI  - Accidental poisoning.

PMID- 2923473
TI  - Cerebral arterial air embolism in experimental neonatal pneumothorax.

PMID- 2923474
TI  - Recurrent cot death and suffocation.

PMID- 2923475
TI  - Measuring severity of injuries to children from home accidents.

PMID- 2923476
TI  - Children in specialist hospital departments.

PMID- 2923477
TI  - Insecticides in pediculosis capitis.

PMID- 2923478
TI  - Reversal of desferrioxamine induced auditory neurotoxicity during treatment with
      Ca-DTPA.
AB  - Auditory neurotoxicity occurred in 13 (26%) of 50 evaluable patients receiving
      long term desferrioxamine chelation. In five of these patients, all of whom were
      receiving high doses of desferrioxamine, the toxicity caused deafness. These five
      patients were treated with subcutaneous calcium diethylene triamine pentacetic
      acid (Ca-DTPA) with zinc supplements instead of desferrioxamine, and their
      hearing improved during periods of seven to 19 months. Their serum ion
      concentrations remained unchanged. We suggest that all patients receiving long
      term desferrioxamine should have audiometric assessments at 6-12 monthly
      intervals. Ca-DTPA with oral zinc supplements should be considered as alternative
      to desferrioxamine as an iron chelating treatment in patients with auditory
      neurotoxicity.

PMID- 2923479
TI  - Production of interferon in respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis.
AB  - Production of interferon alfa in vitro was significantly reduced during acute
      respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis but subsequently returned to normal.
      Nasopharyngeal and endotracheal interferon alfa were detected intermittently and
      in low concentrations. The degree of impairment of in vitro production and poor
      in vivo production of interferon alfa suggest the need for a therapeutic trial of
      nebulised or systemic interferon in acute bronchiolitis.

PMID- 2923480
TI  - Growth and other factors affecting peak expiratory flow rate.
AB  - By means of a simple questionnaire and measurements of height, weight, and peak
      expiratory flow rates 3061 children from city and rural populations were studied.
      Children with asthma or other respiratory diseases had lower peak expiratory flow
      rates, and younger children living in rural areas had higher rates. In 2828
      healthy children the peak expiratory flow rate increased with age, height, and
      weight. There was an increase in the slope of this line for both age and height-
      at 12 years and 145 cm in girls, and at 14 years and 155 cm in boys. This
      continued for two to three years and 15 cm, respectively, before it declined.
      Previous surveys have obscured this change associated with height by reporting
      small numbers and using linear regression analysis. This type of analysis can
      underestimate the mean peak expiratory flow rate of small children by half to one
      standard deviation. A centile graph against age is recommended to describe normal
      values and their differences.

PMID- 2923481
TI  - Management of posthaemorrhagic hydrocephalus with a subcutaneous ventricular
      catheter reservoir in premature infants.
AB  - A subcutaneous ventricular catheter reservoir was inserted between the 16th and
      28th (median 23rd) day of life in 13 premature infants (median birth weight 1220
      g, range 780-2110) for the treatment of posthaemorrhagic hydrocephalus.
      Aspiration of cerebrospinal fluid (median 6 ml, range 1-15) one to four (median
      two) times a day for 6 to 90 (median 40) days controlled the hydrocephalus as
      judged by clinical and ultrasonographic criteria. There were no serious
      complications, except skin breakdown in one patient. Intracranial pressure
      measured in five patients through the reservoir showed the efficacy of the
      treatment, as well as the unreliability of clinical and ultrasonographic criteria
      in determining the amount of cerebrospinal fluid that should be aspirated daily.

PMID- 2923482
TI  - Providing warmth for preterm babies by a heated, water filled mattress.
AB  - Seventeen healthy preterm babies had extra warmth provided in their cots by
      thermocontrolled, heated, water filled mattresses. As controls 17 babies of the
      same weight were nursed in air heated incubators. Both groups were studied for
      three weeks. No differences were found in minimal oxygen consumption (measured by
      indirect calorimetry), rectal and mean skin temperatures, or in daily weight
      gain. The babies were kept just as warm on the heated, water filled mattresses as
      in air heated incubators but the mattresses had the advantage of giving the
      mothers easy access to their babies.

PMID- 2923483
TI  - Routine endotracheal cultures for the prediction of sepsis in ventilated babies.
AB  - Serial cultures of endotracheal tube aspirates were carried out in 94 neonates
      who were intubated and had been ventilated for longer than one week. A similar
      change in bacterial colonisation with duration of ventilation was seen in infants
      who subsequently developed sepsis and those who did not. In both groups, 177
      aspirates (more than 90%) obtained during the first week of ventilation were
      sterile. Thereafter, colonisation with mixed Gram positive flora emerged followed
      by growth of Gram negative bacilli. For the infants who developed sepsis, the
      correlation between pathogens isolated from blood during the episodes of sepsis
      and those from previous endotracheal tube isolates was poor; in only five of the
      26 cases of sepsis (19%) was the same single strain of organism isolated from
      culture of the blood and of the endotracheal tube aspirate. Other markers of
      infection such as endotracheal tube aspirate white blood cell counts and changes
      in bacterial flora were not useful in predicting systemic infection. Routine
      surveillance cultures of endotracheal tube aspirates in ventilated infants are
      not helpful in predicting the pathogens that are isolated from the blood during
      episodes of sepsis.

PMID- 2923484
TI  - Prediction and diagnosis of sickling disorders in neonates.
AB  - A pilot scheme for the prediction and detection of sickle cell disease in
      neonates was set up and the results from its first three years of operation
      analysed. A total of 153 women booking at the antenatal clinic were found to have
      haemoglobin S. The protocol required that all partners of the women so identified
      be screened for abnormal haemoglobins and beta thalassaemia trait, and that the
      babies of these women should have cord blood electrophoresis performed. In fact
      this was only achieved in 75 partners (49%) and 91 of 145 infants (63%). Of 10
      babies born with sickle cell disease during the study period, nine had mothers
      known to have haemoglobin S or C, but only four of these mothers' partners had
      been tested before delivery of the child. This pilot study highlights the
      problems in establishing effective antenatal screening programmes, especially in
      ethnic minority groups. The results show that detailed staff training, careful
      organisation of administrative arrangements, and education of 'at risk' groups
      should all be undertaken before the launching of major screening initiatives.

PMID- 2923485
TI  - Suckling stimulation test for neonatal tremor.
AB  - The response of neonatal tremor to a suckling stimulation test was investigated
      in 102 healthy neonates born at full term. In 84 the tremor resolved immediately;
      none had hypocalcaemia and only one had mild hypoglycemia. Eighteen in whom the
      tremor continued had either hypocalcaemia (n = 13) or hypoglycaemia (n = 5).

PMID- 2923486
TI  - Simple test to distinguish between surgical and non-surgical pneumoperitoneum in
      ventilated neonates.
AB  - A simple and accurate method is described for rapid differentiation of surgical
      and nonsurgical pneumoperitoneum by measuring the partial pressure of oxygen in
      intraperitoneal air with a blood gas analyser. Results in five ventilated
      neonates in whom this distinction was not possible by clinical or radiographic
      means are presented.

PMID- 2923487
TI  - Neonatal bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis caused by brain stem haemorrhage.
AB  - We describe a neonate with severe bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis caused by
      haemorrhage in the lower brain stem. To our knowledge this association has not
      been previously reported in the English medical literature.

PMID- 2923488
TI  - Effect of infusion rate of indomethacin on cerebrovascular responses in preterm
      neonates.
AB  - Cerebrovascular responses were studied in preterm infants by Doppler ultrasound
      and cerebral electrical impedance for one hour after intravenous indomethacin
      infusion for patent ductus arteriosus. Indomethacin in a dose of 0.2 mg/kg body
      weight was infused over five minutes in one group of infants (20 doses) and over
      20 minutes in a second group of infants (16 doses). There were no significant
      differences between the two groups in birth weight (mean = 1068 g, range 569
      1950), gestational age (mean 28.4 weeks, range 25-31), or postnatal age (mean
      18.1 days, range 6-42). There was a significant reduction in both the Doppler
      mean flow velocity in the anterior cerebral artery (mean (SE) -20 (4.2)%) and
      peak amplitude of cerebral electrical impedance (-26 (3.9)%) within two minutes
      of starting the indomethacin infusion over five minutes. There was no significant
      change after the infusion over 20 minutes. There were no significant changes in
      blood pressure or carbon dioxide tensions after infusion at either rate. The
      results suggest that infusion of indomethacin over five minutes caused a
      potentially deleterious reduction in cerebral blood flow. No such reduction
      occurred when it was infused over 20 minutes.

PMID- 2923489
TI  - Experimental acidification of Little Rock Lake (Wisconsin): fish research
      approach and early responses.
AB  - One goal of research at Little Rock Lake, Wisconsin, is to enhance understanding
      of lake acidification effects on warm- and cool-water fishery resources. The
      Little Rock Lake fish assemblage is characteristic of many acid sensitive waters
      in North America and is dominated by yellow perch (Percidae) and sunfishes
      (Centrarchidae). Analyses of reproduction, early survival and growth rates in the
      field were designed around the differing reproductive modes of these taxa.
      Complementary laboratory research on early life stages was conducted to assist in
      isolating direct effect mechanisms and to determine the reliability of laboratory
      results in predicting field response. Preliminary findings suggest that lake
      acidification to pH 5.6 has not influenced reproductive activity of the four most
      abundant fish species. However, the field results suggest that year-class failure
      of rock bass (Ambloplites rupestris) may be occurring due to reduced survival of
      early life stages. Reduced growth and food conversion efficiency of Age 0
      largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) is also suggested. The laboratory
      bioassays indicate rock bass is the most acid-sensitive Little Rock Lake species
      tested. However, rock bass fry survival was not significantly affected until pH
      was reduced from 5.6 to 5.0.

PMID- 2923490
TI  - Characteristics of three acidic lakes in Kejimkujik National Park, Nova Scotia,
      Canada.
AB  - This report summarizes a study of the chemical and biological characteristics of
      three oligotrophic lakes located in a region that receives a moderately acidic
      precipitation (mean annual pH 4.5-4.6), and a sulfate deposition of about 20
      kg/ha/yr. The two brownwater lakes are relatively acidic (pH 4.5 and 4.8), and
      much of their acidity is attributable to organic anions. The brownwater lakes
      also have a large concentration of aluminum and iron, but these are bound to
      dissolved organic matter and are relatively non-toxic to biota. Average
      phytoplankton production was largest in the clearwater lake. This was due to its
      relatively deep euphotic zone, since the average unit-volume productivity did not
      differ much among the lakes. In fact, productivity at light optimum was largest
      in the most acidic brownwater lake, probably because of its larger phosphorus
      concentration. The clearwater lake had extensive macrophyte vegetation, which
      covered its bottom to a depth of 6.5 m. In the brownwater lakes, macrophytes were
      confined to shallow nearshore water because of the limited water transparency.
      Zooplankton density and biomass were largest in the most acidic brownwater lake,
      probably because of allochthonous organic particulates and little fish predation.
      Benthic invertebrates were abundant in all three lakes, and were dominated by
      insects, especially Chironomids. Lakes in the study area appear to be sustaining
      fish populations at more acidic pHs than elsewhere. This may be due to the large
      concentration of dissolved organic matter in many lakes, which complexes and
      partially detoxifies metals such as aluminum.

PMID- 2923491
TI  - Oocyte atresia and reproductive success in fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas)
      exposed to acidified hardwater environments.
AB  - The ovarian histology of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) chronically
      exposed to three levels of environmental pH was examined for evidence of
      reproductive impairment. Exposures occurred in three experimental running-water
      channels receiving Mississippi River water. One of these channels was not
      acidified and two were dosed with H2SO4. The pH was approximately 8 in untreated
      river water and 6 and 5 in the two channels receiving H2SO4. Fish for ovarian
      examination were taken from these channels at four stages of the reproductive
      season: initiation of spawning (June 19), mid-spawning (July 12), end of spawning
      (August 14-15), and approximately 1 mo. post-spawning (September 19). The fish
      exhibited ovarian histological changes and depression of reproductive success
      which were directly associated with the level of environmental stress
      experienced. The association between these three factors was most consistent and
      pronounced if the fish were sampled near the end of the spawning season. When
      sampled at this time, reproductive impairment in a population was found when the
      ratio of the volume of atretic (resorbing) oocytes present in the ovary to the
      total ovarian volume exceeded 20% in all fish sampled. This was the case in the
      pH 5 channel fish sampled in August. At this same time, not all of the fish in
      the pH 6 channel exhibited such an accumulation of atretic oocytes, and egg
      deposition in that population was not reduced. None of the fish from the pH 8
      channel were so affected nor was their reproduction.

PMID- 2923492
TI  - Short-term experimental acidification of a Welsh stream: toxicity of different
      forms of aluminium at low pH to fish and invertebrates.
AB  - A 24-hr dosing experiment was carried out in a soft-water stream in upland Wales
      during which four separate zones were created by the simultaneous addition of
      sulphuric acid, aluminium sulphate, and citric acid. An upstream control zone
      (A), an acid zone pH 4.9 (B), an aluminium and acid (total filterable aluminium
      0.27 mg/L, pH 4.9) zone (C) and a downstream zone (D) of aluminium complexed with
      citrate at low pH (total filterable aluminium 0.23 mg/L, pH 4.9). Test species
      exposed in all zones were the invertebrates Gammarus pulex (L.), Baetis rhodani
      (Pict.), Ephemerella ignita (Poda) and the fish Salmo salar L., Salmo trutta L.
      and Cottus gobio L. Response criteria measured were mortality, feeding, effects
      of pretreatment, brief-exposure, and the ability of animals to recover. Minimal
      effects were observed in the control and acid zones whilst large mortalities and
      reduced feeding were recorded in the acid and aluminium zone. These effects were
      significantly reduced in the acid, aluminium and citrate zone due to complexation
      of aluminium with citrate.

PMID- 2923493
TI  - Lethality of trace metal mixtures to American flagfish in neutralized acid water.
AB  - Acute lethality of H+ alone to fry of American flagfish (Jordanella floridae)
      produced a 96 hr LC50 at pH 4.82 in very soft water (5.5 mg/L as CaCO3). At pH
      5.3, the combined lethality of Al, Zn, Cu, and H+ produced an LC50 corresponding
      to 17, 2.8, and 1.4 micrograms/L, of Al, Zn, and Cu, respectively, acting as a
      mixture. Raising exposure pH from 5.3 to 6.9 in the same soft water reduced
      apparent Al/Zn/Cu lethality by a factor of 2.6. Decreased mixture lethality was
      attributed more to reduced H+ lethality at higher pH than to the modifying
      effects of pH on metal lethality. Neutralization acidic, metals-enriched, soft
      water with dolomite raised pH from 5.84 to 6.84, total hardness from 5.1 to 17.2
      mg/L (as CaCO3) and reduced metal lethality by a factor of 2.4. Reduced lethality
      was attributed equally to elevated pH and to elevated hardness and alkalinity.
      Neutralization of culturally acidified waters will reduce the acute lethality of
      H+ and metals to biota.

PMID- 2923494
TI  - Metal contents in liver tissues of non-fledged goldeneye, Bucephala clangula,
      ducklings: a comparison between samples from acidic, circumneutral, and limed
      lakes in south Sweden.
AB  - The risk of increased exposure to metals for a vertebrate predator foraging on
      aquatic insects in acidified lakes was investigated through analyses of the
      content of Al, As, Ca, Cd, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Pb, Ru, Se, and Zn in the liver tissue
      of 42 non-fledged Goldeneye, Bucephala clangula, ducklings from acidic,
      circumneutral, and limed lakes in South Sweden. No indications of significantly
      different concentrations in samples from acidic lakes in comparison with
      circumneutral lakes were detected for any metal, but among individual birds from
      acidic lakes there were high contents of Hg. Liming probably affects the exposure
      to some metals; lower contents of Hg were recorded from limed lakes in comparison
      with acidic lakes, while the reverse trend was recorded for Cd and Mn.

PMID- 2923495
TI  - Regional anomalies in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; comparison with acid
      air pollution particulate characteristics.
AB  - Mortality rates due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) for males and
      females in standard metropolitan statistical areas are highest in two broad
      regions of the U.S. One is the southeast, with age-adjusted rates high in Georgia
      and north Florida but decreasing toward south Florida; the other is the western
      plains, with rates high in Colorado and north Texas but decreasing toward south
      Texas. Rates are generally low in the northeast, upper midwest, and far west, as
      well as in the largest cities of these regions. These geographic patterns suggest
      that atmospheric environmental conditions may contribute to the risk of COPD.
      Based on measured aerosol characteristics and atmospheric chemical reasoning, it
      is argued that ambient air in the high COPD regions may be especially irritating
      to the respiratory tract because of fine particles that contain the reaction
      products of acid air pollutants. In the southeast, sulfuric acid aerosol
      concentrations are high, apparently because of a sunny warm humid climate that
      favors rapid oxidation of sulfur dioxide as well as the region's proximity to
      large primary air pollution sources further north. Particulate sulfur is also
      associated with soil mineral constituents. In the western plains, concentrations
      of alkaline dust are high because of soil erosion during windy dry conditions.
      Acid air pollutants can be scavenged to mineral particle surfaces and form
      chemical reaction products that may include solubilized mineral aluminum. These
      may be inhaled and deposited in the respiratory tract so as to contribute to COPD
      mortality risk.

PMID- 2923496
TI  - Acid rain: what we know, what we did, what we will do.
AB  - This paper reviews the involvement of the Canadian province of Ontario in the
      acid rain issue. Ontario is a major producer of acid gas emissions and suffers
      significant environmental consequences because of acid rain. The province's
      substantial contribution to the scientific understanding of acid rain is
      summarized with emphasis on the extent and origins of the deposition it receives,
      the impact on the aquatic environment, and the impact on the terrestrial
      environment. This paper discusses the history of the government's success at
      reducing acid gas emissions through the 1970's when legislators set out to
      enhance local or "ambient" air quality, the first legislation to require SO2
      reductions from companies already in compliance with ambient air quality
      legislation, and the current Countdown Acid Rain program which reduces SO2
      emission limits by 67%. The process used to establish the tough new limits while
      reasonably anticipating the development of SO2 control technologies is detailed
      along with the specific requirements of the major emitters controlled by the
      regulations. Projections confirm that while the Countdown reductions will bring
      about significant reductions in deposition, adequate environmental protection in
      Canada cannot be achieved without some comparable U.S. acid gas abatement effort.

PMID- 2923497
TI  - Development of a sleep-awake instrument for use in a chronic renal population.
AB  - A pilot study with nine subjects was completed to test instruments and refine
      methodology for a study of sleep-awake behaviors in end stage renal disease
      (ESRD) hemodialysis clients pre- and post-ESRD diagnosis with concomitant
      hemodialysis treatment. The development of the instrument is described. Several
      sources contributed to content validity. Stability was tested through test-retest
      reliability.

PMID- 2923498
TI  - Creating a therapeutic environment in a pediatric renal unit.
AB  - Creating and maintaining a therapeutic patient environment has been the
      responsibility of nurses since the days of Florence Nightingale. Achieving this
      environment for children with renal disease and their families can, however, be a
      complex task. This article addresses a number of factors that must be considered
      in planning a new pediatric unit or renovating an established one. Useful
      strategies leading to a therapeutic environment in a pediatric nephrology unit
      are described as well.

PMID- 2923499
TI  - Peritoneal dialysis transfer set change procedures study.
AB  - The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effectiveness of
      continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) procedures. Four procedures to
      disinfect the catheter adapter/transfer set connection were compared in vitro
      using a mock sterile CAPD system.

PMID- 2923500
TI  - Continued bone disease and symptoms post-parathyroidectomy.

PMID- 2923501
TI  - Strike--you've got to be kidding!

PMID- 2923502
TI  - Does rheumatoid factor protect lupus patients from the development of nephritis?
AB  - It has been suggested again recently that the presence of rheumatoid factor (RF)
      in the serum of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) protects them
      from the development of nephritis. In this study the RF is measured by standard
      latex test and by radioimmunoassay to detect IgM, IgA, and IgG isotypes, in
      patients with SLE with (26 patients) and without (25 patients) renal involvement,
      and in a control group of 21 patients with idiopathic renal disease. In addition,
      patients with SLE and nephritis were tested during active and inactive phases of
      their disease. No significant protective effect was observed from the presence of
      RF.

PMID- 2923503
TI  - Measurement of sulphated glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycan fragments in
      arthritic synovial fluid.
AB  - Immunoreactive proteoglycans (iPGs) and sulphated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) were
      assayed in synovial fluid obtained from 22 patients with osteoarthritis (OA), 21
      with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 13 with gout, and five with Reiter's syndrome. A
      strong positive linear correlation was observed between concentrations of
      sulphated GAGs and iPGs in RA (r = 0.95) and gout (r = 0.94). A linear
      correlation was also observed in OA (r = 0.65). Patients with gout and Reiter's
      syndrome had significantly higher concentrations of sulphated GAGs and iPGs than
      patients with OA or RA. Patients with gout also had significantly higher total
      quantities of sulphated GAGs and iPGs in the knee joint cavity than patients with
      OA or RA. In all four diseases similar profiles were observed when comparisons
      were made between the total quantities and concentrations of sulphated GAGs and
      iPGs in synovial fluid. These results indicate that the observed differences in
      concentrations are not simply a function of dilution. The concentrations of
      sulphated GAGs and iPGs did not correlate closely with the type or number of
      inflammatory cells in the synovial fluid. Considerable variation was noted in the
      sulphated GAG/iPG ratios, suggesting that different mechanisms may be
      contributing to the release of proteoglycans in the diseases studied.

PMID- 2923504
TI  - Erosion number and area progression in the wrists and hands of rheumatoid
      patients: a quantitative microfocal radiographic study.
AB  - Microfocal radiography has been used to evaluate the relation between erosion
      number and erosion area in the hands and wrists of 51 patients with early to
      moderately advanced rheumatoid arthritis. The hands of these patients showed
      different patterns of erosion progression, in terms of the relation between
      changes in number and area, and included those showing a decrease in one or both
      of the erosion parameters. The mean number of erosions in the group increased
      between the first and second visits. By the third visit (a mean of 48 months from
      the onset of symptoms) the mean number of erosions in the wrist and hand of the
      group had approached a constant value of 75 erosions. Over the same period the
      mean erosion area of the group continued to increase. Measurement of changes in
      erosion area is a more sensitive indicator of erosion progression than erosion
      number, both within the group and in individual patients.

PMID- 2923505
TI  - Osteoarthritis of the hip and Heberden's nodes.
AB  - One hundred consecutive patients with proved osteoarthritis were assessed for the
      presence of terminal interphalangeal joint disease. There was a significant
      association found between the presence of Heberden's nodes and primary (axillary)
      arthritis. Secondary osteoarthritis was relatively free of nodal involvement. It
      is suggested that Heberden's nodes are a helpful clinical marker in
      differentiating between the two major groups of osteoarthritis.

PMID- 2923506
TI  - Rheumatoid arthritis in blacks in South Africa.
AB  - The spectrum of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was studied in a group of 52 blacks who
      attended a rheumatology unit in Cape Town, South Africa. The mean age of the
      patients was 44.6 years, and the female to male ratio was 3.7:1. Significant
      radiographic changes were frequently noted, and the mean Larsen scores were 34.9
      for the hands, 19.6 for the feet, and 6.6 for the wrists. About two thirds of the
      patients had received an immunomodulatory drug and 20 (38%) had had one or more
      surgical procedures for their RA. Anaemia was the commonest extra-articular
      manifestation, and although the other extra-articular features were uncommon, a
      variety of features had been detected during the course of the disease. Earlier
      studies on blacks in Africa suggested that RA was a mild disease; our findings,
      however, are in agreement with the more recent surveys, which suggest that severe
      disease is not uncommon.

PMID- 2923507
TI  - Factors predicting a poor life prognosis in rheumatoid arthritis: an eight year
      prospective study.
AB  - This prospective study evaluates the usefulness of clinical features and
      measurements of circulating immune complexes and autoantibodies for
      identification of patients with rheumatoid arthritis with a poor life prognosis.
      One hundred and seven hospital clinic patients, 64 with extra-articular
      manifestations, were followed up for a mean period of eight years, during which
      50 deaths occurred. Comparison with an age and sex matched control population
      showed an increased incidence of deaths from myocardial infarction, pneumonia,
      and complications of rheumatoid arthritis. Patients with cutaneous ulcers,
      vasculitic rash, neuropathy, and scleritis had a higher mortality than patients
      whose disease was confined to the joints. Positive serological tests for
      precipitating antibodies to soluble cellular antigens and cryoglobulinaemia also
      predicted a poor prognosis. Eleven out of 12 patients (92%) with antibodies to
      soluble cellular antigens died compared with 21 out of 64 patients (33%) without
      antibodies. The presence of cryoglobulinaemia was associated with almost a
      twofold higher mortality. The laboratory measurements may reflect
      immunopathogenic mechanisms which lead to the occurrence of extra-articular
      disease features and reduce life expectancy.

PMID- 2923508
TI  - Antibodies to HTLV-I in sera from patients with connective tissue diseases.

PMID- 2923509
TI  - Anticardiolipin antibodies in systemic lupus erythematous.

PMID- 2923510
TI  - Lyme arthritis in Spain.

PMID- 2923511
TI  - Cyclosporin for dermatomyositis.

PMID- 2923512
TI  - Endoscopic placement of pancreatic stents and drains in the management of
      pancreatitis.
AB  - Although widely used in the biliary tree, little data is available on endoscopic
      placement of stents or drains within the pancreas. This report describes 17
      patients, nine with acute relapsing pancreatitis and eight with chronic
      pancreatitis, who had drain or stent placement for hypertensive pancreatic duct
      (PD) sphincter, dominant ductal stenosis, duct disruption, or pseudocyst. Two
      patients have subsequently undergone surgery, and six other patients continue
      long-term stent placement with marked reduction of chronic pain or attacks of
      recurrent pancreatitis. All six pseudocysts resolved, although one recurred and
      required surgery. It is concluded that pancreatic drains or stents may obviate
      the need for surgery, temporize before definitive therapy, or direct a subsequent
      surgical procedure.

PMID- 2923513
TI  - Selective ERCP and preoperative stone removal in bile duct surgery.
AB  - This project was undertaken to evaluate in a prospective fashion the effects of
      selective preoperative endoscopic-retrograde cholangiography and stone extraction
      (ERCP-ST EXTR) on the results of biliary tract surgery. Over a 6-year period, 728
      patients with primary or secondary biliary tract disease were admitted to the
      First Surgical Department, landeskrankenanstalten, Salzburg, Austria. If, based
      on preoperative screening, the possibility of common bile duct stones (CBDS)
      existed, the patients were subjected to ERCP-ST EXTR. Two to 4 days later, these
      patients underwent a simple cholecystectomy with intraoperative cholangiogram and
      functional manometry. Evaluation criteria for this study were morbidity,
      mortality, and retained stone (RST) rates. The overall complication rate for the
      entire series was 6%. In patients who underwent operative common duct stone
      removal (n = 78), the complication rate amounted to 21.8%. The rate was reduced
      to 2.1% by ERCP-ST EXTR. The RST rate was likewise reduced from 2.2% to 0.5% by
      ERCP-ST EXTR. Mortality in patients with CBDS fell from 3.8% to 1% through the
      use of this method. In those patients with secondary stones who were treated by
      ERCP-ST EXTR only, morbidity was 2%, the RST rate was 0%, and mortality was 0%.
      It is concluded that selective ERCP-ST EXTR, followed by simple cholecystectomy,
      is a suitable treatment protocol and that this approach may reduce complication
      and mortality rates.

PMID- 2923514
TI  - Duodenum-preserving resection of the head of the pancreas in severe chronic
      pancreatitis. Early and late results.
AB  - In 128 patients with severe chronic pancreatitis and inflammatory enlargement of
      the head of the pancreas, a duodenum-preserving resection of the pancreatic head
      was performed. Median post-operative hospitalization was 15.5 days, and the
      frequency of reoperation was 5.5%. One patient died during the early post
      operative phase, and hospital mortality amounted to 0.8%. After a median follow
      up period of 3.6 years (range of 7 months to 16 years), six of 127 patients died
      (late mortality of 4.7%). Seventy-seven per cent of the patients were completely
      free of abdominal pain, 67% returned to their former occupations. During the late
      follow-up period, the glucose metabolism was unchanged in 80.7% of the patients,
      in 13.7% it deteriorated, and in 5.5% it improved permanently; 80% of the
      patients experienced a marked increase in weight averaging 8.7 kg. Compared with
      the Whipple procedure, the duodenum-preserving resection of the head of the
      pancreas spares the patient with chronic pancreatitis a gastrectomy,
      duodenectomy, and resection of the extrahepatic biliary ducts. In terms of a
      subtotal resection, the limited operative intervention at the head of the
      pancreas and the preservation of the duodenum explain the low early and late
      postoperative morbidity and mortality.

PMID- 2923515
TI  - Prostaglandin-induced gastric mucosal protection against stress injury. Absence
      of a relationship to tissue glutathione levels.
AB  - The effects of 16,16 dimethyl prostaglandin E2 (dmPGE2) on the gastric mucosa of
      rats subjected to 1, 2, and 24 hours of water immersion stress were examined
      histologically. Results indicated a time-related increase in the total percentage
      length of glandular mucosa injured in normal saline (NS) pretreated rats that was
      significantly attenuated by subcutaneous dmPGE2 pretreatment (5 micrograms/kg)
      after 1 hour (46.0 +/- 12.9 vs. 16.8 +/- 2.3; p less than 0.005), 2 hours (45.4
      +/- 1.0 vs. 13.8 +/- 2.2; p less than 0.001), and 24 hours (93.1 +/- 2.6 vs. 65.1
      +/- 7.0; p less than 0.005) of water immersion stress. Moreover, dmPGE2
      essentially prevented the occurrence of deep, glandular injury that, in NS
      controls, involved approximately 13% and 26% of the mucosal surface after 2 and
      24 hours of immersion stress, respectively. Additionally, tissue levels of
      glutathione (mumole/g weight of wet tissue) were measured to determine its role
      under such conditions. After 1 hour of stress, there were no differences in
      glutathione levels between NS or dmPGE2 pretreated animals and fasted controls.
      After 2 and 24 hours of stress, there were likewise no differences in glutathione
      levels between NS and dmPGE2 pretreated groups, although levels in both groups
      were significantly decreased from fasted controls by approximately 30% at 2 hours
      and 37-47% after 24 hours. These histologic and biochemical data indicate that
      dmPGE2 attenuates both the extent and depth of glandular mucosal injury and does
      so in a manner unrelated to alterations in glutathione levels in gastric
      epithelium.

PMID- 2923516
TI  - Postoperative changes in serum creatinine. When do they occur and how much is
      important?
AB  - The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of the serum creatinine in
      following postoperative renal function. In this prospective study of 278 patients
      (mainly hypertensives and diabetics) undergoing noncardiac surgery, the serum
      creatinines were followed from the first through the sixth postoperative day.
      Creatinine clearances were evaluated before operation and on the fourth to fifth
      postoperative day. During the first six days after the operation, 23% (65 of 278
      patients) had an increase of serum creatinine greater than or equal to 20%. Such
      increases were sustained for greater than or equal to 48 hours in 12% of the
      patients (32 of 278), and half of these patients had not returned to their
      initial level of renal function by the time of discharge. Patients who sustained
      such a deterioration were at risk for nonoliguric renal failure if they had a
      subsequent insult (i.e., hypotension, reoperation, angiography, aminoglycosides).
      Such increases occurred early in the postoperative period--on the first or second
      postoperative day. As judged by the creatinine clearances, postoperative
      increases of greater than or equal to 20% in the serum creatinine identified most
      patients whose clearance fell more than 50%, although the serum creatinine did
      not accurately reflect changes in creatinine clearance among those patients who
      had undergone an amputation. It is concluded that the serum creatinine is useful
      in monitoring postoperative renal function. Of those patients who had
      postoperative increases in serum creatinine sustained for greater than or equal
      to 48 hours, as many as one third had evidence of impairment in renal function at
      the time of discharge.

PMID- 2923517
TI  - Right and left ventricular performance during and after abdominal aortic aneurysm
      repair.
AB  - To evaluate the effect of aortic occlusion and limb reperfusion on global and
      regional function of the right and left ventricle during infrarenal abdominal
      aortic aneurysm repair, 23 patients underwent five intraoperative first-pass
      radionuclide angiocardiograms: 1) before the skin incision, 2) at aortic cross
      clamp, 3) 20 minutes after aortic occlusion, 4) at unclamping, and 5) after skin
      closure. A subset of twelve patients had simultaneous transesophageal
      echocardiography to evaluate left ventricular wall stress. Parameters measured
      included the electrocardiogram (ECG), heart rate, blood pressure, pulmonary
      artery pressure, the cardiac output, the left and right ventricular ejection
      fractions, left ventricular volumes, and left ventricular wall stress.
      Significant changes (p less than 0.01) were observed at aortic clamping in the
      left ventricular ejection fraction (from 0.56 to 0.48), end-diastolic volume
      (from 171 to 225 ml), end-systolic volume (from 85 to 127 ml), mean blood
      pressure (from 82 to 91 mmHg), and meridional end-systolic wall stress (from 53
      to 67 10(3) dyne/cm2). Once the clamp was removed, significant variations were
      seen in the left ventricular ejection fraction (from 0.51 to 0.58), end-diastolic
      volume (from 205 to 187 ml), end-systolic volume (from 105 to 94 ml), mean blood
      pressure (from 84 to 69 mmHg), and meridional end-systolic wall stress (from 67
      to 46 10(3) dyne/cm2). No differences were observed between the two aortic
      occlusion studies, and the baseline level of function was recovered in all
      parameters during the last study. These data quantify the changes in heart
      function that occur during abdominal aortic aneurysm operation and demonstrate
      that the majority of the adaptations that occurred were due to a variation in
      afterload.

PMID- 2923518
TI  - Photodynamic therapy with haematoporphyrin derivative on mice with solid Ehrlich
      carcinomas.
AB  - The tumor-toxic effect of the photosensitizer HpD/Halle activated by laser
      radiation was demonstrated. Solid Ehrlich carcinoma was used as model.
      Investigations into the tumor growth, the HpD-distribution after different kinds
      of drug administration by means of fluorescence measurements, the phototoxicity
      and the reduction of tumor masses after HpD application and laser irradiation
      were carried out.

PMID- 2923519
TI  - [Temperature, pH value, acid load and filtrability of normal human erythrocytes:
      in vitro studies--possible significance for hyperthermic hyperacidotic tumor
      therapy].
AB  - Normal human red blood cells, taken from healthy young men were separated from
      the other blood cells with the aid of a density centrifugation. The cells were
      titrated with acid to a defined minimal pH value and retitrated with sodium
      hydroxide to normal pH (7.4 +/- 0.1) two times. After each of the two acid
      loadings, which were done at 37 degrees C (normothermia) and 43 degrees C
      (hyperthermia) the so-called specific filtration time (FZsp) is determined with 5
      microns Nuclepore membranes under 4% hematocrit. FZsp is a measure for the
      relative flow resistance of the red blood cells they have with the filtering
      membrane. FZsp was found to be irreversibly increased by the twofold acid load.
      The effect increases with decreasing pH and increasing temperature. Hydrochloric
      acid has a greater effect than lactic acid.

PMID- 2923520
TI  - [Psychosocial aspects and rehabilitation problems of patients with tumors of the
      ORL region with special reference to laryngectomees].
AB  - The operational therapy of malign tumours in the ORL is often connected with
      visible larger tissue organ lesions respectively. By this reason intensive
      efforts regarding comprehensive rehabilitation are necessary with the aim of
      overcoming the multiple impairments of familiar, social and occupational life. It
      is demonstrated with making inquiries concerning tight cooperation between
      patients, physicians, relatives, speech therapists and rehabilitation centres by
      example of laryngectomees as a premise for an successful reincorporation into a
      normal life.

PMID- 2923521
TI  - [Integration of malignant tumors of the head and neck region into the strategy of
      cancer control in the GDR].
AB  - Mainly caused by an increase of carcinomas of the mouth and of the pharynx, the
      incidence of malignant tumours of the head and neck increased continuously, the
      incidence of these tumours has doubled in males. During the last twenty years,
      the age distribution clearly points the younger group of patients. In addition,
      the percentage of advanced tumours stages III and IV are increased. A more
      unfavourable prognosis with an increased mortality results despite of improved
      therapeutic techniques. The ways how to influence this development are discussed
      to reach the same positive situation as in total cancer treatment in the GDR.

PMID- 2923522
TI  - Assessment of phenotype of blood lymphocyte subsets prior and after PWM
      stimulation in patients with lung carcinoma.
AB  - Surface phenotypes of peripheral blood lymphocytes of lung cancer patients and
      those of two control groups were assessed by means of indirect immunofluorescence
      with monoclonal antibodies, prior and after 10 day pokeweed mitogen (PWM) in
      vitro stimulation. There was no significant alteration in pan T cell per cent
      values prior and after mitogen stimulation in all groups tested. CD4+ cells in
      lung cancer group were however significantly decreased as compared to blood donor
      group (37.3% vs 44.9%, p less than 0.05). This decline was even more pronounced
      in III/IVo stage of tumour progression according to TNM classification (36.8%, p
      less than 0.05). These changes, however were not cancer specific, because similar
      decrease of CD4+ cells was seen in a group of patients with nonneoplastic lung
      conditions (35.7%, p less than 0.01). Following 10 day PWM culture per cent
      values of CD4+ cells did not change significantly. The assessment of CD8+
      lymphocytes has shown marked differences in two subgroups of lung cancer, namely
      in II (17.4%) and III/IV (26.2%) of tumour progression (p less than 0.05), which
      returned to normal values following PWM culture. CD4/CD8 ratio was distinctly
      depressed in cancer patients in relation to donors. The evaluation of surface
      markers of B lymphocytes activated cells and monocytes did not show significant
      alterations in all groups examined. Per cent of HNK1+ cells was heightened in
      cancer group, especially in III/IV stage of tumour progression in relation to
      donors (21.7% and 22.8% vs 17.3%, p less than 0.05 respectively). PWM stimulation
      resulted in marked fall of HNK1+ cells to values corresponding to those in donor
      group. This study indicates some alterations in per cent values of blood
      lymphocytes subpopulations belonging mainly to T cell lineage in lung cancer
      patients linked to tumour staging which only partially return to normal following
      PWM stimulation.

PMID- 2923523
TI  - [The effect of air pollutants on the incidence of lung tumors in the GDR].
AB  - On the basis of the data from the National Cancer Registry in the GDR an
      investigation was made, concerning the relationship between exposure to different
      levels of air pollution and lung cancer incidence. Estimates for the exposure to
      major factors of air pollution as sulfur dioxide, sedimentation dust and a global
      air index were calculated for each county of the GDR. The statistical comparison
      of these data with respect to the age-adjusted incidence rates of the
      corresponding counties for the time period 1978 to 1982 have not shown any
      differences neither in man nor in woman. On the other side a positive correlation
      to the per caput consumption of cigarettes was found.

PMID- 2923524
TI  - Comprehensive cancer centres in The Netherlands.

PMID- 2923525
TI  - Organization of cancer care in the German Democratic Republic.

PMID- 2923526
TI  - Enhancement of hepatic tumors induced by N-nitrosodimethylamine in female toads
      Bufo regularis by oestrone.
AB  - The effect of oestrone on hepatic tumours induced in the female toads Bufo
      regularis by N-nitrosodimethylamine (DMNA) was evaluated. Injecting the toads
      with DMNA induced hepatocellular carcinomas in 17% comparable with 23% in toads
      injected with DMNA plus oestrone. These results show that oestrone
      insignificantly enhanced the tumour formation. Oestrone alone induced hepatic
      tumours in only 4 cases and was considered as a weak initiator.

PMID- 2923527
TI  - Posterior tibial tendon transfer in spastic equinovarus.
AB  - Twenty-eight posterior tibial tendon transfers through the interosseous membrane
      were performed to correct spastic equinovarus. All patients improved their gait,
      and 82% discarded their brace. Foot striking at the beginning of the stance phase
      was good or satisfactory in 82%; 68% had a neutral position of the heel. The
      overall score was good in 68%, satisfactory in 21%, and poor in 11%. The main
      requirements for obtaining good results with this type of transfer are: no fixed
      varus deformity preoperatively, age at operation between 5 and 10 years, and
      reinsertion near the midline of the foot.

PMID- 2923528
TI  - Value of cerclage fibreux for the Keller-Brandes procedure.
AB  - In the last 15 years Keller-Brandes operations have been performed in the
      Orthopedic Hospital Vienna-Speising, with and without cerclage fibreux. We were
      able to compare both methods in a long-term follow-up study and to check the
      function of the fibrous cerclage reducing the first intermetatarsal angle. The
      results of the random follow-up study of 100 patients show impressive advantages
      of the cerclage fibreux, objectively and subjectively, up to high intermetatarsal
      angles, which formerly were treated by osteotomies.

PMID- 2923529
TI  - Operative therapy for recurrent shoulder dislocation with special regard to long
      term clinical and radiological results using M. Lange technique.
AB  - Besides a general description of the operative techniques for the management of
      recurrent shoulder dislocation, a full description of the M. Lange procedure is
      given. We offer reasons for its variation from original methods and suggest
      limiting its indications with regard to clinical and radiological long-term
      results. After an average postoperative period of 13.5 years, clinical and
      radiological results of 21 shoulders in 20 patients were determined. In 19 of the
      21 cases patients reported outstanding-to-satisfying postoperative results. Real
      postoperative redislocation was found in only one case, but striking radiological
      signs of osteoarthritis were seen in 57%. Despite the lack of comparable results,
      this should be taken into consideration in choosing an adequate operative
      procedure.

PMID- 2923530
TI  - Biomechanical analysis of hip function after Chiari pelvic osteotomy.
AB  - The reasons are discussed for differences in functional results of the pelvic
      osteotomy after Chiari, regardless of the fact that the CE and AC angles were
      equal in all patients. When lateralization and distal displacement of the greater
      trochanter were performed in addition to the pelvic osteotomy, the functional
      results proved to be better. Biomechanical analysis of the relationship between
      gluteal force and body weight revealed that these relations change; in all
      examined cases where lateralization and distal displacement of the greater
      trochanter were performed, the relationship proved postoperatively to be
      considerably more favorable. In the same group of patients, the relationship
      between the force of reaction and body weight was also changed after surgery.
      Therefore, lateralization and distal displacement of the greater trochanter are
      important factors for the undisturbed functioning of a hip; in all examined
      patients the functional results were better when lateralization and distal
      displacement of the greater trochanter were performed.

PMID- 2923531
TI  - Genu recurvatum due to partial growth arrest of the proximal tibial physis:
      correction by callus distraction. Case report.
AB  - The formation of a genu recurvatum after partial growth arrest of the proximal
      tibial physis is uncommon. This contribution deals with the case of a 16 years
      old male patient who after a direct injury to the proximal tibia four years ago
      showed a genu recurvatum of 18 degrees. An incomplete upper tibial corticotomy
      was performed and a hinge type de Bastiani fixator applied. The deformity was
      corrected at a distraction rate of one millimetre a day. The corticotomy gap
      filled with callus during the distraction process. The advantages of this concept
      are omision of iliac crest grafts, maintainance of a full range of knee motion
      with partial weight bearing during distraction and determination of the final
      degree of correction with the aid of proper radiographs.

PMID- 2923532
TI  - Radiological diagnosis of cervical trauma at the level C7/T1.
AB  - After a car accident a 23-year-old man was found to have rotational luxation of
      the cervical spine at the level C7/T1. The diagnosis was suspected from indirect
      signs on the ap X-ray and subsequently confirmed by conventional lateral
      tomography. Neurological symptoms were not present. Magnetic resonance imaging
      demonstrated dorsal protrusion of the intervertebral disc.

PMID- 2923533
TI  - Infection management in total hip replacement.
AB  - Early diagnosis and determined management of infection after hip replacement are
      the prerequisites for good end results. Infections that manifest themselves
      during the first 6 weeks after a prosthetic implant can be mastered by local
      debridement. The implant can thus be saved, and the functional performance as
      well. Infections that appear after this 6-week period may require temporary
      removal of the implant in order to control the infection. When the clinical
      aspects and laboratory data indicate the infection is under control, the hip
      endoprosthesis can be reimplanted with a very low rate of recurrence. The method
      applied for removal of implants and bone cement is of utmost importance for the
      final results, and a extremely diligent surgical technique is the basis for long
      term management of infection and good functional performance. Resection
      arthroplasty is not the treatment of choice anymore for infected hip prostheses
      and should be restricted to special cases.

PMID- 2923534
TI  - Cancellous bone and mechanical strength of the femoral neck.
AB  - Twenty pairs of dried macerated femora were submitted to progressive,
      physiologically oriented loading. The aim of this work was to determine the role
      of trabecular bone, the importance of the bone mineral density of the femoral
      shaft, and the importance of the Singh index in the mechanical strength of the
      femoral neck. By means of an original technique, the influence of both the
      principal tensile and secondary compressive trabecular groups on the mechanical
      strength to bending stress has been demonstrated. The artificial destruction of
      these trabecular groups is responsible for a loss of strength of more than 50% in
      varus angulation while it has practically no effect in valgus angulation. On the
      other hand, the mechanical strength of the femoral neck is better correlated with
      the bone mineral density of the femoral shaft (r = 0.74) than with the Singh
      index (r = 0.50) or with age (r = 0.15).

PMID- 2923535
TI  - Early changes in the ground substance of articular cartilage in experimental
      hemarthrosis in dogs, measured by the fixed-charge density method.
AB  - This work presents early findings in the articular cartilage of dog knees in
      experimental hemarthrosis produced by injections of whole blood, red blood cells,
      white blood cells, serum, and iron citrate. The effect of coagulation and
      synovectomy was also studied. The fixed-charge density determination has proved
      to be a reliable, easy, and rapid method for finding - very early in the process 
      quantitative changes in cartilage ground substance. Changes in the proteoglycan
      (PG) content of articular cartilage matrix take place after a certain duration
      and intensity of hemarthrosis, after which loss of ground substance is repeatedly
      and consistently observed. After some time (6 months, and culminating after 14
      months in our study) a reparative reaction takes place. In experimental
      hemarthrosis of longer duration this healing reaction seems to be overwhelmed by
      the degrading forces, with probable further evolution to the full-blown
      pathology. The cellular components of the blood seem to play a major role.
      Prophylactic synovectomy seems to be effective only in preventing further
      bleeding. Coagulation of the intra-articular blood does not alter its deleterious
      effect. Finally, a small iron ligand alone, although proven in vitro to penetrate
      into cartilage, is not capable of producing matrix changes.

PMID- 2923536
TI  - Results of screw osteosynthesis in spondylolysis and low-grade spondylolisthesis.
AB  - Nineteen patients with spondylolysis and low-degree spondylolisthesis were
      treated with bone grafting and osteosynthesis of the pars defect with the
      Morscher hook screw (16 cases) or with Buck's procedure (three cases). Eighteen
      patients had a follow-up examination. In the age-group 9-16 years (ten patients)
      there were 80% excellent or good results with fusion, whereas in the adult group
      (eight cases) the majority had poor results. It seems that the operative
      techniques which we applied are useful in juvenile patients; adults require a
      more reliable fixation.

PMID- 2923537
TI  - 21st Walter J. Zeiter lecture. Physiatric practice: an evolving "system" of care.

PMID- 2923538
TI  - Rehabilitation outcome after anoxic brain damage.
AB  - Outcome was analyzed in a group of 31 patients who were comatose for more than 24
      hours after cardiopulmonary arrest and were thereafter referred for inpatient
      rehabilitation. Seventeen regained functional ambulation, 20 regained oral
      communication, and 13 regained full independence in activities of daily living.
      Two regained their approximate previous cognitive level, and one regained his
      previous level of employment. These outcomes are strikingly inferior to those of
      patients with prolonged coma after craniocerebral trauma who were hospitalized in
      the same center during the same period. Both age and coma duration were
      correlated with outcome. The relatively better outcomes were seen in patients who
      were 25 years or younger at the time of anoxic injury, and whose coma lasted less
      than 24 hours.

PMID- 2923539
TI  - Evoked potential assessment: utility in prognosis of chronic head injury.
AB  - Brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP) and somatosensory evoked potentials
      (SSEP) were performed on 29 patients an average of 12.4 months after traumatic
      brain injury (TBI). The study purpose was to predict long-term outcome in chronic
      TBI patients by using multimodality evoked potentials (MEP), the Rancho Los
      Amigos Scale (RLAS), and other clinical parameters. Neither the BAEP nor SSEP
      correlated significantly with the cognitive level on the RLAS at the MEP study
      approximately one year after TBI (RLAS1). Only 11.7% of RLAS1 could be predicted
      by the combined study of BAEP and SSEP. BAEP and SSEP obtained about one year
      after TBI jointly had a 15% predictive power of the long-term follow-up RLAS
      score obtained 18 months after performance of the MEP (RLAS2). Stepwise
      regression analysis showed that the best predictive indicator of the status of
      long-term outcome was RLAS1 which alone can predict 60% of long-term outcome. The
      predictive value of combinations of RLAS1 and age improved prediction of long
      term outcome to 66.8%, and the combination of RLAS1, age, and SSEP further
      increased the value to 72%. Perhaps the MEPs were relatively insensitive in
      reflecting the patient's adaptation to fixed neuronal damage since patients can
      perform higher cognitive function by adaptation through behavioral modification
      and cognitive retraining despite little structural improvement. This adaptation
      would result in a discrepancy between MEP and RLAS scores in the late chronic
      phase.

PMID- 2923540
TI  - Cortical somatosensory evoked potentials: effects of positional changes.
AB  - Supine and sitting lower extremity cortical somatosensory evoked potential (CSEP)
      examinations were performed in 30 healthy volunteers to establish normal values
      and to determine variations in SEP parameters caused by positional changes, side
      of stimulation, and the influence of height. CSEPs were recorded at Cz'-Fz (10-20
      international EEG system) after stimulation of the saphenous, peroneal, and sural
      nerves at the ankle. Each nerve was tested in the supine and sitting positions.
      CSEP P1, N1 latencies and P1 - N1 amplitudes were recorded. The mean values of
      these parameters and side-to-side differences were determined for both positions.
      Parameter changes between the two positions were also determined. No
      statistically significant difference was found when comparing supine and sitting,
      or side-to-side values (p greater than 0.05). Regression analyses of P1 latency
      vs height revealed a significant positive correlation for both positions (p less
      than 0.0001-0.0045). Mean P1 and N1 latencies (msec) +/- 1SD, and mean P1 - N1
      amplitudes (microV) +/- 1SD are as follows: peroneal nerve (n = 119) P1 = 39.5 +/
      2.98, N1 = 48.2 +/- 3.79, P1 - N1 = 1.41 +/- 0.81; sural nerve (n = 119) P1 =
      41.3 +/- 4.03, N1 = 50.9 +/- 4.57, P1 - N1 = 1.31 +/- 0.61; saphenous nerve (n =
      119) P1 = 41.5 +/- 4.02, N1 = 50.4 +/- 4.10, P1 - N1 = 0.87 +/- 0.30. The
      normative data generated by this study will help clinicians to distinguish normal
      variations in lower extremity CSEP parameters.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2923541
TI  - Electrodiagnosis of mild carpal tunnel syndrome.
AB  - Electrophysiologic tests have been reported to detect mild carpal tunnel syndrome
      (CTS). Such tests include (i) absolute palmar latency of median wrist segment;
      (ii) comparison of median and radial distal sensory latencies in digit I; (iii)
      comparison of median and ulnar distal sensory latencies in digit IV; (iv)
      comparison of median and ulnar palmar latencies; (v) comparison of median and
      ulnar sensory potential amplitudes in digits II and V. To clarify the clinical
      utility of these tests, the parameters of all five tests were determined across
      four carefully established patient subgroups: group A, controls; group B, CTS
      referrals with normal nerve conduction studies (NCS) and normal needle
      electromyography (EMG); group C, CTS referrals with abnormal NCS and normal EMG;
      group D, CTS referrals with abnormal NCS and abnormal EMG. Special attention was
      focused on patients in group B who represent the diagnostic dilemma. In group B,
      tests ii and iii each yielded abnormal results in 44% of hands, while the
      combination of tests ii and iii yielded abnormal results in 51% of hands.

PMID- 2923542
TI  - Electrophysiologic recovery of acute conduction block of rat tail nerve.
AB  - The recovery of experimental compression neuropathy with prolonged conduction
      block of the caudal nerve was studied electrophysiologically in 48 adult Sprague
      Dawley albino rats divided equally into six groups. The pressure applied in
      groups A, B, C, D, E, and F was approximately 20kg/cm2 for 20 minutes, 20kg/cm2
      for 10 minutes, 20kg/cm2 for 5 minutes, 10kg/cm2 for 20 minutes, 20kg/cm2 for 10
      minutes, and 10kg/cm2 for 5 minutes, respectively. The motor nerve conduction
      velocity (NCV) and the amplitude of the evoked compound muscle action potential
      (CMAP) were measured before and periodically after nerve compression. The period
      of initial complete block was significantly longer in the high pressure groups
      than in the lower ones, and also significantly longer in the nerves compressed
      for 20 minutes than for those compressed for five or ten minutes. Thus, the
      severity of conduction block seems to be related to both pressure and duration of
      compression. Once the conduction block began to recover, the recovery rate of
      conduction block (recovery rate of amplitude ratio of CMAP, proximal/distal) was
      not significantly different. The recovery rate of demyelinative lesion (NCV
      recovery rate) was also not significantly different among the six groups. The
      degree of compression seems to determine the severity of the initial conduction
      block, but not the subsequent recovery rate of conduction.

PMID- 2923543
TI  - Early smooth horizontal eye movement: a favorable prognostic sign in patients
      with locked-in syndrome.
AB  - Locked-in Syndrome (LIS) is a rare clinical entity consisting of quadriplegia,
      paralysis of lower cranial nerves, mutism, and bilateral paresis of horizontal
      gaze. The prognosis is usually poor. Most patients who do survive have severe
      residual impairment or develop chronic LIS. Review of the literature shows that
      recovery has been reported but not systematically studied, particularly with
      respect to early prognostic signs. We report a case of LIS with bilateral pontine
      infarctions shown by MRI. Severe neurological deficits included quadriplegia,
      paresis of horizontal gaze, facial paralysis, and bulbar palsy. Horizontal eye
      movements were present and smooth by the second week after onset. The patient had
      almost full functional motor recovery within four months, after a comprehensive
      rehabilitation program. Fourteen other reported cases of LIS with full recovery
      had documented recovery of lateral gaze in the early stage. In addition, smooth
      horizontal gaze is the most frequent activity in incomplete LIS. Early recovery
      of horizontal eye movement may indicate that the brain lesion is limited and may
      be a good prognostic sign in LIS.

PMID- 2923544
TI  - Radial nerve palsy: a complication of walker usage.
AB  - A patient with diabetic peripheral neuropathy experienced the acute onset of a
      proximal radial nerve palsy after prolonged use of a walker. Nerve conduction and
      electromyographic studies confirmed an isolated, severe neurapraxic lesion distal
      to branches innervating the triceps and anconeus muscles. The acute onset and
      severity of this lesion suggests that it was caused by mechanical compression of
      the radial nerve as it exits the spiral groove. Radial mononeuropathy has been
      reported in conjunction with muscular effort of the triceps muscle. Previous case
      studies and a review of the literature are discussed. Awareness of this
      complication in patients using walkers and wheelchairs is important for
      prevention and diagnosis in rehabilitation.

PMID- 2923545
TI  - Isolated lateral pectoral nerve injury: trauma from a seat belt.
AB  - A 35-year-old man sustained an isolated injury to the lateral pectoral (anterior
      thoracic) nerve as the result of a seat belt injury. This resulted in atrophy of
      the clavicular head of the pectoralis major. Electromyography confirmed localized
      abnormal findings in this muscle and an isolated lesion of the lateral pectoral
      nerve, the first reported case of such a lesion.

PMID- 2923546
TI  - "Bedside" test of static rear stability of occupied wheelchairs.
AB  - The assessment of static stability can be helpful in wheelchair prescription and
      adjustment, but ordinarily requires a tipping platform. We developed a simple
      "bedside" test of rear wheelchair stability, using a goniometer and a plumb line.
      The angle of the wheelchair handle while the occupied wheelchair was on a level
      surface was subtracted from the angle measured while the occupied chair was
      balanced over the rear axle. The intraobserver and interobserver reliability and
      the validity in comparison with platform testing were assessed by studying 30
      patient-occupied wheelchairs. There was a high correlation (r = 0.93, p less than
      0.001) between the values obtained from the beside and platform tests and no
      significant difference between them. Intraobserver and interobserver
      reliabilities were 0.87 (p less than 0.001) and 0.94 (p less than 0.001). There
      was no significant difference between the first and second test values done by a
      single observer; the mean difference (+/- 1SD) between observers, 1.3 degrees (+/
      1.6 degrees), was small but statistically significant. The bedside test is
      simple, reliable, valid, and suitable for use as a screening test for the
      platform assessment of rear stability.

PMID- 2923547
TI  - Early events in arenavirus replication are sensitive to lysosomotropic compounds.
AB  - Lysosomotropic compounds (ammonium chloride, chloroquine, amantadine, monensin)
      effectively inhibited the replication of Pichinde, Mopeia, and Lassa viruses in
      BHK-21 and Vero cells. The inhibitory effect was dependent upon the time of drug
      addition and was most effective when the drugs were added 1 h before the viral
      adsorption. The drugs had no direct effect on the infectious viruses nor on
      adsorption of the arenaviruses. These results suggest that the arenaviruses enter
      cells by adsorptive endocytosis with the participation of acidic intracellular
      vesicules.

PMID- 2923548
TI  - Studies on poxvirus infection in cats.
AB  - The development of clinical disease and the pathogenesis of cowpox were studied
      in domestic cats inoculated by a variety of routes. Intradermal titration in two
      cats demonstrated that as little as five pfu of cowpox virus caused a primary
      skin lesion. Intradermal inoculation of greater than or equal to 10(5) pfu cowpox
      virus resulted in severe systemic disease. Large amounts of virus (greater than
      or equal to 10(3) pfu/g) were isolated from skin lesions and the turbinates of
      cats killed at eight and 11 days post-inoculation (dpi). Lesser amounts of virus
      (congruent to 10(2) pfu/g) were isolated from lymphoid tissues and the lung, and
      small amounts of virus were isolated from various other tissues. A white cell
      associated viraemia was detected from 5 dpi onwards. Skin scarification with
      10(3) or 50 pfu cowpox virus enabled reproduction of the naturally-acquired
      disease. Cat-to-cat transmission was demonstrated from cats inoculated by skin
      scarification, but caused only subclinical infection in sentinel cats. Oronasal
      inoculation resulted in transient coryza and milder generalized disease than skin
      inoculation, and no transmission to sentinel cats. Preliminary investigations
      showed vaccinia virus (Lister strain) to be of low infectivity in cats while
      inoculation of ectromelia virus (Mill Hill strain) did not cause any clinical
      signs.

PMID- 2923549
TI  - Physical mapping of a genome of equine herpesvirus 2 (equine cytomegalovirus).
AB  - The genome of a low equine cell passage equine herpesvirus 2 was partially cloned
      and physical maps for the restriction endonucleases BamHI, EcoRI, HindIII, and
      SalI determined. The genome length was estimated to be 192 kilobase pairs (kbp)
      and no evidence of isomerization was found. Two separate repeat structures were
      detected: 18 kbp direct terminal repeats; and an unrelated second pair of short
      internal, indirect repeats at 0.20 and 0.75 map units. Such a genomic structure
      does not appear to have been reported amongst the herpesviruses--all the genomes
      that do not isomerize either have repeat structures only at the termini, or if
      present internally, have only direct repeats.

PMID- 2923551
TI  - New spatula for epiretinal membrane separation.

PMID- 2923550
TI  - Cryotherapy for retinopathy of prematurity.

PMID- 2923552
TI  - Infiltrative keratitis associated with disposable soft contact lenses. Case
      reports.

PMID- 2923553
TI  - Vibrio vulnificus corneal ulcer. Case reports.

PMID- 2923554
TI  - Retinitis pigmentosa and branch retinal artery occlusion with anticardiolipin
      antibody. Case report.

PMID- 2923555
TI  - Monozygotic twins discordant for Duane's retraction syndrome. Case report.

PMID- 2923556
TI  - The Hsiao study. A personal perspective.

PMID- 2923557
TI  - Long-term evolution of astigmatism following planned extracapsular cataract
      extraction.
AB  - Sixty-six eyes of 66 patients undergoing planned extracapsular cataract
      extraction with interrupted 10-0 nylon suture wound closure were followed up
      prospectively for three years following surgery to evaluate the long-term
      evolution of postoperative astigmatism. The study examined the period beginning
      three months postoperatively, well after all suture cutting was completed, a
      point often considered to represent "final postoperative astigmatism." For the
      group as a whole, the induced astigmatism measured at three months was not
      stable, but gradually shifted 0.69 diopter toward against-the-rule astigmatism.
      Three specific patterns of evolution of postoperative astigmatism were
      identified, depending on the amount of induced astigmatism found at three months.
      The data revealed that it was not possible to consistently induce with-the-rule
      astigmatism, although permanent against-the-rule induced astigmatism could be
      produced. The long-term evolution of postoperative cataract wounds toward more
      against-the-rule astigmatism seen in this study was not affected by the number of
      intact nylon sutures. Proper evaluation of any technique to modify postoperative
      astigmatism must consider the long-term evolution of the cataract wound.

PMID- 2923558
TI  - Ultraviolet light exposure and risk of posterior subcapsular cataracts.
AB  - Posterior subcapsular (PSC) cataracts are a visually disabling form of cataract
      and account for 40% of surgical cases. Although PSC opacities may occur following
      intraocular inflammation, trauma, or use of steroids, the cause is often unknown.
      A case-control study was undertaken to investigate the role of exposure to
      ultraviolet light in the B range (UV-B) and other potential risk factors for the
      development of PSC cataracts. Surgical PSC cataract cases from a large rural
      ophthalmic practice on the lower eastern shore of Maryland were matched with
      phakic controls without PSC cataract changes from the same geographic area by
      age, sex, and referral pattern. All patients with PSC opacities who underwent
      cataract surgery in a 12-month period were chosen. One hundred sixty-eight cases
      and 168 controls were interviewed regarding sunlight exposure, drug use,
      occupational history, history of diabetes, hypertension, and other diseases.
      Matched-pairs analyses indicated that a history of relatively high exposure to UV
      B was associated with increased risk of PSC cataracts. The association of PSC
      cataracts with steroid use and diabetes was reconfirmed. Subjects with blue eyes
      and less than high school education were also at increased risk for PSC
      cataracts. Smoking and hypertension were not found to be PSC cataract risk
      factors. These data suggest that UV-B exposure may be an important risk factor
      for PSC cataracts.

PMID- 2923559
TI  - Photic retinopathy from the operating room microscope. Study with filters.
AB  - A patient's blind phakic eye with clear media, the subject of previous light
      exposure studies, was exposed for 60 minutes to light from a standard operating
      room microscope (Zeiss OpMi-6) filtered through an infrared filter. A typical
      acute photic retinopathy lesion was produced. Two and a half months later, the
      eye was exposed for 60 minutes to light filtered simultaneously through an
      ultraviolet filter and an infrared filter. Despite blocking both the ultraviolet
      and infrared light, and despite reducing the overall light energy by
      approximately one fourth because of the combination of filters, a typical acute
      photic retinopathy lesion was produced by the transmitted light, the energy of
      which was essentially all within the visible spectrum.

PMID- 2923560
TI  - Acute comitant esotropia in children with brain tumors.
AB  - If acute onset of esotropia is comitant, its cause is generally believed to be
      benign. Although this is, by and large, true, it is now clear that acute comitant
      esotropia may be associated infrequently with central nervous system illness. We
      describe six children who presented with acute onset of comitant esotropia, and
      who were found to have tumors of the brain stem or cerebellum. Four of the
      patients underwent strabismus surgery after appropriate neurologic and
      neurosurgical treatment was completed. In none of these patients was ocular motor
      fusion reestablished.

PMID- 2923561
TI  - Ocular pneumoplethysmography can help in the diagnosis of giant-cell arteritis.
AB  - We compared the results of ocular pneumoplethysmography in nine patients who had
      a temporal artery biopsy (TAB) diagnostic of giant-cell arteritis with results of
      ocular pneumoplethysmography in nine patients with normal TAB results and 112
      patients with anterior ischemic optic neuropathy or central retinal artery
      occlusion assumed to be nonarteritic. The mean +/- SD ocular pulse amplitude with
      ocular pneumoplethysmography was 3.9 +/- 1.8 mm in the group with abnormal TAB
      results and 10.6 +/- 4.0 mm in the group with normal TAB results. Every patient
      with abnormal TAB results had an average calculated ocular blood flow less than
      0.60 mL/min, while only one patient with normal TAB results fell in this range.
      The average calculated ocular blood flow had a sensitivity of 100% and a
      specificity of 93.4% in the diagnosis of giant-cell arteritis, with a diagnostic
      accuracy of 93.9%. These results rival the diagnostic accuracy of the erythrocyte
      sedimentation rate and TAB results.

PMID- 2923562
TI  - Indirect optic nerve trauma.
AB  - This report summarizes the details of 33 personal cases of the important but
      uncommon entity of posttraumatic optic neuropathy, seen during an 11-year
      interval. Victims were predominantly young males, and bicycles proved the most
      common source of injury. Severity of visual loss correlated poorly with level of
      consciousness and presence of craniofacial fractures. Optic canal fractures were
      found in only seven of the patients. Vision improved in five of 25 untreated
      patients, one of four treated with corticosteroids, and three of four treated
      with corticosteroids and transethmoidal decompression of the optic canal. No
      patients lost vision after their initial examination. Two of six initially blind
      eyes regained some vision. Management of these injuries is controversial.
      Hospitals should designate physician teams that should develop and implement a
      treatment plan for traumatic optic neuropathies.

PMID- 2923563
TI  - Cryptogenic oculomotor nerve palsy. The need for repeated neuroimaging studies.
AB  - Five children between ages 3 and 17 years developed slowly progressive oculomotor
      nerve palsies. No cause was found on initial clinical or neuroradiologic
      investigations. Subsequent computed tomography or 1.5-T magnetic resonance
      imaging revealed a mass along the course of the involved oculomotor nerve in
      three of the five cases. The clinical and radiologic characteristics of these
      tumors are consistent with the diagnosis of schwannoma or, less likely,
      meningioma. Children with acquired oculomotor nerve palsies of initially unknown
      etiology should undergo imaging every two years with the expectation of
      eventually detecting a small tumor somewhere along the course of the oculomotor
      nerve.

PMID- 2923564
TI  - Subretinal fluid stimulation of retinal pigment epithelial cell migration and
      proliferation is dependent on certain features of the detachment or its
      treatment.
AB  - Subretinal fluid was collected without contamination by blood by placing
      capillary tubes within drainage sclerotomies when retinal reattachment surgery
      was performed. All samples (N = 24) stimulated retinal pigment epithelial (RPE)
      cell migration and proliferation, but a wide range of activity existed
      (migration, 27.5% to 322.5% above baseline; proliferation, 7.5% to 318.3% above
      baseline). The correlation between migration- and proliferation-stimulating
      activity was not strong, suggesting the possibility that different agents are
      responsible for each. Several variables were examined for correlation with each
      activity, including age and sex of the patient; extent, duration, and height of
      the detachment; protein content of the fluid; and amount of cryopexy. It was
      found that proliferation-stimulating activity increased with the extent of
      detachment and duration of detachment, while migration-stimulating activity
      correlated best with amount of cryopexy given before drainage. These data suggest
      that retinal cryopexy enhances RPE cell migration activity in subretinal fluid,
      while RPE proliferation activity increases with the size and duration of
      detachment.

PMID- 2923565
TI  - Malignant melanoma of the iris in xeroderma pigmentosum.
AB  - Xeroderma pigmentosum is an autosomal recessive, precancerous dermatosis caused
      by defective repair of ultraviolet-damaged DNA. Characterized clinically by
      progressive cutaneous pigmentary alterations and tumorigenesis, it serves as a
      model for ultraviolet carcinogenesis. We describe the clinical and
      histopathologic findings in a 31-year-old woman with xeroderma pigmentosum and a
      massive iris melanoma of the left eye. Histologic examination following
      enucleation revealed diffuse iris replacement by spindle and epithelioid cells
      with extension into the trabecular meshwork. Evidence of direct extraocular
      extension was absent, and a metastatic evaluation showed no abnormalities. To our
      knowledge, this is the first reported case of xeroderma pigmentosum complicated
      by melanoma of the iris. It provides further evidence suggesting a role for
      sunlight exposure in the pathogenesis of uveal melanoma.

PMID- 2923566
TI  - Dextromethorphan protects retina against ischemic injury in vivo.
AB  - Retinal ischemia was induced in rabbits by increasing intraocular pressure above
      systolic blood pressure for 60 or 75 minutes, and retinal function was monitored
      by electroretinography. Pretreatment with intravenous dextromethorphan, a
      nonprescription antitussive and selective antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate
      receptors, enhanced greatly the post-ischemic recovery of b-wave amplitude.
      Dextromethorphan may prove to be useful clinically in the management of retinal
      ischemic disease.

PMID- 2923567
TI  - Vitreoperfusion. A new approach to ocular ischemia.
AB  - No satisfactory treatment is available to supply the metabolic needs of the
      retina in vascular occlusion. Consequently, necrosis occurs. We devised
      vitreoperfusion, a technique of perfusing the vitreous cavity after vitrectomy
      lensectomy with selected fluids containing glucose and oxygen. We tested whether
      vitreoperfusion could protect the retina from severe combined retinal and
      choroidal ischemia. An intraocular pressure of 170 mm Hg was induced in each eye
      of nine cats for up to four hours, and simultaneously one eye of each cat
      underwent vitreoperfusion. After one week, histopathologic examination revealed
      retinal atrophy and dissolution in untreated eyes but not in eyes treated with
      vitreoperfusion. To our knowledge, such severe ischemia has never been treated
      successfully before. Vitreoperfusion is a potential treatment modality in various
      forms of ocular ischemia. Additional studies are warranted to refine the
      technique and determine any clinical applicability.

PMID- 2923568
TI  - Erbium-YAG laser surgery on experimental vitreous membranes.
AB  - We used a pulsed erbium-YAG laser emitting in the midinfrared region (2.94
      microns) to cut experimental vitreous membranes in rabbits via an intraocular
      fiberoptic delivery system. Thirty-four membranes were cut at distances of 500 to
      3600 microns from the retina. All 34 of the membranes treated were effectively
      cut. Sixteen cases had no evidence of retinal injury, including one in which the
      membrane was only 800 microns from the retina. Retinal injuries in the remaining
      cases consisted of small (less than 300 microns) retinal burns and hemorrhages.
      In 94% of the cases with retinal injury, the fiberoptic was within 2000 microns
      of the retina. We conclude that a pulsed erbium-YAG laser allows near
      tractionless cutting of vitreous membranes and may have potential for clinical
      use if further studies show it to be efficacious and safe near the retina.

PMID- 2923569
TI  - Massive follicular lymphoid hyperplasia in experimental allergic conjunctivitis.
      Local antibody production.
AB  - Acute and recurrent allergic conjunctival reactions were induced in guinea pigs
      by repeated conjunctival applications of fluoresceinyl ovalbumin (FL-OA) for up
      to 30 months. Early type I conjunctival reactions developed 11 to 25 days after
      the initial conjunctival exposure to FL-OA. Continuous topical challenges during
      a six- to 30-month period caused a variety of reactions, including papillary
      changes and massive hyperplasia of the conjunctival-associated lymphoid tissues.
      Hyperplasia of lymphoid tissues was induced during a shorter period (two to five
      months) with a mixture of FL-OA and phorbol ester. Culture fluid from
      hyperplastic conjunctival lymphoid tissue showed a ratio of IgG1/IgG2 antibody
      production of up to 15. A low level of recurrence of type I reactivity, after an
      initial desensitization phenomenon due to a loss of reactive mast cells,
      correlated with prominent follicular hyperplasia of the conjunctival-associated
      lymphoid tissue.

PMID- 2923570
TI  - The effects of freezing and antibiotics on the viability of Acanthamoeba cysts.
AB  - The effects of cryotherapy and antibiotics (paromomycin, neomycin, or propamidine
      isethionate) on the viability of Acanthamoeba polyphaga and Acanthamoeba
      castellani cysts were studied in vitro. Either cryotherapy or exposure to
      antibiotic led to a decrease in the number of viable A castellani detected; A
      polyphaga showed variable response to the antibiotics tested. The combination of
      cryotherapy and antibiotic therapy was more cysticidal than either modality alone
      and eliminated detectable viable organisms in five of six experiments. Of the
      antibiotic solutions tested, paromomycin (15 mg/mL) was the most effective.

PMID- 2923571
TI  - Ocular lymphoid hyperplasia.

PMID- 2923572
TI  - The five-flap technique for blepharophimosis.
AB  - The correction of epicanthus associated with blepharophimosis is a difficult
      surgical problem. Most commonly used techniques, such as the Mustarde technique,
      require meticulous measurements, and their theoretical geometric basis and flap
      designs are often confusing. We present the five-flap technique utilizing logical
      flap design, which is a combination of a Y-to-V flap with double opposing Z
      plasties on the apex, that is well suited to this difficult problem. It is
      important to remove excess muscle and deep tissues underlying the flaps in the
      medial canthal region, which are present in blepharophimosis cases and contribute
      to the deformity in these patients. Medial canthal tendon resection and tucks or
      transnasal wiring are then performed. The technique has been utilized in 14
      patients with a minimum of one year of follow-up over the past six years with
      good results.

PMID- 2923573
TI  - A modified slit lamp for examination of wheelchair-bound patients.
AB  - A standard slit lamp can be modified with readily available components to examine
      wheelchair-bound patients. This modification minimizes discomfort in transferring
      patients to an examination chair and may provide better patient positioning in
      some cases. In addition to saving staff time, this technique minimizes the
      disconnecting of intravenous tubing, drainage catheters, and similar appliances.
      The addition of a swivel extension to the base of the slit lamp allows the entire
      unit to slide between the arms of the wheelchair at a height that is comfortable
      for the patient.

PMID- 2923574
TI  - Comparison of arterial intimal clearances of LDL from diabetic and nondiabetic
      cholesterol-fed rabbits. Differences in intimal clearance explained by size
      differences.
AB  - Arterial intimal clearances of low density lipoproteins (LDL) from diabetic
      cholesterol-fed rabbits (D-LDL) and LDL from nondiabetic cholesterol-fed rabbits
      (N-LDL) were compared. In six experiments, D-LDL and N-LDL were isolated from a
      diabetic and a nondiabetic rabbit, were iodinated with 125I and 131I,
      respectively, were mixed, and were reinjected into the same two rabbits as well
      as into a normal rabbit. Fractional catabolic rates for D-LDL and N-LDL in normal
      rabbits were 0.065 and 0.074 h-1 (p less than 0.05), respectively. For five of
      the six pairs of LDL, the D-LDL was smaller than N-LDL as determined by gel
      filtration. The arterial permeability to N-LDL, when normalized for differences
      in arterial cholesterol content, did not appear to differ between diabetic and
      nondiabetic rabbits. The relative arterial intimal clearance (D-LDL/N-LDL) in
      arteries from diabetic and nondiabetic rabbits was inversely related to the
      relative molecular weight (D-LDL/N-LDL). For example, when the molecular weight
      of D-LDL was as low as 60% of that of N-LDL (i.e., the diameter of D-LDL was
      reduced 16%), the intimal clearance of D-LDL was 40% larger than that of N-LDL.
      When, on the other hand, molecular weights and diameters of the two LDL were
      similar, the intimal clearance was also quite similar. These results suggest that
      arterial intimal clearance of LDL from diabetic and nondiabetic cholesterol-fed
      rabbits is comparable unless the two types of LDL have a different size.

PMID- 2923575
TI  - Development of atherosclerosis in genetically hyperlipidemic rabbits during
      chronic fish-oil ingestion.
AB  - The evidence for a reduction in cardiovascular mortality from fish oil is based
      on epidemiologic observations. To test whether fish-oil supplementation
      influences the development of atherosclerosis, we treated Watanabe heritable
      hyperlipidemic rabbits (WHHL), an inbred strain that spontaneously develops
      atherosclerosis, with 2.5 ml of MaxEPA fish-oil concentrate daily and compared
      them to a control group fed unsupplemented rabbit chow. Serial cholesterol and
      triglyceride levels were monitored as were plasma lipid hydroperoxides. The
      animals were given fish oil from the time of weaning until 1 year of age, when
      they were sacrificed and their aortas were compared for the extent of
      atherosclerosis. No significant differences in the cholesterol or triglyceride
      levels were noted between the two groups. Fatty acid hydroperoxide levels were
      also similar and were noted to increase from weaning (1.0 +/- 0.7 microM) to the
      time of sacrifice (1.8 +/- 1.5 microM, p less than 0.01). Fish oil had no
      influence on the extent of aortic atherosclerosis (25% +/- 14% surface area for
      controls vs. 28% +/- 19% for treated, p = NS), plaque thickness, or plaque volume
      after 1 year. We conclude that fish oil does not reduce the levels of serum
      cholesterol, lipid hydroperoxides, or aortic atherosclerosis in WHHL rabbits. The
      hypothesis that fish oil protects against atherosclerosis was not supported by
      this study.

PMID- 2923576
TI  - Adipose tissue distribution and plasma lipoprotein levels in obese women.
      Importance of intra-abdominal fat.
AB  - Prospective studies have shown that excess abdominal fat is associated with an
      increased risk of coronary heart disease and related death. We used computed
      axial tomography (CAT) to assess the association between deep and subcutaneous
      abdominal adipose tissue and plasma lipoprotein levels in a sample of 52
      premenopausal obese women aged 35.7 +/- 5.5 years (mean +/- SD). Whereas the
      plasma lipoprotein concentration were not significantly correlated with fat mass,
      the data obtained by CAT indicated that the absolute amount of deep abdominal fat
      was negatively correlated with high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-CHOL)
      levels (r = -0.35, p less than 0.01), as well as with HDL-CHOL/low density
      lipoprotein (LDL)-CHOL, HDL-apoprotein-(apo) A-I/LDL-apo B, and HDL2-CHOL/HDL3
      CHOL ratios (-0.32 less than or equal to r less than or equal to -0.40, 0.05
      greater than p less than 0.01). Adipose tissue deposition at the mid-thigh region
      determined by CAT did not show any significant relationship with plasma
      lipoprotein levels. When subgroups of women with comparable ages and adiposity
      but with high and low intra-abdominal fat accumulation were compared, women with
      a high accumulation of intra-abdominal fat displayed significantly lower HDL-CHOL
      (p less than 0.001), HDL2-CHOL (p less than 0.001), HDL3-CHOL (p less than 0.01),
      and HDL-apo A-I (p less than 0.05) levels, as well as reduced HDL-CHOL/LDL-CHOL
      (p less than 0.01), HDL-apo A-I/LDL-apo B (p less than 0.05), and HDL2-CHOL/HDL3
      CHOL ratios (p less than 0.05) in comparison with obese women with low
      accumulations of intra-abdominal fat.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2923577
TI  - Homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia among French Canadians in Quebec
      Province.
AB  - Nineteen patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) living at
      the time of the 1981 Canada census are the subject of this report. Their mean age
      at that time was 15, with a range of 1 to 26 years. All patients had extensive
      xanthomatosis but showed variable clinical manifestations of coronary heart
      disease (CHD); five (mean age, 21; range, 11 to 27 years) died from sudden death
      due to CHD. Plasma cholesterol levels varied more than twofold (557 to 1532
      mg/dl). Variation in the concentrations of both plasma and low density
      lipoprotein cholesterol, as well as apolipoprotein B, were related neither to age
      at death from CHD nor to the clinical course of CHD. The mean high density
      lipoprotein cholesterol concentration (37 mg/dl) was lower than the mean value
      (49 mg/dl) in the control population (p less than 0.001). Both the clinical and
      biochemical features of this cohort are typical of homozygous FH. The prevalence
      of homozygotes among French Canadians in Quebec was approximately 1:275,000, and
      the minimum estimated frequency of heterozygotes was 1:270. In northeastern
      Quebec, the frequency of homozygotes was approximately 1:100,000, and the minimum
      estimated frequency of heterozygotes was 1:154. Only Afrikaaners in South Africa
      have correspondingly higher frequencies.

PMID- 2923578
TI  - A possible mechanism for accelerated atherogenesis in male versus female rats.
AB  - Dietary fat and cholesterol enter the circulation as chylomicrons. They are
      removed from the circulation by attachment to lipoprotein lipase located on the
      endothelial surfaces. As the result of lipoprotein lipase action, chylomicrons
      are partially hydrolyzed and then reenter the circulation as remnants, which are
      rapidly cleared by the liver. We investigated the fate of 3H-retinol- and 14C
      cholesterol-labeled chylomicrons injected into male and female rats. The
      disappearance curves of chylomicrons from the circulation were not significantly
      different in males and females, which suggests that translocation from plasma to
      endothelium is similar for both sexes. However, in male rats, the "dwell time" of
      chylomicrons on the endothelium was significantly prolonged. At 10 and 20 minutes
      after chylomicron injection, more label was found in the livers of female than
      male rats. The opposite was true for hearts. Male hearts contained significantly
      more endothelium-bound chylomicrons when compared with female hearts. This
      increase in dwell time may allow greater cholesterol deposition in the
      endothelium of male rats. The more rapid processing of chylomicrons was
      associated with a 300% greater postheparin lipoprotein lipase in female rats,
      which suggests a greater enzyme density at chylomicron attachment points on
      endothelium.

PMID- 2923579
TI  - Transendothelial transport of low density lipoprotein in association with cell
      mitosis in rat aorta.
AB  - Atherosclerosis is characterized by focal areas of lipid accumulation and intimal
      smooth muscle cell proliferation in large arteries. In vivo studies on rat aorta
      with Evans blue-albumin conjugate (EBA) have shown that there are preferential
      sites of increased permeability with an increased uptake of the conjugate. It has
      been shown that these blue areas are associated with a high endothelial cell
      turnover rate and an enhanced permeability to lipids. In a previous study, we
      demonstrated that 99% of endothelial cells in the mitotic (M) phase as identified
      by hematoxylin staining of the dividing nuclei exhibited EBA leakage and that
      these dividing cells accounted for 30% of all leakage sites. In the present
      study, experiments were performed on the thoracic aortas of 10 adult male Sprague
      Dawley rats to determine the statistical frequency of isolated leaks to Lucifer
      yellow-low density lipoprotein conjugate (LY-LDL) at the level of individual
      cells and to assess the relationship of such leaks to the cell turnover
      processes. Leakage of LY-LDL around individual endothelial cells was visualized
      by fluorescence microscopy, and cells in mitosis on the same specimens were
      identified by hematoxylin staining. Although endothelial cell mitosis is
      infrequent (0.034%), 80% of dividing cells in the M phase were associated with LY
      LDL leakage. These dividing cells accounted for 45% of all leakage spots. These
      findings lend support to our recent hypothesis that transiently open junctions
      surrounding the endothelial cells undergoing cell turnover provide pathways
      through which LDL enters the subendothelial space, resulting in lipid
      accumulation.

PMID- 2923580
TI  - Apoprotein E polymorphism and coronary artery disease. Increased prevalence of
      apolipoprotein E-4 in angiographically verified coronary patients.
AB  - Several studies have indicated that genetic polymorphism of apolipoprotein (apo)
      E is related to coronary artery disease (CAD). We therefore determined the apo E
      phenotype in 91 consecutive Finnish men with angiographically confirmed CAD. The
      apo E phenotype distribution differed significantly from that observed in the
      Finnish population (p less than 0.05). In the patient group, the frequency of the
      epsilon 4 allele was 0.324, which is 1.4-fold higher than in the normal Finnish
      population and twice as high as in other Caucasian populations. Serum
      lipoproteins and postheparin plasma lipase activities did not display any
      significant variation according to apo E phenotype. These studies confirm and
      extend, in a population with high epsilon 4 allele frequency, the previous data
      on the impact of the epsilon 4 allele on the risk of CAD and suggest that the
      high epsilon 4 allele frequency in the Finnish population may be one factor
      contributing to Finns' increased susceptibility to CAD.

PMID- 2923581
TI  - Use of 3H-cholesteryl linoleyl ether as a quantitative marker for loss of
      cholesteryl ester during regression of cholesterol-induced aortic atheromas in
      rabbits.
AB  - In this study, use was made of 3H-cholesteryl linoleyl ether (3H-CLE) to follow
      regression of aortic atheromatosis induced by feeding cholesterol to rabbits.
      After a 3-month induction period, the rabbits were divided into two groups with
      an attempt to match them by plasma cholesterol levels. They were injected with
      rabbit plasma labeled with 3H-CLE, and the baseline group rabbits were killed 10
      to 12 days after injection. The experimental (regression) group rabbits were
      given rabbit chow containing 3% cholestyramine and were killed up to 330 days
      thereafter. Aortic 3H-CLE of both the baseline and the regression groups
      correlated highly with the plasma cholesterol levels at the time of injection of
      label. The radioactivity recovered in the aortas of the baseline and regression
      groups was not significantly different, indicating retention of label between day
      12 and 330 days after injection. During that time, the mean aortic cholesteryl
      ester content decreased from 7.6 +/- 1.3 mg to 3.1 +/- 0.7 mg (p less than 0.01).
      The specific activity of 3H-CLE/cholesteryl ester determined in the aortic arch
      and the thoracic and abdominal aorta was significantly increased in all three
      regions examined in the regression group as compared to the baseline group. The
      present data show that 3H-CLE is retained in the atheromatous aorta for at least
      330 days and that its use may add another dimension to the quantitative
      evaluation of regression of atherosclerotic lesions.

PMID- 2923582
TI  - Effect of lanthanum chloride on established atherosclerosis in the cholesterol
      fed rabbit. Mitral valve as a site for assessment of treatment effects.
AB  - The ability of lanthanum chloride (LaCl3) to retard the progression of
      established atherosclerosis was investigated in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Rabbits
      were initially maintained on a high-fat plus cholesterol-supplemented diet for 10
      weeks to induce lesions and were then changed to a low-fat diet or a low-fat diet
      supplemented with LaCl3 for an additional 24 weeks to permit their serum
      cholesterol levels to normalize. LaCl3 did not affect the rate at which serum
      cholesterol levels returned to normal. The dose of LaCl3 was approximately 30
      mg/kg body weight/day. In comparison with controls, LaCl3-treated rabbits
      exhibited histologically less severe coronary artery and mitral valve
      atherosclerosis. Lesion severity in the carotid arteries was unaffected by LaCl3
      treatment. Although statistically significant, the salutary effects of LaCl3 were
      relatively small. The data support the hypothesis that calcium antagonists can
      retard the progression of established atherosclerotic lesions. The data also
      illustrate the value of the mitral valve as a site to assess treatment effects on
      monocyte/macrophages in vivo.

PMID- 2923583
TI  - Contraceptive steroid effects on lipids and lipoproteins in cynomolgus monkeys.
AB  - Seventy-three adult female cynomolgus monkeys fed an atherogenic diet were
      studied to determine the effect of two different combination contraceptive
      steroid preparations containing equivalent amounts of estrogen but different
      progestin components on plasma lipids and lipoproteins. Our hypothesis was that
      any high density lipoprotein (HDL) lowering effect of the contraceptive steroid
      preparations was proportional to the rise in total serum cholesterol caused by
      the progestins. For 2 years, one group (Ovral [Wyeth Laboratories], n = 23)
      received 75 micrograms norgestrel and 7.5 micrograms ethinyl estradiol daily,
      while another (Demulen [Searle & Co.], n = 25) received 150 micrograms ethynodiol
      diacetate and 7.5 micrograms ethinyl estradiol daily. The control group (n = 24)
      received no treatment. On average, the two oral contraceptive groups had higher
      total serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations but lower HDL cholesterol
      concentrations and smaller low density lipoproteins (LDL) compared with the
      control group. There was an inverse relationship between total serum cholesterol
      and HDL cholesterol for all three groups, but at any given total serum
      cholesterol concentration between 350 and 500 mg/dl, the Ovral group had HDL
      cholesterol concentrations that averaged 37% and 14% lower than the control and
      Demulen groups, respectively. The decrease in HDL concentrations with oral
      contraceptive treatment was associated with a sharp decrease in (HDL2b)gge
      protein (82% for Ovral and 59% for Demulen) and a corresponding increase in
      (HDL3b,c)gge protein as determined by gradient gel electrophoresis. Of 23 animals
      in the Ovral group, six had HDL subfractions greater than 10 nm diameter
      (HDL2b)gge compared with 22 of 24 animals in the control group. Although LDL
      size, on average, was smaller and plasma triglycerides were greater with oral
      contraceptive treatment compared with controls, there was no apparent
      relationship between LDL size and plasma triglyceride concentrations.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2923584
TI  - Electrode placement and mode of recording (differential vs. single-ended) effects
      on the early auditory-evoked response.
AB  - The effects of electrode placement and mode of recording (single-ended vs.
      differential) on latencies and amplitudes of the early auditory-evoked response
      were studied. The following electrode arrays were evaluated (1) vertex-neck, (2)
      forehead-ear canal (Enhancer I), and (3) vertex-nape. Responses were obtained on
      10 normally hearing subjects at sensation levels (SLs) ranging from 15 to 75 dB.
      Test-retest reliability was excellent for absolute and interwave latencies for
      all conditions. The reliability of absolute amplitude was poor, and the stability
      of the amplitude ratios between waves I and V was even worse. No consistent
      absolute or interwave latency differences were found among electrode montages.
      The amplitude data suggest that the forehead-ear canal montage is preferred for
      differential diagnosis because it enhances the probability of detecting wave I.
      The electrophysiologic threshold for wave I was 5-10 dB lower with the Enhancer
      I. However, the vertex-neck and vertex-nape combinations are best for estimating
      auditory sensitivity because they gave the largest wave V amplitudes and 10-dB
      lower electrophysiologic thresholds. Although the differential vertex-neck and
      single-ended vertex-nape recordings yielded comparable results, the single-ended
      montage employs only two electrodes and the test leads do not require
      rearrangement when the test ear changes.

PMID- 2923585
TI  - Detuning of cochlear action potential tuning curves at high sound pressure
      levels: influence of temporal, spectral and intensity variables.
AB  - Action potential (AP) tuning curves (TCs), generated by probe stimuli of 60-65 dB
      SPL with short rise and decay (r&d) times, are less sensitive (have elevated tip
      thresholds) and are detuned (the frequency is shifted away from that of the probe
      stimulus, towards a middle frequency of the audiogram). These effects are more
      pronounced with forward than with simultaneous masking. TCs generated by masking
      tonal and narrow band noise stimuli are nearly identical, even though the
      spectrum is much wider for the noise stimulus. Decreasing r&d time has the same
      effect on TCs generated from both noise and tonal stimuli, even when it only
      measurably increases the acoustic splatter of the latter. Detuning appears to be
      related to a temporal-intensity interaction.

PMID- 2923586
TI  - Interaural interaction in the human auditory cortex.
AB  - We studied the effect of binaural, contralateral and ipsilateral stimulation on
      middle- and long-latency auditory-evoked magnetic fields using trains of 40-Hz
      clicks. The stimuli evoked both a transient response (N100m) and a 40-Hz
      response, which presumably reflects coalescence of middle-latency responses.
      Binaural stimuli elicited significantly larger 40-Hz responses and sustained
      fields than contralateral stimuli. N100m amplitudes did not differ between
      binaural and contralateral stimulation; the dipole moments were even smaller to
      binaural than contralateral stimuli. Responses to the ipsilateral stimuli were
      always the smallest.

PMID- 2923587
TI  - Phoneme perception via hearing aids with and without compression and the role of
      temporal resolution.
AB  - Hearing impairment is more than a sensitivity loss. The causes of reduced
      discrimination can be found also in deteriorations in loudness perception
      (recruitment), frequency resolution and temporal resolution. Only recruitment can
      be compensated for by modern hearing aids, namely by the reduction of the dynamic
      range by means of compression. However, the introduction of compression
      introduces temporal distortions, which may deteriorate the temporal cues of
      speech. In this study the perception of nonsense consonant-vowel-consonant-words
      presented through hearing aids was studied in a group of 12 hearing-impaired
      listeners. Phoneme perception in conditions with and without compression was
      analyzed and related to temporal parameters of the listeners' hearing. A detailed
      analysis of the patterns of confusions revealed clear qualitative differences in
      the perception of phonemes with and without compression. These differences can be
      related to an improved perception of temporal cues like the preburst silent
      interval of plosives and to spectral changes induced by the activation of the
      compression circuit. A reduced temporal resolution is disadvantageous for the
      perception of temporal cues like plosive detection, but our data do not suggest
      that the perception of temporal cues is hampered excessively by temporal
      distortions from the compression circuit itself.

PMID- 2923588
TI  - Simulator sickness in U.S. Navy flight simulators.
AB  - Flight simulators have become a major factor in pilot training. A general finding
      from Navy research on simulator design is that equipment features that offer
      faithful representation improve pilot performance and promote pilot acceptance.
      To the extent that an aircraft produces motion sickness, its simulator should
      induce the same result. However, reports of simulator sickness appear to be
      increasing and a shortcoming in simulation is implied when these effects occur in
      simulators during maneuvers that do not occasion them in the aircraft. This
      article presents incidence data from surveys of the 10 simulators at 6 different
      Naval/Marine Corps Air Stations. Approximately 1,200 simulator flights were
      recorded. Some severe motion sickness symptoms were recorded and some simulators
      induced unsteadiness afterwards. Individuals experiencing effects may be at risk
      if they drive themselves home or return to demanding activities at work. The
      simulators which exhibited the highest incidences of sickness were helicopter
      simulators with cathode ray tube (CRT) infinity optics and six-degrees-of-freedom
      moving base systems. Of those studied, fixed-wing, fixed-base, dome displays had
      relatively low incidence of simulator sickness.

PMID- 2923589
TI  - Adaptation to repeated presyncopal lower body negative pressure exposures.
AB  - Adaptation to chronic stressors, such as exercise and thermal challenges, are
      well-documented. However, it is not known whether the body can adapt to repeated
      central hypovolemia. The purpose of this study was to determine if tolerance to
      presyncopal symptom limited lower body negative pressure (PSL-LBNP; a central
      hypovolemic stressor), as measured by a cumulative stress index (CSI), was
      altered by daily PSL-LBNP exposures. On each of nine consecutive days, with a 2-d
      break between Days 5 and 6, six subjects underwent a PSL-LBNP exposure. By the
      fifth PSL-LBNP exposure, LBNP tolerance had increased 47%. No further significant
      improvement was seen after the fifth exposure. While, there was no alteration in
      mean arterial pressure response during the repeated PSL-LBNP exposures, maximum
      heart rates were increased significantly over Day 1 after the third daily PSL
      LBNP exposure. Rate-pressure product was also significantly increased over Day 1
      on Days 7 and 8. These findings suggest that adaptation to a simulated
      hypovolemic stress does occur. Presumably, either the body's compensatory
      mechanisms become more effective, or there is a resetting of the threshold needed
      to elicit the presyncopal reactions.

PMID- 2923590
TI  - Monitoring fluid shifts in humans: application of a new method.
AB  - Using the "mechanical oscillator technique," the mass density of antecubital
      venous blood and plasma samples was measured 5-20 times in order to study the
      influence of postural changes (gravity dependence) on human blood mass density
      with 0.01 g.L-1 precision, while performing tilt table tests in 17 men.
      Hemoglobin concentration was measured in 10, and hematocrit in all subjects.
      Postural fluid shifts were mirrored by accompanying changes in all variables.
      Blood density (BD) was monitored continuously in five additional experiments from
      one vein each using two independent densitometers. There were linear relations (p
      less than 0.01) between all possible combinations of BD, plasma density (PD),
      blood hemoglobin concentration (Hb), and hematocrit (Ht). Hb can be directly
      computed from BD (range +/- 10%); the accuracy of Ht determinations from BD
      increases (range +/- 0.02) if the individual erythrocyte density (ED) and the
      sample PD are used for calculation. ED was calculated and did not change with
      body position. ED values of different persons ranged between 1085 g.L-1 and 1095
      g.L-1 and did not vary in 15 out of 17 individuals with time (5-75 d). We
      conclude that ED is closely regulated to an individual set point, that Ht can be
      computed from BD with higher accuracy if the individual ED and the actual PD
      values are known, and that BD allows for direct Hb calculation. On-line BD
      monitoring can be performed with high precision and reveals the individual time
      course of spontaneous and postural capillary fluid shifts.

PMID- 2923591
TI  - Heat exchange through cutaneous vasodilation after atropine treatment in a cool
      environment.
AB  - This report summarizes a tightly controlled laboratory study in which the
      thermoregulatory effects of an intramuscular injection of atropine sulfate (2 mg)
      were compared with a placebo injection of sterile saline during exposure to a
      cool environment. Four subjects were tested during seated cycle exercise at a
      moderate exercise intensity (55% Vo2 peak) at an ambient temperature of 22
      degrees C (37% relative humidity; ambient water vapor pressure 1.0 kPa).
      Esophageal temperature (Tes), mean weighted skin temperature (Tsk), and forearm
      sweating rate (ms) were continuously measured during 30 min of rest and 35 min of
      exercise. Skin blood flow (FBF) from the forearm was measured twice each minute
      by venous occlusion plethysmography. Whole-body sweating was calculated from
      weight changes pre- and post-exercise. The expected decrease in whole-body and
      local sweating rate (-57% and -68%, respectively) occurred in the atropine
      treated subjects. By 10-15 min of exercise, dry heat loss (R + C, radiative and
      convective heat exchange) was significantly elevated from the head, chest, back,
      arm, forearm, and thigh in the atropine experiments. Core temperature actually
      decreased 0.2 degrees C (p less than 0.05) in the atropine-treated subjects
      during exercise as a result of enhanced dry heat exchange. By 25 min of exercise.
      FBF was 98% (p less than 0.05) greater after atropine treatment. These results
      show that the peripheral modification of cutaneous blood flow which occurs in
      atropine-treated subjects is sufficient to markedly alter heat exchange in a cool
      environment.

PMID- 2923592
TI  - Behavioral measurement of laser flashblindness in rhesus monkeys.
AB  - Flashblindness was measured in rhesus monkeys performing a visual detection task.
      Stimulus field subtense was 3.5 degrees, and mean luminance was 10 cd.m-2. Single
      pulse laser exposures (doubled Nd:glass, 530-nm wavelength, 20-ns pulsewidth)
      were presented in Maxwellian-view and formed a 12.5 degrees diameter spot
      centered on the fovea. The independent variables were: test grating contrast (10%
      and maximum contrast); test grating spatial frequency (1, 4, 12 c.deg-1); and
      averaged laser exposure energy (1-94% retinal maximum permissible exposure). The
      dependent variable was flashblindness, operationally defined as the time between
      a laser exposure and the first response in a pair of consecutive correct
      responses (referred to as "time to criterion"). Time to criterion decreased as
      the contrast of the grating increased. The longest times to criterion were at a
      spatial frequency of 12 c.deg-1, next longest at 1 c.deg-1, and shortest at 4
      c.deg-1. Both the mean and S.E.M. of times to criterion increased with the laser
      exposure energy.

PMID- 2923593
TI  - Personal characteristics related to accident histories of Canadian pilots.
AB  - Over 8,800 returns of a questionnaire, distributed to Canadian pilots, were
      analyzed. Items were chiefly about life events, hobbies, humour, and
      characteristics which might bear on susceptibility to "pilot error" accidents.
      Sets of items were compiled which discriminated whether or not respondents had
      had an aircraft accident in the past 10 years. Around 70% of the respondents
      could be classified correctly according to the self-reported accident criterion.
      Somewhat over half the items were significant accident markers in at least one of
      four pilot-license categories examined. There was surprisingly little evidence of
      a "macho" syndrome associated with aircraft accidents; for example, participation
      in relatively risky hobbies was often negatively related to accident history.
      This report, like much past research, is entirely retrospective, so that some
      significant accident markers may only reflect accident aftereffects. Since the
      questionnaire was not anonymous, however, a follow-up study on the prediction of
      future accidents is feasible and is being considered.

PMID- 2923594
TI  - USAF pilot selection and classification systems.
AB  - A total of 478 pilot candidates were given a computerized test battery, the Basic
      Attributes Test (BAT) currently being validated for pilot selection and
      classification. The battery included tests of psychomotor and
      cognitive/perceptual abilities and personality/attitudinal characteristics.
      Results indicated that several of the BAT tests were able to improve the
      prediction of graduation/elimination from flight training and follow-on training
      recommendation (fighter or non-fighter aircraft) above that provided by currently
      used paper-and-pencil tests. It was concluded that several of the BAT performance
      measures were capturing skills and abilities related to flight training
      performance that are not being assessed by currently used selection instruments.
      Implications for pilot selection and classification procedures are discussed.

PMID- 2923595
TI  - A simulator-based approach to training in aeronautical decision making.
AB  - The effectiveness of a simulator-based approach to training pilot skills in risk
      assessment and decision making was evaluated in a sample of pilots enrolled in a
      university aviation science program. The 16 experimental group subjects received
      4 hours (h) of classroom instruction designed to enhance pilot judgment skills,
      followed by 4 simulated cross-country flights during which several critical
      inflight events occurred. Subjects in the control group received classroom
      instruction in basic instrument flying, followed by simulator sessions
      emphasizing instrument flight. Measures of pilot judgment were obtained on all
      subjects before and after the training, and subjects in the experimental judgment
      trained group performed significantly better on the posttraining simulation than
      did control group subjects. The findings suggest that significant gains in pilot
      decision-making skill can be obtained through the use of the judgment training
      materials along with simulator practice.

PMID- 2923596
TI  - Sources of stress affecting pilot judgment.
AB  - The initial stages of our research on the effects of the overassessment or
      underassessment of the consequences of nonroutine events (a potentially important
      factor in decision-making by pilots) is described. Critical difficulties in the
      measurement of life stress are discussed and a partial solution is suggested in
      the form of the Life Events Questionnaire (LEQ), an instrument on which
      individuals report the nature of stressful events, when they happened, and how
      much they concern them at the time of testing. The results show that the tendency
      to overassess or underassess the consequences of nonroutine events is consistent
      within individuals, but is unaffected by life stress levels on the artificial air
      traffic control simulation used. Analysis of LEQ results showed that high stress
      subjects had much higher chronic than acute stress scores (p less than 0.001),
      although the chronic and acute scores were virtually identical for low stress
      subjects.

PMID- 2923597
TI  - Communication indices of crew coordination.
AB  - The relationship between communication patterns and performance in 10 two-person
      flightcrews is explored with the aim of identifying speech variations which
      differentiate low- and high-error full mission simulator flights. Verbal data,
      transcribed from the videotaped performances, are treated as interactive
      sequences of speech events in which statements spoken by one crewmember are
      considered within the context of the other crewmember's prior and subsequent
      speech. Specific speech patterns characterized each crew, but the overriding
      findings included: a) marked homogeneity of patterns characterizing low-error
      crews, interpreted as the adoption of a standard form of communicating, and b)
      heterogeneity of patterns characterizing high-error crews, interpreted as the
      relative absence of a conventionalized form. Because conventions are regularities
      which confirm the expectations of those involved, predictability of crewmember
      behavior should be greater when standard conventions are followed. We conclude
      that such a practice can facilitate the coordination process and enhance crew
      performance.

PMID- 2923598
TI  - Vasodepressor syncope induced by lower body negative pressure: possible relevance
      to +Gz-stress training--a case report.
AB  - We present a case report of vasodepressor syncope with brief sinus pause in a 26
      year-old male subject following a graded lower body negative pressure (LBNP)
      challenge culminating at -70 mm Hg. Cessation of the LBNP protocol resulted in
      the return of heart rate and blood pressure activity to pre-challenge levels.
      Sinus arrest during central hypovolemic stress has been noted in the literature.
      Its potential in rare cases during exposure to high levels of LBNP should be
      noted as increasing numbers of investigators utilize presyncopal LBNP testing to
      assess the orthostatic responses of pilots and astronauts.

PMID- 2923599
TI  - The giant hand phenomenon.
AB  - The "giant hand" is a form of recognized spatial disorientation. An experienced
      fighter pilot described the events leading up to ejection from his out-of-control
      aircraft. Investigation of the mishap found no flight control problems and
      attributed the accident to the giant hand phenomenon. A survey of tactical
      aircrews indicated that this form of spatial disorientation is not an unusual
      occurrence. Past training of aircrew to deal with this problem has been
      inadequate. Earlier reports of this phenomenon recommended attempting to recover
      the aircraft by grasping the stick using only the thumb and index finger rather
      than the entire hand. Further investigation to include simulation of this
      phenomenon in advanced spatial disorientation trainers should contribute to
      aviation safety.

PMID- 2923600
TI  - Chemical hazards in aeromedical aircraft.
AB  - Several potentially hazardous chemicals are required to make modern military
      aircraft fly. With each airevac mission, the possibility exists for structural
      failure of a fluid system, resulting in contamination to flight/medical crews,
      patients, and passengers. Aeromedical Evacuation Crewmembers (AECMs) need to be
      aware of the hazardous chemicals used in aircraft and areas where there is an
      increased risk to those in and around the aircraft. This study identified
      potential areas for chemical leakage, such as refuel receptacles, hydraulic
      reservoirs, hydraulic motors, doors, ramps, engines, and more. Further, it
      identified the basic first aid procedures to perform on people contaminated with
      jet fuel, hydraulic fluid, engine oil, fire extinguisher agents, LOX and other
      fluids. First aid procedures are basic and can be performed with supplies and
      equipment on a routine aeromedical evacuation mission, AECMs trained in a basic
      awareness of hazardous aircraft chemicals will result in crews better prepared to
      cope with the unique risks of transporting patients in a complicated military
      aircraft.

PMID- 2923601
TI  - Deploying and testing an expandable surgical chamber in microgravity.
AB  - Prolonged spaceflights will increase the possibility of injury to flight crews
      and mission personnel. These injuries are anticipated to include foreign body
      injury, mechanical injury, and burns. Surgical repair of these injuries must take
      into consideration problems of contamination of the injury as well as
      contamination of the Space Station or transport vehicle environment. Use of a
      portable expandable surgical chamber is felt to be the most efficient and
      effective means of providing necessary surgical care in a Space Station
      environment. A first prototype expandable surgical chamber has been developed and
      tested in zero gravity. A second prototype has now been developed and will be
      tested.

PMID- 2923602
TI  - Cases from the aerospace medicine residents' teaching file. Case #29. Evaluation
      and management of an aviator.

PMID- 2923603
TI  - Rest- and stimulation-dependent changes in exchangeable calcium content in rabbit
      ventricular myocardium.
AB  - Ca2+ shifts in the isolated, perfused ventricular muscle of rabbit hearts were
      investigated with the aid of 45Ca under the conditions of complete equilibration
      of preparations with 45Ca containing solution. The "cellular" 45Ca content was
      calculated by subtraction of 45Ca2+ dissolved in the free water of extracellular
      space from the total tissue 45Ca2+ content. The "cellular" content of 45Ca in
      stimulated (60 per min) preparation was 0.887 +/- 0.067 mmol/kg wet weight
      (w.w.). Six minutes of rest resulted in the drop of this content to 0.503 +/-
      0.054 mmol/kg w.w. despite continued perfusion with 45Ca containing solution.
      Contractile force (CF) decreased at that time to 23% of control. The first post
      rest contraction (RSC) resulted in a gain of 0.073 mmol45Ca/kg w.w. Both the
      content of 45Ca and CF returned to the pre-rest values when stimulation was
      resumed. The difference between the 45Ca content of post-rest stimulated and
      rested preparations (0.384 mmol/kg w.w.) is equivalent to Ca2 fraction (Ca2),
      previously described in guinea pig ventricular myocardium (17, 12). However, the
      volume of rabbit Ca2 is only about 42% of that in guinea pig. Caffeine in
      concentration 12.5 mM, which did not displace Ca2 from guinea pig ventricular
      muscle, decreased Ca2 in the rabbit ventricle by 44%. CCCP, a protonofore
      destroying the mitochondrial protone gradient essential for Ca2+ uptake and
      maintainability, displaced Ca2 completely from rabbit ventricles. These results,
      although far from conclusive, do suggest that both the mitochondria and
      sarcoplasmic reticulum might be the site of the rate-dependent Ca2 fraction. The
      physiological meaning of differences in Ca2 content between rabbit, guinea pig,
      and rat ventricular myocardium is discussed.

PMID- 2923604
TI  - GTP-independent stimulation of rabbit heart adenylate cyclase by isoproterenol at
      physiological ATP concentrations.
AB  - Isoproterenol increased the activity of the adenylate cyclase of rabbit heart
      sarcolemmal membranes in the absence of added GTP. ATP, the ATP-regenerating
      system, and the sarcolemmal membrane preparation were eliminated as possible
      sources of contaminating GTP. Isoproterenol-stimulation increased as ATP was
      raised. At 0.5 mM ATP, isoproterenol increased activity by 19% whereas at 5 mM
      ATP isoproterenol increased activity by 121%. There was no change in basal
      activity between 0.5 and 5 mM ATP. Stimulation by Gpp(NH)p and NaF increased
      slightly between 0.5 and 5 mM ATP; stimulation by KCl was unaffected. GTP does
      not activate cyclase d. GTP does not activate cyclase to the same extent as
      Gpp(NH)p even though the two act at the same site on Ns (the stimulatory guanine
      nucleotide-binding protein). GTP decreased cyclase activation by Gpp(NH)p in a
      concentration-dependent fashion when the two were added to the assay
      simultaneously. Increasing ATP from 0.5 to 5 mM did not reduce activation by
      Gpp(NH)p when both were added simultaneously to the assay. This suggests that ATP
      does not interact with the same site as Gpp(NH)p. ATP gamma S, an analogue of ATP
      which irreversibly thiophosphorylates proteins, did not irreversibly support
      activation by isoproterenol. The effect of ATP in supporting isoproterenol
      stimulation is not, therefore, thought to be due to phosphorylation of a protein.

PMID- 2923605
TI  - Coronary collateral reserve during exercise induced ischemia in swine.
AB  - We determined coronary collateral vasodilator reserve during exercise-induced
      ischemia in 17 mini-swine. We induced coronary collateral development in the left
      circumflex bed by placing an ameroid occluder on that artery. Four weeks later we
      studied the animals at rest and during exercise (EX) eliciting heart rates (HR)
      of 240 and 265 beats/min. We measured myocardial blood flow with microspheres and
      myocardial function by wall thickness sonomicrometry gauges. At matched exercise
      HRs we treated the animals with nifedipine (10 micrograms/kg IV) (EXN 10),
      nifedipine (100 micrograms/kg IV), (EXN 100), and adenosine infusion (1.2
      mg/min/kg) EXAD. EXN 10 did not significantly alter hemodynamics compared to EX
      but EXN 100 and EXAD both decreased blood pressure significantly (p less than
      0.05). Ischemic endocardial/nonischemic endocardial flow ratios and collateral
      resistance served as indices of vasodilator reserve. In the ischemic zone
      exercise reduced vasodilator reserve to 24 +/- 3% in the endocardium and 64 +/-
      7% in the epicardium. Neither EXN 10 nor EXAD improved exercise-induced ischemia
      measured either as flow or function. However EXN 100 improved function during
      exercise-induced ischemia without improving coronary collateral flow. We conclude
      there is no additional coronary flow reserve during exercise-induced ischemia in
      the collateral dependent bed of the pig a few days after occlusion that can be
      recruited. Large doses of nifedipine improve function by direct action on the
      myocardium or by reducing afterload. The lack of development and deep myocardial
      distribution of the coronary collateral vessels in the pig may be an important
      factor of why these nifedipine responses differ from those reported in species
      which have primarily large epicardial coronary collaterals.

PMID- 2923606
TI  - Halothane anesthesia reduces inducibility of ventricular tachyarrhythmias in
      chronic canine myocardial infarction.
AB  - This study examined the effects of 2% halothane general anesthesia on ventricular
      electrophysiological properties and inducibility of sustained ventricular
      tachycardia (VT) and ventricular fibrillation (VF). Dogs with chronic anterior
      infarction and control dogs (no infarction) were studied before and after
      anesthesia using chronically implanted ventricular epicardial electrodes. PQ
      interval was increased by 15% with halothane, but QRS duration, QT interval, QTc,
      and sinus rhythm cycle length were unaffected by anesthesia. Diastolic threshold
      was unchanged by halothane. Halothane caused significant increases of 10-30% in
      ventricular effective refractory period (ERP) both in control and in infarct
      animals. VT and VF were not inducible in any of the nine control animals either
      before or after anesthesia. In infarct animals 34 of 75 (45%) had inducible VT or
      VF prior to halothane, but the incidence of inducible arrhythmias was
      significantly lower at 29% (22 of 75 animals) after halothane (p less than 0.01).
      In 75% of animals in which halothane suppressed inducibility of tachyarrhythmias,
      halothane-induced increases in ERP prevented achievement of the short
      extrastimulus coupling intervals at which the arrhythmias were induced before
      anesthesia. IN CONCLUSION: halothane anesthesia reduces the incidence of
      inducible sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias in chronic canine myocardial
      infarction.

PMID- 2923607
TI  - Electrophysiological interactions between carbachol and class I antiarrhythmic
      drugs (lidocaine, quinidine)--experimental studies in rabbit atrial myocardium.
AB  - Cholinergic agents exert no direct effect on the fast Na+ inward current but may
      influence the binding characteristic of class I antiarrhythmic drugs in atrial
      myocardium by shortening the action potential (AP) duration or by increasing the
      resting potential (RP). In order to examine such possible interactions we
      performed experiments using conventional intracellular microelectrodes on
      isolated preparations of rabbit atrial myocardium (Ke 2.7 mM, temperature 32
      degrees C). At first the influence of the cholinergic agent carbachol (1 mg/l =
      6.7 x 10(-6) M) on the RP and AP was examined at different stimulation rates
      (1.0, 2.5, and 3.3 Hz). Thereafter measurements were repeated under the influence
      of lidocaine (10 mg/l = 2.2 x 10(-5) M) or quinidine (5 mg/l = 2.2 x 10(-5) M)
      alone and in combination with carbachol (1 mg/l). RESULTS: (statistically
      significant differences, p less than 0.05): Carbachol increased the RP by about
      10 mV and shortened the AP by about 60%. The maximal upstroke velocity of the AP
      (Vmax) was not significantly altered at 1.0 and 2.5 Hz, but increased under
      carbachol at 3.3 Hz. After addition of carbachol to the lidocaine-containing
      solution, Vmax increased to its control level at all stimulation rates. In
      experiments with quinidine, Vmax also increased after addition of carbachol but
      remained significantly below the control values. CONCLUSIONS: Carbachol effects
      on Vmax are most likely attributable to earlier recovery (caused by the
      shortening of the AP) and to faster recovery kinetics (due to hyperpolarization).
      The attenuation of the class I effect of lidocaine by carbachol can thus be
      considered mainly a consequence of the shortening of the inactivated state which
      results in a reduced affinity of lidocaine to its receptor and allows earlier
      dissociation of the drug. Minor binding of the drug due to hyperpolarization may
      play the major role in interactions between carbachol and quinidine.

PMID- 2923608
TI  - Enhanced myocardial preservation by nicotinic acid, an antilipolytic compound:
      mechanism of action.
AB  - The cardioprotective effects of an antilipolytic compound, nicotinic acid, on
      arrested-reperfused myocardium were investigated in the isolated in situ pig
      heart preparation. Hearts were preperfused for 15 min in the presence of (5-3H)
      glucose and (U-14C)-palmitic acid. Half of the hearts were then perfused with
      0.08 mM nicotinic acid for an additional 15-min period, while the remaining
      control hearts received unmodified perfusion. Arrest was then induced in all
      animals for 2 h using hypothermic K+ cardioplegia, followed by 60 min of
      normothermic reperfusion. In control hearts, there were significantly greater
      levels of long-chain acyl Co-A and acyl carnitine and lower levels of membrane
      phospholipids than in the nicotinic acid group. While nicotinic acid inhibited
      beta-oxidation during pre-ischemia and reperfusion, it also prevented the
      degradation of membrane phospholipids. The net result was a reduction of free
      fatty acid accumulation during arrest and reperfusion in the nicotinic acid
      group. Glycolysis, as reflected in 3H2O production, was significantly increased
      by nicotinic acid administration. In the control heart as compared to the
      nicotinic acid group, the incorporation of 14C-label from palmitate into
      triglyceride and cholesterol during arrest was enhanced, while incorporation into
      phospholipids was depressed. The cardioprotective effects of nicotinic acid were
      demonstrated by decreased release of creatine kinase and improved coronary blood
      flow, and cardiac contractility in the reperfused myocardium supplemented with
      nicotinic acid compared to the control group. These results suggest that
      nicotinic acid significantly protects the arrested-reperfused myocardium by a)
      preventing elevation of myocardial fatty acid levels, b) stimulating glycolysis
      by limiting fatty acid oxidation, c) inhibiting degradation of membrane
      phospholipids, and d) preventing accumulation of fatty acid metabolites with
      harmful detergent properties.

PMID- 2923609
TI  - High-energy phosphates, myocardial contractile function and material properties
      after short periods of oxygen deficiency.
AB  - To investigate myocardial performance and diastolic properties after repeated
      periods of oxygen deficiency auxotonic and isovolumic measurements were performed
      after three periods (4 min) of asphyxia in Wistar rats (n = 19). Additionally,
      the response of the peak isovolumic left ventricular pressure to
      postextrasystolic potentiation was measured. The hemodynamic results were
      compared to the levels of high-energy phosphates. Already after 15 min of
      recovery from asphyxia auxotonic measures of systolic function were completely
      normal compared to the control group (n = 19). Isovolumic measurements after 20
      min of postasphyctic recovery, however, demonstrated a considerable reduction of
      the peak left ventricular pressure (226.5 +/- 7.5 mm Hg vs. 262.6 +/- 3.4 mm Hg
      in controls, mean +/- SEM (p less than 0.01) indicating persistence of decreased
      postischemic contractile performance. The relative effect of postextrasystolic
      potentiation was similar in both groups, but could not compensate for the reduced
      performance of the postasphyctic hearts: the absolute postextrasystolic peak
      isovolumic pressure of the postasphyctic hearts was lower than the value of the
      regular isovolumic peak pressure in the controls. Diastolic properties
      (pressure/volume and stress/strain relationships) of the postasphyctic myocardium
      remained unchanged. The total sum of the adenine-nucleotides decreased from 7.2
      +/- 0.2 to 5.6 +/- 0.3 mumol/gww (p less than 0.01). ATP was reduced from 4.8 +/-
      0.2 to 3.9 +/- 0.3 mumol/gww (p less than 0.01). Phosphocreatine was elevated to
      7.0 +/- 0.6 mumol/gww, x +/- SEM (p less than 0.01). Our results demonstrated
      normal postasphyctic basal hemodynamics and material properties. Thus, the energy
      supply was sufficient to maintain steady state conditions - in spite of decreased
      overall adenine-nucleotide levels. Isovolumic measurements and postextrasystolic
      potentation tests, however, indicated that the contractile performance of the
      postischemic myocardium was still reduced. This functional limitation cannot be
      explained by altered material properties and is probably not causally related to
      the decreased overall ATP content.

PMID- 2923610
TI  - Individualizing the Good Behavior Game across type and frequency of behavior with
      emotionally disturbed adolescents.
AB  - The effects of the Good Behavior Game (GBG) individualized across type and
      frequency of behavior were examined in three classes of severely behaviorally
      disordered students using a reversal design. The findings showed that the
      individualized GBG was effective in simultaneously decreasing a variety of
      inappropriate behaviors exhibited by the three classes, including inappropriate
      verbalizations, touching, negative comments, cursing, and drumming. Teacher and
      student satisfaction data indicated that both groups had positive reactions to
      the individualized GBG. Reasons for the success of the technique are discussed.

PMID- 2923611
TI  - A peer-mediated intervention with clinic-referred socially isolated girls.
      Generalization, maintenance, and social validation.
AB  - Peer-mediated interventions have been widely employed with seriously impaired
      autistic and handicapped children to modify social withdrawal. This study extends
      the literature by examining the impact of a peer intervention on the interactions
      of developmentally normal, socially isolated girls. Two to three actual classroom
      peers were trained to serve as helpers to initiate and maintain interactions with
      the subjects. The intervention was introduced sequentially across 2 girls in a
      multiple-baseline design, and a within-subject ABA withdrawal design was used to
      assess maintenance. Behavioral observations during recess periods indicated that
      both children's positive social interactions with peer helpers and other
      classmates were increased significantly during intervention and were maintained
      in return-to-baseline conditions and at 4-month follow-up. Increases in positive
      social interactions of both subjects generalized to a second recess setting, in
      which intervention was not introduced. Subjects' interactions in both recess
      settings reached levels comparable to those of social-comparison groups of peers.
      Teacher and self-report ratings suggested that both girls had fewer social
      problems and experienced less loneliness and dysphoria as a result of the
      intervention.

PMID- 2923612
TI  - Group conversational-skills training with inpatient children and adolescents.
      Social validation, generalization, and maintenance.
AB  - Two groups of inpatient youths (n = 4 and n = 5) received group conversational
      skills training. Conversational component behaviors of both groups at baseline
      were compared to the behaviors of normal youth from the community. For each
      inpatient group, component behaviors on which they were most discrepant from
      normal youths were selected for training. Multiple-baseline designs across
      component behaviors were used and patients were trained to socially-validated
      criterion levels. Effectiveness of training was demonstrated through (a)
      behavioral ratings during dyadic, unstructured conversations with other members
      of their group, (b) behavioral ratings during conversations with unfamiliar
      nonpsychiatric persons, (c) global ratings of conversational effectiveness by
      nonpatient peers, (d) generalization to in vivo conversations, and (e)
      maintenance of improvement at 1- and 3-month follow-up assessments. Results were
      replicated across both groups and indicated that training effects were socially
      validated, generalized to conversations with unfamiliar persons and to in vivo
      conversations, and maintained over time.

PMID- 2923613
TI  - From cars to carts. Increasing safety belt usage in shopping carts.
AB  - A modified reversal/multiple-baseline design across three supermarkets was used
      to examine the effectiveness of behavioral interventions in increasing the
      frequency of safety belt usage in shopping carts. Following low baseline rates,
      safety belt usage increased significantly during a prompt-plus-personal-contact
      condition at Stores 1 and 2. Safety belt usage then decreased, but remained above
      baseline levels, in a prompt-alone condition at both stores. However, at Store 1,
      usage increased when the personal-contact procedure was reintroduced but reversed
      to lower levels in a second prompt-alone condition. Finally, social validity
      scales indicated that adult shoppers with children favored both safety belts on
      carts and the experimental procedures used in this study and said that they
      intended to use safety belts on carts in the future. Implications and directions
      for further research are briefly discussed.

PMID- 2923614
TI  - Contingent glove wearing for the treatment of self-excoriating behavior in a
      sensory-impaired adolescent.
AB  - Contingently applied protective equipment is a treatment strategy to control self
      injury but one that has received limited experimental evaluation. This study
      examined the effects of contingent glove wearing for the treatment of self
      excoriating, skin picking behavior in a sensory-impaired adolescent. Brief
      application of gloves following occurrences of self-injury produced clinically
      significant reductions in the behavior as demonstrated in a multiple-baseline
      design. Intervention effects were maintained at 1- and 3-month follow-up
      assessments.

PMID- 2923615
TI  - Effects of undesirable, competing behaviors on the generalization of adaptive
      skills. A case study.
AB  - This study provides a systematic demonstration of generalization failures in
      which irrelevant stimulus control of competing responses interferes with, or
      overrides, the stimulus control of adaptive behavior developed during training.
      Appropriate and inappropriate verbal responses by a 26-year-old woman with severe
      mental retardation served as the dependent variables. A reversal design across
      trained and nontrained settings indicates that presenting a stimulus with a prior
      history of control over "inappropriate" verbalizations concurrently with a
      stimulus controlling newly acquired "appropriate" verbalizations significantly
      reduces the strength of the appropriate stimulus-control relationship. The
      implications for training generalized skills are discussed.

PMID- 2923616
TI  - Aversive conditioning of visual screening with aromatic ammonia for treating
      aggressive and disruptive behavior in a developmentally disabled child.
AB  - This study investigated the usefulness of aversive conditioning of a mild
      punishment procedure that had ceased to suppress target behaviors to clinically
      acceptable levels. A 6.8-year-old severely retarded boy with high levels of
      aggressive, destructive, and loud screeching behaviors was readmitted to a
      psychiatric facility to adjust behavioral programs and rule out seizure disorder.
      A design combining withdrawal and multiple baselines across behaviors tested for
      effects of aversive conditioning of visual screening with ammonia and the impact
      of anticonvulsant medication (carbamazepine, phenytoin). Data indicated that
      aversively conditioned visual screening temporarily lowered rates of responding.
      It is tentatively concluded that aversive conditioning might be a useful
      mechanism to strengthen suppressive effects of mild punishment procedures and a
      promising approach for alleviating placement problems due to maladaptive
      behaviors in mentally retarded persons. Maintenance of treatment effects,
      community placement, and the mandate to choose the least restrictive aversive
      treatment alternative are discussed. Anticonvulsant medication showed no
      beneficial effect for the target behaviors investigated.

PMID- 2923617
TI  - [Individual glycoside therapy using serum concentration determination in heart
      insufficiency of horses].
AB  - 23 horses and one donkey with congestive heart failure are treated with a
      standardized methyldigoxin dose (0.0032 mg/kg of body weight). The therapy is
      controlled by the serum concentration of the cardiac glycoside. 4 horses have a
      higher and 13 horses a lower serum concentration as necessary for therapeutic
      approach. The influence of additional diseases and medications is demonstrated.
      Finally a rule for the evaluation of the individual therapeutic glycoside-dose is
      given.

PMID- 2923618
TI  - [A hemagglutination inhibition test for control of the quality and effectiveness
      of highly-purified C. chauvoei toxoid vaccine].
AB  - To control quality and efficiency of a highly purified C. chauvoei vaccine which
      has been developed in Gottingen a haemagglutination-inhibition test is presented.
      Laboratory and field trials did demonstrate the value of the test. Vaccinated
      guinea pigs which presented positive HIT titers survived the challenge. Cattle,
      vaccinated with the vaccine in Germany, Madagascar and Mexico showed positive
      titers which could be boostered through repeated vaccination.

PMID- 2923619
TI  - [Experiences with vaccination against Haemophilus pleuropneumonia of swine].
AB  - In a Haemophilus pleuropneumonia problem herd with piglet production and
      fattening, sows and weaned pigs were vaccinated with a Danish vaccine
      (Pleurinord). Due to consequent vaccination of the sows the health of the piglets
      could be improved decisively, resulting in an increased number of raised piglets
      per sow and year from 16.8 to 20.3. In the vaccinated fattening pigs compared to
      the unvaccinated ones the following effects were observed: markedly reduced
      expenses for medication and a markedly reduced frequency of characteristic
      lesions in the respiratory tract; the improvement of the daily weight gains and
      the reduction of losses remained behind the expectations. Decisive causes for
      this were respiratory and enteric diseases unrelated to Haemophilus, which were
      favoured by serious mismanagement and inadequacies in the feeding regimen and
      barn climate. On the example of the vaccinated herd it is shown how important the
      analysis of a multifactorial disease situation is, in order to be able to
      objectify better or at all the influence of a vaccination program under field
      conditions. Within a concept of prevention and control of Haemophilus
      pleuropneumonia the vaccination is a helpful part.

PMID- 2923620
TI  - Role of cardiolipin in the functioning of mitochondrial L-glycerol-3-phosphate
      dehydrogenase.
AB  - Adriamycin was used in situ, in isolated liver mitochondria of hyperthyroid rats
      to study the role of cardiolipin in the functioning of FAD-linked L-glycerol-3
      phosphate dehydrogenase. The apparent kinetic parameters of the reaction
      catalyzed by the enzyme were affected by adriamycin. The effect of adriamycin was
      dependent on the electron acceptor, suggesting the existence of distinct binding
      sites for hydrophobic and hydrophilic acceptors. Assuming a correlation between
      the two plateaus observed upon binding of adriamycin to the mitochondria and the
      penetration of the drug into the two leaflets of the inner membrane [Cheneval et
      al. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 13003-13007], we can deduce that cardiolipin in
      both leaflets influences predominantly the electron acceptor binding site(s).

PMID- 2923621
TI  - The cDNA-derived amino acid sequence of chick heat shock protein Mr 90,000 (HSP
      90) reveals a "DNA like" structure: potential site of interaction with steroid
      receptors.
AB  - We report cDNA sequence, the complete derived aa sequence, and a predicted
      secondary structure of the chick hsp 90, a protein which has been found to form
      complexes with steroid hormone receptors. The modelling of the most negatively
      charged "region A" indicates that the alpha-helices of this portion of hsp 90
      mimick DNA configuration. We propose that this region can, in absence of hormone,
      interact with and cap the positively charged DNA-binding domain of steroid
      receptors.

PMID- 2923622
TI  - Cloning and sequencing of the cDNA for human monocyte chemotactic and activating
      factor (MCAF).
AB  - cDNA clones having a nucleotide sequence encoding a human monocyte chemotactic
      and activating factor (MCAF) were isolated and sequenced. The amino acid sequence
      deduced from the nucleotide sequence reveals the primary structure of the MCAF
      precursor to be composed of a putative signal peptide sequence of 23 amino acid
      residues and a mature MCAF sequence of 76 amino acid residues. The amino acid
      sequence of MCAF showed 25-55% homology with other members of an inducible
      cytokine family, including macrophage inflammatory protein and some putative
      polypeptide mediators known as JE, LD78, RANTES and TCA-3. This suggests that
      MCAF is a member of family of factors involved in immune and inflammatory
      responses.

PMID- 2923623
TI  - Differential calmodulin gene expression in fetal, adult, and neoplastic tissues
      of rodents.
AB  - Differential expression during rat development of three genes for calmodulin (CaM
      I-III) was examined in amnion, decidua, embryo, liver, placenta, parietal and
      visceral yolk sacs and uterus. CaMI expression was constant except for increasing
      activity in VYS during gestation. CaMII expression increased in all tissues
      except for a decrease in embryo. CaMIII did not change dramatically. Differential
      expression was also found in chemically or virally induced rat tumors, and in
      metastatic lung nodules of mouse mammary carcinoma. CaMII was the major gene
      expressed in all these neoplastic tissues.

PMID- 2923624
TI  - Inhibition of osteoclastic acid phosphatase abolishes bone resorption.
AB  - Osteoclastic acid phosphatase is a member of a widely-distributed class of iron
      containing proteins with acid phosphatase activity. Antibodies raised against one
      member of this class cross-react with other members from the same or different
      species, but not with acid phosphatase isoenzymes of different types. When
      antibodies to one such protein, porcine uteroferrin, are added to medium in which
      rat osteoclasts are incubated on devitalised cortical bone, both bone resorption
      and acid phosphatase activity are markedly inhibited. Furthermore, addition of
      molybdate (an inhibitor of this class of acid phosphatases) also inhibits both
      bone resorption and enzyme activity. These observations strongly suggest a
      functional role for osteoclastic acid phosphatase in bone resorption.

PMID- 2923625
TI  - Substoichiometric concentrations of ATP-G-actin are required to anneal actin
      polymerized by calcium ions.
AB  - At 3 degrees C and pH 7.0, the addition of 40 nM ATP-G-actin to F-actin (12
      microM as the monomer), polymerized in the presence of 4 mM CaCl2, determines a
      substantial and rapid increase of the viscosity of the solution, which is
      accompanied by the incorporation of the ATP-G-actin added into the polymer. The
      hypothesis that the presence of ATP-actin at the filament end(s) promotes the
      annealing reaction is substantiated by the finding that, after the addition of
      ATP-G-actin, the average filament length is increased. This finding is relevant,
      not only because it provides evidences in favour of the existence of annealing
      but also because it shows that the concentration of ATP-G-actin influences the
      filaments length distribution through a mechanism different from the elongation
      reaction.

PMID- 2923626
TI  - Use caution when extrapolating from a small sample size to the general
      population.

PMID- 2923627
TI  - Minority workers: educational models for workers, health providers, and planners.
AB  - 1. The Labor Occupational Health Program's (LOHP) experience with occupational
      health problems in minority communities demonstrates that information on a
      client's past work history and occupational exposures is essential in providing
      comprehensive health care. Occupational health histories are an excellent tool to
      utilize in community health. 2. Community clinics and primary health care
      professionals are integral components in health care delivery services. 3. The
      occupational health professional has a unique opportunity to provide leadership
      in educating community health providers about the basics of occupational health.

PMID- 2923628
TI  - Chronic lead exposure: a problem for minority workers.
AB  - 1. Despite regulatory and case identification efforts, lead exposure continues to
      pose a major health problem for minority workers. 2. Minority workers are
      overrepresented in lead industries such as lead smelting, lead storage batteries,
      lead pigment production and pottery. 3. Preliminary data from recently instituted
      lead registries in California and Texas suggest that minority workers continue to
      be overexposed to lead. 4. A federal policy that strengthens enforcement of the
      OSHA lead standard is needed to reduce lead exposure among minority workers.

PMID- 2923630
TI  - Containing health care costs: the occupational health nurse as case manager.

PMID- 2923629
TI  - AIDS and the minority health care worker.
AB  - 1. Large groups of health care workers, many of whom are among ethnic minorities
      with potential for occupational exposure to HIV/HBV, are generally underserved in
      training on prevention of occupational transmission of the viruses. 2. The
      inadequacy of training for indirect client care personnel appears to be one of
      the primary reasons for high rates of needlestick injuries and exposure to blood.
      3. Training in appropriate infection control techniques can help reduce the
      uneasiness and fear among health care workers over occupationally-related HIV/HBV
      transmission.

PMID- 2923631
TI  - Responding to the patient who has AIDS.
AB  - Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) has burrowed its way into the fabric
      of American society. Unless we recognize the extensive and permanent damage it
      can do there, we are going to lose more than human lives. The tradition of
      medicine is that physicians do not abandon the sick, whoever they are and
      whatever they have done, and overall Americans can be proud of the way we have
      successfully faced the challenge of fairness. Now, however, we need to focus on
      the "professional will to respond." Doing so means providing support to the
      individual physician, ensuring that everyone in the profession is informed about
      AIDS and makes all necessary adjustments of behavior and commitment. The medical
      profession must lead the public and other health professionals in responding
      morally, ethically, personally, and professionally to the AIDS epidemic.
      Otherwise, physicians will be relegated to the sidelines as the electorate,
      courts, and government agencies debate and adjudicate AIDS issues.

PMID- 2923632
TI  - A matter of integrity.
AB  - There may be more aberrations in the moral and ethical behavior of scientists and
      physicians now than in the past. Fraud and misconduct in research have become a
      major stress point for both science and medicine. The "premed syndrome" (cheating
      in medical school and dishonesty during residency training) and fraud in medical
      practice are well known. Further, studies show that medical students are lenient
      towards dishonesty in education and practice. One result is that researchers and
      faculty members may turn to fraud when faced with the pressures to excel,
      produce, publish, be promoted, and win tenure. Also, physicians' ties to research
      and commercial endeavors raise questions of conflict of interest that may tarnish
      the medical image and compromise research findings. An AAMC ad hoc committee on
      research fraud identified three steps institutions might take: determination of
      the magnitude of the problem by a formal study; institution of guidelines for
      research, publication, and promotion; and establishment of policies for
      investigating allegations of fraud. Because of the problems of dishonesty, fraud,
      and conflict of interest, academic medical institutions must establish codes of
      conduct to govern professional life.

PMID- 2923633
TI  - Health services research: is it good for you and me?
AB  - Two principles shape an applied research field such as health services research.
      First, studies can be classified as methodological, descriptive, analytical, or
      experimental; and second, health services research is conducted at two levels,
      the doctor-patient level and the policy level. Twenty years of increasingly
      sophisticated description and analysis allow researchers now to measure better
      the appropriateness and outcome of care, both at the policy level (do cuts in
      medical coverage affect patients' health?) and at the individual level (does
      physicians' behavior affect patient compliance and thereby outcome?). Further,
      researchers have been able to develop increasingly useful measures of patient
      health status and function. Consequently, relations between the public and
      physicians and medical institutions will change further as patients receive more
      and better information about hospital mortality rates, quality-of-life measures,
      and similar results of health services research. Conducting good health services
      research is complicated, depends upon teams of physicians and social scientists
      working together, and produces complex, not simple, results, but it is worth the
      effort because the results make a difference to physicians and to the American
      people.

PMID- 2923634
TI  - U.S. outlook issues: putting America's house in order.
AB  - Despite the economic growth in 1987 and 1988, there are three issues of concern:
      the strength of consumer spending, the risk of accelerating inflation, and the
      federal budget deficit. The history of recent consumer spending is reviewed, and
      the recommendation made that if the recent "binge" of 1987-1988 has caused the
      economy to overshoot its production capacity, monetary and fiscal policies should
      be adjusted to rein in the spending. Regarding inflation, despite projected
      productivity gains, the economy seems to be heading for a 4.5%-5.0% core rate of
      inflation, a rate that can surge to 1970s-like levels with any substantial bad
      news. The observation is made that no major sustained cut in financing costs will
      occur until U.S. fiscal policy is changed. Regarding the deficit, voters cannot
      seek more services without either higher taxes or higher interest rates; growth
      alone will not cure the federal deficit. The distinction between good and bad
      types of debt is made and the history and causes of the $ 2 trillion increase in
      federal debt between fiscal years 1980 and 1988 is reviewed. Corporate debt and
      the recent corporate acquisitions and leveraged buyouts are analyzed. Public
      policy considerations arise primarily from the need to limit the system risks
      imposed by the scale of the buyout mania and to insure fair treatment of current
      debt holders of target corporations. Greater regulation of pension investments
      may be necessary, and widespread use of change-of-ownership clauses in bonds
      would be productive.

PMID- 2923635
TI  - Ethics in patient referrals.

PMID- 2923636
TI  - Minorities and health.

PMID- 2923637
TI  - Classifying the content of board certification examinations.
AB  - A system of medical classification based on the fundamental dimensions of body
      system, etiology, and stage of disease was evaluated by classifying the content
      of one specialty board's examinations. Ten physicians encoded 2,310 test items
      that constituted three previously administered certification-recertification
      examinations of the American Board of Family Practice. Analysis of the data for
      the major content of one of these certification examinations suggests that a
      profile based on this classification system might provide a specialty board, the
      residency programs, and candidates for certification with important information
      not produced by discipline labels or disease names. This classification system
      may allow a board to define more effectively the content of its examinations,
      monitor other requirements for certification, and communicate its standards to
      the medical profession and society.

PMID- 2923638
TI  - Evaluation of clinical instructors by third-year medical students.
AB  - Third-year medical students used 12 descriptive items to evaluate the teaching
      skills of first-year residents, senior medical residents, preceptors (internal
      medicine fellows), and attending physicians. Intraclass correlations showed that
      the students were able to judge their instructors reliably. Further analyses were
      then carried out to determine whether students differentially evaluated the four
      instructor groups. Three of the descriptive items that related to overall
      evaluations, as well as the mean rating of all items, indicated no group
      differences. However, when the groups were compared on specific teaching
      characteristics (by means of a multiple-group discriminant function analysis),
      systematic differences were found. The first function differentiated the groups
      in terms of the cognitive and experiential characteristics of the instructors,
      with attending physicians being rated the highest and first-year residents the
      lowest. In contrast, the third function separated the groups in terms of
      interpersonal skills; on this function, the senior medical residents were rated
      the highest and preceptors the lowest. It is concluded that students make
      sophisticated judgments in evaluating their clinical teachers.

PMID- 2923639
TI  - Predicting the medical school progress of minority students who participated in a
      preparatory program.
AB  - The grade-point averages (GPAs), Medical College Admission Test (MCAT) scores,
      and Student Progress Committee (SPC) ratings of 75 minority students who had
      attended a preparatory program at Southern Illinois University School of Medicine
      at some period from 1976 through 1986 were analyzed to determine how these
      variables related to the retention and progress of these students in medical
      school. Although those retained had higher SPC ratings than those not retained,
      stepwise regression revealed that none of the variables predicted retention. The
      MCAT Reading score, however, was significantly higher for students who progressed
      on schedule; it was the only significant predictor of progress.

PMID- 2923640
TI  - Course selections and career plans of black participants in a summer intervention
      program for minority students.
AB  - From 1985 through 1987, data were gathered on 151 participants in a summer
      program at the Bowman Gray School of Medicine of Wake Forest University. This
      program was designed for academically talented minority students to promote their
      awareness of medicine as a potential career and to strengthen their science and
      mathematics backgrounds. Among the findings were that the differences in the
      students' selections of courses in their schools were small, regardless of the
      occupational or educational levels of their parents, and that the gender of the
      students had little relation to their choices of advanced mathematics and science
      courses. The significance of the findings is discussed and the importance of
      continued support of such intervention programs is emphasized.

PMID- 2923641
TI  - An experiment involving reading assignments in a medicine clerkship.
AB  - Sixty-one students from two medicine rotations were assigned randomly to
      experimental and control groups. Instruction was the same for both except that
      the control group was assigned required readings while the experimental group was
      instructed to find and read information relating directly to their patients'
      conditions. The groups were compared in terms of their performances on a final
      written examination, on the National Board of Medical Examiners Part II
      examination (NBME II), and on the Medicine Subtest of the NBME II, and also in
      terms of the effects of prior clinical rotations on their examination scores.
      Although no statistically significant differences were found, other findings
      suggest that several areas of clinical instruction warrant further investigation.

PMID- 2923642
TI  - Teaching first-year students the interpersonal recall process for patient
      interviews.
AB  - The authors investigated how well 52 internal medical residents understood the
      four modes of the interpersonal process recall (IPR) system after the students
      had received training in this system, and also investigated whether the students
      taught by instructors trained in the IPR system had a greater understanding of
      the system than those taught by nontrained instructors. Students were tested
      before and after the course, which involved extensive use of videotapes of
      interviews. With some reservations, the data as a whole suggest that the IPR
      system can be taught effectively by an enhancement of the methods used for this
      study and that the instructors do not have to receive training in the system to
      teach it effectively.

PMID- 2923643
TI  - Residents' hours and supervision.
AB  - One year of graduate medical education, the internship, had become the norm for
      graduates of most U.S. medical schools by 1920, and subsequently was adopted by
      most states as a criterion for licensure. The original concept of a "resident
      physician" carried with it responsibility for patients 24 hours per day, seven
      days per week. Recent public and media attention to the issues of residents'
      supervision and working hours has led to governmental efforts to restrict their
      hours and set minimum requirements for supervision. New York is the first state
      to impose specific requirements. The New York recommendations have implications
      for the concept of graded responsibility for residents, for learning the natural
      course of illness, and for the need to provide service in hospitals. Further, the
      recommendations raise four objections: they do not recognize differences by type
      of specialty or year of training; they might affect the length of time needed to
      acquire aggregate clinical skills; they affect different types of hospitals
      differently; and they would have a major effect on physician manpower. Hospitals
      and residency programs will face several difficult choices in responding to the
      regulations. To provide its members with guidelines for action, the Executive
      Council of the Association of American Medical Colleges has issued
      recommendations for residency hours and supervision, including the use of an 80
      hour work-week averaged over four weeks, the continued use of graded supervision
      of residents in emergency rooms and in inpatient and ambulatory settings, and
      control of housestaff moonlighting.

PMID- 2923644
TI  - Use of student self-involvement to enhance nutrition education for first-year
      medical students.

PMID- 2923645
TI  - Geographic medicine: a new movement within international health.

PMID- 2923646
TI  - The regulation of hospital-based medical education.

PMID- 2923647
TI  - Sex differences in rank attainment among radiology and internal medicine faculty.
AB  - Overall, the percentage of women attaining the ranks of associate professor and
      professor remains well below the percentage of men in those ranks. Few studies of
      women in academic medicine have been conducted that might guide the leaders of
      medical schools and specialty societies in addressing the reasons for this
      disparity. The Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) Faculty Roster
      System allows comparison of a cohort of faculty at any selected time following
      their first faculty appointments. This study examined men and women faculty who
      received their first appointments in the departments of radiology and internal
      medicine in 1976 and who were still active in 1986. Disparities between men and
      women in rank attained were apparent in both specialties but were greater in
      radiology than in internal medicine. Other variables examined include ethnic
      racial self-description and teaching, research, patient care, and administrative
      responsibilities. The authors pose additional research questions requiring
      information that the Faculty Roster System is not designed to provide.

PMID- 2923648
TI  - Survey results and a recommendation for a change in U.S. medical physiology
      curricula.
AB  - Both the recent advances in molecular biology and the dilemma of teaching a
      larger volume of more detailed material to students from a declining, weaker
      applicant pool necessitate a critical reappraisal of the medical physiology
      curriculum and pedagogy. An extensive survey of the physiology curricula in 107
      U.S. medical schools conducted during the 1986-87 academic year revealed that
      physiology was taught as a separate course, averaging 100.1 lecture hours, 24.0
      laboratory hours (usually dealing with cardiovascular and pulmonary physiology),
      and 25.6 conference hours. The physiology courses offered by the schools surveyed
      averaged 21.8 weeks in duration and were taught by an average of 13 faculty
      (72.5% with Ph.D. degrees, 21.8% with M.D. degrees, and 5.4% with both M.D. and
      Ph.D. degrees). The evolution of the physiology curriculum has been slow; as a
      result the need for change is great. Physiology departments must give a high
      priority to reorganizing and revitalizing teaching. Additionally, the physiology
      curriculum must be critically examined. There is an urgent need to reevaluate
      course content, decide the fate of the student laboratory, and develop new,
      innovative teaching techniques. The ubiquity of these problems among medical
      schools suggests that they be addressed at a national level.

PMID- 2923649
TI  - Evaluation of procedural skills of internal medicine residents.
AB  - In 1983 the American Board of Internal Medicine mandated that training programs
      assess residents in procedural skills prior to board certification. Beginning in
      1984, the University of Hawaii developed an assessment and testing program that
      consists of a three-phase evaluation process for qualifying internal medicine
      residents in basic procedural skills: an observation period spanning the three
      year residency, a 100-question multiple-choice examination, and a slide
      identification examination involving simple identification of body fluid
      elements. From 1984 through 1987 the mean scores of both examinations were
      analyzed for each level of residency and for each year of testing to assess
      whether curriculum changes were effective. There was a statistically significant
      improvement (p less than .005) in performance on both the multiple-choice and the
      slide-identification examinations as the residents progressed through the
      program. No difference in performance was found for the multiple-choice
      examination between calendar years, but a significant difference (p less than
      .01) was found for the slide-identification examination between calendar years.
      Despite perceptions by the faculty that their increased emphasis on the learning
      of procedural skills has been successful, the multiple-choice examination results
      over time do not support this belief. These findings suggest that residents need
      more structured curriculum guidelines to aid their learning and faculty members
      require better direction in the educational goals for procedural skills training.

PMID- 2923650
TI  - A survey to identify deficiencies in transfusion medicine education.
AB  - Medical faculty, blood center directors, and technologists were surveyed to
      assess current opinions of knowledge deficiencies in transfusion medicine among
      medical school graduates, housestaff, and practicing physicians. Over 90% of
      those responding believed additional training in transfusion medicine was needed.
      Nine categories of deficiencies were identified, with more than 40% of
      respondents' comments reflecting concern about the lack of knowledge of the use
      of blood and blood components. Clinical faculty and blood bankers differed in
      their assessments of the knowledge deficiencies in two of the nine categories.
      Information obtained in this survey is relevant to educational development in
      transfusion medicine.

PMID- 2923651
TI  - Academic performance of reapplicants to a medical school.
AB  - This study examined the academic performance of 399 reapplicants who had entered
      the University of Alabama School of Medicine between 1978 and 1984. Compared with
      the first-time applicants, the reapplicants had lower preadmission measures and a
      higher rate of academic difficulty during medical school. However, applicant
      status (that is, first-time or reapplicant) added nothing to the prediction of
      academic difficulty over what could be predicted by preadmission measures alone:
      the students with lower preadmission measures were more likely to experience
      academic difficulty, regardless of their applicant status. Based on these
      results, reapplicants should not be viewed negatively simply because they are
      reapplicants.

PMID- 2923652
TI  - Medical students' perceptions of cheating.
AB  - In 1985, 683 students at a large private upper-midwestern medical school were
      surveyed concerning the appropriateness of traditional cheating behaviors and
      behaviors related to professional misconduct and dishonesty in patient care. They
      also rated the acceptability of various rationalizations for these behaviors. The
      students agreed that traditional forms of academic cheating are inappropriate,
      but they did not agree about the appropriateness of certain behaviors in the
      areas of patient care and professional misconduct.

PMID- 2923653
TI  - A research methods and statistics journal club for residents.
AB  - A monthly journal club for residents that focuses on research methods and
      statistics is described. Detailed discussions and analyses of clinical research
      articles by the residents are used to teach the important concepts and principles
      of medical research in a manner useful to the practicing physician. Discussion of
      research articles is structured by a guide for presenting the research articles
      to the group and by stimulus questions that address specific methodological
      issues related to the study being examined. Residents have been enthusiastic in
      their evaluation of the journal club; the experience has stimulated some of them
      to conduct their own research studies.

PMID- 2923654
TI  - [The use of the jet ventilation technic in surgical interventions on the
      trachea].
AB  - Based on our own experiences and on comparisons with the literature, we
      demonstrated the possibilities and problems of jet ventilation technique during
      surgical interventions at the trachea. This method has been applied 28 times and
      in two cases surgical manipulations caused complications in the form of bronchial
      bleedings, with the occurrence of hypoventilation in one case. Due to the
      essentially improved prerequisites for the surgeon and optimal ventilation, the
      procedure of jet ventilation presents a true enrichment of the anaesthesiological
      repertoire, provided the indications are well established and the cooperation
      between surgeon and anaesthetist is good. On the other hand, however, owing to
      insufficiencies in the adequate monitoring if this form of ventilation, a
      comparably higher risk for the patient has to be taken into account.

PMID- 2923655
TI  - Tongue protrusion mediated by spared anterior ventrolateral neocortex in
      neonatally decorticate rats: behavioral support for the neurogenetic hypothesis.
AB  - Many changes in anatomical organization and behavior follow circumscribed,
      neonatal cortical ablations. These include functional sparing and compensatory
      anatomical changes. An objective of this study was to examine the generality of
      such changes by reversing the usual experimental procedure, removing all cortex
      but a circumscribed area and examining whether the remnant made new anatomical
      connections, adopted new functions and whether it continued to subserve the
      typical functions of that area. All neocortex and cingulate cortex, except a
      small portion of anterior-lateral neocortex, which is normally involved in tongue
      and mouth use, was removed from one-day-old or adult rats. Fluorescent labelling
      and behavioral tests were used to evaluate its function. The results showed: (1)
      The remnant cortical tissue maintained similar connections in neonatal and adult
      groups and similar connections to those found in rats that had received no
      lesions. (2) The rats still displayed behaviors normally supported by this
      cortex, including tongue protrusion to obtain food and picking up and eating hard
      food efficiently. (3) Impairments were obtained on tests normally mediated by the
      ablated cortex, including skilled reaching and grooming. (4) When the cortical
      remnant was removed, tongue protrusion and efficiency of food consumption were
      similarly impaired in both neonate and adult groups. An additional serendipitous
      finding was a dissociation between two types of tongue movement: licking from a
      ventrally-located surface survived cortical removal but tongue protrusion did
      not. The results show that bilaterally spared small remnants of neocortex
      maintain normal functions and do not assume new functions or make new connections
      despite neonatal decortication. The results provide behavioral support for the
      neurogenetic hypothesis, which postulates that cortical circuitry is specified
      during early embryonic development. This suggests that there are constraints on
      neural remodelling and behavioral recovery following neonatal lesions. The
      implications of these results are discussed with respect to the documented
      remodelling and sparing that occur following partial or unilateral lesions within
      functional systems.

PMID- 2923656
TI  - Ontogeny of open field activity in rats after neonatal lesioning of the
      mesocortical dopaminergic projection.
AB  - In order to examine the effect of neonatal depletion of the dopaminergic
      mesocortical projection on the development of a prefrontal cortex-mediated
      behaviour the ontogeny of open field behaviour was studied after neonatal
      depletion of cortical dopamine. Cortical dopamine was depleted by neonatal
      thermal lesions of the ventral tegmental area (VTA). Medial VTA lesions caused a
      moderate dopamine depletion in the prefrontal cortex and an almost complete
      cortical serotonin depletion, and resulted in transient hyperactivity in the open
      field at postnatal day 25. More extensive VTA lesions produced an almost complete
      depletion of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex, but also affected the
      dopaminergic innervation of the nucleus accumbens, and resulted in a permanent
      hypoactivity in locomotor and exploratory behaviour in the open field. The
      effects of neonatal lesions of the mesolimbocortical projection are quite
      different from those made in adulthood. These results indicate in addition that,
      apart from the dopamine/noradrenaline balance, the serotonin/dopamine
      interactions in the frontal cortex may also be of importance in regulating open
      field activity.

PMID- 2923657
TI  - Effects of excitotoxic lesions of the substantia innominata, ventral and dorsal
      globus pallidus on visual discrimination acquisition, performance and reversal in
      the rat.
AB  - Rats received infusions of ibotenic acid into the substantia innominata, in the
      region of the nucleus basalis of Meynert (nbM), before and after training on
      simple (simultaneous) and conditional visual discriminations. The ibotenate
      infusions reduced cortical choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) levels by about 20%,
      destroyed many ChAT-immunoreactive neurons in the nbM, but also caused the loss
      of many neurons in the substantia innominata and adjacent areas. These lesions
      did not impair the acquisition and performance of a simple visual discrimination,
      but did impair reversal of the discrimination and the performance of a
      conditional visual discrimination. However, the degree of impairment was
      unrelated to the degree of cortical ChAT loss. Ibotenic acid lesions to the
      dorsal globus pallidus also impaired reversal of discrimination but left
      acquisition and performance unaffected. Striatal dopamine depletion produced by 6
      hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) infusions into the mid-ventral caudate nucleus impaired
      performance of the simultaneous visual discrimination. Cortical noradrenaline
      depletion produced by 6-OHDA lesions of the dorsal noradrenergic bundle either
      alone or in combination with ibotenic acid lesions of the substantia innominata
      had no effect on acquisition of the discrimination. It is concluded that ibotenic
      acid lesions of the substantia innominata or to the dorsal globus pallidus affect
      learning and performance of conditional visual discrimination performance and
      impair reversal learning without affecting the capacity to discriminate visual
      events. These results are compared to those following cortical noradrenaline
      depletion or striatal dopamine loss.

PMID- 2923658
TI  - Selective fimbria lesions impair acquisition of working and reference memory of
      rats in a complex spatial discrimination task.
AB  - It has been reported that transections of the fimbria-fornix or lesions of the
      hippocampus selectively impair spatial working memory. Disruptive effects of
      these lesions on reference memory performance, however, have also been reported.
      We studied the effects of selective fimbria lesions on the acquisition of a
      complex spatial discrimination in the cone field. The cone field task is a place
      learning task that permits the simultaneous assessment of working and reference
      memory performance. Reproducible bilateral stereotaxic lesions were made by knife
      cuts parallel to the midline. Sham lesions consisted of similar knife-cuts that
      were restricted to the overlying tissue. The rats were randomly started from 1 of
      4 positions in order to prevent the development of a fixed food search pattern.
      On both memory components, fimbria-lesioned rats made about twice as many errors
      as the sham-lesioned and intact subjects, even after extensive training.
      Transection of the fimbria caused pronounced cholinergic denervation,
      predominantly at the more ventral part of the hippocampus, as indicated by
      reduced acetylcholinesterase histochemistry. Our results suggest a major role of
      the cholinergic innervation of the ventral hippocampus in spatial discrimination.

PMID- 2923659
TI  - In vivo modulation of septo-hippocampal cholinergic activity in mice:
      relationships with spatial reference and working memory performance.
AB  - Dopaminergic afferents to the septum mediate a tonic and trans-synaptic
      inhibitory control on the cholinergic neurones of the septo-hippocampal pathway.
      Lesion of these afferents using 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) results in a chronic
      and specific increase of hippocampal cholinergic activity in mice. The
      consequence of this in vivo modulation of hippocampal cholinergic activity on the
      acquisition of both a spatial discrimination and a working memory (delayed non
      matching to place) task in an 8-arm radial maze by C57BL/6 mice were
      investigated. Combined neurochemical and behavioural analyses revealed
      significant correlations between hippocampal sodium-dependent high-affinity
      choline uptake activation induced by testing and performance measures. In the
      first experiment 6-OHDA-treated mice compared to control and vehicle-injected
      mice showed a transient (day 2) but significant facilitation of their spatial
      discrimination performance which appears to be better related to the working but
      not to the reference memory component of the task. This hypothesis is
      strengthened by the results of the second experiment which shows an amelioration
      of working memory performance when the septo-hippocampal cholinergic pathway is
      specifically activated in vivo.

PMID- 2923660
TI  - Effects of hippocampal manipulations on the classically conditioned nictitating
      membrane response: simulations by an attentional-associative model.
AB  - The effects of various hippocampal manipulations on the classically conditioned
      nictitating membrane (NM) response were simulated by a real-time attentional
      associative model. The model incorporates: (a) a mechanism capable of
      establishing associations between conditioned (CS) and unconditioned stimuli (US)
      and between two CSs, (b) a mechanism that combines CS-CS and CS-US associations
      and builds 'computational cognitive maps', (c) an attentional rule that 'tunes
      in' relevant CSs and 'tunes out' irrelevant CSs, (d) performance rules that
      convert learning variables into topography of the rabbit NM response, and (e)
      rules that convert learning variables into neuronal firing. The present study
      explored three hypotheses regarding hippocampal function: (a) hippocampal lesions
      (HL) impair the 'tuning out' of irrelevant stimuli, (b) hippocampal stimulation
      (HS) and hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) facilitate the 'tuning in' of
      relevant stimuli, and (c) hippocampal unit activity is proportional to the
      instantaneous value of associative variables that participate in the 'tuning'
      mechanisms. Computer simulations for the HL case were carried out for
      conditioning under different interstimulus intervals (ISI) with different types
      of US, discrimination reversal, and sensory preconditioning. Computer simulations
      for the HS and LTP case were carried out for acquisition of delay conditioning
      and of classical discrimination. In addition, simulations of hippocampal unit
      activity during acquisition and extinction are presented. Under the 'tuning out'
      hypothesis for the HL case, the model proved capable of simulating a large
      portion of the experimental data, showing discrepancies with relevant literature
      only when describing HL effects on trace conditioning with shock US under short
      and long ISIs, trace conditioning with air puff US under long ISIs,
      discrimination reversal and sensory preconditioning. Under the 'tuning in'
      hypothesis regarding the HS and LTP case, the model proved capable of simulating
      acquisition of delay conditioning but not acquisition of classical
      discrimination. Under the assumption that neuronal activity is proportional to
      the instantaneous value of associative variables, the model is able to simulate
      hippocampal unit activity.

PMID- 2923661
TI  - The acquisition of visual and auditory discriminations in male and female Wistar
      rats.
AB  - Different groups of male and female Wistar rats were trained to discriminate
      between visual or auditory stimuli in a discrete-trial experimental procedure.
      Presentation of one of the two visual stimuli or one of the two auditory stimuli
      was immediately followed by a 5-s presentation of the two levers. A press on the
      left lever was followed by food if one stimulus had been presented, while food
      was presented following a press on the right lever if the other stimulus had been
      presented. Incorrect responses or failure to respond during level presentation
      was always followed by presentation of the same visual or auditory stimulus once
      the intertrial interval had again expired. This sequence was consistently
      repeated until a correct response occurred. Discrimination performance improved
      as training progressed. Acquisition of the visual and auditory discrimination did
      not differ between males and females, although males were more likely than
      females to respond effectively during repeated trials (those trials which were
      initially incorrectly completed or not completed at all). The results of the
      present experiment make it likely that behavioral differences between the sexes
      in other experimental procedures are not due to differences in sensory
      discrimination abilities.

PMID- 2923662
TI  - Electrical stimulation of lateral hypothalamic area and behavioural sequences in
      a lacertid lizard.
AB  - The observed transition frequencies of behaviour patterns were obtained for
      isolated lizards (Gallotia galloti), as well as those expected if the patterns
      were independent. The transitions differing significantly from random were
      calculated when: (1) the animals had an electrode in their lateral hypothalamic
      area (I); (2) they were electrically stimulated (S). The index O-E (O = observed
      transition frequency; E = expected one) was used to extract the statistical
      significance of the behaviour transitions. The Friedman and Wilcoxon tests, used
      to compare the relative transition frequencies between I, S and a first control
      (C) condition, showed that the main effects during the stimulation period were a
      decrease in the relative frequency of some transitions involving the climbing
      pattern and an increase in others including some exploration patterns.

PMID- 2923663
TI  - Modality specific type 2 theta production in the immobile rat.
AB  - The purpose of the present study was to compare the relative effectiveness of
      stimulation of different sensory modalities in eliciting Type 2 theta in the rat
      in the presence or absence of a ferret. Visual, auditory, and tactile stimuli
      were presented to rats in both conditions. Tactile stimulation produced more
      movement than either visual or auditory stimuli when the ferret was present. In
      both conditions, however, more Type 2 theta was observed in response to tactile
      or visual stimulation than to auditory stimulation. In the arousal condition,
      stimulation of tactile and auditory modalities resulted in significant increases
      in the amount of Type 2 theta produced. Input to the visual modality produced
      high levels of Type 2 theta production in both low- and high-arousal conditions.
      It is argued that Type 2 theta is not necessarily a precursor to movement but
      rather sensory processing while in a high state of arousal.

PMID- 2923664
TI  - Differences in cyclophosphamide-induced suppression of cricket predation in
      selectively bred strains of taste-aversion prone and resistant rats.
AB  - Cyclophosphamide-induced conditioned suppression of cricket predation was
      observed in taste-aversion-prone (TAP) but not in taste-aversion-resistant (TAR)
      rats. These TAP and TAR strains had been selectively bred for efficient or
      inefficient acquisition of cyclophosphamide-induced saccharin taste aversions
      (TAs). Equivalent preconditioning cricket predation was practiced by nonfasted
      subjects of both strains. TAR rats that ate crickets before a cyclophosphamide
      injection were thereafter voracious predators as were saline-injected and
      pseudoconditioning controls of both strains. However, conditioned TAP rats
      subsequently displayed a marked suppression of cricket predation. Predation can
      provide a deprivation-free and species-natural consummatory response for studies
      of strain differences in TA conditionability of TAP and TAR rats. In addition,
      the present results indicate that TAP and TAR strain differences in TA
      conditionability are not restricted to the saccharin solution that was the
      conditioned stimulus basis of prior strain development.

PMID- 2923665
TI  - Predictable and unpredictable shock stimulates gastric contractility and causes
      mucosal injury in rats.
AB  - The effects of tailshock on gastric contractility and lesions were investigated
      in rats exposed to 100 1-mA tailshocks while confined inside plastic tubes. A
      light preceded each shock in one group and was randomly presented with respect to
      shock in the other. Following the session, animals were given 3 hr of rest before
      being sacrificed. Contractility of the corpus of the stomach was measured by
      means of chronically implanted extraluminal force transducers. Contractility was
      measured in 10-min blocks and analyzed by computer. Lesions were quantified by
      inspection; quantitative histology was performed on corpus and antrum sections.
      Signaled (n = 13) and unsignaled (n = 17) shock stimulated high-amplitude gastric
      contractions in fasted rats, which continued for 2 hr after the shock session.
      Cumulative contractile activity (1.5-hr shock plus 2-hr rest) in shocked animals
      was twice that in restrained and unrestrained control animals (n = 19, p less
      than .05), and contractile activity had a 30%-40% greater average amplitude than
      after a meal. Compared with unrestrained controls, shocked rats had visibly more
      mucosal injury (2.2 +/- 0.5 mm2 vs. 0.1 +/- 0 mm2). Larger cumulative contractile
      activity was associated with a larger area of erosions (r = .36, p less than
      .05). Frequency and duration of contractions did not distinguish between shocked
      and unshocked groups. We conclude that in rats, signaled and unsignaled tailshock
      stimulates persistent, high-amplitude gastric contractions and is associated with
      injury of the mucosa of the stomach.

PMID- 2923666
TI  - Determinants of the nature of environmentally induced hypoalgesia.
AB  - Factors that determine whether naltrexone and pentobarbital anesthesia block the
      hypoalgesia produced by electric shock were investigated. The number of shocks
      delivered, the time since the last shock, and whether the subject is removed from
      the shock environment for testing were all found to be critical. One shock was
      followed by an initial hypoalgesia that was reversed by naltrexone but was not
      affected by pentobarbital. Moreover, this initial hypoalgesia was not eliminated
      by removing the subject from the shock apparatus. When testing was conducted in
      the shock context, this early hypoalgesia was followed by a hypoalgesia that was
      still reversed by naltrexone but differed from the early response in that it was
      eliminated by pentobarbital anesthesia. This second hypoalgesia did not occur
      when testing was conducted after removing the animal from the shock apparatus.
      Five shocks were also followed by two separable responses. Here the first
      response was also not reduced by pentobarbital, but it was not blocked by
      naltrexone. This initial response was also not prevented by removal from the
      shock context, but, again, the second response did not occur after removal. The
      pattern after 80 shocks was quite different. Here the hypoalgesic response did
      not appear to change in character across the 10 min of testing or with removal
      from the shock apparatus. The response persisted for 10 min in the shock context
      or after removal and was blocked by both naltrexone and pentobarbital throughout
      its entire duration. These results reconcile findings from different laboratories
      and bear on a number of theoretical models of stress-induced hypoalgesia.

PMID- 2923667
TI  - Dopamine and preparatory behavior: II. A neurochemical analysis.
AB  - Changes in the activity of dopamine-containing systems in relation to preparatory
      and consummatory feeding responses were investigated. In Experiment 1 rats were
      conditioned to associate food delivery with the presentation of a conditional
      stimulus (CS+). When sacrificed after exposure to the CS+ alone on a test trial,
      the ratio of the dopamine metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid to dopamine
      (DOPAC/DA ratio) was increased significantly in the nucleus accumbens. A similar
      trend in the ratio of homovanillic acid to dopamine (HVA/DA ratio) was also
      observed. Similar increases were observed in the striatum, but these were not
      statistically significant. In contrast, no increases were observed in the
      DOPAC/DA ratio or the HVA/DA ratio in either brain region when rats were
      permitted to consume an unsignaled meal for 7 min. These findings suggest that
      activation of dopamine terminals in the nucleus accumbens occurs during the
      anticipation of a meal, at which times the rat is engaged in preparatory feeding
      behaviors, but does not accompany the performance of short bouts of consummatory
      feeding behavior.

PMID- 2923668
TI  - Multisensory deficits in rats produced by acute exposure to cold swim stress.
AB  - Cold swim stress and morphine administration produce analgesia. Whether this was
      accompanied by changes in other senses was investigated. Analgesia was assessed
      with a tail-flick test; the sensitivity of the other senses was assessed using
      the ability of mild sensory stimuli (prestimuli) to inhibit the amplitude of a
      subsequently elicited acoustic startle response. In Experiment 1, auditory
      prestimuli were used. In Experiment 2, visual prestimuli were used. In each
      experiment, rats were exposed to cold-water swims followed by behavioral testing,
      warm swims followed by testing, and testing alone. This was repeated,
      substituting morphine injections followed by testing, vehicle injections followed
      by testing, or testing alone. Both cold swim stress and morphine produced
      reliable analgesia. Only cold swim stress interfered with the ability of the
      stimuli to inhibit startle. This reflects decreased sensitivity to auditory and
      visual stimulation caused by cold swim stress, which suggests that the resultant
      sensory deficits are more global than is currently believed.

PMID- 2923669
TI  - Effect of restricted cortical lesions on absolute thresholds and aphasia-like
      deficits in Japanese macaques.
AB  - The effect of small bilateral cortical lesions on pure-tone audiograms and on the
      ability to discriminate between two types of Japanese macaque coo vocalizations
      was determined in four Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata). A lesion that included
      the middle portion of the superior temporal gyrus of both hemispheres, that is,
      the primary and secondary auditory areas, resulted in a partial hearing loss as
      well as an inability to discriminate the vocalizations. Lesions that included the
      ventral portions of the superior temporal gyrus of both hemispheres but spared
      auditory cortex on one side also resulted in a partial hearing loss but had
      either a small effect or no effect on the ability to discriminate the
      vocalizations. Bilateral ablation of the dorsal superior temporal gyrus and
      adjacent parietal and occipital areas did not appear to result in a hearing loss
      and had no effect on the ability to discriminate the vocalizations. These results
      suggest that a hearing loss may be produced by lesions that involve small
      portions of the ventral two-thirds of the superior temporal gyrus bilaterally
      although the resulting loss is not as great as that observed with larger lesions.
      However, the aphasia-like deficit appears to result from a lesion of primary
      and/or secondary auditory cortex.

PMID- 2923670
TI  - Behavioral spectral sensitivities of different retinal areas in pigeons.
AB  - The spectral sensitivity of the red and the yellow retinal fields of head-fixed
      pigeons was separately measured for wavelengths between 340 and 640 nm by a
      behavioral perimetric technique. Within this spectral range the mean spectral
      sensitivity of both fields was found to be maximal at 584 nm and minimal at the
      lower ultraviolet wavelengths. Differences in sensitivity were found, however, at
      shorter wavelengths, with the yellow field being more sensitive than the red at
      wavelengths below 500 nm and especially in the ultraviolet spectral range. These
      sensitivity differences are discussed in relation to other functional differences
      between the pigeon's retinal fields.

PMID- 2923671
TI  - A role for the medial region of the amygdala in mineralocorticoid-induced salt
      hunger.
AB  - Damage to the medial region of the amygdala abolished aldosterone-induced salt
      hunger in the rat. In contrast, the salt hungers that are induced by
      adrenalectomy or by acute sodium depletion are left intact by the same brain
      damage. We suggest (a) that we have identified part of the neural circuit by
      which aldosterone participates in the genesis of salt hunger in the intact,
      sodium-depleted rat and (b) that these results provide further evidence for the
      hypothesis that there are separate receptive systems in the brain for the
      participation of aldosterone and angiotensin in the arousal of salt hunger.

PMID- 2923672
TI  - Prior episodes of sodium depletion increase the need-free sodium intake of the
      rat.
AB  - Prior episodes of sodium depletion increase the daily 3% NaCl intake of rats.
      They ingest large volumes and continue to do so for as long as 3 months after
      recovery from sodium deficit while eating sodium-rich food and while plasma
      sodium concentration and renal function are normal. The increased daily intake of
      sodium is, therefore, need-free. There is a marked sex difference in the need
      free intake of 3% NaCl. Female rats drink more salt than do male rats when they
      are sodium replete and depletion naive. Repeated depletions raise the need-free
      intakes of both sexes but the effect is greater in females. Plasma concentrations
      of angiotensin II and aldosterone, which are markedly elevated by each episode of
      sodium depletion, return to basal levels between and after depletions, and are
      not the cause of the chronically increased need-free salt intake of the multi
      depleted rat. These results suggest that the persistent increase in daily 3% NaCl
      intake that occurs in the rat with a history of repeated sodium depletions is a
      permanent, nonpathological increase in avidity for the taste of salty substances
      that results in life-long overconsumption of salt.

PMID- 2923673
TI  - Inhibition by diazepam of the effect of additional training and of extinction on
      the retention of shuttle avoidance behavior in rats.
AB  - Rats were submitted to a training and a test session in a shuttle avoidance task.
      In some groups, a second training session was interpolated 2 or 24 hr after the
      first session. In others, a session of extinction was interpolated 2 or 24 hr
      after the training session. When the interpolated task was 2 hr after training,
      training-test interval was 24 hr. When the interpolated task was 24 hr after
      training, training-test interval was 48 hr. The additional training enhanced, and
      the extinction depressed, retention test performance. Diazepam, given 30 min
      prior to the first (or only) training session enhanced the performance of
      avoidance responses in that session but inhibited it in the subsequent retention
      test. Diazepam given 90 min after training had no effect on retention. Diazepam
      given 30 min prior to either the additional training session or the extinction
      session did not affect performance in that session but cancelled their effects on
      retention test performance. The effects are related to the previously described
      prevention by diazepam of interfering effects on memory.

PMID- 2923674
TI  - Stimulation of the lateral septum is a more effective conditioned stimulus than
      stimulation of the medial septum during classical conditioning of the eye-blink
      response.
AB  - Eight rabbits were trained in the classically conditioned eye-blink response
      procedure using stimulation of the septal nuclei as the conditioned stimulus
      (CS). Each rabbit was trained with both medial septal stimulation and lateral
      septal stimulation. Stimulation of the medial septum was a far less effective CS
      than stimulation of the lateral septum. This effect may be due to the different
      roles of these two nuclei in classical conditioning. Conditioning using lateral
      septal stimulation as a CS is dependent on the cerebellar interpositus nucleus as
      is conditioning using peripheral and other brain stimulation CSs.

PMID- 2923675
TI  - Influence of the mesocortical dopaminergic system on activity, food hoarding,
      social-agonistic behavior, and spatial delayed alternation in male rats.
AB  - In order to assess the behavioral role of the dopaminergic mesocortical input to
      the prefrontal cortex, bilateral lesions were made in the ventral tegmental area
      (VTA). The possibility of a functional recovery by the administration of a
      dopamine agonist was examined. General activity, food hoarding, social-agonistic
      behavior, and spatial delayed alternation performance were recorded in rats with
      VTA lesions and in sham-operated animals. In the open field animals with VTA
      lesions were more active but showed less anxiety. Food hoarding was impaired. In
      dyadic interactions with sham-operated opponents, VTA rats were socially more
      active, whereas sham operates performed more keeping down and aggressive
      grooming. This behavioral deficit was partially recovered when apomorphine was
      administered prior to testing. VTA animals were impaired in the performance of a
      spatial delayed alternation task with an intertrial interval of 15 s, whereas no
      impairment was found with a 0-s intertrial interval. The theoretical implications
      of these findings are discussed.

PMID- 2923676
TI  - Antidromically identified striatonigral projection neurons in the chronically
      implanted behaving rat: relations of cell firing to amphetamine-induced
      behaviors.
AB  - The effects of systematically administered amphetamine (0.25-5.0 mg/kg, sc) on
      neostriatal neurons recorded in chronically implanted behaving rats were studied.
      Projection neurons, identified by antidromic activation from the substantia
      nigra, fired very infrequently during most predrug behaviors (e.g., median rate,
      0.02 spikes per second during locomotion; 17 of 18 fired less than 1 spike per
      second during all rated behaviors). Nonantidromic cells also tended to fire
      slowly (median rate, 0.02 spikes per second during locomotion; 20 of 24 cells
      fired less than 1 spike per second). Cells of both type showed up to 10-fold
      variations in firing rate across behaviors. For most neurons, amphetamine caused
      a reduction in the firing rate during related pre- and postdrug behaviors. For
      instance, the firing rate of 28 of 42 neurons was reduced during the initial
      amphetamine-induced locomotion as compared with the rate during predrug
      locomotion. Moreover, with the higher doses of amphetamine, there was a further
      reduction in firing rate corresponding to the transition from locomotion to
      stereotypies. In contrast to previous studies, which suggest that amphetamine
      generally increases neostriatal firing rate in behaving animals, these results
      suggest that amphetamine inhibits the numerous slowly firing neostriatal neurons,
      many of which were identified as projection neurons. Thus amphetamine alters the
      magnitude and pattern of neostriatal control of its neural targets.

PMID- 2923677
TI  - Brain transplants enhance rather than reduce the impairment of spatial memory and
      olfaction in bulbectomized rats.
AB  - The possibility to compensate the loss of olfactory and non-olfactory functions
      due to removal of the olfactory bulb by embryonal brain grafts was investigated
      in adult rats. Spatial working memory was examined in an 8-arm radial water maze
      task 6 weeks after bulbectomy. During 15 daily trials, performance gradually
      improved in bulbectomized controls (n = 10) and in rats with olfactory bulb
      transplants (n = 9), but did not attain that of intact controls (n = 10). No
      improvement was observed in the rats with substantia nigra grafts (n = 8). Eleven
      weeks after bulbectomy, the same rats were tested in the water tank navigation
      task. The performance improved during ten 12-trial sessions in bulbectomized rats
      less than in intact controls, but more than in the transplanted rats. The
      olfactory food retrieval test performed 14 weeks after bulbectomy revealed almost
      full recovery of smell in bulbectomized rats, but not in the transplanted
      animals. It is concluded that the spatial memory deficit is probably due to
      bulbectomy-induced interference with septohippocampal function which is not
      alleviated, but rather enhanced by transplantation. The results suggest that the
      effect of brain grafting is not always beneficial.

PMID- 2923678
TI  - Water deprivation optimizes hippocampal activity and facilitates nictitating
      membrane conditioning.
AB  - The effects of water deprivation on hippocampal responsiveness and behavior
      during nictitating membrane (NM) conditioning were assessed in 12 New Zealand
      White rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). The results showed that water deprivation
      produced a significant shift in electroencephalographic (EEG) frequencies such
      that deprived rabbits had a higher proportion of 2-8 Hz activity than did ad-lib
      controls. In subsequent NM training, the rabbits took significantly fewer trials
      to reach criterion (M = 66 vs. M = 117). A correlation coefficient quantitatively
      describing the relation between pretraining EEG patterns and subsequent learning
      rate was highly significant (r = .84). Multiple-unit analyses indicated that
      deprivation enhanced hippocampal responsiveness to the conditioning stimuli,
      especially early in training. It was concluded that the hippocampus is responsive
      to motivational level and that one role of the hippocampus is in the
      nonassociative, modulatory processes that affect the rate of conditioning.

PMID- 2923679
TI  - Impaired learning of classically conditioned bradycardia in rats following fourth
      ventricle administration of D-Ala2-methionine-enkephalinamide.
AB  - Prior to differential classical conditioning on two successive days, three groups
      of rats received an infusion (10 micrograms) of either the opioid peptide D
      alanine2-methionine-enkephalinamide (DALA), DALA plus naltrexone (5 micrograms),
      or saline into the rostral region of the fourth ventricle. A fourth group, which
      served as a control to help localize DALA's site of action, received an infusion
      of DALA (10 micrograms) into the brain stem area on the floor of the ventricle.
      The group given DALA alone in the ventricle showed no evidence of a heart rate
      conditioned response (CR) either during conditioning or during a nondrug test
      session given 2 days after conditioning. Interference with the CR by DALA was
      reversed by the concomitant infusion of naltrexone. The control group given DALA
      in the brain stem developed a normal CR. It was suggested that DALA-induced
      opioid-receptor activity in the region of the periaqueductal/periventricular gray
      or locus coeruleus region of the ventricle may have prevented the learning of a
      CR. This could have occurred through a blunting of the emotional aftereffects of
      the unconditioned stimulus or through interference with projection pathways to
      other areas.

PMID- 2923680
TI  - Retrospective and prospective coding of information: dissociation of parietal
      cortex and hippocampal formation.
AB  - Animals with sham operations, hippocampal formation, or small and large parietal
      cortex lesions were trained in a task that required memory for short or long
      lists of items (spatial locations). More specifically, on any one trial, a rat is
      presented with 2, 4, 6, 8, or 10 items (spatial locations) on a 12-arm radial
      maze followed 15 min later by a win-shift test that required the animal to choose
      between a place previously visited and a novel place. Sham-operated animals
      showed an increase in errors as a function of set size (2 to 8 items) followed by
      a decrease in errors with a set size of 10 items, suggesting the use of both
      retrospective and prospective memory codes. In contrast, animals with hippocampal
      formation lesions made errors for all set sizes, reflecting an inability to use a
      retrospective and prospective memory code. The failure to use a prospective code
      is probably a function of the inability to use a retrospective code (i.e., the
      animal needs to remember first what has occurred before it can determine what
      information lies ahead). Animals with small or large parietal cortex lesions made
      most of their errors for the longest list length, reflecting an inability to
      shift from a retrospective to prospective memory code. This dissociation between
      the hippocampal formation and parietal cortex might reflect mediation of
      different memory operations. The hippocampal formation might mediate new incoming
      information (data-based memory processing) and thus accentuate the importance of
      a retrospective memory code. The parietal cortex might mediate existing knowledge
      (expectancy-based memory processing) and thus facilitate the utilization of a
      prospective memory code.

PMID- 2923681
TI  - Differential ontogeny of working memory and reference memory in the rat.
AB  - In two experiments we examined the ability of 15-, 21-, and 27-day-old rats to
      perform two spatial working memory problems (delayed alternation and discrete
      trials delayed alternation) and a reference memory problem (position habit) in a
      T-maze. In the delayed alternation problem, each animal was presented with a
      series of free-choice trials and was rewarded for regularly alternating responses
      to the left and right arms of the T-maze. In the discrete-trials delayed
      alternation problem, each animal was forced to one maze arm and rewarded (forced
      run) and was then placed back into the start box and given a choice of arms
      (choice run). The direction of forced runs followed an irregular, counterbalanced
      series, and animals were rewarded for choosing the alternate maze arm on choice
      runs. In the position habit problem, animals were rewarded for consistently
      choosing one of the two arms of the T-maze. Performance on these problems was
      assessed relative to control conditions in which reward was not contingent on
      choice behavior. At all ages, rat pups learned to perform the delayed alternation
      and position habit problems (Experiment 1). However, only 21- and 27-day-old rats
      were able to learn the discrete-trials delayed alternation problem. The 15-day
      olds were unable to learn this task (Experiment 2). The results of these
      experiments show that reference memory capacity is present by at least 15 days of
      age in the rat and does not develop further at later ages.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2923682
TI  - Biological waste treatment.

PMID- 2923683
TI  - Symposium. Blood pressure mechanisms and the sympathetic nervous system. June 20,
      1988, New York. Proceedings.

PMID- 2923684
TI  - Tobaccoism in America. Twenty-five years of progress.

PMID- 2923685
TI  - Surgical considerations in the open rhinoplasty approach to closure of septal
      perforations.
AB  - Repair of nasoseptal perforations is a difficult problem for the
      otolaryngologist. Recently, there has been an increased incidence among patients,
      particularly with the rise in cocaine abuse and trauma. The variety of proposed
      methods of repair points to the lack of a definitive solution for successful
      surgical treatment of nasoseptal perforations. Successful septal perforation
      repairs using an open rhinoplasty approach with bipedicled mucoperichondrial
      flaps and temporal fascia grafts were achieved in eight of nine patients in a
      series. Resident otolaryngologists in training were the primary surgeons in all
      nine patients. The open rhinoplasty approach affords better exposure to the
      septal perforation than does a closed technique, and it facilitates the elevation
      of mucoperichondrial flaps on all sides of the perforation. This method also
      allows the surgeon access to perform a limited concurrent rhinoplasty when
      indicated. The open rhinoplasty approach is ideally suited for teaching the
      technique of large septal perforation closure in surgical training programs. The
      surgical considerations in using this method are discussed.

PMID- 2923686
TI  - Posterior nasal packing. Are intravenous antibiotics really necessary?
AB  - The use of antimicrobial prophylaxis in the presence of posterior nasal packing
      for the treatment of posterior epistaxis remains controversial. Twenty patients
      were prospectively randomized into this placebo-controlled, double-masked pilot
      study to receive either placebo or cefazolin sodium. Antibiotic-impregnated
      posterior gauze packing was employed in all patients. No infectious complications
      were noted in either group. The packings from the patients in the placebo group
      were foul smelling and heavily colonized with gram-negative bacteria while the
      packings from the antibiotic group were odor-free and lightly colonized with gram
      positive organisms. This preliminary study suggests the usefulness of
      antimicrobial prophylaxis for preventing complications from posterior nasal
      packing, although a larger sample size will be needed to decrease the type II
      (beta) error.

PMID- 2923687
TI  - The cause of nasal sinusitis in patients with cleft palate.
AB  - To determine the reason for the high incidence of nasal sinusitis in patients
      with cleft palate, the type of cleft, degree of nasal septal deviation,
      velopharyngeal function, and presence of pharyngeal flap were investigated in
      relation to nasal sinusitis. We also examined the relationship between the side
      of sinusitis and the cleft side in patients with unilateral cleft palate.
      Development of maxillary sinus, nasal mucociliary transport, and ciliary beating
      frequency of ciliated cells were also examined. The saccharin test indicated that
      nasal mucociliary transport was impaired. This impairment is believed to be one
      of the reasons for the high incidence of sinusitis in patients with cleft palate.

PMID- 2923688
TI  - Auditory brain-stem responses in children with previous otitis media.
AB  - The auditory brain-stem responses (ABRs) of 18 children who received tympanostomy
      tubes due to well-documented history of otitis media with effusion (OME) were
      compared with a matched control group with little or no history of effusion. The
      subjects in the OME group had significantly longer ABR latencies for waves III
      and V, with the most compelling delay for wave III and the III-I interwave
      interval. Although wave I prolongation in the OME group was not significant, the
      possible contribution of a peripheral effect on the latencies of waves III and V
      was investigated. The typical gender effect for the ABR latencies was unaltered
      in the OME group, and there was no group by gender interaction. We suggest that
      although the data support increased ABR latencies for children with a history of
      OME, they do not establish a causal relationship.

PMID- 2923689
TI  - Middle-latency responses. II. Variation among stimulation sites.
AB  - We investigated the relationship between thresholds of the electrically evoked
      auditory brain-stem response (EABR) and the electrically evoked middle-latency
      response (EMLR), and the variation in EMLR thresholds and dynamic ranges with
      site of stimulation. The EABRs and EMLRs were recorded in albino guinea pigs in
      response to electrical stimulation at the round window, promontory, scala
      tympani, and modiolus. The EABR and EMLR thresholds were similar. There was no
      significant difference between thresholds for round-window and scala tympani
      stimulation. Amplitude/intensity functions for the EMLR differed with site of
      stimulation. The EMLR seems to be comparable with the EABR for assessing the
      electrical excitability of the auditory pathway with less electrical artifact
      contamination. In this respect, round-window and scala tympani stimulation sites
      are equally efficacious.

PMID- 2923690
TI  - Rheologic studies on middle ear effusions and their mucus glycoproteins.
AB  - The properties of pooled thick and thin middle ear effusions, from children with
      otitis media with effusion, were studied by viscometry. Mucus glycoproteins were
      responsible for effusion viscosity. Their percentage by weight in thick and thin
      effusions was 25% and 8.2%, respectively. N-acetylcysteine and 0.2 mol/L of
      mercaptoethanol caused a 39% viscosity drop in a 5-mg/mL glycoprotein solution,
      whereas S-carboxymethylcysteine had no effect. Treatment of thick effusions with
      0.2 mol/L of mercaptoethanol initially caused a viscosity decrease followed by a
      gradual increase. Higher reducing agent concentrations (0.5 mol/L) caused a more
      rapid decrease followed by a rapid increase, presumably by causing nonspecific
      aggregation of reduced protein molecules. These results suggest that the
      concentration of and the time that a mucolytic is in the middle ear would be of
      prime importance in achieving the desired decrease in viscosity.

PMID- 2923691
TI  - Internal derangements of the temporomandibular joint. Pathological variations.
AB  - A retrospective analysis of 540 operated cases (740 joints) of internal
      derangements of the temporomandibular joint was carried out. Observations of this
      patient population provided the basis for describing pathological variations of
      internal derangements. Radiologic studies, including tomograms and arthrograms or
      magnetic resonance scans, and surgical/pathological findings were correlated with
      clinical data in each case. It was found that clinical manifestations varied in a
      characteristic way and were directly related to the degree of pathological change
      and time course. Various stages of internal derangements were identified.
      Pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for the observed changes, as well as
      clinical signs and symptoms and causal factors, were discussed. Internal
      derangements are organic lesions that appear to be progressive and are probably
      of traumatic origin. The view is given that internal derangements represent the
      basic pathological entity responsible for clinical manifestations of what has
      been known as the temporomandibular joint pain-dysfunction syndrome or similarly
      described conditions. Effective clinical management takes on new importance
      because progression to advanced degenerative states may occur.

PMID- 2923692
TI  - Simple mucodermal tracheoesophageal shunt method for voice restoration.
AB  - A newly devised simple primary tracheoesophageal shunt method, involving a
      mucodermal tunnel, was performed on 14 patients. Aspiration was prevented by
      percutaneous digital pressure on the shunt, with silicone or collagen injection
      around it, or the use of a voice prosthesis. The overall success rate was 79%
      (11/14). This method was an easy one-stage procedure that could be performed in
      about 15 minutes.

PMID- 2923693
TI  - Mandibulotomy in the irradiated patient.
AB  - Though the "mandibular swing," as an approach to certain upper aerodigestive
      tract malignancies, has been gaining popularity in recent years, there has been
      little reported as to the feasibility of this procedure in subjects who have
      received radical preoperative radiotherapy. We have recently reported the results
      of 23 such patients, and we now present an update. The results presented are of a
      retrospective analysis of 44 patients, 50% of whom received radical preoperative
      radiotherapy to fields including the osteotomy site. As in the previous study,
      there were no statistically significant differences between the complication
      rates in the irradiated and nonirradiated patient populations. All the patients
      were orally rehabilitated.

PMID- 2923694
TI  - Effect of albumin-bound furosemide on the endocochlear potential of the
      chinchilla. Alleviation of furosemide-induced ototoxicity.
AB  - The effects of albumin-unbound furosemide and albumin-bound furosemide on the
      cochlear function were compared by the continuous observation of the endocochlear
      potential (EP) in the chinchilla using the microelectrode method. The EP
      depression following the intravenous injection of 50 mg/kg of furosemide was
      108.5 +/- 2.7 mV, while the addition of 1.0 and 1.3 g/kg of albumin induced the
      EP depression to be 35.0 +/- 4.8 and 8.1 +/- 1.9 mV, respectively, and both
      prolonged the time to attain the minimum EP. However, there was no difference in
      the recovery time of the EP between the two groups. The results indicate that
      access to the site of furosemide action in the cochlea is dependent on the
      unbound fraction of furosemide and that the albumin-bound furosemide alleviates
      the EP depression induced by furosemide alone with the augmentation of diuresis.

PMID- 2923695
TI  - Kawasaki disease and cervical adenopathy.
AB  - Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute illness of unknown cause that affects infants
      and children. The diagnosis is confirmed in patients with prolonged fever and
      four of the following clinical features: (1) nonexudative conjunctivitis; (2)
      oral cavity changes; (3) rash; (4) extremity changes; and (5) cervical
      adenopathy. Complications of KD include coronary artery aneurysms, which may lead
      to myocardial infarction, chronic coronary insufficiency, or death. We describe a
      series of 83 patients with KD in whom 43 (52%) of 83 developed cervical
      adenopathy during their acute illness. Eighteen (42%) of these 43 patients were
      initially misdiagnosed as having cervical adenitis and were treated with
      antibiotics. The otolaryngologist may see these patients in referral and should
      consider the diagnosis of KD in patients with cervical adenopathy, prolonged
      fever, signs of mucosal inflammation, or rash. Early diagnosis and intravenous
      treatment with high-dose gamma-globulin is effective in reducing the prevalence
      of coronary artery abnormalities.

PMID- 2923696
TI  - Aberrant carotid artery. Presentation in the near midline pharynx.
AB  - Three cases of an aberrant internal carotid artery presenting at or near the
      midline in the posterior part of the pharynx occurred. In all three cases, the
      anomalous finding was not correlated with the presenting symptoms of the patient.
      In two of the three cases intraoral pulsations were detected during initial
      examination. In the third case, pulsations were appreciated on reexamination
      after roentgenographic evaluation. Intraoral photographs, computed tomographic
      scan, magnetic resonance imaging, and arteriography of these findings are shown.
      A review of the literature and the embryology of the lateral pharyngeal carotid
      artery are presented along with the rare finding of the near midline carotid
      artery and the clinical implications of this anomaly.

PMID- 2923697
TI  - Pathologic quiz case 2. Adult rhabdomyoma.

PMID- 2923698
TI  - Pathologic quiz case 1. Cervicofacial actinomycosis.

PMID- 2923699
TI  - Microbiology of the tonsils and adenoids.

PMID- 2923700
TI  - Significant increases in urinary dolichol levels in bacterial infections,
      malignancies and pregnancy but not in other clinical conditions.
AB  - The effect of different clinical conditions on urinary dolichols was studied in
      219 hospital patients and in 24 pregnant women. Significantly increased urinary
      dolichol levels were found in patients with severe bacterial infections (mean +/-
      SEM, 37.5 +/- 8.0 micrograms/mmol creatinine, P less than 0.001), in patients
      with haematological or metastatic (23.3. +/- 5.1, P less than 0.05) as well as
      localised (15.4 +/- 1.8, P less than 0.01) malignancies and in pregnant women
      (22.2 +/- 1.8, P less than 0.001) as compared to healthy controls (6.6 +/- 0.4).
      These results show that urinary excretion of dolichols may be increased, not only
      in alcoholics and patients with some rare neurodegenerative storage diseases, but
      also in patients suffering from various other diseases.

PMID- 2923701
TI  - Social effects of a history of ischaemic heart disease.
AB  - The consequences of ischaemic heart disease include adverse personal and social
      effects as well as morbidity and mortality. This study describes these affects
      among people registered in a community-based study of all suspected heart
      attacks. Two groups were compared, those with and those without a previous
      history of ischaemic heart disease, using information about the subjects' lives
      before the event which caused them to be registered. Men with a history were more
      likely to be retired or permanently unable to work (64% compared with 47%).
      Despite some modification of risk factors, such as reductions of cigarette
      smoking, men (but not women) with a history were more likely to die from the
      registered event especially within one hour from onset of symptoms. These results
      emphasize the need for prevention of heart disease before it causes the effects
      and disabilities reported here.

PMID- 2923702
TI  - Dietary fats and platelet function among Finnish men.
AB  - The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of platelet aggregation as a risk
      factor for ischemic heart disease (IHD) and the relationship between fatty acids
      and platelet function. Platelet aggregation upon adenosine diphosphate (ADP),
      adrenaline and thrombin were measured in middle aged men in east and west, two
      regions of Finland with a nearly twofold difference in IHD mortality. Platelet
      aggregation results were correlated with the fatty acid compositions of plasma
      lipid fractions, adipose tissue triglycerides and platelet phospholipids. There
      was no significant east-west difference in platelet reactivity to ADP, adrenaline
      and thrombin. ADP-induced platelet aggregation showed significant negative
      correlations with all the platelet C20-C22 n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids
      (PUFA), but significant positive correlations with the percentage of 18:2n-6 in
      adipose tissue and plasma cholesterol esters (CE) and triglycerides (TG).
      Adrenaline-induced aggregation correlated negatively with the percentage of 20:5n
      3 in plasma CE and TG, and positively with the total percentage of saturated
      fatty acids in platelets. Aggregation upon thrombin had a negative correlation
      with the 20:3n-6/20: 4n-6 ratio in plasma CE and a positive correlation with
      18:2n-6 in adipose tissue. The percentages of the major PUFA in platelets
      correlated significantly with the same fatty acids in plasma CE and phospholipids
      PL. Platelet 20: 5n-3 had a highly significant negative correlation with the
      percentage of 18: 2n-6 in plasma and adipose tissue lipids. Platelet 20: 4n-6 was
      unrelated to its precursors in plasma.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2923703
TI  - Fatty acids, platelets and monocytes. Something to do with atherogenesis.
AB  - A remarkable variation in monocyte activation among individuals was observed when
      blood from different people was incubated with lipopolysaccharides. To elucidate
      this phenomenon, we studied intracellular signals associated with monocyte
      activation. This was done by measuring induced thromboplastin synthesis. An
      inhibitor of phospholipase A2 blocked the lipopolysaccharide induced synthesis of
      thromboplastin. Thus, release of arachidonic acid (20: 4) seemed to be necessary
      to activate the monocytes. Nordihydroguaiaretic acid, a lipoxygenase inhibitor,
      had no effect on the monocyte activation in subjects with a low response to
      lipopolysaccharides (low responders); this contrasted with nearly 80% inhibition
      in individuals with very sensitive cells (high responders). Taking aspirin raised
      monocyte activation by an average of 50%, this was caused by the effect of
      aspirin on the platelets. Platelets enhanced the lipopolysaccharide activation of
      monocytes 2-3 fold. The high response phenomenon was partially due to platelets.
      When platelets in the blood of high responders were substituted with platelets
      from low responders, the monocyte activation fell by up to 70%. Fatty acids
      seemed to play a central role in the activation of monocytes. Intake of cod liver
      resulted in significant reduction of induced thromboplastin synthesis. It is
      suggested that those who are high responders may be more susceptible to
      developing atherosclerosis.

PMID- 2923704
TI  - Effect of dietary lipids on platelet function and thrombosis.
AB  - In rats, diets rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids of the (n-6) and (n-3)
      families (P) reduce the tendency to arterial thrombosis, whereas diets containing
      long-chain saturated fatty acids (S) are prothrombotic. Monounsaturated fatty
      acids seem to have a neutral influence on arterial thrombus formation.
      Consequently, the P/S ratio is an important determinant of the thrombogenicity of
      a dietary fat, the effect of which is probably mediated by an influence on
      platelet aggregability. In man, the type of dietary fat also affects platelet
      aggregation. Methodological problems, however, have resulted in equivocal results
      from studies, especially with respect to diets enriched with fish oil. Therefore,
      more research is required with methods than can quantify thrombotic risk in a
      reliable way. Nevertheless, the available evidence already justifies an active
      policy to increase people's consumption of (poly)unsaturated fatty acids at the
      expense of long chain saturated fatty acids.

PMID- 2923705
TI  - Antioxidants and platelets.
AB  - It is postulated that antioxidants reduce platelet activity by the stimulation of
      prostacyclin synthetase by scavenging synthesis-inhibiting peroxides. The
      experimental and clinical evidence supporting this theory is inconclusive.
      Clinical trials suggest that vitamin E reduced platelet aggregability.
      Nonexperimentally, a strong association has been observed between low serum
      selenium concentration and increased platelet aggregability. These findings
      suggest that antioxidants have an important role in the regulation of platelet
      function.

PMID- 2923706
TI  - Removal of an intrauterine device and the treatment of acute pelvic inflammatory
      disease.
AB  - The effect of removing intrauterine devices on the resolution of acute pelvic
      inflammatory disease was retrospectively studied in 186 hospital inpatients. In
      105 patients the intrauterine device was left in place and in 81 it was removed
      on admission. The demographic and clinical findings in the two groups were
      similar. No differences were found between the two groups in their short-term
      response to treatment, except that when an intrauterine device was removed the
      time in hospital was more often prolonged.

PMID- 2923707
TI  - Attempted clinical application of a technique for promoting robust free recall to
      a case of alcoholic Korsakoff's syndrome.
AB  - A case study is reported which attempted to teach personal orienting information
      (i.e., recent history) to an amnesic male patient. The structured cuing methods
      reported by Kovner, Mattis, and Pass (1985, Journal of Clinical and Experimental
      Neuropsychology, 7, 395-411) were adopted. This involves structured presentation
      and cuing of target words embedded in a narrative. Some patients eventually are
      able to freely recall large amounts of material presented in this way. In the
      present case, the patient received 30 training sessions over 8 weeks. The
      material to be remembered was 10 target words pertaining to recent personal
      history. These words were embedded in accompanying storyline. The patient's
      immediate recall at the end of each session improved to some extent over the
      training period. However, delayed recall for the material remained nil
      throughout. Twelve months after the last training session the patient showed some
      "implicit" retention of the material. The findings are contrasted with Kovner et
      al.'s dramatic results and discussed.

PMID- 2923708
TI  - The role of the hemispheres in closed loop movements.
AB  - The purpose of these experiments was to determine if the two hemispheres play
      different roles in controlling closed loop movements. Subjects were asked to move
      to a narrow or wide target in the left or right hemispace. Reaction time (RT) was
      faster for the left arm of normals, only in the right hemispace, but there were
      no differences between arms in movement execution. Right but not left hemisphere
      stroke (CVA) patients showed longer RTs for the contralateral but not ipsilateral
      arm. The right CVA group's ipsilateral movement, especially to narrow targets was
      less accurate. The left CVA group's RT did not benefit from advanced information,
      but ipsilateral movement execution was normal. These results were discussed in
      terms of inter- as well as intrahemispheric control of programming and execution
      of closed loop movements.

PMID- 2923709
TI  - Unilateral nostril breathing influences lateralized cognitive performance.
AB  - Relative nostril efficiency (nasal cycle) is related to hemispheric EEG
      differences and performance on cognitive tasks. We investigated how unilateral
      forced nostril breathing influences spatial and verbal performance. Right-handed
      males and females performed both tasks under either left-nostril, right-nostril,
      or free-breathing conditions. Unilateral breathing affects performance
      differently in males and females. It influences male performance ipsilaterally on
      both tasks: Their spatial performance is better during right-nostril breathing,
      and their verbal performance is better during left-nostril breathing. Unilateral
      breathing influences female performance contralaterally, but only on the spatial
      task: Their spatial performance is better during left-nostril breathing. These
      differences within and between sexes may exist because unilateral nostril
      breathing differentially activates the two hemispheres and thereby facilitates
      performance, or because attempts of the brain to control the nasal cycle
      unilaterally interfere with performance.

PMID- 2923710
TI  - Memory deficits before and after temporal lobectomy: effect of laterality and age
      of onset.
AB  - Laterality and age of onset effects on semantic and figural memory were evaluated
      in 30 right-handed, left speech dominant (amobarbital test) patients with
      epilepsy before and after temporal lobectomy. There were no effects of focus on
      WAIS-R IQ scores. Early onset (less than or equal to 5 years) was associated with
      lower IQ and memory (WMS). Left Temporal (LT) patients showed worse semantic than
      figural memory preoperatively. Unexpectedly, early onset LT had marked
      postoperative decline of figural memory, whereas late onset LT patients showed
      the previously reported worsening of semantic memory. Right Temporal (RT)
      lobectomy patients, in contrast, improved in both semantic and figural memory
      regardless of age of onset. A "crowding effect" was suggested by the decline in
      figural memory following surgery in the early onset LT patients who remained
      stable or improved in semantic memory. Results indicate the need to incorporate
      age of onset of seizures into laterality models of memory function following
      unilateral temporal-hippocampal resection.

PMID- 2923711
TI  - Laterality effects in identification of caricatures and photographs of famous
      faces.
AB  - Recent evidence suggests that memory representations of familiar faces may
      exaggerate distinctive information as do caricatures (G. Rhodes, S. Brennan, & S.
      Carey, Cognitive Psychology, 1987). Therefore caricatures should be effective
      representations of faces and should yield a right hemisphere processing
      advantage, as do photographs of faces. Photographs and caricatures of famous
      faces were presented to the left visual (LVF), the right visual field (RVF), and
      centrally (CVF), in a name-face verification task. There was a LVF (right
      hemisphere) advantage for both caricatures and photographs on name-face
      mismatches but no VF difference for matches. These results were true for both
      accuracy and reaction time. Processing strategy differences that may account for
      the difference between matches and mismatches are discussed. Performance was
      generally better for photographs than for caricatures, irrespective of visual
      field condition.

PMID- 2923712
TI  - Performance in free recall following rupture and repair of intracranial aneurysm.
AB  - There have been many reports of global memory disorder following rupture and
      repair of intracranial aneurysms. These reports suggest a more anterior basis for
      the amnesic syndrome than the various sites in the diencephalon and the temporal
      lobe that have so far been implicated. Patients from a consecutive series of 76
      cases of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage demonstrated a moderate deficit in
      free recall, but aneurysms at different sites within the cerebrovascular system
      did not produce significantly different degrees of impairment. The results are
      consistent with the idea that aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage gives rise to
      diffuse cerebral damage, and do not necessitate any revision of conventionally
      accepted accounts of the neuropathology of amnesic conditions.

PMID- 2923713
TI  - Recognition of affective and noncanonical linguistic facial expressions in
      hearing and deaf subjects.
AB  - This study explores the use of two types of facial expressions, linguistic and
      affective, in a lateralized recognition accuracy test with hearing and deaf
      subjects. The linguistic expressions represent unfamiliar facial expression for
      the hearing subjects whereas they serve as meaningful linguistic emblems for deaf
      signers. Hearing subjects showed left visual field advantages for both types of
      signals while deaf subjects' visual field asymmetries were greatly influenced by
      the order of presentation. The results suggest that for hearing persons, the
      right hemisphere may predominate in the recognition of all forms of facial
      expression. For deaf signers, hemispheric specialization for the processing of
      facial signals may be influenced by the differences these signals serve in this
      population. The use of noncanonical facial signals in laterality paradigms is
      encouraged as it provides an additional avenue of exploration into the underlying
      determinants of hemispheric specialization for recognition of facial expression.

PMID- 2923714
TI  - Intrahemispheric sex differences in the functional representation of language and
      praxic functions in normal individuals.
AB  - Kimura (1980, The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3, 240-241; 1983, Canadian
      Journal of Psychology, 37, 19-35; 1987, Canadian Psychology, 28, 133-147)
      recently proposed that there are intrahemispheric sex differences in the
      organization of particular language and praxic functions such that in females
      these functions are more focally represented. This hypothesis, as well as
      supporting data, was derived from research with brain-injured subjects. The
      purpose of the present study was to test the utility of using dual-task
      methodology for investigating sex-related variation in intrahemispheric
      functional organization in normal individuals. Women were found to show greater
      interference than men on concurrent tasks of language and right-hand finger
      tapping. In support of Kimura's model, the present findings yielded evidence
      suggestive of intrahemispheric sex differences in the "functional distance"
      between language and praxic functions within the left hemisphere of normal
      individuals.

PMID- 2923715
TI  - Neuropsychological functioning in hemiparkinsonism.
AB  - A standardized neuropsychological battery including measures of intellectual
      cognitive, memory, attention-concentration, language, abstraction and mental
      flexibility, and sensory and motor functions was administered to 21
      hemiparkinsonian patients (14 with right side and 7 with left side symptoms) and
      17 controls matched for age and education. Patients were impaired in all
      functions except sensory. For motor functions, impairment was ipsilateral to the
      side of symptoms. For cognitive functions, right side symptoms were associated
      with verbal deficits whereas left side symptoms were associated with spatial
      deficits. Thus, a pattern of neuropsychological deficits consistent with the
      lateralization of motor symptoms may appear in the early stages of the disease.

PMID- 2923716
TI  - Differential effects of congenital left and right brain injury on intelligence.
AB  - IQ performance was compared in 28 prepubertal children with unilateral left vs.
      right hemisphere preperinatal injury. Results indicated statistically superior
      FSIQ and VIQ in the left-lesioned group. Findings were interpreted as consistent
      with the hypothesis of a left-right maturational gradient, whereby early right
      hemisphere damage has a more severe effect on overall intellectual functioning
      than early left injury. Findings also lend support for a greater crowding effect,
      as seen in the sparing of verbal skills, after early left hemisphere injury.

PMID- 2923717
TI  - Hemihypokinesia after right hemisphere stroke.
AB  - We tested the hypothesis that the right hemisphere is dominant for motor
      activation of "intention." If the right hemisphere is dominant for intention and
      if intention is a prerequisite for movement, motor impairment should be worse
      after an infarct in the right hemisphere than in the left. We asked nine subjects
      with right and nine with left hemisphere infarcts to elevate each shoulder
      independently. Subjects with right hemisphere lesions had more trouble moving the
      contralateral shoulder. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that the
      right hemisphere is dominant for motor activation or intention.

PMID- 2923719
TI  - Equivalent spatial location memory deficits in rats with medial septum or
      hippocampal formation lesions and patients with dementia of the Alzheimer's type.
AB  - College students, healthy elderly subjects, patients diagnosed with mild or
      moderate dementia of the Alzheimer's type, as well as rats with small or large
      lesions of the medial septum (MS), dorsal hippocampal formation (DHF) or nucleus
      basalis magnocellularis (NBM) were tested on an item memory task for a five- or
      six-item list of varying spatial locations. Equivalent patterns of item memory
      deficits as a function of serial order position were observed in rats with small
      or large MS or DHF lesions and patients with mild or moderate dementia of the
      Alzheimer's type. No deficits were found for NBM-lesioned rats. The results
      provide support for the possibility that rats with MS and DHF lesions mimic the
      mnemonic symptomatology of patients with Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 2923718
TI  - Mental rotation: an event-related potential study with a validated mental
      rotation task.
AB  - Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded while subjects performed a
      validated mental rotation task, taken from the cognitive psychology literature.
      These ERPs show a late posterior negativity relative to a baseline condition
      requiring all of the same perceptual and cognitive processes except for the
      mental rotation itself. Our tentative identification of this posterior negativity
      with mental rotation is further supported by the finding that it varies
      systematically with the amount of mental rotation required on a trial by trial
      basis in the experimental task. We conclude that this late negativity is an ERP
      marker of the mental rotation process, and that this process engages primarily
      posterior brain regions.

PMID- 2923720
TI  - Application of expert systems to mammographic image analysis.
AB  - A prototype expert system was designed for differentiation of 16 circumscribed
      breast abnormalities utilizing findings identified by a human observer from X-ray
      mammograms, clinical data, and patient history. An off-the-shelf expert system
      shell served as the foundation for the rule base. The system runs on standard
      microcomputer hardware. Preliminary results suggest the expert system may be
      valuable in improving the ability of relatively unskilled observers to screen X
      ray mammograms. Overall, radiology residents with limited experience in
      mammographic image analysis obtained a diagnostic accuracy level of 40% on their
      own, whereas they attained 73% accuracy level when using the expert system. A
      group of biomedical engineering students with no prior experience in mammographic
      image analysis obtained on the average an 80% diagnostic accuracy level utilizing
      the expert system in comparison with the 70% average accuracy level obtained by
      practicing radiologists without use of the system.

PMID- 2923721
TI  - Nonthromboembolic causes of high-probability lung scans.
AB  - Three cases of high-probability lung scans because of nonthromboembolic causes
      (dissecting thoracic aortic aneurysm, sarcoid with venous occlusion, and
      subclavian catheter misplacement) are presented along with a review of the
      literature.

PMID- 2923722
TI  - Comparison of rest and exercise thallium-201 kinetics in man and implications for
      quantitation.
AB  - To develop a technique for quantitative analysis of resting thallium scintigrams,
      an understanding of thallium kinetics at rest is required. This study evaluates
      in normal man the thallium distribution and washout rates of thallium at rest and
      compares these findings to similar data obtained during exercise. The thallium
      half-life in normal resting myocardium is significantly longer than after
      exercise, 10.2 +/- 1.4 hours versus 3.9 +/- 0.3 hours (P less than .01).
      Differences in resting thallium half-life exist between the anterior, 45 degrees
      left anterior oblique (LAO), and 70 degrees LAO views and are 11.4 +/- 1.0, 10.6
      +/- 1.0, 8.8 +/- 0.7 hours, respectively (all significantly different from each
      other by ANOVA, P less than or equal to .01); these differences are related to
      the imaging sequence. After exercise, the thallium half-life also varies
      according to imaging sequence, but in the opposite direction; i.e., anterior, 45
      degrees LAO, and 70 degrees LAO views are 3.6 +/- 0.1, 3.9 +/- 0.3, 4.2 +/- 0.3
      hours, respectively (P less than or equal to .01). Since imaging sequence and
      time of acquisition at rest and exercise were similar, this finding may be
      related to earlier maximal uptake of thallium after exercise as compared to rest.
      There are also significant segmental differences in thallium half-life at rest in
      the 45 degrees LAO view (9.8 +/- 0.9, septal vs. 11.0 +/- 0.9, posterolateral, P
      less than .01) and 70 degrees LAO view (8.3 +/- 0.4, anteroseptal vs. 9.2 +/-
      0.6, inferior, P less than or equal to .01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2923723
TI  - 'President's new year message'.

PMID- 2923724
TI  - 'The great debate'.

PMID- 2923725
TI  - 'Patient safety in general anaesthesia'.

PMID- 2923726
TI  - Who is tackling dental disease?

PMID- 2923727
TI  - 'Dentists causing harm with X-rays'.

PMID- 2923728
TI  - The possible dental effects of children's rusks: laboratory evaluation by two
      different methods.
AB  - In response to concern over the sugar content and possible dental effects of
      infants' rusks, a programme of research was undertaken to compare six different
      kinds of rusk with respect to (a) their cariogenicity in caries-active laboratory
      rats; (b) their capacity to serve as substrates for acid production by oral
      microorganisms, and the attack of this acid on dental mineral; (c) the
      adhesiveness of the rusks to the enamel surface. The caries scores in the animal
      experiments ranged from very high, with rampant dental destruction, for 31%
      sucrose rusks, down to virtually non-cariogenic on a zero-sucrose variety. With
      only one anomaly, cariogenicity correlated well with sucrose content. The results
      of the studies in vitro showed good general agreement with the animal data. The
      sucrose in the rusks, rather than their content of other sugars such as glucose,
      maltose and lactose, etc, emerged as a major factor in determining their effect
      on teeth, but cereal components can also play a part in governing adhesiveness
      and fermentability.

PMID- 2923729
TI  - Report of a survey conducted by the Consultant Orthodontists Group. The nature
      and distribution of clinical assistant posts in orthodontics in the United
      Kingdom in 1987.
AB  - This paper describes and discusses the results of a survey, conducted by the
      Consultant Orthodontists Group in the United Kingdom in 1987, which examined the
      nature and distribution of clinical assistant posts, and consultants' attitudes
      to the concept of appointing orthodontic auxiliaries. This survey demonstrated a
      large regional variation in the number of clinical assistant posts and in the
      number of 'specialist practitioners' and community orthodontists. More than 90%
      of consultants teach their clinical assistants how to use removable appliances,
      headgear and simple fixed appliances. More than 70% of consultants also teach
      their clinical assistants how to use multi-bracketed techniques and functional
      appliances. Ninety-one per cent of consultants would give their support to
      developing regional training schemes for clinical assistants in orthodontics.
      Eighty-eight per cent of consultant orthodontists favoured the appointment of
      orthodontic auxiliaries to carry out intra-oral work, and 75% believed that they
      already had a member of staff capable of doing these duties with some further
      training.

PMID- 2923730
TI  - Oral surgery: problems.
AB  - Having listened to, examined, tested, diagnosed and recommended a course of
      action to the patient, treatment will usually follow at the same or subsequent
      visits. In the vast majority of cases, the foregoing will have proceeded without
      a hitch, and the treatment completed to the satisfaction of both the practitioner
      and the patient. Years of study, and the acquisition of knowledge, skills and
      expertise, will have been condensed into a short amount of clinical time.
      Unfortunately, this highly desirable state of affairs cannot apply every time;
      problems can arise anywhere along the pathway leading to the successful
      completion of treatment. Some patients will present difficulties in diagnosis and
      treatment planning, whereas others will have problems either during the execution
      of treatment or post-operatively. Whenever a difficulty arises, it is essential
      to identify the problem, reappraise the situation and decide upon an appropriate
      course of action; flexibility is the key to success! In this article, three
      difficult areas are looked at: the fractured root, the use of antibiotics and the
      swollen face.

PMID- 2923731
TI  - Significance tests.
AB  - Simple methods of determining whether the difference between a sample mean and a
      given standard value is likely to be due only to sampling error, or to be real
      and/or of practical importance, are described. The use of the null hypothesis and
      of standard normal deviates is discussed, and examples are provided to illustrate
      the points made.

PMID- 2923732
TI  - A sojourn in Sweden.
AB  - In recent years, there has been a brisk increase of interest in disorders of the
      temporomandibular joint. Much valuable and pioneering research has been carried
      out in Scandinavia, particularly in Sweden. This article describes some
      impressions I formed of the Swedish Dental Service, and the way in which care for
      TM joint patients is managed in Sweden, during a visit I was able to make there.

PMID- 2923733
TI  - Lesions of skull base observed on high resolution computed tomography. A
      comparison with magnetic resonance imaging.
AB  - Forty patients with tumors involving the skull base were selected on the basis of
      findings at high resolution computed tomography (CT). The reliability of
      demonstrating bony lesions with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and CT were
      compared. CT showed osseous lesions of the skull base better than MRI but was
      less sensitive in evaluating an associated inflammatory reaction or in defining
      intracerebral infiltration. Small cortical lesions were only demonstrable with
      CT. MRI was superior in defining the full extent of soft tissue infiltration.
      Arterial encasement was observed at MRI. The special advantage of Gd-DTPA lies in
      the additional possibility to differentiate vessels from tumor-like lesions and
      in en plaque tumors.

PMID- 2923734
TI  - Atlantoaxial subluxation. Radiography and magnetic resonance imaging correlated
      to myelopathy.
AB  - Twenty-nine patients with atlantoaxial subluxation (18 with rheumatoid arthritis,
      2 due to trauma, 4 with os odontoideum, and one each with polyarteritis nodosa,
      rheumatic fever. Klippel-Feil syndrome, achondroplasia, and cause unknown) were
      evaluated using a 0.22 tesla resistive MRI unit. Cord compression was classified
      into four grades according to the degree on magnetic resonance imaging. There
      were 7 patients with no thecal sac compression (grade 0). 10 with a minimal
      degree of subarachnoid space compression without cord compression (grade 1), 7
      with mild cord compression (grade 2), and 5 with severe cord compression or cord
      atrophy (grade 3). Although the severity of myelopathy showed poor correlation
      with the atlantodental interval on conventional radiography, high correlation was
      observed between MR grading and the degree of myelopathy. The high signal
      intensity foci were observed in 7 of 12 patients with cord compression (grades 2
      and 3) on T2 weighted images. Other frequently observed findings in rheumatoid
      arthritis included soft tissue masses of low to intermediate signal intensity in
      the paraodontoid space, erosions of the odontoid processes, and atlantoaxial
      impaction on T1 and T2 weighted images.

PMID- 2923735
TI  - Coil selection for magnetic resonance imaging of the cervical and thoracic spine
      using a vertical magnetic field.
AB  - In order to optimize the coil selection for cervical and thoracic spine imaging
      the signal characteristics of two different solenoidal surface coils (15 cm and
      30 cm diameter, respectively) as well as the head coil and body coil were
      determined using a 0.3 T MR scanner with a vertical magnetic field. Signal-to
      noise ratio curves were obtained for each coil using tube phantoms and a human
      like phantom. The findings were compared with images obtained in two healthy
      volunteers. The head coil was found to be superior for imaging of the cranio
      cervical junction while the 15 cm surface coil gave better results in the
      remaining part of the cervical spine and the upper thoracic spine. The body coil
      was superior for imaging of the thoracic region at the level of the shoulders (T4
      T6) but the 30 cm surface coil was better for the more caudal part of the
      thoracic spine. Combined phantom and in vivo studies are also recommended for
      evaluation of future, improved coils.

PMID- 2923736
TI  - Reproducibility of the pettersson scoring system. An interobserver study.
AB  - By means of the Pettersson scoring system, the degree of severity of haemophilic
      arthropathy in 128 knee, elbow and ankle joints was estimated by 5 radiologists.
      Their scores varied on average by approximately 3 points. Minimal and maximal
      joint involvement were scored consistently; exclusion of haemophilic arthropathy
      was possible with the highest degree of certainty. With regard to changes of a
      moderate degree agreement was seldom reached. With precisely defined
      characteristics, a high degree of consistency between observers was evident.
      Interobserver variation in the scoring was more marked in the ankle joint than in
      the other joints. Scoring was more consistent with the more experienced
      observers.

PMID- 2923737
TI  - In vivo evaluation of femoral blood flow measured with magnetic resonance.
AB  - Quantitative measurements of blood flow based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
      using conventional multiple spin echo sequences were evaluated in vivo in healthy
      young volunteers. Blood flow was measured using MRI in the femoral vein. The
      initial slope of the multiple spin echo decay curve, corrected for the T2 decay
      of non-flowing blood was used to calculate the blood flow. As a reference, the
      blood flow in the femoral artery was measured simultaneously with an invasive
      indicator dilution technique. T2 of non-flowing blood was measured in vivo in
      popliteal veins during regional circulatory arrest. The mean T2 of non-flowing
      blood was found to be 105 +/- 31 ms. The femoral blood flow ranged between 0 and
      643 ml/min measured with MRI and between 280 and 531 ml/min measured by the
      indicator dilution technique. There was thus poor agreement between the two
      methods. The results indicate that in vivo blood flow measurements made with MRI
      based on wash-out effects, commonly used in multiple spin echo imaging, do not
      give reliable absolute values for blood flow in the femoral artery or vein.

PMID- 2923738
TI  - Diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis of the leg using immunoscintigraphy with
      111In-labelled monoclonal antifibrin antibody fragments.
AB  - Fourteen unselected consecutive patients with clinically suggested deep venous
      thrombosis were studied using 111In-labelled monoclonal antibody Fab-fragments
      (59D8) in order to evaluate the accuracy of antifibrin imaging. Scintigrams of
      the legs were obtained at 1 to 4 h and 20 to 28 h in all patients and in seven
      dynamic studies were also performed. Contrast medium phlebography used as
      diagnostic standard revealed thrombosis in six patients who also had increased
      uptake of the tracer at immunoscintigraphy. Three patients had a positive finding
      at immunoscintigraphy without thrombosis. Because of the high sensitivity of this
      method, normal antifibrin images may be used to exclude thrombosis. Phlebography
      may then be restricted to positive cases to confirm the presence of thrombosis.

PMID- 2923739
TI  - Problems in radiographic detection and diagnosis of lung cancer.
AB  - All chest radiographs of 107 proven lung cancer patients who received consecutive
      biennial chest radiography were reviewed to elucidate problems detecting their
      cancers, and diagnosing them when initially radiographically detected. Subjects,
      members of a fixed population sample, originally numbered 20,000 persons, 17,000
      of whom consistently received consecutive biennial chest radiography during
      examinations for late effects of atomic-bomb radiation. Among the 107 subjects,
      64 had radiographic manifestations of cancer; 47 were initially correctly
      diagnosed; 17 were not. Eleven of the 17 were initially equivocal, diagnosable
      only after subsequent radiography and retrospective review of serial radiographs.
      Diagnostic problems consisted of 1) six detection errors with cancer images
      superimposed on musculoskeletal and cardiovascular structures, reducible by
      stereoscopic p.a. instead of single p.a. radiography; immediate tentative
      interpretations; and by comparing earlier with current radiographs. 2) Eight
      decision errors, wherein cancers mimicked other diseases, were reducible by
      greater index of suspicion and scrutiny during interpretations.

PMID- 2923740
TI  - Computed tomography and mediastinoscopy in the assessment of resectability of
      lung cancer.
AB  - In order to assess the potential of computed tomography (CT) of the mediastinum
      and mediastinoscopy in the staging of lung cancer, 125 patients were examined. Of
      these, 104 underwent thoracotomy, at which there was no evidence of mediastinal
      tumour involvement in 79 while 25 patients had signs of tumour spread. The
      sensitivity and specificity of CT were 87.0 per cent and 95.8 per cent,
      respectively, in the detection of direct tumour extension with a mediastinal
      mass. When lymph node enlargement was the sole finding, CT did not provide any
      differentiation between benign and malignant lymphadenopathy. The mediastinal
      involvement was inaccessible on mediastinoscopy in 18 cases (72%). Despite the
      surperior sensitivity of CT it was often difficult to determine whether direct
      tumour infiltration of mediastinal structures had occurred. It was concluded that
      CT is necessary for screening the entire mediastinum and, when it reveals no
      evidence of mediastinal tumour spread, mediastinoscopy will yield no further
      information. Mediastinoscopy will help to correctly identify accessible
      mediastinal lymph node involvement of the superior mediastinum and to define the
      mediastinal tumour invasion in doubtful cases.

PMID- 2923741
TI  - Computed tomography reveals atypical localization of benign mediastinal tumors.
AB  - Computed tomographic appearances of 147 surgically proven mediastinal tumors (113
      benign and 34 malignant lesions) were evaluated paying special attention to their
      localization or extension. Ten of the 113 benign lesions (9%) showed atypical or
      unique localization or extension, and were divided into three groups. In the
      first group, two lymphangiomas and one bronchogenic cyst spread over both the
      precardiovascular and the retrocardiovascular compartments, mimicking a malignant
      lesion. In the second group, the single cases of thymic hypertrophy, thymic cyst,
      schwannoma, and pericardial cyst were located atypically in the
      retrocardiovascular compartment. In the last group, two esophageal leiomyomas and
      one esophageal duplication showed upward and downward longitudinal extension
      beyond the azygos arch and the aortic arch.

PMID- 2923742
TI  - Spontaneous pneumothorax caused by metastatic hemangioendothelioma. Radiographic
      appearance and pathologic correlation.
AB  - A patient with hemangioendothelioma is described, who developed a metastatic
      pulmonary nodule, subsequently a bullous lesion contiguous to the nodule, and
      finally spontaneous pneumothorax. In such cases, newly formed bullous lesions may
      conceal originally visible metastatic foci and can be a potential source of
      spontaneous pneumothorax.

PMID- 2923743
TI  - Peristalsis in pharyngeal constrictor musculature in relation to positioning and
      gravity.
AB  - The motor activity of the pharyngeal constrictors in terms of peristalsis and
      protrusion depths was studied cineradiographically in 15 non-dysphagic volunteers
      in three positions: sitting, right decubitus horizontal, and head-down 30
      degrees, during swallowing of a 10 ml bolus of thin liquid barium. Using a frame
      rate of 50/s the speed of peristalsis was calculated by frame counting. The speed
      of peristalsis and the depth of protrusion of the constrictor wall did not depend
      on the direction of gravity force in relation to the long axis of the pharynx.
      Neither the position of the hyoid bone nor its movement during pharyngeal
      swallowing changed in relation to position and gravity. Pharyngeal activity
      during swallowing in normal individuals is fairly stable and does not change in
      relation to gravity.

PMID- 2923744
TI  - Radiologic diagnosis of gastro-oesophageal reflux.
AB  - In 149 patients, a standardized radiologic method for the detection of gastro
      oesophageal reflux was applied and compared with the results obtained at
      endoscopy and by a manometric reflux test. Radiologic reflux was recorded in 53
      patients, of whom 25 had reflux without abdominal compression and 51 with
      compression. At least one of the other two types of examination disclosed
      pathologic conditions in all but 2 of 53 patients. Oesophagitis was significantly
      more severe among the patients with reflux observed at radiography. The presence
      of hiatal incompetence with reflux only to the hiatal hernia but not to the
      oesophagus was not a strong indicator of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease.
      Hiatal hernia was present in a significantly larger number of the patients with
      reflux at radiography than in those without reflux. Increased width of the hiatus
      gave stronger evidence for reflux disease than in patients with a normal hiatus.
      Thus, the width of the hiatus also had a bearing on the diagnosis of gastro
      oesophageal reflux disease.

PMID- 2923746
TI  - Radiation dose to patients and personnel during fluoroscopy at percutaneous renal
      stone extraction.
AB  - The radiation dose to patients and personnel was estimated during 11 percutaneous
      renal stone extractions. For the patients the energy imparted, the mean absorbed
      dose to various organs, and the effective dose equivalent were estimated. For
      different personnel categories some organ doses and the effective dose equivalent
      were also estimated. Large differences in the radiation dose between patients
      were observed. The mean effective dose equivalent to the patient was 4.2 (range
      0.6-8.3) mSv, and the energy imparted 285 (range 50-500) mJ. These figures are
      comparable to those reported for routine colon examination and urography. For the
      personnel there were also large differences between individuals and categories.
      The highest radiation dose was received by the radiologist. It was estimated that
      a radiologist who performs 150 percutaneous renal stone extractions per year will
      receive a yearly contribution to his/her effective dose equivalent of 2.4 mSv.
      Even when the contribution from other diagnostic and interventional radiologic
      procedures is added, the total effective dose equivalent hardly exceeds 5 mSv or
      1/10 of the present dose limit for persons engaged in radiologic work. For the
      hands of the radiologist there is a risk of doses closer to the present limit for
      single organs or tissues of 500 mSv/year.

PMID- 2923745
TI  - Effect of superparamagnetic particles as oral contrast medium at magnetic
      resonance imaging. A phase I clinical study.
AB  - Non-biodegradable superparamagnetic particles were used as an oral contrast
      medium in different concentrations, and evaluated in 25 human volunteers. The aim
      of the study was to determine the most appropriate concentration of the contrast
      medium, and to evaluate the effect, distribution, safety and tolerance. With the
      concentration of 1.0 g/l a substantial reduction of the signal intensity in the
      bowel was achieved in both T1 and T2 weighted images. The intraabdominal
      structures were well differentiated from the bowels containing contrast medium.
      'Metal' artifacts and blurring of adjacent structures, probably due to an
      increased local concentration, were observed at higher dosages. The distribution
      of the preparation in the gastrointestinal tract varied between individuals. As a
      rule a good contrast effect was achieved in the small bowel with the exception of
      the duodenum. The contrast medium was well accepted and did not cause any side
      effects of clinical importance. The results suggest that the preparation is well
      tolerated by humans and may be a useful contrast medium for abdominal MR imaging.

PMID- 2923747
TI  - Acute lethality after enteral administration of contrast media in anaesthetized
      rats with intestinal ischaemia.
AB  - The acute lethality was evaluated during enteric follow-through in anaesthetized
      rats with a ligature applied to the anterior mesenteric artery and vein. In 121
      animals 3 ml of either sodium diatrizoate, iohexol or barium sulphate was
      administered via orogastric tube. Alternatively, they had the oro-gastric tube
      inserted but no test substance instilled (controls). A total of 103 rats was
      observed until spontaneous death while 18 were sacrificed after 8 hours of
      observation. The survival time in the sodium diatrizoate group was significantly
      shorter than for the other three groups (p less than 0.006). The 50% survival
      time was 5 h 42 min (range 2 h 48 min to 12 h 45 min) for sodium diatrizoate as
      compared with 8 h 4 min to 8 h 26 min for the other three groups; iohexol 8 h 4
      min (range 2 h 4 min to 14 h 43 min), barium 8 h 13 min (range 4 h 55 min to 16 h
      26 min) and no instilled substance 8 h 26 min (range 3 h 38 min to 16 h 10 min)
      with no significant differences between these 3 groups. The use of hyperosmolar
      contrast media in enteric follow-through significantly shortens the survival of
      rats with acute intestinal ischaemia. A more rapid spread of intestinal bacteria
      through the distended bowel wall and the ensuing septicaemia, accompanied by
      enhanced dehydration, are probably the mechanisms responsible for the earlier
      deaths.

PMID- 2923748
TI  - Nephropathy induced by intramuscularly administered glycerol and contrast media
      in rats. A comparison between diatrizoate, iohexol and ioxilan.
AB  - Urine profiles (albumin, glucose, NAG, LDH, GGT, sodium, and phosphate) were
      followed for 14 days after intravenous injection of either diatrizoate, iohexol,
      ioxilan, or saline in 24 Wistar rats with a glomerular and tubular dysfunction
      induced by intramuscularly (i.m.) administered glycerol. Another 6 rats exposed
      to neither glycerol nor contrast media served as controls. The effect of ioxilan
      and saline on the albumin excretion was similar, whereas diatrizoate and iohexol
      increased it significantly. The contrast media had no further inhibitory effect
      on the reabsorption of glucose. Iohexol caused significantly increased excretion
      of all three enzymes, ioxilan of NAG and LDH, whereas diatrizoate only increased
      the excretion of LDH. The sodium excretion was further increased by ioxilan and
      diatrizoate, whereas none of the contrast media affected the phosphaturia. Both
      ioxilan and iohexol caused a round cell response around the tubules shown by
      light microscopy whereas diatrizoate caused no further changes. It is concluded
      that diatrizoate and iohexol increase glomerular dysfunction induced by glycerol
      i.m.; all three contrast media cause some further increase in the tubular
      dysfunction. Neither diatrizoate, iohexol nor ioxilan prolong nephropathy induced
      by glycerol i.m. determined by the chemical analyses. The histologic finding
      indicates a direct toxic effect of non-ionic low osmolar contrast media in this
      animal model of nephropathy.

PMID- 2923749
TI  - Preoperative needle-marking of non-palpable breast lesions.

PMID- 2923750
TI  - Relation of third and fourth heart sounds to blood velocity during left
      ventricular filling.
AB  - To investigate the relation between changes in left ventricular inflow velocity
      and the timing of third and fourth heart sounds, simultaneous phonocardiograms
      and continuous wave Doppler traces were recorded in 48 patients (aged 17-78) with
      heart disease and in 21 normal children. The onset of the first vibration of the
      third heart sound coincided with peak left ventricular inflow blood velocity to
      within 5 ms in all but two of the patients. The mean (SD) difference between the
      two events was 5 (5) ms, which did not differ significantly from zero. The
      relation was similar in patients with primary myocardial disease (11), and in
      those with valve disease (26), hypertension (five), and coronary artery disease
      (four). In the normal children, the mean interval was 2.5 (5) ms--not
      significantly different from zero. By contrast, the first deflection of the
      fourth heart sound consistently preceded the timing of peak atrial inflow
      velocity by 55 (10) ms. Agreement was much closer between the onset of atrial
      flow and the onset of the atrial sound (mean difference 1 (5) ms, not
      significantly different from zero). Gallop sounds seem to be closely related to
      changes in ventricular inflow velocity, and thus to the effects of forces acting
      on blood flow. The forces underlying the third sound seem to arise within the
      ventricle and are responsible for sudden deceleration of flow during rapid
      ventricular filling. The fourth sound, occurring at the onset of the "a" wave, is
      more likely to arise from dissipation of forces causing acceleration of blood
      flow--that is, atrial systole itself.

PMID- 2923751
TI  - Impaired blood pressure response to exercise in patients with coronary artery
      disease: possible contribution of attenuated reflex vasoconstriction in non
      exercising muscles.
AB  - Eighteen patients with coronary artery disease were divided into two groups
      according to whether their blood pressure decreased (eight, group 1) or increased
      (10, group 2) in response to treadmill exercise testing. Age and the extent and
      distribution of coronary artery disease were similar in the two groups. At rest,
      blood pressure, pulmonary artery wedge pressure, cardiac index, forearm vascular
      resistance, and oxygen consumption were similar in the two groups. During supine
      leg exercise on a bicycle ergometer mean blood pressure increased in group 2 but
      did not change in group 1. Increases in cardiac index, pulmonary artery wedge
      pressure, and oxygen consumption during leg exercise were not significantly
      different in the two groups but forearm vascular resistance increased less in
      group 1 than in group 2. There was a positive correlation between the magnitude
      of the change in mean blood pressure and change in forearm vascular resistance
      during leg exercise. The impaired response of blood pressure to leg exercise in
      group 1 was not the result of a failure of the cardiac index to increase. The
      results suggest the possibility that attenuation of reflex vasoconstriction in
      non-exercising muscles may contribute to the impaired response of blood pressure
      to exercise in patients with coronary artery disease.

PMID- 2923752
TI  - Electrocardiographic findings in male veteran endurance athletes.
AB  - Twenty male veteran endurance runners and 20 controls underwent resting,
      exercise, and ambulatory electrocardiography. Four athletes and three controls
      satisfied voltage criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy. The PR interval was
      longer in the athletes and they had longer mean (SD) treadmill exercise times (19
      (4) v 16 (2) min) than the controls. Four athletes but no controls had greater
      than 2 mm downsloping ST segment depression during exercise. During 48 hour
      ambulatory electrocardiography the athletes had a consistently lower heart rate
      but maintained a circadian variation. Profound bradycardia (less than 35
      beats/min) occurred in eight athletes but only one control. Eight athletes and
      two controls had asystolic pauses ranging from 1.8 to 15 seconds. Six athletes
      had first degree heart block, four had Mobitz II second degree block, and three
      had complete heart block. Most conduction abnormalities occurred at night and
      resolved during exercise. Ventricular ectopic activity was not significantly
      different between the groups. Thus heart block patterns and profound bradycardia
      are more frequent in older athletes than their youthful counterparts.

PMID- 2923753
TI  - Optimal atrioventricular delay at rest and during exercise in patients with dual
      chamber pacemakers: a non-invasive assessment by continuous wave Doppler.
AB  - The optimal atrioventricular delay at rest and during exercise was investigated
      in nine patients with heart block and implanted dual chamber pacemakers. All
      patients studied had normal left ventricular function and a normal sinus node
      rate response to exercise. Cardiac output was measured by continuous wave Doppler
      and was calculated as the product of stroke distance measured by Doppler at the
      left ventricular outflow, aortic root area measured by M mode echocardiography,
      and heart rate. Pacemakers were programmed in the DDD mode. Cardiac output was
      measured with the patient at rest while supine and while erect and at the peak of
      submaximal exercise (the end of stage 1 of the Bruce protocol) with the
      pacemakers programmed to the following atrioventricular intervals: 75-80 ms, 100
      110 ms, 140-150 ms, and 200 ms. During exercise the basic pacing rate was
      programmed to 70 beats/min. Cardiac output at rest while supine and erect was
      greatest with an atrioventricular delay of 140-150 ms and it was significantly
      higher than that with an atrioventricular delay of 75-80 ms. On average there was
      a 31% decrease in cardiac output when patients stood up. During treadmill
      exercise, however, cardiac output was greatest when the atrioventricular delay
      was 75-80 ms, and this was significantly higher than the cardiac output with
      atrioventricular delays of 150 and 200 ms. During exercise 1:1 atrioventricular
      relations were maintained in patients at all atrioventricular intervals. In
      patients with atrioventricular sequential pacemakers cardiac output at rest is
      greatest with an atrioventricular delay of 140-150 ms but during exercise the
      optimal atrioventricular delay is shorter. Rate modulation of the
      atrioventricular interval may improve the haemodynamic response and possibly
      exercise tolerance in patients with dual chamber pacemakers.

PMID- 2923754
TI  - Determination of the ratio of pulmonary blood flow to systemic blood flow by
      derivation of amplitude weighted mean velocity from continuous wave Doppler
      spectra.
AB  - Conventional Doppler echocardiographic techniques for the estimation of blood
      flow ratios depend on the precise measurement of the diameters of the aorta and
      the pulmonary artery and the mean blood flow velocities in these vessels. A
      simpler and quicker method is described, based on the calculation of the systolic
      time integrals of the amplitude weighted mean velocities from continuous wave
      Doppler spectra within the great arteries. In 30 controls the mean (2 SD) ratio
      of pulmonary to systemic blood flow averaged 0.952 (0.085). The results of the
      new technique showed a good agreement with those of quantitative dye dilution and
      oximetry in 16 patients with intracardiac left to right shunts.

PMID- 2923755
TI  - Unemployment, socioenvironmental factors, and coronary heart disease in Scotland.
AB  - Scotland, which has one of the highest death rates in the world from coronary
      heart disease, also has considerable regional variation in mortality from this
      cause. The relation between standardised mortality ratios for coronary deaths
      (1979-83) for 56 local government districts and a range of socioeconomic factors
      from the 1981 Census as well as climatic factors and water hardness were
      investigated. Strong associations were seen with several measures of social
      disadvantage, the strongest being with percentage of male unemployment. A fitted
      multiple regression model with mortality from coronary heart disease in men found
      independent effects of two social variables (percentage male unemployment and
      percentage social class III-V) and one climatic factor (rainfall). The model
      explained much (73%) of the geographical variation in mortality from coronary
      heart disease, but part of the geographical pattern, in particular some of the
      east-west gradient in mortality, remained unexplained by it. Explanations for the
      geographical variation and the association with economic factors are currently
      being sought in terms of individual risk factors in a large screening study, the
      Scottish Heart Health Study.

PMID- 2923756
TI  - Clinical sustained uniform ventricular tachycardia in hypertrophic
      cardiomyopathy: association with left ventricular apical aneurysm.
AB  - Of 51 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy who had episodes of ventricular
      tachycardia detected during ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring only two
      had clinical sustained uniform ventricular tachycardia that required medical
      treatment because of worsening symptoms. In both patients the arrhythmia was
      associated with the uncommon finding of an apical aneurysm with angiographically
      normal coronary arteries.

PMID- 2923757
TI  - Determination of left ventricular volumes by Simpson's rule in infants and
      children with congenital heart disease.
AB  - Regression equations were developed from left ventricular casts of known volumes
      to calculate left ventricular volumes from biplane cineangiography obtained in
      non-standard views. Volumes were calculated by Simpson's rule from casts of
      postmortem specimens from patients with congenital heart disease. The casts were
      divided into two groups: those that came from patients with abnormal right
      ventricular haemodynamic function (group 1, n = 11) and those that came from
      patients in which it was normal (group 2, n = 9). Biplane cinegrams were taken in
      conventional (anteroposterior/lateral, right anterior oblique/left anterior
      oblique) and non-conventional (long axis oblique, hepatoclavicular, and sitting
      up) projections. The true volume of each cast was determined from its weight and
      specific gravity. Correlations between measured and true volumes (r = 0.96 to
      0.99) were excellent in all projections, although each projection overestimated
      the true volumes (slope = 0.72 to 0.94). The regression equations obtained from
      conventional views were significantly different from those from the non
      conventional views; however, the regression slopes in group 1 were not different
      from those in group 2 in any view. Regression equations obtained by Simpson's
      rule do not seem to be affected by the haemodynamic state of the right ventricle.
      Different regression equations are required to measure left ventricular volumes
      from non-conventional angiograms.

PMID- 2923758
TI  - Balloon dilatation of the aortic valve for congenital aortic stenosis in
      childhood.
AB  - Balloon dilatation of the aortic valve was attempted in 34 consecutive children
      aged 16 months to 17 years (median 7 years), weight range 9-60 (median 22) kg.
      Previous surgical valvotomy had been performed in two patients (twice in one of
      them). The valve was not crossed in one patient. In the remaining 33 patients the
      pressure difference between the left ventricle and the ascending aorta during
      systole was reduced from 71 (30) to 28 (19) mm Hg. In 24 patients
      recatheterisation 2-19 (mean 9) months later showed gradients that were similar
      to those immediately after balloon dilatation (35 (20) v 31 (20) mm Hg). The two
      patients with the highest residual gradients immediately after balloon dilatation
      showed a spontaneous reduction in gradient at repeat catheterisation, whereas the
      patient who had twice had previous surgical valvotomy showed an increase in
      gradient from 37 to 99 mm Hg over nine months and required aortic root
      replacement. Balloon dilatation was repeated in two patients and this caused a
      further reduction in gradient. New aortic regurgitation occurred in nine (27%)
      patients (grade I, 8; grade II, 1) and aortic regurgitation was exacerbated
      (grade I to II) in two of the nine with pre-existing aortic regurgitation.
      External iliac artery avulsion occurred in one (3%) patient and two (6%) required
      intravenous streptokinase because the femoral artery became occluded. There were
      no other complications. Open valvotomy was performed in the child in whom the
      valve was not crossed, but no other child required aortic valve operation.
      Balloon dilatation of the aortic valve gave reasonable short term palliation and
      was well tolerated. It is an alternative to surgical valvotomy for initial
      palliation of congenital aortic stenosis in many children.

PMID- 2923759
TI  - Distinguishing between anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the
      pulmonary trunk and dilated cardiomyopathy: role of echocardiographic measurement
      of the right coronary artery diameter.
AB  - Patients with anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary
      trunk usually have a large right coronary artery. This study examines the
      diagnostic value of measuring the diameter of the right coronary artery by
      echocardiography in distinguishing between this lesion and other causes of
      dilated cardiomyopathy. The diameter of the right coronary artery and the right
      coronary artery/aorta ratio were measured in the parasternal short axis view in
      40 controls, 11 patients with dilated cardiomyopathy, and 10 with anomalous
      origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary trunk. In the controls, the
      diameter of the right coronary artery increased with age, but the right coronary
      artery/aorta ratio remained constant. In the control group the 95% upper limits
      of prediction for right coronary artery diameter were 1.6 mm for one month of
      age, 1.8 mm for three months, 2.0 mm for one year, 2.2 mm for two years, 2.4 mm
      for three years, 2.6 mm for four years, 2.7 mm for six years, 3.0 mm for eight
      years, and 3.2 mm for 10 years; and for right coronary/aorta ratios the limits
      were 0.17 for one month to one year, 0.18 for one to six years, 0.19 for six to
      10 years, and 0.20 for more than 10 years. All patients with dilated
      cardiomyopathy had normal right coronary artery diameters and right coronary
      artery/aorta ratios (0.10-0.13). Those patients with anomalous origin of the left
      coronary artery from the pulmonary trunk had larger than normal right coronary
      artery diameter and a significant increase in the right coronary artery/aorta
      ratio (0.21-0.29). The presence of an anomalous left coronary artery was likely
      if the diameter of the right coronary artery or the right coronary artery/aorta
      ratio was larger than the normal 95% limits of prediction.

PMID- 2923760
TI  - Impaired left ventricular diastolic filling in patients with familial amyloid
      polyneuropathy: a pulsed Doppler echocardiographic study.
AB  - To assess left ventricular diastolic filling in patients with amyloid heart
      disease 12 patients with familial amyloid polyneuropathy and 15 normal subjects
      were studied by pulsed Doppler echocardiography. None of the patients had
      clinical evidence of overt heart disease or restrictive cardiomyopathy and only
      two of them showed ventricular wall thickening. The peak flow velocity of rapid
      diastolic filling and the acceleration rate of early diastolic inflow were
      significantly lower in patients with familial amyloid polyneuropathy than in
      controls. The pressure half time was significantly longer in patients than in
      controls. In addition, the peak flow velocity during atrial contraction and the
      ratio of atrial peak flow velocity to rapid diastolic peak flow velocity were
      significantly greater in patients than in controls. Although there were no
      significant correlations between measurements of diastolic filling and clinical
      findings in patients with familial amyloid polyneuropathy, the ratio of atrial
      peak flow velocity to rapid diastolic peak flow velocity was significantly
      related to left ventricular posterior wall thickness. These findings suggest that
      in patients with cardiac amyloidosis without restrictive cardiomyopathy, abnormal
      left ventricular diastolic filling, manifested by a reduction in the rate and
      volume of rapid diastolic filling with enhanced atrial contraction, can be seen
      even in the early stage of the disease.

PMID- 2923761
TI  - Familial aortic dissection: a report of rare family cluster.
AB  - Acute aortic dissection occurred in three of four siblings without Marfan
      syndrome. All of them were successfully treated by operation and remain well 6-42
      months after operation. Their mother died suddenly in another hospital of acute
      aortic dissection. All her siblings were dead and cardiovascular disease was
      suspected in all of them.

PMID- 2923762
TI  - Correcting a block? Successful experience of a small British pacing centre.

PMID- 2923763
TI  - Effects on the lower oesophageal sphincter of cisapride given before the combined
      administration of atropine and neostigmine.
AB  - Twenty healthy female patients undergoing laparoscopy were allocated randomly to
      receive either cisapride 10 mg i.v. in 5% dextrose 20 ml or placebo 15 min before
      antagonism of residual neuromuscular blockade with atropine 1.2 mg and
      neostigmine 2.5 mg. Barrier pressure (BrP = lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS)
      pressure minus gastric pressure) increased significantly (by 25%) following
      cisapride, but not placebo, within 10 min of injection; following the combined
      administration of atropine and neostigmine, there was an abrupt decrease in mean
      BrP in the cisapride group from 37.0 (SEM 4.5) cm H2O to 24.1 (3.2) cm H2O (P
      less than 0.01) and in the control group from 26.6 (4.8) cm H2O to 19.9 (3.1) cm
      H2O (P less than 0.05) 2 min after injection. Subsequently, there was a small
      increase in BrP to values not significantly lower than control measurements. Thus
      the administration of cisapride before antagonism of neuromuscular blockade with
      atropine and neostigmine failed to block the adverse effect of atropine on the
      LOS.

PMID- 2923764
TI  - Effects of general anaesthesia with halothane on antroduodenal motility, pH and
      gastric emptying rate in man.
AB  - Antroduodenal motility, pH and gastric emptying rate were measured in 11 patients
      undergoing orthopaedic or plastic surgery with general anaesthesia. Motility was
      measured by manometry and gastric emptying rate by the rate of paracetamol
      absorption. During anaesthesia, gastric emptying was delayed in eight patients.
      General anaesthesia with halothane reduced the duration of the interdigestive
      motility complex (P less than 0.01), mainly by a shortening of phase II (P less
      than 0.01) which correlated with the inhaled concentrations of halothane (P less
      than 0.01). Anaesthesia impeded the occurrence of antral contractions during
      phase II (P less than 0.01); the frequency of contractions was unchanged during
      anaesthesia, but decreased during the recovery period (P less than 0.01). The
      amplitudes of antral contractions diminished with anaesthesia (P less than 0.01),
      but increased after operation. The frequency of contractions in the duodenum was
      unchanged during phase II and reduced during phase III (P less than 0.01).
      Gastric pH increased during and after operation (P less than 0.01). General
      anaesthesia with halothane affects gastroduodenal motility especially during
      phase II, increases gastric pH and delays gastric emptying rate.

PMID- 2923765
TI  - Comparison of 1.5% enflurane with 1.25% isoflurane in oxygen for caesarean
      section: avoidance of awareness without nitrous oxide.
AB  - We examined the feasibility of administering nearly 100% oxygen throughout the
      induction-delivery period of general anaesthesia for 113 Caesarean sections.
      Isoflurane 1.25% was compared with 1.5% enflurane for maintenance of anaesthesia.
      The level of anaesthesia was monitored by use of the isolated forearm technique.
      There was a greater amount of isolated forearm movement when enflurane was used.
      The three main criteria for a satisfactory general anaesthetic technique for
      Caesarean section were fulfilled, namely no maternal awareness, no undue
      depression of the fetus and no adverse effect on uterine contractility.
      Isoflurane and enflurane appear to be suitable anaesthetic agents for
      facilitating hyperoxygenation during Caesarean section.

PMID- 2923766
TI  - Plain bupivacaine: 0.5% or 0.25% for spinal analgesia?
AB  - Plain 0.5% bupivacaine 3 ml was compared with plain 0.25% bupivacaine 6 ml for
      spinal anaesthesia during transurethral surgery in 40 patients. The solutions
      were injected over 30 s at the L3/4 space with the patient in the sitting
      position. The patient was kept sitting for 2 min, supine for 5 min and then
      placed in the lithotomy position. No significant differences were found in onset
      time, extent of cephalad spread, duration of sensory or motor blockade, or side
      effects. The use of a 0.5% plain solution of bupivacaine did not appear to confer
      any advantage over the 0.25% solution.

PMID- 2923767
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of atracurium and laudanosine in patients with hepatic
      cirrhosis.
AB  - The pharmacokinetic profiles of atracurium and one of its derivatives,
      laudanosine were studied following an i.v. bolus of atracurium 0.6 mg kg-1
      administered to eight patients with hepatic cirrhosis and to seven healthy
      controls. The central volume of distribution of atracurium was greater in the
      patients with cirrhosis (104.6 ml kg-1) compared with the controls (69.6 ml kg-1)
      (P less than 0.05), as was the total volume of distribution (281.8 ml kg-1 and
      202.1 ml kg-1, respectively) (P less than 0.05). There was no significant
      difference in the elimination half-life of atracurium between the two groups. The
      total volume of distribution of laudanosine was increased in cirrhotic patients
      (2.68 litre kg-1) (P less than 0.05), as was its elimination half-life (277 min
      in cirrhotic individuals; 168 min in controls) (P less than 0.05). There was no
      significant difference in the clearance of laudanosine between the two groups.

PMID- 2923768
TI  - Changes in oxygen saturation during inhalation induction of anaesthesia in
      children.
AB  - Changes in oxygen saturation (SaO2) were studied during induction of anaesthesia
      in 48 healthy children receiving halothane or isoflurane for outpatient dental
      extractions. Substantial reductions in SaO2 occurred in more than 50% of the
      children given isoflurane and were associated with the irritant effects of this
      agent on the airway. SaO2 was largely unaltered during the use of halothane.
      These findings indicate that the airway complications caused by isoflurane may be
      associated with decreases in SaO2.

PMID- 2923769
TI  - Comparison of continuous paravertebral and extradural infusions of bupivacaine
      for pain relief after thoracotomy.
AB  - Pain was controlled in 20 post-thoracotomy patients using a continuous infusion
      of 0.25% bupivacaine through an extradural or para-vertebral catheter. Both
      techniques provided good analgesia. Hypotension and urine retention occurred
      significantly less frequently in the paravertebral than in the extradural group.

PMID- 2923770
TI  - Oxygen desaturation following sedation for regional analgesia.
AB  - Moderate to severe arterial oxygen desaturation (SaO2 75-88%) occurred in three
      of four patients who were given sedation during regional conduction block without
      the administration of oxygen. No desaturation occurred in six patients given
      oxygen 2 litre min-1 via a nasal catheter during similar procedures. It is
      concluded that patients undergoing regional conduction block with concurrent
      sedation should receive additional oxygen routinely unless a pulse oximeter is
      available for monitoring.

PMID- 2923771
TI  - Pancuronium allergy: a case report.
AB  - A case of anaphylactic shock to pancuronium bromide is described in which a type
      I immunological reaction occurred. A 33-yr-old male anaesthetist, with no family
      or personal history of allergy, collapsed soon after induction of anaesthesia.
      The drugs used included fentanyl, droperidol, thiopentone and pancuronium.
      Diffuse erythema occurred, with probable cardiac arrest. The patient was treated
      with cardiac massage, sympathomimetics and cortisone, and made a complete
      recovery. Examination (skin tests, passive transfer according to Prausnitz and
      Kustner, in vitro lymphocyte transformation test, total IgE assay) revealed that
      the allergic reaction was to pancuronium bromide.

PMID- 2923772
TI  - Profound intraoperative atelectasis.
AB  - Severe intraoperative hypoxaemia occurred in a previously healthy 19-yr-old
      accident victim. Although rare, major lung collapse secondary to mucous plugging
      should be considered in the differential diagnosis of intraoperative hypoxaemia,
      particularly following major trauma.

PMID- 2923773
TI  - Proceedings of the Anaesthetic Research Society. London, November 11, 1988.
      Abstracts.

PMID- 2923774
TI  - Nasotracheal intubation, paranasal sinusitis and head injuries.

PMID- 2923775
TI  - Prolonged suxamethonium-induced neuromuscular block associated with
      organophosphate poisoning.

PMID- 2923776
TI  - Measurement of transdiaphragmatic pressure.

PMID- 2923777
TI  - Dos and don'ts of a code: dealing with cardiac arrest (continuing education
      credit).

PMID- 2923778
TI  - Do nurses need mandatory continuing education?
AB  - The impact of continuing education depends upon the willingness and readiness of
      nurses to implement change in their own practice by realizing that competence in
      any profession requires periodic updating. Nurses who describe themselves as
      professionals need to accept a personal responsibility for their own continued
      learning.

PMID- 2923779
TI  - Analyzing ADN competencies.
AB  - El Paso Community College District, using the DACUM Process, identified 19 major
      competency areas with 313 specific competencies for AD Nursing. This article
      provides an overview of the DACUM Process, a discussion of the application to the
      ADN program, a summary of the results, and future activities.

PMID- 2923780
TI  - Traveling nurse: one nurse's journey.

PMID- 2923781
TI  - Nursing diagnosis for patients with psychiatric problems.
AB  - Nursing diagnosis can be a useful tool in planning the care of the psychiatric
      patient, if the diagnostic label and etiology are developed accurately. Goals and
      interventions are planned to meet the defined nursing diagnoses. Examples of the
      application of the nursing process to the care of the mentally ill are described.

PMID- 2923782
TI  - Collision course.

PMID- 2923784
TI  - Toward tenure.

PMID- 2923783
TI  - Where the boys aren't.
AB  - Many causative factors have been cited for our present national nursing shortage.
      Some of these are: the "baby bust" of the late sixties and seventies, the women's
      movement, inadequate salaries, and shift work. Yes, an untapped pool of potential
      applicants exists--men. This article asks why nursing is "where the boys aren't."

PMID- 2923785
TI  - Diuretics.

PMID- 2923786
TI  - Legal aspects of a code.

PMID- 2923787
TI  - Connective tissue responses to some heavy metals. III. Silver and dietary
      supplements of ascorbic acid. Histology and ultrastructure.
AB  - Silver-loaded ion exchange resin beads implanted into loose connective tissue of
      the rat pinna produced a local reaction. Initially the lesion comprised local
      necrosis and tissue disruption with predominantly small round cell infiltration.
      The subsequent organization was delayed and disordered. Fibroblasts developed
      grossly dilated cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The matrix
      contained poorly orientated collagen fibrils of varying size and ground substance
      appeared condensed and granular. Distorted collagen fibrils were identified
      within membrane-bound vacuoles in the cytoplasm of both fibroblasts and
      macrophages. Abnormalities of the silver lesion were indicative of disordered
      collagen biosynthesis. Silver interfered with the biosynthesis and assembly of
      matrix components of the connective tissue. The reaction to silver beads in rats
      maintained on a diet heavily supplemented with ascorbic acid approached that of
      the control (sodium-loaded bead) with respect to the time scale, tissue reaction
      and tissue organization. The collagen matrix which formed was more organized and
      of greater density than that in the rat maintained on a normal diet. However, the
      repair tissue retained some of the morphological features of the legacy of silver
      toxicity, in particular delayed repair and dense intracellular fibrils within
      fibroblasts and macrophages. The excess of ascorbic acid partially ameliorated
      the effect of silver, possibly by compensating catabolysis of ascorbic acid
      caused by the presence of the released silver.

PMID- 2923788
TI  - Experimental frost-bite in Hanford Miniature Swine. I. Epithelial changes.
AB  - Frost-bite lesions were produced in five Hanford Miniature Swine exposed to - 75
      degrees C air for 1, 3, 5, 10 or 20 min. Biopsies were taken at 0, 3, 6, 12, 24
      and 48 h and 1 and 2 weeks. Two hundred slides were evaluated microscopically:
      pyknosis, vacuolation, individualization of cells, and degeneration were graded
      from 0-5; 0, no change; 5, severe change. Necrosis, new epithelium, and
      microabscesses were recorded as present or absent. Early changes of vacuolation
      of keratinocytes, individualization of cells and pyknosis increased with biopsy
      time until 1 week, at which time more severe changes predominated. Intermediate
      changes of advanced degeneration and dermoepidermal microabscesses were seen at
      48 h and 1 and 2 weeks. Late changes of necrosis and epithelial regeneration
      occurred, both separately or together in the same tissue, at 1 and 2 weeks.
      Regeneration occurred either as complete replacement of epithelium, or as
      crescents of new epithelium beneath degenerating epithelium. The results show
      that necrosis is a late development, so prognosis based on early skin biopsies
      must be guarded to unfavourable. Furthermore, these findings suggest that cold
      has a direct effect on epithelial cell membranes.

PMID- 2923789
TI  - Experimental frost-bite in Hanford Miniature Swine. II. Vascular changes.
AB  - Frost-bite lesions were produced in five Hanford Miniature Swine exposed to - 75
      degrees C air for 1, 3, 5, 10, or 20 min. Biopsies were taken at 0, 3, 6, 12, 24,
      and 48 h, and 1 and 2 weeks. Two hundred slides were evaluated microscopically:
      superficial and deep hyperaemia, vascular inflammation, medial degeneration, and
      thrombosis were graded from 0 to 5; 0, no change; 5, severe change. Haemorrhage
      was recorded as present or absent. Hyperaemia was the earliest change seen, both
      grossly and microscopically. Leucocyte emigration and vasculitis were
      intermediate stages seen most commonly in the 6, 12, and 24 h biopsies. Medial
      degeneration and thrombosis, the most severe vascular changes, were not seen
      until 1-2 weeks following frost-bite injury. These findings show that the outcome
      of frost-bite can not be accurately predicted from early frost-bite lesions,
      because thrombosis and medial degeneration are not evident in early lesions.

PMID- 2923790
TI  - Tooth root resorption induced in rats by diphenylhydantoin and parathyroidectomy.
AB  - Changes in bone, cartilage and the dentition in animals and man following the
      administration of anticonvulsant drugs resemble those seen in hypoparathyroidism
      and pseudohypoparathyroidism. Groups of 21-day-old rats were treated with
      diphenylhydantoin, parathyroidectomized, or made hypocalcaemic with a calcium
      deficient diet. Histological examination revealed extensive resorption of
      cementum and dentine in the molars of the drug-treated and parathyroidectomized
      rats, but not in the hypocalcaemic or control groups. Localization of injected
      tetracycline by fluorescence showed that the resorption affected the distal side
      of the tooth roots and had occurred after root formation. No changes in cementum
      formation on the mesial side of the roots had occurred in any of the experimental
      groups. These results suggest that diphenylhydantoin induces a condition similar
      to pseudohypoparathyroidism in which the resistance of tooth roots to resorption
      is reduced.

PMID- 2923791
TI  - The effect of carbon tetrachloride on the copper-laden rat liver.
AB  - Copper is believed to be hepatotoxic in Indian Childhood Cirrhosis and Wilson's
      disease. However, copper-loading causes only minimal hepatic damage in animal
      models. The hypothesis was therefore proposed that a second hepatic insult may
      precipitate or perpetuate liver injury in a copper-laden liver. In non-copper
      dosed rats CCl4 (10 mmol/kg, i.p.) produced elevated serum AST (809 +/- 298 IU/l,
      normal 20 +/- 5) and ALT (295 +/- 157 IU/l, normal 6 +/- 1) and extensive liver
      cell necrosis, portal tract inflammation, fat deposition, and perilobular
      hepatocyte ballooning. In rats whose liver copper was elevated from 75 +/- 13 to
      461 +/- 13 micrograms/g by oral copper supplementation, CCl4 produced much
      smaller increases in AST (492 +/- 80 IU/l) and ALT (172 +/- 57 IU/l) and mild
      focal liver cell necrosis. Fat deposition and perilobular vacuolation were not
      reduced. Prior copper-loading of rats unequivocally protected against the CCl4
      induced liver injury. Triglyceride accumulation, however, was apparently
      unaffected. The possible interactions of copper with prostaglandin-mediated
      inflammation and with free-radical-induced liver damage are discussed.

PMID- 2923792
TI  - Benzo(a)pyrene metabolism, DNA-binding and UV-induced repair of DNA damage in
      cultured skin fibroblasts from a patient with unilateral multiple basal cell
      carcinoma.
AB  - The metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene (BP), a ubiquitous environmental carcinogen, and
      its subsequent binding to DNA, and the repair of UV-induced DNA damage were
      studied in fibroblasts cultured from the skin of a 61-year-old male who had
      multiple BCC (greater than 100) on his left upper trunk. Biopsies were obtained
      and fibroblasts cultured from clinically normal tumour-free skin adjacent to
      tumour-bearing sites (TBS) and from visibly uninvolved normal skin (UNS) at
      distant sites. The cultured cells were incubated with [3H]-BP for 24 h and BP
      metabolism was assessed by HPLC and the formation of BP-diols, quinones and
      phenols verified. Total BP metabolism was 45% lower in TBS fibroblasts than in
      UNS fibroblasts. The formation of BP-7,8-diol, the precursor of the carcinogenic
      end product of BP metabolism, was 53% lower in TBS cells than in UNS cells.
      Pretreatment of UNS cells with benz(a)anthracene (BA) (x 10(-4) M) did not
      significantly affect BP metabolite formation whereas BA-treatment of TBS cells
      resulted in 55% and 76% increases in total BP metabolism and BP-7,8-diol
      formation, respectively. Treatment of TBS cells with BA also caused a substantial
      increase (95%) in BP-DNA adduct formation. Whereas DNA-binding in UNS cells was
      unaffected by this treatment. In response to irradiation with 2J/m2 UVC, total
      DNA repair was similar in both cell types; on alkaline elution it appeared that
      the TBS cells were more efficient in repairing UV-induced DNA strand breaks.
      These results suggest that BP metabolism and repair of DNA are altered in TBS
      cells and that patients with this type of metabolic profile may be at higher risk
      of the development of cutaneous neoplasms. It is also possible that fibroblasts
      from tumour bearing skin undergo some as yet unexplained alteration in carcinogen
      metabolism as a consequence of the induction of neoplasia.

PMID- 2923793
TI  - Polymorphic light eruption: an immunopathological study of evolving lesions.
AB  - Polymorphic light eruption (PLE) papules were successfully induced on previously
      affected sites in 11 out of 14 patients with PLE 4-20 h after single exposures to
      suberythemogenic doses of solar simulated radiation. Histological examination of
      biopsies performed 1 h, 5 h, 24 h, 72 h and 144 h post-irradiation revealed onset
      within 5 h of perivascular cellular infiltration. The infiltrate was dominated by
      lymphocytes in both early and established lesions, without evident epidermal
      pathology. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated a predominance of CD4+ cells in
      lesions up to 72 h post-induction, but later biopsies were dominated by a CD8+
      infiltrate. Significantly increased numbers of dermal macrophages and CD1b+ cells
      were detected 1 h and 5 h post-irradiation, respectively. These findings are
      consistent with a delayed type hypersensitivity response underlying the
      pathogenesis of polymorphic light eruption.

PMID- 2923794
TI  - The spectrum of livedo reticularis and anticardiolipin antibodies.
AB  - We document a study of 65 patients presenting to our clinics, over a 2-year
      period, with livedo reticularis. All patients were screened for the presence of
      anti-cardiolipin antibodies and assessed for the presence of central nervous
      system disease and features of the 'antiphospholipid' syndrome, including venous
      and arterial thromboses and foetal loss. Patients were also assessed for other
      clinical features such as Raynaud's phenomenon and valvular lesions. Twenty-eight
      anti-cardiolipin positive patients were compared with 37 anti-cardiolipin
      negative patients. There was a statistically significant difference in the
      incidence of cerebrovascular disease (including strokes and transient ischaemic
      attacks) thrombocytopenia, valvular heart lesions and foetal loss in the anti
      cardiolipin positive patients as compared with the anticardiolipin negative
      groups.

PMID- 2923795
TI  - A quantitative assessment of Langerhans cells in oral mucosal lichen planus and
      leukoplakia.
AB  - Quantitative analysis of Langerhans cells stained with OKT6 in the epithelium of
      42 patients with oral mucosal lichen planus and 14 patients with oral mucosal
      leukoplakia showed significantly greater numbers of Langerhans cells in lichen
      planus. This may reflect the role of Langerhans cells in the pathogenesis of this
      condition and their identification could help in distinguishing lichen planus
      from leukoplakia.

PMID- 2923796
TI  - Exogenous ochronosis: an epidemiological study.
AB  - A survey was conducted to investigate the relationship between exogenous
      ochronosis and the use of skin lightening preparations amongst black individuals
      attending general outpatient departments in two South African hospitals. In the
      sample, 15% of males and 42% of females were found to have exogenous ochronosis.
      The prevalence amongst users of skin lighteners was 69%. The main demographic
      associations with ochronosis were an inverse relationship to education, and
      predominance of the female sex. Clinical and behavioural aspects were also
      recorded. Even products limited to 2% hydroquinone or less, and combined with a
      sunscreen, were found to cause ochronosis.

PMID- 2923797
TI  - Atopic dermatitis and house dust mites.
AB  - The occurrence of house dust mites (Dermatophagoides spp) was investigated in the
      homes of 26 patients with atopic dermatitis (AD), 20 patients with psoriasis and
      41 randomly selected homes in Arhus, Denmark. The AD patients with moderate to
      severe eczema had an increased concentration of mites (median 85 mites/0.1 g
      mattress dust) compared with the controls (median 8 mites/0.1 g mattress dust).
      The higher exposure to house dust mites corresponded to a relative risk of 4.6
      and a clear dose-response relationship between exposure and disease could be
      demonstrated. Our results illustrate a clear association between moderate to
      severe atopic dermatitis and increased exposure to house dust mites in the
      patients' homes, and support the hypothesis that mite antigens could be an
      aetiological factor in atopic dermatitis.

PMID- 2923799
TI  - British Society for Investigative Dermatology, annual meeting. Manchester,
      September 1988. Abstracts.

PMID- 2923798
TI  - Long-term cyclosporin for psoriasis.
AB  - Thirteen patients with severe persistent psoriasis, intolerant of, or
      unresponsive to, other current treatments have been treated with cyclosporin
      (Cys) for periods varying from 12-25 (mean 18) months. The dose ranged from 1-4
      mg/kg/day (mean 2.8 mg). There was a 72% reduction in the mean PASI score at 4
      weeks, and at the end of the study, an 81% reduction. Adjuvant therapy with
      topical steroids was used in 11 of the 13 patients after the first 3 months of
      Cys treatment to persistent patches on an intermittent basis with beneficial
      effect. Six patients developed mild to moderate hypertension, in three this was
      controlled by a reduction in the dose of Cys, and in the other three by
      hypotensive agents. The mean serum creatinine rose from 72 to 90 microM/l during
      the study. Hypertrichosis occurred in seven of the 13 patients. Low dosage Cys is
      an effective treatment for clearing psoriasis and maintaining improvement on a
      long-term basis.

PMID- 2923800
TI  - Reversible gynaecomastia associated with etritinate.

PMID- 2923801
TI  - Meyerson's naevi in pityriasis rosea.

PMID- 2923802
TI  - Platelet hyperaggregability in two patients with Klinefelter's syndrome
      complicated by leg ulcers.

PMID- 2923803
TI  - The natural history of 'dystrophic' pili torti.

PMID- 2923804
TI  - In vivo and in vitro inhibitory effect of alpha-interferon on megakaryocyte
      colony growth in essential thrombocythaemia.
AB  - Megakaryocyte (MK) colony growth of bone marrow mononuclear non-adherent cells
      was evaluated in 28 patients with essential thrombocythaemia (ET) and in 26
      normal controls. The number of MK-colony forming units (CFU-MK per 3 x 10(5)
      plated cells) was similar in ET (68 +/- 33) and in controls (63 +/- 37),
      independently of bone marrow accessory cells. On the contrary, the size of the MK
      colonies was significantly (P less than 0.01) greater in ET patients. Human
      recombinant alpha-interferon 2a (alpha-IFN), administered to 10 patients at a
      dose of 3 x 10(6) IU/d s.c. for 11 +/- 3 weeks, was capable of inducing a
      significant (P less than 0.01) decrease in the number (from 72 +/- 16 to 31 +/-
      14) and size of bone marrow CFU-MK, together with a significant reduction of the
      platelet count (from 1031 +/- 325 to 378 +/- 75 x 10(9)/l). When added in vitro
      at time 0 to the culture dishes, alpha-IFN inhibited the CFU-MK growth of both
      normal and ET bone marrow samples, even at very low concentrations (1 and 10
      IU/ml). This study demonstrates that alpha-IFN, both in vivo and in vitro, exerts
      an inhibitory effect on the growth of MK progenitors, which appears to correlate
      with the clinically documented antiproliferative effect of this cytokine.

PMID- 2923805
TI  - The frequency of long-term remission in patients with acute myelogenous leukaemia
      treated with conventional maintenance chemotherapy: a study of 760 patients with
      a minimal follow-up time of 6 years.
AB  - Remission duration associated with the administration of conventional maintenance
      chemotherapy to patients with acute myelogenous leukaemia was evaluated. The
      records of 760 patients who entered remission between 1974 and 1979 were
      reviewed. The median duration of remission was 1.1 years with 16% of patients
      remaining in remission at 8 years. The relapse curve was biphasic with a high
      rate of relapse during the first 2 1/2 years of remission followed by a much
      lower relapse rate thereafter. Leukaemic relapses were noted through 8 years of
      remission. A plateau phase indicating freedom from the risk of leukaemic
      recurrence is not clearly apparent yet but may exist after the eighth year of
      remission.

PMID- 2923806
TI  - Nucleoside transport in acute leukaemia and lymphoma: close relation to
      proliferative rate.
AB  - The proliferation of mammalian cells requires nucleosides which are provided
      either by de novo synthesis or by influx of nucleosides via membrane transporters
      with subsequent metabolic trapping. In this study the density of nucleoside
      transporters in freshly-isolated blast cells from patients with leukaemias and
      lymphomas was quantitated by equilibrium binding of 3H-nitrobenzylmercaptopurine
      riboside (NBMPR). In acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) the density of NBMPR binding
      sites on blast cells ranged from 3800 to 24,200 sites/cell and this value
      correlated with the 3H-thymidine labelling index (1-20%) which was used to
      measure proliferative rate (r = 0.80, P less than 0.001). Cells from patients
      with Burkitt's lymphoma, other B-cell lymphomas, T-lymphoblastic lymphoma and
      large cell lymphoma gave a 20-fold range of NBMPR site densities (from 3700 to
      75,300 sites/cell) and site numbers correlated closely with the labelling index
      (r = 0.87, P less than 0.001). Non-proliferating cells from patients with chronic
      lymphocytic leukaemia expressed the lowest density of NBMPR binding sites (850
      2900 sites/cell). Comparison of bone marrow and peripheral blood blasts confirmed
      the positive correlation between NBMPR binding sites and labelling index for four
      individual patients. In contrast, the density of NBMPR binding sites on
      lymphoblasts from non-T acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) was low (2300-7400
      sites/cell) and showed little dependence on proliferation over a wide range of
      labelling indices (1-20%). No correlation was observed between NBMPR site density
      and cell size measured by the intracellular water space. Thus an increased
      proliferative rate of AML or lymphoma is associated with higher numbers of
      nucleoside transporters in the cell membrane.

PMID- 2923807
TI  - In vitro studies of ways to overcome resistance to VAMP--high dose melphalan in
      the treatment of multiple myeloma.
AB  - Myeloma colonies (MY-CFUc) from 7/24 patients undergoing treatment with VAMP
      (vincristine, adriamycin and methyl prednisolone) and high dose melphalan (HDM)
      were melphalan-resistant. It was not possible to conclude that VAMP induced
      melphalan resistance in MY-CFUc, but that resistance is endogenous in some
      myeloma cell populations. In 12/13 of the same patients of whom four had MY-CFUc
      which were melphalan resistant, the sensitivity of MY-CFUc and GM-CFUc to
      busulphan was similar. Thus resistance of MY-CFUc to melphalan did not confer
      resistance to busulphan. MY-CFUc from 1/7 of a second group of patients were
      adriamycin-resistant. This resistance was removed when the cells were treated
      with a combination of verapamil (3 micrograms/ml) and adriamycin. Verapamil also
      enhanced the toxicity of adriamycin to MY-CFUc from two patients where there was
      no evidence for adriamycin resistance. In these three patients the sensitivity of
      both MY-CFUc and GM-CFUc was similar after treatment with verapamil. Verapamil
      did not affect the uptake or efflux of 3H-daunorubicin in sensitive and resistant
      RPMI-8226 cells (myeloma) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells from a normal
      donor; neither did it affect the binding of 3H-daunorubicin to nucleic acid. It
      is concluded that verapamil may be a useful adjuvant to VAMP chemotherapy and
      that busulphan may provide an alternative to melphalan in patients whose myeloma
      cells are melphalan resistant.

PMID- 2923808
TI  - Pre-B and 'common' lymphoblastic leukaemia of childhood compared.
AB  - Consecutive children suffering from pre-B lymphoblastic leukaemia (pre-B ALL)
      were compared with those who had 'common' ALL (C-ALL) to assess any clinical and
      pathological differences between the two groups. Over 101 months 27 pre-B
      children were seen-an incidence in the population served of around 0.8/100,000
      per year. There was some time-clustering and 12 of the 27 presented in one year
      (1987). The 51 patients with C-ALL who presented for comparison were distributed
      more evenly over the study period. Pre-B children had more basophilic blast cells
      with less periodic acid-Schiff positivity. They had higher presenting white cell
      counts and serum concentrations of lactic dehydrogenase; two variables which were
      correlated with each other. There was a trend towards pre-B children being
      younger and fewer had hyperdiploid blasts, but these differences were not
      statistically significant. No difference from 'common' ALL in response to therapy
      was apparent for the pre-B patients at a median follow up time of 17 months--too
      short a period for any conclusion to be drawn. Other than immunophenotype, pre-B
      ALL has no pathognomonic features, but there are differences from C-ALL in the
      distribution of some disease characteristics known to be associated with a worse
      prognosis.

PMID- 2923809
TI  - The beneficial effects of alpha IFN in CGL are probably not mediated by NK cells.
AB  - Natural killer (NK) cells in CGL were measured phenotypically (by Leu7 and CD16
      Mab staining) and functionally (by a standard chromium-release cytotoxicity
      assay) in eight patients before and during alpha-IFN therapy. Before alpha IFN
      therapy, phenotypic NK cells were normal in relative and absolute numbers but
      were consistently defective functionally; this defect was partially corrected by
      in vitro exposure to alpha IFN. During alpha IFN therapy, there was no change in
      NK function in five patients and enhanced (two patients) or reduced (one patient)
      activity was observed in the other three. Cold-target inhibition experiments
      showed no evidence of NK binding to normal or CGL myeloid progenitors. It is
      concluded that alpha IFN-enhanced NK function, a known anti-tumour mechanism in
      animal models, is probably not the basis of the responsiveness of CGL to alpha
      IFN therapy.

PMID- 2923810
TI  - Hairy cell leukaemia: observations on natural killer activity in different
      clinical stages of the disease.
AB  - Follow-up studies of natural killer (NK) cells, NK activity and antibody
      dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) in the course of hairy cell leukaemia
      (HCL) were carried out in a series of patients affected by the disease. NK
      activity against K562 targets was found to be high in all the patients with non
      symptomatic stable disease. On the other hand, absent or extremely low NK
      activity was found only in patients with symptomatic progressive disease. NK
      activity determined in the transitional stages showed values between these two
      extremes. Antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) was less closely
      correlated with the clinical stage than NK activity. Our findings suggest that
      investigation of in vitro NK cell cytotoxicity might serve as a useful adjunct in
      determining clinical stage in HCL.

PMID- 2923811
TI  - Late onset bone marrow failure associated with proximal fusion of radius and
      ulna: a new syndrome.
AB  - Members of two unrelated families, one from England and the other from Portugal,
      presented with aplastic anaemia. Both families had clinical and laboratory
      features in common. The proposita presented with progressive bone marrow failure
      in adult life involving all three haemopoietic cell lines. In both families
      individuals with bone marrow failure also had proximal fusion of the radius and
      ulna bilaterally which segregates as an autosomal dominant trait. No cytogenetic
      defect was identified in myeloid or lymphoid cells, sampled from the marrow and
      peripheral blood. Proximal fusion of the radius and ulna is uncommon and its co
      existance with late onset bone marrow failure may indicate an association. Growth
      failure, non-skeletal congenital malformations and cytogenetic abnormalities were
      absent suggesting that this syndrome is distinct from Fanconi's anaemia. The
      onset in adult life of generalized bone marrow failure involving all three
      haemopoietic cell lines associated with proximal fusion of the radius and ulna
      also makes this syndrome distinct from the thrombocytopenia with absent radii
      (TAR) syndrome.

PMID- 2923812
TI  - Amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia with duplication of part of the long arm of
      chromosome 3.

PMID- 2923813
TI  - Mitoxantrone induced congestive heart failure in patients previously treated with
      anthracyclines.

PMID- 2923814
TI  - Chromosome rearrangement, t(6;14) (p21.1;q32.3), in multiple myeloma.

PMID- 2923815
TI  - Prolonged survival in chronic granulocytic leukaemia associated with loss of the
      Philadelphia chromosome.

PMID- 2923816
TI  - Sickle cell anaemia in a septuagenarian.

PMID- 2923817
TI  - Tumour necrosis factor in B chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.

PMID- 2923818
TI  - Ristocetin and platelet aggregation.

PMID- 2923819
TI  - Ki67 expression in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and relation with L2
      morphology.

PMID- 2923820
TI  - Sleep pattern disturbances related to neurological dysfunction.

PMID- 2923821
TI  - Neurobehavioural effects of short duration exposures to acetone and methyl ethyl
      ketone.
AB  - A total of 137 volunteers were recruited and tested for neurobehavioural
      performance before, during, and after a short duration (4 h) exposure to acetone
      at 250 ppm, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) at 200 ppm, acetone at 125 ppm with MEK at
      100 ppm, or a placebo. Ethanol (95%-0.84 ml/kg) was used as a positive control.
      Performance testing was computer controlled and took place in an environmental
      chamber with four test stations. The total test regimen before, during, and after
      exposure covered 10 hours and 32 measures were collected. The measurements were
      extracted from two biochemical (venous blood and alveolar breath) tests, four
      psychomotor (choice reaction time, visual vigilance, dual task (auditory tone
      discrimination and tracking), memory scanning) tests, one sensorimotor (postural
      sway) test, and one psychological (profile of mood states (POMS] test. The
      exposure to 250 ppm acetone produced small but statistically significant changes
      in performance from controls in two measures of the auditory tone discrimination
      task and on the anger hostility scale (men only) of the POMS test. Neither MEK
      nor the combined acetone/MEK exposures produced statistically significant
      interpretable results. The combination exposure provides some indication that
      there was no potentiation of the acetone effects with the coexposure to MEK or
      vice versa. More pronounced performance decrements occurred with ethanol at 0.07
      0.08% BAC. Significant (less than 0.05) differences were evident on both the
      auditory tone and tracking tests in the dual task and there was partial
      significance on the visual vigilance test (0.05-0.06) and some postural sway
      measures (less than 0.09). These findings agree with an earlier Japanese study in
      showing some mild decrements on behavioural performance tests with exposures to
      acetone at 250 ppm.

PMID- 2923822
TI  - Urinary t,t-muconic acid as an indicator of exposure to benzene.
AB  - A method for rapidly determining t,t-muconic acid (MA) by high performance liquid
      chromatography was developed and successfully applied to urine samples from 152
      workers exposed to benzene (64 men, 88 women) and 213 non-exposed controls (113
      men, 100 women). The MA concentrations in urine correlated linearly with time
      weighted average benzene concentrations in the breath zone air of workers. A
      cross sectional balance study showed that about 2% of benzene inhaled is excreted
      into the urine as MA. The MA concentrations in the urine of the non-exposed was
      below the detection limit (less than 0.1 mg/l) in most cases, and the 95% lower
      confidence limit of MA for those exposed to benzene at 5 ppm (5.0 mg/l as a non
      corrected value) was higher than the 97.5%-tile values for the non-exposed (1.4
      mg/l). In practice, it was possible to separate those exposed to 6-7 ppm benzene
      from the non-exposed by means of urine analysis for MA. The urinary MA
      concentration was suppressed by coexposure to toluene.

PMID- 2923823
TI  - Changes in lung function after working with the shotcrete lining method under
      compressed air conditions.
AB  - Shotcrete techniques under compressed air are increasingly applied in the
      construction of tunnels. Up to now little is known about the influence of
      shotcrete dusts on the function of the lung. The lung function of 30 miners
      working with shotcrete under compressed air (before and after one shift) was
      measured. They carried personal air samplers to assess the total dust exposure.
      Long term effects were studied on a second group of 29 individuals exposed to
      shotcrete dusts and compressed air for two years. A significant increase of
      airway resistance and a significant decrease of some flow-volume parameters were
      found after one workshift. These changes partially correlate close to the dust
      exposure. After two years exposure a significant decrease of mean expiratory flow
      (MEF)50 and MEF25 was found. These results point to damage in the small airways
      and emphasise the major role of the lung function test--including the flow-volume
      manoeuvre for the medical examination of the workers. Additionally, they should
      carry filter masks.

PMID- 2923825
TI  - Outcome of retrospective cohort studies and study size: a publication bias?

PMID- 2923824
TI  - Conjugated serum bile acid concentrations in workers exposed to low doses of
      toluene and xylene.

PMID- 2923826
TI  - Phenoxy herbicides and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in New Zealand: frequency and
      duration of herbicide use.

PMID- 2923827
TI  - Occupational bladder cancer and the hospital clinician.

PMID- 2923828
TI  - Cancer mortality in a cohort of United Kingdom steel foundry workers: 1946-85.
AB  - The mortality experienced by a cohort of 10,491 United Kingdom steel foundry
      workers during the period 1946-85 has been investigated. These workers were all
      male operatives first employed in any one of the 10 participating foundries in
      1946-65; all had worked in the industry for a minimum period of one year.
      Compared with the general population of England and Wales, statistically
      significant excesses relating to cancer mortality were found for cancer of the
      stomach (E = 77.4, O = 106, SMR = 137) and cancer of the lung (E = 229.2, O =
      441, SMR = 147). A statistically significant deficit was found for cancer of the
      brain (E = 19.4, O = 10, SMR = 51). Involvement of occupational exposures was
      assessed by the method of regression models and life tables (RMLT). This method
      was used to compare the duration of employment in the industry, in "dust exposed"
      jobs, in "fume exposed" jobs, in foundry area jobs, in fettling shop jobs, and in
      foundry area or fettling shop jobs, of those dying from cancers of the stomach
      and lung with those of all matching survivors. The RMLT analyses provided
      evidence of an occupational involvement in the risk of death from lung cancer
      from work in the foundry area or fettling shop, and weaker evidence of an
      occupational involvement in the risk of death from stomach cancer from work in
      the foundry area.

PMID- 2923829
TI  - Cancer incidence and mortality among Swedish smelter workers.
AB  - Cancer incidence was analysed in a retrospective cohort of 3710 male Swedish
      smelter workers between 1958 and 1982 using a record linkage with the Swedish
      Cancer Register. During this period 467 cancers were registered in the cohort. An
      excess incidence of total cancer of about 30% was shown relative to general and
      local populations mainly due to 120 respiratory cancers. Excess SMRs for all
      cancer and respiratory cancer were highly significant. Trends in the incidence of
      cancer were studied using moving five year calendar periods. A decreasing rate of
      lung cancer was found during 1976-80 for both mortality and incidence. Incidence
      figures for two more years show a continued decreasing trend. This is validated
      by an analysis of different employment cohorts, taking latency into account,
      showing that the later the date of first employment the lower the incidence of
      cancer, especially for lung cancer.

PMID- 2923830
TI  - Incidence of cancer and mortality among employees in the asbestos cement industry
      in Denmark.
AB  - In a cohort study of the incidence of cancer and mortality among 7996 men and 584
      women employed in the Danish asbestos cement industry between 1928 and 1984 over
      99% were traced. Chrysotile asbestos was the only fibre type used until 1946,
      when amosite and (in 1952) crocidolite were also introduced. Chrysotile
      constituted 89%, amosite 10%, and crocidolite 1% of the asbestos used. During the
      first 25 years of manufacture the exposure levels were high, especially in areas
      where the asbestos was handled dry. Measurements from 1948 indicate that the
      fibre levels may have ranged from 100 to 1600 times over the present Danish
      threshold limit value of 0.5 fibre/ml. In 1973 more than 41% of personal samples
      were higher than 2 f/ml. About 76% of the workforce left the factory within five
      years of starting employment. A total of 1346 deaths and 612 cases of cancer were
      observed in the cohort between 1943 and 1984. Among employed men the overall
      mortality (O/E 1.18; 95% CI 1.12-1.25), cancer mortality (O/E 1.32; 95% CI 1.19
      1.46), and overall incidence of cancer (O/E 1.22; 95% CI 1.12-1.32) were
      significantly increased compared with all Danish men. This was not so among
      employed women. For men, significant excess risks were found for cancer of the
      lung (O/E 1.80; 95% CI 1.54-2.10), pleura (O/E 5.46; 95% CI 2.62-10.05),
      mediastinum (O/E 5.00; 95% CI 1.01-14.61), stomach (O/E 1.43; 95% CI 1.03-1.93),
      and other male genital organs (O/E 3.03; 95% CI 1.11-6.60). The mortality was
      significantly increased for men for non-malignant pulmonary diseases (O/E 1.63;
      95% CI 1.33-1.98). Among the group of asbestos cement workers with first
      employment 1928-40 an excess risk of laryngeal cancer was found (O/E 5.50;95% CI
      1.77-12.82). A total of 12 cases of pleural and one of peritoneal mesotheliomas
      was observed when the original notification forms were reviewed for all patients
      with cancer in the cohort.

PMID- 2923831
TI  - Progression of asbestos effects: a prospective longitudinal study of chest
      radiographs and lung function.
AB  - From an original prospective cohort of 244 current and ex-workers in two asbestos
      cement plants, longitudinal radiographic data covering ten years were available
      for 165 and lung function data covering about six years for 150. Estimates of
      average and cumulative dust exposure were available for each participant, all
      men. Radiographic progression (onset or worsening) was assessed by comparing
      earliest and latest films side by side. Annual changes in lung function were
      computed by fitting regression lines to all the data points. Small opacities (ILO
      category 1/0 or higher) were found in 16% of initial films, and progression of
      small opacities occurred in 13% of film pairs. Average and cumulative dust
      exposure were each significant determinants of the initial presence of small
      opacities, and were determinants of the progression of both parenchymal and
      pleural abnormalities. There was greater likelihood of progression if an
      abnormality was initially present, and a greater likelihood of progression in the
      plant that had systematic use of some crocidolite. Initial levels of lung
      function were related to smoking, exposure to dust, and initial radiographic
      status. Mean annual declines in lung function were modest (FVC-0.017 l/y, FEV1
      0.020 l/y) and were related to smoking but not exposure to dust, initial
      radiographic status, or radiographic progression. Both plants used mainly
      chrysotile asbestos and exposure levels declined severalfold after 1960. Our
      findings suggest a waning effect of the larger remote dust exposures on recent
      annual change in lung function. This accords with human and experimental
      pathology data showing the relatively low resistance of chrysotile fibres to
      chemical alteration and clearance.

PMID- 2923832
TI  - Division of uterine adhesions (Asherman's syndrome) with the Nd-YAG laser.
AB  - Two women with Asherman's syndrome after postpartum curettage are presented. The
      diagnosis was confirmed by hysteroscopy. The adhesions were vaporized under
      hysteroscopic control, using a Nd-YAG laser (neodymium-yttrium-aluminium-garnet
      laser). The method was precise, caused minimal thermal injury and resulted in
      immediate return of regular menstrual cycles. The use of the Nd-YAG laser for
      Asherman's syndrome warrants further study.

PMID- 2923833
TI  - Clinical characteristics of subfertile men with antisperm antibodies.
AB  - This study investigated the clinical features which could serve as markers to
      identify subfertile men with antisperm antibodies including age, duration of
      infertility, history of abdominal or perineal surgery and previous genital
      trauma. Of the 162 men studied, 43 had a positive test for antisperm antibodies.
      A significantly greater number of these patients had a history of genital trauma
      and appendicectomy. Whereas the aetiological role of genital trauma in
      spermatozoal autoimmunity is readily explicable, that of appendicectomy is not.
      It can only be postulated that inflammation of the appendix may sometimes affect
      the vas deferens or that there is some inadvertent injury to the vas deferens
      during appendicectomy.

PMID- 2923834
TI  - Primary malignant Schwannoma of the uterine cervix. Case report.

PMID- 2923835
TI  - Pelvic inflammatory disease caused by Salmonella panama and its treatment with
      ciprofloxacin. Case report.

PMID- 2923836
TI  - Cervical stenosis after cone biopsy during post-pregnancy amenorrhoea.

PMID- 2923837
TI  - Commentary. Broken bones--a gynecological problem.

PMID- 2923838
TI  - A study comparing transcervical with trans-abdominal chorionic villi sampling
      (CVS)

PMID- 2923839
TI  - The pathogenesis of genitourinary prolapse and stress incontinence of urine. A
      histological and histochemical study.
AB  - Histological and histochemical analysis of biopsy samples of pubococcygeus muscle
      obtained from asymptomatic women and from women with stress incontinence of
      urine, with or without genitourinary prolapse, have been compared. In the
      asymptomatic women both age and parity appeared to be related to the
      morphological features of the samples and in particular those obtained from the
      posterior part of the pubococcygeus. In the symptomatic women there was a
      significant increase in the number of muscle fibres showing pathological damage
      which were obtained from the posterior part of the pelvic floor. The range of
      diameters of both Type I and Type II fibres obtained from this region was
      significantly different between symptomatic and asymptomatic women. These
      findings may be attributable to partial denervation of the pelvic floor in
      patients with urinary stress incontinence with or without genital tract prolapse.

PMID- 2923840
TI  - The role of partial denervation of the pelvic floor in the aetiology of
      genitourinary prolapse and stress incontinence of urine. A neurophysiological
      study.
AB  - Single-fibre electromyography of the pubococcygeus muscle of the pelvic floor was
      performed in 69 asymptomatic women and 105 women with stress incontinence of
      urine or genitourinary prolapse or both. The results suggest that partial
      denervation of the pelvic floor with subsequent reinnervation is a normal
      accompaniment of ageing and is increased by childbirth. Women with stress
      incontinence of urine or genitourinary prolapse or both have a significant
      increase in denervation of the pelvic floor compared with asymptomatic women.

PMID- 2923841
TI  - The role of pudendal nerve damage in the aetiology of genuine stress incontinence
      in women.
AB  - Conduction was studied in the terminal branches of the pudendal nerve in 42 women
      with normal urinary control and 87 women with stress incontinence of urine,
      genitourinary prolapse, or both. Women with stress incontinence of urine had
      delayed conduction to both the striated urethral muscle and the pelvic floor
      muscle, indicative of denervation injury. Women with normal urinary control and
      genitourinary prolapse had similar conduction times to the urethral sphincter
      striated muscle as normal women but clear evidence of denervation damage to the
      pelvic floor.

PMID- 2923842
TI  - Serum from pregnant women carrying a fetus with neural tube defect is teratogenic
      for rat embryos in culture.
AB  - Sera from 13 pregnant women carrying a fetus with a neural tube defect, and from
      13 control women with normal pregnancies at the same stage of gestation were used
      in the culture of postimplantation rat embryos. Serum from women with normal
      pregnancies had no adverse effect on rat embryo growth and development. Serum
      from 10 of the women with affected fetuses had a deleterious effect on the rat
      embryos as abnormalities of neural tube closure were observed in 28% of the
      conceptuses compared to only 1.3% of the embryos cultured in control serum.

PMID- 2923843
TI  - Measurement of cardiac output in pregnancy by thermodilution and impedance
      techniques.
AB  - To assess the value of impedance cardiography in pregnancy, simultaneous
      measurements of cardiac output were made with impedance and thermodilution
      techniques in 10 patients who required pulmonary artery catheterization. The
      methods correlated poorly (r = 0.17). The discrepancy between methods was
      particularly pronounced in hypertensive patients. Impedance cardiography does not
      measure cardiac output accurately in hypertensive pregnant women.

PMID- 2923844
TI  - Aldosterone is secreted intermittently during pregnancy.
AB  - Saliva aldosterone concentration was measured in samples collected at hourly
      intervals from healthy pregnant women (approximately 26 and 36 weeks gestation)
      who were going about their normal daily activities, and from some women
      hospitalized for disorders of pregnancy. In the healthy women diurnal saliva
      aldosterone fluctuated considerably, the highest values being 2-22 times the
      lowest on a given day. Because of the known correlation between saliva and plasma
      aldosterone concentrations we believe that the fluctuating salivary level is
      indicative of fluctuating plasma levels and that this is due to the intermittent
      secretion of aldosterone. The rate of decline of saliva aldosterone from peak
      levels indicated a half life (t 1/2) of 72 (SD 31) min which was not
      significantly different from that in non-pregnant subjects. The temporal pattern
      of saliva aldosterone suggests an enhanced response of the zona glomerulosa to
      the factors that cause aldosterone secretion to fluctuate in non-pregnant
      subjects, rather than the development of a more potent stimulus to the zona
      glomerulosa during pregnancy. In addition to hour-to-hour variation there is also
      substantial day-to-day variation, so that estimation of aldosterone in a single
      sample of saliva or plasma is of little value during pregnancy. The mean diurnal
      aldosterone concentration can be estimated from five saliva samples so this
      measurement presents a convenient technique for the assessment of aldosterone
      status in pregnancy. In contrast to healthy pregnancy, a patient with pre
      eclampsia at 39 weeks gestation showed no elevation of saliva aldosterone above
      non-pregnant levels at any time during the day.

PMID- 2923845
TI  - Cigarette smoking in pregnancy results in marked decrease in maternal hCG and
      oestradiol levels.
AB  - We have examined serum levels of oestradiol (E2), sex-hormone binding globulin
      (SHBG) and human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) during early pregnancy in relation
      to smoking status at the time of sampling in a series of 147 women. Smoking was
      associated with significantly depressed serum levels of E2, SHBG and hCG: in
      smokers, E2 levels were on average 17.6% lower (P = 0.037), SHBG levels were
      12.4% lower (P = 0.15), and hCG levels were 21.5% lower (P = 0.044). There
      appeared to be a steady decline in these values with increasing cigarette
      consumption. These lower hormone levels in smokers may explain certain adverse
      effects of smoking in pregnancy.

PMID- 2923846
TI  - Problems of peritoneal access in intraperitoneal treatment and monitoring of
      ovarian cancer.
AB  - A total of 154 peritoneal lavages was attempted through either a permanent (17)
      or a temporary percutaneous cannula (137) in 59 ovarian cancer patients
      undergoing intraperitoneal treatment or monitoring. Seven of the eight permanent
      catheters were removed because of complications; intraperitoneal adhesions were a
      major problem in this group. Overall, 137 temporary catheters were inserted (14G
      Venflon i.v. cannula in 119, Verres needle in 15, and a Trocath peritoneal
      dialysis catheter in 3 instances) but it was not possible to perform a peritoneal
      lavage in 42 (30%). Access to the peritoneal cavity was unsatisfactory on 29
      (34%) occasions when a Venflon cannula was used, either because there was
      inadequate flow of lavage fluid into the peritoneal cavity or this was limited by
      pain. Perforation of the bowel occurred in 12 (9%) cases but there was no
      significant morbidity. Problems with achieving reliable peritoneal access using
      either permanent or temporary catheters may limit the potential advantages of the
      intraperitoneal route for treatment and monitoring.

PMID- 2923847
TI  - A retrospective cephalometric study of Class I patients.
AB  - In view of the growing consensus that traditional cephalometric analyses yield
      data of dubious scientific validity, this study was undertaken using an
      alternative technique, termed finite element analysis (FEA). The study was based
      on 14 triangular finite elements spanning seven datum (nodal) points delineating
      cephalometric form. These points were delineated on lateral cephalographs taken
      immediately before and following the completion of orthodontic treatment for two
      samples of boys aged 12-16 years. Although both samples exhibited Class I molar
      occlusions with anterior over-crowding, one sample required bilateral maxillary
      and mandibular first premolar extraction prior to orthodontic treatment, while
      the other sample did not. FEA revealed greater cephalometric size and shape
      changes in the 'non-extraction' than 'extraction' samples. Such sample contrasts,
      however, varied depending upon the finite element included in the analysis.
      Further studies are therefore required to delineate the specific finite element
      configurations to provide precise descriptions of cephalometric change.

PMID- 2923848
TI  - The reliability of mandibular radiographic superimposition.
AB  - Using tracings from thirty pairs of serial cephalometric radiographs, the
      reliability of three outlines, commonly used for mandibular superimposition, was
      investigated. There were sizeable errors associated with all three groups, but
      tracings involving Bjork's mandibular structures were found to be the least
      reliable. Despite the greater validity of the Bjork structures for assessment of
      growth changes, in certain cases the use of the mandibular outline may be of
      greater value for the superimposition of tracings, especially when the time
      interval between the radiographs is short, or the patient has passed maturity and
      the growth rate has declined to a negligible level.

PMID- 2923849
TI  - A cephalometric investigation of overjet changes in fifty severe Class II
      division I malocclusions.
AB  - A retrospective cephalometric study of 50 consecutively completed Class II
      Division I malocclusion cases was carried out in order to analyse the resultant
      data for craniofacial features which might act as predictors for successful
      overjet reduction. All the patients had clinically measured overjets of between
      10 mm and 15 mm at the start of treatment. The sample was subsequently divided
      into two groups depending on whether or not the overjet had been reduced to 4 mm
      or less at the end of treatment. No firm predictors were found, but the most
      favourable results were achieved with the Begg appliance.

PMID- 2923850
TI  - Richard Marx--Begg appliance treatment. Interview by Robert Kirschen.

PMID- 2923851
TI  - Morphology of the maxillary lateral incisor in cases of unilateral impaction of
      the maxillary canine.
AB  - Two groups of subjects who demonstrated unilateral maxillary canine impaction
      were examined, a Caucasian group and an Oriental group. It was found that there
      are significant differences between the groups for sex of patients seeking
      treatment, site of impaction (buccal/palatal), and arch form. The Oriental group
      was significantly more crowded in the canine area than the Caucasian group. In
      almost all cases the dimensions of the lateral incisor on the side of impaction
      were smaller than the non-impacted side, although five subjects from the
      Caucasian female sub-group did not conform to this pattern, and for the Oriental
      male sub-group the mesiodistal crown width was larger on the impacted side.

PMID- 2923852
TI  - The importance of the form of nitrogen on microbial protein synthesis in the
      rumen of cattle receiving grass silage and continuous intrarumen infusions of
      sucrose.
AB  - 1. In a 4 x 4 Latin square design experiment, four cattle were given grass silage
      in two meals per d to satisfy maintenance energy requirements. In addition,
      sucrose (170 g/kg silage dry matter (DM] was infused intraruminally at a constant
      rate with no nitrogen supplementation; with the infusion intraruminally of either
      casein (23 g/kg silage DM) or urea (8 g/kg silage DM); or with soya-bean meal (64
      g/kg silage DM) fed in two equal portions. 2. Samples of duodenal digesta
      representative of a 24 h period were obtained using chromium-EDTA and ytterbium
      acetate for flow estimation and 35S as a marker of microbial N entering the small
      intestine. Samples of rumen fluid were also taken for estimation of rumen pH and
      concentrations of ammonia-N and volatile fatty acids. Estimates of apparent
      organic matter (OM) and N digestibility and of the rates of silage DM and N
      disappearance from porous synthetic-fibre bags incubated in the rumen were also
      made. 3. The N supplements had no significant effects on rumen pH, concentrations
      of volatile fatty acids, their molar proportions or the disappearance of DM or N
      from porous synthetic-fibre bags. N supplementation increased rumen ammonia-N
      concentrations (urea, P less than 0.05; casein, soya-bean meal, not significant).
      4. N supplementation had no significant effects on the digestion of OM, acid
      detergent fibre or soluble carbohydrate. 5. Infusion of casein increased the
      quantities of total non-ammonia-N (not significant) and microbial N (P less than
      0.05) entering the small intestine daily and the efficiency of rumen microbial N
      synthesis (not significant).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2923853
TI  - Dental and metabolic effects of lactitol in the diet of laboratory rats.
AB  - 1. Because so little is known about the properties of lactitol as a possible
      alternative bulk sweetener to sucrose, it was tested in two large-scale
      experiments in laboratory rats. Matched groups of caries-active Osborne-Mendel
      rats were fed on uniform diets containing lactitol and compared with a sucrose
      control in both experiments, plus a xylitol control in the first experiment. 2.
      In the early stages of the experiments weight gains and food utilization were
      better on the sucrose than on the lactitol regimens. Body-fat storage was higher
      on the sucrose than on the polyol regimens. 3. At the end of 8 weeks the
      mandibular molars were examined for dental plaque accumulation and dental caries.
      The dental caries scores when 160 g sucrose/kg in the diet was replaced by
      lactitol were lower by a highly significant margin, bringing them down to the
      same low level as those on a 160 g xylitol/kg regimen. 4. Testing lactitol in a
      manufactured food product, shortbread biscuits, in comparison with ordinary
      sucrose biscuits, showed differences in plaque scores (significant) and caries
      levels (highly significant), with 60% fewer lesions on the lactitol regimen. 5.
      The results confirm the low cariogenic potential of lactitol, but show metabolic
      differences compared with sucrose.

PMID- 2923854
TI  - The role of the Journal in the 1900s.

PMID- 2923855
TI  - Physiological changes associated with the production of defective egg-shells by
      hens receiving sodium chloride in the drinking water.
AB  - 1. Supplementing the drinking water of laying hens with 600 or 2000 mg sodium
      chloride/l induced large increases in egg-shell defects without corresponding
      changes in egg production, egg weight or food and water intakes. A supplement of
      2000 mg NaCl/l resulted in a high incidence of shell-less eggs. 2. The increased
      incidence of egg-shell damage in hens receiving the NaCl was associated with a
      decrease in egg-shell quality measured objectively. These responses persisted
      even after the NaCl was removed from the drinking water. 3. The NaCl treatment
      had little effect on blood acid-base balance and electrolytes, but significant
      reductions were observed in the carbon dioxide tension, and bicarbonate and
      calcium concentrations in the fluid surrounding the egg in the shell gland. 4.
      The poor shell quality appeared to be associated with a reduced supply of
      bicarbonate, rather than with an effect on Ca, in the lumen of the shell gland,
      although a reduced residence time of eggs in the shell gland may also have
      contributed to the problem.

PMID- 2923856
TI  - Kinetic aspects of calcium metabolism in lactating sheep offered herbages with
      different Ca concentrations and the effect of protein supplementation.
AB  - 1. Two experiments are described in which kinetic aspects of calcium metabolism
      were studied in housed lactating sheep consuming different fresh herbage species.
      The importance of protein supply was also investigated. 2. In Expt. 1, two groups
      (n 4) were offered, ad lib., a freshly cut ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)-white
      clover (Trifolium repens L.) pasture containing 5.48 g Ca/kg dry matter (DM). One
      group was supplemented daily with 100 g protected casein. A third group (n 4) was
      offered, ad lib., freshly cut oats-Tama ryegass (Lolium multiflorum L.) herbage
      which had a lower Ca content of 3.07 g Ca/kg DM. Stable Ca and nitrogen balances
      were carried out during the first 7 weeks of lactation. At this stage 180 microCi
      45Ca were administered for Ca kinetic studies. 3. In Expt 2, eight sheep were
      offered, ad lib., a fresh ryegrass-white clover pasture, and paired on the basis
      of their udder size. One member of each pair was supplemented daily with 100 g
      casein via the abomasum and the amount of milk removed was equalized between
      pairs. Ca and N balance (12 d) and) and Ca kinetic studies (280 microCi 45Ca)
      were carried out during weeks 2 and 5 of lactation. 4. Rate of absorption of Ca
      increased, while rate of Ca secretion in milk and resorption from bone decreased
      as lactation progressed. Ca balances changed from negative to positive as
      lactation progressed in sheep offered ryegrass-white clover, but, while
      improving, were always negative in sheep offered oats-Tama ryegrass. Protein
      supplementation increased (18%) milk production of the ewes in Expt 1 and their
      retention of N in Expt 2. 5. The proportion of utilized Ca derived from the diet,
      as opposed to the skeleton, tended to increase as a result of protein
      supplementation. 6. Availability of Ca from ryegrass-white clover ranged from
      0.19 to 0.32, even though only 50% of the net Ca requirement was derived from the
      diet. Availability of Ca from the oats-Tama ryegrass diet was similar, though in
      this case less than 20% of the net Ca requirement was derived from the diet. It
      was concluded that availability of Ca from forage diets may be lower than
      previously anticipated. 7. Faecal endogenous loss ranged from 16 to 40 mg Ca/kg
      body-weight per d, and was similar on both diets.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2923857
TI  - Faecal endogenous loss of calcium in young sheep.
AB  - 1. Two groups of eight 6-7-month-old wether lambs were offered either a frozen
      ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)-white clover (Trifolium repens L.) pasture or a
      ryegrass-white clover hay, containing 12.1 and 6.4 g calcium/kg dry matter (DM)
      respectively. Within groups the amounts offered to individual sheep ranged from
      0.5 to 2.0 times the estimated maintenance energy requirements. 2. A single
      intravenous injection of 150 microCi 45Ca as CaCl2.2H2O, and stable balances were
      used to determine absorption, faecal endogenous loss and balance of Ca. 3. Faecal
      endogenous loss of Ca increased by 1.2 mg/kg body-weight (W) per d with each g/kg
      W per d increase in DM intake regardless of the diet. At any DM intake the mean
      faecal endogenous loss was 5.5 mg/kg W per d higher in the sheep offered the
      frozen herbage diet when compared with those on the hay diet. At any Ca intake
      the mean faecal endogenous loss was 6.9 mg/kg W higher in sheep offered the hay
      diet compared with those on the frozen herbage. 4. At feeding levels of about 1.5
      2 times the estimated maintenance energy requirement the observed faecal
      endogenous loss of Ca ranged from 35 to 50 mg/kg W per d, which is two- to
      threefold greater than the present estimate of the Agricultural Research Council
      (1980) of 16 mg/kg W per d.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2923858
TI  - Minerals and trace elements in total diets in The Netherlands.
AB  - 1. During a period of 2.5 years, every 3 months 221 different food items forming
      a 'market basket' were purchased, prepared and divided into twenty-three food
      commodity groups. The 'market basket' was based on a study of the dietary intake
      of 18-year-old male, Dutch adolescents. In the (homogenized) food groups various
      minerals and trace elements were determined. 2. The mean daily amounts of cadmium
      (21 micrograms), mercury (0.7 micrograms), lead (32 micrograms), tin (0.65 mg),
      arsenic (38 micrograms) and bromine (8 mg) in the diet of adolescents, as
      calculated from the concentrations analysed in the food groups, were all (well)
      below the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization acceptable
      daily intake (ADI) value (Codex Alimentarius Commission, 1984). 3. The mean daily
      amounts of zinc (14 mg) and selenium (72 micrograms) seemed to be adequate
      compared with the Dutch recommendations, (Voedingsraad (Dutch Nutrition Council)
      1986). The amounts of copper (mean value 1.5 mg/d) and iron (mean value 14 mg/d)
      in the total diet were marginal. Contents of calcium (1340 mg/d), magnesium (433
      mg/d) and iodine (402 micrograms/d) were all well above the Dutch recommendations
      for male adolescents. Sodium intake, corresponding to 11 g sodium chloride/d, was
      higher than advised. 4. It is concluded that the amounts of As, Br and toxic
      heavy metals in Dutch total-diet samples of male adolescents are of little
      concern as regards health aspects. Among the essential trace elements, Fe and Cu
      contents seem to be marginal. Some concern regarding the salt content is
      indicated.

PMID- 2923859
TI  - Influences of biotin deficiency and dietary trans-fatty acids on tissue lipids in
      chickens.
AB  - 1. The combined effects of feeding hydrogenated fats and varying the levels of
      biotin and linoleate (18:2 omega 6) on polyunsaturated fatty acids were studied
      in the chicken. 2. Biotin deficiency signs were not exacerbated by feeding
      hydrogenated fats or by diets low in linoleate for 21 d. 3. Biotin deficiency
      resulted in proportionately higher levels of 18:2 omega 6 and gamma-linolenate
      (18:3 omega 6) in liver triglycerides, and lower levels of dihomo-gamma
      linolenate (20:3 omega 6) in liver and heart phospholipids irrespective of the
      18:2 omega 6 level in the diet. 4. Biotin deficiency did not alter arachidonate
      (20:4 omega 6) levels in tissue lipids at 21 d. 5. Feeding high levels of trans
      18:1 isomers with adequate biotin led to reduced 20:3 omega 6 and 20:4 omega 6
      levels in liver and heart phospholipids with compensatory increases in omega 3
      fatty acids. 6. The trans-isomers of 18:1 were incorporated into several tissues
      of the chick. Incorporation was dependent on the levels fed. Very small amounts
      were incorporated into brain compared with other tissues when dietary trans
      isomer levels were high, but were similar when dietary trans-isomer levels were
      low. The trans-18:1 isomers appear to be preferentially incorporated into
      phospholipids as opposed to triglycerides in heart and liver.

PMID- 2923861
TI  - Minimal surface tension, squeeze-out and transition temperatures of binary
      mixtures of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine and unsaturated phospholipids.
AB  - Fluorescence polarization (FP) measurements and surface tension (ST) experiments
      were performed to determine the gel-to-liquid-crystal transition or melting
      temperature of phospholipid mixtures. The FP-temperature diagrams showed main
      transition temperatures of 41 degrees C for dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine
      (DPPC). The 7:3 and 9:1 binary mixtures of DPPC and phosphatidylinositol (PI),
      phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) had main transition
      temperatures of, respectively, 32-36 degrees C and 37-39 degrees C. The minimal
      surface tension of DPPC monolayers increased rapidly at 40 degrees C, suggesting
      that this was the transition temperature for the melting of these monolayers.
      This value was in close accordance with the main transition temperature of DPPC,
      observed with the fluorescence polarization measurements. Melting temperatures of
      monolayers were higher for almost all mixtures than the temperatures at which the
      transition started, indicating preferential squeeze out of the unsaturated
      component and enrichment of the monolayer with DPPC. However, neither the 7:3
      DPPC/PC nor the DPPC/PG mixtures could withstand high surface pressures at
      temperatures above 30 degrees C, whereas monolayers of DPPC/PG (9:1) became fluid
      at temperatures above 35 degrees C. Preferential squeeze-out of the unsaturated
      phospholipid was especially effective in both the 7:3 and 9:1 DPPC/PI mixtures.
      These monolayers started to melt at 39-40 degrees C, which is above their main
      transition temperatures of, respectively, 32 and 37 degrees C, and which
      approximate the melting temperature of DPPC. Preferential squeeze-out is
      essential for an artificial lung surfactant. The estimation of this phenomenon by
      determining the monolayer melting temperatures is therefore useful for
      distinguishing between mixtures which are effective surfactants at body
      temperature and those which are less effective.

PMID- 2923860
TI  - Uptake of the 35 kDa major surfactant apoprotein (SP-A) by neonatal rabbit lung
      tissue.
AB  - Secreted surfactant is made up of both phospholipid and protein components.
      Therefore, we investigated the possibility that surfactant apoproteins might be
      taken up by the alveolar type II cell in a manner similar to the uptake of
      surfactant phosphatidylcholines. Day 2 neonatal rabbits were infused via the
      trachea with a solution of carrier surfactant and 125I-labelled surfactant
      apoprotein (SP-A, Mr approx. 35,000). Most of the 125I-SP-A remained within the
      alveolus; however, a fraction of the 125I-SP-A was taken up by the lung tissue
      from the alveolus in a time-dependent manner. The small amount of radiolabeled
      material detected in blood, liver or kidney tissues of 125I-SP-A-infused animals
      was not trichloroacetic acid (TCA) precipitable, i.e., probably represented
      degradation products. In contrast, the proportion of TCA-precipitable 125I-SP-A
      in lung tissue or lavage samples did not change as function of time after
      tracheal administration. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of the 125I-SP-A
      present in the lavage samples or associated with lung tissue was used to show
      that a small proportion of the 125I-SP-A was partially degraded in the lung
      tissue and alveolus. These data are suggestive that the SP-A is taken up by lung
      tissue, perhaps in a manner similar to the uptake of surfactant phospholipid by
      the alveolar type II cell.

PMID- 2923862
TI  - Correlation of the dispersion state of pyrene cerebroside sulfate and its uptake
      and degradation by cultured cells.
AB  - This study aimed at increasing the efficiency and shortening the time required
      for administering cerebroside sulfate to cultured cells. For this purpose several
      modes of dispersion of a fluorescent derivative of cerebroside sulfate
      (sulfatide), in which the natural fatty acid has been replaced by
      pyrenedodecanoic acid (P12), were incubated with the cells. This fluorescent
      derivative of cerebroside sulfate (P12-CS) was introduced into the growth medium
      of the cells using the three following modes of dispersion: (1) P12-CS was
      dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide and added to the medium, (2) it was precomplexed
      with serum albumin or (3) incorporated into small, unilamellar vesicles (SUV) of
      phosphatidylcholine. With each of these respective modes of dispersion, the P12
      CS was incubated for periods up to 48 h with cultured lymphoblasts or
      fibroblasts. Uptake by the cells could be determined by recording directly the
      cell-associated fluorescence, using a suspension of washed intact cells. The cell
      lipids were subsequently extracted with mixtures of chloroform/methanol and their
      fluorescence recorded. When related to the incubation time, uptake of P12-CS by
      the cells increased continuously using each of the above dispersions. The
      appearance of fluorescence at 475 nm ('excimer') and the ratio of this to the
      monomolecular fluorescence at 378 nm ('E/M') could be used as a measure for the
      presence of the internalized P12-CS in aggregated or fully dispersed states.
      These values (i.e., E/M), recorded on the suspensions of intact cells were rather
      high using the aqueous dispersions, intermediate values were observed using the
      SUV and rather low E/M values (0.5 or less) were observed using the preformed
      albumin-(P12-CS) complexes. Increasing the mole ratio of albumin to P12-CS (i.e.,
      from 1:2 to 2:1 m/m), decreased the quantity of sulfatide which was taken up by
      the cells but also further decreased the E/M ratio, suggesting a fully dispersed
      state of the pyrene lipid within the cell. This indicated that, using an optimal
      albumin to P12-CS ratio of 1-2 (or its equivalent values in fetal calf serum)
      permitted an influx of single molecules of P12-CS into the cells. After 48 h,
      about 50% of the fluorescence of skin fibroblasts was found in metabolic
      degradation products of P12-CS. The parallel value for fibroblasts derived from a
      patient with metachromatic leukodystrophy was only about 5%. Appearance of the
      excimeric emission of a dispersion of P12-CS in water permitted estimation of its
      critical micellar concentration as being 7.5 x 10(-7) M.

PMID- 2923863
TI  - Contribution of cytoplasmic storage triacylglycerol to VLDL-triacylglycerol in
      isolated rat hepatocytes.
AB  - The cytoplasmic triacylglycerol (TG) storage pool of isolated hepatocytes was
      labelled in order to evaluate its incorporation into very low density
      lipoproteins (VLDL). Rats were injected with [1-14C]oleate 2 min prior to surgery
      and cell incubations began 90-100 min thereafter. In keeping with the
      equilibration of the two TG pools (in smooth endoplasmic reticulum, SER, and
      cytoplasm) in 120 min (Stein, Y. and Shapiro, B. (1959) Am. J. Physiol. 196, 1238
      1241) the bulk of radioactive TG at time zero was in the cytoplasm and TG
      specific activities were similar in cytoplasm and SER. Radioactive and total VLDL
      TG secretions were greatly inhibited after 80 min by chloroquine which is assumed
      to block lysosomal hydrolysis of cytoplasmic TG. When the SER-TG pool was
      labelled by addition of [1-14C]oleate in vitro, chloroquine affected neither [1
      14C]oleate uptake and esterification nor its incorporation into VLDL-TG from 15
      20 min until 80 min. After 100 min, when [1-14C]oleate-TG was transferred back
      from cytoplasm to SER, chloroquine began to decrease radioactive VLDL-TG output
      and by 210 min caused the same inhibition as under the in vivo labelling
      condition. These results are consistent with an inhibition by chloroquine of the
      lysosomal hydrolysis of cytoplasmic TG resulting in a blockage of their back
      transfer to SER membranes whereas other steps of VLDL production were not
      affected, at least up to 100 min. This study also showed that stored TG is a
      quantitatively important VLDL precursor, sustaining VLDL production for several
      hours in the absence of exogenous fatty acids.

PMID- 2923864
TI  - NADP-dependent 3 beta-, 7 alpha- and 7 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
      activities from a lecithinase-lipase-negative Clostridium species 25.11.c.
AB  - A lecithinase-lipase-negative Clostridium sp. 25.11.c., not fitting in any of the
      species of Clostridia described so far as judged by morphological, physiological,
      and biochemical data, was shown to contain NADP-dependent 3 beta-, 7 alpha- and 7
      beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases. The three hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases could
      be demonstrated in the supernatant and in the membrane fraction after
      solubilization with Triton X-100, suggesting enzymes which were originally
      membrane bound. The 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase was synthesized
      constitutively, and the specific enzyme activity was significantly reduced by
      growth medium supplementation with 3-keto bile acids and trisubstituted bile
      acids. A pH optimum of 7.5 and a molecular weight of approx. 104,000 were
      estimated by molecular sieve chromatography. The enzyme reduced the 3-keto group
      of bile acids; an oxidation of a 3 beta-hydroxyl function could not be
      demonstrated. The lowest Km values were found for disubstituted bile acids,
      trisubstituted and conjugated bile acids having higher Km values. 7 alpha
      Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, but not 7 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, was
      already present in uninduced cells. The specific activities, however, were
      greatly enhanced when cells were grown in the presence of chenodeoxycholic acid
      or 3 alpha-hydroxy-7-keto-5 beta-cholanoic acid. Ursodeoxycholic acid with its 7
      beta-hydroxyl group was ineffective as an inducer. Molecular weights of approx.
      82,000 and 115,000 were found for the 7 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and
      the 7 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, respectively. In contrast to the in vivo
      situation, the reaction could only be demonstrated in the reductive direction in
      vitro. Here, the pH optimum for the overall reaction was 8.5-8.7. 3 beta-, 7
      alpha- and 7 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities were readily
      demonstrated for at least 48 h when preparations were stored at 4 degrees C, but
      were found to be heat-sensitive.

PMID- 2923865
TI  - Subcellular distribution of cardiac fatty acid-binding protein in bovine heart
      muscle and quantitation with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
AB  - Several types of the 14-15 kDa fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs) are known to
      occur in the cytosol of mammalian cells. With antibodies raised against the
      cardiac-type protein from bovine heart, immunoblots indicated a more widespread
      distribution of the cardiac FABP in subcellular fractions, such as mitochondria
      and nuclei. A detailed view was obtained when the post-embedding protein A-gold
      labeling method was applied to cross-sections of heart cells and isolated
      subcellular fractions. Cardiac FABP in myocytes was associated with myofibrils
      and localized within mitochondria and nuclei. After subfractionation of
      mitochondria, the binding protein was recovered with matrix proteins only. A non
      competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of the direct type was
      developed specifically for bovine cardiac FABP. This assay was sensitive in the
      range of 0.05 to 1 ng, and concentrations of cardiac FABP per mg protein were
      found for cytosol, matrix and nuclei to be around 3.18, 0.18 and 0.03 micrograms,
      respectively. The newly found compartmentation of cardiac FABP in the heart cell
      must be considered when the true functions of the protein, yet to be defined, are
      studied.

PMID- 2923866
TI  - Differential methylation patterns in molecular species of
      phosphatidylethanolamine derivatives in rat liver membranes.
AB  - The appearance of individual molecular species of phospholipids in the complete
      sequence of the transmethylation of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) was examined in
      rat liver microsomes incubated with S-adenosyl-L-[methyl-14C]methionine. Reverse
      phase HPLC analysis of phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidyl-N,N
      dimethylethanolamine (dimethyl-PE), or phosphatidyl-N-monomethylethanolamine
      (monomethyl-PE) showed that radioactivity was present in the same six principal
      molecules; a first group is constituted by 16:0/22:6, 16:0/20:4 and 16:0/18:2 and
      a second one by the homologous molecules with 18:0 instead of 16:0 at the sn-1
      position of glycerol. In PC, 16:0/22:6 (23% of total radioactivity) was
      preponderant, and 18:0/20:4 was the lowest. The ratios cpm in PC/nmol in PE were
      in the order: 16:0/22:6 greater than 16:0/18:2 greater than 16:0/20:4 followed by
      the corresponding 18:0 molecules. On the other hand, in intermediate
      phospholipids, incorporation of methyl groups was most marked in 18:0/20:4 (24
      27% of total). 16:0/22:6 and 16:0/18:2 were low in comparison to their relative
      values in PC. The ratio (18:0/20:4)/(16:0/22:6) was 4.5-5.6-times higher in
      monomethyl-PE and dimethyl-PE than in PC. These differences were found
      consistently, regardless of incubation time of microsomes (2.5-60 min) and of S
      adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet) concentration (3 or 100 microM). In liver
      membranes, it would therefore seem that there is a different selectivity in
      methyl group transfer, depending upon whether the first two steps or the third
      step of the reaction are considered. Side reactions, such as
      deacylation/reacylation, are unlikely to account for this difference, which could
      rather be related to the enzyme itself.

PMID- 2923867
TI  - Are fatty acid-binding proteins involved in fatty acid transfer?
AB  - The possible function of fatty acid-binding protein (FABP) to act as a fatty acid
      carrier protein was investigated in model systems with regard to three aspects.
      (1) does FABP release fatty acids from membranes? (2) does it facilitate fatty
      acid transport in an aqueous environment? (3) are FABP-bound fatty acids released
      for use by mitochondria? FABPs could bind oleic acid from liposomes and
      mitochondrial membranes with a ratio of 1 mol per mol protein. Oleic acid was
      withdrawn from negative, neutral or cholesterol-containing monolayers by FABP
      with rates up to 10%/min. Only about 5% of FABP penetrated into the monolayer.
      Spontaneous transfer of oleic acid between mitochondria and vesicles or liposomes
      occurred so rapidly that an effect of FABP was not detectable. When the
      mitochondria were separated from the vesicles in an equilibrium dialysis cell, a
      stimulating effect of FABP on fatty acid transfer could be demonstrated. Injected
      FABP increased also transfer of oleic acid between two separate monolayers. FABP
      bound fatty acid was well oxidized by rat liver mitochondria. The results
      indicate that the FABP-fatty acid complex may function as an intermediate in the
      transfer of fatty acids between membranes. No functional differences were
      detected between heart and liver FABPs in this respect.

PMID- 2923868
TI  - Stimulatory effect of testosterone on renal 25-hydroxyvitamin D-3 1 alpha
      hydroxylase in guinea pig.
AB  - Castration of male guinea pigs reduced the activity of the renal mitochondrial 25
      hydroxyvitamin D-3 1 alpha-hydroxylase by about 50% without affecting the
      apparent Km for the reaction. Testosterone substitution for 10 days after
      castration increased the activity to about the same level as that of sham
      operated animals. Ovariectomy of female guinea pigs had no effect on the 1 alpha
      hydroxylase activity. Administration of testosterone to ovariectomized female
      guinea pigs increased the activity by about 50%, again without affecting the
      apparent Km. The different manipulations had no significant effect on circulating
      levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D or vitamin D-binding protein (DBP). It is
      concluded that testosterone may be a regulator of the 25-hydroxyvitamin D-3 1
      alpha-hydroxylase in guinea pigs.

PMID- 2923869
TI  - Retinoid-mediated induction of the fat-storing phenotype in a liver connective
      tissue cell line (GRX).
AB  - The GRX cell line is derived from murine liver connective tissue cells. It has
      myofibroblastic characteristics and can be induced to display a phenotype
      analogous to fat-storing (Ito) cells. Retinol-mediated induction of the fat
      storing phenotype was studied in vitro. Based on the incorporation of
      radiolabelled acetate into cell lipids, cholesterol synthesis increased and
      phospholipid synthesis was modified shortly after the beginning of the induction,
      indicating an activation of pre-existing metabolic pathways. Triacylglycerol
      synthesis was increased only after a delay of 4 d, indicating the de novo
      induction of enzymes necessary for triacylglycerol metabolism. Retinol
      incorporation and conversion into retinyl esters were also considerably increased
      by previous incubation with retinoids. Retinoid-induced changes in GRX cells
      provide a model for studying in vitro the interconversion of liver connective
      tissue cells between the myofibroblastic and fat-storing phenotypes. This
      interconversion is considered to be one of the major control points of normal
      homeostasis and of pathological modifications of liver connective tissue.

PMID- 2923870
TI  - 2-Deoxy-D-glucose accumulation in adipocytes: apparent transport discrimination
      between 2-deoxy-D-glucose and 3-O-methyl-D-glucose.
AB  - The uphill accumulation of free 2-deoxy-D-glucose and 2-deoxy-D-glucose 6
      phosphate in rat adipocytes was found not to affect the steady-state distribution
      of 3-O-methyl-D-glucose although both hexoses share a common transport pathway.
      This observation argues against a possible effect of 2-deoxy-D-glucose phosphate
      on the equilibrating nature of the carrier. The results are discussed in light of
      hypotheses advanced to explain free 2-deoxy-D-glucose accumulation in a variety
      of cells.

PMID- 2923871
TI  - Studies on mitochondrial Ca2+-transport and matrix Ca2+ using fura-2-loaded rat
      heart mitochondria.
AB  - Rat heart mitochondria were incubated for 5 min at 30 degrees C and at approx. 40
      mg protein.ml-1 and in the presence of 10 microM fura-2/AM. This allowed the
      entrapment of free fura-2 within the mitochondrial matrix and its use as a probe
      for Ca2+, but without affecting the apparent viability of the mitochondria.
      Parallel measurements of the activities of the intramitochondrial Ca2+-sensitive
      enzymes, pyruvate dehydrogenase and 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase, allowed an
      assessment of their sensitivity to measured free Ca2+ within intact mitochondria
      incubated under different conditions; the enzymes responded to matrix Ca2+ over
      the approximate range 0.02-2 microM with half-maximal effects at about 0.3-0.6
      microM Ca2+. Effectors of Ca2+-transport across the inner membrane (e.g., Na+,
      Mg2+, Ruthenium red, spermine) did not appear to affect these ranges, but did
      bring about expected changes in Ca2+ distribution across this membrane.
      Significantly, when mitochondria were incubated in the presence of physiological
      concentrations of both Na+ and Mg2+, and at low extramitochondrial Ca2+ (less
      than 400 nM), there was a gradient of Ca2+ (in:out) of less than unity; at higher
      extramitochondrial [Ca2+] (but still within the physiological range) the gradient
      was greater than unity indicating a highly cooperative nature of transmission of
      the Ca2+ signal into the matrix under such conditions.

PMID- 2923872
TI  - Ultrastructural localisation of creatine kinase activity in the contact sites
      between inner and outer mitochondrial membranes of rat myocardium.
AB  - The mitochondrial isoenzyme of creatine kinase, together with the ADP/ATP
      translocase, most probably belongs to a functional multi-enzyme complex located
      on the inner mitochondrial membrane. The outer membrane is a necessary
      constituent of this microcompartment. On the other hand, electron microscopic
      visualisation demonstrated the formation of contact sites between inner and outer
      mitochondrial membranes as a reaction to variations of the energy metabolism. In
      search for a possible correlation between these biochemical and morphological
      phenomena, rat myocardia were brought into the required energy state by
      stimulation through catecholaminergic mechanisms or adjusted perfusion with
      amytal. Subsequently, creatine kinase was cytochemically localised. Creatine
      kinase activity is demonstrated in membrane contacts between inner and outer
      mitochondrial membranes. The extent of contact sites and creatine kinase activity
      depends on the metabolic state as shown by morphometric analysis of the surface
      density of cytochemical reaction product. This surface density diminishes
      drastically after inhibiting the metabolic activity with amytal. It is concluded
      that these contact sites are dynamic micro-environments in which the active site
      of creatine kinase, oxidative phosphorylation and ADP/ATP transport interact
      during basal and stimulated metabolism.

PMID- 2923873
TI  - The role of chloride ions on the transport of glycine in plasma membrane vesicles
      from glial cells.
AB  - The high-affinity transport system for glycine in plasma membrane vesicles from
      C6 glioma cells is dependent on Na+ and also on the presence of Cl- in the
      incubation medium. This anion requirement is relatively specific for Cl-, since
      other anions are also capable of stimulating the glycine transport in the
      following order of decreasing efficacy: Cl- greater than Br- greater than SCN-
      congruent to I- greater than NO3- greater than F-. Chloride ions raise the Vmax
      for transport and, to a lesser extent, act on the Km. The data provided by direct
      measurements of the coupling of sodium and chloride to the transport of glycine
      by using a kinetic approach suggest a stoichiometry for the translocation cycle
      catalyzed by the glycine transporter of two sodium ions and one chloride ion per
      glycine zwitterion.

PMID- 2923874
TI  - A refined method for the photoaffinity labelling of the nitrobenzylthioinosine
      sensitive nucleoside transport protein: application to cell membranes of calf
      lung tissue.
AB  - A refined method for the photoaffinity labelling of the NBI-sensitive nucleoside
      transport protein is described. It involves the use of low concentrations of the
      photolabile probe [3H]nitrobenzylthioinosine ([3H]NBI), whereas the usual
      inclusion of dithiothreitol in the protocol is omitted. The method was
      successfully applied to cell membranes of calf lung tissue, which was shown to be
      a rich source of this physiologically important protein with all the
      characteristics (both in membrane bound and solubilized form) known from similar
      proteins on other cell types. Specific covalent incorporation of radioactivity
      appeared to be pH independent. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed a
      specifically labelled protein with an apparent molecular weight of 55 kDa.

PMID- 2923875
TI  - Interaction of protein kinase C with chromaffin granule membranes: effects of
      Ca2+, phorbol esters and temperature reveal differences in the properties of the
      association and dissociation events.
AB  - Interaction of protein kinase C with chromaffin granule membranes has been
      studied as a means of investigating the translocation of protein kinase C from
      cytosol to intracellular membrane surfaces, which is believed to occur during
      secretion. Protein kinase C in an adrenal medullary soluble fraction was found to
      bind reversibly to granule membranes in a Ca2+-dependent fashion. Association and
      dissociation events were sensitive to Ca2+ concentrations in the low micromolar
      range, and the Ca2+ sensitivity of both processes was increased when the
      membranes had been preincubated with the protein kinase C-activating phorbol
      ester, 4 beta-phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (TPA). Binding of protein kinase C
      to granule membranes occurred at 0 and 37 degrees C, irrespective of whether the
      membranes had been preincubated with TPA. However, dissociation of protein kinase
      C from granule membranes that had been preincubated with TPA occurred only at 37
      degrees C and not at 0 degree C, even though dissociation of the enzyme from
      membranes which had not been preincubated with TPA would occur at both 37 and 0
      degrees C. These effects of TPA were not reproduced by 4 alpha-phorbol 12,13
      didecanoate (4 alpha PDD), a phorbol ester which does not activate protein kinase
      C. Soluble protein kinase C activity also associated with chromaffin granules in
      a Ca2+-dependent manner in an adrenal medullary homogenate, indicating that
      granules can compete with other intracellular membranes for the binding of
      protein kinase C. Results obtained with this model system differ from other
      systems where the interaction of protein kinase C with plasma membranes has been
      studied and have general implications for studies performed on the translocation
      of protein kinase C in intact cells and for the role of protein kinase C in
      stimulus-secretion coupling in the chromaffin cell.

PMID- 2923876
TI  - Dietary triacylglycerol modulates sodium-dependent D-glucose transport, fluidity
      and fatty acid composition of rat small intestinal brush-border membrane.
AB  - Rats were maintained on nutritionally complete diets enriched in unsaturated
      (menhaden fish oil) or saturated (butter fat) triacylglycerols. After 4 weeks,
      the animals were killed, proximal small intestinal brush-border membranes were
      prepared, and examined and compared with respect to their lipid composition,
      molecular species of phosphatidylcholine, lipid fluidity and sodium-dependent D
      glucose transport. Membranes prepared from the two dietary groups were found to
      possess similar ratios of cholesterol/phospholipid (mol/mol),
      sphingomyelin/phosphatidylcholine (mol/mol), and protein/lipid (w/w). In contrast
      to these findings, however, striking differences were noted in the total fatty
      acid compositions of these membranes. Plasma membranes prepared from animals fed
      the fish oil diet possessed higher percentages of saturated fatty acids as well
      as (n - 3) unsaturated fatty acids and lower percentages of monounsaturated and
      (n - 6) unsaturated fatty acids than those prepared from animals fed the butter
      fat diet. Analysis of the molecular species of phosphatidylcholine by HPLC,
      moreover, revealed that membranes from rats fed fish oil had higher levels of
      16:0-20:5, 16:0-22:6 and 18:0-20:5 and lower levels of 18:0-18:2 and 16:0-18:1
      than their butter fat counterparts. As assessed by steady-state fluorescence
      polarization, differential polarized phase fluorometric and excimer/monomer
      fluorescence intensity techniques using various fluorophores, the lipid fluidity
      of membranes from rats fed fish oil was also found to be significantly lower
      compared to membranes from rats fed butter fat. Finally, comparison of the
      kinetic parameters of Na+-dependent D-glucose transport revealed that fish oil
      membrane vesicles had a higher maximum velocity (Vmax) than butter fat membrane
      vesicles but a similar Km for glucose.

PMID- 2923877
TI  - Alteration of sodium transport by the choroid plexus with amiloride.
AB  - Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) production results from active transport of Na+ from
      blood to CSF, which is followed by H2O and anions. Amiloride reduces Na+ movement
      in epithelial tissues. To ascertain if amiloride alters transport of Na+ in the
      choroid plexus, the drug was administered either i.p. to male Sprague-Dawley rats
      that were bilaterally nephrectomized to determine in vivo effects, or added to
      artificial CSF to incubate the choroid plexus in vitro. Choroid cell [Na+] was
      reduced after amiloride treatment both in vivo and in vitro. In addition, the
      rate of 22Na uptake into the CSF and choroid plexus (CP) was decreased after
      amiloride. Alterations in choroid cell [Na+] and 22Na penetration into CSF and CP
      occurred at relatively high doses of drug (1 mumol/ml, in vitro and 100
      micrograms/g in vivo), but lower doses were less effective (0.1 mumol/ml in vitro
      and 10 micrograms/g in vivo). It is concluded that the effects of amiloride on
      Na+ distribution and transport in the CP are due to inhibition of basolateral Na+
      H+ exchange.

PMID- 2923878
TI  - Inhibition of inorganic anion transport across the human red blood cell membrane
      by chloride-dependent association of dipyridamole with a stilbene disulfonate
      binding site on the band 3 protein.
AB  - The inhibition of inorganic anion transport by dipyridamole (2,6
      bis(diethanolamino)-4,8-dipiperidinopyrimido[5,4-d] pyrimidine) takes place only
      in the presence of Cl-, other halides, nitrate or bicarbonate. At any given
      dipyridamole concentration, the anion flux relative to the flux in the absence of
      dipyridamole follows the equation: Jrel = (1 + alpha 2[Cl-])/(1 + alpha 4[Cl-])
      where alpha 2 and alpha 4 are independent of [Cl-] but dependent on dipyridamole
      concentration. At high [Cl-] the flux approaches alpha 2/alpha 4, which decreases
      with increasing dipyridamole concentration. Even when both [Cl-] and dipyridamole
      concentration assume large values, a small residual flux remains. The equation
      can be deduced on the assumption that Cl- binding allosterically increases the
      affinity for dipyridamole binding to band 3 and that the bound dipyridamole
      produces a non-competitive inhibition of sulfate transport. The mass-law
      constants for the binding of Cl- and dipyridamole to their respective-binding
      sites are about 24 mM and 1.5 microM, respectively (pH 6.9, 26 degrees C).
      Dipyridamole binding leads to a displacement of 4,4'-dibenzoylstilbene-2,2'
      disulfonate (DBDS) from the stilbenedisulfonate binding site of band 3. The
      effect can be predicted quantitatively on the assumption that the Cl- -promoted
      dipyridamole binding leads to a competitive replacement of the
      stilbenedisulfonates. For the calculations, the same mass-law constants for
      binding of Cl- and dipyridamole can be used that were derived from the kinetic
      studies on Cl- -promoted anion transport inhibition. The newly described Cl-
      binding site is highly selective with respect to Cl- and other monovalent anion
      species. There is little competition with SO4(2-), indicating that Cl- binding
      involves other than purely electrostative forces. The affinity of the binding
      site to Cl- does not change over the pH range 6.0-7.5. Dipyridamole binds only in
      its deprotonated state. Binding of the deprotonated dipyridamole is pH
      independent over the same range as Cl- binding.

PMID- 2923879
TI  - Phase behaviour of mixtures of lipid X with phosphatidylcholine and
      phosphatidylethanolamine.
AB  - The effect of increasing concentrations of lipid X (2,3-bis(3-hydroxymyristoyl)
      alpha-D-glucosamine 1-phosphate) on the phase behaviour of EPC (egg
      phosphatidylcholine) and EPE (egg phosphatidylethanolamine) is studied at a pH
      greater than or equal to 7 where lipid X carries one to two negative charges.
      Small amounts of lipid X (molar ratio approximately 0.01) induce continuous
      swelling of EPC and EPE bilayers and consequently the formation of large
      unilamellar vesicles in excess water. In many respects, the effect of lipid X on
      EPC and EPE bilayers is similar to that of phosphatidic acid. However, lipid
      X/EPC mixtures form micelles in excess lipid X whereas mixtures of phosphatidic
      acid/EPC vesiculate at all ratios. The same is true for lipid X/EPE mixtures.
      Small unilamellar vesicles of an average diameter of 40 nm form spontaneously
      upon dispersion of a dry lipid X/EPE film (molar ratio = 10). Unsonicated
      dispersions of lipid X/EPC (molar ratio = 1) are subjected to pH-jump treatment
      which involves raising of the pH to 11-12 and subsequent lowering of the pH to
      between 7.5 and 8.5. Such a treatment has little effect on the vesicle size and
      size distribution as compared to a control dispersion at pH 8.2. The mean size is
      determined to be 92 +/- 60 nm. Electron micrographs of freeze-fractured samples
      of lipid X/EPC (molar ratio = 1) reveal the presence of mainly micelles at pH 12.
      Upon lowering the pH to neutrality these micelles become unstable and
      aggregate/fuse rapidly to unilamellar vesicles (average diameter 95 +/- 40 nm).
      Sonication of equimolar mixtures of lipid X and EPC at pH 7 yields small
      unilamellar vesicles of a diameter of 20-25 nm as well as mixed micelles of a
      size between 15 and 17 nm. This behaviour is again different from that of mixed
      EPC/phosphatidic acid dispersions which form small unilamellar vesicles. The
      presence of lipid X in such mixtures does not prevent the aggregation/fusion to
      larger vesicles during freezing of the dispersion. As with pure EPC bilayers,
      stabilization is, however, achieved in the presence of 10% sucrose. This
      indicates that the covalently bonded glucosamine group of lipid X cannot
      substitute water of hydration in neighbouring EPC molecules.

PMID- 2923880
TI  - The polymorphic phase behavior of dielaidoylphosphatidylethanolamine. Effect of n
      alkanols.
AB  - The polymorphic phase behavior of dielaidoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DEPE) has
      been investigated using spectrophotometry and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance
      (NMR). It has been demonstrated that the bilayer to inverted hexagonal phase
      transition can be observed by spectrophotometry. The effects of the methanol,
      ethanol, and propanol on both the gel to liquid crystal transition and the
      bilayer to inverted hexagonal transition were investigated by spectrophotometry.
      It was shown that these alcohols shift the gel to liquid-crystalline phase
      transition to lower temperature, whereas the bilayer to inverted hexagonal phase
      transition is shifted to higher temperatures by these alcohols. The structural
      transition between the bilayer and inverted hexagonal phase of pure DEPE was also
      investigated by 31P-NMR.

PMID- 2923881
TI  - Intermediary structures during membrane fusion as observed by cryo-electron
      microscopy.
AB  - Lipidic phases, containing 'lipidic particles'
      (dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine/cholesterol/dioleoylphosphatidylcho lin e and
      cardiolipin/dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine in the presence of Ca2+) have been
      investigated by preparing thin films from a suspension of sonicated vesicles.
      These thin films were vitrified and observed 'directly' by cryo-electron
      microscopy in their hydrated form. The thin films show various fusion products
      and fusion intermediates such as lipidic particles.

PMID- 2923882
TI  - Effects of cholesteryl esters on the accessibility of LH/hCG receptors and
      membrane lipid fluidity in rat testes.
AB  - Incubation of rat testicular membranes with cholesteryl hemisuccinate resulted in
      an increase in both membrane lipid microviscosity and 125I-labelled hCG specific
      binding. The purpose of this investigation was to establish which functional
      groups of cholesteryl hemisuccinate are important for the stimulatory effects.
      The data obtained showed that only esters of cholesterol with dicarboxylic acids,
      not those of monocarboxylic acids, increase the accessibility of LH/hCG receptors
      and membrane rigidity. Experiments with cholesteryl sulfates showed that there
      are polar groups on C3 carbon of cholesterol having no stimulatory effect on
      receptors, although an increase in membrane rigidity occurred. The side-chain of
      cholesterol is important for the stimulatory action. Androstenolone hemisuccinate
      was ineffective in this respect. On the other hand, partially modified side
      chains (hemisuccinates of beta-sitosterol and stigmasterol) did not result in a
      marked reduction of the stimulatory action. The carboxyl group of cholesteryl
      hemisuccinate must be 'free': its esterification abolishes the stimulatory effect
      of cholesteryl hemisuccinate on both the LH/hCG receptor and membrane
      microviscosity. These results suggest that an intact carboxyl group of ester and
      the side-chain of cholesterol are indispensable for the stimulatory effect of
      cholesteryl hemisuccinate on the accessibility of LH/hCG receptors.

PMID- 2923883
TI  - Saturable and unsaturable binding of a volatile anesthetic enflurane with model
      lipid vesicle membranes.
AB  - Presence of specific receptors for volatile anesthetics has recently been
      proposed (Evers, A.S. et al. (1987) Nature 328, 157-160) by a finding that
      halothane uptake by the rat brain was characterized, in part, by saturable
      binding. We report here that volatile anesthetics bind model lipid membranes also
      with saturable and unsaturable kinetics. Binding of enflurane to
      dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine vesicle membranes was measured by gas
      chromatography. At low anesthetic concentrations, comparable to the clinical
      level, the interaction was saturable. After reaching a temporary saturation, a
      sudden increase in the anesthetic binding to the membrane occurred, when the
      anesthetic concentration in the aqueous phase exceeded 2.7 mM, or 6.3 x 10(-2)
      atm partial pressure in the gas phase in equilibrium with the aqueous phase. The
      secondary binding was linear to the aqueous anesthetic concentrations and was
      unsaturable to the limit of this study. We also found that enflurane self
      aggregated in water above 4 mM. When the aqueous concentration exceeded 6 mM, the
      aggregation number was about 8. We conclude that the saturable binding indicates
      adsorption onto the vesicle surface, and the unsaturable binding indicates
      multilayer stacking of the enflurane molecules, where the initially adsorbed
      molecules provide the binding sites to the succeeding molecules according to the
      multilayer condensation kinetics. The tendency of enflurane to self-aggregate in
      water promotes the multilayer stacking at the surface of the membrane.

PMID- 2923884
TI  - The role of sulfhydryl groups in sulfobromophthalein transport in rat liver
      plasma membrane vesicles.
AB  - Sulfobromophthalein (BSP) electrogenic transport activity in a plasma membrane
      vesicle preparation from rat liver is shown to depend on free sulfhydryl groups.
      These are organized in two classes, one of which does not react with the
      sulfhydryl group reagent 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoate). The two classes appear
      to be involved in BSP transport independently. However, reactivity of one class
      can be shown to be affected by alkylation of the other. Hence, it is concluded
      that both classes are located on the same carrier system, which previous research
      has established to be the integral sinusoidal membrane protein bilitranslocase.

PMID- 2923885
TI  - 'Slow' K+-stimulated Ca2+ influx is mediated by Na+-Ca2+ exchange: a
      pharmacological study.
AB  - K+-stimulated 45Ca2+ influx was measured in rat brain presynaptic nerve terminals
      that were predepolarized in a K+-rich solution for 15 s prior to addition of
      45Ca2+. This 'slow' Ca2+ influx was compared to influx stimulated by Na+ removal,
      presumably mediated by Na+-Ca2+ exchange. The K+-stimulated Ca2+ influx in
      predepolarized synaptosomes, and the Na+-removal-dependent Ca2+ influx were both
      saturating functions of the external Ca2+ concentration; and both were half
      saturated at 0.3 mM Ca2+. Both were reduced about 50% by 20 microM Hg2+, 20
      microM Cu2+ or 0.45 mM Mn2+. Neither the K+-stimulated nor the Na+-removal
      dependent Ca2+ influx was inhibited by 1 microM Cd2+, La3+ or Pb2+, treatments
      that almost completely inhibited K+-stimulated Ca2+ influx in synaptosomes that
      were not predepolarized. The relative permeabilities of K+-stimulated Ca2+, Sr2+
      or Ba2+ influx in predepolarized synaptosomes (10:3:1) and the corresponding
      selectivity ratio for Na+-removal-dependent divalent cation uptake (10:2:1) were
      similar. These results strongly suggest that the K+-stimulated 'slow' Ca2+ influx
      in predepolarized synaptosomes and the Na+-removal-dependent Ca2+ influx are
      mediated by a common mechanism, the Na+-Ca2+ exchanger.

PMID- 2923886
TI  - Membrane-phorbol ester interactions monitored by circular dichroism.
AB  - The interaction of phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu), 12-O-retinoylphorbol 13
      acetate (RPA) and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) with L-alpha
      phosphatidylserine-containing small unilamellar vesicles or erythrocyte ghosts
      was monitored by circular dichroism (CD). No change in the CD spectra of PDBu was
      observed upon binding, while RPA and TPA spectra were slowly affected by the
      interaction. The changes in RPA and TPA spectra were assigned to the embedding of
      these molecules in the membrane bilayers. In the presence of 10(8) cells/ml,
      after one minute incubation, about 2 to 5% of the amount of phorbol ester added
      is embedded in the membrane. It is suggested that either phorbol esters entering
      the membrane is not a prerequisite for protein kinase C activation or the amount
      of phorbol esters necessary to activate protein kinase C is very small.

PMID- 2923887
TI  - Detection and characterization of anionic polypeptide fraction binding sites in
      rat liver plasma membranes and cultured hepatocytes.
AB  - The binding of human 125I-labeled 'anionic polypeptidic fraction' (APF) to
      purified rat liver plasma membranes was studied. The dissociation constant for
      this binding was 3.0 micrograms protein/mg membrane protein. Binding was
      competitively inhibited by unlabeled human APF, but not by human LDL (low density
      lipoproteins). When unlabeled HDL3 was added, binding of labeled APF was
      competitively reduced to a level between that of unlabeled APF and unlabeled LDL.
      Experiments with cultured rat hepatocytes confirmed those obtained with liver
      membranes and suggested the presence in rat liver of saturable APF-binding sites
      which seem to be specific for APF. The physiologic significance of these APF
      binding sites is discussed in relation to the fate of cholesterol in the liver.

PMID- 2923888
TI  - Persistence at low temperature of the P beta' ripple in
      dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine multilamellar vesicles containing either
      glycosphingolipids or cholesterol.
AB  - The disappearance and reappearance of the P beta' ripple in multilamellar
      liposomes of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) has been examined by freeze
      etch electron microscopy. The presence of less than 10 mol% of various
      glycosphingolipids or cholesterol in the liposomes markedly increases the time
      required for ripple disappearance when the vesicles are cooled from 38 degrees C
      to 30 degrees C, as compared to the pure phospholipid. Once the ripples have
      begun to disappear in the two-component vesicles, they do not uniformly reappear
      until the system is heated above the main transition of DPPC and allowed to cool
      into the pretransition region. These results suggest that the long time for
      ripple disappearance in the two-component systems reflects a slow molecular
      reorganization process which occurs when the systems are forced to change from
      the P beta' gel to the L beta' gel by a temperature downshift.

PMID- 2923889
TI  - Effect of the asymmetric Ca2+ distribution on the bilayer properties of
      phosphatidylcholine-sonicated vesicles.
AB  - The incorporation of Ca2+ in the inner volume of egg phosphatidylcholine vesicles
      increases the fluorescence anisotropy of a diphenylhexatriene probe. This
      increase is higher than for Na+ at the same normality. An effect of the same
      magnitude is induced by Ca2+ when using binary lipid mixture
      (dioleoylphosphatidylcholine and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine) as long as the
      mixture is maintained below the phase-transition temperature of the saturated
      species. The influence of Ca2+ may be explained by an asymmetric distribution of
      the saturated and unsaturated lipids between the internal and the external
      monolayers.

PMID- 2923890
TI  - Membrane potential measurements in isolated rat liver plasma membrane vesicles:
      effect of transmembrane ion concentration gradients.
AB  - In isolated basolateral and canalicular rat liver plasma membrane vesicles the
      membrane potential (measured with DiS-C2 (5] varied with transmembrane
      concentration gradients of Na+, K+ and Cl- revealing the following ion
      permeabilities: basolateral vesicles: PNa/PK: 0.76, PCl/PK: 0.45 and canalicular
      vesicles: PNa/PK: 0.69, PCl/PK: 0.56. The data indicate a permselectivity of PK
      greater than PNa greater than PCl for both membranes.

PMID- 2923891
TI  - Reversible and irreversible rotating field-induced membrane modifications.
AB  - We analyse the charge distribution as submitted by additionally induced
      transmembrane potentials in rotating electric fields. In contrast to d.c. and
      a.c. fields, in rotating fields the induced peak potential differences across the
      membrane systems are phase shifted with respect both to each other and to the
      external field vector. These phase differences are strongly frequency-dependent
      but were also influenced by the electrical properties of both the cell and the
      surrounding medium. We extend our investigation up to the non-linear field
      strength range of electrorotation and found reversible and irreversible changes
      in the rotational behavior of several cells. The most convenient variables for
      describing non-linear electrorotation are the characteristic frequency (fc1) and
      the corresponding angular velocity (omega c) of the cells. With increasing field
      strength the observed rotational behavior becomes more and more irreversible and
      finally rupture of the membrane occurs.

PMID- 2923892
TI  - Regulation of glucose transport activity and expression of glucose transporter
      mRNA by serum, growth factors and phorbol ester in quiescent mouse fibroblasts.
AB  - We have investigated the effects of growth factors such as serum, platelet
      derived growth factor (PDGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) on glucose
      transport activity in quiescent mouse Swiss 3T3 cells. DNA synthesis was
      synchronously induced by either calf serum, or platelet-poor plasma in
      combination with PDGF or FGF. Early stimulation of glucose transport in the
      quiescent cells was also caused by serum, or by either PDGF or FGF. The time
      courses for the stimulation of transport were identical for serum, PDGF and FGF,
      and the stimulated uptake in each case was associated with a 5-6-fold increase in
      Vmax. There were no detectable changes in apparent Km. Expression of glucose
      transporter mRNA was also enhanced by these growth factors. By contrast, EGF,
      insulin and platelet-poor plasma had little effect on glucose transport and
      transporter-gene expression, although uridine uptake was enhanced by all of these
      growth factors. These results suggest that cell cycle-dependent stimulation of
      glucose transport and expression of the transporter mRNA are regulated by a
      specific class of growth factors such as PDGF and FGF. The tumor promoter phorbol
      12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) also stimulated glucose transport and expression of
      transporter mRNA in quiescent 3T3 cells. These stimulations were absent in PMA
      pretreated cells. However, serum, PDGF and FGF were able to stimulate glucose
      transport as well as expression of the transporter mRNA in PMA-pretreated cells,
      suggesting that there are at least two independent pathways for regulating
      glucose transport and glucose transporter mRNA level in quiescent fibroblasts.

PMID- 2923893
TI  - Egg jelly triggers a calcium influx which inactivates and is inhibited by
      calmodulin antagonists in the sea urchin sperm.
AB  - Sea urchin sperm must undergo the acrosome reaction to fertilize eggs. The
      natural inducer of this reaction is the most external coat of the egg, named
      'jelly'. The ionic composition of the extracellular and intracellular media and
      the permeability properties of the sperm plasma membrane are fundamental in this
      reaction. As Ca2+ is required for the acrosome reaction to occur, its
      intracellular concentration ([Ca2+]i) was measured with fura-2. In 10 mM Ca2+,
      egg jelly induced the acrosome reaction and an increase in [Ca2+]i that lasted
      for several minutes. However, at 0.5 or 2 mM Ca2+, it became evident that the
      Ca2+-influx pathway activated by jelly opened only for a few seconds; this
      prevented both the full increase in [Ca2+]i and the acrosome reaction even after
      the concentration of Ca2+ was raised to 10 mM. In the presence of jelly, the time
      this permeability pathway remained open was inversely related to the
      extracellular concentration of Ca2+ ([ Ca2+]e). Using Bisoxonol (a permeant
      fluorescent membrane potential probe), it was found that the jelly-induced
      depolarization depended on [Ca2+]e and was proportional to the increase in
      [Ca2+]i. Since [Ca2+]i could affect the jelly-induced Ca2+ influx through
      calmodulin, two of its antagonists, trifluoperazine and W-7, were tested. Both
      compounds blocked the acrosome reaction by inhibiting the jelly-induced increase
      in [Ca2+]i. W-5 at the same concentration had no effect. The results suggest that
      one of the jelly-activated Ca2+-influx pathways, probably a channel, is the
      target of the calmodulin antagonists.

PMID- 2923894
TI  - Segregation of anionic lipophiles in bilayers monitored by binding of cationic
      dye NK-529.
AB  - Fluorescence emission properties of a cationic indodicarbocyanine dye, NK-529,
      bound to anionic and zwitterionic vesicles, are examined under a variety of
      conditions to monitor lateral distribution of anionic amphiphiles in bilayers as
      a function of their phase properties. The change in the fluorescence properties
      of NK-529 arises from the binding of the dye to the bilayer that is dominated by
      ionic interactions when possible, as well as from the self-quenching of the dye
      bound to bilayers when the surface density of the dye is high. The binding
      affinity of the dye to anionic interfaces is more than 100-fold higher compared
      to that in zwitterionic bilayers. The limiting phospholipid/dye ratio in anionic
      bilayers at low vesicle concentrations is about 3. Thus the density of the bound
      dye in anionic bilayers can be more than 40-fold higher than that in zwitterionic
      bilayers, and therefore under such conditions the bound dye is completely self
      quenched in vesicles or micelles of anionic phospholipids. The change in the
      fluorescence emission intensity on incorporation of anionic amphiphiles in
      zwitterionic bilayers is used to monitor segregation of the anionic amphiphiles.
      The organizational features of bilayers that cause a change in the fluorescence
      properties of bound NK-529 show that the lateral distribution of anionic
      amphiphiles is appreciably influenced not only by the mole fraction of the
      amphiphile but also in the presence of other additives, and by the gel-fluid
      thermotropic transition. As shown in the following paper, the fluorescence
      changes related to self-quenching in anionic bilayers containing NK-529 can be
      used to understand the organizational changes that occur during the course of
      interfacial catalysis by phospholipase A2 on zwitterionic bilayers.

PMID- 2923895
TI  - Binding of phospholipase A2 to zwitterionic bilayers is promoted by lateral
      segregation of anionic amphiphiles.
AB  - Catalytic action of phospholipase A2 is appreciably influenced by the
      organization and dynamics of bilayers of glycerophosphocholines (Apitz-Castro et
      al. (1988) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 688, 341-348). However, such effects of the
      quality of the interface are not observed with bilayers of glycerophosphoryl
      methanol and other anionic phospholipids (Jain et al. (1986) Biochim. Biophys.
      Acta 860, 435-447). Such differences between the catalytic susceptibility of
      zwitterionic versus anionic bilayers are due to a large difference in the
      affinity of the enzyme for these interfaces. Binding to phospholipase A2 to
      zwitterionic interfaces can be promoted in the presence of certain anionic
      additives. For example in the pre-steady-state phase of hydrolysis, segregation
      of the nacently produced products of hydrolysis could promote binding of
      phospholipase A2 to regions of higher anionic charge density in the zwitterionic
      interface. In this paper we show that the dynamics of segregation of the nacently
      produced products of hydrolysis in zwitterionic bilayers can be readily followed
      by monitoring the fluorescence intensity of the cationic dye NK-529 (Yu and Jain
      (1989) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 980, 15-22). The fluorescence emission
      characteristics of NK-529 change appreciably due to self-quenching of the bound
      dye molecules as the fatty acid molecules segregate in the bilayer. The kinetics
      of segregation of fatty acids during the course of hydrolysis of bilayers of
      zwitterionic phospholipids by phospholipase A2 exhibits an unequivocal
      correlation with a variety of phenomena that are observed during the transition
      from the pre-steady-state phase to the steady-state phase of hydrolysis in the
      reaction progress curves as a function of temperature and in the presence of
      lipophilic additives.

PMID- 2923896
TI  - Influence of sodium conductances on platelet activation.
AB  - The effects of extracellular Na+ and tetrodotoxin on resting membrane potential,
      cytosolic free Ca2+ levels and aggregation of human platelets have been studied.
      Neither the decrease in extracellular Na+-concentration (from 140 mmol/l to 0
      mmol/l) nor the addition of tetrodotoxin (10(-7) to 10(-5) mol/l) modified the
      platelet membrane potential. Zero extracellular Na+ concentration or the presence
      of tetrodotoxin in the medium inhibited platelet aggregation; however, K+
      depolarized platelets showed an unchanged aggregation induced by ADP or thrombin
      in media with zero or low extracellular Na+ concentrations or in the presence of
      tetrodotoxin. Moreover, zero extracellular Na+ concentration or tetrodotoxin
      inhibited calcium mobilization in platelets during activation induced by
      thrombin. Hence, voltage-dependent activation linked to Na+ influx appears to be
      necessary for ADP- and thrombin-induced platelet aggregation under control
      conditions. Mechanisms for the role of Na+ conductances in platelet function are
      discussed.

PMID- 2923897
TI  - Hydrogen bonding between anhydrous cholesterol and phosphatidylcholines: an
      infrared spectroscopic study.
AB  - Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy performed with a high pressure diamond
      anvil cell was used to study hydrogen bonding between anhydrous
      phosphatidylcholines and cholesterol at the molar ratio 4:1. The hydroxyl group
      of cholesterol which acts as a proton donor, engages in strong hydrogen bonding
      to the sn-2 chain carbonyl group of DMPC, DPPC and HPPC and in weak hydrogen
      bonding to the phosphate group of all these phospholipids. No evidence of
      hydrogen bonding between cholesterol and the sn-1 chain carbonyl group of DMPC
      and DPPC was found. From a comparison of the relative hydrogen-bond strengths
      between cholesterol or water and the sn-2 chain carbonyl and phosphate groups of
      all these phospholipids, it is predicted that in aqueous dispersions of
      cholesterol containing phospholipids, the hydrogen bond of cholesterol to the
      phosphate group would be replaced by that of water, while the hydrogen bond of
      cholesterol to the sn-2 chain carbonyl group would remain intact.

PMID- 2923898
TI  - An infrared spectroscopic study of the thermotropic phase behavior of
      phosphatidylcholines containing omega-cyclohexyl fatty acyl chains.
AB  - The thermotropic phase behavior of an odd- and an even-numbered member of the
      homologous series of 1,2-di-omega-cyclohexylphosphatidylcholines was studied
      using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results obtained indicate that
      the pronounced discontinuities in the behavior of the odd- and even-numbered
      homologues observed by differential scanning calorimetry can be attributed to
      differences in the organization of their respective gel states. The single phase
      transition exhibited by the odd-numbered compounds upon heating is shown by
      infrared spectroscopy to be a direct transition from a condensed, subgel-like
      phase (Lc phase) to the liquid-crystalline state (L alpha phase). In contrast,
      the multiple transitions exhibited by the even-numbered homologues are shown to
      be due to the initial conversion of an L beta-like phase to a more loosely packed
      gel phase, followed by the acyl chain-melting transition. Moreover, the major
      changes in the interaction between the acyl chains, and in the organization of
      the interfacial region of the bilayers formed by the even-numbered homologue,
      occur at temperatures below that of the onset of the chain-melting phase
      transition. The infrared spectroscopic changes observed also suggest that above
      the chain-melting transition, the odd- and even-numbered homologues form similar
      liquid-crystalline phases that are more 'ordered' than those of normal saturated
      straight-chain phosphatidylcholines. Most likely this is because the large size
      and the intrinsic rigidity of the omega-cyclohexyl group reduces the
      conformational disorder of the liquid-crystalline state by 'dampening' all acyl
      chain motions. The formation of a relatively ordered liquid-crystalline state may
      be the critical property exploited by the thermoacidophylic organisms in which
      omega-cyclohexyl fatty acids naturally occur.

PMID- 2923899
TI  - Transport of sodium into apical membrane vesicles prepared from fetal sheep
      alveolar type II cells.
AB  - A method is described for isolating apical plasma membrane vesicles from fetal
      alveolar type II cells. The procedure yields purified apical membranes which are
      enriched 24-fold with the brush-border enzyme marker, alkaline phosphatase.
      Contamination of this fraction by basolateral membranes and organelles is
      minimal. Evidence for transport of Na+ into an intravesicular space is
      demonstrated by: (1) time-dependent uptake of Na+ with release of accumulated Na+
      by treatment with detergent; (2) a linear inverse correlation between Na+ uptake
      and medium osmolarity. In addition, Na+ uptake is shown to be anion dependent
      (SCN- greater than Cl- greater than gluconate-) and sensitive to amiloride
      inhibition at a concentration of 1 mM.

PMID- 2923900
TI  - The solubilization and morphological change of human platelets in various
      detergents.
AB  - The solubilization of human gel-filtered platelets by octyl glucoside, Triton X
      100, dodecylsulfate, and deoxycholate was compared from the analysis of (1) cell
      lysis, (2) marker leakiness, and (3) component solubility. These analyses all
      revealed that the effect of detergent concentration on the solubilization of
      platelets by these detergents was exerted in three stages, i.e., the prelytic,
      lytic, and complete platelet-lysis stages. These analyses also indicated several
      differences among platelets in these detergents. (i) The ratio of the platelet
      saturation concentration (PSC) to critical micellar concentration (CMC) was about
      1/2 for octyl glucoside. Triton X-100 and dodecylsulfate, while it was close to 1
      for deoxycholate. (ii) Platelets in octyl glucoside. Triton X-100, and
      dodecylsulfate all showed parallel curves in cell lysis, protein solubilization
      and marker leakiness, while the platelet lysis in deoxycholate was identical to
      the phospholipid solubilization. (iii) The solubility curves of various
      components in Triton X-100 and deoxycholate were parallel. However, the
      solubility of cholesterol in octyl glucoside was lower than that of protein and
      phospholipid. In dodecylsulfate, the solubility of phospholipid and cholesterol
      was very low in comparison with that of protein. In addition, morphological
      studies using scanning electron microscopy (scanning EM) revealed that the
      solubilization by octyl glucoside or Triton X-100 might occur via membrane area
      expansion. On the other hand, the solubilization by dodecylsulfate or
      deoxycholate showed membrane vesiculation prior to cell lysis. Moreover, in the
      prelytic stage, the morphological change in platelets in octyl glucoside showed
      only concentration dependence by swelling to an ellipsoid and then to a sphere.
      However, the morphological change in platelets in the other three detergents was
      dependent not only on the detergent concentration but also on prolonged
      incubation. Specifically, in Triton X-100, the cells initially changed to
      spiculate discs and then reached their final shape as swollen discs with surface
      invagination. In dodecylsulfate and deoxycholate the morphological changes were
      almost the same. The cell initially deformed in shape to a spiculate disc and
      finally to a stretched-out flat form. The results are discussed according to the
      bilayer couple hypothesis. Also, in the prelytic stage, these detergents caused
      inhibition of the response of platelets to collagen and ADP-fibrinogen.

PMID- 2923901
TI  - Chain-length dependence of n-alkane solubility in phosphatidylcholine bilayers: a
      2H-NMR study.
AB  - Phosphatidylcholine bilayer membranes containing 2H-labelled n-alkanes have been
      studied by 2H-NMR as a model system for the investigation of molecular theories
      of general anesthesia. The solubilities of n-alkanes in lipid bilayers have been
      determined by measurement of the relative intensities of a powder pattern signal
      arising from orientationally ordered, membrane-soluble alkane and a sharp signal
      in the 2H-NMR spectrum resulting from isotropically reorienting alkane. The
      ordering profiles for the ordered n-alkane as determined from the quadrupole
      splittings for different segments along the chain are similar to those described
      earlier for n-hexane, n-octane and n-dodecane, suggesting that the restricted
      motions undergone by the n-alkanes of chain length from 6 to 19 are basically
      similar. For this homologous series of n-alkanes, it was found that membrane
      solubility dropped sharply at an alkane chain length which depended on lipid
      chain length, degree of unsaturation, cholesterol concentration in the bilayer,
      and temperature. The results show that the incorporation of n-alkanes in lipid
      bilayers is a complex function of lipid composition. The implications of these
      results in relationship to the observed 'cut-off' in anesthetic potency in the n
      alkane homologous series are discussed.

PMID- 2923902
TI  - Perturbation of binary phospholipid mixtures by melittin: a fluorescence and
      raman spectroscopy study.
AB  - The effect of melittin on different binary mixtures of phospholipids has been
      studied by polarization of DPH fluorescence in order to determine if melittin can
      induce phase separation. Since the interaction between lipids and melittin is
      sensitive to both electrostatic and hydrophobic forces, we have studied the
      effect of the acyl chain length and of the polar head group of the lipids. In
      spite of the difference of the chain length between
      dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and distearoylphosphatidylcholine (DSPC),
      no phase separation occurs in an equimolar mixture of these lipids in presence of
      melittin. However, when the charged lipid dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol (DPPG)
      is mixed with either DPPC or DSPC, the addition of melittin leads to phase
      separation. The DSPC/DPPG/melittin system, which shows a very complex
      thermotropism, has also been studied by Raman spectroscopy using DPPG with
      deuteriated chains in order to monitor each lipid independently. The results
      suggest that the higher affinity of melittin for DPPG leads to a partial phase
      separation. We propose the formation of DPPG-rich domains perturbed by melittin
      and peptide-free regions enriched in DSPC triggered by the head group charge and
      chain-length differences.

PMID- 2923903
TI  - A comparative study of band 3 aggregation in erythrocyte membranes by melittin
      and other cationic agents.
AB  - The technique of laser flash-induced transient dichroism has been used to measure
      the rotational diffusion of eosin-labelled band 3 proteins in erythrocyte ghosts.
      A retardation in the mobility of band 3, measured subsequent to the addition of a
      variety of polyvalent cationic species, has been interpreted to reflect
      aggregation or 'clustering' of the protein in the plane of the membrane. A
      comparative study is reported between three such aggregators: melittin,
      polylysine and Zn2+, wherein their respective abilities to induce aggregation
      have been measured under varying conditions. Unlike that for melittin, band 3
      aggregation by polylysine and Zn2+ is shown to be sensitive to proteolytic
      degradation of the membrane and to the ionic strength of the surrounding medium.
      Studies with fragments of melittin derived from its chymotryptic cleavage show
      the hydrophilic C-terminal 20-26 section to possess independent aggregating
      ability, but also the requirement of the 1-19 hydrophobic section to be attached
      in order to prevent reversibility by high ionic strength buffers. Melittin is
      also shown to have a unique ability to aggregate bacteriorhodopsin reconstituted
      into DMPC vesicles, which is partially retained by its 1-19 but not by its 20-26
      fragment.

PMID- 2923904
TI  - The potential role of human kidney cortex cysteine proteinases in glomerular
      basement membrane degradation.
AB  - (1) The degradation of glomerular basement membrane and some of its constituent
      macromolecules by human kidney lysosomal cysteine proteinases has been
      investigated. Three cysteine proteinases were extracted from human renal cortex
      and purified to apparent homogeneity. These proteinases were identified as
      cathepsins B, H and L principally by their specific activities towards Z-Arg-Arg
      NHMec, Leu-NNap and Z-Phe-Arg-NHMec, respectively, and their Mr on SDS
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under reducing conditions. (2) Cathepsins B
      and L, at acid pH, readily hydrolysed azocasein and degraded both soluble and
      basement membrane type IV and V collagen, laminin and proteoglycans. Their action
      on the collagens was temperature-dependent, suggesting that they are only active
      towards denatured collagen. Cathepsin L was more active in degrading basement
      membrane collagens than was cathepsin B but qualitatively the action of both
      proteinases were similar, i.e., at below 32 degrees C the release of an Mr
      400,000 hydroxyproline product which at 37 degrees C was readily hydrolysed to
      small peptides. (3) In contrast, cathepsin H had no action on soluble or
      insoluble collagens or laminin but did, however, hydrolyse the protein core of
      35S-labelled glomerular heparan sulphate-rich proteoglycan. (4) Thus renal
      cysteine proteinases form a family of enzymes which together are capable of
      degrading the major macromolecules of the glomerular extracellular matrix.

PMID- 2923905
TI  - Isolation and characterisation of a neutral proteinase from the canine
      intervertebral disc.
AB  - A neutral proteinase of 94 kDa capable of degrading gelatin, canine disc
      proteoglycan, and L-lysine and L-arginine peptide substrates has been isolated
      from the greyhound intervertebral disc. Strong inhibition of this proteinase with
      class-specific inhibitors, such as APMSF, TLCK and benzamidine indicated a
      'serine'-type specificity. Metallo, aspartyl- and cysteine proteinase inhibitors
      were devoid of significant action. Degradation of the resident canine disc
      proteoglycan monomer by the disc proteinase was shown to occur at the hyaluronic
      acid binding region, thereby diminishing its ability to aggregate with hyaluronic
      acid. The hydrodynamic size of the proteoglycan degradation products was only
      slightly less than that of the intact disc proteoglycan subunits.

PMID- 2923906
TI  - Laser intensity and wavelength dependence of Rose-Bengal-photosensitized
      inhibition of red blood cell acetylcholinesterase.
AB  - The intensity and wavelength-dependence of Rose-Bengal-mediated photoinhibition
      of red blood cell acetylcholinesterase has been studied. Irradiation of dye
      membrane suspensions with 308 nm laser excitation resulted in enzyme inhibition
      almost 50% greater than that obtained with 514 nm laser excitation. Sodium azide
      and argon purging greatly decreased the photosensitized enzyme inhibition at both
      wavelengths. Although Rose Bengal photosensitized enzyme inhibition more
      efficiently upon excitation into Sn (308 nm) than into S1 (514 nm), Stern-Volmer
      analysis of sodium azide quenching data gave similar quenching efficiencies at
      both wavelengths. Irradiation of dye-membrane suspensions with increasing
      intensities (Nd:YAG, 532 nm, 40 ps pulse duration) resulted in a decrease in
      enzyme inhibition. Saturation of the Rose Bengal fluorescence intensity and light
      transmission occurred with nearly the same intensity-dependence, suggesting that
      ground-state depletion occurs at the higher intensities. Our results demonstrate
      that excitation of a sensitizer into higher-lying excited singlet states can
      result in enhanced sensitizing efficiency. However, attempts to populate such
      states in Rose Bengal by sequential two-photon absorption using high intensities
      resulted only in ground-state depletion.

PMID- 2923908
TI  - Kinetic properties of derepressible acid phosphatase from the yeast from of
      Yarrowia lipolytica.
AB  - (1) An acid phosphatase from depressed cells of the yeast form of Yarrowia
      lipolytica has been characterized kinetically by studies on specificity,
      inhibition, rate equation forms and modelling of the enzyme mechanisms. (2) The
      study on specificity revealed that the acid phosphatase is a rather unspecific
      phosphohydrolase that has similar activity on several different phosphate esters.
      A very weak transphosphorylating activity was also detected. (3) Among the
      reversible inhibitors, phosphate and vanadate were outstanding, whereas EDTA
      behaved as an activator. (4) v vs. [S] studies with o-carboxyphenyl phosphate as
      substrate show that the acid phosphatase of Y. lipolytica exhibits non-Michaelian
      behaviour, a minimum degree of 2:2 being detected for the rate equation in [S].
      (5) The inhibition by phosphate and vanadate seems to have the same pattern of
      partial inhibition with a certain non-competitive nature, 1:1 being the minimum
      degree of the rate equation detected in (I).

PMID- 2923907
TI  - Premalignant alterations in rat colonic N1-acetylspermidine levels induced by 1,2
      dimethylhydrazine: effects of a high corn oil dietary regimen.
AB  - Recently, our laboratory has demonstrated that elevations in the levels of N1
      acetylspermidine could be detected in the colonic mucosa of rats after
      administration of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine for 15 weeks, i.e., before the
      development of colon tumors. Since prior studies have indicated that diets high
      in fat, particularly unsaturated fat, promote the development of
      dimethylhydrazine-induced tumors, it was of interest to examine the effect of a
      corn oil dietary regimen (20% by weight) on colonic N1-acetylspermidine levels in
      this model of colonic adenocarcinoma. Four groups of rats were used in these
      studies: chow, chow + carcinogen, corn oil and corn oil + carcinogen. The
      carcinogen groups received weekly s.c. injections of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (20
      mg/kg body wt) for 15 weeks, while the control groups received diluent. 1 week
      after the last injection, animals from each group were killed, and their proximal
      and distal colons were resected, examined and compared with respect to polyamine
      levels, including N1-acetylspermidine, as well as the activities of ornithine
      decarboxylase, spermidine N1-acetyltransferase, and polyamine oxidase. In view of
      previous studies which suggested that N1-acetylspermidine levels may be elevated
      in the urine of patients with various malignancies, it was also of interest to
      examine and compare the urinary levels of this acetylated polyamine in animals
      from each group. The results of these experiments demonstrated that: (1) the
      levels of N1-acetylspermidine in the distal colonic segment were found to be
      increased approx. 25 and 80% in the chow + carcinogen and corn oil + carcinogen
      groups, respectively, compared to their control counterparts; (2) the activities
      of spermidine N1-acetyltransferase in the distal colonic segments of chow +
      carcinogen and corn oil + carcinogen animals were increased 1.5- and 2-fold,
      respectively, compared to control values; (3) dimethylhydrazine administration
      did not affect the levels of this acetylated polyamine or spermidine N1
      acetyltransferase activities in the proximal colon, but, in general, did increase
      the levels of putrescine and spermidine as well as ornithine decarboxylase
      activities in both colonic segments of animals fed chow or corn oil diets; and
      (4) elevated urinary levels of N1-acetylspermidine did not appear to be a
      reliable 'premalignant' marker in this experimental model of colonic
      adenocarcinoma.

PMID- 2923909
TI  - Binding characteristics of a major thyroid hormone metabolite, 3,3',5'-triiodo-L
      thyronine, to bovine serum albumin as measured by fluorescence.
AB  - The interaction between a major thyroid hormone metabolite, 3,3',5'-triiodo-L
      thyronine and bovine serum albumin was investigated by fluorescence measurements.
      The apparent binding constants were obtained at various pHs assuming the
      equivalence and independence of the interaction sites on the protein from the
      fluorescence titration curves. The maximum binding was attained at pH 8.0, and
      the apparent binding constant was (5.28 +/- 0.13).10(5) M-1 with one binding site
      per albumin molecule. Thermodynamic parameters were also determined from the
      van't Hoff plot of the apparent binding constants at pH 7.5. The free energy
      change, enthalpy change and entropy change were -7.70 +/- 0.09 kcal.mol-1, -4.59
      kcal.mol-1 and 10.2 e.u., respectively.

PMID- 2923910
TI  - Effect of hexachlorobiphenyl on vitamin A homeostasis in the rat.
AB  - Vitamin A status and turnover were examined in rats that had been exposed to
      chronic dietary treatment of 3,4,5,3',4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (HCB), 1 mg/kg
      diet. HCB caused hepatic depletion and renal accumulation of vitamin A, and a 1.7
      fold increase in the serum retinol concentration. Intravenously administered
      [3H]retinol bound to retinol binding protein-transthyretin complex (RBP-TTR
      complex) was used to study the dynamics of circulatory retinol in these rats. In
      HCB-treated rats, the plasma turnover rate of retinol was increased compared to
      vitamin A-adequate untreated controls. HCB caused a 50% reduction of total
      radioactivity in liver, and, except for 0.5 h after the [3H]retinol-RBP-TTR dose,
      the specific activity of the hepatic retinyl ester pool was greater compared to
      control rats. The kidneys of HCB-treated rats accumulated radioactivity in the
      retinyl ester fraction. HCB also caused a 50% reduction in adrenal radioactivity
      compared with control rats. Urinary and fecal excretion of radioactivity was 3
      fold higher in HCB-treated rats as compared to controls. Our findings demonstrate
      that chronic HCB feeding results in expansion of plasma vitamin A mass, in
      changes of liver and kidney retinol and retinyl ester pool dynamics and in an
      increased metabolism of vitamin A.

PMID- 2923911
TI  - Antiplatelet actions of panaxynol and ginsenosides isolated from ginseng.
AB  - The antiplatelet effect of panaxynol isolated from the diethyl ether layer was
      compared with those of ginsenosides from the butanol layer of Panax ginseng.
      Panaxynol (0.1 mg/ml) inhibited markedly the aggregation of washed platelets
      induced by collagen, arachidonic acid, ADP, ionophore A23187, PAF and thrombin
      while ginsenosides had no significant effect on the aggregation but ginsenoside
      Ro (1 mg/ml) inhibited the ATP release of platelets. Less inhibitory effect of
      panaxynol was observed in the aggregation of platelet-rich plasma. Thromboxane B2
      formation of platelets was inhibited by panaxynol but not by ginsenosides. The
      antiplatelet effect of panaxynol was dependent on the incubation time and the
      aggregability of platelets inhibited by panaxynol could not easily be recovered
      after washing the platelets. In human platelet-rich plasma, panaxynol prevented
      secondary aggregation and completely blocked ATP release from platelets induced
      by epinephrine and ADP. Both panaxynol and ginsenoside Rg2 inhibited the rise of
      intracellular calcium caused by collagen. It is concluded that panaxynol is the
      most potent antiplatelet agent in ginseng and its mechanism of action is chiefly
      due to the inhibition of thromboxane formation.

PMID- 2923912
TI  - Differential expression of alpha and pi isoenzymes of glutathione S-transferase
      in developing human kidney.
AB  - Polyclonal antisera to the alpha and pi isoenzymes of glutathione S-transferase
      have been used in immunohistochemical studies to determine the developmental
      expression of these isoforms in human kidney. Before 35 weeks of gestation, both
      isoenzymes were expressed by the collecting tubules and developing nephrons.
      After this time, expression of the alpha set was restricted to the proximal
      tubule and that of the pi set to the distal and collecting tubules and the loop
      of Henle.

PMID- 2923913
TI  - Administration of D-aspartate increases D-aspartate oxidase activity in mouse
      liver.
AB  - Oral administration of D-aspartate to mice for 2 weeks by addition of the amino
      acid to drinking water produced a nearly 4-fold increase in liver D-aspartate
      oxidase (EC 1.4.3.1) activity, whereas no increase was induced by L-aspartate
      administered in the same way. Administration of D-aspartate also produced a small
      significant increase in the kidney enzyme activity, but L-aspartate
      administration increased the activity as well. The enzyme activity in the brain
      and muscle was not affected by administration of either D- or L-aspartate.
      Intraperitoneal administration of D-aspartate increased the enzyme activity only
      in the liver, and other compounds tested, including D-glutamate and D-alanine,
      could not replace D-aspartate. The results indicate a specific relationship
      between D-aspartate and D-aspartate oxidase and suggest that the amino acid is,
      in fact, a physiological substrate of the enzyme.

PMID- 2923914
TI  - Coenzyme non-specific glutamate dehydrogenase from Chlorella pyrenoidosa 82T:
      electron microscopic studies.
AB  - The constitutive coenzyme non-specific glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) from
      Chlorella pyrenoidosa 82T was purified to homogeneity by column immunoaffinity
      chromatography and examined by an electron microscope. The enzyme molecule was
      found to be a hexameric oligomer composed of monomers arranged in three 2-point
      group symmetry in two layers slightly twisted round the 3-fold axis. The molecule
      is 8 +/- 1 nm in diameter and 10 +/- 1 nm in height. The enzyme molecules appear
      both to dissociate into trimers and to associate along the 3-fold axis forming
      linear aggregates under certain conditions. A tentative model of the Chlorella
      GDH molecule is proposed, which is very similar to those described for bovine
      liver GDH and GDH from Clostridium symbiosum.

PMID- 2923915
TI  - Mucus proteinase inhibitor: a fast-acting inhibitor of leucocyte elastase.
AB  - Human mucus proteinase inhibitor is a fast-acting inhibitor of human leucocyte
      elastase (EC 3.4.21.37) and forms a stable, complex with this enzyme. At
      physiological ionic strength and temperature and in the presence of 10 mg/ml
      albumin, the kinetic constants characterizing the interaction between elastase
      and the non-degraded inhibitor are: kass = 6.4.10(6) M-1.s-1, kdiss = 2.3.10(-3)
      s-1, Ki = 3.10(-10) M. The partially degraded inhibitor isolated by chymotrypsin
      Sepharose chromatography inhibits elastase with similar efficiency, suggesting
      that if partial proteolysis of the inhibitor occurs in vivo, the latter may still
      act as a potent antielastase. Mucus proteinase inhibitor therefore plays a
      physiological antielastase function in upper respiratory tract secretions, since
      it inhibits elastase with a delay time of 150 ms and behaves like an irreversible
      inhibitor.

PMID- 2923916
TI  - The molecular localization of non-tryptophan chromophores in calf lens
      crystallins.
AB  - A single-step separation of calf lens gamma-crystallin into six protein
      components is described. UV absorption spectra, characterized by the presence of
      high absorbance in the 240-250 nm and 310-360 nm spectral regions as well as by
      fluorescence emission above 400 nm, are shown by six components. alpha-, beta and
      beta S crystallins have been compared with the gamma-fraction for the presence of
      non-tryptophan fluorescence. The chromophores responsible for this non-tryptophan
      fluorescence were found to be associated with gamma-crystallin components only.
      The spectral features of one selected gamma-crystallin component (characterized
      by an isoelectric point of 7.68) have been examined. Results seem to suggest the
      presence of oxidative products of tryptophan. Implications of these findings for
      the expression of human and bovine genes are also considered.

PMID- 2923917
TI  - The influence of calcium ions on fibrinogen conformation.
AB  - The conformation of fibrinogen has been examined using the techniques of dye
      photosensitized surface labelling and cross-linking. The results obtained suggest
      that fibrinogen is a flexible molecule and its conformation is influenced by the
      concentration of calcium ions. These effects are mediated through binding to the
      low-affinity calcium binding sites of fibrinogen. In particular the C-terminal
      regions of the [A]alpha chain are more exposed at higher calcium concentrations
      creating a molecule which is more liable to form inter-molecular interactions.

PMID- 2923918
TI  - Protein folding and aggregation studied by isoelectric focusing across a urea
      gradient and isoelectric focusing in two dimensions.
AB  - Isoelectric focusing across a concentration gradient of urea was used to study
      the folding-unfolding and association-dissociation processes of proteins.
      Myoglobulin, albumin, RNase, papain, beta L- and alpha-crystallin were analyzed
      with this technique, and examples are given of visualized dissociation steps and
      of equilibrium-unfolding intermediates. Furthermore, a two-dimensional
      isoelectric focusing technique is presented that is useful to deduce whether a
      transition of a protein aggregate observed upon urea-gradient isoelectric
      focusing must be attributed to a change in the protein's tertiary or quaternary
      structure.

PMID- 2923919
TI  - Folding-unfolding and aggregation-dissociation of bovine alpha-crystallin
      subunits; evidence for unfolding intermediates of the alpha A subunits.
AB  - The aggregation and dissociation behavior of bovine alpha-crystallin as well as
      the folding and unfolding of its subunits were investigated by equilibrium
      studies using tryptophan fluorescence measurements and two isoelectric focusing
      techniques, viz. isoelectric focusing across a urea gradient and isoelectric
      focusing in two dimensions with different concentrations of urea. It was found
      that the alpha B chains lose their ability to aggregate and start unfolding at a
      lower concentration of urea than the alpha A chains. Equilibrium intermediates
      were found upon unfolding or refolding of alpha A subunits, which can be
      explained by a two-domain organization of these molecules.

PMID- 2923920
TI  - Activation of glutamate dehydrogenase by L-leucine.
AB  - The activation of glutamate dehydrogenase (L-glutamate: NAD(P)+ oxidoreductase
      (deaminating), EC 1.4.1.3) by L-leucine has been studied. Apparently homogeneous
      preparations from ox liver and brain were found to respond similarly.
      Commercially obtained preparations of the enzyme, which had suffered limited
      proteolysis during the purification procedure, were shown to behave similarly to
      preparations which had not suffered such proteolysis when the effects of L
      leucine on the oxidative deamination reaction were studied using either NAD+ or
      NADP+ as the coenzyme. There was also no significant difference in the responses
      when the reductive reaction was determined with NADPH or with 40 microM NADH. At
      higher concentrations of NADH (160 microM) the unproteolysed preparations were
      activated by L-leucine to a considerably greater extent than those which had
      suffered limited proteolysis. These results accord with the greater sensitivity
      of the former preparations to inhibition by high concentrations of NADH and the
      relief of such inhibition by L-leucine. This amino acid was also found to relieve
      the inhibition of the enzyme by GTP, resulting in an apparent increase in the
      activation observed in the presence of this nucleotide. In contrast, under the
      conditions used in this work, the apparent degree of activation by L-leucine was
      found to be decreased in the presence of the activators ATP or ADP. The presence
      of high concentrations of NADH (200 microM) potentiated the high substrate
      inhibition by 2-oxoglutarate, and L-leucine significantly reduced this effect.
      The effects of L-leucine on the activity of glutamate dehydrogenase thus appear
      to be composed of a direct effect on the activity of the enzyme together with a
      relief of high substrate inhibition. The effects of GTP and 2-oxoglutarate in
      potentiating inhibition by NADH can account for their effects in enhancing the
      apparent activation by L-leucine. The marked differences in the responses of
      proteolysed and unproteolysed preparations of the enzyme result from the effects
      of proteolysis in decreasing the sensitivity to high concentrations of NADH.

PMID- 2923921
TI  - An interpretation of 1/f fluctuations in neuronal spike trains during dream
      sleep.
AB  - The mesencephalic reticular formation (MRF) neurons are regarded as contributing
      to the activation of the cerebral cortex. We have investigated the statistical
      characteristics of the single neuronal activity in the MRF of cat during two
      activated states: paradoxical sleep (PS) and state in which the animal is
      watching birds (BW). 1/f-like spectra are observed for both PS and BW states,
      being more pronounced for PS state. For the interpretation of these findings, we
      have applied the clustering Poisson process, which not only gives rise to a 1/f
      spectrum but also suggests a generation mechanism. The MRF neuronal activities in
      PS and BW are closely fitted by the clustering Poisson process, both in terms of
      power spectral density and counting statistics. These results strongly suggest
      that the activities of MRF neurons in PS and BW can be interpreted as the
      superpositions of randomly occurring clusters which consist of various number of
      impulses.

PMID- 2923922
TI  - A nonlinear model for collicular spatial interactions underlying the metrical
      properties of electrically elicited saccades.
AB  - An earlier model for the collicular role in the generation of saccades (Van
      Gisbergen et al. 1987), based on ensemble coding and linear vector addition of
      movement contributions from independent movement cells, yields normometric
      saccades in all directions over a considerable range of amplitudes. The model,
      however, cannot account for two nonlinear phenomena which are known from
      collicular electrical stimulation experiments: 1) saccade amplitude has a roughly
      sigmoid dependence upon current strength and 2) two electrical stimuli applied
      simultaneously at different sites yield a response that resembles a weighted
      average of the individual responses. In the present paper we propose an
      intracollicular mechanism which, based on lateral spatial interactions in the
      deeper layers of the colliculus, results in nearby excitation and remote
      inhibition when current is applied. Both nonlinear phenomena can thus be
      explained. The possibility of excitatory and inhibitory collicular interactions
      is supported by recent evidence in the literature. The nonlinearity in the model,
      essential to explain the electrical stimulation findings, resides in the input
      output characteristic of the deeper layer movement cells. The results, obtained
      by quantitative simulations with the model, are discussed together with possible
      alternative explanations.

PMID- 2923923
TI  - A model of otolith stimulation.
AB  - A new model of otolithic stimulation by linear acceleration is presented and
      compared to previous models, based upon anatomical evidence and on the ability of
      normal subjects to sense the direction of a linear acceleration vector acting in
      the coronal plane (roll-tilt perception). There are two basic methods of
      generating roll-tilt stimuli: 1) tilt-chairs either inside or outside a
      centrifuge and 2) fixed-chair centrifuges. The present model is based on
      consideration of the probable otoconial displacement produced by these two
      different methods of stimulation and the model incorporates a major role for the
      elastic restoring force of the otolith membrane. When this force is taken into
      account, and most previous models have ignored it, the model predicts that
      different patterns of otoconial displacement will be produced in tilt-chair and
      in fixed-chair centrifuge experiments. The different roll-tilt perception
      produced by these two methods may be caused by the different otoconial
      displacement patterns. It is suggested that the elastic restoring force of the
      otoconial membrane may contribute to space motion sickness.

PMID- 2923924
TI  - Model of neural visual system with self-organizing cells.
AB  - This paper describes a model of a neural visual system of a higher animal, in
      which the capability of pattern recognition develops adaptively. To produce the
      adaptability, we adopted "self-organizing cells," and with them modeled feature
      detecting cells which were discovered by Hubel and Wiesel and whose plasticity
      was found by Blakemore and Cooper. Combining the "self-organizing cells" and the
      learning principle of a Perceptron-type system, we constructed a model of the
      whole visual system. The model is also equipped with an eye movement control
      mechanism for gazing, which reduces the number of "self-organizing cells"
      required for pattern recognition, thus contributing to their quick self
      organization. Computer simulation and an experiment using a hardware simulator
      showed that "self-organizing cells" quickly become sensitive to the features
      often seen and that the resulted system can classify patterns with a rather small
      number of feature-detecting cells.

PMID- 2923925
TI  - Detection of feedback in the central nervous system using system identification
      techniques.
AB  - An analysis method to detect the presence of feedback between biological signals,
      particularly those associated with the central nervous system, is presented. The
      technique is based on recent results in the system identification literature
      involving the concept of a feedback free process. It may be applied to volume
      conducted signals such as EEG and EMG, as well as to neuronal spike trains
      through the use of a data transformation procedure. The utility of the technique
      is then demonstrated in a study of the relationship between Parkinsonian tremor
      and certain tremor cells found in the thalamus of Parkinsonian patients, using
      data collected during thalamotomies. The results obtained suggest that feedback
      mechanisms may be an important factor contributing to Parkinsonian tremor.

PMID- 2923926
TI  - On the visual orientation of random dot Moire patterns.
AB  - We studied the orientation perception of dot patterns with Moire effect. The
      Moire effect was achieved by rotating the original patterns over small angles.
      When the angle was increased the effect disappeared while the characteristics of
      orientation estimation remained unchanged. For relatively small angles the
      subjects performance can be described by a model based on the concept of least
      squared distance axis. For large angles of rotation this model has began to be
      insufficient and a more refined model is proposed here.

PMID- 2923927
TI  - Jerk-cost modulations during the practice of rapid arm movements.
AB  - We examined how hand-trajectory smoothness changed during the practice of a motor
      task where smoothness was quantified by jerk-cost. Four human subjects each moved
      his nondominant arm between an upper target and a lower target, while
      circumnavigating a barrier that extended outward from the vertical plane of the
      targets. The two targets and the barrier placed boundary constraints on hand
      trajectories, but the motion was not restrained in any other way. Arm movements
      were recorded on high-speed cine film, and linear and angular kinematical data
      were obtained for all arm segments. In each of 100 practice trials, subjects
      attempted to minimize movement time. After the practice trials, subjects repeated
      the same motor task but at movement times corresponding to the slowest, mid-range
      and fastest motion that had occurred during practice. Thus, jerk-cost could be
      compared for movements of different speeds during practice and after practice.
      Because the movement task contained several changes in hand-path direction, the
      changes in the vector characteristics of the hand accelerations were expected to
      be important for explaining the modulations in jerk-cost with practice. Total
      jerk-cost, therefore, was calculated as well as the separate magnitudinal and
      directional jerk-cost components. During practice, total movement time decreased,
      hand paths became more parabolic in shape, and significant changes occurred in
      hand acceleration magnitude, direction, and timing. Total jerk-cost and the
      magnitudinal and directional jerk-cost components were significantly less when
      slowest hand movements were compared after practice versus during practice. The
      decrease in jerk-cost indicated an increased smoothness of the practiced
      movements.

PMID- 2923928
TI  - Differential spatial displacement discrimination with interfering stimuli.
AB  - Differential spatial displacement discrimination thresholds were determined for a
      configuration of three blobs with Gaussian spatial and temporal contrast
      envelopes. This task is similar to the well known three-dot alignment hyperacuity
      task. Thresholds determined in the presence of interfering stimuli were identical
      to thresholds determined without these flanking stimuli. The thresholds scale
      linearly with stimulus size over at least two decades. We conclude that (i) the
      mechanisms that compute differential spatial displacement for the three-blob
      alignment task are not disturbed by the presence of neighbouring stimuli, even
      when these enter the region over which the computations are performed and (ii) at
      all levels of resolution similar mechanisms are used to compute differential
      spatial displacement.

PMID- 2923929
TI  - Lactate-induced anxiety.

PMID- 2923930
TI  - SOD-1 activity and platelet membrane fluidity in Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - An early-onset, familial form of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been reported to be
      linked to a locus on the long arm of chromosome 21 (21q21). Furthermore,
      duplications in the vicinity of this locus involving the beta-amyloid gene and
      the proto-oncogene ets-2 have been reported in association with AD. The
      structural gene for Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase, SOD-1, is located between the
      beta-amyloid gene and ets-2. For this reason and because SOD-1 is a plausible
      candidate for a gene that might influence the fluidity of cellular membranes, we
      determined whether or not the subtype of AD with increased platelet membrane
      fluidity was associated with an increase in Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase activity.

PMID- 2923931
TI  - A preliminary study of the effects of intravenous m-chlorophenylpiperazine, a
      serotonin agonist, in elderly subjects.
AB  - m-Chlorophenylpiperazine (m-CPP), a serotonin receptor agonist, is currently
      being investigated as a probe of serotonergic responsivity in various
      neuropsychiatric disorders. The safety of m-CPP in elderly populations and its
      potential usefulness in exploring possible serotonergic dysfunction in
      Alzheimer's disease and normal aging were assessed by examining the behavioral,
      neuroendocrine, and physiological effects of this agent in 15 elderly subjects
      (mean age 69 +/- 2 years): 9 Alzheimer patients and 6 healthy normal volunteers.
      Intravenous m-CPP (0.08 mg/kg) was well tolerated in all subjects and produced no
      serious adverse effects. The behavioral effects were modest; in particular,
      minimal anxiety was observed, a finding that contrasted to results from an
      earlier study reporting that intravenous m-CPP at a slightly higher dose induced
      marked anxiety and panic attacks in younger subjects. m-CPP produced significant
      increases in plasma cortisol and prolactin, and significant changes in blood
      pressure and temperature in these elderly subjects. The results of this
      preliminary study suggest that intravenous m-CPP is safe and well-tolerated in
      elderly subjects. Future studies at higher doses can now proceed to study more
      definitively the question of possible age- and disorder-related reductions in
      central nervous system (CNS) serotonergic responsivity.

PMID- 2923932
TI  - Prolactin response to fentanyl in depression.
AB  - Ten unmedicated female inpatients with major depression (DSM-III) and 10 healthy
      volunteer women were given an intravenous injection of 0.1 mg fentanyl at 9:00 AM
      and 9:00 PM on different days. The prolactin secretory response to this opioid
      agonist was investigated for 1 h with serial blood sampling. Repeated measures
      Analysis of Variance yielded a significant effect of fentanyl administration on
      prolactin secretion (p less than 0.0001), and there were elevated hormone
      responses in the evening (p less than 0.005). No group difference was seen
      between healthy volunteers and depressed patients, but four of the depressives
      showed the most blunted response, and three of these low responders committed
      suicide within 1 year.

PMID- 2923933
TI  - Correlations between abnormal auditory P300 topography and positive symptoms in
      schizophrenia: a preliminary report.
AB  - P300 component amplitude in the left temporal scalp region, shown in three
      previous studies to differentiate normals from schizophrenics, was found to be
      significantly correlated with the Thought Disorder Index (TDI) and the Scale for
      the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS). These correlations occurred primarily
      in the P300 waveform derived from the Goodin paradigm. These findings suggest a
      brain processing disturbance in positive symptom schizophrenia that may be
      reflected by electrophysiological abnormalities detectable in the temporal scalp
      region.

PMID- 2923934
TI  - Antiseptal brain antibody in IgG of schizophrenic patients.
AB  - On the hypothesis that schizophrenia is an immunological disorder in which
      antibody is produced against a unique antigen sequestered principally or
      exclusively in the septal region of the brain, we used crossed
      immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) to evaluate reactivity of a gamma G immunoglobulin
      (IgG) fraction from serum of schizophrenic patients and nonschizophrenic control
      subjects with homogenates of tissues of septal region, hippocampus, vermal
      cerebellum, frontal cortex, and liver of rhesus monkeys. When IgG fractions of
      unmedicated schizophrenic patients and schizophrenic patients who had received
      neuroleptic medication for less than 24 hr were tested against septal region
      homogenate, a precipitin arc was identified, indicating a positive result, with
      more than 95% of the fractions. In contrast, IgG fractions of schizophrenic
      patients who had received neuroleptic medication for more than 24 hr were rarely
      positive. When schizophrenic fractions that tested positive against septal region
      homogenate were tested against homogenates of the other tissues, they were
      negative. Fractions of all nonschizophrenic control subjects were negative
      against all homogenates.

PMID- 2923935
TI  - Plasma catecholamine metabolites and treatment response at neuroleptic steady
      state.
AB  - Using either haloperidol or perphenazine in a fixed-dose protocol, plasma free
      homovanillic acid (HVA) and methoxyhydroxyphenethylglycol (MHPG) were decreased
      in 37 nonorganic psychotic inpatients at neuroleptic steady state (7-9 days) in
      comparison with pretreatment values. The data indicate that the magnitude of the
      decline in HVA and MHPG was associated with treatment response and not with
      neuroleptic plasma levels.

PMID- 2923936
TI  - The plasma dexamethasone window: evidence supporting its usefulness to validate
      dexamethasone suppression test results.
AB  - Two doses of dexamethasone (DEX) (0.5 and 1.0 mg) were administered in a
      randomized crossover design to 31 patients with major depression, 9 healthy
      controls, and 14 nondepressed psychiatric patients. Using this modified
      Dexamethasone Suppression Test (DST), minimum DEX levels of 6 nmol/liter at 8:00
      AM and 2.0 nmol/liter at 4:00 PM were required to achieve reliable suppression of
      cortisol in healthy controls and nondepressed psychiatric patients. Failure to
      achieve these minimum plasma DEX levels was associated with similar rates of
      nonsuppression in both depressed and nondepressed patients, thereby reducing the
      specificity of the DST. Conversely, high DEX levels greater than 13 nmol/liter at
      8:00 AM or 4.0 nmol/liter at 4:00 PM were associated with abnormal
      "suppressibility" in depressed patients, thereby reducing the sensitivity of the
      test. Controlling for plasma DEX concentrations by selecting a test result that
      fell within a plasma DEX window at 8:00 AM and 4:00 PM increased the sensitivity
      and specificity of the DST. Significant differences in plasma DEX between
      suppressors and nonsuppressors were no longer evident when comparing patients
      with adequate DEX levels, thus ensuring that cortisol escape reflected HPA axis
      changes associated with depression and not peripheral mechanisms responsible for
      the availability of DEX. These results suggest that the clinical utility of the
      DST would be significantly enhanced by extending the standard 1.0-mg DST and
      retesting those patients with levels outside the DEX window with a higher or
      lower dose. The data also indicate that the measurement of plasma DEX is
      essential to validly interpret DST status and highlight the need to standardize
      DEX assays to compare DST results between research centers.

PMID- 2923937
TI  - Pancreatic encephalopathy.

PMID- 2923938
TI  - Abnormal visual evoked response in melancholia.

PMID- 2923939
TI  - Normal P300 in acute schizophrenics during a continuous performance test.

PMID- 2923940
TI  - Plasma norepinephrine response to exercise in bulimia, anorexia nervosa, and
      controls.

PMID- 2923941
TI  - Lack of association between HLA antigens and bulimia.

PMID- 2923942
TI  - Mianserin withdrawal and the pupil response of depressed and recovered patients:
      a preliminary report.

PMID- 2923943
TI  - Sensitivity of regional brain dopamine systems to haloperidol.

PMID- 2923944
TI  - Effects of oxaprotiline on the response to peer separation in rhesus monkeys.

PMID- 2923945
TI  - Plasma luteinizing hormone levels in normal and prenatally stressed male and
      female rat fetuses and their mothers.
AB  - Concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH) were measured in plasma of fetal and
      neonatal rats obtained from control mothers and from mothers exposed to stress
      from Days 14 to 21 of gestation. The regimen of stress used is known to be
      associated with an abnormal ontogenetic pattern of testosterone secretion from
      the fetal testes. The overall ontogenetic pattern of immunoreactive LH levels in
      plasma was similar in male and female rats, and was unaffected by stress. In all
      groups, LH was low from Days 16 to 20 of gestation, and then rose progressively
      through birth, i.e. Day 23. However, stressing the mother significantly decreased
      the already low levels of LH between Days 16 and 20, as indicated by a larger
      percentage of samples from stressed fetuses of both sexes with LH levels below
      the limit of sensitivity of the assay. Sex differences in both the control and
      stressed group became evident only after Day 20 of gestation, with plasma
      concentrations of females exceeding those of males from Day 21 to 23 post
      conception.

PMID- 2923946
TI  - Influences of the paraventricular and suprachiasmatic nuclei and olfactory bulbs
      on melatonin responses in the golden hamster.
AB  - Removal of the pineal, or denervation of this gland by superior cervical
      ganglionectomy, blocks testicular regression in golden hamsters exposed to short
      photoperiods. Aspiration of the olfactory bulbs or lesions of the suprachiasmatic
      or paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus (SCNx or PVNx) have similar
      effects. We have examined the effects of these operations on pineal melatonin
      content and gonadal responses to various patterns of exogenous melatonin in order
      to examine the roles played by the olfactory bulbs, the SCN, and the PVN in
      hamster photoperiodism. SCNx and PVNx significantly reduced pineal melatonin
      content throughout the dark phase, while bulbectomy did not significantly affect
      melatonin concentrations at the time of the nocturnal peak. Bulbectomy
      significantly delayed the nightly onset of locomotor activity in hamsters exposed
      to 14L:10D, but not that of animals housed in 10L:14D. Although bulbectomy
      reduced the gonadal response to one or three daily injections of melatonin, these
      individuals exhibited significant testicular regression in response to melatonin
      as long as injections fell in the evening. In contrast, destruction of the PVN
      rendered hamsters unresponsive to one daily melatonin injection, but equally
      responsive to three injections, regardless of the time of day at which these
      injections were given. Whereas exposure of bulbectomized hamsters to 30 weeks of
      short days made them refractory to subsequent melatonin challenge, PVNx hamsters
      remained sensitive to appropriately timed melatonin treatments regardless of
      their photoperiodic history. Many, but not all hamsters that experienced complete
      SCN lesions remained sensitive to three daily melatonin injections.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2923947
TI  - Rapid Leydig cell proliferation and luteinizing hormone receptor replenishment in
      the neonatal rat testis after a single injection of human chorionic gonadotropin.
AB  - Two-day-old rats were stimulated with a single dose of human chorionic
      gonadotropin (hCG). Changes in the Leydig cell number, mitotic activity, cell
      size, and number of luteinizing hormone (LH) receptors were studied. The Leydig
      cell number of the hCG-treated animals was 1.8 times that of the control on Day 1
      and remained elevated for the rest of the 5-day experiment (p less than 0.0001).
      On Day 1 the number of Leydig cell mitoses in the hCG group was greater (p less
      than 0.05) than in the controls. The Leydig cell size increased transiently to
      two times that of the control (p less than 0.01) within the first day after the
      treatment and returned to control size by Day 5. The number of LH receptors per
      testis decreased 81% in 1 day (p less than 0.01), but returned to control level
      by Day 3. Since Leydig cell numbers were constant after Day 1, the rapid receptor
      recovery was obviously due to restoration of the binding sites rather than
      increased cell number. The present results demonstrate a rapid proliferative
      response and rapid LH receptor replenishment in the fetal-neonatal Leydig cells
      after gonadotropic stimulation. These responses of fetal-type Leydig cells are in
      clear contrast to those observed in adult testes after a similar stimulation.

PMID- 2923948
TI  - Biopsy of preimplantation mouse embryos: development of micromanipulated embryos
      and proliferation of single blastomeres in vitro.
AB  - We have developed a technique to sample the preimplantation embryo, which may, in
      the future, be applied to prenatal diagnosis of genetic disease. Using
      micromanipulation, we aspirated a single blastomere from 4-cell mouse embryos.
      This procedure had no effect on in vitro development; 98% of control and 94% of
      biopsied embryos reached the blastocyst stage after 48 h in culture. Furthermore,
      after transfer to pseudopregnant recipient mice, the rate of fetal development of
      biopsied embryos was not significantly different from control embryos, although
      implantation rate was significantly reduced (mean +/- SD: biopsied 53.1 +/- 4.0,
      control 81.8 +/- 8.4, p less than 0.001). For the first time we have produced
      monolayer cell cultures derived from single preimplantation blastomeres.
      Individual biopsied blastomeres were cultured in vitro on different extracellular
      matrix components. Significantly greater cell proliferation was obtained in wells
      coated with fibronectin (FN), laminin (LN), and a complex of laminin and nidogen
      (LNC) than in a less specific matrix of swine skin gelatin (SSG). Mean (+/- SE)
      cell nuclei number per well after 6 days in culture was 6.4 +/- 2.1, 11.9 +/-
      1.5, 19.8 +/- 2.9, and 20.9 +/- 2.6 in wells coated with SSG, LN, FN, and LNC
      respectively.

PMID- 2923949
TI  - Differential activity and synthesis of lactate dehydrogenase isozymes A (muscle),
      B (heart), and C (testis) in mouse spermatogenic cells.
AB  - Spermatogenic cells isolated from adult and prepubertal mice by unit gravity
      sedimentation were used to examine enzyme activities and synthesis of the lactate
      dehydrogenase (LDH) isozymes during spermatogenesis. The synthesis and activity
      of LDH-C4, the germ cell-specific isozyme, was detected earliest in isolated
      preleptotene and leptotene/zygotene spermatocytes prior to the mid-pachytene
      stage of meiosis reported previously. The LDH-C4 isozyme was prominent in
      pachytene spermatocytes, round spermatids, and condensing spermatids, whereas
      spermatozoa contained only the LDH-C4 isozyme. In addition, somatic-type LDH
      isozymes consisting primarily of LDH-B subunits were present in germ cells
      throughout spermatogenesis. This is in contrast to a previous report that the LDH
      B subunit was not synthesized in germ cells. Sertoli cells were further shown to
      exhibit comparable amounts of five tetrameric LDH isozymes formed by combination
      of muscle-type LDH-A and heart-type LDH-B subunits.

PMID- 2923950
TI  - Rescue of atretic follicles in vitro and in vivo.
AB  - The purpose of this work was to determine if atretic follicles could be rescued
      and could return to the ovulatory pathway of development. Rats were given
      continuous infusions of 3H-thymidine (3H-thymidine (3H-TdR) resulting in uniform
      labeling of healthy antral follicles versus patchy labeling of atretic antral
      follicles. The infusion was then stopped and rats were subjected to experimental
      treatments known to stimulate follicular recruitment. Immature rats were given
      injections of pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin (PMSG) to provoke super
      ovulation. Adult rats were hemicastrated to provoke compensatory follicular
      development in the remaining ovary. In addition, granulosa cells from individual
      follicles of adult rats were cultured in vitro. The differential labeling
      patterns, observed at the end of the treatment period, were used to determine, a
      posteriori, the condition of follicles as they had been at the start of the
      treatment period. Sparsely labeled cell cultures were found, indicating that some
      cells from atretic follicles were able to become established in tissue culture.
      However, there was no evidence that atretic follicles had revived in vivo. All
      follicles recruited for ovulation by PMSG or hemicastration were heavily and
      uniformly labeled. All poorly labeled follicles were clearly continuing their
      process of degeneration. These observations suggest that, despite continued
      viability of some granulosa cells in atretic follicles, once a follicle begins to
      degenerate in vivo, it will probably not return to the ovulatory pathway.

PMID- 2923951
TI  - Morphometric quantification of mitochondria in the two steroidogenic ovine luteal
      cell types.
AB  - Progesterone secretion is regulated by different mechanisms in large and small
      steroidogenic ovine luteal cells. Large cells secrete approximately 7-fold more
      progesterone in an unstimulated state than small cells. Since cholesterol side
      chain cleavage, which is catalyzed by an inner mitochondrial membrane enzyme
      complex, is a major rate-limiting step in progesterone synthesis, mitochondrial
      components were quantified in the two steroidogenic cell types throughout the
      estrous cycle. Corpora lutea collected on Days 4 (n = 4), 8 (n = 4), 12 (n = 5),
      and 16 (n = 6) of the estrous cycle were prepared for electron microscopy. Volume
      densities of cell types within corpora lutea and mitochondrial densities within
      cell types were estimated by point-counting; nuclear and cytoplasmic volume
      densities were estimated by planimetric analysis. A total of 570 micrographs
      (magnification 5300 X) were analyzed. Large cell volume density was unchanged
      during the cycle (35 +/- 1%) while small cell volume density increased (p less
      than 0.05) from 13 +/- 1% on Day 4 to 20 +/- 3% on Day 12. Large cell
      mitochondrial volume density increased (p less than 0.05) from 13 +/- 1% on Day 4
      to 23 +/- 1% on Day 16 accompanied by an increase in cytoplasmic volume density
      such that nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio increased (p less than 0.05) from 1:14 to
      1:34 between Days 4 and 16. Small cell mitochondrial volume density increased
      from 11 +/- 1% on Day 4 to 14 +/- 1% (p less than 0.05) for the rest of the cycle
      while the nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio remained at 1:14.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2923952
TI  - The effect of estrogen on androstenedione production by rat placental cells in
      vitro.
AB  - We have recently provided evidence from studies conducted in vivo that the ovary,
      particularly by means of estrogen, regulates placental androstenedione (delta 4A)
      production during the second half of rat pregnancy. In the present study, an
      incubation system of dispersed rat placental cells was established to determine
      if estrogen acts directly on the placenta to regulate delta 4A production.
      Placentas were obtained on Days 14-15 of rat gestation and dispersed in Hanks'
      Balanced Salt Solution containing 0.1% collagenase, 0.1% hyaluronidase, 0.01%
      DNase, and 1% fetal calf serum. Placental cells were incubated in Medium 199 for
      16 h at 37 degrees C. A time-dependent increase (r = 0.96, p less than 0.05) in
      the release of delta 4A occurred over the 16-h incubation period. Mean +/- SE
      formation of the steroid intermediate progesterone (P4) and product delta 4A was
      1.17 +/- 0.78 and 1.18 +/- 0.22 ng per 10(7) cells respectively. The addition of
      1-10 microM diethylstilbestrol (DES) decreased (p less than 0.05-0.01) delta 4A
      production, and had no significant effect on P4 or pregnenolone (P5) formation.
      The percent decrease in delta 4A production was 14.2 +/- 12.9, 30.9 +/- 2.3, and
      55.0 +/- 4.4 with 1, 5, and 10 microM DES, respectively. Treatment of placental
      cells with estradiol (E2) also resulted in a decrease (p less than 0.01) in delta
      4A production with no effect on P4 formation. The percent inhibition of delta 4A
      production was 34.2 +/- 11.1 and 77.3 +/- 5.2 with the addition of 1 microM and
      10 microM E2, respectively. E2 (10 microM) produced a concomitant threefold
      increase (p less than 0.01) in P5 formation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2923953
TI  - Reproductive refractoriness in the Welsh Mountain ewe induced by a short
      photoperiod can be overridden by exposure to a shorter photoperiod.
AB  - The objectives were to determine if relative lengths of photoperiods that induce
      reproductive cycles in ewes affect the length of the subsequent breeding season,
      if duration of the refractoriness that terminates breeding is affected by
      photoperiod length, and if the resulting refractoriness to an inductive
      photoperiod is absolute. Groups of Welsh Mountain ewes were exposed to either
      12L:12D (n = 12) or 8L:16D (n = 6) photoperiods beginning at the summer solstice
      when daylengths reach a maximum of 17.5 h at Bristol, England. A control group (n
      = 10) was exposed to natural daylengths. Ovarian cycles in the controls, as
      judged by monitored plasma progesterone levels, commenced in early October, about
      1 mo later (p less than 0.001 in both cases) than in sheep exposed to 12L:12D or
      8L:16D. The advancement in cycle onset was similar under 12L:12D and 8L:16D (69
      +/- 2 and 77 +/- 4 days after the summer solstice compared with 102 +/- 2 days in
      the controls). Duration of the breeding season (100 +/- 4 days) in ewes exposed
      to 12L:12D was significantly shorter (p less than 0.001 in both cases) than in
      ewes exposed to natural daylengths or 8L:16D (153 +/- 3 and 133 +/- 5 days,
      respectively). Approximately 70 days after the ending of ovulatory cycles in the
      12L:12D group, half of the animals (n = 6) were transferred to 8L:16D. This
      treatment greatly (p less than 0.001) reduced the duration of anestrus and cycles
      began again 62 +/- 4 days after transfer to 8L:16D, or about 90 days earlier than
      in ewes (n = 6) remaining in 12L:12D.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2923954
TI  - Induction of persistent diestrus followed by persistent estrus is indicative of
      delayed maturation of tonic gonadotropin-releasing systems in rats.
AB  - The relationship between the amount and duration of administration of estradiol
      benzoate (EB) to newborn female rats and the induction of sterility was examined
      in 407 animals. Vaginal smear patterns were classified into 3 types according to
      the incidence of vaginal proestrus and estrus over a 10-day period: persistent
      estrous (PE), persistent diestrus (PD), and intermediate (INT), so that the
      changes in vaginal smear patterns could be analyzed quantitatively. Incidence of
      the PE pattern was most frequent in the rats that received a single injection of
      10 micrograms EB on the day of birth (Day 1). Almost all of the animals receiving
      10 daily injections of 10 micrograms EB from Day 1 showed persistent diestrus
      until at least 100 days of age. In the rats that were given 5 daily injections of
      10 micrograms EB Day 1 through Day 5, or a single injection of 100 micrograms EB
      on Day 3, the incidence of the PD pattern was high at 41-60 days of age, but
      later the PD-type was replaced by the PE pattern of vaginal smears. In the rats
      that were treated with 5 daily injections of 10 micrograms EB from Day 1 through
      Day 5 and were ovariectomized on Day 22, a slight but significant increase in the
      level of luteinizing hormone in plasma was noted after administration of EB and
      progesterone on Day 100 but not on Day 50. These results indicated that neonatal
      injections of EB induce sterility, but the effect is dependent on the amount of
      EB injected and length of time over which the injections are given.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2923955
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen after intramuscular administration.

PMID- 2923956
TI  - Stability study of diltiazem and two of its metabolites using a high performance
      liquid chromatographic method.

PMID- 2923957
TI  - Effect of cimetidine on quinidine bioavailability.
AB  - Elevations in quinidine steady-state serum concentrations have been reported in
      patients who received cimetidine concurrently. Studies in normal volunteers have
      shown that areas under the serum concentration-time curve of orally administered
      quinidine are higher when quinidine is given during chronic cimetidine therapy as
      compared to under control conditions. The mechanism for this interaction is
      generally ascribed to decreased hepatic clearance as a consequence of enzyme
      inhibition. In this study, we show that cimetidine also decreases the
      bioavailable fraction of quinidine.

PMID- 2923958
TI  - Estimation problem due to multiple solutions in pharmacokinetic curve fitting to
      two-compartment model and its avoidance.
AB  - A size of error in observed data for fitting curves and an estimation problem due
      to multiple solutions in a two-compartment model were studied by using two
      different non-linear least-squares regression programs, SALS and NONLIN. It was
      found that bolus intravenous data have generally 5-10 per cent errors and oral
      data contain 10-25 per cent errors against the fitted data with respect to total
      151 data sets of 11 different drugs. Parameters of five drugs reported in
      references were used to obtain simulated concentrations at the sampling times,
      and five different data sets containing 25 per cent normally distributed random
      errors as a coefficient of variation were generated using each data set of these
      simulated concentration. In the two-compartment model with tri-exponential
      equations, unreasonable estimates were occasionally observed, resulting in
      reversed relative values to the theoretical ones of L/M, L/N, M/N or Ka/alpha,
      which are analogous to the well-known flip-flop phenomenon in the one-compartment
      model, when number of parameters to be estimated is not less than five or errors
      of data exceed about 10 per cent. In an attempt to avoid such unreasonable
      values, initial estimates for curve fitting was successfully obtained by using a
      microcomputer program SIMPLEX based on a simplex method. On the basis of these
      results, some problems in curve fitting of plasma drug concentration data are
      discussed.

PMID- 2923959
TI  - Nonlinear least-squares regression analysis by a simplex method using
      differential equations containing Michaelis-Menten type rate constants.
AB  - Computer curve fittings were carried out to observed data as well as
      theoretically generated plasma concentrations of several drugs, using
      differential equations which contained nonlinear Michaelis-Menten type rate
      constants to discuss problems of initial parameter estimation in pharmacokinetic
      analysis. Calculation based on two different algorithms, each carried out by
      using SIMP (simplex method) and NONLIN (modified Gauss-Newton method) produced
      similar results. However, occasional divergence or unreasonable solutions
      occurred in a later case, when assumed values of Km and Vmax were used as initial
      parameters. A combined use of SIMP and NONLIN in which calculated values by SIMP
      were used as initial values for NONLIN, was shown to be effective to analyse
      plasma concentration data of indocyanine green bearing difficulty in estimating
      initial values. It is suggested that the successive method is useful for the
      curve fitting of plasma concentration with nonlinear pharmacokinetic rate
      processes.

PMID- 2923960
TI  - Toward a quantitative approach for the prediction of the fraction of dose
      absorbed using the absorption potential concept.
AB  - An equation based on the absorption potential concept was developed. This enabled
      us to establish an approach for the quantitative prediction of the fraction of
      dose absorbed. Classification of drugs into three broad categories, according to
      their absorption potential values in relation to the fraction of dose absorbed,
      was attempted. The new approach was tested using literature data with very good
      results.

PMID- 2923961
TI  - Dissociation of authentic and artifactual effect of circulating heparin on drug
      protein binding.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to dissociate the authentic and artifactual effect
      of in vivo heparin on drug protein binding using protamine as an inhibitor of ex
      vivo lipolysis. A mixture of ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA, 5 mg ml-1)
      and protamine in the concentration range of 0 to 7.5 mg ml-1 was added to blood
      samples from 23 cardiac catheterized patients before (control) and 10 min after
      3000 IU of intravenous heparin. In control samples, protamine does not interfere
      with the protein binding of lidocaine (L), quinidine (Q) or propranolol (P) when
      plasma pH is readjusted to 7.4. In the absence of protamine, heparin induced a
      significant increase in the free fraction by 40, 130, and 30 per cent for L, Q,
      and P, respectively (p less than 0.001), while free fatty acid (FFA) levels
      increased 2 to 6 fold. When protamine was present, the heparin-induced elevation
      in free fraction was significantly lower for L (16 per cent) and Q (77 per cent)
      but not for P; FFA levels were decreased at all protamine concentrations.
      Residual increases in free fraction and FFA levels compared to control values may
      represent the true in vivo effect of heparin at the peak activity of lipoprotein
      lipases. For L and Q, variations in free fraction were strongly associated with
      variations in FFA, but for P, no significant correlation was observed (r =
      0.492). These results indicate that variations in free fraction of L and Q caused
      by heparin are, to a large extent, artifactual but may be prevented by use of
      protamine in collection tubes (5 to 7.5 mg ml-1). For P, the increase in free
      fraction was not mediated by variations of FFA indicating that another mechanism
      must be involved.

PMID- 2923962
TI  - Bioavailability of propranolol hydrochloride tablet formulations: application of
      multiple dose crossover studies.
AB  - Two multiple dose crossover pharmacokinetic studies were carried out to determine
      the steady-state bioavailability of newly formulated generic propranolol HCl
      tablets relative to Inderal tablets. In Study I, 24 healthy volunteers were dosed
      with 4 x 10 mg test tablets, 1 x 40 mg test tablet, 4 x 10 mg Inderal tablets,
      and 40 mg of propranolol HCl in solution. In Study II, 24 healthy volunteers were
      dosed with 1 x 80 mg test tablet, 1 x 80 mg Inderal tablet, and 80 mg of
      propranolol HCl in solution. Both studies were of randomized design with each
      formulation administered every 8 h for 15 doses. Serial plasma samples were
      obtained for 8 h after morning doses on Days 4 and 5 of each treatment period and
      assayed for propranolol using a validated HPLC method. Mean plasma concentration
      time data for test tablets and reference tablets were superimposable in both
      studies. Pharmacokinetic parameters from Days 4 and 5 were combined for
      statistical analysis since subjects were determined to have reached steady-state.
      Mean AUC, Cmax, tmax, and Cmin values were not statistically different between
      test tablets and Inderal tablets in either study. Based on these findings, the
      test tablets demonstrated the same rate and extent of propranolol absorption as
      did corresponding Inderal tablets. Therefore, the test tablets and Inderal
      tablets were determined to be bioequivalent.

PMID- 2923963
TI  - Effects of equimolar doses of cimetidine and ranitidine on theophylline
      elimination.
AB  - The disposition of theophylline was studied on four occasions in eight healthy
      adult males. The control mean theophylline half-life and clearance were 7.32 h
      and 0.86 ml min-1 kg-1, respectively. After 5 days pretreatment with placebo the
      corresponding values of 7.01 and 0.88 were not significantly different, as were
      those of 7.43 and 0.85 after 5 days pretreatment with ranitidine (1.2 g daily).
      Five days pretreatment with cimetidine (1.0 g daily) resulted in a significant
      44.4 per cent rise in the mean theophylline half-life and a 36.1 per cent fall in
      clearance. The fall in clearance correlated positively (r = 0.9407) with the
      initial value. The volume of distribution did not change significantly throughout
      the study period. The fact that, at as large a dose as 1.2 g daily, ranitidine
      did not impair theophylline metabolism suggests that similar results reported
      earlier with therapeutic doses of 300 mg daily cannot be ascribed to the lower
      dose of ranitidine employed. It is also suggested that the risk of theophylline
      toxicity consequent on cimetidine coadministration will be more likely in
      individuals with initial high theophylline clearance.

PMID- 2923964
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of theophylline before and after nephrectomy in dogs.
AB  - The role of the kidneys in the elimination of theophylline was directly assessed
      using nephrectomized dogs. Data was analyzed by two different pharmacokinetic
      approaches. Analysis indicated that a given dosage regimen produced significantly
      different serum concentrations before and after nephrectomy. Model independent
      pharmacokinetic analysis failed to show a significant difference in parameters. A
      model dependent approach, using a nonlinear regression analysis employing a
      linear two-compartment model, demonstrated that the differences observed could be
      accounted for by a change in the first order elimination kinetics.

PMID- 2923965
TI  - [The role of adrenergic mechanisms in regulating venular permeability during
      short-term and prolonged immobilization].
AB  - In the experiments on rats by the method on contact luminescent biomicroscopy it
      was shown that the regulation venular permeability by catecholamines during short
      or long immobilization realized mainly by endothelial and mast cells beta
      adrenoceptors, but not by alpha-adrenoceptors.

PMID- 2923966
TI  - [Carnosine prevents the activation of free-radical lipid oxidation during
      stress].
AB  - Carnosine (beta-alanyl-L-histidine) injected to intact albino rats (20 mg/kg body
      weight) induces depletion of lipid peroxidation (LPO) products in brain and blood
      serum, an increase of superoxide scavenging activity in brain and serum, decrease
      of cholesterol: phospholipid ratio and increase of easy oxidizable phospholipid
      portion in brain lipid extracts. After painful stress (footshock during 2 hours)
      LPO products are accumulated in brain and serum, cholesterol: phospholipid ratio
      increases and the portion of easy oxidizable phospholipids decreases. Carnosine
      given before stress prevents LPO activation. Effects of carnosine and stress are
      not additive: LPO inhibition induced by carnosine is much more in rats subjected
      to stress.

PMID- 2923967
TI  - [Determination of the leading factors in the pathogenesis of an alcoholic lesion
      of the heart].
AB  - Male rats were given per os 25% ethanol solution twice a day at 9.00 and 21.00
      for 5.5 consecutive days. Every single dose was 2 to 5 g/kg 2 and 12 hours after
      8th gavage ethanol, acetaldehyde and acetone concentrations were measured in
      blood, 2-8 hours after the last (11th) gavage isolated hearts were perfused by
      Krebs-Henseleit solution. Applying of Spearman rank correlation method
      demonstrated negative correlation between mean acetaldehyde concentration and
      maximal systolic pressure, tension-time index of left ventricle and velocity of
      contraction and relaxation. Negative correlation has been shown between maximal
      ethanol concentration (MEC) and rate heart whereas positive correlation has been
      noticed between MEC and leakage of creatine phosphokinase.

PMID- 2923968
TI  - [Effect of a highly dispersed copper powder on superoxide dismutase and
      glutathione peroxidase activities in experimental myocardial infarct].
AB  - Administration of highly dispersed copper powder in a dose 0.2 mg/kg three days
      before modelled coronary-occlusion myocardial infarction caused transitory
      increase in activity of antioxidant enzymes--superoxide dismutase and glutathione
      peroxidase in the necrotic zone of myocardium of rats, and also staunch increase
      in the activity of these enzymes in noninfarction region.

PMID- 2923969
TI  - [Pulmonary circulation in embolic pulmonary edema].
AB  - The ultrasonic method was used in acute experiments on cats with open chest under
      artificial lung ventilation to obtain blood flow in low-lobar pulmonary artery
      and vein, the blood pressure in pulmonary artery, as well as the left atrial
      pressure in fat (olive oil) and mechanical (Lycopodium spores) pulmonary
      embolism. It is shown that pulmonary embolism produces the decrease in the blood
      flow in pulmonary artery and vein, the increase of the pressure in pulmonary
      artery and left atria, the increase of lung vessels resistance. The decrease is
      observed of systemic arterial pressure, bradycardia, and extrasystole. After 5-10
      min the restoration of arterial pressure and heart rhythm occur and partial
      restoration of blood flow in pulmonary artery and vein. In many experiments the
      blood flow in vein outdoes that in the artery--it allows to suppose the increase
      of the blood flow in bronchial artery. After 60-90 min there occur sudden
      decrease of systemic arterial pressure, the decrease of the blood flow in
      pulmonary artery and vein. The pressure in pulmonary artery and resistance of
      pulmonary vessels remain high. Pulmonary edema developed in all animals. The
      death occurs in 60-100 min after the beginning of embolism.

PMID- 2923970
TI  - [Comparative characteristics of the changes in resistance in the vessels of the
      skeletal muscle and small intestine after the destruction of the structures in
      the ventral portions of the medulla oblongata].
AB  - Different trends and manifestation of changes of blood pressure and regional
      vessel resistance depending on the localization and the method (chemical or
      electrical) of the lesion in ventral medulla oblongata, were analyzed.

PMID- 2923971
TI  - [Structural aspects of the functional activity of the cerebral cortex synapses in
      the early postresuscitation period].
AB  - The numeral density of the revealed with the help of PTA-plane and twisted
      asymmetric and symmetric interneuronal contacts of the sensomotor brain cortex of
      rats after 6 minutes mechanical asphyxia has been studied. It was revealed that
      in 90 minutes and 6 hours the relative contacts of the concave synapses will be
      increased progressively. This reaction has the compensatory-adaptive character
      and ensures the restoration of the integrative activity of the brain during the
      early postresuscitation period.

PMID- 2923972
TI  - [Chloditan-induced changes in lipid peroxidation in the adrenals of dogs and
      guinea pigs].
AB  - The effect of adrenocorticolytic drug chloditan (1-(o-chlorophenyl)-1-(p
      chlorophenyl)-2,2-dichloroethane;) on the content and the rate of lipid
      peroxidation in dog and guinea pig adrenals was studied. In adrenals of dogs and
      guinea the amount of malondialdehyde (MDA) was increased. In vitro spontaneous
      lipid peroxidation was delayed in adrenal homogenate of DDD-treated dogs.
      Spontaneous lipid peroxidation in adrenal homogenate was not decreased by feeding
      DDD in the guinea pig. DDD consumption did not affect on lipid peroxidation
      promoted by ascorbic acid and ferrous iron. The accumulation of MDA in dog and
      guinea pig adrenal homogenates was inhibited by NADPH.

PMID- 2923973
TI  - [The interrelationship of the processes of lipid peroxidation and lipid
      phospholipase hydrolysis in the synaptosomes].
AB  - The influence of Fe2+, alpha-tocopherol, phospholipase A2 and mepacrine on the
      activity of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and phospholipid hydrolysis (PLH) was
      studied in synaptosomes. It was established that there is the tight direct
      interconnection between LPO and PLH in synaptosomes. It is assumed that
      activation of endogenous phospholipases in neurons is one of the causes of
      uncompensated LPO-activation during epileptogenesis.

PMID- 2923974
TI  - [Spectrophotometric method for determining the stability of lysosomes from animal
      tissues depending on the hydrogen ion concentration].
AB  - Rapid spectrophotometric method of lysosome stability determination depending on
      hydrogen ion concentration is described. The time of analysis is decreased by 5-6
      h in comparison with enzymic method. The process of lysosome degradation was
      linear at pH 6. The incubation mixture acidity dependence curve of lysosome lysis
      extend was complex. The lysosome lysis rate rapidly increased at pH much less
      than 6 less than pH. Lysosome incubation at 0-4 degrees C during 24 h decreased
      its sensitivity to incubation mixture acidity within the whole investigated pH
      range. Isolated lysosome acid resistance may be used as an index of its stability
      and lability in vivo and in vitro by various physicochemical factors. Percentage
      of initial absorbtion (A520) and initial lysosome lysis rate (delta A520/min) may
      be index of such effect.

PMID- 2923975
TI  - [Protective action of fat- and water-soluble antioxidants on the cytochrome P-450
      system during lipid peroxidation in liver microsomes].
AB  - The protective effects of alpha-tocopherol, carnosine and their mixture on
      monooxygenase system during lipid peroxidation in liver microsome membranes were
      studied. It was shown that for optimal protection effect of cytochrome P-450
      system the mixture of water and liposoluble antioxidants is required.

PMID- 2923976
TI  - [Effect of an antiserum to brain gamma gamma-enolase (protein 14-3-2) on ethanol
      consumption by rats].
AB  - The influence of intracisternal administration of antiserum to the neurospecific
      brain gamma gamma-enolase (aS-gamma gamma) on the consumption of 7.5% ethanol
      solution by rats was studied. Injection of aS-gamma gamma decreased the ethanol
      intake by the rats which had been drinking 15% solution of ethanol for 7 months
      as a single source of liquid. In vitro aS-gamma gamma caused 4-fold inhibition of
      the gamma gamma-enolase activity while it did not influence the alpha alpha
      enolase activity. Intracisternal administration of aS-gamma gamma shifted enolase
      isoenzyme spectra in the direction of the decrease of gamma gamma-enolase
      content. It is suggested that the effect of aS-gamma gamma on ethanol consumption
      is due to inhibition of the activity of gamma gamma-enolase which participates in
      energy metabolism in neurons.

PMID- 2923977
TI  - [Characteristics of memory in MRL/1 mice and the effect of thymic peptides].
AB  - By means of methods of active and passive getting rid of electrical-pain
      irritation we showed that in mice MRL/1--the model of rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-
      as compared with CBA (control) the process of forming a developed habit engram
      (DHE) was slowed down and its keeping was impaired. Thymic peptides (thymalin-
      0.2 mlg/mice intraperitoneally) suppressed the process of forming DHE
      irrespective of mice line and improved the process of its consolidation and
      keeping especially in mice MRL/1. Memory impairment in mice with genetical
      predisposition to the development of autoimmune process (MRL/1) is considered
      from view of the authors' developed hypothesis about thymus as an organ of
      antisystem of immune control of homeostasis and RA as an adaptation disease.

PMID- 2923978
TI  - [Effect of tuftsin on the leucyl aminopeptidase activity of the subcellular
      components in cerebral cortical formations].
AB  - The administration of a tetrapeptide tuftsin in a dose of 300 mkg/kg body weight
      for 15, 75 minutes leads to the change in specific activity of leucyl-arylamidase
      in subcellular component and their membrane which has been isolated from the
      rabbit sensomotor cortex and visual cortex. Reaction of a tetrapeptide depends on
      time. It is strongly pronounced in sensomotor cortex and has an advantage in
      synaptosomes and their membrane. Possibility of tuftsin in protein exchange of
      cellular and subcellular component is discussed.

PMID- 2923979
TI  - [Differences in the receptor apparatus of resident and meat-peptone broth
      stimulated macrophage populations detectable under the action of salmozan].
AB  - The degree of expression of lectin-like receptors in resident (RPM) and peptone
      elicited peritoneal macrophages (PE-PM) using salmozan as polysaccharide was
      investigated. Obtained results allow to suppose that salmozan screens lectin-like
      receptors in macrophages and SRBC. The salmozan screening of lectin-like
      receptors in macrophages and SRBC resulted in decrease of SRBC uptake level in
      RPM-subpopulation but did not alter it in PE-PM-subpopulation. The same effect
      was occurred with the intensified erythrocyte loading of this macrophage
      subpopulations. It is suggested that one of the functional differences of studied
      macrophage subpopulation consists in the largest expression of lectin-like
      receptors in RPM-subpopulation.

PMID- 2923980
TI  - [Latent autoantibodies to cardiolipin in the blood serum of healthy subjects].
AB  - Pooled health blood donors' sera were fractionated by gel filtration and/or ion
      exchange chromatography on strong anion-exchanger. Measurement of anticardiolipin
      antibodies levels by ELISA method shows that gel filtration at pH 4.05 and 9.2
      (complex-degradation conditions) leads to increase in summary levels while after
      elution at neutral pH such an effect did not appear. Light increasing of
      anticardiolipin levels was also noted after fractionation on QAE-Sephadex. Data
      obtained state that anticardiolipin autoantibodies amount in sera is greater than
      it can be detected by direct measurement in untreated serum samples. Existence of
      "hidden" anticardiolipin autoantibodies supposes the hypothesis about alternative
      way of humoral immunity regulation by blocking anti-self antigens activities with
      serum biopolymers.

PMID- 2923981
TI  - [Spontaneous and induced production of the tumor necrosis factor by the blood
      cells of newborn infants].
AB  - The authors determined activity of tumor-necrotizing factor in the blood serum
      from the umbilical cord and venous blood in children aged 5-6 years and in
      supernatants from the culture of mononuclear blood cells after its cultivation in
      the course of 24 h with bacterial products.

PMID- 2923982
TI  - [An experimental analysis of the interrelation of the kinetics of spontaneous
      blood serum chemiluminescence and of the kinetics of the tumor process].
AB  - On the material of 5 strains of transplanted rat tumours (sarcoma 45, carcinoma
      Guerin, carcinosarcoma Walker, lymphosarcoma Pliss, erythromyelosis Shvets) and
      also mice tumours induced by Moloney and Rauscher viruses and on the models of
      chemical carcinogenesis of rats: lung (intratracheal injection of 3,4
      benz(a)pyrene), breast (DMBA) and liver DENA) was shown that tumorous processes
      of various origin are accompanied by either elevation or inhibition of blood
      serum spontaneous chemiluminescence (SChL). In all investigated cases the extreme
      points of SChL curve coincide with the moment of change of tumour growth
      kinetics.

PMID- 2923983
TI  - [Topographic distribution of proliferating hepatocytes in the hepatic lobe of
      intact rats during the course of 24 hours].
AB  - The topographic distribution of DNA-synthesizing and divisible hepatocytes was
      studied in the hepatic lobe of intact rats during the 24-hours. For this purpose
      the indices of a number of DNA-synthesizing and divisible cells were determined
      both in a liver as a whole and for each lobe zone (periportal, middle and central
      one). The obtained results allowed to reveal the presence of the 24-hour rhythm
      of cell proliferation process in a liver as well as the regular topographic
      distribution of DNA-synthesizing and divisible hepatocytes during the period of
      their increased values in the rhythm. The process of activation of proliferation
      seems to start in the periportal zone, and then to hold the whole zone, with its
      dominance in the middle zone during the period of maximum values of the cell
      proliferation indices. One could suppose that this testifies to the equal
      proliferative potencies of hepatocytes irrespective of their localization as well
      as to the fact that the cells of all zones take part in the formation of
      acrophases of rhythms both of the DNA-synthesizing hepatocytes and divisible
      ones. However, the degree of their participation in this process is unequal and
      depends on the localization of cells in the hepatic lobe.

PMID- 2923984
TI  - [Effect of antioxidants on the indices of free-radical lipid oxidation in the
      testes of rats of different ages and on the reproductive capacity in chronic
      multiple antioxidant deficiency].
AB  - The free-radical oxidation level of lipids in the rat's testicles of different
      age under the conditions of chronic and multiple antioxidant insufficiency has
      been studied, as well as the reproductive ability of male rats, kept at the
      nonantioxidant ration. The increase of free radical oxidation lipids in the
      testicles of animals with chronic multiple antioxidant insufficiency and the
      decrease of their reproductive ability has been observed. The antioxidant complex
      in such conditions had a defensive effect. The obtained results serve as the
      basis of the antioxidant use as the means of normalising the reproductive
      functions in males during period of low receipt and high expense of alimentary
      oxidants.

PMID- 2923985
TI  - [Effect of immobilization stress on the gonadotropic function of the hypophysis
      in male hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas)].
AB  - The plasma levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone were studied in
      intact and castrated male baboons exposed to 2- and 10-hour periods of
      immobilization. Presented data have shown that immobilization stress induced a
      marked decrease in LH concentration both in intact and castrated monkeys. Changes
      in LH concentration positively correlated with plasma levels of testosterone only
      during the experimental procedures. During three days after immobilization there
      was a sharp dissociation in the dynamics of testosterone levels remained low and
      LH returned to normal values. We can suggest that it is not absolute LH level
      that is responsible for the changes in testosterone secretion during the
      immobilization stress.

PMID- 2923986
TI  - [Effect of the thymus on the activity of immunoreactive peptides].
AB  - Influence of the thymic gland on the biology activity of peptide mediators-
      cytomedins, has been studied in the content of different organs. The peptide
      which was obtained from the liver, spleen and muscle of sham-operated animals
      enhanced immune response on the sheep red cells, lengthened indexes of
      thromboelastography, and activated fibrinolysis after its administration to the
      thymectomized rats. The peptides from organs of thymectomized animals lost this
      ability. These findings confirm the hypothesis on the regulating function of the
      thymic gland in the synthesis and activity of cytomedins in the tissues.

PMID- 2923987
TI  - [Cytochemical study of the neurocytes of the rat locus coeruleus after
      guanethidine sympathectomy].
AB  - The histone localization, template activity of chromatin and epinephrine
      fluorescence in L. Coeruleus (LC) neurons of normal a. guanethidine
      sympathectomized (GS) rats (15 mg/kg during 3, 8 or 14 days after birth) were
      studied. The absence of chromatin rearrangements connected with genome
      reprogramming under sympathectomy was documented by the fact that maximal doses
      of guanethidine gives no changes in ammoniacal silver staining pattern. However
      GS caused the decrease in nuclear and extranuclear template activity and in
      epinephrine fluorescence proportionally with GS. It is obvious that LC cells tend
      to form discrete classes according to their transcription levels.

PMID- 2923988
TI  - Cognitive mediation of responses to life stress.
AB  - Cognitive theories of psychopathology argue that thoughts play an active role
      between external events and subjective experience. These approaches suggest a
      "mediation hypothesis": adaptive thoughts should serve as buffers against life
      stresses. In the present study, we gathered data from 125 subjects regarding (1)
      the levels of stress they had experienced in the recent past; (2) their current
      feelings of anxiety and depression; and (3) the extent to which they endorsed
      illogical, unrealistic views of life. Contrary to the mediation hypothesis, no
      differential impact of environmental stress was found across levels of adaptive
      cognitions. Rather, adaptive cognitions emerged as a powerful independent
      variable, showing strong direct relations with measures of distress. It is argued
      that improved measures of environmental distress will be necessary to provide a
      more powerful test of the mediation hypothesis.

PMID- 2923989
TI  - Toxic waste: behavioral effects of an environmental stressor.
AB  - This study examines the stress-related behavioral effects that may be associated
      with living near an ambient stressor: a toxic-waste landfill. Results are based
      on a telephone survey of 426 persons living in three distance strata from the
      landfill (within 1 1/2 miles, 1 1/2 to 5 miles, and 5 to 10 miles). The
      instrument was adapted from the Hopkins Life Checklist (SCL-90) and from surveys
      used by researchers studying the effects of the Three Mile Island nuclear
      accident. No significant differences were found across area or amount of stimuli
      exposure on the dependent variables of bodily effects, anger-hostility, and
      demoralization. Scattered effects across age, sex, educational level, and home
      ownership (v rental) occurred; however, these could not be attributed solely to
      the landfill.

PMID- 2923990
TI  - Organizational characteristics, occupational stress, and mental health in nurses.
AB  - A model of occupational stress in hospital nurses was developed and tested. The
      model used measures of organizational climate, supervisor behavior, and work
      group relations as predictors of the quantity of role ambiguity perceived by
      nurses. Data were collected on 232 hospital nurses working in a rural community
      hospital affiliated with a medical school. Results confirmed the hypothesized
      structural model. Organizational climate, supervisor behavior, and work group
      relations directly influenced role perception. Increased role ambiguity led to
      decreased job satisfaction and increased perceived stress. The organizational
      environment directly influenced job stress. Occupational stress exerted a strong
      direct influence on the development of depressive symptoms in nurses.

PMID- 2923991
TI  - Relationship of hassles, uplifts, and life events to psychological well-being of
      freshman medical students.
AB  - Hassles, uplifts, and life events were related to psychological well-being with a
      representative sample of 55 (of 179) freshman medical students. Students were
      sent measures of hassles, uplifts, and affect-moods measures for 9 consecutive
      months and a measure of life stress at the beginning and middle of the school
      year. The hassles measure was found to be a better predictor of concurrent and
      subsequent negative mood than was the life stress measure, whereas life stress
      was found to be a better predictor of subsequent positive mood than hassles. On
      the whole, uplifts were unrelated to mood. The relationship between life stress
      and hassles was also investigated. The implications of the findings for future
      stress and health outcome research are discussed.

PMID- 2923992
TI  - Workload, stress, and strain among police officers.
AB  - Data relevant to stress and strain were analyzed separately for police officers
      with high and low workloads. Although these groups of officers were not found to
      differ in demographic characteristics or on overall levels of stress and strain,
      the sources of stress and strain were remarkably different. For the low workload
      officer, the sources of stress and strain appear to be difficulties in
      interpersonal relations with peers, community, and especially with supervisors.
      These difficulties appear to be mediated by effects on self-evaluation. The
      sources of stress and strain among high workload officers appear to be stress
      producing events in their lives in general, as well as in performing the job of
      patrol officer and in dealing with crime and related matters. The differences
      between high and low workload officers can be explained by social comparison
      theory, by identity theory, or by Selye's stress theory.

PMID- 2923993
TI  - Determination of metal content in three types of human gallstone.

PMID- 2923994
TI  - Copper uptake and regulation in a copper-tolerant decapod Cambarus bartoni
      (Fabricius) (Decapoda, Crustacea).

PMID- 2923995
TI  - Metal concentrations in pearl oyster, Pinctada radiata, collected from Saudi
      Arabian coast of the Arabian Gulf.

PMID- 2923996
TI  - Influence of variations in culture medium on the survival and reproduction of
      Daphnia magna.

PMID- 2923997
TI  - Toxicity of dimethoate to Daphnia magna and freshwater fish.

PMID- 2923998
TI  - Field studies on the impact of a new benzoylphenylurea insect growth regulator
      (UC-84572) on selected aquatic nontarget invertebrates.

PMID- 2923999
TI  - Acute toxicity of PAH contaminated sediments to the estuarine fish, Leiostomus
      xanthurus.

PMID- 2924000
TI  - Effects of selenium and mercury on glutathione and glutathione-dependent enzymes
      in experimental quail.

PMID- 2924001
TI  - Toxic effect of fenvalerate on fructose-1,6-diphosphate aldolase activity of
      liver, gill, kidney, and brain of the fresh water teleost, Tilapia mossambica.

PMID- 2924002
TI  - Pesticide residues in spray aircraft tank rinses and aircraft exterior washes.

PMID- 2924003
TI  - Fenvalerate interception by and dissipation from sugarcane foliage as affected by
      application technology.

PMID- 2924004
TI  - Measurement of aminocarb in long-distance drift following aerial application to
      forests.

PMID- 2924005
TI  - Residues of organochlorine insecticides in Delhi vegetables.

PMID- 2924006
TI  - Pesticide residues in edible oils and oil seeds.

PMID- 2924007
TI  - Pesticide residues in Arizona peregrine falcon eggs and prey.

PMID- 2924008
TI  - Photodecomposition of o-chloroaniline in aqueous solution with low pressure
      mercury lamp.

PMID- 2924009
TI  - Mercury in the Calcasieu River/Lake Complex, Louisiana.

PMID- 2924010
TI  - Effects of the water-soluble fractions of No. 2 fuel oil on the cytokinesis of
      the quahog clam (Mercenaria mercenaria).

PMID- 2924011
TI  - Nickel uptake and regulation in a copper-tolerant decapod, Cambarus bartoni
      (Fabricius) (Decapoda, Crustacea).

PMID- 2924012
TI  - [Ultrastructure of microcalcifications of the pulp mesenchyme of human deciduous
      teeth].
AB  - Scanning electron microscopic observations of pulp calcifications in deciduous
      molars were correlated with microradiographic findings. Numerous spherical
      calcifications were found in appearance similar to those in the permanent
      dentition. In a second type, mineralization took the form of diffuse deposits of
      calcium. The discrete diffuse foci coalesced into large islands of mineralized
      connective tissue. A third type of calcification was observed in which rhombic
      crystals were associated in a spherulitic pattern. The exact cause of the crystal
      formation is unknown. Moreover, as we are aware, the spherulitic calcifications
      have never been previously reported in this location. The preliminary results
      indicated that mineralization in the pulp of deciduous molars, takes a variety of
      forms, suggesting that calcium deposition can occur by different processes.

PMID- 2924013
TI  - [Epidemiologic survey of orodental health in Fada N'Gourma (Burkina Faso)].
AB  - In 1983 an investigation involving a homogeneous population sample from a western
      city of Burkina Faso has been performed in 1983 in order to estimate the oral
      health status of the population cut off from any dental assistance and to assess
      the importance of traditional practices in the city. The investigation, performed
      using World Health Organization techniques (WHO, 1977) involved 354 subjects,
      male and female, divided into age groups from 10 to 54. It was shown that:
      although the oral hygiene level was very low and no dental treatments were
      performed, caries level was very low--although gingivitis rate was high, advanced
      periodontitis rate was low--the frequency of interincisive diastema (one subject
      out of 4 in the 15-19 age group), the progressive decline of tooth cutting, a
      traditional practice, in town people but the large extent of cola use (one adult
      out of two). The present data will be used as base-line reference to evaluate the
      incidence of a dental care and prevention program which has just started in the
      same city of Burkina Faso.

PMID- 2924014
TI  - [The role of tea consumption in dental fluorosis in Jordan].
AB  - 2,516 children of both sexes, six to fourteen years old, were examined in Jordan
      in the course of an epidemiological study. 81.11% of girls and 76.43% of boys
      presented severe forms of dental fluorosis according to DEAN's index. Drinking
      water analysis revealed fluoride concentrations ranging from 0.27 to 1.4 mg F/l.
      These concentrations are neighbouring optimum tolerated fluoride supplementation
      in drinking water. However high annual temperature mean and ten hours daily
      sunshine must also be taken in consideration. For social and climatic reasons,
      Jordanian children drink daily high quantities of tea. Analysis of tea prepared
      on jordanian way revealed a concentration of 1.2 mg F/l. This continuous intake
      of fluoride might explain the high severity of dental fluorosis in Jordan.

PMID- 2924015
TI  - [In vitro enamel fluoridation using an ultraviolet laser].
AB  - 28 samples of human enamel have been studied in order to measure fluoride
      absorption after treatment with ultraviolet radiations. Samples treated with
      topical application only presented limited fluoride absorption in enamel surface
      (up to 0.5 microns deep). The absorption rate was higher, using an U.V. lamp. In
      samples treated with "excimer" laser, fluoride absorption was much higher in the
      surface layer and occurred also deeper (3 microns).

PMID- 2924016
TI  - [Incorporation of 3H-cortisol into the dental pulp and the induced changes].
AB  - The incorporation of labelled hydrocortisone (3H-cortisol) in the dental pulp of
      Wistar rats has been tested using autoradiography. Light microscopy showed that
      an hour after injection the hormone is incorporated in the nuclei of the
      odontoblasts, subodontoblastic and endothelial cells of the dental pulp. It was
      also demonstrated at the ultrastructural level that a 4 week-treatment with high
      rates of hydrocortisone (16 and 32 mg/kg) at the time of rat intensive growth
      induces degeneration of the odontoblasts, pulp connective tissue cells and
      capillaries. High rates of hydrocortisone thus induces a decrease in the
      protective and reparative responses of rat molar pulp.

PMID- 2924017
TI  - [Structural, ultrastructural and microanalytical study of multiple enamel
      pearls].
AB  - Numerous enamel drops and compound enamel pearls were found on the radicular
      proximal faces of maxillary molars and mandibular third molars of a young woman.
      Enamel and dentin of compound pearls as well as cementum next to drops and pearls
      presented the same structure and ultrastructure as enamel, dentin and cementum of
      the corresponding teeth. Microanalysis did not reveal differences between enamel
      of the mother tooth and enamel of drops and pearls. The enamel drops had no
      incremental growth lines. Cementum next to enamel drops and compound enamel
      pearls was acellular and covered occasionally with a thick layer of cellular
      cementum. Only enamel drops were partially covered by acellular cementum. Close
      to the enamel drops and at their surface, numerous fusing globular calcifications
      were observed. Formation of enamel drops and compound enamel pearls on dental
      root surfaces is rare. The simultaneous presence of numerous enamel drops and
      some compound enamel pearls on several roots of molars in the same denture seems
      to be an exceptional phenomenon. The involved factors inducing enamel formation
      remain still unknown. The multitude of both enamel drops and compound enamel
      pearl might be due to constitutional predisposition.

PMID- 2924018
TI  - Context-dependent associations in linear distributed memories.
AB  - In this article we present a method that allows conditioning of the response of a
      linear distributed memory to a variable context. This method requires a system of
      two neural networks. The first net constructs the Kronecker product between the
      vector input and the vector context, and the second net supports a linear
      associative memory. This system is easily adaptable for different goals. We
      analyse here its capacity for the conditional extraction of features from a
      complex perceptual input, its capacity to perform quasi-logical operations (for
      instance, of the kind of "exclusive-or"), and its capacity to structurate a
      memory for temporal sequences which access is conditioned by the context.
      Finally, we evaluate the potential importance of the capacity to establish
      arbitrary contexts, for the evolution of biological cognitive systems.

PMID- 2924019
TI  - Stability of symmetric idiotypic networks--a critique of Hoffmann's analysis.
AB  - Hoffmann (1982) analysed a very simple model of suppressive idiotypic immune
      networks and showed that idiotypic interactions are stabilizing. He concluded
      that immune networks provide a counterexample to the general analysis of large
      dynamic systems (Gardner and Ashby, 1970; May, 1972). The latter is often
      verbalized as: an increase in size and/or connectivity decreases the system
      stability. We here analyse this apparent contradiction by extending the Hoffmann
      model (with a decay term), and comparing it to an ecological model that was used
      as a paradigm in the general analysis. Our analysis confirms that the
      neighbourhood stability of such idiotypic networks increases with connectivity
      and/or size. However, the contradiction is one of interpretation, and is not due
      to exceptional properties of immune networks. The contradiction is caused by the
      awkward normalization used in the general analysis.

PMID- 2924020
TI  - Memory but no suppression in low-dimensional symmetric idiotypic networks.
AB  - We present a new symmetric model of the idiotypic immune network. The model
      specifies clones of B-lymphocytes and incorporates: (1) influx and decay of
      cells; (2) symmetric stimulatory and inhibitory idiotypic interactions; (3) an
      explicit affinity parameter (matrix); (4) external (i.e. non-idiotypic) antigens.
      Suppression is the dominant interaction, i.e. strong idiotypic interactions are
      always suppressive. This precludes reciprocal stimulation of large clones and
      thus infinite proliferation. Idiotypic interactions first evoke proliferation,
      this enlarges the clones, and may in turn evoke suppression. We investigate the
      effect of idiotypic interactions on normal proliferative immune responses to
      antigens (e.g. viruses). A 2-D, i.e. two clone, network has a maximum of three
      stable equilibria: the virgin state and two asymmetric immune states. The immune
      states only exist if the affinity of the idiotypic interaction is high enough.
      Stimulation with antigen leads to a switch from the virgin state to the
      corresponding immune state. The network therefore remembers antigens, i.e. it
      accounts for immunity/memory by switching between multiple stable states. 3-D
      systems have, depending on the affinities, 9 qualitatively different states. Most
      of these also account for memory by state switching. Our idiotypic network
      however fails to account for the control of proliferation, e.g. suppression of
      excessive proliferation. In symmetric networks, the proliferating clones suppress
      their anti-idiotypic suppressors long before the latter can suppress the former.
      The absence of proliferation control violates the general assumption that
      idiotypic interactions play an important role in immune regulation. We therefore
      test the robustness of these results by abandoning our assumption that
      proliferation occurs before suppression. We thus define an "escape from
      suppression" model, i.e. in the "virgin" state idiotypic interactions are now
      suppressive. This system erratically accounts for memory and never for
      suppression. We conclude that our "absence of suppression from idiotypic
      interactions" does not hinge upon our "proliferation before suppression"
      assumption.

PMID- 2924021
TI  - Automata network theories in immunology: their utility and their
      underdetermination.
AB  - Small networks of threshold automata are used to model complex interactions
      between populations of regulatory cells (helpers and suppressors, antigen
      specific and anti-idiotypic) which participate in the immune response. The
      models, being discrete and semiquantitative, are well adapted to the situation of
      incomplete information often encountered in vivo. However, the dynamics of many
      different network structures usually end up in the same attractor set. Thus, many
      different theories are equivalent in their explicative power for the same facts.
      This property, known as underdetermination of the theories by the facts, is given
      a quantitative estimate. It appears that such an underdetermination, as a kind of
      irreducible complexity, can be expected in many in vivo biological processes,
      even when the number of interacting and functionally coupled elements is
      relatively small.

PMID- 2924022
TI  - An alternative procedure for calculating glucose consumption from 2-deoxyglucose
      uptake.
AB  - In the commonly used model (Sokoloff) for the transport and metabolism of glucose
      and 2-deoxyglucose in brain tissue a novel choice of constant parameters is
      proposed. In particular the maximal transport capacity for glucose is assumed
      proportional to the rate of glucose consumption. The proportionality factor, the
      "transport factor", may be calculated from the lumped constant and is more likely
      than the latter to remain constant under varying conditions. Calculations founded
      on these considerations should yield results similar to the Sokoloff procedure in
      many situations, but differences appear when the arterial glucose concentration
      changes. The model is flexible and allows changes.

PMID- 2924023
TI  - Some simple statistical tests for exploring single-case time-series data.
AB  - Statistical analysis of single-case time-series data has received considerable
      attention. Many of the techniques discussed in the literature require long series
      of data or sophisticated statistical techniques. The present paper describes a
      number of 'quick and dirty' non-parametric tests which can be applied to
      relatively short time series. These tests require minimal calculations and can be
      carried out by inspecting graphical plots of the data. Each test is illustrated
      and tables for significance testing have been worked out. The importance of these
      tests lies in their potential to facilitate the accurate description of time
      series data. They are recommended as techniques for exploratory data analysis,
      the philosophy of which parallels Sidman's (1960) 'data led' approach to
      experimentation.

PMID- 2924024
TI  - Schizophrenic inability to judge facial emotion: a controlled study.
AB  - The ability of schizophrenics to judge facial emotion was examined using a new
      test derived to remedy methodological inadequacies in previous studies. The
      derivation procedure of the test is described. Five groups of 20 subjects each
      took part: acute schizophrenics, chronic schizophrenics, schizophrenics in
      remission, in-patients with depressive illness and normal subjects. They were
      asked to make a dichotomous emotion judgement ('happy' or 'sad') about a set of
      photographed faces: and then to make a dichotomous non-emotion judgement ('old'
      or 'young') on a set of photographs chosen from the same original pool to form a
      task of equal difficulty and discriminating ability. It was predicted, from
      previous studies, that acute schizophrenics would be specifically impaired on
      judging emotional expression in faces. Instead, they were found to be impaired on
      both an emotion and a non-emotion task on photographs of faces when these tasks
      were matched for difficulty and discriminating ability. They were significantly
      worse than remitted schizophrenics and normal subjects for both tasks, and for
      emotion, significantly worse then depressed subjects as well. The findings are
      considered in the light of current theories of visual processing in schizophrenia
      and of the neuropsychology of face processing.

PMID- 2924025
TI  - Factors of schizoid personality.
AB  - The increasing use of schizoid personality scales with normals has led to a
      number of validation studies, but to date there are no published analyses of the
      factorial structure of these scales. This study presents results of factor
      analyses of schizoid personality scales in an initial attempt to delineate their
      factorial structure. Questionnaires were administered to 114 male and female
      undergraduates and factor analysed using Varimax, Quartimax, and Oblique
      rotations. A two-factor varimax solution yielded a first factor accounting for 49
      per cent of total unrotated variance with high (0.70 to 0.91) loadings from
      Hallucinatory predisposition, Perceptual aberration, Schizophrenism, STA and STB
      scales, and was interpreted as reflecting a general factor of schizoid
      personality disorder. Psychoticism and Social anhedonia loaded on a second factor
      accounting for 20 per cent of the variance which was uncorrelated (r = 0.09) with
      factor 1. This factor solution was closely replicated using quartimax and oblimin
      rotation criteria. It is concluded that Social anhedonia and Psychoticism
      represent a separate dimension from other scales which reflect the more positive
      features of schizoid personality.

PMID- 2924026
TI  - Psychosocial factors in Parkinson's disease.
AB  - Self-report measures were administered to 136 patients with Parkinson's disease
      in order to explore the relationships between aspects of psychological adjustment
      (depression, positive affect and acceptance of illness) and physical illness
      (duration of the illness, stage of illness and functional disability). Many
      psychosocial variables which, it was hypothesized, might intervene in the
      relationship between physical and psychological status were also measured. These
      were coping style, social support, self-esteem, attributions about the onset and
      course of the illness, perceived control and previous psychiatric history. A
      variable pattern of relationships between the different indices of psychological
      adjustment and physical illness emerged. Self-esteem, coping style and practical
      support contributed significantly to the variance in psychological adjustment. It
      was concluded that well-being in Parkinsonian patients is not exclusively
      dependent on a simple relationship between disability and depression, and that
      other factors should be taken into account in the clinical management of the
      illness.

PMID- 2924027
TI  - The relation between subjective and objective memory impairment after stroke.
AB  - The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between subjective memory
      and objective assessment using a test designed to reflect daily life memory
      skills, the Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test (RBMT). A total of 78 patients was
      assessed seven months after a stroke. Each patient completed a questionnaire
      about memory problems experienced in daily life. A relative or close friend
      completed the same questionnaire about the patient. Each patient was assessed on
      the RBMT and some conventional memory tests. Questionnaire responses were more
      highly correlated with the RBMT than with conventional tests of memory.

PMID- 2924028
TI  - Retrieval from semantic memory using meaningful and meaningless constructs by
      depressed, stable bipolar and manic patients.
AB  - Eleven depressed, 11 stable bipolar and six manic patients, 20 normals and eight
      late middle-age normals were tested for speech production using a word-fluency
      task. Fluency was prompted by either a letter (a relatively automatic task), or a
      semantic category (an effort-demanding task). The results showed that depressed
      patients were more impaired in speech production than other patients when
      prompted by a semantic category than when prompted by a letter. A post hoc
      matched-tasks check suggested that this finding was not due to differences in
      discriminating power between the two word-fluency tasks. Manic and stable bipolar
      patients did not differ in their speech production, although matched on age. The
      results suggest that depressives perform better on more automatic than on effort
      demanding tasks, and that manic and stable bipolar patients do not differ in
      speech production when experimentally imposed restrictions are present.

PMID- 2924029
TI  - Mood state-dependent retention using identical or non-identical mood inductions
      at learning and recall.
AB  - The most directly relevant evidence in favour of mood state-dependent retention
      (SDR) has confounded matching of mood at learning and recall with matching of
      mood-induction procedure. In this study 157 college students participated in a
      two (same vs. different mood at learning and free recall of neutral words) by two
      (same vs. different type of mood induction at learning and recall) experiment.
      Recall did not significantly differ among the groups. Use of neutral material
      might have precluded finding effects of mood on memory, but neutral material is
      optimal for separating mood SDR from mood-congruent retrieval.

PMID- 2924030
TI  - The relationship between cognitive failure and self-focused attention.
AB  - The Cognitive Failures Questionnaire and the Self-Consciousness Scale were
      administered to a sample of undergraduate students. The Private Self
      Consciousness and Social Anxiety subscales were significantly correlated with
      CFQ, suggesting that dispositional self-focused attention may be one underlying
      cause of cognitive failure. Similarities in the relation between CFQ, SCS and
      task performance are discussed.

PMID- 2924031
TI  - Colour naming of violence-related words in Northern Ireland.
AB  - To investigate the hypothesis that people in Northern Ireland are using denial to
      cope with the impact of political violence, a specially designed version of the
      Stroop test was developed. English students living in Northern Ireland evidenced
      significantly greater interference on the Violent Stroop compared to either
      English students living in England or Northern Irish students living in Northern
      Ireland suggesting that while the Northern Irish natives had habituated to the
      violence the English students living in Northern Ireland had not yet done so.

PMID- 2924032
TI  - Trait anxiety and coping style as predictors of pre-operative anxiety.
AB  - A situationally specific measure of trait anxiety based on the Endler model was a
      better predictor of pre-operative state anxiety than the STAI trait anxiety scale
      in 54 patients undergoing colonoscopy. Lower self-reported pre-operative anxiety
      was found for (a) repressors, who report low trait anxiety and high defensiveness
      on the Marlowe-Crown scale, than for (b) truly low anxious patients, who report
      low trait anxiety and low defensiveness.

PMID- 2924033
TI  - Research into schizophrenia.

PMID- 2924034
TI  - Unusual localization of cutaneous chronic graft-versus-host disease in the
      radiation fields in four cases.
AB  - Chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a very heterogeneous entity with
      variable clinical expression. The pathophysiology involves autoimmune disorders
      and features of fibrosis. Four patients transplanted for severe aplastic anaemia
      conditioned with cyclophosphamide and thoraco-abdominal irradiation developed
      skin scleroderma specifically localized in the irradiation fields. This syndrome
      was remarkable for its late onset and the absence of factors known to trigger
      chronic GVHD. It is postulated that irradiation used in this protocol may induce
      keratinocyte damage and trigger chronic GVHD.

PMID- 2924035
TI  - Behaviour therapy in the rehabilitation of brain-injured individuals.

PMID- 2924036
TI  - Vocational evaluation of traumatic brain injury patients using the functional
      assessment inventory.
AB  - Impaired work capacity is one of the most common residual impairments encountered
      after either a severe or moderate traumatic brain injury (TBI), yet no instrument
      is available for screening TBI victims regarding their readiness to participate
      in more comprehensive vocational planning and evaluation. In the study reported
      here, the Functional Assessment Inventory (FAI) was administered to 76 subjects
      who suffered a moderate or severe TBI and the results obtained were compared to
      the Rancho Los Amigos Hospital Levels of Cognitive Functioning, the Mini-Mental
      State and the Glasgow Outcome Scale for sensitivity in discerning vocational
      readiness. The results obtained indicated that the FAI composite score has the
      greatest discriminating power in screening the vocational readiness of this
      population, followed by the Glasgow Outcome Scale. In addition, the FAI cluster
      scores demonstrated reasonable discriminative ability, which may prove useful in
      directing ongoing remediation.

PMID- 2924037
TI  - The response styles of post-acute traumatic brain-injured patients on the MMPI.
AB  - A retrospective descriptive study (n = 44) was conducted on the response styles
      of post-acute traumatic brain-injured patients on the MMPI. The sample profiles
      were examined on indices of consistency, random responding, and bias to look good
      or bad. The results showed that about 20% of the profiles were markedly
      inconsistent, including two profiles which met the criteria for random
      responding. Depending on the cut-off score used, between 0 and 9% were identified
      as biased to look bad, while between 18 and 30% were identified as biased to look
      good. A mean profile on the primary clinical and research scales was developed
      and a frequency count of the high two-point codes was conducted. This profile
      approached clinically significant levels on the Psychopathic deviant,
      Schizophrenia, Depression, and Mania scales, respectively. The three most
      frequently occurring two-point codes (2-4, 4-8, and 4-9) have been classified as
      characterological in nature. The primary implication of these results for
      clinicians was the need for careful scrutiny of indices of consistency, random
      responding and bias to look good when interpreting self-report measures such as
      the MMPI with the TBI population.

PMID- 2924038
TI  - Aphemia associated with bilateral striato-capsular lesions subsequent to cerebral
      anoxia.
AB  - A case is presented of a 13-year-old right-handed male who exhibited bilateral
      striato-capsular lesions following an episode of cerebral anoxia and a range of
      clinical features typical of aphemia. The findings of a neurological assessment,
      neuroradiological assessment and battery of speech/language tests are described
      and their implications for current theories regarding the role of the basal
      ganglia in speech/language function discussed. The patient initially demonstrated
      an isolated loss of the ability to articulate words without the loss of the
      ability to write or comprehend spoken language. His initial mutism later resolved
      into a dysarthria with features similar to those seen in hypokinetic dysarthria.
      It was concluded that striato-capsular lesions in childhood are capable of
      producing temporary language disturbances and in some cases a persistent
      dysarthria.

PMID- 2924039
TI  - Processing of pragmatic and facial affective information by patients with closed
      head injuries.
AB  - Although several affective impairments have been demonstrated to occur following
      closed-head injury (CHI), deficits of the communicative function of language,
      particularly sentenial and suprasentential pragmatic aspects, have been
      suggested, but not demonstrated, to occur. This study compared 31 normals and 31
      severely closed-head injured patients matched for age, sex and education. The
      dependent measures consisted of a facial test of emotion (FTE) and a contextual
      test of emotion (CTE). The former task consisted of 36 slides representing facial
      expressions of the six emotions demonstrated by Ekman and colleagues to be
      transcultural, namely, job, sadness, fear, anger, surprise and disgust. The
      subject was required to name the appropriate emotion for each slide. The latter
      task consisted of correctly identifying the appropriate emotion for each of 36
      brief verbal narratives representing contexts connotative of the same six
      transcultural emotions. The CHI patients were impaired overall on the FTE but not
      the CTE. However, the ability to identify anger was significantly impaired on
      both tasks when considered in isolation from the other emotions. It was concluded
      that a processing deficit of primary emotional material, particularly anger, does
      exist following CHI, but that this deficit is not necessarily independent of task
      and/or modality parameters. It was also concluded that evidence of a pragmatic
      deficit of the language function following CHI remains to be provided at this
      time.

PMID- 2924040
TI  - Hypothermia and severe head injury.
AB  - Two patients who were deeply unconscious (GCS = 4) following head injuries,
      sustained whilst intoxicated with alcohol, became hypothermic due to cold
      exposure. Despite negative prognostic factors both underwent craniotomy and
      evacuation of large acute subdural haematoma. After intensive postoperative
      management and rehabilitation both have made satisfactory recoveries. The
      contribution of hypothermia to their unpredicted favourable outcome is discussed,
      and the importance of recording temperature in head-injured patients is
      emphasized.

PMID- 2924041
TI  - Heterotopic bone formation involving wrist and fingers in brain-injured patients:
      a report of three cases.
AB  - Periarticular new bone formation is frequently observed in patients with
      prolonged coma, usually affecting large joints such as shoulders, elbows and hip
      joints. Unusual locations of PNBF involving the wrist and the inter-phalangeal
      joints are described in three patients who were in coma due to anoxic or
      traumatic brain insults. In each case flexor ankylosing positions were the end
      result.

PMID- 2924042
TI  - Acute subdural haematoma mimicking an epidural haematoma on a CT scan.
AB  - This paper reports an acute subdural haematoma mimicking an epidural haematoma as
      seen on a non-enhanced computerized tomography (CT) scan of the head in a patient
      who had sustained a traumatic head injury. The patient had undergone a craniotomy
      4 years prior to the injury described here.

PMID- 2924043
TI  - Comparing motivational systems with two non-compliant head-injured adolescents.
AB  - Behavioural contracting, point systems and point systems plus response costs were
      compared to determine their effectiveness in increasing the attendance of two
      head-injured adolescents at class and therapy sessions. All of the motivational
      systems increased attendance, although the point system plus response cost seemed
      slightly more effective for one client.

PMID- 2924044
TI  - Behavioural and cognitive changes in traumatic brain injury: a spouse's
      perspective.
AB  - A single case study is presented that reviews the behavioural and emotional
      changes in a traumatic brain injury patient from the perspective of the spouse.

PMID- 2924045
TI  - Catastrophic case management: thoughts from a teacher/consumer/advocate.

PMID- 2924046
TI  - What changes will medical equipment managers face in the next five years?.
      Interview by Michael J. Miller.

PMID- 2924047
TI  - Productivity measurement: taking the first steps.

PMID- 2924048
TI  - A practical introduction to databases: Part 1.

PMID- 2924049
TI  - Quality assurance in transition.

PMID- 2924050
TI  - Semiautomatic algorithm to remove resonance artifacts from the direct radial
      artery pressure.
AB  - Resonance artifacts introduced by the catheter-manometer system are removed from
      the direct radial artery pressure using a three-step algorithm. First, the fast
      flush method is used to identify the natural frequency and damping coefficient of
      the monitoring system by digitizing and analyzing the pressure transient created
      by the flush. Second, resistor, capacitor, and inductor values are found for an
      RLC second-order model of the catheter-manometer system in use. Third, the
      algorithm predicts the undistorted radial artery pressure, removing the resonance
      artifacts by inverse-filtering the digitized monitored pressure waveform using
      the RLC circuit derived previously. The algorithm was implemented using a
      personal computer, but it could also be used without the computer by
      incorporating an analog-to-digital convertor and a microprocessor in the
      hemodynamic monitor.

PMID- 2924051
TI  - Design of a data-acquisition system for monitoring sleep organization in preterm
      infants.
AB  - A portable data-acquisition system suitable for long-term noninvasive monitoring
      of physiologic and behavioral variables in preterm infants is described. The
      system includes two video cameras, a video screen-splitter and amplifier, a time
      lapse video recorder, a microphone, a force-responsive transducer, an analog
      signal conditioner, and two microcomputers. One microcomputer, located in the
      neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) acquires electrophysiologic signals and
      preprocesses data in real time, during a continuous 48-hour session. After each
      session, the data file is transferred by telephone line to the other
      microcomputer, located in a laboratory, for editing, reduction, display, and
      final analysis. This arrangement enables noninvasive and nonintrusive monitoring,
      which is crucial for long-term recording of sleep-wake state organization of
      preterm infants.

PMID- 2924052
TI  - Experimental laboratory lithotripter: design, construction, and operation.
AB  - A laboratory lithotripter has been constructed and used to comminute (crush to a
      powder) both kidney stones and gallstones. The stones are placed in the second
      focus (f2) of an ellipse of revolution whose linear eccentricity is 4.7 cm and
      then acoustically shocked an average of 200 times by an underwater spark
      discharge at the first focus (f1). The energy levels available from the
      capacitors (3 to 52 joules) of this unit extend below and above the range of
      commercially available clinical devices. The electrical and mechanical design of
      this unit is presented. At a relatively low cost (approximately $15,000) the unit
      appears to have considerable application in non-clinical research in lithotripsy.
      Quantitative results of the application of this device to the comminution of
      human kidney stones are presented.

PMID- 2924054
TI  - Clinical engineering in clinical departments: a different point of view.

PMID- 2924053
TI  - A simple and inexpensive method for measuring electrosurgical variables.
AB  - A simple circuit that demodulates the high-frequency output of an electrosurgical
      generator to proportional DC values can be employed to monitor generator voltage
      and electrosurgical current. An example of the use of the circuit in a urologic
      application is given. Employing this monitoring circuit, quantitative comparisons
      of electrosurgical equipment and performances can be made.

PMID- 2924055
TI  - Electronics fundamentals: series capacitors.

PMID- 2924056
TI  - Should U.S. leakage current limits conform to the international standard?

PMID- 2924057
TI  - AIDS care team.

PMID- 2924058
TI  - Sex reassignment surgery.

PMID- 2924059
TI  - Early retirement.

PMID- 2924060
TI  - Ciprofloxacin.
AB  - Ciprofloxacin is a useful, orally available, non-toxic broad-spectrum antibiotic.
      Despite its novel mode of action, resistance is arising and we feel the drug
      should be reserved for specific indications where it can be of enormous value.

PMID- 2924061
TI  - Pulmonary tumour emboli mimicking pulmonary thromboemboli in a young woman.

PMID- 2924062
TI  - Excision of a pancreatic pseudocyst causing dysphagia.

PMID- 2924063
TI  - Streptococcus bovis endocarditis and carcinoma of the colon.

PMID- 2924064
TI  - The role of intraoperative salvage autotransfusion.

PMID- 2924065
TI  - Aetiology of alcohol dependence in women.

PMID- 2924066
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging of the abdominal aorta.

PMID- 2924067
TI  - Inhibition of noradrenaline release by omega-conotoxin GVIA in the rat tail
      artery.
AB  - 1. The perivascular nerves of isolated tail arteries from Wistar rats were
      stimulated with field pulses (1 Hz, 2 pulses, every 2 min). omega-Conotoxin 10
      nmol l-1 depressed neurogenically mediated contractions, but did not influence
      the contractions to noradrenaline 0.1-0.3 mumol l-1. 2. The inhibitory effect of
      omega-conotoxin was concentration-dependent (IC50 = 3.8 nmol l-1). It did not
      reach a steady-state during 30 min incubation and could not be reversed upon
      subsequent washout for another 60 min. 3. A gradual increase in the Ca2+
      concentration of the medium from 1.25 mmol l-1 to 10 mmol l-1 enhanced
      vasoconstriction and attenuated the action of omega-conotoxin 10 nmol l-1. When a
      low stimulation intensity (120 mA) was used at high external Ca2+ (10 mmol l-1),
      similar contractile responses were obtained as under normal conditions (200 mA
      current, 2.5 mmol l-1 Ca2+). However, the inverse relationship between the effect
      of the toxin and external Ca2+ remained unchanged. 4. The time-course and degree
      of the inhibition by omega-conotoxin 3 nmol l-1 was identical in tail arteries of
      spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and their normotensive controls (WKY). 5.
      When tail arteries of Wistar rats were preincubated with [3H]-noradrenaline,
      field stimulation (0.4 Hz, 24 pulses, every 16 min) evoked tritium overflow and
      vasoconstriction. omega-Conotoxin 30 nmol l-1 inhibited both responses to a
      similar extent. 6. Our results suggest that omega-conotoxin selectively blocks
      Ca2+ channels in the terminals of perivascular nerves and thereby reduces the
      release, but not the contractile effect of the sympathetic transmitter.

PMID- 2924068
TI  - Pharmacokinetics and dromotropic activity of ajmaline in rats with
      hyperthyroidism.
AB  - 1. The pharmacokinetics and the dromotropic action (increased PQ interval) of
      intravenously administered ajmaline (2 mg kg-1) were studied in hyperthyroid rats
      with sinus tachycardia. The hyperthyroidism was induced by intraperitoneal
      injection of 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine (0.5 mg kg-1) for 4 days. 2. The change
      in the ajmaline concentration in whole blood could be described by a
      biexponential equation. The steady state distribution volume of ajmaline
      decreased from 4.81 l kg-1 in control rats to 3.80 l kg-1 in hyperthyroid rats
      and the total body blood clearance was slightly higher in hyperthyroid rats than
      in control rats. 3. Ajmaline exhibited a saturable binding to rat plasma
      proteins, and one kind of binding site was found in the observed range of
      concentrations. The binding capacity was 2 fold higher in hyperthyroid rats than
      in control rats. 4. On the basis of the plasma unbound concentration, ajmaline
      exhibited an increased negative dromotropic activity in hyperthyroid rats
      compared with control rats. 5. A positive correlation was found between the
      pacing rate and the dromotropic action of ajmaline on atrioventricular conduction
      in isolated perfused hearts. There was no significant difference in the rate
      dependence of the effect of ajmaline on the heart between control and
      hyperthyroid rats. 6. Our findings suggest that the increased dromotropic
      activity of ajmaline is mainly due to the increased heart rate in hyperthyroid
      rats.

PMID- 2924069
TI  - Contractile responses to calcium chloride in rat aortic rings bathed in K+-free
      solution are resistant to organic calcium antagonists.
AB  - 1. In rat aortic rings, devoid of functional endothelium, suspended in a modified
      Krebs solution (KCl: 0 mM; CaCl2: 0.63 mM), addition of CaCl2 (0.89-10 mM)
      produced concentration-related increases in tension (Emax = 2.38 +/- 0.10 g, EC50
      = 2.31 +/- 0.15 mM, n = 36). 2. The Ca2+ evoked contractile responses were not
      modified by cinnarizine (10 microM), diltiazem (1 microM), ryanodine (10 microM),
      verapamil (1 microM), or the dihydropyridines, nitrendipine (1 microM) and (-)
      Bay K 8644 (0.003-0.3 microM). 3. Cobalt chloride (0.1-1 mM) competitively
      antagonized the Ca2+ concentration-response curve; the Schild plot (slope 1.08 +/
      0.04), gave a pA2 value of 3.3 +/- 0.01 (n = 27). Nickel chloride (0.5-1 mM)
      displaced the Ca2+ concentration-response curve to the right, without an effect
      on the maximum response. Cadmium chloride (3-30 microM) depressed the maxima of
      concentration-response curves to Ca2+ with an IC50 of 15.5 +/- 1.1 microM (n =
      6). 4. Monochlorobenzamil (100 microM), a Na+-Ca2+ exchange inhibitor, failed to
      modify the Ca2+-induced contractions. 5. In conclusion, Ca2+ evoked concentration
      related contractile responses of rat aortic rings bathed in a K+-free medium;
      these effects were attenuated by the divalent cations cobalt, nickel and cadmium,
      but not modified by several organic calcium antagonists. The lack of effect of
      diltiazem verapamil and the dihydropyridines would suggest that, under these
      experimental conditions, extracellular Ca2+ enters the cytosol via pathways which
      are distinct from the slow (L-type) calcium channels.

PMID- 2924070
TI  - The influence of ouabain on twitch potentiation by anticholinesterases in the
      phrenic nerve-diaphragm muscles of mice.
AB  - 1. (+)-Tubocurarine, hexamethonium, atropine, ouabain, and removal of potassium
      from the bathing medium were examined for their effects on indirectly evoked
      twitches (IT) of mouse phrenic nerve-diaphragm muscles in the presence or absence
      of neostigmine. 2. Neostigmine increased the amplitude of IT. The twitch
      potentiation was reduced by (+)-tubocurarine at low concentrations that had no
      inhibitory effect on normal IT. Hexamethonium (10-100 microM), but not atropine
      (0.1-1 microM), partially inhibited the twitch potentiation. Neither
      hexamethonium nor atropine had an inhibitory effect on IT in the absence of
      neostigmine. 3. Ouabain (5 microM) abolished the twitch potentiation by
      neostigmine while having no inhibitory effect on directly evoked twitches in the
      presence of neostigmine and (+)-tubocurarine together. 4. The potentiating effect
      of neostigmine was less in a potassium-free bathing solution. The inhibitory
      effect of ouabain disappeared in this solution. 5. Reinclusion of KCl at 2.5 mM
      restored both the potentiating effect of neostigmine and the antagonistic effect
      of ouabain. This reinclusion did not potentiate IT in the absence of neostigmine.
      6. An interaction resembling that between ouabain and neostigmine was obtained
      between ouabain and physostigmine or paraoxon. 7. Both endplate potentials
      (e.p.ps) and miniature e.p.ps increased in terms of their amplitude and duration
      in the presence of neostigmine. Ouabain did not reduce the enhanced endplate
      responses. 8. These results indicate that the potentiation of IT by
      anticholinesterases may occur via nicotinic receptors which are sensitive to both
      (+)-tubocurarine and hexamethonium, and that the interaction between
      anticholinesterases and ouabain depends on the presence of K+. It appears that
      the mechanisms of twitch potentiation are dependent on the ionic gradients
      maintained by Na+-K+-ATPase.

PMID- 2924071
TI  - Muscarinic agonists and potassium currents in guinea-pig myenteric neurones.
AB  - 1. Intracellular electrophysiological recordings were obtained from single
      neurones of the guinea-pig myenteric plexus in vitro. Using single electrode
      voltage clamp techniques, four distinct potassium currents were described and the
      effects of muscarinic agonists on these currents were studied. 2. A calcium
      dependent potassium current (gKCa) was present in AH neurones at rest, and was
      much increased following a brief depolarization (50 ms, to 0 mV). Muscarinic
      agonists reduced both the resting current and the current evoked by
      depolarization. Pirenzepine competitively antagonized the suppression by
      muscarine of the calcium-dependent potassium current (or after-hyperpolarization)
      following an action potential. The dissociation equilibrium constant for
      pirenzepine was about 10 nM. 3. The conductance of AH neurones increased two to
      three fold when they were hyperpolarized negative to -90 mV. This inward
      rectification was blocked by extracellular caesium (2 mM) or rubidium (2 mM), but
      not by tetraethylammonium (TEA, 40 mM), 4-aminopyridine (100 microM) or cobalt (2
      mM). The inward rectification was unaffected by muscarinic agonists. 4. When AH
      neurones were depolarized from very negative holding potentials (less than -80
      mV) a brief outward current was recorded with a duration of about 200 ms. This
      transient or A current was completely blocked by 4-aminopyridine (100 microM) but
      was not affected by tetrodotoxin (300 nM), TEA (40 mM) or cobalt (2 mM).
      Muscarinic agonists did not affect the A current. 5. In S neurones, and in AH
      neurones in calcium-free solutions, the potassium conductance (in TEA and
      caesium) behaved according to constant field assumptions. This background
      conductance was suppressed by muscarinic agonists. 6. It is concluded that the
      depolarization by muscarinic agonists of myenteric AH neurones is due to a
      suppression of both a calcium-dependent potassium conductance and a background
      potassium conductance. Muscarinic depolarization of S neurones results only from
      suppression of the background potassium conductance. Effects on both conductances
      result from M1-receptor activation. Inward rectifying and transient outward (A)
      potassium currents are unaffected.

PMID- 2924073
TI  - 1,3,8- and 1,3,7-substituted xanthines: relative potency as adenosine receptor
      antagonists at the frog neuromuscular junction.
AB  - 1. The ability of 1,3,8-substituted xanthines (1,3-dipropyl-8-(4-(2
      aminoethyl)amino)carbonylmethyloxyphenyl) xan thine (XAC), 1,3-dipropyl-8-(4
      carboxymethyloxyphenyl)xanthine (XCC), 1,3-dipropyl-8-(2-amino-4
      chlorophenyl)xanthine (PACPX), 1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine (DPCPX), 1,3
      diethyl-8-phenylxanthine (DPX) and 8-phenyltheophylline (8-PT)), of 1,3,7
      substituted xanthines (1-propargyl-3,7-dimethylxanthine (PGDMX) and caffeine),
      and of a 3-substituted xanthine (enprofylline) to antagonize the inhibitory
      effect of 2-chloroadenosine (CADO) on the amplitude of nerve-evoked twitches was
      investigated in innervated sartorius muscles of the frog. 2. All the 1,3,8
      substituted xanthines, in concentrations virtually devoid of effect on
      neuromuscular transmission, shifted to the right, in a near parallel manner the
      log concentration-response curve for CADO. Linear Schild plots with slopes near
      to unity at concentration-ratios less than 14 were obtained for XAC, XCC, DPCPX,
      DPX and 8-PT. 3. The order of potency of the 1,3,8-substituted xanthines as
      antagonists of the effect of CADO was XAC (Ki = 23 nM) greater than or equal to
      DPCPX (35 nM) greater than 8-PT (200 nM) greater than or equal to DPX (295 nM)
      greater than XCC (1905 nM) greater than or equal to PACPX (2291 nM). No
      correlation was found between the potency of these xanthines as antagonists of
      the adenosine receptor at the frog neuromuscular junction and their reported
      potency as antagonists of the A1- or A2-adenosine receptors. 4. The 1,3,7
      substituted xanthines, PGDMX and caffeine, in concentrations virtually devoid of
      effect on neuromuscular transmission, also caused parallel shifts to the right of
      the log concentration-response curves for CADO, but were less potent than the
      1,3,8-substituted xanthines. PGDMX was more than 20 times more potent than
      caffeine. 5. Enprofylline in concentrations up to 100 microM did not antagonize
      the inhibitory effect of CADO on neuromuscular transmission. 6. It is concluded
      that the antagonist profile of the adenosine receptor mediating inhibition of
      transmission at the frog neuromuscular junction is different from the antagonist
      profile of the A1- and A2-adenosine receptors.

PMID- 2924072
TI  - Modulation by glycyrrhetinic acid derivatives of TPA-induced mouse ear oedema.
AB  - 1. The anti-inflammatory effects of glycyrrhetinic acid and its derivatives on
      TPA (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate)-induced mouse ear oedema were studied.
      The mechanisms of TPA-induced ear oedema were first investigated with respect to
      the chemical mediators. 2. The formation of ear oedema reached a maximum 5 h
      after TPA application (2 micrograms per ear) and the prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)
      production of mouse ear increased with the oedema formation. 3. TPA-induced ear
      oedema was prevented by actinomycin D and cycloheximide (0.1 mg per ear,
      respectively) when applied during 60 min after TPA treatment. 4. Of
      glycyrrhetinic acid derivatives examined, dihemiphthalate derivatives (IIe, IIe',
      IIIa, IIIa', IVa, IVa') most strongly inhibited ear oedema on both topical (ID50,
      1.6 mg per ear for IIe, 2.0 mg per ear for IIIa and 1.6 mg per ear for IVa) and
      oral (ID50, 88 mg kg-1 for IIe', 130 mg kg-1 for IIIa' and 92 mg kg-1 for IVa')
      administration. 5. Glycyrrhetinic acid (Ia) and its derivatives applied 30 min
      before TPA treatment were much more effective in inhibiting oedema than when
      applied 30 min after TPA. A dihemiphthalate of triterpenoid compound IVa
      completely inhibited oedema, even when applied 3 h before TPA treatment. 6.
      Glycyrrhetinic acid (Ia) and deoxoglycyrrhetol (IIa), the parent compounds,
      produced little inhibition by oral administration at less than 200 mg kg-1. 7.
      These results suggest that the dihemiphthalate derivatives of triterpenes derived
      from glycyrrhetinic acid by chemical modification are useful for the treatment of
      skin inflammation by both topical and oral application.

PMID- 2924074
TI  - Atenolol, but not mexiletine, protects against stimulus-induced ventricular
      tachycardia in a chronic canine model.
AB  - 1. In a placebo-controlled study of the antiarrhythmic and electrophysiological
      properties of atenolol and mexiletine, programmed electrical stimulation (PES)
      was performed in three groups of six conscious greyhounds, 7-30 days after
      coronary artery ligation. 2. In the placebo group, repeated PES challenge
      resulted in the consistent induction of ventricular tachycardias (VT) in 4/6 dogs
      and ventricular fibrillation in 2/6. Atenolol prevented arrhythmia induction in
      4/6 dogs, one continued to demonstrate a VT and one died (P less than 0.05
      compared with placebo). In the mexiletine group 5/6 dogs continued to demonstrate
      a VT and one died. 3. Electrocardiographic parameters were not affected by any
      treatment. There was no change in blood pressure in any group but when compared
      with placebo, heart rate fell (P less than 0.05) after atenolol (256 micrograms
      kg-1) and increased (P less than 0.05) after mexiletine (16 mg kg-1). Effective
      (ERP) and functional (FRP) refractory periods did not change after mexiletine,
      but ERP was prolonged (P less than 0.05) after atenolol. 4. The results indicate
      that atenolol but not mexiletine is effective in preventing re-entrant
      arrhythmias in this conscious canine model. Antiarrhythmic efficacy may be
      related to a fall in heart rate and/or a prolongation of refractoriness.

PMID- 2924075
TI  - Actions of the GABAB agonist, (-)-baclofen, on neurones in deep dorsal horn of
      the rat spinal cord in vitro.
AB  - 1. The electrophysiological actions of the GABAB agonist, (-)-baclofen, on deep
      dorsal horn neurones were studied using an in vitro preparation of the spinal
      cord of 9-16 day old rat. 2. On all neurones tested, (-)-baclofen (100 nM-30
      microM) had a hyperpolarizing action which was associated with a reduction in
      apparent membrane input resistance. The increase in membrane conductance was dose
      dependent and had a Hill coefficient of 1.0. 3. The (-)-baclofen-activated
      hyperpolarization persisted in the presence of bicuculline (50 microM) and Mg2+
      (20 mM). 4. The reversal potential of the hyperpolarizing event was estimated at
      102 mV and was made less negative by increasing the external concentration of
      potassium ions. 5. Over the same concentration range, (-)-baclofen also depressed
      the polysynaptic composite excitatory postsynaptic potentials (e.p.s.ps) evoked
      in these neurones by electrical stimulation of the dorsal root entry zone. 6. The
      potassium channel blockers caesium, applied intracellularly, and barium, applied
      extracellularly, depressed the postsynaptic response to baclofen but not its
      effect on e.p.s.ps. 7. We propose that (-)-baclofen has more than one mechanism
      of action in spinal dorsal horn: a postsynaptic action mediated via an increase
      in potassium conductance and a presynaptic action that is not associated with
      potassium channels and may be mediated via calcium channels. Since previous
      studies have demonstrated little effect of (-)-baclofen on transmitter release in
      spinal cord, it is possible that the postsynaptic hyperpolarizing action of (-)
      baclofen may account for its clinical potency as an anti-spastic agent.

PMID- 2924076
TI  - An anti-inflammatory steroid inhibits tissue sensitization by IgE in vivo.
AB  - An anti-inflammatory corticosteroid, dexamethasone, was found to be a potent
      suppressor of cell sensitization induced by IgE antibody in a model of type I
      allergic inflammation in vivo. Low doses (approximately less than 10(-10) mol) of
      dexamethasone, administered intradermally to rabbits 90 min before injection of
      IgE into the same sites, suppressed local oedema induced by a local challenge
      with antigen 72 h later. The effect was not due to anti-inflammatory activity
      persisting in the skin site for the 3 day period. This novel potent activity of
      the corticosteroid may be an important component of its anti-allergic effect in
      diseases such as asthma.

PMID- 2924077
TI  - Effects of pertussis toxin on the behavioural and ECoG spectrum changes induced
      by clonidine and yohimbine after their microinfusion into the locus coeruleus.
AB  - 1. Pertussis toxin, a substance which interferes selectively with receptor
      mediated signal transduction mechanisms, was injected into the locus coeruleus of
      rats 1, 2, 3, 6 or 10 days before the microinjection of clonidine or yohimbine
      into the same site. 2. Clonidine produced in control rats typical behavioural
      sedation and/or sleep and ECoG synchronization while yohimbine produced
      behavioural arousal and ECoG desynchronization. 3. The behavioural and ECoG
      effects of both compounds were blocked in animals pretreated with pertussis
      toxin. This activity was more marked from 2 to 6 days after pertussis toxin
      pretreatment and was restored 10 days after toxin administration. In addition,
      the behavioural and ECoG slow-wave sleep observed after intraperitoneal
      administration of clonidine (0.2 mumol kg-1) was significantly reduced by prior
      (3 days) microinfusion of pertussis toxin into the locus coeruleus. 4. These
      results are consistent with the hypothesis that the behavioural and ECoG effects
      of clonidine and yohimbine are mediated via a guanine regulatory protein which is
      affected by pertussis toxin.

PMID- 2924078
TI  - Release of 5-hydroxytryptamine, dopamine and noradrenaline in the rat vas
      deferens in the presence of compound 48/80, veratridine or K+.
AB  - 1. The release of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), dopamine and noradrenaline (NA)
      from the rat isolated vas deferens was estimated by high performance liquid
      chromatography with electrochemical detection. 2. Compound 48/80, which is known
      to release 5-HT and histamine from mast cells, induced a concentration-related,
      rapid overflow of 5-HT from the rat isolated vas deferens, releasing about 50% of
      the 5-HT present in the tissue at a concentration of 300 micrograms ml-1. The
      drug did not induce the release of either dopamine or NA. 3. The depolarizing
      agents veratridine (10 microM) or K+ (100 mM) induced the release of 5-10% of the
      5-HT present in the vas deferens, but did not evoke the overflow of 5-HT from
      isolated mast cells. 4. Veratridine induced the release of a greater proportion
      of the dopamine than of the NA contained in the vas deferens (41.0 +/- 5.5 vs
      17.9 +/- 2.0%, after 20 min of exposure to the drug, n = 6). In contrast, K+
      evoked the release of both amines equally. 5. It is concluded that in the rat vas
      deferens 5-HT is stored in mast cells and also in cells responsive to
      depolarizing stimuli. It is suggested that 5-HT could be a neuromodulator or a
      neurotransmitter in this organ. Veratridine and K+ induce the release of dopamine
      in addition to NA.

PMID- 2924079
TI  - Intragastric capsaicin enhances rat gastric acid elimination and mucosal blood
      flow by afferent nerve stimulation.
AB  - 1. This study investigated the effects of intragastric capsaicin on acid output,
      clearance of aniline, potential difference, and morphology of the mucosa in the
      rat stomach. The experiments were carried out on rats anaesthetized with urethane
      in which the stomachs were continuously perfused with saline. 2. When the stomach
      was perfused with normal saline (pH approximately 6), intragastric capsaicin (32
      640 microM) had no effect on the output of titratable acid. In contrast, when
      acid output was stimulated by pentagastrin or when the stomach was perfused with
      acid saline (pH 3), capsaicin reduced acid output. Acid loss which occurred
      during perfusion with saline of pH 2 was not significantly increased by
      capsaicin. This suggests that capsaicin does not enhance acid back-diffusion but
      facilitates acid elimination by other means. 3. The gastric clearance of [14C]
      aniline, which is an indirect index of gastric mucosal blood flow, was estimated
      while the stomach was perfused with saline of pH 3. The clearance of aniline rose
      by 50-60% following intragastric administration of capsaicin (160 microM) whereas
      the mean arterial blood pressure was increased by about 2.5 mmHg only. Combined
      pretreatment of the rats with atropine, phentolamine, and propranolol did not
      alter the effect of capsaicin on the gastric clearance of aniline. 4. The gastric
      potential difference was not altered by capsaicin (160 microM) administered
      together with saline of pH 3. This and the finding that there were no signs of
      mucosal damage by light and scanning electron microscopy indicate that
      intragastric capsaicin does not irritate the gastric mucosa. 5. The effects of
      intragastric capsaicin on gastric acid output and aniline clearance and on blood
      pressure were absent in rats in which capsaicin-sensitive afferent neurones had
      been ablated by neonatal treatment with a neurotoxic dose of capsaicin, which
      indicates that they result from stimulation of afferent nerve endings in the
      stomach. It is concluded that facilitation of acid elimination and mucosal blood
      flow may contribute to the previously reported protective action of capsaicin on
      the gastric mucosa.

PMID- 2924080
TI  - The human astrocytoma cell line 1321 N1 contains M2-glandular type muscarinic
      receptors linked to phosphoinositide turnover.
AB  - 1. Muscarinic receptors present in the human astrocytoma cell line 1321 N1 were
      characterized in radioligand binding studies and in functional studies of
      carbachol-stimulated phosphatidylinositol (PI) turnover. 2. In radioligand
      binding studies the muscarinic receptor in intact cells could be labelled using
      [3H]-N-methylscopolamine ([3H]-NMS) but not by [3H]-pirenzepine. In the intact
      cells these receptors displayed low pirenzepine affinity (pKi = 6.83) indicating
      that they were not of the M1 subtype. Furthermore, the 1321 N1 muscarinic
      receptors displayed low affinity for the two M2-cardiac selective ligands
      methoctramine (pKi = 5.82) and AF-DX 116 (pKi = 6.29). This pharmacology was
      consistent with the 1321 N1 cells containing a single population of muscarinic
      receptors that displayed a similar pharmacology to the M2-receptor present in
      exocrine gland tissue. 3. The M2-gland nature of the receptors was further
      indicated in the functional studies where antagonist affinities were determined
      from their ability to antagonize carbachol-stimulated PI turnover in 1321 N1
      cells. pA2 values for pirenzepine (7.31), methoctramine (6.10) and AF-DX 116
      (6.52) were similar to those determined in the binding studies. 4. From these
      studies we conclude that 1321 N1 astrocytoma cells contain an M2-gland muscarinic
      receptor which mediates muscarinic receptor-mediated stimulation of PI turnover
      in these cells.

PMID- 2924082
TI  - Structure-activity relationships of new analogues of arecaidine propargyl ester
      at muscarinic M1 and M2 receptor subtypes.
AB  - 1. The potency of arecaidine propargyl ester (APE) and of several analogues
      containing a modified ester side chain has been assessed at M1 and M2 muscarinic
      receptor subtypes. APE was shown to act as a potent agonist at ganglionic M1
      receptors in the pithed rat, at M2 receptors in guinea-pig isolated atria (-log
      EC50 = 8.22) and ileum (-log EC50 = 7.77). 2. The arecaidine 2-butynyl and 2
      pentynyl esters were approximately equipotent with APE at M1 and M2 receptors,
      whereas the 2-hexynyl derivative was found to be less potent than APE in atria (
      log EC50 = 6.80) and ileum (-log EC50 = 6.70) by about one order of magnitude.
      The 2-heptynyl and 3-phenyl propargyl esters exhibited no agonist actions in
      atria and ileum. 3. Shifting the triple bond from the 2 to the 3 position and
      introducing a bulky group at position 1 of the ester side chain of APE and
      analogues resulted in competitive antagonists (pA2 ranging from 4.9 to 7.3). 4.
      APE and its 2-butynyl analogue showed some agonistic selectivity for cardiac M2
      receptors (potency ratio, ileum/atria = 2.8 and 4.6 respectively). All
      antagonists in this series of compounds were not selective in terms of affinity
      since their pA2 values at cardiac and ileal M2 receptors were similar (potency
      ratios, ileum/atria = 0.4 to 1.2).

PMID- 2924081
TI  - The classification of prostaglandin DP-receptors in platelets and vasculature
      using BW A868C, a novel, selective and potent competitive antagonist.
AB  - 1. BW A868C, a novel compound, behaved as a simple competitive antagonist in a
      human washed platelet aggregation assay. Anti-aggregatory concentration-effect
      curves to BW 245C were displaced in a parallel manner. The shifts accorded with a
      Schild plot slope of unity and a pKB of 9.26. 2. Inhibition of platelet
      aggregation by prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) was antagonized with a similar potency, as
      were the relaxation effects of BW 245C and PGD2 in the rabbit jugular vein. BW
      A868C can, therefore, be classified as a DP-receptor antagonist. 3. Actions of BW
      A868C at other prostaglandin receptors (IP, EP1, EP2, TP and FP) were excluded at
      concentrations up to 1,000 times higher than the DP-receptor affinity. 4.
      Analyses of BW 245C- and PGD2-mediated effects were complicated by additional
      agonist receptor interactions which were revealed by BW A868C. In rabbit jugular
      vein a resistant phase of agonism was detectable, indicating that both agonists
      exerted effects through another receptor (possibly EP2). Also, PGD2, in addition
      to its anti-aggregatory effect on platelets, demonstrated a pro-aggregatory
      action in the presence of BW A868C. 5. The contractile effects of PGD2 in guinea
      pig tracheal strips were resistant to 10 microM BW A868C indicating that they
      were not mediated through DP-receptors. 6. To our knowledge this is the first
      account of a well-classified competitive antagonist at the DP-receptor. Its
      potency and selectivity make it an important new tool in prostanoid receptor
      classification and identification.

PMID- 2924083
TI  - Pharmacological modulation of Paf-induced rat pleurisy and its role in
      inflammation by zymosan.
AB  - 1. The intrapleural injection of Paf-acether into rats caused, at 30 min, a
      marked exudation accompanied by a reduction in the pleural leucocyte count. At 6
      h, the exudate volume had decreased and a significant increase in the total
      leucocyte count, particularly eosinophils was noted. 2. Two Paf-acether
      antagonists, WEB 2086 and 48740 RP abrogated the pleural leucopenia observed 30
      min after Paf-acether administration, whereas the exudation was inhibited only by
      the former. Pleurisy was also reduced by about 60% with dexamethasone, by about
      45% with BW 755C or LY 171883, a mixed cyclo-oxygenase/lipoxygenase inhibitor and
      a peptido-leukotriene antagonist respectively, and by about 30% with
      indomethacin, flurbiprofen or piroxicam. 3. Repeated daily intrapleural
      injections of Paf-acether led to a state of progressive desensitization to Paf
      acether itself, whereas responsiveness to 5-hydroxytryptamine was maintained. In
      addition, the Paf-induced auto-desensitization was largely inhibited by WEB 2086.
      4. Pleurisy induced by zymosan, but not by carrageenin, was significantly reduced
      in Paf-acether-desensitized animals. These results were consistent with those
      obtained with WEB 2086 which suppressed zymosan-induced but not carrageenin
      induced pleurisy. 5. This study suggests that Paf-acether-induced pleurisy in the
      rat may be mediated by lipoxygenase arachidonic acid metabolites and that
      pleurisy induced by zymosan, but not by carrageenin, is largely dependent upon
      Paf-acether.

PMID- 2924085
TI  - Affinity of muscarinic receptor antagonists for three putative muscarinic
      receptor binding sites.
AB  - 1. A range of muscarinic receptor antagonists were examined for affinity at the
      M1 muscarinic binding site, present in rat cerebrocortical membranes and the M2
      muscarinic binding sites of rat cardiac and submaxillary gland membranes. 2. The
      results obtained were consistent with the presence of three classes of muscarinic
      binding site. 3. Both the M1 binding site, labelled by [3H]-pirenzepine ([3H]
      Pir) in rat cerebrocortical membranes, and the M2 gland binding site, labelled by
      [3H]-N-methyl scopolamine ([3H]-NMS) in rat submaxillary gland membranes,
      displayed higher affinity for pirenzepine, dicyclomine, 4-diphenylacetoxy-N
      methylpiperidine methiodide (4-DAMP) and cyclohexylphenyl (2-piperidinoethyl)
      silanol (CPPS) than did the M2 binding sites of cardiac membranes labelled by
      [3H]-NMS. 4. The M2 cardiac sites displayed higher affinity for methoctramine,
      himbacine and AF-DX 116 than did either the M1 binding site of cerebrocortical
      membranes or the M2 gland binding site present in rat submaxillary gland
      membranes. 5. The M1 and M2 gland binding sites could only be distinguished by
      considering the absolute affinity of compounds for these two sites. Thus, all
      compounds, with the exception of 4-DAMP, displayed between a 2 and 8 fold higher
      affinity for the M1 than for the M2 gland binding site. There were no antagonists
      with higher M2 gland than M1 affinity.

PMID- 2924084
TI  - A specific inhibitor of nitric oxide formation from L-arginine attenuates
      endothelium-dependent relaxation.
AB  - 1. The role of L-arginine in the basal and stimulated generation of nitric oxide
      (NO) for endothelium-dependent relaxation was studied by use of NG-monomethyl L
      arginine (L-NMMA), a specific inhibitor of this pathway. 2. L-Arginine (10-100
      microM), but not D-arginine (100 microM), induced small but significant
      endothelium-dependent relaxations of rings of rabbit aorta. In contrast, L-NMMA
      (1-300 microM) produced small, endothelium-dependent contractions, while its
      enantiomer NG-monomethyl-D-arginine (D-NMMA; 100 microM) had no effect. 3. L-NMMA
      (1-300 microM) inhibited endothelium-dependent relaxations induced by
      acetylcholine (ACh), the calcium ionophore A23187, substance P or L-arginine
      without affecting the endothelium-independent relaxations induced by glyceryl
      trinitrate or sodium nitroprusside. 4. The inhibition of endothelium-dependent
      relaxation by L-NMMA (30 microM) was reversed by L-arginine (3-300 microM) but
      not by D-arginine (300 microM) or a number of close analogues (100 microM). 5.
      The release of NO induced by ACh from perfused segments of rabbit aorta was also
      inhibited by L-NMMA (3-300 microM), but not by D-NMMA (100 microM) and this
      effect of L-NMMA was reversed by L-arginine (3-300 microM). 6. These results
      support the proposal that L-arginine is the physiological precursor for the basal
      and stimulated generation of NO for endothelium-dependent relaxation.

PMID- 2924086
TI  - Monoamine oxidase activity and triiodothyronine biosynthesis in human cultured
      thyroid cells.
AB  - 1. The proposal that monoamine oxidase (MAO) is a source of peroxide in thyroid
      hormone biosynthesis has been examined by use of isolated cultured human thyroid
      cells which retain the ability to secrete triiodothyronine (T3) in response to
      thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). 2. The results demonstrated the presence of
      MAO A and B in human thyroid cells which oxidized 5-hydroxytryptamine and 2
      phenylethylamine, respectively, and were selectively inhibited by the MAO
      inhibitors clorgyline and (-)-deprenyl. 3. Addition of propylthiouracil to the
      culture system induced a 61% reduction in TSH-stimulated T3 secretion, indicating
      that the bulk of such secretion apparently derives from de novo iodothyronine
      synthesis. 4. The MAO A and B substrate, tyramine, was ineffective in stimulating
      T3 secretion. 5. The selective MAO inhibitors, clorgyline and (-)-deprenyl, alone
      and in combination, and in the presence and absence of tyramine, failed to
      inhibit basal as well as TSH-stimulated T3 secretion in cultured human
      thyrocytes. 6. It is therefore apparent that even though thyroid MAO A and B
      enzyme reactions result in the generation of H2O2, this H2O2 does not seem to
      play a significant role in T3 biosynthesis.

PMID- 2924087
TI  - Ouabain distinguishes between nicotinic and muscarinic receptor-mediated
      catecholamine secretions in perfused adrenal glands of cat.
AB  - 1. The effect of ouabain on catecholamine (adrenaline and noradrenaline)
      secretion induced by agents acting on cholinoceptors was studied in perfused cat
      adrenal glands. Acetylcholine (ACh) (5 x 10(-7) to 10(-3) M), pilocarpine (10(-5)
      to 10(-3) M) and nicotine (10(-6) to 5 x 10(-5) M) caused dose-dependent
      increases in catecholamine secretion. Both ACh and nicotine released more
      noradrenaline than adrenaline and the reverse was the case for pilocarpine. 2.
      Ouabain (10(-5) M) enhanced catecholamine secretion induced by ACh (10(-5) M),
      pilocarpine (10(-3) M) and nicotine (3 x 10(-6) M) during perfusion with Locke
      solution. The ratio of adrenaline to noradrenaline was not affected by ouabain.
      3. In the absence of extracellular Ca2+, ACh and pilocarpine, but not nicotine,
      still caused a small increase in catecholamine secretions, which were enhanced by
      treatment with ouabain (10(-5) M) plus Ca2+ (2.2 mM) for 25 min. The effect of
      ouabain was much more significant on noradrenaline secretion than on adrenaline
      secretion. The enhanced response was blocked by atropine (10(-6) M) but not by
      hexamethonium (5 x 10(-4) M). 4. Nifedipine (2 x 10(-6) M) inhibited the
      responses to pilocarpine and nicotine. The treatment with ouabain (10(-5) M)
      reversed only the response to pilocarpine and resulted in a significant increase
      in the proportion of noradrenaline released. 5. It is suggested that ouabain
      enhances evoked catecholamine secretions by facilitating Ca2+ entry through
      nicotinic receptor-linked Ca2+ channels and by increasing the intracellular Ca2+
      pool linked to muscarinic receptors.

PMID- 2924088
TI  - Proceedings of the British Pharmacological Society. London, 19th-21st December.
      Abstracts.

PMID- 2924089
TI  - Accurate non-word spelling despite congenital inability to speak: phoneme
      grapheme conversion does not require subvocal articulation.
AB  - Previous work has shown that children with motor speech disorders (dysarthria)
      have no particular difficulty in spelling non-words containing sounds that they
      cannot produce accurately in their own speech. This suggests that subvocal
      articulation is not implicated in generating a graphemic representation from a
      phonological string. However, it could be argued that, although severely
      unintelligible, dysarthric individuals may be able to use their own articulation
      as a basis for translating between phonemes and graphemes. In this study we
      investigated spelling of words and non-words in cerebral palsied individuals,
      including speechless (anarthric) as well as dysarthric subjects. Although
      spelling abilities of these individuals were below control levels, there was no
      evidence that different processes were used, and one anarthric individual
      achieved perfect performance in spelling a list of non-words which included
      consonant clusters. It is concluded that spelling by the 'indirect' route can be
      achieved in the absence of any articulation.

PMID- 2924090
TI  - The memory structure of autistic idiot-savant mnemonists.
AB  - The memory organization of six autistic mnemonists was investigated in two
      experiments. The first of these provided some evidence that the material of
      special interest to the subjects, in the present instance bus numbers, was stored
      in memory in a categorized form. The second study showed that though the idiot
      savant mnemonists did not differ from controls in the level of their general
      memory performance, the factor structure of a number of memory tests differed
      between the groups. In contrast to the controls, a verbal memory factor which
      seemed independent of measured verbal IQ was operative in the mnemonist subjects.

PMID- 2924091
TI  - Radiological evaluation of temporal bone disease: high-resolution computed
      tomography versus conventional X-ray diagnosis.
AB  - Sixty-two patients with different temporal bone lesions were prospectively
      examined by high-resolution computed tomography (CT) and conventional plain
      radiography, including pluridirectional tomography. High-resolution CT enabled a
      clear diagnosis in 80% of cases, conventional radiology in 63%; 1.6-times more
      bone information was recorded by high-resolution CT which is clearly superior for
      imaging cholesteatomas, metastases and inflammatory processes and for evaluating
      osseous destruction. With regard to pathological soft tissue or effusions filling
      the tympanic cavities, conventional radiology shows poor sensitivity (0.61). High
      resolution CT is the most sensitive method for the imaging and classification of
      temporal bone fractures, including labyrinthine damage and ossicular chain
      injuries. Only in cases of atypical fractures with an unfavourable relationship
      to the CT planes, can carefully directed tomography be more effective. In most
      cases high-resolution CT replaces conventional radiology and should be the method
      of choice for comprehensive radiological examination of the temporal bone.

PMID- 2924092
TI  - Basic concepts of femoral neck anteversion: comparison of two definitions.
AB  - Femoral neck anteversion is determined by the neck, shaft and knee axes. It is
      commonly assumed that the neck axis is a straight line connecting the centre of
      the femoral head, the centre of the femoral neck and the axis of the femoral
      shaft. However, the line through the centre of the femoral head and neck crosses
      anterior to the axis of the femoral shaft. A distinction has therefore to be made
      between two principal different definitions of anteversion, denoted ANTEV 1 and
      ANTEV 2 in this paper, depending on the precise definition of the neck axis.
      Previous studies have indicated substantial differences between these
      definitions. The present study, using precise measuring methods, shows that the
      definitions have a systematic but small spread of differences. The large
      individual variation previously found between the two definitions is therefore
      caused mainly by the measuring methods and to a lesser extent by real anatomical
      variations.

PMID- 2924093
TI  - Percutaneous drainage of subphrenic abscesses.
AB  - Forty subphrenic abscesses were drained percutaneously in 37 patients. These
      abscesses were subsequent to abdominal surgery (28 patients), biliary obstruction
      and/or fistula (six patients), trauma (two patients) or acute pancreatitis (one
      patient). The procedures were usually monitored by duplex sonography and
      fluoroscopy (35 out of 40 cases), with an angled subcostal approach to the
      subphrenic space in over 85% of the cases. Forty-three drainage catheters were
      inserted using the Seldinger method; 37 (86%) had a size of 12 F or more, 21 were
      16 F in size. Only two out of 43 catheters were double-lumen sump drains. The
      clinical condition improved after insertion of the catheter in all 37 patients.
      Definitive successful drainage, defined as hospital discharge without
      complementary surgery, was achieved in 32 patients (87%), without major
      complications. A temporizing effect was obtained in three additional patients
      (8%) who underwent curative surgery for the underlying process after complete
      drainage of the abscess. Two patients died from multiple organ failure before
      their abscess healed. Considerations for successful drainage of subphrenic
      abscesses include a good knowledge of the subphrenic space anatomy, the use of
      large-bore drainage catheters and the recognition and correct management of
      underlying enteric, biliary or pancreatic fistulas.

PMID- 2924094
TI  - Experiences at the new magnetic resonance imaging centre at Bristol.
AB  - The magnetic resonance imaging unit in Bristol has been housed in a new purpose
      built centre, shared between three District Health Authorities, but operated
      entirely separate from the National Health Service. Inasmuch as this is thought
      to be a unique arrangement, the publication of its finances and statistics have
      been readily tabulated at the end of its first year's operation, and may be of
      interest to others planning a similar organization.

PMID- 2924095
TI  - Radical radiotherapy for carcinoma of the vulva.
AB  - A study was made of 58 patients with carcinoma of the vulva treated by radical
      radiotherapy between 1965 and 1982. The choice of treatment technique was
      influenced by site and extent of disease as well as the general condition of the
      patient. The crude 5-year survival was 26% (15/58). Local control was achieved in
      40% of cases and was associated with tumour size of 4 cm or less. Radionecrosis
      occurred in nine cases but none of these required surgical intervention. Surgery
      remains the treatment of choice for carcinoma of the vulva. This report
      emphasizes that radical radiotherapy has a curative potential in those cases
      considered unsuitable for surgery and that the necrosis type and rate are within
      the limits of acceptable morbidity.

PMID- 2924096
TI  - Films, screens and cassettes for mammography.
AB  - Various film-screen combinations intended for mammography have been compared for
      image quality and for dose. Image quality was assessed as in an earlier paper,
      using a test object having details which are both realistic and quantitative.
      Relative doses required to give film densities of 1.0 were measured. The Kodak
      MinR-MinR combination was taken as a standard against which others were compared,
      and in general a lower dose was accompanied by poorer image quality. The Fuji NH
      film with Fuji Hi-Mammo screen was the sole exception, giving slightly better
      image quality at about half the dose required by the MinR combination. A number
      of cassettes were also compared with each other and with evacuated envelopes. The
      Dupont Cronex cassette and three carbon-fibre fronted cassettes all performed
      well in image quality.

PMID- 2924098
TI  - Sickle-shaped scapulae in a patient with the Pierre Robin syndrome.

PMID- 2924097
TI  - Unusual long bone changes in thalassaemia: findings on plain radiography and
      computed tomography.

PMID- 2924099
TI  - Autopsy assessment of the Gunther vena caval filter.

PMID- 2924100
TI  - Demonstration on computed tomography of tracheomalacia in tracheobronchomegaly
      (Mounier-Kuhn syndrome).

PMID- 2924101
TI  - Lipoma arborescens of the knee.

PMID- 2924102
TI  - Radiation dose to urological surgeons during X-ray fluoroscopy for percutaneous
      stone extraction.

PMID- 2924104
TI  - Variation of image quality with X-ray tube potential in mammography.

PMID- 2924103
TI  - Intraoperative radioactive localization of an osteoid osteoma: a useful variation
      in technique.

PMID- 2924105
TI  - Aid to localization for computed tomographic biopsy and aspiration procedures.

PMID- 2924106
TI  - Ultrastructural localization of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase-like
      immunoreactivity in the rat locus coeruleus.
AB  - Adrenergic afferents from the rostral ventrolateral medulla are known to modulate
      the activity of noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus (LC). The light and
      electron microscopic localization of a polyclonal antiserum directed against the
      adrenaline synthesizing enzyme, phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) was
      used to determine the identity and targets of the adrenergic afferents to the LC
      of the rat brain. By light microscopy, varicose processes showing intense PNMT
      like immunoreactivity (LI) were seen throughout the neuropil surrounding neuronal
      perikarya which in adjacent sections were shown to contain immunoreactivity for
      the noradrenaline synthesizing enzyme, dopamine-beta-hydroxylase. Electron
      microscopy confirmed that these labeled varicose processes were primarily axon
      terminals. Terminals containing PNMT-LI constituted 30% (141 out of 464) of all
      identifiable terminals within the LC. These terminals were 0.5-1.8 micron in
      diameter and contained many small, clear and from 2 to 10 larger dense-core
      vesicles. The targets of the terminals with PNMT-LI were principally unlabeled
      (i.e. non-PNMT-containing) perikarya and dendrites. The synaptic junctions on
      perikarya were rare and exclusively symmetric; whereas, those on proximal (large)
      dendrites were somewhat more numerous and included symmetric as well as
      asymmetric membrane specializations. However, the vast majority (85% from a total
      of 141) of the terminals with PNMT-LI formed asymmetric synaptic junctions on
      unlabeled distal (small) dendrites and dendritic spines. In rare instances, the
      PNMT-immunoreactive terminals also formed synaptic junctions with other similarly
      labeled terminals. These findings provide the first ultrastructural evidence that
      adrenergic terminals in the LC (1) are one of the more prevalent synaptic inputs
      to the principally noradrenergic neurons; (2) have both symmetric and asymmetric
      synaptic specializations conventionally associated with inhibition and
      excitation, respectively; and (3) may modulate other adrenergic terminals through
      presynaptic mechanisms. In addition to the varicose processes, light microscopy
      revealed diffuse PNMT-LI throughout the LC. The ultrastructural correlate of this
      labeling was seen as patches of peroxidase product within the cytoplasm of a few
      perikarya and dendrites and throughout the cytoplasm of astrocytes identified by
      their discrete bundles of microfilaments. The detection of PNMT-LI in cells that
      are not known to synthesize adrenaline is surprising and suggests either a
      functional diversity for PNMT or amino acid sequence homologies with related
      enzymes which are enriched in the LC.

PMID- 2924107
TI  - Long-lasting reduction of dentate paired-pulse depression following LTP-inducing
      tetanic stimulations of perforant path.
AB  - Effects of high-frequency stimulations of the perforant path on the dentate
      paired-pulse depression were examined in urethane-anesthetized rats. The tetanic
      stimulations produced a long-term potentiation (LTP) of the excitatory synaptic
      transmission at the perforant path-dentate granule cell synapses in almost all
      animals examined. The strength of the early paired-pulse depression at an inter
      pulse interval (IPI) of 20 ms decreased significantly for at least 60 min after
      the tetanic stimulations, whereas the late paired-pulse depression at an IPI of 2
      s remained almost unchanged. The reduction of the early paired-pulse depression
      was stepwise augmented by each of successive tetanic stimulations given at an
      interval of 10 min. A preceding antidromic stimulation of the mossy fibers
      depressed the population spike amplitude of perforant path response at an
      interval of 5-9 ms. The strength of the antidromic depression of population spike
      also decreased following the perforant path tetanic stimulations. These results
      suggest that tetanic stimulations of the perforant path produce a long-lasting
      reduction of the GABAergic recurrent inhibition in the dentate area associated
      with LTP. The possible mechanisms of the decrease in GABAergic inhibition
      produced by tetanic stimulations and its possible effects on the development of
      LTP with succeeding tetanic stimulations were discussed.

PMID- 2924108
TI  - Effect of serotonin on blood flow to the choroid plexus.
AB  - The choroid plexus contains a very high density of serotonin receptors and
      serotonin has been reported to influence the rate of formation of cerebrospinal
      fluid. The goal of this study was to examine effects of serotonin (5
      hydroxytryptamine) on blood flow to the choroid plexus. Blood flow to the choroid
      plexus was measured in anesthetized cynomolgus monkeys and dogs using radioactive
      microspheres. Under control conditions, blood flow to choroid plexus was
      approximately 4 times greater than blood flow to the cerebrum in monkeys and
      approximately 7 times greater than blood flow to the cerebrum in dogs. Infusion
      of serotonin (40 micrograms.kg-1.min-1) into the left atrium increased blood flow
      to choroid plexus by 101 +/- 26% (mean +/- S.E.M.) in monkeys and by 201 +/- 45%
      in dogs. Serotonin did not affect cerebral blood flow. These findings suggest
      that serotonin may play an important role in regulation of blood flow to the
      choroid plexus.

PMID- 2924109
TI  - Repeated calcitonin treatment reduces the stimulation of inositol phospholipid by
      norepinephrine and serotonin in rat hippocampus and cerebral cortex.
AB  - Stimulation of inositol phospholipid hydrolysis by norepinephrine or 5
      hydroxytryptamine was reduced in hippocampal or cortical slices from rats
      repeatedly injected with (Asu1.7)eel-calcitonin (2.5 IU/kg i.p.). This effect was
      specific, as the basal or carbamylcholine-stimulated inositol phospholipid
      hydrolysis was unchanged in slices from calcitonin-injected animals. The reduced
      responsiveness to norepinephrine did not reflect a decreased number or affinity
      of alpha 1-adrenergic recognition sites, suggesting that calcitonin treatment
      leads to a reduced coupling between alpha 1-adrenoceptors and phospholipase C.

PMID- 2924110
TI  - Distinct localization of prostaglandin D2, E2 and F2 alpha binding sites in
      monkey brain.
AB  - Autoradiographic localization of binding sites for [3H]prostaglandin D2, E2 and
      F2 alpha in the monkey brain was investigated by using in vitro labeling and an
      image processing system. Specific binding sites were distinctly localized in
      various nuclei in the hypothalamus, thalamus, and limbic system and their
      localization well correlated to the known functions of PGs in the brain by
      pharmacological and neurophysiological experiments. Furthermore, no direct
      relation was observed between the localization of PG binding sites and that of
      muscarinic cholinergic, alpha 1-adrenergic, and mu-opioid receptors in the
      preoptic area and hypothalamus.

PMID- 2924111
TI  - Satiety and sleep: the effects of bombesin.
AB  - Our recently proposed ischymetric hypothesis of the control of feeding and sleep
      predicts that both of these phenomena must be closely related. Whether food was
      available or not, peripherally administered bombesin produced an enhancement of
      total sleep by specifically increasing the duration of slow wave sleep but not
      the duration of paradoxical sleep. In all experimental situations, paradoxical
      sleep latency was increased. The data suggest an active role for endogenous
      bombesin-like peptides in the regulation of satiety and sleep.

PMID- 2924112
TI  - Developmental and hormonal factors in the sexually dimorphic, asymmetrical
      response to focal cortical lesions.
AB  - The developmental and hormonal determinants of the lateralized response to focal
      cortical suction lesions were examined in a series of experiments. In an initial
      study, Sprague-Dawley male rats 25, 30, 55 or 90 days of age, received right
      unilateral focal frontocortical suction lesions. Only 90-day-old rats developed
      hyperactivity, suggesting a specific role for maturational factors in the
      production of this response. Prepubertally castrated adult male rats receiving
      right frontocortical suction lesions at 90 days also failed to develop
      hyperactivity, suggesting that sexual maturational factors and/or the presence of
      testosterone are necessary for the expression of this response. Testosterone
      implants, producing physiological relevant levels of circulating testosterone
      reinstated the hyperactivity response to adult cortical lesions in prepubertally
      castrated male rats. Similar lesions in the left hemisphere, however, did not
      produce hyperactivity in castrated male rats with testosterone replacement.
      Finally, in ovariectomized adult female rats, testosterone did not allow the
      expression of a hyperactivity response to right frontocortical suction lesions.
      Together, these results demonstrate both an organizational and permissive role
      for sex steroids in the sexually dimorphic asymmetrical response to cortical
      injury.

PMID- 2924113
TI  - Antisera to the ganglioside GM1 do not have anti-myelin or anti-axon activities
      in vitro.
AB  - Four antisera to the ganglioside GM1 were tested for effects on myelin and axons
      when applied to mouse spinal cord-dorsal root ganglia explant cultures. None of
      the antisera to GM1 caused myelination inhibition or demyelination, while an
      antiserum to galactocerebroside caused both. Antisera to GM1 did not inhibit
      axonal outgrowth or destroy mature outgrowth zone axons, while an antiserum to a
      rat brain axolemma-enriched fraction did both. These results suggest that
      antibodies to GM1 do not have significant anti-myelin or anti-axon activity.

PMID- 2924114
TI  - Administration of L-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylate increases glutathione levels
      in rat brain.
AB  - Sterile L-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylate, given as a neutral 100 mmol solution
      at a dose of 8 mmol/kg subcutaneously, caused an increase in total glutathione
      concentration in the brain of treated rats. This finding could be important in
      understanding the role of glutathione in the central nervous system.

PMID- 2924115
TI  - Raphe cells grafted into the hippocampus can ameliorate spatial memory deficits
      in rats with combined serotonergic/cholinergic deficiencies.
AB  - The ability of embryonic raphe cells grafted into the hippocampus to restore
      spatial learning ability was tested in rats with combined
      serotonergic/cholinergic deficits. Embryonic raphe cells (E14) were transplanted
      into the hippocampus of serotonin-depleted rats. Two to 3 months after
      transplantation, control, lesioned and grafted rats were tested in a spatial
      memory task (a water maze) with and without the addition of atropine. All 3
      groups could negotiate the water maze equally well, in non-drug conditions. The
      injection of atropine caused a severe disruption of performance only in the
      serotonin depleted rats. The presence of an active serotonergic graft was
      examined in the intact rat hippocampus using the serotonin releasing drug
      fenfluramine (FFA). A pronounced depression of hippocampal EEG was observed in
      control and grafted but not in lesioned rats 15 min after the injection of FFA.
      These results suggest the involvement of serotonin in cognitive functions in the
      rat. Furthermore, it is suggested that an interaction between serotonergic and
      cholinergic neurotransmission occurs in the hippocampus.

PMID- 2924116
TI  - Alterations of muscarinic cholinergic receptors in the hippocampal formation of
      stressed rat: in vitro quantitative autoradiographic analysis.
AB  - Alterations in muscarinic cholinergic (mACh) binding sites in the hippocampal
      formation of rats after immobilization stress (IM-stress) lasting 0.5 or 3 h were
      quantitated using a computer-assisted image analysis system on autoradiograms
      following labeling of frozen sections with [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB). The
      concentration of acetylcholine (ACh) in the rat hippocampus after IM-stress was
      also measured and showed no significant change compared to control. IM-stress for
      0.5 h produced significant increases in the concentration of mACh binding sites
      in the whole hippocampal formation and in two subdivisions studied (CA1 plus CA2
      and dentate gyrus); after 3 h of stress, the increase remained significant only
      in the dentate gyrus. These findings suggest that IM-stress induce a
      hypersensitivity of the septo-hippocampal cholinergic system and the 'up
      regulation' of postsynaptic mACh receptors is more lasting in the dentate gyrus
      than in the hippocampus as a whole.

PMID- 2924117
TI  - Neuronal loss in lumbar dorsal root ganglia after proximal compared to distal
      sciatic nerve resection: a quantitative study in the rat.
AB  - The effects of unilateral sciatic nerve resections at proximal (thigh) or distal
      (proximal calf) locations on L4-L6 dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neuronal numbers
      have been studied in adult rats. Proximal nerve resection gave rise to a mean DRG
      neuronal loss of 27%, whereas in distal lesions a mean cell loss of 7% was found.
      This difference in cell loss between proximal and distal sciatic nerve resections
      is highly significant (P less than 0.001).

PMID- 2924119
TI  - Observations on static and dynamic responses of muscle stretch receptors in
      kittens.
AB  - In 5-19-day-old kittens anesthetized with Saffan, the discharges of de-efferented
      triceps surae muscle receptors were recorded from afferent fibers in dorsal root
      filaments. The conduction velocities of the afferent fibers ranged between 7 and
      30 m/s. Receptors were identified as spindles on the basis of their response to
      muscle stretch and, whenever possible, the pause in their discharge during muscle
      contraction. Spindles responding with sustained discharges to muscle extensions
      of less than 1 mm could be found in 5-8-day-old kittens, provided the muscles was
      left 'in situ', with intact skin, tendon and aponeuroses. However, such responses
      were rare before 10 days, and the majority of receptors essentially displayed
      phasic responses to muscle stretch, in agreement with previous observations. In
      responses to sinusoidal muscle stretching of 0.1-0.5-mm amplitude, kitten
      receptors were easily driven to discharge one impulse per cycle at frequencies of
      10-15 Hz. But unlike adult spindles, they could not follow higher frequencies
      unless the amplitude of stretch was increased. The maturation of dynamic
      responses is slower than that of static responses in kitten spindles. In the
      first postnatal weeks, small changes in muscle length are poorly signaled to the
      central nervous system.

PMID- 2924118
TI  - GM1 ganglioside attenuates the behavioral deficits but not the granule cell
      damage produced by intradentate colchicine.
AB  - Bilateral injection of 3.5 micrograms of colchicine into the dentate gyrus
      produced hyperactivity, impaired retention of a passive avoidance task, and
      enhanced the motor stimulant effects of a dopaminergic agonist (apomorphine) and
      the analgesic effects of morphine. In contrast, there was no alteration in
      scopolamine-induced hyperactivity. These effects were associated with a decrease
      in the thickness of the granule cell layer in both the superior and inferior
      blade of the dentate gyrus and a coincident decrease in the size of the overlying
      dentate molecular layer. Intraperitoneal injection of monosialoganglioside GM1
      (30 mg/kg) beginning 3 days prior to surgery and continuing for 25 days following
      surgery appeared to limit the extent and duration of these behavioral effects.
      GM1 facilitated recovery of motor activity and attenuated the impaired retention
      of the passive avoidance task and the alterations in pharmacological sensitivity
      following intradentate injection of colchicine. Despite the facilitative effects
      of GM1 on behavior histological analysis of the hippocampus did not reveal a
      protective effect of this compound on colchicine-induced granule cell
      destruction. The results of these studies suggest that intradentate injection of
      colchicine is a useful model of human diseases where only restricted populations
      of neurons are damaged. Furthermore, these studies indicate that the use of
      monosialoganglioside GM1 might be a useful primary or adjunct approach to the
      treatment of neurodegenerative disorders and their behavioral sequelae.

PMID- 2924120
TI  - Ontogenesis of chromogranin A and B and catecholamines in rat adrenal medulla.
AB  - The ontogenesis of chromogranins A and B and catecholamines was investigated for
      rat adrenal medulla. The chromogranins, the major secretory peptides of
      chromaffin granules, were characterized by one- and two-dimensional
      immunoblotting. Chromogranin B appeared identical in fetal and postnatal
      adrenals. On the other hand a significant portion of chromogranin A
      immunoreactivity in fetal adrenals was present in a component which was
      identified as a proteoglycan form of chromogranin A. In adult adrenals this
      proteoglycan chromogranin A was different and much less prominent. Total
      chromogranins and catecholamines increased parallely from the 17th prenatal day
      to the adult stage. However in early periods of development chromaffin granules
      are likely to contain relatively higher catecholamine levels than adult granules.
      At the end of the gestational period both the ratio of adrenaline to
      noradrenaline and of chromogranin A vs B increases sharply. These results
      establish that from the 17th prenatal day onward fetal adrenal glands contain
      chromaffin granules which are filled with both the major secretory peptides and
      catecholamines. The relative composition of the secretory content (adrenaline vs
      noradrenaline and chromogranin A vs chromogranin B) changes at the end of the
      gestational period in parallel with the development of the corticosteroid
      producing adrenal cortex.

PMID- 2924121
TI  - Bombesin microinfusion into the rat hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus
      increases blood glucose, free fatty acids and corticosterone.
AB  - Bombesin is a particularly potent hyperglycemic agent when administered
      intraventricularly or intracisternally in the rat. Because bombesin-like
      immunoreactivity is found in several forebrain regions implicated in
      glucoregulation, the ability of direct hypothalamic microinfusions of this
      peptide to affect serum metabolic fuel levels was tested. Three experiments,
      using anesthetized, acutely infused rats, or unanesthetized rats with chronic
      intracranial implants, showed that microinfusion of bombesin into the
      hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus caused significant, dose-related increases
      in serum glucose; infusions into the lateral hypothalamus or the caudate nucleus
      were ineffective. Infusions into the ventromedial nucleus significantly elevated
      glucose only in acutely anesthetized rats. In unanesthetized rats with chronic
      intracranial cannulae, bombesin infusions into all 3 hypothalamic sites, but not
      the caudate-putamen, significantly elevated blood free fatty acids, while only
      infusions into the paraventricular nucleus caused significant dose-related
      increases in blood corticosterone. The results demonstrate that the
      paraventricular nucleus is a sensitive site for bombesin-induced elevation of
      blood glucose, free fatty acids, and corticosterone. They also imply that the
      bombesin binding sites and immunoreactive terminals previously identified in
      these regions may be involved in the central regulation of circulating metabolic
      fuel levels and the pituitary-adrenal axis, and that the effects of acute surgery
      may augment the hyperglycemic response to intrahypothalamic bombesin
      administration.

PMID- 2924122
TI  - Sex difference in the visual projections of young chicks: a quantitative study of
      the thalamofugal pathway.
AB  - We investigated quantitatively the thalamo-hyperstriatal visual projections of
      chickens by injecting the fluorescent dye True blue (TB) in either side of the
      Wulst on day 2 post hatching. The ratios resulting from the comparison of the
      number of cells retrogradely labelled in the nuclei dorsolateralis anterior
      thalami (DLA) contralateral and ipsilateral to the site of injection (C/I ratios)
      revealed a structural asymmetry in the thalamofugal projections of male chicks (n
      = 17) but not in those of females (n = 12). In the males, TB injections in the
      right hyperstriatum resulted in higher C/I ratios (37 +/- 14%) compared to
      injections in the left hyperstriatum (22 +/- 7%). Thus, the left DLA (fed by the
      right eye) was found to give rise to a more developed visual projection compared
      to the right DLA (fed by the left eye). No such difference was found in female
      chicks (41 +/- 13% and 38 +/- 12%, respectively): each DLA gives rise to
      similarly developed visual projections. We also report evidence of higher
      densities of cell bodies labelled in the DLA of females compared to males. These
      results are discussed in the light of experiments demonstrating sex differences
      in functional asymmetry in chicks tested with the left or right eye occluded.

PMID- 2924123
TI  - Stimulation of choline acetyltransferase activity by retinoic acid and sodium
      butyrate in a cultured human neuroblastoma.
AB  - Choline acetyltransferase (Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase, EC 2.3.1.6,
      abbreviated ChAT), the biosynthetic enzyme for acetylcholine and
      acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7, abbreviated AChE) are expressed in a human
      cholinergic neuroblastoma cell line, MC-IXC. We have shown that ChAT activity can
      be regulated in culture by retinoic acid, an active metabolite of vitamin A, and
      by sodium butyrate, an organic fatty acid. Optimal concentrations of these agents
      produce 4.3-fold and 1.6-fold increases in ChAT activity, respectively. The
      effects of retinoic acid are statistically significant after 24 h, whereas for
      sodium butyrate significant differences are seen only after 48 h. Since retinoic
      acid stimulation of ChAT activity was reversed only by trypsin treatment and not
      by removal of retinoic acid from the medium, this suggests that this agent may be
      acting at the level of the cell surface. Other differentiating conditions, such
      as culture in serum-free medium or addition of 1-2% dimethylsulfoxide did not
      increase ChAT activity. Acetylcholinesterase activity was shown to increase only
      in the presence of sodium butyrate, suggesting that retinoic acid and sodium
      butyrate may be acting via different pathways. Retinoic acid and sodium butyrate
      both seem to be permissive rather than instructive in regulating ChAT activity in
      that they are unable to induce ChAT expression de novo in cell lines which do not
      already express ChAT activity.

PMID- 2924124
TI  - Mechanism of activation of choline acetyltransferase in a human neuroblastoma
      cell line.
AB  - In our previous report we have shown that the enzyme choline acetyltransferase
      (ChAT), responsible for the synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, can
      be regulated in response to treatment by either retinoic acid or sodium butyrate.
      These responses were dose and time dependent, but the mechanism by which these
      agents were acting was not understood. We now report the results of studies aimed
      at elucidating the level at which both sodium butyrate and retinoic acid are able
      to increase ChAT activity. The effects of these agents on macromolecular
      synthesis appeared to be limited to small but statistically significant increases
      in the rate of RNA synthesis. However, inhibition of DNA, RNA and protein
      synthesis in these cells had no effect on the stimulation of ChAT activity by
      either sodium butyrate or retinoic acid. Several experiments appeared to rule out
      a role for cyclic AMP or protein kinase C in the regulation of ChAT activity,
      even though retinoic acid treatment could increase endogenous levels of cyclic
      AMP 3- to 4-fold over the time course of ChAT activity stimulation. Experiments
      performed to determine kinetic parameters of this enzyme demonstrated changes
      only in the Vmax, but not the Km of ChAT, suggesting that the affinity of enzyme
      for either of its substrates was not responsible for the increase in specific
      activity. Taken together, this evidence suggests that the activation of choline
      acetyltransferase in this human neuroblastoma cell line occurs at the post
      translational level.

PMID- 2924126
TI  - Neuropeptide Y-containing neurons in the human infant hippocampus.
AB  - Using immunohistochemistry, high concentrations and widespread distribution of
      neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive (NPY-IR) neurons were found and examined in each
      region of the hippocampal formation from birth to 42 years. NPY interneurons are
      particularly numerous in the stratum oriens of the CA1 subfield, in the deep
      layers of the subicular complex and entorhinal cortex. They are multipolar round,
      ovoid or triangular or bipolar and fusiform. There is a dense network of NPY-IR
      nerve fibers in the subicular complex and the entorhinal cortex. In addition,
      numerous NPY-IR nerve cell bodies and fibers are observed in the angular bundle
      and the adjacent white matter and this contrasts with the absence of NPY
      immunoreactivity in the fiber tracts of the alveus. These NPY-IR neurons which
      correspond to the interstitial neurons of the white matter, have the morphology
      and the size of the interneurons detected in the cortex. During the postnatal
      brain growth spurt which corresponds to the phase of rapid myelination, there is
      no decline in total number of NPY-IR neurons but there is a decrease in density.
      They have been spread apart by the growth of the rest of the tissue. So in
      humans, the total number of NPY nerve cell bodies in the hippocampal system,
      firmly established at birth, is not modified during consequent brain growth which
      continues until ages 3-4 years and stays stable at least until age 42 years.

PMID- 2924125
TI  - Enhanced phosphoinositol hydrolysis in response to vasopressin in the septum of
      the homozygous Brattleboro rat.
AB  - Arginine8-vasopressin (AVP) receptors in the septum of the Long-Evans rat have
      been shown to be both pharmacologically (displacement profiles) and functionally
      (ability to stimulate phosphoinositide hydrolysis) similar to the peripheral V1
      type receptor for AVP. Previous binding studies of AVP receptors in the septum of
      heterozygous (HE) and homozygous (vasopressin-deficient, HO) Brattleboro (BB)
      rats revealed an increased number of receptors with a lower affinity for AVP in
      the HO-BB rat when compared to the HE-BB rat. To determine the effect of these
      receptor changes in the HO-BB rat septum on the postreceptor response of the
      tissue to AVP, concentration-response relationships for AVP-stimulated
      phosphoinositide hydrolysis were examined in septal slices from age-matched,
      adult male HE- and HO-BB rats. AVP-stimulated accumulation of [3H]inositol-1
      phosphate (IP1) was significantly greater in the HO-BB (43.7%) than in the HE-BB
      (13.7%) at AVP concentrations of 10(-08) to 10(-05) M. The two groups did not,
      however, differ in their ability to stimulate [3H]IP1 accumulation in response to
      2.0 mM carbachol. When the AVP-stimulated phosphoinositide response in both
      genotypes was compared to that obtained for the Long-Evans (LE) rat (the parent
      strain of the Brattleboro rat) septum under the same assay condition, it was
      found that the response in the HE-BB was much lower than in the LE. AVP receptor
      binding capacity (Bmax) correlated (r = 0.975) with release of IP1 ([3H]IP1
      accumulation) for all 3 groups studied (LE, HE, HO).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2924127
TI  - Angiotensin II-induced rhythmic jaw movements in the ketamine-anesthetized guinea
      pig.
AB  - The EMG activity of the left anterior digastric muscle as well as associated jaw
      movements were studied in ketamine-anesthetized guinea pigs that had received
      i.v. infusions of angiotensin II (ANG-II). Rhythmic jaw movements with two
      distinct movement profiles were associated with ANG-II infusion. One movement
      profile was typified by vertical jaw opening and closing movements with little or
      no associated horizontal movement. The second rhythmical jaw movement profile was
      unlike the first in that jaw closing was accompanied by a significant horizontal
      deflection of the jaw. Both jaw movement profiles were similar in that little or
      no horizontal movement occurred during jaw opening. Tongue protrusions were also
      observed during jaw opening in both cases. The results show that ANG-II induces
      rhythmic jaw movements in anesthetized guinea pigs. ANG-II-induced jaw movement
      profiles and digastric muscle EMG activity are similar to those seen after an
      i.v. injection of apomorphine in the anesthetized guinea pig, and to those
      associated with lapping in the awake animal.

PMID- 2924128
TI  - Extracellular increase of hypoxanthine and xanthine in the cortex and basal
      ganglia of fetal lambs during hypoxia-ischemia.
AB  - A microdialysis procedure was used to sample purine catabolites from the
      extracellular compartment of two areas of the fetal brain, the cerebral cortex
      and the striatum region. Seven exteriorized, anesthetized fetal sheep were
      studied during conditions of normal oxygenation and during asphyxia induced by
      stepwise lowering of maternal placental perfusion pressure. Fetal cerebral blood
      flow (CBF) was measured with the 133Xe washout method. Somatosensory evoked
      potentials were recorded during tactile stimulation of the fetal snout. The
      purine catabolites hypoxanthine (HX), xanthine (Xan), guanosine (Gua), inosine
      (Ino) and adenosine (Ade) were measured in arterial and venous plasma and in the
      dialysate by a HPLC method. During gradually increasing asphyxia HX increased 4-6
      fold both in cerebral tissue and in arterial plasma, while Xan rose 1.5-3 times
      in cerebral tissue and arterial plasma. Gua did not change in either tissue or
      blood and Ino did not rise until at the most extreme degree of asphyxia it rose 2
      4-fold. Ade concentrations remained unaltered during moderate asphyxia (when CBF
      rose 3-fold), but demonstrated a significant (2-3-fold) augmentation at the most
      extreme degrees of asphyxia. The results thus suggests a significant accumulation
      of oxypurines, especially HX, in the interstitium of the fetal brain during
      asphyxia. The rise in xanthine concentration demonstrates the presence of an
      activity of xanthine oxidase in brain tissue. A discrepancy between the elevation
      of CBF and of the tissue concentration of Ade does not support a direct role of
      Ade in the asphyctic cerebral vasodilation in the fetus.

PMID- 2924129
TI  - Impaired up-regulation of type II corticosteroid receptors in hippocampus of aged
      rats.
AB  - Several recent investigations have reported a decline of rat hippocampal
      corticosteroid-binding receptors (CSRs) with aging. This decline has been
      proposed to be an initial cause (through disinhibition) of the elevated adrenal
      steroid secretion that apparently occurs with aging; however, it could instead be
      an effect of corticoid elevation (through down-regulation). In order to assess
      the effects of age on CSR biosynthetic capacity in the absence of down-regulatory
      influences of endogenous corticoids, as well as to study aging changes in CSR
      plasticity, we examined the up-regulation of hippocampal CSR that follows
      adrenalectomy (ADX). The rat hippocampus contains at least two types of CSR
      binding and differential analysis of types I and II CSR was accomplished by
      selective displacement of [3H]corticosterone with RU-28362, a specific type II
      agonist. In young (3 months old) Fischer-344 rat hippocampus, up-regulation of
      type II binding above 2-day ADX baseline was present by 3-7 days and increased
      still further by 8-10 days post-ADX; type I CSR density did not change
      significantly between 1 and 10 days post-ADX. However, in aged (24-26 months old)
      rats, type II CSR up-regulation did not occur over the 10 day post-ADX period.
      Thus, the age-related impairment of type II up-regulation may reflect an
      intrinsic deficit in CSR biosynthesis or lability that is independent of the
      acute endogenous adrenal steroid environment.

PMID- 2924130
TI  - Modulations of EEG activity in the entorhinal cortex and forebrain olfactory
      areas during odour sampling.
AB  - With the aim of determining a possible role of the entorhinal cortex (EC) in the
      processing of olfactory information, its electrical activity was recorded during
      different types of odour sampling behaviour. The EC spontaneous field potentials
      (EEGs) were related to those recorded simultaneously from the more rostrally
      lying olfactory bulb (OB) and prepiriform cortex (PPC), using coherence
      functions. The coherence values are measures of coupling between two neuronal
      populations. Auto- and coherence spectra were characterized by a peak in the beta
      band (35-36 Hz) and another in the 16-20 Hz band. For the beta-peak of the PPC-EC
      coherence it was shown that both the maximal values and the median frequency
      decrease during the first 0.5-1.0 s of a trial in a two-choice odour
      discrimination task. These transients differed significantly for CS+ and CS-
      trials. However, no such difference was observed during exploratory sniffing at
      the same pair of odorants. It was concluded that during sniffing the degree of
      coupling of the EC with the PPC depends on the behavioural context but not on the
      quality of the odorants. As regards the 16-20 Hz components it was shown, using
      bispectral analysis, that these components represent the 1/2 subharmonic of the
      beta-components. The subharmonic components were enhanced during the initiation
      of sniffing. This means that the neural networks of OB, PPC and EC have non
      linear dynamic properties. These networks show different modes of oscillatory
      behaviour, characteristic of the restful state and of the active sniffing state.
      Theoretical implications of these experimental results are discussed. In
      conclusion, it was demonstrated that modulations with sniffing behaviour are
      present in the beta-EEG components and their subharmonics in the olfactory brain
      areas including the EC. This indicates that the latter is involved in processes
      of the evaluation of olfactory cues in relation to the animal's behaviour.

PMID- 2924131
TI  - Evidence for the involvement of a descending cholinergic pathway in systemic
      morphine analgesia.
AB  - The analgesic effect of morphine sulfate (3-5 mg/kg, i.p.) was assessed by both
      tail-flick and hot-plate tests in unanesthetized restrained rats. Intrathecal
      administration of atropine sulfate (10 micrograms) in the lumbar region of the
      spinal cord powerfully reduced the analgesia induced by systemic administration
      of morphine. This action did not result from the diffusion of atropine from its
      administration site to more rostral sites in the central nervous system. In
      spinal rats, atropine failed to reverse morphine analgesia, thus strongly
      suggesting that either a cholinergic descending pathway or a spinal local
      cholinergic circuit activated by an unknown descending pathway may be involved in
      the systemic morphine analgesia. In addition, the involvement of the alpha
      adrenergic descending pathway in morphine analgesia is confirmed, whereas that of
      the serotonergic descending pathway is less prominent.

PMID- 2924132
TI  - Electrophysiological evidence for axonal branching of ambiguous laryngeal
      motoneurons.
AB  - Laryngeal motoneurons in the nucleus ambiguous (NA) were identified
      antidromically by stimulation of the ipsilateral superior laryngeal nerve (S)
      and/or the recurrent laryngeal nerve (R). In some NA motoneurons, antidromic
      spikes elicited by both S and R stimulation collided with the spontaneously
      occurring discharges. In the same neuron, spikes evoked antidromically by
      stimulation of one laryngeal nerve always collided with antidromic spikes
      elicited by stimulation of the other laryngeal nerve. Of 105 NA neurons activated
      by S and R stimulation, 36 neurons satisfied the criteria, and were classified as
      NA neurons with branching axons (branching NA (B-NA) neurons). Those neurons
      activated by either S or R stimulation but not both were classified as NA neurons
      without branching axons (unbranched NA (UB-NA) neurons). Mean antidromic
      latencies of B-NA neurons were 0.79 +/- 0.20 ms to S stimulation and 1.91 +/-
      0.45 ms to R stimulation and those values for UB-NA neurons were 0.84 +/- 0.17 ms
      to S stimulation and 2.10 +/- 0.53 ms to R stimulation respectively. None of
      these mean values were significantly different from one another. Conduction time
      in the unbranched portion of the branching axon was estimated according to the
      equation reported by Anderson and Yoshida. The mean conduction time for 20 B-NA
      neurons was 0.45 +/- 0.35 ms. The branching point in B-NA neurons was estimated
      on the basis of the conduction time in the unbranched stem portion and those
      times in two branches of a branching axon measured electrophysiologically. The
      results suggest that the majority of B-NA neurons bifurcate within a half axonal
      length.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2924133
TI  - Synaptic organization of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus of the cat.
AB  - The synaptic organization of the feline pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPN)
      was studied electron microscopically. The bouton covering ratios were calculated
      in various sizes of PPN neurons, and the ratios of large neurons (56%) were found
      to be much higher than those of small neurons (16%). The PPN neuron dendrites
      usually showed some varicosities, and spines were observed on both somatic and
      dendritic profiles. Among a total of 1021 synapses sampled at random, axosomatic,
      axodendritic and axospinous synapses comprised 21.7, 61.2 and 14.1%,
      respectively. On the basis of the postsynaptic junction, these synapses were
      classified into the symmetric (66.3%) and the asymmetric (33.7%) types. The
      percentage of symmetric synapses was much higher on the soma (91.0%), and the
      large (69.4%) and medium-sized (63.2%) dendrite, while that of asymmetric
      synapses showed a higher value on the small dendrite (55.5%) and the dendritic
      spine (50.8%). Axoaxonic, dendrodendritic and dendroaxonic synapses, although not
      so frequent, were, in part, involved in the serial synapse or the synaptic triad.
      It is concluded that some PPN neurons are spiny, and that axosomatic,
      axodendritic and axospinous synapses are the main synaptic constituents and
      besides those synapses a more complex synaptic organization exists in this
      nucleus.

PMID- 2924134
TI  - Nicotine infused into the nucleus accumbens increases synaptic dopamine as
      measured by in vivo microdialysis.
AB  - It has been postulated that addiction to nicotine is mediated by dopamine release
      in the mesolimbic system. It is possible that nicotine might act directly on the
      dopamine terminals to release dopamine. This hypothesis was tested by infusing
      nicotine through a microdialysis probe into the nucleus accumbens of freely
      moving rats. Dopamine, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, and homovanillic acid from the
      extracellular space were collected by microdialysis and measured by high pressure
      liquid chromatography. Nicotine increased extracellular dopamine in a dose
      related manner. Systemic injection of the nicotine antagonist mecamylamine
      blocked the dopamine increase induced by local nicotine. These results suggest
      that nicotine releases dopamine by a local action in the nucleus accumbens
      terminal area of the mesolimbic system. Presynaptic induction of dopamine release
      might play a role in nicotine addiction.

PMID- 2924135
TI  - Fetal brain grafts induce recovery of learning deficits and connectivity in rats
      with gustatory neocortex lesion.
AB  - Three groups of rats showing disrupted taste aversion due to gustatory neocortex
      lesions, were studied. One group received a transplant of homotopic cortical
      tissue, another of heterotopic tectal tissue, obtained from 17-day-old fetuses.
      The third group remained without transplant as a lesioned control group.
      Comparisons of the taste aversion scores before and after graft, revealed that
      cortical grafted animals significantly improved the taste aversion, whereas those
      which received tectal grafts, and the cortical-lesioned controls did not.
      Moreover, results with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) histochemistry revealed that
      the homotopic, but not the heterotopic, brain transplants were able to re
      establish connections with amygdala and with the ventromedial nucleus of the
      thalamus areas who normally kept connectivity with the gustatory neocortex. These
      results support the hypothesis that fetal brain transplants can reestablish
      cognitive functions, as well as connectivity with its host tissue.

PMID- 2924136
TI  - GABAergic septohippocampal neurons contain parvalbumin.
AB  - Septal axons were visualized in the hippocampus by anterograde transport of
      Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHAL) injected into the medial septal region,
      which contains large numbers of parvalbumin (PV)-immunoreactive somata. A
      proportion of the PHAL-labelled afferents in the hippocampus were shown to be
      immunoreactive for PV by immunostaining alternate sections. This population of
      septohippocampal axons alone was found to be immunoreactive for gamma
      aminobutyric acid (GABA) following post-embedding immunogold staining of
      ultrathin sections cut from the same material.

PMID- 2924137
TI  - Regional calcium accumulation and kainic acid (KA)-induced limbic seizure status
      in rats.
AB  - The sites of calcium accumulation were studied by 45Ca autoradiography during
      kainic acid (KA)-induced limbic seizure in rats. Two hours after KA injection
      into unilateral amygdala, calcium accumulated in CA3 of the hippocampus, lateral
      septal nucleus and thalamic reticular nucleus on KA-injected side. Those sites
      coincided with the sites where neuronal cell damage appeared 4 h after KA
      injection. These results suggested that regional calcium accumulation might be
      responsible for neuronal cell loss induced by seizures.

PMID- 2924138
TI  - Functional muscarinic supersensitivity in denervated rat hippocampus.
AB  - The effects of carbachol (CCh), a cholinergic agonist, were compared in voltage
      clamped hippocampal pyramidal neurons in vitro, obtained from normal and fimbria
      fornix-lesioned rats. A substantial increase in sensitivity to the effects of CCh
      was seen in denervated neurons. The supersensitivity was demonstrated on both the
      inward leak current and the calcium-dependent potassium current, IAHP. These
      findings provide convincing evidence for cholinergic denervation supersensitivity
      in the hippocampus.

PMID- 2924139
TI  - Depression of calcium current at mouse motor nerve endings by polycationic
      antibiotics.
AB  - The hypothesis according to which polycationic antibiotics produce neuromuscular
      block by interfering with the Ca current of motor nerve terminals has been
      examined using external electrodes in nerve-muscle preparations of the mouse. It
      was found that kanamycin, bekanamycin and polymyxin B depressed presynaptic Ca
      currents probably by neutralizing negative surface charges.

PMID- 2924140
TI  - Blocking of morphine-induced locomotor hyperactivity by amygdaloid lesions in
      C57BL/6 mice.
AB  - Bilateral lesions of the amygdaloid complex in C57BL/6 mice prevented the
      occurrence of morphine-induced hypermotility (running fit). This effect, that was
      different from that observed after hippocampal lesions but similar to that
      observed after caudate lesions, confirms the role of the basal ganglia
      catecholaminergic system in the development of the motor stimulation consecutive
      to the administration of this opiate receptor agonist.

PMID- 2924141
TI  - Photoresponses of an extraocular photoreceptor associated with a decrease in
      membrane conductance in an opisthobranch mollusc.
AB  - The photoresponse of an extraocular photoreceptor, the photoresponsive neuron (A
      P-1) in the abdominal ganglion of Onchidium verruculatum, was studied by using a
      voltage-clamp with two micropipettes and a monochromatic light. When the A-P-1
      was voltage-clamped at resting membrane potential levels, light induced a slowly
      developing inward current which peaked at about 20 s. A decrease in membrane
      conductance accompanied this light-induced current which corresponded to the
      depolarizing photoreceptor potential in the unclamped A-P-1. The relationship
      between the peak of the current response and light intensity could be predicted
      by using the modified Michaelis-Menten equation. The spectral sensitivity for the
      photoresponse had a peak at 490 nm. The steady-state light-induced current was a
      non-linear function of the membrane potential. The current-voltage relationship
      for the instantaneous light-induced current was almost linear. In normal (10 mM
      K+) saline, the polarity of the instantaneous light current reversed from inward
      to outward at about -67 mV, and doubling the external K+ from 10 to 20 mM shifted
      the reversal potential to about-50 mV, similar to that predicted by a K+
      electrode. These results suggest that the light-induced current or the
      depolarizing receptor potential of A-P-1 is due to the light suppression of a
      voltage- and time-dependent K+ current.

PMID- 2924142
TI  - Pretectal and tectal projections to the homologue of the dorsal lateral
      geniculate nucleus in the pigeon: an anterograde and retrograde tracing study
      with cholera toxin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase.
AB  - The possibility of a projection from the pretectal nucleus, lentiformis
      mesencephali (LM), to the principal optic nuclei (OPT) of the dorsolateral
      thalamus was investigated using cholera toxin conjugated to horseradish
      peroxidase (CT-HRP). Injections of CT-HRP into LM produced massive anterograde
      labeling of the pars lateralis of the nucleus dorsolateralis anterior thalami
      (DLL), and sparse labeling of the pars magnocellularis (DLAmc). Injections of CT
      HRP into OPT in turn produced massive retrograde labeling of both parvocellular
      and magnocellular divisions of LM. These results relate to possible neural
      mechanisms underlying optokinetic nystagmus. OPT injections also retrogradely
      labeled small neurons throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the tectum which were
      confined to superficial laminae.

PMID- 2924143
TI  - Subjective pain sensation is linearly correlated with the flexion reflex in man.
AB  - In an attempt to define the relationship between physiological and psychological
      correlates of pain during low-level voluntary contraction, electrical stimuli
      between threshold and maximally tolerable intensities were delivered to the sole
      of the foot in 7 normal subjects. The two measures used to assess the response
      magnitude are: (1) the flexion reflex (FR) in the ipsilateral biceps femoris
      (BF), and (2) the estimate of perceived intensity reported on a visual analog
      scale (VAS). Our results showed that both BF FR area and VAS ratings bore a
      direct linear relationship with stimulus intensity and with each other,
      suggesting that at least under our paradigm, the sensory component of a
      nociceptive stimulus may already be largely set at the spinal interneuronal
      level.

PMID- 2924144
TI  - A preliminary description of the regeneration of optic nerve fibers in a reptile,
      Vipera aspis.
AB  - Crushing or freezing the optic nerve of the viper leads initially to the
      anterograde degeneration of the optic nerve fibers and to an extensive retrograde
      demyelination process associated with the degeneration of some retinal ganglion
      cells. By the 45th postoperative day, regenerating unmyelinated axons can be
      identified in the damaged region of the optic nerve. These fibers reach the
      chiasm and the marginal optic tract by the third postoperative month. The
      radioautographic tracing method shows that some nuclei of the primary visual
      system begin to be reinnervated by about the 5th postoperative month; this
      reinnervation was not, however, completely restored in those specimens with the
      longest postoperative survival of 220 days.

PMID- 2924145
TI  - Natural killer cell activity in vasopressin-deficient rats (Brattleboro strain).
AB  - Several lines of evidence suggest that the neuropeptide vasopressin is involved
      in the regulation of the immune system. We explored this possibility by comparing
      the cytotoxic activity of natural killer (NK) cells in Brattleboro (DI) rats,
      which are homozygous for diabetes insipidus and lack vasopressin, and Long-Evans
      (LE) rats, the strain from which DI rats were derived. Additionally, we compared
      the effects of swim stress, morphine administration and vasopressin replacement
      on NK cell activity in these two strains. In DI rats, NK cell activity,
      determined by a standard 4-h chromium-release assay, was significantly higher
      than in LE rats. Both swim stress and morphine administration suppressed NK
      activity in DI and LE rats. There was no difference in the level of suppression
      between the two strains. Vasopressin replacement normalized water intake in DI
      rats, but had no significant effect on NK cell activity. DI rats exhibited lower
      plasma corticosterone levels, which were not elevated by vasopressin replacement.
      The results suggest that the lack of vasopressin in DI rats elevates baseline NK
      cell activity, probably via mechanisms that are secondary to the vasopressin
      deficiency (e.g. lower corticosterone levels). Neither vasopressin nor other
      hormones affected by vasopressin deficiency seem to be involved in the acute
      modulating effects of stress and morphine on NK cells.

PMID- 2924146
TI  - Variations in the cellular incorporation of [3H]proline.
AB  - Injections of [3H]proline into various CNS nuclei in the cat and into the rat
      dorsal column nuclei labeled terminal targets of those regions despite the fact
      that only glia (and not neuronal somata) were labeled at the injection site. In
      contrast, although injections into cat CNS fiber tracts labeled glial cells
      surrounding the axons, neither the axoplasm, somata or terminals of those axons
      were labeled. In addition, injections into cat PNS dorsal root ganglia labeled
      ganglion cells. These results support previous findings suggesting that 3H
      proline is incorporated into a class of molecules in the CNS (but not PNS) that
      is transferred from glia into neuronal somata (but not axoplasm).

PMID- 2924147
TI  - Hypothalamic axons terminate on forebrain cholinergic neurons: an ultrastructural
      double-labeling study using PHA-L tracing and ChAT immunocytochemistry.
AB  - A correlated light and electron microscopic study combining choline
      acetyltransferase immunocytochemistry with anterograde tracing of Phaseolus
      vulgaris leucoagglutinin revealed that axons of lateral hypothalamic neurons
      terminate on forebrain cholinergic projection cells. This finding is discussed in
      relation to direct and indirect corticopetal systems.

PMID- 2924148
TI  - Inhibitory influences on hypoglossal neural activity by stimulation of midpontine
      dorsal tegmentum in decerebrate cat.
AB  - In the spontaneously breathing decerebrate cat, the properties of the suppressive
      effects on hypoglossal nerve activity and on diaphragmatic activity elicited by
      stimulation of the midpontine dorsal tegmentum (DTF area) were analyzed.
      Stimulation simultaneously decreased the activities of the hypoglossal nerve as
      well as that of the diaphragm. However, the inhibitory influences on the above
      two kinds of activities were different in nature. Diaphragmatic activity, once
      suppressed by stimulation, recovered and gradually became greater in amplitude in
      spite of the continuation of stimulation. In contrast, DTF stimulation depressed
      tonic discharges of the hypoglossal nerve, and the decreased tonic nerve activity
      persisted after stimulation ended. Rhythmic hypoglossal activity, once suppressed
      by stimulation, reappeared during DTF stimulation. Such a rhythmic activity,
      however, vanished after the termination of stimulation, although the rhythmic
      diaphragmatic activity did not.

PMID- 2924149
TI  - Direct electrical stimulation of the superior ovarian nerve in rats causes an
      increase in neuronal activity in the ipsilateral ovarian plexus nerve.
AB  - Ovarian blood flow and neuronal activity in the ovarian plexus nerve (OPN) were
      monitored before, during and after direct electrical stimulation of the central
      cut end of the ipsilateral superior ovarian nerve (SON). Blood flow did not
      change during the observation period. Stimulation of the SON increased the
      frequency of action potentials in the OPN, suggesting an ovarian reflex pathway
      mediated by the SON and the OPN.

PMID- 2924150
TI  - Exploration and habituation in Purkinje cell degeneration mutant mice.
AB  - Purkinje cell degeneration (pcd) mutant mice lose virtually all Purkinje cells.
      It was found that the pcd mutants did not show within-sessions habituation in
      terms of hole-poking responses. This type of perseverative responding has been
      found in rats with limbic system damage and implies a role for the cerebellum in
      behavioral inhibition.

PMID- 2924151
TI  - Kindling induced changes in parvalbumin immunoreactivity in rat hippocampus and
      its relation to long-term decrease in GABA-immunoreactivity.
AB  - The immunoreactivity of parvalbumin (PV), a Ca2+-binding protein present in a
      subpopulation of interneurons, was studied in the hippocampal CA1 region during
      kindling epileptogenesis, induced by tetanic stimulation of the Schaffer
      collateral/commissural fibers. PV-immunoreactivity was increased in comparison to
      controls after 13 afterdischarges and after the induction of generalized
      seizures. A quantification of the number of PV-immunoreactive somata showed an
      increase of 20% in both stages of kindling. This level had returned to baseline
      level 31 days after the last seizure. These results imply that changes in PV
      immunoreactivity are related to seizure activity rather than to the long-term
      increase in seizure sensitivity in kindled animals. Co-localization study in
      controls showed that 32% of PV-immunoreactive somata were also immunopositive for
      GABA. A colocalization study in stratum oriens and pyramidale on the stimulated
      side of kindled animals 31 days after the last generalized seizure showed neither
      a reduction in the number of PV-immunoreactive somata nor in the number of GABA
      immunopositive cell bodies that co-localized with PV. In contrast, the number of
      GABA-immunoreactive somata that did not co-localize with PV was reduced by 50%.
      It has been shown that a large influx of Ca2+ plays a crucial role in
      epileptogenesis. Here we demonstrate that the presence of the calcium-binding
      protein parvalbumin seems to exert a protective effect against the process that
      leads to a decrease in GABA content.

PMID- 2924152
TI  - Optic tract stimulation evokes GABAA but not GABAB IPSPs in the rat ventral
      lateral geniculate nucleus.
AB  - The inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) evoked in neurons of the rat
      ventral geniculate nucleus (vLGN) by electrical stimulation of the optic tract
      and the action of GABA and baclofen on the same cells were studied using
      intracellular recording technique in an in vitro slice preparation. A short
      latency short duration IPSP always followed the monosynaptic excitatory
      postsynaptic potential (EPSP). This IPSP reversed in polarity at about -65 mV and
      was reversibly blocked by bicuculline (50 microM) thus indicating that it
      represents a GABAA receptor-mediated IPSP. No long-lasting IPSP was evoked in
      vLGN cells by stimulation of the optic tract, while in the same slice, long
      lasting GABAB IPSPs were routinely recorded in the dorsal lateral geniculate
      nucleus. GABA applied by ionophoresis evoked a hyperpolarization that had a
      reversal potential close to -70 mV and was antagonized by bicuculline. Baclofen
      hyperpolarized vLGN neurons and its action was reversibly blocked by the
      selective GABAB antagonist phaclofen (1 mM). In the presence of bicuculline GABA
      also produced a hyperpolarization that had properties similar to that evoked by
      baclofen. These results indicate that, although functional GABAA and GABAB
      receptors are present on vLGN neurons, stimulation of the optic tract evokes only
      GABAA but not GABAB mediated IPSPs. The lack of long-lasting GABAB IPSPs could
      explain the absence of long-lasting inhibition observed in vLGN neurons in vivo
      following stimulation of the optic tract.

PMID- 2924153
TI  - Electromyographic (EMG) amplitude patterns in the proximal and distal
      compartments of the cat semitendinosus during various motor tasks.
AB  - The electromyographic (EMG) signals recorded from the proximal (STp) and distal
      (STd) compartments of the cat semitendinosus muscle (ST) during treadmill running
      at various speeds, jumping and paw-shaking were quantified to assess the degree
      of independence of neural control of the two portions of the muscle. Five adult
      cats were implanted with intramuscular electrodes in the STp and STd. Raw EMG
      signals were sampled, rectified and a modified form of their running average was
      used to calculate the mean EMG every 20 ms. EMG amplitudes of each portion of the
      muscle were plotted and their relative density distributions were generated. The
      relative density distribution was used to represent a measure of the probability
      of any two amplitudes occurring simultaneously (i.e. joint probability density
      distribution). Based on the probability density distributions of the EMG signals
      from different movements, the patterns of recruitment from the STp and STd were
      similar. However, during jumping and paw shaking, two relatively vigorous tasks,
      some deviations in the pattern were apparent. These data, therefore, suggest that
      the two ends of the ST are subjected to similar, but not identical, control
      mechanisms during the motor tasks studied.

PMID- 2924154
TI  - An analysis of mandibular movement trajectories and masticatory muscle EMG
      activity during drinking in the guinea pig.
AB  - Electromyographic (EMG) activity of the anterior digastric, lateral pterygoid,
      and deep masseter muscles as well as the associated jaw movements during drinking
      were studied in the awake guinea pig. Drinking was characterized by rhythmic,
      vertically directed jaw movements with little or no associated lateral movements.
      The jaw opening phase of each cycle was associated with bilaterally synchronized
      EMG activity in the digastric and lateral pterygoid muscles, and the jaw closing
      phase with bilaterally synchronized activity in the masseter muscles. The mean
      EMG burst durations (+/- 1 S.E.) in the digastric and masseter muscles were 164.2
      +/- 14.93 ms and 94.3 +/- 26.44 ms, respectively. The digastric muscle EMG burst
      duration was significantly correlated with drinking cycle time and with masseter
      muscle EMG onset; on the other hand, masseter muscle EMG burst duration was not
      correlated with cycle time. These patterns of EMG activity and jaw movement
      trajectories are similar to those induced by apomorphine in the ketamine
      anesthetized guinea pig.

PMID- 2924155
TI  - Responses of the suprachiasmatic nucleus to retinohypothalamic tract volleys in a
      slice preparation of the mouse hypothalamus.
AB  - The electrophysiological responses of the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) to
      stimulated synaptic input from the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT) were
      investigated using a hypothalamic slice preparation that includes the entire SCN,
      optic chiasm and optic nerves. Extracellular recordings of single-unit activity
      reveal a population of neurons in the ventrolateral SCN that are activated at a
      median latency of 10 ms after stimulation of the contralateral optic nerve. These
      neurons apparently receive direct excitatory input from RHT synapses. Other SCN
      neurons are activated at longer latencies, possibly through input from
      interneurons. The population field potentials evoked in the SCN by optic nerve
      volleys consist of a calcium-insensitive transient generated by optic tract axons
      in the chiasm, followed by calcium-sensitive waves generated by postsynaptic
      activity. The postsynaptic waves have the form of a field EPSP, negative in the
      dorsolateral SCN and positive in the ventrolateral SCN, upon which is
      superimposed a population spike of opposite polarity. The population spike occurs
      at the same latency as the monosynaptic single unit responses, which were all
      found near or ventral to the point of reversal of field potential. These findings
      suggest that neurons in the ventrolateral SCN are excited by synapses on dorsally
      extended dendrites. The conduction velocity of the RHT in the optic nerve was
      found to be 0.59 +/- 0.03 mm/ms, while that of the optic tract volley was 2.4 +/-
      0.75 mm/ms. The low conduction velocity of the RHT indicates that, within the
      optic nerve, these axons are thin and/or unmyelinated in the optic nerve.

PMID- 2924156
TI  - Electric vs magnetic trans-cranial stimulation of the brain in healthy humans: a
      comparative study of central motor tracts 'conductivity' and 'excitability'.
AB  - Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were elicited in the thenar muscles of 11 healthy
      volunteers via individual electric unifocal and magnetic trans-cranial stimuli
      (TCS). The effects of TCS strength, of the muscular state (relaxed, contracted)
      as well as of the amplitude-latency characteristics and the duration of the motor
      tracts central conduction times (CCTs) to hand muscles, were evaluated and
      compared between the two types of brain excitation. MEPs with the shortest
      latency (18.91 +/- 1.31 ms) were recorded in the voluntarily contracted muscle
      during electric TCS, whilst those with maximal latency (23.3 +/- 1.63 ms) were
      found after magnetic TCS with an intensity at threshold for eliciting an MEP of
      about 0.1 mV in the relaxed muscle. Mean CCTs for electric and magnetic TCS
      calculated in the contracted target muscles, were respectively 5.07 +/- 0.51 and
      6.34 +/- 0.46 ms. MEPs with larger amplitudes and durations were observed during
      magnetic TCS, being maximal when suprathreshold stimuli were delivered. A
      restricted range of liminar values of magnetic TCS was obtained by defining the
      threshold for raising motor responses in complete muscle relaxation, indicating
      that magnetic pulses might represent a useful probe for testing the
      'excitability' of the motor tracts.

PMID- 2924157
TI  - A critical role of the posterior hypothalamus in the mechanisms of wakefulness
      determined by microinjection of muscimol in freely moving cats.
AB  - In order to determine critical sites within the hypothalamus responsible for the
      induction and maintenance of wakefulness (W), we performed microinjections of
      muscimol, a potent gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) agonist, in various lateral
      hypothalamic regions of freely moving cats. We found that bilateral injections of
      a small amount of muscimol (0.1-1.0 micrograms/0.5 microliters) in the preoptic
      and anterior hypothalamus and rostral mesencephalic tegmentum resulted in
      increased vigilance and insomnia. In contrast, microinjections of muscimol in the
      middle and anterior parts of the posterior hypothalamus induced long-lasting
      behavioral and electroencephalographic signs of sleep with short latency. The
      hypersomnia was characterized by a significant increase in both light and deep
      slow wave sleep (SWS), and a nearly complete suppression of paradoxical sleep
      (PS). Animals with muscimol microinjections in the ventrolateral part of the
      posterior hypothalamus, however, exhibited increased SWS followed by a
      significant increase in PS. When injected into the posterior hypothalamus of
      insomniac cats pretreated with p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA), muscimol induced not
      only SWS but also PS with short latency. The present data thus support the
      hypotheses that the posterior hypothalamus plays a critical role in the
      mechanisms of W and that sleep might result from functional blockade of the
      hypothalamic waking center.

PMID- 2924158
TI  - Masseter inhibitory periods and sensations evoked by electrical tooth-pulp
      stimulation in subjects under hypnotic anesthesia.
AB  - Sensation and masseter inhibitory periods (MIP) to electrical tooth-pulp
      stimulation were recorded under hypnotic anesthesia and placebo to local
      anesthesia. In the first experiment, 8 subjects were tested for the effect of
      hypnotic anesthesia on sensory detection and MIP at non-painful stimulus levels
      (mean = 42.1 microA) and painful levels (mean = 86.5 microA). The percentage of
      detection for non-painful stimuli changed from 94.3% to 14.1% and for painful
      stimuli from 100% to 28%; both changes were significant (P less than 0.001).
      Hypnotic anesthesia blocked sensation without interrupting the initiation of the
      early component of the MIP, but did suppress its late component. In the second
      experiment, 8 subjects were tested for the perceived intensity of 5 levels of
      electrical tooth-pulp stimulation under hypnotic anesthesia and placebo. Sensory
      intensity was measured by the visual analog scale (VAS). Hypnotic anesthesia was
      significantly more effective than placebo (P less than 0.001) in reducing
      sensation. The differential effect of hypnotic anesthesia on the early and late
      component of the MIP lends further support to the hypothesis that hypnotic
      anesthesia operates primarily at suprasegmental, higher levels in the brain.

PMID- 2924159
TI  - Prediction of stroke-prone gerbils and their cerebral circulation.
AB  - We attempted to predict the severity of cerebral ischemia, prior to permanent
      occlusion of a common carotid artery (CCA), in the gerbil by measuring the
      diameter of the distal CCA before and during temporary ligation and correlated
      the severity of cerebral ischemia and the pattern of cerebral circulation. All
      gerbils with reduction of the diameter over 44% after temporary occlusion
      developed severe neurological signs following permanent ligation. These gerbils
      lacked any connection between the left and right anterior cerebral arteries (ACA)
      and the pericallosal arteries originated from the ACA of the occluded side. No
      gerbils with reduction of less than 30% developed neurological signs and those
      gerbils possessed a definite anastomosis between the ACAs from both sides. Six of
      7 gerbils without connection between the ACAs whose pericallosal arteries
      originated from the ACA of the non-occluded side proved to be moderately
      symptomatic. It was concluded that we could reliably predict severely symptomatic
      and moderately symptomatic gerbils with specific cerebral circulation patterns
      prior to permanent occlusion of the CCA. The preselected 'stroke-prone' gerbils
      should be useful for the investigation of cerebral ischemia and the evaluation of
      pharmacological agents.

PMID- 2924160
TI  - Evidence that changes in presynaptic calcium currents are not responsible for
      long-term potentiation in hippocampus.
AB  - We used two approaches to test the possibility that changes in presynaptic
      calcium currents might be responsible for the long-term potentiation (LTP) effect
      induced by high-frequency stimulation in area CA1 of hippocampal slices. In a
      first series of experiments, we compared the effect of LTP induction on paired
      pulse facilitation with that produced by changes in extracellular calcium
      concentration, a procedure that modifies presynaptic calcium currents during
      depolarization by changing the ionic gradient for calcium. In hippocampus, as in
      peripheral synapses, increasing concentrations of extracellular calcium caused a
      marked reduction in the degree of facilitation obtained with paired-pulse
      stimulation; LTP, conversely, did not affect the facilitation ratio. The
      differential effect of changing calcium concentrations versus LTP induction on
      paired-pulse facilitation was observed with different interpulse intervals as
      well as in conditions in which the changes in response size produced by the two
      manipulations were comparable. In the second approach, we measured calcium
      dependency curves of synaptic responses before and after LTP induction or
      application of 4-aminopyridine, a blocker of potassium channels that increases
      presynaptic calcium currents by slowing spike repolarization. Procedures that
      increase calcium entry into terminals during transmission should shift to the
      left the sigmoidal function relating extracellular calcium to the slope of the
      extracellular response. This in turn should result in disproportionate effects of
      the procedure as a function of the calcium concentration. This prediction was
      realized with 4-aminopyridine but did not occur following LTP induction: control
      and potentiated responses were similarly affected by changes in calcium
      concentration. Although indirectly, these data strongly suggest that LTP is not
      accompanied by alterations in the presynaptic calcium dynamics associated with
      transmitter release.

PMID- 2924161
TI  - Diazepam binding inhibitor-like immunoreactivity(51-70): distribution in human
      brain, spinal cord and peripheral tissues.
AB  - We have used a specific radioimmunoassay to describe the distribution of diazepam
      binding inhibitor-like immunoreactivity (DBI-IR(51-70) in human post-mortem
      tissues. In brain, highest concentrations were found in the cerebellum, amygdala,
      hippocampus, hypothalamus and substantia nigra. In the spinal cord, DBI-IR(51-70)
      was evenly distributed. In peripheral tissues, highest concentrations were found
      in the liver and kidney. Chromatographic analysis revealed several molecular
      forms of DBI-IR(51-70) the major form being of greater molecular weight and
      hydrophobicity than the synthetic fragment peptide. In peripheral tissues, but
      not in the CNS, a small peak of immunoreactivity was indistinguishable from the
      synthetic peptide. DBI-IR(51-70) is therefore widespread, but tissue processing
      may be different.

PMID- 2924162
TI  - Monoamine and metabolite levels in the prefrontal cortex and the mesolimbic
      forebrain following neonatal lesions of the ventral tegmental area.
AB  - Monoamine metabolism was determined in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and
      the limbic forebrain (LFB) of adult rats following neonatal lesions of the
      ventral tegmental area. The dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) levels were
      decreased down to 30% in both the mPFC and the LFB. The noradrenaline (NA) level
      was also significantly decreased, but only in the mPFC of the right hemisphere.
      The metabolite/transmitter ratios of DA and 5-HT, but not of NA, were greatly
      increased in the depleted mPFC, but not in the LFB, which suggests an increased
      activity of the remaining cortical DA and 5-HT fibres in the mPFC.

PMID- 2924163
TI  - Feeding increases extracellular serotonin in the lateral hypothalamus of the rat
      as measured by microdialysis.
AB  - Microdialysis probes inserted into chronically implanted guide shafts allowed the
      collection of serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) from the lateral
      hypothalamus of rats during feeding behavior. After the collection of baseline
      samples, animals were offered a palatable diet that they could only see and smell
      for 60 min, then they were allowed access to the food for an hour. An additional
      three samples were collected after food was removed. Extracellular serotonin
      increased during the first half hour of access when the animals actually ate the
      food, and then returned to baseline level throughout the remainder of the test. 5
      HIAA decreased gradually with no increase during feeding. These data suggest that
      eating a meal of palatable food causes a short-term increase in extracellular
      serotonin in the lateral hypothalamus. This increased serotonin may play a role
      in the control of lateral hypothalamic feeding and reward.

PMID- 2924164
TI  - A sense of movement elicited in paralyzed distal arm by focal magnetic coil
      stimulation of human motor cortex.
AB  - Two magnetic coils (MCs) of special design (Cadwell Laboratories) were used to
      elicit movements predominantly of one or a few digits by percutaneous stimulation
      of human motor cortex. When cortically elicited movements were ischemically
      blocked, the MC still elicited a discrete sense of digit movement; a sense of
      movement map was constructed by stimulating at different scalp sites. Our
      findings support the existence of corollary discharge.

PMID- 2924165
TI  - Neuronal damage following repeated brief ischemia in the gerbil.
AB  - The effect of repetition of brief ischemia, which causes no morphological brain
      damage when given as a single insult, was studied. Two-minute forebrain ischemia
      was induced in gerbils singly and 3 or 5 times at 60-min intervals. Although 2
      min ischemia induced no neuronal damage, 3 or 5 repeated ischemic insults caused
      neuronal damage in the selectively vulnerable regions, the severity being
      dependent on the number of episodes.

PMID- 2924166
TI  - EMBOPRO--an automatically generated protein sequence database.
AB  - For the identification of newly sequenced proteins it is necessary to have a
      large stock of known proteins for comparison. In this paper we present an
      automatically generated protein sequence database. The translation program
      introduced allows a periodical translation of every new release of the EMBL
      database. Possible errors of the translation are discussed as well as the
      reliability of the nucleotide sequence data, which turns out to be quite good. A
      comparison of our translated database with some established ones is given.

PMID- 2924167
TI  - A simple add-on algorithm to extend one-dimensional finite difference diffusion
      calculations to include charge coupling.
AB  - The importance of interionic charge coupling in chemical and biological diffusion
      problems is discussed, and the Nernst-Planck (ionic) and Onsager-Fuoss (neutral
      component) methods are considered. A novel single pass charge-coupling algorithm
      'Q-COUPLE' is proposed, which should be usable as a separate add-on subroutine
      with many one-dimensional finite difference diffusion calculations. Its mode of
      operation is explained with the help of elementary electrostatics and by
      reference to listings in BASIC. The algorithm is being applied in a finite
      difference model of diffusion-with-reaction in dental plaque, with 12 ions or
      ionizable molecules diffusing and interacting with fixed charges. It is shown to
      be invariant with respect to the direction of sweep, and in the simple case of
      coupled diffusion of a single polyvalent electrolyte is found to compare well
      with the analytical solution. Advantages and limitations of the proposal are
      discussed.

PMID- 2924168
TI  - Chaos: principles and implications in biology.
AB  - In this paper we review some of the basic principles of the theory of dynamical
      systems. We introduce the reader to the definition of chaos and strange
      attractors and we discuss their implications in biology.

PMID- 2924169
TI  - The frequency of oligonucleotides in mammalian genic regions.
AB  - The large body of nucleic acid sequence data now available offers a unique
      opportunity for the characterization of individual oligonucleotides which may be
      specific to sequence functional domains. We have prepared algorithms for the
      study of the frequency distribution of all oligonucleotides of length 2-6 in DNA
      sequences. We have implemented them in the study of 634 mammalian DNA sequences
      spanning 1.782 Mb, and have obtained the distribution of the ratio between the
      observed frequency of oligonucleotides and their expected frequency based on
      independent nucleotide probabilities. We then studied the distribution of
      oligonucleotides (or k-tuples) of each length in a subset of 129 complete
      mammalian genes spanning 0.607 Mb. Eight distinct genomic regions, namely 5'-non
      transcribed, first exon, first intron, intermediate exons, intermediate introns,
      last intron, last exon and 3'-non-transcribed, were considered. We observed that
      some oligonucleotides show a statistical behaviour and a regional distribution
      similar to that of known signal sequences. Moreover the frequency distribution of
      oligonucleotides of length 5 and 6 tends to become bimodal, indicating the
      existence of a population of very frequent oligonucleotides.

PMID- 2924170
TI  - A compact, flexible and cheap system for acquiring sequence data from
      autoradiograms with a digitizer and transferring it to an arbitrary host
      computer.
AB  - In this article we describe MS-EdSeq, an integrated system for fast and accurate
      gel reading combined with safe and automatic file transfer to an arbitrary host
      computer. The uniqueness of MS-EdSeq is its way of forming a link between the
      interactive sequence editor on the PC and the potential of the minicomputer
      acting as a host, thus making optimal use of both systems. This is especially
      suited for the moderately sized research group, using DNA-sequencing as one of
      various biochemical methods, where PCs are already in use for other tasks and a
      minicomputer is available. The gel reading algorithm described is fast, accurate
      and simple and the file transfer relies on the safe and well-known Kermit
      programs.

PMID- 2924171
TI  - SDSE: a software package to simulate the evolution of a pair of DNA sequences.
AB  - An algorithm to simulate DNA sequence evolution under a general stochastic model,
      including as particular cases all the previously used schemes of nucleotide
      substitution, is described. The stimulation is carried out on finite, variable
      length, DNA sequences through a strict stochastic process, according to the
      particular substitution rates imposed by each scheme. Five FORTRAN programs,
      running on an IBM PC and compatibles, carry out all the tasks needed for the
      simulation. They are menu driven and interfaced to the system through a principal
      menu. All sequence data files used and generated by the SDSE package conform to
      the standard GenBank database format, thus allowing the use of any sequence
      retrieved from this databank, as well as the application of other packages to
      analyse, manipulate or retrieve stimulated sequences.

PMID- 2924172
TI  - MULTAN (2), a multiple string alignment program for nucleic acids and proteins.

PMID- 2924173
TI  - CLEAVAGE: a microcomputer program for predicting signal sequence cleavage sites.

PMID- 2924174
TI  - Using Lotus 1-2-3 to determine correlation of linearly related method comparison
      data.

PMID- 2924175
TI  - The total fundoplication gastroplasty: surgical procedure and radiologic
      appearance.
AB  - The total fundoplication gastroplasty (TFG) consists of a combination of an
      esophagus-lengthening Collis gastroplasty and suturing of the gastric fundus to
      the esophagus and neo-esophagus to produce a stable intra-abdominal segment
      together with a complete Nissen fundoplication tailored in length to control
      reflux and avoid overcompetence. We studied 50 patients at least three months
      after TFG with an upper gastrointestinal examination and a tube esophagogram.
      Tube esophagography enhances distension of the esophagus and esophagogastric
      junction and eliminates the barium pool often seen in the distal esophagus in
      double-contrast esophagography. With this technique we were better able to
      understand the radiologic anatomy of the esophagogastric junction following TFG.
      Tube esophagography provided additional radiologic information in the five
      patients (10%) with preoperative peptic strictures of the esophagus. We describe
      the surgical and radiologic anatomy of the TFG, the technique of postoperative
      radiographic examination, and the postoperative problems we have encountered.

PMID- 2924176
TI  - Fibromatosis of the brachial plexus and shoulder girdle.
AB  - Fibromatosis is a term which encompasses a group of non-metastasizing
      fibroblastic tumors which tend to invade locally and recur after attempted
      excision. Although it frequently involves the shoulder region and brachial
      plexus, it has seldom been reported in the radiological literature. Five patients
      with disease involving this location are described. On computed tomograms the
      tumors appear as isodense irregular masses infiltrating adjacent muscles,
      especially the serratus anterior and the scalene muscles, without cystic or
      necrotic changes. The appearances are not specific but the diagnosis should be
      considered in such brachial plexus lesions. Computed tomography plays an
      important part in the preoperative management and follow-up of this entity.

PMID- 2924177
TI  - The effective dose equivalent in radiology.

PMID- 2924178
TI  - Phentolamine for enhanced visualization of distal arteries in lower extremity
      arteriography.
AB  - To augment visualization of the distal arteries, phentolamine was administered to
      83 patients (164 limbs) undergoing lower extremity arteriography. Arterial
      visualization was graded into three classes and skin temperatures were recorded.
      Phentolamine provided very good visualization of the distal arterial bed in 95%
      of limbs. A strong correlation was observed between the temperature rise of the
      feet and the class of arterial visualization. No side effects were recorded. The
      use of phentolamine in lower extremity arteriography is recommended.

PMID- 2924179
TI  - Intracystic papillary breast carcinoma in a 55-year-old man: radiologic and
      pathologic correlation.
AB  - Radiographic manifestation of intracystic papillary male carcinoma is presented
      along with its histopathological correlation. The prognosis, differential
      diagnosis, and natural history as well as possible sites of origin are discussed.

PMID- 2924180
TI  - Diagnosis of Legionella lung abscess by percutaneous needle aspiration.
AB  - Pneumonia is a life-threatening infection of immunocompromised patients, and
      accurate identification of the causative agent is essential for early initiation
      of appropriate antibiotic therapy. Percutaneous needle aspiration was used to
      identify Legionella pneumonia after sputum and bronchoscopy specimens had failed
      to provide a diagnosis in a 13-year-old leukemic patient with a lung abscess. We
      believe this is the first report of a child with this disease diagnosed in this
      way.

PMID- 2924181
TI  - Evolution of a mycotic aneurysm of the thoracoabdominal aorta.
AB  - We report a patient with septicemia who developed a mycotic thoracoabdominal
      aortic aneurysm over a six-week period. The value of contrast-enhanced computed
      tomography in the diagnosis of mycotic aneurysms of the aorta is stressed.

PMID- 2924182
TI  - Gastric torsion.
AB  - We report a seven-week-old baby girl with a one-day history of vomiting and
      respiratory distress. The radiological findings were those of intrathoracic
      mesenteroaxial torsion of the stomach complicating a large hiatus hernia which
      included part of the small bowel and colon with partial colonic obstruction. This
      is a rare but important cause of alimentary tract obstruction and respiratory
      distress in infants. Prompt diagnosis and correction are vital.

PMID- 2924183
TI  - Unusual presentation of non-Hodgkin lymphoma of the spleen.
AB  - We report a patient with highly malignant primary centroblastic lymphoma of the
      spleen (diffuse, large non-cleaved cell type). The tumor presented as
      splenomegaly due to a large mass containing diffuse punctuate calcifications. The
      latter have not been previously described as a radiological finding in this
      neoplasm.

PMID- 2924184
TI  - Buttock abscess complicating Crohn's disease.
AB  - Two patients with buttock abscesses developing as an extension of Crohn's disease
      are described. In each, the abscess extended through the sciatic foramen into
      gluteal soft tissues. Cross-sectional imaging, particularly computed tomography,
      is of major help in identifying these lesions and the pathway of spread.

PMID- 2924185
TI  - Colonic aphthous ulcers in pseudomembranous colitis.
AB  - Colonic aphthous ulceration is usually due to Crohn's disease. It has been
      described in other colitides but has not been reported in pseudomembranous
      colitis. We report a patient with pseudomembranous colitis with aphthous
      ulceration demonstrated by barium examination.

PMID- 2924186
TI  - Radiological contrast media.
AB  - 1. This author believes that the present evidence (water shifts and
      vasodilatation) strongly indicates that low osmolality is probably the main
      advantage of the new contrast media. 2. Arteriographic adverse reactions (pain,
      vasodilatation) are less marked with the contrast medium of the lowest osmolality
      -i.e. ionic ioxaglate salts. 3. Minor adverse reactions (nausea and vomiting) are
      less marked with some non-ionic media (e.g. iohexol, iopamidol) than with
      ioxaglate but there are no data concerning the relative incidence of severe
      reactions or fatalities. 4. Dr. Lasser's suggestion in 1987, that 12 hours of
      corticosteroid prophylaxis reduces the adverse reaction rate of intravenous HOCM
      to the rate of LOCM reactions, awaits confirmation. However, corticosteroid
      prophylaxis will not reduce the side effects due to hyperosmolality, e.g.
      vasodilation, hypervolemia, and pain (on arterial injection). 5. Unless and until
      the necessary finances are available, I suggest LOCM (costing 12 times the price
      of HOCM in Canada and America) be used on a selective and discriminatory basis in
      three groups of patients: those undergoing painful procedures (e.g. peripheral
      arteriography), those undergoing potentially dangerous procedures (e.g. spinal
      angiography, coronary angioplasty) for patients considered on account of their
      previous medical history (e.g. asthma, allergy, previous adverse reactions,
      cardiac failure) to be at greater risk than the normal population.

PMID- 2924187
TI  - [Hemodynamic and gasometric modifications during the anesthesia recovery period
      in patients undergoing ventilation after surgery of the abdominal aorta].
AB  - This study was carried out on 12 patients (mean age 61) in order to assess the
      oxygen consumption (VO2) in the post-operative stage of an elective surgical
      procedure (replacement of the abdominal aorta). Anesthesia was a combination of
      thiopentone, pancuronium bromide and high doses of droperidol and fentanyl.
      Patients were kept intubated and ventilated in the post-operative period. VO2 and
      other related metabolic parameters as well as hemodynamic parameters were
      measured every 45 minutes over a period of 5 hours. A VO2 increase (127%) related
      to the increase in body temperature was noted. Mean VO2 for all patients during
      the whole period was 170 +/- 13 ml.min-1.m-2 (range: 51-411 ml.min-1.m-2). Mean
      value of maximal VO2 was 240 +/- 21 ml.min-1.m-2 (range: 1471-411 ml.min-1.m-2).
      Large dose of droperidol are shown to limit VO2 increase. In patients with
      shivering, the maximal value of VO2 was found during shivering. The amount of
      droperidol administered during anesthesia was greater in patients without
      shivering. VO2 increase was due to a rise in tissular O2 extraction. Cardiac
      index was insufficiently increased (+ 9.4%) and a certain extent of myocardial
      inadaptability was suspected in relation with: high blood pressure, hypovolaemia
      and/or myocardial effect of anesthesia agents.

PMID- 2924188
TI  - [Management and emergency therapy of acute renal insufficiency in the adult].

PMID- 2924189
TI  - Septic shock.

PMID- 2924190
TI  - National commission rejects RCTs, recommends shortage solutions.

PMID- 2924191
TI  - What nurses should know about the budget process.

PMID- 2924192
TI  - New law on disclosure of AIDS test results.

PMID- 2924193
TI  - Computer graphics. A tool for decision making in nursing.
AB  - The use of computer graphics in nursing has not yet reached its full potential.
      Graphs or maps can display large amounts of data so that critical elements can be
      inspected in a minimal amount of time. This article discusses computer graphics
      in terms of their use in nursing and the need for this electronic modality in
      nursing curricula.

PMID- 2924194
TI  - Levels of computer education for professional nursing. Development of a prototype
      graduate course.
AB  - Leveling computer education for professional nurses at the undergraduate and
      graduate levels is presented via a four-tiered model. Foundational course content
      at level 2 for all graduate nursing students preparing for advanced nursing roles
      is described. A quasi-experimental study (N = 80) demonstrated the effectiveness
      of the course in terms of the attitude changes toward computerization and
      perceived knowledge about computer applications in nursing.

PMID- 2924196
TI  - Encouraging the growth of computer applications in nursing.

PMID- 2924195
TI  - Designing a test bank computer program.
AB  - This article contains all of the instructions needed to create a computerized
      test bank program. The program is flexible enough to allow for the sequential
      numbering of test items; the alteration of stems, distractors, and options to
      develop new test items; and the programmability to produce a hard copy objective
      examination, as designed by the user.

PMID- 2924197
TI  - Difficulties faced by software users.

PMID- 2924198
TI  - Partners in thought.

PMID- 2924199
TI  - Compiling an information network.

PMID- 2924200
TI  - Computer network as a vehicle for the delivery of nursing services.

PMID- 2924201
TI  - Development of a statewide Maternal and Child Health Information Network.
AB  - The Maternal and Child Health Information Network (MATCH) was a national
      demonstration project funded in 1983 by a Special Projects of Regional and
      National Significance (SPRANS) grant. The network's major objectives have been to
      correlate collected clinical service data items into usable information, to
      expand the database through linkage with other systems within the Ohio Department
      of Health, and to analyze the conjugated data in an effort to expand current
      knowledge of maternal and child health. The network is interactive between local
      funded agencies and the state Health Department. Both data entry and data
      retrieval are distributed at the end-user information centers. Training and
      support, major components of the project, are provided to each participant and
      user of the network. One advantage of MATCH is that it allows linkage of clinical
      service records with vital records as an outcome of prenatal care and/or a
      history for child health clients. This aspect of the system permits an expanded
      look at the population being served by funds designated for maternal and child
      health programs and the ultimate outcome of such services, and permits comparison
      with those not receiving preventive health services.

PMID- 2924202
TI  - [The mother and infant with Steinert's myotonic dystrophy].
AB  - Pregnancy and delivery present a number of risks for the mother suffering from
      myotonic dystrophy, and for her infant. Most of the time, she does not even know
      that she is affected by the disease and a carrier of the gene. We review the
      complications of pregnancy and delivery in myotonic patients, and propose a
      simple management with specific items for each gestational period. The child of a
      dystrophic mother has a 50% risk of inheriting the abnormal gene. He may also
      exhibit a developmental and malformation syndrome called "congenital myotonic
      dystrophy". From the beginning, he may show respiratory distress, thereafter
      inability to swallow and severely hypotonia. Later, he may demonstrate mental
      retardation. Some of the most obvious signs found in neonates in our practice are
      illustrated. We also add a few tests to the list of those already recommended for
      these children.

PMID- 2924203
TI  - [Myotonic dystrophy: I. Socioeconomic and residential characteristics of the
      patients].
AB  - Myotonic dystrophy is a dominantly inherited genetic disorder which, in medical
      literature, has been linked to peculiar socio-economical conditions. In order to
      document this assertion, a sociological study was conducted in the Saguenay-Lac
      Saint-Jean region (Quebec), using a representative sample (N = 218) drawn from
      the myotonic dystrophy population. A study of the patients' places of residence
      was also carried out. The results clearly indicate that myotonic dystrophy
      patients exhibit a socio-economic profile associated with disadvantaged milieux:
      high unemployment, low income and limited schooling. Many of these patients must
      rely on social welfare. Two families out of five (42%) live beneath the poverty
      line. The wage-earning history of these persons is closely linked to their self
      evaluation of their working capabilities. After the age of forty, a high
      proportion of these people are unable to hold down a paying job and claim they
      are unable to do so. Within a well-screened urban area, a study of the patients'
      places of residence indicates census tracts where myotonic dystrophy is
      concentrated (ecological niches). These social areas are close to the downtown
      area and display characteristics of disadvantaged milieux. Accordingly, the My D
      gene seems to be confined to a specific socio-economic and socio-geographical
      environment, through which the spread of the gene is channelled among the
      population.

PMID- 2924204
TI  - [Myotonic dystrophy: II. Marital status, fertility and gene transmission].
AB  - A sociological study, using a representative sample (N = 218) of the myotonic
      dystrophy population, made possible an analysis of the relationship between
      certain demographic characteristics (marriage, fertility) and the mechanisms
      involved in the transmission of the deleterious gene. The results show a clear
      differentiation between the marriage rate of women and men affected by myotonic
      dystrophy. Whereas men show a considerable decline in marriage eligibility, women
      continue to marry at a young age and in a proportion almost equal to that of the
      unaffected population. The study also indicates that the average fertility rate
      among married patients in the Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean exceeds the fertility rate
      reported from affected populations found in other countries. Our study shows an
      above-normal male fertility rate. This demographic fact explains the
      overrepresentation of male transmitters noted in the affected population.
      However, if present trends remain unchanged, women will be more likely to
      transmit myotonic dystrophy to future generations. These conclusions illustrate
      how the transmission and spread of a dominant gene follow a pattern that cannot
      be dissociated from the socio-cultural characteristics taken as a whole,
      particularly demographic characteristics. They also provide us with useful
      avenues for setting up future prevention programmes.

PMID- 2924205
TI  - Origin and diffusion of the myotonic dystrophy gene in the Saguenay region
      (Quebec).
AB  - A very high prevalence (approximately 1/475 in 1985) of myotonic dystrophy
      (Steinert disease) is observed in the Saguenay region, which is located in the
      north-east part of the Province of Quebec. For various reasons, however, the
      literature on the subject generally associates a high degree of selective
      disadvantage with this gene, which seems to contradict the Saguenay data. Using a
      computerized regional population register, we have reconstituted patients'
      genealogies and family biographies. We have thus been able to study the origin of
      the gene and to compare the demographic behavior of patients and controls. On the
      whole, patients seem to be very little disadvantaged compared to controls, in
      terms of reproduction as well as of geographical and occupational mobility.

PMID- 2924206
TI  - Myotonic dystrophy in Quebec: geographical distribution and concept of genetic
      homogeneity.
AB  - The geographical distribution relative to place of residence of patients with
      myotonic dystrophy (MD) and admitted to a Quebec hospital during a five year
      period (1980-1984) is presented and discussed. The sample consists of 72 males
      and 68 females of varying ages over 10 years. Analysis of the data shows a North
      Shore distribution of patients in a cline from Saguenay-Lac-St-Jean, through
      Quebec City and to Montreal. However, a low prevalence is apparent on the South
      Shore, east of Quebec City, for which an historical and genealogical explanation
      are discussed. This geographic distribution favours the hypothesis of genetic
      homogeneity for the MD gene in the Quebec population. A stronger second argument
      comes from genealogical studies of 10 families sampled from the Chicoutimi
      Muscular Dystrophy Clinic. Genealogical paths traced to ancestors who founded
      Charlevoix for these 10 families go back to a cluster of 25 founders, one of whom
      must have been the carrier of the MD gene. The probative third argument for
      genetic homogeneity comes from the allelic distribution of the apolipoprotein E
      (ApoE) gene in the Quebec City, Saguenay and in families with MD. The ApoE locus
      is on chromosome 19 and closely linked to MD. In MD-affected individuals there is
      a linkage disequilibrium for the epsilon 4 allele while non-MD members of these
      families show allelic frequencies not differing significantly from the control
      population.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2924207
TI  - Hypertriglyceridemia and lower LDL cholesterol concentration in relation to
      apolipoprotein E phenotypes in myotonic dystrophy.
AB  - Plasma lipid, lipoprotein levels and apolipoprotein apo E phenotypes were
      determined in 70 patients with myotonic dystrophy (MyD) and 81 controls. Marked
      differences were noticed in the apo E phenotype frequencies between the two
      groups. Plasma triglycerides and VLDL cholesterol were higher in MyD than
      controls, but only the latter was related to differences in the apo E phenotypes
      between two groups. Accordingly, the ratio of VLDL cholesterol/plasma
      triglycerides was increased significantly in MyD, suggesting accumulation of
      intermediary density particles due to lower affinity of E2 containing
      lipoproteins for lipoprotein cell receptors. The LDL cholesterol concentration
      was lower in MyD than controls and was related to differences in the apo E
      phenotype frequencies between the two groups. These results indicate increased
      removal of LDL particles in the apo E2 phenotypes, perhaps due to upregulation of
      LDL (B, E) receptor activity. Plasma cholesterol and HDL cholesterol
      concentrations were similar in both groups. Another feature of the study was
      lower levels of plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, VLDL and LDL cholesterol in
      the homozygous E4:E4 phenotype. These results suggest increased clearance rate of
      both VLDL and LDL particles and support the concept that apo E4-containing
      lipoproteins have higher in vivo affinity for ape E and/or B, E receptors.

PMID- 2924208
TI  - Myotonic dystrophy: linkage with apolipoprotein E and estimation of the gene
      carrier status with genetic markers.
AB  - The genes for myotonic dystrophy (MD) and for apolipoprotein E (ApoE) belong to a
      chromosome 19 synthenic group of markers. A familial linkage analysis between MD
      and ApoE was performed using the J Ott LIPED program (IBM PC/XT, April 1984) to
      estimate the genetic distance between these 2 genes. Of a total of 136
      individuals in 11 MD families, 81 were confirmed to be affected by the disease
      and 41 were asymptomatic. ApoE phenotypes were determined in 115 of these 122
      individuals. No recombinant was observed out of 74 meioses which were
      informatives for both MD and the ApoE isoproteins. A global maximal lod score Z
      of 19.00 was obtained at the recombination fraction theta = 0. The upper theta
      value at the confidence interval corresponding to the peak lod score (Z max) - 1
      was 0.03. This suggests that the loci for MD and ApoE are at a distance of 0 to
      0.03 Morgan. Since ApoE and apolipoprotein C2 (ApoC2) have been shown by others
      to be about 40 kb apart, our data are therefore consistent with the distance
      estimate of 0.02 Morgan reported between MD and ApoC2. The D19S19 (LDR152)
      polymorphic DNA sequence is also tightly linked to MD on chromosome 19. The
      segregation of ApoE isoproteins and of ApoC2 and D19S19 DNA polymorphism was
      utilized for evaluating the probability for individuals at risk of inheriting the
      disease gene in MD families. Data are presented on 3 families to emphasize the
      usefulness of genetic markers to estimate the MD gene carrier status of
      asymptomatic individuals and also for those presenting a partial syndrome. The
      limitations of such approach are also discussed.

PMID- 2924209
TI  - Effect of knee joint angle on a heteronymous Ib reflex in the human lower limb.
AB  - Altered efficacy, from change in receptor discharge with different positions of
      the knee, was investigated in a heteronymous Ib reflex of the human leg. The
      electrical stimulus was low threshold, to the common peroneal nerve. The
      divergence of the group I afferents was studied in the electromyograms (EMGs) of
      ipsilateral and contralateral thigh muscles. The stimulus evoked ipsilateral,
      short latency, excitation in the three quadriceps muscles studied and inhibition
      in the knee flexor semitendinosus (ST), with prior contraction of target muscles.
      This excitation and inhibition did not alter when studied over the range of the
      knee joint. The stimulus did not evoke responses in contralateral thigh muscles,
      contracted or relaxed. It is concluded that (1) any change in convergence from
      discharge of receptors, during extension of the limb, is small and sub-threshold,
      and (2) this spinal proprioceptive level of neural control appears to be directed
      primarily to the single limb.

PMID- 2924210
TI  - Vascular headache: a presenting symptom of multiple sclerosis.
AB  - Vascular headache of migraine-type may be a presenting symptom of multiple
      sclerosis (MS), a condition usually not considered in the differential diagnosis
      of a severe headache accompanied by neurological signs. We reviewed records of
      1,113 patients with MS seen from 1967-1987 and found 44 cases whose initial
      attack or subsequent exacerbations were heralded by a migraine-type headache.
      Twenty-seven patients had no prior history of migraine, and of these, 12
      presented simultaneously with their first headache and MS attack. Twenty-three
      patients had symptoms of a posterior fossa mass lesion. The significance of these
      results and possible pathogenesis is discussed.

PMID- 2924211
TI  - Sensory neuron degeneration in familial Kugelberg-Welander disease.
AB  - A 53 year old man developed symptoms of motor neuron disease in childhood. There
      was a family history of a similar disorder and it was felt to represent a form of
      Kugelberg-Welander disease. In addition to the motor deficits, sensory
      abnormalities in his legs were documented during life. Autopsy revealed anterior
      horn cell loss throughout the length of the spinal cord, with preservation of the
      phrenic nucleus. The lumbar dorsal root ganglia showed active degeneration of
      sensory neurons, with nuclear changes exceeding cytoplasmic ones. The fasciculus
      gracilis showed Wallerian degeneration. The findings provide direct evidence that
      sensory neurons can degenerate in some forms of motor neuron disease, and that
      the "demyelination" or "degeneration" of posterior columns sometimes seen in the
      various forms of motor neuron disease may actually be secondary to cell body
      disease in the dorsal root ganglia.

PMID- 2924212
TI  - Sturge-Weber-Dimitri disease: role of hemispherectomy in prognosis.
AB  - We report 12 patients with Sturge-Weber-Dimitri disease treated surgically
      between January 1975 and December 1987. Hemispherectomy was performed on ten, two
      others underwent occipital lobectomy for intractable seizures. All operations
      were performed between the ages of 3 months and 20 months, except in two at age 8
      and 9 years. The onset of seizures in all was between 2 and 8 months of age,
      except for two at 15 months. There were no postoperative deaths. Postoperative
      shunt procedures were required in 3 out of 12 (25%). Postoperative seizure
      control for one year or more was achieved in 11 out of 12 patients. The remaining
      patient is on medication with no seizures, but follow-up is less than a year.
      Intellectual deterioration was not seen after surgery except in 2 patients who
      had late operations. We conclude that patients with Sturge-Weber-Dimitri syndrome
      who have intractable seizures in the first 6 months of life and unilateral
      hemispheric involvement should be considered for early resection of the involved
      hemisphere.

PMID- 2924214
TI  - Steinert's disease or myotonic dystrophy "a disease unlike others".

PMID- 2924213
TI  - Isolated basilar artery occlusion associated with a clivus fracture.
AB  - Most vascular injuries to the brain secondary to blunt head trauma involve the
      internal carotid circulation. A case of isolated basilar occlusion secondary to a
      clival fracture is described and compared to three other cases in the literature.

PMID- 2924215
TI  - [Phenotype variability in Steinert's myotonic dystrophy].
AB  - Myotonic dystrophy, best known in the French literature as Steinert disease, is a
      dominantly inherited disorder. When the gene is fully expressed, it shows a
      characteristic clinical picture. Myopathy and myotonia are the main features, but
      this is a systemic disease which may involve many other organs such as the
      central nervous system, eyes, bones, endocrine system, etc. With the complete
      picture, physical and behavioral features make the diagnosis easy, only to be
      confirmed by neurological and ophthalmologic examination and/or electromyography.
      This work reviews the main clinical signs seen in the classical form of the
      disease. We also want to stress the variability of that picture. Finally, we
      describe a new dysmorphic sign in myotonic dystrophy: large prominent cupped
      auricles. Although not recognized, prominauris has been illustrated in a number
      of publications on myotonic dystrophy. Three of our adult male patients
      presenting the congenital form of the disease at birth have been investigated to
      rule out concomitant fragile-X syndrome. Both syndromes include mental
      retardation and dysmorphic ears. Our patients show the usual testicular atrophy,
      whereas the fragile-X syndrome includes testicular hypertrophy. Cytogenetic
      studies were normal. Old clinical description and new physical signs may lack
      prestige in the perspective of recent molecular biological breakthroughs, but to
      recognize the disease and help patients live with it will always be the role of
      practitioners.

PMID- 2924216
TI  - Partial syndrome of myotonic dystrophy: clinical presentation and follow-up.
AB  - The neurological and ophthalmological investigation of 602 members of 88 Saguenay
      kindreds affected by myotonic dystrophy (MyD) revealed 130 persons with a partial
      syndrome. These patients, whose average age was 34.1 years, showed different
      abnormalities such as particular ophthalmic and/or neuro-muscular signs,
      suggesting MyD in the absence of myotonia or typical lens abnormalities. After an
      average period of 2.4 years, 44 of these 130 patients were reassessed by the same
      neurologists and ophthalmologists. Thirty still had a partial syndrome, 8 showed
      a typical form of MyD and 6 no longer presented any identifiable anomaly. This
      preliminary follow-up study of the partial MyD syndrome did not allow us to
      identify any clinical anomaly from which the presence of the MyD gene could be
      predicted in a significant way. It furthermore suggested that the identification
      of equivocal or unspecific signs among these patients can sometimes lead to
      misdiagnosis. This must be taken into account when providing genetic counselling.
      It furthermore indicates that the use of DNA probes is essential for a reliable
      identification of asymptomatic MyD gene carriers.

PMID- 2924217
TI  - Isokinetic peak torque and work relationship in the laterally unstable knee.
AB  - The purpose of this investigation was to assess the relationship between the
      isometric and isokinetic peak torque (speed of movement 0 degrees, 60 degrees,
      and 180 degrees/s) and the total work output of multiple contractions (180
      degrees/s) of the quadriceps and hamstrings in subjects suffering from a chronic
      insufficiency of the lateral ligament compartment (LAT) of the knee. At every
      test speed the Pearson product moment (r) and the Spearman rank (rs) correlation
      coefficients between the peak torque and total work were highly significant for
      both muscle groups in the uninjured (r = .87-.97, rs = .86-.93) as well as in the
      laterally unstable (r = .65-.90, rs = .71-.90) knees. In both knees and in both
      muscle groups the correlation coefficients increased towards the highest speed of
      the isokinetic movement, obviously since the total work was registered at that
      speed. In conclusion, concerning laterally unstable knees the total work analysis
      may offer little additional information to that attained by more simple
      measurement, the peak torque analysis.

PMID- 2924218
TI  - Validity of the 20 m shuttle run test with 1 min stages to predict VO2max in
      adults.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to assess the validity of the 1 min stage version
      of the 20 m shuttle run multistage test to predict VO2max in adults (53 males and
      24 females, 19 to 47 years old). The maximal shuttle run speed (S-MAS) was thus
      compared to the VO2max attained during a multistage treadmill test (TE-VO2max),
      the retroextrapolated VO2max at time zero of the O2 recovery curve of the shuttle
      run (SR-VO2max) and the VO2max predicted from a previously developed regression
      equation with children (Mercier et al., 1983) and putting 18 year olds in the
      regression equation for all adults which yielded (SP-VO2max = -27.4 + 6.0 S-MAS).
      The latter regression equation was very similar to the ones obtained with the two
      other criteria and was thus retained to ensure a smooth transition between
      children and adults in predicting VO2max. Correlations and standard errors of the
      estimate between S-MAS and TE-VO2max (r = 0.90 and Syx = 4.4) or SR-VO2max (r =
      0.87 and Syx = 4.7) were quite good. TE-, SR- and SP-VO2max were also similar
      (mean +/- SD = 49.4 +/- 10.1, 48.8 +/- 9.3 and 47.1 +/- 8.3 mL.kg-1.min-1,
      respectively, p greater than 0.05). It was concluded that the 20 m shuttle run is
      a valid test to predict VO2max in adults.

PMID- 2924219
TI  - Expert--novice differences in perception: how expert does the expert have to be?
AB  - Twelve expert and 15 novice badminton players viewed a film task which attempted
      to simulate the perceptual display of the sport of badminton. The film task
      varied in terms of visibility to either specific time periods of display
      information or to specific spatial areas of the display, and the subject's task
      was to determine whether the stroke being viewed had a cross-court or a down-the
      line destination. In keeping with an earlier study (Abernethy and Russell,
      1987a), expert players were shown to have a unique capability to decrease their
      prediction errors at an earlier point in the stroke sequence than could novices,
      but unlike the previous study this could not be attributed to the experts'
      superior use of arm cues. The robustness of expert--novice differences in
      perceptual strategy across changes in the level of expert--novice differentiation
      are discussed.

PMID- 2924220
TI  - Game standings and psychological crisis in sport: theory and research.
AB  - Individual psychological crisis in competitive situations negatively affects
      motor performance. Psychological crisis development is probabilistically defined
      for every moment of the competition. This study estimates the effect of game
      standings defined interactively by three components: direction of lead, tendency,
      and event's expectancy, upon crisis vulnerability of a basketball player. Twenty
      eight top basketball experts responded to a 'Game Standing Questionnaire' in
      which they were asked to assess probabilistically the relevance of game standings
      to crisis development. The Bayesian likelihood ratio was applied to these
      estimates. Results revealed that game standings have a considerable diagnostic
      relevance with regard to the development of an individual competitive
      psychological crisis. Furthermore, a negative tendency, a lead by the opposing
      team, and an unexpected event are more likely to occur under crisis conditions
      than under non-crisis conditions. Various aspects related to the validation and
      the practical applicability of the study are discussed.

PMID- 2924221
TI  - [Stability in shooting: the effect of expertise in the biathlon and in rifle
      shooting].
AB  - The aim of this study is to compare the body-gun stability of biathletes and
      rifle shooters up to the firing of a shot, when shooting in standing position.
      Eight subjects are tested: two experts and two novices in rifle shooting, two
      experts and two novices in biathlon. Electromyographic (EMG) activity of the
      tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius and deltoid muscles, as well as rifle
      oscillation and centre-of-pressure displacements were recorded during a set of
      ten shots per subject. The results revealed that expert biathletes seem to use a
      different strategy than expert rifle shooters, each of them adapting to the
      characteristics of their respective discipline. No significant pattern emerged
      from tests with novice rifle shooters, as their scores correlated only weakly
      with the various parameters measured in this study.

PMID- 2924222
TI  - Anaerobic performances of sedentary and trained subjects.
AB  - The objective of this report was to compare the performance of sedentary
      individuals, physical education students, and athletes of various disciplines in
      10 s and 90 s maximal cycle ergometer tests. The 10 s power was the highest power
      output in one second from the 10 s test, while capacities were defined as the
      total work output during the best 10 s trial and the 90 s test. ANOVA and Duncan
      multiple range test indicated that the mean values of the 10 S power and capacity
      and the 90 S capacity tests were significantly higher in sprinter than in
      sedentary groups. Sprinters performed significantly better than marathon runners
      only in the 10 s capacity and power. Bodybuilders and sedentary subjects had
      similar results in the 90 s capacity test. Mean performance values per kilogram
      of body weight in sedentary females reached about 60% of sedentary males while
      marathon runners, physical education students and sprinter females reached about
      80% of the male performances for the three indicators. When expressed per
      kilogram of fat-free mass, females reached a higher proportion of the male values
      for all performances. These results indicate that: a) there are differences for
      the power and capacity measured in predominantly anaerobic tests between athletes
      from different disciplines and sedentary individuals, and b) gender differences
      exist for these anaerobic performance indicators, but they appear attenuated in
      trained subjects.

PMID- 2924223
TI  - The measurement of cohesion in sports teams: the Group Environment Questionnaire.

PMID- 2924224
TI  - Euthanasia in The Netherlands.

PMID- 2924225
TI  - Tobacco use in health care institutions.

PMID- 2924226
TI  - Evaluating treatment for alcoholism.

PMID- 2924227
TI  - "Late neonatal deaths" and infant mortality rates.

PMID- 2924228
TI  - AIDS testing: mathematical models.

PMID- 2924229
TI  - Occupational stress reactions: lessons for management.

PMID- 2924230
TI  - Physicians' participation in establishing criteria for hypertension management in
      the office: will patient outcomes be improved?
AB  - We designed this study to determine whether an intensive 1-day educational
      workshop involving family physicians in establishing essential criteria for
      hypertension management would significantly affect the short-term outcomes of
      hypertensive patients in their practices. Forty randomly selected physicians were
      separated into three groups: those who would be involved in establishing the
      criteria (15), those who would receive the criteria by mail (15) and those who
      would act as controls and not be aware of the criteria (10). We found no
      significant difference between the three groups in the number of hypertensive
      patients whose condition remained uncontrolled after the intervention. We
      conclude that physicians' participation in the establishment of standards of care
      for conditions such as hypertension or their awareness of such standards does not
      independently result in significantly better patient outcomes. Consequently, we
      recommend that physicians and health care planners concerned with improving
      outcomes not rely on any single intervention strategy when planning change.

PMID- 2924231
TI  - An audit of blood component therapy in a Canadian general teaching hospital.
AB  - As part of a quality assurance program a retrospective audit of transfusion
      practices for packed red blood cells, fresh frozen plasma and albumin was
      undertaken with predetermined criteria in a general teaching hospital. Of 520
      transfusion episodes with 1218 units of packed red blood cells given to 297
      patients 88% were considered appropriate; of 106 episodes with 405 units of fresh
      frozen plasma given to 83 patients 90% were deemed appropriate; and of 187
      episodes with 320 units of albumin given to 99 patients 64% were considered
      appropriate. The results of this audit, when compared with those of other surveys
      of blood use in a similar population, suggest that pretransfusion approval of
      requested components would reduce the number of inappropriate transfusions.

PMID- 2924232
TI  - Epidemic of "shocks" in telephone operators: lessons for the medical community.
AB  - In January 1986 two brief power failures occurring within an hour of each other
      affected the operation of visual display terminals in a section of the Manitoba
      Telephone System. After the power failures three operators reported an alarming
      tingling sensation in their arms and one side of their body, which they called
      "shocks". Other operators then began to report incidents of numbness and tingling
      in their limbs, face or head as well as other, diffuse symptoms. During the next
      2 weeks 92 such incidents were reported by 55 operators. The media carried
      alarming headlines, and medical practitioners perpetuated the label of "electric
      shock". Despite extensive investigation, which revealed no electrical fault, the
      section was closed by the regulatory authority, and an independent medical panel
      was convened to review the findings. The panel concluded that there was no
      immediate hazard to life or health and recommended continued workplace assessment
      and follow-up of affected operators; however, because the panel lacked electrical
      engineering expertise, uncertainty persisted as to the cause of the events. The
      reports of incidents persisted, peaking in association with continued rumours of
      diagnoses of "nerve damage". In the fall of 1987 a multidisciplinary committee
      ruled out as causative factors all known hazards other than electrostatic shock
      and occupational stress. This costly and lengthy investigation underlines the
      danger in regarding collective stress reaction as a diagnosis of exclusion. It
      highlights the need to scrutinize objective evidence before validating
      potentially unfounded concerns and underlines the desirability of considering the
      psychosocial effects of technology and regimented tasks.

PMID- 2924233
TI  - Acute pancreatitis associated with HIV infection.

PMID- 2924234
TI  - Since when did we become experts on delivering health care?

PMID- 2924235
TI  - Teaching in Fiji: practising medicine, coping with coups.

PMID- 2924236
TI  - Beyond latex: is AIDS education becoming too explicit?

PMID- 2924237
TI  - Organized medicine must represent all physicians, CMA forum told.

PMID- 2924238
TI  - BPP: psychotherapy that takes weeks, not years.

PMID- 2924239
TI  - The case of the questionable reference.

PMID- 2924240
TI  - "Why are you going into geriatrics"?

PMID- 2924241
TI  - Viral exanthems.

PMID- 2924242
TI  - The 40 year evolution of the first modern day hospital.
AB  - The first modern psychiatric day hospital founded over 40 years ago has gone
      through a number of re-organizations which reflect utilization patterns
      representative of day hospitals in general. The author traces chronologically the
      dynamic movement from self-contained settings emphasizing group integration to
      expanded structures providing individualized treatment approaches. The day
      hospital's unique location at the interface of the institution and the community
      has important implications for today's mental health policy.

PMID- 2924243
TI  - Validity of the GHQ-30 in a Nigerian medical outpatient clinic.
AB  - Basic mental health vital statistics are scarce in developing countries. Scarcer
      still are validated psychological survey instruments which can be used in these
      settings. A method of dealing with such scarcity is through the validation of
      instruments developed elsewhere. One such instrument is Goldberg GHQ-30. The 30
      item General Health Questionnaire was used by the authors as a screening
      instrument for emotional disorder in a general medical outpatient clinic. The GHQ
      30 misclassified 32.3% of the respondents, a majority of whom were false
      positives. There is a tendency for the misclassified respondents to suffer from
      chronic physical ailments, and to be older. The GHQ-30 appears not to have high
      specificity (65%) and sensitivity (73%). The predictive value (53.3%) of a
      positive finding by this screening instrument in this population is also low.
      Informed consent was obtained from participating subjects.

PMID- 2924244
TI  - The role of marital intimacy in psychiatric help-seeking.
AB  - Epidemiological studies have shown that most people with diagnosable psychiatric
      illnesses do not seek professional help. Symptoms of non-psychotic emotional
      illness, interpersonal relationship quality and personality traits have
      demonstrable associations. The influence of these factors on help-seeking was
      examined by comparing 57 psychiatric outpatients with a community sample of 90
      symptomatic individuals on self-report measures of marital intimacy, life events,
      and personality, while controlling for symptomatology. Compared to non-patients,
      outpatients reported less intimacy in their marriages across a variety of
      relationship dimensions on the Waring Intimacy Questionnaire, and scored higher
      on the Psychoticism scale of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. Marital
      Intimacy level proved to be the best single predictor of patient and non-patient
      status, suggesting that help-seeking behaviour may be partly motivated by
      unsatisfactory marriages. The detection of low marital intimacy in these help
      seekers might be an indication for prescribing marital therapy.

PMID- 2924245
TI  - Geriatric psychiatry training in Canada: current teaching facilities and
      resources.
AB  - A survey of Canadian psychiatry residency programs requested information on
      training activities in geriatric psychiatry. Fourteen out of sixteen programs
      responded. On average ten hours of didactic instruction were provided per year
      over the four years of the residency program. Only one program had no facility
      that provided a rotation in geriatric psychiatry. The majority of programs have
      policies that encourage exposure of trainees to the care of the elderly. There is
      a concentration of teachers of this sub-specialty in a minority of centres. These
      findings are discussed in the light of current and future needs in the care of
      the elderly. Recommendations for meeting these are proposed.

PMID- 2924246
TI  - Psychiatric admission of mentally ill mothers with their infants.
AB  - There is a greatly increased risk of a woman developing a psychiatric illness
      requiring hospital admission during the early postpartum period. Admission of the
      mother has usually meant separating her from her infant at a time when bonding
      and attachment are developing. Nearly 40 years ago English psychiatrists began
      admitting infants with their mentally ill mothers, and although the theoretical
      basis for this is sound, there are few systematic studies of the practical
      problems encountered, or the outcomes. This paper compares a group of 32
      psychiatrically ill postpartum women who were admitted to a Canadian general
      hospital psychiatric unit with their infants to a group of 26 psychiatrically ill
      postpartum women hospitalized on the same unit who refused admission of their
      infants. The women admitted with their infants were more likely to be older,
      living with the infants' father, in a stable residence and job, in hospital for a
      longer time, and caring for their babies at 2 year follow-up in contrast to the
      women who were admitted without their infants. The two groups were diagnostically
      different with joint admission mothers likely to suffer from an affective
      psychotic illness, while the mothers without infants were more likely to suffer
      from personality disorder or substance abuse. The effects of mother-infant
      admission and some of the practical problems encountered are discussed.

PMID- 2924247
TI  - Length of stay, short stay units and psychiatric emergency admissions.
AB  - Length of stay information was collected from 1,364 individuals over a one year
      period for five general hospitals in a major metropolitan area. The current set
      of data represents homogeneity in the nature of admissions and the type of
      facilities examined. Three of the hospitals operated short stay units.
      Significant differences in the total length of stay were observed according to
      age, sex and presence of psychosis but there were no unequivocal distinctions
      between short stay and conventional hospitals.

PMID- 2924248
TI  - Prediction of regrets in postoperative transsexuals.
AB  - This study investigated whether heterosexual males are more likely to regret sex
      reassignment surgery than homosexual males or females. Subjects were 111
      postoperative transsexuals who had been surgically reassigned for at least one
      year, representing a follow-up rate of 84.1%. Subjects' feelings about surgery
      were assessed with self-administered questionnaires. None of the 61 homosexual
      females or 36 homosexual males consciously regretted surgery, compared to 4 of
      the 14 heterosexual males: a significant difference. This finding suggests that
      heterosexual applicants for sex reassignment should be evaluated with particular
      caution, although a heterosexual preference is not an absolute contraindication
      for surgery.

PMID- 2924249
TI  - Sex differences in the phenomenology of schizophrenic disorder.
AB  - The content and structure of delusions were compared in 30 women and 30 age
      matched men with Schizophrenic Disorder. Men showed an excess of homosexual
      persecutory delusions and of grandiose delusions involving social status and
      personal power. Women showed an excess of delusions of fertility and of jealousy,
      and were more often than men objects rather than subjects in their grandiose
      delusions. There was an excess of women who reported co-objects of persecution,
      and who personally knew their persecutors, nearly always men. These differences
      mirrored aspects of the social environment, especially with regard to sex-role
      stereotyping.

PMID- 2924250
TI  - The French connection: folie a quatre.
AB  - A socially isolated family in which the three children shared their mother's
      delusional beliefs is reported. After separation, the children rapidly adjusted
      to normal school and foster family life. Difficulties in establishing the
      family's true identity and problems raised in reuniting the family, while the
      mother was felt to be concealing her remaining delusions, are discussed.

PMID- 2924251
TI  - Consent to treat: clinical and legal implications.
AB  - Procedural requirements under the provisions of the Mental Health Act can delay
      the implementation of treatment for an involuntary psychiatric patient refusing
      treatment. The authors present such a case where treatment could not be given for
      nearly two months during which the patient's condition sharply deteriorated. With
      treatment, the patient improved within two weeks and was allowed to go home.
      Considerable time and money was spent in the Regional Review Board hearings. The
      implications of the case are discussed and it is recommended that steps be taken
      to prevent the interference of a bureaucratic legal system in the day to day
      practice of psychiatry.

PMID- 2924252
TI  - The third special edition on child psychiatry: an overview.

PMID- 2924253
TI  - Symptom patterns of alcoholism in a northern Ontario population.

PMID- 2924254
TI  - Predictors of suicide in borderline personality disorder.
AB  - One hundred patients with borderline personality disorder who were followed for a
      mean of 15 years were compared with 14 borderline patients who committed suicide.
      The most significant predictors of completed suicide were previous attempts and
      higher education.

PMID- 2924255
TI  - Treatment intensity and outcome for children with acute lymphocytic leukemia of
      standard risk. A Pediatric Oncology Group Study.
AB  - Four hundred thirty-four children, with good-risk acute lymphocytic leukemia
      (ALL), were assigned randomly to receive intensive or less intensive maintenance
      therapy with 6-mercaptopurine and methotrexate, plus vincristine and prednisone
      pulses in such a way that patients on treatment 1 had their leukocyte counts
      maintained between 1500 and 3000/mm3. Patients on treatment 2 had leukocyte
      counts maintained between 3000 and 4500/mm3. Absolute granulocyte counts were
      maintained above 500/mm3 on both groups. All children received induction
      treatment with vincristine, prednisone and L-asparaginase and had central nervous
      system (CNS) prophylaxis with cranial irradiation and intrathecal methotrexate.
      The overall remission rate was 94%. Event-free survival at 8 years was 44% (SE,
      5.6%). There was no significant difference in outcome between treatments 1 and 2
      (P = 0.83). The incidence of infection was similar overall and not significantly
      different between treatment arms.

PMID- 2924256
TI  - Long-term results in 144 localized Ewing's sarcoma patients treated with combined
      therapy.
AB  - The results of 144 previously untreated cases of primary Ewing's sarcoma of bone
      are reported with a minimum follow-up of 5 years. This series was treated between
      1972 and 1982 at Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli with a combined therapy. The local
      control of the disease consisted of amputation (ten cases), resection followed by
      radiation therapy (35-45 Gy) (48 cases) and radiation therapy alone (40-60 Gy)
      (86 cases). Adjuvant chemotherapy, rigorously standardized, was performed
      according two different protocols: the first (85 cases treated in the period 1972
      1978) consisted of vincristine (VCR) Adriamycin (doxorubicin) (ADM), and
      cyclophosphamide (EDX); the second (59 cases treated in the period 1979-1982) of
      VCR, ADM, EDX and dactinomycin (DACT). At a follow-up of 5 to 16 years (median,
      9), 59 patients (41%) are continuously disease-free (CDF), 81 (56%) developed
      metastatic disease and/or local recurrence, and four (3%) had a second
      malignancy. Three factors seem to be correlated to prognosis: the site of the
      initial lesion (only 23% of the pelvic lesions are represented in the CDF group
      versus 46% of the other locations); the chemotherapy protocol (32% of the cases
      in the first protocol are CDF versus 54% in the second); the type of local
      treatment (60% of the patients treated with amputation or resection plus
      radiotherapy versus 28% of those treated with radiation therapy alone are CDF). A
      local recurrence was observed in 24% of the patients (8% in the group locally
      treated with surgery or surgery plus radiation therapy versus 36% in the group
      treated with radiation therapy alone). These data suggest that even though
      adjuvant chemotherapy can improve the long-term results in localized Ewing's
      sarcoma patients, this disease still represents, in a high percentage of cases, a
      lethal process whose final prognosis widely depends on the local control of the
      lesion. Due to the questionable effect of the radiation therapy alone in
      controlling the primary lesion and its important side effects, the role of
      surgery in treating Ewing's sarcoma of bone should be extended.

PMID- 2924257
TI  - The correlation of specific variables of tumor differentiation with response rate
      and survival in patients with advanced head and neck cancer treated with
      induction chemotherapy.
AB  - The authors have reported previously that conventionally defined grades of tumor
      morphology do not correlate with tumor response or survival in advanced squamous
      cell cancers of the head and neck (SCCHN) treated with cisplatinum combination
      induction therapy. This lack of correlation may be the result of the imprecision
      and subjectiveness of the conventional grade determination. To examine this
      possibility, response and survival were correlated with individual parameters of
      morphologic differentiation in 136 patients with advanced, untreated SCCHN. A
      multi-variable analysis of degree of keratinization, number of mitotic figures
      per high powered field, degree of nuclear differentiation, presence of vascular
      invasion, intensity of inflammatory response, and invasion pattern of the cancer
      was performed. The grade of each variable was weighted by assigning a score from
      1 to 4, with 1 representing the most differentiated and 4 the least. The
      cumulative score of each specimen was tallied and assigned to one of three
      groups, less than 12, 12 to 18, and greater than 18, analogous to the
      conventional grades of well, moderately, and poorly differentiated, respectively.
      No correlation between the grade of individual morphologic variables and response
      to chemotherapy was demonstrated, or between tumor response and cumulative score
      groups. There was no correlation of the grade of individual morphologic variables
      or cumulative score groups with survival. Only the survival of patients achieving
      a complete response to chemotherapy was correlated with the cumulative score
      groups: 2-year survivals of 84%, 70%, and 46% for less than 12, 12 to 18, and
      greater than 18, respectively. Multi-parameter analysis of individual features of
      tumor differentiation is not superior to conventional morphologic analysis in
      predicting response to chemotherapy or survival in patients with advanced SCCHN.

PMID- 2924258
TI  - Cytocidal effects of misonidazole, Ro 03-8799, and RSU-1164 on euoxic and hypoxic
      BP-8 murine sarcoma cells at normal and elevated temperatures.
AB  - Euoxic and hypoxic BP-8 murine sarcoma cells were exposed for up to 3 hours to
      various concentrations of three nitroimidazole derivatives (misonidazole, Ro 03
      8799, RSU-1164) at normal or elevated incubation temperatures. Cell survival was
      monitored with the iodine 125 (125I)-iododeoxyuridine prelabeling assay. When
      cell lethality was evaluated as a function of drug molarity, the three
      nitroimidazoles displayed widely different toxicities, but when expressed in
      terms of toxicity ratio between euoxic and hypoxic cells, all three drugs showed
      nearly identical toxicity differentials of 16 to 18 in 1-hour drug incubation
      experiments. Prolonging the treatment period to 3 hours did not change the
      euoxic/hypoxic toxicity ratio for misonidazole and Ro 03-8799, but with RSU-1164
      the toxicity ratio was increased significantly from 16 (1 hour) to 73 (3 hours).
      This increase was attributed to the bifunctional action of RSU-1164 as a combined
      electron-affinic and alkylating agent, with the alkylation component of cell
      killing becoming more pronounced after prolonged drug incubation under hypoxic
      conditions. Combined administration of hyperthermia and nitroimidazoles increased
      drug-induced cell lethality for all three agents, but did not materially change
      the relative toxicity differential between euoxic and hypoxic cells. In short,
      based on cellular toxicity data, Ro 03-8799 appears to offer no advantage over
      misonidazole as a selective cytocidal agent for hypoxic cells, but RSU-1164 does
      provide a moderate therapeutic advantage.

PMID- 2924259
TI  - Intraperitoneal cisplatin chemotherapy versus abdominopelvic irradiation in
      ovarian carcinoma patients after second-look laparotomy.
AB  - The current study compares the outcome within 3 years after diagnosis in two
      groups of histologically confirmed Stage II-IV ovarian carcinoma patients in
      complete clinical remission with minimal or no residual disease at second-look
      laparotomy, performed after completion of cisplatin-based combination
      chemotherapy. One group (n = 18) received after reexploration abdominopelvic
      irradiation (RT group), the other, diagnosed during a later period (n = 19),
      received three courses of intraperitoneal cisplatin chemotherapy with systemic
      thiosulfate protection (IP group). The two groups were comparable with regard to
      age, stage at diagnosis, histologic category, grade of differentiation, size of
      residual tumor after the initial operation, and rate of negative second-look
      laparotomy. The overall survival probability after diagnosis was significantly
      better in the IP group, the maximal difference being observed at 36 months: 76.6%
      versus 44.4% in the RT group (P = 0.04). This difference was mainly evident in
      patients with a negative second-look laparotomy in whom the respective survival
      probabilities were 100% versus 70% (P = 0.04). Survival was significantly shorter
      (P less than 0.01) in patients with a positive second-look, and there was a
      nonsignificant trend for better survival in the IP group. Significantly improved
      probability of progression-free interval after diagnosis was also found in the IP
      group, the maximal difference being observed at 22 months: 78.3% as compared to
      50.9% in the RT group (P = 0.04). This difference was again limited to patients
      with negative second-look, the respective values being 100% versus 60% (P =
      0.05). Our retrospective data suggest an apparent advantage to intraperitoneal
      cisplatin treatment in these patients which should be further explored for
      definite evaluation.

PMID- 2924260
TI  - Changes in serum levels of Forssman-like antibody in patients with gastric
      cancer.
AB  - Because Forssman antigen, one of the most well-known heteroantigens, has been
      noted in certain cancerous tissues, it would seem that the serum levels of the
      Forssman antibody of patients with these cancers would be low, owing to the
      absorption of the naturally occurring antibody by the Forssman antigen-containing
      cancerous tissues. This hypothesis was tested by researchers assessing the serum
      hemolysin titers of 174 patients with cancer (gastric cancer, 100; colonic
      cancer, 40; and other cancers, 45) and of 856 age-matched, sex-matched, and blood
      type-matched healthy individuals against the serum levels of sheep red blood
      cells. Serum levels of the hemolysin of patients with gastric cancer tend to be
      lower than those of patients with other types of cancer and also lower than those
      of age-matched and sex-matched controls. The decrease was especially prominent in
      patients with moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma of the stomach.
      Preoperative and postoperative serum samples of 40 patients with gastric cancer
      were analyzed therefore to determine the effect of surgically removing the cancer
      on the serum level of the hemolysin. The results showed that the serum levels of
      the hemolysin antibody increased in all 40 patients after the successful surgical
      removal of the cancer. However, in patients with recurrence of the cancer, the
      serum levels of hemolysin decreased again in 11 of 11 patients. These results
      indicate that the serum levels of the Forssman-like hemolysin could be used as an
      index of recurrence in patients with gastric cancer after surgical removal of the
      cancer.

PMID- 2924261
TI  - The pathogenesis of splenic extramedullary hematopoiesis in metastatic carcinoma.
AB  - Splenic extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH) is a characteristic finding in
      agnogenic myeloid metaplasia (AMM) and in the spent phase of polycythemia vera
      (PV). Evidence from our laboratory has suggested that splenic EMH in these
      conditions results from the filtration of circulating hematopoietic cells from
      the peripheral blood and does not arise de novo from splenic stem cells. To
      further test this hypothesis, 31 autopsy and 26 surgical cases of carcinoma
      metastatic to the bone marrow were studied. The presence of leukoerythroblastosis
      (LEB) correlated with intravascular hematopoiesis (IVH) in the bone marrows
      associated with reticulin fibrosis, and with splenic EMH in the autopsy cases.
      These studies provide evidence that stromal changes in the bone marrow with
      resulting IVH, LEB, and splenic EMH are not unique to AMM and PV but also occur
      in such unrelated conditions as metastatic carcinoma, and suggest that these
      phenomena are causally related.

PMID- 2924262
TI  - Mesothelioma and asbestos fiber type. Evidence from lung tissue analyses.
AB  - Lung tissue samples from 78 cases from autopsy of mesothelioma in Canada, 1980
      through 1984, and from matched referents were examined by optical and analytical
      transmission electron microscopic study. Concentrations of amosite, crocidolite,
      and tremolite fibers, and of typical asbestos bodies discriminated sharply
      between cases and referents. The distributions of chrysotile and
      anthophyllite/talc fibers and of all other natural and man-made inorganic fibers
      (greater than or equal to 8 microns) in the two series were quite similar.
      Relative risk was related to the concentration of long (greater than or equal to
      8 microns) amphibole fibers with no additional information provided by shorter
      fibers. The proportion of long fibers was much higher for amphiboles than
      chrysotile and, except for chrysotile, systematically higher in cases than
      referents. Amphibole asbestos fibers could explain most mesothelioma cases in
      Canada and other inorganic fibers, including chrysotile, very few. Fibrous
      tremolite, contaminant of many industrial minerals including chrysotile, probably
      explained most cases in the Quebec mining region and perhaps 20% elsewhere.

PMID- 2924263
TI  - The effect of tumor size and tumor cell DNA content on the survival of patients
      with stage I adenocarcinoma of the lung.
AB  - Tumor size at resection and flow cytometric (FCM) DNA distribution of 93
      pathologically confirmed AJC Stage I adenocarcinomas of lung were compared with
      survival. All lung cancers had been treated by lobectomy and mediastinal lymph
      node dissection at this Institution, and the pathology of all cases was reviewed.
      Median tumor size was 2.5 cm. FCM DNA assays were carried out on the formalin
      fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor tissue. Seventy-nine (85%) of the tumors were
      aneuploid and 14 were diploid. There was no significant difference in survival
      between patients with diploid and aneuploid tumors. The DNA index, proliferation
      fraction, and fraction of aneuploid cells also had no effect on survival.
      However, patients with tumors smaller than 3 cm in diameter had a significantly
      better prognosis than those with larger tumors. Thus, in Stage I adenocarcinoma
      of lung, tumor size but not cellular DNA content distinguishes subgroups with
      favorable versus unfavorable prognosis.

PMID- 2924264
TI  - Increased mucosal ornithine decarboxylase activity in large bowel with multiple
      tumors, adenocarcinoma, and adenoma.
AB  - The polyamine biosynthetase, ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), involved in tumor
      promotion, was investigated in grossly normal mucosa obtained from surgically
      resected large bowel; 48 cases with and six cases without large bowel cancer. The
      mucosal ODC activity was significantly higher in 17 multiple tumor cases bearing
      adenocarcinoma(s) plus adenoma(s) than in 31 solitary tumor cases bearing one
      adenocarcinoma alone. It was higher in the mucosa of the two groups of cases than
      in the mucosa of individuals without large bowel cancer. Furthermore, the enzyme
      activity in left-sided cancer cases was significantly higher than that in right
      sided cancer cases. Carcinoma tissue showed a remarkable high level of enzyme
      activity, compared with the normal mucosa. The results indicate the larger the
      number of tumors the higher the level of the ODC activity in the normal mucosa,
      particularly in left-sided cancer cases. It is concluded that the mucosal ODC may
      provide a good biological marker to detect individuals at higher risk for large
      bowel cancer due to exogenous or endogenous factors, and thus contribute to the
      prevention of mortality from large bowel cancer.

PMID- 2924265
TI  - Mucin profiles and potential for malignancy of human colorectal adenomatous
      polyps.
AB  - The mucin histochemical and histologic features of 166 colorectal adenomatous
      polyps from 124 patients were studied. A majority of the polyps (62%) had a
      tubular growth pattern whereas 38% showed villous growth. Severe dysplasia was
      more frequently found in the latter group. A significant correlation (r = 0.27, P
      less than 0.001) was found between the severity of dysplasia and the size of the
      polyps. Moreover, the ratio between goblet and columnar cells was also found to
      decrease (P less than 0.0001) with the severity of dysplasia. Independent of the
      mucin stain used (periodic acid-Schiff, alcian blue, and high-iron diamine
      stains), mucin reactive cells were found to be negatively correlated (-0.17 less
      than r less than -0.44, P less than 0.01) with severity of dysplasia, especially
      in the tubular adenomas. These findings suggest that evaluation of mucin stain,
      related to dysplasia, may contribute to the assessment of premalignant and early
      malignant changes in adenomas of the colon.

PMID- 2924266
TI  - Check samples for laboratory self-assessment in DNA flow cytometry. The National
      Cancer Institute's Flow Cytometry Network experience.
AB  - The National Cancer Institute's Flow Cytometry Network (NCI-FCN) is attempting to
      facilitate the transfer of flow cytometry (FCM) of exfoliated bladder cells from
      the research laboratory to the clinical laboratory. Demonstrating
      interinstitutional consistency in FCM analysis of replicate specimens simulating
      clinical barbotage specimens, fixed to allow easy transportation and storage at
      room temperature was one specific objective. Simulated barbotage specimens were
      prepared by mixing cultured aneuploid bladder carcinoma cells with normal or
      mitogen-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells in different ratios. The
      samples were fixed in 10% formalin for 30 minutes, stored in buffer, and
      enucleated with pepsin, pH 1.5, before staining with propidium iodide for FCM DNA
      analysis. Preservation in ethanol or other common DNA cytochemical reagents was
      found to be unsatisfactory. In contrast, the formalin-fixed samples showed
      excellent preservation of quantitative DNA fluorescence and coefficient of
      variation of histogram peaks for over 2 weeks. Exchange of eight fixed specimens
      among five network laboratories that analyzed them as "unknowns" showed good
      overall agreement on histogram data and interpretation, although some noteworthy
      interlaboratory differences were found. This technique could be used for self
      assessment surveys of clinical laboratory performance in DNA FCM of bladder
      barbotage specimens.

PMID- 2924267
TI  - Genitourinary rhabdomyosarcoma in children.
AB  - Although rhabdomyosarcoma of the genitourinary tract occurs infrequently in
      children, it presents a challenging problem to the surgeon, radiotherapist, and
      oncologist. Thirty-six children with genitourinary rhabdomyosarcoma were treated
      at our institutions from 1957 to 1985. The primary site of tumor involved the
      bladder, prostate, or both in 15 patients, the paratesticular structures in 12,
      and female reproductive organs in nine. Although treatment modalities and
      philosophies of care varied over the past 27 years, the majority of patients were
      treated with a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. The
      event-free survival for all patients is 74%. Patients with paratesticular tumors
      had the best prognosis (88% event-free survival). Regional nodal radiation
      therapy is not necessary in this favorable group if the retroperitoneal lymph
      node dissection is negative. Of 15 children with bladder/prostate tumors nine had
      initial conservative surgery. Of these nine six are long-term survivors, but only
      three patients have intact bladders. The girls with tumors of the reproductive
      organs had an event-free survival of 63%; all patients in this group had
      hysterectomies. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy have not substituted for radical
      surgical procedures in most children with bladder or prostate rhabdomyosarcomas.
      Innovative therapeutic approaches are necessary for this group of patients.

PMID- 2924268
TI  - Risk of second malignancy after cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.
AB  - Risk of second primary malignancy was assessed in a population-based follow-up
      survey of all persons who developed cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) in nine
      geographic areas of the United States covered by the Surveillance, Epidemiology
      and End Results (SEER) program of the National Cancer Institute during the period
      1973 to 1983. Among 544 patients with a first primary tumor reported as CTCL, a
      second cancer developed in 35 (6%), yielding a significantly elevated relative
      risk (RR) of 1.7, which reflects excesses for cancers of the lung and colon and
      non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Although the excess of lymphoma may be related to the
      evolution of CTCL to less differentiated T-cell lymphoma, additional studies are
      needed to clarify the immunologic, genetic, viral, and environmental factors that
      may contribute to the development of second cancers.

PMID- 2924269
TI  - Breast involvement with acute lymphocytic leukemia.

PMID- 2924270
TI  - Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy. Review of 44 patients with emphasis on
      prognostic behavior.
AB  - In order to investigate the relationship between histologic findings and clinical
      behavior in angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy (AILD), 44 patients with AILD were
      reviewed. These patients comprised 24 men and 20 women with age range from 25 to
      84 years of age (median, 64 years). Lymphadenopathy was observed in all patients,
      systemic in 37, and localized in seven. Polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia was
      present in 64% of patients. Histologically clear cells or convoluted cells were
      observed in 36% and 48% of the patients, respectively. Univariate analysis (log
      rank test) for prognostic factors revealed age, appetite, presence of clear
      cells, or convoluted cells were important factors. However, multivariate analysis
      revealed that there were no independent factors for prognosis. The presence of
      clear cells and/or convoluted cells were histologic signs for poor prognosis;
      autopsy showed that patients with the clear cells with or without convoluted
      cells mostly died of active disease of AILD with two cases progressing to non
      Hodgkin's lymphomas and those with convoluted cells alone died of lung infection.
      From these findings, AILD could be divided into three groups: AILD with (1) clear
      cells with or without convoluted cells, (2) convoluted cells alone, or (3)
      neither cells. The first two groups showed poor prognosis, and the last a
      favorable prognosis.

PMID- 2924271
TI  - Psychosexual adaptation to breast cancer surgery.
AB  - Disturbances associated with a breast cancer diagnosis were defined when
      psychological assessments from 63 patients with a known breast cancer diagnosis
      were compared to those from 56 patients with an as yet undiagnosed malignancy.
      Subsequent assessments from the 56 patients with an undiagnosed breast cancer
      showed disturbances after they saw a physician compared with the assessments from
      72 similar patients ultimately diagnosed as benign. Apprehension apparently arose
      from clues given before a biopsy was done even though the cancer was not yet
      diagnosed. Compared with the benign breast disease group, the disturbances in
      patients suspected or diagnosed with breast cancer were found chiefly in
      assessments of mood and adjustment, and less in assessments of more durable
      characteristics of personality, psychopathology, and sexual behavior.
      Psychological problems associated with breast cancer decreased over time, but
      residuals persisted for at least 16 months postoperatively. Few differences were
      found between 41 patients who elected breast-conserving surgery and 78 who were
      treated with mastectomy. Problems were not eliminated by operations which saved
      the breast.

PMID- 2924272
TI  - Safer sex guidelines.

PMID- 2924273
TI  - Unconventional student, unconventional approach.

PMID- 2924274
TI  - Implementing a non-restraint philosophy.

PMID- 2924275
TI  - Community and professional empowerment.

PMID- 2924276
TI  - McMaster's link with Pakistan.

PMID- 2924277
TI  - Nursing the hearing impaired patient.

PMID- 2924278
TI  - [Anger].
AB  - Anger is universal, its variations in the human species well documented. Under
      certain conditions, it can even work in our favor. Here, the author examines how
      we manage anger, its positive and negative aspects, as well as its manifestations
      -biological and in the form of bodily expressions. Through intellectualizing our
      anger, she says, we rationalize it. Yet when we act solely out of emotion, we
      increase our vulnerability. The author suggests appropriate means of expressing
      our anger and of accepting the anger of dying patients.

PMID- 2924279
TI  - [Helping the family of the schizophrenic patient].
AB  - The authors, nurses who run a day program out of Centre hospitalier Ste-Therese
      de Shawinigan to help friends or families of schizophrenic patients, explore what
      makes the service so successful. Called Centre Info-Famille-Contact-Schizo, it
      was the brainstorm of psychiatrist Dr. Pierre Lalonde, who maintains that such
      families need information and support; after all, they are true allies of the
      patient.

PMID- 2924280
TI  - Diversity in biomedical imaging.

PMID- 2924281
TI  - Designing a flexible user interface for both users and programmers.
AB  - The design of a user interface for computers is examined from both the end user's
      and the programmer's point of view. Different methods of menu selection and user
      feedback are discussed. A graphics interface using pull down menus and dialog
      boxes is ideal for simplifying user interaction and program organization. This
      style of interface also provides for a modular program development environment,
      reduced program development time, program portability, and reduced maintenance.
      Software tools for programming the user interface are explored and pseudo-code
      examples are given.

PMID- 2924282
TI  - Database management in autoradiography.
AB  - Experiments in autoradiography involve the use of radiotracers to achieve a
      "functional mapping" between structures of the central nervous system and
      observed behavior in animals. A typical experiment produces 100-300 sections per
      animal. Computer systems such as DUMAS (Drexel's Unix based iMage Analysis
      System) are used to analyze these sections. Each section has two images
      associated with it--an autoradiographic image and a histological image. The
      latter is used to establish a correlation between anatomical structures and areas
      on the autoradiogram. User drawn outlines on the histological image are
      transferred to the autoradiographic image to obtain quantitative measures (such
      as average gray level). Existing systems do not take advantage of the fact that
      consecutive sections obtained from a brain are often similar. As a result, much
      of the effort involved with region outlining is repetitive. Also, the criteria
      for region selection varies not only across experiments, but also between users.
      This paper presents an approach to design an integrated database management
      system to manage both pictorial and quantitative data in autoradiography.
      Briefly, such a system is used to (a) store sets of reference outlines and images
      for use during the analysis of sections, (b) provide a bank of information to the
      user from across experiments, (c) provide an on-line help facility to the novice,
      and a reference guide to the expert. Based on specific requirements, we chose the
      relational model for data management. We developed a preliminary version of the
      database using INFORMIX-ESQL/C, which is a commercially available relational
      system. We also developed a graphics editor that is actively linked to the
      database. The results of our efforts have established the feasibility of using a
      commercially available relational system for autoradiographic data management.

PMID- 2924283
TI  - Skin cancer recognition by computer vision.
AB  - Automatic detection of several features characteristic of basal cell epitheliomas
      is described. The features selected for this feasibility study are
      semitranslucency, telangiectasia, ulcer, crust, and tumor border. Image
      processing methods used in this study include frequency analysis of the Fourier
      transform of the image, the Sun-Wee texture analysis algorithm, and several other
      image analysis techniques suitable for skin photographs. This image analysis
      software is designed for use with AI/DERM, an expert system that models diagnosis
      of skin tumors by dermatologists.

PMID- 2924284
TI  - Multiple spectral parameter imaging in quantitative fluorescence microscopy. I:
      Quantitation of bead standards.
AB  - Digitized images from fluorescence microscopy may suffer from nonlinearity of
      camera response to illumination intensity, from uneven spatial response of the
      camera, and from uneven illumination of the microscopical field. Structureless
      fluorescence standard slides are used to characterize the camera response. This
      information permits the images to be corrected for all the above errors, in one
      operation. The computer algorithms are described, and also those for thresholding
      and finding objects. The method is illustrated by tests using fluorescent beads.

PMID- 2924285
TI  - Modulation of flavocoenzyme levels in rat tissues by N-nitrosodiethylamine.
AB  - The hepatocarcinogen N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) was administered continuously
      in drinking water (200 mg/l) to male Wistar rats, and at intervals tissues were
      examined for flavocoenzyme levels. Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and non-FAD
      riboflavin were determined fluorimetrically. Results revealed significant
      depletion in hepatic levels of these compounds at the end of 60 days, a period of
      exposure considered adequate for the development of hepatoma. Considerable
      reduction was also noticed after 15 days, and also when lower dose of NDEA was
      administered (50 mg/l). The flavin compounds in liver after short exposure to
      NDEA remained at depleted levels even after withdrawal of the carcinogen. Changes
      in the kidney were found to be less significant. The selective depletion of
      flavin compounds in the target tissue following NDEA exposure is of significance,
      and may be related to biochemical mechanisms involved in malignant
      transformation.

PMID- 2924286
TI  - Selective fractionation of hypoxic B16 melanoma cells by density gradient
      centrifugation.
AB  - Cells of the mouse B16 melanoma growing in monolayer culture and as tumors were
      fractionated by isopycnic density centrifugation in a linear-density (1.02-1.20
      g/ml) metrizamide gradient. Cultured cells concentrated into one or two distinct
      bands, with densities of 1.02-1.04 g/ml and 1.06-1.10 g/ml, depending on growth
      conditions. Cells subjected to extreme hypoxia (less than 0.02% O2) banded
      predominantly at the lower density, and normally-oxygenated cells banded at the
      higher density. Fractionated tumor cells concentrated at both densities. Compared
      with cells at the higher density, lower-density cells incorporated more of the
      hypoxic cell radiosensitizer [14C]misonidazole and less [3H]thymidine in vivo,
      were less clonogenic but more resistant to X-irradiation in situ, and labeled to
      a lesser extent with intravenously-delivered Hoechst 33342 fluorochrome, a marker
      for cells proximal to tumor blood vessels. Lower-density tumor cells were,
      therefore, enriched in non-proliferating radioresistant hypoxic cells from tumor
      regions remote from blood vessels.

PMID- 2924287
TI  - Identification in rats of N-nitrosonipecotic acid as a major urinary metabolite
      of the areca-nut alkaloid-derived nitrosamines, N-nitrosoguvacoline and N
      nitrosoguvacine.
AB  - N-Nitrosamines derived from areca-nut alkaloids have been implicated in cancer of
      the oral cavity and esophagus caused by betel quid chewing in India and other
      Asian countries. A major urinary metabolite of N-nitrosoguvacoline and N
      nitrosoguvacine, both present in saliva of betel quid chewers of ppb levels, was
      isolated from rat urine and identified as N-nitrosonipecotic acid by comparison
      with the authentic compound. When a dose of 50 or 500 micrograms/rat of either
      compound was administered orally to BDIV rats, 66-85% of the dose was excreted in
      the urine as N-nitrosonipecotic acid and 2-8% as N-nitrosoguvacine. These N
      nitrosamino acids could be analysed in the urine of betel quid chewers as a
      marker of exposure to areca-nut specific nitrosamines.

PMID- 2924288
TI  - Effects of a triazine antifolate (NSC 127755) on serine hydroxymethyltransferase
      in myeloma cells in culture.
AB  - The effect of the triazine antifolate NSC 127755 on serine
      hydroxymethyltransferase activity in mouse myeloma X63 cells in culture was
      determined. The enzyme was inhibited, apparently irreversibly, with IC50
      approximately 5 X 10(-8) M. A similar concentration-dependency for inhibition of
      [6-3H]deoxyuridine incorporation into DNA was observed in these cells in culture.
      Long-term culture of myeloma cells with NSC 127755 resulted in a progressive
      decrease in the number of viable cells. The study emphasises the significance of
      serine hydroxymethyltransferase as a target for anticancer chemotherapy.

PMID- 2924289
TI  - Long-term carcinogenicity of cyclophosphamide in two mouse strains with different
      spontaneous leukemia incidence.
AB  - The aim of the present study was to investigate to what extent the induction of
      leukemia by the carcinogenic agent cyclophosphamide (CPA) might be influenced by
      the genetic predisposition. CPA was s.c. administered at 26 mg/kg and 13 mg/kg
      weekly for lifetime to AKR mice which are genetically predisposed to develop
      leukemias, and to NMRI mice, that exhibit a low spontaneous leukemia rate. CPA
      dose-dependently increased the median life span in AKR mice by 27% and 76% (P
      less than 0.001), and decreased the incidence in leukemias by 17% and 37% (P less
      than 0.01), respectively. In NMRI mice, CPA significantly increased the incidence
      of leukemias by 46% at the low dose (P less than 0.02) and 26% at the high dose
      (P less than 0.03), respectively. The apparently parallel observations of the
      lower leukemia incidences following the higher CPA-dosage in both strains
      probably are related to different mechanisms of action: in the susceptible,
      genetically determined AKR mice the therapeutic effect of CPA prevailed its
      carcinogenic potential and the genetic host factors whereas in the resistant NMRI
      mice the cytotoxic efficacy of CPA reduced its carcinogenicity at the higher
      dosage.

PMID- 2924290
TI  - Identification of a human homologue of the murine tumor rejection antigen GP96.
AB  - A family of cell surface glycoproteins with a molecular weight of 96,000 (gp96)
      has recently been implicated in the individually distinct immunogenicity of
      chemically induced sarcomas of inbred mice. Rabbit antiserum to murine gp96
      detects an antigenically related Mr 96,000 cell surface glycoprotein on two
      cultured human melanoma cell lines, SK-MEL-13 and SK-MEL-177. Molecular probes
      for 5' and 3' ends of the murine gp96 gene detect a 3.5-kilobase transcript in
      RNA preparations from melanoma cells, similar to the murine gp96 transcript.
      While 5' probes do not hybridize to Southern blots of genomic human DNA, the 3'
      probes identify several distinct bands under stringent hybridization and washing
      conditions. This suggests that the 3' end of the gp96 gene is more conserved than
      its 5' end. No gross alterations in gp96 gene organization were detected in
      melanoma cells. B-lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from four different
      individuals also showed no restriction fragment polymorphism in the gp96 gene.

PMID- 2924291
TI  - Tubulin-dependent hydrolysis of guanosine triphosphate as a screening test to
      identify new antitubulin compounds with potential as antimitotic agents:
      application to carbamates of aromatic amines.
AB  - Tubulin-dependent GTP hydrolysis was evaluated for its potential as a relatively
      simple screening assay for new antimitotic drugs. Carbamates of aromatic amines
      were chosen as the test system because of the relatively diverse structures of
      compounds in this class already known to have antimitotic properties and because
      of the large number of such compounds in the NSC collection of the National
      Cancer Institute. Of 162 compounds evaluated, significant alterations in the
      GTPase reaction were observed with 26 agents. Sixteen of these had substantial
      inhibitory effects on tubulin polymerization (true positives), while ten did not
      (false positives). There were no false negatives (i.e., no agent inactive in the
      GTPase assay inhibited tubulin polymerization). The true positives were examined
      for effects on cell growth and mitosis, and four compounds had 50% inhibitory
      concentration values of 2 microM or less with L1210 murine leukemia cells. All
      four caused the accumulation of cells in metaphase arrest. We conclude that
      tubulin-dependent GTP hydrolysis can be used effectively to select new
      antitubulin compounds with potential as antimitotic agents from a large group of
      compounds of unknown activity.

PMID- 2924292
TI  - Characterization of a malignant phenotype-associated cell surface glycoprotein
      common to various human tumor cells and preferentially expressed on
      adenocarcinoma of the lung.
AB  - Since both the liver and lung are derived from the endoderm, common antigens may
      appear on both tissues during malignant transformation. In an attempt to
      delineate cell surface alterations associated with the neoplastic transformation
      of these tissues, we have produced a library of monoclonal antibodies against a
      human hepatoma cell line termed FOCUS. One of these monoclonal antibodies,
      designated AF-10, recognized an antigen preferentially expressed on human lung
      adenocarcinoma cells, both in vitro and in vivo. This antigen has been
      characterized using Western immunoblot analysis and immunoprecipitation from
      surface-iodinated or metabolically labeled cells. The mature antigen is a cell
      surface glycoprotein with a core polypeptide with a molecular weight of 75,000
      bearing N-glycosylation units. This protein migrates in sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with an apparent molecular weight of 100,000
      115,000 in reducing conditions and Mr 115,000-130,000 in nonreducing conditions.
      The epitope recognized by monoclonal antibody AF-10 is borne by the core protein.
      This antigen is shed from the cell surface and was identified in the culture
      supernatant from lung adenocarcinoma cell lines. Studies of the biodistribution
      of the AF-10 antigen showed that it was also expressed at low levels in normal
      human small intestine and kidney. The AF-10 monoclonal antibody may be useful for
      the study of the antigen expression between normal lung and the transformed
      phenotype.

PMID- 2924293
TI  - Incidence of serum antibody reactivity to autologous head and neck cancer cell
      lines and augmentation of antibody reactivity following acid dissociation and
      ultrafiltration.
AB  - Serum antibody reactivity to squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN)
      was evaluated in 41 autologous serum-tumor cell line combinations using the
      protein A hemadsorption assay. Autologous antibody reactivity (median titer of
      1:4) was detected in sera from 24 of the patients tested. In 10 cases autologous
      antibody reactivity could be detected only in undiluted serum precluding further
      analysis. Analysis of higher titer sera from one patient revealed antibodies that
      define an antigen expressed on autologous tumor cells cultured from both the
      primary tumor (UM-SCC-17A) and from a metastasis (UM-SCC-17B). Absorption
      analysis showed that this antigen was also expressed on 6 of 10 allogeneic SCCHN
      cell lines but not on autologous fibroblasts or on allogeneic melanoma cell
      lines. Due to the low titer of autologous antibody reactivity in most sera, we
      sought to determine if dissociation of immune complexes through acidification and
      ultrafiltration of serum might enhance detectable antibody reactivity as has been
      done in previous studies in melanoma. Twelve serum samples from eight patients
      were subjected to acid dissociation and ultrafiltration (AD-U). Only six of the
      untreated sera had detectable antibody reactivity against the autologous SCCHN
      cell line whereas following AD-U all 12 sera had enhanced IgG reactivity against
      autologous SCCHN. Specificity analysis of one serum sample after dissociation
      revealed that the antibody detected an antigen common to SCCHN cell lines as well
      as melanoma, glioma, renal, and colon carcinoma cell lines. Circulating immune
      complexes may provide a reservoir of antibody with potential diagnostic and
      therapeutic applications.

PMID- 2924294
TI  - Effect of androgen on proliferation of estrogen-responsive transformed mouse
      Leydig cells in serum-free culture.
AB  - We examined the effects of steroid hormones on the proliferation of transformed
      mouse Leydig cells (B-1) in serum-free culture condition. Among hormones
      examined, androgen as well as estrogen enhanced the cell proliferation rate.
      Hormone binding studies revealed that B-1 cells contained both androgen and
      estrogen receptors. In addition, androgen-enhanced cell growth was inhibited by
      antiandrogen, but not by antiestrogen, while estrogen-stimulated cell growth was
      suppressed by antiestrogen. However, the simultaneous addition of androgen and
      estrogen did not show an additive effect. Dose-response study on androgen
      dependent cell growth revealed that relatively high concentrations (10(-7)-10(-6)
      M) of dihydrotestosterone were required to obtain the maximum response. This was
      at least partly explained by the finding that B-1 cells could metabolize
      dihydrotestosterone into the less active steroids. Finally, B-1 cells were found
      to grow more rapidly in normal than in castrated male mice. These results clearly
      indicate that the proliferation of B-1 cells is stimulated by both androgen and
      estrogen, which utilize the different receptor systems.

PMID- 2924295
TI  - 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine and hydroxyurea production of cytotoxic synergy
      with cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) and modification of platinum-induced DNA
      interstrand cross-linking.
AB  - 1-beta-D-Arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) and hydroxyurea (HU) were investigated
      as possible inhibitors for the repair of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (DDP)
      induced DNA damage. HU and ara-C were chosen for their known ability to inhibit
      DNA excision repair following UV irradiation. Work by several groups has
      suggested that the repair of DDP-induced DNA damage may involve an excision
      repair mechanism. The cytotoxic effects of dose, exposure duration, and sequence
      for the three drugs was studied in a human colon cancer cell line (HT-29) by
      colony formation assays. Significant synergistic cytotoxicity was seen whether HU
      + ara-C were given prior to, or following DDP exposure. Cytotoxic synergy was
      also seen between HU + ara-C themselves. The effect of the combined
      antimetabolites on the level and persistence of DDP-induced DNA interstrand cross
      links was assessed by DNA alkaline elution. These were measured as an indicator
      of DDP-DNA adduct formation and removal. When HU + ara-C exposure preceded or
      followed DDP treatment, higher levels of interstrand cross-linking were found at
      late time points than were seen with DDP alone, suggesting repair inhibition. We
      conclude that the combination of HU, ara-C, and DDP shows synergistic
      cytotoxicity, and that this effect may be due in part to inhibition of DDP
      induced DNA adduct repair. The concentrations of drugs used in vitro are
      achievable in humans. On the basis of these results, a Phase I/II clinical trial
      of the three agents in combination has been initiated.

PMID- 2924296
TI  - Deletion mapping in human renal cell carcinoma.
AB  - The highest incidence of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is reported in Scandinavia.
      Cytogenetic studies of constitutional tissue in families with hereditary RCC and
      of sporadic RCC tumor tissue have shown abnormalities of chromosome 3p. In a
      study of 23 sporadic Scandinavian cases using restriction fragment length
      polymorphism analysis, we found that 68% of informative patients showed terminal
      3p deletions. The break point was not consistent. Loss of a locus on the Y
      chromosome was seen in 4/14 male patients. Losses of heterozygosity on autosomes
      included chromosomes 18 (5/15 informative cases) and 17 (3/11 informative cases).
      Losses in heterozygosity were also found at lower levels for other chromosomes
      (chromosome 13, 3/16; chromosome 10, 2/19; and chromosome 11, 2/24). The single
      familial case showed reduplication of part of chromosome 3p and of one chromosome
      17. Our data confirm earlier data on losses on chromosome 3p in tumor tissue and
      by extending this type of analysis to all chromosomes, demonstrate the
      specificity of this loss. No unique findings were made in the sporadic
      Scandinavian cases. The results support the thesis that a tumor suppressor gene
      involved in the oncogenesis of RCC may be located distal to the DNF15S2 locus on
      chromosome 3p.

PMID- 2924297
TI  - Rapid reduction of tetrachloro(D,L-trans)1,2-diaminocyclohexaneplatinum(IV)
      (tetraplatin) in RPMI 1640 tissue culture medium.
AB  - Tetrachloro(D,L-trans)1,2-diaminocyclohexaneplatinum(IV) (tetraplatin) is a new
      platinum analogue which is less nephrotoxic than cisplatin and is effective in
      some cell lines which have become resistant to cisplatin. Since platinum(IV)
      compounds are thought to require reduction to their platinum(II) analogues for
      activity, the biotransformations of tetraplatin and its platinum(II) analogue,
      dichloro(D,L-trans)1,2-diaminocyclohexaneplatinum(II) [PtCl2(trans-dach)], were
      studied. For L1210 cells cultured in RPMI 1640 medium, the time course for
      inhibition of DNA synthesis and cytotoxicity was virtually identical for both
      drugs. The time course for binding to fetal calf serum in the tissue culture
      medium was also the same for both drugs. In the complete tissue culture medium,
      tetraplatin was reduced to PtCl2(trans-dach) with a half-life of 5 to 15 min,
      depending on the level of protein sulfhydryl in the medium. The major reducing
      agent in the medium was the protein sulfhydryl, with glutathione and glucose
      making minor contributions. No other component of the medium reacted with
      tetraplatin. The rapid reduction of tetraplatin to PtCl2(trans-dach) was followed
      by much slower substitution reactions involving the chloro ligands of PtCl2(trans
      dach). The major transformation products which accumulated in RPMI 1640 medium
      were identical for both drugs. These data suggest that tetraplatin should be
      considered a prodrug which is very rapidly converted to PtCl2(trans-dach) with
      subsequent biotransformations as expected for the platinum(II) analogue. These
      data also indicate that in tissue culture most of the tetraplatin is reduced
      extracellularly.

PMID- 2924298
TI  - Competitive inhibition by verapamil of ATP-dependent high affinity vincristine
      binding to the plasma membrane of multidrug-resistant K562 cells without calcium
      ion involvement.
AB  - Verapamil, a calcium channel blocker, can inhibit the efflux of antitumor agents
      from multidrug-resistant cells and reverse drug resistance. We have recently
      reported that the plasma membrane prepared from an adriamycin (ADM)-resistant
      variant (K562/ADM) of human myelogenous leukemia K562 cells showed ATP/Mg2+
      dependent high affinity binding of vincristine (VCR), which is closely related to
      the drug transport mechanism in this cell line. To clarify how calcium channel
      blockers inhibit the transport of antitumor agents from the resistant cells, we
      analyzed the effect of calcium channel blockers and Ca2+ ion on the VCR binding
      to K562/ADM plasma membrane. The ATP-dependent VCR binding was inhibited by
      calcium channel blockers (verapamil, nicardipine, and diltiazem), which are known
      to inhibit drug efflux from the resistant cells. Addition of
      [ethylenebis(oxyethylenenitrilo)]tetraacetic acid or high concentration of Ca2+
      decreased the amount of VCR binding to some extent; however, a substantial amount
      of VCR still could bind to K562/ADM plasma membrane. The inhibitory effect of
      verapamil on the VCR binding was observed regardless of the Ca2+ concentration.
      Klotz plot analysis revealed that the inhibition of the VCR binding to K562/ADM
      plasma membrane by verapamil was competitive. Dissociation constant (Kd) of VCR
      and apparent inhibitory constant (Kiapp) of verapamil were calculated to be 0.1
      +/- 0.1 microM (SD) and 1 +/- 1 microM, respectively. These results indicate that
      Ca2+ ion is not required for the VCR binding and that verapamil competitively
      inhibits the VCR binding without concerning Ca2+ ion. Antitumor agents
      (vinblastine, actinomycin D, ADM, and colchicine) and other agents known to
      reverse multidrug resistance (nicardipine, diltiazem, cyclosporin A, quinidine,
      and trifluoperazine) also inhibited the VCR binding competitively.

PMID- 2924299
TI  - Slowing of cell cycle traverse for cells in exponential monolayer cultures placed
      into plateau-fed and starved medium.
AB  - MCa-11 tumor cells in exponential monolayer cultures were pulse/chase-labeled
      with [3H]thymidine and then regrown in fresh, plateau-fed, or starved medium. We
      measured the DNA content and autoradiographic labeling of these cells by
      absorption cytophotometry at intervals of 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 h to follow the
      progress through the cell cycle of those cells which had incorporated isotope. We
      found that for the cells grown in plateau-fed and starved medium the G0/G1, S,
      and G2 phases of the cell cycle were prolonged when compared to those for cells
      grown in fresh medium. These results show that, under adverse microenvironmental
      conditions, the growth of tumor cells can be regulated in all phases of the cell
      cycle, and that this regulation can include lengthening and even cessation of
      replicative DNA synthesis.

PMID- 2924300
TI  - Substrate specificity and alkyl group selectivity in the metabolism of N
      nitrosodialkylamines.
AB  - Metabolic activation may be a key step in determining the tissue specificity of
      carcinogenic nitrosamines. In previous work, we characterized P450IIE1 (an
      acetone/ethanol-inducible form of cytochrome P-450) as the major enzyme for the
      metabolic activation of N-nitrosodimethylamine. In this work, we investigated the
      metabolism of other N-nitrosodialkylamines in rat liver microsomes and in
      reconstituted monooxygenase systems containing purified cytochrome P-450
      isozymes. The enzyme specificities in the metabolism of N-nitrosoethylmethylamine
      and N-nitrosodiethylamine were similar to those of N-nitrosodimethylamine; i.e.,
      these substrates were more efficiently metabolized by acetone- or ethanol-induced
      microsomes than by other types of microsomes. However, substituting one methyl
      group with a benzyl or butyl group, as in N-nitrosobenzylmethylamine or N
      nitrosobutylmethylamine (NBMA), substantially changed the enzyme specificity.
      P450IIE1 efficiently catalyzed the demethylation but not the debutylation of
      NBMA, whereas P450IIB1 (a phenobarbital-inducible form) efficiently catalyzed
      both the debutylation and demethylation reactions. In the demethylation of NBMA
      by P450IIE1, the addition of cytochrome b5 markedly increased the activity at low
      but not at high substrate concentrations, suggesting a decrease in Km value. This
      effect, however, was not observed in the debutylation of NBMA by P450IIE1 or
      P450IIB1, and in the demethylation of NBMA by P450IIB1. These studies demonstrate
      the substrate specificity and alkyl group selectivity in the metabolism of
      nitrosamines by cytochrome P-450 isozymes.

PMID- 2924301
TI  - Changes in activities of free radical detoxifying enzymes in kidneys of male
      Syrian hamsters treated with estradiol.
AB  - Target organ-specific estrogen-induced DNA adducts were previously shown to
      precede renal carcinogenesis in Syrian hamsters. Because estrogens induced these
      DNA modifications, but were not part of the adduct structure, free radical
      activation of endogenous electrophiles was postulated as a mechanism of tumor
      induction by estrogens. In the present study, the activities of enzymes which
      detoxify reactive intermediates were studied in liver and kidney of hamsters
      treated with estradiol for 1, 2, and 4 mo and in untreated controls. These
      studies were done to detect oxidative stress in the target organ of
      carcinogenesis. In the estrogen-exposed hamster kidney (1, 2, and 4 mo),
      activities of glutathione peroxidases I and II were significantly increased. The
      activity of catalase was decreased compared to those in untreated controls. In
      livers which are not the target organ of carcinogenesis, treatment of hamsters
      with estrogen for 1, 2, and 4 mo resulted in changes of activities of glutathione
      peroxidases I and II and catalase, which were opposite to the pattern found in
      the kidney. Activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, glucose-6
      phosphate dehydrogenase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, and glutathione
      transferase in estradiol-treated hamster liver and kidney did not differ
      significantly from those in either liver or kidney of untreated age-matched
      controls. Fluorescent products of lipid peroxidation more than doubled in the
      kidney, but not in the liver of hamsters treated with estradiol for 1 mo. It is
      concluded that the increases in glutathione, in the activity of glutathione
      peroxidase, and in products of lipid peroxidation in the kidneys of hamsters
      treated chronically with estrogen all point towards elevated levels of oxidative
      stress.

PMID- 2924302
TI  - A monoclonal antibody which identifies the autophosphorylation domain of
      autophosphorylating protein kinase 500.
AB  - Autophosphorylating protein kinase 500 is a serine protein kinase expressed
      progressively with the steps of cellular transformation, approaching levels from
      50- to 100-fold in the terminal stages of malignancy. The enzyme possesses a
      sharply restricted range of substrates: itself and a ribosomal protein with a
      molecular weight of 31,000 (S6). We report here on the characterization of a
      monoclonal antibody directed against the autophosphorylation domain of AUT-PK
      500. The specificity of the antibody is evidenced by blockage of the enzyme
      phosphorylation without interfering with the native S6 or synthetic octapeptide
      (S6-1) serine residue phosphorylations. This represents an important step in
      identifying a probe that can be used to explore the structure and potential
      function of AUT-PK 500 in cellular transformation.

PMID- 2924303
TI  - Effects of 5-hydroxymethyluracil and 3-aminobenzamide on the repair and toxicity
      of 5-hydroxymethyl-2'-deoxyuridine in mammalian cells.
AB  - 5-Hydroxymethyl-2'-deoxyuridine (HmdUrd), a cytotoxic analogue of thymidine, has
      been proposed for use as an anticancer agent. HmdUrd is incorporated into DNA and
      then removed at a rate of 30-40% per day. The removal of HmdUrd from DNA has been
      attributed to the action of 5-hydroxymethyluracil-DNA glycosylase (HmUra-DNA
      glycosylase). We demonstrated the release of [3H]HmUra into the growth medium of
      V79 Chinese hamster cells that had incorporated [3H]HmdUrd into their DNA. The
      amount of [3H]HmUra recovered from the growth medium was equal to the amount of
      [3H]HmdUrd lost from DNA. These experiments confirmed that the initial step of
      repair of HmUra in DNA was mediated by DNA glycosylase activity. A combination of
      HmUra and HmdUrd resulted in increased uptake of HmdUrd by cells and increased
      cytotoxicity. The increased incorporation of HmdUrd into DNA was not due to
      inhibition of repair. 3-Aminobenzamide, an inhibitor of poly(ADP-ribose)
      synthesis, was cytotoxic to cells which incorporated and repaired HmdUrd. The
      extent of toxicity was directly related to the number of HmUra residues in DNA.
      HeLa cells, known to be resistant to the toxic effects of HmdUrd, do not
      incorporate HmdUrd into their DNA. HeLa cells were resistant to the toxic effects
      of 3-aminobenzamide, confirming that the absence of HmdUrd in their DNA was not
      due to an accelerated rate of repair. These experiments indicate that the
      potential therapeutic antineoplastic properties of HmdUrd may be enhanced by
      using HmUra to increase the incorporation of HmdUrd into DNA and 3-aminobenzamide
      to interfere with repair of HmUra in DNA.

PMID- 2924304
TI  - Effect on growth and cell cycle kinetics of estradiol and tamoxifen on MCF-7
      human breast cancer cells grown in vitro and in nude mice.
AB  - The effects of estradiol and tamoxifen (TAM) on the estrogen-dependent human
      breast cancer cell line MCF-7 grown in vitro and in nude mice were compared. The
      effect on growth was determined by cell number in vitro and by tumor growth
      curves in nude mice. The effects on the cell cycle kinetics were determined by
      repeated flow cytometric DNA analyses in vitro and in vivo and by the technique
      of labeled mitosis in nude mouse-grown tumors. Under in vitro conditions,
      estradiol induced a pronounced increase in S-phase fraction and cell number. TAM
      inhibited growth of MCF-7 cells with a concomitant increase in the G1 phase from
      60% to 75%. In nude mice, MCF-7 only formed tumors in estradiol-supplemented
      mice. No differences were observed in growth and cell kinetics between 0.1 and
      1.0 mg of estradiol. Daily i.p. injections of TAM resulted in tumor growth
      inhibition with shrinkage of tumors. The flow cytometric DNA analysis and
      percentage of labeled mitosis investigations revealed no significant differences
      in the proliferation kinetics of TAM-treated and control tumors. Calculating the
      cell loss factor demonstrated an increase from 69% in control tumors to 107% in
      TAM-treated tumors. These experiments have shown that the cell kinetic effect of
      TAM is different when MCF-7 cells are grown in vitro versus in vivo. In contrast
      to the in vitro data, the in vivo data indicate that the growth-inhibitory effect
      of TAM is not mediated through a perturbation of the cell cycle.

PMID- 2924305
TI  - Morphological and cytokinetic responses of hamster airways to intralaryngeal or
      intratracheal cannulation with instillation of saline or ferric oxide particles
      in saline.
AB  - The morphological and proliferative effects of intratracheal cannulation (ITC) or
      intralaryngeal cannulation (ILC), with or without the instillation of saline or
      Fe2O3 particles in saline, were studied in Syrian golden hamsters. Instillation
      of Fe2O3 in saline at either airway level resulted in a similar distribution of
      Fe2O3 particles in all lung lobes. ILC produced laryngeal mucosal wounds. ITC
      produced laryngeal and tracheal mucosal wounds. The cannula-induced wounds were
      associated with proliferative epithelial lesions. ITC, but not ILC, resulted in
      significant increases in the mitotic rates (MR, 6-h colchicine blockade) of
      tracheal epithelial cells at 24 and 32 h postcannulation. Instillation of saline
      by ITC produced slight increases in intrapulmonary bronchial and bronchiolar MR,
      but saline given by ILC did not increase MR at any airway level. Instillation of
      Fe2O3 particles in saline by ITC produced increases in tracheal, intrapulmonary
      bronchial, and bronchiolar MR. Instillation of Fe2O3 particles in saline by ILC
      had little effect on tracheal MR, but increased intrapulmonary bronchial and
      bronchiolar MR. Foci of Fe2O3 particle-laden macrophages were associated with
      mild bronchiolar-alveolar hyperplasia at the junctions of the terminal
      bronchioles and the alveolar ducts. The cytokinetic and morphological changes in
      the intrapulmonary airways were associated with the influx of inflammatory cells
      in response to Fe2O3 particle deposition. The marked increases in tracheal MR and
      the localized hyperplastic tracheal epithelial lesions were clearly associated
      with mechanical wounding from the cannula during ITC. Comparative studies using
      ILC or ITC instillation techniques allowed further investigations of the
      important role of tracheal mucosal wounding in the induction of respiratory
      carcinogenesis, as described in a companion paper (Keenan et al., Cancer Res.,
      49: 1528-1540, 1989).

PMID- 2924306
TI  - Multifactorial hamster respiratory carcinogenesis with interdependent effects of
      cannula-induced mucosal wounding, saline, ferric oxide, benzo[a]pyrene and N
      methyl-N-nitrosourea.
AB  - The carcinogenic response induced in the respiratory tract of Syrian golden
      hamsters by repeated intratracheal instillations of benzo[a]pyrene (BP) adsorbed
      to ferric oxide (Fe2O3) particles suspended in saline, is shown to result from
      the interactions of these factors and cannula-induced tracheal wounding. Previous
      acute studies of intratracheal cannulation (ITC) versus intralaryngeal
      cannulation (ILC) showed that tracheal cell proliferation increased significantly
      in ITC-induced mucosal wounds. Only mild increases in intrapulmonary cell
      proliferation were produced by Fe2O3-saline given by ILC or ITC (Keenan et al.,
      Cancer Res., 49: 1521-1527, 1989). The present chronic studies included the
      following variables: a single instillation by ILC of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)
      at 5 weeks of age; 15 weekly treatments (beginning at 7 weeks of age) by ILC or
      ITC alone, or with instillations of saline, or Fe2O3-saline, or BP-Fe2O3-saline;
      and appropriate controls. Repeated ITC-induced tracheal wounds caused persistent
      tracheal epithelial hyperplasia, metaplasia and/or atrophy and submucosal
      fibroplasia during the observation period of 22 to 78 weeks of age (the time of
      terminal sacrifice). Tracheal cancers (in situ or invasive carcinomas) were seen
      only in those hamsters which had received repeated ITC and one or both
      carcinogens. The cancer latency was shortest and the incidence of tracheal (50%)
      and main-stem bronchial (21%) cancers highest in hamsters given MNU and repeated
      ITC with BP-Fe2O3-saline. Hamsters given carcinogens by ILC (which induced
      laryngeal but not tracheal wounds) developed proliferative lesions and cancers of
      the larynx but no tracheobronchial cancers. These data show the singular
      importance of repeated ITC-induced intratracheal wounding as an enhancing factor
      in this respiratory carcinogenesis model. The findings suggest that the mechanism
      of tumor enhancement involves not only changes in target epithelial cell
      proliferation, but also alterations in normal epithelial-mesenchymal interactions
      during tracheal regeneration from repeated chronic submucosal inflammation and
      mesenchymal repair. In the present experimental model, a single dose of MNU at 5
      weeks of age, repeated instilled doses of BP, and tracheal mucosal wounding were
      each found to be important determinants of the carcinogenic response. Additional
      effects were observed for instilled Fe2O3 particles, and possibly saline.
      Interplay of all these factors, as well as of genetic, nutritional, and
      infectious factors, are considered in relation to risk assessment and prevention.

PMID- 2924307
TI  - Induction of osteosarcomas in mouse lumbar vertebrae by repeated external beta
      irradiation.
AB  - Besides skin tumors, osteosarcomas were induced at high frequency in the lumbar
      vertebrae of ICR mice by repeated local external irradiation of the back with
      90Sr-90Y beta-rays when irradiation was repeated three times a week until tumors
      appeared. The optimum dose range for osteosarcoma induction was 250-350 cGy per
      exposure at the surface of the back, or 125-175 cGy at the depth of the center of
      the bone. With the same irradiation schedule, the optimal dose of radiation for
      induction of osteosarcomas was much lower than that for induction of skin tumors.

PMID- 2924308
TI  - Enhanced activity of peritoneal cells after aclacinomycin injection: effect of
      pretreatment with superoxide dismutase on aclacinomycin-induced cytological
      alterations and antitumoral activity.
AB  - Peritoneal macrophages from mice injected with aclacinomycin (ACM) (4 mg/kg,
      i.p.) showed increased functional activity, as assessed by increased antitumoral
      activity in vitro and in vivo and zymosan-triggered chemoluminescence. They also
      showed ultrastructural signs of activation (increased number of cytoplasmic
      organelles), and atypical alterations (giant vacuoles and giant lysosomes
      containing heterogenous myelinoid bodies, lipofuscine-like substance, cytoplasmic
      debris, and a fine granular material). As these atypical alterations could be due
      to the generation of superoxide following ACM injection, superoxide dismutase
      (SOD) was injected 1 h prior to ACM administration. Neither the morphological
      characteristics of activation, nor the enhanced metabolic and antitumoral
      activities induced by ACM were affected by SOD pretreatment, but the atypical
      alterations were inhibited in a dose-dependent manner. Heat-inactivated SOD did
      not prevent their appearance. The atypical alterations were not found in
      peritoneal macrophages from talc or lipopolysaccharide-injected mice, but they
      were present in Adriamycin-treated mice and were also prevented by SOD
      pretreatment, indicating that the alterations are due to anthracycline treatment.
      Finally, [125I]SOD was phagocytized by peritoneal macrophages in vitro and in
      vivo and not by L1210 tumoral cells, explaining why the atypical alterations
      induced by ACM were no longer seen after SOD pretreatment. The unchanged direct
      oncostatic activity of ACM following SOD pretreatment suggests that this
      combination may have some wider perhaps clinical, potential.

PMID- 2924309
TI  - Effect of specific antibody pretreatment on liver uptake of 111In-labeled
      anticarcinoembryonic antigen monoclonal antibody in nude mice bearing human colon
      cancer xenografts.
AB  - Administration of a large dose (0.2 mg) of unlabeled specific
      anticarcinoembryonic antigen (anti-CEA) monoclonal antibody (MAB) to nude mice
      bearing LS174T human colon cancer xenografts significantly decreased normal liver
      uptake of 111In-labeled anti-CEA MAB (Indacea). Mice bearing tumors of
      approximately 1 g showed liver accumulation of indium-111 at 48 h following
      injection of 2 micrograms/10 microCi Indacea of 33.8 +/- 1.5% injected dose per
      gram (%ID/g) (N = 25). Treatment with 0.2 mg unlabeled anti-CEA MAB reduced this
      to 8.9 +/- 0.5% ID/g (N = 22; P less than 0.001). The dose of pretreatment was
      found to be critical. Increasing the amount of unlabeled MAB to 2.0 mg did not
      significantly improve the liver level of indium-111, but did compromise the tumor
      uptake of Indacea (15.9 +/- 1.3 versus 12.4 +/- 0.4% ID/g; P less than 0.05).
      Lowering the dose of pretreatment 10-fold resulted in increased (P less than
      0.001) liver uptake of the label (26.5 +/- 2.8% ID/g). The unlabeled anti-CEA MAB
      treatment given as a single dose or fractionated over several days gave the same
      results. The decrease in liver uptake was the same for i.v. administration of the
      unlabeled MAB given 1 week prior to Indacea injection or mixed together with
      Indacea. With i.p. administration, simultaneous injection of the unlabeled MAB
      with Indacea was not as effective as pretreatment (20 min to 7 days) in
      decreasing the liver uptake of 111In (P less than 0.05). Epitope specificity and
      affinity were shown to be important considerations in the choice of MAB
      combinations used for pretreatment and imaging. Pretreatment with nonspecific MAB
      was ineffective in decreasing liver uptake of Indacea.

PMID- 2924310
TI  - Stomach cancer among New Mexico's American Indians, Hispanic whites, and non
      Hispanic whites.
AB  - Stomach cancer incidence rates vary by ethnic group in New Mexico, with American
      Indians and Hispanic Whites at higher risk than the state's non-Hispanic White
      population. To further characterize the descriptive epidemiology of this disease
      in New Mexico, we investigated temporal trends in stomach cancer mortality and
      incidence rates. Stomach cancer mortality rates declined over a 25-year period
      (1958-1982) among New Mexico's Hispanic and non-Hispanic Whites. Birth cohort
      analysis suggests that much of the decline was achieved prior to 1968. Stomach
      cancer mortality rates did not drop among American Indians during the same
      period. Stomach cancer incidence rates remained constant for Hispanic Whites, non
      Hispanic Whites, and American Indian males over a 13-year period (1969-1982), but
      more than doubled among American Indian females. Although environmental factors
      have been implicated in the etiology of stomach cancer, little is currently known
      about the distribution of such risk factors among the ethnic groups described in
      this report. The environmental and biological correlates of sex, ethnicity, and
      socioeconomic status that determine stomach cancer risk merit further
      investigation in New Mexico.

PMID- 2924311
TI  - Combination of N-methylformamide with cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II) in murine
      mammary carcinoma: importance of timing.
AB  - The maturational agent N-methylformamide (NMF) is an antitumor agent that also
      enhances the response of tumor cells in vitro to chemotherapeutic agents. Here,
      we tested whether NMF can improve therapy of the murine MCA-K mammary carcinoma
      with cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (cis-DDP). Although the in vitro cell
      cultures of MCA-K tumor cells exhibited increased sensitivity to cis-DDP
      cytotoxicity when they were first treated with NMF, administration of NMF to mice
      bearing MCA-K tumors did not enhance cis-DDP-induced tumor growth delay. However,
      when NMF treatment was begun after cis-DDP administration, the growth delays were
      significantly greater than those induced by the individual treatment, with an
      increase in temporary tumor regression and a small proportion of cures. These
      results indicate that therapeutic benefit can be achieved in this experimental
      tumor system when NMF is administered after cis-DDP. In addition, they
      demonstrate the significance of the timing of administration in combined
      protocols involving NMF.

PMID- 2924312
TI  - Oxidative damage in murine tumor cells treated in vitro by recombinant human
      tumor necrosis factor.
AB  - Treatment of three murine tumor cell lines, L929, P388, and Pan-02, in vitro with
      recombinant human tumor necrosis factor (rhTNF) produced evidence of oxidative
      damage as measured by (a) increases in intracellular glutathione levels, (b) the
      formation of intracellular oxidized glutathione and (c) the formation of thymine
      glycols in DNA. L929, the most sensitive of the three cell lines to the cytotoxic
      activity of rhTNF, had the lowest total glutathione content and was observed to
      have the highest levels of oxidized glutathione and thymine glycol formation. In
      addition, the radical buffering capacity of these cells was significantly
      compromised within 7 h of treatment with rhTNF. The P388 and Pan-02 cell lines,
      with total glutathione levels about 50-fold higher than L929, also showed
      evidence of oxidative attack, although to a lesser extent than L929. The radical
      buffering capacity of these cell lines was not altered by rhTNF treatment. A
      rhTNF-resistant subline of L929 (L929r), produced by successive passaging in
      vitro in the presence of TNF, increased its glutathione and oxidized glutathione
      levels in response to a subsequent rhTNF challenge. Meth A, a cell line resistant
      to rhTNF in vitro but not in vivo, showed no evidence of oxidative damage
      following rhTNF treatment, despite having a low radical scavenging capacity and a
      sensitivity to H2O2. The results with Meth A suggest that the interaction of
      rhTNF with this cell line does not occur in the same manner as the other cell
      lines, perhaps due to receptor differences or to some type of "uncoupling" of the
      signal-response network between the TNF receptor and a putative secondary
      messenger(s). These results are consistent with the hypothesis that: (a) the
      mechanism of action of rhTNF involves the production of oxidative damage,
      including damage to the DNA; (b) the sensitivity to rhTNF in vitro is related to
      the radical scavenging capacity of the cell; and (c) cells can respond to rhTNF
      challenge by increasing their free radical scavenging capacity.

PMID- 2924313
TI  - Proliferative activity in the colon of the mouse and its modulation by dietary
      starch, fat, and cellulose.
AB  - The effect of dietary starch, fat, and cellulose on colonic proliferation was
      studied in female C57Bl/6J mice after 4 weeks of feeding with diets containing
      various levels of starch (3, 36, and 57-65%), various levels of fat (corn oil, 5
      and 29%) and various levels of cellulose (2 and 10%). Cell proliferation was
      measured by colchicine arrest and [3H]thymidine incorporation. The following
      parameters were analyzed: mitotic index, labeling index, and position of labelled
      cells along the crypt. Increasing starch content from 3 to 36% decreased cell
      proliferation both in low (5%) and high (29%) fat diets. By estimating
      simultaneously the effects of starch and fat with a single multiple regression
      model, we observed a decrease of mitotic index from 3.04 +/- 0.34 to 2.04 +/-
      0.43 (means +/- SE) (P less than 0.05) when starch was increased from 3 to 36%
      regardless of the level of fat. Other proliferation parameters showed a similar
      pattern. Changes in dietary fat alone did not affect significantly cell
      proliferation. We also investigated the effect of starch at high levels (57-65%)
      and its interactions with cellulose. High starch (57-65%) increased the labeling
      index from 7.70 +/- 0.58 to 9.65 +/- 0.88 (P less than 0.05), when also
      considering the effect of cellulose in the multiple regression model. Cellulose
      by itself did not change the labeling index. Varying starch from 36 to 57-65%
      increased the number of cells/crypt column from 22.20 +/- 0.82 to 25.87 +/- 1.21
      (P less than 0.05) and varying cellulose from 2 to 10% increased the number of
      cells/crypt column from 22.20 +/- 0.82 to 27.25 +/- 0.97 (P less than 0.01). The
      results indicate that either high or low fat diets, containing 36% starch, have
      the minimum proliferative effects in the mouse colon. However, diets containing
      high levels of both starch (57%) and cellulose (10%) may induce an increase in
      proliferation. These data suggest a potential beneficial effect of starch on
      colon proliferation.

PMID- 2924314
TI  - Effect of cyclophosphamide on the immature rat ovary.
AB  - To investigate the early ovarian changes after cyclophosphamide treatment,
      immature rats primed for 48 h with pregnant mare serum gonadotropin were given
      injections i.p. of cyclophosphamide (100 mg/kg) at 1, 2, 4, 16, and 24 h before
      decapitation. Serum estradiol dropped significantly after 24 h of exposure to
      cyclophosphamide (P less than 0.001). Following 16 and 24 h of cyclophosphamide
      exposure, (a) the number of granulosa cells expressed from each ovary decreased
      (P less than 0.05 and P less than 0.01, respectively); (b) the number of
      nucleated bone marrow cells decreased (P less than 0.01 and P less than 0.01),
      and their median nuclear size was significantly reduced (P less than 0.05 and P
      less than 0.05) as measured by Coulter Counter and C-256 channelyzer (Hialeah,
      FL); and (c) the mean follicular diameter and the number of follicles with
      diameters greater than 300 microns were significantly lower than in control.
      After 4, 16, and 24 h of exposure, median granulosa cell nuclear size
      significantly increased (P less than 0.05, P less than 0.01, and P less than
      0.01, respectively). DNA cross-links in granulosa cells, measured by alkaline
      elution, reached a maximum at 2 h of exposure and decreased thereafter. The above
      findings demonstrate that cyclophosphamide has significant effects on the rat
      ovary structure and function and that the granulosa cell is an important target
      of cyclophosphamide-induced ovarian toxicity.

PMID- 2924315
TI  - Human monoclonal antibodies reactive with human myelomonocytic leukemia cells.
AB  - Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from a patient with chronic myelogenous
      leukemia (CML), in remission, were depleted of CD8-positive T-cells and cultured
      with Epstein-Barr virus. Four of 20 cultures (20%) secreted human IgG antibodies
      selectively reactive with the cell surfaces of certain human leukemia cell lines.
      Three polyclonal, Epstein-Barr virus-transformed, B-cell lines were expanded and
      fused with the human-mouse myeloma analogue HMMA2.11TG/O. Antibody from secreting
      clones HL 1.2 (IgG1), HL 2.1 (IgG3), and HL 3.1 (IgG1) have been characterized.
      All three react with HL-60 (promyelocytic), RWLeu4 (CML promyelocytic), and U937
      (monocytic), but not with KG-1 (myeloblastic) or K562 (CML erythroid). There is
      no reactivity with T-cell lines, Burkitt's cell lines, pre-B-leukemia cell lines,
      or an undifferentiated CML cell line, BV173. Leukemic cells from two of seven
      patients with acute myelogenous leukemia and one of five with acute lymphocytic
      leukemia react with all three antibodies. Normal lymphocytes, monocytes,
      polymorphonuclear cells, red blood cells, bone marrow cells, and platelets do not
      react. Samples from patients with other diverse hematopoietic malignancies showed
      no reactivity. Immunoprecipitations suggest that the reactive antigen(s) is a
      lactoperoxidase iodinatable series of cell surface proteins with molecular
      weights of 42,000-54,000 and a noniodinatable protein with a molecular weight of
      82,000. Based on these data these human monoclonal antibodies appear to react
      with myelomonocytic leukemic cells and may detect a leukemia-specific antigen or
      a highly restricted differentiation antigen.

PMID- 2924316
TI  - In vivo circumvention of vincristine resistance in mice with P388 leukemia using
      a novel compound, AHC-52.
AB  - A novel compound partially analogous to nifedipine, AHC-52, was found to
      sensitize multidrug-resistant tumor cells. AHC-52 at 0.5 microgram/ml completely
      reversed the in vitro resistance to vincristine (VCR) in VCR-resistant P388 cells
      (P388/VCR). Of various regimens examined for the in vivo treatment of P388/VCR
      bearing mice, the combination of 0.05 mg/kg of VCR with 100 mg/kg twice a day of
      AHC-52 daily demonstrated the best result with a 206% increase in life
      prolongation. This result was comparable with that observed in parental P388
      bearing mice treated with the optimal dose of VCR alone, indicating almost
      complete circumvention of resistance by combination VCR-AHC-52 therapy. In
      addition, the combination of both agents exhibited therapeutic effects in the
      treatment of P388-bearing mice with some long term survivors. This result was
      presumably due to the elimination of heterogeneity of VCR sensitivity in this
      cell population. These results suggest that combination chemotherapy using a
      sensitizing agent such as AHC-52 will be effective in not only circumvention of
      multidrug resistance but also retardation of its occurrence.

PMID- 2924317
TI  - Characterization and biodistribution of recombinant and recombinant/chimeric
      constructs of monoclonal antibody B72.3.
AB  - B72.3 is a murine monoclonal antibody (IgG1) that recognizes a tumor-associated
      glycoprotein, termed TAG-72. B72.3 has been shown, using a variety of
      methodologies, to have a high degree of selective reactivity for colorectal,
      ovarian, lung, and breast carcinomas. Radiolabeled B72.3 has been administered
      both i.v. and i.p. in patients with colorectal and ovarian cancer as well as
      other carcinomas and has been shown to selectively bind to approximately 70-80%
      of metastatic lesions. Greater than 50% of the patients that have been treated
      with B72.3 have developed an immunological response to murine IgG after a single
      injection. In an attempt to minimize the immune response of these patients to the
      administered murine monoclonal antibody, we developed a recombinant form of the
      murine B72.3 as well as a recombinant/chimeric antibody, using the variable
      regions of the murine B72.3 and human heavy chain (gamma 4) and light chain
      (kappa) constant regions. We report here that both the recombinant B72.3 [rB72.3]
      and the recombinant/chimeric B72.3 [cB72.3(gamma 4)] IgGs maintain the tissue
      binding and idiotypic specificity of the native murine IgG. The native B72.3,
      rB72.3, and cB72.3(gamma 4) IgGs were radiolabeled and the biodistribution of
      these IgGs was studied in athymic mice bearing human colon carcinoma xenografts
      (LS-174T). Differences were observed between the cB72.3(gamma 4) and the native
      B72.3 in the percentage of injected dose/g that localized in the tumor. The
      somewhat lower absolute amounts of the cB72.3(gamma 4) in the tumor are mostly
      likely due to the observed more rapid clearance from the blood and body of the
      mouse as compared to the native B72.3 and rB72.3. All three forms [native B72.3,
      rB72.3, and cB72.3(gamma 4)] of the IgG, however, were able to localize the colon
      tumor with similar radiolocalization indices [percentage of injected dose/g in
      tumor divided by the percentage of injected dose/g in normal tissue].

PMID- 2924318
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of internally labeled monoclonal antibodies as a gold standard:
      comparison of biodistribution of 75Se-, 111In-, and 125I-labeled monoclonal
      antibodies in osteogenic sarcoma xenografts in nude mice.
AB  - In order to know the true biodistribution of anti-tumor monoclonal antibodies,
      three monoclonal antibodies (OST6, OST7, and OST15) against human osteosarcoma
      and control antibody were internally labeled with 75Se by incubating
      [75Se]methionine and hybridoma cells. 75Se-labeled monoclonal antibodies were
      evaluated both in vitro and in vivo using the human osteogenic sarcoma cell line
      KT005, and the results were compared with those of 125I- and 111In-labeled
      antibodies. 75Se-, 125I- and 111In-labeled monoclonal antibodies had identical
      binding activities to KT005 cells, and the immunoreactivity was in the decreasing
      order of OST6, OST7, and OST15. On the contrary, in vivo tumor uptake (% injected
      dose/g) of 75Se- and 125I-labeled antibodies assessed using nude mice bearing
      human osteosarcoma KT005 was in the order of OST7, OST6, and OST15. In the case
      of 111In, the order was OST6, OST7, and OST15. High liver uptake was similarly
      seen with 75Se- and 111In-labeled antibodies, whereas 125I-labeled antibodies
      showed the lowest tumor and liver uptake. These data indicate that tumor
      targeting of antibody conjugates are not always predictable from cell binding
      studies due to the difference of blood clearance of labeled antibodies.
      Furthermore, biodistribution of both 111In- and 125I-labeled antibodies are not
      identical with internally labeled antibody. Admitting that internally labeled
      antibody is a "gold standard" of biodistribution of monoclonal antibody, high
      liver uptake of 111In-radiolabeled antibodies may be inherent to antibodies.
      Little, if any, increase in tumor-to-normal tissue ratios of antibody conjugates
      will be expected compared to those of 111In-labeled antibodies if stably coupled
      conjugates are administered i.v.

PMID- 2924319
TI  - Increased thermal response to ultrasound in the Walker carcinosarcoma treated
      with vasoactive drugs.
AB  - In order to evaluate the potential of a highly selective Ca2+ entry blocker
      (nisoldipine) and of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) as adjuvant in hyperthermia
      treatment, we studied the differential flow response and time-course of tumor and
      normal tissue temperature following the administration of the two substances and
      during ultrasound heating. In 12 rats bearing Walker 256 carcinomas i.p.
      injection of 0.2-0.4 mg/kg nisoldipine caused a reduction in the tumor-to-muscle
      flow relationship of 4.4 +/- 1.9 (SD) to 1.74 +/- 0.86 as determined by
      intraarterial 133Xe injection; i.p. injection of 2-8 mg/kg 5-HT (N = 13) caused a
      respective reduction from 3.9 +/- 2.67 to 1.3 +/- 1.59. During a 20-min period of
      41 degrees C normal tissue temperature-controlled ultrasound heating without
      drugs, tumor temperature attained 40.8 +/- 0.9 degrees C (N = 16). Nisoldipine or
      5-HT injection at continuing 41 degrees C normal tissue temperature controlled
      energy delivery produced an instantaneous further increment of tumor temperature,
      eventually to 44.0 +/- 1.14 degrees C or 44.2 +/- 1.26 degrees C, respectively,
      after a period of 20 min. Injection of 0.9% NaCl (N = 4) solution caused only
      insignificant changes. Blood pressure and muscle perfusion were distinctly
      influenced by nisoldipine, but not by 5-HT. Since both drugs instantaneously
      increased the temperature differential between tumor and normal tissue, though by
      different vasoaction, they should be considered as adjuvants in hyperthermia.

PMID- 2924320
TI  - Sex differences in the single-dose toxicokinetics of N-nitrosomethyl(2
      hydroxyethyl)amine in the rat.
AB  - The single-dose toxicokinetics of N-nitrosomethyl(2-hydroxyethyl)amine (NMHA) has
      been characterized in 8-week-old Fischer 344 rats by analysis using high
      performance liquid chromatography of serial blood samples. An i.v. bolus dose of
      0.6 mumol/kg to male rats revealed biphasic first-order elimination with a
      terminal half-life of 37.4 +/- 1.7 min for unchanged NMHA and 101 +/- 6 min for
      total radioactivity, and extensive conversion to polar metabolites was seen in
      the high-performance liquid chromatographic assays. The systemic blood clearance
      and apparent steady-state volume of distribution for unchanged NMHA were 13.1 +/-
      0.9 ml/min/kg, and 685 +/- 31 ml/kg, respectively. Renal blood clearance and
      intrinsic hepatic clearance were estimated to be 0.805 +/- 0.024 and 16.7 +/- 2.1
      ml/min/kg, respectively. A similar dose given to female rats yielded a terminal
      half-life for NMHA of 27.2 +/- 1.2 min, a steady-state volume of distribution of
      652 +/- 23 ml/kg, and systemic blood, renal blood, and intrinsic hepatic
      clearances of 16.9 +/- 1.3, 1.45 +/- 0.14, and 22.5 +/- 0.3 ml/min/kg,
      respectively. The sex differences in terminal half-life and systemic blood, renal
      blood, and intrinsic hepatic clearances were significant at the P less than 0.05
      level. Larger doses given by gavage, which appeared to be completely absorbed
      from the gut, indicated systemic bioavailabilities for unchanged NMHA of 78 +/-
      10% and 69 +/- 1% for male and female rats, respectively. Binding of NMHA to
      plasma proteins was found to be negligible. Taken together the data allow for the
      conclusion that the observed sex differences in toxicokinetic parameters are due
      to differences in the intrinsic hepatic clearance of the compound. This
      difference in the ability of the liver to metabolize NMHA in vivo correlates with
      and may contribute to the greater susceptibility of female rats to
      hepatocarcinogenesis and of male rats to development of tumors in the nasal
      epithelium following oral exposure to NMHA.

PMID- 2924321
TI  - N-myc amplification and neuronal differentiation in human primitive
      neuroectodermal tumors of the central nervous system.
AB  - Despite the phenotypic similarities between primitive neuroectodermal tumors of
      the central nervous system, childhood neuroblastoma, and peripheral
      neuroepithelioma, a histogenetic relationship among these neoplasms has not been
      shown. High levels of N-myc expression occur selectively in developing brain and
      in some embryonic tumors of neural origin. N-myc amplification and high levels of
      N-myc expression in childhood neuroblastoma have been correlated with disease
      stage and prognosis. To determine whether the copy number of the N-myc gene in
      primitive neuroectodermal tumors of the central nervous system is altered, we
      examined 20 primitive neuroectodermal tumors by Southern and/or slot blot
      hybridization to a 1-kilobase N-myc genomic DNA sequence and a 492-base pair N
      myc-specific subclone as well as to a 1.1-kilobase albumin complementary DNA
      sequence as a control for gene copy number. Amplification of the N-myc gene was
      detected in two cerebellar tumors both of which exhibited neuronal
      differentiation by light microscopy. These tumors had not been treated
      previously. Of the remaining 18 tumors, eight were undifferentiated, three showed
      early neuroblastic, and seven focal glial differentiation. These findings suggest
      a possible relationship between N-myc amplification and neuronal differentiation.

PMID- 2924322
TI  - Immortalization of normal human kidney epithelial cells by nickel(II).
AB  - The occupational and environmental hazards of nickel exposure are of great
      concern in environmental medicine. Nickel workers have increased risk of cancer
      of the nose, lung, larynx, and possibly the kidney. In the present investigation
      we have studied the effects of nickel ions on fetal human kidney cortex explants.
      The explants were continuously exposed to 5 micrograms/ml NiSO4. After 70-100
      days in culture foci of phenotypically altered cells appeared. Immortalized cell
      lines were established and demonstrated to be of human epithelial origin.
      Tumorigenicity was not induced, but the cells demonstrated decreased requirement
      for serum, increased plating efficiency and saturation density, and formation of
      colonies in soft agar. Chromosome changes in the treated cells were observed.
      Worth mentioning are change in ploidy (3n) and abnormalities of chromosomes 1, 7,
      9, 11, 13, 14 and 20; increased numbers of chromosome 17; and loss of normal
      chromosomes 20 and 22.

PMID- 2924323
TI  - A prospective study of demographics, diet, and prostate cancer among men of
      Japanese ancestry in Hawaii.
AB  - Prostate cancer incidence was prospectively studied among 7999 men of Japanese
      ancestry who were first examined between 1965 and 1968 and then followed through
      1986. During this surveillance period, 174 incident cases of prostate cancer were
      recorded. Prostate cancer was not associated with any measure of socioeconomic
      status, including amount of education, type of occupation, and type of residence.
      There was also no relationship with the number of children, as a surrogate
      measure of sexual activity. Increased consumption of rice and tofu were both
      associated with a decreased risk of prostate cancer, while consumption of
      seaweeds was associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer. There was no
      relationship between prostate cancer and the intake of various nutrients,
      including total fat and total protein. Etiological implications of these
      associations are discussed, but more research is needed on these dietary factors
      and the subsequent development of prostate cancer before any firm conclusions can
      be drawn.

PMID- 2924324
TI  - Lung cancer in women and type of dwelling in relation to radon exposure.
AB  - A case-control study based on interviews with 210 incident female lung cancer
      patients, 209 age-matched population controls, and 191 hospital controls was
      carried out in Stockholm county, Sweden. Radon measurements made in a sample of
      303 dwellings, in which the study subjects had lived, showed that dwellings with
      ground contact had an average concentration of approximately 160 Bqm-3, twice the
      average concentration of other dwellings. A cumulated radon exposure index was
      calculated for each subject based on data from the interviews and the
      measurements. For the total group of lung cancer a relative risk (RR), adjusted
      for smoking, age, and degree of urbanization, of 1.8 (95% confidence interval:
      1.2-2.9) and 1.7 (0.9-3.3) associated with "intermediate" and "high" exposure to
      radon was found. There was also a significant trend to a positive dose-response
      relationship (Ptrend = 0.03). For small cell cancer the corresponding figures for
      RRs were 1.9 (0.6-4.5) and 4.7 (1.5-14.2), respectively (Ptrend = 0.01). There
      seemed to be a positive interaction between radon exposure and smoking in
      relation to lung cancer. The findings indicate that domestic radon may be of
      importance for the induction of lung cancer, particularly for some histological
      types.

PMID- 2924325
TI  - Methotrexate and dipyridamole combination chemotherapy based upon inhibition of
      nucleoside salvage in humans.
AB  - We have carried out a clinical trial in 23 patients to determine whether
      dipyridamole modulates the clinical effect of methotrexate. This trial was based
      upon in vitro studies which indicate that dipyridamole potentiates the cytotoxic
      action of methotrexate through inhibition of thymidine salvage. Methotrexate was
      given as a bolus injection 24 h after initiation of a high dose dipyridamole
      infusion. The trial was designed so that methotrexate was escalated in
      individuals until toxicity occurred and then the methotrexate dose resulting in
      toxicity was repeated without dipyridamole. During the course of this study the
      methotrexate dose was escalated from 10 to 130 mg/m2. While individual patient
      tolerance varied, moderate to severe myelosuppression and/or mucositis occurred
      frequently in patients receiving the combination with methotrexate doses greater
      than or equal to 60 mg/m2. Ten of 10 patients who experienced moderate or severe
      toxicity with the combination had significantly less toxicity when treated with
      methotrexate alone. Dipyridamole did not increase toxicity by an alteration in
      methotrexate elimination. The potentiation of methotrexate by dipyridamole in
      these patients suggests that physiological thymidine levels are sufficient to
      perturb the clinical effects of methotrexate and that thymidine salvage may
      represent a mechanism for clinical resistance to methotrexate. These results also
      suggest that a high dose dipyridamole regimen can be used as a pharmacological
      approach to test the role of nucleoside membrane flux on the clinical action of
      other standard chemotherapeutic drugs. Phase II studies testing the clinical
      efficacy of this combination should use a methotrexate dose of 60 mg/m2 with a
      provision for methotrexate dose escalation based upon individual patient
      tolerance.

PMID- 2924326
TI  - Noninvasive monitoring of drug biodistribution and metabolism: studies with
      intraarterial Pt-195m-cisplatin in humans.
AB  - We have performed a comparative evaluation of systemic (i.v.) and intraarterial
      (i.a.) cisplatin by using a trace dose of the radiolabeled form of this drug [(
      195mPt]cisplatin) to monitor the drug's biodistribution by dynamic scintigraphic
      imaging. We have analyzed the drug's metabolism using a compartmental model both
      following i.a. and i.v. administration in patients with gliomas. Significantly
      larger amounts of radioactivity (up to 10 times higher than in the uninvolved
      brain) were measured in tumors following i.a. administration, whereas the
      differential localization following i.v. drug administration was, at best, only
      twofold that of the uninvolved brain. On the other hand, no significant
      differences could be detected in the pharmacokinetics of either free cisplatin or
      platinated proteins in blood. The washout slope in tumors following i.a.
      administration may be an indicator of the higher local concentration of free
      cisplatin; no such washout could be observed in tumors following i.v.
      administration. The present noninvasive methods may help document the amount and
      the rate of (active) drug deposition at the desired target site. They may also
      assist in monitoring, prospectively and/or, on line, the probable effect of
      chemotherapy in an individual patient. In turn it may lead to novel methods for
      optimizing chemotherapeutic effectiveness at specific tumor-bearing sites and in
      defined treatment protocols.

PMID- 2924327
TI  - Effect of tamoxifen on plasma insulin-like growth factor I in patients with
      breast cancer.
AB  - Human breast cancer cells secrete and have membrane receptors for insulin-like
      growth factor I (IGF-I), a growth hormone-dependent peptide that stimulates cell
      replication. However, little is known about plasma concentrations of IGF-I in
      breast cancer patients. Plasma IGF-I levels are decreased in malnutrition,
      decline with advancing age, and are influenced by estrogen. We evaluated the
      effect of the antiestrogen agent tamoxifen on plasma IGF-I in 32 ambulatory
      breast cancer patients. Treatment with tamoxifen was associated with lower
      concentrations of plasma IGF-I (0.48 +/- 0.3 unit/ml in treated versus 1.03 +/-
      0.6 units/ml in nontreated patients, P less than 0.01). However, patients treated
      with tamoxifen did not differ from nontreated patients in age, menopause,
      duration since diagnosis, metastatic disease, recent weight loss, or measures of
      nutritional status. We conclude that tamoxifen therapy results in a reduction of
      plasma IGF-I concentration. We speculate that the antitumor action of tamoxifen
      in breast cancer is due in part to suppression of IGF-I.

PMID- 2924328
TI  - Amino-terminal propeptide of type III procollagen: a new prognosis indicator in
      human ovarian cancer.
AB  - To investigate the clinical usefulness of the amino-terminal propeptide of type
      III procollagen (PIIINP) as an indicator of ovarian cancer behavior, 30 patients
      with advanced epithelial malignancy were monitored with serial serum PIIINP and
      CA-125 determinations before and during treatment. Initially, PIIINP and CA-125
      concentrations were each separately increased in 87% of the cases and,
      simultaneously, in 77% of the cases. In monitoring treatment responses, PIIINP
      and CA-125 were identical in 17 patients (57%), both being good predictors of the
      clinical behavior of the disease in 16 cases and poor predictors in one case. In
      13 patients (43%) they were complementary to each other. In three cases PIIINP
      alone and in one case CA-125 alone were clinically useful prognosis indicators.
      During the period of complete clinical response to cytotoxic chemotherapy of 16
      patients, the CA-125 concentrations decreased to normal before the clinical
      disappearance of the tumor in eight cases. PIIINP did so in only two cases, thus
      correlating more precisely with the presence of malignancy. In second-look
      laparotomies, PIIINP concentrations correlated with the presence of occult cancer
      better than those of CA-125. In predicting recurrent malignancy in patients with
      transient complete response, PIIINP and CA-125 were clinically equal. According
      to the present data, PIIINP concentrations often give information not obtainable
      by CA-125, thus being useful in monitoring the clinical behavior of ovarian
      cancer.

PMID- 2924329
TI  - Augmentation of host antitumor immunity by low doses of cyclophosphamide and
      mafosfamide in two animal tumor models.
AB  - By cloning in vitro we have obtained two sublines of the L5222 rat leukemia, one
      with high (L5222-S) and the other with low (L5222-R) in vivo sensitivities to non
      toxic doses of mafosfamide, a stabilized derivative of 4-hydroxy
      cyclophosphamide. This sensitivity in vivo was not related to the cytotoxic
      activity of the drug in vitro. Treatment of rats bearing the L5222-S and of mice
      transplanted with the MOPC-315 plasmocytoma with low doses of mafosfamide or
      cyclophosphamide resulted in a high percentage of surviving animals, which were
      resistant to a subsequent tumor challenge. Viable leukemic cells were needed to
      establish antitumor immunity, since it was not possible to induce resistance by
      injection of mitomycin-C-treated, non-viable L5222 cells. The adoptive transfer
      of spleen cells from animals immune against the L5222-S and the MOPC-315 resulted
      in resistance of the syngeneic recipients against a rechallenge with tumor cells,
      provided that the animals were treated with an immunosuppressive dose (100 mg/kg)
      of cyclophosphamide prior to the spleen cell implantation. In nude mice treatment
      of the L5222 with low doses of mafosfamide also resulted in surviving animals,
      however resistance to a second tumor challenge occurred only sporadically. The
      data presented confirm that therapy with cyclophosphamide or mafosfamide enhances
      host antitumor immunity but, contrary to previous reports, it could be
      demonstrated that successful tumor rejection was independent of T cells.

PMID- 2924330
TI  - Binding parameters of monoclonal antibodies reacting with ovarian carcinoma
      ascites cells.
AB  - Binding parameters were determined for four mouse monoclonal antibodies reacting
      with three antigens on the surface of fresh human ovarian carcinoma ascites
      cells, under nearly physiological conditions. The object of these experiments was
      to aid in the selection of the optimal monoclonal antibodies for intraperitoneal
      immunotherapy. The number of antigenic sites per cell, the effective equilibrium
      association constant (affinity) and the half-life for dissociation were: for Ab
      MH99, 1.2 x 10(6) sites/cell, (1.9-4.1) x 10(8) M-1, and 4 h; for Ab MX35, (3.2
      4.1) x 10(5) sites/cell, (3.4-4.8) x 10(8) M-1, and greater than 10 h; and for Ab
      MW207, 1.3 x 10(5) sites/cell, (3.6-4.1) x 10(9) M-1, and 3.1 h, respectively.
      One of the antigens, MH99, is recognized by five different monoclonal antibodies,
      and competitive inhibition experiments demonstrated that two distinct
      determinants are present; this antigen is also recognized by the previously
      described Ab 17-1A. These binding data will aid the rational design of
      immunotherapy strategies.

PMID- 2924331
TI  - Obtaining an NIH grant: basic building blocks.
AB  - The purpose of this paper was to explain the NIH research grant process and
      highlight competencies for attracting research funding. This information should
      help readers obtain financial support for important cardiovascular research,
      especially in the prevention area.

PMID- 2924332
TI  - Central projections of the pineal complex in the silver lamprey Ichthyomyzon
      unicuspis.
AB  - The central projections of the pineal complex of the silver lamprey Ichthyomyzon
      unicuspis were studied by injection of horseradish peroxidase. The pineal tract
      courses caudally along the left side of the habenular commissure, and a few
      fibers penetrate the brain through the caudalmost portion of this commissure.
      Most of the fibers, however, continue caudally and enter the brain through the
      posterior commissure. The pineal tract projects bilaterally to the subcommissural
      organ, the superficial and periventricular pretectum, the posterior tubercular
      nucleus, the dorsal and ventral thalamus, the dorsal hypothalamus, the optic
      tectum, the torus semicircularis, the midbrain tegmentum, and the oculomotor
      nucleus. A few fibers decussate in the tubercular commissure, but the course of
      these decusate fibers could not be followed owing to the bilateral nature of the
      projections. No retrogradely labeled cells were found in the brain. With the
      exception of the projections to the optic tectum and torus semicircularis, the
      pineal projections in the silver lamprey are similar to those reported in other
      anamniote vertebrates.

PMID- 2924333
TI  - Cytochemical localization of type-A and -B monoamine oxidase in the rat pineal
      gland.
AB  - In the mammalian pineal gland, serotonin (5-HT) is located both in the
      pinealocytes and in the noradrenergic nerve terminals. Pineal 5-HT can be
      metabolized by three different routes, one of these being its deamination,
      catalyzed by monoamine oxidase (MAO). MAO is known to exist as two isozymes, MAO
      A and MAO-B. Using two different cytochemical methods at the ultrastructural
      level, we have localized the presence of MAO in the pineal gland of the rat. The
      use of selective inhibitors of A-type (clorgyline) and B-type (deprenyl) has
      shown that MAO-A is localized in the noradrenergic nerve terminals, while
      pinealocytes contain MAO-B. Taking into account that 5-HT is only deaminated by
      MAO-A, the specific association of each MAO isozyme with a defined cell type
      implicates that two cellular compartments are needed in the pineal gland for the
      biosynthesis of 5-methoxytryptophol and 5-methoxyindole acetic acid, while for
      the synthesis of melatonin and 5-methoxytryptamine just one cellular compartment,
      the pinealocyte, is appropriate.

PMID- 2924334
TI  - Immunohistochemical localization of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in the
      circumventricular organs of the rat.
AB  - The indirect peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunohistochemical technique was used to
      investigate the possible presence of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in the
      circumventricular organs of the rat. Considerable numbers of VIP-immunoreactive
      fibers were seen in the pineal gland. A moderate amount of VIP-immunoreactive
      fibers was present in the median eminence, the posterior lobe of the pituitary
      and the area postrema, but only few fibers were found in the organum vasculosum
      laminae terminalis. No immunoreactivity was observed in the subfornical organ or
      the subcommissural organ. The circumventricular organs investigated were
      completely free of VIP-immunoreactive perikarya. In the circumventricular organs,
      VIP-immunoreactive fibers were visible between the parenchymal cells and in the
      perivascular spaces. The presence of coarse VIP-immunoreactive terminals in
      apposition to the portal vessels in the external layer of the median eminence
      indicates that VIP may be secreted directly into the pituitary portal
      circulation, thus influencing the anterior pituitary cells. The presence of large
      VIP-immunoreactive boutons in the posterior lobe of the pituitary suggests a
      secretion of VIP directly into the systemic circulation. In the pineal gland, a
      dense innervation by VIP-immunoreactive fibers was found in the peripheral
      superficial part of organ, with fibers penetrating into its central portion where
      they mainly terminate near in vicinity of the capillaries. In the area postrema,
      VIP-immunoreactive material was mainly found at the ventral border of the organ.
      In addition to the secretion of VIP into the bloodstream via the
      circumventricular organs, this study provides evidence that VIP exerts specific
      influence on the cellular elements of these organs.

PMID- 2924335
TI  - Immunohistochemical localization of microtubule-associated proteins in the
      nervous system of the small intestine of guinea pig.
AB  - Layers containing Auerbach's and Meissner's plexuses were dissected from the
      small intestine of guinea pig and immunostained with affinity-purified antibodies
      against brain-specific microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs): MAP1, MAP2 and tau
      and a MAP with a molecular weight of 190,000 dalton purified from bovine adrenal
      cortex (190-kDa MAP). MAP1 antibody stained the network of nerve fibers and the
      cell bodies of enteric neurons in both Auerbach's and Meissner's plexuses.
      Staining with anti-tau antibody gave the same results. Antibody against MAP2
      stained neuronal cell bodies and short thin processes extending from them.
      Interganglionic strands composed mainly of long processes were unstained. Anti
      190-kDa MAP antibody stained both the neuronal cell bodies and bundles of nerve
      fibers. However, the staining was less intense than that with anti-MAP1 and tau
      antibodies. Differentiation in the structure of the cytoskeleton probably exists
      in the neuronal processes of the enteric neurons as is shown in the dendrites and
      axons in some neurons of the central nervous system. Thus, enteric neurons
      possess axon-like processes containing MAP1, tau and probably lower amounts of
      190-kDa MAP. Cell bodies and dendrite-like structures of these neurons contain
      MAP2 in addition to MAP1, tau and 190-kDa MAP.

PMID- 2924336
TI  - Twenty-four-hour changes in pinealocytes, capillary endothelial cells and
      pericapillary and intercellular spaces in the pineal gland of the mouse.
      Semiquantitative electron-microscopic observations.
AB  - Semiquantitative electron-microscopic observations on the pineal gland of dd-mice
      were carried out to determine whether 24-h rhythms exist in pinealocytes,
      pericapillary and intercellular spaces and capillary endothelial cells. Nuclear
      and cytoplasmic areas of pinealocytes and the area of condensed chromatin in
      pinealocytes showed inversely related circadian rhythms; the former two
      increased, whereas the latter decreased, during the light period. The extent of
      pericapillary and wide intercellular spaces exhibited 24-h changes, with an
      increase and decrease occurring during the light period and the dark period,
      respectively. The cross-sectional area of endothelial cells decreased and the
      number of fenestrae increased during the light period; this was reversed during
      the dark period. The results suggest that the increase in the nuclear and
      cytoplasmic areas of pinealocytes, the area of pericapillary and wide
      intercellular spaces and the number of fenestrae, and the decrease in the area of
      condensed chromatin and endothelial cells during the light period may be related
      to an increase in synthetic activity of pinealocytes in the mouse.

PMID- 2924337
TI  - Three-dimensional observation of the fibroblast-like cells associated with the
      rat myenteric plexus, with special reference to the interstitial cells of Cajal.
AB  - An extensive cellular network becomes visible over the myenteric plexus of the
      rat after removal of the overlying tissues under the scanning electron
      microscope. The cells are mainly stellate and have many slender processes via
      which they interconnect. They form a three-dimensional network and are closely
      associated with the ganglia and nerve bundles, and also extend over the smooth
      muscle cells. They are considered to correspond to the interstitial cells of
      Cajal because of their peculiar arrangement and their topography. Transmission
      electron-microscopic evidence demonstrates that the majority of those cells have
      features of fibroblasts. Gap junctions and intermediate junctions are observed
      between these fibroblast-like cells, and also between them and smooth muscle
      cells. Examination of serial thin sections reveals that single fibroblast-like
      interstitial cells connect to both circular and longitudinal muscle cells via gap
      junctions. It is suggested that the network of interstitial cells conducts
      electrical signals.

PMID- 2924338
TI  - Androgenic control of antagglutinin secretion in the boar epididymal epithelium.
      An immunocytochemical study.
AB  - Antagglutinin, a specific protein synthesized by the boar epididymis, was
      secreted by the principal cells of the initial segment, the caput and the corpus,
      but was not detectable in the caudal cells. Castration completely abolished the
      synthesis and secretion of antagglutinin in all epididymal cells. Androgen
      replacement suggests that the epithelial cells from different segments have
      differential regulatory mechanisms. The proximal zone appeared refractory to
      exogenous testosterone; the median zone was a typical androgen-dependent region;
      and the caudal cells, where an unusual secretion of antagglutinin was detected,
      revealed still a different reaction pattern. It is postulated that these latter
      cells depend not solely on androgen but also or exclusively on other factors. Our
      results, which demonstrate a primary role of the Golgi complex in the secretory
      process in the epididymal cells, also suggest that the apical smooth endoplasmic
      reticulum may be implicated in the intracellular transport of glycoproteins to
      the cell surface.

PMID- 2924339
TI  - A comparison of muscle precursor replication in crush-injured skeletal muscle of
      Swiss and BALBc mice.
AB  - Muscle precursor replication in Swiss mice, in which muscle regeneration is
      exceptionally vigorous, was compared with previous data for regeneration in BALBc
      mice. The tibialis anterior muscles of 23 male and 15 female inbred Swiss SJL/J
      mice were crush injured, and tritiated thymidine injected into mice at various
      times after injury to label replicating muscle precursors. Lesion samples were
      taken 10 days after injury, processed for autoradiography, and grain counts of
      myotube nuclei analysed. Muscle regeneration was more vigorous in male compared
      with female Swiss mice, and in both was strikingly greater than that in BALBc
      mice in which there was extensive fibrous connective tissue throughout the
      lesions. Autoradiographic analysis showed that muscle precursor replication
      started at 24 hours in Swiss mice, 6 hours earlier than the onset at 30 hours in
      BALBc mice. Muscle precursor replication appeared to be more active 96 hours
      after injury in female Swiss compared with male BALBc and male Swiss mice
      respectively, although numbers of precursor cells replicating at other times were
      similar. It is not known whether the slight difference in onset of muscle
      precursor replication can alone account for the more complete muscle regeneration
      seen in Swiss mice. Similar studies were carried out in 11 male and 10 female F1
      hybrid (SJL/J x BALBc) mice. Analysis of labelled myotube nuclei showed that
      muscle precursors did not synthesise DNA prior to 30 hours after injury, and
      regeneration resembled that of the parental BALBc strain.

PMID- 2924340
TI  - Immunocytochemical and ultrastructural studies on allografts of the pituitary
      neurointermediate lobe in the third cerebral ventricle of the rat.
AB  - Neurointermediate lobes from adult or 10-day-old rats were implanted by a
      stereotaxic procedure into the third ventricle of adult male rats, in an area
      close to the paraventricular nucleus. They were examined, using
      immunocytochemical and ultrastructural techniques, at times ranging from 1 week
      to 8 months. All grafts were recovered in a healthy condition although some
      rejection of the tissue was detected at the 1- and 2-week stages. In the neural
      lobe, clusters of pituicytes were scattered among the loose network of
      capillaries, most of which had a fenestrated endothelium. The intermediate lobe
      remained organized in compact avascular lobules. Axons similar to those
      projecting into the neurointermediate lobe in situ, but also axons of other types
      (e.g., somatostatinergic, enkephalinergic) penetrated the grafts. Synapses with
      melanotrophic cells in the intermediate lobe and neurohaemal contacts in the
      neural lobe were frequent from 2 1/2 months after transplantation.
      Immunocytochemical and ultrastructural characteristics indicated intense
      secretory stimulation of the melanotrophic cells in the early stages. All cells
      enclosed in a same glandular lobule reacted in a similar manner. In later stages,
      when re-innervation occurred, the cells recovered their initial characteristics.
      The overall effect of the re-innervation of the intermediate lobe grafted in this
      location is inhibitory, as in the lobe in situ.

PMID- 2924341
TI  - The effect of bromocriptine on the intermediate lobe of the rat pituitary: an
      electron-microscopic, morphometric study.
AB  - The morphological effect of chronic synthetic and secretory inhibition of the
      intermediate lobe of the rat pituitary induced by bromocriptine treatment was
      studied using morphometric techniques in combination with electron microscopy. On
      the basis of granule diameters, a heterogeneous cell population was shown in the
      normal intermediate lobe. Bromocriptine treatment did not induce any change in
      the volume fraction, number or location of electron-dense secretory granules.
      Instead, there was a shift toward a more homogeneous cell population containing
      smaller granules, the mean granule volume being reduced by approximately 30%. The
      volume fraction of electron-lucent granules or vacuoles was markedly reduced,
      indicating a functional significance of these organelles. The volume of the Golgi
      apparatus was not significantly altered, but the number of condensing granules
      within the Golgi area was reduced. The volume of the intermediate lobe was
      decreased, apparently due to a decrease in the mean cell volume.

PMID- 2924342
TI  - Early sexual differentiation of diencephalic dopaminergic neurons of the rat in
      vitro.
AB  - Development of dopaminergic neurons was investigated in dissociated cell cultures
      raised from the diencephalon of male and female rat fetuses from days 14 and 17
      of gestation. Striking differences in morphology and function of male and female
      dopaminergic neurons were observed. Outgrowth of tyrosine hydroxylase
      immunoreactive processes initially proceeded at a faster rate in female than in
      male cultures. Morphological differences disappeared in cultures of gestational
      day 17. Irrespective of the age of the cultures and of the length of cultivation,
      the uptake capacity for (3H)dopamine per immunoreactive neuron was twice as high
      in female than in male cultures. Treatment of the cultures with sex steroids did
      not influence morphology, numbers or transmitter uptake of tyrosine hydroxylase
      immunoreactive neurons. The results suggest that diencephalic dopaminergic
      systems exhibit a sexual dimorphism that develops unexpectedly early in ontogeny
      and is independent of the action of gonadal hormones.

PMID- 2924343
TI  - Immunohistochemical localization of glutamate decarboxylase in the rat oviduct
      and ovary: further evidence for non-neural GABA systems.
AB  - The distribution of L-glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), a major biosynthetic enzyme
      for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), was examined in the oviduct and ovary of the
      rat by means of an immunohistochemical technique. The polyclonal antiserum raised
      against brain GAD showed specific immunoreaction in some non-neuronal elements of
      the sex organs. In the oviduct, the inner layer of the mucosa was predominantly
      labelled. The selective distribution of GAD immunoreactivity in epithelial cells
      of the oviduct is consistent with former findings for GABA-like immunoreactivity
      in the same organ, indicating that the GAD-catalyzed reaction may be a major
      biosynthetic pathway for GABA even in these cells. In the ovary, vacuole-like
      formations within the follicular fluid and oocytes showed intense, specific
      staining. The occurrence of GAD immunoreactivity inside developing ovarian
      follicles including the oocyte may suggest a role for GABA related to follicular
      development and certain functions concerning the ovum.

PMID- 2924344
TI  - The roles of haemocytes during degeneration and regeneration of crayfish muscle
      fibres.
AB  - Crayfish haemolymph contains three types of haemocytes with cytoplasmic granules:
      coagulocytes, granulocytes and amoebocytes. Muscle degeneration was induced by
      either a gross mechanical injury or a mild puncture injury of m. extensor
      carpopoditi. Granulocytes and amoebocytes were involved in the phagocytosis of
      disintegrating muscle fibres. Within three weeks after the gross injury the first
      myotubes were found. The formation of regenerated fibres started before the
      degenerating material was removed completely. Mild injury resulted in the
      formation of contraction clots, localized at the ends of a fibre and connected to
      a persistent external lamina in the form of an empty sheath. The external lamina
      sheaths were invaded by amoebocytes. They arranged themselves into a superficial
      layer similar to an epithelium, formed gap junctions and zonulae adherentes, and
      showed an increase in the number of cytoplasmic microtubules. These transformed
      haemocytes retained their ability to engulf material of the disintegrating fibre.
      In about three weeks the number of microtubules in the transformed haemocytes
      decreased, and newly formed contractile filaments appeared. Satellite cells are
      present along the normal crayfish muscle fibres. Following their activation in
      degenerated material, they might conceivably induce the transformation of
      haemocytes into myogenic cells.

PMID- 2924345
TI  - Somatomedin C in the pancreas of young and adult, normal and obese,
      hyperinsulinemic mice.
AB  - Immunocytochemical, immunochemical and RNA-hybridization techniques were used to
      map the distribution of somatomedin C (Sm-C; insulin-like growth factor I; IGF-I)
      in the pancreas of young and adult lean and obese mice. The D cells in the islets
      of Langerhans showed intense cytoplasmic Sm-C immunoreactivity, extending into
      their processes. Only slight Sm-C immunoreactivity was seen in A and B cells,
      apparently confined to the plasma membranes. In the exocrine pancreas scattered
      duct cells were immunopositive. Starvation increased, while feeding decreased the
      Sm-C immunoreactivity in B cells. RNA-hybridization analyses revealed that
      roughly the same number of Sm-C mRNA molecules, as calculated per DNA amount in
      the pancreas, could be demonstrated in young and adult, lean and obese mice.
      Radioimmunoassay (RIA) determinations of total Sm-C showed that there were about
      equal concentrations in the pancreas of lean and obese mice. There were marked
      differences between the liver and the pancreas, in that the RIA Sm-C values for
      the former were twice those in the latter while, in contrast, the corresponding
      values for the Sm-C mRNA, i.e. the agent determining the synthesis of Sm-C, were
      about 100 times higher in the liver as compared to that in the pancreas. We
      interpret our results as follows: The D cells in the islets form and secrete Sm-C
      in both young and adult, lean and obese mice, while A and B cells bind, but do
      not necessarily synthesize this peptide.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2924346
TI  - Cooperation, not compulsion, in distribution of research materials.

PMID- 2924347
TI  - Mutually exclusive splicing of alpha-tropomyosin exons enforced by an unusual
      lariat branch point location: implications for constitutive splicing.
AB  - Alternative splicing of alpha-tropomyosin pre-mRNA involves mutually exclusive
      utilization of exons 2 and 3, exon 3 being preferentially selected in most cells.
      This mutually exclusive behavior is enforced by absolute incompatibility between
      the adjacent splice sites of the two exons, due to close proximity of the exon 3
      branch point to exon 2. The branch point, with an associated polypyrimidine
      tract, is in an unusual location, 177 nt upstream of the acceptor, only 42 nt
      from the exon 2 splice donor site. Splicing of exon 2 to 3 is consequently
      blocked prior to formation of an active spliceosome complex. This block to
      splicing can be relieved by insertion of spacer elements that increase the donor
      site-branch point separation to 51-59 nt. The unconventional relative location of
      the constitutive cis splicing elements therefore provides a simple mechanistic
      basis for strict mutually exclusive splicing. These results not only demonstrate
      that the branch point is not specified by proximity to the splice acceptor site,
      but rather suggest that it is the acceptor site which is specified relative to
      the branch point.

PMID- 2924348
TI  - Measles virus editing provides an additional cysteine-rich protein.
AB  - The measles virus (MV) phosphoprotein (P) gene encodes two known proteins, P (Mr
      approximately 70,000), involved in viral transcription, and, in a different
      reading frame, C (Mr approximately 20,000). By a combination of cDNA cloning,
      cDNA and RNA sequencing, and in vitro translation, we demonstrate here that the
      MV P gene also expresses a third product (Mr approximately 46,000) containing the
      amino-terminal region of P but a different, cysteine-rich carboxy-terminal motif.
      This third protein is translated from mRNAs in which one G residue has been
      inserted after three genomically encoded Gs, a modification found in about 50% of
      the P mRNAs. A smaller fraction of transcripts contain several additional G
      residues.

PMID- 2924349
TI  - A novel pathway for glycan assembly: biosynthesis of the glycosyl
      phosphatidylinositol anchor of the trypanosome variant surface glycoprotein.
AB  - The trypanosome variant surface glycoprotein (VSG), like many other eukaryotic
      cell surface proteins, is anchored to the plasma membrane by a glycosyl
      phosphatidylinositol (GPI) moiety. This glycolipid is assembled first as a
      precursor (glycolipid A) that is then covalently attached to the newly
      synthesized polypeptide. We have developed a trypanosome cell-free system capable
      of performing all of the steps in the biosynthesis of the glycan portion of
      glycolipid A. Using [3H]sugar nucleotides as substrates, several biosynthetic
      intermediates have been identified. From structural analyses of these
      intermediates, we propose a pathway for GPI biosynthesis. Based on comparisons
      between the VSG GPI anchor and similar structures in other cells, we believe that
      this same pathway will apply to the GPI anchors, and the related insulin-mediator
      compound, of higher eukaryotes.

PMID- 2924350
TI  - In trypanosomes the homolog of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II is
      encoded by two genes and has a highly unusual C-terminal domain structure.
AB  - We have isolated the genes encoding the largest subunit of all three classes of
      RNA polymerase from Trypanosoma brucei. While the pol II largest subunit is
      encoded by a single gene in all organisms examined to date, trypanosomes contain
      two copies of the gene. Both genes are expressed in the procyclic and bloodstream
      stages of the trypanosome life cycle. The two pol II genes differ from one
      another in their coding sequences by 21 silent substitutions and 4 amino acid
      substitutions. In the core part of the large subunit, the predicted polypeptides
      are similar to other eukaryotic RNA polymerases. Both trypanosome pol II
      polypeptides, like those of other eukaryotes, also have a unique C-terminal
      extension. However, this domain in the trypanosome polypeptides, unlike those of
      other eukaryotes, is not a tandemly repeated heptapeptide sequence.

PMID- 2924352
TI  - The state of plant biology: views from the other side of the fence.

PMID- 2924351
TI  - The Drosophila EGF receptor homolog (DER) gene is allelic to faint little ball, a
      locus essential for embryonic development.
AB  - Recessive lethal mutations in the genetic locus of the Drosophila EGF receptor
      homolog (DER) were isolated. Identification of mutations in the gene is based on
      assays of DER protein autophosphorylation activity. Most DER alleles show little
      or no in vivo autophosphorylation. The ability to monitor these activities in
      vivo and in vitro offers a preliminary insight into the functional defects in the
      different mutant proteins. The identification of the DER locus was also confirmed
      by partial rescue of the mutant phenotype with a DER P-element construct.
      Homozygous DER mutants display a complex embryonic phenotype. Most notably, the
      anterior structures deteriorate, ventral denticle bands are missing, the germ
      band does not retract, and the central nervous system shows a collapse of
      commissure and midline pattern. Mutations in DER were shown to be allelic to the
      previously described locus faint little ball.

PMID- 2924353
TI  - Ommatidia in the developing Drosophila eye require and can respond to sevenless
      for only a restricted period.
AB  - The sevenless gene encodes a putative cell surface receptor that is expressed in
      a highly specific and complex pattern in the developing Drosophila eye. We show
      here that this pattern is not required for the development of either the R7 cell
      or any other cell in the retina. By transiently expressing sevenless protein, we
      show that there is only a brief period during eye development when the sevenless
      protein is required for the formation of the R7 photoreceptor. Our results
      indicate that the specificity of the cell-cell signaling mediated by the
      sevenless protein is not achieved by regulating the distribution of the sevenless
      protein, but rather must reside in some combination of the temporal and spatial
      distributions of the sevenless ligand or other components of the sevenless
      signaling pathway.

PMID- 2924354
TI  - The beta-globin dominant control region activates homologous and heterologous
      promoters in a tissue-specific manner.
AB  - We have introduced a human beta-globin minilocus, containing the recently
      described dominant control region (DCR), the beta-globin or Thy-1 gene, and a
      thymidine kinase (tk)-neoR gene into erythroid and non-erythroid cells. Analysis
      of the transcription levels of the genes shows that the DCR directs high levels
      of human beta-globin, Thy-1 and tk-neo expression independent of integration
      sites in an erythroid-specific manner. The presence of the DNAasel hypersensitive
      sites at the 5' end of the locus is required for this effect on the homologous
      and heterologous gene. An analysis of the DCR chromatin in transfected mouse
      erythroleukemic cells suggests that the formation of the hypersensitive sites in
      this region precedes beta-globin gene expression.

PMID- 2924355
TI  - Measles in Canada.

PMID- 2924356
TI  - Measles--United States, 1987.

PMID- 2924357
TI  - Leptospirosis: a diagnosis to be kept in mind.

PMID- 2924358
TI  - Influenza activity in Canada.

PMID- 2924359
TI  - Communicable disease surveillance in Canada. Goals and case definitions.

PMID- 2924360
TI  - Internationally quarantinable diseases.

PMID- 2924361
TI  - Universal precautions. Report of a Consensus Committee Meeting.

PMID- 2924362
TI  - Universal prenatal screening for hepatitis B, Alberta, 1985-1988.
AB  - A cooperative effort to identify all newborn infants at risk of acquiring
      hepatitis B infection involving the Canadian Red Cross BTS, Health Units,
      hospitals, and private doctors has been in place in Alberta since 1985. Routine
      universal screening of all prenatal patients identifies just under 200 infected
      mothers per year and about 90% of their infants receive HBIG and HB vaccine in a
      timely manner and are protected against infection and becoming hepatitis B
      carriers. At least half of these infants would not be identified if a selective
      testing program was in place and the cost for this much less efficient policy
      would be at least 4 times higher. The cost per infant protected through the
      universal screening program is estimated to be less than $1275. Routine screening
      of prenatal patients for HBsAg in a public health-coordinated program is highly
      cost effective and efficient. It is recommended that all jurisdictions consider
      such a program as recommended by the ACIP unless the hepatitis B carrier state is
      known to be extremely rare.

PMID- 2924363
TI  - Multi-dose vials of xylocaine: does re-use predispose to HBV or HIV transmission?

PMID- 2924364
TI  - [Reconstruction and psychiatry].
AB  - The programme of reconstruction which is under way and which is being implemented
      by our society makes us consider also controversial aspects which we observe in
      specialized disciplines of our health services. In psychiatry they have become
      more acute in the course of years due to the development of personal and tasks.
      The author draws attention to some problems in the theoretical sphere of the
      discipline and in ambulatory and institutional care. He deals with problems of
      training of personnel, consistent with the needs of society.

PMID- 2924365
TI  - [Initial experience with the Czech version of the Washington Psychosocial Seizure
      Inventory].
AB  - The Czech version of the Washington psychosocial questionnaire for paroxysmal
      diseases (WPSI) was presented to 100 ambulatory patients selected at random at
      the Regional Clinic for Paroxysmal Diseases in Prague (55 men, 45 women). The
      results are compared with data in the literature on samples from other countries;
      the Czech sample has mostly median values. Comparison of the sub-groups of the
      Czech group revealed differences by sex (women had more problems in the scale of
      family background, men in the scale of vocational adjustment), by the duration of
      the disease (with a shorter duration of the disease greater financial
      difficulties were associated), and by the neurologist's evaluation of the
      development of the disease (on the whole patients with a favourable development
      of the disease had significantly more often a high score of the lie scale-40.5%).
      Those patients with a favourable development of the disease who had the score of
      the lie scale in the normal range had greater difficulties with interpersonal
      adaptation and adaptation at work than patients with an adverse development of
      the disease.

PMID- 2924366
TI  - [The role of the community physician in the care of persons with mental
      disorders].
AB  - A report of the Chair of General Medicine of the Institute for Postgraduate
      Medical Training on the results of an investigation of the knowledge and
      abilities needed for the function of health community doctors and factory medical
      officers. The views of 187 psychiatrists and 231 leading health community doctors
      are compared. Suggestions are made for the solution of controversial problems as
      a basis for discussion.

PMID- 2924367
TI  - [The effect of the development of the group on the therapeutic effect].
AB  - The authors compared the results of six-week treatment in a therapeutic community
      comprising 484 patients who had therapy in groups which were classified as "good"
      by their therapists, and 91 patients having therapy in groups, classified by the
      therapists as "poor". No significant difference was found in the two groups as
      regards mitigation of symptoms, insight, change of attitudes and behavior at the
      time of completion of treatment and after an interval of one year. Effective
      factors of group psychotherapy obviously are equally effective also in groups
      with which the therapists are not satisfied.

PMID- 2924368
TI  - [Invalidism due to mental disorders in the North Bohemia Region in 1986].
AB  - The author gives an account of invalidity granted on account of mental diseases
      in the diseases in the North Bohemian region in 1986. From a total number of 235
      invalidities on account of mental diseases according to the protocols of the
      assessment commissions of social security 215 were evaluated. This number is
      analyzed by diagnosed as listed in the international classification of diseases
      and causes of death, stating the mean age when invalidity was granted and also
      focused on the training of the patients, and finally according to relative values
      of invalidization in the districts of the North Bohemian region. Attention is
      drawn to the impact of mental diseases invalidity--more than half the
      invalidities are granted to persons under 40 years of age. These analyses serve
      district specialists for further evaluation of objective and subjective causes of
      invalidization.

PMID- 2924369
TI  - In vitro synergism of 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide and cisplatin: relevance for
      bone marrow purging.
AB  - Autologous bone marrow transplantation with 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (4-HC)
      purged bone marrow gives long-term remission in almost half of relapsed acute
      nonlymphocytic leukemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients, but relapse of
      disease is the main cause of failure, suggesting ineffective purging in some
      cases. Cisplatin (CP) has activity against a variety of human tumors and is not
      commonly used for initial therapy of leukemia and lymphoma. Using established
      human leukemia cell lines, combinations of 4-HC and CP were investigated as a
      potential regimen for improving the ex vivo removal of leukemia cells from bone
      marrow. The cell lines (K-562 and Raji) were incubated for 1 (4-HC) or 4 h (CP),
      washed, and assayed for inhibition of colony formation in semisolid media. In
      both cell lines, CP (4h) was more potent than 4-HC (1 h). Combinations of the
      drugs in various molar ratios were studied after the cells were sequentially
      incubated with 4-HC and CP. The effects of the drugs were analyzed using the
      multiple drug-effect analysis of Chou and Talalay. Analysis of data on in vitro
      inhibition of colony formation suggested that all combinations studied were
      synergistic in both cell lines, with the greatest synergism being found in the
      Raji cell line. In addition, for K-562 cells we could detect at least a 4.6 log
      reduction in cloning with the CP:4-HC combination (1:10 molar ratio). We conclude
      that CP is a potential candidate in drug combinations for ex vivo bone marrow
      purging because of its high potency against human leukemia cell lines, its
      synergistic activity in combination with 4-HC, and its ability to reduce a high
      tumor burden when combined with 4-HC.

PMID- 2924370
TI  - In vivo activity on murine tumors of a novel antitumor compound, N-beta
      dimethylaminoethyl 9-carboxy-5-hydroxy-10-methoxybenzo[a]phenazine-6-carboxamide
      sodium salt (NC-190).
AB  - A novel antitumor compound, N-beta-dimethyl-aminoethyl 9-carboxy-5-hydroxy-10
      methoxybenzo[a]-phenazine-6-carboxamide sodium salt (NC-190) was evaluated for
      its antitumor activity in experimental murine tumor systems. In the initial
      studies with P388 leukemia (i.p.-i.p.), NC-190 led to an increase of greater than
      200% in life span (ILS), and 75% of the mice were alive on day 30, when the
      optimal dose (50 mg/kg, days 1-5) was given. Additionally, the compound had
      significant activities against i.p. inoculated mouse L1210 leukemia, B16
      melanoma, M5076 reticulum cell sarcoma, sarcoma 180, mouse hepatoma MH134, and
      rat Yoshida sarcoma and Yoshida ascites hepatoma AH130. The optimal dose resulted
      in a greater than 280% ILS with a 30-day survival of 50% in mice with L1210
      leukemia (100 mg/kg, days 1-5), a 156% ILS in mice with B16 melanoma (50 mg/kg,
      days 1-5), a 98% ILS with a 90-day survival of 25% in mice with M5076 reticulum
      cell sarcoma (25 mg/kg, days 1, 5, 9, and 13), a greater than 300% ILS with a 60
      day survival of 50% in mice with sarcoma 180 (50 mg/kg, days 3-10), a 148% ILS
      with a 60-day survival of 25% in mice with MH134 (25 mg/kg, days 1-5), a 129% ILS
      with a 60-day survival of 12.5% in rats with Yoshida sarcoma (12.5 mg/kg, day 3
      10), and a greater than 161% ILS with a 60-day survival of 50% in rats with AH130
      (6.3 mg/kg, days 3-10). In the experiments with s.c. inoculated tumors, NC-190
      not only inhibited tumor growth, but also increased the life span of mice with
      Lewis lung carcinoma or B16 melanoma. The 60-day survivors accounted for 60% and
      30% in mice with Lewis lung carcinoma and B16 melanoma, respectively. The
      compound significantly inhibited the spontaneous lung metastasis of Lewis lung
      carcinoma by more than 90% when eight daily i.v. injections were given. NC-190
      was active by the i.p., s.c., and i.v. routes. Five consecutive daily i.p. doses
      (days 1-5) were more effective than a single dose (day 1), two doses (days 1 and
      5), or three doses (days 1, 5, and 9). NC-190 warrants further study as a
      potential antineoplastic agent against human neoplasms, as it has a broad
      spectrum of antitumor activity and inhibits metastasis.

PMID- 2924371
TI  - Comparative effectiveness of mitoxantrone and doxorubicin in overcoming
      experimentally induced drug resistance in murine and human tumour cell lines in
      vitro.
AB  - Using a range of cell lines of murine and human tumour origin in which relatively
      modest levels (2- to 17-fold) of drug resistance have been selected in vitro by
      exposure to a range of standard antitumour drugs, we compared the cytotoxic
      effects of doxorubicin (DOX) and mitoxantrone (MITO). In general, significantly
      lower concentrations of MITO than of DOX were required to achieve comparable
      cytotoxicity, confirming previously published data. MITO appears more generally
      effective against the murine L5178Y drug-resistant sublines than DOX, although
      there was no expression of collateral sensitivity to this newer agent. In the
      various human tumour lines there was a lack of cross-resistance to both DOX and
      MITO in two 5-fluorouracil (FU)-resistant lines and one of two cisplatin (CDDP)
      resistant cells, but cross-resistance was expressed in one subline resistant to
      vincristine (VCR) and two etoposide (VP-16)-resistant sublines. One murine and
      two human DOX-resistant sublines were effectively killed by MITO, whilst DOX
      proved effective against the human MITO-resistant subline. This apparent lack of
      cross-resistance between DOX and MITO in these resistant sublines expressing low
      levels of resistance in vitro therefore appears to contrast with previous reports
      involving highly multidrug-resistant DOX-selected sublines. However, since the
      latter lines generally exhibited profound cross-resistance to VCR and definite
      cross-resistance to VP-16, this may at least in part dictate their responses to
      MITO. Therefore, attempts to use experimentally derived drug-resistant sublines
      for preclinical drug screening should be approached with caution, since patterns
      of drug response appear to be influenced by the level of drug resistance
      expressed. The need remains to determine which type of model system provides the
      most relevant clinical information.

PMID- 2924372
TI  - Effect of homoharringtonine on the viability of murine leukemia P388 cells
      resistant to either adriamycin, vincristine, or 1-beta-D
      arabinofuranosylcytosine.
AB  - Cultured murine leukemia P388 cell populations were derived from P388 cells
      resistant to vincristine (P388/VCR), adriamycin (P388/ADR), and 1-beta-D
      arabinofuranosylcytosine (P388/ARA-C) that were developed in vivo and to the
      parental drug-sensitive cells (P388/O) that were passaged in vivo. The doubling
      times of the cultured cell populations (mean +/- SD) between cell densities of 5
      x 10(4) and 1 x 10(6) cells/ml were 14.2 +/- 2 h (P388/O), 16.5 +/- 1.9 h
      (P388/VCR), 16.9 +/- 1.2 h (P388/ADR), and 15.0 +/- 1.4 h (P388/ARA-C).
      Exponentially proliferating cultured cell populations were exposed to selected
      homoharringtonine (HHT) concentrations for 24 h and the surviving cell fractions
      were determined by colony formation in semisolid medium. The results, based on
      differential sensitivity of the cell populations to HHT, indicated that cultured
      P388/VCR cells were cross-resistant to 0.018-1.8 micrograms/ml HHT, P388/ADR
      cells were cross-resistant to 0.058-1.8 micrograms/ml HHT, and P388/ARA-C cells
      were collaterally sensitive to 0.09-0.36 micrograms/ml HHT. The results with the
      cultured P388/VCR, P388/ADR, P388/ARA-C, and P388/O cell populations were
      confirmed in animal experiments. CD2F1 mice bearing intraperitoneal (i.p.)
      implants of 1 x 10(6) P388/VCR, P388/ADR, P388/ARA-C, or P388/O leukemia cells
      were given HHT i.p. qd on days 1-9 postimplantation. Optimal treatment (less than
      or equal to LD10) produced in vivo cell kills of 2 to 3 log10 units in P388/O and
      about 7 log10 units in P388/ARA-C, whereas P388/VCR and P388/ADR cells actually
      increased by 1-2 log10 units during treatment. The results of this study indicate
      that cross-resistance (P388/VCR and P388/ADR) or collateral sensitivity to HHT
      (P388/ARA-C) is a function of the cellular properties of the target tumor cell
      populations that is independent of host factors.

PMID- 2924373
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of methotrexate (MTX) and 7-hydroxymethotrexate (7-OH-MTX) in
      rats and evidence for the metabolism of MTX to 7-OH-MTX.
AB  - In pentobarbital anesthetized rats that received 4 mg/kg i.v. methotrexate (MTX)
      or 7-hydroxymethotrexate (7-OH-MTX), the pharmacokinetics of the two drugs were
      similar. Plasma concentrations of both drugs declined biexponentially, with
      terminal half-lives of 90.6 min for MTX and 97.2 min for 7-OH-MTX. The total
      clearance values were 9.2 and 9.6 ml x kg-1 x min-1, respectively. With MTX,
      48.2% of the dose was excreted in the urine within 200 min and another 31.6% was
      recovered from the bile; 5.8% was metabolized to 7-OH-MTX and appeared in the
      bile. Plasma concentrations of the metabolite 7-OH-MTX after MTX administration
      were below the detection limit. Injected 7-OH-MTX was predominantly excreted into
      the bile (72.8% of the dose); only 11.2% could be recovered from the urine.
      Differences between the physicochemical properties of MTX and 7-OH-MTX or
      different affinities for active transport systems may account for the unequal
      importance of these two excretion pathways for the two compounds.

PMID- 2924374
TI  - Effect on liver tumor growth in rats of allopurinol and 5-fluorouracil in
      combination with hepatic artery ligation.
AB  - Rats with an experimental solitary liver tumor of a nitrosoguanidine-induced
      colonic adenocarcinoma were subjected to hepatic artery ligation (HAL) alone or
      in combination with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in three different doses, with or
      without the addition of allopurinol. The drugs were injected i.p. on 3
      consecutive days before or after the HAL procedure. HAL alone significantly
      reduced the tumor growth compared with the control procedure (P less than 0.001).
      This observation was correlated with a significantly prolonged survival for the
      ligated animals (P less than 0.01). The administration of a low dose of 5-FU (15
      mg/kg per day) in combination with allopurinol (100 mg/kg per day) enhanced tumor
      growth compared with that in animals treated with 5-FU only (P less than 0.01) or
      nontreated animals (P less than 0.05). A significant increase in survival was
      observed in animals given a high dose of 5-FU (60 mg/kg per day) after HAL
      compared with non-treated animals (P less than 0.001) as well as animals
      subjected to HAL alone (P less than 0.02). All animals receiving more than 15
      mg/kg per day 5-FU before HAL succumbed within 10 days. The addition of
      allopurinol did not protect the animals against this mortality. These
      observations indicate that the effect of HAL followed by 5-FU is dose-dependent
      and that, at least in this treatment modality, allopurinol does not modulate the
      toxicity of 5-FU.

PMID- 2924375
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of tauromustine in cancer patients. Phase I studies.
AB  - The pharmacokinetic properties of tauromustine (TCNU) were studied in 31 cancer
      patients who participated in phase I trials. The patients received single oral
      doses of tauromustine in the range of 20-170 mg/m2. Plasma samples were taken
      over 24 h after administration and analysed for tauromustine by reversed-phase
      liquid chromatography. Parent TCNU could be demonstrated in the plasma of all
      patients. Its absorption was rapid (tmax = 38 +/- 22 min), the half-life was 57
      +/- 22 min (mean +/- SD), and maximal concentration (Cmax) and AUC values were
      linearly related to the dose level. Thus, our study does not indicate dose
      dependent pharmacokinetics for the drug in the range of 20-170 mg/m2.
      Thrombocytopenia was the dose-limiting toxicity of TCNU; the reduction of
      platelet counts appeared to be linearly related to the log dose and Cmax and AUC
      values. TCNU appears to exhibit pharmacokinetic properties that are different
      from those of other nitrosoureas, which might be important for the clinical
      effect of the drug.

PMID- 2924376
TI  - A phase I clinical trial of recombinant human tumor necrosis factor given daily
      for five days.
AB  - A phase I trial of human recombinant tumor necrosis factor (rH-TNF) has been
      carried out in patients with advanced solid tumors. Sixty-six courses of the drug
      were given by 1 h IV infusion, daily for 5 days to 33 patients at doses of 5, 10,
      20, 30, 45, 60, and 80 x 10(4) U/m2/day. All patients received isotonic saline
      (up to 21/day) and either indomethacin or ketoprofen. Acute toxicity resembled
      that seen with the phase I study of a single dose (5). Dose limiting toxicity was
      acute, rapidly reversible, hepatic dysfunction and hypotension. Hypertension
      during drug infusion and dyspnea were marked in some patients. There was one
      complete and one minor response, both in patients with renal cell carcinoma. The
      dose of 80 x 10(4) U/m2/day x 5 was poorly tolerated and the recommended starting
      dose for phase II studies is 60 x 10(4) U/m2/day x 5. Caution is recommended in
      treating patients with pre-existing hepatic function abnormalities, hypertension,
      hypotension or significant obstructive airway disease.

PMID- 2924377
TI  - Elevated plasma tamoxifen levels in a patient with liver obstruction.

PMID- 2924378
TI  - Studies on the pharmacokinetics of chlorambucil and prednimustine in patients
      using a new high-performance liquid chromatographic assay.
AB  - Following the oral administration of either chlorambucil/prednisolone or
      prednimustine to patients, the plasma levels of free chlorambucil and
      phenylacetic acid mustard, the beta-oxidation product of chlorambucil, were
      measured using a new high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay. This
      assay permitted the simultaneous detection of the analyzed compounds with a lower
      limit of detection of 30 ng/ml. The pharmacokinetics of chlorambucil and
      phenylacetic acid mustard were found to be entirely different when prednimustine
      was administered as opposed to its components chlorambucil and prednisolone
      together. After the ingestion of the conjugate, the plasma concentration-time
      curves of chlorambucil and phenylacetic acid mustard showed a "delayed" pattern
      compared with those obtained after the administration of the components. The mean
      area under the concentration-time curves (AUCs) of prednimustine-derived
      chlorambucil and phenylacetic acid mustard were 25% and 40%, respectively, of the
      areas obtained after a stoichiometrically equivalent dose of chlorambucil. Free
      plasma prednimustine could not be detected at any time. This different
      pharmacokinetic behavior might offer an explanation for the superior therapeutic
      effects of prednimustine demonstrated by clinical studies.

PMID- 2924379
TI  - Preclinical pharmacology of the anthrapyrazole analog oxantrazole (NSC-349174,
      piroxantrone).
AB  - Oxantrazole (now designated as piroxantrone) is an anthrapyrazole analog under
      evaluation as a potentially useful anthracycline-like antitumor agent. In
      preparation for phase I clinical trials, we characterized certain aspects of
      oxantrazole preclinical pharmacology, including plasma stability, murine
      pharmacokinetics, in vitro/in vivo metabolism, and DNA damage following
      incubation with human tumor cells in culture. Oxantrazole was relatively unstable
      in fresh mouse and dog plasma and particularly unstable in fresh human plasma (t
      1/2 less than 5 min at 37 degrees C). Its decomposition in plasma was prevented
      by the addition of ascorbic acid, suggesting oxidative degradation. Following
      rapid i.v. administration of oxantrazole to mice, plasma elimination was best
      described by a two-compartment open model with an elimination-phase half-life,
      total body clearance, and steady-state volume of distribution of 330 min, 458
      ml/min per m2, and 87.9 l/m2, respectively. The c x t value calculated following
      i.v. administration of 90 mg/m2 oxantrazole to mice was 177 micrograms-min/ml.
      This value was subsequently used in a pharmacologically guided dose-escalation
      scheme for the oxantrazole phase I clinical trial. Oxantrazole was converted to a
      polar conjugate, presumably a beta-glucuronide, by rat but not mouse hepatic
      microsomal preparations and in vivo by the mouse. Oxantrazole introduced protein
      associated DNA strand breaks following incubation with a human rhabdomyosarcoma
      cell line. Repair of the damage was complete by 15 h. Clinical pharmacologic
      studies are currently under way in conjunction with the phase I clinical trial of
      oxantrazole.

PMID- 2924380
TI  - Tumor inhibition by titanocene complexes: influence on xenografted human
      adenocarcinomas of the gastrointestinal tract.
AB  - The present study deals with the influence of some bis(eta 5
      cyclopentadienyl)titanium(IV) (titanocene) complexes, mainly represented by
      titanocene dichloride, on the development of several human gastrointestinal (GI)
      carcinomas (one stomach, seven colon, four sigmoid, and two rectal
      adenocarcinomas), all xenografted to athymic mice. In 10 of these 14 carcinomas,
      titanocene dichloride effected growth suppression of greater than 50% in
      comparison with control tumors. In the case of the stomach and two colon
      adenocarcinomas, absolute decreases in tumor volume occurred during and after the
      treatment period, resulting in growth delays of 6, 14, and 31 days, respectively.
      No sensitivity dependence was observed in the degree of tumor differentiation.
      The findings of the present study confirm the tumor-inhibiting activity of
      titanocene complexes against human GI adenocarcinomas. These results are
      noteworthy in view of previous clinical and experimental experience indicating
      that human adenocarcinomas of the stomach and colon are generally rather
      insensitive to common cytostatic agents.

PMID- 2924381
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of a new anticancer drug, navelbine, in patients. Comparative
      study of radioimmunologic and radioactive determination methods.
AB  - A study was designed to investigate the fate of navelbine (NVB) and its excretion
      routes in two cancer patients treated with tritiated NVB (30 mg/m2) by i.v. bolus
      injection. Plasma and red blood cell concentrations and urine and stool
      elimination were monitored over long periods of time. NVB plasma and urine
      concentrations were measured by both radioimmunoassay (RIA) and direct
      radioactive (RA) determination. Samples were also analyzed by high-performance
      liquid chromatography to evaluate the importance of NVB metabolism. Whereas the
      major excretion route for NVB was the stool (from 34% to 58.4% of the total dose
      given over 21 days), urinary excretion was low (about 21% within the same time
      period), corresponding mainly to that of unchanged drug. Thus, a good correlation
      was found between RIA and RA determinations in urine. In contrast, plasma area
      under the curve (AUC) values obtained after RA and RIA analysis differed markedly
      (AUC RIA/AUC RA = 0.23-0.31), demonstrating that a significant proportion of the
      plasma-circulating drug was biotransformed, mainly during the last elimination
      phase. This could have important pharmacological and toxicologic implications in
      clinical practice.

PMID- 2924382
TI  - Treatment of refractory and relapsed non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with ifosfamide,
      methotrexate and etoposide.
AB  - The combination of ifosfamide, etoposide and methotrexate was evaluated in 22
      patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) whose disease had relapsed or was
      resistant to first-line adriamycin-containing treatment. Only 4 of the 22
      patients underwent remissions, 3 of which were complete and 1, partial. Two of
      the complete remissions occurred in patients with "high-grade" histology who
      received IMVP-16 after first-line treatment had induced only a partial remission.
      Bone marrow suppression was the limiting toxicity of this regime, which may be of
      value in the salvage therapy of selected patients with NHL.

PMID- 2924383
TI  - Phase I trial of a new nitrosourea, CGP 6809, given every 2 weeks.
AB  - A phase I study was carried out on a new water-soluble nitrosourea, 6-deoxy-3,5
      di-O-methyl 6-(3 methyl-3-nitrosoureido)-alpha-D-glucofuranoside (EDMN, CGP
      6809), given every 2 weeks. A total of 18 patients received doses of 1, 2, 3, and
      3.75 g/m2 as a 2- to 5-h infusion. Toxicity principally involved nausea and
      vomiting, hepatotoxicity, and abdominal pain. There was no evidence of cumulative
      toxicity. The dose of 3.75 g/m2 was not exceeded because in a previous phase I
      study, 4.5 g/m2 every 6 weeks was not tolerated; the recommended dose for phase
      II studies is 3.75 g/m2 every 2 weeks.

PMID- 2924384
TI  - A large-scale cohort study on risk factors for primary liver cancer, with special
      reference to the role of cigarette smoking.
AB  - A large-scale cohort study in Japan (1966-1982) of life styles and primary liver
      cancer in men (123 out of 1,709,273 person-years) revealed a close association
      with cigarette smoking comparable to that for lung cancer, the relative risk
      (r.r.) for those smoking 1-29 and 30 or more cigarettes daily being 3.09 (1.78
      5.35), 6.83 (3.56-13.10) for liver cancer, and 4.45 (3.77-5.25), 6.80 (5.51-8.41)
      for lung cancer, respectively. For liver cirrhosis, daily cigarette smoking was
      of less importance compared to daily alcohol drinking, r.r. = 1.17 (1.00-1.36)
      and 1.82 (1.63-2.04). However, for liver cancer, the risk from daily cigarette
      smoking was much higher than from daily alcohol drinking, r.r. = 3.14 (1.82-5.42)
      and 1.89 (1.40-2.55). The risk of liver cancer among the liver cirrhosis cases
      was therefore calculated as 2.67 (1.49-4.79) for daily cigarette smokers and 1.00
      (0.72-1.38) for daily alcohol drinkers. These results must be of special
      importance in interpreting the reason for the increasing, unique mortality trend
      of liver cancer in men in recent years in Japan.

PMID- 2924385
TI  - Cooperative study on arterial regional chemotherapy for primary liver cancer in
      Hokkaido.
AB  - The Liver Study Group of Hokkaido analyzed a total of 57 patients with non
      resectable primary liver cancers, which were treated by intra-arterial adriamycin
      infusion chemotherapy combined with lipiodol and/or the Gelform embolization of
      the hepatic arteries. Of the ten patients considered clinical responders, three
      complete response patients and seven partial response cases were obtained. The
      overall response rate was 17.5%. The median survival period at each clinical
      stage was as follows: stage I: 13.0 months, stage II: 16.0 months, stage III:
      11.5 months and stage IV: 4.7 months. The common side-effects of this treatment
      were nausea, vomiting and anorexia. Hematological toxicities were also found, but
      there was no patient who suffered from severe complications.

PMID- 2924386
TI  - Hepatic irradiation in primary and metastatic liver cancer.
AB  - Between December 1973 and September 1987, 21 patients with primary liver cancer
      and 41 patients with metastatic liver cancer were treated with external
      irradiation, intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy and/or transarterial
      embolization (TAE) at the National Medical Center Hospital, the National South
      Kyushu Central Hospital and the National Kure Hospital. Of the patients with
      primary liver cancer, 13 cases were treated with intra-arterial infusion
      chemotherapy (30-40 mg adriamycin or 10 mg mitomycin C) and hepatic irradiation.
      Eight cases were treated by TAE and hepatic irradiation. In the Child A group,
      the survival period of the chemotherapy + hepatic irradiation cases (mean: 608
      days) was longer than that of the TAE + hepatic irradiation cases (mean: 216
      days). The median survival period of all the cases was 7.0 months (mean: 10.9
      months). For 16 of the 21 patients (who had absorbed over 40 Gy), the median
      survival period was 11.9 months (mean: 11.7 months). For 5 of the 21 patients
      (who had absorbed below 40 Gy), the median survival period was 4.3 months (mean:
      7.9 months). Of the patients with metastatic liver cancer, the median survival
      period was 7.2 months (mean: 8.0 months). For 22 of the 41 patients (who had
      absorbed over 40 Gy), the median survival was 7.9 months (mean: 12.6 months). For
      19 of the 41 patients (who had absorbed below 40 Gy), the median survival period
      was 1.7 months (mean: 2.6 months). The pretreatment serum GOT (glutamate
      oxaloacetate transaminase) levels and the pretreatment Karnofsky performance
      status index were the factors governing the prognosis of the cases with
      metastatic liver cancer, while toxicity was generally mild.

PMID- 2924387
TI  - Effect of caerulein on abdominal pain following transcatheter hepatic arterial
      embolization in malignant liver cancer patients.
AB  - The severity of pain occurring in the right hypochondrium after transcatheter
      hepatic arterial embolization carried out in the treatment of malignant hepatic
      tumors was compared between a caerulein-treated group and a non-caerulein-treated
      group. The caerulein-treated group and the non-treated group each comprised nine
      patients Gelfoam powder was used as an occlusive agent. Even though there were no
      statistically significant differences between the two groups, the caerulein
      treated group tended to demonstrate milder pain in the right hypochondricus, less
      incidence of tenderness and needed fewer administrations of analgesic than did
      the non-treated group. None of the three patients showing cystic artery
      contraction after the caerulein administration developed right hypochondricus
      pain or tenderness, or required the administration of analgesic. It was concluded
      that caerulein is useful in relieving right hypochondricus pain occurring after
      transcatheter hepatic arterial embolization.

PMID- 2924388
TI  - Liver resection using a water jet.
AB  - The water-jet method has been used during hepatic resection. The instrument cuts
      the hepatic tissue with the high pressure of the fine water flow, while the
      exposed elastic intrahepatic vessels are spared injury. A comparative study on
      the water-jet method with the previously employed conventional methods was
      undertaken. Hepatic resections were performed on 35 patients using the water-jet
      method. Cirrhosis of the liver was associated with 10 of the 24 patients with
      hepatocellular carcinoma. An ordinary saline solution was used as the jet, which
      was projected at a pressure of between 12 kg/cm2 and 20 kg/cm2 through a 0.15/mm
      diameter nozzle. A higher jet pressure was needed to cut the fibrotic hepatic
      parenchyma. In the case of normal liver, the intrahepatic vessels of more than
      0.2 mm were well preserved. In most of the cases, the loss of blood when cutting
      the hepatic parenchyma can be easily reduced with a jet pressure of 15-16 kg/cm2,
      thus preserving the fine vessels more than 0.2 mm in diameter without injury.
      When the same pressure was applied in the cutting of a cirrhotic liver, it took
      much longer time compared to that of a non-cirrhotic normal liver parenchyma. The
      cut surface was smooth compared to that after using CUSA, although its
      disadvantages lie in the formation of air bubbles, which obscure the operative
      field. The controlled projection of a jet of water under optimal pressure may
      ensure a safe hepatic resection of both normal and cirrhotic livers. Furthermore,
      because of its uncomplicated form, a wide range of applications can be expected,
      while the lower cost will also expedite its large-scale use for economic reasons.

PMID- 2924389
TI  - The chemistry and biology of 7H-dibenzo[c,g]carbazole: synthesis and
      characterization of selected derivatives, metabolism in rat liver preparations
      and mutagenesis mediated by cultured rat hepatocytes.
AB  - Authentic stable standards of 7H-dibenzo[c,g]carbazole (DBC), a potent
      environmental carcinogen, were synthesized in order to study the compound's
      metabolism and mutagenesis in whole cell systems. Complete characterization of 2
      OH-DBC, 3-OH-DBC, 4-OH-DBC, 13c-OH-DBC and N-methyl-DBC was accomplished by UV,
      IR, fluorescence and high resolution NMR spectra, and by high resolution mass
      spectrometric procedures. Metabolites of DBC were isolated and separated by HPLC
      from extracts of rat liver microsomal incubations and the medium of primary
      cultures of rat liver cells. Identification of metabolites was accomplished by
      comparisons between the authentic standards and isolated metabolites by UV and
      fluorescence spectroscopy, mass spectral analyses, and by co-chromatographic
      techniques. 2-OH-DBC and 3-OH-DBC were found in all rat liver preparations as
      well as three other unidentified phenols. 4-OH-DBC, 13c-OH-DBC or N-methyl-DBC
      were not isolated under any conditions. The rates of appearance of DBC
      metabolites in cultures of rat liver cells were compared to those for
      benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) at 10, 25, 50 and 100 microM substrate. At 25 microM
      substrate or greater, DBC metabolites appeared in the culture medium at
      significantly faster rates than those of BaP. At 100 microM substrate, DBC
      metabolites appeared at a rate approximately 4-times the rate observed for BaP.
      When the mutagenic potential of DBC was compared to that of BaP under identical
      conditions in a co-cultivation system of rat liver cells and an epithelial cell
      line, DBC was found to produce significantly higher rates of mutagenesis than BaP
      at concentrations of 0.4, 4.0 and 40.0 microM in the culture medium. The
      mutagenic potential of DBC was compared to that of several derivatives of the
      parent compound. 3-OH-DBC, 13c-OH-DBC and N-methyl-DBC were found to be mutagenic
      in the co-cultivation system at 40 microM, with mutation frequencies of 4.4 +/-
      0.8, 8.0 +/- 3.1 and 12.9 +/- 5.4 mutants per 10(5) survivors, respectively. The
      parent compound induced 8.0 +/- 2.8 mutants per 10(5) survivors at the same
      concentration. 2-OH-DBC and 4-OH-DBC were not mutagenic under the same
      conditions. The studies have shown that metabolism of 7H-DBC leads predominantly
      to phenols in rat liver cells. The results of the mutagenesis experiments
      indicate that, of the derivatives studied, those associated by induction to the
      nitrogen are mutagenic. The latter studies suggest that the nitrogen is involved
      in the activation of the parent compound through inductive mechanisms.

PMID- 2924390
TI  - Effect of heterocyclic amines and beef extract on chromosome aberrations and
      sister chromatid exchanges in cultured human lymphocytes.
AB  - Two of the major bacterial mutagens formed in heated meat products, 2-amino-3
      methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline and 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline
      or the basic fraction of beef extract induced a low frequency of sister chromatid
      exchanges in human lymphocyte cultures in the presence of metabolic activation.
      Structural chromosome aberrations were not induced at comparable high
      concentrations in human lymphocytes with intact repair system, suggesting that
      repair or induction of point mutations are involved in the DNA-damaging effect of
      heterocyclic amines rather than structural chromosome aberrations. Accordingly it
      may be concluded that mammalian cells with both intact repair and enzyme systems
      are more relevant than bacterial systems for evaluating the carcinogenic
      potential of heterocyclic amines.

PMID- 2924391
TI  - The air pollutant 2-nitrofluorene as initiator and promoter in a liver model for
      chemical carcinogenesis.
AB  - 2-Nitrofluorene (NF), a model substance for nitrated polycyclic aromatic
      hydrocarbons, is present in exhaust from diesel- and petrol-driven vehicles, in
      exhaust from kerosene heaters, and in urban air and river sediments. Therefore
      the possible consequences of human exposure are important to elucidate. In the
      present study the initiating and promoting activity of NF was studied in a liver
      model for chemical carcinogenesis in the rat. Furthermore, the in vivo metabolism
      and formation of genotoxic metabolites of NF were investigated. NF was found to
      be a moderate initiator and a weak promoter when compared to diethylnitrosamine
      (DEN) and 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) respectively, both of which are potent
      carcinogens. Animals given NF excreted more urinary mutagenicity when compared to
      animals given AAF or DEN.

PMID- 2924392
TI  - Effect of dimethyl sulfoxide on the genotoxicity and metabolism of benzene in
      vivo.
AB  - The mechanism of the genotoxicity and metabolism of benzene (BZ) was investigated
      by using a free-radical scavenger, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), to investigate the
      free radical mechanism in BZ metabolism. The presence of chromosomal breakage
      expressed as micronuclei (MN) in bone marrow polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE) and
      the presence of several BZ metabolites in the urine were monitored. Adult male
      ICR mice were exposed orally to DMSO after oral exposure to BZ (440 mg/kg b.w.).
      DMSO was administered either in different concentrations (1.25, 3.75 or 12.5%
      given at a volume of 0.01 ml/gm b.w.) or at different intervals after BZ exposure
      (1, 3 or 5 h). Each group consisted of five mice. It was found that the BZ
      induced MN frequency was reduced by DMSO from 48.8 +/- 5.6 (SEM) to 2.6 +/- 0.7
      per 1000 PCE when DMSO (12.5%) was administered at 1 h after BZ exposure (P less
      than 0.01), to 3.4 +/- 0.8 at 3 h (P less than 0.01) and to 36.2 +/- 12.1 at 5 h
      (P less than 0.01). The reduction of the clastogenic effect of BZ by DMSO was
      also dependent upon the DMSO doses. The MN frequency was significantly reduced
      from 48.8 +/- 5.6 to 29.4 +/- 10.9 with 1.25% DMSO (P less than 0.01) to 20 +/-
      7.6 with 3.75% (P less than 0.01) and to 2.6 +/- 0.7 with 12.5% DMSO (P less than
      0.01). The presence of different metabolites of BZ such as hydroquinone,
      catechol, trans-trans muconic acid (MA, the oxidized form of trans-trans
      muconaldehyde, ttM), and total and conjugated phenol was evaluated in the urine
      of the exposed mice using HPLC. Among these metabolites, the quantity of MA was
      found to have the closest positive correlation with the MN frequency (P less than
      0.007). Phenol but not the other monitored metabolites was also positively
      correlated with MN frequency (P less than 0.03). Thus, our data show that the
      formation of genotoxic metabolites from BZ probably involves hydroxyl radicals
      and ttM as well as phenol are likely to be responsible for the clastogenic effect
      of benzene in vivo.

PMID- 2924393
TI  - Modulation of dietary fat-promoted pancreatic carcinogenesis in rats and hamsters
      by chronic ethanol ingestion.
AB  - The effect of chronic ethanol ingestion on dietary fat-promoted pancreatic
      carcinogenesis was investigated in rats and hamsters. Rats were given a single
      i.p. injection of 30 mg azaserine per kg body wt at 19 days of age. Hamsters were
      injected s.c. with 20 mg N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine (BOP) per kg body wt at 6
      and 7 weeks of age. The animals were fed a semi-purified diet high in unsaturated
      fat (25% corn oil) either separately or in combination with ethanol. Ethanol was
      provided in drinking water at a concentration of 10% (w/v). A separate group
      maintained on a diet low in unsaturated fat (5% corn oil) was included as extra
      controls. The rats and hamsters were given their diets and received ethanol via
      their drinking water after treatment with carcinogen. Terminal autopsy of rats
      was 15 months after azaserine treatment and of hamsters 12 months after the last
      injection with BOP. Dietary fat was found to enhance pancreatic carcinogenesis in
      both rats and hamsters. In rats, ethanol slightly enhanced the multiplicity but
      not the incidence of malignant tumours, while in hamsters ethanol did not show
      any modulating effect on dietary fat-promoted carcinogenesis. It was concluded
      that dietary fat-promoted pancreatic carcinogenesis as observed in the animal
      models applied is not significantly modulated by chronic ethanol ingestion.

PMID- 2924394
TI  - Comparison of the in vitro metabolisms and mutagenicities of
      dibenzo[a,c]anthracene, dibenzo[a,h]anthracene and dibenzo[a,j]anthracene:
      influence of norharman.
AB  - The comparison of the behaviour of three dibenzoanthracene (DBA) isomers,
      dibenzo[a,c]anthracene (DB[a,c]A), dibenzo[a,h]anthracene (DB[a,h]A) and
      dibenzo[a,j]anthracene (DB[a,j]A), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), whose
      carcinogenicity varies from very potent to apparently inactive, has been carried
      out. Influence of norharman (NH; 9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol) was investigated for
      mutagenicity (reversion of histidine prototrophy) on Salmonella typhimurium TA
      100, using 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC)-induced rat liver microsomes or S9 (post
      mitochondrial fractions). A correlation with its influence, on the in vitro
      metabolism of radiolabelled molecules by the same enzymatic systems, was carried
      out. NH enhances the mutagenicities of DB[a,c]A and DB[a,h]A which are very well
      known mutagenic and carcinogenic PAHs. Contrary to its two isomers, the mutagenic
      potency of DB[a,j]A, which is considered as a weak mutagen and not a carcinogen,
      is strongly inhibited by NH. The balance sheets of the in vitro metabolism by
      microsomal enzymes, where the conjugation is excluded, were reported with or
      without NH. In the presence of the latter, the amounts of remaining DBAs slightly
      decreased while the metabolites covalently bound to microsomal proteins strongly
      decreased and the amount of hydrophobic metabolites highly increased. At the same
      time, the HPLC elution profiles of the metabolism pathways of the three DBAs are
      found to be modified in a similar way by NH: some of the metabolites are highly
      enhanced, and for all three DBAs, a tetraol, not detectable in the absence of NH,
      emerges. The results are discussed with regard to possible effects of NH.

PMID- 2924395
TI  - The mouse-skin carcinogenicity of a mutagenic fraction from beech wood dusts.
AB  - A life-time mouse-skin carcinogenicity assay was conducted using female NMRI mice
      to evaluate the possible direct carcinogenic activity of a mutagenic fraction
      isolated from beech wood dusts. The samples of untreated beech wood dusts were
      extracted with methanol at pH3 and were purified from the inhibitory compounds
      toxic to bacteria, using silica-gel column chromatography. The fraction obtained
      after passing through the column was tested for mutagenicity in the Ames assay
      employing Salmonella typhimurium TA100 in the presence of Aroclor-treated rat
      liver-S9. Using acetone as the vehicle, this mutagenic fraction was tested for
      carcinogenicity on an area of 1-1.5 cm shaved skin of mice on the lower back. The
      mice were treated with half of each dose, twice a week, for only 3 months. The
      total doses applied per week were 2.5, 5, 7.5 or 10 g equivalent dust/mouse. No
      substance was used as promoter. No statistically significant difference was found
      when the life spans of treated and untreated animals were compared. The observed
      carcinogenic effect was based on tumours and lesions found only on the site of
      application of the test material. Of 210 mice (effective number, 129) serving as
      the negative controls, three developed skin lesions but no tumours. Of 280
      treated animals (effective number, 188) 34 developed different types of tumours
      and 20 had a uniform type of precancerous skin lesion. Of 34 tumours observed 21
      were originated from the skin, 12 from the mammary glands beneath the site of
      application, and one was a lymphoma. Comparing the negative controls with the
      treated animals, the overall carcinogenic effect observed was dose-dependent and
      statistically significant. Excluding the mammary tumours and a lymphoma found
      beneath the site of treatment, the overall induction of skin tumours was still
      significant. However, the dose-dependent increase in the number of skin tumours
      alone was not statistically significant. These results suggest that beech wood
      dust contains mutagenic and carcinogenic constituent(s).

PMID- 2924396
TI  - Relationship of oxidative damage to the hepatocarcinogenicity of the peroxisome
      proliferators di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate and Wy-14,643.
AB  - Quantitative comparisons of the time course of biochemical and morphological
      changes induced by peroxisome proliferators resulting in low and high incidences
      of hepatic cancer have not been conducted previously under bioassay conditions.
      [4-Chloro-6-(2,3-xylidino)-2-pyrimidyl-thio]acetic acid (Wy-14,643) at 0.1% in
      the diet produced a much higher incidence of hepatic cancer in male rats than
      1.2% di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) in the diet. Both diets, however, caused
      similar degrees of peroxisome proliferation. To investigate this difference in
      carcinogenicity, H2O2-detoxification mechanisms and indices of oxidative damage
      were evaluated in male F-344 rats fed 1.2% DEHP or 0.1% Wy-14,643 for up to one
      year. DEHP or Wy-14,643 treatment increased hepatic catalase activity
      approximately 25% from 8 to 365 days. DEHP or Wy-14,643 treatment decreased
      hepatic glutathione peroxidase activity by 50% from 8 to 365 days. Glutathione
      concentrations were not affected by 151 days of DEHP or Wy-14,643 feeding. The
      similar effects of DEHP and Wy on H2O2 detoxification enzymes and glutathione
      concentrations suggests that these factors are not responsible for the widely
      different carcinogenicities of Wy-14,643 and DEHP. Hepatic vitamin E
      concentrations were 50% lower in rats receiving Wy-14,643 for 151 days as
      compared to rats fed DEHP or control diets. Lipofuscin, which was contained
      within lysosomes, was increased 3-fold after 39 days of DEHP and remained at this
      level up to 365 days of treatment. In comparison, lipofuscin was increased 4-fold
      after 18 days of Wy-14,643 and continued to accumulate in a linear manner
      reaching values 30-fold over controls after 365 days of treatment. DEHP treatment
      for 39-365 days increased the activities of the lysosomal enzymes alpha
      fucosidase, beta-galactosidase and N-acetylglucosaminidase 50-100%. The same
      enzyme activities were increased approximately 4-fold after 39-365 days of Wy
      14,643. Lysosomal cathepsin B activity was unchanged by DEHP but doubled by 151
      and 365 days of Wy-14,643. Acid phosphatase activity was unchanged by DEHP but
      increased by 50% after 151 and 365 days of Wy-14,643. In addition, conjugated
      dienes were increased (approximately 45%) only in rats receiving Wy-14,643 for
      151 and 365 days. These data show for the first time that the magnitude and time
      course of lipofuscin deposition, induction of lysosomal enzymes and conjugated
      diene accumulation, is correlated closely with the degree of carcinogenicity. Wy
      14,643-induced decreases in hepatic vitamin E concentrations could contribute to
      the observed accumulation of conjugated dienes at later time points.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2924397
TI  - The conformations and electrostatic potential maps of phorbol esters, teleocidins
      and ingenols.
AB  - Phorbol esters and the structurally dissimilar teleocidins and ingenols bind to
      and activate protein kinase C (PKC) during the course of tumour promotion. These
      compounds are referred to as TPA-like tumour promoters (from 12-O-tetradencanoyl
      phorbol-13-acetate, the most active of the class) and are amongst the most potent
      tumour promoters known. Despite their structural dissimilarity, all three groups
      of molecules have been shown to bind to the diacylglycerol site of PKC with high
      affinity. It is thought that this binding to and consequent activation of PKC is
      the crucial step in tumour promotion by these compounds. The aim of this work was
      to provide a description of the binding site by comparing structural features (in
      particular the electrostatic potential) with the activity of numerous derivatives
      of the three classes. Initially the description was obtained by consideration of
      the phorbol derivatives, and then refined using the teleocidins and ingenols. The
      activity data were collected from a variety of sources and the structures
      calculated using the semi-empirical MNDO approximation embodied in the MOPAC
      program. Where possible, the crystal structure was obtained from the Cambridge
      Crystallographic Database, and used as a starting point for the calculation. In
      other cases, a preliminary calculation was carried out using the molecular
      mechanics program AMBER. Electrostatic potentials were calculated and displayed
      using an in-house program 3D2, while superpositions of molecules were carried out
      using CHEM-X.

PMID- 2924398
TI  - Evidence for two selenium-binding proteins distinct from glutathione peroxidase
      in mouse liver.
AB  - Labeling studies with 75selenium (75Se) have suggested the existence of selenium
      binding proteins in addition to glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in rodent
      tissues. Three selenium-binding proteins of apparent mol. wt 56, 14 and 12K on
      SDS-PAGE were isolated from mouse liver using Sephadex G-150 and DEAE-Sephadex
      chromatography. The proteins were electroeluted from SDS-PAGE gels and injected
      into rabbits to elicit antibodies. Western immunoblot experiments indicated that
      the 56K protein was distinct from the 14 and 12K proteins. The latter two
      proteins appeared to be immunologically related, perhaps as differentially
      processed variants. The 56 and 14/12K proteins appeared to be distinct from GSH
      Px and the 57K plasma selenium-binding proteins. These results indicate that the
      mouse liver contains at least two selenium-binding proteins distinct from GSH-Px.
      The existence of the antibodies should permit experiments which help to examine
      the role of these proteins in the biological function of selenium in mammals.

PMID- 2924399
TI  - Urinary excretion of nitrate, nitrite and N-nitroso compounds in Schistosomiasis
      and bilharzia bladder cancer patients.
AB  - Saliva and 24-h urine samples were collected from male Schistosomiasis
      (bilharzia) patients with S. haematobium infection and possible concurrent S.
      mansoni infection without diagnosed bladder cancer (n = 27), bilharzia patients
      with diagnosed bladder cancer (n = 23) as well as a comparative control group (n
      = 27) of healthy Egyptian volunteers with no current bilharzia infection and/or
      bacterial urinary tract infections from the Nile Delta area of Egypt. Saliva
      samples were analysed for the presence of nitrate and nitrite; urine samples were
      analysed for the presence of nitrate, nitrite, volatile and non-volatile N
      nitroso compounds. Bilharzia patients prior to, and after, diagnosed bladder
      cancer regularly excreted free nitrite as well as volatile nitrosamines (N
      nitrosodimethylamine, N-nitrosodiethylamine, N-nitrosopiperidine and N
      nitrosopyrrolidine) in addition to which elevated concentrations of non-volatile
      N-nitrosamino acids (N-nitrosoproline, N-nitrososarcosine, N-nitrosothiazolidine
      4-carboxylic acid and its 2-methyl derivative) were also present. Total urinary
      excretion of volatile N-nitroso compounds (0.32 +/- 0.64 micrograms/day; mean +/-
      SD) and non-volatile N-nitroso compounds (31.20 +/- 22.07 micrograms/day) was
      observed in the Egyptian control group. Significantly higher concentrations were
      found in bilharzia patients: 3.47 +/- 6.42 (P less than 0.05) and 62.91 +/- 21.96
      (P less than 0.05); as well as in bilharzia patients with diagnosed bladder
      cancer: 1.71 +/- 1.96 (P less than 0.02) and 44.94 +/- 7.31 respectively. Free
      nitrite was found in the urine of two volunteers in the Egyptian control group
      (1.7 and 3.0 micrograms/day), urinary nitrite was significantly increased in
      bilharzia patients (5.18 +/- 9.11 micrograms/day, P less than 0.02) and in
      bladder cancer patients (1.75 +/- 2.81 micrograms/day, P less than 0.05). Nitrate
      concentrations were elevated from 139.3 +/- 82.2 in the control group to 143.6 +/
      136.3 and 175 +/- 190 in the bilharzia and bladder cancer groups respectively.
      These results indicate that significant in vivo formation of nitrite and volatile
      N-nitroso compounds occurs in the urinary bladder of bilharzia patients and this
      may be an oetiological factor in the induction of bilharzial bladder cancer
      associated with S. haematobium infection.

PMID- 2924400
TI  - S-adenosylmethionine, S-adenosylhomocysteine and DNA methylation levels in the
      liver of rats fed methapyrilene and analogs.
AB  - The antihistamine methapyrilene (hydrochloride) and four close structural
      analogs, methaphenilene, methafurylene, thenyldiamine and clorothen, were given
      to rats at a concentration of 0.1% in drinking water for 34 weeks. Only
      methapyrilene produced notable histopathological changes in the liver, bile duct
      hyperplasia and focal cellular change. Methapyrilene produced an early and
      persistent elevation in the ratio of S-adenosylmethionine to S
      adenosylhomocysteine, which was 2.8 times the control levels at 34 weeks; none of
      the other antihistamines produced so high a ratio or altered the ratio as early.
      Methapyrilene, but not the other antihistamines, produced a significant increase
      in the methylation of liver DNA at 20 and 34 weeks, as measured by the level of 5
      methyldeoxycytidine. The increase in deoxycytosine methylation is so far the only
      detected effect of the carcinogen methapyrilene on DNA which is absent in rats
      treated with its non-carcinogenic analogs.

PMID- 2924401
TI  - In situ freezing of the urinary bladder: a trigger of rapid development of sodium
      o-phenylphenate-induced urinary bladder tumors in the rat.
AB  - The effect of in situ freezing of the urinary bladder on sodium o-phenylphenate
      (OPP-Na)-induced urinary bladder tumor development was investigated in male F344
      rats. Freezing was performed at the start of the experiment by touching the
      serosal surface of the bladder with a frozen steel rod. As a result, three out of
      27 rats (11%) developed bladder tumors within 78 weeks when 0.5% OPP-Na feeding
      was started 2 weeks after freezing and one out of 27 rats (4%) when the feeding
      was started 12 weeks after freezing. 0.5% OPP-Na alone did not induce any bladder
      lesions. In a second experiment, 19 out of 25 rats (76%) developed bladder tumors
      (carcinomas in 12 rats and papillomas in seven rats) when 2% OPP-Na was
      administered from 6 weeks after freezing, whereas only one rat (5%) demonstrated
      a bladder carcinoma in the group given 2% OPP-Na without prior freezing. In
      neither experiment were tumors induced by freezing alone. Enzyme histochemistry
      revealed no remarkable changes in enzyme activities of regenerative hyperplasia
      induced by freezing. The results indicate that in situ freezing of the urinary
      bladder acts as a trigger of rapid development of OPP-Na-induced rat urinary
      bladder tumors.

PMID- 2924402
TI  - Levels of mutagens in the urine of smokers of black and blond tobacco correlate
      with their risk of bladder cancer.
AB  - Levels of urinary mutagens, thioethers, N-nitrosamino acids, nitrate, nicotine,
      cotinine and creatinine were measured in 21 non-smokers, 26 smokers of blond
      tobacco, 9 smokers of black tobacco and 5 smokers of both types of tobacco, all
      eating a similar diet. Results were expressed either per 24 h urine or per mmol
      creatinine. The sum of urinary nicotine and cotinine levels (N + C) was used as a
      measure of exposure to the number of cigarettes smoked. Statistically significant
      positive dose-effect relationships were obtained between the urinary N + C levels
      and (i) the number of revertants (Salmonella typhimurium TA98, with a metabolic
      activation system); (ii) the concentration of thioethers; (iii) the levels of N
      nitrosoproline or the sum of all nitrosamino acids excreted and (iv) the amount
      of urinary nitrate. No such correlation was found between N + C levels and
      induction potency in the SOS chromotest. A linear dose-effect relationship
      between urinary mutagenicity (i.e. log revertants of S. typhimurium TA98) and N +
      C levels or number of cigarettes per day was established for smokers of blond
      tobacco. After adjustment for N + C levels, the urine of smokers of black tobacco
      contained twice as much mutagenic material as did the urine of blond tobacco
      smokers (P = 0.02). For other exposure markers, no statistically significant
      difference was found between the two types of smokers. Epidemiological studies
      have shown that the risk of urinary bladder cancer is 2.5 times higher in smokers
      of black tobacco than in blond tobacco. Therefore, our findings on urinary
      mutagenicity provide experimental evidence that the type of tobacco is the factor
      responsible for the observed difference in risk and that smoking of black as
      compared to blond tobacco results in a higher exposure of the urinary bladder to
      genotoxic hence potentially carcinogenic substances.

PMID- 2924403
TI  - Induction of tumors in the Zymbal gland, oral cavity, colon, skin and mammary
      gland of F344 rats by a mutagenic compound, 2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5
      f]quinoline.
AB  - A mutagenic compound, 2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline, which was
      first isolated from broiled sardines and was shown to be carcinogenic to mice,
      was also found to be carcinogenic to F344 rats. It induced tumors in various
      organs, such as the Zymbal gland, oral cavity, colon, skin and mammary gland of
      male and female rats when given at 0.03% in the diet. However, it was noteworthy
      that tumors were not observed in the liver. Most of the tumors in the Zymbal
      gland, oral cavity and skin were squamous cell carcinomas, and most of the
      mammary gland tumors were adenocarcinomas. The colon tumors were identified as
      adenomas or adenocarcinomas. In control rats no tumors developed in these organs
      during the 40-week experiment.

PMID- 2924404
TI  - Reduced accumulation of I-compounds in liver DNA of rats fed a choline-devoid
      diet.
AB  - Groups of rats were fed for 1, 4 or 7 months choline-devoid or choline
      supplemented diets, that provided approximately 50% of the methionine, and 0.15%
      or 150% of the choline requirements of young, growing rats. Liver DNA was
      isolated and analyzed by the nuclease P1-enhanced version of the 32P-postlabeling
      assay, which detects aromatic/hydrophobic DNA adducts and I-compounds (adduct
      like DNA modifications shown to accumulate in tissue of aging rats). DNA adducts
      and qualitative differences in the patterns of I-compounds were not observed in
      rats fed the two diets. However, in rats fed the choline-devoid diet there was a
      drastic reduction in the accumulation of I-compounds, compared with that in rats
      fed the control diet. These results extend previous evidence of a lack of
      relevant DNA adducts in the liver of rats fed the choline-devoid diet, and
      suggest the possibility of a role of I-compounds in the carcinogenicity of this
      diet.

PMID- 2924405
TI  - Phenobarbital promotion in diethylnitrosamine-initiated infant B6C3F1 mice:
      influence of gender.
AB  - Phenobarbital (PB) promotes hepatic tumorigenesis when chronically administered
      to male B6C3F1 mice after initiation with diethylnitrosamine (DENA) at 30 days of
      age. In contrast, when male B6C3F1 mice were initiated with DENA at 15 days of
      age, an inhibition of hepatic tumorigenesis occurred. The present study was
      undertaken to evaluate the influence of gender on the inhibiting ability of PB in
      the 15 day old DENA-initiated B6C3F1 mouse. Mice were injected with either DENA
      (5 micrograms/g) or saline at 15 days of age. At weaning mice were given either
      PB (500 p.p.m.) containing drinking water or deionized drinking water for 24
      weeks. Male mice treated with DENA and PB demonstrated a significant decrease in
      the number of hepatocellular adenomas compared to males receiving DENA only. In
      contrast, females exposed to DENA and PB exhibited an enhancement of hepatic
      adenoma number compared to those receiving only DENA. In an additional
      experiment, individual preneoplastic foci from male and female B6C3F1 mice
      initiated with DENA at 15 days of age were examined for their responsiveness to
      the mitogenic stimuli of PB. Mice were exposed to either PB-containing or PB-free
      drinking water for 7 days. In non-PB treated males and females, preneoplastic
      hepatocytes demonstrated higher rates of DNA synthetic labelling compared to
      normal hepatocytes with no gender difference noted. Males exposed to PB exhibited
      increased levels of DNA synthesis in normal cells but not in preneoplastic foci.
      Females treated with PB, however, demonstrated significant increases in DNA
      synthesis in both preneoplastic and normal hepatocytes compared to non-PB treated
      females and PB-treated males. These findings suggest that in male mice initiated
      with DENA at 15 days of age, the preneoplastic foci are refractory to the
      proliferative effects of PB which may account for the observed inhibition of
      hepatic tumorigenesis by PB in this mouse strain.

PMID- 2924406
TI  - Inhibitory effect of magnesium hydroxide on methylazoxymethanol acetate-induced
      large bowel carcinogenesis in male F344 rats.
AB  - The effect of dietary magnesium hydroxide on colon carcinogenesis induced by
      methylazoxymethanol (MAM) acetate was examined in male F344 rats. MAM acetate was
      administered by i.p. injection to rats at 25 mg/kg body wt once per week for 3
      weeks. Starting 2 weeks after the final MAM acetate exposure, the diet containing
      500 or 1000 p.p.m. magnesium hydroxide was fed for 227 days. In the groups
      receiving magnesium hydroxide and MAM acetate, the incidence of colon neoplasms
      was decreased when compared with that in the group given MAM acetate alone. The
      inhibitory effect of dietary magnesium hydroxide on MAM acetate-induced colon
      carcinogenesis was greater at the lower dose than that at the higher dose of
      magnesium hydroxide in the diet. Neoplasms in other organs were rare and were not
      affected by the dietary magnesium hydroxide.

PMID- 2924407
TI  - In vitro polymerization of histones by carcinogenic nickel compounds.
AB  - This study was undertaken to explore whether nuclear chromatin constituents can
      participate in and/or be affected by redox reactions catalyzed by nickel, like
      those of nickel complexes with small peptides, e.g. tetraglycine (G4) and oxygen.
      Calf thymus DNA, nucleohistone (NH) or free histones were incubated at 37 degrees
      C, pH 7.6, for up to 96 h with nickel(II)acetate (NiAcet) or nickel subsulfide
      (Ni3S2) and/or G4. The effects on DNA and NH were studied by means of melting
      profiles. Free individual histones and histones extracted from NH prior to and
      after exposure to nickel compounds and/or G4 were examined by electrophoresis on
      polyacrylamide gels. Two-day exposure of DNA to NiAcet, G4, or NiAcet + G4 had no
      significant effect on its melting temperature. Incubation of NH with NiAcet,
      however, markedly increased its melting temperature by 2.2 +/- 0.3 degrees C
      after 24 h and 3.0 +/- 0.5 degrees C after 96 h (P less than 0.01 versus NH alone
      at either time). Incubation of NH with NiAcet + G4 also resulted in a significant
      rise of the melting temperature by 1.4 +/- 0.3 degrees C after 24 h (P less than
      0.05) and 5.5 +/- 0.3 degrees C after 96 h (P less than 0.0001). G4 alone had no
      effect. Exposure of NH to NiAcet + G4, but not to the individual chemicals,
      slowly decreased solubility of the histone components in 0.2 M H2SO4. Only trace
      amounts of histones could be extracted from NH with acid after 72-h exposure to
      NiAcet + G4. Treatment of free histones with NiAcet, Ni3S2 and/or G4 resulted in
      a slow random polymerization of the proteins by NiAcet + G4, Ni3S2 + G4 and Ni3S2
      alone, but not NiAcet or G4 alone. The action of Ni3S2 alone was slower than that
      of either nickel compound combined with G4. The present findings indicate that
      nickel carcinogens NiAcet and Ni3S2, in the presence of G4 or even alone (Ni3S2),
      are capable of causing protein-protein and perhaps also protein-DNA crosslinking.
      Reactions of this type may be involved in the mechanism(s) of nickel
      carcinogenesis.

PMID- 2924408
TI  - Inositol hexaphosphate inhibits large intestinal cancer in F344 rats 5 months
      after induction by azoxymethane.
AB  - A treatment regimen of 2% Na-InsP6 in drinking water was effective in
      significantly reducing large intestinal cancer in F344 rats even when the
      treatment was begun 5 months after carcinogenic induction with azoxymethane (AOM
      8 mg/kg/wk X 6). Compared to untreated (AOM-only) rats, animals on InsP6 had 27%
      fewer tumors (P less than 0.02). The tumors were approximately two-thirds smaller
      in size (P less than 0.01) and percentage mitotic rate in the non-neoplastic
      epithelium was less than half (1.0 +/- 0.1, compared to 2.3 +/- 0.2 of AOM-only
      animals, significant at P less than 0.001). We postulate that InsP6 may exert its
      antineoplastic effect by way of regulating cellular proliferation even after
      effective carcinogenic stimuli and thus may be an important candidate for
      chemointervention.

PMID- 2924409
TI  - Sudden coronary death in the United States: 1980-1985.
AB  - To describe patterns of an indicator of sudden coronary death, data from the
      National Center for Health Statistics were examined for deaths occurring out of
      hospital and in the emergency room (OH/ER) from 1980 to 1985 in 40 states. In
      1985, 56% of ischemic heart disease deaths occurred OH/ER among persons aged 35
      74 years. The percentage occurring OH/ER declined with age, was higher in men
      than women, and higher in blacks than whites. At age 55-64, 61% of ischemic heart
      disease deaths in white and 66% in black men occurred OH/ER. Between 1980 and
      1985, age-adjusted death rates in white men aged 35-74 years declined 19% for
      OH/ER and 18% for in-hospital ischemic heart disease deaths. The percentage of
      deaths in ER increased. The decline in deaths occurring OH/ER accounted for 61%
      of the total absolute decline in ischemic heart disease death rate in white men,
      55% in white women, and about 70% in nonwhites. The decline in rates of death
      OH/ER should encourage further efforts at preventing coronary heart disease and
      improving emergency medical services.

PMID- 2924410
TI  - Effect of surgical reduction of left ventricular outflow obstruction on
      hemodynamics, coronary flow, and myocardial metabolism in hypertrophic
      cardiomyopathy.
AB  - To assess the impact of operative reduction of left ventricular outflow
      obstruction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, measurements of great cardiac vein
      flow, oxygen and lactate content, left ventricular pressures, and cardiac index
      were measured at rest and during pacing stress in 20 consecutive patients (13,
      myotomy-myectomy; six, mitral valve replacement; one, both myotomy-myectomy and
      mitral valve replacement) who underwent both preoperative and postoperative
      studies. All had angiographically normal epicardial coronary arteries. Operation
      resulted in reduction in outflow gradient (64 +/- 38 to 4 +/- 7 mm Hg, p less
      than 0.001) and in left ventricular systolic pressure (186 +/- 32 to 128 +/- 22
      mm Hg, p less than 0.001) and was associated with reduction in great cardiac vein
      flow (101 +/- 26 to 78 +/- 16 ml/min, p less than 0.001) and oxygen consumption
      in the anterior left ventricle and septum (11.9 +/- 4.1 to 8.4 +/- 1.9 ml O2/min,
      p less than 0.001) in the basal state. During rapid atrial pacing, 13 of 20
      patients experienced chest pain postoperatively, whereas all 20 developed chest
      pain during preoperative pacing, with an improvement in pacing anginal threshold
      (or heart rate 150 if no chest pain was experienced) of 16 +/- 18 beats/min (p
      less than 0.001). The peak great cardiac vein flow (161 +/- 41 to 131 +/- 45
      ml/min, p less than 0.025) and myocardial oxygen consumption (19.4 +/- 6.1 to
      14.3 +/- 5.5 ml O2/min, p less than 0.005) during pacing, which correlated
      directly with the severity of the basal left ventricular gradient (p = 0.011 and
      p = 0.002, respectively), were also reduced by surgery. Lactate metabolism during
      pacing changed from net production before surgery to net consumption after
      operation (-17 +/- 47.6 to 4.4 +/- 29.8 mumol/min, p less than 0.01), with six of
      20 patients producing lactate after surgery compared with 13 of 20 before surgery
      (p = 0.06). The six patients with the highest peak great cardiac vein flow
      (greater than 175 ml/min) during preoperative pacing had greater symptom and
      metabolic benefit during pacing after surgery compared with the 14 patients with
      lower peak coronary flow. Postpacing left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (30
      +/- 7 to 23 +/- 7 mm Hg, p less than 0.001) and pulmonary artery wedge pressure
      (24 +/- 6 to 20 +/- 5, p less than 0.001) were reduced after surgery.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2924411
TI  - Epinephrine-induced reversal of verapamil's electrophysiologic and therapeutic
      effects in patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia.
AB  - The purpose of our study was to determine whether an infusion of epinephrine
      reverses the electrophysiologic effects of verapamil and whether reversal of
      verapamil's effects on the induction of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia
      (PSVT) by epinephrine during electropharmacologic testing is predictive of stress
      related recurrences of PSVT during long-term treatment with verapamil. The
      infusion rates of epinephrine used in this study were 25 and 50 ng/kg/min, which
      previously have been demonstrated to result in plasma epinephrine concentrations
      in the range that occurs during a variety of stresses in humans. The subjects of
      this study were 17 patients with recurrent PSVT who underwent an
      electrophysiologic study in the control state and after at least 2 days of
      treatment with 240-480 mg/day verapamil. After assessing the response to
      verapamil, epinephrine was infused and testing was repeated. Verapamil
      significantly slowed atrioventricular conduction and prolonged refractoriness in
      the atrium and atrioventricular node. The effects of the two infusion rates of
      epinephrine were generally similar in magnitude and, therefore, the results were
      pooled. Epinephrine partially or completely reversed all of verapamil's
      electrophysiologic effects. Verapamil suppressed the induction of sustained PSVT
      in 15 patients. Epinephrine facilitated the induction of PSVT in seven of these
      15 patients. All 15 patients were treated on a long-term basis with verapamil.
      The eight patients in whom epinephrine did not facilitate the induction of PSVT
      had no recurrences of PSVT during 9-18 months of follow-up.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2924412
TI  - Importance of collateral circulation for prevention of left ventricular aneurysm
      formation in acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - The effect of preexistent coronary collateral perfusion on the prevention of left
      ventricular aneurysm formation was examined in 47 patients undergoing an
      intracoronary thrombolysis within 6 hours after the onset of a first acute
      anterior myocardial infarction. Left ventricular aneurysm formation and wall
      motion were analyzed with cineventriculography. A left ventricular aneurysm was
      determined as well-defined demarcation of the infarcted segment from normally
      contracting myocardium. In 25 patients with successful thrombolysis (group A), a
      left ventricular aneurysm was observed in one patient (4%) during the chronic
      stage of infarction. In 10 patients who had a significant collateral circulation
      to the infarct-related coronary artery and unsuccessful reperfusion (group B),
      the left ventricular aneurysm was observed in only one patient (10%). In the
      remaining 12 patients with unsuccessful recanalization in the absence of a
      significant collateral perfusion (group C), there was a higher incidence (seven
      of 12, 58%) of left ventricular aneurysm formation than in groups A and B (p less
      than 0.05). In group A, both the global ejection fraction and regional wall
      motion in the infarct areas improved significantly (p less than 0.05) between the
      acute and chronic stages of infarction. By contrast, in groups B and C, these
      indexes on the ventricular function did not change significantly during the
      convalescent period. Thus, although the collateral perfusion existing at the
      onset of acute myocardial infarction may not improve ventricular function, it
      exerts a beneficial effect on the prevention of left ventricular aneurysm
      formation.

PMID- 2924413
TI  - Evidence for cholinergically mediated vasodilation at the beginning of isometric
      exercise in humans.
AB  - Vasodilation occurs in the nonexercising forearm at the beginning of isometric
      handgrip despite activation of sympathetic vasoconstrictor reflexes. The
      mechanism of this response remains unclear. In 33 normal humans, age 24 +/- 1
      years (mean +/- SEM), we measured mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and forearm
      blood flow (plethysmography) in the nonexercising arm during sustained
      contralateral isometric handgrip at 30% maximal voluntary contraction.
      Sympathetic nerve activity to calf muscles (microneurography) was also measured
      in 15 subjects. Handgrip resulted in increases in arterial pressure from 86 +/- 2
      to 97 +/- 3 mm Hg (p less than 0.05). Despite increases in nerve activity to calf
      muscles from 229 +/- 43 to 337 +/- 66 units (p less than 0.005), which would be
      expected to produce forearm vasoconstriction, forearm vascular resistance in the
      contralateral resting arm decreased from 20 +/- 3 to 18 +/- 2 units (p less than
      0.05). To determine the mechanism of this vasodilatory influence, additional
      studies were performed with regional autonomic blockade with intra-arterial
      administration of atropine (0.8 mg, 10 subjects) or propranolol (2.0 mg, eight
      subjects) into the nonexercising forearm before contraction. Propranolol and
      vehicle had no effect on forearm vascular responses in the resting arm during SHG
      in the other arm. In contrast, atropine blocked the vasodilatory response in the
      resting arm during contraction (delta forearm vascular resistance during
      contraction, control = -2.1 +/- 0.6 units; postatropine = +0.2 +/- 0.9 units, p
      less than 0.05). Atropine did not attenuate the vasodilator response to
      isoproterenol or the vasoconstrictor response to norepinephrine. We conclude 1) a
      dissociation exists between sympathetic neural and forearm vascular responses to
      isometric exercise; 2) the vasodilatory response in the nonexercising forearm is
      not due to sympathetic withdrawal or beta 2-adrenergic-mediated vasodilation; and
      3) this response is mediated primarily by cholinergic mechanisms. These studies
      provide the first direct evidence for active, cholinergically mediated
      vasodilation during exercise in humans.

PMID- 2924414
TI  - Cardiac norepinephrine kinetics in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
AB  - We examined the uptake and release of norepinephrine in the cardiac circulation
      and other regional vascular beds in 11 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
      (HCM) and in 10 control subjects during simultaneous infusion of tracer-labeled
      norepinephrine and isoproterenol. Cardiac neuronal uptake of norepinephrine was
      assessed by comparing regional removal of tracer-labeled norepinephrine with that
      of tracer-labeled isoproterenol (which is not a substrate for neuronal uptake)
      and by the relation between production of dihydroxyphenylglycol (DHPG), an
      exclusively intraneuronal metabolite of norepinephrine, and regional spillover of
      norepinephrine. Cardiac extraction of norepinephrine averaged 59 +/- 17% in the
      patients with HCM, significantly less than in the control subjects (79 +/- 13%, p
      less than 0.05), whereas cardiac extraction of isoproterenol was similar in the
      two groups (13 +/- 23% versus 13 +/- 14%), indicating that neuronal uptake of
      norepinephrine was decreased in the patients with HCM. The cardiac arteriovenous
      difference in norepinephrine was significantly larger in the patients with HCM
      than in the control subjects (73 +/- 77 versus 13 +/- 50 pg/ml, p less than
      0.05), as was the product of the arteriovenous difference in norepinephrine and
      coronary blood flow (7.3 +/- 7.3 versus 0.8 +/- 3.0 ng/min, p less than
      0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2924415
TI  - Functional abnormalities in isolated left bundle branch block. The effect of
      interventricular asynchrony.
AB  - Eighteen patients with isolated left bundle branch block (LBBB) were compared
      with 10 normal control subjects. Apexcardiograms, phonocardiograms,
      electrocardiograms, two-dimensional and dual M-mode echocardiograms, and
      radionuclide ventriculograms (RNV) were performed. There were no differences in
      the timing of right ventricular events between LBBB and normal subjects; however,
      striking delays in left ventricular systolic and diastolic events were apparent
      in the LBBB group. The delay was associated with shortening of left ventricular
      diastole and resultant increase in the ratio of right to left ventricular
      diastolic time in LBBB (1.2 +/- 0.08) compared with normal (1.0 +/- 0.06), p less
      than 0.0001. First heart sound (S1) amplitude, expressed as the ratio S1/S2, was
      decreased in LBBB compared with normal (0.67 +/- 0.2 compared with 1.34 +/- 0.25,
      p less than 0.01), in part due to wide separation of the valvular contributors to
      S1. The abnormal interventricular septal motion in LBBB corresponded to periods
      of asynchrony in contraction, ejection, end systole, and end diastole between
      right and left ventricles. Radionuclide ventriculograms revealed decreased
      regional ejection fraction of the septum in LBBB (40 +/- 16%) compared with 67 +/
      7% in normal subjects (p less than 0.001), while the apical and lateral regional
      ejection fractions were similar in the two groups. This loss of septal
      contribution resulted in a reduction in global ejection fraction in LBBB compared
      to normals (54 +/- 7% compared with 62 +/- 5%, p less than 0.005).(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2924416
TI  - Arterial hemodynamic indexes in Marfan's syndrome.
AB  - Aortic impedance, wave reflection magnitude, and compliance were measured in
      patients with Marfan's syndrome during diagnostic cardiac catheterization.
      Impedance and wave reflections were calculated from standard Fourier series
      analysis of ascending aorta micromanometer pressure and electromagnetic flow
      records. Compliance was estimated by a method recently proposed that uses the
      area under the pressure-time curve assuming a two-element Windkessel model of the
      circulation. Measurements were made in the baseline state, during vasodilatation
      with nitroprusside, after beta-adrenergic receptor blockade with intravenous
      propranolol, and during vasodilatation after beta-blockade. Marfan's syndrome
      produces alterations from normal in some hemodynamic variables: during baseline
      conditions, the magnitude of wave reflection was higher than in normal patients.
      This was normalized by vasodilatation and further increased by beta-blockade.
      Despite the greatly dilated aortic root, the aortic characteristic impedance was
      in the normal range, suggesting increased aortic wall stiffness. The baseline
      total arterial compliance was greatly increased with nitroprusside and was
      reduced by beta-blockade. beta-Blockade did not decrease the maximum acceleration
      of blood into the ascending aorta. These are the first detailed measurements of
      hemodynamic indexes in this disease. The results suggest that acute beta-blockade
      is not necessarily beneficial in reducing hemodynamic loading on an already
      dilated aortic root.

PMID- 2924417
TI  - Noninvasive evaluation of pulmonary artery pressure during exercise by saline
      enhanced Doppler echocardiography in chronic pulmonary disease.
AB  - To determine the feasibility of noninvasive determination of right ventricular
      systolic pressure (RVSP) during a graded-exercise protocol, saline contrast
      enhanced Doppler echocardiography of tricuspid insufficiency was performed in 36
      patients with chronic lung disease and 12 normal controls. In the patients with
      chronic pulmonary disease, symptom-limited, incremental supine bicycle exercise
      and pulse oximetry were performed on and off high-flow oxygen. Technically
      adequate Doppler studies were initially obtained in 20 patients (56%) at rest and
      14 (39%) on exercise; these numbers increased to 33 (92%) and 32 (89%),
      respectively, after enhancement with agitated saline (both p less than 0.001). In
      10 patients with chronic lung disease who had simultaneous hemodynamic monitoring
      during exercise, the correlation between Doppler and catheter measurements of
      pulmonary artery systolic pressure was close (r = 0.98). Among controls, RVSP
      increased from 22 +/- 4 at rest (mean +/- SD) to 31 +/- 7 mm Hg at peak exercise.
      In patients with chronic lung disease, RVSP increased from 46 +/- 20 to 83 +/- 30
      mm Hg (both p less than 0.001 vs. controls). Despite normal resting values for
      RVSP in 28% of study patients, nearly all showed abnormal increases in RVSP
      during supine bicycle exercise. Increases in RVSP during exercise were greatest
      in patients who showed oxyhemoglobin desaturation. The short-term administration
      of oxygen significantly blunted the increase in RVSP during exercise. Saline
      contrast-enhanced Doppler evaluation of tricuspid insufficiency seems a
      potentially valuable noninvasive method of determining the exercise response of
      RVSP in patients with chronic pulmonary disease.

PMID- 2924418
TI  - Reperfusion alters the relation between blood flow and the remaining myocardial
      infarction.
AB  - This study evaluated whether or not reperfusion of ischemic myocardium 2 hours
      after occlusion alters the basic relation between myocardial blood flow and
      infarction occurring during permanent occlusion. Awake mongrel dogs chronically
      instrumented with proximal circumflex coronary occluders were subjected to
      permanent occlusion (group A, n = 10) or occlusion followed by reperfusion 2
      hours later (group B, n = 11). Myocardial blood flow was quantified with
      radioactive microsphere injections before, 6 hours after occlusion (group A),
      immediately before release, and 4 hours after reperfusion (group B). Three days
      later, the dogs were killed, and the heart was sectioned systematically into
      approximately 80 1-2-g circumferential and transmural samples for radioactive
      counting and histologic infarct quantification. Epimyocardial and endomyocardial
      samples from the permanent occlusion group (A) and the reperfused group (B) were
      separated by infarct range and related to regional myocardial blood flow
      measurements. In groups A and B, regional myocardial blood flow in endomyocardial
      and epimyocardial layers were inversely related to the extent of infarction. For
      given degrees of infarction, myocardial blood flow was significantly higher
      (greater than twofold) in the reperfused group. Myocardial samples with extensive
      infarction (51-75%) showed only mild (20-30%) reductions in blood flow when
      compared with nonischemic regions in the reperfused group. Thus, although early
      reperfusion may salvage ischemic myocardium, these studies showed that
      reperfusion causes a new relation between blood flow to the ischemic region and
      eventual histologic infarct size. When myocardial blood flow is used as an index
      of myocardial salvage after reperfusion, the basic relation obtained from
      permanent occlusion studies substantially overestimates the extent of myocardial
      salvage and underestimates the degree of remaining infarction.

PMID- 2924419
TI  - Tissue acidosis: role in sustained arteriolar dilatation distal to a coronary
      stenosis.
AB  - This study tested the hypothesis that myocardial tissue acidosis is responsible
      for maintenance of reduced arteriolar tone distal to a severe coronary arterial
      stenosis. Domestic swine (n = 10) were instrumented with a coronary arterial
      stenosis that reduced vessel diameter 80%. Measurements of hemodynamic indexes
      were made 1) before stenosis, 2) at 5, 20, and 60 minutes after stenosis
      placement, and 3) after each of three, 20-minute NaOH infusions (0.05 M, 0.1 M,
      and 0.5 M) distal to the stenosis (group 1). Intracellular pH at the end of 30
      minutes of 0.5 M NaOH infusion distal to the stenosis was measured in a second
      group (n = 6) of swine (group 2). After stenosis placement in group 1,
      endocardial blood flow declined significantly, and evidence of regional acidosis
      (increased coronary venous Pco2 and decreased coronary venous pH) and ischemia
      (lactate production) developed. One hour later, evidence of acidosis persisted,
      though to a lesser extent. Myocardial oxygen and lactate metabolism exhibited
      similar patterns. Infusion of 0.5 M NaOH (0.38 ml/min) reduced (p less than 0.01)
      distal zone epicardial blood flow but did not change endocardial flow. Regional
      myocardial oxygen extraction (75 +/- 8%, mean +/- SD) and consumption (8.2 +/-
      2.3 ml/min/100 g) also declined significantly (p less than 0.01) in response to
      0.5 M NaOH infusion compared with 60 minutes after stenosis (86 +/- 4 and 12.4 +/
      2.8 ml/min/100 g respectively).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2924420
TI  - Rate-related electrophysiologic effects of long-term administration of amiodarone
      on canine ventricular myocardium in vivo.
AB  - The electrophysiologic effects of amiodarone were examined in 13 dogs that
      received 30 g amiodarone orally during 3 weeks and compared with 13 control dogs
      that did not receive amiodarone. Longitudinal and transverse epicardial
      conduction velocities were estimated with a square array of 64 closely spaced
      electrodes and a computer-assisted acquisition and analysis system. Amiodarone
      caused a rate-dependent decrease in conduction velocity with a slightly greater
      effect in the longitudinal direction of propagation. Rate-related depression of
      conduction velocity developed rapidly after abrupt shortening of the pacing cycle
      length; 67% of the change occurred between the first two beats of the rapid
      train, and little change occurred after the 10th beat. Recovery from use
      dependent depression of conduction velocity was exponential with a mean time
      constant of 447 +/- 172 msec in the longitudinal direction and 452 +/- 265 msec
      in the transverse direction. Repolarization intervals, defined as the interval
      between the activation time and the repolarization time in the unipolar
      electrograms, correlated highly with refractory period determinations in the
      absence and presence of amiodarone at each cycle length tested. The increase in
      repolarization intervals and refractory periods resulting from amiodarone
      treatment did not vary with cycle length. Amiodarone treatment also resulted in a
      significant rate-related reduction in systolic blood pressure. The systolic blood
      pressure in the group that received amiodarone decreased by a mean of 50 +/- 23%
      between steady-state pacing cycle lengths of 1,000 and 200 msec, whereas the
      corresponding decrease in the control group was 21 +/- 32% (p less than 0.05).
      Plasma and myocardial amiodarone and desethylamiodarone levels were comparable to
      those observed clinically. We conclude that long-term amiodarone administration
      causes rate-dependent reductions in conduction velocity and blood pressure and
      causes rate-independent increases in repolarization intervals.

PMID- 2924421
TI  - The human factor at the endless frontier.

PMID- 2924422
TI  - Coronary disease in Japan.

PMID- 2924423
TI  - Electroencephalography in the early diagnosis of HIV-related subacute
      encephalitis: analysis of 185 patients.
AB  - Of subjects with asymptomatic HIV infection or Lymphoadenopathy Syndrome, 185
      were studied by means of electroencephalography coupled with computerized
      spectral analysis and mapping (EEG-CSA). Abnormal EEGs were found in 30 of 118
      (25.4%) patients with asymptomatic infection (CDC Group II) and in 20 of 67
      (29.9%) patients with Lymphoadenopathy Syndrome (CDC Group III). The most common
      EEG abnormalities were represented by theta slowing on the frontal and fronto
      temporal lobes and, in some cases, by delta slowing and paroxysmal sharp activity
      on the forebrain. Among 50 patients with abnormal EEGs, 16 showed some
      abnormalities on neuropsychological testing, whereas mild signs of cerebral
      atrophy were evident on CT scan in only 12 patients. These findings suggest that
      EEG-CSA could be a useful and sensitive method in the early detection and
      monitoring of HIV-related subacute encephalitis.

PMID- 2924424
TI  - Periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges in acquired immunodeficiency
      syndrome.
AB  - A patient with AIDS, who exhibited periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges,
      is described. The possible implications are discussed.

PMID- 2924425
TI  - An example of the possible clinical usefulness of topographic EEG displays.
AB  - This paper shows the brain maps of a patient before and during a seizure
      initiated by a focus within the right occipital area. The maps demonstrate an
      ictal transformation in the form of a gradual decrease in frequency of the ictal
      rhythms, seen also on the EEG traces. However, the maps also show the very
      distinct difference in the background activity between the left and right
      hemispheres, and also the possibility of independent foci of depressed activity
      within the right anterior and posterior temporal areas, the latter not at all
      evident on the EEG tracings. This case may serve as an example of useful data
      gathered on a patient by EEG topography, not made clear by a standard recording.

PMID- 2924426
TI  - Determination of sleep latency in polysomnographic evaluations of daytime
      somnolence in patients with sleep apnea and patients with narcolepsy.
AB  - Sleep onset during the multiple sleep latency test was scored by three criteria
      for 21 patients with narcolepsy and 21 patients with obstructive sleep apnea: a
      single epoch of stage 1, three consecutive epochs of stage 1, and a single epoch
      of stage 2 or REM. Mean sleep latency for both groups was predictably shortest
      using a single epoch of stage 1 and longest using a single epoch of stage 2 or
      REM. All estimates of sleep latency were highly correlated. It was concluded that
      a single epoch of any stage of sleep is an appropriate measure of sleep latency
      for patients with narcolepsy, although a modified scoring system should be
      developed for patients with sleep apnea. The obstructive apneic episodes
      prevented or delayed sleep onset on 4.8% to 33.3% of trials depending on the
      specific criteria used to determine sleep latency. Such apnea-related
      interruptions to sleep should be taken into account when assessing daytime
      somnolence in patients with sleep apnea.

PMID- 2924427
TI  - Fragmented sleep, daytime somnolence and age in narcolepsy.
AB  - This study examined whether narcoleptics experience an age-related increase in
      nocturnal sleep disturbance and, if so, what impact that disturbance has on
      daytime sleepiness. To evaluate these questions, the records of 228 patients
      diagnosed as narcoleptic were assessed. Total sleep time (TST) and sleep
      efficiency (SE) significantly decreased, and wake during sleep (WDS), number of
      awakenings, and percentage of stage one significantly increased across the
      decades. This indicates an age-related elevation in sleep fragmentation. Daytime
      sleepiness, however, did not exhibit age effects. These data further support the
      theory that narcolepsy is a basic neural defect not confounded by excessive
      daytime sleepiness secondary to sleep fragmentation.

PMID- 2924428
TI  - Predictive value of electroencephalography for electroconvulsive therapy.
AB  - The EEG has been a widely-used screening procedure before ECT. Previous studies
      have correlated seizures and post-ECT slowing with ECT efficacy. We investigated
      the utility of pre-ECT EEG in predicting therapeutic response and post-ECT
      confusion. EEGs were normal in 54 of 100 patients undergoing first courses of ECT
      for refractory depression. Patterns within the normal range, were present in
      26/100 while 2/100 had paroxysmal discharges without clinical evidence of
      epilepsy. Focal and generalized EEG slowing were each present in 9/100 records.
      Full recovery occurred after ECT in 66.6 per cent of those with normal pre-ECT
      records, 61.5 per cent with borderline EEGs, 55.5 per cent of patients with
      diffuse EEG slowing, and 22.2 of cases with focal slow waves. Of those with EEG
      slowing 22.2 percent had little or no response to ECT as compared to 19.2 per
      cent with EEGs within normal limits and 9.3 per cent with normal EEGs. Four of 6
      patients with prolonged confusion had normal EEGs, while 1 each had focal and
      generalized slowing. EEG slowing was related to incomplete ECT response, but not
      to therapeutic failure or post-ECT confusion. The limited predictive power of pre
      ECT EEG may reflect the prevalence of normal or nonspecifically abnormal EEGs in
      psychiatric patients and the general efficacy of ECT. Other neurophysiologic
      methods may yield more definitive information about the mechanism and use of ECT.

PMID- 2924429
TI  - Emery-Dreifuss syndrome and X-linked muscular dystrophy with contractures:
      evidence for homogeneity.
AB  - We report on a family in which individuals have clinical features of both Emery
      Dreifuss syndrome (EMD) and X-linked muscular dystrophy with contractures
      (XLMDC). Molecular studies on this kindred showed linkage between the disorder
      and probe DXS 52 (St14) located at Xq28. The gene for conventional EMD has
      previously been mapped to this region and our molecular findings therefore
      suggest that EMD and XLMDC represent the phenotypic spectrum of the same mutated
      gene rather than heterogeneity, as sometimes postulated.

PMID- 2924430
TI  - Childhood manifestation of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: no
      evidence for genetic heterogeneity.
AB  - Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) usually becomes symptomatic
      between the third and fifth decades. We studied ten families segregating for
      ADPKD in which children were observed with typical manifestations of the disease
      at birth or in early childhood. In these families, linkage analysis was carried
      out with a cloned DNA sequence from the alpha-globin locus known to be closely
      linked to the disease gene in adult onset ADPKD. In the families studied here,
      close linkage (theta max = 0.09 at zmax = 2.32) was also observed between the
      marker and disease loci. These results provide no evidence for genetic
      heterogeneity of ADPKD in families with early and adult onset.

PMID- 2924431
TI  - Growth, bone maturation and pubertal development in children with the EMG
      syndrome.
AB  - In 7 patients (5 girls, 2 boys) with the EMG or Wiedemann-Beckwith syndrome,
      statural growth, bone age (BA), weight and pubertal development were studied
      longitudinally. Height was above the 90th percentile (%) for chronological age
      (CA) after age 2 years, reaching an average of 2.5 SD above the mean at or after
      puberty. Adult or attained height also exceeded significantly (P less than 0.015)
      parental (genetic) target height by 13.2 cm on the average. In one girl, adult
      height prognosis (190 cm) could be reduced to an adult height of 183 cm by high
      dose estrogen treatment. In most children, growth velocity remained above the
      90th % up to 4-6 years of age and normalized thereafter. In all patients studied,
      bone age was markedly advanced and particularly so during the first 4 years after
      birth. Weight was above the 90th-97th % during infancy and early childhood and
      remained there, appropriate or slightly subnormal for height, until adulthood,
      except for 3 girls who reached and maintained the 50th % during or after puberty.
      Spontaneous pubertal development occurred within normal limits for CA and around
      the 50th % for BA. Except for the marked bone age acceleration, the reason for
      the increased statural growth and adult height in patients with the EMG syndrome
      is still unknown.

PMID- 2924432
TI  - A case of prenatal diagnosis of a familial satellited Yq chromosome.
AB  - A case of a fetus with a satellited Yq revealed during prenatal diagnosis because
      of advanced maternal age is presented. This case is the 18th reported in the
      literature. Cytogenetic studies in the father, uncle and grandfather of the fetus
      revealed that the Yqs was inherited and the possible mechanisms of origin are
      discussed.

PMID- 2924433
TI  - Neural tube defects and omphalocele in trisomy 18.

PMID- 2924434
TI  - "Unstable" translocation not proven unstable.

PMID- 2924435
TI  - Immune adherence and the processing of soluble complement-fixing antibody/DNA
      immune complexes in mice.
AB  - We have examined in mice the immune adherence (IA) reactivity and the fate
      (clearance kinetics and organ distribution) of a variety of preformed and nascent
      soluble antibody/125I-DNA immune complexes prepared at antibody excess. Parallel
      studies of the clearance kinetics and organ deposition of free DNA were also
      conducted. Preformed immune complexes prepared with large dsDNA bound to mouse
      platelets in vivo and exhibited clearance kinetics in general agreement with our
      previous observations in rabbits. Very little kidney deposition was evident for
      these immune complexes, but three to four times as many counts were found in the
      kidneys when free DNA was injected. Nascent immune complexes did form in the
      circulation, but in contradistinction to our previous studies of nascent immune
      complexes in rabbits and rhesus monkeys, these immune complexes did not
      demonstrate IA and had clearance kinetics and organ distributions intermediate
      between the preformed immune complexes and free DNA. Thus, complement-fixing
      antibody/DNA immune complexes that could form in the circulation might be cleared
      both via immune complex recognition mechanisms and via DNA recognition
      mechanisms. The role of IA in modulating the organ deposition of complement
      fixing immune complexes is also discussed.

PMID- 2924436
TI  - Immunocytochemical characterization of lymphocyte development in human embryonic
      and fetal livers.
AB  - Lymphohemopoietic progenitor cells and the development of lymphocytes in human
      embryonic and fetal livers during the 4 to 11 weeks of gestation were examined
      immunocytochemically by using a panel of monoclonal antibodies. CD9+, CD10+,
      CD19+, and CD20+ cells of B cell lineage became detectable from the 8th
      gestational week. CD2+ and CD3+ cells of T cell lineage were observed from the
      10th gestational week. Tdt+ cells first appeared on the 43rd day of gestation.
      Both CD34+ and Ia+ cells were observed in all examined livers, and these cells
      appeared morphologically as small lymphoid cells from the 43rd day of gestation.
      These seemed to suggest that B lymphocytes developed in fetal liver from 8 weeks
      of gestation and lymphohemopoietic progenitor cells were comprised in Tdt+ cells
      in liver during the 43rd to 56th day of gestation.

PMID- 2924437
TI  - Up-regulation of natural killer activity of human immunodeficiency virus-infected
      patients by in vitro-differentiated macrophages.
AB  - Patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related complex and
      asymptomatic individuals seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have
      depressed natural killer (NK) activity. Normal human macrophages cultured for 3-7
      days significantly up-regulated the NK activity of mononuclear cells obtained
      from the blood of asymptomatic HIV-seropositive individuals and patients with
      AIDS. Following a 4-hr incubation of patients' cells with in vitro-differentiated
      macrophages, the greatest augmentation of NK activity was seen in asymptomatic
      HIV-seropositive individuals who were receiving treatment with azidothymidine.
      Stimulation of macrophage immunoregulatory activities or adoptive immunotherapy
      with ex vivo-activated monocytes may be beneficial in HIV-infected patients.

PMID- 2924438
TI  - Serum IgG subclass levels in patients with primary immunodeficiency syndromes or
      abnormal susceptibility to infections.
AB  - Serum IgG subclass levels were measured using an indirect competitive
      immunoenzymatic assay with monoclonal antibodies in 221 patients affected with
      definite immunodeficiency (ID) syndromes and 229 patients presenting with
      infection patterns suggestive of ID, but with normal immunoglobulin class levels
      and no clear evidence of ID. In common variable ID and IgG-IgA deficiency with
      normal or high IgM, subclass imbalance (mostly IgG1-IgG3 or IgG2-IgG4 deficiency)
      was the rule, with a higher incidence of severe infections in IgG2-IgG4 defects.
      One-fifth of patients with IgA deficiency, especially those with autoimmune
      cytopenia, had subclass deficiencies with no significant correlation with the
      occurrence of infections. Subclass (mostly IgG2-IgG4) deficiencies were also
      observed in severe combined ID, defective expression of HLA class II antigens,
      chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, and IgM deficiency. Subclass levels were
      normal in all but one (who was IgG3 deficient) patient with the Wiskott-Aldrich
      syndrome and in the Buckley's syndrome, except for an unusual patient who
      presented with low IgG and IgA levels. Subclass (mainly IgG2) deficiency occurred
      in 24% of infected patients without known ID.

PMID- 2924439
TI  - Simultaneous use of multiple serologic tests in assessing clinical activity in
      systemic lupus erythematosus.
AB  - Ten technics for quantifying and qualifying anti-DNA antibodies were correlated
      with manifestations of disease activity in sera from 27 patients with systemic
      lupus erythematosus (SLE) using both a simple and a stepwise regression. In the
      stepwise analysis, a panel consisting of four of these tests provided maximal
      correlation (r = 0.68) with clinical status. Low IgM anti-DNA was a significant
      correlate of nephritis in stepwise discriminant function analysis. Multivariate
      analysis can offer distinct advantages over simple correlation in understanding
      the role of serological abnormalities in disease expression in SLE.

PMID- 2924440
TI  - Vanderbilt University's Bridge Program: the commitment that worked.

PMID- 2924441
TI  - Echocardiographic abnormalities in chronic asymptomatic alcoholics.
AB  - Alcohol abuse is a frequent contributor to elevated blood pressure, but the
      literature is ambiguous about the role of hypertension in producing left
      ventricular dysfunction. Fifty asymptomatic male alcoholics admitted for
      detoxification were studied using echocardiograms and systolic time intervals.
      Alcoholics were separated into Group I (28 with hypertension) and Group II (22
      without hypertension). Forty-four patients had analyzable echocardiograms and
      were compared to 29 nonalcoholics. Group III consisted of 14 nonalcoholics with
      hypertension. Group IV consisted of 15 normotensive nonalcoholics (controls). The
      ejection fraction and shortening fraction were reduced in Group I (p less than
      0.05). Hypertensive alcoholics had increased left ventricular mass indices but
      less than hypertensive nonalcoholics. Left ventricular wall stress was compared
      to mass as an index of ventricular compensation. The wall stress to mass index
      for hypertensive alcoholics was 1.65 as compared to 1.43 for the controls.
      Alcoholics without hypertension had a wall stress to mass ratio of 1.54.
      Hypertensive patients had a reduced wall stress to mass ratio of 1.38 when
      compared to controls. These data suggest an inappropriate compensatory response
      to afterload. Alcohol and hypertension combined may be more harmful to left
      ventricular function than either disease alone.

PMID- 2924442
TI  - Diastolic atrioventricular valve closure and regurgitation following atrial
      contraction: their relation to timing of atrial contraction.
AB  - Some authors have proposed that atrial contraction per se is able to close the
      atrioventricular (AV) valves. To determine whether tight closure of the AV valves
      can be accomplished solely by atrial contraction, the existence of diastolic
      regurgitation following atrial contraction and its relation to the PQ interval
      were examined in 13 patients with AV block (2 of the first degree, 4 of the
      second degree, and 7 of the third degree), using pulsed Doppler echocardiography,
      which allowed noninvasive estimation of valvular regurgitation in the
      physiological state. Diastolic mitral and tricuspid regurgitations were detected
      in the left and right atria near the respective AV valves in all 13 patients
      despite different degrees of AV block, while these valves were observed to be in
      apparently closed position during regurgitation on the two-dimensional and M-mode
      echocardiograms. The duration of regurgitant signals was prolonged with an
      increase in the PQ interval in the electrocardiogram, but it became short again
      as the P wave approached the preceding rapid filling wave. These results suggest
      that atrial contraction may initiate the closure of the AV valves but is not
      capable of closing the valves tightly, and atrial contraction with long PQ
      interval may contribute little to augmentation of cardiac output in patients with
      AV block.

PMID- 2924443
TI  - Temporary pacing catheter placement in patients requiring continuous external
      pacing.
AB  - Electrocardiographic features of temporary transvenous pacemaker have been
      discussed and have been used to guide insertion of pacemaker without fluoroscopic
      aid. The following is a description of the electrocardiographic features of
      temporary endocardial pacemaker insertion in a patient who is chronically
      dependent on external temporary transthoracic pacing.

PMID- 2924444
TI  - Acute myocardial infarction due to coronary spasm associated with L-thyroxine
      therapy.
AB  - A 63-year-old man with hypothyroidism is described. He had been receiving L
      thyroxine therapy following mitral valve surgery. About three weeks into the
      therapy regimen, he complained of severe retrosternal chest oppression.
      Electrocardiographic findings and laboratory data indicated a diagnosis of acute
      myocardial infarction due to the L-thyroxine therapy. Emergency selective
      coronary angiography was performed. Comparing his coronary angiograms with those
      obtained before surgery indicated a severely spastic left coronary artery. We
      believe this is the first report of myocardial infarction due to coronary spasm,
      demonstrated by angiography associated with L-thyroxine therapy.

PMID- 2924445
TI  - A rare case of recurrent vasodepressive attacks of 2-hours duration: analysis of
      the mechanism by muscle sympathetic nerve activity recording.
AB  - Muscle sympathetic nerve activity was recorded in a 57-year-old male patient
      suffering from severe hypotensive attacks with bradycardia for 10 years.
      Continuous blood pressure recording demonstrated frequent drastic falls in
      pressure. Disappearance and reappearance of muscle sympathetic nerve activity
      coincided with the onset and termination of attacks. Awakening from sleep or
      emotional and/or cardiovascular stress seems to trigger hypotension. Cardiac
      pacemaker was not useful in limiting the attack, because right ventricular pacing
      caused abrupt falls in both blood pressure and heart rate.

PMID- 2924446
TI  - The relationship between lymphogenous and hematogenous metastasis in rats bearing
      the MT-100-TC mammary carcinoma.
AB  - Temporal and quantitative aspects of lymphogenous and hematogenous metastasis
      were examined using the rat MT-100-TC mammary carcinoma injected into the hind
      feet of syngeneic rats. Metastases first appeared in the draining popliteal nodes
      and then progressed in an invariable pattern to regional and then distal nodes:
      'skipped' negative nodes within a chain of positive nodes were not observed.
      Metastatic progression in the lymphatic system occurred metachronously, with
      nodal metastases acting as 'generalizing' sites for 'downstream' nodes.
      Perturbation of lymph flow was apparent when nodes were involved with tumor, and
      resulted in retrograde seeding of contralateral nodes. Lung involvement was first
      observed by ectopic bioassay in 50 per cent of animals after 1 and 2 weeks of
      primary tumor growth; in contrast, all animals had popliteal involvement after 1
      week. These results indicate that lymph nodes and lungs are not seeded
      synchronously, and the lungs are seeded after nodal metastases. Thus, a phase of
      metastasis has been identified, during which resection of the primary tumor and
      local nodes may well be curative in the 50 per cent of cases in which the disease
      is confined to these sites.

PMID- 2924447
TI  - The flavonoid tangeretin inhibits invasion of MO4 mouse cells into embryonic
      chick heart in vitro.
AB  - Tangeretin, a flavonoid from citrus plants, was found to inhibit the invasion of
      MO4 cells (Kirsten murine sarcoma virus transformed fetal mouse cells) into
      embryonic chick heart fragments in vitro. The flavonoid appeared to be chemically
      stable in tissue culture medium, and the anti-invasive effect was reversible on
      omission of the molecule from the medium. Unlike (+)-catechin, another anti
      invasive flavonoid, tangeretin bound poorly to extracellular matrix. It did not
      alter fucosylated surface glycopeptides of MO4 cells. Tangeretin seemed not to
      act as a microtubule inhibitor, as immunocytochemistry revealed no disturbance of
      the cytoplasmic microtubule complex. However, at anti-invasive concentrations of
      tangeretin, cell proliferation and thymidine incorporation appeared to be
      inhibited. When cultured on an artificial substrate, treated MO4 cells were less
      elongated, covered a larger surface area and exhibited a slower directional
      migration than untreated cells. From the decrease in ATP content in MO4 cells
      after tangeretin treatment, we deduce that this flavonoid inhibits a number of
      intracellular processes, which leads to an inhibition of cell motility and hence
      of invasion.

PMID- 2924448
TI  - Low-molecular-weight membrane component inhibits the metastatic phenotype of B16
      F10 melanoma.
AB  - Treatment of the metastatic melanoma cell lines B16-F1 and B16-F10 with 1.5-2 per
      cent butanol elevates their experimental metastatic potential, whereas
      reconstitution of butanol-extracted B16 cells with crude butanol extracts
      decreases the number of experimentally induced lung foci. We partially purified
      the biologically active components from crude butanol extracts of B16-F1 by high
      performance liquid chromatography and isoelectric focusing, and found the
      inhibitory activity (i) was in the low-molecular-weight (5-10 kDa) fraction of
      the chromatogram, (ii) had an isoelectric pH between 5.6 and 5.8, (iii) was
      distinct from a thiol-protease activity eluted from the isoelectric focusing bed
      at pH 4.9-5.3 and (iv) was not itself an inhibitor of serine or thiol proteases.
      Incubation of butanol-extracted B16-F10 cells with known inhibitors of serine,
      acid and thiol protease inhibitors had no effect on the experimental metastatic
      phenotype. Although the apparent molecular weight was low, the inhibitor(s)
      tended to aggregate after focusing, probably owing to the presence of carrier
      ampholines. Using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, we observed slight
      differences between intact and butanol-extracted cells, most of them in the low
      molecular-weight region. These results suggest that butanol treatment may
      reversibly release certain inhibitors of cell surface enzymes other than
      proteases, which might be involved in invasion and metastasis.

PMID- 2924449
TI  - Changes in the tumorigenic and metastatic properties of murine melanoma cells
      treated with a triazene derivative.
AB  - Treatment of B16/BL6 murine melanoma cells in vitro with the 'xenogenizing' agent
      potassium p-(3-methyl-1-triazeno)benzoate (MM-COOK) had a profound impact on the
      tumorigenic and metastatic properties of the tumor, an effect that was only
      detectable in immunologically intact hosts. The treated tumor cells gave rise to
      a considerably smaller number of experimental and spontaneous pulmonary
      metastases and displayed an impaired growth rate in vivo, but were highly
      tumorigenic and metastatic in irradiated recipients. Moreover, the drug-treated
      cells retained the in vitro growth pattern and plating efficiency of the parent
      line, and were able actively to immunize intact hosts. Studies aimed at
      clarifying the mechanisms responsible for the decreased metastatic potential of
      the cells treated with MM-COOK indicated the involvement of host immune responses
      largely mediated by cells in the T-dependent compartment with no major
      contribution of natural immunity effector mechanisms.

PMID- 2924450
TI  - Tumor cell adhesion to frozen lymph node sections--an in vitro correlate of
      lymphatic metastasis.
AB  - Two variant sublines of the murine 3LL carcinoma with divergent potentials for
      lymphatic metastasis were used to assess the relationship between tumor cell
      potential for lymphatic metastasis and its ability to adhere specifically to
      lymphatic tissue. Using fresh cryostat sections of lymph nodes and spleens, it
      was found that tumor cell adhesion to the lymphatic tissue but not to control
      sections of the brain correlated well with their ability to metastasize
      lymphatically. On the other hand, there was no correlation between tumor cell
      attachment to isolated lymphocytes in vitro and their potential for lymphatic
      metastasis. When tumor cells were pretreated enzymatically or with the metabolic
      inhibitor tunicamycin with the aim of modulating cell surface carbohydrates,
      adhesion to the lymph node sections could be significantly reduced, implicating
      cell surface glycoproteins and in particular galactosyl groups in the binding.
      The results suggest that tumor cell attachment to lymph node cryostat sections
      could provide a useful tool in the study of host-tumor interactions in lymphatic
      metastasis.

PMID- 2924451
TI  - Effects of laminin on the attachment of glioma cells to type IV collagen.
AB  - The interaction of tumour cells with basement membrane components is thought to
      be important in influencing their invasive and metastatic properties. This paper
      describes the effect of laminin on the attachment of radiolabelled glioma and B16
      murine melanoma cells to tissue culture plastic and type IV collagen. With the
      exception of the non-metastatic B16 F1 variant, laminin (and fibronectin)
      stimulated cell attachment to tissue culture plastic. Although laminin stimulated
      the attachment of the B16 BL6 metastatic variant to type IV collagen, it
      consistently inhibited the attachment of the glioma cells under the same
      conditions. Laminin appeared to exert its effect by adsorption to the collagen
      and was not cytotoxic to the glioma cells. In contrast, fibronectin had very
      little effect on cell attachment to type IV collagen. One of the most unusual
      features of glioma is the rarity of metastasis to extraneural sites. However, the
      effect of laminin observed here may not be the only factor involved in the
      metastatic inefficiency of this tumour type.

PMID- 2924452
TI  - Restored invasion of mouse MO4 cells into chick heart in vitro through mutual
      conditioning at reduced temperature.
AB  - Invasion of malignant mouse MO4 cells into embryonic chick heart fragments in
      confronting organ cultures was arrested for 7 days when the temperature of
      incubation was lowered to 28 degrees C. Afterwards invasion resumed and
      progression between days 10 and 17 at 28 degrees C was comparable to that between
      days 0 and 7 at 37 degrees C. This pattern of progression of MO4 cell invasion at
      28 degrees C was unaltered when either MO4 cells or heart fragments or both were
      preincubated separately at 28 degrees C for 14 days before confrontation with
      each other. Invasion at 28 degrees C resumed only when MO4 cells and heart tissue
      had been in immediate contact for at least 7 days. Metabolic labelling with
      [3H]fucose showed a correlation in time between transient suppression of invasion
      and transient inhibition of incorporation of fucosylation-precursor molecules
      into glycoproteins by MO4 cells. The latter activity was far less temperature
      sensitive in heart cells. Our observations suggest that metabolic cooperation
      between invading MO4 cells and heart tissue is essential for progression of
      invasion in vitro.

PMID- 2924453
TI  - Loss of spontaneous metastasizing potential in mouse mammary tumors.
AB  - Among 25 C3H/He and C3Hf/He spontaneous mammary tumors that all had produced
      pulmonary metastases in the autochthonous mice, and also produced pulmonary
      metastases during subsequent sequential syngeneic intramammary passages, three
      were observed to stop producing metastases. The specific investigation of the
      observed changes in behavior is described. When the tumors were re-started in
      serial intramammary passage from early, cryopreserved transplant generations, the
      loss of metastasizing potential reoccurred in the same, or in nearly the same,
      transplant generations. In one tumor from which three transplant lines had been
      established, the metastasizing potential was lost in all transplant lines during
      closely related transplant generations. It seems that a spontaneous reduction of
      malignant behavior in mouse mammary tumors may be an occasional neoplastic
      characteristic, and that the observed losses of metastasizing potential may have
      been determined by a programmed genetic change.

PMID- 2924454
TI  - The histology of distraction osteogenesis using different external fixators.
AB  - The local biology of distraction osteogenesis using Ilizarov and Wagner external
      fixators was compared in unilateral tibial lengthenings in two groups of eight
      dogs. Serial roentgenograms with histological correlation revealed some basic
      similarities as well as distinct differences between the two groups. All dogs
      fully bridged the experimental gap by intramembranous ossification. Subtle
      histological changes in the alignment of collagen bundles and subsequent
      ossification reflected the mechanical configuration of each fixator. The
      multiplanar, full-pin Ilizarov system delivered concentric load to the site of
      osteogenesis, inducing perfectly parallel columns of new bone. The uniplanar, one
      half pin Wagner system induced angulation of the collagen and subsequent bone
      columns on the basis of eccentric load to the osteogenic interface. Despite a
      significant difference in axial rigidity, the Ilizarov and Wagner external
      fixators induced osteogenesis of equal volume.

PMID- 2924455
TI  - Epiphyseal distraction. Chondrodiatasis.
AB  - Chondrodiatasis is a limb-lengthening technique involving slow, controlled,
      symmetric epiphyseal distraction. The clinical and histological differences
      between this technique and distraction epiphysiolysis are described. Results are
      given for the elongation of 170 bone segments in 75 children (41 with limb-length
      discrepancies and 34 with achondroplasia). All patients were operated upon while
      the growth plate was still open with maximum bone maturation corresponding to
      Risser 2.

PMID- 2924456
TI  - Epiphyseal distraction. Hemichondrodiatasis.
AB  - Hemichondrodiatasis is a technique of closed, gradual, asymmetric distraction of
      the growth plate to correct angular deformities in growing children. This report
      describes the technique and the results achieved in 35 operated lower extremity
      segments, 14 involving the femur and 21 involving the tibia. The best results
      were achieved in posttraumatic deformities when the bone bridge occupied less
      than 20%-30% of the epiphyseal plate. The procedure is best performed toward the
      end of growth, or earlier if a progressive deformity exceeds 15 degrees - 20
      degrees.

PMID- 2924457
TI  - The callotasis method of limb lengthening.
AB  - Callotasis is a lengthening technique that involves slow, controlled distraction
      after subperiosteal-submetaphyseal osteotomy. The technique and its advantages
      over other methods are described. Results of lengthenings involving 270 operated
      bone segments (146 femurs and 124 tibias) in 140 patients are reviewed. Ninety
      five patients had limb-length inequality and 45 had hypochondroplasia or
      achondroplasia. On average, 6.6 cm, or 24.6% of initial length, was gained. The
      mean healing index was 39; the complication rate was 13.3%.

PMID- 2924458
TI  - Ilizarov treatment of tibial nonunions with bone loss.
AB  - Twenty-five patients aged 19-62 years were treated for tibial nonunions (22
      atrophic, three hypertrophic) with bone loss (1-23 cm, mean 6.2 cm) by the
      Ilizarov technique and fixator. Thirteen had chronic osteomyelitis, 19 had a limb
      length discrepancy (2-11 cm), 12 had a bony defect (1-16 cm), and 13 had a
      deformity. Six had a bone defect with no shortening, 13 had shortening with no
      defect, and six had both a bone defect and shortening. Nonunion, bone defects,
      limb shortening, and deformity can all be addressed simultaneously with the
      Ilizarov apparatus. Bone defects were closed from within without bone grafts by
      the Ilizarov bone transport technique of sliding a bone fragment internally,
      producing distraction osteogenesis behind it until the defect is bridged
      (internal lengthening). Length was reestablished by distraction of a percutaneous
      corticotomy or through compression and subsequent distraction of the
      pseudarthrosis site (external lengthening). Distraction osteogenesis resulting
      from both processes obviated the need for a bone graft in every case. Deformity
      was corrected by means of hinges on the apparatus. Infection was treated by
      radical resection of the necrotic bone and internal lengthening to regenerate the
      excised bone. Union was achieved in all cases. The mean time to union was 13.6
      months, but it was only 10.6 months if the time taken for unsuccessful
      compression-distraction of the nonunion is eliminated from the calculation. The
      bone results were excellent in 18 cases, good in five, and fair in two based on
      union in all cases, persistent infection in three, deformity in four, and limb
      shortening in one. The functional results were excellent in 16 cases, good in
      seven, fair in one, and poor in one based on return to work and daily activities
      in all cases, limp in four cases, equinus deformity in five cases, dystrophy in
      four cases, pain in four cases, and voluntary amputation for neurogenic pain in
      one case.

PMID- 2924459
TI  - Correction of complicated extremity deformities by external fixation.
AB  - Thirty-three limb segments with various deformities in 28 children were treated
      by external fixation. Sole bone lengthenings and trauma cases were excluded from
      this study. The Wagner device was used in six cases, the Ilizarov ring fixator in
      seven, and the Orthofix in 20. Indications, techniques, results, and
      complications are discussed. The results indicate that modern external fixation
      is an effective alternative method in the treatment of problem cases such as
      congenital pseudarthroses, severe relapsed or neglected clubfoot, high dislocated
      hips, and limb deformities with length discrepancies.

PMID- 2924460
TI  - Atlantoaxial instability and neurologic indicators in rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - Atlantoaxial subluxation in rheumatoid arthritis is characterized by pain,
      disability, and occasionally death. Surgical fusion of the offending vertebrae is
      the appropriate surgical remedy, but it is a procedure with a high failure and
      complication rate. Because cord compression and myelopathy are the main
      complications of this condition, it would be logical to use evidence of early
      neurologic deficit as an indicator for surgery. A group of 250 patients with
      rheumatoid arthritis were investigated to evaluate the neurologic status with
      respect to the degree of instability in the proximal cervical spine. Neurologic
      isolated signs such as hyperreflexia could not be correlated with the onset of
      cervical myelopathy or quadraparesis or to the radiographically measured degree
      of atlantoaxial instability. These signs should not be used as an indication for
      surgery. The positive indications are intractable pain, cervical myelopathy, and
      severe atlantoaxial instability.

PMID- 2924461
TI  - Threaded cup acetabuloplasty. Early clinical experience.
AB  - Loosening of the acetabular cup component in total hip arthroplasty (THA) remains
      a source of ongoing concern. Threaded cup acetabuloplasty (TCA) utilizes torque
      and compression to gain purchase of the acetabular cup into the bony margin of
      the acetabulum. In an earlier study of 121 patients who had THA with TCA, patient
      assessments and roentgenograms were examined at an average of 30 months after
      surgery. Twenty percent of the cases were carried out for failed arthroplasty and
      20% of the procedures required bone-graft reconstruction. A 22% incidence of
      moderate to severe postoperative pain, a 3% incidence of cup dislodgement, and a
      24% incidence of radiolucencies between 1-2 mm were observed. The four cup
      dislodgements occurred in patients with severe osteopenia or in those requiring
      extensive bone-graft acetabular reconstruction. Good clinical results were
      obtained for osteoarthritic patients treated with primary THA. These early
      findings suggest that there is no advantage, but there are possible
      disadvantages, to threaded cup acetabuloplasty when compared to cup fixation with
      cement.

PMID- 2924462
TI  - Primary osteoarthritis of the hip joint in Japan.
AB  - Diagnostic criteria for primary osteoarthritis of the hip joint in the Japanese
      population were determined by the roentgenographic measurements of the center
      edge (CE) angle, the Sharp angle, and the acetabular roof obliquity in 254 normal
      hips. Primary osteoarthritis must meet the following conditions: (1) absence of
      femoral head deformities; (2) a CE angle of Wiberg greater than 19 degrees; (3) a
      Sharp angle less than 45 degrees; and (4) acetabular roof obliquity less than 15
      degrees. These measurements are taken from roentgenograms during the early stage
      of the disease. Under these criteria, primary osteoarthritis accounted for only
      0.65% of 2000 consecutive cases of osteoarthritis. Observation of the natural
      course of primary osteoarthritis revealed two subtypes. The superolateral type
      developed from the subset of normal hips with a relatively greater degree of
      acetabular roof obliquity.

PMID- 2924463
TI  - Association of preoperative hip motion and sciatic nerve palsy following total
      hip arthroplasty.
AB  - This retrospective study investigated the possible correlation between
      preoperative hip range of motion (ROM) and postoperative sciatic nerve palsy.
      From 1971 to 1987, 12 patients with partial sciatic nerve palsies subsequent to
      total hip arthroplasty (THA) without known etiologies were identified. During
      this same period a random sample of 340 patients with 373 palsy-free THAs were
      also identified. To exclude possible bias from revision patients (revision
      procedures are reported to have an increased incidence of postoperative nerve
      palsies), the patients were divided into three groups: (1) all THAs; (2) primary
      THAs; and (3) revision THAs. The preoperative hip motions studied were flexion,
      abduction, adduction, internal rotation, and external rotation. Analysis of the
      data showed no correlation between limited ROM preoperatively and the risk of
      postoperative nerve palsy for any of the three groups.

PMID- 2924464
TI  - Temperatures measured during reaming of the femoral neck and head. A preliminary
      report.
AB  - Thermal injury is a well-known complication during mechanical manipulation of
      cortical bone. In order to investigate the magnitude of the problem in relation
      to cancellous bone, the temperature elevation in the head of the femur during
      reaming for a sliding screw osteosynthesis was measured in ten patients.
      Temperatures in excess of 50 degrees for a duration of more than one minute were
      found within approximately 2 mm from the periphery of the reamer. This finding
      implies that the thread of the screw will be placed in an osteonecrotic zone.

PMID- 2924465
TI  - The patellar clunk syndrome. A complication of posterior stabilized total knee
      arthroplasty.
AB  - Patellofemoral pain due to an unusual suprapatellar fibrous nodule developed in
      three patients after posterior stabilized total knee arthroplasty. Each patient
      had a "catch" or "clunk" associated with pain on extension of the knee. At
      revision, a prominent fibrous nodule was found at the junction of the proximal
      patellar pole and the quadriceps tendon. The pathogenesis of this proximal
      fibrous nodule may involve impingement of the anterosuperior edge of the
      intercondylar notch area of the femoral component into the proximal quadriceps
      tendon or may involve impingement of the patellar prosthesis itself on the
      quadriceps tendon. Roentgenographic examination revealed an abnormally proximal
      placement of the patellar prosthesis on the patella. Surgical removal of the
      fibrous nodule resolved the symptoms. Revision of the patellar prosthesis may be
      necessary.

PMID- 2924466
TI  - Arthroscopy in acute septic knees. Management in pediatric patients.
AB  - Arthroscopic evacuation, debridement, and irrigation of acute septic knees in
      children were effective adjuncts in the treatment of this joint infection.
      Sixteen knees in 16 pediatric patients were treated with arthroscopic management.
      Ninety-four percent of the knees had sepsis secondary to Staphylococcus aureus.
      Two immune-suppressed patients (postrenal transplants) had combined S. aureus and
      Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. Twenty-five percent of the patients had a
      foreign body in the joint that was removed arthroscopically. No postoperative
      irrigation or drainage systems were used. At an average follow-up period of three
      years, no evidence of persistent or recurrent infection was noted. Roentgenograms
      showed no evidence of joint or epiphyseal destruction. Because of the low
      morbidity associated with the procedure, rapid restoration of joint motion and
      patient mobility was seen in all patients. Arthroscopic debridement of acute
      septic knees may be carried out in pediatric patients, given appropriate
      equipment and arthroscopic skills.

PMID- 2924467
TI  - The use of functional knee braces in the control of pathologic anterior knee
      laxity.
AB  - Four designs of knee braces, Don-Joy 4 Point, RKS, Lenox Hill, and CTi, were
      evaluated in 42 patients with a unilateral knee brace. Brace migration was the
      predominant complaint, as noted in patient questionnaires. All braces tested
      reduced giving-way episodes (34 of 42 patients reported no giving way during
      brace usage). All four brands of braces reduced the grade of pivot shift (mean
      reduction = 0.8 grade). Instrumented laxity testing with the KT-1000 arthrometer
      was performed with an 89-N passive anterior displacement, high load passive
      anterior displacement, and a quadriceps contraction active displacement. Brace
      use decreased the measured pathologic anterior displacement on all tests. During
      functional testing with one-legged hop and 40-yard shuttle run, the mean values
      were not significantly changed by brace usage.

PMID- 2924468
TI  - Supracondylar fracture of the femur after GUEPAR total knee arthroplasty. A new
      treatment method.
AB  - A 71-year-old woman incurred an unstable, comminuted supracondylar fracture of
      the femur above the tip of a GUEPAR prosthesis. The prosthesis was not loose.
      Immediate open reduction and internal fixation were performed using a segment cut
      from an intramedullary rod. This provided axial alignment and functioned as an
      internal stent with stable fixation of the fracture. Supplementary fixation with
      a plate and screws, cerclage wires, and an autogenous bone graft led to early
      mobilization, solid bony union, and an excellent functional result.

PMID- 2924469
TI  - Treatment of open tibial fractures with the Orthofix fixator.
AB  - External fixation is considered the treatment of choice for severe open tibial
      fractures. A prospective study was designed to evaluate the use of the Orthofix
      Dynamic Axial Fixator (DAF) for the short- and long-term treatment of open tibial
      fractures. Forty-four patients with 45 open tibial fractures were enrolled in the
      study, which included a one-year follow-up period. Eighty-nine percent of the
      fractures were classified as Gustilo and Anderson's Type III. All fractures
      except one were united in a mean healing time of 22.6 weeks. The dynamization of
      the Orthofix in nonsegmental fractures occurred at an average of 8.1 weeks.
      Segmental fractures received a two-stage dynamization. The first stage consisted
      of removing the supplementary pins, once callus formation was seen at one of the
      fractures lines, plus the addition of a bone graft. This stage occurred at an
      average of 8.8 weeks. The second stage consisted of unlocking the telescoping
      rods and allowing dynamic axial loading of the consolidating graft. This stage
      occurred at an average of 19.0 weeks. The implementation of this one-plane
      unilateral frame, which is capable of converting from a rigid to a dynamic
      fixator, combined with a bone graft in 58% of the patients, contributed to a 98%
      success rate. Proper timing of dynamization is emphasized to avoid angulation,
      nonunion, or delayed union.

PMID- 2924470
TI  - Dislocation of the pisiform treated by primary resection. A case report.
AB  - A case of isolated dislocation of the pisiform occurred in an 18-year-old man who
      was treated by primary resection and followed for two years. As observed in
      previous reports, primary resection was a successful treatment.

PMID- 2924471
TI  - Acute volar compartment syndrome during skeletal traction in distal radius
      fracture. A case report.
AB  - Fractures of the distal end of the radius rarely cause acute compartment syndrome
      of the forearm. Acute compartment syndrome of the forearm occurred after a
      fracture of the distal end of the radius in a 17-year-old boy who developed
      symptoms after application of skeletal traction. Satisfactory recovery was
      obtained by early decompressive fasciotomy. In this case a combination of
      traction and elevation of the forearm appeared to have increased the
      susceptibility of the limb to acute compartment syndrome.

PMID- 2924472
TI  - Intraarticular fractures of the distal humerus. Surgical treatment and results.
AB  - In a 12-year period, 104 patients with intraarticular fractures of the distal
      humerus received surgical treatment. Based on the Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur
      Osteosynthesefragen/Association for the Study of Internal Fixation (AO/ASIF)
      classification, there were 40 monocondylar fractures, 46 bicondylar fractures,
      and 18 fractures of the ulnar epicondyle with the fragment dislocated in the
      elbow joint. In children almost all fixations were done with Kirschner wires. The
      adult fractures were stabilized according to the recommendations of the AO/ASIF,
      i.e., monocondylar fractures by screws and/or single-plate fixation and
      bicondylar fractures by screws and dual-plate fixation, preferably with
      reconstruction plates. Comminuted fractures required an additional osteotomy of
      the olecranon. Except for children, the essential feature of postoperative
      management was early functional treatment by continuous passive motion. Eighty
      eight patients (84.6%) were followed with an average follow-up time of 4.4 years.
      The results were evaluated for range of motion, pain, working capacity, neural
      and vascular impairment, valgus/varus deformity, and subjective judgment. The
      long-term outcome of almost 81% good and very good results suggests that
      operative treatment can be valuable when indications, anatomic surgical
      reconstruction, and postoperative care are performed correctly.

PMID- 2924473
TI  - Peptostreptococcus magnus does not cause hematogenous infections in experimental
      arthroplasties.
AB  - Rabbits with cemented endoprostheses in the knee joints were given 1-ml
      intravenous injections of suspensions containing Peptostreptococcus magnus (3 x
      10(8) colony-forming units/ml) on three consecutive days seven weeks
      postoperatively. The animals were killed after another seven weeks. The bacterial
      challenge did not result in infection. This is in contrast to a previous study
      using the same experimental system with another anaerobic bacterial species,
      Propionibacterium acnes, which caused infection in approximately 50% of the
      animals. Both these bacteria have previously been reported to cause late
      infections in human arthroplasties. The present results may indicate differences
      in the spreading mechanisms, i.e., that Peptostreptococcus magnus may have a
      limited ability to cause hematogenic infections and that late infections of
      endoprostheses by Peptostreptococcus magnus are due to perioperative
      contamination.

PMID- 2924474
TI  - Altering local soft-tissue circulation fails to halt venous drainage from the
      femur.
AB  - It has been suggested that tourniquet application proximal to bone biopsy in an
      extremity can reduce the number of tumor cells spread through circulation. This
      study investigates the anatomical pathway through which rapid cell spread could
      occur. Radioactively labeled 15-mu microspheres were injected into the medullary
      canal of rat femurs. The ratio of injected particles found in the femur was
      compared among groups that received application of a tourniquet prior to
      injection, no tourniquet, or transection of all soft tissue proximal to the
      injection site. Obliteration of circulation in the soft tissue surrounding the
      femur with a tourniquet or tissue transection did not alter the spread of
      particles from the femur. The pulmonary circulation trapped approximately 95% of
      particles reaching the lungs, limiting their access to peripheral arterial
      circulation. If the number of particles injected into the femur was increased,
      the number of particles leaving the femur increased at an even greater rate.
      These data suggest that (1) a particle can exit the femur without traveling
      through the soft tissue surrounding the femur; (2) most particles that reach the
      lung are retained; and (3) the injected bone acts as a sponge, retaining some
      particles and permitting the rest to enter the venous drainage.

PMID- 2924475
TI  - Characteristics of successful and unsuccessful applicants to orthopedic residency
      training programs.
AB  - In 1985 there were 288 applicants for the ten postgraduate Year 1 orthopedic
      residency positions in Galveston and San Antonio, of which 119 (41%) applicants
      successfully obtained a residency position in one of 76 orthopedic programs
      approved by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education. Successful
      applicants were younger and had higher Medical College Admissions Test scores,
      National Board of Medical Examiners, Part I (NBME-I) scores, and medical school
      grade point averages than unsuccessful applicants. Variables that increased
      acceptance rates were medical student status, an NBME-I score above 500, class
      rank in the top 40%, and membership in Alpha Omega Alpha honor society. Foreign
      citizenship and prior residency experience in a different specialty strongly
      decreased acceptance rates. Variables that did not affect acceptance rates were:
      gender, military experience, marital status, graduate degree, research,
      publications, or NBME-II scores.

PMID- 2924476
TI  - Intraarticular sodium hyaluronate injections in the Pond-Nuki experimental model
      of osteoarthritis in dogs. I. Biochemical results.
AB  - An established anterior cruciate ligament deficiency-induced articular cartilage
      degeneration was used to evaluate the effects of intrasynovial injection of
      hyaluronic acid upon cartilage destruction. In this study, proteoglycan
      solubility under associative and dissociative conditions was compared in two
      treatment protocols at intervals of seven, 13, and 17 weeks after surgical
      breakage of the anterior cruciate ligament in 2.5-year-old Beagle dogs. Untreated
      joints showed a marked increase in both total soluble glycosaminoglycan (GAG
      measured as uronic acid) and in the associative fraction. In both treated groups,
      there was a reduced amount of soluble GAG. Cessation of treatment after seven
      weeks caused gradual regression, with an increasing amount of CaCl2-soluble
      material in the associative fraction, while inception at seven weeks gave
      biochemical evidence of reversal, with increasing GAG present in the guanidine
      soluble (dissociative) fraction on the insoluble residue. The protective effects
      of hyaluronic acid suggest the potential clinical application of this therapy in
      retarding the advance of osteoarthritis.

PMID- 2924477
TI  - Bone resorption.

PMID- 2924478
TI  - Controlled mechanical stimulation in the treatment of tibial fractures.
AB  - Although it is known that the mechanical environment affects the fracture healing
      process, the optimal conditions for the different stages of healing have not been
      defined. In the present studies, the influence of applying a very short period of
      axial micromovement with defined characteristics to healing fractures has been
      studied both in simulated and clinical tibial fractures. The fracture healing
      process is seen to be acutely sensitive to small periods of daily strain applied
      axially within two weeks of fracture. There are boundaries of strain magnitude
      and force of application of applied movement that, if exceeded, inhibit the
      healing process. The application of appropriate applied strain to clinical tibial
      fractures at a time shortly after injury, when most patients would be very
      inactive, appears to enhance the healing process when using external skeletal
      fixation.

PMID- 2924479
TI  - Unilateral external fixation. Methods to increase and reduce frame stiffness.
AB  - Unilateral configurations with stiffness characteristics similar to those of the
      most rigid one- and two-plane bilateral constructs are easily built.
      Mechanically, most effective were two-plane unilateral frames with a short bone
      rod distance. But single- and double-bar anterior unilateral frames had the best
      combination of clinical and mechanical features. To put gradual frame builddown
      on a rational basis, a sequence of stepwise frame reduction was developed. This
      sequence leads from the most rigid unilateral constructs to frames that allow
      almost complete force transmission across the fracture site while still providing
      adequate protection against the prevailing sagittal bending moments.

PMID- 2924480
TI  - A primer of fixator devices and configurations.
AB  - This paper gives a general introduction to the terminology, concepts, and
      classifications of external fixators. A clear distinction is made between
      characteristics typical of the three types of external fixators, simple, clamp,
      and ring, and those typical of the four standard frames that can be built with
      each of the devices. These four frames, the one-plane unilateral, two-plane
      unilateral, one-plane bilateral, and two-plane bilateral configurations, differ
      in the ease of wound access they allow and their mechanical balance, particularly
      toward bending moments. Hybrids of different devices and frames may prove
      beneficial for stabilizing complex injuries.

PMID- 2924481
TI  - Plaster cast versus external fixation for unstable intraarticular Colles'
      fractures.
AB  - This study compares 75 consecutive patients with Frykman Type VIII fractures of
      the distal forearm treated by primary external fixation with 32 patients who
      sustained similar injuries and were treated by closed reduction and cast
      immobilization. The latter group of patients served as an historical control. The
      two groups were similar with respect to injury and demographic characteristics.
      All fractures treated with external fixation remained well reduced and aligned,
      whereas 88% of those treated with casts had unsatisfactory alignment despite the
      fact that 30% had a second reduction. The external fixator group also had
      superior results with respect to functional outcome, range of motion, and grip
      strength.

PMID- 2924482
TI  - External fixation of femoral fractures. Indications and limitations.
AB  - The role of external fixation in the management of femoral shaft fractures is
      reviewed based on a study of 24 femoral fractures managed by either an AO or a
      Wagner external fixator during 1983-1986. Indications included open fractures
      with soft-tissue injury (13 patients), comminuted shaft fractures (six patients),
      and unstable operative candidates (five patients). In 14 patients, external
      fixation was a temporary method (Group I), while in ten patients it was the
      definitive method of stabilization (Group II). Twenty-one patients achieved solid
      union, two developed a delayed union, and one had a nonunion. Three patients
      developed pin-tract infections, and one developed osteomyelitis after
      intramedullary fixation in Group I. Two patients in Group II developed shortening
      (2.1 cm and 3.2 cm). Loss of motion occurred in 11 patients, averaging 56
      degrees. It is suggested that external fixation be considered in the following
      types of femoral fractures: open fractures for aggressive management of soft
      tissue injuries; closed fractures in severely traumatized, burn, or head injury
      patients; fractures about the knee resulting in floating knees; and infected
      femoral nonunions and pseudarthroses.

PMID- 2924483
TI  - Plates versus external fixation in severe open tibial shaft fractures. A
      randomized trial.
AB  - A prospective study of 59 patients with Grade II or III open tibial shaft
      fractures compared internal and external fixation. Bony stabilization was with
      plating by AO principles or with external fixation with the one-half pin
      technique, prospectively randomized. In 12 cases, minimal internal fixation of
      the tibia and external fixation were combined. Definitive wound closure was
      delayed in all cases. Three free-flap transfers and two gastrocnemius myoplasties
      were done; vascular injury necessitated three early limb amputations. Fifty-six
      patients were followed for at least one year. Five plate fixations (19%) were
      complicated by severe osteomyelitis, and three plate fixations failed. Severe
      osteomyelitis occurred in one case (3%) treated with external fixation. Three pin
      tract infections occurred. In two patients, a 10 degrees anteroposterior
      angulation occurred after external fixation removal. One patient healed with a 25
      degrees external rotation deformity. At final follow-up evaluation, all tibial
      shaft fractures had healed. Knee and ankle ranges of motion were affected by
      ipsilateral femoral shaft fracture, knee injury, or ankle and foot trauma but not
      by the type of fixation. Both methods yielded excellent results, but the rate and
      extent of complications were lower with external fixation. Therefore, external
      fixation using the one-half pin technique should be regarded as a primary method
      of stabilization for Grades II and III open tibial shaft fractures.

PMID- 2924485
TI  - Rigid fixation and bone grafts in craniofacial surgery.

PMID- 2924484
TI  - A biomechanical analysis of the Ilizarov external fixator.
AB  - Five configurations of the Ilizarov fixator were analyzed in vitro. The overall
      stiffness, shear stiffness, and axial motion of the fracture site were
      determined. The data were compared with the results of eight conventional one
      half frame fixators previously tested in the same manner. The Ilizarov fixator
      allowed significantly more axial motion at the fracture site during axial
      compression than the other fixators tested. The overall stiffness and shear
      rigidity of the Ilizarov external fixator were similar to those of the one-half
      pin fixators in bending and torsion. The stability of the Ilizarov fixator was a
      function of bone position within the fixator rings and fixation wire tension. The
      use of olive stop wires increased the shear resistance of the Ilizarov system.

PMID- 2924486
TI  - Panfacial fractures: organization of treatment.
AB  - Recent advances in facial trauma management have enabled the surgeon to perceive
      and successfully reconstruct complex panfacial injuries. Restoration of both
      preinjury facial aesthetics and function is now the goal. An organized approach
      to these injuries begins at the maxillary and mandibular arches with progression
      to the vertical mandible. The nasoorbital ethmoidal complex is stabilized to the
      cranium and bone grafted when indicated. The zygomatic complex is related
      medially, and orbital reconstruction performed. The facial architectural
      restoration is completed at the Lefort I level. Adherence to this protocol
      enables the surgeon to obtain reproducibly good results, even with the most
      extensive facial dislocations.

PMID- 2924487
TI  - Fractures of the frontal sinus.
AB  - It is not possible to establish rigid guidelines for the treatment of frontal
      sinus fractures. However, this series demonstrates that aggressive treatment of
      the sinus with damage to the frontal sinus drainage system will produce a "safe"
      sinus. The individual surgeon must base his or her treatment philosophy on the
      type and severity of injuries being treated, the patient population involved, and
      his or her experience with each of the treatment options. All patients must be
      made to realize that they have a life-long risk for delayed complications
      following any type of reconstructive procedure on the frontal sinus. It is hoped
      that patients who do experience complications will seek treatment when the first
      symptoms of a frontal sinusitis arise, rather than allowing the infection to
      progress to a more severe state that is life-threatening or may require
      disfiguring surgery.

PMID- 2924488
TI  - The significance of condylar position using rigid fixation in orthognathic
      surgery.
AB  - Rigid fixation in orthognathic surgery has major advantages, particularly the
      elimination of postoperative intermaxillary fixation, which makes the procedure
      more comfortable for the patient. The main disadvantage of rigid fixation in
      these procedures is that errors in the position of bony segments and dislocations
      of the mandibular condyle during surgery may result in errors of the occlusion
      and cause adverse effects on the temporomandibular joint. When rigid fixation is
      used, the presurgical position of the condyles should be maintained. The
      principles of condylar positioning are described.

PMID- 2924489
TI  - Rigid skeletal fixation in maxillary osteotomies. Intraoperative control of
      condylar position.
AB  - In isolated maxillary osteotomies the condylar positioning technique cannot be
      performed because the autorotation of the mandible following maxillary movements
      cannot be calculated in advance. The only possibility to achieve an exact
      position of the maxillary segment in relation to the skull base and the
      temporomandibular joint is the intraoperative control of the condylar position
      using a face bow transfer during surgery. Errors in the condyle position would
      result in an error of the occlusion and would cause adverse effects on the
      temporomandibular joint.

PMID- 2924490
TI  - Rigid fixation and osteotomy design in frontal orbital advancement osteotomies.
AB  - The advantages rendered by corrective osteotomies that mobilize large segments of
      the craniofacial complex, including the forehead, orbits, and maxillae, exceed
      those of any partial correction in this particular region. This fact has been
      fully demonstrated in recent years by different authors. An inconvenience of
      early correction of major craniofacial deformities is relapse at the maxillary
      level, mainly because of the lack of adequate dental occlusion. Rigid fixation
      methods have been used in surgical correction of Crouzon's disease and Apert's
      syndrome in order to preserve the position of the mobilized segments. In
      Crouzon's cases conventional monoblock advancements were performed, using anchor
      wire osteosynthesis at the frontal region and two metal plates attached to the
      temporal bone to support the middle third of the face. In Apert's syndrome cases,
      a monoblock advancement modified by the facial bipartition concept was the
      selected procedure to obtain a three-dimensional correction. Because a midfacial
      vertical elongation was necessary, a third plate joins the hemi faces, fixing
      them to the intermediate frontal bar. Advantages of this method have been
      demonstrated over the past 2 years. Sixteen children had a one-stage
      reconstruction by multiple osteotomies and extensive, combined mobilizations of
      the craniofacial complex. Successful long-lasting corrections attest to the
      efficacy of this fixation method.

PMID- 2924491
TI  - The use of the Wurtzberg system to facilitate fixation in facial osteotomies.
AB  - Results of the use of titanium miniplates for the management of fractures and
      elective osteotomies in the craniofacial region in 40 patients over the past 24
      months are reported. Titanium as a biomaterial, the benefits and liabilities of
      rigid internal fixation, and the effects of using miniplates upon surgical
      practice are discussed. Clinical examples are provided to illustrate actual usage
      of craniomaxillofacial miniplates.

PMID- 2924492
TI  - Plate and screw fixation in the management of mandible fractures.
AB  - The use of compression plates and screws in the management of mandibular
      fractures is a reliable method of producing rigid internal fixation and a
      functionally stable fracture site. Early mandibular function is possible,
      resulting in a decrease in intermaxillary fixation time, improved oral hygiene
      and nutrition, and maintenance of normal neuromuscular physiology. Compression
      osteosynthesis results in primary bone healing, which has been shown to hasten
      osseous regeneration. With adherence to strict technical details and the use of
      sound clinical judgment, compression plate and screw techniques provide for a
      predictable method in the treatment of mandible fractures.

PMID- 2924493
TI  - Open reduction of mandibular condyle fractures. Indications and technique.
AB  - The traditional approach of closed reduction for condylar fractures has proved to
      be effective in an overwhelming majority of patients, but not in all. Some
      authors have proposed open reduction in selected cases. At present, there are no
      long-term data supporting open reduction to prevent future joint problems. In
      view of this, I believe that the best overall indication for open reduction is
      the surgical need to place the face or jaws in the proper functional position.

PMID- 2924494
TI  - Computed tomography of the chest in the trauma patient.
AB  - Thirty-six (1.5%) of 2340 patients admitted to the Trauma Unit at UCSD Medical
      Center over a 26-month period had 46 chest CT scans. A retrospective review of
      these cases showed that CT was useful in the diagnosis and management of
      suspected post-traumatic infective complications, assessment of suspected
      sternoclavicular joint dislocation, and localisation of bullet fragments. Other
      unsuspected abnormalities (pneumothoraces, misplaced endotracheal tube,
      intraperitoneal air, and axillary vein disruption) were also well demonstrated.
      However, CT failed to demonstrate some skeletal injuries, in particular,
      manubriosternal joint dislocation and vertebral fracture. Our experience supports
      a role for chest CT in certain limited clinical situations following trauma.

PMID- 2924495
TI  - Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the nasopharynx, paranasal sinus and palate.
AB  - Twenty-two patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the nasopharynx, paranasal
      sinuses or palate were treated between 1952 and 1980. The histology was reviewed
      by one histopathologist and 77% of cases were classified as grade 2 non-Hodgkin's
      lymphoma. Forty-five per cent of patients relapsed after initial treatment and
      41% of all patients died from lymphoma. The 5-year survival ranged from 22% for
      the nasopharynx to 80% for the palate.

PMID- 2924496
TI  - The radiological manifestations of relapsing polychondritis.
AB  - Four patients with relapsing polychondritis are described. The radiological
      appearances of the arthropathy and the tracheobronchial involvement are
      illustrated, and the value of these findings in early diagnosis and management
      are emphasised.

PMID- 2924497
TI  - Difficulties in diagnosis of congenital H-type tracheo-oesophageal fistulae.
AB  - The case notes of 12 children with congenital H-type tracheo-oesophageal fistulae
      diagnosed at the Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street, who presented
      between 1980 and 1986 were reviewed. All patients presented early in the neonatal
      period with recurrent chest infections; abnormal chest radiographs were found in
      eight. Ten of a total of 19 contrast studies were negative. Tube oesophagograms
      were more likely to demonstrate a fistula than conventional contrast studies. Any
      delay in surgery was due to delay in diagnosis rather than to delay in
      presentation. The results suggest that tube oesophagograms should be performed
      early where there is clinical suspicion of an H-type fistula, and that other
      investigations (for example bronchoscopy) should be considered if the tube
      oesophagogram does not demonstrate a fistula.

PMID- 2924498
TI  - Assessment of computed tomographic artefact in the pituitary fossa following
      needle implantation of radioactive rods.
AB  - Computed tomographic scans of the pituitary fossa following treatment of
      pituitary tumours by interstitial irradiation were reviewed for the degree of
      metallic artefact created by the rods. Among 50 patients treated with 90Y rods
      alone, none showed artefact to a degree that caused technically unsatisfactory
      images in coronal or axial cuts. Among the seven patients who had been treated
      with 198Au, either alone (two patients) or with both 198Au and 90Y rods (five
      patients), six had severe artefact and in five of these the images were
      technically unsatisfactory in both coronal and axial slices. We conclude that
      following implantation of 90Y rods, the currently preferred isotope, the
      pituitary fossa can be satisfactorily assessed by computed tomography.

PMID- 2924499
TI  - Acquired coronal cleft vertebra.
AB  - Five patients with acquired coronal clefts in lower lumbar vertebral bodies are
      presented. The appearances on plain radiographs, skeletal scintigraphy,
      discography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are
      described. The aetiological factors are discussed with particular emphasis on the
      role of the intervertebral disc and the discovertebral junction in the
      pathomechanics of vertebral body injury. Magnetic resonance imaging was helpful
      in the radiological assessment and provided information from which an explanation
      of the clefts could be proposed.

PMID- 2924500
TI  - Radiology is valuable to general practitioners; but who pays?
AB  - This study evaluated an open access general practitioner radiological service.
      Questionnaires were completed in 216 out of 250 cases both before and after
      radiological examination. Chests and specials (bariums, intravenous urography,
      ultrasound) were most often of diagnostic value when confirming normality, while
      other radiographs were more likely to be of value in assessing the severity of
      known disease (P less than 0.001). Patient therapy was altered in 31% of cases
      following receipt of the radiological report, and management was changed in 40%.
      In 25% of cases the patient was discharged on receipt of the report. In 28% of
      cases the report avoided a hospital referral. Special examinations were most
      likely (P less than 0.05) to avoid a referral. It is concluded that open access
      radiology is a considerable help with diagnosis and management, and substantially
      reduces out-patient referrals. The possible consequences for the acute services
      of providing a full general practitioner diagnostic service are discussed.

PMID- 2924501
TI  - The treatment of essential thrombocythaemia with radioactive phosphorus.
AB  - The major complications of essential thrombocythaemia include haemorrhage and
      thrombosis, events which are related to the level of the abnormal platelet count.
      We report here on the use of radioactive phosphorus (32P) in eight patients with
      essential thrombocythaemia. Two patients required multiple injections of 32P to
      control platelet count, and there was no reduction in the rate of fall of
      platelets with each injection. Three patients required chemotherapy for
      persistent thrombocythaemia despite multiple doses of 32P. No clinical or
      haematological characteristics could be identified for those patients whose
      disease was difficult to control. Radioactive phosphorus is a safe and effective
      method to control platelet counts in patients with essential thrombocythaemia.

PMID- 2924502
TI  - Reversal of vocal cord palsy by tamoxifen.
AB  - Advanced breast carcinoma responds to tamoxifen in more than 30% of cases
      (Mouridsen et al., 1978). It is widely used for hormonal treatment in women
      suffering from breast carcinoma, particularly if they are post-menopausal
      (Carter, Bakowski and Hellmann, 1981).

PMID- 2924503
TI  - Carcinoma of the oesophagus--a review of 108 cases treated by radical
      radiotherapy.
AB  - A retrospective survey was made of 108 patients accepted for radical radiotherapy
      over a 10-year period. The crude 5-year survival was 8.3% (9 of 108). Patients
      aged 65 years and over fared significantly better than patients aged less than 65
      years (P = 0.04). Long-term survival was more likely with the following features:
      females, good general condition, tumour in the upper third of oesophagus and no
      more than 8 cm in length. The 5-year survival for upper third cases was 15.6% (7
      of 45) so that for this site radiotherapy can reasonably be considered the
      treatment of choice. Hypothyroidism developed in three of the seven upper third
      long-term survivors.

PMID- 2924504
TI  - Hypophosphataemic rickets and melorheostosis.
AB  - Hypophosphataemic rickets/osteomalacia has been described in association with
      fibrous dysplasia and neurofibromatosis. This is the first reported case of
      melorheostosis associated with hypophosphataemic rickets. The literature is
      reviewed regarding the known association with the other bone dysplasias.

PMID- 2924505
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging of an intradural spinal lipoma: a case report.
AB  - A case of an extensive cervicothoracic intradural lipoma in an adolescent is
      presented. The myelographic, computed tomography and magnetic resonance findings
      are described.

PMID- 2924506
TI  - Defining a 'unit of harm'.

PMID- 2924507
TI  - Luteinizing hormone in women is secreted in superimposed pulse patterns.
AB  - 1. The pulsatile nature of luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion has recognized
      physiological and clinical importance, but because of the difficulties with
      statistical analysis of serial data the precise nature of this pulsed signal is
      poorly understood. Several groups have noted small-amplitude, high-frequency
      pulses superimposed on large slower pulses, but, using conventional methods of
      analysis, it is not possible to distinguish these from assay variation or to
      characterize them. 2. In an alternative approach we have applied the methods of
      time series analysis which identify the harmonic patterns within data. Twenty
      four healthy women in the early follicular phase of the cycle had blood samples
      taken at intervals of 1, 5 or 10 min for up to 6 h. 3. We found that LH secretion
      consists of superimposed harmonics of varying amplitude which occur in frequency
      bands of about (a) 1-3 h and (b) 2-3 min. Investigations excluded a reproducible
      pulsatility in our LH assay, implying that the small fast pulses are
      physiological events. 4. We conclude that LH release is highly complex and that
      the methods of time series analysis permit identification and characterization of
      the multiple pulses.

PMID- 2924508
TI  - Plasma dihydroxyphenylglycol for estimation of noradrenaline neuronal re-uptake
      in the sympathetic nervous system in vivo.
AB  - 1. Neuronal re-uptake is the primary means for terminating the actions of
      endogenously released noradrenaline. A portion of the recaptured noradrenaline is
      deaminated to form dihydroxyphenylglycol. The present report describes a
      technique using plasma dihydroxyphenylglycol for estimation of the rate of
      neuronal reuptake of endogenous noradrenaline in vivo. 2. Neuronal re-uptake of
      noradrenaline in the sympathetic nervous system of the rat was estimated from the
      effects of neuronal uptake blockade with desipramine on three variables: (i) the
      plasma clearance of intravenously infused 3H-labelled noradrenaline, (ii) the
      plasma concentration of endogenous dihydroxyphenylglycol, and (iii) the plasma
      concentration of 3H-labelled dihydroxyphenylglycol formed from infused 3H
      labelled noradrenaline. 3. Desipramine decreased plasma dihydroxyphenylglycol by
      36%, this representing the fraction of dihydroxyphenylglycol in plasma that was
      derived from recaptured noradrenaline. After desipramine, the decrease in the
      rate of neuronal uptake of 3H-labelled noradrenaline was 9.7 times that of the
      decrease in the plasma spillover of 3H-labelled dihydroxyphenylglycol. Since the
      appearances in plasma of dihydroxyphenylglycol from unlabelled and 3H-labelled
      noradrenaline were similar, the neuronal re-uptake of endogenous noradrenaline
      could be assumed to be 9.7 times as much as the plasma spillover of
      dihydroxyphenylglycol that was derived from recaptured noradrenaline (0.15 nmol
      min-1 kg-1). 4. The rate of neuronal re-uptake of endogenous noradrenaline was
      estimated to be 1.45 nmol min-1 kg-1, whereas the plasma spillover of
      noradrenaline was 0.127 nmol min-1 kg-1. Thus, only a small fraction (less than
      9%) of the noradrenaline released into the synaptic cleft spills over into the
      circulation.

PMID- 2924509
TI  - Human whole-blood granulocyte aggregation in vitro.
AB  - 1. Aggregation assays are a commonly used technique for the study of granulocyte
      activation. These studies are usually performed using a pure cell suspension in
      buffer. This necessitates a separation procedure which is time-consuming and may
      modify the function of the cells. Interaction between different cell types is
      precluded. 2. To avoid these disadvantages a method was developed which
      quantifies granulocyte aggregation in whole blood. Samples drawn from an
      incubated vessel before and after the addition of a chemotactic stimulus were
      fixed with formaldehyde to prevent disaggregation. Erythrocytes were then removed
      by chemical lysis and using an electronic cell-sizing device the number of single
      cells and aggregates could then be easily measured. 3. Results from a group of
      volunteers showed a rapid and reversible response to a chemotactic tripeptide,
      with a fall in single granulocyte count and the appearance of doublets and
      triplets. Lymphocytes were unaffected. Intra-assay reproducibility was better
      than +/- 5%. 4. Using this assay, a significant elevation in aggregability was
      observed in blood from patients after acute myocardial infarction. 5. This novel
      technique, by avoiding the separation step, is faster, simpler and more
      physiological than previous methods, and as such is useful for both assays of
      drug action in vitro and the study of cell activation in disease states.

PMID- 2924510
TI  - Effects of chronic hypokalaemia and adrenalectomy on potassium transport by the
      medullary collecting duct of the rat.
AB  - 1. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the roles of chronic hypokalaemia
      and of aldosterone in K+ transport in the medullary collecting duct. Renal
      clearance and duct transport measurements were made before and after KCl infusion
      in three groups of animals: normal rats on a regular K+ diet (group I), and sham
      operated (II) or adrenalectomized rats (group III), both on a low K+ diet. 2.
      Only the sham-operated animals on the low K+ diet became hypokalaemic. They also
      had the lowest rate of K+ excretion at the time of study. Adrenalectomized rats
      were normokalaemic, and had an intermediate rate of K+ excretion. After the acute
      KCl infusion, kaliuresis remained significantly depressed in the rats which were
      previously hypokalaemic. In contrast, K+ excretion rates in response to K+
      infusion were high and not significantly different in both previously
      normokalaemic groups, independent of the presence of the adrenal glands. 3. In
      the medullary collecting duct, before the KCl infusion there was no net K+
      transport in either normokalaemic group (I and III). However, after the KCl
      infusion there was significant K+ secretion in both of these groups (32% and 22%
      of total urinary excretion, respectively). In contrast, the sham-operated
      hypokalaemic rats on the low K+ diet had a small absolute, but large fractional
      K+ reabsorption (64% of delivered load) in the medullary collecting duct. With
      KCl infusion in this group, K+ delivery to the medullary duct increased, but
      absolute reabsorption along the duct was maintained, resulting in a fractional
      reabsorption of 28% of delivery.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2924511
TI  - Plasma levels of the lyso-derivative of platelet-activating factor are related to
      age.
AB  - 1. The effect of age on the plasma level of the lyso-derivative of platelet
      activating factor (lyso-PAF) was studied in 72 normal subjects, (32 females, 40
      males) aged 12-64 years. Lyso-PAF was acetylated in vitro to PAF which was
      measured by bioassay using 5-[14C]hydroxytryptamine-labelled rabbit platelets. 2.
      Under 40 years there were similar direct relations between plasma lyso-PAF and
      age in both sexes (linear regression; males, P less than 0.001; females, P less
      than 0.002), the level approximately doubling from the adolescent level around
      100 ng/ml. However, in the later years the levels fell, the fall seeming to
      commence earlier in females, so that between 40 and 65 years the level was
      greater in males [169 +/- 47 (SD) vs 120 +/- 30 ng/ml; P less than 0.01]. 3. The
      increase in plasma lyso-PAF up to middle-age may be related to the reported
      increase in prostanoid production with age, since these platelet and vasoactive
      compounds can have a common origin in membrane phospholipid. This would be
      consistent with increasing phospholipase A2 activity and decreasing stability of
      cell membranes with age, but the later fall in lyso-PAF is then unexplained; the
      lesser values in females than males in the more advanced years could be related
      to females' generally lesser vascular disease. However, knowledge of the
      biological roles and metabolism of PAF is still very limited and the real
      significance of the findings remains to be determined.

PMID- 2924512
TI  - Relationship between leucocyte sodium content and high blood pressure during
      development and resolution of pre-eclampsia.
AB  - 1. One hundred and five primigravidae were followed sequentially at 4-weekly
      intervals starting at gestational week 31. They were seen again at 6 weeks post
      partum. 2. At each visit measurements were made of blood pressure as well as of
      leucocyte and erythrocyte sodium and potassium content. 3. Eighty-five subjects
      completed the study. Seven developed pre-eclampsia. 4. In both controls and
      patients who developed pre-eclampsia, leucocyte and erythrocyte sodium content
      increased with gestational age and fell post partum. These changes were of
      greater magnitude in the patients with pre-eclampsia. Cell potassium fell in both
      groups, but to a greater extent in patients with pre-eclampsia. 5. These changes
      in cell sodium paralleled those in blood pressure in both groups. 6. These data
      suggest that the excessive blood pressure changes in pre-eclampsia might be
      related to similar changes in cell sodium content.

PMID- 2924513
TI  - Extrarenal potassium adaptation: the role of aldosterone.
AB  - 1. Prior adaptation to a high potassium (HK) diet reduces the increment in plasma
      potassium after nephrectomy and acute potassium loading. Previous work has
      suggested that this 'extrarenal potassium adaptation' is due to direct
      stimulation of cellular potassium uptake by chronic hyperaldosteronism. 2. In
      contrast, we have shown that when dietary potassium is withdrawn from HK rats,
      large urinary potassium losses persist, resulting in 'paradoxical potassium
      depletion'. This potassium depletion facilitates cellular potassium uptake and
      is, at least in part, responsible for extrarenal potassium adaptation. 3. To try
      to reconcile these observations, we explored further the role of aldosterone in
      extrarenal potassium adaptation. When dietary potassium was withdrawn from
      chronically adrenalectomized HK rats, paradoxical potassium depletion was
      markedly blunted and extrarenal potassium adaptation could not be demonstrated.
      Similarly, urinary potassium losses and potassium depletion were reduced when
      acute adrenalectomy was performed concomitantly with dietary potassium
      withdrawal. 4. We were unable to confirm previous studies showing extrarenal
      potassium adaptation in the absence of potassium depletion. Thus, extrarenal
      potassium adaptation did not occur after pretreatment with chronic high-dose
      mineralocorticoid, after prior adaptation to a sodium-free diet, or after prior
      adaptation to an extremely HK diet in the absence of dietary potassium
      withdrawal. 5. We conclude that chronic hyperaldosteronism is important in
      extrarenal potassium adaptation, but probably not via direct enhancement of
      cellular potassium uptake. Rather, in HK animals, hyperaldosteronism magnifies
      urinary potassium losses during fasting and thus promotes potassium depletion,
      which in turn facilitates the uptake of an acute potassium load.

PMID- 2924514
TI  - Pindolol, not verapamil, in combination with digoxin is the treatment of choice
      in chronic atrial fibrillation.

PMID- 2924515
TI  - Effect of postural change and thermoregulatory stress on the capillary
      microcirculation of the human toe.
AB  - 1. We have applied the technique of television capillary microscopy to make
      direct measurements of nutritional capillary flow in the toe nailfold (i) at
      heart level and (ii) in a near standing position, with the foot 96 cm below heart
      level. By indirect heating we have examined the relationship between posture
      related changes and thermoregulation in the capillary circulation of the toe. 2.
      Capillary blood flow in 14 male subjects with their feet at heart level showed a
      positive correlation with increasing skin temperature. 3. On quiet standing,
      capillary blood flow decreased to 11.3% of supine values, achieved both by a
      reduction in capillary blood velocity and the duration of flow. 4. Indirect
      heating of the trunk led to a partial release of sympathetic tone and induced a
      significant increase in capillary blood flow in both the supine and dependent
      positions. However during heating, the percentage fall in capillary blood flow
      associated with dependency remained unchanged. 5. In conclusion, it appears that
      in the dependent foot, compensatory mechanisms exist to limit nutritional
      capillary blood flow by regulating both erythrocyte velocity and the duration of
      flow. These mechanisms fulfil a physiological requirement to limit the rate of
      oedema formation. The preservation of this response during the partial
      sympathetic release induced by indirect heating suggests a mechanism independent
      of that controlling flow through arteriovenous shunts. Our results are compatible
      with the hypothesis that a local vasoconstrictor mechanism is operative in the
      vascular resistance elements in closest relation with the capillary bed, and
      distal to that regulating arteriovenous shunt flow.

PMID- 2924516
TI  - Ascorbic acid: a factor concentrated in human gastric juice.
AB  - 1. Concentrations of ascorbic acid (ascorbic and dehydro-ascorbic; A + D;
      measured by the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine method) of nearly three times those of
      plasma are present in gastric juice samples from patients with normal gastric
      histology. 2. A significant reduction in gastric juice ascorbic acid (A + D) was
      observed in patients with chronic gastritis. This reduction in concentration was
      independent of the grade of gastritis. 3. Concentrations of ascorbic acid (A + D)
      in gastric biopsy specimens were consistently higher in the antrum than in the
      body of the stomach. 4. These data demonstrate that considerable quantities of
      ascorbic acid (A + D) are normally 'secreted' into the stomach. 5. Ascorbic acid
      (ascorbic only; A; measured by h.p.l.c.) was present predominantly in its
      biologically active form in the patients with normal gastric histology. However,
      in patients with gastritis, independent of grade, ascorbic acid was present
      predominantly in its oxidized, biologically inactive form.

PMID- 2924517
TI  - Effect of aminophylline on plasma and urinary catecholamine levels during heavy
      leg exercise in healthy young men.
AB  - 1. Methylxanthines have been shown to elevate the basal plasma level and/or
      urinary excretion of noradrenaline (NA) and adrenaline (ADR) in healthy subjects.
      The present study addressed the hypothesis that the methylxanthine aminophylline
      also augments plasma and urinary catecholamines during increased sympathoadrenal
      activity. 2. Eleven healthy young men performed a maximal 2 h bicycle exercise
      twice, after double-blind intravenous administration of placebo or aminophylline.
      Femoral venous plasma and urinary concentrations of NA and ADR were analysed in
      samples representing basal state, exercise and recovery, using liquid
      chromatography with electrochemical detection. 3. Leg exercise induced eight- and
      six-fold increases in the plasma concentrations of NA and ADR, respectively, and
      seven- and four-fold increases in the urinary concentrations of NA and ADR,
      respectively, indicating that sympathoadrenal activity was considerably elevated.
      4. After aminophylline (mean plasma concentration 20-35 mumol/l), the plasma
      concentrations of NA (P less than 0.001) and ADR (P less than 0.05) were
      independently higher at rest, during exercise and during recovery, in comparison
      to after placebo; the mean exercise plasma level of NA was increased by the drug
      from 13 +/- 1 to 21 +/- 2 nmol/l and the corresponding level of ADR from 2.1 +/-
      0.4 to 2.9 +/- 0.5 nmol/l. Also urinary NA (P less than 0.01) and ADR (P less
      than 0.05) were elevated by aminophylline; the exercise concentrations of NA in
      the urine were 75 +/- 8 and 97 +/- 10 mumol/mol of creatinine after placebo and
      aminophylline, respectively, and the corresponding levels of ADR were 12 +/- 3
      and 16 +/- 3 mumol/mol of creatinine, respectively.

PMID- 2924518
TI  - Anaemia and reduced exercise capacity in patients on chronic haemodialysis.
AB  - 1. In order to evaluate the influence of varying degrees of anaemia on exercise
      capacity and haemodynamic parameters, 13 patients on chronic intermittent
      haemodialysis with haemoglobin levels between 5.1 and 12.2 g/100 ml were
      subjected to an exhaustive exercise test. Measurements during bicycle ergometry
      consisted of O2 uptake at the anaerobic threshold and of maximum O2 uptake.
      Resting haemodynamic parameters such as cardiac index, heart rate, stroke volume
      index and blood pressure were assessed non-invasively in the 13 patients
      undergoing exercise and in an additional three patients. 2. O2 uptake at the
      anaerobic threshold as well as maximum peripheral O2 uptake were severely
      impaired and were positively correlated with haemoglobin concentration. The
      strongest correlation was found between the impairment of O2 uptake at maximum
      workload, as assessed by maximum O2 uptake/predicted maximum O2 uptake, and
      haemoglobin concentration. Haemodynamic alterations in the resting state
      consisted of a cardiac index in the upper normal range and did not correlate with
      the haemoglobin concentration. 3. We conclude from our study that exercise
      capacity in patients on chronic intermittent haemodialysis is severely impaired
      and that the impairment of aerobic and anaerobic capacity is significantly
      correlated with the severity of renal anaemia.

PMID- 2924519
TI  - A comparison of the visual analogue scale and modified Borg scale for the
      measurement of dyspnoea during exercise.
AB  - 1. The intensity of breathlessness during exercise was measured in ten normal
      subjects using a visual analogue scale (VAS) and a Borg scale to compare the use
      of the scales and their repeatability, both within the duration of a period of
      exercise and between tests. For each scale, subjects performed two exercise tests
      separated by a period of 2-6 weeks. Each exercise test consisted of two cycles of
      progressively increasing and decreasing workload. 2. All subjects felt
      confidently able to use both scales to quantify their feelings of breathlessness
      exclusively of other sensation. Equal preference was expressed for use of a
      particular scale. 3. With both scales there was a large intersubject variation in
      the relationship between dyspnoea score and minute ventilation (VE) (P less than
      0.01), and in the range of the scale used. 4. There was a good correlation
      between the VAS and Borg scores at each level of VE (r2 = 0.71), but the VAS
      score was used over a wider range than the Borg score. 5. The relationship
      between VE and the dyspnoea score measured by the two techniques was
      predominantly linear. The mean r2 for VAS score/VE was 0.68 (SD 0.19) and for
      Borg score/VE the mean r2 was 0.75 (SD 0.13). 6. The relationships VAS score/VE
      and Borg score/VE were unaffected by the direction in which the workload was
      varied (P greater than 0.05). 7. VE, measured at each work rate, did not differ
      between the two cycles (P greater than 0.05) or between the 2 days (P greater
      than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2924520
TI  - Responsiveness of superficial hand veins to adrenergic stimuli in patients with
      cystic fibrosis.
AB  - 1. The basic biochemical defect of cystic fibrosis (CF) remains undetermined, but
      impaired function of the beta-adrenoceptor-mediated adenosine 3':5'-cyclic
      monophosphate (cyclic AMP)-dependent regulatory pathway in secretory cells is
      likely to be involved in the pathophysiology of the disease. 2. We have compared
      responsiveness to beta-adrenergic stimulation in vivo by infusing isoprenaline
      locally into peripheral veins of CF patients and control subjects; the dorsal
      hand vein technique was used to measure the vascular response to isoprenaline. 3.
      CF patients required significantly higher doses of isoprenaline for half-maximal
      dilatation of the preconstricted veins (ED50) than controls (geometric mean: 44.5
      ng/min in CF patients compared with 14.8 ng/min in controls; P less than 0.05).
      Maximal venodilatation was 74 +/- 30% of baseline in CF patients compared with 94
      +/- 50% in controls (NS between groups). 4. The clinical score of CF patients was
      uncorrelated with the ED50 of isoprenaline. Thus the decreased beta-adrenergic
      responsiveness does not seem to be related to the severity of the disease. 5. Our
      results indicate a defect in the cyclic-AMP-dependent pathway in vascular smooth
      muscle cells of CF patients. Whether this is associated with the CF gene defect
      itself requires further study.

PMID- 2924521
TI  - Hypertension and renal dysfunction in primary hyperparathyroidism: effect of
      parathyroidectomy.
AB  - 1. Twenty-four patients with primary hyperparathyroidism were studied before and
      18 restudied 6.5 months (mean) after parathyroidectomy, to investigate the
      pathogenesis of the hypertension which may accompany this condition. Comparison
      was made with age-matched patients with essential hypertension and with
      normotensive control subjects. 2. There was a significant inverse relationship
      between mean arterial pressure and 51Cr-labelled ethylene-diaminetetra-acetate
      (51Cr-EDTA) clearance in patients with hyperparathyroidism both before and after
      parathyroidectomy, but not in patients with essential hypertension. 3. Creatinine
      clearance appeared to overestimate glomerular filtration rate in some patients
      with hyperparathyroidism, falling significantly after surgery while 51Cr-EDTA
      clearance was unchanged. This observation may explain the failure of some
      previous studies to relate hypertension to impairment of renal function. 4.
      Plasma renin activity, plasma aldosterone and whole-body exchangeable sodium did
      not differ between normotensive and hypertensive patients with primary
      hyperparathyroidism and were unchanged after surgery. 5. Parathyroidectomy did
      not result in any change in blood pressure or in glomerular filtration rate
      measured by 51Cr-EDTA clearance.

PMID- 2924522
TI  - Absorption and metabolism of cholesterol in familial hypercholesterolaemia.
AB  - 1. The present study investigated the role of intestinal cholesterol absorption
      in the regulation of cholesterol metabolism and serum lipoprotein levels in 22
      patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia on low to normal
      cholesterol intake. 2. The results showed that the higher the dietary cholesterol
      absorption, the lower was the overall synthesis of cholesterol. Efficient
      cholesterol absorption actually reduced the elimination of cholesterol as faecal
      neutral sterols but not consistently as bile acids. 3. In multifactorial
      analysis, body mass index and dietary plant sterols were negatively associated
      with cholesterol absorption, but were unrelated to cholesterol synthesis. 4.
      Fractional cholesterol absorption was related only to the serum very-low-density
      triacylglycerol level. It was not associated with the total or low-density
      lipoprotein cholesterol levels. On the other hand, cholesterol synthesis was
      significantly associated with the serum concentrations of very-low-density
      lipoprotein and intermediate-density lipoprotein cholesterol and
      triacylglycerols, and with those of low-density lipoprotein triacylglycerols. 5.
      In conclusion, dietary cholesterol absorption is an essential regulator of
      cholesterol homoeostasis in familial hypercholesterolaemia, even in patients on
      low cholesterol intake.

PMID- 2924523
TI  - Renal kallikrein activity in rats developing spontaneous hypertension.
AB  - 1. Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) excrete less kallikrein in urine than
      Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) during the developmental phase of hypertension. The
      present study was designed to examine whether the urinary defect is related to
      abnormalities in the renal kallikrein content in this hypertensive model. 2.
      Active and total kallikrein were measured (amidolytic assay) in the renal cortex
      of newborn and 4-, 8- and 12-week-old SHR and age-matched WKY. Active and total
      kallikrein were also measured in urine at the same ages, except at birth. 3.
      Tissue active kallikrein was significantly lower in SHR at birth, representing on
      average 53% of the values in WKY expressed as content per total cortex weight.
      Tissue total kallikrein did not differ between newborn SHR and WKY. 4. SHR at 4,
      8 and 12 weeks of age had lower urinary active and total kallikrein excretion.
      Tissue active akllikrein, but not total kallikrein, was higher than in age
      matched WKY per g of cortex weight or per mg of protein, whereas both tissue
      active and total kallikrein were lower in SHR when expressed as content per total
      cortex weight. At these three ages, active kallikrein represented, on average
      86%, while total kallikrein represented 77%, of the values in age-matched WKY. 5.
      Our results indicate a defect in prokallikrein activation rather than in
      kallikrein synthesis in the renal cortex of SHR at birth. The reduction in
      urinary kallikrein excretion during the developmental phase of hypertension in
      young SHR is similar to the reduction observed in the renal tissue.

PMID- 2924524
TI  - Altered interactions between glycogenesis and lipid synthesis after liver
      resection: specific effects of liver regeneration, coupled with non-specific
      effects of surgery.
AB  - 1. This work investigated the relationship between glycogenesis and lipid
      synthesis during liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in the rat. 2.
      Rates of lipid synthesis were increased during the first 2 post-operative days;
      these elevated rates were unaffected by starvation. By contrast, glycogen
      concentration were decreased even after 8 post-operative days, by which time
      liver mass had been restored and concentrations were sensitive to nutritional
      status. 3. The results of experiments involving the intragastric or
      intraperitoneal administration of glucose indicated that increased lipid
      synthesis was unlikely to be a consequence of decreased glycogenesis, but that
      depletion of liver glycogen might be linked both to liver cell division and, in
      the longer term, surgical stress.

PMID- 2924525
TI  - Different cation transport inhibitor in malignant renal hypertension and in
      uraemia.
AB  - 1. We investigated whether the previously reported circulating frusemide-like
      factor in rats with malignant renal hypertension was specific to this syndrome,
      or was also present in rats with chronic uraemia. 86Rb uptake (K+ transport) of
      monolayers of vascular smooth muscle cells was measured in the plasma of rats
      with malignant one-kidney, one-clip hypertension and of uraemic rats (60-70%
      nephrectomy). 2. Compared with control plasma, ouabain-insensitive 86Rb uptake of
      cells was reduced and ouabain-sensitive 86Rb uptake was unchanged in the plasma
      of rats with malignant hypertension. The reverse was found in the plasma of
      uraemic rats. 3. Inhibition of ouabain-sensitive 86Rb uptake of cells occurred in
      the plasma of rats with malignant hypertension when an angiotensin II antagonist
      was added to the reaction mixture. 4. The findings confirm the presence of a
      frusemide-like plasma factor in malignant hypertension and a ouabain-like plasma
      factor in uraemic. The presence of a ouabain-like plasma factor in malignant
      hypertension is camouflaged by an elevated circulating angiotensin II level,
      which stimulates K+ transport.

PMID- 2924526
TI  - Sodium and lithium handling in the isolated hypertensive rat kidney.
AB  - 1. Isolated kidneys taken from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and
      normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) were perfused over a range of perfusion
      pressures. 2. Lithium clearance was used as an index of proximal tubule sodium
      handling. 3. When the perfusate contained an oncotic agent (albumin, 6.7 g/dl)
      the SHR kidneys performed differently from the WKY kidneys with a reduction in
      inulin clearance, sodium excretion, fractional sodium excretion and fractional
      lithium excretion [at 105 mmHg (14 kPa) perfusion pressure, SHR 6.0 +/- 1.1% vs
      WKY 12.6 +/- 2.4% (mean +/- SEM); at 150 mmHg (20 kPa), SHR 17.1 +/- 1.6% vs WKY
      27.0 +/- 2.3%]. Calculated indices of distal tubular function showed no major
      differences between SHR and WKY. 4. When kidneys were perfused without oncotic
      agent in the perfusate the differences between SHR and WKY in tubular handling of
      sodium and lithium were largely abolished. 5. These findings are consistent with
      the hypothesis that increased sodium reabsorption occurs in the proximal tubules
      of the kidneys of SHR and suggest that this is an intrinsic property of the
      kidney, not immediately dependent on neural or humoral factors. Increased sodium
      reabsorption in the proximal tubule may contribute significantly to the existence
      of hypertension in the SHR.

PMID- 2924527
TI  - A preventive law plan for the Colorado AIDS Control Law.

PMID- 2924528
TI  - Cholesterol screening.

PMID- 2924529
TI  - Numerical competence in a chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes).
AB  - A chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), trained to count foods and objects by using
      Arabic numbers, demonstrated the ability to sum arrays of 0-4 food items placed
      in 2 of 3 possible sites. To address representational use of numbers, we next
      baited sites with Arabic numbers as stimuli. In both cases performance was
      significantly above chance from the first sessions, which suggests that without
      explicit training in combining arrays, the animal was able to select the correct
      arithmetic sum for arrays of foods or Arabic numbers under novel test conditions.
      These findings demonstrate that counting strategies and the representational use
      of numbers lie within the cognitive domain of the chimpanzee and compare
      favorably with the spontaneous use of addition algorithms demonstrated in
      preschool children.

PMID- 2924530
TI  - Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), video tasks, and implications for stimulus
      response spatial contiguity.
AB  - Recent reports (Iwai, Yaginuma, & Mishkin, 1986; Yaginuma & Iwai, 1986) have
      supported the earlier conclusion by Meyer, Treichler, and Meyer (1965) and by
      Stollnitz (1965) that the efficiency of primate learning is compromised to the
      degree that there is spatial discontiguity between discriminanda and the locus of
      response. The research reported in this article calls for a reconsideration of
      this conclusion. Two rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) easily mastered precise
      control of a joystick to respond to a variety of computer-generated targets
      despite the fact that the joystick was located 9 to 18 cm from the video screen.
      We hold that stimulus-response contiguity is a significant parameter of learning
      only to the degree that the monkey visually attends to the directional movements
      of its hand in order to displace discriminanda as in the Wisconsin General Test
      Apparatus. If, instead, attention is focused on the effects of the hand's
      movement rather than on the hand itself, stimulus-response contiguity is no
      longer a primary parameter of learning. The implications of this work for mirror
      guided studies are discussed.

PMID- 2924531
TI  - Antipredator defensive behaviors in a visible burrow system.
AB  - Analyzed defensive behaviors in a seminatural setting through videorecordings of
      groups of 4 male and 4 female rats. Before cat exposure dominant males showed
      more offensive behavior, eating, drinking, and use of the open area than
      subordinates. Presentation of a cat in the open area produced changes in four
      subpatterns of defense over a 24-hr period: withdrawal; immobility and movement
      constraint; risk assessment; and suppression of nondefensive behaviors. All Ss
      showed pronounced and consistent changes in each of these patterns, but dominant
      males alone showed increased risk assessment-related corner runs. These results
      provide an extensive description of rat defensive behaviors in a seminatural and
      relatively unstructured situation and suggest that the anxiety process is
      initially associated with withdrawal and movement arrest, giving way to a crucial
      and long-lasting risk-assessment stage that provides information leading to
      either further defensiveness or a return to nondefensive behaviors. This analysis
      suggests new models for the study of anxiety.

PMID- 2924532
TI  - Litter gender composition affects maternal behavior of the primiparous mouse dam
      (Mus musculus).
AB  - Thirty-nine litters of the outbred Swiss CD-1 mouse strain were reduced at birth
      to 6 pups, according to three conditions: MM (all males), MF (3 males and 3
      females), or FF (all females). The maternal behavior of their respective dams
      (frequency and duration of nursing, licking, nest-building, and other activities
      such as eating, drinking, sniffing, grooming, and undirected locomotor activity)
      were scored during a single 10-min session on Days 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, and 18.
      Dams rearing MM litters showed higher scores of maternal care on Days 2 and 18 in
      the case of nursing, on Days 2, 7, and 10 in the case of nest-building, and on
      Day 18 in the case of licking. These results confirm previous rat data, which
      indicated that male and female pups are exposed early in infancy to a different
      pattern of maternal behavior. Concomitant measurements of pup development (body
      weight gain and achievement of a number of physiological and neurobehavioral
      landmarks) indicated that these effects of litter gender composition are not
      mediated by gross changes in the maturational trends of the pups.

PMID- 2924533
TI  - Note on hand use in the manipulation of joysticks by rhesus monkeys (Macaca
      mulatta) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes).
AB  - In a recent article MacNeilage, Studdert-Kennedy, and Lindblom (1987) proposed
      that nonhuman primate handedness may be contingent on the specific task
      requirements with visual-spatial tasks yielding left-hand preferences and fine
      motor tasks producing right-hand preferences. This study reports hand preferences
      in the manipulation of joysticks by 2 rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) and 3
      chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Reach data were also collected on these same
      subjects and served as a basis for comparison with preference data for
      manipulation of the joystick. The data indicated that all 5 subjects demonstrated
      significant right-hand preferences in manipulating the joystick. In contrast, no
      significant hand preferences were found for the reach data. Reaction time data
      also indicated that the right hand could perform a perceptual-motor task better
      than the left hand in all 5 subjects. Overall, the data indicate that reach tasks
      may not be sensitive enough measures to produce reliable hand preferences,
      whereas tasks that assess fine motor control produce significant hand
      preferences.

PMID- 2924534
TI  - Protein kinase C from sea urchin eggs.
AB  - 1. Protein kinase C is considered to be ubiquitous in tissues and organs;
      however, its isolation and characterization have been principally with adult
      mammalian tissues. 2. There is increasing evidence for the importance of this
      enzyme during early development. 3. In this study, protein kinase C has been
      identified and partially characterized in cytosolic fraction from sea urchin
      eggs. 4. The enzyme was resolved from other protein kinase activities by ion
      exchange chromatography. 5. Phosphatidylserine and Ca2+ were required for protein
      kinase C to be active. 6. Diacylglycerol and phorbol ester enhanced the
      activation of the enzyme.

PMID- 2924535
TI  - Purification and characterization of a galactose-binding lectin from the skin
      mucus of the conger eel Conger myriaster.
AB  - 1. A galactose-binding lectin was purified from the skin mucus of the conger eel
      Conger myriaster by affinity chromatography and HPLC. 2. The lectin was a simple
      protein having the same two subunits with a mol. wt of 12,500 and a N-terminal
      amino acid of phenylalanine. 3. Electrofocusing suggested that the purified
      lectin was composed of several isolectins. 4. From the ultraviolet difference
      spectra attributable to tryptophanyl residues in the binding site, the binding
      constant of the lectin for D-galactose was estimated to be 5.3 x 10(3)/M.

PMID- 2924536
TI  - Distribution of fatty acid binding proteins in tissues and plasma of Gallus
      domesticus.
AB  - 1. Fatty acid binding activity associated with a 14,000-15,000 mol. wt protein
      was observed in the cytosolic fraction of liver, duodenum, myocardium, adipose,
      pectoral and gastrocnemius muscles of chickens. 2. Polyclonal antisera prepared
      against chicken liver fatty acid binding protein affinity for only liver FABP and
      a 14,000 mol. wt fatty acid binding protein in the intestine. 3. A fatty acid
      binding protein was not detected in chicken plasma.

PMID- 2924537
TI  - Porphobilinogenase from Rhodopseudomonas palustris.
AB  - 1. Porphobilinogenase (PBGase) from Rp. palustris has been isolated and some
      properties of a partially purified fraction were studied. 2. PBGase has an
      optimum pH of 7.4 when activity was expressed in terms of porphyrins formed and
      two pH maxima at 7.4 and 8.5 when activity was based on the amount of PBG
      consumed. 3. Cyclotetramerization rate and distribution of reaction products were
      not affected either by the presence or absence of oxygen. 4. Two PBGase active
      species of mol. wt 115,000 and 50,000 were found, by means of gel filtration
      through a calibrated Sephadex G-100 column. 5. Kinetic data show the existence of
      positive cooperative effects for porphyrin formation, while a hyperbolic
      behaviour for PBG consumption was observed.

PMID- 2924538
TI  - Blood glucose partition and levels of glycolytic enzymes in erythrocytes and
      somatic tissues of penguins.
AB  - 1. A comparative study was carried out on blood glucose partition and glucose
      metabolism of penguin erythrocytes and somatic tissues. Pygoscelidae penguins
      (Pygoscelis antarctica and P. papua) were used in these experiments. 2. Blood
      glucose partition was established by assaying whole blood and plasma glucose in
      several individuals of the gentoo and chinstrap penguins. 3. It was found that
      almost all the whole blood sugar is compartmentalized at the plasma site, the red
      blood cells being ineffective in regard to glucose metabolism. 4. Levels of
      hexokinase, phosphoglucose isomerase, phosphofructokinase, fructose bisphosphate
      aldolase, glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphoglycerate kinase,
      phosphopyruvate hydratase (enolase), pyruvate kinase, alpha-glycerolphosphate
      dehydrogenase and fructose bisphosphate phosphatase were estimated in the
      erythrocytes of both gentoo and chinstrap penguins, the same determinations being
      carried out also on the somatic tissues (leg muscle, breast muscle, heart muscle,
      liver and brain) of the gentoo.

PMID- 2924539
TI  - Fatty chain composition of phospholipids in sea urchin spermatozoa.
AB  - 1. An analysis was made of lipids extracted from the spermatozoa of the sea
      urchins, Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus and Anthocidaris crassispina. 2. Nearly all
      the lipids from both species consisted of phospholipids (about 80%) and
      cholesterol (about 14%). Triglyceride and cholesterol ester were present in trace
      amounts. 3. The fatty acid composition of each phospholipid was determined by gas
      liquid chromatography. In both species, the fatty acid consisting of
      phosphatidylethanolamine was of the unsaturated type for the most part, while
      cardiolipin was comprised to a considerable degree of saturated fatty acids. In
      phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine from H. pulcherrimus sperm,
      unsaturated fatty acid content was somewhat higher than that in phospholipids
      from A. crassispina sperm.

PMID- 2924540
TI  - Semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase activity in catfish tissues.
AB  - 1. Semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase activity was found in five tissues of
      the siluroid catfish, Parasilurus asotus, using benzylamine as substrate. It was
      highest in the intestine, followed by the liver and skin. 2. The apparent Km
      value and optimal pH for benzylamine in the intestine were 49.8 microns and 8.8,
      respectively. 3. Substrate specificity of the enzyme was tested in the intestine
      and the highest activity was found with beta-phenylethylamine, followed by
      tryptamine and benzylamine.

PMID- 2924541
TI  - A simple method for measuring immunoglobulin synthesis in vivo in the spleen of
      chicks (Gallus domesticus).
AB  - 1. Spleen immunoglobulin (IgG) synthesis was measured in vivo in chicks at 3
      weeks of age by a large dose injection of labelled phenylalanine in combination
      with the isolation of IgG by immunological precipitation against anti-chicken
      IgG. 2. No appreciable amount of radioactivity was detected in serum IgG for the
      first 60 min of the isotope injection via the wing vein, indicating a minimum
      time lag necessary for the secretion of newly synthesized IgG into the
      circulation. 3. Synthesis rates of total spleen protein and spleen IgG were found
      to be 17.5 and 4.8 mg/day, respectively, suggesting that IgG synthesis would
      contribute to 27% of the total protein synthesis in the spleen of young chicks.

PMID- 2924542
TI  - Classical bile acids in animals, beta-phocaecholic acid in ducks.
AB  - 1. Bile samples of different animals were analysed and the percentage content of
      classical bile acids was determined. 2. Herbivorous birds mostly excreted a large
      proportion of chenodeoxycholic acid. 3. The anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla)
      excreted deoxycholic acid most probably as a primary bile acid. 4. In the bile of
      ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) a large amount of (23R)3 alpha, 7 alpha, 23-trihydroxy
      5 beta-cholan-24-oic acid (beta-phocaecholic acid) was found.

PMID- 2924543
TI  - Electrophoretic transferrin variation in fur seals (Arctocephalus spp.) at Marion
      Island.
AB  - 1. Variation in transferrin types were investigated in sympatric populations of
      two fur seal species which are undergoing limited hybridization at Marion Island.
      2. Vertical polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of serum was performed to
      demonstrate the transferrin types. 3. The two species appear fixed for
      alternative alleles: A. tropicalis being homozygous for the fast allele, and A.
      gazella (with one exception) being homozygous for the slow allele, indicating low
      gene flow between these two species. The single hybrid tested was homozygous for
      the slow allele. 4. The use of electrophoretically determined transferrin
      variation holds promise for the investigation of these and other sympatric fur
      seal populations.

PMID- 2924544
TI  - Adenylate energy charge and hemoglobin function in developing mouse embryos.
AB  - 1. Adenylate energy charge (EC) was measured in mouse embryos and showed a
      significant rise from 0.79 at day 11 of gestation to 0.87 at day 15 (P less than
      0.05). 2. The low value of EC between days 11 and 13 corresponds with the
      predominance of the embryonic hemoglobin fraction E-I which has high affinity and
      poor cooperativity. 3. The highest value of EC corresponds with the predominance
      of adult hemoglobin which has lower affinity and cooperative oxygen binding. 4.
      Weight-specific oxygen uptake rates of isolated embryos decreases with weight
      gain and it is suggested that the energy charge is a manifestation of metabolic
      regulatory processes which sustain embryonic growth.

PMID- 2924545
TI  - Molecular forms of acetylcholinesterase from the skeletal muscle of the ammocoete
      of the lamprey Petromyzon marinus.
AB  - 1. We have studied the cholinesterase activity from the skeletal muscle of the
      ammocoete of the lamprey Petromyzon marinus. 2. On the basis of pharmacologic and
      kinetic criteria, we conclude that the enzyme is true acetylcholinesterase, not
      pseudocholinesterase. 3. The acetylcholinesterase was found to be present in both
      globular and asymmetric forms. 4. In contrast to muscle of adult spawning
      lamprey, where globular esterase is almost exclusively G4, we found that muscle
      from ammocoete also contains significant amounts of G1 and G2. 5. This difference
      may be related to the physiological states of the lamprey during the various
      stages of its life cycle.

PMID- 2924546
TI  - The isozymes of lactate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase and glucosephosphate
      isomerase in Italian ictalurids.
AB  - 1. The isozymes of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and
      glucose-phosphate isomerase (GPI) of three species of Italian ictalurids:
      Ictalurus sp., I. nebulosus marmoratus, and I. punctatus, were analyzed. 2.
      Isoelectric focusing (IEF) was applied to polyacrylamide gel plates, and the
      isozymes revealed by means of specific histochemical staining. 3. Species
      specific monomorphic patterns were found for LDH. 4. In contrast, MDH and GPI
      have the same patterns in I. sp. and I. nebulosus marmoratus and different
      patterns in I. punctatus. 5. Comparison of the isozymatic patterns of the three
      species clearly showed the close relationship between I. sp. and I. nebulosus
      marmoratus and the relative taxonomic distance of I. punctatus, and thus the
      early detachment of this last species from a presumptive common ancestral
      lineage.

PMID- 2924547
TI  - Enzymatic properties of fish muscle aldolase.
AB  - 1. Aldolases were isolated from the ordinary muscle of red sea bream Pagrus
      major, Pacific mackerel Scomber japonicus, and carp Cyprinus carpio by ammonium
      sulfate fractionation, followed by ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose
      and CM-Sepharose CL-6B columns, and examined for enzymatic properties. 2. The
      aldolases showed the highest activity in a pH range from 6.8-7.8 Km values for
      fructose-1,6-bisphosphate ranged from 0.025-0.10 mM. 3. Irrespective of fish
      species, aldolase activity was inhibited by ATP, ADP, and AMP. ATP showed the
      strongest inhibition and was competitive with fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. 4. The
      aldolases did not require divalent metal ions for activation and were completely
      inhibited at 0.1 mM Cu2+. 5. Thermal inactivation of the enzymes was of the first
      order reaction. Red sea bream, Pacific mackerel and carp enzymes lost the
      activity by 50% when incubated at 50 degrees C for 8, 14 and 23 min,
      respectively.

PMID- 2924548
TI  - Computer-controlled large-animal pulmonary function system.
AB  - Breath by breath determination of lung volume and specific lung conductance is
      challenging, yet desirable particularly when rapid changes in lung function
      accompany abrupt changes in lung volume. We have developed a large-animal
      pulmonary function data acquisition system using two personal computers with
      custom-made software which continuously tracks breath by breath changes in
      pulmonary function and lung volume. Accurate measurement of respiratory flow
      signals is accomplished by collecting separate pneumotachometer-derived
      expiratory and inspiratory flow signals, correcting them to standard temperature
      pressure dry (STPD) and summing them into a single flow data array. Calibration
      of inspiratory and expiratory flow is software corrected by comparison of the
      integrated flow signals with a sinusoidal pump system. Data are collected
      continuously for up to 120 min at 100 Hz/channel. Subroutines which configure the
      system to perform functional residual capacity, dosimetry and partial expiratory
      flow-volume maneuvers are user selected at any time during data collection.

PMID- 2924549
TI  - A real-time system for the spectral analysis of the EEG.
AB  - We have developed an inexpensive and portable system for processing multiple
      channels of electroencephalograms (EEG) in real-time to assist the
      electroencephalographer in identifying subtle changes in these data, particularly
      in the interpretation of long records. Up to 16 channels of data are spectrally
      decomposed with a selection of bandwidth, windows, scaling methods, epoch
      averaging, and smoothing options available. The resulting power spectral estimate
      may be displayed or printed in a variety of formats, including color encoding of
      selectable spectral bands. Both the sampled EEG and its spectra may be stored for
      off-line reprocessing, for archiving, or for statistical analysis in the time or
      frequency domains.

PMID- 2924550
TI  - Computer-assisted predictive mathematical relationship among electroshock voltage
      and duration and occurrence of convulsion in mice.
AB  - A microcomputer program in BASIC for predicting percentage of occurrence of
      electroshock-induced convulsion in mice was designed. A formula published by the
      author to express the mathematical relationship among the drug dose, the time,
      and the biological response was used in this program. Analysis of the actual, and
      the computer-assisted predicted percentages of occurrence of convulsion has shown
      that the program is fairly accurate in expressing convulsion response of mice as
      a function of the voltage and the duration.

PMID- 2924551
TI  - Development of personal computer software for a visual electrophysiology
      laboratory.
AB  - This paper describes the software developed by the authors in order to introduce
      the flexibility and computing power of a modern personal computer in an existing
      visual electrophysiology laboratory. The basic problems that a programmer must
      solve in order to implement the main tasks requested are discussed. Such problems
      include signal acquisition, signal averaging, artifact rejection, time domain
      analysis, frequency domain analysis and data management. The software developed
      following our guidelines makes it possible for a personal computer equipped with
      a commercial analog-to-digital converter to interface directly with the
      physiologic amplifiers and visual stimulators commonly used either for classical
      electroretinography or for pattern and focal electroretinography.

PMID- 2924552
TI  - A computer program for summarizing scatter plots with robust ellipses.
AB  - This paper describes a program for summarizing scatter plots with robust
      ellipses. The program is written in BASIC and is designed for interactive use on
      a microcomputer graphics terminal to enable quick redesigns of the graph.

PMID- 2924553
TI  - Data processing software for electrophysiological visual exploration.
AB  - The software we have developed originated after careful study of a routine
      functional visual processing session. It has three objectives: (i) to have
      available a large library of data processing programs; (ii) to add to these
      electrophysiological results, automatically transferred into a file, a clinical
      record card, creating a personalized file for study of visual characteristics of
      each patient; (iii) to allow programs providing statistical studies, creation of
      groups based on the same clinical features and various comparisons between files
      or groups. The database now contains 5000 different files and the results of its
      use are very encouraging. Some results are presented, especially those of a study
      on multiple sclerosis. The goal of the operation is the creation, in the future,
      of an expert system.

PMID- 2924554
TI  - PC-based system for classifying dysmorphic syndromes in children.
AB  - A system is described running on any IBM-compatible personal computer operating
      under MS-DOS which permits an expert in pediatric dysmorphology to formulate
      dysmorphic features and syndromes in a knowledge base, and a user to enter,
      analyze, store and retrieve case data. For each case, the system calculates the
      Bayesian probability of the presence of each syndrome in the knowledge base and
      lists as the differential diagnosis those syndrome whose probability exceeds 90%.
      For explanatory purposes, the syndrome definitions can be displayed and compared
      to the case data. The system has been tested and used in the Department of
      Clinical Genetics at Uppsala University Hospital. The current scope of the
      system's knowledge was found to be of valuable assistance to the pediatric
      practitioner but it must be expanded and refined for use by a clinical
      geneticist. This study has shown the validity of the system's design and
      structure and further work is under way to extend its knowledge capability.

PMID- 2924555
TI  - A microcomputer program to calculate elemental analysis of peptides.
AB  - A BASIC program is presented that calculates the elemental analysis of peptides
      given their primary sequence. This program is aimed to help synthetic chemists in
      the characterization of their products. The program runs on any IBM-compatible
      computer with the MS-DOS operating system, version 2.0 or greater, and the
      results are printable on any connected printer.

PMID- 2924556
TI  - A computer program for drawing structure formulas of the hormonal steroids used
      most frequently in endocrinology.
AB  - A BASIC program has been developed for plotting planar structure formulas of
      steroid hormones. The structure formulas can be designed either by selecting
      distinct root-molecule shapes for further figuration of the wanted formula, i.e.
      androstane, 4-androstene, estrogen, cholestane, pregnane or 4-pregnene
      structures, or by editing detailed information concerning the molecule to be
      designed, starting with the number of carbon atoms, etc. The position of hydroxy
      and/or keto groups, as well as some stereochemical details, are also freely
      selectable according to the systematic steroid name. Graphs are displayed on the
      screen and can be printed. The program is supported by most of the conventional
      BASIC versions running on personal computers with graphic abilities, since
      graphic symbols are predominantly used for drawing the structure formulas instead
      of lettering the symbols.

PMID- 2924557
TI  - A BASIC program for randomizing and balancing the order of interventions in
      crossover studies.

PMID- 2924558
TI  - Thermodynamic network modelling of transfer across the perfused guinea-pig
      placenta, using SPICE.
AB  - The response of the dually perfused guinea pig placenta to bolus inputs of the
      marker substances 125I-albumin and tritiated water is used to model vascular
      placental topology and membrane characteristics. This is accomplished by
      generating a thermodynamic network containing ten adjustable variables describing
      flow and transfer quantitatively. After translation of the network into an
      electronic circuit the parameter values are determined with the use of the SPICE
      program. The results are then used to estimate unknown physiological variables
      like shunted flow, membrane permeabilities, etc. This model has potential
      usefulness in the study of those areas of placental physiology in which transient
      analysis is required.

PMID- 2924559
TI  - BIOLAB--a computerized on-line system for physiological measurements in
      experimental animals.
AB  - An on-line system for the acquisition and analysis of physiological signals
      measured in experimental animals is described. The modular design makes it
      flexible and easily adaptable to various kinds of physiological measurements.
      Currently, the system includes support for hemodynamic and cardiac
      electrophysiological studies. The system is designed for intermittent recordings
      initiated either manually by the operator or automatically. The distributed
      computer system consists of three parts: the data acquisition subsystem, the on
      line analysis subsystem, and the final data processing subsystem. The
      communication between the subsystem utilizes an Ethernet local area network, and
      the analysis and plot programs include support for RS/1 tables and graphs.

PMID- 2924560
TI  - Hash function performance on different biological databases.
AB  - Open hashing is used to demonstrate the effectiveness of several hashing
      functions for the uniform distribution of biological records. The three types of
      database tested include (1) genetic nomenclature, mutation sites and strain
      names, (2) surnames extracted from literature files and (3) a set of 1000 numeric
      ASCII strings. Several hash functions (hashpjw, hashcrc and hashquad) showed
      considerable versatility on all data sets examined while two hash functions,
      hashsum and hashsmc, performed poorly, on the same databases.

PMID- 2924561
TI  - Assessing the evolution of the evoked potential average: a new color display
      method.
AB  - A new method to control the averaging process and to check the stability of
      evoked potential (EP) components is described. The principle of the method is
      based on the display of the consecutive averages of the EP after each stimulus in
      a color-coded picture. In this way the evolution of the process is visualised
      instead of only the last average. The colors are assigned according to the
      amplitudes. The resulting picture initially consists of erratic colors. However,
      with increasing numbers of stimuli, tracks of one color soon emerge, indicating
      stable components. The number of stimuli necessary to generate a stable peak and
      the duration of stability can easily be quantified. Details with regard to the
      methods of extraction of essential data and data compression to record the
      picture are described. The color display method was evaluated with the analysis
      of 18 somatosensory evoked potentials and 17 visual evoked potentials of controls
      and 33 EPs of 18 patients. It is shown that this method preserves essential
      information about the averaging process: the stability of the EP components can
      be quantified and consequently the optimum number of stimuli to be applied.
      Furthermore, 14 of the 33 patient recordings showed artifacts, which could be
      traced with the average-evolution method, but not from the final average alone.

PMID- 2924562
TI  - Sexual life events and schizophrenia.

PMID- 2924563
TI  - Change in subtype presentation in schizophrenics.

PMID- 2924564
TI  - Childhood experiences of borderline patients.
AB  - The childhood histories of 50 outpatients meeting both Diagnostic Interview for
      Borderlines (DIB) and DSM-III criteria for Borderline Personality Disorder, 29
      outpatients meeting DSM-III criteria for Antisocial Personality Disorder, and 26
      outpatients meeting DSM-III for Dysthymic Disorder as well as DSM-III criteria
      for some other type of Axis II disorder were assessed, blind to proband
      diagnosis, using a semistructured interview. Borderlines were significantly more
      likely than those in either control group to report a history of abuse,
      particularly verbal and sexual abuse. They were also significantly more likely
      than antisocial controls to report a history of neglect, particularly emotional
      withdrawal, and significantly more likely than dysthymic other personality
      disorder controls to report a history of early separation experiences. The
      authors conclude that the development of Borderline Personality Disorder is more
      strongly associated with (1) exposure to chronically disturbed caretakers than
      prolonged separations from these same adults and (2) a history of abuse than a
      history of neglect.

PMID- 2924565
TI  - Mummification and folie a deux.
AB  - Mummification is the preservation of the effects and/or corpse of a loved one.
      Psychiatric literature regarding this condition is reviewed and a case is
      presented in which a mother's paranoid psychosis is discovered following her
      apparent mummification of her son's corpse. In retrospect, it appears that a
      diagnosis of folie a deux pertained to this pair. The authors contend that
      mummification may represent the outcome of a shared delusional system and that
      failure to establish psychiatric diagnoses in those who practice mummification
      has been the result of inherent difficulties in diagnosing paranoid disorders.

PMID- 2924566
TI  - Derealization and panic attacks: a clinical evaluation on 150 patients with panic
      disorder/agoraphobia.
AB  - One hundred fifty patients with Panic Disorder (PD) with or without Phobic
      Avoidance were subdivided into two groups on the basis of presence/absence of
      derealization and/or depersonalization (D-D) during panic attacks. D-D was found
      in 34.7% of the sample. By comparing the two groups, the patients with D-D were
      found to be younger and had an earlier onset of the disorder; they had a higher
      prevalence of avoidance behavior and a higher severity of the agoraphobic
      spectrum phobias. They were also more frequently subject to concomitant disorders
      such as Generalized Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and depressive symptomatology.
      The authors have hypothesized a correlation between the presence of D-D during
      panic attacks and a more frequent clinical evolution toward agoraphobia. This
      view is supported by finding that D-D in panic attacks corresponds to severer
      forms of PD, both in terms of the earlier onset of PD, and because PD shows
      higher levels of anxiety, depression, and disability.

PMID- 2924567
TI  - Selective attention and auditory event-related potentials in somatization
      disorder.
AB  - Janet suggested a disorder of attention was fundamental to hysteria. This idea
      was investigated in this study by examining mismatch negativity (MMN), which
      depends upon a subtraction of cortical potentials evoked by background stimuli
      from those evoked by target stimuli. Ten patients with somatization disorder
      (SMD) were compared with ten normal individuals. MMN was smaller in somatizers,
      particularly at the central recording site. One interpretation of this
      observation is that somatizers respond more similarly than normals to "relevant"
      and "irrelevant" stimuli. This finding of an impairment in attentional processing
      in somatization disorder suggests a subtle neurophysiological disturbance.

PMID- 2924568
TI  - Untangling the web.

PMID- 2924569
TI  - Preventing heartache.

PMID- 2924570
TI  - Mending a broken heart.

PMID- 2924571
TI  - Treating leg ulcers.

PMID- 2924573
TI  - Infant feeding: the food of love.

PMID- 2924572
TI  - One day at a time. Interview by Joanna Trevelyan.

PMID- 2924574
TI  - Prescriptive authority: an update.

PMID- 2924575
TI  - Communication concerns: reality or excuse?

PMID- 2924576
TI  - Retained placenta and mastitis.

PMID- 2924577
TI  - Ganglioneuroma as a cause of small intestinal obstruction in the horse: a case
      report.
AB  - The clinical signs, medical and surgical management, and pathological findings
      are described for a ganglioneuroma, an atypical intestinal tumor, that caused
      colic because of small intestinal obturation.

PMID- 2924578
TI  - Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae bacteremia in a horse.
AB  - Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae serotype 5 was isolated from blood obtained
      antemortem from a horse with presenting problems of laminitis, uveitis, acute
      blindness, localized ventral edema and depression. The patient failed to respond
      to therapy and died 96 hours after the onset of clinical signs. Cultures of the
      lung postmortem yielded Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae serotype 5, Beta-hemolytic
      Streptococcus sp., Escherichia coli, Proteus sp., and Klebsiella sp.

PMID- 2924579
TI  - Treatment of patent urachus associated with a congenital imperforate urethra in a
      calf.
AB  - Patent urachus is a common condition in calves which is frequently associated
      with omphalitis. A membranous urethral diaphragm prevented closure of the urachus
      in a female calf. The patent urachus was complicated by an ascending infection of
      the intraabdominal umbilical remnants. Following surgical removal of the urachus
      and umbilical vessels along with transection of the membranous diaphragm the calf
      experienced an uncomplicated recovery. This case stresses the importance of
      assuring urethral patency when managing a case of patent urachus.

PMID- 2924580
TI  - Effect of experimental synovitis on disposition of penicillin and oxytetracycline
      in neonatal calves.
AB  - The effect of experimental synovitis on the distribution of antibacterial drugs
      into the joint space was studied in 7-day-old calves. Intrasynovial sodium urate
      was used to induce inflammation in the tibio-tarsal joint of calves and
      oxytetracycline (OTC) (11 mg/kg) or sodium penicillin G (PEN) (13.2 mg/kg) was
      administered intravenously 3 hours after synovitis was induced. Oxytetracycline
      and PEN concentrations were measured in serum and synovial fluid and
      pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated. The data indicate that synovitis
      neither enhanced nor impaired the levels of antibiotics achieved in the joint
      fluid. Mean peak concentrations (micrograms/ml) of the drugs in control and
      inflamed joints were, respectively, 8.04 and 8.79 for OTC and 9.35 and 8.92 for
      PEN. Rates of elimination of OTC and PEN were similar in joint fluid and serum;
      t1/2 beta ranged from 11.83-19.81 h for OTC and 0.980-1.125 h for PEN. The
      distribution and elimination of OTC and PEN from serum was described by a two
      compartment model whereas elimination from joint fluid was described using a
      single-exponential model.

PMID- 2924581
TI  - Idiopathic benign lichenoid keratosis on the pinna of the ear in four dogs.
AB  - Histologically, multiple wart-like papules or hyperkeratotic plaques on the ear
      pinnae from 4 dogs were characterized as idiopathic benign lichenoid keratosis.
      Common histologic features included a discrete lesion of irregular and papillated
      epidermal hyperplasia with a moderate diffuse lichenoid interface inflammatory
      infiltrate consisting of lymphocytes and plasma cells. There was also focal
      hydropic degeneration of the epidermal basal cell layer, pigmentary incontinence,
      and mixed orthokeratotic and parakeratotic hyperkeratosis. In all 4 dogs, the
      pinnal lesions were unilateral and asymptomatic. Complete surgical excision was
      curative.

PMID- 2924582
TI  - Occipitoatlantoaxial malformation with duplication of the atlas and axis in a
      half Arabian foal.
AB  - An unusual occipitoatlantoaxial malformation is described in a 2-week-old male
      part Arabian foal that was unable to stand at birth and showed signs of spastic
      tetraparesis due to a cervical spinal cord compression. There were 2 atlases
      present. One was fused to the occipital bones. The other articulated with the
      first atlas and an axis which had a long dens that projected into the vertebral
      canal. Examination of the ossification centers of the axis indicated partial
      duplication of that bone.

PMID- 2924583
TI  - Effects of hypertonic solutions on conjunctival epithelium and mucinlike
      glycoprotein discharge.
AB  - A simple, semiquantitative, histochemical method using periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)
      staining was developed to measure the mucinlike glycoprotein content of bathing
      solutions exposed to rabbit conjunctiva. Rabbit eyes were bathed in vivo in
      solutions of various tonicity (160, 260, 300, 330, and 363 mOsm/L). Eyes bathed
      in hypotonic or isotonic solutions (160, 260, and 300 mOsm/L) exhibited a steady
      state glycoprotein secretion (50-100 micrograms/h). In hypertonic solutions (330
      and 363 mOsm/L), glycoprotein discharge increased to 150-360 micrograms/h when
      the solutions were exchanged hourly for 6 h, but glycoprotein discharge increased
      to a much lower rate (100-167 micrograms/h) after prolonged bathing for 6 h
      without solution exchange. Periodic acid-Schiff--positive glycoprotein aggregates
      were noted more frequently on the filters of hypertonic solutions than on those
      of other tonicity. After eyes were bathed in hypertonic solutions, increased
      disruption of the surface epithelium, increased abnormal discharge of mucin
      granules, and decreased goblet cell density were noted in the biopsied
      conjunctiva. These data suggest that mucinlike glycoprotein secretion from the
      conjunctival goblet cells can be enhanced by the tonicity of the bathing
      solution, and that nonphysiological hypertonic solutions can also affect the
      conjunctival epithelium.

PMID- 2924584
TI  - Specular microscopic studies of the corneal endothelia of Japanese diabetics.
AB  - We did a specular microscopic study with computer-assisted morphometric analysis
      of individual cells on the corneal endothelia of 69 Japanese diabetics and 53 age
      matched nondiabetics. No statistically significant differences were seen in the
      mean cell areas of diabetics and nondiabetics. However, the coefficient of
      variation of cell area was significantly higher and the percentage of hexagonal
      cells was significantly lower in diabetics than in nondiabetics. Although racial
      differences of the corneal endothelia exist between Japanese and Americans,
      diabetic changes are quite similar in the two populations.

PMID- 2924585
TI  - Automated determination of polygonality of corneal endothelial cells.
AB  - We developed a computer program for the image analyzer NEXUS 6400. The program
      enables automated determination of polygonality, especially hexagonality of
      corneal endothelial cells, by counting the number of neighboring cells. The
      results obtained with the method significantly correlated with those determined
      with the digitizer method.

PMID- 2924586
TI  - Lack of toxicity of a topical recombinant interferon alpha.
AB  - We evaluated the potential ocular surface toxicity of a recombinant interferon
      alpha (IFN alpha) preparation on rabbit eyes. Topical application of this
      interferon (1 x 10(6) U/day in each eye) for 6 weeks produced no discernible
      conjunctival or corneal abnormalities on clinical, histopathologic, or
      ultrastructural evaluations. We believe that this recombinant IFN alpha
      preparation is not toxic to the ocular surface of rabbits.

PMID- 2924588
TI  - Society of Critical Care Medicine, eighteenth annual educational and scientific
      symposium. New Orleans, Louisiana, June 5-9, 1989. Abstracts.

PMID- 2924587
TI  - Ligneous conjunctivitis after pingueculae removal in an adult.
AB  - A 45-year-old man who had uneventful excision of bilateral pingueculae developed
      bilateral membranous lesions involving the bulbar conjunctivae and corneas.
      Histologically, the membranes were composed mainly of large fibrinous deposits
      intermixed with acute and chronic inflammatory cells with areas of fibroblastic
      and capillary proliferation resembling granulation tissue. By electronmicroscopy
      the amorphous acidophilic masses were composed of electron-dense, fibrillar
      material with a periodicity of 10-12 mm, which was consistent with fibrin.
      Despite mechanical removal of the membranes, they continued to recur rapidly over
      a period of several months. The lesions apparently responded slowly to topical
      enzymatic therapy that consisted of hyaluronidase (175 U/ml) and alpha
      chymotrypsin (1:5000) drops. Follow-up examination, approximately 1 year after
      surgery, revealed that the patient was asymptomatic. Ocular examination disclosed
      slight persistence of gelatinous membranes on the bulbar conjunctivae, most
      prominent in the left eye.

PMID- 2924589
TI  - Diagnosis and management of complications of percutaneous nephrolithotomy.
AB  - The therapeutic management of the complications of percutaneous nephrolithotomy
      (PNL) depends on the early recognition of these complications. A review of 720
      cases revealed the incidence of significant complications to be less than 4%. An
      algorithm was developed as a guideline for the diagnosis and management of
      complications of PNL. Early complications included transient bleeding (83 cases),
      extravasation of urine (52 cases), significant infection (11 cases [2 with
      septicemia and shock]), and migration of stone fragments into the retroperitoneum
      (7 cases). Nonrenal complications were present in less than 6% of these patients.
      These included pleural effusions or pneumothorax (24 cases) and lung atelectasis
      (19 cases). Late complications were seen in less than 2% of the patients. These
      included stricture of the ureter with obstruction (5 cases), A-V fistula with or
      without pseudoaneurysm (7 cases), and subcapsular hematoma (1 case). Therapeutic
      management included improvement of technique to the use of antibiotics to treat
      infection. The use of proper drainage and the placement of stent or catheter in
      the treatment and prevention of further complications has become an integral part
      of the algorithm for the treatment of complications of PNL. This algorithm
      recommends the proper diagnostic modality for the detection and evaluation of the
      extent of the complication. Once detected, the complications of PNL can be
      minimized with limited permanent changes.

PMID- 2924590
TI  - Roles of unfrozen fraction, salt concentration, and changes in cell volume in the
      survival of frozen human erythrocytes.
AB  - The cause of slow freezing injury and the basis of the protection by solutes like
      glycerol are subjects of debate. During slow freezing, cells are sequestered in
      unfrozen channels between ice crystals that grow by removing pure water from the
      channels. As a consequence, the solute concentration in the channels rises and
      the volume of liquid in the channels progressively decreases. The rise in solute
      concentration, in turn, causes the cells to progressively shrink osmotically.
      Until recently cryobiologists have ascribed slow freezing injury to either the
      rise in solute (electrolyte) concentrations in the channels or to the consequent
      cell shrinkage, rather than to the decrease in the of the channels. Although
      ordinarily reciprocally coupled, it is possible to separate the composition of
      the channels from their size, or more precisely from the magnitude of the
      unfrozen fraction, by suspending cells in NaCl/cryoprotectant solutions in which
      the mole ratio of the two is held constant, but the molality of the NaCl is
      allowed to vary below and above isotonic. When human red cells are frozen in such
      solutions to temperatures that produce given NaCl concentrations (ms), but
      varying unfrozen fractions (U), survival at low U is found to be strongly
      dependent on U but independent of ms. At higher values of U, survival becomes
      inversely dependent on both ms and U. Although cell volume during freezing is
      independent of the NaCl tonicity in the solution, the cells in the several
      solutions differ in volume both prior to the onset of freezing and after the
      completion of thawing. We have now examined and compared the effect of returning
      the thawed cells to isotonic solutions and isotonic volume or nearly so, and find
      that there is little change in survival after exposure to low U, but that
      survival after exposure to high U values exhibits substantially increased
      sensitivity to ms, a sensitivity that is probably a manifestation of
      posthypertonic hemolysis. Low values of U were in general attained by the use of
      solutions with low tonicities of NaCl, and as a consequence cells frozen to low U
      values had larger volumes prior to freezing than cells frozen to higher U values.
      The significance of this confounding is discussed.

PMID- 2924591
TI  - The "unfrozen fraction" hypothesis of freezing injury to human erythrocytes: a
      critical examination of the evidence.
AB  - This paper examines the experimental evidence presented by Mazur and his
      colleagues to support their hypothesis that the survival of slowly frozen human
      red blood cells is primarily dependent on the fraction of water that remains
      unfrozen, rather than on the high concentrations of sodium chloride produced by
      the formation of ice. This hypothesis is in direct conflict with the general
      belief that freezing injury under such conditions is caused by the concentration
      of solutes in the solution surrounding the cells: if the "unfrozen fraction"
      hypothesis is true, then much of the evidence supporting that belief must be
      dismissed as mere coincidence. We have reexamined Mazur's data, and have
      suggested an alternative explanation--that cells which are initially suspended in
      solutions that are not isotonic differ in their susceptibility to subsequent
      freezing and thawing, shrunken cells being more resistant and swollen cells more
      susceptible than normal cells. If this is true then the data can be explained
      without invoking a direct effect of the unfrozen fraction, solely on the basis of
      changes in the concentration of the solution surrounding the cells. We cite other
      experimental evidence, obtained in the absence of freezing, that red blood cells
      do indeed possess the required property. We further argue that the known effects
      of variations in cooling and warming rate, and in hematocrit, are able to account
      for the features observed by Mazur and his colleagues in their three published
      studies.

PMID- 2924592
TI  - Quantitative analysis of the probability of intracellular ice formation during
      freezing of isolated protoplasts.
AB  - (i) A quantitative prediction of the temperature and cooling-rate dependence of
      IIF requires information on the probability distribution for IIF temperature; the
      super-cooling tolerance; and membrane permeability, initial cell size, Boyle
      van't Hoff relation, and other parameters associated with the thermodynamic
      description of cell volumetric behavior. (ii) A probabilistic analysis of IIF was
      developed on the basis that IIF occurs if the underlying potential IIF
      temperature T* falls within the range of temperatures over which the cell is
      supercooled beyond its tolerance delta T*. The "location" of the transition range
      of cooling rates, in which the Pr(IIF) increases from 0 to 1, depends on the mean
      of T* and delta T*. The breadth of the transition range increases strongly with
      variability in T*. (iii) Cryomicroscopic studies of IIF in rye protoplasts
      isolated from cold acclimated and nonacclimated leaves showed that the range of
      IIF temperatures and the incidence of IIF are strongly dependent on the solute
      used to manipulate osmolality in the suspending medium. The ionic solutes used in
      this study (NaCl + CaCl2, KCl + CaCl2, KNO3 + CaCl2) generally yielded median IIF
      temperatures lower than those of the nonionic solutes (sucrose, sorbitol,
      proline). Cold acclimation reduced the median IIF temperature for all suspending
      media and reduced the incidence of IIF for KCl + CaCl2, sorbitol, and proline. A
      Weibull distribution was found to describe adequately the distribution of IIF
      temperatures at the highest cooling rate. (iv) Estimates of the supercooling
      tolerance were generally from 1.0 to 1.5 degrees C based on the location of the
      transition range of cooling rates and on the estimates of Lp and delta E from
      (6). The breadth of the transition range of cooling rates could mostly be
      attributed to random variability in the underlying potential IIF temperature. The
      rise in median IIF temperature with higher cooling rates was correctly predicted
      by the model when the supercooling tolerance was also assumed to be random. For
      rye protoplasts, both the model and the data showed that cooling-rate dependence
      in median IIF temperatures occurs within the transition range of cooling rates.

PMID- 2924593
TI  - The effect of glycerol-related osmotic changes on post-thaw motility and
      acrosomal integrity of ram spermatozoa.
AB  - Ram semen, collected by artificial vagina, was diluted and processed for long
      term storage as described by P. S. Fiser, L. Ainsworth, and R. W. Fairfull
      (Canad. J. Anim. Sci. 62, 425-428, 1982). The concentration of the
      cryoprotectant, glycerol, was adjusted to 4% in the diluted semen prior to
      freezing by a one-step addition at 30 degrees C (Method 1), by cooling the semen
      to 5 degrees C and addition of the glycerol gradually over 30 min (Method 2), by
      one-step addition of glycerol prior to equilibration for 2 hr (Method 3), or by
      cooling to 5 degrees C, followed by a holding period of 2 hr at 5 degrees C, and
      the one-step addition of glycerol just prior to freezing (Method 4). After
      thawing, the glycerol concentration of the semen was reduced by stepwise dilution
      from 4 to 0.4% over 15 or 30 min or by a one-step ten-fold dilution. The average
      post-thaw percentage of motile spermatozoa was significantly lower after addition
      of glycerol by Method 1 (39.9%) than when the glycerol was added by the other
      three methods (range, 44.0-46.4% averaged over the glycerol dilution). The
      average post-thaw percentage of intact acrosomes (61.2%), highest in semen in
      which the glycerol was added by Method 2, was not significantly different from
      those in which glycerol was added to semen by Methods 3 and 4, but it was
      significantly higher than that found in semen in which the glycerol was added by
      Method 1 (54.4%). However, when averaged over the method of glycerolation, the
      post-thaw percentage of motile spermatozoa (range, 43.7-44.2%) and the percentage
      of intact acrosomes (range, 56.8-59.5%) did not differ significantly in semen
      subjected to gradual decrease in glycerol concentration and diluent osmolality
      (over 15 and 30 min) or by a one-step, 10-fold dilution. These data indicate that
      post-thaw survival of spermatozoa can be influenced by the way in which glycerol
      is added prior to freezing. However, post-thaw spermatozoa motility and acrosomal
      integrity can be maintained even after a rapid decrease in glycerol concentration
      such as that which accompanies insemination or dilution of semen for assessment
      of motility.

PMID- 2924594
TI  - Changes in the phospholipid composition and phospholipid asymmetry of ram sperm
      plasma membranes after cryopreservation.
AB  - The changes in the phospholipid composition of spermatozoa plasma membranes after
      freezing were determined by thin-layer chromatography. The results showed an
      augmentation of the diphosphatidylglycerol and a diminution of
      phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidylethanolamine in sperm
      plasma membranes after freezing. In intact sperm cells we observed an elevation
      of the sphingomyelin and phosphatidylinositol levels and a diminution of the
      phosphatidylethanolamine and diphosphatidylglycerol levels. The effect of
      freezing on the phospholipid distribution between the inner and outer monolayers
      of the plasma membrane was also studied using exogenous phospholipases and
      trinitrobenzene sulfonate. The most important change we observed after freezing,
      was the translocation of diphosphatidylglycerol from the inner to the outer
      monolayer of the plasma membrane.

PMID- 2924595
TI  - Lipid phase transitions measured in intact cells with Fourier transform infrared
      spectroscopy.
AB  - Lipid phase transitions in membranes are thought to be a major damaging event
      during cooling of cells prior to cryopreservation or during warming after freeze
      thaw has been completed. Although there is abundant evidence that such
      transitions occur in isolated phospholipids, the evidence that they are found in
      membranes in intact cells is less clear, due largely to technical difficulties in
      detecting such transitions in the complex mixtures of lipids and proteins found
      in natural membranes. We show here that Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
      provides a rapid, convenient method for detecting these transitions in intact
      cells. We have used intact pollen grains of cattail (Typha latifolia) as a
      primary experimental subject. Spectra taken of the intact pollen grains show most
      of the features commonly seen in natural membrane vesicles or pure phospholipids.
      Shifts in the vibrational frequency and width of the CH2 bands with temperature
      can be used to detect lipid phase transitions. Biochemical analysis, coupled with
      the spectroscopy, was used to assign transitions to nonpolar and polar lipids.
      Finally, although assignment of the melting lipid unambiguously in other cells
      has not yet been made, we show that the transitions can nevertheless be detected
      in other intact cells, including those of four plant species and sperm of three
      animals.

PMID- 2924596
TI  - An evaluation of the ability of the peripheral vasodilator buflomedil to improve
      vascular patency after acute frostbite.
AB  - The extent of microvascular damage from frostbite can be accurately demonstrated
      by vascular microcorrosion casting techniques (P. S. Daum, W. D. Bowers, Jr., J.
      Tejada, and M. P. Hamlet, Cryobiology 24, 65-73, 1987). In the present
      investigation, the peripheral vasodilator buflomedil was evaluated for its
      ability to ameliorate microcirculatory damage from acute experimentally induced
      freeze injury. This drug has been reported to decrease tissue loss in human
      frostbite patients when given intravenously during thawing (J. Foray, P. E.
      Baisse, J. P. Mont, and Cl. Cahen, Sem. Hop. Paris 56, 490-497, 1980). In seven
      groups of anesthetized rats, left hindpaws were cooled to heat of fusion; cooling
      continued until the temperature in the footpads fell to -15 degrees C. Prior to
      cooling, group 1 received a tail vein injection of 1 ml saline/kg, while group 2
      received 10 mg buflomedil/kg. Immediately following cooling, group 3 received an
      injection of 10 mg buflomedil/kg. Hindpaws were rapidly rewarmed in a 40 degree C
      bath. During rewarming, left hindpaws from group 4 were immersed in deionized
      water, from group 5 in 24 mg buflomedil in deionized water, from group 6 in 30%
      dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO), and from group 7 in 24 mg buflomedil in 30% Me2SO.
      Right hindpaws served as controls. Vascular microcorrosion casts were made from
      left and right hindpaws of all groups. There was no significant difference in
      mean cast weights when frozen hindpaws of the seven groups were compared,
      although treatment with buflomedil increased the mean cast weight of control
      hindpaws from groups 3 and 7. It therefore appears that, in this acute model for
      frostbite, buflomedil does not improve vascular patency.

PMID- 2924598
TI  - Is the anatomic, diagnostic work-up of chronic cough not all that it is hacked up
      to be?

PMID- 2924597
TI  - Cytology of oocytes in ground squirrels (Citellus citellus L.).
AB  - Oocytes of primordial, primary, growing, and Graaf follicles of the ovaries of 96
      ground squirrels (Citellus citellus L.) were studied during the four seasons of
      the year. Multilamellar bodies in the oocytes were observed by electron
      microscopy. The bodies underwent changes during the follicle growth. The vesicles
      included in the multilamellar bodies were filled with an amorphous substance,
      while in Graaf follicles trapezoidal, rhomboidal, and hexagonal inclusions were
      found. The primordial follicle of the oocyte had no Balbiani body. In the
      hibernating ground squirrel the functions of the Balbiani body were probably
      performed by the multilamellar bodies, which were considered to be analogous to
      the Balbiani body.

PMID- 2924599
TI  - Ambulatory monitoring of arterial oxygen saturation.
AB  - We have developed a method of recording oxygen saturation over time using
      ambulatory equipment. A pulse oximeter was modified to be powered by battery, and
      values for oxygen saturation were recorded by an analog recorder. The unit is
      compact and functions for 30 hours between battery changes. The mean difference
      between oxygen saturation reported by the pulse oximeter and an IL 282 CO
      oximeter was -1.12 percent, with a range of difference +/- 2.75 percent,
      indicating 95 percent confidence limits 5.5 percent either side of the mean.
      Continuous ambulatory recordings were obtained in 16 male subjects; six were
      healthy nonsnorers, five were healthy snorers, and five had sleep apnea. Of the
      average recording time, 19 +/- 5 hours, records contained 89 +/- 7 percent usable
      data. We conclude that ambulatory pulse oximetry is a feasible means of
      unsupervised long-term monitoring of oxygenation during daily activities.

PMID- 2924600
TI  - Chronic persistent cough. Experience in diagnosis and outcome using an anatomic
      diagnostic protocol.
AB  - Irwin and co-workers have designed an anatomic approach to the diagnosis and
      treatment of cough. In their hands, diagnosis was consistently determined and
      treatment successful almost without exception, if sustained. We reviewed the
      results of a similar approach in 139 consecutive and unselected patients referred
      to pulmonary specialists in two community hospitals. Thirty-nine patients
      demonstrated hyperreactive airways (HA) by carbachol inhalation and/or eucapnic
      hyperventilation of cold air. Twenty-seven of 78 without HA had postnasal drip,
      and 13 of 78 had a persistent cough following acute upper airway inflammation.
      Other less common diagnoses included chronic bronchitis, gastro-esophageal
      reflux, occupational bronchitis, interstitial lung disease, and psychologic
      causes. We were able to find the cause of cough 88 percent of the time. Treatment
      adjusted for noncompliance was not always a success. While all patients with HA
      improved, 8 percent of patients without HA or specific diagnosis did not have an
      improvement in their cough upon retrospective inquiry. Based on this analysis, we
      find that the diagnosis and treatment of cough may not be as successful as
      originally reported using Irwin's approach.

PMID- 2924601
TI  - Critical dose of digoxin for treating supraventricular tachycardias after heart
      surgery.
AB  - This study was conducted to ascertain if critical peak body stores of digoxin
      were needed to protect patients from the debilities that result from
      supraventricular tachycardias occurring after open heart operations. We gave
      digoxin peak body stores of 15 micrograms/kg of lean body weight to 100
      consecutive patients after open heart operations. If supraventricular
      tachycardias persisted four hours, we increased peak body stores to 17 or 19
      micrograms/kg. The operations included coronary artery bypass grafts, heart valve
      replacements, and congenital defect correction. After operation, 18 patients had
      atrial fibrillation or flutter. During supraventricular tachycardias, ventricular
      rates were 150 beats per minute or slower. In the 100 patients, the median
      hospital stay after operation was four days. No patient required
      rehospitalization. The patients who had supraventricular tachycardias stayed in
      the hospital no longer than the patients who were at all times in regular sinus
      rhythm. All patients who entered the hospital with regular sinus rhythm went home
      with regular sinus rhythm. The critical safe peak body stores of digoxin needed
      to prevent debilities resulting from supraventricular tachycardias after open
      heart operations were 15 to 19 micrograms/kg of lean body weight.

PMID- 2924602
TI  - Heart rate response to breath-hold, valsalva and Mueller maneuvers in obstructive
      sleep apnea.
AB  - We wished to assess the role of increased vagal tone and arterial oxygen
      saturation (SaO2) as determinants of HR response to voluntary respiratory
      maneuvers in OSAS. The changes in HR and SaO2 during breath-hold (B), Valsalva
      (V) and Mueller (M) maneuvers were determined in nine male subjects with OSAS
      while breathing RA or O2. Oxygen saturation was significantly lower breathing RA
      than O2 at the end of B (92.6 +/- 1.6 vs 97.2 +/- 0.8 percent), V (92.9 +/- 1.3
      vs 95.2 +/- 1.7 percent), and M (92.7 +/- 1.2 vs 95.3 +/- 1.9 percent). Despite
      this, there was no significant difference between the HR change while breathing
      RA and O2 during B (12 +/- 18 vs 7 +/- 15 beats/minute), V (-2 +/- 12 vs -5 +/-
      17 beats/minute), and M (5 +/- 16 vs 1 +/- 8 beats/minute). The change in HR was
      not related to the duration of B, V, or M or to the mouth pressure generated
      during V and M. In order to determine if awake HR response to the maneuvers
      reflected HR response to obstructive apnea, we examined the relationship between
      the HR response to B, V, and M during wakefulness and the response to obstructive
      apnea of similar duration while asleep. A significant correlation was found
      between the HR response to obstructive sleep apnea during sleep and the response
      to awake B (r = 0.67, p less than 0.001), V (r = 0.51, p less than 0.05), and M
      (r = 0.75, p less than 0.001). We conclude that in OSAS, increased vagal tone is
      a major determinant of HR response to voluntary respiratory maneuvers, that
      bradycardia can occur in the absence of hypoxemia, and that HR response to these
      maneuvers, especially to M, during wakefulness predicts HR response to
      obstructive apnea while asleep.

PMID- 2924603
TI  - Arm exercise testing with myocardial scintigraphy in asymptomatic patients with
      peripheral vascular disease.
AB  - Arm exercise with myocardial scintigraphy and oxygen consumption determinations
      was performed by 33 men with peripheral vascular disease, 40 to 74 years of age
      (group 2). None had evidence of coronary disease. Nineteen age-matched male
      control subjects (group 1) were also tested to determine the normal endurance and
      oxygen consumption during arm exercise in their age group and to compare the
      results with those obtained during a standard treadmill performance. The maximal
      heart rate, systolic blood pressure, pressure rate product, and oxygen
      consumption were all significantly lower for arm than for leg exercise. However,
      there was good correlation between all these parameters for both types of
      exertion. The maximal heart rate, work load and oxygen consumption were greater
      for group 1 subjects than in patients with peripheral vascular disease despite
      similar activity status. None of the group 1 subjects had abnormal arm exercise
      ECGs, while six members of group 2 had ST segment changes. Thallium-201
      scintigraphy performed in the latter group demonstrated perfusion defects in 25
      patients. After nine to 29 months of follow-up, three patients who had abnormal
      tests developed angina and one of them required coronary bypass surgery. Arm
      exercise with myocardial scintigraphy may be an effective method of detecting
      occult ischemia in patients with peripheral vascular disease. Those with good
      exercise tolerance and no electrocardiographic changes or 201T1 defects are
      probably at lower risk for the development of cardiac complications, while those
      who develop abnormalities at low exercise levels may be candidates for invasive
      studies.

PMID- 2924604
TI  - Relationship between improvement in exercise performance with supplemental oxygen
      and hypoxic ventilatory drive in patients with chronic airflow obstruction.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine if there is a relationship between
      improvement in exercise capacity with supplemental oxygen and the magnitude of
      hypoxic ventilatory drive in patients with CAO. We hypothesized that those
      patients with the highest hypoxic drives would be the most likely to have
      increased exercise tolerance with supplemental oxygen. Seventeen patients with
      CAO (mean FEV1 = 0.99 +/- 0.45 L) underwent identical maximal cycle ergometry
      exercise tests on two occasions 45 minutes apart while breathing either air or 30
      percent oxygen in a randomized single-blind fashion. With supplemental oxygen,
      the ventilation decreased and the PaCO2 increased significantly at rest. The
      patients had a significantly greater exercise tolerance on supplemental oxygen
      (76.7 vs 69.1 watts, p less than 0.005) but no increase in the maximal
      ventilation. When the nine patients who improved were compared to the eight
      patients who did not improve, the two groups were basically identical.
      Specifically, there were no significant differences in the mean ventilatory or
      mouth occlusion responses to hypoxia or in the blood gases. The patients who did
      improve tended to have a greater reduction in their ventilatory response to
      exercise while exercising on oxygen as compared to when they were exercising on
      room air. From this study, it was concluded that measurements of hypoxic
      ventilatory drive are not helpful in predicting which patients with CAO are
      likely to have improved exercise capability while breathing supplemental oxygen.

PMID- 2924605
TI  - Pulmonary vascular hemodynamics in chronic lung disease patients with and without
      oxyhemoglobin desaturation during sleep.
AB  - Nonapneic, nocturnal oxyhemoglobin desaturation (NOD) during rapid-eye-movement
      (REM) sleep has been proposed as a predecessor and possible etiologic factor in
      the development of pulmonary hypertension in patients both with restrictive and
      obstructive chronic lung disease. The association between abnormal waking
      cardiopulmonary hemodynamics and NOD has not been established in patients with
      mild daytime hypoxemia. Gas exchange, pulmonary function, red cell mass,
      radionuclide gated cardiac ejection fraction, and supine cardiopulmonary
      hemodynamics were examined in 36 patients with chronic lung disease. All had a
      daytime PaO2 greater than 60 mm Hg and REM sleep-related NOD for greater than 5
      minutes, to 85 percent or lower. These data were compared to those from 13
      subjects with similar symptoms and objective measures of pulmonary dysfunction
      but without evidence of NOD. Patients with NOD showed more end organ evidence of
      hypoxemia and more abnormal cardiopulmonary hemodynamics than patients with
      similar degrees of lung disease but without NOD. The relative role of daytime vs
      nocturnal hypoxemia in inducing hemodynamic differences between groups cannot be
      determined from this study.

PMID- 2924606
TI  - The effects of nitrazepam and flunitrazepam on oxygen desaturation during sleep
      in patients with stable hypoxemic nonhypercapnic COPD.
AB  - Serious respiratory depression has been described in COPD patients receiving
      hypnotics during acute exacerbations. There are few studies quantifying the
      effects of hypnotics on oxygenation during sleep in patients with stable
      hypoxemic COPD. In this study, the effects of single therapeutic doses of
      nitrazepam and flunitrazepam on SaO2, apneas during sleep and other sleep
      variables were measured in 14 COPD patients. All patients used theophylline.
      Sleep-induced decrease in mean SaO2 was 1.3 percent after placebo, 1.4 percent
      after nitrazepam and 1.9 percent after flunitrazepam (no significant
      differences). Sleep apneas were not more common or longer after nitrazepam or
      flunitrazepam, but sleep quality seemed to improve. It is concluded that
      oxygenation during sleep in these nonobese patients with stable hypoxemic
      nonhypercapnic COPD, all on maintenance theophylline therapy, was affected very
      little by single therapeutic doses of nitrazepam or flunitrazepam.

PMID- 2924607
TI  - Cardiac function at rest and with exercise in the chronic fatigue syndrome.
AB  - To evaluate a possible cardiac pathophysiology of the chronic fatigue syndrome,
      we compared the resting cardiac function and exercise performance of 41 patients
      to those of an age-matched and sex-matched normal control group. Persistent
      fatigue following an acute apparently viral illness was the major complaint of
      all patients; none had specific cardiac symptoms nor abnormal physical findings.
      Electrocardiographic spatial patterns were normal in the patients, and there were
      no differences in the body surface sum of positive T-wave integrals between the
      patients (240 microV.x 10(2) +/- 107 microV.s x10(2)) and control (244 microV.x
      10(2) +/- 108 microV.s x 10(2) subjects. Twenty-four hour ambulatory ECGs
      revealed no differences in sinus rates and incidences of ventricular dysrhythmias
      in the two populations. Left ventricular dimensions and systolic fractional
      shortening values were also similar in both groups; moreover none of the patients
      had segmental wall motion abnormalities. On graded exercise testing, 20 of 32
      normal subjects achieved target (85 percent of age-maximum) heart rates, compared
      to four of 31 patients (p less than 0.001). The duration of exercise averaged 12
      +/- 4 minutes for the normal subjects and 9+/- 4 minutes for the patients (p less
      than 0.01). The temporal profile of exercise heart rates was dissimilar in the
      two groups, with patients' rates consistently and progressively less than those
      of normal subjects. Peak heart rate averaged 152 +/- 16 beats per minute for the
      normal group vs 124 +/- 19 beats per minute for the patients (p less than
      0.0001); in age-related terms, respectively, 82 +/- 6 percent of the maximum
      heart rate vs 66 +/- 10 percent (p less than 0.0001). Thus, patients with chronic
      fatigue syndrome have normal resting cardiac function but a markedly abbreviated
      exercise capacity characterized by slow acceleration of heart rate and fatigue of
      exercising muscles long before peak heart rate is achieved.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2924608
TI  - Clinical experience with fulguration and antiarrhythmic therapy for the treatment
      of ventricular tachycardia. Long-term follow-up of 43 patients.
AB  - Forty-three patients (mean age, 45 +/- 18 years) with drug-refractory VT of
      varied etiologies, including 15 cases occurring after chronic myocardial
      infarction, underwent fulguration procedures. With a mean follow-up of 29 +/- 12
      months (range, 9 to 55 months), after one to four sessions, VT had been
      controlled without a need for antiarrhythmic drugs in 22 (56 percent) of the 39
      patients surviving the perioperative period and was controlled in 17 patients (44
      percent) with the help of drugs. No malignant arrhythmias were observed following
      fulguration. There were five early deaths, four deaths related to the procedure,
      and eight late deaths, but no death was thought to be related to the endocardial
      shock itself. Thus, fulguration appears to be a valuable adjunct to the treatment
      of drug-resistant VT.

PMID- 2924609
TI  - Treatment of congestive heart failure. Its effect on pleural fluid chemistry.
AB  - The proper classification of pleural effusions into transudates and exudates has
      great clinical significance. It is believed that the treatment of congestive
      heart failure may convert an associated transudative pleural effusion into a
      "pseudoexudate." We studied eight patients with congestive heart failure during
      nine episodes of decompensation with pleural effusion, which was bilateral in
      five and right-sided in three. Thoracocentesis was done on identification of the
      patient and at 6 +/- 2 days after treatment of heart failure resulting in
      diuresis and a mean weight loss of 5.8 +/- 3.2 kg. The mean protein level of the
      pleural fluid was 2.2 +/- 0.7 g/dL at the initial study and increased to 3.2 +/-
      1.08 g/dL at the final study (p less than 0.01). The LDH level of the pleural
      fluid increased from 116 +/- 69 to 183 +/- 117 units/L (p less than 0.01). The
      fluid/serum ratio for protein increased from 0.34 +/- 0.09 to 0.47 +/- 0.13 (p
      less than 0.01) and for LDH from 0.39 +/- 0.16 to 0.64 +/- 0.28 (p less than
      0.01). In three patients, pleural fluid was classified as a transudate at the
      initial study but met the criteria for an exudate after treatment of heart
      failure. Effectiveness of diuresis was measured by weight loss; a significant
      correlation between weight loss per day and change in the protein level of the
      pleural fluid was noted (r = 0.715; p less than 0.05). We conclude that the
      treatment of congestive heart failure causes significant changes in the pleural
      fluid's chemistry; in some cases, a transudate may be converted into a
      "pseudoexudate."

PMID- 2924610
TI  - Homogeneity of bronchopulmonary distribution of 99mTc aerosol in normal subjects
      and in cystic fibrosis patients.
AB  - We characterized the bronchopulmonary distribution of a 0.9 percent saline
      aerosol (1.12 microM) labelled with 99mTc sulfur colloid in nine normal subjects
      and five patients with CF. Homogeneity of distribution was quantified using
      indices derived from computerized analysis of Anger camera pulmonary images
      including skew (a measure of distribution asymmetry) and kurtosis (a measure of
      distribution range). Aerosol clearance in 97 minutes (a measure of large, central
      airway deposition) was also assessed. Values of skew and kurtosis were
      reproducible for the patients with CF and were significantly elevated compared to
      the normal subjects. Reproducibility of skew and kurtosis were not studied in the
      normal subjects. Clearance was not significantly different in the two groups. We
      conclude that the bronchopulmonary distribution of this radioaerosol is
      nonuniform in patients with CF, compared to normal subjects, and clearance may be
      impaired in patients with CF who are severely ill.

PMID- 2924611
TI  - Pulmonary disease associated with pleural "asbestos" plaques.
AB  - The diagnosis of asbestos-related pulmonary disease is frequently based in part
      on the identification of pleural plaques; however, postmortem observations have
      suggested that pleural plaques may occur without associated pulmonary disease. To
      examine this issue, we compared the pulmonary parenchymal pathology in 93
      patients with pleural plaques to 93 control patients matched for age, race, and
      sex, all autopsied at The Johns Hopkins Hospital between Jan 1, 1981 and March
      31, 1986. Pulmonary sections were graded without knowledge of the patient's group
      for peribronchiolar fibrosis, other types of fibrosis, emphysema, and pleural
      changes. Correlations were found between the presence of pleural plaques and
      peribronchiolar fibrosis (p less than 0.001), alveolar fibrosis (p less than
      0.05), large scars (p less than 0.02), scar-related emphysema (p less than 0.02),
      and pleural thickening (p less than 0.005). A history of smoking was also
      associated with pleural plaques (p less than 0.05). Interstitial fibrosis was not
      significantly different between the two groups. Peribronchiolar fibrosis was
      neither universally nor exclusively present in patients with pleural plaques,
      being found in 49 (53 percent) of 93 subjects with and 36 (39 percent) of 93
      subjects without plaques. The results suggest that caution must be exercised in
      extrapolating from the identification of pleural plaques to a diagnosis of
      asbestos-related pulmonary disease.

PMID- 2924612
TI  - Rounded atelectasis. Clinical experience with 74 patients.
AB  - Rounded atelectasis is an atelectasis of a peripheral part of the lung due to
      pleural adhesions and fibrosis causing deformation of the lung and bending of
      some small bronchi. From 1970 to 1986, some 74 patients with rounded atelectasis
      have been seen at the Lung Department. Sixty-four of these patients had been
      exposed to asbestos. The lesion was secondary to a benign asbestos pleurisy in
      nine patients and resulted from a slowly increasing pleural fibrosis in 13
      patients; in the remaining 39 patients with exposure to asbestos, rounded
      atelectasis was a sudden finding, with earlier roentgenograms showing only
      plaques or being normal. Three patients had bilateral lesions, and one had no
      fewer than three small rounded atelectases. All of the asbestos-exposed patients
      were men. Ten patients (four women and six men) had not been exposed to asbestos.
      Two of these cases occurred after trauma and four after a pleural exudate. One of
      the latter was the only one which disappeared spontaneously. The lingula was
      affected in 33 cases, the middle lobe in 16, the right lower lobe in 12, the left
      lower lobe in 11, the right upper lobe in six, and the left upper lobe (except
      the lingula) in one. Nine patients underwent surgery. Operation should be
      avoided; the typical roentgenologic and CT findings combined with negative
      results of bronchoscopy (and, in some cases, fine-needle biopsy) will suffice to
      exclude malignancy.

PMID- 2924613
TI  - Carborundum pneumoconiosis. Fibers in the mineral activate macrophages to produce
      fibroblast growth factors and sustain the chronic inflammatory disease.
AB  - Carborundum is a synthetic abrasive manufactured through fusion of high grade
      silica sand and finely ground carbon in an electric furnace at 2,400 degrees C.
      It had been considered an inert dust until recently. Two recent epidemiologic
      studies in Quebec have documented an excess of interstitial lung disease in plant
      workers and some 30 workers have received workman compensation. Histopathologic
      lesions have been described in four of the workers. To further investigate the
      carborundum pneumoconiosis, nine groups of eight sheep were exposed once in the
      tracheal lobe to either 100 ml saline, 100 mg latex beads in 100 ml saline, 100
      mg graphite in 100 ml saline, 100 mg carborundum particles in 100 ml saline, 100
      mg ashed carborundum particles in 100 ml saline, 100 mg of quartz (Minusil-5) in
      100 ml saline, 100 mg crocidolite fibers in 100 ml saline, 100 mg carborundum
      fibers in 100 ml saline, and 100 mg ashed carborundum fibers in 100 ml saline
      solutions. The animals had BAL at two-month intervals and autopsy at month 8. The
      BAL analyses of cellularity, cytotoxicity and fibrogenicity, in association to
      necropsy histopathology, documented that all particles except for quartz were
      inert. The two-carborundum fiber samples produced a similar sustained nodular
      fibrosing alveolitis and crocidolite asbestos fibers produced a peribronchiolar
      fibrosing alveolitis of comparable severity. Thus, the major bioactive dusts in
      the carborundum manufacturing process are quartz particles and the carborundum
      fibers generated in the process. The latter have fibrogenic activities comparable
      to asbestos fibers of similar size and are likely to contribute to the
      pathogenesis of the interstitial lung disease of carborundum workers.

PMID- 2924614
TI  - Preoperative and postoperative abnormalities in chest x-ray indices and in lung
      function in pectus deformities.
AB  - In 88 patients with pectus deformities radiologic chest indices and routine
      pulmonary function tests were measured before and 1 to 20 years after corrective
      surgery. A combination of anteroposterior indices at the upper and lower level of
      the chest were investigated to quantitate and to discriminate the different
      pectus deformities. The study comprised four groups: pectus excavatum, pectus
      carinatum, pectus deformatum and pectus excavatum with scoliosis. These indices
      were also assessed in 250 healthy males and females. Generally, several indices
      showed significant and discriminative changes in the different patient groups and
      improved again after surgery. Preoperative lung function was decreased in pectus
      excavatum only. In all groups lung function worsened after surgery. A stepwise
      discriminant analysis performed on the large group with pectus excavatum
      indicated that postoperative lung function was decreased if the preoperative
      value of FEV1 or VC was more than about 75 percent predicted and vice versa, but
      that it was not related to other factors such as radiologic indices, age at
      operation or time since operation.

PMID- 2924615
TI  - A new pendant oxygen-conserving cannula which allows pursed lips breathing.
AB  - Multiple benefits of oxygen therapy for hypoxemic patients with chronic lung
      disease are well established. Steady flow oxygen therapy is inefficient, wasteful
      and has a high cost. The Oxymizer pendant improves efficiency of oxygen delivery
      compared with SF. However, the device requires that the patient inhale and exhale
      nasally to maximize its oxygen-saving properties. When patients do PLB they may
      not receive full oxygen-saving benefit of the pendant. Yet PLB itself can
      increase SaO2. We evaluated an AP, which does not require nasal exhalation, in
      nine patients with COPD. We measured SaO2 while breathing oxygen via SF and the
      AP with nasal-only breathing and PLB. Results indicate that the AP maintains an
      increase in SaO2 over SF during nasal-only breathing and a further increase
      during PLB. We conclude that AP acts as an oxygen conserver during PLB; PLB with
      the AP achieves greater savings than with nasal-only breathing.

PMID- 2924616
TI  - Noninvasive face mask ventilation in patients with acute respiratory failure.
AB  - Noninvasive face mask ventilation has been used successfully in patients with
      paralytic respiratory failure. This study evaluated whether noninvasive face mask
      ventilation can be used for patients with acute respiratory failure due to
      intrinsic lung disease. Six patients with hypercapnia and four with hypoxemic
      acute respiratory failure met clinical and objective criteria for mechanical
      ventilation, which was delivered with pressure control and pressure support via a
      tightly strapped, clear face mask. No patient terminated the study because of
      inability to deliver adequate ventilation or to improve oxygen exchange; three
      eventually required endotracheal intubation. The mask was generally well
      tolerated. All patients had a nasogastric tube placed on suction, and none
      vomited or aspirated. The mean duration of treatment was 33 h (range, 3 to 88).
      The physiologic response was considered similar to that which would have been
      achieved with conventionally delivered ventilation. Noninvasive face mask
      ventilation may have a role in managing respiratory failure.

PMID- 2924617
TI  - Hepatic dysfunction in the adult respiratory distress syndrome.
AB  - Multiple organ system failure is a major cause of mortality in the adult
      respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We serially evaluated parameters of
      multiple organ function in 24 patients during the first week after the diagnosis
      of ARDS and related them to outcome. The adult respiratory distress syndrome was
      associated with sepsis (n = 16), postoperation (n = 7), and trauma (n = 1).
      Fourteen of the 24 patients (58 percent) died. Although there were no significant
      differences in the indices of pulmonary or renal dysfunction between survivors
      and nonsurvivors, evidence of hepatic dysfunction was different in the two
      groups. On the day we identified ARDS, serum bilirubin was 1.2 mg/dl +/- 0.9
      mg/dl in patients who survived, and was 2.3 mg/dl +/- 2.8 mg/dl (chi +/- SD) in
      those who died. Initial serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (SGOT) and
      alkaline phosphatase levels were lower in survivors than in those who died (71 +/
      44 IU/L vs 399 +/- 807 IU/L, and 121 +/- 53 IU/L vs 269 +/- 243 IU/L,
      respectively). These abnormalities persisted during the first week of respiratory
      failure, with significant differences in serum bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase
      between survivors and nonsurvivors (p less than 0.01). The degree of pulmonary
      and renal dysfunction was similar in both groups. These data suggest that liver
      function may be a major determinant of survival in patients with the adult
      respiratory distress syndrome.

PMID- 2924618
TI  - Selective left endobronchial suctioning in the intubated patient.
AB  - Suctioning of secretions from the left endobronchial tree is frequently necessary
      but often difficult in intubated patients. We examined the effectiveness of a
      catheter designed expressly for this purpose. Special curved tip (Bronchitrac-L)
      suction catheters were fitted with thin, radiopaque tubing to facilitate x-ray
      visualization. Eight-one attempts at left endobronchial placement were made on 74
      stable adult intensive care unit patients. The suction catheter was inserted into
      the oral endotracheal tube or tracheostomy tube just prior to an x-ray filming of
      the chest. In 15 of 66 patients, the tip of the oral endotracheal tube was too
      distal (less than 2 cm above the carina) to allow proper functioning of the
      catheter. Patients with a properly positioned oral endotracheal tube were
      analyzed separately and showed 56 percent of the catheters went to the left
      bronchus. When the head was turned to the left prior to placement, successful
      left bronchus placement occurred in 65 percent. When the catheter was placed
      through a tracheostomy tube, 100 percent went into the left bronchus (n = 15).
      There were no catheter-induced complications in this study. The curved tip
      catheter is an effective means of suctioning the left bronchial tree in patients
      with tracheostomy tubes. Its reliability in patients with oral endotracheal tubes
      is reduced but more effective than current methods.

PMID- 2924619
TI  - New exercise parameter for the identification of severe coronary artery disease.

PMID- 2924620
TI  - Roentgenogram of the month. Exertional dyspnea and a widened mediastinum.

PMID- 2924621
TI  - Cutaneous signs of cardiopulmonary disease. An earlobe lesion with a lung nodule.

PMID- 2924622
TI  - Transient pulmonary perfusion scintigraphic abnormalities in pulmonary air
      embolism.
AB  - A critically ill man suffered a respiratory arrest due to pulmonary air embolism
      after the exchange of central venous catheters over a guidewire. A pulmonary
      perfusion lung scan performed 90 min later demonstrated extensive perfusion
      defects which were interpreted as "high probability" for PTE. Pulmonary
      angiography 4.5 h later was normal. A second perfusion lung scan performed 24 h
      after the respiratory arrest was normal. Pulmonary air embolism can produce
      segmental (and larger) perfusion defects which may be indistinguishable from
      those caused by PTE. The rapid (24 h) resolution of the perfusion defects may
      help differentiate the two disorders.

PMID- 2924623
TI  - Intra-atrial smoke-like echoes and thrombi formation.
AB  - Between December 1980 and December 1987, approximately 6,000 two-dimensional
      echocardiographic examinations were performed in our noninvasive cardiac
      laboratory. During this period, five cases of intra-atrial smoke-like echoes were
      diagnosed. The four patients with dense smoke-like echoes in the left atria all
      had echocardiographic evidence of severe mitral stenosis and thrombi in the left
      atrial cavity, both of which were confirmed at open-heart surgery. One patient
      with right-sided cardiomyopathy had echocardiographic evidence of dense smoke
      like echoes and thrombus in the right atrial cavity. One of our five patients was
      receiving anticoagulant therapy, and none had a history of thromboembolism. We
      conclude that using conventional two-dimensional echocardiographic techniques,
      smoke-like echoes in the atria are a very infrequent finding and are very
      commonly associated with formation of thrombi.

PMID- 2924624
TI  - Chronic cavitary histoplasmosis. Failure of oral treatment with ketoconazole.
AB  - Ketoconazole appears to be a safe drug in the treatment of chronic cavitary
      histoplasmosis. Primary failure and relapse have been described, requiring
      amphotericin B, even after long therapy with ketoconazole. Four typical cases are
      presented. We caution about such potential failures and stress the importance of
      close observation of patients begun on therapy with ketoconazole for chronic
      cavitary histoplasmosis.

PMID- 2924625
TI  - Nd-YAG laser-induced endobronchial burn. Management and long-term follow-up.
AB  - Endobronchial fires are a rare complication of Nd-YAG laser photoresection. Short
      term morbidity is secondary to sloughing mucosa and mucous plugging. Aggressive
      pulmonary hygiene, including frequent bronchoscopies and possibly a tracheostomy,
      may be required. The major long-term complication is obstruction of the airways
      from granulation tissue. Long-term follow-up is required to evaluate and treat
      clinically significant granulation tissue in the airways.

PMID- 2924626
TI  - Failure of corticosteroid therapy to prevent induction of ventricular tachycardia
      in sarcoidosis.
AB  - Programmed ventricular stimulation was performed in a patient with sarcoidosis
      who exhibited an episode of sustained ventricular tachycardia. Sustained rapid
      ventricular tachyarrhythmias requiring cardioversion for termination were induced
      by double right ventricular apical extrastimuli during control, and treatment
      with disopyramide, quinidine, and fluocortolone. In contrast, only four
      repetitive ventricular complexes were induced during combined therapy with
      quinidine, mexiletine and amiodarone. While receiving the latter regimen, the
      patient has been asymptomatic during 28 months of follow-up.

PMID- 2924627
TI  - Chronic cough as the presenting symptom of oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy.
AB  - A patient had chronic, persistent cough as the presenting symptom of the
      neuromuscular disorder oculopharyngeal dystrophy (OPD). The presence of a
      significant smoking history initially resulted in the cough incorrectly being
      attributed to COPD. By using a systematic diagnostic approach, the correct
      etiology was determined.

PMID- 2924628
TI  - Blunt chest trauma. Extrapericardial cardiac tamponade by a mediastinal hematoma.
AB  - Mediastinal hematoma resulting from blunt chest trauma can cause compression of
      the right ventricle and extrapericardial cardiac tamponade. The diagnosis in this
      instance was aided by conventional two-dimensional echocardiography in addition
      to hemodynamic measurements. The atypical aspects of this form of cardiac
      tamponade are discussed.

PMID- 2924629
TI  - ARDS associated with boutonneuse fever.
AB  - The adult respiratory disease syndrome is associated with multiple disorders. At
      least one of the rickettsial diseases, RMSF, has been reported to be associated
      with noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. We report herein another rickettsial
      disease, boutonneuse fever, which is produced by Rickettsia conorii and is
      usually a mild disease, that in our patient was associated with ARDS.

PMID- 2924630
TI  - Prolongation of ventricular depolarization. ECG manifestation of mexiletine
      toxicity.
AB  - Mexiletine is a type 1B antiarrhythmic drug similar to lidocaine. Prolongation of
      ventricular depolarization has not been previously reported with the usual oral
      dosage of mexiletine. We describe a patient with renal failure and heart failure
      on low-dose oral therapy who developed mexiletine toxicity, which was manifested
      by ECG prolongation of ventricular depolarization. This was confirmed by elevated
      plasma concentration of mexiletine. This case illustrates that contrary to the
      usual belief, mexiletine pharmacokinetics are altered by renal failure. It is
      important to monitor mexiletine therapy by plasma levels in patients with
      impaired renal function to avoid mexiletine toxicity.

PMID- 2924631
TI  - Breakage and detachment of an Abrams needle in the pleural cavity during
      performance of a pleural biopsy.
AB  - This is the report of a case of breakage and detachment in the pleural cavity of
      the tip of a nearly new Abrams needle during performance of a pleural biopsy. We
      have not found any reference in the literature to similar accidents and do not
      know what later complications may be produced by the metal body in the pleural
      cavity. In this case, there have been no complications 12 months after the
      incident.

PMID- 2924632
TI  - Giant right atrial thrombus in Noonan syndrome combined with Eisenmenger's
      complex.
AB  - A 54-year-old woman with the Noonan syndrome was admitted with congestive heart
      failure and a giant right atrial thrombus with atrial septal defect detected by
      two-dimensional echocardiography. The thrombus vanished on oral anticoagulant
      therapy with warfarin. The thrombus is considered to result from hemostasis in
      the right atrium due to congestive heart failure and to her specific skeletal
      characteristics. This report describes the first case of Noonan syndrome with
      right atrial thrombus.

PMID- 2924633
TI  - Long-standing indolent blastomycosis at internal opening of tracheostomy.
AB  - An unusual case of long-standing endotracheal blastomycosis caused recurrent
      airway obstruction at a tracheostomy site.

PMID- 2924634
TI  - Bilateral extrapleural effusions complicating bilateral pneumonia.
AB  - In the case reported herein a patient developed bilateral pneumonia and septic
      shock and subsequently developed bilateral effusions. Chest roentgenograms,
      computed tomograms, and findings from analysis of the fluid within the chest were
      consistent with typical empyemas. When surgical decortication was attempted, the
      effusions were found to be anatomically extrapleural. Symptomatic improvement was
      noted following debridement.

PMID- 2924635
TI  - Iatrogenic or patient-induced?

PMID- 2924636
TI  - Balloons.

PMID- 2924637
TI  - PA catheter measures in lung injury.

PMID- 2924638
TI  - Long-term antiarrhythmia therapy.

PMID- 2924639
TI  - Sputum retention.

PMID- 2924640
TI  - Diminished translucency, a common roentgenographic feature of tropical pulmonary
      eosinophilia.

PMID- 2924641
TI  - The jackknife technique in statistical analysis.

PMID- 2924642
TI  - Adolescent child molesters: clinical observations.
AB  - Clinical assessments of 29 male adolescent child molesters referred to the
      Toronto Family Court Clinic showed that many were socially isolated, had chronic
      learning problems and had been maladjusted prior to committing their sexual
      offenses. The roles of drug and alcohol abuse, past sexual victimization,
      antisocial traits, disinhibition, peer-group influence, psychopathology and
      sexual deviance, alone or in various combinations, as causal factors for these
      boys' sexual offenses are discussed in view of previous studies and illustrated
      by case vignettes.

PMID- 2924643
TI  - Adolescents help themselves by helping others.

PMID- 2924644
TI  - Preventing infant mortality: an investment in the nation's future.

PMID- 2924645
TI  - Head Start/IBM Partnership. Computers and preschoolers.

PMID- 2924646
TI  - Indian child welfare: a status report.

PMID- 2924647
TI  - Networking on a shoestring.

PMID- 2924648
TI  - Specialized foster family care. A community-based program for children with
      special needs.

PMID- 2924649
TI  - Advocacy and ombudswork for children: implications of the Israeli experience.
AB  - Israel's establishment of what is to be the first in a network of child advocacy
      councils is discussed in relation to child advocacy efforts in the United States.
      The work and structure of the Jerusalem Children's Council and its Ombudsman for
      Children is described. It is suggested that Israel's experience in establishing a
      well-functioning local child advocacy council provides a model for implementing
      the recommendation of the Joint Commission on the Mental Health of Children to
      establish a network of local child advocacy councils in the United States.

PMID- 2924650
TI  - Child abuse in Korea.
AB  - Many parents in Korea approve of discipline by the rod. In fact, physical
      punishment of children has been regarded in Korea as a family affair rather than
      a social issue. Today, however, it is winning social attention in that it can
      become a form of domestic or social violence that can adversely affect the whole
      society as well as the family and individual.

PMID- 2924651
TI  - Adolescent pregnancy: standards and services in Finland.
AB  - Finland's adolescent pregnancy rate is lower than that of many comparable
      nations. The author examines Finnish standards and services on adolescent
      pregnancy, and results of a survey of adolescent sexual behaviors and attitudes.

PMID- 2924652
TI  - Treatment of delinquent youth in Finland.
AB  - Finnish law provides both protections and punishments for juvenile offenders,
      much of it dependent on the offender's age. A recently initiated mediation
      program is attempting to provide an alternative way to deal with crimes and
      conflicts, and to increase community understanding and tolerance.

PMID- 2924653
TI  - Causal reasoning and inference making in judging the importance of story
      statements.
AB  - The present study investigated the development of the ability to judge the
      importance of story statements on the basis of their causal properties. Key
      statements were varied with respect to 2 factors: in terms of the number of their
      causal relations, and in terms of the kinds of relations they had. Relations were
      either intraepisodic, that is, connecting statements in the same episode, or
      interepisodic, that is, connecting statements in different episodes. Children 8,
      11, 14, and 18 years of age judged the importance of the statements. Children in
      all 4 age groups judged statements with many intraepisodic causal relations as
      more important than statements with few such relations. Only children 11 years
      and older judged statements as more important when they had interepisodic
      relations than when they did not. Thus, although young children may be sensitive
      to quantitative aspects of a statement's relational role within an episode, they
      may not be as aware of qualitative, that is, structural, differences between
      kinds of relations. Answers to why questions confirmed these patterns. Older
      children more often gave answers that crossed episodic boundaries than did the
      younger children. These findings may reflect age-related differences in
      children's ability to infer relations between statements and to integrate the
      information contained in stories. They also attest to the central role that
      causal inferences play in the interpretation of what is important information in
      stories.

PMID- 2924654
TI  - Children's use of a verbal-nonverbal consistency principle to infer truth and
      lying.
AB  - Children's use of a verbal-nonverbal consistency principle to infer truth and
      lying was investigated in 2 experiments. In Experiment 1, kindergarten (5-year
      olds), second- (7-year-olds), and fourth-grade (9-year-olds) children judged the
      truthfulness of stimulus persons whose verbal communication and nonverbal
      communication varied in valence (positive, neutral, and negative). In Experiment
      2, children from the same 3 grades were presented part of the verbal
      communications on audiotape and a similar set of general verbal communications.
      They were asked to predict what facial expression the speaker would show if he or
      she was telling the truth or lying. The findings yielded by both experiments
      indicated that the use of the verbal-nonverbal consistency principle increased
      with age. Use of that principle was demonstrated by fourth grade children who
      judged that telling the truth, as opposed to lying, was shown by a consistency
      between the affective valence of the verbal and the nonverbal communications.

PMID- 2924655
TI  - Continuity and change in intrafamilial agreement in beliefs concerning the
      adolescent: a follow-up study.
AB  - In a 2-year follow-up investigation of parent-child agreement in beliefs
      concerning the child and of the child's awareness of parental beliefs in families
      with children in transition to early (ages 10-11 to 12-13) and mid-adolescence
      (ages 15-16 to 17-18), 42 families were reinterviewed with the Family Belief
      Interview Schedule. Major results indicated that over the follow-up interval: (1)
      accuracy of the child's prediction of parental beliefs increased sharply between
      10-11 and 12-13 but not between 15-16 and 17-18 years; (2) congruence of both
      mothers' and fathers' beliefs with the child's self-beliefs increased; and (3)
      between families, overall levels of intrafamilial agreement in belief concerning
      the child remained remarkably stable. Findings support the notion that changes in
      adolescents' understanding of their own development and of their changing
      relationships to parents occur within a framework of overall consistency in level
      of intrafamilial agreement in belief.

PMID- 2924656
TI  - Emotional autonomy versus detachment: revisiting the vicissitudes of adolescence
      and young adulthood.
AB  - 3 studies reexamine Steinberg and Silverberg's construct of "emotional autonomy"
      (EA) in adolescent and young adult samples. We argue that rather than measuring
      either autonomy or independence, EA represents emotional detachment from parents.
      In Study 1, EA is shown to be negatively associated with early adolescents' (n =
      148) reported quality of attachment to parents, but not to friends. In Study 2,
      EA is shown to be positively related to experienced parental rejection but
      largely unrelated to perceived independence-support in a high school sample (n =
      193). In Study 3, EA in young adults (n = 104) is inversely related to measures
      of family cohesion, parental acceptance, independence support, and self-perceived
      lovability. Finally, a projective measure of parental nurturance taken by a
      subsample of subjects (n = 58) was associated negatively with EA but positively
      with perceived lovability. Discussion concerns the conceptualization of
      attachment versus detachment, dependence, and autonomy in theories of
      adolescence.

PMID- 2924657
TI  - The effects of object orientation and object type on children's interpretation of
      the word big.
AB  - Previous research indicates that preschool children have persistent difficulty
      interpreting big: 4-5-year-olds typically interpret big to mean tall, and 3-year
      olds fail to use any consistent interpretation. We propose that children's
      interpretation may vary depending on 2 contextual factors: type of object and
      orientation of object. 40 children (ages 3 and 5) each saw 35 pairs of items and,
      for each pair, were asked to point to "the big one." Type of object was varied by
      showing each child 3 kinds of objects: "people," "brownies," and rectangles.
      Orientation of object was varied by presenting objects either standing
      perpendicular to the tabletop (vertical condition) or lying flat on the tabletop
      (horizontal condition). Older children relied on height more consistently than
      younger children, all subjects relied on area more often in the horizontal
      condition than in the vertical condition, and 3-year-olds relied on height more
      when judging the bigness of people than of rectangles matched for size. Taken
      together, these results demonstrate that contextual factors clearly influence
      children's responses. These results demonstrate the interplay of cognitive and
      semantic factors in the process of semantic development.

PMID- 2924658
TI  - Establishing word-object relations: a first step.
AB  - This work explores how infants in the early phases of acquiring language come to
      establish an initial mapping between objects and their labels. If infants are
      biased to attend more to objects in the presence of language, that could help
      them to note word-object object pairings. To test this, a first study compared
      how long 18 10-14-month-old infants looked at unfamiliar toys when labeling
      phrases accompanied their presentation, versus when no labeling phrases were
      provided. As predicted, labeling the toys increased infants' attention to them. A
      second study examined whether the presence of labeling phrases increased infants'
      attention to objects over and above what pointing, a powerful nonlinguistic
      method for directing infants' attention, could accomplish on its own. 22 infants
      from 2 age groups (10-14- and 17-20-month-olds) were shown pairs of unfamiliar
      toys in 2 situations: (a) in a pointing alone condition, where the experimenter
      pointed a number of times at one of the toys, and (b) in a labeling + pointing
      condition, where the experimenter labeled the target toy while pointing to it.
      While the pointing occurred, infants looked just as long at the target toy
      whether or not it was labeled. During a subsequent play period in which no labels
      were uttered, however, infants gazed longer at the target toys that had been
      labeled than at those that had not. Thus language can increase infants' attention
      to objects beyond the time that labeling actually occurs. These studies do not
      pinpoint which aspects of labeling behavior contribute to the attentional
      facilitation effect that was observed. In any case, however, this tendency for
      language to sustain infants' attention to objects may help them learn the
      mappings between words and objects.

PMID- 2924659
TI  - Children's integration of facial and situational cues to emotion.
AB  - Children at 4 age levels (3-5, 6-7, 8-9, and 10-12 years) were shown a series of
      pictures in which facial and situational cues were (a) congruent, (b)
      conflicting, or (c) presented alone. Children rated the type (happy or sad) and
      intensity of the emotion felt by each character. Developmental changes in the
      relative weights assigned to facial and situational cues were examined using
      Anderson's information integration approach. The results showed that children's
      reliance on situational cues increased with age, but their reliance on facial
      expression decreased with age. Analysis of individual children's ratings
      indicated a developmental increase in the tendency to integrate facial and
      situational cues. Children's ability to resolve the conflicting cues (through
      stories) also increased with age, but there were no age differences in the types
      of resolutions used. At all age levels, children were less likely to resolve
      pictures involving an inconsistent positive expression than pictures showing an
      inconsistent negative expression.

PMID- 2924660
TI  - Toddlers' emerging ways of achieving social coordinations with a peer.
AB  - 14 peer dyads were observed longitudinally at 16, 20, 24, 28, and 32 months to
      assess developmental changes in social coordinations (both action-to-action
      thematic relations and extended games). Each child's movements through the
      playroom, actions upon play material, vocalizations, verbalizations, and gestures
      were coded for their relation to the concurrent or immediately prior behavior of
      the peer: Unrelated, Tangential, Coordinated, Interfering. There was a marked
      increase with age in acts coordinated with those of a peer, and imitations of the
      peer's nonverbal actions accounted for most of the developmental change. The use
      of words to direct the peer in a coordinated way increased with age but remained
      infrequent. Developmental change in the frequency of games paralleled that for
      imitative acts, and imitative acts both established and set the theme for most of
      the games. Thus, imitating another's nonverbal actions is a core behavioral
      strategy for achieving social coordinations during the developmental period
      preceding reliance on verbal communication in peer interaction.

PMID- 2924661
TI  - Maternal self-efficacy and infant attachment: integrating physiology,
      perceptions, and behavior.
AB  - 48 mothers of 5-month-old infants were asked to estimate their control over the
      termination of an infant cry in a laboratory-simulated child-care task. Mothers
      who greatly overestimated their control differed from low or moderate "illusion
      of-control" mothers by exhibiting a depression-prone attributional style, a
      depressed mood state, perceiving the father as participating less in child care,
      and responding to impending infant cries with heart-rate acceleration
      characteristic of aversive conditioning. At age 16 months, 40 of the mother
      infant pairs participated in the Ainsworth Strange Situation. Insecure infant
      attachment at 16 months was associated with maternal perception of overcontrol,
      depressed mood state, and aversive conditioning to the impending cry in the
      laboratory task at the 5-month period.

PMID- 2924662
TI  - Maternal separation in bonnet monkey infants: altered attachment and social
      support.
AB  - Maternal separation in young pigtail (M. nemestrina) monkeys results in an
      agitation-depression reaction that is a useful animal model of the behavioral and
      physiological consequences and separation and loss experiences in humans. In this
      study, 5 social-group-living bonnet (M. radiata) monkey infants were separated
      from their mothers for 4 days, and behavioral, physiological, and sleep-pattern
      changes were monitored. Behavioral and physiological changes were consistent with
      an agitation reaction. There was evidence of depression in both behavioral and
      physiological measures; these changes were not as pronounced as in pigtail
      infants, however. All infants were adopted by another adult female during
      separation. Our findings suggest that, in bonnet monkey infants, adoption by a
      female within the social group ameliorates the response to loss.

PMID- 2924663
TI  - Continuity and discontinuity in maternal sensitivity at 6, 24, and 42 months in a
      high-risk sample.
AB  - Continuity and discontinuity in maternal sensitivity from 6 and 24 months to 42
      months were examined in a sample of 135 disadvantaged mothers and their firstborn
      children. Sensitivity at 6 and 24 months accounted for 18% of the variance in 42
      month maternal sensitivity for boys, 14% for girls. Discontinuity was examined
      using residual scores. Less maternal sensitivity than predicted was related to
      stressful environmental and child characteristics for both boys and girls, while
      greater sensitivity than predicted was related to mothers' experiences of
      emotional support, girls' positive individual characteristics, and boys who were
      seen as unengaged.

PMID- 2924664
TI  - Stable individual differences in developmentally changing preterm infants: a
      replicated study.
AB  - In a longitudinal study with the Neurobehavioral Maturity Assessment (NB-MAP),
      developmental changes and stability of individual differences were assessed in 2
      independent samples of preterm infants ranging from 32 weeks conceptional age to
      term. Individual stability of response was assessed using regression analysis
      with repeated measures on subjects. The large majority of the functions tested
      showed highly significant developmental gains with age and highly significant
      individual stability of performance across age. These findings replicated well
      across the 2 cohorts. The results are discussed in the light of the
      neurobiological stage of development of preterm infants during the last 8 weeks
      prior to term.

PMID- 2924665
TI  - Which homes? A response to Scarr and McCartney (1988).
AB  - Scarr and McCartney's (1988) Bermudian study shows the futility of using the
      Verbal Interaction Project's Mother-Child Home Program (MCHP) to prevent later
      educational disadvantage in preschoolers who are not at risk for such
      disadvantage. Recently published research is cited to support a conclusion that
      poverty alone does not predict school disadvantage so much as poor parents
      frequently having low motivation and less than high school graduation, unlike the
      Bermudian sample. Significant positive school effects through eighth grade are
      noted to have occurred when the MCHP was used with Massachusetts preschoolers who
      were socioeconomically at risk for educational disadvantage and thus were of
      lower SES than the advantaged Bermudian children. Methodological issues are also
      discussed.

PMID- 2924666
TI  - [Symposium: Thrombosis and embolism. The value of fraxiparin in the prevention of
      postoperative thromboembolism. 28-29 October 1988, Cologne. Abstracts].

PMID- 2924667
TI  - Long-term functional analysis of the ileoanal reservoir.
AB  - Since November 1980, 180 patients underwent abdominal colectomy, rectal
      mucosectomy, ileoanal reservoir construction, and ileoanal anastomosis at the
      authors' institutions. One hundred twenty-nine patients had restoration of
      intestinal continuity before the end of 1986. One hundred fourteen of these
      patients (88 percent) were available for follow-up at a mean length of time of
      5.0 years from ileostomy closure (range, 16 to 88 months). The mean number of
      pouch evacuations was 5.4 +/- 2.5 during the day (range, 1 to 12) and 1.5 +/- 1.0
      at night (range, 0 to 6). Ninety-one percent of patients reported perfect or
      almost perfect daytime continence, and 74 percent found this true at night. Sixty
      three percent of patients believed their pouch function continued to improve over
      many years. Ninety-five percent of patients questioned would choose an ileoanal
      reservoir again instead of a permanent ileostomy. This long-term assessment of
      the function of the ileoanal reservoir confirms that it is a viable, although not
      perfect, option in the management of ulcerative colitis and familial adenomatous
      polyposis.

PMID- 2924668
TI  - International colorectal carcinoma staging and grading.
AB  - Pathologic (Dukes) and clinicopathologic staging systems (Australian and TNM) are
      all used for the staging of colorectal cancer. Many modifications of the systems,
      with different standards of evidence, are currently used for a variety of
      purposes. It is not yet possible to readily exchange data from one staging system
      to another because of the lack of uniform anatomic and pathologic subdivisions.
      It would also be an advantage if staging systems more confidently predicted
      potential for cure. It is proposed that the TNM based system be modified to
      satisfy these requirements. Modifications identify common ground between the
      various systems, use prognostic variables shown to be significant by multivariate
      analyses, and introduce an abbreviated form of tumor grading. Grading improves
      prediction of cure and allows standardization of the composition of stages and
      substages because distant metastatic potential is shown to be related to the
      presence of high grade. The modifications are considered necessary and
      appropriate for epidemiologic and clinical studies.

PMID- 2924669
TI  - Extended resection for locally advanced primary adenocarcinoma of the rectum.
AB  - To determine the perioperative mortality and morbidity and the longterm prognosis
      of patients undergoing extended pelvic resections for localized advanced primary
      adenocarcinoma of the rectum, the authors reviewed their experience with 65
      patients operated on between 1956 and 1984. Local invasion without distant
      metastasis was present in all patients at operation and en bloc resection of all
      involved organs was performed with intent of cure. Average age at operation was
      61 years; 15 (23 percent) were men and 50 (77 percent) were women. Operations
      included abdominoperineal resection in 37 patients (57 percent), low anterior
      resection in 20 patients (31 percent), and Hartmann procedure in 8 patients (12
      percent). Additionally, 34 of 42 women (81 percent) with intact uteri underwent
      en bloc hysterectomy, 37 of 48 women (77 percent) with intact ovaries had
      oophorectomy, and 25 of 50 women (50 percent) had partial vaginal resection.
      Seventeen of the 65 patients (26 percent) had a cystectomy, and 2 patients had a
      portion of small intestine resected in continuity with their tumor. Pathologic
      examination revealed lymph node involvement in 29 patients (45 percent) and
      histologic confirmation of adjacent organ extension in 37 patients (57 percent).
      There were no perioperative deaths, the average survival was 5.7 years, and 25
      patients (38 percent) were alive after a mean follow-up period of 9.3 years.
      Overall five-year survival was 52 percent. Forty patients died during the follow
      up period, with 26 (65 percent) of the deaths attributable to either recurrent
      carcinoma (25 patients) or a new primary lesion (1 patient). The cumulative
      probability of tumor recurrence at five years was 39 percent.

PMID- 2924670
TI  - Complications of colostomies.
AB  - One hundred twenty-six patients underwent 130 end colostomies, 44 for benign and
      86 for malignant disease, and were followed for an average of 35 months. The left
      or sigmoid colon was used in 99 and the transverse colon in 31. Stomas were made
      electively in 98 patients and urgently in 32. Seventy-six stomas were brought out
      through the incision and 54 from separate sites. There were 69 complications in
      55 patients (44 percent) including 11 strictures, 9 wound infections, 14 hernias,
      9 small-bowel obstructions, 4 prolapses, 2 abscesses, 1 peristomal fistula, 17
      skin erosions, and 2 poor stoma locations. Fifteen complications required
      reoperation. Five of these procedures included stoma revision. Total numbers of
      complications were not related to the stoma site, the disease process, the
      urgency of the procedure, or the segment of colon used. Wound infections,
      however, were increased in urgently made stomas. The incidence of hernia was
      equivalent in stomas brought out through the incision or at a separate site.
      Forty-one patients (30 percent) had 43 colostomies closed an average of 3.5
      months after creation. Thirteen patients had 14 complications--5 wound
      infections, 6 hernias, 2 small-bowel obstructions, and 1 rectovaginal fistula.
      One patient died. Four patients required reoperation. There were no anastomotic
      leaks. Complications were equivalent in Hartmann closures and transverse
      colostomy closures. Complications were similar in stomas created for cancer and
      those created for diverticular disease.

PMID- 2924671
TI  - Preoperative hyperthermochemoradiotherapy for patients with rectal cancer.
AB  - Preoperative hyperthermochemoradiotherapy (HCR therapy), consists of a
      combination of hyperthermia at 42 to 45 degrees C for 40 minutes (2 times per
      week for two weeks), 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) intravenously (total, 1000 to 1750
      mg), and a total of 30 Gy irradiation. The therapy was prescribed preoperatively
      most recently for 11 patients with rectal cancer. The authors used a
      radiofrequency system involving an endotract electrode with thermosensors for the
      hyperthermia. The effectiveness of preoperative HCR therapy was evaluated by
      irrigography, fiberscopy, and histopathologic findings in the resected specimens.
      Reduction in tumor size and amount was evident in all patients, with all modes of
      assessment. Histologically, no or only a few viable cancer cells were seen in the
      resected specimens in six patients, a small number of viable cancer cells in
      three, and a fair number of viable cancer cells in two patients; there were no
      complications. This method of treatment is expected to play an important role in
      the interdisciplinary treatment for rectal cancer.

PMID- 2924672
TI  - Ulcerative colitis: electron microscopic studies with special reference to
      development of crypt abscesses.
AB  - Electron microscopy of the colonic mucosa was performed in 33 patients with acute
      ulcerative colitis. The process of the development of crypt abscesses was
      studied. Inflammatory cells migrated intercellularly from the lamina propria and
      did not destruct the neighboring epithelial cells. Abnormal maturation of the
      epithelial cells was observed. Loose connection and separation of immature
      epithelial cells may promote migration of inflammatory cells.

PMID- 2924673
TI  - Transcolonoscopic decompression of sigmoid volvulus.
AB  - Colonoscopy may decompress a sigmoid volvulus above the reach of a rigid
      sigmoidoscope. Intraluminal stenting to prevent early recurrence can be
      accomplished using flexible plastic tubing passed over the colonoscope.

PMID- 2924674
TI  - A new approach to rectal anastomotic stricture.
AB  - A technique is presented that can serve as a solution for localized postoperative
      rectal stricture. This procedure was used after the failure of manual and
      instrumental dilatations. It consisted of cutting the prominent plication of the
      stricture, using the EEA stapler. Five patients successfully underwent this
      operation without morbidity or mortality, three after very low anterior resection
      and two after total colectomy, mucosal proctectomy, and ileoanal anastomosis.

PMID- 2924675
TI  - Anal duct carcinoma.

PMID- 2924676
TI  - Stenosis due to Crohn's disease.

PMID- 2924677
TI  - Camp nursing--a rewarding change of pace.
AB  - Burnout and nursing shortage are two negative realities in today's health care
      system. If burnout can be averted, retention will increase and the shortage will
      be less severe. Camp nursing provides an appealing option for critical care
      nurses from adult or pediatric intensive care units who need a temporary change
      of pace.

PMID- 2924678
TI  - Nursing opportunities: advice nurses give their children.

PMID- 2924679
TI  - Legal aspects of standards of practice.
AB  - In the article Developing Unit-Specific Standards in the November/December 1988
      issue of DCCN, the authors described techniques for developing and implementing
      unit-specific standards of practice in critical care. Here the nurse-attorney
      author adds another perspective, a legal one. This author suggests ways to word
      standards of practice so that they will be more useful in defending the nurse and
      the hospital in any potential negligence claims.

PMID- 2924680
TI  - Technicians in critical care: training, supervisory, and legal aspects.
AB  - An extra pair of hands is a precious commodity because of today's nursing
      shortage. Should technicians without nursing credentials be assigned to fulfill
      the role of nurses in critical care areas? Many have already voiced their
      opinions against the Registered Care Technologist (RCT) proposal of the American
      Medical Association (AMA), but it is time to examine the larger issue: the broad
      use of technicians in critical care. This author clarifies important factors
      regarding the use of technicians in critical care.

PMID- 2924681
TI  - Developing an arrhythmia course for obstetric nurses.
AB  - The need has increased for high-risk obstetric nurses to interpret cardiac
      rhythms, owing to the potential cardiovascular side-effects of tocolytic therapy
      in premature labor. The cardiovascular critical care nurse, educator, and
      clinical specialist are important to obstetric nurses as consultants for
      arrhythmia interpretation. These authors describe how to plan, develop, and
      implement an arrhythmia course for staff nurses working in obstetric units.

PMID- 2924682
TI  - Avoiding territorialism in response to RCTs.

PMID- 2924683
TI  - Aortic valvuloplasty: potential nursing diagnoses.
AB  - The use of transluminal balloon angioplasty has become widespread in the
      treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Since critical care nurses are responsible
      for the assessment and management after the procedure in the critical care unit,
      the authors provide information on the pathophysiology and potential nursing
      diagnoses for these patients. In this way, the critical care nurse can support
      the patient before, during, and after the procedure.

PMID- 2924684
TI  - Obstructive sleep apnea: preventing complications.
AB  - The patient with an acute episode of obstructive sleep apnea requires critical
      nursing care to prevent or manage respiratory failure. The author describes
      monitoring and preventive nursing measures for these patients.

PMID- 2924685
TI  - The pregnant woman with a myocardial infarction: nursing diagnosis.
AB  - Critical care nurses in emergency, cardiac, or medical intensive care units may
      care for women who have experienced a myocardial infarction during pregnancy.
      Nursing management of the pregnant patient with a myocardial infarction (MI)
      requires an understanding of the normal physiology of pregnancy, the deviations
      from health with an MI, and an ability to integrate this knowledge to provide
      skillful care to unique and very ill patients. Here the authors describe caring
      for a pregnant patient in cardiac care, while a later article in this tissue
      focuses on the critical care nurse's role in teaching obstetric nurses arrhythmia
      interpretation when the patient remains on an obstetric unit. Collaboration
      between the critical care nurse and obstetric nurse is essential to care for
      these complex patients.

PMID- 2924686
TI  - Specific oligodeoxynucleotide probes obtained through RNA sequencing.
AB  - By combining several established techniques we developed a method to test the
      specificity of mixed oligodeoxynucleotide hybridization probes and to provide the
      information for the design of long nondegenerate, and therefore more specific
      probes. Mixed oligodeoxynucleotide probes derived from known peptide sequences
      are first used to initiate primer extension reactions with poly(A)+RNA as
      template in the presence of three dNTPs and one ddNTP to generate cDNA
      transcripts of defined lengths. Comparing the lengths of the cDNA transcripts
      with the possible nucleic acid sequence coding for the known oligopeptide
      indicates whether the oligodeoxynucleotide mix hybridizes predominantly to the
      RNA of interest. In a second step, the oligodeoxynucleotide mix with the highest
      specificity is used for indirect RNA sequence analysis. This confirms the
      specificity of the probe and provides information to design a long, highly
      specific oligodeoxynucleotide probe for the gene of interest. This simple two
      step-procedure helps to circumvent the time-consuming procedures of subcloning
      and sequencing of cross-hybridizing fragments.

PMID- 2924688
TI  - Structure of human angiotensinogen gene.
AB  - A cDNA clone encoding human angiotensinogen was isolated from a cDNA library
      prepared from human liver mRNA and used to isolate the angiotensinogen gene. The
      complete exon sequence of this gene together with extensive intron and flanking
      sequences are reported. The human angiotensinogen gene contains five exons
      interrupted by four intervening sequences. We compared the intron-exon structure
      of this human gene with that of the rat gene or the genes coding for proteins
      such as alpha 1-antitrypsin and antithrombin III, whose primary amino acid
      sequences show similarities. The human angiotensinogen gene shows identical
      organization with the alpha 1-antitrypsin gene, but is different from the
      antithrombin III gene. The 5'-flanking sequence (-500 to -1 bp) of the human
      angiotensinogen gene was examined for hormone regulatory elements (HRE), which
      may be implicated in the interaction with the hormone receptor complexes.

PMID- 2924687
TI  - Structure and organization of the gene encoding human pulmonary surfactant
      proteolipid SP-B.
AB  - Human pulmonary surfactant proteolipid SP-B arises by proteolytic processing of a
      42,000-dalton precursor. The active proteolipid SP-B is one of two small
      hydrophobic proteins identified in surfactant that impart surface-active
      properties to surfactant phospholipids. We report the isolation and
      characterization of complete SP-B cDNA from a human lung cDNA library. The cDNA
      was used to isolate the gene encoding the SP-B precursor from a lambda EMBL3
      library of human embryonic kidney DNA. The entire SP-B gene was sequenced and is
      approximately 9.5 kb long, with 11 exons and 10 introns including a large 823
      nucleotide 3' untranslated exon. The sequence derived from the exons differs from
      the cDNA sequence at 3 positions out of 2001, only one of which is in the
      translated region. Direct RNA sequencing indicated that the 5' untranslated
      region is only 14 nucleotides long. A number of putative regulatory elements were
      found upstream of the SP-B gene, including a GC box and several putative cAMP and
      glucocorticoid receptor binding sites. Several Alu repeats and a region of
      potential Z-DNA formation were found in the introns. Southern blotting of human
      genomic DNA probed with SP-B cDNA indicated the presence of only one SP-B gene in
      the human genome, and the gene was localized to chromosome 2.

PMID- 2924689
TI  - Usefulness of cardiovascular tests of autonomic function in asymptomatic diabetic
      patients.
AB  - A group of five cardiovascular tests of autonomic neural function was studied in
      115 asymptomatic insulin-dependent diabetic patients and nine patients with
      symptoms of diabetic autonomic neuropathy. In the asymptomatic group, 34 patients
      had one or more abnormal test. R-R variation during deep breathing was most
      frequently abnormal, but reliance on this test alone to examine parasympathetic
      function would have missed 12 of the 34 abnormal patients. The two abnormal
      responses to isometric exercise in this group were probably false-positive
      results caused by poor patient effort. In the symptomatic patients, R-R variation
      during deep breathing was abnormal in all nine, the blood pressure response to
      standing was abnormal in seven, and the response to isometric exercise was
      abnormal in three. The blood pressure response to isometric exercise is
      uncomfortable, requires special equipment, and should probably be confined to the
      assessment of symptomatic patients in a specialist setting.

PMID- 2924691
TI  - [Effect of demographic changes on the case rate and days of care for hospitalized
      internal medicine patients].
AB  - Using case categories at the Center for Internal Medicine of the Medical
      University at Lubeck and predictions of future population trends by the German
      Federal Statistical Office, likely future numbers of inpatients and days of
      hospital stay were calculated. Assuming other conditions remaining constant, an
      annual rise of 0.9% of medical cases is to be expected until the year 2005. An
      increase above this average is expected for cases of cardiovascular and
      respiratory disease and of malignant neoplasms, while it will be below average
      for renal or gastrointestinal diseases. These data are similar to comparable
      projections made, on the basis of Federal statistics, of hospital cases
      registered with local health insurance schemes. In addition they indicate an
      increase of 3% for all non-paediatric admissions up to 2005.

PMID- 2924690
TI  - [Basic therapy of chronic heart failure with digitalis or diuretics?].
AB  - Sixteen patients in heart failure and sinus rhythm were, after a four-week
      treatment-free period, randomly assigned to receive, for four to six weeks,
      either a diuretic combination (hydrochlorothiazide + triamterene) or a digitalis
      glycoside. Subsequently the treatment was exchanged between the two groups.
      Without treatment nine patients were in stage II (New York Heart Association
      classification), seven in stage III. Pulmonary wedge pressure at rest was 27 +/-
      14, on exercise 32 +/- 8 mm Hg, cardiac output 5.3 +/- 1.0 at rest and 7.8 +/-
      2.3 l/min on exercise. Digitalis glycosides improved symptoms by one stage in
      three of 16 patients. All objective measures showed slight but not significant
      improvement. Diuretic treatment improved symptoms in five patients, while heart
      size and echocardiographically measured ventricular volume decreased slightly.
      Cardiac output decreased at rest, but not significantly, and on exercise not at
      all. Pulmonary arterial pressure (21 +/- 9 mm Hg), pulmonary wedge pressure (13
      +/- 7 mm Hg) and pulmonary artery pressure on exercise (39 +/- 11 mm Hg) were
      significantly lower on diuretics than without treatment. The results support the
      primary use of diuretics in the treatment of chronic heart failure.

PMID- 2924692
TI  - [Endoscopic balloon dilatation of benign choledochal stenosis].
AB  - A 68-year-old woman was admitted because of septicaemia after cardiac valve
      replacement. Cause of the septicaemia was a proximal filiform common bile duct
      stenosis with recurrent gallstones and secondary cholangitis. A single pneumatic
      balloon dilatation widened the common bile duct. At the same time, specific
      antibiotic treatment cured the septicaemia. Nine months later no further
      dilatation has been necessary.

PMID- 2924693
TI  - [Treatment of metastatic adrenal carcinoma with suramin].
AB  - A right adrenocortical carcinoma (weighing 978 g) was removed from a 45-year-old
      man in April 1986, the tumour bed then being irradiated with 40 Gy. Subsequently
      discovered multiple lung metastases were treated with cisplatin, etoposide and
      bleomycin, without improvement. Treatment with mitotane (Lysodren) was also
      without effect and had to be discontinued because of severe side effects.
      Treatment with suramin (Germanin) was begun in August 1987. After a loading dose
      of 10.7 g for six weeks the lung metastases regressed almost completely. But lung
      metastases were again demonstrated in January 1988 during a low-dose maintenance
      regimen of suramin. Increased dosage arrested further growth, but achieved no
      regression of the metastases. The patient died unexpectedly in April 1988 of
      acute circulatory failure. Suramin administration had been discontinued six weeks
      earlier because of bronchopneumonia and general deterioration. Thrombocytopenia,
      coagulation disorders and moderate proteinuria were the side effects of suramin
      treatment.

PMID- 2924694
TI  - [Release of hospital discharge reports to insurance companies].

PMID- 2924695
TI  - [HIV infection with a serological variant].

PMID- 2924696
TI  - [Experiences with highly concentrated heparin preparations].

PMID- 2924697
TI  - [Upper gastrointestinal bleeding from ulcer: reduction of mortality by early
      elective surgical therapy of patients at risk].
AB  - Amount, activity and localisation of bleeding, as well as patient-specific risk
      factors were used to define a group of patients at risk who were treated
      electively early by surgical intervention, within the first 24-36 hours after
      onset of the primary bleeding. 147 patients were included in the study between
      1982 and 1988, a bleeding gastric ulcer being present in 67 (46%), a bleeding
      prepyloric ulcer in 14 (9%), and a bleeding duodenal ulcer in 66 (45%). 135 (92%)
      patients had a bleeding activity of I and II in Forrest's classification. 94
      patients were in the at risk group and underwent early selective surgical
      treatment. During the period of study 13 patients (8.8%) died, with a drastic
      reduction in mortality rate during the 1982-1988 period from 20 to 0%. Stoppage
      of bleeding was the aim of operative intervention; treatment of the ulcerative
      condition was undertaken in only 43%. Reduction of the mortality rate to zero is
      ascribed to the early treatment concept.

PMID- 2924698
TI  - [Quality of life after rectal resection or extirpation. A comparison using
      different measurement parameters].
AB  - Two groups of 41 patients each who had undergone rectal resection or excision
      were questioned about the quality of their life an average of 4.3 or 3.8 years,
      respectively, after the operation. Three different measurements were obtained
      (Karnofsky, Grogono and Spitzer indexes). In addition, the patients provided a
      subjective estimate of the quality of their life. The quality of life was
      significantly better after resection than after excision, most clearly so
      according to the Grogono index, and this was also reflected in the patients'
      personal assessment. In males rectal excision frequently resulted in inferiority
      feelings, depression and disorders of sexual activity. Females found it easier to
      cope: they showed only minor differences in quality of life between resection and
      excision. Irrigation proved to be the best means of stoma care as far as quality
      of life was concerned.

PMID- 2924699
TI  - [Aseptic skin necrosis after subcutaneous injection of alpha interferon].
AB  - Aseptic necrosis of the skin developed in two patients with HIV-associated
      disseminated Kaposi's sarcoma after subcutaneous injection of recombinant
      interferon-alpha. Both patients were given it at a daily dosage of 20 x 10(6)
      IU/m2 body surface area. One of the patients, after full remission had been
      achieved, received a reduced dosage of 3 x 10(6) IU/m2, twice weekly. The
      clinical picture and course of the changes were similar to those of embolia cutis
      medicamentosa (Nicolau's syndrome), which can occur after injection of various
      drugs, intended to be intramuscular but by mistake given intra-arterially.

PMID- 2924701
TI  - [Immunoscintigraphy and immunotherapy].

PMID- 2924700
TI  - [Diseases caused by group G beta-hemolytic streptococci].
AB  - Group G beta-haemolytic streptococci were isolated from two patients, one with
      life-threatening septicaemia and meningitis, the other with puerperal sepsis and
      endometritis. The bacteria were isolated by blood culture and from cerebrospinal
      fluid in one patient, and from cervical swabs and urine in the other. In both
      treatment with a cephalosporin followed by penicillin G promptly led to recovery.
      These cases may signal an increasing incidence of severe infections caused by
      group G beta-haemolytic streptococci.

PMID- 2924702
TI  - [Post-transfusion hepatitis].

PMID- 2924703
TI  - [Pump-aided percutaneous transhepatic litholysis of gallstones].

PMID- 2924704
TI  - [Chronic paranoid-hallucinatory psychosis as the initial manifestation of an HIV
      infection?].
AB  - In a 36-year-old patient an acute onset of psychosis occurred, probably due to
      HIV infection. For one year HIV-infection with reduced T4/T8 ratio had been known
      without clinical manifestation (stage IV B of the CDC-classification). He
      developed chronic delusional hallucinations, which persisted for more than one
      year in spite of adequate psychoactive drug therapy. So far AIDS-related dementia
      has not become evident. Focal lesions caused by opportunistic infections or
      tumour were excluded by computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. The
      latter revealed several small lesions and the brain scan showed a nonhomogeneous
      pattern of cerebral blood flow. CSF-examination disclosed a mild lymphocytosis
      and raised protein concentration. A classification as an organic, HIV-induced
      delusional hallucination seems to be justified.

PMID- 2924705
TI  - [Proto-oncogene expression in human carcinomas of the stomach and in the gastric
      mucosa of rats exposed to N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine-induced gastric
      carcinogenesis].
AB  - The expression of c-Ha-ras-1, Ki-ras, N-ras, abl, src, fos and myc protooncogenes
      was analyzed in 13 cases of human gastric carcinomas. The transcriptional
      activity of both fos and myc protooncogenes was found to be disturbed in 47% and
      42% of cases, respectively. An overexpression of fos protooncogenes as well as an
      appearance in some cases of atypical foc-mRNA transcripts were established. Only
      an elevation of the number of myc mRNA copies was observed. In one patient with
      gastric carcinoma a c-Ha-ras-1 overexpression was detected due to its
      amplification both in tumour tissues and in regional metastasis. The expression
      of other protooncogenes under investigation was similar to those found in normal
      gastric mucose. In addition, no differences in expression in protooncogenes
      mentioned above plus sis protooncogene were established in unchanged,
      premalignant and malignant stomach tissues in the course of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N
      nitrosoguanidin-induced carcinogenesis.

PMID- 2924706
TI  - [Morphometric characteristics and functional activity of the cells of Ehrlich
      ascites cancer found in different phases of the cell cycle].
AB  - The Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells at different interphase periods have been
      studied for dynamics of ultrastructural and morphometric characteristics and
      biochemical analysis of metabolism of the given cells has been made. A
      distinctive structure-function correlation detectable by stage coincidence in the
      re-structure with the cell metabolism alterations is shown.

PMID- 2924707
TI  - [DNA-bound lipids of the cells of Zajdela ascites hepatoma and of Ehrlich ascites
      cancer].
AB  - DNA-bound neutral lipids (NL) and phospholipids (PL) were isolated and
      characterized from the Zajdel ascites hepatoma (ZAH) and Ehrlich ascites
      carcinoma (EAC) cells. The lipids are represented by light- and tightly bound
      components. It was shown, that the tumour DNA contained minor amount of NL (25,
      17 micrograms and 16.87 micrograms per mg DNA, respectively) and of PL (4.54
      micrograms and 5.36 micrograms per mg DNA, respectively, for ZAH and EAC). The
      composition of the tumour DNA-bound lipids was shown to differ from that of DNA
      bound lipids of liver and thymus of intact rats by the next parameters: NL/PL
      ratio is much more than one; increased content of FC; equal values of the three
      basic ratios--CE/FC, NL/PL, cholesterol/PL, presence of mono- and triglycerides.

PMID- 2924708
TI  - [Interaction of the plasma membranes of the cells of tumors metastasizing to the
      lungs with the target organ].
AB  - Cells of lines of mice transplantable tumours metastasizing into the lung have
      been used: lung adenocarcinoma (AL), Lewis lung carcinoma (LL), melanoma B-16 (B
      16), mammary tumour MMT-1 (MMT-1), malignant subline of L-cells (LS). Hybrid
      vesicles were obtained for each tumour. They contain fragments of cell plasmatic
      membranes (PM). It has been shown that AL-, LL-, LS- and B-16-liposomes were
      accumulated in lung, the trapping of AL- and LL-liposomes being higher than that
      of the other hybrid vesicles. Despite the similar dynamics and frequency of
      metastatic spreading into the lung for all tumours studied, no trapping of MMT-1
      vesicles in the target-organ was observed. The role of specific interaction of
      tumour cells PM with the endothelium of the lung capillaries in the process of
      organotropic metastatic spreading is discussed.

PMID- 2924709
TI  - [Functional changes in the natural killer cells of patients with acute leukemia].
AB  - The results of study of NKC activity (51Cr release assay, conjugate-forming and
      lytic activity) in healthy persons and patients with acute leukemia (AL) in
      active phase and in remission are presented. It has been shown that the
      depression of the NKC activity in acute phase of AL (6 times as low as in norm)
      and in remission (3 times as low as in norm) depended upon disturbances of the
      processes of conjugate formation, lytic and recycling activity. Correlation has
      been found between percentage of lytic conjugates and that of cytotoxicity. The
      increase of NKC activity in remission seemed to be due to tendency to
      normalization of functional state of NK-cells (conjugate-forming and recycling
      activity).

PMID- 2924710
TI  - [The expression of antigens, detectable with ICO-series monoclonal antibodies, on
      the surfaces of cells forming granulocyte and macrophage colonies in semiliquid
      agar].
AB  - The expression of antigens on granulocyte-macrophagal colony-forming cells of
      patients with nonhematological diseases was studied. Treatment of bone marrow
      cells with murine monoclonal antibodies ICO-1 and ICO-11 led to statistically
      significant inhibition of the number of growing colonies. Monoclonal antibodies
      ICO-02, ICO-10, ICO-GM-1 and ICO-G-2 had no such effect.

PMID- 2924711
TI  - [Secretion of type-E prostaglandin by tumor cells of different degrees of
      malignancy when in contact with effectors of natural resistance].
AB  - It was demonstrated that short-term contact of highly malignant tumour cells with
      NK-cells, neutrophils and macrophages induced rapid PGE secretion into the
      culture medium. PGE is detected in the culture fluids by the biological test
      based on inhibition of cytotoxic activity of NK-cells in standard cytotoxic
      tests. In the direct radioimmunoassay no PGE release was detected when low
      malignant tumour cells contact with effector cells of natural resistance system
      as well as after malignant tumour cell pretreatment with indomethacin. There was
      no increase in PGE secretion by the malignant tumour cells after their in vitro
      contact with red cells, normal hamster embryo cells and tumour cells of different
      origin.

PMID- 2924712
TI  - [Cytostatic action of the peritoneal cells of Syrian hamsters to transformed and
      tumor cells in vitro and its suppression by prostaglandin E2].
AB  - High antitumour activity of Syrian hamster peritoneal cells (PC) is demonstrated
      in the cytostatic test in vitro. The cytostatic effect (CSE) of PC on hamster
      cell strains can be revealed at the very early stage (7 hours of cocultivation)
      and it remains stable during at least 24 hours. Single intraperitoneal injection
      of physiological (10(-9) M) or pharmacological (10(-7)) doses of prostaglandin E2
      preparation leads to the prolonged and significant inhibition of CSE of PC.

PMID- 2924713
TI  - [Sensitivity to chemotherapeutic preparations of anthracycline-resistant strains
      of murine leukemia P388].
AB  - P388 leukemia strains resistant to rubomycin and ruboxylnitroxyl derivative of
      rubomycin were studied for their drug sensitivity. The resistant strains
      exhibited cross resistance to anthracycline antibiotics, vinca alkaloids,
      actinomycin D, colchicine. The rubomycin-resistant strain gained significantly
      higher sensitivity (in comparison with the parent strain and the ruboxyl
      resistant strain) to six drugs: cisplatin, sarcolisin, dopan, thiophosphamide,
      degranol, 6-mercaptopurine. The karyotype of the ruboxyl-resistant cells was
      characterized by the presence of chromosome with homogeneously straining region
      (HSR). The alteration of the HSR-location was accompanied by the increase of
      chemotherapeutical sensitivity of the ruboxylresistant strain to the alkylating
      agents.

PMID- 2924715
TI  - [Effect of staphylococcal enterotoxin A on the development of Lewis lung
      carcinoma in mice].
AB  - The effect of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin A (SEA) was studied for its
      effect on the development of the Lewis carcinoma in mice. It was shown that
      administration of SEA immediately after the appearance of the primary node in
      mice after transplantation of tumour cells led to insignificant inhibition of the
      node growth and a slight decrease of tumour metastasizing into the lungs.
      Inoculation of mice after the appearance of the primary node with 1/microgram of
      SEA 5 times a week significantly increased their survival rate. The lack of the
      marked effect of SEA appears to be associated with the disturbance of the immune
      interferon system functioning in tumour-bearing mice, since the production of
      serum interferon induced by SEA in mice with tumours was considerably lower than
      in the intact ones.

PMID- 2924714
TI  - [Decrease in the blood toxicity of antitumor preparations during enterosorption].
AB  - It is shown that peroral administration of activated charcoal SCN in rats with
      subcutaneously grafted Guerin carcinoma and Svec erythroleucosis does not hamper
      the antitumoural action of cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and carminomycin and
      provides a protective effect on the medullar haemopoiesis.

PMID- 2924716
TI  - Regulation of progesterone biosynthesis by estrogen during baboon pregnancy:
      placental mitochondrial cholesterol side-chain cleavage activity in antiestrogen
      (ethamoxytriphetol, MER-25)-treated baboons.
AB  - We determined whether the reduction in placental progesterone (P4) production
      observed after administration of the antiestrogen ethamoxytriphetol (MER-25) to
      pregnant baboons was associated with a decline in activity and/or content of the
      placental mitochondrial cholesterol side-chain cleavage system (P-450scc).
      Pregnant baboons (Papio anubis) were untreated (n = 9) or administered MER-25 (25
      mg/kg BW, orally; n = 6) daily on days 140-170 of gestation (term = 184 days).
      Placentas were obtained by cesarean section on day 170 of gestation, and P-450scc
      activity and cytochrome P-450 content were determined on mitochondria-rich
      fractions. Administration of MER-25 to pregnant baboons resulted in a 40%
      reduction (P less than 0.01, by Student's t test) in the mean (+/- SE) peripheral
      serum P4 concentration (6.3 +/- 0.3 ng/ml) compared to that in untreated (10.4 +/
      0.3 ng/ml) baboons. P-450scc activity, as determined by formation of
      pregnenolone (P5) and P4 during a 30-min incubation (picomoles per mg protein),
      was 37% lower (P less than 0.01) in placental mitochondria obtained from MER-25
      treated baboons (179.8 +/- 25.0) than in that from untreated (285.4 +/- 13.4)
      baboons. Mitochondrial cytochrome P-450 content, assessed by spectral analysis,
      was 28% lower (P less than 0.02) in antiestrogen-treated (46.7 +/- 2.1 pmol/mg
      protein) than in untreated (64.8 +/- 5.2 pmol/mg protein) baboons. The initial
      (time zero) free cholesterol content (nanomoles per mg protein) of mitochondrial
      rich preparations was not significantly different in antiestrogen-treated (189.3
      +/- 13.0) and untreated (225.0 +/- 15.1) animals. Collectively, these results
      suggest that the decline in placental P4 production observed in baboons in
      response to MER-25 occurs at least in part as a result of a decrease in
      cytochrome P-450scc activity. The loss in P-450scc activity appears to be an
      intramitochondrial event and not a result of depletion of the total mitochondrial
      cholesterol pool. We propose, therefore, that one mechanism by which estrogen may
      regulate the production of P4 by the placenta during primate pregnancy is via the
      maintenance of placental mitochondrial cytochrome P-450, the terminal oxidase of
      cytochrome P-450scc.

PMID- 2924717
TI  - Induction of ovarian cysts in progesterone-synchronized immature rats: evidence
      that suppression of follicular aromatase activity is not a prerequisite for the
      induction of cystic follicles.
AB  - Serum hormone profiles for women and animals with cystic ovaries have led to the
      hypothesis that elevated serum LH and androgens are involved in the induction of
      ovarian follicular cysts. To test the ability of LH-like activity to induce
      cysts, immature rats (bearing progesterone implants to suppress endogenous LH
      secretion) were assigned to treatment groups that received 0 (control), 0.1, 0.5,
      or 1.5 IU hCG twice daily for 9 days beginning on day 27 of life. Serum
      progesterone concentrations were maintained at approximately 156 ng/ml throughout
      the in vivo treatment period. By the morning of day 36 (day 10 of treatment) the
      largest follicles in ovaries from control animals were at the small antral stage
      of development. In contrast, the largest follicles in ovaries from rats receiving
      0.1, 0.5, and 1.5 IU hCG were primarily at the large antral, precystic, and
      cystic stages of development, respectively. On all days tested, progesterone,
      androstenedione, and estradiol accumulation in medium alone was greater for
      follicles from rats receiving hCG than for follicles from control rats.
      Progesterone and androstenedione increased in response to cAMP in vitro in
      follicular incubations from both control and hCG-treated animals. Only estradiol
      production by follicles from rats treated with 0.1 or 0.5 IU hCG increased in
      response to cAMP in vitro. Follicles from all treatment groups produced
      significantly more estradiol in the presence of a saturating amount of
      aromatizable substrate than in medium alone. Indeed, on day 36, cystic follicles
      produced more than 8 ng estradiol when incubated in the presence of either
      androstenedione or testosterone. In addition, more androstenedione was
      accumulated in vitro when developing cysts were incubated with exogenous
      testosterone than when noncystic follicles were incubated under similar
      conditions. The results of these experiments demonstrate that chronic stimulation
      by LH-like activity is capable of inducing follicular cysts in a time- and dose
      related manner in intact noncycling immature rats. The ability of these cysts to
      produce 1-2 ng estradiol in medium alone and even greater amounts of estradiol in
      the presence of exogenous androgen indicates that inhibition of the ability of
      FSH to induce and stimulate follicular aromatase activity is not a prerequisite
      for the induction of follicular cysts in these animals. Finally, the increasing
      ability to accumulate androstenedione in the presence of exogenous testosterone
      suggests that follicular 17 beta-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase activity increases
      in response to chronic stimulation by low doses of LH-like activity during the
      development of follicular cysts.

PMID- 2924718
TI  - Counterregulation of nuclear 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) binding by oxidized
      and reduced-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphates in the presence of
      cytosolic T3-binding protein in vitro.
AB  - The role of cytosolic T3-binding protein (CTBP) in the regulation of nuclear T3
      binding was studied in vitro. Nuclear [125I]T3 binding was observed in the
      presence of 1.0 mM dithiothreitol (DTT). When the nuclei prepared from rat kidney
      were incubated with inactive form of CTBP which was also prepared from rat
      kidney, [125I]T3 binding to nuclei was not affected. When the nuclei were
      incubated with inactive form of CTBP in the presence of NADP, [125I]T3 binding to
      nuclei was increased, whereas binding was diminished when nuclei were incubated
      with CTBP in the presence of NADPH. The inactive form of CTBP was activated by
      NADPH. NADP also activated CTBP in the presence of DTT. Both active forms of CTBP
      were again inactivated by extraction with charcoal, and these inactive forms were
      reactivated by NADPH or by NADP and DTT, but not by NADP alone. Although the
      nuclei treated with 0.3 M NaCl lost the binding activity for [125I]T3 in the
      absence of NADP, the nuclei retained the binding activity for [125I]T3 in the
      presence of NADP and the inactive form of CTBP. Treatment of the nuclei with 0.5
      M NaCl lost the binding activity for [125I]T3 not only in the absence but also in
      the presence of NADP and CTBP. These results suggested that NADP and NADPH play
      roles as counterregulatory factors for nuclear T3 binding in the presence of
      CTBP. Further, it was speculated that binding sites for the T3-CTBP complex,
      which is generated in the presence of NADP and DTT, are present in nuclei, and
      that binding sites for the complex are different from nuclear T3 receptors.

PMID- 2924719
TI  - Generation of osteoclastic function in mouse bone marrow cultures:
      multinuclearity and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase are unreliable markers
      for osteoclastic differentiation.
AB  - The osteoclast is the cell that resorbs bone. It is known to derive from
      hemopoietic precursors, and a series of recent experiments has used enumeration
      of the tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinucleate cells
      that develop in cultures of hemopoietic tissue as a means to analyze the
      regulation of osteoclast generation. These multinucleate cells have never been
      definitively characterized as osteoclasts, however, and we elected to assess the
      relationship among bone resorption (the primary function of the osteoclast),
      TRAP, and multinuclearity in mouse bone marrow cultures. Mouse bone marrow cells
      and peritoneal macrophages were incubated on plastic coverslips or bone slices
      for up to 14 days in the presence or absence of 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3
      [1 alpha,25-(OH)2D3]. Osteoclast generation, as judged by bone resorption,
      occurred in marrow cell cultures only in the presence of 1 alpha,25-(OH)2D3.
      However, TRAP-positive multinuclear cells developed both with and without the
      hormone. The multinuclear cells bound F4/80, a marker for macrophages that does
      not bind to osteoclasts. Peritoneal macrophages became multinucleate and
      developed TRAP positivity in culture to levels similar to those in freshly
      isolated osteoclasts, especially with 1 alpha,25-(OH)2D3, but remained
      nonresorptive. In cultures of marrow cells incubated with 1 alpha,25-(OH)2D3 bone
      resorption was more extensive than could readily be accounted for by the number
      of multinucleate cells present, and the size of excavations and extent of
      resorption suggested a major contribution by mononuclear cells with osteoclastic
      function. Thus, while TRAP and multinuclearity are reliable markers for
      osteoclastic phenotype in bone, they are unreliable markers in culture.
      Experiments designed to evaluate the regulation of osteoclast generation through
      enumeration of TRAP-positive multinucleate cells formed in bone marrow cultures
      will not only overstate, to an unknown and probably variable degree, the number
      of multinucleate osteoclasts that develop, but will also fail to even identify
      what may be a considerable and more substantial population of mononuclear cells
      that possess osteoclastic characteristics.

PMID- 2924720
TI  - Testosterone regulation of proopiomelanocortin messenger ribonucleic acid in the
      arcuate nucleus of the male rat.
AB  - GnRH regulates the secretion of LH and FSH, which stimulate the secretion of
      testicular hormones. Acting in a reciprocal fashion, these hormones, including
      testosterone and inhibin, exert a negative feedback effect on GnRH and
      gonadotropin secretion. Endogenous opioid peptides (EOPs) have been implicated to
      play a role in steroid-mediated regulation of gonadotropin secretion. In this
      context, certain steroid hormones (e.g. testosterone) increase EOP activity and
      ultimately inhibit GnRH secretion; however, the cellular mechanism by which this
      occurs is unknown. beta-Endorphin is one of these EOPs, and it is derived from a
      larger precursor molecule, POMC. We tested the hypothesis that testicular
      hormones and testosterone, in particular, stimulate POMC gene expression in the
      arcuate nucleus of the male rat brain. First, we compared POMC mRNA levels
      between intact and castrated male rats. Adult male rats were killed 4 days (n =
      4) and 21 days (n = 5) after castration. Intact animals (sham-operated; n = 6)
      were used as controls. Using in situ hybridization and a computerized image
      analysis system, we measured the POMC mRNA content in individual cells of the
      arcuate nucleus. POMC mRNA signal was significantly lower (P less than 0.0003) in
      both 4-day (126 +/- 2 grains/cell) and 21-day (117 +/- 5 grains/cell) castrates
      than in controls (142 +/- 2 grains/cell). In a second experiment we tested
      whether testosterone would reverse the castration-induced loss of POMC message.
      Again, we castrated animals and immediately implanted them with either empty
      (sham; n = 6) or testosterone-containing Silastic implants (n = 5) of a size that
      would deliver physiological levels of testosterone (3.6 +/- 1.5 ng/ml). We
      observed that testosterone-treated animals had significantly higher levels of
      POMC mRNA signal (121.8 +/- 3.8 grains/cell) than sham-treated castrates (111.4
      +/- 3.6 grains/cell; P less than 0.03) and that the testosterone-treated
      castrates had POMC mRNA signal levels indistinguishable from those of intact
      controls (122.0 +/- 1.1 grains/cell). These observations lend credence to the
      theory that one mechanism by which testosterone may regulate GnRH secretion is by
      increasing the synthesis of POMC in the arcuate nucleus.

PMID- 2924721
TI  - Regulation of prolactin synthesis in vitro by estrogenic and antiestrogenic
      derivatives of estradiol and estrone.
AB  - The estrogenic and antiestrogenic activities of derivatives of estradiol and
      estrone were determined in vitro using the ability of primary cultures of
      immature rat pituitary cells to synthesize PRL. Estradiol derivatives were the
      most potent estrogens in the assay. Large ethinyl substitutions in the 17 alpha
      position generally caused a decrease in estrogenic potency (up to 1000-fold). The
      3 phenolic hydroxyl was important, but not essential, for the estrogenic activity
      of the estradiol molecule. Estratriene was approximately 1000 times less potent
      than estradiol. However, significant estrogenic activity was observed with the
      compound anordin (EC50, 8 x 10(-9) M), which could potentially be converted to a
      dihydroxylated derivative but without an aromatic A ring. Similarly, the steroid
      androst-5-ene-3,17-diol was weakly estrogenic (EC50, 3 x 10(-8) M). Steriods with
      a ketone in the A and D rings were generally inactive as estrogens and
      antiestrogens. Estradiol derivatives with 17 beta amines were only weak
      estrogens. Estrone derivatives were less active than the corresponding estradiol
      derivatives. 4-Nitromethoxyestrone exhibited weak antiestrogenic properties;
      however, 4-nitroestrone and methoxyestrone were both estrogens. The reason for
      the antiestrogenic properties of 4-nitromethoxyestrone is obscure, as the
      compound does not have structural features similar to those of known nonsteroidal
      antiestrogens. Minor alterations to the estradiol molecule at the 11 beta (OH) or
      6 (ketone) position had little effect on estrogenic potency; however, large
      substitutions at the 11 beta (RU 39,411) or 7 alpha (ICI 164384) position
      produced antiestrogenic compounds. RU 39,411 was approximately 10 times more
      active as an antiestrogen than 4-hydroxytamoxifen, whereas ICI 164,384 was
      approximately 10 times less active than 4-hydroxytamoxifen. A series of
      hypothetical models is proposed that could explain the antiestrogenic properties
      of RU 39,411 and ICI 164,384 by an interaction with the estrogen receptor steroid
      binding site.

PMID- 2924722
TI  - Prostaglandins masculinize the mouse genital tract.
AB  - The masculinizing effects of prostaglandins (PGS) PGE2 and PGF2 alpha on mouse
      fetal genital tract differentiation were studied both in vivo and in vitro.
      Prenatal exposure to PGE2 and PGF2 alpha on days 11-17 of gestation (the critical
      period of the differentiation) increased the anogenital distance of the female
      fetuses in a dose-dependent manner. PGE2 also increased the anogenital distance
      of male fetuses in the presence of an inhibitor of testosterone synthesis, namely
      estradiol (2 mg/kg.day), and in the androgen-insensitive Tfmy males. Internally,
      PGE2 induced the epididymal duct in the females, estrogen-exposed males, and Tfmy
      males. However, no other changes were noticed in the internal genital tract of
      these fetuses. To avoid the problems associated with the placental transfer of
      any external agent, we also studied the effect of PGE2 in an in vitro system.
      Female genital ducts on day 13 of gestation were cultured in the presence and
      absence of different concentrations of PGE2 for a total of 6 days. PGE2 at doses
      0.2 and 1 microgram/ml induced and stimulated the Wolffian and epididymal ducts.
      Thus, PGs appear to have a masculinizing role in androgen-induced sexual
      differentiation.

PMID- 2924723
TI  - Vagally mediated inhibition of acoustic stress-induced cortisol release by orally
      administered kappa-opioid substances in dogs.
AB  - The effects of oral vs. iv administration of kappa- and mu-opioid agonists on
      plasma cortisol release induced by acoustic stress (AS) were evaluated in fasted
      dogs with an implanted jugular catheter. AS was induced by 1 h of music (less
      than or equal to 86 decibels) played through earphones and was accompanied by a
      382% maximal rise in plasma cortisol after 15-30 min. Administered orally 30 min
      before the AS session, both U-50488 (0.1 mg/kg) and PD 117-302 (0.05 mg/kg)
      significantly (P less than or equal to 0.01) decreased (by 71.2% and 80.9%,
      respectively) the maximal increase in plasma cortisol induced by AS, while
      bremazocine, morphine, as well as iv administration of U-50488 at similar doses
      were ineffective. The effects of U-50488 and PD 117-302 orally administered (0.1
      mg/kg) on the hypercortisolemia induced by AS were abolished by pretreatment with
      iv naloxone (0.1 mg/kg) or MR 2266 (0.1 mg/kg). Naloxone given alone
      significantly (P less than 0.01) increased basal plasma cortisol, without
      affecting cortisol increase induced by AS. Vagotomy abolished the effects of
      orally administered U-50488 on the AS-induced increase in plasma cortisol.
      Neither U-50488 nor PD 117302 (0.1 mg/kg, orally) reduced the increase in plasma
      cortisol induced by intracerebroventricular administration of ovine CRF (100
      ng/kg). It is concluded that kappa- but not mu-opioid agonists are able to
      inhibit the stimulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis induced
      by AS by acting selectively on peripheral kappa-receptors located in the wall of
      the proximal gut. This action is neurally mediated through afferent vagal fibers
      affecting central nervous system release of CRF induced by a centrally acting
      stressor.

PMID- 2924724
TI  - Dilute estradiol implants and progestin receptor induction in the ventromedial
      nucleus of the hypothalamus: correlation with receptive behavior in female rats.
AB  - The ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMN) is thought to constitute an
      essential neural substrate for hormonal induction of female sexual behavior. In
      previous work, implants of dilute (0.4%) estradiol (E2) have been found to prime
      progesterone-facilitated female sexual behavior in rats only when they are within
      or very close to the VMN. In other studies, induction of cytosolic progestin
      receptors (PRc) in the hypothalamus has been correlated with systemic E2 priming
      of receptive behavior. We combined dilute E2 implants with a Palkovits punch
      microassay for PRc in the an effort to examine the relationship between estrous
      behavior and estrogen-induced PRc in the VMN of individual female rats.
      Ovariectomized rats were given bilateral guide cannulae aimed at the VMN and were
      primed for 3 days with 1) blank implants plus oil sc, 2) blank implants plus 0.5
      micrograms E2 benzoate sc, 3) implants of 0.4% E2 in cholesterol, or 4) implants
      of 2.0% E2. On day 4 all rats received progesterone (P) sc and were tested for
      receptive behavior. The following week all subjects received the same estrogen
      priming treatment but were killed on day 4 without P treatment. The VMN was punch
      dissected and assayed for PRc. High levels of lordosis were seen in the E2
      benzoate-treated and 2.0% E2-implanted animals, while little behavior was seen in
      the oil-treated animals. Among 0.4% E2-implanted animals, higher levels of
      lordosis were observed in subjects with implant placements in the rostral than in
      the caudal VMN; however, lordosis quotients were not correlated with PRc
      induction measured in the entire VMN of individual animals. In general, our
      findings suggest that local estrogenic stimulation of target cells in the VMN is
      capable of both priming the estrous response and induction of P receptors.
      Whether these two effects are causally related awaits future study.

PMID- 2924725
TI  - Abnormal properties of thyroglobulin in mice with inherited congenital goiter
      (cog/cog).
AB  - A recessive autosomal mutation (cog) in mice that results in congenital goiter
      was recently described. Since the mutation has been linked to the thyroglobulin
      (TG) gene, we have studied the immunological and physical properties of TG in
      cog/cog mice. +/Cog mice, which are phenotypically normal, were used as controls.
      In a mouse TG RIA the displacement curve produced by cog/cog thyroid extract was
      not parallel to normal murine TG, and at maximum displacement 15.4% of the tracer
      was still bound to the antibody. Extract from +/cog thyroid tissue produced
      parallel and complete displacement. Sucrose density gradient velocity
      centrifugation followed by RIA was used to determine the sedimentation properties
      of cog/cog TG. An abnormal pattern was obtained; a small peak in the 3-8S area
      and a broad, poorly defined peak at 12S and extending to above 27S were present.
      By comparison, +/cog thyroids had sharp peaks at 19S and 27S. These findings
      suggest that normal TG contains some immunological determinants that are absent,
      and some that are altered, in cog/cog TG. They also indicate that the association
      of 12S subunits to form 19S TG in cog/cog mice is weak and abnormal. Thyroid
      tissue was labeled with Na125I in vivo and with [35S] methionine in vitro. In
      cog/cog mice iodine was incorporated predominantly into albumin and other non-TG
      proteins. However, by polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis, distinct 125I
      labeled bands comigrating with normal TG were present. The bands migrating with
      TG were also precipitable with anti-TG antiserum. In +/cog mice TG was the
      predominant iodinated molecule. With [35S]methionine labeling, cog/cog and +/cog
      thyroids formed TG with the same electrophoretic mobilities. These data indicate
      the cog/cog thyroids synthesize TG of normal, or very nearly normal, size. The
      immunological and sedimentation properties of this TG are abnormal, supporting
      the possibility that the cog mutation is in the TG gene.

PMID- 2924726
TI  - The effects of platelet-derived growth factor in cultured microvessel endothelial
      cells.
AB  - The effects of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) on thymidine incorporation
      into DNA and glucose and neutral amino acid uptake were studied in endothelial
      cells cultured from macrovessels (bovine aorta and pulmonary artery) and
      microvessels (bovine fat and mouse brain). Similar to previous studies, PDGF did
      not bind to macrovessel cells, nor did it influence their metabolic function. In
      contrast, PDGF bound specifically to the two types of microvessel cell culture
      and in these cells also stimulated the uptake of glucose and neutral amino acids
      as well as the incorporation of thymidine into DNA. Stimulatory effects of PDGF
      occurred at concentrations of 2 ng/ml, with maximal stimulation up to 5-fold of
      the control value for amino isobutyric acid and glucose uptake and up to 8- to 10
      fold for thymidine incorporation. The maximal effects of PDGF were additive to
      those of insulin-like growth factor, I, a known stimulator of all three metabolic
      processes in microvessel endothelial cells. The binding of PDGF to the
      endothelial cells was, in general, equivalent to PDGF binding to human foreskin
      fibroblasts, both in the magnitude of tracer binding and in the affinity of
      binding. Similar effects were found with recombinant and platelet-derived PDGF.
      We conclude that these two cultured microvessel endothelial cells not only
      produce PDGF-like material, but are capable of binding and responding to PDGF.

PMID- 2924727
TI  - Cholesterol flux between high density lipoproteins and cultured rat luteal cells.
AB  - Although high density lipoprotein (HDL) is a promoter of cholesterol efflux from
      peripheral cells, in steroidogenic tissues it has been shown to provide
      cholesterol for steroid synthesis. The present study examines the dynamics of
      cholesterol exchange between HDL particles and rat luteal cells. Cholesterol
      influx was measured by following the uptake of label from HDL particles labeled
      with [3H]cholesterol or [3H]cholesteryl linoleate. The efflux of cholesterol was
      simultaneously measured by incubating [3H]cholesterol-labeled luteal cells with
      unlabeled HDL. Conversion of endogenous and lipoprotein-derived steroids to
      progestins was also determined. The results showed that HDL promotes both influx
      and efflux of cholesterol in those cells. The amount of influx exceeds efflux,
      thus resulting in a net uptake of cholesterol from HDL by rat luteal cells. The
      relative utilization of endogenous vs. HDL-derived cholesterol for steroid
      synthesis was also examined. The results show that only a fraction of the HDL
      derived cholesterol was converted directly to steroids. The fraction that was
      converted depended on the HDL concentration and had no apparent relation to the
      incubation time. These results show that although cholesterol flux in luteal
      cells is bidirectional in the presence of HDL, the influx exceeds the amount of
      efflux, and the internalized cholesterol is diluted with the endogenous
      cholesterol pool before it is converted to steroids.

PMID- 2924728
TI  - Two-dimensional gel autoradiographic analysis of the acute effects of estradiol
      on protein synthesis in the female rat ventromedial nucleus in vivo.
AB  - Estradiol (E2) alters protein synthetic events in the ventromedial nucleus (VMN)
      of the hypothalamus to promote lordotic behavior in the female rat. This study
      analyzed the acute changes induced by E2 in proteins synthesized in the VMN in
      vivo as measured by 35S incorporation into protein, two-dimensional gel
      electrophoresis, autoradiography, and computerized optical densitometry.
      Ovariectomized rats received vehicle or E2, Hamilton syringes were placed
      stereotaxically in the VMN bilaterally, and 0.9 mCi 35S-labeled methionine and
      cysteine was infused over 1 h. After 6 h, rats were killed, and VMN samples were
      subjected to isoelectric focusing and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis. Resultant gels underwent autoradiography, and the optical
      density of each of 240 spots was quantitated using a flat-bed laser scanner.
      Using a quantitation algorithm based on the linearity and reproducibility of the
      scanner and film, 123 spots were analyzed for changes in optical density and
      relative mol wt (MW) and isoelectric point (pI) induced by E2. The spot induced
      most prominently by E2 had a MW of 70K and a pI of 6.0, confirming previous
      results. Three spots were quantitatively induced by E2: 1) a 47K MW, pI 5.4
      phosphoprotein (96% induction); 2) a 45K MW, pI 5.2 protein (72% induction); and
      3) a 100K MW, pI 5.5 protein (82% induction). Two spots increased pI with E2: 1)
      a 110K MW protein increased from pI 5.4 to 5.5; and 2) a 50K MW protein increased
      from pI 6.3 to 6.4. Under these conditions and using a quantitative algorithm,
      only a small number of proteins synthesized in the VMN were induced by E2 in
      vivo. E2 also exerts effects on the posttranslational modification of another
      select group of proteins. These proteins may subserve at least part of the
      physiological effect of E2 in the VMN.

PMID- 2924729
TI  - Regulation of the glucose transporter in developing rat brain.
AB  - We have found a complex alteration in the expression of the glucose transporter
      protein and mRNA in developing rat brain tissue. Before birth (gestational days
      19-20), the rat brain glucose transporter was comprised of a diffuse protein
      doublet of approximately 43,000 and 50,000 mol wt (Mr) by Western blot analysis.
      Immediately after birth (1-2 days), the total amount of immunoreactive glucose
      transporter decreased approximately 5-fold, primarily due to a loss of the higher
      (50,000) Mr component with a relatively smaller decrease in the 43,000 Mr band.
      Subsequently, the amount of the 43,000 Mr band progressively increased from days
      5 to 60 and the 50,000 Mr band increased from days 15 to 60. By 60 days
      postdelivery, the relative amounts of the glucose transporter protein were
      similar to those on the 19th gestational day. N-Glycanase treatment of the
      developing rat brain membranes demonstrated that the regulation of the two
      different Mr weight glucose transporter species occurred as a result of
      differential glycosylation. In contrast to the Western blot analysis, [3H]
      cytochalasin-B binding studies demonstrated no significant developmental
      alteration in the total amount of glucose transporter protein in rat brain
      tissue. However, consistent with the Western blots, Northern blot analysis using
      rat brain transporter cDNA revealed a dramatic decrease in the content of the
      glucose transporter mRNA immediately subsequent to birth, followed by a gradual
      increase back to the prenatal levels. These data suggest that the rat brain-type
      glucose transporter is developmentally regulated, but may be associated with the
      compensatory expression of another unidentified glucose transporter protein in
      newborn rats.

PMID- 2924730
TI  - Molecular identification and characterization of the gastrin receptor in guinea
      pig gastric glands.
AB  - The binding characteristics of 125I-labeled Leu15-gastrin and the molecular
      identification of the gastrin receptor was investigated in dispersed guinea pig
      gastric glands. The binding of [125I]gastrin to gastric glands was temperature
      dependent, saturable, and specific. At 37 C, the binding was rapid, became
      maximal within 10 min, and declined after 30 min; at 24 C, binding reached a
      steady state between 30 and 60 min. The dissociation of specifically bound
      gastrin was also rapid, with 35% of the radioligand dissociating in 5 min at 37
      C. Gastrin displaced [125I]gastrin in a dose-dependent manner, with 50%
      displacement at 4.4 nM. Scatchard analysis of the saturation curve was best
      described by a one-site binding model with a Kd of 2.3 nM and maximum binding of
      6.0 x 10(-10) M/mg DNA. A significant reduction of [125I]gastrin binding to
      glands occurred in the presence of GTP (0.1 mM), (Bu)2-cGMP (1.0 mM), and
      protease inhibitors. Chemical cross-linking studies using the cross-linking
      reagent disuccinimidyl suberate and sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis
      identified a major band with a mol wt of 78K and several other lower mol wt bands
      in the range of 60K, 48K, and 38K. Identical electrophoretic patterns were
      obtained when glands were bound and solubilized in the presence and absence of
      dithiothreitol, showing the lack of disulfide bonds in the gastrin receptor
      subunit structure. Since dithiothreitol significantly enhanced radioligand
      binding when present during binding, its observed actions are most likely in the
      intracellular processing of the radioligand and not at the receptor level.

PMID- 2924731
TI  - Enhanced dopamine synthesis and release in vitro in the median eminence of rat
      hypothalamus are associated with involution of estradiol-induced pituitary
      tumors.
AB  - Changes in the functions of tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic (TIDA) neurons were
      investigated during the period when the involution of estradiol-induced PRL
      secreting pituitary tumors was occurring. Dopamine synthesis and release in vitro
      by TIDA neurons were determined by 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) accumulation
      in the median eminence and endogenous dopamine release from the median eminence,
      respectively. Three weeks after a single injection of 2 mg estradiol valerate
      into ovariectomized rats, there was a marked increase in the weight of anterior
      pituitaries and the concentration of serum PRL, but a decrease in K+-induced DOPA
      accumulation in vitro in the median eminence. Twelve weeks after estradiol
      treatment, by which time pituitary weights and PRL concentrations declined
      considerably, K+-induced DOPA accumulation in the median eminence rose 5-fold
      compared to that in control animals. This change in DOPA accumulation persisted
      for 24 weeks. Increases were observed at 12 weeks in K+-induced as well as basal
      and (Bu)2cAMP-induced DOPA accumulation in the median eminence. The increases in
      basal and (Bu2cAMP-induced DOPA accumulation were not altered by Ca2+ removal
      from medium. In parallel to the changes in DOPA accumulation, basal and K+
      induced release in vitro of dopamine from the median eminence into the medium
      were decreased 3 weeks after estradiol treatment, but increased at 12 and, in
      part, 24 weeks. The increases in basal and K+-induced dopamine release were
      observed even after Ca2+ removal from medium. These results suggest that basal,
      extracellular Ca2+-dependent, and cAMP-dependent dopamine synthesis as well as
      basal and depolarization-induced dopamine release in TIDA neurons are stimulated
      during the period of involution of pituitary tumors associated with estradiol
      withdrawal.

PMID- 2924732
TI  - Adenosine triphosphate activates the phospholipase-C cascade system in human
      amnion cells without increasing prostaglandin production.
AB  - Human amnion is hypothesized to be a target tissue for hormone messages from the
      fetus regarding labor. We have previously demonstrated prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)
      release in amnion after treatment with phorbol and oxytocin, but other potential
      agonists of the inositol phospholipid/protein kinase-C system have not been
      investigated. The effects of extracellular ATP on cytosolic calcium concentration
      [( Ca2+])i) inositol phosphate (IP) accumulation, and PGE2 production were
      studied in cultured human amnion cells. Intracellular free calcium [Ca2+]i was
      measured using the fluorescent dye fura-2. Addition of 0.01-30 microM ATP
      resulted in a [Ca2+]i transient which peaked within 15 sec and returned to
      baseline over 10 min. UTP (1 microM) was more effective than ATP (1 microM);
      [Ca2+]i levels rose from 233 to 2880 nM (UTP) and 2320 nM (ATP). A reduced effect
      was observed with other nucleotides in a rank order of agonist potency of ITP
      greater than CTP greater than ADP greater than GTP greater than TTP. No effect
      was seen with AMP, cAMP, or adenosine. This is consistent with P2 purinoceptors,
      as described in other tissues. ATP (100 microM) also dramatically increased IP
      accumulation. Inositol triphosphate, inositol bisphosphate, and inositol
      monophosphate were increased 7-, 9-, and 16-fold respectively. The agonist
      potency order of other nucleotides for IP accumulation was the same as that of
      [Ca2+]i. Pharmacological concentrations of ATP (1 mM) were required to increase
      PGE2 production. Many other nucleotides were equally effective at this
      concentration. ATP activates the phospholipase-C system in human amnion, as
      demonstrated by the increase in [Ca2+]i and inositol phosphates. The
      physiological significance of purinergic stimulation of this tissue remains
      unclear.

PMID- 2924733
TI  - Identification of immunoreactive neuropeptide-gamma in human placenta:
      localization, secretion, and binding sites.
AB  - The aim of the present study was to evaluate the possible presence of
      immunoreactive neuropeptide-gamma (irNPY) in human placenta. Acidic extracts of
      human placental tissue collected at term pregnancy contained high irNPY
      concentrations. The extracted irNPY eluted from HPLC with the same retention time
      as synthetic NPY. The presence of the peptide in placental cells was confirmed by
      immunohistochemical findings showing numerous cells of the cytotrophoblast layer
      positively staining for NPY. Further supporting local production of the peptide,
      primary cultures of human placental cells released irNPY into the culture medium
      and the addition of high K+ concentrations increased the release of the peptide.
      The finding of irNPY in human placenta stimulated the characterization of binding
      sites of NPY in the same tissue. Using autoradiographic techniques we showed
      specific binding of [125I]NPY in human placental tissue. The binding of [125I]NPY
      to the placental receptors was saturable and widely distributed within the
      placental tissue. Finally, the addition of NPY to the medium of cultured
      placental cells increased the release of immunoreactive CRF, suggesting a
      possible role of NPY in placental hormone production. The effect of NPY was dose
      related and augmented by the addition of norepinephrine (10 nM). These results
      showed that human placenta produces and secretes irNPY and that NPY receptors are
      present in placental tissue. Moreover, the evidence that NPY stimulated the
      release of immunoreactive CRF from cultured placental cells suggests an action of
      NPY in placental hormonogenesis.

PMID- 2924734
TI  - Prolactin messenger ribonucleic acid concentrations in 4-day cycling rats and
      during the prolactin surge.
AB  - Pituitary PRL mRNA concentrations were measured during the 4-day rat estrous
      cycle. Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were killed at 3-h intervals throughout
      the cycle and hourly between 1000 and 2400 h on proestrus (n = 5-12). Serum PRL
      was increased on the afternoons of proestrus (P) and estrus (E), with peak
      concentrations at 1700 h (P, 624 +/- 126; E, 261 +/- 107 ng/ml). PRL mRNA
      concentrations were elevated during the evening on P and E (2300 h: P, 14.4 +/-
      1.5; E, 16.1 +/- 1.3 ng cDNA bound/100 micrograms pituitary DNA) to values 2-fold
      higher than those at 0800 h on each respective day. On diestrus (D) PRL mRNA
      levels decreased abruptly during the morning (1100 h, 1.7 +/- 0.3 ng cDNA bound),
      followed by a 6- to 7-fold increase between 1700 and 2000 h on the same evening.
      In contrast, PRL mRNA levels were elevated at 0800 h on metestrus (M). The
      changes in PRL mRNA concentrations obtained on M and D were not associated with
      increased PRL secretion. A more detailed examination of P revealed that PRL mRNA
      levels increased during the morning (1000 h, 9.9 +/- 2.6 ng cDNA bound), then
      decreased abruptly at 1100 h (4.9 +/- 1.2). The morning rise in mRNA
      concentrations was followed by a 2-fold rise in pituitary PRL content. As serum
      PRL rose during the afternoon surge, a coincident decrease in pituitary PRL
      content and an increase in PRL mRNA levels were observed. The relationship
      between PRL secretion and gene expression was further examined in ovariectomized
      estradiol-replaced rats receiving either bromocriptine (1.2 mg/day, sc) or
      vehicle control sc. The vehicle-treated group expressed a characteristic
      afternoon PRL surge between 1500 and 2100 h. Pituitary PRL decreased during the
      surge to 10% of morning values, and PRL mRNA levels increased 2-fold beginning 2
      h after initiation of the surge. These changes in serum PRL, pituitary PRL, and
      PRL mRNA levels were abolished by bromocriptine administration. These data reveal
      that alterations in PRL mRNA concentrations occur on a daily basis during the rat
      estrous cycle. Increases occur during the evenings of P and E at the time of the
      increase in PRL secretory activity. The effect of blocking the PRL surge in
      ovariectomized estradiol-replaced rats suggests a regulatory interaction between
      secretion and gene expression.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2924735
TI  - A molecular dynamics study of the C-terminal fragment of the L7/L12 ribosomal
      protein. II. Effects of intermolecular interactions on structure and dynamics.
AB  - The crystallographic dimer of the C-terminal fragment (CTF) of the L7/L12
      ribosomal protein has been subjected to molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. A 90
      picosecond (ps) trajectory for the protein dimer, 19 water molecules and two
      counter ions has been calculated at constant temperature. Effects of
      intermolecular interactions on the structure and dynamics have been studied. The
      exact crystallographic symmetry is lost and the atomic fluctuations differ from
      one monomer to the other. The average MD structure is more stable than the X-ray
      one, as judged by accessible surface area and energy calculations. Crystal (non
      dimeric) interactions have been simulated in another 40 ps trajectory by using
      harmonic restraints to represent intermolecular hydrogen bonds. The
      conformational changes with respect to the X-ray structure are then virtually
      suppressed. The unrestrained dimer trajectory has been scanned for cooperative
      motions involving secondary structure elements. The intrinsic collective motions
      of the monomer are transmitted via intermolecular contacts to the dimer
      structure. The existence of a stable dimeric form of CTF, resembling the
      crystallographic one, has been documented. At the cost of fairly small energy
      expenditure the dimer has considerable conformational flexibility. This
      flexibility may endow the dimer with some functional potential as an energy
      transducer.

PMID- 2924736
TI  - Periodic electric field as a biopolymer conformation switch: a possible
      mechanism.
AB  - A theoretical model is proposed to describe the influence of a periodic electric
      field (PEF) upon a biopolymer. The biopolymer is treated as a classical
      mechanical system consisting of subsystems (molecular groups) which interact with
      each other through potential forces. The PEF is treated as a periodic driving
      force applied to a molecular group. The energy dissipation is considered using
      the model of fluid (viscous) friction. Arguments for the non-linear character of
      the friction-velocity dependence caused by the non-Newtonian rheology of a
      viscous medium are formulated. A forced molecular-group motion is investigated
      for the situation of a small driving-force period, with oscillations overdamped
      and a driving force consisting of more than one harmonic. As a result, it is
      established that the motion always gets to a terminal stage when only a small
      scale vibration about some point, X*, takes place. The terminal motion is
      preceded by a transient characterized by the presence of a directional velocity
      component and so by a drift along a potential profile. The drift goes on until a
      barrier is met which has a sufficiently large steepness (the barrier height is
      not important). As a result, the point X* may happen to be remote from the
      conformation potential local minimum (conformational state). The physical reasons
      for the drift are described.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2924737
TI  - The dynamic properties of melittin in solution. Investigations by NMR and
      molecular dynamics.
AB  - Molecular dynamics simulations are described for the peptide melittin. The atomic
      trajectories are calculated both with normal potential energy functions and with
      additional distance restraints deduced from nuclear Overhauser effects observed
      in NMR experiments. The results are compared with NMR data on coupling constants
      and amide exchange rates and with B-factors from X-ray crystallography. The
      observed correlations between experiment and molecular dynamics simulations
      suggest a relatively mobile C-terminus and relatively high flexibility around
      residue 11. It is noted that the high conformational variation around residue 11
      is due in part to the presence of a proline at position 14 which results in a
      "missing" H-bond in the largely alpha-helical structure. It is also noted that a
      proline is a common feature of many putative membrane spanning helices. A role
      for such prolines is suggested.

PMID- 2924738
TI  - Can hydration forces induce lateral phase separations in lamellar phases?
AB  - Large repulsive forces measured between membranes of lamellar lipid phases at low
      hydration are attributed to hydration interactions which vary widely among lipid
      species. We include this interaction in a model of lamellar phases of two
      membrane components (two lipids or lipid and protein). The surface polarization
      of a mixture is taken as a linear combination of those of the components. The
      model predicts phase separation at low hydration. This may have important
      consequences for living cells which are dehydrated either by the osmotic effects
      of tissue freezing, or by desiccation in unsaturated atmospheres.

PMID- 2924739
TI  - Fractal scaling mechanisms in biomembranes. Oscillations in the lateral diffusion
      coefficient.
AB  - A modified model of the Cohen-Turnbull free volume theory for lateral transport
      processes in biomembranes is presented. The model which is based on
      renormalization group theoretical concepts incorporates fractal rather than
      Markovian diffusion kinetics. It predicts harmonic oscillations in the lateral
      diffusion coefficient around a dominant power-law trend and clarifies, in
      addition, recently observed deviations from the Cohen-Turnbull exponential law.

PMID- 2924740
TI  - Basal temporal subdural electrodes in the evaluation of patients with intractable
      epilepsy.
AB  - In evaluation of patients with complex partial seizures who are candidates for
      surgical treatment, exact definition of the epileptogenic focus is essential for
      a good surgical outcome. We report a new technique which permits detailed mapping
      of the epileptogenic activity in the basal temporal lobe and the convexity of the
      temporal lobe. The technique consists of placement of at least 16 basal temporal
      electrodes and an additional 64 electrodes covering the temporal convexity. This
      extensive coverage permits accurate definition of the limits of the epileptogenic
      focus and also of adjacent functional areas and therefore allows more significant
      determination than have previous techniques of the ideal extent of the surgical
      resection. This accuracy cannot be achieved with depth electrodes or the limited
      coverage provided by previously reported epidural or subdural electrode
      techniques.

PMID- 2924741
TI  - Quantitative comparison of cell loss and thiopental-induced EEG changes in human
      epileptic hippocampus.
AB  - Thiopental-induced EEG beta activity recorded from mesial and lateral temporal
      lobe sites was analyzed both visually and by computer in 30 patients with complex
      partial seizures. All patients later received anterior temporal lobectomy.
      Volumetric cell densities and percentage of principal cell loss relative to
      normal controls were determined in several different areas of each resected
      temporal lobe. The percentage of drug-induced beta activity was then compared
      with the percentage of cell loss by (a) making precise topographic correlations
      between induced beta and cell loss, (b) relating the overall degree of left/right
      beta asymmetry to cell loss averaged over wide regions, and (c) comparing the
      likelihood of left/right beta asymmetries in patients with and without extreme
      cell loss. The results obtained were consistently negative and were unaffected by
      whether EEG data were analyzed by computer or visual inspection. These results
      indicate that the well-known loss of drug-induced beta activity found in
      epileptogenic regions is not an indicator of the degree of cell loss or
      sclerosis. The underlying focal dysfunction measured by EEG beta activity remains
      unknown, and factors such as focal hypoperfusion, hypometabolism, and the
      microanatomic features of the cells remaining in the focus should be
      investigated.

PMID- 2924742
TI  - Seizure frequency and major life events in epilepsy.
AB  - A group of 18 patients with chronic epilepsy were followed in an outpatient
      clinic for 1-6 years. Month-by-month seizure records were kept and the response
      to treatment was systematically explored. The present study was prompted when
      three patients became seizure-free, apparently in response to major life events
      (marriage, parenthood, and retirement) rather than to changes in treatment. All
      the subjects were interviewed in their own homes with a companion, friend, or
      relative present. The interview was based on a standard instrument (Life
      Experiences Survey, LES). The home environment was chosen to facilitate recall of
      events and to enable subjects to confirm dates. The seizure record was then
      compared with the parallel life events record. Two methods of analysis were
      adopted. In the first, each life event was assumed to have impact on seizure
      frequency only during the month in which it occurred; life event months were
      compared with non-life-event months. In the second, a life event was considered a
      watershed; seizure frequencies before and after the event were compared.
      Nonparametric statistical methods were used. These approaches revealed
      associations between life events and seizure frequency in three additional
      patients (total six). Most of the patients who showed an association experienced
      partial seizures.

PMID- 2924743
TI  - Seizures and seizure care in an emergency department.
AB  - We evaluated the nature and significance of seizure problems in an emergency
      department (ED) by studying seizures in an urban community hospital. In 6 months,
      there were 29,131 ED visits; of these, 200 (0.7%) were for diagnosed seizures.
      Among these 200 seizure visits, were 69 (34.5%) new-onset seizures, 30 (15%)
      febrile seizures, and 92 (46%) seizures in epilepsy patients with prescribed
      antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). These seizures were often serious and complicated by
      medical and psychosocial problems; e.g., 37 patients (18.5%) had multiple
      seizures, 14 (7%) had status epilepticus, and 63 (31.5%) required
      hospitalization. Associated psychosocial problems included 61 patients (31%) who
      had no medical insurance, 62 others (31%) who were judged indigent, and 60 (30%)
      who abused alcohol. Of 92 epilepsy patients receiving AEDs, 52 (56.5%) had
      subtherapeutic blood levels and were noncompliant with AED prescription patients.
      Problems with continuity of care were demonstrated by the failure of the ED to
      communicate with primary care providers about drug levels, noncompliance, and
      changes in therapy in greater than 85% of patients. A hospital ED is a major
      source for epilepsy and seizure care, but this care is not always optimum. EDs
      need to be prepared to manage common acute seizure problems. However, EDs must
      also place greater emphasis on significant nonemergency aspects of seizure care
      such as AED compliance, associated psychosocial problems, and effective
      communication with primary care providers.

PMID- 2924744
TI  - Electrophysiologic effects of gamma-vinyl GABA and carbamazepine.
AB  - The effects of gamma-vinyl GABA (GVG) and carbamazepine (CBZ) monotherapy on
      somatosensory (SEP) and visual (VEP) evoked potentials and spectral quantitative
      EEG (QEEG) were studied in 17 patients with complex partial seizures using a
      cross-over double-blind study design. CBZ was associated with statistically
      significant prolongation of SEP latencies. When the drug was switched to GVG,
      shortening of the peak latencies was observed. Prolonged pattern-VEP peaks were
      observed both during CBZ and GVG monotherapies. A similar but more subtle
      tendency of the peaks was observed in P100 latencies. Spectral EEG revealed a
      slowing of the occipital rhythm with CBZ. No QEEG changes related to GVG were
      found. The use of multimodal evoked potentials and QEEG should be considered in
      studying the effects of new antiepileptic drugs (AEDs).

PMID- 2924745
TI  - Effect of naloxone infusion on the rate of epileptiform discharges in patients
      with complex partial seizures.
AB  - In experimental studies, endogenous opioids have shown protective effects on
      seizure recurrence and facilitatory effects on postictal inhibition that were
      reversed by the opioid antagonist, naloxone. We evaluated the effect of all-night
      continuous infusion of 10 mg naloxone on the rate of focal interictal
      epileptiform discharges (FIEDs) during sleep in eight men with complex partial
      seizures (CPS) during 2 consecutive nights. Patients with abundant FIEDs during
      the control night showed a mean increase of 39% in the rate of FIEDs per unit of
      time during the naloxone infusion night. During the naloxone infusion night, mean
      nocturnal plasma prolactin (PRL) concentrations in this group of patients showed
      significant elevation, which was correlated with increased density of FIEDs. All
      night infusion of naloxone failed to show any effect on the remaining three
      patients with minimal or no FIEDs during the control night. Mean nocturnal plasma
      PRL concentrations in this group of patients was significantly lower than in the
      former group. Our data support the notion that, in response to interictal or
      ictal discharges, endogenous opioid peptides may exert an inhibitory action that
      is reversible by administration of naloxone.

PMID- 2924746
TI  - Chronic carbamazepine treatment in the rat: efficacy, toxicity, and effect on
      plasma and tissue folate concentrations.
AB  - Folate depletion has often been a problem in chronic antiepileptic drug (AED)
      therapy. Carbamazepine (CBZ), a commonly used AED, has been implicated in some
      clinical studies. A rat model was developed to examine the effects of chronic CBZ
      treatment on folate concentrations in the rat. In the course of developing this
      model, a common vehicle, propylene glycol, by itself in high doses, was found to
      exhibit protective properties against induced seizures and inhibited weight gain.
      Seizures induced by hexafluorodiethyl ether (HFDE) were also found to be a more
      sensitive measure of protection by CBZ than seizures induced by maximal
      electroshock (MES). Oral administration of CBZ as an aqueous suspension every 8 h
      at a dose of 250 mg/kg was continuously protective against HFDE-induced seizures
      and was minimally toxic as measured by weight gain over 8 weeks of treatment. The
      CBZ levels measured in plasma and brain of these animals, however, were below
      those normally considered protective. This treatment with CBZ had no apparent
      adverse effect on folate concentrations in the rat, and, indeed, the folate
      concentration increased in liver after 6 weeks of treatment and in plasma at 8
      weeks of treatment.

PMID- 2924747
TI  - Phenytoin-induced seizures: a paradoxical effect at toxic concentrations in
      epileptic patients.
AB  - We examined the incompletely defined convulsant action of phenytoin (PHT) at
      toxic concentrations in humans. A retrospective chart review (1979-1985) yielded
      96 cases (90 patients), meeting both clinical and laboratory criteria for PHT
      intoxication. Seven patients, all with epilepsy, had one or more seizures while
      toxic. However, in only two patients (2.1%) with serum concentrations of 93.2 and
      69.7 micrograms/ml was a causal relationship deemed highly probable. Seizures did
      not occur in most toxic epileptic patients with total serum PHT concentrations as
      high as 85.1 micrograms/ml or in any of the nonepileptic patients with
      concentrations as high as 64.2 micrograms/ml. The lack of convulsant action of
      PHT in these patients suggests that seizure risk may be multifactorial and also
      that PHT is a weak convulsant. We conclude that PHT at very high concentrations
      can rarely exacerbate seizures or even precipitate generalized status in some
      epileptic patients, a paradoxical effect.

PMID- 2924748
TI  - Brain interstitial fluid and intracellular distribution of phenytoin.
AB  - After intravenous (i.v.) administration (10 mg/kg), the biodisposition of
      phenytoin (PHT) in serum (total and free concentration), cerebrospinal fluid
      (CSF), brain, and the interstitial fluid (IF) of the normal brain were determined
      in dogs. A sufficient volume of IF was obtained through a multiperforated
      polypropylene ball implanted into the left parietotemporal region for 4-5 weeks.
      PHT brain distribution coefficient values ranged between 1.9 and 3.75, while the
      ratios of IF to free serum PHT concentrations ranged between 0.19 and 1.04; thus,
      our data indicate that most of the free unbound PHT which enters the brain
      parenchyma accumulates in the cellular compartment. Furthermore, at 60 and 90 min
      the peak CSF and IF concentrations are delayed; thus, for PHT, an apparent
      diffusion front from the CSF into the extracellular space of the brain seems to
      occur.

PMID- 2924749
TI  - Lack of sister chromatid exchange induction in phenytoin-treated patients with
      epilepsy.
AB  - Phenytoin (PHT) has been suspected of having a mutagenic effect with chronic
      administration, but the existing evidence is equivocal. Contradictory results
      have been obtained using different testing systems. Sister chromatid exchange
      (SCE), a sensitive indicator of genotoxic environmental influences, has been used
      in only a few limited studies of PHT users, with varying results. The present
      study was designed to evaluate the potential mutagenicity of PHT in a more
      objective and reliable way than has been done previously. Following careful
      screening procedures, 16 adult male patients with epilepsy receiving long-term
      PHT monotherapy and 16 healthy controls were selected for a study of SCE
      frequencies in peripheral lymphocytes. The patients and controls were matched for
      sex, age, and smoking habits. Strict exclusionary criteria were observed,
      including all factors known to affect or suspected of affecting the SCE
      frequencies. Statistical analyses did not reveal any significant differences
      between the SCE rates of PHT-treated patients and controls, indicating a lack of
      PHT mutagenicity as expressed by induction of SCE in adults.

PMID- 2924751
TI  - Monograph on regulation of differentiation in eukaryotic cell systems.

PMID- 2924750
TI  - Reduction of the teratogenic effects of phenytoin by folic acid and a mixture of
      folic acid, vitamins, and amino acids: a preliminary trial.
AB  - Four groups of pregnant rats were used to study the effects of dietary
      supplements of folic acid (FA) alone or a mixture of FA, vitamins (Vit), and
      amino acids (AA) on the teratogenic effects of phenytoin (PHT). Groups A, B, and
      C received intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of high-dose (75 mg/kg/day)
      phenytoin (PHT) between 9 and 11 days of gestation, while the controls, group D,
      rats received distilled water. The diet was modified in groups A and B. Group A
      received a mixture of FA, Vit, and AA, while group B received FA supplementation
      alone. Groups C and D received a regular diet. We found that PHT, when
      administered without dietary supplementation, resulted in a decrease in weight
      and length of the fetuses, an increased rate of subcutaneous (s.c.) bleeding, a
      retardation of ossification centers, and an increased number of malformations.
      Supplementation of the diet with FA alone or FA with Vit and AA resulted in
      statistically greater fetal weight and length, decreased subcutaneous bleeding,
      more ossification centers, and fewer malformations. The mixture of FA and Vit and
      AA was superior to FA alone in reducing the incidence of internal abnormalities,
      ossification abnormalities of the distant phalanxes, and s.c. bleeding.

PMID- 2924754
TI  - Cytogenetic investigations of human subjects occupationally exposed to chemicals
      from the petroleum-processing industry.
AB  - A cytogenetic investigation was carried out of 55 workers from the petroleum
      processing industry and of 30 control subjects. The frequencies of both
      structural and numerical chromosome aberrations and of sister chromatid exchanges
      were determined simultaneously and the relationship among these cytogenic indices
      were analyzed. The incidence of chromosome aberrations and sister chromatid
      exchanges among the petroleum workers was higher than that among the controls.
      The cytogenic indices demonstrated a clear dependence on the working environment
      of the subjects and a correlation with the existence of some reproductive
      failures in the families of the exposed workers. Our results indicate the
      presence of some mutagenic risk in the working environment of some of the
      divisions in the petroleum-processing industry due to the genotoxic influence on
      the somatic cells of the exposed workers at a cytogenetic level. This potential
      risk is mainly associated with the presence of some heavy oil-fractions and
      polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the working environment.

PMID- 2924752
TI  - Mechanisms of asbestos-induced squamous metaplasia in tracheobronchial epithelial
      cells.
AB  - Within 1 to 4 weeks after exposure to asbestos, differentiated rodent and human
      tracheobronchial epithelial cells in organ culture undergo squamous metaplasia, a
      putative preneoplastic lesion characterized by conversion of mucociliary cell
      types to keratinizing cells. The exogenous addition of retinal acetate (RA) to
      culture medium of hamster tracheal organ cultures reverses preestablished,
      asbestos-induced squamous metaplasia, although data suggest that the
      effectiveness of RA decreases as the length of time between exposure to asbestos
      and initial application of RA increases. alpha-Difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), an
      irreversible inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), inhibits squamous
      metaplasia caused by asbestos or vitamin A deficiency, whereas addition of
      methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) (MGBG), a structural analog of spermidine and
      inhibitor of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase, causes an enhancement of
      metaplasia under both circumstances. Basal cell hyperplasia and increased
      incorporation of 3H-thymidine by tracheal epithelial cells also are seen after
      addition of the polyamines, putrescine or spermidine, to tracheal organ cultures,
      an observation supporting the importance of polyamines in the development of this
      lesion. The use of retinoids and inhibitors of ODC could be promising as
      preventive and/or therapeutic approaches for individuals at high risk for
      development of asbestos-associated diseases.

PMID- 2924753
TI  - Control of differentiation in BC3H1 muscle cells.
AB  - BC3H1 is a cell line that undergoes a musclelike pattern of differentiation under
      the appropriate conditions. We have examined the control of the synthesis of
      proteins characteristic of differentiated muscle in these cells as a function of
      their position in the cell cycle. We define two positions in the cell cycle where
      BC3H1 cells can remain stably quiescent. G1d is a restriction point early in the
      G1 portion of the cell cycle that permits the synthesis of muscle-specific
      proteins and is probably identical to G0. The second restriction point, G1q,
      occurs approximately 4 hr later in the G1 portion of the cell cycle and does not
      permit the synthesis of muscle-specific proteins. Movement of the cells from G1d
      to G1q occurs when fibroblast growth factor is added to the cells and is reversed
      when this growth factor is removed. Repression of the synthesis of muscle
      specific proteins occurs when fibroblast growth factor is added to cells in G1d.
      In the case of the muscle form of creatine phosphokinase (M-CPK), the decline in
      the rate synthesis of this protein is a consequence of a decreased level of its
      mRNA. By contrast, the repression of alpha-actin synthesis, a protein synthesized
      only in differentiated cells, appears to be controlled at the translational
      level. The effect of fibroblast growth factor and other mitogens in these cells
      require activation of tyrosine kinase(s), but the intracellular targets of these
      kinases are not known. Studies by others suggest that activation of the ras
      oncogene can mimic the action of mitogenic polypeptides on these and other muscle
      cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2924755
TI  - Is particle board in the home detrimental to health?
AB  - A questionnaire concerning health and living conditions was sent to the parents
      of 1387 children aged 0-15 years to answer the question if children living in
      homes built with large amounts of particle board had more headaches and
      respiratory and skin symptoms than other children. There were 1376 possible
      respondents, and of those 1036 (75.3)% returned the questionnaire. Of the
      questionnaires returned, 972 (70.6%) were analyzable. The children lived in homes
      with much particle board (group A); little particle board, or homes as group A
      but treated in a special way (group B); and homes with no particle board (group
      C). For the 0- to 5-year-old children, living in homes with much particle board
      was a risk factor for developing wheezy bronchitis, eye and nose irritation, and
      coughing. For the 6- to 15-year-old children, living in a home with much particle
      board was not a risk factor. Risk factors for headache, irritation of the throat,
      and need for daily antiasthmatic medication were analyzed for all the children
      collectively. Living in a home with much particle board was a risk factor for all
      three conditions.

PMID- 2924756
TI  - Lead distribution in rats repeatedly treated with low doses of lead acetate.
AB  - Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with ip injections of lead acetate (10 and
      20 mg/kg) at intervals of 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 weeks. Eight rats from
      each specified injection group were sacrificed 48 hr after the end of each
      treatment. Lead was determined in whole blood, plasma, plasma filtrate, saliva,
      urine, feces, brain, salivary glands, liver, kidney, testes, femur, and fur. In
      the liver, the concentrations of lead fluctuated; in the salivary glands and the
      testes, lead levels were low. In the bone, the kidney, and the brain, lead
      accumulated steadily and reached high levels in bone and renal tissues, but
      remained low in the brain. Correlation analysis showed a reciprocal relationship
      between blood-lead and kidney-lead in the rats treated with 10 mg lead acetate/kg
      (r = 0.898). In the rats treated with 20 mg lead acetate/kg, urine-lead was
      correlated to kidney-lead (r = 0.820). In both groups of treated rats, fur-lead
      was correlated to kidney-lead (r = 0.868 and r = 0.905, P less than 0.01) and
      brain-lead (r = 0.879 and r = 0.946, P less than 0.01).

PMID- 2924757
TI  - An experimental study of the penetration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
      through a model of the bronchial lining layer.
AB  - The penetration of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) through a nonbiological experimental
      model of the bronchial lining layer (BLL) was studied. The purpose was to
      investigate how the lipid-aqueous structure of the BLL might influence the rate
      of penetration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from the ambient air to
      the bronchial epithelium. The experimental model was built up in a petri dish by
      (A) a thin layer of paraffin at the bottom, simulating the lipophilic membranes
      of the epithelial cells; (B) an aqueous starch gel on top of the paraffin,
      simulating the viscous aqueous region of the BLL; and (C) a thin layer of
      phosphatidylcholine, simulating the surfactant lipid layer at the air interface.
      BaP was administered on top of the barrier either diffusely or from a point
      source, and the penetration was studied by measuring the concentration of BaP as
      a function of time both in the liquid phase and in the paraffin. Comparisons were
      made with a purely aqueous barrier without the thin phospholipid layer. The
      results show that the rate of penetration of BaP through the purely aqueous
      barrier is orders of magnitude higher than that of the lipid-aqueous barrier. A
      thin layer of phospholipids at the air interface thus has a tremendous influence
      on the rate of penetration of lipophilic substances and probably this, rather
      than the release rate of PAHs from their carrier particles, is the rate
      determining step in the overall transport of PAHs from such particles to the
      bronchial epithelium.

PMID- 2924758
TI  - Residual tetrachloroethylene in dry-cleaned clothes.
AB  - A large amount of residual tetrachloroethylene (TCE), up to 13.6 mg/g, was found
      in dry-cleaned clothes. The amounts varied among dry-cleaning establishments as
      well as with the type of fiber. The causes of these variations are discussed. Air
      TCE concentrations in the closed environment of dry-cleaning outlets were
      elevated: the highest reading was 4.8 mg/m3. The expired air of outlet employees
      also showed an increased level of TCE (average, 36.9 micrograms/m3). Increased
      air contamination from TCE released from dry-cleaned clothes was also observed in
      the home of a consumer. To reduce environmental contamination from TCE released
      from any of these sources, the amount of residual TCE in dry-cleaned clothes
      should be minimized.

PMID- 2924759
TI  - Cardiorespiratory strain during walking in snow with boots of different weights.
AB  - In order to assess the physiological strain of different boot weights, seven male
      and three female subjects walked on a treadmill and a snow-field while wearing
      three types of boots: winter jogging boots (WJB), rubber boots (RB), and rubber
      safety boots (RSB), weighing (means +/- s.d.) 0.9 +/- 0.1, 1.9 +/- 0.4 and 2.5 +/
      0.2 kg, respectively During each walk the subjects wore the same clothing
      ensembles and moved at the same, individually determined speed. The mean (+/-
      s.e.) depths of the footprint impression in the snow while walking in the WJB,
      RB, and RSB were 26.1 +/- 1.5, 25.6 +/- 1.4 and 26.1 +/- 1.5 cm (NS),
      respectively. During walking on the treadmill, the means for oxygen consumption
      were 0.79 +/- 0.05, 0.81 +/- 0.06 and 0.83 +/- 0.04 l min-1 (NS) and in snow 2.24
      +/- 0.18, 2.34 +/- 0.17 and 2.34 +/- 0.19 l min-1 (p less than 0.01) with the
      WJB, RB and RSB, respectively. The mean oxygen consumption levels observed during
      the walks averaged 23% and 65% of the subject's maximum oxygen consumption on the
      treadmill and in the snow-field, respectively. During the walking tests the
      corresponding mean heart rates were 106 +/- 4, 93 +/- 5, and 95 +/- 5 beats min-1
      (p less than 0.05) on the treadmill, and 151 +/- 11, 150 +/- 11 and 151 +/- 12
      beats min-1 (NS) in snow. No significant differences in ratings of perceived
      exertion were observed between the walking tests in snow with the three types of
      boots. In accordance with earlier studies, walking in snow was found to be
      strenuous work. In conclusion, the use of the RSB is recommended during logging
      work in snow, since they are known to provide greater protection than lighter
      boots and the increase in physiological strain experienced with RSB in this study
      was not appreciably greater than that with boots of lighter weight.

PMID- 2924760
TI  - Effects on load handling of restricted and unrestricted shelf opening clearances.
AB  - Changes in psychophysical lifting capacity with reductions in shelf opening
      clearances were experimentally determined. Three levels of shelf opening
      clearances were studied: unrestricted shelf opening clearance, loose shelf
      opening clearance (a clearance of 15 mm between the box width and the shelf
      opening), and tight shelf opening clearance (a clearance of 3 mm between the box
      width and the shelf opening). Two levels of lifting frequency (1 and 4
      lifts/min.) and two lifting heights (floor to 0.81 m and 0.81 m to 1.52 m) were
      included. The metabolic energy expenditure rates and heart rates of the subjects
      (8 males and 8 females) at psychophysically acceptable weights of lift were also
      recorded to assess the physiological burden. The results indicated a decline in
      the psychophysical lifting capacity of the subjects as the shelf opening
      clearance became narrower. The decline in psychophysical capacity, compared to
      unrestricted shelf opening clearance for males was 9% when the shelf opening
      clearance was 15 mm. A further decline of almost 4% was recorded when the shelf
      opening clearance narrowed down to 3 mm. For females, the corresponding declines
      were approximately 10% and 4%. The effects of lifting frequency and height of
      lift were found to be consistent with previous findings.

PMID- 2924761
TI  - Effects of frequency and load to lift on endurance time.
AB  - The purpose of the present study was to determine endurance time for manual
      lifting tasks which were performed over a wide range of loads (5, 10, 15, and 20
      kg) and frequencies (4, 6, 8, and 10 times/min) for a lift from floor to table
      height. Endurance time was defined in this study as the maximum length of time
      during which an individual was capable of lifting a given load at a given
      frequency continuously. The upper limit of endurance time was set to 8 h. Eleven
      male subjects participated in this study, and the lifting technique utilized with
      the straight back-bent knees method. The results showed that endurance time was
      significantly reduced with an increase in frequency or load of lift. The lightest
      frequency-load combination (4 times/min; 5 kg) was maintained by most of the
      subjects for 8 h. Conversely, the average endurance time for the heaviest
      frequency-load combination (10 times/min; 20 kg) was about 27 minutes.

PMID- 2924762
TI  - Occupational lifting by nursing aides and warehouse workers.
AB  - Nursing aides (18 women and six men) at one traditional and one modern geriatric
      ward, and warehouse workers (16 men) at two different types of warehouse
      departments were studied during occupational work. The vertical load during
      manual handling was measured using strain gauges built into wooden shoes. The
      warehouse workers performed four times as many lifts as the nursing aides and
      transferred five times as great a mass per unit time. Less than 25% of the lifts
      were carried out with the load evenly distributed on both feet during both the
      upward lift and lowering. In the warehouses the lifts were short, while the
      nursing aides were exposed both to lifts of longer duration and to carrying, as
      well as a greater frequency of unexpected, sudden and high peak load. The heart
      rate and oxygen uptake values recorded were relatively low, and both groups
      utilized approximately 25% of their maximum aerobic power. According to official
      occupational injury statistics, both warehouse workers and nursing aides belong
      to risk groups with a high frequency of reported back injuries. However, more
      injuries are reported by nursing aides than by warehouse workers. Greater muscle
      strength in male workers may partly explain this difference. Qualitative
      differences in the design of the lifting work, with more lifts of long duration
      in awkward work postures, more carrying, more exertion of horizontal forces and a
      greater frequency of unexpected rapid lifts in the nursing aides may also
      contribute to the differences in risk of injury between these occupational
      groups. Considerable differences were found between the two hospital wards as
      regards lifting frequency, force, duration and the proportion of lifts with an
      even distribution of load on both feet during upward lift. The lifting work was
      approximately 50% less in the modern ward, which has easily maneuvered electric
      overhead hoists, spacious premises and better work organization than in the
      traditional ward, even though the patient handling needs were equivalent. In the
      warehouse department at which the wares were stored with easy access, the
      frequency of lifts with an even distribution of load on both feet was
      approximately 25%, compared to 7% in the other warehouse department. In
      conclusion, evaluations of occupational lifting work should include a
      quantitative assessment of the duration and load distribution of lifting, as well
      as of postures. Workstation design, technical aids and work organization have a
      profound effect on the lifting work load even in jobs with equal manual handling
      demands.

PMID- 2924763
TI  - Circadian specificity in exercise training.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine whether metabolic and
      cardiorespiratory adaptations to exercise training are greater at the time of day
      of training than at another time. Twenty-seven subjects performed cycle ergometer
      tests in the morning (AM) and in the afternoon (PM) before and after a 6-wk
      period during which ten subjects trained regularly in the morning, seven subjects
      trained in the afternoon, and ten did not train. Training caused decreases in HR,
      VE, and rating of perceived exertion during submaximal exercise; a 7.7% increase
      (p less than 0.01) in VO2 max; and a 9.1% increase (p less than 0.01) in
      performance time. Adaptations (training effects) were independent of time of day
      of training for all variables except VO2 at the ventilatory threshold. Compared
      with each other, subjects who trained in the morning had relatively higher post
      training thresholds in the morning, while subjects who trained in the afternoon
      had relatively higher values in the afternoon (p less than 0.05). This is
      evidence of circadian specificity in training and supports the notion of planning
      physical preparation to coincide with the time of day at which one's critical
      performance is scheduled.

PMID- 2924764
TI  - Biomechanical analysis and assessment of lumbar stress during load lifting using
      a dynamic 19-segment human model.
AB  - A dynamic biomechanical human model is presented which allows the quantification
      of mechanical parameters such as torque, compressive and shear forces, and
      pressure at the lumbar intervertebral discs. The human model comprises a total of
      19 body segments. Various trunk flexions can be analysed due to the provision of
      5 joints at the level of the 5 lumbar intervertebral discs. The influence of
      intraabdominal pressure on spinal load is considered. The inclusion of the
      influences of gravity and inertia permits the analysis of both static body
      postures and dynamic body movements. Since the model is 3-dimensional, the lumbar
      stress can be calculated during both symmetrical tasks in the median sagittal
      plane as well as during non-symmetrical ones. The influences on spinal stress of
      trunk inclination and the position of an external load relative to the body are
      quantified for various load weights up to 50 kg. The torque at the lumbo-sacral
      joint L5-S1 lies, dependent on posture and load lever-arm, within the range
      between 0 and 500 Nm; the compressive force on L5-S1 lies within the range
      between 0.4 and 10 kN, and the shear force at L5-S1 between 0.2 and 0.9 kN. The
      influences of lift velocity and jerky movement on lumbar stress are quantified.
      Simulated humpback and hollow-back postures are studied. The compressive forces
      at the 5 lumbar intervertebral discs are compared. The validity of the model is
      examined by comparing the model calculations with the intradiscal pressure
      measurements taken from the literature. Strength tests on lumbar intervertebral
      discs and vertebrae are collated from the literature in order to assess the
      lumbar stress during load lifting. The lumbar ultimate compression strength
      varies within a wide range. The mean value for a total of 307 lumbar segments
      amounts to 4.4 kN, the standard deviation to 1.9 kN. In conclusion, lumbar
      compressive force values during lifting fall within the same range as the
      strength values for the human lumbar spine.

PMID- 2924765
TI  - Identification of proteins secreted from axons of embryonic dorsal-root-ganglia
      neurons.
AB  - Secretion of proteins from the growth cone has been implicated in axon growth and
      synapse formation and might be involved in the transmission of a variety of axon
      derived regulatory signals during neurogenesis. In order to identify axonally
      secreted proteins, dorsal-root-ganglia neurons from chicken embryos were cultured
      in a compartmentalized cell culture system that allows separate access to
      neuronal cell somas and axons. The proteins synthesized by the neurons were
      metabolically labeled by addition of [35S]methionine to the compartment
      containing the cell somas; the proteins released from the axons were harvested
      from the culture medium of the axonal compartment. Two-dimensional gel
      electrophoresis revealed two axonally secreted proteins with apparent molecular
      mass of 132-140 kDa and 54-60 kDa; they were termed axonin-1 and axonin-2,
      respectively. Both axonins were found to be secreted from a variety of neuronal
      cell cultures, but not from any of the nonneuronal cultures investigated, and
      hence might be neuron-specific. Virtual absence of these proteins from the axonal
      protein pattern suggests constitutive secretion. The information acquired on
      coordinates and spot morphology of these proteins in two-dimensional gel
      electrophoresis provides a useful assay for their purification.

PMID- 2924766
TI  - Transfection of hepatic genes into adult rat hepatocytes in primary culture and
      their tissue-specific expression.
AB  - We describe in this paper a method for studying transient gene expression in a
      primary culture of adult rat hepatocytes. After isolation by collagenase
      perfusion, hepatocytes in a monolayer were transfected with foreign DNA by the
      calcium phosphate precipitation technique during the first 24 hours after
      plating. When they were transfected with a plasmid containing the gene for
      chloramphenicol acetyltransferase driven by the early promoter of simian virus
      40, hepatocytes reproducibly expressed high levels of chloramphenicol
      acetyltransferase (CAT); this transient expression was much higher than that
      obtained with the rat hepatoma cell line H4II. Different medium conditions have
      been tested; an optimal level of CAT activity can be obtained using a serum-free,
      hormonally defined medium. Using these techniques, we have investigated the
      expression of liver-specific genes transferred into hepatocytes. We show that the
      L-pyruvate kinase promoter is active in these hepatocytes while it is silent in
      fibroblasts. Moreover, the use of serum-free medium may allow investigation of
      the role of hormones and nutrients in cells which respond normally to these
      effectors.

PMID- 2924767
TI  - A new crystal form of ricin-OR.
AB  - Ricin-OR, an antitumor toxin, has been crystallized in space group P2 with cell
      parameters a = 8.77 nm, b = 4.64 nm, c = 7.64 nm and beta = 101 degrees. There is
      one molecule in the asymmetric unit and the solvent content is estimated to be
      48% by volume. The crystals diffract to 0.25 nm resolution which is higher than
      that of the previously reported C2 crystal form which had a solvent content of
      65%.

PMID- 2924768
TI  - Nuclear basic protein transition during sperm differentiation. Primary structure
      of the spermatid-specific protein S2 from the dog-fish Scylliorhinus caniculus.
AB  - The remodeling of nucleoproteins during dog-fish spermiogenesis involves two
      successive nuclear protein transitions: the first from somatic-type histones to
      transition proteins during the nuclear elongation of spermatids and the second
      leading to protamine-DNA association in mature spermatozoa. The chromatin of
      elongating spermatids contains two transition proteins called S1 and S2. The
      amino acid sequence of protein S1, a polypeptide of 87 residues was determined
      previously [Chauviere, M., Martinage, A., Briand, G., Sautiere, P. & Chevaillier,
      Ph. (1987) Eur. J. Biochem. 169, 105-111]. In the present paper, we report the
      elucidation of the primary structure of the minor transition protein S2
      established by automated Edman degradation of the protein and of its fragments
      generated by cleavage at methionine and aspartate residues. S2 contains 80
      residues and has a molecular mass of 9726 Da. S2 is mainly characterized by a
      high content of basic amino acids mostly represented by lysine, a relatively high
      level of hydrophobic residues, the presence of six phosphorylatable residues and
      the lack of cysteine. Its amino acid sequence shows that the N-terminal half is
      highly basic, while the acidic residues are located in the C-terminal part of the
      protein where more diversity in amino acids is noticed. The two transition
      proteins S1 and S2 share striking structural similarities. Few but significative
      similarities have been detected with the mammalian transition protein TP1
      [Kistler, W. S., Noyes, C., Hsu, R. & Heinrikson, R. L. (1975) J. Biol. Chem.
      250, 1847-1853], suggesting similar functions for all these proteins in chromatin
      remodeling during sperm differentiation. By contrast, the two dog-fish spermatid
      specific proteins are structurally unrelated to sperm protamines and cannot be
      considered as their precursors.

PMID- 2924769
TI  - Solution conformation of sialosylcerebroside (GM4) and its NeuAc(alpha 2----3)Gal
      beta sugar component.
AB  - The solution conformations of GM4 ganglioside [NeuAc(alpha 2----3)Gal (beta 1---
      1)Cer] in (2H3C)2SO and its component disaccharide in 2H2O were investigated with
      the aid of 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (nuclear Overhauser effect,
      analysis of coupling constants) and by energy-minimum calculations. The existence
      of three low-energy conformers obtained by theoretical calculations was supported
      by experimental findings in the case of GM4, whereas the disaccharide appears to
      exist as a mixture of two conformers.

PMID- 2924770
TI  - Acridine dimers: influence of the intercalating ring and of the linking-chain
      nature on the equilibrium and kinetic DNA-binding parameters.
AB  - The rigidity of the linking chain of bifunctional intercalators in the
      ditercalinium series was shown to be critical for antitumor activity. In order to
      study the influence of the rigidity of the linking chain on the DNA-binding
      properties of DNA bifunctional intercalators, fluorescent 9-aminoacridine and 2
      methoxy-6-chloro-9-aminoacridine analogues with chains of variable rigidity were
      synthesized. 1H-NMR studies show that the conformation of 9-aminoacridine dimers
      is almost independent of the nature of the linking chain. A strong self-stacking
      of the aromatic rings of the 2-methoxy-6-chloro-9-aminoacridine is observed for
      dimers with flexible chains but not for those with rigid chains. All the dimers
      having a linking chain long enough to bisintercalate in DNA according to the
      excluded site model are indeed bisintercalators. The kinetic association constant
      of all monomers and dimers for poly[d(A-T)].poly[d(A-T)] are in the same range (2
      4 x 10(7) M-1 s-1). The large increase of DNA binding affinity observed for the
      dimers is always associated with the expected decrease of the dissociation rate
      constant. The effect of chain rigidity and pH on the calf thymus DNA binding of 9
      aminoacridine and 2-methoxy-6-chloro-9-aminoacridine dimers is quite different.
      In the series of 9-aminoacridine the pKa of the dimers remains high and therefore
      no difference of DNA-binding affinity is observed between pH 5 and 7.4. The
      rigidity of the linking chain does not significantly alter the DNA-binding
      affinity. In the 2-methoxy-6-chloro-9-aminoacridine series, the pKa of all dimers
      became smaller than the physiological pH and a dramatic decrease of DNA-binding
      affinity is observed when the pH is increased from pH 5 to 7.4. This decrease
      appears significantly smaller for dimers with rigid chains. A similar dramatic
      decrease of binding affinity at pH 7.4 is not observed for poly[d(A-T)].poly[d(A
      T)]. This factor makes these dimers strongly specific for the alternating polymer
      at pH 7.4.

PMID- 2924771
TI  - Role of a sulfhydryl group in gastric lipases. A binding study using the
      monomolecular-film technique.
AB  - Native human and rabbit gastric lipases (HGL and RGL, respectively) were
      inactivated after modification of one sulfhydryl group/enzyme molecule. HGL and
      RGL were covalently labeled using 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitro-[14C]benzoic acid) and
      the interaction of 2-nitro-5-thio-[14C]benzoic-acid-labeled lipases ([14C]Nbs
      lipases) with monomolecular lipid films was investigated. Our results show that
      [14C]Nbs-lipases bind to lipid films as efficiently as native HGL or RGL. The
      critical surface pressure pi c and the maximal surface pressure (delta pi max) of
      [14C]Nbs-lipases were enhanced in comparison with those of native RGL and HGL.
      These changes in behavior were probably due to an increase in hydrophobicity
      brought about, directly or indirectly, by the binding of the Nbs radical. This
      chemical modification thus blocks the hydrolysis site and reinforces the
      hydrophobic character of the gastric lipases.

PMID- 2924772
TI  - The stereospecificity of the ferrous-ion-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase from
      Zymomonas mobilis.
AB  - Alcohol dehydrogenase from Zymomonas mobilis has been found to transfer the pro-R
      hydrogen of NADH to acetaldehyde. This is the first report of the
      stereospecificity of a dehydrogenase in the mechanistic and structural class of
      Fe2+-dependent alcohol dehydrogenases and offers an opportunity to expand
      mechanistic hypotheses relating stereospecificity, reaction mechanism and
      reaction thermodynamics in dehydrogenases.

PMID- 2924773
TI  - Inhibition and active-site modelling of prolidase.
AB  - Consideration of the active-site model of prolidase led us to examine azetidine,
      pyrrolidine and piperidine substrate analogs as potential in vivo inhibitors of
      the enzyme. One of these, N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-proline, was shown to be a potent
      competitive inhibitor of porcine kidney prolidase (Ki = 90 microM); its rapid
      protein-mediated permeation of human and sheep erythrocytes suggests that it may
      be effective in vivo. The higher homolog, N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-pipecolic acid,
      was also a potent inhibitor of the enzyme while the antihypertensive drugs,
      captopril and enalaprilat, were shown to have mild and no inhibitory effects,
      respectively. Analysis of inhibitor action and consideration of X-ray
      crystallographic data of relevant Mn2+ complexes allowed the active-site model of
      prolidase to be further refined; a new model is presented in which the substrate
      acts as a bidentate ligand towards the active-site manganous ion. Various aspects
      of the new model help to explain why Mn2+ has been 'chosen' by the enzyme in
      preference to other biologically available metal ions.

PMID- 2924774
TI  - Comparison of computer simulations of the F-type and L-type non-oxidative hexose
      monophosphate shunts with 31P-NMR experimental data from human erythrocytes.
AB  - Mathematical modelling was used to predict the behaviour of the two most favoured
      schemes for the operation of the non-oxidative hexose monophosphate shunt (HMS),
      the F-type and the L-type pathways. The models simulate the time courses of sugar
      phosphate concentrations when various substrates are metabolized via each
      pathway. A 31P-NMR technique, with which to observe time courses of
      concentrations of sugar phosphates in a human red cell lysate, was developed. The
      accuracy of each hypothesised scheme was then evaluated by comparing predicted
      with observed data. The results were more consistent with time courses of sugar
      phosphate levels predicted by the F-type (classical) pathway than those predicted
      by the L-type model. However, the accumulation of sedoheptulose 1,7-bisphosphate
      when a haemolysate was incubated with ribose 5-phosphated showed that the F-type
      pathway is not a complete description of the system of reactions. Transaldolase
      was demonstrated to be essential for the normal metabolism of sugar phosphates by
      haemolysates. The effects of the heat-inactivation of transaldolase on the
      metabolism of sugar phosphates were accurately predicted by the F-type model. The
      relevance of attempting to describe the reaction of the non-oxidative HMS as a
      distinct 'pathway' or 'cycle' is discussed.

PMID- 2924775
TI  - In vivo 31P- and 13C-NMR studies of ATP synthesis and methane formation by
      Methanosarcina barkeri.
AB  - Carbon and phosphorus metabolism of cell suspensions of Methanosarcina barkeri
      strain MS (DSM 800), grown on methanol, were probed in vivo by NMR. The
      experimental conditions, which involved thick cell suspensions, did not
      significantly affect the efficiency of the rate of methanol uptake by cells.
      Following exposure to methanol an acidification of both the intracellular and the
      extracellular spaces was observed and a gradient of 0.5 pH units across the
      cytoplasmic membrane was determined from the 31P-NMR data. High levels of
      intracellular ATP up to 4 mM were detected. The ADP concentration determined in a
      suspension of starved cells was only 2 mM, suggesting that a significant amount
      of ADP may be immobilized and is thus not detectable by NMR. In the presence of
      the protonophore, 3,3',4',5-tetrachlorosalicylanilide, the proton gradient was
      dissipated and the synthesis of ATP stopped. The inhibitor of the ATP synthase,
      N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, was rather inefficient in inhibiting ATP
      synthesis. High concentrations of N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (corresponding to
      300 nmol/mg protein-1) were required to decrease the ATP content by approximately
      60%, and, under these conditions, formation of acetyl phosphate was detected.
      However, the methanol consumption rate was not affected.

PMID- 2924776
TI  - Generation of hydrogen peroxide by cerebral-cortex synaptosomes. Stimulation by
      ionomycin and plasma-membrane depolarization.
AB  - Guinea-pig cerebral cortex synaptosomes steadily release H2O2 into the suspending
      medium, at the rate of 20-30 pmol min-1 mg protein-1. A transient increase of the
      H2O2 release is induced by the addition of 1 mM Ca2+, which declines within 60-90
      s to a rate identical or slightly higher than that before Ca2+. The extra H2O2
      following Ca2+ addition varies between 40-100 pmol/mg protein and is insensitive
      to verapamil. The H2O2 release increases strongly (up to 250 pmol min-1 mg-1)
      upon depletion of the synaptosomal glutathione by treatment with 1-chloro-2,4
      dinitrobenzene, a substrate for glutathione transferase. This treatment however
      has no effect on the Ca2+-induced H2O2 transient. In these treated synaptosomes a
      further increase of the output of H2O2 is rapidly induced upon addition of the
      Ca2+ ionophore ionomycin. This increase (about 100 pmol min-1 mg-1) lasts several
      minutes and requires the presence of Ca2+. A similar, though less pronounced
      increased H2O2 release is obtained (also in the absence of Ca2+) upon
      depolarization of the synaptosomal plasma membrane with KCl or with veratridine.

PMID- 2924778
TI  - Incidence of arrhythmias after atrial or dual-chamber pacemaker implantation.
AB  - The incidence of sustained atrial, pacemaker-mediated and ventricular rhythm
      disturbances was studied retrospectively in a consecutive series of 112 patients
      without a history of preexisting atrial tachyarrhythmias, receiving an atrial or
      dual-chamber pacemaker. Early atrial fibrillation (during the first week) was
      recorded twice. Late atrial fibrillation was seen in seven patients, flutter in
      one, yielding a total incidence of 8.9% for 22 months. There were no significant
      differences with respect to age, aetiology, electrocardiographic diagnosis,
      pacing history, or the measured intracardiac P wave between the group with and
      the group without atrial fibrillation. Treatment with digoxin reverted three
      patients to sinus rhythm, association of digoxin and amiodarone, six patients.
      One patient with congestive heart failure remained in atrial fibrillation.
      Pacemaker-mediated tachycardia was not a major problem. One patient of a subgroup
      with known ventricular arrhythmia had a non-sustained ventricular tachycardia
      during programming at follow-up; sustained ventricular tachycardia was not
      recorded. Reprogramming to VDD, DVI or VVI was done in 6/100 patients. The
      incidence of atrial fibrillation or flutter in highly selected patients with dual
      chamber or atrial pacing is moderately low. It is not possible to identify
      patients with a high risk for development of atrial fibrillation; when it occurs,
      it is easily controlled with drugs. DDD pacing seems to be safe in patients with
      a history of serious ventricular arrhythmias, treated with appropriate drugs.

PMID- 2924777
TI  - cDNA sequence of adrenodoxin reductase. Identification of NADP-binding sites in
      oxidoreductases.
AB  - Adrenodoxin reductase is an NADP dependent flavoenzyme which functions as the
      reductase of mitochondrial P 450 systems. We sequenced two adrenodoxin reductase
      cDNAs isolated from a bovine adrenal cortex cDNA library. The deduced amino acid
      sequence shows no similarity to the sequence of the microsomal P 450 systems or
      other known protein sequences. Nonetheless, by sequence analysis and c
      comparisons with known sequences of dinucleotide-binding folds of two NADP
      binding flavoenzymes, two regions of adrenodoxin reductase sequence were
      identified as the FAD- and NADP-binding sites. These analyses revealed a
      consensus sequence for the NADP-binding dinucleotide fold (GXGXXAXXXAXXXXXXG, in
      one-letter amino acid code) that differs from FAD and NAD-binding dinucleotide
      fold sequences. In the data base of protein sequences, the NADP-binding-site
      sequence appears solely in NADP-dependent enzymes, the binding sites of which
      were not known to date. Thus, this sequence may be used for identification of a
      certain type of NADP-binding site of enzymes that show no significant sequence
      similarity.

PMID- 2924780
TI  - Induction of complete AV block in dogs by transcatheter ablation using high
      frequency current: an alternative to direct-current high energy shock.
AB  - The utility of high-frequency current applied through the distal electrode of a
      conventional electrode-catheter for altering atrio-ventricular conduction was
      studied in 18 anaesthetized dogs. Following adequate unipolar His bundle
      recording, current was applied over periods of 20-30 s, with an output power of
      30 W. Complete AV block was achieved in all dogs (four dogs on the third attempt,
      five on the second, and nine on the first). Ten of the dogs were killed after
      four hours of continuous ECG monitoring (Group I); examination revealed
      circumscribed spheroidal myocardial lesions at the base of the right atrium over
      the posterior tricuspid valve; no thrombus formation was encountered. The
      remaining eight dogs (Group II) were kept alive for three months during which
      complete block persisted in all cases. The histologic study showed partial
      replacement of AV nodal and His bundle tissues and myocardium by fibrous tissue.
      In conclusion, electro-catheter ablation using high-frequency energy is effective
      for producing complete AV block. The resulting lesions are circumscribed. This
      method may prove to be an alternative to the transcatheter DC shock for ablation
      of the AV conduction system.

PMID- 2924779
TI  - The effect of respiration on diastolic blood flow velocities in the human heart.
AB  - This study was performed to evaluate the effects of respiration on diastolic
      blood flow velocity and its relevance for the determination of pulsed Doppler
      reference values from diastolic blood flow. Doppler signals were recorded from
      both the atrial and ventricular sides of the mitral valve and the tricuspid valve
      in 215 healthy volunteers (120 males and 95 females, with ages ranging from 1-65
      years). Respiratory signals were recorded simultaneously by a mercury strain
      gauge around the thorax. From the medians of Doppler spectra the maximum velocity
      during early diastole (VmaxE), during atrial contraction (VmaxA) and the ratio
      between VmaxE and VmaxA (EA ratio) were obtained. On the atrial side of the
      tricuspid valve, VmaxE and VmaxA were significantly higher during inspiration
      than during expiration. On the ventricular side of the tricuspid valve, this was
      only found for VmaxE. On the atrial side of the mitral valve, VmaxE and VmaxA
      were significantly lower during inspiration than during expiration. At the
      ventricular side of the mitral valve, this was found only for VmaxE. No
      significant effect of respiration was found on the EA ratio. We conclude that
      there is a respiration-related effect on VmaxE and VmaxA. However, no significant
      effect is found on the EA ratio. Thus, for the determination of the EA ratio in
      intersubject studies, information about the respiratory cycle is not relevant.

PMID- 2924781
TI  - A prospective study comparing the haemodynamic with the cross-sectional
      echocardiographic diagnosis of rheumatic tricuspid stenosis.
AB  - The value of cross-sectional echocardiography in the diagnosis of tricuspid valve
      stenosis is not clearly established. We prospectively studied by cardiac
      catheterization 42 consecutive patients, with a mean age of 29 +/- 11 years, who
      exhibited the cross-sectional echocardiographic features of tricuspid valve
      stenosis, defined as: diastolic doming of all three tricuspid leaflets and
      leaflet thickening with restrictive motion. To expose occult and amplify
      borderline tricuspid diastolic gradients, simultaneous right atrial and right
      ventricular pressures were recorded in the basal state, after incremental
      infusions of normal saline to 200, 400, 500, 700 or 1000 ml until a mean right
      atrial pressure of 12 mmHg was achieved, and finally after intravenous
      administration of 0.6 mg of atropine. Eighteen patients, Group 1, (43%) exhibited
      mean tricuspid diastolic gradients greater than 2 mmHg after saline infusion,
      increasing from a mean of 4 +/- 2 to 9 +/- 3 mmHg, (P less than 0.001), 14 (33%)
      having gradients greater than 2 mmHg in the basal state, together with four (10%)
      increasing from 1.7 +/- 0.2 to 4.5 +/- 1.2 mmHg (P less than 0.01) after
      provocation with fluid challenge. In the remaining 24 patients, Group 2, (57%)
      the mean tricuspid diastolic gradient was less than 2 mmHg, both at rest and
      after provocative manoeuvres. We conclude that the cross-sectional
      echocardiographic features of tricuspid valve stenosis are not a precise
      indicator of tricuspid valve stenosis. Provocative manoeuvres during haemodynamic
      studies are required to expose occult or amplify borderline tricuspid diastolic
      gradients in a minority of patients with the cross-sectional echocardiographic
      features of tricuspid stenosis.

PMID- 2924782
TI  - Long-term follow-up of patients with unexplained syncope and negative
      electrophysiologic study.
AB  - Fifty-eight patients (29 M, 29 F, mean age 60.8 +/- 16 years) with unexplained
      syncope at the end of a complete clinical and electrophysiological evaluation,
      were followed for a mean period of 36.6 +/- 20.5 months (median: 30.5 months).
      Structural heart disease was present in 32 patients (55.2%). The standard ECG was
      normal in 24 (41.4%) and showed sinus bradycardia (greater than 40 m-1) and/or
      first degree AV block and/or intraventricular conduction disturbances in 29
      patients (50%). During follow-up, recurrences of syncope were observed in 11 of
      43 untreated patients (25.6%), three of seven electrically treated patients
      (42.9%) and two of eight pharmacologically treated patients (25%). The cause of
      these recurrences was cardiac in one (1.7%), non-cardiac in 10 (17.2%) and
      remained undetermined in five (8.6%). Sudden death occurred in only one patient
      (1.7%), who was receiving chronic amiodarone therapy. These results indicate that
      (1) syncopal recurrences may occur in an appreciable percentage of patients with
      unexplained syncope and a negative electrophysiologic study during a relatively
      long-term follow-up, (2) syncopal recurrences, when they occur, are generally due
      to a non-cardiac cause, (3) sudden death is an occasional and rare event in this
      patient population and (4) empirical prophylactic treatment with a permanent
      pacemaker or antiarrhythmic drugs does not usually prevent complications during
      the follow-up.

PMID- 2924783
TI  - Value of induction of pleomorphic ventricular tachycardia during programmed
      stimulation.
AB  - The morphology of the first documented, the recurrent and the induced ventricular
      tachycardia were studied in 41 patients with an old myocardial infarction and
      documented sustained ventricular tachycardia. During a mean follow-up of 29 +/-
      11 months recurrent ventricular tachycardia was present in 24 of 41 patients with
      the same morphology as the first ventricular tachycardia in nine (37.5%) and a
      different morphology in 15 patients (62.5%). Ventricular tachycardia with the
      same morphology as the spontaneous ventricular tachycardia were induced without
      significant differences between patients with recurrent events and those without.
      However, multiple morphologies of ventricular tachycardia (pleomorphism) were
      induced more frequently in patients with subsequent recurrence of ventricular
      tachycardia (off drugs: 9 of 13, 69%, on drugs: 14 of 23, 61%) than in patients
      without (off drugs: 4 of 10, 40%, on drugs: 2 of 11, 18%) (P less than 0.05).
      Pleomorphism of ventricular tachycardia induced during programmed stimulation
      identifies patients at a higher risk of subsequent recurrent events. Recurrent
      ventricular tachycardia has a different morphology than the first one in two
      thirds of patients.

PMID- 2924784
TI  - Increased mortality in men with ST segment depression during 24 h ambulatory long
      term ECG recording. Results from prospective population study 'Men born in 1914',
      from Malmo, Sweden.
AB  - 'Men born in 1914', from Malmo, Sweden, is a cohort study of the morbidity and
      mortality of cardiovascular diseases among 68-year-old men in an urban
      population. Ambulatory long-term ECG recording was part of the health examination
      that these men were invited to undergo in 1982. Five hundred attended (80.5%) of
      the 621 invited. Ninety-eight of the 394 men in whom the ECG recording was
      technically satisfactory had at least one episode with horizontal or downsloping
      ST segment depression greater than or equal to 0.1 mV. The median total duration
      of ST segment depression was 135 min. 90% of these episodes were not preceeded by
      any increase in heart rate. In only eight of the 47 men who reported an
      occurrence of chest symptoms during the recording period did ST segment
      depression and chest symptoms occur simultaneously. 43 months after the health
      examination, 33 (8.4%) men had died. The mortality in men without ST segment
      depression and without any history of coronary heart disease was 6.5%. The
      incidence of fatal and non-fatal myocardial infarction in men without ST
      depression greater than or equal to 0.1 mV and without a history of IHD was 2.3%.
      Men with ST depression greater than or equal to 0.1 mV in comparison with this
      group had a 4.4 times greater relative risk. The risk in men with both ST segment
      depression greater than or equal to 0.1 mV and history of coronary heart disease
      was 16.0 times greater. This study shows that asymptomatic ST segment depression
      is a frequent finding in elderly men. The occurrence of asymptomatic ST segment
      depression is associated with an increased cardiovascular mortality. This
      increased mortality is independent of a history compatible with angina pectoris
      or previous myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2924785
TI  - Aneurysm of the left anterior descending coronary artery after chest trauma.
AB  - A 28-year old man developed transmural anterior wall myocardial infarction after
      a car accident despite the absence of external signs of chest trauma. Coronary
      angiography one month after the accident demonstrated an aneurysm of the left
      anterior descending artery. Angiography five and eleven months afterwards showed
      almost total regression of the aneurysm. The man remained asymptomatic with no
      signs of residual ischaemia one year after the accident. Blunt trauma to the
      chest is a well-known cause of cardiac damage including myocardial contusion,
      rupture of the ventricular wall, septum, papillary muscles or chordae tendineae.
      Myocardial infarction secondary to distinct injury to a coronary artery has only
      seldom been described. Visualization of a localized lesion in a coronary artery
      of an otherwise non-atherosclerotic coronary tree supports the traumatic origin
      of a myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2924786
TI  - Ruptured aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva co-existing with a single coronary artery.
AB  - The clinical and surgical findings in a 41-year-old male with the unusual co
      existence of a ruptured sinus of Valsalva aneurysm and a single coronary artery
      are described. The literature is reviewed and the significance of a single
      coronary artery discussed.

PMID- 2924787
TI  - Multiple extra-adrenal paragangliomas associated with catecholamine
      cardiomyopathy.
AB  - We describe a patient with multiple extra-adrenal paragangliomas who presented
      with clinical features of a dilated cardiomyopathy. Hypertension was not a major
      feature of the illness despite excessive catecholamine secretion by the tumours.
      Following surgical resection the changes of dilated cardiomyopathy did not
      regress on echocardiography and the patient died of left ventricular failure.

PMID- 2924788
TI  - Anterior mitral valve aneurysm perforation secondary to aortic valve endocarditis
      detected by Doppler colour flow mapping.
AB  - We report a case of mitral valve aneurysm formation and perforation, secondary to
      Streptococcus sanguis endocarditis of the aortic valve. Aneurysm formation was
      documented by cross-sectional echocardiography and its perforation was
      established by Doppler colour flow mapping, and subsequently confirmed at
      surgery.

PMID- 2924789
TI  - Aneurysms of the sinuses of Valsalva in Noonan's syndrome.
AB  - A case of Noonan's syndrome with aneurysmal dilatation of the sinuses of Valsalva
      is described. Enlargement of the left heart border on the postero-anterior chest
      radiograph was initially interpreted as dilatation of main pulmonary artery but
      aortography confirmed the presence of large aneurysms of two of the sinuses of
      Valsalva. Connective tissue abnormalities, known to occur in Noonan's syndrome,
      could be responsible for aortic abnormalities in this syndrome.

PMID- 2924790
TI  - Diagnosis of a quadricuspid aortic valve by echocardiography has been reported in
      only three cases.

PMID- 2924791
TI  - First International Conference on 3-D Image Processing in Microscopy. Gissen, 9
      11 March 1988. Abstracts.

PMID- 2924792
TI  - Annual meeting of the Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Zellbiologie. Bielefeld, 13-17
      March 1989. Abstracts.

PMID- 2924793
TI  - Six postschool case studies of mildly learning handicapped young adults.
AB  - Participant observation was conducted for 1 year with six mildly learning
      handicapped young adults following their graduation from high school. Close
      attention was paid to the ways in which they managed the transition out of school
      and into more adult roles. During this year, all six floundered from job to job,
      class to class, and school to school. They expressed discontent and frustration
      with their present situation. They were at a loss to plan for the future and
      maintained an unrealistic appraisal of their skills. Their sense of self waxed
      and waned in keeping with their prospects, and the patience and frustration of
      family members vacillated as well.

PMID- 2924794
TI  - Play behavior of hearing impaired children: integrated and segregated settings.
AB  - The free-play behavior of young hearing impaired children in integrated and
      segregated settings was compared using a multielement baseline design. Two
      children, aged 3 and 5, were observed using momentary time sampling of their play
      as they alternated from one setting to the other. Data were collected in ech
      setting for various categories of play behavior. The categories were derived from
      the classic play categories of Parten and Smilansky. Results indicate that the
      children engaged in more socially advanced play in the integrated setting.

PMID- 2924795
TI  - Lectin-bearing liposomes: differential binding to normal and to transformed mouse
      fibroblasts.
AB  - The binding of covalent conjugates of concanavalin A (Con A) or wheat germ
      agglutinin (WGA) and liposomes (lectin-liposomes) to the surface of normal and
      transformed mouse fibroblasts was studied. Quantitation of the binding was
      performed by means of microfluorometry and radioactive lipid label counting using
      both sparse and dense cell cultures. It was found that 2.5-3 times more lectin
      conjugated liposomes are bound to L or SV3T3 cells than to the mouse embryo
      fibroblasts and 3T3 cells in a broad concentration range. The binding of Con A-
      and WGA-liposomes was inhibited up to 70% in the presence of the corresponding
      carbohydrate inhibitors. A decreased binding of lectin-liposomes to cells was
      also observed when cells were pretreated with the free lectin. Trypsinization of
      the cells resulted in an increase in the Con A-liposomes binding to normal
      fibroblasts. When free fluorescent Con A or WGA was used in binding studies no
      profound differences in the binding of lectin to normal or transformed cells were
      detected. The relation of the lectin-liposome/cell to cell/cell interactions is
      discussed.

PMID- 2924796
TI  - The lateral motion of lipid molecules in the apical plasma membrane of
      endothelial cells is reversibly affected by the presence of cell junctions.
AB  - As with other epithelia, the question arises of whether the endothelial cell
      junctions participate in cell polarization, restrict the localization of lipid
      molecules, and lead to differences in their lateral motion between the apical and
      basolateral plasma membranes. We found that in bovine aortic endothelium in
      culture, the localization of the lipophilic probe 5N-(hexadecanoyl)
      aminofluorescein (HEDAF) was markedly affected by the presence of cell junctions.
      At confluence, the probe was observed to be restricted to the exoplasmic leaflet
      of the apical plasmalemma. It was detected in the basal membrane only after
      disruption of the cell junctions, whereas the cells remained firmly bound to the
      underlying extracellular matrix. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching
      (FRAP) experiments indicated that the endothelial confluent cell monolayer forms
      a mosaic of closed diffusion areas in which the probe molecules are free to
      diffuse. For the first time, and using a new mathematical approach, it was
      possible to estimate the diameter of these diffusion areas. Values in the range
      14-33 microns were found which correlate well with the actual measured diameters
      of 14 to 26 microns for the apical pole of individual cells. Moreover, cell
      junctions were found to affect the dynamics of the probe. When the cell junctions
      were disrupted, the lateral diffusion coefficient D of HEDAF was found to be the
      same in both apical and basal membranes. It regained its initial higher value in
      the apical poles when cell contacts were restored. This strongly suggests that in
      vascular endothelium, cell junctions affect overall plasma membrane organization
      in a reversible manner.

PMID- 2924797
TI  - Purification of an autocrine growth factor in conditioned medium obtained from
      primary cultures of scleral fibroblasts of the chick embryo.
AB  - Scleral fibroblasts of the chick embryo were found to secrete autocrine growth
      factors. One of the factors was purified from conditioned medium collected from
      growing-phase cultures of these cells by DEAE-Sepharose column chromatography and
      following non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The specific
      activity was increased 1100-fold by this purification. The chromatographically
      purified growth factor was still active after incubation at 95 degrees C, at pH
      10 or pH 3, or with glycosidase H, but inactive after incubation with
      dithiothreitol or trypsin. An active protein having a molecular weight of 32 kDa
      was found to be the major component of the final preparation.

PMID- 2924798
TI  - Cell attachment properties of collagen type VI and Arg-Gly-Asp dependent binding
      to its alpha 2(VI) and alpha 3(VI) chains.
AB  - Twelve of sixteen different cell types including fibroblasts and tumor cells were
      able to attach and spread on substrates of pepsin-solubilized or intact collagen
      VI, and on its triple helical domain. Attachment and spreading were independent
      of soluble mediator proteins (fibronectin, laminin) and collagen VI was distinct
      from collagens I, IV and V in the cells with which it interacted. Many of the
      same cells bound and spread on substrates prepared from unfolded alpha 2(VI) and
      alpha 3(VI) chains but not on the alpha 1(VI) chain. The interactions with the
      chains were inhibited by low concentrations (10-100 microM) of synthetic RGDS and
      RGDT but not RGES peptides while the binding of cells to pepsin-solubilized
      collagen VI was more than 20-fold less sensitive to these peptides. The data
      indicate that cells have the ability to bind to collagen VI in a specific manner
      suggesting a similar function for collagen VI in situ.

PMID- 2924799
TI  - Collagen processing, crosslinking, and fibril bundle assembly in matrix produced
      by fibroblasts in long-term cultures supplemented with ascorbic acid.
AB  - Human foreskin fibroblasts were cultured for up to 6 weeks in medium supplemented
      with ascorbic acid. During this time, the cells produced an extensive new
      connective tissue matrix in which the accumulated collagen (mostly type I)
      amounted to about 0.25 mg/10(6) cells. The matrix was highly differentiated as
      shown by complete processing of procollagen to collagen alpha-chains and covalent
      crosslinking of the collagen. Alignment of collagen fibrils occurred as the
      fibrils were deposited between cells, and binding of adjacent fibrils to the cell
      surface appeared to hold the fibrils in register. Groups of aligned fibrils were
      subdivided into bundles by cell-surface folds. If beta-aminopropionitrile was
      added to the medium, collagen crosslinking was inhibited, but not collagen
      synthesis or fibril bundle organization. If ascorbic acid was omitted from the
      culture medium, the extensive new connective tissue matrix was not produced. Our
      results indicate that fibroblasts in long-term cultures supplemented with
      ascorbic acid produce a connective tissue matrix with many in vivo-like
      properties including supermolecular organization of collagen.

PMID- 2924800
TI  - Compared intracellular localization of the glucocorticosteroid and progesterone
      receptors: an immunocytochemical study.
AB  - The intracellular distribution of the glucocorticosteroid and progesterone
      receptors (GR and PR, respectively) was studied immunohistochemically. In control
      adrenalectomized (Adx) rat liver, immunostaining of paraffin sections revealed GR
      in cell nuclei, with a wide range of intensity between individuals. Following
      dexamethasone (Dex) treatment, the nuclear staining was uniformly high in all
      animals; the cytoplasmic staining was always weak and remained unchanged after
      Dex treatment. In frozen sections, the GR immunoreactivity in cell nuclei was
      weak in the absence and very strong in the presence of Dex, while no GR-specific
      cytoplasmic staining was observed. In frozen sections fixed in vapor of
      formaldehyde to avoid any artifactual redistribution of the receptor, some GR
      immunostaining was observed in the cytoplasm and the nucleus. In contrast, in
      paraffin as well as in frozen sections of chick oviduct, fixed by immersion or in
      vapor, PR was exclusively nuclear, including in the absence of progesterone, and
      the intensity of immunostaining was not modified by progesterone treatment. In
      order to verify if loss of nuclear receptors during tissue preparation could
      explain the differences in nuclear immunostaining observed between hormone-free
      and hormone-occupied GR, and between GR and PR, frozen sections of Adx rat liver
      and chick oviduct were preincubated at 4 degrees C in buffer solutions before the
      fixation procedure. It was found that hormone-free GR diffused out of the nucleus
      faster than hormone-occupied GR nuclei, and that nuclear GR diffused faster than
      nuclear PR. Based on these results, we propose that, during the fixation
      procedure, the fraction of nuclear GR which diffuses out of the nucleus is much
      smaller in the presence than in the absence of Dex. This lesser loss of nuclear
      GR after Dex treatment results in an increase of immunostaining after hormonal
      administration, which might have been erroneously interpreted as a sign of
      translocation from cytoplasm to nucleus. That the nuclear PR detection is not
      modified by progesterone treatment may be explained by its reduced diffusibility
      as compared to nuclear GR. This hypothesis does not rule out the existence of
      some cytoplasmic GR, whose significance remains unclear, but it offers a unified
      mechanism of action for all steroid hormone receptors. In the case of
      glucocorticosteroids, as already proposed for estradiol and progesterone, no step
      of cytoplasm to nucleus translocation would be required for hormone action, and
      transformation-activation would occur in the nucleus, resulting in tighter
      binding of the hormone receptor complexes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2924801
TI  - Expression, cloning and cDNA sequence of a fibroblast serum-regulated gene
      encoding a putative actin-associated protein (p27).
AB  - A cDNA clone for a basic putative actin microfilament-associated protein, p27,
      highly induced in serum-stimulated NIH 3T3 cells, has been isolated by polyclonal
      antibodies and sequenced. p27 mRNA is a 1.2-kb molecule which is very low in
      resting NIH 3T3 cells but can be induced at least 100 times after 8 h of fetal
      calf serum stimulation. In contrast to other inducible mRNAs, p27 mRNA is stable,
      and its levels can be superinduced by cycloheximide mainly by prolonging
      transcription. The lack of expression of this messenger in mouse tissues, as well
      as in all cell lines so far tested, suggests that p27 may be an fibroblast
      specific protein. One major open reading frame found in p27 cDNA codes for a 201
      amino acid polypeptide not related to any previously described actin-binding
      protein. Interestingly, it shows alternative hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains
      of amino acids symmetrically arranged from the middle of the protein. The
      coordinate induction of p27 and actin mRNAs suggest that p27 may be involved in
      the cytoskeletal rearrangements induced early in cell growth and proliferation.

PMID- 2924803
TI  - Concanavalin A inhibits mating type recognition in Tetrahymena.
AB  - The lectin concanavalin A (Con A) inhibits adhesion of cells of complementary
      mating types into pairs during conjugation in the ciliate Tetrahymena
      thermophila. Distinct changes in protein synthesis occur in conjugating
      Tetrahymena, starting before cells have paired, as a result of a preliminary
      interaction, costimulation, involving nonadhesive, contact-mediated, specific
      cell-cell recognition. We report here that ConA inhibits costimulation-induced
      protein synthesis changes. We interpret this result as evidence that Con A
      inhibits cellular recognition, independent of cell-cell adhesion, in Tetrahymena.

PMID- 2924802
TI  - Inhibitors of metalloendoproteases block spiculogenesis in sea urchin primary
      mesenchyme cells.
AB  - Metalloendoproteases have been implicated in a variety of fusion processes
      including plasma membrane fusion and exocytosis. As a prerequisite to skeleton
      formation in the sea urchin embryo, primary mesenchyme cells undergo fusion via
      filopodia to form syncytia. The spicule is formed within the syncytial cable by
      matrix and mineral deposition. To investigate the potential involvement of a
      metalloendoprotease in spiculogenesis, the effect of inhibitors of this enzyme on
      skeleton formation was studied. Experiments with primary mesenchyme cells in
      vitro and in normal embryos revealed that skeleton formation was blocked by these
      inhibitors. These findings implicate a metalloendoprotease in spiculogenesis;
      such an enzyme has been demonstrated in homogenates of primary mesenchyme cells.
      The most likely site of action of the metalloendoprotease is at the cell membrane
      fusion stage and/or at subsequent events requiring membrane fusion.

PMID- 2924804
TI  - Reduced DNase I sensitivity of the rearranged c-myc gene in somatic cell hybrids
      between murine plasmacytoma cells and fibroblasts.
AB  - In mouse plasmacytoma (MPC) S194, the rearranged c-myc gene was much more
      sensitive to DNase I digestion than the nonrearranged gene. The sensitivity of
      the rearranged c-myc was markedly reduced to the same extent as that of the
      nonrearranged one in hybrids between the MPC cells and the fibroblasts, but not
      in a hybrid between the MPC and the spleen cells. These results suggest that
      trans-acting factors in fibroblasts alter the DNase I-sensitive structure of the
      rearranged c-myc gene.

PMID- 2924805
TI  - Effects of serum type on growth and permeability properties of cultured
      endothelial cells.
AB  - Serum is frequently added to defined basal media as a source of certain nutrients
      and macromolecular growth factors essential for cell growth. The many different
      sera commercially available may not be equally suitable for all cell types. The
      effects of four sera, fetal bovine serum (FBS), calf bovine serum (CS), equine
      serum (ES-1), and plasma-derived equine serum (ES-2), on growth and permeability
      properties of cultured porcine endothelial cells were determined. The rate of DNA
      synthesis, measured as [3H]thymidine incorporation, reached a peak at around 24
      h, regardless of serum type, and was most marked with ES-1- or ES-2-treated
      cells. However, when estimated by total DNA, FBS, CS, or ES-1 treatment resulted
      in greater cell proliferation than ES-2. Based on protein synthetic rate and
      total cell protein, both FBS and CS appeared to be most growth supporting. At 72
      h after cell plating, albumin passage across cultured endothelial monolayers was
      elevated in ES-1- and ES-2-treated cells compared with FBS- or CS-treated cells.
      "Leaky" cell monolayers were most marked with ES-1-treated cells. Cells grown in
      ES-2- and particularly in ES-1-enriched media were larger and more spindle-shaped
      compared with the typical cobblestone appearance of cells cultured in media
      enriched with either FBS or CS. These data suggest that CS, but not ES-1 or ES-2,
      is an excellent substitute for FBS to support desirable growth properties of
      macrovascular endothelial cells in culture.

PMID- 2924806
TI  - The effect of eye-derived-growth-factor (EDGFs) on methionine incorporation in
      the different cell populations of bovine adult lens in organ culture.
AB  - When adult bovine lenses were cultured in vitro, the purified retina-derived
      growth factors EDGF I or EDGF II, as well as the soluble fraction of the retina
      RE, increased the rate of incorporation of [35S]methionine into protein in cells
      belonging to different populations in the anterior epithelium as well as in
      fibers from the most superficial region of the cortex. These fiber cells were the
      most sensitive to stimulation by the retinal factors as they exhibit a
      significant increase of total protein synthesis 24 hr after addition of the
      factors to the culture medium. The epithelial cells studied--central epithelial
      cells and germinative cells--appeared stimulated only 1 day later. The
      stimulation of incorporation was not directed towards a particular subset of
      proteins but to all major polypeptides constituting the electrophoretic pattern
      of each cell population. It is suggested that this type of ocular signal, which
      stimulates the expression of a definite program, may act as a permissive signal.

PMID- 2924807
TI  - Differential assemblage of the basal membrane-cytoskeleton complex in bovine
      epithelial lens cells.
AB  - We have investigated the membrane-cytoskeleton complex involved in interactions
      between the epithelial cells and the capsule of the bovine eye lens. The
      organization of the molecular complex was determined from cell extraction,
      immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting experiments and from ultrastructural
      studies by scanning electron microscopy. We show that marked differences exist in
      the organization of this basal complex between the central epithelium (mitotic
      quiescent) and the peripheral epithelium which initiates lenticular
      differentiation into fibres. Our results support the view that: (a) the
      organization of several major membrane components in the peripheral epithelium
      differs from that of the central epithelium; (b) microfilaments and vimentin
      filaments are independent of each other in the peripheral epithelium, whereas
      microfilaments are involved in an inter-relationship with vimentin filaments in
      the central epithelium; (c) two surface proteins of 24 and 27 kD and two surface
      glycoproteins of 46 and 220 kD appear to be bound to vimentin filaments in the
      peripheral region, whereas the intermediate filaments appear to be solely in
      close association with the 46 and 220 kD glycoproteins in the central zone.

PMID- 2924808
TI  - Racemization of aspartyl residues in proteins from normal and cataractous human
      lenses: an aging process without involvement in cataract formation.
AB  - A highly sensitive method was used to determine D- and L-aspartyl residues in
      protein fractions from normal and cataractous human lenses. A linear relationship
      with age was found in all fractions from normal lenses. However, no correlation
      with cataract could be established. It is concluded that racemization of aspartyl
      residues is a continuous process in eye-lens proteins but plays no role in
      cataract formation.

PMID- 2924809
TI  - The human lens epithelium; morphological and ultrastructural changes associated
      with steroid therapy.
AB  - A distinct disturbance to the structure of the lens epithelium was observed in
      cataract patients receiving steroid medication. Of those cataract patients
      receiving steroids, 83% exhibited a reticulated pattern of intercellular clefts
      compared to 5% in the control group. The reticulated pattern was shown to be due
      to the presence of gaps between the lateral borders of the epithelial cells by
      electron microscopy. A significant correlation between steroid therapy and
      epithelial disruption was demonstrated. The significance of such epithelial
      disruption to cataract formation is discussed.

PMID- 2924810
TI  - Oxidative modifications to crystallins induced in calf lenses in vitro by
      hydrogen peroxide.
AB  - Calf lenses which are incubated in solutions of 1-150 mM H2O2 for 24 hr remain
      clear at 20 degrees C. While insoluble lens protein increases by at most 2-3%, we
      find extensive oxidation of exposed protein thiols, major shifts in the size
      distribution of crystallins, and progressive generation of more acidic
      polypeptides. Some of these oxidative modifications are reversible with reducing
      agent. beta H-Crystallins are particularly susceptible to oxidation: disulfide
      bonded soluble aggregates form at low H2O2 levels, while irreversible
      dissociation to beta L-crystallins occurs at high H2O2 concentration. The gamma
      crystallins are particularly prone to charge modification. In contrast, the size
      and charge distributions of alpha-crystallins appear to be virtually unaffected
      by H2O2.

PMID- 2924811
TI  - Age-related changes in retinal sensitivity, rhodopsin content and rod outer
      segment length in hooded rats following low-level lead exposure during
      development.
AB  - Electroretinographic, morphometric and cyclic nucleotide metabolism studies in
      adult hooded rats have established that low-level lead exposure during early
      postnatal development (postnatal days 0-21) causes long-term selective rod
      deficits and degeneration. To determine if this same low-level lead exposure
      during early postnatal development produces immediate and/or long-term
      alterations in retinal sensitivity we examined ERG b-wave threshold responses in
      dark-adapted control and lead-exposed rats at 1-, 3- and 12 months of age. In
      addition, to determine possible sites and mechanisms of action responsible for
      the observed decreases in retinal sensitivity we analyzed the rhodopsin content
      per eye, the lambda max of rhodopsin and rod outer segment (ROS) length in
      superior and inferior posterior retina at 1-, 3- and 12 months of age. Relative
      to adult (3-month-old) controls whose log threshold was arbitrarily set at 0 log
      units, the mean log relative threshold in control rats was 0.4 log units at 1
      month of age and 0.2 log units at 1 yr of age. In contrast, the mean log relative
      threshold in lead-exposed rats was 1.3 log units at 1 month of age and 1.1-1.2
      log units at 3- and 12 months of age. Thus, compared with controls, retinal
      sensitivity in lead-exposed rats was decreased approx. 1 log unit at all ages
      examined. The rhodopsin content per eye in control rats increased 13% between 1-
      and 3 months of age, reaching an adult value of 1.99 nmol per eye, and then
      decreased 8% by 1 yr of age. In contrast, the eyes from lead-exposed rats
      contained 30-34% less rhodopsin at all ages examined. No change in the lambda max
      of rhodopsin was observed in the retinas from the lead-exposed rats. In both
      controls and lead-exposed rats, the developmental changes in log b-wave relative
      threshold were paralleled by linear increases and decreases in rhodopsin content
      per eye such that a log-linear relation between retinal sensitivity and rhodopsin
      content per eye existed between 1- and 12 months of age. The developmental
      changes in the superior and inferior retinal ROS length were similar in control
      and lead-exposed rats: ROSs were at their adult length at 1 month of age and then
      slightly decreased by 1 yr of age.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2924812
TI  - Analysis of the proteins of calf and cow trabecular meshwork: development of a
      model system to study aging effects and glaucoma.
AB  - The proteins from the trabecular meshwork (TM) of calf and cow eyes were analysed
      to determine if differences in composition were present and to examine whether
      this tissue could be used as a framework for the study of glaucoma. Differences
      in polypeptide composition or amount of protein could be detected with
      extractions using either acetic acid, neutral buffers and urea, or guanidine
      hydrochloride. In general, the results suggest that an aggregation of proteins
      may be occurring with aging. The acid-soluble fraction of both calf and cow TM
      resembled older human TM specimens with the most prominent protein around 68 kD.
      To test the utility of the bovine TM system, a mixed function oxidation system
      was used to determine how the proteins of the TM would react to oxidative stress.
      Aggregation of the proteins in calf TM as well as actin could be demonstrated,
      consistent with the idea that the aggregation seen in the cow TM might be the
      result of oxidation of this tissue. The present study lays a foundation for
      future work on bovine TM and is consistent with the hypothesis that aging changes
      in this tissue might be a result of oxidative processes.

PMID- 2924813
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies to chicken iodopsin.
AB  - The protein moiety of chicken iodopsin, R-photopsin, was purified from the
      chicken retina using a sucrose flotation method followed by two steps of column
      chromatography. Apparent molecular weights of R-photopsin and scotopsin (the
      protein moiety of chicken rhodopsin), which was partly purified in the process of
      purification of R-photopsin, were estimated to be 34,000 and 36,000,
      respectively, by sodium docecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Using
      the purified R-photopsin as an antigen, four kinds of hybridoma cells which
      secreted monoclonal antibodies specific for R-photopsin and iodopsin were
      prepared. The antibodies thus obtained reacted with neither other chicken cone
      visual pigments nor rhodopsin as analyzed by immunoblots and immunoprecipitation
      methods. All the monoclonal antibodies stained the majority of the cone outer
      segments in chicken retina, while an antiserum raised against cattle rhodopsin
      stained the rod outer segments as well as some cone outer segments in the retina.

PMID- 2924814
TI  - Discontinuities of the external limiting membrane in the fovea centralis of the
      primate retina.
AB  - In the center of the fovea centralis of retinas of three cynomolgus monkeys, one
      baboon and one male human, the external limiting membrane contains circumscribed
      areas in which zonulae adherentes are lacking between cone inner segments and
      apices of Muller cells. These discontinuities of the external limiting membrane
      begin about 300 microns from the foveolar center, involving only a few cones.
      Towards the center of the fovea the discontinuities become larger.

PMID- 2924815
TI  - Glutathione-dependent enzymes in intact rod outer segments.
AB  - We have compared the specific activities of glutathione-dependent enzymes in rod
      outer segments (ROS) and in whole retina of rabbits and rats, using three
      different assays. In the first, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity was
      measured as the combined activities of the Se-dependent and Se-independent forms
      using cumene hydroxide as a substrate. In the second, Se-dependent GSH-Px alone
      was measured using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as a substrate. In the third, the
      combined activities of several enzymes, collectively known as GSH-S-transferase,
      were measured. The latter includes the activity of the Se-independent GSH-Px. GSH
      Px activity (Se-dependent and Se-independent combined) in ROS of rat and rabbit
      were found to be 47.7 +/- 8.2 and 72.9 +/- 11.9 nmol of GSH oxidized min-1 mg-1
      soluble protein, respectively. From whole retina, values were 67.3 +/- 6.0 and
      128.8 +/- 12.3, respectively. Se-dependent GSH-Px specific activities from the
      above tissues were 43.5 +/- 2.9 (rat ROS). 70.6 +/- 11.3 (rabbit ROS), 30.6 +/-
      9.6 (rat whole retina), and 113.2 +/- 12.2 (rabbit whole retina). GSH-S
      transferase activity was negligible in rabbit ROS, whereas, in rat ROS, it was
      40.4 +/- 8.0, expressed as nmol of S-2,4-dinitrophenylglutathione produced min-1
      mg-1 soluble protein. In contrast, the GSH-S-transferase specific activity in
      whole rabbit retinas was about eight times that found in the rat retina (101.5 +/
      12.3 for rat retina and 885.3 +/- 60.0 for rabbit retina). These results
      demonstrate that ROS contain glutathione enzymes which are important in
      protecting membranes from oxidative stresses by reducing hydrogen peroxide and
      lipid hydroperoxides at the site of their formation.

PMID- 2924817
TI  - Calcium antagonist-induced relaxation of the prostaglandin-F2 alpha response of
      isolated calf retinal resistance arteries.
AB  - The relaxing effect of nitrendipine and D600 on isolated ring segments of calf
      retinal resistance arteries (i.d. ca. 200 microns) contracted with prostaglandin
      F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) or high potassium solution was studied. The vessel response
      to both PGF2 alpha and potassium stimulation was dependent on extracellular
      calcium. Removal of extracellular calcium reduced the vessel response to PGF2
      alpha and potassium by 85% and 98%, respectively (P less than 0.01). Both calcium
      antagonists induced a concentration dependent relaxation of PGF2 alpha pre
      contracted vessels with = -log[IC50(M)]-values of 8.01 and 7.13 for nitrendipine
      and D600 (P less than 0.05), respectively. The calcium antagonists were
      equieffective in relaxing the vessels amounting to 33% for nitrendipine at 10(-6)
      M and 37% for D600 at 10(-5) M. Further analysis of the data revealed that the
      nitrendipine induced relaxation of the PGF2 alpha response was linearly
      correlated with the internal lumen diameter of the vessels. No correlation was
      found for the D600 induced relaxation. At the highest concentrations of
      nitrendipine, 10(-6) M, and D600, 10(-5) M, the potassium induced response was
      reduced by 94 and 75%, respectively. The results show that calcium antagonists
      only partially relax retinal resistance arteries contracted with PGF2 alpha
      although the vessels are dependent on extracellular calcium for active force
      generation. Calcium must therefore be activated by PGF2 alpha through other
      pathways than those blocked by calcium antagonists.

PMID- 2924816
TI  - Selection of therapeutic agents for intraocular proliferative disease 3. Effects
      of fluoropyrimidines on cell-mediated contraction of human fibroblasts.
AB  - We evaluated the efficacy of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and 5-fluorouridine (5-FUR) as
      anticontractile agents in an in vitro model that measures the ability of human
      and rabbit fibroblasts to contract a collagen gel. Human fibroblasts were more
      contractile than rabbit fibroblasts, required higher concentrations of 5-FUR for
      inhibition of contraction, and were able to tolerate higher doses of the drug. 5
      FU failed to inhibit contraction of human fibroblasts at concentrations up to 1.5
      mM (200 micrograms ml-1), but significantly inhibited rabbit fibroblast
      contraction, although to a lesser degree than 5-FUR under similar conditions. 5
      Fluorouridine (100 microM, 26 micrograms ml-1) inhibited contraction of human
      fibroblasts by more than 80%, whereas only 10 microM (2.6 micrograms ml-1) 5-FUR
      was required for 90% inhibition of rabbit fibroblast contraction. 5-FUR was
      cytotoxic to rabbit fibroblasts at concentrations of 200 microM (52 micrograms ml
      1) or greater, but 800 microM was non-toxic to human fibroblasts after 96 hr
      exposure. At concentrations of 1.5 mM, 5-FU had no significant effects on the
      viability of either human or rabbit fibroblasts. These results suggest that 5-FUR
      may prove useful for the treatment of human ocular proliferative disorders in
      which contraction of fibrocellular elements is thought to play a part. They also
      suggest that fluoropyrimidine dosages found to be effective in a rabbit model of
      proliferative vitreoretinopathy may be less effective in humans and that 5-FUR
      levels shown to be toxic to rabbit-derived cells may be tolerated by humans
      cells.

PMID- 2924818
TI  - Response of cultured Muller cells to heat shock--an immunocytochemical study of
      heat shock and intermediate filament proteins in response to temperature
      elevation.
AB  - Muller cells from adult rabbit retina were cultured at normal (37 degrees C)
      temperature and under heat shock conditions (42-43 degrees C) for either 1.5 hr
      or 4 hr. The presence of heat shock proteins of three different molecular
      weights, and of vimentin, was identified by the use of monoclonal antibodies and
      of GFAP by a suitable polyclonal antibody coupled in each instance with
      immunofluorescence microscopy or immuno-electron microscopy. Heat shock
      conditions resulted in the expression of HSP of molecular weights in the ranges
      57-61 kD, 68 kD and 90 kD. The high level of expression of GFAP in unshocked
      Muller cell cultures (80-90% of cells) was reduced after 1.5 hr of heat shock to
      20-30% of cells, and after 4 hr to only 5%. Although the expression of vimentin
      (90% of untreated cells) was only slightly reduced by heat shock (60-80% of
      cells) the intracellular staining pattern of vimentin was greatly altered by heat
      shock. Changes in the expression of HSP, GFAP and vimentin can all be regarded as
      part of the Muller cell response to heat shock conditions.

PMID- 2924819
TI  - Carcinogenic tryptophan pyrolysis products in human lens.
AB  - Mutagenic and carcinogenic tryptophan pyrolysis products, 3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H
      pyrido-[4,3-b]indole (Trp-P-1) and 3-amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole (Trp-P
      2), have been identified in human cataractous lenses, but not in young bovine
      lenses. The amounts of Trp-P-1 and Trp-P-2 in senile cataractous lenses were
      156.34 +/- 35.63 fmol (mean +/- S.D., n = 10) and 128.27 +/- 40.45 fmol (n = 10),
      respectively, while those of Trp-P-1 and Trp-P-2 in diabetic cataractous lenses
      were 158.29 +/- 40.06 fmol (n = 10) and 150.34 +/- 23.77 fmol (n = 10),
      respectively. In both senile and diabetic cataractous lenses, the concentrations
      of Trp-P-1 and Trp-P-2 in the insoluble protein fraction (fmol mg-1 protein) were
      significantly higher than those in the water-soluble protein fraction. Moreover,
      proteinase-K treatment of lens protein before extraction with methylene chloride
      significantly increased the recoveries of Trp-P-1 and Trp-P-2. These results
      clearly indicate that carcinogenic tryptophan pyrolysis products, gamma-carboline
      derivatives, are present in human cataractous lenses and that these fluorescent
      carcinogens are significantly concentrated in the insoluble lens proteins.

PMID- 2924820
TI  - Intraocular pressure effects of water loading and venous compression tests in
      normal and denervated pigmented rabbits.
AB  - We have compared IOP elevations induced by water-loading and by increased
      cephalic venous pressure in normal and denervated pigmented rabbits. Denervations
      were performed by sympathetic ganglionectomy and/or blockade of the sensory and
      autonomic innervation of the eye through retrobulbar anesthesia; retrobulbar
      anesthesia induced significant decreases of the basal IOP in control but not in
      ganglionectomized eyes. The water-loading test induced a peak pressure elevation
      approximately 30 min after water administration that could be counteracted by
      retrobulbar anesthesia. Ganglionectomized rabbits exhibited steeper IOP rises and
      greater IOP increases following water-loading than the control eyes; retrobulbar
      anesthesia in ganglionectomized eyes delayed the IOP response to water-loading.
      Compressions of the neck lasting 30 min elicited significant IOP elevations that
      were more pronounced in ganglionectomized eyes. In these eyes, retrobulbar
      anesthesia further increased the IOP rise elicited by neck compression. An IOP
      decrease below control values was observed at the end of the venous compression.
      The results indicate that an intact efferent innervation of the eye contributes
      to buffer IOP elevations induced by water-loading or cephalic venous stasis,
      presumably through the vascular effects of the ocular autonomic nerves.

PMID- 2924821
TI  - Light scattering and photocrosslinking in the calf lens crystallins gamma-II, III
      and IV.
AB  - The calf lens proteins gamma-II, -III and -IV crystallin have been photolyzed in
      pH 7.5 phosphate buffer solution at 25 degrees C. The photolysis light source was
      either a xenon arc lamp/monochromator system set to pass 290 +/- 5 nm or a
      nitrogen laser operating at 337.1 nm. Photolysis experiments at 337.1 nm were
      done both in the presence and absence of added 1.0 x 10(-4) M N-formylkynurenine
      (NFK). In addition, 1 x 10(-5) M riboflavin was added as a photosensitizer in a
      few of the experiments. All solutions were 1.0 mg ml-1 protein, and 1.0 ml of
      solution was irradiated for periods ranging from 10 min to 3 hr. During the 337.1
      nm irradiations, the turbidity of the protein solutions was continuously
      monitored using a He-Ne laser at 632.8 nm. Progress of the 290 nm irradiations
      was monitored by observing the loss of tryptophan fluorescence for each of the
      gamma crystallin proteins. The rate of growth of light scattering, upon 337.1 nm
      irradiation, was greatest for gamma-IV. Addition of NFK caused the rates of
      growth of UV-induced light scattering of all three gamma crystallins to increase
      significantly. These rates were in the order: gamma-IV much greater than gamma
      III greater than gamma-II. Following UV exposure, the protein solutions were
      analyzed using UV-visible absorption spectroscopy and SDS-PAGE. Irradiated gamma
      crystallin solutions showed increased optical density throughout the visible
      region, resulting from solution turbidity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2924822
TI  - Raman spectroscopy of calf lens gamma-II crystallin: direct evidence for the
      formation of mixed disulfide bonds with 2-mercaptoethanol and glutathione.
AB  - This study presents Raman spectra of calf lens gamma-II crystallin and its
      reaction products with reduced glutathione, 2-mercaptoethanol and p
      hydroxymercuribenzoate. The absence of a disulfide vibration in gamma-III
      crystallin (both in aqueous solution and in lyophilized state) indicates that the
      seven thiol groups in this protein are resistant to air oxidation, and are
      capable of maintaining their reduced state in the absence of added reducing
      agents during isolation. However, treatment of the protein with low molecular
      weight thiols such as glutathione and 2-mercaptoethanol results in mixed
      disulfide bonds. We have detected, for the first time, the S--S bond stretching
      vibration from the mixed disulfides at 510 cm-1, which is very similar to the 508
      cm-1 reported for the inter/intramolecular disulfide bonds in intact mouse lenses
      (Yu, N.-T., DeNagel, D.C., Pruett, P.L. and Kuck, J.F.R., Jr. (1985). Proc. Natl.
      Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 82, 7965-8). Upon titration with five equivalents of p
      hydroxymercuribenzoate, a strong Raman line was detected at 345 cm-1, which is
      tentatively attributed to the Hg--S stretching vibration of the mercaptide
      complex. The S--H vibration region (2500-2700 cm-1) exhibits two resolved peaks
      at 2562 and 2580 cm-1 with an intensity ratio of 2:5. Both reactive surface thiol
      groups and buried cysteines give rise to the S--H vibration at 2580 cm-1.

PMID- 2924823
TI  - Effect of inhibition of the glutathione redox cycle on the ultrastructure of
      peroxide-treated rabbit epithelial cells.
AB  - Our previous studies have shown that exposure of cultured rabbit lenses to
      physiological levels of hydrogen peroxide, following inhibition of the
      glutathione redox cycle, leads to the formation of distinct vacuoles in the
      anterior region of the lens at the germinative zone between the epithelium and
      lens fibers. In the present study the ultrastructure of H2O2-induced membrane
      damage in the intact lens and in cultured lens epithelial cells was examined by
      scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM), following the
      inhibition of glutathione reductase with 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea
      (BCNU). Lenses treated with BCNU/H2O2 exhibited swollen epithelial cells which
      were observed only above the peroxide-induced vacuoles. The apical surface of the
      swollen cells had membrane blebs which protruded into the underlying vacuolar
      space. The appearance of the blebs coincided with a change in the organization of
      the layer of microfilaments which is normally associated with the apical surface
      of the cell. Cultured lens epithelial cells treated with BCNU/H2O2 showed
      membrane blebs which increased in size and number with the duration of exposure.
      Initially, the blebs were seen only on certain regions of the cell surface with
      other regions appearing normal. TEM revealed a disorganization of microfilaments
      in the BCNU/H2O2 treated cells. Neither BCNU nor H2O2 alone affected the
      morphology of intact lenses or of cultured lens epithelial cells. In culture,
      isolated lens epithelial cells exposed to BCNU/H2O2 were more susceptible to
      damage than contiguous cells. While the exact mechanism by which H2O2-induced
      damage leads to bleb formation on the cell surface is not known, the inability of
      the cells to detoxify H2O2 due to the inhibition of glutathione reductase results
      in the disturbance of membrane cytoskeleton and a focal weakening of the cell
      surface. These results indicate a correlation between the active glutathione
      redox cycle in lens epithelium and maintenance of normal cytoskeletal protein
      organization.

PMID- 2924824
TI  - Role of microtubules in pigment granule migration in teleost retinal pigment
      epithelial cells.
AB  - In cells of the teleost retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), melanin pigment
      granules migrate in response to changes in environmental light conditions.
      Melanin granules disperse into the RPE cell's long apical projections in response
      to the onset of light, and aggregate towards the base of the RPE cell in response
      to the onset of darkness. The RPE cells possess numerous microtubules and actin
      filaments, which in the apical projections are aligned longitudinally. Previous
      cytochalasin studies have shown that intact actin filaments are required for
      pigment granule dispersion and maintenance of the dispersed state (Burnside,
      Adler and O'Connor (1983). Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 24, 1). We report here
      that pigment granule aggregation is strongly inhibited when the highly stable
      microtubules of RPE apical projections are disrupted by a combination of cold and
      nocodazole treatments. Pigment dispersion and maintenance of the dispersed and
      aggregated states are unaffected by microtubule disruption. These results
      indicate that microtubules are required for RPE pigment aggregation but not for
      dispersion.

PMID- 2924826
TI  - Fibrinolytic activity in human tears.

PMID- 2924825
TI  - NMR pulse relaxation studies on the normal aging and cataractous lens.
AB  - Proton NMR pulse relaxation experiments have been performed in this and other
      laboratories mainly on animal lenses and some human lenses. In order to evaluate
      T1 and T2 analyses as a potentially useful (non-invasive) parameter in
      delineating lenticular changes in normal aging human rabbit lenses, and in human
      cataracts, we performed a series of pulse relaxation studies on human eye bank
      lenses 10 to 93 yr of age, on fresh intact human cataracts and on normal rabbit
      lenses. Additional spectroscopic studies (fluorescence and 31P-NMR) were also
      performed on the lenses in order to correlate these parameters with the data
      relating to 'water phases' in the lens. These experiments demonstrate a potential
      additional parameter for evaluating 'molecular' changes in the aging and
      cataractous lens.

PMID- 2924827
TI  - Multiple inputs to a population of thalamocortical neurons projecting to cat
      somatosensory cortex.
AB  - Ninety thalamocortical (TC) neurons were recorded extracellularly in ventrobasal
      thalamus of halothane-anesthetized cats. Projections of all of these neurons to
      specific subdivisions of somatosensory cortex were identified by their antidromic
      invasion following intracortical microstimulation restricted to these
      subdivisions. Collision-extinction tests were used to document excitatory inputs
      to TC neurons from afferent fibers of forelimb nerves stimulated electrically.
      Thirty-nine TC neurons (43% of sample) were excited from at least one forelimb
      nerve. Fifteen TC neurons were activated from two or more forelimb nerves.
      Combinations of effective nerves included ones innervating topographically
      different regions of forelimb. Neurons projecting to area 1-2 were least likely
      to be activated from more than one nerve. Seven TC neurons activated by
      electrical stimulation of nerve trunks were tested also with two distinct forms
      of mechanical somatic stimuli, i.e., hair bending and vibration, and with
      intradermal electrical stimuli. These tests revealed convergent inputs from hairy
      and glabrous skin. We conclude that there is a population of neurons, located in
      ventrobasal thalamus, which is capable of conveying multiple inputs to each of
      the subdivisions of primary somatosensory cortex. These neurons could be involved
      in forming properties of feature-extracting neurons of somatosensory cortex.

PMID- 2924828
TI  - Single medullary reticulospinal neurons exert postsynaptic inhibitory effects via
      inhibitory interneurons upon alpha-motoneurons innervating cat hindlimb muscles.
AB  - This study was aimed at elucidating the brainstem-spinal mechanisms of postural
      suppression evoked by stimulating the dorsal portion of the caudal tegmental
      field (DTF) in the pons. For this purpose, we first sampled a group of
      reticulospinal neurons located in the medial part of medullary reticular
      formation, which were activated orthodromically and antidromically by stimulating
      the DTF area and the first lumbar spinal segment, respectively (DTF-RS neurons; N
      = 26). These DTF-RS neurons were located within the nucleus reticularis
      gigantocellularis (NRGc) and projected their descending axons to the lumbar
      spinal cord through the ventrolateral funiculus. The postsynaptic inhibitory
      effects of single DTF-RS neurons upon hindlimb alpha-MNs intracellularly recorded
      (N = 78) were then studied with spike-triggered averaging. Twelve DTF-RS neurons
      evoked IPSPs in 21 hindlimb alpha-MNs. Five DTF-RS neurons exerted postsynaptic
      inhibitory effects upon more than one alpha-MNs. These alpha-MNs were located
      from L5 to S1 segments of the spinal cord. A mean latency of IPSPs which was
      measured from the onset of the trigger spike was 5.1 ms with time to peak of 1.8
      ms, and the mean segmental delay of the IPSPs was 1.5 ms, which was measured from
      the onset of the descending axonal volley recorded extracellularly adjacent to
      alpha-MNs. Amplitudes of the IPSPs were augmented with an increase in the firing
      frequencies of the DTF-RS neurons, the increase being produced by iontophoretic
      application of glutamate. These characteristics of the IPSPs suggest that
      reticular effects are mediated at least by a single spinal inhibitory
      interneuron. These results suggest that the DTF-NRGc system participates in
      generalized motor inhibition.

PMID- 2924829
TI  - Response to rates of luminance change of sustained and transient cells in the cat
      lateral geniculate nucleus and optic tract.
AB  - We recorded the response of sustained (X) and transient (Y) cells in the cat
      lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and optic tract to a stationary spot while the
      spot luminance was increased and decreased with a constant rate (linear luminance
      functions), or modulated sinusoidally. The spot filled the receptive field
      center, and was surrounded by an annulus of fixed luminance. The LGN X cells
      seemed to perform a differentiation-like operation in the time domain at slow
      temporal modulations, giving information about rate of luminance change. To the
      linear luminance functions the cells responded with a constant firing rate. The
      on-center cells were activated during increasing luminance, the off-center cells
      during decreasing luminance. This firing rate increased monotonically with rate
      of luminance change. To low-frequency sinusoidal modulations the cells had a
      marked negative phase shift. The response of the LGN Y cells had a transient
      component shortly after the luminance started to increase (on-center cells) or
      decrease (off-center cells), followed by a secondary, gradually changing
      component. The peak of the transient component occurred on average when the
      response of the X cells increased most rapidly. To low-frequency sinusoidal
      modulation the average negative phase shift of this peak was twice the average of
      the X cells. The Y system could accordingly provide information about rate of
      change in the response of the X system. In the optic tract the X fiber response
      resembled the LGN X cell response in most respects. The Y fibers had only a weak
      transient response component, so this component was accentuated in the thalamic
      relay. Also the sensitivity for rate of luminance change was increased in LGN.

PMID- 2924830
TI  - Excitatory interactions between phrenic motoneurons: intracellular study in the
      cat.
AB  - 1. Intracellular recordings were made from 220 Phrenic Motoneurons (PM) in
      anaesthetized, spontaneously breathing cats, deafferented from C3 to C7, in order
      to look for somatic events related to the Recurrent Responses (RR) evoked in PM
      axons by repetitive stimulation of the phrenic nerve. RR appear sporadically at a
      constant latency, originate from a spinal nicotinic mechanism and can be evoked
      in a PM without the presence of an antidromic volley in its axon (Khatib et al.
      1986). 2. Using stimuli effective for eliciting RR in axons, we failed to observe
      intracellularly somatic events corresponding to RR after the occurrence of an
      antidromic action potential. RR were observed extracellularly in two cases, but
      in both cases the recording originated from axons. 3. We attempted to elicit
      somatic RR without a preceding antidromic action potential, using either
      parathreshold stimulation of the impaled PM, or suprathreshold stimulation of a
      phrenic strand which excluded the axon of the impaled PM. In both cases, RR-like
      events, with very stable latencies, appeared sporadically in 4/142 and 2/15 PMs
      respectively. 4. Parathreshold stimuli or stimulation of a strand were coupled
      with averaging of the synaptic noise in order to look for small events temporally
      related to the stimuli. Short latency small depolarizations, looking-like
      recurrent EPSPs, were revealed in 22/142 and 5/15 PMs respectively. 5. These
      results confirm the existence of interrelations between PMs, providing for re
      excitation and coupling within the phrenic pool, in addition to centrally imposed
      synchronization.

PMID- 2924831
TI  - Single unit activity in the auditory cortex of a monkey performing a short term
      memory task.
AB  - Short term memory to tones (STMT) was investigated by recording single unit
      activity in the auditory cortex of a behaving monkey. The activity of each unit
      was studied in two behavioral conditions: a) During task performance, the monkey
      had to compare two tones separated by one second of silence (inter-stimulus
      interval). b) During a non-performing period; the monkey heard the two tones but
      did not respond behaviorally. It was noted that the firing rate of many units
      during the inter-stimulus interval (ISI) was dependent on the frequency of the
      first tone. Such dependency was observed even towards the end of the ISI, both
      during task performance trials (50% of the units) and during the non-performing
      period (32% of the units). The activity of these units could be the basis of STMT
      in both of these behavioral states. In 65% of all the units tested, the responses
      during the ISI were of a higher magnitude in the performance period than were the
      responses in the non-performance period. The activity of these units may be
      related either to general processes such as attention and expectation or to short
      term memory processes. During task performance, the responses of 23% of the units
      to the second tone were dependent on whether its frequency was identical to that
      of the first tone. Such dependency was never observed during the non-performing
      period. These units may detect similarity or non similarity between two tones
      presented one second apart. Periodic patterns of firing were not found in the
      study, thus suggesting that the ISI responses were not generated by reverberatory
      activity in simple closed loops. On the basis of these results, several
      alternative mechanisms of STMT are suggested.

PMID- 2924832
TI  - Retrospective and prospective coding of information: role of the medial
      prefrontal cortex.
AB  - Animals with sham-operations or medial prefrontal cortex lesions were trained in
      a task which required memory for short or long lists of items (spatial
      locations). On any one trial a rat is presented with 2, 4, 6, 8 or 10 items
      (spatial locations) on a 12-arm radial maze followed 15 min later by a win-shift
      test comprising a choice between a place previously visited and a novel place.
      Sham-operated animals showed an increase in errors as a function of set size (2
      to 8 items) followed by a decrease in errors with a set size of 10 items
      suggesting the use of both retrospective and prospective memory codes. In
      contrast, animals with medial prefrontal cortex lesions made most of their errors
      for the longest list length reflecting an inability to shift from a retrospective
      to prospective memory code. The results are interpreted as support for a medial
      prefrontal cortex role in mediating a prospective code perhaps via knowledge
      systems based on temporal information.

PMID- 2924833
TI  - Suprarhinal cortex response to electrical stimulation of the lateral amygdala
      nucleus in the rat.
AB  - Electrical stimulation of the lateral amygdala nucleus was found to evoke field
      potentials and influence unitary activity in the suprarhinal cortex of
      anesthetized rats. Laminar distributions of the field responses consisted of
      positive waves in superficial layers, that reversed to electronegatives from a
      depth of 0.4-0.5 mm. This response was followed by a shallow electropositive wave
      deeper than 0.7-0.8 mm. Extracellularly recorded units were studied in the
      posterior agranular insular area of the suprarhinal cortex. The data revealed
      that stimulation of the lateral amygdala produced a train of small amplitude
      spikes in association with a negative slow potential. Furthermore, such
      stimulation invariably elicited an inhibition of the spontaneous firing of large
      amplitude spikes, in association with a positive slow potential. The onset of
      this inhibitory response always occurred at longer latency than the excitatory
      one. The small amplitude spikes may well represent the firing of inhibitory
      interneurons after lateral amygdala stimulation. The study suggests that a feed
      forward system of inhibition appears to be present in the connection between
      lateral amygdala and posterior agranular insular area of the suprarhinal cortex.

PMID- 2924834
TI  - Effects of fornix transection and cingulate cortical ablation on spatial memory
      in rhesus monkeys.
AB  - This study, together with a parallel study in rats (Markowska et al. 1988),
      attempted to relate the effects of hippocampal-system damage on similar tasks in
      both rats and monkeys. Not only were monkeys given a task (Experiment 1) which
      was of the sort usually used with rats, but in the companion study rats were
      given tasks (Experiment 2) like those usually used with monkeys. Experiment 1
      examined the performance of rhesus monkeys with hippocampal-system damage on a
      spatial working memory task. Monkeys were trained preoperatively on delayed
      nonmatching-to-sample in a T-maze, placed into groups matched for their
      preoperative learning scores, and then received one of three treatments: 1)
      transection of the fornix; 2) ablation of the cingulate cortex; or 3) a sham
      operation. Monkeys with fornix transection were severely and significantly
      impaired, but monkeys with cingulate cortical ablations were not significantly
      impaired, relative to the controls. The results demonstrate that monkeys with
      fornix transection are severely impaired on a spatial working memory task
      requiring locomotion and, taken together with earlier work, suggest that the
      effect of fornix transection in both rodents and nonhuman primates is at least
      qualitatively similar (see Markowska et al. 1988). Experiment 2 assessed the role
      of the fornix and cingulate cortex in three conditional tasks in which the
      monkeys were provided with various spatial cues to indicate which one of two
      objects was rewarded. Both experimental groups were unimpaired, relative to the
      control group, on all three tasks, indicating that fornix transection does not
      produce a general impairment in place learning.

PMID- 2924835
TI  - A comparative analysis of the role of fornix and cingulate cortex in memory:
      rats.
AB  - In order to compare the role of the fornix (FX) and cingulate cortex (CC) in
      memory, rats were trained in a series of discriminations using procedures that
      were the same as those used for monkeys (Murray et al. 1986, 1988). A spatial
      delayed nonmatching-to-sample (DNMS) discrimination tested recent memory for
      spatial location in a T maze using interrun intervals (IRI) that varied from 5 s
      to 15 min. FX and CC lesions produced a substantial impairment in the performance
      of this task during postoperative testing. Three conditional discriminations (CD)
      followed. In each one, the rat was presented with two objects, only one of which
      was correct. The nature of the conditional stimuli changed in each
      discrimination: the place of the maze in the room; the direction that the rat
      moved to approach the objects; the side (left or right) to which the rat turned.
      Control rats learned all three types of conditional discriminations. FX and CC
      lesions did not impair choice accuracy. In a subsequent repetition of the spatial
      DNMS procedure, FX and CC lesions again produced a substantial impairment,
      indicating that the lack of an impairment in the three CDs was not due to
      recovery of function. These data indicate that the hippocampal system and its
      connections through the fornix are importantly involved in spatial working memory
      in both rats and monkeys, and that the CDs do not require this type of memory.
      The results are discussed in the context of different theories of the brain
      mechanisms involved in memory.

PMID- 2924836
TI  - Place memory and scene memory: effects of fornix transection in the monkey.
AB  - Five experiments examined the effects of fornix transection upon some spatial and
      visual learning tasks in monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). For each trial of each
      task, the monkey was brought to a test tray and allowed to choose between 2
      objects on the tray. In different tasks, different cues were provided by the
      experimenter to guide the monkey's choices. In total 5 different tasks were run
      (Experiments 1 to 5) and the results showed that the effects of fornix
      transection varied markedly between tasks: the animals with fornix transection
      were severely impaired in experiments 1, 3 and 5 but learned normally in
      experiments 2 and 4. It is concluded that the results cannot be explained by the
      simple hypothesis of a deficit in place learning, since some forms of place
      learning are unimpaired by fornix transection. A better general hypothesis is
      that the memory disrupted by fornix transection is like a snapshot memory, which
      stores the spatial arrangement of items in a witnessed scene.

PMID- 2924837
TI  - Mechanical and electromyographic responses to stretch of the human anterior
      tibial muscle at different levels of contraction.
AB  - The EMG response and the mechanical response to 2 degree stretch of the human
      anterior tibial muscle was studied during contractions ranging from 0% to 80% of
      maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). The EMG response showed three distinct peaks
      M1, M2, and M3 with peak latencies of 59 ms, 86 ms, and 120 ms respectively. At
      low background torques M1 dominated while M2 and M3 were small or absent. M2 and
      M3 dominated above 40% of MVC and M2 in particular showed "automatic gain
      compensation", i.e. it constituted a - more or less - constant proportion of the
      background EMG for all contraction levels. The ratio between M1 amplitude and
      background EMG steadily decreased with contraction level. Even though the summed
      contributions of M1, M2, and M3 to some degree showed automatic gain
      compensation, this was not the case for the mechanical response to stretch.
      Between 0% and 30% of MVC the reflex mediated mechanical response increased
      approximately in proportion to the contraction level, but the reflex mediated
      mechanical response peaked at 40% of MVC and declined to zero at 80% of MVC. This
      discrepancy between EMG and mechanical response was explained by a simple model.
      The regression line between rectified and filtered tibialis anterior EMG and
      torque was used to predict the mechanical response from the EMG response. At
      increasing contraction levels the twitch elicited by supramaximal electrical
      stimulation decreases, and we reduced the predicted mechanical response by the
      same factor as the twitch.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2924838
TI  - Note on the tonotopic organization in the cat medial geniculate body: influence
      of sampling of units.
AB  - The tonotopic organization observed in the present study for the pars lateralis
      (LV) of the medial geniculate body (MGB) in nitrous oxide anesthetized cats is
      generally consistent with that previously reported under barbiturate anesthesia.
      The present data, however, provide evidence for local deviations in
      characteristic frequency (CF) using appropriate sampling procedures of single
      units. Although the majority of pairs of units recorded simultaneously with the
      same microelectrode showed comparable CFs, a few pairs of such neighbouring units
      displayed CF disparities of up to 1.5 octaves. In addition, some units
      characterized by an elevated threshold had a CF deviating significantly from the
      general CF progression observed for the majority of units having low thresholds.
      This study points out the influence of the sampling procedure on the quality of
      the tonotopic organization observed in the MGB in addition to a possible effect
      of the level of anesthesia.

PMID- 2924839
TI  - Comparison of human infants and rhesus monkeys on Piaget's AB task: evidence for
      dependence on dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
AB  - This paper reports evidence linking dorsolateral prefrontal cortex with one of
      the cognitive abilities that emerge between 7.5-12 months in the human infant.
      The task used was Piaget's Stage IV Object Permanence Test, known as AB
      (pronounced "A not B"). The AB task was administered (a) to human infants who
      were followed longitudinally and (b) to intact and operated adult rhesus monkeys
      with bilateral prefrontal and parietal lesions. Human infants displayed a clear
      developmental progression in AB performance, i.e., the length of delay required
      to elicit the AB error pattern increased from 2-5 s at 7.5-9 months to over 10 s
      at 12 months of age. Monkeys with bilateral ablations of dorsolateral prefrontal
      cortex performed on the AB task as did human infants of 7.5-9 months; i.e., they
      showed the AB error pattern at delays of 2-5 s and chance performance at 10 s.
      Unoperated and parietally operated monkeys succeeded at delays of 2, 5, and 10 s;
      as did 12 month old human infants. AB bears a striking resemblance to Delayed
      Response, the classic test for dorsolateral prefrontal function in the rhesus
      monkey, and indeed performance on AB and Delayed Response in the same animals in
      the present study was fully comparable. These findings provide direct evidence
      that AB performance depends upon dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in rhesus monkeys
      and indicates that maturation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex may underlie the
      developmental improvement in AB performance of human infants from 7.5-12 months
      of age. This improvement marks the development of the ability to hold a goal in
      mind in the absence of external cues, and to use that remembered goal to guide
      behavior despite the pull of previous reinforcement to act otherwise. This
      confers flexibility and freedom to choose and control what one does.

PMID- 2924840
TI  - Postural synergies in axial movements: short and long-term adaptation.
AB  - Fast backward trunk movements are accompanied by hip, knee and ankle rotation
      which compensate for the backward shift of the center of gravity. The
      electromyographic pattern associated with the performance of these movements and
      the associated synergies consists of a fairly synchronous activation of the prime
      mover (erectores spinae) and the muscles situated at the back of the leg
      (hamstring, calf muscles). This pattern is called the "non anticipated pattern".
      The effect of training on the EMG pattern and on the subjects' mechanical
      performances was investigated by comparing a population of untrained subjects
      with one of highly trained gymnasts. A new EMG pattern was observed in the highly
      trained gymnasts, the "distally anticipated pattern" consisting of an early
      activation of the gastrocnemius, and in some subjects also of the hamstring,
      indicating that a long term adaptation had taken place. Performances expressed as
      a ratio between the displacement of the center of gravity projection onto the
      ground and the velocity of the movement were clearly better in the gymnasts.
      Short term adaptation was found to occur in the gymnasts and not in the untrained
      group when the movement was performed while standing on a narrow support. A
      suppression of the distal gastrocnemius burst occurred in the gymnasts from the
      first trial under the constrained standing condition whereas no change occurred
      in the untrained group. The flexibility of the EMG patterns associated with axial
      movements occurring either spontaneously or as a result of long or short term
      training is discussed.

PMID- 2924841
TI  - Olivary branching projections to the flocculus, nodulus and uvula in the rabbit.
      I. An electrophysiological study.
AB  - Olivocerebellar branching projections to the flocculus, nodulus and uvula were
      studied electrophysiologically in pigmented rabbits anesthetized with
      pentobarbital and halothane. Neurons in the dorsal cap of the inferior olive were
      antidromically activated by stimulation of the contralateral flocculus, nodulus
      and uvula. The antidromic responses in the dorsal cap from the flocculus, nodulus
      and uvula partially occluded with each other. Electrical stimulation of the
      nodulus (or uvula) evoked early and late climbing fiber responses in the
      flocculus with latencies of 4.0 ms and 10.0 ms, respectively. The early response
      was resistant to repetitive stimulation and not affected by interruption of the
      olivocerebellar fibers at the lower medulla, while the late response was
      abolished by these two procedures. This indicated that the early response was
      evoked through climbing fiber branches to the flocculus and nodulus (or uvula) as
      an axon reflex, while the late response was evoked via the inferior olive. Of 76
      Purkinje cells in the flocculus, 35.6% showed climbing fiber activation through
      branches to the nodulus and/or uvula, 70% of which were orthodromically activated
      through climbing fibers from the contralateral optic tract. Electrical
      stimulation of the flocculus or uvula evoked the early and late climbing fiber
      responses in the nodulus. Of 60 Purkinje cells in the nodulus, 63.4% showed axon
      reflex activation from the flocculus and/or uvula, 42% of which were activated
      through climbing fibers from the contralateral optic tract. These findings
      demonstrated that the flocculus, nodulus and uvula receive branching climbing
      fiber projection from the inferior olive, a part of which conveys visual
      information.

PMID- 2924843
TI  - NGF treatment promotes development of basal forebrain tissue grafts in the
      anterior chamber of the eye.
AB  - The effects of nerve growth factor (NGF) on developing central cholinergic
      neurons were studied using intraocular grafts of rat fetal (E17) basal forebrain
      tissue. Prior to grafting, grafts were incubated in NGF or saline. Transplants
      were allowed to mature for six weeks, receiving weekly intraocular injections of
      NGF or saline. Measurements of NGF levels in oculo after one single injection
      showed that NGF slowly decreases in the anterior chamber fluid, and after one
      week, low but significant levels were still present in the eye. Following
      pretreatment with diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP), the cholinergic neurons in
      the grafts were analyzed using three morphological markers: antibodies to
      cholineacetyltransferase (ChAT), antibodies to acetylcholinesterase (AChE Ab) and
      acetylcholinesterase histochemistry (AChE). The transplants grew well and became
      vascularized within the first week. The growth of the NGF-treated basal forebrain
      grafts was significantly enhanced as compared to the growth of the saline-treated
      grafts evaluated with repeated stereomicroscopical observations directly through
      the cornea of the ether-anaesthetized hosts. The NGF-treated grafts contained
      almost twice as many cholinergic neurons seen with all the cholinergic markers
      used, as the saline-treated grafts. However, there was no difference in
      cholinergic cell density between the two groups. The morphology and size of an
      individual cholinergic neuron was similar in the two groups. The fiber density as
      evaluated with AChE-immunohistochemistry did not change after NGF-treatment. The
      DFP-treatment did not seem to affect the AChE-immunoreactivity since an extensive
      fiber network was found, whereas almost no fibers were seen using conventional
      AChE histochemistry. We have demonstrated that in oculo transplantation of basal
      forebrain is a useful model for examining in vivo effects of NGF on central
      cholinergic function. The marked volume increase of NGF-treated grafts and the
      unchanged density of cholinergic cells and terminals suggests, that NGF increases
      the survival of not only developing cholinergic neurons, but possibly other non
      cholinergic neurons and non-neuronal cells as well. These results support the
      notion that NGF acts as a neurotrophic factor on cholinergic and possibly non
      cholinergic cells in the central nervous system.

PMID- 2924842
TI  - Effects of kainic acid lesions of the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis on fast
      and slow phases of vestibulo-ocular and optokinetic reflexes in the pigmented
      rat.
AB  - The nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis (NRTP) and adjacent pontine reticular
      formation were lesioned chemically using the neurotoxic agent kainic acid, and
      the effects of these lesions on horizontal ocular optokinetic and vestibular
      nystagmus were examined. Eye position was measured in the alert, NRTP-lesioned
      animals with the electromagnetic search coil technique. Optokinetic and
      vestibular stimuli consisted of steps of rotations or sinusoidal oscillations of
      a fullfield visual pattern surrounding the animal or of the animal in total
      darkness, respectively. In a first group of animals, small unilateral NRTP
      lesions were produced by placing a single kainic acid injection in the area of
      the left NRTP. In one third of the animals, ipsilateral quick phases of
      optokinetic and vestibular nystagmus were abolished. In the remaining animals,
      quick phases were deficient to various degrees or not affected at all. There were
      no changes in the characteristics of optokinetic step responses to ipsilateral
      pattern rotations which activate predominantly optokinetic pathways on the side
      of the brainstem lesion. In animals with ipsiversive quick phase deficits,
      contralateral pattern rotations elicited tonic eye deviations. In a second group
      of animals, large uni- or bilateral lesions were produced by injecting kainic
      acid into three separate rostral, middle and caudal levels of the right NRTP.
      These animals had uni- or bilateral quick phase deficits during optokinetic and
      vestibular nystagmus. Optokinetic nystagmus in response to velocity steps of
      pattern rotation towards the lesion side was strongly reduced in gain even in
      those animals that had no apparent deficits in the fast contraversive reset
      phases. In four out of six animals, responses to sinusoidal optokinetic pattern
      oscillations were reduced in gain and showed increased phase lags compared to
      controls. Vestibulo-ocular responses to velocity steps of head rotations were of
      normal gain but reduced in duration (measured from onset of stimulation to
      reversal of nystagmus). Sinusoidal vestibulo-ocular responses evoked by head
      oscillations exhibited reduced gain values and strongly increased phase leads in
      the frequency range below 0.5 Hz. The vestibular time constant was found to be
      around 4.5 s in animals with NRTP lesions compared to about 7.5 s in control
      animals. The present results show that large kainic acid lesions of the NRTP (and
      adjacent area) do not abolish optokinetic eye movements in the rat, in contrast
      to what has been reported after electrolytic lesions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400
      WORDS)

PMID- 2924844
TI  - Negative cortical DC shifts preceding and accompanying simple and complex
      sequential movements.
AB  - Negative cortical DC shifts preceding and accompanying the execution of four
      different motor tasks were analysed in 18 subjects (Ss): Repetitive flexions and
      extensions of the forefinger had to be performed either by the right (1) or the
      left (2) hand. This simple motor task was compared to a complex one in which
      flexions and extensions of forefinger and hand had to be alternated in a fixed
      sequence. The complex task had either to be performed by the right (3) or the
      left (4) hand. Thus, the four conditions differed in the side of the performing
      hand (right/left) and in task-complexity (simple/complex). After its voluntary
      initiation, each task had to be performed for at least a period of six seconds. A
      Bereitschaftspotential (BP) preceded the voluntary initiation of the movement.
      Task-performance was accompanied by a negative DC shift called a performance
      related negativity (N-P). Amplitudes of BP and N-P were compared by analysis of
      variance (ANOVA) using the factors "performing hand" (right/left) and "task
      complexity" (simple/complex). "Performing hand" had significant effects on N-BP
      and N-P in C3* and C4* (positioned over the primary motor cortex) but did not
      influence mid-central (Cz*), frontal (F3, Fz, and F4) or parietal (P3, Pz, P4)
      recordings. "Task-complexity" had significant effects on N-P in mid-central (Cz*,
      C1*, C2*) and parietal (P3, Pz) recordings with higher negativity for complex
      movements. Recordings in C3* and C4* did not vary with "task
      complexity".(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2924845
TI  - Specific suppression of pentylenetetrazol-induced epileptiform discharges in CA3
      neurons (hippocampal slice, guinea pig) by the organic calcium antagonists
      flunarizine and verapamil.
AB  - Antiepileptic actions of the organic calcium antagonists flunarizine (cinnarizine
      derivate) and verapamil (papaverin derivat) on pentylenetetrazol-induced
      epileptic bioelectric activity were tested in CA3 neurones of hippocampal slices.
      In all experiments both calcium antagonists reduced the amplitudes and/or
      durations of paroxysmal depolarizations as well as their rate of occurrence, when
      the bath concentrations of flunarizine or verapamil exceeded 20 mumol/l. When
      they were added to the bath solution before pentylenetetrazol application,
      recordings of the resting membrane potential, of the membrane resistance, of
      action potentials and of spontaneous as well as of evoked excitatory and
      inhibitory postsynaptic potentials gave no indication that the antiepileptic
      effects of these drugs are due to unspecific depressive actions on neuronal
      excitability or spread of excitation.

PMID- 2924846
TI  - Ontogeny of cholecystokinin-8 and glutamic acid decarboxylase in cerebral
      neocortex of macaque monkey.
AB  - Concentration of cholecystokinin-8 and the activity of glutamic acid
      decarboxylase were determined in the various cerebral cortical subdivisions of
      Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata fuscata) at three different ages (embryonic 4
      months, full-term and adult). The CCK-8 immunoreactive material extracted with
      90% methanol from the cerebral cortex of the adult and foetal monkey were shown
      to be identical with synthetic cholecystokinin-8 by the criterion of co-elution
      on gel filtration chromatography (Sephadex G-50). The peptide concentration
      increased dramatically by about 30-80 fold (in terms of protein) and 17-28 fold
      (in terms of wet weight) between embryonic 4-month-old and full-term monkeys,
      while the level decreased 1/6-1/16 (protein) and 1/4-1/10 (wet weight) between
      full-term and adult monkeys. In adults, the highest levels of the peptide was
      observed in the association cortex, orbital prefrontal cortex and posterior
      parietal cortex. Glutamic acid decarboxylase activity, on the other hand,
      gradually increased about 4-10 fold (protein) between embryonic 4-month-old and
      adult animals and there was little variation in the increase rate among the
      cerebral subdivisions. In contrast to cholecystokinin-8, no reduction in the
      enzyme activity occurred between full-term and adult animals. The high level of
      cholecystokinin-8 in the embryonic period suggests that the peptide may
      participate in the regulation of the development of primate cerebral cortex.

PMID- 2924847
TI  - H1 horizontal cells of carp retina have different postsynaptic mechanisms to
      mediate short- versus long-wavelength visual signals.
AB  - Vertebrate photoreceptors release neurotransmitter substance(s) tonically in the
      dark and this release is curtailed by light. Recently, we have become
      increasingly aware of the possibility that short- and long-wavelength visual
      signals are mediated differently during the synaptic transmission to second-order
      retinal neurons. The experiment described here advances this notion further by
      demonstrating a postsynaptic difference. Treatment of the carp retina by dopamine
      reduced the gap-junctional coupling of horizontal cells, and we made use of this
      known effect to measure the input resistance (Rin) of H1-type horizontal cells.
      Flashes of light increased Rin. This increase, however, was found to be smaller
      with short wavelengths, even though the comparison was made when voltage
      responses were equal in amplitude. Often, Rin was even found to decrease at the
      blue end of spectrum. No single postsynaptic mechanism can account for any equal
      voltage Rin difference such as this. The synaptic spectral segregation thus
      revealed is probably subserved by a dual scheme wherein the transmitter from blue
      sensitive cone photoreceptors acts to decrease the membrane conductance of H1
      cells whereas the synapses made by red- and green-sensitive cones are of a
      classical excitatory type.

PMID- 2924848
TI  - Characteristics of the tooth pulp-driven neurons in a functional column of the
      cat's somatosensory cortex (SI).
AB  - The columnar arrangement of tooth pulp-driven (TPD) neurons in the first
      somatosensory cortex (SI) was studied by single unit analysis in the cat
      anesthetized with nitrous oxide and halothane. Tactile sensitive neurons in the
      oral area of SI were arranged functionally in a columnar organization. About 32%
      of the recorded neurons also responded to tooth pulp stimulation. Thus, the TPD
      neurons located in area 3b seem to be multireceptive in sensory modality. About
      80% of the TPD neurons were F-type which respond with a short latency to tooth
      pulp stimulation and receive input from a small number of teeth. When a
      microelectrode penetrated through a single vertical column, most of the F-type
      TPD neurons encountered received common input from one or two tooth pulps.
      However, when an electrode was inserted across more than one column, there was no
      common pulpal input to the TPD neurons encountered in a track. Thus, the TPD
      neurons in a single column had identical peripheral and pulpal receptive fields,
      and the same latency of responses to tooth pulp stimulation. These
      characteristics would support the hypothesis that TPD (presumed nociceptive)
      neurons are arranged in a vertical column and it may be inferred that the
      columnar organization of TPD neurons in SI plays an important role in the sensory
      discriminative aspects of pulpal pain.

PMID- 2924849
TI  - Binocular depth perception, visual acuity and visual fields in cats following
      neonatal section of the optic chiasm.
AB  - We studied the role of the transcallosal pathway in stereopsis by measuring
      binocular and monocular depth perception in two cats that had undergone section
      of the optic chiasm at the age of 21 d. To ensure that the surgery did not impair
      vision to the extent that depth perception could not be evaluated, visual acuity
      and visual fields were also measured. In both of the chiasm-sectioned animals the
      visual fields were reduced and the visual acuity was substantially lower than in
      normal cats, with a maximum of about 2 cyc deg-1. Binocular depth thresholds of
      the chiasm-sectioned cats were worse than those of the normal cat but were better
      than their own monocular thresholds. These results suggest that the chiasm
      sectioned animals were still able to use binocular cues to judge depth and
      indicate that the indirect pathway through the corpus callosum is sufficient to
      mediate binocular depth perception.

PMID- 2924850
TI  - Toxic effects of triethyldodecylammoniumbromide (TEA-C12) on myelinated nerve
      fibers and blood-nerve barrier in the mouse.
AB  - The blocking effect of triethyldodecylammoniumbromide (TEA-C12), applied locally
      to the sciatic nerve, was studied in 28 adult BDF1 mice. Clinical parameters,
      electrophysiological recordings of muscle action potentials evoked by stimulation
      at the sciatic notch, and morphological aspects are presented. Our results show
      that both the minimal blocking concentration and half the minimal blocking
      concentration induce flaccid paresis of the treated hind-limb. There was a
      complete, long-lasting nerve conduction block due to Wallerian degeneration of
      the myelinated nerve fibers. In contrast, pain sensation was abolished only on
      day 4 after application of the minimal blocking concentration, but was preserved
      during the rest of the time that nerve conduction block was observed. This
      correspond to the electron microscopic finding of preservation of unmyelinated
      nerve fibers. Recovery of nerve conduction was characterized
      electrophysiologically by occurrence of minute polyphasic regeneration potentials
      between day 18 and 21, clinically by advanced restitution of muscle force on day
      64, and morphologically by nerve regeneration. TEA-C12 also induced a disturbance
      of the blood-nerve barrier, demonstrated using an intraperitoneally administered
      biotinylated IgG tracer in the endoneurial space. The morphological features of
      the acute axonal changes of the myelinated nerve fibers including the
      degeneration of the axonal mitochondria suggest that the neurotoxic effect of TEA
      C12 is possibly mediated by interference with the axonal energy supply. The
      selective affection of myelinated nerve fibers separates TEA-C12 from other
      neurotoxins that induce changes of the axonal microorganelles or complete
      Wallerian degeneration of myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers. The
      selectivity for myelinated nerve fibers and the supposed pathogenetic mechanism
      exhibit some similarities with the human polyneuropathy caused by acute arsenic
      acid intoxication.

PMID- 2924852
TI  - Asymmetric velocity and acceleration profiles of human arm movements.
AB  - Displacement, velocity, acceleration and jerk (change of acceleration with time)
      were analyzed for arm flexion movement over a wide range of movement amplitudes
      and speeds. Relative time to peak velocity or relative duration of acceleration,
      k, was approximately 0.5 for the movements with intermediate speed (about 0.5 s
      in movement time), i.e., symmetric velocity and acceleration profiles. For the
      slow and ballistic movements, k shifted towards values below and above 0.5,
      respectively creating asymmetric profiles. Consistent k-dependence of movement
      time, peak velocity, maximum acceleration and maximum deceleration were observed.
      "Jerk cost", the square of the magnitude of jerk integrated over the entire
      movement, was calculated for each movement. A dynamic optimization technique to
      minimize jerk cost under the constraint on jerk input was applied to interpret
      the results, assuming that a major goal of skilled movements was to produce
      optimally smooth movements. The constrained minimum-jerk model explained speed
      dependent asymmetry of the velocity and acceleration profiles. Jerk cost consumed
      by the movements with intermediate speed approximately satisfied minimum-cost
      criterion predicted by the model but was higher than the criterion for slow and
      ballistic movements. The results suggested that optimality criteria other than
      jerk cost also should be considered to predict movement profiles over the entire
      range of speeds.

PMID- 2924851
TI  - Distribution of corticospinal neurons with collaterals to the lower brain stem
      reticular formation in monkey (Macaca fascicularis).
AB  - An earlier retrograde double-labeling study in cat showed that up to 30% of the
      corticospinal neurons in the medial and anterior parts of the precruciate motor
      area represent branching neurons which project to both the spinal cord and the
      reticular formation of the lower brain stem. These neurons were found to be
      concentrated in the rostral portion of the motor cortex, from where axial and
      proximal limb movements can be elicited. In the present study the findings in the
      macaque monkey are reported. The fluorescent retrograde tracer DY was injected
      unilaterally in the spinal cord at C2 and the fluorescent tracer FB was injected
      ipsilaterally in the medial tegmentum of the medulla oblongata. In the
      contralateral hemisphere large numbers of single DY-labeled corticospinal neurons
      and single FB-labeled corticobulbar neurons were present. A substantial number of
      DY-FB double-labeled corticospinal neurons were also found, which must represent
      branching neurons projecting to both the spinal cord and the bulbar reticular
      formation. These neurons were present in: 1. The anterior portion of the
      "cingulate corticospinal area" in the lower bank of the cingulate sulcus; 2. The
      supplementary motor area (SMA); 3. The rostral part of precentral corticospinal
      area; 4. The upper portion of the precentral face representation area; 5. The
      caudal bank of the inferior limb of the arcuate sulcus; 6. The posterior part of
      the insula. In these areas 10% to 30% of the labeled neurons were double-labeled.
      The functional implications of the presence of branching corticospinal neurons in
      these areas is discussed.

PMID- 2924853
TI  - The effects of reverse monocular deprivation in monkeys. I. Psychophysical
      experiments.
AB  - Monkeys had one eye closed at about 30 days of age for 14, 30, 60, or 90 days,
      then opened, and the fellow eye closed for another 120 days. The animals then had
      at least 10 months of binocular visual experience before behavioral training and
      testing were begun. All subjects were used in a series of psychophysical
      investigations during the next two years. The results of the behavioral studies
      indicated that the initially deprived eyes (IDE) of the two monkeys that were
      subjected to initial deprivation periods of 14 or 30 days recovered normal or
      near-normal spatial contrast sensitivity. In contrast, the two animals which
      underwent longer periods of initial deprivation showed incomplete recovery,
      especially for high spatial frequency stimuli. All of the monkeys exhibited a
      reduction in spatial contrast sensitivity for their reverse deprived eyes (RDE);
      the earlier the onset of the reverse-deprivation procedures (i.e., the shorter
      the initial period of deprivation), the greater the deficit in the RDE's spatial
      contrast sensitivity. Measurements of temporal contrast sensitivity showed that
      all of the subjects' IDEs had normal or near-normal sensitivity levels. However,
      the reverse-deprivation procedures initiated at 90 days of age or earlier
      produced a frequency-dependent reduction in the RDE's temporal modulation
      sensitivity. The measures of increment-threshold spectral sensitivity revealed
      that only the RDE of the monkey that had the shortest initial deprivation period
      had an abnormal spectral sensitivity function. The results demonstrate that many
      of the severe behavioral deficits produced by early monocular form deprivation
      can be recovered via reverse-deprivation procedures. However, depending upon the
      length of the initial deprivation period and the age at which the reversal
      procedure is initiated, the second deprivation period can also adversely affect
      the functional capacity of the RDE.

PMID- 2924854
TI  - Interhemispheric transfer of visual learning in monkeys with intact optic chiasm.
AB  - The purpose of the present experiments was to investigate the role of the
      forebrain commissures in interhemispheric visual transfer when both eyes are open
      and the optic chiasm is intact. Cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) learned
      a series of two-choice simultaneous visual discriminations. The visual stimuli
      were bipartite, with independently determined left and right halves. If such a
      stimulus is fixated centrally, the two halves fall into opposite visual
      hemifields. After 10 trials of acquisition of each discrimination, the same
      discriminanda were presented for a further 10 trials in which, within each
      stimulus, the positions of the halves were exchanged: the left half became the
      right and vice versa. The unoperated animals transferred well to the altered
      stimuli, making many fewer errors than they made in learning the originally
      presented discrimination. In contrast, monkeys with section of the posterior
      corpus callosum and the anterior commissure transferred poorly. These effects
      show that the forebrain commissures are important for the interhemispheric
      transfer and integration of visual information in animals with a normal, intact
      peripheral visual system.

PMID- 2924855
TI  - Tuning properties of auditory cortex cells in the awake squirrel monkey.
AB  - Pure tone bursts elicited in primary auditory cortex (AI) cells of the awake
      squirrel monkey a wide range of response patterns which consisted of one or more
      excitatory or inhibitory temporal response components. In almost 60% of these
      cells, response patterns were frequency and/or intensity dependent. Response
      components such as early and late onset excitation, offset excitation and on-off
      excitation; as well as tonic excitation or inhibition often varied independently
      with changes in these stimulus parameters. Individual cells were therefore
      considered as multiple bandpass filters, and each discrete response component was
      analyzed separately for its tuning properties. A correlation between best
      frequencies of the various excitatory components (BEF), and between BEFs and best
      frequencies of inhibitory components (BIF), in cells which responded with more
      than one discrete response component, disclosed a significantly higher
      correlation between BEF/BIF pairs compared with BEF/BEF pairs, presumably
      reflecting certain "lateral inhibition like" processes. Applying Q10dB factor,
      and square root of Hf-square root of Lf bandwidth at 10 dB above threshold, as
      measures of the "sharpness" of response areas, revealed that approximately 65% of
      all response areas could be defined as "narrow" by either one of these 2
      measures, with no distinction, in that regard, between excitatory and inhibitory
      components. The average response bandwidths of the narrowly and the broadly tuned
      components, at 10 dB above threshold, were 0.4 +/- 0.18 and 1.42 +/- 0.68 octaves
      respectively. A comparison with the medial geniculate body (MGB) of the squirrel
      monkey, applying the square root of Hf-square root of Lf measure of sharpness of
      tuning, showed a significantly higher proportion of narrow response areas in the
      AI. "Narrow" response areas in both these regions were equally narrow, whereas
      the "broad" response areas of MGB cells were significantly broader. These results
      suggest a sharpening of response areas throughout the geniculo-cortical
      transformation.

PMID- 2924856
TI  - Post-tetanic influences on primary afferent depolarization in the cat spinal
      cord.
AB  - In the spinal cord of pentobarbitone anaesthetised cats, increases in the
      electrical threshold of the terminations of extensor muscle group Ia afferent
      fibres, produced by tetanic stimulation of either the appropriate peripheral
      nerve or the central termination, were associated with parallel changes in the
      bicuculline-sensitive reduction in electrical threshold of the termination
      produced synaptically by impulses in flexor muscle low threshold afferent fibres
      (primary afferent depolarization, PAD) or by microelectrophoretic piperidine-4
      sulphonic acid (P4S), an analogue of GABA. Since this post-tetanic
      hyperpolarization (PTH) could be produced by tetanic stimulation of a single
      termination centrally, and not by peripheral stimulation of heteronymous nerves,
      it presumably resulted from changes intrinsic to the tetanized termination.
      Increases in PAD and the effectiveness of P4S were probably associated with post
      tetanic activation of an electrogenic Na+/K+ pump as the predominant cause of
      PTH, whereas decreases may have been largely the consequence of post-tetanic
      increases in intracellular Ca2+ levels. These results provide further evidence
      that GABA is the depolarizing transmitter at axo-axonic synapses upon primary
      afferent terminals, and that the underlying membrane conductance increase has a
      reversal potential at a more depolarized level than the resting potential.

PMID- 2924857
TI  - Decrease in GABA immunoreactivity and alteration of GABA metabolism after
      kindling in the rat hippocampus.
AB  - The kindling model of epilepsy, induced by tetanic stimulation of Schaffer
      collateral/commisural fibers, was studied in the rat hippocampus. Gamma
      aminobutyric acid immunoreactivity was used to quantify the number of GABA
      immunoreactive somata per mm2 in CA1 region, 28 days after the last generalized
      seizure. Comparison of the numbers obtained from kindled animals with those from
      controls, showed a significant decrease (18%) on the ipsilateral stimulated side
      but none on the contralateral side. In control rats injection of the GABA
      transaminase inhibitor, amino oxyacetic acid (AOAA), led to a 46% increase in the
      number of cell somata immunoreactive for GABA. This probably results from an
      accumulation of GABA, reflecting GABA synthesis by glutamate decarboxylase (GAD)
      activity, in somata of interneurons that had initially a GABA content below the
      immunocytochemical detection threshold. In kindled rats, 31 days after the last
      seizure, the number of GABA-immunoreactive cells that could be observed after
      AOAA-treatment was significantly lower (35% ipsilateral and 25% contralateral)
      when compared to AOAA-treated controls. This suggests that in kindled animals a
      GAD dependent increase in GABA content did not take place in a subpopulation of
      interneurons. The observations for kindled rats are interpreted as a long-term
      decrease in GABA content and as an alteration in GABA turnover in a subpopulation
      of interneuron somata, the latter possibly due to a decrease in GAD activity. The
      long-term enhanced seizure sensitivity, characteristic for kindled animals, may
      be due to a decreased GABAergic inhibitory control of the neuronal circuitry in
      the CA1 region of the hippocampus.

PMID- 2924858
TI  - A study of corticospinal remodelling using retrograde fluorescent tracers in
      rats.
AB  - The retrogradely transported fluorescent tracers Fast Blue (FB) and Diamidino
      Yellow (DY) were injected into the spinal cord of adult rats that sustained
      unilateral frontoparietal cortical lesions at birth. Analysis of the resulting
      cortical labeling pattern in comparison to comparably injected control animals
      demonstrated an increase of retrogradely-labeled neurons within the unablated
      cerebral hemisphere ipsilateral to spinal cord injections. These ipsilateral
      labeled cells corresponded to previous descriptions, based on anterograde tracing
      techniques, of anomalous uncrossed corticospinal tract (CST) fibers. Additional
      findings indicated that the ipsilateral CST fibers are not axonal collaterals of
      normal, crossed CST fibers. Fluorescent tracer injections into cervical and
      lumbar spinal cord levels demonstrated a distribution pattern of labeled cells
      within the ipsilateral cortex that was similar to the topographic pattern found
      contralateral to spinal cord injections in normal animals. These findings support
      previous anatomical and electrophysiological data indicating that the neonatal
      cortical lesion-induced increase of ipsilateral CST fibers may be functional.

PMID- 2924859
TI  - Different anisotropies of movement direction in upper and lower layers of the
      cat's area 18 and their implications for global optic flow processing.
AB  - Cells in Area 18 of awake and behaving cats were tested for directional
      preference with a large visual noise pattern. Upper and lower layer cells were
      found to exhibit different anisotropies for movement direction, offset by 90
      degrees. These findings could reflect different functions for the global mapping
      and processing of optic flow field in upper and lower layers.

PMID- 2924860
TI  - Electrophysiological evidence for the dendritic localization of a calcium
      conductance in guinea-pig substantia nigra neurones in vitro.
AB  - Within the substantia nigra, anatomical, neurochemical and pharmacological
      findings strongly suggest that transmitter and protein are secreted from the
      dendrites of nigrostriatal neurones. This phenomenon may underlie a non classical
      modulatory cellular mechanism. Two conductances are generated in nigrostriatal
      neurones independent of somatic action potentials, that might mediate this
      modulation. However, these conductances have never been directly nor precisely
      located specifically within the dendrites. The aim of this study was to record
      the membrane properties of substantia nigra zona compacta neurones in response to
      selective sectioning of the population of long 'apical' dendrites i.e. the
      removal of the zona reticulata. Intracellular recordings from substantia nigra
      zona compacta neurones were made from mesencephalic slices of the guinea-pig
      brain maintained in vitro. In cells without the apical dendrites, the membrane
      potential, input resistance and mean firing frequency was not significantly
      different from the control neurones. However, removal of the substantia nigra
      zona reticulata virtually abolished one conductance in particular. This
      conductance, seen in control neurones, is a long lasting slow depolarization
      which is resistant to tetrodotoxin blockade of sodium channels: rather, it is
      mediated by the entry of calcium ions and is optimally deinactivated at a
      hyperpolarised membrane potential. Hence, this study strongly suggests that this
      conductance is generated exclusively in the 'apical' dendrites. It has been
      postulated that this long lasting calcium conductance is central to the
      modulation of nigrostriatal neuronal excitability. Thus, the 'apical' dendrites
      could play a specific and active role in the functioning of nigrostriatal
      neurones.

PMID- 2924862
TI  - Length and width summation in human vision at different background levels.
AB  - The effect of background intensity on the spatial summation of rectangular
      stimuli of varying length and width was studied in human psychophysical
      experiments and compared with the known effects of light adaptation on the
      spatial summation of circular stimuli. Both the detection threshold and the
      threshold of orientation identification were measured. In agreement with previous
      data, summation was more efficient along the line stimulus than across it. This
      asymmetry was found to exist at all adaptation levels studied (1-1000 trolands).
      The adaptation level affected both length and width summation; the change in the
      length of summation was twice as great as the change in the diameter of summation
      with circular stimuli. Orientation selectivity was reduced for short lines
      presented on a dim background. The results suggest the existence of mechanisms of
      light adaptation at the level of cortical orientation-selective units.

PMID- 2924861
TI  - Function and structure of atypical muscle spindles after neonatal nerve crush in
      rats.
AB  - During the early postnatal period, the differentiation and maturation of muscle
      spindles in the rat is still dependent on their sensory innervation. When a nerve
      is crushed during this period, most spindles in the denervated muscles degenerate
      and after reinnervation only occasional spindles of atypical structure are to be
      found in these muscles. We determined the basic functional properties of these
      atypical spindles in adult rats and attempted to correlate them with their
      structural characteristics. The discharge rates of 13 afferent units from the
      soleus or lateral gastrocnemius muscles were evaluated in response to stretch.
      These units were capable of a slowly adapting response to 2-4 mm stretches. Their
      mean discharge frequencies at any point of the ramp-and-hold stretch were,
      however, on an average 50% lower than normal values. The conduction velocities of
      afferents from the atypical spindles were in the range of 10-40 m/s. Histological
      examinations revealed that 90% of the atypical muscle spindles found in the
      soleus or lateral gastrocnemius muscles had only 1 or 2 intrafusal fibres without
      any nuclear accumulations as compared to four intrafusal fibres in normal muscle
      spindles in the rat. The proportional decrease of the discharge rate in both the
      dynamic and static part of the response of these atypical spindles could be due
      to the decreased synaptic area between the sensory terminals and the intrafusal
      fibres and/or to altered structural properties of the intrafusal fibres.

PMID- 2924864
TI  - Significant differences in the retrograde labeling of spinothalamic tract cells
      by horseradish peroxidase and the fluorescent tracers fast blue and diamidino
      yellow.
AB  - The laminar distributions of spinothalamic tract cells retrogradely labeled by
      the fluorescent tracers Fast Blue and Diamidino Yellow and by free or lectin
      coupled horseradish peroxidase have been found to be significantly different. The
      total numbers of cells labeled by each method are similar, but nearly twice as
      many lamina I cells are labeled by the fluorescent tracers and more lamina V
      cells are labeled by peroxidase. Injection site spread and spurious labeling due
      to leakage or fibers of passage do not account for these differences. These
      results indicate that both horseradish peroxidase and fluorescent tracers may be
      selectively transported and, thus, that the cautious use of both methods should
      be recommended for analyses of afferent populations.

PMID- 2924863
TI  - Transplanted rat retinae do not project in a topographic fashion on the host
      tectum.
AB  - We report here that transplanted rat retinae do not project in a topographically
      organized fashion onto the host tectum. In fact, following the injection of two
      small non-overlapping regions of the host tectum, one with Fluorogold, the other
      with Rhodamine conjugated latex microspheres, groups of ganglion cells labelled
      with either dye are found interspersed throughout the ganglion cell layer of the
      retinal transplant. The absence of topography in the projections of transplanted
      retinae offers a new opportunity to examine the mechanisms which lead to
      topographically ordered projections in normal development.

PMID- 2924865
TI  - Development of NADPH diaphorase-positive pedunculopontine nucleus neurons.
AB  - Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAD-PH) diaphorase histochemistry
      was used to localize cholinergic neurons in the pedunculopontine nucleus of
      neonatal and adult rats. Measurements of cell body areas revealed an average area
      around 200 microns2 at birth, followed by a significant increase to approximately
      500 microns2 by 2 weeks of age. Thereafter, there was a decrease in cell area
      such that by 5 weeks of age the neurons had attained their adult size of around
      300 microns2. The marked increase in cell size at the end of 2 weeks of age is
      discussed in relation to significant events in the development of locomotor and
      other rhythmic function control systems.

PMID- 2924866
TI  - Decreased catecholamine content in parkinsonian adrenal medullae.
AB  - Autopsy specimens of adrenal medullae from parkinsonian and nonparkinsonian
      patients were analyzed for free catecholamines by high-performance liquid
      chromatography with electrochemical detection. The total free catecholamine
      content (nanomoles free catecholamine per milligram protein) was significantly
      lower in the parkinsonian patients than in the control population when the values
      were corrected for age and time from death to organ harvest. It is not
      established whether this decreased catecholamine content in the adrenals of
      parkinsonian patients is a concomitant of the disease itself or whether it is
      secondary to drug therapies used to treat the symptoms of Parkinson's disease.

PMID- 2924867
TI  - Synthesis of the major inducible heat shock protein in rat hippocampus after
      neonatal hypoxia-ischemia.
AB  - Rats aged 7 days were exposed to 3.5 h of cerebral hypoxia-ischemia produced by
      unilateral common carotid artery ligation combined with hypoxia (8% oxygen). The
      major inducible heat-shock protein, HSP-68, was synthesized in ipsilateral but
      not contralateral (control) hippocampus during early recovery (1 and 3 h). HSP-68
      synthesis was not detected during longer recovery periods. The presence of HSP-68
      was confirmed by Western blotting and immunostaining with a polyclonal antibody
      to HSP-68.

PMID- 2924868
TI  - Morphological alterations in dorsal root ganglion neurons after peripheral axon
      injury: association with changes in metabolism.
AB  - Axotomized rat sensory ganglion neurons have been shown to undergo rapid
      metabolic changes in the first 2 weeks after injury. The present study examined
      selected morphological features of these neurons over the same time period.
      Parameters studied included the position of the cell nucleus (eccentricity) and
      soma, nuclear, and nucleolar size over time periods primarily in the first 2
      weeks after a unilateral crush injury of the sciatic nerve. Comparisons were made
      with normal ganglia and ganglia contralateral to the injury. The eccentricity of
      the nucleus in injured neurons was significantly altered within 1 day after
      injury and remained so over the entire time period studied. Alterations in neuron
      soma included an initial decrease in size at 1 day followed by a significant
      bilateral increase at 3 days after injury. Nuclear and nucleolar size changes
      were phasic with significant increases size peaking at 3-4 and 8-11 days after
      injury. These alterations coincided temporally with known changes in RNA
      synthesis occurring in these neurons after injury. Significant alterations in all
      parameters were observed on the uninjured side. Preliminary studies of the
      bilateral changes suggested that the trauma of the operation may be the major
      factor in this response. The data suggest that significant morphological
      alterations parallel the rapidly fluctuating change in neuronal metabolism after
      axon injury.

PMID- 2924869
TI  - Tissue sections from the mature rat brain and spinal cord as substrates for
      neurite outgrowth in vitro: extensive growth on gray matter but little growth on
      white matter.
AB  - The failure of axons to regenerate within the brain and spinal cord of mature
      mammals has been attributed to the absence of growth-promoting substances,
      especially extracellular matrix components, or to the presence of growth
      inhibiting substances, particularly components associated with CNS myelin. The
      ability of mature mammalian CNS tissue to support neurite regeneration was tested
      by growing explants of embryonic chick lumbar sympathetic ganglia on fresh frozen
      sections of the mature rat brain and spinal cord. The extent of neurite outgrowth
      was quantified using morphometric analysis for explants grown on sections that
      included most of the major anatomical divisions of the CNS. Extensive, but
      variable, regeneration was present on gray matter regions, whereas major white
      matter tracts showed poor support, if any, for neurite growth. The results are
      consistent with the presence of growth-inhibiting factors associated with CNS
      white matter but also indicate that most gray matter regions of the mature
      mammalian brain and spinal cord will support axonal regeneration in tissue
      culture in spite of the absence of known extracellular matrix components.

PMID- 2924870
TI  - Microinjections of D-Ala2-Met5-enkephalinamide placed into nucleus accumbens
      suppress hypothalamically elicited hissing in the cat.
AB  - The effects of D-Ala2-Met5-enkephalinamide (DAME) upon the hissing component of
      hypothalamically elicited affective defense behavior in the cat were examined in
      this study. Microinjections of DAME placed into the nucleus accumbens
      significantly suppressed this response in a dose and time dependent manner. This
      dose dependent suppression of affective defense decreased toward baseline levels
      at 60 and 90 min following delivery of 1 and 10 micrograms/0.5 microliters of
      DAME, respectively. Similar injections placed into the caudate nucleus had no
      effects upon this response. Neither vehicle control nor naloxone placed into
      nucleus accumbens was found to significantly alter latencies for hissing.
      Naloxone injected into nucleus accumbens prior to administration of either a 1
      microgram or a 10-micrograms dose of DAME blocked the suppressive effects of DAME
      that were observed when this drug was administered alone. These findings suggest
      that opioid receptors in the nucleus accumbens play an important role in the
      regulation of the hissing component of hypothalamically elicited affective
      defense behavior in the cat.

PMID- 2924871
TI  - Neonatal adrenalectomy alters dendritic branching of hippocampal granule cells.
AB  - Alterations in glucocorticoid hormones are known to affect the development of
      brain and behavior, but the details of these effects at the cellular level are
      unclear. The present study was undertaken to determine whether dendritic growth
      and branching in glucocorticoid target neurons, the granule neurons of the
      hippocampal dentate gyrus, are affected by glucocorticoid hormones. Computerized
      morphometric analysis of Golgi impregnated granule cells showed that
      adrenalectomy on Postnatal Day 21 resulted in a small decrease in dendritic
      branching of lower order dendrites in both male and female rats at 42 days of
      age, while branching of distal dendrites was left unaffected. Conversely,
      dendritic branching in rats treated daily with hydrocortisone acetate (5 mg/kg)
      during the same period was not significantly different from that of untreated
      rats. Total dendritic length was unaffected by either treatment. These results
      suggest that relatively minor alterations may occur in the circuitry in the inner
      molecular layer of the dentate gyrus, a region involving intrahippocampal
      connections, in the absence of physiological levels of glucocorticoid hormones.
      Whether these effects are mediated via glucocorticoid hormone effects on the
      presynaptic afferent neurons or via granule cell metabolic pathways remains to be
      determined. The most surprising result, given the presence of glucocorticoid
      receptors in granule cells and the relatively dramatic effects of glucocorticoid
      manipulations on whole brain that have been reported, is that the effects of
      these manipulations on dendritic morphology are minimal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2924873
TI  - Restriction of enhanced [2-14C]deoxyglucose utilization to rhinencephalic
      structures in immature amygdala-kindled rats.
AB  - Sixteen-day-old albino rat pups were kindled to varying degrees of seizure
      severity with amygdala stimulations spaced 15 to 20 min apart. Subsequently, each
      rat pup was injected (ip) with 10 microCi of [2-14C]-deoxyglucose, and received
      several additional kindled seizures at regular intervals throughout the following
      80 min, at which time it was killed and processed for deoxyglucose
      autoradiography. Increased seizure severity was associated with correspondingly
      increased deoxyglucose utilization in many rhinencephalic limbic structures.
      However, unlike adults, rat pups did not show discernibly increased neocortical,
      thalamic, or substantia nigra utilization. We postulate that the apparent
      confinement of seizure activity to limbic structures in pups is related to their
      relative lack of postictal seizure refractoriness, as well as to other indices of
      increased seizure susceptibility in immature animals.

PMID- 2924872
TI  - The threshold concentration of dietary ethanol necessary to produce toxic effects
      on hippocampal cells and synapses in the mouse.
AB  - A nutritionally complete liquid diet containing 0, 3, 5, or 7% ethanol was fed to
      C57 mice for 4 months and killed after a further 4 months on a standard food
      pellet diet. The number of pyramidal cells in Araldite sections of the
      hippocampus was not significantly reduced in any group relative to the zero
      alcohol intake group. Synaptic counts in the area occupied by the pyramidal cell
      basal dendrites showed the 7% alcohol group to have a reduced number of synaptic
      contacts, with no convincing differences between the other groups relative to the
      zero alcohol group. All measurements made collectively could not be used to
      distinguish 3 or 5% ethanol consuming animals from 0% ethanol consuming animals.
      Significant differences in body weight and dry brain weight were detected in the
      comparison of the group treated with 7% ethanol and 4-month recovery with the
      group receiving the 0% ethanol dose and 4-month recovery. It is concluded that
      maintaining mice on a diet containing not more than 5% ethanol has no adverse
      long-term structural effects on hippocampal pyramidal cells or synapses.

PMID- 2924874
TI  - Effects of unilateral microinjections of GABAergic drugs into the inferior
      colliculus on auditory evoked potentials and on audiogenic seizure
      susceptibility.
AB  - Alteration of GABAergic neurotransmission within the inferior colliculus (IC)
      appears to be involved in the generation of the audiogenic seizure (AGS)
      susceptibility. In the present study, we provide evidence indicating that this
      susceptibility may result from IC neuronal hyperexcitability to sound induced by
      a decreased GABAergic inhibition. In a first experiment, a unilateral
      microinjection of bicuculline, a GABAa antagonist, into the IC of normal rats
      increased the amplitude of the collicular auditory evoked potential, while the
      microinjection of THIP, a GABAa agonist, decreased this response. In a second
      experiment, a unilateral microinjection of bicuculline into the IC induced AGS
      susceptibility in normal rats.

PMID- 2924875
TI  - Spinal cord localization and characterization of the neurons which give rise to
      the accessory phrenic nerve in the adult rat.
AB  - This study describes the spinal cord location and morphology of the neurons which
      give rise to the accessory phrenic nerve in the rat. The results indicate that
      the cell bodies of the accessory phrenic nerve are a caudal extension of the
      phrenic nucleus. These cell bodies are located from cervical spinal cord levels
      C5 to upper C6 and comprise approximately 11% of the total phrenic motoneuron
      pool. The substantial phrenic contribution indicates the importance of the
      accessory phrenic nerve in both experimental and clinical manipulations of
      diaphragm innervation.

PMID- 2924876
TI  - Coexistent Hoffmann reflexes in human leg muscles are commonly due to volume
      conduction.

PMID- 2924877
TI  - Leishmania amazonensis: uptake and hydrolysis of 3H-amino acid methyl esters by
      isolated amastigotes.
AB  - Intracellular and isolated amastigotes of Leishmania amazonensis can be destroyed
      by L-amino acid methyl esters known to disrupt mammalian lysosomes. To evaluate
      the mechanism(s) involved in the leishmanicidal activity, we examined the uptake
      and hydrolysis of tritiated esters by isolated amastigotes. After incubation with
      the labeled compounds, parasites were recovered, were washed on filters, and
      their radioactivity was determined. Alternatively, amastigotes were separated
      from the medium by centrifugation through oil, and the radioactivity associated
      with free or esterified amino acids was measured after thin-layer chromatography.
      The results showed that the methyl esters of Trp, Leu, and Met, which are
      leishmanicidal, accumulated in and were rapidly hydrolysed by the amastigotes.
      [3H]Leu derived from [3H]Leu-OMe remained associated with the amastigotes even
      after a 1-hr chase in label-free medium, but the ester species was rapidly lost
      upon washing of the parasites. In contrast, the esters of Ile and Ala, which are
      not leishmanicidal, were only slowly hydrolysed, and most of the radioactivity
      was lost upon washing. We have previously shown that certain amino acid esters
      and weak bases protect Leishmania from damage by leucine methyl ester (Leu-OMe).
      In the present experiments, these compounds reduced, in concentration-dependent
      fashion, the hydrolysis of [3H]Leu-OMe and the accumulation of [3H]Leu in the
      amastigotes. Overall, the results indicate that, as in lysosomal disruption,
      leishmanicidal activity is associated with ester hydrolysis and amino acid
      accumulation in the parasites. The nature and location of the parasite
      esterolytic enzymes requires additional investigation.

PMID- 2924878
TI  - Leishmania major: histopathological responses before and after topical treatment
      in experimental animals.
AB  - The cellular response in the cutaneous leishmaniasis lesion (CL), of BALB/c mice
      treated topically with an ointment composed of 15% paromomycin and 12%
      methylbenzethonium chloride (PR-ointment) was studied. In the infected, untreated
      control group, the lesion showed progressive necrosis with an increase in the
      number of parasites, macrophages, lymphocytes, and polymorphonuclear cells over a
      period of 18 weeks. In the PR ointment-treated group, complete healing of the
      lesion was observed 4 weeks after termination of treatment, but total elimination
      of the parasites from the lesion was observed only 2 weeks later. A marked
      reduction in the number of macrophages and polymorphonuclear cells was observed
      during the healing process. A similar phenomenon was observed with mice
      inoculated intraperitoneally with paromomycin alone, although total elimination
      of the parasites from the lesions of these mice was not demonstrated over a
      period of 18 weeks. Neither L3T4 helper T cells nor Ly2 cytotoxic suppressor T
      cells were detected in the CL lesion, either before or after treatment.

PMID- 2924879
TI  - Schistosoma mansoni: pairing of male worms with artificial surrogate females.
AB  - To determine whether male worms provide any specific polypeptides to females, we
      produced extruded alginate fibers that resembled the size and shape of mature
      female worms. Males clasped these surrogate "female worms" and remained "paired"
      with them for long periods. On polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, fibers clasped
      for several days showed bands at approximately 40 and 46 kDa which were never
      found in fibers incubated in the same medium but not clasped by males. We believe
      that these may be substances transferred from male worms during normal pairing.
      Males biosynthetically labeled with [14C]leucine were permitted to pair with
      fibers, which took up a broad range of polypeptides visualized on long
      autoradiographic exposure to gels.

PMID- 2924880
TI  - Cerebrovascular autoregulation is resistant to calcium channel blockade with
      nimodipine.
AB  - In normal baboons cerebrovascular resistance changed along with blood pressure to
      maintain blood flow constant. This 'autoregulation' was not significantly altered
      in animals treated with a dose of the calcium channel blocker nimodipine causing
      selective cerebral vasodilation.

PMID- 2924881
TI  - Schistosoma mansoni: onset of chemoattraction in developing worms.
AB  - Heterosexual chemoattraction studies on juvenile worms showed that 20- and 21-day
      old worms do not attract each other, whereas 23- and 28-day-old worms are
      attracted to each other and pair with worms of the opposite sex. This onset of
      chemoattraction in vitro corresponds to the time when worms begin pairing in
      vivo. The ability of single worms to locate each other and mate is presumably
      mediated by chemoreceptors.

PMID- 2924882
TI  - Differences in chromosome A arrangement between Drosophila madeirensis and
      Drosophila subobscura.
AB  - The proximal half of the A (= X) chromosome of D. madeirensis has a gene
      arrangement very similar to the A1 or A6 inversions found in D. subobscura.
      Polytene chromosome analysis of hybrids between D. madeirensis and strains of D.
      subobscura homozygous for such inversions shows, however, that D. madeirensis has
      a gene arrangement different from any known for D. subobscura. These results
      provide evidence for a greater differentiation of the X chromosome in these
      species than has previously been described; it seems that the X chromosome is the
      only one that has undergone structural variation during the speciation process.

PMID- 2924883
TI  - Single amino acid substitutions in sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
      allozymes from Drosophila virilis.
AB  - The amino acid sequence was compared among the three allelic variants (allozymes)
      of sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in D. virilis, which are detected by one
      dimensional electrophoresis. The alpha GPDHf variant was different from the alpha
      GPDHm by only one substitution of 68-lysine for asparagine; alpha GPDHs differed
      from alpha GPDHm by substitution of 127-glycine for arginine. No
      electrophoretically 'silent' substitutions were found in a total of 352 amino
      acid residues.

PMID- 2924884
TI  - 21st annual meeting of the Swiss Societies for Experimental Biology
      (USGEB/USSBE). March 30/31, 1989. Fribourg. Abstracts.

PMID- 2924885
TI  - Intermediate-dose (25 mg/m2) intravenous melphalan for patients with multiple
      myeloma in relapse or refractory to standard treatment.
AB  - Intermediate-dose (25 mg/m2) intravenous melphalan has been evaluated in 34
      multiple myeloma patients refractory to standard chemotherapies. The median time
      from diagnosis to entering of patients into the study was 27 months (range 7-71
      months). A response was obtained in 12/34 patients (35%). 4 of 12 responding
      patients have relapsed and 2 of these have died; 8 responders have not relapsed
      and are still alive. The median duration of survival after 28 months of follow-up
      has not yet been reached in the group of patients responding to treatment.
      However, the overall median duration of survival for the 34 patients entered into
      the study was 8 months. The median duration of response was 16 months. Toxicity
      was limited to leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, nausea and vomiting. This lack of
      severe toxicity allowed us to administer the drug on an outpatient basis. The
      response rate and the low toxicity observed in this group of patients are
      encouraging and suggest that intermediate-dose intravenous melphalan is an
      effective and safe second line treatment for patients with multiple myeloma not
      responding to conventional treatment.

PMID- 2924886
TI  - Translocation (1;5)(q23;q33) in adult acute non-lymphocytic leukemia.
AB  - Chromosome banding studies carried out on bone marrow cells from a 57-year-old
      white caucasian male with an M1 acute non-lymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) revealed an
      unbalanced translocation involving chromosomes 1 and 5 [der(5)t(1;5)(q23;q33)] as
      part of complex abnormalities in 76% of the cells analyzed. This chromosomal
      abnormality is the first to be reported in an adult patient with acute non
      lymphocytic leukemia. A review of previous reports on translocations involving
      the juxtaposition of the 1q23----qter DNA segment to other chromosomes suggests
      that this new translocation may be specifically involved with abnormal myeloid
      proliferation.

PMID- 2924887
TI  - The splenomegaly of myeloproliferative disorders: effects on blood volume and red
      blood count.
AB  - By means of a scintigraphic method for estimation of spleen size, the
      relationship was studied between spleen size and anaemia, total blood volume and
      red cell volume in patients with myeloproliferative disorders. There was
      significant correlation between spleen size and Hb, RBC and PCV in myelofibrosis.
      The size of the enlarged spleen did not, however, correlate with the degree of
      anaemia in the leukaemias. There was positive correlation between spleen size and
      red cell volume in these conditions. It was not possible to evaluate the severity
      of polycythaemia from spleen size and the degree of enlargement of the spleen
      does not appear to be a reliable parameter for staging and deciding on treatment
      in patients with PPP.

PMID- 2924888
TI  - Reevaluation of the prognostic factors for splenectomy in chronic idiopathic
      thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP): a report on 181 cases.
AB  - From 1973 to 1986 we splenectomized 181 patients with chronic ITP after platelet
      kinetic studies with 51Cr or 111In. Mean age at diagnosis was 34 (range 4-79 yr).
      Follow-up of at least 1 yr after splenectomy was available in every patient. 141
      patients (78%) achieved remission (platelets greater than 100 x 10(9)/l by 3
      months after splenectomy), of whom 9 subsequently relapsed. Among the 40 non
      responders at 3 months, 3 achieved a later remission spontaneously. Factors
      associated with response to splenectomy included a high post-operative platelet
      count (p = 0.0001), younger age at the time of surgery (p = 0.0077) and
      predominantly splenic sequestration of platelets (p = 0.0002), the two latter
      factors being partially correlated. In a multivariate analysis, however, only
      post-operative platelet count and age retained an independent prognostic
      significance, whereas the sequestration site of platelets had only borderline
      value. These results are discussed in the context of indications of platelet
      kinetic studies in chronic ITP, before splenectomy is considered.

PMID- 2924889
TI  - Treatment of multiple myeloma with carboquone-prednisolone.
AB  - 18 previously untreated patients with multiple myeloma were entered in a clinical
      study of a combination chemotherapy, carboquone (CQ) and prednisolone (P) (CQ-P).
      Response was observed in 44% of patients treated with CQ-P judged by the criteria
      for response to chemotherapy. The median survival time was 33 months. Serious
      toxic reactions seldom occurred. The results suggest that the combination of CQ-P
      has efficacy in the treatment of multiple myeloma and could have a role among
      primary chemotherapeutic regimens for the disease. Further clinical trials should
      be conducted to establish a new drug combination in which CQ is included.

PMID- 2924890
TI  - Isolation and characterization of a tumor necrosis factor binding protein from
      urine.
AB  - Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)/cachectin can produce both beneficial and harmful
      manifestations. Mechanisms may operate to counteract potentially harmful effects
      such as shock and cachexia. The TNF binding protein (TNF-BP), which is found at
      increased levels in serum and urine of patients with chronic renal failure, may
      play such a role. TNF-BP was purified 1,000,000-fold to homogeneity from urine of
      patients with chronic renal failure by use of ion exchange chromatography,
      affinity chromatography on TNF-Sepharose and reverse phase chromatography. The
      purified protein contained only one chain with an apparent Mr on sodium dodecyl
      sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of 30,000. The aminoterminal amino
      acid sequence D-S-V-X-P-Q-G-K-Y-I-H-P-Q-V-N-S-I-X-K-T revealed no significant
      homologies with previously described protein sequences. TNF-BP may act as a
      regulator of the bioactivities of TNF/cachectin.

PMID- 2924891
TI  - Acute transformation of chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia: a multivariate study of
      predictive factors.
AB  - In an attempt to determine the possible predictive value of the main clinical and
      haematological initial features of chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia (CMML) on the
      evolution to acute leukaemia, as well as the real impact of such an event on
      survival, 35 such patients were submitted to multiple regression analyses. At the
      time of the study 30 out of the 35 patients had died, with a median survival of
      8.2 months for the whole series. 12 patients (34%) developed acute leukaemia,
      between 1.5 and 42.1 months from diagnosis of CMML, the actuarial median time of
      acute transformation being 29.4 months. The initial bone marrow blast cell
      percentage was the only factor influencing the development of acute leukaemia. On
      the other hand, the multivariate survival study showed that acute transformation
      introduced in the model as a time-dependent variable had a clear-cut unfavourable
      influence on the outcome of CMML patients, as did palpable spleen, advanced age
      and marked monocytosis.

PMID- 2924893
TI  - Relation between occupational exposure to organic solvents and chromosome
      aberrations in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
AB  - Chromosome analysis of lymphoma cells was performed in 54 untreated patients with
      non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). 10 patients had a history of daily occupational
      handling of organic solvents for at least 1 year (exposed group) and 44 patients
      had never (or only for shorter periods) worked with solvents (unexposed group).
      There were no differences between exposed and unexposed patients regarding age,
      clinical stage or histologic malignancy grade. The patients were assigned to
      three categories: Patients with 0-4, 5-9, or greater than or equal to 10
      cytogenetic events producing clonal aberrations of the lymphoma cells. The
      proportions of exposed patients in these categories were 2/26 (8%), 5/20 (25%)
      and 3/8 (38%); respectively, i.e. with increasing numbers of events there was an
      increasing probability of previous exposure to solvents (p = 0.035, trend
      analysis). 5 of 7 exposed patients (71%) with intermediate or high-grade
      lymphomas displayed translocations involving the band 14q32. Such 14q+ markers
      were found in only 5 out of 28 unexposed patients (18%) with lymphomas of
      comparable malignancy grade (p = 0.01). Among unexposed patients with
      intermediate or high-grade lymphoma the most common clonal aberration was 6q-
      which occurred in 10 out of 28 patients (36%). This abnormality was not observed
      in the exposed patients with lymphomas of corresponding malignancy grades (p =
      0.08). It thus appears that the number of clonal chromosome aberrations is
      especially large in NHL patients with a history of occupational exposure to
      organic solvents. Moreover, such exposure may be associated with characteristic
      cytogenetic changes in the lymphoma cells.

PMID- 2924892
TI  - Sialyltransferase activity and sialic acid levels in multiple myeloma and
      monoclonal gammopathy.
AB  - A significant elevation of peripheral blood mononuclear cell sialyltransferase
      activity (STA) was observed in 14 patients with multiple myeloma (MM), and
      compared to 7 patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance
      (MGUS) and to 10 controls. Serum sialyltransferase was significant higher in MM
      patients as compared to controls. It was also higher than in MGUS patients, but
      the difference here was not statistically significant. STA was also determined in
      mononuclear bone marrow cells of 5 patients with MM (with 50 to 100% plasma cells
      in the bone marrow aspirate) and found to be 19 times higher than that of bone
      marrow mononuclear cells from 6 patients with non-malignant disorders (with less
      than 1% plasma cells in the bone marrow aspirate). No significant differences
      were observed in peripheral blood mononuclear cell sialic acid levels between MM,
      MGUS and controls.

PMID- 2924894
TI  - Comparative evaluation of normal human hematopoietic progenitors in adult blood,
      cord blood and bone marrow.

PMID- 2924895
TI  - Erythropoiesis of complement-sensitive cells in a PNH patients with iron
      deficiency anemia during iron therapy.

PMID- 2924896
TI  - Macroscopic hematuria in a hemoglobin-S heterozygote with a concomitant
      chromosome with triple alpha loci: a possible pathophysiologic mechanism.

PMID- 2924897
TI  - CSF fibronectin in Burkitt's lymphoma: an early marker for CNS involvement.

PMID- 2924898
TI  - Simultaneous presentation of relapsing non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and Hodgkin's
      disease.

PMID- 2924899
TI  - Distribution of HLA genotypes in sibs of patients with acute lymphoblastic
      leukemia.

PMID- 2924900
TI  - Soluble, nitrate/nitrite-inducible cytochrome P-450 of the fungus, Fusarium
      oxysporum.
AB  - Both soluble and microsomal fractions of Fusarium oxysporum contain cytochrome P
      450(P-450). We report here that the P-450 in the soluble fraction was induced
      only when nitrate or nitrite was added to the growth medium, whereas the
      microsomal P-450 was synthesized regardless of the medium compositions. The
      reduced-CO complex of the soluble P-450 exhibited an absorption spectrum that is
      different from that of the microsomal counterpart. These results indicate that
      the soluble P-450 is distinct from the microsomal species and suggest a novel
      function for the former P-450.

PMID- 2924901
TI  - Halobacterial flagellins are encoded by a multigene family. Identification of all
      five gene products.
AB  - Flagellins of Halobacterium halobium are encoded in five different but homologous
      genes. Flagellins isolated from purified flagella were digested and the resulting
      peptides sequenced. The amino acid sequence data obtained prove that all five
      gene products are expressed and integrated into the flagellar bundle.

PMID- 2924902
TI  - Identification of a neurite outgrowth-promoting domain of laminin using synthetic
      peptides.
AB  - We have identified a synthetic peptide derived from the B2-chain of mouse
      laminin, Arg-Asn-Ile-Ala-Glu-Ile-Ile-Lys-Asp-Ile (p20), which stimulates the
      neurite outgrowth-promoting activity of the native molecule. In organotypic
      cultures, neurons from newborn mouse brain or embryonic peripheral nervous system
      responded by extensive neurite outgrowth for native laminin or the peptide p20 in
      the culture medium. If rat cerebellar neurons were grown on laminin, 1-5 microM
      (1-5 micrograms/ml) of peptide p20 in the culture medium competed with laminin
      and inhibited neuronal attachment and neurite outgrowth, whereas higher
      concentrations (greater than 50 microM; greater than 50 micrograms/ml) had a
      specific neurotoxic effect. When peptide p20 was used as the culture substratum,
      neurite outgrowth in cerebellar cultures was up to 60% of that seen on native
      laminin. Our results indicate that a neurite outgrowth-promoting domain of
      laminin is located in the alpha-helical region of the B2-chain, and is active for
      both central and peripheral neurons.

PMID- 2924903
TI  - Comparison of partial amino acid sequences of two protamine 2 variants from
      stallion sperm. Structural evidence that the variants are products of different
      genes.
AB  - Protamine 1 and two protamine 2 variants were isolated from stallion sperm and
      separated by acetic acid-urea gel electrophoresis. After electroblotting onto
      polyvinyldifluoride filters, their amino-terminal amino acid sequences were
      determined by pulse-liquid peptide sequencing. The sequences of the two protamine
      2 variants are homologous but slightly different in length and amino acid
      composition and indicate for the first time the existence of two different genes
      for this protamine species.

PMID- 2924904
TI  - Evidence for two closely related isozymes of arylamine N-acetyltransferase in
      human liver.
AB  - Acetyl CoA-dependent arylamine N-acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.5) is the target of
      a genetic polymorphism in the metabolism of drugs and carcinogens. N
      Acetyltransferase was purified 1000-fold from cytosol of human liver and its
      identity was verified by amino acid sequence homology of two of its tryptic
      peptides with published rabbit and chicken N-acetyltransferase sequences. Enzyme
      activity correlated with the presence of two proteins, NAT-1 and NAT-2, with
      indistinguishable molecular masses (31 kDa). NAT-1 and NAT-2 could be separated
      by anion-exchange chromatography and were functionally distinguished by their
      different apparent affinities for the acceptor amine sulfamethazine (SMZ).
      Antibodies raised against NAT-1 were able to recognize both isozymes on Western
      blots.

PMID- 2924905
TI  - Weak interaction of spectrin with phosphatidylcholine-phosphatidylserine
      multilayers: a 2H and 31P NMR study.
AB  - Spectrin from human erythrocytes binds to bilayer dispersions of both DMPC and
      DMPS:DMPC (1:1, w/w). However, no effect of bound spectrin on the conformation of
      the lipid head groups, as measured from the deuterium quadrupolar splittings of
      DMPC or DMPS specifically deuterated in the polar head groups, was detected in
      1:1 mixtures of the two lipids containing either deuterated DMPC or DMPS. Neither
      the phase transition of the DMPS:DMPC mixtures, nor the spin-lattice relaxation
      time (T1) of the deuterated DMPS head group, was affected by spectrin. These
      results argue against any strong interaction of spectrin with phosphatidylserine
      and rule out the possibility that spectrin is responsible for the maintenance of
      PS in the inner monolayer of the erythrocyte membrane during the whole life-span
      of this cell.

PMID- 2924906
TI  - Competition between Li+ and Mg2+ for ATP in human erythrocytes. A 31P NMR and
      optical spectroscopy study.
AB  - We have investigated the influence of Li+ on free intracellular Mg2+
      concentration in human erythrocytes by 31P NMR and optical absorbance
      spectroscopies. In red cells loaded with 3 mM intracellular Li+, the chemical
      shift separation between the alpha- and beta-phosphate resonances of MgATP2- was
      approx. 0.9 ppm larger than that observed in Li+-free red cells. By analyzing the
      interaction of each red cell component with Mg2+ and Li+, we found that Mg2+ is
      displaced in part from MgATP2- upon addition of Li+ and that the released Mg2+ is
      bound to the red cell membrane causing an overall decrease in free intracellular
      Mg2+ concentration.

PMID- 2924907
TI  - The enzymes of the classical pentose phosphate pathway display differential
      activities in procyclic and bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei.
AB  - The specific activities of each of the enzymes of the classical pentose phosphate
      pathway have been determined in both cultured procyclic and bloodstream forms of
      Trypanosoma brucei. Both forms contained glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC
      1.1.1.49), 6-phosphogluconolactonase (EC 3.1.1.31), 6-phosphogluconate
      dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.44), ribose-5-phosphate isomerase (EC 5.3.1.6) and
      transaldolase (EC 2.2.1.2). However, ribulose-5-phosphate 3'-epimerase (EC
      5.1.3.1) and transketolase (EC 2.2.1.1) activities were detectable only in
      procyclic forms. These results clearly demonstrate that both forms of T. brucei
      can metabolize glucose via the oxidative segment of the classical pentose
      phosphate pathway in order to produce D-ribose-5-phosphate for the synthesis of
      nucleic acids and reduced NADP for other synthetic reactions. However, only
      procyclic forms are capable of using the non-oxidative segment of the classical
      pentose phosphate pathway to cycle carbon between pentose and hexose phosphates
      in order to produce D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate as a net product of the pathway.
      Both forms lack the key gluconeogenic enzyme, fructose-bisphosphatase (EC
      3.1.3.11). Consequently, neither form should be able to engage in gluconeogenesis
      nor should procyclic forms be able to return any of the glyceraldehyde 3
      phosphate produced in the pentose phosphate pathway to glucose 6-phosphate. This
      last specific metabolic arrangement and the restriction of all but the terminal
      steps of glycolysis to the glycosome may be the observations required to explain
      the presence of distinct cytosolic and glycosomal isoenzymes of glyceraldehyde-3
      phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoglycerate kinase. These same observations also
      may provide the basis for explaining the presence of cytosolic hexokinase and
      phosphoglucose isomerase without the presence of any cytosolic
      phosphofructokinase activity. The key enzymes of the Entner-Doudoroff pathway, 6
      phosphogluconate dehydratase (EC 4.2.1.12) and 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate
      aldolase (EC 4.1.2.14) were not detected in either procyclic or bloodstream forms
      of T. brucei.

PMID- 2924909
TI  - Influenza neuraminidase is delivered directly to the apical surface of MDCK cell
      monolayers.
AB  - The aim of this study was to investigate whether influenza neuraminidase travels
      directly from the Golgi complex to the apical domain of the plasma membrane in
      virally infected epithelial (MDCK) cell monolayers, or whether it passes
      transiently through the basolateral domain. Using a new assay for the delivery of
      neuraminidase to the plasma membrane, we found that the time course of transport
      of this protein from the Golgi complex to the apical surface of MDCK cell
      monolayers was very similar to that for influenza haemagglutinin, which is known
      to be delivered directly to its destination. In addition, a similar time course
      of neuraminidase transport was found in BHK cells, which are not asymmetric and
      in which delivery must therefore be direct. Finally, basolateral exposure of MDCK
      cell monolayers grown on nitrocellulose filters to an anti-neuraminidase antibody
      was shown to have no effect on the delivery of active neuraminidase to the apical
      surface. We conclude from these results that neuraminidase, like haemagglutinin,
      is delivered directly to the apical surface.

PMID- 2924908
TI  - Parallel stranded DNA with AT base pairing.
AB  - The concentration and temperature dependences of the UV and CD spectra of the
      oligonucleotide 3'-d(ApTpApTpApTpApTpApTp)-O(CH2)6O-5'-d(pApTpApTpApTpApT pApT)
      (eicosamer) in aqueous solution at pH 7 in the presence of 0.5 M NaCl were
      studied. At less than 10(-6) M, the eicosamer was shown to form in solution a
      hairpin with parallel orientation of chains (parallel hairpin). From thermal
      denaturation profiles [A260(T)] the thermodynamic parameters, delta H degrees,
      delta S degrees and Tm for parallel hairpin formation were calculated to be -90
      +/- 8 kJ/mol. -300 +/- 20 J.mol-1.K-1 and 40.5 degrees C, respectively. The CD
      spectra of the parallel double helix differed from those of B-form DNA and had
      characteristic features: decreasing magnitude of the positive maximum at 265 nm
      and a negative peak at 285 nm.

PMID- 2924910
TI  - Enhanced levels of cathepsin B mRNA in murine tumors.
AB  - Relative amounts of mRNA for cathepsin B were measured in normal murine liver and
      three murine tumors, an invasive liver tumor (hepatoma, Hepa cl 9) and two
      melanoma variants (B16-F1 and B16 amelanotic melanoma, B16a). Using a human cDNA
      to the cathepsin B coding region as a hybridization probe, we detected two
      species of cathepsin B specific RNA transcripts (2.2 and 4.1 kb) in total RNA
      preparations of all four tissues. The concentrations of the 2.2 and 4.1 kb
      species were 3.6 and 2.7-fold greater in the highly metastatic B16a melanoma than
      in normal liver. The concentration of the 2.2 kb species in the invasive hepatoma
      was 1.7-fold greater than in normal liver. The increased levels of the 2.2 kb
      message were reflected in increases in activity of cathepsin B in both Hepa cl 9
      and B16a.

PMID- 2924911
TI  - Genetic transformation of mouse cultured cells with the help of high-velocity
      mechanical DNA injection.
AB  - NIH 3T3 mouse cells were transfected by the plasmid pSV3neo (G418-resistant) with
      the help of high-velocity mechanical DNA injection based on the principle of
      bombarding cells with tungsten particles covered with the DNA. Stable
      transformants were obtained. Dot-hybridization and Southern analysis revealed the
      integration into the genome of 5-20 copies per cell of original plasmid DNA. The
      plasmid DNA was shown to have tandem organization.

PMID- 2924912
TI  - Structural basis for the high activation energy of spectrin self-association.
AB  - The association of spectrin hetero-dimer (alpha beta) to the tetramer (alpha 2
      beta 2, which predominates in the cell) is marked by an exceptionally high
      activation energy, so that the reaction does not proceed measurably in the cold.
      We have tested the hypothesis that this is due to intra-dimer association between
      the alpha- and beta-chain ends, which must be broken before tetramers can form.
      Two mutant univalent spectrins with association defects at the alpha and beta
      ends, respectively, and incapable therefore of intra-dimer bonding, were found to
      associate rapidly with one another at 4 degrees C. The bimolecular rate constant
      is greater than for the association of normal dimers by 6 orders of magnitude.

PMID- 2924913
TI  - Interaction of the pore forming-peptide antibiotics Pep 5, nisin and subtilin
      with non-energized liposomes.
AB  - The cationic peptide antibiotics Pep 5, nisin and subtilin depolarize bacterial
      and artificial membranes by formation of voltage-dependent multi-state pores.
      Studies with non-energized liposomes indicated that the peptides do not span the
      membrane in the absence of a membrane potential. The effects of Pep 5 and nisin
      on neutral membranes, as studied by membrane fluidity, phase transition points
      and carboxyfluorescein efflux, were small compared to melittin. Acidic liposomes
      were affected more strongly, indicative of primarily electrostatic interactions
      with phospholipid head groups. Subtilin may slightly enter the hydrophobic core
      as suggested by tryptophan fluorescence quenching and liposome fusion
      experiments.

PMID- 2924914
TI  - Cellular distribution of cholesterogenesis-linked, phosphoisoprenylated proteins
      in proliferating cells.
AB  - A set of isoprenylated proteins has been detected in rapidly proliferating,
      suspension-grown murine lymphoma cells. Our evidence indicates that all of these
      isoprenylated proteins are phosphorylated. Subsequent to a 24 h incubation with
      mevinolin to deplete the intracellular mevalonate (MVA) level, cells were
      incubated with [3H]MVA and/or 32Pi and both total cell and subcellular fraction
      proteins were resolved via 1- and 2-D gel electrophoresis, then assessed via
      subsequent autoradiography. The phospho-isoprenylated proteins comprise a set
      spanning a molecular mass range of 21-69 kDa and all dispay acidic pI. MVA
      derivatized proteins of 21-24 kDa, which consist of multiple isoforms, are
      present in both cytosolic and nuclear fractions. Larger phospho-isoprenylated
      protein species (44-69 kDa) are specifically localized within the nucleus, where
      applicable extraction protocols indicate that they are part of or closely
      affiliated with the nuclear matrix-intermediate filament (NM-IF) components. The
      localization of the 69 kDa prenylated species within the NM-IF fraction, together
      with evidence of its phosphorylation, supports recent indications that this
      protein is the nuclear matrix component lamin B.

PMID- 2924915
TI  - Evidence for the appearance of a reticulocyte population low in lipoxygenase mRNA
      during the recovery from a phenylhydrazine-induced anemia in rabbits.
AB  - It is shown that during recovery from a phenylhydrazine-induced anemia in rabbits
      a selective decrease in lipoxygenase mRNA takes place with a corresponding shut
      off of the synthesis of the enzyme. It is suggested that a new population,
      'recovery'-reticulocytes, makes its appearance in the peripheral blood. Their
      cells are more mature than the stress macroreticulocytes. A cell-free system
      prepared from the recovery-reticulocytes exhibits low endogenous synthesis of non
      globin polypeptides, even without nuclease treatment, but retains full capacity
      to be stimulated by exogenous mRNA.

PMID- 2924916
TI  - DNA polymerase alpha-DNA primase from human placenta. Immunoaffinity purification
      and preliminary characterization.
AB  - Highly purified DNA polymerase alpha-DNA primase from normal human tissue (human
      placenta) has been prepared by immunoaffinity purification on immobilized anti
      human DNA polymerase alpha monoclonal antibody SJK 287-38. According to data from
      SDS electrophoresis this preparation consists of subunits of 180, 160, 145, 140
      kDa (a cluster of DNA-polymerizing subunits), 73 kDa (function unknown) and 59,
      52 kDa (corresponding to primase). Three active enzyme forms of 270, 460 and 575
      kDa have been revealed using native electrophoresis followed by detection of DNA
      polymerase activity.

PMID- 2924917
TI  - Modelling basic features of specificity in DNA-aureolic acid-derived antibiotic
      interactions.
AB  - The nonintercalative groove binding of a simplified model of olivomycin, to
      sequences d(CGCGCGC)2, d(TATATAT)2, and d(CICICIC)2 is investigated. A
      significant preference is displayed for the minor groove of the d(CG) sequence.
      This is due predominantly to the formation of H-bonds between the hydroxyl groups
      on the aglycone of the drug and the 2-amino group of the central guanine of the
      oligonucleotide.

PMID- 2924918
TI  - A phorbol ester and a daphnane ester stimulate a calcium-independent kinase
      activity from human mononuclear cells.
AB  - TPA and a non-promoting, pro-inflammatory ester RX were used to stimulate the
      forms of PKC isolated from human mononuclear cells. Three peaks of kinase
      activity corresponding to gamma, beta and alpha PKC were stimulated by TPA in the
      presence and absence of calcium and/or phosphatidylserine (PS) but were not
      activated by RX. A fourth peak eluted at high phosphate concentration was
      activated by TPA and RX in the presence of PS and the absence of calcium.
      Activity in this fraction was labile to freezing and thawing and was inhibited by
      staurosporine.

PMID- 2924919
TI  - Prothymosin alpha is a nuclear protein.
AB  - The cellular location of the so-called 'thymic hormone' prothymosin alpha has
      been studied by microinjection into the cytoplasm of Xenopus oocytes, followed by
      separate monitoring of nuclear and cytoplasmic concentrations. It is shown that
      prothymosin alpha migrates to the nucleus at a rate comparable to that of histone
      H1. Prothymosin alpha cannot therefore be a hormone in the usual sense of the
      word.

PMID- 2924920
TI  - The human 32-kDa stress protein induced by exposure to arsenite and cadmium ions
      is heme oxygenase.
AB  - Exposure of HeLa and HL60 cells to sodium arsenite or cadmium chloride led to
      marked increases in cellular heme oxygenase activity. SDS-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis of [35S]methionine-labeled cellular proteins indicated that these
      treatments also resulted in the induction of a 32-kDa protein. Immunoblot
      analysis further showed that the 32-kDa protein reacted with anti-bovine heme
      oxygenase antibodies. Treatment of the cells with cobaltic chloride or heat
      induced neither the 32-kDa protein nor heme oxygenase activity. It is concluded
      that the 32-kDa stress protein induced by arsenite and cadmium ions in these
      human cells is heme oxygenase.

PMID- 2924921
TI  - Mode of binding of E-64-c, a potent thiol protease inhibitor, to papain as
      determined by X-ray crystal analysis of the complex.
AB  - The three-dimensional structure of the E-64-c-papain complex has been determined
      by X-ray crystal analysis at 2.5 A resolution (conventional R = 26.9%). The
      structure determined indicates that: (i) the C2 atom of the oxirane ring of E-64
      c is covalently bound by the S gamma atom of Cys-25 of papain; (ii) this covalent
      bond formation results in a configurational conversion of the oxirane C2 atom
      from the S- to the R-form; and (iii) extensive hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic
      interactions are responsible for the specific interaction of the E-64-c molecule
      with papain.

PMID- 2924922
TI  - Electrostimulation-induced increases in fatty acid-binding protein and myoglobin
      in rat fast-twitch muscle and comparison with tissue levels in heart.
AB  - Chronic stimulation of rat fast-twitch muscle increased the content of both fatty
      acid-binding protein (FABP) and myoglobin. The increases in FABP, which reached
      values close to that of cardiac muscle, exceeded those in myoglobin and those in
      citrate synthase and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase activities.

PMID- 2924924
TI  - Selective inhibition of photosystem II in spinach by tobacco mosaic virus: an
      effect of the viral coat protein.
AB  - Leaves of Spinacia oleracea inoculated with tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) strain
      PV230 develop mild chlorotic and mosaic symptoms of infection. Thylakoid
      membranes isolated from these infected leaves showed a reduced Fv/Fm ratio for
      chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics, at 25 degrees C. The photosystem II (PS II)
      mediated electron-transport rate was inhibited 50%, whereas PS I activity was
      unaffected by virus infection. Protein analysis indicated that TMV coat protein
      was associated with thylakoids, in particular with the PS II fraction. The
      results demonstrate that TMV-infected S. oleracea shows inhibition of
      photosynthetic electron transport through PS II. We propose that the inhibition
      of photosynthetic activity results from the association of viral coat protein
      with the PS II complex.

PMID- 2924923
TI  - Isolation and reconstitution of the high-affinity choline carrier.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies, which block the high-affinity uptake of choline in
      synaptosomal ghosts, have been used to purify a membrane polypeptide (80 kDa)
      from insect synaptosomal membranes. This isolated protein was found to catalyse
      the sodium-dependent, hemicholinium-sensitive accumulation of choline after
      reconstitution into liposomes, thus, apparently represents the high-affinity
      choline transporter.

PMID- 2924925
TI  - Effect of acidosis on Ca2+ sensitivity of skinned cardiac muscle with troponin C
      exchange. Implications for myocardial ischemia.
AB  - By using a novel approach for the study of the effects of pH variation in skinned
      myocardium, the present experiments were aimed to provide new insights into the
      mechanism of ischemia. Ca2+ sensitivity is decreased by acid pH, but the effect
      is more than double in cardiac myofilaments than that in fast-twitch skeletal
      muscle fibers. With the technique of troponin C exchange in myocytes, we find
      here that the effect of pH is the same with cardiac or skeletal troponin C. These
      results rule out a direct H+-Ca2+ competition on the Ca2+-binding sites of
      troponin C as a significant mechanism of ischemia. The findings provide
      conclusive evidence in favor of the idea that acidosis modulates the protein
      protein interactions in the regulatory complex in cardiac muscle.

PMID- 2924926
TI  - Amino acid sequence of locust neuroparsins.
AB  - Neuroparsins A and B were isolated from the nervous part of the corpus cardiaca
      of Locusta migratoria via a two-step purification procedure. Both consist of two
      polypeptide chains linked by disulfide bridges. The N-terminal sequence of both
      native neuroparsins was determined: the N-terminal end of neuroparsin B was
      unique while that of neuroparsin A showed three different sequences. These
      sequences were that of neuroparsin B and two others having five and two extra N
      terminal residues. Neuroparsin B was found as a homodimer and the complete
      sequence of the monomer, determined from peptide fragments generated by treatment
      with cyanogen bromide and endoprotease Glu-C, comprises 78 residues.

PMID- 2924927
TI  - Assisted reproduction: registration vis-a-vis regulation.

PMID- 2924928
TI  - The incidence of luteal phase defect in normal, fertile women, determined by
      serial endometrial biopsies.
AB  - Five regularly menstruating women of proven fertility, with normal prolactin and
      thyroid function studies, underwent a total of 39 endometrial biopsies (EMBs).
      The slides were dated in blinded fashion, and the cycle date determined by
      considering the date of the next menstrual period as day 28 and counting
      backward. Using a 2-day or greater lag in endometrial maturity to define a luteal
      phase defect (LPD), the incidence of single and sequential out-of-phase EMBs was
      51.4% and 26.7%, respectively. Using a 3-day or greater lag to define a LPD, the
      incidence of single and sequential out-of-phase EMBs was 31.4% and 6.6%,
      respectively. These incidences in normal, fertile women are as high as the rates
      quoted for infertile populations, and call into question the standard criteria
      for defining this condition and evaluating therapies to correct it.

PMID- 2924929
TI  - Twenty-four-hour progesterone and luteinizing hormone profiles in the midluteal
      phase of the infertile patient: correlation with other indicators of luteal phase
      insufficiency.
AB  - The authors have further analyzed women diagnosed as having luteal phase
      insufficiency in hope of determining the value of specific screening tests as
      well as determining the degree of heterogeneity of pathophysiologic mechanisms
      involved in the disorder. Twelve women with the disorder were identified, 6 with
      two consecutive midluteal serum progesterone (P) levels less than 10 ng/ml (group
      1) and 6 with two consecutive late luteal phase endometrial biopsies out of phase
      (group 2); 4 infertile women with normal serum P and late luteal biopsies also
      were studied (group 3). All underwent serum sampling for P and luteinizing
      hormone (LH) at 20-minute intervals for 24 hours, beginning at 9:00 A.M. of day 7
      post-LH surge. No significant differences were noted among the three groups for
      LH area under the curve, pulse frequency, or pulse amplitude. Furthermore, no
      differences were ascertained for P area under the curve. However, individuals
      were identified who had one or more hormonal abnormalities but no abnormal
      biopsy, as well as patients with normal hormonal profiles but having abnormal
      endometrial development. Receiver Operating Characteristic curves demonstrated
      that pooled morning serum P levels provided optimal predictive ability of biopsy
      results. The authors conclude that luteal phase insufficiency is a heterogeneous
      disorder, and that neither endometrial biopsy nor serum hormonal analysis
      obviates the need for the other.

PMID- 2924930
TI  - Decreasing serum levels of sex hormone-binding globulin around the menopause and
      temporary relation to changing levels of ovarian steroids, as demonstrated in a
      longitudinal study.
AB  - Blood samples collected longitudinally in 17 women over a period of 3 years,
      starting 11/2 years before the menopause, were assessed for sex hormone-binding
      globulin (SHBG), 17 beta-estradiol (E2), progesterone, and total testosterone. A
      slight (7.2%) decrease in mean SHBG from 4.25 +/- 1.67 (standard deviation) mg/l
      to 3.95 +/- 1.61 mg/l was observed within the 6-month period encompassing the
      menopause. More specifically, the decrease appeared to commence at the menopause
      and to become clearly significant (P = 0.01) some 2 to 6 months later. During the
      subsequent year, a further decrease to 3.64 +/- 1.42 mg/l was observed, amounting
      to a total decrease in mean SHBG by 14.4% (P less than 0.001). Of the hormones,
      only E2 exhibited a marked decrease (P less than 0.01) within this same 6-month
      period. The changes in SHBG during the 6-month transition period from
      premenopause to postmenopause correlated significantly (P = 0.013) only with
      those of E2. It is concluded that decreasing E2 levels appear to play a
      significant role in the downward modulation of SHBG levels commencing at the
      menopause.

PMID- 2924931
TI  - Outcome in 242 in vitro fertilization-embryo replacement or gamete intrafallopian
      transfer-induced pregnancies.
AB  - Two centers combined data on 152 in vitro fertilization embryo replacement and 90
      gamete intrafallopian transfer generated pregnancies. The outcomes of the
      pregnancies with respect to abortion, ectopic gestation, and multiple gestation
      were evaluated independently by method and by center. Only with multiple
      gestation by center was a difference seen. Variables examined included estradiol
      levels, luteal phase support, maternal age, and prior reproductive history, and
      the number of eggs or embryos replaced.

PMID- 2924932
TI  - A program for matched, anonymous oocyte donation.
AB  - The authors' program for matched, anonymous oocyte donation has resulted in two
      successful pregnancies among the first eight oocyte recipients. All oocyte
      recipients to date have had ovarian failure or absence with premature ovarian
      failure the most common cause. All recipients were cycled on a program of
      incremental oral micronized estradiol and intramuscular progesterone-in-oil.
      Thirteen candidates for oocyte donation were screened to obtain 8 donors. One
      donor candidate was excluded because of her medical history. The psychological
      screening of 2 of the other donor candidates (who subsequently did not complete
      the donation cycle) revealed a primary motive of financial gain. In general, the
      psychological profiles of donor candidates revealed a high incidence of troubled
      families and either reproductive loss or loss of a parent. Ovarian stimulation of
      the donors followed our standard in vitro fertilization protocol. The recipients'
      exogenous steroid replacement continued until days 97 and 101, respectively, of
      the two gestations. Both pregnancies resulted in the delivery of normal singleton
      males--the first at 40 weeks, the second at 35 weeks.

PMID- 2924933
TI  - Is fresh or frozen semen to be used in in vitro fertilization with donor sperm?
AB  - Sixty-six partners of either severely oligoasthenospermic or azoospermic men were
      treated by in vitro fertilization with donor sperm (IVF-D), usually (86%) after
      failure of artificial insemination with donor sperm. One hundred twenty-nine IVF
      trials were performed with either fresh (59%) or frozen-thawed (41%) donor sperm.
      Characteristics of sperm preparations were significantly lower in the frozen
      thawed group (P less than 0.001). In the latter group, fertilization rates had
      slightly decreased (but without statistical significance); embryonic vitality
      scores and cryopreservable spare embryos had significantly decreased (P less than
      0.05). However, cumulative ongoing pregnancy rates were strictly equivalent in
      both groups (40% after three trials). Frozen-thawed sperm thus can be substituted
      for fresh donor sperm without entailing impairment of the outcome of IVF, and
      this method must be preferred for its greater safety regarding transmission of
      human immunodeficiency virus.

PMID- 2924934
TI  - Hemizona assay: assessment of sperm dysfunction and prediction of in vitro
      fertilization outcome.
AB  - The hemizona assay (HZA) was used in a prospective, blinded study to assess the
      relationship between tight sperm binding in the HZA and sperm fertilizing ability
      in in vitro fertilization (IVF). In each controlled assay, the authors compared
      sperm binding of proven fertile men with that of patients undergoing IVF. Human
      oocytes stored in a salt solution were used in the study, and binding results
      were correlated with the fertilization rate of preovulatory oocytes during IVF.
      Patients with poor fertilization rates in IVF had significantly lower binding
      than those cases with successful fertilization (7.3 +/- 1.4 versus 62.1 +/- 10.9,
      respectively; mean +/- standard error, P less than 0.02). Based on current
      standards, the HZA was able to predict fertilization accurately in 26 of 28 cases
      (sensitivity of 83%, specificity of 95%, positive predictive value of 83%). The
      authors conclude that the HZA is a valuable tool for evaluating dysfunctional
      sperm-zona pellucida binding, with good predictive value for fertilization in
      vitro.

PMID- 2924936
TI  - Intrauterine insemination is not useful in oligoasthenospermia.
AB  - A prospective randomized study was conducted in 47 couples with infertility due
      to subnormal semen to compare luteinizing hormone (LH)-timed intrauterine
      insemination with LH-timed natural intercourse. No pregnancy occurred in 114
      cycles of intrauterine insemination with washed sperm. Only one patient conceived
      during 1 of the 124 natural intercourse cycles. The only complication that
      occurred after intrauterine insemination was mild abdominal cramp in 3 cycles.
      The authors conclude that intrauterine insemination is not useful in the
      management of subfertility due to oligoasthenospermia.

PMID- 2924935
TI  - Cell-free human amniotic fluid as culture medium for mouse and human embryos.
AB  - Differences between murine and human preimplantation embryonic growth in cell
      free human amniotic fluid and medium F-10 supplemented with human fetal cord
      serum were assessed. Two-cell mouse embryos cultured in human amniotic fluid
      developed more consistently to the expanded blastocyst stage than those cultured
      in F-10. No significant difference in human preimplantation embryo cleavage was
      observed between the two culture conditions. However, amniotic fluid was
      significantly worse than F-10 + human serum in its ability to maintain embryos
      that could establish pregnancy after transfer.

PMID- 2924937
TI  - Human sperm selection by glass wool filtration and two-layer, discontinuous
      Percoll gradient centrifugation.
AB  - Glass wool filtration and two-layer, discontinuous Percoll (Pharmacia, Uppsala,
      Sweden) density gradient centrifugation resulted in an average recovery of 50% to
      70% of the progressively motile and about 50% of the hypoosmotic swelling (HOS)
      positive spermatozoa. Glass wool filtration tended to be more successful than
      Percoll centrifugation when the ejaculates were asthenozoospermic or produced a
      suspect/abnormal HOS test. After selection, the acrosin activity increased
      approximately two- to threefold, but no significant improvement in the percentage
      of normal sperm forms occurred. Experiments with mixtures of untreated and frozen
      thawed ejaculates confirmed that glass wool filtration is more effective in
      removing nonmotile and HOS-negative spermatozoa than the two-layer Percoll
      centrifugation technique when the percentage of these types of spermatozoa in the
      ejaculate is high. The simplicity of these techniques and the good recovery of
      apparently viable spermatozoa makes these methods more desirable than other, more
      complicated techniques or procedures that yield a lower recovery of motile
      spermatozoa.

PMID- 2924938
TI  - A zona opening procedure for improving in vitro fertilization at low sperm
      concentrations: a mouse model.
AB  - Micromanipulation was used for creating a small opening in the zona pellucida
      without damaging the ooplasm of oocytes. This was applied in mouse in vitro
      fertilization as a model for inseminating oocytes with low sperm concentrations.
      It was found that the opening in the zona did not influence the fertilization
      rate at 10(5) sperm/ml, but when the sperm concentration was decreased to
      10(4)/ml, the oocytes containing the break had a significantly higher
      fertilization rate and blastocyst development, compared with their intact
      controls. The zona cracking procedure did not increase parthenogenetic activation
      nor polyspermic fertilization, although it did promote early hatching of some
      blastocysts. The birthrate of normal offspring was not affected by exposing
      oocytes to the zona opening process.

PMID- 2924939
TI  - Autoantibodies to laminin and other basement membrane proteins in sera from
      monkeys with histories of reproductive failure identified by cultures of whole
      rat embryos.
AB  - Head-fold-stage rat embryos cultured on sera taken from monkeys with histories of
      reproductive failure had an abnormality frequency of 97% compared with only 7% on
      sera taken from monkeys with excellent reproductive histories. For a group of
      these poor reproducers, the toxicity of their sera was associated with the
      immunoglobulin G (IgG) fraction. These IgG fractions bound to Reichert's membrane
      and other basement membranes of the embryo. For one monkey, the IgG specifically
      reacted with a 41 kDa polypeptide of Reichert's membrane, while for two others
      binding was to laminin, type IV collagen, and several other minor polypeptides of
      Reichert's membrane. For serum from one monkey, the toxicity to cultured rat
      embryos was eliminated by absorption with laminin but not type IV collagen.

PMID- 2924940
TI  - Improving penetrating capacity of spermatozoa with poor motility by addition of
      caffeine at coincubation with zona-free hamster ova.

PMID- 2924941
TI  - Effect of nicotine on in vitro human sperm penetrability through cervical mucus
      and motility parameters.
AB  - Nicotine at concentrations found in the cervical mucus of female smokers appeared
      to enhance in vitro human sperm penetrability through ovulatory bovine cervical
      mucus. Sperm motility parameters were not affected by the addition of nicotine to
      semen samples incubated with BWW medium. Overall, these results suggest that a
      direct inhibitory effect of nicotine on sperm penetrability through cervical
      mucus is not responsible for the apparent increase in cervical factor infertility
      present in smoking women.

PMID- 2924942
TI  - Combined intrauterine and cervical pregnancy from in vitro fertilization and
      embryo transfer.

PMID- 2924943
TI  - Delivery of twins to a woman with surgically induced menopause after oocyte
      donation by the sister and cryopreservation of the conceptuses.

PMID- 2924944
TI  - Conception through a cervicovaginal fistula.

PMID- 2924945
TI  - Local reaction to progesterone.

PMID- 2924946
TI  - Progesterone for diagnosis of ectopic.

PMID- 2924947
TI  - Does minimal endometriosis cause infertility?

PMID- 2924948
TI  - [Gouty tophus of the temporomandibular joint].
AB  - A rare case of gouty tophus localized to the temporomandibular joint is reported
      on by which alimentary troubles were caused. Establishment of clinical diagnosis
      was rendered more difficult by lack of gauty anamnesis.

PMID- 2924950
TI  - [Use of the Fistulamat instrument in the preparation of surgical fistulae].
AB  - Describes the Fistulamat instrument designet and used by Sargenti.
      Endotontological cases are listed where the instrument may be used successfully
      and where its employment is counter indicated, respectively.

PMID- 2924949
TI  - [Deciduous incisors with a serrated edge].
AB  - In contrast to the opinion accepted in the literature also the edge of the milk
      incisors can be triple indented. Among 619 milk incisors, examined on infants, 68
      were indented, approximately 11%. Within the group of milk incisors most
      frequently the lower one is indented edge, in about 16%.

PMID- 2924951
TI  - [Ambulatory anesthesia in pediatric dentistry].
AB  - Complex dental care has been performed on 180 mentally retarded children
      difficult to manage in general narcosis. Ketalar (Parke-Davis) employable also
      im. and iv. and its Hungarian counterpart the Calypsol (Kobanyai
      Gyogyszerarugyar), respectively, was employed for narcotics.

PMID- 2924953
TI  - Transesophageal atrial pacing with stress echocardiography.

PMID- 2924954
TI  - Chest tubes at the cemetery.

PMID- 2924952
TI  - [Congenital hypophosphatasia as a possible cause of early loss of deciduous
      teeth].
AB  - The suspicion of congenital hypophosphatasia is frequently raised byte premature
      falling out of milk teeth. The diagnosis is corrobarated by the characteristic
      bone deformities, by the high selection of phosphoetanomalin and by the
      diminished alkaline phosphataze enzyme activity of the serum. The case of a four
      years old boy patient is reported on.

PMID- 2924955
TI  - Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and human immunodeficiency virus testing:
      privacy and confidentiality concerns.

PMID- 2924957
TI  - Understanding and managing myasthenia gravis.

PMID- 2924956
TI  - Potential for infection: a nursing diagnosis for the patient with an indwelling
      catheter.

PMID- 2924958
TI  - Patient self-efficacy: a framework for designing patient education.

PMID- 2924959
TI  - [The role of the heart in rewarming the body of hibernating animals upon
      arousal].
AB  - The heart of ground squirrels is covered by a large amount of brown adipose
      tissue during the whole period of hibernation. During arousal and rewarming of
      heterothermal rodents, the highest temperature is detected in the brown adipose
      tissue and in the heart. During hibernation the heart rate is 10-12/min. On
      arousal, beginning from the early stage when the heart temperature is still low,
      a significant increase in the heart rate occurs followed by acceleration of the
      body rewarming of heterothermal animals.

PMID- 2924960
TI  - [The effect of triiodothyronine and catecholamines on the stability of trace
      effects of cold adaptation in rats].
AB  - The role of three-iodine-thyronine, noradrenaline (NA), adrenaline (A), reserpine
      and propranolol in extinguishing of trace-effects of the long-term cold
      adaptation was studied in rats. A possibility to control the process of the
      temperature disadaptation through administration of different hormonal drugs, was
      shown. Three-iodine-thyronine and NA proved to be the most effective in this
      respect. Weakening of sympathetic-adrenal effects by means of combined reserpine
      and propranolol during the disadaptation accelerated the process of extinguishing
      of practically all the trace-effects of the long-term cold adaptation.

PMID- 2924961
TI  - [The functional value of the dynamic activity of cold receptors of the skin].
AB  - During abrupt cooling the dynamic activity of skin cold receptors is observed
      whereas it is practically absent during slow cooling. The influence of these two
      types of cooling on metabolic and skin blood vessels responses was studied in
      anesthetized rats. Acceleration of the cooling decreased the skin temperature
      threshold for metabolic response while the threshold for skin blood vessels
      constriction increased.

PMID- 2924962
TI  - [Hormonal homeostasis and intraocular pressure in chronic emotional stress caused
      by influences acting on the amygdala].
AB  - Changes in intraocular pressure, eye hydrodynamics and the amount of hypophyseal,
      thyroid, adrenal and pancreatic hormones were studied during continuous
      stimulation of amygdaloid complex or after administration of angiotensin II into
      the structure in rabbits. The effects involved changes in hormonal homeostasis
      and elevation of intraocular pressure due to a hypersecretion of intraocular
      fluid. The administration of angiotensin II during the amygdala stimulation
      enhanced the changes.

PMID- 2924963
TI  - [Interhormonal relations in the dynamics of immune response during
      thyroidectomy].
AB  - Wistar rats were immunized with the sheep erythrocytes (SE) within 18 or 60 days
      after thyroidectomy. The latter led to a sharp drop in concentration of T3, T4
      and to 2-3-fold increase in the TTH level. The SE administration failed to induce
      an increase in the T3, T4 level in operated animals whereas the TTH concentration
      increased. During the inductive period of immunogenesis a reduction occurred in
      the antigen-induced glycocorticoid response and the testosterone level in the
      early period replaced by their increase in later stages after the operation. The
      intensity of antibody production decreased in the early period and increased
      later. The data obtained suggest a participation of these changes of the
      endocrine functions in the mechanisms of thyroidectomy-induced disorders of the
      immune response.

PMID- 2924965
TI  - [Indicators of systemic and regional hemodynamics in alert rats or rats
      anesthetized with nembutal or urethane].

PMID- 2924964
TI  - [Corticosteroid response and indolamine content of the mouse brain under the
      action of a pheromone, disrupting spermatogenesis].
AB  - The volatile components of adult male urine from laboratory mice of CBA/LacSto
      strain inhibited spermatogenesis in CBAB6F1 30-day old mice. There were no
      significant responses in hypothalamic and olfactory bulb indolamine systems,
      neither in the blood corticosterone level of the mice during experimental
      treatment. A prolactin mechanism of the pheromone inhibition of testicular
      function is suggested.

PMID- 2924966
TI  - [Changes in the dopamine level in dialysate from the rat striatum after
      administration of phenamine into the nucleus accumbens].

PMID- 2924967
TI  - [An automatic adapter for the Simonov chamber].

PMID- 2924968
TI  - [Electrochemical phenomena in autoregulatory reactions of the blood vessels].
AB  - Some physiological mechanisms being in the basis of autoregulatory reactions of
      blood vessels have been studied. It has been found that the rise in the
      difference of the potentials of electrochemical origin between inner and exterior
      vessel surfaces during blood movement facilitates to increase the vessel myogenic
      reaction at the intravascular pressure rise, to intensify spontaneous
      bioelectrical activity of smooth muscle cells and hydration of a vascular wall.
      These phenomena are reproduced by the application to a vessel a constant
      potential commensurable with one rising during blood movement.

PMID- 2924969
TI  - [The effect of the opioid peptide dalargin on the regeneration of the rat sciatic
      nerve].
AB  - The effect of synthetic analog of leucine enkephalin hexapeptide dalargin on
      regeneration of peripheral nerves involved an activation of the sensory and motor
      fibers regeneration after transection and microsurgical restoration of the rat
      sciatic nerve. Endogenous opioid peptides seem to take part in the regulation of
      structural homeostasis of the nervous system.

PMID- 2924970
TI  - [Morpho-functional characteristics of erythrocyte redistribution in various
      vascular regions].
AB  - A qualitative differentiation of the blood flow was found to occur at the level
      of aortic arch. Erythrocytes from the carotid artery differ from those of the
      femoral artery by their morphofunctional parameters (surface area, lipoprotein
      contents, sulfhydryl groups, hemoglobin). The data obtained suggest that the
      erythrocytes entering the brain are younger and functionally more active. They
      are supposed to take part in the mechanisms supporting a stable functional
      condition of the brain.

PMID- 2924972
TI  - [The mechanism of lymphodynamics in orthostatic dogs during postnatal
      ontogenesis].
AB  - In acute experiments on anesthetized puppies of one-day to three months of age
      the influence of orthostatic posture (30 degrees) on the lymph flow and arterial
      pressure was studied. One-day old puppies developed an increase in arterial
      pressure whereas older animals developed opposite changes. The lymph flow was
      drastically diminished in orthostatic posture and increased when the animals
      returned to the initial position. The time course and the intensity of the
      alterations in the lymph flow depended on the age. In growing animals subjected
      to passive orthostatic tests the characteristics of alterations in the lymph flow
      were related to morphological and functional development of the lymphatic channel
      in postnatal ontogenesis.

PMID- 2924971
TI  - [Participation of the cholinergic system in the development of hemodynamic
      effects of GABA, administered intrabulbarly].
AB  - Acute experiments in cats revealed effects of GABA injections (2.10(-5)-5.10(-5)
      M/l) into the neuronal structures of the dorso-medial medulla after M
      cholinoreceptors had been blocked. Hypotensive action of GABA injected into the
      n. ambiguous and ventral reticular nucleus was shown to be actualized through
      participation of bulbar M-cholinoreceptors. Effects of GABA injected into n.
      tractus solitarius occurred with no consistent participation of the central M
      cholinoreceptors.

PMID- 2924973
TI  - [The effect of neurohypophyseal peptides on the formation of conditioned active
      avoidance behavior].
AB  - An injection of vasopressin and its analog into ventral hippocampus facilitated
      the formation of avoidance response and inhibited the behavioural habit in the
      process of extinction. Opposite effects occurred after administration of oxytocin
      and its fragment. The changes observed in the avoidance paradigms motivated by
      fear seem to be related to effects of the peptides under study on the processes
      of learning and memory.

PMID- 2924975
TI  - [Interstitial volume receptors of the liver].
AB  - The study of the impulse activity of single afferent hepatic fibers in depth has
      found out that there are volume-sensitive units reacting upon the short-time
      infusion of the different test solutions into the portal vein. But they are
      displaying complex dependence of the response's characteristics not only on the
      magnitude increasing in intraportal volume but also on "quality" of the infused
      substance and total quantity of the injected fluid. There are units both
      responding for infusion period and after it with the latencies from 10 s to 2-3
      min. The second phase of these units responses was more pronounced than the first
      one. The response patterns of the studied units are convincing data on an
      interstitial localization of the one type volumereceptors and a vasal
      interstitial localization of the others. The results suggest that the significant
      role in the control of the water-salt homeostasis is played by these receptors.

PMID- 2924974
TI  - [Evacuatory activity and motor periodicity of the stomach after transposition of
      the pancreatic duct into the jejunum].
AB  - The transposition of the pancreatic duct into the jejunum accelerated the
      evacuation of acid solution from the stomach while decelerating that of
      bicarbonate solution. The motor periodicity of the stomach obviously changed, at
      that: the duration of working and resting phases, the rate and the strength of
      the stomach contractions. The data obtained suggest regulatory effects of the
      pancreatic juice from the duodenum upon the stomach motor-evacuatory activity.

PMID- 2924976
TI  - [Central mechanisms of thermoregulation and phase transitions of brain lipids
      pertaining to them].
AB  - The experiments in rats and rabbits revealed a correlation among the body
      temperature, the peripheral temperature threshold, central (thermosensitive
      neurons) thermoregulatory responses, and the temperature of phasic transition of
      brain lipids three latter parameters rising during experimental fever. The
      composition of phospholipids changed in hypothalamic tissues, i.e. the level of
      saturated fatty acids radicals increased.

PMID- 2924977
TI  - Effect of selected antioxidants on the stability of dehydrated mashed potatoes.
AB  - The antioxidants TBHQ, alpha-tocopherol, Prolong P (rosemary, thyme, marjoram
      mixture) or ascorbyl palmitate were not found able to replace the antioxidant BHA
      in potato flakes production if stored for up to 24 months. Ascorbyl palmitate
      gave good antioxidative protection up to 16 months of storage, and also protected
      against carotenoid degradation better than the other antioxidants. The ascorbyl
      palmitate lost its antioxidative effect after longer storage.

PMID- 2924978
TI  - Chromium and nickel in roadside grapes.
AB  - Chromium and nickel concentration in roadside unwashed wine grapes and leaves is
      considered as a function of the distance from the suspected source, an isolated
      straight road. The analyses were performed with electrothermal atomization in a
      graphite furnace. The decrease in the concentration of the element can be
      described by means of a three-parameter exponential function c = A + (B - A)exp(
      Cd), which allows the determination of the asymptotic level far from the emitting
      source (C infinity) and the pollution level (C0) at the edge of the road (d = 0).
      Least-squares nonlinear regression gives the estimation of the parameters A, B,
      and C. The results indicate that an effect is detectable up to a distance of
      about 50 m.

PMID- 2924979
TI  - Monitoring Ontario-grown apples for pest control chemicals used in their
      production, 1978-86.
AB  - Between 1978 and 1986, 305 samples of apples were monitored for the residues of a
      wide range of pesticides used in their production. Three (1%) contained residues
      above the maximum residue limits (MRL) permitted under the Canadian Food and Drug
      Act and regulations; two involved phosalone at 5.9 and 6.2 mg/kg respectively and
      one involved diphenylamine at 6.7 mg/kg when the MRL was 5.0 mg/kg for both
      compounds. Low residues of dicofol, endosulfan, phosalone, phosmet, captan,
      daminozide and diphenylamine were frequently found; however they were well below
      the MRLs. These residue levels were correlated with survey data on the areas of
      the apple crop treated with specific pesticides. Residues of carbaryl, diazinon,
      ethion, azinophosmethyl, parathion, and dithiocarbamate fungicides were found
      occasionally; all were well below the MRLs and correlated with the pattern of
      use. No residues of PCB were found to a limit of detection of 0.01 mg/kg.

PMID- 2924980
TI  - In vivo effects of terbinafine and ketoconazole on testosterone plasma levels in
      healthy males.
AB  - Ten healthy male volunteers received daily 200 mg of ketoconazole or 500 mg of
      terbinafine (SF 86-327) for a period of 8 days according to a crossover double
      blind design. Between the periods of treatment there was an interval of 3 weeks.
      Before and during the treatments, on 3 days in all, blood levels of testosterone
      were determined in the morning at 08.00 and 12.00 h. On the following day in each
      case, after taking a basal blood sample, 5,000 IU of hCG were injected
      intravenously and 2 h later a further blood sample for plasma testosterone
      determination was taken (short-term hCG stimulation test). Prior to treatment,
      the mean plasma testosterone levels at 12.00 h were slightly below the level at
      08.00 h (6.5 +/- 3.5 against 7.2 +/- 3.1 ng/ml). The difference increased and was
      statistically significant with ketoconazole treatment (4.2 +/- 3.2 against 7.7 +/
      3.0 ng/ml), but did not alter during administration of terbinafine (7.8 +/- 4.4
      against 6.8 +/- 3.0 ng/ml). The administration of testosterone levels by hCG
      stimulated 25.6% prior to treatment. The stimulation was suppressed to zero by
      ketoconazole but clearly intensified (41.7%) by terbinafine treatment. The
      results demonstrate once more the well-known effect of ketoconazole on
      testosterone production and confirm that terbinafine obviously does not have this
      effect.

PMID- 2924981
TI  - Tinea of the glans penis.
AB  - A 56-year-old Japanese man with tinea of the glans penis is described. He did not
      carry any other tinea lesions except that of the glans penis. Mycological
      examinations revealed that the causative organism was Trichophyton
      mentagrophytes.

PMID- 2924982
TI  - Nd:YAG laser therapy of an oral verrucous leukoplakia.
AB  - A 75-year-old female patient afflicted with an extensive verrucous oral
      leukoplakia is reported. With treatment by the Nd:YAG laser under local
      anesthesia on an outpatient basis, the disease could be kept under control for 4
      years.

PMID- 2924983
TI  - Werner's syndrome and astrocytoma.
AB  - Werner's syndrome, a relatively rare and autosomal recessive disorder, is well
      known to be characterized by a high frequency of malignant neoplasms. Werner's
      syndrome has not infrequently been associated with meningiomas. We report a case
      of Werner's syndrome and temporal astrocytoma in a 49-year-old male. As far as we
      are aware, this is the first report of the association of Werner's syndrome and
      astrocytoma.

PMID- 2924984
TI  - Epidermal proliferation and accumulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the
      psoriatic lesion.
AB  - Biopsies were removed from the margin of plaques in 11 untreated psoriatic
      patients, and 8-microns sections prepared using the cryostat. Alternate sections
      were stained with H and E to assess the accumulation of polymorphonuclear
      leukocytes. The remaining sections were stained with the monoclonal antibody Ki67
      in order to determine the number of cycling epidermal cells. In areas where
      polymorphonuclear leukocytes occurred in the stratum Malpighi the number of
      cycling epidermal cells was relatively low. In contrast, a positive correlation
      was shown between the density of microabscesses of Munro and the number of
      cycling epidermal cells. The clinically uninvolved skin of psoriatic patients
      shows a moderate enhancement of epidermal growth in the absence of any
      infiltrate. In the lesional skin the recruitment of cycling epidermal cells does
      not coincide with the invasion of polymorphonuclear leukocytes into the
      epidermis, but rather follows the penetration of these cells.

PMID- 2924985
TI  - Significance of squamous cell carcinoma-related antigen in psoriasis and
      generalized eczema. Preliminary report.
AB  - The serum levels of squamous cell carcinoma-related antigen (SCC-RAG) were
      assayed in 15 cases of benign dermatoses. The SCC-RAG titers (2.0 ng/ml as the
      cutoff value) were elevated in all cases of wide-spreading psoriasis (7 cases,
      2.4-96.1 ng/ml) and all cases of generalized eczema (3 cases, 11.2-33.6 ng/ml).
      The serum SCC-RAG levels correlated with clinical course of these dermatoses.
      Therefore, the increase in this cancer-related antigen is not specific for SCC
      but may also occur in a wide range of dermatoses.

PMID- 2924986
TI  - Increased mast cell numbers in the sclerotic skin of porphyria cutanea tarda.
AB  - We quantitated numbers of mast cells in the sclerotic skin noted on the dorsa of
      the hands of 10 patients with porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT), and compared them
      with those of diffuse scleroderma and healthy controls. Mast cell counts in
      sclerodermoid skin of PCT patients were significantly greater than those in
      involved skin of 9 patients with diffuse scleroderma in its late stage and also
      greater than those in normal skin of 8 controls. When mast cell density was
      analyzed according to the depth of the dermis, an 84% increase was noted in the
      uppermost layer (0-0.2 mm in depth) and a 150% increase in the second uppermost
      layer (0.2-0.4 mm in depth) in the patients with PCT when compared with those in
      the corresponding sites of the controls. These results suggest a possible role of
      mast cells in the pathogenesis of sclerodermoid skin of PCT.

PMID- 2924987
TI  - Investigations on the development and regression of corticosteroid-induced
      thinning of the skin in various parts of the human body during and after topical
      application of amcinonide.
AB  - In 15 subjects 6 different parts of the body were treated with the potent topical
      corticosteroid (CS) amcinonide once a day for 21 days. The skin thickness of the
      treated areas was measured sonographically at intervals of 2 days. After
      completion of the CS application the regression of the CS-induced reduction in
      skin thickness was measured for a further 14 days. A clear thinning of the skin
      could be measured after only 4 days and continued up to the 21st day of
      treatment. This thinning regressed completely in all areas after 10-12 days. The
      thinning and regression curves were very similar for all body areas. Differences
      in intensity of thinning were evident. No tachyphylaxis was detected.

PMID- 2924988
TI  - Severe intra-uterine growth retardation: obstetrical management and follow up
      studies in children born between 1970 and 1985.
AB  - Peri- and postnatal data of 263 children with severe intra-uterine growth
      retardation (IUGR) born between 1970-75 (n = 145) and between 1976-85 (n = 118)
      are presented. The incidence of premature delivery in IUGR patients rose from 15%
      (1970-75) to 34% (1976-85). The rate of perinatal asphyxia in premature children
      with IUGR decreased from 64% during 1970-75 to 45% during 1976-85. Perinatal
      mortality in preterm SFD babies was higher in 1976-85 (20%) than in 1970-75
      (14%), due to an 8-fold higher incidence of very low birth weight (less than or
      equal to 1000 g) SFD babies. Without this high-risk group perinatal mortality
      ranged between 2 and 3% in both groups. The incidence of deliveries by Cesarean
      section increased from 19 to 45% while vaginal deliveries decreased from 73 to
      52% during 1976-85 compared with the 1970-75 age group. Follow up studies were
      carried out in 63 patients (1970-75) and in 41 patients (1976-85). Deficits of
      body height and weight persisted in one third of the patients, being severe in 10
      20%. Infantile developmental milestones were retarded in 22-32%. Neurologic
      sequelae mostly of a mild degree were seen in 29% (1970-75) and 37% (1976-85).
      Psychologic testing showed abnormalities in 38% of the older age group, using the
      Gottinger Formreproduktionstest and in 21% of the younger age group, where the
      Denver Developmental Screening Test was performed. EEG investigations
      demonstrated unspecific abnormalities of a mild to moderate degree in one third
      of the patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2924989
TI  - Insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) and its low molecular weight binding protein
      in human milk.
AB  - Insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I and IGF-II) are mitogenic polypeptides bound
      in serum to specific binding proteins. This study reports the occurrence and
      concentrations of IGF-I and its low molecular weight IGF binding protein (IGF BP)
      in human milk and serum after delivery in 41 healthy women. The levels of IGF-I
      in milk declined between 4 and 92 hours postpartum from 49 +/- 17 micrograms/l to
      29 +/- 27 micrograms/l (p less than 0.01). The level of IGF BP also declined from
      165 +/- 80 micrograms/l to 97 +/- 70 micrograms/l (p less than 0.01), whereas the
      serum concentration of this protein remained unchanged. A positive correlation
      was observed between the individual levels of IGF-I and its binding protein in
      milk (r = 0.49, p less than 0.01), but no correlation was found between the
      individual levels of 34 kDa IGF BP in milk and serum. The relative abundance of
      IGF BP in the first milk compared to IGF-I is intriguing and its biologic
      significance remains to be clarified.

PMID- 2924990
TI  - Epidural block or parenteral pethidine as analgesic in labour; a randomized study
      concerning progress in labour and instrumental deliveries.
AB  - A prospective randomized study was performed to evaluate the influence of
      epidural analgesia compared to parenteral pethidine in parturients with pain in
      the first stage of labour on the progress of labour and the frequency of
      instrumental deliveries. There was no significant difference in the two groups in
      the duration of either the first or second stage of labour. The overall
      instrumental delivery rate was 25%, with no difference between the groups. The
      analgesic efficacy of the epidural blockade was significantly better than that of
      parenteral pethidine. We conclude that epidural bupivacaine with our technique
      and obstetric practice did neither prolong labour nor increase the frequency of
      instrumental delivery.

PMID- 2924991
TI  - Second trimester chorioamniotic separation and amniocentesis.
AB  - On ultrasound, we saw 12 women with a pathological amount of chorioamniotic
      separation (CAS) in the second trimester. Six were examined before amniocentesis
      and five were scanned for unsafe dates. In one patient CAS was diagnosed the day
      after amniocentesis. All women were asymptomatic. Despite CAS, amniocentesis was
      performed in six patients. The five others served as controls. The overall
      pregnancy outcome was favorable. Nine delivered living term babys. One patient,
      with brownish discolored amniotic fluid on amniocentesis, presented with fetus
      mortuus in week 28. One patient delivered preterm in week 32. In the control
      group one woman aborted shortly after diagnosis. In no case did the CAS increase
      after amniocentesis. In conclusion it appears safe to perform amniocentesis in
      women with asymptomatic CAS, although we recommend not to pass the needle through
      the separated membranes.

PMID- 2924993
TI  - Collagen type III in ovarian tumors. Histological, immunohistochemical and
      ultrastructural findings.
AB  - The occurrence and location of interstitial collagen amino-terminal propeptide
      type III procollagen (PIIIP) and fibronectin was studied in 123 ovarian tumors of
      different types and related to the histological type and clinical behavior of the
      neoplasm. The purpose was to further our understanding of the development and
      classification of these tumors and to determine characteristics of diagnostic and
      prognostic significance. PIIIP-positive fibers were common in the stroma of all
      types of neoplasms, condensation of fibres occurred at the epithelial-stromal
      interface of surface epithelial tumors, and disintegration and discontinuation of
      fibers around invasive epithelial islets and in stroma of undifferentiated
      epithelial carcinomas. The PIIIP-positive stromal meshwork surrounded individual
      cells in thecomas, while it was virtually absent in diffuse granulosa cell tumors
      and distinctly developed in malignant stromal neoplasms, being seen mainly around
      epithelial islets in mixed mesodermal tumors.

PMID- 2924992
TI  - The role of chlamydial serology in fertile and subfertile men.
AB  - The incidence of serum antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis and the possible
      association of a positive serology on semen parameters in 120 subfertile men were
      studied. The findings were compared with those of 120 fertile volunteers
      fathering two or more children. The two groups were divided into those without
      and those with a history of genito-urinary infection. There was no significant
      difference (p greater than 0.1) in the prevalence of antibody testing between the
      subgroups of fertile population. A statistically significant difference in the
      incidence of antibodies was found between the two subgroups of subfertile
      population. No significant difference was noted in the semen parameters between
      Chlamydia-positive and Chlamydia-negative fertile and subfertile patients.

PMID- 2924994
TI  - Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the vagina associated with pregnancy; a case
      report.
AB  - A case of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the vagina associated with pregnancy is
      described. This patient delivered a healthy baby by elective classical Caesarean
      section; following this she was treated by radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The
      patient is well after 3 years of treatment.

PMID- 2924995
TI  - Expression and hormonal control of a new larval cuticular multigene family at the
      onset of metamorphosis of the tobacco hornworm.
AB  - The pattern of cuticular protein synthesis by the epidermis of the tobacco
      hornworm larva changes during the final day of feeding, leading to an alteration
      in cuticular structure and a stiffening of the cuticle. We have isolated a small
      multigene family which codes for at least three of the new cuticular proteins
      made at this time. The five genes which were isolated from this family map to two
      different genomic regions. Sequencing shows that one of the genes is 1.9 kb and
      consists of three exons coding for a 12.2-kDa acidic (pI = 5.26) protein that is
      predominantly hydrophilic. The deduced amino acid sequence shows regions of
      similarity to proteins from flexible lepidopteran cuticles and from Drosophila
      larval and pupal cuticles, but not to proteins found in highly sclerotized
      cuticles. This gene family is first expressed late on the penultimate day (Day 2)
      of feeding in the final larval instar and ceases expression 2 days later when
      metamorphosis begins. In situ hybridization shows that this gene family is
      expressed in all the epidermal cells of Day 3 larvae except the bristle cells and
      those at the muscle attachment site. Expression can be induced in Day 1 epidermis
      by exposure to 50 ng/ml 20-hydroxyecdysone in vitro, but only if juvenile hormone
      is absent. Its developmental expression, tissue specificity, and hormonal
      regulation strongly suggest that this multigene family is involved in the
      structural changes that occur in the larval cuticle just prior to the onset of
      metamorphosis.

PMID- 2924996
TI  - Coordinate accumulation of troponin subunits in chicken breast muscle.
AB  - The accumulation of troponin subunits in developing chicken breast muscle was
      determined by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and an image analyzing system.
      Many troponin T isoforms, including those hidden behind creatine kinase, were
      detected on the two-dimensional pattern by the addition of 6 M urea in the second
      dimension. These troponin T isoforms were classified into four types by
      developmental order, isoelectric point, and molecular weight: leg-muscle type
      (L), neonatal breast-muscle type (BN), young chicken breast-muscle type (BC), and
      adult breast-muscle type (BA). The L-, BN-, and BC-type troponin Ts were
      transiently expressed at specific developmental stages. Quantitative analysis of
      two-dimensional patterns of troponin subunits including troponin I and troponin C
      showed moderate coordination in accumulation among the three subunits throughout
      postnatal development, when the total amount of all isoforms of troponin T was
      taken into account.

PMID- 2924997
TI  - Genetic control of sexually dimorphic axon morphology in Drosophila sensory
      neurons.
AB  - The mechanism by which orderly axonal projections are formed during development
      remains an important and largely unsolved problem in neurobiology. It may be
      possible to examine the control of axon growth in Drosophila and take advantage
      of genetic tools to better understand the phenomenon. We show here that some
      gustatory axons in Drosophila are sexually dimorphic and that genes involved in
      sex determination control the anatomy of these axons. Both males and females
      possess gustatory receptors on their legs but males possess more of these
      receptors than females. More significantly, the axons of the male receptors
      usually cross the midline and they never do so in females, indicating a central
      zone of bilateral input in the male but not in the female nervous system. In
      chromosomal females, expressing a tra or Sxl mutation, the gustatory system is
      transformed toward the male phenotype. Mutant XX adults resemble normal males
      externally, because they have more gustatory receptors, and internally, because
      their axons cross the midline. Gynandromorphs show that the sex of the sensory
      neuron, and apparently not the central nervous system, controls the growth of the
      axons. We conclude that the anatomical site of control for this dimorphism is the
      gustatory neurons.

PMID- 2924998
TI  - Evolutionary modification of cell lineage in the direct-developing sea urchin
      Heliocidaris erythrogramma.
AB  - The sea urchin Heliocidaris erythrogramma undergoes direct development, bypassing
      the usual echinoid pluteus larva. We present an analysis of cell lineage in H.
      erythrogramma as part of a definition of the mechanistic basis for this
      evolutionary change in developmental mode. Microinjection of fluoresceinated
      tracer dye and surface marking with vital dye are used to follow larval fates of
      2-cell, 8-cell, and 16-cell blastomeres, and to examine axial specification. The
      animal-vegetal axis and adult dorsoventral axis are basically unmodified in H.
      erythrogramma. Animal cell fates are very similar to those of typically
      developing species; however, vegetal cell fates in H. erythrogramma are
      substantially altered. Radial differences exist among vegetal blastomere fates in
      the 8-cell embryo: dorsal vegetal blastomeres contribute proportionately more
      descendants to ectodermal and fewer to mesodermal fates, while ventral vegetal
      blastomeres have a complementary bias in fates. In addition, vegetal cell fates
      are more variable than in typical developers. There are no cells in H.
      erythrogramma with fates comparable to those of the micromeres and macromeres of
      typically developing echinoids. Instead, all vegetal cells in the 16-cell embryo
      can contribute progeny to ectoderm and gut. Alterations have thus arisen in
      cleavage patterns and timing of cell lineage partitioning during the evolution of
      direct development in H. erythrogramma.

PMID- 2924999
TI  - Drinking behavior and motor function in rat pups depleted of brain dopamine
      during development.
AB  - The ability of rat pups depleted of brain dopamine (DA) at either 3 or 15 days of
      age to increase fluid intake in response to intracellular dehydration was
      studied. Despite near-total depletions of striatal DA, animals depleted at either
      age ingested normal amounts of fluid even as soon as 3-7 days after incurring the
      brain damage. The effects of DA receptor blockade on ingestion and motor function
      were also studied. Haloperidol had markedly different effects as a function of
      the age at which the depletions were sustained. Weanlings that were depleted of
      DA at 3 days of age failed to exhibit the drug-induced adipsia, akinesia, and
      catalepsy seen in controls and animals that were depleted at 15 days of age.
      These findings suggest that the DA depletions were performed at different periods
      of brain organization. The resultant neural controls of ingestion and motor
      function are qualitatively different in the two groups of depleted animals. Rats
      depleted at 3 days of age utilize nondopaminergic mechanisms, whereas animals
      lesioned at 15 days of age continue to rely upon residual DA neurons for both
      behaviors.

PMID- 2925000
TI  - Prestimulation effects on blink and cardiac reflexes of 15-month human infants.
AB  - Reduction of reflex startle by brief changes in prestimulation is a robust
      phenomenon in adults of several species. Although the phenomenon does not require
      structures above midbrain, it has a long and uneven developmental course. This
      study of human infants assessed prestimulus effects at 15 months, within a period
      which has failed, in past work, to show the usual inhibitory modulation.
      Magnitude and onset latency of the startle blink and concurrent changes in heart
      rate were measured under four conditions: 2 single-stimulus conditions, 25-msec,
      84-dB, 1000-Hz tone or 50-msec, 109-dB white noise; 2 paired-stimulus conditions,
      noise bursts preceded by tone at lead times of 125 msec or 225 msec. Compared to
      noise-alone, paired conditions elicited insignificant increases in blink size,
      significant shortening of blink onset latency, and significant attenuation of
      heart rate responses. The findings add to growing evidence of a dissociation
      between modulating effects on blink magnitude and latency and of a dissociation
      between modulating effects on somatic and autonomic reflexes.

PMID- 2925001
TI  - The role of homecage environmental stimuli in the facilitation of shock-motivated
      spatial discrimination learning in rat pups.
AB  - In three experiments we examined the role of homecage environmental stimuli on
      learning an aversively motivated spatial discrimination task in 11-day-old rats.
      Varying the presence and absence of nest shavings in the correct and incorrect
      arms of a T-maze in Experiment 1 revealed that nest shavings had both
      nondirective facilitation and approach-eliciting properties. Training the 11-day
      old rats in the presence or absence of shavings over three daily sessions and
      comparing their performance on the third day of training with that of a
      maturation control in Experiment 2 indicated that there is a residual training
      effect of the approach-eliciting property of nest shavings on shock-escape
      behavior. In Experiment 3, using nest shavings either as an irrelevant stimulus
      or as a redundant relevant cue in an aversively motivated T-maze reversal task
      suggested that 11-day-old rats acquire the discrimination task using non-nest
      spatial or directional cues as well as those provided by nest shavings. Overall,
      these results suggest that nest shavings introduced into aversively motivated
      tasks create a learning environment comparable to that of appetitively motivated
      instrumental tasks utilizing suckling from an anesthetized dam as a reinforcer.

PMID- 2925002
TI  - Activity states and motor activity in an infant capuchin monkey (Cebus apella)
      from birth through eleven weeks.
AB  - Behavioral states and motor activity of an infant capuchin monkey reared by its
      mother in a social group were studied for 11 weeks after birth. Manipulative
      activity was infrequent through the first four weeks after birth; what little
      occurred was mediated by other animals interacting with the infant. The rate of
      manipulation increased the most between weeks 8 and 9. At the same time, the most
      frequent targets of manipulation shifted from the infant's own body and the
      bodies of others to surfaces and inanimate objects in the cage. Large increases
      in the proportion of time in an Alert/active state and improvement in postural
      control also occurred at the end of the second month. The data suggest that major
      organizational changes in motor coordination and the regulation of behavioral
      state occurred jointly over a short period of time at about 8 weeks of age. In
      comparison to other species of monkeys, the capuchin infant displayed later
      development of manipulation, postural control, and independent locomotion, and
      greater dependence on social contacts for early interaction with its environment.
      These characteristics are in accord with the greater neurological immaturity of
      the capuchin infant at birth compared to other monkeys.

PMID- 2925003
TI  - Aggressive behaviors in adult rats deprived of playfighting experience as
      juveniles.
AB  - Matched litter mates were reared in one of three conditions: in pairs or in
      isolation with or without one hour of daily playfighting experience from 20 to 50
      days of age. The rats were then regrouped within condition so that they lived
      with identically reared cagemates for a month. This regrouping eliminated the
      transient effects of isolation such as increased fearfulness. When tested as
      adults, there was no effect of early rearing condition on the probability of
      intraspecific aggression or muricide, although isolation-reared rats were less
      likely to retrieve the mice. However, isolation rearing reduced the latency to
      initiate shock-induced defensive aggression and increased both its frequency and
      intensity. Isolated animals which had been given daily playfighting during
      development did not show the effects of early social deprivation. The mechanisms
      through which playfighting experience shapes later defensive behavior remain to
      be determined.

PMID- 2925004
TI  - Measuring rates of sexual development in female Mongolian gerbils.
AB  - In previous experiments, we have shown that age at vaginal introitus predicts
      adult patterns of reproductive, maternal, and aggressive behavior of female
      Mongolian gerbils. In the present series of studies, we explored the relationship
      in gerbils between age at vaginal patency and three other indices of rate of
      female sexual development: ovarian weight, occurrence of vaginal estrus, and
      onset of attractiveness to males. We found that female gerbils, classified on the
      basis of their ages at vaginal introitus as early-maturing: (a) exhibited greater
      ovarian weights throughout development than did their late-maturing, female sibs;
      (b) exhibited estrus and Diestrus I stage vaginal smears and, by inference,
      ovulation at an earlier age than did late-maturing females; and (c) elicited
      mounting by males at an earlier mean age than did late-maturing females. The data
      were consistent with the hypothesis that age at vaginal introitus is a reliable
      indicator of rate of sexual development in female Mongolian gerbils.

PMID- 2925005
TI  - The quantitative relationship between nutritional effects on preweaning growth
      and behavioral development in mice.
AB  - Our objective was to establish whether nutritional effects on the behavioral
      development of preweaning mouse pups were linearly related to effects on body and
      brain growth or whether there was a threshold effect, with behavior being
      affected only by nutritional extremes. We also used a standardized scale of
      development to compare the relative magnitude of such effects on morphological
      and behavioral measures. The level of nutrient availability was manipulated
      continuously by rearing the pups in litter sizes ranging from 3 to 12. On Day 32
      post-conception, measures were taken of body weight, brain weight, thickness of
      the cerebellar external granular layer (EGL), and behavioral development. The
      relationship between litter size and body weight, brain weight, and behavioral
      development was best described by a linear regression model; no threshold effect
      was apparent. By comparing measures on animals from different litter sizes at the
      same age (32 days) to standard developmental curves over a wide range of ages, we
      found that for every additional pup in a litter, body growth was retarded by the
      equivalent of 1.28 days, brain weight by 0.44 day, and behavioral development by
      0.07 day. Although the variation in nutrient availability provided by this range
      of litter sizes does result in a linear relationship between growth and
      behavioral development, there is nevertheless considerable sparing of function.

PMID- 2925006
TI  - Coordinate decrease of tissue insulinlike growth factor I posttranscriptional
      alternative mRNA transcripts in diabetes mellitus.
AB  - In these studies, we examined the effect of excess levels of growth hormone (GH)
      on rat insulinlike growth factor I (IGF-I) gene expression in streptozocin
      induced diabetes mellitus. A solution hybridization/RNase protection assay was
      used to simultaneously quantitate the relative tissue content of the variant IGF
      I mRNA species arising from alternative splicing in the region encoding the COOH
      terminal extension E-peptide (IGF-Ia and IGF-Ib). IGF-Ia and IGF-Ib mRNAs were
      markedly decreased in liver, kidney, and lung tissues of diabetic rats. Although
      GF stimulates IGF-I gene expression, chronic GH excess from implanted
      somatomammotropic tumors did not appropriately induce tissue IGF-I mRNA content
      in diabetic animals. Treatment of diabetic rats with insulin for 1 wk restored
      basal and GH-stimulated IGF-Ia and IGF-Ib mRNA content toward that present in
      tissues of nondiabetic rats. The ratio of IGF-Ia to IGF-Ib mRNA remained
      relatively constant for each tissue and was not affected by the diabetic state,
      chronic GH hyperstimulation, or insulin therapy, suggesting that
      posttranscriptional splicing is not a regulated event in these conditions. Thus,
      both circulating IGF-I levels and tissue IGF-I gene expression are profoundly
      decreased in this model of experimental diabetes. Diminished tissue availability
      of IGF-I from endocrine and/or paracrine sources may be responsible for the
      growth retardation seen in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus.

PMID- 2925007
TI  - Proliferative retinopathy in NIDDM. Incidence and risk factors in Pima Indians.
AB  - The incidence of proliferative diabetic retinopathy was determined in the Pima
      Indians of the Gila River Indian Community in Arizona. Over 4 yr, this
      complication developed in 25 of 953 subjects greater than or equal to 9 yr of age
      with non-insulin-dependent diabetes. No cases were diagnosed in less than 35-yr
      old subjects, and the incidence was strongly related to the duration of diabetes.
      The cumulative incidence of proliferative retinopathy after 20 yr duration was
      14%. All cases of proliferative retinopathy occurred in subjects with background
      retinopathy. Younger age at diagnosis of diabetes was associated with a higher
      incidence of proliferation when subjects with diabetes of similar duration were
      compared. A higher incidence of proliferative retinopathy, after controlling for
      age, sex, and diabetes duration, was associated with hypertension, proteinuria,
      renal insufficiency, absence of Achilles tendon reflex, elevated total serum
      cholesterol concentration, and insulin therapy.

PMID- 2925008
TI  - Diabetes, intermittent claudication, and risk of cardiovascular events. The
      Framingham Study.
AB  - The impact of diabetes on intermittent claudication was examined in 1813 men and
      2504 women with 34-yr follow-up data in the Framingham study. For both sexes,
      diabetes was associated with a two- to threefold excess risk of intermittent
      claudication compared with its absence. A pronounced excess risk was also
      observed in subjects on oral hypoglycemic therapy and in women receiving insulin.
      Although diabetes was often associated with an atherogenic-risk profile,
      controlling for age and several concomitant risk factors failed to eliminate the
      association with intermittent claudication. Those who developed both intermittent
      claudication and diabetes were at an especially high risk of incident
      cardiovascular events. In women, the risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, and
      cardiac failure was increased 3-4 times when diabetes and intermittent
      claudication occurred together compared with when either condition existed alone.
      In diabetic men, the presence of intermittent claudication doubled the risk of
      stroke, and cardiac failure was approximately 3 times more likely in subjects
      with both conditions compared with either alone. We conclude that diabetes is an
      important risk factor for intermittent claudication, which in turn confers a
      serious prognosis for subsequent cardiovascular outcomes in the patient with
      diabetes.

PMID- 2925009
TI  - Structure-function relationship of the action of T-2 toxin on bovine platelets.
AB  - The effect of the trichothecene mycotoxin, T-2 toxin, on the ultrastructure of
      bovine platelets was investigated. In both toxin-treated and untreated platelets,
      the ultrastructure of the resting bovine platelet was characterized by the
      absence of an extensive open canalicular system and the appearance of granules
      and vacuoles which frequently impinged on the outer platelet membrane. No major
      ultrastructural changes were produced by T-2 toxin under conditions in which the
      platelet aggregation response was significantly inhibited. In bovine platelets
      exposed to the toxin, as in untreated platelets, there is evidence of pseudopod
      formation, indicating that T-2 toxin does not impair the initial response of
      platelets to stimulation. This observation is consistent with the companion
      function study which showed that, while T-2 toxin can impair both the rate and
      extent of aggregate formation, the most dramatic change is the relative
      instability of the platelet aggregates that form in the presence of the toxin.

PMID- 2925010
TI  - Suppression of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses by carbon
      tetrachloride.
AB  - The effects of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), following 7 consecutive days of
      exposure ip at 500, 1000, and 1500 mg/kg, were determined on murine humoral and
      cell-mediated immune responses, body and organ weights, spleen cell blastogenesis
      following mitogenic stimulation, and clinical serum parameters for liver injury.
      In vivo sensitization of CCl4-treated B6C3F1 mice resulted in a dose-dependent
      suppression of the T-dependent antibody response to sheep red blood cells (sRBC)
      at all doses--36, 48, and 53%, respectively. The T-independent in vivo antibody
      response to DNP-Ficoll was suppressed only at 1500 mg/kg, and only by
      approximately 16%. This dosing regimen also resulted in a significant decrease in
      thymus weights; however, there were no significant effects on liver, kidney,
      lung, or body weights. The serum chemistry profile indicated a dose-dependent
      increase in serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) levels (34-, 47-, and 55
      fold) and a non-dose-dependent increase in serum bilirubin and total protein.
      Serum glucose and albumin levels were unaffected. Splenocytes from mice treated
      with 1500 mg/kg and sensitized in vitro with antigen demonstrated a comparably
      suppressed antibody response to the antigens sRBC and DNP-Ficoll as observed in
      vivo--66 and 28% respectively. This dose of CCl4 had no effect on the in vitro
      antibody response to the polyclonal antigen lipopolysaccharide. The mixed
      lymphocyte response was dose dependently suppressed following CCl4 exposure;
      however, the delayed-type hypersensitivity response was unaffected. Lymphocyte
      blastogenesis following mitogenic stimulation with lipopolysaccharide or
      concanavalin A was also inhibited by CCl4 exposure. These studies demonstrate
      that exposure to CCl4 results in a marked suppression in both humoral and cell
      mediated immune responses at concentrations which also affect the liver as
      evidenced by the marked increase in SGPT levels.

PMID- 2925011
TI  - Investigations of amitraz neurotoxicity in rats. III. Effects on motor activity
      and inhibition of monoamine oxidase.
AB  - The formamidine pesticide amitraz (AMZ) produces many behavioral and
      physiological changes in rats. We examined the dose effect and time course of AMZ
      on motor activity, monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity, and acetylcholinesterase
      (AChE) activity to evaluate possible neurochemical mechanisms for the behavioral
      effects of AMZ. For motor activity studies, male Long-Evans hooded rats were
      tested in photocell activity measurement devices. AMZ produced dose-related
      decreases in motor activity of rats allowed free access to food and rats
      maintained at a stable body weight through food restriction. Lowest effective
      doses of AMZ tested were 1-3 mg/kg, administered 20 min before testing. AMZ
      appeared to be about three times more potent in food-restricted rats, indicating
      that amount of body fat may play a significant role in the pharmacokinetics of
      AMZ. Motor activity returned to control levels over 4-5 days after dosing with
      100-200 mg/kg AMZ, whereas recovery was evident the day after administration of
      low doses (1-30 mg/kg). Inhibition of MAO was measured in whole brain of rats
      sacrificed at various times after dosing with AMZ. Only greater than or equal to
      100 mg/kg AMZ inhibited MAO, which was measurable within 2 hr of dosing and
      lasted up to 7 days. AMZ appeared to be more selective for type B MAO when given
      in vivo, although MAO-A was also inhibited at doses greater than or equal to 300
      mg/kg. However, no selectivity was indicated by the IC50 values determined in
      vitro (IC50 = 31 and 28 microM for MAO-A and MAO-B, respectively). AMZ produced
      only negligible inhibition of AChE at the highest doses administered in vivo or
      at 10 mM in vitro. These data indicate that while AMZ does inhibit MAO, the dose
      range over which it produces this action is much higher than that which
      suppressed motor activity. Thus MAO inhibition is probably not responsible for
      AMZ-induced alterations in motor activity.

PMID- 2925012
TI  - 1,3-dichloropropene: two-generation inhalation reproduction study in Fischer 344
      rats.
AB  - This study evaluated the effects of inhaled technical-grade 1,3-dichloropropene
      (DCPT) on reproduction and neonatal growth and survival. Groups of 30 male and 30
      female Fischer 344 rats, approximately 6 weeks of age, were exposed via
      inhalation to 0, 10, 30 or 90 ppm DCPT for 6 hr/day, 5 days/week, for two
      generations. The parental f0 and f1 generations were each bred twice.
      Reproductive and neonatal parameters evaluated included indices of fertility and
      pup survival, gestation length, litter size, pup body weight, and pup sex ratio.
      Gross and histologic examinations were concluded on all f0 and f1 adults. In
      addition, randomly selected f1b and f2b weanlings were given gross examinations.
      Parental effects were limited to rats exposed to 90 ppm DCPT and included
      decreased body weights and histopathologic effects on the nasal mucosa of adult
      male and female rats. The histopathologic effects consisted of slight, focal
      hyperplasia of the respiratory epithelium and/or focal degenerative changes in
      the olfactory epithelium. No adverse effects on reproductive parameters or
      neonatal growth or survival were observed in the f1a, f1b, f2a, or f2b litters
      even at an exposure concentration which produced effects in adult animals. Based
      on these results, it is concluded that inhalation exposure of rats up to 90 ppm
      DCPT for two successive generations did not adversely affect the reproductive and
      neonatal parameters evaluated.

PMID- 2925013
TI  - Bioavailability of aluminum from drinking water.
AB  - Aluminum, present in our drinking water as hydroxide or sulfate, is limited by
      solubility to 2.5 mg/liter at pH 7.0. This study was carried out to determine if
      aluminum at doses typically found in drinking water would accumulate in rat
      tissues if a ligand such as citrate at neutral or acid pH is coadministered, or
      in the absence of citrate at acid pH. Al(OH)3 or AlCl3 was given ad libitum in
      drinking water to male Sprague-Dawley rats at 0, 0.1, 2.0, or 100 mg/liter, in 4
      mM acetate, pH 3.2 (A), 4 mM citrate, pH 2.6 (C), 4 mM citrate, pH 7.0 (7C), or
      distilled water, pH 7.0 (W). After 10 weeks, rats were killed and tissues were
      wet-ashed in nitric acid for determination of aluminum by flameless atomic
      absorption. Copper, iron, and zinc were determined by flame atomic absorption.
      Metal ion concentrations in tibia, brain, liver, blood, and kidney did not differ
      significantly between treatment groups. Aluminum accumulated in intestinal cells
      of all 100 mg Al/liter rats, with the C group accumulating more aluminum than the
      A or W groups. In the C group, intestinal aluminum content increased
      significantly in a dose-dependent manner. Intestinal iron was decreased
      significantly in all the 100 mg Al/liter groups. Intestinal copper was decreased
      in the W group at 100 mg Al/liter, with a trend toward a decrease in A and C
      groups. We conclude that at these low levels studied, aluminum accumulates in
      intestinal tissue, and that this accumulation is enhanced by citrate ligand. At
      100 mg Al/liter, intestinal iron accumulation is decreased, and copper
      accumulation is marginally decreased.

PMID- 2925014
TI  - Increased kidney glucose utilization induced by cyclosporine: lack of relation to
      magnesium excretion.
AB  - Cyclosporine enhances D-[5-3H]glucose utilization in homogenates of rat kidney
      medulla but not kidney cortex or liver. This is true whether cyclosporine is
      added to fresh tissue homogenates or is given to rats prior to sacrifice. Through
      the use of isolated perfused rat kidneys, an attempt was made to relate increased
      glucose utilization by cyclosporine to a possible consequence of cyclosporine
      nephrotoxicity, viz., loss of magnesium in urine. Although an enhanced rate of
      glucose utilization by cyclosporine was evident in isolated kidneys, glucose
      consumption was not related to urinary magnesium loss. In fact, kidneys from
      cyclosporine-treated rats actually showed a normal or even diminished urinary
      magnesium loss. The data suggest that cyclosporine-induced magnesium imbalance
      may be extrarenal in origin and that the kidney medulla may be a primary site of
      the nephrotoxic action of cyclosporine since the drug increases glucose
      utilization at this site.

PMID- 2925015
TI  - Hepatotoxicity of agents that enhance formation of focal hepatocellular
      proliferative lesions (putative preneoplastic foci) in a rapid rat liver
      bioassay.
AB  - The histopathology of hepatic toxicity for 58 chemicals previously tested in a
      rapid rat liver bioassay for demonstrating potential hepatocellular carcinogens
      and/or tumor promoters was reviewed. Rats received the test diet for 1 week prior
      to partial hepatectomy and for an additional 5 weeks thereafter at doses near the
      estimated maximally tolerated dose. These rats served as controls for others
      receiving initiation by N-nitrosodiethylamine (DEN) and the test diets. Twenty
      two of these chemicals were previously found to enhance the formation of
      glutathione S-transferase, placental form (GST-P)-positive putative preneoplastic
      hepatocellular foci (promoters) following DEN initiation in this rapid bioassay,
      whereas 36 chemicals did not. Of the agents that promoted GST-P-positive foci,
      14/22 (63.6%) produced toxic hepatocyte lesions while only 4/36 (11.1%) of the
      nonpromoters did so at the doses used. Biliary toxicity was found for 7/22
      (31.8%) of the promoters and 6/36 (16.7%) of the nonpromoters. Only 2/13 (15%)
      chemicals that inhibited GST-P-positive foci produced hepatic toxicity. Thus,
      agents that were presumed hepatic tumor promoters characteristically were
      hepatotoxins while nonpromoters of carcinogenesis were not hepatotoxins in this
      rapid rat liver bioassay.

PMID- 2925016
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of methylmercury in the blood of monkeys (Macaca fascicularis).
AB  - Statistical analysis of the blood mercury profiles of groups of two and four
      adult female cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) given single oral doses of
      500 micrograms and 50 microCi (25.3 micrograms) methylmercury/kg body wt,
      respectively, indicates that a two-compartment model best describes the
      absorption and elimination of methylmercury in blood. Absorption was largely
      complete within 6 hr, and the half-time of methylmercury during the terminal
      elimination phase ranged from 10 to 15 days. In addition, three groups of five
      adult female cynomolgus monkeys were dosed with methylmercury every Monday,
      Wednesday, and Friday for periods up to 2 years at effective doses of 10, 25, or
      50 micrograms methylmercury/kg body wt/day. The average blood levels at steady
      state were estimated to be 0.27 +/- 0.02, 0.69 +/- 0.03, and 1.51 +/- 0.08 ppm,
      respectively, with average time taken to achieve 95% of the steady-state blood
      level being about 92 days. The steady-state blood levels obtained via
      extrapolation of the results from the two single-dose experiments were
      significantly different from those actually achieved, indicating that the average
      steady-state blood levels under chronic dosing conditions may not be accurately
      estimated on the basis of short-term experiments. The data were also used to
      examine the impact of different dosing intervals on variation in blood mercury
      levels.

PMID- 2925017
TI  - Absence of liver DNA fragmentation in rats treated with high oral doses of 32
      benzodiazepine drugs.
AB  - Literature data on mutagenic-carcinogenic activity of benzodiazepines are scarce,
      restricted to few of them, and contradictory. Consequently, in order to provide
      additional information for the assessment of the genotoxic risk connected with
      the use of this family of drugs, 32 benzodiazepines of various chemical structure
      have been tested for their capability to induce DNA damage in vivo, which is
      considered a sensitive index of potential mutagenic-carcinogenic activity. The
      frequency of DNA single-strand breaks and/or alkali-labile sites was checked in
      the liver of rats given orally a single dose (1 mmol/kg) or 15 successive daily
      doses (0.2 mmol/kg) by the use of a new viscometric technique capable of
      detecting one DNA lesion per 10(10) Da. Statistically significant changes of
      viscometric parameters indicative of liver DNA fragmentation were absent with all
      32 benzodiazepines, after both acute and subacute treatments. Since the doses
      tested in rats were from 100 to more than 5000 times higher than doses usually
      administered to humans, these negative results are in favor of the absence of
      mutagenic-carcinogenic effects in patients taking benzodiazepines.

PMID- 2925018
TI  - Disruption of auditory function by acute administration of a "room odorizer"
      containing butyl nitrite in rats.
AB  - Butyl nitrite is the predominant and presumed active ingredient in a variety of
      commercial preparations sold as "room odorizers." These compounds have
      significant abuse potential, giving the user the sensation of a "rush", which may
      be related to their intense cardiovascular effects. The pharmacological
      properties of butyl nitrites are similar to those of amyl nitrite which is also
      abused for its psychological effects, but whose availability is limited by
      prescription for treatment of angina. A significant body of literature suggests
      that the inner ear is vulnerable to acute hypoxic exposure. Since butyl nitrite
      induces high levels of methemoglobin and also reduces blood pressure due to
      peripheral vasodilation, we hypothesized that this compound might produce
      auditory dysfunction. We studied the effect of acute exposure to a butyl nitrite
      "room odorizer" on 10- and 40-kHz auditory function in rats. A loss in auditory
      sensitivity was found at both frequencies on the day following administration of
      the compound. Auditory dysfunction tended to subside over the next several days
      at 40 kHz, although a significant loss of sensitivity for tones of 10 kHz was
      observed over a 6-day period after administration of the agent. Methemoglobin
      levels measured in rats of the same age were elevated significantly 30 and 60 min
      after butyl nitrite to levels of 30-45%. Methemoglobin levels were found to be
      normal 18 hr after administration when the first audiometric tests were
      conducted. The data suggest that auditory function in the middle of the rats'
      auditory range, 10 kHz, was disrupted for a longer period than was high-frequency
      (40 kHz) auditory function.

PMID- 2925019
TI  - Inhalation fertility and reproduction studies with O,O'
      dimethylphosphorodithioate in Sprague-Dawley rats.
AB  - Groups of 15 male and 35 female Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to O,O'
      dimethylphosphorodithioate (DMPDT) 6 hr/day, 5 days/week for 11 weeks. Initial
      target concentrations were 0, 4, 25, and 200 mg/m3. However, because of excessive
      toxicity, the high-exposure level was reduced to 125 mg/m3 after 8 weeks. Exposed
      males were cohoused with two unexposed females immediately following the exposure
      period and later mated to an additional two unexposed females following a 16-week
      recovery period. Exposed females were cohoused with untreated males, and
      exposures were resumed after mating and continued during gestation. Some females
      were terminated at midgestation to assess fertility, while others were allowed to
      deliver their pups. F1 animals were terminated for histological examination or
      mated to assess fertility. High-exposure level F0 males were infertile after
      exposures, and there was little or no recovery. The fertility of low-exposure
      level males was not affected, but equivocal results were obtained at the mid
      exposure level. In this study, testicular lesions were observed only in high
      level F0 males. However, testicular lesions were also noted in a few males
      exposed to 4 and 25 mg/m3 in a concurrent subchronic toxicity study. Female
      fertility was apparently unaffected by exposure, and no treatment-related effects
      were noted in males or females exposed in utero.

PMID- 2925020
TI  - Dermal absorption of phthalate diesters in rats.
AB  - This study examined the extent of dermal absorption of a series of phthalate
      diesters in the rat. Those tested were dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl, diisobutyl,
      dihexyl, di(2-ethylhexyl), diisodecyl, and benzyl butyl phthalate. Hair from a
      skin area (1.3 cm in diameter) on the back of male F344 rats was clipped, the
      [14C]phthalate diester was applied in a dose of 157 mumol/kg, and the area of
      application was covered with a perforated cap. The rat was restrained and housed
      for 7 days in a metabolic cage that allowed separate collection of urine and
      feces. Urine and feces were collected every 24 hr, and the amount of 14C excreted
      was taken as an index of the percutaneous absorption. At 24 hr, diethyl phthalate
      showed the greatest excretion (26%). As the length of the alkyl side chain
      increased, the amount of 14C excreted in the first 24 hr decreased significantly.
      The cumulative percentage dose excreted in 7 days was greatest for diethyl,
      dibutyl, and diisobutyl phthalate, about 50-60% of the applied 14C; and
      intermediate (20-40%) for dimethyl, benzyl butyl, and dihexyl phthalate. Urine
      was the major route of excretion of all phthalate diesters except for diisodecyl
      phthalate. This compound was poorly absorbed and showed almost no urinary
      excretion. After 7 days, the percentage dose for each phthalate that remained in
      the body was minimal and showed no specific tissue distribution. Most of the
      unexcreted dose remained in the area of application. These data show that the
      structure of the phthalate diester determines the degree of dermal absorption.
      Absorption maximized with diethyl phthalate and then decreased significantly as
      the alkyl side chain length increased.

PMID- 2925021
TI  - Acetaminophen and p-aminophenol nephrotoxicity in aging male Sprague-Dawley and
      Fischer 344 rats.
AB  - Strain differences in susceptibility of rats to acetaminophen (APAP)-induced
      nephrotoxicity have been reported previously. Young adult male Fischer 344 (F344)
      rats are susceptible, whereas weight-matched Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats are not
      susceptible to APAP nephrotoxicity. Susceptibility to APAP nephrotoxicity is also
      age dependent, at least in F344 rats. Middle-aged (12-15 months old) male F344
      rats are more susceptible to APAP-induced nephrotoxicity than are young adult (2
      4 months old) males. APAP nephrotoxicity in aging SD rats has not been evaluated.
      The present studies were designed to define strain differences in the
      nephrotoxicity of APAP and p-aminophenol (PAP), a nephrotoxic metabolite of APAP,
      using 2-, 3-, and 9- to 12-month-old F344 and SD rats. At 2 months of age, F344,
      but not SD, rats were susceptible to APAP-induced nephrotoxicity. However, at 3
      months of age, strain differences were less marked, as susceptibility to APAP
      nephrotoxicity appeared to increase between 2 and 3 months of age only in SD
      rats. By 9-12 months of age, susceptibility to APAP nephrotoxicity was comparable
      in F344 and SD rats. No age- or strain-related differences were observed in the
      excretory pattern of urinary APAP and metabolites that might explain the
      increased susceptibility of aging rats to APAP nephrotoxicity. Strain differences
      in age-matched rats were not marked for PAP-induced nephrotoxicity.
      Susceptibility of both 3- and 12-month-old F344 and SD rats to PAP-induced
      nephrotoxicity was greater compared to strain-matched 2-month-old rats. In both
      F344 and SD rats, PAP nephrotoxicity increased only modestly between 3 and 12
      months of age, indicating that increased susceptibility to PAP probably does not
      play a major role in the age-dependent increase in APAP nephrotoxicity. Thus,
      strain differences in APAP nephrotoxicity decrease with advancing age. The
      mechanisms mediating the increased susceptibility to APAP nephrotoxicity in
      middle-aged rats are not known but may relate, at least in part, to age-dependent
      differences in pharmacokinetics. The present study highlights the importance of
      considering the age of rats when evaluating drug toxicity. Even in young adult
      rats, subtle maturational changes in drug metabolism and/or disposition may
      occur, making toxicological evaluation in weight-matched rats of different
      strains and ages inappropriate.

PMID- 2925022
TI  - A dose-response analysis of methoxychlor-induced alterations of reproductive
      development and function in the rat.
AB  - In the present study rats were dosed from weaning, through puberty and gestation,
      to Day 15 of lactation with methoxychlor at 25, 50, 100, or 200 mg/kg/day.
      Morphological landmarks of puberty were measured, including the ages at vaginal
      opening, first estrus, and first estrous cycle in females and at preputial
      separation in males. In the female, estrous cyclicity, fertility, litter size,
      number of implantation sites, organ weights, and ovarian and uterine histology
      were also measured. The viability of the offspring (F1) and their fertility were
      evaluated using a continuous breeding protocol. Males were necropsied after
      breeding, the reproductive organs were weighed, and the cauda epididymal sperm
      counts were determined. One testis was used for histopathology, while the other
      was used to quantify interstitial fluid (IF) content, IF testosterone
      concentration, and testicular sperm production. Testosterone and androgen-binding
      protein were measured in the caput epididymis, and sperm motility and morphology
      were evaluated from a caudal sample. The serum and pituitary were saved for
      hormonal determinations. Methoxychlor accelerated the age at vaginal opening and
      first estrus, and the vaginal smears were cornified. Growth was retarded at 100
      and 200 mg/kg/day and fertility was reduced when the females were bred with
      untreated or similarly treated males. In the highest-dose group, the mated
      females went from constant estrus into pseudopregnancy following mating, but they
      had no implants. In males, methoxychlor treatment markedly reduced growth,
      seminal vesicle weight, cauda epididymal weight, caudal sperm content, and
      pituitary weight. Puberty was delayed in the two highest-dosage groups.
      Testicular sperm measures were much less affected than caudal measures. Testis
      weight and histology were slightly affected, and testicular sperm production,
      sperm morphology, and motility were unaffected. Endocrine function of the testes
      and pituitary was altered by methoxychlor administration. Leydig cell
      testosterone production, in response to human chorionic gonadotropin challenge,
      was reduced and pituitary levels of prolactin, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH),
      and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were altered. In contrast, serum levels of
      prolactin, FSH, and luteinizing hormone were unaffected. Serum TSH was reduced by
      50% of control at 100 and 200 mg/kg/day, while pituitary levels were increased.
      Gonadotropin-releasing hormone concentration in the mediobasal hypothalamus was
      also elevated. In spite of the many reproductive alterations, the fertility of
      treated males was not reduced when they were mated with untreated
      females.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2925023
TI  - Church or sect? The counterculture 10 years later.

PMID- 2925024
TI  - Family medicine as counterculture.

PMID- 2925025
TI  - Oxytocin and the induction of labor: use in a network of community hospitals.
AB  - This study uses a matched cohort design to compare the process and outcome of
      patients whose labor was induced using oxytocin with those entering labor
      spontaneously in a network of small community hospitals. The patients with
      induced labor more frequently had an arrest of dilatation and had infants who
      showed more abnormalities of fetal heart rate. There were no differences in
      infant APGAR scores. The previously reported increases in epidural anesthesia,
      episiotomy, and assisted deliveries in patients with induced labor were not
      found, suggesting a significantly different style of care provided by family
      physicians in small community hospitals.

PMID- 2925026
TI  - Combined training in procedural and behavioral counseling skills.
AB  - A combined training experience in behavioral counseling skills and office
      procedural skills was developed for second-year family medicine residents.
      Residents were relieved of other clinical responsibilities during the month this
      curriculum was presented, thus avoiding problems of competition for the
      residents' attention. By having all second-year residents together, faculty
      teaching time was efficiently used, and the haphazard results from relying on
      faculty-resident precepting experiences in the family practice center to provide
      training in these areas was avoided. Behavioral counseling and office procedural
      skills training were found to be complementary in areas of content, in teaching
      methods, and in maintaining variety and interest in the training experience. Pre-
      and post-testing of residents revealed a significant increase in knowledge of
      cognitive aspects of these two content areas at the end of the experience.

PMID- 2925027
TI  - Continuity of care and outcome in nursing home patients transferred to a
      community hospital.
AB  - This study prospectively investigated the effect of continuity of primary
      physician care on functional ability and outcome of nursing home patients
      transferred to a community hospital. Evaluated were 335 consecutive transfers
      with concurrent chart review and a standardized functional rating scale on
      admission and discharge from the hospital. Continuity of care by the primary
      physician was more likely with a greater length of stay. There was no association
      of continuity with age, sex, initial functional status or mental status of the
      patient, type of admission, or payment source. No significant relationship was
      found between outcome and continuity of care by the primary physician. Logistic
      regression analysis indicated that emergency admission to the hospital conferred
      an increased risk of mortality but that the level of primary physician continuity
      did not.

PMID- 2925028
TI  - Factors influencing student selection of family practice residency programs in
      Texas.
AB  - This study identified the relative influence of eight major factors on students'
      selections of family practice residency programs in Texas. All students (127)
      selected through the National Residency Matching Program in 1987 by 22 residency
      programs in Texas were surveyed. Based on a 91% response rate, 52 rating scale
      items were subjected to exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. The
      resulting eight factors were rank ordered according to program type (eg, medical
      school based) based on mean scores of items that loaded on each factor. The
      factor most influential in students' selections of programs was the "quality of
      training" they perceived they would receive, while the least important factor was
      "resident compensation and benefits." Students who selected medical school based
      programs and community based, medical school affiliated programs differed
      significantly as to the importance they placed on the "academic orientation of
      the program" and the "attitude toward family physicians" in their program
      selections.

PMID- 2925029
TI  - Specialty choice by medical students: recent graduate follow-up survey at the
      University of Washington.
AB  - Understanding the factors that contribute to specialty choice by medical students
      is crucial if the proportion of physicians in primary care is to be increased. We
      surveyed 1,182 graduates of the University of Washington (1978-84) inquiring
      about residency training, current clinical specialty, influences and attributes
      in specialty selection, satisfaction with current specialty, and timing of the
      decision. Usable responses were 56% of the total surveyed (67% without 194
      undeliverable surveys). When rates of non-response, bad address, and usable
      response were compared across graduating classes, no significant differences were
      found. The data also do not overrepresent a particular training choice or
      specialty group compared to all graduates. The majority of respondents (n = 404,
      62.3%) were in practice at the time of the survey. The distribution of specialty
      groups was significantly different for those in practice compared to those still
      in training (X2 = 27.28, P less than .001). Although the groups were somewhat
      different, these differences did not lead to major changes in responses. Sixty
      percent of graduates choosing family medicine did so either before or during the
      first two years of medical school. This contrasts with other specialties, where
      the majority of students did not make a decision until the third year of medical
      school. Medical school courses were an important influence.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2925030
TI  - Entry of U.S. medical school graduates into family practice residencies: 1988
      1989 and eight-year summary.
AB  - This study continues a series of reports from the American Academy of Family
      Physicians on the percentage of each medical school's graduates who enter family
      practice residency programs. Approximately 10.7% of the 15,947 graduates of
      United States medical schools between July 1987 and June 1988 were first-year
      residents in family practice in October 1988. This compares to 12.0% in the
      previous year. The Mountain region reported the highest percentage of medical
      school graduates who are first-year residents in family practice programs in
      October 1988; the Middle Atlantic and New England regions had the lowest
      percentages. Medical school graduates from publicly funded medical schools were
      twice as likely to be first-year residents in family practice in October 1988 as
      were graduates from privately funded medical schools. The percentages for each
      medical school have varied substantially from year to year in the eight years
      that the AAFP has reported this information. The average percentage for each
      medical school for the last eight years, as well as the cumulative percentage for
      each medical school, are reported. Although school-specific percentages may show
      wide year-to-year variations, the total percentage of U.S. medical school
      graduates entering family practice residencies has been generally stable near
      12.0% in the previous seven years. The decline to 10.7% for 1987-88 is cause for
      careful review.

PMID- 2925031
TI  - Alcoholics anonymous in medical school education.
AB  - The Department of Family and Community Medicine at Eastern Virginia Medical
      School has implemented a program introducing second-year medical students to
      Alcoholics Anonymous. This report reflects the results of the students'
      experience. All students felt they would be able to use Alcoholics Anonymous more
      effectively in caring for their patients.

PMID- 2925032
TI  - Thanks for 'call to arms'.

PMID- 2925033
TI  - Training for general practice: a look to Norway.
AB  - In the 1960s general practitioners were a dying race in Norway. Today general
      practice is a highly approved specialty among doctors as well as patients. Better
      education is one of the revitalizing factors. General practice is currently
      taught as a mandatory subject at all four universities in Norway. The practice
      apprenticeship is the essential element in our undergraduate curricula. In their
      fifth year, the students spend three to eight weeks in a structured training
      program supervised by general practice faculty. Approximately 500 general
      practitioners take part in this decentralized training network. In 1985 general
      practice was recognized as a specialty in Norway. The obligatory requirements in
      the five-year educational program are: -courses, 400 hours -hospital training,
      one year -general practice training, four years -group-based training program,
      two years The last element is based on a decentralized concept where a group of
      two to 10 trainees meet for three hours every two weeks during a two-year period.
      The group is headed by an appointed and qualified trainer. Besides being in
      accordance with the geography and demography of Norway, this model gives
      substance to the slogan "general practice can only be learnt in general
      practice."

PMID- 2925034
TI  - Teaching the tension: residency programs and cost containment.

PMID- 2925035
TI  - [Thalidomide and ulcerative colitis in Behcet's disease].

PMID- 2925036
TI  - [Hemolytic anemia and ulcerative rectocolitis: splenectomy or coloproctectomy?].

PMID- 2925037
TI  - [Anorectal Buschke-Lowenstein tumor (giant condylomatosis) requiring amputation
      of the rectum].

PMID- 2925038
TI  - [Pancreatic mucinous cystadenocarcinoma with a rapidly fatal course].

PMID- 2925039
TI  - [Ischemic colitis during an unusual effort].

PMID- 2925040
TI  - Campylobacter pylori, hypertrophic erosive gastritis and hypoalbuminemia healed
      by cephalexin therapy.

PMID- 2925041
TI  - The role of amino acid decarboxylase in the stimulation of gastrin release in
      man.
AB  - As amino acid-induced gastrin release is dependent on amino acid decarboxylase
      activity in rat, we examined the gastrin response to intragastric phenylalanine
      before and after treatment with carbidopa in 12 healthy male volunteers;
      carbidopa is an inhibitor of aromatic amino acid decarboxylation. Our results
      showed no significant difference between the pre- and postcarbidopa periods in
      the same subjects, suggesting that decarboxylation is not a necessary step for
      amino acids to stimulate G-cells in man. However, carbidopa seems to have an
      inhibitory effect on gastrin release, independently of its action on
      decarboxylase activity.

PMID- 2925042
TI  - [The symptom index: progress in the analysis of esophageal pH metry].
AB  - Commercially available pH-monitoring systems include one or more event markers
      which should allow correlation between reflux episodes and symptoms. However, the
      clinical relevance of this feature has not yet been thoroughly investigated. In
      this prospective study, we attempted to establish whether the use of an event
      marker could improve the accuracy of intraesophageal pH-monitoring and if a
      correlation between symptoms, as detected by event markers and esophageal
      exposure to acid could be shown. One hundred seven patients were studied. Only 47
      p. 100 used the event marker during 24 h pH-metry. There was no statistical
      significance in the incidence of gastroesophageal reflux (GER i.e. time spent
      below pH 4 greater than 4.2 p. 100), age and socioeconomic status between
      patients who used the marker and those who did not. A concordance index was
      calculated by dividing the number of reflux episodes associated with a marked
      event by the total number of marked events. In 50 p. 100 of the 16 patients who
      used the marker and had GER, the concordance index was greater than 75 p. 100. On
      the contrary, only 4 out of 35 patients without GER had a concordance index
      greater than 75 p. 100 (p less than 0.003). Finally, the index was less than 25
      p. 100 in 4 patients with GER and in 22 without GER (p less than 0.02). The
      lowest pH reached within the esophagus was virtually identical during all the
      reflux episodes, regardless of marker pressing.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2925043
TI  - [The liver, hepatobiliary infections and antibiotics].

PMID- 2925044
TI  - [Serum activity of mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase and extrahepatic
      cholestasis].
AB  - Serum mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase (mAST) level and the mitochondrial
      aspartate aminotransferase/total aspartate aminotransferase ratio (mAST/AST) have
      been proposed as sensitive markers of chronic alcoholism. Their specificity,
      however, remains poorly defined. The purpose of this study was to compare these
      markers in three groups of hospitalized patients: group I, 80 patients with
      chronic alcoholic liver disease; group II, 51 patients with chronic liver disease
      without alcoholism; group III, 44 patients with extrahepatic cholestasis (due to
      choledocholithiasis in 21 and malignant in 23). mAST was measured after immuno
      precipitation of cytoplasmic aspartate aminotransferase. The normal values of
      mAST (less than or equal to 2 mu/l) and mAST/AST (less than or equal to 6 p. 100)
      were defined in a group of 59 non alcoholic subjects without liver disease
      (controls). mAST was increased as compared with controls in 91 p. 100 of the
      patients of group I, 20 p. 100 of group II, 61 p. 100 of group III. mAST was
      comparable in groups I (mean +/- SD: 10 +/- 10.8) and III (10.3 +/- 12.9), and
      higher than in group II (1.8 +/- 2.4). m/AST was increased in 59 p. 100 of the
      patients of group I, 6 p. 100 of group II and 36 p. 100 of group III. It was
      higher in group I (8 +/- 4 p. 100) than in group III (6 +/- 4 p. 100, p less than
      0.02), and particularly higher in both these groups than in group II (2 +/- 1 p.
      100, p less than 0.00001). mAST was correlated to AST in each of these three
      groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2925045
TI  - [Hepatotoxicity of drugs. Update of the data bank on hepatic involvement and the
      responsible drugs].

PMID- 2925046
TI  - [A case of chronic ischemic erosive gastropathy healed after surgical
      revascularization].
AB  - A case of chronic ischemic erosive gastropathy secondary to chronic abdominal
      vascular insufficiency is reported. This gastropathy healed after
      revascularization procedure but then recurred after stenosis of the
      aortomesenteric graft. The clinical picture was characterized by post-prandial
      abdominal pain, weight loss and an abdominal bruit. The upper gastrointestinal
      endoscopy showed multiple non hemorrhagic antral erosions with irregular outlines
      and a pseudomembranous floor. Reduction of the resistance of the gastric mucosal
      barrier by a chronic decrease of mucosal blood flow probably accounted for the
      gastric erosions. Although the prevalence is unknown, ischemic injury to the
      stomach is unexpected, because of the rich collateral circulation of this organ.
      Increased awareness of the disease and its prognostic implications should lead to
      suggest abdominal vascular insufficiency based on their clinical and gastroscopic
      aspects, thus leading to operation before acute mesenteric infarction occurs.

PMID- 2925047
TI  - A sensitive and specific serologic test for detection of Campylobacter pylori
      infection.
AB  - Campylobacter pylori has been associated with gastritis, duodenal ulcer, gastric
      ulcer, and nonulcer dyspepsia. Evidence that C. pylori may be the causative agent
      or at least a major contributory factor in peptic ulcer disease has generated
      intense interest in the development of reliable methods for detecting C. pylori
      infections. We have developed a specific and sensitive enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that detects serum immunoglobulin G antibodies
      directed against high molecular weight cell-associated proteins (HM-CAP) of C.
      pylori. In a blinded fashion we tested sera from 300 individuals and found that
      all of 147 HM-CAP ELISA-negative individuals were also negative for C. pylori, as
      documented by a negative urea breath test; also, 151 of 153 C. pylori-positive
      (by urea breath test) individuals were HM-CAP ELISA-positive. Campylobacter
      pylori was cultured from the two ELISA-negative but infected patients and these
      isolates did possess HM-CAP antigens, showing that these two individuals had
      failed to seroconvert. Thus, the specificity and positive predictive value of the
      HM-CAP ELISA were each 100%; the sensitivity of the assay was 98.7%, and the
      negative predictive value was 98.6%. The HM-CAP ELISA and the urea breath test
      both proved valuable for detecting C. pylori infection, the urea breath test
      being a more direct method whereas the ELISA is less expensive and easier to
      perform. Furthermore, the results of a serologic test such as the HM-CAP ELISA
      would not be influenced by recent ingestion of bismuth compounds or antimicrobial
      therapy, which might suppress C. pylori and cause a transient false-negative
      result in the urea breath test.

PMID- 2925048
TI  - Familial empiric risk estimates of inflammatory bowel disease in Ashkenazi Jews.
AB  - Genetic factors have been implicated in the etiology of inflammatory bowel
      disease (IBD) because of the increased occurrence of IBD in relatives. To further
      characterize the familial aggregation of IBD, we obtained family histories by
      interview on 188 IBD patients, including 154 Ashkenazi Jews (82%), ascertained
      through a Los Angeles gastroenterology practice. Thirty-three index cases (17.6%)
      had at least one affected first-degree relative; an additional 11 had more
      distant affected relatives. Thus, 23.4% of our sample had a positive family
      history. The quantification of empiric risk estimates for various classes of
      relatives has been quite limited and has been reported in only a few series. An
      important goal of our study was the determination of the specific empiric risk
      figures for relatives. We obtained uncorrected risk estimates of 2.5% to off
      spring, 5.2% to siblings, and 2.9% to parents. Although the highest risk we
      observed is to siblings, IBD has a variable and often late age of onset, and it
      is likely that many relatives, particularly offspring, of patients in this sample
      have not reached the age at which they will manifest clinical disease. Thus,
      these uncorrected risks as well as those reported in the literature are an
      underestimate of the true empiric risks. To provide an estimate of the true
      lifetime risks, we utilized age-specific incidence data to calculate the
      following age-corrected empiric risk estimates for IBD: 8.9% to offspring, 8.8%
      to siblings, and 3.5% to parents. It is these latter age-corrected estimates that
      are most appropriate for both genetic counseling and genetic modeling.

PMID- 2925049
TI  - Human myenteric plexus: confirmation of unfamiliar structures in adults and
      neonates.
AB  - To define the myenteric plexus along the human gastrointestinal tract, we studied
      three neonatal and six adult specimens, postmortem, by silver impregnation. There
      were no clear differences between the neonatal and the adult gastrointestinal
      tracts. In the body of the esophagus, the plexus was sparse, with few ganglia;
      30%-40% of fascicular intersections were devoid of ganglia. In the lower 5 cm,
      the esophagus had thick bundles of nerve fibers ("shunt fascicles"), which
      crossed the gastroesophageal junction and radiated to the periphery of the
      stomach through several branches. The plexus in the stomach was uniform, with
      intermediate and intrafascicular ganglia. A thick nerve bundle encircled the
      pylorus and gave branches on either side to the antrum and the duodenum. Shunt
      fascicles in the stomach did not cross the pylorus but extended to the distal
      antrum. In the duodenum and proximal jejunum, the plexus was regular, but in the
      mid-small intestine, the longitudinal interganglionic fascicles were more
      prominent than the circumferential fascicles. Distally, this pattern was
      reversed; circumferential fascicles were more prominent and ganglia were dense in
      the terminal ileum. Thin, short shunt fascicles were scattered along the entire
      small intestine, becoming more abundant in the terminal ileum. Short, thick shunt
      fascicles traveled proximally from the ileocecal junction for about 25-30 cm. As
      in the stomach, shunt fascicles did not cross the ileocecal junction, but a thick
      nerve bundle encircled it. In the cecum and proximal colon, the plexus was sparse
      with large intermediate and intrafascicular ganglia. In the rectum and distal
      colon, the plexus was dense, with parafascicular and intrafascicular ganglia.
      Long ascending nerves extended from the distal rectum into the midcolon. In
      addition, there were short, thick nerve bundles in the rectum that traveled
      proximally.

PMID- 2925050
TI  - Gastric endocrine cell behavior in Zollinger-Ellison patients upon long-term
      potent antisecretory treatment.
AB  - Serum gastrin and gastric endocrine cell numerical densities were examined in 22
      patients with long-standing Zollinger-Ellison syndrome who were receiving either
      ranitidine, omeprazole, or other antisecretory drugs (SMS 201-995 or pirenzepine
      with or without ranitidine) for long periods of time. Fifteen patients had
      iterative biopsies. Twenty-one subjects with normal endoscopy, serum gastrin, and
      acid secretion served as controls. Individual fundic argyrophil cell density was
      above the highest control value in 77% of the patients, whatever the treatment.
      Argyrophil cell densities tended to be higher in women than in men. During the
      survey, fundic carcinoids developed in one ranitidine- and in one omeprazole
      treated patient. Fundic argyrophil cell densities were correlated with serum
      gastrin levels (r' = 0.730, p less than 0.001). Antral somatostatin cell density
      was not modified in any patients as compared with controls, nor was antral
      gastrin cell density except in omeprazole-treated patients. In these patients,
      gastrin cell density and gastrin to somatostatin cell ratio were significantly
      higher than in all other patients or controls. Such increases may indicate true
      gastrin cell hyperplasia in relation to drug-induced profound acid inhibition.

PMID- 2925051
TI  - Colonic and esophageal transepithelial potential difference in cystic fibrosis.
AB  - To evaluate differences in the expression of cystic fibrosis (CF) transport
      defects in the gastrointestinal tract of subjects with CF, in vivo measurements
      of colonic and esophageal transepithelial electrical potential difference (PD)
      were performed before and during amiloride superfusion in CF and healthy
      subjects. Esophageal PD before (-16 +/- 2 vs. -16 +/- 3 mV) and after (-14 +/- 2
      vs. -15 +/- 0.3 mV) superfusion with amiloride were similar for CF and healthy
      subjects. Basal rectosigmoid colon PD was also similar (CF: mean -23 +/- 6 and
      maximal -37 +/- 9 mV; normal: mean -26 +/- 5 and maximal -45 +/- 11 mV) in both
      groups. However, with amiloride superfusion (10(-4) M) the colonic PD in CF
      subjects was almost abolished (95% +/- 15% inhibition), whereas the PD in healthy
      subjects was only partially reduced (42% +/- 6%) (p less than 0.05). The greater
      inhibition with amiloride in CF, which was evident in absolute terms (26 +/- 4
      vs. 16 +/- 3 mV for controls, p less than 0.05) as well as relative terms, could
      not be ascribed to a difference in mineralocorticoid secretion rates, because 24
      h urine excretion of aldosterone and 17 hydroxy and 17 ketosteroids were similar
      in both groups. Freshly excised colonic epithelia from 1 CF and 3 non-CF subjects
      were studied in Ussing chambers, and a similar difference in amiloride
      responsiveness noted: PD and short-circuit current declined 33% +/- 2% and 37% +/
      4%, respectively, in seven tissues from the colons of 3 patients without CF,
      whereas both PD and short-circuit current were fully inhibited (100%) in all
      three tissues from the CF patient. As the presence of an amiloride-insensitive
      component of short-circuit current in non-CF colon is largely due to electrogenic
      Cl- secretion, the demonstration that this component was absent both in vivo and
      in vitro in CF colon establishes the presence of a defect in electrolyte
      transport in CF colon, a defect consistent with recent reports of absent
      electrogenic Cl- secretion in CF intestine.

PMID- 2925052
TI  - Properties of rabbit pepsinogen granules.
AB  - Pepsinogen granules were isolated from the rabbit stomach using isoosmotic
      Percoll density gradients, low free calcium (10(-7) M), and conditions that
      minimize physical damage. These granules were enriched approximately eightfold
      with respect to pepsinogen and were free from contamination by mitochondria and
      endoplasmic reticulum. Electrophoretic examination shows pepsinogen to account
      for approximately 80% of the Coomassie Blue-stainable intragranular protein and
      the granule membrane to yield a simple spectrum of proteins similar to other
      granule systems. In addition to purity, the isolated granules displayed a high
      degree of osmotic stability at physiologic conditions of pH, temperature, and
      ionic strength. This stability suggests strict regulation of the granule
      electrolyte transport pathways, which are shown to include a Cl- conductance, Cl
      /anion exchange, and a K+ conductance. These transport systems in the granule
      membrane are consistent with the promotion of primary fluid secretion.
      Furthermore, granule-mediated ion transport would allow the chief cell to couple
      fluid secretion directly to exocytotic pepsinogen secretion and flush the enzyme
      from the base of oxyntic glands.

PMID- 2925053
TI  - Progastrin processing during antral G-cell hypersecretion in humans.
AB  - Using radioimmunoassays specific for essential processing sites of human
      progastrin in combination with chromatography before and after cleavage with
      trypsin and carboxypeptidase B, we have examined antral biopsy specimens and
      serum from 10 hypergastrinemic patients with fundic atrophic gastritis and 7
      normal control subjects. Four types of processing were studied: N-terminal
      proteolysis (at the N-terminus of component I, gastrin 34, and gastrin 17); C
      terminal proteolysis (at the C-terminus of the amide donor, glycine93 in
      preprogastrin); alpha-carboxyamidation (of phenylalanine92); and O-sulfation (of
      tyrosine87). The results show that progastrin during permanent G-cell
      hypersecretion is less completely processed with respect to C-terminal
      proteolysis, alpha-amidation, and tyrosine-sulfation. In contrast, the degree of
      N-terminal proteolysis is normal. Thus, the processing of progastrin adjacent to
      the active site of gastrin is more restrictively controlled than N-terminal
      processing during G-cell hypersecretion associated with pernicious anemia.

PMID- 2925054
TI  - Characterization of estrogen receptor from human liver.
AB  - Characterization of the estrogen receptor in cytosol from human male liver was
      undertaken to further understanding of the molecular basis of estrogen action in
      this tissue. By analysis of estrogen binding data of crude cytosol, saturable
      estrogen binding showed a Kd = 4.7 X 10(-10) M. High levels of nonsaturable
      binding were also detected. The estrogen-binding activities detected could be
      distinguished by their steroid specificity, hydrodynamic parameters, ionic
      properties, and sensitivity to proteolytic attack. Our findings also confirmed
      that the moderate-affinity estrogen binders found in rodent liver cannot be
      detected in human tissue. We concluded that the properties of estrogen receptor
      of human liver cytosol allow its separation from nonsaturable estrogen-binding
      components.

PMID- 2925055
TI  - Reduction of portal pressure by isosorbide-5-mononitrate in patients with
      cirrhosis. Effects on splanchnic and systemic hemodynamics and liver function.
AB  - The results of a study to characterize the effects of the oral administration of
      isosorbide-5-mononitrate (Is-5-Mn), the active metabolite of isosorbide
      dinitrate, on portal hypertension in 23 patients with cirrhosis are reported.
      Patients received 20 mg of Is-5-Mn (n = 10), 40 mg (n = 9), or a placebo (n = 4).
      No significant changes were observed after the administration of the placebo.
      However, both doses of Is-5-Mn significantly reduced portal pressure, as
      evaluated by measurements of the hepatic venous pressure gradient. The fall in
      portal pressure averaged 10% after the 20-mg dose and 18% after 40 mg and was
      maintained for the 2 h of observation. Reduction of portal pressure was due to a
      decrease in the wedged hepatic vein pressure, with no changes in the free hepatic
      venous pressure. After the 20-mg dose, the decrease in portal pressure was
      associated with an increase in hepatic blood flow (16%), suggesting a fall in
      hepatic vascular resistance. However, after the 40-mg dose, a reflex splanchnic
      vasoconstriction elicited by the fall in arterial pressure (-19%) appeared to
      contribute to the greater reduction in portal pressure, as suggested by a
      significant decrease in azygos blood flow (-15%). These beneficial effects on
      portal pressure were not associated with adverse effects on liver function, as
      evaluated by measurements of the hepatic clearance of indocyanine green and the
      hepatic intrinsic clearance. Neither dose of Is-5-Mn caused significant changes
      in these quantitative parameters of liver function. These findings suggest that
      Is-5-Mn could be a potentially useful and safe agent in the treatment of portal
      hypertension.

PMID- 2925056
TI  - Functional and biochemical characterization of the human gallbladder muscularis
      cholecystokinin receptor.
AB  - Gallbladders removed at cholecystectomy are a potentially useful source of human
      receptor for the gastrointestinal peptide hormone cholecystokinin (CCK). Seven
      healthy gallbladders (removed incidentally at time of resection of hepatic
      metastases) and 50 diseased gallbladders were studied. Cholecystokinin
      radioligand binding to an enriched plasma membrane preparation from these tissues
      was shown to be rapid, reversible, temperature-dependent, saturable, specific,
      and high-affinity. Computer analysis of equilibrium binding data using the Ligand
      program best fit a single class of binding sites with Kd = 1.0 +/- 0.1 nM (mean
      +/- SEM). This was similar in health and disease, with no apparent differences
      related to age, gender, or body habitus. The structural specificity for binding
      to this site correlated well with relative potencies for CCK-gastrin peptides to
      stimulate gallbladder contraction. To biochemically characterize this receptor,
      we used a battery of reagents, including "long" (125I-Bolton Hunter-CCK-33) and
      "short" 125I-D-Try-Gly-[(Nle28,31)CCK-26-33] probes that were cross-linkable
      through their amino terminus and a monofunctional probe with a photolabile group
      at its carboxyl terminus 125I-D-Tyr-Gly[(Nle28,31,pNO2-Phe33)CCK-26-33]. All
      probes specifically labeled a human gallbladder muscularis protein of Mr = 85,000
      95,000, which was also independent of diagnosis. Labeling of this band was
      inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner by CCK-8 and by L-364,718. Thus,
      the CCK receptor present on the very common surgically removed human gallbladder
      is functionally and biochemically intact and is useful for further
      characterization.

PMID- 2925057
TI  - Amoxicillin-clavulanate potassium-associated cholestasis.
AB  - Amoxicillin-clavulanate potassium, a semisynthetic penicillin-beta-lactamase
      inhibitor combination drug, is a widely used oral antibiotic. Since the marketing
      of this drug in 1984, more than nine million prescriptions have been dispensed.
      Several cases of jaundice and hepatic dysfunction have been observed and reported
      to the Food and Drug Administration and the pharmaceutical company (Beecham
      Laboratories). A review of 18 of these cases revealed a predominantly cholestatic
      syndrome in 7 cases, a mixed hepatocellular-cholestatic picture in 6 cases, a
      hepatocellular pattern in 4, and in 1 case the injury could not be clearly
      defined. No fatalities were observed, and all cases had reversal of hepatic
      dysfunction upon cessation of the drug. Fever was present in 2 patients and
      eosinophilia in 6 of 10 patients tested, suggesting a hypersensitivity phenomenon
      contributing to hepatic dysfunction in some of the cases. A percutaneous liver
      biopsy had been performed in 7 of 18 patients and four of these were reviewed by
      the authors. Prominent centrizonal cholestasis was seen in all four biopsies.
      Additionally, 1 patient had periportal and another had midzonal cholestasis.
      Although infrequent, recognition of an often benign cholestatic syndrome
      associated with amoxicillin-clavulanate potassium will help avoid unnecessary,
      invasive, and expensive diagnostic studies and also ameliorate symptoms upon
      withdrawal of the drug.

PMID- 2925058
TI  - Determinants of bile secretion: effect of bile salt structure on bile flow and
      biliary cation secretion.
AB  - The effect of five bile salts, deoxycholate, chenodeoxycholate, cholate,
      ursodeoxycholate, and ursocholate, possessing (in decreasing order) different
      hydrophobicity, on bile flow and biliary secretion of total calcium, magnesium,
      sodium, and potassium was studied in 10 patients with T-tubes. Each subject was
      infused intraduodenally with one or two bile salts, given separately, to produce
      a selective enrichment of biliary bile salts with the infused bile salt. The
      choleresis induced per 1-mumol increase of bile salt output was greater during
      the secretion of 7 beta-hydroxylated bile salts, ursodeoxycholate (0.029 ml), and
      ursocholate (0.027 ml), followed in decreasing order by deoxycholate (0.023 ml),
      chenodeoxycholate (0.019 ml), and cholate (0.009 ml). Deoxycholate stimulated the
      greatest increase in cation secretion per unit increase in bile salt output,
      followed by chenodeoxycholate and cholate. The two 7 beta-hydroxylated bile salts
      induced greater cation secretion than did their 7 alpha-epimers. Whereas biliary
      concentration of divalent cations differed depending on the structure and
      concentration of the infused bile salt, the concentration of monovalent cations
      was constant for any species and concentration of infused bile salt.
      Relationships between bile salt and divalent cation concentration indicate that 1
      mumol of secreted biliary deoxycholate, the most hydrophobic bile salt,
      associates with the greatest amount of calcium (0.046 mumol) and magnesium (0.022
      mumol), followed by chenodeoxycholate (0.020 and 0.010 mumol, respectively) and
      cholate (0.012 and 0.008 mumol, respectively). The capacity of ursodeoxycholate
      and ursocholate to associate with calcium and magnesium seems to be less than
      that of their 7 alpha-epimers. These data suggest that of the common bile salts,
      the more hydrophobic bile salts stimulate bile flow and cation secretion better
      than the more hydrophilic bile salts, whereas ursodeoxycholate and ursocholate
      are more effective than their more hydrophobic 7 alpha-epimers. Whereas different
      bile salts seem to influence the secretion of sodium and potassium mainly by
      virtue of their choleretic properties, the effect of bile salt structure on
      biliary secretion of calcium and magnesium suggests the presence of a secretory
      link that might be consistent with cation-bile salt binding.

PMID- 2925059
TI  - Rat pancreatic nuclear thyroid hormone receptor: characterization and postnatal
      development.
AB  - To document the presence of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine nuclear receptor in the rat
      pancreas, the solubilized pancreatic nuclear fraction was characterized for its
      binding to 3,5,3'-L-triiodothyronine. Binding was found to be reversible,
      saturable, and specific. Scatchard analysis revealed a single class of 3,5,3'-L
      triiodothyronine receptors in the pancreata of adult rats. The dissociation
      constant was 0.29 +/- 0.02 x 10(-9) M, and maximal binding capacity was 242 +/-
      10 fmol of T3 bound per milligram of nonhistone protein at 30 degrees C (n = 20).
      Both parameters are comparable with those of adult rat liver nuclei. The degree
      of receptor occupancy was 30%-40% of the total sites in the adult rat pancreas.
      Developmentally, 3,5,3'-L-triiodothyronine binding was not detectable at birth
      and very low in pups less than 5 days old. It reached a peak at the third to
      fourth weeks. The degree of receptor occupancy changed with development from a
      low (19.2% +/- 2.0%) in 5-10-day-old pups to a high (50.5% +/- 3.0%) in 11-20-day
      old pups, then returned to a moderate level (36.9% +/- 3.0%). The dissociation
      constants remained unchanged at various postnatal ages. Our data suggest that the
      rat pancreas is a target tissue for thyroid hormone and that thyroxine plays a
      role in pancreatic development.

PMID- 2925060
TI  - Mortality factors associated with chronic pancreatitis. Unidimensional and
      multidimensional analysis of a medical-surgical series of 240 patients.
AB  - The purpose of the study was to determine (a) the frequency and cause of
      mortality in patients with chronic pancreatitis; (b) the cumulative survival
      rates corrected by comparison of patients with a matched French population; and
      (c) the factors associated with mortality by a unidimensional and
      multidimensional analysis. The study population consisted of 240 patients (men =
      208, women = 32; alcoholic = 210, nonalcoholic = 30) followed for a mean time of
      8.7 yr. The status of the patients (dead or alive) was recorded in February 1987.
      Mean age at onset of chronic pancreatitis was 41.5 yr. Fifty-seven patients died.
      Mean age at time of death was 52.3 yr. "Overmortality" after 20 yr of course was
      35.8% in comparison with a matched French population (p less than 0.0001).
      Chronic pancreatitis was the direct cause of death for only 19.3% of patients.
      The main causes of death have been alcoholic hepatopathy (n = 10), cancer (n =
      9), postoperative mortality (n = 8). Unidimensional analysis of mortality rates
      showed that male sex (p less than 0.03), surgery (p less than 0.007), hepatopathy
      (p less than 0.01), diabetes mellitus (p less than 0.02), and absence of attack
      of acute pancreatitis (p less than 0.02) were associated with mortality.
      Multidimensional analysis showed that the following variables were linked with
      mortality: in a first model including the totality of the study population:
      surgery (p less than 0.006), hepatopathy (p less than 0.008), no attack of acute
      pancreatitis (p less than 0.03), male sex (p less than 0.03); in a second model
      excluding cirrhosis: surgery (p less than 0.001), male sex (p less than 0.06),
      diabetes mellitus (p less than 0.09). Nevertheless, surgery did not seem to
      interfere with long-term mortality. The lower mortality of patients with attacks
      of acute pancreatitis suggests a favorable influence for alcohol abstinence.

PMID- 2925061
TI  - Effect of pancreatic juice diversion on secretin release in rats.
AB  - We investigated a possible role of secretin in the mechanism of exocrine
      pancreatic secretion after exclusion of pancreatic juice from the intestine in
      anesthetized rats. Diversion of pancreatic juice from the duodenum resulted in a
      significant increase in plasma secretin concentration from 0.76 +/- 0.39 pM at 0
      time to 3.09 +/- 0.30 pM at 4 h after diversion. This increase in secretin
      coincided with a steady but significant increase in pancreatic secretion of
      volume and bicarbonate. Intraduodenal administration of fresh pancreatic juice
      completely reversed the diversion-induced increases in both plasma secretin and
      pancreatic secretion. Intravenous injection of a rabbit-antisecretin serum
      blocked the increase of pancreatic secretion during diversion of pancreatic juice
      from the duodenum. Thus, we conclude that endogenous secretin is involved in a
      hormonal mechanism regulating increased pancreatic exocrine secretion in
      pancreatic juice-diverted rats.

PMID- 2925062
TI  - Endoscopic biliary therapy using the combined percutaneous and endoscopic
      technique.
AB  - Between September 1985 and December 1987, 74 patients underwent attempted
      endoscopic biliary therapy using a combined percutaneous transhepatic and
      endoscopic transpapillary approach (combined procedure). All patients had had
      failed endoscopy-alone procedures and had contraindications to surgery. The
      indication was palliation of malignant biliary obstruction in 66 cases (41 common
      bile duct, 25 hilar), assistance with sphincterotomy for the removal of common
      bile duct stones in 6 cases, and management of benign biliary stenosis in 2
      cases. The initial procedure was percutaneous transhepatic access to the biliary
      tree, which was successful in all but 1 case (99%). The bile duct was drained
      externally for an average of 3.4 days before the combined procedure. One patient
      died during this period from hemorrhage associated with liver puncture. Combined
      procedure was performed in 72 cases and was successful in 60 [53 malignant
      stricture (53/66 = 80%), five common duct stone (5/6 = 83%), two benign stricture
      (2/2 = 100%)]. Procedure-related morbidity and mortality, respectively, were
      12.5% and 0% for benign disease and 36% and 3% for malignant disease. The total
      (initial endoscopy included) morbidity and 30-day mortality were 33% and 0%,
      respectively, for benign disease and 62% and 27% for malignant disease.
      Subsequently, stent change has been required on 16 occasions, with endoscopy-only
      successful in 13 (81%) and repeat combined procedure being required in three
      (19%). The combined procedure improves the ability of endoscopy to offer
      nonsurgical therapy to poor risk patients with both malignant and benign biliary
      disease but is associated with significant morbidity and disease-related
      mortality.

PMID- 2925063
TI  - Circadian variation in renal sodium and potassium handling in cirrhosis. The role
      of aldosterone, cortisol, sympathoadrenergic tone, and intratubular factors.
AB  - Renal sodium and potassium handling, plasma aldosterone and cortisol
      concentrations, and urine free norepinephrine excretion were determined every 4 h
      for 24 h in 15 cirrhotics (7 without ascites, group 1; 8 with ascites, group 2)
      and 7 healthy controls during controlled salt intake and recumbency. Renal sodium
      excretion was significantly reduced in group 2, whereas it exceeded threefold the
      salt intake in group 1. Its circadian rhythm was disrupted in both groups of
      patients. Significant inverse correlations with plasma aldosterone were found
      erratically in controls, never in group 1, and at every 4-h interval in group 2.
      In the latter, the indexes of tubular activity and effectiveness of aldosterone
      were also significantly increased. Urine norepinephrine excretion was never
      related to sodium excretion in either controls or patients; in group 2 it was
      directly correlated with glomerular filtration rate in many instances. The
      cortisol-related circadian rhythm of kaliuresis was retained only in group 1. The
      24-h renal potassium excretion of controls and patients was comparable, in spite
      of the striking hyperaldosteronism, and the more than doubled contribution of
      aldosterone to kaliuresis shown in group 2. The influence of aldosterone on
      potassium excretion was also witnessed by the direct correlation between these
      variables found in group 1 and, when kaliuresis was corrected by the distal
      sodium delivery, group 2. Renal sodium handling in cirrhosis is altered even
      before ascites formation and compensated patients can undergo "spontaneous
      natriuresis." Aldosterone is the main cause of sodium retention in nonazotemic
      ascitic patients, while sympathoadrenergic hyperactivity may contribute to
      preserve renal perfusion. The influence of aldosterone on kaliuresis is enhanced,
      but renal potassium wasting in patients with ascites and hyperaldosteronism is
      prevented by reduced distal tubular availability of sodium.

PMID- 2925064
TI  - Fibrin ring granulomas and allopurinol.
AB  - To test the hypothesis that allopurinol-associated granulomatous hepatitis may
      present itself with fibrin-ring granulomas, we requested details of such cases,
      as reported to the World Health Organization, from 13 national adverse reaction
      monitoring centers, and as reported in the literature. Details and histology of 6
      cases were obtained and reviewed. All consisted of acute hypersensitivity signs
      with fever, rash, arthralgia, or eosinophilia as hallmarks, starting within 6 wk
      of commencing treatment with allopurinol. In all cases there were either
      epithelioid granulomas or granulomalike lesions, but none of these contained
      fibrin rings. It is concluded that, if fibrin-ring granulomas are a manifestation
      of allopurinol-induced granulomatous hepatitis, this feature is probably
      uncommon.

PMID- 2925065
TI  - Iron overload complicating sideroblastic anemia--is the gene for hemochromatosis
      responsible?
AB  - Idiopathic hemochromatosis is a hereditary disease that is associated with human
      leucocytic antigens A3, B7, and B14. A genetic association between human
      leucocytic antigen-linked hemochromatosis and idiopathic refractory sideroblastic
      anemia has been suggested that may predispose some patients with idiopathic
      refractory sideroblastic anemia to develop gross iron overload. Study of the
      family of a patient with idiopathic refractory sideroblastic anemia and
      hemochromatosis revealed that 2 of 5 first-degree relatives had significant
      elevations of serum ferritin, and a shared human leucocytic antigen haplotype,
      supporting the concept that patients with idiopathic refractory sideroblastic
      anemia and significant iron overload have at least one allele for
      hemochromatosis.

PMID- 2925066
TI  - Breath hydrogen in bacterial overgrowth.

PMID- 2925067
TI  - Sorbitol clearance: shift from flow-limitation in controls to enzyme-flow
      dependence in cirrhosis.

PMID- 2925068
TI  - Campylobacter pylori and symptoms: is there a cause and effect relationship?

PMID- 2925069
TI  - Campylobacter pylori in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

PMID- 2925070
TI  - Zonal diversity or zonal heterogeneity in bile secretion.

PMID- 2925071
TI  - Gastric potential difference measurements influenced by changes in pH.

PMID- 2925073
TI  - Digestive Disease Week and the 90th annual meeting of the American
      Gastroenterological Association. May 13-19, 1989, Washington, D.C., Program and
      abstracts.

PMID- 2925072
TI  - Short-chain fatty acids stimulate active sodium and chloride absorption in vitro
      in the rat distal colon.
AB  - Studies were performed to determine the mechanism by which short-chain fatty
      acids increase colonic Na and Cl absorption by determining unidirectional 22Na
      and 36Cl fluxes across isolated stripped mucosa from the rat distal colon under
      voltage clamp conditions. Mucosal butyrate (25 mM, in the absence of bicarbonate)
      significantly enhanced both net Na and net Cl absorption by 7.0 +/- 1.3 and 6.9
      +/- 1.0 microEq/h.cm2, respectively, without increasing the short-circuit
      current. Net Na and Cl absorption in butyrate-Ringer's solution and HCO3-Ringer's
      solution were identical. Butyrate stimulation of Na (and Cl) absorption was Cl
      dependent and prevented by 1 mM mucosal amiloride, an inhibitor of Na-H exchange,
      but was HCO3-independent and not inhibited by acetazolamide, a carbonic anhydrase
      inhibitor. In contrast, bicarbonate-stimulated Na (and Cl) absorption was also Cl
      dependent and amiloride-sensitive, but was significantly inhibited by
      acetazolamide. The effect of mucosal butyrate on net Na and Cl absorption was
      substantially greater than serosal butyrate, which in the presence of bicarbonate
      did not alter ion transport. The stimulation of Na and Cl absorption by mucosal
      butyrate was significantly greater than by propionate and acetate, whereas
      mucosal formate did not alter Na transport. The results of this study permit the
      following model: short-chain fatty acid stimulation of active Na and Cl
      absorption involves uptake of the nonionized form of butyrate and the coupling of
      Na-H and Cl-butyrate exchanges.

PMID- 2925074
TI  - Putative role of adenohypophysis in the osmoregulation of tilapia larvae
      (Oreochromis mossambicus; Teleostei): an ultrastructure study.
AB  - Ultrastructure of the secretory cells in the adenohypophysis of tilapia
      (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae hatched in fresh water or sea water was
      compared. Adenohypophysis of newly hatched larvae of tilapia is a short columnar
      body attached to the ventral floor of the diencephalon. The adenohypophysis is at
      its early differentiation stage, i.e., various types of secretory cells are still
      undistinguishable. Only part of the cells in the putative rostral pars distalis
      look like typical endocrine cells, containing well-developed rough endoplasmic
      reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and numerous secretory granules. The average size of
      secretory granules in freshwater-hatched larvae is significantly larger than
      those in seawater-hatched larvae (12,936 +/- 2854 nm2, N = 11 vs 3375 +/- 810
      nm2, N = 10), suggesting some role of adenohypophysis in the osmoregulation of
      the early developmental stage of teleosts.

PMID- 2925075
TI  - Production of methyl farnesoate by the mandibular organs of the mud crab, Scylla
      serrata: validation of a radiochemical assay.
AB  - Parameters for the validation of a radiochemical assay to monitor the
      biosynthesis and release of methyl farnesoate (MF) by the mandibular organs (MO)
      of the mud crab, Scylla serrata, have been defined. On the basis of HPLC
      analysis, MF appeared to be the exclusive radiolabeled product of release, using
      [3H-methyl]methionine as precursor. HPLC of isooctane extracts of medium in which
      MO had been maintained similarly revealed that MF was the exclusive 3H-product
      and indicates that the isooctane partition assay can be employed to monitor MF
      release. The time course of MF biosynthesis and release suggested that the
      endogenous L-methionine pool is large, because both cumulative release and rate
      of release increased over an 8-hr incubation but remained constant between 8 and
      16 hr. Glandular content of MF did not appear to stabilize until 6-8 hr after the
      start of the incubation. Cumulative MF release, as a function of glandular
      content or biosynthesis, increased gradually with time, but even after 16 hr the
      majority of biosynthesized MF was retained within the MO rather than released. L
      Methionine concentration in the incubation medium influenced both MF biosynthesis
      and release, although the dose dependency was more apparent with biosynthesis.
      Although it was difficult to associate strictly a level of biosynthesis with L
      methionine concentration, low rates of MF biosynthesis were observed at
      concentrations of less than 25 microM. Because high levels of biosynthesis were
      observed consistently between 60 and 70 microM L-met, all subsequent incubations
      employed a concentration of 65 microM. MO of S. serrata show a striking asymmetry
      in MF biosynthesis and release which is not time dependent. Hence the comparison
      of right and left glands in assessing the effects of experimental treatments is
      precluded.

PMID- 2925076
TI  - Purification and characterization of Atlantic salmon prolactin.
AB  - Prolactin was isolated from the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) pituitary gland by
      extraction with acid acetone, gel filtration, ion exchange-chromatography, and
      reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The yield was 0.6 mg/g wet
      tissue. The hormone had a molecular weight of 23.5 kDa as determined by SDS
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Isoelectric focusing gave an isoelectric
      point of 9.2. The N-terminal sequence and the amino acid composition indicated
      extensive homology between Atlantic and Pacific salmon prolactin. Antiserum
      against Atlantic salmon prolactin cross-reacted with chum salmon prolactin, but
      not with human, rat, or sheep prolactin.

PMID- 2925077
TI  - Endocrines and osmoregulatory mechanisms in the Nile crocodile, Crocodylus
      niloticus.
AB  - The changes in body fluid economy and endocrine status associated with exposure
      of the Nile crocodile, Crocodylus niloticus, to hypertonic media have been
      related to the responses to altered renin-angiotensin system (RAS) activity
      observed in fresh water (FW) animals. Animals held in hypertonic media for 7 days
      showed a 18.2% body weight loss and raised plasma and urinary sodium, potassium,
      chloride, and osmotic concentrations. Within 6 hr of return to FW rapid
      imbibition had largely restored body weight and produced significant plasma
      dilution. Although plasma sodium, chloride, and osmotic concentrations remained
      higher than in FW controls, plasma levels of corticosterone, aldosterone, and
      arginine vasotocin were not significantly altered. Angiotensin I (AI)
      administration in FW crocodiles stimulated drinking and raised plasma aldosterone
      levels by comparison with animals given the converting enzyme inhibitor,
      Captopril, together with AI. The compensatory drinking behaviour exhibited by the
      Nile crocodile may thus involve the RAS. The RAS also appears to influence
      interrenal steroidogenesis and thus may afford an integrative role in crocodile
      fluid management as it does in homeotherms.

PMID- 2925078
TI  - Plasma catecholamine concentrations in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) at rest
      and after anesthesia and surgery.
AB  - The effects of surgery and anesthesia on concentrations of plasma epinephrine
      (E), norepinephrine (NE), and dopamine (DA) were investigated in rainbow trout
      fitted with dorsal aorta cannulae. Baseline catecholamines (CA) concentrations,
      established in resting rainbow trout, were 1.55 +/- 0.90 pmol/ml (mean +/- SD)
      for E, 2.07 +/- 1.26 for NE, and 1.33 +/- 0.87 for DA. These values were based on
      the pooled analyses of five individual fish taken over seven different sampling
      periods. The E:NE ratio in resting fish was always less than 1.0. In a second
      experiment, fish were subjected to dorsal aorta cannulation and sequential blood
      samples were taken immediately after surgery, and 6, 24, and 48 hr later. Plasma
      E concentrations were 36 times greater than baseline values in the first sample;
      NE was 15 times greater and DA was 41 times greater. After surgery, plasma
      concentrations of all CAs fell rapidly but values were still higher than baseline
      6 hr after surgery, then were near baseline at 24 and 48 hr after surgery. The
      E:NE ratio was about 3.0 immediately after surgery, dropped to 1.8 at 6 hr, and
      was about 1.0 at 24 and 48 hr. In a third experiment, plasma CAs were determined
      in a group of five animals anesthetized with tricaine methanesulfonate (100
      mg/ml) to advanced anesthesia, and then allowed to recover in flowing well water
      over a 12-hr observation period. Plasma E and NE concentrations in the fish
      during early anesthesia (1.14 +/- 0.14 min) were not significantly different from
      preanesthesia values.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2925079
TI  - Seasonal changes in body weight, fat depots, and plasma levels of thyroxine and
      growth hormone in free-living great tits (Parus major) and willow tits (P.
      montanus).
AB  - Annual changes in body weight, fat depots, and plasma levels of thyroxine (T4)
      and growth hormone (GH) were studied in free-living great tits and willow tits.
      Birds were collected during six ecologically well-defined periods of the year.
      Special attention was given to the nonreproductive part of the year. T4 showed
      simple unimodal cycles in both species and both sexes, with high levels during
      the warmer part of the year, and low levels during the winter and spring periods.
      Although increasing levels were temporarily separated between the two species,
      they were in both cases correlated with the onset of gonadal regression and
      moult. Plasma levels of GH fluctuated in a much more complex pattern, and no
      obvious and consistent correlation to any extrinsic or intrinsic factor was
      found. Body weights and fat depots both showed seasonal variations that varied
      slightly between the two species. Values, with the exception for breeding
      females, were generally the highest during the autumn, winter, and spring
      periods.

PMID- 2925080
TI  - Purification of maturational gonadotropin from Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias
      undulatus) and development of a homologous radioimmunoassay.
AB  - The isolation of a maturational gonadotropin from pituitaries of Atlantic croaker
      (Micropogonias undulatus), a marine teleost belonging to the order perciformes,
      is described. A radioimmunoassay has been developed for the measurement of this
      hormone in blood samples and validation of the assay is presented. The hormone
      measured is an acidic isoform of GTH and can be detected in the plasma at
      concentrations from 25 to 0.05 ng/ml. At least one other gonadotropic fraction
      was detected during the purification. The acidic form of GTH is released from
      croaker pituitaries after stimulation with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone
      analog (LHRHa), both in vivo and in vitro. The GTH is steroidogenic, is active in
      an in vitro oocyte germinal-vesicle breakdown assay, and is elevated in the blood
      of fish undergoing LHRHa-induced ovulation.

PMID- 2925081
TI  - Properties of follicle-stimulating hormone receptors and changes during annual
      breeding cycle in the testis of short-tailed bandicoot rat, Nesokia indica.
AB  - Some properties and seasonal changes of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
      receptors in the testis of short-tailed bandicoot rat, Nesokia indica, were
      studied. The binding of FSH was highly specific for mammalian FSHs and located
      primarily in the testis. The Scatchard plot analyses of the binding of FSH to the
      testicular preparations of N. indica showed straight lines similar to those of
      albino Wistar rats, suggesting the presence of a single class of FSH-binding
      sites. The mean dissociation constants (Kds) for FSH receptors of N. indica were
      1.416 (0.964-2.667, 95% confidence interval) nM in December, 1986; 1.348 (0.885
      2.849) nM in April, 1987; and 3.039 (1.678-16.127) nM in August to October, 1987.
      No significant differences were found among the three groups, but they were all
      significantly greater than those in Wistar rats. The FSH binding per unit weight
      of tissue during non-breeding phase (June, 1987) was lower than those during
      other phases (December, 1986; April and August-October, 1987). Calculated numbers
      of FSH-binding sites showed no statistically significant differences among the
      latter three phases. In June preparations the number of binding sites was not
      determined due to their extremely low binding capacity.

PMID- 2925082
TI  - Periovulatory female goldfish release three potential pheromones: 17 alpha,20
      beta-dihydroxyprogesterone, 17 alpha,20 beta-dihydroxyprogesterone glucuronide,
      and 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone.
AB  - Our previous studies have shown that 17 alpha,20 beta-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one
      (17,20 beta-P) produced by preovulatory female goldfish functions both as a
      hormone promoting oocyte final maturation and as a primer sex pheromone
      stimulating rapid reproductive endocrine responses in the male. In the present
      study, the amounts of free and glucuronated 17,20 beta-P as well as free 17 alpha
      hydroxyprogesterone (17P) released to the holding water by female goldfish
      throughout the periovulatory period were determined. Compared to nonovulating
      female goldfish, ovulating goldfish released very high levels of each of these
      steroids. This study confirmed that 17,20 beta-P is released to the water by
      ovulating fish in sufficient amounts to have pheromonal activity and indicated
      that 17P may also function as a pheromone. Although considerable quantities of
      17,20 beta-P glucuronide were also released, its physiological actions are
      unknown.

PMID- 2925083
TI  - Induction of gonadotropin surge by steroid hormone implantation in ovariectomized
      and sexually regressed female goldfish.
AB  - Involvement of steroid hormones in the occurrence of the ovulatory gonadotropin
      (GtH) surge was studied in goldfish. Ovariectomized female goldfish were
      implanted with an empty Silastic capsule or a capsule containing testosterone or
      estradiol, and kept below 12 degrees for 3 months (Experiment 1). Some of the
      steroid implanted fish showed a GtH surge which was quite similar to the normal
      ovulatory GtH surge in response to a water temperature rise from 12 to 20
      degrees, whereas no surge was observed in fish with empty capsules. When sexually
      regressed female goldfish were implanted with the capsules containing
      testosterone or estradiol and kept at 12 degrees for 6 weeks out of spawning
      season, the GtH surge was also observed in these fish after the water temperature
      rise to 20 degrees (Experiment 2). The GtH surge was observed in a larger number
      of testosterone-implanted fish than in the estradiol-treated fish in both
      experiments. These results strongly suggest that the high plasma level of
      testosterone observed before ovulation is an important physiological requisite
      for the occurrence of the ovulatory GtH surge in goldfish.

PMID- 2925084
TI  - Corticosteroid receptors in liver cytosol of the clawed toad, Xenopus laevis:
      influence of thyroid and ovarian hormones.
AB  - The glucocorticoid receptor capacity Ro and the dissociation constant Kd were
      determined in the liver of Xenopus laevis by Scatchard analysis. In 5-year-old
      female toads Ro was about three times higher than that in males (153.9, 54.3
      fmol/mg protein) and Kd was similar in both sexes (4.0, 4.1 nM). Some of the
      animals used had abnormal enlarged thyroid glands, atrophic ovaries, or both
      defects in connection with different levels of Ro, but not of Kd, compared to
      those of normal animals. Females with ovarian atrophy showed significantly lower
      Ro values, in the same range as in normal males, and a high liver weight. In male
      and female toads with enlarged thyroid glands and in animals with both defects a
      significantly higher Ro occurred compared to that of the corresponding group
      without this abnormality. To study the influence of thyroid hormones on
      glucocorticoid receptors, young toads (2-3 years old) received injections of 4
      phenyl-2-thiouracil, T3, or T4 on 7 consecutive days. Ro and Kd were determined
      on the following day. Doses of 50 and 500 ng T3 and of 500 and 5000 ng T4 per
      gram of body weight and day resulted in an increase of Ro up to 250% of the
      controls. Injections of T3 were more efficient in males than in females. The
      effect of thyroxine was about the same in both sexes. These observations suggest
      that thyroid and ovarian hormones exert an influence on glucocorticoid receptor
      capacity and may belong to the factors which regulate glucocorticoid receptors.

PMID- 2925085
TI  - A network of influences on adolescent drug involvement: neighborhood, school,
      peer, and family.
AB  - The interrelationship of neighborhood, school, peer, and family factors and
      adolescent drug involvement was investigated. Data were collected separately from
      518 adolescents and their mothers when the children were between 9 and 18 years
      of age and again two years later. Neighborhood and school effects were not
      directly related to adolescent drug use. Neighborhood effects were mediated
      through the domains of school, peer, and family; school effects were mediated
      through the peer domain. Family and peer variables had a direct impact on
      adolescent drug involvement. Risk factors in the adolescents' peer environment
      can be ameliorated by protective factors in their school environment.
      Implications for the prevention of drug use are discussed.

PMID- 2925087
TI  - Update on eosinophils.

PMID- 2925086
TI  - Mastocytosis in infants and children: recognition of patterns of skin disease.
AB  - Mastocytosis is a disease characterized by an increase in the number of tissue
      mast cells and a concomitant increase in mast cell-derived mediators. To
      demonstrate the spectrum of skin disease in mastocytosis in the pediatric
      population, five children with mastocytosis and complaints of urticaria (4/5),
      bullae/vesicles (3/5), abdominal pain (3/5), flushing (2/5), headache (1/5), and
      bone pain (1/5) are reviewed. Confirmation of the diagnosis of cutaneous
      mastocytosis was obtained by histologic examination of a biopsy of lesional skin;
      however, mast cell numbers in lesional skin did not correlate with plasma
      histamine levels or the extent of cutaneous involvement. Mastocytosis is a
      diagnosis that must be recognized in the differential diagnosis of pediatric
      urticarial diseases.

PMID- 2925088
TI  - Dietary supplements--eating well.

PMID- 2925089
TI  - Respite service--under cover of the night.

PMID- 2925091
TI  - Quality assurance: getting better.

PMID- 2925090
TI  - Support system. Interview by Paul Mangan.

PMID- 2925092
TI  - A caring community?

PMID- 2925093
TI  - Concepts of rehabilitation.

PMID- 2925094
TI  - An idea whose time has come.

PMID- 2925095
TI  - Insight: Martha and Mary.

PMID- 2925096
TI  - Hip fracture. Breaking point.

PMID- 2925098
TI  - Safer drug therapy for the elderly: progress has started.

PMID- 2925097
TI  - Neurologic presentation of a non-neurologic disorder.
AB  - Two elderly patients presented with neurologic changes that effectively masked a
      common, life-threatening condition.

PMID- 2925099
TI  - Electrochemical characteristics of nitro-heterocyclic compounds of biological
      interest. II. Nitrosochloramphenicol.
AB  - The electrochemical characteristics of nitrosochloramphenicol have been studied
      in aqueous buffer systems (pH 7.1) using direct current (d.c.) and differential
      pulse polarography, cyclic voltammetry and coulometric techniques. Up to 4 charge
      transfer steps can be identified. The first reduction step is reversible both
      chemically and electrochemically, the charge-transfer product showing no tendency
      to undergo further reaction on the electrochemical time-scale. In contrast, the
      second reduction step is irreversible, with the product undergoing a fast
      following reaction to yield a redox-active species which was detected by cyclic
      voltammetry. From the data and by comparison with related systems, two reduction
      mechanisms are possible and are discussed.

PMID- 2925100
TI  - Electrochemical characteristics of nitro-heterocyclic compounds of biological
      interest. III. Nitroso derivative formation.
AB  - Upon electrolytic reduction of a range of nitro-aromatic complexes (including
      imidazoles, benzenoids, furans and pyrazoles) an associated oxidation-reduction
      process is observed at more positive potentials with respect to nitro group
      reduction when using repeat scan cyclic voltammetry. This new couple has been
      identified as the reversible first reduction of the nitroso derivative for
      chloramphenicol, by the addition of a genuine sample of nitrosochloramphenicol to
      the electrochemical cell. We have failed to observe formation of the new redox
      active species for five 5-nitroimidazoles examined. Possible reaction schemes for
      nitroso formation under electrolytic reduction conditions and the importance of
      the nitroso redox couple with respect to the cytotoxic action of the parent drug
      are discussed. The applicability of nitrosochloramphenicol as a model for the
      behaviour of nitro-heterocycles in general is shown.

PMID- 2925101
TI  - The control of iron-induced oxidative damage in isolated rat-liver mitochondria
      by respiration state and ascorbate.
AB  - The reaction of iron (II) with H2O2 is believed to generate highly reactive
      species (e.g. .OH) capable of initiating biological damage. This study
      investigates the possibility that the severity of oxidative damage induced by
      iron in hepatic mitochondria is determined by the level of mitochondrial-H2O2
      generation, which is believed to be particularly prominent in state-4
      respiration. Iron-induced damage is found to be greater in state-4 than in state
      3 respiration. Experiments using uncoupling agents and Ca++ to mimic state-3
      conditions indicate that this effect reflects differences in the steady-state
      oxidation-level of the electron carriers of the respiratory chain (and hence the
      level of H2O2-generation), rather than changes in redox potential or
      transportation of the metal-ion. Evidence is also presented for a mechanism in
      which Fe(II) and H2O2 react inside the mitochondrial matrix. Ascorbate (vitamin
      C) is shown to be pro-oxidant in this system, except when present at very high
      concentration when it becomes antioxidant in nature.

PMID- 2925102
TI  - [Choice of the size and shape of a mitral valve prosthesis].
AB  - The authors discuss the results of mitral valve replacement in 438 patients with
      intraoperative selection of the prosthesis and in 77 patients with preoperative
      selection by means of an original method based on two-dimensional
      echocardiography. The intraoperative selection proved to be insufficiently
      effective: in the postoperative periods 13.9 +/- 2.7% of patients had marked
      signs of lack of correspondence of the prostheses to the size and structure of
      the left ventricle, which was verified at autopsy or by the findings of
      intravital catheterization of the heart with ventriculograph. The method of
      preoperative selection of the prosthesis, which was suggested by the authors, is
      more effective. It allows implantation of an inadequate prosthesis to be
      absolutely avoided. The method showed implantation of a ball prosthesis to be
      contraindicated for 33.7 +/- 5.4% of patients with mitral and mitral-aortic
      valvular diseases.

PMID- 2925103
TI  - [Long-term results of the surgical treatment of aneurysm of the ascending aorta
      in combination with aortic valve insufficiency].
AB  - Four of 28 patients who were operated on died in late-term periods, four from
      advancing cardiac failure and one died 5 years after an operation from cardiac
      tamponade. In the group of four patients one underwent Cabrol's operation, three
      were operated on by the Bentall-De Bono method. The condition of 25 patients
      considerably improved and they were related to the II and I functional classes.
      The result was poor in three patients due to initial severity of the process in
      one, dilatation of the arch of the aorta in another, the presence of a fistula in
      the distal anastomosis in the third. One patient treated by Cabrol's operation
      and another who was operated on by the Bentall-De Bono method had pseudoaneurysms
      in the orifices of the coronary arteries. Despite some complications which
      occurred in the late postoperative periods, the Cabrol and Bentall-De Bono
      operations are the most radical means today for surgical treatment of aneurysms
      of the ascending aorta.

PMID- 2925104
TI  - [Quantitative assessment of the aorta and pulmonary artery in normal subjects
      (comparison of data from echocardiometric and morphometric studies)].
AB  - Fifteen children whose age ranged from 5 to 15 years were examined by the method
      of two-dimensional echocardiography to calculate the quantitative characteristics
      of a normal aorta and pulmonary artery. To determine the character of correlation
      of these data with the findings of morphometric examination of the heart, the
      results were compared with the morphometric data in 21 children of the same age.
      The study showed that echocardiography makes it possible to calculate the size of
      the semilunar valves quite precisely. In standardization of the echocardiometric
      examination the parameters correlate well with the findings of morphometry, while
      the differences between them do not exceed 6-7%. It proved that the quantitative
      characteristics of the aorta and pulmonary artery were determined by the body
      surface area, but due to the non-linearity of their dependence on it, they change
      according to strictly specific patterns.

PMID- 2925105
TI  - [Prognosis of the results of closed mitral commissurotomy based on data of
      preoperative M-echocardiographic assessment of the state of the mitral valve].
AB  - A favourable result of closed mitral commissurotomy was prognosticated in
      patients with "pure" mitral stenosis, with no radiological signs of valve
      calcinosis, according to the findings of M-echocardiography. The first stage of
      prognostication is selection of patients with structural affection of the cusps
      rated no higher than 4 marks and of the chordae--no more than 2 marks. The second
      stage is analysis of the functional signs: amplitude of diastolic movement of the
      anterior cusp of the mitral valve, the rate of its opening and closure, and
      relative value of septal-cuspal separation. The third stage--determination of the
      type of prognosis (authentic, doubtful, negative) according to the gradation of
      the obtained values of the functional echocardiographic signs.

PMID- 2925106
TI  - [Sclerosing endoscopic therapy of expiratory stenosis of the trachea and the
      principal bronchi].
AB  - The article deals with experimental substantiation and clinical application of
      sclerosing endoscopic treatment of expiratory stenosis of the trachea and main
      bronchi. It was established that it ensures a stable therapeutic effect in
      primary expiratory stenosis. The method may be one of the components of complex
      treatment of some patients with secondary forms of the stenosis.

PMID- 2925107
TI  - [Blood circulation in the lungs during prolonged occlusion of the principal
      branches of the pulmonary artery and following restoration of their patency in
      experimental conditions].
AB  - The results of experiments on 36 dogs showed that in a lung with a ligated
      pulmonary artery the vascular network is maintained and the circulation of blood
      occurs through the bronchial arteries and their anastomoses with the pulmonary
      artery. The blood flow and total vascular bed increase in a functioning lung and
      the pulmo-arterial resistance diminishes. Desobliteration of the pulmonary artery
      leads to restoration of the main blood flow in it and the gas-exchange function
      of the lung which had been operated on, and to normalization of hemodynamics in
      the contralateral functioning lung.

PMID- 2925108
TI  - [Surgical treatment of total anomalous drainage of the pulmonary veins].
AB  - The article discusses the results of radical correction of total anomalous
      drainage of the pulmonary veins in 5 patients; 4 had the supracardial and 1
      patient--the cardial type of the anomaly with drainage of all pulmonary veins
      into the coronary sinus. Some details of the surgical intervention are described;
      some findings of the examination in late postoperative periods (2.0 +/- 1.15
      years, on the average) are discussed.

PMID- 2925109
TI  - [Evaluation of the blood supply to the bronchial stump following resection of the
      lungs using a mechanical suture in the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary
      hemorrhage].
AB  - The authors analysed angiograms of 34 patients who had been operated on the lungs
      with the use of mechanical suturing instruments to determine the effect of the
      mechanical suture (MS) of the bronchial stump on the development of hemoptysis
      and pulmonary hemorrhage. They studied the possibility of applying transcatheter
      endovascular occlusion (TEO) of the bronchial arteries (BA) in the management of
      hemoptysis of this etiology. In 70% of patients hyperplasia of the BA developed
      in the MS region in the late postoperative period; which was the source of
      pulmonary hemorrhage in 75% of cases. Among the patients, 19 were subjected to BA
      TEO for pulmonary hemorrhage. In 13 cases the bronchial stump with MS was the
      source of hemorrhage. Hemoptysis is a late complication of lung resection with
      the use of MS. Preference should be given to BA TEO in the management of this
      complication.

PMID- 2925110
TI  - [Central hemodynamics in the early postoperative period following lobectomy and
      pneumonectomy].
AB  - Comparative study of the peculiarities of central hemodynamics before operation
      and in the early postoperative periods was conducted in 48 patients with lung
      carcinoma managed by lobe- and pneumonectomy. Lung carcinoma of central
      localization is characterized by increased contractility of the right-ventricular
      myocardium. In the postoperative period after pneumonectomy the right ventricle
      experiences an increased load requiring considerable mobilization of the
      cardiovascular system. Lobectomy is attended by more marked and less stable
      changes in the function of the cardiovascular system in the early postoperative
      period.

PMID- 2925111
TI  - [Plasmapheresis in the combination therapy of patients with pyogenic destructive
      diseases of the lungs and pleura].
AB  - Plasmapheresis is an effective method for controlling the resorption factor in
      patients with pyogenic destructive diseases of the lungs and pleura. It
      facilitates rapid normalization of the parameters of the patients' clinical
      condition and the radiological picture, and reduces endogenous intoxication.
      Protein-volemic disorders are more manifest in patients with a fatal outcome,
      which increase with the gradual progression of the disease and must be corrected
      before performing plasmapheresis.

PMID- 2925112
TI  - [Diagnosis and treatment of peptic strictures of the esophagus].
AB  - In the period between 1963 and 1986 there were 189 patients with peptic stricture
      of the esophagus under observation. The peptic stricture was primary in 149 and
      secondary in 40 patients. Complex diagnosis of the disease allowed an adequate
      therapeutic tactics to be chosen. The management of peptic strictures should be
      started in all cases with nonoperative measures including bougienage. Such
      treatment produced a stable effect in 47% of cases. Various operative
      interventions were carried out in 53% of patients. Fundoplication in combination
      with selective proximal vagotomy was the most sparing and effective operation in
      primary peptic stricture; a secondary stricture had to be treated most frequently
      by resection of the esophagus, which was completed by valvular
      esophagogastroanastomosis. The late results proved best in primary peptic
      stricture.

PMID- 2925113
TI  - [Clinico-experimental evaluation of methods of aortic annuloplasty during aortic
      valve prosthesis].
AB  - Various methods of aortoannuloplasty in replacement of the aortic valve in
      patients with a narrow root of the aorta were evaluated experimentally. It is
      shown that the simplest method for dilatation of the root of the aorta is that
      suggested by Nicks, which allows the effective diameter of the root to be
      increased to 4.5 mm. The Rastan-Konno operation is most radical, the diameter of
      the fibrous ring is increased by 13.5 mm on the average. The method, however, is
      technically difficult and injurious. A working classification of the severity of
      a narrow root of the aorta is suggested and operative methods for each case are
      recommended.

PMID- 2925114
TI  - [A case of successful closure of a rupture of the interventricular septum in
      acute myocardial infarct].

PMID- 2925115
TI  - [Emergency replacement of a biological prosthesis by a mechanical prosthesis
      following clinical death].

PMID- 2925116
TI  - [Cabrol's new anastomosis in repeated prostheses of the ascending aorta and the
      aortic valve].

PMID- 2925117
TI  - [A double mitral valve in combination with primary and secondary defects of the
      interatrial septum].

PMID- 2925118
TI  - [Ligation of patent ductus arteriosus, removal of an aneurysm of a segmental
      artery and resection of the left lung].

PMID- 2925119
TI  - [A combined rupture of the interventricular septum and the tricuspid valve in
      closed chest injury].

PMID- 2925120
TI  - [Arthrodesis of the metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb. Indications, technic,
      arthrodesis angle and functional effect].
AB  - The metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb has less range of motion than any
      other digital joint. Its stability is more important than its mobility. Thus,
      arthrodesis of this joint causes relatively little loss of function, provided
      only that the joint is fused in the correct position. The authors reviewed all MP
      joint fusions of the thumb which were done at their hospital between 1974 and
      1985. They examined individually forty-one of the fifty patients and studied the
      indications, surgical techniques and difficulties, and the complications.
      Furthermore, they measured all angles of fusion and concluded that the optimal
      position is fifteen degrees of flexion and ten degrees of pronation. The use of
      tension band wiring facilitates the achievement and maintenance of the desired
      position. The stability of the fusion permits exercise immediately after the
      operation; this helps to avoid a tenodesis of the long extensor tendon of the
      thumb.

PMID- 2925121
TI  - [Multi-sided free transplants for closure of multifocal tissue defects].
AB  - Recently microsurgical tissue transfer--especially to the distal lower leg--for
      coverage of big soft tissue defects has been found to yield better results than
      conservative methods. However, there is still a problem providing coverage for
      multiple defects with only one tissue transfer. One solution is to employ
      multiple transplants with only one nourishing pedicle. Six patients have been
      treated successfully with such transplants. The operative procedure and the
      postoperative results are presented with a case report.

PMID- 2925122
TI  - [A sub-pectoral gliding flap for covering the lateral triangle of the neck].
AB  - The subpectoral connective tissue can be isolated and transferred on a vascular
      pedicle (pectoral branch of the thoracoacromial artery). It was demonstrated by
      cadaver dissection that this flap covers the fossa supraclavicularis and can
      reach the mandibular angle and in some cases the cheek. This flap was used
      clinically to envelope the fibrotic brachial plexus after neurolysis, in the
      treatment of a pain syndrome in which several simple neurolyses had previously
      failed.

PMID- 2925123
TI  - [Continuous axillary catheter plexus anesthesia--a method of postoperative
      analgesia and sympathetic nerve block following hand surgery].
AB  - During a period of one year (March 1985 to March 1986) 52 axillary brachial
      plexus catheters were left in place for two to twelve days. The main indications
      were postoperative analgesia and sympatholysis after microvascular surgery of the
      hand. With the continuous infusion of 0.25% or 0.375% bupivacaine, 6-8 ml/h a
      sufficient effect was seen. There was no evidence of accumulation of the
      administered drug after a prolonged period of infusion. A steady state of serum
      levels built up in the range between 0.5 to 1.5 micrograms/ml. There were no
      toxic side effects by the local anaesthetic agent. In one case an infection of
      the axillary region developed, which disappeared after removal of the catheter
      without any consequences. In summary the continuous axillary brachial plexus
      block is an acceptable method for intra and postoperative analgesia and
      sympatholysis in microvascular surgery of the hand.

PMID- 2925124
TI  - [Scanning electron microscopy studies following two-stage tendon and tendon
      sheath reconstruction in experimental flexor tendon injuries].
AB  - This study involves the initial injury of a flexor tendon in chickens toes,
      followed by a two-step reconstruction of the tendon and its sheath. At first the
      damaged scarred tendon sheath region was replaced by a transplanted vein or
      fascia. Tendon restoration was done in the second step with a free tendon
      transplantation. The restored tendon sheath was then studied in sections under
      EM. It was observed that the surface of the reconstructed sheath was very similar
      to that of an intact sheath; the inner surface of the fascia being smoother than
      the vein. Likewise, the surface and inner structure of the transplanted tendon
      was proved to resemble an intact tendon. On the basis of the results of this
      investigation, it is believed that this procedure may be successfully applied to
      the reconstruction of human flexor tendon injuries in the future.

PMID- 2925125
TI  - [Correction of the deformed hand in Parkinson disease].
AB  - The typical hand deformity of Parkinsonism consists of metacarpophalangeal joint
      flexion and interphalangeal joint extension. An unusual case of a claw hand
      deformity in a patient with Parkinson's disease is described with hyperextension
      in the metacarpophalangeal joints and flexion in the interphalangeal joints. The
      operative technique to improve the marked limitation in hand function is
      described.

PMID- 2925126
TI  - [Comments on vascular pedicled nerve transplantation in the area of the upper
      extremity].
AB  - This article describes the vascular anatomy of several nerves of the upper
      extremity with a view of their potential use as pedicled, vascularized nerve
      grafts.

PMID- 2925127
TI  - [Initial results following implantation of silastic wrist joint prostheses in
      patients with chronic polyarthritis with additional use of titanium grommets].
AB  - Implantation of titanium grommets should protect the flexible implant from the
      sharp bone edges and avoid fracture of the implant. In case of bone cysts and
      thin corticalis they should provide further support against countersinking.
      Swanson et al. (1982) reported bone remodeling phenomena around the grommets and
      the implant. Eight patients suffering rheumatoid arthritis have been reviewed at
      an average of 18 months (12 to 24 months) following operation with the flexible
      implant and additional grommets. The following results were observed: 1. No
      fractured implants were noted in any patient. 2. In two cases resorption was
      noted around the proximal grommet. 3. In no case was new bone formation noted. 4.
      In one case the flexible implant and the grommets became countersunk into bone.

PMID- 2925128
TI  - [The fate of the polytraumatized patient with a "minor injury" of the hand].
AB  - In the case of a multiply injured patient an inconspicuous injury in the finger
      led to a poorly functioning hand despite rehabilitation.

PMID- 2925129
TI  - Death and disaster.

PMID- 2925130
TI  - Morphological findings in fatal drug addiction. An investigation of injection
      marks, endocrine organs and kidneys.
AB  - Tissue sections from injection marks from 30 drug addicts and sections from
      endocrine organs and kidneys from an additional 33 addicts were studied together
      with endocrine organs and kidneys from 20 'normal' persons. All 83 persons were
      submitted for medico-legal autopsy at the Institute of Forensic Medicine in
      Copenhagen. In fresh injection marks haemorrhage in dermis and subcutis was
      present histologically in all cases. Acute inflammation was present in 38% and
      acute inflammation together with chronic changes in 41%. Fibrotic thickening of
      vein wall was seen in 14% and thrombosis in 10%. Birefringent foreign material
      occurred in 35%. In old injection marks and scars chronic inflammatory changes
      were observed in 93%, fibrotic thickening of vein wall in 20% and thrombosis in
      10% of the cases. Birefringent material occurred in 17%. By comparison of changes
      in injection marks with the size and histological changes in the corresponding
      axillary lymph nodes, there was a tendency to a relation between chronic
      inflammatory changes in old injection marks/scars and enlargement of the lymph
      nodes in question, but no correlation to the histological degree of
      immunoactivity. Regarding alterations in the endocrine organs and the kidneys no
      important differences were demonstrated between drug addicts and 'normal'
      persons.

PMID- 2925131
TI  - Barbiturate analysis in tissue by enzymic digestion and high-performance liquid
      chromatography.
AB  - The relative efficiencies of four enzymic digestion procedures and two
      conventional methods in releasing barbiturates from spiked liver tissue have been
      compared. The recoveries of these acidic drugs obtained by using papain and
      neutrase (neutral proteinase from Bacillus subtilis) digestion methods reported
      now for the first time are higher than those by other enzymatic and conventional
      methods. These observations are similar to our earlier data on the applicability
      of these two enzymes to the release of some basic drugs from tissue. Papain
      digestion gives the maximum recovery of drugs as monitored by HPLC and is the
      method of choice. The enzymic digestion procedures are relatively simple,
      inexpensive and yield reproducible results. Analytical procedures for use in
      routine forensic toxicological analysis are presented.

PMID- 2925132
TI  - Study on the effects of heat on blood and on the post-mortem estimation of
      carboxyhaemoglobin and methaemoglobin.
AB  - Blood samples of different carboxyhaemoglobin (CoHb) content (0%, 50%, 100%) were
      analysed, after short exposure to heat, for determination of the change of CoHb
      and methaemoglobin (MetHb) during the succeeding 14 days. Untreated blood showed
      an initial increase of MetHb after heating followed by a decrease during this
      period. There was no formation of CoHb in the untreated blood. When CoHb was
      already present in the blood the amount of MetHb was smaller in amount and was
      formed at a slower rate. In these samples the concentration of CoHb slowly
      decreased.

PMID- 2925133
TI  - Diagnostic value of the placenta in medico-legal practice.
AB  - In three suspected cases of infanticide, histological examinations of the
      placentas were effective in clarifying the circumstances. We have estimated the
      5th month of pregnancy from pieces of the placenta in one case and diagnosed the
      causes of perinatal abnormalities in two cases, those being acute
      chorioamnionitis and possible premature separation of normally implanted
      placenta.

PMID- 2925134
TI  - [Materials properties of zinc phosphate cements after delayed setting on
      refrigerated slabs].
AB  - Two of the zinc phosphate cements commonly used in orthodontics were mixed, with
      special attention being paid to the longest possible working time, and examined
      by scientific methods. The results showed that mixing should generally be carried
      out on frozen slabs (-18 degrees C to -24 degrees C) and for not longer than 5
      min. If a maximum compressive strength is required, mixing should be done at
      refrigerator temperature (+4 degrees C to +8 degrees C) for no more than 1.5 min
      by accepting a shorter working time. Neither cement shows any notable
      physicochemical differences, as regards the material.

PMID- 2925135
TI  - [The effects of functional diagnostic measures on orthodontic planning and
      therapy].
AB  - Patients with significant functional disorders were pretreated with a relaxation
      splint before planning orthodontic treatment. The orthodontic diagnostic
      procedures were completed with extensive clinical and instrumental examinations
      of function (articular diagnosis and axiography) before and after the
      pretreatment. The studies show that the pretreatment for patients with TMJ
      disorders is necessary for the differential diagnosis. Furthermore, this may
      become necessary in order to determine the individual acceptable therapeutic
      mandibular position. In most cases, the axiography was found to be of minor
      relevance for the orthodontic therapeutic plan. If the functional improvement is
      intended to have a stable and causal basis, then an extensive clinical and
      instrumental functional examination (for the determination of a reproducible
      mandibular reference position) is crucial at least in TMJ-disordered patients for
      planning and carrying out orthodontic treatment.

PMID- 2925136
TI  - [The effect of passive plates on the arrangement of the alveolar arch segments in
      unilateral total cheilognathopalatoschisis].
AB  - Maxillary alveolar arch morphology was studied from birth to palate repair at the
      age of 19 months in 24 children with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate
      (UCLP) treated with passive orthopaedic plates (treated children). 18 children
      with the same defect, who received no orthopaedic treatment, served as controls.
      The surgical procedures and the age at lip and palate repair were similar.
      Maxillary alveolar arch morphology was described by 15 linear and five angular
      measurements. No significant difference was found in total alveolar crest length
      neither between the cleft and the non-cleft maxillae nor between the treated
      children and the controls. Anterior alveolar arch width was significantly larger
      in the treated children at lip repair and at palate repair. Posterior alveolar
      arch width was significantly larger in the treated children at lip repair only.
      There was no significant difference in alveolar cleft width between the treated
      children and the controls at lip or at palate repair. Palatal cleft width
      decreased significantly in the treated children only. Medial rotation of both the
      cleft and the non-cleft maxillae was observed in both groups. The main difference
      was the absence of arch collapse in the treated children. At palate repair the
      relationship between the two maxillae was more favourable in the treated children
      for the development of the occlusion. The occlusion of the mixed dentition will
      be subject of a subsequent follow-up.

PMID- 2925137
TI  - [The effects of premature deciduous molar loss on the succeeding premolars].
AB  - By means of panoramic radiographs of 76 patients we investigated the development
      and eruption of lower premolars following premature loss of their deciduous
      predecessor. Following extraction of deciduous molars the mineralization of the
      bicuspids was accelerated. The eruption of the respective bicuspids took place
      earlier than expected. During eruption root length was shorter than usual for
      that stage of development. Although the bicuspids reached occlusion earlier than
      normal, root mineralization continued to normal length.

PMID- 2925138
TI  - [Reproducibility of rhinomanometric measurements of nose breathing resistance and
      of x-ray cephalometric recordings of the natural head position in children].
AB  - The reproducibility of rhinomanometric recordings of nasal resistance to
      breathing and of cephalometric recordings of natural head position was studied in
      30 children aged seven to 13 years. Posterior rhinomanometry, with and without
      decongestion of the nasal mucosa, was performed on two occasions. Rhinomanometric
      registration was possible in 92% of the children but the recorded values for air
      flow showed a considerable intraindividual variation. The natural standing
      position of the head and of the cervical spine as well as the relation between
      the head and the cervical spine was recorded in profile by X-ray cephalometry on
      two occasions. During the recording, the subject was looking at his face in a
      mirror. Systematic differences between the duplicate determinations and an
      accidental error of 4 degrees in the determination of the position of the head
      and the cervical spine were found. In about 10% of the cases, the differences
      between the duplicate determinations were greater than 10 degrees.

PMID- 2925140
TI  - [Subarachnoid hemorrhage as a cause of acute headache].

PMID- 2925139
TI  - [Do growth-promoting hormones have an effect on dentition development in
      dwarfism?].
AB  - In children with nanism we differentiate between hypophyseal ateleiosis,
      constitutional retarded development with slow bone maturation and familiar
      ateleiosis. The somatotrope hormone is responsible for growth. With this hormone
      we can stimulate the growing process in hypophyseal ateleiosis and in
      constitutional retarded development. Human growth hormone accelerate growth and
      bone maturation in the same way, also anabolics stimulate growth, especially bone
      maturation. They also accelerate the development of the dentition, as shown by
      the example quoted. The best time for orthodontic treatment is during intensive
      growth periods the specific skeletal age taking into account.

PMID- 2925141
TI  - [Our senior citizens].

PMID- 2925142
TI  - [Metabolism of high density lipoproteins. Studies in patients with compensated,
      postinfectious liver cirrhosis].
AB  - The distribution of high density lipoprotein subclasses 2 and 3 in the plasma is
      considered to be regulated within the vessels. This view is refuted by the
      results of the present investigation, which show that the liver has a major and
      differentiated role in the metabolism of the high density lipoprotein subclasses.
      This supports the concept of a preferential role of HDL2 subclass in reverse
      cholesterol transport.

PMID- 2925143
TI  - [Gene therapy in the human. Recommendations of the European Medical Research
      Councils].

PMID- 2925144
TI  - [AIDS. HIV antibodies detected in saliva].

PMID- 2925145
TI  - [Promoting pneumologic basic diagnosis. Respiratory tract diseases are the cause
      of the majority of disability certificates--diagnosis with apparatus-
      possibilities for settlement].

PMID- 2925146
TI  - [Pain and the origin of treatment. Continuing education course. 25 November 1988,
      Bad Nauheim].

PMID- 2925147
TI  - [Long-term therapy using non-steroidal antirheumatics. Workshop "Osteoarthritis:
      new hints" presented at the 5th symposium of the European League Against
      Rheumatism (EULAR). 9 November 1988, Paris. Abstracts].

PMID- 2925148
TI  - FNS begins only "refresher" program for nurse-midwives in USA.

PMID- 2925149
TI  - Hemoglobin as a direct inhibitor of cartilage growth in vitro.
AB  - Growth retardation is a feature of several diseases associated with chronic
      hemolysis (i.e., uremia and the hemoglobinopathies). Although the growth failure
      is undoubtedly multifactorial, circulating hemoglobin (Hb) may inhibit cartilage
      growth directly. We tested this hypothesis using the hypophysectomized rat costal
      cartilage sulfation bioassay and the embryonic chicken pelvic rudiment bioassay,
      both very sensitive to growth factors and growth inhibitors. In the rat bioassay,
      Hb produced a dose-dependent inhibition of both basal and normal rat serum (NRS)
      stimulated 35SO4 uptake. In the chick bioassay, NRS stimulated cartilage growth
      as expected, but Hb severely inhibited both basal and NRS-stimulated growth.
      However, after the cartilages were preincubated with Hb for 2 days, subsequent
      exposure to NRS allowed them to resume growth at the same rate as cartilage
      exposed to NRS for the entire 5 days. The growth inhibition could be accounted
      for by the heme contained in Hb. We conclude that Hb produces a dose-dependent
      and reversible inhibition of cartilage growth and may contribute to the growth
      retardation associated with chronic hemolytic conditions.

PMID- 2925150
TI  - Aluminium accumulates on inactive bone surfaces after parathyroidectomy in uremic
      rats.
AB  - In recent studies on bone biopsies of long-term hemodialyzed patients,
      parathyroidectomy (PTx) has been shown to represent a risk factor for subsequent
      accumulation of aluminium (Al) in the bone. Therefore, the influence of late PTx
      on Al metabolism in uremic rats previously given 11 mg Al intraperitoneally
      during a period of four weeks was studied. Al content was determined in the
      blood, liver, bone and feces 7 and 14 days after PTx. During PTx, each animal
      also received 2 intramuscular implants of partially demineralized bone matrix
      cylinders, which served as inactive bone surfaces. In PTx animals, the Al content
      in the liver, spleen and kidney progressively decreased, while its blood levels
      increased in spite of the fact that the treatment was stopped. Bone values
      remained unchanged but Al markedly accumulated on inactive mineralized surfaces
      of implanted cylinders. Significant amounts of Al in fecal masses could indicate
      its biliary excretion. The results were influenced neither by changes in 1,25
      (OH)2D3 or serum calcium values, nor by different degrees of renal failure after
      PTx. It is suggested that accumulation of Al in the bone after PTx, as found in
      dialyzed patients, constitutes a passive event triggered by inactive bone tissue.

PMID- 2925151
TI  - Progression of diabetic retinopathy and changes in serum insulin-like growth
      factor I (IGF I) during continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII).
AB  - The rise in serum IGF I concentration during continuous subcutaneous insulin
      infusion (CSII) may be a contributory factor in the deterioration of diabetic
      retinopathy that sometimes occurs during this treatment but the relation of serum
      levels to the severity of retinopathy has not been previously studied. In twelve
      non-obese insulin dependent diabetics (age range: 22-41 yrs) with mean +/- SD
      duration of diabetes: 14.8 +/- 4.7 yrs, serum IGF I concentration, HbA1 and
      retinopathy score were estimated prospectively over twelve months following the
      institution of CSII therapy. After four months of treatment, eight patients
      showed deterioration of retinopathy by at least one level of severity. Serum IGF
      I concentration rose from a mean +/- SEM of 155 +/- 17.7 micrograms/l at entry to
      199 +/- 23.1 micrograms/l at four months and by twelve months had returned to
      near initial values 163 +/- 17.4 micrograms/l. There was however, no significant
      correlation between retinopathy score and serum IGF I level by analysis of
      variance for the whole group, or in the group of diabetics whose retinopathy
      deteriorated. The rise in IGF I concentration over the first four months and
      subsequent decline in IGF I values over the next eight months was inversely
      related to HbA1 concentration (r = -0.58; P less than 0.05). One patient with
      early ischaemic retinopathy on entry, experienced a marked rise in serum IGF I
      corresponding to a rapid tightening of glycaemic control. At four months she
      developed florid proliferative changes requiring panretinal laser
      therapy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2925152
TI  - Urinary dopamine, noradrenaline and adrenaline in type 2 diabetic patients with
      and without nephropathy.
AB  - We measured the urinary excretions of dopamine, noradrenaline and adrenaline,
      their conjugated metabolites, urinary excretion of sodium and creatinine
      clearance simultaneously in 21 patients with Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent)
      diabetes and 6 normal subjects. The mean (+/- SEM) value for urinary excretion of
      dopamine (52.4 +/- 8.8 micrograms/day) in diabetic patients with nephropathy
      (Group C, n = 12) was significantly lower (P less than 0.01) than in the normal
      subjects (Group A, 179.7 +/- 15.5 micrograms/day) and in diabetic patients
      without nephropathy (Group B, n = 9, 131.5 +/- 16.5 micrograms/day). The mean
      values for the urinary excretions of noradrenaline and adrenaline were also
      significantly lower (P less than 0.01) in Group C than in Groups A and B. In
      addition, the mean urinary excretion of conjugated metabolite of dopamine in
      Group C was significantly lower (P less than 0.05) than in Group A. There was a
      trend toward the observation that the mean 24-h urinary excretion of sodium in
      Group C (121.6 less than 12.9 mEq) was lower as compared with that in Group A
      (140.8 +/- 8.9 mEq) or B (150.7 +/- 17.9 mEq). A multiple regression analysis
      revealed that the 24-h urinary excretion of dopamine correlated significantly
      with creatinine clearance, systolic (P less than 0.01) and diastolic (P less than
      0.05) blood pressures. The results indicate that synthesis or secretion of renal
      dopamine might decrease with a progression of diabetic nephropathy.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2925153
TI  - Ketoconazole and vitamin D metabolism in hyperparathyroidism.

PMID- 2925154
TI  - Gentamicin nephrotoxicity in extrahepatic cholestasis: modulation by dietary
      calcium.
AB  - The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that the presence of a
      specific hepatobiliary disease, namely common bile duct obstruction, in the
      absence of other risk factors will exacerbate gentamicin nephrotoxicity.
      Furthermore, since bile duct ligation decreases urinary calcium excretion, we
      studied the role of calcium supplementation in the prevention of gentamicin
      nephrotoxicity in this model. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were allocated to sham
      groups and common bile duct ligation groups. Gentamicin at 40 and 100 mg per kg
      per day for 5 days induced a more severe azotemia in common bile duct ligation
      animals than in sham controls. Furthermore, higher levels of renal gentamicin
      were found in common bile duct ligation rats than in sham rats early in the
      course of therapy, at its termination and during the recovery period.
      Pretreatment of common bile duct ligation animals with dietary calcium
      supplementation significantly attenuated gentamicin nephrotoxicity and the
      increased renal gentamicin accumulation, whereas initiation of calcium
      supplementation concurrent with gentamicin administration had no salutary effect.
      We conclude that experimental extrahepatic cholestasis in the rat, in the absence
      of any other factor, potentiates gentamicin nephrotoxicity. The effect is
      prevented by pretreatment with dietary calcium supplementation but is not
      modified by concurrent administration of a high-calcium diet.

PMID- 2925155
TI  - Vitamin E deficiency in primary biliary cirrhosis: gastrointestinal
      malabsorption, frequency and relationship to other lipid-soluble vitamins.
AB  - In contrast to deficiencies of vitamins A, D and K, little is known of the
      prevalence, clinical manifestations and mechanisms of vitamin E deficiency in
      adult patients with cholestasis. We measured serum vitamin E levels in 45
      patients with primary biliary cirrhosis, 20 with primary sclerosing cholangitis,
      9 with cryptogenic cirrhosis and 12 with alcoholic cirrhosis. To correct for the
      hyperlipidemia often found in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and primary
      sclerosing cholangitis, total serum lipids were measured and vitamin E levels
      were expressed as the vitamin E/total serum lipid ratio. Serum vitamin A and D
      levels and prothrombin time were also determined. Six of 45 patients with primary
      biliary cirrhosis (13%) but none of the patients with sclerosing cholangitis,
      cryptogenic cirrhosis or alcoholic cirrhosis and subnormal vitamin E/total serum
      lipids ratios. Vitamin E deficiency was found in two of eight patients with
      asymptomatic primary biliary cirrhosis. There was no correlation between standard
      liver biochemical tests, fasting serum cholylglycine and vitamin E levels.
      Patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis had
      significantly lower vitamin E/total serum lipids ratios than patients with either
      cryptogenic or alcoholic cirrhosis. Twenty-three percent of patients with primary
      biliary cirrhosis were vitamin D deficient and 14% had low vitamin A levels. Two
      of the six patients with vitamin E deficiency were also deficient in vitamin D,
      only one was vitamin A deficient and none had prolonged prothrombin time. We also
      investigated the gastrointestinal absorption of vitamin E in nine patients with
      primary biliary cirrhosis and normal vitamin E levels as well as in six normal
      controls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2925156
TI  - Benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis: a long-term follow-up study of two
      patients.
AB  - Two brothers with benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis were studied over a
      period of 6 years. During this period, 11 episodes of cholestasis were observed,
      with a mean duration of 2.6 months (range: 2 weeks to 6 months). Once, both
      brothers developed cholestasis simultaneously. There was a prevalence for
      episodes of cholestasis in wintertime. The postprandial rise in serum sulfated
      glycolithocholic acid was increased in the patients, and the bile acid pool was
      enriched with secondary bile acids. In periods prior to cholestasis, the urinary
      3 alpha OH-bile acid concentration was often elevated (greater than 50 mumoles
      per liter) without a clear correlation with the clinical prodromata. However, it
      could not be used as a predictor of cholestasis. In contrast, the postprandial
      rise in serum 3 alpha OH-bile acids was always grossly elevated in periods just
      before cholestasis. An increase both in fecal bile acid excretion as well as
      secondary bile acids in the bile acid pool indicated an increased spillover of
      bile acids into the large bowel. Cholestyramine administered directly after the
      first signs of cholestasis appeared to shorten an episode of cholestasis. On the
      other hand, withdrawal of cholestyramine in a cholestasis-free period may have
      resulted in an episode of cholestasis. Neither taurine supplementation for 3 and
      7 weeks nor calcium phosphate, which binds sulfated bile acids in vitro, for 3
      weeks could prevent an episode of cholestasis, although the latter normalized the
      bile acid pool composition. There is a rationale for a fat-restricted diet and
      cholestyramine therapy only as maintenance treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2925157
TI  - The prevalence and incidence of cholecystolithiasis in patients with chronic
      liver diseases: a prospective study.
AB  - To investigate the prevalence and incidence of cholecystolithiasis in hepatitis B
      surface antigen-positive chronic liver diseases, a prospective study using
      hepatobiliary ultrasonography was conducted in 933 "healthy" persons and four
      groups of HBsAg-positive patients: 226 asymptomatic carriers, 73 patients with
      chronic active hepatitis, 77 patients with early liver cirrhosis and 124 patients
      with advanced liver cirrhosis. Patients with hepatocellular carcinoma or
      alcoholism were excluded. The prevalences of cholecystolithiasis increased along
      with the increasing duration and severity of chronic liver diseases, with a
      significant linear trend (p less than 0.001). The prevalences of
      cholecystolithiasis in patients with liver cirrhosis (18.5% in males, 31.2% in
      females) were 4 to 5.5 times higher than that of the healthy population (p less
      than 0.005). In addition, the linear trend of increasing prevalence with
      increasing age in the healthy population was not observed in patients with
      chronic liver diseases. On the other hand, five of the 69 patients with early
      liver cirrhosis were found to develop cholecystolithiasis during a mean follow-up
      period of 32 months. The calculated annual incidence of cholecystolithiasis was
      2.6%. The results suggest that chronic liver disease, particularly liver
      cirrhosis, is a risk factor for cholecystolithiasis.

PMID- 2925158
TI  - Association between cholesterol-phospholipid vesicles and cholesterol crystals in
      human gallbladder bile.
AB  - Rapid aggregation of cholesterol-phospholipid vesicles in gallbladder bile seems
      to be the first event in the production of cholesterol crystals, a prerequisite
      for cholesterol gallstone formation. We examined the amount of these vesicles in
      33 human gallbladder biles in relation to biliary lipid composition and to the
      presence of cholesterol crystals. Biliary microscopy detected cholesterol
      crystals in all 19 biles from patients with cholesterol gallstones but in none of
      14 biles from patients with pigment stones. Gel chromatography was used to
      separate vesicles and micelles in the native bile with an eluting buffer
      containing 10 mM sodium cholate to prevent disruption of micellar lipids.
      Cholesterol, phospholipid and bile salt concentrations were measured in every
      fraction collected. Bile acid, phospholipid, cholesterol and total lipid
      concentrations were not significantly different in samples with and without
      cholesterol crystals. The cholesterol saturation index (1.4 +/- 0.11 vs. 1.0 +/-
      0.08) was significantly (p less than 0.01) higher in biles with crystals than
      without crystals. Gel filtration revealed a vesicular peak in addition to
      micellar fraction in 18 (23.1 +/- 3.2% of total cholesterol) of the 19 biles with
      crystals but only in three (15.7 +/- 2.4% of total cholesterol) of 14 biles
      without crystals. There was no relation between biliary lipid concentration or
      the cholesterol saturation index and the percentage of vesicular cholesterol in
      biles with or without crystals. The close association of vesicles and crystals in
      human gallbladder bile supports the contention that vesicles are important in the
      initial nucleation of cholesterol monohydrate crystals.

PMID- 2925159
TI  - Studies on the regulation of cholesterol metabolism by low- and high-density
      lipoproteins in HepG2 cells.
AB  - The uptake and degradation of low-density lipoproteins and the esterification and
      synthesis of cholesterol were poorly down-regulated by low-density lipoproteins
      in HepG2 cells. Addition of low-density lipoproteins to the cells increased the
      free and esterified cholesterol in the cells. The heavier fraction of high
      density lipoproteins enhanced the degradation of low-density lipoproteins and
      cholesterol synthesis and decreased acyl CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase
      activity. Addition of the heavier fraction of high-density lipoproteins also
      caused a net efflux of cholesterol from HepG2 cells. The lighter fraction did not
      have any significant effect on cholesterol metabolism or cellular cholesterol
      level. Neither the lighter nor the heavier fractions of high-density lipoproteins
      were found to have any specific binding properties to HepG2 cells.

PMID- 2925160
TI  - D-glucaro-1,4-lactone: its excretion in the bile and urine and effect on the
      biliary secretion of beta-glucuronidase after oral administration in rats.
AB  - This experiment was designed to test the hypothesis that orally administered D
      glucaro-1,4-lactone might be excreted in the bile and thus suppress the activity
      of biliary beta-glucuronidase, which is believed to play a key role in the
      development of pigment gallstones. D-Glucaro-1,4-lactone, 50 to 2,600 mu moles,
      was fed to adult Sprague-Dawley rats which had a bile fistula and were kept in
      metabolic cages for bile and urine collection. A total of 21 feeding experiments
      were carried out. Quantitation of D-glucaro-1,4-lactone and total D-glucaric acid
      as the sum of D-glucaric acid and its lactones in the bile and urine involved
      extraction of bile with tetrahexylammonium chloride, adjustment of pH, boiling
      and determination of percentage inhibition of beta-glucuronidase activity. The
      maximal velocity of beta-glucuronidase in the bile was also determined by the
      enzyme kinetic method. The results showed that 11% of administered D-glucaro-1,4
      lactone was excreted in the urine and only 0.2% in the bile, with D-glucaro-1,4
      lactone accounting for 20% of the total excreted D-glucaric acid. The
      concentration and excretory rate of total D-glucaric acid and D-glucaro-1,4
      lactone in the urine, but not in the bile, were proportional to the amount of D
      glucaro-1,4-lactone fed. The mean concentration of D-glucaro-1,4-lactone in the
      bile after feeding was 0.06 mM, which was capable of suppression of 75% of beta
      glucuronidase activity. Oral administration of D-glucaro-1,4-lactone decreased
      biliary beta-glucuronidase concentration, slowed bile flow rate and hence
      decreased biliary beta-glucuronidase secretion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2925161
TI  - Modulation of hepatic ferrochelatase activity by dietary manipulation of
      mitochondrial phospholipid fatty acyl groups.
AB  - Ferrochelatase is an enzyme bound to the inner mitochondrial membrane, which is
      important in heme biosynthesis. Activity of purified ferrochelatase is affected
      by the presence of certain fatty acids. In the present study, we examined whether
      the activity of ferrochelatase is altered by dietary manipulation of the
      composition of mitochondrial membrane phospholipid fatty acyl groups. Rats were
      fed diets containing triolein, safflower or menhaden oil as 5% (w/w) of the diet.
      After 3 weeks, the animals were killed and liver mitochondria were isolated.
      Phospholipid fatty acid composition and ferrochelatase activity were assayed in
      the isolated mitochondria. Marked differences were seen. The proportion of oleic
      acid was highest in the triolein oil-fed group, that of linoleic and arachidonic
      acid was highest in the safflower oil-fed group and the proportion of
      eicosapentaenoic acid was highest in the menhaden oil-fed group. Ferrochelatase
      activity was greatest in the triolein oil-fed group and lowest in the menhaden
      oil-fed group regardless of whether the mitochondria were intact, sonicated or
      sonicated and treated with Tween 20. Mixing of mitochondria from menhaden oil-fed
      rats with triolein oil resulted in a significant increase in ferrochelatase
      activity. Membrane fluidity and activities of the mitochondrial membrane enzymes
      succinic dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase did not differ among the groups. We
      conclude that dietary manipulation of mitochondrial membrane phospholipid fatty
      acyl group composition can directly modulate hepatic ferrochelatase activity.
      This has potential application in the treatment of protoporphyria, the genetic
      disorder in which ferrochelatase activity is deficient.

PMID- 2925162
TI  - Effect of repetitive low-dose endotoxin on liver parenchymal and Kupffer cell
      fibronectin release.
AB  - Repetitive low-dose endotoxin, at a dose which will result in endotoxin
      tolerance, produces a marked but transient 2- to 3-day increase in plasma
      fibronectin. This elevation of fibronectin appears to contribute to increased
      hepatic Kupffer cell phagocytic function observed with repetitive low-dose
      endotoxin administration. Although numerous cell types synthesize fibronectin,
      hepatocytes are believed to be the major cell source of fibronectin in the
      plasma. Since Kupffer cells also synthesize fibronectin, we sought to determine
      the relative contribution of hepatic Kupffer cells, as compared to parenchymal
      cells, to the elevation of plasma fibronectin following repetitive low-dose
      endotoxin administration. Kupffer cells isolated from rats previously treated for
      3 consecutive days with 100 micrograms Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin released
      greater (p less than 0.01) amounts of fibronectin over time in culture (3, 6, 12
      and 24 hr) as compared to Kupffer cells isolated from normal rats. Experiments in
      which fibronectin was normalized to DNA content of the cells in culture also
      showed similar results for fibronectin release by Kupffer cells (normal: 2.9 +/-
      0.5 ng per microgram DNA per 24 hr; endotoxin-treated: 53.3 +/- 1.3 ng per
      microgram DNA per 24 hr). Hepatocytes from endotoxin-treated rats released less
      (p less than 0.01) fibronectin over time than hepatocytes isolated from normal
      animals. As with Kupffer cells, results for fibronectin release by hepatocytes
      were similar when normalized to the DNA content (normal: 190.0 +/- 9.4 ng per
      microgram DNA per 24 hr; endotoxin-treated: 83.3 +/- 4.2 ng per microgram DNA per
      24 hr).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2925163
TI  - Biochemical effects and zonal heterogeneity of peroxisome proliferation induced
      by perfluorocarboxylic acids in rat liver.
AB  - Rats were treated for 5 to 14 days with perfluoroacetate, perfluorobutyrate and
      perfluorooctanoate. Alterations in hepatic morphology with special reference to
      the peroxisomal compartment were investigated by light and electron microscopy
      following cytochemical staining of catalase activity with the alkaline 3,3'
      diaminobenzidine medium. All three compounds induced hepatomegaly and peroxisome
      proliferation. Perfluorobutyrate and perfluorooctanoate were found to be more
      active than perfluoroacetate. Perfluorooctanoate-induced peroxisome proliferation
      was more prevalent in centrilobular than in periportal hepatocytes. Peroxisomes
      in centrilobular liver cells frequently were of round shape, exhibited diameters
      of up to 1.5 microns and were predominantly located within smooth endoplasmic
      reticulum-glycogen areas. In periportal cells, however, clusters of polymorphous
      peroxisomes ranging from 250 to 1,100 nm in diameter were observed at the
      periphery of smooth endoplasmic reticulum-glycogen regions. Peroxisome
      proliferation was accompanied by a change of peroxisomal and mitochondrial enzyme
      activities, in particular an increase in peroxisomal palmitoyl-CoA oxidation.
      Significant alterations in the concentration of peroxisomal matrix and membrane
      polypeptides were also noted. Within the first 2 days, perfluorooctanoate
      treatment exerted a strong hypolipidemic activity and both compounds
      perfluorooctanoate and perfluorobutyrate raised the level of hepatic free acid
      soluble CoA nearly 10-fold as compared with control livers. The results suggest
      perfluorinated carboxylic acids to be model substances suitable to correlate
      biochemical and morphological parameters with the zonal heterogeneity of the
      peroxisomal compartment in rat liver. Due to the manifold hepatic effects,
      contact of humans with perfluorinated carboxylic acids or their metabolic
      precursors may represent a severe health risk.

PMID- 2925164
TI  - Vitamin B6 repletion in cirrhosis with oral pyridoxine: failure to improve amino
      acid metabolism.
AB  - This study evaluated the effect of daily oral pyridoxine supplementation in
      patients with cirrhosis. Eight subjects were treated with 25 mg of pyridoxine for
      28 days. Before and after the supplementation period, B6 status was assessed by
      measuring fasting plasma vitamer levels and response to a 25 mg oral pyridoxine
      load. In addition, a 24-hr urine collection was analyzed during each load study
      for B6 metabolites. The data indicated that supplementation achieved repletion of
      peripheral B6 stores, as evidenced by: (i) a significant (p less than 0.005) rise
      in fasting plasma pyridoxal phosphate after supplementation (mean +/- S.D. = 56.8
      +/- 30.5 nmoles per liter) as compared to initial levels (17.0 +/- 17.8 nmoles
      per liter); (ii) a higher (p less than 0.05) percentage excretion of the
      pyridoxine load as urinary 4-pyridoxic acid (31.0 +/- 9.3%) compared to the
      initial load (19.6 +/- 5.8%), and (iii) a postsupplementation area under the
      plasma concentration vs. time curve for pyridoxal phosphate (377 +/- 529
      nmoles.hr per liter), which was decreased (p less than 0.005) from the
      presupplementation value (934 +/- 756 nmoles.hr per liter). The
      postsupplementation fasting plasma pyridoxal phosphate concentrations were within
      the normal range. The consequences of B6 repletion on amino acid metabolism were
      measured by oral protein loads (n = 4) or oral methionine loads (n = 4). No
      significant changes were observed for methionine or any other amino acid in
      regard to plasma fasting concentration, peak concentration or AUC. Although the
      vitamin B6 deficiency of cirrhosis was corrected by daily oral pyridoxine
      supplementation, there was apparently no improvement in the deranged amino acid
      metabolism.

PMID- 2925165
TI  - Changes in liver and spleen volume in alcoholic liver fibrosis of man.
AB  - Alcoholic liver fibrosis is a relatively common form of alcoholic liver disease
      in Japan. It is regarded by some investigators as a prodromal stage of alcoholic
      liver cirrhosis, but little is known about the volumes of the liver and spleen in
      this disease state. Therefore, liver and spleen volumes were measured by computed
      tomography in 32 patients with alcoholic liver fibrosis in comparison with 10
      healthy volunteers. Patients with alcoholic liver fibrosis were divided into
      three subgroups (13 of Grade 1, 9 of Grade 2 and 10 of Grade 3) according to the
      severity of fibrosis. The volume was calculated from the sum of the area
      measurements of successive transverse sections of the two organs. The liver
      volume (mean +/- S.D.) in Grade 2 alcoholic liver fibrosis (1,281 +/- 112 cm3)
      was significantly (p less than 0.01) larger than in healthy volunteers (1,017 +/-
      73 cm3) and in Grade 1 (1,090 +/- 157 cm3), and the liver volume in Grade 3
      (1,490 +/- 132 cm3) was larger than in Grade 2 (p less than 0.01). The mean
      volume of hepatocytes estimated by a two-dimensional image analysis system was
      significantly (p less than 0.05) larger in Grade 3 than in Grade 2, and that in
      Grade 2 was larger than in Grade 1. The spleen volume in Grade 3 (151 +/- 40 cm3)
      was significantly (p less than 0.01) larger than in healthy volunteers (86 +/- 26
      cm3), Grade 1 (89 +/- 38 cm3) and Grade 2 (68 +/- 19 cm3). The presumed reason
      for hepatic volume increase would be the ballooning of hepatocytes along with
      increased fibrotic component.

PMID- 2925166
TI  - The effect of several sex steroid hormones on the growth rate of three Morris
      hepatoma tumor lines.
AB  - Morris hepatoma 44, whose growth is sensitive to thyroid hormones and prolactin,
      contains specific receptors for these hormones. In the present experiments, male
      Buffalo rats bearing Morris hepatoma 7787 were studied to determine the effects
      of several sex steroid hormones. Castration 1 week postimplantation inhibited
      tumor growth relative to controls (-53%). Replacement with testosterone
      propionate (1 mg per day s.c. injection) restored tumor growth to control levels,
      whereas administration of testosterone (2 mg per day s.c. injection) to castrated
      controls resulted in significant stimulation. Testosterone administered to
      control animals at a dose of 1 mg per day stimulated tumor growth (62%), whereas
      2 mg per day failed to do so. Progesterone (4-pregnon-3,20-dione) at doses of 125
      or 250 micrograms per day (Silastic implants) had no effect on tumor growth,
      whereas 500 micrograms per day stimulated tumor growth relative to controls.
      Estrogen (17 beta-estradiol) at doses of 6, 12, or 24 micrograms per day
      (Silastic implants) did not influence tumor growth. Cytoplasmic testosterone
      receptors have been demonstrated in tumors (2.2 +/- 0.8 fmoles per mg cytoplasm),
      although specific cytoplasmic estrogen and progesterone receptors could not be
      identified in this model. In female rats bearing either Morris hepatoma 44, 7787
      or 5123-D, testosterone markedly stimulated tumor growth (226, 328 and 58%,
      respectively, relative to controls). In conclusion, although Morris hepatoma 7787
      appears to be androgen (testosterone) dependent and contains cytoplastic androgen
      receptors, it lacks specific cytoplasmic receptors for estrogen and progesterone
      and is not influenced by these hormones except at very high doses of
      progesterone.

PMID- 2925167
TI  - Immunotargeting in the diagnosis and treatment of liver cancer.

PMID- 2925169
TI  - Colchicine treatment of cirrhosis: questions.

PMID- 2925168
TI  - Impaired sulfoxidation in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis.

PMID- 2925170
TI  - Colchicine treatment of cirrhosis: answers.

PMID- 2925171
TI  - Targeted therapy for hepatic cancer: good in theory, problematic in practice.

PMID- 2925172
TI  - More on ascitic fluid culture technique.

PMID- 2925173
TI  - Selective permeabilization of the endoplasmic reticulum by monohydroxylated bile
      acids in liver.

PMID- 2925174
TI  - Microcystic meningiomas--an unusual morphological variant of meningiomas.
AB  - Nine cases of microcystic meningiomas, a distinct morphological variant of
      meningiomas, are reported. They are characterized by a vacuolated and myxomatous
      histological appearance with multiple cystic spaces lined by stellate-shaped
      tumour cells. Immunohistochemically, they shared a similar pattern of positive
      staining for epithelial membrane antigen and vimentin with other meningiomas.
      Their unusual histological features might lead to problems in differential
      diagnosis from other intracranial tumours, including schwannomas, chordomas,
      astrocytomas and angioblastic meningiomas.

PMID- 2925175
TI  - A case of ovarian fibromatosis with disseminated intra-abdominal fibromatosis.
AB  - A case of bilateral ovarian fibromatosis and massive oedema with subsequent intra
      abdominal fibromatosis which underwent an aggressive and fatal course is
      described. This is the first report of co-existence of these two conditions and
      the possible relationship between them is discussed.

PMID- 2925176
TI  - Monoclonality and polyclonality of plasma cells in Castleman's disease of the
      plasma cell variant.
AB  - Castleman's disease of the plasma cell variant observed in 21 patients was
      investigated morphologically and by immunohistochemistry. The male to female
      ratio was 2.5:1. The age ranged from 18 to 71 years (mean age 47.6 years).
      Histologically, the lesions were characterized by numerous, evenly distributed
      germinal centres ranging from large hyperplastic to small hyaline-vascular types
      with moderate to extensive sheets of plasma cells in between. In all cases with
      generalized lymph node enlargement dilated sinuses could be found.
      Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated a polyclonal plasma cell population in
      11 of 18 lesions. Seven lesions contained a monoclonal plasma cell population,
      five with IgG/lambda and two with IgA/lambda; clinically, two of these patients
      had generalized lymphadenopathy; in none could manifestation of a plasmacytoma be
      found outside the lymph node lesion; only two of the seven patients exhibited a
      paraproteinaemia (IgG/lambda and IgA/lambda, respectively) corresponding to the
      Ig type of the proliferated plasma cells. Six patients with polyclonal lesions
      had constitutional symptoms such as fever, anaemia, polyclonal
      hypergammaglobulinaemia; one of these six patients manifested symptoms consistent
      with a diagnosis of Takatsuki syndrome. The monoclonal plasma cell type of
      Castleman's disease did not progress to a generalized disease. This monoclonal
      variant may be a lymph nodebased type of benign monoclonal gammopathy.

PMID- 2925177
TI  - Secretory carcinoma of the breast in adults: emphasis on late recurrence and
      metastasis.
AB  - Secretory (so-called juvenile) carcinoma of the breast, first described in
      children, occurs also in adult women, predominantly in the third decade. Less
      commonly it is seen in older age groups, up to the eighth decade. We report five
      patients with this tumour; one, a female aged 73, is the oldest age at which the
      tumour has been recorded, and one is the first report in an adult male in whom
      the disease recurred after 20 years, only the second recorded death attributable
      to this tumour type. Secretory carcinoma in adults is potentially more aggressive
      than in childhood. Nodal metastases are more frequent and sometimes more
      extensive. Recurrence of tumour after surgery developed in four of our five
      patients at 3, 8, 15 and 20 years. Slow growth and delayed recurrence are
      characteristic of many of these tumours. Death from systemic metastases is rare,
      but may ensue either rapidly or following a long latent period after treatment.
      Prolonged follow-up is needed to assess accurately the biological behaviour of
      this tumour.

PMID- 2925178
TI  - Macrophages and interdigitating reticulum cells in normal thymus and in thymoma:
      an immunohistochemical study.
AB  - The distribution and immunophenotype of macrophages and interdigitating reticulum
      cells were investigated on frozen sections of seven normal thymuses and 10
      thymomas. In normal thymus, macrophages were mainly located in the cortex, were
      markedly PAM-1+/MAC+, weakly Leu-M3+ (CD14), T4+ (CD4), T9+ and OKM-1+ (CD11b).
      Interdigitating reticulum cells were mainly located in the medulla and were pan
      Leu+ (CD45), T4+(CD4+), HLA-DR+; furthermore, they were also often TAC+ (CD25)
      and T9+. Thymomas were composed of cytokeratin-containing epithelial cells
      admixed with variable proportions of T6+ (CD1a) lymphocytes. As defined by the
      histological features two thymomas were lymphocyte-rich, five were mixed type and
      three were epithelial-rich; eight thymomas were mainly composed of cortical
      epithelial cells and two were composed of spindle epithelial cells suggesting a
      medullary origin. In all cases, thymoma-associated macrophages were markedly PAM
      1+/MAC+; they were numerous, and regularly distributed throughout the tumour. The
      density of macrophages per unit area was similar to that of the normal thymus,
      and was not influenced by the histological type or by the lymphocyte content of
      the tumour. Interdigitating reticulum cells were few and were confined to the
      areas of medullary differentiation.

PMID- 2925179
TI  - Massive pericellular collagen deposition in the liver of a young female with
      severe Crohn's disease.
AB  - We report a patient with Crohn's disease in whom repeated liver biopsies taken at
      surgery for the bowel disease showed progressive hepatic fibrosis of an unusual
      type. Dense collagen was deposited in the perisinusoidal space often surrounding
      individual hepatocytes. The aetiology and pathogenesis of this abnormality remain
      speculative.

PMID- 2925180
TI  - Mating call phonotaxis in female American toad: lesions of anterior preoptic
      nucleus.
AB  - Lesions of the preoptic area and immediately adjacent septal area were made in
      female American toads, Bufo americanus. The ability to show mating call
      phonotaxis (MCP) was then tested for. The intensity of MCP was found to decrease
      as the degree of damage to the anterior tip of the anterior preoptic nucleus
      (APON) increased. The APON is known to concentrate androgens and to be essential
      for mating calling by male anurans. Perhaps the APON is involved also in the
      detection of the elevated levels of prostaglandin associated with MCP. Even in
      lesioned toads in which phonotaxis was nearly absent, there was an occasional MCP
      response that seemed entirely normal. Therefore, the APON is not involved in
      generating or guiding the motor mechanisms of phonotaxis.

PMID- 2925181
TI  - Effects of ATD on male sexual behavior and androgen receptor binding: a
      reexamination of the aromatization hypothesis.
AB  - The aromatization hypothesis asserts that testosterone (T) must be aromatized to
      estradiol (E2) to activate copulatory behavior in the male rat. In support of
      this hypothesis, the aromatization inhibitor, ATD, has been found to suppress
      male sexual behavior in T-treated rats. In our experiment, we first replicated
      this finding by peripherally injecting ATD (15 mg/day) or propylene glycol into T
      treated (two 10-mm Silastic capsules) or control castrated male rats. In a second
      experiment, we bilaterally implanted either ATD-filled or blank cannulae into the
      medial preoptic area (MPOA) of either T-treated or control castrated male rats.
      With this more local distribution of ATD, a lesser decline in sexual behavior was
      found, suggesting that other brain areas are involved in the neurohormonal
      activation of copulatory behavior in the male rat. To determine whether in vivo
      ATD interacts with androgen or estrogen receptors, we conducted cell nuclear
      androgen and estrogen receptor binding assays of hypothalamus, preoptic area,
      amygdala, and septum following treatment with the combinations of systemic T
      alone. ATD plus T, ATD alone, and blank control. In all four brain areas binding
      of T to androgen receptors was significantly decreased in the presence of ATD,
      suggesting that ATD may act both as an androgen receptor blocker and as an
      aromatization inhibitor. Competitive binding studies indicated that ATD competes
      in vitro for cytosol androgen receptors, thus substantiating the in vivo
      antiandrogenic effects of ATD. Cell nuclear estrogen receptor binding was not
      significantly increased by exposure to T in the physiological range. No agonistic
      properties of ATD were observed either behaviorally or biochemically. Thus, an
      alternative explanation for the inhibitory effects of ATD on male sexual behavior
      is that ATD prevents T from binding to androgen receptors.

PMID- 2925182
TI  - Sexual differentiation in quail: critical period and hormonal specificity.
AB  - There is a discrepancy between results showing that male quail are demasculinized
      by exogenous estrogens only if the treatment is given before Day 12 of egg
      incubation and results showing that ovariectomy of females after hatching still
      affects their sexual differentiation which leads to the conclusion that female
      demasculinization by ovarian estrogens is a continuing process extending into
      posthatching life. The first experiment was performed to test different models
      which have been proposed to reconcile these apparently contradictory results.
      Male and female quail were treated with 0, 5, or 25 micrograms of estradiol
      benzoate (EB) on either Day 9 or Day 14 of embryonic life. Birds were castrated
      at the age of 4 days to avoid the confounding effects of postnatal gonadal
      hormones and were treated as adults with testosterone (T). Whereas EB-treatment
      demasculizined sexual behavior and cloacal gland growth of males when
      administered on Day 9, it was without effect on Day 14. This result confirms the
      presence of a "critical period" for sexual differentiation of behavior in
      embryonic life. However, the time course of sexual differentiation and the
      sensitivity to the demasculinizing actions of estrogens were not the same for
      different behavioral and morphological characteristics. Some dependent variables
      such as plasma levels of luteinizing hormone and crowing were still affected by
      the EB treatment on Day 14. These results show that the whole process of
      demasculinization is not retricted to the "critical period" ending on Day 12 of
      incubation. A second experiment was performed to determine if 5 beta
      dihydrotestosterone (5 beta-DHT), a metabolite of testosterone, also exerts
      demasculinizing effects during embryonic life. A large dose of 5 beta-DHT (2
      mg/egg) had no effects on behavior and morphology in males if administered on Day
      9 of egg incubation. This suggests that 5 beta-DHT, which is a steroid devoid of
      behavioral effects in the adult bird, is also an inactive compound as far as
      sexual differentiation of the quail is concerned. The high 5 beta-reductase
      activity which was previously identified in the hypothalamus of the embryonic
      quail thus probably plays a protective role. By transforming testosterone into
      inactive nonaromatizable androgens, it prevents male embryos from being
      demasculinized by their endogenous testosterone acting through aromatization.

PMID- 2925183
TI  - Measurements of postcoital sympathetic activity in females by means of
      vanillylmandelic acid.
AB  - Urinary vanillylmandelic acid (VMA), the final metabolite of epinephrine and
      norepinephrine, and creatinine (Cr) were measured 1 hr before, within an hour
      after intercourse, and in a 23-hr pooled sample after intercourse in 11 females.
      The results were compared to a group of 8 normal females who abstained from
      intercourse. The control VMA/creatinine ratios were significantly lower than the
      preintercourse values (P less than 0.01) as well as the postintercourse and 23-hr
      pooled postintercourse sample. This ratio, 1 hr postintercourse increased
      significantly (P less than 0.01) over the preintercourse values. The pooled 23-hr
      postintercourse sample remained high and was significantly different from
      preintercourse but not from the postintercourse sample. The absolute values of
      VMA showed relatively similar significance. This study provides objective
      evidence in the female for the considerable involvement of the sympathetic system
      during sexual intercourse. In addition, it shows that the group that was planning
      to have sexual intercourse, 1 hr prior to intercourse, already had VMA/creatinine
      ratios double over the control group. Such objective information has hitherto not
      been available.

PMID- 2925184
TI  - Photoperiodic modulation of sexual and aggressive behavior in female golden
      hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus): role of the pineal gland.
AB  - Pinealectomized female hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) housed in a short-day
      photoperiod were ovariectomized and tested for hormone-induced sexual receptivity
      in order to investigate the role of the pineal gland in the control of behavioral
      sensitivity to exogenous ovarian steroid hormones (Experiment 1). Behavioral
      sensitivity to hormones was further investigated in females maintained in a long
      day photoperiod and rendered acyclic by daily administration of exogenous
      melatonin (Experiment 2). Female aggressive behavior was also monitored in all
      tests. Pinealectomy did not affect the reduced behavioral sensitivity to
      exogenous estrogen (E) induced by short days. These animals were also partially
      refractory to the effects of E when combined with low doses of progesterone. In
      addition, although melatonin administration mimicked the effects of short days on
      estrous cyclicity, the expression of hormone-dependent behaviors in these animals
      resembled the pattern displayed by control animals kept in long days. Thus, these
      findings suggest that the pineal gland plays a negligible role in the
      photoperiodic modulation of hormone-dependent sociosexual behaviors in female
      hamsters.

PMID- 2925185
TI  - Actions of RU 38486 on progesterone facilitation and sequential inhibition of rat
      estrous behavior: correlation with neural progestin receptor levels.
AB  - The present study examined the actions of the antiprogestin RU 38486 on
      progesterone (P)-induced facilitation and sequential inhibition of estrous
      behavior and on brain cytosol progestin receptor (PR) levels in ovariectomized,
      estrogen-primed (0.5 micrograms of estradiol benzoate for 3 days) female rats. RU
      38486 suppressed P-facilitated receptive and proceptive responses in a dose
      dependent fashion when administered 1 hr prior to P. RU 38486 did not, however,
      block the sequential inhibitory effect of P. Indeed, when it was administered
      alone at a dose of 1 mg, animals were rendered behaviorally unresponsive to a P
      treatment 25 hr later. It is unclear whether RU 38486 is an agonist for P
      sequential inhibition of estrous behavior or if the apparent agonist action of RU
      38486 actually results from a long-term antagonist effect. Estrogen-induced PRs
      remain elevated (35-55% above basal) in the hypothalamus (HYP) and preoptic area
      (POA) at 24 and 48 hr following the last estrogen injection. Thus P facilitation
      of estrous behavior is correlated with increased levels of cytosol PRs. RU 38486
      reduced cytosol PRs in both brain regions to basal levels within 2 hr, and the
      levels remained suppressed 25 hr following the treatment. Hence there is a strong
      correlation between behavioral inhibition and suppressed cytosol PRs at both
      short (5 hr) and long (25 hr) intervals after RU 38486 administration. A P
      treatment which produced sequential inhibition of estrous responsiveness 24 hr
      later did not reduce the estrogen-induced level of cytosol PRs in either brain
      region. These results suggest that mechanisms in addition to induction of PRs may
      be necessary to ensure successful mating.

PMID- 2925186
TI  - Perseverative responding in male and female Wistar rats: effects of gonadal
      hormones.
AB  - Response perseveration was investigated in an experimental procedure which has
      previously been shown to be sensitive to pharmacologically induced behavioral
      perseveration and response stereotypy. Different groups of intact,
      gonadectomized, and gonadectomized plus chronically testosterone-treated male and
      female Wistar rats were exposed to this procedure in which reinforcers were
      randomly assigned to one of two levers in an operant chamber. One response on the
      lever to which the reinforcer was assigned was sufficient to produce a food
      pellet. Response perseveration, defined as the percentage of trials on which more
      than one response on the lever not selected for reinforcement was made prior to
      switching to the selected lever was highest in testosterone-treated subjects.
      Females made more responses on the lever which had been selected for food on the
      preceding trial, suggesting that females may be more sensitive than males to the
      consequences of their behavior. This behavioral difference between the sexes may
      be mediated by the male hormone testosterone.

PMID- 2925187
TI  - Reproductive behavior and LH levels of cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus)
      associated with photostimulation, nest-box presentation, and degree of mate
      access.
AB  - To determine the relative contribution of mate access and environmental cues in
      stimulating egg-laying and plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion in
      cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus), and of mate access on nest-inspection and
      bowl-formation, mated pairs were permitted different degrees of mate access (full
      contact, auditory plus visual contact, auditory contact only, or no contact) and
      sequentially exposed to three environmental conditions (8L:16D without nest-box
      access for 6 weeks; 15L:9D without nest-box access for 3 weeks; 15L:9D with nest
      box access for 3 weeks). The results indicate that a high degree of mate access
      is essential for the performance of nesting behaviors, since birds allowed no
      mate access or only auditory mate access were significantly less likely to
      inspect the nest or form a nest-bowl. Furthermore, pairs permitted no contact,
      auditory contact only, or auditory and visual contact delayed nest-inspection and
      bowl-formation and were significantly less likely to lay eggs than pairs with
      total mate contact. LH levels were significantly elevated only in photostimulated
      females of pairs of permitted full mate and nest-box access. These results
      suggest that maximal sexual activity in cockatiels requires an array of
      behavioral and environmental cues and that a linear relationship exists between
      extent of social cues and sexual activity.

PMID- 2925189
TI  - Activation of sexual behavior in male rats by combined subcutaneous and
      intracranial treatments of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone.
AB  - When given peripherally, 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone, the major androgenic
      metabolite of testosterone, is relatively less effective than testosterone in
      activating sexual behavior of castrated male rats. In order to test the possible
      central nervous system effects of dihydrotestosterone more directly, we castrated
      Long-Evans rats, gave them a behaviorally subthreshold dose of
      dihydrotestosterone placed subcutaneously in Silastic capsules (ScDHT), and then
      additionally treated the rats with intracranial implants of crystalline
      dihydrotestosterone (IcDHT, N = 12), testosterone (IcT, N = 12), or cholesterol
      (IcCHOL, N = 10) placed in the medial preoptic area. The peripheral ScDHT
      treatment maintained sexual organ weights of castrated males at levels comparable
      to those of intact males, but did not in itself significantly activate mating
      behavior. The addition of IcT or IcDHT to this treatment regimen significantly
      increased the number of males displaying mounting behavior, intromissions, and
      ejaculatory behavior (P less than 0.05) compared to males with IcCHOL implants.
      There were no significant differences between the group given IcT and the group
      given IcDHT. Results of this study support the hypothesis that the
      nonaromatizable androgen 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone can act in the rat brain to
      influence male sexual behavior. In addition, these data lead us to suggest that
      the relative ineffectiveness of dihydrotestosterone versus testosterone when
      given systemically may reflect differences in bioavailability of these hormones
      to the brain following such treatment.

PMID- 2925188
TI  - Hormonal correlates of male attractiveness during mate selection in the mallard
      duck (Anas platyrhynchos).
AB  - The aims of the present study were (1) to examine if feeding condition prior to
      mating influences male hormone levels and behavior, (2) to evaluate the effect of
      age on male hormone levels, (3) to examine a possible association between male
      social display activity and four steroid hormones (testosterone,
      dihydrotestosterone, estrogen, and corticosterone), and (4) to examine if female
      behavior influences male hormone levels. Thirty male and fifteen female mallards
      were used in this study. Observations were made on a mixed flock of mallards for
      10 consecutive days in autumn. Five weeks before the observations, males were
      randomly assigned to a feeding regime with either an unlimited food supply (UL
      group) or a limited food supply (L group). Males in the UL group showed
      significantly greater social display activity compared to the L group males.
      Females never incited (courted) males from the L group. Dihydrotestosterone
      levels were significantly higher in males showing social display activity as
      compared to males not showing these behavior patterns. Testosterone levels were
      significantly higher in males incited by females compared to males not incited by
      females.

PMID- 2925190
TI  - Planned gifts combine donations, tax strategy.

PMID- 2925191
TI  - CPAs call for more realistic income reporting.

PMID- 2925192
TI  - Software eases Agenda for Change abstracting.

PMID- 2925193
TI  - Physician recruitment takes center stage.

PMID- 2925194
TI  - Teleradiology may ease rural staffing problems.

PMID- 2925197
TI  - Rehabilitating injured workers is profitable.

PMID- 2925196
TI  - Board composition law: nuisance or benefit?

PMID- 2925195
TI  - CEO-board relations: an update.

PMID- 2925198
TI  - It will take a disaster to motivate politicians. Interview by Alden Solovy.

PMID- 2925199
TI  - CEO shares information with his employees.

PMID- 2925200
TI  - Construction: hospitals top all industries.

PMID- 2925201
TI  - Legislation may stabilize shaky DME industry.

PMID- 2925202
TI  - Computers and success: IBM exec sees the link.

PMID- 2925203
TI  - Inflation spurs look at foreign health systems.

PMID- 2925204
TI  - Changing of the guard: survival tips for CEOs.

PMID- 2925205
TI  - Twin Cities' tales: 10 years of managed care.

PMID- 2925206
TI  - Efficient generation of stable antibody forming hybridoma cells by electrofusion.
AB  - A variety of modified electrofusion protocols designed to improve the efficiency
      of hybridoma production have recently appeared in the literature. We undertook to
      maximize the number of antibody secreting murine hybridomas by optimizing the
      temperature and fusion strength parameters of the conventional electrofusion
      technique. Anti-DNP secreting hybridomas were generated by fusing SP2/0 to
      immunized mouse splenic lymphocytes using an unmodified electrofusion protocol
      consisting of washing in a weakly conducting sorbitol fusion medium supplemented
      with bovine serum albumin, calcium and magnesium ions. This was followed by
      dielectrophoretic alignment and application of 3 short duration, high intensity
      field pulses in helical chambers. Optimal efficiencies of hybridomas were
      generated by the application of 2000 V/cm pulses at 25 degrees C (2.45 hybridomas
      x 10(-4) splenocytes) and as many as 63% of resulting hybridomas secreted anti
      DNP monoclonal antibodies, the majority of which were IgG's. These data show that
      modification of the electrofusion protocol by pretreatment of fusion partners
      with proteolytic enzymes or the use of antigen bridging is not required for the
      successful and efficient production of specific monoclonal antibodies by
      electrofusion.

PMID- 2925207
TI  - The use of continuous culture to enhance monoclonal antibody production.
AB  - Hybridoma 14-4-4S, ATCC HB32, was grown in batch and continuous culture in an
      attempt to increase the production of monoclonal antibody (MAb), and to determine
      the adequacy of each culturing method for optimizing culture media. Various
      concentrations of glucose, fetal bovine serum (FBS) and serum type were studied
      to determine their effects on the specific growth rate (mu), the specific
      monoclonal antibody production rate (MPR), the maximum population density and the
      final MAb concentration. Attempts to optimize the culture medium using the batch
      method resulted in ambiguous results. However, by growing the hybridoma in a
      cytostat at a standardized population density of 1.0 X 10(6) cells/ml, the growth
      rate and MPR were found to decrease below feed concentrations of glucose and FBS
      of 22.5 mM and 10% (v/v), respectively. In addition, the use of the cytostat
      demonstrated that FBS was superior to both new born bovine serum (NBS) and Serum
      PlusTM (SPS). Batch cultures indicated that the production of MAb appeared to be
      related to the metabolic activity of the cells, and continuous culture
      demonstrated a direct relationship between mu and MPR.

PMID- 2925208
TI  - Production and characterization of a monoclonal antibody to partially purified
      estrogen receptor from human breast tumor.
AB  - A hybridoma cell line that secretes monoclonal antibody, MAb-ER-Br-1-15-4-18 is
      established. The MAb is highly specific for estrogen receptor (ER) from human
      breast tumor cells. In order to raise the antibody, the ER was first isolated
      from human breast tumor. Mice were immunized with the partially purified ER and
      the fusion of the spleen cells from the mouse, showing the highest serum titer,
      with the cells of the NS-1 mouse myeloma line, produced hybrid cells which
      continuously secreted antibodies specific for ER. Three of the hybridoma cultures
      which tested strongly positive were cloned using limiting dilution method and one
      of the cell lines was selected for further study. The recovery of the MAb from
      the cell culture was done by ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by dialysis
      and then hydroxylapatite liquid chromatography using linear gradients. The purity
      of the antibody was checked by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The MAb was
      isotyped and found to be IgG1. When checked against other antigens the MAb showed
      a minimal cross-reactivity to ER from rabbit uterus and none to ovalbumin or rat
      liver ferritin. Further experiments showed that the MAb recognized the ER bound
      to the hormone and ER in the nucleus of breast tumor cells.

PMID- 2925209
TI  - An approach for characterization and purification of a human monoclonal hybridoma
      antibody.
AB  - An IgG human-human monoclonal hybridoma antibody, AML-19, reactive with human
      myeloid cells of non-malignant and malignant origin has been produced by fusion
      of blood mononuclear cells from a patient with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and
      the human B-lymphoma cell line RH-L4. The monoclonal antibody (MAb) AML-19 was
      purified from hybridoma supernatant by primarily anion-exchange chromatography,
      in order to separate the AML-19 MAb from contaminating immunoglobulin (Ig), e.g.
      bovine Ig and MAb derived from the parental fusion partner, and followed by
      immunoaffinity chromatography. This purification method gave the highest yield
      and purity of the AML-19 MAb. The isoelectric point (pI) of the MAb was estimated
      to be 5. Inhibition assays indicate an apparent dissociation constant (Kd)
      corresponding to 4 x 10(-9) M and an affinity constant (Ka) to 2.5 x 10(8)M-1 to
      K562 erythroleukemia cells. Scatchard plot demonstrated a linear slope as a
      manifestation of monoclonality and a low number of AML-19 specific epitopes,
      estimated to 1500 per cell.

PMID- 2925210
TI  - Sexual victimization of child and adolescent patients.
AB  - Extrafamilial abuse of hospitalized or institutionalized patients has not often
      been studied. Five categories of caregivers (N = 272) reported physical,
      psychological and "socially acceptable" instances of abuse, with most incidents
      occurring one or more times per week. Abuse of children, especially sexual abuse,
      was singled out for further study. Case reports supplement the presentation.
      Implications for understanding abuse, for practice and for research are
      presented.

PMID- 2925211
TI  - The effects of the upright position during childbirth.
AB  - The purpose of this investigation was to replicate an earlier study to clarify
      and verify its findings. The 68, term primigravidae married women between the
      ages of 18 and 25 years were assigned to three groups: (a) one group used a 30
      degree upright position with no bearing down instructions during the second stage
      of labor (n = 24); (b) the second group used a 30 degree upright position with
      bearing down instructions given during the second stage of labor (n = 22); and
      (c) a control group used a zero degree recumbent position with bearing down
      instructions during the second stage of labor (n = 22). The upright position
      enhanced the descent of the fetal head with a shorter duration of labor in both
      the first and second stages. When mothers in an upright position were left alone
      to bear down in response to their own bodies' urges, the second stage of labor
      was of shorter duration.

PMID- 2925212
TI  - A woman of the land.
AB  - This cross-cultural study presents the life history of an 85-year-old Australian
      woman's health, illness and care experiences. The data were obtained from
      interviews over a four-month period. Content analysis was used to discover
      domains of meaning and formulate categories. The findings are ordered according
      to the following cultural themes: being a woman of the land, learning to get good
      feelings and ways to manage unsettling times. "Hardiness" and "keenness for
      learning" emerge for potential consideration in nursing practice and research.

PMID- 2925213
TI  - Role modeling versus mentoring in nursing education.
AB  - Role modeling, an accepted strategy for transmitting professional attitudes and
      behaviors from nursing instructor to students, and mentoring, a newer strategy in
      nursing education, are compared and contrasted. Possibilities for research and
      implications are discussed.

PMID- 2925214
TI  - Torture: a nursing concern.
AB  - Survivors of torture report that their tormentors have included physicians and
      nurses. Such misuse of medical and nursing knowledge to engage in unconscionable
      acts is unethical, unprofessional and a violation of human rights. Torture and
      its use, ways in which health professional participate and steps taken by nursing
      toward its prevention are discussed.

PMID- 2925216
TI  - The ethics of nursing rhetoric.

PMID- 2925215
TI  - U.S. and Australian nurses' attitudes and beliefs about the good death.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to ascertain the attitudes and beliefs of nurses in
      Australia and the United States regarding aspects of passive euthanasia, or the
      "good death." Two foci guided the study: (a) the possible discrepancies that
      these nurses might perceive between what they thought would be done in a given
      clinical situation and what they thought ought to be done, and (b) the possible
      differences and similarities between the American and the Australian nurses.
      Responding to the 8 vignettes, 30 American and 32 Australian nurses took part in
      the study. The lack of agreement between the Australian and American nurses on
      issues of euthanasia reflects differences in the health care system; the general
      social position of nursing as a profession; the relationship among health
      professionals, patients and families, which serves as the context for definition
      of ethical duties and patient rights; and the role of the law in health care
      decisions.

PMID- 2925217
TI  - Devaluation of biological knowledge.

PMID- 2925218
TI  - [Roferon-A (interferon alfa-2a) permitted for AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma by
      the BGA].

PMID- 2925219
TI  - [Yeasts: cause of infections of the respiratory tract?].
AB  - Poor data are given in literature on the rate and concentration of yeasts on
      mucous membranes of the respiratory tract. Our data show a rate of lower than
      0.2% (only concentrations of 10(4)-10(5) detected). In contrast to this low
      colonization rate, a percentage of higher than 20% can be detected in patients on
      intensive care units. The aetiologic role of yeasts in pneumonia and bronchitis
      can be evaluated more easily, if candida is not only found in a single tracheal
      or bronchial secretion, but in follow-up specimens and if yeasts can be detected
      in blood culture, urine, or from other mucous membranes. Our own experience
      underlines the value of the new tests for candida antigens: a titer higher than
      1:4 is a strong hint for fungaemia.

PMID- 2925220
TI  - [Therapy of pancreatic carcinoma with the monoclonal antibody BW 494/32: first
      clinical results].
AB  - In a phase-I clinical trial the monoclonal antibody BW 494/32 was administered to
      18 patients with advanced pancreatic cancer of ductal origin. This murine
      immunoglobulin mediates an ADCC. The majority of patients tolerated this
      treatment without any side effects. There were no tumor remissions. 12 patients
      showed a progression of their pancreatic carcinoma after therapy. A stable course
      of the disease was observed in 6 patients for at least 3 months after therapy.

PMID- 2925222
TI  - [Infections of the lower respiratory tract].

PMID- 2925221
TI  - [The treatment of solid tumors with monoclonal antibodies].
AB  - Patients with B-cell lymphomas, gastrointestinal tumors and melanomas were
      treated in pilot and phase-I clinical studies with monoclonal antibodies directed
      to tumor-associated antigens in recent years. Side effects of this new treatment
      approach were minor. Tumor regressions were observed in all three groups of
      tumors.

PMID- 2925223
TI  - Characterization of the spontaneous autoimmune (anti-erythrocyte) response in NZB
      mice using a pathogenic monoclonal autoantibody and its anti-idiotype.
AB  - A monoclonal anti-mouse RBC antibody (G-8) has been prepared that appears to
      represent a pathogenic autoantibody related to those that arise spontaneously in
      aging NZB mice and which cause autoimmune haemolytic disease (AIHD). When G-8
      producing hybridoma cells were grown as tumours in BALB/c mice, the mice
      developed AIHD characterized by a decrease in the number of erythrocytes
      (haematocrit) and the development of Coombs-positivity. An anti-idiotypic
      antibody (E8) was prepared against G-8 and was found to recognize an idiotypic
      determinant present on most autoantibody-forming cells derived from old (Coombs
      positive) NZB mice. The results suggest that the IgM autoantibody response of NZB
      mice to self-erythrocytes is restricted to a limited number of clones, most of
      which express the G-8 idiotype.

PMID- 2925224
TI  - Cellular basis of an auto-anti-allotypic mechanism for the maintenance of chronic
      allotype suppression in the rabbit.
AB  - Immunocytochemical identification of antibody-forming cells (AFCs) in situ was
      used to test the hypothesis that the maintenance of chronic allotype suppression
      in heterozygous rabbits is the result of an autoimmune B-cell-mediated response.
      Appreciable numbers of B cells with antibody activity directed against the
      suppressed allotypic determinant were found in spleen and bone marrow sections of
      all chronically suppressed rabbits examined. Appropriate double-staining was used
      to determine that such cells were of the non-suppressed allotype. These cells
      were indistinguishable from anti-allotypic AFCs found in larger numbers in
      spleens of normal heterozygous rabbits that had been immunized against a
      heterologous allotypic determinant. Auto-anti-allotypic AFCs were not found in
      suppressed rabbits less than 8 week old, nor were they found in normal (non
      suppressed) heterozygous rabbits or chimeric rabbits formed by the injection of
      histocompatible but allotype-mismatched lymphoid cells at birth. The findings
      reported here support the hypothesis that the long-term maintenance of allotype
      suppression in the rabbit may result from the suppressive activities of
      autoimmune B cells. It is suggested that the suppression of an allotype during
      the first few weeks of life could result in a loss of tolerance to a self
      determinant. The kinetics of auto-anti-AFC production support this idea in
      showing that such cells are generated following the decline of the antibody used
      to induce suppression. The triggering event may be the emergence of B cells
      expressing the previously suppressed gene product.

PMID- 2925225
TI  - Inhibition of immune haemolysis by a serum factor found in C3-deficient subjects.
AB  - A serum factor, which inhibits haemolysis of the buffer control used in a C3
      haemolytic assay, was found in a C3-deficient subject (C3D). Since the buffer
      control consisted of EAC142, C5 and C6-9 reagent (C6-9R, prepared by treatment of
      guinea-pig serum with KSCN and hydrazine hydrate), the factor seems to be an
      inhibitor of C3-independent immune haemolysis. Gel filtration and CM cellulose
      column chromatography of C3D serum suggested that the inhibitor may be C8. The
      inhibition was not observed in C8-depleted C3D serum. Furthermore, isolated C8
      was found to inhibit haemolysis of EAC142 by C5 and C6-9R in a dose-dependent
      fashion. Thus, C8 was found to be an inhibitor of C3-independent immune
      haemolysis in the assay. Further studies revealed that C8 also inhibits
      haemolysis of EAC142 by C3, C5 and C6-9R (C3 assay system) or that of EAC1423 by
      C5 and C6-9R (C5 assay system), indicating that C3 or C5 haemolytic activity can
      be underestimated by the presence of C8 in a sample. C8 did not inhibit
      haemolysis in the assay system when isolated C6-C9 of human origin were used, but
      did inhibit haemolysis when isolated C6-C9 of guinea-pig origin was used instead
      of C6-9R. Thus, it was suggested that the incompatibility of human C8 with guinea
      pig C6-C9 might be responsible for this phenomenon. Additional experiments for
      the mechanism clearly showed that human C8 inhibits the haemolysis of EAC1-7 (EA
      bearing human C1-C5 and guinea-pig C6 and C7) by guinea-pig C8 and C9 by binding
      to EAC1-7 prior to guinea-pig C8.

PMID- 2925226
TI  - Complement activation in human lymphoid germinal centres.
AB  - The presence of complement activation products has been studied in
      morphologically normal human lymphatic tissue from tonsil, spleen and lymph node.
      Newly established monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with reactivity against the C4
      cleavage fragments C4a, C4b, C4c and C4d were applied on cyrostat sections in the
      indirect immunoperoxidase staining technique. Irrespective of organ type, C4d
      activation product could be detected in germinal centres of all secondary
      lymphoid follicles. To substantiate this finding, the complete sequence of
      complement activation products was investigated by a series of mono- and
      polyclonal antibodies to the complement proteins C1, C2, C3, factor B, C5, C9 to
      C5b-9 neoantigens and to the regulatory complement proteins C4 binding protein
      (C4bp), factor I, factor H and properdin. Similar to C4d, all secondary follicles
      exhibited a strong staining reaction for C3d antigens restricted to germinal
      centres. At the same site, albeit with distinctly weaker intensity, components of
      the membrane attack complex (MAC) C5b-9 were found. The simultaneous deposition
      of C1, C4b and C4bp in certain germinal centres indicates that complement
      activation is induced via the classical pathway. Concomitant deposition of IgM
      suggests IgM-antigen complexes that have been trapped on follicular dendritic
      cells (FDC) during normal immune response as the most likely candidates for
      activators of the classical pathway. Our data demonstrate that human lymphoid
      germinal centres as important sites of immune regulation closely interrelate with
      the complete cascade of complement-activation products, including the membrane
      attack complex (MAC).

PMID- 2925227
TI  - Simulation of parasite-induced gut hypersensitivity: implications for
      vaccination.
AB  - Antigenic challenge of jejunum from rats infected with Trichinella spiralis
      evokes a biphasic pattern of epithelial Cl- secretion, as measured in vitro by
      electrophysiological methods. Peaks of secretion occur at approximately 1.5 and
      approximately 5.0 min post-challenge. Challenge of jejunum from hosts passively
      immunized with serum containing anti-Trichinella anaphylactic antibody evokes the
      late phase but not the early phase of Cl- secretion. Since the early phase is
      mediated by 5-hydroxytryptamine and histamine from mast cells, we hypothesized
      that the failure to express that phase was due to a decrease in mast cell-derived
      mediators secondary to a deficiency in mucosal mast cell numbers. The hypothesis
      was tested by correlating mast cell numbers with patterns of antigen-induced Cl-
      secretion using several immunization regimes. Rats actively immunized by
      infection produced anti-Trichinella IgE and had a mucosal mastocytosis. Rats
      passively sensitized with serum containing anti-Trichinella IgE had normal
      numbers of mast cells in their mucosa. Inducing mastocytosis in rats, by
      infecting them with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis prior to passive sensitization
      with anti-Trichinella serum, primed for the expression of a biphasic Cl-
      secretory response upon subsequent challenge with Trichinella antigen. Rats
      actively sensitized by injection with Trichinella antigen elicited an IgE
      response without mastocytosis and expressed only the late phase of antigen
      induced Cl- secretion. Results (i) support our hypothesis, (ii) emphasize the
      importance of the cellular state of the mucosa in the functional expression of
      local anaphylaxis; and (iii) provide a physiological explanation for the general
      failure of vaccination and passive sensitization to induce functional immunity
      equivalent to that induced by natural infection.

PMID- 2925228
TI  - Two types of sheep Peyer's patches: location along gut does not influence
      involution.
AB  - In sheep, and some other species, there is evidence of two types of Peyer's
      patches (PPs), the ileal PP, which extends 150 cm along the terminal ileum, and
      the jejunal PPs distributed throughout the rest of the small intestine. The two
      types differ significantly in their histology, ontogeny and the extent of
      lymphocyte traffic. Another intriguing difference is that the ileal PP involutes
      about the time of puberty whereas the jejunal PPs function throughout life. This
      study shows that the differences in PP lifespan is not related to their specific
      location in the small intestine. Surgery was done at 1-2 months of age to
      transpose lengths of ileal PP into the jejunum, also, PP-containing lengths of
      jejunum were transposed into the midst of the ileal PP. Examination at age 12-16
      months showed that ileal PP transposed into jejunum had involuted at the same
      rate as normally sited ileal PP. Also, jejunal PPs transposed into the ileum had
      not involuted unlike the surrounding ileal PP. It was concluded that the
      difference in lifespan of the two PPs were not related to the local
      microenvironment created by gut function, but may be inherent to the PP itself.

PMID- 2925230
TI  - Chemotactic activity of lymphotoxin and tumour necrosis factor alpha for human
      neutrophils.
AB  - Lymphotoxin (TNF beta) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) stimulate
      locomotion and chemotaxis of human blood neutrophils as measured in three assays.
      Both cytokines stimulate morphological polarization of neutrophils in suspension;
      both stimulate locomotion of neutrophils into micropore filters; both cause
      orientation of neutrophils towards a gradient source. Orientation in a gradient
      suggests a chemotactic effect. The action of both cytokines is similar but is not
      as strong as that of formyl peptide used as a positive control. Myelomonocytic
      cell lines (U937 and HL-60) develop responsiveness to formyl peptides on
      maturation but not to TNF alpha or beta.

PMID- 2925229
TI  - Site-directed differences in the immune response to the fetus.
AB  - Major differences in the maternal immune response to the fetus were observed in
      the placentomes and in the interplacentomal regions of the pregnant sheep uterus.
      Firstly, fewer lymphocytes were detected in the placentomes compared to the
      interplacentomal regions and to non-pregnant uterine tissue (Lee, Gogolin-Ewens &
      Brandon, 1988). Secondly, a large population of CD45R+ granulated lymphocytes was
      uniformly distributed in the interplacentomal uterine epithelium throughout
      pregnancy but never in the syncytial layer of the placentomes. Thirdly,
      monoclonal antibodies specific for the CD5 antigen consistently stained the
      endothelium of blood vessels within the placentomes but never blood vessels in
      the interplacentomal areas. Finally, OLA class I antigens were present on the
      interplacentomal uterine epithelial cells and on the maternal stromal cells, but
      no staining of the trophoblast or syncytium was observed. These observations
      suggest that different mechanisms to prevent immune rejection of the fetus may
      operate in the placentomes where trophoblast invasion of the maternal tissue
      occurs compared to the interplacentomal regions.

PMID- 2925231
TI  - Sequence analysis of HLA class II domains: characterization of the DQw3 family of
      DQB genes.
AB  - HLA class II allelic variants within the DQw3-related family of genes carry
      distinct allo-specificities and have been implicated in specific HLA-disease
      associations, such as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. To investigate the
      nucleotide variations which characterize DQw3 genes, we applied a novel cDNA
      cloning strategy that uses a single-stranded vector/primer system to facilitate
      DNA sequencing of allelically variable gene families. Using a DQB-specific primer
      sequence and M13 bacteriophage as the cloning vector, direct cloning and
      sequencing of multiple DQB genes was performed without the need for second strand
      synthesis or for subcloning. Sequence analysis from eight lymphoblastoid cell
      lines selected to represent different ethnic backgrounds revealed three DQw3
      related DQB genes, DQB3.1, 3.2, and 3.3, corresponding to the newly designated
      HLA-DQw7, w8, and w9 specificities, respectively. An unusual Pro-Pro couplet at
      codons 55-56 is characteristic of all DQw3-positive sequences and may be
      contributing to the broad DQw3 allospecificity. Comparisons among ethnically
      disparate DQw3-related sequences showed no additional expressed or silent
      nucleotide substitutions among these DQB alleles. Thus, polymorphism within the
      DQw3 family of genes appears to be extremely limited, with a paucity of
      nucleotide variations accumulated by evolutionary distance.

PMID- 2925232
TI  - NH2-terminal amino acid sequence analysis of Qa-2 alloantigens.

PMID- 2925233
TI  - Biochemically defined polymorphism of bovine MHC class II antigens.

PMID- 2925234
TI  - Blunted pressure natriuresis in the Brattleboro diabetes insipidus rat.
AB  - Antidiuretic hormone is known to stimulate the renal synthesis of prostaglandins.
      These autacoids, in turn, modulate the pressure natriuresis phenomenon.
      Accordingly, the present study was done to test the hypothesis that, in the
      absence of antidiuretic hormone and antidiuretic hormone-dependent prostaglandin
      synthesis, the pressure natriuresis response is blunted. Experiments were
      performed on Brattleboro diabetes insipidus rats (n = 7) and Long Evans control
      rats (n = 14). A change in perfusion pressure in the Long Evans rats from 89.3 +/
      1.0 to 108.7 +/- 1.1 mm Hg (p less than 0.05) was associated with significant
      increases in the fractional excretion of sodium (1.1 +/- 0.2 to 2.3 +/- 0.3%) and
      the urinary prostaglandin excretion (32.6 +/- 6.8 to 56.6 +/- 10.0 pg/min). In
      contrast, a similar change in perfusion pressure in the diabetes insipidus rat
      from 88.6 +/- 1.4 to 106.2 +/- 1.5 mm Hg (p less than 0.05) resulted in no
      significant increases in either sodium or prostaglandin excretions. Treatment of
      a third group of diabetes insipidus rats (n = 9) with 1-desamino-8-D-arginine
      vasopressin (1 microgram/day) restored the natriuretic response to increases in
      renal perfusion pressure. Treated diabetes insipidus and Long Evans control rats
      had comparable natriuretic responses to increases in renal perfusion pressure.
      Untreated diabetes insipidus rats, on the other hand, had blunted responses. In
      summary, the pressure natriuresis response in diabetes insipidus rats is blunted
      compared with Long Evans control rats. We conclude that antidiuretic hormone is
      necessary for the complete expression of the pressure natriuresis response.

PMID- 2925235
TI  - Clonidine-specific antisera recognize an endogenous clonidine-displacing
      substance in brain.
AB  - An endogenous substance in brain, clonidine-displacing substance, binds to the
      same receptor populations as clonidine and is biologically active. Since receptor
      binding sites can be modeled by using specific antiligand antibodies, we tested
      the hypothesis that polyclonal antibodies raised in rat and rabbit against the
      clonidine analog p-aminoclonidine coupled to hemocyanin would recognize compounds
      structurally related to clonidine, including clonidine-displacing substance.
      Binding to anti-p-aminoclonidine antibodies was examined by using a competitive
      radioimmunoassay with tritiated p-aminoclonidine as the radioligand. Central
      vasodepressor agents that, like clonidine, are known to bind with high affinity
      to both imidazole sites and alpha 2-adrenergic receptors in brain inhibited
      radioligand binding to anti-p-aminoclonidine antibodies. All of these agents
      contain imidazol(in)e and phenyl ring moieties as part of their chemical
      structures (e.g., oxymetazoline); a number of other compounds without one or both
      of these rings failed to cross-react with the antisera. Clonidine-displacing
      substance, partially purified from bovine brain, also inhibited specific
      radioligand binding to anti-p-aminoclonidine antibodies. The inhibition was dose
      dependent and high affinity (IC50, 4 Units). The endogenous substance had no
      effect on the apparent affinity of the antibodies for the radioligand, but
      blocked a specific number of binding sites. Immunoprecipitation experiments
      showed that authentic clonidine-displacing substance, that which displaces
      tritiated p-aminoclonidine binding to membrane receptors, is recognized by anti-p
      aminoclonidine antibodies. We conclude that a unique subset of structural
      determinants required for ligand interaction with both imidazole and alpha 2
      adrenergic receptors is critical for binding to anti-p-aminoclonidine antibodies,
      and that since clonidine-displacing substance is recognized by highly clonidine
      specific antisera, it may also contain these determinants within its structure,
      namely the imidazol(in)e and phenyl ring systems.

PMID- 2925236
TI  - Distribution of sodium-lithium countertransport and blood pressure in Caucasians
      five to eighty-nine years of age.
AB  - Case-control studies suggest that increased erythrocyte sodium-lithium
      countertransport may predict increased susceptibility to the development of
      essential hypertension. To characterize interindividual variation in sodium
      lithium countertransport and its relation to blood pressure levels in the general
      population, we studied 1,475 Caucasians between 5 and 89 years of age (711 males
      and 764 females) ascertained through 266 households with children in the schools
      of Rochester, Minnesota. Individuals who were taking antihypertensive agents or
      combinations of estrogen and progesterone were not included in the sample. A
      third-order polynomial regression on age accounted for only a small fraction of
      variability in sodium-lithium countertransport (2.8% in males, p less than 0.001;
      2.1% in females, p less than 0.01), whereas a fourth-order regression on age
      accounted for a large proportion of variability in systolic blood pressure (45.7%
      in males, p less than 0.001; 52.5% in females, p less than 0.001) and diastolic
      blood pressure (39.8% in males, p less than 0.001; 33.0% in females, p less than
      0.001). Mean sodium-lithium countertransport was higher in males than females at
      all ages; but the rank order of male and female means for systolic and diastolic
      blood pressure was age dependent. Positively skewed distributions for age-,
      height-, and weight-adjusted sodium-lithium countertransport in male and female
      cohorts between 5-19.9, 20-49.9, and 50-89.9 years of age were explained
      significantly better by postulating a mixture of two partially overlapping sodium
      lithium countertransport distributions rather than a single normal distribution
      (p less than 0.01). Among men in the 20-49.9-year-old cohort, adjusted sodium
      lithium countertransport values in the upper distribution were associated with
      higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure (mean +/- SD) than values in the
      lower distribution (for systolic blood pressure: 115 +/- 11 vs. 111 +/- 11 mm Hg,
      p less than 0.07; for diastolic blood pressure: 71.2 +/- 8.0 vs. 68.4 +/- 8.6 mm
      Hg, p less than 0.08). Among females in the 50-89.9-year-old cohort, adjusted
      sodium-lithium countertransport values in the upper distribution were associated
      with significantly greater diastolic blood pressure than values in the lower
      distribution (77 +/- 10 vs. 70 +/- 9 mm Hg, p less than 0.03).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2925237
TI  - Resistance to infection in murine beta-thalassemia.
AB  - Clinical evidence suggests that individuals with chronic iron overload may be at
      increased risk of bacterial infection. We studied this question by using a unique
      model in which mice homozygous for a deletion in the gene encoding for the beta
      major globin develop moderate anemia, splenomegaly, and tissue iron overload, a
      syndrome similar to beta-thalassemia in humans. Mice heterozygous for the gene
      deletion were phenotypically normal. Homozygous mice were significantly more
      susceptible to infection with Listeria monocytogenes than were heterozygous mice
      (P less than 0.01). This increased susceptibility was associated with a greater
      number of organisms in the liver and spleen than was found in heterozygous mice
      (P less than 0.05). However, histologic studies demonstrated similar inflammatory
      responses within these organs in homozygous and heterozygous mice. The increased
      susceptibility of homozygous mice to infection with L. monocytogenes was not seen
      when homozygotes were immunized with a low dose of L. monocytogenes. Although the
      results were not as striking as with L. monocytogenes, homozygous mice were also
      found to be more susceptible to infection with Salmonella typhimurium than were
      heterozygous mice (P less than 0.05). Splenic mononuclear cells from homozygous
      mice demonstrated less responsiveness in vitro to the mitogens concanavalin A and
      phytohemagglutinin than did those from heterozygotes (P less than 0.05). These
      data suggest that there is a generalized defect in innate immunity in homozygous
      mice which makes them more susceptible to infection by L. monocytogenes and S.
      typhimurium. The site of this immunological defect is not known but is most
      likely in the mononuclear phagocyte and may be due to tissue iron overload.

PMID- 2925238
TI  - DNA and protein sequence homologies between the adhesins of Mycoplasma genitalium
      and Mycoplasma pneumoniae.
AB  - Mycoplasma genitalium and Mycoplasma pneumoniae are morphologically and
      serologically related pathogens that colonize the human host. Their successful
      parasitism appears to be dependent on the product, an adhesin protein, of a gene
      that is carried by each of these mycoplasmas. Here we describe the cloning and
      determine the sequence of the structural gene for the putative adhesin of M.
      genitalium and compare its sequence to the counterpart P1 gene of M. pneumoniae.
      Regions of homology that were consistent with the observed serological cross
      reactivity between these adhesins were detected at both DNA and protein levels.
      However, the degree of homology between these two genes and their products was
      much higher than anticipated. Interestingly, the A + T content of the M.
      genitalium adhesin gene was calculated as 60.1%, which is substantially higher
      tham that of the P1 gene (46.5%). Comparisons of codon usage between the two
      organisms revealed that M. genitalium preferentially used A- and T-rich codons. A
      total of 65% of positions 3 and 56% of positions 1 in M. genitalium codons were
      either A or T, whereas M. pneumoniae utilized A or T for positions 3 and 1 at a
      frequency of 40 and 47%, respectively. The biased choice of the A- and T-rich
      codons in M. genitalium could also account for the preferential use of A- and T
      rich codons in conservative amino acid substitutions found in the M. genitalium
      adhesin. These facts suggest that M. genitalium might have evolved independently
      of other human mycoplasma species, including M. pneumoniae.

PMID- 2925239
TI  - Oral administration of a streptococcal antigen coupled to cholera toxin B subunit
      evokes strong antibody responses in salivary glands and extramucosal tissues.
AB  - Generation of local and systemic immune responses by the oral administration of
      antigens is frequently inefficient, requiring large quantities of immunogens and
      yielding only modest antibody responses. In this study, we have demonstrated that
      oral administration of microgram amounts of Streptococcus mutans protein antigen
      I/II covalently coupled to the B subunit of cholera toxin elicits vigorous
      mucosal as well as extramucosal immunoglobulin A and G antistreptococcal antibody
      responses in mice. These responses were manifested by the presence of large
      numbers of antibody-secreting cells in salivary glands, mesenteric lymph nodes,
      and spleens and by the development of high levels of circulating antibodies. This
      novel immunization strategy may find broad application in the construction of
      oral vaccines for the control of infectious diseases caused by pathogens
      encountered at mucosal and extramucosal sites.

PMID- 2925240
TI  - Modulation of the immune response to pneumococcal type 14 capsular polysaccharide
      protein conjugates by the adjuvant Quil A depends on the properties of the
      conjugates.
AB  - Streptococcus pneumoniae type 14 capsular polysaccharide-bovine serum albumin
      (S14PS-BSA) conjugates were prepared by water-soluble-carbodiimide-mediated
      condensation with or without the use of N-hydroxy-sulfosuccinimide. The
      immunogenicities of the capsular polysaccharide (S14PS) and of the conjugates
      were studied in (CBA/N x BALB/c)F1 mice and in female BALB/c mice. The response
      in these mice indicates that S14PS could be classified as a thymus-independent
      type 2 antigen. Coupling of S14PS to BSA improved the immunogenicity of this
      polysaccharide, and an immunoglobulin G memory response was evoked. Conjugation
      with N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide resulted in a product with a higher
      polysaccharide/protein ratio. This conjugate induced a greater immune response
      than did the classical conjugate. Quil A enhanced the immune response to S14PS
      and to most S14PS-BSA conjugates. The enhancement of the immune response to the
      conjugates seemed to depend on the coupling procedure. Our results indicate that
      for the construction of immunostimulating complexes based on polysaccharide or
      oligosaccharide-protein conjugates, attention should be paid to the degree of
      cross-linking of the antigens involved.

PMID- 2925241
TI  - Production of a monoclonal antibody specific for Mycobacterium avium and
      immunological activity of the affinity-purified antigen.
AB  - Three hybridomas which secrete antibodies to Mycobacterium avium were obtained by
      the fusion of p3u1 myeloma cells with spleen cells of mice immunized with M.
      avium culture sonicate. The reactivity of these monoclonal antibodies was
      determined in 16 species of mycobacteria by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
      An antibody, designated Avi-3, reacted only with M. avium and not with the
      reference strains of the other 15 species of mycobacteria tested, including M.
      intracellulare, M. paratuberculosis, and M. lepraemurium. Specificity of the
      antibody was confirmed by assay, using a specific DNA probe of M. avium complex
      in 29 M. avium complex isolates. An antigen was purified from M. avium culture
      sonicate on a monoclonal antibody Avi-3-coupled affinity column. The purified
      antigen gave a single band (molecular size, about 27 kilodaltons) upon sodium
      dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The antigen Avi-3 showed
      strong skin test activity in guinea pig preimmunized with heat-killed M. avium
      but not in those sensitized with heat-killed M. intracellulare or M. bovis BCG.
      Purified protein derivative elicited positive skin reactions in all the immunized
      guinea pigs. When heat-killed M. avium was used as the immunogen, strong
      lymphoproliferative responses were observed in cultures stimulated with the
      antigen Avi-3. These results suggest that M. avium-specific antigen Avi-3 may
      facilitate the diagnosis of mycobacterial infections.

PMID- 2925242
TI  - Protective efficacy of protein A-specific antibody against bacteremic infection
      due to Staphylococcus aureus in an infant rat model.
AB  - Staphylococcal protein A (SpA) is a potent antiphagocytic component of the cell
      wall of most pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus strains. We studied the in vitro
      opsonophagocytic and in vivo protective activities of rabbit immunoglobulin G
      (IgG) antibody to purified SpA obtained from two unencapsulated S. aureus strains
      (Cowan I and 17A). Postimmune serum contained high titers of specific IgG to SpA,
      as measured by a modified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay that blocked
      nonspecific binding of IgG to SpA. In vitro, both S. aureus strains were
      efficiently phagocytosed and killed by polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the
      presence of nonimmune sera and complement. With one strain (Cowan I),
      opsonophagocytosis was significantly enhanced in the presence of SpA antibody,
      but with the other strain (17A), killing was significantly decreased with immune
      serum. We then evaluated the potential protective benefit of SpA antibody in
      preventing S. aureus bacteremia in infant rats. Two-day-old rats received saline
      or various doses of SpA antiserum and were challenged subcutaneously 1 day later,
      but even the highest levels of antibody did not significantly reduce mortality,
      bacteremia or metastatic infection to lungs or liver (frequency or magnitude).
      This lack of protective efficacy was not related to a failure of SpA F(ab')2 to
      bind to cell surface-exposed epitopes, since F(ab')2 fragments prepared from
      hyperimmune serum bound avidly to the whole organism in an enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay.

PMID- 2925243
TI  - Campylobacter pylori virulence factors in gnotobiotic piglets.
AB  - Thirty-three gnotobiotic piglets from four litters were challenged with motile
      and nonmotile strains of Campylobacter pylori. The most motile strain, 26695, was
      the most virulent, with a 100% infection rate. The least motile strain, Tx30a,
      was the least virulent, with an infection rate of only 17%. Strain 60190 was
      weakly motile and had intermediate virulence, with an infection rate of 40%.
      Strains recovered from piglets were more motile than the challenge strains. The
      challenge strains also differed in cytotoxin production. The least virulent
      strain, Tx30a, was nontoxigenic, while the other two strains produced high levels
      of cytotoxin. Thus, virulence of C. pylori for gnotobiotic piglets correlated
      very well with motility and not as well with cytotoxin production.

PMID- 2925244
TI  - Purification and chemical characterization of a cholera toxin-cross-reactive
      cytolytic enterotoxin produced by a human isolate of Aeromonas hydrophila.
AB  - A bacterial protein toxin possessing hemolytic, enterotoxic, and cytotoxic
      activities as well as cross-reactivity to cholera toxin was purified from culture
      filtrates of a human diarrheal isolate of Aeromonas hydrophila (SSU). This
      cytolytic enterotoxin was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, hydrophobic
      chromatography using phenyl-Sepharose, anion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Bio
      Gel A, and size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography. The factor was
      a single polypeptide with an apparent molecular weight of 52,000 as determined by
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Automated amino acid sequence analysis
      confirmed that the toxin was a single chain and established a 25-residue N
      terminal segment which was identical to that of aerolysin purified from culture
      supernatants of A. hydrophila isolate Ah65 originally obtained from rainbow trout
      as reported by Howard et al. (S. P. Howard, W. J. Garland, M. J. Green, and J. T.
      Buckley, J. Bacteriol. 169:2869-2871, 1987). However, the amino acid
      compositional analysis of the toxin produced by our human isolate (SSU) differed
      significantly from that of the Ah65 isolate. Taken together, these results
      strongly indicated that several toxic phenomena associated with A. hydrophila
      (SSU) culture filtrates, including hemolysis, cytotoxicity, and enterotoxicity as
      well as cross-reactivity to cholera toxin, all can occur on a single polypeptide.
      In addition, these results underline the fact that although aerolysin-related
      toxins isolated from culture filtrates of A. hydrophila are biologically similar,
      significant chemical and immunological differences may exist between toxins
      produced by individual isolates.

PMID- 2925245
TI  - Bioactivity and immunological characterization of a cholera toxin-cross-reactive
      cytolytic enterotoxin from Aeromonas hydrophila.
AB  - A cytolytic enterotoxin of molecular weight 52,000 was isolated and purified from
      culture supernatants of a human diarrheal isolate (SSU) of Aeromonas hydrophila.
      The toxin reacted with cholera antitoxin when tested in an enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay and by Western blot (immunoblot) analysis. The appearance of
      cytotoxic and hemolytic activities in culture supernatant occurred simultaneously
      8 h after the initial inoculation of the culture. Loss of hemolytic activity and
      cholera toxin cross-reactivity was correlated with heat and pH inactivation.
      Homologous antibodies neutralized the cytotoxic and hemolytic activities
      associated with the toxin, but cholera antitoxin did not neutralize these
      activities. The toxin also possessed enterotoxic activity as demonstrated by
      fluid accumulation in rabbit ligated intestinal loops. When purified cytolytic
      enterotoxin was injected intravenously into mice, death occurred within 2 min,
      whereas mice injected with whole cells or sonicated cell fragments died after
      several hours or days. Results from 51Cr release experiments demonstrated that
      the cytolytic enterotoxin had significant membrane-damaging capability. These
      results indicated that the cytolytic and enterotoxic activities expressed by the
      described A. hydrophila toxin may contribute significantly to the pathogenesis of
      disease associated with A. hydrophila.

PMID- 2925246
TI  - Differential clearance and host-pathogen interactions of YopE- and YopK- YopL-
      Yersinia pestis in BALB/c mice.
AB  - This study characterized infections in BALB/c mice by the nonpigmented Yersinia
      pestis KIM and its derivatives lacking the low-Ca2+-response virulence plasmid
      pCD1 or failing to express selected yersinial outer membrane proteins (YOPs). The
      parent Y. pestis showed net growth in the spleen by 2 h and in the liver after 7
      h; exponential growth in both the liver and spleen culminated in death of the
      mice starting on day 4, with total bacterial numbers of less than 10(8) in the
      blood, liver, and spleen together. The histopathology progressed from
      microabscesses to extensive coagulative necrosis unaccompanied by further
      immigration of inflammatory cells. This, together with the relatively low
      bacterial numbers, suggests a toxigenic mechanism. YopE- or YopK- YopL- yersiniae
      were cleared from the spleen but grew in the liver after an initial lag. Their
      growth was curbed after 1 to 2 days and entered a plateau that lasted 5 to 6
      days; viable numbers then decline rapidly. This suggests that these Yop-
      mutations distinguish, at least kinetically, between host responses in liver and
      spleen. Both strains caused acute inflammation in liver that evolved into
      structured lesions surrounded by progressively mononuclear inflammation
      suggestive of a granulomatous response. Accordingly, YOP E and YOPs K and L are
      necessary in the early days of the infection for net growth in spleen and
      prolonged growth in the liver; their absence is reflected morphologically by the
      emergence of cell-mediated immunity in the liver. The YopE- and YopK- YopL-
      mutants bound only slightly increased amounts of C3, suggesting that YOPs E, K,
      and L are protective through mechanisms other than interfering with the binding
      of complement.

PMID- 2925247
TI  - Tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced pulmonary vascular endothelial injury.
AB  - Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) mediates components of the acute-phase
      response, stimulates granulocyte metabolism, and induces endothelial cell surface
      changes. We studied whether human recombinant TNF-alpha (rTNF-alpha) could
      increase pulmonary edema formation and pulmonary vascular permeability. Rabbits
      preinfused with 125I-albumin were administered rTNF-alpha or saline. Animals were
      sacrificed, and lung wet/dry weight ratios as well as bronchoalveolar lavage
      fluid and plasma 125I activities were determined. rTNF-alpha increased lung
      wet/dry weight ratios by 151% (P less than 0.02) and bronchoalveolar lavage
      fluid/plasma 125I activity ratios by 376% (P less than 0.01) compared with values
      for saline controls. Electron microscopy of lung sections demonstrated
      endothelial injury, perivascular edema, and extravasation of an ultrastructural
      permeability tracer. To demonstrate that rTNF-alpha could directly increase
      pulmonary vascular endothelial permeability in vitro, we studied albumin transfer
      across cultured porcine pulmonary artery endothelial cell monolayers. rTNF-alpha
      induced time-dependent dose-response increments in transendothelial albumin flux
      in the absence of granulocyte effector cells. These observations suggest that
      rTNF-alpha can provoke acute pulmonary vascular endothelial injury in vivo as
      well as in vitro.

PMID- 2925249
TI  - Bacteriologic and serologic findings in experimental pyelonephritis caused by
      Ureaplasma urealyticum.
AB  - A challenge procedure based on reflux of Ureaplasma urealyticum to the rat kidney
      was used to examine the disease-causing potential of this species for the upper
      urinary tract. Renal infection was detected 8 days after challenge in 90 to 100%
      of animals exposed to 10(7) ureaplasmas but was not detected in animals exposed
      to fewer than 10(6) microorganisms. Viable microorganisms were recoverable from
      more than 60% of infected animals throughout a 24-week follow-up period of study.
      Animals with persistent infection exhibited a humoral response involving
      immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G antibody. These results show that U.
      urealyticum is capable of giving rise to chronic infection in the kidneys of rats
      following challenge via the ascending route.

PMID- 2925248
TI  - Bovine lactogenic immunity against cholera toxin-related enterotoxins and Vibrio
      cholerae outer membranes.
AB  - The newly parturient cow secretes large quantities of immunoglobulin G1, a
      relatively protease- and heat-resistant immunoglobulin, in its colostrum and
      milk. This study establishes the feasibility of producing protective colostral
      immunoglobulins by immunizing pregnant cows with cholera toxin (CT), a CT-related
      enterotoxin from Escherichia coli, and Vibrio cholerae outer membranes (OMs). The
      OMs were prepared from bacteria grown under iron-replete or iron-deficient (to
      simulate the in vivo environment) conditions. Immunoglobulins were purified from
      the colostrum of newly parturient control and immunized cows. The bovine anti-CT
      and anti-H-LT (CT-related heat-labile enterotoxin produced by diarrheogenic E.
      coli strains of human origin) antibodies were quantitated by enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assays and by neutralization of toxin activity in both Y-1 adrenal
      cell and infant rabbit assays. The bovine anti-OM antibodies from both high-iron
      grown and low-iron-grown vibrios were assessed by bacterial agglutination and by
      Western blot (immunoblot) analysis of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of high
      iron-grown and low-iron-grown OMs. To test their protective effect,
      immunoglobulin preparations were administered orally in infant feeding formula to
      6-day-old rabbits. Anti-CT and anti-OM immunoglobulins elicited statistically
      significant protection against diarrhea in infant rabbits challenged
      intraintestinally with virulent cholera vibrios.

PMID- 2925250
TI  - Bordetella parapertussis invasion of HeLa 229 cells and human respiratory
      epithelial cells in primary culture.
AB  - Bordetella parapertussis, a respiratory tract pathogen commonly regarded as
      noninvasive, was found to invade HeLa 229 cell monolayers. Following treatment of
      the monolayers with gentamicin, numbers of viable B. parapertussis recovered were
      comparable to those of invasive Salmonella and Shigella isolates. Invasion occurs
      through a cytochalasin-sensitive process which appears to be distinct from
      receptor-mediated endocytosis. Hyperimmune antisera raised against filaments
      hemagglutinin, a major adhesion of B. pertussis, did not inhibit invasion by B.
      parapertussis, suggesting that alternate adhesin(s) are required for invasion. In
      addition, B. parapertussis was found to invade human respiratory epithelial cells
      in primary culture, as demonstrated in ultrathin sections viewed by transmission
      electron microscopy. Although viable intracellular B. parapertussis persist
      within HeLa cells, they do not multiply there and the monolayers remain intact,
      suggesting a possible mechanism of carriage for these organisms.

PMID- 2925251
TI  - A Legionella pneumophila gene encoding a species-specific surface protein
      potentiates initiation of intracellular infection.
AB  - To investigate the pathogenesis of Legionnaires disease at a molecular level, we
      mutated by directed allelic exchange a gene encoding a Legionella pneumophila
      specific 24,000-dalton (Da) surface protein. Southern hybridization and
      immunoblot analyses demonstrated that the predicted DNA rearrangement occurred in
      L. pneumophila with a specific loss of 24-kDa antigen expression. Compared with
      its isogenic parent, the mutant was significantly impaired in its ability to
      infect transformed U937 cells, a human macrophagelike cell line; i.e., the
      bacterial inoculum of the mutant strain that was required to initiate infection
      of the macrophage monolayer was ca. 80-fold greater than that of the isogenic
      parent strain. The mutant strain regained full infectivity on reintroduction of a
      cloned 24-kDa protein gene, indicating that the reduced infectivity was due
      specifically to the mutation in that gene. Compared with the parent strain, the
      mutant strain was recovered at titers that were ca. 10-fold lower shortly after
      infection, but it exhibited a similar intracellular growth rate over the next 40
      h, indicating that the mutant was defective in its ability to initiate macrophage
      infection rather than in its ability to replicate intracellularly. When
      opsonized, the mutant strain was still significantly less infectious than the
      parent strain, despite equivalent macrophage association, suggesting that the
      mutant was not merely missing a ligand for macrophage attachment. The mutant also
      exhibited reduced infectivity in explanted human alveolar macrophages,
      demonstrating the relevance of the U937 cell model for analyzing this mutant
      phenotype. These results represent the first identification of a cloned L.
      pneumophila gene that is necessary for optimal intracellular infection; we
      designate this gene mip, for macrophage infectivity potentiator.

PMID- 2925253
TI  - Characterization of a 29.4-kilodalton structural protein of Giardia lamblia and
      localization to the ventral disk [corrected].
AB  - The amino acid sequence of a 29.4-kilodalton [corrected] structural protein
      located in the ventral disk and axostyle of Giardia lamblia was determined. Clone
      lambda M16 from a mung bean expression library in lambda gt11 expressed a fusion
      protein recognized by three different isolate-specific antisera and sera from G.
      lamblia-infected gerbils. One of the three EcoRI fragments (M16; 1.26 kilobases)
      encoded the recognized protein. Sequence analysis revealed a single open reading
      frame of 813 base pairs. Two areas showed conservation of the positions of some
      amino acids. The abundance of arginine, glutamic acid, and threonine was
      increased. Two potential alpha-helical regions were deduced in the regions of
      repeats. Antisera to the M16 fusion protein reacted specifically with internal
      components of the ventral disk and axostyle, as well as Giardia fractions
      enriched for ventral disk structural proteins. An identical protein was
      recognized in different isolates by anti-M16, and a single identical band was
      recognized in Southern blots using the M16 1.26-kilobase fragment as a probe.
      Therefore, the 29.4-kilodaltion [corrected] protein appears to be highly
      conserved compared with variant surface proteins.

PMID- 2925252
TI  - DNA sequence of mip, a Legionella pneumophila gene associated with macrophage
      infectivity.
AB  - In a previous study, a 24-kilodalton (kDa) protein surface antigen of Legionella
      pneumophila was cloned into Escherichia coli and found to be expressed on the
      host cell surface. Subsequently, a site-directed mutation in this gene
      (designated mip) in L. pneumophila was found to impair the capacity of this
      bacterium to initiate intracellular infection in human macrophages. The work
      presented here indicates that the antigenic gene product is distinct from the 24-
      to 29-kDa major outer membrane protein of L. pneumophila. In addition, the
      antigen was identified as a highly basic protein on two-dimensional
      nonequilibrium polyacrylamide gels and on two-dimensional monoclonal antibody
      immunoblots. When the DNA fragment encoding this protein was sequenced, a long
      open reading frame of 699 base pairs was identified within a region to which
      antigen expression was previously mapped. mip mRNA isolated from both L.
      pneumophila and transformed E. coli had the same 5' end, as determined by primer
      extension analysis, indicating that the same promoter sequences are used in both
      species. A likely factor-independent transcriptional terminator was found 20
      residues downstream of the stop codon, suggesting that mip is encoded on a
      monocistronic message. The inferred polypeptide began with a possible 20- to 24
      residue signal sequence, and, as predicted by two-dimensional electrophoresis,
      had a molecular weight of 24,868 and was a potent polycation with an estimated pI
      of 9.8.

PMID- 2925254
TI  - Interaction of Lyme disease spirochetes with cultured eucaryotic cells.
AB  - The association of the Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi, with
      cultured human endothelial cells was investigated. Attachment was time and
      temperature dependent, with optimal adherence occurring after 4 h of incubation
      at 37 degrees C. Pretreatment of borreliae with heat, immune human serum, or
      monoclonal antibodies directed against outer surface protein B (OspB) reduced the
      attachment of organisms to host cell monolayers. These results suggest that the
      adherence of B. burgdorferi may be mediated, at least in part, by borrelial
      surface proteins.

PMID- 2925255
TI  - Effect of immunoglobulin M from normal human serum on Leishmania donovani
      promastigote agglutination, complement-mediated killing, and phagocytosis by
      human monocytes.
AB  - Serum from healthy, nonimmune humans contained immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies
      that agglutinated Leishmania donovani promastigotes, activated complement, and
      enhanced promastigote ingestion by human monocytes. The findings indicate that
      IgM antibodies have the capacity to affect the initial interaction of L. donovani
      promastigotes with human host defenses.

PMID- 2925256
TI  - Fenestrated capillaries in mice submesothelial mesenteric microvasculature.
AB  - This study demonstrates the existence of fenestrated capillaries in the
      microvascular bed of mice mesentery. The 26.6% incidence of fenestrated
      capillaries observed in this study is similar to that found in rabbit
      diaphragmatic peritoneum. Fenestral diameters are too large to be identified as
      the large pore of Pappenheimer's theory. They appear to be too frequent to become
      the predicted large pore. Peritoneal permeability should be analyzed on the basis
      that molecular transfer occurs through multiple ways.

PMID- 2925258
TI  - Glucose metabolism, lipidic pattern, apolipoprotein A and B during hemodialysis
      with cuprophan and hemodialysis-hemoperfusion.
AB  - We studied differences in the glucose metabolism, lipid pattern and
      apolipoprotein A and B after one month of combined hemodialysis-hemoperfusion (HD
      HP) in eight regular maintenance hemodialysis (HD) patients. After one month of
      HD-HP predialytic serum creatinine and phosphate were lower than during the
      preceding HD period; the lipidic pattern and apolipoproteins were unchanged. A
      single HD-HP session significantly reduced triglycerides; this does not occur
      during HD. Postdialytic changes of all other lipoprotein metabolism parameters
      are identical in the two techniques. As regards glucose metabolism, after one
      month of regular HD-HP treatment glycemic curves during the intravenous glucose
      tolerance test (IVGTT) were perfectly matched with those in HD. However, insulin
      production was lower, with a reduction of the insulin resistance index.
      Differences did not reach statistical significance. The Authors infer that
      activated charcoal, even though it achieves better blood purification in uremia,
      may be unable to remove specific substances which hamper some key enzyme
      activities of the carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.

PMID- 2925257
TI  - Different buffers for hemodiafiltration: a controlled study.
AB  - Hemodiafiltration (HDF) is usually performed using a dialytic solution (D)
      containing acetate (A) or bicarbonate (B) and a replacement fluid (RF) containing
      lactate (L). To clarify the role of buffers in HDF, 11 patients underwent
      different study periods, each three months long: bicarbonate hemodialysis (BHD =
      Baseline period); HDF with (A) in D and (L) in RF (first period of HDF); HDF with
      (A) in D and (B) in RF (second HDF); HDF with (B) in D and (L) in RF (third HDF);
      HDF with (B) in D and (B) in RF (fourth HDF = BHDF). HDF achieved: 1) an increase
      in dialytic efficiency (kt/V, 1.28), reducing the time-session (197 min); 2) an
      improvement in acid-base status (pre-dialytic values in BHDF: pH 7.36; pCO2 39.8
      mmHg; HCO3- 21.8 mM/L); 3) better "dry weight" gain (reached in 92.8% of HDF and
      in 81% of BHD sessions); 4) a significant decrease, in dialytic side-effects
      (mainly during the third and fourth periods). On the whole, BHDF (HDF done using
      only bicarbonate buffer) represents an easy and safe technique, leading to better
      cardiovascular stability than BHD and HDF without bicarbonate buffer.

PMID- 2925259
TI  - Influence of different dialyzer membranes on plasma fibronectin levels in
      hemodialyzed patients.
AB  - Plasma fibronectin (FN) was assayed in 30 patients with chronic renal failure
      under conservative therapy, 60 uremic patients undergoing periodic hemodialysis,
      and 7 patients treated by hemofiltration. Plasma FN was significantly lower in
      uremic patients on conservative therapy and in those who received intermittent
      hemodialysis than in the control group. No difference was seen between mean FN
      concentrations using different dialyzer membranes. Nevertheless, plasma FN levels
      were significantly higher in subjects after intermittent hemofiltration. There
      was no evidence of activation of the coagulation system or of any correlation
      between FN and fibrinogen values. These findings suggest that conventional
      hemodialysis is not effective in improving the low levels of plasma FN found in
      uremic patients, whereas intermittent hemofiltration raises FN. These differences
      may be due to the fact that during hemofiltration, even when using the same
      dialyzer membranes as in conventional hemodialysis, some "substances" with high
      molecular weight that could block the synthesis of FN could be removed.

PMID- 2925260
TI  - Radionuclide assessment of the natural heart ejection fraction before and after
      LVAD implantation.
AB  - Complete pressure unloading of the ventricles can preserve ischemically damaged
      myocardium. Most clinical left heart assist device (LVAD) systems used after
      ischemic injury of the heart apply atrial cannulation which does not ensure
      pressure unloading. In order to assess the effect of the implantation of an
      intracorporeal LVAD on the function of the natural heart, we determined the
      ejection fraction (EF) in four male Holstein calves (90-105 kg) before and after
      insertion of a Cleveland Clinic pneumatic LVAD. A gated blood pool scan was
      obtained with a gamma camera after injection of 40 mCi Tc-labelled albumin. The
      animals were restrained in a sling to avoid movement artifacts. All animals
      showed a drop of 65 +/- 12% to 42 +/- 14% EF in the first postoperative (p.o.)
      week. Left ventricular output did not maintain sufficient blood pressure as
      assessed by pump-off tests. Systolic blood pressure dropped from 122 +/- 6.5 mm
      Hg to 81 +/- 6 mm Hg without pump support on the morning of the first p.o. day.
      Apical coring and possible restrained heart movement by the implanted LVAD may
      lead to impaired myocardial function that renders the individual LVAD dependent
      until adaptative corrections take place.

PMID- 2925261
TI  - The effect of colloid osmotic pressure on the survival of sheep following cardiac
      surgery.
AB  - The occurrence of late complications in implanted cardiac prosthetic valves has
      emphasized the need for the development of an animal model in which these
      complications are reproducible. Sheep constitute an excellent model for chronical
      and pathological studies of prosthetic devices. In our experience, survival of
      sheep following implantation of prosthetic valves is closely related to
      postoperative serum colloid osmotic pressure (C.O.P.). The normal range as
      measured in 28 healthy sheep was 16.67 +/- 0.55 mm Hg. A protocol was developed
      to maintain the colloid hydrostatic pressure gradient (C.H.P.G.) as close as
      possible to the normal physiological range, and to delay the extubation until the
      C.O.P. was within this range, and the C.H.P.G. greater than 7 mm Hg. Using the
      above protocol, a new tri-leaflet polyurethane valve was inserted into eight,
      five to seven month old sheep in place of the mitral and tricuspidal valves. One
      hour after terminating the extacorporeal circuit, the C.O.P. was measured at
      13.10 +/- 0.96; but within five to six hours, it rose to 17.1 +/- 1.1. During the
      same period, the C.H.P.G. increased from 3.02 +/- 0.96 to 7.6 +/- 0.50 mm Hg. The
      postoperative period was uneventful, and all animals survived. We have thus
      concluded that the routine measurement and monitoring of C.O.P. constitutes a
      guide of great clinical importance.

PMID- 2925262
TI  - Modelling of plasma-separation through microporous membranes.
AB  - Available mathematical models of ultrafiltration have been used to predict
      changes in maximum plasma filtration rate with wall shear rate for given filters
      and blood properties. We have done many plasmapheresis experiments in vitro,
      using hollow-fiber filters (500-1000 cm2) and fresh bovine blood collected on ACD
      or heparin. The comparison between predicted and experimentally obtained
      filtration rates was good for models based on the concentration polarization
      theory and lift velocity theory. In other experiments with pulsatile inlet flow
      we found that plasma filtration rate increased by 20 to 50% compared to non
      pulsatile conditions. These results are in good agreement with the modified model
      of ultrafiltration incorporating pulsating flow. This paper presents
      relationships between plasma filtration velocity (steady and pulsating flow) and
      hemolysis limit as a function of wall shear rate and filter size.

PMID- 2925263
TI  - Effectiveness of erythrocytapheresis in idiopathic hemochromatosis. Report of 14
      cases.
AB  - Thirteen men and one woman (mean age 48.8 yr +/- 6.9, range 36-63) with
      idiopathic hemochromatosis were treated by erythrocytapheresis. Iron depletion
      followed 9.60 months treatment (median 24), with 21-203 erythrocytaphereses (mean
      93 +/- 61) and total iron removal of 4.2-40.6 g (mean 19 +/- 11.9). Trasferrin
      saturation decreased from 90 +/- 8.7% to 17 +/- 10.6% and serum ferritin from
      3164 micrograms/L +/- 1488 to 60.5 micrograms/L +/- 77.5, and liver iron content
      normalized in all cases. Initial serum ferritin in the patients who were iron
      depleted at 18 months (50%, cumulative percentage) was significantly lower than
      in those still iron loaded at that time (2280 micrograms/L +/- 940 vs 4049
      micrograms/L +/- 1444, p less than 0.02). Clinical improvement was noted in all
      cases with about a 30% decrease in insulin requirement in most diabetics. Thus
      erythrocytapheresis appears to be effective and safe in obtaining iron depletion
      in idiopathic hemochromatosis.

PMID- 2925264
TI  - A first screening for hemocompatibility of a universal support for selective and
      specific hemoperfusion.
AB  - A modified filmadsorber is presented, intended to be used for selective and
      specific hemoperfusion. It consists of a spirally wound cellulose nitrate film,
      onto which--after chemical activation with sodium periodate--albumin is bound,
      stabilized, sterilized and activated with glutaraldehyde. Various bioactive
      ligands containing amino groups can be coupled to this support. A subsequent
      treatment with dimethylamino borane stabilizes the bonds between cellulose
      nitrate, albumin, glutaraldehyde and ligand. Columns in which a second layer of
      albumin is bound to the support as a model for a bioactive ligand were first
      screened for hemocompatibility using rabbits. Leukocyte, thrombocyte and
      hematocrit behaviour during hemoperfusion showed that hemocompatibility of the
      support was good.

PMID- 2925265
TI  - Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) in Wegener's granulomatosis.

PMID- 2925266
TI  - Time relationship between ambient temperature change and antigen stimulation on
      immune responses of mice.
AB  - We investigated the time relationship between ambient temperature change and
      antigen stimulation on immune responses to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and
      polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) in mice. In the case of a shift from comfortable (25
      degrees C) to cold (8 degrees C) temperatures, suppression in the number of
      splenic plaque-forming cells (PFC) took place mainly when the shift was done
      between 1 day before and 2 to 4 days after immunization. The suppression of the
      PVP response lasted for up to a maximum of 6 days when mice were transferred 1
      day before immunization. In the case of a temperature shift from 25 degrees to
      36.5 degrees C, the suppressive effect was found when the temperature shift was
      done between 4 days before and 2 days after immunization. The effect lasted
      longer than that of the temperature shift to cold, i.e., at least 9 days after
      the temperature shift. Blood corticosterone levels after the temperature shifts
      corresponded to changes in the immune responses: elevation of the blood
      corticosterone levels was observed for only the first 3 days after a temperature
      shift to 8 degrees C but for 10 days after a temperature shift to 36.5 degrees C
      during the period time of the experiment. These result suggested that blood
      corticosterone level contributes to the duration of the effects of temperature
      shifts on immune responses of mice. Furthermore, it appeared that the early stage
      of the immune response is more susceptible to temperature shifts than the later
      stage. To explain these results, the terms "effective period" in the course of
      physiological adaptation to changed ambient temperature and "susceptible period"
      in the course of the immune response, were proposed.

PMID- 2925267
TI  - Hydration and tissue solid content of the lean body on prolonged exposure to
      altitude.
AB  - Using densitometric, hydrometric and anthropometric techniques, body fat, tissue
      solids, water and mineral content were quantitatively measured on two groups each
      of 26 young and healthy Indian soldiers of mixed ethnic composition. The
      experimental group was exposed to 3500 m altitude for 2 years and the experiments
      were carried out after 48 h and 3 weeks rehabilitation in Delhi (300 m). The
      control group was never exposed to high altidues. Inspite of the experimental
      group being fed with superior rations at high altitude, this group showed
      significantly hyperhydrated lean body with reduced tissue solids in comparison to
      the control group which was fed with identical rations in Delhi. The calculated
      mean density of the fat free body had declined to 0.092 x 10(3) kg/m3. The 3 week
      stay at low altitude had little influence on body composition. Hyper-hydration,
      with reduced tissue solids, would cause reduction in the density of fat free
      body, and would thus interfere with the estimates of total body fat based on
      densitometric procedures alone. In the hyperhydrated state, Siri's formula
      overestimated fat by 22.8% of the true value.

PMID- 2925268
TI  - Environmental temperature and mortality from acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - Mortality from acute myocardial infarction (MI) over the 5 year period 1982-1987
      in Brown County, Wisconsin, was analyzed to assess the relationship with
      environmental temperature. Deaths occurring on the day of and the day following a
      significant snowfall as well as deaths occurring in health care facilities were
      eliminated from consideration because the focus was upon temperature, not
      snowfall or events within a hospital. These criteria resulted in the inclusion of
      1,802 days and 926 cases of acute MI. The mean temperature on the day of death
      was obtained from climatological data and were grouped into six categories
      covering a range of temperatures from less than -17.8 degrees C (0 degrees F) to
      16.1 degrees C (61 degrees F). The number of deaths in each category was
      tabulated. The effect of temperature, sex, and age were analyzed by regression
      analysis. The results indicated a linear increase in mortality as mean daily
      temperature decreased over the temperature range. The inverse temperature effect
      was most pronounced in males over the age of 60. These results indicate that cold
      temperatures appear to be associated with an increased mortality from myocardial
      infarction.

PMID- 2925269
TI  - Pathologic prognostic factors for cutaneous malignant melanoma: the Western
      Canada Melanoma Study.
AB  - An analysis of data for histopathologic factors influencing survival was
      conducted on 798 cases of invasive cutaneous malignant melanoma. On univariate
      analysis, a number of factors influenced survival; however, when these factors
      were examined using a proportional-hazards model, sex and log of depth of
      penetration were the only factors governing survival. Moreover, these factors
      were only important in patients with lesions up to 4 mm in depth with no evidence
      of other disease. For patients with solitary lesions deeper than 4 mm, or
      patients with regional or distant disease, none of the factors examined in our
      study was of predictive value for survival assessment.

PMID- 2925270
TI  - Expression of transforming growth factor alpha messenger RNA in the normal and
      neoplastic gastro-intestinal tract.
AB  - The presence of TGF alpha mRNA has been reported previously to occur in primary
      colon cancers. We report the expression of the normal 4.5 kb TGF alpha transcript
      in the mucosa of the normal human gastro-intestinal tract from oesophagus through
      to colon. The highest levels of human TGF alpha mRNA occurred in the duodenum but
      significant levels were present in all of the mucosa. Similarly, in the rat
      gastro-intestinal tract, TGF alpha transcripts were detected in the lower gastro
      intestinal tract mucosa. The relative abundance of the TGF alpha mRNA appeared to
      decrease in distal regions of the gastro-intestinal tract. The level of the TGF
      alpha mRNA was similar in both the normal and the neoplastic colon tissue.
      Similarly, in 2 patients with carcinomas, the TGF alpha mRNA was expressed at
      similar levels in the tumour and in adjacent mucosa. Although TGF alpha mRNA is
      associated with transformed cells from the gastro-intestinal tract, the presence
      of this mRNA at equivalent concentrations in normal mucosa suggests that over
      production of TGF alpha is not an essential feature of carcinomas in the gastro
      intestinal tract.

PMID- 2925271
TI  - In vitro thermo-chemosensitivity screening of spontaneous human tumors:
      significant potentiation for cisplatin but not adriamycin.
AB  - The in vitro thermal enhancement of Adriamycin (ADR) and Cisplatin (CDDP) was
      investigated in 18 surgical biopsy specimens of human tumors cultured in the
      Adhesive Tumor Cell Culture System. Experimental conditions were adopted to
      simulate "therapeutic" trials: (a) temperature of 37.0 degrees C, 40.5 degrees C
      or 42.5 degrees C; (b) hyperthermic duration of 30, 60, or 120 min; and (c) 4
      dose drug range normalized to human bone marrow toxicity. Drug concentrations
      that inhibited 90% of tumor growth (IC90) at 37.0 degrees C were compared to the
      IC90 at 40.5 degrees C and 42.5 degrees C, adjusted for the effect of heat alone.
      CDDP plus heat was a better combination than ADR plus heat, regardless of the
      temperature and the exposure duration: significant synergism (p less than 0.001)
      occurred in 37% of heat-CDDP combinations, as compared with 15% of heat-ADR
      combinations, and antagonism was significantly lower (p less than 0.001) for heat
      CDDP than for heat-ADR (4.4% versus 21% of combinations, respectively). Within
      the CDDP group, higher temperature and longer heat exposure resulted in an
      increased incidence of chemosensitivity. No specific pattern of synergism was
      evident within the ADR group, but a trend toward a higher incidence of
      antagonistic effects with increasing hyperthermic duration was observed.

PMID- 2925272
TI  - Pancreatic cancer, alcohol, diabetes mellitus and gall-bladder disease.
AB  - A case-control study comprising 216 cases of pancreatic cancer and 279 controls
      was conducted to investigate the relationship of pancreatic cancer with certain
      chronic medical conditions and with the consumption of tea, coffee and alcoholic
      beverages. Significant positive associations with pre-existing diabetes mellitus
      and gall-bladder disease were observed and there was weak evidence of association
      with liver disease. The relative risks for diabetes mellitus and gallstones
      diagnosed at least one year previously were 4.1 (p = 0.005) and 2.8 (p = 0.01)
      respectively. Cases drank significantly more beer than controls (p = 0.005) and
      there was evidence of a positive trend in risk with total alcohol consumption.
      Smoking was a clear risk factor, but cases and controls were very similar with
      respect to tea and coffee drinking habits.

PMID- 2925273
TI  - Tissue-specific expression of a constitutional 3;6 translocation: development of
      multiple bilateral renal-cell carcinomas.
AB  - We describe a German family carrying a constitutional translocation (3;6)
      (p13;q25.1) in 3 consecutive generations. The only member of the family over 50
      years of age and carrying the translocation developed multiple bilateral renal
      cell carcinomas. We performed chromosome analysis of 4 out of 5 primary tumours,
      which were characterized by different clonal karyotypes. The constitutionally
      translocated 3p13-pter segment was lost with or without the receptor chromosome 6
      in each tumour. Additional karyotypic changes were trisomy 5, 7 and 18, monosomy
      14 and 21, and loss of the Y chromosome, all karyotype changes occurring
      frequently in sporadic non-papillary RCCs. This case is discussed with regard to
      the possible role of suppressor gene inactivation by constitutional translocation
      in the development of familial renal cancers.

PMID- 2925274
TI  - Amplification of c-ras-Ki oncogene in human ovarian tumours.
AB  - Amplification of the c-ras-Ki oncogene has been the most consistent finding
      reported in studies on oncogene activation in ovarian cancer, but for the most
      part the studies have been small and the results conflicting. In order to
      determine whether amplification occurred de novo in primary tumours or was
      associated with tumour progression and metastasis, 81 tumour samples from
      different sites in 26 patients with ovarian tumours and 7 xenografted ovarian
      tumour cell lines were assayed. Amplification of c-ras-Ki occurred infrequently
      and was apparent in a single metastatic site in a patient with poorly
      differentiated serous cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary. Ten-fold amplification of
      the c-ras-Ki oncogene was also evident in a benign ovarian fibroma. Amplification
      of the c-ras-Ki oncogene is rare in ovarian tumours and does not appear to play a
      fundamental role in tumor development or progression.

PMID- 2925275
TI  - Use of the Membrane Invasion Culture System (MICS) as a screen for anti-invasive
      agents.
AB  - The Membrane Invasion Culture System (MICS) assay was adapted for relatively
      rapid screening of compounds and used to identify anti-invasive drugs that
      inhibit human and murine tumor cell migration through a reconstituted basement
      membrane in vitro. Cell lines demonstrating low and high invasive and metastatic
      potentials were tested with all compounds for tumoricidal effects prior to
      evaluation in MICS at non-cytotoxic doses. The effect on invasive potential in
      the MICS assay was determined in 3 categories: (1) 48 hr drug pre-treatment prior
      to seeding in the MICS (exceptions: 90 min pre-treatment with pertussis toxin
      and, for some studies, continuous exposure for 2-7 days); (2) peptide or
      prostaglandins 2 hr after seeding and attachment to the membranes in MICS
      followed by continuous exposure; and (3) cells receiving neither drug nor peptide
      treatment and serving as controls in each MICS chamber. Since invasion involves
      cellular motility and deformability, some cytoskeleton disrupting agents were
      selected. Of these, vincristine, colcemid and colchicine inhibited invasion but
      taxol did not. Pre-treatment with cAMP agonists produced conflicting results:
      dibutyryl cAMP and 8-(4-chloro-phenylthio) cAMP resulted in 50% and 38% reduction
      in invasion, respectively, whereas 8-bromo cAMP stimulated invasive potential by
      30%. Forskolin and cholera toxin both significantly reduced invasiveness. Pre
      treatment with 5-azacytidine and araC, to consider the role of methylation and
      proliferations decreased invasive ability. Anti-metastatic drugs such as gamma
      interferon and razoxane inhibited invasive potential but to varying degrees.
      Treatment of cells with prostaglandins E2, F2 alpha, A2, and D2 were ineffectual;
      however, indomethacin mildly inhibits invasion (less than 30%).(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2925276
TI  - Effects of propranolol and cimetidine on cysteamine inhibition of gastric
      carcinogenesis induced in Wistar rats by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine.
AB  - The effects of propranolol and cimetidine on inhibition by cysteamine (2
      aminoethanethiol hydrochloride) of gastric carcinogenesis induced by N-methyl-N'
      nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) and on gastric acid secretion, serum gastrin
      level, and labelling index of the gastric mucosa were investigated in inbred
      Wistar rats. Rats received alternate-day injections of cysteamine (25 mg/kg body
      weight) with or without propranolol (dl-propranolol hydrochloride) (2 mg/kg bw)
      or cimetidine (50 mg/kg bw) in depot form after 25 weeks of oral treatment with
      MNNG. Prolonged administration of cysteamine significantly reduced the incidence
      of adenocarcinoma of the glandular stomach. A combination of cysteamine and
      propranolol significantly accelerated the inhibitory effect of cysteamine on
      gastric carcinogenesis. However, with concomitant administration of cysteamine
      and cimetidine, the incidence of adenocarcinoma was slightly but not
      significantly increased as compared to that after treatment with cysteamine
      alone. Administration of cysteamine caused a significant increase in gastric acid
      secretion and serum gastrin level, and a significant decrease in the labelling
      index of the antral mucosa. A combination of cysteamine and propranolol
      significantly increased gastric acid secretion by cysteamine alone and
      significantly decreased the labelling index of the antral mucosa. With this
      treatment, the serum gastrin level was significantly higher than the basal level,
      but the stimulated serum gastrin level was significantly lower than observed that
      after administration of cysteamine alone. In contrast, concomitant administration
      of cysteamine and cimetidine caused a significant decrease in gastric acid
      secretion and significant increase in the serum gastrin level as compared to the
      levels seen after treatment with cysteamine alone, but had no influence on the
      labelling index of the antral mucosa. These findings indicate that hypersecretion
      of acid, but not hypergastrinemia associated with hyposecretion of acid or
      achlorhydria, exerts a protective effect against gastric carcinogenesis, and that
      this effect may be related to its activity in decreasing proliferation of the
      antral mucosa.

PMID- 2925277
TI  - Over-expression of MDR1 gene with no DNA amplification in a multiple-drug
      resistant human ovarian carcinoma cell line.
AB  - Human ovarian adenocarcinoma cells IGROV1 were induced to become resistant in
      vitro to Vincristine (VCR) by continuous and discontinuous stepwise exposure to
      the drug. Both sublines exhibited similar indexes of resistance (approx. 800).
      The acquisition of VCR resistance was associated with changes of morphology and
      with cross-resistance to Adriamycin, VP16 and actinomycin D. Addition of
      verapamil enhanced sensitivity of resistant cells to VCR. This multi-drug
      resistant (MDR) phenotype was associated with high levels of human MDR1 gene
      transcripts (25- to 100-fold). In contrast to other reports, no significant
      amplification of the locus could be observed. Reactivity with MRK16, a monoclonal
      antibody (MAb) directed against the MDR 170 kDa protein, was found to be related
      to the level of MDR1 transcription. In addition, both OV1/VCR sublines exhibited
      a marked loss of tumorigenicity. Besides the chromosomal markers of OV1/p, the
      two resistant sublines revealed a common cytogenetic rearrangement: a deletion of
      the short arm of one chromosome 11: del(11)(p12). We suggest that the acquisition
      of this marker might be associated with the non-tumorigenic phenotype of OV1/VCR
      resistant sublines.

PMID- 2925278
TI  - Circumvention of adriamycin resistance by dipyridamole analogues: a structure
      activity relationship study.
AB  - Dipyridamole restores sensitivity to Adriamycin (ADR) in drug-resistant cells. In
      an effort to elucidate the relationship between activity and chemical structure
      of dipyridamole, the ability to enhance the growth inhibitory effect of ADR, in
      multidrug-resistant (MDR) P388 murine leukemia cells, was determined for 43
      derivatives and related compounds. Since both substituted pyrimidopyrimidines and
      pteridines enhanced the growth-inhibitory effect of ADR in drug resistant cells,
      the core skeleton may not be directly involved and rather serve as a carrier for
      the substituents connected with this activity. The exact positions of the active
      substituents on the core skeleton did not seem to be critical for exertion of the
      activity. Activity was dependent on the presence of 3 tertiary amine groups.
      However, not all tertiary amines showed the same potency which might be related
      to the degree of basicity and/or the spatial structure of these groups. The most
      active derivatives carried piperidine and pyrrolidine groups while derivatives
      with thiomorpholine, 3-hydroxypiperidine or dimethylamine groups had low
      activity. Activity was also dependent on the presence of a substituent with
      partial electronegative charges as found in a diethanolamine group. However, this
      function could be carried out, with even higher efficiency, by a substituent
      containing 6 pi electrons.

PMID- 2925279
TI  - Carcinogenicity of iron in conjunction with a chlorinated environmental chemical,
      hexachlorobenzene, in C57BL/10ScSn mice.
AB  - Pre-loading of C57BL/10ScSn mice with iron greatly sensitizes them to the
      induction of hepatic porphyria caused by hexachlorobenzene (HCB) (Smith and
      Francis, 1983). HCB will also cause liver tumours in experimental animals.
      Elevated liver iron stores are implicated in the development of some human liver
      cancers. To determine whether iron overload will potentiate the
      hepatocarcinogenicity of HCB, male C57BL/10ScSn mice received a single dose of
      iron-dextran complex or the dextran carrier and were then fed HCB in the diet
      (0.01%) for up to 18 months. A very clear potentiation by iron of liver tumour
      incidence occurred. Of the mice which received HCB, but no iron, for 12 months a
      low incidence of liver hyperplastic nodules was observed, whereas
      preadministration of iron increased the incidence. After 18 months, all surviving
      mice initially given iron followed by HCB developed advanced hepatic nodules and
      90% had hepatocellular carcinomas. No tumours were seen in animals that only
      received HCB. Nodules were not seen in iron-dosed mice receiving control diet,
      but another novel observation was that these animals developed porphyria by 6
      months. Although iron enhanced tumour formation in the presence of HCB, the foci,
      nodules and carcinomas formed all excluded iron. Preliminary studies with the
      DBA/2 strain suggested that these mice were considerably less susceptible to
      potentiation by iron.

PMID- 2925280
TI  - The intracellular association of B700 and B50 murine melanoma antigens and their
      role in tumor rejection.
AB  - B700 and B50 are melanoma-specific antigens originally isolated from B16 murine
      melanoma. B700, which elicits a strong tumor rejection response, is present on
      all murine melanomas tested to date. We now demonstrate the presence of B50 in
      the other murine melanomas and find that the 2 molecules are non-covalently
      complexed with each other within the cells. We also show that hosts immunized
      with intact, irradiated melanoma cells produce antibodies that specifically
      recognize the B700 and B50 tumor antigens. These results suggest that B50 may
      also participate in the host response to melanoma growth.

PMID- 2925281
TI  - Effect of erythromycin and tumour necrosis factor on the drug resistance of
      multidrug-resistant cells: reversal of drug resistance by erythromycin.
AB  - WEHI 164 murine fibrosarcoma cells were rendered multidrug-resistant (MDR) by
      culture in the presence of actinomycin D. In addition to resistance to
      actinomycin D, the cells acquired resistance to doxorubicin, mitomycin,
      vincristine and cycloheximide. The fact that development of resistance to one
      type of lipophilic chemotherapeutic drug also results in resistance to other
      structurally unrelated lipophilic drugs suggests that non-toxic lipophilic agents
      may interfere with drug resistance by saturating the pathway by which MDR-cells
      inhibit drug cytotoxicity. We show that the antibiotic erythromycin significantly
      reverses the resistance of MDR WEHI 164 cells to doxorubicin and actinomycin D.
      In addition to cross-resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs, 3 out of 4 actinomycin
      D-resistant WEHI 164 cell lines also showed higher resistance to tumour necrosis
      factor (TNF) than the parental WEHI 164 cells. However, whereas verapamil, a
      calcium antagonist known to reverse multidrug-resistance, rendered resistant
      cells more sensitive to chemotherapeutic drugs, it protected the cells from
      killing by TNF, suggesting that drug resistance and TNF resistance may not be
      directly connected. A synergistic cytotoxic effect of TNF and actinomycin D was
      obtained on both the parental and the MDR cells. However, higher concentrations
      of TNF and actinomycin D were required to obtain a cytotoxic effect in the MDR
      cells, reflecting actinomycin D and TNF resistance in these cells.

PMID- 2925282
TI  - Angiographic abnormalities of the morphologically left ventricle in the presence
      of Ebstein's malformation.
AB  - Cineangiography of the morphologically left ventricle was performed in 10
      patients with Ebstein's malformation. The angiographic findings included left
      ventricular contour abnormalities (8), mitral valve prolapse (7) and global
      hypokinesia (5). Left ventricular abnormalities were present whether the left
      ventricle was normally placed or in mirror-image position in congenitally
      corrected transposition. Abnormalities of the morphologically left ventricle in
      Ebstein's malformation have received little attention in the past. Frequent
      occurrence of these abnormalities should make careful evaluation of the
      morphologically left ventricle mandatory in all patients with Ebstein's
      malformation.

PMID- 2925283
TI  - Dilated cardiomyopathy with regional myocardial hypoperfusion in Becker's
      muscular dystrophy.
AB  - We describe two cases of Becker's muscular dystrophy, both of which presented
      with a dilated cardiomyopathy with alterations of myocardial perfusion and
      hypokinesia in the anteroseptal and apical ventricular walls. To the best of our
      knowledge, only one case with similar cardiologic characteristics has been
      reported previously. Myocardial involvement in this disease is comparable to that
      found in the Duchenne form of dystrophy. The possible mechanisms underscoring its
      induction are discussed.

PMID- 2925284
TI  - Diagnosis of pulmonary venous obstruction by Doppler echocardiography.
AB  - A 1 1/2-year-old female patient with atrial and ventricular septal defects and
      severe pulmonary arterial hypertension was found to have discrete stenosis of
      left upper and middle lobe pulmonary veins. The diagnosis was made by cross
      sectional and Doppler echocardiography. The findings were confirmed at cardiac
      catheterization and operation. Pressure gradients across the pulmonary vein
      stenosis as obtained by Doppler echocardiography correlated well with those
      measured at cardiac catheterization.

PMID- 2925285
TI  - Changes in regional myocardial cross-sectional area during brief coronary
      occlusion and reperfusion in conscious dogs.
AB  - The effect of a brief period of coronary occlusion on a regional myocardial cross
      sectional area was studied in 6 conscious dogs. Subendocardial segment length and
      wall thickness were continuously measured with a sonomicrometer in the central
      ischemic area perfused by the left circumflex coronary artery during a 2-min
      circumflex occlusion and subsequent reperfusion. Measurements were repeated
      before and after collateral development induced by 180 +/- 30 (SEM) 2-min
      circumflex occlusions (20 +/- 3 days). In order to evaluate the changes in
      regional myocardial volume, end-diastolic regional cross-sectional area was
      calculated as a product of end-diastolic segment length and wall thickness.
      Before collateral development, end-diastolic regional cross-sectional area
      transiently decreased 1.4 +/- 0.6% (NS) at 10 sec following sudden coronary
      occlusion, thereafter gradually increased to 3.7 +/- 1.0% (P less than 0.05) at
      the end of a 2-min occlusion. At 10 sec of reperfusion, end-diastolic regional
      cross-sectional area further increased to 7.0 +/- 1.1% (P less than 0.05)
      probably due to increased intravascular volume. Increase in end-diastolic
      regional cross-sectional area was still 2.5 +/- 0.6% (NS) at 3 min after the
      release of occlusion. After collateral development, the changes in end-diastolic
      regional cross-sectional area were 0.1 +/- 0.1% (NS), 0.4 +/- 0.3% (NS), 1.0 +/-
      0.6% (NS) and 0.2 +/- 0.4% (NS), respectively. Thus, a significant increase in
      the regional myocardial cross-sectional area occurs during a brief period of
      coronary occlusion and reperfusion.

PMID- 2925286
TI  - Changes in isovolumic segment shortening following acute coronary occlusion:
      disproportionate effects of anterior versus posterior ischemia.
AB  - We evaluated the changes in left ventricular pressure and isovolumic segment
      shortening in both the ischemic and nonischemic areas following acute coronary
      occlusion in 12 conscious dogs instrumented for the measurement of subendocardial
      segment lengths perfused by the left circumflex coronary artery and left anterior
      descending coronary artery, and left ventricular pressure. An externally
      inflatable pneumatic occluder was placed around the left circumflex coronary
      artery. In 6 dogs, another occluder was installed around the proximal left
      anterior descending coronary artery. Under the resting conditions, the isovolumic
      segment shortening in the areas supplied by the left anterior descending coronary
      artery and the left circumflex coronary artery were 2.1 +/- 0.5% (SE) and -0.1 +/
      0.5% (P less than 0.01; versus values in the area of the left anterior
      descending coronary artery), respectively. During a 1-min occlusion of the left
      circumflex coronary artery, the isovolumic shortening in the anterior segment
      increased to 3.8 +/- 0.5% (P less than 0.001; versus values in the basal state),
      while the posterior segment produced isovolumic elongation (-2.2 +/- 0.5%, P less
      than 0.001; versus values in the basal state). By contrast, during a 1-min
      occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery, the extent of
      isovolumic bulge in the anterior segment and the augmentation in the isovolumic
      shortening in the posterior segment was less prominent compared with the
      occlusion of the left circumflex coronary artery.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2925288
TI  - Is the sinus node visible grossly? A histological study of normal hearts.
AB  - The sinus node is said to be occasionally visible in the human heart, while some
      have denied this visibility. This histological study of the normal sinus node was
      made on 11 adults and 10 infants. The node was always located subepicardially
      along the terminal groove at the junction of the superior caval vein and the
      right atrium. When no fatty infiltration (all infants and 2 adults) or minimal
      fatty tissue (2 adults) was found over the epicardial side of the node, it was
      not visible grossly. When fatty infiltration was obvious, then the node could be
      identified grossly as a yellowish spindle-shaped structure along the terminal
      groove. This arrangement was observed in 7 adults. The majority of nodes were in
      lateral position, but the so-called horseshoe arrangement was seen in 2 infants
      and 2 adults. The artery to the sinus artery was located centrally or
      eccentrically in the majority of cases, but the artery ramified through the nodal
      substance in 1 infant and 4 adults. We conclude that the node is not visible
      grossly in either the infant hearts or in those adult hearts without fatty
      infiltration. The whole cephalic part of the terminal groove should be carefully
      avoided to be sure of preventing the injury to the node during cardiac surgery.

PMID- 2925287
TI  - Cellular electrophysiologic effects of dexamethasone sodium phosphate:
      implications for cardiac stimulation with steroid-eluting electrodes.
AB  - Impregnation of implantable cardiac pacemaker electrodes with dexamethasone
      sodium phosphate dexamethasone) has been associated with reduced energy
      requirements for both atrial and ventricular stimulation. To determine whether
      cardiac cellular electrophysiologic effects of dexamethasone could in part
      account for lower stimulation thresholds, conventional microelectrode recording
      and stimulation techniques were used to assess both the immediate (acute) effects
      of dexamethasone (10(-6) and 10(-4) M) in superfused isolated rabbit right atrial
      and right ventricular preparations, and chronic effects in rabbit right
      ventricular tissue following 2 weeks of either daily parenteral dexamethasone (5
      mg/kg, plasma concentration approximately 1 to 5 x 10(-5) M) or saline placebo
      injections. In acute superfusion studies, dexamethasone resulted in a
      concentration dependent prolongation of spontaneous right atrial cycle length,
      but did not significantly affect right atrial transmembrane action potential
      characteristics or refractoriness. However, acute dexamethasone superfusion
      tended to increase right ventricular resting membrane potential and diminish
      stimulation threshold. On the other hand, compared to findings in saline-injected
      control rabbits, chronic dexamethasone injection had little effect on right
      ventricular stimulation threshold transmembrane action potential characteristics,
      or right ventricular refractoriness. Thus, the acute direct electrophysiologic
      effects of high-dose dexamethasone are compatible with the early reduction of
      cardiac stimulation thresholds associated with dexamethasone impregnated pacing
      electrodes. On the other hand, electrophysiologic findings in the presence of
      chronic dexamethasone exposure do not fully account for long-term reduction of
      stimulation energy requirements.

PMID- 2925289
TI  - Coexistent cardiac tumours and malformations of the heart.
AB  - Cardiac tumours and anatomical malformations of the heart may produce similar
      clinical signs and symptoms. The coexistence of these two abnormalities
      complicates diagnosis and probably adversely affects prognosis. We present a
      review of four cases of this rare combination. In the first case, Ebstein's
      malformation was present in a child with tuberous sclerosis and cardiac
      rhabdomyomata. Right ventricular rhabdomyomata were associated with a hypoplastic
      tricuspid valve in the second case. In the third case, cardiac myxomas were
      detected in a child with a double-chambered right ventricle. The fourth case was
      a child with a fibroma of the right ventricle with pulmonary atresia. We propose
      that, in some circumstances, a space-occupying lesion may be associated with, or
      possibly induce, a malformation within the developing heart.

PMID- 2925290
TI  - Cardiovascular cavities cast in silicone rubber as an adjunct to post-mortem
      examination of the heart.
AB  - We used silicone rubber as a material for making post-mortem casts of cavities in
      21 human hearts, 16 of them congenitally malformed, 13 after surgical
      reconstruction (Fontan and Norwood procedures) and 4 after reconstruction had
      been performed posts mortem for study purposes. The organs were either fresh, or
      had been perfusion fixed with formalin prior to casting. When suitable silicone
      rubber and catalyst were used, we found that casts allowed a very clear view of
      chamber morphology, and, where surgery had been performed, of any vascular
      constriction or distortion. We made casts of the aortic sinus and coronary
      arteries in 3 adult hearts, demonstrating the location and extent of indentation
      due to atheromatous deposits. The resilience and non-adhesiveness of the silicone
      rubber allowed casts to be extracted without recourse to corrosion. The
      surrounding tissues, with the exception of trapped trabeculations and valve
      structures, were then available for conventional pathological examination. We
      propose that the relatively simple technique has important applications, not
      practicable using earlier casting materials, for the study of cardiovascular
      morphology, and for post-mortem evaluation of stenosed or surgically
      reconstructed vessels.

PMID- 2925291
TI  - Changes in body attitude as a function of posthypnotic suggestions.
AB  - This study hypothesized that highly hypnotizable Ss who remained amnesic for
      posthypnotic suggestions to improve body attitude would show greater changes than
      Ss who were not amnesic. Ss given simulating instructions were used as a
      comparison group to assess experimental demands. 48 females were screened with
      the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility, Form A (Shor & E. Orne, 1962)
      and assigned to one of 4 conditions: (a) high hypnotizable with amnesia
      suggestions, (b) high hypnotizable without suggested amnesia, (c) low
      hypnotizable simulators with amnesia, and (d) low hypnotizable simulators without
      suggested amnesia. A fifth group was formed of those high hypnotizable Ss who
      remembered the suggestion despite instructions to the contrary. The Body Attitude
      Scale (Kurtz, 1966) was administered prior to and 3 days after the experimental
      suggestions. Results generally demonstrated that high hypnotizable amnesic Ss
      manifested the greatest attitudinal and phenomenological changes as a result of
      the posthypnotic suggestion, although conclusions were tempered by performance of
      simulating Ss. The implications for hypnosis research and clinical practice are
      discussed.

PMID- 2925292
TI  - The effects of hypnosis upon cognitive responses to persuasive communication.
AB  - Several writers have suggested that hypnotic responsiveness is directly related
      to the content of S's covert self-statements. To test this notion, low and high
      hypnotizable Ss in either hypnosis or waking conditions were exposed to a
      recorded message advocating that college seniors be required to pass a
      comprehensive exam in order to graduate. Following message presentation, Ss
      listed all of the thoughts which occurred to them while listening to the message;
      these thoughts were later coded as counterarguments, favorable thoughts, or
      neutral thoughts. Hypnotized Ss generated significantly fewer counterarguments
      and agreed more with the message than waking Ss. In addition, high hypnotizable
      Ss (in both waking and hypnosis conditions) produced significantly more favorable
      thoughts and agreed more with the message than low hypnotizable Ss. Results,
      therefore, provided a demonstration of the differential impact of context
      (induction) and trait (hypnotizability level) upon different cognitive phenomena.
      Implications for the occurrence of hypersuggestible behavior are discussed.

PMID- 2925293
TI  - Music absorption and hypnotizability.
AB  - The present study investigated differences between high (N = 15), medium (N =
      20), and low (N = 16) hypnotizable Ss' involvement in imaginative versus
      nonimaginative music. Ss were first screened for hypnotizability with the Harvard
      Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility, Form A (Shor & E. Orne, 1962). In a
      second session presented as a study of music appreciation, Ss listened to
      classical music of high and low rated music imaginativeness. Ss' involvement was
      indexed by absorption, imagery elaboration reported in open-ended essays, and
      reaction time to a pure tone. High hypnotizable Ss reported more absorption than
      low hypnotizable Ss, regardless of the imaginativeness level of the music. Ss
      reported more imagery elaboration in the imaginative than in the low imaginative
      passages. High hypnotizable Ss tended to differ in their imagery elaboration in
      response to the imaginative passages but not in response to the nonimaginative
      passages. Reaction time results were nonsignificant. No sex differences were
      found. Medium hypnotizable Ss were indistinguishable from both high and low
      hypnotizable Ss. The findings are generally compatible with J. R. Hilgard's
      (1970, 1974) construct of imaginative involvement.

PMID- 2925294
TI  - Effects of hypnotic analgesia and hypnotizability on experimental ischemic pain.
AB  - Mechanisms of hypnotic analgesia are still poorly understood and conflicting data
      are reported regarding the underlying neurochemical correlates. The present study
      was designed to investigate the effects of hypnotically induced analgesia and
      hypnotizability on experimental ischemic pain, taking into account pain and
      distress tolerance as well as the neurochemical correlates. 11 high hypnotizable
      Ss and 10 low hypnotizable Ss, as determined by scores on the Stanford Hypnotic
      Susceptibility Scale, Form C (Weitzenhoffer & E. R. Hilgard, 1962), were
      administered an ischemic pain test in both waking and hypnotic conditions. The
      following variables were measured: (a) pain and distress tolerance, (b) anxiety
      levels, and (c) plasma concentrations of beta-endorphin and adrenocorticotropic
      hormone (ACTH). Results confirmed significant increases of pain and distress
      tolerance during hypnosis as compared to the waking state, with positive
      correlations between pain and distress relief and hypnotizability. Moreover, a
      hypnotically induced dissociation between the sensory-discriminative and the
      affective-motivational dimensions of pain experience was found, but only in high
      hypnotizable Ss. Hypnotic analgesia was unrelated to anxiety reduction and was
      not mediated either by endorphins or by ACTH.

PMID- 2925295
TI  - Hypnosis in the management of symptoms in a young girl with malignant
      astrocytoma: a challenge to the therapist.
AB  - This paper presents the case of a 6.5-year-old girl with malignant astrocytoma of
      the left brain hemisphere. During the course of her chemotherapy treatment,
      severe vomiting developed to the degree that on several occasions she became
      dehydrated. Discontinuation of chemotherapy was being considered when she was
      referred for hypnotherapy. Despite severe neurological impairments which excluded
      many traditional techniques, hypnosis was successful in eliminating emesis.
      Hypnosis was also utilized to decrease pain and to improve sleep patterns.
      Drawings are presented to help show how this child resolved anxiety associated
      with treatment and fears surrounding the knowledge of her impending death.

PMID- 2925296
TI  - The rediscovery of the National Health Program by the Democratic Party of the
      United States: a chronicle of the Jesse Jackson 1988 campaign.
AB  - This report chronicles the major developments in the Jesse Jackson 1988 Campaign
      and their consequences for the establishment of a national health program in the
      United States. It describes the characteristics of the Jackson 1988 Campaign, and
      the set of events that led to the rediscovery of the national health program by
      the Democratic Party of the United States.

PMID- 2925297
TI  - Structural barriers to change in the workplace.
AB  - This article introduces the second series of articles in the Special Section on
      work organization and health. Empirical research has indicated that increased
      control--at both an individual and collective level--is a fundamental component
      of preventive psychosocial interventions aimed at ameliorating the impact of
      occupational stress-related disorders. However, practical intervention activities
      oriented toward enhancing levels of worker control have met structural obstacles
      at the level of the state, the occupational sector, and the workplace. The
      articles in this issue address these obstacles and suggest strategies for
      overcoming them from historical sociological, occupational health policy, and
      action research orientations.

PMID- 2925298
TI  - Action research on occupational stress: involving workers as researchers.
AB  - In this article we describe the rationale, design, and selected results of a
      longitudinal action research project conducted in a component-parts manufacturing
      plant. This project is aimed at reducing occupational stress and strengthening
      psychosocial factors (i.e., social support and participation in and influence
      over decision-making) that may mediate the negative effects of stress on health
      and quality of worklife. A discussion of the gaps and weaknesses in the existing
      research and intervention literature on work stress and health is provided,
      followed by an overview of the theoretical and empirical foundations of the
      present study. The design of this research addresses previous limitations in
      three major ways: (1) the project has been implemented within an action research
      framework that has the potential to enhance both the quality, relevance, and
      utilization of research findings and the adoption, diffusion, and impact of
      planned interventions; (2) it combines research and intervention in a single
      longitudinal study providing data that allow for stronger causal inferences than
      cross-sectional research, while also ensuring that research findings guide the
      design and evaluation of the interventions; and (3) it employs multiple methods
      of research and intervention that enhances the comprehensiveness and validity of
      the project. We explicate each of these aspects of the design, show how the
      design has effectively been put in operation, provide evidence of ways in which
      these features have improved the project over conventional approaches, and
      address limitations in terms of effectiveness and efficiency.

PMID- 2925299
TI  - The implications of work organization for occupational health policy: the case of
      Canada.
AB  - This article examines occupational health and safety developments in Canada
      during the decade of the 1970s when most government jurisdictions replaced former
      factory Acts with new health and safety legislation recognizing the right of
      workers to be involved in work environment matters. During the latter part of the
      1970s, health and safety "activists" and trade unionists began to perceive the
      need for a wider conception of occupational health and safety. Canadian reformers
      were influenced by Scandinavian developments, especially the research of Dr.
      Bertil Gardell and his associates. Unfortunately, during the late 1970s Canada
      experienced a recession and a political shift to conservatism. Consequently,
      during the 1980s there have been no meaningful workplace health and safety
      reforms. Further, the article suggests that there is strong resistance by
      management and government to extension of worker rights in occupational health
      and safety. All major political parties ground their work environment policies in
      utilitarian concepts that trade worker health and safety for economic
      considerations. The author, therefore, argues for the development of an "ethics
      of the work environment" based upon egalitarian principles, and the
      transformation of the primary work group into a community of workers who can
      shape the character of their work environment. Ideally, the relationship between
      the major "actors" in our industrial relations system ought to be based on
      obligation instead of the present language of worker protest based on rights.
      Nonetheless, there is a need to extend and deepen worker rights in the workplace.
      Finally, the author argues that the appropriate relationship in industry to
      reflect a democratic work environment is "partnership"--the coming together of
      the primary work groups as equals.

PMID- 2925300
TI  - The feminization of poverty: myth or reality?
AB  - The feminization of poverty is a widely discussed concept in the mass media, and
      in academic circles, which captures the following facts: there are more poor
      women than poor men, and women are more likely to fall into poverty because of
      gender-related factors. In this article, I examine the concept's empirical basis
      and theoretical significance. The data show that poverty among men increased
      faster than poverty among women during the 1980-81 recession. While the sex
      composition of the poverty population has remained relatively unchanged since
      1966, its age composition has changed: poverty has increased substantially among
      working men and women aged 18 to 44. Also, the higher proportion of women in the
      poverty population cannot be considered simply an effect of male privilege; on
      the contrary, it may be partially accounted for by higher mortality rates among
      working-class men. Theoretically, I argue that the meaning of these trends cannot
      be established using only age and sex categories of analysis. The trends document
      the progressive immiseration of the working class. Younger workers of both sexes
      today are worse off than older workers. A discussion of poverty purely in terms
      of the age, sex, or racial/ethnic composition of the poverty population hides the
      roots of poverty in the mode of production and succeeds in obfuscating the
      issues, fueling conflict between men and women, young and old, and white and
      nonwhite. Only by taking into account the class relations that structure people's
      life chances is it possible to understand the significance of present trends.

PMID- 2925301
TI  - Professional ideology and the construction of western psychiatry in Southeast
      Asia.
AB  - This article provides a critical examination of the professional ideology
      associated with the expansion of psychiatric treatment in the ASEAN countries of
      Southeast Asia. Four components of professional ideology are identified: appeal
      to "modernization"; medicalization of social problems; integration of psychiatry
      with primary health care; and panhuman uniformity of mental illness. However, the
      adoption of psychiatric technology has been a significant factor in the erosion
      of indigenous systems of social and psychological support since the colonial
      period. Contemporary psychiatric practices are also shown to exacerbate social
      inequalities, enhance state control of the populace, and continue to operate
      without adequate validation of diagnoses and treatments.

PMID- 2925302
TI  - The development of health care policies in Trinidad and Tobago: autonomy or
      domination?
AB  - This article is part of a study that described and analyzed the development of
      nursing education in Trinidad and Tobago from self-government in 1956 to 1986,
      with special emphasis on the forces that helped to shape the society from
      colonial times, and consequently, nursing education. Adaptation and application
      of major concepts from theories of underdevelopment and development and
      colonialism formed the basis of the study's theoretical framework. The article
      focuses on the impact of the metropolitan countries on the development of health
      care policies. Because of the nation's historical legacy of colonialism and its
      current linkages with the United States and Canada, a major area fundamental to
      the analysis was to determine whether those two countries had superseded
      traditional British influences in determining health care policies. This raised
      the issue of whether or not health care policies could be autonomously developed
      to meet the needs of the people.

PMID- 2925303
TI  - Accommodating rapid growth in physician supply: lessons from Israel, warnings for
      Canada.
AB  - Most developing countries find themselves grappling with the implications of
      rapid growth in physician supply. The purpose of this article is to search for
      lessons or warnings for Canada (and, ultimately, elsewhere) in the manner in
      which Israel has chosen to accommodate its huge supply of physicians. Under
      extremely conservative assumptions about immigration, and assuming rates of
      domestic training of physicians at levels somewhat lower than at present,
      Canada's physician supply will continue to grow at rates in excess of general
      population growth for at least the next 45 years. In this article we describe the
      Israeli health care system from a perspective of identifying the consequences of
      accommodating a physician supply about 50 percent higher than that in Canada. A
      number of key "accommodation attributes" (low physician incomes, restricted
      access to hospitals for general practitioners, intramedical-professional
      conflicts over income and authority, a flourishing black market) are argued to be
      more than simply products of a unique cultural and political system, but also
      symptoms of a system vastly oversupplied with physicians. Early signs in Canada
      of similar "products" of a growing physician supply are noted. While a two
      country comparison makes drawing lessons somewhat speculative, the coincidence of
      events suggests that these trends in Canada warrant, if not immediate action, at
      least careful monitoring.

PMID- 2925304
TI  - New from WHO: AIDS Technical Bulletin.

PMID- 2925305
TI  - Community mental health care in Grenada.
AB  - In Grenada, community mental health (CMH) care as an essential element of
      comprehensive primary health care goes beyond the boundaries of the psychiatric
      hospital and interfaces with the communities it serves. The boundaries between
      these two services however remain flexible and there often exists an
      interdependent relationship, with each acknowledging and utilizing the specific
      services provided by the other. This collaboration has been greatly facilitated
      by the fact that one administrative body is in charge of the entire mental health
      system throughout Grenada.

PMID- 2925306
TI  - How NNA international departments work.
AB  - Nurses and their national nurses' associations (NNAs) cannot afford to remain
      isolated from the world around them. This fact is widely accepted. But how many
      NNAs have taken the initiative to formalize their international relations rather
      than depend upon occasional attendance at a worldwide conference and haphazard
      contacts. To help NNAs that are contemplating or setting up an international
      department, INR reviews the objectives and operations of these departments at the
      Royal College of Nursing and the Canadian Nurses Association. Next, the spotlight
      will be on NNA international departments in Denmark, Norway and Japan.

PMID- 2925307
TI  - Coping with change.
AB  - The human brain is geared to detecting change, yet we often fear change. This may
      be because fear of change and a failure to cope with the change come from feeling
      that the origins of change are out of our control. Rather than coping with
      change, nurses should be effecting change in order to ensure the best patient
      care and their own professional autonomy. Below, the author takes an inward look
      at how institutions and traditional practices perpetuate these feelings and at
      the remedies.

PMID- 2925308
TI  - Priority research for health for all.
AB  - A main aim of the European Nursing Conference in Vienna in June 1988 was to
      stimulate nurses into action to help realize WHO's ambitious targets for European
      countries by the year 2000. Nurses in the region, it is hoped, are now following
      up on the Conference declaration and recommendations (INR, Sept/Oct 1988, p.
      130). As action requires knowledge, research has been afforded a top role in the
      health-for-all movement and nurses can make a valuable contribution. A review of
      the targets and some of the main research areas needed to achieve them are given
      below not only to assist researchers in the European Region and industrialized
      countries tries but also to alert nurse researchers in other lesser developed
      countries of research areas that may soon also become "high priority."

PMID- 2925309
TI  - WHO Europe: AIDS and tobacco still top problems.

PMID- 2925310
TI  - Recurrent HSV-1 corneal lesions in rabbits induced by cyclophosphamide and
      dexamethasone.
AB  - Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) ocular shedding and recurrent corneal
      epithelial lesions were assessed following an intravenous injection of
      cyclophosphamide (75 mg/kg) and 24 hr later an intravenous injection of
      dexamethasone (4 mg/kg) in 24 eyes of 15 rabbits latently infected with HSV-1
      strain McKrae. Sampling for HSV-1 ocular shedding and epithelial lesion began on
      the day after cyclophosphamide injection and continued for 8 consecutive days.
      Ocular tear film was collected on a Dacron swab with care taken to avoid swabbing
      the corneal epithelium. Slit-lamp biomicroscopic examination was used to observe
      and characterize induced HSV-1 corneal epithelial lesions as deep punctate
      keratitis, dendritic keratitis or geographic epithelial defects. The ratio of
      positive days of epithelial lesions per total days was 82/187 (44%). There were
      32 deep punctate lesions, 17 dendritic lesions, and 33 geographic epithelial
      defects. The ratio of positive swabs per total swabs was 78/187 (42%). Of the 82
      positive lesion days, 54 (66%) were associated with a positive swab. Of the 78
      positive swabs, 54 (69%) were associated with an epithelial lesion. Of the 54
      days of both positive lesion and swab, 16 (30%) were associated with a dendritic
      lesion. By chi-square analysis, there was a significant association between HSV-1
      swabs and HSV-1 lesions (P less than 0.001). These results confirm that
      intravenous injections of cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone induce both HSV-1
      ocular shedding and recurrent herpes simplex corneal lesions in rabbits latently
      infected with HSV-1 strain McKrae.

PMID- 2925311
TI  - Role of fibronectin and fibrinogen in healing of corneal epithelial scrape
      wounds.
AB  - A provisional fibronectin (Fn)-fibrinogen (Fg) matrix forms de novo on the bare
      basement membrane (BM) surface of superficial epithelial scrape wounds in rabbit
      and guinea pig (GP) corneas. We determined whether such a substrate is essential
      for epithelial cell adhesion and migration, using three different approaches. (1)
      Polyclonal and monoclonal IgG reactive against GP Fn were topically administered
      to inhibit Fn formation in a GP epithelial scrape wound model. Immunofluorescence
      studies showed that deposition of both Fn and Fg was inhibited in antibody
      treated corneas. During the first 38 hr after wounding, the healing rates were
      0.46 +/- 0.06 mm2/hr in control eyes, 0.43 +/- 0.05 mm2/hr in those treated with
      rabbit polyclonal IgG anti-GP Fn and 0.45 +/- 0.09 mm2/hr in those treated with
      murine monoclonal IgG anti-GP Fn (P greater than 0.4). (2) In a rabbit epithelial
      scrape wound model, ancrod was administered intravenously to induce systemic Fg
      depletion. Fg deposition was completely inhibited on the wound surface, but Fn
      deposition was not suppressed. The healing rate was 1.24 +/- 0.41 mm2/hr in
      ancrod-treated corneal wounds and 1.19 +/- 0.29 mm2/hr in control eyes during the
      first 48 hr after wounding (P greater than 0.5). These data from the antibody and
      ancrod inhibition indicate that Fg binds to Fn and that Fn binds to components
      other than Fg.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2925312
TI  - Role of fibronectin in the healing of superficial keratectomies in vitro.
AB  - A fibronectin (Fn)-fibrinogen (Fg) surface matrix is not essential for epithelial
      cell migration in a corneal epithelial scrape wound model, in which the basement
      membrane is preserved. We have therefore tested whether such a provisional
      scaffolding becomes more critical in a superficial keratectomy model, when the
      basement membrane is surgically removed. Exogeneous Fn at 0.3 mg/ml was added to
      the medium of organ cultures of rabbit superficial keratectomies. At 48 hr after
      wounding, the healing rate was 1.12 +/- 0.03 mm2/hr in control corneas and 1.11
      +/- 0.03 mm2/hr in those cultured with Fn. At 64 hr after wounding, the healing
      rates were also not significantly different (P greater than 0.5).
      Immunofluorescence studies showed that Fn was not detectable on the surface of
      control corneas but could be depicted under the migrating epithelium. In corneas
      cultured with Fn, it diffused throughout the entire stroma but did not deposit as
      a surface matrix. We therefore attempted to obtain formation of a provisional Fn
      Fg surface matrix before establishment of the in vitro organ culture by leaving
      the superficial keratectomies in vivo for 8 hr, 24 hr or 64 hr. At 64 hr after
      wounding, their healing rate was 0.80 +/- 0.04 mm2/hr, 0.86 +/- 0.04 mm2/hr and
      0.85 +/- 0.06 mm2/hr, respectively, which were not significantly different from
      that of contralateral ex vivo-wounded cultured corneas (0.83 +/- 0.04 mm2/hr, P
      greater than 0.5). Immunofluorescence studies revealed a Fn matrix on the bare
      surface of in vivo-wounded specimen, which was not detectable on ex vivo-wounded
      cultured corneas; there was also no diffuse stromal Fn.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2925313
TI  - Age differences in corneal hydration control.
AB  - Dynamic changes in corneal thickness were measured in eight young and eight older
      normal subjects (mean ages 24.4 +/- 4.3 years and 71.9 +/- 7.3 years,
      respectively) to provide data for quantitative assessment of corneal hydration
      control and thereby provide information for studying age differences in this
      important aspect of corneal function. For each subject, pachometry data were
      obtained by (A) monitoring corneal recovery following hypoxic stress, and by
      either (B1) measuring recovery after sleep or (B2) by measuring corneal thickness
      in the late afternoon. The combined data from A and B1 or A and B2 were analyzed
      through an exponential model to provide information on the: (1) percent recovery
      per hour (PRPH) following induced corneal hydration; (2) open-eye steady-state
      (OESS) corneal thickness; (3) residual corneal swelling just before the hypoxic
      stress test; (4) amount of corneal edema induced by hypoxic stress; and (5) time
      to reach 95% recovery back to the OESS thickness level (T95%). The results show
      that between the two age groups, there are substantial differences in some
      characteristics of corneal hydration while other aspects are similar. For
      example, the mean PRPH values (58.9 +/- 7.8% and 34.2 +/- 6.4%/hr) were
      significantly higher in the younger subjects (P = 0.0002) and the mean time for
      95% recovery to OESS thickness (207 +/- 42 min and 452 +/- 117 min) was
      significantly lower in the younger vs. the older group (P = 0.0002).(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2925314
TI  - Reassembly of the anchoring structures of the corneal epithelium during wound
      repair in the rabbit.
AB  - Reappearance of the structures involved in adhesion of the corneal epithelium to
      the stroma was studied in healing 7 mm keratectomy wounds in rabbit corneas.
      Corneas were taken at 48 and 66 hr, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 8 weeks, and 4, 6 and 12
      months post-wounding. Immunolocalization of bullous pemphigoid antigen (BPA),
      laminin and type VII collagen was used to determine time and sequence of
      appearance of hemidesmosomes, basement membrane and anchoring fibrils,
      respectively. Electron micrographs from three regions in the wound were used to
      correlate the immunohistochemical data and to quantitate the increase in basal
      cell membrane occupied by hemidesmosomes and the increase in basement membrane
      over healing time. Evidence of resynthesis of the adhesion structures was present
      at the wound margin before epithelial wound closure (48 hr). BPA, laminin and
      type VII collagen co-localized, indicating that hemidesmosomes, basement membrane
      and anchoring fibrils reappeared synchronously. Reappearance of the structures
      proceeded from wound margin to the center, and by 1 week BPA, laminin, and type
      VII collagen were present in discontinuous segments across the wound. From 2
      weeks to 6 months, the segments became more continuous, and anchoring fibril
      networks were discerned at 4 weeks. Strata of type VII collagen and laminin were
      present within the newly synthesized stromal matrix at wound margin at 1 week,
      continuous across the wound bed by 2-4 weeks, and still present at 6 months;
      however, at 12 months, only a few strata of type VII collagen were present below
      the basement membrane at wound center.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2925315
TI  - Proteoglycans of rabbit corneas with nonperforating wounds.
AB  - Rabbit corneal proteoglycans were labeled by intrastromal injection of 3H
      glucosamine and 35S-sulfate 1 and 2 weeks after partial-thickness radial scalpel
      incisions. Proteoglycans were extracted with guanidine-HCl and purified by ion
      exchange chromatography. Wounding caused a marked decrease in the total
      incorporation of labeled precursors into proteoglycans. The labeled proteoglycans
      were more readily extracted with guanidine-HCl after wounding. Labeled
      proteoglycans from wounded corneas had a larger molecular size on gel filtration
      chromatography than did proteoglycans from control corneas, a result of an
      increased amount of keratan sulfate in the large molecular size fractions.
      Analysis of labeled glycosaminoglycan (GAG) from guanidine-extracted
      proteoglycans and from the corneal tissue after guanidine-HCl extraction showed
      an increase in the relative amount of heparan sulfate and keratan sulfate after
      wounding, and a decrease in relative amount of dermatan sulfate. The 35S:3H ratio
      of heparan and dermatan sulfates increased after wounding, and that of keratan
      sulfate decreased, suggesting changes in sulfation. Degradation of labeled
      dermatan sulfate with hyaluronidase and with periodate revealed a 2-fold increase
      in iduronic acid content and 2-4-fold increase in hyaluronidase-resistant
      dermatan sulfate in the wounded corneas. Reduction in proteoglycan content,
      reduced sulfation of keratan sulfate, and accumulation of a high-sulfate, high
      iduronic acid dermatan sulfate are previously reported properties of proteoglycan
      in scar tissue from perforating corneal wounds. Demonstration of these properties
      in proteoglycan after wounds similar to radial keratotomy incisions suggests that
      deposition of scar tissue can result from wounds which do not damage Descemet's
      membrane.

PMID- 2925316
TI  - Immunity to a corneal antigen in Fuchs' heterochromic cyclitis patients.
AB  - Immunity to a major corneal antigen was studied in 28 Fuchs' heterochromic
      cyclitis patients and compared with the response of 44 patients with other types
      of uveitis and 19 healthy controls. The highest incidence of immune response was
      found in patients with anterior segment involvement only (anterior uveitis and
      Fuchs') whereas the frequency of anti-corneal immune response in patients with
      posterior segment involvement only was low and not significantly different from
      that of healthy controls. Cellular immunity to corneal antigens was found in the
      majority of Fuchs' heterochromic cyclitis patients, and in one-third of the
      anterior uveitis patients. No correlation could be established in these patients
      between a positive cellular response and the chronicity of the disease or the
      presence of keratic precipitates. Humoral immunity to the corneal antigen was
      also the highest in patients with anterior segment involvement, but there was no
      difference in response between Fuchs' and non-Fuchs' anterior uveitis patients.
      This study suggests that anti-corneal immunity may be triggered in inflammatory
      diseases of the anterior segment, especially in Fuchs' heterochromic cyclitis.

PMID- 2925317
TI  - Biochemical evidence for cholinergic activity in retinal blood vessels.
AB  - Blood vessels from human, cat, pig and bovine retinas were analyzed for their
      contents of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and muscarinic binding sites. ChAT
      was measured by the synthesis of 3H-acetylcholine in the presence of 3H-acetyl
      CoA and choline. Muscarinic binding sites were determined by the specific binding
      of 3H-quinuclidinyl benzylate (3H-QNB). Tissue levels of ChAT varied from 39-850
      nmol/g/hr, the lowest values being in human tissues. Muscarinic binding sites
      were less different (0.5 to 1.8 fmol/mg net weight) among the species studied,
      being the highest values in human retinal vessels. It appears that retinal blood
      vessels not only have sites to bind acetylcholine, perhaps to mediate physiologic
      responses, but might be capable of supplying acetylcholine for local vascular
      tone control.

PMID- 2925318
TI  - Analysis of newly synthesized Bruch's membrane proteoglycans.
AB  - Bruch's membrane may provide a selective filtration barrier for nutrients coming
      from the choriocapillaris to the outer retina. Because proteoglycans have been
      shown to have structural and filtration properties in other tissues, we have been
      investigating the deposition of newly synthesized proteoglycans into Bruch's
      membrane and how these may be affected by aging and pathology. Proteoglycans
      deposited in human Bruch's membrane were metabolically labelled with 35SO4 and 3H
      glucosamine using a whole-eye organ culture system. Labeled proteoglycans were
      extracted from dissected Bruch's membranes with 4 M guanidine and isolated by ion
      exchange column chromatography on DEAE cellulose using a linear salt gradient.
      These molecules were subsequently chromatographed on Sepharose CL-4B and
      glycosaminoglycan content characterized by enzymatic and chemical degradation.
      The elution profiles for proteoglycans remains relatively unchanged with age,
      although in eyes from donors over age 70 there is a small change in size
      distribution toward higher molecular weights. However, the proportions of newly
      synthesized glycosaminoglycans remain unchanged with age, being approximately 75%
      chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate and 25% heparan sulfate. Bruch's membrane
      proteoglycans from donors with different retinal pathologies, however, exhibited
      an increased proportion of heparan sulfate. Considering the structural and
      filtration properties of proteoglycans, such alterations could result in abnormal
      functioning of Bruch's membrane that could ultimately affect the maintenance of
      the outer retina.

PMID- 2925319
TI  - Ocular blood flow in unilateral carotid stenosis and hypotension.
AB  - Ocular blood flow was measured in the juxtapapillary choroid, retrolaminar optic
      nerve and ciliary body mesoderm using 14C-labelled iodoantipyrine with
      quantitative autoradiography in seven anesthetized baboons in an experimental
      model of cerebral and ocular ischemia induced by hemorrhagic hypotension
      following unilateral common carotid stenosis, with external carotid ligation. The
      eyes of seven baboons with unilateral common carotid occlusion were also examined
      histologically for evidence of structural changes. This autoradiographic method
      allowed measurement of blood flow in different ocular structures and a
      significant change was noted in the optic nerve of stenosed animals, without
      structural damage.

PMID- 2925320
TI  - Effect of dicarboxylic acids (C6 and C9) on human choroidal melanoma in cell
      culture.
AB  - In cell culture, azelaic acid (C9) has been shown to have an antiproliferative
      and cytotoxic effect on human and murine malignant cutaneous melanocytes. Normal
      melanocytes are unaffected, as are normal choroidal melanocytes. Here, effects on
      cell kinetics and ultrastructure of cells of a human choroidal melanoma line have
      been studied. Cells were exposed to single doses of disodium salts of azelaic
      (C(9)2Na) and adipic (C(6)2Na) acids at concentrations of 10(-2) M and 5 X 10(-2)
      M for 48 hr. C(9)2Na at 5 X 10(-2) M had a significant effect on proliferation at
      24 and 48 hr and this was not reversible on removal of diacid. At 5 X 10(-2) M
      for 24 hr, C(6)2Na had no effect and at 5 X 10(-2) M for 48 hr had an effect
      which was marginally significant, but reversible. Swelling and disruption of
      mitochondria was seen in cells exposed to C(9)2Na at 5 X 10(-2) M for 1 hr and
      longer, but even at 10(-1) M, cells exposed to C(6)2Na were minimally affected.
      The results could encourage further investigations of the feasibility of azelaic
      acid therapy for uveal and ocular adnexal melanoma.

PMID- 2925321
TI  - A cell line derived from non-neoplastic human neuroretinal cells.
AB  - We have derived a cell line from an epiretinal membrane excised surgically from a
      premature female infant born at a gestational age of 25 weeks, and who developed
      stage 5 retinopathy of prematurity. The cell line, which in early passages
      appeared immunocytochemically to contain cells with both neuronal and glial
      characteristics, has been maintained in culture for 14 months at the time this
      manuscript was submitted, and has survived 20 passages. The cells have a diploid,
      human karyotype, with most cells possessing 46 normal appearing chromosomes,
      including 44 autosomes and two X-chromosomes. Morphologically, the cell line at
      early passages consisted of polygonal cells and also of cells possessing long,
      spindly branching processes. These two cell types were cloned. Nearly 100% of the
      cells of both morphologic types in mixed cultures stained immunocytochemically
      for neuron-specific enolase (NSE), a neuronal marker, and approximately 5-10% of
      the cells in mixed cultures (including about 50% of the cells with the spindly
      morphology, that were less prevalent in mixed cultures) stained for glial
      fibrillary acid protein (GFAP), a glial marker. We have not performed "double
      label" immunocytochemistry, but it was evident from the proportion of cells that
      stained with each marker that many cells must contain both GFAP and NSE. At least
      50% of the cells in most of the early cultures were positive for keratin, while
      all were (and remain) negative for muscle actin. No cells are found that are
      immunocytochemically positive for factor VIII, a vascular endothelial cell
      marker. These cultured cells have also been studied immunocytochemically for
      their production of extracellular matrix substances. The cultures are
      immunocytochemically positive for type IV (but not type I) collagen, laminin and
      fibronectin. In later passages, cells of both clones lost their
      immunocytochemical positivity for GFAP and NSE, and all became positive for
      keratin. Cells of both clones also developed a similar, polygonal morphology,
      lacking long processes. By electron microscopy, many of the cells were seen to
      possess nonmotile cilia, with a 9 + 0 pattern of microtubule doublets. This cell
      line may be useful for studies of human retinal cell development and metabolism,
      and responses to pathological processes.

PMID- 2925322
TI  - Cytochemical studies on pathological Muller cells after argon laser
      photocoagulation.
AB  - The cytochemical localization of G6Pase activity, which is specific to the
      endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of Muller cells, was studied after argon laser
      photocoagulation in the guinea pig retina. After argon laser radiation, Muller
      cells exhibited enlargement of the cytoplasm, an increase of reactive ER and the
      nuclei, dislocation of the nuclei and diagonal stretching of the cytoplasm.
      However, cell attachment between Muller cells and the proliferated pigment
      epithelial cells or Bruch's membrane differed with the degree of retinal
      coagulation. This histo- and cytochemical method may be useful for examining
      Muller cells under various pathological conditions.

PMID- 2925323
TI  - A comparison of CW Nd:YAG contact transscleral cyclophotocoagulation with
      cyclocryopexy.
AB  - The cyclodestructive and inflammatory effects of CW Nd:YAG contact laser were
      compared to those of conventional cryopexy. CW Nd:YAG light transmitted by fiber
      optic cable and sapphire crystal was applied transsclerally to the ciliary body
      of pigmented and albino rabbits. Cyclocryopexy was given to a comparable second
      group. The intraocular pressure (IOP), flare, iritis, cells and conjunctival
      hyperemia were monitored clinically up to 3 weeks. The breakdown of the blood
      aqueous barrier and time course of ocular inflammation was similar for both
      modalities and IOP was -12.2 +/- 4.2 mm Hg for laser cyclopexy and -15.1 +/- 5.4
      mm Hg for cyclocryopexy at 3 weeks. Ciliary body lesions were noted in both
      groups. Overall, albino rabbits showed less histological damage and faster
      recovery of IOP. Contact cyclophotocoagulation and cyclocryopexy can be
      considered models of ocular injury. The similarities in ocular irritative
      response suggest a similar pathophysiologic mechanism underlying the pressure
      behavior in both thermal mode injuries.

PMID- 2925324
TI  - Ultrastructural changes in the aqueous outflow apparatus of beagles with
      inherited glaucoma.
AB  - Spontaneous glaucoma in the beagle was exhibited after 6 months of age by
      elevated intraocular pressures and open iridocorneal angles followed by secondary
      changes. In order to appreciate alterations of the aqueous outflow apparatus in
      dogs with this autosomal recessive disorder, the eyes of beagles with inherited
      glaucoma at ages 1 day through 34 months were examined by light, scanning and
      transmission electron microscopy. Developmentally, no notable differences were
      observed between normal and preglaucomatous outflow channels through 7 months of
      age. In 12-month-old glaucomatous chamber angles clustered basement membrane-like
      material was found scattered throughout the outer corneoscleral trabecular
      meshwork. In this region elastin-like fibers appeared to be more numerous and
      arranged less regularly than age-matched normal eyes. Occasional trabecular cells
      within the corneoscleral trabecular meshwork possessed small clusters of
      serrated, opaque rods within their cytoplasm. In the older glaucomatous dogs
      these changes were more generalized and extensive throughout the entire
      corneoscleral trabecular meshwork. In some individual eyes the anterior chamber
      angles were observed to be narrow both clinically and histologically. These
      outflow apparatuses were additionally characterized by compressed, less organized
      trabeculae with a concomitant build-up of extracellular materials. No correlation
      was found between the shallowness of the iridocorneal angle and increase in
      intraocular pressure. Primary glaucoma in the beagle during its earlier phases
      compared more positively to open-angle glaucoma in man than any of the other
      spontaneous types in animals.

PMID- 2925325
TI  - Aging and rates of lens-cell differentiation in vivo, measured by a chemical
      approach.
AB  - We describe a direct and comparatively rapid chemical approach for quantitating
      rates of lens epithelial cell differentiation in vivo and apply it to a study of
      the basis of the precipitous decrease in the rate of lens growth in the rat
      between about 1 and 6 weeks of age. Rates of terminal differentiation of
      epithelial cells into fiber cells were quantitatively described by a first-order
      fractional rate constant (k) for loss of 3H-DNA (labeled from injected 3H
      thymidine) from the capsule (epithelium) to fiber cells. The rate constant
      (expressed in days) was calculated using the half-life estimated from
      semilogarithmic plots of the percent of total lens 3H-DNA measured in the capsule
      fraction versus time after injection of 3H-thymidine. The rate constant decreased
      from about k = 0.18 day-1 at 6 days of age to about 0.09 day-1 at 18-20 days of
      age and changed little thereafter. The decrease in lens growth at very early ages
      in the rat is at least partially due to decreases in rates of epithelial cell
      differentiation.

PMID- 2925326
TI  - Visual field development in infants with stage 3 retinopathy of prematurity.
AB  - Binocular visual field development was measured in 11 infants who had stage 3 ROP
      in early infancy and in 11 infants without ROP, matched for birthweight and
      gestational age. Kinetic perimetry was used to measure visual fields along the 45
      degree, 135 degree, 225 degree and 315 degree half-meridia. Infants were tested
      at 4, 9, and 18 months from due date. Analyses of variance were used to compare
      results of the two groups for each age tested. Results at the 4-month test age
      indicated that both groups had visual fields within the normal range for their
      age. However, at the 9-month test age the ROP group showed a significantly (P
      less than 0.05) smaller visual field than the control group. At 18 months, the
      ROP group still showed smaller visual fields than the control group, but the
      difference was not significant. The results suggest that dysfunction of the
      peripheral retina associated with ROP may produce a constriction of the visual
      field or a delay in visual field development.

PMID- 2925327
TI  - Iontophoresis of 5-fluorouracil into the conjunctiva and sclera.
AB  - It was investigated in the rabbit eye whether the method of iontophoresis could
      introduce a sufficient amount of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) to inhibit fibroblast
      proliferation into the conjunctiva and sclera, thus considerably reducing the
      total amount of 5-FU which must be given to the eye. Five-FU was introduced with
      a simple apparatus which was filled with 5% 5-FU solution and connected to the
      negative pole of a current source. When the apparatus was placed over the cornea,
      the 5-FU penetration into the cornea showed a correlation with strength of
      current (0-0.75 mA). When the apparatus was placed over the bulbar conjunctiva, a
      sufficient amount of 5-FU to inhibit fibroblast proliferation was introduced into
      the conjunctiva and sclera with a current of 0.5 mA passed for 30 seconds.
      Immediately after iontophoresis, mean 5-FU concentrations in the conjunctiva and
      sclera at the iontophoresis site were 480 and 168 micrograms/g, respectively.
      They decreased to 0.6 and 1.2 micrograms/g by 10 hr, but were still above the
      reported ID50 levels for the cultured conjunctival fibroblast. On the other hand,
      the total amount of 5-FU introduced into the eye averaged only 3.7 micrograms and
      the current used was much lower than that formerly applied to the patient's
      cornea.

PMID- 2925328
TI  - Transplanted retinal pigment epithelium modifies the retinal degeneration in the
      RCS rat.
AB  - Transplantation of dissociated retinal epithelial cells obtained from the retinas
      of normal, congenic pigmented strain of rats to Bruch's membrane and the
      subretinal space of dystrophic rats from the Royal College of Surgeon (RCS)
      strain can prevent photoreceptor cell degeneration in this retina for at least 4
      months after transplantation. Host and transplant cells form close apposition
      with one another but can be distinguished by the presence of both phagosomes and
      melanin granules in the transplant and the absence of these inclusions in the
      host retinal epithelium. Transplanted cells show excessive amounts of phagosomal
      material within 48 hr after transplantation, implying that restoration of
      phagocytosis is responsible for the photoreceptor survival.

PMID- 2925329
TI  - The Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, annual spring meeting.
      Sarasota, Florida, April 30-May 5, 1989. Abstracts.

PMID- 2925330
TI  - Registered nurse shortage: a health care crisis.

PMID- 2925331
TI  - RCTs: a physician's viewpoint.

PMID- 2925332
TI  - Hyperbaric oxygen therapy.
AB  - The author describes the history of and potential medical uses for hyperbaric
      oxygen (HBO) therapy, a useful adjunct to more established therapies.

PMID- 2925334
TI  - Meeting the emerging employee shortage.

PMID- 2925333
TI  - Serum cholesterol of residents in north Iowa.
AB  - A survey of serum cholesterol levels was done on 219 residents in north Iowa.
      Population reference values of serum cholesterol for the community were
      developed. Data indicate age is an influential factor in both sex groups.
      Consumption of oral contraceptives appears to be a significant factor in
      increased serum cholesterol levels in females. Although cigarette smoking seems
      to augment serum cholesterol level superficially, its relationship is not
      statistically significant in the study.

PMID- 2925335
TI  - Medicated aerosol delivery.
AB  - Recent literature abounds with data which supports the need to give greater
      consideration to the metered dose inhaler as a therapeutically effective and more
      cost effective method of in-hospital aerosolized bronchodilator delivery.
      Patients are increasingly asked to assume a larger role in their own care
      following discharge, making opportunities such as in-hospital self-administered
      aerosol therapy too important of a tool to pass up. Hospitals are under
      increasing pressure to provide a greater range of health care services with
      existing resources. Existing procedures such as medicated aerosol therapy which
      can be provided as effectively but more efficiently in an alternative fashion
      while increasing patient involvement in their own care can simply no longer be
      overlooked.

PMID- 2925336
TI  - The shortage of nursing personnel.

PMID- 2925337
TI  - An important alliance.

PMID- 2925338
TI  - Pharmacy/medicine interface.

PMID- 2925339
TI  - Nursing shortage: focusing on priorities.

PMID- 2925340
TI  - Board of pharmacy examiners: an overview.

PMID- 2925341
TI  - Subacute subdural hematoma presenting as reversible ischemic attacks.
AB  - We describe the case of a right-handed, 83 year-old woman with CT-documented left
      frontal subacute subdural hematoma showing reversible right-sided hemiparesis and
      aphasia. We discuss possible pathogenetic mechanism for this unusual condition
      and emphasize that the clinical evaluation cannot always distinguish ischemic
      causes for certain. Therefore CT-scan is an essential investigative tool before
      initiating therapy in patients suspected of having cerebrovascular diseases.

PMID- 2925342
TI  - Lead poisoning during heroin addiction.
AB  - We describe the case of a young man addicted to heroin with the clinical pattern
      of symmetrical brachial neuropathy, without other neurological involvement. Lead
      poisoning was detected and chelating therapy induced a marked improvement of the
      clinical symptoms. The possible toxic effect of heavy metals in the pathogenesis
      of brachial and lumbar plexopathies during heroin addiction has previously been
      suggested by other authors, but never detected.

PMID- 2925343
TI  - Multiple sclerosis intra-blood-brain-barrier IgG synthesis: effect of pulse
      intravenous and intrathecal corticosteroids.
AB  - Nine severely disabled clinically definite chronic progressive multiple sclerosis
      (MS) patients who had at least one determination of intra-blood-brain-barrier
      (BBB) IgG synthesis rate of greater than 7 mg/day (upper limit of normal = 3.3)
      participated in this study. Seven patients were given 1 gram of
      methylprednisolone sodium succinate (MP) by intravenous infusion over 30 minutes
      once a day for 3 days. Statistically significant (p less than .05) reduction in
      intra-BBB IgG synthesis (mg/day) was seen in 4/7 patients, but in only 2 were
      normal levels of synthesis rate (less than 3.3 mg/day) attained. Rebound of IgG
      synthesis to premedication rates occurred within 30 days in 2/4 patients. There
      was no change in intensity or pattern of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) oligoclonal
      IgG bands by isoelectric focusing, immunofixation, and silver staining. A
      subsequent course of intrathecal methylprednisolone acetate (MPA) (80 mg twice a
      week for 5 weeks) was given to 5 of the 7 patients and to 2 additional patients
      not previously treated. In spite of signs of subarachnoid inflammation, a
      statistically significant depression of intra-BB synthesis, which far exceeded
      that from the pulse treatment occurred in all 7, including the 2 patients whose
      intra-BBB IgG synthesis rates were previously resistant to pulse steroid
      administration. Normal levels of synthesis were rapidly reached in 4/7 patients;
      however, an IgG synthesis rebound occurred in 3/7 patients which was just as
      rapid. One out of 7 patients showed a temporary reduction in the number of
      cathodic IgG oligoclonal bands in the CSF. Two patients required discontinuation
      of treatment due to aseptic meningitis in one and progressive weakness in the
      other. Clinically, these severely afflicted patients with fixed deficits remained
      unchanged with either treatment protocol. While MPA and ACTH have similar initial
      effect on the central nervous systems (CNS) inflammatory response in MS, the well
      documented risk of serious adversities with MPA prohibit its clinical use in MS
      in its present form.

PMID- 2925344
TI  - Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in guinea pig: variability of response to
      intradermal emulsion injection.
AB  - Different forms of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis were obtained in 4
      groups of guinea pigs: 7 adult Hartley guinea pigs (Group I), 12 adults of the
      same strain (Group II), 6 juvenile strain 2 guinea pigs (Group III) and 6
      juvenile strain 13 animals (Group IV), by the injection of emulsions. Groups I
      and II received emulsions containing 250 mg and 500 mg respectively of fresh
      isologous spinal cord tissue, complete Freund adjuvant (CFA) and saline solution
      while Groups III and IV received an emulsion containing 120 mg of isologous
      spinal cord, CFA, saline solution and 15 mg of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The
      increased antigen load induced a disease with delayed onset and prolonged
      progressive course (C-P-EAE) in Groups I and II, although 8 animals showed no
      symptoms of illness. The findings in C-P-EAE were large demyelinated plaques,
      perivenous fibrosis and large areas of infiltration. Demyelinated areas occurred
      within the spinal cord white matter only in two asymptomatic animals. C-P-EAE was
      obtained in 4 of the Strain 2 animals. In conclusion, the increased antigen load
      induced a range of lesions in Hartley guinea pigs, although not all animals were
      affected. C-P-EAE was induced also in strains of guinea pig other than the
      Heartley strain. These different reactions may have been the outcome of partial
      or complete inactivation of the cell-mediated response to the inoculated
      antigens.

PMID- 2925346
TI  - Multimodality evoked potentials in myotonic dystrophy.
AB  - Multimodality evoked potentials were performed in 18 patients affected by
      myotonic dystrophy (8 males and 10 females); the aim was to make an
      electrophysiological evaluation of the central nervous system involvement in this
      disease. We observed brainstem, somatosensory and visual evoked potential
      abnormalities respectively in 53%, 62.5% and 71.4% of cases, with no apparent
      relationship to the severity of the disease. Our abnormal findings provide
      further confirmation of CNS involvement in myotonic dystrophy and occur in
      various combinations suggesting an aspecific involvement at different levels,
      reflecting the multisystemic character of this disease.

PMID- 2925347
TI  - Normal muscle mitochondrial function in Ramsay-Hunt syndrome.
AB  - Mitochondrial encephalomyopathies may display clinical features similar to Ramsay
      Hunt syndrome (RHS). We studied muscles mitochondrial function in 2 patients with
      RHS. Histochemical and ultrastructural studies of muscle biopsies and biochemical
      analysis of muscle mitochondrial enzymes were normal. There is no evidence for a
      disturbance of muscle mitochondrial function in RHS.

PMID- 2925345
TI  - Hyperthermic syndromes and impairment of the dopaminergic system: a clinical
      study.
AB  - We present 8 cases of centrally-originating hyperthermic syndrome, the initial
      cause being either neuroleptic malingnant syndrome, hyperthemia after
      discontinuance of antiparkinsonian therapy or heatstroke. We review the
      physiological and neurochemical mechanisms involved in thermoregulation,
      emphasizing the role of dopamine. A single mechanism, consistent with
      pharmacological or neuropathological impairment of the dopaminergic system, could
      be responsible for all the cases of hyperthermic syndrome presented.

PMID- 2925348
TI  - Brainstem encephalitis due to Listeria monocytogenes. Favourable outcome after
      early antibiotic therapy.
AB  - A case of brainstem encephalitis is reported in which an early identification in
      blood of listeria monocytogenes allowed an effective antibiotic therapy
      (Ampicillin and Gentamicin) with complete recovery.

PMID- 2925349
TI  - Drug-induced tremor of the tongue.
AB  - Two cases are reported in which a transient tremor of the tongue followed
      treatment with thioridazine and flunarizine. The finding of this kyperkinesia as
      the only extrapyramidal side-effect of drug therapy is uncommon.

PMID- 2925350
TI  - Aphasia and apraxia caused by ischemic damage to the white substance of the
      dominant hemisphere.
AB  - We describe a case of aphasia associated with ideomotor apraxia due to a CT
      proven ischemic lesion strictly confined to the dominant hemisphere white
      substance at the junctional zone of Donnan. The aphasia did not fit any of the
      known patterns. At first severe, it cleared in 5 days, while the apraxia remained
      unchanged 25 days after onset.

PMID- 2925351
TI  - Branched chain amino acids in the protection of myocardium from ischemic damage.

PMID- 2925352
TI  - Development and decay of systemic thermotolerance in rats.
AB  - The development and decay of thermotolerance to the lethal effect of systemic
      hyperthermia was investigated in Sprague-Dawley rats. Systemic hyperthermia was
      induced by partial submersion of gas-anesthetized rats into a temperature
      controlled water bath. Survival was determined in rats challenged for periods of
      10 to 90 min at 42.5 C, 24 to 144 h after a sublethal conditioning exposure of
      41.8 C for 1 h. Survival curves of various exposure times at 42.5 C lethal to 50%
      of the animals (LD50) were determined for the conditioned animals and compared
      with those obtained for simultaneously treated control (unconditioned) rats. The
      thermotolerance ratios (TTR-LD50 for conditioned animals at various times after
      sublethal conditioning exposure divided by the LD50 for the control animals) were
      calculated and compared with the ratios reported in the literature for cells
      heated in vitro and for tissues heated locally in vivo. Pretreatment of rats at
      41.8 C for 1 h resulted in an increase in the LD50 when rats were challenged 24
      to 96 h later, with a maximum increased noted at 48 h (56.5 vs. 25.0 min for
      control; TTR = 2.3). The animals remained relatively resistant to the second heat
      treatment at 96 h and returned to control levels of heat sensitivity by 120 h.
      The development and kinetics of thermotolerance to lethality induced by whole
      body hyperthermia need to be considered when multiple-fraction hyperthermia
      treatment plans are designed.

PMID- 2925353
TI  - Extra-anorectic actions of mazindol.
AB  - In the search for mechanisms supporting the weight-reducing effect of mazindol,
      we examined the influence of the drug on metabolism and gastric evacuation in two
      groups of 10 women each. In the first group the effect of mazindol on
      thermogenesis was assessed by indirect calorimetry, and blood glycerol
      concentration was taken as an index of lipolysis. After oral administration of 2
      mg mazindol no significant changes were observed in the energy expenditure or
      lipolysis, either at rest or during exercise. In the second group, the influence
      of 2 mg mazindol, taken orally, on gastric emptying (GE) of a radiolabeled solid
      meal was examined with the use of a gamma camera. The drug significantly
      inhibited GE--the median GEt1/2 was 119 min after placebo vs. 230 min after
      mazindol. The mean +/- SE of the emptying index was 1.13 +/- 0.26 min-1 after
      placebo vs. 0.53 +/- 0.14 min-1 after mazindol. Mazindol elicited a delaying
      effect on the late phase of GE, as confirmed by a significant decrease of the
      shape parameter (S) of the power-exponential fitted GE curves, 2.09 +/- 0.22
      after placebo vs. 1.61 +/- 0.24 after mazindol, and by the comparison of the
      amount of food emptied from the stomach: 30.7 +/- 6.1% after placebo vs. 17.8 +/-
      4.0% after mazindol, at 80 min, and 38.9 +/- 6.2% after placebo vs. 20.6 +/- 4.3%
      after mazindol, at 90 min of the GE measurement.

PMID- 2925354
TI  - Results and relevance of urodynamic studies in the management of urinary
      incontinence in women over eighty.
AB  - Urinary incontinence among the elderly is a major problem that is often
      neglected. The results of urodynamic studies in a group of 32 women greater than
      80 years old with incontinence revealed that detrusor instability was the primary
      cause of incontinence in 23 (72%), while 9 (28%) patients demonstrated signs of
      sphincter incompetence. Urodynamic study results were normal in four patients.
      Medical treatment on a self-regulated dose and bladder training were effective in
      controlling incontinence in 25 (78%) of the study group. It is suggested that,
      although detrusor instability is the major cause of incontinence in elderly
      women, urodynamic studies should be performed for accurate diagnosis to ensure
      optimal therapeutic results.

PMID- 2925355
TI  - Hyperbilirubinemia and influencing factors in term infants.
AB  - The development of jaundice was investigated in 275 consecutive full-term infants
      and determined longitudinally in each neonate. The mean peak of bilirubin was
      7.90 +/- 0.20 mg/dl observed at 64.0 +/- 1.3 h of life. Three factors were found
      to significantly alter the course of hyperbilirubinemia: first and second
      bilirubin determinations (at 2 to 4 h and 12 to 24 h, respectively), weight loss
      and male sex. Increased weight loss was positively correlated with
      hyperbilirubinemia irrespective of the mode of feeding.

PMID- 2925356
TI  - Protective effect of branched chain-enriched amino acid formulation in myocardial
      ischemia.
AB  - The protective effect of a branched chain amino acid (BCAA) formulation on the
      ischemic myocardium was determined in four groups of passively perfused
      normothermic (37 C) isolated rat hearts perfused with Krebs-Henseleit (KH) or KH
      + BCAA. Time to ischemic contracture was significantly increased by the infusion
      of BCAA compared with KH (19.4 +/- 2.3 vs. 15.9 +/- 1.7 min). In a second set of
      experiments, rat hearts were perfused with KH or KH + BCAA solution followed by 2
      min of glucose-free KH buffer. After 17 min of ischemia, both groups were
      reperfused for another 15 min. Percent of pressure recovery was significantly
      better with KH + BCAA (90.1 +/- 8.4) than with KH (56.4 +/- 40.0). Percent +dP/dt
      (time derivative of pressure at contraction) recovery was also significantly
      improved with KH + BCAA (96.5 +/- 26.9 vs. 58.1 +/- 44.0). Furthermore,
      arrhythmias were minimized by BCAA. There was no difference in change of coronary
      flow between these two groups. Thus, BCAAs appear to protect the heart against
      myocardial ischemic injury and to delay the time to ischemic contracture,
      particularly in the depleted ischemic heart. BCAAs enhance postischemic pressure
      recovery and improve postischemic systolic and diastolic myocardial function.

PMID- 2925357
TI  - Primary care utilization in Israel--analysis of national data.
AB  - Analysis of data from the 1981 National Health Services Utilization Survey was
      carried out in order to identify factors relevant to primary care utilization in
      Israel on a semi-quantitative basis. The analysis consisted of stratification of
      the sample population into age- and sex-groups and the use of a logistic
      regression model for each stratum. Within the strata age still played a major
      role in explaining the probability of utilization; in addition, origin,
      employment status and education were also significant for most strata. In men
      aged greater than or equal to 65, living arrangements (alone, with spouse or with
      children) affected utilization. These findings were consistent with previous
      published reports and with findings of small-scale studies in Israel.

PMID- 2925358
TI  - Meningitis in Israel: an imported outbreak.

PMID- 2925359
TI  - Home shower-bath Pseudomonas folliculitis.

PMID- 2925360
TI  - Pulmonary infiltrate in acute toxoplasmosis.

PMID- 2925361
TI  - Centipede (Scolopendra) bite: a case report.

PMID- 2925362
TI  - Dwarfism with congenital bowing of long bones.

PMID- 2925363
TI  - Topical application of chloramphenicol eye ointment followed by fatal bone marrow
      aplasia.

PMID- 2925364
TI  - Straining forces at bowel elimination.

PMID- 2925365
TI  - Nurse-client perceptions: the double standard of touch.
AB  - Because nurses have been cited as being unaware of clients' nonverbal
      communication as well as their own (Blondis, 1977; Murphy, 1984), the purpose of
      this descriptive study was to determine if 80 adult surgical clients' and 80
      female registered nurses' perceptions about intrusions of hospital territory and
      personal space differed. Differences according to gender of client were
      specifically examined. The investigator administered the Territorial Intrusion
      Personal Space (TIPS) Scale questionnaire to measure various feelings in response
      to intrusions. T-tests revealed that male clients generally had higher scores on
      the personal space subscale than nurses anticipated, whereas female clients had
      lower scores than nurses anticipated. These results revealed a double standard of
      touch: Male clients interpreted touch from a female nurse more positively than
      did female clients; however, female nurses interpreted female clients' behavior
      as being more receptive to touch and therefore appeared to be more comfortable
      touching female than male clients.

PMID- 2925366
TI  - The "will to live" as perceived by nurses and physicians.
AB  - This study investigated the "will to live" as nurses and physicians perceive it.
      A sample of 221 practicing health professionals completed a questionnaire that
      was designed to measure this construct. Semantic differential scales were used to
      assess the psychological characteristics of patients with a strong and weak will
      to live, while Likert scales were used to rate overt behaviors associated with a
      strong will to live. The respondents were also asked to rate activities that
      might be used to strengthen the will to live in patients who lacked it. Results
      showed that almost 100% of the respondents believed in a will to live, had
      observed its effects, and felt that a strong will to live was an important factor
      in patient recovery. Both nurses and physicians showed surprising agreement in
      their perception of the will to live, as well as in their suggestions about how
      to strengthen patient morale. The results are generally consistent with those
      from related studies on psychological variables associated with cancer survival
      and recovery from catastrophic illness. It is concluded that regardless of
      whether a will to live is a "real" attribute of patients, it certainly seems to
      exist in the eyes of those who treat them.

PMID- 2925367
TI  - Construct validity of an aspect of the coping process: potential adaptation to
      stress.
AB  - The focus of this study was to examine construct validity of the Adaptive
      Potential Assessment Model (APAM). Incorporated within a larger theory and
      paradigm entitled Modeling and Role-Modeling, APAM depicts three main states,
      arousal, equilibrium, and impoverishment; each state represents a different
      potential to mobilize coping resources. Arousal and impoverishment are considered
      stress states while equilibrium is considered a nonstress state. The sample was
      young, male students (N = 73) who were experiencing varying degrees of stress.
      Physiological and psychological data were gathered by utilizing several
      instruments and clinical assessment techniques. APAM was validated in a healthy
      population. Discriminant function analysis revealed motor-sensory behavior,
      fatigue-sadness, hope, and verbal anxiety as useful predictors in determining
      adaptive potential states. Misclassifications of subjects determined to be at
      risk by the investigator and not by the mathematical algorithm are considered.
      The benefits of holistically identifying clients' ability to mobilize coping
      resources is that nurses can plan intervention more effectively if these
      categorizations can be consistently verified.

PMID- 2925368
TI  - Social support, self-esteem, and depression in the institutionalized elderly.
AB  - Psychosocial studies of the elderly have been limited primarily to
      noninstitutionalized elderly living at home in the community. Only a few studies
      have explored the psychological implications of being institutionalized despite
      the fact that approximately 5% of the 25.6 million elderly 65 years or older in
      the United States reside in nursing homes (Rovner & Rabins, 1985). This
      correlational study was a beginning effort to investigate the relationships among
      depression, social support, self-esteem, and selected demographic variables in a
      sample of 26 institutionalized elderly individuals. The Norbeck Social Support
      Questionnaire (NSSQ) was used for measuring social support. The Geriatric
      Depression Scale (GDS) and Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale were used to measure
      depression and self-esteem respectively. The applicability of these instruments
      for studies of the elderly is discussed. Findings indicated that the demographic
      characteristics of the subjects had no significant effect on their feeling of
      self-esteem or depression. However, social support significantly correlated with
      depression and there was some indication that the type of institutional setting
      and frequency of religious participation also interacts with the level of
      depression. The article concludes with recommendations for future research.

PMID- 2925369
TI  - Incest: the psychological problem and the biological contradiction.
AB  - We have yet to map an "inbreeding avoider" gene or design a psychological test
      that can accurately diagnose incest transgressors. Until those events occur,
      sociobiology, nursing, and psychology must explain phenomena, such as the incest
      taboo, with a theoretical language of supposition. It is in this light that the
      etiology of taboo is analyzed. This article proposes that a propensity for sexual
      selection originates in the gene system, and what becomes taboo is acquired
      through the learning that accompanies the experiences of the individual and
      culture when sexual selection occurs. Influences of the genetic system and
      psychological culture on the existence of a taboo are contrasted. The conclusion
      posits an eclectic taboo hypothesis, derived from the congruencies found in the
      literature, and suggests how this hypothesis can guide nursing interventions with
      incestual families.

PMID- 2925370
TI  - The role of the therapist's critical parent.
AB  - The need for nurse therapists to be aware of their own feelings, beliefs, and
      attitudes is all-important if treatment is to be effective. In this paper, the
      author uses the concept of the therapist's Critical Parent (from Berne's 1961
      Transactional Analysis model) to explore countertransference reactions. Clinical
      examples from the author's professional experience are employed to demonstrate
      the interplay of ego states between therapist and client and how understanding of
      the effect of the therapist's Critical parent can enhance his or her ability to
      intervene effectively.

PMID- 2925371
TI  - Blood flow and vascular reactivity during attacks of classic migraine-
      limitations of the Xe-133 intraarterial technique.
AB  - The present study reports cerebral blood flow (CBF) measurements in 11 patients
      during attacks of classic migraine (CM)--migraine with aura. In 6 and 7 patients,
      respectively, cerebral vascular reactivity to increased blood pressure and to
      hypocapnia was also investigated during the CM attacks. The Xenon-133
      intraarterial injection technique was used to measure CBF. In this study, based
      in part on previously published data, methodological limitations, in particular
      caused by scattered radiation (Compton scatter), are critically analysed. Based
      on this analysis and the results of the CBF studies it is concluded: During CM
      attacks CBF appears to decrease focally in the posterior part of the brain to a
      level around 20 ml/100 g/min which is consistent with a mild degree of ischemia.
      Changes of CBF in focal low flow areas are difficult to evaluate accurately with
      the Xe-133 technique. In most cases true CBF may change 50% or more in the low
      flow areas without giving rise to significantly measurable changes of CBF. This
      analysis suggests that the autoregulation response cannot be evaluated in the low
      flow areas with the technique used while the observations are compatible with the
      concept that a vasoconstrictive state, unresponsive to hypocapnia, prevails in
      the low flow areas during CM attacks. The gradual increase in size of the low
      flow area seen in several cases may be interpreted in two different ways. A
      spreading process may actually exist. However, due to Compton scatter, a gradual
      decrease of CBF in a territory that does not increase in size will also appear as
      a gradually spreading low flow area when studied with the Xe-133 intracarotid
      technique.

PMID- 2925372
TI  - Platelet activation and analysis of organelles in migraineurs.
AB  - We used transmission electron microscopy to investigate selected aspects of the
      platelet response (surface activation as well as aggregation) and quantify
      cytoplasmic organelles within the cytoplasm of platelets obtained from both
      healthy control women and women diagnosed as having either common or classic
      migraine. Comparisons between controls and migraineurs showed no differences for:
      (1) the number of circulating platelets, (2) degree of surface activation, (3)
      amount of aggregate formation or (4) percent of hyperactive platelet populations.
      In contrast, platelets of migraine sufferers uniformly contained a significantly
      greater number of dense bodies compared to control platelets. Although we did not
      find functional abnormalities for the platelets obtained from migraineurs, we did
      demonstrate that they were altered structurally.

PMID- 2925373
TI  - Migraine and anti-phospholipid antibodies.
AB  - Anti-phospholipid antibodies (APA), initially described with SLE, have in recent
      years received much attention because of an associated increased risk of thrombo
      embolic disease, recurrent abortion and thrombocytopenia. Although commonly seen
      with SLE or other collagen vascular diseases, the antibodies frequently occur in
      the absence of any such disease. Neurologic complications include transient or
      permanent ischemic episodes, migraine or related phenomena, myelopathy and a
      Guillain-Barre type syndrome. In this report we describe the presenting features
      and clinical course of six patients with anti-phospholipid antibodies where
      migraine was an early and prominent symptom. All six patients, however, were
      recognized only after a second more serious event had occurred. As this entity
      becomes more widely recognized and better treatments evolve an earlier diagnosis
      of patients with migraine as the only manifestation of APA may prevent the
      development of other serious complications.

PMID- 2925374
TI  - Headache as a risk factor in atherosclerosis-related diseases.
AB  - A group of 350 migraineurs (87 male, 263 female) and 300 controls without
      migraine (104 male, 196 female) were questioned about occurrence, in parents, of
      the atherosclerosis-related diseases (ASRD) of diabetes mellitus (DM),
      hypertension (HBP), myocardial infarction (MI), and stroke as well as about
      recurrent severe headache (RSHA). Occurrence of DM, HBP, MI and stroke was
      compared for mothers and fathers of migraine vs. those of control subjects and no
      significant differences were found. The mothers and fathers were pooled and
      resegregated by presence or absence of RSHA and then occurrence of DM, HBP, MI
      and stroke again compared. For mothers there was increased occurrence of stroke
      and DM in the RSHA group but the differences were not significant. For RSHA
      fathers there was increased incidence of MI (p less than .10) and HBP (p less
      than .01). Aggregate occurrence of all ASRD was evaluated for RSHA vs. no-RSHA
      parents. ASRD occurred more frequently in the RSHA than in the no-RSHA parents (p
      less than .05). Breakdown by age showed that this occurred at all ages in men (p
      less than .05) but in women the difference was significant only under age 60 (p
      less than .05). This study suggests that RSHA, which is primarily migraine, may
      be a risk factor or a marker for occurrence of ASRD.

PMID- 2925375
TI  - Migraine--resuscitation of the vascular theory.

PMID- 2925376
TI  - Nasal plug as an aid for cluster headaches: relevance of the nasal cycle.

PMID- 2925377
TI  - V.E.P.'s not a marker for migraine.

PMID- 2925378
TI  - What drives health care today?

PMID- 2925379
TI  - HCMR interview: John Ferguson. Interview by Montague Brown and Barbara P. McCool.

PMID- 2925380
TI  - Radiological health effects models for nuclear power plant accident consequence
      analysis.
AB  - Improved health effects models have been developed for assessing the early
      effects, late somatic effects and genetic effects that might result from low-LET
      radiation exposures to populations following a major accident in a nuclear power
      plant. All the models have been developed in such a way that the dynamics of
      population risks can be analyzed. Estimates of life years lost and the duration
      of illnesses were generated and a framework recommended for summarizing health
      impacts. Uncertainty is addressed by providing models for upper, central and
      lower estimates of most effects. The models are believed to be a significant
      improvement over the models used in the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission's
      Reactor Safety Study, and they can easily be modified to reflect advances in
      scientific understanding of the health effects of ionizing radiation.

PMID- 2925381
TI  - Influence of subsoil geology and construction technique on indoor air 222Rn
      levels in 80 houses of the central Swiss Alps.
AB  - The indoor 222Rn level depends mainly on the subsoil geology, the cellar floor
      permeability, the cellar aeration, the air-tightness of the homes, and the
      aeration habits of the occupants. These five parameters and the 222Rn levels in
      the cellar and in the living room on the ground floor were compiled in 80 one- or
      two-family houses of the central Swiss Alps. The 222Rn levels were measured with
      passive alpha track detectors. Houses located on a granite, ortho-gneiss or
      verrucano subsoil have a cellar 222Rn level that is on the average 4.4 times
      higher than houses which are built on grey-schist or sediments. The cellar level
      is on the average 5.4 times higher if the cellar has partially a gravel or earth
      floor than if the whole cellar surface is covered with a concrete floor. Energy
      efficient, highly air-tightened homes have a living room level that is on the
      average 1.8 times higher than normally insulated conventional homes. In the
      cellars and the living rooms of the 80 houses considered, arithmetic mean 222Rn
      levels of 724 Bq m-3 (20 pCi L-1) and 178 Bq m-3 (4.8 pCi L-1), respectively,
      were found. In the central Swiss Alps 222Rn and 222Rn decay products lead to an
      estimated mean exposure of 5.3 mSv effective dose equivalent per year.

PMID- 2925382
TI  - Effects of vegetation, a clay cap and environmental variables on 222Rn fluence
      rate from reclaimed U mill tailings.
AB  - We measured 222Rn fluence rate and several environmental variables on two plots
      with U mill tailings buried beneath 30 cm of overburden and 20 cm of topsoil. An
      additional 30 cm of clay covered the tailings on one plot and each plot was
      subdivided into bare soil and vegetated subplots. We used linear correlation, two
      way ANOVA and stepwise multiple regression to analyze the effects of the plot
      characteristics and the environmental variables on 222Rn fluence rate. The most
      important effect on 222Rn fluence rates from these plots was the combination of a
      clay cap and a vegetated surface. The mean annual fluence rate from the plot
      having both of these characteristics (520 +/- 370 mBq m-2 s-1) was over three
      times that of the vegetated plot without a clay cap (170 +/- 130 mBq m-2 s-1) and
      18 times that of the bare plot with a clay cap (29 +/- 13 mBq m-2 s-1). The
      interaction effect may have been due to the growth of roots in the moist clay and
      active transport of dissolved 222Rn to the surface in water. This speculation is
      supported by the observation that on vegetated plots with a clay cap, moisture in
      the clay enhanced the fluence rate.

PMID- 2925383
TI  - The accuracy of some simple models for predicting particulate interception and
      retention in agricultural systems.
AB  - The accuracy of three radionuclide transfer models for predicting the
      interception and retention of airborne particles by agricultural crops was tested
      using Pu-bearing aerosols released to the atmosphere from nuclear fuel facilities
      on the U.S. Department of Energy's Savannah River Plant, near Aiken, SC. The
      models evaluated were: 1) NRC, the model defined in U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Guide
      1.109; 2) FOOD, a model similar to the NRC model that also predicts
      concentrations in grains; and 3) AGNS, a model developed from the NRC model for
      the southeastern United States. Plutonium concentrations in vegetation and grain
      were predicted from measured deposition rates and compared to concentrations
      observed in the field. Crops included wheat, soybeans, corn and cabbage. Although
      predictions of the three models differed by less than a factor of 4, they showed
      different abilities to predict concentrations observed in the field. The NRC and
      FOOD models consistently underpredicted the observed Pu concentrations for
      vegetation. The AGNS model was a more accurate predictor of Pu concentrations for
      vegetation. Both the FOOD and AGNS models accurately predicted the Pu
      concentrations for grains.

PMID- 2925384
TI  - Artificial radioactivity in fuel peat and peat ash in Finland after the Chernobyl
      accident.
AB  - The accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in April 1986 caused very
      uneven deposition of radionuclides in Finland. The deposited radionuclides were
      found in relatively high concentrations in fuel peat and especially in peat ash
      because a thin surface layer of peat-production bogs was extracted as fuel peat
      soon after the fallout occurred. Concentrations of artificial radionuclides in
      fuel peat and peat ash were measured at six peat-fired power plants in Finland
      throughout the heating season 1986-87. Concentrations of 137Cs in composite peat
      samples varied between 30 and 3600 Bq kg-1 dry weight and in ash samples between
      600 and 68,000 Bq kg-1. High concentrations in peat ash caused some restrictions
      to the utilization of peat ash for various purposes.

PMID- 2925386
TI  - Environmental radioactivity and dose evaluation in Taiwan after the Chernobyl
      accident.
AB  - A substantial increase in fission product activity was observed in various
      environmental samples taken in Taiwan after the Chernobyl accident. The
      concentration of long-lived fission products in air above ground, precipitation,
      grass, vegetation and milk were monitored in the next 7 wk. The individual
      effective dose equivalent committed by the first year of exposure and intake
      following the accident were evaluated. Average individual doses for the
      population in Taiwan are estimated at 0.9 microSv due to global fallout from the
      Chernobyl accident. This value is lower than that reported in neighboring
      countries in the Far East and poses no increased health impact to the public in
      Taiwan.

PMID- 2925385
TI  - Cesium-137, 134Cs and 110mAg in lambs grazing pasture in NE Scotland contaminated
      by Chernobyl fallout.
AB  - The decline in Cs radioisotope levels has been studied in tissues from lambs
      grazing lowland pasture. The lambs were slaughtered 18 and 115 d after
      contamination with Chernobyl fallout. During this time the Cs activity decreased
      to 13% of the initial amount in animals that had continued to graze contaminated
      pasture and to 3.5% in animals consuming uncontaminated feed. The 137Cs
      concentration in grass from the field grazed by the lambs decreased with a half
      time of 22 d over the period 11-100 d after contamination. The amounts of Cs
      radionuclides removed from the pasture by the grazing animals amounted to only
      0.01% of the total, the rest remaining in the soil, with over 40% in the upper 10
      mm. Small amounts of 110mAg, found in grass, declined with a half-time of 8.9 d,
      and the radionuclide was found to accumulate in liver tissue.

PMID- 2925387
TI  - The biological half-time of radioactive Cs in poikilothermic and homeothermic
      animals.
AB  - Literature data for the half-time of Cs in one-, two-, and three-compartment
      models have been collated and regressed to yield general descriptions of
      clearance for homeotherms (warm-blooded animals) and poikilotherms (cold-blooded
      animals) of different sizes. Cesium half-times increase with body weight and are
      longer in poikilotherms than in homeotherms. These trends and the values of the
      associated regression coefficients imply that Cs clearance is a function of
      metabolic rate. The patterns are especially visible in analyses of the larger
      compartments, perhaps because the curve splitting required to analyze smaller,
      more rapidly cleared pools is necessarily subjective. The route by which acutely
      contaminated animals receive their Cs also influences clearance. Inhaled Cs
      appears to be retained longer than injected Cs, which is in turn retained longer
      than ingested Cs. This suggests that Cs is discriminated against in biological
      transfers, so that Cs dust remains in the lungs whereas Cs in the food is less
      readily absorbed. These patterns of Cs clearance suggest that large animals,
      poikilotherms, and animals contaminated by inhalation or injection may receive a
      greater dose.

PMID- 2925388
TI  - Influence of age at exposure on concentrations of 239Pu in beagle gonads.
AB  - The influence of age at injection of 239Pu on the gonadal concentrations with
      time after injection in beagle dogs was determined. In addition, the distribution
      patterns of Pu within the organs were examined using fission track
      autoradiography. Beagles of different ages (juveniles approximately 90 d; young
      adults approximately 17 mo; aged approximately 5 y) were given a single injection
      of 239Pu(IV)-citrate and most were allowed to live out their natural lifespan. At
      times greater than 1,000 d after exposure, the concentrations of 239Pu (expressed
      as percent injected per gram organ weight) were higher in the testes and ovaries
      from animals injected as young adults (median 9.8 X 10(-4) and 15.4 X 10(-4%) g
      1, respectively) when compared with the juveniles (median 2.8 X 10(-4) and 7.7 X
      10(-4%) g-1, respectively) or aged (median 6.3 X 10(-4) and 17.2 X 10(-4%) g-1,
      respectively) animals. The lower concentrations found in the animals injected as
      juveniles can be attributed to the increase in gonadal size that occurs during
      organ maturation and puberty. Fission track autoradiographs from gonadal tissues
      at least 5 y after exposure confirm the nonuniform distribution of the nuclide in
      these organs. In the testis, Pu was found mostly in the interstitial tissues and
      in the ovary, was found in the stroma, particularly the medullary stroma.

PMID- 2925389
TI  - Energy spectra of electrons and positrons produced in semi-infinite and infinite
      water phantoms irradiated by photons with energies up to 1 GeV.
AB  - Previous Monte Carlo calculations for the energy spectra of electrons produced in
      water irradiated by photons are extended to 1 GeV. All of the physical processes
      believed to be important in the transport of electrons and positrons above 100
      keV and photons starting with the ejection of L photoelectrons are considered.
      The results are presented in tabular form and can be conveniently used to compute
      kerma in water. The contributions of several physical processes, such as Compton
      scattering and pair-production to electron spectra, are separately tabulated. The
      results are compared with those of Todo et al. (1982) for the single interactions
      of monoenergetic photons. It is found that the inclusion of processes such as
      multiple Compton scattering, bremsstrahlung production, positron annihilation in
      flight, Mohiller and Bhabha scattering from electrons and Moliere multiple
      scattering from atomic nuclei make a considerable difference in the inferred
      electron spectrum in water.

PMID- 2925390
TI  - Influence of organs in the ICRP's remainder on effective dose equivalent computed
      for diagnostic radiation exposures.
AB  - The ICRP effective dose equivalent has been compared with a weighted dose
      equivalent, computed by treating the entire remainder instead of the sample of
      five remainder organs in the ICRP method as uniformly radiosensitive, for dose
      distributions from three common diagnostic exposures: chest, dental full-mouth
      and dental panoramic. Complete dose distributions were computed by a Monte Carlo
      model. In all three cases the effective dose equivalent was greater than the
      weighted dose equivalent. The difference was only 20% for the chest exam but was
      more than fivefold for both dental exposures. Dose distributions for the dental
      exposures were less homogeneous than for the chest examination. Selection of
      organs to be included in the remainder markedly affects the effective dose
      equivalent. In the case of highly inhomogeneous dose distributions, the effective
      dose equivalent probably significantly over-estimates radiation detriment.

PMID- 2925391
TI  - Evaluation of reproductive function of female rats exposed to radiofrequency
      fields (27.12 MHz) near a shortwave diathermy device.
AB  - In recent years, there has been increased concern regarding effects of operator
      exposure to the electromagnetic (EM) field associated with shortwave diathermy
      devices. The present study was designed to investigate the effects, on rats, of
      repeated exposure to such an EM field. Following repeated exposure for 5 wk, a
      reduction in fertility occurred as indicated by a reduced number of matings in
      exposed rats compared to sham-irradiated rats and a reduction in the number of
      rats that conceived after mating. The data suggest that female operators could
      experience reduced fertility, if they remained close to the console for prolonged
      periods. This has particular significant for the physiotherapy profession.

PMID- 2925392
TI  - Is ionizing radiation regulated more stringently than chemical carcinogens?

PMID- 2925393
TI  - Order of magnitude absorbed dose reductions in cephalometric radiography.

PMID- 2925394
TI  - Thallium-201 in human milk: observations and radiological consequences.

PMID- 2925395
TI  - Effect of smear method on detection of 99mTc radiopharmaceuticals.

PMID- 2925396
TI  - Preparation and performance of a CaSO4:Dy, Tm thermoluminescent phosphor for long
      term gamma measurements.

PMID- 2925397
TI  - Improved cassette recording of multichannel analyzer data.
AB  - As part of a field experiment, five of these modified tape decks with associated
      MCAs have been operating successfully for several months in an essentially
      unattended mode. In addition, this automatic system facilitates readout during
      attended operation by eliminating the need to press keys. Tapes generated on
      these decks are totally compatible and interchangeable with those made by the
      manual cassette unit.

PMID- 2925399
TI  - A plea for sensible film badge placement in diagnostic radiology.

PMID- 2925398
TI  - Personnel monitoring in diagnostic radiology: revisited--again!

PMID- 2925400
TI  - EDE for exposure with protective aprons.

PMID- 2925401
TI  - Use of effective dose equivalent for external radiation exposures.

PMID- 2925402
TI  - Recommendations for radioactive waste reduction in biomedical/academic
      institutions.

PMID- 2925403
TI  - NRC, NCRP, ICRP and recommendations on prenatal radiation exposure.

PMID- 2925404
TI  - Care and management of twins.
AB  - This is a study of the maternal care of 84 sets of twins in their own homes in
      Sheffield, compared with random and matched singleton controls funded by the
      Foundation for the Study of Infant Deaths. The findings suggest that the stress
      experienced by parents appears to be related more to the number of children to be
      cared for than the fact of twinning. The study revealed that twin babies received
      more health visitor care and less GP care than singleton babies.

PMID- 2925405
TI  - Innovation in health visiting.
AB  - Innovation in health visiting practice is compared to that in the steel and wool
      industries. The health visiting role is seen as one demanding change and
      innovation, while health visitors apparently do not see themselves as innovative.
      Examples of innovation and barriers to innovation are described.

PMID- 2925406
TI  - Child rearing among Jamaican families in Britain.
AB  - A study of ten families of Jamaican descent in Britain illustrates variations in
      child rearing practices dependent on social class, parental country of birth and
      Rastafarian belief.

PMID- 2925407
TI  - The behaviour of nine-month and two-year olds as assessed by health visitors and
      parents.
AB  - A behaviour checklist for use by health visitors at nine month and two year child
      development screening is described. Geographical prevalence of difficult
      behaviours within the health district is examined and comparison made between
      professional and parental understanding of such difficult behaviours.

PMID- 2925408
TI  - Health visitors' perceptions of normal infant behaviour.
AB  - A survey of 50 health visitors revealed a wide range of views on the frequency of
      certain behaviour patterns associated with feeding, sleeping and crying in
      babies. The implications of this for health visitor training and client contact
      are discussed.

PMID- 2925409
TI  - Passage to Patna.

PMID- 2925410
TI  - Hailsham Mums' Newsline.

PMID- 2925411
TI  - Know your organisations. Exploring parenthood.

PMID- 2925412
TI  - Ageing well in Thetford.

PMID- 2925413
TI  - Clinical neurologic assessment tool: development and testing of an instrument to
      index neurologic status.
AB  - The clinical neurologic assessment tool (CNA) is a 21-item instrument assessing
      response to verbal and tactile stimulation, ability to follow commands, muscle
      tone, body position, movement, chewing, and yawning in the patient with head
      trauma. The CNA was developed to detect subtle changes in the patients'
      neurologic status that may indicate transitions in the comatose state. The CNA
      has been extensively pilot tested. Reliability determined by using Cronbach's
      alpha revealed an internal consistency of 0.96. Concurrent validity testing with
      the Glasgow Coma Scale indicated a strong positive correlation, r = 0.94.
      Construct validity was assessed with factor analysis using 0.50 for a loading
      criterion. Three factors were demonstrated: general level of consciousness,
      muscle tone and resistance, and chewing or yawning. Discriminant function
      analysis revealed that the CNA scores correctly classified 95.1% of the patient
      observations into their respective Glasgow Coma Scale categories. The CNA is
      reliable, valid, convenient, and easily scored and captures the subtle changes in
      the patient with head trauma.

PMID- 2925414
TI  - Person-centered counseling: application in an intensive care setting.
AB  - Nursing care in an intensive care unit focuses, quite appropriately, on the
      patient's physical condition. However, the patient has emotional concerns, fears,
      and anxieties while we are busy attending to his or her physical needs. How can
      we blend high-technology physical care with the emotional care that patients and
      their families require? Person-centered counseling is one theoretic model that
      can be used to achieve this balance.

PMID- 2925415
TI  - Affectional touch in critical care nursing: a descriptive study.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to describe selected qualitative and quantitative
      factors present in nursing situations involving affectional touch. Natural field
      observation of 30 nurse-patient dyads in three hospital critical care units
      yielded frequency data in four categories: form of affectional touch, Weiss'
      qualitative factors, accompaniments, and stimulus. Frequencies of affectional
      touch and of proximity without touch were also obtained. Modal instances of
      affectional touch in a 1-hour period were 2, with a range of 0 to 17. Form of
      affectional touch most frequently used was sustained stationary, with stroking
      least frequent. The majority of instances of affectional touch were of short
      duration and low intensity, with visible reaction indicating comfort in
      approximately two thirds of the instances. Almost three fourths of the instances
      were accompanied by visual regard and two thirds by vocalization. Patient
      stimulus before affectional touch was indirect in 52% of the instances and
      unidentified in another 32%. This study provides clear evidence that, although
      the use of touch as a nursing comfort measure is widely advocated, affectional
      touch is infrequent. These results provide information useful to the further
      development of prescriptive theory for affectional touch in nursing practice
      situations.

PMID- 2925416
TI  - Biographic limits to life-extending technology.

PMID- 2925417
TI  - The senescent heart.
AB  - There are changes in the elderly population that make them more vulnerable to
      disease, react differently to disease, and respond differently to drugs. The
      changes that occur in the geriatric population are (1) general physical
      deconditioning, (2) blunted physiologic response to change, (3) decreased
      resilience, and (4) degenerative changes common to aging. Appreciation of these
      changes helps in the diagnoses, management, and evaluation of prognosis in the
      senescent patient.

PMID- 2925418
TI  - Atrioventricular (AV) block induced by a single ventricular extrasystole.

PMID- 2925419
TI  - Legislation to legalize active euthanasia.

PMID- 2925420
TI  - Stress ulceration: a serious complication in critically ill patients.

PMID- 2925421
TI  - Information currently available to the nurse.

PMID- 2925422
TI  - Efficient allocation of resources: support services, systems, and personnel.

PMID- 2925423
TI  - Retirement planning options under the new tax law.

PMID- 2925424
TI  - Measurable patient outcomes: putting theory into practice.

PMID- 2925425
TI  - Ethical dilemmas in home care of chronically ill elderly persons.

PMID- 2925427
TI  - Images.

PMID- 2925426
TI  - Oncology alert for the home care nurse: syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic
      hormone.

PMID- 2925428
TI  - Holistic approach to healing: Part II.

PMID- 2925429
TI  - Aerosol therapy: a nurse's guide (continuing education credit).

PMID- 2925430
TI  - Elder abuse: the next step.

PMID- 2925432
TI  - D-time: a personal reflection.

PMID- 2925431
TI  - Priorities.

PMID- 2925433
TI  - Dealing with the elderly alcoholic patient.

PMID- 2925434
TI  - Alzheimer's disease: the roles of the home health nurse and the caregiver.
AB  - A family's discomfort or inability to deal with nearly unmanageable situations
      involved with the home-based Alzheimer's patient can negatively influence the
      care given. Here the home health nurse's role as educator becomes paramount.

PMID- 2925435
TI  - The impact of Alzheimer's disease on family caregivers.
AB  - An understanding of the concerns and fears of caregivers of Alzheimer patients
      can help the health care professional provide home care management more
      effectively.

PMID- 2925436
TI  - Home management of the patient with Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - Quality long-term management of the Alzheimer's patient requires familiarity with
      the characteristic stages of the disease, knowledge of appropriate care as the
      disease progresses, and awareness of the help available from community resources.

PMID- 2925437
TI  - Incontinence aids for home use.
AB  - Specific knowledge of the relative merits and costs of equipment and techniques
      will enable individualized incontinence management for greater patient comfort.

PMID- 2925438
TI  - Applying the principles of organizational psychology to improve the selection of
      home health aides and homemakers: Part I.
AB  - The authors present an employment selection system specifically developed for the
      home health care industry that is designed to maximize the quality of care by
      providing capable, committed caregivers to clients.

PMID- 2925439
TI  - Survival in a nursing shortage.

PMID- 2925440
TI  - Caregiver grief.

PMID- 2925441
TI  - Mental status questionnaire.

PMID- 2925442
TI  - The loss of self.

PMID- 2925443
TI  - The patient with Alzheimer's disease: retaining the right to make medical
      treatment decisions.

PMID- 2925444
TI  - Distribution of glycoconjugates on the plasma membrane and on membranes of the
      open-canalicular system in human platelets. A cytochemical study.
AB  - Distribution of carbohydrate moieties in the membrane system of the human blood
      platelet was studied by electron microscopy employing lectins as a probe.
      Glutaraldehyde-fixed platelets were treated with biotinylated-lectins (ConA, RCA,
      WGA, PNA, SBA, DBA and UEA-1) and labeled with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated
      avidin. Among the lectins used, ConA bound uniformly to the plasma membrane as
      well as to the membrane of the open-canalicular system (OCS). Other lectins
      showed more or less reduced binding on the OCS membrane compared with that on the
      plasma membrane, indicating that there exist regional differences in the
      distribution pattern of glycoconjugates in the membrane system of the platelet.
      The relationship of the distribution pattern of the glycoconjugates with the
      distribution of the major platelet glycoproteins GPIb and GPIIbIIIa is discussed.

PMID- 2925445
TI  - Localization of calmodulin positive immunoreactivity in the surface epidermis of
      the brown trout, Salmo trutta.
AB  - Calmodulin is a Ca2+-dependent modulatory protein which is required in the
      general regulation of a large number of key processes of cellular metabolism. In
      the present study, the localization of calmodulin positive immunoreactivity in
      the epidermis of the brown trout, Salmo trutta was investigated using a specific
      mouse monoclonal antibody to calmodulin of IgG2 class. The immunoreaction was
      found only in the superficial epithelial cells that constitute the main
      histological site for the production of calmodulin positive substances. Because
      of its distribution, this protein might have a physiological significance in the
      activation of the microvillar skeleton and in the control of the permeability of
      the skin epithelium.

PMID- 2925446
TI  - Coexistence of catecholamine and methionine enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8 in neurons
      of the rat ventrolateral medulla oblongata. Application of combined peptide
      immunocytochemistry and histofluorescence method in the same vibratome section.
AB  - An overlapping distribution of catecholamine-containing cells and proenkephaline
      A derived peptide-containing neurons have been identified in the rat medulla
      oblongata. However, it is not evident whether the coexistence of these bioactive
      substances occurs in the same neurons or not. Therefore, we examined the
      coexistence of catecholamine and methionine-enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8 (MEAGL), a
      proenkephaline-A derived peptide, using a combination of histofluorescence and
      peroxidase-anti-peroxidase (PAP) immunohistochemical (modified formaldehyde
      glutalaldehyde (Faglu)) methods on the same tissue sections. We found one third
      of A1/C1 catecholamine fluorescent cells show MEAGL-like immunoreactivity.

PMID- 2925447
TI  - Immunocytochemistry of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine labelled oligonucleotide probes. A
      novel technique for in situ hybridization.
AB  - A synthetic oligonucleotide probe, complementary to oxytocin m-RNA was labelled
      enzymatically with 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (5-BrdU) and with [gamma-32P]-ATP. The
      labelled probes were used for in situ hybridization of histological sections of
      the mouse hypothalamus. A monoclonal antibody to 5-BrdU and the streptavidine
      peroxidase technique were used in order to visualize hybridization with the 5
      BrdU labelled probe. In situ hybridization with [32P] labelling was detected
      autoradiographically. With both methods hybridized neurons were visible in the
      magnocellular hypothalamic nuclei. While immunostaining and radio-labelling
      provided similar localization of oxytocin m-RNA, only the immunocytochemical
      technique showed clear cellular resolution of the reaction product. In situ
      hybridization with 5-BrdU labelled probes followed by 5-brdU immunocytochemistry
      seems to be a powerful alternative to common autoradiographic techniques.

PMID- 2925448
TI  - Distribution of lectin binding glycoprotein in osteoclasts.
AB  - Arachis hypogaea (PNA) lectin, specific for Gal-B-1,3-GalNac disaccharide and
      Wheat germ (WGA) lectin, specific for (GlcNac) and terminal neuraminic acid were
      used to identify histiocytic giant cells, osteoclast like giant cells and
      osteoclasts. PNA lectin, without neuraminidase predigestion was not bound by the
      giant cells, while they showed a strong reaction with WGA lectin. Neuraminidase
      pretreatment decreased WGA lectin binding, which supports that neuraminic acid
      plays a role in the binding of WGA. On the other hand, neuraminidase digestion
      liberated large amounts of PNA binding sites in every type of giant cells
      examined, showing a strong, intracytoplasmic granular staining. This observation
      is indicative of presence of PNA binding sites masked by neuraminic acid. Instead
      of the intracytoplasmic PNA binding in some osteoclasts a well defined part of
      the cytomembrane was heavily stained. We suppose that this PNA binding part of
      cytomembrane equals to the zone of resorption, characterized by the ruffled
      border of osteoclasts. Our findings indicate that a neuraminic acid substituted
      PNA binding glycoprotein is synthetized both in osteoclasts and histiocytic giant
      cells which may indicate a common origin of these cell types.

PMID- 2925450
TI  - Ultrastructural localization of dentine phosphoprotein in rat tooth germs by
      immunogold staining.
AB  - Dentine phosphoprotein (DPP) was localized on thin frozen sections of fixed rat
      tooth germs by indirect immunogold staining. Antisera were directed against DPP
      and against glutaraldehyde-treated DPP and were characterized by immuno
      electroblotting. In odontoblasts, DPP was found to be localized in the cisternae
      of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and the Golgi apparatus and in Golgi
      associated vesicles. Odontoblastic processes were moderately positive for DPP and
      dentine was intensely labeled on frozen sections of unfixed tissue. Predentine
      showed a slight immunoreactivity. These results indicate the synthesis of DPP in
      the RER, its accumulation in the Golgi apparatus and its vesicular transport and
      secretion via the odontoblastic processes into dentine. The close association of
      the gold particles with the dentinal collagen fibres makes a role of DPP in
      linking mineral to collagen conceivable. Matrix vesicles were negative for DPP,
      suggesting that the protein is not present at the sites of matrix vesicle
      associated nucleation.

PMID- 2925449
TI  - Glycoconjugate with terminal galactose. A selective property of macrophages in
      developing rat lung.
AB  - Pulmonary macrophages in pre- and postnatal rats were examined histochemically
      with a battery of peroxidase labeled lectins. Among them, Griffonia simplicifolia
      agglutinin I-B4 (GSA I-B4) which binds specifically to terminal alpha-galactose
      showed selective affinity in lung for the monocyte-macrophage line. These cells
      were demonstrable with GSA I-B4 from the 14th day of gestation through the adult.
      Extension to the ultrastructural level showed strong selective binding of this
      lectin to the surface of the plasmalemma and inner face of membranes limiting
      phagosomes in macrophages. At day 14 of gestation, monocyte-like cells positive
      with GSA I-B4 were scattered in various organs including lung. The lectin
      reactive cells in lung increased in number and size with development,
      infiltrating the interstitium through day 20 of gestation and then also entering
      the alveolar space. These findings suggest that GSA I-B4 recognizes a surface
      glycoconjugate characteristic of the pulmonary monocyte-macrophage line. Such
      selective lectin affinity offers a marker for detecting the pulmonary macrophages
      and examining their kinetics by light and electron microscopy.

PMID- 2925451
TI  - A simple fixation procedure for immunofluorescent detection of different
      cytoskeletal components within the same cell.
AB  - In recent studies on the cytoskeletal organization of T51B rat liver cells by
      indirect immunofluorescence microscopy, we have been unable to achieve double
      staining of microtubules and intermediate filaments within the same cell. In
      acetone-fixed cells, microtubules were poorly preserved, and two out of three
      monoclonal antibodies tested did not stain them properly. In formaldehyde-fixed
      cells, the monoclonal anti-cytokeratin produced an incomplete staining pattern
      against a diffuse background. We have now developed a fixation protocol which
      includes simultaneous fixation and extraction with formaldehyde and nonionic
      detergent in the present of microtubule stabilization buffer. Although developed
      for a specific purpose, it is of general application as it yields excellent
      preservation of all cytoskeletal components tested so far, without masking
      antigenic determinants. The procedure is both simple and fast and will,
      therefore, be valuable for efficient processing of samples from large-scale
      experiments, such as the screening for cytoskeletal changes during longterm
      treatment of cells with drugs or carcinogens.

PMID- 2925452
TI  - Inhibition by leupeptin and antipain of the intracellular proteolysis of Ii.
AB  - Intracellular cleavage of Ii was evaluated in immunoprecipitates of radiolabeled
      Raji cells treated with protease inhibitors (leupeptin, antipain, chymostatin,
      and pepstatin) or blockers of endosomal function (chloroquine and monensin).
      Immunoprecipitates with anti-class II and anti-Ii(12-28) sera and VIC-Y1 MoAb
      revealed Ii cleavage products of 21,000 and 10,000 daltons (p21 and p10) only in
      leupeptin- and antipain-treated cells. Both p21 and p10 were judged to be N
      terminal products because they were recognized with anti-Ii(12-28) and not with
      anti-Ii(183-193) or anti-Ii(192-211) sera. p10 might be derived from p21 because
      its intensity was increased in inverse proportion to p21 as a function of
      leupeptin or antipain concentration. p21, but not p10, was recognized by anti
      class II antibody and thus might originate from class II-associated Ii. In pulse
      chase studies, p21 and p10 appeared at 2 hr and later after Ii synthesis. p25, an
      Ii C-terminal fragment, was about 60% reduced by leupeptin or antipain.
      Intracellular proteolytic cleavage of class II-associated Ii appeared to follow
      two pathways leading either to N-terminal p21 and p10 or to C-terminal p25. Such
      cleavages might regulate or catalyze foreign antigen binding to class II.

PMID- 2925453
TI  - Immunocytochemical characterization of the unusual large granular lymphocytes in
      human endometrium throughout the menstrual cycle.
AB  - Leukocyte populations were studied at all stages of the menstrual cycle using a
      panel of monoclonal antibodies to natural killer cells, T cells, B cells, and
      macrophages on frozen sections of endometrium. At the time of implantation (mid
      secretory phase) the majority of leukocytes appear to be Leu19+, CD16-, Leu7-,
      CD2+, CD3-, CD5-, CD7-, and HLA DR- with the morphology of large granular
      lymphocytes. The numbers of these cells showed a marked increase in the mid
      secretory phase. These cells exhibited similar phenotypic characteristics to
      those found in decidua. These findings, therefore, suggest that the recruitment
      of these large granular lymphocytes to the uterus is under hormonal control and
      is not a local response to the presence of invading trophoblast.

PMID- 2925454
TI  - Mitogen-induced human IgG subclass expression. II. IgG1 and IgG3 subclasses are
      preferentially stimulated by a combination of Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I and
      pokeweed mitogen.
AB  - Mitogens generally stimulate human IgG subclass production in amounts
      proportional to their abundance in serum (IgG1 greater than IgG2 greater than
      IgG3 greater than IgG4). We report here that a combination of Staphylococcus
      aureus Cowan strain I and pokeweed mitogen consistently stimulates human
      peripheral blood lymphocytes in vitro to preferentially produce more IgG1 and
      IgG3 than IgG2. This preferential stimulation can be measured by increases in the
      number of immunoblasts (cells with detectable cytoplasmic immunoglobulin) as well
      as in secreted immunoglobulin. The preferential stimulation pattern is
      established by the fourth day of culture and is maintained at least until the
      tenth day. Removal of T cells and subsequent stimulation of B cells with S.
      aureus Cowan I and interleukin 1 (IL-1) interleukin 2 (IL-2), interleukin 4 (IL
      4), or interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) failed to enhance any IgG subclass
      production, indicating the requirement for multiple lymphokines in IgG subclass
      production. The significance of these findings is discussed with respect to B
      cell regulatory molecules and the coordinate expression of IgG subclasses.

PMID- 2925455
TI  - Rare in the US, the human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) was recently found
      in 10 out of 40,000 donors in this country.

PMID- 2925456
TI  - A single prophylactic dose of ceftriaxone as total antibiotic therapy in
      transurethral surgery.
AB  - Ceftriaxone (1 g, intravenous administration, 30 to 60 minutes preoperatively)
      was the only antimicrobial therapy used for 103 male patients undergoing
      transurethral surgery. Only patients who had sterile urine were included in the
      study. Patients with a preoperative catheter placed were excluded. One
      transurethral incision of the prostate, four direct-vision internal
      urethrotomies, and 98 transurethral resections of the prostate were performed.
      Urine specimens for culture were obtained preoperatively and on first voiding
      after catheter removal for all patients. During the first postoperative visit (11
      to 40 days after surgery), urinalysis was performed for all patients, and
      specimens for culture were obtained from 89 patients. No infections were noted on
      cultures of first voided specimens after catheter removal; there were four
      infections (3.88%) on first postoperative visit cultures. No significant
      morbidity occurred secondary to urinary tract infection. According to these
      findings, the use of antimicrobial agents beyond the preoperative and immediate
      postoperative period in uninfected patients undergoing transurethral surgery does
      not appear to be indicated.

PMID- 2925457
TI  - Naloxone alteration of blood flow in a nonischemic region of the partially
      ischemic gerbil brain.
AB  - The effect of naloxone (NAL) treatment on cerebral blood flow in the partially
      ischemic gerbil brain was investigated. Under pentobarbital anesthesia, the right
      carotid artery in female gerbils was cannulated. A permanent ischemia was
      produced in the right anterior brain portion by carotid ligation. One hour after
      the surgical procedure, radioactive 51Cr, microspheres were injected via the
      carotid catheter before intraperitoneal administration of NAL (50 mg/kg) in
      saline solution. Five minutes later, radioactive 46Sc microspheres were injected
      via the carotid catheter. Controls were injected in the same manner with vehicle
      and microspheres. Brain quarters were assessed for 51Cr and 46Sc radioactivity
      with a gamma counter. A significant decrease in microsphere deposition was
      observed with NAL treatment in the right rear, nonischemic part of the brain. No
      changes in radioactivity were detected in the ischemic portion. These findings
      suggest that NAL may alter brain blood flow independently of ischemia.

PMID- 2925458
TI  - Diagnosis and management of ventricular dysphonia.
AB  - Ventricular phonation may develop on a functional level, or it may occur as an
      alternative voice for the patient who has an organic disease of the true vocal
      folds. Three cases that represent iatrogenic, traumatic, and neurologic forms of
      the disorder are reported. Diagnosis, treatment, and guidelines for follow-up
      speech therapy are discussed.

PMID- 2925459
TI  - Subcutaneous emphysema and pneumomediastinum complicating labor in a twin
      pregnancy.
AB  - Although a rare complication of labor, subcutaneous emphysema and
      pneumomediastinum (Hamman's syndrome) must be considered in the parturient
      complaining of chest or neck pain, dysphagia, or shortness of breath. With
      conservative management, the prognosis is favorable. The case presented is the
      first of Hamman's syndrome complicating the labor of a twin gestation. The
      pathophysiology, symptoms, and management guidelines for the syndrome are
      reviewed.

PMID- 2925461
TI  - Lupus: the 'wolf bite' that may be more than skin deep.

PMID- 2925460
TI  - Facial nerve palsy secondary to acute otitis media.
AB  - Acute otitis media is diagnosed commonly in the pediatric population. Numerous
      complications, one of which is facial palsy, may result. Facial paralysis may be
      the initial complaint in the child in whom acute otitis media later develops on
      the affected side, as was true in the case reported here. Dehiscence of the
      fallopian canal, physiologic canaliculi along the facial nerve to the periphery,
      and host resistance play an integral part in the development of facial nerve
      palsy from acute otitis media. The two most effective neurodiagnostic studies are
      the nerve excitability test and electromyography. The author also recommends
      daily acoustic reflex testing for denervation or reinnervation. Specific
      indications for conservative therapy (myringotomy, antibiotic, and decongestant)
      as well as for surgical intervention are discussed. The treatment in the present
      case was particularly conservative. It included only a broad-spectrum antibiotic,
      with good results.

PMID- 2925463
TI  - The contingent negative variation in a Go/No Go avoidance task: relationships
      with personality and subjective state.
AB  - Howard et al. (1982) reported an association in mentally abnormal offenders
      between psychometric impulsiveness and the degree of differentiation in the
      contingent negative variation (CNV) recorded at the vertex between Go and No Go
      conditions in a Go/No Go signalled avoidance task. The present study aimed to
      investigate whether this finding extended to two samples of young, healthy
      volunteers using a variety of impulsiveness-related measures. As well as
      examining the Go/No Go CNV recorded from the vertex, the present study
      investigated the Go/No Go CNV recorded bilaterally at central (C3 and C4:
      Experiment 1) and temporal (T3 and T4: Experiment 2) electrode derivations. The
      study also investigated relationships between the Go/No Go CNV and subjective
      state. including stress and arousal as measured by a mood-adjective checklist, as
      well as several task-related state measures. The Go CNV recorded at the vertex
      was found to relate to a variety of impulsiveness-related measures, in particular
      to Eysenck's Impulsivity, Venturesomeness and Psychoticism. The Go/No Go CNV
      recorded at temporal sites was more closely related to measures of Emotionality.
      While the Go CNV appears to be an electrocortical index of a neuropsychological
      system mediating subjective stress, the No Go CNV appears to index subjective
      arousal. Results are interpreted in terms of orthogonal 'primary' and 'secondary'
      appraisal processes (Folkman et al., 1979), and their implications for Gray's
      (1982) neuropsychological theory of anxiety and Tucker and Williamson's (1984)
      neural control systems model of human self-regulation are outlined.

PMID- 2925462
TI  - Human Pavlovian HR-decelerative conditioning with negative tilt as US: evidence
      of vagal and sympathetic influences on the UR in dogs.
AB  - Following a review of studies employing negative tilt in human Pavlovian
      conditioning of heart rate (HR) deceleration (Furedy et al, in press), this paper
      reports data based on animal subjects on such physiological aspects of the
      decelerative unconditioned response (UR) as the degree of vagal involvement. Five
      anesthetized dogs underwent 90 degrees negative body tilts pre- and postbilateral
      vagotomy, while interbeat interval (IBI), left ventricular pressure (LVP) and its
      first derivative, d(LVP)/dt, which is a measure of sympathetic cardiac drive,
      were recorded. Consistent with the vagal interpretation of the tilt-induced
      decelerative UR, the results indicated that vagotomy markedly changed the tilt
      induced bradycardic reflex from a fast-recruiting, large-magnitude (over 45%),
      and sustained (throughout the 20-27-s tilt) IBI increase, to slower-recruiting,
      and markedly smaller (less than 5%) IBI increase. However, there was also
      evidence of an initial sympathetic excitation of about 5 s, as indicated by a 45%
      increase in d(LVP)/dt, which returned to baseline level by 9 s following tilt
      onset. Vagotomy increased this tilt-induced sympathetic excitation to about 100%,
      and it remained at above 70% throughout the tilt. Prevagotomy LVP showed a slight
      (about 10%) and delayed (about 6 s following tilt onset) depressor response,
      which was eliminated by vagotomy. Finally, unaveraged data from individual dogs
      suggested that prevagotomy, LVP changes preceded IBI changes. Regarding
      implications of these results for human HR deceleration-inducing preparations, we
      conclude that the different physiological mechanisms that accompany and/or
      produce a given change in HR need continuing investigation with multiple
      dependent physiological variables (which are assessed for topographical
      differences), and in both human and animal preparations.

PMID- 2925464
TI  - Alpha reactivity in schizophrenia and in schizophrenic spectrum disorders:
      demographic, clinical and hemispheric assessment.
AB  - Alpha EEG reactivity was assessed in a carefully diagnosed sample of 84
      schizophrenic and schizophrenic spectrum disorder patients, both under resting
      conditions (eyes closed and eyes open) and during two spatial-geometric cognitive
      tasks. The influence of the subject's demographic (sex and age), clinical
      (diagnostic subtypes, disease course, CT scan characteristics) and
      neurophysiological (hemispheric recording and different cognitive tasks)
      characteristics on alpha peak reactivity was analyzed by means of multivariate
      analysis of variance. The results indicated a significant effect of type of
      illness on alpha EEG reactivity, patients with a diagnosis of undifferentiated
      and disorganized schizophrenia having the lowest alpha reactivity levels. None of
      the other variables considered had any contributing effect. The results are
      discussed in terms of orienting responses and hemispheric CNS organization in
      functional psychoses.

PMID- 2925465
TI  - Repeated acoustic stimulation of acute schizophrenic patients and the habituation
      of EEG power changes.
AB  - Habituation in psychiatric patients to repeated stimuli has typically been
      described in connection with the measurement of the skin conductance orienting
      response. Here EEG power spectra of acute schizophrenic patients and normals to 4
      trials of an acoustic stimulation were examined for evidence of habituation. In
      response to stimulation the alpha EEG reactivity was less distinct in
      schizophrenics than in normals. This is in agreement with the theory of
      hypovariability or hyperstability of the EEG in schizophrenics. Signs of
      habituation in acute schizophrenics were clearer in fast beta frequencies of the
      parietal leads.

PMID- 2925466
TI  - Electrodermally differentiated subgroups of anxiety patients and controls. II:
      Relationships with auditory, somatosensory and pain thresholds, agoraphobic fear,
      depression and cerebral laterality.
AB  - Patients diagnosed (DSM III) with anxiety disorders (agoraphobia, panic syndrome,
      generalised anxiety syndrome) were classified along with controls as
      electrodermally stabile or labile on the basis of non-specific electrodermal
      activity and rate of habituation to tones. While patients showed more evidence of
      psychopathology than controls on scales of anxiety, neuroticism, depression and
      agoraphobic fear, patient labiles scored higher than stabiles on agoraphobic fear
      and were differentiated by higher scores of Beck depression. They were also more
      sensitive to pain, whereas patient stabiles were less sensitive at absolute
      somatosensory threshold. Amongst controls agoraphobic fear was associated with
      lability and stabiles scored higher on autonomy in locus of control. Lateral
      asymmetries in auditory thresholds were consistent with reciprocal hemispheric
      influences on electrodermal reactivity and habituation, modifiable by anxiety.
      Interrelationships between fear, depression, sensitivity to somatosensory
      stimulation, pain, and superior vigilance performance in patient labiles were
      consistent with elevated right hemisphere function.

PMID- 2925467
TI  - Basal adrenocortical activity and DST in electrodermally differentiated subgroups
      of panic patients.
AB  - Twenty nine patients with panic disorder or agoraphobia with panic attacks were
      studied. The relationship between pre- and postdexamethasone serum cortisol level
      and electrodermal lability as reflected in electrodermal habituation rate and
      resting non-specific electrodermal activity was investigated. The frequency of
      non-suppression of cortisol following dexamethasone (DST non-suppressors) (at 5
      micrograms/dl cut-off level) was 29.6% for the total group of patients. The basal
      plasma cortisol concentration showed positive correlation with the electrodermal
      habituation rate. The basal plasma cortisol level of slow habituator panic
      patients was significantly higher compared to rapid habituator patients, and it
      was above the normal range. On the contrary in rapid habituator panic patients
      the pre- and postdexamethasone cortisol difference was significantly less than in
      slow habituator patients, due to the normal basal plasma cortisol level and the
      relatively reduced rate of feedback suppression of cortisol following
      dexamethasone. Of the rapid habituator panic patients, 50% were non-suppressors
      following dexamethasone (at 5 micrograms/dl cut-off level). The above results
      might reflect two relatively different patterns of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal
      dysregulation in connection with two extremes of electrodermal habituation rate
      in panic patients.

PMID- 2925468
TI  - 40-Hz EEG asymmetry during recall of emotional events in waking and hypnosis:
      differences between low and high hypnotizables.
AB  - Sixteen high and thirteen low hypnotizable women, who had participated in our
      previous study (De Pascalis et al., 1987), were enrolled in a hypnotic session.
      After the hypnotic induction they were requested to recollect 2 positive and 2
      negative personal life experiences. In our previous study subjects performed
      similar tasks in a waking-state. Hypnotizability was evaluated the first time
      with the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility (Form A) and, a second
      time, individually, with the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale (Form C). The
      State Trait Anxiety Inventory, Maudsley Personality Inventory, and Tellegen
      Absorption Scale were administered. Upper-trapezius electromyogram (EMG) and
      bilateral electroencephalogram (EEG) activities within the 35-45 Hz band were
      recorded. Self-report rating scores for vividness of visual imagery and emotional
      feeling of the material recalled were evaluated. The 40-Hz EMG amplitude and the
      left and right hemisphere 40-Hz EEG densities were obtained. The data collected
      in hypnosis were compared with those in the waking-state. High hypnotizables,
      with respect to the lows, displayed significantly lower 40-Hz EEG density in the
      rest condition. High hypnotizables, while they were in hypnosis, showed an
      increase of 40-Hz EEG density during emotional recall compared with rest periods.
      In contrast, low hypnotizables, after hypnotic induction, showed no density
      change during tasks compared to the rest conditions. Different hemispheric trends
      were found between groups. Highs showed an increase of 40-Hz EEG density over
      both hemisphere during positive emotions and a density increase in the right and
      a density reduction in the left during negative ones. This hemispheric trend was
      found in waking and hypnotic conditions although in the hypnotic condition more
      pronounced hemispheric patterns were observed. The Tellegen Absorption Scale was
      found positively related to hypnotizability and with the level of 40-Hz density
      increase on the right hemisphere during emotional tasks. High hypnotizables, with
      respect to the lows, were able to access affects more readily. They also showed a
      greater hemispheric specificity in waking and hypnotic conditions.

PMID- 2925469
TI  - Compliance with breast self-examination instruction in healthy adolescents.
AB  - Compliance with breast self-examination was prospectively assessed in three
      groups of healthy outpatient adolescents 6 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months after
      instruction. Although 87%, 59%, and 71% of the three respective groups reported
      sporadic practice of breast self-examination, only 39%, 9%, and 18%,
      respectively, performed the procedure timed correctly with the menstrual cycle.
      Those adolescents tested at 6 weeks demonstrated a high degree of proficiency in
      replicating the procedure on a silicone model. There was no significant
      difference between demographic variables or personal health beliefs regarding
      breast cancer and breast self-examination compliance. Our findings suggest that
      adolescents can effectively perform breast self-examination, but their practice
      is erratic. Thus, we recommend that when instruction in breast self-examination
      is given, the examination schedule should be reinformed at a follow-up visit.

PMID- 2925471
TI  - Alcohol and vehicular injuries in adolescents.
AB  - Although there is a disproportionately high accident rate among adolescent
      drivers due to inexperience, alcohol appears to play a significant role in this
      number one killer for the age group. To assess this, the level of blood alcohol
      was measured in adolescents admitted to a trauma center following vehicular
      injuries.

PMID- 2925470
TI  - Characteristics of males at a public health department contraceptive service.
AB  - To effectively confront teenage pregnancy, the characteristics, attitudes, and
      behaviors of males, along with females, need to be better understood. This pilot
      study examined young males who visited the family planning clinic of a public
      health department to obtain free condoms. Questionnaires were distributed over a
      4-week period. Nearly 30% of males reported having sex 11+ times a month.
      However, an equal proportion reported having sex three or fewer times in the same
      interval. Most males reported using condoms during sex, although one quarter
      reported use as "seldom." The health department was a major source of condoms and
      was positively evaluated because condoms were free and there were "no questions
      asked." Only one third of the males reported using another method of
      contraception. Results suggest a major role of the health department in condom
      availability and the potential need for contraceptive services for males.

PMID- 2925472
TI  - Anorexia nervosa. Hospitalization on adolescent medicine units and third-party
      payments.
AB  - To determine the appropriateness of hospitalization for patients with anorexia
      nervosa on an adolescent medicine unit, major and minor criteria justifying
      admission were developed. Hospitalization was considered necessary when one major
      and three minor, or six minor, criteria were met. A retrospective review of 20
      patient records was conducted and all met the criteria. Eighteen patients were
      discharged with objective findings of improvement. Two were transferred to a
      psychiatric unit for prolonged care. A review of the financial records disclosed
      that four hospitalizations had been contested (partially or in total) by the
      patients' insurance company. Thus, in 20% of the records meeting the criteria for
      admission third parties refused to pay. Because insurance company denial may
      seriously undermine therapy and adversely influence outcome, it is proposed that
      a category of "Malnutrition Secondary to Anorexia Nervosa" be accepted as
      reimbursable under medical coverage for acute care treatment in qualified
      adolescent medicine units.

PMID- 2925473
TI  - Career satisfaction in adolescent medicine. A survey of physicians trained over a
      20-year period.
AB  - National data are available on the career undertakings of those trained in
      adolescent medicine, but longitudinal data on actual career and job satisfaction
      is lacking. Forty-five physicians trained in adolescent medicine from 1965 to
      1985 at a large urban teaching hospital were surveyed using the Jewitt/Greenberg
      Career Satisfaction Questionnaire. Thirty two (71%) responded. Twenty-one (66%)
      were primarily in practice, eight (25%) were in academic medicine, and three (9%)
      were involved in administration. Five (16%) had careers in adolescent and/or
      young adult health care. Thirty-one (97%) claimed to at least "like" their
      career, and 29 (91%) felt "satisfied." Only three (9%) desired to change their
      career, but 11 others (34%) stated they would if they could have an equal
      opportunity in a new career. Four individuals (13%) would not have chosen
      medicine if given another chance, and 12 (30%) would not have chosen pediatrics.
      Greatest satisfaction was derived from patient care activities (62%), the actual
      work site and job (50%), and finances (40%). Dissatisfaction resulted from too
      little money (34%), inadequate time (25%), administrative problems (22%), and
      patient-related problems (22%). A large majority (72%) desired to be acknowledged
      as specialists. This review of graduates from a single program provides a unique
      perspective on the ultimate careers of trainees. A similar review of other
      programs may help facilitate teaching and correct programatic deficiencies. This
      review also suggests that careful thought should be given to a way of properly
      acknowledging, as specialists, those trained in adolescent medicine.

PMID- 2925474
TI  - Enuresis following masturbation in a mentally retarded adolescent.
AB  - An unusual presentation of enuresis is described. A mentally retarded adolescent
      male with normal bladder function wet his bed while awake following masturbation.
      Initially, this sequence was not apparent to the parents or physicians. A
      multidisciplinary approach to the symptom helped to define and focus on the
      circumstances of the symptom itself, allowing for successful intervention.

PMID- 2925475
TI  - Limited data on Mexican-American pregnant and nonpregnant teenagers.

PMID- 2925476
TI  - Recognition of ovulatory/anovulatory cycle pattern in adolescents by mucus self
      detection.
AB  - The high frequency of anovulation during adolescence raises the question of
      whether a method for the recognition of ovulation by self-detection of cervical
      mucus patterns is useful in teenagers. We performed a secondary analysis of 1049
      completely recorded cycles of 235 teen women 15-17 years of age with a
      gynecologic age from less than 1 to 7 years. These subjects had learned to
      monitor their fertility patterns using the Billings Ovulation Method. The cycles
      were analyzed by the length of the mucus and luteal phases and recorded "peak
      symptom." Ovulatory cycles were grouped by the length of the luteal phase, short
      (4-8 days) and average (8-18 days), and plotted against gynecologic age. The
      frequency of anovulatory cycles was comparable to Vollman's age-stratified
      monophasic cycle groups. Ovulatory patterns were found at gynecologic ages of 1
      year, 49%; 2 years, 60%; 3 years, 72%; 4 years, 61%; 5 years, 86%; and 6 years,
      71%. The study proved that teen-age women can distinguish patterns of ovulation
      and anovulation by self-detection of cervical mucus.

PMID- 2925478
TI  - Corporate practice of veterinary medicine.

PMID- 2925477
TI  - Birth weight outcomes in a teenage pregnancy case management project.
AB  - While many comprehensive health care programs for pregnant adolescents are
      designed to improve the birth weights of the babies born, few provide statistical
      evidence that they were able to do so. In this study, information was gathered
      prospectively on 411 mothers in a Teenage Pregnancy and Parenting Program (TAPP)
      that coordinated medical, educational, and social services through individual
      case management and agency-level coordination, information on the mothers, their
      pregnancy, and services received. The low birth weight rate for TAPP participants
      was significantly lower than the rate for San Francisco teens prior to the
      establishment of the program (8.1% versus 12.0% p less than 0.05). The mean
      weights of babies born to teens in TAPP were significantly higher than those in
      San Francisco after controlling for differences in the race, infant gender,
      parity, and age (p less than 0.0001). Participation in the TAPP program prior to
      delivery was more strongly associated with better birth weight outcomes than was
      race, age, parity, or gender. Participation in the TAPP program was associated
      with significantly better birth weights independent of receiving a minimal number
      of prenatal medical visits adequate for the gestational age of the baby at birth.
      Our results provide evidence of better health outcomes for the babies of teens
      who had case management that included continuous individual counseling and
      coordination of health, education, psychosocial, and nutrition services.

PMID- 2925479
TI  - Videotaping as a potential safeguard against veterinary malpractice lawsuits.

PMID- 2925480
TI  - ECG of the month. Sinus tachycardia and hyperkalemia in a horse.

PMID- 2925482
TI  - Arteriosclerosis in a rabbit.
AB  - Extensive mineralization of the aorta, brachiocephalic trunk, and the left
      subclavian, both iliac, common carotid, and renal arteries were found at necropsy
      in a 3-year-old French Lop rabbit. The rabbit had been examined previously for
      seizures, at which time abdominal radiography revealed calcification of the
      abdominal aorta and external iliac arteries. Treatment was not initiated, and the
      rabbit died 4 months later of bacterial pneumonia. The rabbit also had
      hypercalcemia. In contrast to many species, the blood calcium concentrations of
      rabbits reflect dietary intake.

PMID- 2925481
TI  - Randomized efficacy trials of long-acting oxytetracycline in neonatal pigs.
AB  - Prophylactic efficacy of 100 mg of long-acting oxytetracycline (OTC) given IM to
      neonatal pigs within 12 hours of birth was evaluated in a swine herd. The herd
      had a history of increased neonatal mortality, diarrhea, foot abscess, and
      arthritis in nursing pigs. Two trials were conducted in which liters and
      individual pigs were the treatment groups of interest. In both trials, OTC
      treatment failed to reduce mortality, diarrhea, or arthritis or the need for
      subsequent antimicrobial therapy (P greater than 0.05). Preweaning weight gains
      were not increased (P greater than 0.05) in treated pigs. However, in the
      individual pig trial, foot abscess rates were significantly (P = 0.01) lower in
      treated pigs (3.7%) than in nontreated pigs (8%). Aerobic bacteria isolated from
      pigs with diarrhea, arthritis, or foot abscess had minimum inhibitory
      concentrations for OTC greater than or equal to 64 micrograms/ml or were classed
      as resistant on the basis of disk-diffusion tests.

PMID- 2925483
TI  - Small-colon rupture attributable to granulosa cell tumor in a mare.
AB  - A large granulosa cell tumor was believed to be responsible for causing
      obstruction and subsequent rupture of the small colon in a 10-year-old Quarter
      Horse mare. Two months earlier, a mass, tentatively diagnosed as granulosa cell
      tumor of the left ovary, had been identified by means of rectal palpation and
      ultrasonography. The mare was evaluated for clinical signs of acute, severe,
      abdominal pain, increased heart rate, cyanotic mucous membranes, clinical
      dehydration, with high PCV, leukopenia, and extreme abdominal distension. A large
      soft tissue mass and taut band that constricted the lumen of the small colon were
      palpable per rectum. Septic peritonitis was diagnosed on the basis of results of
      abdominocentesis. Exploratory surgery revealed extensive fecal contamination of
      the abdominal viscera, and the mare was euthanatized because of the resultant
      poor prognosis. At necropsy, the small colon was occluded by a taut, left broad
      ligament and the ovarian mass that was proved to be a granulosa cell tumor. The
      occlusion had caused impaction of the small colon, with subsequent perforation at
      the level of the broad ligament.

PMID- 2925484
TI  - Transient, traumatically induced, central diabetes insipidus in a dog.
AB  - A 9-year-old mixed-breed dog was evaluated for dental malocclusion secondary to
      mandibular fractures that had been repaired after the dog had been hit by a car.
      The dog had hypernatremia, high plasma osmolality, low urine osmolality, and
      hyposthenuria with adequate fluid administration. Skull radiography revealed a
      fracture line at approximately the level of the pituitary fossa. Administration
      of exogenous vasopressin resulted in an increase in urine specific gravity and
      urine osmolality, a decrease in serum osmolality, and a normalization of serum
      sodium concentrations. Follow-up evaluation revealed a reduction in the frequency
      of exogenous treatment with vasopressin over the ensuing months, indicating
      transient, traumatically induced, central diabetes insipidus.

PMID- 2925485
TI  - Movement disorders during sleep in cats and dogs.
AB  - Spontaneous sleep movement disorders in 5 cats and 3 dogs were studied. Objective
      abnormalities during sleep were confirmed by electrographic or behavioral
      monitoring techniques in all animals. The cause of the disorder was CNS disease
      in 3 animals. A cause was not discovered in the other 5 animals, although at
      necropsy, 2 were found to have thyroid tumors. Many pharmacologic treatments were
      ineffectual, but trials with the benzodiazepine tranquilizer, clonazepam,
      suggested it will prove useful in controlling violent movements during rapid-eye
      movement sleep.

PMID- 2925486
TI  - Pyometra involving uterus masculinus in a cat.
AB  - A neutered male cat with a history of intermittent antibiotic-responsive fever
      and strangury had pyometra involving uterus masculinus. The infected structure
      was removed, and episodes of infection and strangury ceased.

PMID- 2925487
TI  - Food hypersensitivity in cats: 14 cases (1982-1987)
AB  - Food hypersensitivity was diagnosed in 14 cats. Clinical signs varied; pruritus
      (100%), alopecia (64%), and papules (21%) were the ones most commonly observed.
      Pruritus was localized principally to the head or to the neck or ear region in
      42% of the cats. Diagnosis was made on the basis of resolution of clinical signs
      when cats were fed a restricted ("hypoallergenic") diet, and recurrence of signs
      when cats were fed their original diet or other food. The most common allergens
      (on the basis of dietary challenge exposure) were fish and dairy products. Age or
      sex predilection was not observed, and 9 (64%) of the cats were domestic
      shorthairs. Owners could not relate the onset of clinical signs with a recent
      change in diet. Three cats had concurrent flea bite, inhalant, or flea collar
      hypersensitivity.

PMID- 2925488
TI  - Treatment and prognostic factors in lymphoma in cats: 103 cases (1977-1981).
AB  - The records of 103 cats with lymphoma that underwent chemotherapy were reviewed.
      Diagnosis was confirmed by cytologic or histopathologic examination of
      appropriate tissue specimens. Sixty-four cats (62%) had a complete response to
      chemotherapy (median survival time, 7 months); 21 cats (20%) had a partial
      response (median survival time, 2.5 months); and 18 cats had a minimal response
      (median survival time, 1.5 months). Seventy-seven cats (75%) died of recurrent or
      progressive lymphoma, 9 cats died of feline leukemia-related anemia, 13 cats died
      of unrelated causes, and 4 cats were alive. Stage of disease was significantly (P
      = 0.009) related to response to treatment, and stage of disease and FeLV status
      were both significantly (P = 0.002 and P less than 0.001, respectively) related
      to survival.

PMID- 2925489
TI  - What is your diagnosis? Multifocal lytic bone disease.

PMID- 2925490
TI  - Apprehensive about some trends in the profession.

PMID- 2925491
TI  - Transmission of leishmaniasis.

PMID- 2925492
TI  - Equine drug use: protecting your license.

PMID- 2925493
TI  - Medical waste: confusion reigns.

PMID- 2925494
TI  - Clients beliefs vs veterinary attitudes.

PMID- 2925495
TI  - Coxiella burnetii infection (Q fever).

PMID- 2925496
TI  - Impact of trichomoniasis on the cow-calf producer's profitability.
AB  - Using current knowledge of bovine trichomoniasis, a computer spreadsheet
      simulation model was developed to contribute to the understanding of the disease
      dynamics and the disease's impact on calf crop, weaner calf production, and
      revenue returns. Two disease prevalence simulations were generated with the
      model. In each simulation, 200 susceptible cows were confined with 5 fertile
      bulls. In simulation 1, one bull was infected with Tritrichomonas foetus
      (prevalence, 20%); in simulation 2, 2 bulls were infected (prevalence, 40%). The
      remaining bulls in these groups were designated noninfected. The disease
      simulation outcomes for breeding and calving variables were compared with a
      similar but noninfected model group, simulation 0. The disease model predicted a
      reduction of 14 to 50% in annual calf crop, a prolonged breeding season, a
      reduction of 5 to 12% in the suckling/growing period, a reduction of 4 to 10% in
      pounds of marketable calf crop at weaning, a reduction of 4 to 10% in monetary
      return per calf born, and a substantial reduction of 5 to 35% in the return per
      cow confined with a fertile bull.

PMID- 2925497
TI  - Recurring tetraparesis attributable to a heartworm in the epidural space of a
      dog.
AB  - Recurring nonambulatory tetraparesis caused by a heartworm in the epidural space
      was diagnosed in a dog. On myelography and digital subtraction imaging, the
      parasite appeared as a large extradural mass. Surgical removal of a mature,
      female Dirofilaria immitis resulted in resolution of the neurologic signs.

PMID- 2925499
TI  - Treatment of cataplexy in a dog with narcolepsy.
AB  - A 1-year-old female Rottweiler with a history of narcolepsy and cataplexy lost
      weight and became worse when given cholinergic agents and/or prednisolone over a
      12-day period. The dog was then treated with imipramine HCl, and has been almost
      clinically normal for 2 years.

PMID- 2925498
TI  - Paraparesis caused by epidural granuloma in a cat.
AB  - Caudal paraparesis in a cat was determined to be caused by an epidural mass.
      Surgical decompression was performed, and the mass was determined to be a
      granuloma. Fusobacterium and Bacteroides spp were isolated from the granuloma.
      Epidural granulomas are seldom reported in dogs and cats. Decompression and
      administration of antibiotics led to recovery of this cat even though in human
      beings an unfavorable prognosis is given if neurologic deficits have developed.

PMID- 2925500
TI  - Reversal of atrial tachycardia with intravenous administration of verapamil in a
      dog.
AB  - Intravenous administration of verapamil at low dosage was effective in reversal
      of atrial tachycardia of unknown origin in a dog. The sinus rhythm remained
      normal for 24 hours before it reverted back to atrial tachycardia. A second IV
      administration of verapamil was effective in reversal of the atrial tachycardia,
      and a tapering dosage of verapamil, PO, was used to maintain normal sinus rhythm.

PMID- 2925502
TI  - 1987 professional incomes of US veterinarians, by hours worked and years since
      graduation.

PMID- 2925501
TI  - Failure of omasal transport attributable to perireticular abscess formation in
      cattle: 29 cases (1980-1986).
AB  - During a 7-year period, failure of omasal transport attributable to a
      perireticular abscess was diagnosed in 29 cows. Affected cattle were examined
      because of anorexia, hypogalactia, and bilateral abdominal distention. The cows
      were all female Holsteins, 15 months to 10 years old. The abscess was identified
      during exploratory celiotomy and rumenotomy or at necropsy. Traumatic
      reticuloperitonitis was believed to be the cause. Twenty-seven cattle (93%) were
      treated surgically. The abscess was drained into the reticulum or omasum in 25
      cows (86%). Twenty-four cows (83%) survived to the time of discharge from the
      hospital, and 20 (69%) survived for at least 1 year and became productive members
      of the herd. This is a better survival rate than that reported for other causes
      of vagal indigestion.

PMID- 2925503
TI  - What is your diagnosis? Gastric dilatation; possible diaphragmatic hernia.

PMID- 2925504
TI  - Summary of the policy goals and strategies.

PMID- 2925505
TI  - The true issue: meeting service needs for health and medical care.

PMID- 2925506
TI  - Post conference reflections: autonomy and independence for health professionals?

PMID- 2925507
TI  - Policy process framework: a systems approach to policy development.
AB  - This paper discusses a framework for understanding policy analysis and
      development. The framework presented can be used in the policy development
      process or post facto in policy analysis. The usefulness of the framework is that
      it provides a means to think about a policy and its development. It is not
      prescriptive, nor is it predictive about any particular policy. Policy analysis
      has tended to rely too heavily on technical analysis, with insufficient attention
      to other dimensions. This framework offers a basis for people to talk across
      organizations and cultures.

PMID- 2925508
TI  - L-671,329, a new antifungal agent. II. Structure determination.
AB  - Based on spectroscopic data L-671,329, isolated from a filamentous fungus ATCC
      20868, has been assigned the structure 1. The compound is a lipopeptide
      antifungal agent and a structural analog of echinocandin B.

PMID- 2925509
TI  - New products related to kinamycin from Streptomyces murayamaensis. I. Taxonomy,
      production, isolation and biological properties.
AB  - Six new products of Streptomyces murayamaensis sp. nov. Hata et Ohtani, the
      producer of the kinamycins, were isolated by silica gel column chromatography.
      The antibacterial activities of the new products, as well as that of
      dehydrorabelomycin and murayaquinone, previously isolated products of the same
      organism, were compared to the kinamycins. Three of the products had
      antibacterial activities similar to the kinamycins, while two others had activity
      only against Gram-positive bacteria. Dehydrorabelomycin and one other metabolite
      had no detectable antibacterial activity. The organism was found to be capable of
      aerial mycelium formation, with sporophores branched at regular intervals bearing
      square-ended spores with smooth surfaces. The culture contains L,L-diaminopimelic
      acid in the cell wall (Type I), is highly resistant to lysozyme, and lecithinase-
      and melanin-positive, suggesting a relationship with the genus
      Streptoverticillium and the lavendulae group of the genus Streptomyces.

PMID- 2925510
TI  - New products related to kinamycin from Streptomyces murayamaensis. II. Structures
      of pre-kinamycin, keto-anhydrokinamycin, and kinamycins E and F.
AB  - Four new colored components of Streptomyces murayamaensis sp. nov. Hata et
      Ohtani, the producer of the kinamycins, have been isolated and their structures
      determined by a combination of mass spectral, high field NMR and biosynthetic
      techniques. The first compound with the benz[b]carbazole skeleton in the
      biosynthetic pathway of kinamycin D has been named "pre-kinamycin" (7). A keto
      epoxide kinamycin intermediate has been labeled "keto-anhydrokinamycin" (9), and
      the 1'-monoacetate of kinamycin has been called kinamycin E (12). Natural
      production of deacetylkinamycin (13, now labeled kinamycin F) by S. murayamaensis
      has been confirmed by an isotope trapping experiment. The role of these new
      intermediates in kinamycin biosynthesis is discussed.

PMID- 2925511
TI  - Fosfonochlorin, a new antibiotic with spheroplast forming activity.
AB  - A new antibiotic, fosfonochlorin, was found in the culture filtrate of four
      strains of fungi freshly isolated from soil samples. These strains were
      identified as Fusarium avenaceum, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium tricinctum and
      Talaromyces flavus. Fosfonochlorin was a low molecular weight antibiotic (MW
      158), soluble in water and methanol, but insoluble in acetone, ethyl acetate and
      chloroform. It was named after its possession of phosphorus and chlorine atoms,
      each one molar in its structure. The structure was determined as
      chloroacetylphosphonic acid mainly by the 1H NMR and mass spectrometric analyses.
      It was moderately active against some species of Gram-negative bacteria and its
      synergistic effect with glucose-6-phosphate was observed on Staphylococcus aureus
      and Escherichia coli. Spheroplast formation of the susceptible organisms with
      this antibiotic suggested that it might inhibit their cell wall synthesis.

PMID- 2925513
TI  - Myrocin C, a new diterpene antitumor antibiotic from Myrothecium verrucaria. II.
      Physico-chemical properties and structure determination.
AB  - The structure of a new antitumor antibiotic, myrocin C, from a strain of
      Myrothecium verrucaria was characterized as a pentacyclic pimarane diterpene
      composed of a gamma-lactol group and a unique cyclopropane ring on the basis of
      its physico-chemical properties and spectroscopic data as well as a single
      crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of its monoacetyl derivative.

PMID- 2925512
TI  - UK-63,052 complex, new quinomycin antibiotics from Streptomyces braegensis subsp.
      japonicus; taxonomy, fermentation, isolation, characterisation and antimicrobial
      activity.
AB  - UK-63,052 complex, a new group of quinomycin-like antibiotics comprising UK
      63,052 (factor A), UK-63,598 (factor C), UK-65,662 (factor B) and several
      uncharacterised minor components, is produced by a new subspecies of the genus
      Streptomyces for which the name Streptomyces braegensis Dietz subsp. japonicus,
      is proposed. The strain, N617-29, is characterised by a negative melanin
      reaction, grey aerial mycelium, spiral spore chains and smooth or slightly warty
      spores. Structure determination has identified UK-63,052, C56H68N10O14S2, UK
      63,598, C53H62N10O14S2 and UK-65,662, C55H66N10O14S2 as quinaldic acid
      substituted quinomycins with unusual bridgehead sulfur substitution as shown in
      Fig. 3.

PMID- 2925515
TI  - Complestatin, a potent anti-complement substance produced by Streptomyces
      lavendulae. I. Fermentation, isolation and biological characterization.
AB  - A new potent inhibitor of complement system, named complestatin, was isolated
      from the mycelium of Streptomyces lavendulae SANK 60477. Complestatin
      (C61H45N7O15Cl6, MW 1,325) was a peptide compound having two unusual amino acids,
      D-(-)-4-hydroxyphenylglycine and D-(-)-3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenylglycine. This
      compound inhibited the hemolysis of sensitized sheep erythrocytes (EA) mediated
      by guinea pig and human complement 50% at concentrations of 0.4 and 0.7
      micrograms/ml, respectively, but did not trypsin and alpha-chymotrypsin
      activities at 200 micrograms/ml. When complestatin was administered intravenously
      to the sensitized guinea pigs, it strongly inhibited the systemic anaphylactic
      shock elicited by the antigen probably by blocking generation of anaphylatoxins
      (C3a and C5a).

PMID- 2925514
TI  - Metabolic products of microorganisms. 252. Isolation of new nikkomycins from
      Streptomyces tendae.
AB  - Two new nikkomycins were isolated from the culture broth of Streptomyces tendae
      Tu 901/PF 53+-3. The new compounds are the dipeptide nikkomycin pseudo-Z (psi Z)
      and tripeptide nikkomycin pseudo-J (psi J), which are analogues to nikkomycins Z
      and J. Nikkomycins pseudo-Z and pseudo-J have a C-glycosidic linkage between
      uracil and 5-amino-5-deoxy-D-allo-furanuronic acid, which is comparable to the C
      glycosidic bond in pseudouridine. The new Cc-nucleoside nikkomycins exhibit a
      lower biological activity than the CN-nucleoside nikkomycins.

PMID- 2925516
TI  - New cirramycin-family antibiotics F-1 and F-2. Selection of producer mutants,
      fermentation, isolation, structural elucidation and antibacterial activity.
AB  - Two new 16-membered macrolides, cirramycins F-1 and F-2, were isolated from the
      culture filtrate of a mutant strain B-1425 of Streptomyces cirratus JTB-3. The
      antibiotics were also produced by bio-transformation of cirramycin A1 using a
      blocked mutant strain A-0033. Structures of F-1 and F-2 have been elucidated by
      spectral interpretation and analysis of acid degradation products. Both involved
      isomeric modification of a neutral sugar; F-1 contained L-rhodinose, and F-2 L
      amicetose. Based on spectral data, cirramycin F-1 and antibiotic A6888C were
      found to be identical. Cirramycins F-1 and F-2 are active against Gram-positive
      bacteria, but less active than cirramycin A1.

PMID- 2925517
TI  - Ramoplanin (A-16686), a new glycolipodepsipeptide antibiotic. IV. Complete
      sequence determination by homonuclear 2D NMR spectroscopy.
AB  - Homonuclear 2D NMR spectroscopy double quantum filter correlation spectroscopy
      (DQF-COSY), relayed-COSY, nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy (NOESY),
      and DQF-relayed-NOESY) allowed the complete determination of the core
      depsipeptide of antibiotic ramoplanin (A-16686). In particular, the DQF-relayed
      NOESY experiments were essential in assigning the single signals close to the
      diagonal.

PMID- 2925518
TI  - A new group of antibiotics, hydroxamic acid antimycotic antibiotics. II. The
      structure of neoenactins NL1 and NL2 and structure-activity relationship.
AB  - The structures of neoenactins (NEs) NL1 and NL2, novel antimycotic antibiotics
      produced by Streptoverticillium olivoreticuli in a precursor-oriented fashion,
      were elucidated by 1H and 13C NMR and mass spectroscopic studies. The structures
      of both antibiotics are closely related to that of NE-A, the major component of
      NE congeners, being classified in the group of hydroxamic acid antimycotic
      antibiotics in which L-serine and a diketo amine form a hydroxamic acid
      structure. To study the role of the carbonyl groups in the biological activities
      of the hydroxamic acid antimycotic antibiotics, NE-A was modified by reaction
      with various carbonyl reagents. In terms of antimycotic activity, the derivatives
      are classified into two distinct groups; the first ones are fairly comparable to
      but not exceeding and the second ones are less active than NE-A depending on
      their tendency to revert to NE-A by hydrolysis. In general, the biological
      activities of the derivatives are inversely proportional to their stabilities to
      hydrolysis.

PMID- 2925519
TI  - Synthesis and antibacterial activity of novel 3-substituted carbacephems.
AB  - A series of novel 3-heterocyclothio substituted carbacephems having phenylglycyl
      side chain have been prepared starting from 3-H carbacephem. The compounds
      exhibit better chemical stability than the corresponding cephalosporin and strong
      activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms including Enterococcus
      faecalis.

PMID- 2925520
TI  - 9,11-cyclic acetal derivatives of (9S)-9-dihydroerythromycin A.
AB  - A series of 9,11-cyclic acetal derivatives of (9S)-9-dihydroerythromycin A (4)
      have been prepared and their antibacterial activities compared to those of
      erythromycin A and 9-dihydroerythromycin A. Many of the cyclic acetal derivatives
      showed better antibacterial activity than their parent 4. In particular, the
      acetaldehyde acetal (9-O,11-O-ethylidene-9-dihydroerythromycin A) (8b) showed
      good antibacterial activity in comparison with erythromycin A but was not
      sufficiently improved in vivo to warrant progression.

PMID- 2925521
TI  - Urdamycins, new angucycline antibiotics from Streptomyces fradiae. V. Derivatives
      of urdamycin A.
AB  - Derivatives of the angucycline urdamycin A (1) were prepared in order to study
      structure-activity relationships in this group of antitumor antibiotics.
      Derivatives of 1 formed by methanolysis, O-acylation, hydrogenation and treatment
      with diazomethane were isolated and characterized by their spectroscopic data.
      Urdamycin G (20) was isolated from Streptomyces fradiae by shortening the
      fermentation time. The different glycosidation pattern of the aglycone 14 did not
      lead to significant differences in the biological activity. O-Acylation was shown
      to enhance the in vitro activity of 1 against stem cells of murine L1210 leukemia
      depending on the lipophilicity of the molecules. The importance of the 5,6-double
      bond of 1 with regard to the antitumor activities is discussed.

PMID- 2925522
TI  - Effects of deoxyspergualin on hematopoiesis: studies of murine hematopoietic
      progenitor cell and peripheral blood cell levels.
AB  - The effect of a novel immunosuppressive agent, deoxyspergualin (DSG), on
      hematopoiesis in mice was studied with measurements of peripheral blood counts
      and assays of granulocyte-monocyte colony-forming cells (cfu-C) and spleen colony
      forming cells (cfu-S) in bone marrow, during and after successive intraperitoneal
      administration of DSG. When DSG was administered at a strong immunosuppressive
      dose of 6.25 mg/kg daily for 15 days, mice developed significantly decreased
      peripheral blood counts and decreased bone marrow cells (BMC) during
      administration. After the completion of DSG administration a marked rebound in
      leukocytosis was observed and BMC returned to normal. In contrast, total cfu-C in
      the femur significantly increased during the DSG administration, and subsequently
      returned to normal. Moreover, total cfu-S in the femur were normally sustained in
      contrast with a decrease of BMC during the DSG administration. These findings
      suggest that DSG does not show generalized overt cytotoxicity against
      hematopoietic stem cells and freezes the ability of the stem cell in the
      proliferation or the differentiation.

PMID- 2925523
TI  - BMY-28438 (3,7-dihydroxytropolone), a new antitumor antibiotic active against B16
      melanoma. II. Taxonomy of producing organism.

PMID- 2925524
TI  - Direct liquid introduction LC-MS of polyene macrolide antibiotics: comment on the
      structure of filipin II.

PMID- 2925525
TI  - Efficient transformation of Micromonospora purpurea with pIJ702 plasmid.

PMID- 2925526
TI  - Nitracidomycins A and B, new enteromycin-group antibiotics.

PMID- 2925527
TI  - DC 107, a novel antitumor antibiotic produced by a Streptomyces sp.

PMID- 2925528
TI  - Revision of the structures of the benzo[a]naphthacene quinone metabolites G-2N
      and G-2A from bacteria of the genus Frankia.

PMID- 2925529
TI  - Following doctors' orders.

PMID- 2925530
TI  - Traditional Mende Society in Sierra Leone: a sociocultural basis for a
      quantitative research study.
AB  - Traditional Birth Attendants (TBAs) deliver more than 85% of the infants born in
      rural Sierra Leone. These midwives, who learn their skills from practice or a
      predecessor, are powerful women in the pervasive, secret Sande Society. Formal
      training programs have been established to strengthen the maternal and infant
      practices of these TBAs. Designing and implementing a quantitative research study
      to examine the effectiveness of two methods of TBA training required a strong
      sociocultural basis. The study was undertaken in a predominantly Mende ethnic
      area of Sierra Leone. I describe the significant ways in which the values and
      traditions of the Mende influenced the choice of research methods. Finally, I
      present critical questions researchers should ask to design a study that fits
      with the sociocultural fabric of their target population.

PMID- 2925531
TI  - Major health problems of women in a Kenyan village.
AB  - Major health problems encountered by women in one village situated in the
      northwestern area outside of Nairobi, Kenya, are addressed in this paper. A
      retrospective, descriptive account of the nature and cost of health services
      provided to clients is provided, with a particular focus on the three most
      critical health problems facing women in that village (which is a prototype of
      surrounding villages). Female circumcision, childbearing, and malaria are
      examined, and implications for change are suggested.

PMID- 2925532
TI  - Contribution to the validation of the SCL-90-R in French-speaking women.
AB  - This study is a contribution to the French validation of the Derogatis (1977)
      Symptom Check-List SCL-90-R. Norms reflecting the mental health status of a
      representative sample of French-speaking women from Montreal, Canada, are
      provided. Results indicated that the women in our sample generally obtained
      higher raw scores than those reported by Derogatis for the nonpatient group for
      the nine symptom scales and the three global scores. The reliability of the
      French version yielded a satisfactory Cronbach alpha of .91. High and significant
      positive correlations were found on the test-retest as well as on the Spearman
      Brown split-half test. Validity was assessed using the principal component
      analysis on six factors accounting for 88% of the variance. The correlations
      between the symptom scales ranged from .32 to .74, indicating the relative
      independence of the dimensions of the French version of the SCL-90-R. The
      usefulness of the method will be enhanced by further cross-validation and
      concurrent validity studies including patient populations.

PMID- 2925533
TI  - Body weight: relationship to conversational distance and self-actualization.
AB  - Body weight is a major concern for women. This study investigated the
      relationship between body weight deviation, perceived effect of weight,
      conversational distance, and self-actualization in healthy caucasian college
      women (N = 109) between the ages of 18 and 50. The perception of body weight was
      measured with a structured questionnaire. Conversational distance was measured by
      having the participant approach the investigator, and self-actualization was
      determined using the Personal Orientation Inventory (POI). Significant
      correlations were found between the Time Competence (TC) subscale of the POI and
      Perceived Effect (PE) and between conversational distance and TC. Further
      analysis of the data revealed a relationship between body weight deviation, using
      the actual deviation from the norm, and the combined effect (magnitude and
      direction) of body weight (r = .54, p less than .001). Path analysis revealed the
      multidimensional nature of the issue of body weight for women. The usual
      assumptions about body fat for women are questioned and implications for future
      research are discussed.

PMID- 2925534
TI  - Use of social support in a transition house for abused women.
AB  - It is recognized that individuals with healthy support systems withstand stress
      and crisis better than those without such support. The way in which support is
      used has not been specified. Using data gathered during interviews with eight
      women who had recently spent time in a transition house, a framework for a
      process of use of social support is discussed. This framework was developed using
      a phenomenological approach. In the framework can be found four stages that an
      individual passes through in using social support. Each stage is defined by a
      need to be met and an action the individual takes in attempting to meet that
      need. The specific implications for those working with clients in each of the
      four stages are discussed and difficulties that might occur in working with a
      group of clients, each at a different point in the process, are identified.

PMID- 2925535
TI  - Women, subjective depression, and water exercise.
AB  - Nearly one fourth (N = 21) of the women participants of a water exercise program
      (N = 88) reported feeling depressed at the time of enrollment. All the depressed
      women reported improvement after 8 weeks or more in the program. The subjectively
      depressed participants differed significantly from other class members in
      physical problems, lifestyle habits, and emotional concerns they hoped to address
      and in motivation, perceived helpful conversation with peers, and learning from
      the classes. Subjective symptoms are discussed in light of current information on
      depressive disorders. The findings contributed to the growing body of research
      linking exercise with the treatment and prevention of depression. Recommendations
      for the conduct of similar exercise programs that will be responsive to the needs
      of subjectively depressed women are offered.

PMID- 2925536
TI  - Responses of Beijing black hogs to porcine somatotropin.
AB  - Somatotropin treatment of U.S-breed finishing hogs improves feed efficiency,
      growth rate and carcass lean-to-fat ratio. Because Chinese-bred hogs have poorer
      feed efficiency, growth rate and lean-to-fat ratio than U.S. bred hogs, the
      characteristics affected by porcine somatotropin (PST) may respond differently to
      treatment. In the present experiment, Beijing Black finishing hogs (a composite
      of a local Chinese, Berkshire and Yorkshire breeds) were treated with PST for 28
      d from average initial to final weights of 67.8 to 96.6 kg. In hogs individually
      fed as much as they would eat four times a day (n = 12/treatment group, six gilts
      and six barrows), feed efficiency was improved by 22.4 and 29.9% by 2 and 4 mg/d
      PST, respectively (P less than .01), primarily due to increased growth rate (22.1
      and 32.6% greater than control, respectively, P less than .01); feed intake was
      not affected. Performance of group-housed and group-fed hogs (six/pen, four
      pens/treatment) administered 2 mg/d PST for 28 d (average initial and final
      weights of 66.5 +/- 1.7 and 94.0 +/- 2.4 kg, respectively) was similar (22.7%
      improved feed efficiency, P less than .01; 25% increased growth rate, P less than
      .01). At slaughter, last rib backfat thickness was decreased an average of 19.2%
      for hogs treated with 2 and 4 mg/d PST (P less than .01). Percentage of total
      muscle, obtained by physical separation of the half-carcass, was increased an
      average of 13.5% (P less than .01), whereas percentage of total fat was decreased
      21.8% (P less than .01) in PST-treated hogs. The pH, water-holding capacity and
      meat color scores of longissimus muscle from PST-treated hogs did not differ from
      those of control hogs. Growth rate, feed efficiency and muscle weight responses
      to PST treatment were at least as large as those for U.S. breeds.

PMID- 2925537
TI  - Influence of diet on basal and growth hormone-stimulated plasma concentrations of
      IGF-I in beef cattle.
AB  - The effects of nutrition on plasma concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I
      (IGF-I) were characterized in steers under basal conditions and following single
      i.m. injection of bovine growth hormone (bGH, .1 mg/kg BW). Nutritional effects
      on IGF-I were studied in three trials. In all trials steers were individually fed
      and penned Angus or Hereford x Angus (280 kg). In the first trial, two diets
      (LPLE1: 8% CP and 1.96 Mcal ME/kg, 4.5 kg.hd-1.d-1; MPHE1: 11% CP, 2.67 Mcal
      ME/kg, 6.5 kg.hd-1.d-1) were fed (n = 5/diet). Plasma IGF-I concentrations
      averaged 74 (LPLE1) and 152 (MPHE1) ng/ml (P less than .02). Following bGH
      injection, IGF-I increased to peak concentrations between 12 and 24 h (averaging
      105 and 208 ng/ml at peak for LPLE and MPLE, respectively, P less than .01). In
      the second trial, steers were fed diets composed of 8, 11 or 14% CP and 1.96 or
      2.67 Mcal ME/kg dry matter (6.35 kg.hd-1.d-1 in a factorial arrangement for 84 d,
      n = 4/diet). Within the low ME diet groups, plasma IGF-I was similar in steers
      fed 11 and 14% CP but greater at these two CP levels than in steers fed 8% CP (P
      less than .05). Within the high ME diet groups, plasma IGF-I increased linearly
      with CP (P less than .01). In the third trial, steers were fed diets to result in
      a negative N status. Insulin-like growth factor-I was lower (P less than .02)
      during feed restriction than when steers were full-fed. The IGF-I response to bGH
      was diminished or absent in underfed steers (P less than .01). These data are
      interpreted to suggest that diet composition and intake affect plasma
      concentrations of IGF-I in steers. In cattle, CP may be the primary nutritional
      determinant of basal IGF-I, but the IGF-I response to CP may be affected by the
      available ME. Undernutrition can attenuate the IGF-I response to GH and uncouple
      the regulation of IGF-I normally ascribed to GH.

PMID- 2925538
TI  - Bilateral removal of the cauda epididymides in the neonatal pig as a technique
      for creating teaser boars.
AB  - Five pairs of crossbred littermate boars were used to assess the efficacy of
      bilateral removal of the cauda epididymides at an early age as a technique for
      creating teaser boars. The cauda epididymides were surgically removed in one of
      each litter pair; the other of the pair served as an intact control. Boars
      subjected to removal of the epididymides (Epid) were rendered sterile by the
      technique. The Epid-treated and control untreated littermate boars had similar
      levels of sexual aggression and libido, as measured by behavioral characteristics
      at semen collection. The Epid-treated boars showed a slight, but not significant,
      reduction in ejaculate volume. Upon slaughter at 273 d of age, Epid and control
      boars had similar weights for the accessory sexual organs and penis and similar
      penile lengths. The Epid-treated boars displayed enlarged caput epididymides and
      granulomata. It is suggested that bilateral removal of the cauda epididymides in
      the neonatal pig may prove a worthwhile alternative to the traditional vasectomy
      procedure to create teaser boars.

PMID- 2925539
TI  - Effect of exogenous thyroxine on the interval from weaning to estrus of the
      primiparous sow.
AB  - A total of 159 primiparous sows were fed 0 (C) or 675 mg/d of thyroprotein (TP)
      from d -2 until d 14 postweaning. Sows received 8 (LE) or 14 (HE) Mcal of ME/d
      during a 28-d lactation period. Plasma levels of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) and
      3,5,3',5'-tetraidothyronine (T4) were determined for d -4, -2, 0, 1, 2, 3, 5 and
      7 postweaning. Sows consuming LE lost more weight and backfat during lactation (P
      less than .01) than HE sows. Litters of sows consuming LE gained less weight than
      litters of sows consuming HE (P less than .01). Thyroprotein increased plasma
      levels of both T3 and T4 (P less than .01), whereas energy intake had no effect
      (P greater than .10) on either of the two hormones. The response to thyroid
      hormone was not consistent across days postweaning (TP x day, P less than .01).
      Feeding TP increased T4 (P less than .01) on all days, and T3 was increased (P
      less than .05) on d 0, 2 and 3 postweaning. Thyroid hormones rose markedly
      following weaning regardless of TP level. Percentage of sows in estrus by d 7
      postweaning for LE-C, LE-TP, HE-C and HE-TP were 80, 78, 92 and 90, respectively.
      Energy restriction during lactation resulted in fewer sows returning to estrus by
      d 7 (P less than .03) than those fed HE. However, feeding TP postweaning had no
      effect on return to estrus, suggesting that the effect of dietary energy
      restriction during lactation on the interval from weaning to first estrus is not
      mediated through postweaning thyroid hormone concentrations.

PMID- 2925540
TI  - Interrelationships between sex and exogenous growth hormone administration on
      performance, body composition and protein and fat accretion of growing pigs.
AB  - Forty-five pigs with an average initial live weight of 60 kg were used to
      investigate the effects of daily exogenous porcine pituitary growth hormone
      administration at two dose levels (pGH; 0, excipient buffer injected, and 100
      micrograms.kg-1.d-1) for a 31-d period on the performance and body composition of
      boars, gilts and barrows allowed to consume feed ad libitum. Excipient boars
      consumed less feed, exhibited faster and more efficient growth (P less than .01)
      and produced less fat and more protein and water (P less than .01) in the empty
      body compared with excipient barrows, which in turn contained more fat and less
      water (P less than .05) in the empty body than did excipient gilts. These
      differences were largely eliminated by pGH administration, which induced
      differential effects in growth performance and body composition in boars, gilts
      and barrows. Growth hormone administration improved growth rate by 13, 22 and 16%
      and feed conversion efficiency by 19, 34 and 32% in boars, gilts and barrows,
      respectively. The reduction of body fat content (g/kg) elicited by pGH was 22, 36
      and 33% for boars, gilts and barrows, respectively, with a corresponding increase
      (P less than .01) of body protein and water content. The magnitude of the pGH
      responses was greatest for gilts and barrows compared with boars, negating
      intrinsic sex-effect differences in growth performance and body composition of
      pigs. Pigs used in this study and treated with pGH exhibited a rate of protein
      deposition (approximately 225 g/d) far greater than previously reported, and as
      such redefine the genetic capacity for lean tissue growth by the pig.

PMID- 2925541
TI  - Rapid [14C]heptachlor clearance from body stores of ovines: ingested mineral oil
      and parenteral trans-stilbene oxide lack effects.
AB  - Recently we reported elimination of radioactivity from [14C]heptachlor from body
      stores of lactating ovines, mainly into excreta rather than milk, contrasting
      sharply with bovines. To further assess heptachlor metabolism and clearance by
      ovines, 12 fine-wool wether lambs (41 +/- 3 kg) housed in metabolism stalls were
      fed pelleted alfalfa hay (96%) plus molasses (3%) ad libitum and were dosed i.p.
      once with [14C]heptachlor (1.643 mg/kg body wt; sp. act. = .89 microCi/mg). Feces
      and urine were collected separately and quantitatively. Light mineral oil was
      mixed with feed (5 g/100 g) of six lambs and trans-stilbene oxide, an inducer of
      biotransformational enzymes, was administered i.p. (4 g/hd initially; 2 g/hd
      daily thereafter) through 20 d to three lambs given each mineral oil treatment,
      in 2 x 2 factorial arrangement. Feces, urine, blood, bile and body tissues were
      assayed for total 14C activity. Radioactivity (heptachlor and [or] metabolites)
      eliminated into excreta during 21 d amounted to 34 to 36% of dose administered,
      of which 67% appeared in urine and 33% in feces. Biological half-time for
      elimination into excreta was 11.3 d [Kel = -.061/d], similar to 11.7 d we
      reported for lactating ewes. Clearance from blood had T1/2 = 14 d. Neither
      mineral oil nor trans-stilbene oxide altered rate or route of 14C activity
      excreted or concentrations of 14C activity in blood. Results confirmed that
      ovines eliminate heptachlor much more rapidly than bovines.

PMID- 2925542
TI  - Reproductive and growth responses of gilts to exogenous porcine pituitary growth
      hormone.
AB  - Forty gilts (mean wt = 72 kg) were administered daily either vehicle (C =
      control) or 70 micrograms porcine growth hormone (pGH)/kg BW. After 30 d of
      treatment, eight gilts per group (Exp. 1) were slaughtered and blood, uteri and
      ovaries were collected. Follicular fluid (FFl) was collected and granulosa cells
      (GC) were cultured. The remaining gilts (Exp. 2) were treated for up to 35
      additional days and examined twice daily for estrus. Estrusal gilts were removed
      from the experiment. Noncyclic gilts (n = 9 of 12 pGH; n = 4 of 12 C) were
      slaughtered on d 66 and their ovaries were examined. Ovarian weights were not
      different for pGH and C gilts in either Exp. 1 (P greater than .1) or Exp. 2 (P =
      .09). Uterine weights were greater for pGH-treated than for C gilts (P less than
      .007) in Exp. 1, but not in Exp. 2. Concentrations of estradiol (E2) in plasma
      and FF1 and of progesterone (P) in plasma and FF1 were not different for pGH and
      C gilts. Concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) in FF1 and in
      serum were greater for pGH than for C gilts (P less than .01). Concentration of P
      in serum-free medium of cultured GC was lower for GH than for C (P less than .05)
      in the presence or absence of gonadotropins in Exp. 1. The FSH-stimulated
      secretion of P was also lower for GC of pGH-treated gilts in Exp. 2, indicating a
      failure of GC to differentiate in culture. Only one pGH gilts in Exp. 2
      manifested estrus, compared with seven C gilts (P less than .025). In Exp. 1, ADG
      was higher (P less than .03) and feed/gain lower (P less than .07) for pGH gilts.
      Longissimus muscle area (LMA) was not different (P = .19) between groups. Backfat
      thickness (BF) was lower (P less than .005) in pGH than in C in both Exp. 1 and
      2. We conclude that exogenous pGH increased growth rate, improved feed efficiency
      and altered carcass traits in gilts. However, these effects were associated with
      impaired ovarian development of prepubertal gilts and a low incidence of estrus.

PMID- 2925543
TI  - Androgen and estrogen receptors in bovine skeletal muscle: relation to steroid
      induced allometric muscle growth.
AB  - The presence of free androgen (AR) and estrogen receptors (ER) was demonstrated
      in bovine skeletal muscle. Androgen receptor concentrations in neck muscle from
      cattle of different sexes and stages of development were related to hormonal
      status. In mature bulls (mean weight 600 kg), no free AR was detectable. Highest
      AR concentrations were measured in mature bulls (517 kg) castrated 24 h prior to
      slaughter (.85 +/- .21 fmol/mg protein). In female calves (155 kg), AR
      concentrations (.56 +/- .14 fmol/mg) were greater (P less than .01) than in male
      calves (.20 +/- .08 fmol/mg) of the same weight. Androgen receptors and ER in
      skeletal muscle of neck, shoulder, abdomen and hind leg of female and male calves
      were compared. There was no significant difference between AR concentrations in
      the neck, shoulder and hind leg, but concentrations were lower (P less than .05)
      in abdominal muscle. Estrogen receptor concentrations in neck, shoulder, abdomen
      and hind leg were not different between sexes (P less than .05). In male calves,
      ER content was lower (P less than .05) in abdominal than in other muscles.
      Estrogen receptor concentrations in muscles of female calves did not differ (P
      less than .05). The pronounced sensitivity to estrogens and androgens in the
      neck, shoulder, and hind leg of calves, being free of the respective hormone, may
      partly explain the characteristic conformation in calves treated with estrogenic
      and androgenic steroids and the sexual dimorphism of muscle growth.

PMID- 2925544
TI  - Sampling intensities and replication requirements for detection of treatment
      effects on testicular function in bulls and stallions: a statistical assessment.
AB  - Data from testes of 16, 2- to 3-yr-old stallions and 34 yearling beef bulls were
      utilized in a components of variance approach to calculate the number of
      observations required per testis and(or) the number of animals required per
      treatment group to provide experiments of known sensitivity and precision, where
      treatment was to be assessed by one of several endpoints. The latter included
      paired testes weight, seminiferous tubular diameter, the number of germ cells per
      seminiferous tubular cross-section, or the number of elongated spermatids per
      gram of testicular parenchyma or per testis. For all variables for which several
      observations were available for each testis, precise assessment of any given male
      required far fewer observations than have been used routinely. However,
      replication requirements varied substantially in relation to the sensitivity
      (i.e., size of difference to be detected) and precision (i.e., Type I and II
      error probabilities) desired. Replication requirements were greater for stallions
      than for bulls, particularly at higher levels of sensitivity, for which
      requirements for both species were very large. The data presented should permit
      future experiments involving assessment of these endpoints to be designed with
      known sensitivity and precision and with optimal efficiency and cost
      effectiveness.

PMID- 2925545
TI  - Effects of supplemental silage on forage intake and utilization by steers grazing
      wheat pasture or bermudagrass.
AB  - Seven trials were conducted to determine the effects of increasing amounts of
      silage (corn, wheat or sorghum) on forage intake, gastrointestinal tract fill,
      fecal output and ruminal flow and degradation of forage by cattle grazing wheat
      pasture or bermudagrass. In each of 3 yr, 24 steers grazed a common wheat or
      bermudagrass pasture and were randomly allocated to four treatments (0, .35, .70
      or 1.05 kg silage DM.100 kg body weight-1.d-1). Intake and ruminal flow of forage
      were measured by feeding a single pulse dose of Yb-labeled forage followed by
      collection of fecal samples for 4 to 5 d and fitting Yb concentrations to a one
      compartment, age-dependent model. Ruminal digestion kinetics of wheat forage were
      estimated in situ using eight ruminally cannulated steers fed 0 or .55 kg sorghum
      silage DM.100 kg body weight-1.d-1. Supplemental silage decreased wheat forage (P
      less than .10) and bermudagrass (P less than .01) intake linearly. However, total
      forage intake of bermudagrass plus silage increased linearly (P less than .05).
      Each kilogram of added silage DM decreased DM intake of wheat forage by .66 +/-
      .25 and of bermudagrass by .63 +/- .17 kg. Flow and turnover of wheat forage or
      bermudagrass were not altered (P greater than .15) by supplemental silage. Silage
      consumption increased extent of ruminal degradation of wheat forage DM (P less
      than .05; 63.1 vs 52.5%), indicating a positive associative effect of silage on
      wheat forage utilization.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2925546
TI  - Cupric oxide needles for grazing cattle consuming low-copper, high-molybdenum
      forage and high-sulfate water.
AB  - Oxidized copper wire, commonly referred to as copper oxide needles (CuON), was
      evaluated using purebred Hereford cows and their calves. Thirty-seven cows were
      allocated to Cu treatments of 0, 25 or 50 g CuON (79.9% Cu in CuON) with 12, 12
      and 13 cows per treatment, respectively; calves within cow treatments were
      allocated to treatment of 0 and 20 g CuON. Single oral doses of CuON were given
      at the start of a grazing trial that lasted 92 d. Cows and calves were weighed
      and blood samples were taken on d 0, 28, 63 and 92; liver biopsies were taken on
      d 0, 28 and 92 of the grazing trial. Cattle were consuming grass forage with mean
      concentrations on d 0, 28, 63 and 92 of the grazing trial ranging from 1.6 to 5.5
      mg/kg DM for Cu, 2.5 to 5.5 mg/kg DM for Mo and 1.3 to 1.5 g/kg DM for total S.
      The water consumed by cattle contained 947 mg sulfate per liter (SE = 13.2, n =
      4). Body weight of cows and calves was not influenced (P greater than .05) by
      CuON. Liver Cu was higher (P less than .01) in treated cows and calves but was
      not different (P greater than .05) between cows dosed with 25 or 50 g CuON.
      Treatment of cows and calves with CuON had no influence (P greater than .05) on
      the concentration of Fe or Mo in liver or plasma, the concentration of Cu and
      ceruloplasmin activity in plasma, or the concentration of Zn in liver. Plasma Zn
      did not differ (P greater than .05) in cows, but it was higher (P less than .05)
      in the calves suckling cows treated with CuON. It was concluded that dosing cows
      and calves with CuON resulted in a higher Cu content of liver but did not
      adversely influence the metabolism of Fe or Zn or modify the concentration of Mo
      in the plasma or liver of cows or calves.

PMID- 2925547
TI  - Evaluation of soybean meal, corn gluten meal, blood meal and fish meal as sources
      of nitrogen and amino acids disappearing from the small intestine of steers.
AB  - The value of soybean meal (SBM), corn gluten meal (CGM), blood meal (BM) and fish
      meal (FM) in supplying N and amino acids (AA) escaping ruminal microbial
      degradation and disappearing from the small intestine (SI) was studied in steers
      using a regression approach. Replacement of corn starch in diets with protein
      sources resulted in decreases (P less than .05) in efficiency of microbial
      protein synthesis. Ruminal ammonia-N (NH3-N) had the greatest increase (P less
      than .05) when SBM was fed; BM supplementation resulted in only nonsignificant
      increases in ruminal NH3-N (P greater than .05). Soybean meal had the lowest
      proportion of N escaping ruminal degradation (.21). Corn gluten meal-N (.86) and
      BM-N (.92) escaped ruminal degradation to the greatest extent, and FM-N was
      intermediate (.68). Protein sources followed similar trends in providing
      absorbable nonbacterial N to the SI. Thirteen (+/- 6.2) percent of SBM-N was
      absorbed from the SI; 69 (+/- 6.2), 68 (+/- 9.1) and 50 (+/- 10.1)% of CGM-N, BM
      N and FM-N, respectively, were absorbed from the SI. Values for ruminal escape
      and SI availability for individual and total AA are presented. Of the essential
      AA (EAA), threonine, valine and isoleucine were more resistant to ruminal
      degradation; methionine, cysteine, histidine and arginine were more extensively
      degraded than the total AA supply. Of the EAA escaping ruminal degradation,
      cysteine, histidine and threonine tended to be less digestible, whereas arginine
      was more digestible in the SI than the total AA supply.

PMID- 2925548
TI  - Uterine secretory alterations coincident with embryonic mortality in the gilt
      after exogenous estrogen administration.
AB  - Sixteen crossbred gilts were assigned randomly to receive either an i.m.
      injection of sesame oil (control) or estrogen (E), 5 mg of estradiol valerate, on
      d 9 and 10 of pregnancy. Gilts were unilaterally hysterectomized on either d 12
      and 14 or 16 and 18. Uterine horns were flushed with 20 ml of .9% sterile NaCl
      solution to recover conceptus tissue. Conceptuses and endometrial explants were
      cultured for 24 h with 100 microCi [3H] leucine in 15 ml of minimum essential
      media. After dialysis, culture media were submitted to 2D-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis and incorporated proteins were analyzed by fluorography. Normal,
      intact conceptus tissue was recovered from control gilts. Estrogen-treated gilts
      flushed on d 12 and 14 contained intact conceptuses; however, uteri from two
      gilts on d 16 and three on d 18 contained degenerating conceptus tissue.
      Comparison of endometrial polypeptides synthesized in vitro indicated an
      alteration in E-treated gilts on d 12 through 18. Although similar polypeptides
      were present, a band of polypeptides with a Mr of approximately 30,000 and pI
      from 7.9 to 8.9 and a larger, acidic polypeptide (Mr = 100,000, pI 3.5 to 5.0)
      were faint or absent in E-treated gilts. Conceptuses elongated normally in the
      altered uterine environment, but failed to survive past d 14 in E-treated gilts.
      Although loss of specific polypeptides in E-treated gilts coincides with
      conceptus death, their function in conceptus development or attachment is
      unknown.

PMID- 2925549
TI  - Structural and metabolic integrity of sheep external intercostal muscle during
      extended culture.
AB  - The objectives of this study were to examine the structural and metabolic
      integrity of isolated sheep external intercostal muscle bundles following
      variable lengths of preincubation (0 to 192 h). Samples of intact external
      intercostal muscle (10 to 15 g), with tendons attached, were prepared from
      growing wethers and maintained at their resting lengths during preincubation for
      0 to 192 h. Protein synthesis (PS), protein degradation (PD), acetate oxidation
      and ultrastructural integrity of muscle samples were examined at 0 to 192 h, 0 to
      96 h, 0 to 48 h and 0 to 96 h following isolation, respectively. Additionally,
      the effects of variable fetal calf serum (FCS) concentrations (0 to 20%; w/v) on
      PS and PD and acetate oxidation were examined. Rate of PS increased as
      preincubation time increased to 192 h; however, most of this increase was due to
      the proliferation of fibroblasts on the surface of the muscle sample. Addition of
      cytosine arabinoside to the incubation media prevented the fibroblast-dependent
      increase in PS; however, it did not entirely prevent the preincubation time
      dependent increase in PS. Rate of PD increased greatly upon preincubation. The
      nitrogen balance of incubated muscles was negative at all times examined. Acetate
      oxidation was maintained through 12 h of preincubation and thereafter declined.
      Relatively normal myofibrillar structure was maintained through 48 h of
      preincubation; however, loss of mitochondrial integrity and dissolution of Z
      disks at 48 h and at 96 h of preincubation were evident. Isolated tissues were
      able to respond to FCS concentration in medium following 48 h of preincubation.

PMID- 2925550
TI  - Effects of additional feed during late gestation on reproductive performance of
      sows: a cooperative study.
AB  - A cooperative research study involving 1,080 litters was conducted at eight
      stations to determine the effects of additional feed during the last 23 d of
      gestation on reproductive performance of sows and on preweaning performance of
      their pigs. Primiparous and multiparous sows were fed fortified corn- or sorghum
      soybean meal diets (14% crude protein). Control sows received 1.82 kg/d from
      March through November and 2.27 kg/d from December through February. Treated sows
      were fed an additional 1.36 kg of feed/d from d 90 of gestation to farrowing.
      Sows were allowed to consume the same diet ad libitum during a 21-d lactation.
      Additional feed in late gestation resulted in greater (P less than .001) sow
      weight gain from d 90 to d 110 of gestation (16.8 vs 9.0 kg) and greater (P less
      than .001) parturition-lactation weight loss (21.3 vs 16.4 kg). Total weight gain
      from breeding to 21 d of lactation favored sows that received extra feed (27.5 vs
      22.7 kg; P less than .001). Sows receiving extra feed had more live pigs at
      farrowing (10.05 vs 9.71, P = .06) and at 21 d postpartum (8.35 vs 8.06, P =
      .09), and the pigs were heavier at birth (1.48 vs 1.44 kg, P = .003) and at 21 d
      (5.37 vs 5.20 kg, P = .006). Lactation feed intake and number of days from
      weaning to estrus were not affected by treatment. The results indicate that
      additional feed in late gestation improves reproductive performance in sows. In
      this study, the cost of an additional 31 kg of feed/sow was more than offset by
      the value of the additional sow weight gain (approximately 5 kg), the additional
      .3 of a pig/litter at weaning and the additional 2.6 kg of total litter weaning
      weight.

PMID- 2925551
TI  - Evaluation of crossbreeding systems for small beef herds: II. Two-sire systems.
AB  - Stochastic computer models were used to evaluate nine crossbreeding systems in
      beef herds consisting of two bulls, 50 cows and 15 replacements. Systems examined
      were: 1) purebred (PB), 2) two- and three-breed rotations using natural service
      (2R and 3R) or artificial insemination (2RAI and 3RAI), 3) two-breed roto
      terminals not exploiting complementarity using natural service (2RT) or AI
      (2RTAI) and 4) two-breed roto-terminals exploiting complementarity using natural
      service (2RTC) or AI (2RTCAI). Average heterosis estimates were taken from
      literature sources. Replacement females were produced within the herd; sires were
      purchased. Estimates of calf and dam heterosis were used to calculate performance
      of calf weight weaned and sold, cow and total weights sold and gross calf, cow
      and total incomes. All crossbred systems were superior to PB for weights sold and
      income. The natural-service systems (2R, 3R, 2RT and 2RTC) utilized 90 to 98% of
      the heterosis available in their AI counterparts (2RAI, 3RAI, 2RTAI and 2RTCAI).
      No differences were found between corresponding natural-service and AI systems
      for weights sold and incomes. Increasing the complexity of the system did not
      provide important improvements in traits measured.

PMID- 2925552
TI  - Effects of diet and climate on growing horses.
AB  - The effects of diet and climate were assessed in 42 light horse weanlings over 30
      wk. Horses were fed diets varying in energy and phosphorus content. Diets were
      predominantly forage (73 to 77.5%) or concentrate (62 to 62.25%) and had 2.65 or
      3.09 Mcal DE/kg DM, respectively. Horses were weighed every 14 d. Group feed
      intakes and climatic variables were recorded daily. Dietary phosphorus content
      did not affect intake or gain. Horses fed forage diets ate 18% more (P less than
      .001) DM than horses fed concentrate, but DE intakes did not differ. Average DE
      intakes, 21.5 Mcal daily, were 33% more than those given in 1978 National
      Research Council (NRC) tables. Overall ADG by forage- and concentrate-fed horses
      were .83 and .89 kg, respectively. These values were 23 and 32% above mean ADG
      values given for horses at 6 and 12 mo in 1978 NRC tables. Average daily gain
      declined (P less than .01) with age, although daily DE intake increased (P less
      than .01). Total DM and DE intakes were determined largely by body weight, but
      age was the main determinant of weight-scaled DE intake. Weight- and age-scaled
      DE intakes were reduced (P less than .001) by 6.1% at temperatures below -10
      degrees C compared with temperatures above -10 degrees C. Temperatures below -20
      degrees C had no greater effect on DE intake than those between -10 to -20
      degrees C. Neither precipitation nor wind alone affected weight- and age-adjusted
      DE intake. In conclusion, weanling horses fed readily digested diets ad libitum
      gained weight at or above expected values even at severely cold ambient
      temperatures.

PMID- 2925553
TI  - Serving capacity of crossbred yearling beef bulls. I. Single-sire mating behavior
      and fertility during average and heavy mating loads at pasture.
AB  - Eighty crossbred, virgin, yearling beef bulls were subjected to three serving
      capacity (SC) tests. Ten low SC (LSC) and 10 high SC (HSC) bulls similar in
      weight (avg wt = 452 kg), testicular size and seminal traits but differing in
      average services were selected. Objectives were to evaluate the mating behavior
      and fertility of LSC and HSC bulls at pasture when exposed to an average and a
      heavy mating load and to determine the effect of sexual activity on body weight
      and testicular characteristics. One LSC and one HSC bull per block were exposed
      single-sire to 25 naturally cyclic (N) cows for 3 d and to 9 estrus-synchronized
      (S) cows for 1 d in a randomized complete block design consisting of 10, 4-d
      blocks. Bulls were fitted with pedometers to record distance travelled.
      Behavioral data were collected by periodic visual observation. During the N cow
      treatment, LSC bulls had fewer (P less than .05) services per cow, total services
      and a higher mount to service ratio than HSC bulls. During the S cow treatment,
      LSC bulls showed increased sexual activity, though they achieved fewer (P less
      than .09) services per cow. Pregnancy rates for LSC and HSC bulls did not differ
      (P greater than .20) and across SC groups averaged 53.6% for N cows and 31.9% for
      S cows. Distance travelled also was similar (P greater than .20) between SC
      groups for both treatments. Sexual activity during pasture exposure had no effect
      (P greater than .20) on testicular characteristics but resulted in an average
      decline in body weight of 25.7 kg across SC groups during the 4-d period. Post
      exposure SC tests found that LSC bulls had increased (P less than .05) services,
      decreased mounts and mount to service ratio compared to pre-exposure
      measurements, but LSC were still lower (P = .06) than HSC bulls for average
      services. These results suggest that LSC virgin, yearling bulls should be offered
      sexual experience and retested before their inherent SC can be determined.

PMID- 2925554
TI  - Serving capacity of crossbred yearling beef bulls. II. Summer grazing activity
      and body temperature patterns during average and heavy mating loads at pasture.
AB  - Ten low (LSC) and 10 high (HSC) serving capacity yearling bulls were exposed
      individually to 25 naturally cyclic (N) cows for 3 d (average mating load) and
      subsequently to 9 estrus-synchronized (S) cows for 1 d (heavy mating load) in a
      randomized complete block design consisting of 10, 4-d blocks. Bulls were fitted
      with vibracorders and temperature acquisition modules to record grazing activity
      and body temperature (BT), respectively. During the N cow treatment, LSC bulls
      had fewer (P less than .05) services per cow and a higher mount to service ratio
      than HSC bulls, and LSC bulls tended (P = .12) to graze less total time than HSC
      bulls (7.8 vs 9.0 h/d, respectively). However, both groups of bulls exhibited
      similar diurnal grazing patterns with two major daily grazing periods; the first
      (0400 to 1300) peaked early in the morning (0600) and the second (1700 to 2200)
      occurred in late afternoon and evening. During the S cow treatment, LSC and HSC
      bulls did not differ (P = .60) in grazing time or pattern, but similar mating
      activity was exhibited by both SC groups while exposed to S cows. Bulls grazed
      little during the hottest part of the day (1300 to 1700), and LSC and HSC bulls
      spent only 2.2 and 2.4 h, respectively, grazing during dark, cooler periods near
      midnight. Body temperature did not differ between SC groups and averaged 39.3
      degrees C during N cow treatment and 39.4 degrees C during S cow treatment. Body
      temperature had a distinct, monophasic diurnal pattern in bulls exposed to an
      average mating load.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2925555
TI  - Effects of sow-crate design on health and performance of sows and piglets.
AB  - The effects of sow-crate design on certain health and performance traits of 211
      sows and their piglets were evaluated with a 2 X 2 X 4 factorial arrangement of
      crate width (narrow [N = 55 cm] or wide [W = 64] between lowest horizontal
      pipes), length (short [S = 183 cm] or long [L = 198] from rump stop to front
      gate) and side type (lower side of sow crate "fingered" [F], "bowed" bottom bar-
      marking the sow zone 19.3 cm wider at the bottom--20 cm above the floor [B], or
      straight bottom bar 20 cm [S20] or 25 cm above the floor [S25]). Between d 107 to
      110 postcoitum and d 21 postpartum, no crate design variable affected the sow's
      body-weight change, but side type tended to affect the most prominent head-neck
      and leg integumentary lesions. Number of stillborn piglets/litter was greater
      with W crates than with N, except with crates having S20 sides, and was greater
      with L crates than with S. More piglets were crushed to death in W crates than N
      crates, and stillbirth frequency was greater in L crates than in S, but overall
      preweaning piglet mortality was affected by no crate-design feature. At both 7
      and 21 d of age, piglets' knee lesions were most severe with S20 crates and least
      with S25, whereas face-lesion score was unaffected by crate design. Piglet body
      weight at age 21 d was least with S20 crates and greatest with F and S25. No
      crate-design variable affected within-litter variation in piglet growth rate. Sow
      crate design affected important health and performance traits of piglets through
      postnatal d 21.

PMID- 2925556
TI  - Effects of sow-crate design on sow and piglet behavior.
AB  - The effects of sow-crate design on certain behaviors of sows and piglets at
      farrowing and again approximately 3 wk later were evaluated with a 2 x 2 x 4
      factorial arrangement of crate width (narrow [N = 55 cm] or wide [W = 64] between
      lowest horizontal pipes), length (short [S = 183 cm] or long [L = 198] from rump
      stop to front gate) and side type (lower side of sow crate "fingered" [F],
      "bowed" bottom bar 20 cm above the floor [B], or straight bottom bar 20 cm [S20]
      or 25 cm above the floor [S25]). Farrowing-crate design influenced both sow and
      piglet behaviors both during and immediately after parturition and during nursing
      suckling bouts approximately 3 wk later. Activities of 51 sows and their piglets
      were videorecorded during and immediately following parturition. Sow-crate design
      affected neither the interval between births of successive piglets in a litter
      nor the frequency of standing by the sow during parturition. Latency from birth
      to first mammary contact (LMC) was greater with S25-sided and S sow crates, and
      especially with S, W crates. A significant interaction occurred between sow-crate
      side type and dimensions; LMC was longer when S25 sides were combined with S or W
      crates. Data on suckling behavior were collected from 113 litters over three
      successive sucklings approximately 3 wk after farrowing. Sow-crate design had no
      effect either on the consistency with which a piglet suckled a particular teat or
      teat pair or on the frequency of multiple-teat use. Piglets maintained fewer
      functional teats with S, S20 crates. The distribution of functional teats between
      rows was less symmetric with S crates. Piglets nursed with their bodies over a
      side bar more frequently with B- and S20-sided crates. The sow permitted her
      piglets to suckle while she was in a vertical stance more frequently with S and N
      crates, and especially with S, N crates. Sow-crate design affected important
      behaviors of sows and piglets both during and immediately after parturition as
      well as during nursing-suckling bouts about 3 wk later.

PMID- 2925557
TI  - Role of sex, gender roles, and attraction in predicting emergent leaders.

PMID- 2925558
TI  - Achievement strivings, scholastic aptitude, and academic performance: a follow-up
      to "impatience versus achievement strivings in the type A pattern".

PMID- 2925559
TI  - A causal model of the relationship among accidents, biodata, personality, and
      cognitive factors.

PMID- 2925560
TI  - Sex differences in sustained attention across the adult life span.

PMID- 2925561
TI  - Improved antenatal sex determination of baboon amniocytes using Chang Medium
      growth factor supplement.

PMID- 2925562
TI  - Further purification of a fibroblast growth factor-like factor from chick embryo
      extract by heparin-affinity chromatography.
AB  - A mitogenic factor which promotes quail myoblast proliferation has been purified
      some 10(5)-fold from chick embryo extract by a combination of cation-exchange
      chromatography and heparin-affinity chromatography. The factor is eluted from
      heparin-Sepharose with 2 M NaCl and is a single-chain polypeptide with an
      apparent molecular weight of 15,000 to 17,000. It is active at subnanogram level
      in triggering the proliferation and thereby delaying temporarily fusion of
      myoblasts. It also stimulates the proliferation of quail fibroblasts in a similar
      effective concentration range. For both myoblasts and fibroblasts the dose
      response to the factor is quantitatively and qualitatively comparable with that
      of bovine pituitary fibroblast growth factor. These observations strongly suggest
      that the factor very probably corresponds to chicken fibroblast growth factor or
      to a closely related molecule(s) and that it is possibly involved in the
      regulation of myogenesis.

PMID- 2925563
TI  - Partial purification and characterization of immunoglobulin production
      stimulating factor derived from Namalwa cells.
AB  - We screened for immunoglobulin (Ig) production stimulating factor (IPSF) which
      enhanced Ig production of human-to-human hybridomas in serum-free culture, and
      found that culture supernatant and lysate of human lymphoblastoid Namalwa cells
      stimulated proliferation and Ig production of human-to-human hybridoma HB4C5
      cells. The IPSF in Namalwa lysate was partially purified with DEAE-Toyopearl
      650M, hydroxylapatite and Superose 6HR 10/30 column chromatographies. The
      partially purified IPSF was a macromolecule of about 500,000 dalton containing
      72,000 dalton protein as a major component. The activity was stable at pH 6 to
      12, but inactivated partially by heating over 40 degrees C (60% decrease) and
      completely by trypsin digestion. These results suggest that the IPSF activity is
      due to its protein and heat-stable components. The Namalwa IPSF stimulated
      proliferation of human-to-human hybridomas but not that of mouse-to-mouse
      hybridomas. The IPSF also stimulated Ig production of human-to-human hybridomas
      derived from NAT-30 cells, but not that of other human-to-human or mouse-to-mouse
      hybridomas. NAT-30 is a human fusion partner derived from Namalwa cells. These
      results suggest that the Namalwa IPSF is an autocrine factor that stimulates
      proliferation and Ig production of hybridomas derived from NAT-30 cells.

PMID- 2925565
TI  - Genetic control of variation in human gingival fibroblast proliferation rate.
AB  - Logarithmic proliferation rate (Days 1 to 6) of gingival fibroblasts derived from
      15 pairs of monozygotic (MZ) and 9 pairs of dizygotic (DZ) human twins was
      compared under optimal and suboptimal growth conditions. Cell proliferation rates
      exhibited considerable variability among strains. For Caucasian donors (13 MZ, 6
      DZ pairs) DZ twins demonstrated significantly greater (P less than 0.01) within
      pair variance in cell proliferation rate compared to MZ twins when evaluated
      under optimal growth conditions. Heritability analysis indicated strong genetic
      control of proliferation rate of human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) under optimal
      growth conditions (1.0 +/- 0.67), whereas proliferation rate of HGF under
      suboptimal growth conditions revealed less genetic control (0.42 +/- 0.61). These
      findings emphasize the importance of carefully matching control and test HGF in
      assays dependent on cellular proliferation.

PMID- 2925564
TI  - Culture of human corpus cavernosum endothelium.
AB  - A method for culturing endothelial cells (HCC-EC) from surgical specimens of
      human corpus cavernosum has been developed. The approach involves selective
      endothelial outgrowth from explants and may be generally applicable to tissues
      whose endothelium is not amenable to isolation by routine mechanical or enzymatic
      methods. The tissue is minced into pieces which are placed onto gelatin- or
      fibronectin-coated tissue culture plastic, and grown in medium suitable for
      microvascular endothelial cell growth (Carson and Haudenschild, In Vitro 22:344
      354, 1986). By Days 5 to 7 EC colonies are found. Within a day or two after the
      appearance of the EC colonies, a non-EC cell type appears and, if undisturbed,
      quickly overgrows the EC. An exploitable temporal separation between the
      emergence of EC and non-EC is obtained when both conditioned medium (from bovine
      aortic endothelium) and retinal extract are present during the outgrowth period.
      Explants are removed by pipetting at the first sign of the emergence of the non
      EC cell type. Once isolated, HCC-EC do not require conditioned medium but do
      require either retinal extract or acidic fibroblast growth factor for survival
      and growth. Approximately 60% of the first passage cultures are at least 80% EC
      as judged by DiI-Ac-LDL labeling. One corpus (0.3 x 0.3 x 0.5 cm) usually
      produces 120 cm2 of primary culture within 2 wk. These EC form contact-inhibited
      monolayers and stain positively for Factor VIII. They have a doubling time at 6th
      passage of 48 h and a plateau density of 5 to 7 x 10(4) cells/cm2. The
      availability of such cultures should facilitate the study of endothelium-mediated
      responses which play an important role in the erectile function of human penile
      corpus cavernosum.

PMID- 2925567
TI  - Factors associated with joint custody awards.
AB  - Court records of 358 divorce cases involving children from matched counties in
      two states with opposite legal presumptions concerning joint legal custody were
      reviewed. The impact of such presumptions upon actual custody awards was
      examined, as well as the correlation between demographic and other custody
      arrangement variables and joint legal and physical custody in both states. It was
      found that the existence of a presumption concerning joint legal custody affected
      legal but not physical custody award patterns. Significant correlations were
      discovered between joint custody and the presence of specific language in court
      orders concerning parental rights/responsibilities and financial support for
      children; parental education; gender of plaintiff; welfare agency involvement and
      defendants' requests for custody. Implications of these findings are discussed.

PMID- 2925568
TI  - Father absence: effects on child and maternal psychopathology.
AB  - The effects of fathers' absences during the previous year on 213 military
      children were examined, using multiple measures of children's functioning and
      psychiatric symptoms. Children whose fathers had been absent 1 or more months
      during the previous 12 months experienced significantly higher self-reported
      depression and anxiety, but these symptoms were not apparent to adult observers
      (parents and teachers). These effects were not demonstrated when maternal
      psychiatric symptoms and intercurrent family stressors were controlled. Thus, the
      effects of father absence under routine conditions in relatively healthy samples
      may exert no significant effects independent of intervening family stressors or
      maternal psychopathology. Clinic referrals of children during times of father
      absence may partly be due to an effect of additional stressors impacting on the
      mother during the absence of the father.

PMID- 2925566
TI  - Maintenance of testosterone production by purified adult rat Leydig cells for 3
      days in vitro.
AB  - Using a preparation of highly purified, adult rat Leydig cells and conditions of
      culture which we found to optimize testosterone production during 24 h, we sought
      to maintain optimal testosterone production for 3 d. Leydig cells cultured on
      Cytodex 3 beads at 19% O2 in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium-Ham's nutrient
      mixture F12 (1:1; vol/vol) containing 0.5 mg/ml total bovine lipoproteins (less
      than 1.222 g/ml) with maximal luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulation failed to
      maintain a constant amount of testosterone for 3 d. These cells did however
      secrete a similar amount of total delta 4-3-ketosteroids on each of the 3 culture
      d, indicating that their viability was preserved. The predominance of
      progesterone and 170H-progesterone relative to the amount of androstenedione
      found on Days 2 and 3 suggested that the activity of the cytochrome P450 C17
      hydroxylase-C17,20-lyase enzyme in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum was
      diminished when Leydig cells were maintained in our primary culture for longer
      than 24 h. Decreasing the oxygen tension of the cultures from 19 to 5%, and
      decreasing the concentration of LH used to stimulate the Leydig cells from 100 to
      0.1 ng/ml, were necessary to achieve maintenance of testosterone secretion
      without accumulation of other delta 4-3-ketosteroids during a 3-d period. Cells
      cultured in this fashion were still able to respond to maximal LH stimulation
      during Day 3, producing as much testosterone as if cultured for 24 h on Day 1 at
      19% O2 with 100 ng/ml LH stimulation.

PMID- 2925569
TI  - Residential instability in adolescent inpatients.
AB  - The case records of 225 randomly selected adolescent psychiatric inpatients were
      reviewed to determine prevalence of residential instability. The study also
      examined the demographic, family composition, life event, and behavior
      characteristics associated with residential instability. Approximately 30% of the
      sample had experienced a high rate of residential instability (i.e., from 5 to 20
      domicile moves). Analyses indicated that residential instability was associated
      with a set of characteristics that included caregiver neglect, caregiver abuse,
      parental separation, multiple hospitalizations, lower IQ, indices of poor impulse
      control, and antisocial behavior. The possible contribution of residential
      instability to treatment resistance and the development of antisocial behaviors
      in some adolescents is discussed.

PMID- 2925570
TI  - Coping with parental quarrels.
AB  - Children's reactions to parental quarrels were investigated in a general
      population sample of children between 9 and 12 years old. One hundred and thirty
      nine families participated in the study. Approximately half the children were
      living in disharmonious families and half were in harmonious families. Mothers
      and children were interviewed with semistructured interviews to determine how
      children responded to specific episodes of parental quarrelling. Seventy-one
      percent of children reported intervening in parental quarrels. A range of other
      coping strategies was identified: seeking contact with a sibling, confiding in
      friends, offering comfort to parents after a quarrel, self-blame, seeking
      information about quarrels, and perceiving beneficial aspects to parental
      quarrelling. The hypothesis was examined that certain coping strategies would be
      associated with lower levels of children's behavioral and emotional problems.
      Only a weak relationship was found between children's intervention in parental
      quarrels and emotional and behavioral problems. No other coping strategies were
      found to predict children's disturbance.

PMID- 2925572
TI  - Affect and cognition in autism.
AB  - An array of six photographs of the same woman was used to assess the ability of
      18 autistic, 14 nonautistic mentally retarded, and 18 normal preschool subjects
      to use affect- and activity-related concepts in the solution of cognitive tasks.
      The Total Performance Level of the autistic and mentally retarded subjects did
      not differ significantly. Autistic subjects performed imitation, directed action,
      and description tasks less well in the affect mode. The findings are consistent
      with other studies, suggesting an impairment in the expression of emotion in
      autism.

PMID- 2925571
TI  - Neurochemical study of dopamine functioning in autistic and normal subjects.
AB  - Plasma prolactin (PRL) and homovanillic acid (HVA) levels, and urinary HVA and
      dopamine (DA) excretion, were measured in groups of unmedicated autistics,
      medicated autistics, and normal controls. No significant differences were found
      between unmedicated autistics and normal controls in plasma PRL and HVA levels.
      Excretion rates of urinary HVA and DA were also similar in the unmedicated
      autistic and normal subjects. Plasma PRL and HVA, as well as urinary HVA
      excretion, were significantly increased in the autistics on neuroleptic
      medication compared to the unmedicated autistics. A significant correlation (r =
      0.46, p = less than 0.05) was observed between dose of neuroleptics and plasma
      PRL values; the correlation (r = 0.42) between neuroleptic dose and plasma HVA
      levels approached significance (p = 0.06). In contrast, no differences were
      observed in urinary DA excretion between medicated and unmedicated autistics. In
      general, the findings indicate that peripheral indices of dopamine functioning
      are normal in autistic subjects.

PMID- 2925573
TI  - Naltrexone in autistic children: an acute open dose range tolerance trial.
AB  - The safety and efficacy of naltrexone was explored in an open acute dose range
      tolerance trial in 10 hospitalized autistic children, ages 3.42 to 6.50 years
      (mean, 5.04). Naltrexone was given in ascending doses: 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0
      mg/kg/day. Behavioral side effects were observed as early as 1/2 hour after
      dosing. Ratings on the Children's Psychiatric Rating Scale showed that withdrawal
      was reduced across all three dose levels; administration of 0.5 mg/kg/day dose
      resulted in increased verbal production; and the 2.0 mg/kg/day dose resulted in
      reduction of sterotypies. Mild sedation of brief duration was the only side
      effect. Electrocardiogram, liver function tests, and all other laboratory studies
      remained unchanged throughout the study. These preliminary findings require
      replication in a larger sample of patients under double-blind and placebo
      controlled condition.

PMID- 2925574
TI  - Influence of verbal ability on the expression of aggression in physically abused
      children.
AB  - The relationship between verbal ability and aggressive behavior in 53 physically
      abused children in a residential treatment center was examined. Characteristics
      differentiating aggressive children from their less aggressive peers were
      identified. Although general verbal ability was similar in aggressive and
      nonaggressive abused children, reading and expressive language deficits were more
      prevalent in the highly aggressive children. Highly aggressive children were
      significantly more deficient in reading ability and more often required speech
      language services. Implications of these findings for treatment and future
      research are discussed.

PMID- 2925575
TI  - Cognitive and physiological responsiveness of abused children.
AB  - Videotaped scenes of everyday events were shown to hospitalized abused and
      nonabused children and to a nonhospitalized peer group. The children's heart
      rates were taken as they viewed the scenes and they responded to questions about
      the content of the scenes. The hospitalized children reacted to the scenes with a
      larger decrease in heart rate than did the nonhospitalized children. The abused
      children reported more negative outcomes to the scenes, more negative feelings,
      and that they had experienced the events depicted more often than did either
      group of nonabused children.

PMID- 2925576
TI  - Psychiatric status of intrafamilial child sexual abuse victims.
AB  - The initial psychiatric profile of a large sample of sexually abused children who
      presented at an outpatient child psychiatry clinic was assessed. The results
      identified a wide diversity in victim responses to incest. The older the victim,
      the closer the relationship of the offender to the child, the greater the
      frequency of abuse incidents, the longer the duration of the abuse, the offender
      having a history of alcohol abuse, and the victim being a victim of physical
      abuse as well as sexual abuse were all related to the presence of a DSM-III axis
      I clinical disorder.

PMID- 2925577
TI  - False allegations of sexual abuse by children and adolescents.
AB  - The frequency of false allegations of sexual abuse by children and adolescents is
      of significant legal and clinical importance. The rate of false allegations of
      sexual abuse is examined in a large sample of Child Protective Services (CPS)
      cases. The criteria used by CPS workers in judging the validity of allegations
      are considered, and the relationship between substantiation rates and attitudes
      about the trustworthiness of child reports of abuse is explored. Many
      professionals in the field of child sexual abuse are more skeptical of child and
      adolescent claims of sexual abuse than available research suggests is warranted.

PMID- 2925578
TI  - Children's memory and proximity to violence.
AB  - The study examined 133 school-age children's memory of a sniper attack at their
      elementary school. Researchers analyzed the role that spatial representation,
      memory markers, inner plans of action, and strategies of recall played in the
      memory process. In recalling the event, exposed children reduced their degree of
      life threat, while nonexposed children increased their proximity to the violence.
      Clinical and forensic implications are discussed.

PMID- 2925579
TI  - Specificity of infants' response to mothers' affective behavior.
AB  - Mother-infant face-to-face interaction is central to infant socioemotional
      development. Little has been known about the mechanisms that mediate the mother's
      influence. Findings are reviewed from a series of laboratory studies that suggest
      the major functional components of a mother's behavior are its affective quality
      and its contingent relationship to her baby's behavior. Quality of mother's
      affective expression accounted for individual differences in the behavior of
      thirteen 7-month-old infants living in multiproblem families. Infants' response
      was specific to the type of affective expression mothers displayed. Flat,
      withdrawn maternal affective expression was associated with infant distress.
      Intrusive maternal expression was associated with increased gaze aversion. Lack
      of contingent responsiveness was common to all but four mothers. Findings suggest
      that withdrawn or intrusive maternal affective expression, together with lack of
      contingent responsiveness, may in part be responsible for the risk-status of
      infants in multiproblem families.

PMID- 2925580
TI  - Affect attunement, attachment, temperament, and zygosity: a twin study.
AB  - A twin study examines the relationship of affect attunement to four factors of
      development: zygosity, temperament, attachment, and twin preference. Affect
      attunement occurs when an infant expresses affect and a mother responds cross
      modally, matching duration, intensity, and rhythm. A sample of 16, same sex,
      healthy twins (8 MZ, 8 DZ) and their mothers were recruited at 10 to 12 months of
      age. Monozygous twins attuned at more similar rates than dizygous twins. There
      was no relationship between attunement, attachment, and temperament, nor between
      affect signal rate and attunement. Five of eight mothers expressed a twin
      preference. Eleven of the 16 infants were classified securely attached. Affect
      attunement is discussed as a measure of the complementarity between an infant's
      affect signaling rate and a mother's contingent responsiveness.

PMID- 2925581
TI  - Risk, protective factors, and the prevalence of behavioral and emotional
      disorders in children and adolescents.
AB  - The influence of various risk and protective factors on the presence of one or
      more behavioral or emotional disorders in 3,294 children and adolescents between
      the ages of 4 and 16 is examined using data from the Ontario Child Health Study
      conducted in 1983. Multivariate analyses showed that family problems and parental
      problems heightened the risk for disorder, whereas being a good student, getting
      along with others, and participation activities reduced the risk of disorder.
      Some interaction effects between various factors are also reported. The models
      generated are compared with others reported in the literature. Future research
      and social policy implications are discussed.

PMID- 2925582
TI  - Abnormalities of growth in 7- to 18-year-old psychiatric patients.
AB  - The growth curves of all nonimmigrant school-age children living in one district
      of Malmo, Sweden and treated at the Department of Child and Youth Psychiatry
      during 1983 were investigated. The study group consisted of 40 children. Twenty
      five of these children (63%) showed abnormal growth compared to 6 children (15%)
      with abnormal growth in an age-and sex-matched nonpsychiatric control population
      (p less than 0.001). A majority of the children with abnormal growth exhibited
      deviant growth within the first 4 years of life, usually several years before
      showing any psychiatric symptoms. These results, if borne out by additional
      studies, may have important clinical applications in the fields of developmental
      medicine and child psychiatry.

PMID- 2925583
TI  - Vulnerability, stress, and resilience in the early development of a high risk
      child.
AB  - A young girl at risk for schizophrenia is admitted for inpatient evaluation at
      age 30 months with growth failure and psychosocial retardation. Her history
      suggests that adverse environmental experiences, particularly the traumatic loss
      of primary caregivers around age 15 months, resulted in symptoms consistent with
      the clinical picture of anaclitic depression and associated psychosocial
      dwarfism. Intervention in the form of hospitalization and placement by
      "prescribed" adoption into a favorable caregiving environment produced dramatic
      recovery in growth and psychological functioning. Follow-up data document
      sustained positive development 3 1/2 years later. This case illustrates the power
      of a developmental perspective on psychopathology for conceptualizing and
      planning treatment for an individual child.

PMID- 2925584
TI  - A comparison of three nocturnal enuresis treatment methods.
AB  - To evaluate the efficacy of an operant approach that includes the bell and pad
      for the treatment of enuresis (Tangible Rewards with Fading), it was compared
      with an established operant method that includes the bell and pad (the Dry Bed
      method) and to a conventional Bell and Pad method. Although there were no overall
      statistically significant differences among the three methods, individual
      pairwise comparisons were of interest; the Dry Bed method had no advantage, but
      the Tangible Rewards with Fading method tended to have more patients reach a 14
      day dryness criterion (p less than 0.10) and tended to have fewer patients
      relapse after treatment (p less than 0.08) than the Bell and Pad method.

PMID- 2925586
TI  - Resolved: child and adolescent psychiatry needs a plan for recertification.

PMID- 2925585
TI  - Object attachment, thumbsucking, and the passage to sleep.
AB  - Cross-cultural studies suggest that children who sleep in the same room as their
      parents and who are breast-fed are less likely to use an attachment object. The
      present study examined childrearing practices that emphasize physical proximity
      of parent and child and use of an attachment object and thumbsucking at bedtime
      with 126 healthy U.S. infants. Four child-rearing practices were focused on:
      presence or absence of a caregiver when the child actually fell asleep; mode of
      feeding; location of the child's bed or sleeping place; whether or not the child
      slept with the parents during the night. Children who had an adult present as
      they fell asleep were less likely to use an attachment object or suck their
      thumbs. In contrast to cross-cultural research, the results of the present study
      suggest that where a child sleeps during the night or how the child is fed is not
      as important an influence on the bedtime use of an attachment object or
      thumbsucking as whether an adult is present as the child actually falls asleep.

PMID- 2925587
TI  - More on sex abuse allegations.

PMID- 2925588
TI  - PTSD and sexually abused children.

PMID- 2925589
TI  - More on methylphenidate in autism.

PMID- 2925590
TI  - Behavioral side-effects of CNS prophylaxis.

PMID- 2925591
TI  - Our changing field.

PMID- 2925592
TI  - Nifedipine-haloperidol combination in the treatment of Gilles de la Tourette's
      syndrome: a case study.
AB  - Anecdotal case reports have been published describing the use of the calcium
      channel blockers verapamil and nifedipine to provide rapid and dramatic relief in
      refractory Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome (TS). The authors' case presentation
      illustrates that, although these two drugs may not always work alone, they can be
      successfully used in combination with other medications for treating refractory
      TS.

PMID- 2925593
TI  - Sample bias and overinference: two sources of error in interpreting case report
      data.

PMID- 2925594
TI  - ECT in children and adolescents.

PMID- 2925595
TI  - MAOIs in DST nonsuppressors.

PMID- 2925596
TI  - Dexamethasone suppression test and response to MAOI treatment.

PMID- 2925597
TI  - Plasma trimipramine levels.

PMID- 2925598
TI  - Alprazolam treatment of avoidant personality traits in social phobic patients.
AB  - The authors examined the effect of alprazolam treatment on avoidant personality
      traits in 14 DSM-III-R social phobics. Six of the nine avoidant traits examined
      improved with treatment. However, all but one trait (avoiding social or
      occupational activities requiring interpersonal contact) returned to baseline
      levels posttreatment. Treatment response and intercorrelation of items indicated
      two traits that may represent a separate segment of avoidant personality: "No
      close friends or confidants outside of relatives and family members" and
      "Exaggerates the potential dangers or risks of everyday situations."

PMID- 2925599
TI  - A case of immune complex hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute renal
      failure associated with doxepin use.
AB  - A 46-year-old man suffering from neurotic depression complicated by alcohol and
      benzodiazepine dependence developed Coombs'-positive hemolytic anemia and
      thrombocytopenia with acute renal failure after 5 weeks of monotherapy with
      doxepin at a final dosage of 100 mg daily. The patient recovered completely after
      discontinuation of doxepin, blood exchange transfusion, and repeated
      hemodialyses. He had no history of hematologic abnormalities, exposure to other
      toxins, or glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Because other etiologic
      factors were ruled out, the short interval between the onset of the patient's
      hemolytic crisis and the administration of doxepin highly suggests that doxepin
      was associated with the complication. To the best of our knowledge, ours is the
      first report of this adverse effect following doxepin administration.

PMID- 2925600
TI  - Maintenance lithium treatment: side effects and compliance.
AB  - Fifty-one bipolar patients receiving maintenance lithium treatment were evaluated
      for the presence of side effects, their degree of distress, and the association
      of these side effects with compliance. Cognitive side effects and weight gain
      were the most disturbing to patients, whereas thirst and polyuria were the most
      common. Self-reported noncompliance correlated most highly with coordination (r =
      .38, p less than .01) and cognition (r = .30, p less than .05) side effects.
      Current depressed mood also showed a strong correlation with side effect scores,
      especially those for cognitive disturbances. However, the correlations between
      noncompliance and coordination and cognitive side effects were just as strong
      when the effects of depressed mood were partialled out. These findings indicate
      the link between noncompliance and lithium-induced central nervous side effects
      and suggest that related treatment issues must be addressed to ensure maximum
      clinical response.

PMID- 2925602
TI  - Poor interrater reliability of MECTA EEG recordings of ECT seizure duration.
AB  - The electroencephalogram (EEG) tracings of seizure durations recorded by the
      MECTA SR-1 for 24 patients undergoing right unilateral electroconvulsive therapy
      (ECT) were estimated independently by four psychiatrists and a neurologist.
      Differences among raters were often large and, overall, were statistically
      significant. The literature on interrater reliability for the MECTA EEG remains
      contradictory, and caution in MECTA EEG use appears warranted.

PMID- 2925601
TI  - Effects of repeated drug holidays on serum haloperidol concentrations,
      psychiatric symptoms, and movement disorders in schizophrenic patients.
AB  - In a crossover experiment the authors investigated the effects of repeated
      weekly, 2-day, haloperidol drug holidays on serum haloperidol concentrations,
      mental status, and neuroleptic-induced movement disorders in seven chronic
      schizophrenic patients. Haloperidol concentrations decreased about 64% during the
      initial 36 hours of drug holiday and subsequently increased slightly during the
      next 24 hours of drug holiday. Two-day weekly drug holidays for 6 weeks resulted
      in an average reduction of 25% in serum haloperidol concentrations at all drug
      holiday points. Mental status and movement disorders scores, rated by observers
      blind to the drug-holiday condition, were not significantly affected by drug
      holidays.

PMID- 2925603
TI  - Trimipramine-induced neuroleptic malignant syndrome after transient psychogenic
      polydipsia in one patient.
AB  - A case of neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) was induced by the antidepressant
      trimipramine in a 47-year-old woman with obsessive compulsive disorder and major
      depression. NMS symptoms were associated with a brief episode of polydipsia, and
      both conditions may have had dopaminergic dysfunction as a common etiology. The
      patient improved with bromocriptine and dantrolene.

PMID- 2925604
TI  - Managing antidepressant-induced sweating.

PMID- 2925605
TI  - Homicidal psychosis during the combined use of cocaine and an over-the-counter
      cold preparation.

PMID- 2925607
TI  - Realities of tobacco addiction.

PMID- 2925606
TI  - Treatable causes of CNS dysfunction in AIDS patients.

PMID- 2925608
TI  - Cloning and recombinant expression of phospholipase A2 present in rheumatoid
      arthritic synovial fluid.
AB  - Synovial fluid from arthritic patients contains multiple forms of phospholipase
      A2 (PLA2), as resolved by high performance liquid chromatography (Seilhamer,
      J.J., Plant, S., Pruzanski, W., Schilling, J., Stefanski, E., Vadas, P., and
      Johnson, L. K. (1989) J. Biochem. (Tokyo), submitted for publication). Here we
      describe the cloning of a human 4.5-kilobase gene and 800-base pair cDNA encoding
      the form representing the major peak of activity and protein mass (peak A). The
      clones encode a mature peptide of 124 amino acids, which follows a prepeptide of
      20 residues. The deduced amino acid sequence constitutes an enzyme of the "Type
      II" class of PLA2s, and resembles PLA2s from other mammalian sources. This
      represents the first report of a full length mammalian non-pancreatic PLA2
      sequence. Active transcription of this PLA2 gene was detected in two different
      inflammatory cell sources. Recombinant human peak A PLA2 was expressed in
      vaccinia as a secreted protein which accumulated in conditioned medium.

PMID- 2925609
TI  - Murine 86- and 84-kDa heat shock proteins, cDNA sequences, chromosome
      assignments, and evolutionary origins.
AB  - The two forms of the approximately 90-kDa murine heat shock protein, referred to
      as HSP86 and HSP84, are coded for by separate but related genes. A full-length
      nucleotide sequence of the cDNA coding for HSP86 from a chemically induced tumor,
      Meth A, was determined. Sequences from a number of peptides from HSP86 were found
      to be in complete agreement with the nucleotide sequence. The HSP84 sequence from
      the same tumor was also completed. HSP86 and HSP84 are acidic polypeptides 733
      and 724 amino acids long with calculated molecular weights of 84,796 and 83,290,
      respectively. The two proteins are 86% homologous. HSP86 was found to contain
      internal peptide repeats of Glu-Lys-Glu within a region of highly charged amino
      acid residues. The coding regions of the cDNAs were 76% homologous; however, this
      homology did not extend to the 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions. The 5'
      untranslated region of hsp86 cDNA was considerably longer than that of hsp84 cDNA
      and, unlike that of hsp84, contained extraneous ATG triplets. Hsp86-related
      sequences were assigned to chromosomes 12, 11, and 3. An evolutionary tree
      constructed from HSP90-related protein sequences indicated that HSP86 and HSP84
      were likely to have diverged more than 500 million years ago. The findings
      presented herein suggest that HSP86 and HSP84 may have different functions.

PMID- 2925610
TI  - Bone marrow-derived mononuclear phagocytes autoregulate mannose receptor
      expression.
AB  - This study extends our previous observation that surface mannose receptor
      expression by pure populations of CSF-1-dependent bone marrow-derived macrophages
      increases with time (Clohisy, D. R., Bar-Shavit, Z., Chappel, J. C., and
      Teitelbaum, S. L. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 15922-15929). We presently find,
      however, that the progressive enhancement of 125I-mannose-bovine serum albumin
      (125I-Man-BSA) binding per cell reflects cell number rather than duration of
      culture. In fact, macrophages plated at high density bind 8-fold more 125I-Man
      BSA than do their low density counterparts, with no difference in receptor-ligand
      affinity. Furthermore, cells cultured at high density are ultimately subjected to
      lower levels of exogenously provided macrophage growth factor, and fewer are in
      interphase. By obtaining synchronous populations of quiescent bone marrow
      macrophages, however, we demonstrate that neither cell cycling nor attendant
      levels of colony stimulating factor-1 influence mannose receptor expression. Our
      next series of experiments established that density-related mannose receptor
      expression reflects removal, by marrow macrophages, of a "down-regulating" factor
      contained in culture medium. To this end, we treated mononuclear phagocytes with
      either macrophage- or control-conditioned medium and found that, via a fetal calf
      serum-residing protein(s), only control medium is capable of noncompetitively
      reducing 125I-Man-BSA binding in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, reconstituted
      20-40% (NH4)2SO4-precipitable fractions derived from either sham-conditioned
      medium or fetal calf serum are capable of down-regulating mannose receptor
      expression. Alternatively, the same fraction obtained from macrophage-conditioned
      medium contains no such activity. Finally, initial characterization of the down
      regulating factor reveals it to be acid-activable and trypsin-sensitive, yet
      resistant to heating to at least 80 degrees C, ribonuclease A, or freezing and
      thawing. We conclude that bone marrow macrophages up-regulate expression of their
      own plasma membrane mannose receptor by inactivating a noncompetitive, serum
      residing inhibitory protein(s).

PMID- 2925611
TI  - Deuterium NMR study of structural and dynamic properties of horseradish
      peroxidase.
AB  - High field deuterium NMR spectra have been recorded for various horseradish
      peroxidase complexes reconstituted with hemins possessing specific 2H labels. The
      line width of the 2H NMR signals of deuteroheme reconstituted-horseradish
      peroxidase (HRP) and its cyano complex for the immobilized skeletal 2-2H and 4-2H
      labels yield the overall protein rotational correlation time (22 ms at 55 degrees
      C), which is consistent with expectations based on molecular weight. Meso-2H4
      labels yield broad (1.3 kHz) signals just upfield from the diamagnetic protein
      envelope for HRP, and in the central portion of the protein envelope for the CN-
      ligated resting state HRP. Meso-2H4-labeled mesohemin-reconstituted HRP exhibits
      a similar signal but shifted further upfield by approximately 10 ppm. The net
      upfield meso-H hyperfine shifts confirm a five-coordinate structure for resting
      state HRP. 2Ha resonances for essentially rotationally immobile vinyl groups were
      detected in both resting state HRP and CN- ligated resting state HRP. Heme methyl
      2H-labeling yields relatively narrow lines (approximately 80 Hz) indicative of
      effective averaging of the quadrupolar relaxation by rapid methyl rotation. Thus
      the 2H line width of rapidly rotating methyls in hemoproteins can be used
      effectively to determine the overall protein tumbling rate. Preliminary 2H
      experiments in meso-2H4-labeled compound I do not support large pi spin density
      at these positions on the porphyrin cation radical, and argue for a a1u rather
      than a a2u orbital ground state.

PMID- 2925612
TI  - Transient kinetics of heparin-catalyzed protease inactivation by antithrombin
      III. Characterization of assembly, product formation, and heparin dissociation
      steps in the factor Xa reaction.
AB  - The kinetics of alpha-factor Xa inhibition by antithrombin III (AT) were studied
      in the absence and presence of heparin (H) with high affinity for antithrombin by
      stopped-flow fluorometry at I 0.3, pH 7.4 and 25 degrees C, using the
      fluorescence probe p-aminobenzamidine (P) and intrinsic protein fluorescence to
      monitor the reactions. Active site binding of p-aminobenzamidine to factor Xa was
      characterized by a 200-fold enhancement and 4-nm blue shift of the probe
      fluorescence emission spectrum (lambda max 372 nm), 29-nm red shift of the
      excitation spectrum (lambda max 322 nm), and dissociation constant (KD) of about
      80 microM. Under pseudo-first order conditions [( AT]0, [H]0, [P]0 much greater
      than [Xa]0), the observed factor Xa inactivation rate constant (kobs) measured by
      p-aminobenzamidine displacement or residual enzymatic activity increased linearly
      with the "effective" antithrombin concentration (i.e. corrected for probe
      competition) up to 300 microM in the absence of heparin, indicating a simple
      bimolecular process with a rate constant of 2.1 x 10(3) M-1 s-1. In the presence
      of heparin, a similar linear dependence of kobs on effective AT.H complex
      concentration was found up to 25 microM whether the reaction was followed by
      probe displacement or the quenching of AT.H complex protein fluorescence due to
      heparin dissociation, consistent with a bimolecular reaction between AT.H complex
      and free factor Xa with a 300-fold enhanced rate constant of 7 x 10(5) M-1 s-1.
      Above 25 microM AT.H complex, an increasing dead time displacement of p
      aminobenzamidine and a downward deviation of kobs from the initial linear
      dependence on AT.H complex concentration were found, reflecting the saturation of
      an intermediate Xa.AT.H complex with a KD of 200 microM and a limiting rate of Xa
      AT product complex formation of 140 s-1. Kinetic studies at catalytic heparin
      concentrations yielded a kcat/Km for factor Xa at saturating antithrombin of 7 x
      10(5) M-1 s-1 in agreement with the bimolecular rate constant obtained in single
      heparin turnover experiments. These results demonstrate that 1) the accelerating
      effect of heparin on the AT/Xa reaction is at least partly due to heparin
      promoting the ordered assembly of antithrombin and factor Xa in an intermediate
      ternary complex and that 2) heparin catalytic turnover is limited by the rate of
      conversion of the ternary complex intermediate to the product Xa-AT complex with
      heparin dissociation occurring either concomitant with this step or in a
      subsequent faster step.

PMID- 2925613
TI  - Nonequivalence of the two subunits of horse erythrocyte glutathione transferase
      in their reaction with sulfhydryl reagents.
AB  - Glutathione transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) from horse erythrocytes has been purified
      and some molecular and kinetic properties have been investigated. It appears to
      be a dimeric protein composed of subunits of about 23 kDa, indistinguishable
      either in sodium dodecyl sulfate or in urea electrophoresis. Amino acid
      composition, substrate specificities, sensitivity to inhibitors, CD spectra, and
      immunological studies provide evidence that the horse enzyme is related to the pi
      class transferases. This enzyme has only two reactive thiol groups/dimer whose
      integrity appears to be essential for the activity. A peculiar feature of these
      protein thiol groups is that they react nonidentically with a number of thiol
      blocking reagents, i.e. iodacetamide, bromopyruvate, N-ethylmaleimide, and 1
      chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. Also many disulfides react with one thiol group 5- to
      10-fold more rapidly than with the other. The two mixed disulfides so formed also
      have different rates of reactivation by dithiothreitol. All the structural and
      kinetic data reported in this paper indicate a nonsymmetrical association of two
      identical subunits, or alternatively heterodimeric structure with subunits of
      very similar charge and size.

PMID- 2925614
TI  - The nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-binding site of chicken liver xanthine
      dehydrogenase. Evidence for alteration of the redox potential of the flavin by
      NAD binding or modification of the NAD-binding site and isolation of a modified
      peptide.
AB  - Affinity labeling of the NAD-binding site of chicken liver xanthine dehydrogenase
      by 5'-p-fluorosulfonylbenzoyladenosine (5'-FSBA) caused spectral perturbation
      around 450 nm in the same way as NAD. Reductive titration with xanthine of native
      xanthine dehydrogenase in the presence of NAD showed that redox potentials of the
      FAD/FADH. and FADH./FADH2 couples were shifted positive by NAD binding to the
      enzyme. The redox potentials of these couples were also shifted to some extent by
      modification of the NAD-binding site with 5'-FSBA. These results provide further
      evidence that binding of NAD to chicken liver xanthine dehydrogenase modulates
      the reactivity of the enzyme by shifting the redox potential of FAD. Proteolytic
      cleavage of the [14C]-5'-FSBA-modified enzyme yielded several domain peptides,
      only one of which contained radioactivity. The isolated radioactive peptide was
      further digested with Staphylococcus aureus protease and the 14C-labeled peptide
      was purified by two steps of high performance liquid chromatography. The amino
      acid sequence of the peptide was determined, and a reactive tyrosine residue was
      identified.

PMID- 2925615
TI  - The isolation and primary structure of a 22-kDa extracellular matrix protein from
      bovine skin.
AB  - The primary structure of a 22-kDa protein which was isolated during the
      purification of bovine skin dermatan sulfate proteoglycan is described. The
      uronate-rich fraction from DEAE-Sepharose chromatography of a 7.8 M urea extract
      of bovine fetal skin was subjected to gel filtration on Sepharose CL-6B in 4 M
      guanidine HCl. A prominent component of mass 22 kDa was separated from the
      proteoglycan and further purified on octyl-Sepharose. The primary structure of
      this component was determined and found to contain three repeat regions. Each of
      the three sections contains a similar pattern of looped disulfide bonds. A six
      amino acid consensus sequence, Asp-Arg-Glx-Trp-Asn/Gln/Lys-Phe/Tyr, is found in
      each loop. This domain may be involved in associations of the molecule with other
      extracellular matrix components.

PMID- 2925616
TI  - Cooperative function of two separate enhancers of the human epidermal growth
      factor receptor proto-oncogene.
AB  - Two separate enhancers were identified both upstream and downstream of the
      promoter of the human epidermal growth factor receptor gene. Transcriptional
      enhancer activity was found to be associated with a region 1172 and 852 base
      pairs upstream of the most upstream RNA start site, and within a 530-base pair
      fragment located in the first intron about 2000 base pairs downstream of the most
      upstream RNA start site. These two separate enhancers stimulated promoter
      activity cooperatively in HeLa cells synthesizing the epidermal growth factor
      receptor. The enhancer downstream of the promoter functioned only in the presence
      of the other upstream enhancer. Several areas of sequences homology with viral
      and cellular enhancers were noted in both the upstream and downstream enhancers.
      The region essential for the downstream enhancer activity has 10 nuclear factor
      binding sites.

PMID- 2925617
TI  - The amino acid sequences of the alpha and beta chains of hemoglobin from the
      snake, Liophis miliaris.
AB  - The hemoglobin of Liophis miliaris has unusual properties. The hemoglobin is
      dimeric in the oxy form, and the cooperativity of O2 binding is very low, but
      both the Bohr effect and cooperativity are greatly enhanced in the presence of
      ATP (Matsuura, M. S. A., Ogo, S. H., and Focesi, A., Jr. (1987) Comp. Biochem.
      Physiol. 86A, 683-687). Four unique chains (2 alpha, 2 beta) can be isolated from
      the hemolysate. The amino acid sequences of one alpha and one beta chain have
      been determined in an effort to understand the functional properties. Comparison
      of the sequences with those of the alpha and beta chains of human Hb shows the
      following. (i) All 7 of the residues in the beta chain normally conserved in
      globins are identical to those of the human chain: Gly(B6), Phe(CD1), His(E7),
      Leu(F4), His(F8), Lys(H10), and Tyr(HC2), except that the distal His(E7) has been
      replaced by Gln in the alpha chain. (ii) All heme contact residues in the beta
      chain are identical with those in the human chain, but two differences are
      present in the alpha chain: the distal His(E7) is replaced by Gln and Met(B13) by
      Leu. (iii) All residues that form the binding site for organic phosphates are
      identical to those in human Hb. (iv) The major residues that contribute to the
      normal Bohr effect in human Hb, Asp-beta 94, His-beta 146, and Val-alpha 1 are
      conserved. (v) All beta chain residues at the alpha 1 beta 2 interface are
      identical with those in the human chain except two: Glu(G3)----Val and Glu(CD2)--
      -Thr; these differences in charged residues may explain the dissociation to
      dimers. (vi) The 23 residues of the alpha chain in the alpha 1 beta 2 contact
      region are identical with those of the human chain except three: Phe(B14)----Leu,
      Thr(C3)----Gln and Pro(CD2)----Ser. (vii) A total of 17 differences occur at the
      alpha 1 beta 1 interface, 11 in the alpha chain and 6 in the beta chain.

PMID- 2925618
TI  - Primary structure of chicken pituitary prolactin deduced from the cDNA sequence.
      Conserved and specific amino acid residues in the domains of the prolactins.
AB  - The perform of chicken prolactin (PRL) deduced from the cDNA sequence contains a
      signal peptide of 30 amino acid residues followed by a mature PRL of 199
      residues. Chicken PRL shows 77, 68, 67, 58, and 31% identity of amino acid
      sequence with whale, human, ovine, rat, and salmon PRLs, respectively.
      Elucidation of the primary structure of avian PRL enabled extended analysis of
      the specific and conserved amino acid residues and domains of the PRL molecules.
      The mammalian, teleostean, and avian PRLs share 32 common residues, and these
      conserved residues are observed to cluster in four distinct domains (PD1 to PD4),
      corresponding to four of five conserved domains of the growth hormones. Of the 32
      residues, 8 residues in the PD2 and PD4 domains, including 4 cysteines, are
      conserved by other members of the growth hormone family, which indicates that
      these 8 residues may be essential for common structural features of the gene
      family. On the other hand, 13 other residues distributed among all four domains
      are conserved almost exclusively in the PRLs, suggesting that these residues are
      indispensable for specific binding of the PRLs to their receptors.

PMID- 2925619
TI  - Photoaffinity labeling of the lumenal K+ site of the gastric (H+ + K+)-ATPase.
AB  - A photoaffinity label for the lumenal K+ site of the gastric (H+ + K+)-ATPase has
      been identified. Seven azido derivatives based upon the reversible K+ site
      inhibitor SCH 28080 were studied, one of which, m-ATIP (8-(3-azidophenylmethoxy)
      1,2,3-trimethylimidazo[1,2-a] pyridinium iodide), was subsequently synthesized in
      radiolabeled form. In the absence of UV irradiation, m-ATIP inhibited K+ 
      stimulated ATPase activity in lyophilized gastric vesicles competitively with
      respect to K+, with a Ki value of 2.4 microM at pH 7.0. Irradiation of
      lyophilized gastric vesicles at pH 7.0 with [14C]m-ATIP in the presence of 0.2 mM
      ATP resulted in a time-dependent inactivation of ATPase activity that was
      associated with an incorporation of radioactivity into a 100-kDa polypeptide
      representing the catalytic subunit of the (H+ + K+)-ATPase. Both inactivation and
      incorporation were blocked in the presence of 10 mM KCl but not with 10 mM NaCl,
      consistent with interaction at the K+ site. The level of incorporation required
      to produce complete inhibition of ATPase activity was 1.9 +/- 0.2 times the
      number of catalytic phosphorylation sites in the same preparation. Tryptic
      digestion of gastric vesicle membranes, labeled with [14C]m-ATIP, failed to
      release the radioactivity from the membranes suggesting that the site of
      interaction was close to or within the membrane-spanning sections of this ion
      pump.

PMID- 2925620
TI  - Studies on the NADPH oxidase of phagocytes. Production of a monoclonal antibody
      which blocks the enzymatic activity of pig neutrophil NADPH oxidase.
AB  - We describe in this paper a monoclonal antibody to pig NADPH oxidase which
      inhibits enzymatic activity. This antibody, designated 1H8.2, was selected from a
      group of monoclonal antibodies produced against active preparations of purified
      NADPH oxidase and which showed selectivity of binding. 1H8.2 is an IgM restricted
      in binding to pig NADPH oxidase and showing higher binding to NADPH oxidase
      purified from phorbol myristate acetate-stimulated than from resting neutrophils.
      The antibody inhibits by about 90% the oxidase activity at 20-50 micrograms/ml.
      Inhibition is due to a decrease of the Vmax of the oxidase, and the Km is not
      affected. Incubation of the NADPH oxidase with 1H8.2 in the presence of
      concentrations of NADPH up to 25-fold the Km does not prevent the inhibition.
      Together with the evidence that the antibody does not inhibit the neutrophil
      superoxide dismutase-insensitive NADPH cytochrome c reductase and the liver NADPH
      cytochrome c reductase this observation indicates that the 1H8.2 does not bind to
      an epitope belonging to the NADPH-binding site. Experiments of
      immunoprecipitation of iodinated membrane proteins and of immunoaffinity
      purification showed that 1H8.2 recognizes a heterodimer of apparent molecular
      mass of 16/18 and 14 kDa. These polypeptides can be involved in the NADPH oxidase
      activity or represent still unrecognized molecules able to modulate its function.

PMID- 2925621
TI  - The major surface antigen, P30, of Toxoplasma gondii is anchored by a glycolipid.
AB  - P30, the major surface antigen of the parasitic protozoan Toxoplasma gondii, can
      be specifically labeled with [3H]palmitic acid and with myo-[2-3H]inositol. The
      fatty acid label can be released by treatment of P30 with phosphatidylinositol
      specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC). Such treatment exposes an immunological "cross
      reacting determinant" first described on Trypanosoma brucei variant surface
      glycoprotein. PI-PLC cleavage of intact parasites metabolically labeled with
      [35S]methionine results in the release of intact P30 polypeptide in a form which
      migrates faster in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. These results argue that
      P30 is anchored by a glycolipid. Results from thin layer chromatography analysis
      of purified [3H] palmitate-labeled P30 treated with PI-PLC, together with
      susceptibility to mild alkali hydrolysis and to cleavage with phospholipase A2,
      suggest that the glycolipid anchor of T. gondii P30 includes a 1,2-diacylglycerol
      moiety.

PMID- 2925622
TI  - Dehydrogenase-dependent ethanol metabolism in deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus)
      lacking cytosolic alcohol dehydrogenase. Reversibility and isotope effects in
      vivo and in subcellular fractions.
AB  - Elimination of [2H]ethanol in vivo as studied by gas chromatography/mass
      spectrometry occurred at about half the rate in deer mice reported to lack
      alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH-) compared with ADH+ deer mice and exhibited kinetic
      isotope effects on Vmax and Km (D(V/K] of 2.2 +/- 0.1 and 3.2 +/- 0.8 in the two
      strains, respectively. To an equal extent in both strains, ethanol elimination
      was accompanied by an ethanol-acetaldehyde exchange with an intermolecular
      transfer of hydrogen atoms, indicating the occurrence of dehydrogenase activity.
      This exchange was also observed in perfused deer mouse livers. Based on
      calculations it was estimated that at least 50% of ethanol elimination in ADH-
      deer mice was caused by the action of dehydrogenase systems. NADPH-supported
      cytochrome P-450-dependent ethanol oxidation in liver microsomes from ADH+ and
      ADH- deer mice was not stereoselective and occurred with a D(V/K) of 3.6. The
      D(V/K) value of catalase-dependent oxidation was 1.8, whereas a kinetic isotope
      effect of cytosolic ADH in the ADH+ strain was 3.2. Mitochondria from both ADH+
      and ADH- deer mice catalyzed NAD+-dependent ethanol oxidation and NADH-dependent
      acetaldehyde reduction. The kinetic isotope effects of NAD+-dependent ethanol
      oxidation in the mitochondrial fraction from ADH+ and ADH- deer mice were 2.0 +/-
      0.1 and 2.3 +/- 0.3, respectively. The results indicate only a minor contribution
      by cytochrome P-450 to ethanol elimination, whereas the isotope effects are
      consistent with ethanol oxidation by the catalase-H2O2 system in ADH- deer mice
      in addition to the dehydrogenase systems.

PMID- 2925623
TI  - Reactions of anthranilate hydroxylase with salicylate, a nonhydroxylated
      substrate analogue. Steady state and rapid reaction kinetics.
AB  - Steady state and rapid reaction kinetics of the flavoprotein anthranilate
      hydroxylase (EC 1.14.12.2) have been examined with the nonhydroxylated substrate
      analogue, salicylate. Since the reaction with salicylate does not involve events
      in which aromatic substrate is oxygenated, it provides a simpler model for
      studying the hysteresis exhibited by this enzyme. It is shown that the first
      turnover of the enzyme is slower than subsequent turnovers owing in part to slow
      initial binding reactions of salicylate with the enzyme. The reductive half
      reaction of the first turnover is also slow since rapid reduction of the enzyme
      flavin requires bound aromatic substrate. The oxidative half-reaction involves
      reaction of the reduced enzyme-salicylate complex with oxygen to form a flavin
      C4a-hydroperoxide, which then decays to oxidized flavoenzyme and H2O2. Several
      lines of evidence indicate that salicylate remains bound to the enzyme at the end
      of the catalytic cycle so that in turnovers subsequent to the first, the slow
      steps involving salicylate binding are avoided.

PMID- 2925624
TI  - Cytosolic free magnesium levels in ischemic rat heart.
AB  - Changes in cytosolic free magnesium ion concentration (Mgi) during myocardial
      ischemia were measured by 19F NMR in perfused rat hearts loaded with fluorine
      labeled derivatives of the magnesium chelator o-aminophenol-N,N,O-triacetate. The
      perfused rat hearts were loaded intracellularly with the appropriate magnesium
      indicator by perfusion with 200-400 ml of Krebs-Henseleit buffer containing 5
      microM acetoxymethyl ester of the indicator. Basal Mgi concentrations measured by
      three different indicators averaged 0.85 +/- 0.10 mM (n = 9) and showed no
      correlation with the KD of the indicator used. 31P NMR measurements of the
      magnesium-dependent shift between alpha- and beta-phosphates of ATP demonstrate
      that there is no measurable lowering of Mgi during loading with fluorinated o
      aminophenol-N,N,O-triacetate. Between 10 and 15 min of ischemia, Mgi rose nearly
      3-fold to 2.1 +/- 0.4 mM. This increase in Mgi occurred over the same time course
      as the decrease in ATP. After 20 min of reperfusion with Krebs-Henseleit buffer,
      Mgi declined to 1.5 +/- 0.5 mM. This sustained elevation of Mgi above basal
      levels may inhibit calcium release from sarcoplasmic reticulum, thereby
      contributing to the well documented impairment of mechanical function that occurs
      after a reversible period of ischemia.

PMID- 2925625
TI  - Diethylstilbestrol metabolites and analogs. Stereochemical probes for the
      estrogen receptor binding site.
AB  - Indenestrol A (IA) and indenestrol B (IB) are analogs and metabolites of
      diethylstilbestrol (DES). These compounds have high binding affinity with the
      estrogen receptor (ER) but possess weak uterotropic activity. Due to their
      chemical structures, IA and IB exist as mixtures of enantiomers. We investigated
      whether the poor biological activity of these compounds was due to differential
      activity of the enantiomers. We also utilized these compounds as probes to
      determine the extent of stereochemical sensitivity in the ER ligand binding site.
      The IA and IB enantiomers were separated to greater than 98% purity using a
      chiral high pressure liquid chromatography column. Their enantiomeric nature was
      confirmed by mass spectrometry and NMR. The purified IA enantiomer peak 1 was
      derivatized with 4-bromobenzoyl chloride. The resulting di(4-bronobenzoate) IA
      was analyzed by x-ray crystallography and the absolute enantiomeric conformation
      assigned is C(3)-R. The IA enantiomers designated IA-R and A-S were assayed by
      competitive binding to cytosolic ER. The competitive binding index was estradiol,
      100; DES, 286; IA-Rac (racemic mixture of IA), 143; IA-R, 3; and IA-S, 285; the
      index showed that ER demonstrates a stereochemical chiral preference. The IB
      enantiomers did not show a binding preference: IB, 145; IB-1, 100; and IB-2, 143.
      The differences in the IA enantiomer binding were shown to be due to competitive
      interactions by Lineweaver-Burk analysis of saturation binding of estradiol to ER
      in the presence of 1-, 5-, and 10-fold molar excess of competitor. Differences in
      binding affinity of the enantiomers could be partially explained by differences
      in the association rate constant (k+1) determined by association rate inhibition
      studies in which IA-S was 15 times more active than IA-R. Nuclear estrogen
      receptor levels were measured 1 h after in vivo treatment with doses of 5-20
      micrograms/kg. The IA-Rac produced only 60% of the levels is compared with DES.
      Nuclear ER levels were checked every 30 min up to 2 h with no apparent
      difference, indicating that the low early levels were not due to a delayed
      estrogen receptor retention. When the enantiomers were tested individually only a
      dose of 10 micrograms/kg IA-S translocated ER to a level comparable to DES, while
      IA-R showed low levels at several doses. These results suggest that the poor
      biological activity of IA may be related to the differential ER interaction of
      its enantiomers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2925626
TI  - The interactions of bilirubin with model and biological membranes.
AB  - The partitioning of bilirubin between albumin and model and biological membranes
      and the differential partitioning of bilirubin between membranes with different
      lipid and protein compositions were measured. Partition coefficients were
      independent of the concentration of bilirubin in membranes up to at least 7 mol
      of bilirubin/mol of phospholipid. The avidity of albumin for bilirubin was
      greater than that of membranes, but the avidity of the latter for bilirubin
      depended on the composition of the membrane. Bilirubin partitioned preferentially
      into model membranes comprised of microsomal lipids greater than
      dioleoylphosphatidylcholine = plasma membrane lipids much greater than egg
      phosphatidylcholine = dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine. Partitioning into membranes
      was increased if these contained proteins, but the effect of proteins could not
      be attributed to specific binding to sites on proteins, as reflected by the
      temperature independence of partition coefficients. Differential partitioning of
      bilirubin into different membranes of pure lipids also was independent of
      temperature. Differences in the bulk phase fluidity of membranes does not appear
      to account for the preferential partitioning of bilirubin into some membranes. It
      appears that bilirubin partitions into elements of free volume of differing sizes
      in membranes with variable lipid compositions and that the size of these elements
      can be increased by adding proteins to membranes.

PMID- 2925627
TI  - Modulation of nuclear matrix-associated 2',5'-oligoadenylate metabolism and
      ribonuclease L activity in H9 cells by human immunodeficiency virus.
AB  - Human T cells (H9), infected with the HTLV-IIIB strain of the human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1), have been used to study the alteration of 2',5'
      oligoadenylate [2'-5')A) metabolism in relation to virus production. The
      synthesis of (2'-5')A was determined to proceed in close association with the
      nuclear matrix. After HIV infection the (2'-5')A synthetase activity increased
      from 1.1 to 1.5 pmol of (2'-5')A synthesized/100 micrograms of nuclear matrix
      protein (during a 3-h in vitro incubation period) to 8.2 pmol at day 3 after
      infection. Then the activity dropped to the initial values. In non-infected H9
      cells the (2'-5')A synthetase activity remained unchanged. Simultaneously with
      the decrease of the (2'-5')A level the cells started to release HIV. At the time
      of maximum synthetase levels the (2'-5')A-activated endoribonuclease (RNase L)
      activity strongly increased. Only one protein could be selectively cross-linked
      to a (2'-5')A derivative in the nuclear matrix from H9 cells; this protein is
      assumed to be RNase L. Experimental evidence is provided revealing that RNase L
      degrades HIV transcripts. A correlation could be established between high levels
      of (2'-5')A and RNase L and a failure of the cells to release HIV. 3'-Azido-3'
      deoxythymidine was shown to cause an extension of the time period during which an
      RNase L-mediated degradation of viral transcripts occurred. The possibility of a
      novel molecular pharmacologic approach on the level of (2'-5')A metabolism is
      discussed.

PMID- 2925628
TI  - Studies on the intoxication pathway of tetanus toxin in the rat pheochromocytoma
      (PC12) cell line. Binding, internalization, and inhibition of acetylcholine
      release.
AB  - Tetanus toxin was found to be a potent inhibitor of neurosecretion in the rat
      pheochromocytoma cell line PC12, a system in which biochemical and functional
      studies could be performed in parallel. Incubation of the cells with 10 nM
      tetanus toxin (3 h) led to an inhibition of acetylcholine release by 75-80% when
      evoked by 200 microM veratridine, 1 mM carbachol, or 2 mM Ba2+. The main
      characteristics of the inhibition process are: 1) the toxin is very potent, with
      threshold doses of 10 pM; 2) the action of toxin is blocked at low temperature (0
      degrees C) and by antitoxin; 3) the effects are dose- and time-dependent; 4) a
      concentration-dependent lag phase precedes the onset of the inhibitory effects.
      Thus the PC12 cultures are a valid system for studies on the underlying molecular
      process in tetanus action. This system was exploited by the use of long term
      incubation studies to examine the processes responsible for the lag phase. When
      cells were incubated with 0.1 nM 125I-tetanus toxin, cell-associated toxin
      reached a plateau of 16 fmol of toxin/mg of protein, yet the toxic effects did
      not appear until 12 h. Further, PC12 cells were found to rapidly internalize
      tetanus toxin, with a half-life of 1-2 min, once it was bound to the surface of
      the cells. Thus, the lag phase results from steps that occur in the intracellular
      compartment after internalization. An important discovery was that the
      differentiation state of the PC12 cells was a critical factor in determining
      sensitivity to tetanus toxin. Cells that were cultured with nerve growth factor
      for 8-12 days were very sensitive to toxin. In contrast, acetylcholine release
      from nondifferentiated, autodifferentiated, or dexamethasone-treated cultures was
      insensitive to tetanus toxin. Since differential expression of high affinity
      tetanus toxin receptors cannot explain these results, it is concluded that PC12
      cells are capable of expressing different forms of excitation-secretion coupling
      mechanisms. Tetanus toxin should prove a valuable probe to further distinguish
      these processes.

PMID- 2925629
TI  - Nitric oxide and nitrous oxide production and cycling during dissimilatory
      nitrite reduction by Pseudomonas perfectomarina.
AB  - The denitrifier Pseudomonas perfectomarina reduced nitrite under conditions of
      kinetic competition between cells and gas sparging for extracellular dissolved
      nitric and nitrous oxides, NOaq and N2Oaq, in a chemically defined marine medium.
      Time courses of nitrite reduction and NOg and N2Og alpha removal were integrated
      to give NOg and N2Og yields. At high sparging rates, the NOg yield was greater
      than 50% of nitrite-N reduced, and the yield of NOg + N2Og was approximately 75%.
      Hence interrupted denitrification yields NOaq and N2Oaq as major products. The
      yields varied with sparging rates in agreement with a quantitative model of
      denitrification (Betlach, M. P., and Tiedje, J.M. (1981) Appl. Environ.
      Microbiol. 42, 1074-1084) that applies simplified Michaelis-Menten kinetics to
      NO2-----NOaq----N2Oaq----N2. The fit gave an estimate of the maximum scavengeable
      NOaq yield of 73 +/- 8% of nitrite-N. Thus a minor path independent of NOaq is
      also required. The fit of the model to data at lower sparging rates, where normal
      denitrification products predominate, implies that the extracellular NOaq pool
      yield is independent of gas sparging rate. Thus in P. perfectomarina NOaq and
      N2Oaq are intermediates, or facilely equilibrate with true intermediates, during
      complete denitrification. The recovery of most nitrite-N as NO and/or N2O under
      perturbed conditions is not an artifact of irreversible product removal, but an
      attribute of denitrification in this species, and most probably it is
      characteristic of denitrification in other species as well.

PMID- 2925630
TI  - Comparison of pregnenolone synthesis by cytochrome P-450scc in mitochondria from
      porcine corpora lutea and granulosa cells of follicles.
AB  - Substrate turnover rates by cytochrome P-450scc were measured in mitochondria
      isolated from corpora lutea and granulosa cells of follicles. Hydroxycholesterol
      substrates were added to the mitochondria to test the degree of saturation of the
      cytochrome with endogenous cholesterol during pregnenolone synthesis. 25
      Hydroxycholesterol proved unsuitable for this since it was converted into
      pregnenolone with a maximum velocity of only 25% of that for cholesterol. 20
      alpha-Hydroxycholesterol was found to be suitable providing correction was made
      for the one less hydroxylation required to convert this substrate into
      pregnenolone, compared to cholesterol. Mitochondria isolated from large follicles
      and corpora lutea displayed biphasic time courses for pregnenolone synthesis from
      endogenous cholesterol with a rapid phase lasting for 2-4 min and a slow phase
      which was linear for at least 30 min. Only a single rapid phase was observed for
      these mitochondria in the presence of 20 alpha-hydroxycholesterol. From the
      degree of stimulation of the substrate turnover rate by this steroid, it was
      concluded that the endogenous cholesterol concentration was saturating during the
      fast phase for large follicles but subsaturating in luteal mitochondria. Time
      courses for pregnenolone synthesis by mitochondria isolated from granulosa cells
      of small and medium follicles were linear for 30 min and gave a substrate
      turnover rate of 16-18 mol of steroid/min/mol of cytochrome P-450scc, similar to
      the turnover rates under saturating substrate conditions determined for large
      follicles and corpora lutea. The substrate turnover rate for cytochrome P-450scc
      in medium follicles was not increased by the addition of 20 alpha
      hydroxycholesterol, indicating that the cholesterol concentration in the
      steroidogenic pool of these mitochondria was saturating and remained so over the
      30-min duration of the incubation. It is therefore unlikely that gonadotropin
      stimulation of granulosa cells of small to medium follicles could acutely
      regulate pregnenolone synthesis by increasing the rate of transfer of cholesterol
      into a steroidogenic pool. This study shows that as the cytochrome P-450scc
      concentration in porcine ovarian mitochondria increases during follicular growth
      and luteinization there is a decrease in the fractional saturation of the
      cytochrome with cholesterol.

PMID- 2925631
TI  - The effect of interspecies transfer of Rhizobium host-specific nodulation genes
      on acidic polysaccharide structure and in situ binding by host lectin.
AB  - Host specificity in the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis is controlled in the bacterium
      by host specific nodulation (hsn) genes residing on its symbiotic plasmid. We
      have examined the structure of the major acidic heteropolysaccharide produced by
      recombinant hybrid strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum carrying cloned R. trifolii
      hsn genes with those produced by the parent donor and recipient strains.
      Alteration of the nod gene composition of R. leguminosarum strain 300 by
      introduction of an 8-kilobase set of hsn genes (nodFERL and nodMN) from R.
      trifolii strain ANU843, resulted in a hybrid strain which conferred efficient
      white clover infection and nodulation, production of the R. trifolii-type acidic
      polysaccharide, and an increased proportion of bacterial cells which bound to the
      white clover lectin, trifoliin A, in the external root environment. 1H NMR
      studies indicated that the structure of the polysaccharide from the hybrid
      recombinant differed from that of the R. leguminosarum strain 300 recipient in
      site and stoichiometry of acetate and stoichiometry of 3-hydroxybutyrate
      substituents. In contrast, the polysaccharide from a different hybrid recombinant
      strain containing only R. trifolii nodFERL genes had the acetylation pattern of
      the R. leguminosarum recipient but was substituted with 3-hydroxybutyrate at a
      level between that made by R. trifolii and R. leguminosarum. This latter
      recombinant strain displays sparse infection and nodulation of white clover
      roots. Immunofluorescence studies indicated that the R. leguminosarum recombinant
      strain containing the full complement of R. trifolii hsn genes (nodFERL and
      nodMN) gained the ability to interact with the excreted lectin, trifoliin A, in
      the white clover root environment, whereas the recombinant strain containing R.
      trifolii nodFERL only, was significantly attenuated in this cell-lectin
      interaction. These results indicate that the acylation pattern of the acidic
      polysaccharide synthesized by these hybrid recombinants of R. leguminosarum is
      influenced by the introduced hsn genes of R. trifolii and suggest that the acidic
      polysaccharide of R. trifolii and the interaction of these bacteria with the host
      lectin may contribute to host specificity in the white clover-R. trifolii
      symbiosis.

PMID- 2925632
TI  - Conversion of domains into subunits in the processing of egg yolk biotin-binding
      protein I.
AB  - Biotin-binding protein I (BBP-I), a protein that differs in its heat stability at
      low concentrations from that of BBP-II, has been purified from the yolk of hen
      oocytes and compared to BBP-II. Rabbit antiserum to BBP-II cross-reacts with
      identity to BBP-I. The molecular mass of BBP-I under denaturing conditions is
      about 68 kDa, a value four times that of BBP-II. Limited trypsin proteolysis of
      BBP-I generates subunits of 18 kDa with intermediate forms of approximately 51
      and 34 kDa. The NH2-terminal sequence of BBP-I is very similar to that of BBP-II
      but has little of the polymorphism that is presumed to be generated at several
      positions by the slightly different subunits of BBP-II. These results indicate an
      unusual processing pathway in which four tandemly repeated biotin-binding domains
      of BBP-I become the subunits of BBP-II after limited proteolysis.

PMID- 2925633
TI  - Structure and properties of a human non-pancreatic phospholipase A2.
AB  - We have purified a human non-pancreatic phospholipase A2 that is present in
      platelets and is enriched in rheumatoid synovial fluid. The enzyme is calcium
      dependent, has a pH optimum of 8-10, and shows a striking preference for
      substrate presented in the form of Escherichia coli membranes. In the E. coli
      phospholipase A2 assay the phospholipase exhibits an apparent specific activity
      of 300 mumol/mg/min. Using oligonucleotide probes based on amino-terminal
      sequence data, we cloned the corresponding human gene from a genomic DNA library
      and expressed the gene in animal cells. The protein was secreted from the cells
      in an active form. The deduced amino acid sequence of the human protein consists
      of 124 amino acids, contains structural features common to all known
      phospholipase A2s, and has a half-cystine pattern that is characteristic of the
      snake venom group II enzymes.

PMID- 2925634
TI  - The expression of alpha(1)-acid glycoprotein mRNA during rat development. High
      levels of expression in the decidua.
AB  - During the acute phase response to inflammation the plasma concentration of some
      proteins, such as alpha(1-acid glycoprotein (AGP), increases dramatically. Since
      breakdown and remodeling of tissue is common to both nidation and inflammation we
      studied the tissue distribution and regulation of AGP mRNA levels during the
      embryonic development of the rat. High levels of mRNA coding for AGP were
      detected in the placenta during early fetal development. Expression of this mRNA
      was confined to the decidua and was first observed approximately 1 day after
      implantation when proliferation of the decidua is already well advanced. Maximum
      levels were attained about 5 days after implantation, after which the levels
      decreased rapidly. In contrast to the high levels of AGP mRNA in the decidua only
      very low levels were detected in fetal liver and visceral yolk sac, and there was
      only a small increase in the levels in maternal liver. Corticosteroid hormone
      responsiveness of AGP mRNA synthesis by hepatocytes appeared 3 days before birth.
      It is likely that the synthesis of AGP by the cells of the decidua is important
      in establishing the precisely controlled interaction between mother and embryo
      during nidation.

PMID- 2925635
TI  - Enzymic conversion of 11,12-leukotriene A4 to 11,12-dihydroxy-5,14-cis-7,9-trans
      eicosatetraenoic acid. Purification of an epoxide hydrolase from the guinea pig
      liver cytosol.
AB  - (11S,12S)-Epoxy-5,14-cis-7,9-trans-eicosatetraenoic acid (11,12-leukotriene A4)
      was nonenzymically converted to seven compounds: two diastereomers of (12S)
      hydroxyeicosatetraeno-delta-lactones (major products), two diastereomers of
      (5,12S)-dihydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid and three stereoisomers of (11,12S)
      dihydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid. Among these compounds, (11R,12S)-dihydroxy-5,14
      cis-7,9-trans-eicosatetraenoic acid proved to be the only enzymic product. This
      hydrolysis activity was present in the cytosol fractions of various tissues of
      guinea pig such as liver, adrenal gland, small intestine, and brain. We purified
      the epoxide hydrolase to an apparent homogeneity from the guinea pig liver. The
      enzyme had a molecular weight of 60,000 as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and an isoelectric point of 7.3. The partial
      amino acid sequence was different from that of the microsomal enzyme. Km and Vmax
      values for 11,12-leukotriene A4 were 18 microM and 2.4 mumol/min/mg protein,
      respectively. These results indicate that 11,12-dihydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid is
      enzymically synthesized from 11,12-leukotriene A4 by the action of the cytosolic
      epoxide hydrolase in vitro.

PMID- 2925636
TI  - Developmental regulation of peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase (PAM)
      in rat heart atrium and ventricle. Tissue-specific changes in distribution of PAM
      activity, mRNA levels, and protein forms.
AB  - The high levels of peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase (PAM, EC
      1.14.17.3) found in adult rat atrium led us to examine PAM expression in rat
      atrium and ventricle from embryonic day 14 through adulthood. Immunocytochemical
      studies using antisera to PAM identified cardiocytes as the major site of PAM
      expression in atrium and ventricle throughout development. Levels of PAM mRNA and
      PAM activity exhibited distinctly different developmental profiles in atrium and
      ventricle. Ventricular PAM mRNA and PAM activity were highest from embryonic days
      14 through 18, declined at the time of birth, rose slightly during the first
      postnatal week, and declined toward adult levels. Atrial PAM mRNA and PAM
      activity were low at embryonic day 14, rose to a peak immediately before birth,
      declined at the time of birth, and then rose after birth. Levels of atrial PAM
      mRNA and PAM activity were not directly correlated at all developmental stages.
      Two major forms of PAM mRNA (4.2 +/- 0.1 and 3.8 +/- 0.1 kilobase(s] were
      identified in atrium and ventricle throughout development. The prevalence of the
      two forms varied with developmental stage, with atrium and ventricle containing
      similar forms at each stage. Western blots of atrial and ventricular membranes
      revealed the existence of a developmental stage-specific distribution of PAM
      protein among forms ranging in mass from 125 to 94 kDa. In both atrium and
      ventricle PAM activity was primarily soluble from embryonic days 14 through 16
      and primarily particulate after birth. The role of PAM in the heart is not yet
      clear, but the presence of tissue-specific and developmentally regulated
      alterations in PAM mRNA, PAM protein, and PAM activity suggests that this peptide
      processing enzyme plays a key role in the heart.

PMID- 2925637
TI  - Chemical synthesis and enzymic processing of precursor forms of cecropins A and
      B.
AB  - Radiolabeled preprocecropin B, with an alpha-amidated COOH terminus, and
      preprocecropin A, extended at the COOH terminus by a glycine residue, were
      synthesized by solid-phase methods. The respective syntheses were interrupted at
      intervals to allow the preparation of the predicted procecropins A and B as well
      as three other truncated derivatives of the cecropin A precursors. All the
      synthetic peptides were purified to near homogeneity by reverse-phase liquid
      chromatography and their purity was established by analytical high performance
      liquid chromatography, gel electrophoresis, and amino acid analysis. A dipeptidyl
      aminopeptidase was purified about 350 times from the hemolymph of cecropia pupae
      and characterized by its affinity for different substrates and inhibitors. The
      synthetic prepro peptides were tested for processing by an extract of dog
      pancreas microsomes and purified leader peptidase from Escherichia coli, with and
      without partly purified dipeptidyl aminopeptidase, and the two synthetic proforms
      were also processed with the dipeptidyl aminopeptidase alone. From these
      experiments we conclude that the signal/leader peptidase cleaves the peptide bond
      between Ala-5 and Ala-4. This cleavage site is further substantiated by radio
      sequencing of procecropin A isolated after synthesis in a coupled system for in
      vitro transcription, translation, and processing. The two procecropins, which are
      stable to further digestion by the signal peptidase, are further processed by
      dipeptidyl aminopeptidase which removes, in two steps, the dipeptides Ala-Pro
      (residues -4 and -3) and Glu-Pro (residues -2 and -1). Although the synthetic
      peptide with only one dipeptide (Glu-Pro) preceding the mature cecropin sequence
      could function as a substrate for dipeptidyl aminopeptidase, it could be
      demonstrated as an intermediate in the enzymatic reaction with the procecropins.
      Dipeptidyl aminopoptidase did not cleave the procecropin analog when it was
      preceded by a single alanine residue, i.e. preprocecropin (-5,38). Antibacterial
      activity was demonstrated for the mature cecropin A-Gly obtained by processing of
      the synthetic preproprotein.

PMID- 2925638
TI  - Phosphorylation of threonyl- and seryl-tRNA synthetase by cAMP-dependent protein
      kinase. A possible role in the regulation of P1, P4-bis(5'-adenosyl)
      tetraphosphate (Ap4A) synthesis.
AB  - Threonyl-tRNA synthetase has been shown to be phosphorylated in reticulocytes
      (Dang, C. V., Tan, E. M., and Traugh, J. A., (1988) FASEB J. 2, 2376-2379). Upon
      incubation of reticulocytes with 8-bromo-cAMP, phosphorylation of threonyl-tRNA
      synthetase is stimulated approximately 2-fold, an increase similar to that
      observed with ribosomal protein S6. To analyze the effects of phosphorylation on
      activity, threonyl-tRNA synthetase has been purified to apparent homogeneity from
      rabbit reticulocytes utilizing a four-step purification procedure with the
      simultaneous purification of seryl-tRNA synthetase. Both synthetases are
      phosphorylated in vitro by the cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Prior to
      phosphorylation, the two synthetases produce significant amounts of P1, P4-bis(5'
      adenosyl)-tetraphosphate (Ap4A) in the presence of the cognate amino acid and
      ATP, with activities comparable to that of lysyl-tRNA synthetase. Phosphorylation
      has no effect on aminoacylation, but an increase in Ap4A synthesis of up to 6
      fold is observed with threonyl-tRNA synthetase and 2-fold with seryl-tRNA
      synthetase. Thus, cAMP-mediated phosphorylation of specific aminoacyl-tRNA
      synthetases appears to be a potential mode of regulation of Ap4A synthesis in
      mammals.

PMID- 2925639
TI  - 1-O-hexadecyl-2-Q-methylglycerol, a novel inhibitor of protein kinase C, inhibits
      the respiratory burst in human neutrophils.
AB  - To assess the role of protein kinase C (Ca2+/phospholipid-dependent enzyme) in
      the activation of the human neutrophil respiratory burst, we have utilized an
      ether lipid of the type 1-O-alkyl-2-O-methylglycerol (AMG), recently shown to be
      an inhibitor of this kinase. AMG-C16 (with an hexadecyl chain at the sn-1
      position) was found to inhibit the respiratory burst induced by sub-optimal
      concentrations of phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate. Respiratory burst activity was
      recovered by subsequent addition of a supraoptimal dose of phorbol 12-myristate
      13-acetate, indicating that in the presence of the inhibitor only the activation
      of the NADPH:O2 oxidoreductase via protein kinase C is inhibited, but not the
      oxidoreductase itself. The respiratory burst induced by the chemoattractant N
      formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) was also inhibited in the presence
      of AMG-C16, the extent of inhibition being dependent on the concentration of
      fMLP. At the concentrations applied in these studies, AMG-C16 had no effect on
      cell viability, did not affect the formation of inositol phosphates induced by
      fMLP, and did not affect the characteristics of the Ca2+ fluxes induced by the
      same stimulus. In a cell-free assay system, AMG-C16 had no effect on the activity
      of cAMP-dependent or Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase but inhibited
      protein kinase C in a dose-dependent fashion. To characterize the inhibitory
      action of AMG-C16 on the respiratory burst activity in more detail, we studied
      protein phosphorylation in relation to respiratory burst activity in neutrophil
      cytoplasts. We focused on the phosphorylation of the 47-kDa protein, because this
      protein is functionally associated with the NADPH:O2 oxidoreductase. At
      suboptimal concentrations of phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate, AMG-C16 inhibited
      phosphorylation of proteins, including that of the 47-kDa protein. Recovery of
      protein phosphorylation in parallel to recovery of respiratory burst activity was
      obtained by addition of increasing doses of phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate. Recovery of
      respiratory burst activity at intermediate concentrations of fMLP did not result
      in a proportional increase in 47-kDa protein phosphorylation; phosphorylation of
      the 47-kDa protein was recovered only at high concentrations of fMLP. From these
      data we conclude that protein kinase C is involved in the activation of the
      respiratory burst by phorbol esters and fMLP. However, with fMLP as a stimulus, a
      second signal seems to be triggered, which is insensitive to AMG-C16.

PMID- 2925640
TI  - Sequence-targeted cleavage of single- and double-stranded DNA by
      oligothymidylates covalently linked to 1,10-phenanthroline.
AB  - The nuclease activity of 1,10-phenanthroline copper ion was targeted to a
      specific sequence by attachment of the ligand to the 5' or 3' end of
      octathymidylates. An acridine derivative was also attached to the other end of
      the oligothymidylate-phenanthroline conjugate. The duplex formed by the
      oligothymidylate with its complementary sequence was stabilized by intercalation
      of the acridine derivative. The reaction induced by 3-mercaptopropionic acid led
      to a very localized cleavage of a 27-nucleotide-long DNA fragment containing a
      (dA)8 sequence. At high NaCl concentration or in the presence of spermine,
      cleavage of the single-stranded 27-mer fragment occurred on both sides of the
      target sequence. This was ascribed to the formation of a triple helix involving
      two 1,10-phenanthroline-octathymidylate strands that adopt an antiparallel
      orientation with respect to each other. When a 27-mer duplex was used as a
      substrate, cleavage sites were observed on both strands. The location of the
      cleavage sites led us to conclude that the octathymidylate was bound to the
      (dA)8.(dT)8 sequence in a parallel orientation with respect to the (dA)8
      containing strand. This result reflects the ability of thymine to form two
      hydrogen bonds with an adenine already engaged in a Watson-Crick base pair. This
      study shows that it is possible to design DNA-binding oligodeoxynucleotides that
      could selectively recognize and cleave polypurine-polypyrimidine sequences in
      double-stranded DNA.

PMID- 2925641
TI  - Purification and protein sequence analysis of rat liver prolactin receptor.
AB  - Prolactin receptors were purified from rat liver membranes by single-step
      immunoaffinity chromatography using a specific monoclonal antibody to the rat
      liver prolactin receptor. Scatchard analysis of 125I-human growth hormone binding
      to the purified receptor revealed two classes of specific binding sites with Ka =
      18.5 x 10(9) and 1.2 x 10(9) M-1. Considering that both classes of binding sites
      are responsible for high affinity prolactin binding, the partially purified
      receptor preparation had a binding activity of 1.69 nmol/mg protein, representing
      1000-fold purification over microsomal receptors with a recovery of 52%. From
      three separate purifications, 6 mg of partially purified prolactin receptor were
      obtained with a purity of approximately 4 to 6.5%. Thus, the use of monoclonal
      antibody for affinity chromatography resulted in a large improvement of prolactin
      receptor purification compared to previous hormone affinity chromatography (300
      fold purification, 15% recovery). The purified receptor was run on preparative
      sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and a homogeneous
      preparation of prolactin receptor was obtained by electroelution from gel slices
      corresponding to Mr 38,000-43,000. Immunoblot analysis using a radiolabeled
      monoclonal antibody revealed two separate but closely located bands of Mr 42,000
      and 40,000 in microsomal, partially purified, and electroeluted preparations. The
      homogeneous receptor protein was extensively digested with L-1-tosylamido-2
      phenylethyl chloromethyl ketone trypsin, and 10 internal amino acid sequences of
      the rat liver prolactin receptor were determined by gas-phase sequence analysis.
      Oligonucleotide probes were prepared against two of these internal sequences, and
      a prolactin receptor cDNA was isolated from a rat liver library using one of
      these probes (Boutin, J. M., Jolicoeur, C., Okamura, H., Gagnon, J., Edery, M.,
      Shirota, M., Banville, D., Dusanter-Fourt, I., Djiane, J., and Kelly, P. A.
      (1988) Cell 53, 69-77). The amino acid sequence deduced from the cDNA reveals
      three potential sites of N-linked glycosylation, two of which were confirmed
      during protein sequencing. The prolactin receptor was characterized by affinity
      labeling with 125I-human growth hormone. Cross-linking of microsomes revealed a
      single band for the hormone-receptor complex with Mr 62,000. On the other hand,
      cross-linking of Triton X-100-solubilized or partially purified receptor with
      labeled hormone resulted in the appearance of two bands with Mr 62,000 and
      102,000, suggesting the existence of a subunit structure of the prolactin
      receptor, or alternatively, the existence of two types of prolactin
      receptor.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2925642
TI  - Beta gamma-subunit of bovine transducin composed of two components with
      distinctive gamma-subunits.
AB  - During the process of transduction of a photon signal in vertebrate rod outer
      segments, transducin, a guanine nucleotide binding protein, mediates between a
      photobleaching intermediate of rhodopsin and a cGMP-phosphodiesterase. We report
      here that the beta gamma-subunit of bovine transducin (T beta gamma)
      characterized so far consists of two components (T beta gamma-1 and T beta gamma
      2), which can be separated by anion exchange chromatography under nondenaturing
      conditions. Both components consisted of two polypeptides of Mr 36,000 (T beta)
      and about 8,000 (T gamma) in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide (13%) gel
      electrophoresis. On a further analysis by 8 M urea/sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, T gamma subunits of T beta gamma-1 and T beta
      gamma-2 showed Mr values of 8,000 (T gamma-1) and 6,000 (T gamma-2),
      respectively. Amino acid compositions of both T gamma-1 and T gamma-2 roughly
      corresponded with that of T gamma previously reported and were quite different
      from that of gamma-subunit of cGMP-phosphodiesterase. Western blot analysis of
      freshly isolated rod outer segments by an antiserum raised against a mixture of T
      beta gamma-1 and T beta gamma-2 revealed the presence of both components in the
      membranes of a starting material. This observation excludes the possibility that
      one of the components might be produced artificially in the course of the
      purification. In the presence of a photobleaching intermediate of either
      unphosphorylated or phosphorylated rhodopsin, the binding of guanosine 5'-(beta,
      gamma-imido)triphosphate (GppNHp) to the alpha-subunit of transducin (T alpha)
      was remarkably enhanced with increasing concentrations of purified T beta gamma
      2. On the contrary, T beta gamma-1 retained little ability, if any, to enhance
      the GppNHp binding to T alpha; the ability of T beta gamma-1 was at least 30
      times lower than that of T beta gamma-2. Such a low activity of T beta gamma-1
      was attributed to inability for coupling of T alpha with a photobleaching
      intermediate of rhodopsin. These results indicate that T gamma-2 is essential for
      the GTP binding of transducin. The role of T gamma-1 in vertebrate photoreceptor
      cells was discussed.

PMID- 2925643
TI  - Rhesus monkey apolipoprotein(a). Sequence, evolution, and sites of synthesis.
AB  - Human lipoprotein(a) is a low density lipoprotein-like lipoprotein whose
      concentration in plasma is correlated with atherosclerosis. The characteristic
      protein component of lipoprotein(a) is apolipoprotein(a) (apo(a)) which is
      disulfide-linked to apolipoprotein B-100. Sequencing of rhesus monkey apo(a) cDNA
      suggests that this protein, like human apo(a), is highly similar to plasminogen.
      Sequence data suggests that a plasminogen-like protease activity and kringle 1-,
      2-, 3-, and 5-like domains are unnecessary for apo(a) function, but a highly
      repeated kringle four-like domain is important. Liver is the major site of apo(a)
      RNA synthesis; reduced amounts of message were also found in testes and brain. Co
      expression with apoB-100 and plasminogen in rhesus tissues is not mandatory.

PMID- 2925644
TI  - Lipid transport during mitosis. Alternative pathways for delivery of newly
      synthesized lipids to the cell surface.
AB  - A number of cellular processes involving vesicle transport are inhibited during
      mitosis. In the present study we asked whether the transport of a newly
      synthesized glycerophospholipid and (some) sphingolipids from their site(s) of
      intracellular synthesis to the plasma membranes of Chinese hamster ovary cells
      was also inhibited at mitosis. (i) For phospholipids, we examined the movement of
      phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) following its de novo synthesis from
      [3H]ethanolamine (Sleight, R. G., and Pagano, R. E. (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258,
      9050-9058). Plasma membrane PE was distinguished from intracellular PE by its
      derivatization with the amino-reactive reagent, trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid,
      under nonpermeating conditions. Both the steady state amount of PE and the rate
      of appearance of newly synthesized PE at the cell surface were quantified.
      Transport of newly synthesized PE to the plasma membrane was not inhibited at
      mitosis but was found to be a rapid process similar to that previously reported
      for interphase cells. (ii) For sphingolipids, we examined the transport of
      fluorescent analogs of sphingomyelin and glucosylceramide (GlcCer) to the plasma
      membrane following their de novo synthesis from the fluorescent sphingolipid
      precursor, N-[7-(4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole)]aminocaproyl D-erythro
      sphingosine (Lipsky, N. G., and Pagano, R. E. (1985a) J. Cell Biol. 100, 27-34).
      Transport of fluorescent sphingomyelin and glucosylceramide to the plasma
      membrane was inhibited in mitotic cells but not in interphase or G1 cells. These
      results are discussed in terms of alternative mechanisms for delivery of the
      newly synthesized lipids to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane bilayer.

PMID- 2925645
TI  - A sulfated glucosylceramide from rat kidney.
AB  - A novel sulfated glycosphingolipid containing a sulfated glucosyl residue was
      isolated from rat kidney and purified to homogeneity by column chromatographies
      with DEAE-Sephadex and silica beads. By compositional analyses, permethylation
      studies, one- and two-dimensional proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy,
      infrared spectroscopy, negative secondary ion mass spectrometry, solvolysis, and
      immunostaining on thin layer chromatogram, the structure of this glycolipid was
      proposed to be HSO3-3Glc beta 1-1Cer (where Cer is ceramide). The ceramide
      portion consisted of 4-D-hydroxysphinganine as the sole long chain base, and the
      fatty acid consisted of predominantly tetracosanoic acid, deduced from both
      composition analysis and negative secondary ion mass spectrometry. The yield of
      glucosyl sulfatide was about 5 nmol/g of tissue, being about three times as much
      as that of lactosylceramide sulfate.

PMID- 2925646
TI  - Plant cells contain calsequestrin.
AB  - Calsequestrin is a high capacity low affinity Ca2+-binding protein thought to be
      essential for the function of the intracellular rapid releasable Ca2+ pool of a
      variety of animal cells. Here we show that two types of plant tissues, cultured
      Streptanthus tortuosus cells and spinach leaves, contain a form of calsequestrin.
      In subcellular fractions of S. tortuosus cells, Stains-all staining reveals a
      metachromatically blue-staining 56,000-Da protein enriched in the microsomal
      fraction. This protein shares several biochemical characteristics with animal
      calsequestrin: 1) it changes its apparent molecular weight with the pH; 2) it is
      able to bind 45Ca2+ on nitrocellulose transfers; and 3) it is recognized by
      antibodies against canine cardiac calsequestrin. Calsequestrin was also
      identified in spinach leaves using a direct extraction procedure that was
      developed for muscle calsequestrin. Thus, our results demonstrate that plant
      cells contain calsequestrin within a subcellular membrane fraction. These results
      also suggest that calsequestrin is an ubiquitous protein rather than being
      limited only to animal cells.

PMID- 2925647
TI  - Release of endothelial cell lipoprotein lipase by plasma lipoproteins and free
      fatty acids.
AB  - Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) bound to the lumenal surface of vascular endothelial
      cells is responsible for the hydrolysis of triglycerides in plasma lipoproteins.
      Studies were performed to investigate whether human plasma lipoproteins and/or
      free fatty acids would release LPL which was bound to endothelial cells. Purified
      bovine milk LPL was incubated with cultured porcine aortic endothelial cells
      resulting in the association of enzyme activity with the cells. When the cells
      were then incubated with media containing chylomicrons or very low density
      lipoproteins (VLDL), a concentration-dependent decrease in the cell-associated
      LPL enzymatic activity was observed. In contrast, incubation with media
      containing low density lipoproteins or high density lipoproteins produced a much
      smaller decrease in the cell-associated enzymatic activity. The addition of
      increasing molar ratios of oleic acid:bovine serum albumin to the media also
      reduced enzyme activity associated with the endothelial cells. To determine
      whether the decrease in LPL activity was due to release of the enzyme from the
      cells or inactivation of the enzyme, studies were performed utilizing
      radioiodinated bovine LPL. Radiolabeled LPL protein was released from endothelial
      cells by chylomicrons, VLDL, and by free fatty acids (i.e. oleic acid bound to
      bovine serum albumin). The release of radiolabeled LPL by VLDL correlated with
      the generation of free fatty acids from the hydrolysis of VLDL triglyceride by
      LPL bound to the cells. Inhibition of LPL enzymatic activity by use of a specific
      monoclonal antibody, reduced the extent of release of 125I-LPL from the
      endothelial cells by the added VLDL. These results demonstrated that LPL
      enzymatic activity and protein were removed from endothelial cells by
      triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (chylomicrons and VLDL) and oleic acid. We
      postulate that similar mechanisms may be important in the regulation of LPL
      activity at the vascular endothelium.

PMID- 2925648
TI  - Characterization of volume-sensitive, calcium-permeating pathways in the
      osteosarcoma cell line UMR-106-01.
AB  - Measurements of cell volume changes, free cytosolic Ca2+ concentration [( Ca2+]i)
      with Fura 2 and cell membrane potential with 3,3'-dipropylthiodicarbocyanine
      iodide were used to study the effect of cell volume change on Ca2+ influx and the
      membrane potential of the osteoblastic osteosarcoma cell line, UMR-106-01.
      Swelling the cells by hypo-osmotic stress was followed by reduction in cell
      volume which was markedly impaired by removal of medium Ca2+. Accordingly, cell
      swelling resulted in [Ca2+]i increase only in the presence of medium Ca2+. The
      cell swelling-activated Ca2+ entry pathway was active at resting membrane
      potentials, and Ca2+ influx through this pathway markedly increased upon cell
      hyperpolarization. A linear relationship between Ca2+ entry and the potential
      across the plasma membrane was observed. Thus, the volume-activated Ca2+
      permeating pathway in UMR-106-01 cells has conductive properties. These pathways
      do not spontaneously inactivate with time when the cells are not allowed to
      volume regulate. The pathway can be blocked by micromolar concentrations of
      nicardipine and La3+ but display very low sensitivity to diltiazem and verapamil.
      Activation of the volume-sensitive, Ca2+ permeating pathway was not dependent on
      an increase in [Ca2+]i. Likewise, activation of the pathway was independent of a
      change in membrane potential between -85 and -3 mV. The increase in [Ca2+]i
      resulted in hyperpolarization of the cells, probably due to activation of Ca2+
      activated K+ channels. The volume-sensitive pathways were partially active under
      isotonic conditions. Their activity was inhibited by cell shrinkage and increased
      by cell swelling. The pathways were sensitive to small changes in cell volume,
      particularly around a medium osmolarity of 310 mosM.

PMID- 2925649
TI  - Purification and properties of phloroglucinol reductase from Eubacterium
      oxidoreducens G-41.
AB  - Phloroglucinol reductase was purified 90-fold to homogeneity from the anaerobic
      rumen organism Eubacterium oxidoreducens strain G-41. The enzyme is stable in the
      presence of air and is found in the soluble fraction after ultracentrifugation of
      cell extract. Ion-exchange, hydrophobic interaction, and affinity chromatography
      were used to purify the enzyme. The native Mr is 78,000, and the subunit Mr is
      33,000 indicating an alpha 2 homodimer. The enzyme is specific for phloroglucinol
      and NADPH. The Km and Vmax are 600 microM and 640 mumol min-1 mg-1 (pH 7.2) for
      phloroglucinol, and 6.7 microM and 550 mumol min-1 mg-1 (pH 6.8) for NADPH; the
      Km and Vmax for the reverse direction are 290 microM and 140 mumol min-1 mg-1 (pH
      7.2) for dihydrophloroglucinol, and 27 microM and 220 mumol min-1 mg-1 (pH 7.2)
      for NADP. Temperature and pH optima are 40 degrees C and 7.8 in the forward
      direction. The pure enzyme is colorless in solution and flavins are absent.
      Analysis for cobalt, manganese, molybdenum, vanadium, tungsten, selenium, copper,
      nickel, iron, and zinc indicated that these metals are not components of the
      phloroglucinol reductase. Cupric chloride, n-ethylmaleimide, and p
      chloromercuribenzoate are potent inhibitors of enzyme activity. The properties of
      phloroglucinol reductase indicate that it functions in the pathway of anaerobic
      degradation of trihydroxybenzenes by catalyzing reduction of the aromatic nucleus
      prior to ring fission.

PMID- 2925650
TI  - Membrane topology of mammalian cytochromes P-450 from liver endoplasmic
      reticulum. Determination by trypsinolysis of phenobarbital-treated microsomes.
AB  - We have studied the membrane topology of liver microsomal cytochromes P-450
      derived from phenobarbital-treated rabbits via trypsinolysis of intact
      microsomes, recovery of solubilized peptide fragments by ultracentrifugation and
      liquid chromatography, primary structure determination by Edman microsequence
      analysis, and database searching to match isolated fragments with parent
      sequences. Relative to the primary structure of isozyme 2, the major
      phenobarbital-inducible form, fragments were isolated beginning at residues
      Glu86, Ile101, Arg126, Cys152, Leu198, Ser211, Asn237, Glu327, Asn385, Thr407,
      Phe408, Phe413, and Thr444. Such results show that this family of structurally
      related cytochromes is bound to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane by only one or
      two transmembrane segments, located at the NH2-terminal end of the polypeptide
      chain. The remainder of the protein, from residue approximately 50 to the COOH
      terminus must exist as a catalytic, heme-containing domain exposed on the
      cytosolic side of the membrane. Furthermore, our results indicate that the
      catalytic domain must be peripherally associated with the membrane surface. This
      would imply that substrates might have access to the active site of the
      cytochrome P-450 either by diffusion from the cytosol or from within the lipid
      bilayer.

PMID- 2925651
TI  - Lipid synthesis in permeabilized cultured rat hepatocytes.
AB  - Hepatic lipid synthesis was verified and studied in lysolecithin-permeabilized
      cultured rat hepatocytes and compared to that of intact liver cells.
      Triacylglycerol synthesis in permeabilized cells incubated in the presence of
      glycerol 3-phosphate and long chain fatty acids approached that of intact
      hepatocytes. Similarly, phosphatidylcholine synthesis in permeable cells
      incubated in the presence of exogenous CDP-choline was similar to that of intact
      hepatocytes and at the expense of microsomal neutral lipid synthesis.
      Phosphatidic acid accumulation in lysolecithin-permeabilized liver cells was
      remarkably increased as compared to that of intact cells, and its synthesis was
      mostly accounted for by the activity of mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate
      acyltransferase. Mitochondrial-generated phosphatidate was found to migrate to
      the endoplasmic reticulum, thus establishing a novel lipid esterification pathway
      which begins in mitochondrial glycerol 3-phosphate acylation and results in
      microsomal triacylglycerol and phospholipid synthesis. The free access of
      permeabilized liver cells to substrates and modulators of lipid synthesis, while
      maintaining an overall synthetic pattern similar to that of intact hepatocytes,
      makes them a system of choice for studying hepatic lipid synthesis in general and
      the microsomal/mitochondrial distribution of fluxes in particular.

PMID- 2925652
TI  - Platelet-derived growth factor production by human umbilical vein endothelial
      cells is regulated by basic fibroblast growth factor.
AB  - Human umbilical vein endothelial cells express the B chain gene (c-sis) of
      platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). PDGF acts as a mitogen for mesenchymal
      cells and has recently been reported to be a potent vasoconstrictor (Berk, B. C.,
      Alexander, R. W., Brock, T. A., Gimbrone, M. A., Jr., and Webb, R. C. (1986)
      Science 232, 87-90). Regulation of c-sis therefore, may play an important role in
      maintaining and controlling the integrity of the vasculature. We report here that
      basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), a growth factor for endothelial cells in
      culture, significantly decreases the amount of PDGF-like protein secreted by
      these cells. Levels of c-sis mRNA increase more than 10-fold in the absence of
      bFGF. This effect is specific for the B chain of PDGF as transcript levels of
      other growth factors synthesized by endothelial cells, such as transforming
      growth factor beta are not affected by bFGF. c-sis mRNA levels increase 12 h
      after bFGF removal as the cells begin to accumulate in G0 stage of the cell cycle
      and remain elevated for at least 96 h. Transcript levels fall again upon re
      exposure of the cells to bFGF. bFGF may regulate c-sis mRNA levels and PDGF
      protein production by endothelial cells either directly, or indirectly via cell
      cycle arrest at G0. This effect is not due to nonspecific cessation of cell
      growth because arresting the cells at S phase or in metaphase does not result in
      increased c-sis transcript levels.

PMID- 2925654
TI  - Primary structure and gene localization of human prolidase.
AB  - Complementary DNA clones of prolidase (imidodipeptidase, EC 3.4.13.9) were
      isolated from human liver and placental cDNA libraries. Two clones named lambda
      PL21 and lambda PP6 from the liver and placental cDNA libraries, respectively,
      were analyzed in detail. The first clone, lambda PL21, carried a cDNA insert of
      1.7 kilobase pairs and covered all the coding region of human prolidase mRNA. The
      second clone, lambda PP6, contained a 1.8-kilobase insert with a full-length 3'
      untranslated region. Comparison of the amino acid sequence predicted from the
      nucleotide sequence of the cDNA insert of the two clones with the partial amino
      acid sequence determined by Edman degradation of peptides derived from human
      erythrocyte prolidase established that both clones code for human prolidase. The
      amino terminus of the human mature enzyme is blocked and seems to begin with the
      sequence X-Ala-Ala-Ala. Presumably no processing occurs at the carboxyl terminus.
      The mature enzyme is composed of 492 residues, corresponding to Mr 54,305. The
      sequence of prolidase is unique and not similar to any known protein, except for
      a significant similarity to regions of F1-ATPase alpha and beta subunits from
      various sources. The gene has been mapped to the short arm of chromosome 19
      (19p13.2). Elucidation of the complete amino acid sequence and the gene location
      of prolidase should provide the basis for understanding structure-function
      relationships and also inherited disorders caused by deficiency of this
      metabolically important enzyme.

PMID- 2925653
TI  - Thyroid hormone and circadian regulation of the binding activity of a liver
      specific protein associated with the 5'-flanking region of the S14 gene.
AB  - Recent studies have described a DNase I hypersensitive site in the 5'-flanking
      region of the rat hepatic S14 gene that is closely associated with its
      expression. A 111-base pair subfragment (-389 to -279) of this region interacts
      specifically in a gel shift assay with a protein present in hepatic nuclear
      protein extracts. This protein, designated P1, was not present in extracts of
      other tissues, even those in which the gene is expressed and hormonally
      regulated. The binding activity of P1 is exceedingly low in extracts from
      hypothyroid rats and is markedly increased by administration of thyroid hormone.
      However, the slow accumulation of P1 after thyroid hormone administration
      indicates that increased levels of P1 are not necessary for the acute hormonal
      induction of S14 gene expression. The level of P1 binding activity increases in
      the evening, synchronous with circadian variation of hepatic mRNA S14. Since
      neither P1 binding activity nor circadian variation in mRNA-S14 levels are
      observed in the other tissues expressing the S14 gene, P1 may function to
      modulate the circadian rhythm observed in hepatic S14 gene expression. DNase I
      footprinting analysis revealed that P1 binds to a defined nucleotide sequence, 5'
      AAAAGAGCTATTGATTGCCTGCA-3', located between -310 and -288 in the S14 gene.

PMID- 2925656
TI  - Evidence for two mechanisms by which tumor necrosis factor kills cells.
AB  - Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) can inhibit the differentiation of preadipocytes to
      adipocytes and will revert differentiated adipocytes to the preadipocyte state.
      TNF is not toxic to either adipocytes or preadipocytes when used alone but is
      highly toxic to these cells when used in conjunction with cycloheximide, yielding
      virtually 100% killing within 4-6 h of treatment. A cell line (TA1 R-6) was
      isolated which is resistant to the combined toxic effects of TNF and
      cycloheximide. This cell line is stable and, unlike the parental cell line, does
      not morphologically differentiate to adipocytes or express adipocyte-specific
      mRNAs. It has a more transformed appearance and growth pattern and, while
      resistant to the toxic effects of TNF and cycloheximide in a 6-h assay, has
      become sensitive to cytotoxicity induced by TNF used alone in a 3-day assay. The
      adipocyte differentiation-inducing agents, dexamethasone and indomethacin, block
      the cytotoxicity induced by TNF alone in the TA1 R-6 line but do not block the
      rapid cytotoxicity of TNF and cycloheximide in the parental line. These results
      provide both genetic and pharmacologic evidence that there are at least two
      distinct or overlapping pathways by which TNF mediates its effects.

PMID- 2925655
TI  - Inhibitors of sterol synthesis. Characterization of side chain oxygenated
      derivatives formed upon incubation of 3 beta-hydroxy-5 alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-15
      one with rat liver mitochondria.
AB  - 3 beta-Hydroxy-5 alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-15-one, a potent inhibitor of sterol
      biosynthesis, was incubated with rat liver mitochondrial preparations in the
      presence of NADPH. The following four major products were isolated and
      characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry: (25R)- and
      (25S)-3 beta,26-dihydroxy-5 alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-15-one (4:1 ratio), 3 beta
      hydroxy-15-oxo-5 alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-26-oic acid, and 3 beta,25-dihydroxy-5
      alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-15-one. In addition, 3 alpha,26-dihydroxy-5 alpha-cholest
      8(14)-en-15-one and 3 beta,24-dihydroxy-5 alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-15-one were
      identified as minor products by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

PMID- 2925657
TI  - Complex formation with the fibroin gene enhancer through a protein-protein
      interaction analyzed by a modified DNA-binding assay.
AB  - The distal upstream region of the fibroin gene, -238 to -73, is known to contain
      the cis-acting element(s) responsible for tissue-specific transcription
      enhancement in vitro. To identify factor(s) trans-acting on this region, we have
      developed a modified nitrocellulose blot protein-DNA binding procedure that
      detects DNA-protein complexes via protein-protein interaction. A protein that
      does not bind to DNA as a monomer cannot be detected by standard Southwestern
      blotting. To detect protein-DNA complexes involving both protein-DNA and protein
      protein interactions, the protein blot was reacted with the extract protein to
      form a protein complex on the filter, in the presence of the DNA probe. This new
      method revealed that the 75-kDa protein binds to the enhancer region of the
      fibroin gene in the presence of the second protein(s). The 75-kDa protein and the
      factor(s) mediating DNA binding activity were recovered in two different column
      fractions. The level of the 75-kDa protein appeared to be much higher in silk
      gland extracts than in nonsilk gland extracts, whereas the mediating factor(s)
      distributed evenly. These observations suggest that the distal upstream region of
      the fibroin gene can be specifically recognized by a protein complex composed of
      at least two distinct proteins, through protein-protein interaction.

PMID- 2925658
TI  - Properties of lipid complexes with amphipathic helix-forming peptides. Role of
      distribution of peptide charges.
AB  - The peptides [Glu1,8,Leu11,17] 18A and [Glu4,9,Leu11,17] reverse-18A are 18
      residue peptides designed to form amphipathic helices with opposite charge
      distribution; [Glu1,8,Leu11,17] 18A having positively charged residues at the
      hydrophobic/hydrophilic interface. Both [Glu1,8,Leu11,17] 18A and
      [Glu4,9,Leu11,17] reverse-18A strongly disrupt the bilayer structure as indicated
      by the relatively narrow lipid 1H and 31P NMR peaks. In addition, the 1H chemical
      shift of the quaternary ammonium methyl groups indicates that [Glu1,8,Leu11,17]
      18A forms smaller lipoprotein particles with dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine
      (DMPC) than does [Glu4,9,Leu11,17] reverse-18A. However, motional properties of
      the lipid head group indicate that no specific salt bridges are formed between
      the phospholipid head group and the side chains of polar amino acids of either of
      the two peptides. In addition, the acyl chain conformation for the DMPC complexes
      with [Glu1,8,Leu11,17] 18A and with [Glu4,9,Leu11,17] reverse-18A are
      indistinguishable by the criterion of IR spectroscopy. The 2H linewidth of the
      solvent 2H2O remains narrower in frozen solutions of the DMPC-[Glu1,8,Leu11,17]
      18A complexes suggesting the presence of more unfrozen bound water in this case.
      The two peptides exhibit many similarities in their interaction with lipids.
      However, [Glu1,8,Leu11,17] 18A can more readily lyse vesicles and activate
      lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase. These differences do not appear to result
      from differences in specific charge interactions between the lipid and peptide
      but may be manifested through differences in hydration properties.

PMID- 2925659
TI  - Purification, characterization, and amino-terminal sequence of rat ovarian
      receptor for luteinizing hormone/human choriogonadotropin.
AB  - The luteinizing hormone (LH)/human choriogonadotropin (hCG) receptor of rat ovary
      was solubilized with Lubrol PX in the presence of 20% glycerol and protease
      inhibitors, and purified by one-step affinity chromatography. Purified receptor
      had a specific hCG binding capacity of 4900 pmol/mg protein, and displayed a
      single class of high affinity binding sites (Ka = 6.20 X 10(9) M-1). An 11,200
      fold purification over the starting crude homogenate was achieved. The purified
      LH/hCG receptor was identified by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis and
      silver staining as a single protein of 92 kDa. The ability of the purified 92-kDa
      protein to specifically bind hormone was demonstrated by electroblotting onto
      Immobilon P membrane, incubation with 125I-labeled hCG, and autoradiography of
      the blot. In addition to a 92-kDa band, ligand blotting also yielded a 170-kDa
      band representing receptor dimer. Covalent cross-linking of hCG, with isotope in
      either the alpha- or beta-subunit, to membrane-bound receptor produced complexes
      that contained a single receptor component of approximately 92 kDa. The cross
      linking studies indicated that both subunits interact with receptor and also
      suggested receptor dimer formation. Following sodium dodecyl sulfate
      electrophoresis, purified receptor was electroblotted onto polyethylenimine
      treated glass fiber filters for direct microsequencing in a gas-phase sequenator.
      Eleven cycles of sequence analysis yielded the unique sequence: NH2-Arg-Glu-Leu
      Ser-Gly-Ser-Leu-XXX-Pro-Glu-Pro-COOH. These results indicate that the rat ovarian
      LH/hCG receptor is a protein of 92 kDa which can be easily purified in microgram
      amounts. This study also describes a relatively simple technique for
      electroblotting and microsequencing that should be applicable to other membrane
      bound hormone receptors.

PMID- 2925660
TI  - Bowringia milbraedii agglutinin. Specificity of binding to early processing
      intermediates of asparagine-linked oligosaccharide and use as a marker of
      endoplasmic reticulum glycoproteins.
AB  - We have purified a protein with hemagglutinating activity from the seeds of a
      West African legume, Bowringia milbraedii. The purified protein, designated BMA,
      has a native Mr = 38,000 on gel filtration and a subunit size of Mr = 16,000 by
      sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under reducing or
      nonreducing conditions. Hemagglutination was inhibited most effectively by Man
      alpha 1----2 linked sugars. Affinity chromatography of oligosaccharides on BMA
      Sepharose showed that Man alpha 1----2Man alpha 1----2Man alpha 1----3Man beta 1-
      --4GlcNAcol (where GlcNAcol is N-acetylglucosaminitol) and Man alpha 1----2Man
      alpha 1----3Man beta 1----4GlcNAcol were retarded on the column, whereas Man
      alpha 1----3Man beta 1----4GlcNAcol did not bind. Oligomannosidic-type glycans
      obtained by treatment of [3H] mannose-labeled baby hamster kidney cells with endo
      beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase H bound more strongly to BMA-Sepharose and required
      10 or 200 mM methyl-alpha-mannoside for elution. Oligosaccharides bearing the
      sequence Man alpha 1----2Man alpha 1----6Man alpha 1----6Man, i.e. Man9GlcNAc and
      certain isomers of Man8GlcNAc and Man7GlcNAc, bound more tightly than other Man8
      GlcNAc and Man7GlcNAc isomers lacking this sequence. Man6GlcNAc and Man5GlcNAc
      were weakly bound. These results suggest that BMA binds preferentially to
      glycoproteins that are subjected to early steps of oligosaccharide processing in
      the endoplasmic reticulum but not to glycoproteins that are exposed to more
      extensive processing by Golgi mannosidases. Staining of permeabilized cells with
      BMA-chromophore conjugates revealed a reticular cytoplasmic pattern consistent
      with a preferential visualization of the endoplasmic reticulum. BMA staining was
      less evident in the juxtanuclear regions that were stained brightly with wheat
      germ agglutinin, a lectin that binds preferentially to sialylated glycoproteins
      located in Golgi compartments.

PMID- 2925661
TI  - Identification of a lysosome membrane protein which could mediate ATP-dependent
      stable association of lysosomes to microtubules.
AB  - We have previously reported that purified thyroid lysosomes bind to reconstituted
      microtubules to form stable complexes (Mithieux, G., Audebet, C., and Rousset, B.
      (1988) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 969, 121-130), a process which is inhibited by ATP
      (Mithieux, G., and Rousset, B. (1988) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 971, 29-37). Among
      detergent-solubilized lysosomal membrane protein, we identified a 50-kDa
      molecular component which binds to preassembled microtubules. The binding of this
      polypeptide to microtubules was decreased in the presence of ATP. We purified
      this 50-kDa protein by affinity chromatography on immobilized ATP. The 50-kDa
      protein bound to the ATP column was eluted by 1 mM ATP. The purified protein,
      labeled with 125I, exhibited the ability of interacting with microtubules. The
      binding process was inhibited by increasing concentrations of ATP, the half
      maximal inhibitory effect being obtained at an ATP concentration of 0.35 mM. The
      interaction of the 50-kDa protein with microtubules is a saturable phenomenon
      since the binding of the 125I-labeled 50-kDa protein was inhibited by unlabeled
      solubilized lysosomal membrane protein containing the 50-kDa polypeptide but not
      by the same protein fraction from which the 50-kDa polypeptide had been removed
      by the ATP affinity chromatography procedure. The 50-kDa protein has the property
      to bind to pure tubulin coupled to an insoluble matrix. The 50-kDa protein was
      eluted from the tubulin affinity column by ATP. These findings support the
      conclusion that a protein inserted into the lysosomal membrane is able to bind
      directly to microtubules in a process which can be regulated by ATP. We propose
      that this protein could account for the association of lysosomes to microtubules
      demonstrated both in vitro and in intact cells.

PMID- 2925663
TI  - Human aldehyde dehydrogenase. Purification and characterization of a third
      isozyme with low Km for gamma-aminobutyraldehyde.
AB  - An enzyme which catalyzes dehydrogenation of gamma-aminobutyraldehyde has been
      purified to homogeneity from human liver and identified as an isozyme of aldehyde
      dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.3); two other isozymes, previously obtained in a
      homogeneous form, are known as E1 and E2. Affinity chromatography on NAD-agarose
      (N6 with 8 carbon spacer) yields homogeneous enzyme which migrates as two
      components on isoelectric focusing with pI = 5.3 and 5.45. These two components,
      separated by fast protein liquid chromatography on a Mono-P HR 5/20 column, have
      similar Km values for gamma-aminobutyraldehyde, acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde,
      and NAD. The Km value for gamma-aminobutyraldehyde is 8.0-14.0 microM versus 760
      microM for E1 and 512 microM for E2. The enzyme's molecular weight, subunit
      molecular weight, and amino acid composition are similar to those of the E1 and
      E2 isozymes. The enzyme also interacts with anti-E1 and anti-E2 antibodies; it is
      relatively insensitive to disulfiram inhibition and is neither activated nor
      inhibited by magnesium. Its absorption spectrum, where the ratio of 280/260 nm is
      1.1 and a weak absorption is seen in the 340 nm range (Racker band), suggests the
      presence of bound coenzyme. gamma-Aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase (with Km value
      of 15 microM for gamma-aminobutyraldehyde) was previously partially purified from
      Pseudomonas fluorescens (Jakoby, W.B., and Fredericks, J. (1959) J. Biol. Chem.
      234, 2145-2150) but never from a mammalian organism.

PMID- 2925662
TI  - Rapid induction of rat liver S14 gene transcription by thyroid hormone.
AB  - The mRNA coding for the rat liver S14 protein (Mr 17,000; pI 4.9) is rapidly
      induced by triiodothyronine (T3) (Jump, D. B., Narayan, P., Towle, H. C., and
      Oppenheimer, J. H. (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 2789-2797). In an effort to define
      the molecular basis for the rapid increase in mRNAS14, the in vitro run-on
      activity and chromatin structure of the S14 gene was examined. Following
      injection of hypothyroid rats with a receptor-saturating dose of T3, a 5-min lag
      period preceded a rapid increase in S14 gene transcription. S14 transcriptional
      activity was induced 3.8-fold within 15 min and reached nearly 70% of the maximal
      9-fold induction within 60 min of T3 administration. Hepatic mRNAS14 levels were
      induced 2.4-, 19-, and 24-fold within 15 min, 4 h, and 24 h, respectively. Thus,
      the rapid T3-mediated induction of mRNAS14 was due, in large part, to a rapid and
      apparent direct effect of T3 on S14 transcriptional activity. Analysis of S14
      chromatin structure showed that the Hss-3 DNase I hypersensitive site located 3.3
      kilobases (kb) upstream from the hepatic S14 cap site was present in both
      euthyroid and hyperthyroid states, but either absent or present at diminished
      DNase I sensitivity in the hypothyroid state. However, within 5 min of T3
      administration to hypothyroid rats, the Hss-3 DNase I hypersensitive site was
      significantly induced. The induction of this structure preceded T3 induction of
      S14 gene transcription. Other DNase I hypersensitive sites located adjacent to
      the S14 cap site at -65 to -265 base pairs (Hss-1) or upstream at -1.3 kb (Hss
      2), -2.1 kb (Hss-3'), -5.3 kb (Hss-4), and -6.2 kb (Hss-5) remained unaffected by
      changes in S14 gene transcription. The rapid T3 effect on the Hss-3 DNase I
      hypersensitive site may reflect the presence of T3 receptors in the vicinity of
      this chromatin locus. Modification of chromatin structure in the vicinity of the
      Hss-3 site may be an important antecedent event for T3-mediated induction of S14
      gene transcription.

PMID- 2925664
TI  - Crystallization and molecular symmetry of ornithine decarboxylase from
      Lactobacillus 30a.
AB  - Ornithine decarboxylase from Lactobacillus 30a is representative of the large
      subunit (80 kDa), oligomeric, pyridoxal phosphate-dependent amino-acid
      decarboxylases. Yellow crystals of ornithine decarboxylase are obtained from
      polyethylene glycol solutions and belong to space group P6 with unit cell
      constants a = b = 194.9 and c = 97.44 A, alpha = beta = 90 degrees and gamma =
      120 degrees, V = 3.21 x 10(6) A3. Still photographs show reflections at better
      than 2.4-A resolution. Electron micrographs reported by Guirard and Snell
      (Guirard, B.M., and Snell, E.E. (1980) J. Biol. Chem. 255, 5960-5964) reveal that
      the ornithine decarboxylase dodecamer is a hexagonally shaped particle with a
      point-to-point distance of approximately 210 A and a thickness of approximately
      70 A. The crystallographic unit cell can thus accommodate one 10(6)-Da dodecamer
      (Vm = 3.2 A3/Da), implying that a dimer occupies an asymmetric unit. Tanaka
      rotation function analysis, using native data (5-7 A) collected from three
      crystals, reveals that the particle has the expected 622 molecular symmetry with
      molecular 2-fold axes lying at 20 degrees and 50 degrees from a in the a-b plane.
      A search for suitable heavy atom derivatives is underway.

PMID- 2925665
TI  - Endothelial albumin binding proteins are membrane-associated components exposed
      on the cell surface.
AB  - The heterobifunctional, photoactivatable, thiol-cleavable cross-linker
      sulfosuccinimidyl 2-(p-azido-salicylamido)ethyl-1,3'-dithiopropionate (SASD) was
      radioiodinated and used to determine whether endothelial albumin binding proteins
      (ABP) recently identified (Ghinea, N., Fixman, A., Alexandru, D., Popov, D.,
      Hasu, M., Ghitescu, L., Eskenasy, M., Simionescu, M., and Simionescu, N. (1988)
      J. Cell Biol. 107, 231-239) are plasma membrane-associated components exposed on
      the cell surface. Microvascular endothelial cells (MEC) freshly isolated from rat
      epididymal fat were incubated with 125I-2-(p-azidosalicylamido)ethyl-1,3'
      dithiopropionate (ASD)-albumin conjugate which upon photolysis by UV light was
      cross-linked to the receptor proteins. By cleaving the disulfide linkages of the
      cross-linker with 5% beta-mercaptoethanol and the ligand-receptor interactions
      with 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate, the radioiodinated ASD moiety remained attached
      to the receptor peptides which were further detected by 5% sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by autoradiography. In parallel,
      samples were examined by ligand blotting with albumin-gold complex. The results
      showed that in these experimental conditions ABP are represented by two major
      peptides of 31 and 18 kDa and two minor bands of 73 and 56 kDa. Densitometric
      scanning showed that the two major bands constitute more than 70% of the total
      ABP. The four peptides were not apparent if the samples were not UV-irradiated.
      The binding of the radioiodinated ligand to ABPs was reduced by approximately 82%
      in the presence of excess competitive unlabeled albumin. When MEC were incubated
      with unlabeled SASD and exposed to UV light, the autoradiographic banding pattern
      obtained was similar to that of either radioiodinated receptor proteins or MEC
      not treated with SASD. This indicated that the four albumin binding peptides are
      distinct proteins of the endothelial cell plasmalemma.

PMID- 2925666
TI  - Carrier-mediated transport of monoiodotyrosine out of thyroid cell lysosomes.
AB  - Monoiodotyrosine (MIT) crosses the lysosomal membrane of rat FRTL-5 thyroid cells
      by a carrier-mediated process. In egress studies, MIT lost from inside lysosomes
      was quantitatively recovered outside lysosomes as MIT, indicating that the
      compound was transported intact across the lysosomal membrane. In uptake studies,
      [125I]MIT entry required intact lysosomes and exhibited saturation kinetics. The
      apparent Km for MIT was approximately 1.5 microM and the Vmax was approximately
      0.24 pmol/unit hexosaminidase/min. Countertransport of MIT was demonstrated, with
      an initial velocity of [125I]MIT uptake which reached a maximum at high
      intralysosomal MIT loading. Nonradioactive MIT and diiodotyrosine competed to
      approximately equivalent extents with [125I]MIT for uptake in countertransport
      experiments. The existence of a lysosomal MIT carrier in thyroid cells may
      explain how this product of thyroglobulin catabolism is transported to the
      cytosol for iodine salvage and reutilization.

PMID- 2925667
TI  - Stimulation in vitro of rabbit erythrocyte cytosol phospholipid-dependent protein
      kinase activity. A novel action of thyroid hormone.
AB  - L-Thyroxine (T4) and 3,3',5-L-triiodothyronine (T3) at 10(-10) M stimulated
      phospholipid- and Ca2+-dependent protein kinase activity in rabbit red cell
      cytosol in vitro by 151 and 176%, respectively. Kinase of 30-fold greater
      specific activity, developed with 0.4 mM NaCl from cytosol applied to DEAE
      cellulose, was also stimulated up to 2-fold by thyroid hormone. Hormone
      enhancement of kinase activity occurred after 60 min of incubation at 37 degrees
      C prior to enzyme assay. Thyroid hormone analogues triiodothyroacetic acid, 3,5
      dimethyl-3'-isopropyl-L-thyronine, D-T3, D-T4, and 3,3',5'-L-triiodothyronine
      (reverse T3) were inactive. These results support a role for thyroid hormone
      endogenously in regulation of phospholipid-dependent protein kinase activity.

PMID- 2925668
TI  - Purification and characterization of the sea urchin embryo hatching enzyme.
AB  - The sea urchin hatching enzyme provides an interesting model for the control of
      gene expression during early development. In order to study its properties and
      developmental regulation, the hatching enzyme of the species Paracentrotus
      lividus has been purified. The fertilization envelopes of the embryos were
      digested before hatching by a crude culture supernatant previously made. The
      enzyme was then solubilized by 1 M NaCl and 0.5% 3-[(3
      cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate and purified by hydrophobic
      chromatography on Procion-agarose. A 470-fold increase in specific activity was
      obtained. The kinetic parameters of the proteolytic activity using dimethylcasein
      as substrate are: Km = 120 micrograms x ml-1, Vm = 200 mumol x min-1 x mg-1, and
      kcat = 180 s-1 at 500 mM NaCl, 10 mM CaCl2, pH 8.0, at 35 degrees C. The purified
      enzyme is highly active on fertilization envelopes: at 20 degrees C and 500 mM
      NaCl, 10 mM CaCl2, pH 8.0, 100 ng of enzyme completely denudes embryos in about
      20 min under standard conditions. The molecular mass of the enzyme was estimated
      as 57 kDa by gel filtration, 51 kDa by gel electrophoresis, and 52 kDa by amino
      acid analysis. The hatching enzyme was shown to be a glycoprotein which autolyzes
      to a 30-kDa inactive form. Antibodies raised against the 51- or 30-kDa forms
      reacted with both these forms. Immunoblotting experiments showed that the
      hatching supernatants contain important amounts of the autolyzed species.

PMID- 2925669
TI  - Solubilization and reconstitution characteristics of hepatic system A-mediated
      amino acid transport.
AB  - In the liver, System A-mediated uptake of neutral amino acids may play a key role
      in metabolic control. Knowing the properties of the solubilized and reconstituted
      System A activity is important for future studies on the purification of the
      carrier protein. Solubilization of System A activity by the combination of 2.5%
      cholate and 4 M urea resulted in greater than 85% extraction of the activity.
      Previous removal of easily extracted plasma membrane proteins with 1% cholate
      alone followed by solubilization of the transporter with cholate/urea resulted in
      a 2-fold enrichment in transport activity. Based on the observation that the
      carrier protein aggregates in the presence of low detergent concentrations, a
      selective polyethylene glycol precipitation procedure was developed resulting in
      recovery of more than 70% of the initial transport activity and less than 10% of
      the total protein. A concomitant 10-fold enrichment in carrier activity was
      achieved. The precipitated carrier could be resuspended in buffer containing
      Triton X-100, asolectin, and glycerol. Transporter activity in this buffer was
      stable for up to 5 days when maintained at -20 degrees C or for 2 days at 4
      degrees C. The general applicability of the devised reconstitution is illustrated
      by the presence of Systems N and Gly in the reconstituted proteoliposomes at
      specific activities greater than those in the native vesicles.

PMID- 2925670
TI  - Detection and characterization of a nucleoside transport system in human
      fibroblast lysosomes.
AB  - Lysosomes contain enzymatic activities capable of degrading nucleic acids to
      their constituent nucleosides, but the manner by which these degradation products
      are released from the lysosome is unknown. To investigate this process, human
      fibroblast lysosomes, purified on Percoll density gradients, were incubated with
      [3H]adenosine at pH 7.0, and the amount of adenosine taken up by the lysosomes
      was measured. Adenosine uptake by fibroblast lysosomes attained a steady state by
      12 min at 37 degrees C and was unaffected by the presence of 2 mM MgATP or
      changes in pH from 5.0 to 8.0. An Arrhenius plot was linear with an activation
      energy of 12.9 kcal/mol and a Q10 of 2.0. Lysosomal adenosine uptake is
      saturable, displaying a Km of 9 mM at pH 7.0 and 37 degrees C. Various
      nucleosides and the nucleobase, 6-dimethylaminopurine, strongly inhibit lysosomal
      adenosine uptake, whereas neither D-ribose or nucleotide monophosphates have any
      significant effect upon lysosomal adenosine uptake. On a molar basis, purines are
      recognized more strongly than pyrimidines. Changing the nature of the nucleoside
      sugar from ribose to arabinose or deoxyribose has little effect on reactivity
      with this transport system. The known plasma membrane nucleoside transport
      inhibitors, dipyridamole and nitrobenzylthioinosine, inhibit lysosomal nucleoside
      transport at relatively low concentrations (25 microM) relative to the Km of 9 mM
      for lysosomal adenosine uptake. The half-times of [3H]inosine and [3H]uridine
      efflux from fibroblast lysosomes ranged from 6 to 8 min at 37 degrees C. Trans
      effects were not observed to be associated with either inosine or uridine exodus.
      In contrast to adenosine uptake, adenine primarily enters fibroblast lysosomes by
      a route not saturable by high concentrations of various nucleosides. In
      conclusion, the saturability of lysosomal adenosine uptake and its specific,
      competitive inhibition by other nucleosides indicate the existence of a carrier
      mediated transport system for nucleosides within fibroblast lysosomal membranes.

PMID- 2925671
TI  - Purification and characterization of NADPH-dependent cytosolic 3,5,3'-triiodo-L
      thyronine binding protein in rat kidney.
AB  - The NADPH-dependent cytosolic 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine(T3)-binding protein
      (CTBP) has been purified over 30,000-fold from rat kidney by using charcoal
      extraction, Mono Q-Sepharose, Blue Sepharose CL-6B, and Sephacryl S-200 column
      chromatography. Purified CTBP had a sedimentation coefficient of 4.7 S, Stokes
      radius of 32.5A, and calculated molecular weight of 58,000. The apparently
      homogeneous protein consisted of a single polypeptide chain with Mr of 58,000 as
      estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Scatchard
      analysis of T3 binding showed that NADPH increases maximal binding capacity
      without changes in the affinity constant (Ka = 2.43 X 10(9) M-1). Double
      reciprocal analysis of NADPH and binding capacity gave maximal binding capacity
      of 16,400 pmol/mg of CTBP, Mr = 58,000. The order of affinity of iodothyronine
      analogues to purified CTBP was as follows: L-T3 = D-T3 greater than
      triiodothyroacetic acid greater than L-thyroxine. [125I]T3 bound to purified CTBP
      spontaneously dissociated from CTBP at 20 degrees C (t 1/2 = 22 min) in the
      absence of NADPH, whereas the dissociation was not observed in the presence of
      NADPH. The optimal pH for T3 binding was 7.2-7.5 Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ (0-200
      mM) did not influence T3 binding to CTBP. The purified CTBP did not bind to DNA
      and was not adsorbed to concanavalin A-Sepharose.

PMID- 2925672
TI  - Evidence for the presence of two active forms of cytosolic 3,5,3'-triiodo-L
      thyronine (T3)-binding protein (CTBP) in rat kidney. Specialized functions of two
      CTBPs in intracellular T3 translocation.
AB  - Cytosolic NADPH-dependent 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3)-binding protein (CTBP)
      purified from rat kidney was further characterized in its T3 binding and its
      interaction with nuclei. Pretreatment of the CTBP with NADP induced
      dithiothreitol (DTT)-dependent T3 binding. The DTT-dependent T3 binding was
      increased by NADP in a concentration-dependent manner, and the maximal binding
      was obtained by 0.1 microM NADP. Higher concentrations of NADP (more than 0.1
      microM), however, reduced T3 binding. NAD also induced DTT-dependent T3 binding,
      but was very low compared to that induced by NADP. NADPH and NADH did not produce
      DTT-dependent T3 binding. This NADP-activated, DTT-dependent T3 binding was
      characterized as follows: Ka for T3 binding was 1.8 x 10(9) M-1, and the maximal
      binding capacity was 15,000 pmol/mg of protein in the CTBP activated by 0.1
      microM NADP. The molecular weight of the CTBP was 58,000 (4.7 S). A complex of
      [125I]T3 and CTBP (NADP.DTT.CTBP.[125I]T3), which was made from the CTBP
      pretreated with NADP and DTT, did not bind to DNA. However, the complex bound to
      the nuclei prepared from rat kidney. Treatment of the nuclei with 0.38 M KCl and
      with DNase I did not lead to loss of the binding activity for the complex.
      Treatment of nuclei with 0.5 M NaCl led to the loss of the activity for binding
      the complex. A complex of [125I]T3 and NADPH-activated CTBP did not bind these
      nuclear preparations. These results suggested that the active form of CTBP is
      present in two different forms: one is NADPH-activated, which plays a role as a
      reservoir for cytoplasmic T3, and the other is NADP-activated, which plays a role
      as a T3 carrier protein that transfers T3 from cytoplasm to nucleus.

PMID- 2925673
TI  - Transport and phosphorylation of choline in higher plant cells. Phosphorus-31
      nuclear magnetic resonance studies.
AB  - When sycamore cells were suspended in basal medium containing choline, the latter
      was taken up by the cells very rapidly. A facilitated diffusion system
      appertained at low concentrations of choline and exhibited Michaelis-Menten
      kinetics. At higher choline concentrations simple diffusion appeared to be the
      principal mode of uptake. Addition of choline to the perfusate of compressed
      sycamore cells monitored by 31P NMR spectroscopy resulted in a dramatic
      accumulation of P-choline in the cytoplasmic compartment containing choline
      kinase and not in the vacuole. The total accumulation of P-choline over a 10-h
      period exhibited Michaelis-Menten kinetics. During this period, in the absence of
      Pi in the perfusion medium there was a marked depletion of glucose-6-P, and the
      cytoplasmic Pi resonance disappeared almost completely. When a threshold of
      cytoplasmic Pi was attained, the phosphorylation of choline was sustained by the
      continuous release of Pi from the vacuole although at a much lower rate. However,
      when 100 microM inorganic phosphate was present in the perfusion medium,
      externally added Pi was preferentially used to sustain P-choline synthesis. It is
      clear, therefore, that cytosolic choline kinase associated with a carrier
      mediated transport system for choline uptake appeared as effective systems for
      continuously trapping cytoplasmic Pi including vacuolar Pi entering the
      cytoplasm.

PMID- 2925674
TI  - Polypeptide structure of germin as deduced from cDNA sequencing.
AB  - Synthesis of a relatively rare glycoprotein (germin) signals the onset of growth
      in germinating wheat embryos. Germin mRNA (1075 nucleotide residues) has an 85
      residue 5'-untranslated sequence, a 69-residue sequence that can encode a 23
      residue signal-peptide sequence, a 603-residue sequence that can encode a 201
      residue mature-protein sequence, and a 318-residue 3'-untranslated sequence that
      begins with a UAA-terminator codon, ends with a 63-residue polyadenylate tract,
      and has three polyadenylation (and other, related) signals (AAUAAN etc.). One
      polyadenylation signal is just 9 nucleotides from the polyadenylation site, the
      shortest stretch of nucleotides yet found between polyadenylation signal and site
      in any animal or plant mRNA. The mature-protein coding sequence in germin mRNA
      contains an unusually high proportion (87%) of G + C in the third positions of
      its codons. The amino acid sequence of germin does not have extensive internal
      homologies or repetitions, and it is not characterized by regions of unusually
      high charge density, as is nucleoplasmin, another water-soluble homopentameric
      protein with otherwise closely related structural properties. Germin does,
      however, contain a stretch of 34 uncharged amino acid residues and these may
      possibly mediate its homopentameric structure and its remarkable resistance to
      enzymic proteolysis. In view of a possible association of germin with cellular
      membranes, the most interesting relatedness of the germin sequence to the
      sequences of other proteins is an 80% homology between a decapeptide sequence in
      mature germin and a decapeptide sequence in Escherichia coli glycerol-3-phosphate
      acyltransferase. The relation of germin-gene structure to overall gene regulation
      during early plant growth is discussed.

PMID- 2925675
TI  - A newly synthesized selective casein kinase I inhibitor, N-(2-aminoethyl)-5
      chloroisoquinoline-8-sulfonamide, and affinity purification of casein kinase I
      from bovine testis.
AB  - When screening various isoquinolinesulfonamide compounds which we synthesized,
      CKI-7, N-(2-amino-ethyl)-5-chloroisoquinoline-8-sulfonamide, was found to have a
      potent inhibitory action against casein kinase I and a much weaker effect on
      casein kinase II and other protein kinases. Kinetic analysis indicated that CKI-7
      inhibited casein kinase I competitively with respect to ATP and that the Ki
      values were 8.5 microM for casein kinase I and 70 microM for casein kinase II. An
      affinity chromatography absorbent was synthesized by coupling CKI-8 (1-(5
      chloroisoquinoline-8-sulfonyl], a derivative of CKI-7, to cyanogen bromide
      activated Sepharose 4B. Partially purified casein kinase I from bovine testis was
      subjected to affinity chromatography. Analysis of the purified casein kinase I by
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate
      revealed a single band with molecular weight 37,000. These newly synthesized
      compounds, CKI-7 and CKI-8, should serve as useful tools for elucidating the
      biological significance of casein kinase I-mediated reactions.

PMID- 2925676
TI  - Secondary structure of diphtheria toxin and its fragments interacting with acidic
      liposomes studied by polarized infrared spectroscopy.
AB  - We used infrared attenuated total reflection spectroscopy to study the structure
      of diphtheria toxin (DT) and its fragments A, B, CB1, and CB4 as a function of
      the pH in the absence and in the presence of phospholipid vesicles. Binding of DT
      to asolectin or DL-alpha-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine-DL-alpha
      dipalmitoylphosphatidic acid liposomes at pH 7.3 results in a 10% increase in its
      alpha-helix content. At pH 4, in the presence of liposomes, the secondary
      structure of DT is characterized by the appearance of a beta-sheet structure with
      strengthened hydrogen bonds which did not exist before pH lowering. DT fragment B
      displays little conformational change upon pH lowering in the presence of
      liposomes. However, the alpha-helix content of CB1 increases by 10%, and
      polarization measurements indicate that the alpha-helices of CB1 at pH 4 are
      oriented parallel to the lipid acyl chains. On the other hand, the alpha-helix
      content of CB4 decreases dramatically while the low frequency beta-sheet content
      increases. Dichroism measurements demonstrate that this sheet lies close to a
      parallel to the bilayer surface. The fragment A of DT experiences a large
      conformational change upon pH lowering and binds to the liposome membrane even in
      the absence of DT fragment B. The conformational modification of DT fragment A is
      fully reversed when pH is brought back to 7.3.

PMID- 2925677
TI  - Mouse primase p49 subunit molecular cloning indicates conserved and divergent
      regions.
AB  - Primase is a specialized RNA polymerase that synthesizes RNA primers for
      initiation of DNA synthesis. A full cDNA clone of the p49 subunit of mouse
      primase, a heterodimeric enzyme, has been isolated using a primase p49-specific
      polyclonal antibody to screen a lambda gt11 mouse cDNA expression library. The
      cDNA indicated the subunit is a 417-amino acid polypeptide with a calculated
      molecular mass of 49,295 daltons. The p49 mRNA is approximately 1500 nucleotides
      long with a 5'-untranslated region of 74 nucleotides and a 3'-untranslated region
      of 200 nucleotides. Comparison with a similar sized primase subunit from yeast
      showed highly conserved amino acid sequences in the N-terminal halves of the
      polypeptides and included a potential metal-binding domain suggesting the
      functional importance of this region for DNA binding. In contrast, the 3' portion
      of the cDNA has rapidly diverged in nucleotide sequence, as primase mRNA can be
      detected in mouse and rat cells with a 3' probe (including coding and noncoding)
      but not in RNA from hamster or human cells. A full-length cDNA probe detected
      mRNA from hamster and human cell lines, indicating a conserved 5' portion and
      divergent 3' region of the expressed gene. The rapid divergence may be related to
      the species-specific protein interactions found for the DNA polymerase alpha
      primase complex. The mRNA is detected in proliferating but not in quiescent cells
      consistent with its function in DNA replication.

PMID- 2925678
TI  - Characterization of novel glycolipids from the giant cockroach (Blaberus
      colosseus).
AB  - A novel class of glycolipids, assigned the trivial name blaberosides, was
      isolated from whole head tissues of the giant cockroach (Blaberus colosseus). The
      class consists of two closely related families, blaberoside I and blaberoside II,
      each containing species differing by 26 atomic mass units. The structure of these
      gentiobiose-based glycoglycerolipids was elucidated by chromatographic behavior,
      nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and analysis of
      chemical degradation products and derivatives. Species in the blaberoside I
      family have been identified as 2-O-[6'-O-(6"-O-3-hydroxy-11-eicosenoyl-beta-D
      glucopyranosyl)-bet a-D- glucopyranosyl]-3-(hexadecyloxy)-1-(3-hydroxy-11
      eicosenoyl)-1,2-p ropanediol (blaberoside Ia) and 2-O-[6'-O-(6"-O-3-hydroxy-11
      eicosenoyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-bet a- D-glucopyranosyl]-3-(6-octadeceloxy)-1
      (3-hydroxy-11-eicosenoyl )-1,2- propanediol (blaberoside Ib). Two smaller
      homologs of the blaberoside II family were discerned to be 2-O-[6'-O-(6"-O-3
      hydroxy-11- eicosenoyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl]-3-(hex ade
      cyloxy)- 1,2-propanediol (blaberoside IIa), and 2-O-[6'-O-(6"-O-3-hydroxy-11
      eicosenoyl-beta-D- glucopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl]-3-(4-octadeceloxy)-1,2
      prop anediol (blaberoside IIb). These compounds are unique because they are
      animal origin glyceroglycolipids with a highly flexible gentiobiose backbone, and
      a beta-linkage of the carbohydrate to the glycerol ether at the 2 position rather
      than the usual 1 position.

PMID- 2925679
TI  - Lateral diffusion as a rate-limiting step in ubiquinone-mediated mitochondrial
      electron transport.
AB  - Data are presented which indicate that the diffusion-based collisions of
      ubiquinone with its redox partners in the mitochondrial inner membrane are a rate
      limiting step for maximum (uncoupled) rates of succinate-linked electron
      transport. Data were obtained from experimental analysis of a comparison of the
      apparent activation energies of lateral diffusion rates, collision frequencies,
      and electron transport rates in native and protein-diluted (phospholipid
      enriched) inner membranes. Diffusion coefficients for Complex III
      (ubiquinol:cytochrome c oxidoreductase) and ubiquinone redox components were
      determined as a function of temperature using fluorescence recovery after
      photobleaching, and collision frequencies of appropriate redox partners were
      subsequently calculated. The data reveal that 1) the apparent activation energies
      for both diffusion and electron transport were highest in the native inner
      membrane and decreased with decreasing protein density, 2) the apparent
      activation energy for the diffusion step of ubiquinone made up the most
      significant portion of the activation energy for the overall kinetic activity,
      i.e. electron transport steps plus the diffusion steps, 3) the apparent
      activation energies for both diffusion and electron transport decreased in a
      proportionate manner as the membrane protein density was decreased, and 4)
      Arrhenius plots of the ratio of experimental electron transport productive
      collisions (turnovers) to calculated theoretically predicted, diffusion-based
      collisions for ubiquinone with its redox partners had little or no temperature
      dependence, indicating that as temperature increases, increases in electron
      transport rate are accounted for by the increases in diffusion-based collisions.
      These data support the Random Collision Model of mitochondrial electron transport
      in which the rates of diffusion and appropriate concentrations of redox
      components limit the maximum rates of electron transport in the inner membrane.

PMID- 2925680
TI  - Mannose processing is an important determinant in the assembly of phosphorylated
      high mannose-type oligosaccharides.
AB  - Phosphorylation of the high mannose-type oligosaccharides attached to newly
      synthesized acid hydrolases occurs in two sequential steps within the endoplasmic
      reticulum and the Golgi apparatus, and the products generated at the two sites
      differ with respect to the location of the phosphorylated mannose residue. To
      investigate the mechanism of this two-step phosphorylation, biosynthesis of the
      Man-6-P recognition marker was studied in class E Thy-1- and J774 cells
      metabolically labeled with [2-3H]mannose. Class E Thy-1- cells produce truncated
      high mannose oligosaccharides that lack 4 mannose residues from the alpha 1,6
      branch of the core beta-linked mannose residue; three of the missing residues are
      potential phosphorylation sites. Acid hydrolases produced by these mutant cells
      were phosphorylated on the alpha 1,3-branch of the truncated oligosaccharide even
      when transport to the Golgi apparatus was inhibited. J774 cells produce normal
      high mannose oligosaccharides, but they secrete a large percentage of their newly
      synthesized acid hydrolases. The secreted enzymes contained primarily
      diphosphorylated units in which a phosphate was positioned to both the alpha 1,3-
      and alpha 1,6-branches of the core beta-linked mannose. J774 cells treated with
      deoxymannojirimycin continued to phosphorylate and to secrete acid hydrolases.
      The secreted hydrolases, however, contained only monophosphorylated
      oligosaccharides in which the phosphate was restricted to the alpha 1,6-branch.
      These results indicate that mannose residues within high mannose oligosaccharides
      impose constraints on the phosphorylation of their composite structures. We
      conclude that the two-step phosphorylation occurs as a result of a common
      phosphotransferase at both the pre-Golgi and Golgi locations and a change in the
      conformation of the oligosaccharides attached to the acid hydrolases through the
      action of Golgi-associated alpha-mannosidase I.

PMID- 2925681
TI  - Characterization of a cDNA encoding a manganese peroxidase, from the lignin
      degrading basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium.
AB  - A cDNA clone of a manganese peroxidase (MnP) from Phanerochaete chrysosporium was
      isolated and characterized. The cDNA contains 1314 nucleotides excluding the
      poly(A) tail and the coding region has 68% G + C content. The deduced mature MnP
      protein contains 357 amino acids and is preceded by a 21-amino acid leader
      sequence. The experimentally determined N-terminal sequence of the purified MnP-1
      protein, pI = 4.9, corresponds to the deduced N-terminal sequence of the gene.
      The Mr of the mature MnP-1 deduced from the cDNA is 37,439, which is
      approximately 81.4% of the experimentally determined molecular weight. The
      difference is due to glycosylation and a single potential N-glycosylation site
      with the general sequence Asn-X-Thr/Ser is present in the deduced MnP-1 sequence.
      Consistent with the peroxidase mechanism of MnP, the proximal histidine, the
      distal histidine, and the distal arginine are all conserved and regions flanking
      these residues display homology with other peroxidases. Northern blot analysis
      indicates that MnP expression is controlled by nutrient nitrogen at the level of
      transcription. Southern blot hybridization analysis suggests that MnP-1 is a
      member of a family of MnP genes.

PMID- 2925682
TI  - Mammalian glycinamide ribonucleotide transformylase. Kinetic mechanism and
      associated de novo purine biosynthetic activities.
AB  - Glycinamide ribonucleotide transformylase catalyzes the conversion of glycinamide
      ribonucleotide and 10-formyltetrahydrofolate to formylglycinamide ribonucleotide
      and tetrahydrofolate. The enzyme purified from the murine lymphoma cell line
      L5178Y also catalyzes two other de novo purine biosynthetic activities,
      glycinamide ribonucleotide synthetase and aminoimidazole ribonucleotide
      synthetase. The transformylase reaction shows a 1:1 stoichiometry for substrate
      utilization and an optimum rate between pH 7.9 and 8.3. Initial velocity and dead
      end inhibition patterns indicate that the kinetic mechanism of the
      transformylation reaction is ordered-sequential, with 10-formyltetrahydrofolate
      binding first. alpha, beta-Hydroxyacetamide ribonucleotide (alpha, beta-N
      (hydroxyacetyl)-D-ribofuranosylamine) is shown to be an inhibitor of the
      transformylase, competitive against glycinamide ribonucleotide.

PMID- 2925683
TI  - Quantitative analysis of collagen expression in embryonic chick chondrocytes
      having different developmental fates.
AB  - A quantitative determination of collagen expression was carried out in cultured
      chondrocytes obtained from a tissue that undergoes endochondral bone replacement
      (ventral vertebra) and one that does not (caudal sterna). The "short chain"
      collagen, type X is only expressed in the former while the other "short chain"
      collagen type IX, was primarily expressed in the latter. These two tissues also
      differ in that vertebral chondrocytes express moderate levels of both type I
      procollagen mRNAs which were translated into full length procollagen chains both
      in vivo and in vitro, while caudal sternal chondrocytes did not. The percent of
      collagen synthesis was about 50% in both cell types, but sternal cells expressed
      twice as much collagen as vertebral cells even though type II procollagen was
      more efficiently processed to alpha-chains in vertebral chondrocytes than in
      sternal chondrocytes. The number of type II procollagen mRNA molecules/cell was
      found to be about 2300 in vertebral chondrocytes and about 8000 in sternal cells,
      in good agreement with the results reported by Kravis and Upholt (Kravis, D., and
      Upholt, W. B. (1985) Dev. Biol. 108, 164-172). There were about 630 copies of
      type I procollagen mRNAs with an alpha 1/alpha 2 ratio of 1.6 in vertebral
      chondrocytes compared with 5100 copies and an alpha 1/alpha 2 ratio of 2.2 in
      osteoblasts, and less than 40 copies in sternal cells. Since the rate of type I
      collagen chain synthesis was 50 times greater in osteoblasts than in vertebral
      cells, type I procollagen mRNAs were about six times less efficiently translated
      in vertebral cells than in osteoblasts. The type I mRNAs in vertebral
      chondrocytes were polyadenylated and had 5' ends that were identical in
      osteoblasts, fibroblasts, and myoblasts. Moreover, type I mRNAs isolated from
      vertebral chondrocytes were translated into full length preprocollagen chains in
      vitro in rabbit reticulocyte lysates. Thus, chondrocytes isolated from cartilage
      tissues with different developmental fates differed quantitatively and
      qualitatively in total collagen synthesis, procollagen processing, and
      distribution of collagen types.

PMID- 2925685
TI  - Characterization of a novel glycoprotein isolated from the basement membrane
      matrix of the Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm tumor.
AB  - A previously undescribed protein has been isolated and purified from the
      extracellular matrix of the Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm (EHS) tumor, a murine tumor
      that synthesizes an extensive matrix composed of basement membrane molecules.
      Molecular characterization of the molecule determined that it is a glycoprotein
      with internal disulfide bonds and an isoelectric point of 6.0. Electrophoretic
      mobility on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated
      that the glycoprotein migrated as a diffuse band with a molecular weight of
      approximately 72,000-80,000. The amino acid composition was significantly
      different from known basement membrane components. Polyclonal antibodies that
      specifically recognize the glycoprotein localized it to the kidney glomerular
      basement membrane. These antibodies did not cross-react with either known
      basement membrane components (laminin, type IV collagen, and heparan sulfate
      proteoglycan), with 70K "culture shock" protein or with components of normal
      mouse serum (including mouse transferrin, albumin, or alpha-fetoprotein), when
      analyzed by "Western" immunoblots. Our data indicate that the glycoprotein is
      synthesized by the EHS tumor cells and is present at relatively high levels in
      the EHS tumor matrix.

PMID- 2925684
TI  - Further characterization of eukaryotic initiation factor 5 from rabbit
      reticulocytes. Immunochemical characterization and phosphorylation by casein
      kinase II.
AB  - Eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF)-5, isolated from rabbit reticulocyte lysates,
      is a monomeric protein of Mr = 58,000-62,000. Immunochemical methods were
      employed to identify eIF-5 in crude cell lysates. Antisera against purified
      denatured eIF-5 were prepared in rabbits and characterized by immunoblotting and
      immunoprecipitation techniques using native and denatured eIF-5 as antigens.
      Monospecific antibodies to denatured eIF-5 were affinity-purified using eIF-5
      blotted onto aminophenylthioether paper. Rabbit reticulocytes, HeLa cells and
      mouse L cells were lysed directly into a denaturing buffer containing 3% sodium
      dodecyl sulfate. The denatured proteins were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis followed by immunoblotting with anti-eIF-5 antibodies. With each
      lysate, one major immunoreactive polypeptide was observed whose molecular weight
      corresponded to that of purified eIF-5 (Mr = 58,000-62,000). No degradation
      products or precursor forms of molecular weight higher than 62,000 were detected
      in any lysate. These results indicate that isolated eIF-5 is the same size as
      that found in crude lysates. Additional characterization of eIF-5 indicates that
      purified eIF-5 can be phosphorylated at serine residues in vitro by casein kinase
      II. Furthermore, in vitro phosphorylated eIF-5 retains full biological activity
      in catalyzing the joining of 60 S ribosomal subunits to a preformed 40 S
      ribosomal initiation complex to form an 80 S initiation complex. Based on its
      specific activity, we demonstrate that 1 pmol of rabbit reticulocyte eIF-5
      mediates the formation of approximately 180 pmol of 80 S initiation complex under
      the conditions of in vitro initiation reactions.

PMID- 2925686
TI  - Retinoic acid acylation (retinoylation) of a nuclear protein in the human acute
      myeloid leukemia cell line HL60.
AB  - all-trans-Retinoic acid is a potent inducer in vitro of the differentiation of
      the human acute myeloid leukemia cell line HL60 and of fresh cells from patients
      with acute promyelocytic leukemia. The recent discovery of nuclear retinoic acid
      receptors provides a basis for understanding how retinoic acid acts at the
      genetic level. We have now found that retinoic acid is incorporated into HL60
      cells in a form that is not removed by extraction with CHCl3:CH3OH. About 90% of
      this labeled retinoic acid is trichloroacetic acid-soluble after digestion with
      proteinase K or after hydrolysis with either NH2OH or CH3OH:KOH under mild
      conditions. Methyl retinoate is the major product of hydrolysis with CH3OH:KOH.
      These results are consistent with retinoylation of protein with the formation of
      an ester, probably thioester, bond. The extent of the retinoylation of HL60
      protein is dependent on both time and retinoic acid concentration. A major
      fraction of the retinoylation is of protein that has a molecular mass of 55 kDa
      after reduction with dithiothreitol. On two-dimensional gels, the retinoylated
      protein has a pI of about 4.9 and a molecular mass of 55-60 kDa. These
      characteristics and its localization in the cell nucleus are consistent with
      retinoylation of the HL60 nuclear retinoic acid receptor or a closely related
      protein.

PMID- 2925687
TI  - Induction of transforming growth factor-alpha expression in human keratinocytes
      by phorbol esters.
AB  - Exposure of cultured human epidermal keratinocytes to the protein kinase C (Ca2+-
      and phospholipid-dependent protein kinase)-activating phorbol esters 12-O
      tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) or 4-beta-phorbol-12,13-didecanoate
      markedly enhanced accumulation of transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha)
      mRNA and secretion of TGF-alpha protein. The nonactivating phorbol ester, 4-alpha
      phorbol 12,13-didecanoate, had no effect. In the absence of exogenous growth
      factors, confluent cultures of keratinocytes express low or undetectable levels
      of TGF-alpha mRNA and protein. While TPA and epidermal growth factor treatment of
      keratinocyte cultures deprived of growth factors both induced TGF-alpha mRNA
      expression, maximum induction by TPA is 5-fold greater than epidermal growth
      factor. Furthermore, the addition of epidermal growth factor did not enhance TPA
      mediated induction of TGF-alpha mRNA expression. Under these experimental
      conditions, TPA increased levels of secreted TGF-alpha protein by 20-fold at 24
      h. Concentration dependence and kinetic studies of TGF-alpha expression showed
      that TPA (greater than or equal to 1 ng/ml) induced accumulation of TGF-alpha
      mRNA with an optimum concentration of 10 ng/ml. TGF-alpha mRNA expression
      increased within 1 h following TPA treatment (10 ng/ml) and peaked at 5 h. At 24
      h, TPA-treated cultures still expressed elevated levels of TGF-alpha mRNA (1.7
      fold). Protein secretion into the medium was enhanced 2-fold (5 h) to 3-fold (24
      h) by TPA treatment of keratinocyte cultures containing growth factors. Prolonged
      pretreatment (24 h) of keratinocyte cultures with TPA caused marked
      desensitization of TGF-alpha mRNA expression to repeated stimulation by phorbol
      ester. The synthetic diacylglycerol, 1,2-sn-dioctanoylglycerol, enhanced levels
      of TGF-alpha transcription and secretion of TGF-alpha protein. The rate of TGF
      alpha mRNA accumulation peaked and declined earlier for 1,2-sn-dioctanoylglycerol
      compared to TPA. 1,2-sn-Dioctanoylglycerol (50 micrograms/ml) increased
      production and secretion of TGF-alpha protein, but less than TPA treatment. An
      inhibitor of protein kinase C, 1-(5-isoquinolinylsulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine,
      also inhibited 1,2-sn-dioctanoylglycerol-mediated accumulation of TGF-alpha mRNA.
      Cycloheximide failed to inhibit TGF-alpha mRNA expression induced by TPA and,
      when added alone to keratinocyte cultures, significantly enhanced TGF-alpha mRNA
      accumulation. Actinomycin D abrogated transcriptional activation of TGF-alpha
      mRNA by TPA. These studies suggest that activation of protein kinase C by active
      phorbol esters or diacylglycerols is responsible, at least in part, for TGF-alpha
      gene expression.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2925688
TI  - Transcriptional regulatory sequences of the housekeeping gene for human
      triosephosphate isomerase.
AB  - To examine the functional organization of the human triosephosphate isomerase
      (TPI) promoter, deletion, insertion, and linker scanning mutations were
      introduced into the TPI promoter of hybrid TPI/beta-globin genes. These genes
      were transiently expressed in mouse L and human HeLa cells, and the effect of
      each mutation on the frequency and position of transcription initiation was
      assayed by S1 nuclease transcript mapping. Multiple positive regulatory elements
      reside between positions -595 and +1 in L cells and -920 and -7 in HeLa cells and
      coordinately promote maximum hybrid gene transcription. These elements include an
      array of GC boxes (positions -126 to -48) that variably conform to the consensus
      Sp1-binding site, and a canonical TATA box (positions -27 to -21) that is
      essential for detectable levels of transcription. In an additive yet position
      dependent fashion, the GC boxes function in cis to the TATA box to control both
      the frequency and position of transcription initiation. Additional positive
      elements reside upstream of position -131 and are required for full promoter
      function. Also, an inhibitory element(s) residing between position -7200 and
      either -2800 in L cells or -920 in HeLa cells reduces transcription approximately
      7-fold relative to the level of transcription achieved with the maximally active
      promoter.

PMID- 2925689
TI  - A glycosomal protein (p60) which is predominantly expressed in procyclic
      Trypanosoma brucei. Characterization and DNA sequence.
AB  - Glycosomes are specialized organelles of trypanosomes which contain glycolytic
      enzymes as their major protein components in Trypanosoma brucei bloodstream form.
      In the glycosomes of the insect form of T. brucei, additional enzyme activities
      are found but have not yet been ascribed to a particular protein molecule. In
      this study, we report the characterization of a 60-kDa glycosomal protein (p60)
      encoded by a single copy gene which is transcribed into a mRNA of 2.9 kilobases.
      The gene codes for a protein of 472 amino acids with a molecular mass of 52.5
      kDa, suggesting that the mRNA contains large untranslated regions of about 1.4
      kilobases. Genomic DNA hybridizations have shown that the gene for p60 is
      confined to the family of Trypanosomatidae. Sequence comparison confirmed that
      p60 is not a member of a conserved protein family and does not belong to the
      group of glycolytic enzymes. p60 is expressed much more strongly in insect form
      than in bloodstream form trypanosomes. Thus, p60 is the first glycosomal protein
      observed whose expression is up-regulated during the transition of trypanosomes
      from the bloodstream to the insect form. The biochemical characterization of p60
      demonstrated its capability to bind microtubules and membrane vesicles and to
      cross-link these structures. These properties might indicate a function in
      linking glycosomes to the microtubules of the trypanosomal cytoskeleton. However,
      proteinase K digestion experiments indicate that p60 is not exposed at the outer
      surface of the glycosomal membrane. The biological role of the microtubule
      binding capability of p60 remains unclear, whereas its membrane binding may be of
      physiological significance inside the glycosome.

PMID- 2925690
TI  - Mechanism of phosphorylation in the lumen of the Golgi apparatus. Translocation
      of adenosine 5'-triphosphate into Golgi vesicles from rat liver and mammary
      gland.
AB  - The occurrence of phosphorylated secretory proteins such as caseins and
      vitellogenin and the recent characterization of phosphorylated proteoglycans, in
      the xylose and protein core, has raised the question of where in the cell and how
      this phosphorylation occurs. Previous studies have described a casein kinase
      activity in the lumen of the Golgi apparatus and this organelle as the site of
      xylose addition to the protein core of proteoglycans. We now report the
      translocation in vitro of ATP into the lumen of rat liver and mammary gland Golgi
      vesicles which are sealed and have the same membrane topographical orientation as
      in vivo. The entire ATP molecule was translocated into the lumen of the Golgi
      vesicles; this was established by using ATP radiolabeled with tritium in the
      adenine and gamma-32P. Translocation was temperature dependent and saturable,
      with an apparent Km of 0.9 microM and Vmax of 58 pmol/mg protein/min. Preliminary
      evidence suggests that translocation of ATP into the vesicles' lumen is coupled
      to exit of AMP from the lumen. Following translocation of ATP into the lumen of
      the vesicles, proteins were phosphorylated.

PMID- 2925691
TI  - Factor C from rabbit liver. A new poly(dC) and poly[d(G-C)] template-selective
      stimulatory protein of DNA polymerases.
AB  - We have undertaken a search for mammalian DNA-binding proteins that enhance the
      activity of DNA polymerases in a template sequence-specific fashion. In this
      paper, we report the extensive purification and characterization of a new DNA
      binding protein from rabbit liver that selectively stimulates DNA polymerases to
      copy synthetic poly[d(G-C)] and the poly(dC) strand of poly(dC).poly(dG) as well
      as single-stranded natural DNA that contains stretches of oligo(dC). The
      enhancing protein, a polypeptide of 65 kDa designated factor C, stimulates the
      copying of the two synthetic templates by Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I,
      Micrococcus luteus polymerase, and eukaryotic DNA polymerases alpha and beta, but
      not by avian myeloblastosis virus polymerase. Factor C, however, does not affect
      utilization by these polymerases of the poly(dG) strand of poly(dC).poly(dG), of
      poly(dC) primed by oligo(dG), or of poly(dA).poly(dT) and poly[d(A-T)]. With
      polymerase I, Michaelis constants (Km) of poly[d(G-C)] and of the poly(dC) strand
      of poly(dC).poly(dG) are decreased by factor C 37- and 4.7-fold, respectively,
      whereas maximum velocity (Vmax) remains unchanged. By contrast, neither the Km
      value of the poly(dG) strand of poly(dC).poly(dG) nor the Vmax value with this
      template is altered by factor C. Rates of copying of activated DNA, denatured
      DNA, or singly primed M13 DNA are not affected significantly by factor C.
      However, primer extension analysis of the copying of recombinant M13N4 DNA that
      contains runs of oligo(dC) within an inserted thymidine kinase gene shows that
      factor C increases processivity by specifically augmenting the efficiency at
      which polymerase I traverses the oligo(dC) stretches. Direct binding of factor C
      to denatured DNA is indicated by retention of the protein-DNA complex on columns
      of DEAE-cellulose. Binding of factor C to poly[d(G-C)] is demonstrated by the
      specific adsorption of the enhancing protein to columns of poly[d(G-C)]
      Sepharose. We propose that by binding to poly[d(G-C)] and to poly(dC).poly(dG),
      factor C enables tighter binding of some DNA polymerases to these templates and
      facilitates enzymatic activity.

PMID- 2925692
TI  - The QUEST system for quantitative analysis of two-dimensional gels.
AB  - The strategies and methods used by the QUEST system for two-dimensional gel
      analysis are described, and the performance of the system is evaluated.
      Radiolabeled proteins, resolved on two-dimensional gels and detected using
      calibrated exposures to film, are quantified in units of disintegrations per
      minute or as a fraction of the total protein radioactivity applied to the gel.
      Spot quantitation and resolution of overlapping spots is performed by two
      dimensional gaussian fitting. Pattern matching is carried out for groups of gels
      called matchsets, and within each matchset every gel is matched to every other
      gel. During the matching process, spots are automatically added to each pattern
      at positions where unmatched spots were detected in other patterns. This results
      in enhanced accuracy for both spot detection and for matching. The spot fitting
      procedure is repeated after matching. Tests show that up to 97% of spots in each
      pattern can be matched and that fewer than 1% of the spots are matched
      inconsistently. Approximately 2000 proteins are detected from typical gels. Of
      these 1600 are high quality spots. Tests to measure the coefficient of variation
      of spot quantitation versus spot quality show that the average coefficient of
      variation for high quality spots is 21%. The intensities of the detected proteins
      range from 4 to 20,000 ppm of total protein synthesis. The QUEST analysis system
      has been used to build a quantitative database for the proteins of normal and
      transformed REF52 cells, as presented in the accompanying reports (Garrels, J.,
      and Franza, B. R., Jr. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 5283-5298, 5299-5312).

PMID- 2925694
TI  - Demographic components of seasonality of pregnancy.
AB  - Previous studies of the seasonality of pregnancy and birth have typically been
      based on monthly numbers or proportions of pregnancies or births (i.e. their
      distribution throughout the year) without any explicit accounting of the size of
      the population actually at risk of pregnancy by month. From data on monthly
      populations at risk and monthly probabilities of pregnancy this paper determines
      the relative contribution of each component to the monthly distribution of
      pregnancies. The data come from the National Survey of Family Growth, Cycle III.
      While there is some seasonality in the size of the at-risk population, it
      contributes little to the overall monthly variation of pregnancy, which is
      determined mainly by seasonality of pregnancy probability (fecundability).

PMID- 2925693
TI  - The REF52 protein database. Methods of database construction and analysis using
      the QUEST system and characterizations of protein patterns from proliferating and
      quiescent REF52 cells.
AB  - The construction and analysis of protein databases using the QUEST system is
      described, and the REF52 protein database is presented. A protein database
      provides the means to store and compare quantitative and descriptive data for up
      to 2000 proteins from many experiments that employ computer-analyzed two
      dimensional gel electrophoresis. The QUEST system provides the tools to manage,
      analyze, and communicate these data. The REF52 database contains experiments with
      normal and transformed rat cell lines. In this report, many of the proteins on
      the REF52 map are identified by name, by subcellular localization, and by mode of
      post-translational modification. The quantitative experiments analyzed and
      compared here include 1) a study of the quantitative reproducibility of the
      analysis system, 2) a study of the clonal reproducibility of REF52 cells, 3) a
      study of growth-related changes in REF52 cells, and 4) a study of the effects of
      labeling cells for varying lengths of time. Of the proteins analyzed from REF52
      cells, 10% are nuclear, 6% are phosphoproteins, and 4% are mannose-labeled
      glycoproteins. The mannose-labeled proteins are more prominent in patterns from
      quiescent cells, while the synthesis of cytoskeletal proteins is generally
      repressed at quiescence. A small set of proteins, selected for elevated rates of
      synthesis is generally repressed at quiescence. A small set of proteins, selected
      for elevated rates of synthesis in quiescent versus proliferating cells includes
      one of the tropomyosin isoforms, a myosin light chain isoform, and several
      prominent glycoproteins. These proteins are thought to be characteristic of the
      differentiated state of untransformed REF52 cells. Proteins induced early versus
      late after refeeding quiescent cells show very different patterns of growth
      regulation. These studies lay the foundations of the REF52 database and provide
      information needed to interpret the experiments with transformed REF52 cells,
      which are reported in the accompanying paper (Garrels, J., and Franza, B. R., Jr.
      (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 5299-5312).

PMID- 2925695
TI  - Working status and stress of middle class women of Calcutta.
AB  - In India an increase in female employment outside the home has occurred during
      the last few decades, especially in urban areas. A working woman may face
      difficulties in attempting to fulfil the demands of both worlds, at home and
      outside, while a housewife may feel tired and irritated with her household chores
      and financial dependence. All these may cause stress for these groups of women.
      The present study compares a group of working mothers with their non-working
      counterparts with respect to: (a) stress level, measured in terms of their
      anxiety score; and (b) certain general indicators of health including a broad
      measure of stress. The results show that anxiety and health scores of the two
      groups of women are similar. Further, the health score and anxiety score seem to
      be correlated, more clearly among the working mothers.

PMID- 2925696
TI  - Fertility and child mortality in rural Ethiopia: Gondar and Hararge regions.
AB  - This paper presents fertility and child mortality estimates for agricultural
      households of the Gondar and Hararge regions, based on the 1981 Rural Demographic
      Survey. The study shows that fertility and child mortality are quite high in both
      regions as in the rest of the country. However, Hararge has significantly higher
      mean parity and child mortality than Gondar.

PMID- 2925697
TI  - Sociodemographic differentials in mortality during the 1974-75 famine in a rural
      area of Bangladesh.
AB  - This study investigates the socio-demographic differentials in mortality during
      the 1974-75 famine in a rural area of Bangladesh. It is based on household
      socioeconomic information collected in the 1974 census and registration data on
      births, deaths and migrations for the period 1974-79 from the Demographic
      Surveillance System of the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research,
      Bangladesh. Ownership of selected household items was considered in the analysis
      as an indicator of household socioeconomic status. Mortality was 62% higher
      during the famine period and 31% higher during the post-famine period compared to
      the non-famine period. The mortality of both the poor and the rich increased
      during the famine period, by 117% and 28% respectively compared to the non-famine
      period. The poor suffered significantly in all age groups except 5-14 years,
      while the rich suffered only for ages 65 and over. Poor males suffered more than
      poor females except for ages 65 and over, while rich females suffered more than
      rich males except for ages under 1 year.

PMID- 2925699
TI  - Contraceptive use patterns in Matlab, Bangladesh: insights from a 1984 survey.
AB  - An experimental maternal and child health and family planning programme has been
      in existence in Matlab for almost 10 years. During this time the project has
      achieved remarkable success in the area of family planning. Based upon a 1984
      survey, this study examines the pattern of contraceptive use in the Matlab
      treatment area, and contrasts it with the regular government programme in the
      neighbouring comparison area. Important differences between the two areas are
      observed, with the treatment area characterized by substantially higher levels of
      current contraceptive use, greater reliance upon temporary methods for birth
      spacing and, among acceptors of sterilization, more prior experimentation with
      other methods. In the comparison area lower rates of contraceptive use are
      observed, with heavy reliance upon tubectomy for limiting family size. The
      findings suggest that an intensive and innovative family planning programme in
      rural Bangladesh can achieve success not only in terms of contraceptive
      prevalence, but can also attract users interested in child spacing and others
      wanting to limit their family size, by offering the widest range of contraceptive
      methods.

PMID- 2925698
TI  - A survey of contraception in five west European countries.
AB  - In 1984 and 1985, a survey was conducted of 7696 women aged 15-44 living in
      Italy, France, Great Britain, Spain and the Federal Republic of Germany. The aim
      of the study was to examine the use of contraceptive methods, the differences in
      contraceptive use, knowledge of fertility, communication about contraception,
      motives for choice and the perceptions held by women regarding contraceptive
      methods, particularly oral contraception. The results show important differences
      between the countries studied.

PMID- 2925700
TI  - Recent trends in contraceptive sterilization in Flanders.
AB  - Elective sterilization started to spread rather late in Flanders. Despite the
      sharp increase of this contraceptive method since the end of the 1970s, its
      frequency is still lower than in many neighbouring countries and much lower than
      in the US and Canada, mainly due to the lag in male sterilization. Further
      increase in contraceptive sterilization and a greater participation of men is
      expected in the near future.

PMID- 2925701
TI  - Nuptiality and fertility in the Dominican Republic.
AB  - Women in marital unions had more live births than those in consensual unions. The
      relationship between cumulative fertility and the number of fertile sexual unions
      is positive for the early childbearing years and negative for the later ones.
      There is no consistent pattern of relationship between fertility and the
      sociocultural independent variables for different subgroups according to
      nuptiality pattern. The relationship between fertility and nuptiality in the
      Dominican Republic is consistent with that for the Caribbean region.

PMID- 2925702
TI  - Breast-feeding and post-partum amenorrhoea in Indonesia.
AB  - The association between breast-feeding patterns and resumption of menses post
      partum was examined in a prospective study in Indonesia. In order to examine
      these relationships directly in a longitudinal study, it was first necessary to
      distinguish among women who experienced infant mortality before menses resumed,
      women who weaned before menses resumed, and women who had return to menses while
      breast-feeding. Information on suckling patterns and menstrual status was
      collected by recall for 444 women at monthly visits for 2 years. Three main
      breast-feeding variables, minutes per episode, number of episodes per day, number
      of episodes per night, and other breast-feeding variables were derived for each
      woman, to give the average nursing pattern up to menses or the end of the study,
      which-ever came first. While high levels of nursing for each of these three main
      variables were found to be significantly related to delay in return of menses
      post-partum, the interactions between more minutes per episode, and more frequent
      day- and night-time feeds, were found to be the most important factors in the
      delay in onset of post-partum menstruation in those women whose menses resumed
      while still nursing or who remained amenorrhoeic and nursing at the end of the
      study.

PMID- 2925703
TI  - A reappraisal of some professional attitudes in orthopaedic surgery.

PMID- 2925704
TI  - Early versus delayed stabilization of femoral fractures. A prospective randomized
      study.
AB  - A prospective randomized study comparing the results of early with delayed
      reduction and stabilization of acute femoral fractures in adults was performed
      over a two-year period in 178 patients. Only patients who were more than sixty
      five years old and had a fracture of the hip were excluded. Arterial blood gases,
      injury-severity score at the time of admission, pulmonary function, days in the
      hospital, days in the intensive-care unit, and hospital costs were recorded for
      all patients. The patients were divided into two groups: those who had an
      isolated fracture of the femur and those who had multiple injuries. When
      stabilization of the fracture was delayed in the patients who had multiple
      injuries, the incidence of pulmonary complications (adult respiratory-distress
      syndrome, fat embolism, and pneumonia) was higher, the hospital stay was longer,
      and the number of days in the intensive-care unit was increased. The cost of
      hospital care showed a statistically significant increase for all patients who
      had delayed treatment of the fracture compared with those who had early
      stabilization.

PMID- 2925705
TI  - Difficulties during removal of fluted femoral intramedullary rods.
AB  - The difficulties that were encountered during removal of a fluted intramedullary
      femoral rod from six patients were reviewed. The mechanisms of failure included
      metal breakage at three different locations along the rod or the rod extractor.
      Three of the six rods were left in place due to difficulties in removal. The
      design of the fluted intramedullary rod appears to be the main cause of the
      problem.

PMID- 2925706
TI  - The effect on gait of lengthening of the medial hamstrings in cerebral palsy.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of lengthening of the medial
      hamstrings on the gait of patients who had spastic cerebral palsy. Thirty-one
      patients had preoperative and postoperative gait analyses. Standard parameters,
      such as velocity, cadence, and stride length, were evaluated, as were motion
      graphs of the hip, knee, and ankle. There was little difference between the
      preoperative and postoperative mean values for velocity, cadence, and stride
      length, which were expressed as percentages of normal for the patient's age. The
      contours of the postoperative motion graphs of the knees changed very little
      compared with those of the preoperative graphs; when a graph showed restricted
      motion preoperatively, it did so postoperatively. Although extension of the knee
      in stance phase improved postoperatively, the improvement was accompanied by
      decreased flexion of the knee during swing phase. When spasticity of both the
      hamstrings and the quadriceps was noted on the preoperative electromyogram,
      motion of the knee in the sagittal plane was markedly restricted.

PMID- 2925707
TI  - Comparison of short and long thumb-spica casts for non-displaced fractures of the
      carpal scaphoid.
AB  - A prospective study was undertaken of fifty-one patients who were randomly
      assigned to treatment with either a long or a short thumb-spica cast for a non
      displaced fracture of the carpal scaphoid. The duration of follow-up was at least
      until union; the average follow-up was twelve months. Twenty-eight fractures were
      treated with a long thumb-spica cast and twenty-three, with a short thumb-spica
      cast. The hands that initially were treated with a long thumb-spica cast were
      placed in a short thumb-spica cast after six weeks. Fractures that initially were
      treated with a long thumb-spica cast united at an average of 9.5 weeks and those
      that were maintained in a short thumb-spica cast, at an average of 12.7 weeks.
      There were no non-unions and two delayed unions in the fractures that initially
      were treated with a long thumb-spica cast, compared with two non-unions and six
      delayed unions in those that had only a short thumb-spica cast. Fractures of the
      proximal or middle third of the carpal scaphoid had a significantly shorter time
      to union when they were treated initially in a long thumb-spica cast. Fractures
      of the distal third did well regardless of the type of immobilization.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2925708
TI  - Wedge resection of the symphysis pubis for the treatment of osteitis pubis.
AB  - Ten patients had a wedge resection of the symphysis pubis for the treatment of
      symptoms of osteitis pubis that had been recalcitrant to non-operative treatment
      for at least six months. Preoperatively, the average duration of symptoms was
      thirty-two months. The symptoms included a waddling gait and crepitus, pain, and
      tenderness over the symphysis pubis. The early radiographic signs of the disease
      were rarefaction of the adjacent pubic bones and widening of the symphysis pubis.
      Later signs included sclerosis and narrowing of the symphyseal joint space.
      Pathological examination of the resected joint revealed chronic inflammatory
      reaction in all patients. At an average of fourteen months postoperatively, all
      of the patients had marked improvement and were fully active. However, at an
      average of ninety-two months postoperatively, three of the ten patients were not
      satisfied with the result. One patient needed bilateral sacro-iliac arthrodesis
      for pain that was caused by instability.

PMID- 2925709
TI  - Reflex sympathetic dystrophy of the knee. Treatment using continuous epidural
      anesthesia.
AB  - We retrospectively reviewed the cases of fourteen patients who had reflex
      sympathetic dystrophy of the knee. All fourteen were hospitalized, and epidural
      block anesthesia was instituted with an indwelling catheter for an average of
      four days, during which continuous passive motion, manipulation (as necessary),
      stimulation of muscles, and alternating hot and cold soaks were used. The average
      length of follow-up was thirty-two months. Eleven patients had complete
      resolution of the symptoms, two had sufficient intermittent aching with changes
      in the weather to need medication, and one had no relief. The diagnosis was
      confirmed if the symptoms were relieved by a lumbar sympathetic block. Pain that
      was out of proportion to the severity of the injury was the most consistent
      finding, being present in all fourteen patients. However, variation in clinical
      severity is characteristic of the syndrome. Eleven of the fourteen patients had
      had a previous patellar operation. After the onset of the symptoms, nine patients
      had two or more arthroscopic examinations, without notable findings. All fourteen
      patients had had extensive physical therapy and medical treatment before the
      epidural block was performed.

PMID- 2925710
TI  - The surgical margin in soft-tissue sarcoma.
AB  - In a retrospective review of 231 patients who were referred to Princess Margaret
      Hospital because of a soft-tissue sarcoma in an extremity, 100 patients were
      identified who had no metastases when they were first seen and who had been
      treated by local resection and adjuvant radiation therapy. Complete data were
      collected for each patient for the following variables: age; sex; location of the
      tumor and its size, grade, depth, and compartmental status; chemotherapy; and
      dose of radiation. The surgical margins were characterized as positive or
      negative for histological evidence of disease on the basis of an independent
      review of the pathological and operative reports by a surgeon and a radiation
      oncologist who were experienced in the management of sarcoma. Cox multivariate
      analysis was used to determine which of these variables contributed to local
      recurrence and evidence of systemic disease. Adequacy of the margin of resection
      was the only variable that was associated with local relapse (p = 0.0004). The
      size of the tumor (p = 0.0008) was the major determinant of the risk of systemic
      disease.

PMID- 2925711
TI  - Arthrodesis of the cervical spine in rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - Forty-one patients who had rheumatoid arthritis were treated with a cervical
      arthrodesis and were followed for a minimum of twenty-three months. Twenty
      patients had had an isolated atlanto-axial subluxation; five, isolated cranial
      settling; and four, subaxial subluxation alone. Twenty patients had an atlanto
      axial arthrodesis; sixteen, an occipitocervical arthrodesis; and five, a
      posterior arthrodesis of the subaxial spine. In addition, two patients had a
      transoral odontoidectomy and one, an anterior cervical vertebrectomy. At the
      latest follow-up, thirty-six (88 per cent) of the patients had osseous union, two
      had fibrous union but were stable, and three had a non-union. All of the problems
      with union occurred in the patients who had had an isolated atlanto-axial
      arthrodesis. Clinically, twenty-seven (66 per cent) of the patients had improved,
      fourteen were unchanged, and none were worse. The preoperative neurological
      status remained the same postoperatively in thirty patients (73 per cent) and it
      improved in eleven (27 per cent). Twenty-one of the twenty-three patients who had
      had marked pain preoperatively had little or no pain at the latest follow-up.
      Complications included a transient hemiparesis in one patient, a superficial
      wound infection in two, displacement of an anterior graft in one, a broken wire
      in three, and erosion of methylmethacrylate into the outer part of the occipital
      cortex in one. Four patients died, but not as a result of the operation.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2925712
TI  - Acute compartment syndrome of the thigh. A spectrum of injury.
AB  - Twenty-one compartment syndromes of the thigh in seventeen patients were
      identified for retrospective review. Ten of the compartment syndromes were
      associated with an ipsilateral femoral fracture; five of these femoral fractures
      were open. In five patients, the syndrome followed femoral intramedullary
      stabilization. The remaining eleven syndromes followed blunt trauma to the thigh,
      prolonged compression by body weight, or vascular injury. The patients who were
      awake and alert at the time of the examination complained of intense pain in the
      thigh, and they had neuromuscular deficits. For the patients who could not
      cooperate with a subjective physical examination because they were under general
      anesthesia or because of associated injuries, the measurement of compartment
      pressure assumed a more important diagnostic role. All of the patients had tense
      swelling of the involved thigh. The predisposing risk factors for the development
      of compartment syndromes of the thigh, which are common in the multiply injured
      population, include: systemic hypotension, a history of external compression of
      the thigh, the use of military antishock trousers, coagulopathy, vascular injury,
      and trauma to the thigh, with or without a fracture of the femur. In
      approximately one-half of these patients, a crush syndrome developed, with
      myoglobinuria, renal failure, and collapse of multiple organ systems. Eight
      patients (47 per cent) died as a result of multiple injuries. Of the nine
      patients (ten compartment syndromes) who survived, infection developed at the
      site of the fasciotomy in six. Follow-up examination revealed marked morbidity,
      including sensory deficit and motor weakness of the lower extremity.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2925713
TI  - The effect of lateral meniscectomy on motion of the knee.
AB  - With the use of a five-degrees-of-freedom testing apparatus, we studied changes
      in the motion of the knees of cadavera after isolated resection of the lateral
      meniscus, with section of the anterior cruciate ligament and resection of the
      medial meniscus. Primary anterior and posterior translations were not affected by
      lateral meniscectomy. When lateral meniscectomy was done in addition to resection
      of the anterior cruciate ligament, anterior translation did not increase compared
      with that measured after isolated section of the anterior cruciate ligament.
      However, when the means of the paired differences in anterior translation were
      compared, a significant increase was found. This differed from the results after
      excision of the medial meniscus and section of the anterior cruciate ligament; in
      that situation, medial meniscectomy resulted in significantly more anterior
      translation.

PMID- 2925714
TI  - A posterior surgical approach to the proximal part of the humerus.
AB  - At least eight centimeters of the posterior aspect of the proximal region of the
      humeral diaphyseal cortex can be exposed through the interval between the lateral
      head of the triceps and the deltoid muscle. No nerves or major blood vessels are
      exposed in the dissection, although care must be taken to protect the axillary
      and radial nerves during the exposure. The safety of this approach was confirmed
      in fourteen upper extremities of seven adult cadavera, and it was used
      successfully for an excisional biopsy of an osteoid-osteoma in the proximal third
      of the posterior part of the humeral cortex of an eleven-year-old boy.

PMID- 2925715
TI  - Prevention of osteoporosis by pulsed electromagnetic fields.
AB  - Using an animal model, we examined the use of pulsed electromagnetic fields,
      induced at a physiological frequency and intensity, to prevent the osteoporosis
      that is concomitant with disuse. By protecting the left ulnae of turkeys from
      functional loading, we noted a loss of bone of 13.0 per cent compared with the
      intact contralateral control ulnae over an eight-week experimental period. Using
      a treatment regimen of one hour per day of pulsed electromagnetic fields, we
      observed an osteogenic dose-response to induced electrical power, with a maximum
      osteogenic effect between 0.01 and 0.04 tesla per second. Pulse power levels of
      more or less than these levels were less effective. The maximum osteogenic
      response was obtained by a decrease in the level of intracortical remodeling,
      inhibition of endosteal resorption, and stimulation of both periosteal and
      endosteal new-bone formation. These data suggest that short daily periods of
      exposure to appropriate electromagnetic fields can beneficially influence the
      behavior of the cell populations that are responsible for bone-remodeling, and
      that there is an effective window of induced electrical power in which bone mass
      can be controlled in the absence of mechanical loading.

PMID- 2925716
TI  - Long-term results of triple arthrodesis in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.
AB  - We evaluated sixteen patients who had Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and had had a
      total of thirty triple arthrodeses. The average age at the time of operation was
      fifteen years, and the average length of follow-up was twenty-one years. Of the
      thirty feet, the result in two (7 per cent) was rated excellent; in five (17 per
      cent), good; in nine (30 per cent), fair; and in fourteen (47 per cent), poor.
      Each of the fourteen feet that had a poor result had severe impairment of
      function and needed an orthosis. Six limbs had an arthrodesis of the ankle for
      degenerative joint disease. Progressive muscle imbalance resulted in recurrent
      cavovarus deformity in seven feet that initially had had satisfactory alignment.
      Degenerative changes of the ankle and joints of the mid-part of the foot were
      noted radiographically in twenty-three feet. The large number of unsatisfactory
      long-term results in these patients who had had a triple arthrodesis for
      deformity of the foot secondary to progressive peripheral neuropathy differs from
      those in earlier reports on patients who had poliomyelitis, who retained normal
      sensation and had a permanent, stable muscle imbalance. We believe that triple
      arthrodesis should be considered only as a salvage procedure in patients who have
      progressive peripheral neuropathy and should be limited to those who have severe,
      rigid deformity.

PMID- 2925717
TI  - Hohmann-Thomasen metatarsal osteotomy for tailor's bunion (bunionette).
AB  - We used subcapital displacement osteotomy of the fifth metatarsal bone and peg
      and-hole fixation to treat a tailor's bunion (bunionette) in forty-four feet
      (twenty-seven patients). The result was good in 86 per cent, fair in 9 per cent,
      and poor in 5 per cent. All but one of the patients were satisfied with the
      result. The average medial displacement of the head of the fifth metatarsal was
      five millimeters. In all feet, secure union was noted in five weeks, and no
      patient had osteonecrosis of the head of the fifth metatarsal.

PMID- 2925718
TI  - The use of bacitracin irrigation to prevent infection in postoperative skeletal
      wounds. An experimental study.
AB  - In dogs, irrigation of contaminated osseous wounds with bacitracin eliminated
      clinical evidence of infection and significantly reduced the number of positive
      cultures and pathological evidence of infection when compared with dogs that
      received no treatment or irrigation with normal saline solution. The inocula
      contained more organisms than are introduced into a wound during an elective
      orthopaedic operation. The use of bacitracin in the prevention of postoperative
      Staphylococcus aureus infection of bone in humans may be justified.

PMID- 2925720
TI  - Amputation after tibial fracture: preservation of length by use of a
      neurovascular island (fillet) flap of the foot. A brief note.

PMID- 2925719
TI  - The quality of magnetic resonance imaging, as affected by the composition of the
      halo orthosis. A brief note.

PMID- 2925721
TI  - Avulsion fracture of the ligamentum teres in a child. A case report.

PMID- 2925722
TI  - Unilateral angular deformity of the distal end of the femur secondary to a focal
      fibrous tether. A report of four cases.

PMID- 2925723
TI  - Aluminum toxicity complicating renal osteodystrophy. A case report.

PMID- 2925724
TI  - Pseudosarcoma in Paget disease of bone. A case report.

PMID- 2925725
TI  - Erdheim-Chester disease. A report of three cases.

PMID- 2925726
TI  - The use of flow cytometry as diagnostic aid in the management of soft tissue
      tumors.

PMID- 2925727
TI  - Anterior excision of herniated thoracic discs.

PMID- 2925728
TI  - A synovial ganglion of the popliteus tendon simulating a parameniscal cyst. Two
      case reports.

PMID- 2925729
TI  - The stability of femoral neck fractures and its influence on healing.
AB  - We measured the stability of fixation in femoral neck fractures treated with von
      Bahr screws, investigated the influence of impaction and correlated peroperative
      stability with the clinical results. Stability was measured at operation using a
      metal probe fitted with strain gauges. Its tip was anchored in the subchondral
      bone of the femoral head and its lateral end was fixed in the lateral femoral
      cortex. The shearing force produced by longitudinal compression applied to the
      foot of the operated leg was recorded. The results in 41 consecutive patients all
      followed for 30 months, showed that fractures with early loosening or nonunion
      had all had significantly poorer stability than the fractures that had healed.
      Impaction improved stability in only 23 out of the 41 fractures; in the others
      stability had deteriorated or was unchanged.

PMID- 2925730
TI  - Subchondral screw fixation for femoral neck fractures.
AB  - We describe a method of internal fixation for femoral neck fractures which has
      been newly developed to reduce the frequency of early complications. Two
      cannulated screws are inserted in the axis of the femoral neck to reach into the
      subchondral bone of the femoral head. The screws are inserted over guide pins and
      the tip of the screw is self-tapping and designed to provide good anchorage in
      the femoral head. We used this method in 44 consecutive patients in a prospective
      study with no exclusions, followed for a minimum of 24 months. All fractures
      healed within 12 months, and there were no cases of early loosening or nonunion.
      In four cases, late segmental collapse had developed during the mean follow-up
      period of 30 months.

PMID- 2925732
TI  - The movements of the components of the Hastings bipolar prosthesis. A
      radiographic study in 65 patients.
AB  - We aimed to find out whether the Hastings bipolar prosthesis moved in a bipolar
      fashion after its use for displaced fractures of the femoral neck. In 65 patients
      non-weight-bearing movement was assessed radiographically and compared with an
      earlier study of the Monk prosthesis. In 70% of patients, the only movement was
      between the acetabulum and the prosthetic shell, the prosthesis behaving as if it
      were unipolar. This did not change with time, but there was a slight improvement
      in the range of movement, particularly in flexion. The absence of movement
      between the outer shell and the metal head is most probably due to the design of
      the prosthesis and makes this prosthesis unsuitable for use in osteoarthritic
      hips.

PMID- 2925731
TI  - Deep vein thrombosis after total hip replacement. A comparison between spinal and
      general anaesthesia.
AB  - The effect of hypobaric spinal anaesthesia or narcotic-halothane-relaxant general
      anaesthesia on the incidence of postoperative deep vein thrombosis was studied in
      140 elective total hip replacements in a prospective randomised manner. Deep vein
      thrombosis was diagnosed using impedance plethysmography and the 125I fibrinogen
      uptake test, combined, in selected cases, with ascending contrast venography. The
      overall incidence of deep vein thrombosis was 20%. Nine patients (13%) developed
      deep vein thrombosis in the spinal group and nineteen (27%) in the general
      anaesthetic group (p less than 0.05). The incidences of proximal thrombosis and
      of bilateral thrombi were also less with spinal anaesthesia than with general
      anaesthesia. It is concluded that spinal anaesthesia reduces the risks of
      postoperative thromboembolism in hip replacement surgery. The presence of
      varicose veins, being a non-smoker and having a low body mass index were
      associated with an increased incidence of deep vein thrombosis.

PMID- 2925733
TI  - Wear characteristics of the canine acetabulum against different femoral
      prostheses.
AB  - We studied cartilage degeneration in 45 canine acetabula after implantation of
      prostheses with articulating surfaces of low-temperature isotropic (LTI)
      pyrolytic carbon, cobalt-chromium-molybdenum alloy and titanium alloy for periods
      ranging from two weeks to 18 months. Gross specimens and histological sections
      were compared with the nonoperated (control) acetabulum of the same animal.
      Cartilage articulating with LTI pyrolytic carbon exhibited significantly lower
      levels of gross wear, fibrillation, eburnation, glycosaminoglycan loss, and
      subchondral bone change than with metallic surfaces. Survivorship analysis showed
      a 92% probability of survival for cartilage articulating with LTI pyrolytic
      carbon at 18 months, as compared to only a 20% probability of survival for
      cartilage articulating with either of the metallic alloys.

PMID- 2925734
TI  - Arthroscopic surgery for synovial chondromatosis of the hip.

PMID- 2925735
TI  - Intertrochanteric osteotomy for avascular necrosis of the femoral head.
AB  - Of 24 intertrochanteric osteotomies for avascular necrosis of the femoral head,
      22 were followed up for an average of 63 months. Sixteen of the 22 cases had good
      or excellent results, including 5 of the 6 cases with Stage II disease and 11 of
      the 16 with Stage III changes. Success seemed to be inversely related to the size
      of the lesion. There were six major orthopaedic complications, but despite these
      we feel that the operation has a definite role in the treatment of the young
      active patient.

PMID- 2925736
TI  - Radiological loosening after cemented hip replacement for juvenile chronic
      arthritis.
AB  - We reviewed the results of 14 total hip replacements in patients with juvenile
      chronic arthritis. The mean age at operation was 16 years (range 12 to 22 years);
      follow-up was from four to 11 years (mean 8.5 years). Postoperatively pain relief
      was sustained in all but one hip, while movement generally remained significantly
      restricted. No hip has as yet required a revision operation, although eight hips
      (57%) show radiological changes suggestive of impending failure. All patients had
      severe polyarticular involvement with associated restriction of locomotor
      activity. Potential causes contributing to loosening such as continuing
      diaphyseal bone growth and increased immunocompetence in adolescence are
      discussed.

PMID- 2925737
TI  - The effect of hydroxyapatite coating on bone growth into porous titanium alloy
      implants.
AB  - In rabbits and goats, test implants with a porous surface of two layers of Tl-6A;
      4V beads were examined at intervals for bond strength with bone. Half of the
      implants were coated with hydroxyapatite by plasma spray. The bonding strength
      with bone in the coated specimens was about four times greater than that of the
      uncoated specimens at two weeks, and twice as strong at six weeks. Twelve weeks
      after implantation, the strengths were similar. The hydroxyapatite coating of the
      beads provided earlier and stronger fixation.

PMID- 2925738
TI  - Some factors affecting the strength of the cement-metal interface.
AB  - A manufacturing technique to increase the bonding between bone cement and metal
      prostheses has been assessed in the laboratory by "push-out" tests, and the
      effects of contamination of the cement and of the prosthesis with blood and
      intramedullary contents have been studied. The technique, known as pre-coating,
      increases bond strength; this increase is preserved after contamination of the
      cement which does, however, cause some lowering of interface shear strength. The
      implications for clinical practice are discussed.

PMID- 2925740
TI  - Perthes' disease in yorkshire.
AB  - Perthes' disease is common in certain urban areas within Britain. It is one
      manifestation of a generalised growth disorder and nutritional causes are
      suspected. Orthopaedic surgeons throughout the Yorkshire region recorded all new
      patients with Perthes' disease over two years. There were large geographical
      differences in incidence which could not be explained by urban-rural or social
      class differences. No cases were recorded in a large area within the eastern part
      of the region, which is in high-grade farming land and has had a relatively low
      infant mortality throughout this century.

PMID- 2925739
TI  - Irritable hip and campylobacter infection.
AB  - Three cases are reported which presented as "irritable" or "observation" hips and
      failed to respond to rest at home and in hospital. In each case a campylobacter
      organism was grown from the faeces; none were found in a group of 20 patients in
      the paediatric ward for other reasons. The patients responded to a course of
      erythromycin. It is postulated that they may have had a reactive arthropathy of
      the hip and suggested that cultures for Campylobacter be made as part of the
      investigation of irritable hip.

PMID- 2925741
TI  - Operation for calcaneus deformity after surgery for club foot.
AB  - We describe three patients who developed gross calcaneus deformity following
      surgery for talipes equinovarus. One also had an associated valgus deformity and
      another had supination of the forefoot; all had intractable problems with
      footwear. Operation for transfer of the tibialis anterior to the heel, with
      correction of the associated deformities, was successful and improved both their
      gait and the shoe problems.

PMID- 2925742
TI  - Permanent anterior dislocation of the proximal tibiofibular joint.
AB  - We report two patients with permanent dislocation of the proximal tibiofibular
      joint and no history of trauma. Both needed operation, one for persistent pain
      and the other for common peroneal nerve involvement, and both had a good result.

PMID- 2925743
TI  - Tibial shortening for leg length discrepancy.
AB  - Over a 25-year period, 12 patients had from 2.5 to 5.1 cm operative shortening of
      the tibia and fibula for leg length discrepancy at between four and 18 years of
      age. All recovered normal function and there was minor cosmetic impairment in
      only two cases. The only vascular complication was temporary delay in return of
      the circulation to the foot after tourniquet removal in one patient. The
      procedure is valuable for discrepancy of tibial length in patients when they
      present too late for epiphyseal arrest, when there is doubt as to the appropriate
      timing for epiphyseal arrest, or when it is uncertain at an earlier stage whether
      there is need for surgical correction.

PMID- 2925744
TI  - Curve patterns in idiopathic scoliosis. A clinical and radiographic study.
AB  - We have developed a simple technique for demonstrating the sagittal profile of
      each rotated level of a scoliotic spine and used it to determine the patterns of
      lordosis and kyphosis in each of six clinical types of idiopathic scoliosis. The
      currently accepted classification of scoliosis is inaccurate and a modification
      is proposed. The three main types of scoliosis were shown to have sagittal
      profiles distinctly different from each other and from normal. Single structural
      curves had short lordotic sections at their apices, limited above and below by
      kyphosis. Double curves showed longer lordotic sections limited only by one area
      of kyphosis. Lordosis throughout the thoracic and lumbar spine was associated
      with triple curve patterns. The biomechanical effects of the abnormal sagittal
      profiles provide a simple explanation for the genesis and progression of the
      different types of scoliosis, and the recognition of the pattern of the sagittal
      abnormalities permits treatment to be designed on a sound anatomical basis for
      individual cases.

PMID- 2925745
TI  - Anterior spinal fusion for spondylolysis and isthmic spondylolisthesis. Long term
      results in adults.
AB  - We reviewed 20 adult patients with spondylolysis and isthmic spondylolisthesis an
      average of 10.5 years after treatment by anterior spinal fusion. Nineteen
      patients had excellent or satisfactory results. Ten of the patients were symptom
      free at one year, and 15 were asymptomatic at final follow-up. Anterior spinal
      fusion can produce results comparable to those of posterior fusion with or
      without decompression. The results tend to improve with time in contrast to the
      known worsening of late results after posterior decompression without fusion.

PMID- 2925746
TI  - Reduction and stabilisation of cervical dislocations. An analysis of 167 cases.
AB  - We compared retrospectively consecutive series of patients with cervical
      dislocation treated at two Australian centres. In Perth, 82 patients were treated
      by closed reduction and postural nursing. In Adelaide, 85 patients had closed
      reduction and early surgical stabilisation by interbody fusion. There were 46
      bilateral dislocations, 101 unilateral dislocations, and 20 anterior
      subluxations. On admission 30 patients had complete tetraplegia, 17 incomplete
      tetraplegia, and 120 had minimal or no neurological loss. Our results indicated
      that closed manipulation under general anaesthesia is a safe and effective means
      of reduction in the acute stage. There was a high mortality rate for acute
      surgery in patients with complete tetraplegia. Early surgical stabilisation by
      dowel fusion reduced bed and hospital stay in patients with no neurological loss,
      but seemed to impair neurological recovery in patients with a neurological
      deficit on admission. Conservative management after reduction of bilateral
      dislocation or anterior subluxation led to a higher incidence of instability in
      patients with minimal or no neurological loss; in such cases surgery to stabilise
      the injured segment is indicated.

PMID- 2925747
TI  - Cranial symptoms after cervical injury. Aetiology and treatment of the Barre
      Lieou syndrome.
AB  - Neck injury of the whiplash type may lead to the cranial symptoms of the Barre
      Lieou syndrome. Forty patients with this syndrome and 40 without it were
      investigated by a variety of imaging techniques. There was a clear correlation
      between root sleeve defects at C3/4 shown by special oblique myelographic views
      and cranial symptoms. Good results were obtained by anterior cervical discectomy
      and fusion at C3/4 in 21 cases. It is suggested that the syndrome may result from
      irritation of the sympathetic nervous supply at this level.

PMID- 2925748
TI  - Does myeloma secrete an osteoblast inhibiting factor?
AB  - Unlike most other tumours, myeloma causes bone destruction without an
      osteoblastic reaction; we tried to assess whether myeloma secretes a humoral
      factor that inhibits osteoblasts. Human bone-derived cells were either co
      cultured with myeloma cells, or cultured in medium conditioned by myeloma cells.
      Bone-derived cell growth was measured by cell counts and by uptake of tritiated
      thymidine (3H-Tdr); growth was inhibited when cultured in medium conditioned by
      myeloma cells and some inhibition was seen when the bone-derived cells were co
      cultured with myeloma cells. The inhibiting effect was dose-dependent and also
      dependent upon the density of the myeloma cells conditioning the medium. The
      results of our study suggest that myeloma secretes an osteoblast inhibiting
      factor of less than 50,000 Dalton molecular weight.

PMID- 2925749
TI  - Traumatic hemipelvectomy.
AB  - Traumatic hemipelvectomy is rare, and is usually accompanied by injury to the
      genito-urinary tract and bowel. Recently, there have been an increasing number of
      reports of patients who have survived this injury, probably as a result of
      improved early care. We report three such cases and review the literature. The
      amputation wound should not be closed initially; early re-exploration to remove
      any dead tissue is indicated, and this should be repeated as necessary.

PMID- 2925750
TI  - Maximal isometric patellofemoral contact force in patients with anterior knee
      pain.
AB  - We assessed patellofemoral joint function by combining the measurement of maximal
      isometric extensor torque at the knee with clinical and radiological measurements
      in order to calculate the patellofemoral contact force. Eighteen volunteers
      established the normal ranges of results and the reliability of the system. Of
      the 39 patients with a variety of knee problems, 29 had anterior knee pain, and
      all had a subsequent arthroscopy. Patients with anterior knee pain and lesions in
      the patellar cartilage had significantly reduced isometric contact forces, but
      those with normal patellofemoral cartilage had normal contact forces. Our method
      may be useful in providing an objective assessment of anterior knee pain and a
      quantitative means of monitoring its treatment.

PMID- 2925751
TI  - Grading the outcome of pelvic fractures.
AB  - A system for assessment of function after major pelvic injuries is proposed. This
      numerical system developed from a five-year prospective study of 60 patients.
      Five factors were assessed and scored: pain, standing, sitting, sexual
      intercourse and work performance. The total score then gave a clinical grade as
      excellent, good, fair or poor. The scoring system allows comparison between early
      and late results and also between various methods of treatment.

PMID- 2925753
TI  - Cerclage for torsional fractures of the tibia.
AB  - We report the technique and results of percutaneous cerclage used in treating 186
      torsional fractures of the tibia, most of which were due to skiing accidents in
      young patients. It is recommended only for this type of fracture and has the
      advantages of simplicity, a low rate of complications and a relatively brief
      period in hospital.

PMID- 2925752
TI  - Patterns of union in fractures of the waist of the scaphoid.
AB  - Eighty-two of 85 patients who had sustained a fracture of the waist of the
      scaphoid in 1985 were reviewed more than one year after injury. The incidence of
      nonunion, defined as a clear gap at the fracture site one year after injury, was
      12.3%. This was much higher than expected. Most of the patients with nonunion had
      symptoms and had appreciable restriction of wrist movement. In a further 25% of
      the patients at review, the site of the fracture could be easily identified
      although it appeared to have healed. These patients were older and more of them
      were women. Three-quarters of these patients had symptoms but their wrist
      movement was essentially normal.

PMID- 2925754
TI  - Lethal air embolism during arthroscopy. A case report.
AB  - We report a case of lethal air embolism during diagnostic arthroscopy using air
      to distend an acutely injured knee. Air had escaped from the joint through an
      intra-articular fracture and entered the venous system. During arthroscopy,
      pressure within the joint may be 5 to 10 times higher than venous pressure, so
      any medium may escape. We advise that the use of air, especially in freshly
      injured joints, should be abandoned in favour of saline or carbon dioxide.

PMID- 2925755
TI  - Pseudomalignant heterotopic ossification ("myositis ossificans"). Recurrence
      after excision with subsequent resorption.
AB  - An eight-year-old boy presented with massive pseudomalignant heterotopic
      ossification around the upper femur. The mass was completely excised because of
      severe pain, systemic illness and a flexion contracture at the hip. Symptomatic
      improvement was swift, but two weeks later the mass had recurred and was even
      more extensive. During the subsequent 18 months of conservative management he has
      been free of pain and there has been progressive resorption and remodelling of
      the heterotopic bone. There is now no limitation of physical activity and
      movement at the hip is full.

PMID- 2925756
TI  - Knee stability after partial excision of tibial plateau: brief report.

PMID- 2925757
TI  - Epiphysiolysis of the great tuberosity of the calcaneum: brief report.

PMID- 2925758
TI  - Isolated calcaneo-cuboid dislocation: brief report.

PMID- 2925759
TI  - Sliding osteotomy for tailor's bunion: brief report.

PMID- 2925760
TI  - 60-year follow-up of talectomy for congenital talipes equinovarus: brief report.

PMID- 2925761
TI  - A new method of fixing radial neck fractures: brief report.

PMID- 2925762
TI  - The management of knee flexion contractures in haemophilia: brief report.

PMID- 2925763
TI  - Ectopia vesicae and congenital hip dislocation: brief report.

PMID- 2925764
TI  - Femoral neck arthroplasty after failed resurfacing: brief report.

PMID- 2925766
TI  - Axillary-subclavian venous thrombosis.
AB  - From 1974 through 1984 six patients with axillary-subclavian venous thrombosis
      were studied and treated. This disorder represents 1% of the various types of
      venous thrombosis reported in the literature. Symptoms appeared following effort
      in four patients, while a cervical rib and a scar bridle after radical mastectomy
      were identified as the underlying cause in two patients. Ages ranged from 17 to
      59 years, with a mean age of 33 and equal sex distribution. None of the six
      patients had blood clotting defects. The diagnosis was based on clinical
      evaluation and was confirmed by phlebography. There was edema and functional
      impairment of the arm in all cases. Pain and venous prominence was found in 83%,
      rubor of the extremity in 66%, local hyperthermia in 50%, and arterial
      compression in 33%. Five patients were treated with anticoagulants and bed rest.
      Surgery was performed in two patients with thoracic outlet syndrome. First rib
      resection with scalenotomy was performed in one case and cervical rib resection
      with scalenotomy in the other. After a mean follow-up of 13 months, the results
      were good in four and average in two patients.

PMID- 2925765
TI  - Asymptomatic pulmonary embolism in patients with deep vein thrombosis. Is it
      useful to take a lung scan to rule out this condition?
AB  - One hundred and sixteen patients with proximal deep venous thrombosis (DVT)
      confirmed venographically had perfusion and ventilation lung scans performed 48
      hours after admission to assess the incidence of asymptomatic pulmonary embolism
      (PE). Sixty-six patients had normal lung scans, 29 had high-probability defects
      suggestive of PE, and 21 had indeterminate-probability of PE. Chest X-ray,
      electrocardiogram and arterial blood gases were of no value in assessing the lung
      scan results. Six out of 29 patients with a baseline lung scan of high
      probability of PE experienced acute signs and/or symptoms suggestive of pulmonary
      embolism while on heparin therapy. A repeated scan this time did not disclose new
      perfusion defects in any patients. In the absence of a baseline study, these
      scans may be interpreted as demonstrating pulmonary embolism on treatment and
      lead to unnecessary caval interruption procedures for failed heparin therapy.

PMID- 2925767
TI  - Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection. Long-term results following repair
      under 3 months of age.
AB  - The surgical experience with total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC)
      at the University of Louvain (Brussels) between the years 1975 and 1986 is
      reviewed. Nineteen patients aged two days to three months with TAPVC were
      studied. The types of TAPVC were supracardiac in 9 patients, cardiac in 4,
      infracardiac in 4 and mixed in 2. Profound hypothermia induced by surface
      cooling, limited cardiopulmonary by-pass and total circulatory arrest were used
      in all cases. The 4 early deaths concerned the first four neonates who were
      critically ill. All operative survivors are followed for a mean of 3.5 years (12
      months to 8 years). There are two late deaths due to reoperation for pulmonary
      venous obstruction. All 13 survivors are well at last review. Eleven of them have
      been recatheterized 4 to 33 months after repair (19 months in average). The
      pulmonary artery and capillary pressures fell to a normal level after a few
      months. Ventricular function which was markedly depressed preoperatively, was
      evaluated by quantitative angiocardiography and echocardiography. It returned to
      normal late postoperatively. The hospital mortality for the repair of TAPVC in
      the neonates remains appreciable. Total correction at one operation is advisable.
      The incidence of postoperative pulmonary venous obstruction is of particular
      concern. The late postoperative functional and hemodynamic results are excellent.
      The repair of TAPVC can be considered curative.

PMID- 2925768
TI  - Treatment of major venous obstruction with an expandable endoluminal spiral
      prosthesis.
AB  - Six patients with extensive iliofemoral and/or caval thrombosis were treated by
      thrombectomy and subsequent implantation of an expandable endoluminal spiral
      prosthesis in case of congenital caval stenoses (1) or extravascular compression
      or traction (5). Five of these patients had undergone previous surgery and
      thrombosis had developed despite low dose heparin given postoperatively. Three
      patients had had an unsuccessful thrombectomy prior to spiral implantation. No
      complications related to the endoluminal prosthesis occurred. There was one
      retroperitoneal hematoma from guide wire perforation of the inferior vena cava
      (IVC) necessitating laparotomy and reversal of the previously constructed femoral
      av-fistula with subsequent iliofemoral rethrombosis. All other endoluminally
      reconstructed veins remained open at early and late (up to 12 months) review
      confirmed by phlebography. We conclude that with increasing clinical experience
      endoluminal relining of obstructed major veins will probably become a valuable
      method of venous reconstruction with minimal surgical trauma.

PMID- 2925769
TI  - Veno-venous bypass without systemic heparinization using a centrifugal pump: a
      blind comparison of a heparin bonded circuit versus a non heparin bonded circuit.
AB  - Veno-venous bypass without the use of systemic heparinization has recently become
      of increasing interest for application during liver transplantation and surgery
      on the large abdominal veins. However, possible adverse effects on blood
      components as demonstrated by means of hematologic and hemostatic parameters or
      on the occurrence of thromboembolic complications are until now not excluded. No
      consensus has been reached as to the efficacy of heparin coated circuits in those
      procedures. In the present study veno-venous bypass was performed for four hours
      in ten dogs using heparin coated and non coated circuits without further
      heparinization in a randomized blind fashion. No changes or significant
      intergroup differences were noted in the hematological and coagulation
      parameters. Macroscopic evaluation of the circuits revealed small strands of
      fibrin on all connector rims and clots in the center part of the pump head and at
      the cannula tips. The lungs showed two small emboli in large size pulmonary
      arteries and also two minor emboli in small size arteries. In four animals the
      emboli were equally divided between the two groups. As expected regarding the
      size of the clots no influences could be seen on hemodynamic or respiratory
      parameters. With Scanning Electronic Microscopy a monolayer of activated
      thrombocytes was observed on the surface of the bypass circuits in the coated as
      well as in the uncoated group. This study suggests that a veno-venous bypass
      without systemic heparinization is possible without serious damage to blood
      cellular elements or impressive activation of the coagulation system.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2925771
TI  - Intraoperative disruption of a Greenfield vena cava filter.
AB  - A case illustrating fracture and translocation of a Kim-Ray Greenfield filter
      strut due to intraoperative manipulation of the filter during cholecystectomy is
      presented. Awareness of this previously unreported complication is essential in
      preventing its occurrence.

PMID- 2925770
TI  - Implantable venous access device.
AB  - Procedures for long-term angio access have for many years made up a major
      component of vascular surgical practice. A totally implantable vascular device
      for chronic venous access developed in the early '80s compares favorably with
      other methods of angio access. We implanted 76 of these devices in 73 patients on
      the oncology service of Fairview General Hospital between May 1984 and May 1986.
      The infusion ports were in place for a total of 14,509 patient days with a 3.9%
      rate of catheter related sepsis and 6.5% rate of catheter occlusion. Three
      occlusions resolved with streptokinase. Pocket infection occurred as a late
      complication in 3 patients. Emphasis is placed on a modified technique for device
      implantation. Strict adherence to a simplified percutaneous technique for the
      silastic catheter placement via the subclavian vein, with creation of the
      reservoir pocket after adequate vascular access is secure, has led to no serious
      complications during placement. Routine use of fluoroscopy during this procedure
      helped avoid potential technical complications. The advantages and disadvantages
      of the implantable systems compared to the dacron cuffed silastic catheters are
      discussed. Patient acceptance is excellent and improved cost/benefit ratio has
      been observed when compared to other forms of chronic venous access. Implantable
      vascular devices can be safely inserted with little morbidity or risk to the
      patient. They provide a convenient route for drawing blood, administering
      chemotherapy, hyperalimentation, and intravenous therapy in oncology patients and
      may represent an advantage over Hickman-Broviac catheters and the attendant
      catheter related sepsis associated with their use.

PMID- 2925772
TI  - Giant arteriosclerotic aneurysm of the axillary artery.
AB  - A case of a rare giant arteriosclerotic aneurysm of the axillary artery is
      reported. Reconstruction was successfully performed with end-to-end anastomosis
      after resection of the aneurysm. The surgical technique is discussed.

PMID- 2925773
TI  - Emergency valve replacement for active infective endocarditis.
AB  - During the last 12 years, 14 patients were subjected to emergency heart valve
      replacement in acute bacterial endocarditis. Operative mortality was 21% (3/14);
      significant postoperative periprosthetic regurgitation or reinfection occurred in
      none of the survivors. Risk factors with unfavourable prognosis are: (1) virulent
      pathogens ("Non-Viridans"-germs); (2) previously normal heart valves; (3) acute
      aortic insufficiency with premature closure of the mitral valve; (4) floating
      vegetations shown by echocardiography. Our results provide further evidence for
      the efficacy of early surgical intervention in patients with bacterial
      endocarditis with an unfavourable etiology or a complicated course.

PMID- 2925774
TI  - Cardiac damage in nonpenetrating chest injuries. Report of 5 cases.
AB  - The Authors report 5 cases of cardiac injury after blunt chest trauma: (a) one
      right atrial disruption with acute tamponade treated successfully; (b) two left
      ventricular perforations with rib fractures: one patient was exsanguinated and
      died, the other one presented a late subacute cardiac tamponade with successful
      operative repair; (c) one isolated traumatic tricuspid insufficiency which was
      well tolerated; (d) one atrio-inferior caval disruption with acute tamponade.
      Cardiac damage secondary to nonpenetrating chest trauma is uncommon but with the
      present modes of high speed transportation they are occurring with increasing
      frequency; correct management of cardiac ruptures depends upon rapid recognition
      of the injury and expeditious surgical repair. The occurrence of tricuspid
      valvular lesions alone as a result of nonpenetrating trauma is not common.
      Echocardiographic examination after blunt chest trauma is a useful diagnosis
      procedure.

PMID- 2925775
TI  - Atrioventricular septal defect complicated by right ventricular outflow tract
      obstruction. Analysis of risk factors regarding surgical repair.
AB  - Eighteen patients with complete atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD) were found
      to have either associated tetralogy (n = 15) or pulmonary atresia (n = 3). Their
      pre- and post-operative course was reviewed focusing attention on risk factors
      for complete repair. These included right ventricular (RV) hypoplasia, identified
      by cineangiographic volume determinations in two cases (11%) and inadequate
      pulmonary artery size in one patient. In the 2 cases with RV hypoplasia and in
      one case, in whom all chordae of the AV valve were connected to a single right
      ventricular papillary muscle (AVSD type Rastelli B), complete repair was not
      feasible. In addition, angiography revealed coronary artery variations in 5/18
      (28%), which did not preclude surgical repair. Palliative surgery was undertaken
      in 10 patients and complete repair carried out in five. Six of 18 patients died,
      2 among those after complete repair.

PMID- 2925776
TI  - Effect of ultrafiltration on plasma colloid oncotic pressure and red cell volume
      during cardiopulmonary bypass.
AB  - Forty cardiopulmonary bypass patients were randomized into two matchable groups,
      an ultrafiltration and an control group. We have concluded that change of plasma
      colloid oncotic pressure may be a more sensitive parameter of monitoring the
      effect of ultrafiltration during cardiopulmonary bypass.

PMID- 2925777
TI  - Intra-operative echocardiography: a useful tool in the localization of small
      intracardiac foreign bodies.
AB  - Small intracardiac foreign bodies may be difficult to palpate and localize at
      surgery using conventional diagnostic procedures. The use of intra-operative
      echocardiography greatly facilitates the localization of intramyocardial foreign
      bodies, and minimizes operative time and iatrogenic myocardial damage. A case is
      presented in which this diagnostic modality was used.

PMID- 2925778
TI  - Successful resection of cardiac fibroma with ventricular tachycardia.
AB  - A 22-year-old male was admitted to Niigata University Hospital complaining of
      palpitation. Echocardiogram, cineangiogram, and Holter electrocardiogram revealed
      a cardiac fibroma complicated by ventricular tachycardia (VT). The tumor extended
      from the interventricular septum to the anterior surface of the left ventricle,
      and an electrophysiological study demonstrated that the focus of the VT was
      situated at the tumor. The tumor was excised successfully. The patient is doing
      well two years after operation without any antiarrhythmic drugs, and VT has not
      recurred.

PMID- 2925779
TI  - The fate of the freeze-preserved xenograft: an experimental study on rabbits,
      cats, and dogs.
AB  - Freeze-preserved allografts have been used successfully in patients for vascular
      peripheral replacement, dialysis, and chemotherapy. Freezing of veins seems to
      decrease or abolish antigenicity by decreasing the viable cellular components of
      the grafts. To confirm its acceptance and consequently, the high patency rates of
      freeze-preserved vein grafts, we inserted segments of human veins preserved at 
      80 degrees Centigrade as arterial substitutes into rabbits, cats, and dogs and
      studied the morphological changes of these xenografts up to 2 years. In all the
      groups, the patency rate was satisfactory. In rabbits and dogs, the cellular
      inflammatory reaction around the grafts and suture lines disappeared after a few
      weeks; the endothelium was reconstructed at 2 months and a poorly differentiated
      cellular fibro-collagenous wall with prominent hyalin matrix was observed. In
      cats, however, the histio-lymphocytic infiltrate persisted in functioning grafts
      up to 2 years associated with adjacent prominent vascular and nerve
      proliferation. It is suggested that this inflammatory reaction has no deleterious
      effect on the graft; on the contrary, it promotes its neovascularisation and
      innervation. The cat proved to be a good animal model for vascular surgical
      experiments. Our study proved the poor antigenicity of freeze-preserved venous
      xenograft. It could, in the future, be used for human arterial substitutes.

PMID- 2925780
TI  - Popliteal artery entrapment syndrome with distal embolization. A report of two
      cases.
AB  - The popliteal vascular entrapment syndrome has been recognized as a cause of
      arterial occlusion in young males for several decades. The ischemia is usually
      caused by thrombosis of the popliteal artery due to intimal trauma or aneurysm
      formation. Distal embolization to the tibial arteries and to the foot arch and
      digital vessels is common but is not emphasized in the literature. This distal
      embolization may precipitate severe ischemia which may preclude reconstruction or
      compromise the results of repair of the popliteal lesion. Early repair of the
      muscle anomaly is advocated even in the asymptomatic limb. Two patients with
      bilateral popliteal artery entrapment causing unilateral popliteal occlusion with
      distal embolization are reported.

PMID- 2925781
TI  - Intraoperative assessment of carotid endarterectomy.
AB  - In our experience intraoperative arteriography in carotid endarterectomy is very
      effective in detecting residual small lesions after surgery. There were no
      neurosurgical complications due to arteriography. The interpretation of the
      surgical results is objective since the criteria are the same as those used to
      assess preoperative arteriography. Different intraoperative assessment methods to
      control carotid endarterectomy are also analysed.

PMID- 2925782
TI  - Preservation of spinal cord function and prevention of paralysis during aortic
      occlusion via veno-arterial bypass.
AB  - Paraplegia secondary to spinal cord ischemia is a too frequent devastating
      complication of thoracic aneurysm surgery. We examined the ability of veno
      arterial bypass (VAB) to ensure adequate spinal cord blood flow during aortic
      cross-clamping by monitoring spinal cord function via somatosensory evoked
      potentials (SEP's) and postoperative motor function. Dogs were placed on VAB
      using a heparin-bonded roller pump circuit without systemic heparinization. SEP
      latency and amplitude were monitored continuously. The respirator FIO2 was set at
      100% while the aorta was cross-clamped for one hour with the bypass adjusted to
      keep distal arterial pressure at greater than 60 mmHg. After one hour the aorta
      was unclamped, bypass discontinued, and the animals recovered. SEP's were always
      present during VAB as long as the distal pressure was kept at greater than 60
      mmHg. There were several transient hypotensive episodes (less than 5 min) which
      were accompanied by reversible loss of SEP's. None of the animals displayed any
      gait abnormalities post-op. These findings using this simple bypass technique
      suggest the following conclusions: (1) SEP's degenerate (increased latency and
      decreased amplitude) in response to hypoxia; (2) spinal cord function can be
      maintained for up to one hour during hypoxic conditions; (3) SEP's can be used to
      monitor sensory spinal cord function under these conditions; and (4) heparinless
      VAB can provide spinal cord protection while also allowing monitoring of SEP's to
      ensure adequate spinal cord perfusion.

PMID- 2925783
TI  - Kinetochore structure: electron spectroscopic imaging of the kinetochore.
AB  - The structure of the kinetochore in thin section has been studied in the Indian
      muntjac by an electron spectroscopic imaging technique. This procedures allows
      the analysis of the distribution of phosphorus within the layers of the
      kinetochore. The results indicate that this element is a major component of both
      the inner and outer plates whereas it is largely absent in the middle plate and
      fibrous corona. The majority of the phosphorus is localized to a 30-nm fiber(s)
      that is woven through the layers of the kinetochore. The presence of phosphorus
      within this fiber, along with its morphological and biochemical features,
      indicates that it contains DNA. The fiber(s) occupies a major portion of the
      inner and outer plate where it forms a series of rows. It is rarely observed in
      the middle layer except where it passes between the inner and outer layers. The
      absence of structure in the middle plate suggests that it may represent a space
      rather than a plate that in turn may be related to the function of this region.
      The distribution of phosphorus within the kinetochore is neither altered by
      treatment with colcemid nor by the presence of microtubules at the kinetochore.
      Analysis of conventional micrographs of the kinetochore together with structural
      information obtained by electron spectroscopic imaging suggests that most
      microtubules insert and terminate between the rows of kinetochore fibers in the
      outer plate. However, some microtubules continue through the middle layer and
      terminate at the lower plate. The insertion of microtubules at different levels
      of the kinetochore may reflect the existence of functionally distinct microtubule
      classes. Electron spectroscopic imaging indicates that the microtubules
      associated with the kinetochore are phosphorylated.

PMID- 2925784
TI  - Induction and characterization of mitochondrial DNA mutants in Chlamydomonas
      reinhardtii.
AB  - In addition to lethal minute colony mutations which correspond to loss of
      mitochondrial DNA, acriflavin induces in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii a low
      percentage of cells that grow in the light but do not divide under heterotrophic
      conditions. Two such obligate photoautotrophic mutants were shown to lack the
      cyanide-sensitive cytochrome pathway of the respiration and to have a reduced
      cytochrome c oxidase activity. In crosses to wild type, the mutations are
      transmitted almost exclusively from the mating type minus parent. A same pattern
      of inheritance is seen for the mitochondrial DNA in crosses between the two
      interfertile species C. reinhardtii and Chlamydomonas smithii. Both mutants have
      a deletion in the region of the mitochondrial DNA containing the apocytochrome b
      gene and possibly the unidentified URFx gene.

PMID- 2925785
TI  - Reconstitution of the Golgi apparatus after microinjection of rat liver Golgi
      fragments into Xenopus oocytes.
AB  - We have studied the reconstitution of the Golgi apparatus in vivo using an
      heterologous membrane transplant system. Endogenous glycopeptides of rat hepatic
      Golgi fragments were radiolabeled in vitro with [3H]sialic acid using detergent
      free conditions. The Golgi fragments consisting of dispersed vesicles and tubules
      with intraluminal lipoprotein-like particles were then microinjected into Xenopus
      oocytes and their fate studied by light (LM) and electron microscope (EM)
      radioautography. 3 h after microinjection, radiolabel was observed by LM
      radioautography over yolk platelet-free cytoplasmic regions near the injection
      site. EM radioautography revealed label over Golgi stacked saccules containing
      the hepatic marker of intraluminal lipoprotein-like particles. At 14 h after
      injection, LM radioautographs revealed label in the superficial cortex of the
      oocytes between the yolk platelets and at the oocyte surface. EM radioautography
      identified the labeled structures as the stacked saccules of the Golgi apparatus,
      the oocyte cortical granules, and the plasmalemma, indicating that a proportion
      of microinjected material was transferred to the surface via the secretion
      pathway of the oocyte. The efficiency of transport was low, however, as
      biochemical studies failed to show extensive secretion of radiolabel into the
      extracellular medium by 14 h with approximately half the microinjected
      radiolabeled constituents degraded. Vinblastine (50 microM) administered to
      oocytes led to the formation of tubulin paracrystals. Although microinjected
      Golgi fragments were able to effect the formation of stacked saccules in
      vinblastine-treated oocytes, negligible transfer of heterologous material to the
      oocyte surface could be detected by radioautography. The data demonstrate that
      dispersed fragments of the rat liver Golgi complex (i.e., unstacked vesicles and
      tubules) reconstitute into stacked saccules when microinjected into Xenopus
      cytoplasm. After the formation of stacked saccules, reconstituted Golgi fragments
      transport constituents into a portion of the exocytic pathway of the host cell by
      a microtubule-regulated process.

PMID- 2925786
TI  - Acidification of endosome subpopulations in wild-type Chinese hamster ovary cells
      and temperature-sensitive acidification-defective mutants.
AB  - During endocytosis in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, Semliki Forest virus
      (SFV) passes through two distinct subpopulations of endosomes before reaching
      lysosomes. One subpopulation, defined by cell fractionation using free flow
      electrophoresis as "early endosomes," constitutes the major site of membrane and
      receptor recycling; while "late endosomes," an electrophoretically distinct
      endosome subpopulation, are involved in the delivery of endosomal content to
      lysosomes. In this paper, the pH-sensitive conformational changes of the SFV E1
      spike glycoprotein were used to study the acidification of these defined endosome
      subpopulations in intact wild-type and acidification-defective CHO cells.
      Different virus strains were used to measure the kinetics at which internalized
      SFV was delivered to endosomes of pH less than or equal to 6.2 (the pH at which
      wild-type E1 becomes resistant to trypsin digestion) vs. endosomes of pH less
      than or equal to 5.3 (the threshold pH for E1 of the SFV mutant fus-1). By
      correlating the kinetics of acquisition of E1 trypsin resistance with the
      transfer of SFV among distinct endosome subpopulations defined by cell
      fractionation, we found that after a brief residence in vesicles of relatively
      neutral pH, internalized virus encountered pH less than or equal to 6.2 in early
      endosomes with a t1/2 of 5 min. Although a fraction of the virus reached a pH of
      less than or equal to 5.3 in early endosomes, most fus-1 SFV did not exhibit the
      acid-induced conformational change until arrival in late endosomes (t1/2 = 8-10
      min). Thus, acidification of both endosome subpopulations was heterogeneous.
      However, passage of SFV through a less acidic early endosome subpopulation always
      preceded arrival in the more acidic late endosome subpopulation. In mutant CHO
      cells with temperature-sensitive defects in endosome acidification in vitro,
      acidification of both early and late endosomes was found to be impaired at the
      restrictive temperature (41 degrees C). The acidification defect was also found
      to be partially penetrant at the permissive temperature, resulting in the
      inability of any early endosomes in these cells to attain pH less than or equal
      to 5.3. In vitro studies of endosomes isolated from mutant cells suggested that
      the acidification defect is most likely in the proton pump itself. In one mutant,
      this defect resulted in increased sensitivity of the electrogenic H+ pump to
      fluctuations in the endosomal membrane potential.

PMID- 2925787
TI  - Endocytosis of the class I major histocompatibility antigen via a phorbol
      myristate acetate-inducible pathway is a cell-specific phenomenon and requires
      the cytoplasmic domain.
AB  - Class I major histocompatibility (MHC) antigens are expressed by virtually all
      mammalian cells, yet their levels of expression and behavior on the cell surface
      vary in a cell-specific fashion. A panel of lymphoid (both B and T) and
      nonlymphoid cell lines was used to study the kinetics of internalization of the H
      2Ld class I MHC in different cell types. These studies revealed that endocytosis
      of H-2Ld occurs by both constitutive and PMA-regulated pathways in lymphoid
      cells, but only by a PMA-refractory pathway in the nonlymphoid cells tested.
      Transfectant derivatives of the T lymphoma, EL4, which express wild-type or
      mutant H-2Ld class I MHC antigens, were used to investigate the requirement for
      the cytoplasmic domain of the class I MHC antigen for its endocytosis in T
      lymphocytes. These studies showed that modification or deletion of the
      cytoplasmic domain of H-2Ld abrogates endocytosis via a PMA-regulated pathway.
      The role of cytoplasmic domain phosphorylation in PMA-inducible endocytosis was
      examined. The wild-type H-2Ld antigen is phosphorylated in all cell types
      examined, and this phosphorylation is up-regulated by PMA treatment. In contrast,
      cytoplasmic domain mutants of H-2Ld fail to be phosphorylated in vivo, in the
      presence or absence of PMA. The universality of PMA-inducible
      hyperphosphorylation of the class I MHC antigen among diverse cell types leads us
      to conclude that phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic domain, while perhaps
      necessary, is not sufficient for triggering endocytosis via a PMA-inducible
      pathway. Furthermore, the results with the cytoplasmic domain mutants of H-2Ld
      suggest that a structural conformation of the class I MHC cytoplasmic domain is
      required for endocytosis via this route.

PMID- 2925788
TI  - An enzyme trafficking defect in two patients with primary hyperoxaluria type 1:
      peroxisomal alanine/glyoxylate aminotransferase rerouted to mitochondria.
AB  - Most patients with the autosomal recessive disease primary hyperoxaluria type 1
      (PH1) have a complete deficiency of alanine/glyoxylate aminotransferase (AGT)
      enzyme activity and immunoreactive protein. However a few possess significant
      residual activity and protein. In normal human liver, AGT is entirely
      peroxisomal, whereas it is entirely mitochondrial in carnivores, and both
      peroxisomal and mitochondrial in rodents. Using the techniques of isopycnic
      sucrose and Percoll density gradient centrifugation and quantitative protein A
      gold immunoelectron microscopy, we have found that in two PH1 patients,
      possessing 9 and 27% residual AGT activity, both the enzyme activity and
      immunoreactive protein were largely mitochondrial and not peroxisomal. In
      addition, these individuals were more severely affected than expected from the
      levels of their residual AGT activity. In these patients, the PH1 appears to be
      due, at least in part, to a unique trafficking defect, in which peroxisomal AGT
      is diverted to the mitochondria. To our knowledge, this is the first example of a
      genetic disease caused by such interorganellar rerouting.

PMID- 2925789
TI  - Subcellular localization of sterol carrier protein-2 in rat hepatocytes: its
      primary localization to peroxisomes.
AB  - Sterol carrier protein-2 (SCP-2) is a nonenzymatic protein of 13.5 kD which has
      been shown in in vitro experiments to be required for several stages in
      cholesterol utilization and biosynthesis. The subcellular localization of SCP-2
      has not been definitively established. Using affinity-purified rabbit polyclonal
      antibodies against electrophoretically pure SCP-2 from rat liver, we demonstrate
      by immunoelectron microscopic labeling of ultrathin frozen sections of rat liver
      that the largest concentration of SCP-2 is inside peroxisomes. In addition the
      immunolabeling indicates that there are significant concentrations of SCP-2
      inside mitochondria, and associated with the endoplasmic reticulum and the
      cytosol, but not inside the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, or the nucleus. These
      results were confirmed by immunoblotting experiments with proteins from purified
      subcellular fractions of the rat liver cells carried out with the anti-SCP-2
      antibodies. The large concentration of SCP-2 inside peroxisomes strongly supports
      the proposal that peroxisomes are critical sites of cholesterol utilization and
      biosynthesis. The presence of SCP-2 inside peroxisomes and mitochondria raises
      questions about the mechanisms involved in the differential targeting of SCP-2 to
      these organelles.

PMID- 2925790
TI  - Erythrocyte morphology reflects the transbilayer distribution of incorporated
      phospholipids.
AB  - The transbilayer distribution of exogenous phospholipids incorporated into human
      erythrocytes is monitored through cell morphology changes and by the extraction
      of incorporated 14C-labeled lipids. Dilauroylphosphatidylserine (DLPS) and
      dilauroylphosphatidylcholine (DLPC) transfer spontaneously from sonicated
      unilamellar vesicles to erythrocytes, inducing a discocyte-to-echinocyte shape
      change within 5 min. DLPC-induced echinocytes revert slowly (t1/2 approximately 8
      h) to discocytes, but DLPS-treated cells revert rapidly (10-20 min) to discocytes
      and then become invaginate stomatocytes. The second phase of the
      phosphatidylserine (PS)-induced shape change, conversion of echinocytes to
      stomatocytes, can be inhibited by blocking cell protein sulfhydryl groups or by
      depleting intracellular ATP or magnesium (Daleke, D. L., and W. H. Huestis. 1985.
      Biochemistry. 24:5406-5416). These cell shape changes are consistent with
      incorporation of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and PS into the membrane outer
      monolayer followed by selective and energy-dependent translocation of PS to the
      membrane inner monolayer. This hypothesis is explored by correlating cell shape
      with the fraction of the exogenous lipid accessible to extraction into
      phospholipid vesicles. Upon exposure to recipient vesicles, DLPC-induced
      echinocytes revert to discoid forms within 5 min, concomitant with the removal of
      most (88%) of the radiolabeled lipid. On further incubation, 97% of the foreign
      PC transfers to recipient vesicles. Treatment of DLPS-induced stomatocytes with
      acceptor vesicles extracts foreign PS only partially (22%) and does not affect
      cell shape significantly. Cell treated with inhibitors of aminophospholipid
      translocation (sulfhydryl blockers or intracellular magnesium depletion) and then
      incubated with either DLPS or DLPC become echinocytic and do not revert to
      discocytic or stomatocytic shape for many hours. On treatment with recipient
      vesicles, these echinocytes revert to discocytes in both cases, with concomitant
      extraction of 88-99% of radiolabeled PC and 86-97% of radiolabeled PS. The
      accessibility of exogenous lipids to extraction is uniformly consistent with the
      transbilayer lipid distribution inferred from cell shape changes, indicating that
      red cell morphology is an accurate and sensitive reporter of the transbilayer
      partitioning of incorporated exogenous phospholipids.

PMID- 2925791
TI  - Microtubule polarities indicate that nucleation and capture of microtubules
      occurs at cell surfaces in Drosophila.
AB  - Hook decoration with pig brain tubulin was used to assess the polarity of
      microtubules which mainly have 15 protofilaments in the transcellular bundles of
      late pupal Drosophila wing epidermal cells. The microtubules make end-on contact
      with cell surfaces. Most microtubules in each bundle exhibited a uniform
      polarity. They were oriented with their minus ends associated with their
      hemidesmosomal anchorage points at the apical cuticle-secreting surfaces of the
      cells. Plus ends were directed towards, and were sometimes connected to, basal
      attachment desmosomes at the opposite ends of the cells. The orientation of
      microtubules at cell apices, with minus ends directed towards the cell surface,
      is opposite to the polarity anticipated for microtubules which have elongated
      centrifugally from centrosomes. It is consistent, however, with evidence that
      microtubule assembly is nucleated by plasma membrane-associated sites at the
      apical surfaces of the cells (Mogensen, M. M., and J. B. Tucker. 1987. J. Cell
      Sci. 88:95-107) after these cells have lost their centriole-containing,
      centrosomal, microtubule-organizing centers (Tucker, J. B., M. J. Milner, D. A.
      Currie, J. W. Muir, D. A. Forrest, and M.-J. Spencer. 1986. Eur. J. Cell Biol.
      41:279-289). Our findings indicate that the plus ends of many of these apically
      nucleated microtubules are captured by the basal desmosomes. Hence, the situation
      may be analogous to the polar-nucleation/chromosomal-capture scheme for
      kinetochore microtubule assembly in mitotic and meiotic spindles. The cell
      surface-associated nucleation-elongation-capture mechanism proposed here may also
      apply during assembly of transcellular microtubule arrays in certain other animal
      tissue cell types.

PMID- 2925793
TI  - Experimental observations on the development of polarity by hippocampal neurons
      in culture.
AB  - In culture, hippocampal neurons develop a polarized form, with a single axon and
      several dendrites. Transecting the axons of hippocampal neurons early in
      development can cause an alteration of polarity; a process that would have become
      a dendrite instead becomes the axon (Dotti, C. G., and G. A. Banker. 1987. Nature
      (Lond.). 330:254-256). To investigate this phenomenon more systematically, we
      transected axons at varying lengths. The greater the distance of the transection
      from the soma, the greater the probability for regrowth of the original axon.
      However, it was not the absolute length of the axonal stump that determined the
      response to transection, but rather its length relative to the lengths of the
      cell's other processes. If one process was greater than 10 microns longer than
      the others, it invariably became the axon regardless of its identity before
      transection. Conversely, when a cell's processes were nearly equal in length, it
      was impossible to predict which would become the axon. In these cases, axonal
      outgrowth began only after a long latency. During this interval, the processes
      appeared to be in dynamic equilibrium, some growing for short distances while
      others retracted. When one process exceeded the others by a critical length, it
      rapidly elongated to become the axon. The establishment of neuronal polarity
      during normal development may similarly involve an interaction among processes
      whose identities have not yet been determined. When, by chance, one exceeds the
      others by a critical length, it becomes specified as the axon.

PMID- 2925792
TI  - Assembly and exchange of intermediate filament proteins of neurons:
      neurofilaments are dynamic structures.
AB  - We have explored the dynamics of intermediate filament assembly and subunit
      exchange using fluorescently labeled neurofilament proteins and a fluorescence
      resonance energy transfer assay. Neurofilaments (NFs) are assembled from three
      highly phosphorylated proteins with molecular masses of 180 (NF-H), 130 (NF-M),
      and 66 kD (NF-L) of which NF-L forms the structural core. The core component, NF
      L, was stoichiometrically labeled at cysteine 321 with fluorescein, coumarin, or
      biotin-maleimide to produce assembly-competent fluorescent or biotinylated
      derivatives, respectively. Using coumarin-labeled NF-L as fluorescence donor and
      fluorescein-labeled NF-L as the fluorescence acceptor, assembly of NF filaments
      was induced by rapidly raising the NaCl concentration to 170 mM, and the kinetics
      was followed by the decrease in the donor fluorescence. Assembly of NF-L subunits
      into filaments does not require nucleotide binding or hydrolysis but is strongly
      dependent on ionic strength, pH, and temperature. The critical concentration of
      NF-L, that concentration that remains unassembled at equilibrium with fully
      formed filaments, is 38 micrograms/ml or 0.6 microM. Under physiological salt
      conditions NF-L filaments also undergo extensive subunit exchange. Kinetic
      analysis and evaluation of several possible mechanisms indicate that subunit
      exchange is preceded by dissociation of subunits from the filament and generation
      of a kinetically active pool of soluble subunits. Given the concentration of NF-L
      found in nerve cells and the possibility of regulating this pool, these results
      provide the first information that intermediate filaments are dynamic structures
      and that NF-L within the NF complex is in dynamic equilibrium with a small but
      kinetically active pool of unassembled NF-L units.

PMID- 2925794
TI  - Skeletal muscle denervation activates acetylcholine receptor genes.
AB  - Transcriptional activity of acetylcholine receptor subunit genes was investigated
      in innervated and denervated chick skeletal muscle. The sciatic nerve of 3-d-old
      White Leghorn chicks was sectioned unilaterally; after various intervals, nuclei
      were isolated from operated and sham-operated animals, and run-on assays
      performed. Nuclei were incubated with 32P-UTP, and total RNA was extracted and
      hybridized onto filters containing an excess of subunit-specific DNA. Specific
      transcripts were detected by autoradiography and quantitated densitometrically. A
      sharp increase in transcriptional activity was observed to begin approximately
      1/2 d after the operation and peak 1 d later when transcriptional rates reached
      approximately seven-, six-, and fivefold control levels for the alpha-, delta-,
      and gamma-subunit genes, respectively. The specificity of the effect was
      ascertained by normalization to total RNA synthesis and by the demonstration that
      several nonreceptor genes respond differently to denervation. These results
      suggest that a denervation signal reaches the genome to induce receptor
      expression. In addition, since the increase in mRNA levels significantly exceeds
      what can be accounted for by increased gene activity, posttranscriptional effects
      are suggested.

PMID- 2925795
TI  - Involvement of rRNA synthesis in the enhanced survival and recovery of protein
      synthesis seen in thermotolerance.
AB  - Although acquired thermotolerance has been linked to the induction of heat shock
      proteins, the molecular mechanism(s) by which cells become resistant to heat is
      unknown. The present study shows a strong correlation between the survival of
      cells following heat shock and the rate of recovery of protein, total RNA, and
      rRNA synthesis. Increasing exposure of CHO cells to 45 degrees C was found to
      decrease survival and cause a lengthening delay in these synthetic processes. The
      same reciprocal correlation was seen in thermotolerant cells. As thermotolerance
      develops, more cells survive a heat challenge and the delay in synthesis
      decreases. These data argue that enhanced recovery of protein and RNA synthesis
      is one factor which plays a key role in thermotolerance. The involvement of rRNA
      synthesis was further investigated by using actinomycin D at 0.1 microgram m1(
      1), a concentration at which rRNA synthesis is selectively inhibited. When the
      drug was present during the recovery from a challenge heat treatment, the
      survival of thermotolerant cells was approximately 3-fold lower than expected
      from the mild toxicity of the drug. As this could not be accounted for by an
      interaction of the drug with the response of cells to single heat treatments, it
      is concluded that the drug inhibits the expression of thermotolerance in cells
      which would otherwise express a full degree of thermotolerance. The time and
      concentration dependence of this effect indicates that the drug acts though
      inhibition of rRNA synthesis. Therefore, enhanced recovery of RNA synthesis,
      presumably rRNA synthesis, is identified as one of the mechanisms responsible for
      enhanced survival of thermotolerant cells following heat shock.

PMID- 2925796
TI  - Effects of N,N-dimethylformamide and extracellular matrix on transforming growth
      factor-beta binding to a human colon carcinoma cell line.
AB  - Alterations in the binding of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) to the
      MOSER human colon carcinoma cell line caused by N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) or
      extracellular matrix (ECM) were examined. DMF induced a more differentiated
      phenotype in the MOSER cells and resulted in a twofold increase in TGF-beta
      binding to the cells. This was due to an increase in receptor number with no
      significant alteration in the KD. The extent of increased TGF-beta binding was
      dependent on the dose and time of exposure to DMF. Upon removal of DMF, the
      receptor level returned to that of untreated cells within 6 hr. The binding of
      TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta 2 to the cells was increased equally. Despite this
      increase in TGF-beta binding in the presence of DMF, the sensitivity of the MOSER
      cells to the growth inhibitory effects of TGF-beta was unaltered. Growth of the
      MOSER cells on ECM derived from a well-differentiated colon cell line increased
      the TGF-beta receptor number twofold without altering the KD. No change was
      observed if the MOSER cells were grown on ECM derived from a poorly
      differentiated cell line. While no alteration in sensitivity to TGF-beta was
      observed on cells grown in the presence of DMF, MOSER cells grown on the ECM
      derived from well-differentiated colon carcinoma cell lines were twofold more
      sensitive to the growth inhibitory effects of TGF-beta. These results indicated
      that growth conditions which resulted in a more differentiated phenotype resulted
      in an increase in the cellular receptors for TGF-beta.

PMID- 2925797
TI  - Effect of 5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide riboside (AICA-riboside) on the purine
      nucleotide synthesis and growth of rat kidney cells in culture: study with
      [15N]aspartate.
AB  - The present investigation evaluates the effect of AICA-Riboside on the synthesis
      of purine nucleotides and the growth of normal rat kidney cells in culture.
      Experiments in the presence and absence of various concentrations of AICA
      Riboside were conducted with Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium supplemented with
      either 1 mM [15N]aspartate or [14N]aspartate. Addition of 50 microM AICA-Riboside
      to the incubation medium significantly stimulated intracellular adenine
      nucleotide concentrations following incubation for 48 hours. This stimulation was
      associated with augmented cell growth and DNA concentration. In contrast, with
      concentrations above 100 microM of AICA-Riboside in the incubation medium, there
      was a remarkable inhibition of cell growth and a significant depletion of
      intracellular pools of adenine nucleotides and DNA. Experiments with
      [15N]aspartate showed that the initial rate (0-24 hours) of [6-15NH2]adenine
      nucleotide formation from 1 mM [15N]aspartate was 38.8 +/- 9.6, 67.9 +/- 12.5,
      and 20.1 +/- 3.8 pmol h-1/10(6) cells in the presence of 0 (control), 50 microM
      and 500 microM AICA-Riboside, respectively. These observations indicate that the
      main effect of AICA-Riboside is on the formation of AMP from aspartate and IMP
      via the sequential action of adenylosuccinate synthetase and adenylosuccinate
      lyase. The current studies suggest that AICA-Riboside could be used as a factor
      mediating renal cell mitosis in culture. AICA-Riboside has a biphasic effect on
      the growth of renal epithelial cells in culture and on their intracellular purine
      nucleotides and DNA concentration.

PMID- 2925798
TI  - Ultraviolet light-induced inhibition of small nuclear RNA synthesis.
AB  - Two apparently distinct types of inhibition of the synthesis of U1, U2, U3, U4,
      and U5 small nuclear RNA, induced by ultraviolet (UV) radiation, have been
      described before: immediate and delayed. Our present observation can be
      summarized as follows: a) neither the immediate nor the delayed inhibition appear
      to be mediated by the formation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers, since they were
      not prevented by photoreactivating light, in ICR 2A frog cells; b) the inhibition
      of U1 RNA synthesis, monitored in HeLA cells within the first few minutes after
      irradiation, extrapolated to a substantial suppression at time zero of
      postirradiation cell incubation, providing further support for the proposal that
      the immediate inhibition is a reaction separate from the delayed UV light-induced
      inhibition of U1 RNA synthesis; c) the transition from the pattern of the
      immediate inhibition to that of the delayed inhibition (disappearance of the UV
      resistant fraction of U1 RNA synthesis and increased rate of inhibition) occurred
      gradually, without an apparent threshold, within the first 2 hr of incubation
      after irradiation; and d) the incident UV dose that resulted in a 37% level of
      residual U1 RNA synthesis (D37) during the delayed inhibition was about 7 J/m2,
      with an apparent UV dose threshold, and was about 60 J/m2 for the immediate
      inhibition.

PMID- 2925799
TI  - Effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on cell-cycle kinetics of T 47D human breast
      cancer cells.
AB  - The replication of several human and animal cancer cell lines is regulated in
      vitro and in vivo by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3], the hormonally
      active form of vitamin D3. We have examined the effects of concentrations of 1,25
      (OH)2D3, which inhibit cellular replication, on the cell-cycle kinetics of a 1,25
      (OH)2D3-responsive human breast cancer cell line, T 47D. After 6 or 7 days of
      treatment, a time period representing approximately five cell population
      doublings of control cultures, concentrations of 1,25-(OH)2D3 in the range 10(-9)
      M to 10(-6) M caused a time- and concentration-dependent decrease in cell
      numbers. Treatment of cells growing in charcoal-treated fetal calf serum with 10(
      8) M 1,25-(OH)2D3 for 6 days reduced cell numbers to 49% +/- 9% (n = 9) of
      control, and this was associated with a marked increase in the proportion of
      cells in the G2 + M phase of the cell cycle from 9.7% +/- 0.5% (n = 11) to 19.6%
      +/- 2.3% (n = 9), significant by paired analysis (P less than 0.002). At higher
      concentrations of 1,25-(OH)2D3 (10(-7)-10(-6) M), there was a concentration
      dependent decline in S phase and increases in both G0/G1 and G2 + M phase cells.
      Detailed analysis of the temporal changes in cell-cycle phase distribution
      following treatment with 2.5 X 10(-8) and 10(-7) M 1,25-(OH)2D3 showed an initial
      accumulation of cells in G0/G1 and depletion of S phase cells during the first 24
      hr of treatment. This decline in S phase cells was not accompanied by a decline
      in % G2 + M indicating a transition delay in G2 or mitosis. At the lower dose
      these changes returned to control values at 48 hr and at later times were
      associated with a slight but consistent decline in G0/G1 phase and an increase in
      G2 + M. In contrast cells treated with 10(-7) M 1,25-(OH)2D3 had significantly
      elevated % G0/G1 cells at days 2 and 3, consistent with a transition delay
      through G1 phase. This was confirmed in stathmokinetic experiments which
      demonstrated an approximate sevenfold decrease in the rate of exit of cells from
      G0/G1 following 4 days of exposure to 10(-7) M 1,25-(OH)2D3. This accumulation of
      cells in G0/G1 was accompanied by a fall in % S phase cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2925800
TI  - [Treatment of lithiasis of the common bile duct].
AB  - The aim of this review is to explain the multidisciplinary conception of the
      treatment of stones of the common bile duct in terms of the various techniques
      available. Treatment is designed to decrease mortality and morbidity,
      particularly acute complications in elderly or high risk subjects. A rational
      tactic determined dispassionately by common sense constitutes the best chance of
      preventing complications.

PMID- 2925801
TI  - [Technic of tissue expansion].
AB  - The technique of tissue expansion is rapidly developing. It resolves certain
      problems encountered in plastic and reconstructive surgery, in the scalp, for
      example, which constitutes an ideal indication. A correct strategy and technique,
      together with well defined indications allows a very significant reduction in the
      complication rate. The choice of prosthesis and its location also play an
      important role. There are many indications in the scalp, but tissue expansion may
      also be useful in Poland's syndrome, in giant naevi in children and for expansion
      of certain flaps. Rapid intra-operative expansion also appears to be a promising
      technique.

PMID- 2925802
TI  - [Technics of extensive lymph node curettage in cancer of the esophagus].
AB  - During esophagectomy for cancer traditional lymph node curettage is performed
      extensively in the lower region but is practically nonexistent towards the upper
      zone, which fails to correspond to a satisfactory anatomic and oncologic
      exeresis. An operative technique has been adopted to extend lymph gland
      curettage, particularly in the anterior and superior mediastinum in the region of
      the recurrent and cervical chains. An analysis is performed of the advantages
      (increased survival) and inconveniences (increased postoperative morbidity)
      inherent in these extensive lymph node curettages.

PMID- 2925803
TI  - [Anatomical basis of the transposition of the serratus anterior muscle. Study of
      40 dissections].
AB  - In order to explore the possibility of serratus anterior muscle (SAM) flap
      transposition in head-neck and thoracic surgery, we performed an anatomical study
      including 40 dissections of the muscle's vascular pedicle, the subscapular
      thoracodorsal axis, which is a branch of the axillary artery (A. subscapularis A.
      thoracodorsalis). The SAM is characterized by: its location: extending from the
      anterior and lateral aspect of the thorax to the medial border of the scapula;
      its easy surgical access; its constant and reliable vascularization by the
      thoracodorsal artery, a branch of the subscapular artery; its long arc of
      rotation allowing the utilization of the SAM flap in head and neck and
      mediastinal surgery without microvascular anastomoses; its versatility in
      comparison with other perithoracic muscles. These considerations prompted us to
      use the SAM in head and neck reconstructive surgery, chest wall surgery, chest
      wall reconstruction following resection for tumor; breast reconstruction;
      intrathoracic and mediastinal surgery, reinforcement of high-risk
      tracheobronchial sutures or anastomoses; management of bronchopleural fistulas
      and empyema spaces; repair of tracheo esophageal fistulas and tracheal or
      esophageal defects.

PMID- 2925804
TI  - [Treatment of morbid obesity by gastric bypass. Apropos of 1158 cases treated
      surgically].
AB  - After defining pathological obesity and describing the technical methods used for
      gastric bypass, a series of 1158 surgical cases is analysed. Discussion,
      supported by a review of the literature, involved post-operative mortality and
      morbidity, mid-term results and patient selection criteria. In the light of the
      results obtained, it would no longer appear justified to offer this type of
      surgical procedure.

PMID- 2925805
TI  - [Stress urinary incontinence associated with an ectopic ureteral junction.
      Apropos of 1 case].

PMID- 2925806
TI  - A crosslinguistic investigation of vowel formants in babbling.
AB  - A cross-cultural investigation of the influence of target-language in babbling
      was carried out. 1047 vowels produced by twenty 10-month-old infants from
      Parisian French, London English, Hong Kong Cantonese and Algiers Arabic language
      backgrounds were recorded in the cities of origin and spectrally analysed. F1-F2
      plots of these vowels were obtained for each subject and each language group.
      Statistical analyses provide evidence of differences between infants across
      language backgrounds. These differences parallel those found in adult speech in
      the corresponding languages. Implications of an early build-up of target-language
      oriented production skills are discussed.

PMID- 2925807
TI  - Acquisition of complementation.
AB  - This study concerns the acquisition of complex sentences with perception and
      epistemic verbs that take a second verb in their complements. The acquisition of
      complementation began between two and three years of age in this longitudinal
      study of four children's spontaneous speech. The results of the study showed that
      (1) complement types and complementizer connectives and (2) the discourse
      contexts in which complementation occurred were specific to individual matrix
      verbs. The most frequent verbs acquired were the perception verbs see and look
      and the epistemic verbs think and know. Developments in both discourse and syntax
      indicated that these verbs expressed attitudes of certainty/uncertainty toward
      the content expressed in their complements. The results are discussed in terms of
      both linguistic and psychological factors in the acquisition of complex sentences
      with complementation.

PMID- 2925808
TI  - Induction and the acquisition of English auxiliaries: the effects of
      differentially enriched input.
AB  - Children aged 2;0 to 2;6 participated in a longitudinal study examining their
      acquisition of the English auxiliary system following a six-week period in which
      they were exposed to additional auxiliary input in varying sentence contexts.
      Groups of children received enrichment utterances with the auxiliary could either
      in first position in the sentence, in middle position, or in both positions.
      Children in the front position group were significantly advanced over the other
      experimental groups in acquiring modal auxiliaries but not non-modals. However,
      none of the experimental groups differed significantly from a baseline group
      which received no additional could input. The implications of these findings for
      understanding the mechanisms of auxiliary acquisition and the nature of
      children's grammatical categories are discussed.

PMID- 2925809
TI  - Alternative explanations for the relationship between maternal verbal interaction
      style and child language development.
AB  - The present study analysed formerly unexamined indirect routes for relationships
      between time 1 maternal speech and later child language development. Ten normally
      developing children in Brown's early stage 1 and their mothers were the subjects.
      For each dyad, two free-play sessions occurring five months apart were videotaped
      in the subjects' homes. Mothers' pragmatic language use was coded from time 1
      sessions. Child language level was coded at both sessions. Even though time 1
      scores of the outcome were controlled, seven of the ten relationships involving
      mother speech and child language development were indirectly related through one
      of two time 1 child language measures. The results indicate that a mother-driven,
      direct influence model may be inappropriate for many mother speech-child language
      development relationships. We argue that child-driven and mother-driven
      explanatory models for the indirect relationships are equally feasible.

PMID- 2925810
TI  - Rhyme and alliteration in poems elicited from young children.
AB  - Attempts were made to elicit poems from 133 children between the ages of 2 and 6.
      Seventy-eight of the children produced 606 poems between them. Sixty per cent of
      the poems contained phonological devices; 42% contained rhyme and 26% contained
      alliteration. There was no obvious age trend as regards the use of rhyme but the
      frequency of alliteration declined with age. There were no significant age
      differences as regards the relative frequency with which different phonemes were
      manipulated in rhyme and alliteration. The possible functions of such sound-based
      language play in language development are discussed, with special reference both
      to children's sound play in crib speech, and to the development of phonological
      awareness and its importance in learning to read.

PMID- 2925811
TI  - Phonetic development in early infancy: a study of four Swedish children during
      the first eighteen months of life.
AB  - The present paper presents data on the phonetic development of four normal
      Swedish infants, who were audiorecorded bi-weekly in their homes from 0;1 to 1;5.
      Our results show five distinct stages in the development of early vocalizations:
      the glottal stage, the velar/uvular stage, the vocalic stage, the reduplicated
      consonant babbling stage and the variegated consonant babbling stage. The results
      are based on auditory analysis of selected parts of the material. A comparison is
      made of this developmental pattern with studies of infants raised in other
      linguistic communities. The results of this comparison support the claim that
      babbling follows a universal developmental pattern.

PMID- 2925812
TI  - Children's over-regularization of nouns and verbs.
AB  - The procedure used by Pratt, Tunmer & Bowey (1984) was employed in this study to
      investigate young children's abilities to correct over-regularized plural nouns
      and verbs in the past tense. Older children (mean age 6;4) performed better than
      younger children (mean age 4;11) and plural nouns were corrected significantly
      more than past-tense verb forms. As predicted, the younger children were better
      at correcting the nouns than the verbs; the two grammatical forms were corrected
      equally well by the older children.

PMID- 2925813
TI  - On the developmental contour of child language: a reply to Smith & Weist.
AB  - A developmental perspective in child language research begins with a focus on the
      child and the processes that contribute to change in the child's knowledge of
      language. Developmental change occurs in an organized, systematic way, with later
      changes influenced at least in part by developments at an earlier time. The
      acquisition of tense and aspect provides a relevant example. Data previously
      published by Weist, Wysocka, Witkowska-Stadnik, Buczowska & Konieczna (1984) are
      reanalysed here to show, statistically, that children learning Polish are
      influenced by aspect in acquiring verb tense, just as children are in learning
      English, Italian, Hebrew, Turkish and other languages. Children beginning to
      learn verb infections find aspectual contour particularly compelling in leading
      them to learn tense distinctions.

PMID- 2925814
TI  - Crossing boundaries: more evidence for phonological constraints on early multi
      word utterances.
AB  - A number of researchers have argued that phonological constraints may influence
      the emergence and form of combinatorial speech in children. Donahue (1986)
      presented evidence that one child's consonant harmony constraint operated across
      word boundaries. This paper presents further evidence for the operation of word
      level phonological constraints in multi-word utterances. Selection and avoidance
      patterns as well as her modifications of adult forms indicate the presence of a
      syllable sequencing constraint in this child's grammar: an initial syllable must
      begin with a consonant whose sonority value is not less than that of the
      following syllable. The same constraint governs the form of her early word
      combinations. The existence of evidence for the operation of word-level
      constraints in word combinations, it is pointed out, has consequences for how we
      interpret two-lexicon models of phonological development.

PMID- 2925815
TI  - How the prosodic cues in motherese might assist language learning.
AB  - The function of motherese has become a pivotal issue in the language-learning
      literature. The current research takes the approach of asking whether the
      prosodic characteristics that are distinctive to motherese could play a special
      role in facilitating the acquisition of syntax. Hirsh-Pasek, Kemler Nelson,
      Jusczyk, Cassidy, Druss & Kennedy (1987) showed that infants aged 0;7-0;10 are
      sensitive to prosodic cues that would help them segment the speech stream into
      perceptual units that correspond to clauses. The present study shows that
      infants' sensitivity to segment-marking cues in ongoing speech holds for
      motherese but not for adult-directed speech. The finding is that, for motherese
      only, infants orient longer to speech that has been interrupted at clausal
      boundaries than to matched speech that has been interrupted at within-clause
      locations. This selective preference indicates that the prosodic qualities of
      motherese provide infants with cues to units of speech that correspond to
      grammatical units of language-a potentially fundamental contribution of motherese
      to the learning of syntax.

PMID- 2925816
TI  - The systematic acquisition of word forms by a child during the first-fifty-word
      stage.
AB  - This paper sets out to examine two findings reported in the literature: one, that
      during the one-word stage a child's word productions are highly phonetically
      variable, and two, that the one-word stage is qualitatively distinct from
      subsequent phonological development. The complete set of word forms produced by a
      child at the one-word stage were collected and analysed both cross-sectionally
      (month by month) and longitudinally (looking for changes over time). It was found
      that the data showed very little variability, and that phonological development
      during the period studied was qualitatively continuous with subsequent
      development. It is suggested that the phonologically principled development of
      this child's first words is related to his late onset of speech.

PMID- 2925817
TI  - A multiple form word production checklist for assessing early language.
AB  - We describe the development of a set of five equivalent checklists to assess word
      production of children in their second year. The words on each list do not
      overlap, but represent comparable levels of difficulty. Thus, individual lists
      may be used to estimate the child's production vocabulary, and the set of lists
      may be used serially in a longitudinal design. A validation study on 25 infants
      suggests that the five lists produce comparable mean production scores, reflect
      differences in age, and preserve individual differences in total production and
      production of linguistic categories such as nouns, verbs, open class items, and
      closed class items. This finding provides further support for the reliability of
      parental report instruments in this developmental domain.

PMID- 2925818
TI  - Agreement between parents' and teachers' ratings of behavioral/emotional problems
      of children aged 4-12.
AB  - Parents' and teachers' reports of behavioral/emotional problems in 1161 children
      aged 4-12 from the general population and assessed via the Achenbach Child
      Behavior Checklist were compared. Low to moderate agreement was found, with
      parents reporting more problems than teachers. Agreement was higher for
      externalizing problems than for internalizing problems and higher for children
      receiving special education than for those receiving regular education. Agreement
      was slightly higher for older than younger children. Sex of the child did not
      influence parent-teacher agreement. Teachers scored children higher on problems
      related to peer relations and on problems interfering with academic functioning,
      whereas parents scored their children higher on problems associated more strongly
      with externalizing than with internalizing syndromes.

PMID- 2925819
TI  - Child behavior ratings: the influence of maternal characteristics and child
      temperament.
AB  - This study investigated the extent to which maternal characteristics, such as
      psychological health problems, marital adjustment and confidence in mother/wife
      roles, influenced how mothers rated the behavior of their first-born children (n
      = 100) on the Pre-school Behavior Questionnaire. Results showed that these
      characteristics were powerful predictors of behavior ratings. In contrast, the
      independent contribution of child temperament ratings was relatively small. It
      was concluded that child behavior problem and temperament measures may be
      confounded. Maternal ratings constitute a valuable source of information
      concerning parent-child interaction which deserve further investigation,
      especially of their influence on generally accepted measures of child behavioral
      adjustment.

PMID- 2925820
TI  - Subtypes of suicidal and assaultive behaviors in adolescent psychiatric
      inpatients: a research note.
AB  - Among 129 adolescent psychiatric inpatients, four subgroups of suicidal and/or
      assaultive behaviors were identified. A suicidal-only subgroup with no evidence
      of assaultive behavior was characterized by depression, drug abuse and
      environmental stresses. An assaultive-only subgroup with no evidence of suicidal
      behavior exhibited aggressive symptoms and violence at home. A subgroup with both
      suicidal and assaultive behaviors experienced accidents and family violence. A
      fourth subgroup had neither suicidal nor assaultive behavior. This subgroup
      showed eating disorders, depression, minimal assaultiveness and few peer
      friendships.

PMID- 2925821
TI  - IQ and behavioural adjustment of ex-institutional adolescents.
AB  - A group of children raised in institutions until at least 2 years of age, then
      adopted or restored to a biological parent, have been followed longitudinally
      into mid-adolescence. No effect of early institutionalisation was found on IQ
      which depended largely on the type of family placement. Behavioural and emotional
      difficulties were more common in the ex-institutional group than in a matched
      comparison group, according to teacher questionnaires and interviews with the
      adolescents and their parents. The findings are discussed in relation to
      placement policy and the question of the long-term effects of early experience.

PMID- 2925822
TI  - Social and family relationships of ex-institutional adolescents.
AB  - The adolescents described in the preceding companion article (J. Child Psychol.
      Psychiat. 30, 53-75, 1989) had experienced multiple changing caregivers until at
      least 2 years old. Such maternal deprivation did not necessarily prevent them
      forming strong and lasting attachments to parents once placed in families, but
      whether such attachments developed depended on the family environment, being much
      more common in adopted children than in those restored to a biological parent.
      Both these groups alike, however, were more oriented towards adult attention, and
      had more difficulties with peers and fewer close relationships than matched
      comparison adolescents, indicating some long term effects of their early
      institutional experience.

PMID- 2925823
TI  - Memory impairments and communication in relatively able autistic children.
AB  - Autistic people have specific memory difficulties. The effects of these
      difficulties on communication in relatively able autistic children and learning
      impaired controls were assessed in three experiments. The experiments tested the
      ability to: (1) carry out instructions; (2) ask questions without repetition; and
      (3) answer questions about past activities. When specific memory skills were
      required autistic children's communication was impaired relative to controls.
      When the need to use these skills was eliminated from the tasks the autistic
      children performed as well as controls. Some practical and theoretical
      implications of the findings are discussed.

PMID- 2925824
TI  - Determination of acetaminophen in human plasma by ion-pair reversed-phase high
      performance liquid chromatography. Application to a single-dose pharmacokinetic
      study.
AB  - The determination of acetaminophen in biological samples of humans who have
      ingested normal and overdosage of the drug is necessary to understand the
      clinical pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen and to determine its distribution and
      toxicokinetic parameters. This paper describes a rapid, simple, and sensitive
      high-performance liquid chromatographic method for determining acetaminophen in
      human plasma. Acetaminophen is isolated from plasma by adding approximately 200
      microL of acetonitrile and 50 mg of solid zinc sulfate to each milliliter of
      plasma. A short column (60 mm x 4.6 mm) slurry packed with 5.0-microns PRP-1
      particles is used with an isocratic elution of 5.0 mM dibasic potassium phosphate
      and 5.0 mM tetrabutylammonium hydroxide/methanol, 70:30 (v/v). The flow rate is
      1.0 mL/min. The acetaminophen peak is detected with a variable wavelength
      ultraviolet/visible detector at 250 nm and 0.50 to 0.002 AUFS. The analysis time
      of the assay is less than 15 min, and the limit of detection is 20 ng/mL for an
      80-microL injection volume. The pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen in plasma from
      a subject who had orally ingested 975 mg of the drug in tablet form is conducted
      using this method, and various pharmacokinetic parameters are determined.

PMID- 2925825
TI  - Metabolic profiling of urinary organic acids by single and multicolumn capillary
      gas chromatography.
AB  - High-resolution gas chromatography (HRGC) and gas chromatography/mass
      spectrometry (GC/MS) are the techniques of choice to determine the retention
      indices of more than 200 organic acids as their trimethylsilyl (TMS) or oxime
      trimethylsilyl derivatives. Several types of apolar and semipolar fused-silica
      capillary columns (OV-1, SE-52, and OV-1701), used to analyze and separate
      organic acids isolated from urine samples, are evaluated.

PMID- 2925828
TI  - Determination of pesticide residues in food with a 6% cyanopropylphenyl capillary
      column.
AB  - A small-diameter 6% cyanopropylphenyl column is studied for its suitability for
      determining pesticides in food. Repeatability and linearity are satisfactory, and
      the column is capable of separating residue combinations that are known not to
      separate on methyl silicone columns. At 150 degrees C or 130 degrees C, the
      column satisfactorily separates five by-products of tecnazene, a growth regulator
      and sprout suppressant found in potatoes, and four by-products of quintozene, a
      soil and seed fungicide found in peanut products.

PMID- 2925827
TI  - Microcomputer-assisted liquid chromatographic separation system: application to
      toxic compounds identification in poisoned human fluids.
AB  - The computer-assisted liquid chromatographic system (MCASYST) is developed for
      automated identification and analysis. The system has six main functions:
      retention prediction system, liquid chromatographic data base system, automated
      identification system, optimization of separation conditions, data loading
      program from UV multichannel detector, and UV spectral data base system. The
      performance and potential of this MCASYST system is evaluated for toxic compounds
      identification in poisoned human fluids.

PMID- 2925826
TI  - Direct determination of chromium(III) and chromium(VI) with ion chromatography
      using direct current plasma emission as element-selective detector.
AB  - A method is described that utilizes direct current plasma atomic emission
      spectrometry as an element-selective method of detection for ion chromatographic
      determination of chromium(III) and chromium(VI) species. The eluting chromium
      containing species are detected on the basis of the atomic emission of chromium
      without any species conversion. Both anion and cation separator columns give
      similar results when used with varying sample matrices. By employing an on-column
      preconcentration procedure, the detectable concentrations of the chromium species
      are reduced to less than 1.0 ppb. This method is applied to the determination of
      chromium species in human serum, natural water, and industrial process stream
      samples.

PMID- 2925829
TI  - Enrichment of tocopherols in wheat germ by directly coupled supercritical fluid
      extraction with semipreparative supercritical fluid chromatography.
AB  - Enrichment of tocopherol by coupled supercritical fluid extraction/preparative
      supercritical fluid chromatography is described. Wheat germ powder is used as the
      starting material and is subjected to supercritical fluid extraction with carbon
      dioxide. The extracted oil containing tocopherols is concentrated and trapped on
      a silica gel column by reducing the pressure of carbon dioxide. The trapped oil
      is then eluted and separated on a silica gel column of 20 mm i.d. x 20 mm length.
      The column effluent is fractionated by monitoring UV absorption at 290 nm. With
      this method, tocopherol content of the wheat germ is enriched 100-fold.

PMID- 2925830
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of steroid hormones.
AB  - In the present work, a practical, rapid, reliable and isocratic reversed-phase
      high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method is described for the
      qualitative and quantitative analysis of estriol, estradiol-17 beta, estrone,
      testosterone, and progesterone. Chromatographic separation is complete in 16 min
      using a mobile phase of 50% acetonitrile (v/v) in water. The order of elution is
      estriol, testosterone, estradiol-17 beta, estrone, and progesterone; retention
      times are 2.5, 5.5, 5.6, 6.9, 16.3 min, respectively. Absorbance maxima of
      individual steroids is the limiting factor in quantitative determination. The
      recommended wavelengths for UV monitoring are E3 214, E2 280, T 254, E1 214, and
      P4 254 nm.

PMID- 2925831
TI  - Memory functioning following a left medial thalamic hematoma.
AB  - A patient with a discrete, left medial thalamic hematoma developed a severe
      anterograde amnesia. The memory deficit was most consistent for verbal materials,
      but was also observed on several tests of figural memory. The patient appeared to
      have a normal short-term memory (STM) capacity, performed normally on a STM
      distractor task and was not abnormally sensitive to proactive inhibition. This
      case is evidence that unilateral damage to the medial thalamus alone can produce
      a severe memory deficit.

PMID- 2925832
TI  - Automatic and attentional mechanisms of semantic priming in Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - Previous studies using a word-naming task have suggested that in demented
      patients, semantic priming results only from automatic spreading activation and
      not from attention-dependent processes. If this is true, then on a lexical
      decision task where attention-dependent processes are a major source of the
      semantic-priming effect, demented patients should show little or no priming. To
      test this prediction, three groups of 16 subjects (young and normal-old
      individuals and patients with Alzheimer's disease) were given a Word-Naming and a
      Lexical-Decision task. In both tasks, the amount of semantic priming (the
      difference in response time to a word preceded by a semantically unassociated vs.
      a semantically associated word) was determined. Demented patients showed
      significantly greater semantic priming than either normal group on both tasks.
      This result argues against the hypothesis that the semantic priming found in
      demented patients is due solely to automatic processes.

PMID- 2925833
TI  - Neurobehavioral anomalies in neonates with seizures.
AB  - Neurobehavioral evaluation of the high-risk neonate represents an important
      advance in early detection of behavioral anomalies which may give rise to later
      neuropsychological sequelae. In the present study neonates comprising three
      diagnostic categories (i.e., respiratory distressed, seizure-disordered, normals)
      were evaluated with the Brazelton Neonatal Behavior Assessment Scale (BNBAS) to
      determine the extent to which differences in neurobehavioral organization could
      be detected with the scale, and how they were related to diagnostic
      classification. Average conceptional age at testing for the three groups was
      within the range usually considered full term: e.g., 38.81 weeks (respiratory
      distressed), 40.18 weeks (normal healthy) and 42.54 weeks (seizure disorder).
      Infants who had been diagnosed with neonatal seizures exhibited consistently less
      optimal behavior than did either of the other two groups. Infants with
      respiratory distress and normal controls did not differ significantly on most
      summary measures of neurobehavioral organization scored with the BNBAS. The study
      offers support for the discriminative validity of the BNBAS and its potential
      usefulness in the assessment of clinically ill newborns.

PMID- 2925834
TI  - Cholinergic and serotonergic effects on the P3 potential and recent memory.
AB  - The effects of scopolamine (anticholinergic) and methysergide (antiserotonergic)
      on memory and long-latency auditory cognitive evoked potentials (EPs) were tested
      in 16 normal adults. Recent memory was impaired by both drugs. In contrast,
      scopolamine, but not methysergide, significantly delayed P3 latency and decreased
      P3 amplitude. Immediate memory and the earlier EP components (i.e., N1 and P2)
      were unaffected. The findings support the hypothesis that cholinergic neurons are
      important in the neuronal networks generating the P3 potential. Serotonergic
      neurons do not appear to play a major role in the networks that generate the P3.

PMID- 2925835
TI  - Development of a scale for assessment of agitation following traumatic brain
      injury.
AB  - Development and initial validation of a scale for assessment of agitation in
      traumatic brain-injured individuals is described. Items were selected from an
      initial 39-item pool based on their testability, differentiation of agitation,
      frequency of occurrence, and representation of the full domain of the construct.
      The resulting 14-item instrument, called the Agitated Behavior Scale (ABS), was
      subsequently tested on an independent sample of 35 head-injured subjects.
      Reliability was examined via measures of internal consistency and qualitative
      evaluation of principal components factor analysis. Cronbach's alpha exceeded .80
      for all rates. Comparable values of theta were found and qualitative criteria of
      internal consistency were met. The ABS score accounted for between 36% and 62% of
      the variance in 15 of 16 correlations with simultaneous, independent observations
      of agitation. Results of initial validation are discussed in light of classic
      test theory and research necessary for determination of construct validity.

PMID- 2925836
TI  - Cued recall and memory disorders in dementia.
AB  - Memory functioning of normal elderly subjects and patients with suspected
      malignant memory disorders were examined using a cued recall memory assessment
      procedure. Levels of psychosocial functioning were rated by a multidisciplinary
      team. Ability to engage in free and cued recall was studied to determine the
      relationship between problems of acquisition and retrieval. Normal and impaired
      elderly showed strong differences on free recall and total recall resulting in
      90.58% and 79.06% rates of accuracy of prediction of group membership. There were
      significant multivariate and univariate differences among the memory-impaired
      groups defined in terms of their psychosocial functioning. These findings
      indicate that differences in acquisition and retrieval are associated with
      increasing impairment of psychosocial functioning. Patients whose psychosocial
      functioning was rated as falling within the questionable range exhibited only
      deficits in retrieval. Patients whose psychosocial functioning was rated as more
      severely impaired, exhibited problems of retrieval and acquisition.

PMID- 2925837
TI  - Wheelchair obstacle course performance in right cerebral vascular accident
      victims.
AB  - The initial experiment of this paper investigated the role of hemispatial neglect
      in wheelchair-related accidents of right-hemisphere stroke victims. Twelve
      subjects with and 12 subjects without neglect of left space drove their
      wheelchairs through an obstacle course. Two types of obstacle course errors were
      evaluated: direct hits and sideswipes. The neglecting group made significantly
      more direct hits but there were no significant differences between groups in
      sideswipe errors. In Experiment 2, the nonneglecting group's data were compared
      with a left-hemisphere stroke group without neglect and three motor control
      groups to investigate if their errors resulted from motor deficits. The right
      hemisphere stroke group made significantly more left-sided errors and errors in
      contralateral space than any other group. In Experiment 3, 13 subjects with
      neglect were taught to scan to the left which resulted in significant decreases
      in direct hits but not in sideswipes on the obstacle course. These results
      suggest that obstacle course performance is sensitive to more than hemispatial
      neglect.

PMID- 2925838
TI  - Training functional skills following herpes simplex encephalitis: a single case
      study.
AB  - This paper presents a treatment program for the development of personal hygiene
      behavior in a patient who was 5 years post herpes simplex encephalitis. The
      patient has severe memory and organizational problems, but is of average overall
      intelligence. The program consists in part of chaining a series of nine discrete
      activities by using linking phrases. The program allowed the patient to structure
      his behavior and wash in a well-organized nonrepetitive way. Results are
      discussed in the light of previous failures to affect behavior using apparently
      similar methods.

PMID- 2925839
TI  - Hemi-inattention in visual search for parallel lines after focal cerebral
      lesions.
AB  - Visual search and line orientation discrimination was studied in 67 brain-damaged
      and 15 control subjects, with the aim of demonstrating that hemi-inattention
      follows both left- and right-hemisphere damage even when confined to the frontal
      lobe. Both anterior and posterior lesions of either hemisphere caused inattention
      to the side contralateral to the lesion, this asymmetry being pronounced at the
      onset of search, especially in patients with anterior lesions. Hemi-inattention
      was associated with the overall inefficiency of line orientation discrimination
      and exploration as well as simple verbal performance in right-hemisphere-damaged
      patients, but tended to dissociate from these deficits in left hemisphere-damaged
      patients. Brain-damaged patients were inferior to the control subjects, and women
      inferior to men in the overall efficiency of exploration, but only women with
      right posterior lesions had a deficit in line orientation discrimination.

PMID- 2925840
TI  - Identification and characterization of anti-conjugated azelaic acid antibodies in
      multiple sclerosis.
AB  - Human sera from patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) were tested using an enzyme
      linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method on well plates coated with various
      dicarboxylic acid (C4 to C10) protein conjugates. Specific immunological binding
      was found with an azelaic acid (AzeA, C9) conjugate. The antibody titer was
      higher in the sera from the patients in acute relapse than with the progressive
      form, and higher than that from sera of patients with other neurological diseases
      and healthy subjects. Modifications of coating concentrations and of antibody
      dilutions, and experiments with preadsorption enabled determination of binding
      specificity. Competition experiments with related conjugates demonstrated that
      the AzeA residue was 167 times better recognized by antibodies from MS patients
      in acute relapse than those from controls. The suberic and sebasic acid
      conjugates which only differ from the AzeA conjugate by one methylene group were
      less well-recognized by MS sera (11 and 47 times, respectively) than the
      conjugate AzeA-BSA.

PMID- 2925842
TI  - Effect of cyclosporine on rubella virus-specific immune responses in chronic
      progressive multiple sclerosis.
AB  - Cyclosporine A (CsA) has been used in putative autoimmune diseases after
      sensitization to unknown antigens. We have previously shown that CsA prevented
      continued activation of T-cells in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis (CPMS)
      patients. The current study was undertaken to determine whether CsA, or CsA and
      prednisone (CsA + P) could suppress immune responses to a common recall antigen.
      Serum antibody levels were higher in all CPMS patients than age-matched normal
      controls. However, rubella antibody titers in the CsA or CsA + P groups were no
      different from a placebo-treated CPMS patient group. The lymphocyte responses to
      inactivated rubella virus of CsA and CsA + P-treated CPMS patients were lower
      than placebo and control but not statistically different. Therapy with both CSA
      and CSA + P was associated with significantly lower panel mixed leukocyte
      responses and Ta1 expression than in the placebo-treated group; CD3, CD4, CD8
      antigen expression and active rosette formation by T-cells were similar for the
      three CPMS groups. These results suggest that while CsA exerts measurable effects
      on non-specific indicators of cellular immunity in CPMS patients, it may not be
      as effective in suppressing pre-existent specific immune responses.

PMID- 2925841
TI  - Extended repertoire of specific antibodies in CSF of patients with subacute
      sclerosing panencephalitis compared to those with multiple sclerosis: anti
      bacterial antibodies are also increased.
AB  - Serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from eight patients with subacute sclerosing
      panencephalitis (SSPE), 21 with multiple sclerosis (MS) and 16 controls were
      analyzed for IgG subclass pattern of anti-viral and anti-bacterial antibodies. In
      CSF of SSPE and MS patients IgG1 and IgG4 antibodies to measles and IgG1 to mumps
      were increased compared to the controls. In addition, the SSPE patients had
      elevated levels of IgG1 to PPD, teichoic acid, and to dextran in CSF. The group
      of MS patients had decreased levels of IgG1 antibodies to Staphylococcus aureus
      alpha-toxin.

PMID- 2925843
TI  - Effect of Mycobacterium leprae-infected Schwann cells and their supernatant on
      lymphocyte neuroglia interaction.
AB  - Since the resolution of neural lesions and subsequent nerve damage in leprosy
      must inevitably involve the participation of immune cells sensitized to
      Mycobacteria, we have used the dissociated Schwann cell culture model to study
      the relationship between M. leprae-infected Schwann cells and sensitized immune
      cells. Our earlier study on light and ultrastructural observations showed that on
      infection with M. leprae, the cytomorphology of Schwann cells remains unaffected,
      while degenerative changes suggestive of apoptosis are seen in extraneous
      lymphocytes which are subsequently phagocytosed by the Schwann cells. We now
      present additional evidence confirming that the phagocytosis of splenic cells by
      Schwann cells is indeed a two-step process. The first involves M. leprae
      dependent cytotoxicity to splenic cells. This is followed by phagocytosis of
      these cells, which is a secondary and M. leprae-independent phenomenon. This
      finding has implications particularly on the weak inflammatory response observed
      in nerve lesions of a majority of lepromatous patients.

PMID- 2925844
TI  - Molecular analysis of IgA in multiple sclerosis.
AB  - IgA plays an important role in immune-mediated and anti-viral responses, and is
      the major antibody in external mucosal secretions. We used enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunoblot to examine IgA in tears and parotid
      saliva of 21 multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and 19 normal controls. No
      significant difference in absolute levels were noted and both groups showed a
      wide range in values. However, 16 of 21 MS patients had detectable changes in
      molecular form of their IgA. Monomeric IgA was found in 52% of MS tears (P less
      than 0.001) and 45% of MS parotid saliva (P less than 0.05). Among normals,
      monomeric IgA was noted in only two saliva samples. IgA in secretions consisted
      of both A1 and A2 subclasses, although 14% of the monomeric MS IgA samples were
      restricted to a single subclass. Free secretory component was found in the
      secretions of all subjects with the exception of a single MS patient. However,
      immunoblot staining of secretory component was decreased in MS patients compared
      to controls. This study notes changes in IgA in two distinct external secretions
      in MS patients compared to controls. These changes are consistent with local
      mucosal inflammation. Impaired mucosal barriers have important implications in MS
      with regard to susceptibility to infectious agents, environmental antigen
      processing, and lymphocyte activation.

PMID- 2925845
TI  - Experience in the conservative treatment of congenital clubfoot in newborns and
      infants.
AB  - We studied 323 children with congenital clubfoot from 1970 to 1987. The
      principles of conservative treatment of congenital clubfoot in newborns have
      completely changed since 1973. The present principles we follow are to begin
      treatment immediately after birth; and adduction and varus removal by
      manipulation. In each case, we use a plaster cast, which is changed after a few
      days as long as the foot is limp and well corrigible. The knee is immobilized at
      60 to 70 degrees in a plaster cast. During the manipulations, the surgeon's hand
      presses only the plantar side of the foot. The results can be described as good,
      since in each child we have removed adduction and varus as operation by posterior
      release and Achilles lengthening was necessary in only 50% of the children.

PMID- 2925846
TI  - Critical analysis of results in club feet treated surgically along the Norris
      Carroll approach: seven years of experience.
AB  - We have used the Norris Carroll approach to the surgical release of resistant
      club feet for the last 7 years. Critical analysis of 33 idiopathic club feet,
      after an average follow-up of 4 years, by clinical and radiological methods
      showed 82% satisfactory results and 18% unsatisfactory. The results indicated a
      trend toward limited plantar flexion in these feet, as well as mild supination
      that disappeared with walking. The advantage of the dual skin incision approach
      is easy access to both plantar medial and posterolateral structures. The
      calcaneocuboid joint is released and emphasis is put on release of the lateral
      tether.

PMID- 2925847
TI  - Reoperation in treatment of clubfoot.
AB  - We evaluated 118 operations (including 57 reoperations) on clubfeet. We concluded
      that relapse is most often the consequence of insufficient primary surgery, and
      the less sufficient the intervention, the more severe the relapse or residual
      deformity. The severity of deformity is determined and shown, first of all, by
      the position of calcaneum. In milder cases, soft tissue operation can prove
      useful, whereas more severe cases require bony intervention as well. The second,
      rarer cause of relapse was the fact that the foot was originally stiff and
      nonreducible. These feet may need multiple reoperations.

PMID- 2925848
TI  - Treatment of resistant idiopathic pes equinovarus: ten-year experience.
AB  - Fifty cases of clubfeet (38 children) were evaluated 10 years after surgery.
      Turco's method was used in 22 cases, while 24 were managed with Achilles tendon
      lengthening and dorsal capsulotomy. After Turco's operation, good results were
      achieved in 69% and the deformity recurred in 31%. In the second group, the
      success rate was 63%. Recurrences are due to insufficient reduction of the
      talocalcaneonavicular joint. The authors conclude that Achilles tendon
      lengthening and posterior capsulotomy should be carried out by age 4 months. If
      by the age of 1 year the foot has not yet assumed its normal position, complete
      operative reduction is recommended. Preliminary results of histochemical studies
      of the peroneal muscles are presented.

PMID- 2925850
TI  - Exaggerated femoral anteversion and acetabular development: experimental study in
      growing dogs.
AB  - Femoral excessive anteversion caused by femoral osteotomy in growing dogs is an
      accurate dynamic model of experimental acetabular dysplasia. Radiographic and CT
      scan examinations were performed throughout the growing period. Evolution showed
      an incomplete femoral detorsion. It induced acetabular developmental modification
      leading to an anterior and superior acetabular dysplasia. At the end of the
      growing period, hips were not dislocated, but signs of femoral and acetabular
      osteoarthritis were obvious, which shows the importance of mechanical force
      modification in the creation of experimental osteoarthritis. The links between
      hip osteoarthritis and exaggerated femoral anteversion are discussed. Might
      acetabular dysplasia be secondary to femoral anteversion, which could justify a
      corrective osteotomy during childhood? Our experiment leads to a better
      comprehension of this phenomenon.

PMID- 2925849
TI  - Stirrups as an aid in the treatment of congenital dysplasias of the hip in
      children. By Arnold Pavlik, 1950.

PMID- 2925851
TI  - Tibiofibular torsion from the fetal period until birth.
AB  - The anatomic findings of Le Damany and Dupuis are still valuable as a reference.
      However, their measurement of tibial torsion does not correspond to clinical
      conditions. In fact, the torsion of the tibiofibular functional unit corresponds
      to the angle between the transverse axis of the proximal tibial epiphyseal plate
      and the axis through the middle of both malleoli. A comparative morphologic,
      radiologic, computerized axial tomographic and anatomic study performed on 50
      fetuses with this definition has shown different results. Tibiofibular torsion
      was in the clear lateral position from the beginning of the fetal period, with a
      positive gradient at birth.

PMID- 2925852
TI  - Double-elevating osteotomy of tibiae in the treatment of severe cases of Blount's
      disease.
AB  - The results of operative correction of 13 cases of tibia vara in 10 children with
      advanced infantile Blount's disease are presented. All of the children were
      operated by "double-elevating" osteotomy. An essential element of this procedure
      was the reconstruction of the horizontal level of the medial tibial plateau. The
      average follow-up after treatment was 8 years 1 month. We recommend this method
      of osteotomy in cases of considerable depression of the medial tibial condyle
      with the defect of epiphyseal bone and as a bone bridge between the metaphysis
      and the epiphysis.

PMID- 2925853
TI  - Bone formation and remodeling after symmetric and asymmetric physeal distraction.
AB  - Bone formation after symmetric and asymmetric physeal distraction was studied in
      growing sheep. After gradual distraction by external fixation, separation of the
      growth plate occurred. Fluorescence microscopy, microradiography, and
      histomorphometric methods were used to study neometaphysis formation. The bone
      was formed from the inner layer of the periosteum to encircle the distraction
      area, where the osteogenesis occurred according to the collagen bundles. At
      consolidation, the distraction area was composed of lamellar trabecular and
      partly woven bone. The bone trabeculae in the distraction area were thicker than
      in the control radius. After asymmetric physeal distraction, spontaneous
      correction of the formed angulation occurred through remodeling and asymmetric
      physeal growth. Although local physeal changes were noted histologically,
      enchondral growth usually continued after distraction.

PMID- 2925855
TI  - Preoperative intermittent manual traction in congenital dislocation of the hip.
AB  - To avoid prolonged hospitalization and the complications of skin and skeletal
      traction, we have devised a method of intermittent preoperative manual traction
      in the treatment of congenital dislocation of the hip. Of 60 hips that were
      followed for more than 1 year, 88.3% had Class I or Class II results according to
      Severin's criteria. No hip in this series was complicated by avascular necrosis
      of the proximal femoral epiphysis.

PMID- 2925856
TI  - CDH diagnosed at 2 to 12 months of age--treatment and results.
AB  - A treatment program for late-diagnosed CDH included skin traction, arthrography,
      tenotomy of adductor and psoas tendons, and immobilization of the hips in the
      "frog leg" position with a plaster cast for 8-12 weeks, followed by an abduction
      frame until the acetabular dysplasia normalized. Follow-up of 40 children with
      nonteratological CDH performed 2-12 years after diagnosis revealed 38 normal hips
      and 2 patients with coxa magna, one of whom had intermittent hip pain.

PMID- 2925854
TI  - The results of surgical treatment for Perthes' disease.
AB  - We report the clinical and radiological results following intertrochanteric varus
      osteotomy and Chiari pelvic osteotomy for Perthes' disease in 70 hips with a
      minimum follow-up of 3 years. The indication depended on lateralization of the
      epiphysis of the femoral head with or without full containment in the abduction
      radiograph, thickening of the acetabular floor, coxa magna, and osteoarthritis.
      Epiphyseal quotient and sphericity showed that head deformity is mostly
      permanent; the acetabulum-head quotient provided good coverage. Operation in the
      condensation stage achieved far better results than later operations. From these
      and other results, the late and mild occurrence of osteoarthritis can be assumed
      despite deformed femoral head or acetabulum, with full coverage provided.

PMID- 2925857
TI  - Injuries of distal clavicular physis in children.
AB  - We report ten patients (all boys) with distal clavicular physeal injuries. Eighty
      percent of the injuries occurred on the right side. Nine boys were treated
      conservatively, but one required operation. Kirschner wire osteosynthesis was
      performed. Regardless of the type of treatment, all patients healed without
      functional sequelae. In seven of the nine treated conservatively, however, a
      deformity of the injured shoulder resulted. I suggest that in cases of great
      displacement of the central metaphyseal fragment resulting in shortening of the
      clavicle an open reduction with internal fixation is indicated for cosmetic
      reasons.

PMID- 2925858
TI  - New measurement of patellar height in the knees of children using the epiphyseal
      line midpoint.
AB  - The height of the patella was reevaluated by the ratio of the distance from the
      center of the patella to the epiphyseal line midpoint in the proximal tibia (PT)
      to that between the distances of the distal femur and of the proximal tibia (FT)
      on 59 knees of 36 normal children whose ages ranged from 3 to 18 years (average
      10.6 years). The averaged ratio of PT to FT was 1.31 +/- 0.9 at full extension
      and gradually decreased to 0.99 +/- 0.06 at 90 degrees flexion. Changes in value
      were minimal within the range of 0.99-1.20 in the range of knee flexion from 30
      to 90 degrees.

PMID- 2925859
TI  - False-negative magnetic resonance imaging in early stage of Legg-Calve-Perthes
      disease.
AB  - We report a 7-year 6-month-old boy with Legg-Calve-Perthes (LCP) disease in whom
      a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was normal during the early symptomatic phase
      when the 99mTc bone scintigraphy showed segmental hypoperfusion of the femoral
      head suggestive of bone infarction. Only later in the disease did the MRI also
      show the typical changes of LCP. The follow-up on this patient with bilateral
      disease leaves no doubt about the diagnosis of LCP. This sequence of a positive
      scintigram before positive MRI findings may be the exception, but it is important
      to realize that MRI is not always the most sensitive way to diagnose or exclude
      LCP as suggested hitherto by the literature.

PMID- 2925860
TI  - Osteochondral defects of the first metatarsal head in adolescence: a stage in the
      development of hallux rigidus.
AB  - The cases are presented of five adolescents in whom there was an osteochondral
      defect of the first metatarsal head. The significance of this lesion is
      discussed.

PMID- 2925861
TI  - Considerations in the corticosteroid treatment of bone cysts.
AB  - To be effective in treating bone cysts, intracavital injections of
      corticosteroids must be able to run freely over their lining membrane. Free
      movement may be prevented by complete or partial osseous or fibrous septa or by
      the cyst contents. This report illustrates such situations. To solve the problem,
      the interior anatomy of the cyst should be evaluated by a contrast study and
      then, when necessary, several corticosteroid injections should be made in
      different cyst compartments. The volume of corticosteroid should be modified
      according to the size of the cyst.

PMID- 2925863
TI  - Determinants of self-esteem in children with congenital/acquired limb
      deficiencies.
AB  - Social support, family functioning, self-perceptions of appearance, school,
      behavior, athletics, and social competence, as well as daily
      hassles/microstressors, were investigated as determinants of general self-esteem
      in 41 children with congenital/acquired limb deficiencies. Classmate, parent,
      teacher, and friend social support all were significant predictors of self
      esteem. Family conflict and organization were also significantly associated with
      self-esteem, as were microstressors. The overall model of significant predictor
      variables accounted for 66% of the variance in general self-esteem. General self
      esteem also was significantly predictive of depressive symptomatology. The
      findings suggest a number of factors which are potentially modifiable and which
      might enhance general self-esteem in children with visible physical handicaps.

PMID- 2925862
TI  - The awareness of primary physicians of the psychosocial adjustment of children
      with a chronic illness.
AB  - This study compared primary care physicians' ratings of psychosocial adjustment
      of their chronically ill pediatric patients with parents' and children's reports.
      A series of measures of psychosocial adjustment were administered to 63 children
      with either a seizure disorder or a visible orthopedic condition, and their
      parents. Each child's physician was asked to rate the presence and severity of
      psychological adjustment problems in the child, as well as to rate six specific
      psychosocial domains. Forty-one physicians responded, and relationships between
      their ratings and child and parent psychosocial measures were determined using
      Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients. Ratings by physicians correlated
      with children's reports and parents' judgments about the children, but not with
      mothers' self-concept or the impact that the illness had on the family. However,
      physicians' ratings were interdependent. When congruence of physician ratings
      with child or parent reports was examined for each disease group, we found
      significant results for the seizure disorder group; however, congruence among
      ratings for the orthopedically handicapped group was poor. Student's t-tests
      revealed no statistically significant differences between the two disease groups
      in any of the demographic variables of the children or physicians, nor in their
      scores on the criterion measures. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis
      identified factors that contributed to physicians' significantly different
      congruence with parents regarding the adjustment of children in the two
      subsamples. The findings of this study suggested that primary care physicians
      were moderately aware of the presence and severity of psychosocial adjustment
      problems in some categories of their pediatric patients with chronic
      illness.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2925864
TI  - Denver developmental activities: a preliminary report.
AB  - A study was undertaken to develop activity sheets that can be given to parents at
      the time of child health maintenance visits. A series of 200 activities for
      parents to undertake with their children were arranged into 11 age groups and
      four areas: self-care and socialization, speech, small muscle skills, and large
      muscle skills. A national field test involved 53 private and public practices
      already using a parent-answered developmental questionnaire. The practices gave
      the Denver Developmental Activities and survey questionnaires to parents, and
      completed professional survey questionnaires. Fifty-one professional
      questionnaires and 79 parent questionnaires were returned. The professionals
      liked the Activities and did not feel that they slowed their practices. Parents
      found the Activities enjoyable and easy to understand. Less educated parents
      reported that the Activities increased their knowledge and prompted them to
      discuss child development issues with their child's health provider. This survey
      is considered preliminary, since it was limited to health practices already
      manifesting interest in child development, and it is not known what percent of
      parent questionnaires were returned. The latter point precludes one from making
      generalizations to a larger population.

PMID- 2925865
TI  - Prospective evaluation of weight gain in both nonorganic and organic failure-to
      thrive children: an outpatient trial of a multidisciplinary team intervention
      strategy.
AB  - Failure-to-thrive (FTT) is categorized as organic (OFTT) or nonorganic (NFTT).
      Traditionally, it has been taught that children with OFTT are unable to grow well
      in spite of adequate care (calories, nurturance, medical supervision), whereas
      NFTT children will grow well when given adequate care. We undertook this study to
      determine whether NFTT and OFTT children could grow at similar rates when treated
      by a specialized multidisciplinary team that provided concrete, individualized
      therapies including psychosocial support, medical care, and hypercaloric diets.
      Eighty-six children were enrolled on referral to our outpatient FTT consultative
      clinic; 64 had NFTT and 22 had OFTT. Growth quotient analysis was used to
      determine growth outcomes over a 6-month follow-up period. Growth at a rate
      paralleling the growth curve produces a GQ equal to 1. Growth 2 times as rapid as
      expected gives a GQ = 2. Children in both groups grew extremely well. For NFTT,
      GQ = 1.67 +/- 0.56 (SD); for OFTT, GQ = 1.81 +/- 0.37 (SD), p = NS. OFTT children
      grew just as well as NFTT children when given adequate calories for catch-up
      growth. Our data indicate that weight gain alone cannot reliably differentiate
      OFTT from NFTT, as has been traditionally taught. They suggest that we make every
      attempt to maximize caloric intake in FTT children. They also suggest that a
      multidisciplinary team consisting of a pediatrician, child psychiatrist,
      nutritionist, nurse clinician, and social worker may be successful in managing
      FTT children.

PMID- 2925866
TI  - Children who were very low birth weight: development and academic achievement at
      nine years of age.
AB  - Children born at very low birth weights (VLBW) (less than or equal to 1500 g) who
      were beneficiaries of modern neonatal intensive care are reaching middle
      childhood, and their school achievement can be evaluated. We compared 65 9-year
      old children born in 1976, who were very low birth weight and who were free of
      neurological impairment, with 65 children of normal birth weight who had been
      matched for race, sex, age, and social class on measures of IQ, cognitive, visuo
      motor, and fine motor abilities, and academic achievement. VLBW children scored
      significantly lower than controls on the WISC-R, Bender-Gestalt, Purdue Pegboard,
      subtests from the Woodcock Johnson Cognitive Abilities Battery, and reading and
      mathematics (math) achievement. Exploratory analysis of a subset of 43 VLBW and
      matched controls with IQ scores greater than or equal to 85 yielded a similar
      trend, except that, on achievement tests, differences were significant only in
      math. Further analyses revealed that the differential in math achievement between
      VLBW and control children is not fully attributable to differences in IQ.

PMID- 2925867
TI  - Stability of systolic blood pressure reactivity to exercise in young children.
AB  - Blood pressure reactivity to stress in childhood has predicted development of
      hypertension 45 years later, so it is important to understand the characteristics
      of blood pressure reactivity in childhood. The present study assessed the 1-week
      and 6-month stability of systolic blood pressure reactivity to a 40-meter run
      stressor in preschool children. Sixty-three low-income children (mean age, 3.9
      years) were assessed on four different days over a 6-month period. One-week
      stability (r = 0.39 to 0.50) and 6-month stability (r = 0.56) of reactive
      systolic blood pressure levels were highly significant. Reactive systolic blood
      pressure level was more stable than resting systolic or diastolic blood pressure
      in this sample. Sex, body mass index, family cardiovascular disease history, and
      child Type A behavior all were unrelated to systolic blood pressure reactivity.
      Systolic blood pressure reactivity to exercise appears to be an enduring
      characteristic that emerges in early childhood.

PMID- 2925868
TI  - Some thoughts on the value of infant tests for assessing and predicting mental
      ability.

PMID- 2925869
TI  - Psychological impact of home apnea monitoring: temporal effects, family
      resources, and maternal coping style.
AB  - Mothers of 30 infants who had experienced an emergency apnea episode and were
      placed on a home apnea monitor were studied longitudinally, using measures of
      mood disturbance (anxiety, depression, hostility, fatigue, vigor and confusion).
      Mothers were assessed at the time of hospitalization immediately following the
      apnea episode, after approximately one month of home monitoring, and after three
      months of home monitoring. Measures of family resources, health locus of control,
      and coping style, involving preference for information under situations of
      threat, were obtained as predictor variables. A high level of mood disturbance
      was seen initially, but this was transient, diminishing significantly after the
      first month of monitoring. Level of family resources was highly predictive of
      mood disturbance throughout the study period, while health locus of control
      beliefs were predictive of changes in mood disturbance over time. These findings
      suggest a means for identifying families at higher risk for maladaptive
      responses, and in need of more intensive psychosocial support.

PMID- 2925870
TI  - Learning disability in adults: a comparison of two indices of differential
      cognitive impairment derived from the Wechsler scales.
AB  - Two indices descriptive of patterns of differential cognitive impairment have
      been derived from principal component analyses of the normative data of the
      Wechsler scales for adults (WAIS-R) and children (WISC-R), respectively. The
      former index is sensitive to the test-specific cognitive effects of unilateral
      cerebral damage in adults. The latter accurately describes the pattern of subtest
      scores produced by learning-disabled children. The present study reviews the
      available WAIS and WAIS-R data from adults with learning disability in order to
      determine which of these two indices more precisely delineates their pattern of
      test performance; the index derived from the children's test appears to be the
      one best able to do so.

PMID- 2925871
TI  - A comparison of Turkish and Anglo-American normative data on the Wechsler Memory
      Scale.
AB  - This study compared the performance of 200 Turkish adults, divided by educational
      status and age (20-39; 40-59), with published data based upon similar-aged
      American and British normative samples. Results highlighted the major influence
      of educational background in determining performance on the WMS and the
      implications of this effect in interpreting normative performance.

PMID- 2925872
TI  - Generalizability of WAIS-R factor structure within and between populations.
AB  - We investigated the reliability of the factor structure of the Wechsler Adult
      Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R). The WAIS-R subtests, as administered to 146
      head-injured males, were factor analyzed. Two- and three-factor solutions were
      extracted that were consistent with past findings. Congruence coefficients were
      computed to determine degree of association between factor structures from all
      samples reported in the literature. All coefficients were impressive. Also,
      congruence coefficients based on factor structures derived from different samples
      within the same population were compared to coefficients based on different
      samples from different populations. No significant discrepancies emerged.
      Apparently, the slight factor structure variation that does exist is due to
      chance data fluctuation rather than to systematic population bias. This reflects
      well on the robustness of the WAIS-R factor structure.

PMID- 2925873
TI  - Effects of therapist title on competence as perceived by a psychiatric sample.
AB  - A study was conducted on how perceptions of a therapist's competence are affected
      by the therapist's title. Psychiatric inpatients (58 males and 24 females) viewed
      one of four copies of a videotaped session of the interaction between a male
      therapist and a male client. One tape described the therapist as "Doctor," one
      tape described him as "Mister," one by his first name, and one with no name or
      title. The therapist was rated by the patients on 11 qualities related to
      competence. Of 11 analyses, 1 title effect was found, and females rated the
      therapist higher on two qualities. Overall, 9 of the qualities showed no effect
      for title or for ratings by gender.

PMID- 2925874
TI  - Effects of mood induction on ratings of self and experimenter.
AB  - The relationship between depressed mood and subject's trait ratings of self and
      experimenter was examined. Mood was induced by having subjects (N = 31) view a
      depressing or control film. Subjects then rated themselves and the experimenter
      on personality traits related to supportiveness and general ability. Measurement
      of subject's mood indicated that the mood induction was effective. "Depressed"
      individuals rated themselves more negatively on the combined personality traits
      than did controls. "Depressed" individuals rated the experimenter more negatively
      for supportiveness traits, but slightly more positively for general ability
      traits than did control subjects. Results are discussed in terms of research on
      the effects of depression on self-devaluation and support seeking.

PMID- 2925875
TI  - Identity integration and ego pathology in disturbed adolescents.
AB  - Utilizing the Rorschach and the Wechsler, groups of borderline adolescents (n =
      26) and adolescents with other personality disorders (n = 26) were compared to
      determine whether there were differences in magnitude and type of disturbances in
      ego functioning. The specific aspects of ego functioning that were studied
      included disturbances in identity integration, reliance on primitive defensive
      operations, vulnerability to regressive thinking, and lapses in reality
      appreciation. Results indicated that during adolescence the borderline
      personality represents a more severe form of character pathology than other
      personality disorders, as revealed by more disturbances in identity integration,
      a greater regression to primary-process thinking in unstructured settings, and
      more frequent lapses in reality testing. This contrast was most striking in the
      area of identity integration, where identity disturbances tended to be associated
      with lapses in reality testing in borderline adolescents, while there was
      essentially no relationship between these two indicators of ego pathology in non
      borderline adolescents. This supports the notion that disturbances in identity
      integration, or the sense of self, form an important part of the borderline
      diagnosis, even during adolescence.

PMID- 2925876
TI  - Cluster analytically derived MMPI profile subgroups of incarcerated adult
      rapists.
AB  - Sex offenders are known to be heterogeneous in their patterns of personality
      functioning and behavior. The present study conducted a multivariate cluster
      analysis on the MMPIs of 120 incarcerated adult male rapists. The analysis
      resulted in the identification of five MMPI profile subgroups. Additional
      differences among subgroups were identified in the circumstances of the crime and
      responses to the Multiphasic Sex Inventory. Levels of psychopathology, as
      indicated by the MMPI, ranged from slight to extreme. Results are discussed with
      reference to previous MMPI research with sex offenders. Suggestions for future
      research are offered.

PMID- 2925877
TI  - Normative data on the Kagan Matching Familiar Figures test for adult male
      incarcerates.
AB  - This study presents normative data on the Kagan Matching Familiar Figures test, a
      measure of impulsivity/reflection, for 200 adult male incarcerates (108 Black, 92
      White) in a state correctional system. Also presented are t-tests between groups
      and correlations between the MFF and a series of demographic and test measures.
      Low, significant correlations were found between the MFF scores (time, number
      correct) and race, IQ, education, and reading levels. A comparison with college
      male and female norms is provided. The value and use of the MFF as a measure of
      cognitive style are discussed.

PMID- 2925878
TI  - Personality and symptom characteristics of continuous vs. episodic drinkers.
AB  - This study was designed to identify clinically meaningful differences between
      Continuous and Episodic Drinkers who were entering inpatient treatment on the
      basis of demographic, social functioning, and drinking information, as well as
      scores based on an intake administration of the Millon Clinical Multiaxial
      Inventory. A discriminant analysis correctly classified 79% of patients into
      Continuous and Episodic Drinking groups. Variables that had both interpretable
      loadings on the discriminant function and scores that were associated positively
      with membership in the Continuous Drinking group include the Psychotic Thinking,
      Passive-Aggressive, Avoidant, and Psychotic Depression scales of the MCMI and a
      questionnaire item, "Drinking helps me to work better." In contrast, scores on
      the Conforming-Compulsive scale of the MCMI were associated positively with
      membership in the Episodic Drinking group.

PMID- 2925879
TI  - Antecedents of gregarious alcoholism: an a priori model.
AB  - Path analysis procedures were used to test a causal model that concerns possible
      antecedent conditions in relation to gregarious drinking patterns. Selected
      scales from The California Psychological Inventory (CPI) and The Alcohol Use
      Inventory (AUI) constituted the assessments. The model was partially corroborated
      with reference to a group of 40 alcoholics (32 males; 8 females; M age = 33) in
      an outpatient treatment setting. The presumed causal variables accounted for 26%
      of the variance in self-reported gregarious drinking. Support was obtained for
      the assumption that certain interpersonal deficiencies may combine with beliefs
      in social benefits via alcohol usage to produce gregarious alcoholism.

PMID- 2925880
TI  - Attitudes of clinical psychologists toward the social relevancy of clinical
      psychology.
AB  - Perceptions and attitudes of academic and applied clinical psychologists with
      regard to social psychology and several aspects of clinical psychology were
      compared, as were possible changes in perceptions over a 15-year period. Theory,
      research, and practice generally were seen as more relevant in 1984 than in 1969,
      particularly among the applied respondents. However, many of the academic and
      applied respondents continue to believe that the work in these areas is not
      highly socially relevant.

PMID- 2925881
TI  - Anxiety in medical situations: adult cancer patients.
AB  - Anxiety associated with medical situations was studied in a heterogeneous sample
      of 320 adult cancer patients. Patients completed the Cancer Inventory of Problem
      Situations, which identifies anxiety in a variety of medical situations. On the
      average, 44% of patients reported some anxiety in medical situations; 23%
      reported significant anxiety. Anxiety was somewhat situation dependent. Females
      were more likely to report anxiety and with greater intensity than males in
      situations such as watching other patients receive treatments, waiting to see the
      doctor, waiting to find out the results of tests, going to the hospital, and
      receiving chemotherapy. Multiple regression techniques were used to identify the
      correlates of anxiety. Age, sex, problems communicating with the health team, and
      global adjustment to the illness all accounted for a significant amount of the
      variance. The results suggest important areas for mental health professionals to
      be involved in the care of individuals with cancer if comprehensive care is to be
      provided.

PMID- 2925882
TI  - Dimensions of coping that contribute to psychopathology.
AB  - In an attempt to clarify the components of coping that relate to psychopathology,
      this study evaluated the simultaneous contribution of coping ability and coping
      actually executed, as well as the independent contribution of each, to
      psychopathology. Ninety female college students served as the primary sample,
      while an additional sample of 90 female college students served as the cross
      validation sample. Each subject completed the MMPI and two versions of the Ways
      of Coping Checklist. Findings suggest that, while coping actually executed and
      coping ability show substantial overlap, both components of coping independently
      contribute unique variance to psychopathology. Implications for coping research
      and theory are discussed.

PMID- 2925883
TI  - IQ as a prognostic indicator in adult psychiatric first-admissions.
AB  - This study used IQ, along with measures of premorbid adjustment, health-sickness,
      symptom level, diagnostic severity and demographic data, to predict to 2-year
      outcome measures of level of functioning, health-sickness, and symptoms for a
      sample of 145 adult psychiatric first-admissions. It was hypothesized that IQ as
      an indicator of cognitive ability, or of general ability to adapt, would predict
      positively to improvement over the 2-year period. Data analysis was conducted
      with bivariate correlations and multiple regressions, using both absolute-level
      and residualized outcome variables. IQ showed modest, significant relationships
      with all absolute outcome indices and six of seven residualized measures,
      especially for a subsample of those with non-average IQ scores. Regressions
      showed that IQ provided independent prediction of symptom outcomes.

PMID- 2925884
TI  - Self-reported depressive symptomatology, mood ratings, and treatment outcome in
      sleep disorders patients.
AB  - Based on self-rating questionnaire evaluation of symptoms of major affective
      disorder, 67% of patients who presented to a major sleep disorders center
      reported an episode of depression within the previous 5 years, and 26% described
      themselves as depressed at presentation. Furthermore, patients with sleep apnea,
      narcolepsy, or sleep-related periodic leg movements all averaged high rates of
      self-reported depressive symptomatology, which suggests that sleep disorders
      should be considered in the differential diagnosis of affective disorders, and
      vice versa. Change scores on the Profile of Mood States were obtained for four
      subgroups of patients who were undergoing conventional treatment. Significant
      improvement in scores was observed in obstructive sleep apneics treated
      surgically and in patients with sleep-related periodic leg movements placed on
      clonazepam, but not in narcoleptics placed on a stimulant or in insomniacs with
      chronic use of sedative-hypnotic drugs who were withdrawn from sleep medications.
      Differential improvement in POMS scores after treatment for different sleep
      disorders could mean that the relationship to mood disturbance differs for
      different sleep disorders.

PMID- 2925886
TI  - Factor structure of a brief symptom checklist for acute psychiatric inpatients.
AB  - A 36-item symptom checklist (the HSCL-36) was assembled and assessed based on
      previous factor-analytic research with the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-90 (HSCL
      90), which had focused on outpatients. Acute psychiatric inpatients (N = 243)
      completed the HSCL-36 after admission to a university hospital. The responses
      were factor analyzed using a principal axis extraction. Varimax rotation yielded
      six interpretable factors, for which factor-based subscales were derived. Five of
      the six subscales were found to be reliable using coefficient alpha. Results are
      compared with studies that used self-report symptom checklists with outpatients.
      Future directions for research are discussed.

PMID- 2925885
TI  - Relationship of body-image distortion to sex-role identifications, irrational
      cognitions, and body weight in eating-disordered females.
AB  - Thirty-one eating-disordered (ED) women and 11 normal women completed tests of
      sex-role identity, dysfunctional cognitions, and body image. Anorexics, not
      bulimics, exhibited body-image distortion. All EDs (distorters and nondistorters)
      showed "hyperfeminine" identifications. Maladaptive cognitions were present in
      all EDs, but more marked in "overestimators." Body weight predicted BID better
      than other measures of eating pathology, which suggests important effects of
      weight per se in producing BID.

PMID- 2925887
TI  - Civilian-related post-traumatic stress disorder: assessment-related issues.
AB  - The psychological characteristics of civilians (N = 26) with a post-traumatic
      stress disorder (PTSD) were investigated in order to determine whether the
      assessment and diagnostic decision rules developed using the MMPI with combat
      related PTSD apply to civilian-related PTSD. The results indicate that there are
      substantial differences between the two PTSD populations and that further
      research is warranted to delineate other qualitative and quantitative aspects.

PMID- 2925888
TI  - Psychometric detection of fabricated symptoms of combat-related post-traumatic
      stress disorder: a systematic replication.
AB  - Vietnam veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder (n = 11) and two other
      groups of Vietnam veterans (n = 24) instructed to fabricate symptoms of post
      traumatic stress disorder completed the MMPI. A discriminant function analysis
      that used scale F and the post-traumatic stress disorder subscale correctly
      classified 91% of the subjects. This systematic replication supports the utility
      of the MMPI as a component in evaluating the validity of self-reported symptoms
      of post-traumatic stress disorder in Vietnam veterans.

PMID- 2925889
TI  - The MCMI-II as a treatment outcome measure for psychiatric inpatients.
AB  - Recently, the MCMI-II (Millon, 1987) has been introduced as a successor to the
      MCMI-I (Millon, 1983). This study evaluated the MCMI-II as a treatment outcome
      measure for psychiatric inpatients. Ninety-eight patients were tested at
      admission and discharge with the MCMI-II. Changes in mean MCMI-II scores on the
      basic and pathological personality scales, as well as the moderate and severe
      symptom scales, were generally congruent with findings from a previous outcome
      study with the MCMI-I (Piersma, 1986a). However, several differences between the
      MCMI-II and MCMI-I were noted, which suggests that the MCMI-II will need to be
      cross-validated as an instrument distinct from the MCMI-I.

PMID- 2925890
TI  - Relative efficacy of the Sc-O, P-O, P-N, and Sc MMPI scales in differentiating
      brain-damaged, brain-damaged schizophrenic, schizophrenic, and somatoform
      disorders in an outpatient setting.
AB  - This study examined the efficacy of the Schizophrenic-Organicity (Sc-O),
      Psychiatric-Organic (P-O), the Pseudo-Neurological (P-N), and the Schizophrenia
      (Sc) MMPI subscales in differentiating the following four groups of outpatients:
      brain-damaged (n = 35), brain-damaged schizophrenics (n = 10), non-brain-damaged
      schizophrenics (n = 15), and somatoform disorders (n = 45). Both unmatched and
      matched samples were used in the analysis, and cut-off scores were obtained. In
      an unmatched sample, results suggested that the Sc scale was useful in
      differentiating brain-damaged schizophrenics from brain-damaged and somatoform
      disorders. With matched samples, the Sc differentiated brain-damaged
      schizophrenics well from other clinical groups, while the P-O scale
      differentiated the non-brain-damaged schizophrenics from brain-damaged and
      somatoform disorders. Furthermore, the P-N scale discriminated brain-damaged
      schizophrenics from non-brain-damaged schizophrenics, while the Sc-O scale was no
      longer significant. Results suggest that caution should be used in generalizing
      from previous studies (which used inpatient samples) to outpatient populations.

PMID- 2925891
TI  - Age changes in axon number along the cervical ventral spinal nerve roots in rats.
AB  - Axon counts were made at two standardised levels of C7 ventral spinal nerve roots
      from 46 female rats representing nine ages between birth and 500 days. The
      objective was to provide a definitive account of proximodistal changes in axon
      numbers and of age changes in axon numbers both during postnatal development and
      at several stages during maturity. At each age there is a proximodistal increase
      in the numbers of axons in all categories examined (myelinated, promyelin,
      transitional, and fetal) between levels midway along the subarachnoid course of
      the root and where it is apposed to but separate from the dorsal root ganglion.
      During maturation and throughout maturity axon totals change similarly at both
      levels: After a slight increase immediately postnatum, they decline sharply
      between 4 and 20 days due to a marked loss of unmyelinated axons. A gradual
      decline in myelinated axon numbers continues to 500 days. While these changes are
      occurring, axon numbers in all categories show a proximodistal increase
      throughout. The magnitude of this increase lessens with age for all but the
      transitional category due to a preferential decrease in numbers distally. Though
      these observations do not differentiate between axon branching and looping of
      sensory axons into the ventral root as a cause of the proximodistal increase in
      numbers, they tend to support the former. At each age during maturation axon
      proportions at proximal and distal levels correspond well for each animal,
      indicating that axon segregation proceeds at related rates within each root. Age
      changes in axon proportions within the transitional and fetal categories indicate
      that the postnatal stage of axon segregation results from axon loss, rather than
      Schwann cell proliferation.

PMID- 2925892
TI  - Calcium-binding protein (calbindin-D28k) and parvalbumin immunocytochemistry:
      localization in the rat hippocampus with specific reference to the selective
      vulnerability of hippocampal neurons to seizure activity.
AB  - Two neuronal calcium-binding proteins, calbindin-D28k (CaBP) and parvalbumin
      (PV), were localized in the normal rat hippocampus by using immunocytochemical
      methods to determine 1) their location and 2) whether a correlation exists
      between the presence of these two calcium-binding proteins and the selective
      vulnerability of different hippocampal neuronal populations to experimental
      seizure activity. CaBP-like immunoreactivity (CaBP-LI) is present in all dentate
      granule cells and some, but not all, CA1 and CA2 pyramidal cells. Some CA1
      pyramidal cells lack CaBP-LI, and those that do are lightly stained compared to
      the dentate granule cells. CA3 pyramidal cells appear to contain neither CaBP-
      nor PV-LI, and no granule or pyramidal cells exhibit PV-LI. CaBP-LI is present in
      distinct populations of dentate and hippocampal interneurons but absent from
      others. In area dentata, CaBP-LI is present in a small number of interneurons of
      the molecular and granule cell layers and in a small population of presumed
      basket cells in or below the granule cell layer. Conversely, more presumed
      dentate basket cells exhibit PV-LI than CaBP-LI. In the hilus of area dentata,
      few cells are CaBP- or PV-immunoreactive. The hilar somatostatin/neuropeptide Y
      (NPY)-immunoreactive cells and hilar mossy cells, two distinct and large
      populations, lack CaBP- and PV-LI. In the CA3 region, CaBP-LI is present in a
      relatively small number of interneurons in each stratum. PV-immunoreactive
      interneurons in area CA3 are more numerous. In area CA1, CaBP-LI is present in
      many interneurons in strata radiatum and lacunosum-moleculare. Some, but
      relatively fewer, CaBP-positive interneurons are present in strata pyramidale and
      oriens. Conversely, PV-immunoreactive interneurons are numerous in strata
      pyramidale and oriens but rare in strata radiatum and lacunosum-moleculare.
      Staining with the particulate chromagen benzidine hydrochloride revealed a
      previously undescribed dense band of CaBP-LI in the inner dentate molecular
      layer, a lamina enriched with kainate-displaceable glutamate-binding sites and
      innervated by the apparently excitatory ipsilateral associational/commissural
      (IAC) pathway that originates in the CaBP-negative hilar mossy cells. Bilateral
      electrical stimulation of the perforant path was performed in order to destroy
      the hilar mossy cells and to determine if this band of CaBP-LI is normally
      present within the mossy cell terminals. Perforant path stimulation that
      destroyed hilar mossy cells throughout the dorsal portions of both hippocampi did
      not abolish the dense CaBP-like immunoreactivity in the inner molecular layer.

PMID- 2925893
TI  - Forms and measures of adult and developing human corpus callosum: is there sexual
      dimorphism?
AB  - The sexual dimorphism of the human corpus callosum (CC) is currently
      controversial, possibly because of difficulties in morphometric analysis. We have
      reinvestigated the issue by using morphometric techniques specially designed to
      yield objective measurements of CC size and shape. The development of the CC was
      studied with similar techniques in order to investigate whether its final shape
      and size might be influenced by axonal elimination, as could be expected from
      previous animal studies. We have measured the CCs of 32 men and 26 women; 27 male
      and 19 female CCs were from brain tissue, the others were from magnetic resonance
      imaging graphs. Women tended to have 1) a smaller cross-sectional callosal area
      (CCA); 2) a larger fraction of CCA in the posterior fifth of the CC; 3) more
      slender CCs; and 4) more bulbous splenia. These differences could not be detected
      by simple inspection but were demonstrated by measurement and statistical
      analysis. However, CCA was correlated with the other sexually dimorphic
      parameters, and the sex-related differences in the latter became nonsignificant
      when variations in CCA were factored out or when male and female populations with
      similar CCA were compared. In addition, we analyzed CCs of 16 male and 16 female
      fetuses and of 13 male and 15 female infants and children. This sample ranged in
      age between 20 weeks of gestation and 14 years but covered in detail the period
      up to 14 months after birth. CCA increased throughout the latter period but
      decreased slightly between about 33 weeks of gestation and the beginning of the
      second postnatal mouth. This decrease coincided with thinning of the CC and a
      marked increase in bulbosity of the splenium. No sexual dimorphism could be
      demonstrated until the beginning of the postnatal period. In the age group
      between birth (at term) and the 14th month, CCA was, as in the adult, larger in
      males. Unlike in the adults, the CC was longer in males and the bulbosity index
      was the same in the two sexes. Axonal elimination may play a role in the
      perinatal pause in CCA growth and in the concomitant changes in callosal shape.

PMID- 2925894
TI  - Organization of the GABAergic system in the rat hippocampal formation: a
      quantitative immunocytochemical study.
AB  - Specific antibodies against gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamic acid
      decarboxylase (GAD) were used to study the organization of the GABAergic system
      in the rat hippocampal formation. Both the number of GABA-like-immunoreactive
      (Li) somata and neuropil density were assessed in semithin sections. Cell counts
      revealed that approximately 11% of the hippocampal neuronal population showed
      GABA-Li within the various planes of section. Each layer in the hippocampal
      formation had a characteristic organization of GABA-Li elements. In Ammon's horn,
      80-95% of the neuronal somata within the apical and basal dendritic regions were
      GABA-Li positive. Within the pyramidal cell layer 5-8% of the cells were GABA-Li
      in the CA1 to CA3 subfields of Ammon's horn and only 3% were GABA-Li within that
      portion of the pyramidal cell layer that inserts into the hilus. Only slight
      differences in the density of the GABA-Li neuropil were observed within the CA1
      CA3 dendritic regions. Restricted to the stratum lucidum was a dense band of GABA
      Li label. Counts of immunoreactive grains localized on the perimeter of pyramidal
      (CA1-CA3) and granule somata revealed more terminal boutons on the CA3 cells than
      on CA1 and granule neuronal somata. A topographical distribution of GABA-Li
      somata and neuropil was found in the fascia dentata: There the label particularly
      concerned its suprapyramidal and rostrolateral portions. Approximately 40% of
      neurons in the molecular layer, 60% in the polymorph layer, and 18% within the
      hilar region were GABA-Li. Within the granule cell layer only 2% of the neurons
      were GABA-Li positive. Distinct differences in the density of the GABA-Li
      neuropil were present in the molecular, pericellular granular, and hilar regions
      of the fascia dentata. While the morphology of GABA-Li neuronal somata varied
      according to their hippocampal layer, the most heterogeneous cell types were
      found in the regio inferior of the hippocampus. There we have identified neurons
      that are reminiscent of the inferior region interneuron described in Golgi
      material by Amaral and Woodward (Brain Res. 124:225-236, '77). Moreover,
      particularly in the sagittal plane, we have identified oval, triangular, and
      round cells and that have processes oriented in a parallel arrangement, appearing
      to be aligned along the granule cell mossy fibers.

PMID- 2925895
TI  - Development of the thalamocortical system: transient-crossed projections to the
      frontal cortex in neonatal rats.
AB  - The developmental remodeling of thalamic projections to frontal and prefrontal
      cortical fields was investigated in the rat by using a double retrograde tracing
      technique. Bilateral cortical injections of fluorescent tracers were made either
      in neonatal (first or second postnatal day) or in adult animals. In neonates, the
      cell populations retrogradely labeled from each cortical injection overlapped in
      a medial thalamic region that included the midline nuclei and the medial part of
      the mediodorsal nucleus, ventral medial nucleus, and nucleus gelatinosus. In
      adults, the overlap region was confined within the boundaries of the midline
      nuclei. Quantitative analysis showed that this overlap area was three times as
      wide in neonates as in adults. The neurons located in this region projected
      unilaterally both in neonatal and adult animals; bilaterally projecting cells
      were virtually absent. In neonates, a second set of contralaterally projecting
      neurons was found in more lateral thalamic regions. This population consisted of
      cell clusters in the dorsal part of the central lateral nucleus and in the
      lateral part of the ventral medial nucleus; scattered cells were also observed
      throughout other nuclei. This second cell population was represented in part by
      neurons bifurcating bilaterally. In adult animals, neurons projecting
      contralaterally were observed only occasionally in the lateral thalamus. The
      present results demonstrate that the bilaterality of thalamocortical projections
      undergoes a reduction during postnatal development. The mechanisms underlying
      this remodeling and the possible functional role of the transient-crossed
      thalamocortical system are discussed.

PMID- 2925896
TI  - Serotoninergic neurons in the mormyrid brain and their projection to the
      preelectromotor and primary electrosensory centers: immunohistochemical study.
AB  - Serotonin-containing neurons in the brain of the weak-electric fish Gnathonemus
      petersii (mormyridae, teleostei) were studied with the aid of immunohistochemical
      labeling. Study of the central serotoninergic innervation was focused on the
      structures subserving the command of the electric organ and the first central
      relay of the electrosensory system. In the midline raphe nuclei, serotoninergic
      neurons formed a column that stretched from the ventral caudal medulla to the
      dorsal midbrain, ending caudal to the cerebellar peduncle. In the dorsal
      tegmentum, serotoninergic neurons were found bilaterally at the anterior margin
      of the decussation of the lateral lemniscus. Labeled neurons were also present
      bilaterally immediately anterior to the cerebellar peduncle and also in the
      pretectal region. In the hypothalamus, many serotoninergic neurons were in
      contact with the ventricular wall, and a few were present in the preoptic area.
      This distribution of serotoninergic cell bodies showed many similarities to that
      in other fish and higher vertebrates but lacked the lateral spread of the
      serotoninergic raphe system found in the midbrain tegmentum in mammals. Labeled
      fibers were found in both the preelectromotor medullary relay nucleus and the
      electromotor command nucleus. These serotoninergic projections were traced to the
      posterior raphe. Serotoninergic fibers also formed a dense network in the cortex
      and in the nucleus of the electrosensory lobe, both of which receive primary
      input from electroreceptors. These results suggest that serotonin may have a role
      in the modulation of the intrinsic, rhythmic electromotor command and in the
      gating of electrosensory input.

PMID- 2925897
TI  - Cell production in the chicken cochlea.
AB  - In the chicken cochlea, the structural features of the cilia bundles of
      individual hair cells vary systematically along the length of the sensory
      epithelium. As a first approach to understanding the developmental mechanisms
      that underlie this precise arrangement of structurally distinct hair cells, the
      spatiotemporal pattern of the terminal mitoses of their precursor cells was
      investigated by administering 3H-thymidine, a radioactive precursor to DNA. This
      demonstrated that the first hair cells were produced during the sixth day of
      incubation and formed a longitudinal band that extended along most of the length
      of the sensory epithelium. The epithelium grew further through appositional
      addition of hair cells at the edges of this first band of cells, and the hair
      cell addition process expanded into the surrounding areas during the next 3 days.
      By the ninth day of incubation all the hair cells in the sensory epithelium
      except for those at the peripheral edges in the distal (apex) portion had been
      produced through terminal mitoses. Our results have demonstrated that hair cells
      that have similar stereocilia phenotypes do not all leave the mitotic cycle at
      the same time.

PMID- 2925898
TI  - Endogenous opioid systems and the regulation of dendritic growth and spine
      formation.
AB  - The role of endogenous opioid systems (endogenous opioids and opioid receptors)
      in neuronal development was examined in 10- and 21-day-old rats by utilizing an
      opioid antagonist (naltrexone) paradigm. Throughout the first 3 weeks of life,
      Sprague-Dawley rats were given daily subcutaneous injections of either 50 mg/kg
      naltrexone, a dosage that invoked a complete (24 hours/day) receptor blockade, or
      1 mg/kg naltrexone, a dosage which intermittently blocked (4-6 hours/day) opioid
      receptors and exacerbated opioid action; animals injected with sterile water
      served as controls. Pyramidal cells from the frontoparietal cortex (layer III)
      and hippocampal field CA1, and cerebellar Purkinje cells, were impregnated by
      using the Golgi-Kopsch method; total and mean dendrite segment length, branch
      frequency, and spine concentration were analyzed morphometrically. Perturbations
      of endogenous opioid systems caused region-dependent alterations in dendrite
      complexity and/or spine concentration in all brain areas. Continuous opioid
      receptor blockade resulted in dramatic increases in dendrite and/or spine
      elaboration compared to controls at 10 days in all brain regions; however, these
      increases were only evident in the hippocampus at 21 days. With intermittent
      blockade, dendrite and/or spine growth were often subnormal, being predominant at
      day 21. Our results indicate that endogenous opioid systems are critical
      regulators of neuronal differentiation, and they control growth through an
      inhibitory mechanism. Considering previous findings demonstrating that
      neurobehavioral ontogeny is dependent on endogenous opioid-opioid receptor
      interactions, the present results suggest an opioid-dependent, structure-function
      relationship between neuronal and behavioral maturation.

PMID- 2925899
TI  - Modification of left-right pairing during the development of individual crest
      synapses in the rat interpeduncular nucleus.
AB  - The synaptic organization of the rat interpeduncular nucleus is highly ordered in
      the normal adult. By 90 days of age, 90% of crest synapses in its intermediate
      subnuclei are formed by two cholinergic endings, one from each medial habenula.
      Stereological calculation of the number of crest synapses per intermediate
      subnucleus, based on total samples of crest synapses in 3-4 sections through the
      subnucleus, allows comparisons of afferent pairing among ages without
      interference by other developmental changes. Between 21 and 90 days of age, the
      total number of crest synapses per intermediate subnucleus increases tenfold (p
      less than 10(-8], from 90,000 at 21 days of age, through 130,000 at 28 days,
      440,000 at 45 days, to 1,000,000 at 90 days. The volume of the intermediate
      subnucleus increases fivefold during the same interval. Electron microscopic
      degeneration was used to estimate the pairing of left and right habenula
      afferents at crest synapses at the same ages. Through 21 days of age, only one
      third of crest synapses are formed with pairing of one left and one right medial
      habenula afferent, whereas two-third have both afferent endings arising from the
      same medial habenula. At 28 days of age left-right pairing has increased to 43%,
      and at 45 days of age 53%, or 240,000, are so paired. The number of same-side
      paired crest synapses at 45 days, 210,000, is 3.5 times the number so paired at
      21 days (p = .003). This indicates continued formation of considerable numbers of
      crest synapses with this transient mode of airing as late as 45 days of
      age.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2925900
TI  - Bouton ultrastructure and synaptic growth in a frog autonomic ganglion.
AB  - Postmetamorphic growth in the frog, Xenopus laevis, is accompanied by an increase
      both in the size of autonomic neurons in the heart and in the number of synaptic
      boutons that contact their surface. To determine whether the properties of
      individual boutons change as their number increases, serial-section electron
      microscopy was used to examine bouton ultrastructure at the end of metamorphosis
      and in the adult. The area of bouton contact, number of active zones per bouton,
      active zone size, percent of bouton area occupied by active zone, and vesicle
      density were examined. No differences were found between the two bouton
      populations for any of the parameters examined. These results support the
      hypothesis that boutons are structural units of synaptic growth, whereby the
      total area of synaptic contact increases through the addition of boutons without
      a change in their morphological properties.

PMID- 2925901
TI  - Immunocytochemical investigation of L-glutamic acid decarboxylase in the rat
      hippocampal formation: the influence of transient cerebral ischemia.
AB  - The hippocampus is especially vulnerable to ischemic damage. Neurons in the CA3c
      region and dentate hilus demonstrate fast progressive damage while CA1 pyramidal
      cells demonstrate delayed neuronal damage. The delayed CA1 pyramidal cell loss
      could be caused by postischemic neuronal hyperactivity if hippocampal
      interneurons are lost after ischemia. Therefore we have counted the L-glutamic
      acid decarboxylase (GAD)-immunoreactive neurons in the hippocampus from control
      rats and rats surviving 4 or 11 days after 20 minutes of cerebral ischemia. All
      rats were injected intraventricularly with colchicine before they were killed.
      The hippocampal cell counts showed an increase in GAD-immunoreactive somata
      visualized on the fourth postischemic day. Eleven days after ischemia, the number
      of GAD-immunoreactive neurons visualized in the hippocampus CA1 and CA3c region
      decreased. GAD-immunoreactive baskets were visualized in the pyramidal cell layer
      and the granule cell layer in controls and 4 days after ischemia, but not in the
      CA1 and CA3c pyramidal cell layer 11 days after ischemia. We suggest the number
      of GAD-immunoreactive neurons visualized on the fourth postischemic day increases
      because somatal GAD accumulation increases and, therefore, ischemia may enhance
      GAD production. Our previous counts of CA1 interneurons 21 days after ischemia in
      toluidine-stained semithin sections demonstrated no interneuron loss. Therefore
      we suggest that the decreased number of CA1 and CA3c GAD-immunoreactive neurons
      visualized 11 days after ischemia is related to a decreased GAD production. It is
      possible at this stage after ischemia that the interneurons have decreased their
      GAD production because they have lost their input and/or target cells. We
      conclude that our counts of GAD-immunoreactive neurons visualized after ischemia
      express changes in the content of somatal GAD rather than the actual number of
      GAD-immunoreactive somata. Finally, we conclude that the delayed loss of CA1
      pyramidal cells seen 4 days after ischemia is not preceded by loss of hippocampal
      GAD-immunoreactive neurons.

PMID- 2925902
TI  - Origins of the descending spinal projections in petromyzontid and myxinoid
      agnathans.
AB  - The origins of the descending spinal pathways in sea lampreys (Petromyzon
      marinus), silver lampreys (Ichthyomyzon unicuspis), and Pacific hagfish
      (Eptatretus stouti) were identified by the retrograde transport of horseradish
      peroxidase (HRP) placed in the rostral spinal cord. In lampreys, the majority of
      HRP-labeled cells were located along the length of the brainstem reticular
      formation in the inferior, middle, and superior reticular nuclei of the medulla,
      mesencephalic tegmentum, and nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus.
      Labeled reticular cells included the Mauthner and Muller cells. Horseradish
      peroxidase-filled cells were also present in the descending trigeminal tract,
      intermediate and posterior octavomotor nuclei, and a diencephalic cell group, the
      nucleus of the posterior tubercle. As in lampreys, the reticular formation of the
      Pacific hagfish was the largest source of descending afferents to the spinal
      cord. Labeled cells were found in the dorsolateral and ventromedial reticular
      nuclei, the dorsal tegmentum at the juncture of the medulla and midbrain, and the
      nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus. Additional medullary cells
      projecting to the cord were located in the perivagal nucleus, the central gray,
      and the anterior and posterior magnocellular octavolateralis nuclei. The
      existence of reticulospinal and possible vestibulo-, trigemino-, and solitary
      spinal projections in lampreys and hagfishes and the wide distribution of these
      pathways in jawed vertebrates suggest that they evolved in the common ancestor of
      gnathostomes and both groups of jawless fishes. However, descending spinal
      pathways from the cerebellum, red nucleus, and telencephalon appear to be
      gnathostome characters.

PMID- 2925903
TI  - Frontal lobe connections of the superior temporal sulcus in the rhesus monkey.
AB  - The frontal lobe connections of different architectonic areas of the superior
      temporal sulcus (STS) in the rhesus monkey were investigated with the aid of both
      anterograde and retrograde tracing techniques. The proisocortical area in the
      rostralmost STS connects with proisocortical regions on the ventral and medial
      surfaces of the frontal lobe. The frontal lobe projections of polymodal cortex
      (area TPO) in the upper bank of the STS are organized according to the rostral-to
      caudal topography of the sulcus. Rostral TPO interconnects with ventral (areas
      13, 12, 11, and 14), medial (areas 24, 32, 14, and 9), and lateral (areas 10, 12,
      and 46) sectors of the frontal lobe. The mid-portion of polymodal cortex projects
      to, and receives fibers from, rostral subdivisions of lateral prefrontal cortex,
      viz. dorsal area 46, areas 9 and 10, whereas the caudal segment of TPO has
      reciprocal connections with caudal subdivisions (areas 46, 8, and 6) of the
      lateral frontal lobe. Visual-related zones (areas TEa and TEm) in the rostral
      lower bank of the STS have connectional relationships with orbitofrontal areas 11
      and 12 and lateral frontal areas 46 and 8. A presumed somatic sensory-related
      area in the rostral depth of the STS (area IPa) projects to orbital (areas 11 and
      14) and lateral (areas 46, 10, and 12) sectors of the frontal lobe.

PMID- 2925904
TI  - Metabolic response of glioblastoma to adoptive immunotherapy: detection by
      phosphorus MR spectroscopy.
AB  - In a patient with cerebral glioblastoma, metabolic disturbances were detected
      within the tumor and in the surrounding brain. Within the volume occupied by the
      tumor, phosphocreatine (PCr)/adenosine triphosphate was reduced and inorganic
      phosphate/PCr elevated, indicative of tissue necrosis. Loss of total 31P signal
      was consistent with reduced metabolite content within the area of tumor defined
      by CT and magnetic resonance (MR). These studies were accomplished with 31P MR
      spectroscopy at 2 T, using a volume head coil and the technique of two
      dimensional phase-encoding to map regional metabolism across the entire cerebral
      cortex in voxels of 30 cm3. Using the same method, only minor variations in 31P
      metabolism were noted in six normal controls. Treatment with locally placed
      Interleukin-2 activated lymphocytes resulted in changes in both MR and 31P MR
      spectroscopy in the region of the tumor.

PMID- 2925905
TI  - Leigh disease: value of CT in presymptomatic patients and variability of the
      lesions with time.
AB  - Three cases of Leigh disease (subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy) have been
      investigated recently in our institute by CT. Bilateral, low attenuation areas
      were observed in the basal ganglia in all cases. These areas corresponded to the
      typical necrosis areas seen pathologically in this disease. In our study there
      were further interesting CT appearances: the peripheral enhancement of low
      density zones and the discovery of the lesions before the clear onset of clinical
      symptoms.

PMID- 2925906
TI  - Significance of thoracic disc herniation demonstrated by MR imaging.
AB  - The thoracic spines of a group of 48 oncology patients were examined with high
      field (1.5 T) magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Sagittal T1-weighted sections were
      obtained in all patients. Even using this single sequence an unexpectedly high
      prevalence of thoracic disk herniation (14.5%) was demonstrated. Thoracic disk
      herniation shown by MR may not be related to the patients' symptoms.

PMID- 2925907
TI  - Vascular mapping using albumin-(Gd-DTPA), an intravascular MR contrast agent, and
      projection MR imaging.
AB  - An intravascular magnetic resonance (MR) contrast agent is valuable for vascular
      mapping of tissues when used in combination with projection spin-echo MR imaging.
      The primary advantage of using projection imaging lies in its global depiction of
      anatomy. Also, relatively short echo time values can be readily achieved,
      reducing flow dephasing signal losses from blood and increasing overall signal-to
      noise. These advantages, coupled with the reduction of blood pool T1 values due
      to the presence of the intravascular contrast agent, allow for detailed spatial
      mapping of slow-flow vascular structures using MR.

PMID- 2925908
TI  - CT findings in benign expansions of the larynx.
AB  - The CT findings in six patients with benign laryngeal expansions are reported.
      Although CT in laryngeal carcinomas has been extensively dealt with in the
      literature, little mention has been made of benign conditions. The CT appearances
      of expansions due to chondroma, tuberculosis, hypertrophic lingual tonsilla,
      fluid-filled laryngocele, aberrant thyroid adenoma, and chronic granulomatous
      inflammation are described.

PMID- 2925909
TI  - MR imaging of superior sulcus carcinoma.
AB  - Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was performed in 10 patients with biopsy proven
      superior sulcus carcinomas to determine the extent of local tumor invasion. Chest
      wall invasion or extension into the base of the neck was demonstrated in five
      patients. This finding was facilitated by the contrast between the bright signal
      intensity of tumor and the low signal intensity of muscle on T2-weighted images.
      In three patients, MR clearly depicted direct invasion of the mediastinum. This
      finding was facilitated on the MR image because of inherent contrast between the
      mediastinal fat and tumor. Coronal and sagittal images showed the relationship of
      tumor to the subclavian artery and brachial plexus in all cases. Encasement of
      the artery was confirmed in two cases and brachial plexus involvement in three.
      However, MR failed to detect evidence of rib destruction in five patients in whom
      rib involvement was confirmed by other studies. Magnetic resonance appears to be
      a useful imaging modality in determining the extent of local disease and,
      therefore, the selection of patients for surgical resection. Multiplanar imaging
      and contrast between tumor and muscle and tumor and fat allow assessment of
      invasion of the mediastinum and base of the neck, subclavian artery, and brachial
      plexus.

PMID- 2925910
TI  - Pulmonary carcinoid tumors: CT assessment.
AB  - Computed tomography assessment of 634 surgically proven solitary pulmonary
      nodules included 12 pulmonary carcinoid tumors. Five were central (involving or
      directly abutting the bronchial tree), and seven were peripheral (surrounded by
      parenchyma). Three central and one peripheral lesion had CT numbers indicative of
      focal calcifications, frequently in the periphery of the nodule. Nodule size
      ranged from 1.2 to 3 cm. Nine nodules were smooth and round, two were irregular
      and lobulated, and in one the entire peripheral contour was difficult to assess
      because of postobstructive atelectasis secondary to tumor occlusion of the
      bronchus. The calculated average CT number ranged from 80.5 to 179 HU.

PMID- 2925911
TI  - MR appearance of the normal chest after pneumonectomy.
AB  - Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the chest was performed in nine patients who
      had undergone pneumonectomy, to evaluate postoperative chest anatomical changes.
      The main criterion of selection in this study was the absence of cancer
      recurrence at the time of the study and 6 months later (normal clinical,
      fiberoptical and cytological data and normal laboratory values). All the MR
      studies were compared with chest CT performed within 15 days after MR imaging.
      Postpneumonectomy space revealed in all cases a heterogeneous signal both on T1-
      and T2-weighted spin-echo sequences. Vascular and bronchial stumps were clearly
      delineated and surrounded by low signal areas, considered to be postoperative
      scars. Spatial involvement was well understood with frontal and axial views.
      Calcifications were poorly identified. Surgical clips were easily detected, but
      they were difficult to locate accurately. No adverse effects was reported, either
      in patients with or without surgical clips.

PMID- 2925912
TI  - The value of CT in rectal villous tumors.
AB  - Computed tomography of 13 patients with villous rectal tumors was reviewed. Five
      tumors were benign, eight were malignant. All five benign lesions demonstrated
      homogeneous focal colonic wall thickening of less than 2 cm. Seven of the eight
      malignant lesions demonstrated focal colonic wall thickening greater than 2 cm.
      "Fronds," characterized by contrast within the interstices of the lesion, were
      seen in three malignant lesions. In the remaining five malignant lesions, three
      had a polypoid appearance, one had low attenuation regions, and one had focal
      rectal wall thickening. Computed tomography upstaged two carcinomas, downstaged
      two carcinomas, and accurately staged four carcinomas. Our experience shows (a)
      CT can demonstrate the classic fronds of villous tumors; (b) benign villous
      tumors tend to be less than 2 cm and are nonspecific in appearance; (c) biopsy is
      necessary to differentiate small malignant lesions from benign lesions; and (d)
      CT is inaccurate in staging local invasion of malignant villous tumors.

PMID- 2925913
TI  - Unilateral renal cystic disease: CT findings.
AB  - Unilateral renal cystic disease (URCD) is characterized by replacement of most of
      one kidney by multiple cysts scattered diffusely throughout the parenchyma
      without the formation of a distinct, encapsulated renal mass. There are no cysts
      in the opposite kidney or liver. The condition is nonfamilial and does not cause
      renal functional impairment. We describe the clinical and radiologic findings in
      two patients with URCD and discuss how the disorder usually can be distinguished
      from other renal cystic diseases using CT. Absence of a family history of renal
      cystic disease and the normality of the other kidney help distinguish URCD from
      autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. The diffuse nature of the cysts in
      URCD and the absence of a distinct encapsulated renal mass help distinguish URCD
      from cystic renal neoplasms.

PMID- 2925914
TI  - CT and MR imaging in the evaluation of retroperitoneal fibrosis.
AB  - We have performed CT and MR on five patients with biopsy proven retroperitoneal
      fibrosis (RPF). Magnetic resonance (MR) accurately displayed a retroperitoneal
      mass of low signal intensity on T1-weighted scans and of heterogeneous medium
      signal intensity on T2-weighted scans. The coronal MR views demonstrated a
      retroperitoneal mass: the shape, signal intensity, and effects on the ureters and
      major vessels appear characteristic of RPF.

PMID- 2925915
TI  - Giant cell tumor of the proximal tibia: MR and CT appearance.
AB  - The magnetic resonance (MR) appearance of four cases of giant cell tumor (GCT) of
      the proximal tibia are described and the MR grading of these tumors is compared
      with CT and conventional radiography. Magnetic resonance showed the lesions to be
      well defined with respect to adjacent marrow and cortical bone. Homogeneous
      intermediate signal intensity or low signal within the tumors was seen on T1
      weighted images. T2-weighted images showed mixed signal intensity with small
      "bright patches" of increased signal intensity in all four cases. No fluid levels
      were identified. Magnetic resonance was superior to CT and plain radiography in
      radiologic grading of the tumors. Computed tomography was superior in determining
      if cortical invasion was present. Intraarticular tumor extension was more
      accurately detected by MR and arthrotomography than CT. An MR manifestation of
      GCT of the proximal tibia is described which may be a common appearance of this
      tumor by this modality. Magnetic resonance is the procedure of choice in the
      radiologic grading of GCT.

PMID- 2925916
TI  - Quantification of knee joint fluid volume by MR imaging and CT using three
      dimensional data processing.
AB  - A noninvasive, quantitative technique to estimate joint fluid volume using three
      dimensional (3D) processing of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and CT data was
      evaluated. The mean accuracy error of this 3D approach with MR imaging, performed
      on five fresh cadaver knees, was -2.4 +/- 5.1% SD when volume estimates were
      based on heavily T2-weighted transverse images. A considerably higher mean
      accuracy error of -12.5 +/- 16.9% SD was found when the 3D approach with CT was
      used (four fresh cadaver knees), probably because of the small attenuation
      differences between articular soft-tissue structures and joint fluid. A mean
      precision error of 4.9 +/- 2.3% SD was found when two radiologists independently
      evaluated in vivo MR imaging studies of 12 knees with joint effusion. Because of
      the low CT accuracy, no in vivo studies were performed using CT. Thus, this
      preliminary study shows that quantification of joint fluid volume with 3D data
      processing offers more accuracy with MR imaging than with CT. The 3D approach
      with MR imaging provides a potential tool for clinical studies.

PMID- 2925917
TI  - Validation of three-dimensional reconstructions of knee anatomy: CT vs MR
      imaging.
AB  - This is the first investigation to validate the accuracy of spatial measurements
      based on computer-generated three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions of CT and
      magnetic resonance (MR) scans. Standard 3D reconstructions of one fresh frozen
      cadaveric knee specimen with implanted stereotactic reference markers were
      created. These reconstructions were based on the data from CT and MR scans
      performed before and after the resection of extraosseous soft tissues. The
      distances between the stereotactic reference markers in the 3D reconstructions
      were compared with the same measurements of the specimen using a Bridgeport
      milling machine as a precision 3D digitizer. The accuracy of intermarker distance
      measurements averaged 99% for CT-based reconstructions compared with 97.5% for MR
      based reconstructions. Planar slices at a predetermined level and orientation
      through the femoral condyles were created by sequential milling of the specimen
      and were compared with reconstructed oblique planar CT and MR slices at the same
      level and orientation. The accuracy of condylar dimensional measurements was 94%
      for CT and 93% for MR compared with measurements of the milled slices. Three
      dimensional reconstructions based on CT and MR scan data were of equally high
      quality and were unaffected by the status of the soft tissues.

PMID- 2925918
TI  - An algorithm for MR imaging of the short T2 fraction of sodium using the FID
      signal.
AB  - Multiecho magnetic resonance imaging of 23Na in the human body could provide
      valuable information regarding the distribution of the sodium in the
      intracellular and extracellular spaces in living tissues. Since it is known that
      more than half the intracellular sodium has a T2 value of less than 3 ms, the
      conventional spin-echo imaging technique is not appropriate for the quantitative
      study of sodium in living tissues. A pulse sequence using the three-dimensional
      planar-integral projection reconstruction algorithm was developed to provide
      images from the free induction decay (FID) signal and from the spin-echo. Using
      this imaging sequence, we are able to produce human head images with the FID
      signal immediately following the 90 degrees radiofrequency pulse thus preserving
      the signal from the very short T2 components. This technique with a multiple echo
      imaging scheme may open the possibility of discriminating between intracellular
      and extracellular sodium compartments in the human brain based on the T2
      relaxation properties.

PMID- 2925919
TI  - MR demonstration of reversible brain abnormalities in eclampsia.
AB  - A 24-year-old woman with eclamptic convulsions during her 25th week of gestation
      is presented. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed multiple hyperintense foci
      within the cerebral cortex, most likely related to cerebral ischemia and edema.
      The MR abnormalities resolved completely within 1 week.

PMID- 2925920
TI  - CT demonstration of massive cerebral air embolism from pulmonary barotrauma due
      to cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
AB  - A 77-year-old man with loss of consciousness, circulatory collapse, and apnea
      caused by myocardial infarction underwent cardiopulmonary resuscitation with
      intratracheal intubation and manual bag ventilation. Computed tomography of the
      head demonstrated massive air embolism in the entire cerebral circulation. The
      patient was diagnosed as brain dead the next day. Demonstration of massive
      cerebral air embolism on head CT is presented.

PMID- 2925921
TI  - Central pontine myelinolysis with clinical recovery: MR documentation.
AB  - Magnetic resonance (MR) features of a patient with profound hyponatremia and
      clinical findings of central pontine myelinolysis are presented. Resolution of
      the MR findings paralleled the clinical recovery.

PMID- 2925922
TI  - Computed tomography and angiographic findings in metastatic choriocarcinoma.
AB  - We report a patient with metastatic gestational choriocarcinoma who presented
      with headaches, speech difficulties, motor aphasia, facial weakness, hemiparesis,
      and a large intraparenchymal hematoma. She subsequently developed a total of five
      intraparenchymal hemorrhages. Her clinical presentation posed a diagnostic
      dilemma and emphasizes the importance of a complete differential diagnosis of
      multiple intracranial hemorrhages. The features of CNS choriocarcinoma are
      reviewed.

PMID- 2925923
TI  - Sequelae of temporal lobe herniation: MR imaging.
AB  - Acute temporal lobe herniation is a serious complication that may occur with an
      expanding temporal or parietal lobe mass. Temporal lobe herniation may produce
      further damage to intracranial structures due to compression or vascular
      compromise. Differentiation of clinical and imaging abnormalities due to the
      primary lesion from those related to temporal lobe herniation is essential for
      proper diagnosis and management. The CT and magnetic resonance findings in a 2
      1/2-year-old child who survived severe temporal lobe herniation are reported.

PMID- 2925924
TI  - Spontaneous dissection of the vertebral artery: MR findings.
AB  - Spontaneous (nontraumatic) dissection of the carotid and vertebral arteries, once
      thought to be rare, is being recognized and reported more frequently. We report
      one case of spontaneous dissection of the vertebral artery initially diagnosed by
      magnetic resonance imaging and subsequently confirmed by angiography.

PMID- 2925925
TI  - Post-traumatic spinal synovial cyst with spondylolysis: CT features.
AB  - A spinal synovial cyst at L2-L3 produced obstruction at myelography and simulated
      an intraspinal tumor on CT. The CT recognition of bilateral spondylolysis of L3
      suggested the possibility of a mobile posterior arch of L3 and associated
      synovial herniation. This was verified at surgery.

PMID- 2925926
TI  - Lockjaw secondary to skull base osteochondroma: CT findings.
AB  - Osteochondromas arising from the long bones, pelvis, or scapulae are common.
      However, osteochondromas originating from the base of the skull are extremely
      unusual. Although these tumors are histologically benign, intracranial extension
      and their close proximity to the cranial nerves may require complex surgery. We
      present a case in which CT clearly delineated an osteochondroma arising from the
      base of the skull. The tumor had created a fusion with the ipsilateral coronoid
      process of the mandible, thus causing lockjaw.

PMID- 2925927
TI  - Maxillary sinus hemangioma: MR and CT studies.
AB  - A maxillary sinus hemangioma was detected as an incidental finding during
      magnetic resonance imaging of the head. The CT findings are more characteristic
      for the diagnosis of this lesion. Preoperative diagnosis of maxillary sinus
      hemangioma is important since these lesions can frequently cause a large amount
      of hemorrhage during surgery.

PMID- 2925929
TI  - Pulmonary CT findings in Behcet disease.
AB  - A 32-year-old man with Behcet syndrome presented with hemoptysis and abnormal
      chest radiography. A 3 cm opacity was present in the apical posterior segment of
      the left upper lobe and the hila were enlarged with lobulated contours. Computed
      tomography revealed bilateral pulmonary artery aneurysms, a complication of
      Behcet syndrome. Computed tomography is recommended for the evaluation of
      patients with Behcet syndrome who have abnormal chest radiography.

PMID- 2925928
TI  - Aggressive fibromatosis of the tongue: MR demonstration.
AB  - A case of aggressive fibromatosis of the tongue is described in a 9-year-old boy.
      Magnetic resonance was used in the initial evaluation and revealed a well defined
      mass in the anterior third of the tongue which was mildly hypointense on a T1
      weighted image and minimally hyperintense on a T2-weighted image. Magnetic
      resonance was useful in indicating the benign nature of the tumor, in defining
      its extent, and for follow-up after local surgical resection.

PMID- 2925930
TI  - Intracaval and intracardiac extension of malignant thymoma: CT diagnosis.
AB  - There is disagreement about the ability of CT to detect isolated invasion of
      mediastinal vessels by malignant thymoma. Diagnosis usually depends on the
      absence of intact fat planes between the tumor mass and the adjacent vessel. We
      describe a rare case of CT demonstration of direct intraluminal invasion of a
      malignant thymoma into the superior vena cava and the right atrium.

PMID- 2925931
TI  - CT demonstration of right hepatic lobe atrophy.
AB  - Postoperative bile duct obstruction with subsequent stone formation and infection
      led to atrophy of the ipsilateral lobe and portal vein obstruction, which
      promoted further atrophic changes. The compensatory increase in hepatic arterial
      blood flow resulted in an early enhancement of the atrophic lobe on CT after
      intravenous contrast medium injection.

PMID- 2925932
TI  - CT characteristics of intrahepatic, periportal, extramedullary hematopoiesis.
AB  - A case of primary myelofibrosis that showed intrahepatic periportal
      extramedullary hematopoiesis on CT and sonography is presented. Pathological
      correlation of the autopsy material was obtained. It should be included in the
      differential diagnosis of periportal abnormality on CT.

PMID- 2925933
TI  - Synovial osteochondromatosis of the shoulder: MR findings.
AB  - A case of bilateral shoulder synovial osteochondromatosis demonstrated by
      magnetic resonance (MR) is presented. Shoulder involvement by synovial
      osteochondromatosis is unusual, and this case demonstrates the characteristic MR
      findings.

PMID- 2925934
TI  - Intrinsic third ventricle craniopharyngioma: CT and MR findings.

PMID- 2925935
TI  - Sphenochoanal polyp: CT findings.

PMID- 2925936
TI  - Unusually large sialocele: CT characteristics.

PMID- 2925937
TI  - Disappearance of hemicellulosic monosaccharides and alkali-soluble phenolic
      compounds of normal and brown midrib sorghum x sudangrasses fed to heifers and
      sheep.
AB  - Eight yearling Holstein heifers (330 kg) were utilized in two 4 x 4 Latin
      squares. Diets were normal and brown midrib genotypes of Redlan x Greenleaf and
      Redlan x Piper varieties of ensiled first-cutting sorghum-sudangrass harvested at
      early head stage of maturity. Composition of hemicellulosic monosaccharides and
      alkali-soluble lignin phenolic compounds in feeds and corresponding
      digestibilities were estimated. Arabinose, xylose, and uronic acids were more
      digestible in brown midrib genotypes than in normal genotypes. p-Coumaric acid
      disappearance was higher in heifers consuming normal genotypes than in those on
      brown midrib mutants. In a second experiment, four Suffolk wethers with ruminal,
      duodenal, and ileal cannulae were utilized in a 4 x 4 Latin square design. Diets
      were second-cutting sorghum-sudangrass harvested at prehead stage of maturity as
      baled hay. Digestibilities were determined in the same manner as for heifers.
      Brown midrib genotypes had higher hemicellulosic monosaccharides, galactose, and
      uronic acids than did normal genotypes. Xylose content of the brown midrib mutant
      of Redlan x Piper was higher than that of the corresponding normal genotype.
      Total tract galactose digestibility was higher in brown midrib genotypes than in
      normal genotypes. Total tract hemicellulose digestibility (estimated by summing
      fractional digestibilities of hemicellulosic monosaccharides) was higher in brown
      midrib mutants than in normal genotypes.

PMID- 2925939
TI  - Digestibility measured by fecal and ileal collection in preruminant calves fed a
      clotting or a nonclotting milk replacer.
AB  - Eight Holstein male calves, each fitted with an ileal reentrant cannula at 7 to
      10 d of age, were fed a milk replacer based on low heat skim milk powder with or
      without an oxalate-NaOH buffer known to prevent curd formation in the abomasum.
      The calves were used to study the effects of milk clotting on digesta flow at the
      ileum and apparent digestibility measured by fecal and ileal collection. Patterns
      of ileal flow of total digesta, DM, N, and fat were similar for the clotting and
      the nonclotting milk replacers. The apparent digestibility of DM and N was higher
      when measured by fecal than ileal collection for both milk replacers.
      Digestibility of DM was higher for the clotting than for the nonclotting milk
      replacer when measured by ileal collection. Clotting did not affect N
      digestibility measured by either fecal or ileal collection. The concentration of
      amino acids differed generally in the ileal digesta compared with concentration
      in feces. In the ileal digesta, some amino acids showed lower concentrations in
      the clotting milk replacer fed calves compared with those fed the nonclotting
      milk replacer. The coefficients of digestibility of each amino acid were similar
      when measured by either fecal or ileal collection. Clotting had no effect on
      amino acid digestibility measured by both fecal and ileal collection. The data
      suggest that fecal collection might indicate higher digestibility as compared
      with ileal collection and that the absence of milk replacer clotting does not
      affect ileal flow and digestibility of milk replacer N and fat.

PMID- 2925938
TI  - Disappearance of hemicellulosic monosaccharides and alkali-soluble phenolic
      compounds of normal and brown midrib sorghum x sundangrass silages fed to
      Holstein steers.
AB  - Four ruminally cannulated Holstein steers fed ad libitum were used in a 4 x 4
      Latin square design. Feeds were normal and brown midrib genotypes of Redlan x
      Piper and Redlan x Greenleaf sorghum-sudangrasses. An in situ trial was run in
      conjunction with the digestibility trial as part of the data collection for each
      period. Hemicellulosic monosaccharide and alkali-soluble lignin phenolic compound
      disappearances were quantitated. The xylose to arabinose ratio was higher in
      normal genotypes than in brown midribs. Normal genotypes had higher
      concentrations of alkali-soluble p-coumaric acid and lower vanillin, vanillic
      acid, and sinapic acid than did brown midrib mutants. Disappearance of p-coumaric
      acid was higher in steers consuming normal genotypes than in those consuming
      brown midribs. Neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, hemicellulose,
      cellulose, and acid detergent lignin showed no genotypic differences in rate of
      digestion, but extent of 72 h digestion was higher for brown midrib mutants than
      for normal genotypes. Extent of digestion of the hemicellulosic monosaccharides,
      xylose, and uronic acids was higher in situ for brown midrib silages compared
      with normal genotypes. Differences in alkali-soluble phenolic compound and cell
      wall monosaccharide profiles between normal and brown midrib genotypes may help
      explain digestibility differences between the two genotypes.

PMID- 2925940
TI  - Dietary ascorbic acid and immune response in dairy calves.
AB  - Colostrum-fed, colostrum-deprived, and colostrum-fed and colostrum-deprived
      calves fed ascorbic acid (1.75 g/d) in whole, raw milk to 6 wk of age were
      sampled from 0 to 8 wk of age in order to determine whether ascorbate
      supplementation would increase plasma Ig concentrations, antibody response to
      immunization, and disease resistance. Plasma IgG concentrations were lower at 14
      and 28 d of age in calves fed ascorbate compared with plasma concentrations in
      calves not receiving ascorbate supplementation, irrespective of colostrum
      feeding. Colostrum feeding had no effect on antibody titer to keyhole limpet
      hemocyanin at any age, but ascorbate-supplemented calves had lower plasma
      antibody titers to keyhole limpet hemocyanin at 35 and 56 d of age. Calves fed
      ascorbate had lower clinical scores for diarrhea. Dietary ascorbate does not
      appear to be immunostimulatory in dairy calves to 56 d of age and appeared to
      inhibit antibody synthesis. However, at 14 d of age there was an interaction of
      ascorbate supplementation and colostrum feeding; plasma IgG concentrations were
      higher in colostrum-deprived calves fed ascorbate then in colostrum-deprived
      calves not fed ascorbate.

PMID- 2925941
TI  - Tolerance of the calf for excess copper in milk replacer.
AB  - Calves were fed milk replacer containing 10, 50, 200, 500, or 1000 ppm Cu, from 3
      d to 45 d of age, to estimate the Cu concentration that would adversely affect
      calf performance. Weight gains and feed efficiency were similar for 10 and 50 ppm
      Cu but were reduced at 200 and 500 ppm Cu. All calves survived 500 ppm Cu and
      lower intakes, but only 4 of 7 calves survived the 1000 ppm concentration.
      Typical clinical symptoms of chronic Cu toxicity and hemolytic crisis were
      evident for the 1000 ppm calves before death. Additional 1000 ppm Zn prevented
      deaths for 1000 ppm Cu, but calf performance was poor. Increased Cu intakes
      elevated plasma ceruloplasmin and glutamic oxalacetic transaminase activity,
      reduced packed cell volume (hematocrit), markedly increased fecal excretion of Mo
      and Zn, increased Cu concentration of liver, muscle, heart, blood, and bile, and
      decreased Mo and Zn in liver. We found 50 ppm Cu a safe intake where milk
      replacer contained 48 ppm Zn and 1.1 ppm Mo. However, at lower intakes of these
      elements, and for longer feeding periods than 6 wk, the calf may be much more
      susceptible to Cu toxicity.

PMID- 2925942
TI  - Detection and quantitation of pea and soy-derived proteins in calf milk
      replacers.
AB  - Preruminant calves on several farms had diarrhea nonresponsive to treatment and
      were doing poorly, despite being fed a high quality calf milk replacer. Because
      these reconstituted milk replacers always had a sediment, they were suspected of
      containing insoluble nonmilk-derived proteins. Microscopic examination of the
      milk replacer, however, did not show any evidence of starch granules. We
      therefore analyzed the samples by SDS PAGE. We were able to identify and
      quantitate pea protein in calf milk replacers in which all the protein was
      supposedly milk-derived. We were also able to differentiate polypeptides derived
      from pea and soy. We concluded that PAGE is a sensitive technique for detecting
      nonmilk-derived proteins in calf milk replacers.

PMID- 2925943
TI  - Genetic effects on dairy calf growth.
AB  - Objectives were to establish growth patterns for weight and height in dairy
      calves from birth to 90 d and to estimate appropriate genetic parameters.
      Measurements were 7943 body weights and 7005 wither heights of 752 calves.
      Represented over 12 yr were three breeds, 348 dams, and 115 sires; data resulted
      from designed calf nutrition experiments. Sources of variation considered in
      various least squares analyses of variance were breed, sire in breed, calf in
      sire in breed, sex of calf, treatment-year category, and several interactions.
      Repeatabilities of weights and heights between birth and 90 d were .64 and .88;
      heritabilities were .22 and .30; genetic and phenotypic correlations were .53 and
      .73. A regression equation was estimated for each calf. From these 752 equations,
      heritabilities of initial weight, initial height, and rates of growth in weight
      and height were .53, .50, .44, and .19. Genetic correlations were .81; -.07; 
      .05; .26; .14; .84. Selection schemes for these traits in dairy cattle should
      consider that although weights and heights at birth and thereafter are highly and
      positively correlated genetically, as are gains, birth measurements and gains to
      90 d may be uncorrelated.

PMID- 2925944
TI  - Heritabilities of and genetic correlations among six health problems in Holstein
      cows.
AB  - Information from 7712 lactations of Holstein dairy cows was collected from 33
      commercial herds around Ithaca, NY in the 3 yr from 1981 to 1983. The data were
      divided into subsets corresponding to lactation 1, lactation 2, and lactation 3
      or greater. To estimate heritabilities of dystocia, retained placenta, metritis,
      ovarian cysts, milk fever, and mastitis, a mixed linear model (herd-year fixed
      and sire random effects) with 0 or 1 as the observed response was used. Variance
      components were estimated using Henderson's Method 3. The results show moderate
      heritabilities (.15 to .40) for dystocia, metritis, milk fever, and mastitis and
      low heritability (less than .12) for retained placenta and cystic ovaries.
      Genetic correlations between dystocia, retained placenta, metritis, and mastitis
      were moderate in size and positive, whereas cystic ovaries were correlated
      negatively with dystocia and retained placenta. A general reproductive health
      trait (dystocia, retained placenta, metritis, cystic ovaries, and milk fever
      combined in one trait) also was analyzed. The estimated heritability of this
      trait was .21, .11, and .00 for first calf heifers, second lactation cows, and
      older cows, respectively.

PMID- 2925945
TI  - Genetics of reproduction in primiparous Holsteins.
AB  - Effects of genetics and relationships between yield and days from parturition to
      first service, first service conception rate, number of services, and a
      reproductive performance code based on several reproductive components were
      investigated in primiparous Holsteins. Recorded breedings and DHI production
      records were from 3393 daughters of 174 bulls in six experimental herds. Subsets
      included progeny of 78 sires, with greater than or equal to 5 daughters calving
      in April through July (n = 817) and August through March (n = 1162). Daughter-dam
      regressions (n = 2593 pairs) and paternal half-sibs were used to estimate
      heritabilities of fertility traits and associations between yield and
      reproduction. Results showed increased FCM was associated with lowered fertility.
      For paternal half-sibs, the greatest antagonism was between conception rates and
      FCM (rG = -.65 +/- .10). Daughter-dam regressions estimated a favorable genetic
      correlation of .43 +/- .32 between conception rates and yield. Heritabilities
      were highest for April through July calvings and ranged from .08 +/- .10 for
      first service conception to .24 +/- .12 for reproductive code. Correlations
      between sire least squares constants from warmer and cooler calving seasons were
      lower than heritabilities of traits would suggest.

PMID- 2925946
TI  - Effect of treatment with progesterone on pregnancy rate and plasma concentrations
      of progesterone in Holstein cows.
AB  - Progesterone-releasing intravaginal devices inserted into the vaginas of dairy
      cows between d 5 to 12 (n = 28) or d 10 to 17 (n = 27) after insemination
      increased pregnancy rate to 60 over 30% in untreated control cows (n = 30).
      Plasma progesterone concentrations were increased during both progesterone
      treatments. Subtraction of the estimated contribution of exogenous progesterone
      indicated that endogenous, luteal progesterone was reduced during d 10 to 17 but
      not during d 5 to 12. Supplemental progesterone increased pregnancy rate but
      suppressed endogenous production of progesterone when administered during d 10 to
      17 after insemination.

PMID- 2925947
TI  - Conception rates and calving intervals after prostaglandin F2 alpha or
      prebreeding progesterone in dairy cows.
AB  - Two experiments were performed in two different herds to determine if utilizing
      prostaglandin F 2 alpha to induce estrus for first services would be effective in
      reducing the duration and variability of calving intervals. In Experiment 1, cows
      were assigned randomly as controls (n = 217) to be inseminated as they were
      detected in estrus (beginning d 42 to 53 postpartum depending on replicate) or
      treated with prostaglandin F2 alpha (n = 185). In Experiment 2, the same
      treatments were utilized, except control cows (n = 124) were inseminated at their
      first detected estrus after d 40 postpartum, and treated cows received either one
      injection of prostaglandin F2 alpha between d 54 and 63 (n = 116) or were given
      progesterone (via a progesterone-releasing intravaginal device) for 7 d, with the
      device removed 24 h after prostaglandin F2 alpha (n = 116). More cows were
      inseminated and pregnancy rates were higher within 5 d after treatment with
      prostaglandin F2 alpha, and interval from prostaglandin F2 alpha to first service
      was reduced compared with that of control cows. Duration and variation of calving
      intervals were unaffected in either experiment, despite the fact the elective
      waiting period was 6 to 23 d longer for treated cows than for controls.
      Prebreeding treatment with progesterone failed to improve conception rates, but
      the efficiency of estrous expression increased from 54% in prostaglandin F2 alpha
      treated cows to 71% in those cows also receiving prebreeding progesterone. We
      conclude that prostaglandin F2 alpha was ineffective in improving reproductive
      performance of these herds under good herd management. However, prostaglandin F2
      alpha offers the convenience of inseminating small groups of cows, controlling
      when breedings occur during the work week, and prolonging the elective waiting
      period without extending the calving interval.

PMID- 2925949
TI  - Pathology of Staphylococcus aureus mastitis during lactogenesis: relationships
      with bovine mammary structure and function.
AB  - Pathological alterations of mammary parenchymal tissue from 5 dairy cows with
      Staphylococcus aureus mastitis were studied. Tissue from infected quarters
      exhibited less synthetic and secretory ability during lactogenesis, as indicated
      by lower percentages of luminal area, but higher percentages of stromal area
      compared with control tissue. Ultrastructural analysis of alveolar epithelium
      demonstrated decreased numbers of organelles associated with milk synthesis and
      secretion. Mammary secretion from 12 additional cows confirmed the loss of
      secretory potential in infected quarters as concentrations of alpha-lactalbumin
      were lower during the first 14 d of lactation compared with concentrations from
      controls. Higher concentrations of serum alpha-lactalbumin from cows with
      Staphylococcus aureus mastitis suggest leakage of mammary secretion through gaps
      left by damaged or sloughed alveolar epithelium. Macrophages and lymphocytes were
      observed frequently in large gaps between basal plasma membrane of secretory
      cells and the basal lamina which may contribute to epithelial damage. Ability of
      neutrophils and macrophages to phagocytize staphylococci may have been
      compromised in the prelactating gland due to the indiscriminate ingestion of
      accumulated fat and casein.

PMID- 2925948
TI  - Suppression of mitogenic response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells by bovine
      mammary secretions.
AB  - Effects of bovine mammary secretions collected at different stages of the
      lactation cycle on blood mononuclear cell response to mitogens were evaluated.
      Mammary secretion skims and wheys collected 7 and 28 d following cessation of
      milking, at parturition, and during early lactation were used. Colostrum and
      mammary secretions obtained 7 d after milk cessation were associated with
      greatest inhibition of mononuclear cell blastogenesis. Milk collected during
      early lactation caused the least inhibition. Mammary secretion wheys caused
      greater inhibition of blastogenesis than skims. Dilution of mammary secretions
      reduced blastogenic inhibition. Phytohemagglutinin-stimulated mononuclear cells
      were less inhibited by mammary secretion than Concanavalin A-stimulated cells.
      Suppression of mononuclear cell activity, particularly during early involution
      and at parturition, may influence susceptibility of the bovine mammary gland to
      new intramammary infections during physiological transitions of the udder.

PMID- 2925950
TI  - Bacterial counts in bedding materials used on nine commercial dairies.
AB  - Bacterial counts were monitored for 1 yr in bedding materials used on nine
      commercial dairies. Organic materials used to bed lactating cows had
      significantly higher moisture content and gram-negative bacterial, coliform,
      Klebsiella species, and streptococcal counts than did inorganic materials.
      Klebsiella species counts were higher in sawdust than in chopped straw.
      Streptococcal counts were higher in chopped straw than sawdust. Bacterial counts
      did not differ between sand and crushed limestone. Gram-negative bacterial and
      coliform counts were higher during summer and fall than in winter and spring
      months. Streptococcal counts did not differ among seasons of the year. Linear
      relationships were significant between total rates of clinical mastitis during
      lactation and both gram-negative bacterial and Klebsiella species counts in
      lactating cow bedding. These data indicate that bacterial populations differed
      between both types of bedding and among seasons of the year. Rates of clinical
      mastitis were related to bacterial counts in bedding.

PMID- 2925951
TI  - Relationship of selenium concentrations in blood of calves to blood selenium of
      the dam and supplemental selenium.
AB  - Selenium status of dam, injected Se, and dietary Ca on calf blood Se
      concentrations were determined in two trials. Blood was collected from heifer
      calf and dam pairs at parturition. Half of the calves were injected
      intramuscularly with .0825 mg Se/kg body weight at birth while the other half
      received no Se injections. The concentration of Se in the blood of the dam had a
      significant effect on blood Se of calves at wk 0, 1, and 3, whereas injected Se
      did not significantly affect blood Se concentrations in the calf until wk 10. In
      a separate trial, whole blood and plasma Se were significantly correlated at
      birth in calves, but plasma Se was only about one-third the concentration of
      whole blood. The concentration of dietary Ca in the calf starter did not
      significantly affect blood Se, but a quadratic relationship was suggested. Plasma
      Zn in calves was elevated at birth and then declined with age whereas plasma
      inorganic P increased with age. Early postnatal concentrations of Se in blood of
      calves are largely a function of the dam; thus, in areas of low Se intakes, Se
      supplements for the dam are important.

PMID- 2925952
TI  - Refinements in determining the energy value of body tissue reserves and tissue
      gains from growth.
AB  - Energy density of weight gain increases with age and weight for age. Gains by
      more mature cattle contain more fat, less protein, and less water than gains by
      less mature cattle. The energy density of body tissue reserves mobilized during
      negative energy balance in early lactation is greater than that in the apparently
      contributing weight gains. The data reviewed had 140% as much fat and 60% as much
      protein in mobilized reserves as in gains. These observed differences justified
      the requantification of the energy density of tissue reserves mobilized for milk
      synthesis. The energy of gains was estimated by using equations published by the
      Agricultural Research Council to predict the fat and protein contents of the
      gains and multiplying them by their respective energy densities. The energy of
      mobilized reserves (weight losses) were estimated by predicting the fat and
      protein per kilogram of the contributing gains with the Agricultural Research
      Council equations, multiplying those fractions by 1.4 and .6, respectively, and
      multiplying the adjusted fractions by the respective energy densities of fat and
      protein. There was a close agreement between the predicted and observed energy
      values of both weight gains and weight losses.

PMID- 2925953
TI  - Recent research involving the transfer of radionuclides to milk.
AB  - The radionuclides in milk, which result from exposure of dairy cows to
      radioactive fallout, are a major factor in assessment of internal radiation of
      humans. To evaluate the radionuclide intake of people from fallout-contaminated
      milk requires information about feed sources and milk distribution. Pasture
      intake and the shelf-life of milk are important factors in the case of a short
      lived radionuclide like 131I. Large-scale human radiation assessment studies are
      underway, all of which consider the dairy food chain as a critical component.
      These include retrospective studies of fallout from nuclear weapons testing at
      the Nevada site in the 1950s and the impact of the Chernobyl accident on April
      26, 1986.

PMID- 2925954
TI  - Immunogenicity of Bifidobacterium breve and change in antibody production in
      Peyer's patches after oral administration.
AB  - Immunogenicity in the intestine of Bifidobacterium breve, included in fermented
      milk, was compared with that of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, also predominant in
      human intestine. In vivo, serum antibody to B. breve was detected first in mice
      fed the organism for 33 d; antibody decreased in mice fed these for more than 33
      d. Serum antibody to Bact. thetaiotaomicron was detected in mice fed the organism
      for 7 d and was maintained at the same level in mice fed these for more than 7 d.
      From in vitro tests, the optimal doses of B. breve and Bact. thetaiotaomicron to
      induce antibody production by Peyer's patch cells, intestinal lymphoid tissue
      cells, were 5 x 10(8) and 5 x 10(7) bacteria/ml, respectively. Therefore, it was
      suggested that immunogenicity of B. breve is weaker than that of Bact.
      thetaiotaomicron. Furthermore, the change of antibody production to the organism
      by Peyer's patch cells in the mice administered B. breve orally was tested by the
      Peyer's patch cell culture method. Antibody production against B. breve by
      Peyer's patch cells in mice given B. breve for 25 and for 33 d increased and
      decreased, respectively, in comparison with the control. These results suggest
      that when serum antibody to B. breve increases significantly, anti-B. breve
      antibody production by Peyer's patch cells is suppressed, and thereafter, serum
      antibody to B. breve decrease and is not detected. These findings favor the view
      that serum antibody production to B. breve is regulated in Peyer's patches.

PMID- 2925955
TI  - Influence of cholera toxin (an adenylate cyclase activator) on deoxyribonucleic
      acid synthesis of bovine mammary tissue in vitro and in athymic nude mice.
AB  - Bovine mammary tissue from midpregnant heifers was placed in explant culture to
      which chlorea toxin (a potent adenylate cyclase activator) was added (0 to 100
      ng/ml). Chlorea toxin increased incorporation of thymidine into DNA in the
      cultures; response was maximum with 10 ng/ml chlorea toxin and approximately 24 h
      after addition of cholera toxin. In other studies, bovine mammary tissue was
      transplanted subcutaneously to ovariectomized athymic nude mice. Subsequent
      treatment of the mice with cholera toxin alone did not affect growth of bovine
      mammary tissue. However, treatment with estradiol plus progesterone increased DNA
      synthesis in epithelial cells. In estradiol plus progesterone-treated mice,
      cholera toxin injections further increased DNA synthesis. In addition, estradiol
      plus progesterone treatment in vivo (in athymic nude mice) increased DNA
      synthesis of bovine mammary tissue in response to cholera toxin in vitro. This
      synergism between cholera toxin and ovarian steroids may have been mediated, at
      least in part, by estradiol plus progesterone induction of cyclic AMP dependent
      protein kinase, as the activity of this enzyme was increased by estradiol plus
      progesterone.

PMID- 2925956
TI  - Effect on days of lactation and methionine hydroxy analog on incorporation of
      plasma fatty acids into plasma triglycerides.
AB  - Methionine hydroxy analog has been proposed to stimulate hepatic lipoprotein
      synthesis and incorporation of plasma fatty acids into plasma triglyceride. Seven
      cows were fed diets containing 0 or 30 g analog/d starting 14 d prepartum. At
      approximately 30 and 60 d postpartum, cows were continuously infused
      intravenously with 1-[14C] palmitic acid for 160 min to achieve steady-state
      labeling of plasma fatty acid and triglyceride. Turnover of fatty acid and
      transfer quotients for triglyceride and CO2 were 3.3 and 2.7 mmol min-1; 13.0 and
      10.0%; and 8.0 and 5.0%, for control and analog, respectively. Proportion of
      fatty acid turnover incorporated into triglyceride and CO2 were 14.0 and 15.0%;
      and 21.0 and 18.0, respectively, for control and analog. Analog increased 14C
      recovered in milk fat (52 vs. 36%). Plasma concentration of fatty acids, percent
      oxidized to CO2, and percent of CO2 from fatty acids decreased with increasing
      lactation days. Milk fat percent and yield, fatty acid turnover, and oxidation
      were positively correlated with concentration of plasma fatty acids, whereas
      fatty acid incorporated into plasma triglyceride was negatively correlated with
      fatty acid concentration. The data suggest that hepatic triglyceride secretion is
      not increased in early lactation; further, no effects of analog on lipid
      metabolism were detected.

PMID- 2925957
TI  - Effect of somatotropin on kinetics of nonesterified fatty acids and partition of
      energy, carbon, and nitrogen in lactating dairy cows.
AB  - The utilization of energy, carbon, and nitrogen, and irreversible loss rates of
      nonesterified fatty acids were examined in lactating cows during treatment with
      bovine somatotropin. Six multiparous Holstein cows at approximately 62 d
      postpartum received daily intramuscular injections of somatotropin (29.4 mg/d) or
      excipient during two 21-d treatment periods in a crossover experimental design.
      Milk yield was increased 11% (37.1 versus 41.3 kg/d), whereas intake and
      digestibility of DM, energy, nitrogen, and carbon were not affected. Cows
      remained near zero net energy balance during both treatments (1.31 versus -1.52
      Mcal/d for control and somatotropin, respectively). The major effect of
      somatotropin was to partition net energy into milk while tissue energy accretion
      was reduced. Postabsorptive use of nitrogen and carbon was altered by
      somatotropin as reflected by greater secretion in milk. Urinary losses of
      nitrogen and tissue use of carbon were reduced. Plasma concentrations and
      irreversible loss rates of nonesterified fatty acids did not differ between
      treatments. Somatotropin treatment of lactating cows results in partitioning of
      nutrients away from tissue deposition toward milk synthesis. The extent to which
      different metabolic processes are altered depends upon the energy balance of the
      somatotropin-treated animal.

PMID- 2925958
TI  - Phallometric diagnosis of pedophilia.
AB  - We investigated the sensitivity of our phallometric test for pedophilia (and
      hebephilia). An initial sample of subjects included 47 men accused of sexual
      offenses against minors and 26 control subjects-men accused of offenses against
      adult women (exhibitionism, rape, or sexually sadistic activity). A second sample
      included 107 offenders against minors and 30 control subjects. In both samples,
      the offenders against minors were further classified according to the targets of
      their sexual offenses (girls, boys, or both) and according to the extent to which
      they admitted an erotic preference for the immature physique. Computerized
      diagnostic rules were developed with the first sample and cross-validated with
      the second. The sensitivity of the test in detecting pedophilia or hebephilia in
      complete nonadmitters is probably greater than or equal to 55% but is certainly
      less than 100%. Its specificity appears to be over 95%.

PMID- 2925960
TI  - Expressed emotion and patient-relative interaction in families of recent onset
      schizophrenics.
AB  - This article examines the interaction patterns of relatives of young, recent
      onset schizophrenic patients classified as displaying either high or low
      expressed emotion (EE) by two measures, the original Camberwell interview method
      and a recently developed brief method. The former was administered during the
      hospitalization period and the latter was administered approximately 2 months
      later when the patient was in the community. Family interactions were coded with
      an observational coding system that permitted sequential patterns to be analyzed
      as a function of the EE status of the family. No relation between the Camberwell
      EE rating and interactional behavior was found. However, high EE-critical
      relatives, defined by the brief EE method, were more negative in direct
      interactions than low EE relatives or high EE relatives classified as emotionally
      overinvolved. Sequential analyses indicated that high EE-critical relatives
      showed extreme negative escalation patterns. Patients' reactions to high EE
      critical relatives were characterized by self-justification and negative
      nonverbal behavior.

PMID- 2925959
TI  - Identifying chronic affective disorders in outpatients: validation of the General
      Behavior Inventory.
AB  - The validity of the General Behavior Inventory (GBI) in screening outpatients for
      chronic unipolar and bipolar affective conditions was evaluated. The GBI was
      administered to 492 consecutive patients at a university clinic and a community
      mental health center. Using a stratified random sampling plan, 167 patients were
      selected and administered blind structured diagnostic interviews. In addition,
      unipolar depressives were followed up 6 months after the initial evaluation.
      Overall, the GBI exhibited fair-to-good positive predictive power and good-to
      excellent negative predictive power. In addition, GBI scores in the case range
      were consistently associated with poor outcome at the 6-month follow-up. These
      findings suggest that the GBI may provide an economical means of screening for
      chronic unipolar and bipolar affective conditions in outpatient settings.

PMID- 2925961
TI  - Neuropsychological test performance and the attention deficit disorders: clinical
      utility of the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery-Children's Revision.
AB  - The Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery-Children's Revision (LNNB-CR) was
      administered to 54 clinic-referred children aged 8-12 years. Children reliably
      diagnosed as attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity were compared with
      children diagnosed as attention deficit disorder without hyperactivity and with a
      clinic control group diagnosed with internalizing disorders. Both attention
      deficit disorder groups were lower than the control group in verbal and Full
      Scale IQ scores but did not differ from one another. The groups did not differ
      significantly on any of the LNNB-CR clinical scales, on the right or left
      hemisphere scores, or on the pathognomonic score using analyses of variance or
      analyses of covariance with both Full Scale IQ and age as covariates. These
      findings failed to support the hypothesis that attention deficit disorder, either
      with or without hyperactivity, is associated with neuropsychological dysfunction
      as measured by the LNNB-CR.

PMID- 2925962
TI  - Styles of self-nurturance and disordered eating.
AB  - This study explores the relation between self-nurturance and disordered eating.
      Both structured questionnaires and forms requesting open-ended descriptions of
      themselves and their parents were administered to bulimic (n = 18), dieting
      restrainer (n = 20), and nonrestrainer (n = 20) women. The use of food-related
      and non-food-related forms of nurturance was assessed, as were subjects'
      reactivity to positive and negative events, levels of dependency, self-criticism,
      and efficacy. Factor analysis of the various scales yielded three factors: Non
      Food-Related Self-Nurturance, Negative Reactivity, and Food-Related Self
      Nurturance. The results indicated that bulimics were less likely to nurture
      themselves in non-food-related ways and derived a greater percentage of their
      total self-nurturance from food than both restrainers and nonrestrainers. The
      results also indicated that bulimics engaged in a greater degree of negative self
      criticism and reactivity to negative events than nonrestrainers. Differences
      between bulimics and restrainers are explored in detail. The results are
      discussed in relation to self-nurturance and its implication for the treatment of
      bulimia.

PMID- 2925963
TI  - A psychometric analysis of the sexual arousability index.
AB  - The Sexual Arousability Index (SAI) assesses self-reported sexual arousal in
      women and was administered on four occasions to a group of normal sexually active
      women (n = 57) and to another group undergoing surgical gynecologic treatment (n
      = 66) that resulted in a predictable and clinical level of sexual dysfunction.
      These data were used for a psychometric analysis of the SAI. In terms of
      reliability, internal consistency estimates were in the .92-.96 range, and 4
      month test-retest reliabilities ranged from .74 to .90. An evaluation of validity
      revealed both strengths and limitations of the SAI. The content analysis
      indicated that at least six domains are sampled, including seduction activities,
      body caressing, oral-genital and genital stimulation, intercourse, masturbation,
      and erotic media. To examine construct validity, we conducted a factor analysis
      that revealed a five-factor solution accounting for 85% of the variance.
      Furthermore, the factor solution was stable across groups and time, and the
      factors were sensitive to the occurrence of important behavior changes. The SAI,
      like other psychological measures, was poor in predicting a criterion (i.e., the
      occurrence of inhibited sexual excitement) concurrently or at the time of follow
      up.

PMID- 2925964
TI  - Power to detect differences between alternative treatments in comparative
      psychotherapy outcome research.

PMID- 2925965
TI  - A strategy to use soft data effectively in randomized controlled clinical trials.
AB  - Soft data are defined as measures having substantial intrasubject variability due
      to errors of measurement or to the inconsistency of subjects' responses. Such
      data are often important measures of response in randomized clinical trials. In
      this context, we show that using an intensive design and the slope of response on
      time as the outcome measure (a) maximizes sample retention and (b) decreases
      within-group variability, thus (c) maximizing the power of test procedures
      without requiring increased sample sizes.

PMID- 2925966
TI  - Psychological functioning and behavior of sexually abused girls.
AB  - The psychological functioning and behavior of 46 sexually abused girls (ages 6
      14) was compared with that of 46 nonabused girls who were matched on age, race,
      family income, and family constellation. Sexually abused children demonstrated
      heightened sexual preoccupation and behavior problems, lower cognitive abilities
      and school achievement, and more stressful past histories.

PMID- 2925967
TI  - Effects of running or weight lifting on self-concept in clinically depressed
      women.
AB  - Forty clinically depressed women were randomized to a running, weight lifting, or
      delayed treatment condition. Self-concept was assessed at baseline, pre-, mid-,
      and posttreatment for all subjects and at 1, 7, and 12 months for exercise
      groups. Significant improvements in self-concept were found for exercise groups
      relative to control groups. No significant differences between exercise groups
      were found, and improvements were reasonably well-maintained over time.
      Differential changes on dimensions of self-concept were not demonstrated. These
      results suggest that both running and weight lifting exercise programs improve
      self-concept in clinically depressed women.

PMID- 2925968
TI  - Relation of behavioral treatment to "normal functioning": comment on Lovaas.
AB  - Our commentary is a critique of the Lovaas (1987) study on the outcome of
      intensive behavioral intervention with young autistic children. Problems in the
      following aspects of the study are reviewed: (a) the choice of outcome measures,
      (b) the criteria for subject selection and the intellectual level of the
      subjects, and (c) the method for assigning subjects to control groups. Based on
      the available data, we posit that it is not possible to determine the effects of
      the intervention.

PMID- 2925969
TI  - Clarifying comments on the young autism study: reply to Schopler, Short, and
      Mesibov.
AB  - Lovaas (1987) has been criticized for overstating the outcome of an intensive
      behavioral intervention for young autistic children. Part of the criticism
      reflects skepticism of Lovaas's view that it is possible to overcome autistic
      children's deficits. However, Lovaas's study built on a substantial body of
      research that has suggested just such a possibility. It also contained a number
      of methodological features that provide evidence supporting his interpretation of
      the outcome, notably, unbiased control groups and multiple pretreatment and
      follow-up measures.

PMID- 2925970
TI  - Giving up on child psychotherapy: who drops out? Comment on Weisz, Weiss, and
      Langmeyer.
AB  - Some critical comments are offered with regard to the use of the designation
      psychotherapy dropout in the article by Weisz, Weiss, and Langmeyer (1987). It is
      proposed that individuals who do not begin a course of psychotherapy should not
      be viewed as dropouts. Reference is also made to problems of generalization.

PMID- 2925971
TI  - On dropouts and refusers in child psychotherapy: reply to Garfield.
AB  - We agree with Garfield that there is value in keeping criteria for dropout groups
      consistent across studies. Because our methods served this goal, we are puzzled
      at this part of his critique. The term dropout, as used in our study, might
      reasonably be replaced with Garfield's term refuser; however, the procedural
      realities of our child clinics make both terms appropriate. At Garfield's
      suggestion, we present new data on those youngsters he considers true dropouts;
      analyses reveal that the results we previously reported would have been the same
      had we used this group.

PMID- 2925972
TI  - The minimizing of blaming attributions and behaviors in delinquent families.
AB  - Parents' data were evaluated in three studies of families with a delinquent
      adolescent. Families were provided with different forms of a positive versus
      negative interactional (attributional) context. Study 1 demonstrated that the
      negative context elicited significantly more negative behaviors than did the
      positive context when parents interacted with each other and with their
      delinquent adolescent. Study 2 demonstrated that the dispositional attributions
      of parents were influenced by the manipulation of set, with a dissatisfied set
      producing negative blaming attributions and a satisfied set producing nonblaming,
      positive attributions. Study 3 demonstrated that parents' negative sets regarding
      their adolescent's negative behaviors, once established and discussed by the
      family for 5 min, were unresponsive to a subsequent positive reattribution
      regarding those behaviors. Taken together, the data provide some support for
      reattribution techniques such as relabeling. Yet, the data question the ease with
      which such techniques can be successful and challenge proponents of such
      techniques to develop methodologically sound empirical demonstrations of their
      effectiveness.

PMID- 2925973
TI  - Behavioral versus insight-oriented marital therapy: effects on individual and
      interspousal functioning.
AB  - This study compared the effects of behavioral marital therapy (BMT) and insight
      oriented marital therapy (IOMT) on both interspousal and intrapersonal
      functioning in a controlled outcome study. A total of 79 couples seeking
      treatment for relationship distress were randomly assigned to BMT, IOMT, or a
      treatment-on-demand (TOD) waiting-list control group. Results indicated the
      significance in individual and relationship functioning. Both treatment
      approaches produced significant effects from intake to termination that were
      substantially maintained at the 6-month follow-up. Behavioral and insight
      oriented therapies resulted in significant improvements in self-reports of global
      marital accord and, to a lesser extent, in the reduction of overall psychological
      distress and in the enhancement of self-concept, with no significant differences
      between treatment conditions. The magnitude of these effects in comparison with
      those reported in previous marital outcome studies and in more general
      psychotherapy research is discussed, and possible mechanisms for the equivalence
      of these technically divergent treatment approaches are explored.

PMID- 2925974
TI  - Behavioral intervention to reduce AIDS risk activities.
AB  - Behavior change can curtail the spread of acquired immune deficiency syndrome
      (AIDS). In this study, 104 gay men with a history of frequent AIDS high-risk
      behavior completed self-report, self-monitoring, and behavioral measures related
      to AIDS risk. The sample was randomly divided into experimental and waiting-list
      control groups. The experimental intervention provided AIDS risk education,
      cognitive-behavioral self-management training, sexual assertion training, and
      attention to the development of steady and self-affirming social supports.
      Experimental group participants greatly reduced their frequency of high-risk
      sexual practices and increased behavioral skills for refusing sexual coercions,
      AIDS risk knowledge, and adoption of "safer sex" practices. Change was maintained
      at the 8-month follow-up.

PMID- 2925975
TI  - Two types of delinquents and their institutional adjustment.
AB  - This research tested a typology classifying 326 incarcerated delinquent boys as
      buoyant or beset, depending on their level of anxiety and depression at intake.
      Findings reveal that the two types of boys differed in some aspects of life
      history and personality, that the buoyant type adjusted better to the
      institution's group-oriented treatment program, and that buoyant and beset boys
      responded differentially to some components of the treatment. Implications are
      drawn regarding the usefulness of the typology for guiding differential
      treatment.

PMID- 2925976
TI  - Differences between more and less effective psychotherapists: a study of select
      therapist variables.
AB  - This study examined differences between more and less effective trainee
      psychotherapists. Therapists were assigned to one of two groups depending on
      whether the preponderance of their patients' changes in symptomatology indicated
      more or less improvement over the course of therapy. Therapist variables included
      emotional adjustment, relationship skills, eliciting patient involvement,
      credibility, directiveness, and theoretical orientation. Less effective
      therapists were revealed to have lower levels of empathic understanding, to rate
      their patients as more involved in treatment, and to rate themselves as more
      supportive than the more effective therapists. Less effective therapists also
      valued comfort and stimulation significantly more and valued intellectual goals
      significantly less than did more effective therapists.

PMID- 2925977
TI  - Changes in food intake and activity after quitting smoking.
AB  - Quitting smoking often results in weight gain. The causes of the gain are not
      known. The present study evaluated changes in calories, total sugars, sucrose,
      fat, protein, and nonsugar carbohydrates as well as changes in activity levels
      after quitting smoking. Ninety-five subjects were randomly assigned to either
      early (Week 2) or late (Week 6) quit dates. Subjects were assessed on weight,
      food intake, activity levels, and smoking levels at baseline, at Weeks 4 and 8,
      and at Weeks 12 and 26 postquit. The results indicated significant increases in
      calories, sucrose, and fats 2 weeks after the quit date. Changes for total sugars
      were less consistent. Activity levels did not change significantly. Early caloric
      increases predicted weight gain at 26 weeks for abstinent women. No relation was
      found for abstinent men, but interpretation of this finding is weakened by a
      small subsample size. Abstinent subjects gained over 9 lb by 26 weeks postquit.
      Despite this gain, Week 26 results showed that caloric intake for abstinent women
      was approximately equal to that observed at baseline, whereas that for abstinent
      men had dropped significantly.

PMID- 2925978
TI  - Nicotine replacement: effects of postcessation weight gain.
AB  - The present study examined nicotine replacement effects on postcessation weight
      gain in smoking cessation clinic volunteers using objective indices of cigarette
      smoking, gum use, and body weight. After they achieved abstinence, subjects were
      randomly assigned to either active nicotine or placebo gum conditions for 10
      weeks, during which smoking status was carefully monitored. Analyses revealed
      strong evidence for a gum effect on weight gain, with active gum users gaining a
      mean total of 3.8 lb compared with 7.8 lb for placebo gum users at the end of the
      10-week trial. Evidence for a dose-response relation was found, suggesting that
      more gum use (greater than or equal to 6.5 pieces/day) resulted in greater weight
      suppression. Placebo gum subjects reported greater postcessation increases in
      eating and hunger compared with active gum subjects. The implications of the
      weight suppression effect of nicotine gum for smoking cessation treatments are
      discussed.

PMID- 2925979
TI  - Using alcohol expectancies to predict adolescent drinking behavior after one
      year.
AB  - An accumulating literature has shown the influence of childhood experiences
      associated with alcohol use on later drinking practices. Recent studies have
      suggested that alcohol-related expectancy may serve as an intervening variable to
      connect these early experiences with the later, proximal decision to drink when
      opportunities for actual alcohol consumption arise. Those studies, however, have
      collected expectancy and drinking data concurrently, whereas the present study
      for the first time reports on the power of expectancies measured in early
      adolescents (seventh and eighth grades) to predict self-reported drinking onset
      and drinking behavior measured a full year later. Results show that five of seven
      expectancy scores readily discriminated between nonproblem drinkers and those
      subsequently beginning problem drinking and accounted for a large portion of the
      variance in a continuous quantity/frequency index and a problem drinking index.
      The strength of these timelagged relations strengthens the case for inferring
      that expectancies have causal power on drinking behavior and suggests prevention
      strategies.

PMID- 2925980
TI  - Monopolar and bipolar treatment.
AB  - Monopolar and bipolar electrosurgical treatments are markedly different in
      principle, but the terms are often confused. The following article explains the
      differences between these two popular modalities.

PMID- 2925981
TI  - Granuloma pyogenicum (pregnancy tumor).

PMID- 2925982
TI  - Benefits of the CO2 laser for verruca resistant to other modalities of treatment.
AB  - The benefits of the carbon dioxide (CO2) laser in the treatment of verruca
      resistant to other forms of treatment have been studied. Twenty-five patients
      with warts unsuccessfully treated from one to five times previously were treated
      with the laser, followed for a minimum of 6 months, and evaluated. Eight of these
      patients (32%) gained a total permanent cure. An additional five treatments
      resulted in a subtotal (over 75%) cure but some warts remained. Thus, 13 of 25
      patients (52%) experienced complete or partially successful treatment. The CO2
      laser is a valuable modality in the treatment of recalcitrant warts but cannot be
      expected to cure all such warts.

PMID- 2925983
TI  - Donor island harvesting for micro- and minigrafting.
AB  - Donor island harvesting, a method of obtaining micro- and minigrafts from the
      hair-bearing strip between donor rows, is described.

PMID- 2925984
TI  - The precision binocular loupe.
AB  - The binocular loupe has long been used by dermatologists to improve their
      visualization of skin disease and for fine surgical work. As more and more
      dermatologists perform sclerotherapy and laser surgery, the popularity of
      magnifying loupes will increase.

PMID- 2925985
TI  - Evaluating the efficacy of the punch hair grafting technique.
AB  - The author evaluates the efficacy of the punch hair grafting technique by
      measuring hair density and the number of terminal hairs that should grow in a
      graft.

PMID- 2925986
TI  - The association of lichen planus of the penis with squamous cell carcinoma in
      situ and with verrucous squamous carcinoma.
AB  - Two cases of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the penis, one verrucous type and
      one in situ, arising in association with an inflammatory dermatosis most
      consistent with lichen planus, are described. Although SCC has previously been
      reported to have arisen from lichen planus of the oral mucosa, these are the
      first reported cases of the coexistence of these processes on the penis.

PMID- 2925987
TI  - Carbon dioxide laser blepharoplasty: conjunctival temperature during surgery.
AB  - Eight patients underwent carbon dioxide (CO2) laser blepharoplasty. The
      temperature of the upper eyelid conjunctiva was monitored and recorded during
      laser surgery. A minimal increase in temperature was noted. This study confirms
      the absence of thermal injury at a distal site from the laser application and the
      safety of the laser procedure.

PMID- 2925988
TI  - Mohs surgery is the treatment of choice for recurrent (previously treated) basal
      cell carcinoma.
AB  - We reviewed all studies (since 1945) reporting recurrence rates for treatment of
      recurrent (previously treated) basal cell carcinomas (BCC) using surgical
      excision, radiotherapy, cryotherapy, curettage and electrodesiccation, and Mohs
      micrographic surgery. The 5-year recurrence rate for Mohs micrographic surgery is
      5.6%. The recurrence rate for non-Mohs modalities of 19.9% is nearly four times
      higher. Individual recurrence rates for the non-Mohs modalities are 17.4% for
      surgical excision, 40.0% for curettage and electrodesiccation, and 9.8% for
      radiation therapy. There are no studies reporting 5-year data for cryotherapy.
      However, the recurrence rate is 13.0% for cryotherapy when the follow-up period
      is less than five years. The data support the following conclusions: (1) Mohs
      surgery is the treatment of choice for recurrent BCC; (2) if the patient is not a
      surgical candidate and the lesion is small, radiation therapy is an alternative
      that offers a better chance for cure than the other non-Mohs modalities; and (3)
      curettage and electrodesiccation should not be used to treat recurrent basal cell
      carcinoma.

PMID- 2925989
TI  - Postoperative Trichosporon beigelii soft tissue infection.
AB  - A case of postsurgical cutaneous infection with Trichosporon beigelii in an
      apparently immunocompetent individual is reported. This is a rare surgical
      complication and the first report of localized skin infection by this organism
      postoperatively.

PMID- 2925990
TI  - False-negative margins.

PMID- 2925991
TI  - Comparison between in vivo and in vitro cutaneous penetration of fenvalerate in
      tobacco budworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).
AB  - In vivo and in vitro penetration of fenvalerate were compared in the 3-d-old
      fifth-instar tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F). In the in vitro studies, a
      piece of cuticle was excised and mounted on a diffusion cell, and the amount of
      radioactivity present in the cuticle and medium was determined at various time
      intervals. At 24 h, approximately 7.4% of the dose was located in the cuticle,
      whereas only 1.6% actually penetrated. In the in vivo studies, approximately 7.4%
      of the radioactivity was recovered from the body after cuticular wash.

PMID- 2925992
TI  - Inhibition of growth and development of tobacco hornworm (Lepidoptera:
      Sphingidae) larvae by cyromazine.
AB  - When fed to larvae of tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (L.), cyromazine strongly
      inhibited normal growth and development. Depending on the dose or period of
      feeding, symptoms were cuticular melanization, swellings in intersegmental
      regions, cuticular lesions, rupture of the body wall, and death. At greater than
      10 ppm, cyromazine in the diet initiated symptoms in fifth instars, whereas
      greater than 20 ppm induced symptoms which led to death during the instar or at
      molting. The ratio of chitin to larval body weight in both cyromazine-exposed and
      control fifth instars increased slightly from ecdysis to 42 h. However, this
      ratio did not differ between the two groups, indicating that cyromazine had no
      immediate or direct effect on chitin production. When cyromazine was ingested by
      fifth instars, it was excreted rapidly, and a small amount (less than 5%) was
      metabolized to melamine. The amount of cyromazine found in the hemolymph remained
      relatively constant during the feeding period, whereas the amount present in the
      body wall increased with time and was localized in the KOH-soluble fraction.
      Cyromazine may inhibit growth or expansion of the body wall (or both)
      sufficiently to prevent normal internal growth, producing the observed symptoms
      and leading to abnormal development.

PMID- 2925993
TI  - The effect of traffic noise on sleep of young adults in their homes.
AB  - The disturbance of sleep by traffic noise is a major problem area in noise
      pollution. Extensive laboratory tests using multichannel electroencephalograms
      (EEG) have been carried out by many workers to determine the general response of
      people when exposed to noise during sleep. An experimental technique for
      obtaining results in people's homes has been developed using a simplified one
      channel EEG. The responses of six people in the age range 19-24 were measured. A
      significant correlation was found between sleep disturbance and traffic noise
      when the noise is expressed in EPNdB. In the home experiments the subjects
      appeared to be approximately 10 dB less sensitive to noises than laboratory
      subjects for similar noise exposure. There also appeared to be some adaptation to
      the noise exposure; however, only one subject was tested for a period of 20 days
      and was insufficient to give definite results on adaptation.

PMID- 2925994
TI  - Interaural cross-correlation coefficients in stereo-reproduced sound fields.
AB  - Interaural cross-correlation coefficients (ICCCs) were measured in stereo
      reproduced fields where a KEMAR (Knowles electric manikin for acoustic research)
      was located. These ICCCs were then compared with those in an ideal, diffuse sound
      field. The ICCCs in a reverberant field are not reproduced accurately using a
      conventional two-channel stereo-reproduction technique. In four-channel stereo
      reproduction, however, the ICCCs can, for the most part, be reproduced accurately
      as in an ideal, diffuse sound field. Some experimental results are also shown for
      binaural discrimination of the ICCCs.

PMID- 2925995
TI  - Nonlinear and active two-dimensional cochlear models: time-domain solution.
AB  - A numerical solution method for two-dimensional (2-D) cochlear models in the time
      domain is presented. The method has particularly been designed for models with a
      cochlear partition having nonlinear and active mechanical properties. The 2-D
      cochlear model equations are reformulated as an integral equation for the
      acceleration of the basilar membrane (BM). This integral equation is discretized
      with respect to the spatial variable to yield a system of ordinary differential
      equations in the time variable. To solve this system, the variable step-size,
      fourth-order Runge-Kutta method described in Diependaal et al. [J. Acoust. Soc.
      Am. 82, 1655-1666 (1987)] is used. This method is robust and computationally
      efficient. The incorporation of a simple middle-ear model can be handled by this
      method. The method can also be extended to models in which the cochlear partition
      at each point along its length is represented by more than one degree of freedom.

PMID- 2925996
TI  - Pitch identification of simultaneous diotic and dichotic two-tone complexes.
AB  - This study examines subjects' ability to recognize the pitches of two missing
      fundamentals in two simultaneous two-tone complexes whose partials are
      distributed in various ways between subjects' ears. The data show that
      identification performance is affected on different levels. Limited frequency
      resolution in the peripheral auditory system can degrade performance, but only if
      none of the four stimulus partials is aurally resolved. Identification
      performance is only weakly dependent on the manner of distributing partials
      between the ears. In some cases it was found that, probably at a very central
      level (e.g., attention), the identification processes of both simultaneous
      pitches interfere with one another. Some subjects are more likely to identify the
      pitch of one two-tone complex when the harmonic order of the other complex is
      higher than when this harmonic order is lower. Finally, some subjects tend to
      hear the complex tones analytically, i.e., perceive pitches of single partials
      instead of the missing fundamentals for some distribution of partials between the
      ears.

PMID- 2925997
TI  - Detection and discrimination of spectral peaks and notches at 1 and 8 kHz.
AB  - The ability of subjects to detect and discriminate spectral peaks and notches in
      noise stimuli was determined for center frequencies fc of 1 and 8 kHz. The
      signals were delivered using an insert earphone designed to produce a flat
      frequency response at the eardrum for frequencies up to 14 kHz. In experiment I,
      subjects were required to distinguish a broadband reference noise with a flat
      spectrum from a noise with either a peak or a notch at fc. The threshold peak
      height or notch depth was determined as a function of bandwidth of the peak or
      notch (0.125, 0.25, or 0.5 times fc). Thresholds increased with decreasing
      bandwidth, particularly for the notches. In experiment II, subjects were required
      to detect an increase in the height of a spectral peak or a decrease in the depth
      of a notch as a function of bandwidth. Performance was worse for notches than for
      peaks, particularly at narrow bandwidths. For both experiments I and II,
      randomizing (roving) the overall level of the stimuli had little effect at 1 kHz,
      but tended to impair performance at 8 kHz, particularly for notches. Experiments
      III-VI measured thresholds for detecting changes in center frequency of
      sinusoids, bands of noise, and spectral peaks or notches in a broadband
      background. Thresholds were lowest for the sinusoids and highest for the peaks
      and notches. The width of the bands, peaks, or notches had only a small effect on
      thresholds. For the notches at 8 kHz, thresholds for detecting glides in center
      frequency were lower than thresholds for detecting a difference in center
      frequency between two steady sounds. Randomizing the overall level of the stimuli
      made frequency discrimination of the sinusoids worse, but had little or no effect
      for the noise stimuli. In all six experiments, performance was generally worse at
      8 kHz than at 1 kHz. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for
      the detectability of spectral cues introduced by the pinnae.

PMID- 2925998
TI  - Categorical perception of conspecific communication sounds by Japanese macaques,
      Macaca fuscata.
AB  - Field studies indicate that Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata) communication
      signals vary with the social situation in which they occur [S. Green, "Variation
      of vocal pattern with social situation in the Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata): A
      field study," in Primate Behavior, edited by L. A. Rosenblum (Academic, New York,
      1975), Vol. 4]. A significant acoustic property of the contact calls produced by
      these primates is the temporal position of a frequency peak within the
      vocalization, that is, an inflection from rising to falling frequency [May et
      al., "Significant features of Japanese macaque communication sounds: A
      psychophysical study," Anim. Behav. 36, 1432-1444 (1988)]. The experiments
      reported here are based on the hypothesis that Japanese macaques derive meaning
      from this temporally graded feature by parceling the acoustic variation inherent
      in natural contact calls into two functional categories, and thus exhibit
      behavior that is analogous to the categorical perception of speech sounds by
      humans. To test this hypothesis, Japanese macaques were trained to classify
      natural contact calls by performing operant responses that signified either an
      early or late frequency peak position. Then, the subjects were tested in a series
      of experiments that required them to generalize this behavior to synthetic calls
      representing a continuum of peak positions. Demonstration of the classical
      perceptual effects noted for human listeners suggests that categorical perception
      reflects a principle of auditory information processing that influences the
      perception of sounds in the communication systems not only of humans, but of
      animals as well.

PMID- 2925999
TI  - Across-critical-band processing of amplitude-modulated tones.
AB  - Two experiments using two-tone sinusoidally amplitude-modulated stimuli were
      conducted to assess cross-channel effects in processing low-frequency amplitude
      modulation. In experiment I, listeners were asked to discriminate between two
      sets of two-tone amplitude-modulated complexes. In one set, the modulation phase
      of the lower frequency carrier tone was different from that of the upper
      frequency carrier tone. In the other stimulus set, both amplitude-modulated
      carriers had the same modulator phase. The amount of phase shift required to
      discriminate between the two stimulus sets was determined as a function of the
      separation between the two carriers, modulation depth, and modulation frequency.
      Listeners could discriminate a 50 degrees-60 degrees phase shift between the
      modulated envelopes for tones separated by more than a critical band. In
      experiment II, the modulation depth required to detect modulation of a probe
      carrier was measured in the presence of an amplitude-modulated masker. The
      threshold for detecting probe modulation was determined as a function of the
      separation between the masker and probe carriers, the phase difference between
      the masker and probe modulators, and masker modulation depth (in all conditions,
      the rate of probe and masker modulation was 10 Hz). The threshold for detecting
      probe modulation was raised substantially when the masker tone was also
      modulated. The results are consistent with theories suggesting that amplitude
      modulation helps form auditory objects from complex sound fields.

PMID- 2926000
TI  - Headphone simulation of free-field listening. I: Stimulus synthesis.
AB  - This article describes techniques used to synthesize headphone-presented stimuli
      that simulate the ear-canal waveforms produced by free-field sources. The
      stimulus synthesis techniques involve measurement of each subject's free-field-to
      eardrum transfer functions for sources at a large number of locations in free
      field, and measurement of headphone-to-eardrum transfer functions with the
      subject wearing headphones. Digital filters are then constructed from the
      transfer function measurements, and stimuli are passed through these digital
      filters. Transfer function data from ten subjects and 144 source positions are
      described in this article, along with estimates of the various sources of error
      in the measurements. The free-field-to-eardrum transfer function data are
      consistent with comparable data reported elsewhere in the literature. A
      comparison of ear-canal waveforms produced by free-field sources with ear-canal
      waveforms produced by headphone-presented simulations shows that the simulations
      duplicate free-field waveforms within a few dB of magnitude and a few degrees of
      phase at frequencies up to 14 kHz.

PMID- 2926001
TI  - Headphone simulation of free-field listening. II: Psychophysical validation.
AB  - Listeners reported the apparent spatial positions of wideband noise bursts that
      were presented either by loudspeakers in free field or by headphones. The
      headphone stimuli were digitally processed with the aim of duplicating, at a
      listener's eardrums, the waveforms that were produced by the free-field stimuli.
      The processing algorithms were based on each subject's free-field-to-eardrum
      transfer functions that had been measured at 144 free-field source locations. The
      headphone stimuli were localized by eight subjects in virtually the same
      positions as the corresponding free-field stimuli. However, with headphone
      stimuli, there were more front-back confusions, and source elevation seemed
      slightly less well defined. One subject's difficulty with elevation judgments,
      which was observed both with free-field and with headphone stimuli, was traced to
      distorted features of the free-field-to-eardrum transfer function.

PMID- 2926002
TI  - High-frequency audiometry: test reliability and procedural considerations.
AB  - This study compared the reliability of a recently developed high-frequency
      audiometer (HFA) [Stevens et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 81, 470-484 (1987)] with a
      less complicated system that uses supraaural earphones (Koss system). The new
      approach permits calibration on an individual basis, making it possible to
      express thresholds at high frequencies in dB SPL. Data obtained from 50 normal
      hearing subjects, ranging in age from 10-60 years, were used to evaluate the
      effects on reliability of threshold variance, earpiece/earphone fitting variance,
      and the variance associated with the HFA calibration process. Without
      earpiece/earphone replacement, the reliability of thresholds for the two systems
      is similar. With replacement, the HFA showed poorer reliability than the Koss
      system above 11 kHz, largely due to errors in estimating the calibration
      function. HFA reliability is greater for subjects with valid calibration
      functions over the entire frequency range. When average correction factors are
      applied to the Koss data in an effort to convert threshold estimates to dB SPL,
      individual transfer functions are not represented accurately. Thus the benefit of
      being able to express thresholds at high frequencies in dB SPL must be weighed
      against the additional source of variability introduced by the HFA calibration
      process.

PMID- 2926003
TI  - Fundamental frequency modulation of the human voice by the heartbeat: preliminary
      results and possible mechanisms.
AB  - Signal-averaging techniques reveal that the vocal fundamental frequency (F0) of a
      sustained vowel is modulated over a period equal to that of the speaker's heart
      cycle. Average F0 deviation varies in an orderly way from about 0.5% to about
      1.0% as F0 changes. Location of the peak deviation in the time frame of the heart
      cycle also changes systematically with vocal F0. Modulation of the vocal F0 is
      likely to be caused by pressure-related changes in the stiffness of the vascular
      bed of the vocal folds and by alterations of the geometry of the thyroarytenoid
      muscle produced by periodic vascular engorgement.

PMID- 2926004
TI  - Inhibiting the Lombard effect.
AB  - The Lombard effect is the tendency to increase one's vocal intensity in noise.
      The present study reports three experiments that test the robustness of the
      Lombard effect when speakers are given instructions and training with visual
      feedback to help suppress it. The Lombard effect was found to be extremely stable
      and robust. Instructions alone had little influence on the response to the noise
      among untrained speakers. When visual feedback correlated with vocal intensity
      was presented, however, subjects could inhibit the Lombard response. Furthermore,
      the inhibition remained after the visual feedback was removed. The data are
      interpreted as indicating that the Lombard response is largely automatic and not
      ordinarily under volitional control. When subjects do learn to suppress the
      effect, they seem to do so by changing overall vocal level rather than their
      specific response to the noise.

PMID- 2926005
TI  - On the relation between subglottal pressure and fundamental frequency in
      phonation.
AB  - The change in fundamental frequency with subglottal pressure in phonation is
      quantified on the basis of the ratio between vibrational amplitude and vocal fold
      length. This ratio is typically very small in stringed instruments, but becomes
      quite appreciable in vocal fold vibration. Tension in vocal fold tissues is,
      therefore, not constant over the vibratory cycle, and a dynamic tension gives
      rise to amplitude-frequency dependence. It is shown that the typical 2-6 Hz/cm
      H2O rise in fundamental frequency with subglottal pressure observed in human and
      canine larynges is a direct and predictable consequence of this amplitude
      frequency dependence. Results are presently limited to phonation in the chest
      register.

PMID- 2926006
TI  - Acoustic-phonetic characteristics of speech produced in noise and while wearing
      an oxygen mask.
AB  - The present study investigated changes in the prosodic and acoustic-phonetic
      features of isolated words by four male talkers speaking in quite and in pink
      noise at a level of 95 dB SPL. Speech samples were collected both with and
      without an oxygen mask. Changes in duration, fundamental frequency, total energy,
      and formant center frequency were analyzed. In addition to the expected changes
      of increased pitch and amplitude associated with speaking in noise without an
      oxygen mask, significant effects were found (particularly in the formant center
      frequencies) as a result of using the oxygen mask. When the oxygen mask was
      employed, no further significant changes were caused by adding noise to the
      speaking situation.

PMID- 2926007
TI  - Long-term memory for unfamiliar voices.
AB  - From a sample of young male Californians, ten speakers were selected whose voices
      were approximately normally distributed with respect to the "easy-to-remember"
      versus "hard-to-remember" judgments of a group of raters. A separate group of
      listeners each heard one of the voices, and, after delays of 1, 2, or 4 weeks,
      tried to identify the voice they had heard, using an open-set, independent
      judgment task. Distributions of the results did not differ from the distributions
      expected under the hypothesis of independent judgments. For both "heard
      previously" and "not heard previously" responses, there was a trend toward
      increasing accuracy as a function of increasing listener certainty. Overall,
      heard previously responses were less accurate than not heard previously
      responses. For heard previously responses, there was a trend toward decreasing
      accuracy as a function of delay between hearing a voice and trying to identify
      it. Information-theoretic analysis showed loss of information as a function of
      delay and provided means to quantify the effects of patterns of voice
      confusability. Signal-detection analysis revealed the similarity of results from
      diverse experimental paradigms. A "prototype" model is advanced to explain the
      fact that certain voices are preferentially selected as having been heard
      previously. The model also unites several previously unconnected findings in the
      literature on voice recognition and makes testable predictions.

PMID- 2926009
TI  - An interpretation of cortical maps in echolocating bats.
AB  - Target parameters such as reflectivity, range, velocity, and angular position are
      represented by ordered maps of tuned cortical neurons in insectivorous bats. It
      is suggested that the response of each neuron in such a map is determined by a
      hypothesis test conditioned on a particular value of the mapped parameter. The
      excitation of each neuron is then interpreted as a sample value of a conditional
      log-likelihood ratio or a log-likelihood function. Interpolation between the
      samples, which is needed to find the parameter that maximizes the mapped function
      (e.g., the maximum likelihood parameter estimate), can be accomplished with
      overlapped tuning curves. An attempt to portray a sharp peak by a weighted sum of
      relatively broad neuronal tuning curves or interpolation functions results in
      excitatory center/inhibitory surround behavior. Facilitation or antifacilitation
      of neurons that are likely to be excited by succeeding observations can be used
      for sequential detection and tracking. Interpolation and pulse-to-pulse data
      storage capability are required to explain range jitter sensitivity and to allow
      for moving target indication in bat sonar. If a cortical map represents an
      ordered array of hypothesis tests, then many such tests are implemented in
      parallel when target parameters are unknown. Detection performance is then
      degraded relative to the idealized situation in which all parameters are
      specified. Performance in noise may thus appear to be much worse than that of an
      ideal detector, even if each hypothesis test is optimally implemented.

PMID- 2926008
TI  - Speech perception in children with histories of recurrent otitis media.
AB  - The present study investigated the ability of 5-year-old children to perceive
      differences in voice onset time (VOT) in naturally produced speech. Three groups
      of children whose hearing was within normal limits at the time of the experiment
      were tested on identification and discrimination tasks: (1) group C, in which the
      children had normal language abilities and no history of severe, recurrent otitis
      media (OM), (2) group OM, in which the children had histories of severe,
      recurrent OM but normal language abilities, and (3) group OM/DL, in which the
      children had histories of severe OM and delays in the acquisition of linguistic
      competence. Compared to group C, group OM/DL showed marked differences in their
      ability to identify and discriminate speech patterns. Their perception was less
      categorical, as well, in that there was less of a peak in the discrimination
      function at the region of the phoneme boundary. The performance of group OM fell
      between the other two groups, with deficits being more pronounced in the
      discrimination task than in the identification task. The results supported the
      idea that episodes of OM can produce periods of sensory deprivation that alter
      perceptual abilities. The relation of a history of OM to later language and
      academic difficulties was also considered.

PMID- 2926010
TI  - Ubiquity of hyperacuity.
AB  - A decision as to whether two line segments are colinear, as on a vernier scale (-
      /-- vs --/--), can be made with high sensitivity by the human visual system. Just
      noticeable vernier displacement is much smaller than the separation required to
      resolve two parallel lines, i.e., to perceive them as two lines rather than one.
      Vernier acuity is thus also called "hyperacuity." Similar effects have been
      discovered in bat echolocation, for discrimination of a range-jittered point
      target from a nonjittered target, in the jamming avoidance response (JAR) of
      electric fish, and in differential pitch sensitivity experiments with human
      subjects. Are jitter sensitivity in echolocation, JAR in electroreception,
      differential pitch sensitivity in audition, and vernier acuity in vision based on
      the same general principle? The results in this article indicate that such
      phenomena are indeed similar from the viewpoint of detection theory, and that
      experimental performance can be used to behaviorally estimate auditory parameters
      such as bandwidth, beamwidth, and temporal resolution, as well as to test
      different signal processing models without resort to masking. Applications of the
      hyperacuity effect to radar, sonar, and medical ultrasound are suggested.

PMID- 2926011
TI  - The development of a practising nursing faculty.
AB  - Practice is where skills are developed and where theory must pass testing. This
      is best done by observing and responding to human needs so that theory generated
      will have a precise fit. A variety of joint appointments with a focus on nursing
      have been established between the Faculty of Nursing at The University of Calgary
      and nursing service agencies in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. The expected outcome is
      congruence between teaching, theory development, and practice. This paper
      differentiates faculty practice as scholarship from other forms of faculty
      involvement in practice settings. The nature of faculty practice is examined and
      various models of faculty practice are discussed. The Calgary model, designed to
      fit faculty member's focus on care to specific practice settings is described.

PMID- 2926012
TI  - Bulimic and non-bulimic college females' perceptions of family adaptability and
      family cohesion.
AB  - Bulimia appears to be increasing among young women of middle to upper
      socioeconomic status. Although the aetiology of bulimia syndrome is not fully
      understood, family functioning patterns are thought to contribute to development
      of the disorder. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship
      between self-reported bulimic behaviour in female college students and their
      perceptions of family adaptation and family cohesion levels. A sample of 308
      subjects from three social sororities at the University of Missouri-Columbia
      completed a demographic questionnaire, the Bulimic Test (BULIT) and the Family
      Cohesion and Adaptability Evaluation Scale (FACES III). Twenty subjects were
      found to be bulimic, 21 incipient, and 267 non-bulimic. Analysis of data using
      the chi-square test resulted in a statistically significant relationship between
      self-reported bulimia and perceptions of family cohesion. No significant
      relationship was found between self-reported bulimia and family adaptation.
      Implications for nursing practice are discussed.

PMID- 2926013
TI  - Attitudes and behaviours of nurses towards the elderly in an acute care setting.
AB  - The study was designed to determine the attitudes of health care workers towards
      the elderly in acute care settings and to investigate variations in types of
      interaction between staff and elderly patients. A questionnaire and Kogan's Old
      People Scale were used together with direct non-participant observation of nurse
      patient interaction. The questionnaire was completed by 50 registered nurses, 20
      nursing aides, four degree nurses and eight volunteers. Of the four groups, the
      volunteers showed the most favourable attitudes, the registered nurses and degree
      nurses were virtually tied and the nursing aides were lower in the rating. Staff
      who expressed a preference for working in geriatrics and rehabilitation had a
      high correlation on the Kogan's Old People Scale: (r(77) = 0.38, P less than
      0.01) and (r(77) = 0.32, P less than 0.01) respectively. It was also found that
      those who rated basic care as lower in importance to patient well-being than, for
      example, talking to patients, were more positive than were those who rated basic
      care higher in importance. In the second data collection, 47 female patients
      (mean age = 67.4 years) and 43 male patients (mean age = 71.5 years) were
      observed. It was found that 74% of patients spent almost 95% of their time
      inactively, either in bed or sitting in a chair. Neither age nor mental alertness
      relates to activity level, but mental alertness was found to be related to
      engaging in constructive activities. During the observation periods 41% of the
      patients did not interact with staff.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2926014
TI  - Community psychiatric nurses: their self-perceived roles.
AB  - The self-perceived role of 16 community psychiatric nurses (CPNs) were analysed
      with reference to four conceptual models of psychiatric illness. The roles
      discussed by the CPNs echoed many of those found in previous research. Overall
      the CPNs used different models of illness when discussing various aspects of
      their roles. It is believed that the models of illness preferred by CPNs may be a
      useful reflection of the role they may have in caring for different client
      groups.

PMID- 2926015
TI  - Theory development in perspective: the role of conceptual frameworks and models
      in theory development.
AB  - An analysis of most scientific theories reveals the presence of a variety of
      components which function as constitutive elements of theories. Wider cultural
      paradigms often influence the construction and content of theories in a decisive
      way. Analogies between incongruent domains provide significant points of
      departure for the development of models which are often metaphoric in nature.
      Different metaphors provide alternative conceptual frameworks in terms of which
      it is possible to describe and explain nursing phenomena. Scientific theories
      that are developed on the basis of such metaphorical models are limited in their
      explanatory capacity. When the intrinsic limitations of such scientific models
      are not recognized, they often lead to distorted, one-sided and reductionistic
      explanations of phenomena. Metaphysical assumptions concerning the nature of
      human beings, illness, health, etc., are also of decisive significance in this
      process, e.g. mechanistic models based on a naturalistic view of man lead
      theorizing astray. These theses are illustrated with reference to behavioral
      systems theory as developed by Dorothy Rogers.

PMID- 2926016
TI  - Education and support for the newly diagnosed cardiac family: a vital link in
      rehabilitation.
AB  - In eastern Canadian small cities, community programming for cardiac
      rehabilitation is in its infancy. As professional awareness of the special needs
      of cardiac clients has grown, some components of cardiac rehabilitation
      programmes have developed, albeit autonomously from one another, e.g. in-hospital
      education, home visiting, exercise programmes, and support groups. Attempts are
      being made to establish communication channels among the health personnel
      involved in the different agencies in order to achieve a better availability and
      coordination of services for the benefit of cardiac clients and their families.
      To address needs arising after the first hospitalization or first diagnosis of
      cardiac disease, an education and support programme has been established by a
      university nursing faculty through the efforts of its junior students. This
      programme takes the form of 8-week series of informal classes. Objectives,
      methods and outcomes are outlined. Some recommendations for future community
      cardiac rehabilitation efforts emerge from clinical practice and programme
      evaluation. Implications for health professionals in such future activities are
      discussed.

PMID- 2926017
TI  - A survey of the attitudes of senior nurses towards graduate nurses.
AB  - This small scale survey is one aspect of a larger study of the progress and
      function of graduates of a nursing degree course. There is very little current
      literature regarding the views of senior nurses on the role and function of
      graduate nurses. The aim of this study was not to survey all senior nurses, but
      to obtain the views of senior nurses in the areas where graduates included in the
      main study were working. A descriptive survey approach was taken using postal
      questionnaires to ascertain views on the role and function of graduate nurses.
      Six chief nurses and 11 directors of nursing and midwifery services returned the
      questionnaires. The results showed varied views on whether graduates should and
      do function differently to traditionally trained nurses and interesting comments
      were made in relation to this. The implications of the study are important, since
      the views of senior nurses are likely to influence the posts held by graduates
      and the way they function within those posts, and there is a need for a more in
      depth study of this area.

PMID- 2926019
TI  - Sex differences in school-aged children with pervasive attention deficit
      hyperactivity disorder.
AB  - This study investigated 54 children (37 boys and 17 girls) with cross-situational
      attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) to determine whether there are
      sex differences in the expression of either the primary or secondary
      symptomatology of ADHD. Results indicated that the male and female ADHD groups
      were strikingly similar on all measures of primary (impulsivity, inattention, and
      overactivity) and secondary (learning problems, externalizing symptoms,
      internalizing symptoms, peer relationship difficulties, and self-perceptions)
      symptomatology included in this study. The lack of significant sex differences
      conflicts with prior reports in the literature, and these conflicting results are
      discussed in terms of differences in inclusion criteria. Implications for
      understanding the long-term outcome of ADHD in girls are also discussed.

PMID- 2926018
TI  - Depressive characteristics of physically abused children.
AB  - Physically abused and nonabused children were compared on child-completed
      measures of depression, hopelessness, self-esteem, and locus of control. Results
      indicated that, in comparison with nonabused controls, abused children evidenced
      more depressive symptoms, heightened externality, lower self-esteem, and greater
      hopelessness about the future. Group differences in depressive symptomatology
      were not accounted for on the basis of differences in age, sex, race, gender, IQ,
      or socioeconomic status. Results replicate the results of Kazdin, Moser, Colbus,
      and Bell (1985) derived from a sample of physically abused psychiatric inpatients
      and extend the generality of these findings to abused children of nonpatient
      status. Implications of the findings for clinical interventions, theoretical
      models of child depression, and future research are discussed.

PMID- 2926020
TI  - Validation of the reasons for living inventory in general and delinquent
      adolescent samples.
AB  - Two studies are reported that discuss the validation of an adult suicide
      prediction questionnaire for use with adolescents. The Reasons for Living
      Inventory (RFL; Linehan, Goodstein, Nielsen, & Chiles, 1983) was slightly
      modified and administered to two samples of adolescents: one from a general high
      school population and one from a population of juvenile delinquents receiving
      psychological treatment in a correctional facility. As with adults, adolescents
      who reported more reasons for staying alive were less apt to report past or
      recent suicidal thoughts or behaviors. Evidence of convergent validity emerged
      via correlations of RFL subscales with depression, hopelessness, and other
      suicide inventories. Evidence of discriminant validity emerged in that
      correlations with social desirability were not large. Evidence of construct
      validity emerged in that the RFL subscales related to suicidal thoughts and
      behaviors over and above depression and hopelessness. Differences between general
      and delinquent adolescents' reasons for living are discussed.

PMID- 2926022
TI  - A comparison of 13-year-old boys with attention deficit and/or reading disorder
      on neuropsychological measures.
AB  - This study compared 13-year-old boys with attention deficit disorder (ADD) and/or
      reading disability (RD), and controls with neither disorder on a battery of
      verbal and nonverbal neuropsychological measures. The aim was to examine whether
      ADD was associated with a qualitatively distinct pattern of deficits compared
      with RD. None of the measures differentiated the boys with ADD-only from the
      controls; the only deficit associated with ADD was slightly lower IQ. RD, on the
      other hand, was associated with deficits in memory and verbal skills.

PMID- 2926021
TI  - Social-cognitive processing and depressive symptoms in children: a comparison of
      measures.
AB  - We assessed aspects of the reliability and validity of three measures of social
      cognitive processing in children that have been developed to investigate the
      relations of such processes to childhood depression: the Children's Attributional
      Style Questionnaire (CASQ), the Children's Negative Cognitive Error Questionnaire
      (CNCEQ), and the Common Beliefs Inventory for Students (CBIS). In an unselected
      sample of 61 children, aged 8 to 12, the internal consistencies of the total
      scores on the CNCEQ and the CBIS were good; for the CASQ, it was only moderate.
      Internal consistencies of all subscale scores were inadequate. Despite this,
      several subscale and total scores were significantly associated with depressive
      symptoms, and the measures were generally correlated with each other. Although
      these data are encouraging concerning the role of social-cognitive processing in
      childhood depression, the field needs to develop psychometrically stronger
      measures and to test the role of social cognition in prospective studies of
      depression.

PMID- 2926023
TI  - The structure and correlates of self-reported symptoms in 11-year-old children.
AB  - Self-reports of DSM-III symptomatology were obtained from 792 11-year-old
      children using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (DISC). We report
      results concerning 13 subscales derived from the DISC. Factor analysis of the
      subscales suggested a broad distinction between "externalizing" and
      "internalizing" disorder for boys' self-report. For girls, two separate
      internalizing factors representing anxiety and depression emerged. We also found
      sex differences in correlates of self-reported disorder. Finally, we examined
      agreement between child and parent and teacher reports. Overall, agreement was
      relatively low, although somewhat higher for child-parent than for child-teacher.

PMID- 2926024
TI  - The effects of background illumination and stimulant medication on smooth pursuit
      eye movements of hyperactive children.
AB  - Problems with visual information processing have been reported in children with
      the diagnosis of attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity (ADD H), and
      deficits in oculomotor control have been posited as an important factor in this
      phenomenon. To assess aspects of oculomotor performance, smooth pursuit eye
      movements (PEMs) were recorded electrooculographically in 20 ADD H and 20 age
      matched control children and computer-analyzed for discrete (velocity arrests)
      and global (root mean square error) disruptions. The effects of stimulant
      medication (methylphenidate), together with manipulations designed to influence
      behavioral (attention) and physiological (cerebellar) processes involved in PEM
      performance, were examined. The tracking patterns of nonmedicated ADD H children
      contained significantly more discrete aberrations on baseline conditions.
      Although no single experimental manipulation significantly improved tracking
      performance in ADD H children, combining all experimental conditions did
      normalize PEMs in these subjects. Slight improvements in PEM performance in
      association with medication correlated positively with dose of medication and
      with medication-related improvements in behavior. In light of these data,
      arguments are presented in support of (a) hypoarousal as a contributing factor
      underlying oculomotor difficulties in ADD H children, and (b) subcortical
      involvement in PEM dysfunction.

PMID- 2926025
TI  - Screening for hypercholesterolemia in college students.
AB  - Two national panels have recommended similar, specific strategies for detecting
      hypercholesterolemia: selective screening for children aged 2 to 19, and mass
      screening for individuals aged 20 and over. It is, however, unclear how best to
      apply these recommendations to a college student population. In order to
      determine which strategy is more efficient, this study compared mass with
      selective screening of college students for hypercholesterolemia. In the mass
      screening strategy, all entering students were asked to have their cholesterol
      levels measured and to provide other coronary risk factor information. In the
      selective screening strategy, all sophomores with a family history of heart
      disease were asked to participate in a risk factor screening program. In this
      study, mass screening identified more hypercholesterolemic students with less
      effort per case found than did selective screening. We recommend that college
      health practitioners consider mass screening programs to identify students who
      could benefit from coronary risk reduction.

PMID- 2926026
TI  - Sex and the 1980s college student.

PMID- 2926028
TI  - American College Health Association standards on student health insurance.
      January 1988. Task Force on Student Health Insurance.

PMID- 2926029
TI  - Is Lyme disease a health threat for your students?

PMID- 2926027
TI  - Self-care practices of college students.
AB  - The literature indicates that the majority of symptoms of minor illness or injury
      experienced by individuals are handled routinely through some form of self-care.
      Less well described are the sources of information relied on in the self-care
      decision-making process. The purpose of this study was to assess the use of self
      care measures by college students prior to visiting a student health service and,
      if self-care was undertaken, to determine the source(s) of self-care information.
      Results indicated that almost two thirds of the subjects had engaged in self-care
      for the symptoms that led to their visits. The most popular sources of self-care
      information included family members or friends, prior interaction with a health
      care provider, and nonprescription medication advertisements. This study did not
      address the appropriateness of the self-care information obtained; therefore, the
      quality of the information was not analyzed. Due to the prevalence of self-care
      among college students, attempts should be made to provide them with objective,
      high quality, and readily accessible self-care information. This information
      should be provided as part of an overall effort that encourages students to view
      health as a personal responsibility.

PMID- 2926030
TI  - Lyme disease: a case report.

PMID- 2926032
TI  - Toward a smoke-free campus.

PMID- 2926031
TI  - An eating disorders hotline: organization, implementation, and initial
      experience.

PMID- 2926033
TI  - Mild mitral insufficiency is a marker of impaired left ventricular performance in
      aortic stenosis.
AB  - Whether mitral insufficiency is a marker of decreased left ventricular function
      in patients undergoing aortic valve replacement for sever aortic stenosis was
      examined. Hemodynamic measurements in 26 patients with pure aortic stenosis
      (Group 1), 17 patients with aortic stenosis and grade 1 or 2 mitral insufficiency
      (Group 2) and 19 control patients were compared. All patients were free of
      significant coronary artery disease. Ventriculograms were digitized for
      calculation of ejection fraction, ventricular volumes and wall stress. Despite
      similar aortic valve areas, Group 2 patients had more advanced symptoms. Cardiac
      index was comparably decreased in Group 1 (2.6 +/- 0.4 liters/min per m2) and
      Group 2 (2.7 +/- 0.8 liters/min per m2) compared with the control group (3.8 +/-
      0.6 liters/min per m2). Left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic volume
      indexes were increased only in Group 2 (119 +/- 35 and 73 +/- 36 ml/m2,
      respectively). Likewise, end-systolic wall stress was increased only in Group 2
      (149 +/- 54 kdynes/cm2). Ejection fraction was decreased to a greater extent in
      Group 2 (42 +/- 17%) than in Group 1 (59 +/- 13%) as compared with values in the
      control group (68 +/- 5%). Although an inverse relation existed between ejection
      fraction and end-systolic stress in all groups, the ejection fraction
      (extrapolated to end-systolic stress = 0) was decreased in Group 2, and the slope
      of the relation was increased in Groups 1 and 2. The end-systolic stress/end
      systolic volume index ratio, an index of ventricular performance, was also
      decreased to a greater extent in Group 2.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2926034
TI  - Is mitral regurgitation a useful marker of left ventricular deterioration in
      aortic stenosis?

PMID- 2926035
TI  - Significance of hyperventilation-induced ST segment depression in patients with
      coronary artery disease.
AB  - To investigate the significance of hyperventilation-induced ST segment
      depression, 329 consecutive patients with angina and documented coronary artery
      disease who underwent hyperventilation and exercise tests during pharmacologic
      washout were studied. The hyperventilation test induced ST segment depression in
      79 patients. In 36 of these 79 patients, the electrocardiographic changes
      occurred early during overbreathing (Group I), whereas in 26 they occurred late
      during recovery (Group II). Seventeen patients developed ST segment depression
      both during over-breathing and during recovery (Group III). Group I patients had
      a higher frequency of history of angina during exercise, multivessel disease and
      lower tolerance to exercise as compared with patients in Group II. In Group I,
      the rate-pressure product at the time to onset of ST depression during
      overbreathing was similar to that during exercise (152 +/- 24 versus 148 +/- 42;
      p = NS), whereas in Group II the rate-pressure product at the time to onset of ST
      depression during recovery was comparable with that under control conditions (104
      +/- 30 versus 98 +/- 27; p = NS) and far less than that required to produce
      ischemia during exercise (104 +/- 30 versus 201 +/- 56; p less than 0.0011). In
      nine Group III patients, the acute administration of propranolol prevented the
      early hyperventilation-induced ST segment depression, whereas nifedipine
      abolished the delayed hyperventilation-induced ST segment depression. These
      findings suggest that early hyperventilation-induced ST segment depression is due
      to increased oxygen demand in patients with poor coronary reserve and may be
      prevented by beta-adrenergic blockers, which are useful for lowering oxygen
      consumption.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2926036
TI  - Use of pulmonary capillary wedge pressure to assess severity of mitral stenosis:
      is true left atrial pressure needed in this condition?
AB  - There is disagreement concerning the use of the pulmonary capillary wedge
      pressure (in place of left atrial pressure) in assessing the presence and
      severity of mitral valve disease. This study was done to assess the accuracy and
      reliability of an oximetrically confirmed pulmonary capillary wedge pressure in
      measuring the transvalvular pressure gradient and valve area in patients with
      mitral stenosis. In 10 patients with mitral stenosis (1 man and 9 women; mean age
      +/- SD 47 +/- 7 years), pulmonary capillary wedge pressure was measured through
      an 8F Goodale-Lubin catheter with its wedge position confirmed by oximetry
      (oxygen saturation greater than or equal to 95%). In addition, a transseptal left
      atrial pressure was measured through a Brockenbrough catheter and left
      ventricular pressure was measured through a pigtail catheter. The mean and phasic
      left atrial and pulmonary capillary wedge pressures were similar (mean left
      atrial pressure 18 +/- 6 mm Hg; mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressure 18 +/- 8
      mm Hg; p = NS). When the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure was used without
      adjustment for time delay, the transvalvular pressure gradient (9.8 +/- 3.3 mm
      Hg) and valve area (1.5 +/- 0.5 cm2) were significantly different (p less than
      0.05) from the values obtained with use of left atrial pressure (7.2 +/- 2.9 mm
      Hg and 1.7 +/- 0.6 cm2, respectively). In contrast, when the pulmonary capillary
      wedge pressure was adjusted for the time delay through the pulmonary vasculature,
      the difference in gradients averaged only 1.7 mm Hg and the mitral valve areas
      were similar.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2926037
TI  - Feasibility of identifying amyloid and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with the use
      of computerized quantitative texture analysis of clinical echocardiographic data.
AB  - Ultrasound tissue characterization, the evaluation of certain physical properties
      of a tissue based on its acoustic properties, is an evolving application in
      echocardiography. The ability to identify acutely and chronically injured tissue
      has been demonstrated in a number of animal studies, but data in humans are
      limited. The present study tested the hypothesis that quantitative
      echocardiographic texture analysis, a method of evaluating the spatial pattern of
      echoes in echocardiographic images, would differentiate amyloid and hypertrophic
      cardiomyopathy from normal myocardium. Routine clinical echocardiographic data
      were obtained on 34 subjects at the Mayo Clinic (10 normal subjects, 10 patients
      with amyloid heart disease, 8 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and 6
      patients with left ventricular hypertrophy due to hypertension). Standard
      videotape recordings of these echocardiograms were analyzed at the University of
      Iowa. Echocardiographic data were digitized with use of a calibrated, 256 gray
      level digitization system. Quantitative texture analysis was performed on data
      from the ventricular septum and posterior left ventricular wall in end-diastolic
      and end-systolic, short-axis and long-axis echocardiographic images. The gray
      level run length texture variables were able to discriminate hypertrophic
      cardiomyopathy and amyloid heart disease from normal myocardium and from each
      other (p less than 0.0083 for comparisons of the quantitative texture features of
      amyloid versus hypertrophic cardiomyopathy versus normal by multivariate analysis
      of variance). The texture of the myocardium in hypertensive left ventricular
      hypertrophy not associated with amyloid or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy was in
      general not significantly different from that of normal myocardium.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2926039
TI  - Myocardial contrast echocardiography: a light in the (heart of) darkness.

PMID- 2926038
TI  - Dipyridamole radionuclide ventriculography: a test with high specificity for
      severe coronary artery disease.
AB  - Ventricular dysfunction induced by dipyridamole would be evidence of myocardial
      ischemia in patients with limited ability to undergo standard exercise testing.
      Radionuclide ventriculography before and after intravenous dipyridamole infusion
      was compared with the results of exercise radionuclide ventriculography in a
      prospective study of 31 patients undergoing coronary angiography. Among these
      patients, 21 (68%) had significant coronary artery disease (greater than or equal
      to 50% stenosis), 19 (61%) had severe coronary disease (greater than or equal to
      70% stenosis) and 10 (32%) were "normal" (less than 50% stenosis). The left
      ventricular ejection fraction was calculated, and regional wall motion was scored
      on a 6 unit scale. In the normal patients, the ejection fraction (+/- SEM)
      increased 5.6 +/- 2% (units) during exercise and 7.9 +/- 1 units after
      dipyridamole (both p less than or equal to 0.004 compared with that during rest).
      However, in patients with coronary artery disease, the ejection fraction failed
      to increase during exercise or after dipyridamole. In the patients with coronary
      artery disease, regional wall motion decreased by 4.1 +/- 0.5 units during
      exercise (p less than 0.003) and by 1.8 units after dipyridamole (p less than
      0.02). Receiver operating characteristic analysis demonstrated general
      comparability between the sensitivity and specificity of exercise and
      dipyridamole ventriculography, with "optimal" operating points that favored
      choosing high sensitivity for the former and high specificity for the latter.
      Specific subsets of patients with severe coronary atherosclerosis were analyzed
      with use of these criteria. In patients with severe stenosis (greater than or
      equal to 70%), the sensitivity of dipyridamole ventriculography was 67% compared
      with 89% for exercise ventriculography. However, at these levels of sensitivity,
      the specificity of dipyridamole ventriculography was 92% compared with 67% for
      exercise ventriculography. In this and other subsets of patients, the specificity
      of dipyridamole ventriculography exceeded that of exercise ventriculography.
      Thus, it is concluded that dipyridamole radionuclide ventriculography is
      moderately sensitive and highly specific for detecting severe coronary
      atherosclerosis. This technique provides a widely applicable, useful alternative
      to exercise ventriculography in the diagnosis of coronary atherosclerosis in
      patients who have limited exercise tolerance.

PMID- 2926040
TI  - Flow characteristics in the dilated left ventricle with thrombus: qualitative and
      quantitative Doppler analysis.
AB  - In an attempt to determine whether mural thrombus in a dilated left ventricle is
      associated with specific flow patterns, a study was undertaken to assess
      qualitatively and quantitatively the flow characteristics by conventional pulsed
      and two-dimensional Doppler color flow examination. Forty patients with
      cardiomyopathy formed the study group (20 with an apical thrombus and 20
      without). The groups did not differ with respect to age, gender, origin of
      ventricular dysfunction, ventricular size and ejection fraction. Guided by the
      Doppler color flow pattern, a quantitative analysis of flow velocity profile in
      the ventricular inflow and outflow "compartments" was performed by serial pulsed
      wave Doppler sampling. Inflow velocity at the ventricular apex was significantly
      lower in the thrombus group than in the no thrombus group (11.7 +/- 15.3 versus
      28.3 +/- 10.5 cm/s, p less than 0.0001). Flow velocities were generally lower in
      the thrombus group at the other levels in the inflow compartment (that is, mitral
      anulus, leaflet tips and papillary muscle level). The systolic flow velocity at
      the apex was similarly significantly lower in the thrombus group than in the no
      thrombus group (7.1 +/- 8.1 versus 15.3 +/- 7.0 cm/s, p less than 0.001).
      Additionally, a higher prevalence of mitral regurgitation was noted in the no
      thrombus group (14 patients) than in the thrombus group (3 patients). Thus,
      specific abnormal flow profiles are associated with a left ventricular thrombus.
      Whether the abnormal flow is a primary event in the genesis of left ventricular
      thrombus or occurs secondary to development of the thrombus cannot be determined
      from this study.

PMID- 2926042
TI  - Surface electrocardiography: can arrhythmia circuits be localized?

PMID- 2926041
TI  - Electrocardiographic localization of the site of origin of ventricular
      tachycardia in patients with prior myocardial infarction.
AB  - The utility of the 12 lead electrocardiogram (ECG) in identifying the site of
      origin of sustained ventricular tachycardia in patients with previous myocardial
      infarction was studied. A new mapping grid, based on biplanar fluoroscopic
      imaging of the heart, was utilized for the definition of left ventricular
      endocardial sites. On the basis of QRS configurations resulting from left
      ventricular endocardial pacing at disparate sites in 22 patients (Group I), ECG
      features that were specific for particular sites were identified and used to
      construct an algorithm. Apical and basal sites were differentiated by the QRS
      configuration in leads V4 and aVR, anterior and inferior sites by that in leads
      II, III and V6 and septal and lateral sites were differentiated using leads I,
      aVL and V1. The algorithm was used to predict the site of earliest endocardial
      activation during 44 episodes of sustained ventricular tachycardia in a second
      group of 42 patients (Group II) in a blinded fashion. Anterior sites were
      correctly predicted in 83% of cases, inferior sites in 84%, septal sites in 90%
      and lateral sites in 82% of cases. Apical and basal sites were each correctly
      predicted in 70% of cases, whereas intermediate sites were less well predicted
      (29 to 55%) on the basis of QRS configuration. Precise localization of the site
      of origin of ventricular tachycardia (in all three planes) was achieved in 17
      cases (39%), and in 16 cases (36%) the site of origin was immediately adjacent to
      the predicted site. Prediction of the site of origin of ventricular tachycardia
      from the 12 lead ECG may serve as a useful, time-saving adjunct to, but not a
      substitute for, activation sequence mapping during ventricular tachycardia.

PMID- 2926043
TI  - Ventricular fibrillation in six adults without overt heart disease.
AB  - Findings are described in six patients with no clinical evidence of heart disease
      who had documented ventricular fibrillation (five patients) or ventricular
      flutter (one patient). The mean age of the six patients, all men, was 34 years
      (range 26 to 43). Cardiovascular collapse occurred in all and was followed by
      successful cardioversion. No patient had electrolyte or QT abnormalities. One
      patient had slight right ventricular enlargement on M-mode echocardiography, and
      another had a left ventricular pressure gradient at rest of 30 mm Hg with a
      normal two-dimensional echocardiogram. Holter electrocardiographic monitoring
      revealed incessant ventricular tachycardia in one patient and nonsustained
      ventricular tachycardia in three others. Exercise testing revealed nonsustained
      ventricular tachycardia in one patient. Ventricular fibrillation was induced at
      the time of programmed electrical stimulation in four of the six patients.
      Documented recurrence of ventricular fibrillation or ventricular flutter occurred
      in three patients, but in only one patient receiving antiarrhythmic drugs. Four
      patients were treated with amiodarone and one received an automatic implantable
      cardioverter-defibrillator. All patients are alive after a mean follow-up period
      of 78 months after the first documentation of their arrhythmia and 37 months
      after programmed electrical stimulation. Ventricular fibrillation can occur in
      the apparently structurally normal human heart. Antiarrhythmic treatment can
      provide effective control of this malignant arrhythmia.

PMID- 2926044
TI  - Pacemaker-implantation complication rates: an analysis of some contributing
      factors.
AB  - An examination of 632 consecutive pacemaker implantations performed at a single
      institution by 29 implanting physicians over a 5 year period was made to
      determine which factors affected the 37 perioperative complications experienced.
      The introducer method of vein access contributed significantly to the
      complication rate, which was also related to the number of physician implanters
      on the staff and the makeup of the implantation teams. Of greatest interest was
      the substantially large incidence of complications experienced by implanters who
      performed fewer than 12 implantations per year, and particularly the incidence of
      lead-related complications.

PMID- 2926047
TI  - Suppression of exercise-induced angina by magnesium sulfate in patients with
      variant angina.

PMID- 2926045
TI  - Recognition of abnormal connections of coronary arteries with the use of Doppler
      color flow mapping.
AB  - Anomalous connection of a coronary artery to a ventricle or pulmonary artery
      causes shunting of blood from the coronary circuit and may produce myocardial
      ischemia. Such a coronary anomaly may occur in isolation or with other defects.
      Doppler color flow mapping and two-dimensional echocardiography were used to
      diagnose anomalous coronary connections in 13 patients, 1 day to 7 years of age,
      over a 1 year period. The diagnoses were anomalous origin of the left coronary
      artery from the pulmonary trunk in five patients, a coronary artery to left
      ventricle fistula or coronary artery to pulmonary artery fistula in four patients
      with other complex defects, right ventricular sinusoids in two patients with
      pulmonary atresia and intact ventricular septum and an isolated coronary artery
      fistula in two patients. In all cases, the abnormal coronary connection was
      recognized on the basis of an abnormal, continuous or to and fro flow pattern in
      the fistula and its connections as demonstrated by scanning in multiple views
      with Doppler color flow mapping. The low spatial resolution of Doppler color flow
      mapping limits the anatomic detail available; nonetheless, it is a significant
      advance in the noninvasive diagnosis of abnormal coronary connections.

PMID- 2926046
TI  - Extracellular potassium ion dynamics and ventricular arrhythmias in the canine
      heart.
AB  - The relation between extracellular potassium ion activity [( K+]o) and
      ventricular tachyarrhythmias was studied in an open chest canine model with the
      use of two protocols. In Protocol I, potassium chloride was administered into the
      proximal left anterior descending coronary artery at a rate of 0.125 mEq/min for
      either 20 min or until [K+]o = 20 mEq/liter, whichever came first. In Protocol
      II, the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery was occluded in one
      step and was reperfused 20 min later. Fifteen dogs were subjected to Protocol I,
      nine of which were also subjected to Protocol II. In the latter group, a recovery
      period of greater than or equal to 1 h separated the two protocols. Local K+ and
      intramyocardial activities were recorded with use of bifunctional ion-sensitive
      plunge electrodes at multiple sites located in the region of the left ventricle
      perfused by the left anterior descending artery and at one site outside of this
      region. The following variables were recorded and analyzed: Lead II
      electrocardiogram, heart rate, systemic arterial blood pressure, local [K+]o and
      its time derivative (dK+/dt), local electrograms and ventricular arrhythmias.
      Maximal [K+]o and dK+/dt were 23 +/- 3 mEq/liter and 9 +/- 1 mEq/liter per min in
      Protocol I and 14 +/- 1 mEq/liter and 3 +/- 1 mEq/liter per min in Protocol II,
      respectively. In both protocols, the occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias
      correlated with [K+]o (p less than 0.02) as well as with dK+/dt (p less than
      0.05). Ventricular arrhythmias were more frequent and more severe in Protocol II
      than in Protocol I (p less than 0.05). Therefore, whereas K+ dynamics were more
      pronounced in Protocol I, ventricular arrhythmias were more severe in Protocol
      II. This occurrence was apparently due, at least in part, to less heterogeneous
      changes in K+ gradients during constant K+ infusion. It was concluded that, in
      addition to the magnitude of [K+]o, the rate of change of this variable (that is,
      dK+/dt) apparently plays an important role in the genesis of ischemic ventricular
      arrhythmias.

PMID- 2926049
TI  - Noninvasive evaluation of diastolic function: need for hemodynamically and
      clinically relevant variables.

PMID- 2926048
TI  - Differentiation of restrictive cardiomyopathy from pericardial constriction:
      assessment of diastolic function by radionuclide angiography.
AB  - Diastolic filling variables were studied in 12 patients with the hemodynamic
      features of constriction, of whom 5 had restrictive cardiomyopathy, 5 had
      pericardial constriction and 2 had combined pericardial constriction and
      restrictive cardiomyopathy. The values were compared with those in 10 normal
      subjects of comparable age. The filling fractions between 10% and 70% of the
      diastolic time interval were greater in patients with pericardial constriction
      than in those with restrictive cardiomyopathy (p less than 0.01 between 20% and
      50%, p less than 0.05 at 10%, 60% and 70%), with no overlap. The filling
      fractions in patients with pericardial constriction were also greater than those
      in normal subjects between 10% and 60% of the diastolic time interval. The
      filling fraction was lower in patients with restrictive cardiomyopathy than in
      normal subjects at 40% of the diastolic time interval (p less than 0.05). The
      time to peak filling rate in patients with pericardial constriction was shorter
      (110 +/- 14 ms) than in those with restrictive cardiomyopathy (195 +/- 45 ms, p
      less than 0.01) or in normal subjects (173 +/- 32 ms, p less than 0.01). The
      percent of atrial contribution to left ventricular filling was higher in those
      with restrictive cardiomyopathy (45 +/- 17%) than in those with pericardial
      constriction (21 +/- 6%, p less than 0.05) or in normal subjects (24 +/- 9%, p
      less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2926050
TI  - Echocardiographic evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function.

PMID- 2926051
TI  - Cardiac manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus infection: a two
      dimensional echocardiographic study.
AB  - To determine the prevalence of cardiac abnormalities in patients with human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, two-dimensional Doppler echocardiography
      was performed on 70 consecutive patients with HIV infection, including 51 with
      acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), 13 with AIDS-related complex and 6
      with asymptomatic HIV infection. Of the 70 patients, 36% were hospitalized and
      64% were ambulatory at the time of evaluation. The average age was 37 years; 93%
      were homosexual men. Echocardiographic findings included dilated cardiomyopathy
      in eight patients (11%), pericardial effusions in seven patients (10%) (one with
      impending tamponade), pleural effusion in four patients (6%) and mediastinal mass
      in one patient (1%). Among the 25 hospitalized patients, echocardiographic
      abnormalities were noted in 16 (64%), whereas among the 45 ambulatory patients,
      the only abnormality noted was mitral valve prolapse in 3 patients (7%) (p less
      than 0.0001). Dilated cardiomyopathy was the only echocardiographic lesion more
      common in the 25 hospitalized patients than in 20 hospitalized control patients
      with acute leukemia. Symptoms of congestive heart failure responded to
      conventional therapy. Cardiac lesions were associated with active Pneumocystis
      carinii pneumonia and low T helper lymphocyte counts. Dilated cardiomyopathy of
      unknown origin may be more common than was previously recognized in hospitalized,
      acutely ill patients with AIDS, but is uncommon in ambulatory patients with HIV
      infection. Echocardiography should be considered in the evaluation of dyspnea in
      hospitalized patients with HIV infection, especially those with dyspnea that is
      out of proportion to the degree of pulmonary disease.

PMID- 2926052
TI  - Acquired immune deficiency syndrome: the heart of the matter.

PMID- 2926053
TI  - Percutaneous aortic balloon valvuloplasty: its role in the management of patients
      with aortic stenosis requiring major noncardiac surgery.
AB  - Seven patients with severe aortic stenosis underwent percutaneous aortic balloon
      valvuloplasty in preparation for major noncardiac surgery. There were four men
      and three women (mean age 82 +/- 1.3 years, range 78 to 88). A significant
      reduction in the transaortic pressure gradient from 77 +/- 7.8 to 31 +/- 6.2 mm
      Hg (p = 0.002) and increase in calculated aortic valve area from 0.5 +/- 0.1 to
      1.0 +/- 0.3 cm2 (p = 0.05) was noted. Three of the seven procedures were
      performed anterograde with use of transseptal puncture: two of the three because
      of abdominal aortic aneurysm and one because of peripheral vascular disease. All
      seven patients underwent uncomplicated noncardiac surgery under general
      anesthesia 10 +/- 4.3 days (range 0 to 29) after aortic valvuloplasty. One
      patient had exploratory laparotomy, one underwent stabilization of a hip fracture
      and two underwent resection of an abdominal aortic aneurysm. Of the three other
      patients who underwent colectomy, one had repeat aortic valvuloplasty and repair
      of a hip fracture 7 months later and one required exploratory laparotomy without
      repeat valvuloplasty 7 weeks later. Percutaneous aortic balloon valvuloplasty is
      an effective and safe procedure that may reduce the risk of general anesthesia
      and major noncardiac surgery in elderly patients with aortic stenosis.

PMID- 2926055
TI  - Temporal resolution of mitral regurgitation in patients with mitral valve
      prolapse: a phonocardiographic and Doppler echocardiographic study.
AB  - To assess the timing and duration of mitral regurgitation in mitral valve
      prolapse, 20 patients with a mid-systolic click or late systolic murmur, or both
      (Group 1) and 16 patients with a pansystolic murmur with late systolic
      accentuation (Group 2) were studied with phonocardiography and echocardiography
      including various Doppler techniques. The subjects' ages ranged from 15 to 73
      years. Mitral valve prolapse with mitral regurgitation was observed in 15 of 20
      patients in Group 1 and in all 16 patients in Group 2. M-mode Doppler color
      echocardiography demonstrated a mitral regurgitant signal throughout systole and
      isovolumic relaxation in all but 1 of these 31 patients regardless of the pattern
      of the systolic murmur. The regurgitant signal was recorded after the click in
      only one patient with mitral valve prolapse in Group 1. Two of the five patients
      in Group 1 without two-dimensional echocardiographic findings of mitral valve
      prolapse had the early systolic signal of mitral regurgitation. The timing and
      duration of the mitral regurgitant signal detected in patients in Group 1 with
      pulsed or continuous wave Doppler ultrasound varied with the site of the sample
      volume or beam direction. In the patients in Group 2, however, the signal was
      demonstrated throughout systole and isovolumic relaxation by both Doppler
      methods. Compared with M-mode Doppler color echocardiography, therefore, pulsed
      and continuous wave Doppler methods were less sensitive and thus inadequate to
      investigate the timing and duration of mitral regurgitation in mitral valve
      prolapse, especially in patients with a mid-systolic click or a late systolic
      murmur, or both, who had mild or eccentric mitral regurgitant jets.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2926054
TI  - Effects of pharmacologic coronary hyperemia on echocardiographic left ventricular
      function in patients with single vessel coronary artery disease.
AB  - To assess whether pharmacologic coronary vasodilation could provoke new left
      ventricular wall motion abnormalities in patients with single vessel coronary
      artery disease, systemic hemodynamics, coronary blood flow velocity and left
      ventricular wall motion were measured by two-dimensional echocardiography during
      administration of 10 mg of intracoronary papaverine in 14 patients before and
      again immediately after left coronary angioplasty (group 1). As a comparison with
      an intravenous method, left ventricular wall motion was analyzed after 0.56 mg/kg
      body weight of intravenous dipyridamole in a separate group of 13 patients with
      single vessel coronary disease (group 2). Heart rate-blood pressure product
      increased 3% to 6% in papaverine-treated patients and 14 +/- 11% (p = NS) in
      dipyridamole-treated patients. No angiographic collateral vessels were present in
      either group. Although intracoronary mean flow velocity measured in the 14 group
      1 patients and in 5 normal control subjects during papaverine treatment increased
      from 125% to 400% of basal flow velocity, papaverine induced new left ventricular
      wall motion abnormalities in only 5 of the 14 patients before coronary
      angioplasty. In three of five patients, left ventricular wall motion
      abnormalities persisted after successful coronary angioplasty. Four of the 14
      patients demonstrated augmentation of left ventricular wall motion with
      papaverine. After intravenous dipyridamole, only 3 of the 13 group 2 patients
      developed new left ventricular regional asynergy. These data suggest that
      selective (papaverine) and, most likely, global (dipyridamole) augmentation of
      coronary flow alone does not reliably identify potential ischemic left
      ventricular regions affected by critical single vessel coronary artery disease.

PMID- 2926056
TI  - Left ventricular pressure-length relation during exercise-induced ischemia.
AB  - The pressure-length relation in normal and ischemic segments was analyzed with
      use of left ventriculography and simultaneous micromanometry during supine
      exercise in 9 normal subjects and 12 patients with effort angina. Segmental
      analysis was done in the right anterior oblique projection using a long axis with
      three perpendicular, equidistant chords. The apical segment in the 12 patients
      with coronary artery disease represented the ischemic region. In 5 of the 12
      patients with coronary artery disease, the basal segment that showed no exercise
      induced deterioration in wall motion was used as an intrapatient control
      (nonischemic segment). In the 12 patients with coronary artery disease, left
      ventricular ejection fraction decreased (from 65% to 50%, p less than 0.001), end
      diastolic pressure increased (from 24 to 40 mm Hg, p less than 0.001) and the
      lowest diastolic filling pressure increased (from 9 to 22 mm Hg, p less than
      0.001) during exercise-induced ischemia. In normal subjects, ejection fraction
      increased (from 64% to 70%, p less than 0.01) with unchanged end-diastolic
      pressure, whereas the lowest diastolic filling pressure decreased during exercise
      (from 9 to 3 mm Hg, p less than 0.01). Global left ventricular diastolic pressure
      volume curves showed an upward and rightward shift during exercise-induced
      ischemia. Regional pressure-length curves of both nonischemic (n = 5) and
      ischemic (n = 12) segments were shifted upward in early diastole, but moved to a
      higher portion of the rest pressure-length curve without an upward shift during
      mid- to end-diastole. In contrast, the apical segment in normal subjects showed a
      downward shift during exercise.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2926057
TI  - Ischemia-induced diastolic dysfunction: new observations, new questions.

PMID- 2926058
TI  - Exercise ultrafast computed tomography for the detection of coronary artery
      disease.
AB  - Ultrafast computed tomography permits the assessment of global and regional left
      ventricular function during exercise. To evaluate the feasibility of using this
      new technique for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease, 27 patients
      undergoing cardiac catheterization for diagnosis of chest pain were evaluated.
      Fifteen patients had significant (greater than 50%) coronary artery stenosis by
      quantitative coronary angiography. One vessel disease was found in 12 patients
      and multivessel disease in 3. Fourteen (93%) of the 15 patients with significant
      coronary stenosis had a decrease in ultrafast computed tomographic ejection
      fraction during exercise from (mean +/- SD) 65 +/- 7% to 60 +/- 7% (p less than
      0.001). The tomographic ejection fraction increased greater than 5% units during
      exercise in 10 (83%) of the 12 patients with normal coronary arteries. The mean
      tomographic ejection fraction in this group was 68 +/- 6% at rest and 75 +/- 6%
      at peak exercise (p less than 0.001). Regional wall motion was quantified by
      analyzing the segmental ejection fraction of 12 30 degree pie segments at each
      tomographic level of the left ventricle. A new regional wall motion abnormality
      developed during exercise in 12 (86%) of 14 patients with coronary artery
      disease; one patient was excluded because of a technical problem in data storage.
      Eleven (93%) of the 12 patients with normal coronary arteries had normal wall
      motion during exercise. In no patient with ischemic heart disease were both
      variables, ejection fraction response and regional wall motion, normal. Exercise
      ultrafast computed tomography appears to be a useful technique for the evaluation
      of coronary artery disease in patients with chest pain and predominant single
      vessel coronary artery disease.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2926059
TI  - Exercise ultrafast computed tomography: preliminary findings on its role in
      diagnosis and prognosis of coronary artery disease.

PMID- 2926060
TI  - Percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty in neonates with critical aortic stenosis.
AB  - Percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty was attempted in 10 newborn infants with
      critical aortic valve stenosis and severe congestive heart failure. Three had a
      very small left ventricle and aortic anulus. In one infant, the aortic valve
      could not be passed, and in another infant, a technical error resulted in severe
      valvular damage, aortic insufficiency and death. Among the eight patients who had
      effective dilation, the stenosis was relieved in seven as assessed by a
      significant decrease in transvalvular pressure gradient, improvement of left
      ventricular contraction and eventual inversion of the ductal shunting. The
      procedure failed in the only patient whose dilation was performed with an
      undersized balloon. Aortic insufficiency occurred in three infants and was severe
      (perforated cusp) in one, moderate in one whose valve was dilated with an
      excessively large balloon and mild and transient in one. None of the three
      infants with a very small left ventricle recovered (two died and one underwent
      cardiac transplantation). Among the seven infants with a left ventricle of
      acceptable size, three underwent subsequent aortic valvotomy; one of these died
      and two bad good results. The remaining four are doing well 16 +/- 5 months later
      (mean +/- SD) with mild to moderate residual aortic stenosis and normal left
      ventricular function. In conclusion, percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty is an
      acceptable alternative to surgery in neonates with critical aortic valve
      stenosis. Incidence of complications and good relief of the obstruction depend on
      a careful technique. Immediate results are similar to those of surgery. Late
      prognosis depends on the quality of the left heart structures.

PMID- 2926061
TI  - Balloon valvuloplasty for recurrent aortic stenosis after surgical valvotomy in
      childhood: immediate and follow-up studies.
AB  - The immediate and intermediate-term effects of balloon valvuloplasty were
      assessed at cardiac catheterization in nine children with recurrent stenosis
      after a previous surgical aortic valvotomy. At valvuloplasty the patients ranged
      in age from 0.35 to 16 years and had undergone surgical valvotomy 0.3 to 12.5
      years previously. Balloon valvuloplasty immediately reduced the peak systolic
      aortic stenosis gradient by 53%, from 88 +/- 9 (mean +/- SEM) to 41 +/- 6 mm Hg
      (p = 0.004). The left ventricular systolic pressure was reduced from 189 +/- 8 to
      157 +/- 8 mm Hg (p = 0.001) and the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure from
      17 +/- 1 to 14 +/- 2 mm Hg (p = 0.025). The heart rate and cardiac index remained
      unchanged. Before valvuloplasty, one patient had 1 + and two patients had 2+
      aortic insufficiency. In six of nine patients, balloon valvuloplasty caused no
      change in the degree of valvular insufficiency. Two patients had a 1 + increase
      (from 0 to 1 + insufficiency in both), and one patient with no insufficiency
      developed 2+ aortic insufficiency. Elective follow-up catheterization was
      performed 0.8 to 2.5 years (mean 1.5 +/- 0.2) after valvuloplasty. At follow-up,
      the peak aortic stenosis gradient remained significantly reduced from the
      gradient before valvuloplasty (37 +/- 5 versus 85 +/- 10 mm Hg, p = 0.002). The
      gradient had not changed significantly from that measured immediately after
      valvuloplasty (37 +/- 5 versus 38 +/- 5 mm Hg, p = 0.75). At follow-up, aortic
      insufficiency had decreased from that immediately after valvuloplasty in three
      patients and had increased in two.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2926062
TI  - Elucidation of the natural history of ventricular septal defects by serial
      Doppler color flow mapping studies.
AB  - Two-dimensional echocardiography has provided information to aid in the diagnosis
      and management of infants with ventricular septal defect, but its inability to
      resolve very small ventricular septal defects and problems with defining
      ventricular septal defect orifice size (because of overlying muscle or tricuspid
      tissue) have made it unsuitable as a standard for defining the natural history of
      ventricular septal defect. In this study, 114 serial two-dimensional Doppler
      color flow mapping studies were performed to define ventricular septal defect
      anatomy, location and color flow diameter as an indicator of shunt size in 66
      patients (over a 40 month period). Twenty-five patients first studied at 6 months
      of age (mean age at most recent study 15.9 months) had congestive heart failure
      and 41 (mean age 45 months) did not. In the congestive heart failure group, there
      were 24 perimembranous and 1 muscular ventricular septal defect and aneurysm
      formation was present in 17. Mean (+/- SD) color flow diameter was 8.2 +/- 1.9 mm
      and color flow diameter/aortic root diameter ratio was 0.63. In the 30 patients
      who underwent cardiac catheterization, color flow diameter bore a close relation
      to angiographic diameter (r = 0.96) and pulmonary/systemic flow ratio (Qp/Qs) (r
      = 0.88). In the patients with congestive heart failure, 4 of the 25 ventricular
      septal defects, all with aneurysm present or positioned adjacent to the tricuspid
      valve, became smaller but none closed. Of the 41 patients without congestive
      heart failure, 21 had a perimembranous defect (15 with aneurysm), 18 had a
      muscular ventricular septal defect and 2 had a supracristal ventricular septal
      defect.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2926063
TI  - Doppler color flow mapping and prediction of ventricular septal defect outcome.

PMID- 2926064
TI  - Acute effect of disopyramide on atrial fibrillation in the Wolff-Parkinson-White
      syndrome.
AB  - Disopyramide was administered intravenously to 54 patients during atrial
      fibrillation and predominantly pre-excited QRS configuration at the time of
      electrophysiologic study. All patients had Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and no
      patient had coexistent heart disease. The drug was given during sustained atrial
      fibrillation (n = 45) or during sinus rhythm before induction of atrial
      fibrillation for patients whose atrial fibrillation was self-terminating in the
      control state (n = 9). Atrial fibrillation converted to sinus rhythm within 15
      min after disopyramide in 37 (82%) of the 45 patients. The shortest RR intervals
      between two pre-excited cycles increased from 208 +/- 42 to 293 +/- 117 ms (p
      less than 0.0001). The average RR interval of all cycles prolonged from 332 +/-
      60 to 396 +/- 117 ms(n = 45, p less than 0.0001). The 9 patients in whom pre
      excitation was abolished after the drug had a significantly longer initial
      shortest RR interval than that of the 36 patients in whom pre-excitation
      persisted (246 +/- 47 versus 199 +/- 36 ms, p = 0.0022). No patients developed
      significant hemodynamic or other adverse effects after disopyramide. These data
      support the intravenous use of disopyramide in patients with normal ventricular
      function who have atrial fibrillation and a predominant ventricular response over
      an accessory atrioventricular pathway.

PMID- 2926065
TI  - Increased exercise capacity after digoxin administration in patients with heart
      failure.
AB  - Failure to objectively assess the effect of digitalis on exercise capacity has
      resulted in controversy regarding its use in patients with chronic congestive
      heart failure. To clarify this situation, maximal treadmill testing with
      respiratory gas exchange analysis was performed on 11 patients (mean age 57 +/- 9
      years) with chronic congestive heart failure with and without digoxin therapy.
      Ten of the 11 had a consistent third sound gallop, and the mean ejection fraction
      of the group was 24 +/- 10%. Rest heart rate was significantly higher (91 +/- 16
      versus 102 +/- 16 beats/min; p less than 0.05) and rest systolic blood pressure
      was significantly reduced in the absence of digoxin (130 +/- 23 versus 121 +/- 15
      mm Hg; p less than 0.05). No differences in heart rate or blood pressure were
      observed during exercise. Significant increases in ventilatory oxygen uptake were
      observed with digoxin submaximally (3.0 mph, 0% grade), at the gas exchange
      anaerobic threshold and at maximal exercise (mean increase of 2.6 ml/kg per min;
      p less than 0.02). An improvement in the estimated ratio of ventilatory dead
      space to tidal volume (VD/VT), an index of physiologic efficiency, occurred
      throughout exercise during digoxin therapy, and there was a significant negative
      correlation between the change in maximal oxygen uptake and change in maximal
      estimated VD/VT (r = -0.63; p less than 0.05). Thus, digoxin therapy is
      associated with a significant improvement in exercise capacity in patients with
      chronic heart failure, most likely due to an improved matching of ventilation to
      perfusion.

PMID- 2926066
TI  - Neutrophil depletion does not prevent myocardial dysfunction after brief coronary
      occlusion.
AB  - Recent evidence suggests that oxygen free radicals generated during ischemia or
      reperfusion may contribute to myocardial dysfunction after brief coronary
      occlusion ("myocardial stunning"). Because neutrophil leukocytes represent a
      potential source of oxygen radicals, the concept of whether depletion of
      neutrophils could attenuate myocardial stunning after 10 min of ischemia was
      examined. In 16 anesthetized dogs, the left anterior descending coronary artery
      was perfused by an extracorporeal circuit, either with (n = 8) or without (n = 8)
      neutrophil filters in the perfusion line. The group with filters had near total
      absence of neutrophils in blood perfusing the left anterior descending coronary
      artery territory (16 +/- 8 versus 1,826 +/- 399/microliters in the control
      group). Systolic myocardial shortening and end-systolic pressure-segment length
      relations were recorded during rest conditions and during incremental
      intracoronary infusion of dobutamine (5 to 15 micrograms/min) before and after 10
      min of coronary flow occlusion. Before coronary occlusion, systolic myocardial
      shortening at rest was similar in control (15.4 +/- 1.7%) and neutropenic (12.4
      +/- 2.2%) groups. Dobutamine (15 micrograms/min) resulted in increased shortening
      in both control (18.2 +/- 1.4%, p less than 0.01) and neutropenic (15.8 +/- 1.5%,
      p less than 0.05) groups and in a leftward shift of the end-systolic pressure
      length relation. During coronary occlusion, collateral coronary flow to the left
      anterior descending coronary artery territory was not significantly different in
      the control (0.10 +/- 0.03 ml/min per g) and neutropenic (0.18 +/- 0.06 ml/min
      per g) groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2926067
TI  - Do neutrophils mediate the phenomenon of stunned myocardium?

PMID- 2926068
TI  - Nifedipine administered after reperfusion ablates systolic contractile
      dysfunction of postischemic "stunned" myocardium.
AB  - Recent evidence suggests that postischemic contractile dysfunction of viable
      myocardium salvaged by reperfusion ("stunned myocardium") may be a consequence of
      abnormal calcium flux within the previously ischemic cells. Calcium channel
      blocking agents have been shown to enhance contractile function of stunned
      postischemic tissue, but it is not certain whether these improvements in function
      are due to the profound hemodynamic and vasodilator effects of these agents or to
      a direct effect on calcium flux within the stunned myocytes. Therefore, the
      effects of 1) high doses of nifedipine, given intravenously at 30 min after
      reperfusion, and 2) minute doses of nifedipine, infused directly into the
      coronary circulation at 30 min after reflow, were assessed and compared in
      anesthetized open chest dogs subjected to 15 min of transient coronary artery
      occlusion. As anticipated, intravenous nifedipine significantly reduced arterial
      pressure and increased regional myocardial blood flow. In addition, intravenous
      nifedipine restored systolic contractile function of the stunned, previously
      ischemic tissue to essentially normal preocclusion values: segment shortening
      averaged 102 +/- 8% versus 26 +/- 11% of baseline at 2 h after treatment in
      treated versus control dogs, respectively (p less than 0.003). Low dose
      intracoronary infusion of nifedipine did not alter hemodynamic variables or
      myocardial blood flow, but did improve segment shortening (90 +/- 9% versus 37 +/
      10% of preocclusion values at 1 h after treatment versus 25 min after
      reperfusion [that is, pretreatment], respectively; p less than 0.03). These data
      indicate that the calcium channel blocking agent nifedipine, given 30 min after
      reperfusion, enhances systolic contractile function of postischemic stunned
      myocardium.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2926069
TI  - The increasing importance of a cardiovascular society.

PMID- 2926070
TI  - Double balloon aortic valvuloplasty in children.

PMID- 2926072
TI  - Nutrition and behavior.

PMID- 2926071
TI  - Inferior vena cava plethora with blunted respiratory response.

PMID- 2926073
TI  - Circadian variation in intestinal protein content in rat fed ad libitum.
AB  - The circadian variation in protein content in the digestive tract was studied in
      parallel with food intake in the free-feeding rat maintained under a 12:12 hr
      light:dark cycle (lights on at 07 hr). Rate of ingestion of a casein-based diet
      increased progressively during daytime, but most of the intake occurred in the
      dark. Gastric emptying of proteins lagged by a 3-hr interval behind intake. N
      content in the intestine divided equally into three segments also increased in
      the dark. The rise was specific for each segment with the most marked rise in the
      second segment. Endogenous N levels were high and accounted for at least two
      thirds of intestinal N levels. There was no net absorption of N in the first
      intestinal segment due to dilution by endogenous proteins. Absorption was at an
      average of 70% in the second segment and reached 85% in the distal intestine. The
      amino acid composition of intestinal protein content reflected endogenous
      proteins much more than casein. Specific trypsin activity increased distally. The
      appearance of nitrogenous material (alpha-amino N) in portal blood also followed
      a circadian variation reflecting the pattern of food intake. In spite of their
      high level in the intestine, endogenous proteins did not lead to an appreciable
      appearance of nitrogenous material in the blood except at 10 hours. Results
      indicate that fluctuation in food intake is accompanied by complex variations in
      protein contents of the digestive tract. Endogenous protein levels were high and
      seemed to have a slow turnover.

PMID- 2926074
TI  - Modifications of the electrical activity in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus
      and the lateral hypothalamic area of 24-hour food-deprived rats.
AB  - The amplitude of the electrical activity of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus
      (VMH) and lateral hypothalamic area (LH) was evaluated in rats after 24-hr food
      deprivation to determine the effects of the diet they had received before
      fasting. Bioelectrical potentials were registered by means of monopolar
      electrodes. In rats after 24-hr food deprivation an increase in the absolute
      values of the amplitude of the electrical activity of the VMH and LH was found;
      this effect was more pronounced in the LH. Comparing the amplitude of the
      electrical activity of the VMH and LH, we found it to be always higher in the VMH
      in ad libitum fed rats, while in 24-hr food-deprived rats the electrical activity
      was always higher in the LH. The extent of changes depended on the diet the rats
      had received before fasting--they were most marked in rats fed on a high-protein
      diet and less marked in rats fed on either a standard or a high-fat diet before
      food deprivation.

PMID- 2926075
TI  - Negative contrast in the consumption of sucrose and quinine adulterated sucrose
      solutions.
AB  - Rats shifted from a 40% sucrose solution to a quinine-adulterated (30 mg/100 ml)
      40% sucrose solution showed a reduction in consumption to a level considerably
      below that of animals exposed to only the quinine-adulterated solution. The
      animals tended to recover from this negative contrast effect over a 5-day
      postshift period and, in general, the degree of contrast was about equivalent to
      that of animals shifted from a 32% to a 4% sucrose solution. There were no sex
      differences in the rats shifted from 32% to 4% sucrose, but female rats shifted
      to the quinine-adulterated sucrose showed larger contrast effects than male rats
      exposed to the same shift.

PMID- 2926076
TI  - Effect of growth hormone on the glomerular filtration response to a protein meal.
AB  - The role of dietary protein intake in the pathogenesis of progressive renal
      disease has been recently reexamined. Studies of both animal and humans with
      chronic renal disease have shown that restriction of dietary protein may slow the
      progression of the decline in renal function. This occurs because of a decrease
      in intraglomerular blood flow and pressure. The mechanism of this phenomenon is
      not known. The effect of protein intake on renal function is thought to be
      hormonally mediated. Since growth hormone can increase renal blood flow as well
      as GFR, we tested the hypothesis that the presence of growth hormone is necessary
      for the increase in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) seen after the ingestion of
      a protein meal. We evaluated the change in GFR after a standardized mixed protein
      meal in 13 patients with growth hormone deficiency. Neither basal creatinine
      clearance after an overnight fast (76 +/- 17 ml/min/m2; mean +/- SD) nor maximum
      increment after a 50 g/m2 protein meal (33 +/- 11 ml/min/m2) differed in these
      growth hormone-deficient patients from 16 normals controls (76 +/- 18 and 30 +/-
      15 ml/min/m2, respectively). Twelve hours after an injection of exogenous growth
      hormone, 0.06 mg/kg up to a maximum of 5 mg, the GFR response to a protein meal
      did not differ from the pretreatment response (77 +/- 19 and 32 +/- 17 ml/min/m2,
      respectively). We conclude that the presence of physiologic amounts of growth
      hormone is not necessary for the GFR response to a standard protein meal.

PMID- 2926077
TI  - Calcium bioavailability and iron-calcium interaction in orange juice.
AB  - We have determined the effects of orange juice on calcium bioavailability from
      CCM (a combination of CaCO3, citric acid, malic acid, 5:1:1, mol/mol/mol) and
      iron-calcium interaction by using whole body isotope retention techniques in
      rats. The mean calcium retention values from CCM were 42.8% from orange juice and
      33.0% from water, a control. Orange juice significantly (p less than 0.05)
      improved calcium bioavailability. This enhancement of calcium absorption is
      independent of orange juice's pH and citric acid. Iron absorption from orange
      juice with CCM (36.7%) was also significantly higher than that from control
      (water) plus CCM (12.3%). Ascorbic acid at levels naturally present in orange
      juice failed to improve iron retention (12.3% vs 12.5%) from water plus CCM. In
      contrast, citric acid (at orange juice level) significantly (p less than 0.05)
      promoted iron absorption in the presence of CCM (8.0% vs 23.7%). The benefit of
      citric acid on iron-calcium interaction is enhanced by ascorbic acid. In the
      presence of both citric acid and ascorbic acid, at orange juice levels, iron
      absorption from water plus CCM (37.6%) was comparable to that from water without
      CCM (34.5%). These results show orange juice can deliver bioavailable calcium
      from CCM with minimal inhibition of iron absorption. Citric acid and ascorbic
      acid are likely the major orange juice components that contribute to the
      alleviation of iron absorption inhibition by CCM.

PMID- 2926078
TI  - Absorption of cobalamin (vitamin B12) administered via jejunostomy.
AB  - Absorption of cobalamin (Cbl) administered via feeding jejunostomy (J) was
      compared with that given by mouth (PO) to study the role of transgastric passage
      in its binding to gastric Intrinsic Factor and subsequent ileal absorption.
      Modified Schilling tests were performed on 10 patients, each patient serving as
      his own control. A labeled Cbl capsule was dissolved in 10 cc of water, 7 cc
      (containing approximately 0.4 microCi 57Co) measured in a syringe and
      administered PO or via J, followed by 30 cc of water. The remaining solution was
      used for counting. Starting 1 hour later, following 1 mg of IM cyano-Cbl USP to
      saturate body storage sites of Cbl, urine was accurately collected for 24 hours
      and a 4-ml aliquot analyzed for 57Co. Results are expressed as % of tracer
      excreted in the urine (normal: greater than 7%). The test was repeated in 1 week
      through the alternate route using the identical protocol. In the eight patients
      in whom results could be analyzed, absorption was 21.18 +/- 5.83% in J group
      (range: 5.8-51.9%) and 9.75 +/- 2.62% in PO group (range: 1.9-24.2%). This
      difference was highly significant p = 0.02) using the paired Student's t-test.
      Route of the first test (PO or J) made no difference. It is concluded that
      cobalamin (vitamin B12) administered via jejunostomy is absorbed to a degree
      significantly greater than that given by mouth.

PMID- 2926079
TI  - Thiamin deficiency in clinical practice: a controversy.

PMID- 2926080
TI  - Clinical significance and allergenic cross-reactivity of Euroglyphus maynei and
      other nonpyroglyphid and pyroglyphid mites.
AB  - The clinical significance and allergenic cross-reactivity of the storage mites
      Lepidoglyphus destructor and Acarus siro and the house dust mites
      Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Euroglyphus maynei were investigated with
      specific IgE antibodies by use of the RAST and the RAST-inhibition technique.
      RAST-positive sera were obtained from 64 Swedish farmers whose test results were
      positive to at least one of the four mite species. E. maynei was shown to be a
      common cause of sensitization among the whole farming population with a
      prevalence of 4.5% of positive RAST reactions. Farmers with asthma alone or in
      combination with rhinitis were more often sensitized to storage mites and house
      dust mites than farmers with rhinitis only. No significant correlation was found
      between positive RAST resuts to L. destructor and E. maynei on the one hand and
      L. destructor and D. pteronyssinus on the other. Statistical significance was
      reached only between RAST results to E. maynei and D. pteryonssinus. However, by
      RAST-inhibition studies E. maynei was shown to possess its own unique
      allergen(s).

PMID- 2926081
TI  - Analysis of the wheal-and-flare reactions that follow the intradermal injection
      of histamine and morphine in adults with recurrent, unexplained anaphylaxis and
      systemic mastocytosis.
AB  - It has been suggested that patients with recurrent, unexplained anaphylaxis may
      be more responsive, and patients with systemic mastocytosis, less responsive, to
      mast cell-derived mediators, including histamine, compared to normal subjects.
      This would help explain why patients with recurrent, unexplained anaphylaxis have
      an anaphylactic response and, conversely, why patients with systemic mastocytosis
      can tolerate high levels of plasma histamine. To test this hypothesis,
      intradermal titrations (0.02 ml of solution from 1 ng/ml to 2 micrograms/ml) of
      histamine and morphine sulfate (MS) (10 ng/ml to 10 micrograms/ml) were
      administered to normal volunteers (N = 15), patients with recurrent, unexplained
      anaphylaxis (N = 10), and patients with systemic mastocytosis (N = 18).
      Antihistamines were stopped at least 72 hours before the study. Resultant areas
      of wheal and flare were determined with a computerized morphometric system.
      Comparison of any two given means at each dose of histamine or morphine with the
      two-sample Student's t test with Bonferroni inequality demonstrated no
      significant differences (p greater than 0.05) among the three groups. The median
      amount of MS or histamine required to produce a half-maximal response was
      compared for equality. None of the differences observed reached statistical
      significance, in agreement with the similarity of the dose-response curves. An
      analysis of the correlation between response to MS and to histamine in individual
      subjects revealed the responses to be significantly correlated in all cases, with
      the exception of wheal in patients with recurrent, unexplained
      anaphylaxis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2926082
TI  - Analysis of the stabilizing effect of epsilon-aminocaproic acid by
      electrophoretic techniques and immunoblotting.
AB  - The effect of epsilon-aminocaproic acid (EACA) on the degradation of aqueous
      pollen extracts was studied by isoelectric focusing, sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and immunoblotting. The extracts were stored
      at 4 degrees C for 7 days and at 37 degrees C for 1, 4, and 7 days. Addition of
      0.1 mol/L of EACA before storage partly protected the extract from degradation.
      The protective effect of EACA could be demonstrated most clearly by
      immunoblotting, suggesting that more epitopes were preserved in an antigenic
      configuration. The stabilizing effect increased with higher EACA concentrations.

PMID- 2926083
TI  - The toxicity of constituents of cedar and pine woods to pulmonary epithelium.
AB  - Occupational exposure to cedar and pine woods and pine resin (colophony) can
      cause asthma and chronic lung disease. Prior studies suggest that plicatic and
      abietic acids are responsible for the asthmatic reactions that occur in cedar
      wood and colophony workers; however, the etiologic mechanism(s) of the chronic
      lung disease is unknown. To determine if plicatic acid from cedar wood and
      abietic acid from pine resin could directly damage lung cells, we exposed
      monolayers of rat type II and human A549 alveolar epithelial cells, intact rat
      lungs, and rat tracheal explants to solutions of plicatic and abietic acids. As
      indices of injury, we measured lysis of alveolar epithelial cells with a 51Cr
      technique, quantitative desquamation of epithelial cells from tracheal explants,
      and histologic alterations in tracheal explants and intact lungs. Plicatic and
      abietic acids both caused dose- and time-dependent lysis of alveolar epithelial
      cells. Instillation of plicatic and abietic acids into rat lungs produced
      bronchial epithelial sloughing. Abietic acid also caused destruction of the
      alveolar epithelium. The addition of either acid to rat tracheal explants caused
      epithelial desquamation that was dose- and time-dependent. Our results suggest
      that plicatic acid, a unique constituent of cedar wood, and abietic acid, the
      major constituent in pine resin, can produce lytic damage to alveolar, tracheal,
      and bronchial epithelial cells. We hypothesize that repeated occupational
      exposure to these substances might promote the chronic lung damage observed in
      some cedar- and pine-wood workers and in electronic workers exposed to colophony.

PMID- 2926084
TI  - Expression of complement receptors type 1 (CR1) and type 3 (CR3) on circulating
      granulocytes in experimentally provoked asthma.
AB  - Neutrophils demonstrate increased complement receptor activity, measured by
      rosetting of C3b-coated erythrocytes, after asthma that was provoked
      experimentally. However, it is not clear whether the increased rosetting is due
      simply to increase in receptor numbers or whether other factors, such as cell
      adhesiveness, are involved. We have therefore enumerated granulocyte complement
      receptors, after asthma provoked experimentally, with monoclonal antibodies
      against the receptors and flow cytometry. There was a maximal 28.2 +/- 7.5% and
      33.4 +/- 9.5% (mean +/- SEM; n = 15) increase in granulocyte CR1 and CR3,
      respectively, at 3 hours after asthma induced by antigen. There was a maximal
      32.0 +/- 7.3% (mean +/- SEM; n = 7) increase in granulocyte CR1, but no change in
      granulocyte CR3, at 1 hour after exercise-induced asthma. No significant changes
      in granulocyte CR1 or CR3 were observed up to 6 hours after methacholine
      challenge, or after exercise in subjects who did not develop exercise-induced
      asthma. There was a maximal 33 +/- 9% (mean +/- SEM; n = 8) increase in
      granulocyte CR1 at 30 minutes, but no increase in granulocyte CR3, after
      histamine challenge of subjects with asthma. Incubation of whole blood with
      histamine in vitro did not lead to any enhancement in expression of granulocyte
      CR1. This suggests that antigen- and exercise-induced release of histamine may
      augment granulocyte CR1 expression through an indirect mechanism. These data
      indicate that there is increase in the numerical expression of CR1 on
      granulocytes, after asthma provoked experimentally, which is accompanied by
      increases in granulocyte CR3 after bronchoprovocation with antigen, but not
      histamine or exercise.

PMID- 2926085
TI  - Dissociation of cutaneous vascular permeability and the development of cutaneous
      late-phase allergic reactions.
AB  - Cutaneous late-phase allergic reactions (LPR) are characterized by an early,
      immediate hypersensitivity whealing reaction followed by persistent, localized
      induration that peaks 6 to 8 hours later. In this study we used rodents to
      examine the relationship between vascular permeability (VP) and induration during
      LPR. Efflux of macromolecular tracers from the vasculature into skin was measured
      with the use of radiolabeled albumin and neutral dextran tracers having large
      molecular radii. To induce LPR immunologically, we used either intradermal
      injections of antirat IgE or passive cutaneous sensitization with IgE
      antidinitrophenyl followed 24 hours later by intravenous injection of albumin
      dinitrophenyl. [125I]albumin and [3H]dextran tracers were injected intravenously
      before and at various intervals after the induction of LPR. Although a marked
      increase in VP occurred within the first 30 minutes after induction of mast cell
      degranulation, analysis of radiolabeled tracer accumulation at 2, 4, 8, and 24
      hours failed to demonstrate any further increase in VP. These findings indicate
      that the induration observed in rodent LPR is not associated with increased VP
      beyond the immediate hypersensitivity stage and suggest that impairment of
      lymphatic drainage, cellular infiltration, and/or fibrin deposition are
      contributing factors.

PMID- 2926086
TI  - Long-term prophylaxis with C1-inhibitor (C1 INH) concentrate in patients with
      recurrent angioedema caused by hereditary and acquired C1-inhibitor deficiency.
AB  - A case of hereditary angioedema (HAE) type I (inherited C1-inhibitor [C1 INH]
      deficiency) and a case of late-onset acquired C1 INH with angioedema is
      described. In both patients, long-term prophylaxis with C1 INH had become
      necessary because treatment with danazol and epsilon-aminocaproic acid was not
      effective or not tolerated. Consequently, both patients received a pasteurized
      concentrate of C1 INH continuously for a period of 1 year in a dosage that kept
      them free of symptoms. The patient with HAE was administered 500 units of C1 INH
      intravenously every 4 or 5 days, whereas the patient with acquired angioedema
      required 1000 units of C1 INH every 5 days. As a result of this long-term
      prophylaxis, both patients became free or nearly free from their episodes of
      cutaneous and internal edema. The low plasma levels of C1 INH, C4, and C2, rose.
      In the patient with acquired C1 INH deficiency, the swellings increasingly
      reappeared after 10 months, although the patient's antibody titer did not rise
      during treatment. No side effects were recorded during therapy. In particular,
      both patients remained HIV and hepatitis B antibody negative.

PMID- 2926087
TI  - Comparison of results of skin prick tests (with fresh foods and commercial food
      extracts) and RAST in 100 patients with oral allergy syndrome.
AB  - One hundred adult patients with a history of oral allergy syndrome (OAS) after
      ingestion of fruits and vegetables, 77 patients with hay fever and 13 with skin
      prick tests and RAST positive to pollens but without seasonal symptoms, and 32
      normal nonallergic control subjects, had Phadebas RAST and skin prick tests with
      commercial extracts (CSPT) and with fresh foods (FFSPT) to assess the reliability
      of these three tests. Sensitivity was better with FFSPT for carrot, celery,
      cherry, apple, tomato, orange, and peach; better with CSPT for peanut, pea, and
      walnut; and better with RAST for hazelnut. Specificity, negative predictive
      value, and positive predictive value of the three tests were determined for
      apple, carrot, hazelnut, orange, pea, peanut, and tomato. Specificity in the
      patient groups ranged between 40% (pea) and 100% (apple) for CSPT, between 61%
      (peanut) and 87% (carrot) for RAST, and between 42% (carrot) and 93% (peanut) for
      FFSPT. However, all tests were negative in the control group. Thus, false
      positive results may result from cross-reactivity with pollen allergens. The
      diagnostic accuracy of these tests in the population with OAS proved comparable
      for peanut, carrot, hazelnut, and pea. FFSPT proved more sensitive than CSPT or
      RAST in confirming a history of OAS to certain alimentary allergens, such as
      apple, orange, tomato, carrot, cherry, celery, and peach.

PMID- 2926088
TI  - AIDS in women and children.

PMID- 2926089
TI  - Short-term medical service in the developing world.
AB  - Medicine as it is practiced in the developing world is far removed from medicine
      as we know it in the United States. It is the authors' opinion that the
      developing world offers a stimulating environment medically, culturally, and
      ethically. Those physicians who devote some portion of their careers to
      practicing in the developing world reap significant rewards. The authors describe
      how they found and selected medical situations in the developing world and the
      experiences they had delivering health care in those situations.

PMID- 2926090
TI  - Women surgeons: a national survey.
AB  - In order to add to the data on women surgeons as well as to clarify concerns
      raised in the literature, a questionnaire survey of fully trained women surgeons
      was conducted between 1983 and 1986. The 386 responses were analyzed and the
      results are presented here. Findings show that women surgeons are young (median
      age 37), board certified (77%), and practicing in varied settings. They work a
      median of 60 hours per week, are progressing academically (54% assistant, 20%
      associate, and 7% full professors), and are involved in professional
      organizations (98%). They feel that their family responsibilities have enhanced
      their lives and benefited their careers. The majority (88%) would choose to be
      surgeons again. Worrisome findings warranting further investigation are the
      disparity in earnings between male and female surgeons and the gender related
      problems still experienced by significant numbers of women during the application
      and residency process. Additional studies are needed to define and clarify the
      career patterns of women surgeons.

PMID- 2926091
TI  - Child care--a women's health issue.

PMID- 2926092
TI  - Advocating children's health needs.

PMID- 2926093
TI  - Synergistic inhibition of DNA synthesis in Ehrlich ascites tumour cells by a
      combination of unsaturated fatty acids and hyperthermia.
AB  - Wide attention has been given to hyperthermia as a new measure for cancer
      treatment. Clinical trials of hyperthermia, as they possess antitumour activity
      on some occasions. When cells were incubated with oleic we examine if fatty acids
      exert a synergistic effect on Ehrlich ascites tumour cells when combined with
      hyperthermia, as they possess antitumour activity on some occasions. When cells
      were incubated with oleic acid and linoleic acid (unsaturated fatty acids) at 37
      degrees C, the DNA synthesis of cells was significantly inhibited. Palmitic and
      stearic acids, which are saturated fatty acids, did not suppress DNA synthesis.
      Hyperthermic treatment without the presence of fatty acids at 42 degrees C for 1
      h decreased DNA synthesis to 62% of the control level of 37 degrees C. The
      combination of an unsaturated fatty acid and hyperthermia synergistically
      suppressed DNA synthesis. When the cells were incubated in serum-free medium
      containing 0.1% albumin, unsaturated fatty acids were more effective in
      inhibiting DNA synthesis. However, saturated fatty acids had little or no effect
      on DNA synthesis in control or hyperthermia-treated cells. These results indicate
      that unsaturated fatty acids are useful for enhancing the inhibitory effect of
      hyperthermia on DNA synthesis, which may increase the in vitro antitumour effects
      of hyperthermia.

PMID- 2926094
TI  - Differing hepatotoxicity and lethality after subacute trichloroethylene exposure
      in aqueous or corn oil gavage vehicles in B6C3F1 mice.
AB  - Subacute toxicity of trichloroethylene (TCE) was evaluated in male and female
      B6C3F1 mice using corn oil or aqueous gavage vehicles. Mice received oral doses
      of TCE five times a week for 4 weeks at 600, 1200 and 2400 mg/kg/day for males
      and 450, 900 and 1800 mg/kg/day for females. Vehicle control mice were dosed with
      either corn oil or a 20% aqueous solution of Emulphor. A dose-related increase in
      lethality occurred in male and female mice receiving TCE in Emulphor but not corn
      oil during the first week of treatment. Lethality was consistent with central
      nervous system depressant effects of TCE. After 4 weeks of exposure, body weights
      were not altered by TCE but liver/body weight ratios were uniformly increased by
      TCE administered in either vehicle in both sexes. Only male mice treated with TCE
      in corn oil, however, sustained elevations in serum enzyme levels, accompanied by
      liver histopathology. TCE in corn oil produced inflammation-associated focal
      necrosis in 30-40% of the male mice, with increasing severity from low to high
      dose. Lipid accumulation, as indicated by Oil-Red O staining, was most prevalent
      in male mice treated with TCE in corn oil but also occurred to a lesser degree in
      animals receiving either gavage vehicle alone. This study indicates that the type
      of oral gavage vehicle is an important factor in determining the nature of TCE
      toxicity.

PMID- 2926095
TI  - Nasal tumours in rats after severe injury to the nasal mucosa and prolonged
      exposure to 10 ppm formaldehyde.
AB  - To study the significance of damage to the nasal mucosa for the induction of
      nasal tumours by formaldehyde in rats, a long-term inhalation study was conducted
      in which male rats with severely damaged or undamaged nose were exposed 6 h/day
      for 5 days/week to 0, 0.1, 1.0 or 10 ppm formaldehyde vapour for 28 months, or
      for 3 months followed by a 25-month observation period. The damage to the nasal
      mucosa was induced by bilateral intranasal electrocoagulation. The total number
      of rats used was 720, 480 with damaged and 240 with intact nose. Compound-related
      degenerative, inflammatory and hyperplastic changes of the nasal respiratory and
      olfactory mucosa were invariably observed when rats with intact nose were exposed
      to 10 ppm but not when exposed to 1.0 or 0.1 ppm formaldehyde. Nasal
      electrocoagulation increased the incidences of formaldehyde-induced rhinitis,
      hyper- and metaplasia of the respiratory epithelium, and degeneration and hyper-
      and metaplasia of the olfactory epithelium. In addition, exposure to 10 ppm
      formaldehyde for 28 months produced nasal squamous cell carcinomas in rats with
      damaged nose (15/58) but not in rats with intact nose. Three months of exposure
      to 10 ppm formaldehyde or exposure to 0.1 or 1.0 ppm formaldehyde for 28 months
      had no such effect. It was concluded that severe damage to the nasal mucosa may
      contribute to the induction of nasal tumours by formaldehyde.

PMID- 2926096
TI  - Effects of subchronic parathion administration on sodium salicylate excretion
      kinetics in female rats.
AB  - Organophosphorus (OP) pesticides are considered to be environmental contaminants,
      and chronic exposure to low levels through the diet may affect drug action. To
      study this possible interaction, ethyl parathion was administered by intubation
      to female rats for 35 consecutive days at a dose of 0.05 or 0.2 mg/kg of body
      weight per day. At 7, 21 and 35 days after parathion was initiated, rats were
      administered a single dose of 20 mg/kg sodium salicylate intraperitoneally. Total
      salicylates, salicylic acid (SA), salicyluric acid (SU) and gentisic acid (GA)
      were determined in urine. At 7 days, parathion treatment slowed the excretion of
      total salicylates. This effect was more evident at longer treatment times. Total
      excretion of SA was increased at the expense of GA at 7 days. However, this
      effect was reversed at 21 and 35 days. Excretion of SU was drastically diminished
      after 21 days of treatment with parathion. The results suggest that subchronic
      oral administration of parathion to female rats changes the excretion kinetics of
      sodium salicylate through combined effects on renal excretion mechanisms and
      biotransformation processes. Thus, exposure to low concentrations of
      environmental contaminants may produce important changes in drug action.

PMID- 2926097
TI  - Disposition of methacrylonitrile in rats and distribution in blood components.
AB  - The interaction of 2[14C]methyl-2,3[14C]acrylonitrile (MeAN) with the components
      of blood and its disposition in male Sprague-Dawley rats has been investigated.
      Following an oral administration of 100 mg/kg (0.5 LD50, 8 microCi/kg), the rats
      excreted 43% of the [14C] in the urine, 15% in the feces and 2.5% in the expired
      air as 14CO2 in 5 days. Hydrogen cyanide (H14CN) was not detectable. The red
      blood cells retained significant amounts of radioactivity for more than five days
      after administration, whereas the [14C]-activity in plasma declined sharply. More
      than 50% of the radioactivity in erythrocytes was detected as covalently bound to
      cytoplasmic (hemoglobin) and membrane proteins. A small amount of radioactivity
      was also found in the heme fraction. About 13% of the total dose administered was
      recovered as thiocyanate in the plasma and the urine. These results suggest that
      the toxicity of MeAN may be attributable to the whole molecule and not entirely
      to the in vivo liberation of cyanide.

PMID- 2926098
TI  - An evaluation of the acute toxic properties of liquids derived from oil sands.
AB  - The acute toxicity of three materials derived from Athabasca Oil Sands--(1)
      bitumen plus naphtha, (2) untreated naphtha (0-250 degrees C) and (3) synthetic
      crude oil (0-500 degrees C)--was assessed in a battery of tests. In acute oral
      studies, all three test materials exhibited a low order of toxicity (LD50 greater
      than 5.0 g kg-1). The acute dermal LD50 was also low (greater than 3 g kg-1) for
      each test material. All three materials were judged to be 'slight' ocular
      irritants. Acute inhalation studies (6-h exposures at the maximum attainable
      concentrations) produced varied responses. Bitumen plus naphtha administered at a
      concentration of 1.46 mg l-1 did not cause mortality in exposed rats or mice.
      Lung discoloration was the only necropsy finding of note. Untreated naphtha
      administered at a concentration of 10.6 mg l-1 was lethal to essentially all of
      the mice; but only two rats died. Necropsy findings included elevated weights in
      the liver and kidneys of the exposed mice, elevated lung weights in male rats and
      elevated liver weights in female rats. Synthetic crude oil administered at a
      concentration of (4 mg l-1) was lethal to 5/10 mice, but none of the rats (0/10)
      died. Severe hair loss was noted in the surviving mice, and slight alopecia was
      also observed in rats. Both species exhibited elevated liver weight, and elevated
      lung weight was noted in female rats.

PMID- 2926099
TI  - Age, cohort, and time-period confounds in aging research.
AB  - 1. Cross-sectional studies of age-related changes or developmental patterns
      contain the inherent confound of age and cohort. 2. Longitudinal studies of age
      related changes or developmental patterns contain the inherent confound of age
      and time-period. 3. Many complex research designs and decision rules have been
      developed in an attempt to disentangle these confounds. These designs and
      decision rules are only useful if their assumptions are met. 4. It is important
      to logically determine when the age, cohort, and time-period confounds discussed
      in this article are important to resolve in a nursing study and when the
      confounds do not directly relate to the clinical or theoretical merit of a study.

PMID- 2926100
TI  - Feeding the frail elderly.
AB  - 1. Frail older adults need to be fed carefully and observed closely while eating
      to prevent choking and aspiration of food and fluids. They choke more easily on
      clear liquids than on soft foods with some texture. 2. The licensed nurse is
      responsible for evaluating the physical status of frail older adults before
      feeding them and for assuring that less qualified personnel are aware of the
      dangers and specific precautions in feeding these types of patients. 3. The use
      of nutritious finger foods allows frail older people some degree of independence
      by encouraging them to feed themselves whenever possible. Careful menu planning
      can result in a variety of nutritious foods for older people. 4. Soft-cooked
      vegetables and fruits are more appetizing and acceptable to frail edentulous
      older adults than pureed or ground foods. Making mealtime special may be one of
      their few pleasures. 5. Frail older adults should remain in a sitting or semi
      Fowler's position for at least one to two hours after eating to prevent possible
      regurgitation and aspiration of food or fluids.

PMID- 2926102
TI  - Adult day care: how families of the dementia patient respond.
AB  - 1. The experience of caring for a family member with dementia in the home is a
      physical, emotional, and financial strain for the majority of caregivers. 2. The
      availability of community as well as family supports are variables which will
      influence how well a caregiver will cope. 3. Though the use of adult day care did
      not significantly decrease the reported stress for caregivers as a group, some
      did experience less strain. 4. Caregiver response to adult day care is variable
      and complex. Gerontological nurses who counsel caregivers should help them be
      realistic about their expectations for adult day care.

PMID- 2926101
TI  - Prevent elder abuse--using a family systems approach.
AB  - 1. Family stressors occur when the adult child is caregiver for an elderly
      parent, particularly when care is intensive or protracted. Under certain
      circumstances of high risk, severe and unresolved strains in intergenerational
      relationships can develop into elder abuse. 2. Elder abuse is a non-accidental
      act or omission that causes physical, psychological, or financial harm to an
      older person. 3. Using a family systems perspective, an original validated
      instrument is presented that evaluates the risk of elder abuse in the home
      (REAH). Using this instrument, the nurse can construct two profiles of 1) the
      older person, including personal data and dependency needs, and 2) the caregiver,
      including personal data and family dynamics. 4. The instrument provides a simple
      method for recognizing family strains and noting changes over time within the
      family system. Appropriate interventions and referrals can be initiated that may
      avert the crisis of elder abuse.

PMID- 2926103
TI  - The importance of hope in the care of the elderly.

PMID- 2926104
TI  - Pooling resources to benefit elderly clients.

PMID- 2926105
TI  - Epidemic bloodstream infections from hemodynamic pressure monitoring: signs of
      the times.

PMID- 2926107
TI  - Occupational exposure to influenza--introduction of an index case to a hospital.
AB  - The epidemiology of influenza in the hospital is frequently confounded by failure
      to separate community-acquired from nosocomial transmission. An 83-year-old woman
      was hospitalized one day after returning from Asia with complications resulting
      from acute influenza A (H3N2) infection; she was the first culture-confirmed case
      in the region during the 1987-1988 influenza season, and her illness antedated
      other influenza cases in the area by at least four weeks. The patient shed virus
      at least four days after admission and transmitted influenza to her primary
      physician; both had received trivalent influenza vaccine four weeks earlier.
      Surveillance data from the 28 health care providers (HCPs) in contact with the
      index case (mean age: 34.5 years; median time of contact: four hours, none
      receiving vaccine) revealed no evidence of transmission as detected by paired
      type-specific complement-fixation antibodies and throat culture (20 subjects) or
      acute serologies and culture (7 subjects). No febrile respiratory illnesses were
      detected among other patients on the same ward, although three were reported
      among HCPs. Thus, neither secondary spread of influenza from infected patient to
      hospital HCPs nor nosocomial transmission apparently took place, although
      transmission did occur to the primary physician.

PMID- 2926106
TI  - Epidemic bloodstream infections associated with pressure transducers: a
      persistent problem.
AB  - Twenty-four outbreaks of nosocomial bloodstream infection (BSI) were investigated
      by the Centers for Disease Control from Jan 1, 1977 to Dec 31, 1987.
      Intravascular pressure monitoring devices (transducers) were the most commonly
      identified source of bacterial and fungal BSI outbreaks and were implicated as
      the source of infection in eight (33%) outbreaks. These included outbreaks caused
      by Candida parapsilosis (2), Serratia marcescens (2), Klebsiella oxytoca (1),
      Pseudomonas cepacia (1), Acinetobacter calcoaceticus (1), and one polymicrobial
      bacteremia outbreak due to Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, Citrobacter, and
      Enterobacter species. In all eight outbreaks, reusable transducers improperly
      disinfected or fitted with domes that had been improperly sterilized served as
      reservoirs for the organism. Compared with nosocomial BSI outbreaks not related
      to transducers, those in which transducers were implicated as a reservoir
      involved a larger mean number of patients (24 v 9; P = 0.007), and were
      significantly more likely to involve intensive care unit patients (23/24 v 3/9; P
      = 0.025) and to have a longer mean duration (11 v 3 months; P = 0.007). These
      findings show that the characteristics of transducer- and non-transducer-related
      BSI outbreaks differ, and that centers using intravascular pressure monitoring
      devices must be aware of and implement recommended infection control strategies
      for care and maintenance of these devices.

PMID- 2926108
TI  - A no-rinse alcohol antiseptic and a no-touch dispenser for hand decontamination.

PMID- 2926109
TI  - Clinical grading--de-grading or an opportunity?

PMID- 2926110
TI  - Families in ICU: their needs and anxiety level.
AB  - In the course of their care-giving activities nurses deal with family members as
      well as with patients. The dimension of family involvement becomes even more
      crucial when patients are hospitalised in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). The
      purpose of this study was to identify: 1. The perceived needs and anxiety levels
      of adult family members of ICU patients; 2. The relationship between perceived
      needs and situational anxiety levels; and 3. The sociodemographic factors having
      an influence on the needs and anxiety level of family members. Over a 10-week
      period, a convenience sample of 207 subjects was formed from the total adult
      population of immediate family members visiting a patient in a 9-bed ICU of a 388
      bed university hospital. The data were gathered by a face to face interview, a
      self-report questionnaire of the French version of the Critical Care Family Needs
      Inventory (Molter & Leske, 1983), and the A-Scale of the State Trait Anxiety
      Inventory (Spielberger, 1970). The major variables investigated were: family
      needs; situational anxiety; on-site sources of worry; level of knowledge with
      respect to the ICU setting from experience or pre-surgery education; and finally,
      sociodemographic data. The sample was predominantly female (75%) and the mean age
      was 45.43 s.d.-15.19, ranging from 18 to 91 years. The average number of
      respondents per family was 2.3 with a range of 1 to 5. The Situational Anxiety
      Scale of the STAI yielded a mean score of 47.88 +/- 12.02 ranging from 21 to
      76.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2926111
TI  - Road to recovery.
AB  - The role of the nurse in giving information to patients has grown considerably
      following the work of researchers such as Hayward (1975), Boore (1978) and Wilson
      Barnett (1978). From admission to discharge the nurse has a valuable educational
      role to play in helping patients come to terms with their present position and
      preparing them for the future. The questions facing nursing now are not whether
      nurses should undertake this role, but how well do they provide information? Do
      patients act on advice? And how far should relatives be included in the process
      of patient education? These are the questions that prompted the present study, in
      which 43 people completed questionnaires 6 to 8 weeks following discharge from
      hospital after cardiac surgery. Eighty-two per cent were completely or 'on the
      whole' satisfied with the information given, though the perceived adequacy varied
      between topics; 70% reported some associated behaviour change and in each case
      their relatives had been involved in receiving pre-discharge advice.

PMID- 2926112
TI  - Post-registration nursing courses--one way forward.
AB  - This paper sets out an alternative method for post-registration nursing courses
      to the traditional type of 6 or 12 month programmes. The factors involved in
      precipitating the changes are outlined and the rationale for, and process of,
      change discussed. The authors believe that shorter, skills based modular
      programmes--especially at competency (3rd year registered nurse) level--are the
      key to the future provision of adequate numbers of appropriately skilled
      registered nurses in the ever increasing number of specialty areas and that these
      courses must be based upon a strong correlation of theory to advanced clinical
      practice skills. The paper illustrates this point by describing briefly two of
      the modular programmes offered at The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide.

PMID- 2926113
TI  - Dying and bereavement. The role of the critical care nurse.
AB  - The critical care units of today are environments totally dedicated to
      implementing life saving and life supporting measures. The development of the
      critical care unit is such that now many critical care units offer specific
      specialised disease/surgical management e.g. the cardiothoracic unit, transplant
      centres. As the ability of the critical care units to offer extensive life
      supportive measures continually improves, the fact is that there is still an
      increased potential for death to occur in the critical care unit, more than in
      other acute areas. While the prime function of the critical care staff will
      always be to support and sustain the life of their patients for whom they care,
      they also have a responsibility to offer a caring and compassionate level of care
      to the dying critically ill patient and to ensure that they support the dying
      patients' relatives in every way that they can. The prospect of death (for the
      patient), and the actual loss of the patient (for the relatives/medical and
      nursing staff) can present a number of difficulties for all those involved. These
      difficulties, which will be identified in the course of the article, may if
      unresolved predispose to a poor and traumatic bereavement process for the
      relatives, while the critical care staff may experience possible feelings of
      frustration, helplessness and low morale. (Caughill, 1976). It is therefore the
      aim of this article to examine the role of the critical care nurse in caring for
      the dying patient in the intensive care areas.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2926114
TI  - The needs of family members of patients in intensive care units.
AB  - This study investigated the needs of family members of patients in intensive care
      units (ICUs) from the families' perspective. A qualitative research methodology
      was chosen and a 'Grounded Theory' type of approach after Glaser and Strauss was
      used. The fieldwork comprised informal in-depth interviews with 11 relatives of
      patients in one general adult intensive care unit in a teaching hospital in the
      north of England. Previously identified topic areas guided the fieldwork and
      these were expanded, and new topics included, as appropriate. A tape recorder was
      used and the interviews were subsequently analysed. Six conceptual categories
      were developed. The strong theme which emerged was that of 'Retaining Hope'. The
      study gives some indication of the viewpoint of relatives in ICU and what they
      perceive to be their major needs. Suggestions for future nursing practice have
      been presented.

PMID- 2926115
TI  - Test of the isoallele hypothesis at the mouse first arch (far) locus.
AB  - We tested the hypothesis that differences in wild-type (+) alleles (isoalleles)
      at the first arch (far) locus between mouse strains ICR/Bc and BALB/cGaBc are
      responsible for the partially dominant expression of far in the ICR/Bc genetic
      background, in contrast to its recessive expression in the BALB/cGaBc background.
      A similar hypothesis concerning isoalleles has been suggested to explain
      differences in heterozygote expression in some human genetic diseases but appears
      not to have been tested directly in mammals. First arch is lethal when
      homozygous. The dominant effects in ICR/Bc mice include defects in mystacial
      vibrissa pattern formation and cleft palate. To test the isoallele hypothesis, we
      made the four appropriate genetic crosses between +/far and +/+ mice between
      strains. The F1 progeny were scored on day 16 of gestation for defective
      mystacial vibrissa pattern formation and cleft palate. From all four crosses,
      approximately 30% of F1 fetuses (i.e., 60% of +/far fetuses) had disrupted
      mystacial vibrissa patterns, and only one fetus had cleft palate. The fact that
      all crosses produced approximately equal rates of defective progeny disproves the
      isoallele hypothesis for far. Therefore, differences between strains in alleles
      at other loci (modifier loci) must cause the differences in heterozygote (+/far)
      expression. This genetic design can be used for other mutations with strain
      differences in heterozygote expression to test the importance of isoalleles in
      mammals.

PMID- 2926116
TI  - Inbreeding, coancestry, and covariance between relatives for X-chromosomal loci.
AB  - Knowledge about the relationships between relatives for X-chromosomal loci is
      necessary to compute genetic variances and covariances for the genetic evaluation
      of individuals for economically important traits in livestock and poultry. Using
      a unified approach, we derived explicitly the coefficient of inbreeding for
      individuals and the coefficient of coancestry between collateral and lineal
      relatives of the same or different sex, assuming that the male is heterogametic
      and the female is homogametic. Collateral relatives include full sibs, paternal
      and maternal half-sibs, paternal and maternal single first cousins, and double
      first cousins. Lineal relatives include parent-offspring, paternal and maternal
      grandparent-grandoffspring, and aunt- or uncle-niece or -nephew. We also defined
      additive and dominance relationships to compute genetic covariance between
      relatives, assuming random mating equilibrium, and clarified misinterpretations
      and corrected errors in the literature. Our results are also applicable to
      organisms that have few autosomal loci, such as Drosophila, in which X
      chromosomal loci can account for a large amount of genetic variance, and to
      haplodiploid organisms, such as the honeybee, in which the entire genome is
      equivalent to being X-chromosomal.

PMID- 2926117
TI  - High-resolution G-banded karyotype and idiogram of the goat: a sheep-goat G
      banded comparison.
AB  - An elongated G-banded karyotype and idiogram of the domestic goat (Capra hircus)
      is presented. Sheep (Ovis aries)-goat comparison suggests the terminal light band
      (Xq 2 9) present in the goat is absent in the sheep.

PMID- 2926119
TI  - Systemic fungal infections: diagnosis and treatment II.

PMID- 2926118
TI  - Two recessive rex coat mutants in the guinea pig.
AB  - Two rex type coat mutants of the guinea pig were found to display monogenic
      recessive inheritance at independent loci. The mutant alleles were designated rex
      (rx) and waved (wv). Both genes modify the normal smooth coat to a more upright,
      somewhat unkempt pelage. Macroscopically, the two rexes are scarcely
      distinguishable. Microscopically, however, small differences are apparent in the
      degree of coat modification. The hairs of rex show a greater curvature than
      normal and have irregular secondary bends and twists and variable diameter; so do
      those of waved, but to a lesser degree. The vibrissae of rex are curved or bent
      and may break off; those of waved are a mixture of straight, curved, and bent
      hairs.

PMID- 2926120
TI  - Detection of phosphoenolpyruvate and ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase
      transcripts in maize leaves by in situ hybridization with sulfonated cDNA probes.
AB  - This report outlines an efficient in situ hybridization method for locating
      specific mRNAs in tissue cryosections using sulfonated cDNA probes. The method
      involves chemical modification of DNA probes by insertion of a sulfone radical on
      cytosine residues, which generates a specific epitope. Sulfonated DNA is then
      detected by using indirect immunochemical procedure. Alternatively, antibodies
      conjugated to fluorescein or to alkaline phosphatase were used for mRNA
      detection. In situ hybridization was developed to study aspects of mesophyll and
      bundle sheath cell differentiation in maize leaves. Our results indicate that
      phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEP C) mRNA is restricted to mesophyll cells,
      and the nucleus-encoded mRNA of the small subunit (SSU) ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate
      carboxylase (RuBP C) is limited to the cytosol of bundle sheath cells. Thus,
      using in situ hybridization, we have demonstrated that the differential
      distribution of PEP C and RuBP C proteins in the two cell types also reflects the
      location of their mRNAs. These data imply either a tissue-specific
      transcriptional regulation or a selective mRNA degradation.

PMID- 2926121
TI  - Binding and uptake of pulmonary surfactant protein (SP-A) by pulmonary type II
      epithelial cells.
AB  - A glycoprotein of Mr 26-36,000 (SP-A) is an abundant phospholipid-associated
      protein in pulmonary surfactant. SP-A enhances phospholipid reuptake and inhibits
      secretion by Type II epithelial cells in vitro. We have used two electron
      microscopic cytochemical methods to demonstrate selective binding and uptake of
      SP-A by rat pulmonary Type II epithelial cells. Using an immunogold bridging
      technique, we showed that SP-A binding was selective for Type II cell surfaces.
      Binding was dose dependent and saturable, reaching maximal binding at
      approximately 10 ng/ml. On warming to 23 degrees C, SP-A binding sites were
      clustered in coated pits on the cell surface. To characterize the internalization
      and intracellular routing of SP-A, we used the biotinyl ligand-avidin-gold
      technique. Biotinyl SP-A was bound by rat Type II epithelial cells as described
      above. On warming, biotinyl SP-A was seen in association with coated vesicles and
      was subsequently located in endosomes and multivesicular bodies. Biotinyl SP-A
      gold complexes were seen in close approximation to lamellar bodies 10-60 min
      after warming. Binding of biotinyl SP-A was inhibited by competition with
      unlabeled SP-A. These results support the concept that Type II epithelial cells
      bind and internalize SP-A by receptor-mediated endocytosis. This newly described
      uptake system may play a role in the recycling of surfactant components or
      mediate the actions of SP-A on surfactant phospholipid secretion.

PMID- 2926122
TI  - Immunocytochemical localization of S-100b protein in degenerating and
      regenerating rat sciatic nerves.
AB  - We studied the cellular and subcellular distribution of S-100b protein in normal,
      crushed, and transected rat sciatic nerves by an immunocytochemical procedure. In
      uninjured nerves, S-100b protein was restricted to the cytoplasm and membranes of
      Schwann cells, with no reaction product present in the nucleus or in axons.
      Similar images were seen from the first to the thirtieth day after the crush in
      activated Schwann cells during the degeneration period, i.e., up to the seventh
      post-lesion day, and in normal Schwann cells reappearing during the regeneration
      period, i.e., after the seventh post-lesion day, in the zone of the crush and
      proximal and distal to it. By the technique employed, there seemed to be no
      differences in the intensity of the immune reaction product in normal and
      activated Schwann cells. Also, similar images were seen in the proximal stump of
      transected nerves. Only a slight S-100b protein immune reaction product could be
      observed in the rare activated Schwann cells present in the distal stump around
      the seventh post-lesion day, the majority of cell types being represented by
      fibroblasts and elongated cells at this stage and thereafter. By immunochemical
      assays, similar results as those presented here have been reported and
      interpreted as indicative of the presence of S-100 protein in axons or,
      alternatively, of axonal control over expression of S-100 protein in Schwann
      cells. Our immunocytochemical data clearly show that the strong reduction in the
      S-100 protein content of the distal stump of transected nerves is owing to the
      paucity of Schwann cells and to the decrease in the S-100 protein content of
      these cells, rather than to degeneration of axons.

PMID- 2926123
TI  - Fiber type-specific distribution of M-band proteins in chicken muscle.
AB  - The functions of two myofibrillar proteins, myomesin (Mr 185,000) and M-protein
      (Mr 165,000), associated with the M-band are as yet unknown. To extend our
      knowledge of these proteins, we have examined chicken striated muscles with fast
      and slow contractile properties, e.g., pectoralis major, PLD, ALD, medial
      adductor, and lateral adductor, to determine the expression and isoform
      composition of myomesin and M-protein in various muscles and fiber types. The
      high molecular weight M-band proteins were characterized and quantitated using
      monoclonal antibodies in immunoblotting and double-antibody sandwich ELISA. Fiber
      specificity was determined by immuno- and enzyme histochemistry. In addition to
      the previously reported Mr 195,000 and 190,000 isoforms of myomesin in heart
      [Grove et al. (1985): J Cell Biol 101:1431], the Mr 185,000 myomesin in skeletal
      muscles may represent different isoforms in fast and slow muscles on the basis of
      distinctive degradation patterns. M-protein has the same molecular weight in
      striated chicken muscles and degradation patterns indicate only one isoform. The
      low quantities of M-protein in slow muscles were shown to be due to the absence
      of M-protein in two of the generally recognized slow fiber types, types I and
      III. Thus, M-protein was present only in fast type II fibers, whereas myomesin
      was ubiquitous in all fiber types. Whatever the causal relationship, M-protein
      appears to function in fast motor units composed of type II fibers.

PMID- 2926124
TI  - Immunogold labeling method for Mycobacterium leprae-specific phenolic glycolipid
      in glutaraldehyde-osmium-fixed and Araldite-embedded leprosy lesions.
AB  - Phenolic glycolipid (PGL)-I, a Mycobacterium leprae-specific antigen currently
      used for serodiagnosis of preclinical leprosy, has thus far not been localized
      subcellularly in leprosy bacilli and their host cells. In this study, we
      developed an immunogold-labeling technique for qualitative identification of PGL
      I sites in glutaraldehyde-osmium-fixed and Araldite-embedded M. leprae and host
      macrophages in human skin biopsies. Such "hard-fixed," plastic-embedded skin and
      nerve biopsies from patients with varying cell-mediated immunity to leprosy are
      amply available worldwide. Our method involves etching of plastic sections with
      H2O2, incubation with swine serum to eliminate nonspecific labeling, and long (22
      hr) incubation at room temperature with monoclonal antibodies to PGL-I. Gold
      labeling was seen predominantly on cell walls of M. leprae, in vacuolar spaces of
      bacillated phagolysosomes, and occasionally on the cytoplasm and cell membrane of
      M. leprae. Host macrophage cytoplasm was labeled very infrequently. This
      technique allows studies on possibly persisting antigenic PGL-I in multibacillary
      leprosy patients during or after multidrug therapy. The method may also prove
      useful for subcellular localization of specific bacterial lipids in other
      mycobacterial diseases, including tuberculosis.

PMID- 2926125
TI  - Effects of acute doses of sodium fluoride on the morphology and the detectable
      calcium associated with secretory ameloblasts in rat incisors.
AB  - Fluoride in high concentrations is known to have an adverse effect on the
      formation of enamel. The effect of a single injection of two concentrations of
      sodium fluoride on inner enamel secretory ameloblasts was investigated
      morphologically by electron microscopy and functionally by assessing the location
      and relative amount of available calcium, using the potassium pyroantimonate
      method. The results showed that acute doses of fluoride interfere with the normal
      function of secretory ameloblasts. The increase in the population of lysosome
      like structures observed after fluoride administration is suggestive of defects
      in the synthetic pathway. Concomitant with the effect of fluoride on secretory
      ameloblasts is an inhibition of enamel formation, resulting in incomplete enamel
      rods and leaving large remnants of Tomes' processes buried in the enamel. The
      distribution of the calcium pyroantimonate deposits found tends to support the
      concept of calcium traveling between the cells to the enamel. Acute doses of
      fluoride also reduce the amount of calcium available for complexing with
      pyroantimonate in the intercellular region.

PMID- 2926126
TI  - Calbindin-D immunolocalization in developing chick thyroid: a light and electron
      microscopic study.
AB  - Antiserum to calbindin-D, a 28 KD vitamin D-dependent calcium binding protein,
      was used to localize the protein immunocytochemically in developing chick thyroid
      by both light and electron microscopy. The protein first appeared in future
      follicular cells of developing thyroid tissue from 8-day-old embryos. The number
      of calbindin-D-containing cells increased rapidly to a near-plateau level at day
      10; this concentration was sustained until day 15, and then declined to an
      undetectable level just before hatching. The protein was distributed throughout
      organelle-free areas of the follicular cell cytoplasm and extended into the
      nucleus; it was not present in the follicular colloid. Comparison of the time
      course of changes in calbindin-D content with known differentiative changes
      taking place in follicular cells suggests that the protein may function in some
      yet to be determined mechanism related to normal development of the thyroid.

PMID- 2926127
TI  - Tissue distribution of antileukoprotease and lysozyme in humans.
AB  - We studied the distribution of the proteinase inhibitor antileukoprotease (ALP)
      and lysozyme (LSZ) in normal human tissues by use of an immunohistochemical
      technique. ALP could be demonstrated in a variety of healthy tissues, generated
      by secretory cells in lacrimal, respiratory, proximal digestive, and genital
      glands, but not in the urinary tract, endocrine glands, or the hematological
      system. In lung, part of the non-ciliated cell population in membranous
      bronchiolar epithelium, as well as in respiratory bronchioles, stained positively
      for the inhibitor. The distribution of ALP and LSZ was parallel in most but not
      all of the tissues examined. The distribution of ALP around most of the external
      orifices of the human body is discussed in relation to its possible local
      physiological role in defense against inflammatory reactions. The widespread
      parallel distribution of LSZ, a bacteriolytic agent, suggests a complementary
      role to ALP in local defense.

PMID- 2926128
TI  - Light and electron microscopic immunolocalization of rat submandibular gland
      mucin glycoprotein and glutamine/glutamic acid-rich proteins.
AB  - We studied the subcellular localization of two major secretory products of adult
      rat submandibular gland (RSMG), blood group A-reactive mucin glycoprotein and
      glutamine/glutamic acid-rich protein (GRP), by light and electron microscopic
      immunocytochemistry. The structure of the major neutral oligosaccharide of the
      mucin was shown to be: GalNAc alpha 1,3(Fuc alpha 1,2)Gal beta 1,3GalNAc. A mouse
      monoclonal antibody (1F9) with specificity for blood group A determinants was
      prepared against the mucin. The antibody recognized a single band of
      approximately 114 KD on Western blots of RSMG extract. A previously characterized
      monoclonal antibody (59) against GRP (Mirels et al.: J Biol Chem 262: 7289, 1987)
      reacted with a doublet of 45-50 KD on Western blots of extraparotid saliva.
      Immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase staining of cryostat sections of RSMG
      with anti-mucin antibodies and anti-GRP antibodies revealed reactivity in acinar
      cells of the gland. No specific labeling was seen in duct cells of RSMG or in
      mucous acinar cells of the adjacent sublingual gland. Post-embedding immunogold
      labeling of thin sections of glutaraldehyde-fixed RSMG with anti-mucin showed
      strong labeling of the Golgi apparatus and secretory granules of acinar cells.
      Gold particles were seen mainly over electron-lucent areas of the granules. No
      labeling occurred over the endoplasmic reticulum. The labeling pattern with the
      anti-GRP antibodies was similar, except that both electron-dense and -lucent
      areas of the granules were labeled, and the endoplasmic reticulum was reactive.
      Double labeling with two different sizes of gold particles showed that both mucin
      and GRP co-localized in the same granules. Pre-absorption of the antibodies with
      their respective antigens eliminated immunolabeling of the acinar cells. These
      antibodies will be useful in studies of cell differentiation in RSMG and of
      synthesis, processing, and packaging of RSMG secretory products.

PMID- 2926129
TI  - Blotting method using nitrocellulose sheets for immunohistochemical detection of
      soluble thyroid antigens.
AB  - We introduce a new method for immunofluorescence detection of soluble material by
      blotting unfixed antigens onto nitrocellulose (NC) sheets. Human thyroid sections
      cut with a cryostat were mounted on NC sheets instead of glass slides and were
      air-dried. They were stained by immunofluorescence techniques, using
      autoantibodies to thyroid antigens obtained from 13 patients with chronic
      thyroiditis. The structures of the follicle lumen and epithelium were visualized
      by localization of specific antibodies. This tissue-blotting method sensitively
      detected soluble antigens, such as thyroglobulin, which are difficult to detect
      by conventional methods.

PMID- 2926130
TI  - Binding of biotin to hepatitis B surface antigen: a possible pitfall in
      immunohistochemistry.
AB  - We report on the binding of biotin, and hence of biotinylated antibodies and
      lectins, to ground glass hepatocytes and liver cell membranes in chronic
      hepatitis B viral infection. This binding is of low affinity, and was proved to
      be directed at the hepatitis B surface antigen, presumably at its disulfide
      bonds. To avoid false-positive results, this affinity should be considered in the
      interpretation of immunohistochemical stainings of hepatitis B virus-infected
      liver tissue with biotinylated reagents.

PMID- 2926131
TI  - Exogenous glucocorticoid eliminates or reverses circadian blood pressure
      variations.
AB  - The effect of glucocorticoid on circadian variations of blood pressure was
      examined. In untreated patients with essential hypertension, a clear nocturnal
      fall in blood pressure and heart rate was observed and this was unaffected by
      combined treatment with antihypertensive drugs. The circadian blood pressure
      variation in patients with chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN) not receiving
      glucocorticoid treatment was essentially the same as that in patients with
      essential hypertension. In both groups there was a positive correlation between
      blood pressure and heart rate. On the other hand, in patients with CGN and
      systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) who were treated with glucocorticoid, there
      was no nocturnal fall in blood pressure, and often a significant rise. In these
      patients the blood pressure was lowest in the afternoon and began to rise from
      then, and during the night, attaining a peak level in the morning. Despite this
      changed pattern of blood pressure variations, the heart rate in these patients
      was clearly reduced at night. In 10 patients with CGN and SLE, circadian rhythm
      of blood pressure and heart rate was examined before and during treatment with
      prednisolone (40.2 +/- 17.0 mg/day for 58.0 +/- 19.4 days, mean +/- s.d.).
      Prednisolone abolished the nocturnal fall of blood pressure, while the nocturnal
      fall of heart rate remained. There was no correlation between blood pressure and
      heart rate in patients with glucocorticoid treatment. These results suggest that
      the circadian blood pressure variation is influenced by the hypothalamo-pituitary
      adrenal axis, probably through its action on the autonomic nervous system.

PMID- 2926132
TI  - Home blood pressure-measuring devices: a comparative study of accuracy.
AB  - Self monitoring of blood pressure by hypertensive patients has been shown to be
      of value and is increasingly popular. However, the accuracy and ease of use of at
      least some of the equipment for home use is questionable. We tested 23 pairs of
      home blood pressure devices, using static methods, trained observers with
      volunteer subjects and hypertensive patients. Eleven (48%) of the 23 pairs of
      devices tested were found inconsistent with their duplicate and failed the
      standards for automated devices of the Association for the Advancement of Medical
      Instrumentation. Several of the devices, all sold for home use by lay people,
      contained no instructions whatsoever and even patients using those machines with
      instructions required further training in blood pressure measurement. While home
      blood pressure monitoring is useful in certain circumstances, care must be taken
      in the choice of device, and training is required for all devices.

PMID- 2926133
TI  - Structural changes vary along individual arterioles in deoxycorticosterone
      acetate hypertensive rats.
AB  - The variability of structural changes along individual arterioles in
      deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) hypertensive rats was measured by coefficients
      of variation of: (a) serial lumen diameters along microfil casts of individual
      mesenteric arterioles; and (b) wall and lumen indices in serial histological
      cross-sections along individual renal arterioles. The mean lumen diameter of
      third-order mesenteric arterioles decreased with increasing duration of
      hypertension. There was increased variability of lumen diameter along lengths of
      DOCA arterioles, the coefficient of variation at 10 weeks DOCA treatment being
      20.2 +/- 0.6% compared to 9.2 +/- 0.2% in controls (P less than 0.001). Medial
      area to internal elastic lamina (IEL) radius ratio of renal arterioles was
      increased in DOCA rats compared with control rats (P less than 0.025) and its
      variability along individual arterioles expressed as the coefficient of variation
      was 31.70 +/- 3.87% in DOCA rats compared with 15.29 +/- 1.72% in controls (P
      less than 0.005). The observed increase in variability of lumen diameter and
      medial area along short lengths of individual arterioles in DOCA hypertensive
      rats indicates that hypertensive structural changes are probably not directly
      related to local blood pressure. We suggest that irregular functional
      vasoconstriction in hypertensive rats could account for this distribution of
      structural changes.

PMID- 2926134
TI  - The effect of withdrawing antihypertensive therapy: a review.

PMID- 2926135
TI  - Influence of complement C5 and V beta T cell receptor mutations on susceptibility
      to collagen-induced arthritis in mice.
AB  - SWR/J mice are resistant to collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) despite having a
      susceptible H-2q haplotype. We have earlier demonstrated the possible role of the
      V beta TCR mutation of SWR in the resistance to CIA. To investigate the influence
      of the C5 deficiency of SWR in this resistance, crosses were made between SWR and
      A/J (C5 deficient, TCRwild, H-2a), and between SWR and C3H.A (C5 sufficient,
      TCRwild, H-2a). Upon immunization with bovine type II collagen in adjuvant, there
      was a similar incidence and severity of arthritis in H-2q-bearing mice in the
      back-crosses A x (SWR x A) ad C3H.A x (SWR x C3H.A). The absence of hemolytic
      complement was confirmed in the arthritic A x (SWR x A) back-cross mice by
      standard SRBC hemolytic assays. In addition C57L (H-2b) mice, which were C5
      sufficient but had a V beta TCR deletion mutation similar to SWR, could not
      complement for CIA susceptibility in H-2q-bearing C57L x (SWR x C57L) back
      crosses and in (C57L x SWR)F2 hybrids. These studies show that complement C5 does
      not play a significant role in CIA susceptibility, and further implicate the V
      beta TCR mutation in the resistance to CIA in SWR mice.

PMID- 2926136
TI  - Binding of human C-reactive protein to mouse macrophages is mediated by distinct
      receptors.
AB  - Human C-reactive protein (CRP) is known to activate mouse macrophages (M phi) to
      a tumoricidal state and to serve as an opsonin for M phi. Therefore, cell surface
      receptors for CRP on mouse M phi were characterized and their relationship to the
      IgG FcR determined. The specific binding of 125I-CRP to resident or elicited
      mouse M phi was saturable, reversible, and involved both a high and a low
      affinity receptor population. Binding of CRP to the mouse M phi cell lines PU5
      1.8 and J774 was nearly identical to that observed with peritoneal M phi. The
      high affinity receptor population had a calculated K of 10 nM and a receptor
      density of approximately 10(5) sites per cell. Mouse Ig of the IgG2a, IgG2b, or
      IgG1 isotypes inhibited binding of 125I-CRP to PU5 1.8 cells at concentrations
      five-fold greater than that of the homologous ligand. In the converse experiment,
      unlabeled CRP failed to inhibit specific binding of 125I-labeled IgG2a, IgG2b or
      IgG1. Isolation of CRP binding proteins from surface iodinated PU5 1.8 cells by
      ligand-affinity chromatography or chemical cross-linking yielded a major protein
      band of 57 to 60 kDa which appeared to be distinct from the IgG1/IgG2b FcR (FcR
      II) membrane proteins. Removal of radiolabeled IgG2b/IgG1 binding membrane
      proteins by affinity chromatography did not remove CRP-binding proteins. The rat
      mAb 2.4G2 which inhibits binding of radiolabeled mouse IgG2b, did not inhibit the
      binding of CRP. A rat polyclonal antiserum to CRP-binding membrane proteins of
      PU5 1.8 cells inhibited 125I-CRP binding, but not 125IgG2b binding. The rat
      polyclonal antibody reacted with two 57 to 60 kDa membrane proteins from PU5 1.8
      cells that appear to be of a similar size on Western blots. The 125I-CRP was
      internalized via endosomes and intact CRP subunits could be detected
      intracellularly. The findings suggest that binding of CRP occurs through a
      receptor that is distinct from the IgG FcRs, but that CRP-R activity may be
      influenced by an association with an IgG FcR.

PMID- 2926137
TI  - IgA-induced eosinophil degranulation.
AB  - Eosinophils play an important role as effector cells in allergic, parasitic, and
      other conditions. The mechanism(s) by which eosinophils mediate their effector
      functions was studied by incubation of human normodense eosinophils with
      Sepharose beads coupled to various Ig isotypes as targets. Controls included
      eosinophils incubated alone or incubated with uncoated beads, human serum albumin
      , or OVA-coated beads. An eosinophil granule protein, the eosinophil-derived
      neurotoxin (EDN), was measured as an indicator of eosinophil degranulation.
      Eosinophils released eosinophil-derived neurotoxin when incubated with Sepharose
      beads coupled to Ig of the IgG or IgA isotypes, as well as IgA-Fc fragments.
      Mixtures of IgG and IgA on beads did not act synergistically. Secretory IgA
      (sIgA) provided the most potent signal for eosinophil degranulation and was two
      to three times more potent than IgG. Furthermore, 2 to 17% of the normodense
      eosinophils bound to IgG- or IgA-coated beads, whereas 24 to 27% of the
      eosinophils bound to sIgA-coated beads. Thus, sIgA may be the principal Ig
      mediating eosinophil effector function at mucosal surfaces in helminth infections
      and hypersensitivity diseases, especially bronchial asthma.

PMID- 2926139
TI  - The mast cell-committed progenitor. II. W/Wv mice do not make mast cell-committed
      progenitors and S1/S1d fibroblasts do not support development of normal mast cell
      committed progenitors.
AB  - We have previously reported that the population of mesenteric lymph node cells
      from normal BALB/c mice infected 14 days with the rodent nematode Nippostrongylus
      brasiliensis (Nb-MLN) contains a nongranulated mast cell-committed progenitor
      (MCCP) which does not require IL-3 for proliferation and differentiation if
      either a fibroblast monolayer or soluble factors produced by monolayers of 3T3
      fibroblasts or embryonic skin are present in the culture. When Nb-MLN were cloned
      in a methylcellulose culture system using fibroblast conditioned medium as the
      only source of growth factors, numerous colonies of pure mast cells developed. We
      wished to determine whether the mast cell deficiency of W/Wv or S1/S1d mice could
      be explained by the failure of these mice to make either the MCCP or the factor
      to support proliferation and differentiation of the MCCP. We found that Nb-MLN
      from W/Wv mice were only able to produce mast cell colonies in response to a
      source of IL-3 such as conditioned medium from pokeweed mitogen-stimulated spleen
      cells (CM), and cultures given fibroblast conditioned medium as the only source
      of growth factors did not produce mast cell colonies. In contrast, Nb-MLN from
      mast cell deficient S1/S1d mice developed many mast cell colonies in
      methylcellulose cultures supplemented with either fibroblast conditioned medium
      or conditioned medium from PWM-stimulated spleen cells. These data suggest that
      S1/S1d mice but not W/Wv mice produce the mast cell progenitor that responds to
      fibroblast conditioned medium. To determine if mast cell deficient mice make the
      fibroblast derived factors that support development of the MCCP, monolayers were
      prepared from skin connective tissues of S1/S1d and W/Wv mice and Nb-MLN from
      normal BALB/c mice were cloned in the presence of conditioned medium from these
      monolayers. Fibroblast conditioned medium from monolayers prepared from W/Wv but
      not S1/S1d mice supported development of numerous mast cell colonies. Taken
      together, these data demonstrate that W/Wv mice are incapable of producing normal
      MCCP whereas S1/S1d fibroblasts fail to produce the appropriate factor to support
      the MCCP. In accordance with these data, a candidate for the gene product of each
      of these mutant alleles is discussed.

PMID- 2926138
TI  - Biologic activity of a C2-derived peptide. Demonstration of a specific
      interaction with guinea pig lung tissues.
AB  - A synthetic peptide derived from the carboxy terminus of C2b has been
      investigated for its ability to induce the contraction of guinea pig lung
      parenchymal strips. This peptide is known to enhance vascular permeability in
      guinea pig and human skin, and to induce contraction of estrous rat uterus. This
      C2 peptide (C2 207-223) is active from 5 x 10(-5) M to 5 x 10(-4) M and is not
      tachyphylactic to itself. No cross-activity between C2 207-223 and C5a or C3a
      could be demonstrated. C2 207-223 is not inhibited by antihistamines or
      cyclooxygenase inhibitors. These data indicate that the peptide exerts its action
      via a mechanism distinct from those of the C3a and C5a anaphylatoxins.

PMID- 2926140
TI  - Differential effects of liposome-incorporation on liver macrophage activating
      potencies of rough lipopolysaccharide, lipid A, and muramyl dipeptide.
      Differences in susceptibility to lysosomal enzymes.
AB  - We investigated the in vitro activation of rat liver macrophages to a tumor
      cytotoxic state with muramyl dipeptide (MDP), rough LPS (Re-LPS) and lipid A in
      both a free and liposome-encapsulated form. The tumor cytotoxic state of the
      liver macrophages was determined with a [methyl-3H]thymidine release assay using
      C26 colon adenocarcinoma cells as target cells. As was shown previously, the
      encapsulation of MDP within multi-lamellar phospholipid vesicles greatly enhanced
      the activating potency of the drug; by contrast, encapsulation of Re-LPS or lipid
      A significantly reduced the activation of macrophages as compared to the free
      form of these agents. At a dose of 1 ng of free Re-LPS per ml a significant
      induction of tumor cell lysis was observed whereas a maximal level was obtained
      at a concentration of approximately 10 ng/ml. By encapsulation of Re-LPS in
      liposomes the activating potency diminished 20- to 100-fold. The minimal
      concentration required to induce detectable macrophage activation with free lipid
      A was 10 ng/ml, while liposome-encapsulated lipid A did not induce any detectable
      tumor cell lysis up to a concentration of 200 ng/ml. After a 1-h pre-incubation
      with a lysosomal fraction from rat liver at pH 4.8, the macrophage-activating
      potency of Re-LPS and lipid A was diminished by up to 95% whereas MDP remained
      fully active under these conditions. We conclude that, due to endocytic uptake of
      liposome-incorporated Re-LPS and lipid A and subsequent intralysosomal
      degradation, these immunomodulators are inactivated with respect to their potency
      to activate liver macrophages to tumor cytotoxicity.

PMID- 2926141
TI  - Functional heterogeneity of macrophage precursor cells from spleen of Leishmania
      donovani-infected and untreated mice.
AB  - We recently described the bone marrow-derived macrophage precursor, which is able
      to spontaneously and extracellularly kill protozoa of the genus Leishmania. These
      nonadherent, nonphagocytic macrophage precursor cells are present in the spleen
      of healthy mice only in a small quantity. However, high numbers of proliferating
      macrophage precursors are isolated from the spleen of Leishmania donovani
      infected mice. Macrophage precursors from spleens of diseased animals are able to
      kill spontaneously the promastigote as well as the amastigote form of L.
      donovani. The mechanism of the spontaneous leishmanicidal activity of macrophage
      precursor cells derived from spleens of L. donovani-infected mice was
      investigated. This effector function could be defined in part as an antibody
      dependent cellular cytotoxicity. In addition we assessed the role of CSF-1
      containing L cell-conditioned supernatant at the leishmanicidal activity of these
      immature cells of the macrophage lineage. For that purpose, nonadherent spleen
      cells from healthy mice were cocultivated with this CSF-1-containing medium for 4
      days. These in vitro proliferated macrophage precursor cells from untreated mice
      showed an increased leishmanicidal activity. Thereby we established a further
      activation mechanism for proliferating splenic macrophage precursor cells
      responsible for the observed killing of L. donovani pro- and amastigotes. The
      spontaneous cytotoxicity of macrophage precursors from spleens of L. donovani
      diseased animals is thus defined as a cooperative effect of antibody-dependent
      cellular cytotoxicity and Macrophage-CSF activation.

PMID- 2926143
TI  - Natural antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhi in human cord blood.
AB  - Cord blood mononuclear cells from normal human newborns possess natural
      antibacterial (NA) activity against Salmonella typhi, as assessed by an in vitro
      test. NA activity was significantly higher than that observed in PBMC from normal
      adult donors. Using fractionation on nylon wool and Percoll gradient or C
      dependent killing with mAb, it was found that cells of the monocyte-macrophage
      series and CD4+ T lymphocytes were capable of exerting NA activity in newborns,
      in contrast with results obtained in adults, where the effector cell was a CD4+ T
      lymphocyte. The capability of expressing NA activity by CD4+ T lymphocytes from
      cord blood was also confirmed by flow cytometry sorting. Pretreatment of cord
      blood mononuclear cells with F(ab')2 fragments against human IgG, but not against
      human IgA, abrogate the NA activity. Furthermore, human IgA anti-S. typhi cannot
      arm CD4+ lymphocytes in cord blood. Thus it can be suggested that in newborns,
      the immune system still being immature, NA activity might be the expression of a
      mechanism of defence against infections, acting as antibody-dependent cellular
      cytotoxicity expressed by monocytes and CD4+ T lymphocytes armed with preexisting
      maternal IgG antibodies. This differs from NA activity of adults which is only
      mediated by CD4+ T lymphocytes armed by IgA.

PMID- 2926142
TI  - Effect of breast feeding on the development of anti-idiotype antibody response to
      F glycoprotein of respiratory syncytial virus in infant mice after post-partum
      maternal immunization.
AB  - Groups of lactating BALB/c mice were immunized in the immediate postpartum period
      with high doses of mAb (Ab-1) to the F-glycoprotein (F-gp) of respiratory
      syncytial virus (RSV). This antibody possessed neutralizing activity against the
      whole virus. The immune response to F-gp was studied in the breast feeding infant
      mice of such mothers at regular intervals before and after weaning. All infant
      mice exhibited anti-F-gp activity in serum, which was detected until 6 wk of age.
      Splenic cells of such breast feeding infant mice collected after weaning
      exhibited in vitro synthesis of antibody against Ab-1, the antibody previously
      used for maternal immunization. Subsequent immunization with homologous purified
      RSV F-gp resulted in a booster response for IgG, IgM, and plaque-neutralizing
      antibody to the immunizing RSV protein and to the whole virus in the infants
      primed via breast feeding. The enhanced antibody response was specific for the
      antigenic epitopes of the virus protein recognized by the monoclonal antibody
      used for maternal immunization. Similar booster effect was seen in control
      infants of nonimmunized mothers who were immunized with a polyclonal Ab-2
      prepared by repeated immunization with Ab-1 in DBA/2 mice. These data demonstrate
      induction of RSV-specific anti-idiotype antibody in the neonates via the process
      of breast feeding, secondary to maternal immunization after the delivery of the
      neonate. Use of idiotypic vaccines in the mother and the transfer of RSV-specific
      idiotypes may offer an alternate approach to the development of effective
      immunoprophylaxis for RSV infection in early infancy.

PMID- 2926144
TI  - Carrier-bound synthetic peptides. Use as antigen in HIV-1 ELISA tests and in
      antiserum production.
AB  - Chemically synthesize carrier-bound peptides have been used as antigens in
      diagnostic test systems (ELISA) and for raising antipeptide-specific antisera.
      The method does not require prior cleavage of the peptides from the support used
      for the solid-phase synthesis. Using the same resin for both the synthesis and
      the subsequent applications it was possible to avoid expensive and time-consuming
      purification procedures and artificial recoupling to solid supports. A quick and
      specific ELISA-based diagnostic test system for HIV-specific antipeptide
      antibodies in human sera was established. In addition the carrier-bound peptides
      were shown to be potent antigens for raising antibodies in animals.

PMID- 2926145
TI  - Production and characterisation of antibodies to vanillylmandelic acid.
AB  - Antibodies were raised to the catecholamine metabolite vanillylmandelic acid
      (VMA). The side chain was protected and, after derivatisation through the 4
      phenolic hydroxyl group, the hapten was coupled to KLH and the resultant
      conjugate deprotected. Sheep immunised with this immunogen responded with
      specific, high titre antibodies to VMA as assessed using a fluorescent label.
      Cross-reaction of the antiserum from one of the sheep was minimal, being under 1%
      with all naturally occurring related compounds tested. This report is the first
      to describe an effective antiserum for VMA which will permit measurement over the
      normal range in urine.

PMID- 2926146
TI  - A two-site sandwich immunoradiometric assay of squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus)
      IgM using monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Nine hybrid clones secreting antibodies to squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) IgM
      were produced and two of these (1F1G5 and 5H11B3) were selected for further
      studies. These non-precipitating monoclonal antibodies reacted with two distinct
      repetitive antigenic determinants, probably of the conformational type, only
      present on the native or SDS-denatured IgM molecule. Reduction of the pentamer
      with 2-mercaptoethanol led to complete destruction of the corresponding epitopes.
      1F1G5 antibodies from ascitic fluids were used in the purification of monkey IgM
      by affinity chromatography. The characteristics of 1F1G5 and 5H11B3 MAbs
      permitted the development of a solid-phase two-site immunoradiometric assay for
      the measurement of IgM levels in serum specimens taken from healthy animal donors
      of both sexes.

PMID- 2926147
TI  - Direct immunization with synthetic peptidyl-polyamide resin. Comparison with
      antibody production from free peptide and conjugates with carrier proteins.
AB  - An 11-amino acid residue peptidyl-linkage agent-polyamide resin complex was
      synthesized by the fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc)-polyamide solid-phase
      system. Mice were immunized with the free peptide, peptidyl-resin and peptide
      coupled to the carrier proteins ovalbumin (Ova) and keyhole limpet haemocyanin
      (KLH). The immunogenicity of these materials was assessed by measurement of the
      capacity of the various antisera to bind the peptide in an enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The peptidyl-resin exhibited enhanced immunogenicity
      compared to the free peptide. It is suggested that the time needed for screening
      for immunogenicity of large numbers of synthetic peptides thus be greatly
      shortened by using peptidyl-resins for immunization. This method eliminates
      laborious cleavage of peptide from resin, purification, coupling to carrier and
      the difficulties of handling peptides of low solubility.

PMID- 2926148
TI  - Use of lipophilic fluorescent probes for the isolation of hybrid cells in flow
      cytometry.
AB  - Flow cytometry was used for the isolation of hybrid cells immediately after
      fusion. Precursor cells were stained by two lipophilic fluorescent probes:
      perylenoyl-labeled triglyceride (perylenoyl-TG, green fluorescence, 520 nm) and
      rhomdaminyl-labeled triglyceride (rhodaminyl-TG, red fluorescence, greater than
      580 nm). Since the maximum emission of perylenoyl-TG coincides with the maximum
      absorbance of rhodaminyl-TG, the two fluorescent dyes form an effective donor
      acceptor pair. Cells stained by perylenoyl-TG (0.25-1 microgram/ml) at the
      excitation wavelength of 457 nm displayed high intensity of fluorescence in the
      green region (520 nm), and low intensity of fluorescence in the red region
      (greater than 580 nm). Using the same conditions, cells that were stained by
      rhodaminyl-TG displayed a low intensity of fluorescence in both regions. When
      cells were simultaneously labeled by perylenoyl-TG and rhodaminyl-TG (used in a
      concentration ratio of 1:10, respectively) essentially total energy transfer was
      observed, and the cells exhibited a high intensity of red fluorescence. After the
      fusion of cells which had been separated stained by perylenoyl-TG and rhodaminyl
      TG, the hybrid cells containing the two fluorescent probes had a high intensity
      of red fluorescence. Resonance exitation energy transfer between the two
      fluorescent dyes permits effective sorting of hybrid cells by flow
      cytofluorometry.

PMID- 2926149
TI  - Antibodies raised against denatured DNA bind to double-stranded DNA.
AB  - Antibodies raised against denatured DNA complexed with methylated bovine serum
      albumin have been reported to react with ssDNA but not with dsDNA. Using a highly
      sensitive avidin-biotin microELISA, we report that such antibodies also bind to
      dsDNA. Antibodies which reacted with ssDNA and dsDNA were found to be of IgG
      type. The antibodies did not react with tRNA and rRNA. The binding of antibodies
      to dsDNA was partially inhibited by individual deoxyribonucleotides. ssDNA as
      well as dsDNA inhibited the binding of antibodies to dsDNA. The binding of these
      antibodies to supercoiled and relaxed forms of pBR322 DNA was demonstrated by gel
      retardation assay. The cross-reaction with ssDNA was observed even after affinity
      purification on native DNA-cellulose. The antibodies were also shown to bind to
      poly(dA-dT).poly(dA-dT).

PMID- 2926150
TI  - A new compact and cell dense continuous culture system.
AB  - A new compact and cell dense continuous culture system was developed. The system
      consisted of a culture bag, which had two compartments separated by a
      semipermeable membrane, and an external rotator. Cells were cultured in the inner
      compartment with medium containing serum or the necessary growth factors. The
      outer compartment was filled with medium without serum or growth factors. The
      concentration of cells in culture was normally in the order of 10(7). Due to the
      large number of cells, sufficient carbon dioxide was produced so that use of a
      CO2 incubator was unnecessary. The medium in the outer part was frequently
      changed, but no medium changes were necessary in the inner bag. Using this
      system, a concentrated yield of antibody as well as a large number of cells could
      be obtained.

PMID- 2926151
TI  - Development of an ABO-ELISA for the quantitation of human blood group anti-A and
      anti-B IgM and IgG antibodies.
AB  - An indirect ELISA system was designed for quantitation of human blood group A and
      B IgM and IgG antibodies. The capturing antigens are blood group substance A or B
      used to sensitize polystyrol microtiter plates. Bound anti-A or anti-B antibodies
      are revealed either directly, by development with polyclonal anti-human
      immunoglobulin class-specific conjugate or with more avid mouse monoclonal anti
      human isotype antibodies revealed in turn by goat anti-mouse conjugate.
      Reproducibly, 100 ng specific anti-A IgG provided for a significant above
      background signal of 0.2 at OD405 and 15 serum samples had a mean content of 3.98
      +/- 8.74 micrograms (mean +/- 2 SD) (range: 0.305-12.62) of specific anti-A IgG/g
      total IgG. Thus one molecule specific anti-A IgG is found per 7.9 X 10(4)-3.2 X
      10(6) total IgG molecules. Statistical correlations were significant between anti
      A IgG levels and agglutination titer (P less than 0.05) but non-significant when
      the specific anti-A IgG levels of individual serum samples were compared to their
      total IgG content (P greater than 0.05). Dose-response signals were similar for
      anti-A and anti-B IgM antibodies. Reproducibility of the assay was excellent.
      Specificity was ascertained by various approaches involving development of
      primary antibodies with heterospecific antibody conjugate and adsorption of
      primary antibody from serum using A and B group erythrocytes or soluble A and B
      substances. Separation of IgM from IgG anti-A antibodies over sizing gel resulted
      in fractions that were immunosorbed by mouse monoclonal anti-human IgM and IgG
      respectively but not vice versa.

PMID- 2926152
TI  - Characterisation of antibodies to urinary gonadotrophin peptide.
AB  - There is now general recognition that human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), its
      beta subunit and its fragments are valuable diagnostic markers of trophoblastic
      and some non-trophoblastic malignancies. Urinary gonadotropin peptide (UGP)
      contains at least one epitope which cross-reacts with the beta-subunit of hCG. In
      order to assess the potential of UGP as a tumour marker in its own right, it was
      paramount that any measurements made could be regarded as specific for UGP and
      not cross-reactive with either hCG or human luteinising hormone (hLH). Four
      antibodies were tested, two polyclonal (AK12 and DR-Pool) and two monoclonal (2C2
      and 6D3). Initial screening using radioiodinated (125I) UGP, hCG, hCG beta
      subunit and hLH showed that the polyclonal antibodies bound to all four
      gonadotrophins, whilst the monoclonal antibodies bound only to the radioiodinated
      UGP. The antibodies were tested in both radioimmunoassay (RIA) and
      immunoradiometric assay (IRMA-sandwich assay) systems. The parameters measured
      were sensitivity and specificity for UGP. The polyclonal antibodies used in the
      RIA system produced a sensitive assay (0.2 ng/ml UGP) which was relatively
      specific; cross-reactions for the AK12 antibody (at 50% inhibition) were 5% for
      hCG, 11% for its beta-subunit, 0.4% for the alpha-subunit and 2.6% for hLH. The
      monoclonal antibodies performed optimally in the IRMA system. Immobilised 2C2 and
      radiolabelled (125I) AK12 produced a system that had a sensitivity of 0.4 ng/ml
      UGP and cross-reactivity (50% maximum binding) of 2% for the hCG beta-subunit and
      less than 1% for hCG, hLH and the hCG alpha-subunit.

PMID- 2926153
TI  - The maximum conjugate frequency (alpha max) characterizes killer cell
      populations.
AB  - A quantitative procedure to characterize NK cell populations based on the
      dependence of the frequency of conjugation (alpha) on the effector-to-target
      ratio (R) is shown. To this end, a detailed study of the influence exerted by:
      (a) the value of R; (b) the number of effector and target cells (N, T); and (c)
      the source (donor) and enrichment of the effector cell population on the
      frequency of conjugation between NK effector and K562 target cells has been
      performed. This has demonstrated that for a given value of R large differences in
      the values of alpha can be obtained for different donors and/or N values. Hence,
      the usual practice of reporting the frequency of conjugation at a given value of
      R cannot be used as a valid criterion for comparison, and this could explain the
      differences in the alpha values reported in the literature for the same effector
      target system. Moreover, the frequency of conjugation depends on the enrichment
      of the effector cell populations, although it has been shown that in all cases a
      plot of 1/alpha vs. R for N = constant is always linear with intercept 1/alpha
      max.alpha max represents the maximum frequency of conjugation for an effector
      target system and remains constant for all values of R and N, and is also
      independent on the donor of the cell source. These characteristics make that the
      values of alpha max can be used as an easy criterion to determine with accuracy
      conjugate frequencies in an effector-target system, and could also be applied to
      characterize the activation or inhibition of effector cell populations by
      monoclonal antibodies or other agents. This criterion was applied to characterize
      the enrichment of NK cell populations and so, a value of alpha max = 58 +/- 3%
      has been obtained when highly purified (greater than or equal to 99%) NK effector
      cells obtained by panning with the monoclonal antibodies Leu-2, Leu-3 and Leu-4
      are used. However, the corresponding value for MDC (14% NK cells) was lowered to
      26 +/- 1%.

PMID- 2926154
TI  - Use of sparse-pore polycarbonate (Nuclepore) membrane for the measurement of
      chemotaxis of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Comparison of 'micro-Boyden' chambers
      and estimation of 'drop-off' of cells.
AB  - Various modified Boyden chambers having upper and lower compartments of small
      volume ('micro-Boyden' chambers) were tested for their suitability for use with
      the recently described 'sparse-pore' polycarbonate (Nuclepore) membrane for the
      measurement of chemotaxis of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in vitro towards N
      formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine. Previously reported 'open-well' and 'blind
      well' chambers, as well as a new chamber having a lower compartment made from
      perspex and an upper compartment made from silicone rubber were tested. The most
      satisfactory results were provided by the new chamber, and this is attributed to
      the easy, accurate filling of the lower compartment, the lack of distortion of
      membrane, and the reliability of the seals around the edges of the membrane which
      can be achieved with this chamber. Full humidification during assembly was
      necessary for obtaining maximal response of the cells through the 'sparse-pore'
      membrane in all types of micro-Boyden chamber. 'Drop-off' of polymorphonuclear
      leukocytes from the lower surface of the 'sparse-pore' membrane during incubation
      was also studied in these experiments and found to be slight.

PMID- 2926155
TI  - A two-site monoclonal antibody ELISA for the quantification of the major
      Dermatophagoides spp. allergens, Der p I and Der f I.
AB  - A two-site monoclonal antibody (Mab) ELISA was developed to measure the Group I
      allergens from Dermatophagoides spp., Der p I from D. pteronyssinus and Der f I
      from D. farinae. Species-specific Mabs were used to coat microtiter plates which
      were then incubated with allergen or house dust extracts. Bound allergen was
      detected using a biotinylated Mab which recognized a common epitope on both Der p
      I and Der f I, followed by the addition of streptavidin-peroxidase and ABTS/H2O2
      substrate. The assay had low non-specific binding (approximately 0.08 absorbance
      units) and had a sensitivity of 5 ng/nl for aqueous allergen extracts (equivalent
      to 0.1 microgram allergen/g dust). 53 dust samples were assayed using the Mab
      ELISA and an RIA previously described using 125I-labelled Mab. The results showed
      a very good quantitative correlation between the assays (r = 0.96, p less than
      0.001 for Der p I; r = 0.92, P less than 0.001 for Der f I). A further 132 dust
      samples from a different geographical areas were also assayed by both methods and
      gave correlation coefficients of 0.90 (P less than 0.001) and 0.86 (P less than
      0.001) for Der p I and Der f I, respectively. The Mab ELISA will be useful in
      epidemiological studies of allergic asthma, both in the assessment of levels of
      dust mite allergen present in houses and the efficacy of allergen avoidance
      regimes.

PMID- 2926156
TI  - Analysis of complement factor B activation by PAGE-immunoblotting.
AB  - Initiation of complement activation via the alternative pathway results in
      cleavage of Factor B into two fragments Ba and Bb. Employing PAGE and
      immunoblotting analysis we have demonstrated Ba and Bb activation fragments
      following in vitro and in vivo activation in a range of biological fluids
      including cerebrospinal fluid and synovial fluid. Quantitative linearity was
      obtained over the range 5-20 micrograms/ml of Factor B and its fragments in body
      fluids. Using Davis-PAGE a previously unrecognised triple component heterogeneity
      of the Ba fragment was observed. This study demonstrates that immunoblotting may
      be used as a sensitive and quantitative tool for the detection and
      characterisation of the individual cleavage products of Factor B in complex
      biological fluids without prior purification.

PMID- 2926157
TI  - Antibody-coated target cell membrane-induced chemiluminescence by human
      polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
AB  - Activation of the oxidative metabolic burst of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes
      (PMN) by antibody-coated crude membrane fragments of K562 tumor cells was
      measured in a luminometer. Induction of the chemiluminescence (Cl) response was
      measured in the presence of luminol and lucigenin. The Cl was dependent on the
      concentration of PMN, the enhancer luminol or lucigenin, and the amount of tumor
      cell fragments and anti-K562 serum. PMN were not triggered to a Cl response in
      the absence of antibodies. The lucigenin-enhanced Cl involved superoxide anion
      detection while the luminol-enhanced Cl was dependent on the presence of
      myeloperoxidase and involved hydroxyl radicals. An intact cytoskeleton and energy
      were necessary for an optimal Cl response.

PMID- 2926158
TI  - Ewing sarcoma growth factor as a supplement for the cloning of hybridomas.

PMID- 2926159
TI  - Acute suppurative parotitis caused by Pseudomonas pseudomallei in children.
AB  - During a prospective clinical study of melioidosis in northeast Thailand,
      suppurative parotitis was observed as a characteristic presentation in children.
      Parotitis constituted 6.3% of all culture-positive melioidosis and 38% of
      melioidosis in children. Nine cases are described. None had apparent
      predisposition to infection, although two patients developed rising mumps virus
      antibody titers, suggesting a possible relation between these conditions.
      Complications included abscess formation (nine), spontaneous rupture into the
      auditory canal (five), facial nerve palsy (two), and septicemia and osteomyelitis
      with septic arthritis (one each). All children initially responded to surgical
      drainage and appropriate antibiotic therapy. Pseudomonas pseudomallei parotitis
      should be considered in children from endemic areas with fever and facial
      swelling. It has a good prognosis with appropriate treatment. It may also prove
      to be a sensitive clinical indicator of the presence of melioidosis within a
      particular geographic area.

PMID- 2926160
TI  - Association of recurrent chlamydial infection with gonorrhea.
AB  - To determine whether concurrent gonorrhea reactivates latent chlamydial
      infection, we studied 74 recurrent chlamydial infections and the effect of
      concurrent gonorrhea at the recurrent episode on the chlamydial serovar
      identified. Serotyping of 74 recurrent pairs of chlamydial isolates from patients
      attending a sexually transmitted diseases clinic indicated that 47.1% (16 of 34)
      with gonorrhea at the time of recurrence harbored chlamydiae of the same serovar
      as at the initial infection, while only 22.5% (9 of 40) without gonorrhea had the
      same serovar (P = .03). The proportion of recurrences by the same serovar in the
      group without gonorrhea did not differ from the proportion predicted by a random
      exposure model (22.2% vs. 18.4%, P = .46), while the proportion in the gonorrhea
      group did (47.1% vs. 19.8%, P less than .0001). The possibility of reinfection
      did not appear more likely in the group with gonorrhea than in the group without.
      These observations support the hypothesis that concurrent gonorrhea can
      reactivate latent chlamydial infection.

PMID- 2926161
TI  - Diversity and sources of rapidly growing mycobacteria associated with infections
      following cardiac surgery.
AB  - Eighty-nine isolates of rapidly growing mycobacteria associated with cardiac
      bypass-related infections were characterized. Isolates from sporadic infections
      belonged to eight taxonomic groups and displayed numerous multilocus enzyme
      genotypes, plasmid profiles, and heavy metal and antibiotic resistance patterns.
      Compared with 449 noncardiac wound isolates, 45 sporadic cardiac isolates were
      more likely to be Mycobacterium fortuitum and M. smegmatis and less likely to be
      M. chelonae. About 80% of cardiac and noncardiac isolates were from southern
      coastal states. Eight outbreaks of cardiac bypass-related infections were
      identified. Strains from each outbreak were genotypically distinctive, and five
      outbreaks involved more than one strain. In two outbreaks, isolates from
      environmental sources and noncardiac infections were similar or identical to
      isolates from sternal wound infections. The heterogeneity of these isolates
      suggests that most isolates are unrelated and are derived from local
      environmental sources rather than from contaminated commercial surgical materials
      or devices.

PMID- 2926162
TI  - Treatment of experimental invasive aspergillosis with novel amphotericin
      B/cholesterol-sulfate complexes.
AB  - An immunosuppressed rabbit model of invasive aspergillosis was used to evaluate a
      novel micellar preparation of cholesterol sulfate complexed to amphotericin B.
      The acute LD50 of amphotericin B-deoxycholate was 5.1 mg/kg versus 20 mg/kg for
      the amphotericin/cholesterol-sulfate complexes. Amphotericin B-deoxycholate given
      iv at a dose of 1.5 mg/kg was more effective in sterilizing liver and kidney than
      the amphotericin/cholesterol-sulfate complexes given iv at 1.5-4.5 mg/kg, but
      infection persisted in the lungs of all rabbits treated with those doses.
      Infection persisted even when the rabbits were given a lethal dose of
      amphotericin B-deoxycholate (4.5 mg/kg), but a dose of 15 mg/kg of the
      amphotericin/cholesterol-sulfate complexes sterilized tissues and was associated
      with no acute lethality. Equivalent doses of the amphotericin/cholesterol-sulfate
      complexes were less effective than amphotericin B-deoxycholate, but a fourfold
      decrease in acute lethality improved the therapeutic index of amphotericin B. The
      amphotericin/cholesterol-sulfate complexes appear to be an improved means of
      amphotericin B delivery and may improve therapy for invasive aspergillosis.

PMID- 2926163
TI  - Recent primary toxoplasma infection indicated by a low avidity of specific IgG.
AB  - An unusual assay was developed for the serologic diagnosis of recent primary
      infection by Toxoplasma gondii. This test measures the antigen-binding avidity of
      toxoplasma-specific IgG antibodies. Serum samples from 5 patients with recent
      primary toxoplasma infection were compared with those from 21 subjects with
      preexisting toxoplasma immunity. Patients with primary infection exhibited a low
      avidity of toxoplasma-specific IgG, which persisted for several months after the
      onset of symptoms of toxoplasmosis. In contrast, all subjects with past immunity
      had a high avidity of toxoplasma-IgG. This IgG avidity assay should assist in the
      diagnosis of acquired toxoplasmosis and may be used to identify pregnancies that
      are at risk for congenital toxoplasmosis.

PMID- 2926164
TI  - Azidothymidine steady-state pharmacokinetics in patients with AIDS and AIDS
      related complex.

PMID- 2926165
TI  - Oral ribavirin therapy for subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.

PMID- 2926166
TI  - Exanthem subitum and antibody to human herpesvirus-6.

PMID- 2926167
TI  - Demonstration of a barrier to transplacental passage of murine enteroviruses in
      late gestation.

PMID- 2926168
TI  - Plasma endotoxin: increased levels in neutropenic patients do not correlate with
      fever.

PMID- 2926169
TI  - Effect of combined therapy with ansamycin, clofazimine, ethambutol, and isoniazid
      for Mycobacterium avium infection in patients with AIDS.

PMID- 2926170
TI  - Tumor necrosis factor in leprosy patients.

PMID- 2926171
TI  - Differences in virulence and development of encephalitis during chronic infection
      vary with the strain of Toxoplasma gondii.

PMID- 2926172
TI  - Immunotherapy for gram-negative septic shock.

PMID- 2926173
TI  - High-dose dexamethasone in malaria.

PMID- 2926175
TI  - Borrelia burgdorferi attachment to mammalian cells.

PMID- 2926174
TI  - Tick-borne relapsing fever in intravenous drug abusers.

PMID- 2926176
TI  - Multiple organ involvement by Legionella pneumophila in a fatal case of
      Legionnaires' disease.

PMID- 2926177
TI  - Nontoxigenic Vibrio cholerae wound infection after exposure to contaminated lake
      water.

PMID- 2926178
TI  - Vertebral osteomyelitis due to Haemophilus aphrophilus: treatment with
      ceftriaxone.

PMID- 2926179
TI  - The pancreas and oxygen consumption. 1. Pancreatic oxygen consumption in normo-
      and hypovolemic dogs.
AB  - Pancreatic oxygen consumption (VO2) was studied in hypovolemic shock: 4 dogs
      served as controls and 4 others were kept at 50 mm Hg of mean arterial blood
      pressure. All 8 were studied for a period of 3 h. Pancreatic VO2 was obtained by
      adding up VO2 for the head (minus the uncinate process) and tail of the pancreas
      both equal to the product of regional blood flow times O2 extraction. Regional
      blood flows were measured electromagnetically on the gastroduodenal (GDA) and the
      splenic (SA) arteries, whereas O2 extraction was derived from total hemoglobin
      (THb) and oxygen saturation of hemoglobin (%O2 Hb) determined on the right
      femoral artery (RFA), the superior pancreaticoduodenal (SPDV), and splenic (SV)
      veins. A splenectomy was performed in all 8 dogs. Controls showed a significantly
      elevated pancreatic VO2 from the first hour of observation on (+56% after 1 h,
      +92% after 3), whereas pancreatic VO2 remained strictly unchanged throughout
      shock (+2% and +6%, at one and 3 h, respectively), despite significant increases
      in O2 extraction. These findings give support to the deleterious effects of
      hypovolemia to the pancreas and that pancreatic O2 extraction indicates metabolic
      damage to be less severe than observed in experimental bile-trypsin-induced acute
      pancreatitis.

PMID- 2926181
TI  - Whole body hyperthermia in dogs using a radiant heating device: effect of surface
      cooling on temperature uniformity.
AB  - Rectal and subcutaneous temperatures were measured during a total of 10 whole
      body hyperthermia treatments conducted in six dogs. During five of the treatments
      skin cooling, by means of initiating air flow through the radiant heating device,
      was necessary during the plateau phase because rectal temperature exceeded the
      target value. Skin cooling was not necessary in the other five treatments.
      Although the rectal temperatures were similar in all 10 treatments, extensive and
      rapid subcutaneous temperature non-uniformity, of approximately 4 degrees C,
      developed during treatments where skin cooling was necessary. During the
      treatments where skin cooling was not necessary, the subcutaneous temperature
      remained approximately equal to the rectal temperature. These data indicate that
      the environment in the radiant heating device during the plateau phase can have a
      profound effect on the temperature at superficial sites, which is not reflected
      by the temperature measured at deeper sites. The temperature at superficial sites
      should be measured during whole body hyperthermia to assure that the prescribed
      heat dose is administered to the largest percentage of body mass possible. Active
      skin cooling during whole body hyperthermia should be avoided if possible.

PMID- 2926182
TI  - Heat-induced damage to HeLa-S3 cells: correlation of viability, permeability,
      osmosensitivity, phase-contrast light-, scanning electron- and transmission
      electron-microscopical findings.
AB  - The responses of HeLa S-3 to mild hyperthermia for relatively critical times at
      43 and 45 degrees C were analysed in detail, including growth and colony-forming
      ability, permeability, osmotic sensitivity and microscopical appearances. For
      comparative purposes lower temperatures (e.g. 41 degrees C) and higher
      temperatures (50 and 55 degrees C) were used in some experiments. The evidence
      from many different aspects, including scanning and transmission electron
      microscopy, suggests that critical heat exposures do not per se cause severe
      membrane damage and loss of cell integrity, but changes quickly become manifest
      when cells are 'recovered' by returning to 37 degrees C. Attention is drawn to
      the ability of heat-treated cells to show osmotic-like swelling and restoration
      towards normal volume in medium of 30 per cent normal strength, which would not
      be expected on the hypothesis that hyperthermia primarily disrupts membrane
      structure and functioning. Ultrastructural changes during and after hyperthermia-
      including nucleolar changes, the appearance of perichromatin granules, the
      formation of electron-dense cytoplasmic clusters, and the development of
      intranuclear actin rods--corroborate and extend other findings. However,
      mitochondrial changes were found to be particularly significant, appearing early
      and correlating well with the loss of viability and metabolic functioning found
      after heat treatment. These include the early development of intramitochondrial
      dense granules, followed by vesicularization of the cristae, swelling of the
      intracristal spaces, myelin degeneration and the formation of bodies which could
      otherwise be mistaken for secondary lysosomes. The findings indicate the need for
      more intensive investigations of mitochondria and mitochondrial functioning in
      hyperthermia-induced cell damage, and their careful correlation with the
      'recovery' of energy-dependent process in cells subsequently returned to 37
      degrees C.

PMID- 2926180
TI  - Hydralazine-induced enhancement of hyperthermic damage in a C3H mammary carcinoma
      in vivo.
AB  - Prolonged oxygen deprivation of cells in vitro or in vivo increases the
      sensitivity of those cells to heat. Hydralazine is a peripheral vasodilator,
      currently used clinically as an antihypertensive agent, which has been reported
      to be able to reduce tumour blood flow and increase the degree of tumour hypoxia.
      We have investigated the potential of hydralazine to enhance the response of a
      C3H mammary carcinoma to local hyperthermia. The tumour was grown in the foot of
      mice and its response to treatment assayed by regrowth delay. Our results show
      that a single intravenous injection of hydralazine (5 mg/kg) significantly
      enhances the heat damage produced by heating for various times at either 41.5,
      42.5, or 43.5 degrees C. This effect was dependent on the time of starting to
      heat after hydralazine injection, with the greatest enhancement occurring when
      heat was given within 1 h following drug administration. However, the effect was
      independent of the hydralazine concentration, at doses above 2.5 mg/kg.
      Hydralazine also significantly decreased mean arterial blood pressure and the
      uptake of 86RbCl into tumours. Our results suggest that the observed heat
      sensitization was primarily a consequence of an increase in tumour hypoxia,
      probably resulting from a decrease in tumour blood perfusion.

PMID- 2926183
TI  - Effect of hyperthermia on intracellular drug accumulation and chemosensitivity in
      drug-sensitive and drug-resistant P388 leukaemia cell lines.
AB  - Enhancements of the drug-induced cytotoxicity and modifications of drug
      transmembrane equilibria caused by hyperthermic treatment were analysed on P388/S
      and P388/R murine leukaemia cell lines. The P388/R cell line was derived from the
      P388/S cell line by drug selection of mutant, drug-resistant clones; it expresses
      a pleiotropic drug resistance towards some chemotherapeutic drugs such as
      doxorubicin, daunorubicin and etoposide, but is only weakly resistant towards
      other drugs as cis-diammine-dichloroplatinum. Hyperthermic treatment enhanced the
      drug cytotoxic effects much more on the P388/R cell line than on the P388/S line,
      but the cytotoxic enhancements were consistent only for the drug towards which
      the P388/R cell line expresses pleiotropic resistance. Intracellular drug
      accumulation analysis and drug transmembrane equilibria determinations indicated
      that the resistance of both cell lines to the intracellular drug was not affected
      by hyperthermic treatment, whereas variations in drug influx, but not in drug
      extrusion, were induced by heat treatment. The study suggested, therefore, that
      hyperthermia does not modify intracellular chemosensitivity of either cell line,
      but acts on membrane permeability by facilitating attainment of the intracellular
      drug concentrations needed to cause the cytotoxic effect.

PMID- 2926184
TI  - Co-isolation of heat stress and cytoskeletal proteins with plasma membrane
      proteins.
AB  - Previous reports have suggested the possible existence of a plasma-cell-membrane
      function associated with some heat stress proteins (HSPs). To investigate the
      effect of hyperthermia on plasma membrane proteins, rat mammary tumour clone C
      (MTC) cells were heated at 42 degrees C for 1 h. Their surface proteins were (1)
      labelled with [3H]leucine, (2) biotinylated, (3) affinity isolated with
      streptavidin-agarose beads under denaturing or non-denaturing conditions, and (4)
      analysed by one- and two-dimensional polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and
      protein blotting under denaturing conditions. Affinity isolation of biotinylated
      proteins enriched for a protein subfraction believed to be membrane-associated.
      Several proteins analogous to HSP or their heat-stress cognates (HSC) were
      present with these biotinylated protein subfractions in control or heated cells.
      The major and most consistent feature of affinity isolates from heated cells was
      the presence of a small fraction of the induced 68-kD HSP. The 112-, 90-, 70- and
      22-kD HSC/HSP were also present in small amounts in affinity isolates of control
      cells, and the fraction increased in heated cells. Several structural proteins,
      including actin and the tubulins were present in the same affinity isolates.
      Protein blotting experiments indicated that none were exposed on the exterior of
      the plasma-cell membrane or biotinylated and thus none were exposed on the
      exterior of the plasma-cell membrane or biotinylated intracellularly through
      membrane damage. These results suggest that small fractions of several HSC are
      located at or near the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane along with
      cytoskeletal proteins, and that additional submembranous localization of HSP
      occurs after heat stress and may be part of the processes associated with
      membrane damage or cellular responses to heat. Further studies will be directed
      at establishing the relationships between these proteins and the role, if any, of
      the changes associated with heat stress.

PMID- 2926186
TI  - A computational model for heat generation in a radially layered tissue inside a
      'coaxial TEM' applicator.
AB  - The electromagnetic heat dissipation in a radially layered biological tissue
      inside a circular cylinder has been investigated theoretically. The theory is
      based on a three-dimensional model and the electromagnetic field is assumed to be
      generated by a prescribed electric field along a ring-shaped aperture. The method
      of computation employs the spatial Fourier transform of all field quantities with
      respect to the axial coordinate, after which the field equations are solved in
      the spectral domain. Subsequently, an inverse Fourier transform is carried out to
      compute the quantities that are of interest to the clinical deep-body
      hyperthermia system at hand. For a number of representative configurations
      numerical results at 70 MHz are given.

PMID- 2926185
TI  - The effect of angiotensin II on blood flow in tumours during localized
      hyperthermia.
AB  - The selective enhancement of drug delivery to tumours is an important factor in
      the effectiveness of thermochemotherapy as well as in standard normothermal
      chemotherapy. We have attempted to clarify experimentally using AH 100B tumour
      bearing rats whether or not a selective increase in blood flow in tumours can be
      produced under specific conditions of local hyperthermia by administration of
      angiotensin (AGT II). AGT II (2 micrograms/kg/min) produced an elevation of blood
      pressure (ca. 150 mm Hg) when local hyperthermia, at 41, 43, and 45 degrees C,
      was induced. Furthermore, at 41 and 43 degrees C a selective increase in blood
      flow in tumours resulted from the AGT II-induced hypertension. By contrast, a
      decrease in blood flow was observed at 45 degrees C both in tumour and in muscle.
      These results indicate that AGT II-induced hypertension and the resultant
      selective increase in drug delivery to tumours during the initial phase of
      heating may result in an augmentation of the anticancer effects of
      thermochemotherapy.

PMID- 2926187
TI  - Heat loss and blood flow during hyperthermia in normal canine brain. I: Empirical
      study and analysis.
AB  - The effects of blood flow and thermal conduction during microwave hyperthermia
      were investigated in normal canine brain. Heating was accomplished with an
      external microstrip spiral antenna and temperature measurements were made using a
      multichannel fluoroptic thermometry system. In order to determine cooling rates,
      temperature measurements made during cooling were fitted with a model consisting
      of a constant value and an exponential term. Data from experiments in both
      perfused and non-perfused brains could be fitted with this simple model. The
      resulting cooling rates indicated that heat loss by conduction is comparable to
      that by blood flow. In another series of experiments, temperature measurements
      were made during several 1 min cooling intervals in which the power was shut off
      intermittently during a 35 min heating episode. Results were consistent with a 2
      3-fold increase in blood flow rate which occurred gradually throughout the course
      of heating. Parameters that affect the determination of cooling rates are
      discussed in terms of the bioheat transfer equation. These investigations
      demonstrate that a simple heat sink model provides a good representation of the
      cooling data for the thermal distributions obtained.

PMID- 2926188
TI  - Heat loss and blood flow during hyperthermia in normal canine brain. II:
      Mathematical model.
AB  - A mathematical model for heating and cooling during hyperthermia has been
      developed from an appropriate solution of a bioheat transfer equation. Predicted
      cooling rates obtained from the model have been compared with cooling rates
      obtained from experiments performed on both perfused and non-perfused normal
      canine brain tissue. The agreement between the predicted and observed cooling
      rates in non-perfused tissue is satisfactory (within 6-11 per cent) and provides
      confidence that the conduction process is being accurately represented. The model
      is then used to estimate the relative contribution of conductive and convective
      (blood flow) heat loss during cooling for the in vivo experiments. Estimates of
      blood flow dynamics are made from cooling data taken early and late in a heating
      course using the model to correct for conductive heat loss. Simplified forms of
      the bioheat transfer equation are examined. An adequate model for the observed
      cooling data is one that treats heat loss (both conduction and blood flow) as a
      heat sink (i.e. an effective perfusion model) rather than an effective thermal
      conductivity model.

PMID- 2926189
TI  - An interstitial hyperthermia system at 27 MHz.
AB  - An interstitial hyperthermia system using thin, flexible wires operating at a
      frequency of 27 MHz has been evaluated for possible use in combination with
      (iridium) brachytherapy applications employing flexible nylon afterloading
      catheters. This method of interstitial heating is argued to be a variation of
      local-current-field heating, however with the direct galvanic contact between
      electrode and tissue replaced by a capacitive coupling between wire and tissue.
      Through a special design of the wire the length of the heated area along the
      catheter can be chosen freely. Standard non-prepared implantation catheters can
      be used, so that no change from the established implantation techniques is
      required. Possible advantages of these 27 MHz wires over coaxial dipole antennas
      at higher frequencies are simplicity and low cost of the heating system, free
      choice of effective heating length for each wire and uniformity of heating along
      this effective heating length up to the tip of the wire. Flexibility of the wires
      is maintained, enabling application in curved (even U-shaped) catheters, e.g. for
      head and neck implantations. Impedance matching of the wires to the generator,
      necessary for an optimal transfer of power, appears possible by means of a
      variable air coil. Care should be taken to avoid stray capacitances of the
      connecting cables with respect to ground or among the different cables used.
      Measurements in muscle-equivalent split phantoms with infrared thermography have
      been performed with both single and multiple wires. The resulting SAR
      distributions confirm the working principle of these low-frequency wires
      (resistive heating) and illustrate the difference with radiative antennas at
      higher frequencies. The system is being applied both in experimental animal
      studies and in a clinical pilot study.

PMID- 2926190
TI  - 'Thermal dose': comments on papers presented at the NAHG workshop.

PMID- 2926191
TI  - [Nipple stimulation contraction stress test and oxytocin challenge test in
      evaluating fetal well being in high risk pregnancy].

PMID- 2926192
TI  - [Relationship between social factors and urinary catecholamine concentrations in
      pregnant women].
AB  - Catecholamine concentrations were measured in urine obtained from pregnant women
      to estimate the stress resulting from their lifestyles. Adrenaline and
      noradrenaline were analysed by high performance liquor chromatography (HPLC),
      creatinine was measured by Jaffe's method, and the catecholamine-creatinine ratio
      in urine was calculated. Adrenaline concentrations in 24-hour urine were higher
      in working women (n = 35) than non-working women (n = 20) (p less than 0.001) and
      the admission group (n = 20) (p less than 0.05), but noradrenaline concentrations
      showed no significant difference among three groups. Catecholamine concentrations
      were measured in 89 pregnant women three times in 24 hours. Marked circadian
      variations were observed with adrenaline and noradrenaline. Both concentrations
      were lowest in early morning, and increased after work (or evening) (p less than
      2.0 X 10(-8)). Adrenaline concentrations were decreased on retiring to bed (p not
      equal to 1.0 X 10(-5)), while noradrenaline concentrations remained high until
      retiring to bed. There seems to be a relationship between catecholamine output
      and working or the familial factor. In working women (n = 53), noradrenaline
      concentrations were higher than in non-working women (n = 36) in early morning (p
      less than 0.05) and on retiring to bed (p less than 0.05). On the other hand, in
      women living with parents (n = 56), adrenaline concentrations were higher than
      those in women living without parents (n = 33) in early morning (p less than
      0.05) and on retiring to bed (p less than 0.05). From these results, it may be
      concluded that working women or women living with parents are under much stress
      in their lives.

PMID- 2926193
TI  - [Relationship between coagulation-fibrinolysis kinetics and the severity and
      predictability of toxemia of pregnancy].
AB  - Various attempts have been made in recent years to identify the cause and
      pathophysiology of toxemia of pregnancy from the standpoint of changes in blood
      coagulation and fibrinolysis. It is believed that in toxemia of pregnancy, the
      fibrinolytic process changes as coagulation is augmented. However, definite
      conclusions about this sequence of events have not yet been reached. This study
      was designed to analyze the severity of toxemia of pregnancy and to examine the
      possibility of anticipating its onset from the standpoint of coagulation
      fibrinolysis kinetics. The patient population comprised 116 women divided into 4
      groups: I) A control group of 10 normal, nonpregnant women; II) Fifty-four normal
      pregnant women who were followed up from early pregnancy until delivery; III)
      Twenty-four women who were followed up from early pregnancy until delivery and
      developed toxemia of pregnancy; and IV) Twenty-eight women with severe toxemia of
      pregnancy of the pure type who were referred to our institution at the onset of
      the disease and were treated as inpatients. Intergroup comparison yielded the
      following results. 1. In group II (normal pregnancy), a significant increase was
      observed, first in fibrinopeptide B beta and then in fibrinopeptide A, as the
      pregnancy progressed. This suggested the acceleration of coagulation and
      fibrinolysis due to pregnancy. 2. In group III (6 of 24 cases developed severe
      toxemia of pregnancy), AT-III increased, while protein C and hematocrit levels
      increased relative to those on the normal pregnancy group during the 2nd
      trimester. Thus, changes in coagulation functions occurred before the onset of
      toxemia of pregnancy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2926194
TI  - [New method for preventing spinal headache (prophylactic blood patch method)].
AB  - After spinal anesthesia, early ambulation frequently caused spinal headache. If
      the patient was discharged on the day of the operation, spinal headache occurred
      very frequently. With epidural anesthesia, if the dura was erroneously punctured
      with the needle, headache often occurred. In order to prevent spinal headache, we
      tried the Blood Patch Method during operation (Prophylactic Blood Patch Method).
      Epidural catheterization and spinal tap were simultaneously performed. The
      epidural catheter was threaded 3 cm cephalad in the epidural space. Five ml
      Venous blood of the patient was injected through the epidural catheter (Blood
      Patch Method). Epidural puncture was performed one spinal segment cephalad (A
      Method) or one spinal segment cauded (B Method) from the site of spinal puncture.
      The prophylactic Blood Patch Method was very effective in preventing spinal
      headache after the dural puncture. Especially B Method, in which blood was
      injected near the dural pore, was much more effective than A Method.

PMID- 2926195
TI  - [Comparative studies on steroidogenesis and prostaglandins production by luteal
      cells in newly formed corpora lutea and early pregnancy].
AB  - The present study was undertaken to assess the ability of cultured luteal cells
      from human corpora lutea (CL) in the mid luteal phase and the early pregnancy to
      secrete steroids and prostaglandins (PGs). Luteal cells responded to hCG with a
      significant increase (2- to 4-fold) in progesterone (P) production. The addition
      of hCG to the culture media did not stimulate estradiol (E2) production. In
      contrast, both P and E2 secretion by luteal cells in early pregnancy were
      significantly lower than those found in the mid luteal phase. Exposure to hCG did
      not affect P production by luteal cells in early pregnancy. Arachidonic acid (AA)
      significantly stimulated PGE2 synthesis by luteal cells in the mid luteal phase
      in a dose-dependent manner. Both basal PGE2 production and the responsiveness to
      AA were maintained for the duration of the culture. However, hCG did not affect
      AA-stimulated PGE2 production. Both PGF2 alpha and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha production
      abruptly declined as the culture proceeded. PG synthesis by cultured luteal cells
      in early pregnancy was significantly lower than in the mid luteal phase. The
      ultrastructural characteristics of luteal cells in early pregnancy, which
      contained lipid droplets, granular and agranular endoplasmic reticulum and large
      spherical mitochondria, were maintained after 10 days in culture. The present
      results demonstrate that P and PGE2 production by cultured luteal cells
      predominate during the mid luteal phase. These data suggest that PGE2, but not
      PGF2 alpha, may be involved in the regulation of CL function in the menstrual
      cycle.

PMID- 2926196
TI  - Prediction of clinical course and recurrence of human ovarian cancer by several
      serum tumor markers.
AB  - Measurement of serum tumor markers [lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alpha
      hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HBD), LDH-4, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR),
      carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2M) and CA 125] was
      done before and after operation, and during the course of chemotherapy in 43
      patients with advanced primary ovarian cancer. Pre-operative positive results for
      these serum tumor markers were 94.4% for CA 125, 62.2% for beta 2M, 54.8% for
      HBD, 51.3% for ESR and 46.5% for LDH, respectively. In a group of patients from
      whom most of the tumor mass had been removed, LDH, LDH-4 and HBD significantly
      declined after the operation, whereas in a group of patients with a large
      residual tumor after operation no significant change in any of the serum tumor
      markers examined was observed after operation. Except for CEA, all serum tumor
      markers in patients with complete response to chemotherapy significantly
      decreased after 3 courses of chemotherapy. From the analysis of predictive values
      for the recurrence of ovarian cancer, the most reliable tumor markers as a single
      marker appeared to be CA 125 and CEA, followed by ESR, LDH and LDH-4. However, in
      about 10% of cases, abnormal levels of CA 125 or CEA before treatment returned to
      the normal range after treatment and an increase in the other tumor markers was
      observed with a relapse of disease in the absence of an increase in CA 125 or
      CEA. These results suggest that in addition to such tumor markers as CA 125 or
      CEA, a combination assay of several tumor markers is necessary for monitoring of
      treatment of ovarian cancer.

PMID- 2926198
TI  - [Fetal monitoring with a combination transducer for FHR and uterine contraction-
      production of the transducer].

PMID- 2926197
TI  - Direct inhibitory ovarian effects of prolactin in the process of ovulation.
AB  - The present study was designed to determine the effects of prolactin (PRL) on the
      process of follicle rupture and oocyte maturation using an in vitro perfused
      rabbit ovary model. In the first experiment ovaries were perfused for 12 hours
      with or without PRL at 10(2) or 10(3) ng/ml. Ovulation did not occur in any
      ovaries in the absence of gonadotropin. The majority of follicular oocytes did
      not progress beyond the germinal vesicle stage following treatment with PRL. The
      percentage of follicular oocytes which showed evidence of degeneration was also
      comparable in both groups. The concentrations of progesterone in the perfusate
      did not differ significantly between PRL-treated and control ovaries. In the
      second experiment, ovaries were perfused with or without PRL at 10, 10(2), or
      10(3) ng/ml. Thirty minutes later 50 IU of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) was
      added to the perfusate of all ovaries. The addition of PRL to the perfusate
      inhibited hCG-induced ovulation in a dose-related fashion. The degree of ovum
      maturity and degeneration was comparable in the two groups. PRL did not affect
      hCG-stimulated progesterone production by the perfused rabbit ovaries. The
      present study demonstrates that PRL acts directly on the ovary to influence the
      process of ovulation, resulting in the inhibition of hCG-induced follicle
      rupture. These data suggest that PRL inhibits ovulation by mechanism(s)
      independent of ovarian progesterone synthesis.

PMID- 2926199
TI  - [The analysis of bioenergetics of mouse uterine muscle by magnetic resonance
      spectroscopy (MRS)].

PMID- 2926200
TI  - [The platelet aggregation inhibition activity of placental brush border
      membrane].

PMID- 2926201
TI  - [Prenatal diagnosis of a fetal cardiac tumor].

PMID- 2926202
TI  - Autogenous vein and nerve grafts: a comparative study of nerve regeneration in
      the rat.
AB  - A new experimental model using the rat sciatic nerve has been devised and used in
      ten rats to compare the results of using a vein and a nerve graft in different
      fascicles of the same sciatic nerve, a third fascicle being preserved intact as a
      control. The results, judged clinically, electrophysiologically and
      histologically, show persistence of the vein graft as a conduit even six months
      after the operation and a similar pattern of nerve regeneration in the two
      different grafts.

PMID- 2926203
TI  - Multiple carpo-metacarpal dislocations.
AB  - Ten patients with closed multiple carpo-metacarpal dislocations have been
      reviewed. Closed manipulation was found to be successful if performed within two
      days of the injury. Plaster cast immobilisation supplemented by percutaneous
      Kirschner wire fixation is recommended to maintain the reduction, due to the
      unstable nature of the dislocation. Early appropriate treatment of these injuries
      carries a good prognosis.

PMID- 2926204
TI  - Treatment of solitary enchondromas in fingers.
AB  - The results after operative treatment of 21 solitary enchondromas of finger bones
      are described. 15 cases were treated by curettage and cancellous bone grafting,
      five by curettage alone, and one with amputation. One case did not heal after
      curettage and grafting. When symptoms are present or the cortical strength is
      decreased, we recommend operation. We find that the eccentric type of enchondroma
      can be treated adequately by curettage alone, while curettage and filling of the
      cavity with cancellous bone should be preferred in the central and polycentric
      forms. It is important that all material is removed from the cyst, which has to
      be packed completely with bone chips. The possibility of malignant change in
      enchondromas should be borne in mind, but we did not see this.

PMID- 2926205
TI  - Bilateral torsion of the radius: a case report.
AB  - A case of bilateral non-traumatic torsion of the radius affecting forearm
      rotation is described.

PMID- 2926206
TI  - Nerve abscess simulated by a lipoma in a leprosy patient.
AB  - A case of suspected giant nerve abscess near the radial nerve in the upper arm of
      a patient with borderline leprosy is reported. On exploration, it turned out to
      be a deep seated lipoma. Consideration should be given to exploring nerve masses
      in leprosy.

PMID- 2926207
TI  - Flexor tendon sheath haematoma: a case report.
AB  - An open finger injury reported here was diagnosed as a division of the flexor
      tendons of the little finger. However, surgical exploration revealed intact
      tendons encased in a tense flexor tendon sheath haematoma. Decompression of the
      haematoma led to a satisfactory recovery of finger function.

PMID- 2926208
TI  - A tale of two hands.

PMID- 2926209
TI  - A rapid method of removal of rings impacted in fingers.

PMID- 2926210
TI  - A technique for removal of a tight ring.

PMID- 2926211
TI  - The "cage" splint: an added protection for flexor tendon repair.

PMID- 2926212
TI  - A technique for distal digital replantation.

PMID- 2926213
TI  - A comparison of results of extensor tendon repair followed by early controlled
      mobilisation versus static immobilisation.
AB  - To compare the functional results of early controlled mobilisation and static
      immobilisation following repair of extensor tendons, we conducted a comparative
      study between two centres. In one, a consecutive series of tenorrhaphy patients
      was treated post-operatively by the dynamic splinting technique. In the other, a
      consecutive group was treated by static splinting. All patients treated by
      dynamic splinting were graded excellent within six weeks following surgery; no
      tendon ruptures occurred and no secondary corrective tendon surgery was required.
      After static splinting, 40% were graded excellent, 31% good, 29% fair, and none
      poor; six fingers treated by static splintage subsequently required tenolysis.
      Following surgical repair of extensor tendons of the hand, patients treated by
      early controlled motion regain better flexion function in terms of grip strength
      and pulp-to-palm distance. Dynamic splinting is a more effective technique than
      static splinting in the prevention of extensor lag.

PMID- 2926214
TI  - Dynamic traction after extensor tendon repair in zones 6, 7, and 8: a
      retrospective study.
AB  - Review of the notes of 46 extensor tendon repairs in 21 patients treated by post
      operative dynamic traction without an M.P. flexion block, no tendon ruptures or
      extensor lag and only one digit without full flexion after a mean follow-up of
      seven weeks. Re-examination of 26 treated repairs in nine patients for this study
      demonstrated a mean T.A.M. of 259 degrees at an average 14 months follow-up. No
      bow-stringing occurred because the extensor retinaculum was not excised, and no
      tenolyses were necessary.

PMID- 2926216
TI  - Experimental research in hand surgery.

PMID- 2926217
TI  - Dupuytren's disease in patients from the Indian sub-continent. Report of ten
      cases.
AB  - We report on ten patients from the Indian sub-continent operated on in our unit
      for Dupuytren's contracture. Their presentation, operative findings and
      subsequent course was indistinguishable from Caucasian patients. We believe that
      Dupuytren's disease among Indians is not so rare as previously thought.

PMID- 2926215
TI  - Deformation of the nail following elastic band traction--a case report.
AB  - Dynamic elastic band traction applied to the nail is commonly used in the post
      operative management of flexor tendon injuries and complications are few. We
      describe a self-resolving deformation of the nail resulting from its use.

PMID- 2926218
TI  - An accessory superficialis tendon involved by Dupuytren's contracture.
AB  - A 60-year-old Caucasian male presented with Dupuytren's contracture affecting his
      left little finger. On exploration he was found to have a band of Dupuytren's
      tissue attached to an accessory superficialis tendon.

PMID- 2926219
TI  - Centralisation of the radial club hand by gradual distraction.
AB  - Centralisation of the carpus on top of the distal end of the ulna in radial club
      hand of types III and IV has been performed by gradual distraction. For this
      purpose, I have used the apparatus originally developed for lengthening of
      digital structures and the forearm. This technique avoids extensive dissection
      and acute stretching of the radial neuro-vascular structures. Experience has
      shown that gradual distraction is a safe and relatively simple method for
      correction of the deformity, particularly in long-standing and neglected cases.

PMID- 2926220
TI  - Intra-arterial injection of dextropropoxyphene into hand arteries.
AB  - We report a case of deliberate intra-arterial injection of dextropropoxyphene
      into the palms, leading to chronic oedema of both hands. The aetiology is
      discussed. This cause must be borne in mind in the diagnosis of chronic oedema of
      the hands.

PMID- 2926221
TI  - Pain relief after free flap reconstruction in adriamycin necrosis on the dorsum
      of the hand. A case report.
AB  - A free flap transfer in a case of Adriamycin necrosis on the dorsum of the hand
      is reported. The advantages of this method of reconstruction are discussed.

PMID- 2926222
TI  - Chronic compartment syndrome of the flexor muscles in the forearm: a case report.
AB  - A case is reported of a professional racing motor-cyclist who developed a chronic
      compartment syndrome of the flexor muscles in the forearm, confirmed by pressure
      measurements after exercise. Open fasciotomy of both the superficial and deep
      compartments cured the condition.

PMID- 2926223
TI  - CT in established Volkmann's contracture in forearm muscles.
AB  - Differential diagnosis between true and pseudo-Volkmann's contracture should not
      be based on clinical grounds alone, because clinical data are often insufficient
      in determining the severity and the extent of muscle damage. CT has been utilised
      in 11 cases where a flexion contracture of the forearm muscles was present and
      corresponded closely with the surgical findings. True and pseudo-Volkmann's
      contracture can thus be distinguished and the severity and extent of the muscle
      damage determined.

PMID- 2926224
TI  - Three-dimensional CT imaging for wrist disorders.
AB  - Three-dimensional CT imaging of the wrist was performed in 20 patients: three
      with Kienbock's disease, 14 with fractures or dislocations of the carpal bones,
      two with dislocation of the distal radio-ulnar joint and one with an intra
      articular fracture of distal radius. These images were compared with those of
      plain radiographs and computed tomography. With the exception of two cases of
      distal radio-ulnar joint dislocation and one case of hamate body fracture, three
      dimensional CT imaging was helpful in detecting the displacement of the fracture
      and in determining the location and the direction of the displaced carpal bone.
      Furthermore, the presence of small fragments could be observed more easily in the
      three-dimensional CT image. Three-dimensional CT imaging provides a great deal of
      information that cannot be obtained by conventional radiographs or CT images even
      at their present stage of technical development.

PMID- 2926225
TI  - Usefulness of myelography in brachial plexus injuries.
AB  - Ninety brachial plexus lesions have been examined by myelography and the results
      classified into six types. These were compared against the level of lesion found
      at exploration of the brachial plexus with electrophysiological investigations
      carried out during the operation. The results show that myelography can be a
      reliable and useful pre-exploratory measure to assess the level of the lesion of
      each injured root.

PMID- 2926226
TI  - The first web hand flap.
AB  - Cadaveric dissections demonstrated a constant blood supply to the skin of the
      first web. An island advancement flap from the dorsum of the first web was used
      to release first web contractures in six patients and to resurface palmar burns
      in two. There were no flap losses and its use is recommended in release of
      moderate contractures and minor loss of palmar skin.

PMID- 2926227
TI  - The use of the latissimus dorsi muscle as an active motor unit for digital
      flexion.
AB  - A technique is described to restore flexion of the fingers and thumb using a
      latissimus dorsi muscle island as an active motor unit. It has been performed in
      a ten-year-old child with a satisfactory result.

PMID- 2926228
TI  - Surgical treatment of the clasped thumb.
AB  - We report a series of 12 patients (19 hands) with clasped thumb who underwent
      surgical treatment. The series is divided into three groups. In the first group,
      the prominent pathological feature was hypoplasia of the extensor tendons which
      was treated by tendon transfer. The second group, the arthrogryphotic type, had
      contracture of the intrinsic muscles of the thumb and shortening of the skin;
      these needed mainly release operations. In only three hands out of nine was
      tendon transfer performed. The third group was defined by a combination of
      skeletal, muscular and tendon hypoplasia. Instability of the M.P. joint and
      adduction contracture of the first ray were found in all hands of this group. The
      adduction deformity was corrected by skin-plasty of the first web and the
      extension was improved by tendon transfers. Only one case needed stabilisation of
      the M.P. joint. The final results were related to the extent of the contractures
      and to the age of the patient when treatment started.

PMID- 2926229
TI  - The pronator quadratus sign: its classification and diagnostic usefulness for
      injury and inflammation of the wrist.
AB  - The clinical value of the pronator quadratus radiological sign was investigated.
      Fresh undisplaced fractures of the distal radius and acute injuries of the distal
      radio-ulnar joint showed anterior displacement of the radiolucent shadow in 85%
      and 88% respectively, but normal subjects no displacement. In rheumatoid
      arthritis, the presence of synovitis of the wrist joint appeared to be correlated
      with a blurred shadow at the distal end.

PMID- 2926230
TI  - Clenched fist human bite injuries.
AB  - A prospective study has been made of 29 human bite injuries caused by the
      clenched fist, 27 over M.P. joints and two over P.I.P. joints. All were treated
      by surgical exploration, within 24 hours in 84% of cases. In 62% the wound had
      entered the underlying joint and in 58% the bone was injured. Significantly less
      morbidity was noted in those cases where there was no joint injury (P less than
      0.001). Early surgical exploration to identify and to treat the joint injury is
      recommended.

PMID- 2926231
TI  - Protothecosis following hand injury. A case report.
AB  - A case of protothecosis following an accidental cut on the dorsum of the hand by
      a fragment of glass from an exploding beer bottle is described. The area was
      widely excised and oral tetracycline given. No recurrence has been seen over a
      period of four years.

PMID- 2926232
TI  - Functional anatomy of the vagina fibrosa of the flexors of the fingers.
AB  - The flexor tendon sheaths of 40 fingers were investigated to determine which
      classification of the annular and cruciform pulleys seems to be justified. The
      classification of Kleinert et al. (1981) into five annular and four cruciform
      pulleys was the most consistent with our results. The constant presence of the
      mid-phalangeal annular pulleys in zones III and VII shows their major role in
      preventing the tendons from bow-stringing. The cruciform pulleys seem to allow
      the tendon sheath to deform during flexion.

PMID- 2926233
TI  - Surgical management of unresectable retroperitoneal leiomyosarcomas.
AB  - Retroperitoneal leiomyosarcomas are rare tumors with a poor prognosis. These
      tumors are often deemed unresectable because of their large size when diagnosed.
      This study presents two recent patients who show that retroperitoneal
      leiomyosarcomas can be resected successfully. Adjuvant radiotherapy is useful in
      treatment of patients with residual disease. Although the contribution of
      chemotherapy in prophylaxis and treatment of these tumors remains undefined,
      various chemotherapeutic regimens are currently under investigation.

PMID- 2926234
TI  - Interventional neuroradiology in the community hospital.
AB  - The active participation of the neuroradiologist in the therapy of neurosurgical
      patients is a concept with which many neurosurgeons as well as many radiologists
      are uneasy. Interventionally oriented radiologists have much to offer the
      neurosurgeon who accepts the radiologist as a partner in the management of
      patients with difficult problems. Technological advances in imaging, in guidewire
      and catheter design, and experience gained by radiologists and neurosurgeons have
      led to a number of therapeutic advances. We present several illustrative
      examples.

PMID- 2926235
TI  - Teaching medical students to use simple language when talking with patients.
AB  - Physicians know much about health and illness. The information is often
      complicated and difficult to understand. Part of the physician's task is to help
      the patient understand the information so that the patient may help himself. The
      accurate transfer of the information requires that physicians have excellent
      communication skills. One such skill is the ability to use language which is
      easily understood by the patient. This study suggests that, after preclinical
      medical students assume a formal teaching role in secondary schools, they are
      more likely to use simpler language when talking with patients during their final
      undergraduate year.

PMID- 2926236
TI  - ECG of the month. Ventricular bigeminal rhythm.

PMID- 2926237
TI  - Erythrocyte phospholipid organization and vesiculation in hereditary high red
      cell membrane phosphatidylcholine hemolytic anemia.
AB  - We have studied the erythrocyte membrane phospholipid organization in hereditary
      high red cell membrane phosphatidylcholine hemolytic anemia (HPCHA) and the
      response of these red cells during incubation with sonicated suspensions of
      dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC). Although both the absolute and relative
      amounts of phosphatidylcholine were elevated in these red cells, the relative
      distribution of phosphatidylcholine on both sides of the membrane bilayer and the
      transbilayer mobility of phosphatidylcholine were normal. HPCHA erythrocytes
      showed elevated absolute amounts per cell of both protein and lipid and an
      increased cellular ratio of protein to phospholipid. Incubation of normal red
      cells with DMPC led to the formation of echinocytes, followed by the release of
      acetylcholinesterase-containing vesicles. Both echinocyte formation and
      vesiculation were markedly reduced in red cells from patients with HPCHA. Studies
      with red cells from patients with liver disease, cells that also have elevated
      relative amounts of membrane phosphatidylcholine and increased amounts of lipid
      per cell, revealed normal echinocyte formation and normal DMPC-induced
      vesiculation. We conclude that the altered lipid composition of HPCHA
      erythrocytes per se is not responsible for the observed reduction in DMPC-induced
      vesiculation, but that it is more likely the result of a modification in the
      protein moiety of these cells. This putative protein abnormality could enhance
      binding of phosphatidylcholine to red cell membranes and could explain the
      elevated phosphatidylcholine content of HPCHA erythrocytes and their inability to
      vesiculate.

PMID- 2926238
TI  - Neutrophil cathepsin G increases transendothelial albumin flux.
AB  - Neutrophils are involved in the development of inflammatory edema in some animal
      models, but their mechanisms of action are not completely understood. Among
      injurious agents available for neutrophil-mediated injury are cationic proteins
      such as cathepsin G. Previous articles have reported that cationic agents
      decrease the barrier properties of the endothelium both in vivo and in vitro.
      Using an ex vitro isolated, perfused rabbit lung and a cultured porcine pulmonary
      artery endothelial cell monolayer (ENDO) as models, we asked whether neutrophil
      cathepsin G could decrease the barrier properties of the intact vasculature and
      cultured endothelial monolayers. After the addition of cathepsin G (10
      micrograms/ml) to the perfusate of the isolated, perfused lung, there was a
      fourfold increase in net weight gain after a venous pressure challenge (p less
      than 0.01). The addition of cathepsin G to a cultured ENDO directly increased the
      movement of albumin across the monolayers in a dose-dependent fashion (10
      micrograms/ml led to a 59% +/- 5% increase, 15 micrograms/ml to a 135% +/- 55%
      increase, 20 micrograms/ml to a 247% +/- 78% increase, and 30 micrograms/ml to a
      381% +/- 89% increase, p less than 0.05 at all concentrations). Heat-inactivation
      of the enzyme only partially protected the ENDO, but exposure in the presence of
      either the polyanion heparin or the polyanion dextran sulfate completely
      protected the ENDO. Normal human serum also protected the ENDO, but serum from
      two patients with alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor (alpha 1-PI) deficiency was only
      partially protective. The protection afforded by human serum was time dependent,
      because addition of the serum 5 or 15 minutes after the addition of cathepsin G
      offered no protection. Oxidation of alpha 1-PI, as may occur at sites of
      inflammation, also destroyed its protective effect. Cytotoxic injury of the
      porcine pulmonary artery endothelial cell monolayer by cathepsin G, which was
      also prevented by the polyanions, only partially explained these results, because
      cathepsin G increased albumin transfer across the ENDO at concentrations of 10 to
      20 micrograms/ml, which were minimally cytolytic to the ENDO. Additionally,
      cathepsin G caused cell retraction, with the development of intercellular gaps
      visible on light microscopy of the ENDO. This effect was also prevented by the
      polyanions. These results demonstrate that cathepsin G has direct effects on a
      cultured ENDO that may be caused by the charge or charged site(s) on cathepsin G.

PMID- 2926239
TI  - Role of prostaglandins and thromboxane in the control of renal hemodynamics in
      experimental liver cirrhosis.
AB  - Although there is considerable evidence that vasodilator prostaglandins such as
      prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) modulate renal hemodynamics in liver cirrhosis, the role
      of the vasoconstrictor thromboxane A2 (TXA2) is controversial. We measured renal
      hemodynamics and glomerular eicosanoid production in cirrhotic and control rats.
      Renal plasma flow, as estimated by para-aminohippurate clearance (CPAH) and
      glomerular filtration rate, as determined by inulin clearance (CIN), were
      comparable between groups; glomerular production of PGE2 and TXA2 (estimated by
      the metabolite thromboxane B2 [TXB2]) was slightly but not significantly higher
      in cirrhotic than in control rats (PGE2: 1060 +/- 142 pg/mg glomerular protein vs
      854 +/- 288 pg/mg glomerular protein; TXB2: 782 +/- 103 pg/mg glomerular protein
      vs 468 +/- 104 pg/mg glomerular protein). Addition of serum from cirrhotic rats
      to the incubation media failed to increase eicosanoid production in glomeruli
      obtained from either cirrhotic or control rats. Cyclooxygenase inhibition with 5
      mg/kg indomethacin, a dose sufficient to result in a 68% inhibition of glomerular
      PGE2 synthesis, decreased both CPAH (from 6.59 +/- 0.69 ml/min to 4.52 +/- 0.67
      ml/min, p less than 0.05) and CIN (from 1.34 +/- 0.16 ml/min to 0.68 +/- 0.07
      ml/min, p less than 0.01) in cirrhotic rats. Thromboxane synthesis inhibition
      with 1 mg/kg UK-38485, which resulted in an 84% decrease in glomerular TXB2, did
      not significantly affect either CPAH or CIN; however, there was a strong trend
      toward improvement in CIN (from 1.23 +/- 0.11 ml/min to 1.43 +/- 0.15 ml/min
      (0.05 less than p less than 0.1). Neither drug affected renal hemodynamics in
      control rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2926240
TI  - Cholesterol guidelines, lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and triglyceride levels:
      potential for misclassification of coronary heart disease risk.
AB  - By using National Cholesterol Education Program guidelines for serum cholesterol
      (less than 200 mg/dl is designated "desirable," and 200 to 239 mg/dl is
      designated "borderline-high," and greater than or equal to 240 mg/dl is
      designated "high"), low-density and high-density lipoprotein (LDL, HDL)
      cholesterol levels and triglyceride levels were quantitated in 897 self-referred
      fasting subjects to assess the potential for coronary risk misclassification.
      With cholesterol less than 200 mg/dl, misclassification was arbitrarily
      identified by an LDL level greater than or equal to the 75th percentile, a
      triglyceride level greater than or equal to the 90th percentile, or an HDL level
      less than or equal to the 10th percentile. With the cholesterol level in the 200
      to 239 mg/dl range, misclassification was identified by an LDL level greater than
      or equal to the 75th percentile, a triglyceride level greater than or equal to
      the 90th percentile, and an HDL level less than or equal to the 10th percentile
      or greater than or equal to the 90th percentile (or both). With a cholesterol
      level greater than or equal to 240 mg/dl, misclassification was identified by an
      HDL level less than or equal to the 10th percentile, or greater than or equal to
      the 90th percentile. With the cholesterol level less than 200 mg/dl,
      misclassification is rare, occurring in 14.5% of the subjects. With the
      cholesterol level in the 200 to 239 mg/dl range, and greater than or equal to 240
      mg/dl, misclassification occurred in 46.7% and 17.6% of the subjects,
      respectively. The importance of routine lipoprotein analysis when the cholesterol
      level is greater than or equal to 240 mg/dl is emphasized by the finding that 65%
      of the subjects in this category had top quartile LDL levels, 8% had bottom
      decile HDL levels, and 30% had top decile triglyceride levels. To avoid
      misclassification, fasting HDL, LDL, and triglyceride levels should probably be
      measured in all subjects with screening cholesterol levels greater than or equal
      to 200. There is remarkably little misclassification with top quartile LDL or
      bottom decile HDL levels (or both) when the cholesterol level is less than 200
      mg/dl.

PMID- 2926241
TI  - Characterization of a novel myeloma cell line, MM.1.
AB  - A myeloma cell line, MM.1, has been established from the peripheral blood cells
      of a patient with immunoglobulin A myeloma. MM.1 grows in suspension either
      singly or in small clusters and secretes lambda-light chain. Phenotypically, MM.1
      cells lack most B cell antigens, but they do express human leukocyte antigen DR,
      PCA-1, and T9 and T10 antigens. Molecular analysis of MM.1 demonstrates that it
      is negative for the presence of the Epstein-Barr virus genome. Southern analysis
      of MM.1 detected a rearrangement of the lambda-light chain gene, and Northern
      analysis revealed high levels of lambda gene expression. Cytogenetic analysis of
      the MM.1 cell line revealed the presence of seven related chromosomally abnormal
      cell lines characterized by numerical and structural aberrations, and it revealed
      five nonclonal abnormal cells. The most notable abnormality is a reciprocal
      translocation involving band q24.3 of chromosome 12 and band q32.3 of chromosome
      14; translocations involving 14q32 are frequently observed in neoplasms of B cell
      origin.

PMID- 2926242
TI  - Hepatocyte iron release in rats.
AB  - Hepatocyte iron release was studied in vivo in rats. After the injection of iron
      59-labeled ferritin, hemoglobin, or human asialotransferrin, the proportions of
      the radioactive iron returned to the plasma and incorporated into stores were
      determined under various conditions. Iron 55-labeled rat transferrin was injected
      at the same time as the 59Fe-labeled compound, and storage iron release was
      calculated from the cumulative incorporation of the two isotopes in the red cell
      mass over 2 weeks. The various 59Fe-labeled compounds were processed differently
      by the hepatocyte, but the radioactive iron was incorporated in the same iron
      stores. About 6% of the hepatocyte storage iron was released daily in normal
      rats, but a pool of iron that is not mobilized spontaneously was clearly
      identified in iron overload. Iron turnover in the hepatocyte was regulated by the
      rate of erythropoiesis and iron status of the animal, and inflammation blocked
      hepatocyte iron release. A strong correlation between hepatocyte iron release and
      plasma transferrin receptor levels was observed (p less than 0.001), suggesting
      that plasma transferrin receptors could mediate the regulation of hepatocyte iron
      mobilization in rats.

PMID- 2926243
TI  - Effect of neutrophil depletion on ischemic renal injury in the rat.
AB  - Oxygen free radicals have been implicated in postischemic renal injury. However,
      the source of these oxygen free radicals has not been well defined. One potential
      source is activated neutrophils. Neutrophil depletion was produced in rats by
      using two different techniques, and the effect on ischemic injury was examined.
      Rabbit anti-rat neutrophil serum was prepared by immunizing a rabbit with a
      Percoll gradient centrifugation-purified (approximately 90%) suspension of rat
      neutrophils. Rats received antineutrophil serum in one of four protocols and were
      subsequently subjected to 40 minutes of renal artery occlusion. Control animals
      received nonimmune rabbit serum. The serum creatinine levels 24 hours after
      ischemia were not different between control and immune serum-treated rats in any
      of the protocols despite significant reductions in absolute neutrophil count. In
      a separate study, nitrogen mustard was administered 40 hours before ischemia.
      Nitrogen mustard-treated rats developed moderate neutropenia and 24 hours after
      ischemia had lower serum creatinine levels and higher inulin clearance. However,
      nitrogen mustard-treated rats lost 31.5 +/- 5 gm body weight in the 2 days after
      nitrogen mustard administration, whereas control animals gained 5.9 +/- 5.9 gm
      during the same interval. Furthermore, among nitrogen mustard-treated rats there
      was no correlation between neutrophil count and postischemic renal function. It
      is thus possible that the beneficial effects of nitrogen mustard were caused by a
      mechanism other than neutrophil depletion. In summary, in four protocols that
      used antineutrophil serum, neutropenia did not protect against ischemic injury.
      Nitrogen mustard provided protection, but probably by a neutrophil-independent
      mechanism.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2926244
TI  - Symptomatic hypercalcemia pulmonary tuberculosis.
AB  - We describe a case of active pulmonary tuberculosis whose care was complicated by
      the onset of severe hypercalcemia that manifested after the institution of
      standard antituberculous therapy. We review the knowledge regarding the
      association of hypercalcemia with active pulmonary tuberculosis and present the
      proposed mechanisms for the pathogenesis of the disorder.

PMID- 2926245
TI  - Arterial bullet embolism.
AB  - We report a case of an arterial bullet embolus and compare it with other cases
      found in the literature. A 27-year-old white male sustained a .22 caliber gunshot
      wound that penetrated the abdominal aorta and traveled within the arterial system
      to occlude the left superficial femoral artery. The case was typical in that
      projectiles that embolize within the vascular system originate as a low kinetic
      energy missile injury of the trunk. Atypically, the patient developed ischemic
      changes from the embolus immediately. After direct aorta repair and immediate
      transverse arteriotomy bullet removal, the patient recovered fully.

PMID- 2926246
TI  - Subglottic tuberculosis: a case report.
AB  - Granulomatous disorders of the larynx can take on many forms and usually
      represent the end stage of chronic disease. In the past, laryngeal granulomas
      were much more prevalent primarily because of the frequency of tuberculosis.
      Seldom is the larynx the site of origin for granulomatous disease, but it is
      usually a manifestation of a pulmonary entity such as histoplasmosis,
      blastomycosis, sarcoidosis, or tuberculosis. The actual diagnosis is frequently
      arrived at while trying to rule out carcinoma. Laryngeal tuberculosis, although
      rare in the United States, remains the most common granulomatous disease of the
      larynx. Its increasing incidence has paralleled the diminished incidence of
      tuberculosis in the general population. Specific clinical characteristics for
      diagnosis are few and diagnosis is arrived at through a high index of suspicion
      and biopsy. When biopsy is carried out, adequate tissue should be obtained for
      both histological sections, cultures, and sensitivities.

PMID- 2926247
TI  - Maternity leave and job security: a prescription for improved quality of life in
      the USA.

PMID- 2926248
TI  - Common gastrointestinal problems in the elderly.
AB  - Despite advances in our knowledge about the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal
      disease, very little is known about the effects of aging on the gastrointestinal
      tract. We believe that the spectrum of gastrointestinal problems of the elderly
      and possible therapies for these problems will be the subjects of many future
      investigations.

PMID- 2926249
TI  - Our child survived unharmed.

PMID- 2926250
TI  - KMA first recipient of the AMA President's Citation for Service to the Public.

PMID- 2926251
TI  - Interprofessional code. Kentucky Medical Association and Kentucky Bar
      Association.

PMID- 2926252
TI  - Regional differences in death rates among postneonatal infants in Kentucky, 1982
      1985.
AB  - Our objective was to analyze differences in postneonatal mortality rates between
      the southeastern (Appalachian) region of Kentucky and the remainder of the state
      to identify factors associated with increased mortality in the Appalachian (AP)
      region. The relative risk of postneonatal deaths in the AP region when compared
      with the remainder of Kentucky (KY) was 1.38 (95% confidence interval = 1.15
      1.65). Adjustment for birth weight, maternal age, and marital status of the
      parents had no appreciable effect on the risk ratio; however, adjustment for
      maternal education negated the increased risk of postneonatal death among the AP
      region births. When causes of postneonatal death were compared, three specific
      disease groupings were disproportionately represented among AP infants: Sudden
      Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS); congenital malformations; and infections. Most
      striking was the excess risk of infection-related death because it represents a
      preventable component in the postneonatal mortality excess of the AP region; and,
      because of the apparent association with maternal "under education." These
      findings are discussed within a public health intervention context.

PMID- 2926253
TI  - The adult nonsurvivor of child abuse.
AB  - There is a growing clinical research interest in the long-term effects of
      victimization in childhood and the difficulty the victimized child may experience
      in adulthood. Examined are two case illustrations of individuals who were abused
      as children. The results of their dysfunctional childhood have yielded massive
      failures to cope and adjust to adult stress situations and have resulted in each
      case with the development of psychopathology that has impaired their adult lives.
      Issues and import for clinical practice and future research are discussed.

PMID- 2926255
TI  - Who said quality control?

PMID- 2926254
TI  - Hematuria--harbinger of cancer.
AB  - The complaint of blood in the urine or the finding of unexpected microscopic
      hematuria continues to be an important diagnostic clue to the presence of
      carcinoma of the urinary tract. Inadequate evaluation of this complaint or
      finding may lead to a delay in diagnosis and progression of disease. A thorough
      evaluation of the urinary tract with intravenous pyelography, urinary cytology,
      and cytoscopy is necessary.

PMID- 2926256
TI  - Observation of the glycocalyx of the organ of Corti: an investigation by electron
      microscopy in the normal and gentamicin-treated guinea pig.
AB  - The ultrastructure of the glycocalyx of the organ of Corti in the normal and
      gentamicin-treated guinea pig was investigated at the electron microscopic level
      by using the ruthenium red staining technique. The glycocalyx was evident over
      the whole apical surface of both sensory and supporting cells. The entire length
      of the stereocilia of both inner and outer hair cells was seen to be covered by a
      glycocalyx, which interconnected the neighbouring stereocilia. In the gentamicin
      treated animals, the fusion process between the stereocilia was revealed and a
      decrease of the glycocalyx was noticed at the point where fusion started. These
      findings suggest that the glycocalyx may play an important role in holding the
      stereocilia together in a bundle, yet prevent their close contact by means of its
      strong negative charge.

PMID- 2926258
TI  - Staging in cholesteatoma surgery.
AB  - Single stage surgery was used for 174 operations for cholesteatoma. The results
      were analysed using months at risk (actuarial) statistics. The methods of data
      collection and of creating a life-table for cholesteatoma follow-up are
      described. Ninety-one canal-down procedures are compared with 82 canal-up
      procedures as to the recidivism rate as well as hearing results. The actuarial
      tables showed a 50 per cent cumulative success rate for canal-up procedures
      versus a 90 per cent rate for canal-down operations. The successful canal-up
      procedures, however, demonstrated slightly better hearing results. These success
      rates seemed to be comparable to those using planned staged surgery. It was
      concluded that if single stage canal-up procedures were used with larger mastoids
      and canal-down procedures with smaller mastoids, 80 per cent of patients could be
      controlled without either residual or recurrent disease appearing. For the
      others, it was felt safe to wait for the disease to reappear rather than to do
      planned two-stage procedures for all patients. It was further urged that
      actuarial statistics be employed when reporting the results of surgery for
      cholesteatoma.

PMID- 2926257
TI  - Carbohydrate content of the endolymphatic sac. A histochemical and lectin
      labelling study in the Mongolian gerbil.
AB  - A secretory activity has recently been attributed to the endolymphatic sac (ES),
      as a possible way to contribute to the fluid balance of the entire endolymphatic
      compartment. Previous histochemical studies have indicated the existence of
      carbohydrate complexes in the secretory product, both neutral and acidic in
      nature. A thorough analysis of these compounds in the gerbilline ES was carried
      out using both transmission electron microscopic (TEM) histochemistry, using
      dialyzed iron and periodic acid--chromic--silver staining techniques, as well as
      immunoflourescence with fluorescein-labelled lectins (FITC-lectins). N
      acetylglucosamine was found to be one of the major carbohydrate components both
      of the epithelial layer of the ES and of the luminal precipitate. Proofs for a
      local secretory activity and its intracellular pathway are presented, suggesting
      to be involved in the regulation of pressure and volume of inner ear fluids.

PMID- 2926259
TI  - Tensa retraction cholesteatoma: treatment and long-term results.
AB  - To obtain the best possible results of treatment of acquired cholesteatoma, we
      made a subdivision of cholesteatoma types into attic and pars tensa
      cholesteatomas, and subdivided the latter further into tensa retraction
      cholesteatoma and sinus cholesteatomas. Tensa retraction cholesteatoma is defined
      as arising from a retraction or perforation of the whole pars tensa, whereas
      sinus cholesteatoma is defined as arising from a retraction or perforation of the
      postero-superior part of the tensa. We present the long-term results obtained in
      tensa retraction cholesteatomas treated with one stage surgery from 1964 to 1980.
      Median observation time was 9 years, range 2 to 19 years. Sixty-one ears were
      treated without mastoidectomy, whereas 71 ears had canal wall-up mastoidectomy
      and 64 ears had canal wall-down mastoidectomy. The total recurrence rate was 13.3
      per cent; 17 ears had residual cholesteatoma, and nine ears had recurrent
      cholesteatoma. The best results were obtained in ears with an intact ossicular
      chain where mastoidectomy was not performed. In 49 per cent of the cases, the
      cholesteatoma was confined to the tympanic cavity without reaching the aditus,
      antrum or mastoid process. About one-third to one-quarter of the ears had
      tympanoplasty only, with removal of the cholesteatoma through the ear canal.

PMID- 2926260
TI  - Sensorineural hearing loss in chronic otitis media.
AB  - A statistical study was done on the sensorineural component in hearing loss,
      using 595 patients suffering from Chronic Otitis Media (COM); of these, 195 with
      monolateral COM were taken into consideration. They presented criteria of
      valuation which excluded other possible causes of sensorineural hearing loss,
      such as exposure to acoustic trauma, ototoxic drugs, cardiovascular disease, past
      head injury and hereditary causes. The contralateral (healthy) ear served as a
      control. We determined the average sensorineural component in the hearing losses
      in relation to the age of onset and duration of the disease, examining it in
      relation to other eventual aural complications such as cholesteatoma. On the
      basis of the data obtained, we believe that the sensorineural component in
      hearing loss does not change with respect to the age of onset of COM, but the
      duration of COM does exert a significant influence.

PMID- 2926261
TI  - Hearing threshold in patients with diabetes mellitus.
AB  - Hearing threshold of 30 diabetic patients and 30 healthy controls attending the
      medical outpatient department were determined using pure tone audiometry (Arphi
      Digital 900). All subjects were less than 50 years old. Subjects with otological
      and other metabolic diseases were excluded from the study. The patients were
      categorized into groups according to age, duration of disease, complications and
      control of diabetes. These observations were compared with those from the control
      subjects using appropriate statistical methods. It was found that diabetics had a
      poorer hearing threshold than the non-diabetics; all age groups with diabetes
      showed a significant high frequency hearing loss, as compared to the control
      population; poorly controlled and complicated diabetics have significant, high
      frequency hearing loss as compared to those who were well controlled and
      uncomplicated; there was no relationship between duration of the diabetes and the
      level of hearing loss.

PMID- 2926262
TI  - Facial nerve recovery after acoustic neuroma removal.
AB  - A retrospective analysis of 76 patients who underwent acoustic neuroma removal is
      reported. Facial nerve function prior to surgery and tumour size are assessed
      with respect to final facial nerve recovery and the need for surgical
      rehabilitation. Both pre-operative facial weakness and tumour size greater than
      2.5 cm. are shown to be predictive factors of poor facial nerve recovery.
      Multiple surgical rehabilitative procedures are often required when inadequate
      function and/or cosmetic results are obtained. Primary nerve repair and facial
      hypoglossal anastomosis give better rehabilitative results than dynamic and
      static procedures. The association of tumour size greater than 2.5 cm. with
      increased risk of poor facial recovery re-emphasizes the need to detect and
      remove acoustic neuromas at an early stage.

PMID- 2926263
TI  - CT air meatography: review of side effects in 60 patients.
AB  - Sixty patients investigated for a suspected acoustic neuroma were questioned on
      the side effects of CT air meatography, a minimum of three months following the
      procedure. Twelve per cent of patients found the procedure itself so painful that
      a repeat examination would only be contemplated under general anaesthesia. Only
      20 per cent of patients were asymptomatic after the procedure while 28 per cent
      of patients required bed rest for 24 hours or more (average 4.4 +/- 2.8 days).
      Sixty-two per cent of patients took three days or longer to return to normal
      health. The duration and frequency of side effects is greater than previously
      reported, and emphasizes the need for full investigation of these patients prior
      to CT air meatography.

PMID- 2926264
TI  - Tonsillar microflora--superficial surface vs deep.

PMID- 2926265
TI  - Culture of Rhinosporidium seeberi: preliminary report.
AB  - Every year 400 to 450 cases of Rhinosporidium are reported from Trivandrum
      Medical College. Twenty-five swabs were collected from patients suffering from
      Rhinosporidiosis and cultured in standard media. Positive results were obtained
      in 23 cases. The conidia produced from the colony were compared with the
      structures obtained from the patient material. Light microscopy using
      histopathological techniques were used. The consistent appearance of the organism
      in patient material, the repeatability of growth in subcultures and the negative
      growth in controls indicated that the organism grown in culture is the causative
      agent of the disease. The effect of parameters like pH, temperatures, etc, were
      also studied.

PMID- 2926266
TI  - Total parotidectomy--a routine treatment for parotid gland swellings?
AB  - The results of 25 years of quasi-routine total parotidectomy performance are
      shown. At the Department of Otolaryngology of the University of Florence, 582
      patients were treated as follows: on 527 occasions by total parotidectomy with
      facial nerve preservation; 24 occasions by lateral lobectomy; 27 occasions by
      total parotidectomy with removal of the whole facial nerve; four times by enucleo
      resection of the disease. Benign tumours were 378; primary and metastatic
      malignant tumours--100; non tumoral lesions--104. The benign tumours follow-up
      showed three recurrences only (two pleomorphic adenomas--one of them proved to be
      an adenoid-cystic carcinoma, and one monomorphic adenoma, which also proved to be
      an adenoid-cystic carcinoma), respectively 6, 6 and 8 years later. The malignant
      tumours were also treated by total parotidectomy with adequate management both of
      the facial nerve and the neck lymph nodes. The results thoroughly justify the
      nerve preservation, when preserved.

PMID- 2926267
TI  - Effect of weather conditions on acute laryngotracheitis.
AB  - The aim of the study was to examine the incidence of croup in the Swansea area
      and to determine whether meteorological factors have any effect on the incidence
      of acute laryngotracheitis requiring hospitalization. 447 patients with a
      diagnosis of acute viral croup were admitted to the Ear, Nose and Throat
      Department of Singleton Hospital, Swansea, between January 1st 1980 and December
      31st 1984. There was no significant difference between days with and without
      croup admissions, with respect to barometric pressure or relative humidity.
      Maximum and minimum temperatures were significantly lower on days with croup
      admissions (p less than 0.001). Wind direction appeared to influence the number
      of admissions, which were increased when the wind was from the south-east (p less
      than 0.01).

PMID- 2926268
TI  - Cricothyroid muscle paralysis: its recognition and diagnosis.
AB  - Cricothyroid muscle paralysis is often missed as the symptoms are not dramatic
      and the laryngeal observations, on conventional indirect mirror examination, are
      inconclusive. The anatomy and physiology of the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN)
      and cricothyroid muscle are described. Three case reports are presented to
      illustrate our diagnostic techniques. Videofibrolaryngoscopy and electromyography
      are found to be invaluable tools for the diagnosis of this condition. The
      importance in diagnosing this entity is discussed.

PMID- 2926269
TI  - Chronic aspiration and laryngeal competence.
AB  - Aspiration into the lower respiratory tract can be detrimental to life. Ten
      patients, suffering from neurological dysphagia with aspiration, were studied.
      Neurological disorders can cause inadequate glottic closure resulting in
      aspiration. It has not been well recognized however, that even patients who have
      full glottic closure are still capable of aspirating in the pre- and post
      deglutition stages of swallowing. The combined techniques of
      videofibrolaryngoscopy and videofluoroscopy are found to be the best methods for
      demonstrating these abnormalities. Development of new techniques, in the
      prevention of aspiration, should also take into account silent, pre- and post
      deglutitional aspiration.

PMID- 2926270
TI  - Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo resulting from surgical trauma.
AB  - A patient developed benign paroxysmal positional vertigo following partial
      excision of the upper jaw for squamous carcinoma. It is probable that the trauma
      sustained by the labyrinth during surgery led to the development of vertigo.
      Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo may be a preventable post-operative
      complication.

PMID- 2926271
TI  - Aberrant reinervation of the stapedius muscle following facial palsy.
AB  - This case report describes the clinical course of a patient with Ramsay Hunt
      Syndrome. Partial recovery of the lower motor neuron facial palsy was associated
      with decreased hearing and a reduction of the middle ear compliance on voluntary
      contraction of the facial musculature. It is suggested that this is due to
      misdirection of regenerating nerve fibres, normally destined for facial muscles,
      to stapedius muscle.

PMID- 2926272
TI  - Haemorrhage during minitracheotomy: reduction of risk by altered incision.
AB  - A 46-year-old male was admitted to an intensive care unit: for 11 days he waa
      ventilated via a naso-tracheal tube. Because of excess tracheal secretions, a
      mini tracheotomy was attempted on the unit which resulted in profuse arterial
      haemorrhage, necessitating immediate reintubation and subsequent formal
      tracheostomy. The authors feel that this complication was due to a mid-line
      vertical incision and that this could have been avoided by a horizontal incision
      across the lower part of the cricothyroid membrane, as close to the cricoid
      cartilage as possible. They describe their recommended technique.

PMID- 2926273
TI  - Pedunculated squamous papilloma of the laryngopharynx.
AB  - Pedunculated squamous papillomas usually arise from the soft palate, tonsil or
      the epiglottis. These lesions can sometimes prove to be fatal. A case of
      pedunculate squamous papilloma, arising from the laryngopharynx, in a young,
      mentally retarded female, is presented here. The clinical presentation, the site
      of origin and the size of the lesion were quite unusual. The narrow base of the
      pedicle made the intra-oral excision possible.

PMID- 2926274
TI  - Metastatic bone marrow involvement from supraglottic squamous cell carcinoma.
AB  - A case of an aggressive supraglottic squamous cell carcinoma, which was managed
      with neo-adjuvant chemotherapy and radical surgery, is described. The post
      operative course was of rapid deterioration and death due to progressive
      metastatic disease involving bone marrow and liver. This is the first reported
      case of bone marrow infiltration by squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck
      diagnosed ante-mortem. The incidence and pattern of metastatic disease from head
      and neck tumours is reviewed, and the importance of initial staging in
      determining the risk of distant metastatic disease is emphasised.

PMID- 2926275
TI  - Breast metastasis from a pharyngeal carcinoma.
AB  - The reported incidence of metastatic disease in head and neck cancer is
      increasing. The most common site of metastatic involvement in squamous carcinoma
      of the head and neck is the lung followed by liver, mediastinal nodes and bone.
      The breast is rarely infiltrated by metastatic disease, 2 per cent or less of
      clinically detected breast lumps being of non-mammary origin, most frequently
      malignant melanoma, lymphoma/leukaemia and primary lung carcinoma. A 73-year-old
      female presented with a primary posterior pharyngeal wall squamous carcinoma and
      bilateral enlarged neck nodes. She developed an isolated breast metastasis while
      receiving palliative radiotherapy and died seven months after presentation.
      Clinically detected breast metastasis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
      was first documented by Toombs and Kalisher in 1977. This is the first report of
      such a case originating in the posterior pharyngeal wall. The prognosis is
      invariably poor.

PMID- 2926276
TI  - Tetanus presenting as dysphagia.

PMID- 2926277
TI  - Malignant melanoma of the nasal cavity.
AB  - Primary mucosal melanoma of the head and neck is rare and few published cases
      give proof that the mucosal site is primary. We present a man with malignant
      melanoma of the nasal cavity which was associated with melanoma-in-situ of the
      adjacent mucosa, proving that the lesion was primary. He presented with symptoms
      due to secondary deposits of melanoma in the brain rather than the more usual
      nose bleeds or blocked nose. The primary site was found when his neurological
      symptoms were investigated by CT and NMR scans of the head.

PMID- 2926279
TI  - Parotidectomy--total or superficial?

PMID- 2926278
TI  - Haemangiopericytoma of the larynx.
AB  - Haemangiopericytoma is an uncommon vascular tumour which has rarely been recorded
      in the larynx. The diagnostic and histopathological difficulties are discussed. A
      total laryngectomy was performed because of the size and site of the tumour, the
      associated risk of local recurrence and the high metastatic rate.

PMID- 2926281
TI  - Neutral lipid accumulation in macrophages during lipid-induced macrophage growth.
AB  - We previously reported that lipids such as cholesterol esters, triglycerides, and
      some phospholipids that are components of cell membranes or serum lipoproteins
      induced the growth of mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro. Here, we report that
      macrophage growth was directly induced by lipids without any soluble factors and
      that the continuous presence of lipids was required for their growth during
      culture. When macrophages were cultured with several phospholipids that
      stimulated macrophage growth, their triglyceride content was dramatically
      increased during culture, whereas their contents of phospholipids, cholesterol,
      and esterified cholesterols were scarcely changed. On the other hand,
      phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin, which did not stimulate macrophage growth,
      caused less accumulation of triglycerides in the cells. Macrophages in which
      triglycerides accumulated resembled foam cells, since they contained many
      particles that stained with oil red O. Macrophages that cultured with cholesteryl
      linoleate also contained many oil red O-stainable particles. These data suggest
      that accumulation of lipid droplets is correlated with macrophage growth induced
      by lipids and that foam cells in pathological states such as those in
      atherosclerotic or xanthoma lesions might proliferate in situ.

PMID- 2926280
TI  - Phorbol ester-induced loss of membrane sialic acid: implications for tumor
      cytolysis by natural killer cells.
AB  - Freeze-fracture analysis has shown that treatment of cells with phorbol myristate
      acetate (PMA) results in a loss of intramembranous particles (IMP) associated
      with the external leaflet of their plasma membranes. It has also been
      demonstrated that phorbol esters markedly enhance the sensitivity of tumor
      targets to natural killer (NK) cells, although the mechanism underlying this
      phenomenon has remained unexplained. Since the ability of NK cells to recognize
      neoplasms appears to be inversely related to the concentration of sialic acid on
      the target cell surface, it seemed possible that phorbols affect membrane
      glycoproteins which have terminal carbohydrates bearing sialic acid residues. To
      investigate whether phorbol treatment could be responsible for the loss of sialic
      acid, four tumor cell lines were examined before and after exposure to PMA. A
      reduction in surface sialic acid was established by four different methods: 1)
      standard thiobarbituric acid analysis of cell hydrolysates, 2) metabolic
      labelling of cells with [3H]-mannosamine followed by treatment with
      neuraminidase, 3) chromatography of membrane extracts, and 4) freeze-fracture
      analysis of lectin-labelled intact cells. These observations suggest a mechanism
      whereby phorbols may facilitate NK-cell-mediated cytolysis. In addition, an
      entirely novel effect of these tumor-producing agents may have been uncovered.

PMID- 2926282
TI  - Editorial freedom and the JMPT.

PMID- 2926283
TI  - Clinical competence: the use of simulators/models in diagnosis of visceral
      conditions.
AB  - As primary contact practitioners, chiropractors must be competent to screen
      patients for the presence of visceral disease. Special "clinical" preparation is
      required to provide students with adequate diagnostic skills in this area in view
      of the "select" group of patients frequenting chiropractic clinics--the vast
      majority of chiropractic patients present with musculoskeletal disorders or pain
      syndromes. The use of sound simulators and life-form models in a problem-based
      teaching format ensures that students are equipped to cope with any primary
      contact clinical eventuality in this area. The use of these sound simulators and
      models in the assessment of clinical competence furthermore enables the
      implementation of improved standardization and clinical relevance in clinical
      assessment.

PMID- 2926284
TI  - Skin accelerometer displacement and relative bone movement of adjacent vertebrae
      in response to chiropractic percussion thrusts.
AB  - The authors studied relative bone movements in response to manipulative light
      taps to the spine. Piezoelectric accelerometers attached to bone of an
      anesthetized dog measured transverse, X-Z plane, movements of L2-L3 adjacent
      vertebrae while percussion thrusts of an instrument used for manipulation made
      inputs three vertebrae above and five vertebrae below the L2-L3 joint interface.
      Small, relative 1-mm translations and 0.5 degree rotations occurred during the
      first 19 msec. When one set of accelerometers were stabilized on the skin
      surface, half of the skin-bone translation maxima erred less than 2%. However,
      skin translations averaged 77% (SD = 2%) of bone translations and skin rotations
      averaged 95% (SD = 26%) of bone rotations. The results suggest the possibility
      that, with further development, piezoelectric accelerometers can be a noninvasive
      tool to study dynamic, relative, bone movement.

PMID- 2926285
TI  - Limb segment information transmission capacity.
AB  - Movement time for finger, wrist, and whole arm motions were investigated in
      relation to Fitts' Index of Difficulty (ID = log2 2A/W) over movement distances
      of 0.25 to 30.5 cm. Results supported Fitts' original theory that various limb
      segments may show different maximum information processing rates. Short-distance
      finger and wrist motions showed much higher rates than longer distance arm
      motions. Examination of motion trajectories qualitatively supported a descriptive
      model whereby a visually mediated discrete correction control process is used.
      However, evidence of severe nonlinearities in the measured humam movement
      responses did not support the use of linear control models in explaining the
      empirical validity of Fitts' law in predicting human motor performance.

PMID- 2926286
TI  - Osteochondrosis of the tibial tuberosity (Osgood-Schlatter's disease)
AB  - A case is presented of arthralgia of the left knee associated with
      osteochondrosis of the tibial tuberosity (Osgood-Schlatter's disease). Orthopedic
      findings included normal active ranges of knee flexion and extension, but pain
      with passive flexion and extension movements. Radiographic findings included the
      presence of slight prominence of the soft tissue overlying the tibial tuberosity.
      Initially, management of this case consisted of conservative therapy to alleviate
      pain, inflammation and swelling. Subsequent treatments were designed to result in
      complete recovery from any discomfort in the knee joint/muscle/ligaments complex.

PMID- 2926287
TI  - Viability of small-scale clinical research centers.

PMID- 2926288
TI  - Chondromalacia patellae.

PMID- 2926289
TI  - Radiogenic cancer induction associated with spinal radiography: a quantitative
      analysis.

PMID- 2926290
TI  - Effects of a chiropractic adjustment on changes in pupillary diameter: a model
      for evaluating somatovisceral response.

PMID- 2926292
TI  - Thermographic imaging of myofascial trigger points.

PMID- 2926291
TI  - Pharmacological modulation of localized inflammatory reactions: the nonsteroidal
      anti-inflammatory drug as an adjunct to therapy.

PMID- 2926293
TI  - A critical look at the subluxation hypothesis.

PMID- 2926294
TI  - Growth hormone increases plasma levels of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) in a
      teleost, the gilthead seabream (sparus aurata).
AB  - A heterologous radioimmunoassay (RIA) was applied for the determination of
      immunoreactive (IR)--insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) in a teleost, the
      gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). Serial dilutions of the fish plasma gave a
      linear curve when added to constant amounts of 125I-labelled human IGF-I(53-70)
      and antiserum prepared against this fragment. The RIA was used to study the
      effect of GH on plasma levels of IR-IGF-I in S. aurata. A single injection of
      human recombinant GH (1 micrograms/g) resulted in a significant increase in IR
      IGF-I at 29, 48 and 72 h, when compared with saline-injected fish. This novel
      observation suggests that in fish, as in mammals, circulating IGF-I levels are
      modulated by GH.

PMID- 2926295
TI  - Effect of exogenous prolactin and bromocriptine on seasonal reproductive
      quiescence in the Bennett's wallaby (Macropus rufogriseus rufogriseus).
AB  - Two experiments were performed to investigate whether prolactin blocks the
      reactivation of the corpus luteum during seasonal reproductive quiescence in the
      Bennett's wallaby. In the first experiment three groups of non-lactating females
      (groups A C) were subjected in mid-April to photoperiods corresponding to those
      of the summer solstice from day 0 to day 13 of the experiment. Between days 14
      and 52, photoperiods were reduced to correspond to those of the winter solstice
      (groups B and C). Animals in group A were maintained on the long photoperiods.
      Two milligrams ovine prolactin (groups A and C) or vehicle (group B) were
      administered on the mornings of days 14-22. In group A, no animal showed evidence
      of an active corpus luteum based on increased plasma progesterone levels. All
      animals in groups B and C exhibited reactivation of the corpus luteum. In group
      C, reactivation was significantly (P less than 0.01) delayed by a mean of 6.3
      days. In the second experiment, two groups of nonlactating female wallabies in
      'seasonal quiescence' were injected daily for 7 days with either 60 mg of the
      dopamine agonist bromocriptine or vehicle. The corpora lutea did not reactivate
      in either group. We conclude that exogenous prolactin is able to block the effect
      of short photoperiods in reactivating the quiescent corpus luteum during seasonal
      quiescence. However, the absence of an effect of bromocriptine suggests that if
      prolactin is the endogenous hormone responsible for maintaining seasonal
      quiescence it may not be under dopaminergic control at this time of year.

PMID- 2926296
TI  - Multiple forms of rat prolactin and growth hormone in pituitary cell
      subpopulations separated using a Percoll gradient system: disulphide-bridged
      dimers and glycosylated variants.
AB  - Prolactin and GH cells from rat pituitary glands were separated into three main
      fractions on discontinuous Percoll gradient layers. SDS-PAGE and subsequent
      immunoblotting of these fractions revealed that: (1) multiple rat prolactin
      (rPRL) molecular variants were present in total culture, Percoll layer 1 and 2;
      four variants were clear-cut: Mr approximately 23,000, Mr doublet approximately
      25,000-26,000, Mr approximately 40,000 and Mr approximately 42,000; (2) cell
      cytosol from Percoll gradient layer 1 was particularly enriched in prolactin; (3)
      cells from gradient layer 1 secreted into the culture medium only prolactin in
      detectable amounts; (4) three distinct molecular forms of rat growth hormone
      (rGH) were recorded in layer 3: Mr approximately 36,000, 24,000 and 20,000; the
      20,000 variant was paramount; and (5) cells from layer 3 secreted both rPRL and
      rGH into the culture medium. Reduction experiments showed that, on the one hand,
      42,000 and 40,000 rPRL variants and, on the other hand, 36,000 rGH variants are
      disulphide-bridged dimers. An important finding was the presence of glycosylated
      rPRL and rGH: indeed Concanavalin A-Sepharose 4B affinity chromatography
      indicated that 26,000 rPRL and 24,000 rGH display a very strong affinity for
      lectin. Competitive inhibition tests showed that this affinity is specific and
      not due to hydrophobic binding. When rPRL was submitted to deglycosylation in
      conditions specific for O-linked glycoproteins, the 26,000 rPRL variant
      disappeared. The biological role of glycosylated rPRL is as yet unknown.

PMID- 2926297
TI  - Steroids in equine testes: the identification of endogenous 19-hydroxy and 19-nor
      neutral steroids by gas chromatography--mass spectrometry.
AB  - After homogenization of testicular tissue from stallions aged 1, 2 and 5 years,
      the unconjugated and conjugated steroids were isolated by a combined solvent
      solid extraction procedure. The conjugates were further separated into
      glucuronides and sulphates by chromatography using Sephadex LH-20. After enzyme
      hydrolysis and solvolysis of the respective conjugate classes, the three
      extracts, unconjugated steroids, aglycones and solvolysed sulphates, were
      purified by chromatography using Kieselgel 60H columns. Five fractions were
      resolved from each extract; an aliquot of each fraction was derivatized to form
      the methoxime-trimethylsilyl ethers and the steroids were identified by combined
      gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results have shown that in stallion
      testes (1) steroidogenesis proceeds by both the 4-ene and the 5-ene pathways, (2)
      age-linked changes occur in both unconjugated and sulphoconjugated steroid
      fractions and (3) 19-hydroxy androgens and the 19-nor (C18) neutral steroids (19
      norandrostenedione and 19-nortestosterone) are detected only in the unconjugated
      fraction whereas oestrene, the isomers of oestradiol and of 5(10)-oestrene-3,17
      diol are the only steroids detected in the sulphoconjugate fraction. It is
      suggested that the unconjugated 19-oxygenated androgens present in stallion
      testes are converted to 19-nor neutral steroids by a reverse aldol reaction and a
      mechanism showing the putative intermediates in their formation is illustrated.

PMID- 2926298
TI  - Stabilization, accurate determination, and purification of rat liver nuclear
      thyroid hormone receptor.
AB  - Rat liver nuclear thyroid hormone receptor lost 3.5.3'-tri-iodo-L-thyronine (T3)
      binding activity with a half-life of 14 days, 4h, 139 min, 62 min, 16 min or 6
      min at 0, 36, 38, 40, 43 or 45 degrees C respectively, when present in crude
      nuclear extracts. Glycerol increased the half-life of the receptor during heat
      inactivation. Protection was reversible by removing the glycerol. The receptor
      was unstable at a pH below 6.0 or above 10.0. We also found a loss of the
      receptor activity during the separation of bound and free hormone using the resin
      test. Of several conditions tested for the separation of bound and free hormone,
      the addition of heated nuclear extract gave the most accurate estimation of bound
      hormone when using the resin test. Using these characteristics of the receptor,
      we purified the receptor to 1220 pmol T3-binding capacity/mg protein with a final
      yield of 14.6 micrograms/4 kg rat liver.

PMID- 2926299
TI  - Formation of 4-oestrene-3,17-dione (19-norandrostenedione) by porcine granulosa
      cells in vitro is inhibited by the aromatase inhibitor 4-hydroxyandrostenedione
      and the cytochrome P-450 inhibitors aminoglutethimide phosphate and ketoconazole.
AB  - The origin and biosynthesis of 4-oestrene-3,17-dione (19-norandrostenedione), a
      major steroid in porcine ovarian follicular fluid, was investigated by culturing
      granulosa cells from 4-6 mm follicles of prepubertal gilts with radiolabelled
      androstenedione and 19-hydroxyandrostenedione. Steroid metabolites were purified
      by solvent extraction and lipophilic column chromatography, and analysed by C18
      reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. 19-Hydroxyandrostenedione,
      19-norandrostenedione and oestradiol-17 beta were obtained as major metabolites
      from androstenedione, while 19-norandrostenedione and oestradiol-17 beta were the
      major products from 19-hydroxyandrostenedione. Serum alone or serum plus FSH
      significantly enhanced formation of 19-norandrostenedione and oestradiol-17 beta
      from each substrate, compared with controls. Micromolar concentrations (1
      mumol/l) of 4-hydroxyandrostenedione, an aromatase inhibitor, significantly
      reduced formation of 19-norandrostenedione and oestradiol-17 beta by granulosa
      cells cultured with serum and FSH. Formation of 19-norandrostenedione and
      oestradiol-17 beta from androstenedione and 19-hydroxyandrostenedione was also
      significantly inhibited by aminoglutethimide phosphate, a cytochrome P-450
      inhibitor known to block the conversion of androstenedione to oestrogens.
      Ketoconazole, an inhibitor of the cytochrome P-450 dependent 17,20-lysase,
      blocked formation of 19-norandrostenedione and oestradiol-17 beta only at
      millimolar concentrations. These results suggest that 19-norsteroid and oestrogen
      formation from C19 aromatizable androgens may share a common or overlapping
      pathway, and imply that 19-norsteroid and oestrogen synthesis is mediated by
      cytochrome P-450 dependent enzymes.

PMID- 2926300
TI  - Role of the adrenal cortex in chronic stress-induced inhibition of prolactin
      secretion in male rats.
AB  - The response of prolactin to chronic stress in intact, adrenalectomized and
      adrenomedullectomized male rats was studied. Immobilization stress in intact
      animals induced a significant increase in plasma concentrations of prolactin
      after 20 and 45 min and a significant decrease when the rats were submitted to
      chronic restraint (6 h daily for 4 days). Five weeks after adrenomedullectomy,
      plasma prolactin and corticosterone responses to chronic stress were not
      modified. In contrast, the inhibitory effect of chronic stress on prolactin
      secretion was totally suppressed by adrenalectomy. When treated with
      dexamethasone during the 4 days of restraint, adrenalectomized stressed rats
      showed similar plasma concentrations of prolactin to the intact stressed rats.
      These data indicate that the adrenal cortex is able to play an inhibitory role on
      prolactin secretion during stress only through a prolonged release of
      glucocorticoids.

PMID- 2926301
TI  - Effects of neonatal androgenization on growth and carcass composition in female
      mice.
AB  - Sixty female mice were injected neonatally with testosterone propionate. This led
      to an increase in body weight at 56 days (P less than 0.01) and a reduction in
      carcass fat (P less than 0.005). Food conversion ratio from 28 to 49 days was
      lower in the treated group than in the controls (P less than 0.01). The data
      indicate that treated females can reach values similar to those of males.
      Histological studies revealed a lack of luteal tissue in treated females at 56
      days. This effect might be due to a modification in the nervous control of
      ovarian activity. Growth hormone secretion was higher in treated females than in
      controls (P less than 0.05). These results suggest that androgenization of
      females to achieve the performance characteristics of intact males could have
      important implications in meat production.

PMID- 2926302
TI  - Age-related variation in circadian rhythms of mitosis in the adrenal cortex of
      the male rat.
AB  - Using a metaphase arrest technique, mitotic activity was quantified in the
      adrenal cortex over a 24-h period in 14-day-old male Sprague-Dawley rats before
      functional rhythmicity of the hypothalamic pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is
      established, and after its onset, in 6- to 7-week-old rats. At all times,
      proliferative activity was greater in the younger animals, as previously
      reported. A significant circadian rhythm was identified in both groups, but the
      timing of the peak differed, lying between 17.00 and 21.00 h at 14 days and 11.00
      and 15.00 h at 6-7 weeks. These results raise the possibility that functional
      rhythmicity of the HPA axis may alter an inherent proliferative rhythm.

PMID- 2926303
TI  - A dual role of growth hormone as a feminizing and masculinizing factor in the
      control of sex-specific cytochrome P-450 isozymes in rat liver.
AB  - The effects of GH on the major constitutive sex-specific forms of cytochrome P
      450 (P-45015 beta and P-45016 alpha) were studied in hypophysectomized rats at
      the mRNA level. Time-course experiments were performed with or without
      simultaneous treatment with thyroxine and cortisol. Intermittent administration
      of GH, mimicking the male secretory pattern, caused complete masculinization of
      the male specific P-45016 alpha at a pretranslational level in the absence and
      presence of thyroxine and cortisol. When GH was administered continuously,
      mimicking the female secretory pattern, the female specific P-45015 beta was
      induced, an effect that was dramatically potentiated by simultaneous treatment
      with thyroxine and cortisol. A synergistic effect of thyroxine and cortisol at a
      pretranslational level was demonstrated, although the major potentiating effect
      could be attributed to thyroxine. Thus it was concluded that GH, depending on its
      secretory pattern is the sole masculinizing factor for cytochrome P-450, and that
      it is also a feminizing factor, although this activity requires the synergistic
      action of thyroid hormones and glucocorticoids to reach its full effect.

PMID- 2926304
TI  - Steroid concentrations in rat corpora lutea isolated during the oestrous cycle
      and pseudopregnancy: effect of induction of ovulation at dioestrus.
AB  - Corpora lutea could be identified under the dissection microscope up to 7 days
      after formation. They were isolated during the oestrous cycle and pseudopregnancy
      and the progesterone and 20 alpha-OH-progesterone contents were compared with
      serum values of these steroids. The pattern of progesterone in serum resembled
      that found in the corpora lutea. However, the pattern of 20 alpha-OH-progesterone
      concentrations in serum and corpora lutea were different. While 20 alpha-OH
      progesterone concentrations in the corpora lutea showed large variations during
      the cycle, changes in serum concentrations of 20 alpha-OH-progesterone were
      relatively small. Measurement of hormone concentrations in isolated corpora lutea
      is therefore a sensitive method for studying corpus luteum activity. To study
      whether corpora lutea derived after ovulation of immature follicles showed
      deficient luteal activity, rats at dioestrus (2 days before pro-oestrus) were
      induced to ovulate by the injection of 10 IU human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG)
      and subsequent luteal activity was studied by measuring hormone concentrations in
      the corpora lutea on day 5 of pseudopregnancy. Concentrations of progesterone,
      but not of 20 alpha-OH-progesterone, in corpora lutea derived from follicles
      induced to ovulate at dioestrus-day 1 were significantly lower than those in
      corpora lutea derived from follicles induced to ovulate at proestrus. This
      difference was observed not only when pseudopregnancy was induced by cervical
      stimulation but also when it was induced by implantation of a pituitary gland
      under the kidney capsule. However, in the latter case, corpora lutea already
      present on the day of hCG injection also became activated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2926305
TI  - Circulating reproductive hormones and hypothalamic oestradiol and progestin
      receptors in infertile Zucker rats.
AB  - Plasma concentrations of LH, FSH, prolactin and progesterone were measured during
      the oestrous cycle in obese (fa/fa) and non obese (Fa/?) Zucker rats. In obese
      rats the mid-afternoon surge of LH during prooestrus was reduced compared with
      that in non-obese rats (P less than 0.05), and the maximum concentrations of FSH
      and prolactin declined more slowly during oestrus. Progesterone concentrations
      were higher during most of the oestrous cycle in obese rats. Oestradiol and
      progestin receptors were measured in the hypothalamus of female Zucker rats.
      Lower concentrations of oestradiol receptors were found in the preoptic area of
      obese rats (P less than 0.05). Concentrations of oestradiol receptors in the
      medial basal hypothalamus were also lower in obese rats, though the difference
      was not statistically significant. Concentrations of progestin receptors were
      similar in both phenotypes in the preoptic area and media basal hypothalamus. It
      seems likely that the abnormalities in reproductive hormones and oestradiol
      receptors contribute to the infertility of obese female Zucker rats. The
      underlying mechanism has still to be determined.

PMID- 2926306
TI  - The effect of a 72-h fast on plasma levels of pituitary, adrenal, thyroid,
      pancreatic and gastrointestinal hormones in healthy men and women.
AB  - Seventeen human subjects fasted without electrolyte replacement for 3 days and
      hormone levels were measured before, during and after the fast. Immediate
      consequences of the fasting state in healthy human subjects include a marked
      increase in plasma cortisol. ACTH, beta-endorphin, beta-lipotrophic hormone,
      adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine. Levels of all these hormones were much
      greater on the first morning of the fast than in the post-prandial state, even
      though the plasma glucose level was no lower than that observed on the morning
      before the fast began. A clear fall in TSH and tri-iodothyronine (T3) levels was
      observed, but thyroxine levels did not change significantly. Insulin levels fell
      whereas proinsulin levels did not fall during the fast, though they did rise
      markedly upon re-feeding. An increase in GH levels was particularly apparent in
      male subjects, but was also seen in females when evening samples were compared.
      Pancreatic glucagon showed a modest rise during the fast, but fell again on
      refeeding; total glucagon also rose as the fast proceeded, but increased markedly
      upon re-feeding. Levels of gastrin and peptide YY remained low during the fast.
      Plasma electrolyte levels were unchanged. The following were closely correlated:
      cortisol with ACTH, T3 with log10 TSH, dopamine with noradrenaline, and
      (negatively, during the fast) pancreatic glucagon with glucose.

PMID- 2926307
TI  - Molecular endocrinology: a welcome extension to, but not a replacement for,
      endocrinology.

PMID- 2926308
TI  - Prenatal androgenization selectively modifies some responses to oestrogen in the
      prepubertal rat uterus.
AB  - Exposure of fetuses to some hormonally active agents may imprint permanent
      changes on the action of related hormones. These changes can be detected in
      adulthood as a modification of the degree of responsiveness to hormone action.
      The present study describes the effect of prenatal androgenization on the various
      responses to oestrogen in different types of cells in the uterus of prepubertal
      rats. Prenatal androgenization completely abolishes oestrogen-induced hypertrophy
      of uterine luminal and glandular epithelium, while it does not interfere with
      hypertrophy of circular myometrium and potentiates uterine eosinophilia and
      oedema. This dissociation between the various responses to oestrogen suggests
      that prenatal androgenization does not equally affect all uterine cell types.

PMID- 2926310
TI  - High-density lipoproteins (HDL) stimulate placental lactogen secretion in
      pregnant ewes: further evidence for a role of HDL in placental lactogen secretion
      during pregnancy.
AB  - Previous studies from our laboratory showed that high-density lipoproteins (HDL)
      stimulate the release of human placental lactogen (PL) from cultured trophoblast
      cells from normal pregnant women. To determine whether HDL stimulates PL
      secretion in vivo, ovine HDL was infused over 2-5 min into 11 pregnant ewes (22
      separate experiments) at 86-130 days of gestation via an indwelling catheter into
      the maternal jugular vein. The HDL, freshly prepared from the plasma of pregnant
      ewes by differential flotation ultracentrifugation, was greater than 99% purified
      as judged by SDS-PAGE. Plasma samples were obtained from the ewes before and at
      0.5-h intervals for 6 h following the infusions and were assayed for PL by a
      specific homologous radioimmunoassay. The maternal infusion of HDL at doses of
      302-784 mg (5.3-13.8 mg/kg body weight) stimulated significant increases in
      maternal plasma PL concentrations in six out of eight experiments (six ewes), and
      the infusion of 108-264 mg (1.9-4.6 mg/kg) stimulated plasma PL concentrations in
      two out of six experiments. In contrast, HDL at doses less than 100 mg were
      without effect in eight experiments. The response to the HDL infusions was
      characterized by a sustained increase in plasma PL concentrations beginning 1.5
      2.5 h after the infusions, reaching a maximum 274.2 +/- 21.9% of the baseline
      value (P less than 0.001). In contrast, the maternal infusion of lipoprotein-free
      plasma proteins or saline had no effect on maternal plasma PL
      concentrations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2926309
TI  - A monoclonal antibody to lactogenic receptors from female rat liver.
AB  - Affinity-purified lactogenic receptors from female rat liver microsomal membranes
      were used to raise antibodies in female Balb/c mice. Mouse spleen and myeloma
      cells were fused and hybridoma-derived monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) were produced
      by in-vitro cell culture. Mab from a selected clone was sequentially purified by
      chromatography on a thiophilic gel and on agarose-bound protein A. The Mab was
      found to be of IgG1 subclass and of kappa type. The Mab recognized membrane-bound
      and solubilized (by the detergent heptaoxyethylene lauryl ether; G3707) receptors
      as well as receptors purified by affinity chromatography and subsequent sodium
      dodecyl sulphate (SDS) electrophoresis from female rat liver. The Mab bound to
      receptors from several other female rat tissues, such as ovary, kidney and
      adrenal, whereas there was no binding to liver receptors from cow and rabbit.
      Displacement experiments showed that the Mab was specific for a lactogenic type
      of receptor, in agreement with the finding that the Mab did not recognize
      receptors from male rat liver. The Mab also bound to cytoplasmic receptors
      (present in the supernatant after centrifugation at 100,000 g) from female rat
      liver, suggesting a structural similarity between the cytoplasmic and the
      microsomal receptors. Analysis of purified receptors by SDS electrophoresis and
      subsequent Western blot with 125I-labelled Mab as a probe showed one band
      corresponding to an Mr of 45,500 +/- 2500 (n = 5). The same band was obtained
      with 125I-labelled human GH, showing that the Mab binds to the unit which
      accommodates the hormone-binding site.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2926311
TI  - An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to study human relaxin in human pregnancy
      and in pregnant rhesus monkeys.
AB  - A sensitive and specific double-antibody enzyme-linked immunoassay, using a
      synthetic analogue of human relaxin for standard and immunogen, was developed for
      the measurement of human relaxin (hRLX) in serum and plasma. No cross-reactivity
      was observed for human insulin, human insulin-like growth factor-I, hGH, human
      chorionic gonadotropin, hFSH, hLH or human prolactin. The assay was used to
      monitor RLX concentrations in samples from men, non-pregnant and pregnant women,
      and in pregnant rhesus monkeys infused with hRLX. RLX was not detected in serum
      from men nor from non-pregnant women, while a concentration of 600 ng/l was
      measured in pooled sera from two pregnant women (pregnancies achieved by in-vitro
      fertilization). Immunoreactive RLX (1.1 micrograms/g) was found in human corpora
      lutea taken from ectopic pregnancies at 7 weeks. In an experiment with a pregnant
      rhesus monkey infused with human RLX analogue, less than 1.5% of the maternal
      concentration was measured in the fetal circulation. Even though preliminary,
      these data suggest a low level of transfer of human analogue relaxin across the
      placenta in a rhesus monkey. Further studies of the physiology of RLX in human
      pregnancy will be facilitated by the availability of this immunoassay.

PMID- 2926312
TI  - Maternal pinealectomy abolishes the diurnal rhythm in plasma melatonin
      concentrations in the fetal sheep and pregnant ewe during late gestation.
AB  - We have investigated the effect of pinealectomy of ewes in pregnancy on the
      presence of the diurnal rhythm in fetal and maternal plasma concentrations of
      melatonin. Six ewes were pinealectomized between 104 and 118 days of gestation.
      Fetal and maternal blood samples were collected during 24-h periods between 125
      and 140 days of gestation in the pinealectomized ewes and in an intact control (n
      = 4). There was a significant diurnal rhythm in both fetal and maternal plasma
      concentrations of melatonin in the control group. In this group, the fetal and
      maternal plasma melatonin concentrations were significantly higher in the dark
      (128.4 +/- 6.2 and 192.2 +/- 10.7 pmol/l respectively) than in the light (46.2 +/
      4.2 and 25.8 +/- 2.1 pmol/l respectively). However there was no diurnal rhythm
      in either the fetal or maternal plasma melatonin concentrations in the
      pinealectomized group between 125 and 140 days of gestation. In contrast to the
      control animals, there was also no light-dark difference in the fetal or maternal
      plasma melatonin concentrations in four pinealectomized animals sampled
      frequently in the 3-7 days preceding delivery (mean length of gestation 146.5
      days). However, in the pinealectomized sheep there was a gradual increase in the
      combined light-dark fetal plasma melatonin concentrations during late gestation
      from 27.9 +/- 2.8 pmol/l (at 15-20 days before delivery) to 95.2 +/- 14.1 pmol/l
      on the day of delivery. We have therefore demonstrated that the maternal pineal
      is the major source of the diurnal rhythm in maternal and fetal plasma melatonin
      concentrations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2926313
TI  - Hormonal dependence of the metrial gland: further studies on oestradiol and
      progesterone receptor levels in the rat.
AB  - The main objective of the present study was to analyse the hormonal dependence of
      the metrial gland formed in pseudopregnant animals following massive
      decidualization. On day 13 of pseudopregnancy (when the metrial gland reaches its
      maximal development) animals were ovariectomized and given s.c. implants of
      oestradiol and/or progesterone. A new implant technique for oestradiol delivery
      is described which provides circulating concentrations of oestradiol in the
      physiological range. In addition, we extended our previous work concerning
      oestradiol receptor and progesterone receptor concentrations in the metrial gland
      of pseudopregnant rats. The low oestradiol receptor concentration which we
      previously reported up to day 17 was maintained until the end of pseudopregnancy
      (day 21-1.5 fmol/micrograms DNA), whereas the progesterone receptor concentration
      remained raised (congruent to 3.5 fmol/micrograms DNA) from day 13 to day 19 and
      then decreased on day 21. The correlation of metrial gland weight and kinetics of
      the tissue oestradiol and progesterone receptors contents with the circulating
      oestradiol and progesterone concentrations lead to the following conclusions.
      First, the maintenance of the metrial gland is strictly progesterone-dependent.
      It is unlike the deciduoma which regresses spontaneously, even in the presence of
      progesterone. Secondly, the production of oestradiol receptor, but not of
      progesterone receptor, appears to be repressed in the metrial gland under the
      influence of progesterone. Thus, the tissue retains its ability to respond to
      progesterone because of a high concentration of progesterone receptor. It is
      difficult to attribute this high tissue progesterone receptor concentration to
      oestradiol stimulation since, even at low levels, oestradiol induces tissue
      regression. We suggest that the high progesterone receptor concentration could be
      due to constitutive (basal) progesterone receptor production.

PMID- 2926314
TI  - Effects of ethanol and inhibitors of its metabolism on the circulating levels of
      Met-enkephalin in greyhounds.
AB  - The mechanisms involved in the release of Met-enkephalin-like immunoreactivity
      (MLI) into the circulation following oral administration of ethanol and
      chlorpropamide were investigated in dogs. The origin of plasma MLI and the sites
      where it may be metabolized were also studied. Moreover, the molecular nature of
      circulating MLI was characterized. In conscious animals oral administration of
      ethanol (0.15 ml/kg) led to a significant (P less than 0.01) rise in plasma MLI
      concentrations in chlorpropamide-pretreated animals from a basal level of 43 +/-
      6 (mean +/- S.E.M.) to a peak of 66 +/- 8 ng/l. Similar rises in MLI
      concentrations were observed following administration of ethanol with disulfiram
      and ethanol with chlorpropamide and captopril. In contrast, the administration of
      ethanol alone or ethanol with 4-methylpyrazole resulted in a decrease in plasma
      MLI concentrations. Comparisons of two different doses of i.v. acetaldehyde, the
      first metabolite of ethanol, showed that plasma MLI concentrations rose
      significantly (P less than 0.05) only after the larger dose (8 mg/kg), rising
      from 45 +/- 7 to 81 +/- 18 ng/l. These results suggest that acetaldehyde is the
      active component in the chlorpropamide + ethanol-induced MLI secretion. Plasma
      MLI was also measured following acetaldehyde infusion in adrenalectomized dogs
      with and without hexamethonium treatment. Acute bilateral adrenalectomy resulted
      in a decrease (P less than 0.05) in plasma MLI concentrations, but the levels
      remained detectable. Moreover, subsequent acetaldehyde infusion led to rises in
      plasma MLI similar to those observed in animals with intact adrenals. These MLI
      responses were not altered by the concurrent i.v. administration of
      hexamethonium.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2926315
TI  - Expression of human or bovine growth hormone gene with a mouse metallothionein-1
      promoter in transgenic swine alters the secretion of porcine growth hormone and
      insulin-like growth factor-I.
AB  - Endocrine profiles were examined in swine that had integrated and expressed a
      fusion gene consisting of mouse metallothionein-1 (MT) promoter fused to either a
      human (h) or bovine (b) GH structural gene. Eleven of 18 pigs that had integrated
      MT-hGH and eight of nine pigs that had integrated MT-bGH expressed the genes. The
      level of expression varied widely among pigs (14-4551 micrograms/l for MT-hGH and
      23-1578 micrograms/l for MT-bGH). The level of expression varied over time within
      each pig with no general pattern. Concentrations of porcine GH (pGH) were lower
      in MT-hGH pigs that expressed the gene than in non-expressors or in littermate
      controls. Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) concentrations increased with age
      in all pigs and were raised threefold in pigs expressing either the MT-hGH or MT
      bGH genes. Measurement of the foreign GH in samples taken at 15-min intervals
      failed to reveal any short-term fluctuations in concentration. Administration of
      hGH releasing factor (GRF) to pigs expressing MT-bGH resulted in attenuated
      release of pGH compared with that of contemporary controls. Concentrations of bGH
      did not change after GRF injection. Human and bovine GH expressed in transgenic
      pigs appear to be biologically active in that they induce IGF-I and suppress
      endogenous pGH secretion. The failure to find short-term fluctuations and the
      lack of response to GRF injections are consistent with a non-pituitary and non
      GRF regulatable site of production.

PMID- 2926317
TI  - Ionic and total calcium levels in the blood of the European eel (Anguilla
      anguilla): effects of stanniectomy and hypocalcin replacement therapy.
AB  - Removal of the corpuscles of Stannius (STX) in the freshwater European eel causes
      a marked increase in the concentrations of blood ionic calcium and protein-bound
      calcium. The hypercalcaemia peaks 20 days after STX and lasts at least another 20
      days. In stanniectomized eels hypocalcin decreased both blood ionic and total
      calcium concentrations. The reduction of plasma total calcium concentration by
      hypocalcin is attributed to a reduction in blood ionic calcium concentration. We
      conclude that hypocalcin regulates blood ionic calcium levels in fish.

PMID- 2926316
TI  - Age-dependent changes in volume and haemoglobin content of erythrocytes in the
      carp (Cyprinus carpio L.).
AB  - Carp erythrocytes were fractionated by angle-head centrifugation which yielded
      fractions with a linear increase in density. Haematological examinations revealed
      that the heavier red blood cells of carp had greater volumes (MCV), more
      haemoglobin (MCH) and higher haemoglobin concentrations (MCHC) than light ones.
      The same experiments with human red cell fractions yielded a decrease in MCV,
      constant MCH and an increase in MCHC. Haemoglobin content in individual
      erythrocytes was also determined by scanning stage absorbance cytophotometry to
      establish the frequency distribution of the cellular haemoglobin contents. In
      carp, the distribution was symmetrical with the means increasing with density. No
      such change with cell density was found in human erythrocytes. Both carp and
      human erythrocytes incorporated [2-14C]glycine in vitro. After gel filtration,
      radioactivity was detected in carp, but not in human, haemoglobin fractions. 14C
      was found in all three haemoglobin fractions, obtained by isoelectric focusing,
      and was present in the haem and in the globin. [2-14C]glycine-labelled
      erythrocytes were reinjected into chronically cannulated carp and followed in
      vivo for several months. With time, the main peak of scintillation counts shifted
      from red cell fractions of low to high density. This is considered as evidence
      that density and age of red cells in carp are positively correlated and that
      erythrocytes can synthesize haemoglobin while circulating in the peripheral
      blood.

PMID- 2926318
TI  - Strontium is required for statolith development and thus normal swimming
      behaviour of hatchling cephalopods.
AB  - When cephalopod eggs were incubated in artificial sea water it was found that
      they sometimes resulted in hatchlings with defects of the statocyst
      suprastructure, leading to the severe behavioural defect of uncontrolled
      swimming. Experiments in defined media (seven basic salts mixed in deionized
      water) with seven species of cephalopods demonstrated clearly that there is 100%
      normal development of the aragonite statoliths when strontium levels were 8 mg l
      1. Conversely, statoliths did not develop when strontium was absent. In
      cuttlefish, the growth of the cuttlebone was also affected adversely when
      strontium was absent. In mariculture production tanks, supplementing commercial
      artificial sea water with strontium to normal levels of 8 mg l-1 almost
      eliminated the occurrence of abnormal hatchlings. Circumstantial evidence
      indicates that there is a critical window in development during which strontium
      is required for normal development. The role of strontium in biomineralization
      during embryogenesis is unknown, but it appears to be important in the Mollusca.

PMID- 2926319
TI  - Efficiency of rat medial gastrocnemius muscle in contractions with and without an
      active prestretch.
AB  - The efficiency of positive work was measured for rat medial gastrocnemius muscle
      at 25 degrees C during repeated contractions. Six muscles were stimulated to
      perform concentric contractions preceded by an active prestretch (PS
      contractions) and six muscles made to give concentric contractions from an
      isometric state (PI contractions). Both lengthening and shortening of the muscles
      (distance: 6 mm) occurred at a constant velocity of 20 mm s-1 (1.5 fibre lengths
      s-1). Stimulation was started 150 ms prior to the onset of concentric contraction
      for both types of contraction. For the PS contractions this meant that the active
      state was developed during the last 2.4 mm of the lengthening. Energy consumption
      (calculated from high-energy phosphate consumption) appeared to be equal for both
      types of contraction, although positive work output was 39.4% higher in the PS
      contractions than in the PI contractions. The efficiency of positive work was
      36.8 +/- 3.5% in the PS contractions and 26 +/- 2.0% in the PI contractions. In
      contrast to results of previous studies, the positive work done by the muscle in
      the PS contractions was much larger than the negative work done on the muscle
      during stretch owing to the applied stimulation protocol which was intended to
      simulate in vivo conditions during running. The efficiency of positive work in
      the PS contractions is too low to explain the efficiencies of 40-70% reported for
      human and animal running.

PMID- 2926321
TI  - No relationship between progressive muscle hyperaemia and temperature in
      exercising rats.
AB  - During prolonged submaximal exercise muscle blood flow has been shown to increase
      progressively in rats and miniature swine. This study was designed to test the
      hypothesis that the increases in muscle blood flow are associated with
      progressive elevations in body temperature in rats. Colonic temperature and
      muscle blood flow (determined using radioactive microspheres) were measured after
      15, 30 and 45 min of exercise in rats exercising on a treadmill at 15 m min-1 on
      a 0 degree incline. Total hindlimb muscle blood flow increased from 79 +/- 8 ml
      min-1 100 g-1 at 15 min to 95 +/- 10 ml min-1 100 g-1 at 30 min (P less than
      0.05). The greatest increases in blood flow occurred in the deep extensor muscles
      of the hindlimb. For example, in the red portion of the gastrocnemius muscle,
      blood flow increased from 197 +/- 15 ml min-1 100 g-1 at 15 min to 285 +/- 17 ml
      min-1 100 g-1 at 30 min (P less than 0.05). Colonic temperature, however,
      remained stable at 38.5 degrees C over this period. These data indicate that the
      progressive hyperaemia in muscle was unrelated to body temperature.

PMID- 2926320
TI  - Kappa-bungarotoxin blocks nicotinic transmission at an identified invertebrate
      central synapse.
AB  - A comparison was made between the effects of kappa-bungarotoxin and alpha
      bungarotoxin upon nicotinic cholinergic transmission at an identified synapse
      (the cereal afferent, giant interneurone 2 synapse) in the central nervous system
      of the cockroach (Periplaneta americana). kappa-Bungarotoxin, a snake venom kappa
      neurotoxin, completely blocked nicotinic unitary excitatory postsynaptic
      potentials (EPSPs) and evoked composite EPSPs when applied at a concentration of
      1.0 x 10(-7) moll-1. No recovery was observed after a 2h wash in normal saline.
      kappa-Bungarotoxin produced a decrease in acetylcholine-induced nicotinic
      responses which paralleled decreases in nicotinic synaptic potentials and
      currents, indicating that kappa-bungarotoxin blocked postsynaptic nicotinic
      receptors. This blockade appeared to be specific as resting membrane potential,
      input resistance and the ability to elicit an action potential in response to
      direct stimulation of giant interneurone 2 were unchanged following prolonged
      toxin exposures. Samples of alpha-bungarotoxin which were free from kappa
      neurotoxin contamination were also found to be potent antagonists of cockroach
      neuronal nicotinic receptors. It is concluded that the cockroach receptor is the
      first reported example of a neuronal nicotinic receptor which is sensitive to
      blockade by both kappa-neurotoxins and alpha-neurotoxins.

PMID- 2926322
TI  - Elastase inhibitor. Characterization of the human elastase inhibitor molecule
      associated with monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils.
AB  - A fast-acting inhibitor of serine elastase has been detected at high levels in
      human neutrophils, fresh monocytes, matured monocytes, and macrophages. The
      elastase inhibitor was isolated from large scale cultures of the monocyte-like
      cell line U937 by DNase chromatography, disulfide exchange, Phenyl-Sepharose, Red
      A-agarose, and DEAE HPLC chromatography with an average yield of 480 micrograms
      from 1.8 x 10(10) cells. The isolated polypeptide was verified as elastase
      inhibitor by its ability to (a) form a covalent complex with elastase; and (b)
      inhibit the elastinolytic activity of elastase. The purified elastase inhibitor
      molecule is unique, i.e., physiochemical and/or functional properties distinguish
      it from all other serine proteinase inhibitors. Treatment with iodoacetamide
      abrogates the ability of the molecule to form a complex with elastase, thereby
      providing evidence for the presence of an essential cysteine residue. Based on
      functional criteria, this elastase inhibitor has been grouped with the proteinase
      inhibitors of the serpin superfamily. The purified elastase inhibitor is a single
      polypeptide of Mr approximately 42,000. The NH2 terminus appears to be blocked.
      Compositional analyses indicates five cysteine residues per molecule of
      approximately 360 amino acid residues. Negligible levels of carbohydrate were
      detected on gas-liquid chromatography. This finding and the insensitivity of the
      molecule to peptide N-glycosidase F treatment strongly indicate that the elastase
      inhibitor is a nonglycosylated protein.

PMID- 2926323
TI  - Chlamydial disease pathogenesis. Ocular hypersensitivity elicited by a genus
      specific 57-kD protein.
AB  - Recurrent or persistent infections with Chlamydia trachomatis are thought to
      provide the antigenic stimulus for the chronic inflammation associated with
      blinding trachoma. We used the guinea pig model of inclusion conjunctivitis to
      identify chlamydial antigens that may be involved in this deleterious immune
      response. We purified from chlamydial elementary bodies a genus-specific 57-kD
      protein that elicited an ocular hypersensitivity response when placed topically
      onto the conjunctiva of ocular immune guinea pigs. This response was
      characterized by a predominantly mononuclear macrophage and lymphocyte cellular
      infiltrate of the submucosal epithelium. The clinical and histological findings
      were consistent with those of a delayed hypersensitivity response. These data
      demonstrated that the 57-kD chlamydial protein was a potent stimulator of ocular
      delayed hypersensitivity. Our findings may be critical to understanding the
      pathogenesis of the debilitating chlamydial diseases associated with chronic
      inflammation, such as trachoma and many urogenital syndromes.

PMID- 2926324
TI  - Vaccination with the major secretory protein of Legionella pneumophila induces
      cell-mediated and protective immunity in a guinea pig model of Legionnaires'
      disease.
AB  - We have examined the capacity of the major secretory protein (MSP) of Legionella
      pneumophila to induce humoral, cell-mediated, and protective immunity in a guinea
      pig model of Legionnaires' disease. MSP was purified to homogeneity by ammonium
      sulfate precipitation, molecular sieve chromatography, and ion-exchange
      chromatography. The purified MSP was nonlethal and nontoxic to guinea pigs upon
      subcutaneous administration. Guinea pigs immunized with a sublethal dose of
      aerosolized L. pneumophila or a subcutaneous dose of MSP developed a strong cell
      mediated immune response to MSP. Such guinea pigs exhibited marked splenic
      lymphocyte proliferation and cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivity to MSP in
      comparison with control animals. Guinea pigs immunized with MSP also developed a
      strong humoral immune response to MSP, as assayed by an ELISA. The median
      reciprocal antibody titer was 362 (range 45 to greater than 2,048) for immunized
      animals compared with less than 8 for controls. In contrast, guinea pigs
      immunized with a sublethal dose of L. pneumophila failed to develop anti-MSP
      antibody. Guinea pigs immunized with MSP and then challenged with a lethal
      aerosol dose of L. pneumophila exhibited highly significant protective immunity
      in each of five consecutive experiments. MSP induced protective immunity in dose
      dependent fashion (40 greater than 10 greater than 2.5 greater than 0.6
      micrograms MSP); vaccination with two doses of as little as 2.5 micrograms MSP
      induced significant protective immunity (p = 0.01, Fisher's Exact Test, two
      tailed). Altogether, 21 (81%) of 26 animals immunized with 40 micrograms MSP
      survived challenge compared with 0 (0%) of 26 sham-immunized control animals (p =
      7 x 10(-10), Fisher's Exact Test, two-tailed). MSP-immunized but not control
      guinea pigs were able to limit L. pneumophila multiplication in their lungs. This
      study demonstrates that (a) guinea pigs sublethally infected with L. pneumophila
      develop a strong cell-mediated immune response to MSP; (b) guinea pigs immunized
      with MSP develop a strong humoral and cell-mediated immune response to MSP; (c)
      guinea pigs immunized with MSP develop a very high level of protective immunity
      to lethal aerosol challenge with L. pneumophila; and (d) MSP-immunized animals
      are able to limit L. pneumophila multiplication in their lungs. MSP, an
      extracellular protein of an intracellular pathogen, has potential as a vaccine
      for the prevention of Legionnaires' disease. Secretory molecules of other
      intracellular pathogens may also have vaccine potential.

PMID- 2926326
TI  - Interferon alpha associated with systemic lupus erythematosus is not
      intrinsically acid labile.
AB  - The physicochemical properties of apparently acid-labile IFN-alpha from patients
      with SLE have been studied. The antigenicity, apparent molecular size, and
      isoelectric point of SLE IFN-alpha are indistinguishable from those of
      conventional, previously characterized, acid-stable subspecies of IFN-alpha.
      However, after partial purification by anion-exchange chromatography, SLE IFN
      alpha no longer exhibits acid lability, suggesting that other plasma factor(s)
      are responsible for the acid lability of SLE IFN-alpha. Addition of SLE plasma,
      but not normal plasma, to conventional acid-stable IFN-alpha renders the
      exogenous IFN-alpha acid labile. Preliminary results demonstrate that an acid
      dependent IFN-inactivating activity can be partially purified from SLE plasma by
      anion-exchange chromatography.

PMID- 2926325
TI  - A population of murine hematopoietic progenitors expresses an endogenous
      retroviral gp70 linked to the Rmcf gene and associated with resistance to
      erythroleukemia.
AB  - Multiple copies of retroviral sequences are stably integrated in the genomes of
      many higher organisms, and are thus transmitted vertically to offspring via the
      germline (1). Most of these heritable viral genes are not expressed, and
      expression, when observed, is commonly limited to envelope (env) genes as
      demonstrated by the presence of cell surface and serum envelope glycoprotein
      (gp70) in mice. Studies of the mouse have shown that certain tissues such as the
      reproductive tract and lymphoid organs are common sites for the expression of
      endogenous env genes, suggesting that the transcription of at least some
      endogenous sequences is tissue specific. The transcription of endogenous viral
      genes is regulated by both cis and trans mechanisms (2-5) and their expression
      can be temporally linked to differentiation and development (6-8). The
      consequences to the host of endogenous retroviral genes are varied. At one
      extreme, expression of endogenous virus can result in the development of leukemia
      and death. Another potentially detrimental effect is that of insertional
      mutagenesis, seen when the integration of retroviral sequences interrupts the
      functioning of a cellular gene (9, 10). However, it is now clear that expression
      of endogenous retroviral genes may also have a beneficial effect for the host:
      namely, mediating resistance to retroviral leukemias as has been demonstrated for
      the Fv-4 gene in mice (11) and some ea loci in chickens (12). This form of
      resistance is due to the blockage of cellular viral receptors by the expression
      of envelope glycoprotein on the cell surface. The Rmcf locus of the mouse is
      another resistance gene that may exert its effect by the expression of an
      endogenous env gene. A summary of our current state of knowledge concerning the
      Rmcf gene is shown in Table I. The Rmcf gene was originally described when it was
      observed that fibroblast cell cultures derived from certain strains of mice
      restricted the replication of recombinant mink cell focus-forming(MCF)1 viruses
      (13). As detailed in Table I, DBA/2 mice are the prototypic strain exhibiting the
      Rmcf resistance (Rmcf(r)) phenotype. Cell cultures from other strains, such as
      C57BL/6 and IRW, are permissive for MCF viral replication and are termed Rmcf
      sensitive (Rmcf(s)). Previously, we described two allelic forms of an endogenous
      env gene, whose expression is linked to the Rmcf gene (14). Cell cultures from
      Rmcf(r) mice express gp70 related to that of MCF viruses, whereas cultures
      derived from Rmcf(s) mice either express no gp70 (IRW) or express an endogenous
      xenotropic gp70 (C57BL/6). These two gp70 alleles are detectable by type-specific
      mAbs.

PMID- 2926327
TI  - Developmental and tissue-specific expression of nuclear proteins that bind the
      regulatory element of the major histocompatibility complex class I gene.
AB  - Expression of MHC class I genes varies according to developmental stage and type
      of tissues. To study the basis of class I gene regulation in tissues in vivo, we
      examined binding of nuclear proteins to the conserved cis sequence of the murine
      H-2 gene, class I regulatory element (CRE), which contains two independent factor
      binding sites, region I and region II. In gel mobility shift analyses we found
      that extracts from adult tissues that express class I genes, such as spleen and
      liver, had binding activity to region I. In contrast, extracts from brain, which
      does not express class I genes, did not show region I binding activity. In
      addition, fetal tissues that express class I gene at very low levels, also did
      not reveal region I binding activity. Binding activity to region I became
      detectable during the neonatal period when class I gene expression sharply
      increases. Most of these tissues showed binding activity to region II,
      irrespective of class I gene expression. Although region II contained a sequence
      similar to the AP-1 recognition site, AP-1 was not responsible for the region II
      binding activity detected in this work. These results illustrate a correlation
      between region I binding activity and developmental and tissue-specific
      expression of MHC class I genes. The CRE exerts an enhancer-like activity in
      cultured fibroblasts. We evaluated the significance of each factor binding to
      CRE. Single 2-bp mutations were introduced into the CRE by site-directed
      mutagenesis and the ability of each mutant to elicit the enhancer activity was
      tested in transient CAT assays. A mutation that eliminated region I protein
      binding greatly impaired enhancer activity. A mutation that eliminated region II
      binding also caused a lesser but measurable effect. We conclude that region I and
      region II are both capable of enhancing transcription of the class I gene. These
      results indicate that in vivo regulation of MHC class I gene expression is
      mediated by binding of trans-acting factors to the CRE.

PMID- 2926328
TI  - Mouse macrophage hemagglutinin (sheep erythrocyte receptor) with specificity for
      sialylated glycoconjugates characterized by a monoclonal antibody.
AB  - An inhibitory rat mAb, SER-4, has been raised to the mouse macrophage (M phi)
      restricted hemagglutinin, sheep erythrocyte receptor (SER), which binds
      unopsonized sheep erythrocytes through recognition of sialylated glycoconjugates.
      This receptor was originally defined on mouse resident bone marrow M phi where it
      was implicated in adhesive interactions of these cells with proliferating
      hematopoietic cells. In the present study using mouse serum-induced
      thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal M phi (TPM) as a model system for SER
      expression, mAb SER-4 IgG2a completely blocked rosette formation at 1
      microgram/ml. The inhibition was likely to be via steric hindrance rather than
      through a direct interaction with the putative sialic acid binding site of SER
      because F(ab')2 and Fab fragments of mAb SER-4 gave a maximum inhibition of 50
      60% and 0% respectively, despite binding effectively to the SER-4 antigen (Ag).
      Immunoprecipitation and Western blotting experiments with cultured M phi or
      tissue extracts demonstrated that the Ag recognized by SER-4 mAb is a single
      chain molecule with an apparent Mr by SDS-PAGE of 185 x 10(3) (reduced) or 170 x
      10(3) (non-reduced) and is distinct from members of the leukocyte common Ag
      family. Expression of SER and SER-4 Ag in culture were closely correlated and
      depended on the presence of mouse serum for optimal induction. Further evidence
      that the SER-4 Ag is functionally equivalent to SER was provided by
      immunocytochemistry in which the overall pattern of staining in tissues was
      consistent with previous rosetting experiments. In the bone marrow, expression of
      the SER-4 Ag was restricted to the resident bone marrow M phi population with no
      expression on monocytes. High expression was also observed on stromal M phi
      within the subcapsular sinus and medullary cords in lymph nodes and on marginal
      metallophils in the spleen. These results therefore confirm that SER is a novel M
      phi-restricted receptor whose distribution and properties indicate a role in
      cellular interactions in hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues.

PMID- 2926329
TI  - Purification and amino acid analysis of two human glioma-derived monocyte
      chemoattractants.
AB  - Two chemoattractants for human monocytes were purified to apparent homogeneity
      from the culture supernatant of a glioma cell line (U-105MG) by sequential
      chromatography on Orange A-Sepharose, an HPLC cation exchanger, and a reverse
      phase HPLC column. On SDS-PAGE gels under reducing or nonreducing conditions, the
      molecular masses of the two peptides glioma-derived chemotactic factor 1 and 2
      were 15 and 13 kD, respectively. Amino acid composition of these molecules was
      almost identical, and differed from other cytokines that have been reported. The
      NH2 terminus of each peptide was apparently blocked. When tested for chemotactic
      efficacy, the peptides attracted approximately 30% of the monocytes added to
      chemotaxis chambers, at the optimal concentration of 10(-9) M. Potency and
      efficacy were comparable with that of FMLP, which is often used as a reference
      attractant. The activity was chemotactic rather than chemokinetic. In contrast to
      their interaction with human monocytes, the pure peptides did not attract
      neutrophils. These pure tumor-derived chemoattractants can now be compared with
      attractants produced by normal cells and evaluated for their biological
      significance in human neoplastic disease.

PMID- 2926331
TI  - Purification and characterization of a novel monocyte chemotactic and activating
      factor produced by a human myelomonocytic cell line.
AB  - A novel basic heparin-binding monocyte chemotactic factor (MCF) was purified to
      homogeneity from the conditioned media of human myelomonocytic cell line THP-1
      based on its in vitro monocyte chemotactic activity. The purified MCF was
      homogenous and estimated to be 15 kD on SDS-PAGE. Purified MCF stimulated normal
      human monocytes to be growth inhibitory in vitro at 2-3 d for several human tumor
      cell lines. This represents the first report of the identification and
      purification of a chemoattractant cytokine that also activates monocytes but is
      distinct from interferons and other known cytokines.

PMID- 2926330
TI  - An L-arginine-dependent mechanism mediates Kupffer cell inhibition of hepatocyte
      protein synthesis in vitro.
AB  - The hepatic failure associated with severe sepsis is characterized by specific,
      progressive, and often irreversible defects in hepatocellular metabolism (1).
      Although the etiologic microbe can often be identified, the direct causes and
      mechanisms of the hepatocellular dysfunction are poorly understood. We have
      hypothesized that Kupffer cells (KC), which interact with ambient septic stimuli,
      respond by providing signals to adjacent hepatocytes (HC) in sepsis .
      Furthermore, we have provided evidence (2, 3) that KC activated by LPS from Gram
      negative bacteria can induce profound changes in the function of neighboring HC
      in coculture. In our model, coculture of either KC (2) or peritoneal macrophages
      (Mphi)(3) with HC normally promotes HC protein synthesis ([(3)H]leucine
      incorporation). The addition of LPS or killed Escherichia colt' to such
      cocultures induces a profound decrease in HC protein synthesis, as well as
      qualitative changes ([(35)S]methionine, SDS-gel electrophoresis) in protein
      synthesis without inducing HC death (2, 3) . In this report we show that the
      inhibition in protein synthesis is mediated via an L-arginine-dependent
      mechanism. The metabolism of L-arginine by activated Mphi to substances with
      cytostatic and even lethal effects on target cells is a relatively recent
      discovery. After the description by Stuehr and Marletta (4, 5) that LPS-
      triggered Mphi produced nitrite/nitrate (NO(2)(-)/NO(3)(-)), Hibbs et al. (6, 7)
      and Iyengar et al. (8) demonstrated that L-arginine was the substrate for the
      formation of both these nitrogen end products and citrulline. A role for the
      arginine-dependent mechanism in Mphi tumor cytotoxicity (6, 7) and microbiostatic
      activity (9) has been suggested. However, the in vivo functions of this novel
      Mphi mechanism have not yet been defined, but it is possible that there are both
      physiologic as well as pathologic roles. Our in vitro results raise the
      possibility that some metabolic responses to microbial invasion maybe partially
      mediated by the L-arginine-dependent mechanism. What other metabolic responses
      are affected and the possible pathologic consequences remain to be studied.

PMID- 2926332
TI  - Odd-item search in pigeons: display size and transfer effects.
AB  - Pigeons searched arrays of small forms displayed on computer monitors. On each
      trial, a single target form appeared together with two or more identical
      distractor forms. A set of six different forms was used in each of three
      experiments. All possible combinations of these forms, paired as target and
      distractor, appeared in each experimental session. Both the accuracy and speed of
      search increased with the number of distractors displayed. When both targets and
      distractors were new, accuracy was above chance only for the large (24 item)
      display, where transfer was highly significant. The experiments do not support
      the attribution to pigeons of a general "oddity concept." Rather, the results
      suggest that odd-item performance depends in part on a perceptual isolation of
      the target and in part on familiarity with target-distractor combinations.

PMID- 2926333
TI  - Timing light and tone signals in pigeons.
AB  - Pigeons' ability to time light and tone stimuli was examined in four experiments.
      In Experiment 1, two groups of pigeons were trained to discriminate between 2-
      and 8-s durations of lights or tones and then were transferred to reversal or
      nonreversal discriminations in the alternate modality. Pigeons learned the light
      discrimination faster than the tone discrimination and showed immediate positive
      intermodal transfer from tone to light but not from light to tone. In Experiments
      2-4, the peak procedure was used to study birds' timing of 15- and 30-s fixed
      interval light and tone signals. Peak times on empty trials under baseline
      conditions closely approximated the length of fixed-interval signals. When
      pigeons were tested with time-outs and intermodal switches introduced midway
      through an empty trial, they tended to reset the timing mechanism and begin
      timing again from 0 s. With both estimation and production procedures, pigeons
      were less accurate when timing the tone stimuli than when timing the light
      stimuli. A comparison of these data with data from timing experiments with rats
      suggests several possible differences in timing processes between pigeons and
      rats.

PMID- 2926334
TI  - Preference for unpredictable food rewards occurs with high proportion of
      reinforced trials or alcohol if rewards are not delayed.
AB  - Organisms typically prefer situations where reward and nonreward are predictable
      rather than unpredictable. Although many theories can account for this result
      (e.g., information theory and delay-reduction theory), a recently developed
      mathematical model (DMOD) also predicts that subjects prefer the unpredictable
      reward situation under conditions that substantially decrease aversiveness of
      unpredictable nonreward (Daly & Daly, 1982). Because a high proportion of
      reinforced trials (lenient schedule) and alcohol injections decrease aversive
      conditioning, these variables were tested with rats in five E-maze experiments. A
      choice to one side of the maze resulted in a stimulus uncorrelated with reward
      outcome (unpredictable situation). A choice to the other side resulted in stimuli
      correlated with reward and nonreward (predictable situation). The stimuli were
      not visible until after the choice was made. A lenient reinforcement schedule
      resulted in preference for the unpredictable reward situation if rewards were not
      delayed. Alcohol resulted in preference for the unpredictable reward situation if
      a medium five-pellet reward was given. A lenient reinforcement schedule combined
      with an alcohol injection resulted in faster acquisition of the preference for
      the unpredictable reward situation than did a lenient schedule combined with a
      saline control injection. These results pose a major challenge to most theories,
      yet were predicted by DMOD.

PMID- 2926335
TI  - Influence of long-term sensitization on long-term habituation of the acoustic
      startle response in rats: central gray lesions, preexposure, and extinction.
AB  - The relation between long-term decrements of the acoustic startle response in
      rats and the development of freezing behavior during habituation training was
      examined. Freezing behavior developed over the initial trials of habituation
      training, and the rate of long-term response decrements was found to be inversely
      related to the development of freezing. Manipulations (neurological or
      behavioral) that either reduced the level of freezing or retarded its development
      promoted startle response decrements. In Experiment 1, rats receiving
      electrolytic lesions of the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray demonstrated both
      accelerated long-term startle response decrements and retarded development of
      freezing behavior. In Experiment 2, preexposure to the startle apparatus (i.e.,
      latent inhibition) accelerated long-term startle decrements and inhibited
      development of freezing. In Experiment 3, exposure to the startle apparatus
      following initial habituation training (i.e., extinction) reduced both freezing
      behavior and startle response amplitudes. The results are discussed in terms of
      the influence of Pavlovian fear conditioning on long-term habituation of the
      acoustic startle response.

PMID- 2926336
TI  - Fetal heart variability and fetal well-being.

PMID- 2926337
TI  - Paradigms and family medicine.

PMID- 2926338
TI  - Sigmoidoscopy by family physicians.

PMID- 2926339
TI  - The relinquishing-adopting patient and the family physician.

PMID- 2926340
TI  - Obstetric risk assessment.

PMID- 2926341
TI  - A rational approach to cancer pain management.

PMID- 2926342
TI  - A correlation between serum cholesterol and glycosylated hemoglobin in
      nondiabetic humans.
AB  - The relationship of serum cholesterol and average blood glucose as glycosylated
      hemoglobin was investigated in 43 nondiabetic subjects. Glycosylated hemoglobin
      correlated strongly with total cholesterol (r = .63, P less than .001). A
      significant negative partial correlation (r = -.25, P = .05) was seen between
      high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and glycosylated hemoglobin if total
      cholesterol was held constant. This negative partial correlation was much
      stronger when the analysis was limited to subjects with total cholesterol greater
      than 5.20 mmol/L (200 mg/dL, r = -.51, P = .006). Subjects at high risk for
      atherosclerosis with total cholesterol greater than 7.25 mmol/L (280 mg/dL) have
      a glycosylated hemoglobin (6.32 percent) that is in the range of well-controlled
      diabetics. Subjects with moderately elevated cholesterol have moderately elevated
      glycosylated hemoglobin (5.92 percent) compared with normocholesterolemic
      subjects (5.53 percent). These results support the hypothesis that elevated blood
      glucose that is associated with hypercholesterolemia is responsible for some of
      the atherogenesis associated with high cholesterol levels.

PMID- 2926344
TI  - Present status of obstetrics in family practice and the effects of malpractice
      issues.
AB  - A survey of 800 active members of the American Academy of Family Physicians 1985
      1987 membership directory was conducted for the purpose of determining the
      impact, over time, of malpractice issues upon the practice of obstetrics by
      family physicians. The survey response rate was 60.4 percent. Almost 20 percent
      of all respondents reported that they have never provided obstetric care of any
      type. Another 40 percent have provided obstetric care previously but have now
      discontinued this care, while the remaining 40 percent currently offer obstetric
      care to their patients. The proportion of respondents who discontinued the
      practice of obstetrics because of increased risk of malpractice litigation
      increased significantly over the years from 1947 to 1986 (P = .0084). The
      proportion of respondents who discontinued obstetric practice because of
      increased malpractice insurance costs also increased significantly from 1945 to
      1986 (P = .0002). The proportion of those entering practice during the past five
      years who decided not to offer obstetric services because of malpractice risks
      was significantly greater than the proportion entering practice earlier (21.0
      percent vs 2.0 percent, P = .0090). Although the current patterns of obstetric
      practice showed regional variation, the accelerating impact of malpractice risk
      and insurance cost on these patterns was similar throughout the nation.

PMID- 2926343
TI  - A comparison of two antismoking interventions among pregnant women in eleven
      private primary care practices.
AB  - Despite the dangers of smoking during pregnancy having been widely publicized,
      few studies have actually examined the effectiveness of antismoking interventions
      among pregnant women in the private primary care obstetric setting. A randomized
      experimental study involving 24 private physicians and 109 pregnant smokers was
      conducted comparing the American Lung Association's Because You Love Your Baby
      smoking intervention (ALA) to a standard-of-care protocol (non-ALA). The non-ALA
      protocol was based upon the smoking interventions that study physicians said they
      commonly used among pregnant women. Self-reported smoking rates were obtained by
      questionnaire at the first prenatal visit, at 32 to 36 weeks' gestation, and at
      the six-week postpartum visit. By the time of the first prenatal visit, both
      groups reduced by half the number of cigarettes smoked. By 32 to 36 weeks, the
      groups decreased the daily average by an additional 2.3 (ALA) and 1.8 (non-ALA)
      cigarettes, a nonsignificant difference between the groups. Fifteen (28 percent)
      of the ALA group compared with 9 (16 percent) of the non-ALA group reported
      quitting at the 32- to 36-week visit (P = .10). Only 9 percent of the ALA group
      and 10 percent of the non-ALA were nonsmokers at the postpartum visit. Pregnancy
      alone is a powerful motivator for women to decrease their smoking. Although the
      difference between the ALA and non-ALA protocols did not attain statistical
      significance, the percentage of those who quit was comparable to the results
      obtained in other controlled trials. The ALA Because You Love Your Baby protocol
      should be used until more effective methods are available.

PMID- 2926345
TI  - The Journal of Family Practice 1974-1988. Window to an evolving academic
      discipline.
AB  - This paper examines the spontaneous evolution of original work in family practice
      as published in The Journal of Family Practice over the 15-year period since it
      began publication in 1974. An analysis was carried out by principal content and
      type of paper for the last five years in a manner comparable to an earlier
      analysis of the journal's first ten years of publication. Trends that emerge from
      this reanalysis provide a window to observe the further development of family
      medicine as a scientific and academic discipline. The last five years have seen a
      marked increase in clinical content of papers (from approximately 60 to 80
      percent of published papers) together with continued emphasis on health services
      subjects. There has been a concurrent sharp increase in research papers,
      continued strong representation of case studies, and some decrease in both
      reviews and methods papers. Descriptive research continues to predominate among
      research papers. Although experimental research still represents only 5 percent
      of published papers, this percentage has more than doubled over the last five
      years. The reanalysis also revealed a substantial decline in the proportion of
      educational papers, as other journals in the field have assumed the primary role
      for this content area. It appears that the manuscript supply represented by
      original work in the field is still limited and that there is at present adequate
      or even surplus journal capacity for publication of work carried out in family
      practice settings. The quality and type of work continue to mature consistent
      with the needs of family medicine as a scientific and academic discipline.

PMID- 2926346
TI  - Fine-needle breast aspiration biopsy.
AB  - Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of breast lesions is a safe, accurate, well
      tolerated procedure that can easily be done in the family physician's office. It
      has a specificity and positive predictive value of virtually 100 percent, a
      sensitivity of 53 to 99 percent (median of 89 percent), and a negative predictive
      value of 80 to 99 percent (median of 93 percent). It is limited by the nature of
      the lesion, which must be easily palpable, the physician's technical ability, and
      the availability of a reference cytopathologist. Complications are rare and
      usually very benign, such as local hematoma. With proper training and
      understanding of the procedure, many family physicians could easily introduce the
      procedure into their office practice.

PMID- 2926347
TI  - Workshop for teaching fundamentals of obstetric forceps.

PMID- 2926348
TI  - Hepatic adenoma and oral contraceptive use.

PMID- 2926349
TI  - First vs last name preferences of patients.

PMID- 2926350
TI  - Contraindications to live-viral immunization.

PMID- 2926351
TI  - Smoking cessation.

PMID- 2926352
TI  - Practice attrition and health plan changes.

PMID- 2926353
TI  - Uses of family information.

PMID- 2926354
TI  - Do amiloride and ouabain affect ammonia fluxes in perfused Carcinus gill
      epithelia?
AB  - The effects of inhibitors on the efflux of ammonia (from the basolateral to the
      apical side, Jb----a) were studied in preparation of isolated Carcinus gills
      immersed in dilute seawater (DSW) that was identical to the perfusion solution.
      Adding 10(-4) M amiloride to the solution bathing the gill preparations reduces
      the efflux of ammonia by 29% relative to the control value. Under experimental
      conditions, it appears that only about 1% of the amiloride-sensitive influx of
      Na+ (Ja----b) can be exchanged with NH4+ on an equimolar basis. The ammonium ion
      is apparently transported at the basolateral side by a carrier-mediated process.
      Kinetic analyses of the influx of ammonium ions revealed a Km of 36.99 microM and
      a maximum velocity (Vmax) equal to 19.6 mumol g-1.h-1. Basolaterally applied
      ouabain (5 x 10(-3) M) and NaCN (10(-3) M) reduced the efflux of ammonia by 46.7
      and 42.2%, respectively, suggesting an interaction of NH4+ with the basolaterally
      located Na+/K+ exchanger in which NH4+ appears to be able to substitute for K+.

PMID- 2926355
TI  - Alterations in the cell cycle characteristics of granulosa cells during the
      periovulatory period: evidence of ovarian and oviductal influences.
AB  - Granulosa cells at different stages of differentiation were collected from
      ovarian follicles and oviducts during the periovulatory period, and their nuclear
      DNA content was monitored by flow cytometry to establish their cell cycle
      characteristics (G0 + G1, S, G2 + M). The proportion of cells in the three phases
      of the cell cycle varied in characteristics patterns depending upon the time they
      were collected, before or following ovulation. Granulosa (cumulus) cells
      recovered from ovulated oocytes were mitotically inactive as shown by the large
      proportion of cells with a 2C amount of DNA and the absence of cells in S phase.
      The proportion of granulosa cells in G2 + M decreased when recovery from the
      oviducts was delayed. In contrast, granulosa (cumulus and/or mural) cells
      recovered from preovulatory follicles prior to luteinizing hormone (LH) exposure
      contained a considerable population of cells undergoing DNA synthesis, and a
      decreased proportion of cells with a 2C DNA content. Our findings indicate that
      granulosa cells undergo dynamic and characteristics changes in all cell cycle
      phases during the periovulatory period, within follicular and oviductal
      environments. Intrafollicular events appear to play a major role in controlling
      DNA synthesis, proliferation, and related cell cycle events in the granulosa
      cells. Flow cytometric techniques provide objective and detailed information on
      the cell cycle characteristics of granulosa cell populations at different stages
      of differentiation. Elucidation of the mechanisms regulating cell cycle
      parameters of granulosa cells and their physiological significance thus seems
      feasible.

PMID- 2926356
TI  - Selective identification of the paternal mitochondrion in living sea urchin eggs
      and embryos by chlorotetracycline.
AB  - When sea urchin eggs are pretreated with fluorescent chelate probe
      chlorotetracycline (CTC) and then fertilized with unlabeled sperm, a small,
      brightly fluorescent particle resembling the mitochondrion of free-swimming sperm
      both in size and fluorescent staining characteristics appears in the egg
      cytoplasm. This particle first appears near the base of the insemination cone
      and, like the paternal mitochondrion identified in previous ultrastructural
      studies, remains closely associated with the male pronucleus during its
      microtubule-dependent migration toward the egg center. These similarities
      strongly suggest that the fluorescent particle observed in the cytoplasm of
      living, CTC-pretreated sea urchin eggs is, in fact, the mitochondrion of the
      fertilizing sperm.

PMID- 2926357
TI  - Ultrastructural localization of RFamide-like peptides in neuronal dense-cored
      vesicles in the peduncle of Hydra.
AB  - The presence of Arg-Phe-amide (RFamide)-like peptides in dense-cored vesicles in
      neurons of the peduncle of Hydra was demonstrated by immunogold electron
      microscopy. Thin sections of Lowicryl-embedded tissue labeled with antisera to
      RFamide and 5-nm gold-conjugated, secondary antibody and of Epon-Araldite
      embedded tissue labeled with 15-nm gold particles revealed a concentration of
      RFamide-like immunoreactivity over the granular cores of vesicles in epidermal
      ganglion cells. Gold-labeled, dense-cored vesicles were present in the
      perikaryon, long thin neurites, and axon terminals of these neurons. The
      aggregation of labeled dense-cored vesicles in an axon terminal on the myoneme of
      an epitheliomuscular cell suggests a possible function of RFamide-like peptides
      in neuromuscular transmission. Gold staining of dense-cored vesicles completely
      disappeared when the RFamide antiserum was preabsorbed with 10 micrograms/ml
      RFamide. These results are the first demonstration that the dense-cored vesicles
      of Hydra neurons contain a neuropeptide.

PMID- 2926358
TI  - Ability of various injuries to promote resorption of denervated, nerve
      independent regenerates of adult newts.
AB  - Young blastemas of the newt resorb if the limb is denervated, and are thus called
      "nerve dependent". Late bud and later stage regenerates are termed "nerve
      independent" because, while denervation inhibits their growth, they proceed
      through differentiation to form a normally patterned regenerate. Schotte and
      Liversage ('59) found that reamputation of a denervated nerve independent
      regenerate causes it to resorb. The present study asked whether injuries of
      varying severity are equally effective at promoting resorption. Newt forelimbs
      were amputated through the mid-radius/ulna. At nerve independent stages, the
      regenerates were denervated and injured in one of a variety of ways, then
      monitored for signs of resorption. Reamputation of the tip or incisions which
      created large gaps in the wound epidermis promoted resorption in 77-90% of the
      cases. Histology showed that the tissue removed by tip reamputation was a small
      proportion of the entire regenerate, suggesting that blastema resorption is not
      determined simply by the number of cells directly affected by the injury. Pin
      prick injuries, which created small disruptions of the wound epidermis, never
      caused resorption. Devascularization, caused by severing the brachial artery,
      promoted resorption in 17% of cases. These results are not consistent with the
      hypothesis that avascularity is a major causative factor in nerve dependence.

PMID- 2926360
TI  - A staging system for mouse limb development.
AB  - A series of 15 stages of development for the mouse limb bud have been defined,
      spanning the time from the first appearance of the limb bud to the completion of
      limb outgrowth. The stages are based on changes in the morphology of the limb in
      living preparations. The development and regression of the apical ectodermal
      ridge (AER) as well as the development of the skeletal structures are also
      described. This staging system has been developed in response to the need to
      standardize in situ experimental analyses of the mouse limb bud. Comparable
      stages of the commonly used chick wing and mouse whole embryo systems are
      presented.

PMID- 2926359
TI  - Role of the mouse visceral yolk sac in nutrition: inhibition by a somatomedin
      inhibitor.
AB  - A low molecular weight somatomedin inhibitory serum fraction (SI), obtained from
      streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, causes morphological abnormalities and
      growth reduction in mouse embryos grown in whole embryo culture (WEC). These
      abnormalities are thought to be caused, at least in part, by a failure of the
      visceral yolk sac (VYS) to properly degrade proteins, a process that normally
      provides the conceptus with amino acids and peptides for de novo protein
      synthesis (histiotrophic nutrition). To test this hypothesis, embryos exposed to
      the SI were provided with a mixture of ten essential amino acids (supplemented
      group) in an attempt to circumvent SI-induced VYS dysfunction. Results showed
      that 82.4% (14/17) of embryos in the amino acid-supplemented group exhibited
      improved growth and development compared to those embryos exposed to medium
      containing the SI alone (unsupplemented group). Supplemented embryos showed
      greater expansion of the brain regions, improved visceral arch development, and
      increased protein content compared to nonsupplemented SI-treated embryos.
      However, these parameters were still reduced compared to controls. VYSs from both
      the unsupplemented and amino acid-supplemented groups were identical with respect
      to alterations in morphology and increased protein content compared to VYSs from
      conceptuses cultured in control medium (with or without amino acid
      supplementation). The improvement in embryonic growth and development due to
      amino acid supplementation in spite of VYS abnormalities supports the hypothesis
      that nutritional deprivation is one aspect of SI-induced teratogenesis.

PMID- 2926361
TI  - Mammalian limb bud development: in situ fate maps of early hindlimb buds.
AB  - Fate maps of the developing mouse hindlimb bud have been constructed for the
      first time using exo utero surgical techniques and carbon particle injections.
      Such fate maps demonstrate that the limb develops in a proximal to distal manner
      as a result of distal expansion. The anterior-posterior extent of the limb bud
      develops asymmetrically with the posterior half giving rise to slightly more of
      the digit pattern (digits 3-5) than the anterior half (digits 1 and 2). We found
      no evidence for the occurrence of extensive cellular rearrangements during limb
      development, and the free limb bud appears to give rise to only zeugo- and
      autopodial elements with the stylopod arising in the body wall proximal to the
      bud. These results are consistent with our current understanding of limb
      development in lower vertebrates and also provide detailed information that will
      be useful for future limb studies in mammals.

PMID- 2926362
TI  - Evidence for regulation following amputation and tissue grafting in the
      developing mouse limb.
AB  - Procedures are now available to experimentally manipulate postimplantation mouse
      embryos in situ and allow development to continue into postnatal life (Muneoka,
      K., N. Wanek, and S.V. Bryant (1986) J. Exp. Zool., 239:289-293). We have
      investigated the ability of the well-formed hindlimb bud to regulate following
      two experimental operations: amputation and wedge grafts designed to confront
      anterior and posterior cells. After comparing the resultant limbs with the fate
      maps of the relevant stages, we conclude that the developing hindlimb bud at
      stage 7/8 (equivalent to stage 27/28 of the chick) is capable of partial
      regeneration of the peripheral digits following amputation and capable of
      supernumerary digit tip formation after grafting of a wedge of anterior tissue to
      a posterior position.

PMID- 2926363
TI  - Failure of fertilization following abbreviated copulation in the ferret (Mustela
      putorius furo).
AB  - In the first experiment, copulations in 10 domestic ferrets were interrupted 5
      minutes after penetration. Ten control females were bred without interruption to
      the same males. Both control and experimental animals were rebred in the same
      manner to the same males 24 hours later. Sperm were present in all postcoital
      washes. We allowed all females from the first experiment to proceed to their
      expected date of parturition. All females who had been interrupted during
      copulation failed to conceive, whereas all controls produced litters. In a second
      experiment, the same procedure was followed; however, in this experiment, ferret
      oviducts and uteri were flushed 10 days after copulation. Nine control females
      (one failed to ovulate) averaged 5.2 blastocysts (range 2-10; S.D. = 5.8) per
      animal. Of nine interrupted copulation ferrets (one failed to ovulate), only one
      animal produced a single blastocyst. The interrupted copulation group averaged
      4.4 unfertilized eggs (range 2-10; S.D. = 5.0) per female. Although ferrets
      ovulated during short copulations, those eggs are not likely to be fertilized.

PMID- 2926364
TI  - A morphometric study of bone and tooth volumes in the pipid frog Xenopus laevis
      (Daudin), with comments on the importance of tooth resorption during normal tooth
      replacement.
AB  - Volumetric estimations of teeth and bone on serial sections using a semiautomatic
      image analyzer indicate that, in the polyphyodont dentition of the pipid anuran
      Xenopus laevis (Daudin), the mean volume of the dentine composing the teeth is
      about 23.5% of the volume of the supporting maxillae and premaxillae. During
      tooth replacement, osteoclasts resorb up to 98% of the dentine. Teeth may be
      resorbed rather than shed in order to conserve tooth constituents because, if
      shedding of complete teeth did occur, a quantity of calcified tissue equal to
      perhaps 45 times the volume of the bone of the upper jaw might be lost over an
      animal's projected life span of about 13-15 years.

PMID- 2926365
TI  - America's conscience--forever present.

PMID- 2926366
TI  - High-tech and high-priced medicine.

PMID- 2926367
TI  - A modest proposal for tort reform.

PMID- 2926368
TI  - Post-amendment 10 questions.

PMID- 2926369
TI  - Misleading information.

PMID- 2926370
TI  - Direct drag promotion does not benefit patients.

PMID- 2926371
TI  - More on geriatric education.

PMID- 2926372
TI  - Is teaching worth the risk?

PMID- 2926373
TI  - Management of vaginal vault prolapse: retrospective comparison of abdominal
      versus vaginal approach.
AB  - Twenty-two cases of vaginal vault prolapse were managed by our service over the
      five-year period ending 12/31/86. Eleven cases were repaired by a transvaginal
      sacrospinous colpopexy and 11 by a transabdominal suspension. There were no
      differences in demographic data or preoperative symptoms between these groups.
      The vaginal procedure required less operative time, had less blood loss, averaged
      fewer hospital days and overall was more economical. The complication rates and
      follow-up results of the two techniques were comparable. The abdominal procedure
      is considered preferable for patients with specific indications for an abdominal
      approach. The vaginal procedure appears to be more appropriate when the abdominal
      approach is not otherwise indicated. The experience of the surgeon and
      individualization of the patient are important factors in choosing the best
      approach for the repair.

PMID- 2926374
TI  - Profile of drowning victims in a coastal community.
AB  - Accidental drowning accounts for 15% of all accidental deaths in Pinellas County,
      Florida, and this study was conducted to better understand the epidemiologic
      profile of the victim. The medical examiner's records of 230 drownings in
      Pinellas County from January 1, 1983, through December 31, 1987, were reviewed
      for demographic and epidemiologic data. Bodies of salt water were the most common
      drowning site (47%), followed by swimming pools (22%), lakes (11%), baths (7%),
      and canals (6%). The drowning incidence for males was more than three times that
      for females. Drowning was endemic among boys less than five years of age
      (30/100,000/year). Fifty-nine percent of young adult victims had detectable
      postmortem blood alcohol levels. Drowning rates were highest among children less
      than five years and adults more than 80 years. Epidemiologic profiles of
      populations at risk and contributing factors are described and public safety
      measures are suggested.

PMID- 2926376
TI  - Of deformity.

PMID- 2926375
TI  - Health team networking: Alzheimer's disease care.
AB  - The expected increased incidence of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias in
      the next century will impact heavily on the care of physicians to involved
      families. Physicians alone cannot provide the assistance required by these
      families and need to access other health professionals and resources to assist
      these families. Responding to the desperate need for information by families
      concerned with Alzheimer's disease, physicians and other health professionals in
      North Central Florida networked to develop, implement, and evaluate a responsive
      strategy, a community forum on Alzheimer's disease and related dementias. The two
      hour daytime program with small discussion groups and a panel of experts for a
      question-answer session was highly successful and replicated.

PMID- 2926377
TI  - Identification reaction time as a function of target and field object
      orientation.
AB  - Four experiments were conducted investigating the effects of (a) target versus
      field object orientation, (b) target upside up versus target upside down and (c)
      inverting versus noninverting lenses on object identification reaction time.
      Inverting versus noninverting lenses had no significant effect. Target versus
      field orientation was significant when objects commonly found on a desk were
      used. Target upside up versus upside down was not significant. With letters as
      target and field objects, orientation was not significant. When the target
      letters were simply inverted (rotated 180 degrees on the horizontal axis),
      however, forming nonfamiliar patterns, the target upside up versus upside down
      was significant, with the upside down condition resulting in a longer mean
      reaction time. The complexity and similarity of target and field objects is
      offered as an explanation of the results.

PMID- 2926378
TI  - When shape information from a foveal nontarget affects gap detection accuracy in
      a parafoveal target.
AB  - Effects on gap detection accuracy of information at fixation concerning a
      parafoveally presented target form's global shape were determined in three
      experiments. Shape information was not directly relevant to the correct response
      regarding the presence of the gap. Tests were conducted to determine whether
      costs and benefits were associated with shape information, whether the
      effectiveness of shape information was sensitive to spatial attention, and
      whether subjects could volitionally suppress the nontarget information if it
      became apparent from preattentive analysis that it would not be helpful. Results
      were positive in all instances. Conclusions were that the foveal information was
      subject to early selection and that therefore it was not processed automatically.

PMID- 2926379
TI  - Delinquency, sidedness, and sex.
AB  - One hundred and thirty male and 213 female college students responded to a self
      report delinquency and crime measure and to a scale of sidedness preferences.
      Consistent with most of the literature on official delinquency and crime, left
      handedness was positively associated with involvement in several forms of
      delinquency (including some degree of criminality) among males. Other measures of
      sidedness among males largely failed to correlate with delinquency, however.
      Among females, sidedness was much less systematically related to delinquency than
      among males.

PMID- 2926380
TI  - Intraday feeding patterns in infant rhesus monkeys and the effects of missing a
      meal.
AB  - During the first month of life, infant rhesus monkeys (N = 96) were fed 7 times a
      day for the first 21 days and were fed 6 times a day thereafter. Fifty monkeys
      were fed SMA, a formula designed for human infants (9% protein, 43% carbohydrate,
      and 48% fat); 46 were fed one of three laboratory-confected diets varying in the
      amount of protein and carbohydrates provided. Although the diets had differential
      effects on weight gain, overall daily consumption was practically unaffected. A
      characteristic pattern was evident soon after birth: The first meal of the day
      (8:00 AM) was one of the largest, and the following two meals were usually the
      smallest; the next peak spanned the 4:00 PM and 8:00 PM feedings. The meal
      following a missed meal was slightly larger than normal. To some extent, the
      large meal at 8:00 AM can be attributed to the 10-hr absence of food during the
      night, but the peak at 4:00 PM and 8:00 PM cannot be so accounted for. The adult
      bicuspid pattern of eating hence appears to develop very early in life.

PMID- 2926381
TI  - The effects of formaldehyde on voluntary ethanol consumption in the laboratory
      rat: a comparison of two methods of determination of a single test solution.
AB  - The effect of formaldehyde on voluntary alcohol intake in rats was examined.
      Alcohol intake was measured using individually determined alcohol concentrations.
      The results did not support the tension reduction hypothesis: Stress induction
      did not enhance alcohol intake. It is concluded that a revision of the tension
      reduction hypothesis should be formulated.

PMID- 2926382
TI  - Different effects of the calcium antagonists nimodipine and flunarizine on
      dopamine metabolism in the rat brain.
AB  - The effect of two calcium antagonists, nimodipine and flunarizine, on striatal
      dopamine (DA) metabolism in rats was compared. Flunarizine (5-20 mg/kg i.p.)
      caused a dose-dependent increase in the DA metabolite, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic
      acid (DOPAC) in the caudate nucleus. Following the 20 mg/kg dose, DOPAC levels
      were maximally elevated by about 50% from 2 to 12 hrs after treatment. On the
      contrary, nimodipine at the dose of 20 mg/kg i.p. produced a modest decrease in
      DOPAC levels. Neither calcium antagonist modified DA content. However, both
      nimodipine and flunarizine, at the dose of 20 mg/kg, markedly reduced the
      accumulation of DOPAC in the caudate nucleus induced by haloperidol (1 mg/kg). It
      is suggested that flunarizine, but not nimodipine, has a neuroleptic-like action,
      whereas the two calcium antagonists have in common the ability to attenuate the
      hyperactivity of DA neurons.

PMID- 2926383
TI  - Dopamine in the rabbit retina and striatum: diurnal rhythm and effect of light
      stimulation.
AB  - In rabbits, dopamine levels in the retina, but not in the caudate nucleus, showed
      clear diurnal rhythm, with high values seen in the light phase. Thirty min
      exposition of dark-adapted rabbits to day-light produced no changes in dopamine
      levels in the retina. In rabbits treated with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, the same
      light exposition decreased the retinal amine level by 18%, while stimulation with
      intensive, flickering light significantly decreased the retinal dopamine content
      by 36%. Experiments performed at noon and midnight, under light or dark
      conditions, showed the retinal dopamine levels to be very similar in groups kept
      either at light or dark, irrespective of the time of the day, although in animals
      deprived of light the amine levels were clearly lower than in those exposed to
      light, both at noon and midnight. Under all experimental conditions there were no
      significant changes in dopamine level and utilization in the caudate nucleus. The
      isolated and superfused retina (preloaded with [3H]-dopamine), when stimulated
      with flashes of white light (2 Hz, 10 min), released [3H]-radioactivity in a Ca2+
      dependent manner. It is concluded that in rabbits, light enhances dopamine levels
      and utilization selectively in the retina, and the observed diurnal changes in
      the amine metabolism are dependent on the presence or absence of light, and not
      on the time of the day. The proposed physiological role(s) of the retinal
      dopaminergic mechanisms is discussed.

PMID- 2926384
TI  - Cerebral excess release of neurotransmitter amino acids subsequent to reduced
      cerebral glucose metabolism in early-onset dementia of Alzheimer type.
AB  - A massive cerebral release of amino acids and ammonia was found in early-onset
      dementia of Alzheimer type. Aspartate and glycine were liberated in high
      concentrations, whereas glutamate remained rather unchanged. This excess cerebral
      protein catabolism is due to a 44% reduction in cerebral glucose metabolism.
      Whereas glutamate and other glucoplastic amino acids may substitute glucose,
      elevated aspartate may contribute to neuronal damage. The results are discussed
      with respect to a possible neuronal insulin/insulin receptor deficiency.

PMID- 2926385
TI  - Mosaic Drosophila wings reveal regional heterogeneity in the guidance of ectopic
      axons.
AB  - In most studies of axon guidance in the peripheral tissues of insects, the
      ability of experimentally perturbed axons to pathfind was examined only along
      their normal pathways. This means that regions normally devoid of axons have not
      been sampled for their ability to influence axonal trajectories. To examine this
      question, we have induced the formation of single sensory neurons in a variety of
      abnormal locations in the developing wing of Drosophila and have examined the
      course taken by their axons. The axons of such ectopic neurons have a regionally
      varying tendency to grow in the normal, proximal direction. This proximal bias
      approaches 100% for neurons located in the distal part of vein L2 and 70% in
      distal vein L4 but falls to chance (50%) along vein L5. Thus, neurons forming in
      ectopic regions of the wing, especially those found near the normal axon pathways
      (veins L1 and L3), have a high probability of growing axons in the correct
      direction. We conclude that information relevant to axon outgrowth is not
      restricted to the normal pathways. Whether this information is intrinsic or
      extrinsic to the neurons, and why its strength shows such conspicuous regional
      variation, awaits further study.

PMID- 2926386
TI  - Release of endogenous taurine and gamma-aminobutyric acid from brain slices from
      the adult and developing mouse.
AB  - The spontaneous and potassium-stimulated release of endogenous taurine and gamma
      aminobutyric acid (GABA) from cerebral cortex and cerebellum slices from adult
      and developing mice was studied in a superfusion system. The spontaneous release
      of GABA was of the same magnitude in slices from adult and developing mice, but
      the spontaneous release of taurine was considerably greater in the adults. The
      potassium-stimulated release of GABA from cerebral cortex slices was about five
      times greater in adult than in 3-day-old mice, but the potassium-stimulated
      release of taurine was more than six times greater in 3-day-old than in adult
      mice. In cerebellar slices from 7-day-old mice, potassium stimulation also evoked
      a massive release of taurine, whereas the evoked release from slices from adult
      mice was rather negligible. Also in cerebellar slices the potassium-stimulated
      release of GABA exhibited the opposite quantitative pattern. The stimulated
      release of both GABA and taurine was partially calcium dependent. The results
      suggest that taurine may be an important regulator of excitability in the
      developing brain.

PMID- 2926387
TI  - Lysosulfatide (galactosylsphingosine-3-O-sulfate) from metachromatic
      leukodystrophy and normal human brain.
AB  - The glycosphingolipid pattern was examined in three cases of late infantile
      metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD): one with a relatively short (2.5 years), one
      with a long (7.8 years), and one with a very long (13.2 years) survival time. All
      values were compared with those of age-matched normal controls. The cerebroside
      concentration was reduced to 25, 12, and 4%, respectively, in the MLD white
      matter, whereas the sulfatide concentration was increased up to 200% of the
      control value. The yield of myelin was reduced to less than 15% in the early case
      and to less than 3 and 1%, respectively, in the two later cases. There was no
      sign of increased sulfatide proportion in the myelin. The ganglioside pattern was
      normal in cerebral gray matter, but in the white matter, contents of gangliosides
      of the lacto series were significantly increased, in particular, the ganglioside
      suggested by us as being characteristic of reactive astrocytosis. For the first
      time, lysosulfatide was identified in MLD and normal human brains by mass
      spectrometry and radioimmunoaffinity TLC using specific monoclonal antibody. Its
      quantity was found to be similar in normal and MLD brains. These findings support
      our postulation that the lysoglycosphingolipids are synthesized de novo from
      sphingosine and that they do not play a key role in pathogenetic mechanisms.

PMID- 2926388
TI  - Acidosis, acetazolamide, and amiloride: effects on 22Na transfer across the blood
      brain and blood-CSF barriers.
AB  - Sprague-Dawley rats were given treatments, known to decrease 22Na movement into
      choroid plexus and CSF, to investigate their effect on 22Na transfer across the
      cerebral capillaries. Acidic salts, acetazolamide, or amiloride was injected
      intraperitoneally into bilaterally nephrectomized rats, and the rate of 22Na
      uptake into parietal cortex, pons-medulla, and CSF was determined at 12, 18, and
      24 min. Severe acidosis (arterial pH 7.2), produced by HCl injection, decreased
      the rate of 22Na entry into both brain regions and CSF by 25%, whereas mild
      acidosis (pH 7.3) from NH4Cl injection reduced brain entry by 18%, but CSF entry
      by only 10%. Like HCl acidosis, amiloride reduced transport into both brain and
      CSF by 22%. Penetration of 22Na into parietal cortex was unchanged by
      acetazolamide, but that into CSF was slowed 30%. Since uptake of 22Na into
      cortical regions is primarily movement of tracer across the cerebral capillaries
      when tracer uptake time is less than 30 min, the results indicate that both
      metabolic acidosis and amiloride decrease Na+ permeativity at the cerebral
      capillaries as well as at the choroid plexus. Acetazolamide, on the other hand,
      alters Na+ movement only across the choroidal epithelium.

PMID- 2926389
TI  - Ribonuclease activities and distribution in Alzheimer's and control brains.
AB  - Levels of free and total alkaline ribonuclease, and levels of acidic
      ribonuclease, were measured postmortem in control brains and in the brains of
      patients with Alzheimer's disease. In each brain region assayed, whether control
      or Alzheimer's, there was a statistically significant difference between the
      levels of free and total alkaline ribonuclease. Between 59 and 90% of the enzyme
      activity was associated with alkaline ribonuclease inhibitor in an inactive
      complex. Levels of free and total alkaline ribonuclease varied widely among
      different brains and brain regions, and were always lower in cerebellum than in
      temporal cortex and occipital pole. There was no significant difference in the
      levels of total alkaline ribonuclease, free alkaline ribonuclease, or acidic
      ribonucleases between corresponding regions of Alzheimer's and control brains.
      There was also no qualitative difference in the subcellular distribution of the
      alkaline and acidic ribonucleases between Alzheimer's and control brain. No
      significant relationships were found between ribonuclease levels and age,
      neuritic plaque density, postmortem interval, or storage time.

PMID- 2926390
TI  - Lipid metabolism during early stages of Wallerian degeneration in the rat sciatic
      nerve.
AB  - We examined changes in biosynthetic capacity of sciatic nerve during the early
      stages of Wallerian degeneration, utilizing a model that permits exclusion of
      nonresident cells from degenerating nerve. Sciatic nerve segments were placed in
      either 5-microns pore (allowing infiltration of nonresident cells) or 0.22
      microns pore (excluding nonresident cells) Millipore diffusion chambers and then
      implanted in the peritoneal cavity of the same 32-34-day-old rat. At times up to
      7 days postsurgery, nerve segments from the chambers, as well as control segments
      from the contralateral sciatic nerve, were removed and their capacity to
      incorporate radioactive precursors into lipids and proteins assayed in vitro. In
      nerve segments from both the 0.22- and 5-microns pore chambers, incorporation of
      [14C]acetate into total lipids was decreased relative to control by 50% at 12 h
      postsurgery and by 85% at day 3. This decreased incorporation of [14C]acetate
      reflects primarily decreased de novo synthesis of cholesterol and of fatty acyl
      residues incorporated into glycerolipids and sphingolipids. There was a
      preferentially decreased synthesis of cerebrosides and cholesterol (components
      enriched in myelin) relative to other lipids, while cholesterol esters and free
      fatty acids (products of membrane degradation) accounted for a greater proportion
      of the greatly reduced levels of total lipid label. In contrast to [14C]acetate,
      incorporation of [3H]glycerol into lipids was increased up to fourfold, relative
      to control, 1 day after nerve transection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2926391
TI  - Binding characteristics of t-[35S]butylbicyclophosphorothionate in discrete brain
      regions of rats made tolerant to and dependent on pentobarbital.
AB  - The effects of acute and continuous pentobarbital administration by pellet
      implantation on binding characteristics of t-[35S]butylbicyclophosphorothionate
      ([35S]TBPS) in discrete regions of rat brains were examined. Acute administration
      of pentobarbital (60 mg/kg, s.c.) affected neither the KD nor the Bmax values of
      [35S]TBPS binding in any of the regions studied. The cerebella of pentobarbital
      tolerant rats had an increased density of [35S]TBPS binding sites with no change
      in their apparent affinity. There were no significant changes in the binding
      characteristics in the frontal cortex (FC), the striatum (ST), and the substantia
      nigra (SN) of these animals. Twenty-four hours after removal of the pentobarbital
      pellets, a significant decrease in the latency of onset of first twitch response
      induced by pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) (50 mg/kg, i.p.) was observed. In addition,
      the density of [35S]TBPS binding sites was significantly increased in the FC, the
      SN, and the cerebellum but not in the ST. In all brain regions studied, placebo
      pellet implantation and pentobarbital tolerance and dependence caused no changes
      in the apparent affinity of [35S]TBPS binding or the IC50 of pentobarbital for
      the inhibition of [35S]TBPS binding. These results suggest that [35S]TBPS binding
      was significantly increased following the withdrawal of the pentobarbital pellets
      without altering intrinsic coupling activity of barbiturate recognition sites and
      convulsant binding sites and that these increases in [35S]TBPS binding are
      related to the increased susceptibility to seizures induced by PTZ in rats made
      dependent on pentobarbital.

PMID- 2926392
TI  - Presence and measurement of imidazoleacetic acid, a gamma-aminobutyric acid
      agonist, in rat brain and human cerebrospinal fluid.
AB  - Imidazoleacetic acid (IAA) was unequivocally demonstrated in rat brain, human
      CSF, and human plasma by a gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method that can
      reliably quantify as little as 8 pmol, i.e., 1 ng. Owing to tautomerism of the
      imidazole ring, IAA and [15N, 15N]IAA, the internal standard, each formed two
      chromatographically distinct isomers after derivatization of the ring nitrogens
      with either ethyl chloroformate or methyl chloroformate. The isomers of n-butyl(N
      ethoxycarbonyl)imidazole acetate and n-butyl(N-methoxycarbonyl)imidazole acetate
      were identified by analysis with methane chemical ionization and electron impact
      ionization of molecular and fragment ions. The levels (mean +/- SEM) of free IAA
      were 140 +/- 14 pmol/g and 2.7 +/- 0.2 pmol/ml in brains of untreated rats and
      human lumbar CSF, respectively. Mean levels of IAA in brains of anesthetized
      rats, perfused free of blood, did not differ significantly from mean levels of
      anesthetized, nonperfused controls or from untreated rats. The source or sources
      of IAA in brain and CSF are unknown. Because IAA is a potent agonist at gamma
      aminobutyrate receptors, it merits examination as a regulator in brain.

PMID- 2926393
TI  - Further physicochemical characterization of the novel human brain protein h3.
AB  - Recently we reported the isolation and partial biochemical characterization of
      the novel polypeptide h3 from human brain and liver. In this report, the
      physicochemical characterization is further established by the use of several
      analytical methods. The following results were obtained: the ultraviolet
      absorption spectrum is not influenced by pH, and the circular dichroism (CD)
      spectrum reveals that this protein has no alpha-helices, whereas approximately
      25% of the polypeptide chain is found to be folded as a beta-pleated sheet
      structure. Neither the conformation of h3 as assessed by CD nor the titration
      kinetics of sulfhydryl groups with Ellman's reagent are affected by the presence
      of the ions K+, Na+, Ca2+, and Mg2+. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) in a beta-mercaptoethanol gradient and Cleveland
      sequential SDS-PAGE showed that the frequent formation of h3 polymers and
      doublets, as observed earlier, is almost exclusively due to disulfide bonding.

PMID- 2926394
TI  - Protein fatty acid acylation in developing cortical neurons.
AB  - Neuron-enriched cultures derived from embryonic day 17 rat cerebral cortex were
      incubated in the presence of [3H]myristic or [3H]palmitic acid. Analysis of
      radiolabeled proteins by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and fluorography
      revealed extensive incorporation of fatty acids into a small number of neuronal
      proteins. The major acylated proteins had apparent molecular weights and
      isoelectric points as follows: 87,000, 4.3; 63,000, 4.4; 45,000, 4.4; and 20,000,
      5.3. After labeling with [3H]myristic acid, the radioactivity associated with
      these proteins was identified as myristic acid, which was attached via an ester
      linkage. All four of the major acylated neuronal proteins were found to be
      membrane-bound and enriched in growth cones. By virtue of its molecular weight,
      isoelectric point, subcellular distribution, and peptide map, the 87-kilodalton
      polypeptide was shown to be equivalent to pp80, a phosphoprotein that has been
      described in developing and mature synaptic terminals. The 45-kilodalton acylated
      protein also appears to coincide with another growth cone phosphoprotein, pp40.
      Acylation may serve as a mechanism to regulate the function of these proteins, or
      may play a role in directing them to the nerve terminal membrane.

PMID- 2926396
TI  - Acetylcholinesterase in mouse neuroblastoma NB2A cells: analysis of production,
      secretion, and molecular forms.
AB  - The mouse neuroblastoma cell line NB2A produces cellular and secreted
      acetylcholinesterase (AChE). After incubation of the cells for 4 days the ratio
      between AChE secreted into the medium and AChE in the cells was 1:1. The cell
      associated enzyme could be subdivided into soluble AChE (25%) and detergent
      soluble AChE (75%). Both extracts contained predominantly monomeric AChE (4.6S)
      and minor amounts of tetrameric AChE (10.6S), whereas the secreted AChE in the
      culture supernatant contained only the tetrameric form. All forms were partially
      purified by affinity chromatography. It could be demonstrated that the secretory
      and the intracellular soluble tetramers were hydrophilic, whereas the detergent
      soluble tetramer was an amphiphilic protein. On the other hand the soluble and
      the detergent-soluble monomeric forms were amphiphilic and their activity
      depended on the presence of detergent. By digestion with proteinase K amphiphilic
      monomeric and tetrameric AChE could be converted to a hydrophilic form that no
      longer required detergent for catalytic activity. Sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of [3H]diisopropylfluorophosphate-labelled
      AChE gave one band at 64 kilodaltons (kD) under reducing conditions and two
      additional bands at 120 kD and 140 kD under nonreducing conditions.

PMID- 2926395
TI  - Neurofilament phosphorylation in cultured bovine adrenal chromaffin cells is
      stimulated by phorbol ester.
AB  - Primary cultures of bovine adrenal chromaffin cells contain neurofilament
      proteins that are hypophosphorylated. When the cells were grown in medium
      containing 32Pi and 0.1 microM 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol 13-acetate (TPA), 32P
      labelling of the three neurofilament subunits was increased 6- to 20-fold
      relative to controls, the highest level of stimulation occurring for the mid
      sized subunit. Addition of the protease inhibitor leupeptin to the growth medium
      had no effect on TPA-stimulated phosphorylation. The increased 32P incorporation
      was accompanied by a marked reduction in the gel electrophoretic mobilities of
      the two largest subunits. The augmented phosphorylation was observed 10 min after
      addition of TPA to a concentration of 0.1 microM or after 1 h of incubation in
      the presence of 0.01 microM TPA. One-dimensional peptide mapping and phosphoamino
      acid analysis indicated that TPA stimulated the phosphorylation of seryl residues
      at new sites in the mid-sized subunit. All of the latter subunit contained in the
      cytoskeletal fraction of chromaffin cells was converted to a more highly
      phosphorylated state after the cells were grown in the presence of TPA for 1 h.

PMID- 2926397
TI  - Isolation and sequence of a cDNA clone of beta-nerve growth factor from the
      guinea pig prostate gland.
AB  - The guinea pig prostate gland contains high levels of nerve growth factor
      similarly to the mouse submandibular gland. Nerve growth factor from the guinea
      pig prostate gland cross-reacts weakly with antisera directed against mouse nerve
      growth factor, is associated with different proteins, and may be processed by a
      different mechanism. We have isolated a full-length cDNA clone for nerve growth
      factor from a library prepared from RNA of the guinea pig prostate gland. The
      guinea pig cDNA contains 1,075 nucleotides and is very similar to the shorter of
      two predominant nerve growth factor transcripts present in the mouse
      submandibular gland. The cDNA sequence predicts a precursor protein of 241 amino
      acids that is 86% identical to the mouse amino acid sequence. Only 10 amino acid
      changes are present in the C-terminal region corresponding to the mature 118
      amino acid beta-nerve growth factor of the mouse. Dibasic amino acid processing
      sites that are present at the N- and C-termini of the mature protein sequence and
      two other dibasic amino acid sites, representing potential processing sites
      within the propeptide, are all conserved, suggesting a similar mechanism of
      processing.

PMID- 2926398
TI  - Acrylamide-induced increases in deposition of axonally transported glycoproteins
      in rat sciatic nerve.
AB  - The axonal transport of proteins, glycoproteins, and gangliosides in sensory
      neurons of the sciatic nerve was examined in adult rats exposed to acrylamide via
      intraperitoneal injection (40 mg/kg of body weight/day for nine consecutive
      days). The L5 dorsal root ganglion was injected with either [35S]methionine to
      label proteins or [3H]glucosamine to label, more specifically, glycoproteins and
      gangliosides. At times ranging from 2 to 6 h later, the sciatic nerve and
      injected ganglion were excised and radioactivity in consecutive 5-mm segments
      determined. In both control and acrylamide-treated animals, outflow profiles of
      [35S]methionine-labeled proteins showed a well defined crest which moved down the
      nerve at a rate of approximately 340 mm/day. Similar outflow profiles and
      transport rates were seen for [3H]glucosamine-labeled glycoproteins in control
      animals. However, in animals treated with acrylamide, the crest of transported
      labeled glycoprotein was severely attenuated as it moved down the nerve. This
      finding suggests that in acrylamide-treated animals, axonally transported
      glycoproteins were preferentially transferred (unloaded or exchanged against
      unlabeled molecules) from the transport vector to stationary axonal structures.
      We also examined the clearance of axonally transported glycoproteins distal to a
      ligature on the nerve. The observed impairment of clearance in acrylamide-treated
      animals relative to controls is supportive of the above hypothesis. Acrylamide
      may directly affect the mechanism by which axonally transported material is
      unloaded from the transport vector. Alternatively, the increased rate of
      unloading might reflect an acrylamide-induced increase in the demand for axonally
      transported material.

PMID- 2926399
TI  - Species distribution of paraoxon-resistant brain polypeptides radiolabelled with
      diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate ([3H]DiPF): electrophoretic assay for the aged
      polypeptide of [3H]DiPF-labelled neuropathy target esterase.
AB  - Brain neuropathy target esterase is identified as a paraoxon-resistant, mipafox
      sensitive esterase that can be labelled with [3H]diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate.
      During "aging" of the labelled (inhibited) esterase, half the label (one
      isopropyl group) is transferred to a site (of the same molecular weight in sodium
      dodecyl sulphate) whence it may be released in volatile form by treatment with
      alkali. Our previously published procedure for complete extraction in a form
      suitable for scintillation counting of tritium-labelled proteins from
      polyacrylamide gels includes treatment of part-solubilised gels with alkali.
      Particles from brain of the hen, pig, sheep, guinea-pig, and rat were
      preincubated with paraoxon with or without mipafox, treated with [3H]diisopropyl
      phosphorofluoridate, and solubilised in sodium dodecyl sulphate. Labelled
      polypeptides (except from the rat) were separated by electrophoresis. Both
      mipafox-sensitive labelling and "volatilisable counts" were located principally
      in the 155-kilodalton region, with the residues dispersed throughout the gels.
      The quantities of paraoxon-resistant, mipafox-sensitive labelling sites and of
      "volatilisable counts" (in pmol/particles from 1 g) were, respectively, 12.2 and
      8.65 in hen brain, 9.80 and 6.82 in pig, 8.48 and 5.46 in sheep, 4.46 and 4.01 in
      guinea-pig, and 4.91 and 2.08 in rat. The "volatilisable count" assay seems more
      specific for neuropathy target esterase and is easier and more precise than
      assays based on differences in labelling of two samples, each subjected to much
      processing. Hydrolytic activity of particles taken before labelling was measured
      against phenyl valerate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2926400
TI  - Characterization of cellular transport, subcellular distribution, and secretion
      of the neurotoxicant 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium in bovine adrenomedullary cell
      cultures.
AB  - Cultures of bovine adrenomedullary chromaffin cells accumulated 1-[methyl
      3H]methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ([3H]MPP+) in a time- and concentration-dependent
      manner with an apparent Km of 0.7 microM and a Vmax of 3 pmol/min/10(6) cells.
      The uptake was sodium dependent and sensitive to inhibitors of the cell-surface
      catecholamine transporter. At low concentrations of MPP+, the subcellular
      distribution was identical to that of endogenous catecholamines in the
      catecholamine-containing chromaffin vesicles. However, at a higher concentration
      of MPP+, a larger proportion of the toxicant was recovered in the cytosolic
      fraction, with less in the chromaffin vesicle fractions. When cells were
      prelabeled with [3H]MPP+, at 1 and 300 microM, and then permeabilized with
      digitonin in the absence of Ca2+, there was a proportionally greater release of
      MPP+ from the cells labeled at the higher concentration of the toxicant. In the
      presence of Ca2+, cell permeabilization induced a time-dependent secretion of
      catecholamines and a parallel secretion of MPP+. Under these conditions, the
      secretion of endogenous catecholamines was unaffected by the presence of MPP+.
      When the permeabilization studies were carried out in the presence of
      tetrabenazine, a massive release of MPP+ was observed in the absence of Ca2+ and
      was not further increased by Ca2+. In intact cells prelabeled with 300 microM
      [3H]MPP+, the secretagogues nicotine and veratridine elicited a Ca2+ -dependent
      secretion of catecholamines and MPP+ from the cells in similar proportions to
      their cellular contents. Barium-induced release of both species was independent
      of external Ca2+.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2926401
TI  - Ca2+ regulates hormone secretion and proopiomelanocortin gene expression in
      melanotrope cells via the calmodulin and the protein kinase C pathways.
AB  - The mechanism by which Ca2+ regulates proopiomelanocortin (POMC)-derived peptide
      secretion and POMC mRNA levels was investigated in primary cultures of porcine
      intermediate lobe (IL) cells maintained in serum-free medium. POMC gene
      expression was evaluated by the dot blot hybridization assay with a 32P-labeled
      DNA probe complementary to the full-length sequence of porcine POMC mRNA.
      Treatment of IL cells for 24 h with the calmodulin (CAM) antagonists W7 and W13
      reduced POMC mRNA levels by a maximum of 50% in a dose-dependent manner (ED50
      approximately 10(-8) M). Accumulation of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone
      (alpha-MSH) in the medium was also depressed by 50% after 8 h of treatment. The
      role of protein kinase C (PKC) was investigated by depleting the IL cell PKC
      content with phorbol ester treatment. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) at 5
      X 10(-8) M induced a rapid translocation of cytoplasmic PKC activity toward the
      membrane. After 12 h of PMA treatment, PKC activity was undetectable in either
      the cytoplasmic or the particulate fractions. The same dose of PMA induced a time
      dependent decrease in POMC mRNA levels (50% inhibition after 24 h). The same
      effect was seen with the phorbol ester phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate at 5 X 10(-8) M,
      whereas the inactive phorbol ester 4 alpha-phorbol at 5 X 10(-8) M was without
      effect after 24 h of treatment. PMA treatment had a biphasic effect on alpha-MSH
      secretion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2926402
TI  - t-[35S]butylbicyclophosphorothionate binding sites in invertebrate tissues.
AB  - Specific high affinity binding of the cage convulsant t
      [35S]butylbicyclophosphorothionate (TBPS) was observed in membrane homogenates of
      housefly heads and crayfish abdominal muscles. [35S]TBPS binding in these two
      invertebrate tissues was inhibited by biologically active cage convulsants,
      picrotoxin analogs, and barbiturates. The housefly binding sites were inhibited
      most potently by several insecticides. Approximately 50% of total binding was
      displaceable by excess (0.1 mM) nonradioactive TBPS, picrotoxinin, ethyl
      bicyclophosphate, or dieldrin. Optimal binding assay conditions for housefly
      homogenates included pH 7.5, 22 degrees C temperature, 0.3 M chloride
      concentration, and incubation for 60 min; for crayfish homogenates, 4 degrees C
      temperature and 150-min incubations were optimal. Scatchard plots of equilibrium
      binding indicated one site in both tissues (KD = 50 nM, Bmax = 250 fmol/mg
      protein in housefly; KD = 25 nM, Bmax = 100 fmol/mg protein in crayfish).
      Association kinetics in housefly were consistent with one rate constant (k+1 = 8
      X 10(6) M-1 min-1), but dissociation was described better by two rate constants
      (k-1 = 0.28 min-1 and 0.042 min-1; calculated KD values of 80 nM and 12 nM).
      Displacement by cage convulsants showed Hill numbers near 0.5, also consistent
      with two populations of affinity, while displacement by other drugs showed Hill
      numbers near 1.0. [35S]TBPS binding in insects was most potently inhibited by the
      insecticides dieldrin (IC50 = 50 nM), aldrin, and lindane (200 nM), in a
      stereospecific manner, consistent with this binding site being the receptor for
      biological toxicity. [35S]TBPS binding was also inhibited by relatively high
      concentrations of some pyrethroid insecticides, such as deltamethrin and
      cypermethrin (1-2 microM).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2926403
TI  - Arthroplasty for the stiff or ankylosed knee.
AB  - Twenty stiff (range of motion, less than 50 degrees) and six ankylosed knees were
      replaced with the posterior stabilized condylar prosthesis and evaluated after an
      average of 4.5 years (range, 2.5-7.5 years). There were 81% good to excellent,
      11.5% fair, and 7.5% poor results. The maximum overall degree of flexion improved
      from an average of 60 degrees before surgery to 85 degrees after surgery. Flexion
      contracture was reduced from 28 degrees to 7 degrees, and the total arc of motion
      significantly increased from 32 degrees to 78 degrees. Less motion was achieved
      in the ankylosed knees. A modified inverted V-Y quadricepsplasty was a useful
      approach to the knee in 11 cases.

PMID- 2926404
TI  - Comparison and optimization of three centrifugation systems for reducing porosity
      of Simplex P bone cement.
AB  - Simplex P bone cement was spun for 30, 60, and 120 seconds in three different
      centrifugation systems (I.E.C. HN-S II, I.E.C. clinical, and Johnson & Johnson)
      to determine whether differences among the three systems also produce differences
      in the improvement of the fatigue strength of the cement. The fatigue properties
      of the cement after centrifugation were also assessed when it was mixed with
      monomer that had been chilled to 0 degrees C. There were important and
      statistically significant differences in the fatigue life of Simplex P spun for
      the same duration in the different centrifuges. Simplex P prepared as recommended
      by the manufacturer had an average fatigue life of 15,143 cycles in the test
      system used. Optimum centrifugation among the techniques studied increased the
      fatigue life nearly fivefold, to the range of 71,000 cycles. Taking into account
      both the fatigue strength and the viscosity of the cement, the optimum
      centrifugation system for improving the fatigue life of Simplex P bone cement is
      the Miller cartridge containing two packs of cement spun in the IEC-HN-S II
      centrifuge. The authors recommend 30 seconds of centrifugation if the monomer is
      not chilled prior to mixing and 60 seconds if the monomer is chilled.

PMID- 2926405
TI  - Rigidity of initial fixation with uncemented tibial knee implants.
AB  - This study quantifies the in vitro motion occurring between bone and cemented and
      noncemented tibial components. Liquid metal strain gauges were used to measure
      the motion between the tibial component and bone at four locations in eight
      cadaver tibia at near-point cyclic loads ranging from 10 to 2,000 N. Two types of
      motion were observed: inducible displacement, which is reversible, followed the
      oscillating load and occurred in both cemented and uncemented tests, and liftoff
      or separation of the component and bone, which occurred only for the noncemented
      cases and remained even after removal of the load. For both motion types,
      noncemented tests exhibited significant (P less than .05) and dramatic increased
      interface motion compared to the cemented cases for all load types. The results
      suggest that the magnitudes of implant-bone interface separation at loads in the
      low physiologic range for noncemented implants can be sufficiently large to
      inhibit bony ingrowth into a prosthesis with an average pore size of 300 microns.

PMID- 2926406
TI  - Fracture of a fenestrated metal backing of a tibial knee component. A case
      report.
AB  - The case of a metal-backed tibial component that failed by metal fracture is
      reported. Fracture occurred through fenestrations in the metal plate surrounding
      the central metal stem. The fracture followed loss of bony support beneath the
      medial tibial plateau, which had allowed varus deformity of the replaced joint. A
      high tibial osteotomy procedure had preceded replacement of the joint.

PMID- 2926407
TI  - Nonconstrained total elbow arthroplasty. Development and results in patients with
      functional class IV rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - Twenty-four nonconstrained total elbow arthroplasties (TEAs) in 20 patients with
      severe disabling functional class IV rheumatoid arthritis were reviewed
      retrospectively to determine the effects of their disease on the end result. The
      mean follow-up period was 6 years (range, 2-11 years). All planes of elbow motion
      improved after surgery (P less than .005), there was a highly significant
      reduction in pain and improvement in function (both P less than .005) and patient
      satisfaction was high. The severity of the disease does not appear to affect the
      end result when a nonconstrained TEA is used, and the results compare favorably
      with those of other series reported.

PMID- 2926408
TI  - Dissociation of a metal-backed polyethylene acetabular component. A case report.
AB  - A case of early failure of a total hip arthroplasty presenting as a dislocation
      is discussed. After failed attempts at closed reduction, an open procedure
      revealed that the polyethylene insert of the acetabulum had separated from its
      metal backing. The increasing use of metal-backed acetabular components in total
      hip arthroplasty produces another mechanical interface that may fail: the metal
      polyethylene interface. surgeons should consider this possibility in dislocations
      of total hip prostheses that cannot be reduced by closed means.

PMID- 2926409
TI  - Early femoral component loosening in DF-80 total hip arthroplasty.
AB  - Forty-seven DF-80 total hip arthroplasties performed in 40 patients were
      evaluated to determine the incidence and causes of early femoral component
      loosening. With an average 37.1-month follow-up period, 48.9% of the femoral
      components developed bone cement-bone radiolucent lines worrisome for stem
      loosening. Twenty-three percent of the stems had subsided and 4.3% had been
      revised. Radiolucent lines were apparent very early (average, 8.8 months).
      Statistical analysis revealed positive correlations between the use of the larger
      (45-mm) offset stem and both the appearance of radiolucent lines and stem
      loosening. Being male and tall also were associated with stem loosening. The
      causes for early DF-80 femoral component loosening could not be defined with
      certainty. The results of this study and a review of the literature suggest that
      failure may be a result of early biologic weakening of the proximal cement-bone
      interface combined with a stem design that maintains proximal bone loading. Metal
      debris did not appear to be a factor in loosening of this titanium alloy stem.

PMID- 2926410
TI  - Correlation of MRI images with histology in avascular necrosis in the hip. A
      preliminary study.
AB  - The role of MRI in identifying the tissue level changes in the femoral head was
      investigated in five patients diagnosed as having avascular necrosis by
      radiology, scintigraphy, and MRI (0.35 Telsa). Radiographic scoring by the Ficat
      and Arlet system showed one hip with stage I, one stage II, two stage III, and
      one stage IV changes. The histologic features of core biopsy specimens obtained
      during decompression of the femoral heads were compared to the preoperative T1
      and mixed T1/T2-weighted MR images. The cores varied with respect to their
      distance from the subchondral bone (7-23 mm) and length (19-45 mm). At the
      subchondral end of the core tract, low T1-weighted images corresponded to marrow
      fibrosis (5 cases) and in three of five cases to increased trabecular bone volume
      (TBV = 44-50%). Subjacent areas of diffusely decreased MR signal corresponded to
      marrow fibrosis and necrosis, with a relatively normal TBV (17-28%). The distal
      ends of the core tracts showed normal fatty marrow and a normal MR signal. The
      observations affirm that the MR signal intensity is largely reduced as a function
      of marrow degeneration and loss of fat content, but the signal is not predictive
      of particular histotypic morphologic patterns.

PMID- 2926411
TI  - Hip arthroplasty after biplanar femoral osteotomy.
AB  - Hip arthroplasty in patients who have had previous biplanar femoral osteotomy
      (eg, Southwick) is a technical surgical problem. Distorted proximal femoral
      anatomy may make routine insertion of a femoral prosthesis impossible. The
      authors report the short-term results in three patients with hip arthroplasty
      after biplanar femoral osteotomy. The technique consists of a biplanar closing
      wedge osteotomy at the level of the lesser trochanter to correct the previous
      surgical deformity. The remaining proximal femur becomes a vascularized bone
      graft that is skewered by the femoral prosthesis, which also gains purchase in
      the medullary canal of the proximal femoral shaft. This technique allows
      restoration of anatomic femoral alignment and the use of standard prostheses with
      preservation of bone stock. The initial results have been very good. The
      appearance of the hip is very similar to that in primary hip arthroplasty.

PMID- 2926412
TI  - Nonconstrained total shoulder arthroplasty in patients with polyarticular
      rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - A retrospective review of 114 patients with polyarticular rheumatoid arthritis
      who had 140 total shoulder arthroplasties revealed that 93% of the patients had
      excellent pain relief; however, improvement in active forward elevation averaged
      34 degrees. Nearly one-half of the patients had significant rotator cuff
      pathology. Three-fourths of the patients had a press-fit type of humeral
      component, and 5% of these have had variable amounts of subsidence. None have
      been sufficiently painful to require a revision. Eighty-two percent of the
      glenoid components developed radiolucent lines during the follow-up period. One
      percent of these were definitely loose and 9% were probably loose. To date, none
      have been revised. Complications occurred in 7% of the shoulders, but no deep or
      superficial wound infections were noted.

PMID- 2926413
TI  - Non familial juvenile distal spinal muscular atrophy of upper extremity.
AB  - An uncommon variety of non familial, juvenile onset, spinal muscular atrophy with
      asymmetric distal upper extremity affection is described. One hundred and two
      patients with a one to 14 year follow up are analysed. Spinal muscular atrophies
      with a distal distribution are rare. However, in the past three decades,
      previously unrecognised varieties of neurogenic muscular atrophy have been
      described in Asia (Japan, India, Sri Lanka and Singapore) under a variety of
      names. These provide interesting data for discussion of Asian neurogenic muscular
      atrophies with distal affection, in the context of diseases of the motor neuron.

PMID- 2926414
TI  - A case-control study of transient global amnesia.
AB  - To evaluate risk factors and prognosis of transient global amnesia (TGA), three
      groups of 30 subjects each affected respectively by: (1) first-ever TGA; (2)
      first-ever transient ischaemic attack (TIA); (3) depressive neurosis, were
      compared. Prevalence of cerebrovascular risk factors was similar in patients with
      TGA and TIA, but significantly lower in the third group. CT showed more hypodense
      lesions in TIA patients than in those with TGA. In a mean follow-up of 36 months,
      five TGA patients experienced a TIA and three others had recurrence of TGA, but
      none suffered stroke or myocardial infarction. In the TIA group, four had
      recurrence of TIA, two suffered a stroke and two others a myocardial infarction,
      whereas none had TGA attacks. None of the patients of the third group had any
      ischaemic event during follow-up. The similar prevalence of risk factors, but the
      different prognosis between TGA and TIA patients, suggest that TGA is an
      ischaemic event, probably not triggered by thromboembolism but by a different,
      possibly vasospastic, mechanism.

PMID- 2926415
TI  - Pulmonary function in Parkinson's disease.
AB  - Pulmonary function was investigated in 31 consecutive patients with relatively
      severe Parkinson's disease. Clinical disability was assessed by Hoehn and Yahr
      scale, Northwestern University Disability Scale and Websterscore. All patients
      were on levodopa substitution therapy and used anticholinergics. Pulmonary
      function was investigated by spirography, determination of a maximal inspiratory
      and expiratory flow-volume curve and, when possible, maximal static mouth
      pressures were determined. Peak inspiratory and expiratory flow, maximal
      expiratory flow at 50% and maximal static mouth pressures were significantly
      below normal values. Vital capacity, forced inspiratory volume in 1 s and the
      ratio of forced expiratory volume in 1 s and vital capacity were relatively
      normal. Nine patients had upper airway obstruction (UAO) as judged by abnormal
      values for peak inspiratory flow, the ratio of forced expiratory volume in 1 s
      and peak expiratory flow and the ratio of maximal expiratory and inspiratory flow
      at 50%. Flow-volume curves were normal in eight patients; four patients
      demonstrated flow decelerations and accelerations (type A) and 16 had a rounded
      off flow-volume curve (type B). Type A can be explained by UAO and type B by a
      combination of decreased effective muscle strength and possible UAO. Overall
      results of pulmonary function tests in patients without any clinical signs or
      symptoms of pulmonary disease point to subclinical upper airway obstruction and
      decreased effective muscle strength in a significant proportion of patients.

PMID- 2926416
TI  - Defective concept formation in parkinsonians is independent from mental
      deterioration.
AB  - An extensive neuropsychological battery (the Mental Deterioration Battery) was
      utilized to distinguish, within a sample of 24 idiopathic Parkinsonians, those
      showing signs of diffuse mental deterioration (n = 9) from those without
      deterioration (n = 15). Performances of control subjects on a wide range of tests
      exploring mnesic, visuo-constructive, linguistic and general intellectual
      functions (n = 21) did not differ from analogous performances of Parkinsonians
      without signs of diffuse mental deterioration. The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test
      was then used to verify the hypothesis that a selective impairment of cognitive
      functions subsumed by the integrity of frontal lobes could be demonstrated in
      Parkinsonian patients. Our results provide evidence that in this task, defective
      performances are obtained by Parkinsonians and even by patients without signs of
      diffuse cognitive impairment. These findings seem to confirm that a deficit in
      concept formation, maintenance and shifting is largely independent of the
      dementia frequently noticed in Parkinson's disease.

PMID- 2926417
TI  - Evoked potentials, reaction time and cognitive performance in on and off phases
      of Parkinson's disease.
AB  - Seven patients with Parkinson's disease and severe motor fluctuations were
      studied with event-related potentials, reaction and movement times and
      neuropsychological tests while in "off" and "on" phases. While there was a
      significant decrement in the P300 latency of the event-related potentials and in
      the duration of movement time in the "on" phase, no significant differences
      between on and off phases were observed in reaction time and neuropsychological
      tasks.

PMID- 2926418
TI  - Visual contrast sensitivity in drug-induced Parkinsonism.
AB  - The influence of stimulus orientation on contrast sensitivity function was
      studied in 10 patients with drug-induced Parkinsonism. Nine of the 10 patients
      had at least one eye with contrast sensitivity deficit for vertical and/or
      horizontal stimuli. Only generalised contrast sensitivity loss, observed in two
      eyes, was stimulus orientation independent. All spatial frequency-selective
      contrast deficits in 15 eyes were orientation dependent. The striking similarity
      between the pattern of contrast sensitivity loss in drug-induced Parkinsonism and
      that in idiopathic Parkinson's disease, suggests that generalised dopaminergic
      deficiency, from whatever cause, affects visual function in an analogous way.

PMID- 2926419
TI  - Ischaemic brain damage is still common in fatal non-missile head injury.
AB  - A detailed neuropathological examination has been undertaken on a consecutive
      series of head injuries dying in the Institute of Neurological Sciences, Glasgow,
      between 1968-72 (151 cases) and 1981-82 (112 cases) in order to determine the
      frequency and distribution of any ischaemic brain damage. Ischaemic damage was
      found in the brains of 92% of the 1968-72 cases and in 88% of the 1981-82 cases:
      there was no statistical difference in the amount of moderately severe and severe
      ischaemic damage in the two groups, 55% and 54% respectively. There was evidence,
      however, that an increased number of patients with severe ischaemic brain damage
      was admitted in 1981-82 as a result of a changed admission policy of the
      Department of Neurosurgery that resulted in an increased detection of
      intracranial haematomas. It is concluded that ischaemic brain damage is still
      common after severe head injury, and it seems likely that it remains an important
      cause of mortality and morbidity.

PMID- 2926420
TI  - Delayed deterioration in patients with traumatic frontal contusions.
AB  - The clinical course of 18 head injured patients in whom CT had shown frontal
      contusions without diffuse brain injury or intracranial haematoma was reviewed.
      All 10 patients with unilateral frontal contusion made a good recovery. Only two
      of five patients with limited bilateral frontal contusions made a good recovery.
      Two of three patients with extensive bilateral frontal contusions deteriorated
      more than 24 hours after injury, and one died. Delayed deterioration is an
      important complication of extensive traumatic bifrontal contusions.

PMID- 2926421
TI  - Treatment of focal dystonias of the hand with botulinum toxin injections.
AB  - The effects of botulinum toxin injections have been studied on 19 patients with
      hand dystonia. The dystonic muscles were identified by clinical examination and
      EMG findings of localised bursts of muscle activation with fine wire electrodes
      during the tasks that precipitated the dystonia. Injections into the most active
      muscles were given to each patient every 2 weeks in increasing doses (up to 20 U
      the first week, up to 40 U the second week, and up to 80 U the third week) until
      performance improvement was achieved. Subjective improvement of cramping, pain
      and/or tension was associated with temporary weakness in injected muscles.
      Benefit was seen in 16 patients, lasted between 1 and 6 months, and was
      reproducible.

PMID- 2926422
TI  - Interictal regional cerebral blood flow during non specific activation test in
      partial epilepsy.
AB  - In order to investigate, during activation testing, the interictal cortical
      cerebral blood flows (rCBF) of epileptic patients suffering from complex partial
      seizures, 40 epileptic patients (divided into "lesional", this is, with abnormal
      CT findings, and "non lesional", that is, with normal CT findings) were submitted
      to rCBF measurements with the 133 xenon intravenous technique, at rest and during
      intermittent light stimulation (ILS). The findings compared with normal
      volunteers seem to demonstrate that, during ILS, (1) in non lesional patients,
      the suspected epileptic focus shows a significant rCBF increase (2) in lesional
      patients, the significant rCBF increases were not in the region of the suspected
      epileptic focus but in adjacent or in contralateral ones. It was concluded that
      activation interictal rCBF measurements are more useful than resting ones for the
      determination of epileptic foci when CT findings are normal and that the nature
      of the epileptic focus influences markedly the interhemispheric activation
      pattern.

PMID- 2926423
TI  - Cerebrospinal fluid lactate in patients with diabetes mellitus and hypoglycaemic
      coma.
AB  - Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lactate and pyruvate concentrations were determined in
      20 patients with diabetes mellitus but without disturbance of consciousness and
      five who recovered from hypoglycaemic coma. CSF lactate was slightly but
      significantly higher in diabetes mellitus (1.78, SEM 0.04 m mol/l) than that in
      15 control subjects (1.40, SEM 0.05 m mol/l). In those who recovered from
      hypoglycaemic coma, CSF lactate was markedly elevated to 2.45-4.43 m mol/l. CSF
      glucose concentrations, however, were substantially the same between treated
      hypoglycaemic and diabetes mellitus groups. These findings indicate that CSF
      lactate levels increase with glycaemic levels in diabetes mellitus owing to
      enhanced glucose influx into glycolytic pathway of the brain, and also increases
      in treated hypoglycaemic coma probably due to mitochondrial dysfunction or
      damage.

PMID- 2926424
TI  - Postural sway during retinal image stabilisation.
AB  - Posturographic measurements using a piezoelectric platform were made in normal
      subjects while wearing a combination of spectacle and contact lens providing
      partial stabilisation of the retinal image (RIS). The amount of postural sway
      seen while wearing the device at rest is intermediate between the "normal vision"
      and "eyes closed" conditions, and increases with increasing amounts of RIS.
      However, when large active head-and-eye movements are performed, postural sway is
      dramatically increased when using RIS, and is then worse than while performing
      the same task in the "eyes closed" condition. It is concluded that patients who
      use the partial-RIS device for the treatment of severe oscillopsia may benefit
      only when performing tasks in which the head is relatively still, such as
      reading, writing or watching TV. It is also proposed that the partial-RIS device
      can serve as a model in normal free-standing subjects for the postural effects of
      oculomotor disorders.

PMID- 2926425
TI  - Retrograde pyramidal tract degeneration in a patient with cervical haematomyelia.
AB  - Retrograde pyramidal tract degeneration has been described only very rarely in
      the human central nervous system. In most of these cases the thoracic or cervical
      corticospinal tracts were shown to have degenerated following long-standing,
      lower spinal cord lesions. In a 67 year old man, who lived 2 years following the
      rupture of a mid-cervical cavernous angioma, we observed such degeneration which
      reached as high as the pons. This axonal dissolution was much less manifest above
      the ponto-medullary junction. Large pyramidal cells of Betz were not identified
      in the precentral gyrus, suggesting that the parental soma of the damaged axons
      had undergone atrophic changes. Furthermore, the involvement of the so-called
      aberrant pyramidal tract in the pontine medial lemniscus indicated that
      retrograde degeneration had occurred there as well.

PMID- 2926426
TI  - Finger tremor in Parkinson's disease.
AB  - Finger tremor was investigated in 20 patients (age range 54-88 yr) diagnosed as
      suffering from idiopathic Parkinson's disease and six controls of a similar age
      and no known neurological abnormality. In nine of the patients tremor was not
      clinically obvious. When the tremor of these patients was recorded immediately
      after voluntary movement and subjected to instrumental analysis there were
      consistently observable differences from the controls. Such analysis may have
      diagnostic potential when there is clinical uncertainty. Surface EMG recordings
      were obtained from four patients. One patient had a large resting tremor with
      obvious reciprocating activity in flexors and extensors; in the others who had no
      symptomatic tremor there was reciprocating activity only after movement, and this
      died away in a few seconds as the induced tremor disappeared.

PMID- 2926430
TI  - Meningoencephalopathy following iopamidol myelography.

PMID- 2926428
TI  - Preparation of manual movements in hemiparkinsonism.
AB  - Twenty patients with asymmetric Parkinson's disease were studied in a reaction
      time (RT) experiment in which the performance of the more affected ("bad") hand
      was compared with performance of the less affected ("good") hand. Simple RT and
      choice RT were tested in separate blocks, and the benefit afforded by advance
      information in the simple RT condition (choice RT minus simple RT) served as a
      measure of motor preparation. RT was longer in the "bad" hand in both the simple
      RT and choice RT conditions. There was no difference in the effect of advance
      information between the two hands. It is concluded that slowness in RT movement
      initiation in Parkinson's disease is not due to a deficiency in motor
      preparation, and that intact basal ganglia function is not required for this
      stage of motor programming.

PMID- 2926427
TI  - The utility of testing tactile perception of direction of scratch as a sensitive
      clinical sign of posterior column dysfunction in spinal cord disorders.
AB  - Classical beliefs about the functions of the dorsal columns of the spinal cord
      have been attacked following recent evidence that position and vibration
      sensations may be carried in the dorsal spinocerebellar tracts. There is evidence
      that the one specific function of the dorsal columns is for the transmission of
      information concerning the direction of tactile cutaneous movement. Thirty normal
      controls, 43 patients with spinal cord disorders and 10 patients with functional
      disorders were examined prospectively using an easily administered "direction of
      scratch" protocol. Interpretation of the direction of a 2 cm vertical tactile
      cutaneous movement over the lower limbs was found to be accurate in normal
      controls and grossly inaccurate in patients with functional disorders, exceeding
      the error rate of guessing. Detection of direction of 2 cm scratch was moderately
      impaired in 11 of 13 patients with spastic paraparesis and preserved sensation to
      all other modalities and 23 of 24 patients with spastic paraparesis and impaired
      proprioception and/or vibration sensations. Direction of 2 cm scratch,
      proprioception and vibration sensations were preserved in the three cases with
      anterior spinal cord syndromes. It is proposed that tactile perception of
      direction of 2 cm scratch over the lower limbs is a sensitive sign of posterior
      column function which can be usefully incorporated into the clinical sensory
      examination in the evaluation of spinal cord disorders.

PMID- 2926429
TI  - Initial factors predicting survival in patients with a spinal cord injury.
AB  - A study is presented of a prospective analysis of survival rates in 157 patients
      with spinal cord injury consecutively admitted to the Pellegrin Hospital
      (University Hospital, Bordeaux, France). There was a 20% death rate, occurring in
      the first three months after injury. Three independent predictors of survival in
      patients with spinal cord injuries (age, initial conscious level and respiratory
      assistance) were found by analysis of the course of the disorder.

PMID- 2926431
TI  - Iatrogenic lumbar meningocoel after excision of a neurofibroma.

PMID- 2926432
TI  - Recurrent localised myositis.

PMID- 2926433
TI  - Rheumatoid nodule formation within the lumbar extradural space.

PMID- 2926434
TI  - Proceedings of the meeting of the Association of British Neurologists jointly
      with the Association of Soviet Neurologists. Leningrad, USSR, 25-28 May 1988.
      Abstracts.

PMID- 2926435
TI  - Proceedings of the first meeting of the British Neuropsychiatry Association.
      London, 8 July 1988. Abstracts.

PMID- 2926436
TI  - Transient feelings of compulsion caused by hemispheric lesions in three cases.

PMID- 2926437
TI  - Leukocyte glutamate dehydrogenase in patients with degenerative neurological
      disorders.

PMID- 2926438
TI  - A prospective study of acute idiopathic neuropathy II antecedent events.

PMID- 2926440
TI  - Polyamine biosynthetic decarboxylases in muscles of rats with different
      experimental myopathies.
AB  - The activities of the two polyamine biosynthetic decarboxylases (PBD), L
      ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase (SAMD),
      have been measured in quadriceps femoris of rats killed at different times after
      the induction of calciphylaxis- or serotonin(5-HT)-induced myopathy. Decreases in
      both PBD levels were observed at early times after both myotoxic treatments.
      Subsequent progressive increases in both enzyme levels were observed to nearly
      control values by 4 days after 5-HT administration. In the 5-HT-treated rats, the
      effects on the myocardial PBD activities were different from those in skeletal
      muscle, with no effect on ODC but much on SAMD, when rats were killed shortly
      after 5-HT injection. These results demonstrate that the time-course of the
      changes in PBD activities in quadriceps femoris mirrors quite well the successive
      occurrence of degenerative and regenerative processes during the calciphylaxis
      induced myopathy and the 5-HT-induced myopathy; it is 5-HT that is mainly
      responsible for the decreases in PBD levels observed in both experimental
      myopathies, since dihydrotachysterol alone was without any effect on PBD activity
      levels and 5-HT alone was effective; myocardial ODC reacts more slowly to 5-HT
      than quadriceps femoris ODC.

PMID- 2926441
TI  - Myasthenia gravis associated with multiple sclerosis. Epidemiological survey and
      immunological findings.
AB  - Patient registers on myasthenia gravis (94 patients) and multiple sclerosis (991
      patients) from a population of 1.5 million were reviewed to find patients with
      both diseases. Seven potential candidates were found, but both diagnoses were
      confirmed in 2 women only. The first patient had also iritis, the second patient
      had, besides MG and MS, bronchial asthma and polyarthritis. Both neurological
      diseases had a relatively mild clinical course. Thymectomy relieved MG symptoms
      in both patients. Cerebrospinal fluid studies during the follow-up indicated
      immunoactivation within the central nervous system. Changes in cellular immunity
      were also noted. The HLA types were different. The combination of these two
      diseases appears to be more common than expected.

PMID- 2926439
TI  - Congenital nemaline myopathy. A clinical follow-up of twelve patients.
AB  - A clinical follow-up of 12 patients with congenital nemaline myopathy (CNM) is
      reported. The aims of the study were to characterise the disease further, to
      investigate the prognosis of CNM and the factors influencing it, to find
      guidelines for treatment and, through neuropsychological tests,
      electroencephalography and computed tomography of the head, to determine whether
      the central nervous system is affected. The following distribution of muscular
      weakness was constantly found: the weakest muscles were the facial muscles, the
      flexors of the neck and trunk, the dorsiflexors of the feet and the extensors of
      the toes. The distal limb muscles and the limb-girdle muscles were clearly weaker
      than the proximal limb muscles. No signs of involvement of the central nervous
      system were detected, and IQs showed a skew towards higher levels. The clinical
      state of health had deteriorated in 10 of the 12 patients and improved in 2. In
      addition to the grade of disease activity, prognosis seemed to be influenced
      mainly by the development of scoliosis and by the restricted respiratory
      capacity. Since no specific therapy is available for this disease,
      recommendations for the management of CNM include active rehabilitation and
      vigorous treatment of respiratory infections. Physiotherapy should focus
      especially on the maintenance of cardiorespiratory capacity and the prevention
      and treatment of scoliosis. Long periods of immobilisation should be avoided.

PMID- 2926442
TI  - Myopathy associated with desmin type intermediate filaments. An immunoelectron
      microscopic study.
AB  - The muscle biopsy performed in a 58-year-old woman with a myopathy involving
      pelvic girdle and lower limbs displayed unusual intermediate filament aggregates
      by light and electron microscopy. No cardiac involvement was detected. The
      filamentous aggregates selective for type 1 fibers were found in subsarcolemmal
      and intermyofibrillar areas closely related to Z bands. Immunohistochemical study
      by light and electron microscopy using polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies and
      avidin-biotin peroxidase method revealed that aggregates consisted of desmin
      filaments. Desmin positive material was unstained with vimentine antibodies.

PMID- 2926443
TI  - Five novel cell surface antigens of CNS neoplasms.
AB  - Optimal monoclonal antibody-mediated immunotherapy requires the identification of
      tumor-restricted cell surface antigens. We have identified and partially
      characterized 5 new monoclonal antibodies generated against malignant
      astrocytoma, medulloblastoma, neuroblastoma and melanoma which were used to
      define 5 neuroectodermal tumor antigenic systems. CNT/1 identifies a 57-kDa, heat
      stable, trypsin-sensitive neuroblastoma surface antigen, which is expressed
      intracellularly in many malignant gliomas, medulloblastomas, ependymomas, breast
      and ovarian carcinomas. CNT/2 reacts with a 130-kDa, heat-labile, trypsin- and
      neuraminidase-resistant antigen restricted to low-grade astrocytomas and
      malignant gliomas. CNT/11 reacts with a 70-kDa, heat-labile, trypsin-sensitive
      antigen coded for by a gene on chromosome 12, and is restricted to astrocytomas,
      neuroblastomas and sarcomas. CNT/8 identifies a heat-labile, trypsin-sensitive
      antigen whose gene has been localized to chromosome 15 and is expressed by
      neuroectodermal and mesodermally derived tumors and few epithelial cancers. The
      B2.6 antigen is identified only in terms of serologic reactivity with a subset of
      cultured astrocytomas and melanomas. Neuroectodermal tumor-associated antigens
      may be categorized as lineage-consistent, lineage-independent and putatively
      tumor-restricted in their expression. These restricted antibodies may be
      potentially useful reagents to consider for monoclonal antibody-mediated
      immunotherapy of CNS neoplasms.

PMID- 2926444
TI  - Antigenic phenotypes of cultured malignant astrocytomas: identification of
      lineage-consistent, lineage-independent and putative tumor-restricted antigenic
      expression.
AB  - The treatment of CNS neoplasms with monoclonal antibody-mediated immunotherapy
      optimally requires the identification of tumor restricted cell surface antigens.
      However, little is known regarding the antigenic phenotype(s) of malignant
      astrocytomas. The interrelated expression of four neuroectodermal tumor antigens,
      CNT/11, AJ8, A010 and CNT/2, has been studied in cultured malignant gliomas and
      correlated with anchorage independent growth, morphology, glial fibrillary acidic
      protein, and the surface expression of other antigens. Many of these latter
      antigens have been reported to be expressed by specific fetal and differentiated
      adult cell lineages or tissues, as well as certain classes of malignant tumors.
      The tumor-associated expression of these antigens may be broadly classified as
      lineage-consistent, lineage-independent or putatively tumor-restricted. Malignant
      glioma tumor antigenic heterogeneity represents the expression of neuroectodermal
      and non-neuroectodermal cell surface markers. The importance of this observation
      is 2-fold. Lineage-independent antigen expression may be an indication of altered
      genome regulatory processes within tumor cells, and thus reflect the degree of
      anaplasia. The identification of lineage-consistent and lineage-independent tumor
      associated antigens may contribute to the selection of "target" antigens and the
      prediction of toxicity for monoclonal antibody mediated immunotherapy.

PMID- 2926445
TI  - Choreo-acanthocytosis.
AB  - This is the first report from India of a family of 4 sisters and 3 brothers in
      whom the proband showed a complete form of the choreo-acanthocytosis syndrome,
      whereas the 2 brothers who had died earlier of this disease had no examination of
      their blood. The apparently healthy members of this family also showed
      acanthocytosis, suggesting that this is a multisystem disorder affecting cell
      membranes.

PMID- 2926446
TI  - Familial vestibulocerebellar dysfunction: a new syndrome?
AB  - Three members of a single family with the symptom of "motion sickness" showed
      rebound nystagmus, saccadic pursuit eye movements, defective optokinetic slow
      phase velocity and lack of fixation suppression of vestibularly induced
      nystagmus. One of them showed vestibular hyperreactivity and a gradual build-up
      of the optokinetic response. In absence of other abnormalities, these findings
      can be localized to the vestibulocerebellum (flocculo-nodular lobe).

PMID- 2926447
TI  - The S-100 protein in cerebrospinal fluid: a simple ELISA method.
AB  - A simple ELISA method is described for determinations of S-100 protein
      concentrations in CSF. The assay has a useful range of 200-3200 pmol/l. The
      precision of the ELISA was estimated using a pool of CSF. The coefficient of
      variation was 0.18 within assay, 0.17 between assay and 0.17 between day. The S
      100 protein is stable in the CSF as no measurable differences in S-100
      concentrations were observed in samples stored at room temperature for 2 days. No
      correlation between age and S-100 concentration was found when determinations
      were performed in CSF from neurologically healthy males. Furthermore, no changes
      of S-100 was observed in a lumbocisternal CSF gradient from patients with normal
      pressure hydrocephalus. Thus, the described ELISA represents an easy to handle
      and reliable method, well suited for routine determinations of S-100 protein
      concentration in the CSF.

PMID- 2926448
TI  - Hyperestrogenemia in neuromuscular diseases.
AB  - In order to elucidate the relationship between certain neuromuscular diseases and
      gonadal hormones, we measured the levels of serum estrogens and other sex-related
      hormones. The values were compared with those for age-matched controls. The
      cases, comprising bulbospinal muscular disease of the Kennedy-Alter-Sung type,
      Kugelberg-Welander disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Duchenne muscular
      dystrophy, were all euthyroid males. The baseline levels of serum estrone were
      significantly higher in all of the patients than in age-matched normal subjects.
      Serum baseline testosterone, LH and FSH levels were all essentially normal,
      except low FSH levels in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Since our patients had no
      overweight, liver or glandular abnormalities, we presume that the elevated serum
      estrone levels have resulted from increased peripheral androgen-to-estrogen
      conversion.

PMID- 2926449
TI  - Expression of class I and class II MHC antigens in neuromuscular diseases.
AB  - The distribution of HLA class I and class II antigens has been investigated in
      cryostat sections of a series of 200 skeletal muscle biopsy specimens from
      patients with various neuromuscular disorders. Normal muscle fibres expressed no
      detectable class I antigens, whereas muscle fibres of patients with inflammatory
      myopathies and Duchenne (DMD) and Becker (BMD) muscular dystrophy showed
      consistently strong expression. In other neuromuscular diseases expression of
      class I antigens was more variable. No expression of class I antigens was
      observed on muscle fibres in samples from fetuses "at risk" for DMD and BMD or
      from female carriers of these disorders. The immunocytochemical assessment of HLA
      class I antigen expression was confirmed by a quantitative radioimmunoassay which
      demonstrated a 3-fold increase in the level of expression in muscle samples from
      patients with DMD and juvenile dermatomyositis. Class II antigen expression was
      never observed on muscle fibres in biopsies from normal individuals or any of the
      neuromuscular disorders. However, these antigens were expressed by endothelial
      cells present in these samples. Muscle specimens from fetuses and early in
      postnatal life showed very limited expression of class II antigens. They were
      expressed at a reduced level by about 3 months of age, but strong expression of
      class II antigens was not observed until about 1 year of age. The mechanism of
      induction of class I antigen expression in diseased muscle is not known. The
      appearance of class I antigens on diseased muscle may make the affected tissue a
      target for cytotoxic T cells and may thus have a role in muscle fibre damage in
      inflammatory myopathies and the X-linked muscular dystrophies.

PMID- 2926450
TI  - Comparison of major cortical aminopeptidase activity in normal brain and brain
      from patients with Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - In order to develop a greater understanding of the importance of peptide
      catabolism in the intracellular protein degradation process in normal and
      pathological human brain, we have undertaken a systematic investigation of the
      aminopeptidase group of enzymes. Although a wide range of aminoacyl-7-amino-4
      methylcoumarin derivatives (which are used to measure aminopeptidase activity)
      were hydrolysed by normal human cortical soluble extract, fractionation of the
      latter via anion exchange and gel filtration chromatography resolved only 4
      separable aminopeptidase types (activity relative to alanyl aminopeptidase in
      parenthesis): alanyl (EC 3.4.11.14, 100%); arginyl (2 isoenzymes, EC 3.4.11.6,
      15%); pyroglutamyl (EC 3.4.19.3, 4%); and leucyl (EC 3.4.11.1, 1%). Thus approx.
      80% of the total soluble aminopeptidase activity in normal human cerebral cortex
      can be accounted for by a single enzyme, the major cortical aminopeptidase. The
      activity of this enzyme was measured in the soluble fraction prepared from 4
      cortical regions (occipital, frontal, temporal and parietal) in a series of 8
      patients with Alzheimer's disease and compared with corresponding data in 8
      control normal patients. Although enzyme activity varied in these cortical
      regions, the activity in corresponding brain areas in the Alzheimer's disease and
      normal groups was very similar. These findings suggest that the characteristic
      neurodegeneration associated with Alzheimer's disease does not result from
      altered activity of the major cortical aminopeptidase in the cortical tissue of
      patients with this disorder.

PMID- 2926451
TI  - Quantitative analysis of amyloid fibril protein in systemic organs of patients
      with familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to develop a quantitative method for variant
      transthyretin (also called prealbumin) in amyloid-laden tissues of familial
      amyloidotic polyneuropathy (FAP). The variant transthyretin was extracted by
      using 70% formic acid solution in which the protein was solubilized completely
      and rapidly. The quantity of the variant transthyretin was measured by a
      radioimmunoassay (RIA). An immunoreactive species detected in the tissues of FAP
      was confirmed to be the variant transthyretin by reverse-phase high-performance
      liquid chromatography. The quantity of the variant transthyretin in the thyroid
      gland of 2 FAP patients was 9.90 and 9.76 micrograms/mg tissue, and that of the
      kidney was 4.03 and 6.27 micrograms/mg tissue, respectively, while its quantity
      in the liver was only 0.15 and 0.12 microgram/mg tissue. We present here a
      quantitative analysis of the distribution and predominance of amyloid deposits in
      systemic organs of FAP.

PMID- 2926452
TI  - Immunoglobulins and complement components in 37 patients infected by HIV-1 virus:
      comparison of general (systemic) and intrathecal immunity.
AB  - Intrathecal (IT) immunity was assessed by simultaneous analysis of paired
      cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and sera of 37 patients infected by human
      immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1). Only 8 of these 37 patients had no neurological
      or neuropsychiatric symptoms. There were 3 prominent abnormalities observed: (1)
      IT IgA production occurred in 15 patients, IT IgM production in 14 patients, and
      IT IgG production in 34 patients. (2) IT Anti-HIV-1 antibody specific activity
      (ASA) was higher than in serum in 33 of the 37 patients indicating that IT
      synthesis of antibody specific for HIV-1 occurs even in asymptomatic patients; IT
      anti-HIV-1 antibody synthesis was not correlated with clinical severity or
      neurological involvement. IT anti-herpes simplex ASA was also higher than serum
      ASA in 6 patients indicating a possible associated herpes simplex virus
      infection. (3) IT production of the complement component C4 was found frequently
      and was highly correlated with increased serum C4. IT C3 levels were decreased in
      21 of 37 patients indicating that complement activation is a frequent
      accompaniment of the IT immune response in HIV-1-positive patients. These results
      indicate a unique and localized IT immune response which is different from the
      pattern observed in the systemic immune compartment in HIV-1-seropositive
      individuals and from the pattern common to the other CNS infectious diseases.

PMID- 2926453
TI  - Normal rat serum cytotoxicity against syngeneic oligodendrocytes. Complement
      activation and attack in the absence of anti-myelin antibodies.
AB  - The role of complement in mediating oligodendrocyte and myelin injury has been
      investigated by studying the effects of normal adult rat serum on syngeneic
      cultured neonatal glial cells. Rat serum has cytotoxic activity directed against
      oligodendrocytes but not astrocytes, the potency of which increases with cell
      maturation. The effects of heat inactivation, decomplemented rat serum, EGTA
      treatment, removal of any possible anti-myelin antibody by absorption using
      syngeneic myelin and absence of surface staining for immunoglobulins on serum
      treated oligodendrocytes, C9 depletion and reconstitution, and oligodendrocyte
      staining for surface C9 demonstrate that this cytotoxicity is mediated by
      complement via antibody independent activation of the classical pathway and is
      membrane attack complex dependent. These findings significantly extend the
      previous demonstration of complement activation by extracted myelin, and may have
      significance for the pathogenesis of demyelinating diseases.

PMID- 2926454
TI  - A light and electron microscopical study of B-50 (GAP-43) in human intramuscular
      nerve and neuromuscular junctions during development.
AB  - The growth associated protein B-50 (GAP-43) is demonstrated in human
      intramuscular nerves and neuromuscular junctions by light microscopy and electron
      microscopy. Nearly all fetal endplates are shown to be immunoreactive for B-50.
      The percentage of B-50 positive endplates decreases significantly during the peri
      and neonatal period, but in children and adults a low percentage of B-50
      positive endplates remains present. These data indicate that also in the human
      peripheral nervous system the expression of B-50 is developmentally regulated.

PMID- 2926455
TI  - Acute ventilatory failure in multiple sclerosis.
AB  - Life-threatening acute ventilatory failure has been considered to be a very rare
      manifestation of multiple sclerosis (MS) and only a few cases have been
      investigated clinicopathologically. We examined 4 patients with MS who developed
      acute ventilatory failure, accompanied by a constellation of neurological
      symptoms and signs that were consistent with midline ventral medullary lesions.
      All but one of them survived the episode with artificial ventilation over a
      period of 9-11 days. One of the remaining 3 patients died a year later from
      subsequently developed anoxic encephalopathy. Neuropathological examination of
      the 2 deceased cases revealed the suspected lesions in the medulla as well as
      widespread chronic and active MS foci, which were characterized by largely
      necrotic changes rather than by pure demyelination. MRI in another case revealed
      a lesion in the caudal medulla. The apparently not so rare occurrence of
      ventilatory failure among Japanese MS patients might be related to the known
      differences in pathological features between Japanese and Western MS patients.
      Since there is a good chance of recovery, early recognition of the symptom
      complex appears important in the assessment and treatment of such patients.

PMID- 2926456
TI  - Intervention strategies with multiproblem families. Part 1. A psychoanalytical
      approach.
AB  - This discussion has focused on intervention strategies based on psychoanalytical
      theory. Recognizing that the birth of a baby is a developmental crisis in a
      family, the CHN can use one of three basic approaches. The choice of approach
      depends upon the family's need and their ability to respond to the approach.
      Fundamental to all three approaches is the establishment of a therapeutic
      relationship based on commitment. The nurse needs to be clear with her- or
      himself and with the family on what that commitment is.

PMID- 2926457
TI  - Intervention strategies with multiproblem families. Part 2. A structural
      functional approach.

PMID- 2926458
TI  - The community health nurse and multiproblem families.

PMID- 2926459
TI  - Analyzing nurse-client interactions in family planning clinics.

PMID- 2926461
TI  - How values affect the mutual goal setting process with multiproblem families.

PMID- 2926460
TI  - Ethical reasoning: a basis for nursing care in the home.

PMID- 2926462
TI  - Evaluation of the palmar circulation by pulse oximetry.
AB  - The usual method of substantiating collateral circulation of the hand is with
      Allen's test. We used the pulse-detecting capability of the pulse oximeter to
      assess the presence of collateral circulation of the hand. Thirty-one patients
      undergoing radial artery cannulation for intraoperative monitoring were evaluated
      before cannulation with a modified Allen's test and by pulse oximetry. After the
      collateral circulation of the hand was tested by the modified Allen's test, a
      pulse oximeter probe was placed on the index finger. Both radial and ulnar
      arteries were occluded until no perfusion was detected by the pulse oximeter. The
      test was repeated twice on each hand, once for each artery. The time to
      reperfusion after arterial release was recorded. Reperfusion times greater than
      15 seconds were considered abnormal. This sequence was repeated postoperatively
      after the radial artery cannulae were removed. A total of 68 tests were performed
      before cannulation; 3 showed an abnormal Allen's test, a finding confirmed by
      pulse oximetry evaluation. The Allen's test was indeterminate 13 times. In all of
      these cases, pulse oximetry demonstrated collateral blood flow. When collateral
      circulation was determined to be present by Allen's test, it was also found to be
      present with pulse oximetry. Three days after cannulation was discontinued, 8
      patients had abnormal Allen's test results, a finding again confirmed by pulse
      oximetry evaluation. Of 15 patients with indeterminate Allen's test results, 12
      had collateral blood flow determined by pulse oximetry and 3 had abnormal
      results. The ability of pulse oximetry to detect collateral circulation was
      significantly different (P less than 0.001) when compared with Allen's test both
      before and after radial artery cannulation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2926463
TI  - Sampling intervals for clinical monitoring of variables during anesthesia.
AB  - Although five minutes is the sampling interval mentioned by the American Society
      of Anesthesiologists for monitoring blood pressure and heart rate during
      anesthesia, most patients are monitored more closely by continuous auscultation
      and with the help of automated instruments. Yet this difference between the
      interval recommended and that actually used indicates that sampling intervals are
      not defined clearly enough. Therefore, we present three methods with which to
      determine sampling intervals during monitoring. To explore the feasibility of
      these methods we examined data gathered every 7.5 seconds during three typical,
      noncatastrophic physiologic perturbations induced in an anesthetized dog. We
      chose hypercapnia secondary to rebreathing, hypotension secondary to deep
      anesthesia, and hypoxemia secondary to a low concentration of inspired oxygen as
      realistic examples of what can occur during operation and anesthesia. We studied
      three variables: respired carbon dioxide, femoral arterial blood pressure, and
      oxygen saturation of hemoglobin (pulse oximeter). The data obtained during
      monitoring were subjected to three methods of analysis: (1) recording of sets of
      data, with various starting times, at five-minute intervals only (moving grid);
      (2) Fourier analysis; and (3) analysis of slopes. For the data of the experiment,
      the Fourier analysis yielded, on average, longer sampling intervals than did the
      analysis of slopes.

PMID- 2926464
TI  - Interference of automated electroencephalographic processing by an endocardial
      pacemaker.
AB  - This article reports a patient with an endocardial pacemaker undergoing a carotid
      endarterectomy in whom cerebral function was monitored by using processed
      electroencephalography (EEG). The EEG was processed by means of aperiodic
      analysis. The pacemaker generated an artifact that was identified on the
      processed EEG display and on the raw EEG display. During the time of carotid
      cross-clamping, a loss of EEG activity was noted on careful examination of the
      processed EEG and confirmed by referring to the raw EEG. Nevertheless, because of
      the presence of the artifact, the activity edge remained essentially constant
      despite the change in underlying EEG activity. The cross-clamp was released based
      on the observed change in EEG activity, yielding a return to baseline EEG
      activity. The surgeon elected to shunt the patient. The patient awoke without
      neurologic sequelae. This case serves to demonstrate the importance of referring
      to the raw EEG signal and the limitations of the activity edge in the presence of
      artifact.

PMID- 2926466
TI  - Can the Raman scattering analyzer compete with mass spectrometers: an affirmative
      reply.

PMID- 2926465
TI  - Automated measurements of isolated heart muscle contractions: effects of
      halothane, calcium, and magnesium on guinea pig left atrial muscle.
AB  - An in vitro method for automatically measuring muscle contraction force has been
      demonstrated in a study of the effects of the inhalation anesthetic halothane
      followed by calcium chloride or magnesium sulfate on isolated guinea pig left
      atrial muscle. An automated computer-controlled system was used to collect muscle
      contraction force waveforms and to analyze contraction waveforms for comparison
      of variables before and after drug administration. Two concentrations of
      halothane (0.5 and 1.5%) were administered to the atrial preparation for 30
      minutes and followed by calcium chloride or magnesium sulfate. Six variables
      (latency, time to peak tension, peak tension, maximum rate of change of pressure,
      force time integral, and relaxation time) were automatically determined from
      averaged stimulus-response curves. Results were normalized and compared with
      controls administered only calcium and magnesium and with controls administered
      no drugs. The automated system greatly simplified data collection and
      accumulation and statistical analysis of multiple responses. The system made
      possible averaging and analysis of more data with less variability than is
      normally obtained with manual systems. The results confirm several known actions
      of these agents. Halothane prolongs latency (9 and 21% for 0.5 and 1.5%
      halothane, respectively) and shortens time to peak tension (6 and 17% for 0.5 and
      1.5% halothane, respectively) and relaxation time (17 and 39% for 0.5 and 1.5%
      halothane, respectively). At high halothane concentrations (1.5%) calcium
      chloride shortens latency (10%) and prolongs time to peak tension (11%);
      magnesium sulfate prolongs latency (14%) and shortens time to peak tension (10%).

PMID- 2926467
TI  - Evaluation of the Datascope ACCUSAT pulse oximeter in healthy adults.

PMID- 2926469
TI  - The fate of bone marrow micrometastases in patients with primary breast cancer.
AB  - Using an immunocytochemical technique, micrometastases have been found in the
      bone marrow of approximately 26% of patients with primary breast cancer at the
      time of initial surgery. To determine the fate of these cells, both in patients
      receiving and not receiving adjuvant therapy, multiple bone marrow aspirates were
      repeated in 82 patients at a median time of 18 months after surgery but prior to
      overt relapse. In both treated and untreated patients micrometastases were only
      found in one of 45 (2%) and one of 37 (3%) patients, respectively. However, when
      multiple marrow aspirates were taken from patients with local recurrence the
      incidence of micrometastases was 19% (three of 16), and this increased to 30%
      (three of ten) in patients with disease at distant sites other than bone, and
      100% (ten of ten) in patients with radiologically proven bony disease. Three of
      11 (27%) patients in whom the primary tumor remained in situ while receiving
      adjuvant therapy before definitive surgery had micrometastases at the time of
      diagnosis and at follow-up 3 months later. These results suggest that many of the
      micrometastases from breast cancer patients are the result of "shedding" of cells
      from the primary carcinoma and that a proportion are not viable. The technique is
      currently insufficiently sensitive to accurately monitor adjuvant therapy in
      breast cancer patients.

PMID- 2926468
TI  - A prospective randomized comparison of continuous infusion fluorouracil with a
      conventional bolus schedule in metastatic colorectal carcinoma: a Mid-Atlantic
      Oncology Program Study.
AB  - One hundred seventy-nine patients with advanced measurable colorectal cancer not
      previously treated with chemotherapy were entered into a prospective randomized
      clinical trial by the Mid-Atlantic Oncology Program (MAOP) to compare two
      schedules of delivery for single-agent fluorouracil (5-FU). The "standard"
      treatment was a schedule commonly employed in clinical practice, namely, a daily
      bolus dose administered intravenously (IV) for five consecutive days and repeated
      at 5-week intervals. The investigational treatment was a continuous infusion of 5
      FU administered 24 hours a day for a protracted time (10 weeks or more). Both
      treatments were continued until the development of disease progression or unless
      interrupted for toxicity. Using stringent objective criteria requiring
      independent confirmation of x-ray or scan-documented response, the tumor response
      rate reached 7% (six of 87) for the bolus arm and 30% (26 of 87) for the infusion
      arms (P less than .001). Toxicity was substantially different for the two arms
      with major leukopenia observed only on the bolus arm, 22% developing grade 3
      (severe) or grade 4 (life-threatening) leukopenia with four sepsis-related
      deaths. Hand-foot syndrome was observed only in the infusional arm, requiring
      treatment interruptions and dose reductions in 24% of patients, but with little
      impact on quality of life. In spite of the major difference in objective response
      rate, overall survival for the two groups was comparable. Administration of 5-FU
      as a continuous infusion for protracted periods clearly improves the therapeutic
      index for this agent in patients with advanced colon cancer with respect to
      response rate and reduced toxicity. This schedule appears workable in the
      community setting and yields response rates similar to those reported for 5-FU
      with high-dose leucovorin, but without the gastroin testinal toxicity profile of
      the latter combination.

PMID- 2926470
TI  - Randomized trial of cyclophosphamide plus cisplatin with or without doxorubicin
      in ovarian carcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group Study.
AB  - A randomized clinical trial was conducted in women with stage III ovarian
      carcinoma (less than or equal to 1 cm residual lesions), using cyclophosphamide
      plus cisplatin (CP) with or without doxorubicin. There were 349 evaluable
      patients, of whom 176 received CP while 173 patients received CP plus doxorubicin
      (CAP). Hematologic toxicity was almost identical. There was no significant
      difference in progression-free interval (PFI) (median, 22.7 months and 24.6
      months), frequency of negative second-look laparotomy (30.2% and 32.8%), or
      survival (median, 31.2 months and 38.9 months) between CP and CAP, respectively.
      Thus, doxorubicin in the dose schedule employed does not improve combination
      chemotherapy of optimal stage III ovarian carcinoma. Several other findings,
      independent of treatment arm, were of interest. There was a significant
      difference in PFI and survival by residual disease category (yes v no) and by
      grade of differentiation (1 v 2 + 3). In multivariate analysis, age, residual
      disease at entry, cell type (clear cell carcinoma), and time from surgery to
      initiation of chemotherapy were significant predictors of survival. There was no
      difference in outcome comparing those who refused second-look with those who had
      a second-look.

PMID- 2926471
TI  - Adverse effects of intraperitoneal fluorouracil in patients with optimal residual
      ovarian cancer after second-look laparotomy: a Gynecologic Oncology Group Study.
AB  - Twenty-seven patients with ovarian cancer who had failed combination chemotherapy
      were offered intraperitoneal (IP) fluorouracil (5-FU) as salvage therapy in an
      attempt to ascertain the efficacy of such a therapeutic method. All patients had
      minimal residual epithelial cancer. The median number of treatment cycles was
      six. Major problems with dialysate inflow and egress occurred in ten patients and
      required discontinuation of therapy. An additional ten patients experienced
      hematologic toxicity with a median nadir WBC of 2,300/microL. Therapy was altered
      but not discontinued because of this complication. Other adverse sequelae, such
      as abdominal pain, were manageable with medication. IP 5-FU is technically
      feasible on a multiinstitutional basis in residual ovarian cancer, but its
      therapeutic role remains to be defined.

PMID- 2926472
TI  - Suramin: an anticancer drug with a unique mechanism of action.
AB  - We administered suramin, an anti-parasitic drug and reverse transcriptase
      inhibitor, to 15 patients with metastatic cancer. This compound is known to
      inhibit the binding of growth factors (eg, epidermal growth factor [EGF],
      platelet-derived growth factor [PDGF], tumor growth factor-beta [TGF-beta]) to
      their receptors and thus antagonize the ability of these factors to stimulate
      growth of tumor cells in vitro. There were no complete responses (CRs), four
      partial responses (PRs) (two of ten adrenal cortex, one of four renal, one of one
      adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma [HTLV-1]), and two minimal responses (MRs) (two of
      ten adrenal cortex). Toxicity included proteinuria (14 patients), reversible
      liver function test abnormalities (eight), vortex keratopathy (five), adrenal
      insufficiency (three), coagulopathy secondary to increased circulating levels of
      glycosaminoglycans (11), and one case of a reversible acute demyelinating
      polyneuropathy resembling the Guillain-Barre syndrome. We conclude that suramin
      is an active agent in the treatment of metastatic cancer, and further work is
      necessary to define its scope.

PMID- 2926473
TI  - Myocardial infarction in patients treated with mantle radiotherapy.

PMID- 2926474
TI  - Psychosocial factors and cancer: analytic strategies that bias to the null.

PMID- 2926475
TI  - The duration of a life of quality should become the focus of "quality-of-life"
      studies.

PMID- 2926476
TI  - Membrane proteins of the nerve growth cone and their developmental regulation.
AB  - The membrane polypeptides of growth cone fragments ("growth cone particles,"
      GCPs) isolated from fetal rat brain by subcellular fractionation have been
      analyzed in further detail. The major polypeptides of salt-washed GCP membranes
      detected by 1-dimensional gel electrophoresis (Ellis et al., 1985b) resolve in 2
      dimensional gels as a spot of 52 kDa that comigrates with beta-tubulin and reacts
      with anti-beta-tubulin; a 46 kDa, pl 4.3, polypeptide (pp46) that has no
      equivalent in the soluble fraction and is identical to one of the GCP's major
      phosphoproteins (Katz et al., 1985) and to GAP43 (Willard et al., 1985); a spot
      of 42 kDa that comigrates with actin; and a species of 34 kDa (p34) without
      soluble equivalent. The prominent 38 kDa doublet identified in 1-dimensional gels
      is difficult to resolve in 2-dimensional gels. The major phosphoproteins pp80ac,
      pp46, and pp40 (Katz et al., 1985), as well as p34 partition into the oil phase
      of Triton X-114 extracts, suggesting that they are integral membrane proteins, at
      least in our experimental conditions. The properties of pp46 reported here are in
      conflict with the highly hydrophilic amino acid sequence predicted for
      GAP43/B50/F1 (Basi et al., 1987; Karns et al., 1987). Growth-cone and presynaptic
      membrane proteins are compared as follows. After eye injection of 35S-methionine,
      GCPs and synaptosomes are isolated from the target areas of optic nerve of fetal
      and adult rats, respectively. Polypeptides are separated by 1- and 2-dimensional
      gel electrophoresis and the radiolabeled species identified fluorographically.
      The comparison of labeled GCP and synaptosome polypeptides shows that all 5 major
      Coomassie blue-stained polypeptides of GCP membranes (52, 46, 42, 38, 34 kDa) are
      intensely labeled after eye injection. However, in synaptosomes, these
      polypeptides are weakly labeled if at all; instead, an intensely labeled
      polypeptide of 28 kDa, and several additional species not seen in GCPs, have
      appeared. Therefore, the major growth cone membrane proteins are developmentally
      regulated, and the rates of synthesis and transport into the axonal ending of
      neuronal polypeptides change dramatically at the time of synaptogenesis.

PMID- 2926477
TI  - Corollary discharge inhibition and preservation of temporal information in a
      sensory nucleus of mormyrid electric fish.
AB  - Knollenorgan electroreceptors in mormyrid fish are concerned with
      electrocommunication, i.e., with detecting electric organ discharges (EODs) of
      other electric fish. But knollenorgan electroreceptors are also activated by the
      fish's own EOD. Potential interference by such self-stimulation is blocked by an
      inhibitory corollary discharge in the nucleus of the electrosensory lateral line
      lobe (NELL), the first central relay of the knollenorgan pathway. This study used
      intracellular recording and staining to examine the mechanism of the corollary
      inhibition and the specializations in anatomy and physiology that permit the
      accurate relaying of temporal information about the EODs of other fish. Several
      events are recorded inside primary knollenorgan afferents in addition to a large
      orthodromic action potential. The additional events include small orthodromic
      electronic epsps, postsynaptic action potentials, and a corollary discharge
      inhibitory postsynaptic potential (ipsp) associated with the EOD motor command.
      These additional events are also recorded in NELL cells and almost certainly
      originate there. Electrical coupling between afferents and cells makes it
      possible to observe the events inside primary afferents. The corollary discharge
      ipsp in the cell is associated with a conductance increase and inverts rapidly
      when recorded with chloride-containing electrodes, supporting a hypothesis of
      GABA mediation. The ipsp lasts longer in cells than in afferents. Each
      electrotonic excitatory postsynaptic potential (epsp) is probably caused by a
      single primary afferent, and any one of several epsps in a given cell seems
      capable of eliciting a postsynaptic spike in that cell. The epsps follow
      stimulation rates as high as 500/sec with minimal variability. No lateral
      inhibition is observed in NELL. These and other properties indicate that the
      knollenorgan pathway is specialized for temporal information rather than spatial
      or intensity information.

PMID- 2926478
TI  - Expansion of the central arborizations of persistent sensory neurons during
      insect metamorphosis: the role of the steroid hormone, 20-hydroxyecdysone.
AB  - During insect metamorphosis many larval neurons persist but are modified to serve
      new behavioral roles at later stages of life. For example, certain larval
      mechanosensory neurons expand their central arborizations during pupal
      development and evoke a different behavioral response, the gin trap reflex. The
      role of the insect steroid hormone, 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-HE) in this
      developmental change was investigated by removing the normal source of the
      hormone, followed by topical application of 20-HE to the peripheral somata of the
      sensory neurons. In prepupal animals that were ligated between the abdomen and
      thorax to remove the source of ecdysteroids the sensory neurons retained a larval
      arborization pattern. Topical application of 20-HE to the peripheral sensory
      neuron somata caused the treated neurons to undergo terminal arbor expansion
      within the CNS. The treated sensory neurons were not able to evoke the normal
      pupal behavioral response, but instead caused a larval-like reflex response. In a
      previous study, sensory neurons that were treated peripherally with a juvenile
      hormone analog during the commitment peak of ecdysteroids were shown to retain a
      larval arborization pattern at pupation and to not evoke the gin trap reflex
      (Levine et al., 1986). Within 4 d of pupation, however, these neurons belatedly
      developed expanded terminal arbors and evoked the pupal reflex. In the present
      study, similarly treated animals were ligated at pupation to block the surge in
      ecdysteroids that normally occurs at this time. This treatment prevented both the
      delayed expansion and the reflex, whereas topical 20-HE application induced
      growth and allowed the treated sensory neurons to evoke the gin trap reflex. It
      is concluded that both 20-HE and juvenile hormone act directly on the cell bodies
      of the sensory neurons to regulate the growth of their central processes. This
      growth is necessary but not sufficient for the development of the gin trap
      reflex, suggesting that other steroid-dependent changes must also occur within
      the CNS. Thus, as in the vertebrates, steroid hormones direct important
      developmental events within the insect nervous system.

PMID- 2926479
TI  - Evidence that glycine mediates the postsynaptic potentials that inhibit lumbar
      motoneurons during the atonia of active sleep.
AB  - Postsynaptic inhibition of somatic motoneurons underlies the atonia of active
      sleep. This inhibitory control depends, in large measure, on the bombardment of
      motoneurons during active sleep by a unique class of large-amplitude inhibitory
      postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs). These potentials are present only during this
      behavioral state and have therefore been designated as active sleep-specific
      IPSPs (AS-IPSPs). The present study was concerned with determining the
      neurotransmitter that mediates these AS-IPSPs. Lumbar motoneurons were recorded
      intracellularly during quiet and active sleep in intact, undrugged, normally
      respiring cats. The frequency and waveform parameters of the inhibitory
      postsynaptic potentials recorded from these motoneurons were examined following
      the microiontophoretic juxta-cellular administration of strychnine (a glycine
      receptor antagonist) and picrotoxin and bicuculline (GABA receptor antagonists).
      Microiontophoretically applied strychnine abolished the AS-IPSPs and a majority
      of smaller-amplitude IPSPs. Neither picrotoxin nor bicuculline modified the
      frequency, amplitude, or rising phase of the AS-IPSPs or the smaller-amplitude
      IPSPs. We conclude that the postsynaptic inhibitory drive that impinges on
      motoneurons during active sleep is principally mediated by glycine or a
      glycinergic substance.

PMID- 2926480
TI  - Stable and dynamic forms of cytoskeletal proteins in slow axonal transport.
AB  - Dynamic organization of the axonal cytoskeleton was investigated by analyzing
      slow axonal transport of tubulin and other major cytoskeletal proteins in the
      motor axons of rat sciatic nerve 1-4 weeks after injection of L-35S-methionine
      into the anterior horn area of L3-L5 lumbar spinal cord. A large proportion (50
      65%) of tubulin transported in the axon was found to be insoluble when extracted
      with 1% Triton at 4 degrees C. This cold-insoluble tubulin was also resistant to
      other microtubule-destabilizing agents such as Ca2+, colchicine, and nocodazole,
      suggesting that it corresponded to the stably polymerized tubulin specific to the
      axon. From the cold-soluble fraction, microtubules containing a distinct set of
      associated proteins were recovered by the taxol-dependent procedure. Transport
      pattern of cold-soluble and -insoluble tubulin in this system showed a time
      dependent broadening of the tubulin wave resulting in the appearance of a new
      faster wave enriched in cold-soluble tubulin. The slower and the faster waves of
      tubulin were defined as group V or slow component a (SCa) and group IV or slow
      component b (SCb), respectively, with respect to the 2 subcomponents of slow
      transport originally described in the optic system. However, compositions of
      groups IV and V in sciatic motor axons differed significantly from those of the
      optic system. Actin also exhibited a clear dual wave pattern of transport that
      coincided well with that of tubulin, indicating that both actin and tubulin were
      the major components of both groups IV and V.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2926482
TI  - Chromatic and achromatic vision of macaques: role of the P pathway.
AB  - Chromatic and achromatic contrast sensitivity were measured in a human observer,
      2 normal macaque monkeys, and 3 monkeys with severe toxicant-induced damage to
      the parvocellular projecting retinogeniculate pathway (P cell-deficient monkeys).
      Damage to the P pathway was produced by the oral administration of acrylamide
      monomer (Eskin and Merigan, 1986). Contrast sensitivity was measured in all
      subjects with isochromatic luminance gratings, as well as isoluminant chromatic
      gratings, modulated along several directions of a color space that represents
      color-opponent and luminance contrast (Krauskopf et al., 1986). The chromatic and
      achromatic sensitivity of the control monkeys was virtually identical to that of
      the human observer. Chromatic sensitivity of the P cell-deficient monkeys,
      measured at a low spatial frequency (0.3 c/deg), along a constant-blue color
      axis, was 0.9-1.5 log units lower than that of controls. Similar losses were seen
      along a tritanopic confusion axis and along 2 intermediate axes of color
      direction. Chromatic thresholds measured at higher spatial frequency (2.0 c/deg)
      were similarly reduced. Counterphase-modulated chromatic gratings were used to
      test color sensitivity over a range of temporal frequencies up to 15 Hz, and the
      loss of color vision was substantial over the entire range of frequencies. The
      luminance contrast sensitivity of the P cell-deficient monkeys for stationary
      gratings decreased after exposure by 0.5-0.8 log units. These results indicate
      that the chromatic and achromatic spatial vision of macaques is very similar to
      that of humans. They also suggest that the P pathway plays an important role in
      macaque chromatic sensitivity at all spatial frequencies, as well as achromatic
      sensitivity at high spatial and lower temporal frequencies.

PMID- 2926481
TI  - Astrocytes cultured from mature brain derive from glial precursor cells.
AB  - We have previously shown that enriched preparations of oligodendrocytes from
      either mature bovine brain or 30-d-old rat brain, when cultured in serum-free
      medium, yield mixed cultures of oligodendrocytes and astrocytes even though no
      GFAP+ cells were present after 24 hr in culture (Norton et al., 1986, 1988). To
      test the possibility that the astrocytes in these cultures arose from glial
      precursor cells, we followed the expression of ganglioside GD3,
      galactosylceramide (GC), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and vimentin in
      the cultures. GD3 has already been shown to be a marker of immature
      neuroectodermal cells, which in the postnatal brain are glial progenitor cells
      (Goldman et al., 1984, 1986). The cultures from both species contained at 1 DIV
      only two populations of cells; 90-95% GC+/GD3- oligodendrocytes and 4-10% GD3+/GC
      small, round cells. With time, the oligodendrocytes remained GD3-/GFAP-/vimentin
      . The kinetics of antigen expression of the GD3+ cells could best be interpreted
      by the following sequence: (sequence; see text) We interpret these results to
      show that the astrocytes arose from a small population of GD3+ glial precursor
      cells present in the brain that were co-isolated with oligodendroglia. No
      evidence was obtained that these GD3+ cells could also differentiate into
      oligodendrocytes.

PMID- 2926483
TI  - The neurology of memory: quantitative assessment of retrograde amnesia in two
      groups of amnesic patients.
AB  - The phenomenon of retrograde amnesia has important implications for understanding
      normal memory as well as its neural organization. Using 6 tests of remote memory,
      we evaluated the extent and severity of retrograde amnesia in 2 groups of amnesic
      patients--7 patients with alcoholic Korsakoff's syndrome and 5 other patients
      with amnesia (anoxia or ischemia, N = 3; thalamic infarction, N = 1; unknown
      etiology, N = 1). Although there were individual differences, Experiment 1 showed
      that the severity and extent of retrograde amnesia was similar for the 2 groups.
      Retrograde amnesia was temporally graded across a period of about 15 years and
      was not detectable in more remote time periods. In Experiment 2, repeated testing
      during a 3 year period showed that amnesic patients and control subjects were
      similarly consistent in their responses. Amnesic patients did not catch up to
      control subjects by eventually accumulating as many correct answers as the
      control subjects. In Experiment 3, amnesic patients performed normally on a test
      of very difficult general information questions, which were based on material
      likely to have been learned long ago. In all 3 experiments, the 2 groups of
      amnesic patients performed similarly. The results support the following
      conclusions: (1) Extensive, temporally graded retrograde amnesia, which has been
      observed frequently in patients with Korsakoff's syndrome, occurs readily in
      other amnesic patients as well, even when their memory impairment appears well
      circumscribed; (2) patients with presumed damage to either the medial temporal or
      the diencephalic brain structures linked to memory functions can produce a
      similar kind of retrograde amnesia; (3) the impairment reflects a loss of usable
      knowledge, not simply difficulty accessing an intact memory store that can then
      be overcome given sufficient retrieval opportunities; (4) very remote memory, at
      least for factual information, can be intact in amnesia; (5) the structures
      damaged in amnesia support memory storage, retrieval, or both during a lengthy
      period of reorganization, after which representations in memory can become
      independent of these structures.

PMID- 2926484
TI  - Amplitude fluctuations in small EPSPs recorded from CA1 pyramidal cells in the
      guinea pig hippocampal slice.
AB  - EPSPs have been evoked in CA1 pyramidal cells by (1) activation of single CA3
      neurons (unitary EPSPs), and (2) low-intensity stimuli to the CA1 stratum
      radiatum. Five unitary EPSPs were obtained; their mean peak amplitudes ranged
      from 85 to 275 microV and 3 of the 5 showed fluctuations in amplitude that were
      too great to be attributed to baseline noise. After subtraction of the variance
      due to the noise, these EPSPs had coefficients of variation much higher than
      those reported for variability in the quantal EPSP in other preparations. These
      results suggest that intermittent transmitter release is a major cause of EPSP
      amplitude fluctuation at this synapse. A noise deconvolution technique based on a
      nonrestrictive model of transmitter release was applied to the EPSPs obtained in
      this study. For 2 of the EPSPs evoked by stratum radiatum stimulation, the
      amplitudes fluctuated between discrete values that were sufficiently separated
      with respect to the noise to be resolved by the deconvolution procedure. Quantal
      increments of 224 and 193 microV were determined for the 2 EPSPs.

PMID- 2926485
TI  - Cholinergic regulation of arterial pressure by the C1 area of the rostral
      ventrolateral medulla.
AB  - In anesthetized, paralyzed rats intravenous administration of the
      acetylcholinesterase inhibitor physostigmine (PHY) (100 micrograms/kg) evoked a
      dose-related rise in arterial pressure (AP) and heart rate (HR) and an associated
      increase in sympathetic nerve activity (SNA). The responses to PHY were blocked
      by electrolytic lesions of, or microinjection of kainic acid into, a specific
      site in the rostral ventrolateral medulla containing a cluster of neurons
      immunoreactive for the adrenaline-synthesizing enzyme phenylethanolamine N
      methyltransferase and corresponding to the C1 area of the nucleus reticularis
      rostroventrolateralis (RVL). The C1 area and its surround contain a heretofore
      unrecognized network of varicose neuronal processes and perikarya labeled
      immunocytochemically with a monoclonal antibody to the ACh-synthesizing enzyme,
      choline acetyltransferase (CAT). PHY increased, by over 3-fold, the spontaneous
      activity of reticulospinal cardiovascular neurons in the C1 area which excite
      preganglionic sympathetic neurons in the intermediolateral spinal column. The
      effects of PHY on AP, SNA, and the discharge of reticulospinal neurons were
      blocked by systemic administration of the muscarinic antagonist scopolamine.
      Microinjections within the C1 area of the RVL of scopolamine, the M2-selective
      muscarinic receptor antagonist AF-DX 116, or the high-affinity choline uptake
      inhibitor hemicholinium-3 blocked the pressor effects of PHY. The nicotinic
      antagonist hexamethonium and the M1-selective muscarinic receptor antagonist
      pirenzepine were without effect. We conclude that (1) the increases in AP, HR,
      and SNA elicited by the systemic administration of PHY result from the augmented
      action of ACh released from cholinergic terminals within the C1 area of the RVL;
      (2) the locally released ACh acts through muscarinic receptors of the M2 subtype
      within the C1 area to produce excitation of intrinsic reticulospinal
      sympathoexcitatory neurons, thereby increasing the activity of sympathetic
      preganglionic neurons and consequently elevating AP and HR; and (3) while the
      specific function of the cholinergic innervation of the C1 area in cardiovascular
      regulation is unknown, it may contribute to the tonic regulation of AP.

PMID- 2926486
TI  - Motor activity in the isolated spinal cord of the chick embryo: synaptic drive
      and firing pattern of single motoneurons.
AB  - The cellular mechanisms underlying embryonic motility were investigated using
      intracellular recording from motoneurons and electrotonic recording from muscle
      nerves during motor activity generated by an isolated spinal cord preparation of
      12- to 15-d-old chick embryos. DC-coupled recordings from sartorius (a flexor)
      and femorotibialis (an extensor) muscle nerves revealed that both sets of
      motoneurons were depolarized at the same time in each cycle even when the
      motoneurons fired out of phase. Sartorius motoneurons fired briefly on the rising
      phase of the depolarization and then stopped firing before discharging a second
      burst of spikes as the depolarization decayed. By contrast, femorotibialis
      motoneurons fired at the peak of their depolarization, which was coincident with
      the interruption in sartorius activity. Intracellular recordings from
      antidromically identified motoneurons confirmed that flexor and extensor
      motoneurons were depolarized at the same time during each cycle of activity. The
      discharge of femorotibialis motoneurons, and others presumed to be extensors,
      followed changes in membrane potential so that maximal firing occurred during
      peak depolarization. The relationship between discharge and membrane potential
      was different in sartorius motoneurons (and in others presumed to be flexors)
      because they fired briefly on the rising phase of the depolarization and then
      stopped firing during peak depolarization. In some of these cells firing resumed
      as the membrane potential decayed back to rest. Intracellular injection of
      depolarizing current into sartorius motoneurons during motor activity reversed
      the direction of the membrane potential change from depolarizing to
      hyperpolarizing during the pause in sartorius discharge. In addition, the
      discharge evoked by the depolarizing current was blocked during the reversed part
      of the synaptic potential revealing its inhibitory nature. The occurrence of the
      IPSP was accompanied by a large reduction in motoneuronal input impedance.
      Injection of depolarizing current steps into motoneurons produced steady firing
      with no evidence of a pause in discharge, indicating that the depolarization
      accompanying synaptic activity was not responsible for the pause in firing of
      flexor motoneurons. These results suggest that flexor and extensor motoneurons
      receive a similar depolarizing drive from a common set of excitatory premotor
      interneurons. The alternating pattern of flexor and extensor discharge is
      produced, in part, by the timing of a depolarizing IPSP coincident with extensor
      activity that silences flexor discharge.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2926487
TI  - An EM study of the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus: inhibitory,
      commissural, synaptic connections between ascending auditory pathways.
AB  - The dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (DNLL) and its connections constitute
      one of the ascending auditory pathways to the inferior colliculus. One notable
      feature of this nucleus is the heavy commissural connections between DNLL on
      opposite sides of the midbrain. These commissural connections may have a
      significant impact on the ascending pathway. In this study, the fine structure of
      DNLL in the cat and its commissural connections were examined. Both anterograde
      and retrograde transport methods were used simultaneously at the EM level.
      Injections of 3H-leucine mixed with WGA-HRP were made in one DNLL. After axonal
      transport, EM autoradiographic methods were used to identify the anterogradely
      labeled axonal endings from the opposite DNLL. In the same location, retrogradely
      labeled neurons with crossed connections were identified with HRP histochemistry.
      Two types of axonal endings were found in DNLL, those with round synaptic
      vesicles forming asymmetrical synaptic junctions and those with pleomorphic
      vesicles and symmetrical synapses. Both types were equally common. However, only
      endings with pleomorphic vesicles were labeled after injections in the
      contralateral DNLL. The labeled endings from the opposite DNLL appeared to
      represent a homogeneous population, even though a number of variations in the 2
      types of endings were found. Labeled endings were presynaptic to all parts of
      neurons in DNLL, but a large proportion of the synapses were on cell bodies and
      large dendrites. Two patterns of nuclear morphology and distribution of rough
      endoplasmic reticulum were identified and may represent different cell types.
      Examples of both cell types were observed to project to the contralateral side
      and received labeled synaptic endings. The major finding of this study is that
      the crossed connections between DNLL exhibit the morphology associated with
      inhibitory function. Since neurons in DNLL are thought to use GABA as a
      neurotransmitter, the crossed connections could provide inhibitory inputs to DNLL
      on each side. Since some neurons receive numerous axosomatic inputs from the
      contralateral DNLL and also project to the opposite side, they may participate in
      direct reciprocal, inhibitory connections between the nuclei. Crossed inhibitory
      connections in the DNLL pathway may be important in regulating the flow of
      ascending auditory information.

PMID- 2926488
TI  - Deficits in response space following unilateral striatal dopamine depletion in
      the rat.
AB  - Hungry rats were trained to report the occurrence and location of brief,
      unpredictable visual stimuli presented to the left of their heads in 1 of 2
      response locations. After training, they received unilateral infusions of 6
      hydroxydopamine, depleting dopamine throughout the head of the caudate putamen,
      either on the left or the right side, that is, either ipsilateral or
      contralateral to the side on which they were required to respond. Following an
      ipsilateral lesion there were no impairments in localization of the visual
      discriminanda and there was no lengthening of reaction time. The contralaterally
      lesioned rats, however, showed considerably lengthened reaction times to both
      stimuli and a profound bias to the nearer of the 2 response locations. Evidence
      from probe trials in which the visual stimuli were presented separately or
      simultaneously showed that the impairment was not due to a failure to localize
      the stimuli in contralateral space but, rather, resulted from a deficit in
      directing responses in contralateral space. It is suggested that this may be due
      to a distortion in the representation of response space.

PMID- 2926489
TI  - Biosynthesis of adipokinetic hormones (AKHs): further characterization of
      precursors and identification of novel products of processing.
AB  - Two adipokinetic hormones (AKH I: pGlu-Leu-Asn-Phe-Thr-Pro-Asn-Trp-Gly-Thr-NH2,
      and AKH II: pGlu-Leu-Asn-Phe-Ser-Thr-Gly-Trp-NH2) are synthesized by the
      neurosecretory cells of the corpora cardiaca (CC) of the locust Schistocerca
      gregaria. Both AKHs are released into the blood during flight and serve to
      regulate lipid metabolism and other physiological processes involved in flight.
      By in vitro "pulse-chase" experiments we show that 2 precursors (P1 and P2) are
      involved in AKH biosynthesis. These are about 8.4 kDa polypeptides which are AKH
      immunoreactive but also contain an amino acid (tyrosine) not present in the AKH
      peptides. By following the fate of 14C-tyrosine incorporated into P1 and P2, we
      have identified 2 novel products of precursor processing. These are called AKH
      Precursor Related Peptides or APRP 1 and APRP 2. Size exclusion chromatography
      shows that the APRPs are about 6.5 kDa large and therefore represent major
      fragments of the precursors. The optical density peaks corresponding to P1, P2,
      APRP 1, and APRP 2 on a reverse-phase chromatogram are identified. The precursors
      being metabolic intermediates are represented by minor optical density peaks that
      disappear when de novo protein synthesis is blocked by cycloheximide. In
      contrast, the APRPs are represented by major optical density peaks consistent
      with their being accumulating end products of AKH precursor processing. The
      function of the APRPs is as yet unknown. They are, however, co-synthesized and
      also co-released with the AKHs, and may therefore also have hormonal functions
      related to flight.

PMID- 2926490
TI  - Neuropsychological deficit and emotional disturbance in head-injured patients.
AB  - The relationship between neuropsychological deficit and emotional disturbance was
      examined in a sample of 124 patients who sustained work-related head injuries.
      Most injuries met criteria for minor head injury. Since all patients were
      receiving compensation, the relationship between emotional disturbance and neuro
      behavioral deficit does not appear to be related to compensation or litigation
      factors. There was a positive relationship between degree of neurobehavioral and
      emotional abnormality. This was not due to the interval between injury and
      examination, and did not appear to be related to duration of unconsciousness or
      amnesia, or to the presence of skull fracture or posttraumatic seizures. The
      findings are discussed in relation to previous research and to their implications
      regarding posttraumatic emotional adjustment.

PMID- 2926491
TI  - Neurosurgical intervention in penetrating spinal trauma with associated visceral
      injury.
AB  - Associated injuries to the neck, chest, or abdomen are found in approximately one
      quarter of all civilians with penetrating spinal cord or cauda equina injuries.
      While the value of and indications for general surgical exploration and repair of
      these injuries are fairly self-evident, the value of neurosurgical intervention
      in terms of neurological outcome and infection prophylaxis remains the subject of
      debate. To study this issue, 160 civilian patients with penetrating spinal
      injuries and neurological deficits were retrospectively reviewed. Associated
      injuries of the esophagus, trachea, bronchi, or bowel were seen in 107
      individuals (67%); 33 (31%) of these patients had abdominal injuries, 25 (23%)
      had neck injuries, 23 (21%) had thoracic injuries, and 26 (24%) had injuries
      occurring at multiple sites. Of these 107 patients, 67 (63%) had complete
      neurological injuries and the remaining 40 (37%) demonstrated incomplete
      deficits. All 107 patients underwent surgical exploration and repair of their
      visceral injuries; in 19 of them a neurosurgical procedure was also performed for
      decompression of the neural elements and/or debridement of the wound. Regardless
      of the presence of associated visceral injuries, the mechanism of injury, and the
      extent of the neurological deficit, no statistically significant difference in
      neurological outcome was found in patients with or without neurosurgical
      intervention. Complications associated with neurological injury were reported in
      17 (11%) of the total group of 160 patients. Four (21%) of the 19 patients who
      had neurosurgical intervention suffered a related complication, compared to only
      six (7%) of the 88 patients who were managed conservatively (p less than 0.05).
      Within the limitations of a retrospective review, the results of this study do
      not clearly support the value of routine neurosurgical intervention as an adjunct
      to general surgical repair in cases of spinal injury associated with penetrating
      visceral trauma.

PMID- 2926492
TI  - Endoscopic surgery versus medical treatment for spontaneous intracerebral
      hematoma: a randomized study.
AB  - A controlled randomized study of endoscopic evacuation versus medical treatment
      was performed in 100 patients with spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral
      (subcortical, putaminal, and thalamic) hematomas. Patients with aneurysms,
      arteriovenous malformations, brain tumors, or head injuries were excluded.
      Criteria for inclusion were as follows: patients' age between 30 and 80 years; a
      hematoma volume of more than 10 cu cm; the presence of neurological or
      consciousness impairment; the appropriateness of surgery from a medical and
      anesthesiological point of view; and the initiation of treatment within 48 hours
      after hemorrhage. The criteria of randomization were the location, size, and side
      of the hematoma as well as the patient's age, state of consciousness, and history
      of hypertension. Evaluation of outcome was performed 6 months after hemorrhage.
      Surgical patients with subcortical hematomas showed a significantly lower
      mortality rate (30%) than their medically treated counterparts (70%, p less than
      0.05). Moreover, 40% of these patients had a good outcome with no or only a
      minimal deficit versus 25% in the medically treated group; the difference was
      statistically significant for operated patients with no postoperative deficit (p
      less than 0.01). Surgical patients with hematomas smaller than 50 cu cm made a
      significantly better functional recovery than did patients of the medically
      treated group, but had a comparable mortality rate. By contrast, patients with
      larger hematomas showed significantly lower mortality rates after operation but
      had no better functional recovery than the medically treated group. This effect
      from surgery was limited to patients in a preoperatively alert or somnolent
      state; stuporous or comatose patients had no better outcome after surgery. The
      outcome of surgical patients with putaminal or thalamic hemorrhage was no better
      than for those with medical treatment; however, there was a trend toward better
      quality of survival and chance of survival in the operated group.

PMID- 2926493
TI  - Adult cerebellar medulloblastomas: the pathological, radiographic, and clinical
      disease spectrum.
AB  - The records of 34 patients over 16 years of age with cerebellar medulloblastoma
      were retrospectively reviewed. All patients were treated by surgery, and all
      surviving patients were given radiation therapy. The imaging characteristics of
      this rare entity were evaluated with regard to the tumor location in the
      cerebellum, and the prognostic effects of histological characteristics such as
      neuronal or glial differentiation and the presence of desmoplasia were
      investigated. Neither histological parameters nor tumor location (median,
      paramedian, or lateral cerebellar) affected patient survival. The desmoplastic
      variant was encountered in 38% of these adult medulloblastomas and occurred in
      all three cerebellar locations. The degree of surgical resection did not have a
      major effect on long-term survival; long-term survival was possible even in
      patients who had received only a biopsy. The extent of initial radiation therapy
      was positively correlated with recurrence-free survival; full neuraxis
      irradiation was associated with a 13% incidence of delayed spinal metastases,
      whereas 75% of patients treated with irradiation of only the posterior fossa
      and/or the whole brain developed spinal deposits. A similar local recurrence rate
      (12.5%) was noted in both irradiation groups. Chemotherapy resulted in palliation
      in some patients with metastatic disease.

PMID- 2926494
TI  - Cerebral aneurysms following radiotherapy for medulloblastoma.
AB  - Three patients, two males and one female aged 21, 14, and 31 years, respectively,
      developed cerebral saccular aneurysms several years after undergoing radiotherapy
      for cerebellar medulloblastoma at 2, 5, and 14 years of age, respectively.
      Following surgery, all three received combined cobalt-60 irradiation and
      intrathecal colloidal radioactive gold (198Au) therapy, and died from rupture of
      the aneurysm 19, 9, and 17 years after the radiotherapy, respectively. Autopsy
      examination revealed no recurrence of the medulloblastoma, but widespread
      radiation-induced vasculopathy was found at the base of the brain and in the
      spinal cord, and saccular aneurysms arose from the posterior cerebral arteries at
      the basal cistern or choroidal fissure. The aneurysms differed from the ordinary
      saccular aneurysms of congenital type in their location and histological
      features. Their locations corresponded to the areas where intrathecally
      administered colloidal 198Au is likely to pool, and they originated directly from
      a segment of the artery rather than from a branching site as in congenital
      saccular aneurysms. It is, therefore, concluded that the aneurysms in these three
      patients were most likely radiation-induced.

PMID- 2926495
TI  - Angiographic frequency of anterior circulation intracranial aneurysms.
AB  - A retrospective angiographic analysis was designed to extrapolate the frequency
      of angiographically defined asymptomatic intracranial aneurysms in the anterior
      circulation from a relatively unbiased clinical series. A total of 9295
      angiograms were reviewed from January, 1980, to January, 1987, and, based on
      these, 278 patients with minimal bias for the presence of an aneurysm were
      selected. Three patients were found to have incidental aneurysms; thus, the
      angiographic frequency of patients with asymptomatic aneurysms in this series was
      1%. This patient population is skewed toward the older age groups and probably
      over-represents the incidence of these aneurysms in the population at large.
      Comparing current subarachnoid hemorrhage statistics and the low frequency of
      asymptomatic aneurysms suggests that a larger percentage of these aneurysms than
      was previously thought subsequently rupture. This study contrasts sharply with
      previous reports quoting a high incidence of aneurysms, and significantly alters
      the concept and treatment of this disease.

PMID- 2926496
TI  - Regrowth of aneurysm sacs from residual neck following aneurysm clipping.
AB  - It is recognized that incomplete treatment of an aneurysm may result in recurrent
      hemorrhage with serious or fatal consequences. For this reason, patients treated
      at the authors' institution in whom a large portion of the aneurysm neck or sac
      remained after application of a clip or ligature have been subjected to
      reoperation. However, 1- to 2-mm residual necks seen in postoperative angiography
      have been thought to pose little risk. Some cases of aneurysms recurring from a
      narrow residual neck after clipping have been reported, and a few instances of
      recurrent aneurysm have been described after apparently complete occlusion of the
      neck (as observed angiographically or in the surgeon's judgment). In recent
      years, a surprising number of cases have been presented in which this seemingly
      unimportant remnant of the neck dilated over a long period to become a dangerous
      aneurysm. This finding stresses the importance of complete aneurysm occlusion and
      of postoperative angiography for the recognition of a residual aneurysm neck.
      This should be important not only in aneurysm clipping but also in the
      endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms with detachable balloons.

PMID- 2926497
TI  - Benign astrocytic and oligodendrocytic tumors of the cerebral hemispheres in
      children.
AB  - The authors review 42 consecutive cases of benign astrocytic and oligodendrocytic
      tumors of the cerebral hemispheres in children undergoing surgery in the
      pediatric service of the Hopital des Enfants Malades between 1975 and 1987.
      Epilepsy was the presenting sign in 76% of the children and remained the only
      clinical sign at diagnosis in 62%. Partial or complex partial seizures were
      observed in half of the cases, but other seizure types were also frequent.
      Diagnosis of the tumor as the etiological agent rested upon the results of
      computerized tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. Postoperative mortality
      (5%) and morbidity (16%) rates were low. The postoperative intelligence quotient
      was above 80 in 71% of the patients, and 77% of the children had no major problem
      in school. Although only two of the 42 patients were given postoperative
      radiotherapy, there were no recurrences in 82% of the survivors. The actuarial
      probability of nonrecurrence of the tumor was 95% at 5 years. Three patients with
      recurrent tumor underwent further surgery and are, at the present time,
      recurrence-free. The incidence of epilepsy fell from 76% before surgery to 19%
      after removal of the tumor alone; therefore, intraoperative electrocorticography
      and resection of the electrically abnormal cortex at the time of the first
      surgical procedure do not appear necessary. It is possible that tumor removal
      restores a mechanism that limits the spread of seizures and, thus, the clinical
      manifestations of epilepsy. Benign astrocytic and oligodendrocytic tumors of the
      cerebral hemispheres in children should not be treated with adjuvant
      radiotherapy, at least initially.

PMID- 2926499
TI  - Cerebral blood flow and the thermal properties of the brain: a preliminary
      analysis.
AB  - Safe and effective use of hyperthermia for the treatment of brain tumors requires
      precise control of the distribution of temperatures (that is, the thermal field)
      within the tumor and within the adjacent brain. Major influences upon the
      distribution of temperatures include the passive thermal properties of the brain,
      such as its specific heat (Cb), and the contribution of cerebral blood flow
      (CBF). Recently, an electrical-mechanical analog model of heat flow within the
      brain has been developed from which an expression for CBF has been derived: CBF =
      Cb/(tau rho c) where tau is the thermal decay constant, rho is the density of
      blood, and c is its specific heat. To test this model a series of experiments was
      carried out in adult dogs in which stereotaxically implanted microwave antennas
      operating at 2450 MHz, fluoro-optical thermometry probes, and platinum electrodes
      were used to simultaneously measure CBF by thermal washout and hydrogen clearance
      techniques. The correlation coefficient for estimates of CBF derived by the two
      methods in 52 paired observations was 0.89. Measurements of CBF were more
      reliable at increased distances from the microwave antenna, since CBF is
      sensitive to the degree of temperature elevation (delta T). The ratio of post
      heating CBF to pre-heating CBF varies linearly with delta T and has a correlation
      coefficient of 0.86. When values of CBF determined by the hydrogen clearance
      method were employed in the above equation, it was possible to derive Cb as 0.70
      +/- 0.08 cal/gm-degrees C. Use of this value for Cb in this equation produces
      estimates of CBF by thermal clearance that are within 10% of the values for CBF
      as measured by the hydrogen clearance method. It is concluded that this model of
      thermal flow within the brain may have heuristic value for treatment planning and
      that microwave antennas and fluoro-optical probes may represent a new methodology
      for the clinical estimation of CBF. These methods have recently been employed in
      patients undergoing combined hyperthermia and chemotherapy.

PMID- 2926498
TI  - O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase and sensitivity to procarbazine in human
      brain-tumor xenografts.
AB  - The level of O6-alkylguanine-deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) alkyltransferase (AT)
      was determined in 15 human brain-tumor xenografts in athymic mice. This enzyme is
      a primary intracellular repair mechanism for lesions produced at the O6 position
      of guanine by a wide range of alkylating agents, including nitrosoureas and
      procarbazine. Its activity ranged from undetectable in five tumor lines to 2338
      fmol/mg protein in N-1941, a human glioblastoma xenograft. The sensitivity of 10
      of these xenografts to procarbazine was determined and it was found that four of
      the five tumor lines with AT levels of more than 100 fmol/mg protein had growth
      delays after procarbazine treatment of less than 20 days, whereas all five lines
      with undetectable AT levels had growth delays of over 30 days. The primary
      cytotoxic DNA adduct produced by procarbazine (namely, O6-methylguanine) was
      found to be significantly higher in two sensitive lines with low AT levels than
      in a highly resistant line with a high AT level. These data suggest that the AT
      levels of individual brain tumors can be used as predictive indicators of their
      susceptibility to drugs that exert their antineoplastic effect primarily by O6
      alkylation of guanine in nuclear DNA.

PMID- 2926500
TI  - Effect of intracisternal antithrombin III on subarachnoid hemorrhage-induced
      arterial narrowing.
AB  - The ability of antithrombin III, an endogenous plasma glycoprotein, to reverse
      the arterial narrowing in a rabbit model of cerebral vasospasm was evaluated. The
      vasodilator activity of antithrombin III on rabbit arteries was first assessed in
      vitro using a myograph-arterial ring preparation. Antithrombin III (10 IU/ml)
      induced a 55.4% +/- 2.66% (mean +/- standard error of the mean) relaxation in
      basilar artery precontracted with serotonin (5-HT) in five specimens as compared
      with a 9.8% +/- 1.6% relaxation of common carotid artery in six specimens. For in
      vivo analysis, 21 New Zealand White male rabbits were separated into three
      groups: Group 1 served as normal controls; Group 2 received a subarachnoid blood
      injection (SAH) and were sacrificed on Day 3 thereafter; and Group 3 animals were
      subjected to SAH, then received a 2-hour intracisternal infusion of antithrombin
      III (100 IU) in saline prior to sacrifice on Day 3. Basilar artery caliber was
      determined using a morphometric method to analyze perfusion-fixed arterial
      segments. Control basilar artery diameter in Group 1 was 0.64 +/- 0.02 mm. In
      Group 2 a 27% reduction in arterial caliber to 0.47 +/- 0.03 mm was observed by
      Day 3 post SAH (p less than 0.0001). Group 3 animals had a mean basilar artery
      diameter of 0.68 +/- 0.02 mm. This was significantly larger than the untreated
      SAH rabbits in Group 2 (p less than 0.0001), but not different from control
      artery diameters in Group 1. The findings demonstrate that antithrombin III in
      saline has a significant ability to reverse delayed narrowing of the rabbit
      basilar artery after SAH.

PMID- 2926501
TI  - Spinal cord injury and the stress protein response.
AB  - The heat shock or stress response is a highly conserved primary cellular response
      to injury. Synthesis of stress proteins (also called "heat shock proteins") is an
      integral component of this response. Protection from various forms of sublethal
      stress following increased production of stress proteins has been demonstrated in
      a number of systems, including the retina. This immunocytochemical study
      demonstrates the synthesis, accumulation, and redistribution of the 70-kD stress
      protein following spinal cord injury in rats. The observations confirm that
      stress protein production is a fundamental feature of the molecular response of
      the spinal cord to injury, and raise the possibility that augmentation of this
      response could enhance posttraumatic neuronal survival.

PMID- 2926503
TI  - Inflammatory reaction to synthetic dural substitute. Case report.
AB  - The authors report an unusual complication related to a dural substitute. An
      inflammatory response to a Marlex mesh duraplasty simulated a recurrent convexity
      meningioma 20 years after the initial surgery.

PMID- 2926502
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging and 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy for evaluating
      focal cerebral ischemia.
AB  - Recent advances in magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and MR spectroscopy (MRS)
      allow the noninvasive in vivo study of a variety of anatomical, physiological,
      and biochemical alterations that may occur in different cerebral pathologies. The
      authors have investigated the use of MR imaging and MRS to monitor the evolution
      of experimental focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Permanent focal cerebral
      ischemia was induced in 36 rats, and 12 normal rats were used as a control group.
      Changes in high-energy phosphate metabolites were followed in vivo using MRS
      during the 1st hour and at 3 and 6 hours after ischemic insult. Changes in vivo
      MR images were evaluated at 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 hours after ischemic insult.
      Significant decreases (p less than 0.05) in phosphocreatine/inorganic phosphate
      ratios and intracellular pH values occurred immediately after the induction of
      ischemia. The presence of an infarcted area seen on MR images was a constant
      finding at 3 hours after ischemic insult, and was well defined and localized at
      12 and 24 hours. The location of areas of infarction seen on MR images correlated
      well with areas identified histopathologically. The T1 and T2 MR relaxation times
      were significantly increased 3 hours after ischemic insult and remained prolonged
      for at least 24 hours. The results show that MR imaging is a sensitive method to
      measure cerebral infarction, and that MRS is a sensitive measure of changes that
      occur in the early phases of ischemia, perhaps when cellular changes may still be
      reversible. At 3 and 6 hours after the ischemic insult, however, 31P-MRS spectra
      may appear to be "normal" despite the presence of well-documented areas of
      infarction.

PMID- 2926504
TI  - Familial os odontoideum. Case report.
AB  - A familial asymptomatic os odontoideum with a Klippel-Feil type II fusion of C-2
      and C-3 is reported. The pattern of inheritance within this family is consistent
      with that of autosomal dominance. The index case, a 16-year-old boy, was studied
      with plain cervical spine x-ray films, lateral cervical tomography in flexion and
      extension, fluoroscopic evaluation of the subluxation, and magnetic resonance
      (MR) imaging of the spine in flexion and extension. In spite of the subluxation
      noted on flexion and extension, there was no evidence of cord compression on MR
      imaging. The etiology and management of this condition are discussed.

PMID- 2926506
TI  - Spinal meningioma arising from a lumbar nerve root. Case report.
AB  - A case is reported of cauda equina compression from an intradural meningioma
      arising from the L-5 nerve root in a young man.

PMID- 2926505
TI  - Hypothalamic hamartoma. Report of two cases.
AB  - Two cases of hypothalamic hamartoma are presented. The first patient was a 4-year
      old boy with precocious puberty, and the second was a 6-year-old boy with
      epileptic seizures. In both patients, clinical symptoms and signs appeared at the
      age of 2 years and progressed thereafter. Computerized tomography and magnetic
      resonance imaging in both cases disclosed a suprasellar mass lesion in continuity
      with the hypothalamus. Removal of the lesions affected the endocrinological
      status and/or seizure control. Pathological examination revealed the lesions to
      be composed of well-differentiated neuronal and glial cells. Immunohistochemical
      study demonstrated the presence of beta-endorphin, corticotropin-releasing
      factor, oxytocin, and neurofilament protein (210 kD) in the neuronal cells of the
      first patient, but no neuropeptides were detected in the second. Electron
      microscopic examination on the second patient disclosed the presence of many
      nonmyelinated and some myelinated neuronal processes containing dense-core and
      clear vesicles. The morphological characteristics and the role of surgery for
      this lesion are discussed.

PMID- 2926507
TI  - Quantification of retrograde degeneration in corticospinal tract fibers.

PMID- 2926508
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging of acute SAH.

PMID- 2926509
TI  - Subarachnoid hemorrhage and intracranial pulse waves.

PMID- 2926510
TI  - Physician surcharge. Another barrier to practice.

PMID- 2926511
TI  - Leaking: a problem of lactation.
AB  - Monthly semi-structured interviews with 61 breastfeeding mothers over the
      duration of their nursing experience and in-depth interviews with nine additional
      mothers were conducted. At six months postpartum, 66% of the nursing mothers
      still experienced leaking breasts, and most mothers expressed negative feeling
      about leaking. Attempts to manage or control leaking milk were sometimes
      successful, but the unpredictability of leaking often undermined mothers'
      confidence and ability to stop or conceal leaking milk. To minimize leaking,
      mothers frequently used pressure on the nipples and consciously diverted their
      thoughts or used simple word commands to halt the let-down reflex. For those
      mothers who leaked for the duration of their nursing experience, coming to terms
      with leaking was an important part of their breastfeeding experience. Suggestions
      for further research and implications for practice are included.

PMID- 2926512
TI  - Nurse-midwives speak out on the ACNM. Results of the 1987-88 Needs Assessment
      Survey, Part 1.
AB  - This article presents the purposes and methods of the first Needs Assessment
      Survey of all nurse-midwives who have been certified by the ACNM. A detailed
      summary of the general results of the survey is provided, and includes the
      perceptions of respondents about the ACNM organizational structure, goals,
      leadership, and services. Analyses of differences in response based on such
      variables as membership status, minority status, years since certification, level
      of educational preparation, work setting, and region of residence are also
      presented. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications for the
      nurse-midwifery profession. Part 2 will appear in JNM 34:2.

PMID- 2926513
TI  - Chlamydia and trichomoniasis in pregnancy. Nurse-midwifery management.

PMID- 2926514
TI  - Anatomy of a training seminar. Teaching and learning in Angola.
AB  - Training and service delivery in maternal and child health are high priorities
      for Angola's national health system. Maternal and infant mortality are very high,
      and there is a severe shortage of physicians. Most reproductive health care is
      provided by nurses and midwives. Appropriate education, resources, and support
      can assist these professionals in their struggle to improve mother and infant
      outcomes. A teacher training seminar for experienced nurses and midwives was
      carried out in Luanda, Angola in the summer of 1988. Content focused on family
      planning, sexually transmitted diseases, and human sexuality. Teaching
      methodology emphasized participation, active learning, group work, and practice
      teaching sessions. The steps involved in the training process are described-
      including needs assessment, planning, implementation, and evaluation of the
      seminar.

PMID- 2926515
TI  - Closing of the nurse-midwifery service at Boston City Hospital. What were the
      issues involved?
AB  - This article describes the experiences of 11 staff CNMs practicing in an inner
      city hospital serving low-income women. A history of the conflicts between the
      OB/GYN Department and the Midwifery Service at Boston City Hospital is presented,
      as well as an overview of events in 1987-88 that resulted in the unanimous
      resignation of the staff CNMs and the closing of the service. Discussion of the
      issues is presented, as well as implications for midwifery practice.

PMID- 2926517
TI  - Managing minor pain in pregnancy.

PMID- 2926516
TI  - A code of ethics for nurse-midwives: a second proposal.

PMID- 2926518
TI  - The effect of exercise on the circumvaginal muscles in postpartum women.
AB  - The effect of exercise on pressure developed by the circumvaginal muscles (CVM)
      in postpartum women was studied. The CVM assessment system described earlier by
      Dougherty, Abrams, and McKey used an intravaginal balloon device (IVBD) developed
      from an impression and model of the vagina. The system (IVBD, pressure transducer
      and strip chart recorder) provided permanent CVM pressure tracings with high test
      re-test reliability (n = 16; r = .85) for maximum pressure (MP). The hypothesis
      in the research reported here was that exercise with and without an IVBD, when
      compared to no exercise, would result in significantly higher MP and pressure
      over time (POT). Forty-five healthy PP volunteers were randomly assigned to a 10
      minute per day home training program, for six weeks. The baseline and six-week
      assessments consisted of CVM pressure tracings during contraction. Dependent
      variables were MP (highest pressure attained) and POT (area under the pressure
      curve). Although no significant differences were found between the home training
      groups, greater improvement was found in the exercise groups. Variability within
      subjects partly accounts for the results. Pressure changes before and after
      pregnancy and before and after CVM exercise are demonstrated in a case study. The
      findings support the use of CVM exercise in the postpartum.

PMID- 2926520
TI  - Antenatal testing, mobile outpatient monitoring service.
AB  - At Good Samaritan Medical Center in Phoenix, Arizona, a group of perinatal nurses
      examined the potential for improving care for antepartum, high-risk pregnant
      women on restricted activities in their homes. An antenatal testing, mobile
      outpatient monitoring service was developed and implemented within three months.
      The goal is to reduce frequent admissions to the hospital caused by the
      interruption of bed rest for weekly and biweekly outpatient evaluation and
      monitoring. The service has resulted in reduced hospital admissions and improved
      patient awareness of the need for and adherence to activity restrictions.

PMID- 2926521
TI  - The perceived attractiveness of preterm infants with cranial molding.
AB  - A study was conducted to compare the perceived attractiveness of preterm infants
      with postnatal cranial molding to that of preterm and full-term infants without
      this deformation. Forty-two subjects who viewed photographs of infants selected
      preterm infants with postnatal cranial molding as the least attractive group of
      infants. Researchers have hypothesized that infant appearance is an antecedent to
      bonding and attachment. Nurses should implement measures such as the use of
      waterbed mattresses, which have been found to minimize the molding process, and
      include discussion of this measure when teaching parents about their preterm
      infants so that they are aware of causes and prevention of cranial molding. If an
      infant has developed postnatal cranial molding, the parents may require
      counseling to assist them in resolving their feelings about the discrepancy in
      the appearance of the infant and what they had anticipated prenatally.

PMID- 2926519
TI  - The effect of infertility on marriage and self-concept.
AB  - Two groups of subjects (couples seeking medical treatment for infertility and
      couples not yet attempting to conceive) completed questionnaires assessing the
      impact of infertility on their marriages and self-concept. Infertile individuals
      experienced greater dissatisfaction with themselves and their marriages. Females
      experienced greater discontent over time and had greater emotional investment
      than males. Infertile couples, labeled noncommunicators, were found to be
      affected even more by infertility. Nurses can play vital roles in counseling
      infertile couples.

PMID- 2926522
TI  - Health beliefs, health locus of control, and the frequency of practice of breast
      self-examination in women.
AB  - The relationship of health beliefs, health locus of control, and the frequency of
      practice of breast self-examination in women was explored through use of a
      survey. Health beliefs alone and health beliefs combined with internal health
      locus of control were found to predict the frequency of practice of breast self
      examination in a sample of 48 women. The combined variables of health beliefs,
      internal health locus of control, religion, and occupation explained 80% of the
      variance in nonpractice and 73.3% of the variance for high practice. Moderate
      frequency practice was not a significant predictor of breast self-examination.
      Discriminant function analysis, canonical correlation, and analysis of variance
      were used in the data analysis.

PMID- 2926523
TI  - The client's view of hospitalization during pregnancy.
AB  - The thoughts and feelings expressed by the prenatal hospitalized client are
      important considerations for care, yet few investigations of this subject have
      been reported. A qualitative study using descriptive exploratory methods (a
      questionnaire and tape recorded interview) addressed these questions using a
      phenomenological approach. The sample comprised 11 women at 26-38 weeks'
      gestation. Results revealed experiences of loneliness, boredom, and
      powerlessness. The findings imply that the emotional needs of this particular
      group may not be met by current nursing interventions.

PMID- 2926525
TI  - Quantitative versus qualitative research?

PMID- 2926524
TI  - A national survey about fetal monitoring skills acquired by nursing students in
      baccalaureate programs.

PMID- 2926526
TI  - Immunology and infertility.

PMID- 2926527
TI  - The power of shadows: shadow stereopsis.
AB  - Our ability to localize objects in three-dimensional space relies primarily on
      the stereoscopic capability of our visual system. It is generally believed that
      parallax disparities in the retinal images in our two eyes are required for
      experiencing stereovision. Traditionally, parallax disparities refer to points
      that are well defined within the objects, such as edges or boundaries. Shadows
      can create abrupt luminance changes in the scene but are neither edges nor
      boundaries, and their position varies with the position of the light sources. It
      is demonstrated that retinal images with no parallax disparity but with different
      shadows are fused stereoscopically, imparting depth perception to the imaged
      scene. Shadows are shown to be an important, hitherto undescribed stereoscopic
      cue for depth perception.

PMID- 2926528
TI  - Global spatiochromatic mechanism accounting for luminance variations in contrast
      sensitivity functions.
AB  - Psychophysical luminance and chromatic spatial contrast sensitivity functions
      (CSF's) exhibit a number of variations that depend on the average luminance of
      the stimulus grating. The contrast sensitivity at each spatial frequency and the
      maximum resolvable spatial frequency decrease with decreasing average luminance.
      Most prominently, luminance CSF's have peaks that shift toward lower frequencies,
      broaden, and disappear as luminance decreases. Chromatic CSF's are flat at low
      frequencies and do not exhibit luminance-related variations in shape. In this
      paper, we account for the luminance-dependent variations of CSF's by
      incorporating them into an earlier model that accounts for the basic high
      luminance shapes of psychophysical luminance and chromatic spatial CSF's. These
      variations are modeled by increasing the spatial extent of a global center
      mechanism while decreasing the inhibitory effect of a global surround on that
      center. The results support the hypothesis that the global center mechanism
      changes size as a means of maintaining the dynamic range and controlling the
      signal-to-noise ratio as luminance varies.

PMID- 2926530
TI  - How are spatial filters used in fovea and parafovea?
AB  - The information used in the output of the visual filters was examined for a blur
      discrimination task for which it had previously been claimed that the best human
      performance was with pedestal blurs of intermediate magnitude. This conclusion
      was verified for parameters leading to asymptotic performance for foveal and
      parafoveal locations. The nature of the computations underlying these visual
      discriminations was then assessed experimentally and by simulations. The results
      suggest that a frequency-based model in its simplest form cannot explain these
      findings. A model based on the spatial properties of filter outputs is discussed.

PMID- 2926529
TI  - Discrimination of opposite directions measured with stroboscopically illuminated
      random-dot patterns.
AB  - The aim of the present experiments was to investigate the maximum displacement
      over which coherent motion can be perceived (Dmax) for a stroboscopically
      illuminated moving random-dot pattern, both as a function of the size of the
      pattern and as a function of the spatial-frequency content. Perception of
      coherent motion was defined operationally as the ability to discriminate opposite
      directions. The maximum velocity (Vmax) for which the observer could discriminate
      the direction of motion for a given strobe rate was obtained by using a forced
      choice staircase procedure. Vmax was measured as a function of the strobe rate
      for four different sizes of the pattern. For each pattern size Vmax was limited
      by the spatial asynchrony between the flashes (Dmax). For a given size of the
      pattern, Dmax did not depend on the temporal asynchronies tested (10-100 msec).
      Dmax values were increased with the size of the pattern. Bandpass rectangular
      filtering was used to change the spatial-frequency content of the pattern. There
      was a gradual increase in Dmax as the spatial-frequency content shifted to low
      spatial frequencies. Interestingly, the Dmax that was obtained with the
      unfiltered pattern was larger than that obtained with the high-pass pattern but
      also smaller than that obtained with the low-pass pattern. The present results
      are in agreement with results obtained with a two-frame display. Dmax is not a
      fixed value: it depends on the size of the pattern as well on the spatial
      frequency content.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2926531
TI  - IgG subclass deficiency in children with recurrent respiratory infections.
AB  - IgG subclass deficiency frequently occurs in children with recurrent otitis media
      and respiratory infections. IgG subclasses should be included in the diagnostic
      evaluation of all such children.

PMID- 2926532
TI  - Adverse reactions of medical organizations to DTP vaccine: the vaccine-related
      compensation bill.

PMID- 2926533
TI  - Sexual history.

PMID- 2926534
TI  - Chlamydia--screening needs in Oklahoma.

PMID- 2926535
TI  - Put the patients back.

PMID- 2926536
TI  - President's page.

PMID- 2926537
TI  - Stress and the workplace.

PMID- 2926539
TI  - The path of giants: reflections on teaching clinical medicine.

PMID- 2926540
TI  - Classification of impacted teeth.

PMID- 2926538
TI  - Increased lead absorption and lead poisoning from a retained bullet.
AB  - A young man was found to have elevated blood lead and erythrocyte protoporphyrin
      levels seven years after he had been shot in the foot with a .22 caliber bullet.
      Although clearly evident in radiographs obtained at the time of the accident, the
      bullet had never been removed. Over the course of the intervening years the
      radiographic appearance of the projectile changed dramatically. The patient
      underwent a surgical debridement procedure with some resolution of his lead
      intoxication. This case was reviewed in the context of the literature describing
      the disposition of retained lead projectiles. Lead bullets or fragments lodged
      within joints are slowly disintegrated and, as absorption accelerates, predispose
      the patient to the risk of lead poisoning which may occur many years after the
      original incident. Prompt removal of any lead projectile entering a joint space
      is strongly recommended.

PMID- 2926542
TI  - Maxillary stability following downgraft and/or advancement procedures with
      stabilization using rigid fixation and porous block hydroxyapatite implants.
AB  - The stability of results using bone plates for skeletal stabilization and porous
      block hydroxyapatite implants as a bone graft substitute were evaluated in
      maxillary downgrafts, maxillary advancements, and modified LeFort III midface
      advancements. The records of 24 patients with greater than 5 mm of forward or
      downward movement were evaluated cephalometrically, analyzing the presurgical,
      immediate postsurgical, and longest follow-up radiographs. The 11 maxillary
      downgraft, 14 maxillary advancement, and three midface advancement procedures all
      showed less than 1 mm of relapse. Biopsies of the porous block hydroxyapatite
      grafts were taken on six patients in this study at 6 to 10 months postsurgery.
      All showed connective tissue ingrowth and 11.3% to 36.1% bone ingrowth throughout
      the pores of the implants, and no inflammatory response.

PMID- 2926541
TI  - Pediatric maxillofacial infections: a retrospective study of 113 patients.
AB  - This is a retrospective review of 113 hospitalized children with maxillofacial
      infections. The upper face (orbits, paranasal sinuses, maxillary teeth, and
      cheeks) was affected most frequently in younger children (mean age = 4.03 years),
      and the source of infection was often unknown. The patients were treated
      empirically with a second-generation cephalosporin. Lower-face infections
      (mandibular teeth, submental, sublingual, and submandibular structures) occurred
      more frequently in older children (mean age = 5.56 years) and were likely to be
      of odontogenic origin. Empiric therapy in lower face infections usually consisted
      of penicillin.

PMID- 2926544
TI  - Eosinophilic ulcer.
AB  - A 10-year review of biopsy accessions revealed 15 cases of eosinophilic ulcer.
      Six manifested recurrent or multiple lesions, and two exhibited histologic
      atypia. The possible relationships to other oral and systemic diseases are
      discussed.

PMID- 2926543
TI  - Psychosocial responses to oral and maxillofacial surgery for head and neck
      cancer.
AB  - This study involved extensive interviews with 28 patients who had disfiguring
      oral and maxillofacial surgery for head and neck cancer. The patients, ages 42 to
      76 years, had all been informed of their diagnosis and were in 2- to 5-year
      postoperative follow-up. Findings pertain to how patients deal with the
      interpersonal and social ramifications of diagnosis and surgical treatment.
      Fatalism, delays in help-seeking, responses to diagnosis, postsurgical anxiety,
      and adjustment were reported. Reassurance prior to surgery was sometimes found to
      limit understanding of postoperative impairment. Oral and maxillofacial surgeons
      were seen in heroic or imposing roles that impacted on their capacity to be
      supportive to patients coping with life change and "handicap." The patient
      treatment decisions were found to be determined by attitudes about death, which
      motivated patients and surgeons to make difficult or extreme choices. Suffering,
      social changes, and postoperative uncertainty were patient concerns. Patient
      strategies for adjusting to disfiguration are examined, and specific
      recommendations for the oral and maxillofacial surgeon are made.

PMID- 2926545
TI  - Arthroscopic treatment of anterior disc displacement: a preliminary report.
AB  - A new suturing technique for stabilizing anteriorly displaced discs that have
      been reduced arthroscopically after removal of adhesions, lateral pterygoid
      release, and stretching the lateral capsule is presented. This procedure has
      provided successful results, although the evaluation is only short-term. No
      complications have occurred using this suturing technique.

PMID- 2926547
TI  - Chronic preauricular swelling.

PMID- 2926546
TI  - Comparison between the peripheral ossifying fibroma and peripheral odontogenic
      fibroma.
AB  - This study presents previously unreported data on a series of 400 peripheral
      ossifying fibromas (POFs) and 13 peripheral odontogenic fibromas (PODFs). The
      differences between the two lesions are discussed, and comparisons are made with
      other reports in the literature. It is concluded that the lesions represent
      separate pathologic entities.

PMID- 2926548
TI  - Verruciform xanthoma within carcinoma in situ.
AB  - This report describes an unusual case of verruciform xanthoma of the posterior
      floor of the mouth that occurred within carcinoma in situ. The significance of
      this case is described in light of current theories on the etiology and
      management of verruciform xanthoma.

PMID- 2926549
TI  - Ectopic apocrine cyst in the facial area.
AB  - An unusual cyst of the facial area that histologically demonstrated apocrine
      differentiation in its lining is described. Its etiology could not be determined.

PMID- 2926550
TI  - Fibroma-like lesion arising in the temporal region.

PMID- 2926551
TI  - Pharyngeal perforation during intubation in a patient with Crohn's disease.
AB  - A case of pharyngeal perforation in a patient with Crohn's disease is described.
      Crohn's disease may complicate intubation either because of oral lesions changing
      the local soft tissue architecture, or because chronic corticosteroid therapy has
      lessened tissue resistance to perforation. Consideration may be given to
      adjunctive measures when intubating patients with a history of Crohn's disease.

PMID- 2926552
TI  - Small round cell neoplasm of jaw in a patient with medulloblastoma.
AB  - A 24-year-old woman presented with a painful mandibular swelling 6 months after
      multimodality treatment for a cerebellar medulloblastoma. The tumor was
      microscopically identical to the cranial neoplasm and a part of widespread
      dissemination as determined by ancillary studies. Previous concepts of the
      nonmetastasizing nature of intracranial neuroectodermal neoplasms have been
      modified by studies on treated cases, surgery being considered a virtual
      prerequisite for this occurrence. Extracranial neoplastic development of a PNET
      of CNS origin must be considered in disease-free treated patients up to several
      years after initial therapy.

PMID- 2926553
TI  - Synovial chondromatosis of the temporomandibular joint diagnosed by magnetic
      resonance imaging: report of a case.
AB  - A case of synovial chondromatosis of the temporomandibular joint with
      extracapsular extension is described. Temporomandibular joint magnetic resonance
      imaging proved invaluable in establishing a definitive diagnosis.

PMID- 2926554
TI  - Rhabdomyosarcoma of the parapharyngeal space in an adult patient: an
      immunohistochemical study.
AB  - Rhabdomyogenic malignancies occasionally challenge the diagnostic acumen of many
      pathologists. The diverse histologic patterns of RMS can range from the somewhat
      undifferentiated primitive to the bizarre, pleomorphic varieties. These neoplasms
      can be highly lethal and, until recently, were resistant to even the most
      aggressive surgical management. The grave prognosis for patients with RMS has
      remarkably improved however, as a result of careful clinical staging, awareness
      of histologic features and immunohistochemical techniques for identification,
      newer techniques in defining the extent of the disease, and multimodal therapy
      consisting of surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. Immunohistochemical methods
      with specific antibodies, as used in this case, have proved to be the only
      definitive method to identify this variant subclass of RMS.

PMID- 2926555
TI  - Technical considerations in mandibular ridge reconstruction with
      collagen/hydroxylapatite implants.
AB  - A surgical technique for placement of a collagen-hydroxylapatite implant to
      augment severely atrophic mandibles is described.

PMID- 2926556
TI  - Modified sagittal split technique for patients with a high lingula.
AB  - Unfavorable fractures of the proximal fragment during the sagittal ramus split
      procedure, although uncommon, occur with an incidence ranging between 3% and
      6.6%. One anatomic feature that may predispose to an unfavorable fracture is a
      thin mandibular ramus in the region of the medial osteotomy. One particular
      situation that can increase the risk of an unfavorable fracture is a lingula that
      is situated very high on the mandibular ramus. Even in a normal-sized mandibular
      ramus, a high lingula places the medial cut in a thin region where there is
      little or no cancellous bone. The technique presented is a modification of the
      sagittal split osteotomy which can assist the surgeon in preventing an
      unfavorable fracture should an unusually high lingula or a thin ramus be
      encountered.

PMID- 2926557
TI  - The nurse with a central line--when the patient is you.
AB  - The nurse who lives with a central line has a unique perspective. She is able to
      relate to both nurses and patients in a very special way. This article discusses
      the concerns and experiences of a nurse who has lived with a central line for
      over five years. The goal of the article is to assist nurses as they care for
      patients with central lines.

PMID- 2926558
TI  - A study of pain management: patient controlled analgesia versus intramuscular
      analgesia.
AB  - A clinical study examining the efficacy of Patient Controlled Analgesia compared
      with Intramuscular Analgesia was conducted. Patient Controlled Analgesia (PCA)
      Therapy was used in a select group of patients after major abdominal surgery.
      Specific parameters monitored were: total amount of analgesia required, incidence
      of pulmonary complications, assessment of pain level and sedation, patient
      activity, nursing time required for administration, safety, cost-effectiveness of
      both modes of analgesia and length of hospital stay. A questionnaire survey of
      both patients and nursing staff was done to evaluate responses. Conventional pain
      management often is inadequate with PRN administration of analgesic drugs due to
      the unpredictable and uneven patient absorption rate and the individual pain
      intensity and tolerance. The patient experiences a repetitive cycle of pain and
      sedation. The patient on PCA therapy is able to titrate his analgesic medication
      very effectively and maintain a state of analgesia without sedation. He is more
      responsive and able to participate in the early postoperative rehabilitation
      phase. The transition to oral medication usually was accomplished at 48 hours
      postoperative.

PMID- 2926559
TI  - Who will pay for intercalated degrees in pathology?

PMID- 2926560
TI  - Castleman's disease: the plot thickens.

PMID- 2926561
TI  - Expression of the nuclear oncogene p53 in colon tumours.
AB  - The nuclear tumour antigen p53 is expressed by a gene localized on the p-arm of
      human chromosome 17, a region frequently deleted in colon carcinomas. Using a
      monoclonal antibody to p53 antigen, immunohistochemical analysis of carcinomas
      and dysplastic tubular adenomas of the colon has been performed to study the
      relation between p53 expression and dysplasia or malignancy. With this methods
      p53 was detectable in 55 per cent of colon carcinomas (n = 29). In 8 per cent of
      adenomas (n = 74), focal nuclear p53 expression was found in dysplastic
      epithelial cells. In general, these p53-positive regions of the polyps were
      histologically indistinguishable from the neighbouring tubuli. Sometimes the p53
      positive nuclei were found in a focus of more highly dysplastic epithelium. The
      results suggest that expression of the p53 gene may be part of the process of
      malignant transformation of dysplastic colon polyps.

PMID- 2926563
TI  - Contact relationships between vascular smooth muscle cells: an in vivo and in
      vitro study.
AB  - Cell/cell contacts in the intact media of the rat thoracic aorta and inferior
      vena cava, and in cultured smooth muscle cells from these vessels have been
      quantified in order to determine whether their density and their type can be
      correlated with the differences in load at these two sites. The type and number
      of contacts per 100 microns of cell perimeter and per 100 cells were determined
      with a semi-automatic image analysis system. In all cases there was a
      predominance of simple appositions; intermediate junctions, interdigitations, and
      nexus junctions were less frequently observed. There were more cell contacts of
      each type in the intact arteries than in the intact veins. In cell cultures, all
      types of cell contacts were increased but the proportion of load bearing types
      was reduced.

PMID- 2926564
TI  - Enterochromaffin-like cell populations in human fundic mucosa: quantitative
      studies of their variations with age, sex, and plasma gastrin levels.
AB  - The human gastric fundal mucosa contains a variety of endocrine cells, the most
      numerous of which are the so-called enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells. We have
      studied the variations with age and sex of the ECL cell populations, utilizing an
      assessment based on multiple endoscopic biopsies from four groups of subjects.
      Plasma gastrin levels were also determined in these subjects. In males, endocrine
      cell densities declined with age but the ECL cell numbers in females opposed this
      trend. ECL cell counts showed no appreciable differences between young and old
      females. In older females, there was a high rate of gastritis and increased
      levels of circulating gastrin. Concentrations in older females (29.6 +/- 8.7
      pmol/l) were higher than in both younger (less than 45 years) males (5.3 +/- 1.1
      pmol/l) and older (greater than 55 years) males (6.3 +/- 0.6 pmol/l) (P less than
      0.05). The plasma gastrin level was also higher in older females than in young
      females (13.1 +/- 4.5 pmol/l), although this difference failed to reach
      statistical significance. In conclusion, clinically silent gastritis, raised
      gastrin levels, and maintenance or rise of ECL cells numbers, in opposition to a
      general decrease in endocrine cells with age, appear to be features of women of
      more than 55 years of age. The variations in ECL cell populations reported here
      should be taken into account when evaluating possible pathological alterations of
      the stomach.

PMID- 2926565
TI  - Macrophages in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid are not representative of macrophages
      in granulomas of the lungs of BCG-infected mice.
AB  - To find out whether macrophages obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)
      represent the macrophage population in alveoli, we performed a quantitative study
      to compare the expression of cell-surface antigens by macrophages in the lavage
      fluid as well as in the alveolar spaces of sectioned lung tissue from normal and
      BCG-infected mice. The amount of antigen on cells, determined with a quantitative
      immunocytochemical method, was expressed as the mean specific absorbance per 0.25
      micron2 cell-surface area. In normal mice, BAL and intra-alveolar macrophages are
      identical. Macrophages in BAL fluid and intra-alveolar macrophages, both from BCG
      infected mice, expressed antigen F4/80 and Fc receptor II to about the same
      extent, but the former showed a significantly higher level of antigen expression
      as defined by antibodies M1/70, M5/114, 30.G.12, and M3/38. In granulomatous
      lesions, expression of antigens by macrophages, assessed semi-quantitatively, was
      considerably less than that by BAL macrophages. Lymphocytes in the BAL fluid
      resembled those in the granulomas. These findings led to the conclusion that in
      BCG-infected mice, the macrophages found in BAL fluid do not resemble those
      occurring in either the alveoli or the granulomatous lesions of the lungs. On
      these grounds, the relevance of findings in BAL fluid to lung interstitial lung
      diseases should be reconsidered.

PMID- 2926562
TI  - The relationship between the distribution of lymphoid cells in the skin and in
      vitro adhesion to connective tissue.
AB  - An in vitro assay was used to test whether the patterns of lymphocyte
      distribution in the mouse skin could be explained by adhesion of lymphoid cells
      to connective tissue. Using normal skin as a substrate, in vitro adhesion was
      significantly greater below the panniculus carnosus muscle: when oxazolone
      sensitized skin was used, binding was seen throughout the skin. This correlated
      closely with the patterns seen in vivo following injection of lymphocytes into
      normal skin or sensitization with oxazolone. Adhesion was not affected by
      divalent cation chelating agents, but was reduced in the presence of some
      monosaccharides. The property of skin adhesion did not appear to be confined to a
      small number of cells in the spleen cell preparation. Although only a small
      proportion of the starting population adhered to the section, transfer of the non
      adherent cells to a fresh skin section produced a similar degree of adhesion. It
      is suggested that the variable binding of lymphoid cells by skin connective
      tissue may be an important factor in determining the retention of cells which
      have emigrated into the skin from the blood vessels and may explain the
      distinctive patterns of distribution of lymphocytes in cutaneous inflammatory
      disorders.

PMID- 2926566
TI  - How do we teach pathology? Pathology teaching at Southampton.

PMID- 2926568
TI  - Sudden infant death syndrome and birth weight.
AB  - We studied 2962 cases of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), derived from linked
      birth and death records, to specify further the descriptive epidemiologic data on
      recognized SIDS risk factors and to examine interrelationships among multiple
      risk factors and SIDS while controlling for the influence of birth weight (using
      logistic regression). The results generally confirmed those of other studies,
      with the exception of a higher incidence of SIDS among Chinese and Japanese
      babies and a lower incidence among Hispanic babies, all in comparison with white,
      non-Spanish (Anglo) infants. Median age at death was found to vary by birth
      weight, with very low birth weight babies being about 6 weeks older (postnatal
      age) than normal birth weight babies at time of death. The association of the
      risk factors with SIDS remained when birth weight data were statistically
      controlled; the association of these risk factors with SIDS cannot be explained
      by their relationship to birth weight. An interaction was found between race and
      maternal age and between multiparity and type of hospital of birth. There was no
      interaction between birth weight and the other risk factors.

PMID- 2926569
TI  - Injury hazards in home day care.

PMID- 2926567
TI  - Use of subcutaneous recombinant human erythropoietin in children undergoing
      continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis.
AB  - Five anemic, transfusion-dependent patients aged 12 to 18 years, who had end
      stage renal disease (mean hematocrit value 22 +/- 0.31%) and were on a regimen of
      peritoneal dialysis, were treated with recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEpo),
      which was self-administered at home by subcutaneous injections thrice weekly at
      an initial dosage of 150 U/kg. All patients had an increase in the reticulocyte
      count and hemoglobin concentration, and none required further transfusions. The
      hematocrit level rose to a mean of 33.04 +/- 1.86% within 3 weeks of rHuEpo
      therapy, and the dosage was adjusted to keep the hematocrit level between 32% and
      38% indefinitely. Currently four of these patients require only one dose a week
      to sustain the hematocrit level. No antibodies to the rHuEpo were formed. Three
      patients had an exacerbation of hypertension, which required an adjustment in
      antihypertensive therapy. No other side effects were noted. The results
      demonstrate that rHuEpo is effective in correcting the anemia of end-stage renal
      disease, thereby eliminating the associated clinical symptoms and the need for
      further blood transfusions.

PMID- 2926570
TI  - Scaling skin in the neonate: a clue to the early diagnosis of X-linked
      hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (Christ-Siemens-Touraine syndrome). The
      Executive and Scientific Advisory Boards of the National Foundation for
      Ectodermal Dysplasias, Mascoutah, Illinois.

PMID- 2926571
TI  - Late neonatal vitamin K deficiency associated with subclinical liver dysfunction
      in human milk-fed infants.

PMID- 2926572
TI  - Atypical presentation of Kawasaki disease with early development of giant
      coronary artery aneurysms.

PMID- 2926573
TI  - Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency associated with combined 4
      hydroxybutyric and dicarboxylic acidurias: potential for clinical misdiagnosis
      based on urinary organic acid profiling.

PMID- 2926574
TI  - Posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus in high-risk preterm infants: natural history,
      management, and long-term outcome.
AB  - The natural history, medical management, and outcome in infants with progressive
      posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus after intraventricular hemorrhage were studied
      prospectively. Infants with asymptomatic severe posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus
      were managed with a predetermined protocol. Outcome between groups at 1 to 2
      years and at more than 3 years was compared. The natural history study,
      restricted to the inborn population, revealed that posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus
      developed in 53 of 409 infants with intraventricular hemorrhage. The progression
      of hydrocephalus either was arrested or regressed in 35 of 53 infants;
      progression to severe hydrocephalus occurred in 18 of 53 infants. The severe
      posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus was asymptomatic in 16 of 18 infants. The
      management and outcome study included both inborn and outborn infants. Of 50
      infants, 12 had symptomatic severe hydrocephalus and 38 had asymptomatic severe
      hydrocephalus. The 16 infants managed with close observation were as likely to
      remain shunt free as the 22 infants managed with serial lumbar punctures. Of 38
      infants, 20 were managed without shunts. At 3 to 6 years, the outcome of infants
      in the close observation group did not differ from that in the lumbar puncture
      group. Long-term outcome of infants with progression to asymptomatic severe
      hydrocephalus did not differ from that of infants in whom disease progression was
      arrested. Poor outcome in infants with intraventricular hemorrhage and subsequent
      posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus was related to severity of hemorrhage and
      gestational age at birth less than 30 weeks. Because long-term outcome of infants
      with severe hydrocephalus did not differ from that of infants in whom the
      progression of hydrocephalus was arrested or whose condition improved before
      hydrocephalus became severe, we currently attempt medical management of these
      infants.

PMID- 2926575
TI  - Effect of spironolactone-hydrochlorothiazide on lung function in infants with
      chronic bronchopulmonary dysplasia.
AB  - To test the hypothesis that spironolactone-hydrochlorothiazide (Aldactazide) will
      improve urine output and lung function in infants with bronchopulmonary
      dysplasia, we studied 21 hospitalized, spontaneously breathing, oxygen-dependent
      infants with chronic bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Infants were randomly assigned
      to receive either a 1:1 mixture of spironolactone and hydrochlorothiazide orally
      (n = 12) (3 mg/kg/day of both compounds) or no treatment (n = 9) for 6 to 8 days
      each. Dynamic lung compliance, total pulmonary resistance, and hemoglobin oxygen
      saturation were measured on the first and last days of each study period. Fluid
      intake and urine output were measured each day. Although the treatment
      significantly increased urine output, neither lung mechanics nor oxygenation were
      improved by the drug. The magnitude of the diuresis achieved with spironolactone
      hydrochlorothiazide treatment was comparable to the diuresis achieved in a
      previous study of furosemide treatment (J Pediatr 1986:109;1034-9). Statistical
      analysis indicated that a type II error was an unlikely explanation for our
      failure to detect a beneficial effect. In three patients, doubling the oral dose
      did not improve lung mechanics or oxygenation. We speculate that diuresis per se
      is not responsible for lung function improvement during treatment with other
      drugs with diuretic properties.

PMID- 2926576
TI  - A comparative study of cardiac output in neonates supported by mechanical
      ventilation: measurement with thoracic electrical bioimpedance and pulsed Doppler
      ultrasound.
AB  - In newborn infants supported by mechanical ventilation, cardiac output was
      measured simultaneously with thoracic electrical bioimpedance and pulsed Doppler
      ultrasound to determine whether the impedance technique is reliable and accurate
      in this age group. The mean difference between paired measurements with the two
      techniques in 26 subjects was negligible (less than 1 ml/kg/min), with 95%
      confidence limits being approximately 11% of the mean Doppler-derived cardiac
      output. In addition, the two techniques related well (correlation coefficient r =
      0.94) over a wide range of Doppler-derived cardiac output measurements (120 to
      530 ml/kg/min). In 8 of the 26 subjects, cardiac output was observed for 7 to 12
      hours. The mean difference between the Doppler and impedance techniques was 6.1%
      to -0.7% of the Doppler value. Thoracic electrical bioimpedance is applicable to
      newborn infants and offers a continuous noninvasive method of cardiac output
      measurement.

PMID- 2926577
TI  - Lorazepam pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics in children.
AB  - We evaluated the effects of low doses of lorazepam on episodic versus long-term
      memory, attention, and somatic and affective symptoms, as well as its
      pharmacokinetics, in a group of 16 children aged 2.8 to 14.2 years. Psychologic
      assessments of each child were performed twice before intravenous administration
      of lorazepam (0.03 mg/kg), and 1 1/2 hours and 24 hours after lorazepam; there
      were no significant changes in long-term memory, attention, or somatic symptoms.
      There was a significant decrease in affective symptoms at 1 1/2 hours (p =
      0.011), with a trend toward decreased anxiety at 1 1/2 and 24 hours after
      lorazepam (p = 0.026 and 0.028, respectively). There was also a selective
      anterograde amnestic effect in 5 of 16 children after lorazepam (p = 0.06). Mean
      (+/- SD) lorazepam systemic clearance was 1.3 +/- 0.4 ml/min/kg, with a terminal
      half-life of 10.5 +/- 2.9 hours and an unbound clearance of 15.9 +/- 5.2
      ml/min/kg. A group of healthy adult volunteers who were given lorazepam had a
      mean systemic clearance of 1.0 +/- 0.4 ml/min/kg, somewhat less than that of the
      children (p = 0.069). There were no significant differences in any lorazepam
      pharmacokinetic parameter between those children who did versus those who did not
      have changes in affective symptoms or amnesia. These data should be helpful in
      establishing the dose of lorazepam in children, as the drug becomes more widely
      used as an antiemetic, premedicant, and anticonvulsant agent.

PMID- 2926579
TI  - Immediate adverse reactions to acetaminophen in children: evaluation of histamine
      release and spirometry.

PMID- 2926578
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of N-desmethylmethsuximide in pediatric patients.

PMID- 2926580
TI  - Just Say No.

PMID- 2926581
TI  - Prevention of adolescent drug abuse: why "Just Say No" just won't work.

PMID- 2926582
TI  - Prophylactic agents in the prevention of periventricular hemorrhage.

PMID- 2926583
TI  - Teratogenic effects of anticonvulsant drugs.

PMID- 2926584
TI  - Treatment of nocturnal enuresis. Proceedings of a symposium. August 6, 1988.

PMID- 2926585
TI  - Nocturnal enuresis: an approach to treatment based on pathogenesis.

PMID- 2926586
TI  - Nocturnal enuresis: experience with long-term use of intranasally administered
      desmopressin.

PMID- 2926587
TI  - Factors influencing lethality of Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki toxin for eggs
      and larvae of Trichostrongylus colubriformis (Nematoda).
AB  - A toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki was lethal to eggs and first- and
      second-stage larvae of the ruminant nematode Trichostrongylus colubriformis.
      Sheathed and exsheathed third-stage larvae were also killed by the toxin.
      However, susceptibility of the ova to the toxin decreased after several hours of
      development. Heating at 65 C for 1 hr or freezing at 0 C for 3 mo did not affect
      stability of the toxin. Ovicidal activity of the toxin was not altered by
      treatment with 13 microbial or mammalian enzymes, but toxicity was reduced by the
      antibiotics streptomycin or penicillin G and the enzyme inhibitor L-1-tosylamide
      2-phenylethylchloromethyl ketone. Cuprous, ferrous, and zinc chlorides also
      inhibited the ovicidal activity of the toxin. Increased osmolarity of the assay
      media or solubilization of the toxin from pH 3 to 11 had no effect on toxicity
      for eggs. The membrane agents sodium vanadate and 4,4'-diisothiocyano-2,2'
      disulfonic acid stilbene increased (9-fold) and decreased (333-fold) toxicity,
      respectively. N-acetylneuraminic acid was the only tested sugar that reduced the
      toxicity of B. t. kurstaki.

PMID- 2926588
TI  - The phylogenetic status of the Ancyrocephalidae Bychowsky, 1937 (Monogenea:
      Dactylogyroidea).
AB  - Phylogenetic analysis of selected subfamily and family taxa within the
      Dactylogyroidea indicates that the Ancyrocephalidae Bychowsky, 1937, is
      unnatural. The family contains both poly- and paraphyletic features. The analysis
      supports the previous elevation of the Pseudomurraytrematinae to family status
      and suggests that revision of the Ancyrocephalidae is necessary. Two options for
      revision are provided; that of returning the taxon to subfamily status within the
      Dactylogyridae is preferred, requiring a change in status of the Heterotesiidae
      to a subfamily within the Dactylogyridae.

PMID- 2926589
TI  - Eimeria cryptotis n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from the least shrew,
      Cryptotis parva (Insectivora: Soricidae), in north-central Texas.
AB  - From March through November 1987, 14 least shrews, Cryptotis parva (Say), were
      collected in portions of north-central Texas and examined for coccidian
      parasites; only 1 (7.1%) was found to be passing oocysts. Eimeria cryptotis n.
      sp. is described herein as new and represents the only coccidian reported thus
      far from C. parva. Sporulated oocysts are subspherical, 16.4 x 15.3 (14-18 x 13
      17) microns; shape index 1.1 (1.0-1.2) microns. A micropyle and oocyst residuum
      are absent, but a polar granule is present. The sporocysts are ovoid, 10.6 x 7.0
      (9-11 x 6-8) microns; shape index 1.5 (1.4-1.8) microns. Stieda and substieda
      bodies and a sporocyst residuum are present. The sporozoites are elongate and
      only 2 could be observed well enough to measure (11.2 x 2.4 and 8.8 x 2.4
      microns) because they are normally obscured by the sporocyst residuum.
      Sporozoites lack refractile bodies and contain a centrally located nucleus. The
      new species can be distinguished from the majority of insectivore coccidia on the
      basis of oocyst size.

PMID- 2926590
TI  - Australiformis semoni (Linstow, 1898) n. gen., n. comb. (Acanthocephala:
      Moniliformidae) from marsupials of Australia and New Guinea.
AB  - Australiformis n. gen. is erected for Echinorhynchus (Gigantorhynchus) semoni
      Linstow, 1898, from Australian and New Guinea marsupials. The new genus differs
      from Moniliformis and Promoniliformis in lacking spiral muscles in the outer wall
      of the proboscis receptacle. Linstow's species, E. semoni, is redescribed from
      abundant material from Peramelidae and Dasyuridae from Australia and New Guinea.

PMID- 2926591
TI  - Trypanosoma (Herpetosoma) leeuwenhoeki in Choloepus hoffmanni and Didelphis
      marsupialis of the Pacific Coast of Colombia.
AB  - Trypanosoma (Herpetosoma) leeuwenhoeki, originally described in Panamanian
      sloths, was isolated from Didelphis marsupialis (Marsupialia) and Choloepus
      hoffmanni (Edentata) inhabiting the Pacific coast of Colombia. Trypanosomes were
      characterized by their large blood forms (total length 51-53 microns), poor
      infectivity for mice, and lack of development in Rhodnius prolixus. Isoenzyme
      studies, with either strains or clones, revealed homogeneous profiles clearly
      distinct from Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma rangeli reference strains. The
      present report extends the geographical distribution of T. leeuwenhoeki to South
      America and broadens its known host range to another order of mammals.

PMID- 2926592
TI  - Helminth communities in avocets: importance of the compound community.
AB  - This paper reports patterns of similarity and overlap in species presence and
      patterns of linear distribution of intestinal helminths in 22 avocets from 4
      populations. Avocets collected from ephemeral bodies of water in Alberta and
      Manitoba had communities composed largely of species that are avocet specialists
      plus some that are host generalists. The composition of helminth communities in
      these hosts was similar to that reported in earlier surveys of avocet helminths.
      There was little evidence for competition between helminth species in these
      communities. In contrast, avocets collected from permanent bodies of water in
      Alberta had communities composed largely of species that are specialists in
      various duck species, particularly lesser scaup. These helminths were
      superimposed on the normal community, fitting into linear gaps along the
      intestine but also overlapping the distributions of avocet specialists. These
      lesser scaup specialists exhibit interactive patterns amongst themselves and, to
      some extent, with avocet specialists. Helminth communities in avocets from
      ephemeral bodies of water have vacant niches and are largely isolationist in
      nature. Those in avocets from permanent bodies of water are saturated and are
      more interactive in nature.

PMID- 2926593
TI  - Phagocytic activity of hemocytes of M-line Biomphalaria glabrata snails: effect
      of exposure to the trematode Echinostoma paraensei.
AB  - The phagocytic activity of hemocytes from 6-8-mm M-line Biomphalaria glabrata
      snails was studied in an in vitro assay using glutaraldehyde-fixed sheep
      erythrocytes (SRBC) as target cells. For individual snails, the percentage of
      hemocytes ingesting SRBC during a 1-hr interval, termed the phagocytic activity
      index (PAI), was determined. Hemocytes from snails infected for 1 day with
      Echinostoma paraensei had a slightly elevated PAI, but at both 8 and 30 days
      postexposure (DPE), hemocytes from infected snails had a significantly lower PAI
      than controls. Hemocytes taken from snails at 8 DPE also had a low PAI using
      rabbit erythrocytes and yeast as target cells. The low PAI at 8 DPE is attributed
      to the presence of large numbers of poorly spreading hemocytes with low
      phagocytic activity. Hemocytes from snails with 30-day infections were well
      spread but nonetheless had a low PAI. The presence of plasma from 8-day infected
      snails did not alter the PAI of hemocytes from control snails, nor was the PAI of
      hemocytes from infected snails changed by plasma from control snails. SRBC
      preincubated for 60 min in plasma from various groups of M-line snails did not
      elicit an increase in PAI when presented to hemocytes from control snails; in
      some cases, as with plasma from 6-8-mm control snails, such preincubation
      significantly reduced the PAI below levels obtained using SRBC preincubated in
      culture medium. As compared to hemocytes from snails with normally developing, 8
      day-old intraventricular sporocysts (IS), hemocytes from snails exposed to
      infection but subsequently lacking IS had a significantly higher PAI.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2926594
TI  - Ultrastructural study of the host-parasite interface of Moniliformis moniliformis
      (Archiacanthocephala) in laboratory-infected rats.
AB  - The fine structure of the host-parasite interface of Moniliformis moniliformis in
      rats is described, comprising investigations on the ontogenic development of the
      presomal tegument, on the lesions caused by the worms, and on the host cellular
      reactions at the points of attachment of the worm. The presomal tegument of the
      worm contained more fibrous elements than the metasomal tegument. The
      sclerotization increased with the ages of the worms and toward the tip of the
      proboscis. The presomal surface coat was more coarsely structured and osmiophilic
      than that of the metasoma and was neither continuous with the contents of the
      tegumental crypts nor supported by lipids from necrotic host tissue. The surface
      coat occasionally detached from the proboscis, probably due to the activity of
      the surrounding granulocytes of the host. The proboscis hooks lost their
      tegumental covering during their larval development. Hooks of all worms from rats
      were invested with a semiliquid lipid coat, apparently derived from tegumental
      excretions at the base of the hooks. The invaginated area of excretion around the
      base of the hooks was rich in endoplasmic reticulum. The hooks seemed to renew
      their lipid coats at certain intervals by dipping into the excreted lipid. In
      rats all worms, irrespective of their age, attached superficially, penetrating
      only the intestinal mucosa and the tunica propria. No fibrous connective tissue
      was found in the lesions caused by the worms, indicating that they frequently
      changed their site of attachment. At 3-10 days postinfection the host's defense
      cells observed in the lesions consisted mainly of granulocytes, whereas plasma
      cells were the predominant leukocytes in lesions of older infections.

PMID- 2926595
TI  - Fine structure of anterior terminus of apical sense organ in Macracanthorhynchus
      hirudinaceus (Acanthocephala).
AB  - The apex of the proboscis of Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus is crowned by a
      cone-shaped projection with a small opening in its center. The bottom of this
      opening is the anterior terminus of the apical sensory organ. When viewed in
      transverse section, the anterior terminus of this organ appears as a series of
      distinct layers that encircle a central cone enclosing a complex arrangement of
      nerves and a sensory support cell duct. Four membrane-defined layers encircle the
      cone area. The outermost glycocalyx is morphologically identical with that
      described on the metasoma. The second layer, or tegument, is similar in
      appearance to that observed on the trunk except for the greater abundance of
      keratinlike bundles throughout. These bundles are also organized into a loose
      network along the inner tegumental membrane. The third layer, a latticework of
      fine filaments containing few organelles, has an erratic boundary that
      occasionally extends into layer 4. The area adjacent to the inner and outer
      boundary contains numerous vesicles. Layer 4 has 2 distinct zones. The outer
      contains filaments arranged as in circular muscle; whereas, the medial lacks such
      filaments but consists of a finely grained matrix. Radiating throughout both
      zones are numerous osmiophilic bundles of fibers. The cone at this level contains
      8 branches of the apical sensory nerves that interdigitate with the duct from the
      sensory support cell. Numerous filaments and vesicles are associated with this
      complex.

PMID- 2926596
TI  - Alterations in Ascaris suum larval burdens, eosinophil numbers, and
      lysophospholipase activity associated with low levels of dietary iron.
AB  - The effect of various amounts of dietary iron on the immune response was
      investigated using BALB/cAnNCr/BR mice infected with Ascaris suum. Changes in
      numbers of larvae, numbers of eosinophils, and levels of lysophospholipase (LPL)
      activity in lung or liver tissues were analyzed from nonimmune and immunized mice
      at 2 and 7 days postinfection (PI). Various iron diets did not influence the
      numbers of tissue larvae, eosinophils, or the LPL activity in lungs or livers of
      nonimmunized mice at various times after infection. Lung and liver LPL activity
      was reduced in immunized mice without significant changes in larval numbers at 2
      days PI. At 7 days PI, lung and liver LPL activity, eosinophil numbers, and
      numbers of larvae were increased in immunized mice receiving low iron diets.
      Results confirm that low iron diets affect the host response to A. suum.

PMID- 2926597
TI  - Isolation of free-living amoebas from the intestinal contents of reptiles.
AB  - A total of 508 reptiles captured at Canary Islands (Spain) was examined for free
      living amoebas. Two hundred seventy-three clones of amoebas were isolated by
      culture of gut contents, 157 of them belonging to the genus Acanthamoeba and 12
      to the genus Naegleria.

PMID- 2926598
TI  - A novel method for cloning Eimeria praecox in the chicken.
AB  - A new method for producing clones of Eimeria praecox by infection of chickens
      with a single sporozoite retained within a sporocyst is described.

PMID- 2926599
TI  - Alaria nasuae (Trematoda: Diplostomidae) from domestic dogs.
AB  - Two stray dogs were found naturally infected with adult Alaria nasuae in
      Tamaulipas, Mexico. This is the first report of this species from a domestic dog,
      the first report of it from Mexico, and the first time the species has been
      recorded since its original description.

PMID- 2926600
TI  - Effects of Schistosoma mansoni on the nutrition of its intermediate host,
      Biomphalaria glabrata.
AB  - Biomphalaria glabrata infected with Schistosoma mansoni and maintained on an
      artificial diet of Spirulina alga displayed reduced growth during the 5 wk
      following patency. Food consumption per unit snail weight was unaffected.
      Infected snails also failed to lay eggs. No difference in percentage of
      assimilation was observed between control and infected individuals, but infected
      snails had significantly decreased gross conversion efficiencies. The effects of
      infection on nutrition of B. glabrata were similar to those observed in nutrient
      deprived snails fed diets containing low Spirulina levels. Nutrient deprivation,
      however, did not alter conversion efficiency.

PMID- 2926602
TI  - Particulate content of large volume parenteral solutions.

PMID- 2926603
TI  - Validation of an automated filter integrity tester for use in bubble point
      testing.
AB  - The basic principles of filter integrity testing (bubble point test) are
      explained. An automatic filter integrity testing machine was validated by
      challenging the unit's ability to differentiate between integral (intact) and
      nonintegral filters using a manual method as a standard.

PMID- 2926601
TI  - The recovery of highly purified biopharmaceuticals from perfusion cell culture
      bioreactors.
AB  - The impact of continuous perfusion cell culture technology on production of one
      and two chain human rtPA, as well as monoclonal IgG and IgM, will be reviewed.
      Perfusion as compared to batch systems improve the quality of the product in the
      conditioned media in terms of biological activity and structural integrity. This
      significantly increases downstream recovery and daily production output of final
      purified material. These findings are a consequence of the ability of perfusion
      technology to 1) maintain cells intact at high cell density; 2) effectively
      reduce serum content to approximate serum free conditions; and 3) minimize
      residency time of labile product within the 37 degrees C environment of the
      bioreactor.

PMID- 2926604
TI  - Method evaluation: automated microscopy as a compendial test for particulates in
      parenteral solutions.
AB  - Accurate enumeration and sizing of contaminant particles in parenteral solutions
      are critical to the assessment of product quality and suitability for patient
      use. Current manual microscopic and instrumental (light obscuration)
      methodologies specified by the USP both result in data of high variability. The
      microscopic assay for large volume parenterals is time consuming and incorporates
      an undesirable level of subjectivity; light obscuration counters tend to
      undersize larger particles and fibers and have low detection efficiency for some
      particle types commonly present in small volume injections. Light microscopic
      image analysis is proposed as a method which combines the best features of the
      two present methods and allows an accurate, precise, and cost effective analysis
      of parenteral contaminant particles. This paper briefly summarizes the principles
      of microscopic image analysis and discusses its application in concert with
      optimized sampling and counting techniques as an improved compendial methodology.
      Instrument performance requirements are discussed with reference to a number of
      currently available image analysis systems.

PMID- 2926605
TI  - Current regulatory issues regarding parenteral inspections.

PMID- 2926606
TI  - Acceleration of heat transfer in vial freeze-drying of pharmaceuticals. I:
      Corrugated aluminum quilt.
AB  - The medium offering the greatest resistance to heat transfer from the freeze
      dryer shelf to the moving and subliming interface within the product is the space
      between the flat shelf top and the concave vial bottom. The resistance to heat
      transfer can be greatly reduced by improving the thermal conductivity of this
      intervening space. Several heat transfer augmentation devices, which fill this
      gap, are described. The devices are inexpensive and easy to use. Experimental
      data show that the resistance of the intervening space is reduced appreciably and
      the drying time is greatly reduced.

PMID- 2926607
TI  - Anorexia nervosa.

PMID- 2926608
TI  - Responding to your feedback.

PMID- 2926609
TI  - Lyme disease: an elusive diagnosis.
AB  - Lyme disease presents health care practitioners with a complex set of challenges.
      The history, physical assessment, and clinical evaluation must all be
      meticulously performed, as Lyme disease can prove to be an exceptionally elusive
      entity. This article details the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, nursing
      history, and health care implications of Lyme disease. Education is emphasized as
      the key to both the detection and prevention of this rapidly increasing syndrome.

PMID- 2926610
TI  - Infantile apnea monitoring and SIDS.
AB  - Primary care practitioners are presented with many concerns and questions from
      families about Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS), apnea, and monitors.
      Clinicians need to know which symptoms are of concern, when to ask for
      consultation from an apnea center, and how to refer the parent for support and
      counseling. This article reviews the current knowledge of infantile apnea,
      monitoring, and SIDS. An approach to evaluation and management is presented.

PMID- 2926611
TI  - Future potential, phase I: nurse practitioners look at themselves.
AB  - Nurse practitioners identified as successful were interviewed to evaluate factors
      related to the viability of nurse practitioners in the health care system. The
      interviewees believed they were successful because they provided a nursing
      dimension of primary care, developed strategies to market themselves and their
      services, collaborated with physicians who saw them as colleagues, and had
      certain personality characteristics. In addition, the interviewees suggested
      strategies to enhance practice and potential nurse practitioner roles. These
      results suggest further research in two areas: investigation of health care
      administrators and management to solicit their ideas about the future strategic
      issues for the development of nurse practitioner roles and a broader, more formal
      survey of nurse practitioners regarding their success in the marketplace.

PMID- 2926612
TI  - Pediatric nurse practitioners develop ambulatory surgery cardiac program.
AB  - The major objective for the Pediatric Cardiac Day Surgery Program at Children's
      Medical Center of Dallas is to promote cost-effectiveness while the quality of
      physical and psychosocial preparation of the child having cardiac surgery is
      maintained. The pediatric patients have comprehensive preoperative workups and
      teaching provided by pediatric nurse practitioners. The unique knowledge base,
      expertise, and clinical skills of the pediatric nurse practitioner have enabled
      the program not only to succeed but also to pave the way for the utilization of
      the Day Surgery Unit by many other surgical services.

PMID- 2926613
TI  - Testing some attribution-emotion relations in the People's Republic of China.
AB  - We conducted a questionnaire study to test the generality of attribution-emotion
      relations to individuals in the People's Republic of China. Replications of prior
      findings of studies conducted with American subjects were reported: (a) High
      effort and success enhanced interpersonal evaluations when ability, effort, and
      outcome information were provided; (b) affective communications of pity, anger,
      and guilt were respectively used to infer low ability, lack of effort, and
      teacher as causes of failure; (c) effort and ability levels were inferred from
      the presence or absence of anger reactions; and (d) controllable causes of a
      broken social contract were expected to result in anger from others. Chinese and
      American respondents also indicated what situations would arouse the affects of
      anger, guilt, pity, pride, and shame. We found no evidence for the
      characterization of Chinese as (a) emphasizing effort over ability as a cause of
      achievement outcomes or (b) de-emphasizing the importance of personal achievement
      and stressing group goals and accomplishments.

PMID- 2926615
TI  - Perceiving choice and constraint: the effects of contextual and behavioral cues
      on attitude attribution.
AB  - We examined how features of the situation and the target's behavior in the
      attitude-attribution paradigm may lead observers to infer that the behavior was
      performed purposefully and how these perceptions may contribute to correspondence
      bias. Experiment 1 demonstrated that cues suggesting that essay assignment
      resulted from the target's purposeful action lead to correspondent inferences.
      When these cues were absent, observers' inferences were not correspondent.
      Experiment 2 demonstrated that observers are sensitive to cues emitted by the
      target (facial expressions of delight and disappointment) and that those cues'
      meaning depends on the context in which they take place. When the essay was
      freely chosen, the expression had little effect; observers judged that the essay
      accurately reflected the target's attitudes. When the essay assignment was
      constrained, observers used the expressions to discount the essay when judging
      the target's attitudes. We discuss the implications of these findings for the
      study of correspondent inferences and correspondence bias.

PMID- 2926614
TI  - Causal models of adolescent substance use: an examination of gender differences
      using distribution-free estimators.
AB  - On the basis of previous literature (Hays, Widaman, DiMatteo, & Stacey, 1987;
      Huba, Wingard, & Bentler, 1981), four alternative causal models of substance use
      were specified, estimated, and evaluated for adequacy of statistical fit for
      samples of White male (N = 9,164) and female (N = 8,421) adolescents. Results
      supported the adequacy of a four-variable simplex model, in which alcohol use
      predicted marijuana use, and marijuana use predicted enhancer and dampener hard
      drug use. The four-variable simplex model was robust across the male and female
      adolescent samples. In addition, we found comparisons of maximum likelihood and
      asymptotically distribution-free estimators to be relatively robust across the
      causal models specified with respect to the magnitude of the parameter estimates,
      and with respect to the significance levels of the critical ratios, although chi
      square model fit statistics for the maximum likelihood estimates were highly
      inflated.

PMID- 2926616
TI  - Intuitive interactionism in person perception: effects of situation--behavior
      relations on dispositional judgments.
AB  - To examine the effects of the relationships between behavior and the situation in
      which it occurs, we manipulated such relations and exposed subjects to them.
      Impressions were similar when based on the behaviors presented with situations
      unspecified (e.g., child hits) or when the situations in which they naturally
      occurred were specified (e.g., child hits when provoked). However, when
      situations were specified, subjects' impressions more accurately predicted
      individual differences in the children's actual levels of overall aggressive
      behavior. When the veridical situation-behavior relations were increasingly
      altered, the targets were perceived as being less plausible and increasingly
      maladjusted and odd, and correlations decreased between the perceived level of
      the children's aggressiveness and their actual aggressive behavior. Thus, both
      personality impressions and predictive accuracy were influenced by the relations
      between the target's behaviors and their situational contexts.

PMID- 2926617
TI  - Role of competition-induced anxiety in limiting the beneficial impact of positive
      behavior by an out-group member.
AB  - Several variables influence whether contact with a favorable out-group member has
      a beneficial impact on intergroup relations. In two experiments we examined the
      effect of competition-induced anxiety on reaction to the behavior of a favorable
      out-group member. In Experiment 1 a competitive context produced (a) anxiety,
      relative to a cooperative context, and (b) assimilation of a favorable out-group
      member to the unfavorable majority. Experiment 2 replicated this finding and
      showed that when anxiety was reduced, those who expected to compete with the out
      group formed a more favorable and veridical impression of the positive out-group
      member. Taken together, results support the hypothesis that the expectation of an
      unpleasant competitive encounter with an out-group generates anxiety that, in
      turn, lessens the impact of positive behavior by an out-group member.
      Implications of this research for intergroup relations are discussed.

PMID- 2926618
TI  - Appraisal of life change, depression, and illness in hardy and nonhardy women.
AB  - A survey study of adult women was conducted to examine whether psychological
      hardiness buffers people against stressful life change through the appraisal and
      interpretation of life experiences. Hardy and nonhardy participants reported life
      events for the previous year, physical illness for the previous 6 months, and
      current levels of depression and rated each reported event in terms of its
      desirability. Results indicate that, although hardiness is not associated with
      the likelihood of reporting any specific life event, nonhardy subjects appraise a
      significantly higher proportion of their life experiences as undesirable than do
      hardy subjects and report that each negative event requires greater adjustment.
      Discussion focuses on nonhardiness as a correlate of the trait of negative
      affectivity rather than hardiness as a reflection of special resiliency to
      stress.

PMID- 2926619
TI  - Sex typing and gender ideology: two facets of the individual's gender psychology
      that go together.
AB  - Three studies tested the hypothesis that gendered personality dispositions are
      related to gender attitudes and gender discriminatory behaviors. In Study 1, sex
      typed individuals were more likely than androgynous, undifferentiated, and cross
      sex-typed individuals to accept gender rules designating culturally appropriate
      behavior for men and women. In Study 2, sex-typed individuals were particularly
      likely to pay attention spontaneously to the sex of job applicants and then to
      devalue the interview performances of women. In Study 3, only sex-typed men
      tended to endorse sexist language. As expected, sex typing and gender ideology go
      together. This relation between two facets of the individual's gender psychology
      indicates that some sex role inventories may tap more than expressivity and
      instrumentality.

PMID- 2926620
TI  - Conversation memory: the effects of speaker status on memory for the
      assertiveness of conversation remarks.
AB  - We conducted three experiments to examine the effects of information about a
      speaker's status on memory for the assertiveness of his or her remarks. Subjects
      either read (Experiments 1 and 2) or listened to a conversation (Experiment 3)
      and were later tested for their memory of the target speaker's remarks with
      either a recognition (Experiment 1) or a recall procedure (Experiments 2 and 3).
      In all experiments the target speaker's ostensible status was manipulated. In
      Experiment 1, subjects who believed the speaker was high in status were less able
      later to distinguish between remarks from the conversation and assertive
      paraphrases of those remarks. This result was replicated in Experiment 2, but
      only when the status information was provided before subjects read the
      conversation and not when the information was provided after the conversation had
      been read. Experiment 2's results eliminate a reconstructive memory
      interpretation and suggest that information about a speaker's status affects the
      encoding of remarks. Experiment 3 examined this effect in a more ecologically
      representative context.

PMID- 2926621
TI  - Effects of instructional set on attributions of nonvolition during hypnotic and
      nonhypnotic analgesia.
AB  - Fifty highly hypnotizable subjects were assigned to four treatment groups or a no
      treatment control group and then underwent two pain stimulation trials. Half the
      treated subjects were administered hypnotic analgesia, half waking analgesia.
      Within hypnotic and nonhypnotic treatments, half the subjects were given actively
      worded analgesia instructions, half passively worded instructions. Subjects in
      the four treated groups reported equivalent pain reduction and equivalent use of
      coping imagery, although hypnotic subjects rated themselves as more deeply
      hypnotized than did nonhypnotic subjects. Both hypnotic and nonhypnotic subjects
      given passive instructions rated their pain reduction as occurring involuntarily,
      whereas those given active instructions reported that their pain was reduced
      through their active use of coping strategies. These findings support
      sociocognitive formulations of hypnotic responding that view ratings of
      involuntariness as reflecting contextually guided interpretations of behavior.

PMID- 2926622
TI  - Directed forgetting and posthypnotic amnesia: information processing and social
      contexts.
AB  - In three experiments we compared posthypnotic amnesia (PHA) with directed
      forgetting (DF), evaluating subjects' hypnotic susceptibility, hypnotized or not.
      Experiment 1 suggested that the memory processes in PHA and DF were not the same.
      Low and high susceptibility subjects responded differently in the two contexts.
      Experiment 2 demonstrated a context effect for highly susceptible subjects: They
      showed the usual DF response outside hypnosis but not during hypnosis. Experiment
      3 showed that high and low susceptibility subjects responded similarly to DF
      instructions outside hypnosis, eliminating the susceptibility as an important
      variable in the DF response. We concluded: (a) The interaction of context and
      susceptibility was the important determinant of unusual DF responses for high
      susceptibles, and (b) information processing concepts are too limited to explain
      PHA and perhaps DF. Theories that include interactions appear necessary for an
      accurate understanding of hypnotic phenomena and perhaps some phenomena usually
      focused on by cognitive psychology.

PMID- 2926623
TI  - That's easy for you to say: action identification and speech fluency.
AB  - Action identification theory holds that an action can be identified by the
      performer in different ways, and that these various act identities differ in
      their appropriateness for maintaining the action effectively. Optimal action
      identification exists when a personally easy action is identified in relatively
      high-level terms (i.e., the action's effects and implications) or a personally
      difficult action is identified in relatively low-level terms (i.e., the action's
      mechanical details). To test the optimality hypothesis with respect to speech
      fluency, subjects were asked to deliver a speech to either an easy-to-persuade
      audience or a difficult-to-persuade audience and induced to think about the
      action in either high-level or low-level terms. As predicted, subjects made fewer
      speech errors and felt more satisfied with their performance when the task was
      personally easy and identified at high level and when the task was personally
      difficult and identified at low level. Optimal action identification made things
      easier for them to say.

PMID- 2926624
TI  - Cardiovascular reactivity and interpersonal influence: active coping in a social
      context.
AB  - Previous studies have demonstrated that effortful attempts to secure positive
      outcomes or avoid negative outcomes produce significant increases in systolic
      blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and heart rate (HR).
      Although these effects of active coping on cardiovascular reactivity are central
      in current psychosomatic theories, virtually all of the research to date has used
      impersonal, asocial tasks. Our two studies examined the cardiovascular effects of
      effortful attempts to influence other people. In Study 1, male subjects
      attempting to influence the opinions of their discussion partner to improve their
      own chances of winning money displayed significantly greater SBP, DBP, and HR
      reactivity. In Study 2, we obtained similar effects on SBP and DBP reactivity in
      men and women, while both preparing an influence attempt and making that attempt.
      Furthermore, reactivity levels were larger as the magnitude of incentive for
      successful persuasion increased. Implications of this interpersonal equivalent of
      active coping for the development of cardiovascular disease are discussed.

PMID- 2926625
TI  - Apology as aggression control: its role in mediating appraisal of and response to
      harm.
AB  - Two studies examined the effects of an apology on a victim's aggression and
      explored the psychological mechanisms underlying such effects. In Study 1, female
      undergraduates were psychologically harmed and then received an apology by
      another female student. In Study 2, male undergraduates were asked to role play a
      victim in a hypothetical harm situation. Results indicate that when the harm
      doers apologized, as opposed to when they did not, the victim-subjects refrained
      from severe aggression against them. Regression analyses suggested that such
      aggression-inhibitory effects of an apology were mediated by impression
      improvement, emotional mitigation, and reduction in desire for an apology within
      the victims. It was also found that when the harm was severe, such effects of an
      apology on aggression were attenuated. The more severe the harm is, the more
      extensive of an apology may be needed to alleviate the victim's anger and
      aggression.

PMID- 2926626
TI  - Effects of coping skills training on generalized self-efficacy and locus of
      control.
AB  - A number of studies have shown that mastery experiences strengthen self-efficacy
      expectancies that are specific to the mastery situation. In this study I assessed
      the effects of cognitive-behavioral coping skills training on generalized
      expectancies concerning self-efficacy and locus of control in test-anxious
      college students. Compared with a waiting-list control group, the trained
      subjects exhibited significant decreases on trait and state measures of test
      anxiety and a higher level of academic performance on classroom tests, as well as
      changes in specific self-efficacy expectancies relating to test-anxiety
      management and academic performance. Consistent with generalization predictions
      derived from self-efficacy theory, the coping skills group also exhibited
      decreases in general trait anxiety and increased scores on a trait measure of
      generalized self-efficacy. Locus of control was unaffected by the program, and
      changes in general self-efficacy were unrelated to changes in locus of control,
      suggesting the possibility that different parameters of experience are related to
      changes in the two types of generalized expectancies.

PMID- 2926627
TI  - Critique of the act frequency approach to personality.
AB  - Evaluates the the act frequency approach (AFA), noting that retrospective self
      reports rather than behavioral acts are studied; act context and meaning are not
      considered; the AFA self-report inventories are incompletely developed and are
      psychometrically unsound; the AFA claim of absolute measurement of dispositions
      is insupportable; many of the self-report act statements used are technically
      unacceptable or conceptually unwarranted; the research agenda of the AFA
      primarily involves only "internal analyses" of self-report "act" inventories and
      indices and proposes the further creation of "act" inventories to index thousands
      of conceptually unorderable dispositions. Were the problems involved in the
      current implementation of the AFA to be resolved, various large conceptual
      problems presently besetting the approach then would have to be confronted.

PMID- 2926628
TI  - The hardy personality: cognitive and physiological responses to evaluative
      threat.
AB  - Hardy persons are hypothesized to be resistant to stress-induced illness, because
      of their adaptive cognitive style and a subsequently reduced level of
      physiological arousal. We assessed the cognitive and physiological responses of
      high and low hardy male undergraduates to a challenging task under high and low
      evaluative threat. As predicted, hardy subjects endorsed more positive self
      statements than did low hardy subjects in the high threat condition. High hardy
      subjects also reported fewer negative self-statements overall, but this was
      attributable to the overlap of measures of hardiness and neuroticism. Hardy
      subjects displayed marginally lower arousal while waiting for the task to begin,
      but this finding did not approach significance when neuroticism was controlled.
      Hardy subjects also had higher levels of systolic blood pressure, perhaps because
      of their active coping efforts. Results support the hypothesized hardy cognitive
      style but raise questions about the type and timing of organismic strain linking
      hardiness and health.

PMID- 2926629
TI  - Assessing coping strategies: a theoretically based approach.
AB  - We developed a multidimensional coping inventory to assess the different ways in
      which people respond to stress. Five scales (of four items each) measure
      conceptually distinct aspects of problem-focused coping (active coping, planning,
      suppression of competing activities, restraint coping, seeking of instrumental
      social support); five scales measure aspects of what might be viewed as emotional
      focused coping (seeking of emotional social support, positive reinterpretation,
      acceptance, denial, turning to religion); and three scales measure coping
      responses that arguably are less useful (focus on and venting of emotions,
      behavioral disengagement, mental disengagement). Study 1 reports the development
      of scale items. Study 2 reports correlations between the various coping scales
      and several theoretically relevant personality measures in an effort to provide
      preliminary information about the inventory's convergent and discriminant
      validity. Study 3 uses the inventory to assess coping responses among a group of
      undergraduates who were attempting to cope with a specific stressful episode.
      This study also allowed an initial examination of associations between
      dispositional and situational coping tendencies.

PMID- 2926630
TI  - Personality correlates of physical fitness.
AB  - In this article, I examine the relation between personality and physical fitness.
      One group (N = 97) of male adults completed the Hogan Personality Inventory and
      five nationally recognized physical fitness batteries. A second group (N = 35)
      completed the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory and a set of medical
      and physical performance assessments. Results indicate that physical fitness must
      be defined in multidimensional terms and that fitness is related to self
      confidence and self-discipline. Measures of psychopathology were unrelated to
      measures of health and fitness. These data suggest that the personal qualities
      associated with fitness are also those that promote and extend health.

PMID- 2926631
TI  - On the degree of stability of measured hypnotizability over a 25-year period.
AB  - Conducted a longitudinal study of hypnotizability, as measured by the Stanford
      Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, Form A, that yielded a relatively high degree of
      stability in hypnotic responsiveness over repeated testings spanning a 25-year
      period. The 50 Ss were retested in 1985, after tests when they were students,
      between 1958-1962 and again in 1970. The statistically significant stability
      coefficients were .64 (10-year retest), .82 (15-year retest), and .71 (25-year
      retest). The means did not change significantly, and the median change in the
      scores of individuals was only 1 point on the 12-item scale. A set of score
      measures and their intercorrelations are insufficient to resolve the issue of why
      stability occurs. The stability of hypnotizability over time compares favorably
      with that of other measures of individual differences.

PMID- 2926632
TI  - Intrapersonal and social comparison determinants of happiness: a range-frequency
      analysis.
AB  - Examined whether intrapersonal comparisons and social comparisons operate in
      similar ways to determine ratings of happiness. Events were varied to create
      positively and negatively skewed distributions. The events in each distribution
      were ascribed to either a single person or a group of people; Ss rated how happy
      they would feel if they experienced specific events within the distribution.
      Ratings for both intrapersonal and social comparisons were fit well by Parducci's
      (1984) range-frequency theory. Individual events received higher ratings when
      presented within the positively skewed context. Overall happiness, as measured by
      both the mean of the happiness ratings as well as direct ratings, was highest for
      the negatively skewed distributions. The effects of skewing were more pronounced
      for intrapersonal comparisons, but ratings were more closely defined by the range
      of experimental stimuli for social comparisons.

PMID- 2926633
TI  - Dimensions of appraisal and physiological response in emotion.
AB  - Appraisal theorists propose physiological activity in emotion to be
      systematically organized around appraisal of the adaptational significance of the
      environment in ways that promote two functions commonly ascribed to emotion:
      communication and preparation for coping. However, relations between appraisal
      and physiological activity remain largely untested. This article reviews existing
      evidence to generate specific hypotheses linking appraisal to physiological
      activity and presents an imagery-based experimental test of a subset of these
      hypotheses. No evidence was found for a relation between other-agency and the
      eyebrow frown, but brow activity and heart rate were affected by effort-related
      appraisals: Anticipated effort influenced heart rate, and perceived goal
      obstacles influenced the eyebrow frown. Implications of the findings and
      theoretical approach are discussed.

PMID- 2926634
TI  - Intergroup aggression: its predictors and distinctness from in-group bias.
AB  - Investigated predictors of intergroup aggression and its relations to in-group
      bias. In a questionnaire, 156 Israeli adults reported perceptions of their own
      religious group and of the ultraorthodox Jewish out-group and expressed
      aggression toward the ultraorthodox (opposing institutions that serve their
      needs, supporting acts harmful to them, and opposing interaction with them).
      Respondents showed in-group favoritism in trait evaluations, but this bias was
      unrelated to aggression. Perceived inter-group conflict of interests, the
      postulated motivator of aggression, predicted it strongly. The effects of
      conflict on aggression were partially mediated by 2 indexes of dehumanizing the
      out-group (perceived value dissimilarity and trait inhumanity) and by 1 index of
      probable empathy with it (perceived in-group-out-group boundary permeability).
      These variables related to aggression more strongly among persons who identified
      highly with their in-group. The variables also mediated the effects of religious
      group affiliation on aggression. The value dissimilarity finding supports
      derivations from belief congruence theory.

PMID- 2926635
TI  - The goal of forming accurate impressions during social interactions: attenuating
      the impact of negative expectancies.
AB  - Investigated the idea that impression formation goals may regulate the impact
      that perceiver expectancies have on social interactions. In simulated interviews,
      interviewers Ss were given a negative expectancy about one applicant S and no
      expectancy about another. Half the interviewers were encouraged to form accurate
      impressions; the others were not. As predicted, no-goal interviewers exhibited a
      postinteraction impression bias against the negative-expectancy applicants,
      whereas the accuracy-goal interviewers did not. Moreover, the ability of the
      accuracy goal to reduce this bias was apparently mediated by more extensive and
      less biased interviewer information-gathering, which in turn elicited an
      improvement in negative-expectancy applicants' performances. These findings
      stress the theoretical and practical importance of considering the motivational
      context within which expectancy-tinged social interactions occur.

PMID- 2926636
TI  - Task performance and perceptions of anxiety: averaging and summation in an
      evaluative setting.
AB  - Suggests that individuals' "stage fright," or perceptions of anxiety and
      performance, is a function of tendencies to both average and summate the impact
      of audience members. We found that under certain conditions adding an evaluative
      member to an audience decreased anxiety, whereas in other conditions the addition
      of evaluative members increased anxiety. These results are not expected from
      social impact theory or social facilitation research and suggest that individuals
      do not react to groups of individuals in a manner analogous to the way in which
      trait information is typically averaged in forming impressions of individuals
      (Anderson, 1981). An averaging-summation model that does account for these
      findings is presented. This research has implications for research on crowding,
      stress, social influence, and affective responses.

PMID- 2926637
TI  - Impact of conceptions of ability on self-regulatory mechanisms and complex
      decision making.
AB  - Tested the hypothesis that induced conceptions of ability as a stable entity or
      as an acquirable skill would affect self-regulatory mechanisms governing
      performance in a simulated organization. Ss served as managerial decision makers
      in which they had to match employees to subfunctions and to discover and apply
      managerial rules to achieve a difficult level of organizational performance.
      Those who performed the challenging managerial task under an entity conception of
      ability suffered a loss in perceived self-efficacy, lowered their organizational
      goals, and became less efficient in their analytic strategies. Ss who managed the
      organization under an acquirable skill conception of ability sustained their
      perceived self-efficacy, set challenging organizational goals, and used analytic
      strategies effectively. These divergences in self-regulatory factors were
      accompanied by substantial differences in organizational performance. Path
      analysis revealed that perceived self-efficacy had both a direct effect on
      organizational performance and an indirect effect through its influence on
      analytic strategies. Personal goals also affected organizational performance
      through the mediation of analytic strategies. The relation of prior
      organizational performance to subsequent performance was mediated entirely by the
      combined influence of the self-regulatory factors.

PMID- 2926638
TI  - Processing of ambiguous and unambiguous feedback by depressed and nondepressed
      college students: schematic biases and their implications for depressive realism.
AB  - Explored schematic processing as a mechanism for predicting (a) when depressed Ss
      would be negative relative to nondepressed Ss and (b) when depressed and
      nondepressed Ss would show biased or unbiased (i.e., "realistic") processing.
      Depressed and nondepressed Ss performed multiple trials of a task under
      conditions in which the two groups held either equivalent or different schemas
      regarding this task. Ss received either an unambiguous or objectively normed
      ambiguous feedback cue on each trial. In full support of schematic processing,
      depressed Ss showed negative encoding relative to nondepressed Ss only when their
      schemas were more negative, and both depressed and nondepressed Ss showed
      positively biased, negatively biased, and unbiased encoding depending on the
      relative feedback cue-to-schema match. Depressed and nondepressed Ss' response
      latencies to unambiguous feedback also supported the occurrence of schematic
      processing. We discuss the methodological, treatment, and "realism" implications
      of these findings and suggest a more precise formulation of Beck's schema theory
      of depression.

PMID- 2926639
TI  - Rater bias in the EASI temperament scales: a twin study.
AB  - Under trait theory, ratings may be modeled as a function of the temperament of
      the child and the bias of the rater. Two linear structural equation models are
      described, one for mutual self- and partner ratings, and one for multiple ratings
      of related individuals. Application of the first model to EASI temperament data
      collected from spouses rating each other shows moderate agreement between raters
      and little rating bias. Spouse pairs agree moderately when rating their twin
      children, but there is significantly rater bias, with greater bias for
      monozygotic than for dizygotic twins. MLE's of heritability are approximately .5
      for all temperament scales with no common environmental variance. Results are
      discussed with reference to trait validity, the person-situation debate, halo
      effects, and stereotyping. Questionnaire development using ratings on family
      members permits increased rater agreement and reduced rater bias.

PMID- 2926640
TI  - Perceptions of control, competence, and contingency as influences on the stress
      behavior symptom relation in school-age children.
AB  - Analyzed data from 154 school-age children and their mothers to examine the
      relations between stress, perceived competence and contingency, and behavior
      symptoms. Analyses focused on the relative merits of unidimensional vs
      multidimensional measures of control in predicting symptoms. The stress of
      undesirable life events and behavior symptoms were related in the expected
      direction. Multiple regression models with R2 ranging from .11 to .14 (all ps
      less than .0002) included significant main effects for stress, competence, and
      control. Analyses supported the relative superiority of the multidimensional
      measure of control. Models containing main effects and interaction terms were of
      equivalent magnitudes in accounting for variance in symptom scores. Findings
      support the idea of perceived control as a moderator of the stress-illness
      relation and are consistent with earlier suggestions that simple main effects
      models may be the most useful in examining these relations.

PMID- 2926641
TI  - Goal utility, task satisfaction, and the self-appraisal hypothesis of type A
      behavior.
AB  - Strube's (1987) self-appraisal model of Type A behavior suggests that externally
      mediated performance goals that are useful for assessing task-related
      competencies will possess greater utility and be more satisfying to Type A
      persons than to Type B persons. In contrast, because Type Bs may have an aversion
      to competency verifications, they should be more satisfied than Type As when
      goals are uninformative about task-related competencies. The 102 undergraduate Ss
      performed either a word puzzle or proofreading task under 1 of 4 goal conditions
      that varied in terms of the goal's instrumentality for assessing competencies and
      for obtaining a financial incentive. Results are generally consistent with this
      prediction, thereby providing verification for one of the more basic propositions
      derived from the self-appraisal model.

PMID- 2926642
TI  - Explanatory style across the life span: evidence for stability over 52 years.
AB  - Analyzed explanatory style across the life span. 30 Ss whose average age was 72
      responded to questions about their current life and provided diaries or letters
      written in their youth, an average of 52 years earlier. A blind content analysis
      of explanatory style derived from these 2 sources revealed that explanatory style
      for negative events was stable throughout adult life (r = .54, p less than .002).
      In contrast, there appeared to be no stability of explanatory style for positive
      events between the same 2 time periods. These results suggest that explanatory
      style for negative events may persist across the life span and may constitute an
      enduring risk factor for depression, low achievement, and physical illness.

PMID- 2926643
TI  - Personal striving differentiation and affective reactivity.
AB  - Examined the relation between affective reactivity (intensity and variability of
      mood) and cognitive differentiation through the personal striving (Emmons, 1986)
      framework in order to test the hypothesis that affective reactivity underlies
      differentiation. 88 Ss in 2 samples listed 15 of their personal strivings and
      rated them with respect to 3 measures of striving differentiation
      (interdependence, dissimilarity, and plans for accomplishing each). Experience
      sampling and daily mood ratings were used to assess affect intensity and affect
      variability over a 3-week period. Emotionally reactive Ss possessed a more
      differentiated striving system. However, they generated fewer plans for
      accomplishing each striving than did less reactive Ss. Results are interpreted in
      terms of Larsen and Diener's (1987) arousal regulation theory of affect intensity
      and Linville's (1982, 1985) self-complexity/affect-extremity model.

PMID- 2926644
TI  - Nursing frontiers. Critical care in the air.

PMID- 2926645
TI  - Bad scare on good friday.

PMID- 2926646
TI  - Confessions of a happy camper.

PMID- 2926647
TI  - Deception at a new age clinic.

PMID- 2926648
TI  - The psychiatric nursing shortage and the HIV epidemic: a call to action.

PMID- 2926649
TI  - Improving nursing care services for children and adolescents with severe
      emotional disorders.
AB  - The purpose of this article is to address the educational and training needs of
      students in programs designed to prepare advanced nurse clinicians in child and
      adolescent psychiatric nursing in order to improve the care of severely
      emotionally and behaviorally disturbed (SED) children. To accomplish this task,
      several related issues have been addressed. These include: information on the
      types and rates of disorders in children, variables associated with
      psychopathology in children and adolescents, psychiatric care needs and the
      settings in which interventions occur, information about child and adolescent
      psychiatric nurses, and the current status of the educational scene for child and
      adolescent psychiatric nurses. Finally, recommendations for strategies to improve
      the care of SED children and their families are presented.

PMID- 2926650
TI  - Children and adolescents with AIDS: mobilizing for care. Clinical concerns and
      recommendations.

PMID- 2926651
TI  - Children and adolescents with AIDS: mobilizing for care. An international report.

PMID- 2926652
TI  - Development of the PAAI as a measure of attitudes of parents with preschool
      children toward substance use and abuse.
AB  - Because parents have a major impact on their preschool children's development,
      the study of parental attitudes is crucial to understanding substance abuse
      behavior. This study examined the reliability of an instrument to measure
      attitudes of parents with preschool children regarding substance use and abuse.
      The sample consisted of a lower to middle socioeconomic, racially diverse
      population of 101 parents of preschool children. The Parent Attitude Assessment
      Instrument (PAAI) measured parents' attitudes toward substance use and abuse,
      parental role modeling, and substance abuse prevention with preschool children.

PMID- 2926653
TI  - The manipulator reputation in juvenile detention: collective labeling in a total
      institution.
AB  - Adolescent manipulative behaviors are the focus of a combined field study and
      literature review. A taxonomy of manipulation generated within the setting of a
      large metropolitan juvenile detention facility is compared with literature
      sources and examined from the theoretical construct of a total institutional
      behavioral environment. Issues are raised which require consideration in planning
      nursing care for this and similar client populations.

PMID- 2926654
TI  - Adolescent suicide: assessment and intervention.
AB  - Understanding how to prevent suicide, the third leading cause of adolescent
      death, is the focus of this article. To prevent suicide, the nurse assesses risk
      factors, covert messages, overt suicide clues, and intervenes with the adolescent
      and family. Suicide risk and hopelessness decrease as suicidal youths learn to
      clarify problems, rally significant others, expand resources and use safe coping
      strategies. Interventions include a no-suicide contract, family therapy and
      school suicide prevention programs. Nurses can identify the youth at risk for
      suicide and, in many cases, provide the therapy that helps prevent suicide.
      Vignettes illustrate strategies that effectively reduce suicide risk.

PMID- 2926655
TI  - Our new Huck Finn: foster care and the nurse.

PMID- 2926656
TI  - Insuring a normal school environment for a teenager with AIDS.

PMID- 2926657
TI  - Psychiatric and mental health nurses' beliefs about therapeutic paradox.
AB  - Therapeutic paradox is a subject that elicits divergent opinions among
      psychiatric and mental health nurses. In a study of a random, systematic sample
      of psychiatric nurses (N = 165), more than one-half of the respondents used
      paradox and a larger majority of respondents considered paradox to be an
      appropriate psychotherapeutic intervention, although there were expressions of
      professional and ethical reservation. In addition to holding more negative
      beliefs about manipulation, threats to the therapeutic relationship, and
      deception, the non-users of paradox were significantly less willing to refer
      friends for paradoxical treatment.

PMID- 2926658
TI  - Spleen cellularity shifts from the inhalation of 0.25-0.35 PPM nitrogen dioxide.
AB  - The effects of ambient level (0.25-0.35 ppm)NO2 on percent spleen cell counts,
      relative percentages of spleen lymphocyte subpopulations, spleen lymphoid nodule
      size, and differential peripheral blood cell counts were investigated in 170
      young adult male mice following various NO2 exposure periods. The total spleen
      cell counts, surface IgM-positive lymphocytes and spleen mean lymphoid nodule
      area were all significantly decreased in the groups exposed to NO2 following
      extended time periods. The relative percentages of peripheral blood lymphocytes
      were also significantly decreased in the groups exposed to NO2 for 8 weeks. The
      mechanism for these observed spleen changes following ambient level NO2 exposure
      remains unclear, but the results warrant further investigation and concern,
      especially since such changes may reflect altered immune responsiveness.

PMID- 2926659
TI  - Evidence for the covalent interaction of carbon tetrachloride with mouse liver
      chromatin DNA in vitro.
AB  - Whole chromatin was isolated from livers of 8-12 week-old male B6C3Fl hybrid mice
      and incubated with 14C-labelled carbon tetrachloride (14CCL4) in the presence of
      hepatic microsomes from the same animals and an NADPH-regenerating system. The
      experiments were carried out at various concentrations of 14CCl4 and incubation
      times. Under the conditions used, 14CCl4 metabolite(s) bind quantifiably to
      chromatin DNA (ch.DNA) in direct response to increases in 14CCl4 concentration
      and incubation time. Maximal binding (0.34 nmoles/mg DNA) occurs at 2 hrs when 10
      umoles 14CCl4 was used for the incubation. Binding of 14CCl4 metabolite(s) to
      ch.DNA was/were significantly inhibited (84%) in the presence of the strong
      nucleophile, L-cysteine (5 mM). These results provide evidence for the covalent
      interaction of CCl4 metabolite(s) with DNA when organized as chromatin under
      aerobic incubation condition, which suggest the importance of the higher-order
      organization of DNA in chromatin and its reactivity with CCl4 metabolite(s).

PMID- 2926661
TI  - Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) inhalation, formation of microthrombi in lungs and cancer
      metastasis.
AB  - It is recognized that cancer cells may be introduced into circulation during
      surgical removal of a malignant neoplasm. The fate of these cells depends upon
      many factors. In this paper we present findings from an animal model which
      indicate that inhalation of nitrogen dioxide facilitates blood-borne cancer cell
      metastasis to lungs by injuring lung capillary endothelium and formation of
      microthrombi. Lung capillaries were evaluated by light and electron microscopy.
      The main lesions observed were microthrombi and injury to capillary endothelial
      cells, following 6 weeks of 0.35 +/- 0.05 ppm NO2 exposure. The blood-borne
      cancer cell metastasis was studied utilizing B16 melanoma cells in C57Bl/6J mice.
      A correlation was observed between increased incidence of microthrombi,
      endothelial cell injury and lung metastasis in exposed animals. Other adverse NO2
      effects such as impairment of immune system may also participate. Inhalation of
      nitrogen dioxide and other air pollutants may play a significant role in
      enhancement of metastasis and blood vessel associated disorders.

PMID- 2926660
TI  - Ultrastructure of kidney of ducks exposed to methylmercury, lead and cadmium in
      combination.
AB  - Ultrastructural alterations in the kidneys of Pekin ducks exposed to various
      combinations of methylmercury chloride (MeHgCl), lead acetate (PbAC) and cadmium
      chloride (CdCl2 for 12 weeks were studied. Eight groups (Gr), each consisting of
      6 female ducks, were fed diets containing no heavy metals (control), 8 mg of
      methylmercury chloride (MeHgCl)/kg of feed (GrII), 80 mg of lead acetate
      (PbAC)/kg of feed (GrIII), 80 mg of cadmium chloride (CdCl2)/kg of feed (GrIV), 8
      mg of MeHgCl + 80 mg of PbAC/kg of feed (GrV), 8 mg of MeHgCl + 80 mg of CdCl2/kg
      of feed (GrVI), 80 mg of PbAC + 80 mg of CdCl2/kg of feed (GrVII), and 8 mg of
      MeHgCl + 80 mg of PbAC + 80 mg of CdCl2/kg of feed (GrVIII). Renal corpuscles of
      the ducks treated with methylmercury (MdHg), lead (Pb), the cadmium (Cd), either
      alone or in two way combinations exhibited minor ultrastructural changes. The
      thickness of the glomerular basement membrane was significantly different from
      control only in Grs II, IV, V and VI. Crystallization of granules in the
      juxtaglomerular cells was also observed in Cd and Pb treated birds.
      Administration of the three metals in combination caused marked changes in
      podocytes with fusion of secondary processes and no pedicle differentiation. The
      proximal tubule cells approximately (PT) accumulated lipid droplets, lysosomal
      bodies and membrane bound vacuoles in methylmercury treated birds. Lead exposed
      birds had a large number of secondary lysosomes and swollen mitochondria in PT
      cells. Cadmium administration caused degenerative changes in PT cells which
      included accumulation of lysosomal bodies containing degenerating organelles,
      lipid droplets and vacuoles containing myelin figures. Marked degenerative
      changes in PT cells and interstitial fibrosis was prominent when cadmium was
      concomitantly administered with the other metals. Concurrent administration of
      all three metals caused enhancement of degenerative changes in proximal tubule
      cells and collecting duct cells. These observations suggest that the combined
      administration of metals causes renal damage that appears to be additive.

PMID- 2926662
TI  - Testicular dysfunction induced by cadmium and its improvement caused by selenium
      in the mouse.
AB  - Histological observation revealed widespread and severe necrosis at 3 days after
      the final injection of Cd (0.012 mmol/Kg. daily for 2 consecutive days). Two
      months later, the changes were further aggravated. In addition, severe atrophy
      was found, and there was an increase in materials which could be stained by the
      Kossa method. These changes were prevented by the simultaneous injection of Se
      (0.024 mmol/Kg, daily for 2 consecutive days). Two months later, the Cd group
      showed no longer its reproduction. As a result of the Cd injection, at 3 days
      lipoperoxide concentration, expressed as substances reacting with thiobarbituric
      acid, was increased significantly, and accompanied by a decrease of glutathione.
      The levels of lipoperoxide and glutathione values were restored to the control
      level by the Se injection. At 3 days, testicular Zn and Mg decreased
      significantly, but Ca and Fe increased markedly in the Cd group. Ca increased
      mainly in the slow-speed centrifugation fraction, while Mg decreased evenly. In
      the Cd + Se group, there was no detectable change of metal concentration.
      However, Se stimulated the Cd uptake into the testis and vice versa. The
      testicular Cd and Se contents were maintained at a constant level for 2 months.
      The proportions of Cd existing in the cytosol fraction were 80% and 45% in the Cd
      group and the Cd + Se group, respectively. Furthermore, the recovery rates for
      cytosolic Cd in the F2 fractions corresponding to metallothionein were 60% and
      75% in the Cd and Cd + Se groups, respectively. Our results suggest that Se has
      multiple functions against testicular Cd toxicity and that the toxicity once
      blocked by Se does not occur for a relatively long time.

PMID- 2926663
TI  - Mechanical properties of rabbit lung with edema caused by exposure to ozone.
AB  - Rabbits were intermittently exposed to ozone (O3) and the mechanical properties
      of their lungs were studied in order to know details of ventilatory functions in
      lung injuries caused by this gas. The lungs of rabbits exposed to 2 ppm O3 for 6
      hours daily for 3 days showed the earlier stage of edema, and tended to trap air
      as distending pressure was lowered at the measurement of volume-pressure
      relationship. In this group of animals, dynamic compliance decreased, pulmonary
      flow resistance increased, and flow-volume curve obtained by forced deflation
      showed a definitely altered slope with reduced flows at the latter part of
      descending limb. On the other hand, the significant change observed in rabbits
      exposed to 1 ppm O3 for 6 hours daily for 7 days was only the increase in
      pulmonary flow resistance: the extent was similar to that observed in the former
      group of rabbits. Light-microscopical study for the airways of O3-exposed rabbits
      revealed varying degrees of epithelial damages and submucosal edema in the large
      airways and in terminal and respiratory bronchioles, and thickening of alveolar
      walls in the proximal alveolar ducts, being much more evident in the former
      group.

PMID- 2926664
TI  - Prenatal diagnosis of genetic disorders.

PMID- 2926665
TI  - Genetic counseling: the emerging reality.

PMID- 2926666
TI  - Multifactorial inheritance: implications for perinatal and neonatal nurses.

PMID- 2926667
TI  - Congenital defects: parental issues and nursing supports.

PMID- 2926669
TI  - Rehabilitation R & D Progress Reports 1988.

PMID- 2926668
TI  - A primer to the inborn errors of metabolism for perinatal and neonatal nurses.

PMID- 2926670
TI  - Infectious diarrhea. Your CE topic (No. 37). Update on the management of
      infectious diarrhea.

PMID- 2926671
TI  - Informal contracting--a solution to problem patients.

PMID- 2926672
TI  - Jamie: the story of a terminal patient.

PMID- 2926673
TI  - Why I want to be an LPN.

PMID- 2926674
TI  - And why I choose to remain an LPN.

PMID- 2926675
TI  - Drug and alcohol abuse medical record confidentiality.

PMID- 2926677
TI  - A cure for repetition, redundancy, and hyperbole.

PMID- 2926678
TI  - The joy of building a free-standing ambulatory surgery center.

PMID- 2926676
TI  - Treatment of SLE. Your CE topic (No. 38). The treatment of systemic lupus
      erythematosus.

PMID- 2926679
TI  - Practical points in the care of patients following transsphenoidal surgery.

PMID- 2926680
TI  - The pediatric patient.

PMID- 2926682
TI  - Examples of samples.

PMID- 2926681
TI  - Today's manager: surviving or thriving?

PMID- 2926683
TI  - The legislative process: become involved.

PMID- 2926684
TI  - Care of the patient with malignant hyperthermia.

PMID- 2926686
TI  - PACU visiting policies.

PMID- 2926685
TI  - Looking back to the future: a case for historical research.

PMID- 2926687
TI  - Self-serving biases in the perception of freedom: the impact of previously
      experienced failure.
AB  - The purpose of five experiments was to investigate the use by Israeli students of
      a perceived lack of freedom as a self-protective device against the negative
      implications of poor performance in an achievement task. I hypothesized that a
      reduction in perceived freedom might be used to protect self-esteem following
      failure. A reduction in perceived freedom would weaken a person's sense of
      responsibility for failure and thereby protect self-esteem. Experiments 1 and 2
      showed that subjects exposed to failure retrospectively reported having had less
      freedom during the experimental sessions than those who experienced success or no
      feedback at all. Experiments 3, 4, and 5 demonstrated that failure reduces the
      perception of freedom when other external rationalizations for failure (high
      consensus, high distinctiveness, low consistency) are unavailable. The results
      are interpreted in the light of self-protective strategies.

PMID- 2926688
TI  - The emotional adjustment of children with Tourette's syndrome.
AB  - We investigated the predictive value of family reaction and illness severity with
      respect to the emotional adjustment of Tourette's syndrome patients. The subjects
      included 30 children with Tourette's syndrome and 30 control subjects matched on
      age, sex, race, and socioeconomic status. The predictor variables included the
      child's perception of parental behavior, family adaptability as perceived by the
      mother, mother's self-concept, and illness severity. The results indicated that
      the children's perceptions of their parents' behavior explained the most variance
      in children's self-concepts and anxiety for both groups. These findings highlight
      the importance of the parent-child interaction in predicting the child's
      emotional adjustment to Tourette's syndrome.

PMID- 2926689
TI  - The effect of applicant age, job level, and accountability on perceptions of
      female job applicants.
AB  - We used simulated videotaped employment interviews to assess the effect of
      accountability on impressions of female job applicants. One hundred and twenty
      American undergraduates majoring in business and personnel related areas were
      informed that they would be participating in the pilot testing of a new employee
      placement technique. The age of the job applicant (25, 40, or 55 years), the
      position for which they were being considered (assistant director or director),
      and the degree to which subjects were made to feel accountable for their
      impressions of the applicant (low or high accountability) were manipulated,
      resulting in a 3 x 2 x 2 between-subjects design. The predicted interaction
      between accountability and applicant age applicant age was found on age-related
      adjective checklist items. Increasing the subjects' accountability produced more
      stereotypical impressions of all applicants, along with a tendency to attribute
      the applicant's behavior to dispositional factors.

PMID- 2926690
TI  - Physiology and pharmacology of acetylcholinergic responses of interneurons in the
      antennal lobes of the moth Manduca sexta.
AB  - 1. Neurons in the antennal lobe (AL) of the moth Manduca sexta respond to the
      application, via pressure injection into the neuropil, of acetylcholine (ACh).
      When synaptic transmission is not blocked, both excitatory (Fig. 2) and
      inhibitory (Fig. 3) responses are seen. 2. Responses to ACh appear to be receptor
      mediated, as they are associated with an increase in input conductance (Figs. 2B
      and 3B) and are dose-dependent (Fig. 2 C). 3. All neurons responsive to ACh are
      also excited by nicotine. Responses to nicotine are stronger and more prolonged
      than responses to ACh (Fig. 4C). No responses are observed to the muscarinic
      agonist, oxotremorine (Fig. 4 B). 4. Curare blocks responses of AL neurons to
      applied ACh, while atropine and dexetimide are only weakly effective at reducing
      ACh responses (Figs. 5 and 6). 5. Curare is also more effective than atropine or
      dexetimide at reducing synaptically-mediated responses of AL neurons (Fig. 7). 6.
      In one AL neuron, bicuculline methiodide (BMI) blocked the IPSP produced by
      electrical stimulation of the antennal nerve, but it did not reduce the
      inhibitory response to application of ACh (Fig. 8).

PMID- 2926691
TI  - A comparison of signal detection between an echolocating dolphin and an optimal
      receiver.
AB  - An electronic simulated target apparatus was used in a two-experiment study to
      compare the target detection performance of an echolocating bottlenose dolphin
      with an optimal receiver. Random Gaussian noise with a relatively flat spectrum
      from 20 to 160 kHz was used as a masking source. Experiment I was conducted to
      establish a technique for estimating the echo energy-to-noise ratio, Ee/N, at the
      dolphin's threshold of detection. Dolphins typically vary the amplitude of their
      emitted signal over a large range making it difficult to estimate Ee/N. In the
      first part of experiment I, the simulated echo was a double click, the pulses
      separated by 200 microseconds, with each pulse being a replica of the dolphin's
      transmitted signal. A staircase psychophysical procedure was used to obtain the
      detection threshold, and the echo energy-to-noise ratio based on the highest
      amplitude click emitted per trial, (Ee/N)max, was determined at each reversal
      point. The second echo type consisted of one of the animal's echolocation clicks,
      previously measured, digitized and stored in an erasable programmable read-only
      memory (EPROM). The electronic target simulator was modified so that every time
      the dolphin emitted an echolocation signal, the EPROM was triggered to produce
      two pulses separated by 200 microseconds. On any trial, the EPROM signal was
      played back at a fixed amplitude, regardless of the amplitude of the dolphin's
      emitted signal. The Ee/N obtained with the EPROM signal at threshold was found to
      be 2.9 dB lower than (Ee/N)max obtained with the normal phantom target. Therefore
      an estimate of Ee/N can be obtained by subtracting 2.9 dB from
      (Ee/N)max.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2926692
TI  - Physiology of lateral line mechanoreceptive regions in the elasmobranch brain.
AB  - The physiology of mechanoreceptive lateral line areas was investigated in the
      thornback guitarfish, Platyrhinoidis triseriata, from medulla to telecephalon,
      using averaged evoked potentials (AEPs) and unit responses as windows to brain
      functions. Responses were analysed with respect to frequency sensitivity,
      intensity functions, influence of stimulus repetition rate, response latency,
      receptive field (RF) organization and multimodal interaction. 1. Following a
      quasi-natural vibrating sphere stimulus, neural responses were recorded in the
      medullary medial octavolateralis nucleus (MON), the dorsal (DMN) and anterior
      (AN) nucleus of the mesencephalic nuclear complex, the diencephalic lateral
      tuberal nucleus (LTN), and a telencephalic area which may correspond to the
      medial pallium (Figs. 2, 3, 13, 14, 15, 16). 2. Within the test range of 6.5-200
      Hz all lateral line areas investigated responded to minute water vibrations. Best
      frequencies (in terms of displacement) were between 75 and 200 Hz with threshold
      values for AEPs as low as 0.005 microns peak-to-peak (p-p) water displacement
      calculated at the skin surface (Fig. 6). 3. AEP-responses to a vibrating sphere
      stimulus recorded in the MON are tonic or phasic-tonic, i.e., responses are
      strongest at stimulus onset but last for the whole stimulus duration in form of a
      frequency following response (Fig. 3). DMN and AN responses are phasic or phasic
      tonic. Units recorded in the MON are phase coupled to the stimulus, those
      recorded in the DMN, AN or LTN are usually not (Figs. 5, 8, 9). Diencephalic LTN
      and telencephalic lateral line responses (AEPs) often are purely phasic. However,
      in the diencephalic LTN tonic and/or off-responses can be recorded (Fig. 11). 4.
      For the frequencies 25, 50, and 100 Hz, the dynamic intensity range of lateral
      line areas varies from 12.8 to at least 91.6 dB (AEP) respectively 8.9 and 92 dB
      (few unit and single unit recordings) (Fig. 7). 5. Mesencephalic, diencephalic,
      and telecephalic RFs, based on the evaluation of AEPs or multiunit activity
      (MUA), are usually contralateral (AN and LTN) or ipsi- and contralateral
      (telencephalon) and often complex (Figs. 10, 12, 16). 6. In many cases no obvious
      interactions between different modalities (vibrating sphere, electric field
      stimulus, and/or a light flash) were seen. However, some recording sites in the
      mesencephalic AN and the diencephalic LTN showed bimodal interactions in that an
      electric field stimulus decreased or increased the amplitude of a lateral line
      response and vice versa (Fig. 13 B).

PMID- 2926693
TI  - Genetic analyses of photoresponsiveness in the Djungarian hamster, Phodopus
      sungorus.
AB  - Endotherms living at temperate and arctic latitudes must adjust their physiology
      and behavior in order to survive seasonal change. The Djungarian hamster uses
      photoperiod to cue annual cycles of reproduction and thermoregulation, and its
      responses to short photoperiod include loss of body weight and change in pelage
      color. Some individuals do not exhibit these responses when exposed to short
      days. In this study individual variation in photoresponsiveness is quantified,
      and four lines of evidence for a genetic component to that variation are
      provided. First, two separate breeding stocks differed in both the percent of
      animals responding to a short-day lighting regimen (SD) and in the degree and
      timing of their response. Second, analysis of variance within and between
      families of full sibs for a photoresponsive index, PI (body weight loss +2 (molt
      index -1] following 12 weeks in SD demonstrated a significant family resemblance
      (intraclass correlation of 0.36 +/- 0.03). Third, heritability estimates from
      regression of offspring scores on parent scores for body weight loss, molt index
      and PI after 12 weeks in SD were 0.34 +/- 0.13, 0.36 +/- 0.10 and 0.37 +/- 0.12,
      respectively, indicating a strong additive genetic component for the three
      characters. Finally, a significant response occurred after one generation of
      artificial selection for and against photoresponsiveness.

PMID- 2926694
TI  - Interspecific variation in the visual pigments of deep-sea fishes.
AB  - Visual pigments in the rods of 38 species of deep-sea fish were examined by
      microspectrophotometry. 33 species were found to have a single rhodopsin with a
      wavelength of maximum absorbance (lambda max) in the range 470-495 nm. Such
      visual pigments have absorbance maxima close to the wavelengths of maximum
      spectral transmission of oceanic water. 5 species, however, did not conform to
      this pattern and visual pigments were found with lambda max values ranging from
      451 nm to 539 nm. In 4 of these species two visual pigments were found located in
      two types of rod. Some 2-pigment species which have unusual red sensitivity, also
      have red-emitting photophores. These species have both rhodopsin and porphyropsin
      pigments in their retinae, which was confirmed by HPLC, and the two pigments are
      apparently located in separate rods in the same retinal area. In deep-sea fishes
      the occurrence of 'unusual' visual pigments seems to be correlated with aspects
      of the species' depth ranges. In addition to ecological influences we present
      evidence, in the form of lambda max spectral clustering, that indicates the
      degree of molecular constraint imposed on the evolution of visual pigments in the
      deep-sea.

PMID- 2926695
TI  - Lexical structure in Parsing long-distance dependencies.
AB  - We review a series of experiments investigating lexical influences in parsing
      sentences with long-distance dependencies. We report three primary results.
      First, gaps are posited and filled immediately following verbs that are typically
      used transitively, even when the filler is an implausible object of the verb.
      However, gaps are not posited after verbs that are typically used intransitively.
      Second, plausibility determines whether or not a filler is treated as the object
      of a verb when the verb is typically used with both a direct object and an
      infinitive complement. Finally, verb control information is used immediately in
      determining which noun phrase will be interpreted as the "understood" subject of
      an infinitive complement.

PMID- 2926697
TI  - Adjustment to illness and dropout of chemotherapy.
AB  - The study compares the adjustment to illness of a group of 53 cancer patients who
      dropped out of chemotherapy with a matched group of 53 cancer patients who
      completed their treatment. The patients were treated in five oncological
      institutes in Israel. We found differences both in the Psychosocial Adjustment to
      Illness Scale (PAIS) and Brief Symptom Inventory Scale (BSI). In both scales we
      found significant differences indicating that the degree of adjustment and the
      psychosocial distress of patients who dropped out of treatment was worse than
      that of patients who completed treatment.

PMID- 2926696
TI  - Evoked potentials and the study of sentence comprehension.
AB  - Evoked brain potentials were used to monitor moment-by-moment decisions during
      language comprehension. Subjects read sentences containing temporary syntactic
      ambiguities for which one of the possible interpretations was semantically
      implausible. The N400 component of the evoked potential, which is sensitive to
      implausibility, was used to discover when during a sentence subjects made a
      decision about the ambiguity. The results demonstrate that readers try to
      interpret a syntactic ambiguity early in a sentence rather than waiting for
      disambiguating information. This introduces a new way to use brain activity to
      study sentence comprehension processes.

PMID- 2926698
TI  - Type A behavior, coping mechanisms and emotions related to somatic risk factors
      of coronary heart disease in adolescents.
AB  - Type A behavior, coping mechanisms, emotions and somatic risk factors of coronary
      heart disease were studied in 208 randomly selected healthy adolescents. Type A
      behavior was evaluated by the Wolf-Hunter A-B Rating Scale and a questionnaire
      developed for the present study. Subjects' coping mechanisms and emotions were
      assessed by interviews. The somatic risk factors used were SBP, DBP, serum total
      cholesterol, LDL, HDL, triglycerides and body mass index. In boys, type A
      behavior consistently correlated negatively with somatic risk factors of CHD
      while in girls, 'traditional' type A components like impatience and a sense of
      hurry correlated positively with somatic risk. The key finding was that inability
      to recognize and express negative emotions and the denial of problems correlated
      with somatic risk.

PMID- 2926699
TI  - The effects of exercise training on mental well-being in the normal population: a
      controlled trial.
AB  - This study was designed to compare the effects of two aerobic training programmes
      of differing intensities on mood and mental well-being with those of a credible
      attention-placebo condition. One hundred and nine sedentary adult volunteers from
      the local population were assigned to four conditions: high intensity aerobic
      training, moderate intensity aerobic training, attention-placebo and waiting
      list. Training was carried out over a 10 week period. Subjects were assessed
      before and after training with psychological measures and the 12 min walk-run
      test, and follow-up evaluations were undertaken after 3 months. Ninety-four
      subjects began the programme and the adherence rate averaged 80%, with no
      significant differences in number of drop-outs between conditions. Appropriate
      changes in estimated maximum oxygen consumption were observed in the three active
      conditions with the 12 min walk-run test. Psychological benefits were seen with
      the moderate exercise condition but not in the high exercise or attention-placebo
      conditions. These effects were manifest immediately after training on measures of
      tension/anxiety and confusion, and at follow-up on measures of perceived coping
      ability. The mechanisms underlying this pattern of results are discussed and the
      relative importance for health of vigorous activity and physical fitness is
      considered.

PMID- 2926700
TI  - Understanding hypertensive behaviour--I. Preference not to disclose.
AB  - Preference not to disclose information was investigated as a likely explanation
      for low rates of report of concerns in hypertensives. The research was designed
      to explore alternative explanations that have been provided by others. Two
      studies investigated the effect of situational contexts which provided low or
      high social pressure to reveal personal life concerns. Results showed that degree
      of disclosure by hypertensives was determined by a response style: disclosure was
      flexible and increased when situational pressure for accurate response increased.
      Thus, hypertensives prefer to withhold information. Normotensives had high levels
      of report whatever the situational context. The request to disclose was shown to
      have a potent dysregulatory effect on blood pressure for hypertensives only. Need
      for social approval was a possible underlying explanation for group differences.
      There are implications in these findings both for personality theory and therapy
      development.

PMID- 2926701
TI  - Cross-spouse correlates of blood pressure in hypertension-prone families in Utah.
AB  - This study used a subsample of 543 married couples from a large group of families
      in Utah, who were originally studied to assess the genetic and environmental
      determinants of hypertension. Excluding individuals on medication and controlling
      for the major risk factors for hypertension, evidence was obtained for cross
      spouse blood pressure associations equal in magnitude to self-psychosocial and
      demographic measures. Observed spouse-spouse similarity for blood pressures
      remained significant after adjustment for shared psychological factors. It is
      speculated that different aspects of each spouse's nonmarital environments (e.g.
      work, social support) have differential impacts on the marital environment and on
      physiologic indicators of health.

PMID- 2926702
TI  - Aspects of personality of soldiers presenting to an endoscopy clinic.
AB  - Eysenck Personality Questionnaires were completed by a consecutive series of 60
      soldiers attending a military endoscopy clinic. Each individual was pair-matched
      with a non-endoscoped soldier from a medical ward and a soldier from the hospital
      alcohol treatment unit. Alcohol dependence and related disabilities were measured
      using the MAST, CAGE and SADQ questionnaires and liver function tests and MCV
      estimates were performed. Alcohol questionnaire scores and laboratory tests were
      analysed by discriminant function analysis and by applying 'cut-off' scores of
      the questionnaires. Analyses of the personality dimensions were carried out by
      analyses of variance and were examined in relation to sample, alcohol
      questionnaire scores and endoscopic findings. The soldiers from the alcohol
      treatment unit had the highest neuroticism score, followed by the soldiers
      attending the endoscopy clinic. Of the endoscoped soldiers, those diagnosed as
      non-ulcer dyspeptics had higher neuroticism scores than soldiers with ulcers.
      This finding was not associated with increased prevalence of alcohol dependence
      and related disabilities.

PMID- 2926703
TI  - Assessment of facial self-image by means of a distorting mirror and its
      relationship to personality.
AB  - A flexible distorting mirror was used to give a distorted image of volunteers,
      who then attempted to alter the mirror to give a true reflection of their faces.
      Their accuracy in performing this task was correlated with age, sex,
      extroversion, neuroticism and also with total body and facial self-image as
      obtained from questionnaires. On average, subjects could not accurately define
      the size of their faces to within 5 cm, and the higher the body image score on
      the questionnaire, the less well subjects performed on the flexible mirror.

PMID- 2926704
TI  - Teacher stress and health; examination of a model.
AB  - Stress in teaching derives from a variety of sources, and evidence exists linking
      such stress to physical and mental health concerns. Detailed examination of the
      linkages among personal factors, job stress, job satisfaction and symptomatology
      have not been done in this occupation, however, and the present study examines a
      model interrelating these variables. A survey of 245 predominantly female
      elementary school teachers in southeast Texas suggested that demographic factors
      and teaching background do not influence stress, satisfaction or health concerns.
      However, while job stress was the strongest predictor of job satisfaction, this
      stress had no direct relationship with health problems, an unexpected finding.
      Write-in responses by teachers indicated additional sources of stress, many of
      which were environmental or policy-based in nature. The implications of these
      findings for future research and stress management interventions for teachers are
      discussed.

PMID- 2926706
TI  - Establishing a nurse-client relationship.

PMID- 2926705
TI  - Cops & counselors. Counseling issues with prison inmate substance abusers.

PMID- 2926709
TI  - More on Billie Boggs.

PMID- 2926708
TI  - APNA or ANA?

PMID- 2926707
TI  - Incorporating Peplau's theory and case management.

PMID- 2926710
TI  - More on RCTs.

PMID- 2926711
TI  - The elderly widow: easing her role transition.

PMID- 2926712
TI  - Ethics of HIV testing. A personal view.

PMID- 2926713
TI  - A framework for taking a treatment history.

PMID- 2926714
TI  - Undergraduate occupational health teaching in British medical schools.

PMID- 2926715
TI  - The industrial toxicology of antimony. The Ernestine Henry lecture 1987.

PMID- 2926716
TI  - Fractured neck of femur. Prevention and management. Summary and recommendations
      of a report of the Royal College of Physicians.

PMID- 2926717
TI  - A syndrome resembling lymphomatoid granulomatosis in the dog.
AB  - Lymphomatoid granulomatosis (LYG) was diagnosed in seven dogs. Most of the
      affected dogs were young to middle-aged, and there was no breed or sex
      predilection. Basophilia was detected in six of the seven dogs. Radiographic
      abnormalities included lung lobe consolidation or pulmonary mass lesions, as well
      as abnormally large tracheobronchial lymph nodes. Histologic changes included
      angiocentric and angiodestructive pulmonary infiltrates characterized by large
      lymphoreticular and plasmacytoid cells as well as normal lymphocytes,
      eosinophils, and plasma cells. Five dogs were treated with combination
      chemotherapy, and three had a complete response to treatment.

PMID- 2926718
TI  - Radioactive iodine treatment of a functional thyroid carcinoma producing
      hyperthyroidism in a dog.
AB  - Radioactive iodine (131I) was used in the treatment of a 12-year-old female dog
      with hyperthyroidism resulting from a large, unresectable (and metastatic)
      thyroid carcinoma associated with signs of severe inspiratory stridor and
      dyspnea. Hyperthyroidism was diagnosed on the basis of clinical signs (polyuria,
      polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss, nervousness) and high basal serum thyroxine
      (T4) concentrations, as well as thyroid radioiodine kinetic studies that showed a
      high radioiodine uptake into the thyroid (% thyroid uptake) and markedly
      increased serum concentrations of protein-bound iodine-131 (PB131I) after 131I
      tracer injection. Thyroid imaging revealed diffuse radionuclide accumulation by
      the tumor, which involved both thyroid lobes. The dog was treated with three
      large doses of radioiodine (131I), ranging from 60 to 75 mCi, given at intervals
      of 5 to 7 months. The dog became euthyroid, and the size of the tumor decreased
      by approximately 25% after each 131I treatment, improving the severe inspiratory
      stridor and dyspnea, but both the hyperthyroid state and breathing difficulty
      recurred within a few months of each treatment. The dog was euthanatized 5 months
      after the last treatment because of progressive tracheal compression and
      pulmonary metastasis.

PMID- 2926720
TI  - Factitious hyperkalemia in dogs with thrombocytosis. The effect of platelets on
      serum potassium concentration.
AB  - To determine the effect of platelet count on the accurate assessment of serum
      electrolyte concentrations, simultaneous platelet counts and electrolyte
      determinations were performed on serum and plasma from 40 dogs. Dogs were grouped
      according to platelet count as follows: thrombocytopenic (less than
      150,000/microliters), normal (150,000 to 600,000/microliters), or thrombocytotic
      (greater than 600,000/microliters). Serum potassium concentration was
      significantly higher than plasma potassium concentration in normal dogs (mean
      difference, 0.63 +/- 0.17 mEq/l) and in dogs with thrombocytosis (mean
      difference, 1.55 +/- 0.73 mEq/l). This difference in potassium concentration
      between serum and plasma was positively correlated with platelet count (r2 =
      0.86). In the blood of dogs with thrombocytosis, the serum-plasma potassium
      difference was further increased when the time period between blood collection
      and separation of serum or plasma from cells was lengthened. Differences between
      serum and plasma concentrations of sodium or chloride were not seen in any
      platelet group. These results suggest that a portion of the measured serum
      potassium concentration is released from platelets during the clotting process.
      In fact, profound elevations in serum potassium concentrations can occur
      factitiously in dogs with thrombocytosis. Therefore, the actual concentration of
      potassium in blood is determined more accurately by measuring the plasma
      concentration rather than the serum concentration of this electrolyte.

PMID- 2926721
TI  - Visual-evoked potential (VEP) methods and results in dogs.

PMID- 2926719
TI  - Thrombocytopenia associated with acute bovine virus diarrhea infection in cattle.
AB  - Thrombocytopenia was observed in 15 of 146 cases of clinically acute bovine viral
      diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection in adult cattle. Platelet counts ranged from
      2,000 to 33,000/microliters. Clinically, a bleeding tendency was manifested by
      bloody diarrhea, petechial and ecchymotic hemorrhage, epistaxis, and abnormal
      bleeding from injection sites. Coagulation testing (six cases) gave no evidence
      of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Bone marrow aspirates were suggestive
      of active marrow necrosis (two cases) or recent repopulation (three cases).
      Treatment, when given, was supportive and empirical in nature. Six animals
      experienced complete clinical recoveries; the others died or were euthanatized.
      Although the pathogenesis of the thrombocytopenia was not definitively
      determined, thrombocytopenia associated with acute BVDV infection should be
      considered in the differential diagnosis for cattle with bleeding disorders.

PMID- 2926722
TI  - Sexually transmitted diseases profile of patients with chlamydial conjunctivitis.
AB  - During 1980-85, 1648 patients with conjunctivitis attended an Eye Hospital in
      Liverpool. Of these, 195 had proven chlamydial infection. On referral, only 68
      adults and 27 children of this group, and 66 adults as 'contacts' attended the
      Sexually Transmitted Diseases Clinic. Screening tests detected a significant
      number of STD's among the adults. Though asymptomatic, a large proportion of them
      had chlamydia a potential pathogen, in their genital tract. The need for such a
      referral, full S.T.D. screening and appropriate systemic treatment to prevent
      some of the sequele of untreated chlamydial infection are emphasised.

PMID- 2926723
TI  - Rickettsia in the regiment.
AB  - A case of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) is described, together with other
      cases of pyrexia whose occurrence originally gave the impression of a significant
      outbreak of the disease in a TA regiment after annual training in the USA. The
      role of the RMO is considered in such circumstances.

PMID- 2926724
TI  - Chronic giardiasis with vitamin B12 and folate deficiency presenting with
      psychiatric symptoms.

PMID- 2926726
TI  - Unde venimus et quo vademus?

PMID- 2926725
TI  - Heat-exercise hyperpyrexia.
AB  - A fatal case of "heat stroke" occurring on exercise in temperate conditions is
      described. Possible mechanisms for increased susceptibility are discussed and
      attention is drawn to a possible overlap with the malignant hyperpyrexia (MH)
      syndrome. The second day of strenuous exercise may be a time of special risk.
      More frequent consideration of dantrolene treatment in heat injury is suggested
      and the term "heat-exercise hyperpyrexia" is proposed to replace "heat stroke"
      and "exertional hyperpyrexia".

PMID- 2926727
TI  - The value of routine radiology in young psychiatric patients.
AB  - The current policy of obtaining routine skull and chest X-rays on all psychiatric
      admissions to military hospitals has been examined by scrutiny of the radiology
      reports on all such admissions during one calendar year. No clinically unexpected
      finding was demonstrated in any of the 352 patients so examined. Routine
      radiological investigation of these patients may safely be abandoned.

PMID- 2926728
TI  - Airborne resuscitation fluids.

PMID- 2926729
TI  - Robert the Bruce, King of Scots; the leprosy myth.

PMID- 2926730
TI  - All that wheezes is not asthma.

PMID- 2926731
TI  - Morale in battle--the medical and the military.

PMID- 2926733
TI  - Treatment of stage I endometrial carcinoma.
AB  - Cases of stage I endometrial carcinoma treated at Columbia-Presbyterian Medical
      Center, New York, between 1966 and 1980 were evaluated with regard to clinical
      parameters, surgicopathologic findings, treatment modalities and survival. Four
      factors significantly influenced survival: tumor grade, patient's age, uterine
      size and addition of postoperative external radiotherapy in cases of significant
      myometrial invasion or a poorly differentiated lesion. No deaths or significant
      morbidity resulted from the use of adjuvant whole pelvic radiation.

PMID- 2926732
TI  - Urethral syndrome. A comparison of different treatment modalities.
AB  - Sixty women with the diagnosis of urethral syndrome were consecutively assigned
      to one of three treatment modalities. The first group (20 patients) was treated
      with tetracycline, 2 g/d for ten days. The second group (20 patients) was treated
      with three serial urethral dilations at two- to three-week intervals, and the
      third group (20 patients) received placebo for ten days and served as a control
      group. A detailed clinical evaluation and uroflowmetry were performed before
      treatment and eight weeks afterwards. A subjective cure, which was defined as an
      absence of symptoms at the follow-up visits, was achieved in 20% of the placebo
      group, 50% of the tetracycline group and 75% of the urethral dilation group (P
      less than .01). An objective improvement in uroflowmetry occurred only in the
      group treated with serial urethral dilation.

PMID- 2926734
TI  - Acute puerperal uterine inversion. New approaches to management.
AB  - A retrospective review identified 56 patients with uterine inversion, from July
      1977 through June 1986, from weekly obstetric statistics, delivery records and
      computerized discharge diagnoses. All patients underwent delivery by house
      officers, midwives or medical students under supervision. An analysis of the data
      revealed that the risk factors were primiparity, a fundally implanted placenta
      and delivery of a macrosomic fetus. Also, patients who received oxytocin with or
      without MgSO4 were at higher risk of puerperal inversion. MgSO4 by itself did not
      appear to be a risk factor. A placenta attached at the time of inversion appeared
      to have a protective effect against the development of shock. The use of
      betamimetics or MgSO4 appeared to be an acceptable alternative to general
      anesthesia in relaxing the uterus and aiding in its repositioning. Those agents
      were more likely to be successful in acute cases than in subacute ones and in
      second-degree inversion than in third-degree.

PMID- 2926735
TI  - Adenocarcinoma in a mature cystic teratoma. A case report.
AB  - A mucin-producing adenocarcinoma arose in a well-differentiated, mature, cystic
      teratoma. The patient underwent a total abdominal hysterectomy, left salpingo
      oophorectomy, omentectomy and paraaortic lymph node biopsy. The prognosis is
      unfavorable when the tumor extends through the cyst wall and involves
      intraperitoneal structures.

PMID- 2926736
TI  - Isolated torsion of the uterine tube in pregnancy. A case report.

PMID- 2926737
TI  - Changes in the surgical management of early breast cancer in England.
AB  - A questionnaire survey of consultant surgeons in England indicates that there has
      been a considerable change in opinion over the past few years concerning the
      management of early breast cancer; only 39.1% would now perform mastectomy,
      whereas 64.4% would perform conservative surgery. The most common forms of
      management are simple mastectomy and axillary clearance (21.9%); wide excision,
      axillary clearance plus radiotherapy (20.1%); and wide excision plus radiotherapy
      alone (16.9%). The majority of the surgeons would offer patients a choice of
      surgery, but only 52% had access to a breast care nurse.

PMID- 2926738
TI  - Liaison psychiatry in a breast cancer unit.
AB  - The first 50 referrals to a newly established liaison psychiatry service for the
      breast cancer unit at Guy's Hospital, London, have been examined. The majority of
      referrals were for psychological reactions to malignant disease, most of these
      were mood disturbances. Patients with sustained psychological reactions to their
      malignant disease were more likely to have had treatment for previous psychiatric
      illness and to lack a confiding relationship compared with those whose
      psychological reactions were transient. Teaching doctors and nurses to deal
      effectively with the transient psychological reactions of patients to their
      malignant disease is an important task of liaison psychiatry.

PMID- 2926739
TI  - Differences in health, knowledge and attitudes between vegetarians and meat
      eaters in a random population sample.

PMID- 2926740
TI  - Renal angiomyolipoma: a comparison of 5 cases diagnosed by CT scan.

PMID- 2926741
TI  - Adenocarcinoma of the appendix.
AB  - Patients presenting with adenocarcinoma of the vermiform appendix at the Royal
      Preston and Chorley District General Hospitals were reviewed for the 15 year
      period 1972-1986. Eleven cases were identified, representing a rate of 1 in 956
      for all appendicectomies performed. A third of the cases presented as acute
      appendicitis. However, of 8 patients who initially had an appendicectomy, only 4
      subsequently underwent further surgery (right hemicolectomy). One patient died of
      recurrent disease. Five of the patients presenting were under 60 years of age.
      During the same period, the total number of appendicectomies performed annually
      declined by 50%. The study highlights the need to subject all appendicectomy
      specimens to histological examination, and that the disease presents in a younger
      age group than commonly seen for malignant colonic neoplasms.

PMID- 2926742
TI  - Psychological welfare of patients with breast cancer.

PMID- 2926743
TI  - Conjunctival xerosis in cystic fibrosis.

PMID- 2926744
TI  - Emphysematous pyelonephritis.

PMID- 2926745
TI  - Folate deficiency due to giardiasis.

PMID- 2926746
TI  - Occult Leydig cell testicular tumour presenting with gynaecomastia.

PMID- 2926747
TI  - The treatment of atrial flutter with high-dose amiodarone.

PMID- 2926748
TI  - Spontaneous rupture of phaeochromocytoma mimicking leaking aortic aneurysm.

PMID- 2926749
TI  - Jejunocolic fistula after radiation for malignant teratoma.

PMID- 2926750
TI  - Managing the dyspeptic patient.

PMID- 2926751
TI  - Nephrotic syndrome as the marker for underlying malignancy.

PMID- 2926752
TI  - Management of the solitary thyroid nodule.

PMID- 2926753
TI  - The National Health Service--a grand design in distress.

PMID- 2926754
TI  - Vascular compression in thoracic outlet syndrome.

PMID- 2926755
TI  - Congenital erythropoietic porphyria and congenital adrenal hyperplasia with
      evidence for hepatic delta-5 alpha-reductase deficiency.

PMID- 2926756
TI  - Congenital skin defects, twins and toxoplasmosis.

PMID- 2926757
TI  - Precision excision of pulmonary metastases--a useful technique.

PMID- 2926758
TI  - Mycosis fungoides of the central nervous system.

PMID- 2926759
TI  - Hepatic and splenic conservation in trauma.

PMID- 2926760
TI  - AIDS and drug addiction needle exchange schemes.

PMID- 2926761
TI  - Ehlers-Danlos syndrome with infarction of stomach.

PMID- 2926762
TI  - Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system.

PMID- 2926763
TI  - Mental symptoms presenting in pheochrompcytoma.

PMID- 2926764
TI  - Diving: occupation or physiological experiment?

PMID- 2926765
TI  - Which inhaler is best?

PMID- 2926766
TI  - Multicultural aspects of child abuse in Britain.

PMID- 2926767
TI  - Morale in battle--the medical and the military.

PMID- 2926768
TI  - Long-term sequelae of diving.

PMID- 2926769
TI  - 'Benign thoracic pain' syndrome: role of magnetic resonance imaging in the
      detection and localization of thoracic disc disease.
AB  - The syndrome of 'benign thoracic pain' is seen in young women who have pain and
      tenderness in the mid-thoracic spine radiating around the chest and aggravated by
      spinal movement. Ten consecutive patients with this syndrome and 15 controls were
      evaluated with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This showed thoracic
      intervertebral disc dehydration with no associated prolapse in 90% of the
      patients and 13% of the controls. We postulate that the clinical features are due
      to impaired shock absorption of these degenerate discs rather than direct
      compression of surrounding structures. MRI is non-invasive and does not use
      ionizing radiation; it allows direct visualization of the entire thoracic spine
      and cord, and accurate detection of early disc degeneration. Thus, it is the
      imaging modality of choice for defining the subtle intervertebral disc
      abnormalities that characterize the 'benign thoracic pain' syndrome.

PMID- 2926770
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging of the nose and paranasal sinuses.
AB  - Seventy-five patients with a wide range of sinus disease have been investigated
      by magnetic resonance (MR): these included congenital conditions, allergic and
      inflammatory sinus disease, fungus infections, and the necrotizing granulomata.
      In addition, a variety of benign and malignant tumours have been examined, and in
      the more recent sinus malignancies the paramagnetic contrast agent, Gadolinium
      (Gd) DTPA (Schering Health Care) has been used. This experience of magnetic
      resonance scanning has shown that it is superior to computed tomography in
      demonstrating the extent of malignant disease in the nose and sinuses; most
      especially when Gd DTPA is used, reaching an accuracy of over 96% by biopsy
      correlation. An additional advantage of this technique is the wide coverage of
      the head and neck for the assessment of malignant disease, provided by direct 3
      plane imaging and the multislice facility. The main disadvantage of magnetic
      resonance of the sinuses is the poor demonstration of calcification and bone. For
      this reason the MR scans may need to be augmented by high resolution CT performed
      specifically to show bone detail.

PMID- 2926771
TI  - Human rectosigmoid electromyography: a new approach and some pitfalls.
AB  - A method has been developed to record directly myoelectrical activity from the
      smooth muscle of the colon of intact subjects using pairs of intramuscular wires.
      Discrete bursts of myoelectrical activity occurred at 4-20 per min. A small
      interelectrode distance in this method allows contamination of colonic
      myoelectrical activity by the electromyogram of skeletal muscle to be excluded.
      This artefact has not been considered in previous recordings of 'colonic'
      activity.

PMID- 2926772
TI  - Kuru, AIDS and unfamiliar social behaviour--biocultural considerations in the
      current epidemic: discussion paper.

PMID- 2926773
TI  - Population ecology of preimaginal Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae) in Kern
      County, California.
AB  - The effects of abiotic and biotic mortality factors on preimaginal survivorship
      and the production of adults were investigated for populations of Culex tarsalis
      Coquillett at a stable foothill breeding site during 1985 and at seven ephemeral
      breeding sites during 1986. Female abundance was correlated temporally with
      larval abundance and spatially with first instar to adult survivorship.
      Catastrophic events, such as fluctuations in water level and pollution,
      drastically reduced larval and pupal abundance. Under relatively stable
      conditions, the effect of natural mortality factors was estimated by comparing
      preimaginal survivorship rates, estimated horizontally for fed and unfed cohorts
      in predator exclusion cages, with survivorship, estimated vertically from the age
      structure of the natural population using a life table approach. Mortality for
      fed cohorts ranged from 8.5 to 90.0% and was attributed to abiotic factors,
      including temperature and water quality. Mortality caused by lack of food was
      comparatively low (less than 15%); however, the low nutrient level at three of
      six sites lengthened the duration of the fourth stadium, delayed pupation, and
      resulted in the emergence of small-sized adults with a reduced expression of
      autogeny. Predation mortality ranged from 3.7 to 84.5% and was the most important
      cause of larval death at five of six study sites. Based on relative abundance and
      correlation over time and space, zygopteran naiads were the most important
      predator at a stable foothill breeding site during 1985, and coleopteran larvae
      were the most important predator at ephemeral breeding sites sampled during 1986.

PMID- 2926775
TI  - Blood-feeding drive inhibition of Aedes sierrensis (Diptera: Culicidae) induced
      by the parasite Lambornella clarki (Ciliophora: Tetrahymenidae).
AB  - Female Aedes sierrensis (Ludlow) infected with the parasitic ciliate Lambornella
      clarki Corliss and Coats were significantly less responsive toward a human host
      than uninfected females. The proportion of infected females that were inhibited
      in host-seeking and blood-feeding remained high in all daily exposures to the
      host. Those that did respond took approximately twice as long to land on the host
      and 25% longer to complete probing as did uninfected females. In contrast, nearly
      all uninfected females more than 5 d old rapidly responded to and blood fed on
      the host. Uninseminated females were more similar in their behavior to infected
      females than to uninfected inseminated females. For females allowed to ingest
      blood, the time from completion of probing to engorgement was not significantly
      different for infected versus uninfected females. Some blood-fed, uninfected
      females took one additional small blood meal 1-3 d after the first blood meal,
      but most (56%) were inhibited in blood feeding until after ovipositing. Overall
      feeding time and most sequential behaviors associated with blood feeding were
      similar to those reported for other mosquito species. Parasite-induced inhibition
      of the blood-feeding drive may explain low capture rates of L. clarki-infected
      mosquitoes at human bait.

PMID- 2926776
TI  - Evaluating mite (Acari) allergenicity of house dust by guanine quantification.
AB  - The development of a quick color reaction for guanine in house dust has made it
      possible to screen many homes for mite products of allergenic consequence. The
      azo dye methods are specific enough to be useful for the development of a
      sanitary standard. Comparing the guanine quantification results with mite counts
      and determinations of the mite antigen P1 (Der p I) leads to the conclusion that
      the provisional standard for mattress dust of 0.6 mg guanine/g dust can be
      extended to dust from floor coverings and padded furniture, at least in western
      Europe. Below this level, the sensitization risk to patients allergic to house
      dust mites seems to be minimal.

PMID- 2926774
TI  - Comparison of the isozyme phenotypes of the morphologically similar ticks
      Amblyomma cajennense and A. imitator (Acari: Ixodidae) from south Texas.
AB  - A survey of Amblyomma Koch tick populations in southern Texas revealed that A.
      imitator Kohls was restricted to the two most southern counties, but that A.
      cajennense (Fabricius) ranged at least as far north as Kingsville, Tex. Females
      of the two species could be distinguished by the presence of chitinous tubercles
      on the festoons of A. cajennense and the presence of projections over both sides
      of the apron of the genital aperture in A. imitator. Males were distinguished by
      size, ornamentation, and the elongate ventral scutes of A. imitator. In addition,
      six enzymes, AATA, ACONA, IDH2, LDH, MPI, and PEP, were diagnostic for the two
      species and two others, aGPD and ACONC, had high diagnostic values. Resulting
      interspecific divergence was significant, I = 0.582. Genetic variability was
      higher in A. imitator (h = 0.092) than in A. cajennense (h = 0.057), but neither
      species exhibited marked interpopulation divergence (I = 0.991 in A. imitator, I
      = 0.994 in A. cajennense).

PMID- 2926777
TI  - Computer simulation of population dynamics of the American dog tick (Acari:
      Ixodidae).
AB  - A comprehensive computer model was developed for simulation of the population
      dynamics of the American dog tick (ADT), Dermacentor variabilis Say, in North
      America. The model simulates the effects of major environmental variables, such
      as ambient temperature, saturation deficit, kind of habitat, and host density, on
      ADT population dynamics in ecosystems with small mammals as hosts for immature
      ticks and medium-sized mammals or domestic dogs as hosts for adult ticks. General
      validity of the model was established by comparisons between simulated and actual
      population densities for a series of years at locations in Virginia, Maryland,
      and Massachusetts using actual weekly weather data for each year as a model
      input. Using historical-average weather data for 11 locations within the known
      geographic range of ADT and 3 locations outside this range, the model produced
      acceptable values for initial population growth rate and generation time, as well
      as realistic equilibrium population densities and seasonal activity patterns.
      This model can be used as a framework for additional modeling efforts to simulate
      the transmission of Rocky Mountain spotted fever and to study various strategies
      for management of ADT populations.

PMID- 2926778
TI  - Physiological phases of nymphal molting defined by mobility, body weight
      decrease, and excretion in Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae).
AB  - Based on the rate of body weight decrease, the nymphal premolting period in
      Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann was divided into three phases: a period of
      rapid weight decrease following detachment, a period of slight decrease, and
      another period of relatively rapid decrease before molting. Phase 1 was
      characterized by increased guanine excretion and mobility. The rate of weight
      decrease during phase 1 was greater in males than in females. During the
      premolting period, excreta consisted only of guanine and were devoid of hematin.
      In phases 2 and 3, neither excretion nor mobility was observed. Twenty-eight
      percent of the females and 40% of the males did not undergo phase 3. Adult body
      weight decreased rapidly until about day 5 after molting, after which weight was
      maintained until the end of the experiment. Guanine was excreted in large
      quantities just after molting and in small amounts for 4 d thereafter. Hematin
      excretion followed guanine excretion and was concentrated in a 3-d period
      starting 4 d after molting. The beginning of hematin excretion coincided
      approximately with the point at which body weight was maintained at a constant
      state. There were no quantitative differences per unit of body weight between the
      sexes with the exception of the rate of body weight loss during nymphal phase 1.

PMID- 2926779
TI  - Ontogeny of Rhyncoptes grabberi, n. sp. (Acari: Astigmata: Rhyncoptidae)
      associated with Macaca mulatta.
AB  - All ontogenetic stages of a new species of follicle mite, Rhyncoptes grabberi, n.
      sp., associated with rhesus monkeys, Macaca mulatta, are described and
      illustrated. The ontogeny of the new species is characterized by numerous
      retardations and losses of ancestral transformations, especially in the female
      developmental line. In the male developmental line, many transformations are
      delayed to the male itself.

PMID- 2926780
TI  - Limited autonomy and partnership: professional relationships in health care.
AB  - Principles of autonomy and self-determination have been upheld as vital to modern
      day medical and ethical practice. However, the complexities of current health
      care and changes in the expectation of some patients and their families justify a
      review of such concepts. Their limitations and relativities may suggest that
      other descriptions of partnership and negotiated goal-setting, while based on
      respect for autonomy, reflect more modern and ideal multi-disciplinary practices.
      Discussion should extend beyond the 'classic' participants of patient and doctor
      to a more realistic picture where other health carers are included. It is
      therefore apposite that other professional relationships are considered as they
      affect areas of doctors' and patients' responsibilities. Such partnership between
      members of the team may not be without problems and conflict, but the principle
      of negotiated agreements could result in more long-term harmony, and greater
      patient welfare.

PMID- 2926781
TI  - Organ donations should not be restricted to relatives.
AB  - Should we remove whole organs from living donors only in the case where they are
      genetically related to the intended recipients of such organs? The practice in a
      majority of European nations is to apply such a restriction. Yet this restriction
      obviously limits the availability of already scarce donor organs, and curtails
      the opportunities for altruistic action on the part of those who, in any given
      case, are not genetically related to the recipient. The author argues that we
      have a duty to maximise procurement of organs, and that we should respect the
      'genetic relative' restriction only in response to compelling moral reasons. The
      author considers the principal objections to non-related donation and shows them
      to be misdirected. He concludes that non-related donation should be welcomed
      where clinically appropriate and truly voluntary.

PMID- 2926782
TI  - To tell or not to tell the diagnosis of schizophrenia.
AB  - Some patients with schizophrenia are not told their diagnosis. The moral,
      clinical and practical issues involved in telling or not telling the patient are
      discussed. In some cases a relative is told the diagnosis but not the patient.
      The implications for the family and clinical outcome are outlined. A case history
      illustrating some of these issues is presented.

PMID- 2926784
TI  - Which of two individuals do you treat when only their ages are different and you
      can't treat both?
AB  - A relative value of life dependent on age has been produced from a survey of 721
      randomly selected individuals together with other observations of professional
      practice. The results are presented in diagrammatic form. If two identical
      people, except for age, present for medical treatment for a life-threatening
      condition and only one can be treated then the diagram indicates what the choice
      should be.

PMID- 2926783
TI  - The moral status of the near-term fetus.

PMID- 2926786
TI  - Voluntarism and realism in medieval ethics.
AB  - In contrast to other articles in this series on the history of moral philosophy
      the present essay is not devoted to expounding the views of a single author, or
      to examining a particular moral theory. Instead it discusses an important dispute
      between two medieval accounts of the relation between theological and moral
      propositions. In addition to its historical interest this debate is important
      both because it connects earlier and later ethical thought--being influenced by
      Greek moral theories and influencing subsequent European philosophy--and because
      it concerns issues that remain important to philosophers and to those who claim
      that their ethical beliefs are dictated by religious convictions.

PMID- 2926785
TI  - The importance of listening to medical students' experiences when teaching them
      medical ethics.
AB  - This paper describes the change of emphasis that occurred in the teaching of
      ethics to small groups of clinical students. Although the original focus of the
      course was on the analysis of ethical dilemmas associated with individual
      patients known to the students, it soon became evident that there were, for the
      students themselves, more fundamental ethical dilemmas in their new role as
      clinical students. These included worries about how to respond when patients
      asked questions which their consultants had previously deceived them about,
      worries about inflicting pain on patients, as with intravenous cannulation, and
      the role of the medical student in the clinical team. We emphasise the need to
      explore student experiences as part of the process of ethics teaching.

PMID- 2926787
TI  - Euthanasia, letting die and the pause.

PMID- 2926788
TI  - The myth of informed consent: in daily practice and in clinical trials.
AB  - Until about thirty years ago, the extent of disclosure about and consent-seeking
      for medical interventions was influenced by a beneficence model of professional
      behaviour. Informed consent shifted attention to a duty to respect the autonomy
      of patients. The new requirement arrived on the American scene in two separate
      contexts: for daily practice in 1957, and for clinical study in 1966. A confusing
      double standard has been established. 'Daily consent' is reviewed, if at all,
      only in retrospect. Doctors are merely exhorted to obtain informed consent; they
      often minimise uncertainties about 'best' treatment and they feel duty-bound to
      provide patients with an unequivocal recommendation for action. 'Study consent'
      in a clinical trial is reviewed prospectively, and doctors are compelled by
      regulation to point out that there is insufficient evidence to make a rational
      choice between two compared treatments. It has been impossible to devise informed
      consent practices that satisfy, in full, the competing moral imperatives of
      respect for autonomy, concern for beneficence with emphasis on the value of
      health, and a vigil for justice. A way must be found to experiment with various
      discretionary approaches that would strike a realistic balance among competing
      interests.

PMID- 2926789
TI  - Enterotoxin production by Staphylococcus aureus isolates from cases of
      septicaemia and from healthy carriers.
AB  - In a prospective study, 52 Staphylococcus aureus isolates from individual
      patients with septicaemia and 27 nasal strains from separate, healthy carriers
      were compared for production of a range of extracellular proteins and toxins.
      Whereas there was no difference (p greater than 0.05) between septicaemic and
      nasal isolates with respect to incidence of alpha, beta, gamma and delta
      haemolysins, toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 or staphylokinase production, the
      incidence of enterotoxin A, B, and C production was higher among isolates from
      septicaemia (p less than 0.01). Of the isolates from septicaemia, 33 (63%)
      produced enterotoxins A, B, C or D alone or in combination. Only three (11%) of
      the nasal isolates produced a single enterotoxin, enterotoxin D. Of the isolates
      from septicaemia, 67% were hospital-acquired and greater than 25% of these were
      endemic, methicillin-resistant (MRSA) strains. All MRSA strains produced either
      enterotoxin A, or enterotoxin B, or both. These findings suggest a possible role
      for enterotoxins in the pathogenesis of S. aureus disease other than food
      poisoning.

PMID- 2926790
TI  - Phagocytosis and ingestion of influenza virus by human polymorphonuclear
      leucocytes in vitro: electronmicroscopy studies.
AB  - Interaction of human polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNL) and influenza virus
      (IFV) was studied in vitro. At 0 degree C, the viral particles were bound
      extensively to the surface of the PMNL membrane with a ratio of about 1000 virus
      particles to a single PMNL. The binding was sensitive to neuraminidase,
      suggesting attachment through sialo-compound receptors. At 37 degrees C, the
      virus particles disappeared rapidly from the cell surface, about half of them
      being eluted and the remainder being endocytosed into the cytoplasmic vesicles.
      Immuno-gold electronmicroscopy suggests that the virus particles are ingested
      into phagosomal vesicles and lysed.

PMID- 2926791
TI  - Genetic evidence for a chromosomally integrated multiresistance plasmid in
      Salmonella dublin.
AB  - Of 1099 isolates of Salmonella dublin during 1985-86, 11 (1%) were resistant to
      three or more antibiotics. Strain S4659/85, a multiresistant isolate, lacked
      autonomous R plasmids but showed incompatibility with incH2 plasmids and donated
      resistance determinants in matings. Transconjugants acquired incomplete R
      plasmids which integrated stably into a specific chromosomal site. These data
      provide an insight into the behaviour of R plasmids in S. dublin.

PMID- 2926792
TI  - Formation of methylglyoxal by bacteria isolated from human faeces.
AB  - Bacteria present in the human gut may produce methylglyoxal--a cytotoxic
      substance in mammals. This was investigated by studying the activity of
      methylglyoxal synthase, which produces methylglyoxal from dihydroxyacetone
      phosphate, and methylglyoxal concentration in growth medium of various bacteria
      isolated from human faeces. Facultative and strictly anaerobic bacteria isolated
      from faeces were able to produce methylglyoxal in both defined and complex media.
      Proteus spp. produced large amounts of methylglyoxal and had the greatest
      methylglyoxal synthase activity. Supplementing defined medium for facultative
      anaerobes with glucose 1% w/v did not significantly alter enzyme activity or
      methylglyoxal production. Inclusion of short chain fatty acids or bile acids in
      the medium reduced methylglyoxal synthase activity and methylglyoxal production
      by Proteus spp. None of the organisms examined had amine oxidase activity which
      could have contributed to methylglyoxal production from aminoacetone.

PMID- 2926793
TI  - Recovery of spores of Clostridium difficile altered by heat or alkali.
AB  - The effect of heating or alkali-treatment on spore recovery in ordinary growth
      medium was examined for four strains of Clostridium difficile. Heating spores at
      80 degrees C for 10 min produced 95.50-99.95% decreases in the recovery rates.
      Treatment with 0.1 N NaOH for 15 min produced 99.47 and 99.83% decreases in spore
      recovery rates for two of the four strains. The influence of either addition of
      lysozyme after treatment with sodium thioglycollate (thioglycollate-lysozyme
      method) or addition of sodium taurocholate (taurocholate method) on recovery of
      heat- or alkali-treated C. difficile spores was also examined. Viable spores of
      all strains altered by heating at 90 degrees C or 100 degrees C for 10 min could
      not be recovered at all by the taurocholate method. Nor did this method allow
      recovery of alkali-altered spores treated with greater than 0.2 N NaOH for 15
      min. On the other hand, 10-47% of altered spores heated at 90 degrees C for 10
      min were recovered by the thioglycollate-lysozyme method, and alkali-altered
      spores treated with 0.1-0.3 N NaOH for 15 min were as completely recovered by
      this method as untreated spores. These results indicate that the thioglycollate
      lysozyme method is more effective than the taurocholate method for recovery of
      the heat- or alkali-altered C. difficile spores.

PMID- 2926794
TI  - A pyrolysis mass spectrometry study of fusobacteria.
AB  - Strains of fusobacteria (143) were examined by pyrolysis mass spectrometry (Py
      MS) with a Horizon Instruments PYMS 200X. Fusobacterium necrogenes, F.
      necrophorum, F. nucleatum, F. mortiferum, F. varium, F. gonidiaformans, F.
      naviforme, F. russii and Leptotrichia buccalis were discriminated. Strains of
      fusobacteria isolated from tropical ulcers, although similar to F. mortiferum in
      conventional tests, were discriminated from each of these species in Py-MS.
      Identification of 416 spectra to species level agreed with conventional
      bacteriological methods in 91.8% of cases, was equivocal in 3.4% and disagreed in
      4.8%. Classification based on pyrolysis data resolved groups largely
      corresponding to the recognised species. However, F. nucleatum strains were
      divided between two distinct groups. The tropical ulcer strains were resolved as
      a distinct homogeneous group. Py-MS is a rapid, inexpensive and convenient
      procedure for characterisation of bacteria, with the capacity for a high
      throughput of samples, although the initial cost of the apparatus is high.

PMID- 2926795
TI  - Habituation of optically evoked blink reflex in mentally retarded adults.
AB  - This study was done to record the difference in habituation patterns of optically
      evoked blink reflexes in mentally retarded and normal adults. Sets of photic
      stimuli with fixed interstimulus duration were utilized in normal volunteers and
      mentally retarded adults. The interstimulus duration decreased with each
      sequential set. The blink responses were recorded on fibreoptic recording paper.
      These electrophysiological methods show objectively that the blink responses to
      light which habituate in normal adults fail to do so in those who are mentally
      retarded.

PMID- 2926796
TI  - Hospital to community: a pilot rehabilitation project for elderly mentally
      retarded.
AB  - Four mentally handicapped patients, three of whom were aged 75 years plus, with a
      mean age of 67 years (in 1981) and a total institutional life of 160 years, have
      been successfully rehabilitated in a group home in an active community community
      environment since August 1981. The process of preparing them for independent
      living, the social services and community nursing support need, the qualitative
      change in their life style are described. The success is defined as a fuller
      community integrated living, free of institutional rigidity and freedom to do
      what they like with some support and using all the community services as used by
      other people.

PMID- 2926798
TI  - Prevalence of dyskinesia and related movement disorders in a developmentally
      disabled population.
AB  - The prevalences and inter-relationships of five types of movement disorders were
      evaluated in a large, developmentally disabled (DD) population (n = 1227);
      prevalence was evaluated with regard to severity, age, gender and antipsychotic
      drug (APD) exposure. Dyskinesia was found in 48% of the sample, dystonia in 29%,
      akathisia in 13%, Parkinsonism in 3% and paroxysms in 4%. Many persons had more
      than one symptom so that 72% had one or more of the five target symptoms.
      Although the five movement-disorder categories were not mutually exclusive,
      analysis supported the individuality of the categories as defined in this study.
      The prevalences of dyskinesia and Parkinsonism were considerably greater than
      those in the general population. On the other hand, the prevalence of dyskinesia
      was similar to that reported for psychiatric and institutionalized geriatric
      populations. Parkinsonism increased with age and male gender, while dyskinesia
      increased with age and female gender. APD-exposure was significantly correlated
      only with akathisia.

PMID- 2926797
TI  - The effects of stereotyped behaviour on orienting and tonic cardiac activity.
AB  - The relationship of cardiac activity to stereotyped behaviour was studied in
      profoundly mentally retarded persons, using both inter-group comparisons. The
      first intra-group comparison involved examining the relative magnitude of an
      orienting response to an auditory stimulus during the occurrence or nonoccurrence
      of stereotyped body rocking. While no differences were found between periods of
      rocking and non-rocking when behavioural measures of orienting were used, smaller
      changes in post-tone heart rate were observed during periods of stereotyped
      rocking. A second intra-group comparison found that stereotyped behaviour was
      associated with a significant increase in heart rate but no change in heart rate
      variability when compared to periods of no stereotyped activity. Finally, using
      an inter-group comparison, individuals who displayed stereotyped body rocking
      exhibited higher tonic heart rates and lower heart rate variability during
      periods of no stereotyped behaviour than was observed in matched control
      subjects. This result suggests that stereotyped behaviour may be correlated with
      reduced vagal tone.

PMID- 2926799
TI  - The use of drugs for physical conditions in adults with mental retardation.
AB  - A survey of the drugs given for physical complaints in two mental handicap
      hospitals is described. Thirty-six per cent of 537 adults in hospital A and 43%
      of 944 adults in hospital B received medications and, of those who did, over half
      in each hospital received only one drug. The hospital populations differed
      significantly but both showed a significant increase in total drug usage with
      increasing age in both sexes, higher among females in every group. This increase
      was greatest with C.V.S. drug usage, but it did not reach significance for the
      three most frequently prescribed groups, which were gastrointestinal drugs (to
      13% of the total patients), vitamins and nutritional supplements (11%),
      dermatological (10%) and cardiovascular (10%) drugs. Mental level was
      significantly indirectly related to usage of gastrointestinal drugs, drugs for
      anaemia, and vitamins and nutritional supplements, and directly to usage of
      cardiovascular drugs.

PMID- 2926800
TI  - Post mortem findings in a patient with 46,XX,fra(2)(q13).
AB  - A severely mentally retarded girl who suffered from grand mal seizures, myoclonic
      jerking and ataxia died at 18 years of age. Chromosome studies, before and after
      death revealed a fragile site on chromosome 2q13, the expression of which was
      greater in peripheral blood than in fibroblasts on two occasions. Post mortem
      findings did not reveal any abnormality which could be attributed to this fragile
      site.

PMID- 2926801
TI  - Transcervical resection of submucous uterine fibroids: an alternative approach to
      management.
AB  - Transcervical resection of submucous uterine fibroids can be an effective
      alternative to laparotomy and transuterine myomectomy in selected women. To date
      the authors have performed this procedure in three patients in an ambulatory
      environment. In two patients, transcervical resection was performed for giant
      intrauterine myomas which caused pathologic uterine bleeding and infertility. In
      a third patient the procedure was performed to resect multiple small submucous
      myomas causing infertility.

PMID- 2926802
TI  - Binding stoichiometry and structure of RecA-DNA complexes studied by flow linear
      dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy. Evidence for multiple heterogeneous DNA
      co-ordination.
AB  - The interaction between RecA and DNA (in the form of unmodified single-stranded
      DNA, fluorescent single-stranded DNA and double-stranded DNA) is studied with
      linear dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy. RecA is found to form a complex
      with single-stranded DNA with a binding stoichiometry of about four nucleotides
      per RecA monomer, in which the DNA bases appear to have a random orientation.
      Addition of ATP gamma S (a non-hydrolyzable analog of ATP) reduces the
      stoichiometry to about three nucleotides per RecA and causes the DNA bases to
      adopt an orientation preferentially perpendicular to the fiber axis. This complex
      can incorporate an additional strand of single-stranded DNA or double-stranded
      DNA, yielding a total stoichiometry of six nucleotides or three nucleotides and
      three base-pairs, respectively, per RecA. RecA, in the presence of ATP gamma S,
      is also found to interact with double-stranded DNA, with a stoichiometry of about
      three base-pairs per RecA. In all studied complexes, the tryptophan residues in
      the RecA protein are oriented with their planes preferentially parallel to the
      fiber axis, whereas in complexes involving ATP gamma S the planes of the DNA
      bases are oriented preferentially perpendicular to the fiber. This virtually
      excludes the possibility that the tryptophan residues are intercalated in the DNA
      helix. On the basis of these results, a model for the research of homology in the
      RecA-mediated, strand-exchange reaction in the genetic recombination process is
      proposed.

PMID- 2926803
TI  - Structure of the amino-terminal domain of phage 434 repressor at 2.0 A
      resolution.
AB  - The crystal structure of the amino-terminal domain of phage 434 repressor has
      been solved using molecular replacement methods and refined to an R-factor of
      19.3% against data to 2.0 A resolution. The protein comprises five short alpha
      helices. Two of these form a helix-turn-helix motif, very similar to those found
      in related proteins. The protein is remarkably similar to the Cro protein from
      the same phage.

PMID- 2926805
TI  - Visualization of alpha-helices in tobacco mosaic virus by cryo-electron
      microscopy.
AB  - We have used tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) as a test specimen, in order to develop
      techniques for the analysis of high-resolution structural detail in electron
      micrographs of biological assemblies with helical symmetry. It has previously
      been shown that internal details of protein structure can be visualized by
      processing electron micrographs of unstained specimens of extended two
      dimensional crystalline arrays. However, the techniques should in principle be
      applicable to other periodic specimens, such as assemblies with helical symmetry.
      We show here that data to spacings better than 10 A can be retrieved from
      electron images of frozen hydrated TMV. The three-dimensional computed map agrees
      well with that derived from X-ray diffraction and shows the two pairs of alpha
      helices forming the core of the coat subunit, the C alpha-helix and the viral
      RNA. The results demonstrate that it is possible to determine detailed internal
      structure in helical particles.

PMID- 2926804
TI  - Energy of stabilization of the right-handed beta alpha beta crossover in
      proteins.
AB  - An explanation in terms of conformational energies is provided for the observed
      nearly exclusive preference of the beta alpha beta structure for forming a right
      handed, rather than a left-handed, crossover connection. Conformational energy
      computations have been carried out on a model beta alpha beta structure,
      consisting of two six-residue Val beta-strands and of a 12-residue Ala alpha
      helix, connected by two flexible four-residue Ala links to the strands. The
      energy of the most favorable right-handed crossover is 15.51 kcal/mol lower than
      that of the corresponding left-handed cross-over. The right-handed crossover is a
      strain-free structure. Its energy of stabilization arises largely from the
      interactions of the two beta-strands with one another and with the alpha-helix.
      On the other hand, the left-handed crossover is either disrupted after energy
      minimization or it remains conformationally strained, as indicated by an
      energetically unfavorable left twisting of the beta-sheet and by the presence of
      high-energy local residue conformations. In the energetically most favorable
      right-handed crossover, the right twisting of the beta-sheet and its manner of
      interacting with the alpha-helix are identical with those computed earlier for
      isolated beta-sheets and for packed alpha/beta structures. This result supports a
      proposed principle that it is possible to account for the main features of
      frequently occurring structural arrangements in globular proteins in terms of the
      properties of their component structural elements.

PMID- 2926806
TI  - Crystallization and preliminary X-ray study of horse pancreatic lipase.
AB  - Horse (Equus caballus) pancreatic lipase (EC 3.1.1.3) has been crystallized using
      the hanging drop method of vapour diffusion at 20 degrees C. The best crystals
      were grown from an 8 mg/ml solution in 10 to 20% (w/v) polyethylene glycol 8000,
      10 mM-MgCl2, 0.1 M-NaCl, 0.1 M-Mes buffer (pH 5.6). They reach dimensions of 0.8
      mm x 0.4 mm x 0.6 mm. X-ray examination of the lipase crystals shows that they
      are orthorombic with a space group P2(1)2(1)2(1). Their cell dimensions are a =
      79.8 A, b = 97.2 A c = 145.3 A. Two molecules per asymmetric unit give a Vm value
      of 2.82 A3/dalton (56% water content). Lipase crystals strongly diffract to at
      least 1.8 A resolution. Some molecular properties of horse lipase compared to
      those of the better-known porcine enzyme are also presented.

PMID- 2926807
TI  - Does titin regulate the length of muscle thick filaments?
AB  - The protein titin has been localized by electron microscopy of myofibrils
      labelled with monoclonal antibodies. The data are consistent with individual
      titin molecules extending from near the M-line to beyond the ends of thick
      filaments, a distance of approximately 1 micron. In the A-band, titin appears to
      be bound to thick filaments, probably to the outside of the filament shaft.
      Molecules of titin in this configuration provided an obvious mechanism by which
      the length of thick filaments could be regulated accurately.

PMID- 2926808
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of the BALB/c mouse beta-globin complex.
AB  - The nucleotide sequence of 55,856 base-pairs containing all seven beta-globin
      homologous structures from chromosome 7 of the BALB/c mouse is reported. This
      sequence links together previously published sequences of the beta-globin genes,
      pseudogenes and repetitive elements. Using low stringency computer searches, we
      found no additional beta-globin homologous sequences, but did find many more long
      interspersed repetitive sequences (L1) than predicted by hybridization. L1 is a
      major component of the mouse beta-globin complex with at least 15 elements
      comprising about 22% of the reported sequence. Most open reading frames greater
      than 300 base-pairs in the cluster overlap with L1 repeats or globin genes.
      Polypurine, polypyrimidine and alternating purine/pyrimidine tracts are not
      evenly dispersed throughout the complex, but they do not appear to be excluded
      from or restricted to particular regions. Several regions of intergenic homology
      were detected in dot-plot comparisons of the mouse sequence with itself and with
      the human beta-globin sequence. The significance of these homologies is unclear,
      but these regions are candidates for further study in functional assays in
      erythroid cell lines or transgenic animals.

PMID- 2926809
TI  - Organization of a gene family developmentally regulated during Dictyostelium
      discoideum spore germination.
AB  - mRNA specific to cDNA clone pLK109 is present in Dictyostelium discoideum spores,
      increases about two- to threefold at 0.5 to 1 h during spore germination, and
      then rapidly decreases. The mRNA is not detectable in vegetative cells or in
      early multicellular development on filters, but is present late during
      development, approximately at the time of sporulation. 109 mRNA in spores is 700
      nucleotides in length but this is processed during germination by shortening of
      the poly(A) tail to about 600 nucleotides at 1 to 1.5 hours. pLK109 is a member
      of a multigene family containing three separate genes, and we have isolated and
      sequenced all of them. All three sequences code for deduced proteins of 127 amino
      acid residues, with only a few amino acid differences among them. Gene 1
      represents the "transcribed" gene, since all 33 cDNAs we isolated are identical
      with the cDNA pLK109 and the coding region of this gene. Other open reading
      frames are in close proximity to each of the 109 sequences. About 200 base-pairs
      3' to the gene 1 109 sequence is an open reading frame in the opposite
      orientation. Gene 2 fragment contains a sequence that codes for a protein similar
      to trypanosome alpha-tubulin 728 base-pairs 5' to the 109 sequence. Gene 3
      fragment possesses two additional putative coding regions, one 5' and another 3'
      to the 109 gene. There is a remarkable similarity between the 5' upstream regions
      of all three genes. Each possesses a normal Dictyostelium TATA box and the usual
      T stretch. In addition, there are many other portions of about 400 to 500 base
      pairs of the 5' regions that are either identical for long stretches or very
      similar.

PMID- 2926810
TI  - Nucleotide sequences of immunoglobulin-epsilon pseudogenes in man and apes and
      their phylogenetic relationships.
AB  - To understand the phylogenetic relationships between hominoids, the nucleotide
      sequences of immunoglobulin-epsilon processed pseudogenes from chimpanzee,
      gorilla and orangutan were determined. The basic structures of these processed
      pseudogenes agreed with their human counterpart. Although the degrees of
      nucleotide differences between man and the African apes had no statistical
      significance, all the analytical data examined supported the theory that
      chimpanzee is the closest relative of man. This result was consistent with that
      deduced by our recent qualitative study. Studies on the nucleotide sequences of
      globin genes have suggested that the molecular clock runs more slowly in
      hominoids than in non-hominoid primates. According to the present data, however,
      further retardation of the evolutionary rate was not observed in the human
      lineage. Assuming that orangutan diverged 14 million years ago and that the
      evolutionary rate between the orangutan lineage and the lineage leading to the
      other three species is constant, the divergence dates of chimpanzee and gorilla
      were estimated to be 4.9(+/- 0.9) and 5.9(+/- 0.9) million years ago,
      respectively.

PMID- 2926811
TI  - Hyperreactivity of B-Z junctions to 4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen photobinding assayed
      by an exonuclease III/photoreversal mapping procedure.
AB  - We have developed an exonuclease III/photoreversal procedure to map, with base
      pair resolution, the bases that have photoreacted with 4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen
      (Me3-psoralen) forming either monoadducts or interstrand crosslinks in DNA. This
      assay allows quantification of relative rates of Me3-psoralen photobinding to
      bases in DNA at levels less than one crosslink per 8000 base-pairs. We
      demonstrate the applicability of the Me3-psoralen mapping procedure on the Z
      forming sequence GAATT(CG)6-TA(CG)6AATTC. The results confirm our previous
      findings that Me3-psoralen forms crosslinks in the 5'TA within the (CG)6TA(CG)6
      sequence when it exists in the B conformation but not when it exists in the Z
      conformation. In addition, with increasing superhelical density we observe at
      least a hundred-fold increased Me3-psoralen presumably represent B-Z junctions.
      The two presumed junctions respond differently with increasing negative
      superhelical tension, however, suggesting that the structures of these negative
      superhelical tension, however, suggesting that the structures of these junctions
      differ. This increased Me3-psoralen photoreactivity provides a positive signal
      for the presence of Z-DNA. The sequence and assay described here provide a
      "torsionally tuned probe" for determining the effective superhelical density of
      DNA in vivo.

PMID- 2926812
TI  - Functional organization of the plasmid pT181 replication origin.
AB  - Replication of the staphylococcal plasmid pT181 is initiated at the origin (ori)
      with the introduction of a site-specific nick by the plasmid-encoded initiator
      protein RepC. Deletion analysis showed that a sequence of about 70 base-pairs is
      required for full ori function, including the ability to compete with a co
      resident wild-type origin for the trans-acting RepC protein. A shorter sequence
      of 43 base-pairs is sufficient for origin function in the absence of competition.
      Single and double point mutations within these 43 base-pairs were used to
      determine the sequence requirement for replication within the minimal origin.
      Deletion mutants and point mutants were tested in replication and competition
      assays in vivo and in vitro, and in a RepC-mediated nicking assay.

PMID- 2926814
TI  - Cloning and deletion mutagenesis using direct protein-protein interaction on an
      expression vector. Identification of the calmodulin binding domain of alpha
      fodrin.
AB  - We have screened a lambda gt11 library, constructed with mouse macrophage cDNA,
      in order to isolate clones that code for calmodulin binding proteins. We have
      developed a new approach for this purpose using radioactive calmodulin (produced
      by genetic engineering) to detect fusion proteins that interact with this protein
      with high affinity. A cDNA clone that codes for mouse macrophage fodrin was
      isolated, sequenced and identified. By deleting part of the sequence the
      calmodulin binding domain was located on the fodrin sequence. The site is
      situated on repeat 11 of fodrin and probably on the extra arm of this repeat. The
      method we developed is widely applicable to site-directed mutagenesis of
      interacting proteins.

PMID- 2926815
TI  - Image reconstruction of the flagellar basal body of Caulobacter crescentus.
AB  - The bacterium Caulobacter crescentus has a single polar flagellum, which is
      present for only a portion of its cell cycle. The flagellum is ejected from the
      swarmer cell and then synthesized de novo later in the cell cycle. The flagellum
      is composed of a transmembrane basal body, a hook and a filament. Single-particle
      averaging and image reconstruction methods were applied to the electron
      micrographs of negatively stained basal bodies from C. crescentus. These basal
      bodies have five rings threaded on a rod. The L and P rings are connected by a
      bridge of material at their outer radii. The E ring is a thin, flat disk. The S
      ring has a triangular cross section, the sides of the triangle abutting the E
      ring, the rod and the M ring. The M ring, which is at the inner membrane of the
      cell, has a different structure depending on the method of preparation. With one
      method, the M ring makes a snug contact with the S ring and is often capped by an
      axial button, a new component apparently distinct from the M ring. With the other
      method, the M ring is similar to that of S. typhimurium; that is, it contacts the
      S ring only at an outer radius and lacks the button. Averages of the rod-hook
      filament subassembly ejected by swarmer cells reveal that the rod consists of two
      parts with the E ring marking the approximate position of the break. The
      structures of basal bodies from two mutants defective in the hook assembly were
      found to be indistinguishable from wild-type basal bodies, suggesting that the
      assembly of the basal body is independent of the hook or filament assembly.

PMID- 2926816
TI  - Aplysia limacina myoglobin. Crystallographic analysis at 1.6 A resolution.
AB  - The crystal structure of the ferric form of myoglobin from the mollusc Aplysia
      limacina has been refined at 1.6 A resolution, by restrained crystallographic
      refinement methods. The crystallographic R-factor is 0.19. The tertiary structure
      of the molecule conforms to the common globin fold, consisting of eight alpha
      helices. The N-terminal helix A and helix G deviate significantly from linearity.
      The distal residue is recognized as Val63 (E7), which, however, does not contact
      the heme directly. Moreover the sixth (distal) co-ordination position of heme
      iron is not occupied by a water molecule at neutrality, i.e. below the acid
      alkaline transition point of A. limacina myoglobin. The heme group sits in its
      crevice in the conventional orientation and no signs of heme isomerism are
      evident. The iron atom is 0.26 A out of the porphyrin plane, with a mean Fe-N
      (porphyrin) distance of 2.01 A. The co-ordination bond to the proximal histidine
      has a length of 2.05 A, and forms an angle of 4 degrees with the heme normal. A
      plane containing the imidazole ring of the proximal His intersects the heme at an
      angle of 29 degrees with the (porphyrin) 4N-2N direction. Inspection of the
      structure of pH 9.0 indicates that a hydroxyl ion is bound to the Fe sixth co
      ordination position.

PMID- 2926813
TI  - Nuclear factor I can functionally replace transcription factor Sp1 in a U2 small
      nuclear RNA gene enhancer.
AB  - Polymerase II transcription of a human gene for the small nuclear RNA U2 is
      dependent on two different promoter elements: a TATA-equivalent proximal sequence
      element and a distal enhancer element, which has been shown to contain Sp1- and
      octamer-binding sites. We have investigated the functional interplay between
      these transcription factor-binding sites of the enhancer, following transfection
      of U2 maxigene constructions into HeLa cells. There is a functional non-additive
      co-operation between the octamer-binding factor and Sp1, which is not dependent
      on the evolutionally conserved steric arrangement of these binding sites. We
      demonstrate that the conserved Sp1-binding site of the U2 enhancer can be fully
      substituted by a nuclear factor I (NFI) binding site, and that the octamer
      binding factor functions in stimulating transcription in conjunction with either
      Sp1 or NFI. Since the octamer-binding factor is most probably the same protein as
      nuclear factor III (NFIII), the results imply that the NFI/NFIII complex,
      involved in adenovirus DNA replication, also can function as an efficient
      activator of transcription.

PMID- 2926817
TI  - Refinement of the 7 Fe ferredoxin from Azotobacter vinelandii at 1.9 A
      resolution.
AB  - The recently redetermined structure of the 7 Fe ferredoxin from Azotobacter
      vinelandii has been refined against a new 1.9 A data set. The crystallographic R
      factor is 0.215 for all 9586 observed reflections 8.0 to 1.9 A. The model
      contains 106 amino acid residues, two Fe-S clusters and 21 water molecules. The
      root-mean-square deviations from ideality of bonds and angles are 0.014 A and 3.3
      degrees, respectively. The refinement confirms the presence of two free
      cysteines: the thiol of C11 is in association with the side-chain of K100; the
      thiol of C24 is 3.35 A from inorganic sulfur of the [4 Fe-4 S] cluster. The
      refinement confirms a [3 Fe-4 S] model for the 3 Fe cluster. The two Fe-S
      clusters have similar bond distances and angles. The structure of the protein for
      residues 1 to 57 superposes within 0.85 A on residues 1 to 53 of the 8 Fe
      ferredoxin structure for main-chain N, CA and C atoms, if residues 9, 10, 29 and
      30 of 7 Fe ferredoxin are omitted. These residues are part of two loops in
      contact with residues of the extended C-terminal chain of 7 Fe ferredoxin.

PMID- 2926818
TI  - Crystal structure of muconolactone isomerase at 3.3 A resolution.
AB  - The crystal structure of muconolactone isomerase from Pseudomonas putida, a
      unique molecule with ten 96 amino acid subunits and 5-fold, and 2-fold
      symmetries, has been solved at 3.3 A resolution. The non-crystallographic
      symmetries were used to refine the initial single isomorphous replacement phases
      and produce an interpretable 10-fold averaged map. The backbone trace is complete
      and confirmed by the amino acid sequence fit. Each subunit is composed of a body
      with two alpha-helices and an antiparallel twisted beta-sheet of four strands,
      and an extended arm. The helices and the sheet fold to form a two-layered
      structure with an enclosed hydrophobic core and a partially formed putative
      active site pocket. The C-terminal arm of another subunit related by a local dyad
      symmetry extends over the core to complete this pocket. The decameric protein is
      almost spherical, with the helices forming the external coat. There is a large
      hydrophilic cavity in the center with open ends along the 5-fold axis. Molecular
      interactions between subunits are extensive. Each subunit contacts four neighbors
      and loses nearly 40% of its solvent contact area on oligomerization.

PMID- 2926819
TI  - Molecular mechanics model of supercoiled DNA.
AB  - We describe a pseudo-atomic model of supercoiled DNA. Each base-pair of the DNA
      is represented in the model by three particles placed in a plane. The particle
      triplets are stacked to model stacked base-pairs in double-helical DNA, and
      closed circular conformations are generated to investigate supercoiling. This
      model is less detailed than all-atom models, which are too computationally
      demanding to be used to study supercoiling. On the other hand, this model
      contains details at the base-pair level and is therefore more elaborate than
      elastomechanical models. A potential energy function is written in terms of a set
      of internal co-ordinates defined to resemble a limited number of helical
      parameters. The modeled helical parameters, helical twist, base-roll, tilt and
      rise, are the most important parameters of the global shape of DNA.
      Experimentally measured mechanical properties of DNA are used to define the
      forces holding the particles together. We then use a procedure incorporating
      energy minimization and molecular dynamics to locate low energy conformations of
      the model DNA. The model was found to behave very much like rubber-tubing and
      elastomechanical models. The conformations and the effects of supercoiling
      pressure (a number proportional to the degree to which the total twist of the DNA
      has been altered from its natural value) on these conformations are all very
      similar to those observed in the latter two models. We also used this model to
      examine the effects of supercoiling pressure, base-sequence and mechanical
      properties on the conformations and energies of five sequences. The sequences
      studied include models of naturally straight DNA and DNA with static or natural
      bends.

PMID- 2926820
TI  - Sequence analysis of the complete Caenorhabditis elegans myosin heavy chain gene
      family.
AB  - The sequences of three myosin heavy chain (MHC) genes from Caenorhabditis
      elegans, myo-1, 2 and 3, are presented. These genes, together with unc-54,
      comprise the entire nematode sacromeric MHC family. Comparison of nematode MHC
      sequences and sarcomeric, smooth and non-muscle MHCs from other organisms
      highlights conserved sequence features of the MHC rod believed to be important
      for thick filament assembly. These include: conservation of sequence differences
      between individual 28 amino acid repeats; invariant placements of large aromatic
      residues, such as tryptophan, in the rod sequences; conservation of "weak spots"
      in the hydrophobic seam; and conservation of non-uniform charge distributions
      along the length of the rod. The rod sequences of the body wall isoforms A and B
      are more closely related to each other than to the pharyngeal isoforms C and D,
      suggesting that structural constraints have been imposed by their location within
      the same thick filament. We have also identified the major transcriptional start
      site for gene unc-54. Surprisingly, there are no TATA or other known
      transcription factor elements immediately upstream from the unc-54 start site, or
      in the upstream regions of the other genes of the C. elegans MHC gene family.

PMID- 2926821
TI  - GrB deletion of the chorion locus of the silkmoth Bombyx mori. Localization of
      the left breakpoint and isolation of the deletion junction.
AB  - In the silkmoth Bombyx mori, choriogenesis occurs through the developmentally
      controlled deposition of several related classes of chorion proteins onto the
      oocyte by surrounding follicular cells. In the GrB mutant strain, a distinctive
      family of proteins (Hc) normally expressed late in choriogenesis, as well as
      several proteins of middle development specificity, are missing due to the
      deletion of the corresponding genes from the chorion locus. In addition, a
      smaller set of proteins normally confined to mid-choriogenesis is found to be
      prolonged in expression in homozygote mutant but not heterozygote individuals. To
      elucidate the molecular organization of the chorion locus in the GrB genotype, we
      scanned a part of the wild-type locus represented by a chromosomal walk of
      270,000 bases through library screening and genomic DNA hybridizations using a
      series of unique probes. A chromosomal clone, GrB4, whose sequences showed the
      expected characteristics of the deletion junction, was isolated from a partial
      EcoRI library of mutant genomic DNA. Through comparative hybridizations, mapping
      and sequencing, the precise location of one of the deletion breakpoints was
      identified on one of the clones mapping in the characterized part of the wild
      type locus. Attempts to locate the other breakpoint in wild-type DNA and to
      extend the structural characterization past the deletion junction through
      chromosomal walking were unsuccessful, due to the apparent absence of these
      sequences from libraries of wild-type and mutant genomic DNA, respectively.
      Hybridizations of the deletion region on clone GrB4 to cDNA derived from
      follicular RNA indicate that no gene sequences are directly interrupted by the
      deletion, and reveal the presence of a gene sequence of unknown function 1000 to
      5000 bases to the right of deletion junction.

PMID- 2926822
TI  - Phasing the meridional diffraction pattern of type I collagen using isomorphous
      derivatives.
AB  - The meridional X-ray diffraction pattern of wet rat tail tendon contains
      information about the one-dimensional structure, or axial projection of electron
      density distribution of the type I collagen fibril. Using synchrotron radiation
      we have determined the intensities of the first 50 meridional X-ray diffraction
      reflections. The approach of isomorphous addition with reagents, selected using
      criteria of chemical reactivity, which label at fewer sites than the stains used
      in previous studies was applied to phase these 50 reflections to produce a one
      dimensional electron density distribution map of a single D-repeat of the
      collagen fibril. This method is not model-dependent and thus constitutes the
      first unambiguous determination of the meridional phases of type I collagen.

PMID- 2926823
TI  - Molecular basis of eye lens transparency. Osmotic pressure and X-ray analysis of
      alpha-crystallin solutions.
AB  - Short range, liquid-like order of the crystallin proteins accounts for eye lens
      transparency. The relationship between structural and thermodynamic properties of
      eye lens was further investigated using osmotic pressure and small-angle X-ray
      scattering measurements of calf lens alpha-crystallins. The consistency of both
      data sets confirms that the macroscopic thermodynamic properties are determined
      by the structural properties accessible to X-ray scattering. In addition, the
      experimental data were correctly accounted for using a model developed in liquid
      state physics: the rescaled mean spherical approximation combined with a Verwey
      Overbeek potential. This model provides as best fit parameters the excluded
      volume, the charge and the diameter of an "equivalent" particle that compare well
      with the corresponding values found in the literature for alpha-crystallins. As a
      result, transparency may now be expressed as a function of a few structural
      parameters, the role of which is discussed. The approach presented here may be
      extended to studies of the thermodynamic-structural relationships of other
      protein solutions.

PMID- 2926824
TI  - A facile duplex-hairpin interconversion through a cruciform intermediate in a
      linear DNA fragment.
AB  - The duplex of d(GGTACGCGCGTGCGCGATGG) and d(CCATCGCGCGTGCGCGTACC) containing an
      inverted repeat has been studied by spectroscopic and electrophoretic techniques.
      Prior to melting this DNA fragment, like many other palindromes, transforms into
      hairpin structures but with four non-self-complementary bases ("dangling ends")
      at their termini. Most surprisingly, it is found that these dangling ends promote
      an unusually facile hairpin-duplex interconversion in contrast to very slow ones
      found in all the "blunt end" palindromes studied so far. Kinetic studies provide
      evidence, for the first time in a linear DNA fragment, that a cruciform
      intermediate is involved in the hairpin to duplex interconversion.

PMID- 2926825
TI  - Definitions and nomenclature of nucleic acid structure parameters.

PMID- 2926826
TI  - Growth of inhibitory innervation in a lobster muscle.
AB  - The fine structure of inhibitory innervation to a limb muscle was examined in
      larval, juvenile, and adult lobsters. The innervation is essentially similar in
      qualitative features among these different stages, although there are some marked
      quantitative changes associated with growth. From being localized to discrete
      regions in the larval muscle, the inhibitory innervation spreads to groups of
      muscle fibers in the early juvenile muscle and to single fibers in the late
      juvenile and adult muscles. Concurrently, its neuromuscular synapses enlarge in
      area, become perforated, and acquire more active sites of transmitter release.
      Inhibitory nerve terminals occur in close proximity to their excitatory
      counterparts in the muscles of larval and early juvenile stages, although in
      later stages this juxtaposition occurs preferentially in some muscle fibers but
      not others. The inhibitory innervation is, nevertheless, much more restricted in
      occurrence than is the excitatory innervation.

PMID- 2926827
TI  - Teratological study of malathion in the rabbit.
AB  - There has been much debate concerning the teratogenic potential of the
      organophosphate pesticides, including malathion, although few experimental
      studies have been performed on mammals. This study was designed to expand the
      range of animal species used in the testing of malathion and to further evaluate
      malathion's teratogenic potential. A 100-mg/kg dose regimen from d 7 to d 12 of
      gestation was administered to New Zealand white rabbits. This produced no
      detectable differences in the number of resorptions, fetal size, and external or
      visceral anomalies between the treated and control groups. This suggests, as has
      been previously reported, that malathion has little or no teratogenic potential
      in the mammal.

PMID- 2926828
TI  - Lack of a modifying effect by the diuretic drug furosemide on the development of
      neoplastic lesions in rat two-stage urinary bladder carcinogenesis.
AB  - The effect of the diuretic drug furosemide on two-stage urinary bladder
      carcinogenesis in F344 rats initiated by N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine
      (BBN) was investigated with regard to possible promoting activity. BBN was
      administered at 2 doses, 0.01 or 0.05%, in drinking water for 4 wk, and
      thereafter furosemide was given by gavage 3 times weekly for 32 wk, 250 mg/kg
      body weight. Furosemide ingestion induced diuresis with an alkaline, hypotonic
      urine. No significant difference with regard to incidences of bladder lesions
      were apparent between furosemide and control groups. The present investigation
      indicated that neither furosemide nor its related polyuria acted as a promoter in
      two-stage urinary bladder carcinogenesis.

PMID- 2926829
TI  - Metabolism and nephrotoxicity of tetralin in male Fischer 344 rats.
AB  - Tetralin, a component of fuels, solvents, and varnishes, is metabolized in male
      Fischer 344 rats to 1-tetralol, 2-tetralol, 2-hydroxyl-1-tetralone, 4-hydroxyl-1
      tetralone, 1,2-tetralindiol, and 1,4-tetralindiol. Rats treated with tetralin
      demonstrated the classic lesions of hydrocarbon-induced nephropathy.

PMID- 2926830
TI  - Inhibitory effect of benzene metabolites on nuclear DNA synthesis in bone marrow
      cells.
AB  - Effects of endogenously produced and exogenously added benzene metabolites on the
      nuclear DNA synthetic activity were investigated using a culture system of mouse
      bone marrow cells. Effects of the metabolites were evaluated by a 30-min
      incorporation of [3H]thymidine into DNA following a 30-min interaction with the
      cells in McCoy's 5a medium with 10% fetal calf serum. Phenol and muconic acid did
      not inhibit nuclear DNA synthesis. However, catechol, 1,2,4-benzenetriol,
      hydroquinone, and p-benzoquinone were able to inhibit 52, 64, 79, and 98% of the
      nuclear DNA synthetic activity, respectively, at 24 microM. In a cell-free DNA
      synthetic system, catechol and hydroquinone did not inhibit the incorporation of
      [3H]thymidine triphosphate into DNA up to 24 microM but 1,2,4-benzenetriol and p
      benzoquinone did. The effect of the latter two benzene metabolites was completely
      blocked in the presence of 1,4-dithiothreitol (1 mM) in the cell-free assay
      system. Furthermore, when DNA polymerase alpha, which requires a sulfhydryl (SH)
      group as an active site, was replaced by DNA polymerase I, which does not require
      an SH group for its catalytic activity, p-benzoquinone and 1,2,4-benzenetriol
      were unable to inhibit DNA synthesis. Thus, the data imply that p-benzoquinone
      and 1,2,4-benzenetriol inhibited DNA polymerase alpha, consequently resulting in
      inhibition of DNA synthesis in both cellular and cell-free DNA synthetic systems.
      The present study identifies catechol, hydroquinone, p-benzoquinone, and 1,2,4
      benzenetriol as toxic benzene metabolites in bone marrow cells and also suggests
      that their inhibitory action on DNA synthesis is mediated by mechanism(s) other
      than that involving DNA damage as a primary cause.

PMID- 2926831
TI  - Lung retention and binding of [14C]-1-nitropyrene when inhaled by F344 rats as a
      pure aerosol or adsorbed to carbon black particles.
AB  - 1-Nitropyrene (NP), as found in the environment, is more typically associated
      with carbonaceous particles than found as an aerosol of the pure compound. To
      determine whether (and why) an association with particles resulted in prolonged
      lung retention of NP, rats were exposed to 14C-NP as a pure aerosol or adsorbed
      on carbon black particles. Total 14C retained in the lung was greater at all
      times from 0.5 h to 30 d after exposure to 14C-NP adsorbed to carbon black
      particles than after exposure to pure 14C-NP (p less than .05). The fraction of
      total 14C in lung bound to carbon black particles decreased steadily with time
      after exposure, indicating in vivo removal of NP from the particles. At 0.5 h
      after exposure, the fraction of the estimated deposited 14C that was covalently
      bound to lung macromolecules was twofold greater for NP adsorbed on carbon black
      than for pure NP. Covalently bound 14C in lungs increased with time after
      exposure to 14C-NP adsorbed to carbon black, reaching levels of approximately 1%
      of the deposited radioactivity at 7-30 d after exposure, whereas levels of
      covalently bound 14C declined with time after exposure to pure NP. Thus, at 30 d
      after exposure, the amount of 14C covalently bound to lung macromolecules was
      approximately 10-fold greater (p less than .05) in rats that inhaled 14C-NP
      adsorbed on carbon black particles than in rats that inhaled pure 14C-NP
      aerosols. These results suggest that association of NP with carbon black
      particles augments the interaction of reactive metabolites of NP with target
      macromolecules. This phenomenon is thought to be related to the slow release of
      NP from carbon black particles, and may augment the biological effects of inhaled
      NP when adsorbed on carbon black or similar particles in the environment.

PMID- 2926832
TI  - Combined nephrotoxicity of methylmercury, lead, and cadmium in Pekin ducks:
      metallothionein, metal interactions, and histopathology.
AB  - This report describes the metallothionein (MT) levels and accumulation of
      mercury, lead, and cadmium, as well as their interaction with tissue zinc,
      copper, and iron, and the histopathological changes in kidneys of ducks exposed
      to methylmercury chloride (MeHgCl), lead acetate (PbAc), and cadmium chloride
      (CdCl2), singly or in combination for 13 wk. Forty-eight female Pekin ducks,
      divided into 8 groups of 6 birds each, were fed diets containing no added metals
      (control), 8 mg MeHgCl/kg feed, 80 mg PbAc/kg feed, 80 mg CdCl2/kg feed, 8 mg
      MeHgCl + 80 mg PbAc/kg feed, 8 mg MeHgCl + 80 mg CdCL2/kg feed, 80 mg PbAc + 80
      mg CdCl2/kg feed, and 8 mg MeHgCl + 80 mg PbAc + 80 mg CdCL2/kg feed. Cadmium
      (Cd) when administered alone or in combination caused a 60-fold increase in
      kidney MT levels, while methylmercury (MeHg) or lead (Pb) administration caused a
      threefold increase in kidney MT levels. No significant changes in kidney MT
      levels were observed when metals were administered concurrently when compared
      with single-treatment groups. Residue analysis revealed accumulation of
      administered metals in kidney tissue. However, lead administration resulted in
      accumulation of small amounts of this element in kidney tissue. Simultaneous
      administration of MeHgCl and PbAc significantly increased the accumulation of
      lead in kidney when compared with PbAc-treated group. Cadmium when administered
      alone or in combination caused an increase in the levels of zinc and copper in
      kidney. Administration of MeHgCl or PbAc either alone or in combination caused
      increased iron levels in kidney, while cadmium administration either alone or in
      combination caused decreased iron levels. Administration of cadmium either alone
      or in combination caused degenerative changes in kidney proximal tubules. The
      severity of degenerative lesions increased when cadmium was simultaneously
      administered with other metals. These results indicate that combined
      administration of MeHg, Pb, and Cd has no significant effect on kidney MT levels
      or on essential elements in kidney tissue when compared with single metal groups.
      However, there appears to be an increase in the severity of histopathologic
      changes.

PMID- 2926833
TI  - Soman toxicity during and after exposure to different environmental temperatures.
AB  - A systematic study has been conducted to determine physiological susceptibility
      to the potent anticholinesterase soman during and after exposure to different
      environmental temperatures. Rats were placed in an environmental chamber set at 
      1, 7, 15, 23, or 31 degrees C (80% relative humidity, RH) from 0000 to 0800 h.
      Soman injections were given subcutaneously (sc) at 0600 h (during thermal
      stress), or at 0810 h after removal from the chamber (injected and tested at 23
      degrees C, 60% RH). The measures (taken 30 min after soman injection) included
      core temperature, grip strength, general state of health, and LD10 estimates
      (taken 2 h post injection). Soman exposure produced a dose-related effect on each
      measure under all thermal stress conditions. During thermal stress, soman
      exposure produced major changes in core temperature ranging from 26 to 41 degrees
      C, which were linearly related to the environmental temperature condition. After
      removal from the chamber, soman exposure reduced core temperature by only 1
      degree C without regard to prior thermal stress temperature. Grip strength and
      subjective health rating were soman dose-related with only a minor chamber
      temperature influence. The toxicity of soman was increased during exposure to
      either cold or hot environments and after removal from the cold environments. The
      adrenal-cortical stress response to cold involves increased metabolism and oxygen
      requirement. The exception was the decreased toxicity observed when soman
      exposure occurred after removal from a hot environment, exacerbated by a failure
      in the respiratory system due to anticholinesterase exposure. The increased
      toxicity of soman while in or after removal from a cold environment is believed
      to be due to a generalized adrenal-cortical stress response. The increased soman
      toxicity while in a hot environment, but decreased toxicity after removal from
      the hot environment, provides an interesting subject for further research.

PMID- 2926834
TI  - Cytotoxic effects of benzene on mouse germ cells determined by flow cytometry.
AB  - Flow cytometric (FCM) DNA content measurements were performed on testicular
      monocellular suspensions obtained from mice exposed per os to 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, and
      7 ml/kg body weight of benzene in order to investigate its cytotoxic action on
      germ cells. The effects of benzene were measured 7, 14, 21, 28, and 70 d after
      treatment. Benzene had no effect on testis weight, but FCM analysis showed the
      relative percentages of some cell subpopulations (tetraploid and haploid cells)
      to be different from the control pattern, indicating the occurrence of some
      cytotoxic damage to differentiating spermatogonia. These data demonstrate that
      spermatogenesis is sensitive to benzene single exposures as evidenced by an
      altered cell ratio of testicular cell types.

PMID- 2926835
TI  - Effects of soil on percutaneous absorption of toluene in male rats.
AB  - Previous assessments of health risks from soil-adsorbed chemical exposures relied
      on extrapolations from data derived with pure compounds. However, interactions
      between chemical and soil can alter the rate, amount, and form of chemical that
      enters the body, resulting in effects that are different from those that occur
      after exposures to chemical alone. In this study, male rats were treated dermally
      with [14C]toluene alone or adsorbed to either a sandy or a clay soil. Both soils
      produced a higher plasma concentration compared to pure toluene, with a
      statistical decrease in half-life of absorption observed after sandy soil
      adsorbed treatment. The time to reach peak plasma concentration, half-life of
      elimination, and area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) were
      similar for all groups. Skin and fat contained the highest concentration of
      radioactivity 48 h after all treatments. Pure and soil-adsorbed toluene were
      primarily metabolized and excreted via the kidney rather than exhaled.
      Furthermore, soil treatment did not alter the percentages of the metabolic
      products.

PMID- 2926836
TI  - Identification and cDNA cloning of a new member of the L2/HNK-1 family of neural
      surface glycoproteins.
AB  - Rabbit antibodies raised against a 135- to 140-kD glycoprotein isolated from the
      culture medium of mouse forebrain explants were used for the identification and
      cloning of a complex of mouse neural cell surface glycoproteins. The antibodies
      recognized a 135-kD surface protein which shared the L2/HNK-1 epitope with
      several neural cell adhesion molecules. Three homologous complementary
      deoxyribonucleic acid (cDNA) clones were isolated from a mouse brain cDNA library
      prepared in the expression vector lambda gt11, one of which was sequenced and
      found to lack sequence homologies with known proteins. In Northern blots, this
      clone hybridized with a single 6.3 kb messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA). In
      immunoblots of mouse brain extracts, antibodies raised in rabbits against the
      fusion protein encoded by it stained two glycoproteins of 135 and 90 kD, which we
      designated F3.135 and F3.90. In the developing mouse cerebellum, F3 antigenic
      sites were found predominantly on parallel fibers and on postmitotic neurons. In
      fetal brain cell cultures, F3 antigen was detected at the surface of cells with
      neuronal morphology, but the antibodies also stained some non-neuronal cells in a
      pattern characteristic of matrix components. Because all proteins carrying the
      L2/HNK-1 epitope identified so far have a role in cell adhesion, it can be
      anticipated that the F3 surface proteins also are involved in cell-interaction
      phenomena.

PMID- 2926837
TI  - Identity of ED2-positive perivascular cells in rat brain.
AB  - A controversial, though fundamental, issue in neurobiology concerns the nature,
      origin, and function of brain macrophages. By immunocytochemical analysis using
      monoclonal antibodies directed against rat macrophage antigens, i.e., ED1-3, Ox
      41, Ox-42, and Ki-M2R, we show that a group of perivascular cells located within
      the basal membrane of CNS blood vessels are immunoreactive. These cells, which
      resemble pericytes in terms of their anatomical distribution, are distinct from
      resting parenchymal microglia immunologically as well as morphologically. Our
      results demonstrate considerable heterogeneity in the immunophenotype of resident
      brain macrophages, which may be part of the immune-nervous system interface.

PMID- 2926839
TI  - A soluble brain molecule related to epidermal growth factor receptor is a mitogen
      inhibitor for astrocytes.
AB  - The astrocyte mitogenic activity of normal and injured rat brain extracts was
      greatly enhanced by antibodies to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). The
      antibodies appear to act by removing from the extracts inhibitory molecules
      immunologically related to EGFR. Three molecular species recognized by anti-EGFR
      antibody in brain extracts (molecular weights 41, 52, and 69 kilodaltons) did not
      seem to originate from EGFR proteolysis. The increase in astrocyte mitogenic
      activity in brain tissue following injury correlated with a reduction in the
      levels of soluble EFGR-cross-reacting material and a decrease in mitogen
      inhibitory activity. The decrease in EGFR-related mitogen inhibitor also
      correlated with a large increase in astrocyte membrane EGFR immunoreactivity, and
      intracerebral injection of antibodies to EGFR caused the appearance at the
      injection site of numerous EGFR-positive reactive astrocytes. Invasion of brain
      tissue by EGF/EGFR-related blood components may be the signal that initiates
      astrocyte activation. EGFR-related immunoreactive molecules are also present in
      extracts of other tissues and may have a general role in the control of cell
      division.

PMID- 2926838
TI  - Role of protein kinase C in glial cell proliferation.
AB  - Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) has been shown to stimulate DNA synthesis
      and cell proliferation in a population of glial cells isolated from newborn rat
      brain. The non-tumor promoter 4 alpha-phorbol 12,13-didecanoate (4 alpha-PDD), on
      the other hand, was without an effect. The cultures treated with PMA displayed an
      extensive process formation and an increase in cell content. The tumor promoter
      induced [3H]thymidine incorporation into acid-precipitable material was
      completely blocked by 1-(5-isoquinolinylsulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine (H-7), a
      potent inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC), thereby suggesting a role for PKC in
      the control of DNA synthesis in glial cells. Subcellular fractionation and in
      vitro assay of PKC activity revealed a translocation of the enzyme from cytosol
      to particulate fraction in PMA-treated cultures.

PMID- 2926840
TI  - Novel astrocytic protein in multiple sclerosis plaques.
AB  - Monoclonal antibody J1-31 (MAb J1-31, isotype IgG 2b) was raised against crude
      homogenate of brain tissue from a multiple sclerosis (MS) patient (autopsy
      sample; Malhotra et al.: Microbios Letters 26:151-157, 1984). In human brain, MAb
      J1-31 recognizes an intracellular protein antigen (J1-31 antigen), which bands at
      approximately 30,000 daltons under reducing conditions for sodium dodecyl sulfate
      gel electrophoresis (Singh et al.: Bioscience Reports 6:73-79, 1986). By
      immunofluorescence microscopy, MAb J1-31 stains those cells that are also stained
      by antiserum to glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), namely astrocytes,
      retinal Muller cells, and tanycytes in the ependyma (Predy et al.: Bioscience
      Reports 7:491-502, 1987). In addition, MAb J1-31 stains ciliated ependymal cells
      that do not express GFAP. Using a model system for gliosis (laceration-type
      injury of rat spinal cord), we were able to show that astrocytes responding to
      central nervous system injury exhibit greatly enhanced staining for J1-31 antigen
      (Predy et al.: Journal of Neuroscience Research 19:397-404, 1988; Predy and
      Malhotra: Brain Research Bulletin in press, 1989). In this article, we
      demonstrate that immunofluorescence staining owing to MAb J1-31 is greatly
      enhanced in MS plaques, as compared to adjacent "apparently normal" white matter.
      (This is consistent with previous results as MS plaques characteristically show
      an astroglial response [reactive gliosis] leading to the formation of a glial
      scar [McKhann: Annual Review of Neuroscience 5:219-239, 1982].) In addition, we
      present further evidence that J1-31 antigen is distinct from GFAP, although these
      two proteins may be associated spatially with one another.

PMID- 2926841
TI  - Is part of the molecular basis of the perineurial barrier function the lack of
      endogenous carbohydrate-binding proteins?
AB  - The sugar part of cellular glycoconjugates and specific endogenous sugar
      receptors, i.e., lectins, can establish a system of biological recognition based
      on protein-carbohydrate interactions. An assortment of labelled
      (neo)glycoproteins, carrying different types of sugar moieties, is synthesized to
      localize respective sugar receptors. With these tools, the histochemical patterns
      of endogenous carbohydrate-binding receptors of the epi-, peri-, and endoneurium
      were analyzed in human sural and accessory nerves and in swine sciatic nerve.
      This approach is complementary to the application of plant lectins, focusing on
      endogenous carbohydrate-binding proteins (lectins). In contrast to the epi- and
      endoneurium, which bound certain types of carbohydrates, such endogenous sugar
      receptors were histochemically not detectable in the perineurial cells. Moreover,
      no histochemical reaction was present in the "connective tissue septa" localized
      in the endoneurium in which the endoneurial vessels were embedded. This common
      property supplies evidence that these septa are composed of perineurial cells.
      They may represent a barrier in addition to the capillary endothelium. Our
      observations suggest histogenetical differences between the cell populations of
      epi- and endoneurium vs. perineurium. This significant difference in the ability
      to bind carbohydrate residues, conjugated to a carrier protein, is contradictory
      to the assumption that perineurial cells and fibroblasts are functional variants
      of the same cell type. The histochemical patterns of endogenous carbohydrate
      binding receptors found in human and swine nerves were similar but not identical,
      with exception of the perineurium, reflecting phylogenetic differences in the
      expression of sugar-binding proteins. The absence of specific sugar receptors in
      perineurial cells, however, seems to be a more general phenomenon.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2926843
TI  - Comparison of four severity scores in patients with head trauma.
AB  - This study examines the performance of four severity scores in a group of 70
      consecutive patients with head trauma, hospitalized in the same neurosurgical
      ICU. On day of admission to the ICU, data were collected from each patient to
      compute Acute Physiology Score (APS), Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS),
      Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), and Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System (TISS).
      These four scores were statistically correlated with the outcome of patients.
      Results also indicate that GCS was superior to any other score in predicting
      outcome of patients and allowed better specificity and sensitivity. Regarding the
      level of care needed by patients, TISS was superior to any other scoring system.
      The difficulty in estimating individual prognosis is discussed, since scoring
      systems are aimed at classifying groups of patients, not individuals. It is
      concluded that GCS is a simpler and less time consuming method in predicting
      outcome of patients with head trauma.

PMID- 2926842
TI  - Basic fibroblast growth factor and nerve growth factor administered in gel foam
      rescue medial septal neurons after fimbria fornix transection.
AB  - Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) recently has been established as a survival
      and transmitter-promoting neurotrophic agent for embryonic neurons in vitro. Its
      local application to lesioned adult optic and sciatic nerves has been shown to
      rescue axotomized retinal and sensory neurons that otherwise die. Following
      transection of the fimbria fornix pathway connecting the medial septum (MS) to
      the hippocampus, MS neurons undergo severe cell death, which can be prevented
      partially by infusion of nerve growth factor (NGF). In the same lesion paradigm,
      we find that 87% of these neurons visualized by cresyl-violet staining have
      disappeared by 4 weeks after unilateral fimbria fornix transection in adult rats.
      Implantation of gel foam soaked with 8 micrograms bFGF reduced neuron death to
      68%. A similar rescue effect was seen with 0.3 microgram NGF. NGF administered at
      20 micrograms reduced cell losses to 54%. Thus, bFGF rescued 22% and NGF at 20
      micrograms 38% of the neurons that otherwise would have died. Choline
      acetyltransferase immunocytochemistry revealed dramatic losses of cholinergic
      neurons on the lesioned, compared with the unlesioned, side. Cholinergic neuron
      death was clearly reduced by the bFGF and NGF treatments. Basic FGF, in contrast
      to NGF, did not prevent a reduction in size of surviving neuronal cell bodies.
      Considered in the context of FGF being present in brain and hippocampal neurons,
      our results suggest a possible role for FGF as a neurotrophic factor for CNS
      neurons in vivo.

PMID- 2926844
TI  - Enhancing the safety of intraoperative RBC salvage.
AB  - Devices for intraoperative blood salvage remove plasma and, in theory, all of the
      cellular elements of blood except for rbcs. We have previously shown that
      complete white cell and platelet removal does not always occur and that the
      retained platelet-leukocyte deposit is potentially harmful (2). In this study we
      investigated the hydraulic conditions in the centrifuge bowl that allow activated
      platelets and leukocytes to adhere, the histology of the resulting cellular
      deposit, and the effects of reinfusing a saline extract of the deposit. Earlier
      work had suggested that the addition of calcium, of partially clotted blood, and
      of excessive saline should be avoided during intraoperative rbc salvage (2). The
      present observations explain, in part, why such measures would be expected to be
      beneficial.

PMID- 2926845
TI  - Use of the Clyburn External Fixator in fractures of the distal radius.
AB  - A study was organized to evaluate the use of a one-plane external fixation device
      to treat comminuted fractures of the distal radius. Clinical and roentgenographic
      data were obtained in 20 patients with a followup ranging from 12 to 20 months.
      The results were graded 14 excellent, 4 good, 2 fair, and none poor. The use of
      the Clyburn External Fixation Device with supplemental radial styloid Kirschner
      wire fixation achieved acceptable results in the treatment of comminuted distal
      radius fractures and proved to be easily applied.

PMID- 2926846
TI  - Cervical spine immobilization of penetrating neck wounds in a hostile
      environment.
AB  - Current guidelines concerning trauma suggest that cervical spine immobilization
      be performed on all patients with penetrating wounds of the neck. This study was
      undertaken to examine the risks and benefits likely to be found when such care is
      provided in a hazardous environment, such as the battlefield, or the scene of a
      terrorist attack or domestic criminal action. Data for casualties from the
      Vietnam conflict were reviewed to determine the potential benefit of cervical
      spine immobilization on the battlefield. In this population, penetrating cervical
      cord injury was always fatal and usually immediately so. Only 1.4% of all
      casualties who were candidates for immobilization might have benefitted from the
      care. However, the risk of performing immobilization in a hazardous environment
      is substantial since about 10% of casualties are incurred while helping other
      casualties. Mandatory immobilization of all casualties with penetrating neck
      wounds sustained in an environment hazardous to first aid providers has an
      unfavorable risk/benefit ratio.

PMID- 2926847
TI  - Analyses of the relationship between blood alcohol and nasal breath alcohol
      concentrations: implications for assessment of trauma cases.
AB  - To prevent serious complications and facilitate efficient and effective
      management of patients admitted to the emergency department or intensive care
      settings, it is extremely important to differentiate, quickly, between elevated
      concentrations of alcohol in the blood and compromised neurological status due to
      brain injury or other pathology. This research analyzed the relationship between
      blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) estimated from venous blood samples and those
      estimated from breath samples that were obtained using the Alco-Sensor III device
      with an attached tube for passive nasal breath sampling. Blood and breath
      samples, as well as brief medical histories and demographic and environmental
      data, were obtained and recorded for 35 adult trauma patients admitted to two
      major urban emergency departments. Passively expired nasal breath provided an
      excellent estimate of BAC measured from venous blood (range, 0 to 0.32) as
      evidenced in the extremely high regression coefficient (r = 0.99; slope = 1.22; p
      less than 0.0001). BAC assessment and monitoring, through the application of
      passive nasal breath sampling, provides a means of rapidly estimating BAC, and
      thus can facilitate diagnosis and the initiation of appropriate management and
      treatment.

PMID- 2926848
TI  - High-frequency percussive ventilation in patients with inhalation injury.
AB  - Inhalation injury complicated by bacterial pneumonia is now one of the primary
      causes of morbidity and mortality in patients with thermal injury. We have
      investigated the use of high-frequency percussive ventilation (HFPV) as a means
      of ventilatory support for these patients. We propose that high-frequency
      ventilation may decrease the incidence of pulmonary infection following
      inhalation injury and decrease the incidence of iatrogenic barotrauma caused by
      conventional ventilation. High-frequency ventilation was instituted initially as
      salvage therapy in a group of five patients. In each case, normocapnia or
      arterial pO2 saturation of greater than 90% on a FIO2 of 60% or less was achieved
      with high-frequency ventilation but not with conventional ventilation. A second
      group of ten patients was prospectively entered into a study on the use of HFPV
      in patients with inhalation injury. One patient was removed from the study, and
      one patient was unable to be ventilated because of severely noncompliant lungs.
      Eight patients with a mean age of 29 years and a mean burn size of 38% of the
      total body surface completed the protocol. All patients survived, two developed
      pneumonia, and one developed subcutaneous emphysema. These results suggest that
      HFPV is effective in the treatment of patients with severe inhalation injury.

PMID- 2926849
TI  - Serum antibody responses to pneumococcal vaccine after splenic
      autotransplantation.
AB  - Immunization with pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccines is advocated
      after splenectomy; however, experimental and clinical data suggest an impaired
      antibody response in splenectomized individuals. This study examined the value of
      splenic autotransplantation at various sites in augmenting the antibody response
      to Type III pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide in mice immunized 3 months after
      operation. Splenectomy resulted in impaired antibody responses compared to sham
      operated mice (p less than 0.001) using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
      Mice with intraperitoneal splenic autotransplants, but not mice with subcutaneous
      or intramuscular transplants, had greater antibody responses compared to
      splenectomized mice (p less than 0.05). Antibody responses were elevated only in
      mice autotransplanted with 50% or more of the original splenic mass. Since
      autotransplantation of splenic tissue augments the antibody response to
      pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides, the combination of splenic
      autotransplantation and pneumococcal vaccination may confer more protection than
      either modality alone in individuals who must undergo splenectomy.

PMID- 2926850
TI  - Sternal fractures associated with spinal injury.
AB  - Twenty-eight cases of sternal fractures and/or dislocations were reviewed for the
      presence of associated spinal injury. Patient records and radiographs were
      studied. Sixteen cases had inadequate radiographs to rule out spine fracture.
      Three cases had known direct injuries to the sternum. Of the remaining nine
      patients, eight had spine fractures. All of the spine fractures were consistent
      with a flexion injury mechanism. Three patients had spine fractures at the
      thoracic level and four at the lumbar level. One patient had lower cervical and
      thoracic injuries. In the patients with spine injury, the proximal manubrial
      fragment tended to displace posteriorly. Similarly, the manubrium would move
      posteriorly in manubriosternal dislocations. A case of spontaneous sternal
      fracture in a patient with osteoporosis and multiple thoracic compression
      fractures is described. One patient had open reduction of the manubriosternal
      joint. Three patients who were admitted for their sternal injuries had spine
      fractures which were not recognized during the hospitalization. There were no
      cases of mediastinal injury in the patients with combined sternal and spinal
      injuries. Flexion injury to the spine may cause buckling of the sternum. However,
      indirect sternal injury continues to be overlooked. Careful evaluation for spine
      injuries should be done on all patients with sternal fractures and vice versa.

PMID- 2926851
TI  - Ureteral and renal pelvic injuries from external trauma: diagnosis and
      management.
AB  - To define the optimal methods of diagnosis and repair of ureteral and renal
      pelvic injuries, we reviewed the records of 18 patients with 19 collecting system
      injuries (16 penetrating, three blunt). Hematuria was absent in five of 16
      patients. Intravenous urography was diagnostic of ureteral injury in three and
      normal or nondiagnostic in eight. Retrograde pyelography was performed in only
      one patient and was diagnostic of bilateral ureteral injury. Treatment consisted
      of primary repair (minimal or no debridement and closure) in 11 injuries,
      ureteroureterostomy (debridement and reanastomosis) in six, ureteroneocystostomy
      in one, and transureteroureterostomy in one. Ureteral stents were placed in 12
      injuries, nephrostomy catheter in one, and both in two. Four patients had no form
      of diversion. Followup was available for 14 patients; serum creatinine values
      were normal in each. Results of imaging studies in 13 were normal in 11; one
      showed mild caliectasis and one a resolving urinoma. Both intravenous urography
      and initial urinalysis may be unreliable indicators of ureteral and renal pelvic
      injury, and high suspicion mandates exploration. Usually the urinary tract can be
      satisfactorily reconstructed. Satisfactory urinary diversion can be achieved in
      most cases with an internal ureteral stent.

PMID- 2926852
TI  - Operative treatment of acute hip fractures: its effect on serum creatine kinase,
      lactate dehydrogenase and their isoenzymes.
AB  - Serum creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and their isoenzymes were
      prospectively studied in 16 patients who underwent operative treatment of acute
      hip fractures. No perioperative myocardial infarctions occurred; however, two
      patients died of noncardiac causes. We found that skeletal muscle injury
      associated with operative treatment of acute hip fractures did not result in
      significant elevations of serum CK-MB or the LD-1/LD-2 ratio. CK-MB activity
      exceeding 5% of total CK activity was observed in five patients who did not
      experience acute perioperative myocardial infarction; however, no patient had an
      absolute CK-MB value exceeding 50 IU/L. Elevations of serum CK-MB exceeding 50
      IU/L and a LD-1/LD-2 ratio exceeding 1.0, therefore, should not be attributed to
      skeletal muscle injury alone following the operative treatment of acute hip
      fractures.

PMID- 2926853
TI  - Gastric mucosal perfusion and injury: variation in the relationship over time.
AB  - Acute erosions of the gastric mucosa occur in a variety of clinical settings
      characterized by a mismatch between mucosal blood supply and demand. Using a
      canine model incorporating the clinically important insults, we examined the
      relationship between the gastric mucosal injury measured by planimetry and the
      animal's regional gastric perfusion measured before, during, and after
      hemorrhagic shock. The proximal gastric mucosa developed lesions which were
      inversely related to the amount of gastric flow through 2 hours of shock. In
      later shock and after reperfusion the relationship reversed, coinciding with the
      appearance of visible ulcerations. This work demonstrates that early in shock
      gastric blood flow is inversely related to mucosal injury, but late in shock and
      after reperfusion increased blood flow is associated with increased mucosal
      damage.

PMID- 2926854
TI  - Intraosseous crystalloid and blood infusion in a swine model.
AB  - The technique of intraosseous infusion has attracted increasing interest in
      recent years, and has proven valuable for drug administration. This study was
      undertaken to determine whether it was also a potential route for fluid
      resuscitation. Thirteen- or eighteen-gauge tibial intraosseous needles were
      placed in eight "large" (mean weight, 14.4 kg) and eight "small" (mean weight,
      5.8 kg) swine and the flow rate of blood and saline measured under gravity and
      300 mm Hg. Flow was significantly greater using 13-gauge needles in the "large"
      swine, significantly greater for saline than for blood, and for pressure infusion
      versus gravity in all animals. A fluid bolus of 20 ml/kg could be given to all
      animals in less than 10 minutes using pressure infusion. These data suggest that
      intraosseous infusion is a reasonable initial step in fluid resuscitation of
      pediatric subjects until more conventional vascular access has been established.

PMID- 2926855
TI  - Preservation of devitalized calvarium following high-voltage electrical injury:
      case reports.
AB  - Three victims of electrical injury with necrosis of a portion of the skull had
      excision of overlying necrotic soft tissue soon after injury with immediate
      coverage of the devitalized bone with soft-tissue flaps. In two instances, the
      flap was from adjacent scalp; in the other a free myocutaneous flap was used. All
      wounds healed without sequestration of bone. Necrosis of the calvarium was
      substantiated by evidence of nonperfusion on a radionucleotide bone scan. In each
      instance, a followup bone scan showed evidence of regeneration of bone. This
      experience supports an earlier observation which suggested that devitalized but
      intact calvarium following electrical injury does not need to be removed and is
      the perfect in situ bone graft.

PMID- 2926856
TI  - Ipsilateral traumatic supracondylar femoral and proximal tibial fractures
      following total knee replacement: a case report.
AB  - An unusual case with ipsilateral traumatic supracondylar femoral and proximal
      tibial fractures following total knee replacement is reported. Both fractures
      were complicated by delayed union. The fractures were successfully treated with
      custom-made, long-stemmed St. Georg hinged-knee prosthetic components.

PMID- 2926857
TI  - The vacuum arthrogram in the acutely injured knee: a case report.
AB  - Distraction of joints during radiography may produce a vacuum phenomenon. This is
      abolished by the presence of free fluid, and thus could be taken to indicate the
      absence of a serious acute injury. A case is presented of a vacuum arthrogram
      occurring in the presence of serious acute intra-articular trauma.

PMID- 2926858
TI  - Radiolucent foreign bodies in the hand: case report.
AB  - An unusual case of radiolucent foreign bodies (wood) in the hand is reported.
      Diagnosis rests on clinical suspicion and is often suggested by the injury
      mechanism. Management includes antibiotics, X-rays and in some instances CT scan
      before exploration in selected cases; re-exploration in this case 12 days after
      the initial operation revealed another large piece of wood, which was
      successfully removed. Split-skin grafting was done 10 days later, and the patient
      was asymptomatic with full range of motion 5 weeks after that.

PMID- 2926859
TI  - Palmar dislocation of the trapezoid: case report.
AB  - A case of palmar dislocation of the trapezoid, associated with radial subluxation
      of the trapezium, is presented. This rare injury was treated by internal
      fixation. A satisfactory clinical result is noted 4 years later.

PMID- 2926860
TI  - Intravenous fluid administration and uncontrolled hemorrhage.

PMID- 2926861
TI  - Manual test for differential diagnosis between weakness of the trapezius and
      serratus anterior muscles.

PMID- 2926862
TI  - Canadian Society of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, 43rd annual meeting.
      April 30-May 3rd, 1989, Toronto. Abstracts.

PMID- 2926863
TI  - Characterization of Moloney murine leukemia virus mutants with single-amino-acid
      substitutions in the Cys-His box of the nucleocapsid protein.
AB  - To study the function of the retroviral nucleocapsid protein (NC), we have
      constructed point mutations in the gag gene of Moloney murine leukemia virus
      (MuLV) that affect a conserved cysteine-histidine motif of NC. The mutants were
      characterized biologically and biochemically. Cell lines producing the mutant
      virions were constructed in NIH 3T3 and rat2 cells, and the viral particles
      released by these cells were characterized for protein and RNA content. The
      results indicated that most mutations block replication and specifically inhibit
      the packaging of the MuLV genomic RNA. In some of the mutants, the packaging of
      the endogenous rat VL30 RNA was not affected as profoundly as was MuLV RNA. NC
      also seems to have another function distinct from dimer formation and packaging:
      one mutation reduced viral RNA packaging by only fivefold but completely
      abolished viral cDNA synthesis, suggesting a defect in reverse transcription.

PMID- 2926864
TI  - Resolution of vaccinia virus DNA concatemer junctions requires late-gene
      expression.
AB  - Vaccinia virus replicates in the cytoplasm of infected cells, generating
      transient replicative intermediates containing the DNA for the terminal sequences
      as concatemeric junctions. The processing of the terminal sequences for a series
      of vaccinia virus conditional lethal mutants at the nonpermissive temperature was
      analyzed by restriction enzyme digestion and Southern blot hybridization of DNA
      isolated from infected cells. Three phenotypes were observed: DNA replication
      negative (Rep-), DNA replication positive but concatemer resolution negative
      (Rep+ Res-), and DNA replication positive and concatemer resolution positive
      (Rep+ Res+). Interestingly, all six Rep+ Res- mutants from separate
      complementation groups were defective in late protein synthesis. Isatin beta
      thiosemicarbazone, a drug that blocks late protein synthesis, also prevented
      resolution of concatemers. Orthogonal field gel electrophoresis of the DNA
      generated by the late defective mutants revealed a distribution of linear genome
      multimers. The multimers were processed into mature monomers after a shift to the
      permissive temperature in the presence of cytosine arabinoside for all the Rep+
      Res- mutants except ts22, an irreversible mutant which cleaves RNA late in
      infection (R.F. Pacha and R.C. Condit, J. Virol. 56:395-403, 1985). Genome
      formation can be divided into two stages: DNA replication, which generates
      concatemers, and resolution, which processes concatemers into monomers with
      hairpin termini. Early viral genes are required for the former, and late viral
      genes are required for the latter.

PMID- 2926865
TI  - Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) and woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) nucleic acids in
      tissues of HDV-infected chronic WHV carrier woodchucks.
AB  - The molecular forms of genomic and antigenomic hepatitis delta virus (HDV) RNA
      and of woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) DNA and WHV RNA were studied in
      nonneoplastic liver (NL) tissues, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissues, and
      several extrahepatic tissues of chronic WHV carrier woodchucks acutely (two
      animals) and chronically (six animals) superinfected with HDV. HDV was shown to
      replicate in all NL and HCC tissues but not in any of the extrahepatic tissues
      analyzed, which included spleen, peripheral blood lymphocytes, kidney, ovary,
      testis, thymus, lung, and stomach. HDV RNA was present as species with molecular
      weights consistent with those of monomers, dimers, and trimers of both strand
      polarities, supporting the rolling circle model proposed for HDV RNA replication.
      WHV DNA levels in NL, HCC, spleens, and serum were 10- to 100-fold lower than the
      levels typically observed in chronic WHV carrier woodchucks not infected with
      HDV. WHV DNA replicative intermediates were rarely observed and only at very low
      levels, representing less than 10% of the total WHV DNA. By contrast, WHV RNA
      transcription was not significantly depressed and both primary WHV RNA
      transcripts, 2.3 and 3.6 kilobases, were observed in NL, HCC, spleens, and in one
      of the kidney tissues. In addition, a 2.6-kilobase WHV RNA transcript was found
      in the majority of the NL tissues.

PMID- 2926867
TI  - Homologous interference of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus involves a
      ribavirin-susceptible block in virus replication.
AB  - Depending on the multiplicity of infection (MOI), infection of L929 cells results
      in either productive lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus replication or homologous
      interference M. Bruns, A. Gessner, H. Lother, and F. Lehmann-Grube, Virology
      166:133-139, 1988). As shown in this communication, productive lymphocytic
      choriomeningitis virus replication as observed at a low MOI was effectively
      inhibited by ribavirin. In contrast, virus yields increased if cells were
      infected with a high MOI and in the presence of 5 microM of the antiviral
      compound. This drug-dependent release of infectious virus was preceded by
      enhanced nucleoprotein (NP) synthesis, a change in intracellular NP distribution,
      and by an onset of glycoprotein synthesis. It is therefore proposed that this
      block in viral replication is brought about by a posttranslational effect on a
      viral gene product, probably the NP, present in reasonably large quantities both
      during homologous interference as well as persistent infection.

PMID- 2926866
TI  - Sindbis virus mutations which coordinately affect glycoprotein processing,
      penetration, and virulence in mice.
AB  - Rapid penetration of baby hamster kidney cells was used as a selective pressure
      for the isolation of pathogenesis mutants of the S.A.AR86 strain of Sindbis
      virus. Unlike most Sindbis virus strains, S.A.AR86 is virulent in adult as well
      as neonatal mice. Two classes of mutants were defined. One class was attenuated
      in adult mice inoculated intracerebrally as well as in neonatal mice inoculated
      either intracerebrally or subcutaneously. Sequence analysis of the glycoprotein
      genes of the parent virus and three such mutant strains revealed a single point
      mutation which resulted in an amino acid change at position 1 in the E2
      glycoprotein. The change from a serine in S.A.AR86 to an asparagine in the
      mutants created a new site for N-linked glycosylation which appeared to be
      utilized. This mutation did not retard release of infectious particles; however,
      mutant virions contained the E2 precursor protein (PE2) rather than the E2
      glycoprotein itself. The mutants also lost the ability to bind two E2-specific
      monoclonal antibodies, R6 and R13. A second class of mutants was attenuated in
      neonatal mice upon subcutaneous inoculation but remained virulent in adults and
      in neonates when inoculated intracerebrally. Sequence analysis of three such
      strains revealed the substitution of an arginine residue for a serine at position
      114 in the E2 glycoprotein. Reactivity with monoclonal antibodies R6 and R13 was
      reduced, yet members of this mutant class were more susceptible than S.A.AR86 to
      neutralization by these antibodies.

PMID- 2926869
TI  - Investigative grammar.

PMID- 2926868
TI  - The effect of hyperthermia on human prostatic carcinoma cell lines: evaluation in
      vitro.
AB  - The effect of hyperthermia on established human prostate carcinoma cell lines (PC
      3, DU-145) and related sublines (1-LN, 125-1L) was investigated in vitro. Cells
      were exposed to heat treatment at 43C or 37C for varying time intervals, (one hr
      or two hrs) and cell survival was evaluated by the colony formation assay and by
      measurement of cellular growth rate. While one hr exposure at 43C did show a mean
      inhibition of colony formation, ranging from 29 to 41%, a statistically
      significant increase in inhibition rate (p less than 0.001) was observed at two
      hr exposure, ranging from 57 to 92%. This study is a report of the cytotoxic
      effect of hyperthermia on established human prostatic tumor cell lines. These in
      vitro results indicate that hyperthermia may become a potentially useful form of
      adjunctive therapy for local control of prostatic cancer. However, the
      temperature and exposure time may have an important impact on cell kill when this
      new modality for cancer treatment is proposed for a clinical trial.

PMID- 2926870
TI  - Renal hypercalciuria and acidification defect in kidney stone patients.
AB  - Calcium metabolism and renal acidification ability were examined in renal stone
      patients. On a random diet 33 of 52 patients excreted more than 4 mg. per kg.
      body weight per day of urinary calcium and were entered into a second study on a
      300 mg. calcium diet. Absorptive and renal hypercalciuria was differentiated by
      fasting urinary calcium (mg. per 100 ml. glomerular filtration). Every absorptive
      hypercalciuria patient tested and 5 renal hypercalciuria patients had a normal
      renal acidification ability, and the serum parathyroid hormone and urinary cyclic
      adenosine monophosphate levels were normal. By calcium restriction urinary
      calcium decreased more in absorptive hypercalciuria than in renal hypercalciuria
      (2.48 +/- 0.14 versus 3.34 +/- 0.27 mg. per kg. body weight per day, p less than
      0.05). However, urinary calcium remained high in 76 per cent of the patients with
      absorptive hypercalciuria. Nine patients had a defect in renal tubular
      acidification and the calcium metabolism was similar to those with renal
      hypercalciuria. Present studies show that renal hypercalciuria and renal tubular
      acidification defect cannot be differentiated without an ammonium chloride test.

PMID- 2926872
TI  - Critical evaluation of treatment of staghorn calculi by percutaneous
      nephrolithotomy and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy.
AB  - The combined use of percutaneous nephrolithotomy and extracorporeal shock wave
      lithotripsy in patients with staghorn calculi has become an established treatment
      regimen. We evaluated the results of 90 staghorn calculi-bearing kidneys treated
      with such combination therapy after a mean follow-up of approximately 2 years. A
      total of 69 kidneys (76.7 per cent) became free of stones at some point after
      treatment. However, due to stone recurrence this number decreased to 55 kidneys
      (61.1 per cent) at the end of follow-up. Patients who had undergone a previous
      open operation on the stone-bearing kidney showed less favorable results than the
      over-all group. When our results were compared to reported data on open surgery
      or percutaneous nephrolithotomy alone even better results may have been obtained
      by such treatment modalities. However, our data indicate that percutaneous stone
      debulking combined with further destruction of residual stone fragments by shock
      wave lithotripsy certainly is less invasive than an open operation and provides
      an alternative to percutaneous treatment alone, which can yield comparable
      results.

PMID- 2926871
TI  - The spectrum of metabolic abnormalities in patients with cystine nephrolithiasis.
AB  - To elucidate the pathophysiology of mixed stone formation in cystinuria, 27
      patients with documented cystine nephrolithiasis underwent an inpatient
      evaluation under a constant dietary regimen. All patients had homozygous
      cystinuria, since the daily urinary cystine excretion exceeded 250 mg. per gm.
      creatinine. Hypercalciuria was noted in 5 patients (18.5 per cent), 4 of whom had
      fasting hypercalciuria. Hyperuricosuria was found in 6 patients (22.2 per cent)
      and it was not caused by a consumption of a diet rich in animal proteins, since
      urinary pH was higher and urinary sulfate lower than in control subjects. Serum
      uric acid was slightly lower and uric acid clearance was higher in
      hyperuricosuric patients than in control subjects. Hypocitraturia was found in 12
      patients (44.4 per cent) and it was associated with defective renal acidification
      in 4 of 5 patients in whom it was tested. Thus, hypercalciuria, hyperuricosuria
      and hypocitraturia frequently accompany cystinuria in patients with cystine
      nephrolithiasis. These conditions might be renal in origin, rather than a result
      of dietary or environmental aberrations. They may contribute to the formation of
      calcium and uric acid stones, which sometimes complicate cystine nephrolithiasis.

PMID- 2926873
TI  - Early vascular control for renal trauma: a critical review.
AB  - To determine the incidence of, indications for and sequelae of temporary vascular
      occlusion in the management of renal trauma the records of 90 patients with 92
      renal injuries were reviewed. Patients who required temporary vascular occlusion
      were compared to patients with similar injuries who also required renal surgery
      but not vascular occlusion. Only 11 of 92 renal injuries (12 per cent) required
      temporary vascular occlusion for reconstruction and control of renal bleeding.
      Neither the type nor the extent of renal and associated injury was a significant
      predictor of the need for occlusion. Renal injuries associated with large or
      expanding retroperitoneal hematomas were more likely to require temporary
      vascular occlusion than injuries without such associated hematomas. Temporary
      vascular occlusion was not associated with an increase in postoperative azotemia
      or mortality. The procedure is safe and effective, and allows for confident
      inspection and reconstruction of the kidney in patients who otherwise would be at
      high risk for nephrectomy.

PMID- 2926874
TI  - Conservative surgery for renal cell carcinoma: a single-center experience with
      100 patients.
AB  - From January 1956 to March 1987, 100 patients underwent a conservative
      (parenchyma-sparing) operation as curative treatment for renal cell carcinoma at
      our clinic. This series includes 56 patients with bilateral (28 synchronous and
      28 asynchronous) and 44 with unilateral renal cell carcinoma; in the latter
      category the contralateral kidney was either absent or nonfunctioning (17
      patients), functionally impaired (17), involved with a benign disease process (6)
      or normal (4). The pathological tumor stage was I in 75 patients, II in 9, III in
      10 and IV in 6. A nephron-sparing operation was performed in situ in 86 patients
      and ex vivo in 14. Postoperatively, 93 patients experienced immediate function of
      the operated kidney, while 7 required dialysis (4 temporary and 3 permanent). The
      incidence of dialysis was greater after ex vivo than in situ surgery (p equals
      0.0005). The mean postoperative serum creatinine level in 97 patients with renal
      function was 1.7 mg. per dl. (range 0.9 to 4.6 mg. per dl.). The over-all
      actuarial 5-year patient survival rate in this series is 67 per cent including
      death of any cause and 84 per cent including only deaths of renal cell carcinoma.
      Survival was improved in patients with stage I renal cell carcinoma (p less than
      0.05). Survival also was improved in patients with unilateral renal cell
      carcinoma (p less than 0.05) and fewer patients in this category had recurrent
      disease postoperatively (p less than 0.0005). Nine patients (9 per cent) had
      local tumor recurrence postoperatively and 5 of these were rendered free of tumor
      by secondary surgical excision. Conservative surgery provides effective therapy
      for patients with localized renal cell carcinoma in whom preservation of renal
      function is a relevant clinical consideration.

PMID- 2926875
TI  - Laser treatment of ureteral tumors.
AB  - Ureteroscopic laser coagulation was performed in 20 patients. In 4 of these
      patients endoscopic treatment was judged to be incomplete and biopsy demonstrated
      a muscle invasive tumor in 3 and a poorly differentiated tumor in 1. Therefore,
      segmental resection or nephroureterectomy followed. In the other 16 patients
      laser treatment alone (8) or in conjunction with electroresection (8) eradicated
      the tumor successfully. All of these were stage Ta or T1 and grade 1 or 2 tumors.
      Three recurrences (after 12, 24 and 49 months) were detected within a medium
      observation period of 13.8 months and could be eradicated easily with the laser,
      since these tumors were small. A ureteral stricture developed at the treatment
      site once in the "laser only" group and 3 times in the group with laser treatment
      and electroresection. Endoscopic laser coagulation seems to be a promising
      treatment modality for selected small ureteral tumors. Electroresection has a
      high risk for development of a ureteral stricture. Regular retrograde
      ureteropyelography is mandatory for follow-up.

PMID- 2926876
TI  - Retroperitoneal air, extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy and epidural
      anesthesia.
AB  - During a 13-month period, 1,344 patients underwent extracorporeal shock wave
      lithotripsy. Plain x-rays done routinely 24 hours after lithotripsy to assess
      stone fragmentation revealed evidence of retroperitoneal air in 6 patients. All 6
      patients had epidural anesthesia induced by loss of resistance to air in a
      syringe to identify the epidural space. It was believed likely that this was the
      cause of the air and 2 types of distribution were identified: 1 showed tracking
      of air along spinal nerves and 1 along tissue planes. This hypothesis eventually
      was confirmed by 2 patients in whom the air was identified after epidural
      anesthesia but before extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. Retroperitoneal air
      is found in a small number of patients undergoing epidural anesthesia and
      extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, and physicians treating these patients in
      the early postoperative period should be aware of this possible radiological
      finding and appreciate its benign nature.

PMID- 2926877
TI  - Use of amitriptyline in the treatment of interstitial cystitis.
AB  - A total of 25 patients with interstitial cystitis who had failed standard therapy
      with hydrodistension of the bladder during anesthesia and intravesical dimethyl
      sulfoxide instillation underwent treatment with the tricyclic antidepressant
      amitriptyline. The initial dosage of 25 mg. before bed was increased gradually
      during a 3-week period to 75 mg. at bedtime. Of the patients 20 were able to
      tolerate the medication for a minimum of 3 weeks and could be evaluated for
      response. A significant improvement was noted in pain and daytime frequency. Of 9
      patients 8 experienced relief of dyspareunia and 11 of 19 reported diminished
      urinary urgency. Eight patients have experienced virtual total remission of
      symptoms and have been on the drug for 4 to 28 months. It appears reasonable to
      consider the use of amitriptyline in patients with interstitial cystitis
      refractory to standard therapy.

PMID- 2926878
TI  - Neoadjuvant treatment of stages T2 to T4 bladder cancer with cis-platinum,
      cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin.
AB  - In an ongoing phase II study 17 patients with potentially operable transitional
      cell carcinoma of the bladder (stages T2 to T4, Nx, Mo) have been treated with
      intravenous cis-platinum (50 mg.per m.2), cyclophosphamide (400 mg.per m.2) and
      doxorubicin (40 mg.per m.2). They were to receive 3 treatments at 3-week
      intervals before cystectomy and 2 treatments at 3-week intervals commencing 5
      weeks after cystectomy. Of 17 patients 14 (82 per cent) completed all 3
      preoperative treatments but only 7 (41 per cent) continued on to complete the
      entire 5 treatments. In most cases incomplete therapy was due to patient refusal.
      Toxicity was low as measured by World Health Organization standards. Of the 17
      patients 9 (53 per cent) exhibited objective tumor response (pathological
      downstaging or greater than 50 per cent reduction of tumor volume determined by
      either computerized tomography scan and/or endoscopic examination. When the
      determination was made by endoscopy the changes were dramatic and not
      borderline.) No patient demonstrated a pathological complete response. All 9 of
      the responders (100 per cent) remain clinically free of disease at a median
      follow-up of 19 months (range 4 to 30 months). The 8 nonresponders have done
      poorly with 5 dead of disease, 1 alive with pelvic recurrence and 2 free of
      disease at 4 and 12 months. These tumor response rates compare favorably with
      other cis-platinum-based combination regimens. The response to the chemotherapy
      appears to be an important prognostic indicator. Phase III trials must be
      conducted to determine whether this neoadjuvant chemotherapy regimen has a
      significant effect on long-term patient survival.

PMID- 2926879
TI  - Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin therapy for in situ transitional cell
      carcinoma involving the prostatic urethra.
AB  - A total of 23 patients presenting with multifocal superficial bladder cancer and
      concomitant in situ transitional cell carcinoma of the prostatic urethra (mucosal
      in 19 and ductal in 4) underwent transurethral resection and intravesical
      bacillus Calmette-Guerin therapy. Median followup was 51.6 months (range 6 to 105
      months). Of the 23 patients 13 (48 per cent) had a complete response with a
      median followup of 43.7 months without recurrence. Progression of some type
      (local, muscle invasion or metastasis) occurred in 10 patients (44 per cent);
      none occurred in the prostatic urethra. Median interval free of progression was
      55.7 months; 7 of 10 patients required cystectomy for progression or refractory
      disease in the bladder (prostate negative for transitional cell carcinoma). A
      trial of complete transurethral resection plus intravesical bacillus Calmette
      Guerin is a viable alternative to immediate radical cystectomy for patients with
      mucosal and/or ductal involvement of the prostatic urethra with in situ
      transitional cell carcinoma.

PMID- 2926880
TI  - Standardized evaluation of erectile dysfunction in 95 consecutive patients.
AB  - We investigated 95 patients referred for erectile dysfunction by penile blood
      pressure measurement, the intracavernous papaverine test and Doppler
      investigation of the penile arteries. Furthermore, penile cutaneous perception
      threshold, bulbocavernosus reflex latency and somatosensory cortical evoked
      potentials of the pudendal nerve were measured. In selected cases cavernosometry,
      cavernosography and corpus cavernosum electromyography were performed. Doppler
      investigation of the cavernous arteries after papaverine injection was more
      reliable than penile blood pressure measurement in the diagnosis of arteriogenic
      erectile dysfunction. Decreased sensibility of the penis may be the sole factor
      responsible for inability to sustain an erection. Erectile dysfunction may be
      provoked by impaired function of the pudendal nerve. Penile cutaneous perception
      threshold measurement and corpus cavernosum electromyography are mandatory in the
      evaluation of neurogenic etiology. Cavernosometry and cavernosography are
      reliable methods in the determination of abnormal drainage from the corpus
      cavernosum.

PMID- 2926881
TI  - Pathological stage is higher in older men with clinical stage B1 adenocarcinoma
      of the prostate.
AB  - We examined the relationship between age and pathological stage in 444
      consecutive patients who underwent pelvic lymphadenectomy and radical retropubic
      prostatectomy for clinically localized adenocarcinoma of the prostate.
      Pathological stage of cancer was determined postoperatively as organ-confined,
      capsular penetration (cancer through prostatic capsule), seminal vesicle
      involvement or lymph node metastases. Patient age ranged from 34 to 75 years. The
      majority of the patients had clinical stage B1 disease with induration confined
      to less than 1 lobe of the gland. In this group a statistically significant (p
      equals 0.001, chi-square test for trend) correlation between increased age and
      higher pathological stage was found. We also found that older men with clinical
      stage B1 disease had a statistically significant trend toward higher Gleason
      grade. An explanation for our findings might be the masking of prostatic
      induration by benign prostatic hypertrophy, clearly a disease of aging men. We
      suggest that increased age is a relative risk factor for advanced pathological
      findings in men with clinical stage B1 prostatic cancer.

PMID- 2926882
TI  - Anaerobic bacteria in suppurative genitourinary infections.
AB  - Bacterial growth was obtained from specimens of 55 male and 48 female patients
      with localized suppurative genitourinary tract infections. The 55 male patients
      had abscesses of the genitalia (15), scrotal cyst (3), penis (7), testis (6),
      prostate (3), kidney (4), perinephric area (2) and periurethral area (4), wounds
      of the scrotum (3) and penis (6), and infected hydrocele (2). The 48 female
      patients had abscesses of Bartholin's cyst (26), vulva (4), vagina (4), labial
      cyst (2), kidney (2), perinephric area (1), periurethral area (3) and bladder
      (2), and a labial wound (4). Anaerobic bacteria only were present in 34 specimens
      (33 per cent), aerobic bacteria only in 7 (7 per cent), and mixed aerobic and
      anaerobic flora in 62 (60 per cent). A total of 275 isolates (189 anaerobic and
      86 aerobic) was recovered, for an average of 2.6 isolates per specimen (1.8
      anaerobes and 0.8 aerobes). The predominant anaerobes recovered were Bacteroides
      species (103 isolates) and anaerobic cocci (54). The most frequently recovered
      aerobes were Escherichia coli (26 isolates), Staphylococcus aureus (10) and
      Proteus species (8). These data illustrate that most suppurative genitourinary
      infections involve anaerobic bacteria. These findings have important implications
      regarding the culturing techniques of these infections and for the selection of
      antimicrobials for their management.

PMID- 2926883
TI  - Internal urethrotomy using a ureteral resectoscope.
AB  - A rigid 12F ureteral resectoscope is useful for internal urethrotomy of severe
      strictures over a conventional urethrotome.

PMID- 2926884
TI  - Simple aid for upright voiding after partial penectomy.
AB  - Inadequate penile length after partial penectomy may result in the socially
      unacceptable inability to project the urinary stream over the scrotum. A simple
      adaptation of a 60 cc syringe is described as an aid to contain and direct the
      urinary stream.

PMID- 2926885
TI  - Lower pole ureteropelvic junction obstruction and incomplete renal duplication.
AB  - The rare finding of lower pole ureteropelvic junction obstruction and incomplete
      renal duplication is discussed in 5 children. The children were divided into 2
      groups, with short (less than 0.5 cm.) and long (greater than 4 cm.) lower
      ureteral segments. Short ureteral segment obstruction was managed by total
      excision of the narrow ureteral segment and end-to-side pyeloureterostomy.
      Obstructions associated with long lower ureteral segments were treated by
      excising the ureteropelvic junction and performing a standard Anderson-Hynes
      pyeloplasty. A thorough preoperative evaluation is helpful for successful
      management.

PMID- 2926886
TI  - Covered exstrophy and visceral sequestration in a male newborn: case report.
AB  - We report a case of a male newborn with complete epispadias and an umbilical
      lesion. Histological examination of the surgically removed lesion revealed a
      colonic remnant with no communication to the underlying bowel. This entity is one
      of the exstrophy/epispadias complex variants known as covered exstrophy with
      sequestered bowel, and is case 4 in the world literature. Simple excision of the
      lesion was accomplished with staged correction of the epispadias planned.

PMID- 2926887
TI  - Pelvic neuroblastoma.
AB  - Neuroblastoma usually presents as an upper abdominal mass arising from the
      adrenal gland. Recent experience with neuroblastoma of the spermatic cord,
      bladder and pelvis demonstrates the propensity of this tumor to arise in unusual
      areas. The need for unusual and unexpected masses in children to be evaluated
      thoroughly for neuroblastoma and for therapy to be individualized based on
      histological criteria, patient age and location of the tumor is demonstrated.

PMID- 2926888
TI  - Urological manifestations of the popliteal pterygium syndrome.
AB  - We report a case of the popliteal pterygium syndrome resulting in abnormalities
      of the external genitalia and testicular ectopia. Management included bilateral
      orchiopexy and complex genitoplasty. Pterygia represent errors in development
      that manifest as webs across joints and can result in anomalies of the external
      genitalia. The genitourinary aspects of the popliteal pterygium syndrome and
      their management are discussed.

PMID- 2926889
TI  - Percutaneous sclerotherapy of idiopathic varicocele in childhood: a preliminary
      report.
AB  - Of 31 boys 10 to 16 years old referred for treatment of a left grade II or III
      varicocele 28 underwent percutaneous sclerotherapy. Due to anatomical and
      technical obstacles sclerotherapy was not possible in 3 boys. At follow-up 1 of
      16 boys (6.2 per cent) had a mild recurrence detected by Doppler sonography of
      the spermatic cord. Percutaneous sclerotherapy had no serious side effects, and
      proved to be an efficient and convenient treatment of left varicocele in
      childhood.

PMID- 2926890
TI  - Urinary volume in children with urolithiasis.
AB  - Urinary volume in 24-hour urine collections was examined in 50 children with
      hypercalciuria and urolithiasis or hematuria, 12 with idiopathic calcium oxalate
      urolithiasis and 36 healthy children. Urinary volume was 22.2 +/- 2.0 ml. per kg.
      per day in healthy children and 25.4 +/- 2.0 ml. per kg. per day in children with
      hypercalciuria, and it was similar in children with absorptive and renal
      hypercalciuria, and significantly lower in children with idiopathic calcium
      oxalate urolithiasis (12.2 +/- 1.4 ml. per kg. per day, p less than 0.001 from
      controls and children with hypercalciuria). Volume was not statistically
      different in hypercalciuric children with and without urolithiasis. Urinary
      sodium excretion in children with idiopathic calculi was not statistically
      different from controls. Urine osmolality was similar among the groups. Urinary
      volume represents a risk factor in children with idiopathic calcium oxalate
      urolithiasis, and increased fluid intake should be emphasized in such patients.

PMID- 2926891
TI  - Management of acute hydronephrosis of pregnancy by ureteral stenting: risk of
      stone formation.
AB  - Acute hydronephrosis of pregnancy has long been managed with ureteral stenting.
      Although many articles have been published recently concerning stent incrustation
      none has addressed the etiology. We report a case of accelerated incrustation due
      to the hypercalciuric state of pregnancy. We propose conservative management with
      hydration, calcium restriction and close monitoring for infections and stone
      debris. Antibiotic suppression and stent changes should not be used routinely but
      rather they should be individualized.

PMID- 2926892
TI  - Bizarre leiomyoma of the renal pelvis with ultrastructural and
      immunohistochemical findings.
AB  - Leiomyomas of the renal pelvis are rare tumors. To date only 4 cases have been
      reported. We present a unique case with cellular atypia in which ultrastructural
      and immunohistochemical findings are described.

PMID- 2926893
TI  - Renal angiomyolipoma associated with lymph node involvement and renal cell
      carcinoma in patients with tuberous sclerosis.
AB  - Renal angiomyolipomas are found in more than half of the patients with tuberous
      sclerosis. We report on 3 patients with tuberous sclerosis and pathologically
      aggressive renal angiomyolipoma with retroperitoneal lymph node involvement
      and/or renal cell carcinoma. All patients have had a benign course. The
      literature is reviewed and supports the benign nature of this seemingly
      aggressive disorder. An approach to the evaluation and treatment of a child with
      tuberous sclerosis and renal angiomyolipoma is presented.

PMID- 2926894
TI  - Hydralazine, hydrochlorothiazide and ampicillin associated with retroperitoneal
      fibrosis: case report.
AB  - A case of retroperitoneal fibrosis possibly associated with hydralazine,
      hydrochlorothiazide and ampicillin therapy is reported.

PMID- 2926895
TI  - Placenta percreta invading the bladder: report of 2 cases.
AB  - We report 2 cases of placenta percreta with invasion of the bladder that resulted
      in massive hemorrhage at cesarean section. Control was achieved by hysterectomy,
      bilateral internal iliac artery ligation, suture ligation of bleeding vessels and
      bladder repair, with no fetal or maternal mortality.

PMID- 2926897
TI  - Congenital glanular sinus: possible variant of blind accessory urethral channel.
AB  - We report a case of congenital sinus opening at an unusual position on the glans
      penis of an asymptomatic subject. The differential diagnosis and embryological
      implications of this rare anomaly are discussed. We believe that our case
      represents an uncommon location for a blind accessory urethral channel.

PMID- 2926896
TI  - Ectopic prostate tissue at the bladder dome.
AB  - A 71-year-old white man with asymptomatic microscopic hematuria had a sessile
      tumor at the dome of the bladder containing benign prostatic glandular tissue.
      Benign prostatic polyps occur commonly in the prostatic urethra and bladder neck
      as vestigial remains of embryonic prostatic elements. Ectopic prostatic tissue
      elsewhere is rare and has not been described previously arising at the bladder
      dome. The origin of prostate glands in this unlikely location is unclear. The
      clinical course of ectopic prostatic polyps at any location is benign, although
      local recurrence has been reported.

PMID- 2926898
TI  - Abscess of corpus cavernosum.
AB  - A rare case of abscess of the corpus cavernosum is described. The patient was
      treated successfully by surgical drainage and antibiotic therapy. A right penile
      deviation and a relatively poor erection were reported by the patient 6 weeks
      postoperatively but he did not require further surgery. The possible causes,
      diagnosis and treatment of this rare disease are discussed.

PMID- 2926899
TI  - Invasive giant condylomata acuminata: a case report.
AB  - We report on a patient with invasive giant condylomata acuminata (Buschke
      Loewenstein tumor). This tumor is an exophytic human papilloma viral lesion with
      downward growth without histological malignancy. The aggressive progression of
      this lesion requires early surgical excision with clear margins. Delay in
      recognition of this tumor can otherwise lead to a fatal clinical course.

PMID- 2926900
TI  - Large-cell calcifying Sertoli cell tumor.
AB  - We report on a 20-year-old man with a left testicular mass clinically believed to
      be a malignant neoplasm but subsequently identified as a large-cell calcifying
      Sertoli cell tumor. This is a rare form of Sertoli cell tumor with unique
      clinical and pathological features only recently described in the literature. The
      neoplasm has a low malignant potential with only 1 patient known to have had
      metastasis. The tumor occurs primarily during the first 2 decades of life and has
      been associated with endocrine disorders and cardiac myxoma. The clinician should
      be mindful of this tumor because of its low malignant potential and the necessity
      to evaluate individuals for endocrine and cardiac abnormalities.

PMID- 2926901
TI  - Primary leiomyosarcoma of the testis.
AB  - We report a case of primary leiomyosarcoma of the testis, which was believed to
      originate from normal testicular structures containing smooth muscle cells, such
      as blood vessels and contractile cells of the seminiferous tubules. No evidence
      of tumor spread was found. Treatment consisted of orchiectomy with high ligation
      of the spermatic cord. The patient received no adjuvant therapy. There was no
      evidence of tumor after 2 years. The literature is reviewed and the therapeutic
      approach is discussed.

PMID- 2926902
TI  - Fibromuscular hyperplasia of the seminal vesicle.
AB  - Examination of tissue removed during seminal vesiculectomy typically reveals few
      pathological abnormalities, although some tumors and cysts have been described.
      We report a case of seminal vesicle enlargement and pain due to fibromuscular
      hyperplasia. Complete pain relief ensued after seminal vesiculectomy.

PMID- 2926904
TI  - Re: Spontaneous subcapsular renal hematoma: diagnosis and management.

PMID- 2926903
TI  - Re: Percutaneous lithotripsy in morbid obesity.

PMID- 2926905
TI  - Re: Cavernosography in diagnosis of metastatic tumors of the penis: 5 new cases
      and a review of the literature.

PMID- 2926906
TI  - Scrotal cooling and testicular torsion.

PMID- 2926907
TI  - Re: Adjuvant radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy: is it indicated?

PMID- 2926908
TI  - This month in Investigative Urology: effects of shock waves on cells and tissues-
      critical factors in the conduct of research.

PMID- 2926910
TI  - The role of calcium antagonists in the management of renal warm ischemia.
AB  - Eighty dogs with solitary kidneys were used to investigate the effects of calcium
      antagonists on the functional capacity and structural integrity of kidneys
      subjected to sixty minutes of warm ischemia by transient vascular occlusion under
      general anesthesia. Treated dogs were compared with control animals who had
      normal or untreated ischemic kidneys (group 1 and 2) and also with saline-flushed
      ischemic kidneys without or with heparinization (group 3 and 4). Verapamil and
      nicardipine were used independently as local (group 5 and 7) or systemic
      treatment (group 6 and 8). Functional and structural studies revealed that
      calcium antagonists improved animal survival, renal hemodynamics, renal
      functional capacity, cellular adenine nucleotides, and reduced the ischemic
      structural damage. Local treatment of ischemic kidneys with 0.15 mg. nicardipine
      afforded the best protection against the deleterious effects of renal warm
      ischemia.

PMID- 2926911
TI  - Immunohistochemistry and cytochemistry of experimental rat bladder cancer:
      binding of the lectins PNA and WGA and of a Le(Y) mouse monoclonal antibody.
AB  - Two lectins, peanut agglutinin (PNA) and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), and a mouse
      monoclonal antibody against blood group Le(Y) were used to study the distribution
      of carbohydrate antigens in an experimental rat bladder cancer model. Neoplasia
      was induced in 28 rats by intravesical installation of N-nitroso-N-methyl-urea
      (NMU). Fifteen rats were installed with the NMU solvent and served as controls.
      Urothelial samples were taken from all animals, the atypia were graded and
      detailed data on the location of the lectin-binding structures and the binding of
      the monoclonal antibody were obtained by immunohistochemical methods. Urine
      samples were collected at different times during tumor development and data on
      the cytological location of the lectin-binding structures and the binding of the
      monoclonal antibody were obtained by immunocytochemical methods. Examination of
      the histological distribution of lectin binding structures and Le(Y) antigen
      showed a characteristic change in carbohydrate antigen expression associated with
      the development of urothelial atypia. In normal urothelium carbohydrate antigens
      were present in cytoplasm, whereas they became expressed on cell membranes in non
      invasive carcinomas. Immunocytochemistry of urine specimens revealed a lack of
      correlation between the antigen expression found in exfoliated cells and that
      found in tissue. Morphologically normal cells from NMU-treated animals were found
      to express a carcinoma associated antigen pattern.

PMID- 2926912
TI  - The prevalence and distribution of proliferative and metaplastic changes in
      normal appearing canine bladders.
AB  - The prevalence and distribution of Brunn's nests, simple hyperplasia, simple
      squamous metaplasia, cystitis glandularis/cystica, atypical hyperplasia, and
      lymphocytic infiltration were studied by multiple histologic sections in 30
      grossly normal urinary bladders obtained from a controlled population of dogs
      ranging in age from two to 14 years. The data were statistically analyzed using
      Fisher's exact test and logistic regression. A comparison of urothelial changes
      was made between dog and human. Brunn's nests were the most prevalent urothelial
      change and were observed at one or more locations in 80% of the cases. Simple
      hyperplasia was the second most common proliferative change and was observed at
      one or more locations in 66.7% of all cases. Brunn's nests (p less than 0.0001)
      and simple hyperplasia (p = .003) were significantly more likely to be found in
      the trigone. Simple squamous metaplasia was observed at one more more locations
      in 23.3% of all cases. Lymphocytic infiltration was observed in 20% of the
      animals; however, there was no statistically significant correlation between it
      and the urothelial changes. The trigone was by far the most common site (86.6% of
      all cases) for one or more lesions to be found. There was no evidence that
      inflammation was the cause of these urothelial changes. The data supports the
      concept that Brunn's nests, simple hyperplasia, and simple squamous metaplasia
      are normal variants of bladder urothelium in dogs and further that they are not
      precancerous changes. There was a similarity in prevalence, distribution, and
      significance of many urothelial changes between the dog and human which indicates
      that the dog is a good comparative model for studying diseases of the urinary
      bladder.

PMID- 2926913
TI  - Age-related differences in norepinephrine and non-collagenous protein in human
      vas deferens.
AB  - The existence of norepinephrine or non-collagenous protein in some tissues is
      believed to reflect the sympathetic discharge of the structures and plays an
      important role in contractile ability. Specimens of vas deferens were obtained
      from 44 subjects in various decades of life from age 20 to 84, and levels of
      norepinephrine, non-collagenous protein, collagen and elastin were determined.
      The level of norepinephrine and non-collagenous protein declined with increasing
      age. Both parameters inversely correlated with age. Collagen and elastin
      increased with advancing age. The regression line and coefficient of correlation
      between both variables showed significantly positive correlations. It is
      suggested that the contractile ability of human vas deferens, as defined by
      norepinephrine and non-collagenous protein contents, decreases with age, and the
      age-related increase in collagen and elastin may be of importance in reducing the
      contractile capability of this structure.

PMID- 2926914
TI  - AUA eighty-fourth annual meeting. American Urological Association, Inc. May 7-11,
      1989, Dallas. Abstracts.

PMID- 2926909
TI  - Cytotoxicity of high energy shock waves: methodologic considerations.
AB  - In vivo and in vitro experimentation with high energy shock waves (HESW) is
      necessary to further our understanding of the biologic effects and potential
      application of this novel energy form. Factors are identified which are critical
      to the design and subsequent interpretation of HESW experimentation. First, the
      nature of the containment vessel and the presence or absence of acoustic
      interfaces are shown to significantly alter the outcome of cell suspension
      experiments. Second, the effects of HESW are shown to differ markedly for cells
      in suspension versus cells in tissue making comparisons between the two
      uncertain. Finally, the need for appropriate negative controls is demonstrated
      with in vivo experiments to control for the generalized toxicity which occurs
      when small animals are exposed to such an intense force distributed over a
      relatively large area. These findings affect the interpretation of previously
      reported work which investigated the cytotoxic potential of HESW.

PMID- 2926915
TI  - National Institute on Drug Abuse may join in anabolic steroid research.

PMID- 2926916
TI  - If youngsters overdose with anabolic steroids, what's the cost anatomically and
      otherwise?

PMID- 2926917
TI  - When it comes to child care, hospitals may be setting the pace for much of the
      nation.

PMID- 2926918
TI  - World Health Day emphasizes preventive efforts, teamwork to fight illness,
      injury, drugs.

PMID- 2926919
TI  - From the National Institutes of Health.

PMID- 2926920
TI  - Leads from the MMWR. Unintentional poisoning mortality--United States, 1980-1986.

PMID- 2926921
TI  - US and international standards for resuscitators.

PMID- 2926922
TI  - The exposure of health care workers to ribavirin aerosol.

PMID- 2926923
TI  - Intraperitoneal povidone-iodine.

PMID- 2926924
TI  - Chlorine, pH, and control of Legionella in hospital plumbing systems.

PMID- 2926925
TI  - Personal watercraft injuries.

PMID- 2926926
TI  - Outcomes of surgery in patients 90 years of age and older.
AB  - During the 11-year period 1975 through 1985, seven hundred ninety-five patients
      90 years of age and older underwent operative procedures at the Mayo Clinic,
      Rochester, Minn. Overall serious morbidity within 48 hours after surgery was
      9.4%, and the mortality was 1.6%. The 30-day, 1-year, and 5-year mortality rates
      were 8.4%, 31.4%, and 78.8%, respectively. Short-term morbidity and both short-
      and long-term mortality were highly associated with the American Society of
      Anesthesiologists physical status classification of the patient. Emergency
      procedures carried a significantly higher risk for morbidity and mortality within
      the 48-hour period and, to a lesser extent, for long-term mortality. Overall,
      poorer patient survival was associated with higher American Society of
      Anesthesiologists class; male sex; preoperative renal, liver, and central nervous
      system impairment; and surgery on the mouth, nose, or pharynx. When compared with
      age-, sex-, and calendar year--matched peers from the general population, there
      was a modest decrease in patient survival at 1 year that reversed by 2 years,
      with observed survival at 5 years comparable to the rate expected.

PMID- 2926928
TI  - Cyanocobalamin injections for patients without documented deficiency. Reasons for
      administration and patient responses to proposed discontinuation.
AB  - We reviewed the records of 1222 patients who attended a newly acquired rural
      satellite clinic and found that 120 (10%) had been receiving regular
      cyanocobalamin injections, but that only 4 (3%) met accepted criteria for its
      administration. Open-ended interviews with 48 of these patients revealed that
      they had been receiving cyanocobalamin injections for a mean of 9.9 years for 3.3
      symptoms each and with a mean effectiveness rating of 2.9 (scale, 0 to 4). After
      receiving education regarding the appropriate indications for cyanocobalamin
      injections, 25 (52%) of the patients were willing to stop receiving them at least
      temporarily. However, 18 patients (38%) who were younger and who reported greater
      symptom relief would actively seek a physician who would continue to administer
      cyanocobalamin. Our findings suggest that some patients who have been receiving
      cyanocobalamin injections but who do not have a documented deficiency will stop
      receiving the injections when presented with reasonable alternatives.

PMID- 2926930
TI  - Providing medical services through school-based health programs. Council on
      Scientific Affairs.
AB  - Resolution 162, which was adopted at the 1987 Annual Meeting by the Board of
      Trustees, called on the American Medical Association to study the efficacy of
      school-based health clinics. Recent data show that a significant number of school
      aged youth are in need of an adequate source of health care. School-based health
      programs constitute a promising avenue for providing health services to
      adolescents, particularly in medically underserved areas. Although there are
      insufficient data to support universal establishment of school-based health
      programs, small-scale studies suggest that such programs are a viable means to
      increase access to health care for youth.

PMID- 2926929
TI  - Physician need. An alternative projection from a study of large, prepaid group
      practices.
AB  - To model a base level of physician demand in a managed health care system, we
      examined in 1983 the ratios by specialty of full-time equivalent physicians to
      health maintenance organization members in seven large, closed-panel health
      maintenance organizations, each with more than 100,000 members. The medical
      director of each plan was surveyed by mailed questionnaire and telephone
      interview to determine the plan's number of full-time equivalent physicians by
      specialty and members served. Out-of-plan physicians contracted by the group were
      included within the specialty distribution wherever possible. We compared our
      findings (4779.4 full-time equivalent physicians serving 4,297,790 members) with
      Graduate Medical Education National Advisory Committee and others' projections of
      physician need and supply. Based on this model and unknowns that might affect
      utilization, our study suggests that at least 111 physicians per 100,000
      population would be necessary in a system that emphasized reduced utilization of
      services and that more primary care physicians would be needed than the Graduate
      Medical Education National Advisory Committee predicted would be available.

PMID- 2926927
TI  - Relationship of hearing impairment to dementia and cognitive dysfunction in older
      adults.
AB  - We conducted a case-control study in 100 cases who had Alzheimer's-type dementia
      and 100 age-, sex-, and education-matched, nondemented controls to evaluate the
      hypothesis that hearing impairment contributes to cognitive dysfunction in older
      adults. The prevalence of a hearing loss of 30 dB or greater was significantly
      higher in cases than in controls (odds ratio, 2.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.2
      to 3.4), even when adjusted for potentially confounding variables. In addition,
      we observed a dose-response relationship in which greater hearing loss was
      associated with a higher adjusted relative odds of having dementia. Hearing loss
      was also significantly and independently correlated with the severity of
      cognitive dysfunction, as measured by the Mini-Mental State Examination, in
      nondemented as well as demented patients. These results demonstrate an
      association between hearing impairment and dementia and lend support to the
      hypothesis that hearing impairment contributes to cognitive dysfunction in older
      adults.

PMID- 2926931
TI  - Catheter-induced delayed recurrent pulmonary artery hemorrhage. Intervention with
      therapeutic embolism of the pulmonary artery.

PMID- 2926932
TI  - Analysis of flow-directed pulmonary artery catheterization.

PMID- 2926933
TI  - Enforcing informed consent requirements: form or substance?

PMID- 2926934
TI  - A piece of my mind. Native borne.

PMID- 2926935
TI  - Adolescent suicide.

PMID- 2926936
TI  - National Research Council adds its voice to campaign for a more healthy US diet.

PMID- 2926937
TI  - Leads from the MMWR. Results from the National Adolescent Student Health Survey.

PMID- 2926938
TI  - Leads from the MMWR. Trends in screening mammograms for women 50 years of age and
      older--Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 1987.

PMID- 2926939
TI  - Dressage for cardiologists: gallop or canter?

PMID- 2926940
TI  - Violent cardiology: rhythm reversion by patient inversion.

PMID- 2926941
TI  - Oral fluoroquinolone therapy for Clostridium difficile enterocolitis.

PMID- 2926942
TI  - Depression in medical students.

PMID- 2926943
TI  - Drugs in the institutionalized elderly.

PMID- 2926944
TI  - Postmenopausal estrogen use and heart disease risk factors in the 1980s. Rancho
      Bernardo, Calif, revisited.
AB  - Postmenopausal estrogen use and risk factors for heart disease were assessed in
      1057 women, aged 50 to 79 years, who were enrolled in an ongoing study of
      residents of an upper-middle-class community. From 1984 through 1987, thirty-one
      percent of the women reported current estrogen use, a rate equivalent to that
      determined in one survey of the same population done from 1972 through 1974.
      Compared with nonusers, current users did not have a more favorable cardiac risk
      factor profile before use, but users were more likely to have had a surgically
      induced menopause and to have been estrogen users during the survey done from
      1972 through 1974. Similar to our earlier findings, current estrogen use was
      associated with lower weight, diastolic blood pressure, and fasting plasma
      glucose level than nonuse. Levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were
      inversely related to estrogen dose; levels of high-density lipoprotein
      cholesterol were positively related to the duration of use. In this cross
      sectional study, blood pressure and lipoprotein and plasma glucose levels were
      similar in women receiving estrogen alone and in women receiving combination
      estrogen and progestin therapy.

PMID- 2926945
TI  - A randomized trial to increase smoking intervention by physicians. Doctors
      Helping Smokers, Round I.
AB  - Sixty-six physicians were randomized to three groups to conduct a 1-month
      campaign to help their patients stop smoking. The workshop group received free
      patient education materials and a 6-hour training workshop. The materials group
      received free patient education materials, and the no-assistance group received
      nothing. A telephone interview was completed with 89% of the 6767 eligible adult
      patients seen during the month of the campaign. The brief training program and
      patient education materials marginally increased the smoking intervention
      activities of volunteer physicians in private practice. Both workshop and
      materials physicians asked 54% of their smoking patients to stop; no-assistance
      physicians asked 40%. One year later, 36% of patients who had not even been asked
      by their doctors if they smoked reported that they had tried to stop smoking. If
      the physician had asked the patient if he or she smoked, the probability of a
      quit attempt was 47%. Patients who had been asked if they smoked were more likely
      to claim to have stopped (13%) than patients who had not been asked (9%).
      However, the proportion of patients claiming continued abstinence (range, 12% to
      14%) was not related to the group of the physician.

PMID- 2926946
TI  - Conflicts of interest in the management of silent ischemia.

PMID- 2926947
TI  - A piece of my mind. Mr Turner's toenails.

PMID- 2926948
TI  - Diagnostic and therapeutic technology assessment. Intrauterine devices.
AB  - The DATTA panelists emphasized the critical importance of patient selection when
      considering IUDs for contraception. The IUD is an acceptable method of
      contraception, especially for those women who are in the middle to older
      reproductive years, unable to take oral contraceptives, in a stable monogamous
      relationship, and not at risk for sexually transmitted diseases. Within these
      constraints, the panelists gave overwhelming support to the IUD as a safe and
      effective method of contraception. The minority opinion (two panelists) that
      these devices were not established for safety or effectiveness was based on
      concerns over possible infectious complications.

PMID- 2926949
TI  - Scientists seek to gain adherents, avert technological ignorance 'disaster'.

PMID- 2926950
TI  - Research increasingly focuses on possible genetic factors in complex problem of
      alcohol abuse.

PMID- 2926951
TI  - Guy's Hospital has seen changes in 163 years, now initiates 'model management' of
      its own.

PMID- 2926952
TI  - Proposed changes in Britain's health service stir varied reactions, widespread
      controversy.

PMID- 2926953
TI  - Fron the Alcohol, Drug Abuse and Mental Health Administration.

PMID- 2926954
TI  - Leads from the MMWR. Rubella and congenital rubella syndrome--United States, 1985
      1988.

PMID- 2926955
TI  - Leads from the MMWR. Influenza vaccine composition recommendation for the 1989-90
      season.

PMID- 2926956
TI  - Snoring: carve the snorer? Deafen the snoree? The Dutch cheese wax solution.

PMID- 2926957
TI  - Autopsies should be performed on all cases.

PMID- 2926958
TI  - Premarital HIV screening.

PMID- 2926959
TI  - HIV infection in 1968.

PMID- 2926960
TI  - Jewish law and the obligation of the physician to heal patients with AIDS.

PMID- 2926961
TI  - The treatment of obesity in adults.

PMID- 2926963
TI  - Food for thought.

PMID- 2926962
TI  - Dioxin levels in Vietnam veterans.

PMID- 2926964
TI  - Peroneal nerve palsy following sequential pneumatic compression.

PMID- 2926965
TI  - Bloody discharge from the nipple: the utility of cytology.

PMID- 2926966
TI  - Methadone maintenance programs in Sweden.

PMID- 2926967
TI  - Peanuts in infants: inhalants as well as allergens.

PMID- 2926969
TI  - An epidemiologic study of headache among adolescents and young adults.
AB  - Despite extensive description of headache among patients in specialty clinics and
      general practices in the United States, there have been few community-wide
      investigations. In a population-based telephone interview study of 10,169
      Washington County, Maryland, residents who were 12 through 29 years old, 57.1% of
      males and 76.5% of females reported that their most recent headache occurred
      within the previous 4 weeks. Four or more headaches in the preceding month were
      reported by 6.1% of males and 14.0% of females. The average duration of the
      subjects' most recent headache was 5.9 hours for males and 8.2 hours for females;
      7.9% and 13.9%, respectively, missed part of a day or more of school or work
      because of that headache. Within the month before interview, 3.0% of males and
      7.4% of females had suffered from a migraine headache. Consultations with a
      physician, by specialty, for headache-related problems are described by sex and
      age of subjects, as is the use of specific prescription and nonprescription
      medications.

PMID- 2926968
TI  - 'Brain death' and organ retrieval. A cross-sectional survey of knowledge and
      concepts among health professionals.
AB  - A sample of 195 physicians and nurses likely to be involved in organ procurement
      for transplantation was interviewed about knowledge, personal concepts, and
      attitudes concerning "brain death" and organ donation. Only 68 respondents (35%)
      correctly identified the legal and medical criteria for determining death.
      Personal concepts of death varied widely. Most respondents (58%) did not use a
      coherent concept of death consistently; others (19%) had a concept of death that
      was logically consistent with changing the whole-brain standard to classify
      anencephalics and patients in a persistent vegetative state as dead. The findings
      demonstrate confusion about correct criteria for determining death and
      differences in concepts of death that might prove troublesome to the
      transplantation enterprise. We conclude that health professionals should do more
      to resolve the clinical and conceptual issues in the definition and determination
      of death before policies concerning organ retrieval are changed.

PMID- 2926970
TI  - Learning theories implicit in medical school lectures.

PMID- 2926972
TI  - A piece of my mind. Coping with fallibility.

PMID- 2926971
TI  - Appropriate confusion over 'brain death'.

PMID- 2926973
TI  - The heated dorsal hand vein: an alternative arterial sampling site.
AB  - Studies of substrate flux, isotope activity and metabolic balance frequently
      require arterial sampling. We evaluated: (1) whether substrate concentrations
      obtained from heated dorsal hand veins (HDHV) were comparable to samples obtained
      from the radial artery, (2) whether heat sufficient to arterialize HDHV altered
      contralateral forearm blood flow thus affecting flux calculations, (3) whether a
      +14 heating pad equaled a cumbersome +700 heating chamber, and (4) whether HDHV
      showed a dose-response curve to varying heat loads. In 12 normals, dorsal hand
      temperature was raised from 31.8 +/- 0.6 degrees C to 39.8 +/- 0.8 degrees C
      (chamber) and 39.3 +/- 0.3 degrees C (pad). Basal contralateral forearm blood
      flow (3.37 +/- 0.7 ml/100 ml tissue/min) was not significantly altered in the
      chamber (3.39 +/- 0.5 ml) or the pad (3.44 +/- 0.5 ml). Skin temperature of the
      unheated hand, an index of superficial blood flow (31.5 +/- 0.7 degrees C) did
      not change significantly in the chamber (31.6 +/- 0.7 degrees C) or the pad (31.2
      +/- 0.7 degrees C). Forearm blood flow did not change with heating in eight
      postoperative patients. Comparative arterial and HDHV blood gases and 10
      metabolic substrates from simultaneously drawn samples at various temperatures
      showed HDHV PO2 approached but did not equal arterial PO2 at temperatures greater
      than 39 degrees C. Glucose, amino acid, and substrate concentrations were
      comparable at 39 degrees C and did not change with increasing temperature. HDHV
      can reliably determine arterial substrate concentrations using an inexpensive
      heating pad. In cool environments (20-22 degrees C), contralateral forearm blood
      flow is not significantly altered. There is no benefit to heating the hand above
      39 degrees C.

PMID- 2926974
TI  - Cord blood tryptophan concentrations and total cysteine concentrations.

PMID- 2926975
TI  - Energy expenditure during severe acute pancreatitis.
AB  - Energy expenditure (EE) was measured, during 3 consecutive days, in six patients
      suffering from acute pancreatitis. Measurements were achieved postoperatively,
      under mechanical ventilation, using a mass spectrometer system. EE represented
      1.49 times (range: 1.08-1.78) the predicted resting energy expenditure (PREE)
      according to the reevaluated Harris-Benedict equation. There was a weak positive
      correlation between EE and core temperature and a negative correlation between EE
      and nitrogen balance. EE/PREE was not different between septic and nonseptic
      patients (1.58 +/- 0.06 vs. 1.39 +/- 0.07). The calculations of nutrient
      oxidation rate indicated a high protein catabolic rate, a neoglucogenesis, and a
      lipolysis.

PMID- 2926976
TI  - Hand grip dynamometry as a predictor of postoperative complications reappraisal
      using age standardized grip strengths.
AB  - A mechanical hand grip dynamometer was used to derive age- and sex-related
      standard grip strengths from 247 healthy volunteers between 16 and 95 yr old.
      Preoperative grip strength was measured in 90 patients and related to
      postoperative complication rates. A grip strength of 85% standard for age and sex
      was found to be the most effective cut-off for prediction of postoperative
      complications in terms of sensitivity and specificity, predicting 74% of the
      complications (p less than 0.05). Specificity is improved over previously
      published standards related to sex alone especially when assessing the elderly
      patient (50% vs 21%). A grip strength below the recommended cut-off for age and
      sex suggests that the patient is in a high-risk group and demands further
      investigation of nutritional status. Studies of pre-operative nutritional support
      for the at risk group need to be undertaken.

PMID- 2926977
TI  - Comparison of forearm muscle dynamometry with nutritional prognostic index, as a
      preoperative indicator in cancer patients.
AB  - We studied 95 patients with cancer of the gastrointestinal tract in various
      sites. The aim of the study was to compare the forearm dynamometry vs the
      prognostic nutritional index which was reported by Busby et al, 1890. We used
      these methods as preoperative prognostic indicators for postoperative mortality
      and morbidity. The forearm muscle dynamometry has greater positive predictive
      value (58.33 vs 32.4%), higher sensitivity (77.78 vs 66.6%), and specificity
      (86.11 vs 65.28%) than the prognostic nutritional index. The forearm muscle
      dynamometry predicted the patients mortality with a high rate of sensitivity
      (100%). The results suggest that dynamometry is a useful, rapid, and inexpensive
      test. It is more accurate than the nutritional index, and can identify cancer
      patients at a high risk of developing major postoperative complications, and
      predict the postoperative morbidity and mortality.

PMID- 2926978
TI  - Hormonal and metabolic changes following severe head injury or noncranial injury.
AB  - In order to evaluate the effect of head injury in severely traumatized patients
      on the response of plasma cortisol, glucagon, insulin, glucose, and FFA as well
      as urinary N and catecholamines excretions, 36 patients were prospectively
      studied over 5 consecutive days following injury. They were divided into three
      groups: group I, severe isolated head injury (n = 14); group II, multiple injury
      combined with severe head injury (n = 12); group III multiple injury without head
      injury (n = 10). The results demonstrate similar hormonal and metabolic changes
      between these three groups of patients, characterized by elevated urinary
      adrenaline, noradrenaline excretion, increased cortisol, glucagon, insulin plasma
      levels throughout the study and elevated N urinary excretion with strongly
      negative N balances during the first 5 days postinjury. A significant correlation
      was observed between N intake and 5 day cumulated N balance (r = 0.63, p less
      than 0.001). In addition, N balance was negatively correlated with urinary
      excretion of adrenaline (r = -0.47, p less than 0.01) and noradrenaline (r = 
      0.44, p less than 0.05) as well as plasma levels of glucagon (r = -0.44, p less
      than 0.05). Isolated severe head injury seems to induce a full response in the
      secretion of the catabolic counterregulatory hormones comparable to that
      encountered in patients with multiple injury and associated with a marked
      increase in protein catabolism; additional noncranial major injury does not seem
      to enhance these responses.

PMID- 2926979
TI  - Serotonin metabolism in the central nervous system in portacaval shunted rats
      infused with fat emulsion.
AB  - Increased brain concentrations of tryptophan, and presumably thereby increased
      brain serotonin metabolism, have been observed following liver impairment and
      implicated in the etiology of portal-systemic encephalopathy (PSE). Increased
      plasma-free tryptophan (ie, not albumin-bound) concentrations can be expected
      after exogenous fat administration. This might further increase the brain
      serotonin metabolism in liver failure and negatively influence the PSE. We
      treated rats 2 weeks after end-to-side portacaval shunt (PCS) with continuous
      intravenous infusion of fat emulsion (Intralipid 20%) for 24 and 72 hr,
      respectively. The regional serotonin turnover was determined in different regions
      of the central nervous system (CNS) by measuring 5-hydroxyindole concentrations
      after NSD 1015 decarboxylase inhibition. The results revealed no further increase
      of the CNS serotonin turnover after fat infusion to PCS rats, compared with PCS
      rats given equal amounts of glucose. Thus, continuous infusion of a fat emulsion
      caused no major alteration of the CNS serotonin metabolism in PCS rats.

PMID- 2926981
TI  - [A histopathological investigation of metastatic liver tumors--the classification
      of their histological patterns and metastatic pathways taking into account the
      microscopic metastatic foci].
AB  - A histopathological study of metastatic liver cancers has been performed on 433
      autopsied cases at the Shikoku Cancer Center Hospital. With respect to the
      intrahepatic spread of the metastatic liver carcinomas, their invasion through
      the portal vein and the sinusoid were separately examined. The histological
      patterns of the prevalence of the liver metastasis were classified by taking into
      account both the factors and the prevalence of the nodules. A liver metastasis
      which was not detected by the naked eye but by microscopy was considered to be an
      early stage metastasis. All histological characteristics as well as the
      metastatic pathways also were considered.

PMID- 2926980
TI  - [Informing advanced cancer patients of the terminal nature of their disease and
      how this influenced their mental state].
AB  - From January, 1983 to July, 1987, advanced cancer patients, who have since died,
      were analysed as to the influence of their mental state after being told of the
      terminal nature of their disease. After obtaining family consent, 27 out of total
      of 65 patients were told the true nature of their disease, in contrast to the
      remaining 38 terminal patients who were kept unaware that they had cancer on the
      insistence of their families. The depression observed just before death was the
      marker used to determine the patients' mental distress during the terminal
      period, and it was noted that the incidence of this terminal depression was
      higher in the uniformed patients, and highest in those with pain who had not been
      told. Thus it was concluded that informing a patient that he or she has terminal
      cancer does not always induce mental distress, even in patients in an advanced
      cancer stage. Further, the pain that cancer causes must be effectively fought,
      since this was the major cause of mental distress during the terminal stage of
      the disease.

PMID- 2926983
TI  - [Clinical experiences with intraluminal irradiation using 198Au grains in the
      treatment of bile duct carcinoma].
AB  - Three cases of a bile duct carcinoma were treatment with radiotherapy, using
      intracatheterized 198Au grains. The intracatheter 198Au grains, placed in an
      inner tube, were inserted into a percutaneous transhepatic catheter. The number
      of 198Au grains used depended upon the length of the tumor. Tips of plastic were
      placed between the grains to improve the spatial and temporal dose allocation.
      The number of grains used can be changed quite easily, according to the length of
      the tumor, and the period of insertion in our cases was shorter than for a 192Ir
      wire. These three patients also received external irradiation and, since
      completion of treatment, two have continued to do well for the past 5 months.
      There have been no systemic or local complication.

PMID- 2926982
TI  - [The relative risk of a multiple primary cancer occurrence].
AB  - Patients diagnosed with cancer of the stomach, colon, breast, and uterus at
      Kanagawa Cancer Center have been studied for the possibility of having multiple
      primary cancers. The total occurrence rates of a second primary cancer were 3.2%
      in men and 4.0% in women. The relative risk (RR) of man with cancer of the
      stomach showed a significantly heightened chance of developing cancer of colon
      (RR, 4.2), and women with cancer of the breast for developing cancer of lung
      (4.2) and of the opposite breast (8.5). Further women with an endometrial cancer
      had a high risk for developing a cancer of ovary (30.0).

PMID- 2926984
TI  - [Experiences in clinical application of an automated calculation system that
      determines the optimum intracavitary irradiation condition in the treatment of
      carcinomas of the uterine cervix].
AB  - An automated calculation system that determines the optimum intracavitary
      irradiation condition for treating carcinomas of the uterine cervix has been
      developed on the basis of the Manchester system. Using Vax-11 computer, the
      system has been successfully applied in treating 105 patients since December,
      1984. Trouble with the system almost occurred during its use in the first year of
      its clinical application. One problem related to the method of calculation, which
      was quickly settled, and the other was mainly a human error. The calculation
      system has proven especially useful for radiotherapists.

PMID- 2926985
TI  - [Combination chemotherapy using cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, and cisplatin in
      recurrent or advanced endometrial cancer--a preliminary report].
AB  - Four patients with recurrent or advanced endometrial cancer have undergone
      combination chemotherapy with Cyclophosphamide, Adriamycin and Cisplatin (CAP).
      All drugs were administered by I.V. on day 1 in the following doses:
      Cyclophosphamide 500 mg/m2, Adriamycin 50 mg/m2 and Cisplatin 50 mg/m2. The
      treatment was repeated every 4 weeks and continued as long as there was disease
      progression. Two complete clinical responses and two partial responses were
      achieved. Based on these good results, we have initiated post-operative
      prophylactic chemotherapy using CAP in high risk patients. Adverse effects
      including myelo-suppression, nausea, and vomiting, and alopecia were seen in
      almost all patients. In no case, however, did any patient experience life
      threatening toxicity. Based on our experience, CAP therapy appears tolerable when
      used per our schedule.

PMID- 2926986
TI  - [Fast neutron radiotherapy of prostate cancer].
AB  - Between 1976 and 1987, sixty eight patients suffering from prostate cancer were
      treated with fast neutron radiotherapy at the NIRS hospital in Chiba, Japan.
      Tumor doses of TDF 100 were administered to the prostate gland, the regional
      lymphnodes, and the true pelvis, using the two opposing fields by fast neutron
      alone or with a boost. The overall local or regional tumor recurrence rate was
      found to be 10% and local control seemed to correlate with the histological
      differentiation of the cancer tissue, though there was no definite correlation
      with hormone treatment. A relatively high incidence of grade 3 and 4 radiation
      complications were observed, 21% for grade 3 and 7% for grade 4, due to
      subcutaneous fat necrosis caused by an inferior dose distribution of the fast
      neutron machine. The 5-year survival rate was seen to be 52% in total and 70% for
      patients in stage C. The modality of radiotherapy for prostate cancer is
      discussed.

PMID- 2926988
TI  - [A case of coexistent adenocarcinoma and primary malignant lymphoma of the
      stomach].
AB  - A case of a simultaneous adenocarcinoma and a primary malignant lymphoma of the
      stomach is presented. A sixty-one-year-old male was referred to us with
      epigastralgia. Gastroscopy and a biopsy revealed a *** c-like lesion in the
      stomach and, on histological examination, was determined as being an
      adenocarcinoma. A proximal gastrectomy and an R2-resection of lymph nodes then
      was performed. A pathological examination of the resected stomach disclosed a
      malignant lymphoma neighboring the adenocarcinoma. The presence of a simultaneous
      carcinoma and a malignant lymphoma of the stomach is quite rare, with only twenty
      eight documented patients reported in the Japanese literature. This entity is
      discussed.

PMID- 2926989
TI  - [A case of asbestosis complicated with double cancer of the stomach and colon].
AB  - A case of a double cancer, a stomach and a colon cancer, in a 84-year-old man is
      reported. The patient had an occupational history of asbestos exposure while
      working at two shipyards. His chest X-ray revealed typical, pleural plaque with
      calcification. Further, a significant number of asbestos bodies in his autopsied
      lung tissue was detected. In spite of failure to detect asbestos bodies in the
      stomach and the colon, our findings suggest that these two cancers may have been
      induced by asbestos exposure.

PMID- 2926991
TI  - [Manual for pre- and postoperative patient care. Brain tumor].

PMID- 2926990
TI  - [A pleomorphic lipoma of the palm--comparison to spindle cell lipoma].
AB  - A pleomorphic lipoma usually occurs in the neck, the shoulder, and/or on the
      backs of men over the age of 50. This tumor displays a mixture of fat cells,
      pleomorphic cells, floret cells, and bundles of mature collagen fiber. Herein we
      report on a pleomorphic lipoma that occurred on the palm of a 56-year-old woman.
      An immunohistochemical study, performed to compare the characteristics of a
      pleomorphic lipoma with those of a spindle cell lipoma, has suggested that the
      pleomorphic and floret cells of a pleomorphic lipoma are similar to the spindle
      cells of a spindle cell lipoma and not to fat cells. Our result seems to indicate
      that these two tumors are on the same spectrum and only the quantity of the
      pleomorphism keeps them distinct.

PMID- 2926987
TI  - [A case of retrocecal appendicitis occurrence during effective chemotherapy in
      lung cancer].
AB  - Reported is the case of 61-year-old male patient who developed an abscess,
      secondary to a ruptured retrocecal appendicitis, while undergoing effective
      chemotherapy for lung cancer. Patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy are
      especially susceptible to infectious complications because chemotherapy can cause
      myelosuppression. To our knowledge, has been no previous reported case of
      retrocecal appendicitis occurring during chemotherapy for the lung cancer.
      Retrocecal appendicitis is a dangerous form of complication occurring in patients
      being treated with chemotherapeutic drugs.

PMID- 2926992
TI  - [Manual for pre- and postoperative patient care. Hydrocephalus].

PMID- 2926993
TI  - [Manual for pre- and postoperative patient care. Lung cancer].

PMID- 2926994
TI  - [Manual for pre- and postoperative patient care. Breast cancer].

PMID- 2926995
TI  - [Manual for pre- and postoperative patient care. Pharyngeal cancer].

PMID- 2926996
TI  - [Manual for pre- and postoperative patient care. Esophageal cancer].

PMID- 2926998
TI  - [Manual for pre- and postoperative patient care. Thyroiditis (Basedow's
      disease)].

PMID- 2926997
TI  - [Manual for pre- and postoperative patient care. Stomach cancer].

PMID- 2926999
TI  - [Manual for pre- and postoperative patient care. Uterine cancer].

PMID- 2927000
TI  - [Manual for pre- and postoperative patient care. Chronic rheumatoid arthritis].

PMID- 2927001
TI  - [Manual for pre- and postoperative patient care. Fractures].

PMID- 2927002
TI  - [Manual for pre- and postoperative patient care. External injuries (upper and
      lower extremity amputation)].

PMID- 2927003
TI  - [Manual for pre- and postoperative patient care. Cataract].

PMID- 2927004
TI  - [Trends in evaluation nursing research in the U.S.A. 2. Research findings
      organized by model variables].

PMID- 2927005
TI  - [Trends in evaluation nursing research in the U.S.A. 3. Evaluative research in
      practice: an example].

PMID- 2927006
TI  - [Evaluation nursing research in nursing practice. II. Issues and possibilities of
      evaluation research for nursing. 4. Computer technology and evaluation research].

PMID- 2927007
TI  - [Issues and possibilities of evaluation research for nursing. 5. Ethics and
      evaluation research].

PMID- 2927008
TI  - [Issues and possibilities of evaluation research for nursing. 6. Research
      utilization: will it change practice?].

PMID- 2927009
TI  - [Issues and possibilities of evaluation research for nursing. 7. Nature and goal
      of nursing practice].

PMID- 2927010
TI  - [Issues and possibilities on evaluation research for nursing. 8. Summary].

PMID- 2927012
TI  - [Evaluation nursing research in nursing practice. III. Process of conducting
      evaluation research. 9. Three column approach to generating researchable
      problems].

PMID- 2927011
TI  - [Evaluation nursing research in nursing practice. I. Trends in evaluation nursing
      research in the U.S.A. 1. Definition and conceptualization of the model].

PMID- 2927014
TI  - [Process of conducting evaluation research. 11. Research methodology: sampling
      and instruments].

PMID- 2927013
TI  - [Process of conducting evaluation research. 10. Selecting a research design].

PMID- 2927015
TI  - [Process of conducting evaluation research. 12. Summary].

PMID- 2927016
TI  - Proceedings: 62nd general meeting, Japanese Pharmacological Society. March 25-28,
      1989, Kyoto, Japan. Abstracts.

PMID- 2927017
TI  - Inhibition by gossypol of cyclic nucleotide-independent phosvitin kinase from pig
      testis.
AB  - Gossypol, a male anti-fertility agent, was found to be an inhibitor of cyclic
      nucleotide-independent phosvitin kinase from pig testis. The IC50 value
      (concentration causing 50% inhibition) was 42 microM using phosvitin as
      substrate. Kinetic analysis indicated that the compound inhibited the enzyme
      noncompetitively with respect to ATP (Ki = 17 microM) and competitively with
      respect to phosvitin (Ki = 11 microM). The gossypol inhibition was reversed by
      the addition of polyamines. The compound also inhibited phosphorylation of high
      mobility group (HMG) proteins HMG 14 and 17 (the endogenous substrates in the
      testis located in nucleosome), with an IC50 value of 48 microM.

PMID- 2927018
TI  - Oral flora of mongrel and beagle dogs with periodontal disease.
AB  - The plaque flora was studied in adult mongrel and beagle dogs with periodontal
      disease. Gingival plaque from maxillary premolars was removed and cultured on
      various growth media. The flora in all dogs was composed of mostly anaerobic gram
      negative rods. Bacteroides asaccharolyticus was found in the highest proportion
      of plaque samples from mongrel dogs, and decomposed hydrogen peroxide suggesting
      catalase activity. Fusobacterium nucleatum was found in higher proportion in the
      plaque of beagle dogs as compared to B. asaccharolyticus. With the increasing
      numbers of obligative anaerobic gram negative organisms such as B.
      asaccharolyticus, the proportions of Streptococcus, Enterococcus and
      Staphylococcus decreased in the dogs with periodontal disease. The salivary flora
      was different from the plaque flora of the dogs with periodontal disease. It was
      constant regardless with the disease. The salivary flora of beagle dogs with the
      healthy gingiva was different from that of mongrel dogs. Enterococcus,
      Lactobacillus, Eubacterium and black-pigmented Bacteroides (BPB, mainly B.
      asaccharolyticus) were higher proportion in the flora of beagle dogs as compared
      to mongrel dogs, while Fusobacterium, Enterobacteriaceae, yeast and molds were
      lower in the flora. The results reveal that B. asaccharolyticus and F. nucleatum
      are common pathogens and uniquely contribute to the development of gingival
      inflammation in dog.

PMID- 2927019
TI  - Effects of isoprothiolane and phytosterol on serum lipids and adipose tissue of
      rats given saturated fat diet.
AB  - Rats received hardened-tallow (HT) diet continuously for 18 weeks. After 8 weeks
      of feeding, isoprothiolane (50 mg/kg) or phytosterol (20 mg/kg) was administered
      orally to the rats once a day consecutively for 10 weeks. In the rats given
      isoprothiolane, serum high density lipoprotein (HDL) phospholipid concentration
      increased. Decreased serum very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol
      concentration was seen in the rats given phytosterol. Isoprothiolane increased
      the level of palmitoleic acid (16:1), while phytosterol increased the level of
      palmitic acid (16:0) in phospholipid of adipose tissue. In the frozen tissue
      sections, the multiple crystals were seen in fat cells of the rats fed HT diet.
      Less crystals were seen in the rats given either drug when compared with the rats
      fed HT diet without drug.

PMID- 2927020
TI  - Cellular injury and lipid peroxidation induced by hexavalent chromium in isolated
      rat hepatocytes.
AB  - In order to elucidate the relationship between cellular injury and lipid
      peroxidation induced by hexavalent chromium (CrVI), isolated rat hepatocytes
      treated with any one of scavengers of active oxygen species, antioxidants or
      antichromium agent were incubated with K2Cr2O7 as CrVI (1 mM Cr). After the
      incubation, the development of lipid peroxidation was determined as
      thiobarbituric acid (TBA)-reacting materials in total lipid extracts from the
      incubated hepatocytes. Cellular injury was observed as a leakage of lactate
      dehydrogenase (LDH) from hepatocytes into incubation medium. The contents of
      reduced glutathione (GSH) in hepatocytes were also assessed. Results obtained
      were as follows: (1) CrVI facilitated lipid peroxidation in isolated hepatocytes
      after 20 min of incubation. On the other hand, the cellular injury induced by
      CrVI was barely observed even after 60 min of incubation. (2) The CrVI-induced
      lipid peroxidation was inhibited by catalase and mannitol as scavengers of active
      oxygen species, or N,N'-diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine and alpha-tocopherol as
      antioxidants. However the cytotoxicity of CrVI could not be prevented by these
      chemicals. (3) CrVI depleted the contents of intracellular GSH and diminished the
      activities of glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST)
      except glutathione peroxidase. (4) The scavengers of active oxygen species and
      the antioxidants could not prevent the depletion of intracellular GSH induced by
      CrVI. (6) Ascorbic acid, antichromium agent, prevented all of the lipid
      peroxidation, the cellular injury and intracellular GSH depletion induced by
      CrVI.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2927021
TI  - Experimental induction of splayleg in piglets by pyrimethamine.
AB  - Dietary administration of 3.6 mg/kg (BW)/day of pyrimethamine (PYR) to the 10
      pregnant Goettingen minipigs for the 1st quarter (during days 11 to 16) or the
      2nd quarter (during days 17 to 22) of the organogenetic period elicited the
      congenital splayleg (CSL) in 20 out of 27 live newborns. Only a splayleg piglet
      out of 18 was found in the control group. The incidence of stillbirth was higher
      in the PYR groups than the control group, but no major external malformation was
      observed in the piglets of the PYR groups. Histological and biochemical
      examinations of the muscles from the hindleg, foreleg and truncus were carried
      out. The severity of myofibrillar hypoplasia depended on neither CSL symptoms nor
      PYR administration. Although a significant decrease of protein content of the
      muscles was observed in the piglets of the PYR groups, the mechanism underlying
      the pathogenesis of induced splayleg was obscure.

PMID- 2927022
TI  - Artificial infection by transplantation of juvenile Fasciola worms into the
      abdominal cavity of rats.
AB  - Rats were successfully infected with Japanese Fasciola sp. by transplantation of
      juvenile worms (JW) or metacercariae (MC) into the abdominal cavity. Moreover,
      the rat was investigated on its suitability for different experiments with liver
      flukes. JWs or MCs transplanted intraperitoneally (IP) matured in the bile duct
      of rats. Moreover, more stable infections were established by inoculation of JWs
      than MCs. About 3 of 10-15 JWs transplanted into the abdominal cavity of a rat
      matured and laid eggs in the bile duct. The mean prepatent period was 63.5 days
      in the JW inoculated group. EPG values were kept constant at a level of 10(2)
      10(3) about 100 to 230 days after the transplantation of JWs. The life span of
      Japanese liver flukes was estimated to be about 400 days in rats. From these
      results, it was concluded that the rat is suitable for various experiments with
      Fasciola sp.

PMID- 2927023
TI  - Eimeria capricornis n.sp., E. nihonis n.sp., E. naganoensis n.sp., and E.
      kamoshika n.sp. (Protozoa: Eimeriidae) from the Japanese serow, Capricornis
      crispus.
AB  - Eimeria capricornis n.sp., E. nihonis n.sp., E. naganoensis n.sp. and E.
      kamoshika n.sp. were detected from the Japanese serow, Capricornis crispus. The
      oocysts of these species were ovoid to ellipsoid, measuring 48.02 +/- 0.53 x
      33.93 +/- 0.35 microns, 29.73 +/- 0.45 x 21.01 +/- 0.29 microns, 20.04 +/- 0.05 x
      15.77 +/- 0.04 microns and 30.02 +/- 4.24 x 14.58 +/- 2.03 micron, respectively.
      In all the species the micropyle was observed, but the micropylar cap and oocyst
      residuum were not present. The polar granules were observed in the oocysts of E.
      capricornis. The sporocysts of the above species were spherical to elongate
      ovoid, measuring 15-23 x 8-13 microns, 14-16 x 7-10 microns, 11-13 x 6-8 microns
      and 8-10 x 6-7 microns, and the sporulation time was 6, 3, 3 and 6 days,
      respectively. The sporocyst residuum and refractile body were seen in all the
      species. In the sporocysts of E. naganoensis and E. kamoshika tiny Stieda body
      was seen, but not in the other two species. These four Eimeria species were not
      infective to goats.

PMID- 2927024
TI  - Possible role of plasma neurotensin in regulating the excitatory neural control
      of the rectum of the fowl.
AB  - Effects of neurotensin (NT) applied via the blood vessel on the responses to
      stimulation of Remak's nerve (RNS) were investigated in the chicken isolated and
      perfused rectums. NT (5 ng-2 micrograms/ml) produced a concentration-dependent
      inhibition of the constituent contraction but not relaxation of the responses to
      RNS. In addition, high concentrations of NT (over 80 ng/ml) produced a
      contraction of the rectal muscle. Propranolol, a beta-adrenoceptor blocking
      agent, and guanethidine, an adrenergic neurone blocking agent, were able to
      reduce the inhibitory effect of NT on the response to RNS while potentiating the
      contractile effect of NT on the rectal muscle. NT (0.1 and 1 microgram/ml), like
      norepinephrine, decreased the flow rate of perfusate from the isolated rectum
      which was perfused at a constant pressure. Guanethidine enhanced norepinephrine
      induced vasoconstriction, and phentolamine, an alpha-adrenoceptor blocking agent,
      plus propranolol was able to abolish it. Either of these prior applications
      resulted in a small but significant reduction of NT-induced vasoconstriction.
      These findings suggest that NT in plasma may function as a circulating hormone to
      exhibit an inhibitory action on the excitatory neural input to the rectum in the
      chicken, and that catecholamine release from adrenergic nerve terminals by NT may
      account for some but not all of the activity.

PMID- 2927026
TI  - An application of the image analyzer to the soft radiogram of the third
      metacarpus in horses.

PMID- 2927025
TI  - An improved method for hemagglutinin extraction from feline herpesvirus type 1
      infected cell line.
AB  - Hemagglutination (HA) activity of feline herpesvirus type 1 (FHV-1) propagated in
      feline lung cell culture and two established feline cell lines, CRFK and fcwf-4,
      was investigated. Intra- and extracellular crude samples obtained from those
      infected cell cultures did not show HA activity. However, when treated with tween
      80-ether, HA activity appeared. There was no correlation between virus
      infectivity titers and the HA titers at various harvesting times, and besides,
      hemagglutinins were found in intracellular samples at the early stage of
      infection. By ultrasonic destruction of the infected fcwf-4 cells, high titer
      hemagglutinins were obtained. High titer hemagglutinins were also extracted
      successfully from infected fcwf-4 cell membranes by solubilization with any of
      the three detergents: Triton X-100, DOC, and CHAPS. The optimal concentrations of
      each detergent for solubilizing hemagglutinin were 0.05 (v/v)%, 0.5 (w/v)%, and
      0.1-0.2 (w/v)%, respectively. The HA activities of both the ultrasonic-treated
      hemagglutinin and the detergent-soluble hemagglutinin from infected fcwf-4 cells
      were inhibited specifically by anti-FHV-1 sera. Therefore, either hemagglutinin
      could be used as HA antigen for the hemagglutination-inhibition test.

PMID- 2927027
TI  - Ulex europaeus agglutinin I binding in the apocrine glands of the interdigital
      gland and skin in the Japanese serow Capricornis crispus.

PMID- 2927028
TI  - Protothecal mastitis in a cow.

PMID- 2927029
TI  - An adhesion-hemadsorption test for screening and identification of Mycoplasma
      gallisepticum.

PMID- 2927030
TI  - Diplotriaena falconis (Connal, 1912) (Filariidae, Nematoda) from a red-legged
      falconet, Microhierax caerulescens.

PMID- 2927031
TI  - A successful case of spastic paresis in a calf by partial tibial neurectomy.

PMID- 2927032
TI  - A case of chronic diffuse uveitis accompanied with dermal depigmentation in Akita
      dog.

PMID- 2927033
TI  - An evidence for human tumor cell lines producing different carcinoembryonic
      and/or its related antigens.

PMID- 2927034
TI  - Parasternal congenital diaphragmatic hernia in a calf.

PMID- 2927035
TI  - Selective binding of leukemia and lymphoma cell lines to lectins.

PMID- 2927036
TI  - Relation of intrinsic heart rate and autonomic nervous tone to resting heart rate
      in the young and the adult of various domestic animals.
AB  - Intrinsic heart rate (IHR) and autonomic nervous tone (ANT) were measured using
      the young and the adult of horses, cows, pigs, goats and chickens in order to
      elucidate species differences in a decrease of resting heart rate (RHR) with
      growth or age. The IHR and ANT were estimated from the changes in heart rate
      after the administration of atropine and/or propranolol. The IHR in all species
      decreased progressively with an increase in body weight from young to adult, and
      moreover the ANT altered toward the direction of parasympathetic predominance by
      a decrease in sympathetic tone and/or an increase in parasympathetic tone. The
      decrease of the RHR with growth resulted from a decrease in the IHR primarily and
      from a parasympathetic predominance in the ANT secondarily. A considerable
      species difference existed in the alteration of the ANT.

PMID- 2927037
TI  - Plasma prolidase activity as a possible diagnostic index of chronic hepatic
      abscess in cattle.
AB  - The usefulness of prolidase as a biochemical parameter to represent the chronic
      state of hepatic abscess was discussed in eight cattle experimentally inoculated
      with Fusobacterium necrophorum and 18 spontaneously affected cattle. Blood was
      daily collected to measure the plasma prolidase activity and sialic acid level
      from the experimental cattle for 90 days after inoculation. In three out of four
      cattle affected with hepatic abscess, prolidase activity began to rise about 40
      days after inoculation, and maintained high activity till 90 days. In the same
      cattle the sialic acid concentration increased from 7 to 10 days after
      inoculation, and gradually returned to the normal value 50 days after it. Another
      cow showed a similar change in early stage of experiment, but prolidase activity
      decreased after 70 days and sialic acid concentration maintained high level till
      90 days. In two cattle, which showed scars but no abscess on autopsy, the
      prolidase activity increased temporarily from 40 to 55 days after inoculation. In
      the control cattle inoculated with an inactivated bacterial suspension, neither
      the sialic acid level nor the prolidase activity showed any large variation in
      the experimental period. Among the spontaneously affected cattle, those with a
      high sialic acid level revealed normal prolidase activity and those with a normal
      sialic acid level had high prolidase activity.

PMID- 2927038
TI  - Studies on serum selenium and tocopherol in white muscle disease of foal.
AB  - In order to clarify the cause of white muscle disease (W.M.D.) in foals,
      tocopherol and selenium concentrations in serum and glutathione peroxidase
      activities in blood were measured. Examination was made on the samples from
      horses affected with W.M.D., the foal kept with them in the same stable, the
      foals kept in the stables without affected foals, and respective mares. The heavy
      breed horses in Fukuoka prefecture and Tokachi district were also examined for
      comparison. Serum tocopherol levels of these foals were normal because after
      intake of colostrum. Mares of affected foals showed lower tocopherol levels than
      other examined mares (p less than 0.01). Serum selenium levels of all foals were
      below 65 ppb, showing deficient levels. The mares of affected foals had lower
      selenium levels than other mares (p less than 0.01). There was a good correlation
      between serum selenium concentration and blood glutathione peroxidase activity (r
      = 0.81). Selenium levels in the liver of affected foals were lower than the foals
      which succumbed with other diseases. Diet supplied in the stables with affected
      foals showed low alpha-tocopherol and selenium contents. These findings suggest
      that W.M.D. in foals is attributed to nutritional muscular dystrophy caused by
      tocopherol and selenium deficiency of their mares in late gestation period.

PMID- 2927039
TI  - Formation of male and female sex cords in gonadal development of C57BL/6 mouse.
AB  - The sex cords of male and female fetal C57BL/6 mice were studied by light and
      transmission electron microscopy to elucidate the origins of Sertoli cells (male)
      and follicle cells (female) in detail. In the testes of fetal mice from day 12 to
      day 14 post coitum (p.c.), PAS-positive substances were detected exclusively
      throughout the cytoplasm of Sertoli cells. On day 12 p.c., pre-Sertoli cells,
      identified by PAS-reaction, formed irregular and cord-like arrangements around
      germ cells. The arrangements were not associated with the coelomic epithelium.
      Thus, it is suggested that Sertoli cells are originated from the mesonephric
      tissues. In the ovaries, germ cell cords were still not observed at a stage
      immediately following the gonadal sex differentiation in male. On about day 15
      p.c., connective tissues including many capillaries penetrated into the ovaries,
      resulting in obvious formation of germ cell cord-like arrangements. At the same
      time, the coelomic epithelium-derived cells (CEd cells) as well as the
      mesonephros-derived cells (Md cells) invaded the adjacent arrangements. It is
      concluded that the follicle cells are originated most from Md cells and some from
      CEd cells.

PMID- 2927040
TI  - Clinical and biochemical findings in bovine cerebrocortical necrosis produced by
      oral administration of amprolium.
AB  - Purposing to get some hints on cause and early diagnosis for cerebrocortical
      necrosis (CCN), CCN was produced in three healthy calves by the oral
      administration of amprolium. All three calves showed central nervous signs
      characterized by ataxic gait, clonic spasm, astasia and opisthotonus, from 24 to
      49 days after the start of daily administration of 321-418 mg/kg amprolium. They
      showed bradycardia from about 20 days before the appearance of the nervous signs,
      which was supposed to be a finding of primary change and to be useful for early
      diagnosis of CCN. At necropsy of the two calves, large necrotic lesion was found
      in the cerebral cortex, and tissue thiamine levels decreased significantly,
      especially in cerebrum and cerebellum. In the other calf, injection with 25 mg
      thiamine tetrahydrofurfuryl disulfide (TTFD) was proved to be effective for the
      recovery of clinical signs. No significant changes in thiamine level were
      recorded in the whole blood, but those in erythrocytes decreased slightly at
      about a week before the appearance of the clinical signs. No significant
      alteration of thiamine excretion was observed in urine. Those findings suggest
      that CCN in calves is caused by thiamine deficiency and that the blood thiamine
      levels cannot be used for diagnosis of CCN.

PMID- 2927041
TI  - Role of lymphocytes in dogs experimentally re-challenged with canine
      transmissible sarcoma.
AB  - The role of lymphocytes in dogs re-challenged with canine transmissible sarcoma
      (CTS) was investigated histologically and immunologically. Tumors were detected
      on the 3rd day, began to regress on the 9th day and disappeared on approximately
      the 15th day after the secondary transplantation (AST). The CTS cells were
      surrounded by lymphocytes which had infiltrated from the early stage, degenerated
      and ultimately disappeared. Most of the lymphocytes expressed thymocyte antigen
      (Ta) on the cell membrane surface. The numbers of lymphocytes and Ta-positive
      lymphocytes in peripheral blood increased gradually AST. The blastogenic
      responses of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) induced by 3 kinds of mitogens
      were elevated strikingly from the early stage AST. These results suggest that Ta
      positive lymphocytes play an important role in vivo in the regression of tumors
      and that the immunological activity of PBL is stimulated immediately AST.

PMID- 2927042
TI  - Evaluation of the pathogenicity and immunogenicity of vaccinia virus to piglets.
AB  - The pathogenicity and immunogenicity of vaccinia virus were examined in order to
      evaluate the possibility of its application as a recombinant viral vaccine in
      pigs. Following scarification inoculation with vaccinia virus, a mild reddish
      papulation developed only on the scarified part of the skin. No symptoms of
      illness such as fever or stunting were noted. Vaccinia virus was recovered in
      titers from scarified skin 4 and 7 days after inoculation. Control piglets
      cohabited with inoculated animals remained normal for the whole 5 week
      observation period. Hemagglutination inhibition and indirect immunofluorescence
      tests detected antibodies against vaccinia virus in the inoculated piglets,
      whereas no anti-vaccinia virus antibodies were detected in the contact control
      animals. Antigen-induced blastogenic tests of peripheral blood lymphocytes from
      animals, revealed that lymphocytes obtained from inoculated donors 5 weeks after
      inoculation, had a higher stimulation index (P less than 0.05) than did those
      from uninoculated piglets. These results suggested that vaccinia virus would be
      useful as a recombinant viral vector for pigs.

PMID- 2927043
TI  - Kansas responds to AIDS.

PMID- 2927044
TI  - Professional nursing making the big mental leap--what was to what is to what will
      be.

PMID- 2927045
TI  - Update: universal precautions for prevention of transmission of human
      immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and other bloodborne pathogens in
      health-care settings.

PMID- 2927046
TI  - School nursing and AIDS education.

PMID- 2927047
TI  - Phospholipase A: recent developments in methodology, pathophysiology and clinical
      application. Papers from a workshop. June 1988, Ulm, Federal Republic of Germany.

PMID- 2927048
TI  - Time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay of pancreatic phospholipase A2.
AB  - We have developed an immunoassay for human pancreatic secretory phospholipase A2
      based on time-resolved fluorescence. The labeled antibody technique in
      combination with the time-resolved fluorometric detection of the Europium label,
      which essentially eliminates all background fluorescence, resulted in a high
      sensitivity and a wide linear range. Our assay is a one-incubation, multi-site,
      solid-phase assay on polystyrene microtiter strips, even though a polyclonal
      antibody was used. Increased levels of immunoreactive phospholipase A2 are found
      by this assay in sera of patients suffering from acute pancreatitis.

PMID- 2927049
TI  - Modified photometric method for the determination of phospholipase A activities.
AB  - A modified photometric method for the determination of phospholipase A activities
      which is based on a previously published reaction principle is described. The
      modified assay uses a lyophilized substrate emulsion rather than a freshly
      prepared phospholipid emulsion and a new chromogen (tribromohydroxybenzoic acid
      and 4-amino-antipyrine) with a high molar absorption coefficient (1,930 m2/mol at
      546 nm, 2,900 m2/mol at 512 nm wavelength). The new test is more practicable with
      respect to pipetting volumes and incubation times. Preliminary results of a
      method evaluation indicate that the modified assay fulfills the usual criteria
      for clinical chemical enzyme measurements.

PMID- 2927050
TI  - A radiochemical test for phospholipase A2 catalytic activity.
AB  - A position-specifically labelled phosphatidylcholine is the substrate for the
      selective determination of Phospholipase A2 in serum, ascites and tissue samples.
      Optimal reaction conditions and simplifications of handling are discussed. A
      control group of human serum samples ranged up to 2.1 U/l. The maximum serum
      activity in samples of patients with acute pancreatitis was 126 U/l. In human
      ascites activities up to 380 U/l were measured. The method described here turned
      out to be a practicable instrument for the determination of phospholipase A2
      activity using only commercially available reagents.

PMID- 2927051
TI  - Characterization of phospholipase A2 activity in aspirates of human pancreatic
      pseudocysts after isolation by reversed-phase high performance liquid
      chromatography.
AB  - Phospholipase A (PLA) is able to attack membrane phospholipids and thereby plays
      a putative role in the pathogenesis of pancreatic pseudocysts. We looked for PLA2
      like activity in aspirates from human pancreatic pseudocysts. In material
      originating from one cyst which occurred shortly after an acute pancreatitis
      attack, hydrolyzing enzymatic activity measured by a sensitive bioassay system
      for PLA2 activity was found without prior trypsin activation (67 x 10(3)
      U/min/100 microliters). A biochemical characterization of this hydrolyzing
      enzymatic activity was provided after resolution of the respective proteins
      contained in the cyst fluid by HPLC. High hydrolyzing activities were found in
      correspondence to one specific, early eluting peak. The purified enzyme had pH
      optima at 3.5 and 6. Addition of EDTA (5 mM) to the test system abolished the
      enzymatic activity which mirrored the requirement for calcium ions. The activity
      was optimal at calcium concentrations ranging from 1-2 mM. Higher calcium
      concentrations reduced the enzymatic activity. The enzyme showed high heat
      stability. SDS-gel analysis of the peak showed one single band with a molecular
      weight of about 20,000 Daltons. Our findings demonstrate the possibility of
      activated, PLA-like activity in human pancreatic pseudocyst fluid. We speculate
      that an inappropriate activation of this enzyme in peri- or intrapancreatic
      "fluid collections" could account for pseudocyst formation after an acute
      pancreatitis attack.

PMID- 2927052
TI  - Phospholipase A activities in ascites, serum, lymph, and urine in acute
      pancreatitis following pancreas stimulation with secretin-ceruletid.
AB  - As a result of pancreas stimulation with secretin-ceruletid we were able to
      measure the release of phospholipase A in ascites, serum, lymph, and urine in
      acute experimental pancreatitis in the dog. After induction of acute pancreatitis
      we found no increase over the normal range in serum, lymph, and urine
      phospholipase A activities. In addition, the stimulation of the exocrine pancreas
      did not show a significant change in phospholipase A activity. The excessively
      high phospholipase A activity in ascites following induction of acute
      pancreatitis fell significantly after pancreas stimulation with secretin
      ceruletid.

PMID- 2927053
TI  - Phospholipase A2--regulation and inhibition.
AB  - Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of different
      diseases. Thus, the pharmacological intervention of PLA2 activity by specific
      inhibitors is of great therapeutical value in ameliorating pathological
      conditions. Despite a great number of published data regarding PLA2 inhibitors
      none has reached clinical application. Since enzyme activity can be greatly
      influenced by the experimental conditions of the test system used, a potent in
      vitro enzyme inhibitor does not indicate therapeutic effectiveness per se. In
      order to enhance the predictable value of an in vitro screening system for PLA2
      inhibitors, a battery of test systems each measuring certain parameters should be
      applied. Considering the complex mechanism(s) of PLA2 it is extremely important
      to elucidate the exact inhibition mechanism of those compounds, which have passed
      these first filters. True inhibitors of PLA2 should then be evaluated in suitable
      ex vivo, in vivo models.

PMID- 2927054
TI  - Phospholipase A2 induced diffuse alveolar damage--effect of indomethacin and
      dexamethasone upon morphology and plasma-histamine level.
AB  - Phospholipase A2, injected as a bolus into the jugular vein of adult male Wistar
      rats was investigated with respect to its action upon lung morphology and blood-
      plasma- histamine. In comparison with the injection of saline, phospholipase A2
      causes hyperemia of the lungs, sequestration of granulocytes and intraalveolar
      pulmonary edema; the histamine level is increased to the sixfold. Pretreatment of
      the animals with indomethacin diminishes the toxic effect of phospholipase A2
      upon the lungs and the histamine level.

PMID- 2927055
TI  - Prognostic value of serum phospholipase A in acute pancreatitis.
AB  - Serum from 48 patients with acute pancreatitis (21 with interstitial-edematous
      and 27 with necrotizing pancreatitis) was monitored for immunoreactive (IR)
      phospholipase A2 (PLA2) protein concentration and PLA catalytic activity. In both
      groups within 48 h after start of acute pancreatitis an up to tenfold increase of
      IR-PLA2 was demonstrable. Determination of IR-PLA2 revealed no differences
      between the groups. In contrast, determination of PLA catalytic activity allowed
      us to differentiate between patients with interstitial-edematous and necrotizing
      pancreatitis.

PMID- 2927056
TI  - Prognostic value of serum phospholipase A in the multitraumatized patient.
AB  - Phospholipase A serum activity was prospectively studied in 39 patients with
      multiple trauma. There was no correlation of phospholipase A activity with type
      or severity of injury. With increasing phospholipase A levels, a rise in
      mortality was found. A prediction of fatal outcome on an individual basis was not
      possible. The sensitivity for complications was 90%, whereas the predictive value
      of the positive test (64%) and specificity (47%) were low. When the behavior of
      phospholipase A and elastase release were compared, no correlation between these
      two parameters could be detected. Therefore, PMN leukocytes do not seem to be a
      major source of phospholipase A in serum.

PMID- 2927057
TI  - Phospholipase A--a parameter of sepsis? A comparison of PLA and Stevens' Sepsis
      Severity Score.
AB  - Phospholipase A (PLA) and Sepsis Severity Score (SSS) were measured regularly in
      28 patients with sepsis (n = 11), pancreatic operations (n = 7), or multitrauma
      combined with contused abdominal trauma (n = 10). No linear correlation was found
      between these two parameters. A statistical correlation could be shown for the
      paired values PLAmax/SSS or PLA/SSSmax. They lie together above or below their
      "critical value" of 20 points SSS or 30 U/l PLA (alpha less than 0.05). The
      evaluation of mortality shows a distinctly higher significance for the SSS (P
      less than 0.01) in comparison with the PLA (P less than 0.05). In certain cases
      PLA was the first parameter which could have shown the beginning of a septic
      process.

PMID- 2927058
TI  - Serum phospholipase A2 in intensive care patients with peritonitis, multiple
      injury, and necrotizing pancreatitis.
AB  - To study the source and role of circulating phospholipase A2 (PLA2) catalytic
      activity we monitored the serum from patients with necrotizing pancreatitis (n =
      8), diffuse peritonitis (n = 6), and multiple injuries (n = 11). Immunoreactive
      PLA2 serum protein concentration was analysed using a fluoroimmunoassay based on
      an antibody against human pancreatic PLA2. Serum PLA2 catalytic activity was
      analysed using a radiochemical method based on a substrate with tritiated
      palmitic acid in beta position. In necrotizing pancreatitis immunoreactive PLA2
      and PLA2 catalytic activity both increased. Obviously, in necrotizing
      pancreatitis the major part of serum catalytic activity stems from the pancreas.
      In patients with diffuse peritonitis and multiple injuries, as a rule,
      immunoreactive phospholipase A2 serum concentration appears to be within the
      normal range. In contrast, in these patients we demonstrated high serum catalytic
      PLA2 activity comparable to that in necrotizing pancreatitis. The source of
      catalytic PLA2 activity in peritonitis and multiple injuries seems not to be the
      pancreas. There was a correlation between pulmonary insufficiency and serum PLA2
      catalytic activity in patients with necrotizing pancreatitis, peritonitis, and
      multiple injuries.

PMID- 2927059
TI  - Serum phospholipase A in hematological diseases.
AB  - Inflammatory cells, e.g., neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages are presumed to
      be a source of circulating phospholipase A in nonpancreatic diseases. Therefore,
      we investigated in a preliminary study whether serum phospholipase A activity is
      related to leukocyte counts in 43 patients with hematological diseases. Serum PLA
      activity was significantly increased in patients with Hodgkin's disease, acute
      monocytic leukemia, myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia, and polycythemia vera
      when compared with patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia, chronic
      lymphocytic leukemia, and acute myelogenous leukemia, but did not correlate with
      total leukocyte counts.

PMID- 2927060
TI  - Increased platelet volume--sign of impaired thrombopoiesis in diabetes mellitus.
AB  - Increased functional properties of diabetic platelets might be already
      conditioned during thrombopoiesis in the stem cell system. This hypothesis was
      studied by recording the distribution characteristics of the peripheral platelet
      pool in 218 diabetic patients versus 51 controls. Furthermore, platelet membrane
      coating with the stem cell marker glycoprotein IB was analyzed in 41 diabetic
      subjects and compared to 23 healthy volunteers. A consistent, significant shift
      of the volume distribution to larger platelets was found in diabetics: Mean
      platelet volume (MPV) - 7.9 +/- 0.9 versus 7.2 +/- 0.8 [fl]; Megathrombocyte
      index (MTI) - 20.4 +/- 2.8 versus 18.1 +/- 2.5 [fl]. These deviations were
      present in all patient subsets, however did not correlate to parameters of
      glucose metabolism. Whole blood platelet count was increased in the patient
      group; 195.0 +/- 59.5 versus 184.0 +/- 37.5 x 10(3) plts/ul. Coating with
      glycoprotein IB receptors correlated significantly to platelet size in platelets
      of both controls and diabetics (r normal = 0.52 +/- 0.07; r diabetic = 0.46 +/-
      0.1). The quantitative expression of glycoprotein IB was significantly enhanced
      in the diabetic group: 54,500 x 1.28 +/- 1 versus 39,100 x 1.3 +/- 1 molecules
      per platelet. In conclusion, these findings strongly support the assumption of
      diabetic stem cell dysfunction of the megakaryocytic series and progenitor cells
      resulting in platelets with primarily increased potency to adhere and aggregate
      in diabetes mellitus.

PMID- 2927061
TI  - [Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in Wegener's granulomatosis in
      relation to therapy with cyclosporin A].
AB  - A female patient with Wegener's granulomatosis developed severe bone marrow
      depression after two years treatment with cyclophosphamide. Corticosteroids alone
      could not sufficiently suppress disease activity, therefore additive therapy with
      Cyclosporin A was started. Four weeks later the patient developed a central
      nervous system disorder with affective disturbances and progressive somnolence.
      However, inspite of intensive diagnostic procedures, no definite diagnosis could
      be established. After another two months she died. Post-mortem-examination showed
      progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. An association between
      immunosuppressive therapy and reactivation of JC-Virus is suggested.

PMID- 2927063
TI  - [Developmental tasks of the elderly from a psychosocial aspect].

PMID- 2927062
TI  - [Innovative aspects in clinical medicine. Nephrology--new perspectives for
      dialysis patients. Symposium. 25-27 November 1988, Heidelberg. Abstracts].

PMID- 2927064
TI  - [Survey report on nursing education, 1988].

PMID- 2927065
TI  - [Role of public health nurses in a health center].

PMID- 2927066
TI  - [Role of the occupational nurse based on the worker's health status in Korea].

PMID- 2927068
TI  - [Nursing diagnosis in wellness childbearing settings].

PMID- 2927067
TI  - [Crisis theory: the foundation of the function of public health centers].

PMID- 2927069
TI  - [Case study of a patient with liver cirrhosis].

PMID- 2927070
TI  - [A study comparing the perception of patients, nurses and doctors about the
      educational needs of cancer patients].
AB  - Because of the advances in the treatment of cancer, patients live longer and
      require more comprehensive information in order to understand their illness,
      treatment procedure and role in the health care process. Each treatment involves
      combined therapeutic approaches, so information must be presented to the patient
      in such a way as to promote maximum understanding and acceptance. The purposes of
      this study were to explore and compare patients', nurses' and doctors' perception
      of the educational needs of cancer patients and to identify areas of agreement
      and disagreement in the perception of these needs by patients, nurses and
      doctors. Three groups took part in the study; 78 cancer patients, 39 nurses and
      35 doctors. They all were selected from one general teaching hospital. Data were
      collected using a questionnaire, developed by the investigators. The
      questionnaire was made up of 2 sections; an importance rating scale and a
      knowledge/providing information rating scale. Each rating scale consisted of 20
      specific informational items that were elicited through interviews with 60 cancer
      patients. The data were analyzed using percentages, means, Pearson correlation
      coefficients, t-test, and ANOVA. The results of this study were as follows; 1.
      Nurse subjects achieved a higher total score (85.6154) on the rating of
      importance than did the patients (81.5238) or the doctors (79.3125). The
      difference between the three group's total score was significant (F = 6.164, p
      less than .01) and the difference between the nurses' total score and doctors'
      was also statistically significant (t = 3.95, p less than .001). 2. On the whole,
      the rankings for the mean score of importance for the 20 items differed among the
      three groups of subjects. For the patient subjects, the highest mean ratings were
      for "the symptoms of recurring illness", "progress of illness", and "plan and
      duration of treatment" showing these to be the items that they considered
      important. The nurse subject felt that it was most important for oncology
      patients to know about "plan and duration of treatment", "how to minimize
      problems with loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting", and "amount of activity the
      patient can do around the work setting". Doctors felt it was most important for
      the patient to know about "prognosis of illness", "progress of illness", and
      "plan and duration of treatment". "Plan and duration of treatment" was the common
      item that all three groups perceived as important for patient learning.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2927072
TI  - [Physiological changes of the elderly].

PMID- 2927071
TI  - [A study on the relationship between pre- and post-hysterectomy sexual behavior
      differences and the sexual satisfaction of women who have had a hysterectomy].
AB  - The objective of this study was to provide a basis for sexual counselling and
      education for women who have had a hysterectomy. This was a cross sectional
      descriptive correlation study. There were 230 subjects in the study. The time
      period from the hysterectomy varied from one month to eighteen months. The
      subjects were selected by a convenient sampling method. The tool for this study
      was developed by the researcher through a literature review, consultation from 36
      women who have had a hysterectomy and nursing faculty. A pilot study was done to
      determine the necessary modifications. Data collection was done between Sept.
      1987 and Dec. 1987 using a mailed questionnaire. The results of this study are
      summarized as follows; 1. The differences between pre-post hysterectomy sexual
      behavior in frequency was that all the sexual behaviors were decreased; the
      decreased rate of coitus was 20.7%, of kissing or embracing 10.9%, of fondling of
      sexual organs 8.7%, of female prone-position 3.3%, of petting 7.7%, of sexual day
      dream 1.0%. 2. For the low income group, the sexual behavior with the most
      significant decrease in frequency was fondling the sex organs (t = 2.21, p less
      than .05). For the housewife group, it was a decrease in the one of the female
      prone position (t = -2.02, p less than .05). For the group under the age of 39,
      it was petting (t = -2.13, p less than .05). The housewife group showed an
      increase in sexual day dreams as compared to the group having a job (t = -3.12, p
      less than .01). The group that did not received the post-op information, showed a
      significant decrease in kissing or embracing behavior (t = 2.73, p less than
      .01), and male prone position (t = -2.46, p less than .01), and also the group
      that did not receive the pre-op information showed a significant decrease of male
      prone position (t = -2.19, p less than .05), and also of petting (t = -2.95, p
      less than .01). 3. The relationship between sexual behavior pre-post hysterectomy
      differences and sexual satisfaction only showed a significant correlation for the
      sexual behavior of coitus (r = -2.012, p less than .001), and fondling of sex
      organs (r = -.1121, p less than .05). In conclusion, although there were a
      decrease in all sexual behavior after the hysterectomy, the difference between
      the pre hysterectomy sexual behavior and the post hysterectomy sexual behavior
      correlated with sexual satisfaction for only of the two behaviors.

PMID- 2927073
TI  - [The development of an occupational stress management tool for psychiatric
      nurses].
AB  - The purpose of this study is to propose the baseline data for developing the
      occupational stress measurement tool for Psychiatric nurses Working in the
      hospital. 135 staff nurses in psychiatric unit of 11 hospital were participated
      during the period from August 1 to August 20, 1988. Though the pretest and
      literature review a questionnaire was constructed with 88 stressors which were
      experienced by the psychiatric nurses in the hospital. Subjects were given
      instruction to rate 1-6 likert type scale according to the level of stress
      experienced by each stressor described. Reliability of the tool was tested by
      Cronbach's Alpha and the result was alpha = 0.94871. Factor analysis was applied
      to organize 88 items together. As the result, 14 factors were obtained. The
      factors were; 1) Administration problem. 2) Work overload. 3) Role conflict as a
      profession. 4) Lack of professional knowledge and skill. 5) Conflict with nurses.
      6) Conflict with other health teams. 7) Conflict in nurse-client relationship. 8)
      Conflict with supervisor. 9) Conflict with subordinate. 10) Low reward. 11)
      Scheduling problem. 12) Inappropriate physical environment. 13) Staff inadequate.
      14) Inadequate of equipment.

PMID- 2927075
TI  - [Use of various methods of dialysis in intensive care patients].

PMID- 2927074
TI  - [The nursing process].

PMID- 2927076
TI  - [What are the possibilities of training asthmatics?].

PMID- 2927077
TI  - Kinetics of cellular proliferation after arterial injury. V. Role of acute
      distension in the induction of smooth muscle proliferation.
AB  - Arteries denuded by the passage of a balloon catheter demonstrate marked smooth
      muscle cell (SMC) proliferation, whereas arteries denuded by a fine wire do not.
      We examined the possibility that vessel distension in addition to endothelial
      loss accounted for the SMC proliferation in the balloon model. Segments of rat
      left carotid isolated by temporary ligatures were distended hydrostatically with
      tissue culture medium at 300 mm Hg pressure via an external carotid cannula.
      Animals received either continuous [3H]thymidine infusion (intraperitoneally,
      Alzet pump, Alz Corp., Palo Alza, California) for 14 days or pulsed with
      [3H]thymidine at 1, 2, 3, or 7 days, and SMC proliferation was assessed by
      autoradiography. Distended vessels demonstrated patchy denudation acutely and
      complete endothelial regeneration by 3 days. No SMC were present in the intima at
      later times. Nevertheless, cumulative SMC proliferation over 14 days was 21 +/-
      3% (perfused but not distended control: 0.8 +/- 0.6%; partially de
      endothelialized but not distended control: 0.3 +/- 0.1%). Pulse-labeling
      demonstrated a peak of SMC proliferation between 2 and 3 days after injury. These
      results suggest that acute distension can contribute to the induction of SMC
      proliferation after endothelial denudation.

PMID- 2927078
TI  - The induction of anagen hair growth in telogen mouse skin by cyclosporine A
      administration.
AB  - One clinical complication of immunosuppressive cyclosporine A (CsA) therapy is
      the stimulation of hair growth. Since few pharmacologic agents cause
      hypertrichosis, CsA appears particularly interesting for investigating the
      mechanisms which control normal hair formation. Previous investigators have shown
      that CsA affects the hair growth of the laboratory rat, several genetic variants
      of mice, as well as humans, and they have concluded that CsA influences
      keratinization predominantly. Using a well-defined in vivo assay which measures
      the induction of hair follicle growth, we report here that CsA induces resting
      (telogen) follicles to enter active growth (anagen) in normal laboratory mice
      (C57 B1-6), i.e., animals with a normal hair cycle. The experiments indicate that
      the rate of anagen induction is dependent on the dose, time course, and method of
      administration and that it may be mediated via a direct action of CsA on the skin
      and its appendages. These studies suggest that understanding the molecular
      mechanisms of CsA action on hair growth will help elucidate the mechanisms of
      normal anagen induction.

PMID- 2927079
TI  - Kinetics of excretion of 2-acetylaminofluorene in normal and xenobiotic-treated
      rats and in rats with hepatocyte nodules.
AB  - This study was designed to explore further the hypothesis that the special
      resistance phenotype seen in hepatocyte nodules during liver carcinogenesis could
      have a physiologic correlate in the manner with which a carcinogenic xenobiotic
      is handled. Hepatocyte nodules were induced in male rats by continuous or
      intermittent exposure to dietary 2-acetylaminofluorene over a 25-week period. Two
      or 5 weeks after the exposure, the animals were given a single dose of 9-14C-2
      acetylaminofluorene. The amounts and rates of excretion of unconjugated compound
      and derivatives and of the glucuronic acid metabolites in the bile and urine and
      the amounts in the blood and liver were measured over a period of 180 minutes.
      For comparison, animals fed the basal diet alone, animals injected with
      phenobarbital or 3-methylcholanthrene, animals receiving a single dose of cobalt
      heme and animals fed the 2-acetylaminofluorene for only 2 weeks were studied.
      These groups were used as controls for different patterns of drug metabolism,
      especially relating to the cytochromes P-450. The nodule-bearing animals showed a
      pattern of handling of the carcinogen that is quite different than that of the
      animals of any other group. They excreted in the bile plus urine from 20 to 30%
      less. However, relatively much more was in the urine. The free and glucuronide
      conjugated metabolic products of the carcinogen were assessed by high performance
      liquid chromatography. The nodule-bearing animals and the animals treated with 3
      methylcholanthrene excreted much more glucuronic acid esters. The pattern of
      distribution of labeled 2-acetylaminofluorene is different in the nodule-bearing
      rats than in other animals in which variations in phase I and phase II drug
      metabolizing enzymes were induced by treatment with cobalt heme, phenobarbital, 3
      methylcholanthrene or short-term exposure to dietary 2-acetylaminofluorene.

PMID- 2927080
TI  - Kinetics of interaction of 2-acetylaminofluorene with normal liver and carcinogen
      induced hepatocyte nodules in vivo and in vitro.
AB  - This study examines the initial uptake and subcellular distribution of the
      carcinogen [14C]-2-acetylaminofluorene in liver nodules and normal liver. The
      route of administration of the carcinogen was intravenously through a peripheral
      branch of the superior mesenteric vein, intragastrically or intraperitoneally.
      Tissue distribution was initially dependent on blood flow, but the retention
      after 5 minutes varied between different tissues according to tissue affinity,
      high in liver, fat and muscle, low in kidney and brain. The major fraction was
      retained in the liver. In vitro experiments demonstrated that total levels of
      [14C]-2-acetylaminofluorene were 8-fold lower in hepatocytes from liver nodules
      compared with normal liver. The 2-acetylaminofluorene was bound more avidly to 12
      to 15 kilodalton cytosolic proteins than to 40 to 50 kilodalton proteins in
      normal liver and this binding was much less in hepatocyte nodules. The
      subcellular distribution indicated that the microsomal fractions had a greater
      specificity than mitochondria, homogenate, or cytosol. This specificity was not
      due to the lipid content of the fractions. Microsomal fractions from liver
      nodules had 2-fold less [14C]-2-acetylaminofluorene bound than from normal liver.
      The carcinogen was bound in cytosolic proteins with a peak 90 minutes after
      intravenous injection, as compared with a peak for microsomes at 10 minutes.
      These results lend further support for the concept that the biochemical
      properties in liver nodules minimize the metabolism of xenobiotics in vivo.

PMID- 2927081
TI  - Specialized metaplastic columnar epithelium in Barrett's esophagus. A comparative
      transmission electron microscopic study.
AB  - Barrett's esophagus develops as a complication of regurgitant esophagitis and
      predisposes patients to the development of dysplasia and esophageal
      adenocarcinoma. Prior ultrastructural studies have suggested that Barrett's
      epithelium is a mucous secretory epithelium that shares some morphologic features
      with the intestine. The origin and development of Barrett's epithelium and the
      cellular abnormalities accompanying its neoplastic progression are poorly
      understood. In an attempt to better understand the histogenesis of the mucus
      producing cells that predominate in Barrett's epithelium, these cells were
      studied by transmission electron microscopy and compared with other upper
      gastrointestinal epithelia: esophageal glands, normal gastric surface, pit, and
      cardiac gland regions, gastric intestinal metaplasia, and normal jejunal villous
      tip and crypt regions. A total of 134 mucosal biopsies from the stomach and
      esophagus of 28 patients with Barrett's esophagus and 37 biopsies from 14 other
      control patients were studied. Barrett's specialized metaplastic surface cells
      display a spectrum of ultrastructural features among three main surface columnar
      epithelial cell types: mucous cells resembling those seen in the normal gastric
      surface epithelium or resembling mucous neck cells normally seen in the gastric
      pits; goblet cells similar to those seen in the jejunum; and "pseudoabsorptive"
      cells with features of both gastric mucous secretory cells and jejunal absorptive
      cells. Cytoplasmic organelles of Barrett's specialized metaplastic, normal
      gastric mucous neck, and normal gastric surface mucous epithelial cells,
      including rough endoplasmic reticulum, glycogen aggregates, Golgi apparatus, and
      mucous secretory granules, have common ultrastructural features associated with
      mucus synthesis. The morphologic heterogeneity of Barrett's specialized
      metaplastic cells and common ultrastructural features associated with normal
      mucus biosynthesis suggest that they develop from a gastrointestinal stem cell
      that retains the capacity for a wide range of normal and abnormal differentiation
      in the esophagus. The identity of this undifferentiated cell, which may reside in
      normal proximal gastric or esophageal mucosa, remains unknown. However, the
      gastric mucous neck cell has properties that suggest it could be the progenitor
      cell for Barrett's esophagus because it is a stem cell that has ultrastructural
      similarities to Barrett's specialized metaplastic epithelial cells and it is
      located in intact gastric mucosa adjacent to where Barrett's esophagus forms.

PMID- 2927082
TI  - Induction of glomerulosclerosis by dietary lipids. A functional and morphologic
      study in the rat.
AB  - Clinical and experimental data indicate that glomerular function and morphology
      may be influenced by plasma lipids. In familial lecithin-cholesterol
      acyltransferase (LCAT) deficiency and in Fabry's disease, lipids accumulate in
      glomeruli and are assumed to induce sclerosis. The present study was undertaken
      to examine if dietary lipids could exert effects on the glomeruli of normal,
      unilaterally nephrectomized rats, and of rats with two-kidney, one clip (2-K,1C)
      hypertension. In rats with two kidneys on a diet rich in fat and cholesterol,
      cholesterol concentrations in very low density lipoproteins increased. In these
      rats the number of glomeruli with sclerotic foci was significantly higher than in
      rats on a low fat, cholesterol free diet. After 6 months on the diet the
      percentage of glomeruli with sclerosis (SC) was 13.2 +/- 4.1 (N = 9) in rats with
      a cholesterol diet and 1.8 +/- 0.6 (N = 11) in control rats (p less than 0.05).
      The fat and cholesterol diet exacerbated glomerular lesions in the remnant kidney
      model of uninephrectomized rats. The sclerosis in rats with only one kidney was
      38.2 +/- 9.5 (N = 6) on a cholesterol diet compared with 8.7 +/- 3.0 (N = 6) in
      control rats after 6 months (p less than 0.05). After 3 to 4 months on a fat rich
      diet cholesterylester was increased in isolated glomeruli. The composition of the
      dietary lipids influenced the development of glomerular lesions. A linseed oil
      diet that is rich in unsaturated fatty acids, especially linolenic acid, did not
      cause major plasma lipid abnormalities and was accompanied by a low sclerosis
      (1.2 +/- 0.3; N = 9) for rats with two kidneys. In rats with chronic 2-K, 1C
      hypertension the percentage of glomeruli with partially sclerosed tufts in the
      unclipped kidney was significantly higher on a fat and cholesterol diet (F) than
      on a control diet (N) (SC: diet F 31.0 +/- 4.0, N = 13; diet N 12.2 +/- 2.6, N =
      12; P less than 0.05). In the clipped kidney, protected against the arterial
      hypertension, only an increased number of glomeruli with mesangial expansion was
      noted in rats with the cholesterol diet. Glomerular hemodynamic factors seem to
      play an important pathogenetic role in the induction of glomerular sclerosis by a
      lipid rich diet. The fact that dietary lipids can aggravate glomerular lesions in
      states of arterial hypertension and nephron loss may have implications for the
      progression of renal disease in humans.

PMID- 2927083
TI  - High density lipoprotein plasma fractions inhibit aortic fatty streaks in
      cholesterol-fed rabbits.
AB  - The effects of in vivo administration of high density lipoprotein-very high
      density lipoprotein (HDL-VHDL) on the development of aortic fatty streaks were
      studied in cholesterol-fed rabbits. The rabbits received a 0.5% cholesterol-rich
      diet for 8 weeks. During this period, the HDL-VHDL group was intravenously
      administered with 50 mg/week of homologous HDL-VHDL protein; the control group
      received normal saline (0.9% NaCl). HDL-VHDL fraction was obtained at density
      range 1.063 to 1.25 gm/ml by ultracentrifugation of normal rabbit plasma. Along
      the study, plasma lipid levels followed a similar profile in both groups. At the
      completion of the study, atherosclerotic-like lipid-rich lesions covered 37.9 +/-
      6% (X +/- SEM) of the intimal aortic surface in the control group, and 14.9 +/-
      2.1% in the treated group (p less than 0.001). The values of total and free
      cholesterol, esterified cholesterol, and phospholipids deposited within vessel
      wall were significantly lower in the aortas of the HDL-VHDL treated group than
      those in the control group. Cholesterol accumulation in the livers was also
      significantly lower (p less than 0.01) in the treated group than in the control.
      We concluded that administration of homologous HDL-VHDL lipoprotein fraction to
      cholesterol-fed rabbits, dramatically inhibited the extent of aortic fatty
      streaks and lowered lipid deposition in the arterial wall and liver without
      modification of the plasma lipid levels.

PMID- 2927084
TI  - Experimental arthropathy induced in rhesus monkeys and DBA/1 mice by a novel
      method: intraperitoneal implantation of type II collagen adsorbed onto
      nitrocellulose filters.
AB  - A novel method which avoids the use of complete Freund's adjuvant (which can be
      arthritogenic) has been used to induce collagen II arthritis in both primates and
      mice. A solution of bovine type II collagen was dried onto nitrocellulose filters
      and implanted in the peritoneal cavity of experimental animals. Primate and mouse
      joints were scored by clinical as well as gross and microscopic parameters. The
      polyarthritis that developed in both rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) and DBA/1
      LAC J mice was characterized by synovial cell proliferation and endothelial cell
      hyperplasia, and by a perivascular mononuclear cell infiltrate of the synovium.
      Primates were analyzed further for anti-type II collagen antibody titers and
      delayed type hypersensitivity to type II collagen. Anti-type II collagen serum
      titers appeared to be unrelated to the disease pathology; the primates did not
      display delayed-type hypersensitivity to type II collagen. Control monkeys and
      mice implanted with collagen-free nitrocellulose filters were normal upon
      clinical and histopathological analysis. This protocol offers the advantage of
      the induction of arthritis due solely to immunization with antigen.

PMID- 2927085
TI  - Preactive planning and conceptions of success in elementary health education.
AB  - Prospective classroom teachers' thoughts and understanding about teaching health
      were examined in this study. The study described the preactive thought processes
      of classroom teachers as they planned a lesson on health and teachers'
      conceptions of success and failure during the lesson. Before teaching a 30-minute
      lesson in health, participants were asked to "think aloud" during a planning
      session. Content of the thoughts was audiotaped, transcribed, and analyzed. After
      the lesson, participants listed critical events they described as related to
      success and lack of success during the lesson. Content of the written accounts
      was organized into clusters with common elements. Findings indicated teachers'
      concerns during planning were related to identifying and arranging content for
      maximum involvement and enjoyment. Most teachers defined success in terms of
      student affective rather than cognitive behaviors.

PMID- 2927086
TI  - Alcohol and drug abuse prevention in Wisconsin public schools.
AB  - This survey assessed the status of Wisconsin public school district programs
      designed to prevent alcohol and other drug related problems among students. The
      assessment involved surveying prevention program directors of 102 school
      districts that received grants for prevention initiatives since 1981. Most
      districts (70%) implemented programs at the elementary, middle, and senior high
      school levels. Typical program strategies involved combining information
      dissemination with refusal skill and self-concept development. School programs
      predominantly were school-based and did not systematically involve community
      members or agencies. The greatest obstacles to providing effective prevention
      services include high rates of alcohol and other drug use in homes and
      communities, denial of alcohol and other drug related problems among students,
      parents, and community members, and lack of staff time for prevention activities.
      Project directors indicated a need for schools to initiate greater involvement of
      parents, nonschool alcohol and drug abuse prevention agencies, and other
      community organizations in school efforts.

PMID- 2927087
TI  - The contribution of school health programs to the broader goals of public health:
      the American experience.

PMID- 2927088
TI  - Student alcohol use and perceived problems with peers and adults.
AB  - The authors examined the relationship between students' use of alcohol and the
      problems they experience with friends their own age and with four groups of
      adults, including the students' teachers or principal, police, parents or family,
      and adults in the neighborhood. Patterns among students' problems with friends
      and adults, and problems experienced by students who use alcohol, frequently get
      drunk, and frequently come to school drunk are explored. Using a stratified
      random cluster sample, 10,259 seventh through 12th grade North Carolina students
      were surveyed in spring 1987. For this study, the sample was limited to 6,526
      students who reported drinking. No clear patterns emerged among the different
      groups of individuals with whom students could have problems, revealing a lack of
      coordinated intervention efforts among these groups. It was evident that teachers
      failed to detect and confront students who frequently come to school drunk. The
      need for increased intervention efforts is discussed.

PMID- 2927089
TI  - HIV education within comprehensive school health education: what does it mean?

PMID- 2927090
TI  - A small victory for Jamie Swartz.

PMID- 2927091
TI  - Establishing a system of complementary school-based surveys to annually assess
      HIV-related knowledge, beliefs, and behaviors among adolescents.
AB  - The Division of Adolescent and School Health, Center for Chronic Disease
      Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control has responsibility
      for assisting national, state, and local education agencies to provide effective
      HIV education for youth. In fall 1987, 14 state and 9 local education agencies
      that serve areas with the highest cumulative incidence of AIDS cases convened to
      develop a common set of data items that could provide comparable information
      about HIV-related knowledge, beliefs, and behaviors among adolescents in their
      respective jurisdictions over time. Surveys were administered during spring 1988
      to representative samples of adolescents in each participating state and city.
      These education agencies will use the results from this complementary system of
      school-based surveys as a guide in planning HIV education, setting program
      priorities, allocating resources, and monitoring changes in HIV-related
      knowledge, beliefs, and behaviors among adolescents.

PMID- 2927092
TI  - Free condoms in the schools of Copenhagen, Denmark.
AB  - Attitudes of ninth grade students and their classroom teachers toward using
      condoms as a preventive measure against contracting AIDS were studied. Students
      (N = 438) and their teachers (N = 28) in the council schools of the Municipality
      of Copenhagen were surveyed using a structured questionnaire. Overall, results
      demonstrated that the message regarding "safe sex" had been well understood.
      However, 42% of pupils reported not using a condom during their last sexual
      intercourse. Many pupils indicated difficulty in using condoms. A continuing need
      exists for advice to the young. An information campaign, with distribution of
      free condoms, was well accepted by pupils and teachers. Almost all (94%) pupils
      indicated they will use condoms more frequently in the future. This campaign
      differed from other efforts that focused more on general information. The
      importance of other strategies designed to alter behavior to reduce the risk of
      contracting AIDS is discussed.

PMID- 2927093
TI  - The imperative for a national initiative in death-related phenomena.

PMID- 2927094
TI  - The Canada Youth and AIDS Study.

PMID- 2927095
TI  - Alignment of the first metatarsal-phalangeal joint: important criteria for a new
      joint replacement.
AB  - Joint replacement is one of many options for the treatment of the first
      metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint. Studies of the geometry of that joint have shown
      that it consists of two distinct articulations, the metatarsophalangeal and the
      MT-sesamoidal. Both are important, but the MT-sesamoidal tolerates only small
      deviations from an ideal alignment. The aim of this study was to investigate the
      alignment of the first MTP joint of a potential patient population, in order to
      design an optimal surface replacement. One measurement, the extension angle
      between the MT and the proximal phalanx was found to be the most important
      alignment criterion for the successful design of an implant and the necessary
      instruments. This angle controls the delicate interplay between the metatarsal
      head and the sesamoids and tolerates only small deviations from the normal range
      before the chance of sesamoidal subluxation increases significantly. The pre
      operative knowledge of this and other alignment criteria is important for the
      ideal placement of an anatomical implant.

PMID- 2927096
TI  - Ultrastructural differences of the interface zone between bone and Ti 6Al 4V or
      commercially pure titanium.
AB  - Commercially pure (CP) titanium and Ti 6Al 4V alloy were sputtered onto
      polycarbonate plastic implants to analyse hard tissue reactions to the two
      metals. The implants were inserted in the tibial metaphyses of five rabbits.
      Three months later they were removed and processed for light microscopy (LM) and
      transmission electron microscopy (TEM) investigations. At the LM level,
      disordered woven bone was seen in the interface zone of Ti 6Al 4V, whereas
      organized bone was observed in direct contact with the CP titanium implants. TEM
      examination of Ti 6Al 4V sections revealed a 500-1000 A thick collagen-free
      proteoglycan layer compared to 200-400 A for CP titanium. A surface analysis test
      was performed to compare the magnetron sputtered film with bulk Ti 6Al 4V alloy.
      This test revealed no major differences between the experimental implant and the
      bulk alloy. More natural-like tissue reactions were observed to CP titanium than
      to Ti 6Al 4V alloy.

PMID- 2927097
TI  - Setting the baseline parameters for clinical assessment of foot to ground contact
      using the Musgrave pressure plate system.
AB  - The Musgrave Pressure Plate System for the measurement of foot contact patterns
      comprises two fixed pressure plates constructed from arrays of load cells,
      interfaced to a BBC computer. Its main advantage is the ability to measure and
      analyse spatial distributions of contact pressures and their time dynamics, and
      to do this relatively inexpensively in a clinical setting. Its main potential
      disadvantage is that it can disrupt the natural gait pattern by the discipline in
      enforces on the foot placement. The eventual aim of the project of which this
      study forms the pilot phase, is to develop formal decision rules based on the
      analysis of a large number of normal subjects for the diagnosis of abnormal foot
      pathology and the evaluation of therapy, using data collected by a Musgrave
      system. The objective of this study is to set baseline norms, and to evaluate the
      system. The analysis is based on 100 normal subjects using selected parameters on
      foot contact pressure, contact area and time, available from the system. Several
      stages of the foot contact process are described in terms of the selected
      parameters. The results show clearly that even with a relatively small subset of
      the available recorded data on each foot plant, a wide range of descriptive
      information can be accumulated. Statistically significant differences were found
      between the right and left feet on most of the parameters considered. However,
      these differences were based on a large sample and are not large in absolute
      terms in many instances. Therefore the observed differences may be small compared
      to differences between normal and abnormal cases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2927098
TI  - Pulsed Doppler ultrasound system for the measurement of velocity distributions
      and flow disturbances in arterial prostheses.
AB  - For the investigation of flow through prosthetic arteries a pulsed Doppler
      ultrasound system has been characterized. Preliminary in vitro experiments using
      this system are described; they verify its suitability for making velocity
      profile and flow disturbance measurements. The output from a frequency tracker is
      compared with spectral analysis of Doppler signals for both laminar and turbulent
      flow regimes and the root mean square fluctuations on the tracker output signal
      are used to identify transition from laminar to turbulent flow. In addition, the
      turbulent intensity of poststenotic flow is quantified at several axial locations
      and for different rates of flow. Finally, we present velocity profile
      measurements which were obtained using a deconvolution technique to account for
      the finite size of the sample volume.

PMID- 2927100
TI  - Evaluation of consistency among different electrical impedance indices of
      relative cerebral blood flow in normal resting individuals.
AB  - Significant correlation was observed, in normal resting individuals, of
      interregional variation of classical amplitude-dependent electrical impedance
      indices of cerebral blood flow (CBF) with three quantitative rheographic measures
      of cerebral blood flow which have been themselves radioisotopically validated.
      Since these amplitude-related CBF indices are derived from the Nyboer model
      relating blood volume changes to change of impedance, the data support the
      correctness and applicability of this model to the head. Interrelationship among
      the CBF parameters obtained with the use of this technique was found to be
      markedly affected by differing electrode placements; it was not apparently
      affected by extracranial circulation. It is concluded that under proper recording
      conditions, several assumptions underlying rheoencephalography are consistent and
      that it may be a useful tool for the study of relative regional cerebral blood
      flow in normal individuals.

PMID- 2927101
TI  - Spectral properties of signal averaging and a novel technique for improving the
      signal-to-noise ratio.
AB  - Averaging is one well-known method for improving the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio
      of data or a time series, in which small amplitude responses to regularly
      occurring stimuli are contaminated by noise. We have considered the spectral
      properties of that process and introduce a new method which further improves the
      S/N ratio. We also demonstrate that the signal recovered by normal averaging is
      identical to that recovered by the frequency extraction technique which we
      propose. A formula for the sums-of-squares of the recovered signal is derived.
      The success of the frequency extraction technique has been demonstrated on
      sinusoids, white noise, evoked potentials contaminated by a background EEG, and
      the EEG recorded with the subject's eyes closed.

PMID- 2927099
TI  - Sensitivity analysis of the systemic circulation with a view to computer
      simulation and parameter estimation.
AB  - A sensitivity analysis study has been performed on a seven-parameter model of the
      systemic vascular bed in order to obtain structure reductions appropriate for
      simulation and estimation. This analysis considers separately the systolic and
      diastolic transfer functions between arterial and venous pressures in order to
      divide a non-linear problem in two distinct linear problems. The results obtained
      refer to nominal parameter values corresponding to normal circulatory conditions
      in man and supply guide-lines for an application-oriented selection of reduced
      models. Simple resistance-compliance models are preferred because the inertial
      effects appear to have only slight influence. In particular, the choice of a five
      parameter model seems to be convenient for simulation purposes. An additional
      structure reduction is suggested to reach reliable results in parameter
      estimation problems. The resulting model is characterized by three elements:
      peripheral resistance, arterial compliance and venous compliance.

PMID- 2927102
TI  - Spatial filtering in multichannel magnetoencephalography.
AB  - Partial differential equations in boundary-value problems have been studied in
      order to estimate the influence of several geometrical and physical parameters
      involved in the outward transmission of the brain's magnetic field. Explicit
      Green kernels are used to obtain integral forms of generalized solutions which
      can be deduced from each other, as expressed over concentric spherical surfaces.
      That leads to numerical applications dealing with the radial component of the
      magnetic field. From this study, a new spatial filtering is proposed as a
      possible improvement in two-dimensional magnetoencephalographic mapping using
      large multisensors.

PMID- 2927103
TI  - Presurgical finite element simulation of scoliosis correction.
AB  - For surgical correction of scoliotic spinal deformity, internal fixation systems
      apply lateral and distractive corrective forces. In order to gain maximal
      correction, a finite--element analysis of the spinal deformity correction
      technique has been carried out preoperatively, after first employing the spinal
      deformity correction finite--element model to determine the in vivo spinal
      stiffness. The presurgical analysis also gives us an appreciation of how the
      parameters of deformity, stiffness and corrective forces jointly contribute to
      the value of the correction index. The paper presents the methodology and
      clinical application. It also summarizes the results for ten patients, whereby
      the efficacy of presurgical analysis is assessed by comparing the corrective
      index values by presurgical simulation with the surgical results for equivalent
      levels of corrective forces.

PMID- 2927104
TI  - The value of the flow-volume loop in diagnosing upper airway obstruction.

PMID- 2927105
TI  - Community-acquired pneumonia and septic arthritis caused by penicillin-resistant
      pneumococci.

PMID- 2927106
TI  - Documented self-destruction.

PMID- 2927107
TI  - Blunt abdominal trauma associated with seat belt use.

PMID- 2927109
TI  - The solitary pulmonary nodule.

PMID- 2927110
TI  - Six ways to guarantee denial of your patient's Social Security disability
      benefits.

PMID- 2927108
TI  - Postsplenectomy sepsis syndrome.

PMID- 2927111
TI  - Prescription drug diversion: "what Lola wants, Lola gets".

PMID- 2927112
TI  - More on "bloody AIDS and AIDSy blood".

PMID- 2927113
TI  - Situs inversus with cholelithiasis: a case report.

PMID- 2927114
TI  - Dietary fluoride supplements for Tennessee's children: the role of the physician.
AB  - 1. All children should receive some form of systemic fluoride and appropriate
      forms of topical fluoride. 2. If a child is not receiving optimally fluoridated
      water, the physician or dentist should prescribe a dietary fluoride supplement as
      tablets or drops. 3. The correct dosage must be determined, based on patient age
      and fluoride content of the patient's drinking water. 4. Special attention is
      necessary concerning fluoride intake for children breast-feeding or consuming
      infant formula. 5. To arrive at the correct fluoride dose, these steps should be
      followed: (A) Whenever you do not have specific knowledge of water fluoride
      content, have a sample of the main drinking water source (usually home water)
      analyzed for the fluoride content before prescribing a fluoride supplement. (B)
      When the fluoride content of the water has been determined, the fluoride level
      and the child's age should be matched on Table 1 to arrive at the correct
      supplement dose. 6. The Fluoridation Program of the Tennessee Division of Water
      Supply can provide lists of communities and schools in Tennessee that are
      optimally fluoridated.

PMID- 2927115
TI  - Diagnosis and management of blunt pancreatic injury.

PMID- 2927117
TI  - Another cause of angina pectoris.

PMID- 2927116
TI  - Chronic fatigue and abdominal pain.

PMID- 2927118
TI  - Differences in drinking behavior among three Asian-American groups.
AB  - This article challenges the commonly held beliefs that there are few if any heavy
      drinkers among Asian-Americans and that different groups of Asians exhibit
      similar patterns of drinking. To explore these stereotypes, alcohol consumption
      patterns were compared in a survey of 298 Chinese, 295 Japanese and 280 Koreans
      in Los Angeles. Heavy drinking was found in each of the Asian groups. Gender
      specific logistic regression models were used to illustrate the differences in
      the drinking patterns of the Asian-American groups and to clarify the
      determinants of drinking. The greatest proportion of heavy drinking was found
      among the Japanese and the lowest among the Chinese. Having friends who drank was
      the only social factor consistently related to Asian drinking behavior.

PMID- 2927119
TI  - Impact of social desirability response sets on the self-report of marital
      adjustment in alcoholics.
AB  - The role of social desirability response sets on self-reported marital
      satisfaction in 143 male alcoholics and their wives was assessed in a factor
      analytic study of the combined Locke-Wallace Marital Adjustment Scale (MAS) and
      Edmonds Marital Conventionalization Scale (MCS). Overall, results indicated that
      alcoholics rated their marriage as significantly more satisfying than did their
      wives. There was, however, a large amount of covariation between the MAS and MCS
      for husbands, and factor analyses revealed considerable redundancy between the
      two measures as evidenced in one dominant factor on which both MAS and MCS items
      loaded. Although there was also high covariation between the two scales for
      wives, there was still enough differential responding to MAS and MCS items to
      identify both a dominant factor and a second factor, the latter loaded on only by
      MCS items. Results suggest that the self-reported marital satisfaction of male
      alcoholics may be highly contaminated by social desirability response sets. The
      results are discussed with respect to the two-component model of socially
      desirable responding and caution is urged in the evaluation of self-report
      marital adjustment measures with this population.

PMID- 2927120
TI  - Towards the assessment of adolescent problem drinking.
AB  - Longitudinal data were obtained from a nonclinical sample of 1,308 male and
      female adolescents covering the age range from 12 to 21. Factor analyses of 52
      symptoms and/or consequences of alcohol use yielded three problem dimensions. In
      addition, a unidimensional, 23-item scale (the Rutgers Alcohol Problem Index,
      RAPI) was constructed with an internal consistency of .92. Correlations between
      RAPI and alcohol-use intensity were moderately strong for all age groups at each
      test occasion (ranging from .20 to .57), yet low enough to suggest that
      identification of problem drinkers requires both types of measures. The results
      suggest that the RAPI may be a useful tool for the standardized and efficient
      assessment of problem drinking during adolescence.

PMID- 2927121
TI  - Interactive effects of genotype and social environment on alcohol consumption in
      female twins.
AB  - Information about drinking practices has been obtained by questionnaire from
      1,984 monozygotic and dizygotic adult female twin pairs from the Australian twin
      register, including 1,690 pairs where both twins have used alcohol. Statistical
      analyses of these data show that marital status is an important modifier of
      genetic effects on drinking habits. In young twins, aged 30 years or less,
      genetic differences between individuals account for only 31% of the variance in
      alcohol consumption of married respondents, but for 60% of the variance of
      unmarried respondents. In twin pairs, aged 31 years or more, genetic differences
      account for 46-59% of the variance in married twins, but for 76% of the variance
      in unmarried twins. In our young sample (average age 35 years) there is no
      evidence that individuals genetically predisposed to heavy drinking are any less
      likely to be married than the rest of the population. Some alternative
      explanations of these findings are also rejected.

PMID- 2927122
TI  - Identification of the alcoholic schizophrenic: use of clinical laboratory tests
      and the MAST.
AB  - A screening procedure to identify alcohol abuse among schizophrenics is sorely
      needed. We evaluated the utility of a particular screening battery that consisted
      of three standard clinical laboratory tests (GGTP, MCV, SGOT) and the Michigan
      Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST). Consecutive admissions to an acute psychiatric
      unit and to an alcohol rehabilitation program were initially evaluated for
      inclusion in three diagnostic groupings: alcoholic schizophrenics, nonalcoholic
      schizophrenics and nonschizophrenic alcoholics. Twenty inpatient veterans were
      selected for each diagnostic group. These groups were then compared in terms of
      scores on the GGTP, MCV, SGOT and MAST. The MAST had the greatest sensitivity,
      but suffered low specificity. The GGTP demonstrated excellent specificity, but
      very poor sensitivity. When multiple tests were considered, the combination of
      the MAST and GGTP proved the best at identifying alcohol abuse in schizophrenics.
      The false positive rate was unacceptably high, however. The test battery was not
      useful in discriminating between nonalcoholic schizophrenics and alcoholic
      schizophrenics, yet could distinguish the nonschizophrenic alcoholics from the
      two schizophrenic groups.

PMID- 2927124
TI  - Undergraduate student and faculty perceptions of problem drinking.
AB  - Using a questionnaire, 487 students and 155 faculty members at two midwestern
      undergraduate colleges were surveyed to learn the factors that affect perceptions
      of problem drinking. Multivariate analysis of variance showed perceptions to be
      significantly related to respondents' drinking habits. Multivariate analyses of
      covariance, with respondents' drinking as the covariate, revealed significant
      differences in perceptions between faculty and students and between male and
      female students. The gender of the questionnaire's target individual also
      affected perceptions. The results replicate and expand on findings explicating
      the role of demographic and cognitive factors in the perception of drinking.

PMID- 2927123
TI  - Public images of alcoholism: data from a Georgia survey.
AB  - Attitudes toward alcoholism among a representative sample of 524 adults in
      Georgia indicate acceptance of the disease concept remains incomplete. Despite
      expected regional differences, results from bivariate analyses are consistent
      with previous research conducted in other areas of the U.S. The Georgia data
      indicate similar levels of acceptance of the disease concept of alcoholism,
      similar demographic correlates with that acceptance and similar treatment
      recommendations for alcoholism. Attitudes toward alcoholism are found to be
      significantly correlated with views concerning cocaine dependence, but the
      acceptance of the disease concept of alcoholism is significantly greater. The
      multivariate discriminant analysis reveals that education and income are the most
      significant discriminators between the medical and moral/medical images of
      alcoholism, followed by religion, age and race.

PMID- 2927125
TI  - Reasons students give for limiting drinking: a factor analysis with implications
      for research and practice.
AB  - Dimensions of cognitions associated with self-regulation of alcohol consumption
      were studied using a 22-item Reasons for Limiting Drinking (RLD) scale in a
      student survey of nine universities. Data on 2,482 drinkers were factor analyzed
      using several methods in split halves and the total sample. Four interpretable
      factors accounting for 39% of the common variance were consistently found. Based
      on core content, these subjective motivational factors were labeled self-control,
      upbringing, self-reform and performance. Reliability analysis was used to
      construct subscales to assess these factors. Subscales had adequate internal
      reliability (alphas = .66-.73) for brief research scales. Relationships between
      the RLD subscales and between these subscales and selected demographic, alcohol
      consumption and problem indicators are summarized. Based on these results and an
      application in a prevention experiment with heavily drinking students, the niche
      for such "reasons" measures in participant screening and program evaluation is
      discussed.

PMID- 2927126
TI  - Alcohol abuse and familial alcoholism: psychosocial correlates in men and women.
AB  - Multivariate and univariate analyses were conducted to investigate specific
      hypotheses concerning the effects of alcohol abuse, family history of alcoholism
      and gender on items in five categories: (1) family of origin; (2) childhood
      attention deficit, conduct and learning disorders; (3) intraindividual
      (psychological) variables; (4) peers and family of procreation; and (5)
      sociocultural and community variables. The sample consisted of 76 male and 72
      female detoxified alcoholics and 50 male and 51 female community controls. By
      selection procedures, groups had an approximately 50% incidence of familial
      alcoholism; all were given detailed structured interviews covering the above
      areas. Significant differences between alcoholics and controls were found for all
      five categories, and four of the five categories showed significant family
      history effects. Gender differences were present on only one category. There were
      no significant Alcoholism X FH interactions. We conclude that (1) alcoholism and
      family history of alcoholism are distinct, separate factors that have additive
      and not interactional effects; and (2) these separate effects seem to operate in
      similar fashion in both male and female populations. The findings have relevance
      for methodological considerations and the identification of problem areas of
      functioning in the adult alcoholic and nonalcoholic offspring of alcoholics.

PMID- 2927127
TI  - A path analysis of an adolescent drinking behavior model derived from problem
      behavior theory.
AB  - The interrelationships between composite variables comprised of demographics,
      socialization, personality, perceived environment, conventional and problem
      behaviors, and their combined mediational influences on adolescent drinking
      behavior are examined. Students randomly sampled from four suburban, metropolitan
      area high schools (N = 499) were administered the 250-question Survey of Underage
      Drinking Styles. All 12 composite variables, derived from the survey, were
      arranged in a causal model and submitted to a confirmatory path analysis. Data
      were analyzed by multiple regression procedures. According to the present model,
      a powerful pathway through to drinking may begin with family interaction
      problems, which may lead to a reduction in the adolescent's social coping skills.
      A reduction in the adolescent's coping skills may lead to a compensatory belief
      that alcohol improves mental and physical functions and an increased affiliation
      with and acceptance of the peer group's attitude and behavior toward consuming
      alcohol as a replacement coping skill. The adolescent's drinking may then
      increase as a result of the affiliative need to conform to peer group pressure.

PMID- 2927128
TI  - The effect of repeated occasions of alcohol intoxication on two processes
      involved in the visual discrimination of movement.
AB  - The focus of this study was the effect of repeated episodes of alcohol
      intoxication on two processes involved in visual movement discrimination: visual
      sensitivity and decision-making. Four female subjects were asked to discriminate
      between a stationary light signal and one that changed position in the center of
      a dark visual field. Prior to each of 15 alcohol testing sessions, a dose of .66
      ml of 95% USP ethanol per kg body weight was administered to each subject and BAL
      was sampled frequently within sessions. Differences in subjects' pre- and
      postalcohol performance were evaluated within the framework of a psychophysical
      model that mathematically characterizes the problem of movement discrimination
      and yields independent estimates of visual sensitivity and decisional aspects of
      subjects' performance. Evidence for specificity in the development of sensory
      versus decisional process tolerance to intoxication effects was found. The major
      result was that each subject made large and statistically reliable shifts in
      decisional criteria during the time course of the blood alcohol curve within
      alcohol testing sessions, even when visual sensitivity had adapted to alcohol
      intake effects. The results of this study illustrate the utility of tracing acute
      intake effects over repeated occasions of intoxication, and empirically testing
      subjects' assumed decisional strategies when modeling these effects.

PMID- 2927129
TI  - Breath analysis and self-reports as measures of alcohol-related emergency room
      admissions.
AB  - This study reports breath-analyzer readings and self-reports as measures of
      alcohol-related admission to the emergency room of San Francisco General
      Hospital. A 20% probability sample of patients admitted during a 60-day period
      was breath analyzed and interviewed. Interviews and breath samples were obtained
      on 75% of the sample of 2,516 patients. Twice the proportion of injury patients
      compared to noninjury patients had positive admission breath samples and reported
      drinking prior to the event. Alcohol involvement reached 41% for self-reports
      among injured men and over half of both men and women injured in fights or
      assaults reported drinking prior to the event. Self-reported alcohol use was
      found to be a valid measure of alcohol consumption when compared to breath
      analyzer readings for the same individuals. Emergency room patients may be more
      likely than others to provide accurate reports of alcohol consumption if they
      feel that disclosure of amount and timing of drinking prior to an injury or
      illness could be important in their care. The data suggest that self-reports when
      used in conjunction with a quantifiable estimate of blood alcohol may be an
      appropriate method of ascertaining alcohol's involvement in emergency room cases.

PMID- 2927131
TI  - The Alcohol Dependence Scale: a validation study among inpatient alcoholics.
AB  - The present study investigated whether the degree of alcohol dependence, as
      operationalized by Skinner and Allen's Alcohol Dependence Scale (ADS), covaried
      with concurrent and predictive criteria in a sample of hospitalized alcoholics.
      As previously reported, the ADS was found to be unidimensional and internally
      consistent. However, compared to Skinner and Allen's findings, these inpatients
      had significantly lower ADS scores. Correlations with concurrent measures of
      cognitive functioning, psychiatric and physical symptoms tended to be smaller
      than, but in the same direction as, those previously reported using an outpatient
      sample. ADS scores did not significantly predict attrition from inpatient
      treatment, self-reported alcohol consumption over 9-month follow-up or duration
      of aftercare involvement. Patients who relapsed reported significantly higher ADS
      scores at admission, however, the magnitude of this relationship was modest (r =
      .16). In its present form, the ADS appears to have fair concurrent validity, but
      limited predictive utility within a sample of inpatient alcoholics.

PMID- 2927130
TI  - Long-term repeatability of human alcohol metabolism, sensitivity and acute
      tolerance.
AB  - Thirty-eight subjects in the Colorado Alcohol Research on Twins and Adoptees
      (CARTA) were brought back between 3 and 39 months after their initial testing to
      be retested on a shortened version of the standard CARTA procedures. As before,
      subjects were given a dose of ethanol (0.8 g/kg) calculated to bring their blood
      alcohol level (BAL) to near 100 mg/dl, but no topping doses were administered in
      the retests to maintain BALs near peak for 3 hours, as was done previously.
      Repeatability (test-retest correlation) for alcohol clearance rate was near zero,
      repeatability for time to peak BAL was 0.36 and that for peak BAL was 0.50.
      Repeatabilities of prealcohol baseline scores were generally high (median 0.55)
      for the shortened battery of physiological, motor coordination, perceptual speed
      and reaction time measures. Repeatabilities were near zero for sensitivity scores
      (median 0.02) and were low for acute tolerance scores (median 0.10) and perceived
      intoxication (median 0.27). These findings are highly consistent with an earlier
      report on repeatabilities of responses to alcohol over a 1-month time interval.

PMID- 2927132
TI  - Topographic distribution of EEG alpha activity during ethanol-induced
      intoxication in women.
AB  - Topographic maps of brain electrical activity from scalp EEG electrodes were
      obtained from healthy adult female volunteers using a Brain Electrical Activity
      Mapping (BEAM) system. Each woman received both ethanol (0.7 g/kg, p.o.) and
      placebo in a counterbalanced order under double-blind conditions at an interval
      of 1-6 days. Subjective reports of intoxication were obtained continuously via an
      instrumental joystick device. Subjects reported when they detected ethanol and
      qualitatively pleasant (i.e., euphoric) or unpleasant (i.e., dysphoric) effects.
      All subjects reliably discriminated ethanol from placebo. Pronounced increases in
      EEG alpha activity occurred during ethanol-induced intoxication in all subjects.
      Analysis of topographic maps revealed that the distribution of high-amplitude,
      fast-frequency EEG alpha activity extended further frontally to the central
      sulcus and temporally during ethanol intoxication than during control sessions or
      after placebo administration. Area analysis and significant probability mapping
      techniques were used to quantify the increased alpha activity and to monitor
      changes during the process of intoxication in each individual. One woman, with a
      positive family history of alcoholism, experienced only a mild degree of ethanol
      intoxication. This behavioral response was accompanied by a slight decrease or no
      change in both slow- and fast-frequency alpha activity. This finding in a single
      subject provides additional evidence that a possible genetic predisposition for
      ethanol-related effects on behavior may be reflected in measures of brain
      electrical activity. Overall, these data also suggest that ethanol induces rapid
      and widespread increases in EEG alpha activity which may be associated with the
      reinforcing properties of ethanol.

PMID- 2927133
TI  - Nutritional effects of postgastrectomy reconstruction: a clinical evaluation.
AB  - To evaluate the nutritional benefits of a jejunal pouch vs. esophagojejunostomy
      following total gastrectomy, we reviewed 24 consecutive cases of total
      gastrectomy: 14 males and 10 females, 39 to 85 years of age (mean 66.6 y.)
      undergoing 9 jejunal pouches (JP) and 15 Roux-en-Y esophagojejunostomy (EJ).
      Indications for surgery included 15 adenocarcinomas, 3 lymphomas, 1 leiomyoma,
      and 5 hemorrhagic gastritis. The operative mortality was 12.5%. One JP patient
      was lost to follow-up. The mean survival for EJ was 13.3 months and for JP 36
      months. Total gastrectomy resulted in persistent weight loss and hypoalbuminemia,
      and the creation of a jejunal pouch did not seem to improve significantly the
      nutritional status following total gastrectomy.

PMID- 2927134
TI  - Incidence and anatomic distribution of cutaneous melanoma among United States
      Hispanics.
AB  - Using the data base for melanoma incidence compiled by the Surveillance,
      Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program of the National Cancer Institute, we
      compared the incidence and anatomic distribution of primary cutaneous melanomas
      in Hispanic and non-Hispanic Caucasian populations and in blacks between 1973 and
      1981. Cases were divided into United States whites, New Mexico (NM) whites (non
      Hispanic Caucasians), NM Hispanics, Puerto Rico (PR) residents by definition
      Hispanic, and US blacks. Among whites, the highest incidence was 8.0 per 100,000
      and was ten times that of US blacks. The incidence among PR and NM Hispanic
      residents was 1.6 to 3.7 times that of US blacks. The anatomic distribution among
      NM Hispanics was similar to US and NM whites for both genders. In contrast, among
      PR residents the anatomic distribution in both genders was most common for the
      leg, similar to that for blacks. Spaniards who migrated to PR have more admixture
      with blacks from Africa than Spaniards who migrated to the mainland. This
      suggests a genetic predilection for the occurrence of melanoma on the lower
      extremity among PR residents as opposed to NM Hispanics.

PMID- 2927135
TI  - Prostate cancer in blacks: an update from the American College of Surgeons'
      patterns of care studies.
AB  - Data from the American College of Surgeons' prostate cancer surveys covering
      nearly a decade of experience demonstrate that the problem of prostate cancer is
      unique among black men in the United States. These data show that the
      distribution of stage at diagnosis changed across the 10-year interval. The data
      indicate that there have been improvements in the 5-year survival rates of both
      black and white patients, but the prostate cancer-specific survival of black
      patients remains significantly poorer than that of whites.

PMID- 2927136
TI  - Optimal debulking following chemotherapy of advanced-stage epithelial ovarian
      carcinoma.
AB  - We reviewed the records of 110 consecutive patients with advanced-stage
      epithelial ovarian carcinoma treated at the Soroka Medical Center, Beer-Sheva,
      Israel, from 1961-1987. Twenty patients (18.1%) had optimal debulking at initial
      laparotomy, 30 patients (27.2%) had nonoptimal debulking at initial laparotomy,
      20 patients (18.1%) had an "inoperable" disease at initial laparotomy, and 40
      patients (36.3%) had such poorly written records that no information about the
      degree of resectability at initial laparotomy could be obtained. Four patients,
      in whom the residual tumor left at initial laparotomy had responded to
      chemotherapy, had a second laparotomy. In all four patients optimal debulking
      surgery at second laparotomy was easy to perform and was successful. The value of
      a second laparotomy after a few cycles of chemotherapy in order to optimally
      debulk the residual tumor left at initial laparotomy is discussed. It is
      concluded that a second attempt of debulking surgery after chemotherapy has a
      respectable place in the management of patients with advanced-state epithelial
      ovarian carcinoma, but further research is needed.

PMID- 2927137
TI  - Determinants of survival in patients with unresectable colorectal liver
      metastases.
AB  - Prognostic indicators in 67 patients with unresectable colorectal liver
      metastases were analyzed. These patients were identified to have isolated hepatic
      metastases after extensive radiological evaluation and demonstrated good
      performance status without evidence of liver failure. Univariate analysis
      revealed 6 of 22 factors that were associated with survival: alkaline phosphatase
      (AP), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), occult intra-abdominal extrahepatic disease,
      percent hepatic replacement by tumor (PHR), sex, and carcinoembryonic antigen
      (CEA). A multivariate analysis identified two independent factors that jointly
      influenced survival: AP and PHR. Patients with an AP greater than 175 U/liter had
      a greater than threefold relative risk of dying compared with patients with AP
      less than or equal to 175 U/liter (P = 0.0001). Patients with PHR II or III (25
      75%, greater than 75%) also had a greater than threefold relative risk of dying
      compared with patients with PHR 1 (less than 25%; P = 0.0074). Our patient
      population is typical of that being entered into trials examining experimental
      therapies. Alkaline phosphatase and extent of liver involvement by tumor are
      significant prognostic indicators that should be accounted for in such studies.

PMID- 2927138
TI  - Bilateral radical neck dissection: report of results in 55 patients.
AB  - Between 1952 and 1982, 55 patients underwent bilateral radical neck dissections
      at the National Cancer Institute. Of these, 17 patients had simultaneous (one
      stage) bilateral dissections and 38 had nonsimultaneous (two-stage) dissections.
      In 37 patients both internal jugular veins were removed, while one vein was
      preserved in 18 patients. The operative mortality was 11.8% (2/17 patients) for
      simultaneous bilateral neck dissections and 2.6% (1/38 patients) for
      nonsimultaneous staged dissections. The overall operative mortality was 5.4%. Of
      the 18 patients in whom one jugular vein was preserved, six patients (33%) had
      postoperative facial edema and swelling, while of the 37 patients in which
      neither jugular vein was saved, 20 patients (54%) developed significant
      postoperative facial edema. The overall 2-year recurrence rate was 50%. The
      overall survival rates were 55% at 3 years and 39% at 5 years.

PMID- 2927139
TI  - Invasion and metastasis following orthotopic transplantation of human pancreatic
      cancer in the nude mouse.
AB  - A good experimental model for metastasis of human pancreatic cancer would be a
      valuable tool for the study of this process, which contributes significantly to
      morbidity and mortality. Models of experimental metastasis using injection of
      tumor cells into the portal or systemic circulation bypass some important steps
      of the metastatic process. We describe invasion and metastasis following
      orthotopic transplantation of human pancreatic carcinoma into nude mice. Tumor
      pieces were used as xenografts in this study, and metastases were observed in the
      regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and distant lymph nodes of the animals.
      Peritoneal implants and ascites were not observed in this study. Orthotopic
      transplantation of human pancreatic cancer in the nude mouse appears to be a
      promising model of spontaneous metastasis relevant to clinical reality.

PMID- 2927140
TI  - Lung resection for metastatic sarcomas: total survival from primary treatment.
AB  - The results of surgical management of 63 cases of pulmonary metastases from bone
      and soft tissue sarcomas, admitted at the Istituto Nazionale Tumori of Milan,
      between 1970 and 1987, are reviewed in this paper. To estimate the relative
      impact of metastasectomy on the overall performance of treatment, survival curves
      were calculated from the time of first thoracotomy, as well as from the initial
      treatment of primary sarcoma. In the present series, total actuarial survival at
      10 years was 37% for osteosarcoma, 27% for soft tissue sarcomas, and 24% for the
      other bone sarcomas, with a median survival of 48, 56, and 36 months,
      respectively. Five-year survival from the first pulmonary resection was
      influenced by the number of metastases and the length of the first disease-free
      interval only in osteosarcoma, while in soft tissue sarcomas a major untoward
      factor was represented by local recurrence at the site of the primary tumor.
      These data support the concept of pulmonary metastasectomy as effective salvage
      therapy for radically treated sarcomas; this management can rescue a significant
      proportion of all relapsed patients.

PMID- 2927141
TI  - Factitious microcalcifications in breast biopsy material: laboratory-induced
      error by use of tattoo powder for specimen mammography.
AB  - A xeromammogram led to the surgical excision of a calcified breast lesion on a 66
      year-old female. Before specimen mammography was performed, the excised tissue
      was oriented with tattoo pigment. The specimen mammogram then revealed multiple
      calcifications caused by unsuspected radio-opaque material in the tattoo pigment,
      and the original calcifications were obscured. This case demonstrates the hazards
      involved utilizing tattoo powders for orienting xeromammographically discovered
      specimens.

PMID- 2927142
TI  - Inflammatory pseudotumor of the liver.
AB  - Inflammatory pseudotumors (plasma cell granulomas) are localized lesions
      consisting of a fibrous stroma, chronic inflammatory infiltrate with a
      predominance of plasma cells, and an absence of anaplasia, which can mimic
      malignant disease by their gross appearance. Reported in many sites, they are
      most frequently described in the lung. Twelve cases involving the liver and
      biliary tract have previously been reported. Here, a 77-year-old man who
      presented with fever and malaise was found to have a lesion in the left lobe of
      the liver, which, on exploration, was found to be an inflammatory pseudotumor.
      This patient, and each of those previously reported, has recovered uneventfully.
      Because of the benign course of this lesion, hepatectomy should be considered
      only in those instances in which the mass effect of the lesion is producing
      symptoms or in those cases in which a firm histologic diagnosis cannot be made
      preoperatively or by frozen section intraoperatively.

PMID- 2927143
TI  - 18th annual UCLA symposium. Abstracts: Biotechnology and human genetic
      predisposition to disease.

PMID- 2927144
TI  - 18th annual UCLA symposium. Abstracts: Plant gene transfer.

PMID- 2927145
TI  - 18th annual UCLA symposium. Abstracts: Molecular mechanisms in DNA replication
      and recombination.

PMID- 2927146
TI  - 18th annual UCLA symposium. Abstracts: Molecular and cellular biology of yeasts
      and filamentous fungi.

PMID- 2927147
TI  - 18th annual UCLA symposium. Abstracts: Molecular biology of the cardiovascular
      system.

PMID- 2927148
TI  - 18th annual UCLA symposium. Abstracts: Obesity: towards a molecular approach.

PMID- 2927150
TI  - 18th annual UCLA symposium. Abstracts: The polymerase chain reaction: methodology
      and applications.

PMID- 2927149
TI  - 18th annual UCLA symposium. Abstracts: Structural and organizational aspects of
      metabolic regulation.

PMID- 2927151
TI  - 18th annual UCLA symposium. Abstracts: Parasites: molecular biology, drug and
      vaccine design.

PMID- 2927152
TI  - Tough new child support legislation.

PMID- 2927153
TI  - Empowerment of the staff nurse: a means to an end and an end in itself.

PMID- 2927154
TI  - Nursing practice cabinet. Update on practice guidelines on withdrawing or
      withholding food and fluids from patients.

PMID- 2927155
TI  - Health, welfare & government affairs cabinet.

PMID- 2927156
TI  - Carcinoma of the lung. Evaluation of satellite nodules as a factor influencing
      prognosis after resection.
AB  - Satellite nodules are considered to be predictive of poor prognosis in breast
      cancer and in melanoma. In lung cancer, there is no information as to their
      definition, prevalence, or implication as a prognosis factor of survival after
      resection. Over the past 18 years (1969 to 1987), 84 patients underwent pulmonary
      resection for primary lung cancer accompanied by satellite nodules. These nodules
      were defined as well-circumscribed accessory carcinoma foci clearly separated
      from the main tumor but with identical histologic characteristics. All were
      smaller than the primary carcinoma and most were located within the same lobe.
      Survival rates of patients with satellite nodules were compared to those of 1021
      patients without satellite nodules who underwent resection during the same time
      interval. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates for all patients classified as
      having no satellite nodules were 78%, 54%, and 44%, respectively, and the median
      survival for the entire group was 30 months. In patients with satellite nodules,
      these survival rates were 60.9%, 32.7%, and 21.6%, respectively, with a median
      survival of 15 months. The deleterious effect of satellite nodules was more
      significant in patients with stage I disease (p = 0.0008) than in patients with
      stage II (p = 0.0354) or stage III (p = 0.0145) disease. Survival data obtained
      by comparison of satellite nodule status and histologic characteristics shows
      that 5-year survival figures are better for patients with no satellite nodules in
      both the squamous and the nonsquamous groups. This study demonstrates that
      satellite nodules associated with lung cancer are indicative of locally advanced
      and/or premetastatic disease. These patients should be included in the stage
      group IIIa of the TNM stage grouping classification.

PMID- 2927157
TI  - Physiologic role of the mitral apparatus in left ventricular regional mechanics,
      contraction synergy, and global systolic performance.
AB  - In animal models, severing the chordae tendineae of the mitral valve reduces the
      maximum global left ventricular elastance (Emax,g), a load-independent measure of
      left ventricular systolic performance; moreover, chamber geometry is altered with
      systolic bulging in the region of the papillary muscle insertions. This suggests
      that forces transmitted by the mitral apparatus increase the regional volume
      elastance (Emax,r) of segments subtending the insertions of the papillary
      muscles, and these regions contribute substantially to overall left ventricular
      systolic function (Emax,g). To test this hypothesis, we developed a method to
      evaluate changes in the magnitude and uniformity of Emax,r as quantitated by the
      slopes (E'max,i) of regional left ventricular isovolumetric pressure-dimension
      relations. Such measurements were obtained before and after all chordal
      attachments of the mitral valve were surgically divided in seven open-chest swine
      preparations. Significant declines in E'max,i were limited to the region of the
      posteromedial papillary muscle insertion. Although the mean E'max,i of all
      ventricular regions (E'max,ave) was unchanged, regional left ventricular
      elastances were less uniform after the mitral chordae tendineae were severed,
      which indicated a less synergistic contraction, and Emax,g fell by 21% from 7.1
      +/- 2.0 to 5.6 +/- 1.2 mm Hg/ml (p less than 0.05). These data demonstrate that
      the mitral apparatus contributes importantly to the magnitude and uniformity of
      regional left ventricular elastances and suggest that such alterations in
      regional mechanics underlie the deterioration in global left ventricular systolic
      performance (Emax,g) after excision of the mitral apparatus.

PMID- 2927158
TI  - Does open lung biopsy affect treatment in patients with diffuse pulmonary
      infiltrates?
AB  - The decision to perform open lung biopsy in the evaluation of a diffuse pulmonary
      infiltrate is based on the probability that this examination will yield specific
      information that may lead to a change in treatment. The role of this procedure
      remains controversial and many clinicians are reluctant to allow this invasive
      procedure without assurances that results will lead to a change in therapy for a
      significant number. To evaluate the impact of open lung biopsy on diagnosis and
      treatment of diffuse pulmonary infiltrates, we conducted a retrospective review
      of 61 patients undergoing this procedure at three university-affiliated hospitals
      during a recent 7-year period. There were 37 men and 24 women; average age was 57
      years. Biopsy yielded a specific diagnosis in 21 (34%) patients and a change in
      therapy in 33 (54%) patients. A complication developed in 11 (18%) patients,
      directly related to the biopsy procedure in six (10%). Eight patients died. The
      immune status in 22 (36%) patients was compromised. A specific diagnosis was
      obtained in 13 (59%) immunocompromised patients and a change in therapy occurred
      in 17 (77%) of these patients after biopsy. A specific diagnosis was obtained in
      only eight (21%) of the 39 noncompromised patients and therapy was changed in 16
      (41%) patients in this group (p less than 0.02 compromised versus
      noncompromised). Morbidity and mortality were not significantly different between
      the two groups. A nonspecific diagnosis led to a change in therapy as frequently
      as a specific diagnosis in both compromised and noncompromised groups. Open lung
      biopsy in the patient with a diffuse pulmonary infiltrate is an accurate
      diagnostic tool and frequently leads to a change in patient treatment. The
      procedure can be performed with acceptable morbidity and mortality in
      immunocompromised and noncompromised patients.

PMID- 2927159
TI  - The effect of age on cerebral blood flow during hypothermic cardiopulmonary
      bypass.
AB  - Cerebral blood flow was measured in 20 patients by xenon 133 clearance
      methodology during nonpulsatile hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass to determine
      the effect of age on regional cerebral blood flow during these conditions.
      Measurements of cerebral blood flow at varying perfusion pressures were made in
      patients arbitrarily divided into two age groups at nearly identical
      nasopharyngeal temperature, hematocrit value, and carbon dioxide tension and with
      equal cardiopulmonary bypass flows of 1.6 L/min/m2. The range of mean arterial
      pressure was 30 to 110 mm Hg for group I (less than or equal to 50 years of age)
      and 20 to 90 mm Hg for group II (greater than or equal to 65 years of age). There
      was no significant difference (p = 0.32) between the mean arterial pressure in
      group I (54 +/- 28 mm Hg) and that in group II (43 +/- 21 mm Hg). The range of
      cerebral blood flow was 14.8 to 29.2 ml/100 gm/min for group I and 13.8 to 37.5
      ml/100 gm/min for group II. There was no significant difference (p = 0.37)
      between the mean cerebral blood flow in group I (21.5 +/- 4.6 ml/100 gm/min) and
      group II (24.3 +/- 8.1 ml/100 gm/min). There was a poor correlation between mean
      arterial pressure and cerebral blood flow in both groups: group I, r = 0.16 (p =
      0.67); group II, r = 0.5 (p = 0.12). In 12 patients, a second cerebral blood flow
      measurements was taken to determine the effect of mean arterial pressure on
      cerebral blood flow in the individual patient. Changes in mean arterial pressure
      did not correlate with changes in cerebral blood flow (p less than 0.90). We
      conclude that age does not alter cerebral blood flow and that cerebral blood flow
      autoregulation is preserved in elderly patients during nonpulsatile hypothermic
      cardiopulmonary bypass.

PMID- 2927161
TI  - New technique for analysis of cardiac energetics using a modified Fenn equation.
AB  - In 12 dogs being supported by cardiopulmonary bypass, the relationship among
      myocardial oxygen consumption and four energy-consuming factors (basal
      metabolism, heart rate, tension development, and external work) was studied.
      Tension (internal work) in the left ventricular wall was evaluated by myocardial
      tissue pressure with a Mikro-Tip pressure transducer. In an empty beating heart
      with constant perfusion pressure, both systolic tissue pressure and developed
      tissue pressure represented the same characteristics as developed tension
      measured by other methods. As the heart rate was increased, the systolic tissue
      pressure and developed tissue pressure continued to increase stepwise (Bowditch
      effect) up to some stimulation rate, at which, however, a decrease began despite
      a further increase in heart rate (Woodworth effect). Significant regression was
      established between myocardial oxygen consumption and heart rate, tension
      (developed tissue pressure x heart rate), and external work (minute work):
      myocardial oxygen consumption = (9.05 x 10(-3) heart rate) + (1.95 x 10(-4)
      developed tissue pressure) x heart rate + (1.63 x 10(-3) minute work) + 1.42 (r =
      0.7999), where activation energy = 9.05 x 10(-3) ml/100 gm per beat, tension
      related energy = 1.95 x 10(-4) ml/100 gm per unit of internal work, energy for
      work = 1.63 ml/100 gm per unit of external work, and basal metabolism = 1.42
      ml/min/100 gm. We concluded that myocardial tissue pressure is a good substitute
      for tension and that multiple regression with heart rate, tension, and external
      work (as by modified Fenn's equation) seems indispensable to predict myocardial
      oxygen tension in the whole heart.

PMID- 2927160
TI  - Preloading history influences pressure-volume-derived indices of myocardial
      contractility in the ejecting canine left ventricle.
AB  - The dependency of indices of myocardial contractility on the immediate preloading
      protocol was assessed in 14 pentobarbital anesthetized open-chest dogs. An
      intracavitary micromanometer and epicardially placed ultrasonic dimension
      transducers allowed acquisition of dynamic left ventricular pressure-volume
      relationships while varying preload on right heart bypass. A resting cardiac
      output of 75 ml/kg/min was either increased twofold or reduced to zero flow over
      a 20-second interval. Linear regression analysis of the mechanical parameters
      permitted construction of the end-systolic pressure-volume relationship, rate of
      pressure rise-end-diastolic volume relationship, and the preload recruitable
      stroke work relationship. The slopes of the end-systolic pressure-volume
      relationship and rate of pressure rate-end-diastolic volume relationship were
      significantly higher when measured during volume depletion than during volume
      expansion (17.2 +/- 1.3 versus 8.5 +/- 0.8 mm Hg/ml and 205 +/- 14 versus 126 +/-
      11 mm Hg/sec/ml, p less than 0.001, respectively). This finding was also evident
      when data analysis was confined to the initial 10 seconds of the loading
      interval. Nonlinear regression analysis of pooled data from both preloading
      protocols revealed curvilinear characteristics for each relationship. In
      contrast, the slope of the preload recruitable stroke work relationship was lower
      as a result of volume unloading (16.8 +/- 2.0 versus 22.8 +/- 1.7 mJ/beat/100 gm
      left ventricle/ml, p less than 0.01) and was independent of loading protocol when
      data analysis was confined to the initial 10-second acquisition period.
      Furthermore, second-order regression analysis of the pooled data showed no
      curvilinearity. These findings emphasize the importance of both the timing and
      method of varying cardiac preload in the determination of intrinsic myocardial
      contractility and suggest that the preload recruitable stroke work relationship
      may be a more linear contractile index that is less affected by preloading
      history over brief intervals.

PMID- 2927162
TI  - Treatment of esophageal achalasia (cardiospasm) with diaphragmatic graft. Twenty
      five years' experience.
AB  - Long-term results are presented in 60 patients (4 to 50 years old) who underwent
      a diaphragmatic graft procedure for relief of cardiospasm (achalasia) from 1962
      through 1987. The operative technique involves construction of a pedicle flap of
      diaphragm. The muscular defect on the lower segment of the esophagus and the
      transplanted diaphragmatic pedicle that is sutured to the defect must be the same
      size. Immediate operative results were good. Only one complication developed, a
      case of pneumonia that was cured. The patients were followed up from 11 months to
      25 years. Two patients were lost to follow-up, 55 had excellent results, and
      three patients still had nausea and heartburn but were better than before the
      operation. This procedure has three advantages: (1) It prevents the development
      of fistulas and diverticula at the site of the esophageal muscular defect; (2) it
      effectively eliminates both restenosis resulting from scar tissue and reflux
      esophagitis; and (3) it allows the cardia to recover its normal function and the
      esophagus to return to normal size at the site of the operation.

PMID- 2927163
TI  - Sensitivity of the recently infarcted heart to cardioplegic arrest. Beneficial
      effect of pretreatment with orotic acid.
AB  - The mortality and morbidity of cardiac operations are increased in the presence
      of an established, recent myocardial infarct. To help understand the mechanisms
      for this and to develop a therapeutic strategy, we studied the response of the
      recently infarcted canine heart to hypothermic cardioplegia and the effect of
      pretreatment with orotic acid. Orotic acid is a precursor of nucleic acids with
      the ability to enhance protein synthesis. In 21 greyhound dogs, a myocardial
      infarct was produced by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery.
      Ten of these then received oral orotic acid (100 mg/kg/day) for 4 days and 11
      were untreated. A sham group of eight dogs had a thoracotomy only and therefore
      had normal hearts (normal group). Four days later, all dogs underwent 60 minutes
      of cardioplegic arrest at 28 degrees C. Before arrest, stroke work index was
      lower and myocardial oxygen consumption at comparable work levels was higher in
      both the orotic acid and untreated infarct groups than in the normal group. After
      arrest and reperfusion, there was a severe depression of ventricular function in
      the untreated infarct group, with only 18% recovery of prearrest stroke work. In
      the orotic acid infarct group, recovery of prearrest function (43%) was similar
      to that in the normal group (56%) and significantly greater than in the untreated
      infarct group (p less than 0.01). After reperfusion, the untreated infarct group
      had a lower oxygen consumption, lower myocardial levels of adenosine triphosphate
      and glycogen, and higher lactate and water contents than before arrest (all p
      less than 0.05). In the orotic acid and normal groups, these variables returned
      to prearrest levels. We conclude that an established, recent myocardial infarct
      places the noninfarcted myocardium under stress and increases its sensitivity to
      hypothermic cardioplegia. This sensitivity is markedly reduced by treatment with
      orotic acid.

PMID- 2927164
TI  - Studies of retrograde cardioplegia. I. Capillary blood flow distribution to
      myocardium supplied by open and occluded arteries.
AB  - This study defines the nutritive (i.e., capillary) distribution of blood
      cardioplegic solutions delivered via retrograde and antegrade techniques to
      muscle supplied by open and occluded coronary arteries where myocardial segments
      are in jeopardy of inadequate cardioplegic protection. Open-chest anesthetized
      dogs were studied by mixing radioactive microspheres (15 +/- 5 microns) with a
      blood cardioplegic solution and administering cardioplegia either into the
      coronary sinus or into the proximal aorta with the left anterior descending
      coronary artery open or occluded (30% +/- 2% area at risk). Nutritive flow (i.e.,
      percentage of delivered 15 microns microspheres trapped in myocardial
      capillaries) during retrograde infusions averaged 65% versus 87% with antegrade
      cardioplegia (p less than 0.05). Retrograde and antegrade cardioplegic nutritive
      flow to all left ventricular regions was comparable with the left anterior
      descending coronary artery open (65 versus 82 ml/100 gm/min, p greater than
      0.05), and both methods provided preferential hyperperfusion of subendocardial
      muscle (endocardial/epicardial ratios 1.6 and 1.5, respectively). Nutritive flow
      to muscle supplied by the occluded left anterior descending coronary artery was
      preserved better by retrograde than antegrade cardioplegia (35 versus 5 ml/100
      gm/min, p less than 0.05). Preferential subendocardial hyperperfusion was
      maintained during retrograde cardioplegia (52 ml/100 gm/min,
      endocardial/epicardial ratio 1.6), but flow was redistributed away from
      subendocardial muscle with antegrade cardioplegia (less than 2 ml/100 gm/min,
      endocardial/epicardial, 0.29, p less than 0.05). Left ventricular flow was
      reduced markedly during retrograde infusion with the left anterior descending
      coronary artery open or occluded (23 and 12 ml/100 gm/min), but septal cooling
      was superior to antegrade cardioplegia (15 degrees +/- 1 degree C versus 20% +/-
      3%, p less than 0.05) despite near-normal antegrade septal flow (the left
      anterior descending coronary artery was ligated beyond the first septal branch).
      Right ventricular nutritive flow was only 7 ml/100 gm/min during retrograde
      coronary sinus perfusion and was maintained normally with antegrade
      cardioplegia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2927165
TI  - Studies of retrograde cardioplegia. II. Advantages of antegrade/retrograde
      cardioplegia to optimize distribution in jeopardized myocardium.
AB  - This study tests the hypothesis that retrograde/antegrade cardioplegic delivery
      can overcome the limitations of poor cardioplegic distribution resulting from
      either technique alone and, potentially, may expand the safety of using internal
      mammary artery grafts in cardiac muscle in jeopardy of inadequate cardioplegic
      protection. Jeopardized myocardium was produced in 20 dogs by ligating the left
      anterior descending coronary artery for 15 minutes before starting
      cardiopulmonary bypass and by 1 hour of aortic clamping with multidose 6 degrees
      C cold blood cardioplegia. Five dogs received antegrade cardioplegia via the
      aortic root. Ten dogs received retrograde cardioplegia via the coronary sinus.
      Five additional dogs received retrograde/antegrade cardioplegia via both routes.
      The ligature on the left anterior descending coronary artery was removed after
      aortic unclamping, and regional myocardial temperature (thermistor probe),
      segmental shortening (ultrasonic crystals), and global left ventricular and right
      ventricular myocardial function were evaluated. Antegrade cardioplegia produced
      excellent right ventricular cooling (14 degrees C) and allowed complete right
      ventricular functional recovery. However, it failed to cool muscle supplied by
      the left anterior descending coronary artery (only 31 degrees versus 12 degrees
      C, p less than 0.05), postischemic global left ventricular function recovered
      only 38% (p less than 0.05), and segmental shortening in the region supplied by
      the left anterior descending coronary artery recovered only 22% (p less than
      0.05). Retrograde cardioplegia produced homogeneous cooling (17 degrees C) and
      allowed near normal recovery of global and regional left ventricular function
      (99% and 86%), but right ventricular cooling was variable (19 degrees to 30
      degrees C) and right ventricular function recovered inconstantly (range 64% to
      100%, average 82%). The best myocardial protection occurred after
      retrograde/antegrade cardioplegia; myocardial cooling was homogeneous, left
      ventricular and right ventricular global function recovered completely (95% and
      90%), and regional contractility in muscle supplied by the left anterior
      descending coronary artery returned to 84% of control. We conclude that
      retrograde/antegrade cardioplegia provides better myocardial protection than
      either technique alone, ensures good cardioplegic distribution to the left and
      right ventricles, and allows regional delivery of cardioplegic flow to segments
      supplied by occluded arteries.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2927166
TI  - Direct lymphatic drainage of lung segments to the mediastinal nodes. An anatomic
      study on 260 adults.
AB  - The subpleural lymphatics of 483 lung segments were injected in cadavers of 260
      adult subjects. The injected lymph vessels corresponded to the pulmonary
      segmentation in 91% of the cases and remained close by in the other cases. Direct
      passages to the mediastinal nodes were observed in 54 of 243 right lung segments
      injected (22.2%) and 60 of 240 left lung segments (25%). Among a total of 114
      direct passages observed, 99 remained superficial in the pleura, half of them
      composed of a single vessel. These passages have been observed more frequently in
      the segments of the upper lobes. Injections of basal segments in the right and
      left lower lobes showed fewer of these direct passages to the mediastinal lymph
      nodes and also demonstrated direct lymph vessels to lymph nodes located at the
      origin of the upper lobar bronchi. In two dissections of the right upper lobe,
      the drainage went directly to the right venous jugular-subclavian junction, and
      in three dissections from three right terminal basal segments the lymph vessel
      went directly to the thoracic duct in its mediastinal passage. Direct
      contralateral lymph pathways were observed five times, four of them from basal
      segments of lower lobes.

PMID- 2927167
TI  - A versatile retractor for use in harvesting the internal mammary artery and
      performing standard cardiac operations.
AB  - A versatile retractor is described that can be used to harvest either mammary
      artery without disturbing the operative field and can be converted to a standard
      sternotomy retractor. It uses the principle of elevating the cut sternal edge and
      applying external pressure to the area of the costochrondal junction to rotate
      the mammary pedicle into view. We have used this retractor and found it to be
      very efficient in exposing the mammary pedicle while being atraumatic to the
      sternum.

PMID- 2927168
TI  - Total cavopulmonary connection.

PMID- 2927169
TI  - Resolution of intracardiac masses.

PMID- 2927170
TI  - Esophageal perforation.

PMID- 2927171
TI  - Repair of ascending aortic dissection.

PMID- 2927172
TI  - Echinococcal disease of both lungs and liver: successful simultaneous resection.

PMID- 2927173
TI  - Medium pH determines the differentiation of human promyelocytic leukemia cells to
      basophils or eosinophils by culturing in a protein- and serum-free medium.
AB  - Cells containing large basophilic granules in the cytoplasm appeared after
      culturing human promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL-60) in a protein- and serum-free
      alkaline medium. These granules were stained with toluidine blue and alcian blue.
      Cells were morphologically and cytochemically similar to basophils. The existence
      of histamine in the cell lysates was detected in both uninduced and alkaline
      medium-induced HL-60 cells. After culturing HL-60 cells in a protein- and serum
      free acidic medium, cells containing eosin-stained small granules (eosinophils)
      appeared. The differentiation of HL-60 cells to basophils or eosinophils may
      therefore depend on medium pH by culturing in a protein- and serum-free medium.

PMID- 2927174
TI  - Diagnostic significance of dysplastic features of peripheral blood polymorphs in
      myelodysplastic syndromes.
AB  - Dysplastic features of peripheral blood granulocytes were studied to investigate
      the diagnostic value estimating cytoplasmatic hypogranulation and nuclear
      abnormalities of the pelgeroid type in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS).
      Hypogranulation was measure both as the percentage of agranular neutrophils and
      as a score value, taking into account also cells with slight or moderate
      hypogranulation. We studied 62 cases of MDS (18 refractory anemia, 11
      sideroblastic anemia, 26 refractory anemia with excess of blasts, three chronic
      myelomonocytic leukemias, four refractory anemia with excess of blasts in
      transformation). For comparison we studied 13 cases of myeloproliferative
      disorders, 18 patients with different forms of anemia and 20 normal controls.
      Reference values were defined as the 95% probability limit of the mean values of
      normal controls. In MDS 52/62 patients (84%) had increased numbers of pelgeroid
      cells, 40/62 (65%) had abnormal granulation scores while only 14/62 (23%) had
      increased percentages of agranular neutrophils. The mean granulation score (+/-
      S.D.) in MDS (225.0 +/- 57.4), was significantly lower (p less than 0.001) than
      in myeloproliferative disorders (282.7 +/- 9.0), anemias (288.8 +/- 8.0) and
      normal controls (281.7 +/- 12.9). Pelgeroid neutrophils were significantly (p
      less than 0.001) more common in MDS (11.6% +/- 7.8) compared to
      myeloproliferative disorders (1.1% +/- 1.0), anemias (3.1% +/- 2.0) and normal
      controls (1.9% +/- 1.5). There was no significant correlation between the degree
      of hypogranulation and the percentages of pelgeroid cells in individual patients.
      Hypogranulation tended to be more pronounced in the more immature forms of MDS
      while pelgeroid cells were equally common in the different subgroups. When the
      two parameters were combined peripheral blood dysplasia was recognized in 92% of
      the MDS cases. The results suggest that quantitative estimation of
      hypogranulation and of nuclear abnormalities in peripheral blood polymorphs are
      simple and valuable diagnostic tools in MDS.

PMID- 2927175
TI  - Increasing the accumulation of daunorubicin in human leukemic cells by prolonging
      the infusion time.
AB  - Eight patients with acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia were treated with a
      combination of daunorubicin (1.5 mg/kg body weight) and cytosine arabinoside. The
      infusion time of daunorubicin was varied from 10 min to 24 h. One patient
      received the drug during 24 h in one treatment course and during 10 min in the
      subsequent course. The concentrations of daunorubicin and its main metabolite,
      daunorubicinol, were monitored simultaneously in plasma and in leukemic cells
      using high performance liquid chromatography. Infusion during 24 h gave a peak
      plasma concentration of daunorubicin that was less than one tenth of that
      observed after infusion for 10 min, while the areas under the plasma
      concentration vs time curves were similar. In contrast, prolonging the infusion
      time increased the area under the cellular concentration vs time curve from a
      mean of 3.3 nmol x h/mg cell protein for infusions less than one hour to 13.7 and
      17.0 nmol x h/mg cell protein in two patients who received the same dose as a 24
      h infusion. The duration of the infusion did not influence the intracellular
      levels of daunorubicinol. We conclude that the infusion times appear to affect
      the concentration of daunorubicin in the leukemic cells and may be important for
      the therapeutic effects of daunorubicin.

PMID- 2927176
TI  - Prediction of survival during induction therapy in patients with newly diagnosed
      acute myeloblastic leukemia.
AB  - Among 569 patients with newly diagnosed AML, 16% died in the 4 weeks following
      initiation of remission induction therapy. Eight pretreatment characteristics
      were found to be independently associated with 4-week survival: performance
      status, bilirubin, age, neutrophil count, fibrinogen, albumin, hemoglobin, and
      creatinine. A model incorporating these characteristics prospectively stratified
      a separate group of 198 patients into two comparably sized groups differing
      substantially in both 4-week survival rates (71% (95% confidence limits, 61-80%)
      vs. 91% (95% confidence limits, 83-96%] and in survival rates throughout
      remission induction. Characteristics associated with failure to survive 4 weeks
      were unassociated with resistance to therapy. This suggests that patients who
      fail to survive induction are qualitatively different than patients who survive
      induction but exhibit resistance to treatment. Different therapeutic strategies
      might be appropriate in the two groups. The model presented here can be used to
      identify patients at increased risk of death during remission induction.

PMID- 2927177
TI  - Antigenic variations of retrovirus in Japanese cancer patients.
AB  - Previously we demonstrated the prevalence of human T lymphotropic virus type I
      (HTVL-I) infection among cancer patients in Japan. This study was carried out to
      examine antigenic properties of retroviruses prevalent among Japanese cancer
      patients. Sera of 126 Japanese patients with cancer of different organs and with
      no history of blood transfusion, 94 in adult T cell leukemia (ATL)-endemic area
      and 32 in ATL-nonendemic area, were surveyed for antibodies to HTLV-I and HTLV-II
      by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Western blot analysis, and indirect
      immunogold electron microscopy. Among patients who were seropositive to HTLV-I,
      39 of 56 (69.6%) in ATL-endemic area and 9 of 9 (100%) in ATL-nonendemic area
      were seropositive also to HTLV-II. Of 48 sera positive to both HTLV-I and HTLV
      II, 34 (70.8%) showed stronger reactivities to HTLV-I than to HTLV-II. Among
      patients who were seronegative to HTLV-I, 3 of 38 (7.9%) in ATL-endemic area and
      5 of 23 (21.7%) in ATL-nonendemic area were seropositive to HTLV-II. Antibodies
      appearing and disappearing in sera of patients examined during the clinical
      course reacted with peptide species of HTLV-I and/or HTLV-II not always
      consistent with peptide species cross-reactive between HTLV-I and HTLV-II. These
      results indicate the antigenic diversity of retroviruses prevalent among Japanese
      cancer patients.

PMID- 2927178
TI  - Childhood acute promyelocytic leukemia: a rare variant of nonlymphoid leukemia
      with distinctive clinical and biologic features.
AB  - Of 251 consecutive cases of childhood acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) seen
      at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital over a 12-year period, 16 (6.4%) were
      classified as promyelocytic according to the French-American-British definition.
      Patients with this form of leukemia were older at diagnosis than the group
      representing all other ANLL subtypes (median age, 14.8 vs. 9.0 years); they had
      lower leukocyte counts (median, 4.5 vs. 25.9 x 10(9)/liter), and a higher
      percentage were girls (68% vs. 44%). They also were much more likely to have a
      coagulation abnormality (75% vs. 13%). Only 44% of the promyelocytic group
      achieved complete remission, compared with 79% of the remaining patients (p =
      0.001); however, after a median follow-up of 3.5 years, all but two of the
      responding patients with promyelocytic leukemia remain in complete remission. The
      majority of induction failures in the promyelocytic group (six of nine) resulted
      from complications that developed during periods of marrow hypoplasia or before
      hypoplasia was induced; whereas in the comparison group, more than half of the
      patients who failed had evidence of absolute or relative drug resistance. It is
      concluded that acute promyelocytic leukemia in children differs sufficiently from
      other subtypes of childhood ANLL to justify clinical trials of selective therapy.
      Recommendations for the use of heparin and blood component support in these
      patients are given.

PMID- 2927179
TI  - Cytogenetic heterogeneity in erythroleukemia defined as M6 by the French-American
      British (FAB) Cooperative Group criteria.
AB  - Chromosomal banding studies were performed on 10 patients diagnosed as having the
      M6 subtype of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (erythroleukemia) according to the
      French-American-British (FAB) Cooperative Group criteria revised in 1985. Five
      patients had complex karyotypic abnormalities consisting of three or more
      defects, four of the five had deletion 7q, and three of the four had monosomy 5
      or deletion 5q; the other five patients had normal karyotype. The patients of the
      former group had significantly higher white blood cell and blast cell counts in
      the peripheral blood and a higher serum lactate dehydrogenase level than the
      patients of the latter group. The progress of the disease in the former group was
      aggressive, resulting in a very poor prognosis. In contrast, the patients in the
      latter group had a relatively stable clinical course, resulting in a
      significantly longer survival. Furthermore, erythroblasts of all the patients
      with normal karyotype were negative or at most weakly positive to periodic acid
      Schiff reaction, whereas the cells were strongly positive in three of five
      patients with complex defects. Accordingly, we suggest that M6 subtype is
      cytogenetically heterogeneous, and that chromosomal findings are a useful
      prognostic indicator of this disorder.

PMID- 2927180
TI  - Acute myeloblastic leukemia with t(8;21) following Philadelphia positive acute
      lymphoblastic leukemia.
AB  - A patient with Philadelphia positive (Ph'+) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL),
      in remission for over 4 years, developed an acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML), M2
      type. During the second disease, the blast cells displayed a typical
      t(8;21)(q22;q22) translocation, in the absence of the Ph' chromosome. This is the
      first observation in the same patient of two leukemias displaying different cell
      phenotypes and each associated to one of the most characteristic chromosome
      changes. Cytogenetic characteristics and clinical aspects of the diseases are
      suggestive for the occurrence of two independent leukemic processes.

PMID- 2927181
TI  - Abrogation of the biological activity of the CFU-S inhibitor AcSDKP by a
      polyclonal antiserum.

PMID- 2927182
TI  - Can we increase the cure rate of adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia?

PMID- 2927183
TI  - Expected utility theory and risky choices with health outcomes.
AB  - Studies of people's attitude towards risk in the health sector often involve a
      comparison of the desirability of alternative medical treatments. Since the
      outcome of a medical treatment cannot be known with certainty, patients and
      physicians must make a choice that involves risk. Each medical treatment may be
      characterized as a gamble (or risky option) with a set of outcomes and associated
      probabilities. Expected utility theory (EUT) is the standard method to predict
      people's choices under uncertainty. The author presents the results of a survey
      that suggests people are very risk averse towards gambles involving health
      related outcomes. The survey also indicates that there is significant variability
      in the risk attitudes across individuals for any given gamble and that there is
      significant variability in the risk attitudes of a given individual across
      gambles. The variability of risk attitudes of a given individual suggests that
      risk attitudes are not absolute but are functions of the parameters in the
      gamble.

PMID- 2927184
TI  - Measurement of the discomfort component of illness.
AB  - Discomfort is a prominent component of illness, but it is difficult to measure on
      a scale that allows its formal inclusion in a health status index. The authors
      tested the content validity of defining various discomforts in terms of their
      quality, duration, and intensity and found no responses that could not be
      categorized within this conceptual framework. They then analyzed the ability of
      patients to ascribe preference values to a sample of discomfort statements, based
      on this characterization of discomfort, and found them able to do this reliably
      using magnitude estimation. These results show that, although the universe of
      discomforts cannot be measured directly on a common scale, they can be compared
      using a scale of social preference. This will allow the formal incorporation of
      the discomfort component of illness into health status indexes based upon
      dysfunctions, discomforts, and prognosis.

PMID- 2927185
TI  - The treatment of patients with asthma by specialists and generalists.
AB  - The authors investigated possible differences between specialists and generalists
      in the intensity with which they treat patients with asthma by studying the care
      of 283 patients between the ages of six and 40 provided by 13 allergists and 40
      randomly selected physicians in two primary care specialties: pediatrics and
      family practice. After excluding patients with more than one physician,
      allergists' patients were nearly identical to primary care physicians' patients
      in the frequency and duration of symptoms, and they had a similar number of
      asthma-related emergency room visits in the previous year and asthma-related
      hospitalizations in the preceding 3 years. The allergists treated their patients
      significantly more intensively than did the primary care physicians. Sixty-two
      percent of allergists' patients had received oral corticosteroids in the
      preceding year compared with 30% of primary care patients (P less than 0.001).
      More of the allergists' patients had received oral corticosteroids throughout the
      year (9% vs. 0%, respectively, P less than 0.01). They were also more likely to
      have used corticosteroid inhalers (46% vs. 19%) and a greater number of asthma
      medications (mean = 2.8 vs. 1.3). In a separate survey of the same physicians,
      using clinical vignettes, the allergists were more likely to prescribe
      corticosteroid tablets and inhalers. These findings suggest that specialists and
      generalists differ in the intensity with which they treat patients with asthma
      and cannot be explained by patient selection or severity differences.

PMID- 2927186
TI  - [Health care services in Canada: public financing has a monopoly but there is
      also a competition among health care providers].

PMID- 2927187
TI  - [Dyslexia--a forgotten handicap].

PMID- 2927188
TI  - [The question of cholesterol: the cholesterol value is not a suitable indicator
      of risk of myocardial infarction and early death in women].

PMID- 2927189
TI  - [A lack of disagreement in the debate on psychopharmacology in team psychiatry].

PMID- 2927190
TI  - [Concentration aimed at the screening of high-risk HPV carriers].

PMID- 2927191
TI  - [The frequency of hepatitis B in Malmo is not influenced by a program of
      replacing the injection needles of drug addicts].

PMID- 2927192
TI  - [Screening of cancer in ulcerative colitis--unnecessary surgery should be
      avoided].

PMID- 2927193
TI  - [A course on pediatric allergology in Reykjavik: the biggest problem is
      underdiagnosis and undertreatment of asthmatic symptoms].

PMID- 2927194
TI  - [Thrombosis of the superior vena cava caused by catheterization. Successfully
      treated with streptokinase].

PMID- 2927195
TI  - [Prevention of ventricular fibrillation after long RR intervals using a
      pacemaker].

PMID- 2927196
TI  - [Erroneous diagnosis of ventricular tachycardia--dangerous but unnecessary?].

PMID- 2927197
TI  - [Magnetic resonance for better possibilities in studying the connection between
      alcohol and brain damage].

PMID- 2927198
TI  - [Surgery in the very old--an analysis of patients over the age of 85 at a
      department of general surgery].

PMID- 2927199
TI  - [Recommendations from an expert meeting on the prevention and treatment of
      osteoporosis].

PMID- 2927200
TI  - [Risk of liver reactions after treatment with flucloxacillin].

PMID- 2927201
TI  - [News from abroad. Fatal cases of overdose of triazolam (Halcion)].

PMID- 2927202
TI  - [Ethical guidelines in transplantation. The right of self-determination is
      decisive for organ donation. Agreement is to be assumed when patients have not
      stated otherwise].

PMID- 2927203
TI  - [An active marketing of research results makes research more useful for society].

PMID- 2927204
TI  - [Sexual abuse of children and adolescents].

PMID- 2927205
TI  - [Amalgam poisoning--unproved and uncertain].

PMID- 2927206
TI  - [Better treatment of changes in the vocal cords when phoniatrists and
      microsurgeons cooperate].

PMID- 2927207
TI  - [Benefits of bronchoscopy in hemoptysis and normal pulmonary X-rays in patients
      over 40 years of age].
AB  - Opinion has been divided as to the benefit of bronchoscopy in cases of
      haemoptysis but normal chest radiograms. In this study such patients were
      compared with a reference group of haemoptysis patients with X-ray changes. Of
      the former group 44 underwent bronchoscopy, but after a follow-up of 57 months
      malignancy has been found in only one case, as compared with a malignancy rate of
      47 per cent in the reference group. Thus it is concluded that bronchoscopy is to
      be recommended in cases of haemoptysis and X-ray changes, whereas non-invasive
      investigation should suffice in patients under 40 years of age and without X-ray
      changes, though the risk of malignancy increases with age, particularly in
      smokers and ex-smokers.

PMID- 2927208
TI  - [Regulation of the supply of nerve growth factor results in good development of
      neural graft].

PMID- 2927209
TI  - [Vaccines today and tomorrow].

PMID- 2927210
TI  - [Thalassemia can cause microcytic, therapy-resistant anemia].

PMID- 2927211
TI  - [Sexual abuse of children and adolescents--a review based on somatic symptoms].

PMID- 2927212
TI  - Otologic manifestations of AIDS: the otosyphilis connection.
AB  - Five cases of otosyphilis presenting in patients with HIV infection are
      discussed. The group is representative of the known stages of the disease, from
      asymptomatic carrier to the fully expressed immunodeficiency syndrome, and it is
      of relevance because otosyphilis appears to have developed at an accelerated rate
      from the primary infection. Four patients had been treated with penicillin 2 to 5
      years previously and had a positive fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption
      (FTA-ABS) test. The fifth had concurrent neurosyphilis and was VDRL-test
      (Venereal Disease Research Laboratory) negative 2 years prior to the onset of
      symptoms. In all five patients, syphilis was in the latent stage. It is proposed
      that it is during this phase of the disease that HIV may alter its course and
      hasten the development of otosyphilis. It is also suggested that otosyphilis can
      present at any stage of HIV infection and should be considered in seropositive
      patients presenting with otologic complaints.

PMID- 2927213
TI  - The early signs and symptoms of neurotologic complications of chronic suppurative
      otitis media.
AB  - The delay in the diagnosis of neurotologic complications of chronic suppurative
      otitis media has been explained in a number of ways, including antibiotic
      suppression, surgical drainage, and a lowered index of clinical suspicion because
      the problem is relatively rare today. Twelve cases of neurotologic complications
      of chronic suppurative otitis media were reviewed to determine the early and late
      findings that should raise the physician's index of suspicion. Purulent,
      malodorous drainage, headache, and fever were the significant early findings.
      Altered mental status was a late finding, and usually indicated established
      intracranial infection. By drawing attention to the early findings, we hope to
      lower the morbidity and mortality associated with these complications.

PMID- 2927214
TI  - Evaluation of syncope from head and neck cancer.
AB  - Five patients suffering from recurrent syncope in association with metastatic
      squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck were examined. Two patients had
      exhaustive diagnostic work-up for syncope, which eventually disclosed previously
      undiagnosed, recurrent squamous cell carcinoma. Case reports describe
      glossopharyngeal neuralgia, a well recognized cause of syncope in the head and
      neck cancer patient, characterized by acute unilateral head or neck pain
      preceding each syncopal episode. The literature on the diagnosis of syncope is
      reviewed, and the syncopal mechanisms unique to the head and neck cancer patient
      are analyzed and discussed. A diagnostic approach to syncope in head and neck
      cancer is proposed.

PMID- 2927215
TI  - Epiglottitis in AIDS patients.
AB  - Adult epiglottitis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome has not
      been previously reported. A pale, floppy epiglottis with supraglottic edema,
      cervical lymphadenopathy, a normal to low white blood count without a shift to
      the left, and rapidly progressive airway obstruction characterize this entity. In
      this small series of patients, conservative medical management was not
      successful, and aggressive airway intervention with appropriate intravenous
      antibiotic therapy was necessary.

PMID- 2927217
TI  - Middle fossa acoustic tumor surgery: results in 106 cases.
AB  - Although the middle cranial fossa approach has been used less frequently in
      recent years than in the past, it continues to be a useful technique for the
      removal of small acoustic tumors with possible hearing preservation. The approach
      provides complete exposure of the contents of the internal auditory canal, thus
      allowing positive facial nerve identification and facilitating total tumor
      removal. This paper reports the results of 106 middle fossa acoustic tumor
      removals over a 25-year period. Measurable postoperative hearing remained in 59%
      of cases. In 89% of cases, normal or near-normal postoperative facial nerve
      function was obtained. Total tumor removal was achieved in 98% of cases.
      Preoperative selection criteria are discussed, and postoperative complications
      are reported.

PMID- 2927216
TI  - The shelf life of the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test
      (UPSIT).
AB  - The shelf life of the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test was
      studied by comparing, using a within-subjects design, scores for tests
      manufactured within 2 months of the time of testing, 2 1/2 years before the time
      of testing, and 4 years before testing. A three-way analysis of variance (test
      age by gender by booklet presentation order) revealed no significant effects of
      test age, presentation order, or any of the interactions on the average test
      scores. However, a significant gender main effect was observed (the women
      outperformed the men). The number of persons who correctly identified each test
      item was examined using the Cochran Q test. A significant difference was found
      among the three groups for only one of the 40 items (lemon). The percentage of
      persons who correctly identified lemon was lowest with the 4-year-old tests
      (respective percentages of correct values for the recent, 2 1/2-year, and 4-year
      tests were 100%, 97%, and 67%). It is not clear, however, whether this variation
      is the result of test age, per se, or vagaries in the manufacturing process.
      Overall, the data indicate that tests stored in a dry place at room temperature
      have a long shelf life and can be validly used for assessing patient smell
      function.

PMID- 2927218
TI  - Laryngeal foreign bodies in children: a persistent, life-threatening problem.
AB  - We reviewed the records of all patients admitted to Cardinal Glennon Children's
      Hospital for foreign object aspiration from 1980 to 1987. There were 11 true
      glottic bodies, which accounted for 12.1% of the 91 foreign bodies detected in
      the airways. A mortality rate of 45% (5 patients) and transient hypoxic
      encephalopathy in 27% (3 patients) indicate the often tragic outcome of
      obstruction in the pediatric larynx. Two distinct types of foreign bodies were
      responsible for laryngeal obstruction in these children. The first group
      consisted of bulky items, mostly food, and resulted in a more severe type of
      obstruction, with higher mortality and morbidity. The second group of objects
      were thin, laminar, triangular bodies, which tended to wedge unsuspectedly in the
      larynx, mimicking inflammatory diseases and requiring endoscopy for their
      removal. Hypothetical models are used to explain the physical phenomena that
      occur in foreign body obstruction in the two different groups. Recommendations
      for intervention are made based on the conclusions.

PMID- 2927219
TI  - Bioinhibition of human fibroblast cultures sensitized to Q-switch II dye and
      treated with the Nd: YAG laser: a new technique of photodynamic therapy with
      lasers.
AB  - Kodak Q-switch II dye has recently proven to be an effective biostimulative agent
      on normal human fibroblast cultures. The potential for this dye as a new
      chemosensitizing agent for the treatment of connective tissue diseases and wound
      healing with the Nd:YAG laser was examined. Two normal fibroblast cell lines were
      first sensitized to a nontoxic dose of Q-switch II dye, then subjected to
      treatment with an Nd:YAG laser at 1,060 nm, with varying levels of energy and
      temperatures determined by a reproducible method of dosimetry. The results
      indicate that Q-switch II dye at nontoxic doses of 0.1 micrograms/ml enhances the
      cytotoxic effects of the Nd:YAG laser at temperatures as low as 36 degrees C.
      Furthermore, at physiological temperature ranges as low as 24 degrees C to 34
      degrees C, cell duplication was inhibited, but cell viability was not affected.
      Similar results were not observed when fibroblast cultures were treated with the
      laser alone. These observations suggest that Q-switch II dye is an effective
      chemosensitizing agent for the Nd:YAG laser and could potentially be used to
      reduce collagen deposits in conditions such as keloids and hypertrophic scars.

PMID- 2927220
TI  - Practical computer applications for a head and neck cancer registry.

PMID- 2927221
TI  - Forehead flap nasal reconstruction with tissue expansion and delayed pedicle
      separation.

PMID- 2927222
TI  - Fiberoptic identification of the obscured trachea.

PMID- 2927224
TI  - Airway maintenance after bronchoscopy.

PMID- 2927223
TI  - The correction of cryptotia with a new prosthesis using the invaginating force
      produced by the deformity.

PMID- 2927225
TI  - Effects of exposure time and pulse parameters on CO2 laser osteotomies.
AB  - Two sets of experimental linear osteotomies were performed on frozen cortical
      bone by means of a high-power industrial CO2 laser in the rapid superpulsed mode,
      varying the velocity of the operating table, the mean power of the laser beam,
      the pulsewidth, the pulse repetition rate, and the peak power. Both the depth and
      the width of the osteotomies were inversely related to the velocity and directly
      related to the mean power and to the pulsewidth, but they were not affected by
      changes in the repetition rate. The depth/width ratio, which describes the
      profile of the osteotomies, was affected by the mean power only. These data
      permit greater accuracy in the planning of laser osteotomies in cortical bone
      when using the rapid super-pulsed mode.

PMID- 2927226
TI  - Anastomosis of bypass grafts using a low-powered CO2 laser.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of using a low-powered
      CO2 laser to perform end-to-side anastomoses of bypass grafts. The internal
      jugular veins of 13 domestic swine were removed and used as grafts to bypass
      their ligated carotid arteries. Each end of the vein graft was apposed to the
      artery with four to six temporary stay sutures, and a waveguide delivery CO2
      laser with a power density of 900 mW/mm2 was used to perform the anastomoses,
      after which the sutures were removed. The animals were sacrificed postoperatively
      at five time intervals: 2 to 4 hours, 5 days, 1 month, 3 months, and 5 months. Of
      the 10 anastomoses studied at 2 to 4 hours, 70% were fully patent, none
      thrombosed, and 30% disrupted. Of the 16 anastomoses studied between 5 days and 5
      months postoperatively, 88% were patent, 12% thrombosed, and none disrupted. None
      of the animals developed aneurysms at any stage of this investigation. Histologic
      analysis of acute studies revealed thermal damage such as charring of tissue,
      unraveling of the collagen fibrils, and the formation of microvacuoles. Within 3
      months, the anastomotic sites showed localized healing with intimal fibromuscular
      proliferation and dense fibrous tissue. Good apposition of tissue was found to be
      of great importance in achieving patency of vessels in this procedure.

PMID- 2927227
TI  - In vitro optical properties of human and canine brain and urinary bladder tissues
      at 633 nm.
AB  - Absorption and scattering coefficients and scattering anisotropy factor are
      presented for human and canine cadaver tissues at the helium-neon wavelength (633
      nm). Measurements were performed with an integrating sphere arrangement and
      analyzed with the diffusion approximation of the equation of radiative transfer
      adapted to Kubelka-Munk techniques.

PMID- 2927228
TI  - Laser-assisted vasovasostomy.
AB  - To find a less time-consuming alternative to conventional microsurgical
      vasovasostomy, we performed vasal anastomosis in four sterilized men by means of
      a Nd:YAG laser (wavelength 1,060 nm) under macroscopic conditions. After
      dissection of the vasal ends, the ends were approximated using 6-0 prolene
      sutures as intervasal stents. The apposed tissue edges were welded by laser
      pulses of 0.5 sec in duration and 10 W in power. Postoperative sperm counts
      proved normal in two patients; one of them reported a successful pregnancy in his
      wife 12 months after vasovasostomy. One patient had cryptospermia and one patient
      oligoasthenospermia. Laser-assisted vasovasostomy is a simple procedure and
      shortens the operative time. More patients still need to be studied to allow a
      favorable comparison with conventional suture techniques.

PMID- 2927229
TI  - Hazard zones and eye protection requirements for a frosted surgical probe used
      with an Nd:YAG laser.
AB  - Detailed radiometric analyses are reported on selected frosted-style laser
      surgical probes that are in use in laser surgical procedures. These measurements
      were performed in order to determine their nominal hazard zone (NHZ) and the
      requirement for protective eyewear. All measurements were conducted under worst
      case conditions using a 30-W Nd:YAG laser. The results show that for the style of
      probe tested, the NHZ can be considered a spherical volume of 1.3 m and will
      require eye protection devices having a maximum optical density rating of 4.3 at
      1.06 microns for all personnel who may come within that range.

PMID- 2927230
TI  - Effect of helium-neon and infrared laser irradiation on wound healing in rabbits.
AB  - We examined the biostimulating effects of helium-neon laser radiation (HeNe;
      632.8 nm), pulsed infrared laser radiation (IR; 904 nm), and the two combined on
      skin wound healing in New Zealand white rabbits. Seventy-two rabbits received
      either 1) no exposure, 2) 1.65 J/cm2 HeNe, 3) 8.25 J/cm2 pulsed IR, or 4) both
      HeNe and IR together to one of two dorsal full-thickness skin wounds, daily, for
      21 days. Wound areas were measured photographically at periodic intervals. Tissue
      samples were analyzed for tensile strength, and histology was done to measure
      epidermal thickness and cross-sectional collagen area. Significant differences
      were found in the tensile strength of all laser-treated groups (both the
      irradiated and nonirradiated lesion) compared to group 1. No differences were
      found in the rate of wound healing or collagen area. Epidermal growth was greater
      in the HeNe-lased area compared to unexposed tissue, but the difference was not
      significant. Thus, laser irradiation at 632.8 nm and 904 nm alone or in
      combination increased tensile strength during wound healing and may have released
      tissue factors into the systemic circulation that increased tensile strength on
      the opposite side as well.

PMID- 2927231
TI  - Effect of low-energy laser irradiation on colony formation capability in
      different human tumor cells in vitro.
AB  - Fibroblasts and lymphocytes are the most widely used cells for studying the so
      called biostimulative effect of low-power laser in vitro. In contrast,
      stimulation of cancer cells by laser light has not been investigated extensively.
      The present study attempted to evaluate whether or not human tumor cells could
      exhibit an increase in colony-forming capability following low-watt laser
      irradiation. LoVo and HT29 (colon carcinoma), MCF7 (breast carcinoma), M14 and
      JR1 (malignant melanoma) cell lines were irradiated at different doses of light
      delivered from an argon or an argon-dye laser. Radiant exposures between 4.2 and
      150 kJ/m2 at irradiances ranging from 35 to 500 W/m2 were delivered. Results were
      mixed. Of the 41 experiments performed, five showed a significant statistical
      increase in the number of colonies (P less than 0.05), whereas three showed a
      decrease (P less than 0.05). Nevertheless, the trend of most data was toward an
      increase in colony formation, and Wilcoxon's signed-ranks test suggested that
      light increases tumor cell culture growth (P less than 0.03).

PMID- 2927232
TI  - The first sutureless, laser-welded, end-to-end bowel anastomosis.
AB  - The use of laser energy to weld together tissue offers great promise in the
      expanding field of laser surgery. The published results of laser welding
      intestinal tissue have, to date, been limited to the successful laser closures of
      small enterotomies. This is the first report of using laser energy alone to
      create an end-to-end small bowel anastomosis. A biocompatible, water-soluble,
      intraluminal stent was employed during the laser welding of this sutureless,
      stapleless ileal anastomosis in a rabbit model. Excellent recovery and healing
      were observed. The rapidity, ease, and potential for full precision automation of
      laser welding mandates further research.

PMID- 2927233
TI  - Laser vaporization of leiomyoma of the esophagus.
AB  - We present the case of a 67-year-old man with a stenosing leiomyoma of the
      esophagus, which led to dysphagia. Because of severe concomitant diseases,
      thoracotomy was not possible in this patient. Endoscopic laser ablation was a
      fast and successful treatment; more than 2 years have passed without any sign of
      recurrence.

PMID- 2927234
TI  - [The value of tumor markers in colorectal cancer].
AB  - In 137 patients with colorectal carcinoma carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was
      preoperatively measured in serum. Sensitivity of CEA was dependant on the tumor
      stage. Patients in early tumor stages (TNM stages I + II) demonstrated only in
      10% grossly elevated CEA levels compared with 43% of patients with progressive
      tumor stages (TNM III + IV). The main importance of tumor markers lies still in
      postoperative follow-up. In patients with a local recurrence of colorectal
      carcinoma we measured in 57% CEA levels greater than 10ng/ml, in patients with
      distant metastases even in 75%. CA 19-9 achieved a lower sensitivity in
      postoperative follow-up of colorectal carcinoma than CEA. Only 22% of patients
      with a recurrence of colorectal carcinoma had CA 19-9 levels beyond the normal
      range (37 U/ml) compared with 67% elevated CEA levels in the same group of
      patients. CEA is still the most important tumor marker in colorectal carcinoma.
      Measurement of CA 19-9 in postoperative follow-up is no substitute for CEA, it
      can only be a supplement.

PMID- 2927235
TI  - [Quality assurance of prevention by structured continuing education].

PMID- 2927236
TI  - [A case presenting differential diagnostic difficulties in eosinophilic
      gastritis].
AB  - The diagnosis of eosinophilic gastritis in a 45 year old man was definitely
      established only through laparotomy, after inconclusive radiological,
      endoscopical and biopsy histological findings. The diagnostic difficulties in
      this particular case were characteristic for this condition, as evident from the
      literature.

PMID- 2927237
TI  - [Qualification and quality assurance measures].

PMID- 2927238
TI  - Effect of synthetic physalaemin on splanchnic circulation in dogs.
AB  - Physalaemin has been reported as one of the most potent vasodilator and
      hypotensive peptides (1-4). In spite of these studies, however, the effect of the
      peptide on splanchnic circulation is not known precisely. In the present study,
      the effect of synthetic physalaemin on superior mesenteric arterial blood flow,
      portal venous blood flow and pancreatic capillary blood flow was investigated in
      dogs. Dose dependent increases of superior mesenteric arterial blood flow and
      portal venous blood flow were induced in response to physalaemin (0.1-10.0
      ng/kg). Superior mesenteric arterial blood flow and portal venous blood flow
      attained maximal increases of 77 +/- 8.9% and 70 +/- 8.6%, respectively, at a
      dose of 5 ng/kg. Physalaemin caused a dose-related decrease in systemic arterial
      blood pressure. Pancreatic capillary blood flow did not show significant change
      with the administration of physalaemin. These data suggest that physalaemin may
      play some physiological roles in the regulation of splanchnic circulation.

PMID- 2927239
TI  - Effects of oxygen deprivation on incubated rat soleus muscle.
AB  - Isolated soleus muscle deprived of oxygen produces more lactate and alanine than
      oxygen-supplied muscle. Oxygenated muscle synthesized glutamine, while anoxic
      muscle used this amino acid. Oxygen deprivation decreased adenine nucleotides
      leading to the efflux of nucleosides. Protein synthesis and degradation responded
      differently to anoxia. Synthesis almost completely ceased, while proteolysis
      increased. Therefore, protein degradation in soleus muscle is enhanced when
      energy supplies and oxygen tension are low.

PMID- 2927240
TI  - Stereospecific reversal of nitrous oxide analgesia by naloxone.
AB  - The opiate antagonist naloxone was found to block nitrous oxide analgesia in a
      stereospecific fashion. Using a modified hotplate test in mice, the (-)
      enantiomer of naloxone (which has a KD of approximately 1 nM for opiate
      receptors) antagonized the analgesic actions of nitrous oxide in a dose-dependent
      (2.5-20 mg/kg) fashion. In contrast, the (+)-enantiomer (KD approximately 10,000
      nM) had no effect on nitrous oxide analgesia at the highest dose tested (40
      mg/kg). These data strongly suggest that nitrous oxide analgesia is mediated via
      opiate receptors and is consistent with the hypotheses that this effect occurs
      either through the release of endogenous opioids or by physical perturbation of
      the opiate receptors.

PMID- 2927241
TI  - Thermoregulatory effects of resiniferatoxin in the mouse: comparison with
      capsaicin.
AB  - Resiniferatoxin, an extremely irritant diterpene present in several members of
      the genus Euphorbia, produced an 8 C decrease in the rectal temperature of mice
      with an effective dose in the range of 2-20 micrograms/kg. The structurally
      related natural product capsaicin produced a similar magnitude of fall in body
      temperature, albeit with 1000-fold lower potency. Tolerance to the hypothermic
      effects of both compounds readily developed and cross-tolerance between the
      compounds was observed. The extreme potency of resiniferatoxin should facilitate
      biochemical analysis of the mechanism of action of this class of compounds.

PMID- 2927242
TI  - Effects of caerulein + haloperidol on amphetamine-induced locomotor stereotypy in
      rats.
AB  - The combination of haloperidol + caerulein has been reported to produce a long
      lasting reduction of amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotions in rats. This study was
      designed to replicate those findings and to determine whether haloperidol +
      caerulein produce any unique effect on amphetamine-induced locomotor stereotypy.
      In two experiments, haloperidol + caerulein failed to produce a long-lasting
      reduction in amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotions. Although haloperidol reduced
      the locomotor stereotypy produced by higher doses of amphetamine, caerulein had
      no effect, either alone or combined with haloperidol.

PMID- 2927244
TI  - Quantitative detection of rapid motions in spectrin by NMR.
AB  - Previous high resolution proton NMR data on human erythrocyte spectrin molecules
      has indicated the existence of regions exhibiting rapid internal motions within
      the intact molecules [L. W.-M. Fung, H.-Z. Lu, R. P. Hjelm, jr, M. E. Johnson,
      FEBS Lett., 197, 234 (1986)]. We have extended the studies by developing
      quantitative NMR methods to determine the fraction of spectrin protons exhibiting
      rapid internal motions, in both the isolated molecule and within the spectrin
      actin network. Using both one-pulse and spin echo pulse sequences, we find that
      the fraction of the protons in rapid motion is about 15% of the total protons in
      the spectrin molecule at 37 degrees C in phosphate buffer with 150 mM NaCl at pH
      7.4. Quantitative information on these rapid motions will be important in
      understanding the structural, mechanical and functional properties of spectrin
      molecules, as well as in understanding filamentous protein structures in general.

PMID- 2927243
TI  - Increased serotonin2 (5-HT2) receptor binding as measured by 3H-lysergic acid
      diethylamide (3H-LSD) in the blood platelets of depressed patients.
AB  - 3H-Lysergic acid diethylamide (3H-LSD) binding, a putative measure of 5-HT2
      receptor binding, was studied in the blood platelets of 29 depressed patients and
      24 normal controls. The Bmax (maximum number of 3H-LSD binding sites) in the
      blood platelets of depressed patients was significantly greater than that of
      normal volunteers. This increase in Bmax was due to an increase in female
      depressed patients only. Bmax was significantly lower in female compared to male
      normal controls but there was no difference between male and female depressed
      patients. There was also no difference in Kd (an inverse measure of affinity of
      3H-LSD binding to its sites) between normal controls and depressed patients. The
      correlations between Bmax of 3H-LSD binding and the Bmax of the 3H-imipramine
      binding site or the Vmax of 5-HT uptake sites were not significant. The role of
      serotonergic processes in the psychobiology of depression is discussed.

PMID- 2927245
TI  - Redistribution of haloperidol after electroshock: experimental evidence.
AB  - We have previously reported that plasma and red blood cell levels of haloperidol,
      a neuroleptic agent, significantly increased immediately after electroconvulsive
      shock therapy (ECT) in schizophrenic patients on long term haloperidol treatment.
      To elucidate the mechanism of this increase, we attempted to reproduce this
      phenomenon in female Wistar rats. After 4 successive days of ip administration of
      haloperidol (10 mg/kg body weight, once daily), rats were given ECT through
      corneal electrodes on the fifth day (a.c. 50 Herz, 55 mA, 2.0 sec). Haloperidol
      levels were determined in plasma and other major tissues using a radioreceptor
      assay for haloperidol distribution before and after ECT at appropriate time
      intervals. Plasma haloperidol level was significantly increased 1 min after ECT
      but tended to return to the control level (without ECT) after 5 min. A
      significant decrease in haloperidol concentration in tissues was not observed in
      any of the tissues examined including frontal cerebrum, striatum, and muscle
      tissues (gluteal muscles). However, the relatively high haloperidol level and the
      large volume of muscle tissues suggested that the muscle could be the source of
      the transient increase in haloperidol levels in plasma. This conclusion was also
      supported by the data showing no significant rise of plasma haloperidol level
      after ETC in rats previously given a muscle relaxant, succamethonium chloride.

PMID- 2927246
TI  - Tissue distribution of bufuralol hydroxylase activity in Sprague-Dawley rats.
AB  - This study has characterised the distribution of bufuralol 1'-hydroxylase
      activity in various organs of male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. Microsomes
      were prepared from the liver, kidney, brain, kidney, spleen and adrenals of male
      and female rats. Measurement of 1'-hydroxybufuralol produced by the incubation of
      racemic, (+) and (-) bufuralol with the microsomes was by HPLC. The specific
      activity (nmol/min/mg protein) of bufuralol 1'-hydroxylase in various tissues
      were: liver (M 12.3; F 10.2), kidney (M 12.3; F 11.7), brain (M 8.9; F 9.0),
      adrenal (M 0.9; F 0.3), lung (M 4.6; F 3.6) and spleen (M 8.8; F 10.0).
      Stereoselective preference (+/-) of the isozyme for (+) bufuralol was: Liver (M
      2.2; F 2.2), kidney (M 2.2; F 2.1), brain (M 1.0; F 0.9), lung (M 0.74; F 0.95)
      and spleen (M 1.0; F 1.32).

PMID- 2927247
TI  - Failure of zinc to prevent dysmorphogenesis of cultured rat conceptuses by anti
      yolk sac antiserum.
AB  - Day 10 rat conceptuses were cultured for 48h in the presence of either cadmium or
      anti-visceral yolk sac antiserum (AVYS). Cadmium was embryotoxic at
      concentrations exceeding 0.25 micrograms/ml whilst AVYS caused embryonic
      dysmorphogenesis, particularly affecting the optic vesicles, at concentrations of
      2 microliters/ml and above. The effect of pretreatment with zinc on
      embryotoxicity caused by cadmium or AVYS was studied. Zinc ameliorated the
      effects of cadmium but had no effect on AVYS-induced embryonic abnormalities. In
      a second set of experiments inhibition of 125I-labelled PVP uptake by the yolk
      sac of cultured whole conceptuses was studied. Cadmium and AVYS both inhibited
      uptake compared to control cultures. Zinc again ameliorated the effect of cadmium
      but had no action against AVYS-induced inhibition. These results are in contrast
      to our previous findings using isolated cultured yolk sacs in which zinc
      ameliorated the inhibitory effects on 125I-labelled PVP uptake of both cadmium
      and AVYS. These data show that in experiments using the isolated cultured yolk
      sac and the intact cultured conceptus, a qualitatively different response in yolk
      sac behaviour is observed under similar experimental conditions.

PMID- 2927248
TI  - Effects of morphine and naloxone on feline colonic transit.
AB  - The effects of endogenous and exogenous opioid substances on feline colonic
      transit were evaluated using colonic transit scintigraphy. Naloxone (0.3 mg/kg,
      i.m.) accelerated emptying of the cecum and ascending colon, and filling of the
      transverse colon. Endogenous opioid peptides thus appear to play a significant
      role in the regulation of colonic transit. At a moderate dose of morphine (0.1
      mg/kg, i.m.), cecum and ascending colon transit was accelerated, while at a
      larger dose (1.0 mg/kg, i.m.) morphine had no effect. Since naloxone, a
      relatively nonspecific opioid antagonist, and morphine, a principally mu opioid
      receptor agonist, both accelerate proximal colonic transit, a decelerating role
      for at least one of the other opioid receptors is inferred.

PMID- 2927249
TI  - Role of opioid antagonists in treating intravenous cocaine abuse.
AB  - Intravenous cocaine abuse is a major probel in opioid abusers including those
      treated in methadone maintenance. Studying 138 opioid addicts, we found that
      speedballing by combining opioid agonists with cocaine may be blocked by opioid
      antagonists such as naltrexone and by partial antagonists such as buprenorphine.
      With both these treatments cocaine abuse was five to eight times less than with
      methadone treatment.

PMID- 2927250
TI  - Mechanisms underlying the supra-maximal thermogenesis elicited by aminophylline
      in rats.
AB  - Previous studies showed that acute treatment with aminophylline (AMPY)
      significantly elevated maximum thermogenesis and improved cold tolerance in rats
      and man in severe cold. However, the exact mechanism by which AMPY enhances
      thermogenesis was unknown. Rats receiving enprofylline (ENPRO) (1.5 and 15 mg/kg,
      i.p.), a selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor, failed to show enhanced
      thermogenesis. In contrast, treatment with a selective adenosine receptor
      antagonist, 8-phenyltheophylline(8-PT; 2.5 to 10 mg/kg, i.p.), significantly
      increased (p less than 0.05) thermogenesis and cold tolerance. However, the
      maximal thermogenic effect by optimal dose of 8-PT (5 mg/kg) was significantly
      lower than that with optimal dose of AMPY (18.7 mg/kg, i.p.); the deficit could
      be eradicated by combining optimal 8-PT dose with a low dose of AMPY (1.25
      mg/kg), but not with ENPRO. These results indicate that the thermogenic effect of
      AMPY is not by inhibition of phosphodiesterase but at least partially by
      antagonism of adenosine receptors. It is also apparent that older mechanisms in
      addition to adenosine antagonism are also involved in AMPY's thermogenic action.

PMID- 2927251
TI  - Comparative study of cathinone and amphetamine on brown adipose thermogenesis.
AB  - The effect of cathinone and amphetamine on brown adipose tissue thermogenesis and
      its modification with propranolol and timolol has been studied in rats. Both
      cathinone and amphetamine produced significant dose dependent increases in
      intracapsular brown adipose tissue (IBAT) and rectal temperatures. Amphetamine
      was found to be three times more potent as compared to cathinone, on a dose
      basis. Pretreatment of animals with propranolol and timolol individually
      inhibited cathinone and amphetamine induced hyperthermia. These findings suggest
      the involvement of beta adrenergic receptors in cathinone and amphetamine induced
      thermogenesis.

PMID- 2927252
TI  - Effect of LY53857, a selective 5HT2 receptor antagonist, on 5HT-induced increases
      in cutaneous vascular permeability in rats.
AB  - Both serotonin and histamine increased cutaneous vascular permeability in rats;
      however, serotonin was approximately 100-fold more potent than histamine. LY53857
      (0.1 and 1.0 mg/kg, i.p.), a selective 5HT2 receptor antagonist, blocked
      serotonin- but not histamine-induced increases in cutaneous vascular
      permeability. the alpha 1 receptor antagonist, prazosin, did not significantly
      affect increases in vascular permeability produced by serotonin. These data
      extend previous studies with LY53857 by further documenting its selectivity as a
      5HT2 receptor antagonist. In addition, these results with a selective 5HT2
      receptor antagonist provide evidence that 5HT2 receptor activation may be the
      predominant mechanism associated with vascular permeability changes induced by
      serotonin.

PMID- 2927253
TI  - Suppression of opiate withdrawal by cyclosporin A and dietary modification.
AB  - It has been demonstrated in a murine model that a defined diet (Purina Basal Diet
      5755) has immunosuppressive effects similar to cyclosporin A (CsA). It was also
      shown that CsA treatment in opiate dependent rats can attenuate the severity of
      opiate withdrawal. In this study, an opiate dependence model was established in
      Balb/c mice to assess the effects of the 5755 diet and CsA on morphine withdrawal
      - a CNS mediated phenomenon. Three groups of mice were used; a chow-fed control
      group (Purina 5008), a chow fed CsA treated group, and a group maintained on the
      5755 diet. Morphine dependence was established by subcutaneous implantation of a
      100 mg morphine base pellet under ether anesthesia. Seventy-two hours after
      pellet implantation, withdrawal was precipitated by a single injection of the
      opiate antagonist naloxone (2 mg/kg ip). Two indicators of withdrawal were
      assessed; jumping and diarrhea. The data demonstrated that both CsA and the 5755
      diet resulted in significant attenuation of withdrawal symptoms with the 5755
      diet being the most effective of the two. These findings suggest that immune
      modulation elicited by the 5755 diet and CsA treatment has a direct impact on the
      CNS opioid function.

PMID- 2927254
TI  - Magnesium potentiation of iron-transferrin binding.
AB  - The binding of iron to transferrin was studied by loading iron (III) onto
      apotransferrin in a chloride and a nitrilotriacetate form. When magnesium was
      added, a marked increase occurred in both the rate of iron binding and the
      maximum level of iron loaded on transferrin utilizing either iron salt. In the
      absence of magnesium the amount of iron required to achieve 50 percent saturation
      of the binding sites was 1.6 x 10(-4) M, whereas when magnesium was added, only
      about one-third as much iron (0.54 x 10(-4) M) was required. These data suggest
      an allosteric effect on transferrin by magnesium which potentiates iron (III)
      binding.

PMID- 2927255
TI  - Factors influencing erythrocyte choline concentrations.
AB  - Choline concentrations in human erythrocytes increase after freezing and thawing,
      during incubation in Krebs-phosphate for 30 min or on storage at 0 degrees C for
      3-24 hr. The increase is prevented by protein precipitation by 10% perchloric
      acid, 10% zinc hydroxide, 10% sodium tungstate or boiling in water. It is not
      prevented by EDTA (10 mM) and is increased by oleate (5 mM). We suggest that the
      increase is due to the action of phospholipase D on erythrocyte phospholipids.

PMID- 2927256
TI  - The generation of valosin-like peptides from a precursor protein in vitro as an
      extraction artifact.
AB  - Valosin is a 25 amino acid peptide recently isolated from the porcine
      gastrointestinal tract. The molecular forms of valosin-like immunoreactivity
      (VLIR) were examined following different tissue extraction procedures.
      Fractionation of tissue extracted with cold 0.1 M sodium hydroxide by Sephadex
      G50 gel permeation chromatography revealed a large form of VLIR (Kav = 0).
      Smaller forms of VLIR, Kav = 0.36 and 0.57 were obtained in tissue extracted by
      boiling in 0.5 M acetic acid. Acidification and boiling of the 0.1 M sodium
      hydroxide tissue extracts also generated smaller forms of VLIR of Kav = 0.36 and
      0.57. Partially purified preparations of the large forms of VLIR extracted with
      sodium hydroxide could be disrupted into a smaller form of Kav = 0.57 by
      acidification and boiling. This smaller molecular form co-eluted with the
      synthetic 25 amino acid valosin standard. We conclude that valosin does not occur
      naturally but is an artifact generated by cleavage of a larger protein precursor
      upon acid extraction of tissues. Workers should be aware of the need to verify
      their extraction procedures when characterising novel peptides to avoid potential
      pitfalls such as acid/thermal cleavage of proteins.

PMID- 2927257
TI  - Cholinergic responsiveness of intestinal muscle in the pregnant guinea pig.
AB  - Clinical observations and limited animal experiments have suggested that
      gastrointestinal motility is suppressed during pregnancy. We therefore compared
      isometric contractions of colon and ileal circular muscle in response to
      carbachol (10(-8) to 10(-4) M). Data was analyzed by comparing mean maximal
      tension, dose-response curves, and EC50 values for tissue from the two groups of
      animals. Circular muscle from proximal colon, distal colon, and ileum in pregnant
      animals developed less tension in response to carbachol than did tissue from non
      pregnant controls. Dose-response curves in the pregnant groups were depressed,
      when compared with non-pregnant groups, at concentrations of 10(-6) M and
      greater. Sensitivity of the muscle to cholinergic stimulation, as measured by
      EC50 values, was similar in the ileum and proximal colon but increased slightly
      (p less than 0.05), by a factor of approximately 2, for distal colonic muscle
      from pregnant animals. Assuming that circular muscle contractions are primarily
      responsible for mixing and propulsion in the gut, this reduction in
      responsiveness to excitatory cholinergic stimulation is consistent with the
      concept of pregnancy-related suppression of gastrointestinal motility.

PMID- 2927258
TI  - Cholecystokinin stimulates neuronal receptors to produce contraction of the
      canine colon.
AB  - The motor effects of cholecystokinin 26-33-amide (CCK octapeptide; CCK-OP) and
      several purported CCK receptor antagonists on canine colonic circular muscle were
      determined in pentobarbital anesthetized dogs. Intravenous injections of CCK-OP
      had no effect on colonic motility at doses that contracted the gallbladder,
      stomach and duodenum. CCK-OP delivered by intraarterial injection to a small
      segment of the proximal colon produced a dose related increase in colonic
      motility with one-half maximum response at 12 ng/Kg and maximum response at 50
      ng/Kg. The effects of intraarterial injections of several established CCK
      receptor antagonists on proximal colonic responses to intraarterial injections of
      CCK-OP were determined. Proglumide, 10 mg/Kg, did not produce colonic
      contractions itself, but antagonized CCK-OP-induced responses. Carbobenzyloxy
      (CBZ)-CCK27-32-amide antagonized CCK-OP-induced colonic responses and also had no
      effect on basal colonic motility (0.1-1 and 5 micrograms/Kg). Neither compound
      antagonized acetylcholine- induced colonic responses. Butoxycarbonyl (BOC)-CCK31
      33-amide increased basal colonic motility, but did not alter CCK-OP-induced
      responses at doses of 0.1 and 0.2 mg/Kg. Dibutyryl-cGMP at a dose of 0.1 mg/Kg
      did not affect basal motility or CCK-OP-induced contractions. At a dose of 1.0
      mg/kg it increased basal colonic motility but did not affect CCK-OP-induced
      contractions. Pentagastrin increased colonic motor activity only at a dose of 5
      micrograms/Kg, i.a., a much higher dose than effective doses of CCK-OP. The
      mechanism of CCK-OP-induced colonic motor effects also was determined. Atropine
      sulfate, 100 micrograms/Kg, i.v. significantly reduced both intraarterial
      acetylcholine-and CCK-OP-induced maximum colonic contractions. Tetrodotoxin, at
      intravenous doses that completely block neuronal activity, did not affect maximum
      acetylcholine-induced contractions but practically eliminated maximum CCK-OP
      induced maximum colonic responses. In conclusion, intraarterial CCK-OP produces
      circular muscle contraction of the canine proximal colon that is mediated by
      stimulation of specific CCK receptors which produce the release of acetylcholine
      from cholinergic enteric neurons. Proglumide and CBZ-CCK27-32-amide are effective
      CCK receptor antagonists at these colonic neuronal receptors.

PMID- 2927259
TI  - Effects of caffeine on social behavior, exploration and locomotor activity:
      interactions with ethanol.
AB  - The effects of caffeine and its interaction with ethanol were examined in a test
      of social behavior and a holeboard test of exploration and locomotion. Male mice
      were injected i.p. with 15, 30 or 60 mg/kg caffeine alone or in combination with
      2 g/kg ethanol. The animals were then put in pairs into a familiar arena, or
      examined individually in the holeboard. Only the highest dose of caffeine (60
      mg/kg) had a significant effect on the time spent in social interaction and motor
      activity in the social behavior test: both measures were reduced. The duration
      and frequency of avoidance-irritability behavior was dose-dependently increased
      by caffeine. In the holeboard, caffeine caused a dose-dependent increase in
      locomotor activity. 30 mg/kg caffeine reversed the ethanol-induced reduction of
      time spent in social interaction, and 60 mg/kg caffeine antagonized the ethanol
      induced increase in locomotor activity in both the social behavior and holeboard
      tests. Caffeine's effects on ethanol-induced behavioral changes are compared with
      those of other drugs.

PMID- 2927261
TI  - Chain length-dependent interaction of free fatty acids with the erythrocyte
      membrane.
AB  - Free fatty acids protect erythrocytes against hypotonic haemolysis in a certain
      low concentration range and become haemolytic at higher concentrations. The chain
      length dependence of this biphasic behaviour was investigated using human
      erythrocytes. The results can be summarized as follows: (i) A critical minimum
      chain length is required for both effects. Octanoic acid (C8) and fatty acids
      with a shorter chain length do not have any effect on the osmotic resistance of
      erythrocytes. (ii) Decanoic acid (C10) decreases the extent of hypo-osmotic
      haemolysis and does not become haemolytic at higher concentrations. (iii)
      Dodecanoic acid (C12) represents the minimum chain length for the typical
      concentration-dependent biphasic behaviour with protection against hypo-osmotic
      haemolysis at a certain low concentration range and subsequent haemolysis at
      higher concentrations. (iv) Tetradecanoic acid (C14) exhibits two concentration
      ranges of protection against hypo-osmotic haemolysis, each followed by haemolytic
      concentrations. (v) The observed effects are not correlated with the critical
      micellar concentrations of the investigated fatty acids.

PMID- 2927260
TI  - Effect of gamma 3 or gamma 2 melanocyte stimulating hormone on steroidogenesis in
      the fetal sheep during late gestation.
AB  - We have measured circulating concentrations of gamma 3 Melanocyte Stimulating
      Hormone (MSH) in fetal sheep between 111 and 145 days gestation. There was no
      significant effect of gestational age on the fetal plasma concentrations of gamma
      3 MSH throughout this period. We have examined the role of gamma-MSH related
      peptides in the control of fetal adrenal steroidogenesis and found no significant
      change in fetal plasma cortisol or pregnenolone concentrations during a 60-72 h
      infusion of saline, gamma 2 MSH or gamma 3 MSH in sheep between 130 and 135 days
      gestation. Therefore although we have demonstrated the presence of gamma MSH
      related peptides in fetal sheep plasma during late gestation we have failed to
      demonstrate a role for gamma 3 or gamma 2 MSH in the changes in fetal steroid
      concentrations which occur prepartum.

PMID- 2927263
TI  - Concerns about the use of portable cholesterol analyzers.
AB  - While there is growing interest and concern about the role of portable
      cholesterol analyzers in clinical practice, the evidence on the effectiveness of
      these devices is limited. It has been shown that a number of factors can affect
      the validity of the cholesterol readings. We present a cautionary view on use of
      these devices.

PMID- 2927262
TI  - Alterations in amphetamine-induced locomotor activity and stereotypy after
      electrical stimulation of the nucleus accumbens and neostriatum.
AB  - The exacerbation of the locomotor and stereotypic effects of amphetamine after
      repeated drug administration is well documented. To elaborate on the involvement
      of the nigrostriatal and mesolimbic dopamine (DA) systems in modulating
      behavioral sensitization, locomotor activity and the time spent engaged in
      repetitive stereotyped behaviors following systemic amphetamine injection were
      assessed after electrical stimulation of the nucleus accumbens and neostriatum.
      It was found that exposure to repeated sessions of high frequency, low current
      stimulation of the anteromedial neostriatum and nucleus accumbens significantly
      enhanced the locomotor excitation induced by administration of 3.0 mg/kg of
      amphetamine. Stereotypic behaviors were also modified as a function of electrical
      stimulation of these brain regions, with the development of a significant
      decrease in the duration of focused head and body movements corresponding to the
      facilitated locomotor effects of the drug. Taken together, these data provide
      additional evidence demonstrating the interdependent relationship between
      amphetamine-elicited locomotor activity and stereotypy, and were discussed in
      terms of a functional interaction between mesolimbic and nigrostriatal systems in
      determining the behavioral profile of amphetamine administration.

PMID- 2927264
TI  - Cytopathology: new legislative, regulatory, and proficiency testing requirements.
AB  - In 1988, a combination of efforts by the press, the Maryland General Assembly,
      the Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DHMH), and an advisory panel of
      pathologists and cytotechnologists led to broader and stricter regulation of
      cytopathology laboratories in Maryland. A new law called for standards covering
      the maximum number of slides a cytotechnologist may examine, unsatisfactory
      specimens, slide and records retention, a limitation on the use of out-of-state
      laboratories by Maryland physicians, and a mandatory, state-run proficiency
      testing program. Maryland's proficiency testing program is modeled on that of New
      York State but incorporates improvements in diagnostic definitions, testing
      mechanisms, and retraining requirements.

PMID- 2927265
TI  - Prehospital care and the community hospital as a base station.
AB  - In Maryland's coordinated, regionalized emergency medical system, prehospital
      care is given to an injured or ill person at home, on the street, or in a
      doctor's office before the patient is transported to a hospital. Prehospital care
      of patients has advanced significantly since the federal government passed
      emergency medical service (EMS) legislation in 1966. In Maryland there are
      several functioning levels of prehospital care providers who perform skills
      unique to their particular environment and training. It is reasonable for all
      hospitals operating a full-service Emergency Department to consider becoming base
      stations for consultation to prehospital care providers bringing patients to that
      hospital. This is well within the province of the Emergency Medicine specialist
      and will provide improved service to patients.

PMID- 2927266
TI  - Methodologic approach for a large functional trauma registry.
AB  - The utility of a clinical trauma registry (TR) is directly related to the
      constituents of the data base and to the accuracy of the data, which is
      contingent on a carefully constructed data collection system. A TR was developed
      by traumatologists at a busy Level I trauma facility that predominantly receives
      patients having incurred blunt injury. Four dedicated data collectors gather the
      AP information within 24 to 48 hours after admission, with prompt Attending
      Surgical review for verification. Examples of data output prove this is a
      functional system. Using a careful methodologic approach for design and
      implementation, clinicians can create a large, functional trauma registry with
      many potential applications.

PMID- 2927267
TI  - Use of health and rehabilitation services following head injury.
AB  - The impact on public health of head injury as a major source of death and
      disability, especially among adolescents and young adults, is well recognized. In
      Maryland the primary annual incidence of head injury severe enough to result in
      death or hospitalization has been estimated to be 149 per 100,000 population.
      These figures are comparable to national and other regional estimates reported in
      the literature. Improvements in the acute care management of head injury have
      generally led to improved survival.

PMID- 2927268
TI  - Medical care behind bars: Maryland prison system.
AB  - The inmate population in the Maryland prison system has increased dramatically
      over the past 10 years due to changes in sentencing by the courts. At the same
      time, costs of inmate health care have increased markedly following court cases
      mandating adequate care, an amelioration of prior inadequate standards of care.
      The unique demographic and disease risk characteristics of inmates predispose
      them to a distinct set of health problems. The state is legally obligated to
      provide health care to individuals sentenced to confinement in state prisons. It
      is often the first care these individuals have received in many years.

PMID- 2927269
TI  - AIDS as a cause of dementia in the elderly.
AB  - Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is frequently complicated by central
      nervous system (CNS) involvement. Progressive dementia is an increasingly
      recognized manifestation of AIDS-associated neurologic syndromes.

PMID- 2927270
TI  - [Multifractionated radiotherapy of esophageal cancer].
AB  - The authors investigated the effectiveness of multifractionated radiotherapy with
      a daily dose (2-2.2 Gy) divided into equal fractions provided to 42 esophageal
      cancer patients. The total focal dose was 40-70 Gy. Most of the patients were at
      the age of over 50, stage T3-4 was established in 83%. Multifractionated
      irradiation was shown to reduce the frequency and severity of general and local
      radiation reactions, maintaining a therapeutic effect. Owing to improved
      tolerance of the treatment, the number of patients eligible for radical
      radiotherapy was on an increase. It permitted the improvement of immediate
      therapeutic results and an increase in the mean survival of patients with a good
      immediate therapeutic result. Complete tumor regression, detected on x-ray, was
      achieved in 31%, and in the use of the common method--in 20% only. The above
      method should be regarded as a sparing one to be used for the treatment of
      weakened patients and patients with associated pulmonary and cardiovascular
      diseases.

PMID- 2927271
TI  - [Combination treatment of rectal cancer using preoperative combination
      radiotherapy].
AB  - The paper is concerned with analysis of the results of therapy of 122 rectal
      cancer patients divided into 2 groups by sex, age, tumor site, type of anatomical
      tumor growth, and stage of disease: I (72 patients)--combined therapy including
      preoperative radiotherapy and operation; II (50 patients)--surgery alone.
      Indications for combined therapy with preoperative irradiation were worked out.
      The results of histological investigation showed that this method brought about
      deep radiation injuries of tumors with minimum damage of the adjacent normal
      tissues. A conclusion was made that combined therapy including preoperative
      irradiation decreased the number of recurrences and metastases and increased (in
      combination with surgical intervention) the 5-year survival rate up to 79.6%.

PMID- 2927272
TI  - [Acute radiation injuries of the brain developing during radiotherapy].

PMID- 2927273
TI  - [Electrocardiographic evaluation of the reactions of the myocardium during
      irradiation of the thorax].

PMID- 2927274
TI  - [An economic analysis of gamma teletherapy].
AB  - The paper is concerned with comparative economic analysis of different types of
      organization of teletherapy. Considerable economic advantages of the operation of
      teletherapy units in 2 shifts as compared to that in one shift and a 7-day
      schedule as compared to a 5-day schedule were shown. Using economic reserves, one
      can considerably expand the volume of radiological service without great extra
      expenditures.

PMID- 2927275
TI  - [Internal irradiation doses in patients during the diagnostic use of colloidal
      radiopharmaceutics].
AB  - The assessment of the human organs and body systems exposed to radiation was
      based on the investigation of colloidal radiopharmaceuticals employed in the USSR
      for liver and spleen visualization. Seven radiopharmaceuticals (functional
      analogs: 3 were imported to the USSR, 4--made in this country) were investigated.
      Pharmacokinetics of the agents was studied by a human counter that permitted
      obtaining quantitative data on their distribution and elimination from the body.
      A computerized program based on the heterogeneous model of a "standard" man. Dose
      calculation results have shown that the critical organ for all investigated
      radiopharmaceuticals is the liver, the radiation dose in it being at 90-120
      microSv/MBq and the mean effective equivalent dose at 14 +/- 1 microSv/MBq.

PMID- 2927276
TI  - [Scintigraphy of the mediastinum using 67Ga citrate in lymphogranulomatosis in
      children].
AB  - Scintigraphic semiotics of the involvement of the intrathoracic lymph nodes in
      children with Hodgkin's disease permitted differentiated assessment of the state
      of each group of the mediastinal lymph nodes and root of the lung over time.
      Knowledge of the characteristic features of 67Ga-citrate scintigraphic
      distribution with relation to the mediastinum after therapeutic measures makes it
      possible to exclude false positive results and to define the correct time for
      monitoring.

PMID- 2927277
TI  - [Comparison of the results of x-ray, endoscopic and radionuclide studies of
      deforming bronchitis].
AB  - Comprehensive investigation including panoramic chest x-ray, tomography,
      bronchofibroscopy with biopsy, bronchography, and comprehensive radionuclide
      investigation, were used in 233 patients with deforming bronchitis. All the
      patients were divided into 3 groups. Endoscopic findings corresponded to the
      results of comprehensive radionuclide investigation in all the groups.

PMID- 2927278
TI  - [Dynamics of the x-ray picture of bone metastases of thyroid cancer as affected
      by radiotherapy].
AB  - Teletherapy or radiotherapy combined with 131I for thyroid cancer metastases to
      the bones caused the development of bone reparation in 70%, in 17% the picture
      remained unchanged; signs of further tumor growth were observed in 13%. An early
      x-ray sign of therapeutic efficacy was the decreased soft tissue component of a
      metastatic tumor 3-5 mos after the initiation of therapy. Disease stabilization
      was observed in 2.5-3 yrs. X-ray manifestations of bone reparation looked as
      sclerotic changes along the periphery of a focus of lesion and depended on the
      sizes of a metastasis and its localization in the skeleton.

PMID- 2927279
TI  - [Study of local capillary circulation using labeled albumin microspheres during
      osteotomy of the maxilla (experimental study)].
AB  - The authors presented the results of experiments on 14 random bred dogs in whom
      fragmentary osteotomy of the maxilla at the level of 7 perpendicular 7 teeth was
      performed with subsequent investigation of the volumetric blood flow rate in soft
      and osseous tissues of the osteotomized fragment using labeled albumin
      microspheres. The animals were divided into 4 groups (the study group and control
      groups). The volumetric blood flow rate was investigated over time with the
      monitoring of the CV system 1 (the 2nd group), 6 (the 3rd group) and 24 h (the
      4th group) after operation. The total reduction of the blood flow in the tissues
      of the osteotomized fragment as compared to that of the control group was 54.5%
      (in the 1st group), 39.3% (in the 2nd group) and 41% (in the 3rd group). The
      results of the study showed correlation between the blood flow rate reduction in
      the soft tissue structures and osseous tissue.

PMID- 2927281
TI  - [Experience in the program-directed postgraduate teaching of specialists in
      clinical radiology].

PMID- 2927280
TI  - [Pathomorphology of the results of chronic irradiation from a gamma-neutron
      source implanted in the abdominal cavity].
AB  - Comparison of the results of morphological investigations of the internal organs
      of dogs and sheep with gamma-neutron radiation sources, implanted in the
      abdominal cavity, has shown that the correlation between a degree of severity and
      type of morphological changes in this case is similar to that of identical
      irradiation from an external source.

PMID- 2927282
TI  - Partial purification and characterization of a neurite-promoting factor from the
      injured goldfish optic nerve.
AB  - We have partially purified and characterized a neurite-promoting factor derived
      from the injured goldfish optic nerve (ON). This factor is secreted into
      conditioned media (CM) by the injured, but not intact goldfish ON, and has potent
      outgrowth-promoting effects on neurons of the embryonic mammalian brain. Based on
      its elution properties on ion-exchange and gel-filtration chromatography, this
      factor appears to be an acidic protein of Mr ca. 26 kilodaltons (kDa) that is
      distinct from previously characterized growth factors with described effects on
      mammalian CNS neurons.

PMID- 2927283
TI  - Estrogen regulation of proenkephalin gene expression in the ventromedial
      hypothalamus of the rat: temporal qualities and synergism with progesterone.
AB  - Estrogen has been shown to increase proenkephalin (PE) mRNA levels in neurons of
      the ventrolateral aspect of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VL-VM). In
      this series of experiments, we examined the temporal qualities of this induction
      by determining both the latency of the estrogen-induced elevation in PE mRNA
      levels and the rate at which the message levels decline following removal of
      estrogen. In addition we have examined the effects of progesterone on PE gene
      expression in the VL-VM of estrogen-primed rats. The latency of the estrogen
      induced elevation in PE mRNA levels was found to be relatively short: PE mRNA
      levels were increased 2-fold within 1 h of estrogen replacement. Following
      estrogen removal the levels of PE mRNA declined rapidly. Progesterone treatment
      attenuated this decline, prolonging the estrogen-induced elevation of PE mRNA
      levels. These results suggest that estrogen rapidly increases PE mRNA levels
      through a mechanism that probably involves alterations in both the rate of
      appearance and the rate of degradation of the message. Together, the short
      latency of the estrogen-induced elevation and the rapid rate of decay following
      estrogen removal indicate that PE gene expression is highly sensitive to
      fluctuating estrogen levels. The effect of progesterone suggests that this
      enkephalinergic system may be regulated by both estrogen and progesterone during
      the estrous cycle.

PMID- 2927284
TI  - Characterization of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in rat cerebral cortex
      slices with concomitant morphological and physiological assessment of tissue
      viability.
AB  - We have begun studies on regulatory mechanisms of muscarinic acetylcholine
      receptors (mAChRs) in slices of rat cerebral cortex. This paper, the first of
      two, deals with the viability of the cells in the slices (a prerequisite for
      studying receptor regulation) and provides a characterization of binding sites
      for [3H]N-methyl scopolamine ([3H]NMS) and [3H]quinuclidinyl benzylate ([3H]QNB)
      in this preparation. Trypan blue exclusion tests in 400-microns-thick cortical
      slices showed a number of dead cells in a 100 microns zone from each cut edge,
      for a total of about 15-30% of all cells in the slice. In agreement with previous
      reports, electron microscopy revealed healthy tissue in the middle of the slice,
      but after incubation for several hours, swollen cells and dendrites were seen
      without cytoplasmic organelles. Axon terminals, however, were still seen to
      synapse upon these processes. Electrophysiological single unit recordings showed
      spontaneous action potentials in the slices. For receptor binding experiments,
      slices were incubated with either [3H]NMS, a hydrophilic mAChR ligand which does
      not penetrate the cell membrane, or the lipophilic ligand [3H]QNB which readily
      enters cells. For both ligands, equilibrium binding was reached after 8 h at 4
      degrees C, and after 3 h at 30 degrees C. Binding of both ligands could be
      displaced by unlabelled atropine sulphate, NMS or QNB. Saturation binding curves
      yielded a Bmax of 2187 fmol/mg protein for [3H]QNB (reflecting all mAChRs) and
      1335 fmol/mg protein for [3H]NMS (only mAChRs on the cell surface) at 30 degrees
      C. Kd values were 8.2 and 5.2 nM for [3H]QNB and [3H]NMS, respectively. These
      values are high compared with values obtained from homogenates, frozen sections
      or dissociated cells, and presumably reflect the use of intact, living tissue.
      These data are probably a better reflection of the actual, in vivo mAChR number
      and affinity than those obtained from dead tissue. This slice preparation
      suggests itself as a simple but effective method with which to study the
      regulation of mAChRs in living brain tissue.

PMID- 2927285
TI  - Microtubule-associated proteins MAP5 and MAP1x: closely related components of the
      neuronal cytoskeleton with different cytoplasmic distributions in the developing
      brain.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies were used to explore the relationship between two similarly
      sized microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs), MAP1x and MAP5. Although the
      proteins detected by anti-MAP1x and anti-MAP5 co-migrate in SDS-polyacrylamide
      gels, the patterns of antigenic proteolytic fragments (epitope maps) derived from
      them were completely different. The results suggest either that MAP1x is more
      stable than MAP5 or that the MAP1x epitope is situated close to one end of the
      molecule and gives rise to a very short proteolytic fragment. Immunoprecipitation
      from brain supernatants with either antibody brought down protein that cross
      reacted with the other antibody, indicating that individual molecules bearing
      both epitopes exist in brain. Peptide maps of the proteins immunoprecipitated
      with the two antibodies showed that they are closely similar. Despite these
      similarities, the two antibodies gave different staining patterns on sections of
      developing rat brain, anti-MAP5 staining both axons and dendrites whereas anti
      MAP1x stained only axons. We conclude that the MAP5 and MAP1x molecules are very
      similar, and possibly identical. The difference in staining patterns with the two
      antibodies could be because there are two proteins present in brain, one in
      immature axons bearing both the MAP5 and MAP1x epitopes and another with a wider
      distribution bearing only the MAP5 epitope. Alternatively, there may be a single
      protein bearing both epitopes, with the MAP1x epitope being masked in neuronal
      dendrites and mature axons by covalent modification or inter-molecular binding.

PMID- 2927286
TI  - [Certification as a stimulus for improvement in professional training].

PMID- 2927287
TI  - [Chronic kidney failure].

PMID- 2927288
TI  - [The sequelae of brain concussion].

PMID- 2927289
TI  - [Radon therapy in the USSR. I].

PMID- 2927290
TI  - [The economics of public health].

PMID- 2927291
TI  - [Complications in radiation therapy].

PMID- 2927292
TI  - [The interaction of drugs in simultaneous administration in pediatric practice].

PMID- 2927293
TI  - Generalized equation for predicting body density of women from girth
      measurements.
AB  - This study's purpose was to develop a generalized regression equation to predict
      body density in adult women. Subjects, 482 women, were hydrostatically weighed
      and circumference (girths) recorded for thigh, hips (buttocks), iliac, and
      abdomen (mean of abdomen 1 and abdomen 2). Age (range = 15-79 yr), weight (38.3
      132.9 kg), and height (145.5-186.3 cm) were also recorded. Percent body fat
      ranged from 12.7 to 63.1%. Stepwise multiple regression was used to select the
      best set of predictors (from seven) of body density. Capitalization on chance was
      negligible due to the favorable subject to predictor ratio (57 subjects per
      predictor). The regression equation (N = 400) developed for predicting body
      density was: body density = 1.168297 - (0.002824 x abdomen) + (0.0000122098 x
      abdomen2) - (0.000733128 x hips) + (0.000510477 x height) - (0.000216161 x age)
      [SEE = 0.009486784 (4.2% body fat), R = 0.889, adjusted R2 = 0.787]. Using this
      equation on a cross-validation sample (N = 82) produced a predicted mean (+/- SD)
      of 1.016 +/- 0.017 (validation sample mean = 1.016 +/- 0.021) and a total error
      (SE) of 0.0082 (3.6% body fat). The use of three girth measurements, height, and
      age enabled us to develop regression equations to predict body density in women
      that are comparable in accuracy to those using skinfold calipers and, thus, are a
      viable alternative.

PMID- 2927294
TI  - Isokinetic strength and body composition of high school wrestlers across age.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine the changes in body composition as
      well as absolute and relative isokinetic forearm and leg strength of high school
      wrestlers across age. One hundred ninety-five wrestlers (means age +/- SD = 16.36
      +/- 1.12 yr) volunteered to be measured for strength using a Cybex II dynamometer
      at 30, 180, and 300 degrees.s-1. In addition, underwater weighing was used to
      determine body composition characteristics. The subjects were divided into four
      age groups: group 1 (G1) = 14.17-15.00 yr (N = 20); group 2 (G2) = 15.01-16.00 yr
      (N = 60); group 3 (G3) = 16.01-17.00 yr (N = 52); and group 4 (G4) = 17.01-18.50
      yr (N = 63). One-way ANOVA or ANCOVA with Tukey post hoc comparisons indicated
      significant (P less than 0.05) changes across age for height, body weight, and
      fat-free weight, as well as absolute and relative forearm and leg strength. The
      results of this study indicated that, while a large portion of the improvements
      in strength across age were associated with increases in lean tissue, there was
      an additional "age effect" which could not be accounted for by changes in fat
      free weight. Although the mechanism responsible for the "age effect" is unclear,
      it is possible that neural development contributed to the strength increases
      across age.

PMID- 2927295
TI  - Asymmetries in ground reaction force patterns in normal human gait.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to propose a measure of symmetry/asymmetry for
      normal human gait and to quantify symmetries/asymmetries of normal human gait for
      selected gait variables using a force platform. Sixty-two subjects performed ten
      gait trials each, stepping on the force platform five times with each leg. From
      these gait trials a symmetry index was calculated for 34 gait variables. The
      upper and lower limits of normal gait were calculated such that 95% of all
      symmetry indices obtained from this subject population fell within these limits.
      Upper and lower limits were found to vary from +/- 4% to over +/- 13,000%.
      Extremely high percentages were found for variables which had absolute magnitudes
      close to zero and/or variables which occurred at distinctly different instants
      during the gait cycle. The results of these variables need to be interpreted with
      caution.

PMID- 2927296
TI  - Coactivation of antagonistic muscle pairs during voluntary agonist contraction
      induced stretch of the antagonist.

PMID- 2927297
TI  - Pressure distribution in Morton's foot structure.
AB  - The Morton foot structure (MFS) is a foot having, as its most prominent
      distinguishing feature, a second metatarsal head which is more distally placed
      than the head of the first. This structure has been associated with a variety of
      foot problems in athletes. The origin of these foot problems has been
      hypothesized to be an abnormal metatarsal head loading pattern found in the MFS.
      This study was conducted to determine whether the MFS produced a metatarsal head
      pressure profile which was different from the non-Morton foot. Plantar pressure
      distributions during walking were collected using a 1000 element piezoceramic
      pressure platform from the feet of 45 subjects (30 classified as having the MFS
      and 15 non-Morton or control subjects). The protrusion of the head of the second
      metatarsal beyond the first metatarsal head was determined by palpation and
      varied between 0.8 and 2.8 cm for the experimental group. Pressure distributions
      were collected from a mid-gait step onto the platform at a speed of 1.6 to 2 m.s
      1 using a 15 m runway. Peak pressures and impulse values were determined for
      three forefoot regions. Results show that peak loading in both groups occurred
      under the second metatarsal but that the magnitudes of second metatarsal peak
      pressures were significantly higher in the MFS group (P less than 0.005). The
      results suggest that, although the loading pattern between MFS and normal feet is
      similar, the significantly higher second metatarsal head peak pressure in the MFS
      may predispose this foot type to problems associated with excessive localized
      pressure.

PMID- 2927298
TI  - Exercise reverses depressed metabolic rate produced by severe caloric
      restriction.
AB  - The effects of caloric restriction and exercise on resting metabolic rate (RMR)
      were studied in five obese humans. Subjects consumed a 500 kcal.d-1 diet for 4
      wk, with the subjects remaining sedentary during the first 2 wk and then
      exercising 30 min daily at 60% VO2max during the last 2 wk of caloric
      restriction. After 2 wk of dieting, RMR decreased to approximately 87% of the pre
      dieting control value. Over the last 2 wk of dieting with the addition of daily
      exercise, the fall in RMR was reversed as it returned to the pre-dieting level.
      In summary, daily exercise reversed the drop in RMR associated with severe
      caloric restriction.

PMID- 2927299
TI  - Naloxone does not affect muscle blood flow during low intensity exercise in rats.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine whether endogenous opioids are
      involved in the control of skeletal muscle blood flow during locomotory exercise
      in rats. The radiolabeled miscrosphere technique was used to measure total and
      regional muscle blood flow. We first determined whether methionine enkephalin
      (1,000 micrograms.kg-1 I.V.) would produce vasodilation in muscle vascular beds.
      We found that methionine enkephalin produced a 36 mm Hg (range of 20-50 mm Hg)
      drop in mean arterial pressure (Pa), which was associated with decreases in
      calculated skeletal muscle vascular resistance in anesthetized rats, and that
      these effects on arterial pressure and skeletal muscle vascular resistance were
      blocked by the infusion of naloxone (10 micrograms.kg-1). Measurements were then
      made at 5 min of treadmill exercise at 15 m.min-1 (0 degree incline) and
      following exercise in both saline-treated (controls) and naloxone (10
      micrograms.kg-1)-treated conscious rats. There were no differences between the
      heart rates, blood pressures, or total muscle blood flows of the two groups.
      There were also no significant differences between the blood flows to 32 hind
      limb muscle samples composed of various muscle fiber types. Since naloxone
      blockade did not affect total or regional muscle blood flow during low intensity
      exercise, it appears that the endogenous opioids are not required for the normal
      exercise hyperemia of skeletal muscles.

PMID- 2927300
TI  - Exercise training bradycardia: the role of autonomic balance.
AB  - We used an algebraic model of resting heart rate (HRr), HRr-mn (HRo), to compare
      resting parasympathetic (n) and sympathetic (m) influence, intrinsic heart rate
      (HRo), and resting autonomic balance (Abal) in ten endurance-trained (ET) and ten
      nontrained (NT) men. The values of m, n, and Abal were determined by selective
      pharmacological blockade with atropine and metoprolol. HRo was obtained during
      double blockade with atropine and metoprolol. HRo and HRr were significantly
      lower (P less than or equal to 0.04 and P less than or equal to 0.01,
      respectively) in the ET subjects (79.5 +/- 2.8 beats.min-1 and 54.7 +/- 3.0
      beats.min-1, respectively) when compared to the NT subjects (86.6 +/- 2.5
      beats.min1 and 70.2 +/- 3.1 beats.min-1, respectively). Parasympathetic influence
      (n) was greater in the ET subjects (P less than or equal to 0.04), while
      sympathetic influence (m) was slightly (P less than or equal to 0.05) less in the
      ET subjects. Consequently, the value of Abal was significantly less in the ET
      subjects (P less than or equal to 0.02), indicating that resting parasympathetic
      predominance was significantly greater in the ET subjects. We concluded that the
      exercise training bradycardia, observed in this group of subjects, was due to
      both a lower HRo and an Abal with an augmented parasympathetic dominance.

PMID- 2927301
TI  - Gastric emptying during prolonged cycling exercise in the heat.
AB  - Eight trained male cyclists (age 20-33 yr) completed four 3-h bouts of cycling at
      60% peak VO2 in the heat (33 degrees C) drinking either water (W), 5% glucose
      (G), 5% glucose polymer (GP), or 3.2% glucose polymer + 1.8% fructose (GP/F) at a
      rate of 350 ml every 20 min (3.15 l total volume). Similar changes in heart rate,
      sweat rate, rectal and mean skin temperatures, and plasma [Na+], [K+], and
      osmolality were observed during all trials. Mean changes in plasma volume,
      although not significantly different between trials, were lowest for the GP/F
      drink (-2.6%) and greatest for the G (-8.1%) drink. Plasma volume decreased (P
      less than 0.05) below pre-exercise control values during the W, G, and GP trails
      but was maintained at control values during the GP/F trials. In contrast to water
      ingestion, G, GP, and GP/F ingestion maintained plasma glucose and respiratory
      exchange ratios throughout the 3-h exercise bouts. Gastric residual volume (GRV)
      obtained at the end of exercise was similar for the W, GP, and GP/F trials. The G
      trials yielded greater (P less than 0.05) GRV than W trials. For all drinks
      ingested, over 90% of the 3.15 l consumed was emptied from the stomach during the
      3-h exercise bouts. At a mean sweat rate of 1.2 l.h-1, cyclists replaced 73% of
      fluid lost and experienced only a 1.6% loss in body weight. This study
      demonstrates that, during prolonged (3-h) cycling exercise in the heat, large
      volumes of W and 5% carbohydrate can be emptied from the stomach to help minimize
      the effects of dehydration.

PMID- 2927302
TI  - Metabolism and performance following carbohydrate ingestion late in exercise.
AB  - To determine whether a single carbohydrate feeding could rapidly restore and
      maintain plasma glucose availability late in exercise, six trained cyclists were
      studied on two occasions during exercise to fatigue at 70 +/- 1% of VO2max. After
      135 min of exercise, the men were fed either an artificially sweetened placebo or
      glucose polymers (3 g.kg-1 in a 50% solution). Prolonged exercise led to a
      decline in plasma glucose from 4.6 +/- 0.1 mM at rest to 3.9 +/- 0.2 mM after 135
      min (P less than 0.05). Plasma glucose decreased further (P less than 0.05) to
      3.2 +/- 2.0 mM at fatigue following placebo ingestion but increased (P less than
      0.05) and was then maintained at 4.5-4.9 mM following carbohydrate ingestion.
      Respiratory exchange ratio (R) fell gradually during the placebo trial from 0.88
      +/- 0.01 after 10 min of exercise to 0.81 +/- 0.01 at fatigue (P less than 0.01).
      R also reached a minimum of 0.81-0.82 in each subject after 135-180 min of
      exercise during the carbohydrate feeding trial but increased again to 0.84-0.86
      as plasma glucose rose following the carbohydrate feeding. Exercise time to
      fatigue was 21% longer (205 +/- 17 vs 169 +/- 12 min; P less than 0.01) during
      the carbohydrate ingestion trial. Plasma insulin did not increase significantly,
      whereas plasma free fatty acids and blood glycerol plateaued following
      carbohydrate ingestion. These data indicate that a single carbohydrate feeding
      late in exercise can supply sufficient carbohydrate to restore euglycemia and
      increase carbohydrate oxidation, thereby delaying fatigue.

PMID- 2927303
TI  - Lower vertebral bone density in male long distance runners.
AB  - Bone density in 13 male long distance runners (28.7 +/- 1.2 yr, 67.6 +/- 2.0 kg)
      and 11 male nonrunners (26.8 +/- 1.3 yr, 71.0 +/- 2.2 kg) was compared. Bone was
      measured at the lumbar spine and mid-tibia using dual photon absorptiometry and
      at the mid-radius using single photon absorptiometry. Runners (mean weekly
      training 92.2 +/- 6.3 km) had significantly lower (P less than 0.05) vertebral
      bone mineral density (1.12 +/- 0.03 g.cm-2) than nonrunners (1.24 +/- 0.04 g.cm
      2). Tibial and radial bone mineral density did not differ between the groups.
      Daily calcium intake for runners (1,373 +/- 486 mg) and nonrunners (1,267 +/- 236
      mg) exceeded the RDA. The results of this study suggest that long distance
      running may lead to decreased vertebral bone mineral density. The hormonal
      changes that occur with endurance training may contribute to this decrease.

PMID- 2927304
TI  - Influence of dietary iron source on measures of iron status among female runners.
AB  - The purpose of the present investigation was to determine whether female runners
      who consume a modified vegetarian diet are predisposed to iron deficiency. Two
      groups of female runners who were matched for age, weight, aerobic capacity,
      miles run per week, and number of pregnancies were obtained for this study. One
      group (N = 9) regularly consumed a modified vegetarian diet (MV, less than 100 g
      red meat.wk-1), while the other group (N = 9) consumed a diet which included red
      meat (RM). Serum ferritin values were significantly (P less than 0.05) lower for
      the MV group (X +/- SE, 7.4 +/- 1.4 ng.100 ml-1) than for the RM group (19.8 +/-
      4.2 ng.100 ml-1). Total iron binding capacity (TIBC) of the serum was also
      significantly different between the two groups of subjects (MV, 366.5 +/- 12.2
      micrograms.100 ml-1; RM, 327.2 +/- 9.6 micrograms.100 ml-1). While dietary iron
      intake was comparable for the two groups (MV, 14.7 +/- 2.0 mg.d-1; RM, 14.0 +/-
      2.2 mg.d-1, the bioavailability of the dietary iron was significantly different
      (MV, 0.66 +/- 0.08 mg.d-1; RM, 0.91 +/- 0.10 mg.d-1). As the presence of heme
      iron (from meat, fish, and poultry) increases the bioavailability of dietary
      iron, the results of the present investigation suggest that vegetarian athletes
      have altered iron status due to the form in which their dietary iron is consumed.

PMID- 2927305
TI  - Ten kilometer performance and predicted velocity at VO2max among well-trained
      male runners.
AB  - Previous research (study 1) has shown that a significant relationship exists
      between 10 km run time (RT) and predicted running velocity at VO2max (vVO2max)
      among well-trained males heterogeneous in VO2max. Since competitive runners often
      display a homogeneous fitness profile, the purpose of this study was to determine
      the association between 10 km RT and vVO2max among a group of trained runners
      exhibiting nearly identical VO2max values (study 2). Running economy (RE),
      vVO2max, and velocity at a 4 mM blood lactate concentration (v at 4 mM BL) were
      calculated in both studies. Correlations were obtained as shown in Table 2. The
      relationship between VO2max and 10 km RT achieved statistical significance only
      in study 1, while RE explained a greater amount of performance variation in study
      2. In both studies, variation in 10 km RT attributable to vVO2max was similar and
      exceeded that due to either VO2max or RE. vVO2max also accounted for essentially
      the same amount of variation in 10 km RT as did v at 4 mM BL. It was concluded
      that, among well-trained subjects homogeneous in VO2max, a strong relationship
      exists between 10 km RT and vVO2max that appears to be mediated to a large extent
      by RE.

PMID- 2927306
TI  - Specificity of limited range of motion variable resistance training.
AB  - The present study evaluated the effect of limited range of motion (ROM) variable
      resistance training on full ROM strength development. Twenty-eight men and 31
      women were randomly assigned to one of the three training groups (A, B, AB) or a
      control group (C). A, B, and AB performed variable resistance bilateral knee
      extension exercise 2 (N = 25) or 3 (N = 19) d.wk-1 for 10 wk with an amount of
      weight that allowed one set of 7-10 repetitions. Group A trained in a ROM limited
      to 120 degrees to 60 degrees of knee flexion. Group B trained in a ROM limited to
      60 degrees to 0 degrees of knee flexion. Group AB trained full ROM. Prior to and
      immediately following training, isometric knee extension strength was evaluated
      at 9 degrees, 20 degrees, 35 degrees, 50 degrees, 65 degrees, 80 degrees, 95
      degrees, and 110 degrees of knee flexion with a Nautilus knee extension
      tensiometer. Reliability coefficients for repeated measurements of isometric
      strength at multiple joint angles were high (r = 0.86-0.95, P less than 0.01; SEE
      = 23.1-37.2 N.m). Compared to the control group, all training groups improved in
      isometric strength (P less than 0.01 at each angle tested except for group A at 9
      degrees and 20 degrees of knee flexion and group B at 95 degrees of flexion.
      Isometric strength gains for group AB were similar throughout the full ROM.
      Isometric strength gains for the limited ROM trained groups were greater in the
      trained ROM than in the untrained ROM (P less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2927307
TI  - Physiological responses to nine different exercise:rest protocols.
AB  - This study determined the metabolic responses to different exercise:rest
      protocols during circuit exercise using hydraulic resistance. In experiment 1,
      nine subjects underwent nine different 27 min exercise circuits. There were three
      variations of three exercise:rest protocols (2:1, 1:1, 1:2). The VO2 for the nine
      circuits averaged (mean +/- SEM) 1.94 +/- 0.03 l.min-1 (43% of treadmill VO2max),
      with the largest difference between the protocols being 13%. Heart rate averaged
      152.2 +/- 3.1 beats.min-1, with the largest difference between the protocols
      being 8%. Increasing the exercise duration per minute or the number of exercise
      bouts per minute had minimal effects on the mean VO2 and heart rate response to
      hydraulic resistive exercise. In experiment 2, nine subjects underwent three
      different 9 min exercise circuits using exercise:rest protocols of 2:1, 1:1, and
      1:2 while work and VO2 were simultaneously measured. Surprisingly, increases in
      work were not necessarily accompanied by corresponding increases in VO2.

PMID- 2927308
TI  - Impact of total body water fluctuations on estimation of body fat from body
      density.
AB  - The purpose was to investigate the possibility that variability in body weight in
      females due to water retention causes differences in body density (Db) values
      determined by hydrostatic weighing (HW). Determination of total body water (TBW)
      and Db were concurrently measured in seven females who experienced considerable
      fluctuations in body weight (1.5-4.5 kg) and seven males, ages 19-24. Females
      were measured when they felt they were at their lowest (LO) and highest (HI) body
      weights (BW) during a menstrual cycle. Males were randomly tested approximately 3
      wk apart. Mean values of selected variables were compared in the LO vs HI testing
      sessions by paired t-tests. Significant mean differences were found in the
      females (P less than 0.01) for the following variables: BW (kg) (LO = 58.9, HI =
      61.1), Db (g.cc-1) (LO = 1.0430, HI = 1.037), and percent body fat (%BF) as
      determined by HW alone (LO = 24.8%, HI = 27.6%). Variables significant at the P
      less than 0.05 level were TBW(l) (LO = 33.6, HI = 35.1) and %TBW of the fat-free
      body (LO = 74.5, HI = 75.9). However, changes in TBW could not entirely account
      for observed changes in Db. Only mean BW (kg) was significant (P less than 0.01)
      in the males (LO = 74.3, HI = 74.6). It is concluded that changes in TBW can in
      part result in significantly different Db values obtained from HW in females who
      did experience perceptible changes in BW during a menstrual cycle. The remaining
      differences may be due to changes in fat and protein content or methodological
      errors.

PMID- 2927309
TI  - Repetition blindness: the effects of stimulus modality and spatial displacement.
AB  - Repetition blindness (Kanwisher, 1986, 1987) is the failure to detect repetitions
      of words in lists presented in rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP). Two
      questions were investigated in the present study. First, if repetition blindness
      is not found with auditory presentation, it would support a specifically visual
      account of the effect. Second, if displacement of the two instances in visual
      space eliminates repetition blindness, it would suggest that repetition blindness
      is restricted to instances in which identical stimuli are distinguished soley by
      temporal differences. In Experiment 1, the subjects omitted second occurrences of
      repeated words in verbatim recall of rapid sentences presented visually (in
      RSVP), but not auditorily (using compressed speech), indicating that repetition
      blindness is a modality-specific phenomenon. In Experiments 2 and 3, repetition
      blindness was observed even when two occurrences of a written word were presented
      in different locations, showing that distinct locations do not guarantee token
      individuation. The results are discussed within a model that distinguishes
      between processes of type recognition and token individuation.

PMID- 2927310
TI  - Specific word transfer as a measure of processing in the word-superiority
      paradigm.
AB  - Explanations of context effects in the Reicher-Wheeler task and the letter
      identification task appeal to word-based processing, yet these tasks provide no
      explicit measure of word processing. An experiment is reported which was designed
      to investigate the use of transfer in the word-identification task as a measure
      of word-based processing in letter-identification tasks. It was found that
      encoding manipulations that determined whether a word-superiority effect was or
      was not found in a letter-identification task (e.g., Thompson & Massaro, 1973)
      also determined whether transfer was or was not found in a subsequent word
      identification task. The results of the experiment are discussed in terms of the
      utility of using transfer experiments as converging evidence about the presence
      and/or absence of processes that cannot be directly measured in other
      experimental paradigms.

PMID- 2927311
TI  - Phoneme monitoring and lexical processing: evidence for associative context
      effects.
AB  - In this paper, we propose a new version of the phoneme monitoring task that is
      well-suited for the study of lexical processing. The generalized phoneme
      monitoring (GPM) task, in which subjects detect target phonemes appearing
      anywhere in the test words, was shown to be sensitive to associative context
      effects. In Experiment 1, using the standard phoneme monitoring procedure in
      which subjects detect only word-initial targets, no effect of associative context
      was obtained. In contrast, clear context effects were observed in Experiment 2,
      which used the GPM task. Subjects responded faster to word-initial and word
      medial targets when the target-bearing words were preceded by an associatively
      related word than when preceded by an unrelated one. The differential effect of
      context in the two versions of the phoneme monitoring task was interpreted with
      reference to task demands and their role in directing selective attention.
      Experiment 3 showed that the size of the context effect was unaffected by the
      proportion of related words in the experiment, suggesting that the observed
      effects were not due to subject strategies.

PMID- 2927312
TI  - The effect of polysemy on lexical decision time: now you see it, now you don't.
AB  - Gernsbacher (1984) found that number of word meanings (polysemy) did not
      influence lexical decision time when it was operationalized as number of
      dictionary definitions. This finding supports her contention that subjects do not
      store all possible dictionary meanings for words in memory. The present
      experiments extended Gernsbacher's research by determining whether more
      psychologically valid measures of polysemy affect lexical decision time. Three
      metrics were used to represent the meanings that subjects actually access from
      memory (accessible polysemy): (1) the first meanings subjects think of when asked
      to define stimulus words, (2) all the meanings subjects generate for words, and
      (3) the average number of meanings subjects generate. The results showed that the
      second and third metrics of polysemy influenced lexical decision time, whereas
      the first metric (representing mostly the access to dominant meanings for words)
      only approached significance.

PMID- 2927314
TI  - Referential processing: reciprocity and correlates of naming and imaging.
AB  - To shed light on the referential processes that underlie mental translation
      between representations of objects and words, we studied the reciprocity and
      determinants of naming and imaging reaction times (RT). Ninety-six subjects
      pressed a key when they had covertly named 248 pictures or imaged to their names.
      Mean naming and imagery RTs for each item were correlated with one another, and
      with properties of names, images, and their interconnections suggested by prior
      research and dual coding theory. Imagery RTs correlated .56 (df = 246) with
      manual naming RTs and .58 with voicekey naming RTs from prior studies. A factor
      analysis of the RTs and of 31 item characteristics revealed 7 dimensions. Imagery
      and naming RTs loaded on a common referential factor that included variables
      related to both directions of processing (e.g., missing names and missing
      images). Naming RTs also loaded on a nonverbal-to-verbal factor that included
      such variables as number of different names, whereas imagery RTs loaded on a
      verbal-to-nonverbal factor that included such variables as rated consistency of
      imagery. The other factors were verbal familiarity, verbal complexity, nonverbal
      familiarity, and nonverbal complexity. The findings confirm the reciprocity of
      imaging and naming, and their relation to constructs associated with distinct
      phases of referential processing.

PMID- 2927313
TI  - A dissociative word-frequency X levels-of-processing interaction in episodic
      recognition and lexical decision tasks.
AB  - The effects of levels-of-processing and word frequency were directly compared in
      three different memory tests. In the episodic recognition test, the subjects
      decided whether or not a word or a pronounceable nonword had been previously
      studied. In the two lexical decision tests with either pronounceable or
      unpronounceable nonwords as distractors, the subjects decided whether a test item
      was a word or a nonword. There were four main results: (1) in all three tests,
      reaction times (RTs) in response to studied words were faster if they had
      received semantic rather than rhyme processing during study; (2) in the episodic
      recognition test, RTs were faster for low- than for high-frequency words; in both
      lexical decision tests, RTs were faster for high- than for low-frequency words,
      though less so when the nonword distractors were unpronounceable; (3) prior study
      facilitated lexical decisions more in response to low- than to high-frequency
      words, thereby attenuating the word-frequency effect, but more so when the
      nonword distractors were pronounceable; (4) in the lexical decision test with
      pronounceable nonword distractors, relative to prior rhyme processing, prior
      semantic processing facilitated performance more for high- than for low-frequency
      words, whereas the opposite was the case in the episodic recognition test.
      Discussion focused on the relationship of these results to current views of the
      mechanisms by which (1) word frequency and depth of processing affect performance
      in implicit and explicit memory tests, and (2) repetition priming attenuates word
      frequency effects for lexical decisions.

PMID- 2927315
TI  - Visual and phonological components of working memory in children.
AB  - Previous studies have shown that young children's immediate memory for a short
      series of drawings of objects is mediated by a visual component of working
      memory, whereas older children rely chiefly upon a phonological component. Three
      experiments investigated the hypothesis that older children rely also, but to a
      lesser extent, on visual working memory. Experiment 1 confirmed previous evidence
      that 11-year-olds' memory is disrupted by phonemic similarity of object names,
      but is unaffected by visual similarity of the objects themselves. However, when
      articulatory suppression was used to prevent phonological coding, levels of
      recall were sensitive to visual rather than phonemic similarity. Experiment 2
      compared the effects of interpolating an auditory-verbal or a visual postlist
      task on memory for drawings viewed either with or without suppression. The visual
      task had a clear disruptive effect only in the suppression condition, where it
      interfered selectively with recall of the most recent item. Experiment 3 compared
      the effects of interpolating an auditory-verbal or a mixed-modality (visual
      auditory) postlist task when subjects were not required to suppress. There was
      greater interference from the mixed-modality task, and this effect was confined
      to the last item presented. These experiments are taken as confirming the
      presence of a small but reliable contribution from visual memory in 11-year-old
      children's recall. As in younger children, visual working memory in 11-year-olds
      is sensitive to visual similarity and is responsible for a final-item visual
      recency effect. The results also show that older children's use of visual working
      memory is usually masked by the more pervasive phonological component of recall.
      Some implications for the structure of working memory and its development are
      discussed.

PMID- 2927316
TI  - Processing of new arguments at clause boundaries.
AB  - In a subject-paced reading-time study, we examined the processing of new
      arguments at clause boundaries. Word reading times increased with the cumulative
      number of new-argument nouns at clause boundaries (as well as at sentence
      boundaries). New-argument nouns had a greater impact at clause boundaries than at
      nonboundary locations. In accordance with a buffer-integrate-purge model of
      reading (see Jarvella, 1979), the increase of reading times at boundaries was
      attributed to the integration of new information from the current sentence with
      prior information in the text representation. The increase at nonboundary
      locations was attributed to the growing load of buffering the new information.
      Reading times at clause boundaries were influenced to a greater extent by text
      level integration than by such sentence-level processes as organization of words
      into clauses and linking of clauses within a sentence. The new contribution of
      this study was that it showed that clause boundaries provide an opportunity not
      only for sentence-level processes, but also for a text-level process, namely, the
      integration of text-new information with the growing text representation.

PMID- 2927317
TI  - The time course of sense creation.
AB  - In everyday conversation listeners often need to create new meanings for old
      words. For example, listeners must create the meaning "uniformed police officers"
      for the word uniforms in the utterance, "There are 20,000 uniforms in this city."
      For such meanings, the process of sense creation must operate to supplement
      ordinary sense selection. The present experiments contrast two models of the time
      course of these processes. The error recovery model suggests that sense creation
      operates only after sense selection fails. The concurrent processing model
      suggests that sense selection and sense creation operate simultaneously.
      Preempting innovations--novel terms identical in form to conventional terms, such
      as uniforms--provide the means to contrast the models. The experiments
      demonstrate that the concurrent processing model gives a more accurate
      description of comprehension.

PMID- 2927318
TI  - Transfer of conditional reasoning: effects of explanations and initial problem
      types.
AB  - Transfer of reasoning on Wason's (1966) selection task was explored in three
      experiments. Experiment 1 tested the effects of problem explanations and
      verbalization instructions on transfer from abstract or thematic problems to
      abstract problems. Explanations facilitated transfer only when the initial
      problems were abstract; verbalization did not produce transfer between problems.
      Experiment 2 explored the effects of problem similarity and explanations on
      transfer between problems. Although transfer occurred following explanations, no
      effect of similarity was found for thematic problems. In both of these
      experiments, the thematic effect (Wason & Shapiro, 1971) was observed. Experiment
      3 examined the effects of explanations to abstract or thematic problems on
      transfer to subsequent abstract or thematic problems. Transfer of reasoning
      occurred from both initial problem types, particularly to problems of the same
      type; however, transfer occurred to a greater extent from abstract problems than
      from thematic problems. The results are discussed in terms of problem similarity
      and Cheng and Holyoak's (1985) pragmatic reasoning schema hypothesis.

PMID- 2927319
TI  - Sensible reasoning in two tasks: rule discovery and hypothesis evaluation.
AB  - The hypothesis testing skills of undergraduates were measured in two tasks: the 2
      4-6 rule discovery task in which students generate and assess hypotheses, and a
      hypothesis evaluation task, which requires only the assessment of hypotheses. The
      results of Experiments 1 and 2 show that the students consistently employed a
      disconfirmation strategy when assessing hypotheses, but employed a counterfactual
      inference strategy when they also were required to generate the hypotheses. The
      results of Experiment 3 suggest that the selection of the hypothesis testing
      strategy reflected a balance between the logical requirements of the task and the
      desirability of possible outcomes. Taken together, the findings support a more
      consistent picture of human rationality across tasks, and suggest alternatives to
      accounts of confirmation bias.

PMID- 2927320
TI  - Trends in mental retardation in the 1990s.

PMID- 2927321
TI  - Treatment of acrophobia of an institutionalized adult with mental retardation.
AB  - Treatment of an institutionalized 34-year-old female with mental retardation (who
      may have been psychotic) for acrophobia was described. Prior to therapy her
      phobia had precluded her placement in an upper-level ward. Assessment and therapy
      took place over 6 weeks and involved 13 sessions, totalling 15 hours of graduated
      exposure. A further 10 hours of therapy were undertaken 7 months later due to the
      demands of her new setting. Eighteen-month follow-up indicated that all gains had
      been maintained. Unprogrammed generalization was limited.

PMID- 2927322
TI  - Mothers' verbal directives to delayed and nondelayed children.
AB  - Effects of child age and child intelligence on mothers' use of verbal directives
      with delayed and nondelayed children ages 2.5 to 3 years and 4.5 to 5 years were
      examined. Mothers used significantly more directives with 2- and 4-year-old
      delayed children than with 2- and 4-year-old nondelayed children. The means of
      mothers' directives for 2- and 4-year-old children were similar for both groups.
      When mothers' directive scores to nondelayed 2-year-old and delayed 4-year-old
      children were plotted according to the children's comparable mean lengths of
      utterance, mothers' directives for the delayed 4-year-old children exceeded those
      for the nondelayed 2-year-old children with few exceptions.

PMID- 2927323
TI  - Metaphors as a means of understanding staff-resident relationships.
AB  - Three metaphors were examined as a means of understanding staff-resident
      relationships in the field of mental retardation. The organic and mechanical
      metaphors that have dominated beliefs and attitudes in this field were reviewed
      and critiqued. The personal metaphor that provides an image and understanding of
      residents not as animals or machines but as persons was examined. The two
      principal aspects of the personal metaphor--agency and relationship--were
      presented with a view toward understanding their implications in the area of
      staff-resident relationships.

PMID- 2927324
TI  - Quality of life: its measurement and use.
AB  - The emerging need to view improved quality of life as an outcome measure from
      human service programs was described, and a Quality of Life Index was proposed
      that can be used as either an outcome measure or the criterion for the goodness
      of-fit between persons and their environments. Data were presented from 685 adult
      clients within Nebraska's Community Based Mental Retardation Programs
      demonstrating the use of this Index as both an outcome measure and a criterion of
      the goodness-of-fit between persons who are disabled and their environments.
      Administrative and programmatic uses of such data were explored, along with a
      number of cautions to consider when assessing a person's quality of life.

PMID- 2927325
TI  - Psychological services for persons with mental retardation and psychiatric
      impairments.
AB  - Key informant characterizations of services provided by psychologists to persons
      with mental retardation and psychiatric impairments were described. Responses
      indicate that informants relied most heavily upon clinical history, observation
      and behavior checklists, and clinical signs in rendering diagnostic judgments.
      Therapeutic efforts were directed to a diversity of aspects of interpersonal and
      social adjustment, with benefit considered to be greater for persons with mild or
      moderate mental retardation.

PMID- 2927326
TI  - Fluorescence microscopy of living cells in culture. Part B. Quantitative
      fluorescence microscopy--imaging and spectroscopy.

PMID- 2927327
TI  - The midwife's role under threat?

PMID- 2927328
TI  - The 'Know Your Midwife' scheme--a randomised trial of continuity of care by a
      team of midwives.
AB  - A team of four midwives provided the majority of care during pregnancy, labour
      and the puerperium to 503 women at low obstetric risk, over a 2-year period.
      Compared with standard hospital care randomly allocated to 498 women this 'Know
      Your Midwife' scheme was associated with greater continuity in all phases of
      maternity care. The scheme appeared very acceptable to women: they spent less
      time in the antenatal clinic, and overall, felt more satisfied, better prepared
      and better able to discuss problems. The scheme was characterised by less
      obstetric intervention particularly in respect of augmentation of labour and
      intrapartum analgesia; labours tended to be longer. Neonatal outcome was
      generally similar in the two groups but the size of the trial did not allow a
      precise assessment of differential effects in these terms. The 'Know Your
      Midwife' scheme is feasible. It should now be introduced more widely but in a way
      which allows continuing evaluation.

PMID- 2927329
TI  - Babies of HIV infected women in Edinburgh.
AB  - Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) was first recognised in children in
      1982. This paper describes a paediatric counselling and screening clinic in
      Edinburgh for babies born to women who are Human Immunodeficiency Virus Positive.

PMID- 2927330
TI  - Who continue? A preliminary examination of data on continuation of employment in
      midwifery.
AB  - A follow-up descriptive survey of the employment practice of midwives has been
      undertaken in an attempt to identify factors associated with more long term
      midwifery practice. Existing data on Notification of Intention to Practise as a
      Midwife was used to follow up a cohort of midwives who qualified in 1981 and 1982
      in Scotland. Midwives who were older, married and who had a higher level of
      education when starting their midwifery training were more likely to practice
      long term. The implications for the Scottish midwifery service are discussed.

PMID- 2927332
TI  - Medical records are a source of data for answering research questions.

PMID- 2927331
TI  - The relationship between maternal labour analgesia and delay in the initiation of
      breastfeeding in healthy neonates in the early neonatal period.
AB  - An Infant Breastfeeding Assessment Tool was used to assess the breastfeeding
      behaviour of 38 healthy, full-term newborn babies of multiparous women from birth
      until effective feeding was established. After data collection was completed, the
      babies were divided into a non-medicated group (n = 18) and an alphaprodine group
      (n = 20) based upon the medication profile of the mother. Inter-group differences
      were analysed using ANOVA and Dunnett's t-test. The dependent variables were the
      hours from birth to establishing effective breastfeeding and IBFAT scores at 12,
      24, 36 and 48 hours after birth. The findings suggest that even small doses of
      the narcotic analgesic alphaprodine, when administered 1 to 3 hours prior to
      delivery, can delay effective feeding by several hours and in some cases, days.

PMID- 2927333
TI  - Half our medical future.

PMID- 2927334
TI  - Some phenomena of medical students' diagnostic problem-solving.
AB  - This paper introduces a perspective on medical problem-solving that derives from
      recent studies of content-related learning. Results from a study of fourth-year
      medical students' approaches to understanding a data base of significant facts
      about a patient (a problem synthesis) are presented. By analysing data collected
      in interviews, we obtain categories of description that portray the qualitatively
      different ways in which the information in diagnostic problems is handled by
      these students. Two major categories describe the variability in approach:
      'ordering' and 'structuring'. The latter category contains elements that most
      clinical teachers would regard as desirable; the former represents a less
      satisfactory approach. We provisionally identify two diagnostic strategies within
      each of these categories. The perspective has implications for improving
      instruction and assessment.

PMID- 2927335
TI  - Types of problem students encountered by clinical teachers on clerkships.
AB  - The teachers who play the all-important role of enabling students to learn on
      clinical clerkships must balance the two essential skills of being a good role
      model and maintaining objectivity in order to identify students with a variety of
      problems. This study describes the findings of a survey that identifies both the
      type of the problems that most bother teachers and the relative frequency of
      those problems. Non-cognitive problems (poor interpersonal skills and non
      assertive, shy students) were identified by teachers as being seen at the same
      relative frequency but posing greater difficulty than cognitive problems (poor
      integration skills, disorganization, poor fund of knowledge, etc.). A variety of
      the types of interventions to these problems are discussed.

PMID- 2927336
TI  - A retrospective study of attitude change during medical education.
AB  - A retrospective attitude questionnaire was administered to 70 of 157 graduating
      seniors at the end of the medical school year. Students perceived that they
      became more cynical during medical education. In addition, they perceived that
      they were more concerned with making money, more concerned for patients, and more
      helpful. These findings relate to the developmental stressors of medical
      education as they affect the individual student. Burn-out and impairment are
      possible consequences; a preventive approach is advocated.

PMID- 2927337
TI  - A curriculum on medical ignorance.
AB  - The information and technology explosions in medicine have exposed the vast realm
      of ignorance in human biology as well as the transiency of accepted knowledge and
      shortcomings of instructional methods which foster rote memorization, excessive
      reliance on conflicting data bases, and short-answer testing. To circumvent this
      serious deficiency in medical education, we have initiated a multifaceted
      Curriculum on Medical Ignorance consisting of 'questioning' seminars and hands-on
      clinical and laboratory experiences. This teaching programme not only emphasizes
      medicine's current deficiencies and limited insight into disease processes (i.e.
      ignorance) but also assists students in developing attitudes and behaviours to
      investigate basic biologic and clinical unknowns while rendering sound everyday
      clinical decisions in the face of fragmentary understanding. Based on evaluative
      feedback over the past 3 years, participants have made substantial progress
      towards recognizing and dealing constructively with medical ignorance and the
      limitations of 'knowledge of the day', thereby preparing them for the certain
      uncertainty of future medical practice.

PMID- 2927338
TI  - What 'makes' a good doctor?
AB  - The relation between gender, personality, school scores, grades at medical school
      and eventual achievement as a medical practitioner 8 years after qualifying has
      been explored by path analysis in a cohort of medical students. Factor analysis
      of data derived from a questionnaire identified a significant factor accounting
      for 75% of the common variance of the professional achievement scores.
      Standardized path coefficients were computed to indicate the relative importance
      of the causal factors to postgraduate achievement. Gender played an important
      role at many levels. For example it was apparent that many of our women graduates
      were seriously disadvantaged in their professional careers. Of the school
      subjects, chemistry was a surprising long-term predictor of postgraduate
      achievement. Academic achievement during medical school training, particularly in
      the final year, was a significant predictor, while personality attributes made
      their contribution to one or other aspect of achievement at earlier stages in
      training but made little additional direct contribution to postgraduate
      performance.

PMID- 2927339
TI  - Do conventional and innovative medical schools recruit different students?
AB  - A mail questionnaire was used to survey the social and demographic
      characteristics, educational background, attitudinal profiles and expected career
      choice of 243 first-year students enrolled in three US medical schools. The aim
      was to determine whether different types of schools selected different types of
      students. Two schools were considered as conventional whereas one school was
      considered as innovative both in its admission policies and in its curriculum
      which emphasizes a biopsychosocial approach to health care. The survey achieved
      an 84% response rate. The results showed no difference in students' career
      expectations. Students recruited in the innovative school, however, differed from
      students recruited in the conventional schools with regard to their social and
      demographic characteristics, educational background and attitudinal profiles.
      This study suggests that as some medical schools are innovating in their
      curriculum and admission policies, new types of medical students are entering
      medicine. Implications of these results are discussed.

PMID- 2927340
TI  - Student population changes and progress in Belgian medical schools.
AB  - The present study was designed to analyse the evolution of student populations-
      undergraduates and graduates--in the 11 Belgian medical schools from 1969 to
      1982. During this period, an overall 44% drop in the number of entrants was
      observed, while the number of medical graduates continued to rise until 1977,
      when it stabilized. French- and Flemish-speaking universities followed a similar
      trend. During the period under study, the proportion of women students virtually
      doubled from 25 to 44%. The total success rate averaged 39% for Belgian students
      and 24% for foreigners. By comparing success curves over the years, the various
      medical faculties were rated with a 'selectivity' score, indicating those
      significantly different from the national average. A separate classification was
      made for preclinical (3 years of 'Candidature') and clinical (4 years of
      'Doctorat') phases since, among the 11 Belgian medical schools, four teach only
      preclinical subjects. Marked differences in failure rates were observed between
      candidature and doctoral education even within universities.

PMID- 2927341
TI  - Medical education and economics.
AB  - The time available to medical students for learning is scarce in relation to the
      knowledge they are asked to absorb. New material should not therefore be added to
      medical curricula without careful consideration of the benefits of the extra
      knowledge compared to the costs of obtaining this knowledge. In this paper a
      justification for integrating economic principles into medical education is
      presented. It would benefit society by encouraging the practice of efficient
      medicine, and benefit students by giving them the ability to absorb the growing
      economic content of the medical literature and by encouraging an appreciation of
      why economic factors will influence their clinical decision-making. These
      benefits would accrue at little cost because only a limited number of economic
      concepts need to be absorbed by medical students. The critical concepts are
      outlined and some of the obstacles to students applying this knowledge in
      practice are considered. The paper concludes by suggesting that the impact of
      teaching economics to medical students should be evaluated, but this will require
      further research into ways of evaluating the outcome of medical education
      programmes in general.

PMID- 2927342
TI  - The curriculum of communication skills teaching at Maastricht Medical School.
AB  - In the Skillslab at Maastricht Medical School students are prepared for their
      first encounters with patients. Students can focus on individual skills,
      separately mastering each skill in a controlled systematic manner. With this
      foundation students are better equipped to face the complex intellectual and
      emotional demands of real patients. A large proportion of training concerns
      communication skills. Features of Skillslab communication skills training
      programme are: (1) its continuity (once every 2 weeks, from year 1 to year 6);
      (2) a gradual increase of complexity in skills (basic interview skills, phases of
      interviews, entire interviews, problem patients); (3) a gradual increase of
      complexity in practice situations (apparatus, role-playing, simulated patients,
      real patients). Evaluation shows students' and teachers' satisfaction with the
      programme. Comparison with conditions required for interpersonal skills training
      shows that these are fully met. However, there are drawbacks, which are
      described.

PMID- 2927343
TI  - Doctors qualifying from United Kingdom medical schools during the calendar years
      1977 and 1983.
AB  - At the conclusion of undergraduate medical education in the United Kingdom most
      students pass a university qualifying examination and obtain a degree in medicine
      and surgery. Some students pass an external non-university qualifying examination
      in medicine as an alternative to obtaining a degree, and some do both. The degree
      may be obtained in the same year as the non-university qualifying examination, or
      in a different year. Some students from a medical school intake qualify in a
      later year than expected, for various reasons. Data from university, Health
      Department and other sources may relate to the academic year, the calendar year,
      or a fixed date such as 30 September. It is not a simple exercise, therefore, to
      define the exact number of people who qualify to practise medicine, for the first
      time, in any given 'year'. In counting qualifiers from individual medical
      schools, the problems are further compounded by the movement of students between
      the preclinical and clinical stages of the course, particularly from Oxford and
      Cambridge to London teaching hospitals. This paper analyses the situation for the
      calendar years 1977 and 1983, showing a decline in the number of students
      obtaining double (i.e. both university and non-university) qualifications. The
      number of UK graduates not registering with the General Medical Council to
      practise, at least for a time, in the UK was small, and the population base
      compiled for Medical Career Research Group studies was reasonably accurate in
      each of the 2 years examined.

PMID- 2927345
TI  - A survey of preclinical psychology teaching in United kingdom medical schools.
AB  - This paper is based on a relatively brief postal survey of teaching in United
      Kingdom medical schools. Data were collected from 29 of the 30 medical schools
      about the provisions for their preclinical psychology teaching and examination as
      well as some indicators of the reactions of students and other staff. The results
      show that some progress has been made in the teaching of psychology to medical
      students but there is considerable variation across schools. The rated level of
      interest and attendance by students appears to be good and the rated attitudes of
      other staff were mixed. However, many of the respondents reported that their
      teaching hours were not adequate and that they wanted to achieve other changes in
      their type and content of teaching.

PMID- 2927344
TI  - Learning the educator role: a course for medical students.
AB  - The design and evaluation of a revised course on educational skills for medical
      students is described. The overall aim of this elective was to help students
      develop a working concept of their educator role regarding themselves, their
      peers, and their patients. The programme comprised 15 2-hour weekly meetings
      consisting of small-group discussion and exercises around issues of self-learning
      skills, peer teaching, and the process of patient education. Advanced preparation
      was promoted by readings and special assignments. Self-assessment, peer
      assessment, and continuous assessment based on course-work were used to help
      student learning and to provide a basis for final grading. During a 3-year study
      period, the Course Valuing Inventory (CVI) and a goal-oriented questionnaire were
      used for course evaluation. Evaluation done on five consecutive classes showed
      favourable indices of course attractiveness. It also showed broad progress of
      most students in the course goals and high positive CVI scores for cognitive,
      personal and behavioural learnings, in addition to course valuing. Students'
      perceptions of improvement in self-appraisal, communication skills and personal
      growth were related findings. Significant, moderate correlations were found
      between CVI learning scores and both the self-ratings of progress in the course
      goals and of attitude towards the educator role. Reinforcement of the positive
      attitude towards this role was a valuable finding related to a lasting effect: a
      significant increase in the choice of undergraduate preceptorships by the
      participants when compared to the control sample of students not exposed to this
      learning experience.

PMID- 2927346
TI  - Medical students' attitudes to old people and career preference: the case of
      Nottingham Medical School.
AB  - Medical students' attitudes to the elderly population were compared at entry to
      and exit from a month-long clinical attachment in the Department of Health Care
      of the Elderly at Nottingham University. The study investigated clinical students
      for the 1983-4 and 1986-7 academic years using a questionnaire employing a
      Rosencranz-McNevin semantic differential scale to measure general attitudes to
      old age and a Likert scale to measure attitudes to medical care. A question was
      also asked about career preferences. Improvements in attitudes during the month
      were noted for both cohort groups, but different trends for the two groups are
      discussed in the context of the growing pre-clinical effects of such a specialist
      department in a medical school.

PMID- 2927347
TI  - A community-based learning experience for medical students.
AB  - A programme in which medical students are attached to Children's Institutions for
      one year is described. The students' role embraces a medical and psychosocial
      component in which students conduct clinics, screening programmes and health
      education as well as develop relationships with individuals and groups of
      children. This experiential learning programme enables medical students to obtain
      an understanding of children's needs and work through their own feelings which
      are aroused when confronted with children who have been deprived and abused.

PMID- 2927348
TI  - Disaster, stress and the doctor.
AB  - Man is unable to control for the ever-present potential of disaster. In the past
      practices and procedures have been developed to minimize physical risk and
      maximize personal safety. However, there has been little awareness of, or
      attention to, the stress to those involved in the care-giving process to the
      victims. Medical care-givers are at the forefront of post-disaster intervention.
      It is necessary to provide training and support for doctors engaged in post
      disaster work, especially with regard to the psychosocial consequences for
      patients, relatives, and the medical team as a group and as individuals. Pre
      disaster preparation is suggested as a situational moderator in the prevention or
      management of extreme strain in medical and paramedical staff. Specifically,
      social support in the form of team-building and supervisory support and
      debriefing, use of personality hardiness concepts in selection and training of
      staff, and general emergency preparedness should form part of a disaster
      preparation plan. Medical social workers and psychologists can play an important
      role as facilitators in disaster preparation. The importance of education and
      increasing awareness of disaster effects on the health team is emphasized.

PMID- 2927349
TI  - A written test as an alternative to performance testing.
AB  - Performance tests are logistically complex and time consuming. To reach adequate
      reliability long tests are imperative. Additionally, they are very difficult to
      adapt to the individual learning paths of students, which is necessary in problem
      based learning. This study investigates a written alternative to performance
      based tests. A Knowledge Test of Skills (KTS) was developed and administered to
      380 subjects of various educational levels, including both first-year students
      and recently graduated doctors. By comparing KTS scores with scores on
      performance tests strong convergent validity was demonstrated. The KTS failed
      discriminant validity when compared with a general medical knowledge test. Also
      the identification of sub-tests discriminating between behavioural and cognitive
      aspects was not successful. This was due to the interdependence of the constructs
      measured. The KTS was able to demonstrate differences in ability level and showed
      subtle changes in response patterns over items, indicating construct validity. It
      was concluded that the KTS is a valid instrument for predicting performance
      scores and could very well be applied as supplementary information to performance
      testing. The relative ease of construction and efficiency makes the KTS a
      suitable substitute instrument for research purposes. The study also showed that
      in higher ability levels the concepts which were meant to be measured were highly
      related, giving evidence to the general factor theory of competence. However, it
      appeared that this general factor was originally non-existent in first-year
      students and that these competencies integrate as the educational process
      develops.

PMID- 2927350
TI  - Malignancy may contribute to rapid evolution.
AB  - Characteristics of malignant tumors, including anaerobic metabolism and
      metastases to lung, liver, bone and brain, may permit the enhanced survival of
      edited parts of the genome during periods of rapid environmental change.
      Carcinogenesis may be partially analogous to fossilization.

PMID- 2927351
TI  - Lung cancer, the motor vehicle and its subtle influence on body functions.
AB  - It is suggested that according to experimental evidence, the stimulation of
      automatic body functions by travelling in motor vehicles leads to the development
      of lung cancer. The data available for Australia during the period 1940 to 1984
      also shows that the difference between male and female lung cancer rates may be
      explained by exposure to travel.

PMID- 2927352
TI  - An integrated neuropathophysiological model of schizophrenia.
AB  - Schizophrenia is a disease of consciousness. The different neuroscientific
      disciplines have reported correlations with dysfunction and pathology at various
      levels in the hierarchy of biological explanation. A holistic model of
      schizophrenia is presented, developed from the premise that the
      neurophysiological correlate of consciousness is the cortical electrical
      interference pattern produced by the superimposition of the sensory event related
      potential on the basal alpha rhythm. The role of the Isodendritic Core of the
      Brain is discussed and the genesis of schizophrenic symptoms is related to post
      mortem histopathological findings that can be attributed to viral induced
      fibrillary gliosis.

PMID- 2927353
TI  - Cholesterol and cancer: comparative biochemistry and selective toxicity.
AB  - There is abundant evidence in the literature for the existence of a difference
      between normal and neoplastic cells with regard to the regulation of cholesterol
      biosynthesis. More specifically, the loss of negative feedback control of this
      pathway seems to be a property of transformed cells. Herein we describe the
      relationship between cholesterol and cancer, and we describe a model which
      attempts to employ Adrien Albert's second principle of selectivity--that of
      comparative biochemistry--by exploiting the above mentioned difference in
      regulation.

PMID- 2927354
TI  - A proposal for the development of clonal hemopoietic leukemias.
AB  - We elaborate on the pathogenesis of (human) hemopoietic leukemias according to a
      model whereby malignant growth follows the anachronistic expression of gene P in
      a rare cell at a certain stage of differentiation (1,2). P is a stimulus needed
      for renewal of hemopoietic cells. When illegally autocatalytic for P any
      mitotically competent cell (not necessarily pluripotent, at least originally)
      acquires the marginal (seldom complete) autonomous growth of malignant cells.
      Rather than confrontational, these views complement advantageously the mutation
      model and account for certain peculiarities of (human) leukemic cells, such as
      the propensity to differentiate terminally when isolated from their in vivo
      microenvironments. In addition, we discuss the rare occurrence of certain human
      leukemias (e.g., erythroleukemias and polycythemia veras) comparatively to the
      surprisingly more frequent chronic and acute myelogenous leukemias. This occurs
      in spite of the similarity between erythroid and myeloid populations in terms of
      size (mass of cells) and number of targets at mutational risk. Thus the classic
      mutation model predicts that random hits, after radiation exposure for example,
      should induce erythroid and myeloid leukemias with similar frequencies in
      contrast to clinical findings (3) and the predictions from our model.

PMID- 2927355
TI  - Primary constipation: an underlying mechanism.
AB  - Primary (simple) constipation is a consequence of habitual bowel elimination on
      common toilet seats. A considerable proportion of the population with normal
      bowel movement frequency has difficulty emptying their bowels, the principal
      cause of which is the obstructive nature of the recto-anal angle and its
      association with the sitting posture normally used in defecation. The only
      natural defecation posture for a human being is squatting. The alignment of the
      recto-anal angle associated with squatting permits smooth bowel elimination. This
      prevents excessive straining with the potential for resultant damage to the recto
      anal region and, possibly, to the colon and other organs. There is no evidence
      that habitual bowel elimination at a given time each day contributes considerably
      to the final act of rectal emptying. The natural behavior to empty the bowels in
      response to a strong defecation reflex alleviates bowel emptying by means of the
      recto anal inhibitory reflex.

PMID- 2927356
TI  - Tomatoes and Parkinson's disease.
AB  - Recent developments have focused attention on the possibility that a toxic
      environmental factor may be the cause of Parkinson's disease (PD). A hypothesis
      seeking to explain the cause of PD must explain its worldwide distribution, the
      small percentage of the population affected, geographic variations in prevalence
      and why PD was unrecognized prior to the early nineteenth century. The
      difficulties in finding a ubiquitous environmental agent which could account for
      these observations, may be illustrated by considering the hypothesis that such an
      agent may be a constituent of a common plant such as the tomato. This hypothesis
      meets all the necessary prerequisites. It is testable and appears to be an
      excellent starting point from which to search for the cause of PD.

PMID- 2927357
TI  - The hypervitaminosis-A rat: a model for mucin hypersecretion in cystic fibrosis?
AB  - Cystic fibrosis is a devastating disease with pathognomonic features typically
      displayed in the exocrine system. An obvious drawback with human clinical studies
      of the disease is the relative inaccessibility of its "target-tissues," i.e., the
      salivary glands, intestine, pancreas, and tracheobronchial tree. Thus, little is
      known about its underlying cellular mechanisms. For this reason, physiologically
      relevant animal models for the disease are vitally needed. At present, there are
      animal models available for certain salivary gland biochemical aspects of the
      disease and for bicarbonate ion secretory alterations. However, no adequate model
      exists for excessive mucus production, an aspect of the disease which sets the
      stage for life-threatening infections and digestive disorders. This manuscript
      examines morphological and biochemical changes occurring in various biological
      systems exposed to high levels of vitamin A and correlates such changes with
      abnormalities commonly seen in cystic fibrosis.

PMID- 2927358
TI  - Possible role of adsorbed surfactant in controlling membrane permeability and
      function.
AB  - It is well established in the physical sciences that the adsorption of a
      monolayer of certain surfactants onto the surface of a synthetic membrane used
      for ultrafiltration can greatly modify its permeability to water and its ability
      to transmit small solute molecules and ions of physiological interest. In this
      hypothesis, it is proposed that, when indigenous surfactant is adsorbed to
      certain membranes in the body, it can similarly modify their permeability. Since
      adsorption can be a rapidly reversible process, this would provide a simple
      physical means of controlling the overall level of physiological activity of the
      membrane and, possibly, an additional means of differentiating membranes
      according to function. The hypothesis raises many questions concerning its
      applicability to the general structure of biological membranes, the nature of the
      surfactant, its ability to adsorb to solid surfaces and the reasons why such a
      coating may have been missed. There are then the questions of which membranes
      might benefit most and what happens if the coating is too sparse or is removed
      unintentionally.

PMID- 2927359
TI  - Reproductive events, occurring in adolescence at the time of development of
      reproductive organs and at the time of tumour initiation, have a bearing on
      growth characteristics and reproductive hormone regulation in normal and tumour
      tissue investigated decades later--a hypothesis.
AB  - Both animal and human data indicate that reproductive events taking place early
      in reproductive life may have an important influence on growth characteristics
      and reproductive hormone regulation in both normal tissue and neoplastic tissue
      investigated later in life.

PMID- 2927360
TI  - The medical examiner and the press.

PMID- 2927361
TI  - Drugs for hypertension.

PMID- 2927362
TI  - Drugs for hypertensive emergencies.

PMID- 2927363
TI  - Thoughts about medical writing, editing, and publishing.

PMID- 2927364
TI  - The power of simple words. Interview by Richard L. Reece.

PMID- 2927365
TI  - Thunder on the right. Interview by Richard L. Reece.

PMID- 2927366
TI  - Outcome data.

PMID- 2927367
TI  - Where medicine and media clash.

PMID- 2927368
TI  - Are doctors computer-compatible? Are computers physician-friendly?

PMID- 2927369
TI  - MDs prefer books, despite hike in on-line data.

PMID- 2927370
TI  - Practice what you preach!

PMID- 2927372
TI  - HIV-infected needles.

PMID- 2927371
TI  - The Minnesota Board of Medical Examiners. A report of the Minnesota Medical
      Association Committee on Ethics and Medical-Legal Affairs.

PMID- 2927373
TI  - Incidence of malnutrition in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

PMID- 2927374
TI  - In search of the "preferred fuel".

PMID- 2927375
TI  - Nurse Education Today--1989.

PMID- 2927376
TI  - Changing times changing paradigm (1): From hospital training and college
      education in Australia.
AB  - In 1985, nurse education in New South Wales (NSW), Australia changed from
      hospital based nursing courses to preparation for comprehensive registration
      within the tertiary sector. The Nightingale apprenticeship system with an
      emphasis on the service needs of the institution had persisted for almost a
      century. The early 1970's however saw the emergence in Australia of a new
      paradigm in nurse education challenging the traditional training perspective. The
      student nurse in NSW has now assumed the role of learner and is supernumerary to
      the health care team when practising in a wide range of health care settings.
      This article has two parts, the first of which discusses the background to the
      development of a new paradigm in nurse education and the implications of the
      change process. In particular, the reaction of the medical profession to the
      greater degree of autonomy demonstrated by nurses in relation to their
      preparation for practice, is discussed.

PMID- 2927377
TI  - Accreditation of nursing programs--issues raised by formalising accountability in
      nursing education.
AB  - As nurses professionalise, the drive to be seen as accountable intensifies.
      Formalising accountability has certain dangers which are examined in this paper.
      The claims for accountability through accreditation processes in three areas-
      hospital administration, general post secondary institutions and nursing--are
      considered and questions raised in each. The fact that the move is not unique to
      nursing, nor is it new, allows for an indepth analysis of the thinking
      surrounding formalised accountability and for exploration of the issues nurses
      can debate when initiating such procedures.

PMID- 2927378
TI  - Progression from enrolled to registered general nurse (1): Charting the
      conversion.
AB  - This is a report of part of an empirical evaluation of a conversion course for
      Enrolled Nurses. The focus of the study was the changes, if any, which might take
      place in the students. A five faceted approach was used to collect data including
      three value exercises designed to identify those characteristics and values
      deemed by the Nurse to be important elements of his/her self image, diary keeping
      and meetings with the students. This part of the paper deals with the
      methodological aspects of the study and reports on the diary keeping and the
      meetings with the students. Part two will relate to the value exercises used. The
      study provides evidence of some of the difficulties experienced by students in
      the transition from Enrolled Nurse to Registered General Nurse status. It also
      provides evidence of 'desirable' changes in the students which occurred during
      the course.

PMID- 2927379
TI  - Student assessment in basic nursing education in Scotland.
AB  - This paper presents some of the findings of a 4-year-study of the examination
      system for student nurses entering basic nursing courses offered by all Colleges
      of Nursing and Midwifery in Scotland. These modular courses, first implemented in
      1982, involve students in a series of internal (college) assessments and two
      external (national) examinations. Results for 2742 students on 16,764 written
      assessments were analysed. The hypotheses that there would be high correlation
      between different modular results in internal assessments, and between results in
      internal assessments and external examinations were not supported. Implications
      for possible changes in the examination system are discussed.

PMID- 2927380
TI  - Traditional or systematic nursing? An evaluation of the written curricula of
      registered and enrolled nurses in Finland.
AB  - In order to develop the professional identity of registered nurses (RNs) and
      enrolled nurses (ENs), it is essential that the core of the written curricula be
      based on nursing science. In this study, content analysis was used to examine how
      theoretically-developed elements of nursing education were taken into
      consideration in the curricula (one local and one nationwide curriculum were
      analysed). The research questions were: 1. to what extent do the characteristics
      of either traditional or of systematic nursing appear in the educational
      objectives of nursing education? 2. to what extent do the characteristics of
      systematic nursing appear in the curricula, and as distinct elements in the
      objectives of nursing education? The written nursing curricula which were
      analysed seem to be characterised by traditional nursing, while features of
      systematic nursing appear as minor elements only.

PMID- 2927381
TI  - Exploring nurse educators' views of experiential learning: a pilot study.
AB  - The 1982 syllabus of training for psychiatric nurse students recommended the use
      of experiential learning methods. This paper describes a pilot study aimed at
      identifying nurse educator's views of experiential learning. Twelve nurse
      educators were interviewed and the method of content analysis was used to
      interpret the data emerging out of the transcripts of those interviews. Various
      features were noted including: opinions over how 'experiential learning' was to
      be defined; the fact that many educators feel that students find experiential
      learning methods uncomfortable or threatening, and difficulty in evaluating
      experiential learning activities. The findings, although tentative, may have
      implications for the future training of nurse educators and for the future
      planning and practice of experiential learning in nurse education.

PMID- 2927382
TI  - Using an alternative model to design a registered general nurse curriculum.
AB  - This paper suggests that in view of the recent changes in nurse education an
      alternative to the behavioural objectives model may need to be considered for
      designing a Registered General Nurse curriculum. The Foundation Module of a
      programme is used as an example to show that a process approach could be an
      appropriate alternative.

PMID- 2927383
TI  - Models of training.
AB  - This article describes a framework for looking at the implications of requests
      for training. It asks whether the most appropriate staff are being sent on
      courses and what plans have been made to integrate the lessons from the training
      back into the workplace.

PMID- 2927384
TI  - Social skills training: some ideas on its origin, nature and application.
AB  - This paper stems out of my current involvement in the Teaching of Social Skills
      training to health professionals mainly concerned with mental health. It is hoped
      this paper will stimulate exchange of ideas and experiences amongst health
      professionals, particularly other teachers and practitioners in mental health.
      The paper starts with a historical overview (antecedent conditions) highlighting
      some early views, early successes and failures in the areas of psychological
      intervention. The advent and purpose of Social Skills training is then presented
      in the light of these early experiences. The work of a notable British Social
      Psychologist (Michael Argyle) and his colleagues is selected to achieve two
      purposes: 1. to describe a range of, personal and interpersonal skills now
      considered under social skills training, 2. to demonstrate how all these social
      skills may be taught or learned using key elements of one model. The paper also
      briefly addresses some ostensive similarities between social skills and motor
      skills as depicted in the key elements of this one model. It finishes by offering
      a summary of the model's application plus some hints on training techniques.

PMID- 2927385
TI  - General recommendations on immunization.

PMID- 2927386
TI  - Corticosterone increases protein tyrosine kinase activity in the locus coeruleus
      and other monoaminergic nuclei of rat brain.
AB  - Protein tyrosine kinase was studied as a possible target of glucocorticoid action
      in discrete regions of rat brain. It was found that 7 days of corticosterone
      treatment produced a 20-25% increase in protein tyrosine kinase activity
      specifically in three monoaminergic nuclei known to be regulated by
      glucocorticoids in vivo. Thus, corticosterone increased enzyme activity in the
      locus coeruleus (LC), dorsal raphe, and ventral tegmentum, but not in a number of
      other brain regions studied. This phenomenon was characterized further in the LC.
      Bilateral adrenalectomy was shown to decrease protein tyrosine kinase levels in
      this brain region, an effect reversed completely by corticosterone replacement,
      indicating that this adrenal steroid plays a role in maintaining levels of the
      enzyme under physiological conditions in vivo. Chronic corticosterone was also
      found to increase levels of immunoreactivity of c-src, a well characterized
      protein tyrosine kinase, in the LC, results indicating that corticosterone
      increases protein tyrosine kinase activity in this brain region at least in part
      by increasing the total amount of this enzyme. Immunoblotting analysis of LC
      extracts with antibodies specific for phosphotyrosine indicated that the
      corticosterone-induced increased in protein tyrosine kinase activity in the LC is
      associated with a 60% increase in the incorporation of phosphotyrosine into
      endogenous proteins. The results demonstrate that protein tyrosine kinase
      activity is regulated by glucocorticoids in discrete regions of the central
      nervous system and raise the possibility that regulation of these brain regions
      by glucocorticoids is mediated in part through effects on this enzyme.

PMID- 2927387
TI  - Ketanserin reduces a particular monoamine pool in peripheral tissues.
AB  - The effect of ketanserin and tetrabenazine treatment on monoamine and metabolite
      levels in central and peripheral tissues was investigated in young and senescent
      male Wistar and spontaneously hypertensive Okamota rats. Control animals showed
      significantly higher brain monoamine levels and 3 and 5.5 times higher dopamine
      levels in the vas deferens of the senescent and hypertensive rats, as compared
      with young normotensive rats. Ketanserin (20 mg/kg) produced an average of 20%
      reduction of brain monoamines without changing metabolite levels. In the vas
      deferens, dopamine was reduced by 85% and norepinephrine by 30%. In
      cardiovascular tissues, norepinephrine was 40% to 50% decreased and in the spleen
      norepinephrine was 60% and 5-hydroxytryptamine 30% reduced. Ketanserin (5 mg/kg)
      had only a marked effect on dopamine in the vas deferens and on norepinephrine in
      the portal vein. Tetrabenazine at 20 mg/kg produced complete depletion of the
      monoamine and 3-methoxytyramine levels in the brain with a concomitant rise in
      acid metabolites. In peripheral tissues, amine levels were reduced by 55% to 80%;
      dopamine in the vas deferens was 93% decreased. Tetrabenazine (5 mg/kg) still had
      marked effects in all tissues. The drug effects were the same in the three types
      of rats and the effects did not markedly change with chronic treatment up to 20
      days. It is hypothesized that at least two different mechanisms are involved in
      monoamine depletion, 1) the classically proposed inhibition of uptake of
      monoamines in the storage vesicles, a property of tetrabenazine not shared by
      ketanserin in vivo and 2) triggering of the release of monoamines from a
      ketanserin-sensitive pool, which is relatively more important in peripheral
      tissues than in the brain. The latter process is probably mediated by previously
      identified ketanserin-binding release sites on nerve terminals and platelets. The
      ketanserin-sensitive monoamine pools in peripheral tissues may have a role in
      cardiovascular pathologies.

PMID- 2927388
TI  - Molecular detection of chromosomal translocations that disrupt the putative
      retinoblastoma susceptibility locus.
AB  - A candidate DNA sequence with many of the properties predicted for the
      retinoblastoma susceptibility (RB1) locus has been cloned (S. H. Friend, R.
      Bernards, S. Rogelj, R. A. Weinberg, J. M. Rapaport, D. M. Albert, and T. P.
      Dryja, Nature [London] 323:643-645, 1986). The large size of this gene (ca. 200
      kilobases [kb]) and its multiple dispersed exons (Wiggs et al., N. Engl. J. Med.
      318:151-157, 1988) complicate molecular screening strategies important in
      prenatal and presymptomatic diagnosis and in carrier detection. Here we used
      field inversion gel electrophoresis (FIGE) to construct a restriction map of
      approximately 1,000 kb of DNA surrounding the RB1 locus and to detect the
      translocation breakpoints in three retinoblastoma patients. DNA probes from
      either the 5' or 3' end of the gene were used to detect a 250-kb EagI restriction
      fragment in DNA from unaffected individuals. Both probes identified an additional
      hybridizing fragment in the DNA from each patient, permitting the breakpoints in
      all three to be mapped within the cloned RB1 gene. Analysis of the breakpoint in
      one translocation cell line allowed the RB1 gene to be oriented with its 5' end
      toward the centromere. The 5' end of the gene also appeared to be associated with
      a clustering of sites for several infrequently cleaving restriction enzymes,
      indicating the presence of an HpaII tiny fragment island. The detection and
      mapping of the translocation breakpoints of all three retinoblastoma patients to
      within the putative RB1 gene substantiated the authenticity of this candidate
      sequence and demonstrated the utility of FIGE in detecting chromosomal
      rearrangements affecting this locus.

PMID- 2927390
TI  - Replication of DNA minicircles in kinetoplasts isolated from Crithidia
      fasciculata: structure of nascent minicircles.
AB  - We have previously described an isolated kinetoplast system from Crithidia
      fasciculata capable of ATP-dependent replication of kinetoplast DNA minicircles
      (L. Birkenmeyer and D.S. Ray, J. Biol. Chem. 261: 2362-2368, 1986). We present
      here the identification of two new minicircle species observed in short pulse
      labeling experiments in this system. The earliest labeled minicircle species
      (component A) contains both nascent H and L strands and is heterogeneous in
      sedimentation and electrophoretic migration. Component A has characteristics
      consistent with a Cairns-type structure in which the L strand is the leading
      strand and the H strand is the lagging strand. The other new species (component
      B) has a nascent 2.5-kilobase linear L strand with a single discontinuity that
      mapped to either of two alternative origins located 180 degrees apart on the
      minicircle map. Component B could be repaired to a covalently closed form by
      Escherichia coli polymerase I and T4 ligase but not by T4 polymerase and T4
      ligase. Even though component B has a single gap in one strand, it had an
      electrophoretic mobility on an agarose gel (minus ethidium bromide) similar to
      that of a supercoiled circle with three supertwists. Treatment of component B
      with topoisomerase II converted it to a form that comigrated with a nicked open
      circular form (replicative form II). These results indicate that component B is a
      knotted topoisomer of a kinetoplast DNA minicircle with a single gap in the L
      strand.

PMID- 2927389
TI  - Construction and properties of replication-competent murine retroviral vectors
      encoding methotrexate resistance.
AB  - A series of replication-competent Moloney murine leukemia virus vectors was
      constructed in which each vector contained a mutant dihydrofolate reductase
      (DHFR) cDNA insert in the U3 region of the viral long terminal repeat. Two of the
      resulting viruses, MLV (murine leukemia virus) DHFR*-5 and MLV DHFR*-7, were able
      to stably transfer methotrexate resistance to infected fibroblast cells upon
      multiple rounds of virus replication and in the absence of drug selection. Cell
      lines producing recombinant virus with high titers were established, which
      indicated that the insert did not grossly interfere with viral replication
      functions. These vectors should be useful for introducing and expressing foreign
      genes in vivo in tissues and whole animals in which virus spread is needed for
      efficient infection.

PMID- 2927391
TI  - Spontaneous germ line virus infection and retroviral insertional mutagenesis in
      eighteen transgenic Srev lines of mice.
AB  - SWR/J-RF/J hybrid mice spontaneously acquire new germ line ecotropic proviruses
      at high frequency. In the studies described here, we used these hybrids to
      produce 18 transgenic mouse lines, each carrying a single newly acquired Srev
      locus (SWR/J-RF/J ecotropic proviral locus). All of the newly acquired proviruses
      identified in mosaic founder SWR/J-RF/J mice that could be transmitted through
      the germ line were also present in somatic tissues, demonstrating that viral
      integration occurred before the germ line was set aside from the somatic
      lineages. Quantitative analysis of proviral DNA copy numbers in somatic and
      germinal tissues of mosaic founder parents combined with structural analysis of
      Srev loci indicated that these proviruses are acquired after multiple rounds of
      somatic viral reinfection and that most of these viral integration events
      occurred after DNA replication in the zygote and before DNA replication in the
      four-cell embryo. The frequency of provirus acquisition in Srev lines that
      expressed the infectious ecotropic virus was similar to that in SWR.RF mice
      carrying Emv-16 and Emv-17, suggesting that the chromosomal integration site of
      the parental locus is not an important determinant for high-frequency provirus
      acquisition. The frequency of recessive lethal mutations induced by spontaneous
      viral integration was 5%, which was similar to that induced by preimplantation
      embryo infection. This approach represents a simple and viable strategy for
      inducing and studying mutations that affect mammalian development.

PMID- 2927393
TI  - Molecular and biochemical characterization of the human trk proto-oncogene.
AB  - Molecular analysis of the human trk oncogene, a transforming gene isolated from a
      colon carcinoma biopsy, revealed the existence of a novel member of the tyrosine
      kinase gene family. This locus, which we now designate the trk proto-oncogene,
      codes for a protein of 790 amino acid residues that has several features
      characteristic of cell surface receptors. They include (i) a 32-amino-acid-long
      putative signal peptide, (ii) an amino-terminal moiety (residues 33 to 407) rich
      in consensus sites for N-glycosylation, (iii) a transmembrane domain, (iv) a
      kinase catalytic region highly related to that of other tyrosine kinases, and (v)
      a very short (15 residue) carboxy-terminal tail. Residues 1 to 392 were absent in
      the trk oncogene, as they were replaced by tropomyosin sequences. However, no
      other differences were found between the transforming and nontransforming trk
      alleles (residues 392 to 790), suggesting that no additional mutations are
      required to activate the transforming potential of this gene. The human trk proto
      oncogene codes for a 140,000-dalton glycoprotein, designated gp140proto-trk.
      However, its primary translational product is a 110,000-dalton glycoprotein which
      becomes immediately glycosylated, presumably during its translocation into the
      endoplasmic reticulum. This molecule, designated gp110proto-trk, is further
      glycosylated to yield the mature form, gp140proto-trk. Both gp110proto-trk and
      gp140proto-trk proteins possess in vitro kinase activity specific for tyrosine
      residues. Finally, iodination of intact NIH 3T3 cells expressing trk proto
      oncogene products indicated that only the mature form, gp140proto-trk, cross the
      plasma membrane, becoming exposed to the outside of the cell. These results
      indicate that the product of the human trk locus is a novel tyrosine kinase cell
      surface receptor for an as yet unknown ligand.

PMID- 2927392
TI  - Isolation and characterization of related cDNA clones encoding skeletal muscle
      beta-tropomyosin and a low-molecular-weight nonmuscle tropomyosin isoform.
AB  - We have isolated and characterized cDNA clones from chicken cDNA libraries
      derived from skeletal muscle, body wall, and cultured fibroblasts. A clone
      isolated from a skeletal muscle cDNA library contains the complete protein-coding
      sequence of the 284-amino-acid skeletal muscle beta-tropomyosin together with 72
      bases of 5' untranslated sequence and nearly the entire 3' untranslated region
      (about 660 bases), lacking only the last 4 bases and the poly(A) tail. A second
      clone, isolated from the fibroblast cDNA library, contains the complete protein
      coding sequence of a 248-amino-acid fibroblast tropomyosin together with 77 bases
      of 5' untranslated sequence and 235 bases of 3' untranslated sequence through the
      poly(A) tract. The derived amino acid sequence from this clone exhibits only 82%
      homology with rat fibroblast tropomyosin 4 and 80% homology with human fibroblast
      tropomyosin TM30nm, indicating that this clone encodes a third 248-amino-acid
      tropomyosin isoform class. The protein product of this mRNA is fibroblast
      tropomyosin 3b, one of two low-molecular-weight isoforms expressed in chicken
      fibroblast cultures. Comparing the sequences of the skeletal muscle and
      fibroblast cDNAs with a previously characterized clone which encodes the smooth
      muscle alpha-tropomyosin reveals two regions of absolute homology, suggesting
      that these three clones were derived from the same gene by alternative RNA
      splicing.

PMID- 2927394
TI  - Electron microscopy reveals that transcription factor TFIIIA bends 5S DNA.
AB  - We have used a high-resolution analytical electron microscopic technique,
      electron spectroscopic imaging, to study the in vitro interaction between the
      transcription factor IIIA (TFIIIA) and 5S ribosomal gene DNA. The images and
      analytical measurements support our proposal that the helix axis is bent by the
      protein into a hairpin-shaped configuration.

PMID- 2927395
TI  - An overhanging 3' terminus is a conserved feature of telomeres.
AB  - The reactivity of single-stranded thymidines with osmium tetraoxide was used to
      demonstrate the existence of a terminal overhang of the G-rich strand of
      telomeres from two distantly related eucaryotes, the ciliated protozoan
      Tetrahymena spp. and the acellular slime mold Didymium spp. Conservation of a G
      strand overhang at the molecular terminus of telomeres is consistent with our
      suggestion that an unusual DNA structure formed by the G-strand overhang is
      important for telomere function (E. Henderson, C. C. Hardin, S. K. Wolk, I.
      Tinoco Jr., and E. H. Blackburn, Cell 51:899-908, 1987).

PMID- 2927396
TI  - Structural determinant of the species-specific transcription of the mouse rRNA
      gene promoter.
AB  - Mammalian ribosomal DNA (rDNA) transcription has a certain species specificity
      such that, both in vivo and in vitro, human rDNA cannot be transcribed by mouse
      machinery and vice versa. This is due to a species-dependent transcription
      factor, TFID (Y. Mishima, I. Financsek, R. Kominami, and M. Muramatsu, Nucleic
      Acids Res. 10:6659-6670, 1982). On the basis of the information obtained from 5'
      and 3' substitution mutants, we prepared a chimeric gene in which the mouse
      sequence from positions -32 to -14 was inserted into the corresponding location
      of the human rDNA promoter. The chimeric gene could be transcribed by mouse
      extracts nearly as efficiently as the wild-type mouse promoter. The chimeric gene
      could also sequester transcription factor TFID at an efficiency similar to that
      for the mouse promoter. Partially purified mouse TFID that could not protect the
      human rDNA promoter against DNase I produced a clear footprint on this chimeric
      gene that was similar to that on mouse rDNA promoter. The basic structure of the
      mouse rDNA core promoter is discussed in relation to the interaction with TFID.

PMID- 2927397
TI  - Specific binding of estrogen receptor to the estrogen response element.
AB  - Gene transfer studies have shown that estrogen regulation of specific genes is
      mediated by estrogen response elements (ERE). We report that binding of the
      estrogen receptor to the ERE can be detected by a gel retardation (band shift)
      assay. This binding interaction was highly sequence and receptor specific.
      Methylation interference analysis showed that the ERE contact sites of estrogen
      receptor displayed a perfect twofold rotational symmetry. This is compatible with
      estrogen receptor binding to the ERE as a head-to-head dimer.

PMID- 2927398
TI  - Somatic mutation and transcriptional deregulation of myc in endemic Burkitt's
      lymphoma disease: heptamer-nonamer recognition mistakes?
AB  - We examined the structure and expression of the myc protooncogene in DNA
      extracted from a primary (uncultured) endemic Burkitt's lymphoma sample
      designated eBL3. Dot and Northern (RNA) blot analyses demonstrated extreme levels
      of myc RNA in the eBL3 sample. Nearly complete sequence data of the altered myc
      locus isolated from eBL3 DNA demonstrated extensive mutations (duplications,
      insertions, and deletions) in critical myc regulatory regions. Taken together,
      the data support the idea that myc transcriptional deregulation in Burkitt's
      lymphoma disease may be a consequence of the position and number of mutations
      produced within and around the myc locus. Furthermore, the myc exon-1-intron-1
      hypermutable PvuII site is part of a potential heptamer-nonamer recognition
      sequence, suggesting a mechanism for mutation in endemic Burkitt's lymphoma
      disease.

PMID- 2927400
TI  - Studies of the antigenic structure of two cross-reacting proteins, pertussis and
      cholera toxins, using synthetic peptides.
AB  - Peptide fragments of pertussis toxin subunit 1 (PT-S1) have been synthesized in
      order to investigate their antigenic and immunogenic activity, and to evaluate
      their possible use as components of a new vaccine. Two peptides (sequence 73-82,
      EAERAGRGTG and sequence 107-116, YVDTYGDNAG) were selected for their predictable
      exposure on the surface of the molecule, and a third (8-18, YRYDSRPPEDV) for its
      homology with the sequence 6-16 of cholera toxin subunit A (CT-A 6-16)
      (YRADSRPPDEI). Antipeptide polyclonal antibodies produced in rabbits, were tested
      in different immunoassays for their ability to interact with toxin proteins. All
      of them proved interactive with recombinant PT-S1 (rPT-S1); CT-A interact not
      only, as expected, with anti 8-18 antibodies, due to the high homology between
      the two toxins in this region, but also, unexpectedly, with anti 107-116
      antibodies, in spite of the lack of homology of this peptide with the entire CT.
      We also found a direct cross-reactivity between the two toxins: anti PT and anti
      rPT-S1 antibodies interacted with CT-A, whereas anti CT antibodies did not
      recognize PT. Antipertussis antibodies also recognized the peptide 8-18, which
      therefore represents at least a part of an antigenic determinant of the toxin,
      while no interaction could be evidenced between anti-cholera antibodies and any
      of the peptides, thus demonstrating important differences in the antigenic
      structures of the two toxins. None of the antipeptide antibodies examined showed
      protective activity against the toxins in a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell
      test.

PMID- 2927399
TI  - Peroxisome targeting signal of rat liver acyl-coenzyme A oxidase resides at the
      carboxy terminus.
AB  - To identify the topogenic signal of peroxisomal acyl-coenzyme A oxidase (AOX) of
      rat liver, we carried out in vitro import experiments with mutant polypeptides of
      the enzyme. Full-length AOX and polypeptides that were truncated at the N
      terminal region were efficiently imported into peroxisomes, as determined by
      resistance to externally added proteinase K. Polypeptides carrying internal
      deletions in the C-terminal region exhibited much lower import activities.
      Polypeptides that were truncated or mutated at the extreme C terminus were
      totally import negative. When the five amino acid residues at the extreme C
      terminus were attached to some of the import-negative polypeptides, the import
      activities were rescued. Moreover, the C-terminal 199 and 70 amino acid residues
      of AOX directed fusion proteins with two bacterial enzymes to peroxisomes. These
      results are interpreted to mean that the peroxisome targeting signal of AOX
      residues at the C terminus and the five or fewer residues at the extreme terminus
      have an obligatory function in targeting. The C-terminal internal region also has
      an important role for efficient import, possibly through a conformational effect.

PMID- 2927401
TI  - Reduced glutamate decarboxylase activity in the subthalamic nucleus in patients
      with tardive dyskinesia.
AB  - Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) activity was measured in the nuclei of the basal
      ganglia in patients with neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia (TD) and controls
      matched for age and premortem state. In five TD patients, who all had a sudden
      death, a significant decrease in GAD activity was found in the subthalamic
      nucleus (STN). The lowered GAD activity in the STN may represent a biochemical
      substrate for neuroleptic-induced TD.

PMID- 2927402
TI  - Off-period belching due to a reversible disturbance of oesophageal motility in
      Parkinson's disease and its treatment with apomorphine.
AB  - Two L-dopa-treated patients with Parkinson's disease who developed distressing
      belching during "off" periods are reported. In each case, contrast cine
      radiography revealed disturbed oesophageal motility which disappeared after
      injection of the dopamine receptor agonist apomorphine. It is suggested that
      central dopaminergic abnormalities may be important in the aetiology of "off
      period belching."

PMID- 2927403
TI  - The use of glutethimide for treatment of essential tremor.
AB  - Two patients with long-standing intention tremor that was interfering with their
      ability to maintain employment were treated with glutethimide. In both patients,
      this agent successfully suppressed tremor at doses of 1,000 mg and 4,000 mg per
      day. Glutethimide has been taken for as long as 14 years in one patient without
      evidence of side effects.

PMID- 2927405
TI  - Trauma as an etiologic agent in Parkinson disease.

PMID- 2927406
TI  - Abstracts of the Symposium on High Technology in the Quantitation of Movement
      Disorders. Jerusalem, Israel, June 5, 1988.

PMID- 2927404
TI  - Choreoathetosis induced by cyproheptadine.
AB  - Cyproheptadine is an antihistamine with antiserotoninergic and anticholinergic
      properties. It is a relatively safe drug with many varied indications for usage,
      which rarely produces serious adverse neurologic sequelae. Reports of involuntary
      movement disorder secondary to cyproheptadine are rare. We present the case of a
      17-year-old overdose victim which may be the first documented instance of
      cyproheptadine intoxication resulting in choreoathetosis. This hyperkinesia was
      most likely resultant from the anticholinergic properties of cyproheptadine.
      Although the choreoathetoid movement resolved spontaneously, the delirious state
      disappeared after administration of physostigmine.

PMID- 2927407
TI  - Molecular characterization of thymidine kinase mutants of human cells induced by
      densely ionizing radiation.
AB  - In order to characterize the nature of mutants induced by densely ionizing
      radiations at an autosomal locus, we have isolated a series of 99 thymidine
      kinase (tk) mutants of human TK6 lymphoblastoid cells irradiated with either fast
      neutrons or accelerated argon ions. Individual mutant clones were examined for
      alterations in their restriction fragment pattern after hybridization with a
      human cDNA probe for tk. A restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)
      allowed identification of the active tk allele. Among the neutron-induced
      mutants, 34/52 exhibited loss of the previously active allele while 6/52
      exhibited intragenic rearrangements. Among the argon-induced mutants 27/46
      exhibited allele loss and 10/46 showed rearrangements within the tk locus. The
      remaining mutants had restriction patterns indistinguishable from the TK6 parent.
      Each of the mutant clones was further examined for structural alterations within
      the c-erbA1 locus which has been localized to chromosome 17q11-q22, at some
      unknown distance from the human tk locus at chromosome 17q21-q22. A substantial
      proportion (54%) of tk mutants induced by densely ionizing radiation showed loss
      of the c-erb locus on the homologous chromosome, suggesting that the mutations
      involve large-scale genetic changes.

PMID- 2927408
TI  - Production of chromosome aberrations, micronuclei, and sister-chromatid exchanges
      by 24-keV epithermal neutrons in human G0 lymphocytes.
AB  - The induction of chromosome aberrations, micronuclei and sister-chromatid
      exchanges in human G0 lymphocytes by 24-keV epithermal neutrons has been
      measured. Positive linear dose responses were obtained for the 3 end points, with
      a tendency to saturation at higher dose for SCE production. In all cases, the
      responses to 24-keV neutrons were characteristic of high-LET radiations.

PMID- 2927409
TI  - Molecular dosimetry studies of forward mutation induced at the yg2 locus in maize
      by ethyl methanesulfonate.
AB  - The yg2 assay in Zea mays detects forward mutation in somatic cells within leaf
      primordia of embryos and it was used in an analysis of the molecular dosimetry of
      ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS). Parallel genetic and molecular dosimetry
      experiments were conducted in which the frequency of forward mutation and the
      level of covalently bound ethyl DNA adducts were determined. Prepared kernels
      were treated for 8 h at 20 degrees C with 1-10 mM EMS. EMS induced a direct
      concentration-dependent increase in mutation induction proportional to the
      exposure concentration (slope = 0.93). The kinetics of mutation induction
      demonstrated in the intact maize system were consistent with the kinetics
      observed earlier in in vitro model systems using cultured mammalian cells, and
      contrasted with the exponential increase in mutation induction characteristic of
      microbial species. Parallel molecular dosimetry experiments were conducted using
      [3H]EMS. DNA was extracted and purified from embryonic tissues containing the
      leaf primordia, the target tissue of the yg2 assay. A linear increase in the
      molecular dose was observed as a function of EMS concentration. Using
      concentration as a common parameter between the parallel genetic and dosimetry
      studies, mutation induction appeared to increase nearly in a direct proportion to
      the molecular dose. However, studies in other genetic systems indicate that the
      levels of specific DNA adducts, such as O6-ethylguanine (O6-EtGua) show a better
      correlation with mutation induction kinetics than molecular dose. Neither
      molecular dose, nor O6-EtGua levels account for differences in the absolute
      frequencies of mutation induction observed in different genetic systems.
      Therefore, reliable assessment of health risks posed to humans by chemical
      mutagens appears to require consideration of other factors in addition to DNA
      dose or adduct formation, including differences in repair capabilities and in the
      size of the genetic targets in humans relative to the model genetic systems under
      study.

PMID- 2927410
TI  - Statistical analysis of the micronucleus test--a modelling approach.
AB  - This paper suggests an approach according to the principle that 'An experimental
      design is related to a statistical model describing that particular design'. A
      simple linear model approach is presented as an alternative to earlier proposed
      multiple single tests which is suitable for situations in which there are just a
      few dose levels and expression times. Furthermore, the aim is to move from
      significance testing towards a modelling and estimation procedure in order to
      find a structure and try to evaluate what is being determined in the experiment.

PMID- 2927411
TI  - Time-effect relationship of chromosome aberrations in peripheral lymphocytes
      after radiation therapy for seminoma.
AB  - The time-effect relationship of dicentrics and cells containing unstable
      chromosome abnormalities (Cu cells) was studied in peripheral lymphocytes of 40
      blood samples from 23 patients suffering from seminoma during a time period of 0
      1720 days after radiation therapy. Nine patients were studied before treatment.
      Since the half-time for the disappearance of damaged cells from circulating blood
      is an increasing function of post-exposure time it can only be expressed as a
      differential value. The present model discriminates between the mean lifetime m
      for lymphocytes and a parameter q which is the differential half-time for the
      decline of damaged cells immediately after exposure (t = 0). If the time t is
      short compared with m the decline is asymptotically time-hyperbolic rather than
      exponential and can be described by q only. According to recalculations of
      previous data, comprising 30 years post exposure, m approximates 10 years.
      Differential half-times can be derived for any time post treatment within the
      analysed time period for the decline of the incidence of dicentrics. For example
      at the end of therapy (t = 0) the differential half-time was calculated to be 0.4
      years and at 1720 days post exposure 3.6 years resulted. The corresponding values
      for the percentage of Cu cells cannot be derived for t = 0; at 1720 days 3.9
      years resulted.

PMID- 2927412
TI  - The in vitro unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) assay in rat primary hepatocytes.
      Validation of improved methods for primary culture including data on the lack of
      effect of ionizing radiation.
AB  - The in vitro unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) assay was evaluated for inclusion in
      a battery of assays used at The Upjohn Company for evaluation of lead compounds
      in the development of new and existing drug entities. This evaluation process
      encompassed aspects of the isolation of hepatocytes and tests of reference
      mutagens and genotoxins. The flow rate of perfusion solutions and their
      temperatures were critical in the isolation of high viability hepatocytes in good
      yield. The attachment of freshly isolated hepatocytes to coverslips was greatly
      enhanced by coating the coverslips with type III collagen. Results of testing 12
      known genotoxic agents (UV light, cyclophosphamide, 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene,
      dimethylnitrosamine, diethylnitrosamine, 2-acetylaminofluorene, benzo[a]pyrene,
      methyl methanesulfonate, ethyl methanesulfonate, N-propyl-N'-nitro-N
      nitrosoguanidine, benzidine and 4-aminobiphenyl) were in agreement with the
      literature. The use of X-ray did not induce unscheduled DNA synthesis in
      hepatocytes. This latter finding draws attention to the inability of this assay
      to detect agents which result in 'short-patch' repair of damage.

PMID- 2927413
TI  - Monofunctional alkylating agent-induced S-phase-dependent DNA damage.
AB  - Alkylating agents are S-phase-dependent clastogenic agents: Chromosome
      aberrations are not observed unless the treated cells have first undergone a
      replicative DNA synthesis. While DNA gaps resulting from misreplication of the
      alkylated template are believed to underlie aberration formation, the specific
      alkylated DNA lesions that produce these DNA gaps are not known. To quantitate
      the DNA strand break induction that results from replication of an alkylated DNA
      template and attempt to identify those alkylated lesions which underlie DNA
      strand breakage. [14C]thymidine-labeled Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were
      treated with either N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) or methyl
      methanesulfonate (MMS) in G1 and then allowed to progress through S phase in the
      presence of [3H]thymidine. When analyzed at the subsequent mitosis, DNA strand
      breaks were found in the nonalkylated ([3H]thymidine-labeled) DNA strand. This
      did not appear to be the consequence of any recombinational or endonuclease
      mediated event and was more likely due to DNA gaps produced by incomplete
      replication off the alkylated template. A portion of these breaks probably result
      from a failure to replicate past 3-methyladenine. Differences between MNNG and
      MMS in the frequency of S-phase-dependent breaks they produce relative to the
      overall alkylation damage suggest that the O6-methylguanine lesion might also be
      involved in S-phase-dependent DNA strand breakage.

PMID- 2927414
TI  - A bootstrap analysis of four in vitro short-term test performances.
AB  - The present analysis is aimed at estimating the confidence intervals of a number
      of association measures that describe the relationships of 4 in vitro short-term
      tests with rodent carcinogenicity, as well as with each other. The measures
      considered were: sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of the short-term tests
      with respect to chemical carcinogens, and performance dissimilarity indices
      (Hamming distances). The analysis refers to Salmonella, mouse lymphoma L5178Y
      cell mutation, chromosomal aberrations and sister-chromatid exchanges in Chinese
      hamster ovary cells, and is based on the data generated in the frame of the U.S.
      National Toxicology Program (NTP). It exploits the properties of a statistical
      technique, called bootstrap, to derive from only one sample of chemicals the
      variability intervals of the associations that the biological systems
      (mutagenicity assays and rodent carcinogenicity) would show in the 'universe' of
      the chemical compounds. The combination of the bootstrap technique with
      multivariate statistical methods pointed to a remarkable robustness and
      reliability of the information derived from the NTP data base, and provided
      descriptive insights into the data.

PMID- 2927415
TI  - Age-specific methylation of high-mobility-group proteins of the rat liver and its
      modulation by spermine and sodium butyrate.
AB  - Liver slices from young (20 weeks) and old (117 weeks) rats were incubated with
      [methyl-14C]methionine in the absence or presence of spermine or sodium butyrate.
      The high-mobility-group (HMG) non-histone proteins were extracted from the liver
      with perchloric acid and separated by acid-urea polyacrylamide slab gel
      electrophoresis. Methylation of HMG proteins decreased drastically in old rats.
      Whereas spermine inhibited the methylation of total HMG proteins in young rats,
      it had no effect in old age. On the contrary, sodium butyrate did not change the
      incorporation of methyl groups into total HMG proteins of young rats, but
      inhibited that of old rats. Particularly, the incorporation of [14C]methyl groups
      into HMG 2 was enhanced but into other HMGs it was reduced by both effectors in
      young and old age. Such discrepancies in the methylation of HMG proteins and
      their differential modulation by spermine and butyrate might affect the higher
      order organization of chromatin and consequently destabilize the expression of
      genes during aging.

PMID- 2927416
TI  - Effect of age on endogenous DNA single-strand breakage, strand break induction
      and repair in the adult housefly, Musca domestica.
AB  - It has been suggested that genomic alterations involving DNA damage and the
      ability to repair such damage play an important role in cellular senescence. In
      this study, endogenous DNA single-strand breaks, the susceptibility of DNA to
      induced strand breakage and the capacity to repair these breaks were compared in
      postmitotic cells from young (3-day-old) and old (23-day-old) houseflies. DNA
      single-strand breaks did not accumulate during normal aging in the housefly.
      However, cells of the old flies exhibited a greater sensitivity to single-strand
      breakage induced by gamma-radiation and UV light. The capacity to repair these
      exogenously induced single-strand breaks declined with age. Results do not
      support the view that DNA single-strand breaks are a causal factor in aging in
      the housefly. An age-related increase in the susceptibility to undergo single
      strand breakage suggests alterations in chromatin during the aging process.

PMID- 2927418
TI  - About an old problem, new approaches, a new section.

PMID- 2927419
TI  - Molecular gerontology needs coordination.

PMID- 2927417
TI  - Age-dependent covalent DNA alterations (I-compounds) in rodent tissues: species,
      tissue and sex specificities.
AB  - I-compounds are non-polar covalent DNA modifications of as yet undetermined
      structure that tend to accumulate in an age-dependent manner in tissues of
      untreated animals. They are detectable by 32P-postlabeling assay because of their
      adduct-like properties and chromatographically resemble DNA nucleotides
      containing bulky/hydrophobic moieties. To determine which factors may be involved
      in their formation, I-compounds were examined by 32P-postlabeling in liver and
      kidney DNA of female and male Sprague-Dawley rats and Syrian hamsters of
      different ages (1, 4 and 10 months and 1, 2.5 and 9.5 months, respectively). The
      following results were obtained: (i) Every tissue DNA studied contained
      characteristic I-compounds. (ii) Patterns and amounts of I-compounds were
      reproducible among animals of the same kind. (iii) There were pronounced organ
      and species differences. (iv) I-compound patterns were sex-dependent. (v) I
      compound levels increased with age in all tissues studied, except in male hamster
      kidney, a target organ of estrogen-induced carcinogenesis. The highest levels
      were observed in liver and kidney of 10-month-old female rats. (vi) The rise of I
      compound levels was less steep during the later part of the observation period
      for female but not male animals. (vii) Gonadectomy decreased I-compound levels in
      female hamster kidney DNA, while causing a slight increase in male animals later
      in life. These I-compounds were identical to previously reported DNA
      modifications that increased in male hamster kidneys after prolonged estrogen
      treatment. Points, iv, vi and vii strongly implicated sex hormones in I-compound
      formation. The qualitative effects of species, tissue differentiation, gender and
      sex hormones on these DNA modifications support the hypothesis that I-compounds
      are formed by the binding of endogenous electrophiles to DNA. As persistent DNA
      alterations, they are likely to affect DNA replication and to play a role in
      spontaneous and chemically induced carcinogenesis and in aging.

PMID- 2927420
TI  - Age-dependent decline in rejoining of X-ray-induced DNA double-strand breaks in
      normal human lymphocytes.
AB  - Unstimulated human peripheral blood lymphocytes (HPBL), separated by density
      centrifugation from anticoagulated whole blood, were X-irradiated (30 Gy) on ice
      and incubated in medium at 37 degrees C for repair times of 15, 30, and 120 min.
      Blood donors were 18 normotensive, non-smoking Caucasians aged 23-78, free from
      overt pathology and not taking any medications. Neutral filter elution was used
      to assay DNA double-strand break (DSB) induction and completeness of DSB
      rejoining (plus rejoining of any X-ray-induced alkali-labile sites converted to
      DSBs in vitro at pH 9.6). After 30 or 120 min repair incubation, the percentage
      of DSBs rejoined by cells from older donors (aged 66-78 years) was less than half
      the percentage of DSBs rejoined by cells from younger donors (aged 23-39 and 42
      57). When data from the 3 age groups were pooled, the age-related decline in
      percent DSBs rejoined was significant for repair times 30 min (r = -0.63, p less
      than 0.005) and 120 min (r = -0.64, p less than 0.005) but not for 15 min (r = 
      0.04). These age-related declines were observed even though DNA from older donors
      sustained fewer strand breaks as demonstrated by the negative correlation between
      donor age and DSB induction (r = -0.65, p less than 0.005). These results suggest
      that the efficacy of X-ray-induced DSB repair diminishes with in vivo age in
      unstimulated HPBL.

PMID- 2927421
TI  - Mutational specificities of 1'-acetoxysafrole, N-benzoyloxy-N-methyl-4
      aminoazobenzene, and ethyl methanesulfonate in human cells.
AB  - We have used an oriP-tk shuttle vector to determine the types of mutations
      induced in human cells by ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), 1'-acetoxysafrole (AcOS),
      and N-benzoyloxy-N-methyl-4-aminoazobenzene (BzOMAB). Plasmid DNA was treated in
      vitro with mutagen and electroporated into human lymphoblastoid cells. After
      replication of the vector in human cells, plasmids were analyzed for mutations in
      the herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase gene. Ethyl methanesulfonate
      induced predominantly GC----AT transition mutations. Treatment of the shuttle
      vector with AcOS induced 5 of the 6 possible base substitution mutations,
      including GC----AT (32%) and AT----GC (14%) transition mutations, GC----TA (9%),
      GC----CG (18%), and AT----TA (14%) transversion mutations, as well as a low
      frequency (9%) of -1 frameshift mutations at GC base pairs. Replication in human
      cells of DNA modified with BzOMAB yielded a significant increase (17-fold) in the
      frequency of deletion mutations relative to solvent-treated DNA. A majority (94%)
      of the point mutations induced by BzOMAB occurred at GC base pairs and were
      predominantly GC----AT transitions (33%) and -1 frameshift (22%) mutations, with
      the remainder consisting mainly of transversions at GC base pairs (28%). The
      broad spectrum of base substitution mutations observed for AcOS and BzOMAB may
      indicate the frequent insertion of a variety of bases during replicative bypass
      of aralkylated bases in human cells.

PMID- 2927422
TI  - Retroviral shuttle vectors as a tool for the study of mutational specificity
      (base substitution/deletion/mutational hotspot).
AB  - This paper summarizes the use of the retroviral shuttle vector pZipGptNeo for
      studies of mutational specificity in mammalian cells. This vector was constructed
      by the introduction of a DNA fragment containing the E. coli gpt gene into the
      retroviral shuttle vector pZipNeoSV(X)1. The pZipGptNeo vector was then
      introduced into mouse L cells to construct the A9I2 cell line. Studies utilizing
      the A9I2 cell line to determine the specificity of spontaneous and chemically
      induced mutations are summarized. The construction of a new retroviral shuttle
      vector and its introduction into the CHO-K1 cell line is described. Preliminary
      experiments suggest that spontaneous gpt gene mutations arising in CHO cells are
      similar to those seen in the mouse L cells.

PMID- 2927423
TI  - Host cell reactivation of CAT-expression vectors as a method to assay for cloned
      DNA-repair genes.
AB  - We demonstrate the feasibility of using passive host-cell reactivation of a
      shuttle-vector pRSVcat to detect cloned DNA-repair genes. As models, a transient
      expression vector, pRSVdenV, and a positive-selection vector, pRSVdenV/SVgpt,
      were constructed containing the T4 coliphage denV gene, coding for an ultraviolet
      specific endonuclease, under promotion of the Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) long
      terminal repeat. Cotransfection of one or three copies of pRSVdenV per UV
      irradiated pRSVcat molecule into xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) cells (XP12Ro[M1])
      resulted in a dramatic increase in transient expression of chloramphenicol acetyl
      transferase (CAT) activity. XP clones stable transformed by pRSVdenV/SVgpt but
      not the parent cell line rescued CAT activity from this UV-irradiated reporter
      gene. The ability to express CAT activity from a UV-irradiated pRSVcat correlated
      with the presence of the structural denV gene as detected by Southern blot
      analysis. Post-UV irradiation colony-forming ability and DNA nucleotide excision
      repair synthesis were partially restored in XP clones which rescued CAT activity.
      These results demonstrate the feasibility of using the cloned denV gene with its
      well characterized pyrimidine cyclobutane dimer-specific endonuclease activity to
      reconstitute UV-induced DNA repair in human cells deficient in DNA repair.
      Measuring CAT expression from pRSVcat affords a rapid, sensitive procedure to
      screen for functional cloned DNA-repair genes and to test mutant cells for
      defects in DNA repair.

PMID- 2927424
TI  - Effect of DNA damage on stable transformation of mammalian cells with integrative
      and episomal plasmids.
AB  - The efficiency of stable transformation of human cells by integrative (non
      replicating) plasmids carrying a selectable gene has been shown to be markedly
      enhanced by the introduction into the plasmid DNA of bulky damage, such as
      cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers or psoralen photoadducts. Enhanced transformation
      (ET) occurs in all human cells tested, including DNA repair-deficient cells from
      the hereditary syndrome xeroderma pigmentosum, but significantly less, if at all,
      in rodent cells. ET has been observed with a variety of integrative plasmid
      constructs, suggesting the generality of the phenomenon; as expected, ET is due
      to an increase in the number of cells carrying integrated plasmid sequences. In
      contrast to integrative plasmids, stable transformation by episomal (autonomously
      replicating) plasmids derived from the Epstein-Barr virus is only depressed by
      the introduction of photoproducts; furthermore, pronounced inactivation of
      transformation mediated by episomal plasmids becomes apparent in xeroderma
      pigmentosum cells. Altogether, these results suggest that DNA damage increases
      the probability of stable insertion of heterologous non-replicating DNA into
      human chromosomes. Moreover, the differential sensitivity to DNA damage of human
      cell transformation mediated by integrative versus episomal plasmids suggests
      caution in using such assay to measure host cell reactivation capacity;
      processing of DNA damage in mammalian cells might differ significantly between
      intra- versus extra-chromosomal DNA. Since ET may be induced by damage outside
      the selectable gene carried on integrative plasmids, we propose a model that
      involves local disruption of chromatin structure by helix-distorting DNA lesions
      flanking actively transcribed sequences; alternatively, reorganization of such
      altered DNA structure might be favored by the presence of topoisomerase-like
      activities in the proximity of active genes. Because ET can also be induced by
      DNA damage to the recipient cells, it is speculated that similar mechanism(s)
      might be involved in the generation of other types of non-homologous DNA
      recombination in damaged human chromosomes, including oncogenic cell
      transformation mediated by integrative DNA viruses.

PMID- 2927425
TI  - Perspectives on the use of an endogenous gene target in studies of mutational
      specificity.
AB  - Mutational spectra have become increasingly important tools in generating a
      molecular level understanding of mutagenesis in mammalian cells. The work in this
      field has primarily involved the use of shuttle vector systems although some work
      has also been reported using endogenous cellular genes as mutational targets. In
      this communication we discuss the relative utility of these two approaches. We
      specifically focus on UV light-induced mutagenesis since this agent has been
      studied in both types of system. We conclude that shuttle vector and endogenous
      gene studies of mutagenesis are highly complementary, each possessing unique
      advantages.

PMID- 2927426
TI  - Use of shuttle vectors for the analysis of DNA damage processing in mammalian
      cells.

PMID- 2927427
TI  - Molecular mechanisms of mutagenesis in mammalian cells: present and future.

PMID- 2927428
TI  - An approach to the investigation of cancer in tool and die workers. I.
      Epidemiologic findings in a suspected cancer cluster among tool and die workers.

PMID- 2927429
TI  - Comment on mutagenicity of diethyl sulfate in mice and on germ-cell mutagenicity
      testing.

PMID- 2927430
TI  - The influence of alpha-tocopherol and pyritinol on oxidative DNA damage and lipid
      peroxidation in human lymphocytes.
AB  - Unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) were measured in
      human peripheral lymphocytes from healthy volunteers. These processes were
      induced by the catalytic system Fe2+-sodium ascorbate. The degree of induced LPO
      was measured spectrophotometrically by the thiobarbituric acid assay. UDS was
      detected by scintillometric measurement of the incorporation of 3H-thymidine into
      DNA. The protective action by fat-soluble vitamin E (D,L-alpha-tocopherol) and
      the artificial antioxidant pyritinol on UDS and LPO was also investigated. The
      system Fe2+ (2 mumole/l)-sodium ascorbate (30 mumole/l) increased the LPO level
      in healthy volunteers approximately 2.5 times and the incorporation of 3H
      thymidine by 60-70%. alpha-Tocopherol (0.2 mmole/l) very efficiently suppressed
      LPO processes (p less than 0.01) and the oxidative damage of DNA measured as UDS
      was also significantly diminished (p less than 0.05). Pyritinol had no effect on
      LPO and UDS under our experimental conditions.

PMID- 2927431
TI  - Influence of benzamide on killing and mutation of density-inhibited V79 cells by
      MNNG.
AB  - Density-inhibited V79 cells when held for 24 h in complete medium after exposure
      to N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) show improved survival levels and
      decreased mutant frequencies at all dose levels, compared to cells not so held.
      However, when benzamide, an inhibitor of poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis was present
      during this 24-h holding, the improvement in survival and decrease in mutant
      frequencies were not observed. Rather, compared to the control, the cells became
      more sensitive to MNNG and mutant frequency also increased significantly for all
      doses studied.

PMID- 2927432
TI  - The induction by ionizing radiation of chromosomal aberrations in rhesus monkey
      pre-meiotic germ cells: effects of dose rate and radiation quality.
AB  - The induction of reciprocal translocations in rhesus monkey stem-cell
      spermatogonia was studied using multivalent analysis at metaphase of primary
      spermatocytes. Animals were exposed to 1 Gy gamma-rays at dose rates of 140 and
      0.2 mGy/min or to 0.25 Gy acute 2 MeV neutrons. Reduction of the dose rate from
      140 mGy/min to 0.2 mGy/min did not result in a lowering of the frequencies of
      recovered translocations of 0.43%. The neutron data indicated an RBE (neutrons
      vs. X-rays) of 2.1, which is clearly lower than the value of 4 obtained in the
      mouse. It is made plausible that in general mammalian species with high
      sensitivities for the cytotoxic effects of ionizing radiation, such as the rhesus
      monkey, will exhibit relatively high threshold dose rates below which no further
      reduction in aberration yield occurs, whereas in more resistant species, such as
      the mouse, the threshold dose rate will be at a very low level. Similarly,
      resistant species will show relatively high RBE values for neutron irradiation
      and sensitive species low ones.

PMID- 2927433
TI  - Formation of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine in DNA treated with fecapentaene-12 and -14.
AB  - Fecapentaene-12 and -14, direct-acting mutagens in human feces, were found to
      hydroxylate the C-8 position of guanine residues in DNA in vitro. Fecapentaene-12
      or -14 was incubated with 0.5 mg of calf thymus DNA in 1 ml of reaction mixture
      at pH 7.4 for 2 h at 37 degrees C in the dark, and then 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine
      (8-OH-dG) was analyzed. In these conditions 8-OH-dG was formed dose-dependently
      at levels of 1.1-4.6 residues/10(4) dG with concentrations of 0.5-3.0 mM of
      fecapentaene-12. Similar results were obtained with fecapentaene-14. The amount
      of 8-OH-dG in untreated DNA was 0.2-0.3 residue/10(4) dG.

PMID- 2927434
TI  - Increased frequency of oxidant-mediated DNA strand breaks in mononuclear
      leucocytes exposed to activated neutrophils from cigarette smokers.
AB  - Following activation with the synthetic chemotactic tripeptide FMLP, potentiated
      by cytochalasin B (CB), blood neutrophils from cigarette smokers generated
      greater amounts of both extracellular and intracellular reactive oxidants than
      cells from non-smoking control subjects. FMLP/CB-activated neutrophils from
      cigarette smokers also inflicted increased oxidant-mediated damage to the DNA of
      cocultured mononuclear leucocytes, which was prevented by the inclusion of
      superoxide dismutase and catalase individually and in combination. These
      observations demonstrate that cigarette smoking primes phagocytes to generate
      increased amounts of potentially carcinogenic reactive oxidants.

PMID- 2927435
TI  - The rat-liver carcinogen N-nitrosomorpholine initiates unscheduled DNA synthesis
      and induces micronuclei in the rat liver in vivo.
AB  - Alkylation of DNA is generally accepted as the primary event in the
      carcinogenicity of nitrosamines. However, the cyclic nitrosamine N
      nitrosomorpholine (NMOR), a potent rat hepatocarcinogen, has been reported as
      binding at very low levels to the liver DNA of treated rats. This led us to
      investigate the activity of NMOR in two in vivo rat-liver genotoxicity assays-
      for the induction of unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) and the production of
      micronucleated hepatocytes in the liver micronucleus assay (LMN). Rats treated
      with oral doses of NMOR (10-200 mg/kg) gave a positive liver UDS response either
      2.5 h or 12 h after dosing. Similarly, treatment with oral doses of NMOR (10 or
      100 mg/kg) followed by mitogenic stimulation with 4-acetylaminofluorene (4AAF)
      resulted in high incidences of micronucleated hepatocytes in the LMN assay. These
      data confirm that the genotoxicity reported for NMOR in vitro can be reproduced
      in vivo and that NMOR interacts with liver DNA of treated rats. Earlier reports
      of only very weak binding of radiolabelled NMOR to rat liver DNA in vivo are
      discussed within the context of these data.

PMID- 2927436
TI  - A genetic method to quantitate induced chromosome breaks using a mouse/human
      monochromosomal hybrid cell line: identification of potential clastogenic agents.
AB  - A genetic assay to detect the clastogenic potential of environmental agents is
      described. This assay is based on the cloning efficiency of cells in a medium
      that permits the growth of cells following loss of a specific chromosome segment
      resulting from a chromosome break. For this purpose a mouse/human hybrid cell
      line R12-2 containing a dominantly marked chromosome 5 as the only human
      component has been constructed. This chromosome 5 carries two dominant selectable
      markers, Ecogpt and the gene for sensitivity to diphtheria toxin (DTs). Ecogpt
      codes for the enzyme xanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase which allows
      selection for cells containing chromosome 5 or the segment carrying Ecogpt as
      judged by growth in medium supplemented with mycophenolic acid and xanthine (MX
      medium). Human cells are sensitive to 10(-13) M DT, whereas mouse cells are
      resistant to 10(-7) M DT and DTs is expressed as a dominant phenotype.
      Cultivation of R12-2 cells in the medium containing 10(-13) M DT permit the
      selection of cells that have lost chromosome 5 or the segment carrying DTs. The
      presence of two selectable markers on the same chromosome permits the
      identification and quantitation of cells for the selective loss of a specific
      chromosome segment. Growth of R12-2 cells in MX medium containing 10(-13) M DT
      therefore, provides a convenient method to determine the frequency of clastogen
      induced breaks in chromosome 5. The utility of the proposed genetic assay is
      assessed using X-irradiation as a model clastogen. Our results clearly show a
      dose related response that is consistent with cytogenetic observations.

PMID- 2927437
TI  - Acentric chromosomal fragments and micronuclei: the time-displacement factor.

PMID- 2927438
TI  - Complete culture medium is better than low folate medium for detecting increased
      chromosome aberrations in smokers in 48-h lymphocyte cultures.
AB  - We compared chromosome breakage in parallel, 48-h lymphocyte cultures established
      from smokers and nonsmokers using minimal essential medium (MEM) and MEM without
      folate (MEM-FA). There was a statistically significant, higher frequency of
      aberrations for smokers than for nonsmokers in cells cultured in MEM, but not in
      those cultured in MEM-FA. Thus, these data support the recommendation of the
      World Health Organization (1985) that population monitoring studies for exposure
      assessment should not use a low folate medium.

PMID- 2927439
TI  - Mutagenicity of nitrofurantoin and furazolidone in Chinese hamster ovary cell
      strains.

PMID- 2927440
TI  - The HLA-A mutation assay: improved technique and normal results.
AB  - The HLA-A assay for detection of mutant lymphocytes has been modified,
      principally by incorporation of an overnight-incubation step which has resulted
      in improved immunoselection. For 83 estimations on cells from 21 normal
      individuals with a mean age of 35, the in vivo mutant frequency was 2.99 X 10(-5)
      +/- 1.48 X 10(-5) (mean +/- 1 SD). For 11 estimations on cells from 10 elderly
      individuals with a mean age of 78, the mutant frequency was significantly
      greater, being 7.16 X 10(-5) +/- 4.06 X 10(-5). Similar results were obtained
      when HLA-A2 or HLA-A3 mutants were enumerated. Mutant frequency measured at the
      HLA-A locus is almost an order of magnitude greater than that measured at the
      hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase locus, but at least the major part of
      this difference is likely to be due to factors other than a difference in genetic
      stability between the two loci.

PMID- 2927441
TI  - Localization and pattern of expression of a female specific mRNA in Schistosoma
      mansoni.
AB  - To understand mechanisms involved in sex-specific gene expression in Schistosoma
      mansoni, a cDNA (fs800) was isolated that hybridized to an 800 nucleotide mRNA
      present in high levels only in mature female worms. The fs800 cDNA sequence was
      characterized by two long open reading frames and central stretches of repeated
      amino acids. Fs800 did not share similarities with other known sequences in
      computer searches. In situ hybridization, however, revealed that the mRNA
      corresponding to fs800 was found only in female vitelline cells, suggesting that
      the product of this gene may be involved in the production or function of eggs.
      Fs800 is developmentally regulated as expression of this gene is dependent on the
      maturity of female worms. Furthermore, during in vitro culture, when female worms
      are known to stop egg production, expression of fs800 selectively ceased.

PMID- 2927443
TI  - Characterization of tubulin from Brugia malayi and Brugia pahangi.
AB  - The tubulins of Brugia malayi and B. pahangi were similar with respect to
      concentration (mg tubulin per mg soluble protein), electrophoretic and
      isoelectric mobility, reaction in Western blots with anti-tubulin monoclonal
      antibodies, and isoform patterns. Tubulin was estimated to account for 2.8% and
      2.9% of soluble protein in B. malayi and B. pahangi extracts, respectively.
      Tubulins from Brugia nematodes have been partially purified by polylysine agarose
      chromatography and with taxol. Western blots with alpha- and beta-tubulin
      monoclonal antibodies confirmed the presence of tubulin. The mobility of Brugia
      tubulins on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was very
      similar to that of N. brasiliensis and rat brain tubulins. The isoelectric range
      for Brugia alpha- and beta-tubulin isoforms was pH 5.4-4.7. Western blots with
      anti-tubulin monoclonal antibodies revealed 4-5 isoforms of alpha-tubulin and 4-5
      isoforms of beta-tubulin for Brugia nematodes.

PMID- 2927442
TI  - Giardia cyst wall-specific carbohydrate: evidence for the presence of
      galactosamine.
AB  - Gas chromatographic (GC), mass spectrometric (MS), lectin binding and enzymatic
      analyses of the carbohydrates from Giardia cyst walls, intact cysts and
      trophozoites were performed to investigate the carbohydrate composition of
      Giardia cyst walls and to test the hypothesis that the Giardia cyst wall is
      composed largely of chitin. Galactosamine, verified by MS, was present in Giardia
      cyst walls and intact cysts (ca. 47 nmol 10(-6) cysts). Since not even trace
      amounts of it were detected in trophozoites by either GC or lectin binding,
      galactosamine is hypothesized to be a cyst wall-specific amino hexose. Based on
      the putative binding affinity of Phaseolus limensis lectin, galactosamine may be
      present in cyst walls as N-acetylgalactosamine. Neither glucosamine nor sialic
      acid were detected in as much as 11 mg dry weight of cysts, cyst walls, or
      trophozoites. Glucose, the most abundant carbohydrate, and ribose were detected
      in Giardia cysts and trophozoites. Galactose (ca. 10 nmol 10(-6) cysts) was
      detected in cysts but not in trophozoites. The lack of detectable levels of (1)
      glucosamine in cyst wall hydrolysates, (2) cyst staining by Calcofluor M2R, (3)
      endogenous chitinase activity and (4) N-acetylglucosamine when cysts served as a
      substrate for exogenous chitinase suggests that the Giardia cyst wall is not
      composed largely of chitin as previously reported. beta-N
      Acetylgalactosaminidase, EC 3.2.1.32, activity was detected in cysts and
      trophozoites and represents the first carbohydrate splitting hydrolase detected
      in Giardia.

PMID- 2927444
TI  - cDNA encoding an immunogenic region of a 22 kilodalton surface protein of Eimeria
      acervulina sporozoites.
AB  - cDNA encoding an immunogenic region of a 22 kDa surface protein of Eimeria
      acervulina sporozoites was cloned and expressed in the bacteriophage lambda gt11
      vector. The recombinant beta-galactosidase fusion protein, designated MA1, has an
      apparent molecular size of 125 kDa. Immunofluorescence staining of intact E.
      acervulina sporozoites and merozoites and immunoblotting of 125I-surface labeled
      protein from both stages revealed exclusive expression of the cloned cDNA in the
      sporozoite stage. The gene encoding the 22 kDa surface protein appears to exist
      as a single copy sequence as revealed by Southern blot hybridization utilizing
      the cDNA insert as a probe. Although not recognized by immune serum, purified
      recombinant MA1 antigen induced significant in vitro activation of T lymphocytes
      obtained from chickens immune to E. acervulina. DNA sequencing and hydropathic
      analysis of the predicted amino acid sequence revealed a central hydrophilic
      region surrounded by two hydrophobic areas which may represent exposed and
      transmembrane regions of the protein.

PMID- 2927445
TI  - Transcripts from the co-transposed segment of variant surface glycoprotein genes
      are in Trypanosoma brucei polyribosomes.
AB  - In Trypanosoma brucei the 5' proximal flanking sequences of a variant surface
      glycoprotein (VSG) gene, the co-transposed segment, are transcribed in a variant
      antigenic type- and stage-specific fashion along with the VSG gene. The precursor
      transcripts are subsequently processed to yield smaller transcripts from the co
      transposed segment as well as the VSG mRNA. These co-transposed segment
      transcripts are quite abundant, polyadenylated and contain the spliced leader
      sequence, all characteristics of trypanosome mRNAs. We have found that all of the
      co-transposed segment transcripts from two VSG genes are present in
      polyribosomes. The nucleotide sequence of much of the co-transposed segment of
      one of these VSG genes, however, has no open reading frames coding for proteins
      longer than 49 amino acids. These results suggest that co-transposed segment
      transcripts do not encode essential proteins even though they are present in
      polyribosomes and may be translated.

PMID- 2927446
TI  - Filarial surface antigens: the major 29 kilodalton glycoprotein and a novel 17
      200 kilodalton complex from adult Brugia malayi parasites.
AB  - Adult Brugia malayi nematode parasites possess a range of cuticular and
      epicuticular molecules which may be defined by various surface-labelling
      techniques. We present here evidence that at least two distinct antigens are
      associated with the surface, a glycoprotein of 29 kDa, and a complex of twelve
      components forming a regular series or 'ladder' between 17 and 200 kDa (17/200
      kDa) which have not previously been described. Each of these products is
      antigenic in infected hosts, although responses in infected humans to the 17/200
      kDa are relatively weak. Digestion of the 29 kDa antigen with proteases and
      endoglycosidases indicates that it is closely conserved between B. malayi and B.
      pahangi, and that it carries at least two N-linked oligosaccharide chains each of
      1.5-2 kDa. By contrast, a smaller surface-labelled antigen of 15 kDa shows no
      glycosylation by either lectin adherence or endoglycosidase digestion assays.
      Trypsin treatment of intact, labelled parasites results in cleavage of 29 kDa
      molecules isolated 17/200 kDa 'ladder' to trypsin abolishes all bands except the
      17 kDa base unit. Both the 29 kDa and 17/200 kDa antigens can be recovered as
      water-soluble molecules by homogenisation of the parasite in the absence of
      detergent, or by disruption of the cuticle with reducing agents such as 2
      mercaptoethanol. In the presence of such agents, both the 17/200 kDa series and
      the 29 kDa glycoprotein are shed rapidly from intact parasites. Finally, two
      dimensional electrophoretic analysis shows that while the 29 kDa glycoprotein is
      strongly basic and the 15 kDa acidic, the 17/200 kDa antigens form a related
      series of neutral pI.

PMID- 2927447
TI  - Identification, synthesis and immunogenicity of cuticular collagens from the
      filarial nematodes Brugia malayi and Brugia pahangi.
AB  - The major structural proteins of the cuticle of the filarial nematode parasites
      Brugia malayi and Brugia pahangi were identified by extrinsic iodination and
      sensitivity to clostridial collagenase. At least 16 acidic components were
      identified in adult worms by 2-dimensional electrophoresis, with molecular
      weights ranging from 35,000 to 160,000. These proteins appear to be cross-linked
      by disulphide bonds, and localised in the basal and inner cortical layers of the
      cuticle. The outer cortex, containing the epicuticle, is insoluble in 1% sodium
      dodecyl sulphate and 5% 2-mercaptoethanol, and can be isolated free of cellular
      material. Despite their inaccessibility to the immune system in intact worms,
      antibodies to the cuticular collagens are provoked in humans infected with a
      variety of filarial parasites. Immunological cross-reactivity was demonstrated
      between a 35 kDa component and human type IV (basement membrane) collagen.
      Autoantibodies to type IV collagen were detected in a number of individuals with
      lymphatic filariasis, although no correlation could be drawn with observed
      pathology. Synthesis of cuticular collagens is discontinuous, occurs at
      negligible levels in mature adult male worms, and does not appear to involve the
      production of small molecular weight precursors, in contrast to Caenorhabditis
      elegans. Hybridisation with a heterologous cDNA probe coding for the alpha 2
      chain of chicken type 1 collagen suggests that they are encoded by a multigene
      family.

PMID- 2927448
TI  - Genes encoding the major surface glycoprotein in Leishmania are tandemly linked
      at a single chromosomal locus and are constitutively transcribed.
AB  - The major surface glycoprotein of Leishmania, gp63, is encoded by a small multi
      gene family of tandemly linked genes which map to a single chromosome. For
      Leishmania major, there are five 3.1 kilobasepair (kb) direct repeat units which
      include a 1.8-kb open reading frame and a 1.3-kb intergenic or spacer region. In
      addition, there is a single gene copy linked as a direct repeat but separated
      from the tandem array of gp63 genes by about 8 kb. The restriction enzyme map of
      the repeat unit is highly conserved among the gene copies. The regions which
      flank the tandemly repeated genes diverge outside of the 3.1-kb repeat unit.
      Transcription of the gp63 gene locus is constitutive as the 3-kb transcript was
      present in promastigotes as well as in amastigotes. A minor 6-kb gp63 gene
      transcript was also detected in Northern blot analysis which could signify the
      transcription of the genes as a polycistronic or multigene precursor RNA.

PMID- 2927449
TI  - Eight-year results of a randomized clinical trial comparing total mastectomy and
      lumpectomy with or without irradiation in the treatment of breast cancer.
AB  - In 1985 we presented results of a randomized trial involving 1843 women followed
      for five years that indicated that segmental breast resection (lumpectomy)
      followed by breast irradiation is appropriate therapy for patients with Stage I
      or II breast cancer (tumor size, less than or equal to 4 cm), provided that the
      margins of the resected specimens are free of tumor. Women with positive axillary
      nodes received adjuvant chemotherapy. Lumpectomy followed by irradiation resulted
      in a five-year survival rate of 85 percent, as compared with 76 percent for total
      mastectomy, a rate of survival free of distant disease of 76 percent, as compared
      with 72 percent, and a disease-free survival rate of 72 percent, as compared with
      66 percent. In the current study, we have extended our observations through eight
      years of follow-up. Ninety percent of the women treated with breast irradiation
      after lumpectomy remained free of ipsilateral breast tumor, as compared with 61
      percent of those not treated with irradiation after lumpectomy (P less than
      0.001). Among patients with positive axillary nodes, only 6 percent of those
      treated with radiation and adjuvant chemotherapy had a recurrence of tumor in the
      ipsilateral breast. Lumpectomy with or without irradiation of the breast resulted
      in rates of disease-free survival (58 +/- 2.6 percent), distant-disease-free
      survival (65 +/- 2.6 percent), and overall survival (71 +/- 2.6 percent) that
      were not significantly different from those observed after total mastectomy (54
      +/- 2.4 percent, 62 +/- 2.3 percent, and 71 +/- 2.4 percent, respectively). There
      was no significant difference in the rates of distant-disease-free survival (P =
      0.2) or survival (P = 0.3) among the women who underwent lumpectomy (with or
      without irradiation), despite the greater incidence of recurrence of tumor in the
      ipsilateral breast in those who received no radiation. We conclude that our
      observations through eight years are consistent with the findings at five years
      and that these new findings continue to support the use of lumpectomy in patients
      with Stage I or II breast cancer. We also conclude that irradiation reduces the
      probability of local recurrence of tumor in patients treated with lumpectomy.

PMID- 2927450
TI  - Recurrence of thyroid nodules after surgical removal in patients irradiated in
      childhood for benign conditions.
AB  - To determine the incidence of benign thyroid nodules and the risk factors for
      their recurrence after surgical removal, we followed 511 patients for 1 to 40.6
      years (median, 11.2) after surgery for benign thyroid nodules arising after local
      irradiation for unrelated benign diseases in childhood. Recurrent thyroid nodules
      developed in 100 patients (19.5 percent). The risk of recurrence correlated
      inversely with the amount of thyroid tissue removed. Women had a higher
      recurrence rate than men (28.4 percent vs. 10.3 percent; P less than 0.05). Among
      the 299 patients who had been treated with thyroid hormone at the discretion of
      their physicians to suppress thyroid-stimulating hormone, 25 had recurrences (8.4
      percent), as compared with 72 of 201 patients who did not receive thyroid hormone
      (35.8 percent) (hazard ratio taking into account the extent of surgery and the
      patient's sex, 2.5; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.5 to 4.1). Histologic
      analysis of the 73 tissue samples from patients with recurrences showed that 14
      samples (19.2 percent) were malignant. Thyroid hormone treatment had no effect on
      the rate of thyroid cancer. We conclude that radiation-associated benign thyroid
      nodules have a high recurrence rate, similar to that reported among nonirradiated
      patients with benign thyroid nodules. We also conclude that treatment with
      thyroid hormone decreases the risk of benign recurrences, particularly in women,
      but not the risk of cancer.

PMID- 2927451
TI  - Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological
      exercises. Case 13-1989. A 76-year-old woman with multiple bone lesions and
      thrombocytopenia.

PMID- 2927452
TI  - More on heparin for prevention of atherosclerosis.

PMID- 2927453
TI  - Severity of sleep apnea and automobile crashes.

PMID- 2927454
TI  - Arsenic intoxication in a cocaine abuser.

PMID- 2927455
TI  - Neurobiology of depression.

PMID- 2927456
TI  - Using restraints in the elderly because of fear of litigation.

PMID- 2927457
TI  - Cephawhatchamacallums.

PMID- 2927458
TI  - Pharmaceutical advertising to left-handed physicians.

PMID- 2927459
TI  - Proposals for reform of the British National Health Service.

PMID- 2927460
TI  - The effect of nicotine on energy expenditure during light physical activity.
AB  - The metabolic effects of nicotine have been implicated in the relation between
      smoking and lower body weight. This study examined whether the nicotine-induced
      increase in the metabolic rate observed at rest is also present during physical
      activity. We compared the energy expenditure of 10 male smokers receiving
      nicotine (15 micrograms per kilogram of body weight) with that of 10 male smokers
      receiving placebo on two occasions, each including a period of rest and a period
      of exercise on a modified bicycle ergometer at workloads designed to simulate and
      standardize light daily activity. All had abstained from cigarette smoking the
      night before the study. The excess energy expenditure attributable to nicotine
      was more than twice as great during exercise (difference between groups, 0.51 kJ
      per kilogram per hour, or 12.1 percent of the metabolic rate at rest; P less than
      0.001) than during rest (0.23 kJ per kilogram per hour, or 5.3 percent of the
      metabolic rate at rest; P less than 0.05). In contrast, the expenditure was not
      affected by placebo during exercise or rest in the smokers or in a comparison
      group of 10 non-smokers, indicating that smoking status has no long-term
      metabolic effect in the absence of short-term nicotine intake. We conclude that
      the relatively small metabolic effect of nicotine when the subject is at rest is
      enhanced during light exercise. Our data also suggest that the weight gain that
      often follows smoking cessation may be influenced not only by nicotine intake but
      also by the level of physical activity a smoker typically engages in while
      smoking.

PMID- 2927462
TI  - Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological
      exercises. Case 14-1989. An 82-year-old woman with a complete left facial palsy
      and a left mastoid mass.

PMID- 2927461
TI  - Mapping and sequencing the human genome.

PMID- 2927463
TI  - Cigarette smoking and body weight.

PMID- 2927464
TI  - Economic incentives in clinical investigation.

PMID- 2927465
TI  - Cancer-causing substances in food, drugs, and cosmetics.

PMID- 2927466
TI  - The relation between AIDS cases and HIV prevalence.

PMID- 2927467
TI  - Risk of stroke from carotid bruits.

PMID- 2927468
TI  - Outpatient versus inpatient cardiac catheterization.

PMID- 2927469
TI  - Antibiotics for the treatment of febrile children with neutropenia and cancer.

PMID- 2927471
TI  - The need for quality assurance in mammography.

PMID- 2927472
TI  - Prenatal care and low birth weight among blacks and whites.

PMID- 2927470
TI  - Autosomal dominant spondyloarthropathy.

PMID- 2927473
TI  - Increasing severity of asthma from 1960 to 1987.

PMID- 2927474
TI  - Care of the VIP patient.

PMID- 2927475
TI  - Heimlich maneuver for esophageal obstruction.

PMID- 2927476
TI  - Incomprehensible hospital bills: educating the source.

PMID- 2927477
TI  - Controlling AIDS in Cuba. The logic of quarantine.

PMID- 2927478
TI  - HIV-1, HIV-2, and HTLV-I infection in high-risk groups in Brazil.
AB  - We conducted a serologic survey for antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus
      types 1 and 2 (HIV-1 and HIV-2) and human T-cell lymphotropic virus Type I (HTLV
      I) in 704 Brazilians with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or at
      risk for it. The study population included 70 homosexual men (11 of whom were
      prostitutes), 58 bisexual men (19 of whom were prostitutes), 101 female
      prostitutes from three socioeconomic groups, 13 wives of men with hemophilia who
      were seropositive for HIV-1 antibodies, and 47 blood donors with positive
      Venereal Disease Research Laboratory tests for syphilis, all from Rio de Janeiro;
      86 female prostitutes from two rural towns in Minas Gerais; 133 patients with
      AIDS from Sao Paulo; and 196 men with bleeding disorders who were seropositive
      for HIV-1 antibodies on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, from Sao Paulo and Rio
      de Janeiro. The prevalence of HIV-1 infection was highest in the homosexual male
      prostitutes (45 percent), the wives of patients with hemophilia (38 percent), the
      bisexual men (28 percent), the homosexual men who were not prostitutes (19
      percent), and the female prostitutes from the lower class (9 percent). Combined
      HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection was found in 3 percent of the patients with AIDS and in
      1 percent of the homosexual men. The prevalence of HTLV-I infection ranged from 1
      percent in rural female prostitutes to 13 percent in HIV-1-positive men with
      bleeding disorders in Rio de Janeiro. Combined HIV-1 and HTLV-I infection
      occurred in 1 to 11 percent of some male subgroups. We conclude that in Brazil
      HIV-1 infection is already well established among homosexuals, bisexuals, and
      lower-class female prostitutes, with bisexual men probably acting as a bridge
      between the heterosexual and homosexual communities, that HTLV-I infection is
      prevalent in groups at risk for AIDS, and that HIV-2 infection has already been
      introduced into the country.

PMID- 2927479
TI  - A randomized trial of nonoperative treatment for perforated peptic ulcer.
AB  - To determine whether surgery could be avoided in some patients with perforated
      peptic ulcer, we conducted a prospective randomized trial comparing the outcome
      of nonoperative treatment with that of emergency surgery in patients with a
      clinical diagnosis of perforated peptic ulcer. Of the 83 patients entered in the
      study over a 13-month period, 40 were randomly assigned to conservative
      treatment, which consisted of resuscitation with intravenous fluids, institution
      of nasogastric suction, and intravenous administration of antibiotics
      (cefuroxime, ampicillin, and metronidazole) and ranitidine. Eleven of these
      patients (28 percent) had no clinical improvement after 12 hours and required an
      operation. Two of the 11 had a perforated gastric carcinoma, and 1 had a
      perforated sigmoid carcinoma. The other 43 patients were assigned to immediate
      laparotomy and repair of the perforation. One of these patients was found to have
      a perforated gastric carcinoma. The overall mortality rates in the two groups
      were similar (two deaths in each, 5 percent), and did not differ significantly in
      the morbidity (infection, cardiac failure, or renal failure) rates (40 percent in
      the surgical group and 50 percent in the nonsurgical group). The hospital stay
      was 35 percent longer in the group treated conservatively. Patients over 70 years
      old were less likely to respond to conservative treatment than younger patients
      (P less than 0.05). We conclude that in patients with perforated peptic ulcer, an
      initial period of nonoperative treatment with careful observation may be safely
      allowed except in patients over 70 years old, and that the use of such an
      observation period can obviate the need for emergency surgery in more than 70
      percent of patients.

PMID- 2927480
TI  - Mechanisms of response to treatment in autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura.
AB  - To determine the mechanisms of an increase in the platelet count after therapy
      for autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura, we determined the survival time and
      localization of radiolabeled autologous platelets and measured platelet
      associated immunoglobulin levels before and after prednisone therapy or
      splenectomy in 19 patients with the disease. Eleven of 12 patients (92 percent)
      responded to prednisone with a mean threefold increase in the platelet count,
      resulting from increased platelet production (P less than 0.005); platelet
      survival was unchanged. Treatment with steroids failed in only one patient, whose
      pretreatment platelet production was already above normal. After splenectomy, 6
      of 10 patients had a mean fourfold rise in the platelet count that correlated
      with increased platelet survival (P less than 0.005), together with improved
      platelet recovery (the percentage of platelets circulating in the blood
      immediately after the injection). Platelet production was unchanged. Base-line
      111In-labeled platelet localization in the liver was normal in five patients in
      whom splenectomy was effective and increased to above normal in two of three in
      whom it was ineffective. Total platelet localization in the liver and spleen
      decreased by more than half after successful splenectomy (P less than 0.001),
      whereas it decreased by less than 25 percent after unsuccessful splenectomy.
      Platelet-associated immunoglobulin levels neither predicted nor correlated with
      treatment responses to prednisone or splenectomy. We conclude that prednisone
      improves platelet counts primarily by increasing platelet production, whereas the
      effect of splenectomy is to prolong platelet survival. Baseline measurements of
      platelet turnover and of platelet localization in the liver may be helpful in
      predicting the response to prednisone or splenectomy, respectively.

PMID- 2927481
TI  - Impaired neurogenic and endothelium-mediated relaxation of penile smooth muscle
      from diabetic men with impotence.
AB  - Relaxation of the smooth muscle of the corpora cavernosa of the penis is
      necessary for penile erection. To determine the relation of impaired relaxation
      to impotence in diabetic patients, we performed an in vitro examination of corpus
      cavernosum tissue obtained at the time of implantation of a penile prosthesis in
      21 diabetic and 42 nondiabetic men with impotence. Contraction was induced in
      isolated strips of corporal smooth muscle by norepinephrine; then relaxation was
      assessed with electrical stimulation of autonomic nerves and with the
      administration of three agents: acetylcholine, which is known to be mediated by
      endothelium-derived relaxing factor; papaverine; and sodium nitroprusside. The
      latter two act directly on smooth muscle (i.e., they are endothelium
      independent). Autonomically mediated relaxation with electrical stimulation was
      less pronounced in the smooth muscle from diabetic men (n = 18) than in the
      smooth muscle from nondiabetic men (n = 24; P = 0.001). The degree of impairment
      increased with the duration of diabetes (r = 0.61, P = 0.007). Endothelium
      dependent relaxation was also impaired, as evidenced by a lower degree of muscle
      relaxation after the administration of acetylcholine in the tissue from diabetic
      men (n = 16) than in that from nondiabetic men (n = 22; P = 0.001). The adverse
      effects of diabetes persisted after we controlled for smoking and hypertension.
      Endothelium-independent relaxation after the administration of nitroprusside and
      papaverine was similar in tissue from the diabetic and nondiabetic men. We
      conclude that diabetic men with impotence have impairment in both the autonomic
      and the endothelium-dependent mechanisms that mediate the relaxation of the
      smooth muscle of the corpora cavernosa. These findings may provide a rationale
      for the treatment of diabetic men with impotence by intracavernosal injection of
      vasodilators to induce endothelium-independent relaxation of the smooth muscle.

PMID- 2927482
TI  - Identification of high-risk and low-risk subgroups of patients with mitral-valve
      prolapse.
AB  - Mitral-valve prolapse is a common cardiac valvular disorder with a wide range of
      severity and diverse clinical outcomes. The lack of a standard definition of
      mitral-valve prolapse may explain the variation in reported complication rates.
      To identify high-risk and low-risk subgroups, we retrospectively analyzed
      clinical and two-dimensional echocardiographic data from 456 patients with mitral
      valve prolapse. Mitral-valve prolapse was defined on the basis of
      echocardiographic findings as systolic displacement into the left atrium of one
      or both leaflets beyond the plane of the mitral annulus in the parasternal long
      axis view. Two groups of patients were compared: those with thickening of the
      mitral-valve leaflets and redundancy (designated the classic form; n = 319) and
      those without leaflet thickening (designated the nonclassic form; n = 137). The
      two groups were similar in age and sex ratio. Complications or a history of
      complications was more prevalent in the classic than the nonclassic form:
      infective endocarditis, 3.5 percent and 0 percent, respectively (P less than
      0.02); moderate-to-severe mitral regurgitation, 12 percent and 0 percent (P less
      than 0.001); and the need for mitral-valve replacement, 6.6 percent and 0.7
      percent (P less than 0.02). However, the frequency of stroke was similar in the
      two groups: 7.5 percent and 5.8 percent (P not significant). We conclude that in
      a selected population of patients with mitral-valve prolapse, those with the
      classic form (leaflet thickening and redundancy) are at higher risk than those
      without these features for the infectious and hemodynamic complications of mitral
      valve prolapse, but not for stroke.

PMID- 2927483
TI  - Treatment and prophylaxis of Isospora belli infection in patients with the
      acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
AB  - Enteric infection with the protozoan Isospora belli is common in patients with
      the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and causes severe diarrhea. I.
      belli responds well to treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, but there is
      a high rate of recurrence. To investigate the effect of long-term prophylaxis, we
      studied 32 Haitian patients with AIDS complicated by I. belli infection and
      chronic diarrhea. All were treated with trimethoprim (160 mg) and
      sulfamethoxazole (800 mg), given orally four times a day for 10 days; the
      patients were then randomly assigned to receive 500 mg of sulfadoxine and 25 mg
      of pyrimethamine weekly, 160 mg of trimethoprim and 800 mg of sulfamethoxazole
      three times a week, or placebo. Half of the patients (5 of 10) who received
      placebo had recurrent, symptomatic isosporiasis a mean of 1.6 months after the
      initial treatment. All 22 patients who received either trimethoprim
      sulfamethoxazole or sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine remained asymptomatic. I. belli was
      identified in the stools of only one of these patients, who was receiving
      trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. The study medications were generally well
      tolerated but had to be discontinued in the cases of two patients because of
      severe pruritus. In 10 patients, the prophylactic regimen has been continued for
      a mean of 16 months without recurrent isosporiasis. We conclude that isosporiasis
      in patients with AIDS can be treated effectively with a 10-day course of
      trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and that recurrent disease can subsequently be
      prevented by ongoing prophylaxis with either trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or
      sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine.

PMID- 2927484
TI  - Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological
      exercises. Case 16-1989. A 36-year-old man with peripheral vascular disease.

PMID- 2927485
TI  - Diagnosis and prognosis of mitral-valve prolapse.

PMID- 2927486
TI  - The politics of transplantation of human fetal tissue.

PMID- 2927487
TI  - Morality for the medical-industrial complex.

PMID- 2927488
TI  - An initiative to evaluate and improve medical practice.

PMID- 2927490
TI  - Screening for celiac disease.

PMID- 2927489
TI  - Will we face a crisis in biomedical-research brainpower in the 21st century?

PMID- 2927492
TI  - Better health ahead.

PMID- 2927493
TI  - Hair-raising scheme.

PMID- 2927491
TI  - Gunshot wounds to legs in drug runners.

PMID- 2927494
TI  - Shake-up in store for Britain's biologists.

PMID- 2927495
TI  - Animal patents. Transgenic sticky issues.

PMID- 2927496
TI  - New carp park ahead.

PMID- 2927498
TI  - Chernobyl. Soviet data made public.

PMID- 2927497
TI  - Abortion. French drug under attack.

PMID- 2927499
TI  - Distinguishing fraud from error.

PMID- 2927500
TI  - Rise and fall of Western diseases.

PMID- 2927501
TI  - Antigen receptor tail clue.

PMID- 2927502
TI  - Mate guarding as paternity insurance in Idaho ground squirrels.
AB  - Following a copulation, males in many species of vertebrates (particularly birds)
      and invertebrates remain near the inseminated female and repel other suitors with
      displays or force. Guarding males must delay resumption of competitive mate
      searching, but they may insure their paternity by reducing possibilities for
      secondary matings and sperm competition. Among mammals, post-copulatory mate
      guarding has been reported in rodents, mongooses, ungulates and primates,
      including humans, but the effects of such behaviour on male reproductive success
      have not been determined genetically. I report here that mate guarding by male
      Idaho ground squirrels (Spermophilus brunneus) enhances a male's probability of
      paternity. Furthermore, an analysis based on game theory shows that mate guarding
      is an evolutionarily stable strategy for male S. brunneus, but not male Belding's
      ground squirrels (S. beldingi), which resume searching once copulation is
      completed.

PMID- 2927503
TI  - Separate lineages of T cells expressing the alpha beta and gamma delta receptors.
AB  - The T-cell antigen receptor is a heterodimer molecule composed of either alpha
      beta or gamma delta chains. The alpha beta receptor molecules are expressed
      mainly in CD4+ CD8- and CD4- CD8+ T cells (helper and killer T cells
      respectively), whereas the gamma delta receptor molecules are expressed mainly in
      CD4- CD8- T cells. CD4+CD8- and CD4-CD8+ T cells arise from a class of CD4-CD8- T
      cells during thymus development, raising the question of whether cells
      rearranging their gamma delta receptors later give rise to alpha beta T cells by
      further rearrangements of their receptor genes, or whether rearrangements and
      expression of the receptor genes occur in separate lineages. The delta-chain gene
      is located between the V alpha (variable) and J alpha (joining) gene segments,
      and when the rearrangements allowing alpha- and beta-receptors occur, the DNA
      between these segments is deleted as small circles which can be isolated from
      developing thymocytes. The rearrangement status of the delta-chain gene in the
      alpha-circles can therefore be investigated to see whether alpha-chain and delta
      chain expression occur in parallel lineages or sequentially within a lineage. We
      find that the delta-chain gene in the T-cell receptor alpha-circles has a
      germline configuration, indicating that alpha beta and gamma delta T cells are
      distinct lineages.

PMID- 2927505
TI  - Activists infiltrate Stanford.

PMID- 2927504
TI  - Human embryo experiment banned.

PMID- 2927506
TI  - Cancer data are puzzling.

PMID- 2927507
TI  - Gel electrophoresis. DNA molecules observed.

PMID- 2927508
TI  - Regulation of kinase activity.

PMID- 2927509
TI  - The Drosophila gene torso encodes a putative receptor tyrosine kinase.
AB  - The maternal gene torso, required for determination of anterior and posterior
      terminal structures in the Drosophila embryo, was cloned using P-element tagging.
      Genetic evidence suggests that the action of the gene product is spatially
      restricted to the terminal regions; the torso messenger RNA, however, is evenly
      distributed. Structural similarities of the predicted torso protein with growth
      factor receptor tyrosine kinases suggest that the spatial restriction of torso
      activity results from a localized activation of the torso protein at the anterior
      and posterior egg pole.

PMID- 2927510
TI  - Functional significance of the Kunitz-type inhibitory domains of lipoprotein
      associated coagulation inhibitor.
AB  - Blood coagulation can be initiated when factor VII or VIIa, a plasma protease,
      binds to its essential cofactor, tissue factor (TF), and proteolytically
      activates factors IX and X, triggering a cascade of events which eventually leads
      to the formation of thrombin and a fibrin clot. Plasma contains a lipoprotein
      associated coagulation inhibitor (LACI) which inhibits activated factor X (Xa)
      directly and, in a Xa-dependent way, inhibits VII(a)/TF activity, presumably by
      forming a quaternary Xa/LACI/VII(a)/TF complex. Sequence analysis of
      complementary DNA clones has shown that LACI contains three tandemly repeated
      Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitory domains. To investigate the relationship
      between these Kunitz structures and LACI function, we have used site-directed
      mutagenesis to produce altered forms of LACI in which the residue at the active
      site cleft of each Kunitz domain has been individually changed. The second Kunitz
      domain is required for efficient binding and inhibition of Xa, and both Kunitz
      domains 1 and 2 are required for the inhibition of VIIa/TF activity; but
      alteration of the active-site residue of the third Kunitz domain has no
      significant effect on either function. We propose that in the putative inhibitory
      complex, Kunitz domain 1 is bound to the active site of VII(a)/TF and that Kunitz
      domain 2 is bound to Xa's active site.

PMID- 2927511
TI  - Conformational dynamics of individual DNA molecules during gel electrophoresis.
AB  - Gel electrophoresis is widely used in molecular biology to separate DNA molecules
      according to their sizes. The physical basis of this size separation is, however,
      poorly understood. Here we report observations of individual, fluorescently
      stained DNA molecules as they migrate during various kinds of gel
      electrophoresis. Their movement, under the influence of either a steady electric
      field or a pulsed-field, is characterized by cycles of elongation and
      contraction. Initially relaxed coils of DNA lengthen into 'hook-shaped'
      configurations which temporarily 'hang-up' on obstacles in the gel matrix before
      sliding off, contracting and entering another cycle. The effects of a new
      electrophoresis technique, termed 'pulse-oriented electrophoresis', which allows
      the effective angle of the electric field, and hence the molecular orientation of
      DNA, to be varied without electrode rearrangement, are also studied. In this case
      the DNA adopts a 'staircase' configuration showing that the net orientation in a
      direction is given by the vector sum of the pulses used.

PMID- 2927512
TI  - Lymphocyte differentiation. Not all in a name.

PMID- 2927513
TI  - Leucine zipper motif extends.

PMID- 2927515
TI  - Geriatric education: the Duke program.

PMID- 2927514
TI  - Patient acceptance and cleansing effectiveness of Golytely for colon surgery.

PMID- 2927516
TI  - Geriatric education programs in North Carolina. Response to the demographic
      imperative.

PMID- 2927517
TI  - Innovations in management. Choosing a vendor.

PMID- 2927518
TI  - Redesigning patient care to empower nurses and increase productivity.
AB  - Hospitals are being challenged to deliver inpatient care at lower costs due to
      declining net profit margins under fixed rate reimbursement. This 133-bed acute
      care facility integrated respiratory therapy and housekeeping within nursing in
      an effort to empower nurses while decreasing operational expenses.

PMID- 2927520
TI  - Executive summary of Secretary's Commission on Nursing Report.

PMID- 2927521
TI  - An interview with President Lucille Joel: perspectives from the American Nurses'
      Association (ANA). Interview by Carmella Bocchino.

PMID- 2927522
TI  - National League for Nursing survey of recent nurse grads dispels misconceptions
      about nursing shortage.

PMID- 2927519
TI  - Effectively structuring the interview process.

PMID- 2927523
TI  - [Developmental aspects in child psychiatry and child neurology].

PMID- 2927524
TI  - [Mother was right; a misdiagnosed syndrome].

PMID- 2927525
TI  - [Psychoanalytic thinking in current child psychiatry].

PMID- 2927526
TI  - [The role of child and adolescent psychiatry in youth assistance].

PMID- 2927527
TI  - [The care of foreign adopted children].

PMID- 2927528
TI  - [Child and adolescent psychiatry in mentally retarded children and youths].

PMID- 2927529
TI  - [Determining the diagnosis in children with autism and related contact
      disorders].

PMID- 2927530
TI  - [Current developments in the treatment of autistic children].

PMID- 2927531
TI  - [Learning and behavior problems in children with epilepsy].

PMID- 2927532
TI  - [Dyslexia: practical aspects and implications].

PMID- 2927533
TI  - [Early recognition and management of anorexia nervosa in adolescence].

PMID- 2927534
TI  - [Depression in children and adolescents].

PMID- 2927535
TI  - [Sequelae of skull injuries in children: complaints, behavioral changes and
      management].

PMID- 2927536
TI  - [The use of psychopharmaceutical agents in children].

PMID- 2927537
TI  - [The effect of anti-epileptics on the general functioning of children with
      epilepsy].

PMID- 2927538
TI  - [Multidisciplinary management in a (semi)residential child psychiatric setting].

PMID- 2927539
TI  - [The medical management of the mentally retarded child].

PMID- 2927540
TI  - [Chronic intermittent volvulus of the stomach: difficult diagnosis, simple
      treatment].

PMID- 2927541
TI  - [Side effects of drugs: assessment of causality].

PMID- 2927542
TI  - [Monotherapy or combination therapy in severe bacterial infections?].

PMID- 2927544
TI  - [The treatment of acute otitis media].

PMID- 2927543
TI  - [Side effects of cytostatic agents; treatment recommendations].

PMID- 2927545
TI  - [Measures for the prevention of puerperal mastitis].

PMID- 2927546
TI  - [Is vitamin intake by the elderly in The Netherlands precarious?].
AB  - The elderly are vulnerable to nutritional risks. The vitamin intake (assessed
      through dietary history) and vitamin status of 539 independently living persons
      aged 65-79 years and 44 lacto-(ovo)-vegetarian persons aged 65-97 years were
      evaluated. All respondents were apparently healthy. Compared with the Dutch
      recommended dietary allowances the intake of vitamins was assessed as adequate
      except for vitamin B6. The marginal intake of vitamin B6 is reflected in the
      vitamin B6 status. The prevalence of low 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in
      plasma is high among elderly people as compared with younger adults (blood
      donors); the concentration is negatively correlated with age. The vegetarian
      elderly appeared to be at risk regarding the vitamin B12 status. In conclusion,
      the average intake of vitamins is assessed as adequate, whereas the intakes of
      vitamin B6 and vitamin D of Dutch apparently healthy elderly need more attention.

PMID- 2927547
TI  - [Intrauterine insemination in fertility disorders].
AB  - The success of intrauterine insemination with in HAM-F10 washed spermatozoa was
      evaluated during a clinical study of two years, in 32 couples with male
      infertility, male and female infertility and unexplained infertility. Six women
      of the 16 treated couples with male infertility achieved pregnancy. In this group
      no spontaneous pregnancies occurred. In couples with male and female and
      unexplained infertility the usefulness of the treatment is not proven. Further
      careful evaluation is needed.

PMID- 2927548
TI  - [Release of the lateral retinaculum of the knee in retropatellar chondropathy].
AB  - Retropatellar chondropathy is a frequent cause of pain in the knee; it usually
      runs a favourable natural course. When the symptoms interfere with work or
      sports, reduction of pain can be achieved by cleaving the lateral retinaculum
      (lateral release). To assess the results, a questionnaire was sent to 96 persons;
      80 questionnaires could be evaluated. Only patients who had minor or no visible
      damage of the patellar cartilage were included in this study. Fifty-three
      patients reported improvement, in spite of which 34 had persistent mild symptoms
      which forced 12 of them to change the nature of their work. Thirty-seven patients
      had to change their sports activities in spite of the operation.

PMID- 2927550
TI  - [The discharge letter].

PMID- 2927549
TI  - [NSAIDs: a clinical pharmacological role determination in the drug treatment of
      rheumatic disorders].

PMID- 2927551
TI  - ['Typically atypical'].

PMID- 2927552
TI  - [Inhibitors of cholesterol synthesis: a welcome addition].

PMID- 2927553
TI  - [Safety and efficacy of thrombolysis during ambulance transportation of patients
      with an acute heart infarct].
AB  - We studied the safety and efficacy of thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial
      infarction initiated prior to ambulance transport. Intravenous streptokinase with
      5 X 10(5) IU (SK-i.v.) was started in 40 patients (group A) before transport and
      36 patients (group B) after transport. In all patients immediate coronary
      angiography was performed, followed by intracoronary streptokinase. Infarct size
      was assessed from cumulative release of alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase. No
      procedure-related complications were seen during transport. The time to SK-i.v.
      was 70 minutes in group A versus 125 minutes in group B. At first visualisation
      the infarct-related vessel was patent in 23 patients (58%) in group A and in 6
      patients (17%) in group B (p less than 0.001). For anterior wall infarction we
      found a 32% smaller infarct size in group A (p less than 0.05). We conclude that
      SK-i.v. during ambulance transport is safe, increases early reperfusion and leads
      to a further reduction of infarct size which is significant in anterior wall
      infarction.

PMID- 2927554
TI  - [Experiences at a peripheral hospital with the intracoronary administration of
      streptokinase and urokinase in acute heart infarct].
AB  - In 285 patients intracoronary fibrinolytic agents were administered 300 times
      during the acute phase of a myocardial infarction. The results and the
      complications of this therapy, as administered in a community hospital, did not
      differ from those obtained in a big randomized study performed by the
      Interuniversity Cardiological Institute of The Netherlands. Recanalization of a
      completely occluded coronary artery was obtained in 79% of the cases. Only 8.3%
      of the patients needed blood transfusion because of blood loss via the puncture
      in the femoral artery. No intracranial bleeding occurred. Actuarial total
      survival after 12 months was 90.5%. The incidence of recurrent myocardial
      infarction after successful intracoronary fibrinolytic therapy appears rather
      high; therefore, in some patient categories further therapy may be considered
      such as percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty or aortocoronary bypass
      surgery.

PMID- 2927555
TI  - [Efficacy and safety of simvastatin, a new cholesterol-lowering drug].
AB  - The effects of simvastatin, an inhibitor of cholesterol synthesis, was studied in
      50 patients with hypercholesterolaemia. In the first study, 24 patients with
      serum cholesterol levels of 10.74 +/- 1.59 mmol/l were treated with simvastatin
      40 mg daily for 6 months. Serum cholesterol levels decreased within 4 to 8 weeks
      to stable values 30 to 36% below the basal value. Serum triglycerides decreased
      by 16 to 28% and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol increased by 6 to 11%
      on average. In the second study, 26 patients with serum cholesterol levels of
      12.35 +/- 2.05 mmol/l were treated with simvastatin 40 mg daily as monotherapy or
      combined with a bile acid binding resin for 2 years. Cholesterol levels decreased
      to values which remained stable throughout the entire study period; after 2 years
      the decrease amounted to 43%. Compared with monotherapy, combination with a bile
      acid binding resin yielded a further 12% decrease of cholesterol. In the entire
      group, triglycerides decreased by 16% and HDL cholesterol increased by 9% on the
      average. Side effects were limited to slight increases in alanine
      aminotransferase and creatine phosphokinase occurring in some patients.
      Simvastatin appears to be an important asset in the treatment of
      hypercholesterolaemia.

PMID- 2927556
TI  - [Streptokinase in impending heart infarct].
AB  - A patient is described with an impending myocardial infarction due to presence of
      an intracoronary thrombus in an otherwise normal left anterior descending artery.
      This case illustrates that intracoronary and intravenous administration of
      streptokinase can be of value in the treatment of impending myocardial
      infarction.

PMID- 2927557
TI  - [Osteogenesis imperfecta; treatment with internal splint for prevention of
      fractures].

PMID- 2927558
TI  - [Pregnancy following 'early' menopause].

PMID- 2927559
TI  - [Pharmacotherapy during pregnancy and lactation].

PMID- 2927560
TI  - [Taking one's own blood pressure].

PMID- 2927561
TI  - [Use and abuse of the sphygmomanometer].

PMID- 2927562
TI  - [Acceleration in aviation].

PMID- 2927563
TI  - [Incidence of kidney function deficiency in 2050 patients admitted to a general
      hospital; a prospective study].

PMID- 2927564
TI  - [Cardiologic disorders in patients with Lyme borreliosis].

PMID- 2927565
TI  - Percutaneous fine needle aspiration biopsy in the early diagnosis of pancreatic
      carcinoma.

PMID- 2927566
TI  - Criminalization of medicine.

PMID- 2927567
TI  - Another point of view--C-section rates.

PMID- 2927568
TI  - Patient-controlled analgesia.
AB  - Patient-Controlled Analgesia is a new method of narcotic delivery. It allows
      titration of analgesic drugs to the individual patient's requirements. It
      provides superior pain relief for many patients, minimize narcotic side effects
      and reduces patients' dependence upon nursing personnel for their pain relief. It
      may shorten postoperative recovery time and decrease hospital length of stay. At
      a time when physicians and hospitals are feeling compelled to hasten patients'
      recovery and still provide good quality of care, Patient-Controlled Analgesia may
      be an excellent way to accomplish both goals.

PMID- 2927570
TI  - Nursing supply in Nebraska.

PMID- 2927569
TI  - Nurse education plan.

PMID- 2927571
TI  - Nurses endorsing transplantation.

PMID- 2927572
TI  - The National League for Nursing.

PMID- 2927573
TI  - Sigma Theta Tau--what is it?

PMID- 2927574
TI  - The image of nursing.

PMID- 2927575
TI  - RCT update.

PMID- 2927576
TI  - RNs needed in nursing home setting.

PMID- 2927577
TI  - The role of dopaminergic pathways in thermoregulation in the rabbit.
AB  - Dopamine, when injected into the anterior hypothalamus of the rabbit, induced a
      slight hyperthermia due to an upward shift of the threshold central temperature
      for induction of cold thermogenesis, panting and vasodilation. A slightly reduced
      thermosensitivity of the controller regulating vasodilation may also contribute
      to the hyperthermic effect of dopamine. Intrahypothalamic injections of the
      dopamine agonist, apomorphine, induced a similar effect to that of dopamine, with
      the exception that the thermosensitivity of the controller regulating
      vasodilation was not changed. Intraperitoneal injections of a dopamine
      antagonist, haloperidol, induced a marked hypothermia, due to a downward shift of
      the threshold central temperature for induction of cold thermogenesis, panting
      and vasodilation. A slightly reduced thermosensitivity of the controller
      regulating vasodilation was also observed. Intrahypothalamic injections of
      haloperidol did not induce an antagonist effect to dopamine, but rather tended to
      induce hyperthermia. Thermoregulatory responses, occurring after administration
      of dopamine or apomorphine, partially resembled those seen after administration
      of neurotensin or prostaglandins.

PMID- 2927578
TI  - Age-related alterations in cardiovascular responsiveness to clonidine infused
      into the nucleus tractus solitarii in rats.
AB  - The cardiovascular response to the unilateral injection of clonidine into the
      nucleus tractus solitarii in old compared to young rats was evaluated. In 3-month
      old rats clonidine (0.25, 0.5 and 1 microgram) injected into the nucleus tractus
      solitarii in anaesthetized rats produced a significant fall in blood pressure
      (BP) and a significant decrease in heart rate (HR). In contrast, in 12 month old
      rats the maximum fall in blood pressure and heart rate was significantly less
      than in young animals. In addition, in older rats (24 month old) clonidine, at
      the same or larger doses given into the nucleus tractus solitarii did not produce
      any significant change in the cardiovascular parameters studied. In conclusion,
      the present experiments provide evidence that during ageing there is a
      progressive decrease in the cardiovascular response to alpha 2-adrenoceptor
      stimulation in the nucleus tractus solitarii. In addition, it is conceivable that
      such a decrease and subsequently the lack in response may be related to a
      progressive decrease in the number and/or affinity of the specific alpha 2
      adrenoceptor binding sites at this level.

PMID- 2927579
TI  - The effects of kynurenic acid, quinolinic acid and other metabolites of
      tryptophan on the development of the high pressure neurological syndrome in the
      rat.
AB  - The effects of some biologically active metabolites of tryptophan on the high
      pressure neurological syndrome (HPNS) were studied. Kynurenic acid, quinolinic
      acid, 5-hydroxytryptophan, kynurenine and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid, at doses
      within the physiological range, were administered exogenously to rats prior to
      exposure to increased pressure and any effects on the tremor, myoclonus and
      convulsion end points of the high pressure neurological syndrome were observed.
      Quinolinic acid (25 and 50 mg/kg) and kynurenine (50 mg/kg) reduced the onset
      pressure for tremor, but not myoclonus or convulsions. Kynurenic acid (100 mg/kg)
      increased tremor onset pressure; 5-hydroxytryptophan (20 mg/kg) slightly
      increased onset pressure for tremor but decreased that for myoclonus. 3
      Hydroxyanthranilic acid (20 mg/kg) had no significant effect on any of the motor
      signs of the syndrome. These data provide further support for the idea that the
      motor events seen in the high pressure neurological syndrome are not produced by
      a single mechanism. Differences between the responses to related metabolites
      suggest that the precise balance between compounds such as kynurenic acid and
      quinolinic acid may be important in the appearance of the high pressure
      neurological syndrome.

PMID- 2927580
TI  - Effect of trans-3,4-dichloro-N-methyl-N-[2-(1-pyrrolidin) cyclohexyl]
      benzeneacetamide (U-50,488H), a kappa opioid receptor agonist, on intake of food
      in food-deprived and non-deprived spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive
      Wistar-Kyoto rats.
AB  - The effect of U-50,488H, a selective kappa opioid receptor agonist on the intake
      of food in food-deprived and non-deprived spontaneously hypertensive and
      normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats was determined. In food deprived Wistar-Kyoto
      rats, intraperitoneal administration of U-50,488H, produced a bell-shaped curve
      on the intake of food, consistent with earlier reports in the literature. Thus,
      at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg there was a significant increase in the intake of food and
      at 10 mg/kg it caused a decrease in the intake of food, at 2, 4 and 6 hr after
      the treatment with drug. The amount of food consumed at each dose and the time
      interval was greater in hypertensive rats than in Wistar-Kyoto rats. Similar
      effects were produced when the animals were not deprived of food. The basal
      intake of food in the two strains of rats did not differ. The results indicate a
      greater sensitivity of spontaneously hypertensive rats to kappa opioid receptor
      agonists and further the previous observations that compared to Wistar-Kyoto
      rats, the hypertensive rats have a greater density of central kappa opioid
      receptors.

PMID- 2927581
TI  - Effect of morphine on far-field somatosensory evoked potentials in the rat.
AB  - Far-field somatosensory evoked potentials were obtained by electrical stimulation
      of the volar surface of the forepaw and were recorded from the skull overlying
      the contralateral somatosensory area of the cerebral cortex. Three distinct peaks
      were discernable in the somatosensory evoked potentials prior to the first
      cortical component. Effects of different doses of morphine (0.5, 1.0, 2.5 and 5.0
      mg/kg body weight), administered intravenously, were studied. Morphine
      selectively reduced the amplitude of component III in a dose-dependent manner.
      The maximum effect was obtained at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg. This effect was reversed
      within 2 min by intravenous administration of naloxone (0.25 mg/kg). The
      amplitudes of peaks I and II and the latencies of components I, II and III were
      not significantly affected by morphine. Infusion of morphine (25 micrograms/kg)
      into the thalamus showed effects on the far-field somatosensory evoked potentials
      similar to the maximal effect obtained on intravenous infusion. Therefore, the
      action of morphine on somatosensory evoked potentials could be attributed to its
      effect on the thalamic neurones.

PMID- 2927582
TI  - Perinatal treatment with glucocorticoids and the risk of maldevelopment of the
      brain.
AB  - Drugs administered during the perinatal period reach the developing organism at
      the vulnerable stage of intensive brain histogenesis and cytodifferentiation.
      They may interfere with the programme of developmental processes in the brain and
      lead to disturbances at the cellular/subcellular level and to biochemical
      alterations. These abnormalities form the basis for the functional pathology
      which becomes apparent gradually during maturation or even in adulthood as
      neuropsycho-behavioural deviations. A model experimental study in rats was
      carried out with synthetic glucocorticoids, which are widely used in obstetrics
      and neonatology for the prevention and treatment of neonatal idiopathic
      respiratory distress syndrome. As the developmental stage of the brain of the
      human foetus in late pregnancy closely resembles the ontogenetic phases of the
      brain of the rat in the early postnatal period, the neonate rat was taken as a
      model. The administration of dexamethasone to 7-day-old rats resulted in
      significant depletion of glucocorticoid receptors from the cytosol of the brain
      in a dose-dependent manner, beginning with the dose of 0.04 mg/kg (s.c.), i.e. a
      dose one order lower than the clinical dose used in obstetrics (0.4-0.5 mg/kg).
      Long-term follow-up of a single neonatal injection of dexamethasone (0.2 or 1
      mg/kg s.c. on postnatal day 7) revealed an acceleration of some developmental
      landmarks in the preweaning period (incisor eruption, eye opening, motor skill)
      on the one hand, but a retardation of body growth and vaginal opening on the
      other hand. Adult animals exhibited a deficit in motor co-ordination, behavioural
      deviations (hyperactivity with stereotypy, decreased adaptability, increased
      emotional reactivity) and disturbances in reproduction in both males and
      females.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2927583
TI  - Effect of pretreatment with amphetamine on the interaction between amphetamine
      and dopamine neurons in the nucleus accumbens.
AB  - The present study was designed to examine the effect of pretreatment with
      amphetamine on the ability of amphetamine to release dopamine from slices of the
      nucleus accumbens and striatum and to stimulate locomotor activity or stereotyped
      behavior, after direct injection into either the nucleus accumbens or the
      striatum. Rats were injected twice daily for 5 days with either amphetamine (5
      mg/kg, i.p.) or saline. At 33 days after this pretreatment, the release of
      endogenous dopamine from both regions of the brain in vitro by amphetamine and
      the changes in behavioral responses to the direct injection of amphetamine into
      either region were examined. Amphetamine at both 1 and 10 microM stimulated the
      release of endogenous dopamine from slices prepared from both of the brain areas.
      The release of dopamine by amphetamine was increased in rats pretreated with
      amphetamine. Consistent with its ability to stimulate endogenous release of
      dopamine, amphetamine, when injected into the nucleus accumbens, stimulated
      locomotor activity, while stereotyped behavior was enhanced when amphetamine was
      injected into the striatum. However, the locomotor activity and stereotyped
      behavioral responses to small doses of amphetamine (5, 10 or 25 micrograms) were
      not significantly greater in amphetamine-pretreated rats, compared to saline
      pretreated animals. A greater stimulation of both responses in amphetamine
      pretreated rats was only observed when a large dose (50 micrograms) of
      amphetamine was administered into either the nucleus accumbens or
      striatum.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2927584
TI  - Familial cavernous angioma of the brain stem dominantly inherited in Hispanics.
AB  - A 23-year-old Hispanic woman whose mother had died of a brain hemorrhage
      developed signs and symptoms of a brain stem lesion. These gradually progressed
      over the next 30 years. Her computed tomographic and magnetic resonance imaging
      scans show features typical of a cavernous angioma in the brain stem. Her
      daughter had a transient right hemiparesis at age 25, and at age 28 noted
      periorbital pain with twitching of the forehead and jaw. The daughter's computed
      tomographic and magnetic resonance imaging scans likewise suggest cavernous
      angioma of the brain stem. There has been only one other report of familial
      cavernous angioma of the brain stem, and that also involved a Hispanic family.
      Hispanics have a known predisposition to familial cavernous angioma, and this
      diagnosis should be considered when more than one person in a family develops
      brain stem symptoms.

PMID- 2927585
TI  - Intrasellar balloon inflation for treatment of symptomatic empty sella syndrome.
AB  - Intrasellar extradural placement of a detachable vascular balloon via a
      transsphenoidal approach was performed successfully in a patient with primary
      empty sella syndrome, relieving headache and visual field defect. This technique
      offers an alternative approach to other methods of treating symptomatic empty
      sella syndrome that require packing of the sella with fat, muscle, cartilage, or
      bone.

PMID- 2927586
TI  - Kluver-Bucy syndrome in a child with bilateral arachnoid cysts: report of a case.
AB  - Kluver-Bucy syndrome is an uncommon constellation of behavioral abnormalities
      resulting from bilateral temporal lobe damage. The syndrome is rare in adults and
      even less commonly seen in children. In this paper we present a child with Kluver
      Bucy syndrome and bilateral temporal arachnoid cysts.

PMID- 2927587
TI  - Lumbar synovial cysts: report of eleven cases.
AB  - Over the past 18 months we have encountered 11 cases of symptomatic lumbar
      synovial cysts. This experience occurred during a period during which some 1,800
      lumbar computed tomographic scans were done. The apparent increased incidence of
      these lesions is most likely due to the increased diagnostic ability made
      possible by the advent of high-resolution computed tomography and magnetic
      resonance imaging. This is a report and discussion of our 11 cases with a review
      of the literature. There is nothing distinctive in the physical findings or in
      the histories of our patients, but we have found, as have others, that high
      resolution computed tomographic scanning and magnetic resonance imaging
      significantly enhance the diagnosis of such lesions.

PMID- 2927588
TI  - Cordectomy for syringobulbo-myelia with sleep apnea secondary to a spinal
      extramedullary tumor: case report.
AB  - The case of a 40-year-old man with syringobulbo-myelia secondary to an
      unresectable spinal extramedullary tumor is described. Fifteen years previously,
      the patient had undergone a laminectomy of T8 through T12 for a "benign" spinal
      cord tumor at another hospital and had become paraplegic; the tumor (neurinoma)
      had been neglected for 12 years. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a large
      thoracolumbar spinal tumor with syringobulbo-myelia. Polysomnography showed
      central-, peripheral-, and mixed-type sleep apneas. After the failure of an
      attempted syringoperitoneal shunt, cordectomy at the level of T6 was performed
      with a good result. The mechanisms of the formation of syringomyelia and sleep
      apnea secondary to a caudal spinal extramedullary tumor are discussed.

PMID- 2927589
TI  - Surgery of petroclival meningiomas: report of 24 cases.
AB  - Twenty-four patients with petroclival meningiomas were operated upon at the
      neurosurgical clinic of the City Hospital of Hannover between 1978 and 1987.
      Seventeen were women and seven men; the mean age was 45 years. Symptoms were
      usually present for more than 2 years before the diagnosis was made. The most
      common symptom was disturbance of gait; the most common preoperative sign was
      cranial nerve deficit, mainly of the 7th and 8th nerves. Preoperative
      neuroradiological evaluation included computed tomography and four-vessel
      cerebral angiography. Fifteen patients (62%) had a tumor larger than 2.5 cm in
      its major diameter. The surgical approaches used were the retromastoid,
      pterional, subtemporal, and combined retromastoid-subtemporal. We developed a
      modification of the retromastoid-subtemporal approach with preservation of the
      transverse sinus and used this in the last 2 patients. There was no postoperative
      death; 11 patients (46%) suffered postoperative complications, mainly in the form
      of cranial nerve deficits, often reversible. "Total" tumor removal was achieved
      in 17 patients (71%). Twenty patients (83%) were independent at the time of
      discharge from the hospital. With accurate neuroradiological evaluation, careful
      choice of the surgical approach, and sound application of microsurgical
      techniques, petroclival meningiomas may be "totally" and safely resected in a
      significant number of patients.

PMID- 2927590
TI  - Granulocytic sarcoma presenting as an epidural mass with cord compression.
AB  - Granulocytic sarcoma (GS) usually occurs during the course of, or as a presenting
      sign of myelogenous leukemia. Rarely it is found before peripheral blood or bone
      marrow evidence of leukemia is present. We describe a man who presented with low
      back pain and lower extremity weakness. He had spinal cord compression due to GS
      without evidence of leukemia. Only four such instances have been previously
      reported. Such aleukemic presentations of GS are frequently misdiagnosed. The
      chloroacetate esterase stain and electron microscopy are useful in demonstrating
      the myeloid origin of GS cells. GS lesions are probably best treated by localized
      radiation therapy and systemic chemotherapy.

PMID- 2927591
TI  - Intraoperative ventricular puncture.

PMID- 2927592
TI  - Papillary ependymoma of the cervical spinal cord.

PMID- 2927593
TI  - Upward-gaze palsy due to shunt malfunction.

PMID- 2927594
TI  - Surgical management of extreme lateral lumbar disc herniations.

PMID- 2927595
TI  - Surgical treatment of intracavernous neoplasms: a four-year experience.
AB  - Forty-two patients with neoplasms involving the cavernous sinus had operations
      between 1983 and 1987. The lesions included 25 benign tumors (e.g., meningioma,
      neurilemoma) and 17 malignant tumors (e.g., chondrosarcoma, adenoid cystic
      carcinoma). The cavernous sinus was entered by inferior, anterolateral, or medial
      extradural approaches or by superior or lateral intradural approaches. The
      intracavernous internal carotid artery was managed by dissecting tumor away from
      it or by occlusion and excision with or without direct vein graft reconstruction,
      based on the results of a preoperative balloon occlusion test. Cranial nerves
      III, IV, V, and VI usually were dissected from tumor, but in 3 cases of tumor
      invasion, the excised nerve segment was reconstructed by direct suture or with a
      sural nerve interposition graft. Twenty-one of the benign tumors and 8 of the
      malignant tumors were excised totally and the remainder subtotally. On follow-up
      ranging from 3 to 48 months, one subtotally excised meningioma recurred and was
      treated with re-excision and adjuvant radiation therapy. Two "totally" excised
      malignant tumors recurred outside the cavernous sinus at the margins of excision.
      There was no operative mortality or permanent cerebral morbidity.
      Postoperatively, the ocular and neurological function of most patients was
      similar to the preoperative status; in some, it was significantly improved.
      Thirteen additional patients with intracavernous neoplasms also were evaluated
      during the same period and followed without operation. The early follow-up
      information regarding these patients is provided.

PMID- 2927596
TI  - Determinants of head injury mortality: importance of the low risk patient.
AB  - Data were obtained prospectively for 7,912 head-injured patients admitted from
      1980 to 1981 to 41 hospitals in 3 U.S. metropolitan areas. Highly significant
      independent predictors of mortality were motor score, number of reactive eyes,
      systolic blood pressure, abdominal injury, chest injury, age, and hospital unit
      (hospital or group of hospitals). The difference between the number of deaths
      observed and the number expected, by hospital unit, ranged from 43% below
      expectation to 52% above expectation. The 2 hospital units with the lowest
      mortality had only 1 death, where 9.4 would be expected, in patients whose risk
      of death was estimated to be less than 10%. In the single hospital with clearly
      excess mortality, however, the standardized mortality ratios were 208, 135, and
      144% for the risk groups whose probabilities of death were 0 to 50, 50 to 80, and
      80 to 100%, respectively. The lack of deaths in those hospitals with the best
      mortality experience and the excess mortality in the hospital with the worst
      mortality experience appear to be explained largely by differences in patients
      who, by clinical criteria, seem to be at low risk for death, and not by severely
      injured patients.

PMID- 2927597
TI  - Transoral approach to extradural lesions of the lower clivus and upper cervical
      spine: an experience of 19 cases.
AB  - An experience with 19 cases of transoral exposure of the lower clivus and ventral
      aspect of the upper cervical spine is presented. The spectrum of pathological
      entities in this series includes malformative, neoplastic, and spondylotic
      conditions. The report is designed to focus upon some points of overall surgical
      management of patients treated by the transoral approach, with emphasis on
      management of postoperative instability, and to underline the discrepancy in the
      prognosis of congenital and acquired disorders, in terms of mortality, morbidity,
      and long-term results.

PMID- 2927598
TI  - Craniopharyngiomas: fluctuation in cyst size following surgery and radiation
      therapy.
AB  - Patients with craniopharyngiomas who demonstrate cyst enlargement after surgery
      and radiation are often presumed to be treatment failures. Therapeutic approaches
      in various centers include repetitive cyst aspirations, surgical reexcision, and
      installation of cytotoxic agents such as methotrexate, 32P, or 198Au. Each
      intervention has associated severe or even lethal side effects. Not all patients
      with craniopharyngioma who have cystic enlargement after primary therapy require
      an intervention, as demonstrated by 4 patients recently managed in the University
      of Rochester Medical Center. Since 1978, when computed tomography was routinely
      in use, we have managed 11 patients with craniopharyngiomas who were treated with
      surgery followed by radiation therapy. Three of these patients demonstrated post
      irradiation enlargement of the residual cystic component followed by a decrease
      in size without surgical intervention. An additional patient showed cystic growth
      followed by stabilization of size. It is noteworthy that the cyst enlarged within
      the first 5 months after radiation therapy in the 3 patients who subsequently
      demonstrated a diminution in the size of their cysts. This suggests that the
      mechanism for cyst formation remained intact and subsequently abated because of a
      radiation-induced lesion. We conclude that after treatment with surgery and
      radiation therapy, the cystic component of craniopharyngiomas may increase and,
      without intervention, subsequently decrease in size. Thus, in the asymptomatic
      patient who demonstrates cystic growth soon after primary therapy, close
      observation alone may be warranted.

PMID- 2927599
TI  - Distribution of 10B after infusion of Na210B12H11SH into a patient with malignant
      astrocytoma: implications for boron neutron capture therapy.
AB  - If a sufficient concentration of the stable isotope 10B is introduced into a
      neoplasm, radiation therapy can be effected by short-range heavy charged
      particles from the disintegration of 10B by slow neutrons. Brain tumors were
      irradiated postoperatively by Hatanaka and co-workers in Japan using a 1 to 2
      hour intraarterial infusion of 10B-enriched Na2B12H11SH (Na210B12H11SH) before
      exposure of the tumor-bearing area of the brain to slow neutrons from a 100
      kilowatt nuclear reactor. The clinical outcome of such boron neutron capture
      therapy has been favorably impressive in some patients, but its efficacy in brain
      tumors needs improvement. In our study, a terminally ill patient with malignant
      astrocytoma was infused intravenously with Na210B12H11SH for 25 hours. The
      postmortem distribution of 10B in unfixed, frozen, tumor-bearing brain and spinal
      cord tissues was studied by comparing representative cryostat sections of these
      specimens with neutron-induced heavy charged particle radiographs of the same
      sections. Preferential accumulation of 10B was observed in the tumor, with
      relatively little accumulation of 10B in the parenchyma of the central nervous
      system.

PMID- 2927600
TI  - Nitrous oxide suppresses the electromyographic response evoked by electrical
      stimulation of the motor cortex.
AB  - The influence of nitrous oxide on motor evoked potential (MEP) elicited in rats
      by cortical and midcervical electrical stimulation was studied and compared with
      early components of somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) following stimulation of
      the posterior tibial nerve in 6 rats. We found that nitrous oxide gradually
      suppresses MEP, depending on the concentration of this inhalation agent. At a
      concentration of 66 vol% of nitrous oxide, the MEP was completely abolished,
      whereas the initial component N1-P1 of the SEP was only slightly reduced. We
      conclude that the descending impulse elicited by electrical stimulation of the
      corticospinal tract is mainly inhibited at the level of the spinal neuronal or
      interneuronal system, since (1) neuromuscular transmission is not blocked by
      nitrous oxide, and (2) MEP suppression is the same following cortical and
      midcervical stimulation.

PMID- 2927601
TI  - Angiographic follow-up study of cerebral arteriovenous malformations with
      reference to their enlargement and regression.
AB  - Twenty patients with cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) were followed up
      by angiography. Of the 20 AVMs, 16 were nontreated and the remaining 4 were
      residual. The follow-up periods between the two examinations were from 5 to 28
      years, with a median interval of 15 years. At follow-up, the size of the AVM had
      increased in 4 patients (20%), decreased in 4 (20%), totally regressed in 4
      (20%), and was unchanged in 8 (40%). In cases of enlarged AVMs, the patients were
      all young: from 0 to 11 years old at first angiography and from 6 to 30 at second
      angiography. The decrease or total regression of the AVM occurred in older
      patients (over 30 years old at second angiography), and the AVMs were relatively
      small and fed by single or a few feeders. The patient's age and the size of AVM
      should be considered when operative indications are discussed.

PMID- 2927602
TI  - Intracranial arteriovenous malformation: relationship between clinical factors
      and surgical complications.
AB  - Serious morbidity and hyperemic states continue to complicate the treatment of
      certain intracranial arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). Clinical and
      radiographic characteristics of 62 patients treated over 3 years were analyzed to
      determine if hyperemic complications (HCs) (defined as unusual perioperative
      edema or hemorrhage) and outcome could be predicted. Twenty-five (40%) of the
      patients were less than 30 years old, 28 (45%) were between 30 and 50, and 9
      (15%) were more than 50. A history of hemorrhage was found in 48%, and 34%
      presented with progressive deficits. Thirteen (21%) developed evidence of HCs; 51
      (82%) ultimately had a good outcome, 4 (6%) had a poor outcome, and 7 (11%) died.
      The incidence of HCs was higher in patients whose AVMs recruited perforating
      vessels (53%) than those without (7%) (P less than 0.001). The presence of
      preoperative angiographic steal carried a 35% risk of HCs whereas its absence
      carried a 13% risk (P less than 0.05). The sum of the diameters of the feeding
      vessels was also predictive (P less than 0.05). Outcome was clearly age-related:
      good outcome was achieved in 92% of the patients less than 30 years old, 86% of
      those 30 to 50, and 44% of patients older than 50 (P less than 0.05). Left
      hemispheric AVMs showed less morbidity than right (P less than 0.05) as did those
      without perforating vessel recruitment (P less than 0.07). HCs had a dramatic
      impact on outcome with 92% of patients without HCs having good outcome and 46% of
      those with HCs recovering well (P less than 0.001).

PMID- 2927603
TI  - Improvement of cortical perfusion, intracellular pH, and electrocorticography by
      nimodipine during transient focal cerebral ischemia.
AB  - The alterations in metabolism and cerebral blood flow that occur following
      transient focal ischemia were studied in rabbits anesthetized with halothane and
      subjected to transient occlusion of an M2 segment of the middle cerebral artery
      (MCA). The parameters measured included intracellular brain pH and focal cortical
      blood flow (fCBF)--assessed by the umbelliferone technique--electrocorticograms,
      and cortical microcirculatory changes. A gradient of ischemia developed in the
      cortex between the patent and occluded vessels. Cortical sites with moderate and
      severely diminished flow were examined as a function of time before and after
      occlusion. Mean preocclusion fCBF was 50.8 +/- 2.1 ml/100 g/min, and brain pH was
      6.99 +/- 0.04. Following occlusion, fCBF fell to 14.6 +/- 2.3 ml/100 g/min, with
      an intracellular pH of 6.53 +/- 0.03 in sites of severe ischemia in the territory
      of the occluded vessel. Sites between the patent and occluded branches revealed
      moderate changes in fCBF and intracellular pH of 26.7 +/- 3.6 ml/100 g/min and
      6.74 +/- 0.03 ml/100 g/min, respectively. Sites adjacent to the patent M2 branch
      remained similar to baseline. Pretreatment intravenously with nimodipine, a
      dihydropyridine class of Ca2+ channel antagonist, improved flow in the territory
      of the occluded segment of the middle cerebral artery to 30.6 +/- 2.2 ml/100
      g/min, while maintaining the brain pH at 6.83 +/- 0.03. Similarly, at sites
      intermediate between the patent and occluded M2 segments of the MCA, cortical
      blood flow remained at 53.5 +/- 4.0 ml/100 g/min, and the pH at 6.95 +/- 0.04, in
      10 animals pretreated with nimodopine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2927604
TI  - Acute effect of the Nd:YAG laser on the cerebral arteriovenous malformation: a
      histological study.
AB  - The acute effect of Nd:YAG laser beam on cerebral arteriovenous malformations
      (AVMs) was examined. Histological examination of the specimens after treatment
      with the Nd:YAG laser revealed that the most prominent effect of the laser was
      shrinkage of the collagen of the vessels of the AVM, which led to laser-induced
      narrowing of blood vessels. The brain tissue confined to the resected AVM did not
      contain any histological evidence of acute damage. The resection of 10 cases of
      AVMs was safely accomplished with no morbidity or increased neurological deficits
      attributable to the laser technique.

PMID- 2927606
TI  - Selective shunting during carotid endarterectomy based on two-channel
      computerized electroencephalographic/compressed spectral array analysis.
AB  - The reliability of selective shunting based on computerized
      electroencephalographic (EEG) monitoring has not been addressed. In this study,
      103 carotid endarterectomies were performed with selective shunting based on a
      two-channel computerized EEG monitor that processed the on-line, raw
      electroencephalogram (EEG) to produce a compressed spectral array (CSA). Ischemic
      EEG events were identified by amplitude attenuation of the raw EEG and/or loss of
      high-frequency activity on the CSA. Fourteen patients (13.6%) received a bypass
      shunt, and postoperative neurological examinations showed 97 patients (94.2%) to
      be intact. A correlation between total (cumulative) ischemic EEG time and the
      postoperative neurological exam was demonstrated (P less than 0.0001). Six
      postoperative deficits (5.8%) occurred, five in patients whose computerized EEGs
      demonstrated an ischemic EEG event late during carotid clamping, when it was no
      longer possible to place a shunt. The sixth deficit was found in a patient whose
      EEG did not demonstrate any patient whose EEG did not demonstrate any signs of
      cerebral ischemia. Five of these six new deficits resolved within 12 hours, and
      only one persisted for 72 hours, when the patient died of a pulmonary embolism
      (cerebral infarction and mortality rate of 1%). These results appear to
      demonstrate that two-channel monitoring of both the CSA and the unprocessed (raw)
      EEG simultaneously can be used as a reliable indicator of whether a bypass shunt
      is required during carotid cross-clamping in all patients, regardless of their
      preoperative neurological history or angiographic findings.

PMID- 2927605
TI  - Early carotid endarterectomy after cerebral infarction.
AB  - The objective of the study was to review our recent experience with carotid
      endarterectomy performed within 30 days of completed cerebral infarction and to
      evaluate the role of computed tomographic (CT) scanning in the decision-making
      process. Twenty-seven of 302 operations (9%) were carried out during the 30-day
      time period. The mean interval between cerebral infarction and surgery was 14
      days. Angiography revealed severe stenosis (greater than 75%) of the internal
      carotid artery in 19 patients. Severe stenosis with deep ulceration found in 6
      patients and moderate stenosis (i.e., 50-75%) with deep ulceration was found in 2
      patients. CT scans showed recent infarction in 4 patients and an old subcortical
      lacune in 2 patients. Twenty-two patients were neurologically stable with mild
      deficits and showed normal results on a CT scan performed 24 hours or more after
      the ischemic event. These patients underwent early cerebral angiography and
      carotid endarterectomy without permanent morbidity or mortality. Two patients
      with moderate stable neurological deficits and findings of recent infarction on
      CT scans had uneventful postoperative courses. Five patients who were
      neurologically unstable underwent surgery. The 2 patients with repeated transient
      ischemic attacks and normal findings on CT scans had uneventful postoperative
      courses. Two of the three patients with progressive neurological deficits and CT
      findings of recent cerebral infarction experienced extension of their infarcts
      after surgery. One of these patients died. Our personal experience, together with
      a review of previous reports, indicated that patients who have minimal residual
      neurological deficits and whose CT scans show normal findings are at low surgical
      risk, perhaps approaching that of patients with transient ischemic
      attacks.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2927607
TI  - Use of intraoperative ultrasonography to improve the diagnostic accuracy of
      exploratory burr holes in patients with traumatic tentorial herniation.
AB  - Seventeen head-injured patients with signs of brain stem compression at admission
      underwent emergency bilateral burr-hole exploration before computerized
      tomographic (CT) scanning. After exploration of the epidural and subdural spaces,
      real-time ultrasonography was performed intraoperatively to identify intraaxial
      hematomas. Epidural or subdural hematomas were identified surgically in 11
      patients (65%) and immediately evacuated through a craniotomy; in 2 patients,
      bilateral subdural hematomas were removed. Ultrasonography showed no evidence of
      intracerebral mass lesions in 14 (82%) of the 17 patients, demonstrated extensive
      contusions of the temporal lobe in 2 patients (prompting partial lobectomy in
      both cases), and revealed a small intraparenchymal hematoma deep within the
      dominant hemisphere, which was not removed, in 1 patient. The sensitivity of
      ultrasound images for identifying intraparenchymal lesions was evaluated
      postoperatively by CT or autopsy. In 15 patients (88%), the results of
      ultrasonography were confirmed. In 2 (12%), CT scans showed small but significant
      lesions at the frontal pole missed by ultrasonography; one patient had a residual
      subdural hematoma, and the other a small intraparenchymal hemorrhage. These
      results confirm that patients with clinical evidence of brain stem compression
      soon after head injury often have extraaxial hematomas that can be readily
      identified by burr-hole exploration. Although intraparenchymal hematomas are rare
      immediately after head injury, they can usually be identified by intraoperative
      ultrasonography. This simple technique can reduce the risk of missing
      intracranial hematomas during emergency burr-hole exploration and improve
      intraoperative decision making in this population of severely head-injured
      patients.

PMID- 2927608
TI  - Erroneous measurement of intracranial pressure caused by simultaneous ventricular
      drainage: a hydrodynamic model study.
AB  - Intracranial pressure (ICP) is often measured from intraventricular catheters, a
      technique that allows therapeutic drainage of ventricular cerebrospinal fluid
      (CSF) as an aid in controlling ICP and circumventing obstruction. Drainage of CSF
      simultaneously with ongoing ICP measurement has been advocated as safe and
      efficient, and devices are commercially available to permit this practice;
      however, this concept has been seriously challenged, based on clinical
      observations. The inaccuracy induced by simultaneous CSF drainage and ICP
      monitoring is quantitated in this report in a mechanical brain model using a
      standard ventricular catheter. The following conclusions have been confirmed: 1)
      rapid CSF drainage induces a severe artifactual reduction in measured ICP, more
      extreme at higher pressures; 2) calibrated slower rates of CSF drainage produce a
      severe, although less immediate, reduction in measured ICP; 3) severe artifact
      appears even in the presence of continuous CSF outflow, so a system that measures
      ICP only in the presence of CSF flow does not prevent artifact; 4) with
      simultaneous CSF drainage, measured ICP is determined more by the outflow
      pressure setting than by actual brain pressure; 5) Since ICP elevation of 25 to
      30 mm Hg blocks CSF production, even slow fluid drainage at high pressures should
      ultimately lead to ventricular collapse and severe artifact.

PMID- 2927609
TI  - Cognitive outcome and quality of life one year after subarachnoid haemorrhage.
AB  - In this prospective study, 100 patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) were
      assessed at discharge, 3 months, and 1 year using modern methods of
      neuropsychology to examine cognitive status and semistructured interviews to
      assess changes in personality and quality of life. A control group of 50 patients
      suffering myocardial infarction were also assessed at discharge and 1 year.
      Results of cognitive testing in the SAH group were unremarkable and compared well
      with the control group. Similarly, there was no evidence of a consequent
      reduction in the quality of life in the majority of the SAH patients. These
      results lead us to conclude that where the medical and surgical course of SAH is
      uncomplicated, patients recover with no permanent or significant reduction in
      their intellectual ability of life status. Possible reasons for the difference
      between these results and those of other studies are discussed.

PMID- 2927610
TI  - Determination of irreversible ischemia by xenon-enhanced computed tomographic
      monitoring of cerebral blood flow in patients with symptomatic vasospasm.
AB  - In patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage, delayed neurological deficits, often
      followed by infarction, are believed to result from ischemia caused by vasospasm.
      Cerebral blood flow (CBF) data have been useful in predicting the risk of
      vasospasm in these patients and in distinguishing those deficits caused by
      vasospasm. Although CBF thresholds for infarction have been established in
      animals, few clinical studies have correlated CBF values with neurological
      symptoms and infarction. To assess the sensitivity to ischemia provided by xenon
      enhanced computed tomography (Xe/CT) of CBF and to define the clinical
      significance of specific values that it measures, we compared the clinical, CT,
      and Xe/CT findings on CBF in 51 patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage caused by
      ruptured aneurysms. Each patient had 1 to 6 Xe/CT studies. Fourteen patients had
      symptomatic vasospasm. In all 14, the first post deficit Xe/CT study found
      abruptly reduced CBF, either regionally or globally. In 9 of these 14 patients,
      flow values fell below 15 ml/100 g/min in 2 or more adjacent 2-cm cortical
      regions of interest, and in all 9, concurrent follow-up CT scans showed
      infarction in these regions. Eight of the 9 had paralysis and a severe sensory
      deficit. No patient whose CBF remained above 18 ml/100 g/min developed
      infarction. The blood flow studies caused neither significant complications nor
      neurological deterioration. The Xe/CT CBF method appears very sensitive to the
      early detection of symptomatic vasospasm. In most patients with subarachnoid
      hemorrhage, this noninvasive technique can replace angiography to delineate the
      location and severity of vasospasm, and may be useful in predicting the
      development of infarction.

PMID- 2927611
TI  - Surgical treatment of tumors in the anterior skull base using the transbasal
      approach.
AB  - Five patients with tumors in the anterior skull base were surgically treated
      using the transbasal approach, which permits removal of the tumor, repair of the
      dura mater, and reconstruction of the skull base in a one-stage procedure. By
      using autologous materials for the bone graft and pedunculated pericranial flap
      for the reconstruction, the intracranial structures are separated from the air
      filled nasal and paranasal cavities. No postoperative complications such as wound
      infection and leakage of cerebrospinal fluid were encountered. The use of this
      surgical technique makes it possible to extirpate brain tumors that heretofore
      have been considered unresectable.

PMID- 2927612
TI  - An orbitocranial approach to complex aneurysms of the anterior circulation.
AB  - A surgical approach to the skull base was developed in cadavers and then used in
      the treatment of patients with complex aneurysms of the anterior circulation. The
      operative method involves removal of portions of the orbital rim, orbital roof,
      and sphenoid bone. By removing the orbital rim and a portion of the orbital roof,
      multidirectional viewing is possible. This is important when dealing with the
      anterior aspect of the cavernous sinus and anterior clinoid process, as must
      frequently be done when isolating the neck of an ophthalmic aneurysm. The optic
      canal is opened wide and the optic nerve mobilized, allowing resection of the
      dura propria covering the cavernous carotid artery. Clip placement is performed
      in an anteroposterior plane, thus lessening the chance for compromise of the
      internal carotid artery. The low approach alleviates brain retraction and the
      small flap minimizes brain exposure. The approach also allows preservation of the
      arterial and neural supply to the frontalis and temporalis muscles, thereby
      preventing postoperative cosmetic deficits. During the past year and a half, this
      approach has been employed in 25 patients with difficult aneurysms of the
      anterior circulation. The difficulties of these cases stemmed from their odd
      location, size, or complex anatomy. Although periorbital edema may have been more
      severe during the first postoperative week, overall improved cosmesis was
      achieved.

PMID- 2927613
TI  - Outcome of laminectomy for civilian gunshot injuries of the terminal spinal cord
      and cauda equina: review of 88 cases.
AB  - Case records of 88 patients with low-velocity gunshot injuries of the terminal
      spinal cord and cauda equina treated by laminectomy at Cook County Hospital
      between 1969 and 1987 were reviewed. Sixty-one patients were operated upon within
      72 hours of injury, 29 of whom (47.5%) experienced neurological improvement or
      pain relief. Twenty-seven patients were operated upon at a later time for
      associated injuries, 13 of whom (48.1%) experienced neurological improvement or
      pain relief. When laminectomy was delayed for more than 2 weeks, either arachnoid
      adhesions (15%) or occult abscesses (17%) were observed. From this review as well
      as from the literature, it appears that the timing of laminectomy for gunshot
      injuries of the thoracolumbar and lumbosacral spine is not essential to
      neurological recovery. It appears, however, that adequate debridement of these
      injuries, performed as soon as the patient is stable from any associated
      injuries, may help to mitigate the late sequelae of arachnoiditis, infection, and
      pain syndromes in the lower extremities.

PMID- 2927614
TI  - Endocrine function in patients with large pituitary tumors treated with operative
      decompression and radiation therapy.
AB  - Large pituitary tumors are still a common problem. Thirty consecutive patients
      underwent operative decompression and radiation therapy for large sellar and
      suprasellar tumors. They were studied prospectively in terms of their endocrine
      outcome. Ten of the patients had panhypopituitarism both before and after
      treatment. The other 20 patients had partial hormonal deficits prior to
      treatment. Ten (50%) of the 20 patients who had partial preoperative deficits
      went on to develop delayed onset of worsening in their endocrine function; 9 of
      the 10 developed panhypopituitarism, and 1 patient developed decreased thyroid
      function. The mean time from surgery until the onset of delayed worsening in
      endocrine function was 26.1 months. The mean age of those patients who developed
      delayed onset of worsening in pituitary function was significantly higher than
      that of those who did not develop further hormonal loss (40.5 +/- 3.1 years
      versus 52.0 +/- 4.1 years, P less than 0.05). None of the 10 patients with
      delayed onset of worsening in pituitary function had anatomical evidence by
      computed tomographic scan of tumor recurrence. Delayed onset radiation effect is
      the most likely cause of the late onset of worsening in endocrine function.

PMID- 2927615
TI  - Normal perfusion pressure breakthrough complicating surgery for the vein of Galen
      malformation: report of three cases.
AB  - Three cases are described of infants who developed malignant brain swelling (and
      in one case hemorrhage) after surgery for vein of Galen malformations. The cause
      for the brain swelling was felt to be due to hyperperfusion, or the "normal
      perfusion pressure breakthrough" syndrome. Although well-described for cerebral
      parenchymal arteriovenous malformations, cases of this complication occurring in
      vein of Galen malformations have not previously been reported. It is concluded
      from these cases that infants with large arteriovenous shunts, as attested by
      cardiac failure and cerebral atrophy, have an increased risk of developing this
      complication.

PMID- 2927616
TI  - Traumatic extradural hematoma of the cervical spine.
AB  - An example of a traumatic extradural hematoma of the cervical spine that occurred
      in a 32-year-old man who suffered from chronic ankylosing spondylitis is
      reported. Progressive sensory and motor deficit ensued some 3 hours after the
      patient fell from a standing position. The patient landed on his back, striking
      his head on the floor. After being helped up, he was able to walk unassisted to a
      nearby chair, where he sat down until his left lower extremity--and shortly
      afterwards, the right one--became numb and weak. On admission, the patient was
      found to have tetraparesis that was more pronounced in the lower extremities and
      associated with incomplete sensation to pinprick at level T7-T10. He also had
      painless distention of the urinary bladder. After a few hours, the weakness in
      his limbs increased and his sensory level rose to C5 bilaterally. A horizontal
      diastatic fracture across the vertebral body of C7 was discovered on plain x-ray
      films of the spine, and an extradural hematoma extending dorsally from C5 to T1
      was revealed by emergency magnetic resonance imaging. After an emergency
      decompressive cervical laminectomy and removal of the clot, the patient rapidly
      regained complete neurological function, except with regard to both the urinary
      bladder and the rectum, which remained abnormal for almost 7 weeks after the
      operation.

PMID- 2927617
TI  - Intraspinal extension of an air cyst of the lung: case report.
AB  - We report the diagnostic evaluation and treatment of a cystic paraspinal and
      epidural lesion originally thought to be a neurofibroma or an arachnoid cyst.
      Intraoperatively, the lesion was found to be an air cyst of the lung that was
      successfully ligated.

PMID- 2927618
TI  - Growth of prolactinoma despite lowering of serum prolactin by bromocriptine.
AB  - Four patients with macroprolactinomas treated with bromocriptine had tumor growth
      and visual loss despite marked reduction in their serum prolactin levels.
      Explanations for this dissociation of tumor growth and prolactin measurement
      might include noncompliance. Patients treated with bromocriptine require periodic
      examination by computed tomographic scan or magnetic resonance imaging and neuro
      ophthalmological evaluation in addition to monitoring of serum prolactin.

PMID- 2927619
TI  - Atypical monoclonal plasma cell hyperplasia of the central nervous system:
      precursor of plasmacytoma with evolutionary considerations.
AB  - Hematopoietic proliferations rich in plasma cells rarely occur within the central
      nervous system without the involvement of other organ systems. Depending on their
      histological pattern and cellular composition, several different terms, including
      plasmacytoma, plasma cell granuloma, hyalinizing plasmacytic granulomatosis, and
      inflammatory meningioma, are used for these lesions. We report a left temporal
      dural lesion composed of plasma cells, lymphocytes, histiocytes, and rare
      eosinophils with hyaline changes and a suggestion of follicle formation, which
      stained predominantly for IgG and kappa light chains. This lesion arose in an
      otherwise healthy 52-year-old woman. Free kappa light chains without a monoclonal
      peak were found in the urine. We are aware of only two other heterogeneous,
      predominantly plasmacytic, solitary dural lesions that were found to be
      monoclonal on immunohistochemical examination. The label atypical monoclonal
      plasma cell hyperplasia appears to suit the morphological characteristics of our
      lesion. We suggest that a spectrum of solitary plasmacytic lesions may occur
      within the central nervous system and that atypical plasma cell hyperplasias have
      the potential to evolve into plasmacytoma. The preneoplastic nature of this
      lesion and its potential for evolution to malignant myeloma should be considered
      when planning treatment and lifelong follow-up for patients.

PMID- 2927620
TI  - Electrophysiological aid in high thoracic sympathectomy for palmar hyperhidrosis.
AB  - High upper thoracic sympathectomy using microsurgical techniques aided by
      electrical stimulation of the sympathetic chain is described. Use of the
      microscope facilitates identification and dissection of the sympathetic chain and
      minimizes the risk of pleural damage. Electrical stimulation of the sympathetic
      chain establishes the correct functional level for surgical excision. At the
      correct level, the threshold for piloerection, sudomotor response, and decrease
      in blood flow of the ipsilateral hand to electrical stimulation was minimal, and
      a six-fold increase in stimulus current causing current spread was required to
      dilate the ipsilateral pupil. After identification of the proper level, surgical
      excision can be done without risking postoperative Horner's syndrome. Excision of
      the appropriate ganglia and intervening sympathetic chain with placement of
      surgical clips on the proximal and distal nerve stumps provides tissue for
      histological analysis, decreases the opportunity for regeneration, and
      facilitates localization on postoperative x-rays.

PMID- 2927621
TI  - Oregon Head and Spinal Cord Injury Prevention Program and evaluation.
AB  - Head and spinal cord injuries are the leading causes of death and disability in
      the age group from 15 to 24. The Oregon Head and Spinal Cord Injury Prevention
      Program study sought to determine whether an educational assembly program would
      affect students' knowledge, attitude, and behavior. An observation study on
      shoulder belt use showed no increase in usage following the program. Seven
      Portland high schools (4 experimental, 3 control) participated in a questionnaire
      evaluation. Two weeks before and after the educational assemblies, 1,331 student
      surveys were distributed nonrandomly in classrooms. Presurveys were matched to
      postsurveys by student name, resulting in 626 matches. Survey items are grouped
      into three categories: knowledge, attitude, and behavior. The experimental
      schools demonstrated a statistically significant increase in knowledge (two
      tailed t test, p less than 0.01), suggesting that knowledge had been imparted. No
      change was found in attitude or behavior. To produce changes in attitude and
      behavior a reinforcement program might be necessary. Evaluation of the impact of
      the program on incidence may be premature.

PMID- 2927622
TI  - Abducted shoulder for cervical radicular pain.

PMID- 2927623
TI  - Photodynamic therapy of brain tumors.

PMID- 2927624
TI  - Diltiazem for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.

PMID- 2927625
TI  - The performance on learning tasks of patients in the early stages of Parkinson's
      disease.
AB  - It is known that in animals learning is disrupted by caudate lesions; but there
      has been no agreement about whether pathology in the basal ganglia causes a
      similar impairment in man. Nineteen patients in the early stages of Parkinson's
      disease were tested on two associative learning tasks and on the Wisconsin Card
      Sorting Task; and their performance was compared with that of patients with
      frontal or temporal lobe lesions. On the two associative learning tasks there was
      no overall difference between the Parkinsonian group and the controls. However, a
      minority of the Parkinsonian patients performed very poorly on these tasks; and
      it was noted that these tended to be the older patients.

PMID- 2927626
TI  - Anomalies in the laterality of omissions in unilateral left visual neglect:
      implications for an attentional theory of neglect.
AB  - Patients suffering from unilateral left visual neglect may show problems in
      deploying attention generally in space, particularly in "controlled processing"
      type tasks (Schneider and Shiffrin), in addition to showing specifically
      lateralized attentional difficulties. The prediction is made that cueing to the
      left should result in a significant increase in right-sided omissions because of
      this general attentional difficulty. This hypothesis was confirmed, and two
      patterns of results were observed. One group continued to neglect a left stimulus
      in the cued condition, in spite of accurately reading a word on the left side,
      while the other group showed a mainly right-sided omission pattern.

PMID- 2927627
TI  - Cognitive mapping after unilateral temporal lobectomy.
AB  - An investigation of the extension of O'KEEFE and NADEL's [The Hippocampus as a
      Cognitive Map. Oxford University Press, Oxford 1978] theory of hippocampal
      functioning is described in patients who have undergone unilateral temporal
      lobectomy for the relief of epilepsy. A new spatial task, incorporating a recall
      for-designs test but based on studies of spatial memory and cognitive mapping in
      animals was devised. Results supported the prediction of temporal lobe structure
      involvement in the mediation of non-egocentric but not egocentric space, and of
      the role of right temporal lobe structures in conditions designed to encourage
      "place" but not "cue" learning strategies. The role of verbal mediation in task
      performance is also discussed.

PMID- 2927628
TI  - Prosopagnosia and object agnosia without covert recognition.
AB  - Investigations of the visual recognition abilities of the patient M.S. are
      reported. M.S. is unable to achieve overt recognition of any familiar faces, and
      many everyday objects. In Task 1 he showed semantic priming from name primes but
      not from face primes in a name recognition task. In Task 2 he showed no advantage
      in learning true (face + correct name) rather than untrue (face + someone else's
      name) pairings of faces and names. In Task 3 semantic priming of lexical decision
      was only found for object picture primes that M.S. was able to recognize overtly.
      In Task 4 faster matching of photographs of familiar than unfamiliar objects was
      only found for objects that M.S. was able to recognize overtly. These findings
      demonstrate an absence of covert recognition effects for M.S., consistent with
      the view that his impairment is primarily "perceptual" in nature.

PMID- 2927629
TI  - Category-specificity and modality-specificity in semantic memory.
AB  - Studies of agnosia have revealed two apparently orthogonal dimensions along which
      knowledge may break down. In some cases, knowledge of specific categories (such
      as living things) seems lost, regardless of the modality being tested. In other
      cases, knowledge in specific modalities (such as vision) seems lost, regardless
      of the category of stimuli being tested. These different sets of phenomena
      suggest different organizations for knowledge in the brain, the first by category
      and the second by modality. Unfortunately, possible confoundings between
      category, modality, and difficulty level in the previous studies prevent us from
      drawing strong conclusions from these data. The present study was aimed at
      assessing the nature of the breakdown in the semantic memory of a prosopagnosic
      patient, by orthogonally varying category and modality, while assessing
      difficulty level. The findings do not implicate a simple categorical or modality
      dependent organization of his knowledge, but rather an organization in which both
      category and modality play a role.

PMID- 2927630
TI  - Spatial distribution of the inhibitory effect of peripheral non-informative cues
      on simple reaction time to non-fixated visual targets.
AB  - It is known that reaction time (RT) for the detection of a light target at
      extrafoveal locations is lengthened by a previous non-informative light cue at
      the same location. We describe an additional inhibitory effect from cues remote
      from the target but occurring within the same lateral or altitudinal visual
      hemifield. Subjects made a speeded key-press response to the second of two
      successive light flashes in a pair while maintaining fixation. Each of the two
      flashes could appear at random in one of four positions, two in the right and two
      in the left visual fields, or two in the upper and two in the lower visual
      fields. We found an RT prolongation not only for cued over uncued positions, but
      also for within-field non-coincident cue-target pairs over between-fields cue
      target pairs. The within-field inhibitory effect, though smaller than the same
      location effect, was fully apparent even when the target occurred at 1 degree of
      visual angle from the midline and at 29 degrees from the cue. Both effects were
      seen with cue-target asynchronies ranging from 0.2 to 1.5 sec. The results are
      relevant to the understanding of the neural mechanisms for covert shifts of
      attention across the main meridians of the visual field.

PMID- 2927631
TI  - Left and right-handed dyslexic boys: an empirical test of some assumptions of the
      Geschwind-Behan hypothesis.
AB  - Twenty-six dyslexic boys (13 left-handers and 13 right-handers) were tested for
      hemispheric asymmetry with dichotic listening (DL) and a visual half-field test
      (VHF). The purpose of the study was an empirical test of the Geschwind-Behan
      [Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. USA 79, 5097-5100, 1982] hypothesis of a difference in
      hemispheric asymmetry between left- and right-handed dyslexic boys. Following
      Geschwind and Behan, left-handedness and dyslexia are caused by a common factor
      affecting the development of the left hemisphere in utero which results in a
      right hemisphere dominance. As a consequence, handedness but not language is
      shifted to the right hemisphere. We therefore predicted that left-handed
      dyslexics should be superior to right-handed dyslexics on visuospatial tasks, but
      perform similar to right-handers on verbal tasks. The results revealed a
      significant right ear advantage (REA) in both groups during a dichotic listening
      test to verbal stimuli. The left-handed group was however superior to the right
      handed group in recognition of visuo-spatial stimuli presented in the left half
      field in a visual half-field test. It is concluded that the results provide some,
      although weak, support for the Geschwind-Behan hypothesis.

PMID- 2927632
TI  - Changes in perceptual asymmetry with the menstrual cycle.
AB  - Changes in perceptual asymmetry between the premenstrual and postmenstrual phases
      of the menstrual cycle were assessed in 39 women. Perceptual asymmetry was
      measured with fused, single response dichotic listening tests. The usual right
      ear advantage (REA) for auditory language-related stimuli was significantly
      greater in the postmenstrual phase of the cycle. Subjects with repressive
      personality styles were less likely to show a change in REA with the cycle. These
      neuropsychological findings are related to previously described physiological and
      psychological features of the menstrual cycle and the repressive personality
      style.

PMID- 2927633
TI  - Hemispheric specialization for speech and non-verbal stimuli in Chinese and
      French Canadian subjects.
AB  - Dichotic speech (CV syllables) and non-verbal stimuli (melodies, tones and triple
      tones) were presented to 20 French Canadian (10 men, 10 women) and 19 Chinese (10
      men, 9 women) right-handed university students to investigate cultural and sexual
      differences in auditory functional asymmetry. Analyses of variances on correct
      scores showed a REA in the perception of speech and a LEA in the perception of
      melodies and triple tones for both groups. Cross-cultural effects were observed
      for speech only, indicating a better overall performance on the part of French
      Canadian students. Moreover, women were better than men in the perception of
      tones and triple tones, suggesting that women may attend more to intonational
      information. Finally, the results for both ethnic groups showed the same pattern
      of interhemispheric functional asymmetry for speech and non-speech material.

PMID- 2927634
TI  - Cerebral lateralization of music perception in the dual task paradigm: unfamiliar
      melody recognition in sinistrals.
AB  - A dual task study of unfamiliar music perception during concurrent right and left
      hand finger tapping was conducted with a group of left-handed non-musicians. A
      pattern of symmetrical, bilateral suppression of finger tapping was observed
      during a concurrent music task of unfamiliar melody recognition. There was no
      evidence of trade-off effects in the dual task inasmuch as no interference in
      melody recognition was observed. The absence of attentional shifts strongly
      suggests that the bilateral symmetry in motor performance in the dual task
      condition reflects bilateralized cerebral organization among sinistrals for
      processing unfamiliar music.

PMID- 2927635
TI  - A directional bias for studies of laterality.
AB  - We have shown that a directional bias (D), previously thought to be unrelated to
      cerebral lateralization, is, in fact, intimately associated with it. In a group
      of fully consistent dextrals without familial sinistrality, the direction of
      lateral asymmetries depended upon the direction of D. Left-directed dextrals
      manifested the usual visual field advantages for linguistic and spatial material,
      while right-directed dextrals did not. D is therefore recommended as moderator
      variable for future studies of laterality.

PMID- 2927636
TI  - Impaired grating discrimination following right hemisphere damage.
AB  - We investigated the effect of unilateral brain lesions on visual discrimination
      of low-, middle- and high-frequency gratings. The performance of patients with
      right hemisphere lesions was significantly impaired compared with that of both
      controls and patients with left hemisphere lesions. This impairment was largely
      limited to patients with right posterior hemispheric lesions and was present with
      all spatial frequencies. These findings run counter to the hypothesis that high
      and low spatial frequencies are preferentially processed by different
      hemispheres.

PMID- 2927637
TI  - Ataxic hindbrain thinking: the clumsy cerebellum syndrome.

PMID- 2927638
TI  - Multiple sclerosis-like illness occurring with human immunodeficiency virus
      infection.
AB  - We describe seven men with a neurologic disease clinically indistinguishable from
      multiple sclerosis occurring in association with seropositivity for the human
      immunodeficiency virus, type 1 (HIV-1). Histopathology of the CNS obtained in
      three patients (2 by brain biopsy, 1 at autopsy) was consistent with MS. The
      neurologic symptoms preceded the onset of clinically evident immunosuppression in
      all patients. In three men, HIV-1 seropositivity was demonstrated concomitantly
      or within 3 months of the onset of their neurologic disease. In the others,
      features of MS preceded the demonstration of HIV-1 seropositivity by 41 months,
      59 months, 11 years, and 18 years, respectively. Despite the superimposition of
      varying degrees of cellular immunodeficiency associated with HIV-1 infection, six
      of these men continued to experience relapsing neurologic symptoms.

PMID- 2927639
TI  - Lisuride, a dopamine agonist in the treatment of early Parkinson's disease.
AB  - A randomized, prospective trial in 90 de novo parkinsonian patients showed that 4
      years' treatment with lisuride resulted in significantly fewer end-of-dose
      disturbances and peak-dose dyskinesias, but also less improvement in parkinsonian
      disability, than with levodopa. Early combination of lisuride and a low dose of
      levodopa, during a 4-year follow-up, resulted in a therapeutic response equal to
      that achieved with high-dose levodopa alone, but significantly fewer end-of-dose
      failures and dyskinesias. Thus it seems advisable that treatment should begin in
      the early phase of the disease with a dopamine agonist such as lisuride combined
      with a low dose of levodopa.

PMID- 2927640
TI  - Weekly alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, and the risk of ischemic stroke:
      results of a case-control study at three urban medical centers in Chicago,
      Illinois.
AB  - To assess the role of current weekly alcohol consumption as a risk factor for
      cerebral infarction, we administered a pretested questionnaire to 205 middle-aged
      and elderly acute ischemic stroke patients and 410 outpatient controls matched by
      age, sex, race, and method of hospital payment. The frequency of hypertension (p
      less than 0.001) and transient ischemic attacks (p = 0.051), and mean weekly
      alcohol consumption (p = 0.0286) and mean pack-years cigarette exposure (p =
      0.0168) were higher among stroke index cases than controls. For weekly alcohol
      consumption and mean pack-years cigarette exposure, there was a highly
      significant dose-response effect. In analyses to assess the possibility of mutual
      confounding effects of independent variables, we found hypertension and smoking
      to be independent risk factors for ischemic stroke, while alcohol consumption was
      not. Separate analyses by sex yielded similar results. We conclude that current
      weekly alcohol consumption may not be an independent risk factor for cerebral
      infarction in middle-aged and elderly patients.

PMID- 2927642
TI  - Neurobehavioral changes associated with caudate lesions.
AB  - We report behavioral and cognitive characteristics of 12 patients with caudate
      nuclei lesions, 11 unilateral and one bilateral. These patients developed an
      acute behavioral change characterized by apathy, disinhibition, or a major
      affective disturbance. The pattern of personality change correlated with size and
      location of lesion within the caudate but not the laterality. Seven patients were
      further compared with matched controls on a series of neuropsychological tests.
      Their performance was impaired on tasks requiring planning and sequencing. They
      had short attention spans and decreased free recall of episodic and semantic
      items with good recognition memory scores. Similar behavioral and cognitive
      changes also occur in early Huntington's disease, frontal-lesioned patients, and
      caudate-lesioned animals, and correspond to disturbances of specific frontal
      caudate circuits. These results implicate the caudate nuclei in mediating
      prefrontal behaviors and possibly in the conceptual integration of memories.

PMID- 2927641
TI  - Cerebral hyperemia, stroke, and transfusion in sickle cell disease.
AB  - To investigate cerebral hemodynamics in sickle cell disease (SCD), we used the
      133Xenon inhalation technique of quantifying cerebral blood flow (CBF) in 67
      patients. Clinical examinations and cerebral magnetic resonance imaging also were
      performed in all patients. Compared with age-matched healthy controls, CBF was
      elevated by 68% in patients, and inversely related to hematocrit. An experimental
      index of cerebral blood volume, pr4, was also elevated in the patients in a
      similar manner. Cerebral blood volume was positively correlated to CBF in SCD
      patients but not in controls. History of stroke and current neurologic symptoms
      were associated with lower flow and higher cerebral blood volume. Transfusion
      therapy reduced the hyperemia, the reduction being greater than expected by
      hematocrit elevation alone. These findings document a vasodilatory hyperemia in
      SCD. This dilatation may be a risk factor for ischemic distal-field infarctions,
      as visualized by MRI, due to a limitation of cerebrovascular reserve capacity.

PMID- 2927643
TI  - Synaptic loss in Alzheimer's disease and other dementias.
AB  - The extent and location of neuronal losses necessary or sufficient to produce
      dementia in patients with Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is unknown. To approach this
      question, we studied synaptic terminals in postmortem brain tissue utilizing
      immunohistochemical techniques. We used antibodies against two proteins found in
      synaptic terminals--synapsin I and synaptophysin--as synaptic markers in the
      hippocampal complexes of eight patients with autopsy-proven AD and eight
      nondemented control subjects. Quantitative microscopy measured the regional
      density of synaptic staining. All AD patients showed a striking decrease in
      synaptic staining in the outer half of the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus
      compared with control brains, where the density of synaptic terminals was uniform
      throughout. In an additional patient with progressive degenerative dementia but
      without plaques or tangles on neuropathologic examination, similar depletion of
      synaptic staining was seen in the dentate gyrus. Quantitative densitometric
      analyses confirmed the focal decrease in synaptic staining in the outer half of
      the molecular layer in demented patients. We also found a slight increase in
      synaptic staining in the inner half of this layer.

PMID- 2927644
TI  - The spectrum of imaging and neuropsychological findings in Pick's disease.
AB  - To seek improved methods for the diagnosis of Pick's disease, we reviewed imaging
      studies of four women and two men (ages 48 to 65 years at onset) and psychometric
      testing of three of them with autopsy or biopsy-proved Pick's. The presence of
      Pick bodies was required for the diagnosis. Seven patients with biopsy-proved
      Alzheimer's disease served as a comparison group. In the Pick's patients, CT in
      five of six showed marked frontal pole or temporal pole atrophy, which clearly
      differed from the pattern of cerebral atrophy seen in the Alzheimer's patients.
      Psychometric testing showed performance patterns that tended to differ from those
      of the Alzheimer's patients in that recent memory was relatively preserved
      despite marked impairment of executive functions. The distinctive psychometric
      pattern in the Pick's patients was evanescent, however. Thus, there were imaging
      and psychometric findings of potential diagnostic value for Pick's disease, but,
      for different reasons, they were imperfect.

PMID- 2927645
TI  - Immune-reactive cells in multiple sclerosis mucosal secretions.
AB  - External secretions from multiple sclerosis (MS) patients show immunoglobulin
      abnormalities consistent with mucosal inflammation. In this study we collected
      tears and parotid saliva from ten normal subjects and ten MS patients to examine
      for free-floating inflammatory cells. We found lymphocytes, macrophages, and
      plasma cells at low numbers in normal secretions, but at much higher numbers in
      MS secretions. Using an immunobead rosette technique, most of the lymphocytes
      were null cells. However, we found increased T lymphocytes in the secretions of
      clinically active MS patients. The extensive mucosal surfaces of the MS patient
      could provide a peripheral source for activated lymphocytes that subsequently
      enter brain.

PMID- 2927646
TI  - Familial idiopathic striopallidodentate calcifications.
AB  - We report a father and son with striopallidodentate calcifications. Metabolic
      studies excluded calcium/phosphorus metabolism disturbances and no specific
      etiology was found. The structure of the calcified areas differed, on magnetic
      resonance imaging, depending on location and, probably, age. There are nine
      families with similar clinical and radiologic backgrounds and no evident etiology
      in the literature. Transmission is most often autosomal dominant, and in contrast
      with physiologic senescent basal ganglia calcification, the prognosis appears to
      be poor.

PMID- 2927647
TI  - Ptosis and supranuclear downgaze paralysis.
AB  - A patient developed the unusual combination of a supranuclear downward gaze
      paralysis and bilateral ptosis. It was caused by a single midbrain glioma. Other
      ocular motor functions were intact. The neuropathologic examination showed a
      tumor growing mainly around the third ventricle and the aqueduct. The findings
      agree with recent experimental evidence that a network of neural elements
      involved in eyelid control lies in the supraoculomotor area immediately dorsal to
      the oculomotor nucleus.

PMID- 2927648
TI  - Reflex epilepsy and nonketotic hyperglycemia in the elderly: a specific
      neuroendocrine syndrome.
AB  - We present five elderly patients with focal reflex or posture-induced seizures
      and nonketotic hyperglycemia (NKH). Each patient exhibited interictal focal
      findings, such as hemiparesis or hemisensory or aphasic deficits. With control of
      the hyperglycemia, the seizures stopped, and the neurologic deficits resolved.
      The syndrome of focal reflex epilepsy and neurologic deficits in the elderly is
      transient and almost invariably related to NKH, thus representing a specific
      neuroendocrine syndrome.

PMID- 2927649
TI  - Episodic confusion and tremor associated with extrahepatic portacaval shunting in
      cirrhotic liver disease.
AB  - In an elderly male patient with alcohol-related liver disease, who developed
      episodic confusion and tremor, we found a large extrahepatic portacaval shunt. He
      had no clinical or laboratory evidence of liver dysfunction except for an
      elevated serum ammonia level that increased further in response to an ammonium
      chloride challenge test. Extrahepatic portacaval shunting causing episodic
      confusion and tremor may occur with alcoholic liver disease without overt liver
      failure and may require abdominal angiography or a transhepatic portogram to
      demonstrate the shunt.

PMID- 2927650
TI  - The effect of bilateral visual cortex lesions on the development of eye movements
      and perception.
AB  - We studied the eye movements and visual perception in a man with extensive
      bilateral occipital lesions acquired at birth. He had 3/500 acuity, limited
      visual fields, and extrafoveal fixation attributable to an intact left superior
      visual cortex. Analysis of digitized electro-oculography and magnetic search coil
      data showed normal saccade dynamics. He could make voluntary saccades. Smooth
      pursuit of suprathreshold targets was mostly saccadic and did not improve with
      added nonvisual cues. Our results support the hypothesis that the visual cortex
      is crucial to the development of eye movements. The foveal representation in the
      occipital lobes, missing in this subject, is needed for development of normal
      smooth pursuit.

PMID- 2927651
TI  - Unilateral pursuit-induced congenital nystagmus.
AB  - We describe two patients with a lifelong history of oscillopsia only when
      following objects moving toward their left side. Neurologic examination was
      normal except for eye movements. The patients showed nystagmus during any tasks
      that required visual following toward the left (ie, smooth pursuit, optokinetic
      nystagmus, and vestibulo-ocular-reflex-suppression), but had no nystagmus during
      fixation of stationary targets or visual following tasks to the right. Eye
      movement recordings showed waveforms during pursuit to the left that were typical
      of congenital nystagmus.

PMID- 2927652
TI  - Transcranial magnetic stimulation: an assessment of cognitive and other cerebral
      effects.
AB  - To assess possible persistent cerebral effects, we acquired EEG, measured serum
      prolactin, and administered cognitive and motor tests before and after
      transcranial magnetic stimulation of 30 healthy adults. We found no detrimental
      effects on EEG or test performance. A slight but statistically significant
      decline in serum prolactin lacked correlation with the extent of stimulation.

PMID- 2927653
TI  - Criteria for establishing the validity of genetic recombination in myotonic
      dystrophy.

PMID- 2927654
TI  - High-dose intravenous human immunoglobulin in chronic inflammatory demyelinating
      polyneuropathy.
AB  - We treated nine consecutive patients with chronic inflammatory demyelinating
      polyneuropathy (CIDP) with high-dose intravenous human immunoglobulin (HIG), and
      clinical recovery rapidly followed. Disability that had persisted for months or
      years was often reversed in days. There were no major adverse reactions to HIG
      infusions.

PMID- 2927655
TI  - Seizures in hospitalized cocaine users.
AB  - We reviewed the records of 283 cocaine abusers consecutively admitted to a
      municipal hospital, and identified eight patients (2.8%) who presented with
      seizures. Four (1.4%) had focal or generalized seizures temporally associated
      with cocaine use. Based on these four cases and five previous reports, we
      conclude that although seizures are relatively rare in hospitalized cocaine
      users, they are provoked by all major routes of administration, and may be
      partial or generalized.

PMID- 2927656
TI  - Thalamomesencephalic strokes after cocaine abuse.
AB  - Three young patients developed strokes of rostral midbrain and thalamus shortly
      following cocaine abuse. Two had infarctions and one had a hemorrhage, but none
      had clear risk factors other than cocaine for this relatively uncommon type of
      stroke. Toxicologic analysis confirmed isolated cocaine use in each patient. In
      the two cases of infarction studied angiographically, one had normal findings and
      the other had focal narrowing of the P1 segments of the posterior cerebral
      arteries bilaterally. Since the P1 segment has a uniquely sparse perivascular
      sympathetic supply, we suggest that direct adrenergic-mediated vasoconstriction
      is not critical to the production of cocaine-associated stroke.

PMID- 2927658
TI  - The EEG response to diffuse and patterned photic stimulation during acute
      untreated alcohol withdrawal.
AB  - We studied the responses to diffuse and patterned stroboscopic light stimulation
      prospectively in 49 individuals during acute alcohol withdrawal prior to
      pharmacologic treatment. Photomyogenic responses (PMR) occurred in only two (4%)
      of those tested, and photoparoxysmal responses (PPR) never occurred. These
      findings suggest that PMR occur far less often during alcohol withdrawal than
      previously thought and that PPR may not be a direct manifestation of alcohol
      withdrawal.

PMID- 2927657
TI  - Cerebellar atrophy following acute intoxication with phenytoin.
AB  - A patient developed marked cerebellar atrophy after a single suicidal
      intoxication with 7 grams phenytoin. The clinical signs of cerebellar dysfunction
      subsided very slowly and incompletely within 18 months. We documented the
      cerebellar atrophy by CTs 4 weeks and 1 year after the intoxication, and we
      suggest that a single severe acute intoxication with phenytoin may directly cause
      cerebellar degeneration.

PMID- 2927659
TI  - Dose-dependent memory impairment in Parkinson's disease.
AB  - Variation in plasma dopamine level between the time of original learning and
      subsequent memory retrieval causes a state-dependent memory impairment in
      Parkinson's disease. The occurrence of this phenomenon is not related to either
      progression of disease or duration of therapy, but is more likely to occur with
      high-dosage levels of levodopa-carbidopa.

PMID- 2927660
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging in pathologically proven Hallervorden-Spatz disease.
AB  - We present an 11-year-old girl in whom high field strength MRI performed 2 1/2
      years and 6 months before her death showed prominent hypointensity in the globus
      pallidus and substantia nigra consistent with iron deposition. This finding
      suggested Hallervorden-Spatz disease, which was confirmed at autopsy.

PMID- 2927661
TI  - Distribution of a putative endogenous modulator of the GABAergic system in human
      brain.
AB  - Diazepam binding inhibitor (DBI) is a novel neuropeptide purified from rat, cow,
      and human brain that allosterically modulates GABAergic transmission by binding
      to benzodiazepine (BDZ)-recognition sites. Using a specific radioimmunoassay for
      human DBI, we investigated the distribution of this peptide in different brain
      areas. We characterized with high-pressure liquid chromatography the DBI
      immunoreactivity in brain tissue obtained by biopsy and autopsy; we detected one
      molecular species of DBI in both instances. The regional distribution of DBI in
      the human brain is similar to that observed in rat brain: high concentrations in
      cortical and limbic areas, cerebellum, and brainstem, and low concentrations in
      the basal ganglia. These data suggest a modulatory role for DBI in human brain.

PMID- 2927662
TI  - Unilateral "akathisia" in a patient with AIDS and a toxoplasmosis subthalamic
      abscess.

PMID- 2927663
TI  - Acute ischemic brachial plexus neuropathy following radiation therapy.

PMID- 2927664
TI  - Decreased viability of skin fibroblasts from patients with glutamate
      dehydrogenase deficiency.

PMID- 2927665
TI  - Isolated midbrain lesion resulting from closed head injury: a unique presentation
      of ataxic hemiparesis.

PMID- 2927666
TI  - Orofacial impairment in Parkinson's.

PMID- 2927668
TI  - Task-specific dystonias.

PMID- 2927667
TI  - Sternocleidomastoid and trapezius dissociation.

PMID- 2927669
TI  - Ictus emeticus.

PMID- 2927670
TI  - Hemispatial neglect.

PMID- 2927671
TI  - Molecular and clinical correlations of deletions leading to Duchenne and Becker
      muscular dystrophies.
AB  - Human DMD cDNA probes have been used to delineate possible deletions in 160
      affected males. Approximately 56% of these individuals had detectable deletions,
      29% of which mapped to a region centered around 500 kb from the 5' end of the
      gene whereas 69% mapped to a region located centrally 1,200 kb from the 5' end.
      We have observed no correlation between the extent of a deletion, its location,
      and clinical severity of the associated disease. For some cases with deletions in
      the two high-frequency deletion regions, the predicted effect upon translational
      reading frame of the resultant dystrophin mRNA did not correlate with the
      associated disease phenotype.

PMID- 2927672
TI  - Duchenne muscular dystrophy: patterns of clinical progression and effects of
      supportive therapy.
AB  - Two-hundred eighty-three boys with Duchenne dystrophy and 10 with Becker
      dystrophy have been followed for up to 10 years in a protocol that accurately
      measured their function, strength, contractures, and back curvature. Clinical
      heterogeneity is noted. Patients whose muscles were stronger were more likely to
      die from a cardiomyopathy. Weaker patients died from respiratory failure. A
      series of milestones is defined, which is of use in following the illness in an
      individual patient. This approach permits a scoring system that allows the
      severity of the disease to be defined in an individual boy. Evaluation of
      physical therapy and surgical intervention shows that night splints and scoliosis
      surgery are effective forms of treatment.

PMID- 2927673
TI  - Neurobrucellosis: clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and outcome.
AB  - We report 13 patients with neurobrucellosis categorized into five groups: acute
      meningoencephalitis; papilledema and increased intracranial pressure,
      meningovascular, CNS demyelinization, and peripheral neuropathy. We treated the
      patients successfully, without relapse, with two or more antimicrobials:
      rifampicin, co-trimoxazole, and doxycycline.

PMID- 2927674
TI  - Infarcts in the territory of the deep perforators from the carotid system.
AB  - We studied risk factors and presumed causes of infarct in 100 consecutive
      patients with a first stroke, who had an appropriate CT-proven infarct in the
      territory of the deep perforators from the carotid system (ITDPCS). The infarct
      involved the territory of the lenticulostriate arteries in 65 cases, the anterior
      choroidal artery in 23 cases, watershed zones between these two territories in
      four cases, and another territory in eight cases. In 42% of the patients, we felt
      the cause of the infarct to be small-artery disease. In 36%, at least one source
      of embolism was present (in 27% from the internal carotid artery, in 17% from the
      heart), either with (25%) or without (10%) associated hypertension (HT) and
      diabetes mellitus (DM). Other possible less common etiologies included migraine,
      syphilitic angiitis, and systemic diseases. We have confirmed that HT or DM are
      the most common etiologic factors of ITDPCS. However, large-artery disease and
      cardioembolism may be more important than previously assumed.

PMID- 2927675
TI  - Dissecting aneurysm of the vertebral artery and cervical manipulation: a case
      report with autopsy.
AB  - A 35-year-old woman with 3 weeks of cervical pain developed ischemia in the
      basilar artery territory following cervical manipulation. At autopsy, there was a
      dissecting aneurysm within the third segment of the right vertebral artery. The
      pathologic changes in the lower and the upper part of the dissecting aneurysm
      were different, indicating recurring bleeding. Cervical manipulation could have
      accounted for one recent dissection, but not for another, which was a few weeks
      old. This suggests that cervical pain, which prompted the manipulation, may have
      been the first symptom of the dissection, and manipulation of the neck
      precipitated the stroke by inducing bleeding within the dissecting aneurysm.

PMID- 2927676
TI  - Intraluminal clot in the vertebrobasilar circulation: clinical and radiologic
      features.
AB  - We studied 15 patients with angiographically documented intraluminal clot in the
      vertebrobasilar (VB) circulation and ischemic stroke. Progressive brainstem signs
      were the most common presentation; the neurologic deficit was maximum at stroke
      onset in 4. Seven experienced their first symptoms during sedentary activities.
      Thirteen of the initial 15 CTs revealed infarcts in the VB territory, 7 with
      multiple foci. Intraluminal clot was present in the vertebral artery in 7
      patients (2 bilateral), basilar artery in 7, posterior cerebral artery in 5, and
      superior cerebellar artery in 1. Multiple clots were seen in 5 patients. Stroke
      risk factors were present in the majority of cases. Although cardiac source
      embolism was the most common single etiology (4 patients), most patients had
      other causes including migraine, coagulopathy associated with malignancy and
      nephrotic syndrome in systemic lupus erythematosus, vertebral artery dissection
      with local embolism, delayed irradiation arteriopathy, and a fusiform, ectatic
      basilar artery. Six (40%) died within 5 months of follow-up. Intraluminal clot in
      the posterior circulation is a marker for multiple stroke mechanisms, not all of
      which are embolic. Intraluminal clot should prompt investigations into occult
      risk factors when no cause appears obvious.

PMID- 2927677
TI  - Electroencephalographic studies of simple partial seizures with subdural
      electrode recordings.
AB  - We used subdural electrodes to study the EEG features of simple partial seizures
      in 7 patients. We detected epileptiform discharges in 61 of 68 subdurally
      recorded simple partial seizures compared with 6 of 55 simple partial seizures
      recorded with scalp electrodes (p less than 0.0001). The onset of 36 nonmotor
      simple partial seizures was detected only by the medial and basal temporal
      subdural electrodes, and the onset of 25 simple partial seizures with motor
      manifestations was recorded by subdural electrodes only from the lateral cortex
      of the posterior frontal lobe. There was a close correspondence between the area
      first involved in the epileptiform discharge during simple partial seizures and
      the area first involved during complex partial and secondary generalized tonic
      clonic seizures. Subdural electrodes may be effective in localizing the onset and
      spread of simple partial seizures, including those that arise from the medial
      temporal lobe.

PMID- 2927678
TI  - Maturation of the vestibulo-ocular reflex in normal infants during the first 2
      months of life.
AB  - We measured the dynamic properties of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) in 20
      healthy, newborn babies, using sinusoidal and velocity-step rotational stimuli.
      With sinusoidal stimuli, quick phases of nystagmus were uncommon and there was a
      large phase lead of eye position over head position that exceeded 20 degrees at
      frequencies below 0.5 Hz. With velocity-step stimuli, primary nystagmus lasted
      for a mean duration of 10 seconds and was followed by an early reversal phase of
      nystagmus. By 2 months of age, primary nystagmus induced by velocity-step stimuli
      was more prolonged (mean duration, 15 seconds) and the reversal phase occurred
      later. We postulate that these changes reflect maturation of visual pathways
      essential in calibrating the VOR so that vision remains clear during head
      perturbations.

PMID- 2927679
TI  - Preliminary observations on brain energy metabolism in migraine studied by in
      vivo phosphorus 31 NMR spectroscopy.
AB  - We measured brain energy phosphate metabolism and intracellular pH (pHi) in a
      cross-sectional study of migraine patients by in vivo phosphorus 31 NMR
      spectroscopy. During a migraine attack the ratio ATP/total phosphate signal (mole
      % ATP) was preserved, but there was a decrease in mole % phosphocreatine (PCr)
      and an increase in mole % inorganic phosphate (Pi) resulting in a decrease of the
      PCr/Pi ratio, an index of brain phosphorylation potential. This was found in
      classic but not common migraine. Mole % Pi was also increased in combined brain
      regions between attacks. There was no alteration in brain pHi during or between
      attacks. Energy phosphate metabolism but not pHi appears disordered during a
      migraine attack.

PMID- 2927680
TI  - Cognitive impairments associated with early Parkinson's disease.
AB  - We administered a battery of cognitive tests to 41 recently diagnosed Parkinson
      patients and 41 controls to assess the early neuropsychological changes
      associated with Parkinson's disease (PD). Parkinson subjects did as well as
      controls on tasks assessing attention and select language and visuospatial
      measures. However, PD subjects did significantly worse on embedded figures,
      facial recognition, proverbs, and verbal and figural memory measures, and made
      more perseverative responses on a set shifting task. A discriminant function of
      measures of proverbs, embedded figures, and memory accounted for 22% of the
      variance between groups. These data suggest that the cognitive changes in early
      PD are more pervasive than originally described and may reflect the onset of a
      more widespread pathologic process.

PMID- 2927681
TI  - End-plate dysfunction in acute organophosphate intoxication.
AB  - Acute organophosphate intoxication resulting from suicide attempts in 14 patients
      produced a series of electrophysiologic abnormalities that correlated with the
      clinical course. Spontaneous repetitive firing of single evoked compound muscle
      action potentials (CMAP) was the earliest and most sensitive indicator of the
      acetylcholinesterase inhibition. A decrement of evoked CMAP following repetitive
      nerve stimulation was the most severe abnormality. At the height of the
      intoxication no CMAP was evoked after the first few stimuli. The decrement
      increment phenomenon occurred only at milder stages of intoxication and its
      features are characteristic of acetylcholinesterase inhibition. These
      electrophysiologic features proved to be the most useful for determining initial
      severity and clinical course of the acute organophosphate intoxication and
      differentiated this syndrome from those of myasthenia gravis, Eaton-Lambert
      syndrome, and botulism.

PMID- 2927683
TI  - Blink reflex excitability recovery curves in patients with spasmodic dysphonia.
AB  - We studied 12 patients with spasmodic dysphonia (SD) and 12 healthy control
      subjects. The patients, who had no symptomatic involvement of the eyes, were
      evaluated for increased excitability of blink reflexes, which is characteristic
      of blepharospasm and generalized dystonia. We measured symptom severity from
      sound spectrograms of five sentences, including sentence production time, number
      of pitch phonatory breaks, and percentage of aperiodic phonation. We evoked blink
      reflexes by electrical and mechanical stimulation, and assessed excitability by
      obtaining excitability recovery curves and responses to trains of stimuli.
      Patients and controls differed from each other in test R2 amplitude attenuation
      across all intervals from 150 to 1,000 msec to electrical and mechanical
      stimulation. Our results indicate that patients with SD have increased
      excitability of blink reflexes, which suggests that the dystonia involves not
      only the larynx but also other anatomical structures.

PMID- 2927682
TI  - Cortical blindness due to osmotic disruption of the blood-brain barrier by
      angiographic contrast material: CT and MRI studies.
AB  - Numerous experimental studies have demonstrated disruption of the blood-brain
      barrier by the hyperosmolar, iodinated contrast agents in common use for
      intravascular injection during radiologic studies. We report 4 cases in which
      cortical blindness occurred after cerebral angiography. The patients underwent x
      ray CT within 1 hour. CT showed abnormal contrast enhancement in the occipital
      regions in all 4 instances. Two patients underwent MRI; 1 of these manifested
      abnormal high-signal intensity in the occipital lobes on T2-weighted images. Only
      2 previous cases documenting immediate contrast enhancement within the brain
      substance on CT following angiography are in the literature.

PMID- 2927684
TI  - Hemifacial spasm associated with epidermoid tumors of the cerebellopontine angle.
AB  - Hemifacial spasm (HFS) is rarely due to serious compressive lesions, such as
      tumors, aneurysms, or vascular malformations, located in the cerebellopontine
      angle. Because of the interesting association of HFS with epidermoid tumors, we
      reviewed the records of all patients with HFS and all patients with intracranial
      epidermoid tumors seen from January 1975 to December 1986. Of the 18 patients who
      had epidermoid tumors of the cerebellopontine angle, 3 (17%) had a facial
      movement disorder that resembled HFS at sometime during their illness. There were
      429 patients who had HFS with no obvious serious compressive lesion of the facial
      nerve. Therefore, HFS was associated with epidermoid tumor in 0.7% of cases. All
      3 patients developed other findings due to involvement of adjacent neural
      structures. Patients with HFS have a low probability of having a serious
      compressive lesion, but those with atypical features should be evaluated for
      cerebellopontine angle masses such as epidermoid tumors.

PMID- 2927686
TI  - Hysterical gait disorders: 60 cases.
AB  - Simulated gait abnormalities involve weakness of 1 or both legs or ataxia and
      trembling. The patterns rarely duplicate those of neurologic disability and are
      usually promptly suspected of being functional by the experienced clinician. As
      with other pseudoneurologic signs, normal underlying neurologic function must be
      demonstrated. A dramatic cure is the best diagnostic evidence, and a bias toward
      organic etiology is warranted by a relatively greater risk in delayed diagnosis.
      Dystonia and chorea are the signs most likely to be mistaken for functional
      conditions. While CT and MRI now provide a welcome diagnostic safety net, the
      variety of hysterical gaits, and probably the effectiveness of "moral" treatment,
      does not appear to have changed appreciably in the past century.

PMID- 2927685
TI  - Maximal and minimal motor nerve conduction velocities in amyotrophic lateral
      sclerosis.
AB  - In 15 patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and 20 age-matched
      control subjects, we measured the maximal and minimal motor nerve conduction
      velocities of the ulnar nerve as well as the action potential amplitude of the
      abductor digiti minimi muscle. Both maximal and minimal motor nerve conduction
      velocities in ALS patients were significantly lower than those in the control
      group. However, the difference between the maximal and minimal conduction
      velocities in each ALS patient was not statistically different from that in each
      control subject. The maximal action potential amplitude of the muscle in the ALS
      patients was significantly smaller than that in the control group.

PMID- 2927687
TI  - Time course of carbamazepine autoinduction. The VA Cooperative Study No.118
      Group.
AB  - We sequentially determined carbamazepine clearance values in 17 patients at the
      end of weeks 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 of monotherapy. There were no significant
      differences among these clearance values. In 11 of 17 patients, week 1 clearance
      accurately predicted week 12 carbamazepine serum concentration (within +/- 33%).
      Our data indicate that carbamazepine autoinduction was completed within the first
      1 or 2 weeks of monotherapy. Serum concentration values obtained after 1 week of
      monotherapy, using our dosing regimen, can be used to predict directly the dosing
      rate needed to obtain a specific serum concentration in most patients.

PMID- 2927688
TI  - Mechanism of pain caused by the nerve-root tension test in patients with
      sciatica.
AB  - We describe 2 instances where sciatic nerve block prevented pain in the sciatic
      nerve distribution caused by the nerve-root tension test in patients with
      radiculopathy. We hypothesize that antidromic activation of nociceptors from the
      injured root is a mechanism underlying sciatica.

PMID- 2927689
TI  - Dysplastic gangliocytoma and intractable partial seizures in childhood.
AB  - We describe the clinical, radiologic, and EEG features of 3 children who had
      dysplastic gangliocytomas of the cerebral hemispheres and drug resistant partial
      seizures that began in infancy. Following cortical resection, 2 are seizure-free
      and the third almost seizure-free. The dysplastic gangliocytoma may be an
      important and surgically remediable cause of very early malignant partial
      seizures.

PMID- 2927691
TI  - Phenobarbital for status.

PMID- 2927690
TI  - Myotonic dystrophy is not associated with abnormalities of calcium homeostasis.

PMID- 2927692
TI  - Skeletal myorhythmia.

PMID- 2927693
TI  - Sensory levels with brainstem lesions.

PMID- 2927694
TI  - Parkinson's disease and dementia.

PMID- 2927695
TI  - Memory impairment in myasthenia gravis.

PMID- 2927696
TI  - MS in twins.

PMID- 2927697
TI  - One-stage colectomy and ileorectal anastomosis for complete left-sided
      obstruction of the colon.
AB  - Fourteen patients with complete left-sided obstruction of the colon were treated
      by a one-stage emergency colectomy and primary ileorectal anastomosis. One
      patient died from anastomotic leakage. In selected patients the method should be
      considered as an alternative to the staged procedure.

PMID- 2927698
TI  - Thumb reconstruction in the severely damaged hand using finger remnants.
AB  - In severely injured hands with loss of the thumb and irreparable damage to one or
      more fingers, the thumb can often be reconstructed by transfer of a comparatively
      useless finger remnant. Sometimes this reconstruction can be performed at the
      time of primary treatment, but generally this is done as a secondary procedure.
      Seven patients were treated and considerable functional improvement was obtained
      in all instances.

PMID- 2927699
TI  - Urological complications following aorto-iliac reconstructive surgery.
AB  - The incidence of urological complications after aorto-iliac graft surgery was
      prospectively studied in 49 patients and retrospectively in 35 other patients
      operated on more than five years before. Follow-up of all 49 patients was one
      year. In one patient a mild asymptomatic hydronephrosis was discovered after four
      months. Two patients developed urinary tract infections and two other patients a
      urethral stricture. Late hydronephrosis was encountered in one out of 35
      patients. This patient had mild unilateral hydronephrosis. Based on the results
      of this study, routine examinations to detect hydronephrosis after aorto-iliac
      reconstructive surgery in patients with an uneventful course are not necessary.
      Intermittent postoperative catheterization of the bladder is advised to prevent
      urinary tract infections and/or urethral strictures.

PMID- 2927700
TI  - Surgical treatment of a bifid blind-ending ureter: report of two cases.
AB  - Two patients with a bifid blind-ending ureter are reported. Both patients were
      treated surgically with good results. The etiology, physiopathology and the
      treatment of choice for this rare urological anomaly are discussed.

PMID- 2927701
TI  - Aneurysm of the popliteal vein with multiple pulmonary thrombo-emboli: a case
      report.
AB  - Venous aneurysms are uncommon pathologic entities, which can lead to serious
      complications. A 75-year old patient is reported with a thrombosed aneurysm of
      the popliteal vein and multiple pulmonary thrombo-emboli. The diagnosis is in
      general based on venography. In the present case, however, ultrasonography was
      performed and led to the wrong diagnosis because of unfamiliarity with this
      entity. When ultrasonography of the popliteal fossa is performed, the possibility
      of aneurysms of the popliteal vein should be considered.

PMID- 2927702
TI  - Iatrogenic chylous ascites: operative or conservative approach.
AB  - Postoperative chylous ascites is a rare complication of aortic surgery. Two
      patients are presented with postoperative chylous ascites after abdominal aortic
      surgery. The value of either conservative management or an operative approach or
      peritoneo-venous shunting is discussed.

PMID- 2927703
TI  - Volvulus of the stomach after traumatic hernia diaphragmatica.
AB  - A patient with gastric volvulus after traumatic diaphragmatic rupture is
      reported. The trias of Borchardt (pain in epigastrio with gastric distension,
      hiccups with the inability to vomit, inability to secure the passage of a
      nasogastric tube) must raise the suspicion on acute gastric volvulus, especially
      if these abdominal complaints are associated with blunt abdominal trauma in the
      past. In these cases, lateral X-ray examinations of the chest and swallowing
      studies establish the diagnosis.

PMID- 2927704
TI  - [Cerebral ischemic malacia. A retrospective study of CAT scan-documented cases].
AB  - One hundred male patients affected by ischaemic stroke were studied with the use
      of CT scans. A clinical-biohumoral pattern was traced for every patient, with
      particular regard to the incidence of risk factors for stroke of which systolic
      arterial hypertension, appear to be the most frequent. It would be useful to
      extend this research to female patients as well in order to discover any
      significant differences between sexes.

PMID- 2927705
TI  - [Is malignant mesothelioma of the pleura only an occupational disease?].
AB  - Ten cases of pleural malignant mesothelioma identified histologically at the
      Department of General Medicine in May 1983-June 1987, are examined in this paper.
      Occupational risk factors and clinical features are discussed. Only one patient
      (10%) was subjected to occupational risk of asbestos exposure (as a smith) while
      the other nine patients showed a negative anamnesis for direct or indirect
      asbestos exposure. However, one of these patients was a tram-driver. The
      patients' mean age was 69 years old. 7 patients were males. 7 patients were born
      in an industrialized urban environment, 3 were born in an agricultural
      environment: all had been living in Milan for many years. Pleural fluid cytology
      was only useful in the diagnosis of 2 cases. This study suggests that pleural
      malignant mesothelioma is a neoplasm which also affects people not exposed to
      asbestos at work and that its frequency is increasing. The most probable cause is
      environmental contamination by asbestos of urban industrialized areas. Thus, it
      is necessary to eliminate this mineral from all manufacturing processes in which
      asbestos is not indispensable.

PMID- 2927706
TI  - [Hepatitis B vaccination with the plasma-derived Hevac-B Pasteur vaccine. A
      comparison of 2 populations: hospital personnel and hemodialysis patients].
AB  - A vaccination experiment using plasma-derived Hevac-B anti-hepatitis vaccine was
      conducted on two groups at high risk of HBV infection: hospital staff and
      hemodialyzed subjects. The qualities of the vaccine and the most important
      directions on how to use it rare briefly presented with a report on the protocol
      and the results of the vaccine cycle in both groups. It is concluded that the
      Hevac-B vaccine is efficacious in healthy subjects at risk, but gives an
      unsatisfactory result in immune deficient subjects, like those under
      haemodialysis.

PMID- 2927707
TI  - [A graphic study of levers in the human body].
AB  - A graphical method is proposed which permits one to determine by a simple drawing
      procedure for any lever in the human body the intensity of the muscular force and
      of the force acting on the fulcrum (i.e. on the joint) and the direction of this
      latter. The method is compared with the conventional one, in which muscular force
      is first determined by a calculation in which the geometrical lever arms are
      measured, and then fulcrum force is obtained by means of a vector construction.
      The new graphic method permits one to simultaneously obtain the intensity and the
      direction of the forces acting on the lever, without measuring or computing
      torque values.

PMID- 2927708
TI  - [The treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax. A report on 160 cases].
AB  - The results achieved in the treatment of 160 cases of spontaneous pneumothorax in
      1976-1986 are examined. Pleural aspiration drainage was practised in 141 cases
      and produced a permanent cure. 5 cases were surgically treated. Hospitalisation
      time was less than 16 days in 110 cases.

PMID- 2927709
TI  - [Anamnesis: a methodologic approach and diagnostic value].

PMID- 2927711
TI  - Hypothalamic angiotensinergic fibre systems terminate in the neurohypophysis.
AB  - A new affinity-purified anti-angiotensin II/III antibody ('BODE') was used to
      determine the location of angiotensin-like immunoreactivity in the paraventriculo
      hypophysial pathway, especially in the pituitary. Angiotensin-like
      immunoreactivity was shown to be concentrated in the neurohypophysis and was
      characterised by a dense plexus of fibres and terminals.

PMID- 2927710
TI  - Intracellular dyes mask immunoreactivity of hippocampal interneurons.
AB  - The results of several studies have suggested that local circuit neurons, or
      interneurons, of area CA1 of hippocampus use gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as
      their neurotransmitter. However, when these cells were labelled by intracellular
      dye injection, and examined immunocytochemically with antisera raised against
      GABA, none of the interneurons were immunoreactive. Numerous non-injected
      interneurons in the same tissue section were clearly immunoreactive. These
      results suggest that intracellular dyes interfere with immunocytochemical
      staining of hippocampal interneurons.

PMID- 2927712
TI  - An electrophysiologically defined trigemino-reticulo-facial pathway related to
      the blink reflex in the cat.
AB  - This study examines the direct projection of neurons in the pontomedullary
      reticular formation (RF) to the dorsal division of the facial nucleus (FN), where
      the orbicularis oculi motoneuron pool is located, and the nature of synaptic
      inputs to the RF neurons from the supraorbital branch of the trigeminal nerve
      (SON), using electrophysiological techniques in anesthetized cats. A large number
      of the RF neurons directly projected to the ipsilateral FN dorsal division, and
      some of these neurons issued axon branches probably terminating on motoneurons in
      the division. Many of the RF neurons projecting to the dorsal division were
      synaptically activated by ipsilateral SON stimulation. Most latencies of their
      activation were between the latencies of the early and late blink reflex
      responses, and the remaining latencies were shorter than those of the early
      response. These results suggest that the RF neurons mediate both the early and
      the late blink reflex responses, but mainly the late response, as premotor relay
      neurons.

PMID- 2927713
TI  - Expression of neurofilament immunoreactivity in developing rat cerebellum in
      vitro and in vivo.
AB  - The developmental expression of neurofilaments immunoreactivity was examined in
      frozen sections and in primary cultures of rat cerebellum by immunocytochemistry
      with a series of monoclonal antibodies and with a polyclonal antibody. In tissue
      sections immunocytochemical staining with all the antibodies used was observed in
      basket cells where adult-like appearance could be detected by 14 days of age and
      adult-level intensity was achieved by about 25 days. Granule cells remained
      unstained. Intense staining appeared in cerebellar white matter as early as 7
      days after birth. In contrast, neurofilaments immunoreactivity was detected in
      cultured granule cells from 7-day-old cerebellum. Only polyclonal antibodies
      reacting with the highly conserved middle alpha-helical domain of the
      neurofilament subunits were reactive in culture. Staining could be detected in
      the nerve cell bodies from the first day after plating; thereafter staining
      intensity increased and was also distributed in neurite extensions. We conclude
      that unlike their counterparts in vivo cultured embryonic granule cells can
      express certain neurofilaments immunoreactivity.

PMID- 2927714
TI  - Effects of synchrony between primate corticomotoneuronal cells on post-spike
      facilitation of muscles and motor units.
AB  - Cross-correlating the activity of neighboring motor cortex neurons recorded with
      independent electrodes in behaving monkeys has revealed synchronization peaks,
      largely due to common synaptic input. Corticomotoneuronal (CM) cells produced
      post-spike facilitation (PSF) of rectified forearm electromyograms (EMG); 15
      cells synchronized with CM cells showed no PSF. Five pairs of CM cells with
      overlapping muscle fields exhibited similar synchrony peaks. The contribution of
      this synchrony to facilitation of common target muscles was assessed by two new
      methods: selective spike-triggered averaging and convolution. They showed that
      the PSF is composed predominantly of effects mediated by output of the triggering
      cell, but may include a broad, shallow component mediated by synchrony with other
      CM cells.

PMID- 2927715
TI  - Electron microscopic localization of cholinergic terminals in the rat substantia
      nigra: an immunocytochemical study.
AB  - The presence of cholinergic terminals in the substantia nigra (SN) of the rat was
      investigated under the electron microscope using a monoclonal antibody against
      choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), the acetylcholine (ACh)-synthesizing enzyme,
      following the unlabelled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) procedure. ChAT
      immunoreactive terminals were found making synaptic contacts with unlabelled
      dendrites in the SN pars compacta (SNC). Synaptic contacts established between
      cholinergic boutons and immunonegative dendrites were observed in serial sections
      to be of asymmetric type. The unlabelled postsynaptic dendrites to immunoreactive
      terminals displayed similar morphological aspects to typical dopamine-containing
      dendrites of the SN. Results of this study provide fine ultrastructural
      neurochemical support for the existence of a cholinergic innervation of the rat
      SNC and are consistent with the reported excitatory action of ACh on SNC
      dopaminergic neurons.

PMID- 2927716
TI  - Development of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the hippocampal formation of
      normal and reeler mice.
AB  - Using antisera directed against somatostatin-28 or somatostatin-28(1-12), the
      development of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SS-LI) was examined in the
      hippocampal formation of normal and reeler mice. As early as postnatal day 5, SS
      labeled neurons exhibit the adult pattern of distribution in the normal
      hippocampal formation, these neurons being situated predominantly in the stratum
      oriens of the hippocampus and the hilus of the dentate gyrus. In contrast, SS
      labeled neurons in the reeler hippocampal formation are dispersed throughout the
      various layers, reflecting the disrupted laminar organization of the hippocampus
      in this mutant. In both the normal and reeler hippocampal formation, SS-labeled
      fibers are most abundant in the stratum lacunosum moleculare. However, in the
      reeler, there appears to be increase in the density of SS-LI fibers, not only in
      the stratum lacunosum moleculare but also in the stratum oriens, stratum radiatum
      and pyramidal cell layer of the hippocampus.

PMID- 2927717
TI  - Distinct afferents to internal and external pallidal segments in the squirrel
      monkey.
AB  - The use of retrograde fluorescence double-labeling method has revealed that the
      internal (GPi) and external (GPe) segments of globus pallidus in squirrel monkey
      receive projections from different cell populations in striatum and subthalamic
      nucleus. Striatal neurons projecting either to GPi or GPe formed wide and
      nonoverlapping cell bands oriented obliquely and covering large portions of
      putamen and caudate nucleus. Subthalamic neurons projecting to GPe were more
      abundant and more laterally located than those projecting to GPi. A few cells
      branching to GPi and GPe were found in subthalamic nucleus but not in striatum.
      Thus, different striatal and subthalamic neuronal populations influence GPi and
      GPe in primates.

PMID- 2927718
TI  - Neural substrates for long-term habituation of the acoustic startle reflex in
      rats: a 2-deoxyglucose study.
AB  - Autoradiography with [14C]2-deoxyglucose was used to examine the functional
      activity of the rat brain during long- and short-term habituation of the acoustic
      startle reflex. Long-term habituated rats, when compared to short-term rats,
      showed an enhanced metabolic activation of the auditory system, with the
      exclusion of thalamocortical levels. Regional metabolic increases were also
      located within the cerebellum and its major input-output structures. In contrast,
      the midbrain reticular formation and its ascending thalamocortical activating
      system showed a widespread metabolic suppression. The findings provide the first
      map of structures in a mammalian brain with learning-related metabolic
      alterations dependent on long-term habituation.

PMID- 2927719
TI  - Dopaminergic cells in the superior cervical ganglion of the rat: light and
      electron microscopic study using an antibody against dopamine.
AB  - So-called small intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells were visualized
      immunohistochemically using a newly developed anti-dopamine (DA) serum in the rat
      superior cervical ganglia (SCG), both light and electron microscopically.
      Specificity of the anti-DA serum was tested in a control test and enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay (ELISA). DA-immunoreactivity was found in a subpopulation of
      SIF cells, but not in principal neurons. Ultrastructurally, DA-immunoreactivity
      was noticed in the cytoplasmic matrix and vesicles of perikarya, dendritic
      processes and terminals of SIF cells. DA-labeled terminals made symmetrical
      synaptic contacts with unlabeled principal neurons. These findings provide a
      morphological basis for the role of dopaminergic SIF cells as interneurons.

PMID- 2927720
TI  - Distribution of terminals of thalamocortical fibers originating from the
      ventrolateral nucleus of the cat thalamus.
AB  - Anterograde labelling following focal injections of Phaseolus vulgaris
      leucoagglutinin was used to identify the threedimensional cortical distribution
      of thalamocortical (TC) fibers from the ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus of
      the cat. The labelled TC fibers were distributed usually in layers I and III of
      the motor cortex and the terminals in layer III tended to aggregate into patches
      about 1-1.5 mm wide in a mediolateral direction. These patches were arranged in
      longitudinal strips about 2-5 mm long in a rostrocaudal direction and were
      separated by gaps of terminal free area.

PMID- 2927721
TI  - Proton-induced chloride current and voltage-activated Na+ and Ca2+ currents in
      embryonic neurons from the medicinal leech (Hirudo medicinalis).
AB  - Voltage-activated ionic currents and currents induced by step changes in proton
      concentration (pH 7.9-6.7) were studied in early embryonic neurons from Hirudo
      medicinalis. Ganglia were dissociated at embryonic day (E) 8-15, and the largest
      neurons were investigated using whole-cell patch clamp recording. All cells
      studied displayed voltage-activated Na+ and Ca2+ currents. Step changes in pH
      induced sustained currents which reversed at the equilibrium potential for Cl-
      and were blocked by substituting Cl- with acetate or sulfate. These currents thus
      differ in their ion selectivity from proton-induced currents in vertebrate
      neurons which are carried by Na+.

PMID- 2927722
TI  - Age-related changes in regional patterns of blood-brain barrier breakdown during
      epileptiform seizures induced by pentylenetetrazol.
AB  - Age related changes in blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability to macromolecules
      were investigated during seizures induced by pentylenetetrazol in rats aged from
      6 to 120 days. Evans blue was used as a visual indicator of BBB integrity. BBB
      leakage due to seizures was present only in animals in which the mean arterial
      blood pressure (BP) rose with the seizure onset. Although considerable BBB damage
      was found partly in similar areas in young and adult rat brains, in adults the
      leakage of Evans blue was most intense in preoptic area, colliculus inferior,
      hypothalamus and cerebellum whereas the BBB opening was comparatively rare, in
      the same areas of young brains. In 6- and 15-day-old rats which did not differ in
      BP changes from the adults, the leakage was extremely intense in hypothalamus and
      hippocampus and in contrast to 30- or 120-day-old rats there was no leakage of
      Evans blue in preoptic area and cerebral cortex. From the results obtained, the
      conclusion may be drawn that the brain regions which are vulnerable to seizures
      induced by pentylenetetrazol differ markedly in developing and adult rats. On the
      other hand, in adult animals, either certain brain areas are more vulnerable to
      pentylenetetrazol or the BBB has an increased fragility particular to seizure
      activity. These results indicate that the sensitivity of BBB mechanisms may
      depend on proliferation of capillaries and changes in their internal structure
      and may emphasize it.

PMID- 2927723
TI  - Enhancement by haloperidol of the locomotor response induced by naloxone in
      morphine-treated guinea pigs.
AB  - Guinea pigs given naloxone hydrochloride, 15 mg/kg subcutaneously (s.c.) 2 h
      after a single dose of morphine sulphate, 15 mg/kg s.c. exhibit a withdrawal
      response which is characterized by a marked increase in locomotor activity. In
      this study the effects of haloperidol on the morphine locomotor withdrawal
      response of guinea-pigs were investigated. Locomotor activity was measured in a
      cage fitted with a single infra-red photocell and detector. Haloperidol, at a
      dose of 1 mg/kg, s.c., given 0.5 h prior to administration of naloxone slightly
      enhanced the morphine locomotor withdrawal response, and at a dose of 10 mg/kg,
      markedly enhanced the response. Chronic pretreatment of guinea pigs with
      haloperidol, 1 mg/kg, daily for 21 days did not alter the locomotor withdrawal
      response. It remains to be established whether the enhancement by haloperidol of
      the opiate withdrawal response is a functional reflection of its interaction with
      dopamine, sigma or other receptors.

PMID- 2927724
TI  - Age-dependence of the solubility fractions of acetylcholinesterase in the
      cerebral cortex and cerebellum of the rat.
AB  - Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity in the cerebral cortex and the
      different solubility fractions of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the cerebral
      cortex and cerebellum were investigated in rats of different ages. ChAT activity
      was not decreased markedly in the cerebral cortex of 24- to 25-month-old rats
      compared to 3- to 4-month-old rats. The activity of detergent-soluble (DS) AChE
      in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum was lower in the older rats (24-25 months)
      rats than in younger (3-4 months) ones. The activity of DS-AChE in the cerebral
      cortex and cerebellum did not differ between 10- to 11-month-old and 24- to 25
      month-old rats. The activity of low salt soluble (LSS) AChE in the cerebral
      cortex and cerebellum did not differ between older and younger rats.

PMID- 2927725
TI  - Feeding or exposure to food odors increases extracellular DOPAC levels (as
      measured by in vivo voltammetry) in the prefrontal cortex of food-deprived rats.
AB  - The effects of feeding or of exposure to food odors (without opportunity to feed)
      on dopamine metabolism in the prefrontal cortex have been investigated in rats
      food deprived for 24 h. Dopamine metabolism was assessed by measuring
      extracellular DOPAC levels by in vivo voltammetry with carbon fiber electrodes.
      Feeding in fasted rats was accompanied by an increase in extracellular cortical
      DOPAC levels which gradually returned to basal levels within 90 min after the
      onset of meal. A similar, though slightly less pronounced, increase in cortical
      dopamine metabolism was found in fasted rats exposed to food odors but not
      allowed to feed. These results indicate that feeding or the olfactory stimulation
      associated with food presentation causes an increase in mesocortical dopaminergic
      neuron activity.

PMID- 2927726
TI  - Nursing's image and the future.

PMID- 2927727
TI  - Curriculum revolution: reconceptualizing clinical nursing education.

PMID- 2927729
TI  - When national health insurance comes: where will nursing be?

PMID- 2927728
TI  - Losses and laughter.

PMID- 2927730
TI  - Nursing patterns of knowing and feminist thought.

PMID- 2927731
TI  - Independent and dependent paths: the fundamental issue for the nursing
      profession.

PMID- 2927732
TI  - Classifying nursing diagnoses: a self-care approach.

PMID- 2927734
TI  - "Terminal" is a relative term.

PMID- 2927733
TI  - Ethics and values in nursing: are we opening Pandora's box?

PMID- 2927735
TI  - Collaborative research: process and measurement.

PMID- 2927736
TI  - A textbook coding tool. Part 2. Assessing nursing textbooks.

PMID- 2927737
TI  - A comparison of two approaches to empathy training.

PMID- 2927738
TI  - Index for nursing faculty evaluation.

PMID- 2927739
TI  - Growing pains: faculty stages in adopting a nursing model.

PMID- 2927740
TI  - Care plans, clinical, and away games: helping the student nurse athlete.
AB  - How can students successfully blend the rigorous academic, physical, and
      emotional demands of nursing education and athletics? Based on survey results,
      the author discusses problems faced by nursing student athletes and suggestions
      made by faculty for resolving problems.

PMID- 2927741
TI  - Preparing the academic dossier.
AB  - Do you understand the purpose and potential power of a dossier? Understanding how
      to organize and present a dossier is an essential commodity in the academic
      community. For nurse educators who do not have a dossier, the author reviews its
      importance and presents guidelines for its development. For nurse educators who
      maintain a dossier, the author presents ideas for its refinement.

PMID- 2927742
TI  - Baccalaureate to MSN: an accelerated pathway for second degree students.
AB  - While most nursing schools are experiencing declining enrollment, the author's
      baccalaureate nursing program saw an increase in applications from one group of
      people--those with non-nursing degrees. Realizing the value of this group to
      nursing and the department, the author describes how an accelerated master's
      degree pathway was developed and implemented for those with degrees in non
      nursing fields.

PMID- 2927744
TI  - Students can enhance writing skills while promoting health.

PMID- 2927743
TI  - Remembering and sharing through poetry writing.
AB  - Reminiscing may have therapeutic outcomes for the elderly. In this article, the
      author describes how nursing students used poetry writing to stimulate
      reminiscence in group work with the elderly. The outcomes included reciprocal
      benefits for both the students and the elderly participants.

PMID- 2927745
TI  - Questioning the Tyler model?

PMID- 2927746
TI  - Research teaching strategies.

PMID- 2927748
TI  - How meaningful are course titles?

PMID- 2927747
TI  - Developing scientific relationships through leadership.

PMID- 2927749
TI  - Caffeine restriction as initial treatment for breast pain.
AB  - The effects of methylxanthines (caffeine, theophylline and theobromine) on the
      symptoms associated with fibrocystic breast disease were studied in 147 patients.
      Disease was documented by mammography, physical examination and clinical
      symptoms. Only those individuals with breast pain (n = 138) were included in the
      study. Questionnaires were presented and explained to all patients by the same
      nurse examiner. Patients reported their degree of caffeine consumption as either
      light (two cups per day or less of caffeine-containing beverages or foods),
      moderate (more than two cups, but less than six cups per day), or heavy (six cups
      per day or more of caffeine-containing products). They additionally reported
      breast pain as mild, moderate or severe. Past medical and family histories were
      reported as well as medication intake. All patients were counseled to abstain
      from or reduce caffeine consumption and were given a list of commonly used
      caffeine-containing products. The results at the end of one year indicated that
      compliance was high, with 113 patients (81.9 percent) reducing their caffeine
      intake substantially and, of those, 69 (61 percent) reporting a decrease or
      absence of breast pain. This study supports the findings of others in that
      caffeine restriction is an effective means of management of breast pain
      associated with fibrocystic disease.

PMID- 2927750
TI  - Tips on writing successful grant proposals.
AB  - Writing a grant proposal is both a means of obtaining research funds and of
      clarifying and developing a research project. When developing and writing a grant
      proposal, the applicant must consider the criteria used by funding agencies in
      its evaluation: expertise of the applicant, the research question, knowledge of
      the field, soundness of the research design, relevance, ethics and budget.
      Addressing these criteria will assist the applicant in developing an effective
      grant proposal. Applicants should also target their proposal to all agencies that
      have an interest in the field of the research. Alternative sources of research
      funds, such as private foundations, should be explored whenever possible. If an
      application is not funded, the researcher should use the reviewers' comments to
      improve the proposal for the purpose of resubmission. This article discusses some
      of the basics of preparing and submitting a grant proposal to funding agencies in
      order to obtain support for nursing research.

PMID- 2927751
TI  - Nurses' involvement in smoking cessation.

PMID- 2927752
TI  - Disorders of excessive daytime sleepiness.
AB  - The complaint of excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) is associated with a number
      of disorders. The frequently disabling symptoms of EDS are just beginning to be
      addressed. This article offers nurse practitioners background information to help
      in evaluating EDS symptoms. Disorders related to the physiological need for sleep
      and the response to disrupted sleep or the effect of psychobiological sleep
      disruption are presented. Differential diagnoses are reviewed and keys to case
      management are offered. The management of sleep disorders may involve a
      collaborative role with other health professionals in order to provide optimal
      patient care. To assist the NP in referring the patient to specialized care,
      referral services are described.

PMID- 2927753
TI  - The 'window phase' of HIV.

PMID- 2927754
TI  - An act of love, not betrayal.

PMID- 2927755
TI  - Death & dying.

PMID- 2927756
TI  - Strangulation.

PMID- 2927757
TI  - Head-injured patients: how to detect early signs of trouble (continuing education
      credit).

PMID- 2927758
TI  - Letting the family in during a code.

PMID- 2927759
TI  - Letting the family in during a code. A trauma nurse's opinion.

PMID- 2927760
TI  - Letting the family in during a code. Legally, it makes good sense.

PMID- 2927761
TI  - Performing CPR on infants.

PMID- 2927762
TI  - Practical ways to assert yourself.

PMID- 2927763
TI  - Pressure sores: dressed for successful healing.

PMID- 2927764
TI  - Solving bioethical dilemmas: a practical approach.

PMID- 2927765
TI  - At night they cry.

PMID- 2927766
TI  - Grunting respirations: sure distress.

PMID- 2927768
TI  - Skin care: managing breakdown.

PMID- 2927769
TI  - Toileting patients: lifting aid.

PMID- 2927767
TI  - Mrs. McGiver's collapse--unmasking the true cause.

PMID- 2927770
TI  - Adverse drug reactions: reaching the F.D.A.

PMID- 2927771
TI  - Home care: how to support family caregivers.

PMID- 2927772
TI  - To Bobby, with love--and thanks.

PMID- 2927773
TI  - When a patient's scheduled for G.I. studies.

PMID- 2927774
TI  - Myths & facts about myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2927775
TI  - Managing emergencies.

PMID- 2927776
TI  - [A first in the drug industry--the underpinnings of a pill].

PMID- 2927777
TI  - [Cognitive disorders in the elderly patient].

PMID- 2927778
TI  - [Arthritis].

PMID- 2927779
TI  - [How do you record your observations?].

PMID- 2927781
TI  - Behavioral alert.

PMID- 2927780
TI  - [Nursing care for patients with severe burns].

PMID- 2927782
TI  - [Children of AIDS].

PMID- 2927783
TI  - [The nursing profession in the northern regions of Canada].

PMID- 2927784
TI  - [The Department of Health and Social Services: plan of action against AIDS: phase
      II].

PMID- 2927785
TI  - [Beyond the code of professional conduct].

PMID- 2927786
TI  - Qualitative research: publishing and funding.

PMID- 2927787
TI  - Philosophical ponderings on qualitative research methods in nursing.
AB  - This article focuses on the philosophical underpinnings of qualitative research
      methods. The historical context reflects an interpretive turn from envisioning
      nursing as a natural science to one of a human science. The phenomological
      paradigm is reflected upon in the questioning of perception, philosophy, nursing
      philosophy, paradigms, assumptions, and praxis. An invitation to embrace human
      understanding of experience, meaning of life worlds, the essences of experience,
      the attentive practice of thoughtfulness, and caring attunements is extended. The
      aims of discovery and qualitative research methods are presented within social,
      experiential, linguistic, and cultural contexts. In a fundamental sense, this
      paper is about the meaning and seriousness of human experience and nursing's
      efforts to study such experience faithfully, with reverence and wonderment.

PMID- 2927788
TI  - The relentless drive to be ever thinner: a study using the phenomenological
      method.
AB  - The relentless drive to be thinner is an experience lived by many individuals in
      the present sociohistorical context. Since fundamental questions concerning the
      structure of this lived experience remain unanswered in the literature, theory
      based approaches to nursing practice have yet to be conceptualized for these
      individuals. The investigator was unable to find even a single nursing study
      related to the target phenomenon. The present study addresses the foundational
      question: What is it like to live the experience of the relentless drive to be
      ever thinner? Retrospective written and verbal accounts from two women who had
      lived this experience were analyzed using the Giorgi modification of the
      phenomenological method. The central finding of this study was: The relentless
      drive to be ever thinner is a persistent struggle toward an imaged self lived
      through withdrawing-engaging. This theoretical proposition was found to be
      congruent with Parse's theory of nursing. The study findings suggest directions
      for innovative nursing practice and support Parse's theory as a useful
      perspective for the investigation of health experiences.

PMID- 2927789
TI  - Qualitative findings: what to do with them?

PMID- 2927790
TI  - The lived experience of recovering from addiction: a phenomenological study.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to evolve a structural description of the
      experience of recovering from addiction. The phenomenological method was chosen
      for the study. The sample consisted of three subjects recovering from addiction.
      The subjects were asked to write a description of a situation in which they were
      aware of recovering from their addiction. Each subject was then interviewed to
      elaborate on portions of the written description. The phenomenon, recovering from
      addiction, emerged from the findings of this study as a lived experience of
      struggling to pull self out of a well of darkness into the comfort of light. This
      is experienced as the person lives profound shifts in ways of being. As these
      shifts rhythmically move the person toward openness to the light of
      possibilities, the person chooses to move beyond with comfort and trust in the
      negentropic process of becoming. The findings of this study support the value of
      the phenomenological method for nursing research and the nursing theory, man
      living-health. The results of this study also support nursing practice as a
      healing relationship illuminating meaning in situations and mobilizing choices in
      the negentropic process of becoming.

PMID- 2927791
TI  - Standards for qualitative research.
AB  - One of the greatest obstacles to the identification of excellence in qualitative
      studies is the lack of generally accepted criteria. The criteria developed for
      quantitative studies are based on a different set of assumptions and are not
      appropriate. Those who critique qualitative studies need context flexibility,
      skills in inductive reasoning, skills in theory analysis, and the capacity to
      transform ideas across levels of abstraction. The following standards are
      proposed for critique of qualitative studies: (a) descriptive vividness; (b)
      methodological congruence; (c) analytic preciseness; (d) theoretical
      connectedness; and (e) heuristic relevance. Methodological congruence has four
      elements: rigor in documentation; procedural rigor; ethical rigor; and
      auditability. Heuristic relevance has three elements: intuitive recognition;
      relationship to existing body of knowledge; and applicability. Threats to each of
      these standards are identified. Creative strategies for improving the published
      presentation of qualitative studies must be developed to allow adequate critique.

PMID- 2927792
TI  - Qualitative research: a process of discovery.

PMID- 2927793
TI  - Phenomenological research in nursing: commentary and responses.

PMID- 2927794
TI  - The role of selenium deficiency in occidental dilated cardiomyopathy.
AB  - The whole blood selenium concentrations were measured in 14 consecutive cases of
      catheter-proven dilated cardiomyopathy. The mean range of selenium was 59 ng/mL
      (SD 14). Patients with coronary heart disease had a mean value of 44 ng/mL (9.7)
      and normal controls had 78 ng/mL (20.1). These results would not support the
      hypothesis that selenium deficiency is an important causative agent in dilated
      cardiomyopathy in New Zealand.

PMID- 2927795
TI  - Who comes back to a paediatric outpatient clinic?
AB  - Over a four week period, 498 children had appointments to be seen again at a
      paediatric medical outpatient clinic. 15.8% of the patients did not keep their
      appointments. The three most common types of disorder accounting for over half
      the consultations were asthma, neurological/developmental problems and
      genitourinary conditions. Over half (57%) had been referred within the previous
      two years, and only 29% had been seen for three or more years. Involvement with
      other medical and paramedical specialists occurred in 55%. This reflected the
      multidisciplinary management approach for the longer term patients. Only 14 new
      such referrals were generated as a result of the consultations over the four week
      study period. The work of the clinic was concerned with relevant chronic disease.

PMID- 2927796
TI  - Trends in private medical insurance ownership: lessons for the public sector.
AB  - Data on ownership of private medical insurance were collected from a fully
      national sample of over 1000 adults. Findings were compared with those of a study
      undertaken in 1981. Private medical insurance was owned by 40% of the sample, an
      increase from the 35% ownership in the earlier study. The increase has been
      predominantly amongst nonMaori New Zealanders and women have increased ownership
      more than men. Insurance ownership was most common amongst the middle age group
      (36-50 years) but it has increased significantly amongst the older groups.
      Greatest areas of growth in ownership were in Auckland and Wellington where
      proportionate ownership was 52% and 50% respectively. Medical insurance was
      employer provided amongst 15% of those with insurance, the same proportion as
      found in the earlier study. Employer subsidy to insurance was evident also. Major
      reasons to take out insurance were for primary care purposes, so as to overcome
      the cost barrier to general practitioner services. Other reasons mentioned
      included avoidance of waiting for treatment and increase in choice of specialist
      or hospital. Reasons for giving up insurance were cost of premium,
      disillusionment with benefits and disqualification through age or illness.

PMID- 2927797
TI  - A standard for ethical committees.

PMID- 2927798
TI  - The scientific method.

PMID- 2927799
TI  - Sickness absenteeism and smoking.

PMID- 2927800
TI  - Autopsy and the cause of death.

PMID- 2927801
TI  - Bed needs in psychiatry.

PMID- 2927802
TI  - The O & G Society: an experiment in postgraduate education.

PMID- 2927803
TI  - Cervical cancer in Pacific island Polynesians.

PMID- 2927804
TI  - Acute renal failure in a critical care unit.
AB  - We have reviewed all patients in a critical care unit who required dialysis for
      acute renal failure during a five year period from 1981-5. There were 45
      patients, all of whom were severely ill, the majority requiring mechanical
      ventilation. Twenty-five were classified as surgical, including trauma, eighteen
      medical and two obstetric. The overall mortality rate was 53%. A wide range of
      variables were reviewed and it was found that only the number of failed organs
      was a significant predictor of mortality. Progressive multiple organ failure in
      turn was associated with ineradicable sepsis in the majority, although in 25% of
      deaths with multiple organ failure, sepsis was not proven. Patients without
      sepsis or multiple organ failure had excellent survival. Further reductions in
      the acute renal failure mortality rate will depend on better methods of
      prevention, diagnosis, and management of sepsis.

PMID- 2927805
TI  - The diagnosis of sexual abuse of children.

PMID- 2927806
TI  - Reasons for racial differences in A & E attendance rates for asthma.
AB  - To determine whether racial differences in the severity of asthma accounted for
      the higher accident and emergency department (A & E) use by Pacific Islanders and
      Maoris, a study of A & E users at Middlemore Hospital and of asthmatics using
      urgent medical services was undertaken. Europeans reported more daytime symptoms
      of asthma (p less than 0.0005) and were on more medications (p less than 0.005)
      than Pacific Islanders, with Maoris intermediate (ns). Relative to the perceived
      severity of their asthma, both Maoris and Pacific Islanders lost more time from
      work or school and used hospital services more than European asthmatics using A &
      E. The increased use of A & E by Maori and Pacific Island asthmatics seemed not
      attributable to the intrinsic severity of their asthma and was better explained
      by ethnic, socioeconomic and sociocultural factors. Pacific Islanders had less
      self management skills and, like Maoris, were less likely to be on prophylactic
      medications relative to oral bronchodilator use and these factors likely
      contributed to their increased morbidity.

PMID- 2927807
TI  - The validity of Maori mortality statistics.
AB  - Data from an Auckland coronary heart disease register have been used to assess
      the validity of Maori mortality statistics produced by the National Health
      Statistics Centre. During the period 1983-4, 804 people aged 35-64 years and
      resident in the Auckland statistical region, were identified by both the register
      and death registration data as having died of coronary heart disease. The
      coronary heart disease register failed to classify the ethnicity of thirteen of
      these people. Of the remaining 791 cases, the register classified 80 as Maori
      while only 44 were classified as Maori in the national death registration data;
      over the period 1983-4 Maori mortality due to coronary heart disease in the
      Auckland statistical region was understated by 82% (80-44/44). Although some of
      this discrepancy may be due to differences in classification of ethnicity, the
      major reason for the understatement is missing information on the death
      registration form. Simple changes in the documentation of ethnicity could
      markedly reduce the degree of underreporting.

PMID- 2927808
TI  - Nondiscocytic erythrocytes in myalgic encephalomyelitis.
AB  - Blood samples from 102 volunteers who believed they suffered from myalgic
      encephalomyelitis were photographed in a scanning electron microscope at 500x.
      All identifiable cells were counted and classified on the basis of their shape.
      The frequency of each cell shape was expressed as a percentage of the total
      number of cells counted in the sample. The resulting data were compared with that
      from 52 healthy controls and 99 cases of multiple sclerosis which had been
      selected randomly by a computer from a panel of 229 cases in a concurrent study.
      Samples from subjects with myalgic encephalomyelitis had the lowest percentages
      of normal red cells and the highest incidence of cup forms. The results provide
      evidence that myalgic encephalomyelitis has an organic cause. Quantitative
      analysis of red cell shape may assist in the diagnosis of myalgic
      encephalomyelitis.

PMID- 2927809
TI  - Recent general practice contacts of hospitalised suicide attempters.
AB  - This study investigated the timing of recent medical contact in 150 patients
      hospitalised for a suicide attempt. The research also examined the proportion of
      attempters complaining of feeling depressed or suicidal to their doctor at that
      recent consultation. Seventy-three percent of attempters had seen their doctor in
      the past three months. Contact with general practitioners was most common in the
      week before their attempt with 32% of all attempters visiting their doctor during
      this time and 56% visiting in the previous month. Of those attempters who had
      consulted their general practitioner prior to their attempt, only 35% had
      complained about feeling depressed or suicidal to their doctor. Several factors
      that hinder the successful identification of suicidal risk in the general
      practitioner-patient relationship are identified. The implications of these
      findings for suicide prevention are discussed.

PMID- 2927811
TI  - Diving medicals.

PMID- 2927810
TI  - Quality of outcome and cost in an obstetric and neonatal service.
AB  - A review has been made of the outcome and efficiency of the obstetric and
      neonatal service, St Helen's Hospital, Auckland. In the last seven years there
      has been a 33% fall in perinatal mortality rates to 5.88 per 1000 births in 1987.
      The average perinatal death rate for Maori infants was low, 4.81 per 1000
      compared to 7.43 per 1000 for Europeans over this period. There has been a 38%
      increase in births to 3597 a year while the total hospital staffing has only
      risen 9%. Thus the ratio of births to staff has increased by 26.6% to 15.6. The
      cost per infant delivered in constant dollars has fallen 18.7% in the same period
      to $2432. The postnatal bed occupancy was 101% in 1987 and the average day stay
      fell to 5.7 days. An extra 61 full time staff would be needed to reduce the
      workload to that of 1981 and the staff is now unable to give the family focused
      holistic care that is needed.

PMID- 2927812
TI  - Medical research--who minds the minders?

PMID- 2927813
TI  - Referral by general practitioners to specialists in other board areas.

PMID- 2927814
TI  - General practitioner services.

PMID- 2927815
TI  - Cot deaths.

PMID- 2927816
TI  - Bed needs in psychiatry.

PMID- 2927817
TI  - Drugs in sports.

PMID- 2927818
TI  - Markets revisited.

PMID- 2927819
TI  - Alternative medicine.

PMID- 2927820
TI  - Theory Z may reduce turnover.

PMID- 2927821
TI  - An expert answers common questions about primary nursing.

PMID- 2927822
TI  - Professional nursing case management improves quality, access and costs.

PMID- 2927823
TI  - Case-managed care: capitalizing on the CNS.

PMID- 2927825
TI  - Marketing private duty services.

PMID- 2927824
TI  - Reliability of the nursing classification index for home healthcare.

PMID- 2927826
TI  - Empathy training: development of sensitivity and caring in hospitals.

PMID- 2927827
TI  - The Army nursing care team.

PMID- 2927828
TI  - Recording end of life directives on hospital admission.

PMID- 2927829
TI  - The news from the front ...

PMID- 2927830
TI  - The prestige of today's nurse.

PMID- 2927831
TI  - Correction please!

PMID- 2927832
TI  - Disease-specific isolation: the alternate method.

PMID- 2927833
TI  - Fee schedule and direct billing for CRNA services.

PMID- 2927834
TI  - Vulnerable no more.

PMID- 2927835
TI  - What the nurses know.

PMID- 2927836
TI  - Case-based prospective price reimbursement.

PMID- 2927837
TI  - Hospital-based SNFs improve the bottom line.

PMID- 2927838
TI  - Multis, mergers, acquisitions and the healthcare provider.

PMID- 2927839
TI  - Initiating a diabetic center.

PMID- 2927840
TI  - Conflict in the operating room.

PMID- 2927841
TI  - Obstacles to collaborative practice.

PMID- 2927842
TI  - Forensic odontology and the identification of human remains.
AB  - The forensic odontology discipline has proven to be another extremely important
      avenue of dentistry's service to mankind. Only the deeply committed,
      knowledgeable and skillful dental professional can provide this service and it
      cannot be duplicated. Scientific investigation leading to continual improvements
      in the techniques of identification as well as the other facts of forensic
      odontology are typical of dental professionalism and service.

PMID- 2927843
TI  - Forensic odontology and mass disasters.

PMID- 2927844
TI  - The dentist, forensics and the law.

PMID- 2927845
TI  - Bite mark evidence. Recognition, preservation, analysis and courtroom
      presentation.

PMID- 2927846
TI  - Forensic odontology serving modern society.

PMID- 2927847
TI  - Computer advice.

PMID- 2927848
TI  - A bit of plagiarism or JFK updated.

PMID- 2927849
TI  - Quantitative hemodynamic effects of acute volume expansion in severe
      preeclampsia.
AB  - In a study of eight patients with severe preeclampsia, cumulative rapid infusions
      of 500 mL (set of eight patients) and 1000 mL (subset of five patients) of 5%
      albumin in normal saline were followed with invasive hemodynamic measurements at
      5 and 30 minutes. Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and central venous pressure
      rose. Cardiac index rose 23 and 34% at 5 minutes after the 500-mL and 1000-mL
      infusions, respectively; at 30 minutes, it remained at 17 and 34%, respectively,
      above control. The systemic vascular resistance index fell 24 and 29% below
      control values at 5 minutes after the respective infusions; at 30 minutes, it
      remained at 15 and 25%, respectively, below control. Mean systemic arterial
      pressure was unchanged, except for a small reduction shortly after the initial
      500-mL infusion. In contrast, mean pulmonary arterial pressure rose
      significantly. Hence, the dominant effects of acute volume expansion in severe
      preeclampsia include an unchanged (or slightly reduced) mean systemic arterial
      pressure, resulting from marked elevations in cardiac index and concomitant,
      proportionate declines in systemic vascular resistance index.

PMID- 2927850
TI  - Puerperal uterine inversion.
AB  - A 10-year retrospective study of acute puerperal inversion of the uterus was
      undertaken at Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island. There were 11
      inversions in 70,481 deliveries for an incidence of one in 6407. The age ranged
      from 19-31 years. Seventy-three percent occurred in nulliparous women. All cases
      were recognized immediately, and vaginal replacement was successful in nine
      patients. One patient had a placenta accreta necessitating a supracervical
      hysterectomy, and one patient required a laparotomy and Huntington procedure for
      replacement. Six patients had blood loss greater than 1000 mL and three required
      transfusion. There were no maternal deaths.

PMID- 2927851
TI  - Logistic regression analysis of risk factors for intra-amniotic infection.
AB  - The identification of risk factors for intra-amniotic infection may allow changes
      in obstetric management and reduce complications. In a pilot study, stepwise
      logistic regression identified duration of ruptured membranes and duration of
      interval monitoring as significant risk factors for intra-amniotic infection.
      Using the preliminary regression equation, we established critical durations
      (risk criteria) to predict a 20% or greater probability of intra-amniotic
      infection. Subsequently, 2908 patients were screened prospectively for risk
      criteria and/or the presence of intra-amniotic infection. Seven hundred five
      patients of the 2908 (24%) met the risk criteria, and 107 of 124 cases of intra
      amniotic infection (86%) met the risk criteria. In patients meeting the risk
      criteria, the relative risk of intra-amniotic infection was 19.7. In addition, 81
      of 705 (12%) of mothers developed endometritis. Ten neonates of mothers with
      criteria developed sepsis or pneumonia. A stepwise logistic regression performed
      on the prospectively gathered data showed that among patients meeting risk
      criteria, parity, duration of internal monitoring, and duration of membrane
      rupture were the significant risk factors for intra-amniotic infection.

PMID- 2927852
TI  - Meta-analysis of the relationship between asymptomatic bacteriuria and preterm
      delivery/low birth weight.
AB  - The relationship between asymptomatic bacteriuria and prematurity/low birth
      weight (LBW) is still a controversial issue, despite many studies. Meta-analysis,
      a research tool designed to analyze and combine the results of previous studies,
      may resolve this discrepancy among contradictory results of clinical trials. The
      purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between asymptomatic
      bacteriuria and preterm delivery/LBW using meta-analysis. Reports from the
      literature were classified according to study design into cohort or randomized
      treatment control trials. Meta-analysis of cohort studies showed that untreated
      asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy significantly increased rates of LBW
      and preterm delivery. Nonbacteriuric patients had only about two-thirds the risk
      (typical relative risk = 0.65; 95% confidence interval 0.57, 0.74) of LBW and
      half the risk (typical relative risk = 0.50; 95% confidence interval 0.36, 0.70)
      of preterm delivery of those with untreated asymptomatic bacteriuria. These
      reduced risks correspond to a 3.4 (confidence interval 1.8, 5.0) percentage-point
      difference in LBW and a 3.8 (1.1, 6.4) percentage-point difference in preterm
      delivery. The analysis of randomized clinical trials showed that antibiotic
      treatment significantly reduced the risk of LBW (typical relative risk = 0.56;
      95% confidence interval 0.43, 0.73), with a substantial reduction of 6.4
      (confidence interval 3.3, 9.5) percentage points in the rate of LBW. We conclude
      that clinical and epidemiologic evidence indicates a strong association between
      untreated asymptomatic bacteriuria and LBW/preterm delivery and that antibiotic
      treatment is effective in reducing the occurrence of LBW.

PMID- 2927853
TI  - The effects of lactation on bone mineral content in healthy postpartum women.
AB  - Bone mineral contents were estimated by dual photon absorptiometry of the lumbar
      spine (L2-L4) and single photon absorptiometry of the mid- and distal radius in
      19 healthy women on their second postpartum day and at 6 months postpartum. All
      bone mineral measurements were performed by one technician, and the single and
      dual photon absorptiometry results were read by one observer. Daily oral calcium
      intakes were estimated from dietary histories obtained by a dietitian. Twelve
      women who breast-fed exclusively throughout the first 6 months postpartum were
      compared with seven formula-feeding women who did not breast-feed or who breast
      fed for less than 3 months postpartum. No differences were found in age, parity,
      height, weight, or daily calcium intake between the breast- and formula-feeding
      women. Breast-feeding women had a significant decrease (averaging 6.5%) in bone
      mineral of the lumbar spine at 6 months postpartum as compared with 2 days
      postpartum (1.14 +/- 0.03 versus 1.22 +/- 0.03 g/cm2, mean +/- SEM; P less than
      .001), whereas no significant change occurred in the formula-feeding women at 6
      months (1.24 +/- 0.03 versus 1.26 +/- 0.04 g/cm2). At 6 months postpartum, the
      breast-feeding women had a significantly lower mean bone mineral content of the
      lumbar spine than did formula-feeding women (P less than .05). No significant
      changes were noted in bone mineral content of the mid- or distal radius in either
      group of women during the period of evaluation. We conclude that during the first
      6 months postpartum, breast-feeding is associated with bone mineral loss from the
      lumbar spine, but not from the mid- or distal radius.

PMID- 2927854
TI  - Complications of uterine leiomyomas in pregnancy.
AB  - Uterine leiomyomas are found in approximately 2% of pregnant women. One of ten
      women with myomas will have complications related to myomas during pregnancy. The
      major complication is the syndrome of painful myomas of pregnancy, characterized
      by second- and early third-trimester pain and occasionally bleeding. In our
      population, fever, rebound tenderness, and elevated white blood cell count were
      not associated with pain. Short courses of ibuprofen were successful in
      controlling pain in these women. Other complications of myomas in pregnancy
      included preterm premature rupture of the membranes, malpresentation, increased
      cesarean delivery rate, and postpartum endomyometritis.

PMID- 2927855
TI  - Correlation of Apgar scores and umbilical artery acid-base status to mortality
      and morbidity in the low birth weight neonate.
AB  - Neonatal mortality, idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome, and early
      periventricular/intraventricular hemorrhage in the neonate weighing 2000 g or
      less were correlated with umbilical artery acid-base status. Neonatal mortality
      and, to a lesser extent, idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome correlated with
      umbilical artery acidosis. Early periventricular/intraventricular hemorrhage was
      associated with low Apgar scores, but showed no correlation with umbilical artery
      acid-base status.

PMID- 2927856
TI  - Characteristics of premenstrual syndrome.
AB  - To characterize the symptoms associated with premenstrual syndrome (PMS), the
      menstrual symptom calendars of 100 women diagnosed with PMS were factor-analyzed.
      Scores on 18 symptoms were recorded daily for one menstrual cycle prior to the
      women's first clinic visits. Two factors were found to predominate throughout the
      cycle: The first included emotional and behavioral symptoms and the second
      included physical and cognitive symptoms. The two factors were constant
      throughout all the phases of the menstrual cycle. Emotional symptoms clustered
      together throughout the menstrual cycle and were the dominant symptoms on factor
      I. However, they loaded (correlation of the variable with the factor) on factors
      I and II during the postmenstrual phase. Behavioral symptoms loaded on factor I
      throughout the menstrual cycle; however, they were prevalent predominantly in the
      later half of the intermenstrual and the premenstrual phases. Physical symptoms
      loaded predominantly on factor II and were less prevalent than the emotional
      symptoms. The cognitive symptoms loaded on factor II during the premenstrual
      phase. These findings are relevant for defining PMS criteria for women who seek
      treatment.

PMID- 2927857
TI  - A comparison of the fallopian tube's response to overt and silent salpingitis.
AB  - We examined two groups of infertile women who underwent microsurgical repair of
      their fallopian tube(s) for distal tubal obstruction, one with a history of
      salpingitis (overt pelvic inflammatory disease) (N = 34) and one without (silent
      pelvic inflammatory disease) (N = 25). Nine women with normal tubes undergoing
      hysterectomy and salpingectomy served as controls. Tubal biopsy specimens were
      studied by light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy to assess tubal
      damage. Morphologic damage was scored 0-9, with 0 representing normal tubal
      architecture and 9 assigned to severe tubal damage. The mean score (+/- SEM) in
      women with overt pelvic inflammatory disease was 4.2 +/- 0.4; in women with
      silent pelvic inflammatory disease, 4.3 +/- 0.4; and in the control group, 0.76
      +/- 0.2 (P less than .001). Fallopian tube abnormalities seen in women with overt
      and silent pelvic inflammatory disease included flattened mucosal folds,
      extensive deciliation, and degeneration of secretory epithelial cells,
      morphologic changes that are similar to the cellular changes observed in our
      experimental Chlamydia trachomatis infections in monkeys. Laser light-scattering
      spectroscopy was used to measure the ciliary activity of the epithelial cells.
      Ciliary beat frequency was significantly reduced in women with overt pelvic
      inflammatory disease (N = 13; f = 6.4 +/- 1.2 Hz) and in women with silent pelvic
      inflammatory disease (N = 11; f = 7.2 +/- 1.2 Hz) as compared with the controls
      (N = 5; f = 23.4 +/- 1.5 Hz) (P less than .001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2927858
TI  - Patterns of uterine contractions and prolonged uterine activity using three
      methods of breast stimulation for contraction stress tests.
AB  - The contraction patterns in 378 breast-stimulated contraction stress tests
      administered to 213 women are described. The subjects were assigned sequentially
      to one of four intervention groups: bilateral manual breast massage, unilateral
      pump stimulation, heating pad stimulation, and placebo. There was a marked
      increase in the proportion of tests with three to four contractions in 5-minute
      intervals after the interventions occurred. Twenty-five percent of all tests
      showed prolonged uterine activity, occurring most frequently in women with
      postdate gestations using manual massage or breast pump stimulation. The duration
      of prolonged contractions ranged from 1.5-8 minutes, with 19% lasting from 4.5-8
      minutes. There was no difference in the incidence of fetal heart rate
      abnormalities between tests with and without prolonged uterine activity, and no
      late decelerations occurred in tests with tachysystole.

PMID- 2927859
TI  - Reduced fetal platelet counts in pregnancies with abnormal Doppler umbilical flow
      waveforms.
AB  - Fetal and maternal platelet counts were correlated with antenatal assessment of
      the umbilical-placental waveform. Forty singleton pregnancies were studied using
      Doppler ultrasound, and placental resistance was categorized as normal or high
      according to the systolic/diastolic ratio. We performed platelet counts on
      maternal and cord blood taken at the time of cesarean section. The high
      resistance group had a mean fetal platelet count (218 +/- 53 x 10(3)/microliters)
      significantly lower than that of the normal-resistance group (314 +/- 76 x
      10(3)/microliters) (P less than .001). This difference was evident in both the
      hypertensive and nonhypertensive subgroups of the high-resistance group. There
      was no difference in mean maternal platelet counts between the high- and normal
      resistance groups.

PMID- 2927860
TI  - The prevention of meconium aspiration in labor using amnioinfusion.
AB  - In an effort to improve maternal and fetal outcome in patients laboring with
      thick meconium, 85 patients presenting with thick meconium were randomized to
      receive either amnioinfusion with 1000 mL normal saline initially and every 6
      hours until delivery, or routine care. Meconium was discovered on initial
      examination during labor, after artificial rupture of membranes, through the use
      of an intrauterine pressure catheter, or on amniocentesis. Labor management was
      otherwise routine. Forceps operations and cesarean sections were for distress or
      failure to progress, as indicated. Patients receiving amnioinfusion had
      significantly fewer low 1-minute Apgar scores, less meconium below the cords, and
      a significantly lower incidence of operative delivery. The only three cases of
      meconium aspiration syndrome occurred in infants delivered of patients receiving
      routine management. No adverse side effects of amnioinfusion were detected.
      Amnioinfusion is a simple, inexpensive, and safe technique that reduces the
      incidence of meconium below the cords and improves obstetric outcome in patients
      laboring with thick meconium.

PMID- 2927861
TI  - Experimental meconium aspiration in guinea pigs.
AB  - The effects of aspirated heavy human meconium and clear human amniotic fluid on
      newborn guinea pig lungs were compared with the changes these solutions induced
      in lungs subjected to acute asphyxiation. No specific meconium-induced chemical
      pneumonitis was observed. Histologic changes in the form of necrosis and
      infiltration of the lungs were similar in pups that aspirated meconium and those
      that aspirated clear amniotic fluid; the only difference was in the distribution
      of these changes, which could be explained by the different consistencies of the
      two solutions. In the lungs of newborn pups that were exposed to 120 minutes of
      maternal asphyxia, had pH below 7.10, and aspirated the above fluids, additional
      dominant changes appeared in the form of diffuse intra-alveolar hemorrhage and
      alveolar wall destruction. These histologic studies indicate that deeply
      aspirated meconium does not cause the pulmonary vascular changes considered
      characteristic of meconium aspiration syndrome. However, aspirated meconium did
      affect the vascular system of the asphyxiated lungs to a significant degree.

PMID- 2927863
TI  - Instructional model for percutaneous fetal umbilical blood sampling.
AB  - Percutaneous umbilical cord sampling is gaining widespread acceptance for
      diagnostic and therapeutic procedures on the fetus. The sampling technique has
      been reported to be relatively safe in experienced hands. Attainment of the
      skills for this procedure follows a learning curve, with improvement in
      successful sampling occurring over time. This paper presents a practical
      instructional model for percutaneous umbilical cord sampling.

PMID- 2927862
TI  - Treatment of vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia with laser and topical 5
      fluorouracil.
AB  - The records of 59 women with grades 2 and 3 vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia
      were reviewed to define the role of CO2 laser ablation and topical 5-fluorouracil
      (5-FU) in the treatment of vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia. The patients in
      each treatment group were comparable in their personal characteristics and in
      distribution and severity of the lesions. Thirty-one patients used prophylactic 5
      FU. Seventy-eight percent of all patients were free of vaginal intraepithelial
      neoplasia at the first follow-up examination. The results of treatment were not
      influenced by the grade of the lesion or previous radiation exposure of the
      patient. Topical 5-FU appeared to be as effective as laser. Periodic applications
      of 5-FU (once weekly for 10 weeks) were as effective as 5-FU applied in a
      continuous fashion (three 7-day courses 1 week apart), and caused fewer side
      effects.

PMID- 2927864
TI  - OH Society looks ahead.

PMID- 2927866
TI  - Introducing cytology.

PMID- 2927865
TI  - An Accident & Emergency surgeon with the Antarctic survey.

PMID- 2927867
TI  - Is justice served?

PMID- 2927868
TI  - The AIDS report from the 1988 OSMA clinical and scientific meeting.

PMID- 2927869
TI  - Subpoenas for medical records served upon physicians.

PMID- 2927870
TI  - Human immunodeficiency virus seropositivity in intravenous drug users in Ohio.
AB  - A seroprevalence survey of 508 intravenous (IV) drug users enrolled in methadone
      treatment programs in Ohio for evidence of infection with the human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV) demonstrated a positivity prevalence of 1.4%. This
      seropositivity prevalence is low compared with 10% to 72% positive from surveys
      conducted in the IV drug-using populations of New York, New Jersey, Detroit and
      San Francisco. Although needle sharing was common (71% since 1983), the number of
      sharing partners was usually limited and regular. A potential for cross-infection
      from urban centers with higher seropositivity prevalence was indicated by
      patterns of travel and needle sharing while traveling to higher risk metropolitan
      centers such as New York. Hispanics appeared to be at greater risk for HIV
      infection (OR 17.7, 95% CI 2.4-133.0), as were male IV drug users with
      gay/bisexual lifestyles (OR 14.1, 95% CI 1.3-153.0). HIV positive individuals
      were identified in Cleveland (1.6%), Dayton (3.1%), and Columbus (0.8%), but not
      in the four other Ohio metropolitan areas participating in the survey. Study
      participants indicated that knowledge of AIDS had changed their IV drug-using
      habits with 60% reporting that fear of AIDS had caused them to give up IV drugs
      or needle sharing. Sampling from methadone clinics may underestimate the HIV
      seropositivity in Ohio's IV drug-using community; however, it appears that
      relatively few IV drug users in Ohio are currently infected with HIV. The low
      prevalence of HIV infection in the Ohio IV drug-using community provides the
      opportunity to intervene in limiting the spread of the virus by educating
      individuals to reduce or eliminate risk factors for the transmission of the
      disease.

PMID- 2927871
TI  - A bad connection.

PMID- 2927872
TI  - Malpractice crisis: a personal perspective.

PMID- 2927873
TI  - Physician parents. The mothers and fathers behind stethoscopes.

PMID- 2927874
TI  - Training today's health professionals about AIDS.

PMID- 2927875
TI  - Health maintenance update: guidelines for the physician and patient.
AB  - In summary, we have gathered information from current sources in order to provide
      practicing physicians up-to-date health maintenance recommendations. We have also
      provided sample forms that can be used for recording information and ensuring
      that timely screening is accomplished. These same forms could also be given to
      the patient who has a desire to be involved in his/her medical care. Although
      some of the recommendations will remain stable over a period of time, there will
      certainly be new developments in medicine that will alter today's advice. Our
      concept is that each physician should develop and keep up to date a plan of
      health maintenance and screening and have some method of ensuring that
      appropriate screening is accomplished.

PMID- 2927876
TI  - Continuum of care--a practicing physician's view.

PMID- 2927877
TI  - Diary of my practice--1999.

PMID- 2927878
TI  - Endothelial cell counts following pars plana vitrectomy in pseudophakic and
      aphakic eyes.
AB  - In 13 pseudophakic eyes, endothelial cell counts remained stable following pars
      plana vitrectomy. The posterior chamber pseudophakos apparently had a protective
      effect on the corneal endothelium, even though the posterior lens capsule was
      removed during surgery. By contrast, in nine aphakic eyes, a statistically
      significant (p greater than .05) cell loss of 7.6% occurred after pars plana
      vitrectomy. We conclude that vitrectomy therefore poses an increased risk to the
      cornea in aphakic, but not in pseudophakic eyes.

PMID- 2927879
TI  - Macular edema in branch retinal vein occlusion: types and treatment.
AB  - In this study of branch retinal vein occlusion, we distinguished between cystoid
      macular edema caused by increased capillary pressure and noncystoid edema due to
      hard exudates in the macula caused by chronic leakage from vascular abnormalities
      in the posterior pole or midperiphery. We performed laser photocoagulation in 51
      eyes with cystoid macular edema to achieve focal narrowing of the retinal
      arterioles perfusing the macular area affected by the cystoid edema; good
      anatomic and functional results were achieved in 40 of these eyes (78%). In 25 of
      the five eyes, the treated segment of the retinal arteriole was outside the area
      of macular edema; results were successful in 19 of these eyes (76%). In 14 eyes
      with noncystoid exudative macular edema, we performed laser photocoagulation to
      the vascular abnormalities; good anatomic and functional results were obtained in
      12 of these (86%).

PMID- 2927880
TI  - Quantification of progressive diabetic macular nonperfusion.
AB  - We used the IS-2000 Image Analyzer to estimate the extent of progressive diabetic
      macular nonperfusion in a patient by means of an automatic clustering algorithm
      applied to digitized fluorescein angiograms of the patient's macula taken over
      time. This method may provide an objective and reproducible quantification of
      progressive macular nonperfusion.

PMID- 2927881
TI  - Surgical dilation of the pupil during pars plana vitrectomy.
AB  - Adequate pupillary dilation is essential to dissect and excise peripheral
      tractional proliferative tissue during vitreous surgery. Most surgical dilating
      procedures involve an incision or excision of iris tissue, that is either
      inadequate or irreversible. We describe a modification of a previously devised
      technique for stretching the pupil that ensures an excellent view of the
      peripheral retina. The technique has been used in aphakic and pseudophakic eyes
      in over 50 cases with no postoperative morbidity or problems with glare or poor
      cosmesis.

PMID- 2927882
TI  - Postoperative refractive changes in children with congenital esotropia: a
      preliminary study.
AB  - A transient myopic inclination was found 2 months postoperatively in 23 children
      who had undergone surgery for congenital esotropia. Neither the age of the
      children at the time of surgery nor the length of muscle recession/resection
      influenced these refractive myopic changes. Early postoperative refractive
      correction with periodic follow-up is essential in preventing amblyopia. In 21 of
      the 23 children, visual acuity was 6/10 or better at last examination.

PMID- 2927883
TI  - Use of a scalp vein infusion set in oculoplastic surgery.
AB  - The scalp vein infusion set is a sterile, readily available device which has been
      used in a variety of oculoplastic procedures. Segments of the infusion tubing
      have been employed as bolsters for eyelid traction, tarsorrhaphy, and skin
      sutures. The tubing may also be placed in wounds for improved drainage. The
      material has enhanced postoperative wound care and has not been associated with
      significant complications.

PMID- 2927884
TI  - Looking back or looking forward?

PMID- 2927885
TI  - Anesthetic abuse of the cornea.

PMID- 2927886
TI  - Eyelid carcinoma--another one of medicine's imitators.

PMID- 2927887
TI  - BAPN not lysine analog.

PMID- 2927888
TI  - Some objective and subjective observations on the vestibulo-ocular system.

PMID- 2927889
TI  - Vitrectomy when asteroid hyalosis prevents laser photocoagulation.
AB  - Asteroid hyalosis is a relatively common disorder of the vitreous that rarely
      causes visual impairment. However, funduscopic examination and laser
      photocoagulation can be difficult because of reflections off the asteroid bodies.
      Although vitrectomy is rarely indicated for impaired visual acuity, we report
      three cases in which pars plana vitrectomy was necessary to permit required
      retinal laser photocoagulation. In two patients with proliferative diabetic
      retinopathy and a third patient with subretinal neovascularization marked
      asteroid hyalosis precluded photocoagulation by standard techniques.

PMID- 2927890
TI  - Intermittent intraocular thrombin as an adjunct to vitrectomy.
AB  - The use of intraocular thrombin to control intraoperative hemorrhage is presented
      in two cases, one involving severe ocular trauma, the other severe proliferative
      diabetic retinopathy. The technique of intermittent boluses of 100 units/ml of
      thrombin in BSS Plus solution has certain advantages over the constant infusion
      mode of delivery. The ability to quickly manipulate the flow offers a distinct
      advantage in controlling the intraocular pressure and total amount of thrombin
      delivered. This is achieved by a simple and uncomplicated modification of the
      standard gravity infusion controlled by the surgical assistant.

PMID- 2927891
TI  - Prognosis of foveal splitting rhegmatogenous retinal detachments.
AB  - Retrospectively reviewing 4,966 patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachments,
      we identified 21 patients with foveal split detachments who had no coexisting
      macular disease and who had been followed at least 6 months postoperatively. All
      detached retinas were anatomically reattached with one operation. The average
      preoperative and postoperative visual acuity was 20/50. Because eyes with foveal
      split detachments have a good visual prognosis when the retinas are anatomically
      reattached, we recommend that they be treated urgently, as if they had a macular
      spared detachment.

PMID- 2927892
TI  - Dacryocystorhinostomy with silicone tubes: evaluation of 253 cases.
AB  - Two hundred fifty-three patients with chronic epiphora underwent
      dacryocystorhinostomy combined with silicone intubation of the lacrimal drainage
      system. An overall success rate of 91.3% was achieved. Since the tubes were well
      tolerated postoperatively, complications were rare and benign. Although our
      success rate is similar to those reported for similar cases using other
      techniques, we find that silicone intubation facilitates surgery in cases with
      excessive intraoperative bleeding or nasal mucosal tears, and simplifies
      postoperative follow-up.

PMID- 2927893
TI  - The sharpness of incision instruments in corneal tissue.
AB  - Because breadths of surgical blades are very difficult to measure directly, we
      designed a method to measure sharpness of a variety of instruments by determining
      the power they required to incise corneal tissue to a uniform depth. Diamond
      knives were the sharpest, followed by razor blade pieces individually prepared by
      a special new method. Ruby knives varied considerably. The method of measuring
      sharpness described may allow manufacturers to improve and stabilize production
      methods, as well as enable surgeons with such knowledge in advance of surgery to
      optimize wound healing and maximize cost-effectiveness.

PMID- 2927894
TI  - A new instrument for surface suction and removal of irrigation fluid during
      surgery.
AB  - A new instrument for removal of intraocular/extraocular irrigating solutions
      during eye surgery, based on modification of a miniature otologic suction device,
      is now commercially available.

PMID- 2927895
TI  - Who knows how much a cataract extraction costs? .

PMID- 2927896
TI  - IOL power calculation.

PMID- 2927898
TI  - An improved method of aqueous paracentesis.

PMID- 2927897
TI  - Physician, do no harm.

PMID- 2927899
TI  - Postoperative IOP in cataract surgery.

PMID- 2927900
TI  - The onset of bilateral uveitis in an elderly man with fever, headache, and a
      rash.

PMID- 2927901
TI  - The gauntlet--Health care for the 1990s.

PMID- 2927902
TI  - Endophthalmitis due to Propionibacterium acnes sequestered between IOL optic and
      posterior capsule.
AB  - A 68-year-old woman had delayed onset, persistent uveitis following routine
      extracapsular cataract extraction with posterior chamber intraocular lens
      implantation. The patient initially responded to topical steroids, but developed
      a whitish capsular plaque through to represent possible Propionibacterium acnes
      endophthalmitis. A vitrectomy and capsular biopsy yielded cultures positive for
      P. acnes only after nine days. The intraocular lens was left in place. Light and
      electron microscopy revealed bacteria sequestered within the capsular bag.

PMID- 2927904
TI  - Optometry and vision science.

PMID- 2927903
TI  - Team approach to home health care delivery: optometry as the primary vision care
      provider.
AB  - The purpose of this report is to describe a vision care program, utilizing
      optometry as the primary vision care provider, for patients unable to obtain care
      in traditional ways. The impact of this program upon the community, its impact
      upon an educational curriculum, and the program itself are discussed. The program
      provides a model for delivery of health care to patients who would otherwise go
      without care.

PMID- 2927905
TI  - Vision care for migrant workers.
AB  - Migrant vision care, although encompassing only a small percentage of the
      population, presents a unique opportunity to the profession through the schools
      and practitioners. The need for care has been shown through several demonstration
      projects; viable practice modes have been developed that offer cost-effective
      care to this population.

PMID- 2927906
TI  - Vision care in a juvenile detention facility.
AB  - Optometry plays a key role in the provision of vision care services at the San
      Bernardino Juvenile Hall (SBJH), where 400 juvenile offenders, aged 12 to 18
      years, are incarcerated. This program in San Bernardino, California, was
      established in 1979 by a practicing optometrist with support from federal, state,
      and local funding agencies. It operates as an outreach clinical program to train
      senior students of the Southern California College of Optometry for professional
      practice opportunities in a nontraditional setting. An important component of the
      SBJH program is an ongoing clinical research program to study the relation
      between vision problems and juvenile delinquency, and the effect of vision
      training on the rehabilitation of delinquent youths. Preliminary data indicate a
      reduction in the recidivism rate for this population group.

PMID- 2927907
TI  - Symposium on the delivery of optometric care in nontraditional settings. Summary
      and conclusions.
AB  - During the 1987 Academy Meeting, a joint Optometric Education/Public Health and
      Occupational Optometry Symposium was held on The Delivery of Optometric Care in
      Nontraditional Settings. Papers were presented on prison systems, long-term care
      facilities, schools for the mental/physically handicapped, home eye care
      services, migrant work program, and juvenile detention facilities. This paper is
      an overview of care delivered in nontraditional settings, including important
      health care and demographic considerations, brief summation of the nontraditional
      populations presented, the impact on optometric education, and implications for
      optometric manpower needs.

PMID- 2927908
TI  - Variations in the local refractive correction of the eye across its entrance
      pupil.
AB  - We show that normally a spherocylindrical lens will correct the local refractive
      error of any small area of the pupil. In general, however, the correction varies
      with position across the pupil. Plots are given to illustrate this variation for
      2 typical individual eyes and for the average of 11 eyes, as calculated from the
      corresponding wavefront aberrations. The implications of these results for the
      design and use of objective optometers are briefly considered.

PMID- 2927909
TI  - Symposium on the Delivery of Optometric Care in Nontraditional Settings. Denver,
      Colorado, December, 1987. Proceedings.

PMID- 2927910
TI  - Symposium on the delivery of optometric care in nontraditional settings.
      Introduction.

PMID- 2927911
TI  - Use of silicone-acrylate contact lenses for the control of myopia: results after
      two years of lens wear.
AB  - Although a number of reports have been published concerning the use of polymethyl
      methacrylate (PMMA) contact lenses for the control of myopia, there have been no
      reports of the use of gas permeable contact lenses for this purpose. In the study
      reported here, 100 myopic children between the ages of 8 and 13 years were fitted
      with Paraperm O2 plus silicone-acrylate contact lenses to be worn for a period of
      3 years. Lenses were fitted by the alignment method, most lenses having diameters
      from 8.5 to 9.0 mm. At the end of 2 years 60 subjects remained in the study, 53
      of whom were wearing their lenses on a regular basis and the other 7 were
      irregular wearers. Mean increases in myopia during the 2-year period were found
      to be 0.28 D for the subjects who wore their lenses regularly and 0.93 D for the
      irregular wearers, compared to 0.80 D for a group of 31 age-matched single vision
      spectacle lens wearers. Mean corneal refracting power was found to decrease (the
      cornea flattened) 0.33 D for the regular wearers as compared to an increase of
      0.14 D for the irregular wearers and a decrease of 0.13 D for the spectacle
      wearers. Mean changes in axial length were an increase of 0.1 mm for the regular
      wearers, an increase of 0.4 mm for the irregular wearers, and an increase of 0.6
      mm for the spectacle wearers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2927912
TI  - Validation of a method for measuring small color differences in pigmented contact
      lenses.
AB  - A method for measuring and quantifying color variability of soft contact lenses
      is presented in this paper. The lenses studied are opaquely pigmented, varying in
      color intensity in each of four hues. The instrument selected for color
      measurement is the HunterLab ColorQUEST reflectance spectrophotometer using
      integrating sphere geometry and a customized contact lens support. Total color
      difference is measured using the Commission International de l'Eclairage (CIE),
      1976 L* a* b* color space in delta-E* units. The correlation between the
      instrumental measurement and human estimation of color intensity difference is
      presented graphically for each hue. Trained inspectors ranked the eight lenses
      per hue from lightest to darkest on a linear scale which was converted to the
      instrumental delta-E* units. The instrument validation is based upon (1) maximum
      average differences of less than 1.1 delta-E* between the instrument and
      inspectors, and (2) overall repeatability (SD) of +/- 0.1 for the instrument vs.
      +/- 0.3 for the inspectors.

PMID- 2927913
TI  - Optometric services in the prison system.
AB  - Traditionally, optometric services have been limited to practitioners' offices or
      clinical settings. Recently more optometric practitioners have ventured out of
      the office to provide eye care to those who otherwise would not receive such
      care. This report discusses the need to provide eye care to prison inmates. It
      also addresses the nature of vision and eye problems more common among the prison
      population and the need for mandated eye care for the inmates.

PMID- 2927914
TI  - Mental concentration and the pattern reversal visual evoked response.
AB  - The pattern reversal visually evoked response (VER) was recorded using a small
      check size stimulus. Subjects viewed the VER stimulus with the left eye and a
      light emitting diode (LED) with the right eye. They were asked to concentrate on
      either the VER stimulus or the LED. The two targets were arranged so that the
      left eye remained accurately focused on, and directed to, the center of the VER
      stimulus throughout the recordings. The VER wave became attenuated when the
      subject concentrated on the LED. The wave was reduced to around two-thirds of the
      amplitude present when concentrating on the VER stimulus.

PMID- 2927915
TI  - Delivery of optometric care in nontraditional settings: the long-term care
      facility.
AB  - The changing demographics of our population dictate that in the future
      optometrists will care for increasing numbers of older patients. Significant
      numbers of these elders will reside in long-term care facilities. Optometry
      curricula have begun to respond to this need by training students currently
      enrolled in colleges of optometry to provide eye care in the nursing home
      setting.

PMID- 2927916
TI  - An alternative for the correction of the Class II low mandibular plane angle.
AB  - The traditional orthodontic and/or orthognathic surgical management of the Class
      II deep-bite case with a low mandibular plane angle has often been difficult;
      optimal esthetic results have not always been achieved, and long-term stability
      was often unpredictable. Many of these patients may benefit functionally and
      esthetically from appropriate orthodontic treatment and double-jaw surgical
      intervention to reorient the occlusal plane toward normal (8 degrees +/- 5
      degrees to Frankfort horizontal) by moving the posterior maxilla and mandible
      superiorly and correcting into a Class I skeletal and occlusal relationship. As
      the occlusal plane angulation is increased, the upper incisor angulation
      decreases, the lower incisor angulation increases, the chin rotates down and
      backward relative to the lower incisor occlusal plane tips, and the mandibular
      plane angle increases. The principle of changing the occlusal plane has provided
      a means to improve the functional and esthetic results for the correction of this
      type of facial deformity, as well as many others.

PMID- 2927917
TI  - Treatment of an oral erythroplastic squamous cell carcinoma with Mohs'
      micrographic surgery.
AB  - In the case presented in this article, a large superficial erythroplastic oral
      carcinoma with vaguely delineated clinical borders and foci of invasive squamous
      cell carcinoma was treated with Mohs' micrographic surgery. This provided a safe,
      thorough, yet conservative mode of treatment. Mohs' micrographic surgery may be
      considered among the alternative treatments for selected mucosal lesions of
      squamous cell carcinoma.

PMID- 2927918
TI  - A comparative study of normal sensibility of the inferior alveolar nerve and the
      infraorbital nerve.
AB  - In order to assess the degree of similarity of the infraorbital nerve and
      inferior alveolar nerve, thirty subjects with no history of sensory injury were
      examined by a battery of neurosensory tests including: light touch, brush stroke
      direction, two-point discrimination, and thermal disk temperature assessment. In
      a matched sample experimental design, the sensibility of the inferior alveolar
      nerve (lower lip) was compared to the inferior orbital nerve (upper lip). The
      product moment correlations revealed a significant relationship (degree of
      sameness) between the upper and lower lip. The comparison of the upper and lower
      lip appear to be acceptable for retrospective tests for detection of neurosensory
      injury of the inferior alveolar nerve. Of these tests, light touch appears to be
      the most consistent while remaining sensitive to individual variation. The
      thermal disk assessment was least sensitive in that no individual variation could
      be demonstrated. In addition, there appear to be greater variations in men than
      in women.

PMID- 2927919
TI  - Intraoral infection with Mycobacterium chelonae. A case report.
AB  - An 8-year-old girl had a visibly enlarged submandibular lymph node and a reddish,
      spongy swelling of the gingiva in the upper right canine region. Culturing of the
      gingival tissue resulted in the isolation of Mycobacterium chelonae, and the
      patient showed a specific skin hypersensitivity reaction to M. chelonae sensitin.
      The gingival swelling disappeared spontaneously without scarring within 5 weeks
      after the biopsy. There was no recurrence intraorally during the 2 1/2-year
      follow-up, the generalized lymphadenopathy subsided within 2 years, and at the
      last visit, the submandibular lymph node could barely be felt. The patient
      received no medication during the course of the disease. A tortoise held as a pet
      by the girl could possibly have been the source of infection since iatrogenic
      sources of infection could be excluded.

PMID- 2927920
TI  - Nasotracheal tube obstruction from a central incisor. Report of a case.
AB  - After maxillofacial trauma, teeth and other objects can become potential foreign
      bodies. Whenever possible, careful examination before intubation should be
      undertaken to avoid serious morbidity secondary to aspiration. The
      anesthesiologist should be informed and necessary preventive measures taken. This
      article describes a situation in which this not being done could potentially have
      led to serious complications.

PMID- 2927921
TI  - Treatment of muscle spasms with oral dantrolene sodium.
AB  - A case of severe muscle spasms relieved by oral administration of dantrolene
      sodium is presented. The patient had undergone full-mouth extraction 2 days prior
      to onset of her spasms. The treatment consisted of intravenous diazepam followed
      by oral dantrolene sodium. The spasms lasted for approximately 10 days.

PMID- 2927922
TI  - Recognition and management of invasive pharyngeal candidiasis in acute leukemia.
AB  - Invasive fungal infection is a potentially fatal complication in severely
      neutropenic patients with acute leukemia. Two cases are presented to demonstrate
      specific clinical signs and symptoms that should alert the clinician to the
      possibility of aggressive invasive candidiasis of the oropharynx.

PMID- 2927923
TI  - Intraoral application of microcolpohysteroscopy. A new technique for clinical
      examination of oral tissues at high magnification.
AB  - Colposcopy is an established technique for diagnosis in gynecology. A recently
      developed optical instrument is the contact microcolpohysteroscope for
      macroscopic examination of the cervical mucosa. This article evaluates the
      application of the contact microcolpohysteroscope for examination and recording
      of the surface topography of the hard and soft tissues of the oral cavity. This
      is a promising, noninvasive method of observation of tissue surfaces at high
      magnification. Modifications of the method for oral use are described, and
      potential applications for diagnosis and research in dentistry are proposed.

PMID- 2927924
TI  - Salivary and microbial conditions and dental health in patients with Crohn's
      disease: a 3-year study.
AB  - Salivary and microbial conditions and dental status were examined in 21 patients
      randomly selected from a group of patients with Crohn's disease. Three years
      later, the patients were recalled and the same factors were reexamined. The
      results showed that the caries experience in these patients was higher than that
      observed in age-matched subjects in a normal reference population. Dietary
      examination disclosed no changes in intake frequencies of different common food
      items during the 3-year period. All patients had a normal saliva flow rate and
      buffer capacity. Protein concentration tended to increase and sialic acid to
      decrease when compared with available reference data. The number of salivary
      mutans streptococci organisms and lactobacilli was high both at baseline and
      after 3 years, and no significant differences were observed between the two
      examinations. Patients with Crohn's disease belong to a high-risk group in
      relation to caries and should be given comprehensive preventive caries measures.

PMID- 2927925
TI  - Oral hyperpigmentation in HIV-infected patients.
AB  - Six cases of oral hyperpigmentation in HIV-infected patients are reported. While
      in two patients the lesions could be related to systemic clofazimine or
      ketoconazole therapy, in the other patients the cause remained unknown.
      Clinically, the pigmentations were characterized by a sudden onset and the
      appearance of well-defined, brown-black macules in the buccal mucosa, the
      gingiva, the hard palate, or the lateral borders of the tongue. In one patient,
      longitudinal hyperpigmented striae were observed on all fingernails and toenails.
      Histologically, hyperpigmentations associated with systemic medication revealed
      accumulation of melanin in phagocytes and extracellularly within the connective
      tissue. In those lesions with unknown cause, melanin was restricted to
      keratinocytes of the basal cell layer or to extracellular foci in the lamina
      propria. The clinical and histologic findings, as well as differential diagnosis,
      are discussed.

PMID- 2927927
TI  - Acquired immune deficiency syndrome presenting as a palatal perforation.
AB  - Head and neck manifestations are particularly frequent in the acquired immune
      deficiency syndrome. An unusual case of acquired immune deficiency syndrome in a
      female prostitute whose initial presentation included a palatal perforation is
      reported. This case is also noteworthy because the patient died of disseminated
      miliary tuberculosis, a disease only recently included in the Centers for Disease
      Control case definition of AIDS.

PMID- 2927926
TI  - Kaposi's sarcoma of the parotid gland in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
AB  - A patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome complained of a dry mouth and
      bilateral swelling of the parotid glands. Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) was found within
      the tissue of the parotid gland. Although KS is a common manifestation of
      acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, the presence of KS in the salivary glands is
      very rare. The human immunodeficiency virus I (HIV-I) genome was not identified
      in parotid glandular cells or in KS cells in this case, although the virus was
      detected in infiltrating lymphocytes and in tissue macrophages.

PMID- 2927928
TI  - Immune deficiency with polymorphic reticulosis.
AB  - A case of fatal polymorphic reticulosis, currently considered to be a peripheral
      T cell lymphoma, that was initially seen as a nasolabial swelling with a left
      lower lobe pulmonary nodule in a 40-year-old woman is reported. At autopsy, it
      was found to be associated with disseminated cryptococcosis and Pneumocystis
      carinii pneumonia associated with secondary severe immunodeficiency of unknown
      origin.

PMID- 2927929
TI  - The usefulness of dye-penetration studies reexamined.
AB  - An in vitro study to determine the usefulness of dye-penetration studies was
      conducted. In part I, teeth were prepared through the foramen and then left open,
      either apically, coronally, or at both ends. In all cases, the dye did not
      penetrate the full length of the canal. The only exception was when both ends
      were left open and the teeth were placed into the dye in an upright position. In
      part II, a measurable defect in a canal filling the length of the canal was
      created and left open apically. When the tooth was immersed in dye, the
      penetration was incomplete. When the air was removed by vacuum pump prior to
      placement in the dye, the penetration was total. The validity of dye studies that
      do not consider entrapped air is open to question.

PMID- 2927930
TI  - A 25% tannic acid solution as a root canal irrigant cleanser: a scanning electron
      microscope study.
AB  - A scanning electron microscope was used to evaluate the cleansing properties of a
      25% tannic acid solution on the dentinal surface in the pulp chamber of
      endodontically prepared teeth. This was compared with the amorphous smear layer
      of the canal with the use of hydrogen peroxide and sodium hypochlorite solution
      as an irrigant. The tannic acid solution removed the smear layer more effectively
      than the regular cleansing agent.

PMID- 2927931
TI  - Dental radiography exposure of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki populations.
AB  - Dental radiography doses in Hiroshima and Nagasaki were estimated on the basis of
      survey data from dental hospitals and clinics in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and
      doses were measured by thermoluminescent dosimeters and a phantom. Doses to
      organs, including the lens, pituitary fossa, thyroid gland, and skin were
      calculated from data obtained during a 2-week survey in both cities. The mean
      caput doses were calculated from the data indicating frequency per year and were
      tabulated by organs, age, teeth examined, type of examination, population, sex,
      and city. No significant difference was observed by age, population, sex, or
      city. Currently the doses incurred during dental radiography may not be
      sufficiently high to cause bias in the assessments for late radiation effects
      among atomic-bomb survivors. However, the mean caput thyroid doses of 62 mrad and
      67 mrad in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, respectively, cannot be ignored from the
      standpoint of their potential in contributing to radiation-induced
      carcinogenesis.

PMID- 2927932
TI  - Facial phleboliths.

PMID- 2927933
TI  - Dystrophic calcification of the submandibular gland.

PMID- 2927934
TI  - Technique error mimics impaction.

PMID- 2927935
TI  - [Clinical observations in mixed connective tissue disease].
AB  - The authors report their observations gathered by follow-up studies of many years
      duration on 67 patients suffering from mixed connective tissue disease. The
      period preceding the overt disease, its duration and its characteristic symptoms
      were examined. Concerning the severity of the clinical course, the authors
      distinguished between a less and a more severe form of the disease. Organ
      specific manifestations occurring in the two types of the disorder, the number of
      active phases per year, therapeutic tools and the prognosis were analysed. The
      authors assume that the more severe form of the disease may have some traits
      resembling those of systemic lupus erythematosus, but in the meantime, in the
      less severe type of the disease some features shared by rheumatic disorders can
      be found.

PMID- 2927936
TI  - [Determination of the degree of saturation of calcium hydrogen phosphate in the
      urine].
AB  - Calcium-hydrogen-phosphate (CaHPO4) was considered as one of the main factors
      governing renal calculus formation. The degree of saturation (expressed as
      activity product) with respect to this phase was therefore calculated in urines
      of 36 hypercalciuric children (20 absorptive, 16 renal subtype) with isolated
      hematuria, 10 renal stone patients, and 30 healthy controls. On low calcium diet
      12 children of the absorptive hypercalciuric-, 13 of the renal hypercalciuric and
      7 of the renal stone forming children hat their urines in the saturated zone -
      irrespective of the evolution of hypercalciuria Ca/cr ratio. Thiazide normalised
      the activity product in all groups. The use of the Ca/cr ratio as the sole
      parameter in the investigation of children with isolated hematuria and
      hypercalciuria or calcium nephrolithiasis is therefore insufficient, simultaneous
      determinations of the state of saturation of urines is recommended. This
      technique should also allow a quantitative assessment of the various therapeutic
      regimens recommended.

PMID- 2927937
TI  - [Intrauterine insemination with "washed" sperm].
AB  - The authors have been performing intrauterine insemination with the washed sperm
      of the husband since 1986. Previous to the intervention husband and wife went
      through a very thorough infertility examination according to the principles of
      the WHO. The cycle of women given intrauterine insemination was monitored. The
      maximum value of estradiol was measured on the 12th and 13th day of the cycle and
      the maximum mean value of the follicles on the 13th-14th day. In cases of
      ovulation the mean value of serum progesterone was found to rise on the 14th-15th
      day of the cycle. The semen was washed and concentrated, different protein
      components and bacteria were eliminated and the fraction with good motility was
      used for insemination. Intrauterine insemination with washed human sperm was
      carried out with 2 groups of patients. In the series studied the authors induced
      with intrauterine insemination 24 pregnancies in 100 infertile marriages.
      Intrauterine insemination was found to be successful if the infertility was
      caused by the hostility or poor quality of the cervix mucus. The treatment may be
      successful also in cases with slighter alteration of the spermiogram, whereas no
      results can be expected from intrauterine insemination with spermiograms
      displaying more serious alteration.

PMID- 2927938
TI  - [Incidence over 10% of premature deliveries in Hungary (based on the experience
      in Borsod-Abauj-Zempln County)].
AB  - The incidence over 10% of premature delivery in Hungary was studied. The cause
      which motivated this work was the fact that despite of several preventive and
      therapeutic measures the incidence e.g. in BAZ county surpassed even the average
      of the country. Professors of clinics in different countries of Europe as well as
      medical societies dealing with this question have been consulted about the matter
      of whether it was sufficient to consider a neonate a premature infant and the
      delivery a premature one solely on the basis of birth weight (under 2.500 g).
      Data of BAZ county proved that this determination was misleading and proposals
      are made concerning the modification on the basis of the examinations of the
      authors.

PMID- 2927939
TI  - [Symptomless (silent) myocardial ischemia and its prognostic significance].
AB  - The authors studied the prognostic significance of Silent myocardial ischemia. To
      study the correlation between the silent ischemia before the operation of
      coronary revascularization and the perioperative complications (infarction,
      mortality) Holter-monitoring (HM) was performed with 26 patients. The average
      time of HM was 43 +/- 3.1 h. During the observation period total 138 silent
      ischemic episodes were registered with 7 patients. The average heart rate
      observed during the ischemic event did not differ from that observed in other
      periods. Three myocardial infarctions occurred in the perioperative period one of
      them was of lethal outcome. Silent ischemia was detected in 2 of 3 patients
      before operation. The patient who displayed the gravest ischemic alteration died
      of perioperative myocardial infarction. On the basis of their observations the
      authors attribute prognostic significance to the preoperative silent myocardial
      ischemia.

PMID- 2927940
TI  - [An intrauterine device used to enhance the concentration of radiation therapy].
AB  - The author discusses about non-usual application of Cu containing intrauterine
      contraceptive device. An oophoropexy was performed on a 19 years old female
      suffering from Hodgkin disease. A Cu intrauterine contraceptive device was
      introduced into the uterine cavity to help in localising the radiological
      treatment. The author did not find any report pertaining to this topic in the
      literature.

PMID- 2927941
TI  - [Reality orientation training: a method of group therapy of patients with
      dementia. Problems and possibilities of evaluating the effect of treatment of
      patients with various forms of dementia].
AB  - Authors describe a method called reality orientation training, a possibility of
      group treatment for patients suffering from dementia. They summarize the main
      statements of the literature and give account of their own battery for diagnostic
      classification and treatment. They outline the practical difficulties in the
      measurement of the effectivity of the treatment employed in demented patients.

PMID- 2927942
TI  - [Special education as hygiene nurse. A contribution to health care].

PMID- 2927943
TI  - [Dialog between nurse and patient].

PMID- 2927944
TI  - Amplified DNA in cells of genetic melanoma of Xiphophorus.
AB  - Melanomas of genetic origin develop in interspecies hybrids of the fish
      Xiphophorus. Cytogenetic analyses have indicated chromosomal manifestations of
      amplified DNA in cells of an in vitro established cell line derived from a
      melanoma. We have employed strategies of differential hybridization in agarose
      gels to isolate and clone a portion of the amplified DNA. Amplification was about
      20-fold in melanoma cells established in culture and about 10-fold in 2 out of 5
      melanomas directly derived from the animal. The amplified DNA contained at least
      one transcription unit that is evolutionarily conserved in all vertebrates
      tested, including chicken, murines and man. Our results indicate that
      amplification of an as yet uncharacterized gene is involved in genetic melanoma
      of Xiphophorus.

PMID- 2927945
TI  - Generation of new oncogenic murine retroviruses by cotransfection of cloned AKR
      and MH2 proviruses.
AB  - We have obtained a set of oncogenic recombinant retroviruses, the 3RV complex, by
      cotransfecting murine fibroblasts (SC-1 cells) with plasmids containing the
      cloned genomes of the avian MH2 and murine AKR viruses. The transfected culture
      (TAM-2) was shown to release murine transforming viruses by means of reverse
      transcription and focus formation assays. Analysis of TAM-2 intracellular RNA
      revealed new transcripts hybridizing with the oncogenes myc and mil and cross
      hybridizing with an AKR probe. The biological activity of the 3RV complex was
      tested for the induction of murine macrophage proliferation in the absence of
      exogenous growth factors, a property described as the result of mil and myc
      cooperativity. Cell-free supernatants from 3RV transformed fibroblasts were
      indeed able to induce the proliferation of macrophage-like cells from murine bone
      marrow and spleen primary cultures. Such cultures were capable of continuous
      growth and showed independence from exogenous myeloid growth factors. The cells
      expressed antigenic markers and functional properties specific of the monocytic
      macrophage lineage. These results suggest that transfection-induced recombination
      could be a novel way to generate biologically active recombinant retroviruses.

PMID- 2927946
TI  - A novel mechanism for covalent attachment of fatty acid to SV40 large T antigen.
AB  - The plasma membrane associated subclass of simian virus 40 large T antigen is
      specifically acylated with palmitic acid in vivo. To further analyze possible
      biological functions of fatty acid acylation, we developed a target-bound cell
      free in vitro acylation assay, in which immunopurified large T, bound to protein
      A-sepharose, was incubated with [3H]fatty acid. In this assay, large T was
      efficiently labeled with [3H]palmitic acid, but not with [3H]myristic acid. Thus
      the specificity of the in vivo labeling was preserved in vitro, too. The specific
      acylation of large T in vitro seemed to occur by an autocatalytic reaction, since
      it was found to be independent of added acyltransferases and exogenous energy.
      The energy for this reaction must be provided by the large T molecule itself,
      probably by an energy-rich internal ester bond. Our results provide evidence for
      a novel mechanism for the covalent attachment of fatty acids to proteins, which
      might also operate in vivo.

PMID- 2927947
TI  - Predisposition to retinoblastoma due to a translocation within the 4.7R locus.
AB  - A candidate for the retinoblastoma (Rb) predisposition gene, known as 4.7R, has
      recently been cloned. Authentication of this gene depends on abnormalities
      detected in either the genomic sequence or transcription products (or both) in Rb
      tumours and cell lines. We report a constitutional chromosome translocation, with
      a breakpoint lying within the putative retinoblastoma gene, from a patient with
      retinoblastoma; there is an associated small intragenic deletion. This structural
      rearrangement, which confers susceptibility to tumour formation, provides strong
      evidence that the 4.7R cDNA represents the Rb gene.

PMID- 2927948
TI  - Activation of the trk oncogene by alternatively spliced muscle and non-muscle
      tropomyosin sequences.
AB  - We have constructed a derivative of the trk oncogene in which the cytoskeletal
      tropomyosin sequences are replaced with skeletal muscle alpha-tropomyosin
      sequences derived from the same tropomyosin gene by alternative splicing. The
      biochemical and biological properties of this derivative are indistinguishable
      from those of the naturally occurring trk oncogene. Thus activation of the
      oncogenic activity of trk is a function of structural features of tropomyosin
      which are common to both skeletal muscle and non-muscle isoforms.

PMID- 2927949
TI  - Legal significance of living wills.

PMID- 2927950
TI  - Electronic information: a new dimension.

PMID- 2927951
TI  - Lessons from the Navajo.

PMID- 2927952
TI  - Days of miracle and wonder.

PMID- 2927953
TI  - False negative cervical cytology.

PMID- 2927955
TI  - Area nurse examines International Nurses' Day in Yugoslavia.

PMID- 2927954
TI  - The impact of one federal regulation on nursing practice in a home health agency.

PMID- 2927956
TI  - An antigen detection enzyme immunoassay for the diagnosis of rhodesiense sleeping
      sickness.
AB  - A monoclonal antibody raised against a non-variable surface antigen of
      Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense procyclic trypomastigotes was used to develop an
      antigen detection enzyme immunoassay for the diagnosis of rhodesiense sleeping
      sickness. The assay was evaluated using 211 sera from clinically suspected cases:
      142 from parasitologically proven cases and 69 from patients who were negative on
      parasitological examination. The test was positive in 128 out of 142
      parasitologically proven cases. The negative cases may have been in the early
      stages of the disease, or may represent patients with antibody levels sufficient
      to prevent detection of antigen. Of particular significance, however, was the
      finding that eight of the 69 patients with undiagnosed disease were antigen
      positive despite the negative parasitological findings. Since false-positive
      reactions were not observed with blood donor sera, or with sera from malaria,
      schistosomiasis and leishmaniasis patients, it is reasonable to conclude that the
      eight antigen-positive patients were actual cases of sleeping sickness. The
      remaining 61 cases who were negative for both parasitaemia and antigenaemia may
      conceivably represent the variety of diseases whose clinical manifestations
      resemble those of rhodesiense sleeping sickness. The antigen detection method
      would thus not only be complementary to parasitological diagnosis, but essential
      for correct diagnosis in certain stages of the disease.

PMID- 2927957
TI  - Genetic variation in the humoral immune responses of mice to the nematode
      Trichuris muris.
AB  - Genetically based differences in the antibody responses to the large intestinal
      nematode Trichuris muris were studied in two groups of H-2 congenic strains of
      mice that differed in their relative resistance to infection with this parasite.
      The primary antibody response to parasite excretory/secretory (E/S) antigen was
      predominantly an IgG response with the strains forming two distinct groups,
      defined by their genetic background. The more susceptible B10 genetic background
      mice had strikingly higher antibody levels than mice of the BALB genetic
      background. Superimposed upon these background effects were clearly defined
      influences attributable to H-2-linked genes, strains which differed genetically
      only at H-2 loci exhibiting differences in the kinetics of the antibody response.
      Only B10.G and B10.BR mice showed any great increase in IgM levels post
      infection. No IgA specific to E/S antigen was detected in the peripheral
      circulation of any strain at any time post-infection. Antibody responses to a 40
      43 kD antigen revealed clear H-2-linked gene effects, with mice sharing the H-2k
      haplotype (B10.BR, BALB/K) exhibiting considerably higher total antibody levels
      than strains expressing other haplotypes; mice of the H-2d haplotype (BALB/c,
      B10.D2/n) responded very weakly to this antigen. A Western blot analysis of
      antigen recognition by antibody revealed similarities between the mouse strains
      in their total antibody responses to T. muris E/S antigen. However,
      immunoprecipitation studies showed that in general the more susceptible B10
      congenic strains had wider spectra of antigen recognition than the BALB
      congenics. Strains sharing the same H-2 haplotype had dissimilar antigen
      recognition profiles, but strains sharing the H-2b haplotype (B10, BALB/B)
      recognized a low mol. wt antigen (20-23 kD) not recognized by any other strain,
      suggesting an exclusively H-2b restriction in the recognition of this antigen.
      These results support the conclusion that both H-2-linked and background genes
      play important roles in controlling the humoral immune response to T. muris
      infection.

PMID- 2927958
TI  - Resection arthroplasty for comminuted olecranon fractures.
AB  - Five cases of comminuted olecranon fractures treated by resection of the proximal
      fragments are reviewed. The patients' average age was 56 years and all were
      radiographically osteopenic. The triceps was advanced and attached to the distal
      olecranon with the elbow flexed at 90 degrees. A standard postoperative regimen
      was used with immobilization for three weeks in plaster at 45 to 60 degrees of
      flexion followed by progression to cautious active range of motion exercises.
      Follow-up of from 18 to 54 months shows an average active range of motion of 10
      degrees flexion to 120 degrees flexion. There were no complaints or clinical
      evidence of instability and minimal degenerative changes were seen on
      radiography. We conclude that resection arthroplasty of comminuted olecranon
      fractures yields excellent clinical and functional results in elderly patients.

PMID- 2927960
TI  - Intramedullary fixation of unstable distal radius fractures. A method of fixation
      allowing early motion.
AB  - During a four-year period, we have treated unstable fractures of the distal
      radius with closed anatomic reduction and insertion of a Rush intramedullary rod
      through a small dorsoradial wrist incision, followed by early controlled range of
      motion. In an attempt to reduce the stiffness commonly seen in the fingers,
      wrist, and elbow, a simple method of more stable fixation and early motion was
      instituted. Patient assessment using common anatomic and functional
      classification systems revealed good to excellent results in 35 of 36 patients
      (98%). Only three patients had complications, and these were all minor in nature.
      Three rods were removed, all because of prominence and irritation of the tip of
      the rod over the radial styloid. The procedure is technically reproducible, and
      has a very high rate of patient acceptance and satisfaction.

PMID- 2927959
TI  - Total knee replacement in Paget's disease.
AB  - Due to rapid bone turnover in Paget's disease, loosening of artificial joints
      might be expected to be a problem, especially if they are of the tissue ingrowth
      type. Two patients with Paget's disease, who had had knee replacement with this
      type of prosthesis and have been followed for two years, have both done well to
      date. It appears that ingrowth-type implants can be used in the presence of
      Paget's disease. Paget's disease, which was first described in 1877, is
      characterized by a rapid turnover of bone. The cause of Paget's disease has yet
      to be determined. The common sites attacked, at least in a Canadian population,
      are the pelvis (45.4%), vertebrae (22%), femur (10%), tibiae (3.6%), and patellae
      (0.2%). Paget's occasionally gives rise to arthritic changes in a joint adjacent
      to the lesion, although the precise mechanism is uncertain. Disturbance of the
      subchondral bone due to hyperemia and overload due to increasing deformity have
      been cited as possible reasons. There was and is concern that joint replacement
      with cemented components would result in rapid loosening due to increased bone
      turnover. However, it has yet to prove a major problem. So far no reports have
      appeared in the literature on the effects of Paget's disease on knee replacement,
      specifically the effects of the porous tissue ingrowth type components that are
      now in common use. Two patients with Paget's disease around the knee who had had
      a knee replacement of this type are presented, with over two years of follow-up.

PMID- 2927961
TI  - Team physician #5. Salter-Harris type I fracture of the distal radius due to
      weightlifting.
AB  - A Salter-Harris Type I distal radius fracture was sustained by a skeletally
      immature adolescent while performing a supine bench press during weight training.
      Closed reduction was accomplished without difficulty. Fractures in adolescence
      due to weightlifting are rare but illustrate the need for proper instruction and
      supervision.

PMID- 2927962
TI  - Imaging rounds #98. Ewing's sarcoma with pathologic fracture.

PMID- 2927963
TI  - The Heffington frame.

PMID- 2927964
TI  - Neuropathic ankle in CMT disease.

PMID- 2927966
TI  - Seizure disorders.

PMID- 2927965
TI  - Common psychiatric problems and the pediatrician.

PMID- 2927967
TI  - Mechanics and energetics of breathing in newly diagnosed infants with cystic
      fibrosis: effect of combined bronchodilator and chest physical therapy.
AB  - Response to bronchodilator (BD) and chest physical therapy (CPT) was evaluated in
      newly diagnosed infants with cystic fibrosis (n = 13; age, 6.9 +/- 1.5 SE months)
      who were asymptomatic for lung disease at the time of the study. Lung function
      was assessed from the mechanics and energetics of breathing prior to and
      following combined BD and CPT. After therapy, respiratory rate, tidal volume,
      minute ventilation, and pulmonary compliance were not statistically different
      from values under baseline conditions. In contrast, there was a significant
      decrease in pulmonary resistance (-34%; P less than 0.05) and the resistive work
      of breathing (-26%; P less than 0.05) following the combined treatment. The
      effect of combined BD and CPT in decreasing the resistive respiratory load may be
      related to relief of subclinical bronchospasm, reduction in mucosal edema, and
      mobilization of mucous secretions.

PMID- 2927968
TI  - Prenatal relationship of surfactant lipid and protein constituents in infants
      with respiratory distress syndrome: a preliminary communication.
AB  - The prenatal relationships between surfactant disaturated phosphatidylcholine
      (DSPC) and surfactant-associated proteins of preterm infants with respiratory
      distress syndrome (RDS) have not been well documented. In the present study we
      measured the concentration of DSPC, surfactant glycoproteins (GP), and surfactant
      proteolipids (PLP) in amniotic fluids obtained within 6 hours prior to delivery
      of 16 newborn infants with gestational ages between 27 and 32 weeks. In control
      infants of 27-32 weeks gestation without RDS, the values of DSPC, GP, and PLP per
      milliliter of amniotic fluid were 20 +/- 2.9 micrograms, 684 +/- 115.3 ng and 289
      +/- 62.5 ng, respectively. These values were significantly higher, threefold for
      PLP, fourfold for DSPC, and fivefold for GP, than amniotic fluid levels in
      infants with RDS. The findings support the concept that immaturity of surfactant
      in RDS involves both phospholipids and surfactant-associated proteins.
      Measurements of surfactant lipid-protein complex appear to enhance the
      reliability for identifying prenatally, infants at risk of developing hyaline
      membrane disease. More extensive studies are warranted to assess the usefulness
      of these assays for clinical application.

PMID- 2927970
TI  - A correction formula for computing specific airway resistance from a single-step
      measurement.
AB  - Specific airway resistance (SRaw) is conventionally determined by multiplying the
      plethysmographically measured values of airway resistance and functional residual
      capacity (FRC). An alternative single-step method, which avoids the need for
      airway occlusion during determination of FRC, has been described by Dab and
      Alexander. The single-step method provides no correction for resistance or dead
      space of the apparatus and, as a result, systematically overestimates SRaw. Using
      1,000 paired measurements, it was possible to compute a formula for correcting
      the single-step measurement. This correction formula can be adjusted and applied
      to measurements made in any laboratory. The unlimited applicability of the
      proposed correction has been demonstrated by 234 plethysmographic measurements
      made in the Pediatric Clinic in Rome.

PMID- 2927969
TI  - The reproducibility and agreement of three indices of airway responsiveness to
      histamine in asthmatic children.
AB  - In 12 asthmatic children, aged 8-14 years, we investigated the possibility of
      using a provocation concentration of histamine (PC) causing a 10% or 15% fall in
      baseline forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1), instead of a PC20 histamine,
      in the assessment of bronchial hyperreactivity. Inhalation challenge tests were
      performed on days 6 and 7 after withdrawal of medication. PC10, PC15, and PC20
      were calculated from the dose-response curves. Reproducibilities for PC10, PC15,
      and PC20 values for both days, determined by Student's t-test, were not
      significantly different. Correlation coefficients between PC20 and PC15 values on
      days 6 and 7 and between PC10 values on days 6 and 7 were 0.82 and 0.76,
      respectively; between PC20 values on day 6 and PC15 values on day 7; and between
      PC20 values on day 6 and PC10 values on day 7 they were 0.84 and 0.82,
      respectively. (P less than 0.01 for all r values). The predictive value of PC20
      for PC10 and PC15 was determined by a least-squares regression line with 95%
      confidence intervals. Variances between PC10, PC15, and PC20 were not
      significantly different on either day 6 or 7. Our data show that a PC10, as well
      as a PC15, can be used in the assessment of the degree of bronchial
      hyperreactivity in children with asthma.

PMID- 2927971
TI  - Effect of chest wall oscillation on mucus clearance: comparison of two vibrators.
AB  - This study was designed to investigate the effect of an experimental low-energy
      chest wall oscillator and of a commercial chest percussor on central airway
      mucociliary clearance. Five normal dogs were anesthetized, intubated, and placed
      supine in a trough to which the oscillator or percussor was mounted. Tracheal
      mucus velocity (TMV) was measured by radiopaque particle or charcoal spot
      movement. The commercial percussor (a fixed sinusoidal device) used at its
      minimum frequency of 40 Hz, produced a mean (+/- SE) maximum expiratory flow rate
      of 0.25 +/- 0.04 L/sec at the airway opening, and had no measurable effect on
      TMV. The experimental oscillator, when operated at a level sufficient to generate
      flows of 2-3 L/sec, and with an unbiased 13-Hz sine wave (estimated energy, 150
      W), increased mean TMV to 204 +/- 13% of control (P less than 0.003); the percent
      increase was independent of baseline TMV. We conclude that moderate oscillatory
      power applied to the chest wall can enhance mucus clearance in central airways,
      but that currently available commercial percussors may not meet the mechanical
      requirements for this effect.

PMID- 2927972
TI  - Estimation of maximum expiratory flow-volume variables in children.
AB  - Different protocols for pulmonary function testing were evaluated in 611
      children, 6-9 years old. Attention was paid to the necessary minimum number of
      acceptable maneuvers, the necessary maximum number of attempts, and the best of
      seven different methods for summarizing variables from maximum expiratory flow
      volume (MEFV) curves. The results of the study indicate that it is not useful to
      continue pulmonary function testing after eight attempts. The differences between
      the results from three or five acceptable maneuvers are not substantial for any
      method; in children, obtaining three acceptable curves seems sufficient. When
      flow variables are selected from one acceptable curve, as in the American
      Thoracic Society (ATS) guidelines, the reproducibility is somewhat less good than
      in methods in which results of various curves are averaged or selection is made
      from different curves. The method that has been recommended by the European
      Community for Coal and Steel for the selection of MEFV variables in teenagers and
      adults in Europe, was also demonstrated to be suitable for younger children.

PMID- 2927973
TI  - Sarcoidosis in children: personal observations on age distribution.

PMID- 2927974
TI  - Assessment of changes in 1-second forced expiratory volume in bronchial
      provocation testing.

PMID- 2927975
TI  - A computer-model analysis of the influence of the upper airway on passive flow
      volume loops in infants.
AB  - The present study was undertaken to determine the effects of upper airway
      resistance (Rua) and elastance (Eua) on the mechanical parameters calculated from
      the expiratory limb of the passive flow-volume curve in normal infants, using a
      computer model. The model included separate compartments for the respiratory
      system, upper airway, and measurement equipment. Inclusion of Rua in the model
      decreased the slope of the expiratory limb of the flow-volume loop, and the
      resistance calculated from the flow-volume loop accurately reflected the total
      resistance of the model. Inclusion of Eua in the model caused a decrease in the
      end-inspiratory (driving) pressure and a corresponding decrease in the peak
      expiratory flow but did not alter the slope of the linear portion of the
      expiratory limb of the flow-volume loop. Resistance calculated from the loop
      underestimated true model resistance by 14.5%. However, further small
      fluctuations in Eua did not cause significant variability in the value of
      resistance calculated. Total elastance was accurately calculated whether or not
      Rua and Eua were included in the model. The results of this analysis demonstrate
      that, while Eua causes the true resistance to be underestimated, fluctuations in
      Eua are not likely to be an important source of variability in the mechanical
      parameters calculated from the passive flow-volume loop; however, any changes in
      Rua will be reflected in the value of resistance calculated and therefore are
      likely to cause substantial variability in the calculated resistance.

PMID- 2927977
TI  - The American Pediatric Society and the Society for Pediatric Research. Abstracts
      and program outline. Washington, D.C., May 1-4, 1989.

PMID- 2927976
TI  - Increased bronchial responsiveness to histamine associated with shortened
      inhalation time.
AB  - A study was undertaken to assess the variability of results of histamine
      inhalation tests with the tidal breathing method, keeping the total dose of
      histamine delivered to the mouth constant but using either different nebulizers
      or the same Wright nebulizer operated under changing conditions. Seventeen
      asthmatic children had double histamine bronchial provocation tests with a
      Bennett-Twin nebulizer (output 0.31 ml/min, nebulization time 1 min) and a Wright
      nebulizer (output 0.15 ml/min, nebulization time 2 min), with a driving flow
      rate, in both instances, of 7 L/min. Another group of 15 asthmatic children had
      double provocation tests with a Wright nebulizer driven by a flow rate of either
      7 L/min (output 0.15 ml/min, nebulization time 2 min) or 12 L/min (output 0.30
      ml/min, nebulization time 1 min). In each experiment the volume of histamine
      solution delivered was about 0.30 ml. PC20-FEV1 was significantly lower,
      indicating an increased bronchial response, when both methods using "faster"
      delivery of histamine were used. We conclude that comparison of results obtained
      with histamine inhalation tests by the tidal breathing method cannot be made
      unless the nebulizer and operating criteria are the same.

PMID- 2927978
TI  - Proceedings of a workshop on vaccines for otitis media. Pittsburgh, PA, September
      1-2, 1988.

PMID- 2927979
TI  - The role of antibodies to pneumococcal C polysaccharide in otitis media.

PMID- 2927980
TI  - Animal model for influenza A otitis media.

PMID- 2927981
TI  - Human adult immunogenicity of protein-coupled pneumococcal capsular antigens of
      serotypes prevalent in otitis media.

PMID- 2927982
TI  - A vaccine for otitis media: is there a need? What are the prospects?

PMID- 2927983
TI  - Epidemiology of otitis media.

PMID- 2927984
TI  - Routine chest radiographs in pediatric intensive care: a prospective study.
AB  - The clinical value of routine chest radiographs was prospectively evaluated in a
      pediatric intensive care unit. Physicians were asked to predict findings of
      clinical impact in 353 routine morning chest radiographs performed in 101
      patients after examining the patients. In 81 instances (23%), the clinical impact
      of the chest radiographs was incorrectly predicted and significant alterations in
      management would have potentially been missed had the chest radiographs not been
      available. These 81 chest radiographs included 72 unpredicted radiographic
      changes of clinical significance, and nine chest radiographs in which a
      significant radiographic change was incorrectly predicted. Thirty five (43.2%) of
      these 81 chest radiographs had unpredicted pulmonary findings and 46 (56.8%)
      showed unpredicted appliance malpositions. Incorrect predictions were
      significantly associated with radiographs from patients who were younger,
      intubated, mechanically ventilated, and had indwelling central venous catheters.
      Level of training of the predicting physicians did not affect prediction
      accuracy. In analysis of 43 routine postintubation chest radiographs and 39
      routine postcentral venous catheter placement chest radiographs, appliance
      malpositions were disclosed in 34.9% and 43.6%, respectively. Routine daily and
      post-appliance placement chest radiographs have significant clinical value in the
      pediatric intensive care unit.

PMID- 2927985
TI  - Otitis media in early childhood and cognitive, academic, and classroom
      performance of the school-aged child.
AB  - The relationship between the occurrence of otitis media during the first 3 years
      of life and cognitive, academic, and classroom performance during the third year
      of elementary school was evaluated in 44 socioeconomically disadvantaged
      children. The children attended a research day-care program where their otitis
      media experience and psychoeducational development were documented prospectively
      from birth. No significant relationship was found between otitis media in early
      childhood and performance on tests of verbal intelligence or academic achievement
      in the third year of school. The number of days of otitis media before 3 years of
      age was significantly correlated with teachers' ratings of children's attentional
      behavior in the classroom, however. Children with more early otitis media tended
      to be rated as less task oriented and less able to work independently than
      children with less otitis media. This was an exploratory study of a small number
      of children. Further study of the potential association is needed.

PMID- 2927986
TI  - Retinopathy of prematurity: a new epidemic?
AB  - This study provides the first empiric evidence for the existence of a new
      epidemic of retinopathy of prematurity-induced blindness. Data from a population
      based register of handicapping conditions in the Canadian province of British
      Columbia, and a birth weight-specific census of live-born infants in British
      Columbia, were used to determine annual, population-level incidences of
      retinopathy of prematurity-induced blindness during 1952 to 1983. Changes in
      incidence since the end of the original epidemic (1954) were determined by
      subdividing the 29-year period (1955 to 1983) into two intervals (1955 to 1964
      and 1965 to 1983). Standardized incidence ratio analyses revealed a marginally
      significant increase in the overall incidence of retinopathy of prematurity
      induced blindness in the later as compared with the earlier period. Infants
      weighing 750 to 999 g at birth had a significantly increased standardized
      incidence ratio of 3.07 (95% confidence interval 1.26, 11.06). No increases in
      risk were observed in heavier or lighter weight infants. Because ascertainment
      and diagnostic changes do not explain the weight-specific increases in incidence,
      these results provide the first population-level evidence for a new epidemic.

PMID- 2927987
TI  - Reduction of mortality, morbidity, and respiratory distress syndrome in infants
      weighing less than 1,000 grams by treatment with betamethasone and ritodrine.
AB  - The efficacy of betamethasone has been questioned in infants of less than 28
      week's gestation. From January 1983 to June 1986, 86 infants weighing 600 to
      1,000 g were born at our center. Control of labor was attempted with ritodrine in
      all patients with less than or equal to 5 cm cervical dilation. If control were
      obtained, betamethasone was given 30 minutes later. Significant differences were
      found between the 33 infants born after 24 hours of betamethasone and those
      delivered before in terms of survival 90.1% v 56.6% (P = .001), respiratory
      distress syndrome 27.2% v 73.6% (P = .0001), and need for intermittent positive
      pressure ventilation 42.4% v 81.1% (P = .0005). The average hospital stay for
      beta-treated infants was 82 days v 99 days for nontreated infants. The average
      exposure to O2 after betamethasone was 12.7 days v 20.2 days, (P = .01), although
      need for intermittent positive pressure ventilation was similar (23 days) in the
      two groups. In infants who survived greater than 48 hours, the incidence of
      patent ductus arteriosus in the beta-group was 18.8% (6/32) v 44.4% (16/36) in
      the nontreated group (P = .04). Our data suggest that in infants weighing less
      than 1,000 g, control of labor with ritodrine for a minimum of 24 hours and
      administration of betamethasone can reduce significantly not only the incidence
      of respiratory distress syndrome but also mortality and morbidity.

PMID- 2927988
TI  - Neonatal neurodevelopmental examination as a predictor of neuromotor outcome in
      premature infants.
AB  - There was a marked correlation (P less than .000001) between neonatal
      neurodevelopmental examination results and neuromotor outcome at 1 year of age or
      older in 210 high-risk premature infants (mean birth weight 1,107 g, mean
      gestational age 28.4 weeks). This neonatal examination consisted of assessment of
      posture, extremity and axial tone, deep tendon reflexes, pathologic reflexes,
      primitive reflexes, symmetry, oromotor function, cranial nerve function, auditory
      and visual responses, and behavior. Premature infants whose neonatal
      neurodevelopmental examination results were abnormal had significantly higher
      incidences of both cerebral palsy (38% v 6%, P less than .000001) and minor
      neuromotor dysfunction (27% v 13%, p less than .05) than did premature infants
      whose examination results were normal. This correlation continued to be highly
      significant even with the analysis of subgroups (infants born at or before 27
      weeks' gestation, infants with chronic lung disease discharged with oxygen
      supplementation, infants with periventricular hemorrhage) and when a variety of
      individual perinatal, demographic, and social variables were used as controls.
      Normal or nearly normal neonatal neurodevelopmental examination results can be
      used to reassure parents of high-risk premature infants. Although abnormal
      neonatal neurodevelopmental examination results cannot be used to diagnose
      handicap in premature infants, they can be used to select a group of high-risk
      infants who should be carefully monitored during infancy and childhood.

PMID- 2927989
TI  - Acute asthma: observations regarding the management of a pediatric emergency
      room.
AB  - Because inadequate assessment and inappropriate treatment of acute asthma have
      been implicated as contributing factors in morbidity and even deaths, the
      management of acute asthma, as practiced in an emergency room, were reviewed. The
      study population comprised 1,864 children (mean age 5.6 years; 65% boys) who
      attended the emergency room with acute asthma on 3,358 occasions during a 16
      month period. Visits occurred more commonly in winter and usually in the
      evenings; 93% were self-referred and the mean duration of symptoms was 41 hours.
      Most acute episodes were associated with infection. Although chest auscultation,
      heart rate, and respiratory rate were recorded during the majority of visits,
      evidence that pulsus paradoxus had been measured could be found for only 1% of
      visits. Results of lung function and blood gas values were rarely recorded, but
      chest radiographs were obtained in 18% of visits. Drugs used in the emergency
      room included beta 2-agonists (93% of visits), theophylline (16%), and systemic
      steroids (4%), but no child received anticholinergic therapy. In 26% of patient
      visits, admission to hospital occurred; one patient died. The erratic fashion in
      which asthma severity appears to have been assessed and the failure to document
      whether lung function had been measured are causes for concern. The surprisingly
      high hospitalization rate may have been avoided if bronchodilators and
      corticosteroids had not been underused in the emergency room.

PMID- 2927990
TI  - High-versus low-dose, frequently administered, nebulized albuterol in children
      with severe, acute asthma.
AB  - Thirty-two 5- to 17-year-old children who had severe, acute asthma were randomly
      assigned to receive either high doses (0.15 mg/kg of body weight per dose) or low
      doses (0.05 mg/kg of body weight per dose) of nebulized albuterol every 20
      minutes for six doses. Compared with the low-dose regimen, the high-dose regimen
      resulted in significantly greater improvement in forced expiratory volume in 1
      second, forced vital capacity, and wheeze score and a lower hospitalization rate.
      The changes in heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, white blood cell
      count, and serum potassium concentration did not differ significantly between the
      groups. The incidence of side effects, which included tremor, hyperactivity, and
      vomiting, was not significantly different in the two populations. Serum albuterol
      levels varied widely, but there was no correlation between the levels and the
      increase in heart rate or other side effects. high-dose, frequently administered,
      nebulized albuterol appears both safe and effective in treating severe, acute
      asthma in children.

PMID- 2927991
TI  - Demographic factors influencing the initiation of breast-feeding in an Israeli
      urban population.
AB  - The influence of demographic and prenatal factors on the initiation of breast
      feeding in an urban Israeli population was evaluated by interviewing 1,000
      parturients prior to discharge from the hospital. The mothers were all Jewish,
      none were single, and none were social welfare dependents. Of these mothers, 72%
      were breast-feeding, 6% stated an intent to breast-feed, and 22% were formula
      feeding their infants. A significantly increased rate of breast-feeding was found
      among mothers with the following characteristics: those of orthodox religious
      belief, high educational level, in the academic and paraacademic professions,
      nonsmokers, those who worked outside of the home during the pregnancy, those who
      had previous breast-feeding success, and mothers whose husbands' attitude toward
      breast-feeding was positive. The decision to breast-feed was made prior to
      delivery in 85% of mothers. Participation of the mother and/or father in
      antenatal preparation courses did not significantly influence the initiation of
      breast-feeding. Multivariant analysis with a stepwise logistic regression model
      delineated the four factors most significantly associated with the initiation of
      breast-feeding: positive spousal attitude toward breast-feeding, orthodox
      religious belief, nonsmoking, and work outside of the home during the pregnancy.
      The expected probability for initiating breast-feeding was computed for the
      various combinations of these four categories and ranged from .94 with all
      factors present to .33 in the absence of these characteristics. Pediatrics 1989;
      83:519-523; breast-feeding, Israel.

PMID- 2927992
TI  - Breast-feeding and the working mother: a profile.
AB  - Based on a survey of a nationally representative sample of new mothers, this
      study compares the incidence and duration of breast-feeding among mothers who
      were employed full-time outside the home with those not employed. Results
      indicated that the same proportion of mothers (55%) who were employed full-time
      as those not employed reported breast-feeding their infants in the hospital.
      Working full-time seemed to have a substantial impact on breast-feeding duration.
      Only 10% of full-time employed mothers breast-fed their infants at 6 months of
      age compared with 24% of those not employed. Analyses of breast-feeding by
      demographic characteristics indicated that in-hospital breast-feeding was
      relatively high among mothers who were not working outside the home and who were
      30 years of age and older, in high family income groups, college educated, white,
      and living in the Mountain or Pacific region of the United States. Breast-feeding
      patterns among white and black mothers showed that a relatively high incidence of
      in-hospital breast-feeding was reported by black mothers who returned to work
      full time. Many more blacks than whites who were working full time were in those
      demographic subgroups that reported the highest incidence of breast-feeding:
      mothers who were 25 years of age and older, in high-income groups, and college
      educated. Ways to increase the level of breast-feeding among employed mothers are
      outlined.

PMID- 2927994
TI  - Heavy cocaine use by adolescents.
AB  - Adolescents are susceptible to becoming cocaine users. Twenty-eight teenagers in
      a drug rehabilitation program were identified as heavy cocaine users and
      questioned about their experiences. They reported family conflict leading to
      running away (86%), school drop-out (24%) and delinquent behaviors such as
      stealing (96%) and vandalism (57%). Cocaine use started at 14 years for 21%, with
      progression from onset to at least weekly use within eight weeks (54%). Side
      effects included sleep disturbance (18%) and tolerance to cocaine (25%).
      Withdrawal was characterized by cocaine craving up to one month later (93%). The
      majority (96%) were polydrug abusers. Possible causes of teen substance abuse are
      discussed, and the importance of prevention is emphasized.

PMID- 2927993
TI  - Zinc supplementation in infants with a nutritional pattern of failure to thrive:
      a double-blind, controlled study.
AB  - The objective of this study was to determine whether zinc deficiency is one of
      the factors involved in nutritional failure to thrive in infants and toddlers.
      Participants were selected on the basis of anthropometric criteria, particularly
      a decline in weight velocity preceding changes in length gains. The investigation
      was designed as a double-blind, randomized, pair-matched, controlled study of
      dietary zinc supplementation of 6 months' duration. Anthropometric data were
      collected at 0, 1, 3, and 6 months. Twenty-five pairs of infants completed the
      project. When compared with placebo-treated control children, the zinc
      supplemented group (combined sexes) and the supplemented boys showed significant
      improvements in standard deviation scores for weight for all three intervals, the
      largest differences occurring for the 0- to 3-month interval (P less than or
      equal to .0001). The zinc-supplemented girls demonstrated a trend toward
      improvements in changes in standard deviation scores for weight (P = .056). There
      were no differences in length gains for either boys or girls. This improvement in
      weight gains after zinc supplementation demonstrates that mild zinc deficiency
      can be one of the etiologic factors in nutritional failure to thrive during
      infancy.

PMID- 2927995
TI  - Fragile X syndrome: recognition in young children.
AB  - In recent years, a number of articles have appeared in the literature concerning
      the fragile X syndrome; however, in few cases was the diagnosis of the syndrome
      in young children discussed. A review of 20 children younger than 7 1/2 years of
      age who had the fragile X syndrome seen at the Cincinnati Center of Developmental
      Disorders was undertaken in an attempt to establish guidelines that would aid the
      practicing physician in determining which children should have a chromosomal
      analysis. All children were developmentally delayed; 95% had speech delays. Short
      attention span with hyperactivity, temper tantrums, mouthing of objects
      persisting at an age beyond when it would be expected, autistic behaviors, and
      poor gross motor coordination were seen in 50% or more of the children. Mental
      retardation was present in the family history of 65%, and 90% had a family
      history of at least one of the following: mental retardation, learning
      disabilities, or hyperactivity. The most common physical findings were long
      and/or wide and/or protruding ears, prominent jaw and/or long face, high arched
      palate, and a flattened nasal bridge. The fragile X syndrome can be recognized by
      noting key aspects of the behavioral and family histories as well as the physical
      findings.

PMID- 2927996
TI  - Prevalence of child sex rings.
AB  - Within a geographically defined population of 710,000, 31 child sex rings were
      identified by the police during a 2-year period. A total of 47 male perpetrators
      aged 16 to 82 years and 334 children aged 4 to 15 years were involved. The
      perpetrators usually operated alone or in pairs. Three rings were expanding and
      developing into semicommercial enterprises, however and four or more men
      participated in them. Children acting as ringleaders recruited victims for the
      perpetrator in 22 rings, usually in exchange for money. The offenses reported
      included fondling and masturbation (30 rings), oral, anal, or vaginal intercourse
      (21 rings), and production of child pornography (two rings). In addition, two
      adolescent prostitution rings involving 12- to 18-year-old boys were investigated
      by the police. During the 2-year period these sex rings accounted for 4.6% of all
      cases of child sexual abuse reported to the police and 6.6% of the subsequent
      prosecutions.

PMID- 2927997
TI  - Unsuspected infectious diseases and other medical diagnoses in the evaluation of
      internationally adopted children.
AB  - Seven simple screening tests--hepatitis B profile, urine culture for
      cytomegalovirus, Mantoux test for tuberculosis, stool examination for ova and
      parasites, VDRL, complete blood cell count, and vision and hearing screening-
      were used to evaluate 52 consecutive children at a pediatric clinic for
      international adoptees. In 63% of these children, unsuspected medical diagnoses
      were made by a combination of history, physical examination, and appropriate
      screening tests. When only those children previously examined by a physician in
      the United States were included in our analysis, the rate of unsuspected
      diagnosis remained high (67%). Omission of screening tests was the single most
      frequent cause of missed diagnoses, of which the majority were infectious
      diseases. More than 50% of our newly established diagnoses carried the potential
      for long-term sequelae without proper treatment. These data emphasize that
      internationally adopted children should receive a thorough screening evaluation
      for medical problems that may adversely affect their growth and development.

PMID- 2927998
TI  - Sexual maturity rating: a marker for effects of pubertal maturation on the
      adolescent electrocardiogram.
AB  - The heart is known to participate in the adolescent growth spurt. A peak increase
      in transverse diameter coincides with peak height velocity during pubertal
      maturation. The effects of maturation on the adolescent ECG were explored using
      sexual maturity rating (SMR) as a marker. ECGs were obtained from 751 patients 8
      to 20 years of age seen for routine physical examinations. A total of 33 standard
      ECG measures were analyzed, with subjects separated by sex and SMR. Different
      trends were seen in boys and girls during the course of maturation for the
      majority of R and S wave amplitude measurements. Lower mean amplitudes were seen
      consistently in more mature (SMR 4 and 5) girls than less mature girls and all
      boys. The clinical implication of these findings is illustrated by analysis of
      the sum of RV5 and SV2, one of the criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy, by
      sex and SMR. No significant difference in the sum is noted for boys across five
      SMR groups. Girls, in contrast, show a steady decrease in the sum with advancing
      maturation. These trends are not as clearly shown when subjects are grouped by
      broad chronologic age ranges, as had been the practice in developing current
      adolescent ECG tables. These findings suggest that development of standard ECG
      tables in which SMR and sex have been taken into account might enhance
      interpretation during adolescence.

PMID- 2927999
TI  - Genital lichen sclerosus mistaken for child sexual abuse.

PMID- 2928000
TI  - Growth plate: roentgenologic findings in a case of tyrosinosis.

PMID- 2928001
TI  - Auriculotemporal syndrome seen clinically as food allergy.

PMID- 2928002
TI  - Chronic idiopathic intestinal pseudoobstruction: a commonly misdiagnosed disease
      in infants and children.

PMID- 2928003
TI  - American Academy of Pediatrics Task Force on Pediatrics AIDS: Infants and
      children with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: placement in adoption and
      foster care.

PMID- 2928004
TI  - Sickle cell trait and competitive athletics: is there a risk?

PMID- 2928005
TI  - The Hastings Center Project on Imperiled Newborns: supreme court, jury, or Greek
      chorus?

PMID- 2928006
TI  - Guidelines for the determination of brain death in children.

PMID- 2928007
TI  - Newborn screening for sickle cell disease.

PMID- 2928008
TI  - Lipid composition of milk from mothers with cystic fibrosis.

PMID- 2928009
TI  - Statistical power.

PMID- 2928010
TI  - Brain lesions and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

PMID- 2928011
TI  - Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and right-sided brain lesions.

PMID- 2928012
TI  - Rett syndrome.

PMID- 2928014
TI  - Were the good old days better?

PMID- 2928013
TI  - Resident stress = spousal stress.

PMID- 2928015
TI  - Pertussis immunization.

PMID- 2928016
TI  - The anencephalic controversy.

PMID- 2928017
TI  - Rape and AIDS.

PMID- 2928018
TI  - Hemorrhage, phenobarbital, and fluctuating cerebral blood flow.

PMID- 2928019
TI  - Macrosomia, microphthalmia, and early rapid or sudden infant death: a new
      syndrome?

PMID- 2928020
TI  - Bilirubin, intraventricular hemorrhage, and phenobarbital.

PMID- 2928021
TI  - Klinefelter syndrome and fire-setting behavior.

PMID- 2928022
TI  - Is Hypaque dangerous?

PMID- 2928023
TI  - Sports and sickle cell trait.

PMID- 2928024
TI  - Ethical basis for repealing religious exemptions from child abuse statutes.

PMID- 2928025
TI  - Renal glycosuria in pyelonephritis.

PMID- 2928026
TI  - Intrapartum asphyxia and cerebral palsy.

PMID- 2928027
TI  - Hearing loss and persistent fetal circulation.

PMID- 2928028
TI  - Fictitious crystalluria.

PMID- 2928029
TI  - Displacement effects caused by converging lines and dots.
AB  - Changes induced in orientation were examined under conditions of a dot or full
      line version of a stimulus consisting of a test and inducing line. 44 subjects
      visually extended the test line to the surrounding circle on 11 trials and
      indicated their response by a mark on the circle. Magnitude of illusion was
      reduced by 54% for the dot version compared with the full-line form, but both
      produced an illusion significantly greater than zero. A significant practice
      effect was obtained with full lines but not with the dot form. Results are
      discussed in terms of lateral inhibition theory and related research.

PMID- 2928030
TI  - Distributed and massed practice effects on motor performance and learning of
      autistic children.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of massed and distributed
      practice upon the learning by 8 autistic children of rotary pursuit tracking at
      20 rpm. The massed practice group of four completed 10 30-sec. trials with 5-sec.
      rests for 10 consecutive days on the Photoelectric Pursuit Rotor. The distributed
      practice group completed 10 30-sec. trials with 30-sec. rests for 10 consecutive
      days on the same device. The results of a 2 x 10 x 10 (group x practice days x
      trials) analysis of variance with repeated measures on the last two factors
      indicated that learning occurred for both groups but no differences between
      groups were significant. It is suggested that further investigations into the
      applicability of motor learning principles to special populations be conducted
      using larger groups.

PMID- 2928031
TI  - Continuous noise, intermittent noise, and annoyance.
AB  - In a within-subjects design, 18 subjects listened to white noise, the intensity
      of which was controlled by themselves. They were instructed to choose the
      intensity they experienced as "clearly annoying." Three kinds of white noise were
      used: continuous, intermittent regular, and intermittent irregular. In the two
      intermittent conditions, the proportion of time with the noise on was 50%. The
      duration of on- and off-periods in the regular condition was 1.15 sec.; in the
      irregular condition, it varied between 0.25 and 1.65 sec. The subjects chose
      their "clearly annoying" level three times for each noise type. The results
      showed that the mean level chosen was 83.9 dB for continuous, 90 dB for
      intermittent regular, and 89.6 dB for intermittent irregular noise. Pairwise
      comparisons indicated a significant difference between continuous noise and each
      of the two intermittent noises while there was no difference between the two
      intermittent noises. The results are interpreted as indicating that noise-induced
      annoyance may be a function of the over-all amount of noise rather than the mere
      presence or absence of intermittency, at least when no concurrent demanding task
      is performed and when the required annoyance level is set by the subjects
      themselves. The results further showed that the intensity chosen by the subjects
      correlated negatively with scores from Weinstein's Noise Sensitivity Scale while
      the intensity chosen was unrelated to extraversion or neuroticism scores as
      measured by Eysenck Personality Inventory.

PMID- 2928032
TI  - Learning disabled students' performance on visual and auditory spelling tests.

PMID- 2928033
TI  - Field independence as a function of sex, sex-roles, and the sex-role
      appropriateness of the task.
AB  - Two experiments were conducted to explain the sex difference in field
      independence by reference to socialization factors. It was hypothesized that the
      sex-role appropriateness of the task as masculine or feminine-typed would
      influence the performance of masculine and feminine women in a manner congruent
      with their sex-role orientation. 28 pilot subjects and 100 subjects in Study 2
      were equally divided between the sexes. Both studies used the Bem Sex-role
      Inventory, but different versions of the Embedded Figures Test. The over-all
      results suggested that feminine women varied their performance according to task
      appropriateness, although not always in a manner congruent with their sex-role
      orientation. Androgynous individuals and masculine men did not alter their
      performance.

PMID- 2928034
TI  - Application of Piotrowski's dark shading hypothesis to Sylvia Plath's poems
      written before her suicide.

PMID- 2928035
TI  - Relationship of eye color to winning horseshoe pitching contests.
AB  - Light-eyed individuals perform some self-paced activities better while dark-eyed
      individuals perform reactive activities better. In horseshoe pitching contests
      there were, however, no differences on winning or losing between 21 light- and 25
      dark-eyed men at a county fair.

PMID- 2928036
TI  - Attention and brain damage: a clinical study of response latency under various
      degrees of uncertainty.
AB  - Wyns and Bruyer in 1988 proposed a visual attention test that is easy to use and
      sensitive both to the age of the subjects and the level of uncertainty about the
      response required. This test was designed as a fine gauge of attention deficits
      in brain-damaged subjects with poorly structured complaints. We present here a
      preliminary application of the test to a group of 48 such persons. Analysis of
      response accuracy indicated that 27 subjects were deficient in this respect. Of
      the 21 remaining subjects whose reaction times were analyzable, only one-third
      appeared as entirely normal.

PMID- 2928037
TI  - Use of factor analysis in the study of alcohol-induced strategy changes in
      skilled performance on a soccer test.
AB  - The present study was designed to examine how skilled behaviour changes under the
      effects of two doses of alcohol (0.5 gm/kg and 1 gm/kg). A battery of perceptual
      motor reference tests, together with the criterion test of a soccer slalom were
      given a sample of 48 male volunteers to show how performance strategies changed
      across the different experimental conditions. Analysis indicated little change
      between effects of placebo and the lower dose but some change in the composition
      of performance between placebo and the 1 gm/kg dose. This finding supports
      further use of factor analysis in the study of skilled behaviour.

PMID- 2928038
TI  - A possible proximity effect on human grip strength: an attempted replication.
AB  - A double-blind experiment with 50 adults was conducted to replicate a finding
      that proximity to sugar reduces human grip strength. Grip strength of the
      dominant hand was measured by a chart-recording hand dynamometer for 12 trials.
      For half of the trials, the subject held an opaque, sealed bottle containing
      sugar; for half of the trials, the subject held a control bottle of equal weight
      containing sand. Statistical analysis indicated no significant effect of held
      substance upon grip strength.

PMID- 2928039
TI  - Effects of eye color on the accuracy of ball throwing of elementary school
      children.
AB  - Light-eyed individuals generally perform better at self-paced activities while
      dark-eyed individuals perform better at reactive activities. In throwing a ball
      at a target there were no differences between light- and dark-eyed elementary
      school-age children. Boys hit the target more times than did girls, and older
      children in upper grades hit the target more often than did younger children in
      lower grades.

PMID- 2928040
TI  - Anthropometric design criteria: correction variables for military aircraft.
AB  - Significant errors in the application of dimensional anthropometric design
      criteria for tactical military aircraft cockpits have been identified. These
      errors result from insufficient consideration of previously undefined variables
      relative to posture, restraint system items, and aviators' personal protection
      equipment as discussed by McConville and Laubach in 1978.

PMID- 2928041
TI  - Stressed vowel perception in word recognition.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to measure subjects' ability to detect deliberate
      stressed, front-vowel misarticulations embedded in two-syllable words. Reaction
      times to words with various vowel-height misarticulations were examined for 25
      women to assess the effect of a specific vowel height change on listeners'
      ability to recognize a word. Statistical analysis indicated no significant
      differences between reaction times to initial, stressed vowel changes along the
      height dimension, suggesting that subjects responded similarly to all vowel
      errors on the detection task. This finding provides further evidence that
      stressed-vowel information may serve as a perceptual anchor in guiding a listener
      during word recognition.

PMID- 2928042
TI  - Music preferences and perception of loudness.

PMID- 2928044
TI  - Measurements of gaze movements while driving.
AB  - In this study, gaze movements of drivers driving through an intersection were
      investigated. Gaze movements of drivers in large vehicles were compared with
      those in small vehicles. There were both similarities and differences in the
      visual search behaviors of drivers of large and small vehicles. The two groups
      were similar in that, when approaching an intersection, drivers made repeated
      saccadic gaze movements; after entering the intersection, saccadic gaze movements
      were directed ahead in the direction of turning. Differences arose in the
      frequency and distribution of gaze movements. The number of gaze movements was
      significantly greater in drivers of large vehicles. The distribution of gaze
      movements in driving a large vehicle showed a peak at the point 50 to 60 degrees
      to the right and left of the median plane of the driver. The distribution of gaze
      movements of drivers of small vehicles showed no peak across the visual field.

PMID- 2928043
TI  - Decision time and movement time in depression: differential effects of practice
      before and after clinical improvement.
AB  - Choice reaction time involves, at least two components of response latency,
      decision time and movement time. Studies of choice reaction time usually provide
      values of these two components averaged over a given number of trials. The aim of
      the present study of depressed subjects was to investigate changes across
      practice on Decision Time (DT) and Movement Time (MT) before and after clinical
      improvement. 19 depressed subjects were given two sessions of 50 trials each, one
      before treatment (Di) and one after recovery (Df). Decision time and movement
      time exhibited quite different patterns. Decision time significantly decreased
      with clinical improvement. No significant variation across trials was found, in
      either session. Movement time values varied across trials but the variations
      observed on Di and Df were significantly different, whereas before treatment
      latencies recorded at the end of the session were greater than those scored at
      the start, the contrary was observed after clinical recovery. No significant
      difference was found between values of movement time scored at the start of the
      two sessions.

PMID- 2928045
TI  - Constancy of individual exponents for inspired lung volume: a comment on Harver
      (1987).
AB  - In this paper we made two brief commentaries on Harver's (1987) experiment. The
      first comment is an observation on the growing area of respiratory psychophysics
      for which we prefer the name Behavioral Physiology. In the second comment it is
      suggested that the stable individual differences in the exponent of the
      psychophysical power law reported by Harver may be an artifact of the
      psychophysical method employed: category production.

PMID- 2928046
TI  - Sex differences in time perception.
AB  - In an experiment on discrimination of duration of auditory stimuli in the range
      of milliseconds 16 men and 16 women were tested. Men scored better than women in
      discrimination of duration as well as in required session time. These results
      were discussed in terms of the assumption of a neurotransmitter-related internal
      clock and with respect to sex differences in reaction time.

PMID- 2928047
TI  - Perception of attractiveness by obesity and hair color.
AB  - In a study of 318 Caucasian college students, obese persons and redheaded men
      were seen as unattractive compared to the nonobese and other hair colors. The
      obesity stereotype and the hair-color stereotype appear to be evaluated
      separately with little interaction. The results imply that a stereotypic
      characteristic like obesity, which is perceived as being under a person's
      control, may be evaluated differently than a stereotypic characteristic
      independent of personal choice such as hair color.

PMID- 2928049
TI  - Menstrual attitudes and symptoms in Nigerian athletes.

PMID- 2928048
TI  - Perceptions of health, abilities, and life satisfaction among very old adults.
AB  - Retrospective, current, and prospective perceptions of health, functional
      abilities, and life satisfaction were examined in a sample of 40 adults 80 yr. of
      age and older. Perceptions of decline varied among these variables; correlations
      with objective measures of health and abilities varied in magnitude.

PMID- 2928050
TI  - Reminiscence and strategies of performance in rotary pursuit tracking.
AB  - The maximum speed at which man detects and corrects errors is analyzed on the
      pursuit rotor. During the prerest performance, scores of about 220 msec. are
      found, for both extravertive and introvertive subjects. During the postrest
      performance a crossover effect appeared: extraverts had scores near 60 msec.,
      while introverts did not surpass 100 msec. The results are discussed in the
      framework of Eysenck and Frith's (1977) theory of reminiscence.

PMID- 2928051
TI  - Children's Sleep Behavior Scale: normative data on 870 children in grades 1 to 6.
AB  - A 22-item Likert-type rating scale for parents was developed for screening a
      broad range of specific sleep-related behaviors of elementary school children.
      The prevalence of these behaviors was reported by parents for boys (n = 459) and
      girls (n = 411) in three age groups, less than 8.5 yr., between 8.5 and 11.5 yr.,
      and greater than 11.5 yr. For all age groups, the most prevalent behaviors were
      restlessness, waking up at night, pleasant dreams, getting up to go to the
      bathroom, talking while asleep, and complaints about not being able to sleep,
      while the least frequent were rhythmical movements and crying while asleep. The
      self-reports suggest that many of the behaviors are underestimated in the
      literature. Some sex and age differences were found, but the number of siblings,
      birth order, change in family structure, and educational status of father and
      mother were unrelated to the sleep variables. Test-retest reliabilities of self
      reports by these parents to individual items were adequate.

PMID- 2928052
TI  - Effects of sports instruction on children's self-concept.
AB  - A sample of 120 children (69 boys and 51 girls), ranging in age from 9 to 14 yr.,
      was administered the Harter Self-perception Profile for Children before and after
      a 5-wk. program of swimming instruction. It is predicted that children who
      improve most in swimming will also have the largest gains in athletic self
      concept. The data supported the prediction for an association between gains in
      swimming skill and self-concept for certain skill groups.

PMID- 2928053
TI  - Forms can be recognized from dynamic occlusion alone.
AB  - Direct and indirect theories of perception differ on whether form perception
      depends on higher order invariants or on features in the retinal image. The
      present paper describes a demonstration that an object can be recognized through
      a higher order pattern (dynamic occlusion) without any of the object's features
      being displayed. Stimuli consist of computer stimulations of black wireframe
      objects moving in front of, and occluding, a random layout of point lights on a
      black background. In this way, no single videoframe of the stimuli displays any
      of the object's features, and motion of the amodal object in front of the light
      points is necessary for the form to become visible. The forms can also be
      recognized when isoluminous colours are used for background and point lights.
      Finally, it is noted that, if the observer can actively control the motion of the
      object, e.g., by moving a computer mouse, recognition is enhanced as in Gibson's
      (1962) experiment on active touch.

PMID- 2928054
TI  - Validities of the Physical Estimation Scale in predicting running times.
AB  - Two studies were conducted with the purpose of examining the validity of the 12
      item Physical Estimation Scale, developed by Safrit and Wood (1985), as a
      predictor of running performance. Physical Estimation Scale scores were not
      significantly related to running time at the 5-mi. distance but were
      significantly correlated with predicted and actual marathon finishing times.

PMID- 2928055
TI  - Association between paired subtests of auditory sequential memory administered to
      preschool children.
AB  - Auditory sequential memory subtests of the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale
      of Intelligence and the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities were administered
      individually to 20 normal preschool children. Poor performance on the McCarthy
      words/sentences subtest suggests retention difficulties associated with isolated
      words in the absence of linguistic context. Correlations of only moderate
      strength and large unexplained variance indicate poor predictability between
      subtests despite similarities in content and procedural details.

PMID- 2928056
TI  - Throwing action from full-cue and motion-only video-models of an arm movement
      sequence.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine whether videotaped demonstrations of
      an action which displayed only the motion pattern of a model's limb as compared
      with one which showed both form and motion provide sufficient information for
      modelling a given pattern of movement. Video-demonstrations of an arm-movement
      sequence which ended with a throwing action were shown to adult subjects whose
      task was to model precisely what they saw. Each demonstration lasted 6 sec. and
      was shown 6 times. It portrayed the arm of a model, who held a small ball,
      performing a sequence of movements (flexion and extension of the elbow) which
      ended in the ball being thrown about 2.5 m with a 'darts-style' action. Three
      types of demonstration were presented: one showed the whole arm in dark clothing
      against a light-coloured background, another showed the arm as the relative
      motion of patches of light situated at the shoulder, elbow, and wrist joints, and
      the third showed the arm as the relative motion of the upper and lower segments
      of the arm represented by strips of light-reflectant material. These were the
      stimuli for the between-groups experimental conditions. Goniometry techniques
      were used to compare the performance of subjects relative to the model. Analysis
      showed that the order of the preparatory sequence was correctly produced after 4
      trials under all conditions. Range of arm movement in projecting the ball closely
      approximated that of the model after 4 trials in all conditions. The time taken
      for the arm to project the ball remained constant across trials under all
      conditions and was always slower than the demonstrated cadence.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2928057
TI  - Knowledge about suicide as a function of experience.

PMID- 2928058
TI  - Manual behavior, lateralization of manual skills and cognitive performance of
      preschool children.
AB  - Direction and degree of manual specialization (functional asymmetry between the
      hands) on a pegboard task, and fine motor ability (total number of pegs inserted)
      of both hands were correlated with verbal and visuospatial performances for 47
      preschool children. No significant differences were found between right-, and
      left-, and mixed-handers even though the best motor skills were shown by the 6
      mixed-handed subjects, who also had the highest scores on cognitive tasks. Verbal
      and visuospatial performances were not correlated with degree or direction of
      manual specialization. They were instead correlated with the level of motor
      ability of both hands. Motor maturation should be viewed, then, as a process that
      implies a richer motor performance of both hands and could be interpreted as a
      more specific diagnostic parameter than the traditional indices of handedness in
      cognitive fields.

PMID- 2928059
TI  - Mood state changes of women as a function of regular aerobic exercise.
AB  - The present study examined mood states of aerobic exercisers before and after
      completing a 15-wk. program. The subjects (ages 18 to 36 yr.) were 86 women
      enrolled in activity classes at a large state school in the southeast. Subjects
      were initially classified according to previous exercise habits. Analysis
      indicated both groups of frequent and infrequent exercisers were similar in mood
      states. Participation in regular exercise did not significantly change or enhance
      the mood states from pretreatment measures. Pretest measures of mood states
      provided poor prediction of posttest measures, indicating extreme variability in
      subjects' scores.

PMID- 2928060
TI  - Temporal resolution of the aging tactile sensory system.
AB  - Oral and nonoral tactile fusion thresholds were obtained for 39 subjects ranging
      in age from 12 to 76 yr. Regression analysis of the data indicated a trend for
      fusion thresholds to become poorer with age. Further statistical testing
      indicated mean threshold and variability differences between subjects when they
      were placed into four groups according to age.

PMID- 2928061
TI  - Factor structure of perceptual-motor attributes in normal children: a cross
      validation.
AB  - The scores on 22 items of the Purdue Perceptual-motor Survey, administered to 567
      normal school children of mean IQ 103 and mean age of 116 mo., were subjected to
      R-factor analysis by the method of principal factoring with orthogonal varimax
      rotation. The analysis led to the definition of 10 factors: J, ocular control; K,
      dynamic balance; L, visual-motor fluency; M, chalkboard; N, unilateral-bilateral
      coordination; O, upper-lower body differentiation; P, form perception; Q,
      developmental maturation; R, sex; and S, spatial body perception. The results
      provide cross-validation for previous studies on the perceptual-motor attributes
      of normal school children.

PMID- 2928062
TI  - The possible interaction of Harderian material and saliva for thermoregulation in
      the Mongolian gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus.
AB  - Self-grooming in Meriones unguiculatus is associated with saliva spread and the
      release and spread of Harderian material from the external nares. Saliva spread
      results in evaporative cooling and Harderian spread insulates the pelage. Two
      experiments tested the predictions that (1) saliva production and Harderian
      material decrease systematically following a self-groom, (2) high ambient
      temperature (34 degrees C) increases saliva production but decreases Harderian
      release, and (3) low ambient temperature (7 degrees C) decreases saliva
      production but increases Harderian release. The predictions were generally
      confirmed, suggesting that short-term and long-term thermoregulatory reactions
      are differentially affected by ambient temperatures. Thus, an animal will tend to
      emphasize saliva production when evaporative cooling is needed and will
      exaggerate Harderian release when insulation of the pelage is required.

PMID- 2928063
TI  - Bizarre imagery in paired-associate learning: an effective mnemonic aid with
      mixed context, delayed testing, and self-paced conditions.
AB  - Recent findings have indicated that bizarre imagery can be an effective mnemonic
      aid with delayed testing, a context of mixed materials, and an adequate stimulus
      presentation pace, so we hypothesized an interaction among these variables. Using
      a variation of the McDaniel and Einstein 1986 methodology, 40 undergraduates were
      each randomly presented three paired-associate lists (i.e., normal, bizarre, and
      mixed). The sentences within each list consisted of stimulus-response pairs of
      high-imagery nouns. 20 of these subjects participated in an immediate cued-recall
      condition for each list while the remaining ones were tested after a 1-wk.
      retention interval. Subjects were further subdivided depending on whether the
      presentation pace was forced or not. As predicted, a three-way interaction was
      found, with bizarre imagery benefiting immediate recall under a combined mixed
      context, self-paced condition; with delayed recall, however, context was the
      determining factor in performance (and not presentation pace).

PMID- 2928064
TI  - Effects of preshot routine on free-throw shooting.
AB  - The effect of prohibiting the use of a preshot routine on free-throw shooting in
      competitive situations was investigated. 25 male high school basketball players
      were instructed to attempt 50 free throws alternating in blocks of 10 between the
      use of their preshot routine and shooting without it. To make the situation
      competitive, subjects were run in groups of five and their performance was
      recorded on a large easel placed to the side of the free-throw line. A
      significantly larger number of baskets were made in the preshot routine condition
      than without the routine. A competitive situation led to a greater decrement in
      baskets than had been reported in 1986 by Lobmeyer and Wassermen during
      noncompetitive free-throw shooting.

PMID- 2928065
TI  - Reliability of heart-rate reactivity to a psychological stressor.
AB  - Reliability of heart-rate reactivity responses to a timed and competitive mental
      arithmetic stressor was investigated in a sample of 40 students. Analysis
      indicated that significant differences between groups of high and low heart-rate
      reactivity subjects were consistent over a period of 4 to 6 wk., with no
      significant effects from mental arithmetic performances.

PMID- 2928066
TI  - The cerebellar-vestibular predisposition to anxiety disorders.
AB  - To test for a cerebellar-vestibular (CV) predisposition to anxiety disorder, 402
      consecutively referred subjects with varying anxiety symptoms were separated into
      eight DSM-III--R diagnostic categories and evaluated for CV dysfunction, using
      neurological and electronystagmographic (ENG) examinations. Of the total sample,
      94% evidenced CV-dysfunction on the basis of two or more abnormal neurological or
      ENG parameters per subject. All DSM-III--R diagnostic anxiety-disorder categories
      contained a high percentage of abnormal neurological and ENG parameters,
      regardless of the size of the subsample. Moreover, each DSM-III--R subsample of
      anxiety disorders contained additional coexisting symptoms of anxiety sufficient
      to overlap with and form the basis for diagnosis of most other DSM-III--R anxiety
      disorder categories. Such findings suggested that anxiety disorders, regardless
      of surface descriptions and DSM-III--R category, have a common denominator with
      varying symptom-shaping mechanisms and that this denominator is significantly CV
      based. Although the above findings do not justify cause and effect convictions,
      they have provided crucial insights leading to (1) a proposed functional
      classification based on underlying determining mechanisms rather than on
      descriptions of symptoms, (2) a possible relationship between anxiety and
      learning disorders, and (3) a new method of treating these disorders by means of
      CV-stabilizing medications in conjunction with traditional approaches. Needless
      to say, independent and controlled studies, including comparisons with "normal"
      persons, are required for both validation and elucidation of those specific
      determining vs compensatory mechanisms and related diagnostic parameters crucial
      for symptom formation.

PMID- 2928067
TI  - Peripheral apparent motion as a function of location, contrast, and direction of
      stimulus motion.
AB  - This study investigated the perception of the direction of peripheral apparent
      motion as a function of stimulus location in the peripheral visual field,
      stimulus contrast, and the direction of the apparent motion. Results indicated
      that each of these independent variables was significant as a main effect while
      the interactions were not.

PMID- 2928068
TI  - Abnormal optokinetic and perceptual span parameters in cerebellar-vestibular
      dysfunction and learning disabilities or dyslexia.
AB  - To measure the ocular fixation and sequential scanning dysfunction assumed
      responsible for the visual reading symptoms which characterize dyslexia or
      learning disabilities, an optokinetically based tracking method was devised. This
      method quantitatively demonstrated significantly reduced fixation, tracking, and
      perceptual or visual-span scores as well as "movement illusions" for 70
      cerebellar-vestibular dysfunctioning persons with learning disabilities vs 70
      controls. Such data tended to validate the hypothesis that cerebellar-vestibular
      determined fixation and tracking mechanisms predispose dyslexic or learning
      disabled individuals to visual reading disorders. Moreover, a newly revised
      method is presented which may prove useful in rapidly screening and diagnosing
      cerebellar-vestibular-determined reading and learning disorders from those of
      other origins. Additional independent studies using significantly larger samples
      and asymptomatic or "normal" controls are required for further validation and
      development of the method.

PMID- 2928069
TI  - A cerebellar-vestibular explanation for fears/phobias: hypothesis and study.
AB  - To clarify and test the cerebellar-vestibular (CV) basis of fears/phobias,
      responses of 4000 learning disabled children, adolescents, and adults with
      neurological and electronystagmographic (ENG) evidence of CV-dysfunction were
      analyzed for anxiety-related symptoms. Of this sample, 64.6% indicated
      fears/phobias; females were significantly more predisposed; mixed-handedness was
      significantly related to fears of heights and reduced vestibular response or
      asymmetric vestibular functioning. Also, adults had a higher incidence of the
      specific fears/phobias characterizing agoraphobia than children and adolescents.
      Analysis of factors reported as triggering the fears/phobias led to (1) a
      classification and theory of fears/phobias, obsessions/compulsions, and related
      anxiety symptoms based on realistic or traumatic, neurotic, and CV- or other CNS
      based mechanisms rather than on DSM-III--R surface descriptions; (2) an
      understanding of the relationships between mitral valve prolapse, agoraphobia and
      panic episodes, as well as depression; and (3) new insights into differential
      diagnosis and selective treatment.

PMID- 2928070
TI  - Effects of age and sex upon availability of responses on a word-association test.

PMID- 2928071
TI  - A home evaluation of a behavioral response measure of sleep/wakefulness.
AB  - 15 women and 3 men enrolled in a first-year undergraduate psychology course
      participated in a study concerned with evaluating the home use of a behavioral
      response monitor of sleep/wakefulness. The subjects, representing a range of
      fairly poor to good sleepers, used the device for three consecutive nights in
      their own homes. The 1967 Monroe Questionnaire was used to differentiate "good"
      sleepers from "poorer" sleepers. The behavioral response system indicated that
      subjects could adequately report how long they slept but consistently
      underestimated their number of arousals and could not reliably specify sleep
      onset latency. The behavioral response measure was an effective and economical
      means of obtaining in-home objective sleep data and holds potential for clinical
      evaluation of disorders of initiating and maintaining sleep.

PMID- 2928072
TI  - Overprediction and blocking in the McCollough aftereffect.
AB  - The Rescorla-Wagner theory (Rescorla & Wagner, 1972) of associative learning
      offers specific predictions about the associative strength of CS-US pairs when
      two or more CSs are conditioned to the same US separately and subsequently paired
      in a compound with the same US. The magnitude of orientation-contingent color
      aftereffects (AEs) was used as an index of associative strength in this study.
      The results of experiments using an "overprediction" (Rescorla, 1970) and a
      "blocking" (Kamin, 1969) paradigm conformed to the predictions of the Rescorla
      Wagner theory. In Experiment 1, AEs were established simultaneously for
      horizontal-vertical and diagonal patterns. When observers subsequently viewed
      compound induction patterns, AE magnitude was found to be significantly
      decreased, relative to a condition in which observers did not view such an
      induction pattern. In Experiment 2, AE magnitude for a given test pattern
      following inspection of compound induction stimuli was significantly reduced by
      inspection of the other component prior to viewing the compound induction
      stimuli. The applicability of associative learning and feature-adaptation models
      of the McCollough effect is discussed.

PMID- 2928073
TI  - Quality-specific effects of aging on the human taste system.
AB  - Elderly persons are known to have elevated taste thresholds, with those for
      bitter more affected by age, for example, than those for sweet. Do analogous
      quality-specific effects occur at suprathreshold levels? Young (mean age = 20.3
      years, SD = 2.99) and elderly (mean age = 72.5 years, SD = 4.58) subjects made
      magnitude estimates of sweetness, bitterness, sourness, and saltiness for the
      unmixed components sucrose, caffeine, citric acid, and NaCl at three
      concentration levels for each. They also made magnitude estimates of the separate
      taste qualities in two-component mixtures of sucrose with each of the other three
      qualities, at various levels of the two components in each mixture. Magnitude
      estimates of taste intensity were interweaved with magnitude estimates of the
      heaviness of six weights, which subjects were to judge on the same subjective
      intensity scale: This is the calibration feature of the method of magnitude
      matching, and permits the comparison of elderly and young subjects on the
      absolute intensity of tastes. When unmixed components were judged, elderly
      subjects found the characteristic tastes of caffeine and citric acid less intense
      than, but those of sucrose and NaCl as intense as, younger subjects did. In
      judging mixtures, the elderly found bitterness, but not the other three
      qualities, less intense than did the young subjects.

PMID- 2928074
TI  - Motion aftereffects with horizontally moving sound sources in the free field.
AB  - A horizontally moving sound was presented to an observer seated in the center of
      an anechoic chamber. The sound, either a 500-Hz low-pass noise or a 6300-Hz high
      pass noise, repeatedly traversed a semicircular arc in the observer's front
      hemifield at ear level (distance: 1.5 m). At 10-sec intervals this adaptor was
      interrupted, and a 750-msec moving probe (a 500-Hz low-pass noise) was presented
      from a horizontal arc 1.6 m in front of the observer. During a run, the adaptor
      was presented at a constant velocity (-200 degrees to +200 degrees/sec), while
      probes with velocities varying from -10 degrees to +10 degrees/sec were presented
      in a random order. Observers judged the direction of motion (left or right) of
      each probe. As in the case of stimuli presented over headphones (Grantham &
      Wightman, 1979), an auditory motion aftereffect (MAE) occurred: subjects
      responded "left" to probes more often when the adaptor moved right than when it
      moved left. When the adaptor and probe were spectrally the same, the MAE was
      greater than when they were from different spectral regions; the magnitude of
      this difference depended on adaptor speed and was subject-dependent. It is
      proposed that there are two components underlying the auditory MAE: (1) a
      generalized bias to respond that probes move in the direction opposite to that of
      the adaptor, independent of their spectra; and (2) a loss of sensitivity to the
      velocity of moving sounds after prolonged exposure to moving sounds having the
      same spectral content.

PMID- 2928075
TI  - Human optokinetic nystagmus: competition between stationary and moving displays.
AB  - We reported earlier that occlusion of the central retina and stationary edges
      have highly interactive effects on the gain of optokinetic nystagmus (OKN;
      Murasugi, Howard, & Ohmi, 1986). In this study, we explored this effect in more
      detail. A central occluding band of variable height, flanked by vertical bars,
      was superimposed onto an array of dots moving at 30 degrees per second. The
      height of the occluding band required to abolish OKN increased with the
      separation of the vertical bars. For bars 3.5 degrees apart, OKN was abolished in
      most subjects when a band only 6' high ran between them. For bars 75 degrees
      apart, a band at least 20 degrees in height was required to abolish the response.
      The effects of the stationary figure depended to some extent on the subject's
      attention, but only at intermediate values of bar separation. Both low- and high
      level mechanisms are proposed to account for the results.

PMID- 2928076
TI  - Mirror reversal by blind subjects in cutaneous perception and motor production of
      letters and numbers.
AB  - A letter drawn on the forehead is often perceived as its mirror reversal.
      Similarly, people produce mirror reversals when asked to write a letter on the
      underside of a table at which they are sitting. We varied the orientation and
      position of the stimulated or inscribed surface, and found several examples of
      these two mirror-reversal phenomena in blind subjects (who had no, or very
      little, visual experience), as well as in sighted subjects. Furthermore, the
      mirror-reversal rate of the two groups of subjects as a function of orientation
      and position of the surface was highly correlated. Thus, the mirror-reversal
      phenomena should be attributed to a nonvisual, spatial cognitive scheme that is
      perhaps shared by sighted and blind subjects.

PMID- 2928077
TI  - Semantic priming: subliminal perception or context?
AB  - Briefly presented, masked priming stimuli that cannot be identified by themselves
      can affect the processing of subsequent targets. The effect, which is sometimes
      viewed as a demonstration of unconscious processing, has been linked to the
      subliminal perception literature. Experiments 1 and 2 indicated that the
      identification of primes in the context of semantically related targets is
      superior to the identification of primes presented alone, and that the
      identification of primes in the context of semantically unrelated targets is
      inferior to the identification of primes presented alone. Experiment 3 indicated
      parallel findings in a recognition task. Consequently, an explanation of semantic
      priming in terms of the interactive nature of stimuli that are near to one
      another in time seems preferable to one based upon concepts of unconscious
      processing and subliminal perception.

PMID- 2928078
TI  - Perceptual localization of visual stimuli flashed during saccades.
AB  - Subjects were asked to make a saccade to a visual target flashed in the dark
      during a prior primary saccade, and to report its apparent position by moving an
      adjustable light spot to that position. When targets were presented at the
      beginning of the primary saccade, subjects perceptually mislocated them in the
      direction of the saccade, whereas when targets were presented immediately before
      the end of the primary saccade, the flashed targets were mislocated in the
      opposite direction. The perceptually localized position of the target was
      primarily determined by its retinal position. However, at all actual and retinal
      positions of the target, the localized position shifted from the position that
      would be predicted if the location of the target was determined only by its
      retinal position to the prior primary saccade direction. The results were
      discussed in relation to extraretinal eye position signals. Subjects moved their
      eyes not to the actual position of the target, but to its apparent position. In
      some trials, there was a discrepancy between perceptual and oculomotor
      localization, which was interpreted as having been caused by the imprecise
      localization ability of the oculomotor system.

PMID- 2928079
TI  - Shifting of attentional focus within and about a visual display.
AB  - If several positions must be attended in a large visual display, does the
      efficiency of performance vary as a function of the display distance between
      these to-be-attended positions? Two previous experiments (Podgorny & Shepard,
      1983; Shaw, 1978) gave conflicting answers. In the present experiments, eight
      letter circular displays were briefly presented. On each trial one, two, or three
      positions of the display were cued or precued. The number of noncued display
      positions intervening between the cued locations varied from zero to three. The
      subjects' task was to rapidly discriminate between two target letters. Although
      reaction time was found to increase with increases in the number of cued
      locations, no significant or suggestive effects were found for the spacing or
      distance between the cued locations. The evidence strongly suggests that the
      subjects serially searched the cued locations, which further implies that
      attention can index locations in the visual field at a speed that is independent
      of the distance between these locations.

PMID- 2928080
TI  - On listening where we look: the fragility of a phenomenon.
AB  - The role of eye position information has been the subject of some debate in the
      literature on the visual facilitation of auditory localization and attention. In
      one particularly compelling study, Reisberg, Scheiber, and Potemken (1981) found
      that fixation position strongly influenced subjects' recall performance in a
      binaural selective-listening task. The present paper describes repeated failures
      to demonstrate the eye position effect under conditions similar to those of the
      original study, thus challenging the robustness of this oft-cited phenomenon of
      "listening where we look."

PMID- 2928081
TI  - Pattern-contingent color aftereffects on noninduced patterns.
AB  - In a series of experiments, we found that in addition to expected reports of
      color aftereffects on patterns viewed during induction, reliable and predictable
      reports of color were given by subjects to patterns they did not view during
      induction. These reports to noninduced patterns were generally to patterns that
      were orthogonal to the patterns seen during induction. Induction with, for
      example, a red vertical grating led to appropriate aftereffects (i.e., green) on
      that vertical pattern and to the complementary aftereffect (i.e., pink) on a
      horizontal grating. We suggest that such color aftereffects on noninduced
      patterns are based on a shift in the activity of orientation coding mechanisms as
      a result of viewing the inducing patterns. We further propose that the results
      are consistent with the Lie transformation group theory of neuropsychology and
      that they add to a growing body of research demonstrating the applicability of
      this theory to the understanding of pattern-contingent color aftereffects.

PMID- 2928082
TI  - The case of Tertius Lydgate.

PMID- 2928083
TI  - Glutathione-dependent inactivation of sodium-dependent phosphate transport across
      rat renal brush-border membrane.
AB  - Thiol/disulfide is fundamental in protein function; we previously observed an
      inhibitory effect of thiol oxidants on the Na-dependent phosphate (Pi) uptake
      into renal brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV). We examined whether oxidation
      of glutathione (GSH) is involved in the mechanism. Vesicular thiols were measured
      by liquid chromatography. BBMV were incubated with reagents before an influx of
      Pi. Diamide (5 mM) reduced the capacity of the Pi uptake. Subsequent treatment
      with dithiothreitol (5 mM) blocked the inhibitory effect of diamide. Vesicular
      GSH was not modified only by the incubation, whereas it was oxidized by the
      treatment with diamide, and reduced by dithiothreitol. Furthermore, in vivo
      treatment with cAMP provided GSH-depleted BBMV without any influence on Pi
      uptake. Diamide did not inhibit the transport of Pi into GSH-depleted vesicles,
      but it did inhibit the uptake when GSH was introduced into the vesicles. In
      conclusion, a GSH-dependent mechanism is involved in the inhibitory effect of
      diamide on sodium-dependent Pi transport across the renal brush-border membrane.

PMID- 2928084
TI  - Temporal fluctuations in regional myocardial flows.
AB  - Considerable spatial heterogeneity has been observed in regional myocardial blood
      flow in isolated hearts and in both anesthetized and conscious animals. In order
      to study how local blood flow varies with time, the data obtained by King et al.
      (1985) from ten awake, healthy baboons were analyzed to estimate the role of
      temporal fluctuations. Four to six distributions of regional flows were estimated
      at intervals of 4 min to 27 h, using 15 mu diameter microspheres and dividing
      each heart into 204 locatable pieces (average piece mass = 0.17 g). The technique
      averages over the 40 s of the injection giving no measure of fluctuations over a
      few seconds. The temporal variation in regional blood flow, expressed as the
      relative dispersion (SD/mean) of the temporally separated measurements about the
      mean flow for each piece and corrected for methodological noise, was 12% for the
      whole heart (10828 observations). For the left ventricle, the temporal variation
      was 10% (8806 observations), for the right ventricle 14% (1455 observations), and
      for the atria 22% (567 observations). On a relative basis, temporal fluctuation
      was greatest in regions having low flows. Since the magnitude of the changes in
      flow distributions was the same after 4 min as it was in several hours, we
      conclude that much of the "twinkling" is a high frequency phenomenon occurring
      over seconds to a few minutes. Further, it is concluded that regional myocardial
      blood flow in conscious primates is relatively stable with time, temporal
      fluctuations causing only about one third of the variation between regions.

PMID- 2928085
TI  - Total muscle mitochondrial volume in relation to aerobic capacity of horses and
      steers.
AB  - The relationship between maximal oxygen consumption rate (VO2max) and
      mitochondrial content of skeletal muscles was examined in horses and steers (n =
      3 each). Samples of the heart left ventricle, diaphragm, m. vastus medialis, m.
      semitendinosus, m. cutaneous thoracicus and m. masseter, as well as samples of
      muscles collected in a whole-body sampling procedure, were analyzed by electron
      microscopy. VO2max per kilogram body mass was 2.7 x greater in horses than
      steers. This higher VO2max was in proportion to the higher total volume of
      mitochondria in horse versus steer muscle when analyzed from the whole-body
      samples and from the locomotor muscle samples. In non-locomotor muscles, total
      mitochondrial volume was greater in horses than steers, but not in proportion to
      their differences in VO2max. The VO2max of the mitochondria was estimated to be
      close to 4.5 ml O2.ml-1 mitochondria in both species. It is concluded that in a
      comparison of a highly aerobic to a less aerobic mammalian species of similar
      body size, a higher oxidative potential may be found in all muscles of the more
      aerobic species. This greater oxidative potential is achieved by a greater total
      volume of skeletal muscle mitochondria.

PMID- 2928086
TI  - Central vasomotor control of the rabbit portal vein.
AB  - Contractile responses of the portal vein of the anesthetized rabbit were measured
      quantitatively by plethysmography during transmural electrical field stimulation
      (TES, 0.8 ms and 15 V) and during the cerebral ischemic pressor response at
      various volemic states. To evoke the cerebral ischemic response, the route of
      blood supply to the brain was surgically restricted to the right internal carotid
      artery, the artery was then compressed in a stepwise fashion by a micrometer
      device. The maximum contractile response of the portal vein segment that could be
      evoked by cerebral ischemia corresponded in magnitude to that produced by TES of
      10-11 Hz. The contractile response began when the internal carotid blood flow was
      reduced to 4 ml/min from its normal value of 13.8 +/- 1.2 (mean +/- SE) ml/min
      and reached a maximum at 0 ml/min. The maximum contractile response was an
      increase of 26% from control value under normovolemic condition, 20% after
      hemorrhage and 31% after volume loading. It was estimated that the contractile
      response in normovolemia was 95% neurogenic, the rest was thought to be of
      humoral origin.

PMID- 2928087
TI  - Endogenous adenosine improves work rate to oxygen consumption ratio in
      catecholamine stimulated isovolumic rat heart.
AB  - This study examines the possibility that endogenous adenosine modulates
      efficiency in isovolumic perfused rat hearts stimulated with isoproterenol or
      norepinephrine. Efficiency in these hearts is calculated as the rate of pressure
      work divided by the myocardial oxygen consumption. Within 2 min of infusion of
      isoproterenol (50 nM), heart rate increased by 35%, the rate pressure product by
      290%, oxygen consumption by 142%, and efficiency by 67%. Infusion of adenosine
      deaminase (2-4 IU/ml), or 8-phenyltheophylline (5 microM), into stimulated hearts
      augmented the increase in heart rate by 40-45%, rate-pressure product by 18-20%,
      and oxygen consumption by 50-55%. Efficiency was reduced by 30-35%. Adenosine
      release into the coronary venous effluent increased from 195 +/- 20 pmol/min/g to
      2400 +/- 180 pmol/min/g after 5 min. A similar pattern of results was observed
      when norepinephrine (0.1 mM) was used. The results indicate that extracellular
      adenosine, released by catecholamine treatment, inhibits the effects of the
      catecholamines on rate and contractility. Consequently, adenosine reduces cardiac
      work (rate-pressure product), but in so doing, improves efficiency.

PMID- 2928088
TI  - Cardiac vagal and sympathetic nerve responses to baroreceptor stimulation in the
      dog.
AB  - The effects of ascending stepwise pressure changes in the isolated carotid
      sinuses on cardiac vagal and sympathetic nerve activities were studied in
      anesthetized, open chest dogs. The steady state responses of the cardiac vagal
      and the sympathetic nerve activity and arterial blood pressure were plotted
      against the sinus pressure and the relations were approximated by the normal
      distribution function (response curve). The sinus pressure- vs. "reflex gain"
      relations (reflex gain curve) were approximated by the normal density function.
      The maximum gain and the "range of change" were found to be greater for the vagal
      than for the sympathetic and arterial pressure responses. The sinus pressure
      values derived from "response curves" and "reflex gain curves" for vagal and
      sympathetic nerve responses were close to each other, while these values and
      those obtained from arterial pressure responses were considerably apart. It was
      concluded that: (1) The cardiac vagal neurons are more sensitive to the
      baroreceptor input than the sympathetic neurons; (2) The similar type of
      baroreceptor afferent inputs reach the cardiac vagal and the sympathetic
      structures which are controlling the autonomic outflows.

PMID- 2928089
TI  - Perturbation of red blood cell flow in small tubes by white blood cells.
AB  - The flow of blood in the microcirculation is facilitated by the dynamic reduction
      in viscosity (Fahraeus-Lindquist effect) resulting from the axial flow of
      deforming erythrocytes (RBCs) and from the decrease in the ratio of cell to
      vessel diameter. RBC velocity exceeds that of average fluid velocity; however the
      slower moving white blood cells (WBC) perturb flow velocity and the ratio of cell
      to vessel diameter by obstructing red cell flow through formation of "trains" of
      red cells collecting behind the white cell. This effect of white cells was
      studied quantitatively in a model in vitro tubes less than 10 microns in diameter
      with the demonstration that flow resistance increases linearly with white cell
      numbers up to 1,000 WBC/mm3 at tube hematocrit of 17.7%. The increase in
      resistance exceeds the flow resistance of WBC and appears to relate directly to
      train formation. A mechanical model of train formation developed to predict WBC
      influence in flow resistance over the range of WBC studied reasonably fits
      observed WBC effects.

PMID- 2928090
TI  - Measurement of element content in isolated papillary collecting duct cells by
      electron probe microanalysis.
AB  - A method was developed to measure the element content of freshly isolated
      papillary collecting duct (PCD) cells by electron probe microanalysis in a
      scanning electron microscope. After isolation, the cells were transferred onto a
      Thermanox support by centrifugation and the extracellular medium was removed by
      brief exposure to buffered ammonium acetate; cryofixation, freeze-drying, and
      coating with carbon followed. Under visual control in the scanning electron
      microscope the Na, Cl, K and P content of cell clusters (about 30 cells/cluster)
      was then measured by X-ray microanalysis. Cells incubated in control medium
      showed potassium:sodium ratios identical to those determined previously in
      cryosections of the same cells. In ouabain-treated cells sodium influx and
      potassium efflux was demonstrated. Potassium left the cells with a t1/2 of 21.7
      min. The t1/2 of Na influx was 12.6 min for the first 15 min of incubation,
      whereafter further influx was markedly slower. Ouabain-induced sodium influx was
      inhibited 40% by amiloride. These results indicate that X-ray microanalysis can
      be applied to analyze the ion content of isolated cell clusters derived from the
      papillary collecting duct. Using ouabain and amiloride as inhibitors the
      suitability of the method to identify transport systems is demonstrated.

PMID- 2928091
TI  - Ionic and osmotic dependence of secretion from permeabilised acini of the rat
      pancreas.
AB  - Many types of secretory granule have been observed to swell as a result of cell
      stimulation implying a degree of osmotic control, although the regulation of
      granule fusion with the apical plasma membrane is not clearly understood. In the
      present study we have investigated the ionic and osmotic dependency of basal and
      stimulated 3H-protein release from rat pancreatic acini, permeabilised by either
      digitonin or high voltage electric discharge. Acini were stimulated with either
      cholecystokinin-pancreozymin octapeptide (CCK-8), carbachol (CCh), or with
      phorbol ester (TPA) plus cAMP. Stimulated secretion was significantly reduced
      when 130 mmol/l Cl- in the buffer was replaced by I-, NO3-, SCN- or cyclamate-.
      Secretion in Cl- buffers was inhibited by the anion transport inhibitor 4,4
      diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2-disulfonic acid (DIDS), by 40% of the control
      response. Neither Na+ nor N-methyl-D-glucamine+ could replace K+ in the buffer.
      Ba2+ and quinine, which block K+ conductance pathways, inhibited stimulated
      secretion by 50%. Finally, stimulated secretion from leaky cells was nearly
      abolished by doubling buffer osmolarity. The data suggest that when the cell is
      stimulated, a Cl- and a K+ permeability appear in the zymogen granule membrane
      and the ions enter down their electrochemical gradients. The increased
      intragranular osmolarity results in granular swelling which is intimately
      associated with secretion.

PMID- 2928092
TI  - Three potassium currents in mouse motor nerve terminals.
AB  - A study of the K conductance of the presynaptic membrane has been performed in
      the triangularis sterni muscle of the mouse. External currents generated in the
      presynaptic terminals upon invasion by action potentials have been recorded using
      microelectrodes inserted into the perineurium of preterminal nerve bundles. The
      voltage-dependent K current could be pharmacologically dissected into fast (IKf)
      and slow (IKs) components. While both are sensitive to 3,4-diaminopyridine (3,4
      DAP), only IKf is sensitive to tetraethylammonium (TEA). Uranyl (100-200 microM)
      and guanidine (5-10 mM) produced a near complete block of IKf and IKs, which can
      explain their facilitatory effect upon transmitter release. The third K current
      of presynaptic terminals is Ca2+-dependent, but was activated also by Sr2+. This
      current could be suppressed by nanomolar doses of charybdotoxin; it is also
      sensitive to TEA but not to 3,4-DAP, uranyl or guanidine.

PMID- 2928093
TI  - Ca-induced Ca release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum of isolated myofibrillar
      bundles of barnacle muscle fibres.
AB  - Isometric tension and aequorin light were recorded from isolated myofibrillar
      bundles (diameter 0.2 mm) of barnacle muscle fibres to examine Ca release from
      the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). Transfer of a bundle from a pCa 6.7 solution to
      a pCa 5.8 solution, both buffered with 0.1 mM EGTA, resulted in a phasic increase
      in myofibrillar free Ca2+ which was superimposed on a slow rise to a steady level
      and a fast rise in tension. The peak of the free Ca2+ response was higher than
      the free Ca2+ in the bulk solution. Treatment of the bundle with the detergent
      Brij to destroy the SR membranes abolished the phasic rise in Ca2+ and
      considerably reduced the amplitude of contraction. A second challenge of a bundle
      to the pCa 5.8 solution without prior reloading of the SR Ca store gave a much
      reduced phasic component. When a pCa 5.8 solution with 1.0 mM EGTA buffering was
      used, the phasic rise in myofibrillar free Ca2+ could not be detected and the
      rise in tension was four times slower than with 0.1 mM EGTA. The results are
      consistent with the operation of a Ca-induced Ca release mechanism in the SR
      membrane of this crustacean muscle.

PMID- 2928094
TI  - Intracellular pH measurement in primary monolayer cultures of rat epididymal
      cells.
AB  - Intracellular pH (pHi) of primary monolayer cultures of the rat epididymal cells
      has been measured using fluorescent dye 2',7'-bis(carboxyethyl)-5(6)
      carboxyfluorescein (BCECF). When incubated in normal Krebs-Henseleit (K-H)
      solution containing 25 mM HCO3, cell monolayers exhibited a basal pHi of 7.17 +/-
      0.08. Amiloride (0.5 mM) added to the cell monolayers caused an immediate and
      sustained fall in pHi by 0.43 +/- 0.05 pH unit. Similar effects were produced
      when extracellular Na ions were substituted by N-methyl-D-glucamine. Addition of
      SITS (0.5 mM) or DPC (0.6 mM) resulted in a transient intracellular alkalosis.
      Adrenaline (0.23 microM) caused a fall in pHi by 0.33 +/- 0.05 pH unit. The fall
      was slow and was achieved after 30 min (half time 9.9 min). The effect of
      adrenaline was reversible upon washing and was blocked by propranolol (2 microM).
      The effect of adrenaline was mimicked by forskolin (10 microM) and Br-cAMP (0.5
      mM) which caused a fall in pHi by 0.35 +/- 0.03 and 0.35 +/- 0.02 pH unit
      respectively. Addition of diphenylamine-2-carboxylate (DPC, 0.6 mM) to the
      cuvette completely blocked the intracellular acidification produced by adrenaline
      or forskolin. However, addition of SITS (0.5 mM) did not prevent the
      intracellular acidosis induced by these agonists. If monolayers were first
      treated with forskolin (10 microM), the intracellular pH fell, when stabilized,
      subsequent addition of amiloride caused a further fall in pHi. When incubated in
      a Cl-free solution (Cl substituted by gluconate), cell monolayers exhibited a pHi
      of 7.23 +/- 0.07 (values not significantly different from monolayers incubated in
      HCO3 solution).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2928095
TI  - Changes in velocity of shortening, power output and relaxation rate during
      fatigue of rat medial gastrocnemius muscle.
AB  - The force-velocity characteristics of rat medial gastrocnemius muscle have been
      determined by measuring the force sustained during constant velocity releases of
      the muscle stimulated in situ at an ambient temperature of 26 degrees C. The
      velocity of unloaded shortening was determined using the "slack" test and rate of
      relaxation from the half time of force loss at the end of stimulation.
      Measurements were first made on fresh muscles using short contractions and then
      during a series which consisted of a 15 s contraction (fatigued muscle), followed
      by 15 min recovery and a 1 s contraction (recovered muscle). After a 5 min
      recovery period the sequence was repeated. Comparison was made between the
      fatigued and recovered state in each preparation in order to allow for any change
      in the preparation during the course of the experiment. After 15 s contraction
      the fatigued muscles showed a marked reduction in all parameters measured. In
      fatigued muscles the isometric force fell to 48 +/- 15% (mean +/- SD) and there
      was a decrease in maximum velocity of shortening to 66%. These changes in the
      force-velocity relationship were accompanied by slowing of relaxation so that the
      half time of relaxation nearly doubled. The consequence of these changes was that
      the maximum power output was reduced by a much greater extent than was the
      isometric force (75% vs. 52%). It is suggested that the changes in force-velocity
      characteristics reflect a reduction in cross-bridge cycling in fatigued muscle.

PMID- 2928097
TI  - The use of the creatine kinase reaction to determine free energy change of ATP
      hydrolysis in anoxic cardiomyocytes.
AB  - In isolated cardiomyocytes from adult rat heart the free energy change of ATP
      hydrolysis (dG) was determined under conditions of substrate-free anoxia. Changes
      of free cytosolic ADP concentrations, needed for the calculation of dG, were
      determined by two indirect methods since a direct measurement is not feasible:
      (i) via the mass action ratio of the creatine kinase reaction (CK) assuming near
      equilibrium conditions, and (ii) via quantification of the net hydrolysis of ATP
      to ADP by a detailed balancing of possible contribution to Pi production. Both
      approaches gave virtually identical results, showing that in anoxia only 6% of
      the ATP hydrolysed are hydrolysed to ADP and 94% completely to adenosine and
      further degradation products. The convergence of both methods also indicates that
      in this model the CK reaction is indeed catalysed near its equilibrium. Therefore
      estimations of free ADP and dG using its mass action ratio are valid. In anoxic
      cardiomyocytes dG values fell from 57 kJ/mol in normoxia to 42 kJ/mol after 120
      min anoxia, corresponding to a decrease of ATP contents from 24 to 4 nmol/mg
      protein.

PMID- 2928096
TI  - Dynamics of metabolic responses to prolonged elevation of circulating adrenaline
      in resting and exercising rats.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to follow the time course of metabolic responses to
      hyperadrenalinemia sustained up to 3 days. Hyperadrenalinemia was produced in
      rats by s.c. implantation of tablets releasing adrenaline (A) at a constant rate
      (1.6 micrograms x min-1). After 6, 12, 24 and 72 h of hyperadrenalinemia and 3
      days after the tablet removal rats were sacrificed and liver, 3 types of muscles
      and blood samples were taken. Each time 14 rats were used: 7 of them were
      sedentary and 7 performed treadmill endurance exercise before decapitation. Sham
      operated animals served as controls. In preliminary experiments working ability
      was examined in 10 hyperadrenalinemic and 10 control rats. Duration of exercise
      until exhaustion was reduced in hyperadrenalinemic rats on the average by 40%. In
      sedentary rats, hyperglycemia, marked depletion of liver glycogen (by approx.
      80%) and muscle glycogen (by 60-80%) as well as an elevation (2-4 times) of
      muscle lactate (LA) were found only during the first day after A-tablet
      implantation. At the end of the experiment these values approached the control
      ones. Muscle contents of ATP and creatine phosphate (CrP) were decreased by
      approx. 20% and 30-60%, respectively. Plasma FFA were markedly enhanced, varying
      in the time-course of the experiment from 0.8 to 1.4 mmol x l-1. Post-exercise
      values for blood glucose, liver and muscle glycogen were always lower in
      hyperadrenalinemic rats than in controls sacrificed after time-matched exercise
      (30 min). Circulating FFA decreased during exercise at all time points following
      A-tablet implantation, but they were still above the post-exercise levels in sham
      operated rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2928099
TI  - Versatile supplement device with remote control for the control of patch clamp
      experiments.
AB  - A versatile device for a patch-clamp amplifier is described. This device
      contains: (i) an acoustic indicator to monitor the input resistance of the patch
      pipette, which is used in search-mode to indicate the formation of seals; (ii)
      two pulse generators; and (iii) a staircase generator to produce various pulse
      and voltage step programs; (iv) a low-pass filter which is used to filter the
      output of the patch clamp amplifier; and (v) a remote control which is used to
      control the entire patch clamp experiment. This remote control is used to switch
      between search-, current clamp-, and voltage clamp-mode, to activate the
      respective stimulus potential programs, and to control the tape recorder. This
      electronic device can be easily connected to patch clamp amplifiers.

PMID- 2928098
TI  - Effects of external calcium on acetylcholine-evoked increases in membrane
      capacitance in rat pancreatic acinar cells.
AB  - Effects of external calcium on acetylcholine-induced increases in membrane
      capacitance and conductance were investigated with the patch-clamp technique in
      combination with the phase-sensitive detection method, in single dialysed
      pancreatic acinar cells of rats. Both increases depended on an increase in
      [Ca2+]i, and a high concentration of EGTA in the cell-dialysing solution made ACh
      ineffective. In acinar cells exposed to a bathing solution containing the normal
      concentration of Ca2+ (2.5 mM CaCl2), the increase in membrane capacitance was
      transient and synchronous with that in membrane conductance (current) in response
      to 0.2 microM acetylcholine. However, in a bathing solution without CaCl2 and
      with EGTA (0.2 mM), the increase in membrane capacitance was sustained after the
      membrane conductance recovered to the original level during the ACh-stimulation.
      The evidence suggests that external calcium facilitates either the resealing of
      the fusion- or fission-pores formed at the contact between the secretory granule
      and the luminal cell membrane, or the membrane retrieval (endocytosis) in Ca2+
      dependent exocytosis.

PMID- 2928100
TI  - Review of research in nursing education. Volume II.

PMID- 2928101
TI  - Learning styles: theory and use as a basis for instruction.

PMID- 2928102
TI  - Mandatory continuing education: a review of the empirical evidence.

PMID- 2928103
TI  - Clinical judgment: a comparison of theoretical perspectives.

PMID- 2928104
TI  - Administrative leadership and faculty scholarship: research on nursing faculty
      and deans.

PMID- 2928105
TI  - Curriculum building in nursing: a process.

PMID- 2928106
TI  - Nursing student census with policy implications 1988.

PMID- 2928107
TI  - Definitions and nomenclature of nucleic acid structure components.
AB  - We report here recommendations for the definitions and nomenclature of nucleic
      acid structure parameters. These recommendations result from discussions at an
      EMBO Workshop on DNA Curvature and Bending held at Churchill College, Cambridge,
      in September 1988.

PMID- 2928109
TI  - Codon usage and secondary structure of MS2 phage RNA.
AB  - MS2 is an RNA bacteriophage (3569 bases). The secondary structure of the RNA has
      been determined, and is known to play an important role in regulating
      translation. Paired regions of the genome have a higher G+C content than unpaired
      regions. It has been suggested that this reflects selection for high G+C content
      to encourage pairing, but a re-analysis of the data together with computer
      simulation suggest that it is an automatic consequence in any RNA sequence of the
      way it folds up to minimise its free energy. It has also been suggested that the
      three registers in which pairing can occur in a coding region are used
      differentially to optimise the use of the redundancy of the genetic code, but re
      analysis of the data shows only weak statistical support for this hypothesis.

PMID- 2928108
TI  - Oligothymidylates covalently linked to an acridine derivative and with modified
      phosphodiester backbone: circular dichroism studies of their interactions with
      complementary sequences.
AB  - Oligothymidylates involving alternating alkyl phosphotriester-phosphodiester or
      methylphosphonate-phosphodiester backbones and covalently linked to an acridine
      derivative have been studied using circular dichroism. Two isomers with the same
      diastereoisomeric configuration for all the phosphotriesters (ethyl triester and
      neopentyl triester) or the methylphosphonate linkages were studied. These six
      compounds were compared to the parent oligonucleotide with unmodified
      phosphodiester bonds. Intramolecular interactions between the acridine and the
      bases of the oligonucleotides were revealed by the induced circular dichroism of
      the acridine dye. Binding to poly(rA) and poly(dA) induced large changes in the
      circular dichroism signal. All oligothymidylates formed double-stranded complexes
      with poly(rA). Substitution of phosphotriesters and methylphosphonates to
      phosphates allowed both double- and triple-stranded structures to be formed with
      with poly(dA). The double-stranded structures formed with poly(rA) and poly(dA)
      were characterized by different environments of the acridine dye. The circular
      dichroism spectra of the complexes with poly(dA) and the thermal stabilities of
      the complexes formed with both poly(rA) and poly(dA) were drastically dependent
      of the diastereoisomeric configuration of the phosphate modification. For the
      complexes formed with the pseudoequatorial stereoisomer the modification of the
      phosphate groups increased the stability of the complexes as compared with the
      oligothymidylate containing only phosphodiester linkages whereas it decreased it
      for pseudoaxial modifications.

PMID- 2928110
TI  - Anti-OTF-1 antibodies inhibit NFIII stimulation of in vitro adenovirus DNA
      replication.
AB  - HeLa cell OTF-1 has been purified on the basis of its DNA binding activity and
      used to raise a polyclonal rabbit antiserum. This antiserum is shown to recognize
      both native and denatured OTF-1 from both human and a similar protein from
      Xenopus culture cells, but to react either more weakly or not at all with the
      lymphoid cell-specific OTF-2. Separately, NFIII has been purified on the basis of
      its ability to stimulate Adenovirus DNA replication in vitro. On denaturing
      polyacrylamide gels OTF-1 and NFIII exhibit identical mobility. Anti-OTF-1
      antiserum recognizes NFIII and neutralizes its stimulatory effect on DNA
      replication. Moreover, OTF-1 can functionally replace NFIII. Taken together with
      previously published DNA binding data, this indicates that OTF-1 and NFIII are
      either very closely related or identical.

PMID- 2928111
TI  - Distinct mouse DNA sequences enable establishment and persistence of plasmid DNA
      polymers in mouse cells.
AB  - Distinct elements isolated from mouse genomic DNA confer on plasmid DNA the
      ability to persist at high copy numbers in mouse L fibroblasts (1). Field
      inversion gel electrophoresis demonstrated that - in contrast to our previous
      assumption - the persisting plasmid DNA does not exist extrachromosomally but as
      clusters of tandem repeats integrated into genomic DNA. Digestion with
      restriction endonucleases that do not cut within the plasmid DNA results in
      fragments of 50-300 kb in length indicating reiteration of 10-50 plasmid DNA
      molecules. Restriction with several enzymes that cut once or twice within the
      plasmid sequences lead to fragment(s) indicative for head-to-tail tandem repeats.
      In situ hybridization revealed signals for a long homogeneously staining region
      (HSR) in one or two chromosomes per cell nucleus. Possibilities how these
      elements could act in the establishment and/or maintenance of the head-to-tail
      polymers of plasmid DNA in mouse cells are discussed.

PMID- 2928112
TI  - Molecular cloning of the cDNA for the human U2 snRNA-specific A' protein.
AB  - The A' polypeptide is one of the protein constituents of the U2 snRNP particle. A
      potentially full-length cDNA clone containing the complete coding sequence for
      this U2 snRNP-specific protein was isolated by screening of a human lambda gt11
      expression vector library with an autoimmune anti-(U1,U2)RNP serum. Monospecific
      antibodies, eluted from the 140-150 kD fusion protein of this cDNA recombinant,
      specifically recognized the A' protein on immunoblots and immunoprecipitated U2
      snRNP particles from nuclear extracts. The identity of the clone was confirmed by
      in vitro translation of hybrid-selected mRNA or an RNA transcript synthesized
      from the cDNA insert. RNA blot analysis showed strong hybridization to a single
      polyadenylated transcript of 1.3 kb in human cells. The nucleotide sequence of
      the 1054 bp cDNA contains an open reading frame of 756 bp encoding a polypeptide
      of 255 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 28,444 D. The coding
      sequence is preceded by a 49 bp 5'-untranslated region and followed by a 226 bp
      3'-untranslated region containing a single polyadenylation signal. Most striking
      feature of the deduced primary structure for the A' protein is a leucine-rich
      region in the amino-terminal half of the polypeptide. In contrast to the other U2
      snRNP-specific protein B", the A' protein does not contain segments homologous to
      the RNP consensus sequences RNP1 and RNP2, common amino acid motifs found in
      several RNA-binding proteins. In the A' protein, however, the extremely
      hydrophilic carboxy terminus may constitute an RNA-binding moiety.

PMID- 2928113
TI  - Structure, expression and regulation of the murine 4F2 heavy chain.
AB  - The murine 4F2 molecule is a 125 kilodalton disulfide-linked heterodimeric cell
      surface glycoprotein which has been shown to be involved in the processes of
      cellular activation and proliferation (1). To elucidate the structure,
      expression, and regulation of the 4F2 molecule, a murine 4F2 heavy chain (4F2HC)
      cDNA has been isolated and structurally characterized. The murine 4F2HC is a 526
      amino acid (aa) type II membrane glycoprotein which is composed of a 75 aa N
      terminal intracytoplasmic region, a single hydrophobic putative transmembrane
      domain, and a 428 aa C-terminal extracellular domain. Comparison with the human
      4F2HC cDNA reveals the highest degree of sequence identity within the
      transmembrane and intracytoplasmic domains. Northern blot analyses have
      demonstrated that the 4F2HC gene is expressed at relatively high levels in adult
      testis, lung, brain, kidney, and spleen, and at significantly lower levels in
      adult liver and cardiac and skeletal muscle. Studies designed to elucidate the
      pattern of regulation of the murine 4F2HC gene have demonstrated that it is
      induced during the process of cell activation, but is subsequently expressed at
      constant levels throughout the cell cycle in exponentially growing cells.

PMID- 2928115
TI  - The nucleotide sequence of a gene for a putative ribosomal protein S31 of
      Drosophila.

PMID- 2928116
TI  - The nucleotide sequence and reading frames of a mutant hepatitis B virus subtype
      adr.

PMID- 2928117
TI  - Cloning of the rat adrenal medullary phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase.

PMID- 2928114
TI  - Translation of chloroplast-encoded mRNA: potential initiation and termination
      signals.
AB  - A survey of 196 protein-coding chloroplast DNA sequences demonstrated the
      preference for AUG and UAA codons for initiation and termination of translation,
      respectively. As in prokaryotes at every nucleotide position from -25 to +25 (AUG
      is +1 to +3) and for 25 nucleotides 5' and 3' to the termination codon an A or U
      is predominant, except for C at +5 and G at +22. A Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence
      (GGAGG or tri- or tetranucleotide variant) was found within 100 bp 5' to the AUG
      codon in 92% of the genes. In 40% of these cases, the location of the SD sequence
      was similar to that of the consensus for prokaryotes (-12 to -7 5' to AUG),
      presumed to be optimal for translation initiation. A SD sequence could not be
      located in 6% of the chloroplast sequences. We propose that mRNA secondary
      structures may be required for the relocation of a distal SD sequences to within
      the optimal region (-12 to -7) for initiation of translation. We further suggest
      that termination at UGA codons in chloroplast genes may occur by a mechanism,
      involving 16S rRNA secondary structure, which has been proposed for UGA
      termination in E. coli.

PMID- 2928118
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of a 17S (18S) rRNA gene from tomato.

PMID- 2928119
TI  - Mouse thymidine kinase: sequence of a processed pseudogene.

PMID- 2928120
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of the human liver-type alkaline phosphatase cDNA.

PMID- 2928121
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of a cDNA encoding bovine brown fat uncoupling protein.
      Homology with ADP binding site of ADP/ATP carrier.

PMID- 2928122
TI  - Drosophila virilis Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase gene sequence.

PMID- 2928123
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of cDNA for rabbit glutathione peroxidase.

PMID- 2928124
TI  - A Caenorhabditis elegans cDNA that encodes a product resembling the rat
      glutathione S-transferase P subunit.

PMID- 2928125
TI  - The nucleotide sequence of bovine tRNA(Ser)UGA gene and its flanking sequences.

PMID- 2928126
TI  - Amplification of a highly polymorphic VNTR segment by the polymerase chain
      reaction.

PMID- 2928127
TI  - Preparation of crude cell extract suitable for amplification of RNA by the
      polymerase chain reaction.

PMID- 2928128
TI  - Multiple primer pairs for the detection of HTLV-I by PCR.

PMID- 2928129
TI  - Quantitative precipitation of short oligonucleotides with low concentrations of
      cetyltrimethylammonium bromide.

PMID- 2928130
TI  - The nursing shortage and nursing's legal scope of practice.

PMID- 2928131
TI  - Regulatory initiatives: instruments for leadership.
AB  - As this paper has emphasized, regulation of the health professions does not exist
      in a vacuum. First, regulation of professions and occupations always depends on
      political circumstances for its inception and operation. Second, regulatory
      policy issues revolve on questions of value accorded competing issues. In a
      democracy, values are the province of the public, not of the experts. Nurses can
      aid the public in sorting out relevant values by taking a leadership role in
      regulatory initiatives. Third, certain characteristics--expertise, cohesiveness,
      political salience and leadership--are significant in advancing the policy
      agenda. The nursing profession must rethink its position on the policy agenda.
      Fourth, the regulatory pattern of the future outlines an essential role for
      government--government acting as our agent in accomplishing tasks of social
      control and social justice. As James Reagan has stated, "Laws inevitably reflect
      the times in which they were written, expressing social objectives, scientific
      knowledge and technical capabilities of the era." We can extend that observation
      to rule making, modes of procedure and legislative patterns. None of these
      factors is static. Fifth, proposing regulatory initiatives is the cutting edge of
      practice. In the present social-political-technological environment, only one
      certainty exists for nursing professionals: The health care field will continue
      for some time in its present state of flux. Now as never before, nurses have the
      opportunity to demonstrate leadership, to influence public opinion about health
      care, and to play an important role in new regulations governing health care and
      the nursing profession.

PMID- 2928133
TI  - Nursing, nothing but nursing!

PMID- 2928132
TI  - Pushing the outside of the envelope.

PMID- 2928134
TI  - Returning to the roots of the nurse practitioner role.

PMID- 2928135
TI  - Tort reform.

PMID- 2928137
TI  - Wild cards in a new health care game.

PMID- 2928136
TI  - Using the RCT proposal for nursing.

PMID- 2928138
TI  - Using the public agenda to shape PHN practice.

PMID- 2928139
TI  - Health care for the homeless.

PMID- 2928140
TI  - Nursing's response to the challenge of AIDS.

PMID- 2928141
TI  - Teaching ethics to nursing students.
AB  - Ethical practice is the responsibility of all nurses. But if they are to
      understand the principles of ethics and carry them out in their work, nursing
      curricula must incorporate ethics into course content. Such content requires
      faculty who understand both ethical theories and their application to nursing.
      Appropriate methods of evaluating student learning are also needed. The growing
      complexity of our health care system demands that nurses assume increasing
      responsibility for ethical decision making. We can no longer ignore the link
      between ethics and nursing. Ethics education for nurses is mandatory, not
      elective.

PMID- 2928142
TI  - Preparing students to shape health policy.

PMID- 2928143
TI  - State boards and impaired nurses.

PMID- 2928144
TI  - Organizational integrative mechanisms and adoption of innovations by nurses.
AB  - The relationship between organizational activities and structures that increase
      information flow (integrative mechanisms) and nurse adoption of innovations
      (research results) was studied using Rogers' theory of innovation diffusion.
      Analysis of variance demonstrated a significant interaction effect between level
      of integrative mechanism use, institution size, and nurse adoption of
      innovations. In small hospitals a higher level of integrative mechanism use was
      related to increased nurse innovation adoption; however, in large hospitals the
      opposite was found. Of the five categories of integrative mechanisms identified,
      only Research Conduct and Publication were significantly related to innovation
      adoption, and then only in small hospitals. In large hospitals, Conference and
      Presentation, Position and Committee, and Publication categories were
      demonstrated to be significantly, but negatively, related to innovation adoption
      among nurses.

PMID- 2928145
TI  - Tenure and the university reward structure.
AB  - Reward allocation in selected American universities was investigated using tenure
      receipt as the most valuable faculty reward. Because American universities are
      highly stratified organizations, several representative disciplines and an
      integrative model were used to examine interdisciplinary perceptions of reward
      criteria. Three hundred sixty six academicians with professional appointments in
      physics, psychology, sociology, nursing, and management were surveyed by a mailed
      questionnaire, the Tenure Decision Factor Inventory (TDFI) composed of
      Achievement (ACH) Ascriptive (ASCRIPT), Internal Political (IP), and External
      Political (EP) criteria related to tenure receipt. Significant main effects were
      shown by both discipline and reward criteria. Perceptions of nursing faculty
      distinguished nursing from the four other study disciplines. Although many
      factors influenced tenure decisions, the achievement criteria were identified by
      members of all disciplines as the most important determinants during tenure
      review.

PMID- 2928146
TI  - Home visits: effective or obsolete nursing practice?

PMID- 2928147
TI  - Contextual regression analysis.

PMID- 2928148
TI  - Insights from "the glorious whitewasher".

PMID- 2928149
TI  - Urinary bladder and rectal temperature monitoring during clinical hypothermia.
AB  - Three methods of temperature monitoring were studied in 55 adult hypothermic
      postcardiac surgery patients using the pulmonary artery, rectum, and urinary
      bladder as measurement sites. Pulmonary artery temperature served as the standard
      for core body temperature. Measurements in the rectum were recorded with a
      disposable plastic temperature probe and in the urinary bladder with a thermistor
      tipped Foley catheter. Patients were studied within one hour of admission to the
      cardiac surgical intensive care unit and on an hourly basis until they reached
      normothermia (37 degrees C). Although mean temperatures did not vary greatly for
      any group, there was a significant difference between measures over time.
      Correlations of pulmonary artery and urinary bladder temperatures ranged from .78
      to .94, pulmonary artery and rectal temperature from .49 to .82, and urinary
      bladder and rectal temperature from .46 to .85. The results of this study
      indicate that the urinary bladder is a reliable indicator of core temperature
      during rewarming following cardiac surgery.

PMID- 2928150
TI  - Re: 'Physical Restraint of the Hospitalized Elderly: Perceptions of Patients and
      Nurses'.

PMID- 2928151
TI  - Comparison of rectal, axillary, and inguinal temperatures in full-term newborn
      infants.
AB  - Rectal, axillary, and inguinal temperatures were compared in 120 full-term
      infants aged 12 to 48 hours. Thermometers were placed in randomized sequential
      order and temperatures were recorded every 30 seconds until the reading remained
      constant for 90 seconds (stabilization). At least 95% of subjects reached
      temperature stabilization at all sites by 5 1/2 minutes. Mean difference between
      axillary and inguinal readings was 0.6 degrees F; between rectal and inguinal
      readings, 0.8 degrees F; and between rectal and axillary 0.2 degrees F. Although
      the greatest difference between mean temperature readings was found between the
      rectal and inguinal sites (0.8 degrees F), this pair of readings also had the
      highest correlation. This finding indicates that inguinal site temperatures are
      more reflective of rectal temperatures and may be less sensitive to effects of
      brown adipose tissue heat generation.

PMID- 2928152
TI  - A causal model of positive health practices: the relationship between approach
      and replication.
AB  - This study supports the position that causal models developed a priori preclude
      replication with varied samples. Based on a critique of a study of positive
      health practices among adults (Muhlenkamp & Sayles, 1986), a causal model of
      positive health practices for adolescents was developed a priori from a
      theoretical formulation. Using data from a sample of 165 adolescents who
      responded to the Personal Lifestyle Questionnaire, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem
      Scale, Part 2 of the Personal Resource Questionnaire which measures a social
      support system, and a demographic data sheet, the intercorrelations among the
      study variables were analyzed using correlation coefficients. The causal model
      was then tested with the adolescent data using the LISREL VI program. The results
      showed a relatively good fit of the model to the data via a number of indicators.
      The model was then applied to data published from adults (Muhlenkamp & Sayles)
      using the LISREL VI program. The results indicated that there was a relatively
      poor fit of the model to the adult data, thus demonstrating the problem of
      replicating causal models with varied samples when the correct approach to causal
      modeling is used. The discussion focuses on theoretical and methodological
      reasons for the findings.

PMID- 2928153
TI  - Family caregiving for a relative with Alzheimer's dementia: coping with negative
      choices.
AB  - The constant comparative method was used to generate a grounded theory
      explicating the process of family caregiving for a relative with Alzheimer's
      dementia. Findings from 20 in-depth, face-to-face interviews conducted with a
      purposive sample of family caregivers in their homes revealed that much of the
      caregiving experience consists of coping with negative choices wherein all
      possible alternatives are undesirable. The three stages of Surviving on the
      Brink, (1) Taking it on, (2) Going through it, and (3) Turning it over, capture
      the variation in behavior. Continued validation of this process of coping and
      decision making offers promise for substantive theory development on which
      nursing intervention programs for easing caregiver burdens might be based.

PMID- 2928154
TI  - A test of the health promotion model with blue collar workers.
AB  - The health promotion model (Pender, 1987b) was tested with a volunteer sample of
      179 blue-collar workers. Four psychological variables (importance of health,
      perceived health locus of control, health status, and self-efficacy), one
      modifying variable (selected demographics), and certain health-promoting
      behaviors were examined. Pearson product moment correlations and stepwise and
      hierarchical multiple regression techniques were used to analyze the data. Each
      of the psychological variables examined was predictive of health-promotive
      behaviors. Health status and self-efficacy were the most powerful predictors. The
      modifer role of demographics was also supported. The results suggest the health
      promotion model is potentially useful for explaining the occurrence of health
      promotive behaviors among blue-collar workers.

PMID- 2928155
TI  - Taken to task. Interview by Jane Feinmann.

PMID- 2928156
TI  - Supplementary questions.

PMID- 2928157
TI  - Shifting boundaries.

PMID- 2928158
TI  - Life crises. Realities of Cleveland.

PMID- 2928159
TI  - Acoustic neuroma.

PMID- 2928160
TI  - Break out!

PMID- 2928161
TI  - Time for talk.

PMID- 2928162
TI  - NHS Review. Storm clouds ahead?

PMID- 2928163
TI  - Gift horse or Trojan horse?

PMID- 2928164
TI  - Death with dignity: Baha'i faith.

PMID- 2928165
TI  - Code of Conduct. The whistle blower.

PMID- 2928166
TI  - Quest. Thoughts on a new curriculum.

PMID- 2928167
TI  - Held without help.

PMID- 2928168
TI  - An isolating experience.

PMID- 2928169
TI  - Crash landing.

PMID- 2928170
TI  - Kenneth's conundrum.

PMID- 2928172
TI  - Head injury. Back from the edge.

PMID- 2928171
TI  - Head injury. Early rehabilitation of head-injured patients.

PMID- 2928173
TI  - Head injury. The forgotten injury.

PMID- 2928174
TI  - Pressure prevents nausea.

PMID- 2928175
TI  - Kawasaki syndrome.

PMID- 2928176
TI  - Effects of anaesthesia on mental performance in the elderly.
AB  - It has been known for a long time that mental impairment may occur in elderly
      patients following surgery and this has been attributed to anaesthesia. However,
      until recently, little systematic research has been carried out in this area. One
      problem has been that many factors apart from anaesthesia influence the mental
      function of elderly surgical patients. This paper describes a study in progress
      which is attempting to isolate the effects of anaesthesia per se on mental
      function, and identify which aspect of anaesthesia may be responsible. Results
      from the study indicate that advanced age itself does not predispose to marked
      postoperative impairment of reaction time, but they do support the idea that
      patients with some pre-operative mental impairment may be vulnerable to effects
      of anaesthesia. Thus it appears that the biological age of the brain rather than
      its chronological age may influence vulnerability to anaesthesia.

PMID- 2928177
TI  - Understanding mourning.

PMID- 2928178
TI  - Method in their madness.

PMID- 2928179
TI  - Code of conduct. Cruelty and neglect.

PMID- 2928180
TI  - Do you care enough to serve?

PMID- 2928181
TI  - Spotlight on children.

PMID- 2928182
TI  - Spotlight on children. A family friend.

PMID- 2928183
TI  - When care has to be rationed.

PMID- 2928184
TI  - A chilling business?

PMID- 2928185
TI  - Blind justice.

PMID- 2928186
TI  - Sexuality. An uninvited guest.

PMID- 2928187
TI  - Sexuality and the ostomist.

PMID- 2928188
TI  - Fishing in deeper waters.

PMID- 2928189
TI  - Arthritis: social problems and practical solutions.

PMID- 2928190
TI  - This one will run and run.

PMID- 2928191
TI  - Slow steps towards success.

PMID- 2928193
TI  - Ring-a-ring o'roses.

PMID- 2928192
TI  - Making sense of bowel preparations for diagnostic procedures.

PMID- 2928194
TI  - Death with dignity: Islam.

PMID- 2928195
TI  - Computers in Nursing News.

PMID- 2928197
TI  - Computers in Nursing News. Midwives take control.

PMID- 2928196
TI  - Computers in Nursing News. The double-edged sword.

PMID- 2928198
TI  - When matron ruled the hospital.

PMID- 2928199
TI  - Focus on the NHS Review.

PMID- 2928200
TI  - NHS Review. Clarke on the Review.

PMID- 2928201
TI  - NHS Review. Clay on the Review.

PMID- 2928202
TI  - Hidden intent.

PMID- 2928203
TI  - Care of the elderly. Patient first?

PMID- 2928204
TI  - Care of the elderly. Times past.

PMID- 2928205
TI  - Sexuality. Promoting fulfillment.

PMID- 2928206
TI  - Taking the fear out of A & E.

PMID- 2928207
TI  - Prepare for project 2000.

PMID- 2928208
TI  - Who will speak for me?

PMID- 2928209
TI  - Death with dignity. Hinduism.

PMID- 2928210
TI  - Polycystic kidney disease.

PMID- 2928211
TI  - When all comes to nought.

PMID- 2928212
TI  - Systems of life. No. 168. Senior systems. 33. Hypothermia.

PMID- 2928213
TI  - Midwives' Journal.

PMID- 2928214
TI  - Midwives' Journal. Antenatal care.

PMID- 2928215
TI  - Midwives' Journal. HIV and pregnancy.

PMID- 2928216
TI  - Midwives' Journal. Working without registrars.

PMID- 2928217
TI  - The Cook report. Interview by Andrew Cole.

PMID- 2928218
TI  - Unconditional discharge?

PMID- 2928219
TI  - Marathon man. Interview by Martin Vousden.

PMID- 2928220
TI  - Education. Who is the support worker?

PMID- 2928221
TI  - Education. More questions than answers. Interview by Claire Laurent.

PMID- 2928222
TI  - Education. Short cut or short change?

PMID- 2928223
TI  - Education. View from the frontline.

PMID- 2928224
TI  - NHS Review. Signalling a new direction.

PMID- 2928225
TI  - Pain control and hypnosis.

PMID- 2928226
TI  - All together now.

PMID- 2928227
TI  - China's long march to health.

PMID- 2928229
TI  - Rights and wrongs.

PMID- 2928230
TI  - Continence.

PMID- 2928228
TI  - Death with dignity: Sikhism.

PMID- 2928231
TI  - Continence. Are you sitting comfortably?

PMID- 2928232
TI  - Continence. Co-ordinating continence care.

PMID- 2928233
TI  - The unknown addicts.

PMID- 2928234
TI  - The hidden agenda.

PMID- 2928235
TI  - The headless chicken syndrome.

PMID- 2928237
TI  - The killing fields.

PMID- 2928236
TI  - Partners in care.

PMID- 2928238
TI  - NHS Review. What's in it for us?

PMID- 2928239
TI  - Making the service suit the patient.

PMID- 2928240
TI  - Education. Support workers: helper or hindrance?

PMID- 2928241
TI  - Education. Support workers: support--no supplant.

PMID- 2928243
TI  - Death with dignity: Judaism.

PMID- 2928242
TI  - Health at Heathrow.

PMID- 2928244
TI  - Mental Health: the journal for psychiatric nurses.

PMID- 2928245
TI  - Mental Health. Fads and fashions.

PMID- 2928246
TI  - Mental health. Tea for three.

PMID- 2928247
TI  - Red alert.

PMID- 2928248
TI  - Weighted against care?

PMID- 2928249
TI  - Looking to the long-term.

PMID- 2928250
TI  - Sneak or saviour?

PMID- 2928251
TI  - Life crises. Breakdown of a family.

PMID- 2928252
TI  - Life crises. When a baby dies.

PMID- 2928254
TI  - Death with dignity: Buddhism.

PMID- 2928253
TI  - Services for the dying.

PMID- 2928255
TI  - Parental involvement in intravenous therapy.

PMID- 2928256
TI  - Resettlement of long-stay psychiatric patients.
AB  - A follow-up study of patients from two long-stay psychiatric hospitals in East
      Yorkshire health authority looked at a sample of patients who had been discharged
      into the community and a sample within the institution. The study looked
      particularly at the quality of life of patients who had been discharged and at
      any differences between them and patients still living in the institution.

PMID- 2928257
TI  - NHS Review. Opportunity knocks.

PMID- 2928258
TI  - Making sense of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.

PMID- 2928259
TI  - The needs for a normal life.

PMID- 2928260
TI  - The Journal of Infection Control Nursing.

PMID- 2928261
TI  - The Journal of Infection Control Nursing. Sterilisation in GP surgeries.

PMID- 2928262
TI  - What's all this fuss about image?

PMID- 2928263
TI  - DMSO and extravasation of mitomycin.

PMID- 2928264
TI  - Alopecia article well received.

PMID- 2928265
TI  - Mandatory AIDS education.

PMID- 2928266
TI  - AIDS research: moving beyond basic biology.

PMID- 2928267
TI  - Inter-agency collaboration: teaching breast self-examination to black women.
AB  - Excessive breast cancer mortality and limited use of mammography among black
      women point to a need for breast cancer education and increased use of breast
      self-examination (BSE) and other screening procedures. The Illinois Cancer
      Council (ICC), a consortial comprehensive cancer center, and the Chicago Chapter
      of the National Black Nurses' Association (CCNBNA) developed and piloted an
      educational project to increase black women's knowledge about breast cancer and
      their use of BSE and other screening methods. This paper describes the steps
      leading up to this collaborative effort, the procedures necessary to implement
      it, the difficulties encountered, and the impact of the educational program on
      the CCNBNA nurses and the high risk, hard-to-reach, underserved women who
      participated. This program is offered as a model for a collaborative effort
      between a cancer center or other healthcare facility and a professional
      organization to address unmet community health needs.

PMID- 2928268
TI  - Developing a breast cancer screening program for Chinese-American women.
AB  - The Chinese, like other minority groups, often underuse cancer screening services
      because of language, cultural, and economic barriers. Nonattendance reduces the
      probability that cancer will be detected in its earliest and often most curable
      form. To improve use of cancer screening services among Chinese-Americans, a
      community-based coalition organized a one-day demonstration cancer awareness and
      screening program--the Breast Cancer Screening Day for Chinese Women. More than
      100 women, many of whom did not speak English, attended the program. Six abnormal
      mammograms required follow-up and one breast cancer was detected. The planning
      process used to develop this successful project is described as are suggestions
      to improve future screening programs for ethnic minorities.

PMID- 2928269
TI  - Cigarette craving and subsequent coping responses among smoking cessation clinic
      participants.
AB  - Withdrawal symptoms, including craving, have been cited as common reasons for
      relapse into smoking. This study looked at 29 subjects enrolled in a community
      based smoking cessation clinic to determine their levels of craving at 48 hours
      and end-of-clinic, as well as to determine those situational factors that
      precipitated a craving episode and the subsequent coping responses used during
      the first 48 hours post-cessation. Subjects completed the Shiffman-Jarvik Craving
      Subscale (SJCS) and the Visual Analogue Scale of Craving (VAS) to measure the
      severity of their cigarette craving. Data obtained from both tools were analyzed
      via paired t-tests. Mean difference scores on the SJCS (D = 1.42, t = 4.58, p
      less than 0.0002) and the VAS (D = 36.39, t = 4.46, P less than 0.0003) indicated
      that all subjects experienced craving during the first 48 hours after quitting,
      and that craving decreased significantly over a two-week period, corresponding
      with the end-of-clinic. Situational factors related to craving included: being at
      work, negative affect, and late afternoon hours. Coping responses to craving were
      categorized as either affective- or problem-oriented, with the former cited by
      subjects 73% of the time.

PMID- 2928271
TI  - Nurses' perceptions of their pain assessment skills, pain management practices,
      and attitudes toward pain.
AB  - Nursing pain assessments are influenced by the length of available tools, patient
      characteristics, patient pathology, concern about addictive behavior, and
      characteristics of the nurse. The relationship among these variables was explored
      in a sample of community hospital nurses (N = 59) and ONS members (N = 19).
      Although a number of interesting similarities were found in the two groups, age,
      professional and continuing education, and care setting appear to be related to
      differences in pain assessment practices. Implications for practice, research,
      and education include teaching nurses to: assess factors related to quality of
      life in the pain experience, assess and validate data from families, assess
      coping skills, and teach patients to use behavioral pain management strategies.
      The findings also suggest that further study is needed concerning the
      relationship between personal beliefs and experiences and the assessment and
      management of pain. Membership in professional organizations appears to be
      associated with comprehensive approaches to the assessment and management of
      cancer pain and should be addressed in further research.

PMID- 2928270
TI  - Effects of fluid manipulation on the incidence of vomiting during outpatient
      cisplatin infusion.
AB  - The influence of fluid intake and hydration rate on the frequency of vomiting was
      evaluated during 254 outpatient cisplatin infusions administered to 60 patients.
      The basic antiemetic regimen was consistent and used metoclopramide hydrochloride
      (Reglan) 2 mg/kg/dose (means = 150 mg) starting 30 minutes before cisplatin for a
      total of three doses; dexamethasone (Decadron) mean - 15 mg - and lorazepam
      (Ativan) 1 mg intravenous bolus before cisplatin, along with thiethlperazine
      maleate (Torecan) given routinely throughout the treatment beginning the evening
      before. Only 20% (38/192) of patients experienced symptoms of vomiting when
      hydrated at a rate of greater than 333 cc/hour as opposed to 44% (27/62) patients
      hydrated at a rate of 300 cc/hour or less (p = 0.01). Patients whose oral intake
      ranged from 400 cc to 1000 cc experienced noticeably less vomiting (14%) than
      patients who either refused fluids (39%, p = 0.001) or exceeded 1000 cc oral
      intake (36%, p less than 0.05) during treatment. Manipulation of total fluid
      intake (IV plus oral), although not statistically significant, seemed to affect
      the incidence of vomiting. By maintaining a positive intake/output ratio greater
      than 1, patients were able to decrease their vomiting episodes. Patients who
      gained weight during the treatment experienced significantly fewer episodes of
      vomiting (29%) than those who either lost or maintained their weight (71%).
      Findings suggest that manipulating both oral and IV fluid intake as well as the
      IV fluid rate may reduce symptoms of vomiting in the outpatient cisplatin
      setting.

PMID- 2928272
TI  - The relationship between age and intensity of cancer-related symptoms.
AB  - Nausea, vomiting, and pain are among the most universally feared problems
      associated with cancer and its treatment. However, not all individuals experience
      these symptoms, and intensity varies widely for those who do. A number of
      variables might affect intensity of nausea, vomiting, and pain. This study
      explored the relationship between age and intensity of cancer-related nausea,
      vomiting, and pain. The study included a sample of 99 subjects who were
      experiencing pain and a sample of 25 subjects at risk for chemotherapy-induced
      nausea and vomiting. An independent t-test revealed a significant difference in
      intensity of symptoms between younger and older subjects for the pain group (p
      less than 0.01); the Mann-Whitney U revealed a significant difference by age in
      the nausea and vomiting group (p less than 0.05). In addition, there were low to
      moderately negative relationships found between age and symptom intensity for
      both groups (pain, r = -0.22, p less than 0.05; nausea and vomiting, r = -0.43, p
      less than 0.05). Results support the commonly held belief that elderly people
      report a lower intensity of some physical symptoms than do younger individuals.
      However, relationships between age and symptom intensity are weak, which suggests
      that individuals' responses to cancer-related symptoms should continue to be the
      nurse's primary concern.

PMID- 2928273
TI  - Teaching patients to care for drains after breast surgery for malignancy.
AB  - The early discharge program exemplifies interdisciplinary collaboration. Teaching
      patients to care for their drains not only results in a decreased length of stay
      and potential cost savings, but also allows patients to recuperate at home with
      their families.

PMID- 2928274
TI  - Cocaine withdrawal. An effective three-drug regimen.

PMID- 2928275
TI  - Glut reaction.

PMID- 2928276
TI  - How to stay out of jail (by not breaking antitrust laws)

PMID- 2928278
TI  - What you won't see if you don't look.

PMID- 2928277
TI  - Differential diagnosis of psychosis. A brief guide for the primary care
      physician.
AB  - By keeping in mind that not a psychosis is schizophrenia, the primary care
      physician can often avoid misdiagnosis in behaviorally disturbed patients.
      Abnormal behavior may result from mood disorders, drug-induced psychosis and
      other organic disorders, personality disorders, delusional disorders, autism, or
      mental retardation. A long-term history is essential for correct diagnosis and
      treatment.

PMID- 2928279
TI  - Intestinal infections in patients with AIDS.
AB  - A broad spectrum of gastrointestinal pathogens can cause diarrhea in patients
      with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). A systematic approach utilizing
      symptomatology and the appropriate diagnostic tests will maximize the clinician's
      chance of identifying the specific pathogens. Enteric infections in AIDS patients
      are often incurable and require prolonged therapy and chronic suppression.
      Experimental agents show promise of decreasing the morbidity and mortality
      attendant on diarrhea in AIDS patients.

PMID- 2928280
TI  - Electromyography in the diagnosis of sciatica.

PMID- 2928281
TI  - Vitamin A toxicity presenting as jaundice.

PMID- 2928282
TI  - Estrogen replacement after menopause. When is it warranted?
AB  - As longevity increases, so will the number of women living for many years beyond
      menopause. The estrogen deprivation that occurs at menopause results in many
      degenerative changes in a woman's body, some of which cause unpleasant or
      disabling symptoms. To maintain good health and vitality in menopausal and
      postmenopausal women, serious consideration should be given to appropriate
      estrogen replacement therapy. Although such therapy has some risks, the benefits
      appear to exceed the risks.

PMID- 2928284
TI  - Neurologic aspects of the abused child syndrome.

PMID- 2928283
TI  - Is it really a fungal infection?

PMID- 2928285
TI  - Joint pain in children. When is it serious?
AB  - Diagnosis of the cause of joint pain in children depends on the physician's
      ability to distinguish benign from more serious joint conditions. Benign
      conditions include trauma, overuse syndromes, hypermobility syndrome,
      chondromalacia patellae, benign recurrent limb pains, and psychogenic rheumatism.
      Conditions that require further evaluation and ongoing therapy include Lyme
      disease, rheumatic fever, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, neoplastic disease,
      various orthopedic conditions, infection, seronegative spondyloarthropathies, and
      the rarer connective tissue diseases. If diagnosed early and treated
      appropriately, most joint problems of childhood have a very good prognosis.

PMID- 2928287
TI  - 'Don't worry, insurance will cover it!' This attitude is destroying the economy.

PMID- 2928286
TI  - Borderline personality disorder. When medical care is complicated by mental
      illness.
AB  - Management of patients with borderline personality disorder on a medical ward
      requires the cooperation of all caregivers involved. First, it is necessary to
      recognize the disorder in patients who exhibit maladaptive behavior. Next, a
      comprehensive plan of behavioral management should be implemented that includes
      (1) clear communication among staff members, (2) education of staff members, (3)
      a consistent approach to the patient, (4) firm limits on the patient's behavior,
      and (5) an empathic rather than confrontational response to the patient's
      demands. Use of psychoactive medications may be a valuable adjunct to these
      approaches. A consulting psychiatrist can confirm the diagnosis and help to
      develop and implement the management plan.

PMID- 2928288
TI  - Is this child's fever a worry?

PMID- 2928289
TI  - Finding the cause of postoperative fever.

PMID- 2928291
TI  - Medicine is changing.

PMID- 2928290
TI  - Cuts and scrapes of knees and elbows.
AB  - Knee and elbow injuries are seen frequently by the primary care physician and
      require prompt and careful treatment in order to prevent infection, preserve
      joint function, and avoid scarring. A thorough history and physical examination
      help to rule out more significant damage to the related joint, nerves, or
      tendons. Immobilization of the joint may be necessary to prevent dehiscence, and
      the patient should be instructed to return for further examination if signs of
      infection develop.

PMID- 2928292
TI  - The malpractice mess.

PMID- 2928293
TI  - Free needles: a public health hazard.

PMID- 2928294
TI  - Chemical dependency. What to do once you suspect it.
AB  - Chemical dependency is a serious but treatable disease frequently encountered in
      primary care. By carefully gathering as much data as possible, the physician can
      successfully intervene and help the patient and family begin a program of
      recovery. In the case of a resistant patient, formal intervention can facilitate
      breaking through the wall of denial. As a last resort, commitment to a treatment
      program is also an option in many states. If a patient steadfastly refuses to
      admit that he or she has a problem with alcohol or other drugs, the physician
      should continue to care for the patient and to help his or her family members
      find a recovery program for themselves.

PMID- 2928295
TI  - Polarity as a criterion in protein design.
AB  - Hypothetical proteins can be tested computationally by determining whether or not
      the designed sequence-structure pair has the characteristics of a typical
      globular protein. We have developed such a test by deriving quantities with
      approximately constant value for all globular proteins, based on empirical
      analysis of the exposed and buried surfaces of 128 structurally known proteins.
      The characteristic quantities that best appear to segregate badly designed or
      deliberately misfolded proteins from their properly folded natural relatives are
      the polar fraction of side chains on the protein surface and, independently, in
      the protein interior. Three of the seven hypothetical structures tested here can
      be rejected as having too many polar side-chain groups in the interior or too few
      on the protein surface. In addition, a recently designed nutritional protein is
      identified as being very much unlike globular proteins. These database-derived
      characteristic quantities are useful in screening designed proteins prior to
      experiment and may be useful in screening experimentally determined (X-ray, NMR)
      protein structures for possible errors.

PMID- 2928296
TI  - Modelling the polypeptide backbone with 'spare parts' from known protein
      structures.
AB  - An automatic procedure for building a protein polyalanine backbone from C alpha
      positions and 'spare parts' retrieved from a data base of 66 high-resolution
      protein structures is described. Protein backbones are constructed from
      overlapping fragments of variable length, which allows the backbone of regular
      secondary structure elements to be built in one block. The procedure is shown to
      yield backbones which compare very favourably with those from highly refined X
      ray structures (r.m.s. deviation between generated and crystal structures less
      than 1A). The method is furthermore quite insensitive to experimental errors in C
      alpha positions as well as to the size of the data base, and is seen to yield
      valuable insight into the relationships between sequence and 3-D structure: one
      example on triose phosphate isomerase, a beta-barrel protein, shows that beta
      alpha loops can be considered as structurally more uncommon than alpha beta
      loops. The 'spare parts' approach is also found to be useful for general-purpose
      modelling of local structural changes produced by insertion or deletion of
      residues. It should, however, be used with caution. Crude selection criteria
      based solely on fragment length and geometric fit to the loop base regions yield
      realistic backbones in about two-thirds of the test cases (r.m.s. deviations from
      refined crystal structure approximately 1A). In the remaining cases, sequence
      information, in particular the presence of glycine residues which tend to adopt
      more unusual backbone conformations, must be considered to obtain comparable
      results.

PMID- 2928297
TI  - Alignment of protein sequences using the hydrophobic core scores.
AB  - Making an alignment of the amino acid sequences is an essential step in the
      prediction of an unknown protein structure by model building from the known
      structure of a protein of the same family. To improve the accuracy of the
      alignments, we introduced the concept of hydrophobic core scores, which restrains
      putting insertions/deletions in the hydrophobic core regions of the protein.
      Eight pairs of protein sequences were aligned by this method, and the quality of
      the alignments were assessed by reference to those obtained by the structural
      superposition. The introduction of the hydrophobic core scores derived from the
      knowledge of the tertiary structure of one of each pair resulted in an
      improvement of the accuracy of the alignments. The quality of the alignment was
      found to depend on the homology of the protein sequences.

PMID- 2928298
TI  - Selective proton labelling of amino acids in deuterated bovine calbindin D9K. A
      way to simplify 1H-NMR spectra.
AB  - A technique for proton labelling of selected amino acids in deuterated calbindin
      D9K, heterologously expressed in E. coli, was developed in order to simplify and
      obtain higher resolution in 1H-NMR spectra. The spectra from two double-labelling
      experiments, Val plus Ser and Val plus Leu, when compared to the uniformly
      protonated protein showed a dramatically simpler pattern with low background
      signals and gave considerably sharper resonances due to reduced relaxation rates
      in the deuterated proteins. The selective proton labelling technique will enable
      detailed and rapid analysis of interesting domains of proteins and will also make
      the analysis of larger proteins feasible.

PMID- 2928299
TI  - Chemical synthesis, expression and product assessment of a gene coding for
      biologically active human tumour necrosis factor alpha.
AB  - A gene encoding human tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) has been
      chemically synthesized, cloned and expressed to yield a biologically active
      protein in Escherichia coli. The 480-bp gene was assembled by enzymic ligation of
      32 oligonucleotides, cloned directly into M13mp18 for sequence verification and
      expressed in the broad host range high-level expression vector pMMB66EHST.
      Expressed recombinant TNF-alpha was shown to have the correct molecular weight,
      processed N-terminal sequence, antibody cross-reactivity and tumour cell killing
      activity. The expression product of the synthetic gene has been purified to
      homogeneity by a two-step ion-exchange procedure and the purified material shown
      to be active.

PMID- 2928300
TI  - Optical imaging of the spatial distribution of beta-particles emerging from
      surfaces.
AB  - The multiplication in gases of ionization electrons, by the effect of the
      electric fields between parallel electrodes, leads to the emission of light from
      the molecules excited in the avalanche process. The optical imaging of this
      light, with intensifiers, on charge-coupled devices permits the localization, in
      the gaseous volume, of the entrance points of the beta-particles emitted by
      radioactive compounds placed close to or at the cathode electrode. Thin slices of
      anatomical samples labeled with 3H show detailed structures 30 microns in size.
      Gels carrying 32P or 35S are imaged with accuracies of the order of 0.5 mm (full
      width at half maximum). In comparison with photographic emulsion, the gain in
      time for data taking is close to a factor of 100, with the advantage of linearity
      and wider dynamic range in the intensity measurement and a greatly improved
      signal-to-noise ratio.

PMID- 2928301
TI  - Brain protein kinase C phosphorylating poly(arginine,serine) or lamin B is
      stimulated by anions and by an activator purified from bovine serum albumin
      preparations.
AB  - The phosphorylation of histone by purified protein kinase C (PK-C) from rat brain
      is dependent on the presence of Ca2+ and lipids. Phosphorylation of a synthetic
      random polymer of arginine and serine (3:1) is only moderately enhanced by Ca2+
      and lipids, but it is greatly enhanced in the absence of Ca2+ and lipids by a
      contaminant in crystalline bovine serum albumin or by heated cellular fractions.
      The phosphorylation ratio of histone to poly(arginine,serine) varies between
      different PK-C fractions from brains of rat, pig, or lamb. These variations are
      partly caused by a PK-C isozyme that prefers poly(arginine,serine) over histone
      as substrate. The kinase activator (KA) was partly purified from bovine serum
      albumin and from extracts of plasma membranes of human placenta. KA is also
      present in mitochondria, nuclei, and the cytosol. Sulfates and phosphates at 10
      mM substitute for KA with poly(arginine,serine) as substrate. The phosphorylation
      of histone III in the presence of Ca2+ and lipids is moderately stimulated by KA,
      but the phosphorylation of lamin B and some other endogenous proteins is greatly
      enhanced by KA. With histones as substrates, inorganic anions do not stimulate
      phosphorylation. The phosphorylation of poly-(arginine,serine) is very sensitive
      to low concentrations of staurosporin and is inhibited by PK-C antibody, but, in
      contrast to histone phosphorylation, it is resistant to sphingosine and polymyxin
      B. The poly(arginine,serine) phosphorylating activity is more stable at 4 degrees
      C than the histone phosphorylating activity, but the latter is stabilized by
      0.05% Triton X-100.

PMID- 2928302
TI  - Reconstitution of Golgi vesicle CMP-sialic acid and adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'
      phosphosulfate transport into proteoliposomes.
AB  - We have previously shown that Golgi apparatus vesicles transport nucleotide
      sugars and nucleotide sulfate into their lumen. These transport activities are
      organelle and substrate specific and are characterized by apparent Km for
      nucleotide derivatives in the low micromolar range. As part of our goal of
      purifying and characterizing the above transport proteins, we have reconstituted
      a protein extract from rat liver Golgi membranes into phosphatidylcholine
      liposomes. The resulting proteoliposomes transport CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid
      (CMP-AcNeu) and adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-phosphosulfate with very similar
      affinity and inhibition characteristics as intact Golgi vesicles. Sialic acid and
      sodium sulfate, which are transported only very slowly into the lumen of Golgi
      vesicles, are transported at low rates by the reconstituted proteoliposomes.
      Neither rough endoplasmic reticulum-derived vesicles nor proteoliposomes made
      from proteins of the rough endoplasmic reticulum transport CMP-AcNeu. The above
      results demonstrate that this reconstituted system can be used for further
      purification and characterization of nucleotide sugar and nucleotide sulfate
      translocator proteins. This approach should also be useful to study membrane
      transport proteins of lysosomes and endosomes.

PMID- 2928303
TI  - Multiple post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms in ferritin gene expression.
AB  - We have investigated the mechanisms involved in the regulation of ferritin
      biosynthesis in K562 human erythroleukemia cells during prolonged exposure to
      iron. We show that, upon addition of hemin (an efficient iron donor) to the cell
      culture, the rate of ferritin biosynthesis reaches a maximum after a few hours
      and then decreases. During a 24-hr incubation with the iron donor the
      concentrations of total ferritin heavy (H) and light (L) subunit mRNAs rise 2- to
      5-fold and 2- to 3-fold, respectively, over the control values, while the amount
      of the protein increases 10- to 30-fold. The hemin-induced increment in ferritin
      subunit mRNA is not prevented by deferoxamine, suggesting that it is not directly
      mediated by chelatable iron. In vitro nuclear transcription analyses performed on
      nuclei isolated from control cells and cells grown in the presence of hemin
      indicate that the rates of synthesis of H- and L-subunit mRNAs remain constant.
      We conclude that iron-induced ferritin biosynthesis is governed by multiple post
      transcriptional regulatory mechanisms. We propose that exposure of cells to iron
      leads to stabilization of ferritin mRNAs, in addition to activation and
      translation of stored H- and L-subunit mRNAs.

PMID- 2928304
TI  - Crystal lattice packing is important in determining the bend of a DNA dodecamer
      containing an adenine tract.
AB  - The crystal structure of a DNA duplex dodecamer d(CGCAAAAATGCG) and its
      complementary strand has been determined at 2.6-A resolution. Although our goal
      was to deduce the structural features of the static bending of the helical axis
      exhibited by adenine-tract structures in solution, we conclude that the overall
      bend of 20 degrees in the direction of the major groove observed here arises from
      the forces associated with crystal packing. An isomorphous dodecamer brominated
      on one strand provides experimental evidence that this asymmetric sequence is
      positioned in two orientations in the crystal lattice that are related by a 180
      degrees rotation around the pseudodyad axis of the sequence. The bend in these
      two differently positioned DNA molecules depends on their orientation in the
      crystal, not on their sequence. As with previously determined structures
      containing adenine tracts, the adenine and thymine base pairs are highly
      propeller twisted. The N-6 of the adenine comes within hydrogen bonding distance
      of the O-4 of thymine one step down the helix, facilitating the formation of a
      series of bifurcated hydrogen bonds within the adenine tract. The adenine tract
      is relatively straight and the bending is localized outside this region.

PMID- 2928305
TI  - Biological photocathodes.
AB  - Biological surfaces emit electrons when subjected to UV light. This emission is
      increased greatly after exposure to cesium vapor. Increases from 2 to 3 orders of
      magnitude are observed, depending on the biochemicals present. Heme and
      chlorophyll exhibit unusually high photoemission currents, which are increased
      further after cesiation. Photoemission from proteins and lipids is much less but
      also is increased by exposure to cesium. The formation of photocathodes with
      cesium greatly increases the practical magnifications attainable in photoelectron
      microscopy of organic and biological specimens. Photoelectron micrographs taken
      at magnifications greater than or equal to X 100,000 of chlorophyll-rich
      thylakoid membranes and of colloidal gold-labeled cytoskeleton preparations of
      cultured epithelial cells demonstrate the improvement in magnification. The
      selectivity and stability of the photocathodes suggest the possibility of
      detecting chromophore binding proteins in membranes and the design of
      photoelectron labels for tagging specific sites on biological surfaces.

PMID- 2928306
TI  - Complete nucleotide sequence of a molecular clone of woodchuck hepatitis virus
      that is infectious in the natural host.
AB  - Woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) DNA was cloned from viral particles obtained from
      the serum of a woodchuck with a naturally acquired infection. The complete
      nucleotide sequence of the virus genome was determined and found to be 3323 base
      pairs long. Transfection experiments demonstrated that the recombinant WHV DNA
      was infectious in each of 18 woodchucks tested and established a chronic carrier
      state in 1 of 13 neonates and 3 of 5 adult animals. WHV DNA from serum particles
      from the chronically infected neonate was cloned and the nucleotide sequence of
      three independent recombinants was compared directly with that of the input
      recombinant DNA. The consensus sequence of the three progeny genomes was
      identical to that of the parental DNA sequence. Therefore, transfection of
      woodchuck livers with recombinant WHV DNA induces active virus replication and
      gene expression and yields progeny genomes that are faithful copies of the input
      virus genome.

PMID- 2928307
TI  - Post-translational modifications in the large subunit of ribulose bisphosphate
      carboxylase/oxygenase.
AB  - Two adjacent N-terminal tryptic peptides of the large subunit of ribulose
      bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase [3-phospho-D-glycerate carboxy-lyase
      (dimerizing), EC 4.1.1.39] from spinach, wheat, tobacco, and muskmelon were
      removed by limited tryptic proteolysis. Characterization by peptide sequencing,
      amino acid composition, and tandem mass spectrometry revealed that the N-terminal
      residue from the large subunit of the enzyme from each plant species was
      acetylated proline. The sequence of the penultimate N-terminal tryptic peptide
      from the large subunit of the spinach and wheat enzyme was consistent with
      previous primary structure determinations. However, the penultimate N-terminal
      peptide from the large subunit of both the tobacco and muskmelon enzymes, while
      identical, differed from the corresponding peptide from spinach and wheat by
      containing a trimethyllysyl residue at position 14. Thus, tryptic proteolysis
      occurred at lysine-18 rather than lysine-14 as with the spinach and wheat
      enzymes. A comparison of the DNA sequences for the large subunit of ribulose
      bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase indicates that the N terminus has been post
      translationally processed by removal of methionine-1 and serine-2 followed by
      acetylation of proline-3. In addition, for the enzyme from tobacco and muskmelon
      a third post-translational modification occurs at lysine-14 in the form of N
      epsilon-trimethylation.

PMID- 2928308
TI  - Evidence for the progressive and adaptive nature of spontaneous transformation in
      the NIH 3T3 cell line.
AB  - The NIH 3T3 mouse cell line is widely used as a recipient of DNA from tumors to
      demonstrate the presence of transforming oncogenes. We show that these cells
      produce transformed foci spontaneously if kept in the confluent state for more
      than 10 days. The formation of foci depends on the type and concentration of
      bovine serum used in the medium and passage history of the cells. Cells
      maintained in continuous exponential multiplication in the subconfluent state by
      transfer every 2-3 days in medium with 10% calf serum failed to develop the
      capacity to produce foci in 2% calf serum, but those transferred the same way in
      2% calf serum or in 10% fetal bovine serum, which is a less potent growth
      stimulant, did develop that capacity to an increasing degree over time. The
      number of transformed cells increased sharply with the time that a culture
      remained in the confluent state. There are several morphological types and
      degrees of transformation, which indicates that the underlying changes are varied
      and the process is progressive. The results also suggest that transformation
      occurs in a fraction of an entire cell population that is undergoing a
      physiological adaptation to moderate constraints on its growth.

PMID- 2928310
TI  - Quantitative imaging of free and total intracellular calcium in cultured cells.
AB  - Techniques of fluorescence and ion microscopies were combined to study the free
      [Ca2+] and total Ca in NIH 3T3 fibroblast and L6 rat myoblast cells. Free Ca2+
      measurements with the Ca2+ indicator fura-2 and digital imaging reveal an
      inhomogeneous distribution of free cytoplasmic Ca2+ in both cell lines. Fura-2
      also reveals a difference in free Ca2+ activity between the nucleus and cytoplasm
      of cells. Ion microscopic observations on sister cells show that total Ca in the
      cytoplasm is also inhomogeneously distributed and that mean cytoplasmic levels of
      total Ca are higher than levels in the nuclei. In the nuclei of NIH 3T3 cells,
      the mean free [Ca2+] and total [Ca] were 110 +/- 30 nM and 225 +/- 43 microM,
      respectively, while regions in the cell cytoplasm contained up to 490 +/- 270 nM
      free [Ca2+] and 559 +/- 184 microM mean total [Ca]. Intracellular total Ca was
      greater than 3 orders of magnitude higher than intracellular free Ca2+ in either
      nuclear or cytoplasmic compartments. Perinuclear cytoplasmic regions in 3T3 cells
      contained higher free and total Ca than the cell nucleus. Loading of cells with
      fura-2 did not modify the subcellular distribution of total K, Na, Ca, or Mg.
      This combination of two powerful ion imaging techniques provides a comparison
      between free and total calcium in cells and introduces a different approach for
      examining the role of this important element in cell physiology.

PMID- 2928309
TI  - Altered binding of human histone gene transcription factors during the shutdown
      of proliferation and onset of differentiation in HL-60 cells.
AB  - Two sites of protein-DNA interaction have been identified in vivo and in vitro in
      the proximal promoter regions of an H4 and an H3 human histone gene. In
      proliferating cells, these genes are transcribed throughout the cell cycle, and
      both the more distal site I and the proximal site II are occupied by promoter
      binding factors. In this report we demonstrate that during the shutdown of
      proliferation and onset of differentiation of the human promyelocytic leukemia
      cell line HL-60 into cells that exhibit phenotypic properties of monocytes,
      histone gene expression is down-regulated at the level of transcription. In vivo
      occupancy of site I by promoter factors persists in the differentiated HL-60
      cells, but protein-DNA interactions at site II are selectively lost. Furthermore,
      in vitro binding activity of the site II promoter factor HiNF-D is lost in
      differentiated cells, and nuclear extracts from differentiated cells do not
      support in vitro transcription of these histone genes. Our results suggest that
      the interaction of HiNF-D with proximal promoter site II sequences plays a
      primary role in rendering cell growth-regulated histone genes transcribable in
      proliferating cells. It appears that while cell-cycle control of histone gene
      expression is mediated by both transcription and mRNA stability, with the
      shutdown of proliferation and onset mRNA stability, with the shutdown of
      proliferation and onset of differentiation, histone gene expression is regulated
      at the transcriptional level.

PMID- 2928311
TI  - Rat tissues express serum amyloid A protein-related mRNAs.
AB  - Serum amyloid A (SAA) is a small (12 kDa) acute-phase apoprotein of high density
      lipoprotein found in mammals. It is also the precursor to amyloid protein A, the
      main protein constituent of fibrils found in amyloidosis secondary to chronic or
      recurrent inflammation--e.g., rheumatoid arthritis. However, rats do not develop
      amyloidosis and SAA is not an apoprotein of rat high density lipoprotein; thus
      rats appear to be an exception in regard to expression of SAA genes. We report
      here that rats do have representatives of the SAA gene family and express two
      distinct SAA mRNAs. Moreover, the pattern of genes expressed among tissues, and
      their induction by inflammatory agents, is similar to that of related mouse
      genes. RNA from various tissues of normal and injured rats was examined by RNA
      blot hybridization with SAA cDNA and complementary RNA probes for the three
      murine SAA genes. A SAA mRNA of approximately 400 nucleotides related to mouse
      SAA1 and SAA2 mRNAs reached a high level in liver 24 hr after injection of
      bacterial lipopolysaccharide. No extra-hepatic tissues were found to express the
      SAA1/SAA2-related mRNA. Turpentine induced two hepatic SAA1/SAA2-related mRNAs of
      approximately 400 and approximately 500 nucleotides in length. Liver SAA1/SAA2
      related mRNA hybrid selected and translated in a wheat germ protein-synthesizing
      system, from lipopolysaccharide- and turpentine-injected rats, produced a single
      protein with an estimated molecular mass of 8 kDa. This rat liver SAA-related
      mRNA appears to lack a highly conserved coding region for portions of two
      amphipathic helical domains and the joining sequence. An mRNA related to mouse
      SAA3 was found expressed at a high level in lung after lipopolysaccharide but not
      following turpentine injection. This mRNA was also expressed at high levels in
      ileum and large intestine of control rats and was not found in the liver of
      control or challenged rats. These observations show that the SAA gene family is
      present and expressed in rats and that its expression is found under situations
      similar to those found in mice. This lends support for the importance of the SAA
      gene family in the response to injury by vertebrates.

PMID- 2928312
TI  - Loss of competence in amphibian induction can take place in single nondividing
      cells.
AB  - The ability of ectodermal tissue to be induced to form mesoderm is lost during
      gastrula stages in Xenopus embryos. We have examined the extent to which this
      loss of competence depends on intercellular interactions, cell division, or
      protein synthesis. We find that ectoderm, when separated from a whole embryo as
      soon as the early blastula stage, and even when dissociated into its component
      cells, loses its competence at the normal time. When cell division was arrested
      by culturing isolated cells in solid medium, the time of competence loss was
      unaffected. To test whether protein synthesis is required for competence loss,
      ectoderm was treated with cycloheximide during the normal time that competence is
      lost; in some cases, this treatment had no effect and in others it prolonged
      competence, but only slightly. We conclude that the loss of mesodermal competence
      is a highly autonomous process in ectodermal cells, taking place in the absence
      of cell communication or cell division.

PMID- 2928313
TI  - Identification of mutations leading to the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome by automated
      direct DNA sequencing of in vitro amplified cDNA.
AB  - The Lesch-Nyhan (LN) syndrome is a severe X chromosome-linked disease that
      results from a deficiency of the purine salvage enzyme hypoxanthine
      phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT). The mutations leading to the disease are
      heterogeneous and frequently arise as de novo events. We have identified
      nucleotide alterations in 15 independently arising HPRT-deficiency cases by
      direct DNA sequencing of in vitro amplified HPRT cDNA. We also demonstrate that
      the direct DNA sequence analysis can be automated, further simplifying the
      detection of new mutations at this locus. The mutations include DNA base
      substitutions, small DNA deletions, a single DNA base insertion, and errors in
      RNA splicing. The application of these procedures allows DNA diagnosis and
      carrier identification by the direct detection of the mutant alleles within
      individual families affected by LN.

PMID- 2928314
TI  - Ancient DNA: extraction, characterization, molecular cloning, and enzymatic
      amplification.
AB  - Several chemical and enzymatic properties were examined in the DNA extracted from
      dry remains of soft tissues that vary in age from 4 to 13,000 years and represent
      four species, including two extinct animals (the marsupial wolf and giant ground
      sloth). The DNA obtained was invariably of a low average molecular size and
      damaged by oxidative processes, which primarily manifest themselves as
      modifications of pyrimidines and sugar residues as well as baseless sites and
      intermolecular cross-links. This renders molecular cloning difficult. However,
      the polymerase chain reaction can be used to amplify and study short
      mitochondrial DNA sequences that are of anthropological and evolutionary
      significance. This opens up the prospect of performing diachronical studies of
      molecular evolutionary genetics.

PMID- 2928315
TI  - A general native-state method for determination of proliferation capacity of
      human normal and tumor tissues in vitro.
AB  - An important need in cancer research and treatment is a physiological means in
      vitro by which to assess the proliferation capacity of human tumors and
      corresponding normal tissue for comparison. We have recently developed a native
      state, three-dimensional, gel-supported primary culture system that allows every
      type of human cancer to grow in vitro at more than 90% frequency, with
      maintenance of tissue architecture, tumor-stromal interaction, and differentiated
      functions. Here we demonstrate that the native-state culture system allows
      proliferation indices to be determined for all solid cancer types explanted
      directly from surgery into long-term culture. Normal tissues also proliferate
      readily in this system. The degree of resolution of measurement of cell
      proliferation by histological autoradiography within the cultured tissues is
      greatly enhanced with the use of epi-illumination polarization microscopy. The
      histological status of the cultured tissues can be assessed simultaneously with
      the proliferation status. Carcinomas generally have areas of high epithelial
      proliferation with quiescent stromal cells. Sarcomas have high proliferation of
      cells of mesenchymal organ. Normal tissues can also proliferate at high rates. An
      image analysis system has been developed to automate proliferation determination.
      The high-resolution physiological means described here to measure the
      proliferation capacity of tissues will be important in further understanding of
      the deregulation of cell proliferation in cancer as well as in cancer prognosis
      and treatment.

PMID- 2928316
TI  - Promotion of wound repair in old mice by local injection of macrophages.
AB  - Application of peritoneal macrophages to experimentally induced cutaneous wounds
      of old mice accelerates healing to levels almost comparable to those of untreated
      young animals. Slightly greater acceleration is observed when macrophages are
      obtained from young as opposed to old donors. These findings are consistent with
      a defect in macrophage function as a cause of impaired wound healing in
      senescence and suggest a possible therapeutic strategy.

PMID- 2928317
TI  - Encapsulation of doxorubicin in liver-targeted erythrocytes increases the
      therapeutic index of the drug in a murine metastatic model.
AB  - Doxorubicin-loaded, glutaraldehyde-treated murine erythrocytes, once reinjected
      into circulation, are rapidly taken up by liver and lungs and behave as an organ
      targeted, slow delivery system for the encapsulated drug. The antitumor activity
      of encapsulated doxorubicin (former generic name, adriamycin) was compared with
      that of the free drug in a murine hepatic and pulmonary tumor model. This was
      obtained by intrasplenic injection of L1210 lymphoma cells followed by
      splenectomy. Different schedules of treatment of tumor-bearing mice with
      erythrocyte-encapsulated or free doxorubicin were investigated. The optimal
      schedule of treatment for free doxorubicin proved to be i.v. bolus administration
      on the day of splenectomy. Under these conditions, the dose producing 50%
      inhibition of metastatic growth in the liver, as measured by inhibition of 5
      [125I]iodo-2'-deoxyuridine uptake 9 days after tumor induction, was 6.3 mg/kg for
      free doxorubicin and 0.48 mg/kg for the encapsulated drug. In these conditions
      pulmonary tumor development was even more efficiently prevented by encapsulated
      doxorubicin as compared with the free drug. The values of the therapeutic index
      (TI), defined as the ratio between the maximal tolerated dose (LD10) and the
      minimal effective dose (ED90, producing 90% inhibition of liver metastatic
      growth), were 4.2 and 1.8 for encapsulated and free doxorubicin, respectively.

PMID- 2928318
TI  - Gangliosides potentiate in vivo and in vitro effects of nerve growth factor on
      central cholinergic neurons.
AB  - The effects of nerve growth factor beta (beta-NGF) and ganglioside GM1 on
      forebrain cholinergic neurons were examined in vivo and in vitro. Following
      unilateral decortication of rats, GM1 (5 mg/kg per day) administered
      intracerebroventricularly could protect forebrain cholinergic neurons of the
      nucleus basalis magnocellularis from retrograde degeneration in a manner
      comparable to beta-NGF. Administered in combination with beta-NGF, GM1 produced a
      significant increase in choline acetyltransferase activity in the nucleus basalis
      magnocellularis and remaining cortex ipsilateral to the lesion. Concentrations of
      GM1 that were ineffective when administered alone in this lesion model, when
      given with beta-NGF, potentiated beta-NGF effects in both of the above brain
      areas. In dissociated septal cells in vitro, an increase in choline
      acetyltransferase activity was noted at beta-NGF concentrations as low as 0.1 pM
      and reached a plateau at 1 nM. A moderate (up to 35%) stimulation of choline
      acetyltransferase activity was observed with 10 microM GM1. The application of
      beta-NGF in combination with 10 microM GM1 or 0.1 microM GM1, a concentration
      that is ineffective in these cultures, produced a much greater increase in
      choline acetyltransferase activity than did beta-NGF alone. These observations
      support the idea that exogenously applied gangliosides can elicit trophic
      responses in cholinergic neurons of the central nervous system. That GM1
      increases and even potentiates beta-NGF effects suggests that some of the trophic
      actions of this compound may be mediated through endogenous trophic factors.

PMID- 2928319
TI  - Resistance to axonal degeneration after nerve compression in experimental
      diabetes.
AB  - To determine the effect of diabetes on the development of axonal degeneration
      after acute nerve compression, the mobilized peroneal nerves of rats with
      streptozotocin-induced diabetes and of control rats were compressed at 150 mmHg
      (1 mmHg = 133 Pa) for 30 min by using specially devised cuffs. At three intervals
      after compression--3 days, rats diabetic for 31 wk; 14 days, diabetic for 6 wk;
      and 24 days, diabetic for 31 wk--groups of nerves were studied to assess numbers
      and sizes of fibers above, at, and below the cuff and to assess frequency of
      fiber degeneration in teased fibers from nerve distal to the cuff. Teased fibers
      with pathologic abnormalities were more frequent in nerves from controls than in
      nerves from diabetic rats in all three groups but the difference was
      statistically significant only at 3 and 14 days after compression. The lack of
      significant difference at 24 days may be explained by higher rates of
      disappearance of degenerating products and of fiber regeneration at 24 than at 3
      and 14 days. This study provides evidence that in addition to delaying the
      reported functional deficit of vibratory detection threshold and conduction block
      during nerve compression, diabetes also may partially prevent axonal injury. Low
      nerve myo-inositol concentration did not predispose diabetic nerve to acute
      compression injury. If these results also apply to human diabetes and if repeated
      acute compression is involved in the genesis of fiber degeneration in entrapment,
      then a higher frequency of entrapment neuropathy among diabetics might be due to
      mechanisms other than increased susceptibility of fibers to acute compression-
      e.g., possibly to greater constriction of nerve due to pathologic alterations of
      the carpal ligament.

PMID- 2928320
TI  - Specific estrogen-induced cell proliferation of cultured Syrian hamster renal
      proximal tubular cells in serum-free chemically defined media.
AB  - It has long been recognized that the renal proximal tubular epithelium of the
      hamster is a bona fide estrogen target tissue. The effect of estrogens on the
      growth of proximal tubule cell explants and dissociated single cells derived from
      these explant outgrowths has been studied in culture. Renal tubular cells were
      grown on a PF-HR-9 basement membrane under serum-free chemically defined culture
      conditions. The cells of tissue explant outgrowths exhibited ultrastructural
      features typical of proximal tubules including junctional complexes, numerous
      mitochondria, peroxisomes, and microvilli. At 7-14 days in culture, cell number
      was enhanced 3-fold in the presence of either 17 beta-estradiol or
      diethylstilbestrol. Maximal proliferative response was observed at hormone
      concentrations of 0.6-1 nM. A similar 3-fold increase in cell number was also
      seen at 1 nM 17 beta-estradiol in subcultured dissociated single tubular cells
      derived from hamster renal tubular explant outgrowths at 21 days in culture.
      Neither progesterone, 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone, nor the inactive
      diethylstilbestrol metabolite beta-dienestrol elicited this mitogenic effect.
      Concomitant exposure of tamoxifen at 3-fold molar excess in culture completely
      abolished the increase in cell number seen with 17 beta-estradiol. Tubular cells
      obtained from hamster medulla did not exhibit this proliferative response when
      exposed similarly to 17 beta-estradiol or diethylstilbestrol. The proliferative
      effect of estrogens on proximal tubular cell growth appears to be species
      specific since 17 beta-estradiol did not alter the growth of either rat or guinea
      pig proximal tubules in culture. In addition, at 7-10 days in culture in the
      presence of 17 beta-estradiol, [3H]thymidine labeling of hamster tubular cells
      was enhanced 3-fold. A similar increase in mitoses was also observed in cultures
      containing these potent estrogens during the same time interval of estrogen
      exposure. These results clearly indicate that estrogens can directly induce
      primary epithelial cell proliferation at physiologic concentrations and provide
      strong additional evidence for an important hormonal role in the neoplastic
      transformation of the hamster kidney.

PMID- 2928321
TI  - Identification and sequence analysis of a second form of prolactin receptor by
      molecular cloning of complementary DNA from rabbit mammary gland.
AB  - Two lambda gt11 clones containing fragments of cDNA encoding the prolactin
      receptor from rabbit mammary gland were isolated using a rat liver prolactin
      receptor cDNA probe. An 1848-base-pair open reading frame encodes a mature
      prolactin-binding protein of 592 amino acids that contains three domains: (i) the
      extracellular, amino-terminal, prolactin-binding region of 210 residues; (ii) the
      transmembrane region of 24 residues; and (iii) the intracellular, carboxyl
      terminal domain of 358 residues. This latter domain is much longer than the
      cytoplasmic domain (57 residues) previously described for the rat liver prolactin
      receptor. In addition, the sequence identity of this form of prolactin receptor
      with the growth hormone receptor is extended in the cytoplasmic domain.

PMID- 2928322
TI  - High levels of double-stranded transferred DNA (T-DNA) processing from an intact
      nopaline Ti plasmid.
AB  - To obtain bacterial-mediated oncogenic transformation of plants, the transferred
      DNA (T-DNA) of the tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens is
      transferred to its plant host cells during infection. The initial phases of
      transformation involve the processing of the T-DNA in the bacterial cell after
      induction of the vir genes located on the Ti plasmid. The kinetics and conditions
      of this processing were examined and upon induction with acetosyringone up to 40%
      of the left and right borders of the T-DNA were cleaved. This cleavage was
      dependent upon virA, virG, and VirD and was rec-independent. Processed T-DNA was
      observed within 30 min after induction and was delayed by an increased
      concentration of phosphate in the induction medium. When DNA was isolated in the
      absence of protease treatment, the DNA fragment corresponding to the left side of
      the cut at both the left and right border region exhibited gel retardation,
      suggesting one or more "pilot" proteins may be involved in T-DNA transfer.
      Although the relative abundance of a processed product does not necessarily imply
      relative importance, the preponderance of double-stranded cleavage products
      suggests that double-stranded T-DNA should be considered as a possible
      intermediate in T-DNA transfer.

PMID- 2928323
TI  - Identifying determinants of folding and activity for a protein of unknown
      structure.
AB  - We have generated an extensive genetic map of functionally allowed and/or
      structurally allowed amino acid substitutions in Arc repressor, a DNA binding
      protein of unknown structure. Analysis of the allowed substitution patterns
      identifies residues that are likely to be involved in protein function and
      identifies side chains that play important structural roles, including residues
      likely to form the hydrophobic core. The identities of approximately one-third of
      the residues in Arc repressor are functionally important, about one-half are
      structurally important, and the remainder are unimportant for either structure or
      function. The patterns of obligatory hydrophobic positions permit strong
      predictions of secondary structure.

PMID- 2928324
TI  - Crystal structure of core streptavidin determined from multiwavelength anomalous
      diffraction of synchrotron radiation.
AB  - A three-dimensional crystal structure of the biotin-binding core of streptavidin
      has been determined at 3.1-A resolution. The structure was analyzed from
      diffraction data measured at three wavelengths from a single crystal of the
      selenobiotinyl complex with streptavidin. Streptavidin is a tetramer with
      subunits arrayed in D2 symmetry. Each protomer is an 8-stranded beta-barrel with
      simple up-down topology. Biotin molecules are bound at one end of each barrel.
      This study demonstrates the effectiveness of multiwavelength anomalous
      diffraction (MAD) procedures for macromolecular crystallography and provides a
      basis for detailed study of biotin-avidin interactions.

PMID- 2928325
TI  - Proline isomerism leads to multiple folded conformations of calbindin D9k: direct
      evidence from two-dimensional 1H NMR spectroscopy.
AB  - A complete analysis of calbindin D9k by two-dimensional 1H nuclear magnetic
      resonance spectroscopy has established the existence of two conformations for the
      folded protein in solution. Well-resolved major and minor resonances in a ratio
      of 3:1 are observed throughout the 1H NMR spectrum. Two-dimensional exchange
      experiments show that the major and minor species are related by an equilibrium
      process. Analysis of short proton-proton distances along the peptide backbone,
      identified by two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy, provides
      unambiguous evidence that the two forms of the folded protein differ only in the
      isomerization state of the peptide bond between Gly-42 and Pro-43. Cis-trans
      isomerism of Pro-43 is thereby directly identified as the cause of multiple
      conformations for the folded protein in solution. In addition, when Pro-43 is
      mutated to a glycine residue there is no indication of multiple conformations.
      These results provide evidence for the possibility of conformational
      heterogeneity in the native state of globular proteins.

PMID- 2928326
TI  - On the origin and transmission of force in actomyosin subfragment 1.
AB  - A proximity map showing the three-dimensional arrangement of 12 chemically
      defined points in actomyosin subfragment 1 is developed and roughly correlated
      with published electron microscope reconstruction of others. Several additional
      points and topological relationships in the primary polypeptide chain folding are
      assimilated into this model. Certain crosslinkings and distance change
      observations are interpreted as indicators of transmission of force/displacement
      between the nucleotide-binding and an actin-binding site--i.e., as indications of
      how energy is transduced in this system.

PMID- 2928327
TI  - Transforming growth factor beta reverses the glucocorticoid-induced wound-healing
      deficit in rats: possible regulation in macrophages by platelet-derived growth
      factor.
AB  - Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) and the platelet-derived growth factor
      (PDGF) are potent mitogenic polypeptides which enhance rates of wound healing in
      experimental animals; in contrast, glucocorticoids inhibit wound repair. The
      potential of TGF-beta and PDGF to reverse this inhibition in healing was tested
      in methylprednisolone-treated rats with deficits in skin wound strength of 50%.
      Single applications of TGF-beta (10-40 pmol per wound, 0.25-1 micrograms) applied
      locally at the time of wounding fully reversed this deficit in a concentration
      dependent and highly reproducible manner. Wounds in glucocorticoid-treated
      animals were characterized by a near total absence of neutrophils and macrophages
      and by a delayed influx and reduced density of fibroblasts; however, such wounds
      treated with TGF-beta showed significant increases in wound fibroblasts and in
      intracellular procollagen type I. PDGF did not reverse the deficit in wound
      breaking strength in glucocorticoid-treated rats; there were more fibroblasts in
      the PDGF-treated wounds, but these fibroblasts lacked the enhanced expression of
      procollagen type I found in TGF-beta-treated wounds. The wound macrophages,
      required for normal tissue repair, remained absent from both PDGF- and TGF-beta
      treated wounds in glucocorticoid-treated animals. This result suggested that
      macrophages might normally act as an intermediate in the induction of procollagen
      synthesis in fibroblasts of PDGF-treated wounds and that TGF-beta might bypass
      the macrophage through its capacity to stimulate directly new synthesis of
      procollagen type I in fibroblasts. Whereas PDGF does not stimulate procollagen
      synthesis, in a rodent macrophage cell line, PDGF induced a highly significant,
      time-dependent enhancement of expression of TGF-beta.

PMID- 2928328
TI  - Tyrosine-specific protein phosphorylation is regulated by glycoprotein IIb-IIIa
      in platelets.
AB  - We have previously shown that a number of platelet proteins become phosphorylated
      at tyrosine residues in response to platelet-activating agents. Here we present
      two lines of evidence implicating a platelet integrin, glycoprotein IIb-IIIa, in
      the regulation of a specific subset of these tyrosine phosphorylations. (i) Two
      peptides that inhibit the binding of fibrinogen and other ligands to gpIIb-IIIa,
      Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser and His-His-Leu-Gly-Gly-Ala-Lys-Gln-Ala-Gly-Asp-Val, also
      inhibited the thrombin-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of this subset of
      proteins. The tetrapeptide Arg-Gly-Glu-Ser, which does not inhibit fibrinogen
      binding, did not inhibit thrombin-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation. (ii)
      Platelets lacking gpIIb-IIIa (from a subject with Glanzmann thrombasthenia) did
      not undergo this subset of tyrosine phosphorylation in response to thrombin,
      although other serine, threonine, and tyrosine phosphorylations proceeded
      normally. These findings suggest a role for tyrosine-specific protein
      phosphorylation in integrin-mediated cell-matrix recognition.

PMID- 2928329
TI  - 31P nuclear magnetic resonance study of the metabolic pools of adenosine
      triphosphate in cultured bovine adrenal medullary chromaffin cells.
AB  - 31P NMR was used to resolve and determine the relative quantity and mobility of
      ATP in the cytosolic and vesicular compartments of isolated adrenomedullary
      chromaffin cells. The cells were cultured on microcarrier beads and superfused
      with an oxygenated medium--thereby permitting dense suspensions of viable cells
      to be maintained in the NMR probe for extended time periods. Under these
      conditions, distinct 31P signals could be seen for ATP within the vesicular and
      the cytosolic pools. Comparison of the integrated areas of the beta-phosphate
      resonances from the two ATP pools indicated 77% of the endogenous ATP was in the
      vesicular pool. From this observation and the assumption that the concentration
      of ATP in the vesicle is 87.5 mM, the concentration of ATP calculated to be in
      the cytoplasmic pool was approximately 4 mM. The pH in the vesicle determined
      from the chemical shift of the gamma-phosphate resonance of vesicular ATP was
      5.84 +/- 0.17 (n = 6), slightly higher than the intragranular pH measured in
      hypoxic cells (5.57 +/- 0.15, n = 8). Spin-lattice relaxation times of ATP 31P
      resonances in the vesicular pool were from 12 to 14 times shorter than the ATP
      resonances in the cytosol, corresponding to a decrease in molecular mobility due
      to incorporation of ATP within a catecholamine-storage complex.

PMID- 2928330
TI  - Phosphorylation and associated translocation of the 87-kDa protein, a major
      protein kinase C substrate, in isolated nerve terminals.
AB  - A protein of 87 kilodaltons (87 kDa) was previously identified as a major
      specific substrate for protein kinase C in neuronal and other tissues. We have
      now studied the effect of protein kinase C-catalyzed phosphorylation of this
      protein on its association with membranes in isolated nerve terminals
      (synaptosomes) from rat cerebral cortex. Incubation of synaptosomal membranes
      under conditions associated with activation of protein kinase C led to the
      release of the phosphorylated 87-kDa protein into the incubation medium. In
      intact synaptosomes, activation of protein kinase C by phorbol esters or by
      depolarization-induced Ca2+ influx caused an increased phosphorylation of the 87
      kDa protein and its translocation from membrane to cytosol. This translocation
      showed time courses, calcium dependency, and reversibility similar to those
      observed for the protein kinase C-induced phosphorylation of the protein. These
      results suggest that protein kinase C-catalyzed phosphorylation of the 87-kDa
      protein is responsible for its subcellular translocation into the cytosol of
      nerve terminals.

PMID- 2928331
TI  - Neonatal induction of a nuclear protein that binds to the c-fos enhancer.
AB  - The expression of the c-fos gene is transiently induced at birth in most organs
      in the mouse. To study the basis of this induction we searched for a nuclear
      factor that binds to the 5' regulatory region of the c-fos gene. Gel mobility
      shift assays with tissue extracts revealed fast (band I) and slow (band III)
      migrating bands, which represent factor binding to the c-fos enhancer, termed the
      serum response element (SRE). Neonatal extracts preferentially elicited band I,
      with low or undetectable levels of band III, whereas fetal and adult extracts
      generated predominantly band III, with reduced levels of band I. These results
      indicate that the SRE-binding activity changes during perinatal development and
      that the appearance of band I, which coincides with diminution of band III,
      correlates with neonatal c-fos induction. Methylation interference and
      competition analyses showed that the neonatal factor (band I) binds to the SRE at
      a site different from the adult factor (band III). DNA-binding activity of the
      adult factor, but not the neonatal factor, was sensitive to phosphatase
      treatment. Furthermore, the adult factor, but not the neonatal factor, shared
      antigenic specificity with the human serum response factor (SRF) that is
      expressed in cultured cells irrespective of c-fos gene induction. We conclude
      that band I in neonates represents a SRE-binding factor that is distinct from the
      SRF, which may be responsible for the neonatal induction of the c-fos gene. The
      band III factor was indistinguishable from the SRF in all criteria tested.

PMID- 2928332
TI  - Lack of DNA homology in a pair of divergent chromosomes greatly sensitizes them
      to loss by DNA damage.
AB  - Chromosomal DNA is considered a priori to be a target for the induction of
      numerical (whole chromosome) aneuploidy in mitotic cells. If true, DNA repair
      would be expected to contribute to genome stability. One type of repair that
      appears to play an important role in the response of many organisms to DNA
      damaging agents involves recombination. Using the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
      containing a pair of DNA divergent (homoeologous) chromosomes, we have been able
      to determine the importance of recombinational repair of DNA damage in the
      maintenance of chromosome number. Specifically, the induction of aneuploidy by
      ionizing radiation has been examined in diploids that had one chromosome III
      replaced by a divergent chromosome from Saccharomyces carlsbergensis. The
      chromosomes are functionally equivalent but lack precise DNA homology over one
      half their length. The absence of homology, and thus the opportunity for
      recombinational repair (presumably of DNA double-strand breaks) in the divergent
      chromosomes, results in high levels (5-10%) of aneuploidy for chromosome III at
      doses of radiation resulting in almost no killing. For homologous chromosomes,
      the frequency of loss is 20-50 times lower.

PMID- 2928333
TI  - Exchange of terminal portions of X- and Y-chromosomal short arms in human XY
      females.
AB  - Human Y(+) XX maleness has been shown to result from an abnormal terminal Xp-Yp
      interchange that can occur during paternal meiosis. To test whether human XY
      females are produced by the same mechanism, we followed the inheritance of
      paternal pseudoautosomal loci and Xp22.3-specific loci in two XY female patients.
      Y-specific sequences and the whole pseudoautosomal region of the Y chromosome of
      their fathers were absent in these patients. However, the entire pseudoautosomal
      region and the X-specific part of Xp22.3 distal to the STS locus had been
      inherited from the X chromosome of the respective father. This Xp transfer to Yp
      was established by in situ hybridization experiments showing an Xp22.3-specific
      locus on Yp in both cases. Such results demonstrate that an abnormal and terminal
      X-Y interchange generated the rearranged Y chromosome of these two XY females;
      they appear to be the true countertype of Y(+) XX males. In these patients, who
      also display some Turner stigmata, the Y gene(s) involved in this phenotype is
      (are) localized to interval 1 or 2. If the loss of such gene(s) affects fetal
      viability, their proximity to TDF would account for the underrepresentation of
      interchange 46,XY females compared with Y(+) XX males.

PMID- 2928334
TI  - Polycythemia in transgenic mice expressing the human erythropoietin gene.
AB  - Erythropoietin is a glycoprotein hormone that regulates mammalian erythropoiesis.
      To study the expression of the human erythropoietin gene, EPO, 4 kilobases of DNA
      encompassing the gene with 0.4 kilobase of 5' flanking sequence and 0.7 kilobase
      of 3' flanking sequence was microinjected into fertilized mouse eggs. Transgenic
      mice were generated that are polycythemic, with increased erythrocytic indices in
      peripheral blood, increased numbers of erythroid precursors in hematopoietic
      tissue, and increased serum erythropoietin levels. Transgenic homozygotes show a
      greater degree of polycythemia than do heterozygotes as well as striking
      extramedullary erythropoiesis. Human erythropoietin RNA was found not only in
      fetal liver, adult liver, and kidney but also in all other transgenic tissues
      analyzed. Anemia induced increased human erythropoietin RNA levels in liver but
      not kidney. These transgenic mice represent a unique model of polycythemia due to
      increased erythropoietin levels.

PMID- 2928335
TI  - High frequency of large spontaneous deletions of DNA in tumor-derived CHEF cells.
AB  - Spontaneous mutations arising at the HPRT locus were examined in 126 mutants
      recovered from a series of six CHEF-derived cell lines. Altered restriction
      fragment patterns were characterized by Southern blot hybridization, and gene
      expression by RNA blot hybridization. Point mutants and gene-expression mutants
      predominated in the control (nontumorigenic) 18-1D-3 cell line and in two tumor
      derived lines, one of which (16-2 Tuk 4) displayed a mutator phenotype. In the
      other three lines, the majority of mutants had large partial or whole gene
      deletions. These results suggest that mutant enzymes in DNA replication or repair
      play an important role in neoplastic progression by causing extensive deletions
      in DNA, including excision of genes that encode tumor-suppressor functions, and
      deletion of regulatory sequences in protooncogenes.

PMID- 2928337
TI  - Muscle coenzyme Q deficiency in familial mitochondrial encephalomyopathy.
AB  - The electron transport system of muscle mitochondria was examined in a familial
      syndrome of lactacidemia, mitochondrial myopathy, and encephalopathy. The
      propositus, a 14-year-old female, and her 12-year-old sister had suffered from
      progressive muscle weakness, abnormal fatigability, and central nervous system
      dysfunction since early childhood. In the propositus, the state 3 respiratory
      rate of muscle mitochondria with NADH-linked substrates and with succinate was
      markedly reduced. The levels of cytochromes a + a3, b, and c + c1 were normal.
      The activities of complexes I, II, III, and IV of the electron transport chain
      were normal or increased. By contrast, the activities of complex I-III and of
      complex II-III, both of which need coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), were abnormally low. On
      direct measurement, the mitochondrial CoQ10 content was 3.7% of the mean value
      observed in 10 controls. Serum and cultured fibroblasts of the propositus had
      normal CoQ10 contents. In the younger sister, the respiratory activities and
      CoQ10 level of muscle mitochondria were similar to those observed in the
      propositus. The findings establish CoQ10 deficiency as a cause of a familial
      mitochondrial cytopathy and suggest that the disease results from a tissue
      specific defect of CoQ10 biosynthesis.

PMID- 2928336
TI  - Comparison of the secondary structures of human class I and class II major
      histocompatibility complex antigens by Fourier transform infrared and circular
      dichroism spectroscopy.
AB  - We have examined the secondary structures of human class I and class II
      histocompatibility antigens in solution by Fourier transform infrared
      spectroscopy and circular dichroism in order to compare the relative amounts of
      alpha-helix, beta-sheet, and other structures, which are crucial elements in the
      comparison of the protein structures. Quantitation of infrared spectra of papain
      solubilized HLA-A2, HLA-B7, and DR1 in phosphate buffer gave alpha-helix contents
      of 17%, 8%, and 10% and beta-sheet contents of 41%, 48%, and 53%, respectively.
      By circular dichroism, papain-solubilized HLA-A2, HLA-B7, and DR1 were also found
      to have comparable alpha-helix contents (e.g., 8%, 20%, and 17%, respectively).
      Circular dichroism analysis for beta-sheet gave 29% for papain-solubilized HLA-B7
      and 42% for papain-solubilized DR1. The value for papain-solubilized HLA-A2 (74%)
      was anomalous. It is proposed that Trp-107 of HLA-A2, missing in both HLA-B7 and
      DR1, may be responsible for much of the anomaly. Due to the uncertainties
      inherent in quantitation of the amounts of secondary structures by both spectral
      methods, the differences in the contents of alpha-helix and beta-sheet in the
      three proteins are not considered significant. However, differences in the nature
      of the beta-sheet structures are suggested by infrared spectroscopy. These
      results provide physical evidence for an overall structure of class II antigens
      modeled on that of class I antigens.

PMID- 2928338
TI  - Ca2+-channel blockers inhibit the action of recombinant platelet-derived growth
      factor in vascular smooth muscle cells.
AB  - Human platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is mainly composed of two polypeptide
      chains (PDGF-AB). All three possible dimeric forms of PDGF--i.e., PDGF-AA, PDGF
      BB and PDGF-AB--exist in nature. We have used two recombinant PDGF homodimers to
      determine the roles of each isoform in the activation of phosphatidylinositol
      turnover in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) isolated from rat thoracic aorta,
      their mitogenic effect on VSMC, and their vasoconstrictor effect on intact strips
      of aortic vascular tissue. Three Ca2+-channel blockers, nifedipine, verapamil,
      and diltiazem, were used as antagonists for investigating the PDGF-dependent
      changes mediated by the homodimers. PDGF-BB had a greater efficacy than PDGF-AA
      on inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate release, on the formation of diacylglycerol, and
      on Ca2+ mobilization, which was also associated with vasoconstrictor activity and
      effective mitogenicity. PDGF-AA, on the other hand, was more potent than PDGF-BB
      in stimulating protein kinase C. In all instances, the activation of the
      phosphatidylinositol turnover by the two homodimers was inhibited by the Ca2+
      channel blockers.

PMID- 2928339
TI  - Lipoproteins alter the catalytic behavior of the platelet-activating factor
      acetylhydrolase in human plasma.
AB  - Platelet-activating factor (PAF) has been implicated as a mediator of
      inflammation, allergy, shock, and thrombosis. A specific degradative enzyme, PAF
      acetylhydrolase (EC 3.1.1.47), is found in plasma and could regulate the
      concentration of PAF in blood. In plasma, 70% of the PAF acetylhydrolase is found
      with low density lipoprotein (LDL), and the remainder is in high density
      lipoprotein (HDL). In previous studies we found that with subsaturating
      concentrations of PAF the activity in LDL seemed to be the relevant one; e.g.,
      depletion of LDL slowed degradation of PAF, while removal of HDL accelerated the
      degradation slightly. We have pursued this observation by using plasma from
      humans with lipoprotein mutations. In abetalipoproteinemia, all of the PAF
      acetylhydrolase activity was in HDL, whereas in Tangier disease all of the
      activity was in LDL. In both conditions the total activity measured in an
      optimized assay was normal or increased. However, when we measured the t1/2 of
      PAF in plasma, we found that it was prolonged in subjects with
      abetalipoproteinemia compared to normal controls. Conversely, the t1/2 in Tangier
      plasma was shortened. We next demonstrated that the PAF acetylhydrolase in HDL
      was recognized by an antibody to the enzyme purified from LDL, establishing that
      the enzyme in the two particles is the same protein. Finally, we inactivated the
      PAF acetylhydrolase in isolated lipoprotein particles and then reconstituted them
      with enzyme from the opposite particle. The reconstituted particles were used to
      measure the t1/2 of PAF, and we again found that the LDL particle was more
      efficient. We conclude that the lipoprotein environment of the PAF
      acetylhydrolase markedly influences its catalytic behavior. This may be important
      in pathophysiology and will complicate attempts to assess the role of this enzyme
      in such circumstances.

PMID- 2928340
TI  - Isolation and characterization of the human parathyroid hormone-like peptide
      gene.
AB  - A parathyroid hormone-like peptide (PTH-LP) has recently been identified in human
      tumors associated with the syndrome of humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy. The
      peptide appears to be encoded by a single-copy gene that gives rise to multiple
      mRNAs that are heterogeneous at both their 5' and their 3' ends. Alternative RNA
      splicing is responsible for the 3' heterogeneity and results in mRNAs encoding
      three different peptides, each with a unique C terminus. We have isolated and
      characterized the human PTHLP gene. The gene is a complex transcriptional unit
      spanning more than 12 kilobases of DNA and containing six exons. Two 5' exons
      encode distinct 5' untranslated regions and are separated by a putative promoter
      element, indicating that the gene either has two promoter or is alternatively
      spliced from a single promoter upstream of the first exon. The middle portion of
      the PTHLP gene, comprising exons 2-4, has an organizational pattern of introns
      and exons identical to that of the parathyroid hormone gene, consistent with a
      common ancestral origin of these two genes. Exon 4 of the PTHLP gene encodes the
      region common to all three peptides and the C terminus of the shortest peptide,
      and exons 5 and 6 encode the unique C termini of the other two peptides. Northern
      analysis of mRNAs from four human tumors of different histological types reveals
      the preferential use of 3' splicing patterns by individual tumors.

PMID- 2928341
TI  - Molecular cloning of feline immunodeficiency virus.
AB  - Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a T-lymphotropic retrovirus associated
      with immunodeficiency and opportunistic infections in cats. The discovery of FIV
      provides an opportunity for the development of a small animal model for AIDS. To
      initiate the molecular and biological characterization of FIV, cDNA clones were
      synthesized and used to isolate a proviral clone of FIV. Molecular cross
      hybridization analysis of FIV with five lentiviruses revealed that nucleotide
      sequence similarities exist between FIV and these lentiviruses in the gag-pol
      genes. However, nucleotide-sequence similarities were not seen upon comparison of
      the FIV long terminal repeat sequence with known viral sequences. Common
      antigenic determinants appeared to be shared by FIV, caprine arthritis
      encephalitis virus, and visna virus as shown by serological cross-reactivity of
      rabbit antibodies to caprine arthritis encephalitis virus and visna virus with
      the putative FIV core protein p28. These studies demonstrated that FIV is a
      member of the lentivirus subfamily and is distantly related to the AIDS
      lentiviruses of primates. Importantly, progeny virions of our molecular clone
      were infectious for experimentally inoculated cats. The availability of an
      infectious molecular clone will make possible a detailed dissection of the
      molecular pathogenesis of FIV, which may facilitate the development of vaccine
      and therapeutic strategies for AIDS.

PMID- 2928343
TI  - Regulation of neuronal oxytocin mRNA by ovarian steroids in the mature and
      developing hypothalamus.
AB  - We have examined the changes in neuronal expression of oxytocin mRNA in the
      perinatal and mature female rat as a function of endogenous gonadal steroids.
      Northern blot analysis demonstrated a significant developmental increase in the
      abundance of oxytocin mRNA in the female brain concomitant with puberty.
      Ovariectomy of adult females decreased total brain oxytocin mRNA to significantly
      lower levels. In contrast, lactating mothers had increased levels of neuronal
      oxytocin mRNA. In situ hybridization analysis of neuronal oxytocin mRNA in
      adolescent, mature virgin, and ovariectomized virgin female brains demonstrated
      that the location and number of neurons expressing oxytocin mRNA was unchanged
      and that total brain oxytocin mRNA differences were attributable to amounts
      expressed per neuron. Differences in mRNA abundance were noted in oxytocin
      neurons throughout the hypothalamus, including those known to project as
      magnocellular neurons to the neurohypophysis and those of parvocellular origin
      thought to make wholly intracerebral connections. This developmental and dynamic
      regulation of oxytocin mRNA levels during gonadal maturation may coordinate the
      peripheral and central effects of this peptide on the reproductive biology of the
      female rat.

PMID- 2928342
TI  - Cloning of a cDNA encoding the rat high molecular weight neurofilament peptide
      (NF-H): developmental and tissue expression in the rat, and mapping of its human
      homologue to chromosomes 1 and 22.
AB  - Neurofilaments (NFs) are the intermediate filaments specific to nervous tissue.
      They are probably essential to the tensile strength of the neuron, as well as to
      transport of molecules and organelles within the axon. Three peptides with
      apparent molecular masses of approximately 68 (NF-L), 145 (NF-M), and 200 (NF-H)
      kDa appear to be the major components of NF. The expression of these peptides is
      specific to nervous tissue and is developmentally regulated. Recently, complete
      cDNAs encoding NF-L and NF-M, and partial cDNAs encoding NF-H, have been
      described. To better understand the normal and pathophysiology of NFs we chose to
      clone the cDNA encoding the rat NF-H peptide. Using monoclonal antibodies that
      recognized NF-H, we screened a rat brain lambda gt11 library and identified a
      clone that contained a 2100-nucleotide cDNA insert representing the carboxyl
      terminal portion of the NF-H protein. Anti-fusion protein antibodies recognized
      the NF-H peptide on immunoblots and stained fibrillar structures only in neurons.
      The cDNA recognized a 4500-nucleotide polyadenylated mRNA that was present only
      in nervous tissue and a 3500-nucleotide mRNA in adrenal. Brain NF-H mRNA levels
      were tightly developmentally regulated and paralleled the levels of NF-H peptide
      on immunoblots. Nuclear runoff studies showed that the 20-fold developmental
      increase in the NF-H message was due only in part to a 4-fold increase in its
      transcription rate. Levels of NF-H mRNA varied 20-fold among brain regions, with
      highest levels in pons/medulla, spinal cord, and cerebellum, and lowest levels in
      olfactory bulb and hypothalamus. Transcription studies revealed only a 2-fold
      difference in the transcription rates among these brain regions. Based on these
      results, we infer that half of the developmental increase and most of the
      interregional variation in the levels of the NF-H mRNA are mediated through
      message stabilization. Sequence information revealed that the carboxyl-terminal
      region of the NF-H peptide contained a unique serine-, proline-, alanine-,
      glutamic acid-, and lysine-rich repeat. The serine residues are likely sites of
      phosphorylation in the mature peptide. Genomic blots revealed a single copy of
      the gene in the rat genome and two copies in the human genome. In situ
      hybridizations performed on human chromosomes mapped the NF-H gene to chromosomes
      1 and 22. Whether one copy is a pseudogene remains to be determined.

PMID- 2928344
TI  - Prostaglandin E2 and its methyl ester reduce cataplexy in canine narcolepsy.
AB  - The effects of intravenous administration of prostaglandins (PGs) were
      investigated in genetically narcoleptic Doberman pinschers. The treatment of
      narcoleptic dogs with PGE2 and PGE2 methyl ester, but not PGD2 and PGD2 methyl
      ester, induced a dose-dependent reduction of canine cataplexy, a dissociated
      manifestation of rapid-eye-movement sleep. The effect was specific and not
      associated with any change in other behavior. Furthermore, the effect was long
      lasting (up to 2 hr) and could not be explained by the acute cardiovascular
      changes seen after intravenous PG administration. PGE2 methyl ester, a lipophilic
      derivative of PGE2 with more central penetration than PGE2, was 4 times more
      potent than PGE2. These results indicate that PGE2 modifies cataplexy through a
      central effect and suggest that this prostaglandin may play a role in rapid-eye
      movement sleep regulation.

PMID- 2928345
TI  - Striatal phosphoproteins in Parkinson disease and progressive supranuclear palsy.
AB  - This study was undertaken to evaluate the levels of cAMP-regulated
      phosphoproteins in the striatum of patients with neurodegenerative diseases of
      the dopaminergic system. Postmortem samples of caudate nucleus and putamen from
      24 control subjects, 23 patients with Parkinson disease, and 13 patients with
      progressive supranuclear palsy were studied with immunoblotting techniques. The
      levels of tyrosine hydroxylase were reduced in patients with Parkinson disease
      (levels were 24% and 10% of controls in caudate nucleus and putamen,
      respectively) and with progressive supranuclear palsy (levels were 11% and 6% of
      controls in caudate nucleus and putamen, respectively). Five phosphoproteins,
      which are present in striatal neurons and are likely to play a role in the
      postsynaptic actions of dopamine, were measured. These included ARPP-16, ARPP-19,
      ARPP-21 (cAMP-regulated phosphoproteins of Mr 16,000, 19,000, and 21,000,
      respectively), DARPP-32 (dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein of Mr
      32,000), and phosphatase inhibitor I. The levels of these phosphoproteins were
      inversely correlated with postmortem delay. In brains of patients with Parkinson
      disease or progressive supranuclear palsy with postmortem delays comparable to
      those of controls, the levels of these proteins as well as those of synaptic
      (synapsin I and synaptophysin) and glial (glial fibrillary acidic protein and
      myelin basic protein) markers were not significantly modified. We conclude that
      the levels of several phosphoproteins involved in signal transduction in striatal
      neurons are not altered in Parkinson disease and progressive supranuclear palsy.
      This observation supports the view that the striatal output neurons are intact in
      both diseases.

PMID- 2928347
TI  - Steroid hormones: modulators of Na+ absorption and Cl- secretion in cultured
      tracheal epithelia.
AB  - Cultures of tracheal epithelial cells from adult nonpregnant female rabbits
      maintained a different balance of Na+ absorption and Cl- secretion from cells of
      pregnant animals and fetal cultures. Cells of nonpregnant rabbits had a large Na+
      absorptive current (11 microA/cm2 or 53% of baseline short circuit current) and a
      small Cl- secretory current (2.4 microA/cm2 or 11%). In contrast, fetal cells had
      greater Cl- secretion (15.1 microA/cm2 or 61%) and much less Na+ absorption (1.6
      microA/cm2 or less than 10%). Cells of pregnant animals had amounts of Cl-
      secretion (11.4 microA/cm2 or 41%) and Na+ absorption (6.7 microA/cm2 or 22%)
      that were in between that of fetal and adult nonpregnant animals. In addition to
      these striking differences in baseline ion transport among the three groups,
      epinephrine was found to stimulate Cl- secretion in cells from pregnant rabbits,
      both Na+ absorption and Cl- secretion in cells from nonpregnant animals, and
      neither in fetal cells. Steroid hormones of pregnancy, progesterone and
      estradiol, when added to cells cultured from nonpregnant rabbits, altered the
      magnitudes of the individual transport pathways to mimic cells cultured from
      pregnant animals. In addition to changing baseline transport, these steroids
      modified the epinephrine-stimulated currents to resemble those in the fetus and
      in pregnancy. We conclude that steroid hormones regulate the balance of Na+
      absorption and Cl- secretion in tracheal epithelia in utero and in adulthood.

PMID- 2928348
TI  - The envelope proteins from purified respiratory syncytial virus protect mice from
      intranasal virus challenge.
AB  - A lyophilized subunit vaccine prepared from purified respiratory syncytial virus,
      which contained the envelope glycoproteins F and G and the nonglycosylated matrix
      protein VPM, was tested in SJL mice for its ability to protect the lungs of mice
      from intranasal viral challenge. Initially, the mice were injected subcutaneously
      with one, two, or three doses of 5 or 25 micrograms of vaccine in 50% complete
      Freund's adjuvant or with complete Freund's adjuvant or phosphate-buffered saline
      only. Although none of the mice produced neutralizing serum antibody, three doses
      of 25 micrograms elicited antibodies to F, G, and VPM. Despite the absence of
      detectable neutralizing antibodies, the lungs of 93% of the vaccinated mice were
      protected from intranasal viral challenge. Because the initial protocol did not
      elicit neutralizing antibodies and a few single-dose animals were not protected,
      a second vaccine trial was carried out. For these studies the priming dose was
      increased to 50 micrograms, which was followed, in half the vaccine recipients,
      by a second dose of 25 micrograms. Mice given the priming dose of vaccine
      produced antibody to G and showed no neutralizing activity, whereas the mice
      given two doses of vaccine produced antibodies to G, F, and VPM and also
      displayed neutralizing activity for respiratory syncytial virus. The lungs of
      100% of the vaccine recipients in this trial were protected from intranasal
      challenge. Although the vaccine elicited antibody to VPM, this response did not
      correlate with protection. In addition, examination of the sera from unimmunized
      mice recovering from respiratory syncytial virus infection revealed a serum
      antibody profile similar to that noted for humans, lacking antibody to VPM. Thus,
      the data show that a combined glycoprotein subunit vaccine affords complete
      protection to viral challenge and offers an approach to develop a multivalent
      subunit vaccine.

PMID- 2928346
TI  - Muscarinic agonists and phorbol esters increase tyrosine phosphorylation of a 40
      kilodalton protein in hippocampal slices.
AB  - We have used the hippocampal slice preparation to investigate the regulation of
      protein tyrosine phosphorylation in brain. After pharmacological treatment of
      intact slices, proteins were separated by electrophoresis, and levels of protein
      tyrosine phosphorylation were assessed by immunoblotting with specific anti
      phosphotyrosine antibodies. Phorbol esters, activators of the serine- and
      threonine-phosphorylating enzyme protein kinase C, selectively increase tyrosine
      phosphorylation of a soluble protein with an apparent molecular mass of
      approximately 40 kilodaltons. Muscarinic agonists such as carbachol and
      oxotremorine M that strongly activate the inositol phospholipid system also
      increase tyrosine phosphorylation of this protein. Neurotransmitter activation of
      the inositol phospholipid system and protein kinase C appears to trigger a
      cascade leading to increased tyrosine phosphorylation.

PMID- 2928349
TI  - Oxidative stress leads to inhibition of calcium transport by sarcoplasmic
      reticulum in skeletal muscle.
AB  - Iron administration results in the development of oxidative stress in skeletal
      muscles, as evidenced by increases in amounts of lipid oxidation fluorescent end
      products, decreases in vitamin E concentration, and inhibition of calcium
      transport by sarcoplasmic reticulum. Exhaustive physical loading or hyperoxia, or
      their combination, does not lead to apparent modification in calcium transport by
      sarcoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscle homogenates. However, physical loading
      or hyperoxia does in fact induce oxidative stress since they magnify the effect
      of iron loading on the inhibition of calcium transport.

PMID- 2928350
TI  - Regeneration of ascorbic acid by rat colon.
AB  - Plants and animals alike use ascorbic acid in a variety of reactions that result
      in net generation of dehydro-L-ascorbic acid. The ability to reduce dehydro-L
      ascorbic acid back to ascorbic acid would conserve "total ascorbate" and would
      help to maintain the toxic oxidized form of the molecule at a low level. This
      study evaluated the rate of dehydro-L-ascorbic acid reduction either by following
      the rate of NADPH consumption or by analysis of the amount of 14C-labeled dehydro
      L-ascorbic acid converted to ascorbic acid. A large percentage of the NADPH
      consumed by a semipurified preparation of rat colonic mucosa in vitro was
      dependent on the presence of dehydro-L-ascorbic acid. The tissue factor active in
      regenerating ascorbic acid is intermediate in size between cytochrome c and blue
      dextran. The present results indicate that the mucosa reduced dehydro-L-ascorbic
      acid by a cytosolic enzyme that uses NADPH as a hydrogen donor. Subsequent to
      precipitation by ammonium sulfate, the 55-70% fraction contains most of the
      reductase activity while consisting of only 17% of the cellular soluble protein.

PMID- 2928351
TI  - Effects of carbamylcholine and isoproterenol on electrolyte fluxes in perfused
      main duct of submandibular gland of reserpinized rat.
AB  - Administration of reserpine (RES) at a dosage of 0.5 mg/kg body wt, ip daily for
      7 days was found to lower the dose of carbamylcholine and isoproterenol that
      alters sodium and potassium transport by cells of the main duct of rat
      submandibular gland. In the perfused main excretory duct of the submandibular
      gland of the RES rat, administration of carbamylcholine at a dosage of 1
      microgram/kg body wt, inhibited net efflux of sodium (17%) and administration of
      isoproterenol at a dosage of 2 micrograms/kg body wt increased net efflux of
      sodium (20%); these drugs, at the same dosages, did not induce significant change
      in electrolyte flux of normal rat. At a dosage of 5 micrograms/kg body wt,
      carbamylcholine decreased net influx of potassium (15%) in the RES rat but was
      without effect on normal rat. Isoproterenol at the dosage of 5 micrograms/kg body
      wt significantly inhibited net influx of potassium in both the RES rat and normal
      rat. The data suggested that the duct cells developed supersensitivity to
      sympathomimetic and parasympathomimetic stimulation after chronic RES treatment.

PMID- 2928352
TI  - Dietary zinc deficiency decreases plasma concentrations of vitamin E.
AB  - Experiments were conducted to examine the effects of dietary zinc (Zn) upon
      plasma vitamin E (E) concentrations to test the hypothesis that there may be a
      significant dietary interaction between these two nutrients. Weanling female
      Sprague-Dawley rats were fed diets that were (i) Zn-deficient (less than 0.9
      micrograms Zn/g diet) ad libitum; (ii) Zn-adequate (50.9 micrograms Zn/g diet),
      pair-fed to the Zn-deficient group; and (iii) Zn-adequate (50.9 micrograms Zn/g
      diet) ad libitum. Plasma E in Zn-deficient animals (4.02 +/- 1.20 micrograms/ml)
      was significantly reduced (P less than or equal to 0.05) compared with results in
      both Zn-adequate pair-fed (9.21 +/- 0.70 micrograms/ml) and Zn-adequate ad
      libitum-fed (9.47 +/- 0.90 micrograms/ml) animals. Zn deficiency in this model
      system also resulted in significant (P less than or equal to 0.05) reductions in
      femur and plasma Zn concentrations as well as in plasma retinol, plasma
      triglyceride, and plasma cholesterol concentrations. Plasma albumin and total
      plasma protein concentrations were normal in Zn-deficient animals. With dietary
      Zn deficiency, the decrease in plasma E appeared to be out of proportion to
      associated decreases in plasma triglyceride and plasma cholesterol
      concentrations. Since E is associated with plasma lipoproteins, these data
      suggest that lipid and/or E malabsorption may be a consequence of Zn deficiency.
      In response to increased dietary intake of E, increments of plasma E were lower
      in Zn-depleted than in Zn-adequate, pair-fed animals. These findings suggest that
      dietary Zn deficiency possibly may increase the nutritional requirement for E
      necessary to maintain adequate plasma concentrations.

PMID- 2928353
TI  - In vivo calvarial bone cell responses to dietary perturbations and the
      implications for mineral homeostasis.
AB  - Calvariae from small animals have been an important source for in vitro studies
      of bone. However, few in vivo studies have been undertaken on quantitative cell
      changes in calvariae. In the present study of mineral perturbations, rats were
      first deprived of calcium. After 18 days endosteal osteoclasts and
      nuclei/osteoclast in the parietal bone had increased 120% (P less than 0.001) and
      26% (P less than 0.001), respectively, the marrow space had increased 141% (P
      less than 0.001), and the bone area experienced a 49% decrease (P less than
      0.001). This thinning and weakening of the calvaria was accompanied by a
      compensatory increase in the number of endosteal osteoblasts (297%, P less than
      0.001). These rats were then replenished with calcium, and after 14 days the
      number of endosteal osteoclasts had decreased to 86% (P less than 0.001) below
      the control and the endosteal surface was almost completely covered by
      osteoblasts (866% above the control, P less than 0.001). Bone area was increased
      by 51% (P less than 0.01). Similarly, in calcium-deficient rats in the tibial
      diaphysis at the fibular junction, the number of endosteal osteoclasts and the
      medullary space increased 1606% (P less than 0.001) and 63% (P less than 0.001),
      respectively, which were accompanied by a 32% decrease (P less than 0.001) in
      cortical bone area. After calcium replenishment, most endosteal osteoclasts in
      the tibial diaphysis disappeared from the endosteal surface and were replaced by
      osteoblasts (increased 487%, P less than 0.001). These results indicate that
      changes in bone cell activity in response to calcium deficiency are similar in
      calvariae and long bones, and that mobilization of calcium from the calvaria
      during calcium deficiency occurs at the expense of the protective action of the
      calvaria. Therefore, long bones as well as membranous bones are apparently
      important for the maintenance of mineral homeostasis.

PMID- 2928354
TI  - Oxygen consumption by portal vein-drained organs and by whole animal in conscious
      growing swine.
AB  - A method was developed to measure simultaneously the O2 consumption (VO) by the
      whole animal and by the hepatic portal vein-drained organs (PVDO), including the
      gastrointestinal tract, spleen, and pancreas in conscious 3.5- to 4-month-old
      swine. The method was used to determine (i) the effect of feeding on hepatic
      portal vein blood flow rate (Qpv) and VO by PVDO and by the whole animal, and
      (ii) the significance of PVDO on the oxidative demand in the pig. Chronic
      cannulas were placed in the hepatic portal vein, carotid artery, and ileal vein.
      The Qpv was determined by an indicator dilution technique employing continuous
      constant infusion of 1% p-aminohippuric acid into the ileal vein. The VO2 by PVDO
      was estimated by multiplying Qpv by arterial-portal vein O2 difference measured
      with an arterial-venous O2 difference analyzer connected to the carotid artery
      and portal vein cannulas. Whole animal VO2 was measured with an open circuit
      indirect calorimeter. In seven pigs (3.5- to 4-month-old, 37.4 +/- 0.8 kg)
      trained to be fed once daily, feeding (1.2 kg of feed mixed with 1.2 liter of
      H2O) caused postprandial (6 hr) Qpv to increase more than 34 +/- 15% above the
      preprandial value of 34.5 +/- 4.2 ml.min-1.kg-1 body wt. The postprandial VO2 by
      PVDO was elevated more than 46 +/- 12% above the value of 1.52 +/- 0.20 ml.min
      1.kg-1 body wt observed during the preprandial period. Whole animal VO2 increased
      45 +/- 9 and 33 +/- 7% above the preprandial value of 6.23 +/- 0.57 ml.min-1.kg-1
      body wt for the first 6 hr and the 7 to 12 hr after feeding, respectively.
      Although PVDO represent only 5% of body weight, they used 25% of whole body VO2.
      The study clearly illustrates the significance of PVDO on the whole animal
      oxidative demand in conscious growing swine.

PMID- 2928355
TI  - The effect of aging on glutathione and cysteine levels in different regions of
      the mouse brain.
AB  - A general glutathione (GSH) deficiency occurs in many tissues of the aging mouse.
      However, there is no information on GSH in the aging brain even though it has
      been involved in a number of neurobiologic reactions. To this end, C57BL/6 mice,
      3-31 months old, representing the growth, maturation, and aging periods of the
      life-span were studied. Brain cortex, hippocampus, and stem samples were
      dissected, processed, and analyzed specifically for reduced and oxidized
      glutathione (GSH, GSSG) and cyst(e)ine using high performance liquid
      chromatography with dual electrochemical detection. The GSH content of each brain
      region varied in the order brain cortex greater than brain hippocampus greater
      than brainstem. However, the GSH profiles of all regions were the same through
      the life-span, namely, high values during growth dropping to a maturation plateau
      and then decreasing 30% during aging. In contrast to GSH, the order of cysteine
      levels was brain cortex less than brain hippocampus less than brainstem and no
      life-span changes occurred in any region. In addition, the brain GSSG and cystine
      contents of all regions were very low and did not change during the life-span.
      Thus, the GSH loss was not accountable by oxidation to GSSG or degradation to
      cyst(e)ine. Altogether these results demonstrated a GSH deficiency in brain
      tissues of aging mice like that found previously in other tissues. These findings
      suggest an increased susceptibility of the aging brain to oxidative damage.

PMID- 2928356
TI  - Paracetamol: a bitter pill.

PMID- 2928357
TI  - Wound cleansing--which solution?

PMID- 2928358
TI  - Violence: is enough being done to protect you?

PMID- 2928359
TI  - Establishing a nurse coordinated diabetic review clinic.

PMID- 2928360
TI  - What makes the ideal community unit?

PMID- 2928361
TI  - Intravenous therapy in fluid and electrolyte imbalance.

PMID- 2928362
TI  - Communication can help ostomists accept their stoma.

PMID- 2928363
TI  - Britain's 'youngest' counties offer plenty of nursing choice.

PMID- 2928364
TI  - Nursing overseas offers an ocean of opportunities.

PMID- 2928365
TI  - District nursing--a self directed community role.

PMID- 2928366
TI  - Molecular and cellular mechanisms of septic shock. Proceedings of a conference.
      Bethesda, Maryland, February 29-March 1, 1988.

PMID- 2928367
TI  - Effect of macrophage inhibition in carrageenan- and D-galactosamine-induced
      sensitivity to low-dose endotoxin.

PMID- 2928369
TI  - Oncogene expression: a new horizon in the study of sepsis.

PMID- 2928368
TI  - Alterations in splenic and hepatic protein kinase C in sepsis and chronic
      endotoxemia.

PMID- 2928370
TI  - Altered membrane fatty acid composition and increased thromboxane A2 generation
      in platelets from patients with diabetes.
AB  - Lipid composition of platelet membranes and thromboxane A2 (TxA2) generation by
      platelets were investigated in 42 diabetic patients (14 with macroangiopathic
      complications, 10 with microangiopathy and 18 without vascular complications) and
      in 42 clinically healthy subjects of similar age. All subjects were on a similar
      dietary regimen and the adherence to diet was checked by analysis of red blood
      cell lipids. Platelets from all groups of diabetic patients produced increased
      amounts of TxA2 than platelets from controls (at least p less than 0.01) and
      patients with macroangiopathy (p less than 0.01). Platelet cholesterol and total
      platelet phospholipids were higher in patients with macroangiopathy, while the
      relative percentage of the different phospholipid fractions in platelet membrane
      and their saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were similar in the different
      groups. Arachidonic acid (AA) content in phosphatidylcholine (PC) was found to be
      significantly higher in diabetic patients than in controls (at least p less than
      0.005). Moreover patients with macroangiopathy had higher AA (p less than 0.001)
      and lower eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels in PC (p
      less than 0.001) than the other groups of patients and controls.

PMID- 2928371
TI  - Prostaglandin E2 alters the metabolism of labelled glucose in uteri isolated from
      ovariectomized rats. Effects of 17-beta estradiol and indomethacin.
AB  - The effects of prostaglandins (PGs) E1, E2 and F2 alpha on the oxidation of
      labelled glucose in uterine strips from ovariectomized rats, were explored.
      Moreover, the influences of in vivo estrogenization of spayed rats and the
      presence in vitro of indomethacin (10(-6)M) on labelled glucose metabolism by
      isolated uteri, were also determined. PGE2 (10(-7)M), but not PGE1 or PGF2 alpha,
      enhanced significantly the formation of 14CO2 from U14C-glucose in uteri from
      spayed rats. After the injection of 17-beta estradiol to castrated animals prior
      to sacrifice the three PGs augmentated in vitro uterine glucose metabolism. In
      uterine strips from spayed non-estrogenized rats incubated with indomethacin,
      only PGE2 (10(-7) and 10(-6) M) incremented the formation of 14CO2 from labelled
      glucose, whereas PGE1 and PGF2 alpha were devoid of action, whereas in uteri from
      ovariectomized-estrogenized animals also incubated with indomethacin, PGE1, PGE2
      and PGF2 alpha enhanced significantly the metabolism of labelled glucose, as was
      observed in the absence of indomethacin. However, in the presence of indomethacin
      the magnitude of the stimulation evoked by PGs in vitro was 3 to 4 times greater
      than without the inhibitor of the cyclo-oxygenase. The role of estradiol
      modulating the actions of PGE2 and PGF2 alpha on uterine glucose metabolism and
      possible reasons subserving the influence of indomethacin incrementing the
      effects of PGs on glucose oxidation in uteri from spayed-estrogenized rats, are
      discussed.

PMID- 2928373
TI  - Self-referencing subtractive angiography by modified stimulated echo in magnetic
      resonance imaging.
AB  - In magnetic resonance imaging, the modified stimulated echo sequence (MSTE)
      method significantly reduces the signal from stationary nuclei. This sequence was
      successfully applied to transverse imaging, improving the contrast of moving
      materials. With the results reported here, it will be shown that projective
      angiography using MSTE is also feasible without the usual subtraction of two
      separated images. Another advantage is selectivity with respect to velocity.

PMID- 2928372
TI  - Modulation of renal hemodynamics by renal eicosanoids during vasopressor
      infusions in man.
AB  - Pressor doses of norepinephrine (NE) (n = 8) and angiotensin II (A II) (n = 5)
      were infused in normal volunteers to determine whether the systemic
      administration of vasopressor hormones influence renal eicosanoid production and
      whether, in turn, the eicosanoids produced could modulate renal hemodynamics and
      electrolyte excretion. At the doses administered, both pressor substances induced
      the expected rise in blood pressure, a significant decrease (P less than 0.05) in
      renal blood flow and a proportionally smaller fall in glomerular filtration rate,
      resulting in a consistent augmentation in filtration fraction. Fractional sodium
      excretion was concomitantly reduced. NE infusion produced only slight
      modifications in urinary prostaglandin (PG)E2, 2,3-dinor-6-keto-PGF1 alpha and
      thromboxane (TX)B2, while urinary 6-keto-PGF1 alpha and PGF2 alpha were increased
      by 38% and 176% respectively. The increase in urinary 6-keto-PGF1 alpha (the non
      enzymatic degradation product of PGI2, predominantly of cortical origin) was
      proportional to the level of circulating NE (r = 0.78, P less than 0.05) and to
      the renal vascular resistance (r = 0.85, P less than 0.01), suggesting an
      immediate compensatory role for PGI2 in response to the NE-induced pressor
      stimulus. The renal production of PGE2 and PGF2 alpha (predominantly medullary)
      was inversely correlated with the filtration fraction: the greater the increase
      in PGE2 and PGF2 alpha the lower the elevation in filtration fraction or the
      decline in renal blood flow upon NE administration. All infusion variably
      stimulated the renal eicosanoid production: PGE2, 41%; PGF2 alpha, 102%; 6-keto
      PGF1 alpha, 38%; 2,3-dinor-6-keto-PGF1 alpha, 38%; and TXB2, 25%.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2928375
TI  - Abstracts of proceedings: IPSM/HPA 5th annual conference. Institute of Physical
      Sciences in Medicine. Canterbury, 14-16 September 1988.

PMID- 2928374
TI  - An extension of the three-zone model to predict depth of tissue damage beneath
      Er:YAG and Ho:YAG laser excisions.
AB  - Pulsed lasers such as Er:YAG and Ho:YAG with outputs at mid-infrared wavelengths
      emit radiation which may be transmitted by fibre to a treatment site. The
      thickness of soft-tissue damage beneath excisions made by these lasers is
      predicted using an extension to a model previously devised for CO2 laser
      radiation. The minimum achievable thickness occurs at a water absorption peak and
      at such high irradiance that heat cannot diffuse significantly compared with the
      radiation penetration depth. This minimum thickness is estimated to be in the
      order of 10 microns for the Er:YAG laser.

PMID- 2928376
TI  - A direct comparison of water calorimetry and Fricke dosimetry.
AB  - Considerable effort has been devoted to measuring the absorbed dose to water
      using water calorimetry. Most of these efforts have been hampered by a lack of
      adequate knowledge of the heat defect of water. We argue that there is now
      sufficient information to establish with considerable confidence the heat defect
      of high-purity water containing various dissolved gases. For the present work we
      used water saturated with a 50/50 mixture of H2 and O2 gases, for which the heat
      defect is calculated to be -2.1%. As a test of this assignment, we have compared
      the absorbed dose to water as measured using water calorimetry with that obtained
      from Fricke dosimetry. The water calorimeter consisted of a small sealed vessel
      containing 100 ml of stirred water saturated with a 50/50 mixture of H2 and O2
      gases. It was irradiated with 20 MV x-rays at a dose rate of about 0.4 Gy s-1.
      The same vessel was then filled with Fricke dosemeter solution, and irradiated
      under identical conditions. Our Fricke dosimetry is based on the Svensson and
      Brahme value of epsilon G (3.515 x 10(-3) 1 cm-1 J-1) and agrees to within 0.2%
      with the dose to water for 60Co gamma-rays obtained via graphite calorimetry. We
      find that for 20 MV x-rays, the dose to water determined by water calorimetry is
      1.006 +/- 0.004 times the dose determined by Fricke dosimetry. Within 0.6(+/-
      0.4)%, this result supports the calculated heat defect of -2.1% for water
      saturated with a 50/50 mixture of H2 and O2 gases.

PMID- 2928377
TI  - Ferrous sulphate gels for determination of absorbed dose distributions using MRI
      technique: basic studies.
AB  - Two gels have been found to be suitable to load with ferrous sulphate solution.
      In these soft tissue equivalent phantoms, the absorbed dose distribution can be
      measured after irradiation in clinically used MR imaging equipment. The present
      studies were carried out using a 0.25 T NMR analyser without imaging properties.
      A ferrous sulphate solution, 0.05 M with respect to sulphuric acid, can be gelled
      with 4% gelatin to give a dosemeter which has a response which is linearly
      correlated (r = 0.998) with the absorbed dose in the interval 0-40 Gy. Ferrous
      sulphate solution can also be gelled with 1% agarose, but this gel has to be
      purged with oxygen to obtain a linear relationship (r = 0.997) in the same
      absorbed dose interval. The ferrous sulphate loaded gels have a sensitivity which
      is a factor of 2.2 or 4.0 times higher for gelatin and agarose, respectively,
      than the ordinary dosemeter solution. Because the standard deviation of
      background measurements is higher for the gels than for the dosemeter solution,
      the minimum detectable absorbed dose is about the same, or 1.0 Gy, for the two
      gels and the dosemeter solution. The sensitivity of the ferrous sulphate loaded
      gels shows no dependence on dose rate if the mean dose rate and the absorbed dose
      per pulse are within the limits normally used by accelerators for radiotherapy.

PMID- 2928378
TI  - Investigation of factors which lead to the background in the measurement of
      nitrogen by IVNAA.
AB  - A major problem in the measurement of nitrogen in the body by in vivo neutron
      activation analysis is the size of the background. Investigations show that
      random summing of gamma rays in the range 4-7 MeV is a major contributor. By
      direct comparison, 252Cf is shown to be a better neutron source than Pu-Be in
      this regard. Data are presented on the contribution to the background of water
      and chloride in the body.

PMID- 2928379
TI  - A simple calibration of a shadow shield counter for the measurement of total body
      potassium in critically ill patients.
AB  - A shadow shield counter has been built for the determination of total body
      potassium (TBK), based on the detection of the 1.46 MeV gamma rays emitted by the
      naturally occurring radioisotope (0.01%) 40K. Simple calibration procedures have
      been adopted which do not require administration of 42K to the subject. Self
      absorption effects of gamma rays have been taken into account by monitoring the
      activity of 40K per gram of potassium as a function of weight. All activity
      measurements, either during calibration or of a subject, include background in
      the spectral band covering the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the 40K
      photopeak. The overall precision for determining the TBK was in the range of 1.8
      3.0%.

PMID- 2928380
TI  - Effective energy resolution and scatter rejection in nuclear medicine.
AB  - All available imaging devices in nuclear medicine have finite energy resolution.
      This leads to inclusion of scattered radiation, which in turn degrades the image
      quality. Different scatter correction schemes therefore try to eliminate the
      effect of scattered radiation. On the other hand, improvement of the camera's
      intrinsic energy resolution would reduce the amount of detected scattered
      radiation as well. A simple model was developed in order to simulate the
      influence of the energy resolution on the camera response. It is shown that
      improvement of the energy resolution and scatter correction schemes have a
      similar effect on the point spread function. On this basis, it is suggested that
      'effective energy resolution' be used as a new measure for the effectiveness of
      scatter correction schemes. As an example, this is done for energy-weighted
      acquisition (EWA), a scheme wherein each event contributes imaging information
      according to a real-valued, energy-indexed weighting function.

PMID- 2928381
TI  - Local energy deposited for alpha particles emitted from inhaled radon daughters.
AB  - An analytical method has been developed to calculate the local energy deposited
      by alpha particles emitted from radon daughters deposited on the mucus surface in
      the lung airways. For the particular cases of 218Po (Ra A) and 214Bi (Ra C'),
      microdose spectra have been evaluated in test spheres of 1 micron diameter which
      were taken to lie within airways of diameters 18,000, 3,500 and 600 microns. In
      each case, the contributions of the near and far wall were computed separately.
      The average microdosimetric parameters yF and yD have also been calculated. For
      the two smaller airways, yF and yD values were found to be about 110 and 135 keV
      microns-1 for 218Po and about 87 and 107 keV microns-1 for 214Bi respectively.
      The corresponding values were about 10% higher for the largest airway.

PMID- 2928383
TI  - Compton spectroscopy in the diagnostic x-ray energy range. I. Spectrometer
      design.
AB  - The optimal design of a Compton spectrometer for measuring photon energy spectra
      from x-ray tubes in a clinical laboratory is analysed. The demands are: (i)
      coherent and multiple scattering distort the measurements and must be avoided;
      (ii) the measuring time should be as short as possible to avoid unnecessary wear
      on the x-ray tube; and (iii) the impairment in energy resolution due to the
      scattering geometry should be kept minimal. A scattering angle of 90 degrees is
      advocated. Scatterers (of low-atomic-number material) in the shape of long
      circular rods (0.5-4 mm diameter, 20-40 mm long) are preferable to scattering
      foils. Use of a short focus-scatterer distance (approximately 200 mm) is to be
      preferred compared to using a large detector area (greater than or equal to 4 mm
      diameter) in order to establish a sufficiently high count rate in the detector.
      Short focal distances and a 90 degrees scattering angle are advantages in
      measuring energy spectra in the gantry of CT machines where the available space
      is limited. To limit the geometrical energy broadening to less than 1 keV, the
      spread in scattering angles of registered photons must not exceed 1-2 degrees for
      incident photon energies of 100-150 keV.

PMID- 2928382
TI  - Evaluation of the elastic behaviour of central venous PVC, polyurethane and
      silicone catheters.
AB  - Eighty used and 20 new silicone, polyurethane and polyvinylchloride central
      venous catheters were tested to establish the Young's modulus and the bending
      stiffness of the catheters and their introducers. The catheters were subjected to
      longitudinal traction forces and their lengthening measured. Young's modulus and
      the geometric moment of inertia were then calculated. It is shown that
      polyurethane catheters show least variation in their elastic characteristics, and
      that silicone catheters offer least resistance to bending and do not change their
      elastic properties after use. All catheters were equally unlikely to cause
      thrombus production if this is related to excessive bending stiffness.

PMID- 2928384
TI  - Compton spectroscopy in the diagnostic x-ray energy range. II. Effects of
      scattering material and energy resolution.
AB  - The overall performance of a Compton spectrometer and, in particular, its energy
      resolution are investigated both experimentally and theoretically for different
      scattering materials. Using low-Z (less than or equal to 8) scatterers of
      moderate sizes (scatterer diameter d less than or equal to 5 mm), there are
      negligible disturbances due to coherent and/or multiple scattering at 90 degrees
      scattering angle and photon energies above 20 keV. Two factors contribute to
      decreasing the energy resolution compared with that in direct measurements: (i)
      the velocity distribution of the electrons in the scatterer and (ii) the
      scattering geometry. Of these, (i) is dominant for photon energies less than or
      equal to 100 keV. The optimal scattering material is a metal of as low Z as
      possible, i.e. beryllium. However, polyethylene and lucite are normally
      sufficiently good scatterers. The scattering geometry may become the dominating
      factor decreasing energy resolution at high photon energies hv greater than or
      equal to 150 keV.

PMID- 2928385
TI  - Measurement of absolute energy spectra from a clinical CT machine under working
      conditions using a Compton spectrometer.
AB  - Absolute measurements of photon energy spectra (keV-1 sr-1 mA-1 s-1) from a
      clinical CT machine have been performed under normal working conditions (140 mA
      tube current) using a Compton spectrometer. The inaccuracy of the measured
      spectra is estimated to be +/- 6%, determined by uncertainties in dead-time
      corrections and in the parameters of the geometrical set-up. Absorbed doses
      measured in thermoluminescent LiF dosimeters agree within this uncertainty with
      calculated ones derived from measured spectra (80 kVp, 120 kVp and 140 kVp) and
      tabulated mass energy absorption coefficients for LiF. Comparison with tabulated
      energy spectra from the literature clearly shows the effect of the extremely
      small anode angle (7 degrees) in the CT machine (15 degrees and 17 degrees for
      the tabulated energy spectra).

PMID- 2928386
TI  - On the existence of an unambiguous solution in factor analysis of dynamic
      studies.
AB  - Achievement of an unambiguous solution in factor analysis of dynamic radionuclide
      studies depends on constraints reflecting the known properties of factors. The
      constraints should be tight enough to prevent ambiguity but sufficiently general
      in order to ensure the data-based derivation of factors. In dynamic scintigraphy,
      the non-negativity of factors is their essential property which is implied by the
      physical nature of measured quantities. Considering factors as the images of
      compartments in the distribution space of a radiopharmaceutical (i.e. performing
      the factor analysis in the spatial domain), a powerful additional constraint can
      be applied. This constraint is based on the presence of segments in the image
      matrix where the subtotal number of compartments is projected. Using this
      constraint, the existence of physiologically related unique solution in factor
      analysis can be proved providing the number of factors is chosen properly.

PMID- 2928387
TI  - A three-dimensional electron pencil-beam algorithm.
AB  - We describe the implementation of a three-dimensional electron-dose algorithm
      based on a Gaussian pencil-beam model. The algorithm calculates dose to an
      arbitrarily distributed set of points in a heterogeneous volume. Multiple non
      coplanar beams can be positioned relative to the volume. The algorithm consists
      of three basic components: (i) the transport of a pencil-beam through a
      heterogeneous volume, (ii) the evaluation of the pencil-beam fluence at a given
      depth in the volume in the presence of irregular fields, and (iii) the matching
      of points in the volume receiving a significant fluence contribution from a
      pencil-beam at a given depth in the volume and the calculation of dose to those
      points. An efficient point-matching algorithm reduces the computation time to the
      level of conventional two-dimensional implementations. The algorithm uses an
      optimised subdivision for irregular fields, and accurately predicts output
      factors for irregular fields placed between the final collimators and the
      patient. We show comparisons between the new algorithm and conventional two
      dimensional calculations using measurements and calculations for finite
      heterogeneities, irregular fields and output factors.

PMID- 2928388
TI  - Resolution of biexponential transverse relaxation in magnetic resonance imaging.
AB  - The accuracy in measurements of mono- and biexponential transverse relaxation
      processes with an MRI unit (0.5 T) was studied with a binary phantom. Comparison
      with spectrometer measurements (0.5 T) demonstrated that the imager
      underestimated the T2 values for monoexponential processes. Numerical resolution
      of biexponential processes also yielded underestimated relaxation times, but the
      resolution of a slow, constant component from faster components was relatively
      precise and consistent, provided the T2 ratio was above 2.5 in the T2 range 200
      800 ms for a spin-echo sequence with 32 echoes. The effects of signal-averaging,
      strength of slice-selective gradient, single- versus multi-slice mode and
      repetition time were of little importance. In coronal slices a spurious
      biexponentiality occurred occasionally from monoexponential sources. The
      influence of stochastic noise was of minor importance compared to the effect of
      systematic noise.

PMID- 2928389
TI  - Sensitivity of LiF thermoluminescent dosemeters to 6-18 keV photons.
AB  - The sensitivity of thermoluminescent dosemeters (TLD) to 6-18 keV photons at six
      different effective energies was determined using an extrapolation chamber as a
      dosimetric standard. Photons having effective energies of 8.1, 9.2, 13.5, 13.8
      and 18.0 keV were generated from an x-ray machine using appropriate kilovoltages
      and aluminium filters. Photons from an 55Fe source (6 keV) were also used to
      broaden the range of energies investigated. Observed sensitivities relative to
      137Cs were found not to differ from unity with the possible exception of 6.0 keV
      photons. At 6.0 keV the sensitivity was found to be 0.83 +/- 0.5.

PMID- 2928391
TI  - Oxygen consumption during calisthenic exercise in women with coronary artery
      disease.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to compare the oxygen consumption (VO2) during
      calisthenic exercises in middle-aged women (aged 43-63 years) with and without
      coronary artery disease (CAD). Indirect calorimetry was used to measure VO2 in 15
      healthy women and 15 women with CAD. Four exercises were performed for three
      minutes each before measurements of VO2 were taken. The exercises were 1) sitting
      knee extension, 2) standing hip flexion, 3) an upper extremity range-of-motion
      exercise, and 4) lateral trunk flexion. Using an analysis of covariance, no
      significant difference was found in VO2 between the two groups; however, there
      was a significant difference among the four exercises. Oxygen consumption was
      lowest for both groups during the knee extension and the lateral trunk flexion
      exercises; both groups demonstrated the highest levels for VO2 during the hip
      flexion exercise. This study provides evidence that the energy cost of these low
      intensity calisthenics is similar for healthy women and women with CAD.

PMID- 2928390
TI  - Radiation dose factors for alpha-emitters in osteons and some considerations on
      dose non-uniformity ratios and relative distribution factors.
AB  - Dose factors for locations within a tissue-filled cylindrical cavity bounded by
      an infinite medium of bone labelled with an alpha-emitter are calculated by means
      of a Monte Carlo procedure. The calculational approach is general and allows us
      to determine dose factors for specific distances or target volumes defined by
      concentric cylinders, as well as various source geometries including surface
      sources, buried surface sources, infinite and bounded volume sources, and also
      comprises plane (trabecular) surfaces as a limiting case. Values for the dose
      factors and the contribution of cross-fire traversals are calculated mainly for
      239Pu and 226Ra and a typical Haversian canal diameter of 30 microns in beagles
      and 70 microns in humans. Also tables are given that allow dose factors to be
      derived for the relevant range of alpha-particle energies, diameters and target
      distances. The dose non-uniformity factors (local dose rate/average skeletal dose
      rate) for 239Pu are 27.2 in humans and 14.0 in beagles. The corresponding values
      for 226Ra are in the ranges 1.18-1.26 (humans) and 0.90-0.97 (beagles) for a
      222Rn retention between 10-30%. The relative distribution factors 239Pu/226Ra are
      21.5-23.0 for humans and 14.5-15.6 for dogs. General expressions for calculating
      non-uniformity factors and relative distribution factors are derived and
      implications are discussed in the light of some experimental findings.

PMID- 2928392
TI  - Obstetrics-gynecology in the physical therapy curriculum: a follow-up study.
AB  - This article reports the results of two questionnaire surveys conducted five
      years apart to evaluate the status and changes in obstetrics-gynecology (Ob-Gyn)
      units taught in physical therapy education programs. Sixteen new Ob-Gyn units
      were implemented in the five-year period between 1981 and 1986. Laboratory time
      for breathing and relaxation exercises decreased 50% between 1981 and 1986,
      whereas total hours for the Ob-Gyn unit remained the same. Fifteen respondents in
      the 1986 survey indicated gynecologic topic area content included reproductive
      anatomy, gynecological disorders, and evaluation techniques. The authors
      recommend increased laboratory time, development of Ob-Gyn internships, and
      further research. Threading Ob-Gyn concepts throughout the curriculum as well as
      having a concentrated Ob-Gyn unit are recommended.

PMID- 2928393
TI  - Intertester reliability of clinical judgments of medial knee ligament integrity.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine the intertester reliability of
      judgments based on tibiofemoral joint abduction (TFJA) tests of the medial
      collateral ligament (MCL). The TFJA tests were performed by three physical
      therapists on 50 patients with unilateral knee problems. The therapists used the
      techniques they normally use in clinical practice and tested TFJA with the knee
      in both 0 and 30 degrees of flexion. Three variables were evaluated: the amount
      of TFJA, pain elicited during the test, and the type of end-feel. When the test
      was performed with the subjects' knees in 0 degrees of flexion, the weighted
      Kappa value for judgments of motion was .06, the Kappa value for judgments of
      whether pain was elicited was .40, and the Kappa value for end-feel was .00. For
      the 30-degree test position, the weighted Kappa value for judgments of the amount
      of TFJA was .16, and the Kappa values for judgments of pain and end-feel were .33
      and .38, respectively. The results suggest that judgments based on TFJA tests may
      not be reliable when taken in a clinical setting by physical therapists.

PMID- 2928394
TI  - Generalizability of grip strength measurements in patients with tennis elbow.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine the interrepetition and interoccasion
      generalizability of grip strength measurements in patients with the diagnosis of
      proximal extensor carpi radialis brevis tendinitis. Thirty-five consecutive
      patients (mean age = 44.5 +/- 8.6 years; mean duration of symptoms = 3.9 +/- 3.5
      months) fulfilling the eligibility criteria participated in the study.
      Measurements of pain-free grip strength and maximum grip strength for the
      involved limb and maximum grip strength for the uninvolved limb were taken on two
      test dates within seven days of each other. We calculated the variation between
      measurements within a test session and the variation from one session to the next
      using generalizability coefficients based on the mean of the six measurements.
      The coefficients for interrepetition, interoccasion, and overall generalizability
      were .99, .97, and .96, respectively. The clinical implication of these findings
      is that the overall generalizability can best be enhanced by averaging grip
      strength measurements recorded from multiple test sessions rather than by
      increasing the number of repetitions during a single test session.

PMID- 2928395
TI  - Organizational socialization of physical therapists.
AB  - Organizational socialization is the process by which an individual becomes a
      member of an organization. It involves interaction between the employee and the
      organization during recruitment, hiring, and training and continues as the
      employee's role in the organization is defined and develops. The individual and
      the employee each have a set of expectations for the other; the extent to which
      these expectations are recognized, communicated, and combined in a mutually
      agreeable "psychological contract" can influence the eventual effectiveness,
      satisfaction, and longevity of the individual as an employee. The purpose of this
      article is to describe organizational socialization as it applies to the physical
      therapy setting. The author makes recommendations for management of the process.

PMID- 2928396
TI  - Low-load, prolonged stretch in treatment of elbow flexion contractures secondary
      to head trauma: a case report.
AB  - Joint contractures are a frequent complication of head trauma and often require
      extensive physical therapy intervention. Traditional methods of treatment,
      including passive stretching and range-of-motion exercises, have proven to be of
      limited benefit in contracture reduction. Low-load, prolonged stretch has been
      shown to be more effective than traditional methods of treatment in producing the
      desired elongation of connective tissue. A splinting device known as the
      Dynasplint is designed to provide this type of stretch. The purpose of this case
      report is to describe the application of the Dynasplint in the successful
      treatment of a patient with elbow flexion contracture secondary to head trauma.

PMID- 2928397
TI  - Our body of knowledge revisited.

PMID- 2928398
TI  - Reliability: consistency or differentiating among subjects?

PMID- 2928399
TI  - The reversed venous arterialized nerve graft in digital nerve reconstruction
      across scarred beds.
AB  - Conventional nerve grafts in complex digital injuries often yield poor results,
      particularly when placed in traumatized or avascular beds. Vascularized nerve
      grafts offer an option; experimental evidence suggests superior axonal
      regeneration across scarred beds with vascularized nerve grafts. We previously
      described a vascularized graft based on the dorsalis pedis artery--deep peroneal
      nerve "system." Reluctance to sacrifice this major artery, combined with the
      recent description by Townsend and Taylor and Gu, et al, of "reversed venous"
      arterialized nerve grafts, spurred us on to investigate the deep peroneal nerve-
      dorsalis pedis venae comitantes system. Fourteen neurovenous grafts were used in
      scarred or poorly vascularized beds for digital nerve reconstruction in 10
      patients over a 4-year period. Graft length averaged 4.4 cm; interval from injury
      was 1 to 17 months. Sensory parameters of return included average static two
      point discrimination of 8.3 mm, moving two-point discrimination of 5.8 mm, and
      median Semmes-Weinstein monofilament appreciation of 2.83. Two patients received
      three vascularized grafts and three conventional grafts for adjacent nerve
      injuries in the same digit, serving as internal controls. In these patients, the
      vascularized nerve grafts returned mean static two-point discrimination values of
      9.3 mm and moving two-point discrimination values of 6.7 mm. The conventional
      nerve grafts averaged static two-point discrimination of 14.3 mm and moving two
      point discrimination values of 10.3 mm. These differences imply enhanced axonal
      regeneration through vascularized nerve grafts. These data suggest that the
      reversed neurovenous graft may be the procedure of choice in secondary
      reconstruction of digital nerves across scarred beds or following injuries with
      poor soft-tissue vascularity, especially in those patients with cold intolerance.

PMID- 2928400
TI  - Speech results of the Zurich approach in the treatment of unilateral cleft lip
      and palate.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to describe perceptually the speech articulation,
      voice quality, and velopharyngeal competency of subjects with complete unilateral
      cleft lip and palate treated by the Zurich approach. The mean age of the 37
      subjects was 10.5 years. Although only one subject had had secondary palatal
      management, no subject was rated as exhibiting a severe articulation or nasality
      problem. Subjects were rated as exhibiting adequate to marginal velopharyngeal
      competency 94.5 percent of the time, and the incidence of compensatory
      articulation errors was low. In comparison with other studies that evaluated the
      two-stage palatal repair, the Zurich approach appears to give the better results.
      The type of initial soft palate repair is probably the significant factor which
      contributes to the better speech of these subjects.

PMID- 2928401
TI  - Complications of Oriental blepharoplasty.
AB  - The complications of Oriental blepharoplasty are described according to their
      clinical appearance and anatomic findings at the time of surgery. The surgical
      correction of these complications is presented. A total of 42 patients with
      complications following blepharoplasty were treated. The types of deformities
      were categorized from their external appearance as asymmetry, retraction and
      ectropion, blepharoptosis, supratarsal depression, fading of the lid fold, and
      hemorrhage. The causes of each type of complication are identified according to
      the intraoperative findings, and the correlation between preoperative and
      intraoperative findings is explained. Correction of these complications follows
      identified guidelines, and the results were good to satisfactory.

PMID- 2928402
TI  - Use of contoured and stabilized conchal cartilage grafts for lower eyelid
      support: a preliminary report.
AB  - Lower lid stability can be affected by many conditions involving the lid
      directly, e.g. facial palsy, facial clefts, trauma, or tumors. Secondary
      stretching due to a poorly fitting orbital prosthesis can have the same effect.
      In 41 such eyelids, stability was obtained by inserting a large cartilage graft
      sutured to the tarsal plate and the infraorbital rim. Thirteen patients had
      tarsoconjunctival wedge resections, and 10 had lateral canthopexies performed at
      the same procedure. One graft was too small and was later replaced. There was one
      hematoma, which was evacuated. There were no other lid or visual problems. The
      follow-up is short, 21 months maximum, but so far the results are very
      satisfactory.

PMID- 2928403
TI  - Effectiveness of prophylactic mastectomy in the prevention of breast tumors in
      C3H mice.
AB  - The effectiveness of prophylactic mastectomy in the prevention of breast tumors
      was studied in spontaneous breast-tumor-forming C3H mice. Prolactin levels were
      assayed to determine if this hormone was related to the incidence of mammary
      tumors. Two-hundred and fifty-six 1-month-old C3H mice were divided into four
      groups (control, 1; sham surgery, 2; mammectomy 50 percent, 3; and mammectomy 100
      percent, 4). At the time of sacrifice (0 to 1 year postoperatively) estrus cycles
      were determined, ventral skin (breast) and ovaries were removed for histology,
      and serum was collected for prolactin assays. Prolactin levels 24 hours
      postoperatively were significantly elevated (p less than 0.01) in groups 2 to 4
      when compared with group 1. Six months postoperatively, prolactin levels were
      significantly higher (p less than 0.05) in mice with tumors compared with those
      without tumors in groups 3 and 4. There were no differences in tumor incidence
      between the four groups. At 12 months postoperatively, no differences in
      prolactin levels were noted, but group 2 animals had the highest incidence of
      mammary tumors (89 percent; p less than 0.01) when compared to groups 3 and 4.
      Mammary tumor incidence was not decreased by 50 percent or 100 percent mammectomy
      in C3H mice. Prolactin levels rose in response to surgery and/or anesthesia and
      remained elevated only in tumor-bearing mice who underwent mammectomy, an
      occurrence similar to that reported in humans.

PMID- 2928404
TI  - Physical, biomechanical, histologic, and biochemical effects of rapid versus
      conventional tissue expansion.
AB  - Clinical tissue expansion has been quite successful but takes 2 to 3 months. This
      study compares the effects of a conventional tissue expansion regimen of 6 weeks
      with an accelerated regimen of 2 weeks in the dog model, which is biomechanically
      similar to the human. In 22 dogs, the skin expanded 34.4 percent in the 2-week
      and 35.8 percent in the 6-week protocol, excluding stretch and recruitment. There
      was thinning of the panniculus carnosus in the 6-week group and otherwise no
      significant decrease in dermal thickness in either group. The biomechanical
      properties of elasticity and creep did not differ in expanded skin from both
      groups, while stress/relaxation mildly decreased from a control value of 53.5
      percent to 48.8 percent in the 6-week group (p less than 0.05). Collagen activity
      was increased in both the 6-week and the 2-week groups (p less than 0.001) over
      nonexpanded skin, and immunohistochemical staining with a monoclonal procollagen
      antibody demonstrated collagen synthesis by dermal fibroblasts in both groups. We
      conclude that rapid tissue expansion did not demonstrate any deleterious effects
      when compared with a conventional regimen.

PMID- 2928405
TI  - Effect of the timing of tourniquet release on postoperative hematoma formation:
      an experimental animal study.
AB  - There is a controversy over when to release a pneumatic tourniquet after
      completing a hand surgical procedure. To study this controversy, we performed a
      standardized operation with tourniquet inflow occlusion on both lower legs of a
      series of rabbits. Total tourniquet time and the procedure performed, including
      intraoperative Bovie electrocautery of actual and potential bleeding points
      identified with 2.5 X loupe magnification, were identical on the two sides,
      except for the method of tourniquet release. On one leg, the tourniquet was
      released and all new bleeding points were controlled prior to wound closure. On
      the other leg, the tourniquet was released after the wound had been closed and
      dressed. Animals were injected with technetium-99m-labeled red blood cells and
      scanned to measure hematoma formation. Qualitatively, we observed more label in
      the leg whose tourniquet was released after wound closure in 17 of the 20 animals
      (p less than 0.005). Quantitatively, we also measured more mean label in the leg
      whose tourniquet was released after the wound was closed (p less than 0.001).
      Tourniquet release after wound closure was associated with greater hematoma
      formation.

PMID- 2928406
TI  - Legal, ethical, moral, disputable.

PMID- 2928407
TI  - Workaholics and editorials.

PMID- 2928408
TI  - The effects of simultaneous cleft lip and palate repair on craniofacial growth.

PMID- 2928410
TI  - Disposable battery-driven lighted retractor.

PMID- 2928409
TI  - Fire hazard of the ophthalmic cautery.

PMID- 2928411
TI  - Facial expression of schizophrenic patients and their interaction partners.
AB  - In his earlier works, one of the present investigators attempted to show that
      psychologically disturbed persons may be characterized by their tendency to
      induce their social partners to reveal relatively stable and constant leitmotivs,
      inclinations to react, emotions and fantasies; hence, it should be possible to
      describe psychological illnesses by means of the patient's specific interaction
      strategies (Krause 1988; Krause and Lutolf 1988). We assume that this process of
      induction is neither deliberate nor self-reflective. Inductive modes of behavior
      are viewed as part of an unconscious process of problem solving--a process,
      however, which is unsuccessful, since it is no longer appropriate to the reality
      of the adult patient. The present paper is part of a more comprehensive research
      project, the object of which is to account for these kinds of interactive
      strategies.

PMID- 2928412
TI  - The expression of primary affects in portraits drawn by schizophrenics.
AB  - In a psychiatric hospital setting, 15 patients under treatment for schizophrenia
      and 15 healthy persons were asked to draw (1) a human face, (2) another face that
      expressed their own feelings at that moment, and (3) afterward the facial
      expressions of rage, fear, disgust, joy, sadness and shame within a standardized
      egg-shaped face matrix. Both groups were matched for age, sex and education, and
      all drawings were coded independently. The schizophrenics drew fewer facial
      action units, and their facial drawings were more stereotyped than the control
      group's. Neutral faces without any affective expression were twice as frequent
      within the experimental group. According to Ekman and Friesen's table of emotion
      prediction, the accuracy was the same for both groups with the exception of
      sadness. Only 20% of the action units in the schizophrenics' sadness drawings
      were accurate compared to 51% in the control group. Based on observations during
      the drawing process, findings are discussed within the theoretical framework of
      cathexis defense as an attempt to reduce the impact of the affective stimuli the
      schizophrenics created themselves.

PMID- 2928413
TI  - A chronic psychotic: a longitudinal perspective.
AB  - Psychiatric illnesses involve complex interpersonal and biological processes that
      combine to produce certain clinical signs and symptoms of psychopathology on
      which psychiatric diagnostics are based. Nevertheless, the clinical presentation
      of some psychiatric disorders may vary from patient to patient or at different
      points in time on the same patient. The following case history serves to
      underscore the importance of the multi-axial approach in combination with
      longitudinal follow-up when an attempt is made to understand fully complex
      individuals. In particular, this case involves, at the minimum, the complex
      interweaving of a psychosis not easily subsumed under either pure schizophrenia
      or pure affective disorder together with substance abuse. It is the analysis of
      the serial unfolding of psychopathology that the authors feel will lead to a more
      comprehensive and better diagnostic formulation of an individual patient.

PMID- 2928414
TI  - Commentary on Gracia et al.: diagnostic entity or dynamic processes?
AB  - The case of Mr. G is a fascinating and beautifully presented, although sad,
      history of a patient. The clarity of the presentation and the discussion are
      particularly impressive in this example of the use of longitudinal data for
      descriptive diagnosis and conceptualization. The report exemplifies current
      trends in descriptive psychiatry, which focus on diagnosing an illness as a
      whole. The illness itself is considered a relatively static entity, even if it
      includes changes within its course. From this perspective, longitudinal data
      provide information for deciding what type of illness is being described. In my
      commentary, I would like to focus on a different way of using longitudinal data
      from that employed by the authors--a different type of longitudinal perspective,
      one that does not have the primary goal of defining a type of disorder
      diagnostically. I would like instead to focus on understanding this patient in
      terms of longitudinal processes rather than as someone afflicted with a
      persisting diagnostic entity. Attention to longitudinal processes can raise
      different questions and suggest what further information would be needed to
      understand these processes and plan optimal treatment. This more dynamic approach
      to understanding processes is not mutually exclusive with the static approach to
      diagnosis, but the two orientations provide very different perspectives on
      assessment, conceptualization and treatment.

PMID- 2928415
TI  - Attitudes of psychiatrists toward diagnostic options and issues.
AB  - Debate regarding the control of mental health services has marked the mental
      health scene for several decades. The debate continued and broadened, however,
      with the publication of DSM-III. The ubiquitous use of that diagnostic system for
      third-party reimbursement led some mental health professionals to call attention
      to the likely possibility that whoever controls diagnosis will also control
      mental health (O'Keefe 1980). This study sought to gather attitudinal information
      on psychiatrists' views regarding DSM-III, alternative nosological models,
      selected adjunct issues related to the medical model and mental illness concepts,
      and other professional concerns.

PMID- 2928416
TI  - A model of perceptual classification in children and adults.
AB  - The developmental trend from overall-similarity to dimensional-identity
      classifications is explained by a quantitative model. I begin with the assumption
      that objects are represented in terms of constituent dimensions and that the
      representation of objects changes little with development. Given this assumption,
      the model has three major parts. First, the similarity between objects is a
      function of the combination of the constituent dimensional differences. I propose
      developmental change in the likelihood that dimensions are differentially
      weighted in the calculation of similarity. Second, the perceived similarities
      between objects are valued for the purpose of constructing classifications. I
      propose that similarities are valued more dichotomously with age, such that
      identity becomes increasingly special. Third, the valued similarities are used to
      choose the best classification of those possible. The model provides good
      qualitative fits to the extant data. Three experiments examining classifications
      in 2- to 8-year-olds and in adults support specific new claims of the model. The
      data and the model provide new insights about development, classification, and
      similarity.

PMID- 2928417
TI  - A straight path-to where? Reply to Butterworth and Hadar.
AB  - Butterworth and Hadar (1989) discussed my earlier article (McNeill, 1985) but
      assumed their own linear theory and overlooked my proposal for an internal
      dialectic of imagery and language. This has led them into a whole series of
      misinterpretations.

PMID- 2928418
TI  - On "stress-induced recovery of fears and phobias".
AB  - Jacobs and Nadel (1985) proposed a neurobiological theory to explain the etiology
      of phobias. Their theory, however, is based on questionable assumptions about
      clinical fears. The present article is a critique of these assumptions.

PMID- 2928419
TI  - Theoretical analysis of the cognitive processing of lexical and pictorial
      stimuli: reading, naming, and visual and conceptual comparisons.
AB  - This article reviews the research literature on the differences between word
      reading and picture naming. A theory for the visual and cognitive processing of
      pictures and words is then introduced. The theory accounts for slower naming of
      pictures than reading of words. Reading aloud involves a fast, grapheme-to
      phoneme transformation process, whereas picture naming involves two additional
      processes: (a) determining the meaning of the pictorial stimulus and (b) finding
      a name for the pictorial stimulus. We conducted a reading-naming experiment, and
      the time to achieve (a) and (b) was determined to be approximately 160 ms. On the
      basis of data from a second experiment, we demonstrated that there is no
      significant difference in time to visually compare two pictures or two words when
      size of the stimuli is equated. There is no difference in time to make the two
      types of cross-modality conceptual comparisons (picture first, then word, or word
      first, then picture). The symmetry of the visual and conceptual comparison
      results supports the hypothesis that the coding of the mind is neither
      intrinsically linguistic nor imagistic, but rather it is abstract. There is a
      potent stimulus size effect, equal for both pictorial and lexical stimuli. Small
      stimuli take longer to be visually processed than do larger stimuli. For optimal
      processing, stimuli should not only be equated for size, but should subtend a
      visual angle of at least 3 degrees. The article ends with the presentation of a
      mathematical theory that jointly accounts for the data from word-reading, picture
      naming visual comparison, and conceptual-comparison experiments.

PMID- 2928420
TI  - Disagreement between therapists and subsequent suicide of the patient.
AB  - Two cases of suicide are reported for clients whose treating therapists disagreed
      about treatment. Therapists treating depressed and suicidal clients should be
      aware of the dangers to the client should such disagreement occur. Therapists
      should work together to formulate a treatment plan that is in a client's best
      interest.

PMID- 2928421
TI  - Beliefs and inferences: a test of a rational-emotive hypothesis: 2. On the
      prospect of seeing a spider.
AB  - 96 subjects were asked to imagine that they were about to enter a room in which
      there may have been one or more spiders. They were also asked to imagine that (a)
      they either held a rational or an irrational belief about spiders, (b) they were
      about to enter the room either alone or with someone, and (c) that the room was
      either dark or light. Having absorbed their assigned role, the subjects were then
      asked to make inferences about various elements of their situation. The results
      supported the hypothesis that holding an irrational belief leads to more negative
      inferences. It was also found that the lighting conditions in the room and
      whether the subject was alone or with someone affected the negativity of the
      inferences made. In addition, there were several two-way and three-way
      interactions between the independent variables which indicated that entering a
      light room or being with someone else tended to moderate the negativity of
      inferences made by those holding a rational belief rather than the opposite,
      amplifying the negativity of inferences made by those holding an irrational
      belief. The results supported Ellis's (1985) recent formulation concerning the
      complex relationship between events and inferences (A), beliefs (B), and
      emotional and behavioral consequences of beliefs (C).

PMID- 2928422
TI  - Learning in mice selectively bred for high and low aggressiveness.
AB  - Male mice selectively bred for aggressiveness (TA) and nonaggressiveness (TNA)
      were compared on maze performance and passive avoidance behavior. The two lines
      performed the learning tasks in separate ways but the significant differences in
      performance were probably due to factors other than the brightness of one
      particular line.

PMID- 2928424
TI  - Peer relations and behaviors of adoptive children in residential treatment.
AB  - This study explored the peer relationships and behaviors of 17 adoptive children
      in a residential treatment center. Compared to a group of 17 nonadoptive
      children, the youngsters tended to be rejected more by peers and to be perceived
      as having greater attentional difficulties by child-care workers.

PMID- 2928423
TI  - Relation of perceived health with psychosocial variables in elderly
      osteoarthritis patients.
AB  - Self-perceived health is related to physical health status and frequently
      assessed in research on elderly persons. The association of perceived health with
      sociodemographic, psychological, social functioning, and physical functioning
      variables was examined in 86 elderly osteoarthritis patients. Psychological well
      being (especially depression and anxiety), size of household, physical activity,
      and education were the most important predictors of self-perceived health (R =
      .70). Poor perceived health may suggest problems in elderly patients in several
      psychosocial areas, but good perceived health does not rule out psychosocial
      problems.

PMID- 2928425
TI  - Statistical versus clinical significance in research with the MMPI.
AB  - Some of the contradictions in psychological research may be attributable to
      failure to distinguish statistical from clinical significance. 82 articles in
      which the MMPI was the research instrument were analyzed to see how often the
      results reported as significant were in fact large enough to warrant such a
      conclusion. Articles were classified as to whether or not the clinical
      interpretations were consistent with the statistical results. Excluding articles
      in which data were insufficient to reach an independent conclusion, 54.90% of the
      articles presented conclusions of clinical significance that were not supported
      by the data, while 45.10% reported clinical results that were supported by the
      data.

PMID- 2928426
TI  - A causal model of mathematics performance in early adolescence: the role of sex.
AB  - Using path analysis, the present investigation was done to clarify possible
      causal linkages among general scholastic aptitude, academic achievement in
      mathematics, self-concept of ability, and performance on a mathematics
      examination. Subjects were 122 eighth-grade students who completed a mathematics
      examination as well as a measure of self-concept of ability. Aptitude and
      achievement measures were obtained from school records. Analysis showed sex
      differences in prediction of performance on the mathematics examination. For
      boys, this performance could be predicted from scholastic aptitude and previous
      achievement in mathematics. For girls, performance only could be predicted from
      previous achievement in mathematics. These results indicate that the direction,
      strength, and magnitude of relations among these variables differed for boys and
      girls, while mean levels of performance did not.

PMID- 2928427
TI  - Birth order, depression and suicide.

PMID- 2928428
TI  - Mental health of Iranian high school and college students.
AB  - The objectives of this study were to investigate the mental health of Iranian
      high school and college students with regard to sex differences and to compare
      the results with those from other countries. The sample included 159 high school
      students (79 boys, 80 girls) and 160 college students (80 boys, 80 girls). The
      Middlesex Hospital Questionnaire was used to measure free floating anxiety,
      depression, phobia, obsession, and somatization. Significant effects of group and
      sex were noted for phobia, but for depression only the main effect of group was
      significant. For other scales neither the main effects of group and sex nor their
      interactions were significant. Iranian college students showed more anxiety than
      their British peers.

PMID- 2928430
TI  - Reverse responding to the MMPI.

PMID- 2928429
TI  - Stability of WISC-R scores for a sample of learning disabled children.
AB  - The study was designed to assess the stability of WISC-R profiles of 36 learning
      disabled children given the WISC-R two times. The mean time between tests was 2.5
      yr. The pattern reported for learning disabled children on Bannatyne's categories
      was evident for the group at both times, however, this pattern was not found for
      the majority of subjects. Analysis indicated a decrease over time in Verbal IQs,
      Full Scale IQs, and Bannatyne's Conceptual category, confirming previous
      findings. Possible reasons for the changes in scores are discussed.

PMID- 2928431
TI  - Effects of selected physical activities on health-related fitness and
      psychological well-being.
AB  - To determine the effects of participation in selected physical activities on
      scores of self-concept, body-cathexis and four items of health-related fitness,
      88 women in university physical education service classes participated 3 hr. per
      week for 8 wk. in one of five activities (aerobic dance, jogging for fitness,
      swimming for fitness, life saving, and weight training). A total of 108 subjects
      participated in the study, with 20 students in health science classes serving as
      the controls. Few differences were noted between the activity groups and the
      controls on the posttest with pretest scores controlled. Specifically, joggers
      and aerobic dancers performed significantly more situps than did the controls,
      and joggers, aerobic dancers, weight trainers, and those in the lifesaving group
      displayed significantly greater flexibility on the sit and reach test than did
      the controls, on the posttest. None of the activity groups differed from the
      controls regarding self-esteem, body cathexis, body fat, or the step test scores
      at posttest.

PMID- 2928432
TI  - Adolescents' self-esteem measured as a specific score on the Strong-Campbell
      Interest Inventory.
AB  - Scores on the "Your Characteristics" section of the Strong-Campbell Interest
      Inventory (SCII) of 178 high school students (80 boys, 98 girls) were analyzed to
      determine if what we know about adolescents' self-esteem will predict scores.
      These adolescents obtained means similar to those of average adults. Implications
      for counselors are noted.

PMID- 2928434
TI  - Sex differences in behavioral reactions to provocation of anger.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to examine sex differences in behavioral reactions
      to provocation of anger. In a field study, 72 subjects recorded all anger
      arousing incidents for a 2-wk. period. Physical and Verbal Antagonism were found
      in more reports by men while Passive Consent was noted in more reports by women.
      For a laboratory study, 101 subjects responded to self-report scales of
      behavioral responses after exposure to an insulting letter. No sex differences
      were noted in subjects' self-reports of behavioral reactions. Variations in
      design are brought to bear in interpreting the findings.

PMID- 2928433
TI  - Effects of diazepam on a belief-updating task.
AB  - This study examined the effects of a minor tranquilizer, diazepam, on a cognitive
      task that involved the updating of beliefs. On this task, subjects are first
      asked to express their strength of belief in a hypothesis and then to update this
      on the basis of new evidence. Past research has shown that revision of beliefs
      can be affected by many variables including the strength with which the initial
      belief is held, whether new information is perceived as positive or negative vis
      a-vis the hypothesis, and the order in which evidence is processed. The purpose
      of this study was to assess whether a tranquilizer, diazepam, would affect the
      updating of beliefs, and specifically whether it would dampen the extent to which
      people revise their opinions. 12 healthy subjects participated in four
      experimental sessions, in which they received diazepam (0.14 mg/kg) or placebo
      and completed an updating task in which they received information in either of
      two orders, positive-negative or negative-positive. In each session, subjects saw
      a different experimental stimulus determined by a Latin-square design, and also
      completed pre- and postdrug mood questionnaires. Analysis showed order of
      presentation induced a recency effect similar to that obtained in previous
      studies, and the diazepam produced significant tranquilizer-like effects on self
      report questionnaires. However, the diazepam had no effect on the updating task.
      These findings indicate that previously reported order effects in the belief
      updating task are robust and unaffected by a drug that has known sedative and
      memory-impairing properties.

PMID- 2928435
TI  - Homophobia and attitudes about AIDS.
AB  - A random sample of 407 French Canadian adults responded to a questionnaire about
      perception of AIDS. Negative attitudes about AIDS are better predicted by
      homophobia than other measures as are attitudes about extramarital relations and
      attitudes abut adolescent heterosexuality.

PMID- 2928436
TI  - The Stress-Arousal Checklist as a measure of situational stress versus simple
      arousal.
AB  - The Stress-Arousal Checklist was developed as a self-report measure both of
      arousal and of the favorable or unfavorable appraisal of that arousal. Previous
      studies with the checklist showed differential sensitivity of the two subscales
      to experimental manipulations. In the present study, the convergent and
      discriminant validity were further explored by comparing scores with those on the
      State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-State. The results supported the validity of the
      two-factor structure.

PMID- 2928437
TI  - Developmental change in subjective probability during adolescence.
AB  - The developmental change in subjective probability during adolescence, an
      important period for establishing the probability concept, was investigated. 75
      Japanese adolescents, from 12 to 23 yr. of age, were asked to make probability
      judgments for a lottery under 15 conditions. Analysis showed that with increase
      in age their subjective probability came closer to the objective probability.
      Discussion of these results took into consideration recent studies on the
      development of the concept of probability.

PMID- 2928438
TI  - Aggression and anxiety in day-care graduates.

PMID- 2928439
TI  - Hair mineral analysis: biochemical imbalances and violent criminal behavior.
AB  - Trace mineral analysis of human hair was utilized to determine whether violent
      and nonviolent criminals could be differentiated on the basis of concentrations
      of levels of major and trace minerals. 40 violent and 40 nonviolent inmates from
      a prison population were selected for study. 27 mineral levels were analyzed and
      a discriminant function analysis correctly classified 86% of the violent and 78%
      of the nonviolent inmates. The results lent support to the hypothesis that
      significantly different levels of trace minerals could be found between the two
      groups.

PMID- 2928440
TI  - The police stress survey: reliability and relation to job satisfaction and
      organizational commitment.
AB  - The 1981 Police Stress Survey of Spielberger, Westbury, Grier, and Greenfield was
      administered to 99 metropolitan and suburban police officers. Internal
      consistency reliabilities were in the .90s for both the total scale and two
      subscales which measure administrative/organizational and physical/psychological
      stressors. The administrative/organizational, but not the physical/psychological,
      subscale was significantly related to measures of job satisfaction and
      organizational commitment.

PMID- 2928441
TI  - Comparison of described empathic and nominated empathic individuals.
AB  - A composite profile of "empathic individuals" was developed from adjectives
      checked on Gough and Heilbrun's Adjective Check List by 43 undergraduate students
      enrolled in a course on counseling. Individuals were nominated as empathic by the
      students who also completed the checklist. The composite profile was consistent
      with the Rogerian definition of empathy and Factor 3 (Sociability) of the check
      list. The profiles for the nominated sample and for the students did not differ
      significantly on 36 of the 37 scales but both differed significantly from the
      composite profile on 34 scales.

PMID- 2928442
TI  - Fear of death and religious belief.

PMID- 2928443
TI  - Depression, learning disability, and school behavior problems.
AB  - It is possible that recurrent depression (primary affective illness) is the most
      significant variable related to school problems of a behavioral nature in
      children manifesting developmental specific learning disabilities. The
      association of school problems and depression was investigated at a private
      school for children with developmental specific learning disabilities. These
      children were of normal intelligence and were free of primary conduct or thought
      disturbances. Prior to entering school, 95% of the students fulfilled criteria
      for developmental specific learning disabilities and 64% for depression with or
      without hyperactivity. Students manifesting no diagnosable behavioral condition
      prior to entrance continued to be relatively free of behavioral problems during
      their stay at school. Students with both depression and hyperactivity showed the
      most problematic behavior followed by students with depression without
      hyperactivity.

PMID- 2928444
TI  - Consumption of attention versus affect elicited by cognitions in modifying acute
      pain.
AB  - 40 subjects were randomly assigned to conditions of high pleasure, low pleasure,
      high anger, or low anger in a 2 x 2 (intensity x affect) design. Although
      subjects used highly intense cognitions more than less intense ones, pleasant
      cognitions produced higher tolerance for pressure pain. Modification of pain may
      be mediated by specific affect rather than intensity or consumption of attention.

PMID- 2928445
TI  - Comparing 16 PF scores for two groups of offenders.
AB  - The 16 PF scores for 678 male offenders in a diagnostic and receiving center were
      compared with scores for 891 male offenders in penal institutions by t tests for
      independent means. Significant differences were obtained for 13 of the 16
      primaries included in the 16 PF. The Penitentiary group scored significantly
      higher than the Reception Center group on the primaries, A, I, L, M, O, Q1, and
      Q4. Conversely, the Reception Center group scored significantly higher than the
      Penitentiary group on the primaries, B, C, F, G, N, and Q3.

PMID- 2928446
TI  - Level of object representation and psychic structure deficit in obese persons.
AB  - The structural deficit and external regulation hypotheses of addiction state that
      addicts do not have adequate psychic structure with which to regulate painful
      affects internally. They instead use their drug of choice as an external
      regulator to self-medicate painful affects. This study tests whether the
      hypotheses can be applied to obese persons, for whom food may be the drug of
      choice. The level of object representation of 22 moderately obese and 24 normal
      weight subjects was compared using the Blatt Family Interaction Questionnaire.
      The mean level of object representation of both parents was lower for the obese
      subjects than for the normal-weight subjects. This finding supports the
      structural deficit and external regulation hypotheses of food addiction.

PMID- 2928447
TI  - The deterrent effect of executions on homicide.

PMID- 2928448
TI  - Influence of rock videos on attitudes of violence against women.
AB  - 144 undergraduate men viewed rock videos which contained content that was erotic
      violent, erotic-nonviolent, nonerotic-violent, or nonerotic-nonviolent. Exposure
      to nonerotic-violent rock videos resulted in significantly higher Adversarial
      Sexual Beliefs scores and ratings of negative affect. These and other findings
      are discussed in terms of Bandura's concept of emotional incompatibility and the
      frustration-aggression model.

PMID- 2928449
TI  - Differing sexual practices of men and women screened for HIV (AIDS) antibody.
AB  - This study describes the results of a survey of all persons screened for
      antibodies to the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) during a 3-mo. period at a
      county health department. Complete interviews and serologic analysis for
      antibodies to HIV using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were obtained from
      all 43 persons. HIV antibodies, confirmed by Western blot assay, were present in
      7 or 16% of the sample. Self-reported changes in sexual practices among the 27
      seronegative homosexual men occurred prior to counseling and screening, but 9
      seronegative women reported no change in high-risk behaviors. The number of black
      men and women screened were disproportionately smaller than their representation
      in the community. These findings suggest that stronger educational efforts are
      needed to disseminate information to women and blacks who are at risk for HIV
      infection.

PMID- 2928450
TI  - Validation of an MMPI short form with literate and illiterate patients.
AB  - An Improved Readability Form (IRF) of the MMPI was orally administered to 100
      literate and 119 illiterate patients, and 140 literate patients were given the
      full MMPI with standard instructions. Profile comparisons of the MMPI with the
      IRF given to literates or extracted from the full MMPI yielded only small
      differences. The much larger differences in the IRF profiles of the illiterates
      were removed by controlling statistically for sex, race, age, and education. The
      IRF, when given to literate patients, was a good substitute for the full MMPI in
      predicting Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale scores. For the illiterates, the two
      most salient relationships with scores on the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale were
      preserved, but several weaker associations were qualitatively altered. When the
      IRF is administered to illiterate patients, the pattern of clinical correlates
      may differ from those obtained with literate patients given the IRF or MMPI.

PMID- 2928451
TI  - Suicides at the casino.
AB  - Suicides occurring at casinos were examined and, in a sample of six, three
      appeared to be gambling-related, with the individuals killing themselves after
      losing large sums of money.

PMID- 2928452
TI  - Relationship between academic achievement and measured career interest:
      examination of Holland's theory.
AB  - The present study was designed to examine Holland's hypothesis that person
      environment congruence relates positively to academic achievement. The sample of
      157 nontraditional premedical students completed Holland's Self-directed Search
      interest inventory. The students were enrolled in the Medical/Dental Education
      Preparatory Program, which is designed to increase the number of qualified
      applicants who are underrepresented in the medical profession. Using scores on
      Holland's inventory students were classified as congruent or incongruent. A
      cumulative grade point average and a science grade point average were calculated
      for each student. An analysis of variance supported Holland's Congruence
      achievement hypothesis. Congruent students did in fact achieve significantly
      higher cumulative GPA and science GPA than did incongruent students. Implications
      for counseling and academic advisement as well as further research are discussed.

PMID- 2928453
TI  - Narcissistic personality features and self-reported anger.
AB  - The relationship between anger and narcissistic personality characteristics was
      examined for 91 students in introductory psychology courses. 35 individuals high
      in narcissism reported greater verbally expressed anger. Males high in narcissism
      were more likely to express anger physically. Results are discussed in terms of
      DSM-III--R criteria for narcissistic personality disorder.

PMID- 2928454
TI  - The Krantz Health Opinion Survey: correlations with preventive health behaviors
      and intentions.
AB  - The Krantz Health Opinion Survey, a measure of treatment preferences, was
      administered to 124 college women who also completed the Multidimensional Health
      Locus of Control Scale and rated their own preventive health behaviors and
      intentions. Analysis confirmed previous findings of relations between the two
      scales, particularly the moderate negative correlation between the Krantz
      Behavioral Involvement Scale and Powerful Others Locus of Control. The Krantz
      scores also were correlated with demographic measures such as education and
      occupation of the head of the household. With the exception of low correlations
      with frequency of obtaining Pap tests and with intentions to engage in exercise,
      the Krantz scores were uncorrelated with preventive health behaviors and
      intentions. It may be that another variable such as health value moderates these
      associations.

PMID- 2928455
TI  - Effects of moral reconation therapy upon moral reasoning, life purpose, and
      recidivism among drug and alcohol offenders.
AB  - 40 incarcerated DWI offenders and 62 drug offenders who were treated with Moral
      Reconation Therapy were assessed with respect to levels of moral reasoning, their
      perceived purpose in life, and subsequent recidivism. Analysis showed that, as
      clients progress in the program, levels of moral reasoning and purpose in life
      increase significantly. Level of moral reasoning appears to increase with
      clients' completion of therapeutic steps. Preliminary recidivism data on 103 male
      and female inmate-clients who have participated in an aftercare program using the
      therapy appear encouraging.

PMID- 2928456
TI  - Measuring consultation judgment-making ability: further development of the
      Consultation Judgment Inventory.

PMID- 2928457
TI  - Laboratory stress testing to assess real-life cardiovascular reactivity.
AB  - Thirty-six normotensive adults received laboratory stress testing (mental
      arithmetic, short-term memory, isometric handgrip, cold pressor tests) and 24
      hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring on two work days separated by a month.
      Laboratory and ambulatory measures of cardiovascular reactivity had low test
      retest reliability. Increases in blood pressure during the memory and cold
      pressor tests were related to measures of reactivity obtained outside the
      laboratory (waking blood pressure variability, responses to home and work
      environments). However, the portion of ambulatory reactivity accounted for by
      laboratory reactivity was small. In the best case (r = 0.43), cold pressor
      diastolic pressure explained only 19% of diastolic pressure variability in the
      natural environment. Laboratory-ambulatory disagreement in reactivity was related
      to interindividual variability in physical activity on the day of ambulatory
      monitoring.

PMID- 2928458
TI  - Subjective symptomatology of asthma in an outpatient population.
AB  - Characteristics of subjective symptomatology of asthma were examined within a
      group of 132 adult asthma patients receiving medical care in a university-based,
      ambulatory clinic setting. Patients responded to 36 symptom descriptions or
      adjectives associated with asthma which were included in a modified version of
      the Asthma Symptoms Checklist (ASC). A principal components exploratory factor
      analysis was conducted and five factors were identified. The five factors
      measured 1) panic-fear, 2) airways obstruction, 3) hyperventilation, 4) fatigue,
      and 5) irritability. Psychometric properties of the factor scores were
      satisfactory. The reliabilities were high, standard deviations were large, and
      differences in factor mean scores conformed to clinical experience. Correlational
      analyses support the construct validity of the ASC, especially the panic-fear
      factor. An important outcome of this study was to verify the ASC factor structure
      in an outpatient setting. The ASC was confirmed as a valuable instrument for use
      in self-management programs for adults with asthma. The five ASC factors
      represent highly stable components of subjective symptomatology of asthma among
      diverse adult patient populations and geographical settings.

PMID- 2928459
TI  - Hostility and cardiovascular reactivity to stress in women and men.
AB  - The relationship of Cook Medley hostility scores (Ho) to blood pressure and heart
      rate reactivity was examined in 56 women and 56 men. Stress was elicited by an
      unsolvable anagram task that was described as easily solvable. Both men and women
      scoring high on Ho had greater blood pressure responses to the task. Those
      scoring high on Ho also reported more anger in response to the tasks, but anger
      was not associated with blood pressure reactivity. It was concluded that
      situations evoking suspiciousness and mistrust rather than anger may be necessary
      to elicit increased blood pressure reactivity among high Ho subjects.

PMID- 2928460
TI  - The Cook-Medley hostility scale: item content and ability to predict survival.
AB  - Previous studies have identified the MMPI-based Cook and Medley hostility scale
      (Ho) as a predictor of health outcomes. To achieve a better understanding of the
      construct measured by this scale, Ho items were classified on an a priori basis.
      Six subsets were identified: Cynicism, Hostile Attributions, Hostile Affect,
      Aggressive Responding, Social Avoidance, and Other. Study 1 examined the
      correlations of these subsets with scales of the NEO Personality Inventory in two
      samples of undergraduates. Good convergent and discriminant validity were
      demonstrated, but there was some evidence that items in the Social Avoidance and
      Other categories reflect constructs other than hostility. Study 2 examined the
      ability of the Ho scale and the item subsets to predict the 1985 survival of 118
      lawyers who had completed the MMPI in 1956 and 1957. As in previous studies,
      those with high scores had poorer survival (chi 2 = 6.37, p = 0.012). Unlike
      previous studies, the relation between Ho scores and survival was linear.
      Cynicism, Hostile Affect, and Aggressive Responding subsets were related to
      survival, whereas the other subsets were not. The sum of the three predictive
      subsets, with a chi 2 of 9.45 (p = 0.002), was a better predictor than the full
      Ho scale, suggesting that it may be possible to refine the scale and achieve an
      even more effective measure of those aspects of hostility that are deleterious to
      health.

PMID- 2928461
TI  - A caution on the use of the MMPI K-correction in research on psychosomatic
      medicine.
AB  - The MMPI K scale is widely used to screen for invalid responses and to adjust
      substantive scale scores for defensiveness. In a normal volunteer sample,
      correlations of MMPI clinical scales and the Cook-Medley Hostility (HO) scale
      with self-reports and peer ratings on the NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI) were
      decreased rather than increased by K-correction. Similarly, in a medical sample,
      structured interview-based ratings of Potential for Hostility were better
      predicted by uncorrected HO scores than by K-corrected HO scores. Finally, in a
      prospective study of mortality among lawyers, uncorrected HO scores were a
      significant predictor of all-cause mortality; K-corrected scores were not. The
      data suggest that, under some circumstances, the K scale may measure substantive
      traits rather than defensiveness, and should be used and interpreted with
      caution. Its use is probably contraindicated for most research on psychiatrically
      normal subjects.

PMID- 2928462
TI  - Women and their husbands: mood and arousal fluctuations across the menstrual
      cycle and days of the week.
AB  - This study examined the relationship between biological (menstrual cycle) and
      social-contextual (day of the week) factors and psychological and physical events
      among nine women and their spouses. Employing P-technique factor analysis to
      identify consistent patterns in single-subject data over 90 days of reporting,
      two factors emerged: Negative Mood and Arousal. When these factors were compared
      over five phases of each woman's menstrual cycle, the only significant finding
      was that men's Arousal scores were significantly greater during their wives'
      menses phase compared to their follicular phase. Negative Moods decreased on
      weekends for both males and females, and females also showed a decline in Arousal
      on the weekend. The finding that our social factor (day of the week) accounted
      for more variability in subjects' reports than did our biological factor (the
      menstrual cycle) emphasizes the importance of considering biological events in
      the context of social structures and belief systems.

PMID- 2928463
TI  - Menstrual cycle abnormalities and subclinical eating disorders: a preliminary
      report.
AB  - Menstrual dysfunction is a common concomitant of anorexia nervosa and bulimia.
      Initial investigations emphasized the role of weight loss and lean/fat ratio in
      amenorrhea. Subsequent studies suggest a more complex interaction between eating
      disorders and menstrual status. However, in past investigations, menstrual
      abnormalities have been confounded with low weight. We conducted two studies to
      ascertain the prevalence of menstrual abnormalities in a group of women with
      subclinical eating pathology versus an age-, education-, and weight-matched group
      of normal controls. In Study I, 93.4% of the subclinical subjects reported a
      history of menstrual abnormality as compared to 11.7% of the normal controls. In
      Study II, 100% of the subclinical subjects, versus 15.0% of the controls,
      reported an abnormal menstrual history. These data suggest that menstrual
      dysfunction often occurs in women with abnormal eating attitudes but without
      weight loss or diagnosable eating pathology. Several hypotheses for this finding
      are proposed.

PMID- 2928464
TI  - MNA opposes proposed physicians assistants bill.

PMID- 2928465
TI  - Hypertrophy of cultured bovine aortic endothelium following irradiation.
AB  - The vascular endothelium is a vital multifunctional tissue which covers the
      entire luminal surface of the circulatory system. Loss of continuity of the
      endothelial lining normally results in cell migration and proliferation to make
      up for cell loss and to ensure that exposure of the thrombogenic subendothelium
      to platelets and clotting factors is minimized. We showed that ionizing radiation
      (400-3000 cGy) causes dose-dependent cell loss from confluent monolayer cultures
      of bovine aortic endothelium, which cannot immediately be compensated by cell
      proliferation. Within 24 h, the remaining attached cells undergo substantial
      somatic hypertrophy (evidenced by increased protein content, cell volume, and
      attachment area) but remain diploid. If cell loss is not excessive, monolayer
      continuity is restored within several days. Although reduced protein degradation
      may contribute, most of the protein accumulation is due to synthesis of new
      protein. Unlike endothelium, irradiation of smooth muscle cultures causes neither
      cell loss nor increased protein synthesis. Hypertrophy of irradiated endothelial
      cells appears to be a consequence of a proliferative stimulus (cell loss) in a
      population of cells which is unable to divide. It can be modulated by replating
      irradiated cells at different densities. We suggest that endothelial hypertrophy
      is an early vascular homeostatic response before clonal proliferation of
      surviving cells or repopulation by cells from outside of the irradiated field can
      compensate for cell loss.

PMID- 2928466
TI  - Oxygen enhancement ratio of fractionated regimens in vitro.
AB  - The oxygen enhancement ratio (OER) of proliferating and nonproliferating cells
      grown in vitro was measured using accelerated fractionated regimens. Irradiations
      were performed either twice daily or three times per day, with a minimum of 6 h
      between the consecutive fractions. The dose delivered was 2.3 Gy per fraction.
      Two significant observations were made: (i) the OER of accelerated fractionation
      regimens for proliferating cells is lower than that obtained from single-exposure
      experiments at 2.3 Gy (approximately 1.4 vs 2.4, respectively), while for
      nonproliferating cells it is approximately the same (2.3); (ii) the fractionated
      regimen does not spare proliferating cells irradiated under hypoxic conditions,
      and thus the fractionated survival curve lies below the single-exposure curve.
      For cells irradiated under aerobic conditions or for nonproliferating cells,
      irradiated under either hypoxic or aerobic conditions, the fractionated survival
      curve lies above the single-exposure curves as expected.

PMID- 2928467
TI  - Gamma radiation affects active electrolyte transport by rabbit ileum. II.
      Correlation of alanine and theophylline response with morphology.
AB  - The response of ileal segments isolated from rabbits to an actively transported
      amino acid and a secretagogue was evaluated following exposure to 10 Gy whole
      body gamma irradiation. The ability of ileal segments to respond to the actively
      transported amino acid, alanine, was not significantly diminished until 96 h
      postexposure. Decreased responsiveness to the secretagogue, theophylline,
      occurred earlier at 72 h. These effects did not appear to be accounted for by
      decreased food intake of irradiated animals alone. Examination of intestinal
      morphological changes with respect to these changes in electrolyte transport
      revealed that decreased amino acid transport coincides with loss of intestinal
      villi. Although a morphological correlate of decreased secretory response was not
      as striking as that for absorption, the theophylline response appeared to decline
      concomitant with the appearance of increased mitotic activity in the intestinal
      crypts. The results of this study indicate that, following a dose of 10 Gy, the
      inability of these tissues to respond to amino acids is due to a loss of mature
      villus absorptive cells subsequent to denudation of the intestinal mucosa. There
      appeared to be little impairment of cell membrane transport processes for
      alanine. In contrast, the decreased secretory response could not be correlated
      with the disappearance of any one cell type and perhaps results from increased
      proliferation in the crypts at the expense of differentiation.

PMID- 2928468
TI  - Quiescence in 9L cells and correlation with radiosensitivity and PLD repair.
AB  - The onset of quiescence, changes in X-ray sensitivity, and changes in capacity
      for potentially lethal damage (PLD) repair of unfed plateau-phase 9L44 cell
      cultures have been systematically investigated. The quiescent plateau phase in 9L
      cells was the result of nutrient deprivation and was not a cell contact effect.
      Eighty-five to 90% of the plateau-phase cells had a G1 DNA content and a growth
      fraction less than or equal to 0.15. The cell kinetic shifts in the population
      were temporally correlated with a developing radioresistance, which was
      characterized by a larger shoulder in the survival curve of the quiescent cells
      (Dq = 5.71 Gy) versus exponentially growing cells (Dq = 4.48 Gy). When the
      quiescent plateau-phase cells were refed, an increase in radiosensitivity
      resulted which approached that of exponentially growing 9L cells. Delayed plating
      experiments after irradiation of exponentially growing cells, quiescent plateau
      phase cells, and synchronized early to mid-G1-phase cells indicated that while
      significant PLD repair was evident in all three populations, the quiescent 9L
      cells had a higher PLD repair capacity. Although data for immediate plating
      indicated that 9L cells may enter quiescence in the relatively radioresistant mid
      G1 phase, the enhanced PLD repair capacity of quiescent cells cannot be explained
      by redistribution into G1 phase. When the unfed quiescent plateau-phase 9L cells
      were stimulated to reenter the cell cycle by replating into fresh medium, the
      first G1 was extended by 6 h compared with the G1 of exponentially growing or
      refed plateau-phase 9L cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2928469
TI  - Relationship between energy status, hypoxic cell fraction, and hyperthermic
      sensitivity in a murine fibrosarcoma.
AB  - The energy status, radiobiological hypoxic cell fraction, and hyperthermic
      sensitivity of a spontaneous murine fibrosarcoma, FSa-II, have been evaluated as
      a function of tumor size. Tumors were evaluated over the size range of 70 to 800
      mm3. The concentration of the high-energy phosphate reservoir creatine phosphate
      progressively decreased by a factor of 5 with increasing tumor volume, and was
      matched by an increase in creatine. The concentration of ATP also decreased with
      increasing tumor size, although this decrease was substantially less pronounced.
      The sum of ATP, ADP, and AMP did not vary with tumor size, suggesting that the
      necrotic fraction remained constant. The decrease in energy status occurred in
      parallel with an increase in the size of the hypoxic cell fraction and with
      increasing thermal sensitivity. The results suggest that energy status may be an
      important modifier of hyperthermic sensitivity in vivo and reflect tissue oxygen
      concentration.

PMID- 2928470
TI  - Relative biological effectiveness of tritiated water to gamma radiation for germ
      line mutations.
AB  - The relative biological effectiveness was determined using sex-linked recessive
      lethals induced in Drosophila spermatozoa as the biological effect. The sex
      linked recessive lethal test, a measure of mutations induced in germ cells and
      transmitted through successive generations, yields a linear dose-response curve
      in the range used in these experiments. A dose-response curve was determined from
      three exposures to tritiated water and three exposures to 60Co gamma radiation.
      The ratio of the slopes of these two response curves is 2.7 +/- 0.3, yielding a
      relative biological effectiveness that suggests the tritium beta particle is 2.7
      times more effective per unit of energy absorbed in inducing gene mutations
      transmitted to successive generations than 60Co gamma radiation. The increase in
      relative biological effectiveness with higher linear energy transfer for tritium
      beta radiation strongly suggests that single-strand breaks are repaired by a
      nearly error-free repair mechanism. Ion tracks with a high density of ions (high
      linear energy transfer) are more efficient than tracks with a low ion density
      (low linear energy transfer) in inducing transmissible mutations, suggesting
      interaction among products of ionization. Since most transmitted mutations
      induced by ionizing radiation result from strand breakage, interaction probably
      occurs at this level with double-strand breaks being repaired by an error-prone
      mechanism yielding transmissible mutations.

PMID- 2928471
TI  - Measurement of DNA damage and cell killing in Chinese hamster V79 cells
      irradiated with aluminum characteristic ultrasoft X rays.
AB  - Chinese hamster V79 cells were irradiated with 1.487 keV aluminum characteristic
      X rays produced using a cold-cathode discharge tube. Under aerobic conditions a
      relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of 2.18 for cell killing in comparison to
      250-kVp X rays was measured using cells grown in suspension and irradiated on
      membrane filters. DNA damage in the form of single-strand (ssb) and double-strand
      breaks (dsb) was measured using the filter elution technique. The aerobic RBEs
      are 1.64 for dsb induction and 0.49 for ssb induction, consistent with the view
      that dsb are more closely related to cell kill than ssb. A reduced oxygen
      enhancement ratio (OER) for cell killing was measured for Al-K X rays, but the
      OER for dsb induction was similar to that measured for 250-kVp X rays. A
      curvilinear relationship between dsb induction and dose is observed, similar to
      that seen for 250-kVp X rays. This agrees with the concept that ultrasoft X rays
      produce critical lesions similar to hard X rays but with a greater efficiency per
      unit dose.

PMID- 2928472
TI  - Protection by WR1065 and WR151326 against fission-neutron-induced mutations at
      the HGPRT locus in V79 cells.
AB  - The radioprotectors WR1065 and WR151326, each at a concentration of 4 mM, protect
      against cell killing and mutagenesis at the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl
      transferase (HGPRT) locus in V79 Chinese hamster fibroblast cells exposed to
      fission-spectrum neutrons (mean energy of 0.85 MeV) from the JANUS reactor.
      Significant protection against neutron-induced cell lethality occurred only when
      the radioprotectors were present during irradiation; e.g., D0's and n's were 82
      Gy, 1.27 for control cells; 97 Gy, 1.51 for WR1065-protected cells; and 120 Gy,
      1.00 for WR151326-protected cells, respectively. Mutation induction by JANUS
      fission-spectrum neutrons was linear over the dose range tested giving rise to a
      mutation frequency of 109.3 x 10(-6)/Gy. In comparison with 60Co gamma rays
      (mutation frequency 8.7 X 10(-6)/Gy), JANUS neutrons, at a dose rate of 24
      cGy/min, were over 12 times more effective in inducing HGPRT mutations. Both
      WR1065 and WR151326 afforded protection against the induction of mutants by
      neutrons, even when they were administered up to 3 h after irradiation; i.e.,
      mutation frequencies were 40.9, 48.8 and 68.6 X 10(-6)/Gy for WR1065 present
      during, present immediately after, or added 3 h after irradiation, respectively;
      and 61.7, 47.8, and 68.5 X 10(-6)/Gy for WR151326 present at the same times.

PMID- 2928473
TI  - The relationship of increased nuclear protein content induced by hyperthermia to
      killing of HeLa S3 cells.
AB  - The role of a heat-induced increase in nuclear protein mass in killing of cells
      by hyperthermia was investigated jointly by two groups that had previously
      reported apparently conflicting results. A correlation between the fraction of
      HeLa S3 cells killed and the protein content of nuclei isolated immediately after
      heat exposure was found. This correlation held when thermal sensitivity was
      modified by the sensitizers 0.41 M ethanol and 5 mM procaine or by the protector
      0.6 M glycerol. However, when the HeLa cells were made thermotolerant by a
      priming heat exposure of 15 min at 45 degrees C followed by 5 h at 37 degrees C,
      the correlation no longer held. At the 10% survival level a 1.27-fold greater
      nuclear protein content was observed in tolerant cells relative to nontolerant
      cells. Thus no general correlation between initial heat-induced nuclear protein
      mass changes and hyperthermic cell killing exists. When heated cells were
      returned to 37 degrees C, a time-dependent reduction in the protein content was
      observed in nuclei isolated after incubation for various times at 37 degrees C.
      This rate of reduction in nuclear protein content was found to be accelerated in
      the tolerant cells. Heat-induced changes in cell-cycle progression had no
      significant effects on the data obtained. It is concluded from the total data
      base that not only the absolute increment in nuclear protein mass must be taken
      into account but also the duration of the binding expressed in the rate of
      recovery.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2928474
TI  - Metabolism of tritiated water in the cell nucleus and intracellular substances of
      the rat.
AB  - Tritiated water was given to rats in single oral doses, and the cell fractions
      for each organ were prepared by ultracentrifugation for measurement of the
      concentration of tissue-bound tritium. The concentration of tissue-bound tritium
      reached a peak relatively soon after intubation, 1-4 days after administration.
      The initial concentration of tissue-bound tritium in liver and kidney was high in
      the mitochondrial and microsomal fractions but low in the nuclear and cytosol
      fractions. The initial tissue-bound tritium concentration in the brain was high
      in the mitochondrial and microsomal fractions but low in the nuclear and cytosol
      fractions. The initial concentration of tissue-bound tritium in the testes was
      high in the mitochondrial, microsomal, and cytosol fractions but low in the
      nuclear fraction. The half-life for the long component was larger in the nuclear,
      mitochondrial, and microsomal fractions of the brain than in the other organs
      according to an interorgan comparison of each fraction. As for the testes, the
      values for the mitochondrial and microsomal fractions were larger than those for
      the other organs.

PMID- 2928475
TI  - Induction of neoplastic transformation in C3H/10T1/2 cells by 2.45-GHz microwaves
      and phorbol ester.
AB  - C3H/10T1/2 cells were exposed to 2.45-GHz microwaves for 24 h and/or 1.5 Gy of
      238-kVp X rays at 3.75 Gy/min. Transformation frequency and cell survival were
      measured with or without postirradiation addition of the tumor promoter
      tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) at 0.1 microgram/ml. We previously
      reported (Carcinogenesis 6,859-864, 1985) an enhancement of transformation
      frequency when 10T1/2 cells exposed to a special sequence of microwaves and X
      rays were subsequently cultured in TPA. The same sequence of microwaves and X
      rays without promotion resulted in a transformation response similar to that
      induced by X rays alone. We now report statistically significant (at P greater
      than 0.999) enhancement of transformation response by TPA in cells exposed to
      2.45-GHz microwaves (SAR = 4.4 W/kg). Microwaves alone had no effect on
      transformation. Plating efficiency and cell survival were not affected by TPA or
      microwave treatments.

PMID- 2928477
TI  - [An evaluation of the radiation similarity between soft biological tissue and a
      modified ferrosulfate dosimeter].
AB  - On the basis of recent recommendations on soft biotissue composition and data
      concerning value of specific neutron kerma for a number of element atoms within
      the energy from thermal one to 29 MeV obtained were the values of electron
      density, effective atomic number and specific kerma of neutrons for soft
      biotissue and ferrosulphate dosimeter sensitized by benzoic acid. The data are
      proposed for practical use in radiobiological experiments.

PMID- 2928476
TI  - Quantitation of strand breaks in human DNA using 32P-Alu hybridization:
      application to exponential and plateau-phase cells.
AB  - A sensitive quantitation of DNA (0.2 to 10 ng) can be achieved using a 32P
      labeled Alu probe to hybridize human DNA spotted onto nylon membrane. This allows
      the determination of radiation-induced single-strand breaks without the use of
      [3H]thymidine prelabeling of cells in culture. The sensitivity of this technique
      in HeLa cells is comparable to results obtained using the alkaline unwinding
      technique. The method is applicable to cells in both exponential and plateau
      phases of growth.

PMID- 2928478
TI  - [The effect of tularemia vaccine on the radioresistance of white rats exposed to
      x-irradiation].
AB  - A single epicutaneous vaccination of Wistar rats with tularemic live vaccine 15
      days before X-irradiation with doses of 6.0, 8.0 and 2.0 + 6.0 Gy was shown to
      increase their radioresistance. With higher doses (up to 8.0 Gy) the effect of
      the vaccine was less pronounced.

PMID- 2928479
TI  - [The immuno-microbiological status of mice after partial exposure to x-rays and
      the possibility of its correction using immunoglobulin].
AB  - Partial X-irradiation of the hind part of mouse body with a dose of 12 Gy
      (LD15/30) was shown to produce a pronounced harmful effect on the clinico
      hematologic and immuno-microbiological characteristics that could be coped with
      by a single subcutaneous injection of homologous immunoglobulin (200 mg/kg) 2 h
      following irradiation.

PMID- 2928480
TI  - [Cholinergic processes as affected by small doses of radiation on the host].
AB  - Acetylcholine content of blood and cholinesterase activity in blood and tissues
      of albino rats were studied at different time-intervals after gamma-irradiation
      with doses of 12.9 and 25.8 mC/kg. Cholinergic processes were found to change
      with the development of radiation dose.

PMID- 2928481
TI  - [The possible participation of protein SH groups and aldehydes in radiation
      damage of cell membranes].
AB  - The sedimentation method was used to study the effect of N-ethylmaleimide,
      diethyl maleate, formaldehyde, Ca2+, and dithiothreitol on cell membranes.
      Sedimentation quality of erythrocytes was shown to be modified by the agents that
      bound protein SH-groups and aggregated proteins.

PMID- 2928482
TI  - [The effect of ionizing radiation on the transmethylation of phospholipids in the
      high molecular complex acyl-tRNA-synthetase].
AB  - Transmethylation was found to contribute to the postirradiation redistribution of
      phospholipids which enter high molecular weight complexes of rat liver aminoacyl
      tRNA-synthetases. The kinetic capacity of methyltransferases of codosome
      phospholipids was studied in normal conditions and at early times after
      irradiation of rats with a dose of 0.21 C/kg.

PMID- 2928483
TI  - [Evaluation of the expression of damage of the DNA-structural complex of rat
      thymocytes based on kinetics of alkaline lysis following irradiation].
AB  - Rotary viscosimeters were used to study the postirradiation destruction of the
      DNA-structural complex (DSC) of rat thymocyte nuclei exhibited by a change in
      alkaline denaturation of DSC upon lysis. The S area, limited by the
      characteristic viscosity values obtained during alkaline lysis of thymocyte
      nuclei, was used as a characteristic of DSC. Immediately after irradiation the S
      area changed up to 81-84 per cent at 0.5-1.5 Gy and up to 56-44 per cent at 2-10
      Gy. 6 to 24 h following irradiation a change in the profile of alkaline
      denaturation of DSC was a function of dose and dropped from 100 down to 11 per
      cent at doses of 0 to 10 Gy. After 2-3 days, the changes in S were also observed
      but they were not a strict function of dose and were the same with the values
      obtained immediately after irradiation.

PMID- 2928484
TI  - [Electrophoretic analysis of the internucleosome fragmentation of DNA in
      irradiated thymocytes of rats].
AB  - Total DNA and DNA of chromatin degradation products obtained from rat thymocytes
      6 h after irradiation with a dose of 10 Gy were separated electrophoretically.
      Relative shares of mononucleosomes and their oligomers were determined.
      Experimental distributions of DNA fragments differ from those calculated on the
      basis of the assumption of a random breakage of bonds between the nucleosomes.

PMID- 2928485
TI  - [Changes in lipid metabolism in rats with radiation sickness and a pronounced
      intestinal syndrome following local irradiation of the abdominal region. Fatty
      acid composition of the blood and tissue phospholipids].
AB  - Local irradiation of rat abdomen (13.5 Gy) caused similar changes in fatty-acid
      composition of phospholipids in the liver, thymus and brain, that is: (a) a
      decrease in the polyunsaturated fatty acid content in 4 h, (b) a
      hypercompensatory increase in the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids
      (excluding thymus) in 24 h, the ratio between essential fatty acids and their
      derivatives being changed towards accumulation of the latter, and (c) a trend
      toward normalization in 72 h.

PMID- 2928486
TI  - [Acetylcholine in the brain of rats exposed to acute irradiation].
AB  - A two-fold increase in acetylcholine, that can randomly be released by brain
      synaptosomes, is registered 60 min following whole-body X-irradiation of rats
      with a dose of 0.21 C/kg; depolarization of the synaptosome membranes by
      potassium chloride increases the release of acetylcholine the augmentation of the
      release in this case being lower than that in the control. The initial rate of
      spontaneous neuromediator release from synaptosomes grows by 80 per cent whereas
      after depolarization of synaptosome membranes by potassium chloride, by 15 per
      cent. There is a 2.5-fold increase in the maximum rate of a highly specific
      uptake of choline with Km value being constant. Acetylcholine content of gray
      substance of irradiated rat brain is invariable.

PMID- 2928487
TI  - [The content of pyridoxal coenzymes in the brain and liver of rats exposed to a
      single irradiation with x-rays].
AB  - A study was made of the effect of a single exposure of rats to 0.4 Gy X-radiation
      on the content of pyridoxal phosphate and pyridoxamine phosphate in gray and
      white brain substances and liver. At the same time changes were noted in the
      activity of pyridoxal kinase in the tissues under study.

PMID- 2928488
TI  - [Mechanisms of the development of radiation lesions and processes of recovery of
      hematopoietic tissue during prolonged gamma-irradiation with a dose of magnitude
      0.1 Gr per day].
AB  - The following dynamics of the amount of major bone marrow cell populations was
      observed upon continuous 250-day exposure of rats to gamma-radiation at a dose
      rate of 0.1 Gy/day: the haemopoiesis was stimulated during the first three
      months, then the main parameters were stabilized (within the physiological
      fluctuations). Lymphopenia, neutrophilic leukocytosis and a trend towards the
      decrease in the erythrocyte level developed in the peripheral blood of exposed
      rats.

PMID- 2928489
TI  - [The effect of normobaric hypoxic stimulation on the aggregation properties of
      blood cells in an irradiated host].
AB  - The influence of a short-term intermittent stimulation by hypoxia on the
      aggregative properties of platelets and erythrocytes of irradiated body has been
      investigated. The results show a favourable effect of hypoxic stimulation on some
      platelet aggregation indices.

PMID- 2928490
TI  - [Activation of the DNA repair system in tissues of mice subjected to chronic
      gamma irradiation].
AB  - Mice exposed to gamma-quanta during 47 and 82 days at a dose-rate of 1.3 mGy/h
      and cumulative doses of 1.45 and 2.54 Gy, respectively, were subsequently
      subjected to a single acute irradiation with a dose of 20 Gy. Repair of DNA
      damages induced by the acute exposure was shown to proceed in the brain,
      pulmonary and splenic tissues of chronically exposed mice more readily than in
      the tissues of mice not subjected to chronic irradiation. The data obtained
      indicate that the induced adaptive response activates DNA repair in tissues of
      mice exposed to long-term low-level radiation.

PMID- 2928493
TI  - Hyperthermia.

PMID- 2928492
TI  - [The effect of modifying factors on the absorption of radioactive beryllium from
      the gastrointestinal system of rats].
AB  - In experiments with rats a study was made of the influence of pregnancy and
      lactation as well as of trivalent and bivalent iron on the resorption of 7BeCl2
      from the digestive tract and distribution thereof among organs and tissues.

PMID- 2928491
TI  - [Modification of the interphase death of thymocytes: the effect of agents
      inhibiting the killing process].
AB  - The influence of different killing inhibiting agents on the interphase death of
      irradiated rat thymocytes has been investigated. The results confirm the
      previously proposed hypothesis of the interphase death mechanism involving
      activation of killing potency in the irradiated population of thymus cells.

PMID- 2928495
TI  - Laserthermia. A new method of interstitial local hyperthermia using the contact
      Nd:YAG laser.
AB  - Laserthermia is a new method of delivering interstitial local hyperthermia using
      a synthetic contact probe with a computer-controlled Nd:YAG laser to deliver both
      pulsed and continuous laser energy. The system allows an easily controllable
      increase in temperature (for example, from 42 to 43 degrees C) over a fixed
      period of time (for example, 20 minutes) to be delivered to tissue. A single or
      multiple channel system can be used depending on the volume of tissue to be
      treated. Tumor necrosis appears to be related to avascular infarction. Early
      clinical results support the beneficial therapeutic effects of Laserthermia in
      its oncologic applications.

PMID- 2928494
TI  - Clinical experience with thermotron RF-8 capacitive heating for bulky tumors:
      University of Minnesota experience.
AB  - We conducted a phase I clinical trial of the feasibility of using the Thermotron
      RF-8, a capacitative heating device utilizing 8-MHz RF, for the treatment of deep
      seated and bulky human tumors. Preclinical studies with agar phantoms
      demonstrated that deep heating can be achieved with this device when the
      electrode diameters are sufficiently large relative to the thickness of the
      heated object. In the clinical application of capacitive heating with
      radiofrequency, excessive heating of subcutaneous tissue has often been a
      problem. However, this could be minimized by continuous cooling of the
      subcutaneous fat with a 10 degrees C saline bolus, beginning more than 20 minutes
      prior to the start of heating. It was often possible to raise the temperature of
      deep-seated tumors even in obese patients by applying this pre-cooling method.
      The mean achieved temperature during 30 to 40 minutes of heating was higher than
      42 degrees C and 40 degrees C to 42 degrees C in 26% and 50% of 58 tumors
      treated, respectively. A combination of hyperthermia (four to ten sessions, twice
      a week) with full-course or a limited dose of radiotherapy resulted in complete
      tumor remission in 7% of patients, and partial tumor remission in 50% of
      patients. In the full-course radiotherapy group, 69% of the tumors were judged to
      show complete or partial regression, and in the low-dose group, 43% of the tumors
      regressed completely or partially. Histologic examination of many of the tumors
      that did not regress showed massive necrosis, indicating that tumor size after
      hyperthermia is not an accurate criterion of the treatment result. Side effects
      were minimal, and vital sign changes during heating were insignificant. Our data,
      together with those reported by Japanese investigators, clearly demonstrated that
      hyperthermia with the Thermotron RF-8 in combination with radiotherapy is useful
      in treating deep-seated and bulky tumors that fail to respond to conventional
      treatment modalities.

PMID- 2928496
TI  - Three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging of the heart.
AB  - Three-dimensional surface images of the human heart may be produced from magnetic
      resonance imaging. These examinations are used in the evaluation of congenital
      heart disease for preoperative planning and postoperative evaluation. Computer
      graphics software has been adapted to produce three-dimensional images of the
      beating heart from contiguous two-dimensional serial EKG-triggered magnetic
      resonance image data sets. The natural boundary between flowing blood and cardiac
      tissue serves to outline cardiac structures. The techniques for producing these
      images and pitfalls in the operation of the system as well as examples of their
      application to the study of patients with congenital heart disease are outlined
      in this article.

PMID- 2928497
TI  - Assessment of the continuing education needs of California's radiologic
      technologists.
AB  - The California radiologic community was surveyed concerning Continuing Education
      (CE) to determine (1) the factors that affect participation, (2) preferred CE
      activities, and (3) opinions on adding CE to existing certification law.
      Generally, respondents recognize CE's value for radiologic technologists and its
      cost effectiveness. Respondents are more likely to attend if financially
      supported. Though all populations recognize CE's value, radiologists favor
      enactment of mandatory CE, while technologists prefer state encouragement for CE.

PMID- 2928499
TI  - A common artifact revisited.

PMID- 2928500
TI  - Radiation therapy technology shortage and recruitment.

PMID- 2928498
TI  - The influence of film-screen color sensitivity and type of measurement device on
      kVp measurements.
AB  - Three methods for evaluating radiographic kVp were studied: the Wisconsin Test
      Cassette, the Noninvasive Evaluator of Radiation Outputs (NERO), and the
      Dynalyzer. The Dynalyzer kVp readings were the highest and were followed by NERO
      and cassette readings in descending order. By film type, the cassette readings
      ranged from Kodak OG (green sensitive), TMG (green sensitive), XK (blue
      sensitive), and XRP (blue sensitive) in descending order. The results show that
      there is significant variation between the methods.

PMID- 2928502
TI  - Teaching by lecture.

PMID- 2928501
TI  - The hospital "exodus" from in-house sponsored education programs.

PMID- 2928503
TI  - No males in mammography.

PMID- 2928504
TI  - Males in mammography--a silly suggestion.

PMID- 2928506
TI  - Limited technologists--another opinion.

PMID- 2928505
TI  - Expanding the discipline--recognition of the limited technologists.

PMID- 2928507
TI  - [Possibilities of MR tomography of diseases of the hand and wrist].
AB  - MRI studies of 63 patients with various abnormalities of the hand and wrist were
      analyzed. Studies were performed on scanners with a field strength of 0.35, 0.5,
      or 1.5 T. Imaging parameters included T1- and T2-weighted sequences in the
      coronal and transverse planes and contiguous slices 3-5 mm thick. In 37 patients
      with post-traumatic disorders, MRI revealed carpal avascular necrosis, tendon
      abnormalities and, in some cases, abnormalities of interosseous ligaments and the
      triangular fibrocartilage. In 15 patients with such inflammatory diseases as
      arthritis, tenosynovitis and carpal tunnel syndrome and in 11 patients with
      tumors, MRI provided clear delineation of osseous and soft tissue abnormalities.
      The current role of MRI in the diagnosis of hand and wrist abnormalities is
      discussed on the basis of these results.

PMID- 2928508
TI  - [Traumatology and diagnosis of scaphoid fracture].
AB  - In 9 years, 1,104 patients had one or more roentgenological studies of the
      scaphoid; 252 fractures of the scaphoid were found. The most reported traumatic
      mechanism was a fall on the extended wrist. The form of fracture most seen was
      transverse fracture of the scaphoid; most of the fractures were found in the
      middle third of the scaphoid. The primary radiodiagnostic procedure should
      contain pictures of the wrist in two planes and four special pictures of the
      scaphoid. The "fat-pad sign" seems to be an unreliable indicator of fracture, but
      nearly two-thirds of fractures of the scaphoid showed a swelling of the soft
      tissues in the X-ray picture.

PMID- 2928509
TI  - [CT diagnosis of malalignment following distal radius fracture].
AB  - Examination of 29 cases of fracture of the distal radius with restricted motion
      or persistent pain in 22 patients showed that most had been caused by incongruity
      of the distal radioulnar joint or by rotational malalignment in supination or
      pronation. Imaging of the distal radioulnar joint without superimposition enables
      us to detect whether disorders of the joint facets are impeding movement. Exact
      knowledge of the malalignment aids in the planning of osteoplastic surgery.

PMID- 2928510
TI  - [Enthesopathic reactions of the wrist in psoriatic arthritis, chronic
      polyarthritis and diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis. Results based on 3
      dimensional soft radiographs].
AB  - Twenty-six sites of muscle and ligament attachment around the wrist were
      evaluated for enthesopathic proliferative bone changes in psoriatic arthritis
      (PA), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis
      (DISH). Proliferations were found to be most frequent, most irregular, and
      largest in PA, followed in declining order by RA and DISH. In PA only, the bony
      proliferations and the underlying bone often had the appearance of mineralized
      woven bone, though smooth proliferations with a regular bone structure do occur
      in PA as well as in RA. The entheses of the trapezium, scaphoid and the radial
      styloid process are most frequently affected, followed by the bases of the first
      and fifth metacarpals and the pisiform. It is exceptional for huge bony
      proliferations to be observed at the entheses in DISH.

PMID- 2928511
TI  - [CT diagnosis of cystic hygroma].
AB  - We present five patients with cystic hygroma: the CT features are presented. It
      occurs primarily in the region of the neck. Occasional involvement of the axilla,
      the chest wall and the mediastinum is possible.

PMID- 2928512
TI  - [Calcifications. Juvenile dermatomyositis].

PMID- 2928513
TI  - Chronic diffuse infiltrative lung disease: comparison of diagnostic accuracy of
      CT and chest radiography.
AB  - The accuracies of chest radiography and computed tomography (CT) in the
      prediction of specific diagnoses in 118 consecutive patients with chronic diffuse
      infiltrative lung disease (DILD) were compared. The radiographs and CT scans were
      independently assessed by three observers without knowledge of clinical or
      pathologic data. The observers listed the three most likely diagnoses in order of
      probability and recorded the degree of confidence they felt in their first-choice
      diagnosis on a three-point scale. Confidence level 1 (definite) was reached with
      23% of radiographic and 49% of CT scan readings, and the correct diagnosis was
      made with 77% and 93% of those readings, respectively (P less than .001). The
      correct first-choice diagnosis regardless of the level of confidence was made
      with 57% of radiographic and 76% of CT scan readings (P less than .001). The CT
      scan interpretations were most accurate in silicosis (93%), usual interstitial
      pneumonia (89%), lymphangitic carcinomatosis (85%), and sarcoidosis (77%).
      Observers correctly predicted whether a transbronchial or open lung biopsy was
      indicated with 65% of radiographs and 87% of CT scans (P less than .001). It is
      recommended that CT be performed before lung biopsy in all patients with chronic
      DILD.

PMID- 2928514
TI  - Radiographic type p pneumoconiosis: high-resolution CT.
AB  - High-resolution computed tomography (CT) was performed in 90 patients with
      pneumoconiosis who had small rounded opacities on radiographs. The CT appearances
      of radiographic type p small rounded opacities in 55 patients were compared with
      the appearances of type q and r opacities. Radiographic type p pneumoconiosis on
      high-resolution CT scans was characterized by tiny binary branching structures or
      a gathering of a few dots. In 21 of the 55 patients, nonperipheral, small areas
      of low attenuation with a central dot were found. On the basis of CT-pathologic
      correlation in two postmortem specimens, these tiny opacities and areas of low
      attenuation corresponded to irregular fibrosis around and along the respiratory
      bronchioles and to focal-dust emphysema, respectively. Focal emphysema was most
      commonly found in pneumoconiosis with p-type changes and can be identified with
      high-resolution CT scanning. The addition of high-resolution CT to chest
      radiography is useful in achieving more accurate categorization of the lesions.

PMID- 2928515
TI  - Costal pleura: appearances at high-resolution CT.
AB  - The appearance of the costal pleura at high-resolution computed tomography (CT)
      was evaluated with a cadaver and 25 normal subjects. This was contrasted with the
      high-resolution CT appearance of the costal pleura in 15 patients with mild
      pleural thickening, 13 of whom had been exposed to asbestos. On high-resolution
      CT scans in the normal subjects, a 1-2-mm-thick line of soft-tissue attenuation
      at the point of contact between lung and chest wall represents the visceral and
      parietal pleura, pleural contents, endothoracic fascia, and innermost intercostal
      muscle. In a paravertebral location, the innermost intercostal muscle is lacking,
      and a thin line seen on high-resolution CT scans reflects pleura and endothoracic
      fascia. Transverse thoracic and subcostal muscles and extrapleural fat pads can
      be seen as tissue internal to a rib and may be confused with pleural thickening.
      In 13 of the 15 patients with mild pleural thickening, the 1-3-mm-thick pleura
      was separable from the underlying normal intercostal muscle by a layer of
      extrapleural fat. High-resolution CT was more sensitive than CT with 1-cm
      collimation in depicting this degree of pleural abnormality.

PMID- 2928516
TI  - Left azygos lobe.
AB  - Left azygos lobe is much rarer than right azygos lobe, but cases have been
      reported. Computed tomography proved more reliable than plain radiography in the
      diagnosis of left azygos lobe in a 10-year-old girl.

PMID- 2928517
TI  - Femoral capital osteonecrosis: MR finding of diffuse marrow abnormalities without
      focal lesions.
AB  - Six painful hips in five patients were examined with magnetic resonance (MR)
      imaging and were found to have diffuse signal abnormalities in the marrow of the
      femoral head and neck, which extended into the intertrochanteric area in five
      cases. The abnormal regions were low in signal intensity on images obtained with
      a short repetition time (TR) and a short echo time (TE) and were isointense or
      hyperintense on long TR/TE images--findings that have been attributed by others
      to bone marrow edema. Edema was also seen in marrow just above the acetabulum in
      two cases. No focal abnormalities characteristic of osteonecrosis were seen.
      Osteonecrosis was subsequently shown to be present in all six femoral heads at
      core biopsy (three cases) or by subsequent development of focal MR abnormalities
      reported to be highly specific for osteonecrosis (three cases). The affected hips
      had been radiographically normal or subtly osteopenic and had shown intense
      radionuclide uptake in the femoral head at scintigraphy, with lesser abnormality
      in the neck and intertrochanteric region. Follow-up MR examinations of five of
      the six femoral heads showed the diffuse abnormalities to have been transient.
      Although diffuse MR abnormalities in the proximal femur are not specific, they
      may indicate the presence of osteonecrosis of the femoral head.

PMID- 2928518
TI  - Osteomyelitis: diagnosis with In-111-labeled leukocytes.
AB  - In a retrospective review, 485 patients with suspected osteomyelitis were
      studied. Of these, 453 patients were studied with both bone and indium-111
      leukocyte scanning (173 sequentially and 280 simultaneously). The ability to
      determine that the infection was in bone rather than in adjacent soft tissue was
      greater with simultaneous bone scan and In-111 leukocyte studies than with
      sequential studies. The locations of suspected osteomyelitis were divided into
      central (containing active bone marrow), peripheral (hands and feet), and middle
      (between central and peripheral). Specificity remained high (about 90%)
      regardless of the location. Overall sensitivity was significantly lower in the
      central location than in the peripheral or middle location. Determination of
      whether the In-111 leukocyte activity was in bone or adjacent soft tissue was
      also more difficult when the infection was in the central location. For acute
      osteomyelitis, sensitivity was high regardless of the location. For chronic
      osteomyelitis, sensitivity was lower in the central location.

PMID- 2928519
TI  - Hip pain in three children accompanied by transient abnormal findings on MR
      images.
AB  - In a study of three children experiencing hip pain, low-signal-intensity patterns
      in the femoral head on T1-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) images eventually
      resolved, reverting to the normal signal patterns. These findings occurred in
      conjunction with documented clinical improvement of the patients' condition. T2
      weighted images revealed isointense signals initially at the abnormal sites.
      Isointense signals prevailed on follow-up T2-weighted images. These MR imaging
      findings are likely due to transient bone marrow edema. These findings support
      the apparent sensitivity of MR imaging in the evaluation of marrow-based
      pathologic processes. Some pediatric patients with hip pain may have signs of
      transient bone marrow edema, rather than avascular necrosis, on MR images.
      Conservative management should be considered in such cases.

PMID- 2928520
TI  - Cranial bone marrow in children: assessment of normal development with MR
      imaging.
AB  - Magnetic resonance images of cranial bone marrow in 238 patients (246
      examinations) less than 25 years old were reviewed to establish normal age
      related standards. Bone marrow in the clivus and calvaria had uniformly low
      signal intensity (grade 1) on T1-weighted images in most infants less than 1 year
      old. The number of patients with grade 1 marrow decreased rapidly in early
      childhood, while the number of patients with marrow of low and high signal
      intensity (grade 2) and uniformly high signal intensity (grade 3) gradually
      increased with age. A grade 1 marrow was no longer observed in either the clivus
      or calvaria after age 7. Most patients had a grade 3 marrow by age 15. Because
      bone marrow in certain pathologic conditions has decreased signal on T1-weighted
      images and therefore resembles grade 1 or 2 appearances of normal marrow in
      children, these results may be useful for differentiating normal and abnormal
      bone marrow signal intensities in infants and children.

PMID- 2928521
TI  - Larynx: MR imaging at 2.35 T.
AB  - To study the consequences of an improvement in spatial resolution, the authors
      compared magnetic resonance (MR) images of nine laryngeal specimens with whole
      organ histologic slides of the same specimens. Five of the specimens were
      obtained during laryngectomies performed on patients with high-stage tumors of
      the larynx. Four specimens were from patients with no known disease. The MR
      images were obtained on a 2.35-T system with a closely fitting probe head. A
      conventional spin-echo sequence was used, with T1- and T2-weighted settings. The
      in-plane resolution obtained was about 0.3 mm. The T2-weighted images generally
      showed better contrast and allowed identification of the perichondrium. The
      resolutions used were not much greater than those clinically available. The
      findings suggest that there will be important advances in clinical MR imaging of
      the larynx in the near future.

PMID- 2928522
TI  - CT diagnosis of blunt hepatic and splenic injuries: a look to the future.

PMID- 2928523
TI  - Traumatic brain stem injury: MR imaging.
AB  - Eighty-seven patients with acute (n = 70) or chronic (n = 17) head injuries were
      prospectively studied with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and computed
      tomography (CT) to characterize the frequency and nature of traumatic brain stem
      injury (BSI). Forty-eight traumatic lesions were identified in 36 patients. Of 36
      patients, 35 had neurologic findings that corroborated the radiographic
      impression of BSI. T1- and T2-weighted MR images demonstrated a significantly
      higher number of lesions than did CT. Patients with BSI had a significantly
      higher frequency of corpus callosum and diffuse axonal "shear" lesions. The
      number of cortical contusions and extraaxial hematomas was similar in both
      groups. The mean Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores at admission were significantly
      lower in patients with evidence of BSI on MR images. Patients with primary BSI
      had lower initial GCS scores, a longer duration of coma, more diffuse axonal
      "shear" lesions, and a higher frequency of corpus callosum injury than patients
      with secondary BSI. The location of primary and secondary lesions was
      significantly different. Overall, MR imaging was more helpful than CT in
      detecting, localizing, and characterizing BSI.

PMID- 2928524
TI  - Septo-optic dysplasia: MR imaging.
AB  - Septo-optic dysplasia is the diagnosis when optic nerve hypoplasia is seen in
      conjunction with dysgenesis of the septum pellucidum. Nearly two-thirds of these
      patients have hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction, and half have schizencephaly.
      The disorder is difficult to classify because of the diversity of clinical and
      pathologic manifestations. Magnetic resonance images of 11 patients with clinical
      and radiographic evidence of septo-optic dysplasia were reviewed retrospectively.
      The "syndrome" appears to include two subsets of patients whose abnormalities
      have different embryogenesis and neuropathologic findings. The existence of these
      two subsets helps to explain the diversity of the clinical and radiologic
      findings.

PMID- 2928525
TI  - Facet joint arthrography in lumbar spondylolysis: anatomic basis for spread of
      contrast medium.
AB  - Facet arthrograms in patients with lumbar spondylolyses show spread of contrast
      medium through pars interarticularis defects into the adjacent ipsilateral facet
      joint space and across the midline into the contralateral joint space. Transverse
      and sagittal sections of facet joints from 141 postmortem lumbar spines were
      studied. Five examples of spondylolysis were found. Anatomic studies of the
      relationship of the joint recesses to the pars interarticularis demonstrated the
      basis for the patterns of spread of contrast medium observed radiographically in
      this and previous series. The pars interarticularis forms the only boundary
      between the inferior recess of one facet joint and the superior recess of the
      adjacent joint. Fracture through the pars interarticularis establishes
      communication between adjacent ipsilateral joints and opens a communication to
      the retrodural space, through which contrast medium can track to the
      contralateral joint.

PMID- 2928526
TI  - Normal and disrupted lumbar longitudinal ligaments: correlative MR and anatomic
      study.
AB  - The posterior and anterior longitudinal ligaments of the lumbar spine appear on
      magnetic resonance (MR) images as thin lines of very low signal intensity in all
      spin-echo sequences. They cover the periphery of the outer fibers of the anulus
      fibrosus on sagittal images. The lumbar spine of 17 patients with 19 disk
      herniations was prospectively evaluated with MR imaging, and these findings were
      correlated with surgical findings. At surgery the posterior ligament was found to
      be disrupted in eight cases and intact in 11. Absence of a low-signal peripheral
      line around the herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP) was the most reliable sign of
      ligament rupture (no false-negative or false-positive findings). The peripheral
      line appeared to be interrupted in four cases, two of which were falsely
      positive. The two false-positive cases were related to a chemical shift artifact
      between epidural fat and the HNP. Presence of a normal and continuous peripheral
      line outlining the HNP excluded ligament disruption. The overall sensitivity for
      detecting disruption was 100%, and the specificity was 78%.

PMID- 2928527
TI  - Tetralogy of Fallot: MR findings.
AB  - Surgical treatment of patients with tetralogy of Fallot requires accurate
      definition of all anatomic structures, particularly the central pulmonary
      arteries. Magnetic resonance (MR) images of 22 patients with tetralogy of Fallot
      were studied to assess their usefulness in providing information regarding the
      spectrum of anatomic abnormalities in this condition. MR findings were compared
      with information obtained at catheterization (in 16 patients) and at surgery (in
      nine patients), both of which were performed within 3 months of MR imaging.
      Ventricular chamber enlargement and wall hypertrophy were clearly delineated in
      most of the 17 patients who were examined before definitive surgical repair, and
      ventricular septal defects were visualized in all 17. Palliative systemic-to
      pulmonary shunts were visualized in 11 patients and could be evaluated for
      patency. Most important, the morphology and size of the right ventricular outflow
      tract and central pulmonary arteries could be accurately assessed. Pulmonary
      artery measurements obtained from MR images demonstrated excellent correlation
      with angiographic measurements. In six patients examined after complete surgical
      repair, MR images accurately reflected changes in pulmonary artery outflow tract
      morphology and complications, such as residual pulmonary artery stenosis and
      thrombosis. The findings suggest that MR imaging can complement or obviate
      catheterization in the evaluation of tetralogy of Fallot with regard to
      suitability for definitive surgical repair.

PMID- 2928528
TI  - Thrombus imaging with an I-123-labeled F(ab')2 fragment of an anti-human fibrin
      monoclonal antibody in a rabbit model.
AB  - The murine monoclonal antibody MA-15C5 binds to cross-linked fibrin but not to
      fibrinogen. Fab or F(ab')2 fragments of MA-15C5, labeled with iodine-123, were
      injected intravenously into nine rabbits with a nonocclusive 0.2-mL human plasma
      clot in the jugular vein and into eight control rabbits. Scintigrams obtained at
      hourly intervals after injection of the F(ab')2 fragment revealed a significantly
      higher accumulation of tracer in the clot region than in the contralateral
      region. The relative excess of tracer in the jugular vein region was
      significantly greater in the study animals than in the control animals throughout
      the study period. Blind reading of serial scans revealed no visible tracer
      accumulation in seven of eight control rabbits, whereas the scans of seven of
      nine study rabbits showed clearly visible accumulation (sensitivity = 77%,
      specificity = 87%). The Fab fragment of MA-15C5 had a lower affinity and bound
      less avidly to the blood clot in vivo. These results suggest that the F(ab')2
      fragment has better imaging properties than the Fab fragment and that it may be
      useful for imaging blood clots in man.

PMID- 2928529
TI  - Mechanical clot dissolution: new concept.
AB  - The authors present preliminary data on in vitro mechanical clot dissolution by
      means of a catheter with a tiny high-speed propeller enclosed in a special
      housing. Preweighed human blood clots were subjected to the catheter in a test
      tube with saline at various propeller speeds and durations of application. After
      filtration of the resultant slurry, the clot residue was weighed and examined
      histologically. Clot dissolution was found to be related to both the duration and
      speed of propeller rotation. No fibrin residue was seen after dissolution,
      although potential embolic material, composed of clumps of cellular debris as
      large as 208 microns in longest dimension, was found. Mechanical clot dissolution
      could possibly be used in any natural or synthetic blood vessel in which there is
      acute or subacute thrombosis, with fewer complications and lower cost than
      obtained with traditional methods.

PMID- 2928530
TI  - Gallbladder ablation through radiologic intervention: an experimental alternative
      to cholecystectomy.
AB  - Twenty pigs underwent (a) cystic duct occlusion by means of fluoroscopically
      guided transcatheter endoluminal bipolar radio-frequency (RF) electrocoagulation
      and (b) gallbladder sclerotherapy with one of two different regimens of ethanol
      and sodium tetradecyl-sulfate (STS). Serum ethanol levels and hepatic enzyme
      tests showed no acute toxicity. Postmortem histologic studies showed that the
      bile ducts beyond the occlusion site remained entirely unaffected in all animals.
      In three of four animals followed up for 2 weeks, the sclerosants induced
      necrosis of the gallbladder mucosa, but the adjacent liver, serosa, and blood
      vessels remained intact. In 13 of 16 animals followed up for 8 weeks, the
      gallbladder lumen was obliterated by fibrous scar tissue. In the animals treated
      with 95% ethanol and 3% STS, the gallbladder mucosa was necrotic in all areas
      after 2 weeks (two of two animals) and eradicated completely after 8 weeks (six
      of eight animals); the other regimen (70% ethanol plus 1% STS) was somewhat less
      effective. In this study, the combination of RF-mediated cystic duct occlusion
      and gallbladder sclerotherapy with ethanol and STS permitted gallbladder ablation
      in swine without toxic side effects.

PMID- 2928531
TI  - Uterine junctional zone: MR study of water content and relaxation properties.
AB  - Weighted samples of uterine myometrium, junctional zone, and endometrium were
      excised for determination of T1 and T2 in a 20-MHz spectrometer and then dried
      for determination of water content. The remainder of each uterus, examined with
      special histopathologic stains, demonstrated no significant difference in the
      number of blood vessels, smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, elastin, iron,
      collagen, mucin, polysaccharide, or amyloid. The junctional zone water content
      (79.28%) was significantly lower than that of endometrium (82.88%, P = .004) and
      myometrium (81.05%, P = .005). The T1 of the junctional zone (ie, 643) was
      significantly lower than that of endometrium (ie, 836; P = .004) and myometrium
      (ie, 709; P = .01). The T2 of the junctional zone (ie, 58) was significantly
      lower than that of endometrium (ie, 87; P = .003) and myometrium (ie, 67; P =
      .006). The low signal intensity of the junctional zone on T2-weighted MR images
      is accounted for by its lower water content and T2, while the brightness on T1
      weighted images is due to its reduced T1.

PMID- 2928532
TI  - Carcinoma of the cervix: staging with MR imaging.
AB  - Demonstration and staging of carcinoma of the cervix with magnetic resonance (MR)
      imaging was evaluated prospectively in 67 patients with histologically proven
      lesions. Findings were correlated with surgical/pathologic results obtained
      within 2 weeks. MR imaging had an accuracy of 95% in demonstrating invasive
      disease (stage IB or higher). It was capable of depicting the location and extent
      of tumor invasion of cervical stroma and helped detect tumor beneath relatively
      normal epithelium or within the endocervical canal that had not been detected by
      means of colposcopic biopsy. The overall accuracy of MR imaging in staging
      carcinoma of the cervix was 76%, and in demonstrating parametrial status, the
      overall accuracy was 89%. In 39 patients with proven invasive disease, the
      accuracy in demonstrating parametrial status was 82%. In 13 of these 39 patients
      the low-signal-intensity stromal ring of the cervix on MR images was completely
      preserved and there were no false-positive results. MR imaging is a highly
      promising method for directly demonstrating and staging carcinoma of the cervix
      and seems to be capable of providing answers to crucial questions regarding mode
      of therapy.

PMID- 2928533
TI  - Using MR imaging to probe the pathophysiology of osteonecrosis.

PMID- 2928534
TI  - Evaluation of a quadtree-based compression algorithm with digitized urograms.
AB  - The effect of a quadtree-based data-compression algorithm on the diagnostic yield
      in digitized radiographs was studied for 100 urograms. Each image was digitized
      and reviewed at nine decreasing compression ratios ranging from 90:1 to 4.2:1,
      followed by a review of the uncompressed digital images. Four radiologists
      independently reviewed the digitized images and the original radiographs and
      agreed on a reference standard of 201 findings. Sensitivity, measured by the
      number of findings noted on the compressed digital images, decreased with
      increasing compression ratios at and above the 11:1 level. No loss of sensitivity
      was noted with a compression ratio of 4.2:1. Sensitivity decreased more
      precipitously for calcifications than for soft-tissue masses. Only a minimal loss
      of sensitivity for bilateral renal function was noted, even with high compression
      ratios. False-positive rates were unaffected by compression. The authors conclude
      that quadtree compression ratios of 11:1 and higher may result in loss of
      sensitivity in clinically relevant findings.

PMID- 2928535
TI  - Fetal dose estimates for CT pelvimetry.
AB  - Fetal and maternal dose estimates for computed tomographic pelvimetry have been
      obtained from phantom measurements. Use of routine abdomen imaging techniques may
      result in localized fetal doses in excess of 13 mGy (1.3 rad). With the use of a
      low-exposure (40-mAs) technique, it is possible to obtain images of acceptable
      quality for the necessary measurements. The resulting dose to the fetus is
      approximately 2.3 mGy (0.23 rad).

PMID- 2928536
TI  - Volumetric rendering of MR images.
AB  - The authors developed new techniques for three-dimensional display of magnetic
      resonance (MR) images that preserve soft-tissue definition, are fully automatic,
      and work with routinely used section thicknesses. MR images are segmented,
      selectively enhanced, and displayed by means of a volumetric rendering algorithm.
      These techniques were used to illustrate normal anatomy of the brain, knee, and
      liver. Three-dimensional rendering of balanced spin-echo images shows the
      ventricles and extracerebral veins and of T1-weighted images, the sulci and gyri.
      The large hepatic and portal vessels can be seen with these enhancement
      techniques. Three-dimensional views of the knee reveal articular surfaces of the
      tibia and clearly depict menisci and posterior and anterior cruciate ligaments.
      These techniques make it possible to image multiple soft tissues simultaneously
      while preserving the detail contained in the original images. Three-dimensional
      presentation of complex, overlapping anatomic regions is helpful in surgical
      planning and should lead to improved diagnosis.

PMID- 2928537
TI  - Blunt hepatic trauma in adults: CT-based classification and correlation with
      prognosis and treatment.
AB  - To further define the computed tomographic (CT) criteria on which to guide the
      nonsurgical treatment of adult patients with blunt hepatic injury, the authors
      retrospectively reviewed abdominal CT scans obtained before surgery during a 35
      month period. Blunt hepatic injury was diagnosed in 187 patients, and review
      revealed 37 patients in whom the liver was the site of sole or principal
      intraabdominal injury detected with the help of CT before surgery. A CT-based
      hepatic injury classification system partly derived from similar systems
      established with surgical assessment was devised to grade the severity of hepatic
      injury. CT-based injury scores ranging from grade 1 to 5 were compared with the
      clinical outcome in patients treated surgically and nonsurgically. Thirty-one
      patients (83.7%) were successfully treated without surgery, and four patients
      (10.8%) had findings at celiotomy that did not require further surgery. No
      patient who was initially treated without surgery required delayed celiotomy due
      to hepatic injury. The results indicate that even major hepatic injury up to and
      including grade 4 severity assessed with preoperative CT can usually be managed
      without surgery in hemodynamically stable patients.

PMID- 2928538
TI  - T1 and T2 measurements on a 1.5-T commercial MR imager.
AB  - In order for relaxation times to be used in clinical diagnosis, the precision of
      the measurement must be determined. The authors measured T1, T2, and proton
      density in a phantom and in human volunteers to determine the reproducibility of
      the method. The coefficient of variance of T1 measurements in the phantom during
      a 15-month period with two software upgrades was 5%. Variance of T2 measurements
      with any given software was 4% or less, and overall in the 15-month period, with
      two software changes, the T2 reproducibility was between 6% and 9%. The
      reproducibility is sufficiently high that precise clinical measurements of T1,
      T2, and proton density are feasible.

PMID- 2928539
TI  - Surface of the brain: three-dimensional MR images created with volume rendering.
AB  - Image processing and volume rendering have been applied to magnetic resonance
      (MR) images to produce three-dimensional views of the surface of the brain. Four
      healthy volunteers and 17 patients with a variety of disorders underwent MR
      imaging of the head, and these images were processed and subjected to volume
      rendering. The resulting three-dimensional views depict abnormalities of the
      brain surface, as well as important landmarks of normal brain surface anatomy
      such as precentral, postcentral, superior temporal, and inferior frontal gyri,
      which are difficult to identify on cross-sectional images.

PMID- 2928540
TI  - National Institutes of Health and academic radiology: a view from the inside.

PMID- 2928541
TI  - The routine upper gastrointestinal examination.

PMID- 2928542
TI  - Esophageal strictures: balloon dilation.

PMID- 2928543
TI  - Radiologist site visitors sought.

PMID- 2928544
TI  - Blunt splenic trauma in adults: CT-based classification and correlation with
      prognosis and treatment.
AB  - Nonsurgical management of blunt splenic injury in children is a well-established
      method to salvage splenic function; however, nonsurgical management of adult
      blunt splenic trauma remains controversial. To assess the value of preoperative
      abdominal CT in predicting the outcome of blunt splenic injury in adults, a CT
      based injury-severity score consisting of four grades was devised and applied in
      39 adult patients with blunt splenic injury as the sole or predominant
      intraperitoneal injury detected with preoperative CT. While patients with high
      grades of splenic injury generally required early surgery, eight (35%) of 23
      patients with initial grade 3 or 4 injury were treated successfully without
      surgery, and four (29%) of 15 patients with grade 1 or 2 injury initially treated
      nonsurgically required delayed celiotomy (n = 3) or emergency rehospitalization.
      Results show that while CT remains an accurate method of identifying and
      quantifying initial splenic injury, as well as documenting progression or healing
      of critical injury, CT cannot reliably help predict the outcome of blunt splenic
      injury in adults. Treatment choices should therefore be based on the hemodynamic
      status of the patient and results of serial laboratory and bedside assessments.

PMID- 2928545
TI  - Gastrointestinal tract: dynamic MR studies with echo-planar imaging.
AB  - Gastrointestinal (GI) tract motility was depicted in four human volunteers with
      the high-speed echo-planar imaging technique: modulus blipped echo-planar single
      pulse technique (MBEST). Data acquisition times of 64 and 128 msec obviate image
      degradation due to motion without the need for gut paralysis and allow imaging of
      the GI tract in real time. Peristaltic patterns of the gastric antrum and
      proximal small intestine were depicted for fasting and fed subjects and subjects
      in whom peristalsis had been pharmacologically stimulated. The potential for
      quantitative measurements of GI tract motion with this new technique was
      demonstrated.

PMID- 2928546
TI  - Cystic neoplasms of the pancreas: comparison of MR imaging with CT.
AB  - Cystic neoplasms of the pancreas are divided into two major groups: microcystic
      adenomas and mucinous cystic neoplasms. Five microcystic adenomas and seven
      mucinous cystic neoplasms (three cystadenomas and four cystadenocarcinomas) were
      examined with both magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and computed tomography (CT).
      The cystic content was differentiated more easily with MR imaging than with CT.
      It was homogeneous in four of the five microcystic adenomas, all of which had
      lobulated borders best seen on T2-weighted images. The mucinous cystadenomas and
      cystadenocarcinomas were all composed of multiple compartments that varied in
      signal intensity. The septa, shape, and wall thickness were demonstrated on T1-
      and/or T2-weighted MR images almost as well as on CT scans. Overall, MR imaging
      was equal or slightly superior to CT in the diagnosis of pancreatic cystic
      neoplasms, except in its limited ability to demonstrate calcifications of the
      tumor wall and septa.

PMID- 2928547
TI  - Interobserver variation in the interpretation of abdominal radiographs.
AB  - A total of 140 sets of abdominal radiographs were reviewed independently by four
      qualified diagnostic radiologists. The degree of interobserver agreement was
      determined by calculating kappa values for 19 commonly used radiographic signs
      and diagnoses. There was fair to excellent interobserver agreement for 11 signs
      and diagnoses and poor agreement for the remaining eight. The signs and diagnoses
      for which agreement is poor cannot be considered reliable and include
      particularly large bowel obstruction and nonspecific gas pattern.

PMID- 2928548
TI  - The biliary lithotripsy team: the necessity for an interdisciplinary approach.

PMID- 2928549
TI  - Liposomal Gd-DTPA: preparation and characterization of relaxivity.
AB  - Gadolinium diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) has not proved particularly
      useful for hepatosplenic magnetic resonance imaging. However, by entrapping the
      Gd-DTPA within lipid vesicles, one may exploit the ability of the
      reticuloendothelial system to endocytose particulates, permitting passive
      delivery of contrast agent to the liver and spleen while decreasing the rate of
      clearance of Gd-DTPA from the vasculature. Liposomes of 70-400 nm diameter
      containing Gd-DTPA were prepared by a freeze-thaw extrusion process. These
      exhibited high trapping efficiencies and excellent stability during storage. For
      all sizes of liposomes, the relaxivity of the entrapped Gd-DTPA was less than
      that of free Gd-DTPA. Relaxivity varied linearly with the surface-area-to-volume
      ratio of the liposomes; the smaller the liposomes, the greater the relaxivity.
      Liposomes containing cholesterol had a lower relaxivity than liposomes without
      cholesterol. The authors suggest this reflects the decrease in the water
      permeability coefficient caused by the presence of cholesterol in the liposome
      membrane.

PMID- 2928551
TI  - Mammography registry: considerations and options.
AB  - Radiologists are being urged to provide high-quality low-cost screening
      mammography to all women over 40 years of age. A mammography registry coupled
      with existing cancer registries would permit the quality and effectiveness of
      screening efforts to be evaluated. Standards of care would be determined that
      would permit quality assessment at individual centers and that could enhance
      medicolegal defense. The organizing group should consist of physician users,
      experts in mammography, statisticians, and administrators. Data regarding the
      number and type of studies, findings, interpretations, and recommendations could
      be collected and reported easily and cheaply with a standardized form. The
      registry could be financed by federal, state, or private funds; the latter are
      most preferable, but a combination of the three is most feasible. Screening
      mammography presents a serious public health challenge that is best addressed by
      the organization and support of a registry by radiologists.

PMID- 2928550
TI  - Hepatic metastases: liposomal Gd-DTPA-enhanced MR imaging.
AB  - Liposomal gadolinium diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) encapsulated
      within 70- and 400-nm vesicles was tested as a contrast agent for magnetic
      resonance (MR) imaging of the liver in rats with hepatic metastases. Liposomal Gd
      DTPA caused significant improvement in contrast between liver and tumor (P less
      than .005) on T1-weighted MR images. Smaller 70-nm liposomal Gd-DTPA vesicles
      caused greater contrast enhancement, reflecting the larger surface-area-to-volume
      ratio of the smaller vesicles. Liposomal Gd-DTPA-enhanced images permitted
      significant improvement in metastasis detection by five blinded radiologists (P
      less than .005). By comparison, free Gd-DTPA without liposomes caused a
      statistically significant reduction in contrast between tumor and liver and
      reduced lesion detection (P less than .01). Liposomal Gd-DTPA also resulted in
      sustained vascular enhancement for 1 hour after administration. The results
      suggest that paramagnetic liposomes may become a useful MR imaging contrast
      agent.

PMID- 2928552
TI  - Newborn trauma mystery: Res Ipsa Loquitur.

PMID- 2928553
TI  - Failure to use triage slips: death in E.R. Case in point: Montoya v. John Peter
      Smith Hosp. (760 S.W. 2d 361--TX (1988)).

PMID- 2928554
TI  - Legal case briefs for nurses. NE.: sexual assault: Respondeat Superior issue;
      N.Y.: physician's failure to communicate: orders.

PMID- 2928555
TI  - Penrose drain left in patient: continuing tort. Case in point: Jumper v.
      Healthone Corp. (699 F. Supp. 220--SD (1988)).

PMID- 2928556
TI  - Radiation dose assessments in radioiodine (131I) therapy. 1. The necessity for in
      vivo quantitation and dosimetry in the treatment of carcinoma of the thyroid.
AB  - In order to destroy thyroid cancer metastases by radioiodine an average tissue
      dose of 80-300 Gy is needed. Such high doses can be expected, following the
      administration of the conventional 5.5 GBq of 131I, only if both the percentage
      uptake per gram in the target tissue and the effective half life of the
      radioiodine in it are higher than well-defined threshold values, and if every
      dimension of the tissue exceeds several millimeters. The fulfillment of such
      favourable conditions in actual clinical cases can only be confirmed by in vivo
      quantitation of the absorbed dose achieved as a result of the administration of
      radioiodine.

PMID- 2928557
TI  - Radiation-induced lung damage: dose-time-fractionation considerations.
AB  - The comparison of different dose-time-fractionation schedules requires the use of
      an isoeffect formula. In recent years, the NSD isoeffect formula has been heavily
      criticized. In this report, we consider an isoeffect formula which is
      specifically developed for radiation-induced lung damage. The formula is based on
      the linear-quadratic model and includes a factor for overall treatment time. The
      proposed procedures allow for the simultaneous derivation of an alpha/beta ratio
      and a gamma/beta time factor. From animal data in the literature, the derived
      alpha/beta and gamma/beta ratios for acute lung damage are 5.0 +/- 1.0 Gy and 2.7
      +/- 1.4 Gy2/day respectively, while for late damage the suggested values are 2.0
      Gy and 0.0 Gy2/day. Data from two clinical studies, one prospective and the other
      retrospective, were also analysed and corresponding alpha/beta and gamma/beta
      ratios were determined. For the prospective clinical study, with a limited range
      of doses per fraction, the resultant alpha/beta and gamma/beta ratios were 0.9 +/
      2.6 Gy and 2.6 +/- 2.5 Gy2/day. The combination of the retrospective and
      prospective data yielded alpha/beta and gamma/beta ratios of 3.3 +/- 1.5 Gy and
      2.4 +/- 1.5 Gy2/day, respectively. One potential advantage of this isoeffect
      formalism is that it might possibly be applied to both acute and late lung
      damage. The results of this formulation for acute lung damage indicate that time
      dependent effects such as slow repair or proliferation might be more important in
      determining isoeffect doses than previously predicted by the estimated single
      dose (ED) formula. Although we present this as an alternative approach, we would
      caution against its clinical use until its applicability has been confirmed by
      additional clinical data.

PMID- 2928558
TI  - Complications of uterine cervix carcinoma treatments: the problem of a uniform
      classification.
AB  - Ninety-six articles published in English, French and Italian between 1938 and
      1986 have been examined in order to analyze the classifications and reporting
      methods used by different researchers. Specialty and nationality of authors,
      classifications used, organs, systems and anatomic sites considered, weight given
      to the most frequently encountered complications are studied. Fifty-nine papers
      make no use of classification of complications of any kind, neither by onset
      time, nor by severity, but simply describe the observed events. The remaining 37
      papers use a classification based on varying criteria. Thirty-four authors use a
      classification by severity according to different criteria; four authors classify
      complications according to the treatment required. In the remaining 30 papers a
      true scale is used. A total of 22 classifications emerges from these papers; in
      eight cases a previously published classification is used. The weight assigned by
      different authors to specific complications has been compared. The following main
      points emerge from the analysis: about two authors out of three simply describe
      the observed complications; 30 rely on a true scale of severity, but 22 different
      grading systems are used. Most classifications do not cover all possible
      complications, both surgical and radiotherapeutic, but concentrate on those
      complications which are typically generated by author's therapeutic approach.
      Only three take into account complications related to different treatment
      modalities. The observation period is not standardized: published data derive
      from follow-up times spanning from some months to many years. Authors mainly
      focus their interest on gastrointestinal and/or urinary complications; other
      organs and systems are rarely considered.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2928559
TI  - [Treatment of subdiaphragmatic lymph node metastases of primary testicular
      seminoma (stage II)].
AB  - From January 1968 through December 1985, 123 patients with subdiaphragmatic lymph
      node metastases from testicular seminoma were observed. Eighty-five patients
      presented with metastases not bigger than 5 cm (stage II low), and they were all
      treated with radiotherapy (target dose: 35-45 Gy). Out of 38 patients with
      advanced retroperitoneal disease (because of metastases bigger than 5 cm: stage
      II, bulky), 18 were treated with radiotherapy, 14 with chemotherapy, and 6 with
      combined radiotherapy and chemotherapy; moreover, 14 out of 38 patients underwent
      surgical treatment (whole/partial lymph node resection). Actuarial relapse-free
      survival rate has proven higher for "low" patients than for "bulky" ones, both at
      5 years (85.4% versus 75.8%) and at 10 years (83.5% versus 75.8%). On the
      contrary, overall survival has been higher for "low" patients at short-term
      follow-up only (90.4% vs 83.9% at 5 years), while long-term follow-up (10 years)
      has proven the same in both groups. Relapses (22 cases) occurred within 2 years
      in 75% of cases, and within 3 years in 90%. Overall incidence of lymph node
      recurrence has been 10.6%, higher in "bulky" patients (13.3% if treated with
      radiotherapy alone and 21.4% if treated with chemotherapy and/or surgery).
      Distant metastases occurred in 8.1% of cases. Long-term salvage treatment by
      chemotherapy was performed on 1/13 failures in stage II "low" patients and in 3/9
      failures in stage II "bulky" patients. Four patients underwent effective salvage
      therapy in the "low" group, 3 by radiotherapy and 1 by surgery. The authors
      stress how curative radiotherapy appears to be the best treatment for
      retroperitoneal lymph node metastases less than 5 cm diameter, while chemotherapy
      is still to be demonstrated to yield better results than radiotherapy as first
      treatment for patients with advanced abdominal disease.

PMID- 2928560
TI  - [Double pseudoaneurysm of the left ventricle. The diagnostic value of computed
      tomography].

PMID- 2928562
TI  - [Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: a case description].

PMID- 2928561
TI  - [Kommerell diverticulum. Current aspects of the imaging diagnosis].

PMID- 2928563
TI  - [A journal..."nonviable, lacking editorials, commentaries, presentations on
      topical themes..., lacking a robust column of letters to the editor"].

PMID- 2928564
TI  - [Digital radiography in urography].
AB  - The clinical utility was evaluated of a computed radiographic system in
      urography. The system (FCR 101, Philips Medical Systems, Inc., Shelton, CT) is
      based on a photo-stimulatable phosphor screen (imaging plate) for X-ray image
      detection and storage. The X-ray information recorded on the imaging plate is
      converted into digital from and processed by means of a computer. After
      processing is completed, the digitized image is reversed back to analogic
      signals, which modulate the intensity of a laser beam scanning the image on a
      single-emulsion film (Fuji CR 633). Two hundred IVP's were obtained in four
      groups, of 50 patients each, with normal azotemic values by rapid infusion of a
      low osmolality contrast medium (iopamidol 150 mgI/ml). While conventional
      radiographs were performed on the first group of patients with the injection of
      0.6 gI/kg body weight of contrast medium, digital examinations were carried out,
      in the remaining three groups, with the injection of 0.6, 0.3 and 0.12 gI/kg,
      respectively. The digital images were processed with the "Abdomen-routine"
      program. A specific algorithm was implemented in order to reduce the excessive
      contrast resolution of the bladder, which is due to the characteristics of the
      nonionic contrast medium and enhanced by the reading program. The image details
      were evaluated by two observers and then statistically analyzed with
      nonparametric tests. Statistical analysis did not show any difference in the
      quality of digital and screen-film images. Image processing improved some
      inadequate images, by reducing the contrast resolution of the bladder, and
      allowed a better detection of some details. Low doses (0.3 gI/kg) of a low
      osmolality (150 mgI/kg) contrast medium were enough to obtain good images.
      Another biological advantage was obtained by a consistent radiation dose
      reduction (about 40%).

PMID- 2928565
TI  - [CT and MR compared in the study of hypophysis].
AB  - Normal CT and MR anatomy was studied in two series (53 and 25 cases respectively)
      of young volunteers of both sexes, asymptomatic and certainly without lesions of
      the pituitary gland. 115 other pathological cases (73 hyperprolactinemias, 8
      acromegalies, 15 Cushing syndromes, 2 hyperthyroidisms, 17 nonsecreting adenomas)
      were examined using both CT and MRI. Both an accurate review of the relative
      literature and the results of our own series prove that MR is superior to CT in
      diagnosing pituitary microadenomas (3.2% not diagnosed with MRI and 25.8% not
      diagnosed with CT), in the follow-up of prolactinomas subjected to medical
      therapy and in the study of extrasellar involvement of pituitary adenomas,
      particularly with regard to the demonstration of compression of the optic
      chiasma.

PMID- 2928567
TI  - [Value and limits of CT in the preoperative assessment of primary malignant
      tumors of bone. Observations in 138 cases].
AB  - To estimate the capabilities and limitations of CT in the preoperative evaluation
      of malignant primary bone neoplasms, 138 patients were examined with high
      resolution CT and subsequently underwent surgery. In all cases a pathologic
      examination of the surgical specimen was performed, whose results were compared
      to CT findings. CT appears to yield important diagnostic contribution to
      preoperative staging. As a matter of fact, CT shows the tumor extension and its
      relationship to the adjacent anatomical structures, particularly, it shows the
      involvement of the muscular and vascular bundles, and that of the articular
      cavity and medullary canal. These data are of primary importance for planning
      therapy. The commonest CT limitations are: overestimation of the tumor extension,
      false positives and false negatives when searching "skip" metastases, and,
      sometimes, inaccurate definition of the relationship between tumor and vascular
      bundles and/or articular cavities. These limitations may be overcome by using,
      when necessary, other techniques--i.e. angiography, bone scan and, above all, MR
      imaging.

PMID- 2928566
TI  - [Intracranial hemorrhage studied with a high-field (1.5T) NMR apparatus].
AB  - Fifty-two patients were studied with high-field magnetic resonance imaging
      (1.5T), with T1- and T2-weighted spin-echo pulse sequences. The study was aimed
      at assessing the efficacy of MR imaging in the evaluation of intracranial
      hematomas. Characteristic intensity patterns were observed in the evolution of
      the hematomas, due to the physicochemical changes in hemoglobin. No acute
      hematomas were observed. In 35 sub-acute hematomas, peripheral hyperintensity
      could be observed on T1- and T2-weighted pulse sequences. This hyperintensity
      eventually fills in the hematoma in the chronic stage. In 17 chronic hematomas, a
      peripheral hypointense ring due to hemosiderin deposits was seen on T1- and T2
      weighted scans. The authors conclude that high-field MR imaging is a very
      sensible diagnostic method in the evaluation of sub-acute and chronic hematomas.

PMID- 2928568
TI  - [Soft-tissue sarcomas of the extremities. Their assessment with magnetic
      resonance].
AB  - MR imaging was performed on 38 patients with suspected malignant soft-tissue
      tumors of the extremities. MR diagnostic accuracy was compared with that of other
      methods. All patients underwent surgical control. In 7 cases MR imaging was
      employed to demonstrate the tumor response to antiblastic local perfusion. Lesion
      identification, extension, compartmental evaluation, bone and vascular
      involvement were the diagnostic parameters considered. In all cases MR imaging
      detected the lesion, correctly showing the intracompartmental (16 patients) or
      extracompartmental (22 patients) extension. In 2 out of 6 cases MR imaging did
      not demonstrate bone invasion, and in 1 case vascular involvement could not be
      assessed. MR diagnostic accuracy was superior to that of other techniques.
      Nonetheless, a diagnostic protocol was proposed for the local staging of
      malignant soft-tissue tumors of the extremities where some diagnostic limitations
      of MR imaging are taken into account--i.e., inconsistent evaluation of bone and
      vascular involvement. Plain X-rays and US are the imaging modalities of choice,
      whereas MR imaging is to be a second-choice diagnostic technique before biopsy.
      Thus, MR imaging replaces CT, while angiography is to be used in selected cases,
      where MR imaging is not diagnostic due to vascular involvement.

PMID- 2928569
TI  - [Bronchopulmonary carcinoma. Anatomico-radiologic correlations of growth
      dynamics].

PMID- 2928570
TI  - [Induction of liver metastases in the rat. An experimental model for research on
      magnetic resonance].
AB  - The authors report their experience in the implantation of hepatic metastases in
      rat, for research in magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Tumor cells were directly
      injected with a fine needle into an hepatic lobe, after enzymatic disaggregation
      of the cell suspension. Cryopreservation of the cell line is possible after the
      above-mentioned preparation. Tumor implants were observed in all the 20 animals
      studied, with size varying from 0.5 to 2.7 cm, according to the time elapsed
      between inoculation and sacrifice of the rat. On MR imaging the tumors presented
      the same signal intensity as the corresponding human pathology, on both T1- and
      T2-weighted sequences. The animal model can be used for the evaluation of the
      efficacy of MR imaging of the liver, and mainly for the assessment of new organo
      specific contrast agents.

PMID- 2928571
TI  - [Pre- and postoperative radiotherapy of oral carcinoma of a locally advanced
      stage. An analysis of the results and complications].
AB  - The combination of radiotherapy and surgery in the treatment of advanced oral
      carcinoma (T3 and T4 lesions) yields good possibilities of recovery; whether
      radiotherapy should be given before or after surgery is still debated. Fifty
      patients with advanced oral carcinomas were analyzed: 24 of them were irradiated
      before and 26 after surgery; doses ranged from 40 to 56 Gy for the first group of
      patients, and from 50 to 68 Gy for the second one. The disease-free survival 48
      months after the diagnosis was 36% in patients who received preoperative
      irradiation, and 53.6% in patients who received postoperative radiotherapy; the
      latter allowed local control of the disease to be significantly improved (chi 2
      3.99, 0.01 less than p less than 0.05). The quality of survival was worse in the
      group receiving preoperative irradiation, because of radiation-induced surgical
      complications, which were especially observed in patients with diffuse disease.
      Our findings suggest that postoperative radiotherapy may be advisable if the
      tumor is resectable, since tolerance and local control rate were acceptable. On
      the contrary, nearly inoperable masses and massive neck diseases often require
      preoperative irradiation.

PMID- 2928572
TI  - Advanced imaging of the wrist.
AB  - In an effort to improve the radiologist's contribution to the evaluation of the
      painful wrist, the authors have studied the usefulness of a variety of imaging
      techniques. Preliminary results of these studies, including: 173 conventional CT,
      80 3-D CT, 119 postarthrography CT, 138 multiple compartment digital subtraction
      arthrography and 55 MRI examinations, are reported, and technical aspects of the
      examinations are described.

PMID- 2928573
TI  - Clinical experience with rapid acquisition cardiovascular CT imaging (cine CT) in
      the adult patient.
AB  - In this overview of cine-CT technology and its clinical application, the authors
      discuss the unique features of the imaging unit and describe the scanning
      programs and projections available for cardiac studies. Application of the unit
      to physiologic studies (e.g., cardiac output and ejection fractions) are
      illustrated, and examples of the value of the unit for the diagnosis of septal
      defects, aortic dissection, valvular regurgitation, prosthetic value malfunction
      and coronary artery bypass graft occlusion are presented.

PMID- 2928574
TI  - Improved detection of healed myocardial infarction by Fourier amplitude and phase
      imaging in two projections: validation with MRI.
AB  - Biplane Fourier amplitude and phase images from radionuclide ventriculograms were
      analyzed for the presence of regional wall motion abnormalities in 25 patients
      who had a total of 33 healed myocardial infarctions (nonviable scar tissue)
      documented by contrast ventriculography and ECG. This indirect evidence was
      validated by MRI, which permits direct visualization of healed myocardial
      infarction. The use of amplitude and phase images in both projections resulted in
      the detection of more healed myocardial infarctions (91%) than did the use of
      conventional radionuclide ventriculography with left anterior oblique images
      alone (67%), because inferior wall infarcts are more readily visualized in the
      left posterior oblique projection.

PMID- 2928575
TI  - General case of the day. Massive pulmonary microtumor embolism.

PMID- 2928576
TI  - Pediatric case of the day. Complete ureteral triplication.

PMID- 2928577
TI  - Teaching moderately mentally retarded children basic reading skills.
AB  - The present study assessed the efficacy of a program for teaching moderately
      mentally retarded children basic reading skills. Central to the program were the
      use of a phonemic alphabet as well as the application of pictorial cueing and
      stimulus manipulation techniques. The program consisted of six phases. It started
      with the training of graphemes for vowels (Phase 1) and ended with the training
      of two-syllable words (Phase 6). Four moderately mentally retarded students
      participated. Given time constraints, not all subjects completed all phases of
      the program. The training ended with the reading of one-syllable three letter
      words for one subject, one-syllable four letter words for two subjects, and two
      syllable words for one subject. Subsequent generalization tests revealed that all
      subjects were capable of reading untrained words of the same complexity as those
      previously trained; and to read and, to a lesser extent, understand simple
      sentences. The execution of the program required an average training time of 35
      hours per subject. Aspects pertaining to the validity of the program, the
      efficacy of the procedures, and the relevance of the learned skills are
      discussed.

PMID- 2928578
TI  - Nutritional status of institutionalized children and adolescents with
      developmental disabilities.
AB  - The relationship was explored between anomalies associated with developmental
      disabilities and nutritional status of institutionalized children and adolescents
      who received comprehensive interdisciplinary services. Variables included dietary
      intake, serum laboratory values, anthropometric measurements, feeding skills
      assessment, and clinical assessment. Mean intakes of nutrients were greater than
      67% of Recommended Daily Allowances. Laboratory values were within normal ranges
      with the exceptions of serum ferritin, which was borderline or below normal in
      46% of the males and 55% of the females, and alkaline phosphatase, which was
      elevated in 70% of residents receiving anticonvulsants. Energy intake was highest
      in residents with adequate feeding skills, followed by nonfeeders and feeders
      requiring behavior management. Subjects had greater triceps skinfold and lower
      mid-arm muscle circumference and weight measurements as compared to reference
      data. Findings of this study suggest that these developmentally disabled children
      and adolescents who received comprehensive interdisciplinary nutritional
      services, in general, are adequately nourished and have nutrient intakes that
      meet the RDA requirements.

PMID- 2928579
TI  - Psychotropic drug use in older developmentally disabled with behavioral
      difficulties.
AB  - Use of psychotropic medications with elders who are mentally retarded is a very
      common procedure. However, patterns of medication usage in this group are not
      easily determined. Objectives were to explore relationships between prescribed
      psychotropic treatments, the types of reported behavioral difficulties, and the
      size/type of living settings where these difficulties were exhibited. Subjects
      were moderately mentally retarded elders who were living in Congregate and Group
      care settings who were observed and rated by caretakers using a standard behavior
      rating instrument. Comprehensive medical (drug) and demographic data was obtained
      on each person. The study revealed that psychotropic use was more frequent in
      congregate care settings for these older clients. Those more elderly demonstrated
      a tendency toward higher utilization. Little differences were evident in the
      general characteristics (sex, IQ, reality orientation) of elders living in the
      two settings despite differences in drug use rates. Future research needs to
      focus on differences in behavior problems and setting factors to more fully
      understand drug utilization rates in elders with mental retardation.

PMID- 2928580
TI  - Role relations between children who are mentally retarded and their older
      siblings: observations in three in-home contexts.
AB  - Older nonhandicapped siblings and same-sex younger mentally retarded siblings (n
      = 16 sibling pairs) were observed in their homes during toy play, snack, and
      television-viewing, as were an equal number of comparison sibling pairs, matched
      for age, gender, and family characteristics. Role relationships between mentally
      retarded children and older siblings were asymmetrical, with older siblings
      assuming frequent teacher, manager, and helper roles. Older sisters, in
      particular, participated in frequent teaching. Amount of interaction between
      siblings was directly related to the contexts in which they were observed.
      Nonhandicapped siblings engaged each other more as playmates. Interactional
      correlates of language and adaptive competencies of the mentally retarded
      children are presented, as are correlations between the age of the siblings and
      the roles they assume with each other.

PMID- 2928581
TI  - Prevalence of psychopathology among mentally retarded adults.
AB  - The prevalence of psychopathological disorders was determined in a random,
      stratified sample of 165 adults, 110 males and 55 females, with mental
      retardation using the Psychopathology Instrument for Mentally Retarded Adults.
      Stratified variables included mental retardation level and living environment
      (institutional, family, independent). Results showed that 35.9% of the sample had
      at least one significant psychopathological disorder. Presence of pathology was
      related to level of retardation, but not to living environment, sex, or age.
      Difficulties associated with assessing pathology in persons with mental
      retardation are described.

PMID- 2928582
TI  - [Tuberculosis in 1989].

PMID- 2928583
TI  - [Evaluation of the sequelae of occupational asthma].
AB  - Current knowledge of the evolution of occupational asthma is based on few
      clinical studies in groups of patients sensitized to red cedar, colophony, crab
      boiling water and organic isocyanates. Whatever the sensitizing agent,
      respiratory sequelae appear to be very frequent (50% or more of subjects removed
      from exposure) and characterized by the persistence of an asthmatic condition
      with a variable degree of severity. For the greater part of these cases certain
      features at the time of diagnosis assessment appear to be of prognostic value for
      evolution: age, duration of occupational exposure, duration of symptomatic
      exposure, presence of spirometric alterations, degree of bronchial
      hyperreactivity. In all cases persistence of exposure after diagnosis produced
      unchanged or worsened symptomatology as a consequence. After removal from
      exposure the manner of evolution may be classified in three groups (1. recovery,
      2. intermittent attacks lasting more than one month after exposure exclusion, 3.
      persistence of an airflow obstruction); particularities of their distinctive
      course are to consider when evaluating sequelae: symptomatology, degree of
      bronchial hyperreactivity, presence of airway obstruction, need for long-term
      steroid therapy, impossibility to find another employment on account of asthmatic
      attacks due to effort in coldness or to atmospheric pollutants, finally the
      course of intermittent attacks which does not allow a full appreciation of the
      severity of sequelae before six months or even one year of allergen exclusion.

PMID- 2928584
TI  - [Chronic cough in adolescents and respiratory symptoms in adults].
AB  - The object of this work was to study the relationship between chronic cough in
      adolescence, and chronic symptoms and airflow obstruction in adults. The data
      were collected between 1982 and 1984 from 1807 men and women living in Bordeaux
      (France) and its surrounds. A self administered questionnaire was used which
      focused on current respiratory symptoms and respiratory symptoms during
      adolescence. Spirometric curves (FVC, FEV1 and FEF 25-75) were measured. The
      population was evenly split between men (mean age 40.1) and women (mean age
      38.6). Most subjects were French; more than half were non smokers; all
      socioprofessional categories were represented except farmers, craftsmen and
      merchants. The proportion of subjects with current respiratory symptoms was 2 to
      10 times higher amongst subjects with respiratory symptoms during their
      adolescence than in those who had none. The relationships were highly significant
      and remained so after adjustments for the confounding factors following: sex,
      age, nationality, socio-economic status, smoking habits, occupational exposure
      and previous occupational disease. Mean spirometric values were higher amongst
      subjects without chronic cough during their adolescence than those who had cough.
      Differences were significant for FVC, FEV1, FEF 25-75 in women and were on the
      borderline for FEF 25-75 in men. This study showed that respiratory conditions in
      adolescence represent an important risk factor for chronic symptoms and airflow
      obstruction in adult life.

PMID- 2928585
TI  - [The frequency of Kaposi's bronchial sarcoma in AIDS. Personal experience in
      1987].
AB  - In 1987 we carried out 87 broncho-alveolar lavages in 58 HIV positive patients:
      of these 17 suffered from AIDS and Kaposi sarcoma. Amongst the latter we noticed
      signs suggestive of bronchial Kaposi sarcoma on five occasions: this is a
      frequency of 29.5% for the AIDS + Kaposi sarcoma group and of 8.6% for the group
      overall.

PMID- 2928586
TI  - [The contribution of computerized tomography to the diagnosis of diffuse
      pulmonary lymphangiomyomatosis. Apropos of a case].
AB  - The authors report a case of lymphangiomatosis (LAM) proven histologically in a
      49 year old female. This case benefitted from very detailed CT-scanning (IDM)
      with characteristic images obtained from the thorax and bilateral renal tumours
      suggestive of angiomyolipomas. This association seems to be quasi-pathognomic of
      the disease. The discovery at CT-scanning of cerebral calcification raises a
      possible connection of LAM with Bourneville's tuberous sclerosis. This CT
      scanning study has several points of interest: the early diagnosis of pulmonary
      lesions which are under evaluated by standard radiography; a complete inventory
      of the possible localisations of the disease; it enables a possible diagnosis in
      very frail patients in whom a lung biopsy would be a risk; an ability to assess
      further progress as there also exists a good correlation between the extent of
      the disease assessed by TDM and the disturbance in pulmonary function.

PMID- 2928587
TI  - [Multiple bilateral pulmonary nodules and masses].

PMID- 2928588
TI  - [Response to the "Open letter to pneumologists"].

PMID- 2928589
TI  - [Where are we with the treatment of bronchial cancer?].

PMID- 2928590
TI  - Rehabilitation nursing: why not now?

PMID- 2928591
TI  - Developing and computerizing a patient classification system in a rehabilitation
      nursing setting.
AB  - This article describes the process of developing and computerizing a patient
      classification tool for rehabilitation nursing. When the nursing department of
      Sharp Memorial Hospital Rehabilitation Center in San Diego, CA, and the nursing
      division of the entire hospital decided to develop a new acuity instrument, a
      decision was made to design a tool that would be specific for every unit but
      would comply with certain parameters to allow for computerizing the system.
      Computerization of the instrument resulted in a decrease in staff nurses' time
      spent rating patients, improved accuracy of ratings, ease of auditing, improved
      management reports, and a decrease in clerical time.

PMID- 2928592
TI  - The use of therapeutic touch with rehabilitation clients.
AB  - Therapeutic touch is a holistic nursing strategy that can be incorporated as an
      adjunctive therapy in rehabilitation nursing practice. Therapeutic touch is a
      derivative of "laying on of hands" that is based on doctoral nursing research and
      involves the intentionally therapeutic interaction of energy between the nurse
      and client. Research has demonstrated its effectiveness in eliciting the
      relaxation response. In this article, specific case studies are used to
      illustrate when therapeutic touch may be used, how it is implemented as an
      adjunctive therapy in a nursing process framework, and how it is documented in
      the nursing care plan.

PMID- 2928594
TI  - The development of theory-based practice by graduate students in rehabilitation
      nursing.

PMID- 2928593
TI  - A patient self-assessment tool for cardiac rehabilitation.
AB  - A patient self-assessment tool was designed, tested, and implemented to promote
      cardiac-specific data collection, based on Gordon's Functional Health Patterns,
      to maximize patient/family involvement in determining a plan of care, and to
      streamline primary nurses' documentation requirements. Retrospective and
      concurrent chart reviews provided data for quality assurance monitoring. The
      results of the monitoring demonstrated that the self-assessment tool markedly
      improved the patient-specific data base.

PMID- 2928595
TI  - [The Diamed Test System (Konig & Partner System House, 1984)--a review].

PMID- 2928596
TI  - [Vocational aptitude and inclination--aspects of their assessment and evaluation
      in rehabilitation].
AB  - The task of appraising aptitudes and inclinations accompanies a rehabilitee and
      the rehabilitation workers involved for the entire duration of an occupationally
      focussed rehabilitation measure. Explicitly so in vocational guidance measures,
      it aims at obtaining a sound basis for decision-making in view of vocational
      reorientation. Responsibility for this decision in the last analysis rests with
      the rehabilitee himself, an aspect that abolishes any strict separation of
      aptitude and inclination in predicting outcome in the context of occupational
      perspectives. Being the decision-making agent, the rehabilitee must therefore be
      offered typical situational fragments of a possible educational and vocational
      future, intended on the one hand to inform him of occupational alternatives and,
      on the other, to provide initial experience. The rehabilitation worker's role in
      this process requires a client-centered stance in terms of information provider
      and trusted agent, which is to help avoid an adverse exams climate evolve in this
      momentous decision-making phase. Psychological testing, from this angle, should
      be used merely as a supplementary means. The approach outlined for appraisal of
      individual potentials requires intensive teamwork, not least also in view of
      verifying individual capacity.

PMID- 2928597
TI  - [Legal principles for participation of medical service in vocational guidance and
      education].
AB  - Dealt with is the medical profession's legal status in the vocational education
      and vocational retraining centres. The legal basis for the medical doctor's
      activities in this type of facilities is clarified, drawing on the legislational
      history of various rehabilitation-related laws.

PMID- 2928598
TI  - Insulin-like growth factor I during growth in bulls.
AB  - In 10 bulls, changes in blood plasma concentrations of insulin-like growth factor
      I (IGF1) were studied during rearing and during the ensuing growth period. IGF1
      continuously increased from 32 micrograms/l at the age of 15 d to 194
      micrograms/l at the age of 307 d together with body weight. However, IGF1 was not
      related to daily rate of gain, which remained fairly constant during the growth
      period. An age-dependent increase was also observed for blood levels of insulin,
      thyroxine and triiodothyronine. The data suggest that insulin and thyroid
      hormones may be causally related to the age-dependent increase in IGF1 levels.

PMID- 2928599
TI  - Iodine nutrition in ewes: effects of low to high iodine intake on iodine content
      of biological fluids in pregnant and lactating ewes.
AB  - In a first experiment, 2 groups of 46 and 47 multiparous ewes received diets
      which provided an iodine intake of 0.36 and 0.26 mg/kg dry matter (group C) and,
      2.01 and 1.94 mg/kg (group D), respectively, for pregnancy and lactation. In a
      second experiment, 3 groups of 10 nulliparous ewes received diets which provided
      an I intake of 0.13 and 0.12 mg/kg dry matter (group A), 0.22 and 0.20 mg/kg dry
      matter (group B), and 10.77 and 8.88 mg/kg dry matter (group E), respectively,
      for pregnancy and lactation. Observations and sampling were carried out on the
      ewes from the first third of pregnancy to the 2nd and the 6th week of lactation.
      The diets provided adequate nutrition for pregnant and lactating ewes. Dietary I
      content had no effect on the dry matter intake, the size or the weight of the
      litter and the length of pregnancy. Plasma inorganic iodine (PII) was less
      affected by the I intake during lactation than during pregnancy. The excretion of
      I in milk induced a decrease in PII between pregnancy and lactation. The I in
      urine expressed as microgram I/g creatinine was largely affected by the intake.
      Colostrum I was 6.7, 4.0, 1.2, 1.3 and 1.5 times higher in groups A, B, C, D and
      E than the I in milk collected 1 week postpartum. Milk iodine (MI) content and
      the ratio MI/PII were markedly dependent on the I intake. During pregnancy,
      plasma T4 concentration decreased for each group. Plasma T4 concentration
      remained low during lactation in the low I intake group, whereas it increased at
      the same time in the other groups. The plasma T3 concentration decreased at the
      6th week of lactation in the highest I intake group. Experimental values showed
      that 0.12 mg I/kg dry matter induced depletion in the I stocks of pregnant and
      lactating ewes, whereas an I intake above 10 mg I/mg dry matter disturbed the
      metabolism of thyroid hormones.

PMID- 2928600
TI  - [Marker transfer between food particles during digestive transit in the rabbit.
      Estimation method based on fecal granulometry].
AB  - Five adult rabbits (New Zealand White x Californian) were fed ad libitum for 10
      days a pelleted feed compound containing dehydrated lucerne whose particles (0.05
      0.5 mm in size) were marked with a rare earth, i.e. ytterbium (Yb). In order to
      estimate the proportion of marker liable to leave its initial site of binding, we
      measured the amount of ytterbium present on faeces particles larger than 0.5 mm.
      The total amount of faeces was collected during the following 3 days. The faeces
      screening technique used in this study was adapted from that applied to feed.
      However, the repeatability was low for the large particles (greater than 1 mm),
      whose number was small. Half of the digesta particles (52%) exhibited a smaller
      size than 0.05 mm. The proportion of large particles (greater than 1 mm) in the
      faeces was low (1.5%) while that of the other particle classes ranged from 20
      33.5%. After pelleting, more than 40% Yb initially bound to lucerne particles
      measuring 0.5 to 0.05 mm, was present on fine particles (less than 0.05 mm).
      Accordingly, only minima and maxima amounts of Yb having migrated on large
      particles (greater than 0.5 mm) could be measured, i.e. 2.5 and 8.9%,
      respectively of the ingested Yb. Taking also into account a migration towards
      small particles, about 10% Yb was liable to leave its initial site during its
      passage through the digestive tract of the rabbit.

PMID- 2928601
TI  - Effect of calcium and magnesium ions on the intestinal absorption of oleic acid
      in vitro.
AB  - The effect of Ca++ and Mg++ upon intestinal absorption of oleic acid was
      investigated using two in vitro models: rat isolated jejunal loops at 30 degrees
      C and 37 degrees C and mouse jejunal explants at 37 degrees C. At 30 degrees C or
      at 37 degrees C, Ca++ significantly increased 14C oleic acid uptake by rat
      isolated jejunal loops or mouse jejunal explants; at 37 degrees C, Ca++
      significantly enhanced lipid exocytosis in rat intestinal loops but not in mouse
      jejunal explants; in both models, in the presence of Ca++ and at 37 degrees C,
      Mg++ significantly improved the esterification of oleic acid phospholipids and
      triacylglycerols, as shown by the increase in triacyglycerol synthesis in rat
      isolated intestinal loops or by the increase in triacylglycerols recovered from
      the incubation media of mouse jejunal explants; experiments carried out with rat
      isolated jejunal loops highlighted the determinant role of temperature in oleic
      acid absorption processes. The present work shows that the simultaneous presence
      of Ca++ and Mg++ did not impede oleic acid absorption processes but, on the
      contrary, enhanced them.

PMID- 2928602
TI  - Plasma lactose after weaning and its relationship with lactose content of milk,
      post-weaning plasma oestradiol-17 beta and weaning to mating interval in sows.
AB  - Twenty first-liter sows were used to investigate the relationship between plasma
      lactose concentrations following weaning and milk production, total milk content
      of lactose, post-weaning plasma oestradiol-17beta (E2) concentration and weaning
      to mating interval. Milk production was estimated from 6 out of 8 hourly
      successive "weighing-suckling-weighing" of piglets on day 21 of a 28-day
      lactation. Sows were cannulated in the jugular vein and sampled at 8-h intervals
      from 2 h to 66 h after weaning. Plasma lactose concentrations (means +/- SE)
      after weaning increased from 52 +/- 4 microM at the beginning of sampling to a
      peak value of 183 +/- 23 microM 40 h later and then decreased to 91 +/- 11 microM
      66 h after weaning (P less than 0.001). Milk production on day 21 (7.5 +/- 0.3
      kg) and the corresponding milk content of lactose (400.5 +/- 0.2 g) were not
      related (P greater than 0.10) to area under the curve, timing, amplitude and
      spreading of the lactose peak in plasma. Similarly, none of the characteristics
      of the lactose peak were related (P greater than 0.10) to weaning to mating
      interval. There was a linear increase (P less than 0.0001) in mean plasma E2
      concentrations (means +/- SE) from 5.6 +/- 0.3 pg/ml, 2 h after weaning, to 12.9
      +/- 1.2 pg/ml at the end of the sampling period. On a within-sow basis, there was
      a correlation (r = 0.28; P less than 0.01) between post-weaning plasma lactose
      and E2 concentrations. Results showed the existence of the post-weaning peak of
      plasma lactose in sows.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2928603
TI  - In vivo 13C NMR studies of glucose catabolism by isolated rumen bacteria.
AB  - Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was used to study the metabolism of the rumen
      bacterial ecosystem. The fermentation of 1-13C-glucose was investigated. This
      system showed a transient build-up and decay of lactate labelled at the C3
      position. The degradation of lactate gave rise to volatile fatty acids. These
      results agree with in vivo data on diets rich in available carbohydrates.

PMID- 2928604
TI  - 17 beta-estradiol secretion in normal and hypophysectomized chick embryos.
AB  - Ovaries from decapitated, sham-operated and intact 18-day-old chick embryos were
      cultured in Medium 199 for 6 h, and the amount of 17 beta-estradiol released into
      the culture media was determined by radioimmunoassay. Ovaries from decapitated
      embryos secreted significantly lower amounts of 17 beta-estradiol than those from
      intact embryos, but there was no difference when they were compared to ovaries
      from sham-operated embryos in this respect. On an ovarian weight basis, 17 beta
      oestradiol production was significantly different between the 3 groups of
      embryos, the ratio being highest in the decapitates. 17 beta-Estradiol
      concentration was the same in serum from both decapitated and intact female
      embryos. Considering these results, it is concluded that the hypophysis does not
      control 17 beta-estradiol secretion by the chick embryo ovary even near hatching
      time.

PMID- 2928605
TI  - Recombinant human erythropoietin therapy. Part I: clinical issues.

PMID- 2928606
TI  - [Diagnostic studies in carbon monoxide poisoning].
AB  - Origin, symptomatology, seriousness and mechanism of carbon monoxide toxicity
      have been reviewed as are the diagnosis based on clinical or analytical data upon
      which the physician may rely to search out a CO intoxication. Treatments are
      discussed and the best therapy is proposed in case of mild or severe poisonings.

PMID- 2928607
TI  - [Peroperative radiotherapy].
AB  - Tolerance of normal tissues limits the radiation dose which can be safely
      delivered to tumors especially for gastro-intestinal cancers. Intraoperative
      radiotherapy is a specialized technique for treating infradiaphragmatic and
      deeply located tumors allowing to deliver a high dose to the tumor while avoiding
      surrounding normal tissues which can be moved aside. The authors describe the
      technique and review indications and possibilities.

PMID- 2928608
TI  - [Screening in asthma].
AB  - One of the most important characteristics of asthma is its association with non
      specific bronchial hyperresponsiveness. This is diagnosed by histamine bronchial
      challenge tests. This latter is an easy procedure but requires a precise and
      standardized methodology. We have analysed, in a large group of bronchial
      challenge tests (n = 162) the clinical correlations with bronchial response to
      histamine. Our conclusions are in agreement with several recent literature, and
      may be summarised as follows: 1. more than 10% of patients, clinically considered
      as asthmatics do not show bronchial hyperresponsiveness and probably will not
      benefit from bronchodilators; 2. several aspecific respiratory symptoms (cough,
      chest tightness, blocked nose and sneezing, recurrent bronchitis, etc...) are
      frequently associated with bronchial hyperresponsiveness and should be considered
      as asthmatic manifestations. To conclude, we recommend to realise a histamine non
      specific challenge test in all cases of clinical suspicion of asthma (with normal
      lung function at basal state) and in all subjects presenting chest symptoms of
      uncertain etiology.

PMID- 2928609
TI  - [Value of examining the placenta in pregnancies complicated by fetal
      malformations].
AB  - This investigation was undertaken to determine whether examination of the
      placenta contributed to a better understanding of the causes of fetal
      malformations. Specific histological abnormalities were found in triploidy and
      lysosomal storage disorders. Placentas from trisomies only showed a marked a
      specific retardation of villous maturation. The most frequent placental
      abnormalities detailed in cases presenting major fetal malformations with normal
      karyotype were: velamentous insertion of the umbilical cord, placental
      hypotrophy, single umbilical artery, marginal retroplacental hematoma and
      generalized perivillous fibrin deposition. Examination of the placenta after
      fetal malformation can provide helpful informations in counseling the parents and
      the perinatal team in the follow-up of any future child bearing.

PMID- 2928610
TI  - [A case of fever with eosinophilia and symptoms of muscular necrosis].

PMID- 2928611
TI  - [In-vitro fertilization at the University of Liege. Evaluation 1985-1988].

PMID- 2928612
TI  - [Health policy aspects: role of the government in the prevention of tobacco
      abuse].
AB  - Possible instruments for control of tobacco-abuse available in a liberal and
      democratic country are discussed. Prohibition-strategies including bans on
      advertisement and non smoking areas, reduction of insurance benefits and
      modifications of liability rules are valued with reservation. Emphasis is placed
      on fiscal measures and on support of preventive measures exerted by family
      physicians.

PMID- 2928613
TI  - [A case from practice (129). Patient: Mr. A.W., born 8-23-1933, electrician].

PMID- 2928614
TI  - [Clinical aspects of obstructive pneumopathy (COPD)].
AB  - This paper gives a short overview of the most pertinent clinical features and
      diagnostic measures in chronic obstructive lung disease. In particular, the
      patient's smoking habits should be questioned extensively, a prolonged expiratory
      phase identified and pulmonary function tests performed properly.

PMID- 2928615
TI  - [A case from practice (130). Patient: P.T., born 1959, food engineer (HIV
      infection CDC Group IV C2 and IV D)].

PMID- 2928616
TI  - [Radiological diagnosis of bronchus carcinoma].
AB  - Chest radiography is the basic imaging method in lung cancer. It allows early
      detection of peripheral and, with lower sensitivity, detection of central
      neoplasms. The subsequent staging procedure includes other imaging tools, first
      of all computed tomography (CT) for a noninvasive estimate of the local and
      regional extent. Because of high sensitivity and lower specificity for
      mediastinal disease, positive CT scans suggesting inoperability ask for
      cytological verification whereas negative studies justify surgery unless other
      contraindications exist. During and after treatment, chest radiography again
      affords a morphological follow up. Systematic comparison of the current with
      recent and early post-treatment studies is a prerequisite for detecting tiny
      signs of recurrent disease and for differentiating them from iatrogenic changes
      and infection.

PMID- 2928617
TI  - [Magnetic resonance in the assessment of cardiovascular diseases].

PMID- 2928618
TI  - [Psychopathology and psychodynamics of self destruction].
AB  - Starting from the first publications on the topic as e.g. the famous monograph
      "Le suicide" written by Durkheim in 1897, the suicide research was based mainly
      on psychosocial dimensions. Therefore, the main area of research were patients
      who had survived an attempt of suicide. This led to the faulty conclusion that
      these patients represent the largest risk group. Today we know that depressive
      patients represent the number one risk group. They are followed by drug and
      alcohol addicts, by elderly and lonesome people, by the group of patients who
      threaten with suicide or who announce it, and finally as a last risk group, by
      those people who have failed at a first attempt. The psychodynamics show that
      suicidal behavior is akin to self-aggression. Mainly among younger people occur
      suicides, which have predominantly the function to appeal, to draw attention to
      the subject who has been unable to verbalize his problems. One attempt to help
      these people consists of becoming aware that the wish to die generally goes along
      with the wish to stay alive, from which result the cries for help and
      announcements of suicide. Apart from this psychosocial suicide research, in
      recent years a biological component turned out to be possibly more relevant than
      originally assumed. With respect to the heredity of suicidal behavior up to now
      only those suicidal acts were considered that occur within the frame of
      endogenous depressions. Recent studies however point at an accumulation within
      families that is not in context with the manic-depressive illness. Biochemical
      studies indicate in addition that suicidal behavior tends to go along frequently
      with a lack of serotonin. From this follows that inthe future suicide and suicide
      treatment will see a biopsychosocial theory as a basis.

PMID- 2928619
TI  - [A report on experiences using Goldberg's GHQ (General Health Questionnaire)].
AB  - The General Health Questionnaire (Goldberg and Hiller, 1978, 1979) is a screening
      instrument for clinical and preclinical assessment of psychosomatic disorders and
      proneness to such disturbance. It has been translated into German by F.
      Gutzwiller for a national health survey (SNF 8/SOMIPOPS) and has been used
      thereafter in several studies in combination with other psychometric instruments.
      This current paper presents a set of test-related theoretical and statistical
      parameters of the GHQ (28-item version). The specificity of the proposed scales
      (somatic symptoms, anxiety and insomnia, social dysfunction, severe depression)
      is relatively low in the German version. Nevertheless may the questionnaire be
      recommended for nonclinical and nonpsychiatric in-patient use, as it picks up
      aspects of depression and suicidal behavior, of a general disturbance feeling,
      and of mental and psychophysical stress and exhaustion. Further evaluation is
      recommended.

PMID- 2928620
TI  - [Physical examination preceding entry into apprenticeship: preventive measure or
      administrative burden?].
AB  - The new Swiss federal legislation on vocational and trade training requires that
      all cantons organize a system of medical screening for young people entering an
      apprenticeship. This paper focuses on the principles and implementation of such
      an examination. It outlines the most frequent health problems young people may
      face upon leaving school and entering apprenticeship. It underlines the
      difficulties of this kind of examination, since absolute contra-indications to
      distinct professions are very rare. Indeed, the medical examination should not be
      a selection procedure but much more an occasion to facilitate the transition from
      school to workplace. With this objective, the canton of Vaud health authority has
      created an examination sheet that will be supplied each year to the physicians
      (private pediatricians, general practitioners and internists) examining about
      5000 candidates. This instrument introduces a uniform history taking procedure
      oriented towards occupational medicine and focuses on a few important screening
      items. No laboratory tests are mandatory. The process does not use a contra
      indication list, which most of the time appears fallacious. It insists on the
      importance of an assessment of each individual situation.

PMID- 2928621
TI  - [A case from practice (132). Mr. D. W., born 1961, electrical fitter].

PMID- 2928622
TI  - Sleep deprivation in the rat: III. Total sleep deprivation.
AB  - Ten rats were subjected to total sleep deprivation (TSD) by the disk apparatus.
      All TSD rats died or were sacrificed when death seemed imminent within 11-32
      days. No anatomical cause of death was identified. All TSD rats showed a
      debilitated appearance, lesions on their tails and paws, and weight loss in spite
      of increased food intake. Their yoked control (TSC) rats remained healthy. Since
      dehydration was ruled out and several measures indicated accelerated use rather
      than failure to absorb nutrients, the food-weight changes in TSD rats were
      attributed to increased energy expenditure (EE). The measurement of EE, based
      upon caloric value of food, weight, and wastes, indicated that all TSD rats
      increased EE, with mean levels reaching more than twice baseline values.

PMID- 2928623
TI  - Sleep deprivation in the rat: IV. Paradoxical sleep deprivation.
AB  - Twelve rats were subjected to paradoxical sleep deprivation (PSD) by the disk
      apparatus. All PSD rats died or were sacrificed when death seemed imminent within
      16-54 days. No anatomical cause of death was identified. All PSD rats showed a
      debilitated appearance, lesions on their tails and paws, and weight loss in spite
      of increased food intake. Their yoked control (PSC) rats remained healthy. Since
      dehydration was ruled out and several measures indicated normal or accelerated
      use of nutrients, the food-weight changes in PSD rats were attributed to
      increased energy expenditure (EE). The measurement of EE, based upon caloric
      value of food, weight, and wastes, indicated that all PSD rats increased EE, with
      mean levels reaching more than twice baseline values. All of these changes had
      been observed in rats deprived totally of sleep; the major difference was that
      they developed more slowly in PSD rats.

PMID- 2928624
TI  - Sleep deprivation in the rat: VI. Skin changes.
AB  - All rats subjected to total or paradoxical sleep deprivation by the disk
      apparatus developed severe ulcerative and hyperkeratotic skin lesions localized
      to the plantar surfaces of their paws and to their tails. Yoked control rats only
      occasionally developed similar appearing lesions, which were always much less
      severe than in deprived rats. The deprived rat lesions could not be explained by
      pressure, disk rotation, water immersion, infection, necrotizing vasculitis,
      tyrosinemia, protein deficiency, or reduced rates of mitosis. Thus, although paw
      and tail lesions constitute a very reliable and severe symptom of total or
      selective sleep deprivation in the rat that potentially could yield insights into
      the pathogenic mechanisms induced by sleep loss, the mediation of the lesions
      remains unknown.

PMID- 2928625
TI  - Sleep deprivation in the rat: II. Methodology.
AB  - Methods common to several studies in this series are described. A key feature is
      a sleep deprivation apparatus in which an experimental and a yoked control rat
      are housed on opposite sides of a divided disk suspended over shallow water. When
      the experimental rat enters a "forbidden" sleep stage, the disk is automatically
      rotated, forcing the experimental rat to walk to avoid being carried into the
      water. The control rat receives the same physical stimulation but can sleep ad
      lib when the disk is stationary.

PMID- 2928626
TI  - Sleep deprivation in the rat: VIII. High EEG amplitude sleep deprivation.
AB  - The disk apparatus was used to deprive six rats of the portion of non-rapid eye
      movement (NREM) sleep with high electroencephalogram (EEG) amplitude (HS2). All
      HS2 deprived (HS2D) rats died or were sacrificed when death seemed imminent
      within 23 to 66 days. No anatomical cause of death was identified. All deprived
      rats showed a debilitated appearance, lesions on their tails and paws, and weight
      loss in spite of increased food intake. Energy expenditure (calculated from the
      caloric value of food, weight change, and wastes) increased to more than twice
      baseline values. With one exception, yoked control rats remained generally
      healthy. It was not clear whether the changes in HS2D rats resulted from the loss
      of HS2 or the general disruption of NREM sleep that accompanied this loss. Also,
      it was not possible to produce major HS2 loss without incurring some loss of
      paradoxical sleep (PS). Control studies indicated that the partial PS loss in
      HS2D rats could not, in and of itself, account for all the pathological effects.
      However, an interaction of HS2D and partial PS loss in producing pathological
      effects cannot be ruled out.

PMID- 2928627
TI  - International Symposium on Toxic Shock Syndrome. Atlanta, Georgia, 15-18 November
      1987. Proceedings.

PMID- 2928628
TI  - Identification of a new toxin from a strain of Staphylococcus aureus isolated
      from a patient with nonmenstrual toxic shock syndrome.
AB  - The extracellular products of a toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1)-negative
      isolate of Staphylococcus aureus (strain D4508) from a patient with nonmenstrual
      toxic shock syndrome were shown to possess toxic activity capable of producing
      shock and death when injected into rabbits. Fractionation of the extracellular
      products and the production of polyclonal antibodies to individual polypeptides
      identified the toxin as a single polypeptide of molecular weight 26,000.
      Immunoblot analyses showed the toxin to be antigenically related yet distinct
      from enterotoxins A, B, C, D, and E and unrelated to TSST-1.

PMID- 2928629
TI  - Structure-function analysis of toxic shock syndrome toxin 1.

PMID- 2928630
TI  - Effect of trace metals on the synthesis of toxic shock syndrome toxin 1.
AB  - The effect of 10 trace metals on the production of toxic shock syndrome toxin 1
      (TSST-1) was studied in a metal-deficient chemically defined medium (CDM) with
      toxic shock syndrome (TSS) and non-TSS strains of Staphylococcus aureus. When
      individual metals were tested, only Mg++ stimulated cell growth and TSST-1
      production. TSST-1 yield was responsive to the concentration of Mg++ in the
      medium, with a maximal yield occurring at 0.1 mM. When other metals were studied
      in the presence of Mg++ with and without 1 mM ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid,
      it was found that Ca++, Co++, Cu++, Fe++, Mn++, molybdate-, Ni++, vanadate-, and
      Zn++ produced some stimulation of either cell growth or TSST-1 synthesis or both.
      The stimulating effect of Mg++ on TSST-1 synthesis was significantly enhanced by
      adding 0.3 mM Zn++ and 0.003 mM Fe++. TSST-1 production by 11 strains of S.
      aureus in CDM with optimal concentrations of trace metals was two to seven times
      greater than that produced in brain-heart infusion broth.

PMID- 2928631
TI  - Production of toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 by Staphylococcus aureus under aerobic
      and anaerobic conditions and the effect of magnesium ion limitation.
AB  - A toxic shock syndrome isolate of Staphylococcus aureus was grown in a chemostat
      in a defined synthetic medium of six amino acids, glucose, two vitamins, and
      salts. Steady states were achieved under limiting and replete magnesium ion
      conditions as well as with and without oxygen. The biomass and the amounts of
      toxic shock syndrome toxin 1, acid phosphatase, proteinase, hyaluronate lyase,
      and total exoprotein were estimated at each condition. Under magnesium limitation
      all variables, measured as specific production rates, were reduced--apart from
      proteinase--compared with the magnesium-replete condition. A similar pattern of
      results occurred with comparison of anaerobically and aerobically grown cells.

PMID- 2928632
TI  - Effect of magnesium on in vitro production of toxic shock syndrome toxin 1.
AB  - Batch and chemostat culture of Staphylococcus aureus strain S411 was conducted in
      an investigation of the role of Mg++ in the control of production of toxic shock
      syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1). Under both growth conditions, Mg++ influenced
      bacterial growth, and TSST-1 production was correlated with bacterial growth. The
      specific activity of TSST-1 (ng/mg yield, ng/mg total protein) increased with
      increasing concentrations of Mg++ and was maximal at physiologic levels of Mg++.
      No production of TSST-1 was observed under anaerobic conditions. In chemostat
      cultures in which valine nutrient limitation was used with various levels of
      tryptophan in the chemically defined medium, tryptophan concentration controlled
      the production of TSST-1 by strain S411, regardless of the concentration of Mg++.

PMID- 2928633
TI  - Magnesium and the pathogenesis of toxic shock syndrome.
AB  - Excess production of toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 by appropriate strains of
      Staphylococcus aureus occurs when the organisms are grown in an environment
      deficient in Mg++. Since many of the fibers previously used in tampons combine
      with Mg++, an explanation for the pathogenesis of menstrually related toxic shock
      syndrome presents itself. Pitfalls in the reproduction of these experiments have
      been investigated and include attention to inoculum size, to the effect of
      washing the inoculum to rid it of magnesium from the parent culture, and related
      variables. The growth of staphylococci in magnesium-deficient medium is slower
      than in the usual culture media, making it necessary that the effect of magnesium
      deficiency be examined after sufficient incubation to permit maximal toxin
      production to occur. When these variables are taken into account, a coherent
      theory to explain the pathogenesis of menstrual TSS emerges. Absorbency of
      tampons, which correlates with the capacity to absorb Mg++, becomes, as has been
      suggested, a surrogate for the magnesium effect. The observations raise the
      possibility of a safer tampon, one in which the magnesium content is regulated to
      cause the staphylococci not to be in a magnesium-deficient environment.

PMID- 2928634
TI  - Role of air in growth and production of toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 by
      Staphylococcus aureus in experimental cotton and rayon tampons.
AB  - Rayon and cotton fibers of the type used in the manufacture of tampons were
      extracted for 6 hours in isopropyl alcohol in a soxhlet apparatus to remove all
      finishes from the fiber surface. The fibers were used to produce experimental
      tampons of commercial design. Using a syringe method, the tampons were saturated
      with diluted staphylococci in brain-heart infusion medium and incubated at 37
      degrees C. Spent medium was expressed from the tampons and analyzed for growth of
      staphylococci and production of toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1). Results
      revealed no statistical difference in the production of TSST-1 by cells grown in
      rayon or cotton. However, a significant increase in TSST-1 production was
      observed in tampon cultures when compared with medium controls. When similar
      experiments were performed with tampons saturated with nitrogen, a significant
      decrease in TSST-1 production was observed when compared with air-saturated
      tampons. The results indicate that the oxygen normally present in tampons plays a
      significant role in modulating the production of TSST-1.

PMID- 2928636
TI  - Growth of Staphylococcus aureus and synthesis of toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 in
      different in vitro systems.
AB  - Various complex and synthetic bacterial growth media have been used to study the
      growth of Staphylococcus aureus and the production of toxic shock syndrome toxin
      1 (TSST-1) under certain in vitro culture conditions. Because of the biochemical
      and nutritional differences between these media and human menses, a program was
      designed to determine the growth and metabolism of S. aureus under conditions
      that more closely approximate in vivo conditions. Human menses, an artificial
      menses developed to match human menses, whole human blood, and complex bacterial
      culture media (with and without added whole human blood) were tested for the
      ability to support the growth of S. aureus and the production of TSST-1 in vitro.
      In addition, the impact of other organisms, commonly isolated from the human
      vagina, on the growth of S. aureus and the production of TSST-1 was evaluated.
      Results show that the environmental conditions provided by human menses are more
      closely approximated by the artificial menses and that neither commercial
      bacterial growth media alone nor complex media plus 25% or 50% human blood
      provide a menses-like environment for the growth of S. aureus and the production
      of TSST-1. Furthermore, the addition of a second organism to the S. aureus
      culture resulted in significant suppression of TSST-1 production, even when in
      vitro conditions were optimized for the production of TSST-1.

PMID- 2928635
TI  - Ecology of toxic shock syndrome: amplification of toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 by
      materials of medical interest.
AB  - Historically, the literature suggests that staphylococcal exoproteins, including
      enterotoxins, are stimulated by various physicochemical ecologic factors, many of
      which have been shown to stimulate production of toxic shock syndrome toxin 1
      (TSST-1). The propensity of different fibers and other substances to amplify TSST
      1 production in toxic shock syndrome-associated strains of Staphylococcus aureus,
      as well as a comparative analysis of the underlying mechanisms of TSST-1
      production, are reported. Two hundred twenty intravaginal devices or other
      products and materials and 60 experimental controls were examined for their
      propensity to induce TSST-1 production. Certain materials are superior to
      unaltered cotton in providing a more absorbent fiber--nutrients are efficiently
      drawn in, concentrating protein between fibers, and thereby creating an ideal
      physicochemical environment for the amplification of TSST-1 and other toxins. The
      greatest stimulation of TSST-1 was observed with (in decreasing order): polyester
      and carboxymethyl cellulose, polyacrylates, viscose rayon, gelatin foam,
      polyurethane, and cotton. No toxin was found with nasal tampons (polymer of
      polyvinyl acetal) or with vaginal cups (an elastomeric polymer). Results are
      discussed in terms of specific ecologic parameters from historical as well as
      recent perspectives.

PMID- 2928637
TI  - Effect of tampon wraps on production of toxic shock syndrome toxin 1.
AB  - The influence of tampon wraps on the production and distribution of toxic shock
      syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1) was investigated with use of a disk-membrane-agar
      method. Filter membranes (45 micron) overlaying agar medium in 50-mm petri dishes
      were spread-inoculated with a TSST-1-producing strain of Staphylococcus aureus
      and covered with 0.5 mL of whole citrated rabbit blood. Disks of tampon core
      materials with and without wraps were placed on the inoculated membranes and
      incubated at 37 degrees C in 5% CO2 in air. Eight wraps with each of 14 tampon
      core materials were tested to determine the amount of toxin in the agar layer, a
      quantity considered an indicator of the relative amounts of toxin available for
      absorption in vivo. The average level of toxin in the agar layer with any
      particular wrap compared with that in the agar layer with no wrap was higher with
      five wraps, lower with two wraps, and essentially the same with one wrap. The
      lower levels of toxin were obtained with one wrap that had a starch binder and
      with one that contained the surfactant Standamul 1414-E. Standamul 1414-E has
      been reported to be an inhibitor of growth of and production of TSST-1 by S.
      aureus.

PMID- 2928638
TI  - Passive protection of rabbits infected with toxic shock syndrome-associated
      strains of Staphylococcus aureus by monoclonal antibody to toxic shock syndrome
      toxin 1.
AB  - The effectiveness of passive immunization was assessed in an infection model of
      toxic shock syndrome (TSS) in which monoclonal antibody to TSS toxin 1 (TSST-1)
      was administered intravenously to rabbits. Previously implanted infection
      chambers were inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus strains RN4710 and D4508. The
      former strain carries the TSST-1 gene on plasmid pRN6201; the latter is a TSST-1
      negative clinical isolate obtained from a patient with nonmenstrual TSS. Purified
      monoclonal antibody, MAb 8-5-7 (IgG), was administered in two doses of
      approximately 1.25 mg each 24 hours before and 24 hours after infection. MAb 8-5
      7 provided complete protection against both the TSS-like syndrome and the
      mortality that occurred in unprotected rabbits infected with strain RN4710 but
      did not provide complete protection in rabbits infected with strain D4508; three
      of the five rabbits either displayed signs of illness or died despite treatment.
      Western-blot analyses of the extracellular proteins produced by strains RN4710
      and D4508 that used MAb 8-5-7 as a probe revealed that only TSST-1 produced by
      RN4710 reacted with the antibody. Thus, if MAb 8-5-7 partially protected animals
      against infections with strain D4508, the protection appears to have been
      nonspecific.

PMID- 2928639
TI  - Endotoxin is not an essential mediator in toxic shock syndrome.
AB  - The hypothesis that toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1) exerts its deleterious
      effects in toxic shock syndrome (TSS) primarily by enhancing the lethality of
      small amounts of endogenous endotoxin derived from mucosal colonization with gram
      negative bacteria was assessed by evaluating two means of inactivating endotoxin
      in rabbit models of TSS. In both of these models, toxins and TSST-1 are allowed
      to diffuse constantly from a subcutaneous depot. Immunologic inactivation of
      endotoxin with antiserum to the core lipopolysaccharide did not change the
      clinical course or mortality among animals infected with live TSS-associated
      staphylococci or among animals with a subcutaneous depot of TSST-1. Anti-TSST-1
      was successful in preventing disease and death in these models. Pharmacologic
      inactivation of endotoxin by pretreatment or continuous treatment with polymyxin
      B did not prevent illness or mortality in the toxin depot model. Endotoxin thus
      appears not to be an essential mediator in TSS, since TSS-like illness develops
      and progresses despite inactivation of endotoxin in animal model systems that are
      faithful both physiologically and clinically to TSS in humans.

PMID- 2928640
TI  - Update through 1985 on the incidence of toxic shock syndrome among members of a
      prepaid health plan.
AB  - Through hospital records of men and women aged 15-34 years who were members of
      the Northern California Kaiser-Permanente Medical Care Program, trends in the
      incidence of toxic shock syndrome (TSS) requiring hospitalization in 1984-1985
      were examined, and the results were compared with those for the period 1972-1983.
      No definite or probable cases of TSS were found in men during either 1984 or
      1985. A total of 16 cases of TSS (10 definite and six probable) were found in
      women in 1984-1985. Ten (71%) of 14 cases for which the menstrual status of the
      patient could be determined unambiguously from the medical record occurred during
      menstruation, and two of the four nonmenstrual cases occurred in postpartum women
      using barrier contraception. Of the 16 cases, 14 (88%) were diagnosed as TSS or
      probable TSS by the attending physician, although only nine (64%) of the 14
      diagnosed cases were given the correct discharge code. While trends in the
      incidence of TSS requiring hospitalization in women 15-34 years of age generally
      paralleled changes in the absorbency of available tampons, the contribution of
      other factors (e.g., changes in the chemical composition of tampons, changes in
      patterns of tampon use) to these trends could not be assessed.

PMID- 2928641
TI  - Response of various animal species to experimental infection with different
      strains of Staphylococcus aureus.
AB  - An experimental infection program was conducted in rabbits, pigs, and baboons
      with toxic shock syndrome (TSS)-associated and non-TSS-associated strains of
      Staphylococcus aureus to produce an animal model for TSS. TSS-associated strains
      of S. aureus--whether positive or negative for TSS toxin 1 (TSST-1)--could not be
      distinguished from non-TSS-associated strains of S. aureus by means of the rabbit
      whiffle-ball infection model; therefore, limited pilot infection studies were
      conducted in pigs and baboons. Experimental conditions were optimized in both the
      pig and the baboon studies to maximize the chance of producing TSS. Pigs infected
      with TSS-associated S. aureus strain CDC-11 developed some of the clinical signs
      observed in TSS (fever, hypotension, diarrhea, and vomiting). However, no changes
      were detected in clinical chemistry or hematology. Baboons infected with S.
      aureus strain CDC-11 showed only minimal signs of illness, i.e., lethargy,
      decreased food intake, and loose stools. TSS was not produced in pigs or baboons,
      even under optimal exposure conditions.

PMID- 2928642
TI  - Vaginal tampon model for toxic shock syndrome.
AB  - The effects of tampon composition, inoculum size, and simulated menses on
      production of toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1) and toxic shock syndrome
      (TSS) were evaluated in a rabbit model that simulates tampon use in humans. Three
      small generic compressed-fiber tampons were successively inserted vaginally
      (remained in place 4.5 hours x 2; overnight x 1). Tampon no. 1 was inoculated
      with live TSST-1-positive staphylococci plus 5 mL of saline or simulated menses
      (defibrinated rabbit blood plus 2.5 g of bovine serum albumin/dL) immediately
      after insertion; saline or simulated menses alone were used with tampons no. 2
      and 3. The vagina was washed after removal of tampon no. 3. TSS-like illness was
      produced consistently in animals with carboxymethyl cellulose/polyester foam
      tampons, which supported higher organism counts and greater TSST-1 production in
      association with subsequent tampons. Cotton and rayon tampons were not associated
      with as much clinical illness, organism growth, or TSST-1 production. Simulated
      menses supported toxin production and clinical illness when the inoculum was one
      tenth that required for controls. Sham tampon insertion was associated with TSS
      like illness in two of 10 rabbits; thus, other factors may promote TSS in the
      absence of vaginal tampons. This model reliability reproduces menstrual TSS,
      since one-time vaginal inoculation with TSST-1-positive staphylococci in the
      presence of blood and certain tampons leads to TSS, and may be useful in
      evaluating catamenial products and in understanding other factors important in
      TSST-1 production in vivo and the development of TSS.

PMID- 2928643
TI  - Toxicity of staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 for germ-free and
      conventional piglets.
AB  - The susceptibilities of conventional and germ-free miniature pigs to
      staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1) were studied and compared.
      TSST-1 at doses of 100 micrograms/kg evoked reactions similar to those observed
      in rabbits, i.e., hyperthermia, diarrhea, apathy, conjunctival hyperemia, and
      various changes indicating toxic damage of different organs, but it was never
      lethal at this dose. Germ-free piglets were less susceptible than were
      corresponding conventional animals, a finding that may support the concept that
      endogenous endotoxin is involved in the pathogenesis of toxic shock syndrome.

PMID- 2928644
TI  - Production of toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 in a mouse model of Staphylococcus
      aureus abscess formation.
AB  - A mouse model of abscess formation is described in which toxic shock syndrome
      toxin 1 (TSST-1) is produced by Staphylococcus aureus in vivo. Mice injected
      intravenously with S. aureus developed renal abscesses within 4-7 days. Kidneys
      excised from infected mice were cultured quantitatively, and extracts from the
      kidneys were assayed for TSST-1 with use of a competitive enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay. Animals with less than 10(7) S. aureus/g of kidney had less
      than 6 ng of TSST-1/mL of extract. Toxin levels ranged from less than 6 ng/mL to
      271 ng/mL in kidney extracts from mice with greater than 10(7) S. aureus/g of
      kidney. Urine from infected mice also contained measurable levels of TSST-1
      (range, less than 6-728 ng/mL). Mice developed serum antibodies to TSST-1 by 2
      weeks after challenge. Serum samples collected 5-7 days after bacterial challenge
      did not show biochemical changes typical of a toxic shock-like illness in these
      animals.

PMID- 2928645
TI  - Damaging effect of toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 on chick embryo cells in vitro.
AB  - The lethal effect of staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1) on
      rabbits and chick embryos is enhanced in the presence of lipopolysaccharide
      (LPS). In an investigation of the mode of action of TSST-1, its effect-both
      singly and in combination with LPS-on tissue culture cell lines was examined. Of
      a variety of cell lines examined for sensitivity to TSST-1 treatment, only
      primary chick embryo cells were susceptible. At a critical concentration (0.2
      microgram/mL), TSST-1 alone caused detachment of the cell monolayer. In contrast,
      LPS per se had no visible effect on the cells at any concentration tested. TSST-1
      in combination with LPS caused monolayer detachment at all concentrations of TSST
      1 employed; thus detachment was independent of TSST-1 concentration in the
      presence of LPS. The ability of TSST-1 to disrupt the monolayer was neutralized
      in the presence of polyclonal rabbit antiserum to TSST-1. In a time course study
      over 24 hours, the effect of the toxin on the cells was initially visible by
      light microscopy after 4-7 hours. Clear differences in cellular morphology
      between TSST-1 treated monolayers and untreated controls were observed by
      scanning electron microscopy. Treated cells lost their normal spindle-shaped
      appearance before detachment.

PMID- 2928646
TI  - Active surveillance for toxic shock syndrome in the United States, 1986.
AB  - Active surveillance for toxic shock syndrome (TSS) was established in 1986 in Los
      Angeles County and in the states of Missouri, New Jersey, Oklahoma, Tennessee,
      and Washington. Case reports were solicited through biweekly contact with all
      acute-care hospitals. One hundred sixteen definite and 63 probable cases were
      reported; 85% of the cases occurred in female patients and 15% in male patients.
      Among cases in females, 83 (55%) were menstrual; the mean age of the patients
      with menstrual cases was 23 years (range, 12-46 years). The overall incidence of
      TSS was 0.53/100,000. The cumulative incidence varied significantly by region,
      ranging from 1.23/100,000 in Oklahoma to 0.22/100,000 in New Jersey (P = .0001);
      the incidence in all other areas ranged from 0.39/100,000 to 0.70/100,000. The
      incidence of menstrual TSS was 1.05/100,000 women 15-44 years of age and peaked
      in women between the ages of 15 and 19 years at 1.52/100,000. The incidence was
      higher in whites than in nonwhites for both menstrual TSS (1.21/100,000 vs.
      0.34/100,000, P = .002) and nonmenstrual TSS (0.30/100,000 vs. 0.14/100,000, P =
      .031). Our data indicate that TSS continues to be a cause of morbidity. Although
      there is underreporting in national passive surveillance, the proportion of
      menstrual cases reported through active surveillance was similar to that reported
      to the passive system in 1986.

PMID- 2928647
TI  - Reaction of toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 with endothelium of human umbilical cord
      vein.
AB  - The binding of toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1) to the endothelium of human
      umbilical cord veins and arteries was studied. Radiolabeled TSST-1, perfused
      through a segment of human umbilical cord vein, bound to the vessel at 4 degrees
      C, with a dissociation constant (Kd) of 6.5 X 10(-10) M. A pre-embedding electron
      microscopic immunogold technique revealed that TSST-1 was located in the veins
      and arteries on the surface of endothelial cells and in the area of cell
      contacts. Umbilical cord vein segments filled with TSST-1 were incubated for 30
      minutes at 37 degrees C, fixed by perfusion and embedded in hydrophilic resin
      (Lowicryl K4M). Postembedding immunogold staining of ultrathin sections showed
      TSST-1 in the vesicles crossing the cytoplasm of the veins' endothelial cells and
      entering underlying elastic and collagen layers.

PMID- 2928649
TI  - Direct effects of purified staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 on
      myocardial function of isolated rabbit atria.
AB  - Toxic shock syndrome is associated with reversible cardiomyopathy. The cardiac
      dysfunction may be mediated by toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1), an exotoxin
      generated by Staphylococcus aureus. However, the effects of purified TSST-1 on
      cardiac function are unknown. In a study of the toxin's effect on myocardial
      function, TSST-1 (200 ng/mL) was added to muscle baths containing isolated rabbit
      atria. TSST-1 caused time-dependent inhibition of developed force (systolic
      function) but did not alter resting force (an index of muscle stiffness or
      cardiac compliance). These data show that TSST-1 can directly inhibit myocardial
      function, but the significance of this effect in patients with toxic shock
      syndrome remains to be determined.

PMID- 2928648
TI  - Characteristics of toxic shock syndrome toxin 1-induced lectin-like activity and
      inhibitor(s) in rabbit serum.
AB  - In adult rabbits intravenously injected with toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST
      1) or staphylococcal enterotoxin B, serum lectin-like activity (detectable by
      cation-dependent agglutination of bacteria) developed. This activity was
      sensitive to heat, trypsin, and formaldehyde but resistant to neuraminidase or
      galactose oxidase. Formaldehyde-fixed Propionibacterium acnes or Escherichia coli
      cells reactive with plant lectins provided sensitive targets for titration of
      serum agglutination activity that was competitively blocked with D-galactose, D
      glucose, D-mannose, and alpha-L-fucose. The lectin-like activity, partially
      purified by affinity chromatography, was a protein of approximately 76,000 Da
      with an isoelectric point of 5.4. Both lectin-positive and normal serum contained
      agglutination inhibitors that were absorbed by protein A-producing staphylococci.
      S protein may be the origin of this lectin-like activity. In vitro exposure of
      peripheral-blood mononuclear cells to TSST-1 (1.0 micrograms/mL) and to lectin
      positive serum induced rapid cell clumping and subsequent "activation" to a
      larger blast form expressing receptors for buccal epithelial cells. The
      interaction of toxin/lymphokine-activated mononuclear cells with glycoproteins
      and/or other antigens selectively expressed by tissues in various organ systems
      may play a role in target cell pathology in rabbits dying with toxic shock
      syndrome.

PMID- 2928650
TI  - Effects of monoclonal antibody on biologic function of toxic shock syndrome toxin
      1 in vitro and in vivo.

PMID- 2928651
TI  - Risk factors for menstrual toxic shock syndrome: results of a multistate case
      control study.
AB  - For assessment of current risk factors for developing toxic shock syndrome (TSS)
      during menstruation, a case-control study was performed. Cases with onset between
      1 January 1986 and 30 June 1987 were ascertained in six study areas with active
      surveillance for TSS. Age-matched controls were selected from among each
      patient's friends and women with the same telephone exchange. Of 118 eligible
      patients, 108 were enrolled, as were 185 "friend controls" and 187 telephone
      exchange-matched controls. Tampon use was a risk factor for developing TSS during
      menstruation (odds ratio = 29; 95% confidence interval = 7-120), and risk
      increased with increasing tampon absorbency (odds ratio = 1.34 per gram increase
      in absorbency; 95% confidence interval = 1.2-1.6). The role of tampon chemical
      composition could not be assessed because the number of cases was inadequate.
      Neither use of birth control pills for contraception nor use of medications for
      premenstrual or menstrual symptoms protected against or was a risk factor for the
      development of menstrual TSS.

PMID- 2928653
TI  - Normal vaginal microflora during use of various forms of catamenial protection.
AB  - Although the effect of vaginal tampons on microbial flora during menstruation has
      been studied, the effects attributable to particular tampon fibers have received
      inadequate attention. The purpose of this report is to review previous studies
      and describe the results of laboratory tests that compare the effects of use of
      various tampons on the normal changes that occur in vaginal microflora during
      menstruation. Tampon and swab samples were obtained from volunteers on days 2, 4,
      and 21 after the start of menses. Statistical evaluation of the qualitative and
      quantitative data revealed that the same numerically dominant phenotypes were
      present regardless of sample type, sample time, or catamenial product. In
      general, total bacterial counts decreased during menstruation, and the total
      bacterial counts from tampon samples tended to be lower than those in concomitant
      swab samples. Predictable changes in total numbers of the dominant species were
      noted when the data were evaluated by day of menstrual cycle. Results indicate
      that the tampon type had little effect on the qualitative and quantitative
      composition of the vaginal microflora during the menstrual cycle.

PMID- 2928652
TI  - Nonmenstrual toxic shock syndrome associated with barrier contraceptives: report
      of a case-control study.
AB  - Use of barrier contraceptives has been hypothesized to be a risk factor for
      nonmenstrual toxic shock syndrome (TSS). This association was evaluated in a case
      control study of nonmenstrual TSS; cases were identified through an active
      surveillance system for TSS during 1986 and 1987. Potential risk factors for
      nonmenstrual TSS were compared for 28 patients and 100 age-matched controls. Use
      of barrier contraceptives was associated with a significantly increased risk of
      nonmenstrual TSS, with matched odds ratios of 10.5 and 11.7 for contraceptive
      sponge and diaphragm use, respectively. Use of nonbarrier contraceptive methods
      was unrelated to nonmenstrual TSS. Despite the elevated odds ratio, the incidence
      of nonmenstrual TSS in barrier contraceptives users and the risk of nonmenstrual
      TSS attributable to barrier contraceptive use are low. Clinicians and women who
      use barrier contraceptives should be aware of this rare but potentially fatal
      complication; however, other considerations, such as efficacy and complications
      associated with other types of contraception, may be more important in the choice
      of a contraceptive method.

PMID- 2928654
TI  - Sequential assessment of vaginal microflora in healthy women randomly assigned to
      tampon or napkin use.
AB  - The effect of tampon usage on the vaginal microflora of 35 healthy women was
      determined following their random allocation to either tampon or napkin use for
      three consecutive menstrual cycles. Sequential and semiquantitative vaginal
      cultures were obtained on days 3 +/- 2, 15 +/- 2, and 25 +/- 2 of the menstrual
      cycle (day 1, first day of menses) before and after randomization. Before
      randomization, the rate of isolation and median counts of facultative
      lactobacilli were significantly higher (P less than .05) and that of eubacteria
      was significantly lower (P = .026) among regular tampon users than among
      exclusive napkin users. After randomization, only median counts of coagulase
      negative staphylococci were significantly increased (P = .025) during tampon use
      compared with the rates for the same women during napkin use. These shifts in
      vaginal microflora occurred only in samples obtained during menstruation and not
      in those obtained at other sampling times. The data presented here support the
      notion that the use of tampons may result in alterations in the autochthonous
      vaginal microflora. It remains to be determined if these ecologic shifts in the
      vaginal microflora may adversely affect resistance to colonization by potential
      pathogens in the lower female genital tract.

PMID- 2928655
TI  - Risk of developing toxic shock syndrome associated with toxic shock syndrome
      toxin 1 following nongenital staphylococcal infection.
AB  - Few risk factors for nonmenstrual toxic shock syndrome (TSS) have been
      identified. This study sought to determine at what rate and under what
      circumstances nongenital toxigenic Staphylococcus aureus infections led to TSS.
      Clinical isolates of S. aureus were examined for the production of TSS toxin 1
      (TSST-1), and available sera from infected patients were tested for antibody to
      this toxin. Twenty-six percent of 810 isolates produced TSST-1. Isolates from
      children were more likely to be positive for TSST-1 than were those from adults.
      None of 57 patients with TSST-1-positive staphylococcal infection and a TSST-1
      antibody titer of greater than or equal to 1:100 developed TSS. Eight of 65
      tested patients with TSST-1-positive isolates had antibody below the presumably
      protective level of 1:100. Two of these patients had definite TSS, three had
      probable or possible TSS, and three probably did not have TSS. In patients
      lacking protective antibody to TSST-1, the interval between acquisition and
      infection with staphylococci, the type and amount of toxins produced, the site of
      infection, and still-unclarified aspects of host susceptibility may all affect
      the rate and severity of TSS.

PMID- 2928656
TI  - Distribution and expression of toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 gene among
      Staphylococcus aureus isolates of toxic shock syndrome and non-toxic shock
      syndrome origin.
AB  - Toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1), plays a significant role in the
      pathogenesis of TSS. TSST-1 production is subject to physiologic and
      environmental constraints. Thus, DNA probes that detect the chromosomal gene
      encoding the toxin are of value diagnostically, epidemiologically, and for
      studies of gene expression. Several synthetic oligonucleotide probes
      complementary to two regions of the TSST-1 gene were used to ascertain the
      presence of this gene in the chromosomal DNA of 261 strains of S. aureus from
      various TSS-related and non-TSS-related sources. Isolates were from clinically
      confirmed menstrual and nonmenstrual cases of TSS and from healthy vaginal
      carriers of S. aureus. Other strains tested included clinical non-TSS isolates
      and food poisoning-associated staphylococcal isolates. Detection of the TSST-1
      gene by the labeled gene probes correlated in all but two cases with production
      of TSST-1. Ten Centers for Disease Control (CDC) strains that were isolated from
      TSS patients and did not produce TSST-1 were also examined, as were several
      strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis isolated from patients with suspected TSS.
      Neither group of strains possessed the TSST-1 gene. Finally, a 7-kilobase DNA
      restriction fragment of S. aureus containing the entire TSST-1 gene was
      transformed into Escherichia coli strains HB101 and DH5 alpha via a plasmid
      vector.

PMID- 2928657
TI  - [Advantages of single-dose treatment of vaginal Candida albicans infection].
AB  - One-hundred forty women (60 pregnant and 80 non-pregnant women) with a history of
      Candida albicans infection were examined one month before treatment and were
      reexamined one month after treatment. Administration of a single agent consisting
      of 2,300 mg tablets of GynoTragoven (isoconazole nitrate, Schering, AG) resulted
      in immediate clinical improvement. One month after treatment, the success rate
      was 85-100 p. cent for non-pregnant women, and 83-100 p. cent for pregnant women.
      No side-effects were observed following therapy. According to studies published,
      a high percentage of infections develop during pregnancy, especially during the
      second (35 p. cent) and third (31.5 p. cent) trimesters. Because of the high rate
      of infections during pregnancy, preventive therapy should be considered during
      the final weeks of pregnancy, to prevent intrauterine infection during
      parturition.

PMID- 2928658
TI  - [Expulsion of arrested pregnancy product in the 2d trimester using a
      prostaglandin E1 analog administered intravaginally. Apropos of 12 cases].
AB  - In this paper the authors report on the use of a prostaglandin E1 analog to expel
      fetuses stillborn in utero in the second trimester of pregnancy. Results of this
      clinical series make it possible to conclude on the efficacy of this agent and
      its simple utilization. Minor inconsequential side-effect observed coincide with
      the total absence of any complications.

PMID- 2928659
TI  - [Ureaplasma urealyticum and chorioamnionitis].
AB  - 160 placentas from a clinical study group of women with pregnancy wastage and a
      control group were examined histologically and were cultured for Ureaplasma
      urealyticum. Recovery of Ureaplasma urealyticum was significantly higher in the
      pathologic group--43 p. cent--versus 21.6 p. cent in the control group, and was
      associated with chorioamnionitis.

PMID- 2928661
TI  - [Antenatal emergency call. Indications. Role of the SAMU (Medical Emergency Care
      Services)].
AB  - The increased incidence of antenatal distress calls to the SAMU (emergency
      medical squad) by pediatric obstetricians in maternity departments (6 times in 5
      years) poses the problem of recognizing their indications. Based on case reports
      of 128 newborns who profited from antenatal assistance, the authors attempt to
      define the indications. The elimination of student physicians in training for
      anesthesiology-intensive care, additional participants during SAMU transportation
      of patients, makes it even more necessary to define these indications accurately
      so that a single language of communication and procedure may be instituted for
      all who are involved in this effort.

PMID- 2928660
TI  - [Maternal behavior toward her newborn infant. Potential modification by peridural
      analgesia or childbirth preparation].
AB  - The effects of sophrology and epidural analgesia on early relationship between
      the mother and her child were studied on a simple of 190 deliveries. The mothers
      were observed during and just after delivery. Mothers who had been separated from
      their child before the end of the observation were excluded from the study. The
      patients had the choice between epidural analgesia or prenatal care with
      sophrology. Participation to prenatal courses has statistically a positive effect
      on the relation between the mother and her child (p less than 0.01). Instead,
      epidural analgesia and posture have very limited effect on this factor. However,
      a trend to more interaction is found in multipari and patients who didn't choose
      epidural analgesia.

PMID- 2928662
TI  - [Psychotropics and pregnancy. Apropos of 2 case reports: the dose of triazolam].
AB  - In this paper the authors report on two term-birth newborn infants who were
      exposed to long-term maternal treatment with benzodiazepines. They emphasize the
      free interval before the onset of respiratory pauses in these newborns, since
      triazolam is classified as belonging to the class of benzodiazepines with ultra
      rapid elimination and especially the severity of these disorders.

PMID- 2928663
TI  - [Age, gynecologic status and urinary stress incontinence].
AB  - Based on a series of 1,000 female patients examined in office practice, the
      authors of this study seek to define the incidence of USI according to the
      patient's age gynecological status. Concerning age, this factor only has a clear
      effect in patients over 35 years of age. No significant difference in the
      incidence of USI was observed between sexually active women over 35, women
      approaching the menopause or post menopausal women; for this reason, the authors
      believe that in these cases, USI is related more to concomitant factors than to
      trophic lesions which however certainly are also present. During pregnancy, USI
      frequently occurs during the 2nd and 3rd trimesters; in contrast, in the first
      trimester of pregnancy, frequently there is increased intraabdominal pressure
      thus explaining why the incidence of USI is less than in sexually active women.

PMID- 2928664
TI  - [Patients with burns on both hands].

PMID- 2928665
TI  - [Patients' autonomy].

PMID- 2928667
TI  - [From the hospital to the home of the patient with respiratory insufficiency].

PMID- 2928666
TI  - [Oxygen therapy at home].

PMID- 2928668
TI  - [Falls in the elderly].

PMID- 2928669
TI  - [Skin antiseptics].

PMID- 2928670
TI  - [In the Caribbean].

PMID- 2928672
TI  - [Use of a hydrocolloid dressing in the ambulatory treatment of burns].

PMID- 2928671
TI  - [The nursing profession in France].

PMID- 2928673
TI  - [The public sector. Let's chance it!].

PMID- 2928674
TI  - [Private sector. Symptom: clinical].

PMID- 2928675
TI  - [Hospital. Working conditions].

PMID- 2928676
TI  - [All fire, all woman].

PMID- 2928677
TI  - [Home care services. Nurses scour the country].

PMID- 2928678
TI  - [From interim service to industry].

PMID- 2928679
TI  - [And yet ... one continues].

PMID- 2928680
TI  - [Legislation and collective bargaining].

PMID- 2928681
TI  - Antitrust alert.

PMID- 2928683
TI  - The nursing shortage: a professional's viewpoint.

PMID- 2928682
TI  - Success of contact chemolysis in calcified cholesterol gallstones.
AB  - Contact dissolution of cholesterol gallstones has emerged as a viable alternative
      in patients at high risk for surgery. The newest dissolution agent methyl
      tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) has undergone a series of successful clinical trials
      and has compared favorably with its predecessor, monooctanoin (MO). Previous
      studies have demonstrated the utility of MTBE in the setting of a large solitary
      gallstone impacted within the cystic duct as well as with multiple non
      obstructing gallstones. We present a case of MTBE contact dissolution in the face
      of combined non-obstructing and obstructing gallbladder calculi. Whereas others
      have recommended restricting its use to those gallstones that are radiolucent, we
      have shown that MTBE may be used, and excellent results obtained, even with
      calculi that are calcified, so-called "Type 1" cholesterol gallstones.

PMID- 2928684
TI  - DHHS Office of Inspector General: an overview.

PMID- 2928685
TI  - Status of the Rhode Island Board of Medical Licensure and Discipline.

PMID- 2928687
TI  - Screening criteria for prior authorization for ten surgical procedures.

PMID- 2928686
TI  - Protecting physicians' rights in disciplinary proceedings.

PMID- 2928688
TI  - Publish and protect.

PMID- 2928689
TI  - Copper histochemistry of 5 murine tumors and their respective metastases.
AB  - Tissue copper content has been evaluated in 4 murine mammary adenocarcinomas, 1
      murine lung adenocarcinoma and their respective metastases. Histochemical
      techniques have been used to analyze copper distribution in tumor tissues. It is
      observed that the degree of copper staining is inversely related to tumor
      differentiation. As the copper level reflects one of the metabolic changes in the
      host carrying the tumor, it is suggested that it could be used as a good marker
      for tumor differentiation.

PMID- 2928690
TI  - Martyrs send the wrong messages.

PMID- 2928692
TI  - A nursing response to the teen pregnancy epidemic.

PMID- 2928691
TI  - Facing down the fear of public speaking.

PMID- 2928693
TI  - Be ready for Lyme disease in your own backyard.

PMID- 2928694
TI  - Chest pain: your response to a classic warning (continuing education credit).

PMID- 2928695
TI  - Will your patient survive that trip to x-ray?

PMID- 2928696
TI  - Diabetes now--the role of diet and drugs (continuing education credit).

PMID- 2928697
TI  - The hip: nursing fracture patients to full recovery.

PMID- 2928698
TI  - The hip: when the joint must be replaced.

PMID- 2928699
TI  - A winning team.

PMID- 2928700
TI  - Let's put an end to malpractice panic.

PMID- 2928701
TI  - AIDS, confidentiality, and lab requisitions.

PMID- 2928702
TI  - Hypoglycemia: separating facts from fads.

PMID- 2928703
TI  - Health for all: are we achieving it?

PMID- 2928705
TI  - Midwifery as a specialty of nursing.

PMID- 2928704
TI  - Managing pain.

PMID- 2928706
TI  - The changing context of prenatal education.

PMID- 2928707
TI  - On the inside: Rep program bridges the gap between RNABC and nurses in the
      workplace.

PMID- 2928708
TI  - [Diagnosis of unusual fractures of the wrist bones].
AB  - Fractures of the navicular bone are the most frequent fractures in the region of
      the wrist bone. Injuries of the other carpal bones are often primarily
      overlooked, since the examiner commands over less routine in diagnosing these
      rare fractures and the carpal bones are often superimposed over one another. We
      examined 9.723 x-ray films of the hand performed because of suspected fracture of
      the os naviculare, in order to find out how often lesions of the carpal bones -
      with the exception of those of the scaphoid bone - were discovered via the x-ray
      series of the os naviculare manus. For each individual wrist bone we recorded the
      incidence of fractures, clinical treatment and diagnoses, including any special x
      ray takes that would be necessary for the detection of a particular fracture.

PMID- 2928709
TI  - [Incidence and clinical importance of chronic reactive periosteal new bone
      formation in the cervical region in patients with differing neurologic
      symptomatology].
AB  - 81 patients classed into three groups with clinical evidence of neurological
      symptoms and posttraumatic pain of the cervical spine and the incidence of
      degenerative disorders were studied noninvasively via CT scanning. Imaging of
      osseous structures in the axial plane by CT was excellent in all cases, even in
      the lower part of the cervical spine where soft-tissue discrimination is often
      impossible because of shoulder artifacts. In about half of the patients with
      nerve-root symptomatology as well as with signs of involvement of long tracts,
      narrowing of the foramen intervertebral, respectively of the spinal tract, was
      seen, attributable to degenerative osseous apposition with excellent clinical
      segmental and (according to radicular symptoms) side correlation. In contrast to
      these results the group of patients with posttraumatic clinical symptoms showed
      almost 50 per cent less preexisting degenerative disorders of the cervical spine.
      In conclusion, we assume that high-grade osseous appositions of the dorsal part
      of the vertebral body play an important role in the development of radicular
      symptomatology and cervical myelopathy, respectively. Hypertrophic changes of the
      processus articularis with narrowing of the spinal canal occurred in 14 per cent
      and were therefore of minor clinical significance.

PMID- 2928710
TI  - [Ulcerative angiosarcoma of the cranial vault masquerading as a pyoderma].
AB  - This is a report on a patient suffering from a progressive ulcerative tumour of
      the vault of the cranium with accompanying osteolytic destruction. The disease
      pattern was interpreted first after a biopsy from the marginal wall of the
      inflammation as a case of pyoderma. It was only on postmortem examination that an
      angiosarcoma of the ulcerative type was correctly diagnosed. The ulcerative type
      of angiosarcoma is sometimes difficult to differentiate from inflammatory skin
      diseases.

PMID- 2928711
TI  - [Conventional and computed tomographic findings in polysplenia syndrome].
AB  - A case of polysplenia syndrome associated with abdominal situs inversus and
      anomalies of the inferior vena cava system is demonstrated by conventional and CT
      examinations. The conventional radiographic findings already suggest the
      diagnosis; final verification can be achieved via computed tomography.

PMID- 2928712
TI  - [Perforation of the right ventricle during pulmonary angiography: possible causes
      and their prevention].
AB  - This is a report on a perforation of the myocardium during pulmonary angiography.
      The choice of the catheter is very important for the occurrence of such
      complications. We used a Cook 7 French polyethylene multipurpose catheter, which
      did not guarantee sufficient stabilisation due to its small number of side holes
      during injection of contrast medium. On the other hand the straight top of the
      catheter promoted its penetration into the myocardium. To avoid such often lethal
      complications, catheters with pigtail configuration should be used.

PMID- 2928713
TI  - [Glaucoma: detection and therapeutic indications].
AB  - Glaucoma screening requires a good knowledge of the epidemiology and risk factors
      of this disease. So, we measure the intraocular pressure, analyse the visual
      field and examin the optic nerve head by ophtalmoscopy. Other investigations have
      been described, allowing early treatment. Some medications are active on aqueous
      humor production, others on outflow but side effects are often observed. Laser
      therapy is an alternative to surgery.

PMID- 2928714
TI  - [Cataract surgery in 1989].
AB  - Cataract is a very common disease, but making this diagnosis does not necessarily
      mean that surgery is always required. The indications for surgery depend on the
      patient's age, on the activity of the lesion and on the functional repercussions
      of the opacity of one or two eye lenses. The best operation is the insertion of
      an artificial lens, knowing that it has now very few contra-indications. With
      modern surgical techniques, functional recovery is very rapid, convalescence
      extremely short, and day surgery may even be considered.

PMID- 2928716
TI  - [Conjunctival capillaroscopy].
AB  - Microcirculation is clearly visible and can be observed on the conjunctival
      mucosa by means of any microscope and notably with the slit lamp microscope of
      ophtalmologists. A glance at the conjunctival vessels may provide useful
      information on the quality of microcirculation generally and on the ischaemic or
      oedematous repercussions of lesions affecting the kidney, the brain and other
      organs. The vascular alterations detectable on the conjunctiva are described. The
      retina also may present with abnormalities of microcirculation. Their easy
      detection on the conjunctiva should lead to a more complete ophthalmic and
      systemic exploration.

PMID- 2928715
TI  - [Benign corneoconjunctival pathology].
AB  - Benign diseases of the cornea and conjunctiva can in fact be found in all
      chapters of pathology. Inflammatory diseases are by far the most common, with a
      predominance of viral infections, notably herpes corneae the long-term prognosis
      of which is not always favourable. Other benign diseases are injuries,
      dystrophies, overloads and finally tumours. All these diseases are briefly
      described in this article.

PMID- 2928717
TI  - [Recurrent oxalo-calcium lithiasis. 1: Epidemiology, composition and theories of
      calculi formation: crystallization factors].

PMID- 2928718
TI  - [Corneal refractive surgery].
AB  - During the past 8 years surgery of the cornea for refractive errors has risen to
      the rank of an independent, specialized discipline. It covers a range of
      techniques devised to correct or reduce all types of ametropia. Radial keratotomv
      is the operation most frequently performed to correct mild or moderate myopia
      from -1 to -6 diopters. Keratomileusis with or without freezing is a more complex
      procedure used to correct severe myopia of -8 to -16 diopters. Epikeratophakia
      for myopia or hypermetropia has a wider range of correction, ranging from 5 to 30
      diopters. Each of these techniques has its own possibilities, limitations and
      risks. The main problem in this type of surgery if the predictability of its
      results. It is indicated essentially for cases where contact lenses have proved
      useless or are contra-indicated.

PMID- 2928719
TI  - Effect of bicarbonate, acetate, and citrate on water and sodium movement in
      normal and cholera toxin-treated rat small intestine.
AB  - Bicarbonate, citrate, or acetate are commonly included in oral rehydration
      solutions to correct acidosis and possibly because of their ability to promote
      water and sodium absorption. We have investigated the effect of these anions on
      water and sodium transport in normal and also in secreting (cholera toxin
      treated) rat small intestine using a single-pass perfusion technique. In normal
      jejunum bicarbonate and acetate produced net absorption, and citrate net
      secretion of both water and sodium. In normal ileum all anions produced net
      absorption of water and sodium. In the secreting jejunum, however, bicarbonate
      had no effect on water and sodium secretion, whereas acetate and citrate actually
      enhanced the secretory state for both water and sodium. None of these anions had
      any effect on water and sodium secretion in the ileum. These observations suggest
      that normal and secreting intestine are qualitatively different with regard to
      handling of these organic anions. The addition, therefore, of bicarbonate,
      acetate, or citrate to oral rehydration solutions may have no beneficial effect
      with regard to the promotion of water and sodium absorption in the secreting
      intestine during acute diarrhoeal states and could actually be deleterious.

PMID- 2928720
TI  - Spontaneous anorectal pressure activity. Evidence of internal anal sphincter
      contractions in response to rectal pressure waves.
AB  - To characterize spontaneous anorectal pressure activity and a possible relation
      between the activity in the rectum and the anal canal, 11 healthy female
      volunteers were investigated. Resting activities were obtained during 1-h
      recordings with a multi-channel perfused catheter measuring the pressure 1, 2, 3,
      7, and 8 cm from the anal verge. In five subjects sequences of rhythmic rectal
      pressure waves with amplitudes exceeding the maximal anal resting pressure
      coincided with a similar internal anal sphincter activity, preventing rectal
      pressure from exceeding the anal pressure at any point. The mean frequency was 5
      x min-1 (range, 3-6 x min-1). This may well be a reflex mechanism by which the
      internal anal sphincter prevents incontinence in the resting state. Low-frequency
      pressure waves, not previously described, were detected in four women. These
      pressure waves were attributed to the internal anal sphincter and were named
      ultra-slow waves type II. The mean frequency and amplitude were 0.16 x min-1
      (range, 0.15-0.17 x min-1) and 24 cm H2O (range, 11-41 cm H2O), respectively. The
      function of these pressure waves is unknown.

PMID- 2928721
TI  - Blood transfusion and prognosis in colorectal carcinoma.
AB  - The association of perioperative blood transfusion and cancer recurrence was
      analyzed in a 10-year series of 520 patients with colorectal carcinoma undergoing
      curative surgery. Cancer recurrence was observed in 35 of 165 (19%) non
      transfused and in 119 of 355 (34%) transfused patients (p less than 0.001). A
      significant difference in favor of the non-transfused group was also evident in
      cases of colonic (p less than 0.05) and rectal (p less than 0.01) tumors
      separately. The transfused group had both more recurrences and higher mortality.
      Although there were no differences in age, sex, and Dukes's stage between the two
      groups, further analysis showed other significant variables explaining the
      different result. First, there were significantly more patients with rectal
      cancer in the transfused group. In addition, emergency operations for obstruction
      and resections of adjacent organs for tumor invasion were significantly commoner
      in transfused patients. Exclusion of such patients and those with small tumors
      excised locally per anum resulted in the disappearance of the prognostic
      difference between the transfused and non-transfused groups (marginally
      significant difference in rectal carcinoma; p = 0.05). It is concluded that the
      seemingly adverse effect of blood transfusion on the prognosis of colorectal
      carcinoma may largely be explained by other associated variables.

PMID- 2928722
TI  - Intestinal permeability assessed with different-sized polyethylene glycols in
      children undergoing small-intestinal biopsy for suspected celiac disease.
AB  - The gastrointestinal permeability was assessed by means of an oral load of a
      mixture of different-sized polyethylene glycols (PEG 400 and PEG 1000) in 76
      children undergoing small-intestinal biopsy because of suspected celiac disease.
      Children with a mucosal abnormality suggestive of celiac disease had a lower
      urinary recovery of larger PEG molecules. They also displayed an altered
      permeability barrier, as evidenced by a lower ratio of recovery between large
      (1074 Da) and small (370 Da) PEG molecules. Gluten elimination and gluten
      challenge caused a significant change in PEG recoveries in children undergoing
      repeated PEG tests. Repeated assessments of intestinal permeability by means of
      different-sized PEGs after gluten withdrawal and challenge could complement or
      indicate suitable time for performing small-intestinal biopsy in children with
      gluten intolerance.

PMID- 2928723
TI  - Rectosigmoid motility response to sham feeding in irritable bowel syndrome.
      Evidence of a cephalic phase.
AB  - Rectosigmoid pressure recordings by means of open-ended perfused catheters were
      performed on 21 patients with the irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Motility
      indexes were calculated in resting conditions, after sham feeding, after a meal,
      and after 0.5 mg neostigmine intravenously. Each step of stimulation caused a
      significantly increased motility index compared with the previous step (p less
      than 0.01). The increase in rectosigmoid pressure activity after sham feeding
      indicates the existence of a cephalic phase in the postprandial motor response of
      the colon in IBS.

PMID- 2928724
TI  - Primary biliary cirrhosis: clinical features and outcome, with special reference
      to asymptomatic disease.
AB  - The clinical features and outcome of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) during long
      term follow-up study (mean, 9 years; range, 1-20 years) was reviewed in 80
      patients. Seventy per cent were asymptomatic at initial presentation. The
      mortality in the symptomatic group was 63%, compared with 20% in the asymptomatic
      group (p less than 0.001). The presence of hepatomegaly and histopathology
      consistent with stage 2-4 in asymptomatic cases was a prognostically ominous
      sign, as these patients often developed symptoms (p less than 0.001). The finding
      of histopathology consistent with stage 1, however, was correlated with an
      excellent prognosis with respect to both symptoms and mortality. Only 11% of
      these stage 1 patients became symptomatic, and none died (p less than 0.001). The
      mean age of symptomatic and asymptomatic patients did not differ. Moreover, the
      age distribution of asymptomatic patients with early histopathology and those
      patients with more advanced histopathology did not differ. This may indicate that
      asymptomatic PBC consists of subgroups with an active disease of various degrees.

PMID- 2928725
TI  - Wedged hepatic venous pressure recording and venography for the assessment of pre
      cirrhotic and cirrhotic liver disease.
AB  - Wedged hepatic venous pressure recording and venography were investigated to
      assess histologic reflection of the stage of chronic liver disease. Forty-nine
      patients were studied. The four main groups and the means of the pressure
      gradients (WHVP - FHVP) with their 95% confidence limits were chronic active
      hepatitis (n = 12), 6 mm Hg (4.35-7.65); chronic hepatitis in transition to
      cirrhosis (n = 9), 10.3 mm Hg (6.6-14.1); and established cirrhosis (n = 8), 15.4
      mm Hg (9.4-21.4); but only 3.4 mm Hg (2.2-4.6) in near-normal liver (n = 8). A
      pressure gradient of more than 5 mm Hg was always associated with significant
      liver disease on liver biopsy. In 25 patients venographies were assessed. Whereas
      patients with near-normal biopsy specimens had normal appearances, patients with
      more severe disease showed increasingly severe changes. The techniques applied
      should not replace liver biopsy. However, they provide relevant supplementary
      information, might have a place in follow-up studies to assess progression of
      disease, and occasionally reduce the need for liver biopsy.

PMID- 2928727
TI  - The contribution of the diaphragm and an intrinsic sphincter to the
      gastroesophageal antireflux barrier. An experimental study in the dog.
AB  - The components of the mechanical gastroesophageal antireflux barrier were studied
      in anesthetized dogs (15-18.5 kg). Pressure in the gastroesophageal junction area
      was recorded by pull-through manometry (using an infused end-hole-provided
      catheter) during gastric filling (distension) with water. In addition, the
      gastric volume at which reflux occurred was used as a measure of function and
      competence. Each dog was studied while intact and spontaneously breathing, after
      muscle relaxation, after excision of the left half of the diaphragm, and after
      death. In the intact dogs a barrier with a mean resting pressure of 20 (range, 14
      26) cm H2O was recorded. During gastric filling the barrier pressure initially
      increased to 32 (16-42) cm H2O before steadily decreasing until reflux occurred.
      The highest pressure was recorded with 625 ml (250-1500 ml) in the stomach.
      Reflux occurred at a gastric volume of 3200 ml (2300-4000 ml). Muscle relaxation
      changed neither resting pressure nor reflux volume significantly. After excision
      of the left half of the diaphragm a barrier with a resting pressure of 15 (6-22)
      cm H2O was still recorded. Reflux then occurred at a gastric volume of 1400 ml
      (500-2500 ml). In dead dogs no pressure barrier could be recorded, and reflux was
      provoked already by 500 ml (250-750 ml) in the stomach. The presence of a
      mechanical barrier also after excision of the left half of the diaphragm, as
      evidenced by both pressure and reflux volume, can only be explained by an
      intrinsic sphincter, a lower esophageal sphincter (LES). However, the experiments
      also showed that the diaphragm contributed to the competence of the LES. This
      contribution was at first passive.

PMID- 2928726
TI  - Fat and pancreatic secretion.
AB  - In 10 healthy volunteers we investigated the effects of intraduodenal oleic acid
      at various concentrations (0-40 mM) and at various degrees of emulsification on
      pancreaticobiliary secretion and the release of secretin and cholecystokinin
      (CCK) into plasma. We found that the release of the two hormones was directly
      related to the dose of fat and to the degree of emulsification. The threshold of
      CCK release (and amylase output) was low in comparison with the threshold for
      secretin release (and bicarbonate or volume output). When the degree of
      emulsification of the fat was increased, no simple relation was observed between
      hormone levels and pancreatic exocrine secretion. The output of bile salts was
      identical at various fat concentrations. We conclude that both secretin and CCK
      are dose-dependently released by emulsions of oleic acid in normal man and that
      the thresholds for release are probably different.

PMID- 2928728
TI  - Oesophageal motility and lower oesophageal sphincter competence in progressive
      systemic sclerosis and localized scleroderma.
AB  - Oesophageal motility and lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS) competence were
      investigated in 13 patients with progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS) and in 16
      patients with localized scleroderma (LS) by means of oesophageal manometry and 24
      h pH monitoring of the distal oesophagus. Results were compared with those of a
      control group consisting of asymptomatic volunteers. Marked abnormalities in
      oesophageal motility and in acid exposure in the distal oesophagus were observed
      in PSS patients only. The mean resting pressure of the LOS was 10.1 +/- 1.5 mmHg
      in PSS, 21.4 +/- 1.1 mmHg in LS, and 23.8 +/- 2.0 mmHg in asymptomatic controls.
      Overall sphincter length was 24.1 +/- 3.4 mm in PSS, 31.1 +/- 1.6 mm in LS, and
      39.0 +/- 2.0 mm in the control group. Spincter abdominal length was 12.1 +/- 2
      mm, 15.4 +/- 1 mm, and 25.0 +/- 1 mm, respectively. The amplitude and duration of
      oesophageal waves were markedly reduced at 5, 10, and 15 cm above the LOS in PSS
      patients, with only the upper part of their gullet being spared. An abnormal acid
      exposure in the distal oesophagus was observed in 84.6% of PSS patients, whereas
      only 18.2% (2 of 11) of pH-tested LS patients had an abnormal 24-h pH test. These
      data show that a marked oesophageal involvement is present only in the systemic
      form of scleroderma. Oesophageal tests may be useful for a circumstantial
      diagnosis whenever the diagnosis of PSS is uncertain; however, their use does not
      seem to be justified as routine in patients with LS.

PMID- 2928729
TI  - Endoscopic findings and diagnoses in unselected dyspeptic patients at a primary
      health care center.
AB  - This study reports the findings on endoscopy and the final diagnoses of 172
      consecutive patients with dyspepsia from a primary health care center. The
      purpose of our study was to carry out a thorough gastroenterologic investigation
      of all patients consulting their general practitioner and reporting dyspepsia
      during 1 full year, from a population within a defined geographic area. The
      examinations included patient history, physical examination, laboratory tests,
      esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD), and sigmoidoscopy. All the examinations,
      including the EGDs, were done at the primary care center. A final diagnosis was
      settled after a minimum of 6 months. Six per cent had esophagitis, 13% had peptic
      ulcer disease, 1% had gastric cancer, and 1% had irritable bowel disease.
      Completely normal endoscopies were seen in 19%. No patient had villous atrophy.
      Sixty-four per cent had non-ulcer dyspepsia, and 26% had inflammatory bowel
      syndrome, with great overlapping. It is concluded that open-access endoscopy is a
      valuable service to primary care, the result of which greatly enhances the
      diagnostic accuracy in dyspeptic patients entering primary care.

PMID- 2928730
TI  - The effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide, secretin, and glucagon on human
      duodenal bicarbonate secretion.
AB  - Duodenal luminal acidification increases duodenal mucosal bicarbonate production
      and also releases both secretin and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). The
      effect of these two structurally similar peptides on human duodenal bicarbonate
      production has not been examined in humans. Our purpose was therefore to assess
      the effect of VIP and secretin and also glucagon, a homologous hormone, on human
      duodenal bicarbonate secretion. A 4-cm portion of either proximal or distal
      duodenum was isolated and perfused with iso-osmolar NaCl. Pure porcine VIP (200
      and 400 pmol/kg-h intravenously) significantly increased proximal duodenal
      bicarbonate secretion. Although secretin (0.01 to 0.18 CU/kg-h intravenously)
      markedly increased pancreatic bicarbonate secretion, it failed to alter duodenal
      mucosal bicarbonate output in either the proximal or the distal duodenum.
      Glucagon (1 to 8 micrograms/kg-h intravenously) did not affect proximal duodenal
      mucosal bicarbonate output. It is concluded that VIP, but neither secretin nor
      glucagon, significantly stimulates human duodenal mucosal bicarbonate secretion.

PMID- 2928731
TI  - The final outcome of patients presenting with their first episode of acute
      diarrhoea and an inflamed rectal mucosa with preserved crypt architecture. A
      clinicopathologic study.
AB  - When a patient presents with acute diarrhoea, the most important question is
      whether it represents the first episode of chronic inflammatory bowel disease
      (CIBD) or acute self-limited colitis (ASLC). The early changes in the rectal
      mucosa of patients with ASLC have been claimed to be highly diagnostic, the
      presence of an unspecific inflammatory infiltrate in the lamina propria and the
      absence of disturbances in the crypt architecture being the characteristic
      features. Thirty-two patients who in the period 1980-1984 presented with their
      first episode of acute diarrhoea and whose rectal mucosa showed these histologic
      features were followed up for 1.5-7 years. Forty-one per cent of the patients
      were finally classified as having ASLC and 28% as having diseases other than CIBD
      or ASLC. Thirty-one per cent eventually developed CIBD. Thus the features claimed
      to be diagnostic of ASLC could not predict the final outcome of the disease in
      patients presenting for the first time with acute diarrhoea. The histologic
      interpretation can provide significant information in these patients but should
      never replace a careful clinical judgement and, if doubt remains, further
      observation of the patients.

PMID- 2928732
TI  - Natural history of duodenal ulcer detected by the gastric mass surveys in men
      over 40 years of age.
AB  - In a gastric mass survey with photofluorography performed on 10,605 male office
      workers over 40 years of age, 456 cases of duodenal ulcer (4.3%) were detected.
      These cases were scheduled to be followed up every 6 months with endoscopy and
      without any anti-ulcer drugs. Two hundred and seventy-six of the cases, including
      169 cases with craters and 107 cases with scars, were followed up for 2 years.
      Forty-one of 169 craters (24.3%) had healed, and 21 of 107 scars (19.6%) had
      relapsed at 6 months. At 24 months 36 of 169 craters (21.3%) had healed, and 31
      of 107 scars (29.0%) had relapsed. Sixty-four and a half per cent of the ulcers
      that showed crater at entry remained at the crater stage, and 62.6% of ulcer
      scars at entry remained healed at every endoscopy during the trial period. With
      regard to the cases' background, cigarette smoking adversely affected the natural
      history of the duodenal ulcer. However, years after onset, previous treatment,
      history of overt bleeding, and alcohol and coffee consumption did not affect the
      present ulcer activity.

PMID- 2928733
TI  - Anal sphincter function after colectomy, mucosal proctectomy, and ileoanal
      anastomosis.
AB  - Anal sphincter investigations were performed in 41 patients with straight
      ileoanal anastomosis and in 10 controls. In 20 patients (group I) the mucosal
      stripping had been performed from the abdominal side, leaving 1-2 cm of distal
      anal mucosa. In 21 patients (group II) the anal mucosa had been stripped from the
      perineal side as far as the dentate line. Continence was perfect in all patients
      in group I and poor in 6 of 17 patients in group II, when examined 12 months
      after the operation. Anal canal resting pressure was normal in group I. In group
      II the resting pressure was significantly decreased and correlated to continence
      function. The maximum anal canal squeeze pressure was the same in the two groups.
      The slope of the regression line between pressure rise and integrated
      electromyography proved to be a useful criterion of the external anal sphincter
      function and was significantly correlated to degree of incontinence. This
      variable was significantly smaller in group II patients than in group I and
      controls. Thus, function of the anal sphincters was normal after mucosal
      proctectomy performed from above with preservation of a mucosal brim. Dysfunction
      of the internal and external anal sphincter was found after perineal mucosal
      dissection and was correlated to continence function.

PMID- 2928735
TI  - The mechanism of acute gastric ulcer after induced hemorrhagic shock.
AB  - Changes in gastric mucosal blood flow were investigated for their relationship to
      gastric mucosal prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and noradrenaline (NA) in rats with
      hemorrhagic shock. The results were as follows: 1) Gastric mucosal blood flow and
      NA decreased after hemorrhage. Gastric mucosal PGE2 initially increased after
      exsanguination and then markedly decreased. 2) Administration of NA before
      hemorrhage resulted in an increase of PGE2. However, the PGE2 value for animals
      receiving NA after hemorrhage was not different from that of non-NA-treated
      group. 3) Pre-treatment with PGE2 suppressed the reduction in both gastric
      mucosal blood flow and NA and the development of ulcer. These results suggest
      that the increase in gastric mucosal PGE2 in the early stage of shock might
      represent a phenomenon of adaptation by the adrenergic activation, and the
      decrease in PGE2 in the late stage might result from impaired synthesis of PGE2
      due to persistent hypoxia and might be one of the possible factors in ulcer
      formation.

PMID- 2928734
TI  - A randomized comparison of horizontal and vertical banded gastroplasty: what
      determines weight loss?
AB  - Pouch volume, stoma diameter, and pouch emptying rate were measured
      postoperatively and after 6 months in 45 morbidly obese patients who had been
      assigned to either horizontal gastroplasty (HGP) or vertical banded gastroplasty
      (VBGP) after pretreatment with diet alone. Pouch volume and stoma diameter were
      measured by a standardized radiographic method with blinded assessment by two
      observers. Pouch emptying rate was determined by a standardized scintigraphic
      method and expressed as the mean transit time (t60). Pouch volume and stoma
      diameter did not change, whereas t60 decreased by 36% during the first 6 months
      after HGP (p less than 0.001). Pouch volume was larger after HGP (p less than
      0.001). Pouch emptying was faster after VBGP (p less than 0.001), but these
      patients had the better weight loss (p less than 0.001). Variation in weight loss
      after either operation was unrelated to pouch volume, stoma diameter, and t60.
      Stoma diameter was not correlated with t60. The study provides further evidence
      against the significance of stoma diameter and pouch emptying rate as
      determinants of weight loss after gastroplasty. The much smaller pouch volume
      after VBGP may favor weight loss.

PMID- 2928736
TI  - Endoscopic, portographic, and hemodynamic evaluation of prolonged propranolol
      administration in pigs with experimental portal hypertension and esophageal
      varices.
AB  - The effect of long-term propranolol administration on esophageal varices,
      portocollateral shunting, portal pressure, hepatosplanchnic hemodynamics, and
      liver function was studied in a pig model with experimentally induced prehepatic
      portal hypertension and esophageal varices. Five pigs were treated with 160 mg
      propranolol daily from week 5 to week 24 after portal-vein banding, and five pigs
      served as nontreated controls. Administration of propranolol caused an initial,
      significant reduction (20%) of portal venous pressure, followed by a gradual
      increase to levels not different from control pressures. In contrast, a marked
      reduction of the caliber of the coronary vein and size of the esophageal varices
      was noticed. Twenty weeks of propranolol treatment did not change liver blood
      flow or liver function. We conclude that the size of the varices rather than
      portal venous pressure depicts the effect of propranolol treatment and suggest
      that the beneficial effect of propranolol on variceal bleeding can be explained
      by a reduction in the wall tension of the varices, initiated and maintained by a
      diminution of splanchnic blood flow.

PMID- 2928737
TI  - Characterization of hepatic hemodynamics in cirrhotics and non-cirrhotics. Effect
      of glucagon infusion.
AB  - The effect of glucagon on hepatic regional hemodynamics was investigated in
      patients with chronic liver disease during peritoneoscopy with reflectance
      spectrophotometry. When glucagon was infused intravenously in patients with a non
      cirrhotic liver, the regional hepatic tissue oxygen consumption, as estimated
      spectrophotometrically, increased significantly, whereas the index of hepatic
      tissue blood volume did not change appreciably, and consequently, the oxygen
      saturation of hemoglobin in the hepatic tissue blood decreased. In contrast, the
      administration of glucagon in patients with liver cirrhosis resulted in a
      significant increase in the index of hepatic tissue blood volume and produced a
      minor increase in hepatic tissue oxygen consumption. The oxygen saturation of
      hepatic blood hemoglobin tended to increase in the cirrhotics. The result
      suggests the presence of functional vasoconstriction at the presinusoidal and/or
      sinusoidal vessels in the cirrhotic liver, possibly due to a decreased vasomotor
      activity and/or an abnormal regulatory function of vasoactive substances, which
      are released by glucagon.

PMID- 2928738
TI  - Enzyme activities in the duodenal mucosa in duodenal ulcer patients.
AB  - The mucosal enzyme activities of 11 marker enzymes from the brush border,
      basolateral membrane, and lysosomes of 45 patients with an active duodenal ulcer
      (DU) were determined by analysis of homogenized biopsy specimens obtained from
      the duodenal bulb and descending duodenum at endoscopy. They were compared with
      activities measured in 22 controls. In the duodenal bulb lactase (p less than
      0.005), neutral-alpha-glucosidase (p less than 0.0005), and monoamine oxidase (p
      less than 0.0005) were significantly decreased in DU patients. In the descending
      duodenum all the brush border enzymes except sucrase were significantly decreased
      when compared with controls. DU patients with inflammation in the biopsy
      specimens from the duodenal bulb had decreased levels of lactase (p less than
      0.05), sucrase (p less than 0.05), neutral-alpha-glucosidase (p less than 0.05),
      leucyl-beta-naphthylamidase (p less than 0.05), and acid phosphatases (p less
      than 0.05) when compared with DU patients with normal histology in this region.
      In the descending duodenum the activities of leucyl-beta-naphthylamidase (p less
      than 0.05) were decreased in patients with inflammation compared with those
      without such histologic changes. DU patients who had taken antacids before the
      investigation had decreased activities of lactase (p less than 0.05) in the
      descending duodenum when compared with those who had not taken antacids.
      Activities of lactase (p less than 0.005), sucrase (p less than 0.005), neutral
      alpha-glucosidase (p less than 0.05), and acid beta-glucuronidase (p less than
      0.0005) in the descending duodenum were significantly lower in smokers than in
      non-smokers with active DU.

PMID- 2928739
TI  - Gastric emptying and gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with atrophic
      gastritis and the effects of domperidone.
AB  - The relationship of gastric emptying of liquid to the extent of fundal gastritis
      and gastrointestinal symptoms was investigated in a total of 37 subjects
      comprising healthy controls with no gastrointestinal symptoms and patients with
      constant gastrointestinal symptoms for at least 1 year. Gastric emptying was
      measured by the acetaminophen absorption method, and the extent of fundal
      gastritis was determined by the endoscopic Congo-red test developed at this
      hospital. Gastric emptying was significantly slower in patients with
      gastrointestinal symptoms than in healthy subjects. It was also significantly
      slower in patients with than in those without severe fundal gastritis.
      Gastrointestinal symptoms were significantly more frequent in patients with
      delayed gastric emptying. The acute effect of oral administration of domperidone
      on gastric emptying was examined. A single dose of domperidone (20 mg)
      significantly increased the rate of gastric emptying.

PMID- 2928740
TI  - [Comparison of a sensitive rabbit brain thromboplastin and a human placenta
      thromboplastin for thromboplastin time determination].
AB  - Prothrombin times were measured in 120 orally anticoagulated patients and 122
      patients not orally anticoagulated using two different commercial thromboplastin
      reagents, a rabbit brain thromboplastin (CRB-Thromboplastin, Roche) and a human
      placenta thromboplastin (Thromborel S, Behring). A good correlation (r = 0.93,
      slope = 1.089, intercept = 0.014) was found between the International Normalized
      Ratio (INR) values of the anticoagulated plasmas obtained with both
      thromboplastins. Defining five degrees of intensity of anticoagulation (between
      INR less than or equal to 2.0 to INR greater than or equal to 5.1) the intensity
      of treatment was judged concordantly with both thromboplastins in 67% of the
      patients and as differing by one degree in 32%. In only one out of 120 patients
      was a larger discrepancy of INR values found. - A good correlation (r = 0.93) was
      also found between the prothrombin times expressed as Quick percentage values as
      assessed with both thromboplastins in 122 patients not orally anticoagulated. In
      82 cases a "normal" prothrombin time (Quick greater than or equal to 70%) and in
      33 cases a "subnormal/diminished" percentage value (Quick less than 70%) was
      obtained with both thromboplastins. In only 7 out of 122 plasma samples was the
      Quick percentage normal with one and subnormal with the other reagent. - The good
      conformity of the INR values measured with two thromboplastins of differing
      species but similar sensitivity (International Sensitivity Index [ISI] = 1.14 for
      CRB-Thromboplastin, and = 1.10 for Thromborel S) supports the recommendation by
      the World Health Organization that the intensity of oral anticoagulation be
      expressed in terms of INR. Whether INRs obtained with thromboplastins of largely
      differing ISIs show sufficient conformity will need to be assessed by further
      prospective studies.

PMID- 2928742
TI  - [Unusual manifestations of Q fever disclosing hairy cell leukemia].
AB  - An unusual case of Q fever in a 62-year-old female is described. The patient
      presented with severe pneumonia and developed renal failure, disseminated
      intravascular coagulation and pancytopenia which recurred after antibiotics were
      discontinued. Subsequently hairy cell leukemia was diagnosed and evolved
      favorably under treatment with doxycycline and alpha-interferon. A review of the
      literature confirms that renal failure and disseminated intravascular coagulation
      do not appear to be associated with Coxiella burnetti infections, nor has the
      association of Q fever and hairy cell leukemia been previously described.

PMID- 2928741
TI  - [Successful clonidine treatment of restless leg syndrome in chronic kidney
      insufficiency].
AB  - Restless legs syndrome is a common and sometimes incapacitating disorder in
      chronic uraemic patients. While therapeutic concepts have so far been
      disappointing, there have been recent reports on the favourable effect of
      clonidine in non-uraemic patients with symptoms of restless legs syndrome.
      Therefore, a double-blind study was conducted in 20 patients with chronic renal
      failure (11 conservatively treated, 9 on RDT) and symptoms of restless legs. 10
      patients were treated with 0.075 mg clonidine twice daily and 10 received
      placebo. The patients were investigated 3 days after starting therapy. - In the
      clonidine-treated group complete relief of symptoms was noted in 8 out of 10
      patients, a striking alleviation in one, while in one further patient the
      symptoms remained unchanged. In contrast, only one of 10 patients in the placebo
      group had a mild alleviation of symptoms. Blood pressure did not differ
      significantly in the two groups. The data show that low-dose clonidine
      administration is a very effective approach in the treatment of the restless legs
      syndrome in chronic uraemic patients.

PMID- 2928743
TI  - [Oral health--the status of knowledge 1985. An analysis of a repeated survey of
      761 Swiss recruits].
AB  - Concurrent with an epidemiological study, 761 military recruits were questioned
      about their attitudes towards dentists, dental treatment and oral hygiene habits.
      In addition, their knowledge of periodontal diseases and their prevention was
      evaluated, as were their smoking and snacking habits. Such recruits had been
      similarly questioned 11 years previously. Both the present and the previous
      studies showed that the recruits had a very positive attitude towards their
      dentitions, expressing a defined desire for good oral health. Oral hygiene
      habits, particularly daily toothbrushing, improved during the decade and were
      graded as acceptable. However, the recruits generally had a poor impression of
      dentists and their individual treatments. The number of recruits presenting for
      the emergency treatment of pain increased by 20%. Of this group, recruits who
      only sought dental checkups sporadically increased four times compared to the
      previous study. Confirming results of the previous study, knowledge of
      periodontal diseases and its prevention were poor. This may indicate a lack of
      clearly explained information by the dental teams which previously and presently
      treated these recruits. The development of a consumer society was expressed by
      the increased snacking habits. In contrast to what was expected, the information
      about dental diseases and the motivation of recruits by dental personnel and in
      the schools to better dental health should be improved.

PMID- 2928744
TI  - [Urinary excretion of fluorides in schoolchildren of Lausanne and Geneva in
      relation to salt fluoridation].
AB  - Urinary excretion of fluoride and sodium and urinary flow were studied in 230
      schoolchildren (average age: 11.1 years) in the following situation: in 1984 and
      1988 in Geneva, 1 year and 5 years after the introduction of fluoridated domestic
      salt (250 mg/kg), and in 1985 in Lausanne, 15 years after the general
      introduction of salt fluoridation for this city and its surrounding canton
      (Vaud). Among consumers of fluoridated salt, the average excretion of F ion
      during morning and afternoon was 15.4 and 43.7 micrograms F/h, respectively, in
      Geneva (1988) and 26.4 and 49.9 micrograms F/h, respectively, in Lausanne (1985).
      Among non-consumers of fluoridated domestic salt, excretion values during morning
      and afternoon were 9.9 and 20.7 micrograms F/h, respectively, in Geneva (1988),
      and 18.4 and 26.1 micrograms F/h, respectively, in Lausanne. Between 1984 and
      1988, an increase in fluoride excretion was observed in schoolchildren of Geneva.
      During approximately 10 night hours, 8.8 to 16.4 micrograms F/h were excreted in
      Geneva, but F-salt consumers in Lausanne excreted 25.8 micrograms F/h. Averages
      of sodium excretion varied between 80 and 144 mg Na/h at daytime and between and
      81 mg Na/h at night.

PMID- 2928745
TI  - [Fluoride retention and clearance after rinsing with fluoridated mouthwashes].
AB  - Oral fluoride clearance and oral fluoride retention were studied in 12 adult
      volunteers. 5 different mouthrinses were used. The test agents, in part available
      on the market, includes two Candida mouthrinses containing 1508 and 330 ppm F,
      respectively, Act containing 308 ppm F, a zinc fluoride-hexetidine (ZH)
      combination containing 287 ppm F, and an amine fluoride 297/SnF2 (AmF/SnF2)
      combination containing 241 ppm F. The volunteers rinsed with 10 ml of the above
      solutions for 30 s each. The oral fluoride concentration was reduced to 1 ppm 99
      min after rinsing with Candida original. With the AmF/SnF2 solution, the oral
      fluoride concentration remained above 1 ppm for 39 min, and for about 20 min
      after rinsing with Candida reduced, ZH and Act. With both Candida original and ZH
      significant fluoride levels in the oral fluid were still found after 3 h, while
      with AmF/SnF2 and Act significant fluoride levels lasted for 2 h. A specific
      clearance value was determined for each mouthrinse, reflecting the ability of the
      agent to remain attached to the oral structures. The AmF/SnF2-rinse had a rapid
      clearance value. About 9 to 17% of the fluoride brought into the oral cavity were
      not expectorated. For the mouthrinses containing 0.05% NaF the retention was
      about 0.4 mg F. This value is considered to be harmless. Mouthrinses used after
      the application of a monofluorophosphate-dentifrice helped to increase the
      relatively low oral fluid fluoride level. Rinsing with the test agents after
      brushing with the amine fluoride dentifrice (Elmex) produced no significantly
      increased fluoride levels. In-between meals eliminated the oral fluoride
      concentration rapidly.

PMID- 2928746
TI  - [The incidence of plaque and gingivitis in schoolchildren of the Davos region].
AB  - The aim of the present study was to collect basic material for planning and
      executing a program for the prevention of caries and gingival inflammation in
      children. A total of 275 schoolchildren aged 8, 10 and 12 years were examined by
      3 calibrated examiners in Davos Dorf and Davos Platz. The degree of plaque was
      measured according to the Pl-I of Silness and Loe on all permanent teeth.
      Gingivitis was measured using the SB-I method according to Muhlemann and Son.
      Oral hygiene: the eight- and ten-year-old children from Davos Dorf exhibited a
      significantly smaller Pl-I than their counterparts in Davos Platz. A
      significantly different (p less than 0.02) oral hygiene was also found between
      girls and boys of age 12. Gingivitis: The degree of gingivitis was minimal in the
      youngest age group. A significantly greater inflammation (p less than 0.03) was
      found in the 10-year-old group from Davos Platz. There was no discernible
      difference measured in the 12-year-old group between Davos Dorf and Davos Platz,
      but there was a distinguishable difference observed between the sexes (p less
      than 0.02).

PMID- 2928747
TI  - [Dental care after leaving school. The problem of dental care for young people
      after leaving obligatory school dental care].

PMID- 2928748
TI  - [The DMF of children in France in 1987].

PMID- 2928749
TI  - [Caries is coming again. Interview by Kurt Venner].

PMID- 2928750
TI  - [Fluoridated salt: or an attempt at mass prophylaxis in France].

PMID- 2928752
TI  - [Swiss agriculture at the threshold of the year 2000].
AB  - The technical and biological progress together with improved educational programs
      for farmers have strongly influenced the development of Swiss agriculture after
      World War II. In spite of a decreasing number of farms and employees agricultural
      production has clearly increased resulting in some market problems as well as in
      a higher impact on the environment. Therefore, the goal of agricultural politics
      is to unify the sometimes divergent interests by means of offer regulation,
      income guarantee and environmental protection. In order to successfully meet the
      requirements of the 21st century, Swiss agriculture needs responsible and dynamic
      farmers.

PMID- 2928751
TI  - [What is your diagnosis? Which course of action do you propose?].

PMID- 2928753
TI  - ["Infectious necrotizing hepatitis" of rabbits--the first cases in Switzerland].
AB  - Based on clinical, macroscopic and light microscopical examinations we describe
      for the first time in Switzerland the "infectious necrotizing hepatitis" of
      rabbits (Marcato et al., 1988).

PMID- 2928754
TI  - [A retrospective clinical study of the fractures and luxations of the mandible in
      the cat].
AB  - Twenty-six cases of mandibular fractures and luxations are reviewed. Mandibular
      trauma was due to car accidents (46%) and falls from great heights (23%).
      Cardiovascular shocks (40%), thoracic injuries (23%), epistaxis (30%), cleft
      palates (19%), subconjunctival hemorrhages (15%), broken canines (15%),
      concussions (15%), maxillary fractures (12%) were the most frequently encountered
      associated problems. Of the 26 cats, 22 had symphyseal fractures, 6 mandibular
      body fractures, 4 ramus fractures (3 of which were articular) and 6 had temporo
      mandibular luxations. Open reduction and internal fixation was performed in 21
      cases, surgery being indicated for unstable symphyseal and body fractures, the
      rostral body fractures being the most challenging to repair. Conservative therapy
      and ancillary treatment methods such as external coaptation and pharyngostomy
      were used for the fractures of the ramus. Six temporo-mandibular luxations
      associated with mandibular fractures in 5 cases were reduced under anesthesia.
      Good dental occlusion and mandibular function was obtained in the 24 treated
      cases.

PMID- 2928755
TI  - Carprofen in veterinary medicine. I. Plasma disposition, milk excretion and
      tolerance in milk-producing cows.
AB  - Carprofen, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), was injected
      intravenously in six cows after calving, either as a single or a daily dose of
      0.7 mg/kg for five days. Carprofen was well tolerated by the cows at this dose
      rate, the milk production and biochemical variables remaining within the normal
      ranges. The plasma elimination half-life of carprofen ranged from 44.5 to 64.6 h
      after repeated daily injections. These values are longer than those reported for
      other NSAIDs used in veterinary medicine, e.g. flunixin and phenylbutazone. The
      volume of distribution and the clearance values calculated after a single
      intravenous injection amounted to 0.09 l/kg and 9.0 ml/min. The concentration of
      carprofen in milk collected twice daily (morning and evening) was, in general,
      below the sensitivity limit of the analytical method (25 ng/ml) up to five days
      after the last carprofen injection; the concentration of carprofen reached about
      30 ng/ml in only a few milk samples collected after the fourth or fifth
      injection. This indicates that carprofen is poorly excreted in the milk.

PMID- 2928756
TI  - To our health.

PMID- 2928757
TI  - Time bomb.

PMID- 2928758
TI  - The blood-brain barrier.

PMID- 2928759
TI  - The syphilized world.

PMID- 2928761
TI  - Plasticity in brain development.

PMID- 2928760
TI  - Lukewarm turkey.

PMID- 2928762
TI  - Children of the Garden Island.

PMID- 2928763
TI  - Fraud in science: causes and remedies.

PMID- 2928764
TI  - AIDS counts. Planning for an epidemic whose size is still unknown.

PMID- 2928765
TI  - Virus de resistance. Drug-resistant viruses surface in AIDS patients.

PMID- 2928766
TI  - Multiple choice. Viral fingerprints are found in the blood of MS patients.

PMID- 2928767
TI  - An alliance for progress? European technology companies hope for a boost from
      1992.

PMID- 2928769
TI  - Allium micronucleus (MNC) assay to assess bioavailability, bioconcentration and
      genotoxicity of mercury from solid waste deposits of a chloralkali plant, and
      antagonism of L-cysteine.
AB  - Samples of solid waste from a chloralkali plant were bioassayed employing the
      Allium micronucleus (MNC) assay. The endpoints measured were root length, root
      mercury and frequency of root meristematic cells with MNC. Chemical extraction
      methods such as 10% HNO3, ammonium acetate-EDTA and 0.05 or 0.1 M CaCl2 were used
      to assess the bioavailability of mercury from soil contaminated with solid waste.
      Analysis of mercury was by cold vapour atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The
      frequency of MNC induced by contaminated soil, which followed a concentration
      response curve, was statistically correlated with soil mercury, extractable
      mercury and root mercury. The antagonism of L-cysteine against the suppression of
      root growth and induction of MNC by solid waste suggested the involvement of
      mercury as well as thiol groups in the process. The threshold assessment values,
      such as the median effective concentration (EC50) for root growth, gross toxicity
      concentration tested (GTCT) as indicated by complete inhibition of sprouting of
      roots, lowest effective concentration tested (LECT) and highest ineffective
      concentration tested (HICT) for induction of MNC, were determined. These
      assessment values may be useful for environmental management and regulatory
      purposes. Furthermore, the detection limit of the Allium MNC assay for solid
      waste mercury as indicated by LECT was 9.6 mg kg-1 which corresponded to 0.13 mg
      kg-1 of 0.05 M CaCl2 extractable or 8.3 mg kg-1 dry weight bioconcentrated
      mercury.

PMID- 2928768
TI  - The burden of proof. Donated blood runs a costly gauntlet of tests.

PMID- 2928770
TI  - Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon content of particulate matter suspended in the
      atmosphere of La Plata, Argentina.
AB  - Twelve polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were evaluated by chromatographic
      procedures using a HPLC-UV detector and a GC-FID detector. The PAH were evaluated
      in airborne particulate matter collected in La Plata, Argentina, over a period of
      2 years (with sampling periods of approximately 4 months). The samples were size
      fractionated, and the PAH in each fraction determined. The analytical procedure
      used was as follows: extraction in benzene, concentration at room temperature,
      clean-up in a silica gel column and, finally, evaluation by chromatographic
      procedures. The extraction recovery was 76.2 +/- 5.8% for naphthalene and 96.0 +/
      6.2% for chrysene. Clean-up recovery was 87.8 +/- 7.15% for phenanthrene and
      98.1 +/- 8.3% for anthracene. The largest PAH load was present in the smallest
      fractions. The smallest particles were carbonaceous in nature. The concentration
      peak was associated both with the total mass of airborne particulate matter and
      the reduction in amounts of coarse particles. The PAH distribution could not be
      correlated with characteristic physicochemical properties such as water
      solubility or the octanol-water distribution coefficient. The PAH load was
      greater in fall and winter than in spring and summer. This could be attributed to
      the reduction of photochemical processes during the cold seasons.

PMID- 2928772
TI  - Levels of manganese in the urine of female farmers in non-polluted regions in
      Japan.
AB  - Nearly 1500 urine samples were collected from female farmers in eight regions
      widely scattered in the islands of Japan in the winter of 1987-1988. The samples
      were analysed for manganese by wet ashing and flameless atomic absorption
      spectrophotometry under strict quality control. The values observed after
      adjustment for a specific gravity of 1.016 were distributed log-normally with a
      geometric mean of 0.65 microgram/l and a geometric standard deviation of 2.47.
      There was no effect of aging or any effect of smoking on the urinary manganese
      concentration. The inter-regional difference may be present but not yet
      conclusive. As no sex difference was observed in a previous study, it may be
      possible to deduce that the value may possibly stand for the "background" level
      of both men and women, either smoking or non-smoking, among the general Japanese
      population. The observed value is discussed in comparison with values reported in
      the literature.

PMID- 2928771
TI  - Accumulation of arsenic in yelloweye mullet (Aldrichetta forsteri) following oral
      administration of organoarsenic compounds and arsenate.
AB  - Groups of yelloweye mullet (Aldrichetta forsteri) were maintained for several
      weeks on diets containing one of a range of organoarsenic compounds
      (arsenobetaine, arsenocholine, 2-dimethylarsinylethanol, 2-dimethylarsinylacetic
      acid, 2-dimethylarsinothioylethanol) or arsenate. Fish fed 2
      dimethylarsinylethanol, 2-dimethylarsinylacetic acid or 2
      dimethylarsinothioylethanol showed no increase in arsenic concentrations in their
      muscle tissue, while fish fed arsenate showed small increases. The two groups of
      fish which received either arsenobetaine or arsenocholine had greatly elevated
      arsenic concentrations in their muscle tissue resulting from an estimated
      approximately 40% retention of ingested arsenic. Examination of the form of
      arsenic accumulated by fish fed arsenocholine showed that most of the arsenic
      (89%) was accumulated as arsenobetaine.

PMID- 2928773
TI  - Cardiac chaos.

PMID- 2928774
TI  - PNAS reviewing procedures.

PMID- 2928775
TI  - Animal activism.

PMID- 2928776
TI  - Alar: the numbers game.

PMID- 2928777
TI  - MCAT to stress thinking, writing.

PMID- 2928778
TI  - Unesco seeks role in genome projects.

PMID- 2928779
TI  - Generalized tube model of biased reptation for gel electrophoresis of DNA.
AB  - A theoretical analysis of the reptational motion of DNA in a gel that includes
      the effects of molecular fluctuations has been used to explain the main features
      found in experiments involving periodic inversion of the electric field. The
      resonance-like decrease of the electrophoretic mobility as a function of pulse
      duration is related to transient "undershoots" in the orientation of the
      molecule, in agreement with recent experimental data. These features arise from a
      delicate interplay of internal and center of mass motion of the molecules under
      pulsed field conditions, and are important for the separation of DNA molecules in
      the size range 0.2 to 10 million base pairs.

PMID- 2928780
TI  - Reduction of intestinal carcinogen absorption by carcinogen-specific secretory
      immunity.
AB  - A secretory immune response to the carcinogen 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) was
      elicited in rabbits by directly immunizing the small intestine with an AAF
      cholera toxin conjugate. High-titer, high-affinity secretory immunoglobulin A
      (IgA) antibody to AAF was secreted into the intestinal lumen in response to this
      immunogen. Immune secretions reduced the transepithelial absorption of a 125I
      labeled derivative of AAF by more than half. This reduction of absorption by
      hapten-specific IgA suggests that oral vaccines against carcinogens and toxicants
      could be developed for humans.

PMID- 2928781
TI  - The EGF receptor kinase substrate p35 in the floor plate of the embryonic rat
      CNS.
AB  - P35 is a calcium- and phospholipid-binding protein that was originally isolated
      as a substrate for the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor tyrosine kinase and
      later was found to be related to lipocortin I. Immunohistochemistry was used to
      localize p35 to a raphe of primitive glial ependymal cells in the median one
      third of the floor plate in the central nervous system (CNS) of rat embryos. The
      p35 appears by embryonic day 12 before the arrival of pioneering ventral
      commissural axons. The unexpected, discrete distribution of this protein during
      development opens the question of its role in neural morphogenesis.

PMID- 2928782
TI  - Binocular unmasking: an analog to binaural unmasking?
AB  - A visual analog to binaural unmasking was explored. The observer's task was to
      detect, under stereoscopic viewing conditions, an apertured sinusoidal grating
      added to a square patch of visual noise. In the experimental condition, the
      square patch of noise was presented within a frame such that the right-eye noise
      was a shifted version of the left-eye noise. Because of the disparity in the
      noise images, subjects perceived, under stereoscopic viewing conditions, that the
      noise patch was located behind the frame. When sinusoidal signals were added to
      this noise patch, the signals were clearly more detectable when the signal
      disparity was zero than when the signal disparity equaled that of the noise
      patch, demonstrating the existence of visual unmasking. Hence, under appropriate
      circumstances, binocular processing, in addition to providing information about
      depth, can also enhance the detectability of visual patterns.

PMID- 2928783
TI  - Amyloid beta protein enhances the survival of hippocampal neurons in vitro.
AB  - The beta-amyloid protein is progressively deposited in Alzheimer's disease as
      vascular amyloid and as the amyloid cores of neuritic plaques. Contrary to its
      metabolically inert appearance, this peptide may have biological activity. To
      evaluate this possibility, a peptide ligand homologous to the first 28 residues
      of the beta-amyloid protein (beta 1-28) was tested in cultures of hippocampal
      pyramidal neurons for neurotrophic or neurotoxic effects. The beta 1-28 appeared
      to have neurotrophic activity because it enhanced neuronal survival under the
      culture conditions examined. This finding may help elucidate the sequence of
      events leading to plaque formation and neuronal damage in Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 2928785
TI  - Vitamin C papers.

PMID- 2928784
TI  - Prevention of rapid intracellular degradation of ODC by a carboxyl-terminal
      truncation.
AB  - Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) was converted from a protein with a short
      intracellular half-life in mammalian cells to a stable protein by truncating 37
      residues at its carboxyl terminus. Cells expressing wild-type protein lost ODC
      activity with a half-life of approximately 1 hour. Cells expressing the truncated
      protein, however, retained full activity for at least 4 hours. Pulse-chase
      experiments in which immunoprecipitation and gel electrophoresis were used
      confirmed the stabilizing effect of the truncation. Thus, a carboxyl-terminal
      domain is responsible for the rapid intracellular degradation of murine ODC.

PMID- 2928786
TI  - La difference.

PMID- 2928788
TI  - Psychiatrists examine Soviet system.

PMID- 2928787
TI  - Fraud review may be taken from NIH.

PMID- 2928789
TI  - European genome program delayed?

PMID- 2928790
TI  - Limits to DNA fingerprinting.

PMID- 2928791
TI  - Drug-resistant strains of AIDS virus found.

PMID- 2928792
TI  - Is risk assessment conservative?

PMID- 2928793
TI  - New equipment roundup dazzles scientists.

PMID- 2928794
TI  - Imaging crystals, polymers, and processes in water with the atomic force
      microscope.
AB  - The atomic force microscope (AFM) can be used to image the surface of both
      conductors and nonconductors even if they are covered with water or aqueous
      solutions. An AFM was used that combines microfabricated cantilevers with a
      previously described optical lever system to monitor deflection. Images of mica
      demonstrate that atomic resolution is possible on rigid materials, thus opening
      the possibility of atomic-scale corrosion experiments on nonconductors. Images of
      polyalanine, an amino acid polymer, show the potential of the AFM for revealing
      the structure of molecules important in biology and medicine. Finally, a series
      of ten images of the polymerization of fibrin, the basic component of blood
      clots, illustrate the potential of the AFM for revealing subtle details of
      biological processes as they occur in real time.

PMID- 2928795
TI  - Major enhancement of the affinity of an enzyme for a transition-state analog by a
      single hydroxyl group.
AB  - The compound 1,6-dihydropurine ribonucleoside, prepared by reduction of
      nebularine in the presence of ultraviolet light, is bound by adenosine deaminase
      approximately 10(8)-fold less tightly than 6-hydroxy-1,6-dihydropurine
      ribonucleoside, a nearly ideal transition-state analog. This difference in
      affinities, which is associated with the presence of a single hydroxyl group in
      the second compound, suggests the degree to which one or a few hydrogen bonds may
      stabilize the transition state in an enzyme reaction of this type.

PMID- 2928796
TI  - Direct measurements of sliding between outer doublet microtubules in swimming
      sperm flagella.
AB  - The relative motion of 40-nanometer gold beads bound to the exposed outer doublet
      microtubules of demembranated sea urchin sperm flagella has been observed and
      photographed during adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-reactivated swimming. This
      direct demonstration and measure of sliding displacements between outer doublet
      microtubules in actively bending flagella verifies the original sliding
      microtubule model for ciliary bending that was established by electron microscopy
      of fixed cilia and provides a new, functional measure for the diameter of the
      flagellar axoneme of 132 +/- 8 nanometers.

PMID- 2928797
TI  - Histamine is an intracellular messenger mediating platelet aggregation.
AB  - Inhibition of human platelet aggregation by N,N-diethyl-2-[4
      (phenylmethyl)phenoxy]ethanamine-HCl (DPPE), a novel antagonist of histamine
      binding, suggested that histamine might serve a critical role in cell function.
      Phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) or collagen was found to increase platelet
      histamine content in parallel with promotion of aggregation. Inhibitors of
      histidine decarboxylase (HDC) suppressed both aggregation and the elevation of
      histamine content, whereas DPPE inhibited aggregation only. In saponin
      permeabilized platelets, added histamine reversed the inhibition by DPPE or HDC
      inhibitors on aggregation induced by PMA or collagen. The results indicate a role
      for histamine as an intracellular messenger, which in platelets promotes
      aggregation.

PMID- 2928798
TI  - Genes and tongues.

PMID- 2928799
TI  - Consensus elusive on Japan's genome plans.

PMID- 2928801
TI  - Science in court.

PMID- 2928800
TI  - Britain launches genome program.

PMID- 2928802
TI  - Species questions in modern human origins.

PMID- 2928804
TI  - Idarubicin: a new presence in leukemias. Satellite symposium. Milan, August 1988.
      Proceedings.

PMID- 2928803
TI  - Scanning tunneling microscopy of uncoated recA-DNA complexes.
AB  - Uncoated recA-DNA complexes were imaged with the scanning tunneling microscope
      (STM). The images, which reveal the right-handed helical structure of the
      complexes with subunits clearly resolved, are comparable in quality to STM images
      of metal-coated specimens. Possible conduction mechanisms that allow STM imaging
      of biological macromolecules are discussed.

PMID- 2928805
TI  - Idarubicin in acute leukemias: experience of the Italian Cooperative Group
      GIMEMA.

PMID- 2928806
TI  - Idarubicin plus cytarabine as first-line treatment of acute nonlymphoblastic
      leukemia.

PMID- 2928807
TI  - A multicenter trial of cytarabine plus idarubicin or daunorubicin as induction
      therapy for adult nonlymphocytic leukemia.

PMID- 2928809
TI  - Hepatic imaging.

PMID- 2928808
TI  - Idarubicin in acute leukemia: results of studies at Memorial Sloan-Kettering
      Cancer Center.

PMID- 2928810
TI  - The measurement of hospital efficiency: a comment.

PMID- 2928811
TI  - Effects of breast cancer and mastectomy on emotional support and adjustment.
AB  - Wortman and Dunkel-Schetter (J. Soc. Issues 35, 120-155, 1979) have argued that
      victims of misfortune are likely to experience reduced social support at a time
      when support is needed most. The resulting self-doubt and isolation are thought
      to increase the victims' distress. Hypotheses derived from their analysis were
      tested by administering social and emotional adjustment inventories to 301 women
      who had undergone a mastectomy as treatment for breast cancer, and to 100 women
      diagnosed as having benign breast lumps (no-cancer, no-mastectomy controls). As
      expected, perceived emotional support was positively correlated with adjustment.
      However, contrary to Wortman and Dunkel-Schetter's analysis, the cancer patients
      perceived greater emotional support from friends and family than did the
      controls. In addition, these cancer 'victims' were no more socially or
      emotionally maladjusted than women without cancer.

PMID- 2928812
TI  - Dimensions of negative affectivity, self-reported somatic symptoms, and health
      related behaviors.
AB  - This study focused on the relationship between personality dispositions, self
      reported somatic symptoms, and health-related behaviors in undergraduate
      students. Findings are presented which indicate systematic correlations between
      health complaints and negative affectivity (NA), a common and pervasive mood
      disposition. Generally, there was a stronger relationship between NA and self
      reported somatic symptoms than between NA and variables reflecting health-related
      behaviors, lifestyle, and general fitness. Significant correlations between
      health complaints and capacity for imaginative involvement (absorption), as well
      as self-reported measures of emotional inhibition, were also demonstrated.
      However, it is uncertain whether absorption and emotional inhibition properly
      belong to the NA construct. The results also indicated differences with respect
      to the strength of the associations between various dimensions of NA and
      particular types or classes of health complaints. For example, cognitive anxiety
      (e.g. worry, ruminations, disturbing thoughts) was more strongly related to
      somatic complaints than behavioral (social avoidance) components of anxiety.
      Moreover, diffuse and widespread symptoms (e.g. weakness and fatigue) were more
      strongly associated with NA than more specific and localized symptoms,
      particularly musculo-skeletal complaints, although complaints belonging to the
      musculoskeletal category obtained the highest group mean score. The results
      strongly suggest that a differentiated approach to the study of NA-symptom
      connections should be adopted.

PMID- 2928813
TI  - Defensive work in nursing homes: accountability gone amok.
AB  - This paper contrasts conditions in intensive care nurseries and skilled nursing
      facilities in order to bring out certain features of organizational functioning
      in nursing homes. Data stem from a study of three American nursing homes which
      focused on the circumstances influencing decision-making in the evaluation and
      treatment of acute illness. DEFENSIVE WORK--work that is institution-protective
      and/or self-protective-emerged as a dominant process. It is demonstrated that the
      avoidance strategies which constitute defensive work lead to a progression of
      counterstrategies and foster skewed priorities. Consequences are: an acceptance
      of substandard care and a diversion of attention from therapeutic work. The
      relationship of defensive work to the larger question of how the nation handles
      its sick elderly is examined in the conclusion of the paper. Recommendations are
      offered for organizational steps that would re-channel the wasted energy that is
      spent on defensive work toward more productive therapeutic work.

PMID- 2928814
TI  - Measuring satisfaction with health care: a comparison of single with paired
      rating strategies.
AB  - One of the central problems in studies of patient satisfaction with health care
      is the development of reliable and valid methods to determine the relative
      importance of different aspects of health care. Two techniques, paired
      comparisons and rating on a visual analogue scale, were compared in terms of
      their consistency with logical assumptions, test-retest reliability, and
      convergent validity. Thirty women with breast cancer were asked to assess brief
      hypothetical scenarios describing out-patient clinic visits to a tertiary cancer
      care centre. Each scenario incorporated three variables related to satisfaction
      with care: staff attitude, control over treatment decisions, and continuity of
      medical supervision. The paired choice method showed marginally better
      reliability and logical consistency than the rating method. Of the three
      variables assessed, continuity of medical supervision was consistently ranked
      highest in importance, and control over treatment decisions lowest. These
      preference assessment techniques appear to be suitable for use in the development
      of patient satisfaction indices, and for studies designed to examine variations
      in the priority given to different aspects of satisfaction with care.

PMID- 2928815
TI  - A prospective study to identify the fall-prone patient.
AB  - A prospective study in 16 patient care units in two institutions was conducted to
      assess patients' risk of falling. Three types of patient care units were utilized
      (acute medical and surgical, long term geriatric and rehabilitation areas), with
      2689 patients over a 4-month period rated daily for fall risk using the Morse
      Fall Scale. Differences in mean fall score were evident between the acute care
      areas and the long term and the rehabilitation areas. Examination of the scores
      in the acute care institution by length of stay, showed different patterns of
      fall risk; the mean score of the long term patients showed less variation and
      higher scores. Patients' falls were analyzed by fall score and type of fall. All
      types of falls (anticipated physiological, unanticipated physiological and
      accidental), and the severity of injuries increased, with increasing scores
      indicating clinical validity of the scale.

PMID- 2928816
TI  - It's how you say it: physicians' vocal behavior.
AB  - The present study was designed to assess evaluations of physicians interacting
      with patients via the telephone. Observers used ten adjective scales which
      resulted in three variables: empathic, dominant, and calm. Thirty doctor-patient
      interactions were presented in two different communication modes: audio-only and
      typed transcript-only. As predicted, female listeners rated doctors as more
      empathic, dominant, and calm, and communication modes were significantly
      different with audio segments rated as more empathic, dominant and calm. Middle
      phases of the conversation also were evaluated more positively than greeting
      phases. Significant interactions between temporal phase and mode indicated that
      audio segments were interpreted more positively during middle phases. Also,
      female listeners were more sensitive to audio segments. Physicians' amplitude and
      speech rate were positively correlated with dominance.

PMID- 2928817
TI  - Health information imperatives for Third World countries.
AB  - The role of health information in the health delivery services of a nation is
      stressed with examples from the advanced nations. Factors responsible for the
      poor state of health information systems in the Third World and the effects on
      health delivery services are identified. probable factors that may Lead to the
      development of health information systems in the Third World in the future are
      posited. Recommendations for the establishment of health information systems
      based on funding, staffing, functions and networking are made.

PMID- 2928819
TI  - Using administrative data from Manitoba, Canada to study treatment outcomes:
      developing control groups and adjusting for case severity.
AB  - Administrative data are becoming increasingly available to health care
      researchers across North America and Europe. Such data sources are generally
      thought to be useful for documenting health care utilization. In this report,
      data from the provincial health insurance system in Manitoba, Canada are used to
      develop control groups and adjust for case severity. These are necessary
      prerequisites for using administrative data to study health care outcomes.

PMID- 2928818
TI  - Three conflicts as a result of causal attributions.
AB  - There is a difference between the causal attributions of cancer (Ca)-patients and
      those of myocardial infarction (MI)-patients. MI-patients go through and check
      their autobiographies looking for the possible causes suggested by the medical
      world. Ca-patients on the contrary search for possible explanations. This is
      probably due to the lack of medical knowledge on the cause and course of their
      disease. They search through their autobiographies and the result is
      idiosyncratic, very personal attributions with which they create an explanation
      which is often not in accordance with the physicians' view. These attributions of
      Ca-patients are a source of conflicts, both within themselves (doubt), with their
      physicians and with their partners or other close relatives. Nevertheless they
      stick to their own explanations, although often secretly and with ambivalence,
      and despite the conflicts which they produce.

PMID- 2928820
TI  - Coronary arteriography rates in Switzerland--how do they vary?
AB  - Coronary heart disease is a leading cause of death for both sexes in developed
      countries. Controversy has arisen about the health benefits and risks of coronary
      surgery and, more recently of coronary angioplasty. As a clinical prerequisite to
      these interventions, coronary arteriography can be considered an indicator of
      invasive services offered to coronary heart disease patients. We collected data
      on characteristics of all patients subjected to coronary arteriography during
      1984 in Switzerland. A total of 4921 coronary arteriographies were performed
      among 4359 patients; this corresponds to 77 procedures/100,000 residents and 68
      patients/100,000 residents. Rates for men are 4.2 times women's rates, and the
      highest utilization rate for both sexes are observed in the group aged 40-64.
      Large variations characterize cantonal and regional coronary arteriography rates.
      Similarly, the distribution of centers practising this procedure is not uniform.
      These observations are placed in the context of the general practice of coronary
      angiography, changes expected in the face of by-pass surgery and angioplasty
      expansion, and coronary heart disease data.

PMID- 2928821
TI  - Regional dispersion of independent professionals in primary health care in The
      Netherlands.
AB  - One of the main objectives of Dutch Government policy on primary health care
      concerns equal regional dispersion of health care provisions. At this moment
      these provisions are geographically not equally distributed when measured in
      terms of the number of inhabitants per practising professional in primary health
      care. In this paper the current patterns of dispersion of five professional
      groups are described. The groups concerned are the general practitioners,
      dentists, physiotherapists, pharmacists and midwives. These patterns are mainly a
      consequence of market forces because the professionals have had the freedom to
      choose where to practise their profession until recently. These decisions are
      affected by the "place utility" of an area. In this paper place utility is
      conceived as being determinated by the opportunities of an area to earn a living
      and the amenities of an area as residential and living-environment. These
      concepts are operationalized by a set of independent variables. In order to
      understand the (differences between the) patterns of dispersion of the
      professional groups concerned multiple regression-analysis has been used, of
      which the results are compared to the hypotheses formulated.

PMID- 2928823
TI  - A cartographic study of hospital utilization in the county of Uppsala.
AB  - In this study the question whether increased resources in community based primary
      care lead to decreased utilization of in-patient care has been analysed. Two
      alternative types of analysis were compared: a municipality-based analysis and a
      cartographic analysis based on non-administrative reference areas. The study
      material consisted of person-based data from Uppsala County in Sweden. The
      cartographic analyses revealed important characteristics of the utilization
      pattern, which would not have been possible to ascertain using traditional
      methods such as analyses based on administrative areas. Thus, the cartographic
      analysis gave some support to the hypothesis that increased resources to primary
      care will reduce the utilization of in-patient care.

PMID- 2928822
TI  - An investigation of the effect of regional variation in the treatment of
      hypertension.
AB  - Over a period both a monetary and physical measure of antihypertensive drug
      consumption has increased in Denmark, but the consumption has varied considerably
      between counties in any given year. Concurrently, SMR for myocardial infarctions
      and cerebrovascular diseases due to hypertension has declined. The relation
      between intensity of treatment and outcome in terms of reduced loss of life time
      or healthy time is analyzed at an aggregate level within a health economic
      framework. The relation is analyzed by using a pooled time series cross section
      regression analysis. Two models, a covariance and an error component model are
      used. Within the range of observed drug consumption, loss of life years and loss
      of good health show a tendency towards negative regression on consumption of
      drugs when controlled for relevant variables such as occupational structure,
      degree of urbanization, and hardness of the drinking water.

PMID- 2928824
TI  - A quasi-experimental design based on regional variations: discussion of a method
      for evaluating outcomes of medical practice.
AB  - A large proportion of common medical practices are subject to substantial
      regional variation resulting in numerous natural experiments. Opportunities are
      thereby provided for outcome evaluation through quasi-experimental design. If
      patients treated in different regions were comparable a natural experiment
      involving alternative treatments could be regarded as 'pseudo randomised', but
      empirical investigations are needed to verify this prerequisite. This paper
      discusses the role of quasi-experimental designs in assessment of medical care
      with evaluation of outcomes after hysterectomy in Denmark as an example. The
      design is developed and the comparability of selected groups of patients is
      elucidated from administrative data, while the outcome results are not presented
      in this context. One indication for hysterectomy is carcinoma in situ of the
      cervix uteri which may be treated with either hysterectomy, or conisation. A
      study group of patients was selected from departments where hysterectomy was the
      treatment of choice for this indication while the reference group was drawn from
      departments in which conisation was generally preferred. The comparability of the
      populations, effects and information for the two groups are elicited from
      administrative data. We conclude that it is possible to establish a quasi
      experimental design based on regional variations and that the comparability of
      the groups included may be assessed through registry data. The importance of
      technology diffusion for the prospects of performing quasi randomised studies is
      emphasised. In this attempt to evaluate hysterectomy, it was not possible to
      identify groups of patients, which were sufficiently comparable to justify a
      study of soft outcomes.

PMID- 2928825
TI  - "A built bed is a filled bed?" An empirical re-examination.
AB  - This article provides an empirical re-examination of the relationship between
      regional hospital bed supply and the utilization of hospital care. It tests the
      hypothesis that the divergence of findings between studies based on micro-data
      (at the individual level) and those based on macro-data (at the regional level)
      is due to aggregation and specification bias. The main conclusion is that neither
      source of bias can account for the observed differences. Some other possible
      explanations are put forward. Regardless of the level of aggregation, a positive
      effect is found of bed supply on length of hospital stay but not on admission
      rates. This may be the result of major changes which have taken place in the
      financing of hospital services in the Netherlands during the last decade.

PMID- 2928826
TI  - Variations in resource utilization--the role of medical practice and its economic
      impact.
AB  - Several studies have indicated that differences in medical practice are often an
      important factor behind variations in resource utilization. 'Practice', in
      medical contexts, is used as a comprehensive expression for what is regarded to
      be adequate care, considering science and proven experience, as well as present
      resources, demography, organization, and other given conditions. However,
      experience shows that routines and practice, even under similar conditions
      (resources, organization, etc.) often vary significantly among departments within
      the same medical discipline. In this more restricted sense, variations in
      practice might depend on different--more or less well-founded--opinions among
      physicians concerning what constitutes appropriate length of stay, level of care,
      and technology. With examples from some specialties (e.g. general surgery,
      obstetrics and gynecology), we demonstrate this 'model' and the economic impact
      of practice variations. Our conclusion is that there are opportunities for
      achieving greater benefit from existing resources, i.e. increasing efficiency,
      through reallocation and alternative utilization of resources, altered practice.

PMID- 2928827
TI  - Assessing data quality: a computerized approach.
AB  - With the growing reliance on large health care data bases, the need to verify
      data quality increases as well. Because of the considerable costs involved in
      checks using primary data collection, a computerized methodology for performing
      such checks is suggested. The technique seems appropriate for any situation where
      two data collection systems (i.e. hospital discharge abstracts and physician
      claims for payment) relate to the same event, such as a patient's
      hospitalization. After reviewing other approaches, this paper suggests linking
      physician claims for performing particular surgical procedures with hospital
      discharge abstracts for the stay in which the surgery took place. Physician and
      hospital data for adults age 25 and over in Manitoba from 1 April, 1979 to 31
      March, 1984 were used to address the questions: 1. How well can the two data sets
      be linked? 2. Given linkage of the two data sets, how much agreement is there as
      to procedure and diagnosis? Linkage between hospital and physician data was
      excellent (over 95%) for 5 out of 11 surgical procedures (hysterectomy,
      prostatectomy, total hip replacement, coronary artery bypass surgery, and heart
      valve replacement); there was over 90% perfect agreement for three other
      procedures (cholecystectomy, cataract surgery and total knee replacement).
      Problems with matching the Manitoba Health Services Commission tariffs (on
      physician claims) with ICD-9-CM operation codes (on hospital data) led to only
      77% perfect agreement for vascular surgery and 84% for gallbladder and biliary
      tract operations other than cholecystectomy; over 10% of the cases linked on
      surgeon and date but not on the designated procedures.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2928829
TI  - Geographic variation on health care use.

PMID- 2928828
TI  - Professional uncertainty and physician medical decision-making in a multiple
      treatment framework.
AB  - This paper develops a new microanalytic approach to physician medical decision
      making treatment setting. Physician medical decision-making is modelled as a two
      stage sequential process. In Stage 1, the patient's illness is diagnosed and the
      health outcomes for all illness-related restoration options are identified. In
      Stage 2, an "optimal" restoration option is selected. This model provides new
      insights into physician medical decision-making and the complexity of proving
      physician-induced demand in a medical care market where professional uncertainty
      and consumer heterogeneity exist.

PMID- 2928830
TI  - The political economy of health and disease in Africa and Latin America. Papers
      from a research planning workshop. Toluca, Mexico, January 1985.

PMID- 2928831
TI  - [The state, social class and health].
AB  - This paper analyses the health policies implemented in Argentina during the last
      four decades, relating their application to concomitant development strategies
      that were underwritten by political projects advancing different 'societal
      models'. Our hypothesis is that, in Argentina over the last four decades, there
      have been three major attempts at adjusting the internal needs of capitalist
      development to the conditions imposed by the world capitalist system. Such
      strategies, globally termed 'populist', 'developmentalist' and 'authoritarian',
      imply a modification of the relationships between state and economy (mode of
      development) and between state and society (mode of hegemony). They also involve
      peculiar ways of approaching the contradiction between accumulation and
      distribution, and consequently, different methods for solving social problems and
      alternative paths to the consolidation of a hegemonic project. Within this
      context, both the rationale offered by the state for its proposed health and
      welfare policies, as well as the actual implementation of these policies conforms
      to the basic principles of each of the models in force. In the populist model,
      the political project involves a progressive expansion of the participation of
      the popular sectors, both in the labour and consumption markets and in the
      political system. Its health plan conforms with this model by recognizing the
      state's responsibility both to increase its participation in health services and
      to promote corporativist activities in the sector, in accordance with the global
      mobilization/incorporation policy controlled by the mass organizations. In the
      developmentalist model, emphasis falls on the need to privilege accumulation over
      distribution; investments in infrastructure are treated as a priority as they are
      considered indispensable to ensure the future generalization of public welfare.
      The argument is that the impact of medical assistance on labour productivity must
      go hand in hand with the creation of job opportunities from economic development.
      Finally, the authoritarian model excludes the promotion of concensus politics in
      an effort to radically transform the articulations between state and society. The
      disciplinary function of the market is used to concealing both a serious lack of
      interest in the population's living conditions and an iron decision to subject
      the totality of social life to the rationality of a system where social injustice
      stands as the society's bastion.

PMID- 2928832
TI  - The fruits of empire rot on the vine: United States health policy in the
      austerity era.
AB  - Since 1970--with the decline in the hegemonic empire--the U.S. economy has
      entered a period of lower profitability, producing a major shift in the economic
      behavior of corporate capital. In contrast to the demand stimulation (New Deal)
      programs of the earlier period of prosperity capitalism, capital has moved toward
      a profit stimulation strategy in the current era of austerity capitalism.
      Fundamental to this austerity strategy is the drive to reduce costs of
      production. Both governmental and employee health benefits represent a cost of
      production. Thus in the health field, austerity strategy signifies a reduction in
      the provision of health benefits to employees and cuts in governmental health
      programs. An effect of austerity capitalism may be that health patterns now
      mainly confined to the underdeveloped world will become more prominent among the
      low-wage and unemployed sectors of the working class in the United States.

PMID- 2928833
TI  - Factors distinguishing homosexual males practicing risky and safer sex.
AB  - A longitudinal study of patterns of sexual behavior among asymptomatic,
      homosexual males in New York City was conducted. Participants were interviewed at
      two time points, 6 months apart. Based on their reports of sexual behavior during
      a recent 'typical' month, respondents were classified at each time point as
      engaging in safer (or low-risk) sexual practices versus high-risk sexual
      behaviors. Discriminant analysis was employed to distinguish the 53 males
      classified as risky at both time 1 and time 2 from the 47 males classified as
      safer in both periods. Statistically significant discrimination was achieved with
      10 psychosocial predictor variables, four of which were significant while
      controlling for all other variables in the model. Of these predictors, drug use
      within sexual contexts was particularly noteworthy, since it provided the
      greatest relative contribution to the discriminant function and appears to be an
      important candidate for educational intervention. Other significant variables
      included perceived adequacy of emotional support, number of years engaged in
      regular sexual intercourse with other males, and perceived difficulty in
      modifying sexual behavior. Self-esteem and alcohol consumption approached
      significance.

PMID- 2928834
TI  - An evaluation of the psychological and social effects of malocclusion: some
      implications for dental policy making.
AB  - Initial findings are reported from a longitudinal study investigating the effects
      of malocclusion on dental health and psychological well-being and the
      effectiveness of orthodontic treatment. Implicit in the orthodontic intervention
      decision process is the view that there are discernible social and psychological
      benefits of good occlusion. This view has not been adequately validated. The
      primary psychological question addressed by this study concerns the relationship
      between adolescents' orthodontic status and their psychological status and well
      being. Empirical evidence allowed an examination of the major hypothesis that
      children with poor occlusion are likely to be socially and psychologically
      disadvantaged. Ratings of dental status and physical attractiveness, and measures
      of psychosocial well-being were obtained for sample of 1018, 11-12-year-old
      children and the associations between these variables were examined. The results
      provide little support for the major hypothesis that children 'suffer'
      psychologically from having poor dentition. Several points of caution are made
      with regard to this conclusion and some implications for dental policy making are
      considered.

PMID- 2928835
TI  - Diarrhoeal diseases: perceptions and practices in Nepal.
AB  - A study undertaken in Nepal collected information on believed causes of diarrhoea
      and traditional treatments. Natural causes for diarrhoea were more frequently
      reported than supernatural causes, the most important being teething (75% of
      respondents reporting it to be a cause) followed by food considered to be 'cold'
      in the Hindu ayurvedic classification (57.5%), stale food (52.5%), hot food (41%)
      and dirty water (38%). The terminology reported for dehydration however,
      indicates strong links with supernatural causes. For prevention of diarrhoea the
      recognition of the importance of stale food and dirty water is encouraging for
      health education programmes. Its association with teething may be an obstacle. In
      the promotion of correct diarrhoea management, the high proportion (83%) of
      mothers reportedly continuing to breast-feed is a good sign, but 75% of
      respondents reported that fluids are always or sometimes withheld, and 58% that
      foods are withheld. The literature does suggest that administration of certain
      foods and fluids is the commonest form of treatment of diarrhoea, but the choice
      of these is based upon the hot-cold principle. Both diarrhoea and dysentery were
      reported to be caused by both 'hot' and 'cold' influences in this study. In
      addition, 'hot' and 'cold' foods and fluids were reported to be both useful and
      harmful in their treatment. Thus, while treatment by giving foods or fluids is
      suitable, neither 'hot' nor 'cold' types will be universally acceptable. The
      promotion of oral rehydration solution consequently needs to be flexibly
      manipulated in terms of the hot-cold principle. The current recommendation of its
      preparation using cold water may be unacceptable in a proportion of cases. A wide
      variety of nutritious foods and fluids were reported to be considered beneficial
      and it is concluded that these traditionally accepted feeding practices should be
      reinforced, especially at the onset of diarrhoea in infants and children.

PMID- 2928836
TI  - Healers in transition.
AB  - This paper, through the use of case histories illustrates the variety of
      traditional practitioners to be found in Plateau State Nigeria. The changes that
      some of them have undergone in the absence of official policy regarding
      integration, and under the influence of Western medicine, are discussed in terms
      of role adaptation. The options for collaboration between traditional and Western
      medicine are discussed and specific examples in Ghana, Nigeria, Senegal and
      Zambia are given. Potential problems facing such programmes are raised together
      with possible benefits. The need for a deeper understanding of traditional
      practitioners and their interest in co-operating with Western medical systems is
      discussed as well as the contribution that the use of case histories could make
      to this process.

PMID- 2928837
TI  - Social inequalities in low birth weight: timing of effects and selective
      mobility.
AB  - The risk of giving birth to a low birth weight baby is known to be associated
      with poor material circumstances during the mother's own childhood. In addition
      to this long-term effect, an association is also apparent of low birth weight
      with the mother's current social class, measured in terms of her husband's
      occupation. At least two interpretations of this are possible: a true short-term
      effect, and/or selective social mobility (upward or downward). According to the
      latter hypothesis, social class at marriage reflects the operation of selective
      social processes such that taller and better educated women tend to marry men of
      higher social class: because both attributes are negatively associated with the
      risk of low birth weight, a short-term effect is mimicked. This paper
      investigates the strength of this effect, using data from a longitudinal study,
      the National Child Development Study. The possibility is also explored that the
      social class gradients at different ages are not independent: for example that a
      beneficial socio-economic environment in early life can compensate for hardship
      later on, in terms of the risk of low birth weight, and vice versa. A social
      class gradient was observed in the proportion of low birth weight deliveries,
      both at the time of the respondent's own birth and at the time of her marriage.
      Depending on the assumption made concerning the relationship of height with low
      birth weight, selective mobility for height explained 10.7% or 16.3% of the
      apparent short-term gradient in low birth weight. Selective mobility for
      educational level did not have any effect. Further analyses suggested that having
      belonged to a higher social class either in early childhood or at marriage had a
      beneficial effect, notwithstanding the direction of any mobility experienced. The
      social class of the woman's father when she was 16 was not associated with the
      low birth weight rate, and upward mobility during the respondent's childhood
      appeared to carry an increased risk.

PMID- 2928839
TI  - Infection of bovine cells of embryonic origin by amphotropic retroviral vectors.
AB  - Two amphotropic-based mouse retroviral vectors carrying the neomycin-resistance
      gene were used to infect four bovine cell lines. Two cell lines, bovine kidney
      and spleen cells, were refractory to the infection while two independent bovine
      cells of apparent embryonic origin were infected by the amphotropic retroviral
      vectors at a measurable titer. Southern blot analysis reveals the presence of
      neomycin-resistance gene in the G418-resistant bovine cells. The results
      demonstrate the successful transfer of a gene to bovine cells of embryonic origin
      using a murine retroviral vector system.

PMID- 2928838
TI  - X-chromosome inactivation in cultured cells from human chorionic villi.
AB  - X-chromosome inactivation was investigated in human chorionic villi in the first
      trimester of pregnancy and cultured cells established from them. Expression of
      glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) was evaluated in these extraembryonic
      cells from four females heterozygous for the electrophoretic variants (AB) of
      G6PD. In each case the uncultured villi as well as derived cultured cells
      expressed the AB phenotype for G6PD with about equal intensity for the A and B
      bands. Single-cell-derived clones established from two of the four cases
      expressed either G6PD A or B. One clone expressing G6PD B was fused with mouse
      cells, and a hybrid clone retaining the inactive human X chromosome was isolated;
      there was no evidence of human G6PD expression in this clone retaining an
      inactive human X. DNA methylation in the first intron of the human gene for
      hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) was evaluated in the four pairs of
      cultured villi and fetal cells. No differences were detected between the cultured
      villi and fetal cells as they all showed bands characteristic of an inactive X
      from somatic cells. These results show that there is no preferential inactivation
      of an X in the majority of cells that constitute human tertiary chorionic villi
      or in cultured cells derived from them. Long-term cultures established from
      chorionic villi appear to be no different from somatic cells with respect to X
      chromosome inactivation.

PMID- 2928840
TI  - Cloning of TPA-inducible early (TIE) genes by differential hybridization using
      TPA-nonresponsive variant of mouse 3T3-L1 cells.
AB  - The tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) induces DNA
      synthesis in quiescent 3T3-L1 cells but not in its variant VT-1 cells. A lambda
      gt10 cDNA library was constructed using poly(A)+ RNA from 3T3-L1 cells that were
      stimulated by TPA for 20 min. Radioactive cDNA probes were prepared from mRNAs of
      TPA-treated 3T3-L1 and VT-1 cells and used for screening of the 3T3-L1 cDNA
      library by differential hybridization. Nine of 6000 phase plaques hybridized only
      to the 3T3-L1 cDNA probe. Analysis of the nucleotide sequence of five of these
      clones indicated a high degree of homology with human or mouse type I and type
      III collagen genes. Three other independent clones showed no homology with any
      known DNA sequences. These isolated clones of TPA-inducible early (TIE) genes may
      be useful to study the signal transduction pathway of phorbol esters.

PMID- 2928841
TI  - Allelic variation linked to adenine phosphoribosyltransferase locus in mouse
      teratocarcinoma cell line and feral-derived mouse strains.
AB  - Southern blot analysis reveals two distinct adenine phosphoribosyltransferase
      (APRT) alleles in the P-19 mouse teratocarcinoma cell line. One allele is
      identical to that observed in common laboratory mouse strains (Mus musculus
      domesticus). The restriction enzyme site variations between the two alleles occur
      in sequences located both upstream and downstream of the APRT gene, but not
      within it. Although the P-19 cell line was established from a C3H strain embryo
      (Mus musculus domesticus), a sixth generation ancestor of this embryo was a feral
      mouse (Mus musculus musculus). The restriction pattern of the variant APRT allele
      in P-19 is identical to that of a feral-derived Mus musculus musculus animal,
      establishing the origin of this allele in the P-19 cell line. A third, distinct
      APRT allele was found in a Mus spretus feral-derived mouse. Exploiting the
      differences between the two APRT alleles in the P-19 cell line, we have
      demonstrated their sequential loss in APRT-deficient clones.

PMID- 2928842
TI  - Gene on short arm of human X chromosome complements murine tsA1S9 DNA synthesis
      mutation.
AB  - We have created somatic cell hybrids between the temperature-sensitive mouse cell
      line tsA1S9 and human cell lines in order to localize the human gene (A1S9T)
      complementing the cell cycle defect of the murine line. Segregation of the human
      X chromosome is completely concordant with growth at the nonpermissive
      temperature. Hybrids retaining the X chromosome are temperature-resistant,
      whereas those without a human X are temperature-sensitive. Further hybrids made
      using human cell lines with X-autosome translocations indicate that the A1S9T
      gene is located on the short arm of the human X chromosome.

PMID- 2928843
TI  - Unique chromosomal location of amplified EGF receptor genes in EGF receptor
      hyperproducing tumor cell line NA.
AB  - The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene was analyzed by in situ
      hybridization using a squamous cell carcinoma line NA, which has high numbers of
      EGF receptors and carries a 20-fold amplification of EGFR genes. NA cells are
      pseudotriploid (mode of chromosome number is 69) and have three copies of an
      apparently normal chromosome 7 together with several aberrant chromosomes. Strong
      hybridization signals were observed in the abnormal banding region of one of the
      aberrant chromosome, MH1, which has no structural homology to chromosome 7. This
      MH1 chromosome was lost in NA-derived variant lines that possess reduced numbers
      of EGF receptors. These results are in contrast to previous findings that EGFR
      gene amplification is associated with structural alterations of the short arm of
      chromosome 7 and provide new evidence in regard to the location of the amplified
      EGFR gene in tumor cells.

PMID- 2928844
TI  - Regional mapping of RBP4 to 10q23----q24 and RBP1 to 3q21----q22 in man.
AB  - The human gene coding for RBP4 has been assigned to 10q23----24 using a panel of
      somatic cell hybrids and in situ hybridization experiments. The mapping of the
      human RBP1, previously assigned by our group to chromosome 3 using a panel of
      somatic cell hybrids, was restricted to the region 3q21----22 using in situ
      experiments and Southern blots of genomic DNA from a hybrid retaining a portion
      of chromosome 3.

PMID- 2928845
TI  - [Percutaneous sclerotherapy of varicoceles using a coaxial catheter system].

PMID- 2928846
TI  - [Fragmentation of large and impacted gallstones using ultrasound].

PMID- 2928847
TI  - [Diagnostic criteria for recurrent lumbar intervertebral disk prolapse in myelo
      CT].

PMID- 2928848
TI  - [Results of surgical and conservative therapy of tracheal and tracheoesophageal
      lesions].
AB  - The paper deals with 10 years of experience a multispecialty team has reached in
      the therapy of tracheal stenoses and acquired tracheoesophageal fistulas. In 38
      surgical patients the authors performed 50 reconstruction operations. The best
      results were reached in stenoses and tumours of trachea provided the patient had
      not died after the operation. In the group of 13 patients with surgery for
      tracheoesophageal fistula there were seven who died in the postoperation period.
      The problem of reoperation is discussed as well as the technique of the
      intervention with the use of Rehn's grafts and microsurgery occlusions of the
      fistulas by way of a tracheostoma. Two previously published cases are briefly
      described, the first being a complete resection of tracheal bifurcation, the
      other one being a rare mucosa form of epidermolysis bullosa, localized and
      surgically treated in the region of cervical oesophagus.

PMID- 2928849
TI  - [Concepts in the treatment of injuries of the thoracic and lumbar spine].
AB  - The thoracolumbar connection represents a particular problem in view of the
      extent and stability of spine damage. A retrospective examination after
      conservative treatment of unstable injuries has shown unfavourable results. The
      authors therefore established a new therapeutic concept for this injury. Instable
      injuries should be surgically treated as early as possible, those with
      neurological defect are subject for emergency operation. A surgical approach
      (posterior transpedicular) is described. The urgent operation on the injured
      persons with medullar lesions enable an early rehabilitation and prevents further
      complications.

PMID- 2928850
TI  - [Cardiac decompression using pulmonary artery drainage during operations with
      extracorporeal circulation].
AB  - The authors report their experience with the application of decompression of the
      left ventricle of the heart by means or active suction from pulmonary artery.
      This way of heart drainage has been so far used in 53 patients, who were operated
      in extracorporal circulation. The drainage of pulmonary artery proved to be
      completely successful. It enabled a sufficient decompression of the left heart
      and prevented most complications which may occur if a direct drainage of the left
      ventricle of the heart is applied.

PMID- 2928851
TI  - [The importance of local therapy of burns in infants and toddlers].
AB  - The present paper summarizes 10 years of experience in the treatment of 403
      burned children at the age up to three years. A local therapy constitutes an
      important part of the treatment and always influences the final result. The
      application of 1% silversulfadiazin (Dermazin) markedly decreased bacterial
      contamination of the burned surfaces. Tangential necrectomy interventions were
      performed in deep dermal burns and burns affecting the whole thickness of the
      skin. In the sucklings a more conservative way of surgical therapy proved
      successful. A long-term observation of the patients proved to be necessary.

PMID- 2928852
TI  - [Choledochocele diagnosed before surgery].
AB  - The authors describe the case of a 73 year old man with obstruction jaundice, who
      was examined before the operation by PTC with resulting diagnosis of
      choledochocoele connected with cholelithiasis. The preoperation diagnosis of this
      rare anomaly is not frequent and is due to the development of radiodiagnostic
      methods. A surgical solution is based either on discision or removal of the whole
      formation.

PMID- 2928853
TI  - [Secondary access routes for hemodialysis].
AB  - During the period of 1970-1985 375 arteriovenous fistulae were constructed in 248
      dialyzed patients. The number of fistulae needed for long-term dialysis was
      significantly higher in women. Five-year cumulative patency rates were
      significantly better in the first fistulae than in the second, third or following
      fistulae. The best long-term patency rates were achieved in radiocephalic
      fistulae. Of all secondary vascular access procedures saphenous vein grafts
      proved to be the most reliable.

PMID- 2928854
TI  - [Symptomatic aneurysms of the abdominal aorta].
AB  - In the years 1981-1985 21 patients were operated upon for symptomatic abdominal
      aortic aneurysms. Atypical symptoms such as acute pancreatitis, weight loss,
      blood in the stool or urine, incorrect interpretation of abdominal pain and
      physical examination findings caused erroneous initial diagnosis and delay in
      referring the patient to surgical treatment in nine cases. Long history prior to
      admission was noted even in patients with ruptured aneurysms; mortality in these
      patients was high, 66%. Best results were achieved with aneurysm resection;
      indirect aneurysm occlusion in combination with axillofemoral bypass attempted in
      two patients was not successful.

PMID- 2928855
TI  - [Sexual disorders after colorectal operations].
AB  - After extensive colorectal operations there are sexual dysfunctions in the
      patients in 16-100%. In our cohort of 36 men the post-operation sexual disorders
      were reported in 21.3%. The authors present an anatomical survey of nerve supply
      of the organs influencing sexual activity emphasizing tactical and technical
      measures during the operations which could prevent the damage of important
      nervous structures.

PMID- 2928857
TI  - Some changes in anatomical nomenclature.

PMID- 2928856
TI  - [A study of the health services and needs of the elderly (SENSORG)].
AB  - Our department was approached by various welfare organisations who experienced
      problems with the placing of the frail elderly in suitable homes. The SENCARE
      project was planned to ascertain the health needs of the white and coloured
      elderly living in old-age homes and in the community and to identify the existing
      health services available to them by using the questionnaire method of
      measurement. The study was done in 3 phases: phase I in an urban area, phase II
      in a large rural town and phase III in 5 small rural towns. In the urban area too
      many healthy white elderly people live in old-age homes. The availability of
      services is poorer in the rural areas. In all 3 phases social and economic
      impairment is the major cause of dependence in both the white and coloured
      elderly population groups.

PMID- 2928858
TI  - Some views on academic medicine in South Africa.

PMID- 2928859
TI  - [Is there still a future for academic medicine in South Africa? Memorandum
      prepared by the Academic Medical Personnel Association, Tygerberg Hospital].

PMID- 2928860
TI  - Dorsal ganglion of the wrist--pathogenesis and biomechanics. Operative v.
      conservative treatment.
AB  - It is shown that the dorsal ganglion arises as a herniation from the dorsal
      scapholunate ligament. This herniation increases in size (according to La Place's
      law) owing to the unidirectional pinchcock effect of the mucosal folds of the
      duct and the pressure of the overlying extensor retinaculum until the distending
      pressure inside the ganglion equals the overlying tissue pressure. Wrist
      gangliography, retrograde wrist arthrography, histology and nuclear magnetic
      resonance were used to prove this conclusively. Bearing the pathogenesis in mind,
      the best clinical results were obtained by excision of the ganglion with 0.5 cm2
      of dorsal scapholunate ligament and closure of the dorsal capsule with a 3/0
      Vicryl purse-string suture. Non-surgical sclerotherapy led to severe inflammation
      and sepsis and a recurrence rate of 45%. Conservative therapy is illogical since
      the communicating duct remains and synovial fluid from the scapholunate joint
      will cause a reherniation and recurrence of the ganglion.

PMID- 2928861
TI  - Pregnant adolescents in rural Transkei. Age per se does not confer high-risk
      status.
AB  - No significant differences were found when the obstetric outcome of 515 rural
      adolescents aged 16 years and younger was compared with that of an equal number
      of matched young adult rural women aged 20-29 years in respect of booking status,
      postpartum haemoglobin content, operative/instrumental delivery, mean neonatal
      birth mass and the incidence of infants weighing under 2,500 g. These results
      support the conclusions of recent studies in Australia and the USA that
      adolescence per se confers no increased obstetric risk. On the other hand, unwed
      motherhood (among all age groups) constitutes a most disturbing social trend in
      black rural society and this, rather than teenage pregnancy as such, ought to be
      the focus of concern for social workers and the medical profession.

PMID- 2928862
TI  - Pituitary resistance to L-thyroxine after thyroidectomy. A case report.
AB  - The clinical and laboratory findings in a 29-year-old Saudi Arabian woman were
      compatible with a state of resistance to thyroid hormones by the pituitary gland.
      Symptoms of hypothyroidism, amenorrhoea and secondary infertility developed 10
      years after partial thyroidectomy for an euthyroid goitre. Before therapy, serum
      thyroxine (T4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) values were elevated; serum
      tri-iodothyronine (T3) value was at the upper limit of normal while %T3 resin
      uptake and serum free T4 level were both normal. Treatment with L-thyroxine 150
      micrograms/dl was not effective. After this was increased to 200 micrograms/d,
      serum T4 value rose, TSH was still elevated and there was improvement in
      symptomatology, and a return of both menses and fertility.

PMID- 2928863
TI  - Stickler's syndrome. A report of a family.
AB  - Stickler's syndrome is an autosomal dominant condition characterised by
      degenerative eye and joint diseases. The eye disorders frequently lead to
      blindness from retinal detachments and there is often associated hearing loss.
      The condition has not previously been reported in the RSA. Five patients in a
      family spanning two generations are described.

PMID- 2928864
TI  - Endobronchial appearance of tracheobronchial amyloidosis. A case report and
      suggested classification.
AB  - Tracheobronchial amyloidosis with the co-existence of submucosal plaques and
      tumour-like masses is reported. The subdivision of tracheobronchial amyloidosis
      into submucosal plaques and tumour-like masses is questioned since there appears
      to be no difference in their clinical presentation and pathological appearance.
      It is suggested that lower respiratory tract amyloidosis should be classified
      into tracheobronchial, nodular parenchymal and diffuse alveolar septal
      amyloidosis.

PMID- 2928866
TI  - Overestimation of tuberculosis cure rates.

PMID- 2928865
TI  - Raised intracranial pressure in a 16-year-old boy. Report of a case of Behcet's
      disease.
AB  - A case of raised intracranial pressure in a 16-year-old boy, caused by superior
      sagittal sinus thrombosis secondary to Behcet's disease, is presented. A
      discussion of cerebral venous thrombosis and its relation to Behcet's disease
      follows.

PMID- 2928867
TI  - N-nitrosamines, trichomoniasis and cervical cancer.

PMID- 2928868
TI  - [Positive urine cultures in malnourished children].

PMID- 2928869
TI  - The flow/volume curve as a mass screening test with emphasis on quality control.
AB  - Air flow through the airways is influenced by different mechanical
      characteristics of the respiratory system and can be affected by pathological
      changes in the lungs. Lung volume is probably the most important independent
      variable determining air flow through the airways. Therefore, it is logical that
      lung volume should form the ordinate of a curve used to demonstrate the variation
      of airflow through the airways during forced inspiratory and expiratory
      manoeuvres. The flow/volume curve is in many ways superior to other measurements
      of lung function for clinical and epidemiological assessments. Most of the
      problems that have to be overcome in obtaining satisfactory and repeatable
      flow/volume curves are discussed and illustrated. A computer system which
      optimises quality control is described. By making use of this system, operator
      error can be reduced to a minimum. It is recommended that hard copies of the
      three efforts must be available and that all flow/volume measurements be
      controlled by a knowledgeable person before the results are entered in the
      records.

PMID- 2928870
TI  - Acute colonic pseudo-obstruction. Current diagnosis and management.
AB  - Twenty-nine patients with acute colonic pseudo-obstruction were treated over a 6
      year period. All had gross abdominal distension which followed either serious
      systemic illness (23 cases), major surgery (4) or trauma (2). The predominant
      radiological features were disproportionate segmental or localised dilatation of
      the caecum and proximal colon, with a relative paucity of distal colonic gas. The
      correct diagnosis was established and mechanical obstruction excluded in the
      majority of cases (24) by contrast enema examination. In the remaining 5 cases
      the diagnosis was made on colonoscopy (4) or at laparotomy (1). Successful
      colonoscopic decompression was achieved in 2 of 4 cases. Eight patients underwent
      laparotomy and 3 of 4 patients with caecal perforation and peritonitis died. Two
      of 21 patients treated conservatively died. Persistence of colonic distension
      beyond 72 hours, caecal diameter greater than 12 cm or overlying abdominal
      tenderness indicates urgent decompression. Caecostomy is the advised procedure in
      patients with non-perforated caecal distension. Prompt recognition and treatment
      of the condition should eliminate delay in decompression and minimise the risk of
      caecal perforation.

PMID- 2928872
TI  - [The value of pinhole collimator imaging in the scintigraphic analysis of
      vertebral diseases].
AB  - Recent findings suggested a possible role for pinhole collimator scintigraphy to
      differentiate between metastases, infection and fractures of the vertebrae. The
      aim of this study was to verify these findings and to ascertain whether we could
      identify any other specific scintigraphic patterns. The study group consisted of
      58 patients. A metastatic pattern was obtained in 18 patients, while 16 showed
      the compression fracture pattern, 3 the tuberculosis pattern and 1 the pyogenic
      infection pattern. The study was considered normal in 4 patients and showed a
      nonspecific pattern in 4. Sensitivity was 85% for the metastatic pattern and 83%
      for the compression fracture pattern. Specificity was 94% for both patterns.
      Unique new patterns were identified in Paget's disease and in degenerative
      disease of the vertebrae (12 patients). Pinhole scintigraphy of the vertebrae is
      a valuable aid for detecting specific diseases of the vertebrae. Our findings
      suggest a valuable new role for skeletal scintigraphy, improving the specificity
      and obviating, in most cases of vertebral disease, the need for additional
      investigations.

PMID- 2928871
TI  - Crouzon's disease. Part I. One-stage correction by combined face and forehead
      advancement.
AB  - Crouzon's disease results in maxillary hypoplasia and a receding forehead, which
      produce characteristic exorbitism. Total correction of the deformity by Le Fort
      III osteotomy and face advancement with a simultaneous forehead advancement
      corrects all the deformities. The advantages and disadvantages of this major
      craniofacial procedure are discussed after 2 case descriptions.

PMID- 2928873
TI  - Prevention of stress ulcer by intragastric glucose. An experimental study.
AB  - Stress ulcer is a condition seen after major trauma and surgery, sepsis, shock
      and extensive burns so its prevention is very important. Cimetidine and antacids
      are the drugs most often administered for prevention. Sometimes these drugs are
      insufficient and complications and side-effects appear. In order to prevent
      stress ulcers, experimental administration of intragastric glucose has been
      tested. A 30% dextrose solution given intragastrically decreased both luminal
      acidity and mean ulcer index. Similar results were obtained with intragastric
      0.9% NaCl. The results showed that a luminal factor, not identified in this
      experiment, is present.

PMID- 2928874
TI  - Multidisciplinary intensive care unit at Cecilia Makiwane Hospital, Mdantsane,
      Ciskei.
AB  - The role of a multidisciplinary intensive care unit in respect of patient care in
      a developing country is described. An analysis of 1,000 admissions to the unit by
      severity of disease according to the classification system of Acute Physiology
      and Chronic Health Evaluation (Apache II), and the short-term outcome of the
      patients is outlined. The most important referring specialties were surgery
      (62.7%), medicine (23.9%), paediatrics (7%) and obstetrics and gynaecology
      (6.4%). Despite the shortage of equipment and investigative facilities, 86.1% of
      patients were discharged in a satisfactory condition.

PMID- 2928876
TI  - Methylphenidate in children with the attention deficit disorder.

PMID- 2928875
TI  - Mesenchymal hamartoma of the liver. A report of 5 cases.
AB  - Mesenchymal hamartoma of the liver is a rare benign tumour of childhood,
      characterised by an admixture of ductal structures within a copious loose
      connective tissue stroma. Less consistent features include hepatocytes and
      haemopoietic elements. The stroma has a propensity to accumulate fluid and to
      create macroscopic cystic spaces. Five cases are reported.

PMID- 2928877
TI  - How to make a million in private practice.

PMID- 2928878
TI  - Aortic arch interruption in the neonate, with emphasis on early diagnosis and
      management.
AB  - Interruption of the aortic arch (IAA) is a rare but lethal congenital
      cardiovascular anomaly. Over a 3-month period we encountered 5 neonates with IAA,
      all of whom presented in the 1st week of life with congestive cardiac failure and
      diminished or absent pulses. All 5 underwent surgery, and 3 died from causes
      unrelated to the surgical repair. The diagnosis of this condition is difficult to
      make, although the absence of pulses may provide an important clinical clue
      (particularly if the left brachial and femoral pulses are involved). Using
      prostaglandins to re-establish ductal patency may be life-saving in these
      patients, since this restores blood flow to the lower trunk and kidneys.
      Administration of oral prostaglandin E2 to infants in whom this anomaly is
      suspected before they are referred to a tertiary care centre is therefore vital.

PMID- 2928879
TI  - Crouzon's disease. Part II. Case report--face and forehead advancement in two
      stages.
AB  - A child with severe Crouzon's disease had a markedly retruded forehead with
      exorbitism, which was treated by radical forehead advancement. At a subsequent
      operation, the maxillary hypoplasia was corrected by a Le Fort III osteotomy and
      face advancement.

PMID- 2928880
TI  - Negative bodily experience and prevalence of depression in patients who request
      augmentation mammoplasty.
AB  - Increasing numbers of women seek to improve their physical appearance through
      augmentation mammoplasty (AM), often as a result of underlying psychological
      problems. Because of methodological problems in many studies, the reported
      prevalence of psychopathology in these patients varies widely. This study was
      designed to ascertain the presence of negative bodily experience and depression
      in patients requesting AM. The study cohort of 30 patients (mean age 30,4 years)
      was matched and compared with a hospital control group (mean age 30,8 years) who
      had never requested AM and had been admitted for minor surgery. The two groups
      were sociodemographically equivalent, the typical patient being a relatively well
      educated white housewife. Each patient underwent individual psychological
      assessment, which included a semistructured interview, mental status examination
      and administration of the Beck Depression Inventory. Apart from several
      psychological problems related to a negative bodily experience, results indicated
      that varying degrees of depression were present to a significant extent in most
      patients seeking AM, emphasising the need for careful pre-operative psychological
      assessment and treatment of those patients who may require it.

PMID- 2928881
TI  - Observations on the bite of the southern burrowing asp (Atractaspis bibronii) in
      Natal.
AB  - The burrowing asp, Atractaspis bibronii, causes a significant proportion of cases
      of snakebite near Empangeni, Natal. Data from 8 cases are presented. All were in
      rural Zulus, and the bites were usually inflicted on the foot during summer
      nights, in or near the patient's home. There was no sexual bias, but over 50% of
      the victims were under 14 years of age. Envenomation was mild, characterised by
      moderate to intense pain and localised swelling, regional lymphadenopathy with
      occasional discoloration, blistering or necrosis at the bite site. Neurological
      signs were absent, but symptoms of headache, painful eye movements, dry mouth and
      hoarseness were recorded. Minor haematological abnormalities were detected in a
      few patients. Treatment involved analgesics and limb elevation, with antibiotic
      cover and intravenous fluids when necessary. Antivenom is not effective and was
      not used. There were no deaths.

PMID- 2928882
TI  - Phenytoin auto-induction? Case reports.
AB  - Auto-induction of phenytoin metabolism is considered by many to be insignificant.
      Two cases, in which elimination of phenytoin apparently increased with continuous
      use, are presented. The first patient showed an increase in elimination capacity
      (Vmax) from 511 mg/d to 613 mg/d over a period of 5 months. The second patient
      showed an increase in Vmax from 512 mg/d to 570 mg/d over a period of 1 year. In
      neither case was compliance in question. The recognition that therapeutic failure
      may be due to enzyme induction could obviate expensive diagnostic procedures as
      well as narrow down the therapeutic alternatives.

PMID- 2928883
TI  - Neuroblastoma in adults. A report of 3 cases.
AB  - Well documented as one of the more frequent tumours of childhood, neuroblastomas
      in adults are rare. Correct diagnosis, and distinction from other small-cell
      neoplasms, is thus often delayed. Three further cases are described in 2 women
      and 1 man between the ages of 26 years and 47 years. Metastatic disease existed
      at the time of initial presentation in 1 patient, while another had experienced
      multiple recurrences at the primary site before correct diagnosis. All, however,
      had a favourable response to chemotherapy, albeit in the short term. Primary
      diagnosis was made by fine-needle aspiration cytology, together with electron
      microscopic evaluation of aspirated cells in 1 case. The histological,
      cytological and electron microscopic characteristics of neuroblastomas are
      presented and illustrated, and their differentiation from other small cell
      tumours in adults discussed.

PMID- 2928884
TI  - Acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis (Sweet's syndrome). A report of 2 cases.
AB  - Two cases of Sweet's syndrome are described. The diagnostic criteria, clinical
      spectrum, complications, pertinent differential diagnoses and treatment
      modalities of this relatively rare clinical condition are described. The
      association of Sweet's syndrome with underlying haematological malignant disease
      is stressed.

PMID- 2928888
TI  - AIDS education in the RSA.

PMID- 2928886
TI  - Congenital lymphoedema in a child--an unusual diagnosis of ankle oedema seen at a
      peripheral hospital. A case report.
AB  - A patient with congenital lymphoedema--the clinical picture being that of
      Milroy's disease--is presented. The diagnosis, differential diagnosis and
      treatment are discussed and the modified autosomal dominant mode of inheritance
      with sex influence and variable expressivity is described.

PMID- 2928885
TI  - Pulmonary oedema from a widow spider bite. A case report.
AB  - The clinical course of a patient bitten by a widow spider (Latrodectus
      indistinctus Pickard-Cambridge (Araneae: Theridiidae] is described. Although this
      spider is common in southern Africa, case reports are rare. To date details of
      the development of pulmonary oedema after a bite have not been published in South
      Africa.

PMID- 2928887
TI  - Amoebic lung abscesses. A case report.
AB  - A case of multiple amoebic lung abscesses without indication of direct extension
      from a subclinical liver abscess, which delayed correct diagnosis, is reported.
      Severe constitutional symptoms, life-threatening haemoptysis and large pulmonary
      lesions were the prominent clinical manifestations. The response to metronidazole
      was dramatic. It is postulated that haematogenous spread was responsible. The
      rarity of this form of amoebiasis is evident on published reports.

PMID- 2928890
TI  - Entry of HIV infection into the intravenous drug abusing population.

PMID- 2928889
TI  - HIV survey in Venda.

PMID- 2928891
TI  - Isoflurane anaesthesia for status epilepticus.

PMID- 2928892
TI  - The atlanto-axial hook plate.

PMID- 2928893
TI  - Electrocardiograms of Bushman soldiers--the unusual is commonplace.

PMID- 2928895
TI  - Amenorrhoea in exercising females.

PMID- 2928894
TI  - Vaginal intra-epithelial neoplasia following hysterectomy for cervical intra
      epithelial neoplasia.

PMID- 2928896
TI  - Circulating megakaryocytes and platelet production.

PMID- 2928897
TI  - Development and evaluation of a survey-based type of benefit classification for
      the Social Security program.
AB  - This attempt to classify Social Security beneficiaries by type of benefit using
      the new Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) has yielded promising
      results. Evaluations of the classification algorithm based on comparison of the
      estimated number of beneficiaries in each of the several categories to
      independent estimates of the number of beneficiaries indicate that in most
      instances a high percentage of each category has been identified. For the most
      part, age and monthly benefit amount size distributions seem reasonable.
      Furthermore, very few persons in the sample who were identified as Social
      Security beneficiaries could not be assigned to one or another of the benefit
      groups. The classification procedure also represents a marked improvement over
      earlier efforts to classify type of beneficiary that relied on data from the
      March Supplement to the Current Population Survey (CPS). Most importantly, the
      benefit classification scheme based on SIPP data appears to provide reasonably
      reliable distinctions between retired-worker and widow benefits for widowed women
      and permits the identification of retired-worker benefits for those women dually
      entitled to retired-worker and spouse benefits. In addition, the distinction
      between disabled- and retired-worker benefits for recipients aged 62-64 appears
      to be reasonably reliable, and for women under age 65, the classification
      procedure distinguishes between disabled-worker benefits on the one hand and
      widow and widowed mother benefits on the other. Finally, SIPP procedures for
      identifying minor child beneficiaries yield markedly better estimates than those
      available from the Current Population Survey. These improvements in the SIPP
      context are due entirely to the presence of information not collected in the CPS.
      The enhancement of the SIPP data set in turn resulted directly from an assessment
      of earlier work carried out by Projector and Bretz in the CPS context and on
      extensive research into the nature of Social Security reporting errors in the
      CPS. The superiority of the SIPP data set is linked principally to the presence
      of three pieces of information: the Medicare BIC, the direct question on reasons
      for benefit receipt asked of persons under age 65, and the direct measurement of
      recipiency and amount of benefits for minor children. Other items of some import
      include self-reported work disability, retirement status (ever retired from a
      job), previous marital status for currently married women, age first prevented
      from working due to a health condition, and Supplemental Security Income
      misreporting items.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2928898
TI  - Liver surgery.

PMID- 2928899
TI  - Surgical anatomy of the liver.
AB  - Vital intrahepatic structures, especially the large veins, are of special concern
      to the surgeon. These intrahepatic structures are seldom taught or displayed in
      anatomy courses, and illustrations are often presented with the posterior surface
      of the liver facing the viewer, an aspect seldom seen by the surgeon. In this
      article, the topographical anatomy of the liver is described in a manner most
      useful to the practicing surgeon. For this purpose, specimens were specifically
      prepared to demonstrate the vascular anatomy.

PMID- 2928900
TI  - Liver resection techniques.
AB  - Liver resection can be safely accomplished using techniques based on a thorough
      knowledge of anatomy and the use of readily available tools. Preoperative studies
      can determine resectability in most cases. An aggressive attitude toward
      resection of localized primary and secondary malignancies is justified by a 5
      year survival rate of 25 to 35 per cent in selected patients. If the possibility
      of carcinoma has been ruled out, most asymptomatic benign tumors can be watched.

PMID- 2928902
TI  - Surgery for colorectal cancer metastatic to the liver. Optimizing the results of
      treatment.
AB  - Overall, hepatic resection appears to be an important means of curing patients
      with metastatic colorectal cancer isolated to the liver. The only absolute
      contraindication to surgery was the impossibility of a radical removal of tumor:
      if residual disease will remain after the hepatic resection, this operation is
      not indicated. A possible second contraindication to surgery is the presence of
      tumor in the hepatic or celiac lymph nodes. Such metastases from liver metastases
      signal a biologic grade of tumor that is almost sure to spread to other sites.
      However, one patient of the 25 in this group did survive long term when positive
      lymph node groups were dissected. Further clinical experience with this form of
      the disease along with trials of regional adjuvant therapies such as
      intraperitoneal chemotherapy may be needed. The presence of extrahepatic
      metastases at the time of liver resection should be considered a relative
      contraindication to this surgery, but if the patient can be made clinically
      disease free, long-term disease-free survival may result. It seems imperative
      that all patients with hepatic metastases be evaluated by an experienced hepatic
      surgeon for a curative resection. If the patient has between one and four
      metastases, a 25 per cent long-term disease-free survival rate can be expected.
      Patients who have a radical resection of more than four metastases should be
      considered to be in an experimental group in whom more data are needed. In our
      current state of knowledge, making such patients clinically disease free is their
      only chance for long-term survival. Other factors besides the number of
      metastases that will affect the prognosis of the patient include the disease-free
      interval between colorectal resection and liver resection, the pathologic margin
      of resection on the liver specimen, and the presence or absence of mesenteric
      lymph node metastases from the primary cancer. These factors should be considered
      when determining the prognosis in a given patient and should be used as
      stratification variables in prospective trials. However, from our analysis of
      available data, these factors should not be considered contraindications to
      hepatic resection.

PMID- 2928901
TI  - Experience with resection of primary hepatic malignancy.
AB  - Our experience with hepatic resection for 106 primary hepatic malignancies has
      been summarized as a part of a total experience with 411 hepatic resections for
      various indications. The operative mortality rate (death within a month) was 8.5
      per cent in treating primary hepatic malignancy, which is significantly higher
      than that of treating hepatic metastases (0 of 123 resections). Overall operative
      mortality of 411 hepatic resection was 3.2 per cent. A high operative risk was
      noted in patients with gross cirrhosis, trauma, abscess, and large malignant
      tumors. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates of patients with primary hepatic
      malignancy were 68.5 per cent, 45.1 per cent, and 31.9 per cent, respectively.
      Survival rates of patients with fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma were
      significantly higher than those of patients with nonfibrolamellar hepatocellular
      carcinoma. Eighteen patients survived more than 5 years after hepatic resection,
      14 of whom had been treated by trisegmentectomy. The most extensive partial
      hepatectomy, such as right and left trisegmentectomy rather than extended
      lobectomies, should be used to remove massive tumors with adequate tumor-free
      margins.

PMID- 2928903
TI  - Lipid associated sialic acid in plasma in patients with advanced carcinoma of the
      ovaries.
AB  - Plasma lipid associated sialic acid (LASA-P) was evaluated in relation to disease
      status and disease progression in a total of 52 consecutive patients with
      advanced carcinoma of the ovaries (FIGO stage III and IV). Forty-three
      individuals with benign gynecologic diseases served as controls. There were three
      groups. Group 1 included 23 untreated patients who had LASA-P values above normal
      before debulking operations. Group 2 consisted of 12 patients who completed 12
      courses of chemotherapy after debulking operations and presented with negative
      findings at second look operation (SLO). LASA-P levels were measured in these
      patients prior to SLO. Eight of 12 patients had normal LASA-P values for a
      specificity rate of 67 per cent. Four patients had elevated values with no
      clinical evidence of disease. Group 3 had 17 patients who failed to respond to
      cytotoxic chemotherapy after initial debulking procedures. All patients in this
      group had persistent or recurrent disease that was documented at re-exploration
      or at SLO. Elevated LASA-P levels were noted in 14 of 17 patients for a
      sensitivity rate of 82 per cent. Rising LASA-P values in serial samples were the
      only signs of disease recurrence in three of five patients who completed 12
      courses of chemotherapy and in whom SLO showed surgical evidence of disease. The
      predictive value for positive and negative results for all patients were 92.2 and
      72.7 per cent, respectively. In spite of the relatively low sensitivity and
      specificity rates in groups 2 and 3, LASA-P can be used successfully as a
      valuable adjunct to monitor the course of the disease during treatment in
      patients with advanced carcinoma of the ovaries.

PMID- 2928904
TI  - Intraoperative autotransfusion in radical cystectomy for carcinoma of the
      bladder.
AB  - From 1984 to 1987, 49 patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder
      underwent radical cystectomy during which intraoperative autotransfusion was
      used. Thirty-three patients were observed for a minimum of one year
      postoperatively; the mean and median follow-up periods in this group were 23.8
      and 26.0 months. Twenty-nine of these 33 patients were alive at the time of
      reporting; 25 were alive with no evidence of disease, and seven had postoperative
      recurrence of disease, and seven had postoperative recurrence of tumor. Diffused
      metastatic disease compatible with intravascular dissemination of tumor during
      autotransfusion did not develop in any of the patients. Intraoperative loss of
      blood ranged from 400 to 4,000 milliliters; the mean was 1,497, and the median,
      1,300 milliliters. The mean volume of autotransfused blood was 492 milliliters.
      Autotransfusion accounted for 40 per cent of the total transfusion requirements
      of the patients and proved to be cost effective for the entire study group. Fear
      of dissemination of tumor has limited the use of intraoperative autotransfusion
      during surgical procedures for carcinoma. Analysis of our data failed to define
      any evidence for dissemination of tumor caused by autotransfusion in patients who
      underwent radical cystectomy.

PMID- 2928905
TI  - Treatment of carcinoma of the proximal esophagus.
AB  - Selection of therapy for carcinoma of the proximal esophagus is controversial. We
      reviewed our experience with 41 patients with carcinoma of the esophagus within
      24 centimeters of the incisor teeth to address this issue. Thirty-seven patients
      had squamous cell carcinoma, three had adenocarcinoma and one patient had a
      mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Seventeen patients underwent surgical therapy, which
      consisted of a resection in 15, colonic bypass in one patient and extracorporeal
      bypass in one. Ten patients underwent postoperative radiation therapy. Radiation
      therapy was the primary treatment in 23 patients and chemotherapy alone in one
      patient. The three month mortality rate was similar for patients with tumor
      resection and for those receiving radiation therapy as the primary treatment.
      Median survival time for patients undergoing resection and adjuvant radiation
      therapy was 12 months and seven months for those receiving only irradiation.
      Statistical analyses were not performed because patients with radiation only had
      more advanced disease, invalidating comparison. In terms of palliation, ten of
      the patients who had radiation therapy could eat solid food, seven could only
      swallow liquids and six had persistent, complete obstruction. All 12 of the
      survivors who had a resection were able to eat solid food. Although the one month
      mortality rate is higher for those treated surgically than with radiation
      therapy, the three month mortality rates are similar. Surgical treatment provides
      better palliation and a reasonable survival time and is preferred for patients
      with resectable disease who are physiologically fit enough to undergo operation.
      A benefit of postoperative adjuvant radiation therapy is undefined but probably
      present.

PMID- 2928906
TI  - An anatomic evaluation of the sacrospinous ligament colpopexy.
AB  - A series of 31 sacrospinous ligament suspensions performed for correction of
      genital prolapse between 1980 and 1986 is reviewed. The success rate was 81 per
      cent. A cadaver dissection of the sacrospinous ligament was also performed with
      the same approach used at operation. This was done to understand better the
      relationships involved, to identify areas of potential complications and to
      improve the technique used. A dense fascia covers the coccygeus muscle, and care
      should be taken not to confuse this with the sacrospinous ligament. The
      possibility of injury to the nearby vessels and nerves can be avoided with the
      careful placement of suture through the sacrospinous ligament and two
      fingerbreadths medial to its insertion on the ischial spine. At the conclusion of
      the suspension, the vaginal apex should be intimately attached to the coccygeus
      muscle and sacrospinous ligament complex. The use of absorbable suture has been
      recommended by some, but the success of the procedure may be increased by using
      permanent suture. If anatomic relationships of the nearby structures are
      remembered, sacrospinous ligament suspension can be a safe, effective and
      relatively simple procedure for the correction of severe prolapse of the vaginal
      vault.

PMID- 2928907
TI  - Diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to pyogenic abscess of the liver.
AB  - A review was conducted of 33 patients with pyogenic hepatic abscesses seen during
      the past seven years to evaluate the effect of roentgenologic refinements on
      diagnosis and therapy. Cause, bacterial infection and clinical manifestations
      were determined. An ultrasonogram was positive in 27 of 29 patients; computed
      tomographic scan was diagnostic in 20 of 23 patients, and radionuclide studies
      were positive in eight of 13 patients. Abscesses were confined to the right lobe
      in 19 patients, to the left lobe in six and were diffuse in eight. In the group
      of patients with abscesses developing from a biliary route, one patient was
      successfully managed by roentgenologically controlled drainage while three others
      required subsequent surgical drainage. Five of seven patients in the biliary
      route category who were treated with primary surgical drainage were permanently
      cured. Twelve patients had an abscess emanating from the portal route. In five of
      these, drainage under roentgenologic control was successful. Two patients upon
      whom the procedure failed subsequently underwent drainage at operation. Five had
      primary surgical drainage, and two of these died. All nine patients with post
      traumatic, cryptogenic abscesses or an abscess evolving from an arterial route
      were successfully drained surgically. Three patients with multiple or diffuse
      abscesses were successfully treated by primary hepatic resection. Refined
      roentgenologic techniques established the diagnosis of pyogenic abscess in almost
      all instances. Roentgenologically controlled drainage may be therapeutic in some
      patients, but surgical drainage remains the standard. Resection has been used as
      primary treatment in selected patients.

PMID- 2928908
TI  - Critical reappraisal of diagnostic and therapeutic modalities for thoracic outlet
      syndromes.
AB  - A brief conceptual history of neurovascular compression in the thoracic outlet
      with emphasis on surgical intervention is presented. After the description of
      techniques for the removal of the first rib in 1962 and 1966, an explosion of
      operations for thoracic outlet syndromes occurred during the next two decades. A
      critical reappraisal by several experienced surgeons has led to a re-examination
      of the indications for surgical intervention. Serious complications involving the
      brachial plexus and the subclavian artery and vein have unfortunately led to
      widespread litigation. An attempt is made to define the place of diagnostic and
      therapeutic modalities that will encourage a favorable outcome in most patients.

PMID- 2928909
TI  - Nonpancreatic primary tumors with metastasis to the pancreas.
AB  - A retrospective review of 27 patients with metastatic lesions of the pancreas was
      conducted. Tissue confirmation of the diagnosis was obtained in all patients. The
      colon and lung were the most common sites of primary tumor, but a wide variety of
      primary sites was also found. Pain and jaundice were the most common presenting
      symptoms. Most patients were managed without pancreatic resection. Mean survival
      time after diagnosis of pancreatic metastasis was 8.7 months. The diagnosis of
      metastatic tumors to the pancreas should be considered in all patients with a
      pancreatic mass, particularly in those with a previously diagnosed malignant
      lesion.

PMID- 2928910
TI  - Acute cholecystitis occurring as a complication of percutaneous transhepatic
      drainage.
AB  - Sepsis is a common occurrence during long term transhepatic biliary drainage.
      Most of these episodes are attributed to cholangitis, are relatively minor and
      can be managed nonoperatively. During a 42 month period, nine patients who had
      sepsis develop after biliary drainage were found to have acute cholecystitis, a
      complication not previously noted after this procedure. Seven of the nine
      patients had an underlying malignant lesion, and three of these patients had
      undergone percutaneous biliary drainage for palliation of unresectable or
      metastatic tumor. Eight of the nine patients underwent cholecystectomy whereas
      percutaneous cholecystostomy was used in one patient with an unresectable
      cholangiocarcinoma. Operative and pathologic evidence of acute cholecystitis was
      present in all, but only two patients had gallstones. Seven patients survived the
      surgical procedure and were discharged at an average of 11.7 days
      postoperatively. Based on this series, we propose that acute cholecystitis should
      be considered as a source of sepsis in patients undergoing biliary drainage who
      do not respond to antibiotics and catheter manipulations. Moreover,
      cholecystectomy should be performed at the time of laparotomy, if prolonged
      transhepatic drainage is planned for unresectable malignant conditions.

PMID- 2928911
TI  - An atraumatic tunneling device for implantation of right atrial catheters and
      ports.

PMID- 2928912
TI  - A simplified technique for thrombectomy of vein grafts.

PMID- 2928913
TI  - The Boix-Ochoa antireflux operation in infants with small stomachs.

PMID- 2928914
TI  - A simple method for closure of a ventriculotomy incision using pericardium.

PMID- 2928916
TI  - Lateral pericardiotomy for a safer second operation.

PMID- 2928915
TI  - Improved exposure for dissection of axillary lymph nodes performed in conjunction
      with lumpectomy for carcinoma of the breast.

PMID- 2928917
TI  - Multiple meningiomas: a clinical, surgical, and cytogenetic analysis.
AB  - Eight cases of multiple meningiomas were found in our 13-year series of 148
      operated meningiomas. The relative frequency, 5.4%, of multiple meningiomas
      observed is compared with that in the literature. The clinical presentation,
      surgical results, and diagnostic tools are discussed. Cytogenetic analysis was
      performed in five patients (eight neoplastic specimens). No specific abnormality
      for multiple meningiomas was found, but our results point out the different
      origin of each tumor and exclude cell migration through the subarachnoid space as
      a pathogenetic factor in multiple meningiomas.

PMID- 2928918
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging of brain contusion.
AB  - In this study we investigated the time course of brain contusions using magnetic
      resonance imaging and compared the findings with those of a computed tomography
      scan. The lesions, which were demonstrated as homogeneous density areas on the
      computed tomography scan were demonstrated as different intensity areas in the
      magnetic resonance image. The intensity of the images varied according to the
      time at which the images were obtained. The findings indicated changes in the
      nature of the contusions including hematoma hemoglobin, perifocal edema
      extension, and so on. In conclusion, magnetic resonance imaging is important in
      the follow-up of chronological change as well as in original diagnosis of brain
      contusions.

PMID- 2928919
TI  - Embolization of solitary spinal metastases from renal cell carcinoma: alternative
      therapy for spinal cord or nerve root compression.
AB  - Four patients with a solitary vertebral metastasis from a renal cell carcinoma
      presented with acute spinal cord or nerve root compression. Because of the
      markedly hypervascular nature of the metastases it was decided to palliate the
      lesions by transarterial catheter embolization. The embolization reduced the
      venous blood pool within the tumors, resulting in progressive neurological
      improvement often lasting for 12 weeks or more. With such palliation, surgical
      decompression may be obviated, postponed, or at least made manageable.

PMID- 2928921
TI  - Leukotrienes in experimental spinal cord injury.
AB  - Leukotrienes are a group of noncyclized fatty acid eicosanoids which are formed
      from the breakdown of arachidonic acid. They are potent mediators of inflammation
      and may contribute to secondary injury in the central nervous system. All
      mammalian tissue including cerebral cortex is capable of synthesizing these;
      however, clear documentation of leukotriene formation in the spinal cord is
      lacking. We subjected 55 rabbits to weight drops of 200, 300, and 400 gm/cm,
      respectively, on an exposed spinal cord. The traumatized spinal cord was removed
      after periods of 15, 30, and 45 minutes and 1, 2, 4, 8, and 24 hours.
      Radioimmunoassay for leukotriene B-4 was then performed on the specimens.
      Significant (p less than 0.05) elevation was noted in the 200 and 300 gm/cm
      groups with peak levels occurring in the first 4 hours. The 400 gm/cm group
      showed significant depression of values below control levels from 2 to 24 hours.
      We conclude that in sublethal central nervous system injury leukotrienes are
      produced in significant amounts and may contribute to secondary spinal cord
      injury.

PMID- 2928920
TI  - Trigeminal neuroma. A report of eleven cases.
AB  - The clinical features, diagnosis, and management of a series of 11 cases of
      trigeminal neuroma (four men, seven women; mean age 40 years) are summarized.
      Symptoms at presentation were generally those of cerebellopontine angle and
      petrous apex space occupying lesions. Computed tomography scanning and magnetic
      resonance imaging were found to provide the best preoperative localization of
      these lesions, allowing better planning of the surgical approach and thereby
      maximizing tumor exposure, an essential for any attempt at total excision,
      considering the large size (greater than 3 cm) of these tumors when diagnosed. A
      retromastoid incision and posterior fossa craniectomy or a combined
      suprainfratentorial approach was used. Total excision was possible in four cases.
      In seven cases, a macroscopic clearance was effected (operative mortality nil,
      excellent outcome occurred in ten of the 11 cases). There has been no clinical
      evidence of recurrence or ongoing tumor growth despite possibly subtotal
      excision.

PMID- 2928922
TI  - A critique of posterior lumbar interbody fusion: 12 years' experience with 250
      patients.
AB  - A comprehensive long-term follow-up analysis of the clinical and radiographic
      results of posterior lumbar interbody fusion for lumbar disk disease is
      presented. This 12-year experience with 250 patients is compared with a previous
      critique of our surgical management of lumbar disk disease by laminotomy and
      diskectomy alone. The clinical results and complications rates are comparable.
      However, posterior lumbar interbody fusion significantly reduces the rate of
      recurrent problems requiring subsequent surgery. Careful technique and judgment
      are mandatory for success with posterior lumbar interbody fusion. Homologous
      tissue bank bone grafts were found to be as successful as autogenous bone.
      Posterior lumbar interbody fusion represents an improvement in the surgical
      management of lumbar disk disease.

PMID- 2928923
TI  - Huge meningioma in a child.
AB  - A case of a 6-year-old boy with a large meningioma is reported. The patient had
      an enlarged head, the Foster Kennedy syndrome, and roentgenological evidence of
      increased intracranial pressure. A computed tomography scan and magnetic
      resonance image showed a huge tumor in the right parietooccipital region. The
      tumor was totally resected with the involved right transverse sinus in staged
      operations. Histology was transitional meningioma. The incidence of intracranial
      meningiomas is low in childhood. The literature is reviewed, and some
      peculiarities of childhood meningiomas are discussed.

PMID- 2928924
TI  - Jugular foramen meningioma.
AB  - A case of jugular foramen meningioma is presented with a review of the related
      literature. The value of computed tomography in the diagnosis of the lesion and
      in the planning of the operative approach is discussed.

PMID- 2928925
TI  - Surgical treatment and radiological consideration of supergiant cerebral
      aneurysms.
AB  - We have collected four cases of supergiant cerebral aneurysm, each greater than
      6.0 cm in diameter. Two of these cases were saccular aneurysms of the anterior
      communicating artery and middle cerebral artery, of which the necks were clipped
      with resection of the aneurysms. Another patient had a fusiform aneurysm of the
      middle cerebral artery, which was resected accompanied by a reconstructive
      procedure of cerebral blood flow. The last patient had a fusiform aneurysm of the
      internal carotid artery. Following internal carotid artery occlusion surgery with
      superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery anastomosis, the aneurysm
      completely disappeared radiologically within several months.

PMID- 2928926
TI  - Tecto-cerebellar dysraphia with occipital encephalocele.
AB  - We report four cases with the rare syndrome of tecto-cerebellar dysraphia with
      occipital encephalocele. The clinical features seen in these patients included
      episodic tachypnea and irregular breathing, opsoclonus, ataxia, marked hypotonia
      of the limbs, coloboma, and polydactyly. All four patients had midline occipital
      encephalocele. The cranial computed tomography scan showed partial to total
      agenesis of the vermis with a large communication between cisterna magna and the
      fourth ventricle. The computed tomography scan also showed partial deficiency of
      the midbrain tectum. We discuss the clinical and radiological findings and review
      the literature.

PMID- 2928927
TI  - Spinal cord compression due to intradural extramedullary aspergilloma and cyst: a
      case report.
AB  - A case of thoracic spinal cord compression caused by intradural extramedullary
      cyst associated with aspergilloma is presented. The specific diagnosis was
      extremely difficult and required specialized tissue studies. Clinical suspicion
      of fungal infection, surgical intervention for spinal cord decompression, and
      tissue biopsy and relentless diagnostic laboratory studies are particular
      features of this case.

PMID- 2928928
TI  - Traumatic aneurysm of the supraclinoid internal carotid artery. Case report.
AB  - A case of traumatic aneurysm of the supraclinoid portion of the internal carotid
      artery is reported. The diagnosis was established by angiography after delayed
      subarachnoid hemorrhage, 2 weeks after trauma. Surgical exploration revealed a
      false aneurysm and a linear defect in the posterior wall of the internal carotid
      artery. The vessel was repaired with a microvascular suture. Postoperative
      angiography demonstrated the patency of the artery.

PMID- 2928929
TI  - Primary empty sella syndrome caused by an abnormal dilatation of the optic
      recess.
AB  - A new variety of primary empty sella syndrome is reported. A partial herniation
      of the optic chiasm into an enlarged empty sella compressed by a dilated optic
      recess mimicking a cystic tumor was confirmed at operation. The pathogenesis and
      the treatment of this type of empty sella syndrome are discussed.

PMID- 2928930
TI  - Bilateral scrotal migration of abdominal catheters: a rare complication of
      ventriculoperitoneal shunt.

PMID- 2928931
TI  - Synthesis, antineoplastic activity and biodistribution of boron analogues of
      amino acids and related compounds.

PMID- 2928932
TI  - Improvement of solubility of p-boronophenylalanine by complex formation with
      monosaccharides.

PMID- 2928933
TI  - Accumulation of porphyrins in cells and tissue: synthesis of boronated
      porphyrins.

PMID- 2928934
TI  - Synthesis and in vivo studies of a carboranyl porphyrin.

PMID- 2928935
TI  - Boronated porphyrins in NCT: results with a new potent tumor localizer.

PMID- 2928936
TI  - New tumor localizers: advances in the use of low density lipoproteins (LDL).

PMID- 2928937
TI  - High resolution 10B and 11B nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy of
      Na2B12H11SH impurities and metabolites.

PMID- 2928938
TI  - In vitro immunological activity of a dextran-boronated monoclonal antibody.

PMID- 2928939
TI  - In vitro and in vivo studies of boron conjugated melanoma affined biochemicals.

PMID- 2928940
TI  - Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of the sulfhydryl boranes (monomer and
      dimer) in glioma-bearing rats.

PMID- 2928942
TI  - In-vivo and in-vitro studies of the effects of mercaptoundecahydrododecaborate
      (BSH) on hepatic cytochrome P-450 mono-oxygenase enzyme activity and on
      hexobarbital (HXB) induced sleep in mice.

PMID- 2928941
TI  - Evaluation of selective boron absorption in liver tumors.

PMID- 2928943
TI  - Gross boron determination in biological samples by inductively coupled plasma
      atomic emission spectroscopy.

PMID- 2928944
TI  - Imaging with 11B of intact tissues using magnetic resonance gradient echoes.

PMID- 2928945
TI  - Dose inhomogeneities at various levels of biological organization.

PMID- 2928946
TI  - The radiobiology of a nearly pure, high intensity beam of 24 keV neutrons.

PMID- 2928947
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of BSH in patients with glioma.

PMID- 2928948
TI  - Distribution of boron in two (B12H11SH)2--infused patients with malignant glioma.

PMID- 2928949
TI  - Late results of fundoplication for gastroesophageal reflux in infants and
      children.
AB  - The Nissen fundoplication (NFP) for the management of severe gastroesophageal
      reflux (GER) in infants and children has become one of the most frequently
      performed operations in pediatric surgical centers in the United States. Short
      term outcome, morbidity, and mortality are consistently favorable in several
      large series. The long-term success of this procedure is presumed but has not
      been established objectively. To examine the late results of this operation, 46
      infants and children were carefully evaluated more than 5 years after NFP (mean,
      6.7 years). Evaluation included parental interview, physical examination, upper
      gastrointestinal series, and esophageal pH monitoring. The mean age at the time
      of operation was 4.13 years. Fifty-seven percent of the patients had significant
      neurologic impairment, and 80% had at least one serious additional medical
      problem. Twenty-four percent of the children died during the period of follow-up-
      all but one death related to serious underlying medical problems. Of the 35
      survivors, 26 (74.3%) have no symptoms; five (14.3%) have mild symptoms
      potentially referable to GER that necessitate little if any treatment; four
      (11.5%) have had symptomatic recurrence of GER necessitating repeat
      fundoplication. Three of these patients now have no symptoms. Forty-five percent
      of the patients had at least one postoperative complication. NFP provides
      efficacious, long-term treatment of GER in infants and children, with acceptable
      morbidity. Mortality in this group of children is related primarily to associated
      diseases rather than to GER.

PMID- 2928950
TI  - Wood smoke inhalation increases pulmonary microvascular permeability.
AB  - The effect of wood smoke inhalation (SI) on pulmonary vascular permeability was
      studied in open-chested, anesthetized dogs. Animals were divided into two groups.
      A prenodal lymphatic vessel was cannulated in group I (n = 7), and baseline (BL)
      lung lymph flow (QL) and lymph (CL) and plasma (CP) protein concentrations were
      measured. The animals' lungs were then ventilated with wood smoke for 5 minutes.
      Left atrial pressure (Pla) was increased above baseline (mean 16.7 +/- 2.2 mm
      Hg), and the ratio of CL to CP was used to assess endothelial permeability at
      high lymph flows. There was little change in either QL (BL: 27 +/- 9; SI: 27 +/-
      5 microliters/min) or CL/CP (BL: 0.76 +/- 0.03; SI: 0.74 +/- 0.02) after SI at
      normal Pla. Elevation of Pla caused a significant increase in QL (136 +/- 15
      microliters/min), but CL/CP (0.67 +/- 0.02) failed to decrease significantly at
      high lymph flows. In group II (n = 15) total protein concentration of airway
      fluid was compared with that of plasma after smoke inhalation, intravenous
      alloxan, and increased Pla. The ratio of protein concentration in airway fluid to
      plasma after SI (0.70 +/- 0.07) was greater than that obtained with increased Pla
      (0.64 +/- 0.07) but less than that after alloxan (0.85 +/- 0.04). These data
      indicate that SI in the dog results in a moderate increase in pulmonary vascular
      permeability that is less severe than that induced by alloxan.

PMID- 2928951
TI  - Effect of incentive spirometry on diaphragmatic function after surgery.
AB  - Many of the alterations in lung function that occur after upper abdominal surgery
      are attributable to reduced diaphragmatic activity. This study was undertaken to
      determine whether incentive spirometry produces a voluntary activation of
      diaphragmatic movement in patients with postoperative diaphragmatic dysfunction.
      Inductance plethysmography was used to measure the tidal volumes of the abdomen
      and chest in eight women before cholecystectomy and on the first and third
      postoperative days. In resting patients the relative contribution of the
      abdominal compartment decreased from 0.520 +/- 0.100 preoperatively to 0.274 +/-
      0.265 on postoperative day 1 (p less than 0.01), reflecting the effect of surgery
      on diaphragmatic function. Inspiratory flow (an index of inspiratory drive) was
      unaltered by surgery during both resting and incentive spirometry breaths,
      despite changes in tidal volume. Preoperatively, incentive spirometry increased
      the tidal volume of the abdominal compartment from 141 +/- 26 ml to 285 +/- 188
      ml (p less than 0.005) as a result of increased diaphragmatic movement. This
      effect was not seen postoperatively; instead, postoperative patients responded to
      incentive spirometry by increasing the tidal excursion of the chest compartment
      (158 +/- 37 to 630 +/- 253, p less than 0.005), without any increase in abdominal
      tidal volume. Thus, incentive spirometry failed to increase diaphragmatic
      movement in postoperative patients.

PMID- 2928952
TI  - The coincidence of myocardial reperfusion injury and hydrogen peroxide production
      in the isolated rat heart.
AB  - To investigate the specific nature and timing of oxygen (O2) metabolite
      reperfusion injury, we used a rat-heart model (Langendorff's solution, 37 degrees
      C) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-dependent aminotriazole inactivation of catalase
      as a measure of myocardial H2O2 before, during, and after ischemia. We found that
      after ischemia (20 minutes, global, 37 degrees C), ventricular functional loss-
      as assessed by measurement of developed pressure (DP), +dp/dt, and -dp/dt with a
      ventricular balloon--occurred at 10 minutes of reperfusion and that myocardial
      H2O2 production was maximal by this time. Furthermore, H2O2 production did not
      occur during ischemia, and inhibition of xanthine oxidase by tungsten feeding or
      infusing a permeable O2 metabolite scavenger during reperfusion
      (dimethylthiourea) prevented ventricular functional loss. We conclude that (1)
      reperfusion injury is in part mediated by toxic oxygen metabolites, (2) H2O2 is
      the central O2 metabolite responsible for reperfusion injury, and (3) the timing
      of H2O2 production coincides with the timing of ventricular functional loss.

PMID- 2928953
TI  - Surgical management of fungal peripheral thrombophlebitis.
AB  - Fungal infection of central venous catheters is well described. Peripheral fungal
      thrombophlebitis, however, has only been recognized recently, is thought rare,
      and is poorly characterized as to clinical presentation and treatment. We report
      the cases of eight patients with peripheral Candida thrombophlebitis. Patients
      were elderly and critically ill. All had received broad-spectrum antibiotics.
      Skin colonization appeared the source of contamination. Sepsis, shock, and organ
      failure were frequent. Physical findings of fungal phlebitis may be subtle, and
      diagnosis is often delayed. Multiple sites are frequently involved. Treatment
      necessitates radical excision of suspected veins and systemic antifungal
      chemotherapy. Persistent fungemia suggests inadequate phlebectomy or the
      existence of further affected veins. Peripheral thrombophlebitis is probably a
      common source of fungal sepsis and should be considered in all patients with
      fungemia. Without aggressive surgical intervention, survival is unlikely.

PMID- 2928954
TI  - Development of antitumor reactivity in regional draining lymph nodes from tumor
      immunized and tumor-bearing murine hosts.
AB  - With use of the weakly immunogenic MCA 105 tumor of the C57BL/6 mouse, the
      antitumor reactivity of lymphoid cells derived from the regional draining lymph
      nodes (RLN) of tumor-immunized and tumor-bearing mice was examined. Mice were
      immunized with an inoculation of viable tumor admixed with Corynebacterium
      parvum. Excision of tumor immunization sites within 4 days abrogated the
      development of systemic immunity to reject a tumor challenge. However, excision
      of the immunization site on day 6 did not interfere with the development of
      systemic antitumor immunity. In subsequent experiments, tumor immunization sites
      were excised on day 6 in all mice and the RLN either left intact or excised on
      day 6 or day 14. The development of systemic tumor immunity was severely impaired
      if RLN were excised on day 6, indicating the pivotal role of the RLN. Excision of
      the RLN on day 14 had no impact on the development of systemic immunity, thus
      indicating that the requirement for the RLN was time dependent. In mice bearing
      progressively growing tumors, lymphoid cells derived from RLN were examined for
      therapeutic efficacy in adoptive immunotherapy experiments. Although fresh RLN
      cells harvested 6 and 14 days after tumor inoculation did not demonstrate
      inherent therapeutic efficacy, after in vitro sensitization with irradiated tumor
      cells and interleukin-2, these RLN cells acquired significant antitumor activity
      in adoptive immunotherapy experiments. These data indicate that RLN are essential
      in the development of tumor immunity and may be used as a source of therapeutic
      effector cells for adoptive immunotherapy.

PMID- 2928955
TI  - The mechanism of acid-induced increases in canine lower esophageal sphincter
      pressure.
AB  - Acidification of the gastric cardia has been shown to increase lower esophageal
      sphincter pressure (LESP). The mechanism by which this phenomenon occurs remains
      unknown. This study was undertaken to examine the effect and mechanism of action
      of proximal gastric acidification on LESP in the dog model. In long-term studies,
      acidification resulted in a significant increase in mean LESP (23.2 cm H2O).
      Pretreatment with either topical lidocaine or subcutaneous atropine blocked the
      sphincteric response to acidification. Neither truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty,
      proximal gastric vagotomy, antral vagotomy and pyloroplasty, nor circumferential
      gastric myotomy significantly altered the sphincteric response to acid.
      Pretreatment with 6-hydroxydopamine or somatostatin also failed to alter the
      increase in LESP in response to acid. In short-term studies, after gastric
      transection 5 cm distal to the gastroesophageal junction, acidification of a
      vagally innervated distal gastric pouch produced a slight decrease in LESP,
      whereas acidification of the proximal (orad) section of gastric mucosa still
      resulted in a significant increase in LESP. These studies suggest that the
      increase in LESP observed with acidification of the gastric cardia is a local
      mechanism mediated by an intrinsic neural pathway dependent on cholinergic
      neurotransmission. This phenomenon of local reflex excitation may be another
      contributing mechanism to the barrier against gastroesophageal reflux.

PMID- 2928956
TI  - Medicine and the media: social and legislative issues symposium of the Society of
      University Surgeons.

PMID- 2928957
TI  - A perioperative technique for detection of retained valve cusps in the in situ
      vein graft.
AB  - A problem of the in situ vein bypass technique is the retained value cusp. To
      ensure that maximum flow has been obtained through the vein graft after
      valvotomy, a simple perioperative technique has been developed. This consists of
      infusing normal saline solution into the vein and comparing the distal to
      proximal (antegrade) flow with the proximal to distal (retrograde) flow under the
      same conditions. Twelve consecutive in situ vein grafts have been assessed.
      Antegrade and retrograde flow measurements were similar in four of the grafts but
      different in eight (40% to 80% reduced retrograde flow). Valvotomy was repeated
      and subsequent measurements of retrograde flow were similar or greater than the
      antegrade. The technique described is simple, reproducible, inexpensive, and may
      prove useful for routine intraoperative evaluation of valvotomy of in situ vein
      grafts.

PMID- 2928958
TI  - Massive hemoperitoneum from transhepatic perforation of the gallbladder: a rare
      complication of cholelithiasis.
AB  - A 74-year-old woman with known cholelithiasis arrived at our emergency department
      with mild abdominal pain. During investigation she collapsed with abrupt
      hypotension. A peritoneal tap revealed frank blood. At urgent laparotomy, there
      were several liters of blood in the peritoneal cavity and two free gallstones,
      despite an apparently intact gallbladder. We report the second recorded instance
      of transhepatic perforation of the gallbladder presenting as massive
      hemoperitoneum.

PMID- 2928959
TI  - Duodenal lipoma causing intussusception.
AB  - Duodenal intussusception and duodenal lipomas are both rare clinical entities. A
      case of duodenal intussusception caused by a lipoma is presented. The diagnosis
      of lipoma may be made endoscopically and radiographically using both upper
      gastrointestinal series and computed tomographic scan. Intussusception in the
      duodenum may be partial and cause minimal symptoms, but it has distinctive
      roentgenographic findings. The treatment of symptomatic lipomas may be endoscopic
      removal, using snare and cautery, or local excision via duodenotomy.
      Intussusceptions must be reduced operatively.

PMID- 2928960
TI  - A warning to surgeons who occasionally see hydatid cysts.

PMID- 2928961
TI  - Modelling afferent connectivity, postsynaptic plasticity, and signal
      discrimination.
AB  - We model a small system of hypothetical neurons having ongoing afferent input
      ("stimulus") short-term refraction/inhibition, and brief-latency intercellular
      excitatory feedback loops. We incorporate postsynaptic plasticity: synapses onto
      a given cell are grouped into dendritic "neighborhoods" wherein sufficiently
      large local postsynaptic potentials sums cause proportional changes in local
      synaptic efficacy. The efficacies record multiple cell-to-cell and time-to-time
      correlations. The efficacy patterns fall into several classes, for each of which
      there is a stereotypical relationship leading from "steady-state" stimuli to
      corresponding sets of possible "responses" (periodic firing patterns). We examine
      the system's ability to discriminate between stimuli via firing patterns and to
      retain information during change of efficacies. There is an optimal region for
      efficacy configurations inside of which discrimination is good and outside of
      which the system can be inactive, particularly forgetful, or perseverative. We
      find that stimulus discrimination is enhanced by divergence and convergence in
      the pattern of afferent input. Perseverative firing patterns, invoked or
      suppressed by cotransmitters, can play a role in associative activities of the
      network.

PMID- 2928962
TI  - Synaptogenesis in the stratum griseum superficiale of the rat superior
      colliculus.
AB  - The time course of synaptogenesis in the visual part of the superior colliculus
      (SC) of pigmented rats has been studied. The number of synaptic profiles per unit
      area and volume of neuropil in the stratum griseum superficiale (SGS) was
      estimated in seven groups of animals at ages 3, 9, 15, 21, 30, 49 and 85 days
      after birth. At 3 days only 1.5 +/- 0.06 synaptic contacts per unit area and 5.5
      +/- 0.18 per unit volume were found. Most of them were immature contacts between
      growing processes. The density of synaptic contacts increased slowly during the
      first week. By day 9, 4.1 +/- 0.25 and 13.4 +/- 0.66 synaptic contacts were
      counted per unit of area and volume, respectively. A rapid synaptic proliferation
      occurred during the next 3 weeks and there were 7.7 +/- 0.27 and 25.5 +/- 1.04
      synaptic contacts per unit area and volume at 15 days, 21.1 +/- 1.70 and 86.4 +/-
      5.11 at 21 days, and 25.9 +/- 1.20 and 96.7 +/- 3.48 at 30 days. At the same
      time, the synaptic population gradually acquired more mature morphological
      characteristics: the pre- and postsynaptic structures became more specialized,
      the number of synaptic vesicles within presynaptic structures increased, and the
      synaptic junctional apposition became defined. After 30 days, a decrease in the
      density of synaptic profiles was recorded: 23.9 +/- 0.44 and 79.8 +/- 1.43 per
      unit area and volume of neuropil at 49 days and 13.4 +/- 0.53 and 49.7 +/- 2.40
      at 85 days, respectively. Thus, after the phase of synaptic proliferation, a
      significant reduction of synaptic density occurred in the SGS neuropil until it
      was stabilized at the adult level by the third month of life. Considering the
      data available on the development of the retinal and visual cortical projections
      to the SC, the process of synaptic elimination, which takes place after the first
      postnatal month, does not appear to be directly connected with segregation of
      these particular projections.

PMID- 2928963
TI  - Cell cycle analysis in the cardiac and neuroepithelial tissues of day 10 rat
      embryos and the effects of phosphoramide mustard, the major teratogenic
      metabolite of cyclophosphamide.
AB  - Using the autoradiographic technique of percent labeled mitoses (PLM), total cell
      cycle length (Tc) and length of the cell cycle phases G1, S, G2, and M have been
      estimated for the neuroepithelium and heart of day 10 rat embryos. The Tc for the
      neuroepithelium was estimated to be 9.45 hr, consisting of G1 of 1.24 hr, S of
      6.15 hr, G2 of 1.34 hr, and M of 0.72 hr. The Tc for the heart was estimated to
      be 13.37 hr, consisting of G1 of 4.30 hr, S of 7.01 hr, G2 of 1.81 hr, and M of
      0.25 hr. Comparison of cell cycle parameters in these two tissues indicates that
      the longer cell cycle in heart tissue is related primarily to an increase in G1.
      If embryos are exposed to the major teratogenic metabolite of cyclophosphamide,
      phosphoramide mustard, cell cycle analysis reveals that the S phase of the
      neuroepithelial cell cycle is lengthened and cells are either slowed or arrested
      in G2.

PMID- 2928964
TI  - Quantitative study of the effects of maternal hyperthermia on cell death and
      proliferation in the guinea pig brain on day 21 of pregnancy.
AB  - On embryonic day 21, pregnant guinea pigs were exposed to a 44 degrees C
      environment for 1 hour. As a result, all brain ventricular zone cells in M phase
      of the mitotic cycle when heat-shock occurred became immediately pyknotic and all
      cell division was stopped for 4-8 hr. The pyknotic cells were removed at a
      definable rate until mitosis resumed, after which removal occurred in an
      apparently random manner. Long delays in the return to mitosis were related to
      increased destruction of S-phase cells deep within the ventricular zone and
      largely confined to the alar lamina. Upon recovery, a rostrocaudal delay in
      mitosis was apparent, and the number of mitotic figures was increased compared
      with control numbers for 1 hr, after which they returned to control numbers. It
      was evident that up to 40% of the cells within the ventricular zone were
      destroyed following brief maternal heat stress.

PMID- 2928965
TI  - Teratogenicity of zinc deficiency in the rat: study of the fetal skeleton.
AB  - Zinc deficiency (ZD) is teratogenic in rats, and fetal skeletal defects are
      prominent. This study identifies fetal skeletal malformations that affect
      calcified and non-calcified bone tissue as a result of gestational zinc
      deficiency in rats, and it assesses the effect of maternal ZD in fetal bone
      calcification. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats (180-250 g) were fed 1) a control
      diet (76.4 micrograms Zn/g diet) ad libitum (group C), 2) a zinc-deficient diet
      (0 microgram/g) ad libitum (group ZD), or 3) the control diet pair-fed to the ZD
      rats (group PF). On day 21 of gestation, laparotomies were performed. Fetuses
      were weighed, examined for external malformations, and stained in toto with a
      double-staining technique for the study of skeletal malformations. Maternal and
      fetal tissues were used for Zn, Mg, Ca, and P determinations. Gross external
      malformations were present in 97% of the ZD fetuses. No external malformations
      were found in fetuses from groups C and PF. Ninety-one percent of cleared ZD
      fetuses had multiple skeletal malformations, whereas only 3% of the fetuses of
      group PF had skeletal defects; no skeletal malformations were found in fetuses
      from group C. Some of the skeletal malformations described in the ZD fetuses,
      mainly affecting non-calcified bone, were not mentioned in previous reports, thus
      stressing the importance of using double-staining techniques. Examination of
      stained fetuses and counting of ossification centers revealed important
      calcification defects in ZD fetuses. These effects were confirmed by lower Ca and
      P concentrations in fetal bone with alteration of the Ca:P ratio.

PMID- 2928966
TI  - Developmental study of neural tube closure in a mouse stock with a high incidence
      of exencephaly.
AB  - About 17% of embryos and fetuses in the SELH/Bc mouse stock have the anterior
      neural tube defect, exencephaly. No other malformations are seen. The genetic
      liability to exencephaly was shown to be probably genetically fixed in the
      SELH/Bc stock. This means that SELH/Bc embryos with successful neural tube
      closure are genetically the same as exencephalics. Females were significantly
      more likely to be affected than males (66% females). The pattern of morphological
      developmental events during anterior neural tube closure on days 8 and 9 of
      gestation was compared among 322 ICR/Bc (normal), 304 SWV/Bc (normal), and 265
      SELH/Bc embryos. Anterior neural tube closure was found to follow a strikingly
      different pattern in almost all SELH/Bc embryos than in either of the normal
      strains or in previous published studies. SELH/Bc embryos lack the initial
      contact between the anterior folds in the posterior prosencephalon/anterior
      mesencephalon region (Closure 2). In spite of this, all but 17% manage to close
      the anterior neural tube by extending caudally the later occurring normal
      anterior zone of contact and fusion at the most rostral aspect of the
      prosencephalon (Closure 3) through the region of Closure 2 to meet the zone of
      closure of the rhombencephalon, Closure 4. Anterior neural tube closure was
      completed late, and in some SELH/Bc embryos, elevation and fusion in the
      mesencephalon did not occur at all. In histological sections of six- and eight
      somite embryos, elevated numbers of pyknotic cells in the neuroepithelium and
      mesenchyme, and elevated numbers of unstained inclusions in the neuroepithelium
      were found; but their relationship, if any, to the abnormal pattern of neural
      tube closure is not clear.

PMID- 2928968
TI  - Patient expectations and the medical malpractice crisis.

PMID- 2928967
TI  - Ciguatera intoxication from Texas gulf coast fish.

PMID- 2928969
TI  - Clearinghouse offers health professionals timely AIDS info.

PMID- 2928970
TI  - Help wanted: nurses, nurses, nurses!
AB  - Want ads with a desperate tone are filling classified advertising sections of
      newspapers throughout Texas. The state's shortage of nurses is there for all to
      see, spelled out in big, bold type. "Take a new direction." "Built for the
      future. Designed for your career.... Take your career into the next century."
      Hospitals lure nurses with a choice of working hours, subsidized transportation,
      tuition reimbursement, educational programs, bonus programs, relocation
      assistance, temporary housing, and more. Still, the problem persists. In the
      worst case scenario, it has reached crisis proportions. In May 1988, in a highly
      publicized move prompted by the shortage, one Texas hospital was turning away
      ambulance-borne patients from its emergency room and came to the brink of losing
      Medicare and Medicaid funding. The Texas Legislature's Special Committee on Post
      Secondary Medical, Dental, and Allied Health Education has documented the
      administrator's problem. According to the committee's report, issued in December
      1988, "There is one Texas registered nurse for every 418 people in the general
      population; the national average is one RN for every 200 people." Physicians,
      nurses, and hospital administrators are vitally concerned with the situation's
      serious implications for the quality of patient care, and all three groups are
      searching for solutions. The following article explores the history, causes, and
      proposed solutions for the problem.

PMID- 2928971
TI  - Eye banking in Texas.
AB  - Texas is providing corneal tissue in the 1980s that is quite adequate to meet the
      needs of all Texas patients. Infrequent maldistribution is corrected by tissue
      sharing between eye banks, facilitated by a toll-free number in Dallas (800-433
      6667) for Texas eye banks to call when they cannot meet a local need. With
      distribution of tissue through eye banks, no patient need wait when tissue is
      abundantly available. The most important law aiding corneal tissue procurement
      has been the 1977 Medical Examiners/Justice of the Peace Act, that permits
      removal of corneas under controlled conditions. This has been implemented in
      almost all jurisdictions where medical examiners are active, although only a few
      counties have the services of a medical examiner. The implementation of this law,
      particularly in Austin, Dallas, El Paso, Fort Worth, Houston, and San Antonio,
      has increased previous donations by more than double.

PMID- 2928973
TI  - Unexpected anemia in a newborn.
AB  - Hemorrhagic anemia in a newborn is often heralded by some history or clinical
      findings that allow time to anticipate and prepare for the infant. This article
      describes the unexpected delivery of an anemic baby and reviews the diagnosis and
      management of spontaneous fetomaternal hemorrhage in an infant.

PMID- 2928972
TI  - Polyradiculoneuropathy in transfusion-associated AIDS and dorsal root pathology.
AB  - A 68-year-old woman developed a clinical picture of a painful subacute
      polyradiculoneuropathy. Her condition improved dramatically after treatment with
      plasmapheresis. A few months later she was found to have serologic evidence for
      the human immunodeficiency virus. This infection was traced to a contaminated
      transfusion received three years earlier. Postmortem studies disclosed pathology
      affecting mainly dorsal roots.

PMID- 2928975
TI  - 1989 Texas Skin Cancer/Melanoma Project.

PMID- 2928974
TI  - Skin cancer: a primer for the nondermatologist.
AB  - The rising incidence of skin cancer in the United States has become a significant
      public health concern. The morbidity and mortality associated with these
      conditions can be reduced significantly by earlier detection and treatment. All
      physicians, not just dermatologists, can play a role in this regard. This article
      is intended to alert practicing physicians to the extent of the problem and to
      familiarize them with the various forms of skin cancer.

PMID- 2928976
TI  - Medical services for our financially needy elderly patients.
AB  - Physicians as a profession are concerned about the health care needs of
      financially needy elderly patients. A program of voluntary assignment is
      suggested as the best solution for this problem. Mandated assignment would lead
      to diminished access to medical care and diminished quality. A voluntary
      assignment program, in cooperation with senior citizens organizations, offers a
      cooperative effort to cover the elderly in need of medical care.

PMID- 2928977
TI  - Penicillin allergy.

PMID- 2928978
TI  - Adult immunizations--their time has come.

PMID- 2928979
TI  - [Atopic neurodermatitis].
AB  - Neurodermatitis atopica is a skin disease caused by various different factors and
      which is characterized by the simultaneous presence of different clinical
      features. The treatment is directed towards the various aetiopathological factors
      and oriented on the clinical picture. The main symptom is dry skin, which has to
      be rehydrated and provided with an artificial film of grease. Dermosteroids are
      the most efficient antiinflammatory agents, but they can only be used as one of
      various components of a complete neurodermatitis therapy. New knowledge gained
      over the past few years has shown the important role of Staphylococcus aureus in
      this condition, and as a result antibiotic therapy has increased in importance.
      The use of soap, which was previously not recommended, is now considered to be a
      useful and beneficial addition to the treatment, thanks to the availability of
      new alkali-free, disinfectant soaps. In certain cases there is a causal
      connection with exposure to allergens. Besides treatment of the itching, which is
      crucial for the patient, stabilization of the psychological factor and, if
      necessary, changes in the patient's environmental situation are extremely
      important. Substitution of essential fatty acids and UV therapy are discussed.

PMID- 2928980
TI  - [Ambulatory treatment of psoriasis].
AB  - The causes and the pathological mechanisms of psoriasis are only partially
      understood. The different treatments tend to inhibit the proliferation of the
      keratinocytes as well as the dermal inflammation. Anthralin ("minute treatment"),
      tar, corticosteroids, photochemotherapy and retinoids are the most frequently
      used treatments, some by the general practitioner, other by the dermatologist.

PMID- 2928981
TI  - [The treatment of varicose ulcers].
AB  - The cause of venous ulcer (deep veins and perforans veins valvular damages,
      muscular and articular pump deficiency) can merely be corrected by compression
      therapy and, in some cases, surgery. Accompanying diseases have to be treated.
      Although the efficiency of general and local treatment is limited, it is
      essential to control it correctly and avoid its side-effects.

PMID- 2928982
TI  - [Management of acquired nevus-cell nevi in clinical practice].
AB  - The alarming increase in the incidence of malignant melanoma and the lack of an
      effective therapy in metastasizing forms focussed the interest on the early
      curable stages and the precursors (or tumor markers) of malignant melanoma such
      as dysplastic nevi. Familial variants of dysplastic nevus syndrome (DNS) are
      associated with increased risk for malignant melanoma; the significance of
      sporadic dysplastic nevi, however, remains to be elucidated. Until more is known
      about which clinically dysplastic lesions, if any, can be left with complete
      safety, it is reasonable to remove all nevi which one cannot say are with
      certainty benign.

PMID- 2928983
TI  - [Treatment of precancerous conditions of the skin].
AB  - The precancerous skin lesions are defined clinically. Sooner or later they show
      the tendency to develop into an actual cancer. The most common epithelial
      precancerous lesion is the actinic keratosis. Sun-exposure for many years and
      poor pigmentation of the skin predispose for developing actinic keratosis. For
      the efficient treatment of epithelial precancerous lesions primarily a clear
      diagnosis is needed. If the diagnosis is not clear a biopsy or excision followed
      by histological examination is necessary. The treatment modalities for office
      procedures are: excisional surgery, curettage, electrocoagulation, dermabrasion
      and cryosurgery. Ionizing radiation in the form of x-rays may be useful for
      treatment of elder patients with multiple actinic keratosis and large lentigo
      maligna. Topical chemotherapy (5-Fluorouracil, trichloroacetic-acid) requires
      good compliance and frequent follow-up. The follow-up of patients with
      precancerous skin lesions is mainly on the clinical level. These patients should
      use sun-protective agents.

PMID- 2928984
TI  - [Therapy using dermatologic agents].
AB  - With dermal preparations the therapeutic effect of the active ingredient is
      considerably influenced by factors such as the properties of the base and the
      type and conditions of the skin. In this respect, the correlation between the
      effect of the bases and the acuteness of the disease is the following: the more
      acute the disease, the more important the base and the less important the active
      ingredient. For dermal preparations there is consequently a therapeutic need for
      a differentiated spectrum of suitable bases. The choice of the appropriate
      vehicle plays a considerable role in the success of the treatment. The criteria
      for the selection of suitable vehicles are discussed on the basis of various
      examples.

PMID- 2928985
TI  - [Intertrigo--a therapeutic problem circle].
AB  - Intertrigo is an inflammatory dermatosis involving the body folds. Predisposing
      factors include constant friction opposing skin surfaces, obesity, sweating and
      occlusion. Colonization with bacteria, yeast and dermatophytes may exacerbate the
      dermatosis. Irritant antiseptics may aggravate intertrigo and provoke an allergic
      contact dermatitis. Treatment consists in careful drying the skin. Antimicrobial
      agents topically applied may be helpful. Predisposing factors should be corrected
      carefully.

PMID- 2928986
TI  - Effect of three weeks' treatment with budesonide on in vitro contractile and
      relaxant airway effects in the rat.
AB  - An investigation was carried out to determine whether the sensitivity of rat
      tracheal smooth muscle to contractile and relaxant drugs was affected by three
      weeks' treatment with subcutaneous budesonide before death. Budesonide treatment
      was associated with a lower thymus weight and a smaller gain in body weight than
      in control animals. There was, however, no difference in the carbachol
      concentration-response curves or maximum responses to carbachol of tracheal
      smooth muscle from control and budesonide treated rats. Isometric and isotonic
      recordings agreed in these respects. Glucocorticoid treatment did not increase
      the sensitivity of tracheal smooth muscle to the relaxant drugs terbutaline and
      enprofylline; if anything there was a tendency for terbutaline and enprofylline
      to be less potent after budesonide treatment. The data suggest that in vivo
      effects of glucocorticoids on airway responsiveness to bronchodilating and
      bronchoconstricting drugs are unlikely to be due to a direct effect on bronchial
      smooth muscle.

PMID- 2928987
TI  - Effect of changing dietary sodium on the airway response to histamine.
AB  - The airway response to histamine has been shown to be related to the 24 hour
      urinary excretion of sodium. To assess whether this relation is likely to
      represent a direct causal association a randomised double blind crossover trial
      of slow sodium (80 mmol/day) was compared with placebo in 36 subjects having a
      low sodium diet. The dose of histamine causing a 20% fall in FEV1 (PD20) was 1.51
      doubling doses lower when the men were taking sodium than when they were taking
      placebo (p less than 0.05). On the basis of PD10 values, the difference in men
      was 1.66 doubling doses of histamine (p less than 0.05). There was no
      corresponding effect in women. Regressing PD10 against urinary excretion of
      electrolytes with data from the two occasions during the trial and the
      measurements made before the trial showed a significant association with sodium
      excretion after allowance had been made for any effect associated with potassium
      or creatinine excretion, the latter being a marker of the completeness of the
      urine collection. Again there was no corresponding effect among women. These
      findings are compatible with the differences in regional mortality data for
      England and Wales, which show a relation between asthma mortality and regional
      per person purchases of table salt for men but not for women.

PMID- 2928989
TI  - Prognostic value of bronchoalveolar lavage in sarcoidosis: the critical influence
      of disease presentation.
AB  - There has been considerable disagreement about the prognostic value of
      bronchoalveolar lavage lymphocyte measurements in patients with sarcoidosis. This
      study looks at the influence of the type of disease presentation and the time
      since onset of symptoms on lavage fluid lymphocyte profiles in 99 patients
      studied at the time of their initial diagnosis. Patients who had an acute
      inflammatory onset of disease with erythema nodosum (n = 32) or acute uveitis (n
      = 17) almost invariably had high T lymphocyte helper:suppressor (TH:TS) ratios
      (mean 10.1, 95% confidence interval 7.7-12.5) and had a higher proportion of T
      lymphocytes in cells obtained at lavage (40%, 35-46%) than patients with a
      pulmonary presentation (n = 38) (TH:TS 2.9, 0.2-5.7; T lymphocytes 21%, 15-27%)
      or those studied after resolution of erythema nodosum (n = 12). The patients with
      recent erythema nodosum had the highest TH:TS ratios of any group (10.4, 8.1
      12.7). Thus lavage T lymphocyte percentage and TH:TS are highest in patients with
      sarcoidosis studied soon after an acute onset with an inflammatory condition such
      as erythema nodosum or uveitis. Patients with an acute onset of sarcoidosis have
      a better prognosis than those with a more insidious presentation. The major
      influence of type of disease presentation and, in the case of patients with
      erythema nodosum, of time since onset of symptoms may in part explain why
      different centres have reported such diverse results regarding the value of
      bronchoalveolar lavage in predicting outcome in sarcoidosis. Studies where the
      case mix of patients includes a high proportion of patients with acute onset will
      not find a high TH:TS ratio or increased numbers or proportions of lavage
      lymphocytes to be indicators of a poor prognosis.

PMID- 2928988
TI  - Influence of lung volume in sleep apnoea.
AB  - The influence of a constant increase in functional residual capacity on apnoea
      characteristics was studied in patients with the sleep apnoea syndrome. Pulmonary
      inflation was achieved by applying a continuous negative extrathoracic pressure
      into a Poncho type respirator. Nine patients slept in the Poncho for two
      consecutive nights, negative extrathoracic pressure being applied during the
      second night. There was no difference in the total sleep time, its composition
      within the different sleep stages, the apnoea and apnoea-hypopnoea indices, or
      the sleep time spent in apnoea between the two nights. The mean (SD) apnoea
      duration increased with negative extrathoracic pressure from 25.3 (2) to 30.5 (3)
      seconds (p = 0.003) and time spent in obstructive apnoea (percentage of apnoea
      time) from 56 (13) to 75 (8) (p = 0.02). The mixed apnoea time (%) decreased from
      37 (7) to 21 (7) (p = 0.02). Despite the increase in apnoea duration, less time
      was spent below each oxygen saturation value during negative extrathoracic
      pressure. The results were similar for apnoeic episodes during non-REM (non-rapid
      eye movement) sleep, whereas no significant modifications were seen during REM
      sleep. It is concluded that the composition of apnoea time and resulting oxygen
      desaturation are influenced by lung volume.

PMID- 2928990
TI  - Rheumatoid arthritis with extensive lung lesions.
AB  - A man of 74 who had had seropositive rheumatoid arthritis for 10 years presented
      with dyspnoea and reticular striation in both lung fields. At necropsy two years
      later there was pulmonary fibrosis with multiple rheumatoid nodules and non
      specific granulomas.

PMID- 2928991
TI  - Bilateral clicking ribs.
AB  - Congenital abnormalities of the ribs, including slipping or clicking rib, are
      well recognised but rarely give rise to symptoms. Slipping rib has previously
      been described as a unilateral condition. We report an unusual case of
      symptomatic bilateral slipping ribs treated successfully by surgery.

PMID- 2928992
TI  - Chylopericardium as a complication of mitral valve replacement.
AB  - A patient developed chylopericardium after mitral valve replacement. Although
      there was early relapse with cardiac tamponade it eventually resolved with
      conservative management consisting of tube drainage initially and a medium chain
      triglyceride diet for two months.

PMID- 2928993
TI  - Successful percutaneous balloon occlusion of a large pulmonary arteriovenous
      malformation.
AB  - Percutaneous embolotherapy was carried out successfully in a 79 year old woman
      with a 56% shunt through a single pulmonary arteriovenous malformation.

PMID- 2928994
TI  - Primary cardiac angiosarcoma causing rupture of the heart and spontaneous
      bilateral pneumothorax.
AB  - A patient with a primary cardiac angiosarcoma developed two previously unreported
      manifestations: cardiac rupture, which has not been reported with any primary
      cardiac tumour; and spontaneous pneumothorax, which is well recognised with other
      tumours but has not been reported with a cardiac angiosarcoma.

PMID- 2928995
TI  - Spontaneous pneumothorax due to metastatic carcinoma of the rectum.

PMID- 2928996
TI  - Hyaluronan and type III procollagen peptide concentrations in bronchoalveolar
      lavage fluid in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
AB  - The connective tissue components hyaluronan (hyaluronic acid) and type III
      procollagen peptide were measured in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in 22 patients
      with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and 21 healthy control subjects. The patients
      with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis had higher concentrations of hyaluronan
      (median 46 micrograms/l) and type III procollagen peptide (median 0.45
      micrograms/l) than the healthy controls (9 and less than 0.02 micrograms/l; p
      less than 0.001). The patients had normal serum concentrations of hyaluronan and
      of the procollagen peptide, and albumin concentrations in lavage fluid similar to
      those of the control subjects. Neutrophil and lymphocyte counts in lavage fluid
      were increased on average 10 and two fold respectively in the patients with
      idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and both correlated with the amount of hyaluronan
      recovered (p less than 0.05). An inverse correlation was seen between the
      transfer factor for carbon monoxide and hyaluronan concentrations in lavage fluid
      in the patients (p less than 0.05). Deterioration in lung function and
      radiographic progression were seen over six months in 12 of the patients. These
      patients had higher lavage fluid concentrations of hyaluronan and type III
      procollagen peptide than the patients whose disease was stable (p less than
      0.01). Increased synthesis of hyaluronan and type III procollagen peptide in lung
      parenchyma may reflect activation or proliferation (or both) of pulmonary
      fibroblasts in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and seems to be linked to the
      severity and activity of the lung disease.

PMID- 2928997
TI  - Impaired non-specific delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity in bird fancier's lung.
AB  - The relation between non-specific delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity and bird
      fancier's lung was investigated in 13 patients with the disorder. They were
      compared with 50 subjects who had no reason to have decreased non-specific
      delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity (control group) and 34 patients with pulmonary
      sarcoidosis. In addition, 13 patients with bird fancier's lung (11 of the
      original group) were tested at least one year after avoiding exposure to the
      causal antigen. Five antigens (candidine, staphylococcal toxoid, tuberculin
      purified protein derivative, trichophyton, and streptokinase-streptodornase) were
      injected intradermally (0.1 ml) and the mean weal diameter was measured at 48
      hours. The mean weal size was significantly less in the subjects with bird
      fancier's lung at the time of diagnosis than in the control group (2.23 v 5.66
      mm) but did not differ significantly from that of the subjects with sarcoidosis
      (2.80 mm) or from that of the bird fanciers with no exposure to the causal
      antigen for one year (2.75 mm). The impairment of non-specific delayed cutaneous
      hypersensitivity in patients with bird fancier's lung appears to be
      quantitatively similar to that occurring in sarcoidosis.

PMID- 2928998
TI  - Cardiovascular and hypokalaemic effects of inhaled salbutamol, fenoterol, and
      isoprenaline.
AB  - The cardiovascular and hypokalaemic effects of equal doses of inhaled fenoterol,
      isoprenaline and salbutamol were compared in eight healthy male volunteers, in a
      double blind, placebo controlled study. Increasing doses of 400, 600, and 800
      micrograms were given from a metered dose inhaler at 15 minute intervals,
      followed by measurements of heart rate, blood pressure, total electromechanical
      systole (as a measure of inotropic response), QTc interval, and plasma potassium
      concentration. After repeated inhalation, fenoterol resulted in significantly
      greater chronotropic, electrocardiographic, and hypokalaemic effects than either
      isoprenaline or salbutamol. The maximum inotropic effect of fenoterol was similar
      to that of isoprenaline.

PMID- 2928999
TI  - Oesophagogastrectomy in patients over 70.
AB  - Although the results of oesophageal resection for benign and malignant disease
      are well documented, the risk of operative death and long term survival in
      patients over the age of 70 is not well defined. The outcome has been reviewed
      for 46 patients (23 male, 23 female) aged 70 years or more (mean 74 years)
      undergoing oesophageal resection during a period of seven years; 16 patients were
      75 years or over. All resections were performed with the EEA stapler, except for
      one cervical anastomosis that was stitched by hand. In 42 patients resection was
      for malignancy. Six patients died within 30 days of operation or during the
      initial hospital stay, giving an operative mortality of 13%. Only one of the 16
      patients aged 75 years or more died. Cardiopulmonary complications accounted for
      most of the operative deaths. Patients were scored retrospectively by a
      multifactual risk factor. Patients who left hospital had a mean preoperative
      score of 3.66, compared with 15.2 for those who died. Use of such a score may
      help to improve selection for surgery in this age group. It is concluded that
      oesophagogastrectomy may be performed in selected patients over the age of 70
      years with acceptable mortality, morbidity, and length of hospital stay.

PMID- 2929000
TI  - Refractory period following bronchoconstriction provoked by histamine in
      asthmatic subjects.
AB  - To determine whether refractoriness to histamine induced bronchoconstriction
      occurs, 20 asthmatic subjects aged 19-50 years were tested. Subjects underwent
      two histamine challenge tests (1 and 2) on the same day, the second one being
      given 45-60 minutes after the first, once the FEV1 after test 1 had returned
      spontaneously to within 90% of baseline. A further "control" histamine challenge
      test was carried out on a different day at the same time (+/- 2 hours) as test 1.
      Bronchial responsiveness was recorded as the cumulative dose (microgram) of
      histamine provoking a 20% fall in FEV1 (PD20), and the ratio PD20 test 2:PD20
      test 1 was used to assess refractoriness. The median value of this ratio (2.20)
      was significantly greater than 1 (p = 0.003), indicating refractoriness at the
      time of test 2. By contrast the median ratio PD20 control:PD20 test 1 of 1.03 was
      not significantly different from 1. Refractoriness could not be accounted for by
      failure to regain the initial baseline FEV1, though such failure may have
      exaggerated the effect. An increase in PD20 with the second test was observed
      uniformly in subjects with moderate or high initial PD20 values but not in those
      with low values. This suggests that there may be a PD20 threshold of the order 25
      100 micrograms for refractoriness to occur. Refractoriness could exert an
      important confounding effect in investigations in which repeated histamine tests
      are carried out at short intervals.

PMID- 2929001
TI  - Increased incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis in chronic interstitial lung
      disease.
AB  - Of 162 patients with chronic interstitial lung disease, eight (seven of them
      male) had active tuberculosis. This was 4.5 times higher than the incidence in
      the general population. The frequency of tuberculosis was similar in patients
      treated with and without corticosteroids.

PMID- 2929002
TI  - Malignant primary pulmonary paraganglioma.
AB  - The histological, immunocytochemical, and electron microscopic findings in a case
      of malignant primary pulmonary paraganglioma are reported. The existence of this
      rare tumour is evidence for the presence of pulmonary chemoreceptors.

PMID- 2929004
TI  - Fall in peak expiratory flow during haemodialysis in patients with chronic renal
      failure.

PMID- 2929003
TI  - Occupational asthma in a pharmaceutical worker exposed to penicillamine.

PMID- 2929005
TI  - Combined use of non-invasive techniques to predict pulmonary arterial pressure in
      chronic respiratory disease.
AB  - The value of non-invasive procedures for predicting pulmonary arterial pressure
      was investigated in 370 patients with chronic obstructive lung diseases and in 73
      with fibrosing alveolitis in a combined study at nine centres in six European
      countries. Measurements included forced expiratory volume in one second, arterial
      blood gas tensions, standard electrocardiogram, radiographic dimensions of
      pulmonary artery, right ventricle dimensions by M mode echocardiography, and
      myocardial scintigraphy with thallium-201; and certain clinical signs were also
      used. No single variable was correlated closely enough to allow accurate
      prediction of pulmonary arterial pressure. Four methods were used to incorporate
      several variables into mathematical functions for predicting pulmonary arterial
      pressure. In patients with chronic obstructive lung disease multiple stepwise
      regression explained 49% of the variance in pulmonary arterial pressure but was
      not useful for prediction. Discriminant analysis allowed patients to be allocated
      to bands of pulmonary arterial pressure, as did two non-parametric procedures, in
      which decision trees were established using either the Kolmogoroff-Smirnoff
      statistic or Fisher's exact test. Patients with a pulmonary arterial pressure of
      30 mm Hg or more were identified with a sensitivity of 83% and a specificity of
      91%. The non-parametric tests gave better results than discriminant function. A
      further 54 patients were studied to validate the functions. Of these, 90% with a
      pulmonary arterial pressure above 20 mm Hg were correctly identified, and 80% of
      those with a pulmonary arterial pressure above 29 mm Hg. Similar results were
      obtained in subjects with fibrosing alveolitis. These mathematical functions
      allow the use of combinations of non-invasive procedures to select from
      populations at risk of pulmonary hypertension those in whom direct measurement is
      required. The mathematical functions are capable of further development by
      incorporation of variables from newer non-invasive procedures.

PMID- 2929006
TI  - Patient self care in acute asthma.
AB  - Psychosocial and other factors that may affect patient self care in acute asthma
      were investigated in 210 asthmatic adults recruited from general practice and
      hospital clinics. Interviews and self complete questionnaires were used to assess
      patients' management of a hypothetical slow onset and rapid onset attack of
      asthma, attitudes to asthma, family support, psychiatric morbidity, recent asthma
      morbidity, and knowledge of drug treatment. The patients with the highest
      morbidity from asthma delayed longest before taking appropriate action in the
      hypothetical acute attack. One in four patients expressed strong feelings of
      stigma and pessimism about being asthmatic, but attitudes were only weakly
      associated with behaviour. Other factors showed no significant relation to self
      care. The results suggest that there is no single important factor or group of
      factors governing patients' management of acute asthma. Health education might
      therefore prove more effective if it paid less attention to the possible cause or
      causes of poor self care and instead offered pragmatic advice on changing
      behaviour.

PMID- 2929007
TI  - Inhibition of fibrinolysis by cellular glutathione depletion in the rabbit.
AB  - The effect of cellular glutathione depletion on fibrinolytic activity in the
      arterial wall and on the levels of components of the plasma fibrinolytic system
      was studied in rabbits. Intraperitoneal administration of buthionine sulphoximine
      (4.5 mmol/kg body wt), an inhibitor of gamma-glutamyl cysteine synthetase,
      induced a significant reduction in liver glutathione concentrations with a peak
      decrease of 51% at 7 hours and a progressive return to normal values. The
      glutathione concentration in aortic tissue was also significantly reduced 7 h
      after administration of the depleting agent. Fibrinolytic activity in the
      arterial wall was inhibited following buthionine sulphoximine administration and
      only reappeared at 24 hours postinjection. Diethyl maleate administration (3.2
      mmol/kg body wt i.p.) also depleted liver and aortic glutathione and inhibited
      fibrinolysis in the arterial wall. Treatment with both glutathione-depleting
      agents induced a significant reduction in the functional activity of tissue
      plasminogen activator (t-PA) (-61% and -27% respectively for buthionine
      sulphoximine or diethyl maleate) and a significant increase in that of
      plasminogen activator-inhibitor (PAI) (+61% and +27% respectively), while alpha-2
      antiplasmin activity was not modified. Our data suggest a modulatory role of
      glutathione in the release and/or clearance of the components of the fibrinolytic
      system in the rabbit.

PMID- 2929008
TI  - Fragments of urinary fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products and cross-linked
      fibrin degradation products in various renal diseases.
AB  - In children with several kinds of glomerular disease, fragments of
      fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) and cross-linked fibrin degradation
      products (XLFDP) in the urine were investigated by autoradiography using western
      blotting method. Results were compared with selectivity of proteins observed in
      cases of proteinuria, or with histological findings. Patients with nephrotic
      syndrome exhibited slightly increased amount of urinary FDP, consisted mainly of
      X and Y fragments. On the other hand, in cases of proliferative
      glomerulonephritis, such as acute glomerulonephritis, purpura nephritis, Ig A
      nephropathy, systemic lupus erythematosus, or hemolytic uremic syndrome,
      increased FDP, including XLFDP, was detected in the urine. In these cases, FDP
      was consisted mainly of fragments X, Y, and D-dimer, and could not be correlated
      with the degree of mesangial proliferation or with urinary protein selectivity.
      It was concluded that the increased urinary FDP and XLFDP were derived not only
      from filtration of plasma fibrinogen or FDP, but also from fibrinolysis of
      intraglomerular fibrin deposits.

PMID- 2929009
TI  - Autoantibody against platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa in a patient with non
      Hodgkin's lymphoma.
AB  - An autoantibody to platelet glycoprotein (GP) II b/III a was produced in a 38
      year-old woman who had a previous history of the malignant lymphoma of the
      stomach. The aggregations of the patient's platelets showed losses of the primary
      waves in response to ADP and epinephrine and marked hypoaggregation in response
      to collagen, while agglutination by ristocetin was normal. Crossed immuno
      electrophoresis (CIE) of her platelets solubilized by 1% Triton X-100 revealed an
      abnormal biphasic precipitate line of GP II b/III a complex. Nine months later,
      she developed severe thrombocytopenia along with a relapse of the lymphoma in the
      cervical lymph nodes. The patient's IgG, which was collected during her
      thrombocytopenic period and purified, inhibited ADP-, epinephrine- and collagen
      induced aggregations of normal platelets. In CIE, the 125I-labelled IgG of the
      patient, inserted into the intermediate gel, was incorporated into the
      precipitation line of the GP II b/III a complex of normal platelets. Radiation
      treatment to the cervical lymph nodes dramatically normalized both the function
      and the count of the patient's platelets. From these findings, it is suggested
      that an autoantibody to the GP II b and/or III a was produced by the lymphoma
      cells.

PMID- 2929010
TI  - Induced clot lysis by mini-dose injection of streptokinase in non-perfused
      arterial segments of rabbits.

PMID- 2929011
TI  - Evidence for the formation of a trimolecular complex between streptokinase,
      plasminogen and fibrinogen.

PMID- 2929012
TI  - [A study of the usefulness of a metabolic profile test in determining the causes
      of herd problems on dairy farms in The Netherlands].
AB  - A metabolic profile test (MPT), consisting of the following parameters of the
      blood: glucose, urea, beta-hydroxybutyrate, copper, magnesium, calcium, non
      esterified fatty acids, bilirubin, aspartate amino transferase, whole protein and
      the protein spectrum of the serum, was performed in twenty-two normal herds
      (control herds) in the Netherlands. Reference levels were estimated for the above
      parameters. The study showed that this MPT did not discriminate between normal
      herds and herds showing production problems or an increased incidence of
      metabolic diseases. Statistically significant differences between the three
      laboratories taking part in these investigations were not observed.

PMID- 2929013
TI  - [Sensitivity pattern of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from quarter milk from
      cattle].
AB  - Strains of Staphylococcus aureus (n = 319) from bovine quarter milk were tested
      for susceptibility to antimicrobial drugs. The minimum inhibitory concentration
      (MIC), was determined by agar dilution methods, and the diameter of the
      inhibition area was determined by agar diffusion methods. In addition beta
      lactamase production was tested. The strains tested showed resistance to
      penicillin, (38.4%), oxytetracyclin (21.2%), and streptomycin (11.5%). Little or
      no resistance was found to the other antimicrobials in this study. A strong
      correlation between dilution and diffusion methods was calculated for
      oxytetracyclin: r = 0.88, and for streptomycin: r = -0.90; correlation for
      penicillin was weaker: r = -0.66. Since 17% of the strains with an MIC for
      penicillin less than 0.16 mg/L are still able to produce beta-lactamase, we
      recommend that when antibiotic susceptibility of staphylococci is examined, beta
      lactamase production should also be tested. Dapsone, a sulfone compound, formerly
      not considered a chemotherapeutical drug under Dutch law, had an MIC less than or
      equal to 0.64 mg/L for 85% of the strains. Therefore, we recommend that sulfone
      compounds should be registered under the new Veterinary Medicines Act. Since the
      resistance patterns of S. aureus strains to most antimicrobial drugs were the
      same as those seen in earlier studies, we find no reason to resort to new
      generations of broad-spectrum antibiotics in routine prevention and treatment of
      mastitis.

PMID- 2929014
TI  - [Legal regulations for the testing of animal experiments].
AB  - In 1987, the Dutch Secretary of State for Public Health stated before Parliament
      that in the near future a legal basis will be given to the review-organisation of
      (intended) experimental studies on animals. The Department of Health Law of the
      State University of the province of Limburg recently carried out investigations
      to test the desirability and framework of such a review-organisation. Standards
      and criteria are laid down in Dutch as well as in international laws, regulations
      and codes of conduct. In the United States, Canada and several European
      countries, systems of regulation and review are operative. In the Netherlands,
      governmental and private initiatives have led to the establishment of
      experimental-study review committees. However, the functioning and effectiveness
      of these committees varies markedly. On the basis of the literature and opinions
      of experts, a concept of a modification of the existing Experimental Studies in
      Animals Act was formulated, in which experimental study review committees can
      find a legal basis.

PMID- 2929015
TI  - [Patients with dyspnea].

PMID- 2929016
TI  - [To whom do roentgen photos belong?].

PMID- 2929017
TI  - [Premature death in collies and shelties due to liver disease, heredity or
      coincidence?].

PMID- 2929018
TI  - Early cell proliferative and cytotoxic effects of phenacetin on rat nasal mucosa.
AB  - The oral analgesic drug phenacetin is known to cause nasal and renal tumors in
      rats when fed in the diet for 2 years at 1.25 or 2.5%. Long-term exposure to
      chemicals at cytotoxic concentrations may lead to tumor formation secondary to
      chronic restorative cell proliferation. In the present experiments, cell
      proliferative and cytotoxic effects on the nasal mucosa were examined after short
      term phenacetin administration. One week of daily gavage treatment of rats with
      phenacetin at doses comparable to those used in oncogenicity studies resulted in
      dose-related increases in DNA synthesis in both respiratory and olfactory mucosa.
      The increase in respiratory mucosa was due to inflammatory cells in the lamina
      propria and not proliferation of the respiratory epithelial cells. This
      observation demonstrates a potentially serious artifact in analytical approaches
      to DNA synthesis using tissue homogenates. One or two weeks of daily phenacetin
      treatment resulted in degenerative changes in the olfactory epithelium and
      necrosis of Bowman's glands. These changes were associated with increases in cell
      proliferation only in the olfactory epithelium. Two-week daily gavage treatment
      of rats with phenacetin at 100, 625, or 1250 mg/kg/day increased olfactory
      epithelial cell replication 62.4, 174, or 763%, respectively. The dose-response
      relationship for cell proliferation was similar to that of nasal tumor formation.
      These data suggest that the primary site of phenacetin toxicity within the nose
      is the olfactory mucosa, with restorative cell proliferation being confined to
      the epithelial cell layer. The data indicated that early cell proliferative
      responses may be important in the genesis of nasal tumors and that cell
      proliferation data may be useful for setting dose levels for oncogenicity
      studies.

PMID- 2929019
TI  - Biotransformation, estrogenicity, and steroid structure as determinants of
      dysmorphogenic and generalized embryotoxic effects of steroidal and nonsteroidal
      estrogens.
AB  - A series of nine chemicals of varying structure and estrogenicity was
      investigated for biochemical determinants of their relative capacities to alter
      normal embryonic growth and developmental patterns during organogenesis in rats.
      In order to circumvent the potentially confounding influences of maternal
      factors, the direct effects of steroidal and nonsteroidal estrogens on cultured
      whole embryos were compared at concentrations producing readily measurable
      embryotoxicity but low embryolethality (2-20%). Nonsteroidal estrogens included
      were diethylstilbestrol (DES), hexestrol (HES), E,E-dienestrol (alpha-DIES), and
      tamoxifen (TAM). Steroidal estrogens were estradiol 17 beta (E2), estrone (E1),
      and 17 alpha-ethinylestradiol 17 beta (EE). For comparative purposes, the effects
      of two essentially nonestrogenic phenols, Z,Z-dienestrol (beta-DIES) and phenol,
      were also studied. TAM, a weak estrogen which also exhibits antiestrogenic
      properties, was studied for possible interactive effects with potent estrogens.
      Prosencephalic hypoplasia was the abnormality most consistently observed and was
      elicited by each of the chemicals investigated. Embryotoxicity was neither
      attenuated by TAM nor related to estrogenic potency or steroidal structure, but
      was strongly and unpredictably influenced by biotransformational determinants.
      Presence of a cytochrome P450-dependent oxidizing system in the culture medium
      resulted in marked increases in embryotoxicity of E1, E2, and phenol, only minor
      increases for beta-DIES and alpha-DIES, but in strikingly decreased effects of
      EE, TAM, and HES. It produced no statistically significant differences in effects
      of DES. The results obtained were compatible with the concept that effects of
      these agents on growth and development during the earlier stages of organogenesis
      are independent of steroid structure or estrogenic activity but strongly
      dependent upon pathways and rates of biotransformation of some (but not all) of
      the parent chemicals.

PMID- 2929020
TI  - Effect of N-benzyl-D-glucamine dithiocarbamate on the renal toxicity produced by
      subacute exposure to cadmium in rats.
AB  - The effect of N-benzyl-D-glucamine dithiocarbamate (BGD) on the renal toxicity
      produced by subacute exposure to cadmium in rats was studied. Rats were injected
      sc with CdCl2 (1.5 mg Cd/kg) daily for 26 days and thereafter they received 13
      injections of BGD (400 mumol/kg) every other day. Urinary protein concentration
      and AST activity significantly increased after 20 days of cadmium treatment. The
      pattern of the increase in the urinary excretion of cadmium after cadmium
      treatment was consistent with that in the urinary excretion of protein and AST.
      Urinary excretion of amino acid increased gradually after the cessation of
      cadmium treatment. BGD treatment significantly decreased the urinary excretion of
      protein, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and amino acid. Plasma AST activity
      was elevated 8 days after the beginning of cadmium treatment, indicating that the
      hepatic damage occurred prior to the renal damage. In addition, the microscopic
      examination of renal tissue from cadmium-treated rats revealed the necrosis of
      the proximal tubular cells. The cadmium concentrations in liver and kidney were
      significantly decreased by BGD treatment. The results of this study indicate that
      BGD treatment is effective in decreasing the cadmium concentrations in liver and
      kidney, resulting in the therapeutic effect on the cadmium-induced renal damage.

PMID- 2929021
TI  - Presystemic branchial metabolism limits di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate accumulation in
      fish.
AB  - Despite the high lipophilicity of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), fish do not
      extensively accumulate this ubiquitous environmental contaminant. Experiments
      with rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) fitted with an indwelling cannula showed
      that the majority of [14C]DEHP did not reach the systemic circulation of the
      fish, but was present in the exposure water as metabolites. Pharmacokinetic
      analysis, using a compartmental model that included the gill as a separate
      metabolic compartment, indicated that DEHP was extensively metabolized as it
      diffused from water to blood. Isolated perfused gill arches of trout metabolized
      DEHP in the exposure bath to monoethylhexyl phthalate, demonstrating the ability
      of the gill to prevent DEHP entry into the fish. The relationship between
      metabolic clearance and tissue perfusion further suggests that metabolism in the
      gill can play an important role in determining the accumulation and toxicity of
      organic chemical pollutants in fish.

PMID- 2929022
TI  - Incorporation and disappearance of oxygen-18 in lung from mice exposed to 1 ppm
      18O3.
AB  - In this study, 18O3 was used as a tracer for inhaled ozone in mice. The amount of
      ozone-derived oxygen (ODO) in the lungs was determined by measuring the amount of
      oxygen-18 in excess of the natural abundance level which remained covalently
      bound to organic constituents of lung following exposure to 1 ppm 18O3 for less
      than or equal to 60 min. The rate of disappearance of ODO from the lungs was
      determined by quantifying the rate of decrease of oxygen-18 in excess of the
      natural abundance level in lung from mice exposed to 1 ppm 18O3 for 45 min. With
      exposure to 1 ppm 18O3. ODO accumulated in lung at a rate of 4.38 pmol/mg dry
      weight/min. Ozone-derived oxygen had a half-life in lung of approximately 6 hr.
      We estimate that a minimum of 44 pmol of O3 reacted with lung every minute of
      exposure to 1 ppm O3.

PMID- 2929023
TI  - Partition coefficients of low-molecular-weight volatile chemicals in various
      liquids and tissues.
AB  - Partition coefficients are required for developing physiologically based
      pharmacokinetic models used to assess the uptake, distribution, tabolism, and
      elimination of volatile chemicals in mammals. A gas-phase vial equilibration
      technique is presented for determining the liquid:air and tissue:air partition
      coefficients for low-molecular-weight volatile chemicals. This technique was
      developed from two previously described medium:air methods, relied solely on
      measurement of chemical concentration in the gas phase, and, compared to earlier
      work, extends the range of chemicals and tissues examined. Partition coefficients
      were determined with 0.9% saline, olive oil, and blood, liver, muscle, and fat
      tissues from rats for 55 compounds. Human blood:air coefficients were determined
      for 36 compounds and several blood:air values were also determined in the mouse
      and for one compound in the hamster. An approach is described for predicting the
      tissue solubilities of untested compounds based on oil:air and saline:air
      coefficients using regression analyses. A similar approach is used to model
      fat:air coefficients in terms of oil:air values and to model human blood: air
      coefficients in terms of rat blood:air coefficients.

PMID- 2929024
TI  - Plasma lipoproteins in cortical versus lacunar infarction.
AB  - We investigated the relation of plasma lipids to the risk for ischemic stroke by
      comparing clinical and biochemical characteristics of survivors of cortical (n =
      48) and lacunar (n = 36) brain infarction. By analysis of variance, no
      differences were observed in the concentrations of total cholesterol,
      triglycerides, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, very low density lipoprotein
      cholesterol, or apoproteins A1 and B. Patients with lacunar infarction, however,
      had higher concentrations of high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol than
      patients with cortical stroke. This HDL-cholesterol difference was due primarily
      to a strikingly low HDL-cholesterol content in white patients with cortical
      stroke. These data suggest that previously demonstrated differences in HDL
      cholesterol concentrations between patients with ischemic stroke and control
      subjects without stroke may apply to patients with cortical but not lacunar
      infarction. Separation of cerebral infarction into subtypes based on mechanism
      may help clarify lipid-related risk factors in cerebrovascular disease.

PMID- 2929025
TI  - The potential role for ultrafast cardiac computed tomography in patients with
      stroke.
AB  - We studied 40 patients with stroke of potential cardioembolic origin by cardiac
      ultrafast computed tomography and two-dimensional echocardiography. Cardiac
      ultrafast computed tomography was more sensitive (positive in eight of 14
      instances) than two-dimensional echocardiography (positive in two of 14
      instances) for the detection of intracardiac thrombus, which was found in 13
      patients. Mitral anular calcification was diagnosed more often by two-dimensional
      echocardiography (four of five instances) than by cardiac ultrafast computed
      tomography (one of five instances); this implies a high incidence of false
      positives for the former. Cardiac ultrafast computed tomography showed that one
      half of the patients (21 of 40) had coronary artery calcification, indicating a
      high incidence of coronary atheroma in this patient population. Future studies
      comparing brain and cardiac pathology with the findings of cardiac ultrafast
      computed tomography and patient prognosis are needed to define the significance
      and utility of this technique in patients with stroke.

PMID- 2929026
TI  - Age-dependent vulnerability of brain choline acetyltransferase activity to
      transient cerebral ischemia in rats.
AB  - Male Fischer-344 rats aged 6, 12, or 24 months were subjected to four-vessel
      occlusion cerebral ischemia to assess age-dependent ischemic vulnerability of
      cholinergic and GABAergic neurons based on choline acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.6)
      and glutamic acid decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.15) activities. Activities of both
      enzymes were similar (p greater than 0.05) in 6- (n = 5) and 12- (n = 5) month
      old rats. Mean +/- SEM choline acetyltransferase activities in the cortex,
      hippocampus, striatum, and cerebellum of 6-month-old controls were 75 +/- 5, 123
      +/- 9, 415 +/- 9, and 50 +/- 4 nmol acetylcholine/hr/mg protein, respectively,
      and were 20-30% lower (p less than 0.05) in all brain regions except the
      cerebellum in 24-month-old controls. Choline acetyltransferase activity was
      unaffected by ischemia in 6- and 12-month-old rats but was reduced by 30-60% in
      24-month-old rats. Mean +/- SEM glutamic acid decarboxylase activities in the
      cortex, hippocampus, striatum, and cerebellum of 6-month-old controls were 98 +/-
      8, 86 +/- 7, 144 +/- 13, and 125 +/- 9 nmol gamma-aminobutyric acid/hr/mg
      protein, respectively, and 25-35% lower in all regions of 24-month-old controls.
      After 30 minutes of ischemia and 5 days of recovery, glutamic acid decarboxylase
      activities were reduced (p less than 0.05) in all brain regions and age groups.
      However, its activity was decreased (p less than 0.05 compared with age-matched
      controls) by 55% in the cortex and 79% in the hippocampus of 24-month-old rats
      compared with 30% and 45% in younger rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2929027
TI  - Transvenous perfusion of the brain with verapamil during focal cerebral ischemia
      in rats.
AB  - We report on the effect of calcium channel blocker verapamil administered into
      the inferior cerebral vein in rats 1 hour after occlusion of the middle cerebral
      artery. Twenty-four rats were divided into four groups of six rats each. Group A
      rats received no medication. The other three groups received 0.1 mg
      verapamil/kg/2 hr. Group B rats received verapamil intravenously. Group C and D
      rats received verapamil and autologous arterial blood by transvenous perfusion of
      the brain, Group C rats at 100 mm Hg perfusion pressure and Group D rats at 150
      mm Hg perfusion pressure. The administration of verapamil started 1 hour after
      middle cerebral artery occlusion and lasted for 2 hours. Three hours after
      occlusion, we used double- or single-tracer autoradiography with 4
      [18F]fluoroantipyrine or [14C]iodoantipyrine and [14C]alpha-aminoisobutyric acid
      as tracers to study the brains for local cerebral blood flow and blood-brain
      barrier permeability changes. Group C showed a significant increase of local
      cerebral blood flow in the parietal cortex (89%, p less than 0.01) and
      sensorimotor cortex (64%, p less than 0.05) compared with Group A. Group D showed
      an extensive and striking increase in local cerebral blood flow of the ischemic
      cortical and subcortical areas (57-100%, p less than 0.05). Group B showed no
      significant changes but exhibited further reduction of local cerebral blood flow
      in the ischemic cerebral hemisphere associated with slightly increased local
      cerebral blood flow in the nonischemic cerebral hemisphere compared with Group A.
      There was no change of blood-brain barrier permeability in any group.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2929028
TI  - Interrelationship of brain edema, motor deficits, and memory impairment in rats
      exposed to focal ischemia.
AB  - We investigated the relations of brain edema, ion shifts, motor performance, and
      memory impairment using a focal ischemia model in rats. Cortical infarction was
      produced by ligation of the middle cerebral artery and the ipsilateral common
      carotid artery combined with temporary occlusion of the contralateral common
      carotid artery for 1 hour. Water content and sodium, potassium, and calcium
      concentrations were measured until Day 14 after the ischemic insult. Significant
      edema formation was observed; it peaked on Day 3 (p less than 0.001) and then
      declined. The tissue sodium concentration changed in a manner similar to that of
      water content, but the tissue potassium concentration changed in an opposite
      fashion. Massive accumulation of calcium was detected as early as Day 1 after
      ischemia (almost four times the normal level). The increased calcium
      concentration was sustained even up to Day 14. Motor performance examinations
      performed on Day 3, including inclined plane, balance beam, and prehensile tests,
      demonstrated significantly reduced (p less than 0.001) motor ability that did
      recover even by Day 7. Passive avoidance learning was carried out on Day 2,
      followed by a memory retention test on Day 3. Significant memory dysfunction was
      observed in ischemic compared with sham-operated rats (p less than 0.001). A high
      correlation coefficient (r = 0.91, p less than 0.01, n = 13) was obtained between
      water content and calcium concentration on Day 3. Both the total motor score and
      the degree of disturbance of the passive avoidance reaction also correlated well
      with water content.

PMID- 2929030
TI  - Biosynthesis of leukotrienes in canine cerebral vasospasm.
AB  - We produced cerebral vasospasm in 29 dogs by the "two-hemorrhage" method of
      intracisternal injections, 2 days apart, of autogenous arterial blood.
      Leukotriene (LT) C4, LTD4, and LTE4 were purified from incubated basilar artery,
      medulla oblongata, hypothalamus, median eminence, and blood clot from around the
      basilar artery using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, and
      the amount of each LT was quantified separately by bioassay with guinea pig
      ileum. The biosynthetic capacity for total LTs was approximately three times
      higher in the hypothalamus and median eminence than in the basilar artery and
      medulla oblongata in the eight normal dogs. In the dogs with subarachnoid
      hemorrhage, the biosynthetic capacity was increased significantly both before and
      2 hours after the second injection of blood on Day 2 and was normal on Day 7 in
      the basilar artery and medulla oblongata, whereas the biosynthetic capacity was
      decreased significantly 2 hours after the first and second injections of blood
      and was increased significantly on Day 7 in the hypothalamus and median eminence.
      In blood clot the biosynthetic capacity was increased continuously after the
      first injection of blood. Thus, the biosynthetic capacity for total LTs showed a
      time- and tissue-specific change after subarachnoid hemorrhage.

PMID- 2929029
TI  - Hyperglycemia decreases acute neuronal ischemic changes after middle cerebral
      artery occlusion in cats.
AB  - Hyperglycemia has been reported to worsen the tolerance of the brain to ischemia,
      and it has therefore been recommended that patients undergoing neurosurgical
      procedures not receive glucose-containing solutions. However, whereas most animal
      studies have used global ischemia models, most neurosurgical procedures are
      associated with risks of focal rather than global ischemia. We therefore studied
      the effects of glucose administration in an animal model of focal cerebral
      ischemia. We anesthetized 20 cats with halothane (0.85% end tidal in oxygen), and
      a focal cerebral ischemic lesion was produced by clip ligation of the left middle
      cerebral artery using a transorbital approach. Hyperglycemia (10 cats, mean +/-
      SEM plasma glucose concentration 561 +/- 36 mg/dl) was established before
      ligation by infusion of 50% glucose in 0.45% saline; the control group (10 cats,
      mean +/- SEM plasma glucose concentration 209 +/- 28 mg/dl) received 0.45% saline
      only. Total fluid administered, mean arterial blood pressure, body temperature,
      and arterial blood gas values did not differ between the two groups 0, 2, and 6
      hours after ligation. The cats were killed 6 hours after ligation, and the area
      of severe ischemic neuronal damage was determined by microscopic examination of a
      coronal section at the level of the optic chiasm. The mean +/- SEM area of left
      cortical severe ischemic neuronal damage was 12 +/- 2% of the left cortex in the
      hyperglycemic group compared with 28 +/- 5% in the control group (p less than
      0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2929031
TI  - Postischemic cerebral microvascular responses to norepinephrine and hypotension
      in newborn pigs.
AB  - We examined the effects of 20 minutes' cerebral ischemia on cerebral
      microcirculatory responses to topical norepinephrine and systemic hypotension in
      three groups (sham-operated control, 2-3 hours postischemia, and 24 hours
      postischemia) of anesthetized newborn pigs equipped with closed cranial windows.
      Cerebral ischemia may eliminate the prostanoid vasodilator system from the
      cerebral circulation. Norepinephrine (10(-4) M) decreased pial arteriolar
      diameters similarly in all three groups (27%, 28%, and 21%, respectively), but
      only the sham-operated group exhibited pial arteriolar dilation in response to
      hypotension (28% at 33 mm Hg). Two-three and 24 hours after cerebral ischemia,
      hypotension decreased pial arteriolar diameters (21% and 17%, respectively). In
      sham-operated piglets, norepinephrine and hypotension increased cortical
      periarachnoid cerebrospinal fluid prostanoid concentrations. However, neither
      norepinephrine nor hypotension altered cerebral prostanoid production 2-3 or 24
      hours after cerebral ischemia. Therefore, we conclude that after cerebral
      ischemia, autoregulatory pial arteriolar dilation in response to hypotension is
      absent, while vasoconstriction in response to norepinephrine is intact.

PMID- 2929032
TI  - Repeated cranial computed tomographic and magnetic resonance imaging scans in two
      cases of eclampsia.
AB  - In two cases of eclampsia with consumptive thrombocytopenia, the maximum increase
      in blood pressure and the lowest platelet count coincided with the maximum degree
      of neurologic and neuroradiologic abnormality. Computed tomograms showed
      decreased attenuation, and T2-weighted magnetic resonance images showed increased
      signal intensity focally in the cerebral cortex and the deep gray and white
      matter. Blood pressure, platelet count, clinical status, and roentgenograms
      normalized completely in both cases. Severe arterial hypertension and
      disseminated transitory microvascular occlusions presumably caused multiple small
      foci of brain edema that resolved without remaining detectable ischemic brain
      damage.

PMID- 2929033
TI  - Bilateral loss of vision in bright light.
AB  - We describe four patients with episodic bilateral vision impairment related
      exclusively to light exposure. Each had angiographically documented bilateral
      high-grade stenosis or occlusion of the internal carotid arteries. This
      phenomenon appears to be related to bilateral simultaneous retinal ischemia
      delaying regeneration of visual pigments in the pigment epithelial layer. It must
      be distinguished from bilateral occipital lobe ischemia caused by vertebrobasilar
      system disease.

PMID- 2929034
TI  - Homonymous hemianopsia due to posterior ischemia as a model for quantification of
      neurologic deficit.

PMID- 2929035
TI  - Oral contraceptives and stroke.

PMID- 2929036
TI  - Collagen deficiency in cerebral aneurysms.

PMID- 2929037
TI  - [The restless leg syndrome].
AB  - The restless legs syndrome (RLS) is characterized by unusual sensations in the
      lower legs which are difficult to describe. These sensations are experienced in
      the muscles and bones. They always occur at rest, most frequently at night, and
      disappear normally on movement. The etiology and pathogenesis are still unknown.
      The incidence is stated to be 5%. RLS is the fourth most frequent cause of
      insomnia. Treatment has been empirical. In recent single controlled
      investigations clonazepam (Rivotril), carbamazepine (Tegretol) and levodopa plus
      benserazide (Madopar) have all proved to be superior to a placebo and these drugs
      are, therefore, recommended. Local treatment should, however, be tried initially
      in all patients.

PMID- 2929038
TI  - [Stretching in relation to sports and prevention of injuries].
AB  - Stretching is a regular item in training programmes and it is employed to
      increase flexibility, to prevent muscle tenderness, overuse injuries and strains.
      Stretching is carried out by stretching muscles and connective tissue to the
      extreme positions of joints. A review of stretching exercises based on the
      literature is presented in relation to prevention of injuries. The various
      techniques employed are reviewed.

PMID- 2929039
TI  - [Paget's osteitis deformans. Epidemiology and clinical picture].
AB  - Osteitis deformans is a focal disease of the osteoclasts characterised by
      increased bone resorption subsequently followed by increased bone formation
      leading to abnormal bone. A viral etiology seems increasingly probable, but
      remains unproven. 5-30% of the patients present with symptoms such as pain,
      deformity and fracture. Hearing loss, nerve- or root-compression, arthrosis and
      hyperuricaemia may complicate the disease while malignant degeneration,
      hypercalcemia and high output cardiac failure are rare. The diagnosis is based on
      X-ray findings but biopsy may be necessary in selected cases. The extent of the
      disease is revealed by bone scintigraphy and the activity of the disease
      reflected by urine hydroxyproline excretion and serum alkaline phosphatase.

PMID- 2929040
TI  - [Food composition and serum lipids in children].
AB  - The composition of the diet is considered to be one of the factors which may be
      of significance in development of ischaemic heart disease. In order to
      investigate whether the composition of the diet has a greater influence on the
      cholesterol levels in children than in adults, af 24-hour dietary interview was
      carried out on 42 children aged 7-11 years who had previously been examined in
      the childrens' section of the Osterbro investigation. The children were selected
      in three groups with low, average and high serum cholesterol levels,
      respectively. The dietary content of energy-providing substances was compared
      with the cholesterol values measured. In addition, the composition of the diet in
      other respects was described and was found to contain, on an average, 40% fat,
      14% protein and 42% carbohydrate (of which 14% was sugar). The cholesterol intake
      was 146 mg/1,000 Kcal. The sugar consumption was low as compared with the
      national average, approximately 62 g/day. The protein consumption was
      approximately 2 g per kg body-weight per day. The median total energy intake was
      8,024 KJ for girls and 8,569 KJ for boys lower than the recommended daily values
      and corresponded to a low levels of physical activity. This investigation showed
      a definite linear connection between the fat energy percentage and the serum
      cholesterol (alpha = 5.26 p less than 0.005) and that intake of saturated fatty
      acids, in particular can be related to the cholesterol level (alpha = 2.88 and p
      less than 0.005). A significantly greater fat energy intake was demonstrated in
      girls (p less than 0.05) in the group with high serum cholesterol
      levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2929041
TI  - [Secondary aorto-enteric fistula].
AB  - On the basis of five case histories, the causes, symptoms, investigations,
      diagnosis and treatment of secondary aorto-enteric fistulae are reviewed. In a
      patient in whom reconstruction in the aortoiliac segment has been undertaken,
      recurrent haematemesis and melaena, pyrexia and septicaemia and abdominal pain
      should lead to investigation for aorto-enteric fistula by means of
      oesophagogastro-duodenoscopy and radiological investigations if the condition
      permits this. Otherwise, emergency laporotomy with thorough examination of the
      intestine should be undertaken. The condition is associated with a considerable
      mortality but the prognosis is improved by rapid intervention. In cases where
      aorto-enteric fistula is suspected, the patient should be referred to a
      department for vascular surgery.

PMID- 2929042
TI  - [In vitro fertilization and embryo transfer at the community hospital in Arhus].
AB  - Treatment of tubal infertility with in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer
      (IVF-ET) was introduced in the gynaecological/obstetric department of Arhus
      Municipal Hospital in February 1988. The principles of treatment are described.
      During the first ten months, 305 therapeutic cycles were carried out and clinical
      pregnancy occurred in 20.2% of the cycli after transfer of pre-embryos.

PMID- 2929043
TI  - [Demonstration of urogenital Chlamydia infection by means of the Chlamydiazyme
      test].
AB  - Abbott's recently introduced Chlamydiazyme test which is based on the Elisa
      principal and cell culture technique was employed with the object of
      demonstrating urogenital infection with Chlamydia trachomatis in 150 persons.
      Neither of the methods were optimal. The Chlamydiazyme test had a lower
      sensitivity and specificity than the cell culture method.

PMID- 2929044
TI  - [Infectious conjunctivitis. The tear leukocyte esterase reaction (TLE) as a
      diagnostic aid].
AB  - Lacrimal fluid is absorbed on a cottonwool swab. This swab is pressed on the test
      field for leukocyte esterase on the stix. The colour change is read after exactly
      one minute. The sensitivity of the test is 90% and the specificity is 98% as
      assessed on 94 cases of infectious conjunctivitis and 439 normal individuals. The
      test is suitable for assessing cases of conjunctivitis in view of antibiotic
      therapy, control of contact lenses etc.

PMID- 2929045
TI  - [Traumatic rupture of the thoracic aorta].
AB  - A man aged 19 years sustained multiple injuries on account of deceleration.
      Radiography of the thorax revealed increase in width of the mediastinum.
      Aortography after 1 1/2 days revealed pseudocoarctation of the aorta
      corresponding to rupture of the aortic isthmus. This investigation should be
      undertaken on broad indications in patients with relevant injuries and increase
      in width of the mediastinum.

PMID- 2929046
TI  - The Appleton Consensus: suggested international guidelines for decisions to forgo
      medical treatment.
AB  - Thirty-three physicians, bioethicists, and medical economists from ten different
      countries met at Lawrence University, Appleton, Wisconsin, to create The Appleton
      Consensus: International Guidelines for Decisions to Forgo Medical Treatment. The
      guidelines deal with four specific decision-making circumstances. 1. Five
      guidelines were created for decisions involving competent patients or patients
      who executed an advance directive before becoming incompetent, and those
      guidelines fell into three categories. 2. Thirteen guidelines were created for
      decisions involving patients who were once competent, but are not now competent,
      who have not executed an advance directive. 3. Seven guidelines were created for
      decisions involving patients who are not now and never have been competent, for
      whom "no substituted judgment" can be rendered. 4. Eleven guidelines were created
      for decisions involving the scarcity of medical resources, which exists in all
      communities. Five concepts were identified as being critical in the establishment
      of priorities given the reality of scarce health resources.

PMID- 2929047
TI  - [Ethics and newborn infants].

PMID- 2929048
TI  - [Disease and health across cultural borders. Esbjerg, 1-2 December 1988].

PMID- 2929049
TI  - [AIDS epidemiology].

PMID- 2929050
TI  - [Protection of the fertilized human egg, embryo and fetus-- introduction to a
      debate of the Ethics Board].

PMID- 2929051
TI  - [Significance of hereditary factors in the development of coronary heart
      disease].

PMID- 2929052
TI  - Venous gas embolism: time course of residual pulmonary intravascular bubbles.
AB  - The time course of pulmonary intravascular air emboli was studied in anesthetized
      dogs. In one series of experiments air was infused into the right atrium at 0.10
      ml.kg-1.min-1 or 0.25 ml.kg-1.min-1 for 15 min or given as a bolus injection of 2
      ml/kg at 2 ml/sec. In a second series of series of experiments venous air was
      infused into dogs (0.25 ml.kg-1.min-1, 15 min) ventilated with 100% oxygen for 0,
      30, or 210 min before the embolization. After the air infusions the animals were
      allowed to recover, breathing 70% nitrogen:30% oxygen. At 10-min intervals during
      recovery, the nitrogen was replaced with nitrous oxide (N2O) for 5 min to expand
      any residual pulmonary vascular bubbles. Subsequent changes in pulmonary artery
      pressure (Ppa) and end-tidal carbon dioxide (PETCO2) concentrations, pulmonary
      vascular resistance (PVR) and carbon dioxide tensions (PaCO2) as a result of the
      N2O challenges indicated the presence of residual gas bubbles in the pulmonary
      arterial system. Residual times of the pulmonary bubbles were 24.5 +/- 12.3 min
      (0.10 ml.kg-1.min-1 air dose), 43 +/- 10.8 min (0.25 ml.kg-1.min-1 air dose), and
      17.8 +/- 2.5 min (bolus). The latter two were significantly different from each
      other. With 100% oxygen breathing the residual times were 19 +/- 2.2 (0 min), 22
      +/- 6.7 min (30 min), and 17 +/- 4.0 (210 min). These values were reduced
      significantly when compared to the dogs ventilated with 30% oxygen.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2929053
TI  - Lung centroid pressure in immersed man.
AB  - Upright immersion imposes a pressure imbalance between alveolar and mean external
      thoracic pressure. Lung centroid pressure (PLC) is defined as the breathing
      pressure required to remove this imbalance. Static transrespiratory pressure
      volume relationships were determined in subjects immersed in upright (n = 17) and
      prone (n = 13) postures. Compliances measured during immersion (1.87 +/- 0.15
      liter.kPa-1 upright, 1.87 +/- 0.17 liter.kPa-1) prone) were compared with
      compliances, obtained over the same volume range, while upright in air (1.84 +/-
      0.17 liter.kPa-1). PLC was determined by the horizontal (pressure) displacement
      of immersed compliance curves. PLC was calculated to be +1.33 +/- 0.11 kPa (+13.6
      cmH2O) relative to the sternal notch when upright and -0.69 +/- 0.12 kPa (-7.0
      cmH2O) relative to the sternal plane when prone (mean +/- SEM). Upright PLC did
      not support the widely used value of +19 cmH2O (Jarrett AS. J Appl Physiol
      1965;20:1261-1266). Analysis shows that when data from earlier investigations
      were adjusted for differences in reference pressure, the collective PLC supports
      the present results.

PMID- 2929054
TI  - Nerve conduction velocity in man during deep diving to 360 msw.
AB  - The function of the sensory and motor median nerves was examined in 6 divers
      during a simulated dive to 360 meters of seawater (msw), with a mixture of helium
      and oxygen (heliox) as breathing gas. Divers were examined in the compression
      chamber before the dive, at 360, 300, 240, 130, 50, and 5 msw, and with skin
      temperatures ranging from 29.2 degrees to 35.2 degrees C. Examinations were
      performed with superficial stimulating and recording electrodes. Fast sensory
      nerve conduction decreased with increase in hyperbaric pressure and with decrease
      in skin temperature. There was no significant correlation between slow sensory
      conduction and hyperbaric pressure. Distal motor latency increased with increase
      in hyperbaric pressure and with decrease in skin temperature. The effect of
      pressure was independent of temperature. No significant functional changes were
      detected in the main nerve trunk proximal to the wrist or in the F-wave
      responses.

PMID- 2929055
TI  - EEG power spectra in rats during compression and during pentobarbital infusion at
      pressure.
AB  - The EEG of rats was studied with power spectrum analysis under compression to 71
      ATA with He-O2 and during constant rate infusion of pentobarbital at 71 ATA and
      at surface. During compression the 1-4 Hz delta activity was increased, and 8-11
      Hz alpha, 12-14 Hz spindle, and 16-10 Hz low beta activities were reduced
      compared to control animal recordings. During the course of pentobarbital
      infusion at 71 ATA, this picture changed: the delta activity was reduced while
      alpha and spindle activities (barbiturate spindles) increased, considerably more
      than in the rats studied at surface pressure. The findings may only in part be
      explained by pressure reversal of anesthesia.

PMID- 2929056
TI  - Successful use of transureteroureterostomy to salvage ureterosigmoidostomy after
      anastomotic failure.
AB  - Four cases are presented of patients who had undergone ureterosigmoidostomy and
      in whom a unilateral ureteral anastomotic complication developed that was
      salvaged subsequently by a transureteroureterostomy. Although other forms of
      urinary diversion are now being utilized routinely in many centers, the
      ureterosigmoidostomy is still being employed worldwide, and urologic surgeons
      need to be versed in its potential problems and how to correct them.

PMID- 2929057
TI  - Surgical success with AMS M800 GU sphincter for male incontinence.
AB  - Forty-two incontinent males were treated with the surgical implantation of the
      AMS M800 GU sphincter from 1982 to 1987. Patients' ages ranged from twenty-four
      to eighty-four years. All patients had the M800 GU sphincter deactivated from six
      to sixteen weeks post implantation. Patients were followed from seven to sixty
      months postoperatively with a mean follow-up of 26.2 months. Thirty-two males
      (76%) were completely continent post insertion of the M800 GU sphincter while 4
      men (9%) experienced minimal to moderate stress incontinence. Two patients (5%)
      were unable to manipulate the device secondary to physical and/or mental
      incapacity. Four patients (9%) required removal of components or the entire GU
      sphincter secondary to infection and/or erosion. Two of these men were
      subsequently reimplanted with the M800 sphincter and are now totally continent.

PMID- 2929058
TI  - Prevalence and outcome of surgery for female incontinence.
AB  - A 4.7 percent surgery rate to correct urine loss conditions was found by a large
      scale survey of sixty-year and older non-institutionalized women in a Michigan
      county. The initial postoperative results reported by the respondents were 74
      percent complete continence and 23 percent partial relief. The long-term self
      reported outcomes (two years or more post-surgery) were an absolute continence
      rate of 39 percent and 17 percent with mild incontinence (the median time since
      surgery was 12 years), whereas the short term (4-23 months, mean 7.1 months)
      absolute continence rate was 71 percent. The characteristics of the incontinence
      respondent who had previous surgery showed 70 percent having mixed stress-urge
      type of incontinence and 66 percent losing urine almost weekly or daily. Bladder
      emptying symptoms were reported by 30.4 percent of the continent previously
      operated respondents compared with 13.0 percent of the incontinent previously
      operated respondents. All continent respondents and 84 percent of the incontinent
      respondents believed that physicians can help people with a urine loss condition.

PMID- 2929059
TI  - Silicone foam dressing for penis after reconstructive pediatric surgery.
AB  - Although silicone foam has been used abroad as an effective means to dress the
      penis after hypospadias surgery, its use has not been widespread in the United
      States. We have modified the method to apply the foam in order to facilitate its
      use. We used this method to dress the penis with silicone foam in 50 boys after
      reconstructive surgery. The dressing appeared to be effective in restricting
      edema and hematoma formation. Also, the dressing stabilized the indwelling
      urethral catheter thereby preventing disruption of the glansplasty. The
      urethrocutaneous fistula rate (10%) was not reduced by use of the foam. The
      dressings uncommonly fell off prematurely. The boys appeared to experience little
      discomfort while the foam was in place and during its removal.

PMID- 2929060
TI  - Spurious impotence after hypospadias repair.
AB  - A fifteen-year-old who had undergone multiple hypospadias repairs alleged
      erectile dysfunction as a result of his surgery. A new method of nocturnal penile
      tumescence and rigidity monitoring supplied objective evidence to refute this
      allegation. Attention is drawn to the need for and availability of written
      documentation when diagnosing the presence or absence of erectile ability.

PMID- 2929061
TI  - Initiation of vesicoureteral reflux after heminephrectomy for ureterocele.
AB  - In a male infant profuse flank urine drainage developed after heminephrectomy for
      ureterocele. Cystograms then showed bilateral vesicoureteral reflux where none
      had been present preoperatively. The flank drainage resolved promptly after
      catheter drainage of the bladder. Decompression of a ureterocele may cause
      initiation of vesicoureteral reflex.

PMID- 2929062
TI  - Impact of percutaneous renal stone removal on renal function: assessment by
      urinary lysozyme activity.
AB  - Lysozyme in the urine in concentrations greater than 3 micrograms per milligram
      of creatinine reflects renal tubular disease or dysfunction in patients without
      bowel disease or leukemia. We therefore used urine lysozyme assays to assess
      renal response to percutaneous nephrostomy and stone removal in 42 patients.
      Eight patients had striking increases (4.2-21.1 [mean 7.58] micrograms/mg
      creatinine) immediately after nephrostomy puncture in urine obtained directly
      from the punctured kidney. Lysozyme declined sharply thereafter and was within
      normal limits in all cases by postoperative day 3. This increase appeared to
      result from bleeding into the urine from the tract. Five other patients had
      lysozymuria on admission, only 1 of whom had a sharp increase after nephrostomy
      puncture. In the remaining patients, the lysozyme levels remained within normal
      limits throughout the hospital course. These data are further evidence of the
      absence of significant deleterious effects of nephrostomy puncture on the kidney.

PMID- 2929063
TI  - Lumbar ureteral shunt--an unusual cause of ureteral obstruction.
AB  - In a neurosurgical patient with a lumbar ureteral shunt in place for many years
      ureteral obstruction and hydronephrosis developed. The shunt tubing was removed
      surgically from the ureter leaving a portion of the shunt in the subarachnoid
      space without sequelae. Historically, most patients undergoing this type
      procedure had an ipsilateral nephrectomy performed at the time of shunt
      placement; however, this patient did not. It is important to be aware of this
      "antique" procedure as it may cause urologic complications.

PMID- 2929064
TI  - Intra-arterial infusion of 5-fluorouracil for recurrent adenocarcinoma of
      bladder.
AB  - We report a case of recurrent adenocarcinoma of the bladder treated by intra
      arterial infusion of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). The use of this agent in the
      treatment of adenocarcinoma of the bladder is reviewed.

PMID- 2929065
TI  - Pyocele of scrotum: consequence of spontaneous rupture of testicular abscess.
AB  - We report 2 cases of spontaneous rupture of the testis secondary to suppurative
      epididymo-orchitis. Both cases presented with pyoceles and were treated
      conservatively by scrotal incision and drainage of the pyoceles. This prolonged
      hospital stay and increased morbidity, since both patients ultimately required
      orchiectomy. We believe that a pyocele is an indication for prompt surgical
      exploration, and if the testis is ruptured, an orchiectomy should be done.

PMID- 2929066
TI  - Reversible renal hypertension due to renal hygroma.
AB  - A hygroma of the left kidney was found at surgery in a thirty-five-year-old
      woman, who presented with anemia, hypertension, and a left abdominal mass. There
      was a very high sedimentation rate and fine needle aspiration yielded bizarre
      cells which raised the possibility of malignancy. Compression of the kidney by
      the cystic structure probably interfered with renal blood flow and was
      responsible for the elevated blood pressure which receded to normal after removal
      of the cyst and the left kidney.

PMID- 2929067
TI  - Rare solitary metastasis to subcutaneous tissue from choriocarcinoma of testis.
AB  - A rare case of solitary metastasis to subcutaneous tissue from choriocarcinoma of
      the testis which was predominantly seminoma is reported. The propensity for
      vascular route of metastasis of this tumor type producing the patient's clinical
      picture is presented. The human beta chorionic gonadotropin tumor marker
      elevation to 4,200 units preoperatively fell to normal two weeks postoperatively,
      suggesting a solitary metastatic site with total tumor extirpation. Nevertheless,
      it seemed prudent to give chemotherapy because the nature of the metastatic route
      suggested other microscopic sites of metastasis. The prognosis of this highly
      malignant neoplasm, while poorest of the array of testis tumors, has improved
      dramatically with the advent of effective chemotherapy.

PMID- 2929068
TI  - Metastases to both testicles from prostatic carcinoma six years after radiation
      therapy.
AB  - A case is presented of a sixty-nine-year-old man with metastases to both
      testicles and right epididymis six years after treatment with external beam
      radiation for Stage C prostatic carcinoma.

PMID- 2929070
TI  - Use of local anesthesia in operative andrology.

PMID- 2929069
TI  - Use of urethral drainage tube and dressings in hypospadias repair.

PMID- 2929071
TI  - Computerized tomography in diagnosis of bladder rupture.
AB  - Patients with significant pelvic fractures and hematuria must be carefully
      evaluated for concomitant urinary tract injuries. Computerized tomography may be
      a useful adjunct to retrograde cystography for diagnosing bladder rupture in
      those patients with either equivocal or unexpectedly negative findings on
      cystograms.

PMID- 2929072
TI  - Computerized tomography of spontaneous forniceal extravasation.

PMID- 2929073
TI  - Delayed implantation of prostatic cancer after perineal needle biopsy.

PMID- 2929074
TI  - Video transurethral resection.

PMID- 2929075
TI  - The veterinary surgeon as a law enforcement officer.

PMID- 2929077
TI  - Veterinary education in the marketplace.

PMID- 2929076
TI  - Fasciola hepatica infestation.

PMID- 2929078
TI  - Wound myiasis caused by Cochliomyia hominivorax in Libya.

PMID- 2929079
TI  - Necrotising suppurative pyelonephritis in a rottweiler.

PMID- 2929080
TI  - Coping with blindness.

PMID- 2929081
TI  - Life after Riley.

PMID- 2929082
TI  - The Riley report: veterinary education into the 21st century.

PMID- 2929083
TI  - Milk production, weight changes and blood biochemical measurements in dairy
      cattle receiving recombinant bovine somatotropin.
AB  - Fortnightly injections with 500 mg (1.4 ml) of recombinant bovine somatotrophin
      in 20 dairy cows and heifers at 80 +/- 7 days after calving resulted in
      increasing milk yields, compared with paired control cows, for three to four
      days. The advantage was maintained for a further seven to eight days with a
      decline occurring during the last two to three days before the next injection.
      The milk yield did not return to the level of the control cows, and the gap
      between the lactation curves widened as treatment continued, until two to three
      weeks after the last injection. The cows' response to treatment was greater than
      the response to heifers. Blood beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations reflected the
      higher energy requirements of the treated animals and the weight loss of the
      treated heifers. Urea-nitrogen concentrations were significantly lower in the
      treated animals, suggesting that they utilised protein more efficiently. Treated
      animals had higher inorganic phosphate concentrations, although they remained
      within the normal ranges. Differences in calcium, magnesium, albumin and globulin
      concentrations were either statistically or practically not significant.

PMID- 2929084
TI  - Interpretation of abomasal worm burdens in cattle.
AB  - The significance of the worm burden in the diagnosis of parasitic gastroenteritis
      is examined. It is emphasised that the worm population is in a dynamic state with
      the calf constantly losing part of its worm burden while picking up new infective
      larvae. The numbers and proportion of late fourth stage Ostertagia ostertagi
      larvae gives an indication of the success of the animal in controlling its worm
      burden. During an examination of the worm population it is also necessary to look
      at the condition and degree of development of adult female worms to assess the
      efficiency of the calf's acquired resistance to infection.

PMID- 2929085
TI  - Use of polysulphated glycosaminoglycan in equine lameness.
AB  - Four cases of equine lameness were treated with intra-articular polysulphated
      glycosaminoglycan. Two, two-year-old flat racers were treated conservatively
      after traumatic injury. They subsequently became lame owing to the formation of
      new bone and osteophytes. Two older steeplechasers were lame owing to
      degenerative joint disease. The four horses were treated with intra-articular
      injections of polysulphated glycosaminoglycans and, after three or four
      injections, they became clinically sound and were able to continue racing with
      varying degrees of success.

PMID- 2929086
TI  - AVS debates Riley.

PMID- 2929087
TI  - A fodder mycotoxicosis of ruminants caused by contamination of a distillery by
      product with Aspergillus clavatus.
AB  - Cattle and sheep, grazed successively on the same pasture and given the same
      supplementary feeding, developed ataxia and several animals became recumbent.
      Three cattle died within two weeks and the worst affected sheep were killed for
      laboratory examination. The supplementary diet which consisted largely of a
      distillery by-product, malt culms, was submitted for mycological examination and
      fed to two housed lambs. Aspergillus clavatus was cultured from the culms, and
      both the affected sheep and the housed lambs showed cerebrospinal degenerative
      changes. The clinical signs and neuropathology were closely similar to a
      mycotoxicosis, attributed to A clavatus, which is seen infrequently in cattle in
      France, Bulgaria, South Africa and China.

PMID- 2929088
TI  - Assessment of the visually read N-acetylglucosaminidase test to detect mastitis
      in herd surveys.

PMID- 2929089
TI  - Staphylococcal dermatitis involving the teats of lactating ewes.

PMID- 2929091
TI  - Riley recommendations.

PMID- 2929090
TI  - Anthelmintic resistance by Haemonchus contortus to ivermectin in Brazil: a
      preliminary report.

PMID- 2929092
TI  - Case of BSE in the Irish Republic.

PMID- 2929093
TI  - Feline dysautonomia.

PMID- 2929094
TI  - Probiotics.

PMID- 2929096
TI  - Demodex mite in a cat.

PMID- 2929095
TI  - American screwworm fly in Libya.

PMID- 2929097
TI  - Insurance and pensions.

PMID- 2929098
TI  - Measles in the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis).
AB  - The measles virus is known to infect several species of monkeys. A group of 87
      cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) was screened to observe whether there
      was an association between measles and the cold symptoms seen in most of the
      animals. Another 23 monkeys were vaccinated with attenuated measles vaccine and
      their antibody titres monitored to ascertain whether the vaccine would protect
      them against measles.

PMID- 2929099
TI  - Control of oestrus and ovulation in peri-pubertal gilts with allyltrenbolone or a
      combination of natural gonadotrophins.
AB  - One-hundred-and-twenty large white X landrace gilts were allocated at random to
      one of three treatment groups. Treatment A gilts were given an orally active
      progestogen, allyltrenbolone (Regumate; Hoechst UK) once daily for 18 days from
      185 days of age. Treatment B gilts were given a subcutaneous injection of
      gonadotrophins (400 iu pregnant mare's serum gonadotrophin, 200 iu human
      chorionic gonadotrophin). (PG600; Intervet Laboratories) at 203 days of age.
      Treatment C gilts received no exogenous hormones. All the gilts were housed in
      groups of 10 from 153 days of age, and up to 203 days of age were isolated from
      boars. From 203 days each group of 10 gilts was subdivided into two groups of
      five, a boar was accommodated in a pen adjacent to each group of five and daily
      contact with it was allowed for one hour. Eight gilts in treatment A, five gilts
      in treatment B and seven gilts in treatment C failed to exhibit oestrus before
      233 days of age (P greater than 0.05). The intervals from exposure to the boar to
      the onset of oestrus for treatments A, B and C were 8.5, 5.5 and 11.0 days
      respectively (P less than 0.001). Gonadotrophin treatment significantly reduced
      the time taken by gilts to show oestrus and the variability within the group was
      significantly less than that in the other two groups. There were no significant
      differences between the groups in the mean size of their litters.

PMID- 2929100
TI  - Persistence of the V4 strain of Newcastle disease virus in an open-range flock of
      chickens.
AB  - The V4 strain of Newcastle disease virus was introduced into a small open range
      flock of bantam chickens, by dosing half the birds directly into the crop. As
      indicated by rises in titres of haemagglutination inhibition antibody, the virus
      spread to the uninoculated birds and persisted in the flock for two years,
      infecting chickens that were introduced by natural brooding and rearing. All new
      clutches of chicks seroconverted by 80 days of age, and the titres of adult birds
      showed a concurrent rise, suggesting that the chicks were amplifying the virus.
      The modes of spread and of persistence of the virus were not determined; although
      cloacal swabs were taken regularly, only one yielded virus. Antibody titres of
      the inoculated birds remained above the presumptive protective level of 3 (log2)
      for over a year, whereas the titres of birds infected by contact were generally
      less than 3.

PMID- 2929101
TI  - An outbreak of a tetanus-like condition in heifers.

PMID- 2929102
TI  - Riley recommendations.

PMID- 2929104
TI  - Veterinary remuneration.

PMID- 2929103
TI  - RSPCA advertisements.

PMID- 2929105
TI  - Vaginal prolapse in a camel.

PMID- 2929106
TI  - Provision of referral services.

PMID- 2929107
TI  - Water supply for pigs.

PMID- 2929108
TI  - Southwood calls for monitoring of BSE risk in veterinarians.

PMID- 2929109
TI  - Fertility of ewes given either melatonin or progestogen sponges.
AB  - The administration of melatonin via intravaginal sponges is an effective method
      of advancing the breeding season in ewes. In the present study the fertility of
      melatonin-treated ewes has been compared with that of ewes induced to ovulate by
      conventional treatment. On June 25, 15, 15-month-old ewes (group 1) were given
      intravaginal implants containing melatonin in silastic tubing. On August 8, 13
      similar ewes (group 2) were given Veramix sponges which were removed 12 days
      later, when they were given 500 iu pregnant mare's serum gonadotrophin (PMSG).
      Two intact raddled rams were introduced to the combined groups on August 21. The
      mean date of mating was September 3 +/- 1.5 for group 1 and August 21 +/- 0.2 for
      group 2 ewes. All the ewes in group 1 and 10 in group 2 (77 per cent) were mated.
      All the ewes were slaughtered approximately 50 days after mating and their
      reproductive tracts removed. The mean ovulation rates were 2.1 and 2.3 in groups
      1 and 2, respectively. The results indicate that conception rates of 87 per cent
      and 61.5 per cent of ewes put to the ram were obtained in the melatonin-treated
      and PMSG-treated groups, respectively. At slaughter the melatonin-treated group
      were found to have a mean of 1.47 live fetuses per ewe put to the ram and the
      PMSG-treated group a mean of 1.08. It can therefore be concluded that melatonin
      implantation is an effective method for the advancement of seasonal breeding in
      anoestrous sheep, and that the fertility achieved is at least as good as that
      given by conventional progestogen-PMSG treatment.

PMID- 2929110
TI  - Periparturient diseases and their effect on reproductive performance in five
      dairy herds.
AB  - The incidence of periparturient diseases and their effects on the calving to
      first service interval, the calving to conception interval and the mean number of
      services per conception were recorded in five Friesian-Holstein herds in the
      United Kingdom. The incidence rates of milk fever, milk fever followed by
      endometritis, retained fetal membranes, endometritis after retained fetal
      membranes, endometritis, or ovarian cysts, were 7.5, 1.4, 1.3, 3.3, 10.1 and 6.7
      per cent, respectively, and the affected cows had significantly (P less than
      0.05) extended calving to conception intervals (13, 66, 25, 51, 31 and 64 days,
      respectively) compared with herd-mates. Calving to first service intervals and
      services per conception were also adversely affected. In spite of treatment, milk
      fever, endometritis and ovarian cysts had a considerable impact on fertility.
      Improved methods of treatment and, or, prevention are clearly required.

PMID- 2929111
TI  - Long-acting oxytetracycline prophylaxis to protect susceptible cattle introduced
      into an area of Kenya with endemic East Coast fever.
AB  - Two field trials were carried out in successive years at the Ngong Veterinary
      Farm, Kenya, in which young cattle, previously unexposed to tick-borne diseases,
      were introduced into an area with endemic East Coast fever while protected by a
      series of injections of a long-acting oxytetracycline. In 1984, 12 animals which
      received injections of 20 mg/kg of the drug on days 0, 7, 14 and 21 after
      introduction, together with 12 untreated controls, were exposed without tick
      control until clinical disease occurred. All 12 control animals contracted East
      Coast fever by day 24 and 10 of them died. Five of the 12 injected animals had
      detectable parasites, and one of them required antitheilerial treatment. In 1985,
      four groups of 10 calves were introduced. One group received injections of 20
      mg/kg of oxytetracycline on days 7 and 14, one group received injections on days
      7, 14 and 21, and a third group received injections on days 7, 12 and 17; the
      fourth group (controls) had no treatment until clinical disease occurred. By day
      35 all the control animals had contracted the disease and one had died despite
      antitheilerial treatment. Three injections of oxytetracycline suppressed the
      disease so that mild reactions occurred in only four animals in each group, but
      two injections failed to prevent severe reactions in two animals and mild
      reactions in four others.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2929112
TI  - Riley recommendations.

PMID- 2929113
TI  - Veterinary remuneration.

PMID- 2929114
TI  - Listeria and pasteurisation.

PMID- 2929115
TI  - Calcofluor white as an aid to diagnosing fungal conditions.

PMID- 2929116
TI  - Ethylene glycol and glycolate kinetics in rats and dogs.
AB  - Ethylene glycol (EG) toxicity results from its metabolism to glycolic acid and
      other toxic metabolites. The accumulation of glycolate and the elimination
      kinetics of EG and its metabolites are not well understood, so studies with male
      Sprague-Dawley rats and mixed breed dogs have been carried out. EG was
      administered by gavage to rats and dogs, which were placed in metabolic cages for
      urine and blood sample collection at timed intervals. The peak plasma level of EG
      occurred at 2 hr after dosing and that of glycolate between 4-6 hr. The rate of
      EG elimination was somewhat faster in rats with a half-life of 1.7 hr compared to
      3.4 hr in dogs. The maximum plasma level of glycolate was greater in rats,
      although the pattern of accumulation was similar to that in dogs. Glycolate
      disappeared from the plasma at the same time as EG, suggesting a slower rate of
      elimination of the metabolite than that of EG. Renal excretion of EG was an
      important route for its elimination, accounting for 20-30% of the dose. Renal
      excretion of glycolate represented about 5% of the dose. EG induced an immediate,
      but short-lived diuresis compared to that in control rats. Minimal clinical
      effects (mild acidosis with no sedation) were noted at these doses of EG (1-2
      g/kg) in both rats and dogs. The results indicate that the toxicokinetics of EG
      and glycolate were similar in both species.

PMID- 2929117
TI  - Profile of accidental ingestion calls received via a toll-free line on detergent
      product labels.
AB  - Accidental ingestion comments received from May 1986 to April 1988 via a toll
      free telephone line on detergent product labels were profiled to learn the weight
      of ingesters, the reported ingestion volumes, and the symptoms reported for
      several different detergent product categories. Most of the ingesters weighed 20
      kg or less; however, 10% of the ingesters weighed 70 kg or more. Most detergent
      product ingestions involved 1 teaspoon of product or less. Reported symptoms
      varied with product type and ingestion volume.

PMID- 2929118
TI  - Neurological disorders in sheep during signal grass (Brachiaria decumbens)
      toxicity.
AB  - Severe neurological dysfunction was observed in sheep 4 weeks after grazing on
      Signal grass (Brachiaria decumbens). These neurological disorders included the
      stamping of forelegs, star-gazing, incoordination, head-pressing against the
      fence and circling movements. Histologically, numerous vacuolations of various
      sizes were observed in the white matter of the brain giving rise to a spongy
      appearance.

PMID- 2929119
TI  - What was injected?--A suggested analytical protocol.
AB  - Excision of an injection site, simple solvent extraction of the excised tissue,
      and direct injection of an aliquot of the solvent into a GC/MS was shown to allow
      determination of what was injected in 3 separate cases.

PMID- 2929120
TI  - A comparison of hemoperfusion columns for paraquat.
AB  - The efficiency of charcoal hemoperfusion (HP) columns during the treatment of
      paraquat poisoning by continuous hemoperfusion is poorly documented, and fears of
      saturation of the charcoal by paraquat have led to replacement of the column in
      as little as 2-4 hr. Four commercially availably HP devices were compared in a
      prospective study of 54 patients who had ingested paraquat deliberately. The
      charcoal columns studied were Hemosorba CH-350 (Asahi Medical, Tokyo, Japan), DHP
      1 (Kuraray, Osaka, Japan), Adsorba 300 (Gambro Dialysatoren KG, Hechingen, West
      Germany) and Hemokart-Adult (National Medical Care, Rockleigh, NJ, USA). Plasma
      paraquat levels were measured at the inlet and outlet 15 min after the
      commencement of HP, and hourly during the next 12 hr or until HP was ceased (if
      less than 12 hr). Platelet levels were measured before HP and every 4 hr
      thereafter. All 4 types showed almost 100% removal at 15 min and maintained this
      efficiency throughout the period studied. Both DHP-1 and Hemokart-Adult caused
      minimal thrombocytopenia (mean always greater than 100,000/mm3). Adsorba 300 and
      Hemosorba CH-350 caused marked thrombocytopenia, and the levels with Adsorba 300
      were significantly lower than for DHP-1 and Hemokart-Adult (P less than 0.05).
      The thrombocytopenia induced by Adsorba 300 often required platelet transfusions
      or cessation of HP. Commercially available HP columns are not saturated by the
      paraquat levels met clinically, so longer use of each column should be
      considered.

PMID- 2929121
TI  - Carbon monoxide and myonecrosis: a prospective study.
AB  - Myonecrosis has been reported to occur in patients with carbon monoxide (CO)
      poisoning, and last year we reported a case of non-traumatic rhabdomyolysis in a
      patient with CO poisoning secondary to smoke inhalation. We prospectively studied
      the association between CO poisoning and rhabdomyolysis by obtaining serum
      creatine kinase (CPK) levels on 65 of 81 consecutive patients (range 20-1315
      IU/L) who presented to the University of Illinois Hospital Emergency Room during
      a 3-month period with CO levels greater than 5.0% (range 5.0%-63.9%). Thiocyanate
      levels were obtained on 45 patients (range 0-3.5 mg/dl). We found no
      statistically significant correlation by linear regression analysis between CO
      level and CPK level in these patients. A subjective complaint of weakness was
      obtained in 4 patients and physical evidence of weakness was found in 1 of these
      (this was felt to be secondary to a cerebrovascular accident). In none of these 4
      patients was an elevated CPK level noted. We did, however, note an association
      between thiocyanate level and CPK level by linear regression analysis (p less
      than 0.02). A power curve was a better fit for this data (r2 = 0.7). This data
      suggests that serum CPK levels should not be routinely obtained on patients with
      CO poisoning and that cyanide may play a more important role in non-traumatic
      rhabdomyolysis associated with toxic inhalation than had previously been
      suspected.

PMID- 2929122
TI  - The usefulness of the arterial blood gas in pure carbon monoxide poisoning.
AB  - In a retrospective study of 49 cases of carbon monoxide (CO) intoxication
      presented to the University of Illinois Hospital (UIH) Emergency Department
      between November 1986 and April 1988, we looked for a correlation between
      carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) as determined by a venous sample and the pH as
      determined by arterial blood gas analysis. The range of COHb levels in our study
      was 10-64% (mean 21.8% +/- 10.2%). Smoke inhalation cases (n = 3) were excluded
      from our study because they did not represent pure CO intoxication. Of the
      remaining 46 cases, 18 had arterial blood gases drawn. In none of these 18 cases
      (mean COHb 24.5% +/- 12.6%) did we find a correlation between COHb levels and the
      pH as determined by linear regression analysis. Also, in none of the 18 cases
      were there any therapeutic interventions associated with the arterial blood gas
      result. Additionally, in none of the remaining 28 cases were any therapeutic
      interventions performed with regards to patients' acidosis or ventilatory status
      (except 100% oxygen administration. We also retrospectively reviewed records of
      104 cases who presented to Cook County Hospital Emergency Department with COHb
      levels over 10% during the period between March 1986 and May 1988. In these
      cases, we found no significant correlation between COHb level and arterial pH. We
      therefore conclude that arterial blood gases drawn in order to determine the
      degree of acidosis in mild CO intoxication without respiratory distress may not
      be useful in guiding therapeutic intervention and need not be routinely drawn.

PMID- 2929123
TI  - Pregnancy outcome following first trimester exposure to cocaine in social users
      in Toronto, Canada.
AB  - Studies of drug-dependent women reveal high rates of adverse fetal effects of
      cocaine. However, no data are available on the effect of the chemical in social
      users who discontinue cocaine upon realizing they are pregnant. We report the
      results of the first phase of a prospective study examining the outcome of
      pregnancy in women seeking counseling from the Motherisk Program in Toronto. Of
      25 women seen in our clinic for 1st trimester cocaine exposure, 92% reported use
      of less than 10 g of cocaine and 36% reported marijuana use. Other illicit drug
      use was rare; cigarette and alcohol use was common. The study group did not
      experience adverse pregnancy outcome above the rate expected in the general
      population. There were 23 single births 1 pair of twins, and 1 spontaneous
      abortion. Birth weight and gestation were within normal limits. Only 1 child had
      a major malformation, syndactyly. Infant development was within normal limits, as
      measured by developmental milestones. All children are scheduled for assessment
      using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development. The results of the BSID will be
      compared to results from a cannabis-exposed control group and a no-drug control
      group.

PMID- 2929124
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of deferoxamine with and without iron load.

PMID- 2929125
TI  - Poison center utilization in nosocomial toxicologic exposures: a prospective
      study.
AB  - Accidental toxicologic exposures that occur within health care facilities (HCF's)
      have the potential to increase morbidity and mortality, as well as enhance
      medicolegal liability. By contacting the poison center immediately on recognition
      of these events, health care providers may ultimately lessen eventual toxic
      effects through appropriate intervention. Exposures of this nature reported to
      the poison center over a twelve month period were collected and tabulated for
      specific occurrences. Six categories of therapeutic misadventure were delineated:
      Right patient/wrong medication (18%); Right patient, right medication/wrong dose
      or route (16%); Lack of patient education (2%); Proximity of potentially harmful
      substances to confused persons (54%); and Incorrect equipment management (4%).
      This study seeks to increase awareness of poison center ability to assist in
      management of the "therapeutic misadventure."

PMID- 2929126
TI  - Phenytoin toxicity: predictors of clinical course.
AB  - The records of 46 patients who were admitted to a general hospital with the
      diagnosis of phenytoin toxicity were retrospectively studied to identify factors
      present at the time of admission which correlated with severity of illness and
      which would therefore be of prognostic value. Length of hospital stay was used as
      a measure of severity of illness. Correlations were made between the length of
      hospital stay and 18 variables studied at the time of admission, including
      severity of symptoms, use of other drugs (sedative hypnotics, anticonvulsants and
      phenothiazines), history (seizures, cardiac arrhythmias, and alcohol abuse),
      laboratory evidence of liver disease or renal disease, electrolyte abnormalities,
      coagulopathies, prior suicide attempts, glucose levels, and white blood cell
      counts. Significant correlations related the length of hospital stay with the
      severity of symptoms, concurrent phenothiazine usage, and the presence of
      abnormal liver function tests on admission, but not with other factors studied.
      Admission phenytoin serum levels following an overdose were not a useful
      predictor of length of hospital stay in this series of patients.

PMID- 2929127
TI  - Phenytoin toxicity: a review of 94 cases.
AB  - Records of all patients admitted to an urban teaching hospital from 1977-1987
      with a diagnosis of phenytoin toxicity were reviewed in order to determine
      indications for admission and discharge, and to assess the need for therapeutic
      intervention and monitoring. Of 94 patients identified, 57 were male and 37 were
      female. Ages ranged from 19 mo to 84 yr. Serum phenytoin levels ranged from 21.4
      90 micrograms/ml, with a mean level 44.4 +/- 12.5 micrograms/ml. Ataxia was
      observed in 59/94 patients (63%), and of these 18 patients had fallen; 9 had
      suffered injury from falling sufficient to require medical care. No other factors
      were associated with morbidity. No hemodynamic instability was seen in any of the
      cases. Electrocardiographic records were available for 71/94 cases (76%). There
      were no abnormalities due to phenytoin. Symptoms of toxicity resolved with
      supportive care. There were no deaths in this series. Phenytoin is a relatively
      safe medication even in the toxic range as determined by baseline phenytoin
      levels. Hospital admission is indicated in symptomatic cases until a declining
      serum phenytoin level is observed and ataxia resolves. The data in this series do
      not support routine electrocardiographic monitoring in cases of phenytoin
      toxicity.

PMID- 2929128
TI  - Eucalyptus oil: 14 cases of exposure.

PMID- 2929129
TI  - Serum enzyme disturbances after tricyclic antidepressant overdose.
AB  - In order to evaluate the enzymes CPK and LDH as potential biochemical markers of
      tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) cardiotoxicity, we prospectively followed 29
      patients with TCA overdose. Serum CPK and LDH were obtained on all patients at
      admission. Population characteristics included a mean age of 33 y, a mean peak
      serum TCA concentration of 1190 ng/ml and mean maximal QRS interval of 0.10 sec.
      Seven patients (23%) had admission hypotension, 7 (23%) had severe respiratory
      depression, 6 (20%) had seizures and 4 (13%) had cardiac arrhythmias. One patient
      died. Mean admission CPK was 301 IU/L (nl less than 230 IU/L) while mean LDH was
      221 IU/L (nl less than 250 IU/L). In 17 patients (57%), CPK remained in the
      normal range. There was no correlation between blood pressure, maximal QRS
      interval, serum TCA concentration, arrhythmias or seizures and CPK or LDH by
      regression analysis. CPK isoenzymes were obtained in 6 patients (both with and
      without severe myocardial dysfunction). One patient had an MB fraction of 10%;
      the remaining 5 had no measurable enzymes of myocardial origin. We conclude that
      modest elevations in CPK or LDH may occur after TCA overdose. These enzymes do
      not appear to originate from the myocardium and are of no utility in the
      assessment of antidepressant cardiotoxicity or prediction of clinical course.

PMID- 2929130
TI  - Lionfish string experiences of an inland poison center: a retrospective study of
      23 cases.
AB  - From January 1979 through March 1988, our regional poison center, located many
      hundreds of miles from the nearest coastal salt water, documented 23 cases of
      envenomation by "Lionfish" (members of genus Pterois). All cases involved
      specimens which were maintained in the homes of amateur aquarists. A study of
      patient epidemiology showed the following: patient's sex 91.3% male, 8.7% female;
      patients ages ranged from 17 to 50 years with an average age for males of 29.8
      years and 35 years for females; the site of the envenomation accident was always
      in the home; the only part of the body envenomated was the hand or finger; and
      all of the patients were symptomatic. Symptoms noted included sharp pain,
      swelling, redness, bleeding, nausea, numbness, joint pain, anxiety, headache,
      disorientation, and dizziness. One patient had a complication of cellulitis.
      Treatment provided included immersion of the effected area in hot water at 40 C
      for 60 to 90 min, analgesics, tetanus toxoid, and antibiotics. There were no
      deaths noted and treatment proved effective in all cases. This paper also
      discusses the natural history, clinical effects, and current treatment for
      envenomations from these beautiful but dangerous venomous fish, which can cause
      poisoning exposures that are likely to be encountered by poison centers anywhere
      in the world.

PMID- 2929131
TI  - Rhododendron macrophyllum poisoning in a group of goats and sheep.

PMID- 2929132
TI  - Comments on diagnosis of intoxication due to taxus.

PMID- 2929133
TI  - Wide local excision of acanthomatous epulides in the dog.
AB  - Twenty-five dogs bearing acanthomatous epulides of the oral cavity underwent
      tumor resection by wide local excision. The surgical procedures included rostral
      mandibulectomy, removal of the mandibular body, premaxillectomy, and partial
      maxillectomy. Postoperative complications were rare, and local recurrence was not
      encountered in any dogs over periods of 1 to 6 1/2 years (median, 22 months). The
      authors conclude from the high incidence of local recurrence after simple
      excision through the tumor margins and the potential for malignant transformation
      after irradiation that wide surgical resection is the technique of choice for the
      management of acanthomatous epulis.

PMID- 2929134
TI  - The use of skin expansion to repair cosmetic defects in animals.
AB  - Skin expansion was used in three horses, one heifer, and one dog to aid in the
      repair of cosmetic defects. Skin expansion was produced by inserting an
      expandable silicone device subcutaneously and gradually inflating the device with
      saline. Skin expansion allowed skin to be mobilized and sutured over cosmetic
      defects without excessive tension. A successful outcome was achieved in four of
      the five cases reported here. In one animal, two attempts to create a pocket for
      a silicone prosthesis failed because the expanders ruptured. Complications
      included implant failure, wound dehiscence, and exposure of an expander. Skin
      expansion can be used to enable closure of skin defects in areas where skin
      tension usually precludes repair by local transposition.

PMID- 2929135
TI  - Significance of the Heineke-Mikulicz pyloroplasty in the treatment of gastric
      dilatation-volvulus. A prospective clinical study.
AB  - Twenty-six dogs with gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV) were stabilized medically,
      followed by tube gastrostomy and gastropexy. In 13 dogs, a Heineke-Mikulicz
      pyloroplasty was also performed. Complications and recurrences were monitored
      during the immediate postoperative period and for 5 to 31 months thereafter.
      Barium gastrograms and contrast radiographs of the stomach were evaluated at week
      1 and months 5 to 31. Significantly fewer dogs without pyloroplasty had
      complications during the immediate postoperative period. There were no
      differences in the long-term complication rates. Radiographic evaluations of the
      width of the pylorus, the size of the stomach, and the rate of gastric emptying
      showed no differences between dogs with and without pyloroplasty at any
      evaluation period. The Heineke-Mikulicz pyloroplasty increased the immediate
      postoperative complication rate after surgical fixation of the stomach for the
      treatment of GDV. It did not appear to influence the long-term outcome of the
      surgical treatment of this disease. The Heineke-Mikulicz pyloroplasty is not
      recommended in the treatment of GDV unless pyloric outflow obstruction can be
      demonstrated.

PMID- 2929136
TI  - Metoclopramide reversal of decreased gastrointestinal myoelectric and contractile
      activity in a model of canine postoperative ileus.
AB  - Postoperative ileus is characterized by decreased gastrointestinal myoelectric
      activity and motility. Metoclopramide was used to treat experimentally induced
      postoperative ileus in six dogs. Contractile activity was monitored by
      extraluminal strain gages on the pyloric antrum and proximal segment of the
      duodenum, and myoelectric activity was measured by recording bipolar
      electromyograms (EMGs) at the pyloric antrum, pyloric canal, proximal segment of
      the duodenum, proximal and distal parts of the jejunum, and ileum. Measurements
      were obtained from animals without ileus (baseline) and those with ileus that
      were either untreated or treated with metoclopramide. Adynamic ileus was induced
      by rubbing a 50 cm segment of jejunum with a dry sponge for 5 minutes and
      exposing the bowel to the air for 30 minutes. Treated dogs received
      metoclopramide (0.4 mg/kg 4 times daily [QID] intravenously [IV]), whereas
      untreated dogs received a saline placebo, starting 1 hour after celiotomy
      closure. Recordings were made for 26 hours after induction of ileus. The phases
      of the migrating myoelectric complex (MMC) were identified and motility index
      values were determined. During ileus, the MMC phase II duration was increased at
      the duodenum and phase III duration was decreased at the antrum, pylorus,
      duodenum, and proximal segment of the jejunum (p less than 0.05). Motility index
      values were decreased at the antrum and duodenum during ileus (p less than 0.05).
      Treatment with metoclopramide reversed the MMC phase III inhibition at the antrum
      and pylorus, and partially reversed the inhibition at the duodenum and jejunum (p
      less than 0.05). Motility index values were restored to preoperative baseline
      values with metoclopramide treatment (p less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2929137
TI  - Occlusion of the external carotid and maxillary arteries in the horse to prevent
      hemorrhage from guttural pouch mycosis.
AB  - Balloon-tipped catheters were used to occlude the external carotid artery and its
      branches in nine horses with hemorrhage caused by guttural pouch mycosis. The
      internal carotid artery on the affected side was occluded simultaneously in four
      horses and had been occluded previously in two others. In three horses, a single
      balloon-tipped catheter was inserted in the external carotid artery beneath the
      floor of the guttural pouch and its tip was advanced blindly into distal
      branches. In one horse, the superficial temporal artery was occluded briefly
      during surgery by a balloon-tipped catheter so a catheter inserted into the
      external carotid artery could be diverted into the maxillary artery. In the other
      five horses, the external carotid artery was occluded proximally and the
      maxillary artery was occluded immediately caudal to the alar canal by a balloon
      tipped catheter inserted into the major palatine artery. Serious postoperative
      hemorrhage did not occur in eight horses, but one horse that had a single balloon
      tipped catheter inserted into the external carotid artery had profuse hemorrhage
      11 days after surgery and was euthanatized. One horse was euthanatized because of
      persistent dysphagia. The only complication related to use of balloon catheters
      was a mild incisional infection in one horse. It was concluded that the external
      carotid and maxillary arteries must be occluded on both sides of the eroded
      segment to prevent hemorrhage from normograde and retrograde flow.

PMID- 2929138
TI  - Surgical treatment of sand colic. Results in 40 horses.
AB  - A retrospective study of 40 horses that underwent surgical treatment for sand
      colic was performed. Three horses were euthanatized and one died during surgery.
      Of the 36 horses that recovered from anesthesia, five died before discharge from
      the hospital and seven died after discharge. Twenty-four horses survived at least
      12 months. Sand impaction of the right dorsal colon was present in 26 horses. In
      addition to sand impaction, 10 horses also had colonic displacement or volvulus.

PMID- 2929140
TI  - Scientific presentation abstracts. American College of Veterinary Surgeons. 24th
      annual meeting. February 1989.

PMID- 2929139
TI  - Long-term follow-up of partial limb amputation in 13 horses.
AB  - Thirteen cases of partial limb amputation in horses were reviewed. Nine horses
      (69%) survived 18 to 111 months (mean, 41 months). Four unsuccessfully treated
      horses were euthanatized within 21 days of surgery. The horses' ages at
      amputation were 4 to 13 years (mean, 7.3 years). There was no predilection for
      the left or right limb nor for fore or hind limb involvement. Osteomyelitis in
      six horses (46%) was the most common cause for amputation. Severe, open,
      comminuted fractures of the third metacarpal bone that were impossible to
      stabilize by any currently available technique in four horses (31%) were the
      second most common cause for amputation. One gelding was salvaged because of his
      sentimental value, two horses were used as breeding stallions, and six were
      broodmares. One stallion lived 30 months, completed two breeding seasons, and
      started a third. The other stallion began breeding, but became sterile. Three of
      the mares have produced five foals. One mare died while in foal. One mare aborted
      near-term twin fetuses and died of uterine hemorrhage. One mare aborted twice
      before the femoral head ligament on the contralateral limb ruptured, and she was
      euthanatized.

PMID- 2929141
TI  - Intraoperative irradiation of 16 spontaneously occurring canine neoplasms.
AB  - Sixteen dogs with malignant neoplasms were treated with intraoperative radiation
      therapy after surgical debulking. Fractionated external beam radiation therapy
      was given postoperatively to 11 dogs. Healing of surgical incisions was
      uncomplicated in 14 dogs. When the ureters or urinary bladder were included in
      the irradiation field, they became stenotic and fibrotic. Urinary incontinence
      and secondary renal injury were common. Local tumor control was poor regardless
      of site or tumor type.

PMID- 2929143
TI  - The National Nursing Home Survey: 1985 summary for the United States.

PMID- 2929142
TI  - A preliminary comparison of lidocaine and xylazine as epidural analgesics in
      ponies.
AB  - Xylazine (0.35 mg/kg) or lidocaine (0.35 mg/kg) was injected into the epidural
      space of six ponies to compare their effectiveness as epidural analgesics. Each
      pony received both treatments at 1 week intervals with the order of treatments
      randomized. Xylazine produced analgesia of significantly longer duration (247 +/-
      58 minutes) than that produced by an equal dose of lidocaine (135 +/- 22
      minutes). Mild transient ataxia of no clinical significance developed in all
      ponies with both treatments. Spinal cords were removed from two ponies and
      examined histologically. No discernible pathologic changes were noted.

PMID- 2929144
TI  - Remarriages and subsequent divorces.

PMID- 2929145
TI  - Children of divorce.

PMID- 2929146
TI  - [Treatment of severely depressed hematopoiesis].
AB  - Severe inhibition of haematopoiesis is a serious disease from the prognostic
      aspect. The authors evaluated a group of 26 patients of whom one survived for
      more than five years. The mean life span is 154 days. The most frequent cause of
      death are infectious complications, in particular septicaemia. Investigation of
      the aetiology of the disease was negative in 46% of the cases, in the remainder
      drugs were suspected most frequently, in particular antibiotics. It is very
      important to prevent the development of secondary inhibition of haematopoiesis,
      in particular by careful indication of myelotoxic drugs. In case of necessity,
      these drugs should be administered for a short time, in the lowest effective
      doses with check-ups of the haemogram. Hope for affected patients in future is
      transplantation of bone marrow and the early administration of antilymphocytic
      globulin.

PMID- 2929147
TI  - [Long-term study of disorders of heart rhythm in patients with chronic diseases
      of the respiratory system].
AB  - The authors investigated the incidence of arrhythmias by the method of continuous
      recording of ECG tracings according to Holter in 16 patients with chronic
      respiratory diseases three times in the course of two years. The incidence of
      arrhythmias was very frequent, more serious disorders (class 3 or a higher class
      according to Lown's classification) were very rare. The authors provided evidence
      of a great variability in the incidence of arrhythmias in the same patients
      during different periods of investigation. They did not reveal a relationship
      between the incidence of arrhythmias and the degree of functional affection of
      the lungs, the severity of hypoxaemia and the drop of the maximum aerobic
      capacity of the lungs. They did not find a relationship between the incidence of
      arrhythmias and the pressure in the pulmonary artery, or the size of the right or
      left ventricle or the thickness of their wall. The authors do not consider the
      finding of arrhythmias in patients with chronic lung disease an unequivocally
      serious finding, as reported sometimes in the literature.

PMID- 2929148
TI  - [Changes in blood pressure in mild forms of hypertension after long-term physical
      training].
AB  - The authors submit the results of a long-term study of the treatment of mild
      hypertension by physical training. Its advantage, as compared with medicamentous
      treatment, is the physiological effect on the organism, its financially
      unpretentious character, and if the population is seriously informed, its wide
      application. The authors found in general a poor approach to physical activity,
      in particular among young people due to lack of information on the importance of
      physical activity. They conclude that physical training is the method of choice
      in the treatment of mild forms of hypertension. The blood pressure attained
      normal levels after this treatment in liminal hypertonics as well as hypertonics
      stage I.

PMID- 2929149
TI  - [The somatotropic hormone and liver diseases].
AB  - The authors examined in 1980-1988 a total of 114 patients aged 18-87 years
      suffering from chronic liver disease. In all these patients they examined in
      addition to RIA assay of somatotropic hormone (STH) bilirubin and basic liver
      enzymes, using common methods. They recorded a significant increase of STH in
      patients with cirrhosis of the liver. In the other diagnostic groups the STH
      levels were within the reference zone or at its upper borderline. The authors
      analyzed also STH levels in relation to diabetes and drew attention to its
      frequent occurrence (type II) in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. The
      authors analyze also STH variations in the course of ageing.

PMID- 2929150
TI  - [Relation of HLA antigens and the length of survival in patients with acute
      leukemia].
AB  - The authors examined and evaluated by statistical methods 80 patients with acute
      leukaemia (AL). The group comprised 56 myeloid (AML) and 24 lymphocytic (ALL)
      leukaemias. In AL and AML no significant relations with transplantation antigens
      were detected. In ALL an increased frequency of HLA-B5 was found which was
      statistically significant (Fischer's test pc = 0.046). In women, as compared with
      men, an increased frequency of antigens A28, B17 was found and a reduction of HLA
      B35. The values were not statistically significant. The authors sought
      relationships between the presence or absence of some HLA antigens (A2, A3, A10,
      B12) and the survival period of the patients. The results were not unequivocal.
      The findings were evaluated with regard to data reported in the literature.

PMID- 2929151
TI  - [Pachydermoperiostosis--development of bone changes 25 years after disease
      onset].
AB  - Pachydermoperiostosis-hyperostosis generalisata cum pachydermia is considered a
      sex-linked hereditary pathological disposition of the mesenchyme with a
      favourable course of the dominant form; it is, however, progressively malignant
      in the recessive type of heredity. As a rule men affected. The author describes
      the case of a patient where the disease was diagnosed 25 years previously.

PMID- 2929152
TI  - [Clinical evaluation of granulocyte concentrates in the treatment of malignant
      disorders of hematopoiesis].
AB  - The authors evaluate in a retrospective, non-randomized two-year study the action
      of 57 granulocyte concentrates from a Fenwal CS 3000 separator in 12 patients
      used for induction therapy of acute leukaemia, malignant lymphoma and
      agranulocytosis, as compared with a control group of 18 patients without
      concentrates. The indication for selection was granulocytopenia of less than
      0.5.10(9)/l, temperatures resistant to antibiotics for more than 48 hours, mainly
      gram-negative sepsis and a severe localized infection. A significant reduction of
      febrile days was achieved, to 6.08 as compared with 12.44 (p less than 0.001)
      along with cure of the infection. Survival, evaluated on the 21st day of the
      investigation in the treated group 66.6%, as compared with 61.1%, and the
      percentage of complete remissions 58% as compared with 55.56%, were not
      statistically significant (p greater than 0.05). The mean one-hour rise of
      granulocytes by 0.37 x 10(9)/l in the recipients had no clinical impact. With the
      exception of one patient a relationship was observed between the favourable
      action of transfusions and the trend of recovery of the patient's granulopoiesis
      and the onset of remission of the disease. Minor pyretic and allergic reactions
      occurred in three patients (5.2%).

PMID- 2929153
TI  - [Benign clear-cell tumor of the lung (a case report)].

PMID- 2929154
TI  - [Multiple lung hamartomas (a case report)].

PMID- 2929155
TI  - [Kaposi's sarcoma with visceral involvement and a fulminant course].

PMID- 2929156
TI  - [Familial colon cancer].
AB  - 5 families with autosomal dominant inherited colonic cancer were analyzed with
      reference to the characteristics of familial colonic cancer: 45% out of 54 family
      members had colorectal carcinomas, with a mean of 4.5 affected members per
      family. The mean age on diagnosis of colonic cancer was 43.9 years. 50% of the
      colorectal carcinomas were located in the right colon; 11 out of 14 carcinomas
      were Dukes C, with a predominance of poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas and
      mucin-producing cancers. 22% had synchronous cancers and 13% developed
      metachronous cancers. Cancer at another location was found in 8.7% of cases.
      Prospective screening of relatives (siblings, children) revealed a colonic
      neoplasm in 3 out of 6 asymptomatic subjects. The typical characteristics of
      familial colonic cancers were demonstrable in our patients. The elucidation of an
      exact family history in all patients with colorectal carcinoma and a strategy of
      meticulous surveillance are absolutely necessary for the diagnosis and management
      of this inherited trait.

PMID- 2929157
TI  - [Side effects of adjuvant therapies of breast cancer: their significance for the
      patient].
AB  - In a retrospective survey we interviewed 53 patients with respect to side effects
      of adjuvant therapy for breast cancer. All of them had undergone modified
      mastectomy and were randomly assigned to either chemotherapy, irradiation or a
      combination of both. Standardized questionnaires concerning the side effects and
      semi-structured, focusing counseling talks were the methods used in questioning
      the patients. Patients named significantly more side effects of severe and
      extreme intensity with chemotherapy, and especially in the group given
      combination therapy, where chemo- and radiotherapy could be directly compared by
      the patient. The experience was particularly threatening when several side
      effects occurred simultaneously. Different psychological aspects and
      visualisation of systemic and local side effects are discussed with respect to
      the patient's ability to cope with adjuvant therapy. Consequences for routine
      care are: continuous explanatory talks about side effects throughout the whole
      process, muscle relaxation and interdisciplinary cooperation.

PMID- 2929158
TI  - [Effect of early diagnosis on the prognosis of metastatic breast cancer].
AB  - Between 1980 and 1986 676 patients with primary breast cancer were operated on
      with curative intent at the Department of Surgery of the Hanusch Hospital in
      Vienna. Of these 133 developed recurrences. The patients were closely followed up
      at our outpatient clinic. We have retrospectively analysed this patient
      collective to evaluate the impact of routine technical and chemical-pathological
      follow-up programmes on the detection rate of subclinical distant metastases and
      on improvement of prognosis. There was no difference in the outcome with respect
      to survival after recurrence and to overall survival between patients with early
      detection of recurrence at an asymptomatic stage, who received general antitumor
      therapy immediately and a second group where therapy was initiated only upon
      clinical manifestation of metastasis. The results are discussed in relationship
      to screening costs. We would like to emphasize the importance of follow-up
      programmes in the timely detection of local recurrence and also of cancer of the
      contralateral breast, as well as benefitting the psychological aspect of the
      doctor-patient relationship.

PMID- 2929160
TI  - Depositions: preparing for battle. Interview by Don Harper Mills.

PMID- 2929159
TI  - Self-poisoning with drugs.
AB  - A retrospective review was made of all patients with the diagnosis of drug
      ingestion or overdose seen in an urban community hospital over 30 months. There
      were 133 episodes involving 129 patients. Of these, 104 (78%) were hospitalized,
      including 96 at the study hospital. Fifty-three patients (55%) were initially
      admitted to the intensive care unit, and 57 (59%) were cared for in the
      psychiatry unit at some time during their course. One patient died, and 21 others
      (15%) suffered adverse consequences, including airway compromise requiring
      intubation, aspiration, seizures, cardiopulmonary arrest, and significant
      arrhythmias. The treatment rendered was supportive only, with no patient
      requiring hemodialysis or hemoperfusion. Multiple drugs were involved in 31% of
      the overdoses. The most common agents were benzodiazepines (32%), tricyclic
      antidepressants (24%), and acetaminophen (20%). A history of drug ingestion was
      obtained in 94% of patients. Based on subsequent drug level and drug screen
      testing, the history was judged accurate in 71% and inaccurate in 29%. The
      problems confronting hospitals that care for relatively few overdose patients but
      in a consistent pattern are discussed.

PMID- 2929161
TI  - [Comparative cinematographic, endoscopic and functional analytic studies of the
      pre- and postoperative evaluation of the severity of the tracheobronchial
      collapse syndrome].
AB  - Sixty eight adults of both sexes (33 patients with clinically and endoscopically
      verified tracheobronchial collapse; 35 persons without disease of the central
      airways) underwent continuous cinetracheographic studies of the wall-movements of
      the central airways during various respiratory maneuvers. The insufflation of
      powdered tantalum for a better outlining of the contours of the central airways
      was preferably done in local anaesthesia via an orotracheally inserted catheter.
      Studies of wall-movement were made in recumbent position during forced breathing
      and violent coughing in various obliquities using a 35 mm-camera. The percentage
      of diameter-shortening during expiration (forced breathing; violent coughing) in
      relation to the inspiratory diameter during the same breathing-maneuver was
      measured in 4 or 3 projections respectively at 5 localities (cervical trachea;
      thoracic outlet; thoracic trachea 1 cm above the bifurcation; right and left main
      bronchus, 1 cm distant from bifurcation). Out of maximally 17 single numerical
      values per examination the highest single value was selected as the so-called
      "maximal relative diameter-shortening" - independent of locality and projection.
      In healthy persons the mean value amounts to 22.4 +/- 15.44% (means +/- SD)
      during forced breathing and to 75.5 +/- 11.72% during violent coughing. Patients
      with a tracheobronchial collapse differ from healthy persons, the former having a
      value of 100% during violent coughing. This is equivalent to a brief contact of
      the membranous part to the ventral circumference of the trachea (total cough
      collapse) at least at one locality in one projection. Out of a number of 28
      patients 17 cases (group H) revealed a normal "maximal relative diameter
      shortening" of 29.7 +/- 21.57% during forced breathing. In addition to the total
      cough-collapse 11 patients (group F) exhibited an increased prolapse-tendency of
      the membranous part during forced breathing, too; the mean value of the "maximal
      relative diameter-shortening" amounted to 80.5 +/- 16.15%. Pathological
      shortening-values are mainly measured at the intrathoracic trachea in the lateral
      and both oblique projections. The cinetracheobronchographic examination should be
      used in patients with endoscopic signs of a tracheobronchial collapse-syndrome if
      an operative procedure with tautening is taken into consideration. In the case of
      mere clinical suspicion of the presence of a collapse-syndrome the assessment of
      the wall-motility is non-invasively possible by means of cinetracheography
      without a contrast-agent.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2929162
TI  - [The measurement of bronchial mucociliary clearance using 99mTc for evaluating
      the success of the salt water cure].
AB  - We found a highly significant improvement in the pulmonary mucociliary clearance
      in the peripheral region of the lungs four weeks after saline spring treatment.
      We examined the possibility of applying the saccharin sky-blue test for
      evaluating the success of spa treatment.

PMID- 2929163
TI  - [Malignant blue nevus].
AB  - In a 6-year-old boy, we found a malignant blue nevus with metastases of the lymph
      nodes. After surgical therapy under melanoma conditions, he was treated with
      interferon. Up to now (2 years after therapy), the follow-up examinations have
      been negative.

PMID- 2929164
TI  - Why's, wherefore's, and what to do about soaring health plan rates.

PMID- 2929165
TI  - The President addresses some chief concerns.

PMID- 2929166
TI  - Insuring a healthy medical liability insurance system.

PMID- 2929167
TI  - Carbon monoxide poisoning in indoor ice skating arenas.

PMID- 2929168
TI  - Physician's guide to the Natural Death Act.

PMID- 2929169
TI  - [Light reflection rheography and invasive measurement of venous pressure in the
      standing exercise test].
AB  - The peripheral venous hemodynamics of the lower limbs was simultaneously and
      repeatedly investigated by means of light-reflection-rheography and peripheral
      venous pressure measurement with healthy volunteers (total = 40 lower limbs). Two
      different kinds of exercise were used (knee-bends and tiptoe-stands). The
      measurements showed highly significant differences (p less than 0.001) between
      knee-bends and tiptoe-stands not only for all three hemodynamic parameters of non
      invasive light-reflection-rheography (maximum reflection difference, refilling
      time, half-refilling time) but also for all three parameters of the invasive
      venous pressure measurement (venous pressure difference, refilling time, half
      refilling time). There are statistically significant correlations of medium
      importance (p less than 0.01) between refilling times/half-refilling times of
      both investigative methods by knee-bends and tiptoe-stands. But there is no
      significant correlation between light-reflection difference and venous pressure
      difference. As exercise programme of light-reflection-rheography or invasive
      peripheral venous pressure measurement the most suitable is the programme in
      standing position, which represents the maximum hydrostatic load on the
      insufficient veins and reveals the pathologic condition of venous outflow better
      than the exercise programme in sitting position.

PMID- 2929170
TI  - [Advertising gifts].

PMID- 2929171
TI  - [Prevention of infection in teflon prostheses for dialysis access. Experiences
      with a resorbable combined collagen-antibiotic system].
AB  - 40 patients with renal insufficiency and chronic hemodialysis received a E-PTFE
      prosthesis as vascular access either at the upper or lower extremity. The
      efficacy of prophylaxis of infection through application of a local
      aminoglycosid, administered as a resorbable collagen-antibiotic-sponge, was
      studied in two different groups. All patients had a high risk of infection. The
      use of the collagen-gentamycin-sponge was effective in preventing an infection of
      the vascular graft. Systemic side effects were not registrated in spite of the
      reduced renal function. Further studies are necessary to evaluate the efficacy of
      the collagen-gentamycin-sponge in preventing vascular prosthesis infection in
      high risk patients.

PMID- 2929173
TI  - The effect of six months intensive physical training on the circulation in the
      legs of patients with intermittend claudication.
AB  - Out of 94 patients with intermittent claudication 65 completed a program of 6
      months intensive physical training. Every 2 months the blood pressure indices at
      the thigh and at the ankle and the blood flow in the calf were measured at rest,
      after 5 min arterial occlusion and after exercise of the calf muscles until
      claudication. First the reproducibility of the blood pressure indices and the
      blood flow values was established. An increase of 15 in the pressure indices was
      considered to be substantial. An increase of 6.0 ml/100 ml/min in flow values was
      considered a substantial change. The blood pressure indices did not increase
      significantly during the training period, the blood flow values increased
      significantly. On the basis of the non-invasive tests no reliable statement can
      be made as to the expected result of the training.

PMID- 2929172
TI  - [Indications-related use of stockings--measuring venous pump function].
AB  - In 48 patients (16 healthy persons, 16 patients with venous incompetence and 16
      patients with phlebographic proved status after thrombosis) the effect of medical
      compression stockings of different compression pressure (Sigvaris Thrombo,
      Sigvaris 503, Sigvaris 504) on venous pumping function was studied by foot
      volumetry. In patients with varicosis and preexistent reduced pumping function
      the expelled volume in average ascended from 13.0 to 16.23 (+25%, Sigvaris 503),
      respectifly to 16.52 (+27%, Sigvaris 504) (p less than 0.05 Wilcox and Wilcoxon
      test). In patients in status after deep leg vein thrombosis with very reduced
      pumping function it came to an increase of expelled volume from 8.48 to 11.08
      (+31%, Sigvaris 503) and to 12.55 (+48%, Sigvaris 504) (p less than 0.01). The
      hospital stocking Sigvaris Thrombo did not really improve the venous pumping
      function. So for the first time the common prescription of medical compression
      stockings class II in patients with varicosis and in mild cases of chronic venous
      incompetence and of stockings class III in patients in status after deep leg vein
      thrombosis is justified by measurement.

PMID- 2929174
TI  - Changes of walking distance in patients with intermittent claudication during six
      months intensive physical training.
AB  - Patients with intermittent claudication were treated with six months intensive
      physical training. They were instructed to walk with a speed of 6 km/h until they
      got complaints and then to rest for some time. This sequence was repeated until
      men below 65 years had walked 2 km. Men above the age of 65 years and women had
      to walk 1.5 km. This training session was performed 3 times a day. Every two
      months the claudication distances in a corridor and on a treadmill were measured.
      Out of 95 patients 65 completed the training. In 38 patients (59%) there was no
      substantial change in walking distance. Fourteen patients (22%) doubled their
      walking distance, seven (11%) could walk more than 1000 m, but their complaints
      remained. Six (9%) could walk more than 1000 m without claudication pain. Most
      patients gained their result during the last 2 months of the program. After the
      training 48% of the patients were satisfied with their walking distance.

PMID- 2929175
TI  - [Imitation of acute, deep venous thrombosis of the lower leg by a ruptured
      Baker's cyst].
AB  - In case of a swollen leg, differential diagnosis includes deep venous thrombosis.
      After having ruled out a thrombosis by venography, other causes have to be
      sought. We report a case where massive swelling of the lower leg was due to the
      arthrographically proven rupture of a Bakers' Cyst. Had more emphasis been put on
      recording the patients history, time loss and diagnostic procedures could have
      been minimized.

PMID- 2929176
TI  - Femoral-tibial bypass for limb salvage.
AB  - From 1967 to 1982, 305 femoral tibial bypasses were performed. Of these 180 (59%)
      were performed on limb salvage indication. A reversed autogenous saphenous vein
      was used in 134 instances, among 46 vein substitutes there were 15 vein
      allografts, 13 human umbilical cord vein grafts, 12 PTFE grafts and six dacron
      grafts. Hospital mortality was six patients. An additional 37 patients died
      during the follow-up period. The patency rates for saphenous vein bypass grafts
      were 62.5%, 48%, and 25% at one, five, and ten years, respectively, and 33% and
      25% at one and five years, respectively, for the vascular substitutes. The mean
      +/- SD follow-up time was 62.27 +/- 5.7 months. During the early postoperative
      period 23 legs (12.7%) had to be amputated. During the follow-up period an
      additional 14 legs (7.8%) were lost giving a limb salvage rate of 79.5%.

PMID- 2929177
TI  - [Improved quality of life through the prevention of cardiovascular diseases?].

PMID- 2929178
TI  - Immunologic equinox--between two centuries.

PMID- 2929179
TI  - [Proceedings of the 4th joint meeting of the Society of Neuropathology of East
      germany and the Association of Polish Neuropathologists. 11-14 May 1988, Gorlitz.
      Abstracts].

PMID- 2929180
TI  - [Leigh disease. Morphology and clinical aspects].
AB  - Morphologico-topographic differences, especially with regard to size and
      distribution of foci, as well as equalities of the histomorphological pattern are
      shown in an infantile and in a juvenile case of Leigh's disease. Almost identical
      microscopic findings in the area of the olives in the medulla oblongata seem to
      be of special importance. The typical symptoms at the beginning of the disease
      with predominance to muscular hypotonia and the bulbar paralytic final stage
      might at least enable a tentative diagnosis even without evidence to the basic
      enzymatic defect, mostly in pyruvate metabolism, and changes in mitochondria in
      muscles and the central nervous system. The morphological investigation should
      especially include the medulla oblongata.

PMID- 2929181
TI  - Ultrastructure of cortical synapses in the brain of schizophrenics.
AB  - The autopsy was performed in 225 cases of chronic schizophrenia. In 44 cases
      examination of the brain by light microscope revealed changes typical of
      Alzheimer's disease. The increased risk for the development of Alzheimer's
      disease in chronic schizophrenia is pointed out. In 8 schizophrenics where death
      occurred suddenly and unexpectedly electronmicroscopy of brain was carried out.
      Clusters of a great number of synaptic vesicles were found in presynaptic knobs
      in the brain cortex of the schizophrenics but not in the controls; the postmortal
      origin and/or fixation artefact origin of the clusters were excluded. The
      possible "immunologic dependent" clustering of synaptic vesicles is discussed.
      The new "modul concept" in the structure of the brain cortex is used to make the
      role of synapses in the mental process more clear.

PMID- 2929182
TI  - [A simple method for the isolation of GFAP and its use for the study of brain
      tumors].
AB  - A simple method is described in this paper for the production of a polyclonal
      antiserum against GFAP. The antiserum was tested on 212 primary brain tumours
      which had been selected from biopsy and autopsy material of the Institute of
      Pathological Anatomy at the Medical Academy of Erfurt, GDR. 52 of 81 astrocytomas
      (64%) and 26 of 47 glioblastomas (55%) gave GFAP-positive results. GFAP-negative
      responses were primarily recorded from tumours with severe anaplasia. GFAP was
      found in all 22 ependymomas tested. Epithelioid ependymomas, however, exhibited
      lower immunological reactions than tanycytic variants. Isomorphic
      oligodendrogliomas, meningiomas, medulloblastomas, and brain metastases of
      carcinomas were GFAP-negative. The possibility is discussed in some detail of
      falsely negative results on account of too little biopsy material or insufficient
      fixation of tumour tissue.

PMID- 2929183
TI  - [The morphology of HIV encephalopathy].
AB  - Reported in this paper are postmortem findings recorded from the central nervous
      system of 51 HIV carriers, among them 43 with clinically manifest AIDS.
      Opportunistic infections and tumours were established in 24 cases, including
      toxoplasmosis, cytomegaly, progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy, and
      lymphomas. Findings obtained from 5 patients were restricted to unspecific
      alterations. No pathological findings at all were recordable from 8 HIV carriers
      without AIDS. So-called subacute microglial encephalitis (SME) was detected in 26
      cases. SME was found to provide for the morphological substrate of genuine HIV
      encephalopathy. It was characterised by occurrence of mononuclear and even
      multinucleated cells which were macrophages and obviously served as virus
      carriers. Multinucleated cells are pathognomonic of HIV encephalopathy. No
      unambiguous evidence has so far been produced to primary invasion of neurons or
      glial cells by HI viruses.

PMID- 2929185
TI  - [Craniopharyngioma in a fetus].
AB  - Intrauterine sonography reveals pathological enlargement of the head and an
      abnormal intracranial mass in a fetus (25th week of gestation). Birth induction
      results in a stillborn female child (weight 1,590 g; length 35 cm; head
      circumference 32 cm). The supratentorial space is almost totally occupied by a
      craniopharyngioma, measuring 8 cm in diameter.

PMID- 2929184
TI  - [Homologous cerebral atrophy and ischemic insults in progeria adultorum].
AB  - Neuropathological findings obtained from a female patient, 49 years of age, with
      progeria adultorum (Werner's syndrome) are described in this paper. Vascular
      sclerosis with multiple ischaemic infarctions, cerebral atrophy, and vascular
      myelopathy were the most strongly pronounced CNS findings. Also recorded were
      severe lipofuscin depositions from the cortex, dentate nucleus, and olivae as
      well as amylaceous bodies in the insula of Reil and the hippocampus.
      Neurofibrillary tangles or plaques were not recordable. The central nervous
      system proved somewhat comparable to other organs, in that mesenchymal regressive
      changes were the main features.

PMID- 2929186
TI  - [Proceedings of the 32d annual meeting of the German Society of Neuropathology
      and Neuroanatomy. October 1987, Marburg. Abstracts].

PMID- 2929187
TI  - Investigation on monoclonal antibodies against two serovars of the
      icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup of Leptospira.
AB  - By means of the cell fusion technique, two hybridoma cell lines, V-1 and H2-1
      have been obtained. V-1 cells secrete monoclonal antibody against serovars
      icterohaemorrhagiae and dakota. The H2-1 cell line secretes serovar-specific
      monoclonal antibody against serovar H2. These monoclonal antibodies have been
      successfully used in serovar-typing of leptospires isolated in China. The results
      of identification of leptospires by using monoclonal antibodies showed total
      coincidence with that by the traditional cross agglutinin absorption test and
      factor antiserum method. It was confirmed by using monoclonal antibody that the
      serological agglutination totally paralleled with animal protection. On the basis
      of the study, a concept was proposed that the agglutination in vitro and the
      protection in vivo are different manifestations in different reaction systems
      from the same antibody (antibodies) stimulated by a component(s) of the surface
      antigen of leptospires.

PMID- 2929188
TI  - Ability of smooth and rough variants of Mycobacterium avium and M. intracellulare
      to multiply and survive intracellularly: role of C-mycosides.
AB  - A spontaneous rough (Rg) mutant of M. avium ATCC 15769 was mutagenized using N
      methyl-N-nitro-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). Out of 54 clones initially chosen on the
      basis of their morphological appearance on the 7H11 agar, seven Rg clones were
      selected on the basis of their response to current biochemical tests, and were
      later characterized for their cell wall amphiphilic contents (analysis of loosely
      bound surface lipids for mycosides, peptidolipids, phospholipids, and mycolic
      acids by thin layer chromatography, and fatty acids by gas chromatography), and
      ability to grow intracellularly inside J-774 macrophages. A parallel study was
      also performed on a previously reported Rg mutant of M. intracellulare serovar 20
      (W.W. Barrow and P.J. Brennan, J. Bact. 150 (1982) 381-384) which lacked the
      ability to synthesize mycosides C (MYC-). The results obtained were compared to
      parental smooth (Sm) colony-types of the respective M. avium-intracellulare
      strains. Our results showed that neither the ninhydrin-reacting lipids (probably
      peptidolipids) nor the glycopeptidolipids (mycosides C) were primary factors
      responsible for the intracellular survival and multiplication of these bacteria.
      Ultrastructural studies showed that although the polysaccharide-rich outer wall
      layer (POL) in case of MYC- Rg strain was not uniformly distributed and contained
      blebs, these bacteria formed the characteristic electron-transparent zone (ETZ)
      upon phagocytes by macrophages. Furthermore, the multiplication of MYC- Rg strain
      inside macrophages did not result in intracellular selection of MYC+ bacteria,
      nor in Rg to Sm transition.

PMID- 2929189
TI  - Antigenic analysis of Vibrio cholerate O1 by crossed immunoelectrophoresis.
AB  - Antigens from Vibrio cholerae O1 were analyzed by crossed immunoelectrophoresis
      (CIE) using sera from immunized rabbits. Thirty different anode-migrating
      antigens were detected in sonicated antigen preparations of V. cholerae. These
      antigens were numbered in order to establish a reference precipitation pattern.
      Antigen no. 30 was identified as the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antigen, because it
      reacted with (i) periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) reagent and (ii) the affinity
      purified anti-LPS antibodies. Treatment with proteinase K demonstrated that most
      of the precipitation lines were due to proteins, a part of which were localised
      at the cell surface. The major outer membrane protein was found to be closely
      associated with the precipitation line due to the LPS (antigen no. 30). The
      antigenicity and immunogenicity of V. cholerae cells killed by different methods
      (merthiolate, heat, phenol, formalin) were examined. As determined by CIE,
      killing with merthiolate preserved most of the major components of V. cholerae.
      Heat, phenol and formalin altered the antigenic mosaic of V. cholerae. These
      results suggested that CIE can be used to analyze several aspects of V. cholerae
      antigens.

PMID- 2929190
TI  - [Microbial colonization of carious progression stages in the dentin of human
      teeth--a controlled therapeutic study].
AB  - In a controlled clinical trial the microflora of the cavity floor of 70 primary
      lower second molars with deep carious lesions were determined after caries
      excavation. The teeth were extracted and pulpal status was evaluated after 16
      months of microbial control to determine the etiopathogenic role of germs for
      carious progression in dentine. 67% of the primary molars were free from pulpal
      inflammations. Soft carious dentine were significantly higher infected than the
      clinically acceptable hard dentine. Only in 40% of the cavity floors the
      microorganisms were eliminated. In the infected teeth basophilic microorganisms
      were found in causality to pulps without inflammations; acidogenic streptococci
      and lactobacilli were involved in pulpal inflammations. Results indicate that the
      latter genera of microorganisms are of etiological significance for carious
      progression in dentine.

PMID- 2929191
TI  - Antibodies against toxic shock syndrome toxin no. 1 (TSST-1) in Poland.
AB  - A total of 174 sera from healthy Polish individuals of different age groups were
      tested for TSST-1 antibody by the micro-ELISA method. Over 90% of sera contained
      the antibody with titres equal to above 1:10(2), even in children and
      adolescents. The data suggest that the majority of the Polish population acquires
      TSST-1-antibody during early childhood, whereas a small portion of the population
      seems to remain anti-TSST-1-negative.

PMID- 2929192
TI  - Enhancement of neutrophil adherence to Toxocara canis larvae by the C3 component
      of complement and IgG antibodies.
AB  - In the present study, the binding human neutrophils to Toxocara canis larvae was
      examined in vitro. It was found that IgG and/or the C3 component of complement
      were able to enhance the attachment of the cells to the parasites. This was
      associated with the generation of strong chemiluminescence reactions. Despite the
      binding of the cells, the larvae were able to escape and to maintain their
      infectivity. This was apparent, since the parasites could survive and migrate
      into different organs including the brain after having been inoculated into mice.

PMID- 2929193
TI  - Duck hepatitis B virus: cloning and subcloning of the viral genome.
AB  - In the course of studies on the biology of hepadnavirus infections, duck
      hepatitis B virus (DHBV) DNA was isolated from the serum of a German Pekin duck.
      Viral DNA was cloned in E. coli using pBR 322 DNA as a vector. The cloned DHBV
      DNA F 1-6 was characterised by restriction enzyme analyses. DHBV DNA F 1-6 was
      subcloned in both orientations in plasmid pSP 65 to produce strand-specific RNA
      probes. These probes specifically identified asymmetrically replicating nascent
      minus-strand DHBV DNA species or plus-strand viral RNA transcripts.

PMID- 2929194
TI  - Prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi in Ixodes ricinus ticks in Berlin (West).
AB  - In 1986, 1711 nymphal and adult Ixodes ricinus orginating from Berlin (West)
      forests were examined individually or in pools of up to 10 ticks for the presence
      of Borrelia burgdorferi, the etiologic agent of Lyme borreliosis. Detection of
      borreliae was carried out by means of a culture method using modified Barbour
      Stoenner-Kelly-Medium (BSK II). Tick populations from 14 out of 15 locations
      contained positive specimens. The calculated minimal infection rate of pooled
      ticks was 2.5% in nymphs (n = 1365), 10.2% in females (n = 59), and 5.3% in males
      (n = 114). Among those ticks examined individually, none of the nymphs (n = 49)
      proved to be positive but B. burgdorferi was isolated from 8.2% of the females (n
      = 73) and 7.8% of the males (n = 51). Fifty-five out of 56 isolates were
      identified as B. burgdorferi by means of an indirect immunofluorescence test
      (IFT) using monoclonal antibody H 5332. From these results B. burgdorferi must be
      considered as being present in the Berlin area.

PMID- 2929195
TI  - Flotation of mastitis pathogens with cream from subclinically infected quarters.
      Prospects for developing a cream-rising test for detecting mastitis caused by
      major mastitis pathogens.
AB  - Bacterial isolates, originating from 36 subclinically infected quarter milk
      samples, were labelled with 75Se and checked for cream-rising at various
      temperatures in a system analogous to the ABR test ("Abortus Bang Ringprobe"; the
      cream-rising test based on stained brucella organisms for detection of
      brucellosis). Diagnostic specificity and sensitivity were analyzed in experiments
      where labelled bacterial isolates were mixed with a number of quarter milk
      samples with known bacteriological status as well as samples from healthy control
      quarters. Creaming at 37 degrees C resulted in specific "recognization" as the
      bacterial isolates showed preferential flotation in the milk samples from which
      they had been isolated as well as is milk samples harbouring the same bacterial
      species. At lower creaming temperatures, the specificity was lost since all the
      isolates became concentrated in the cream phase irrespective of the milk sample.
      When comparing the specific recognization by cream of the respective bacteria,
      bacterial species vary: The prospects for developing diagnostic cream-rising
      tests for Streptococcus agalactiae, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli
      seems promising, but less so for coagulase-negative staphylococci, Streptococcus
      dysgalactiae, and Streptococcus uberis. The mechanism behind the cream-rising of
      labelled bacteria at 37 degrees C seems to lie in specific fat globule membrane
      bound immunity of IgA type. Therefore the milk fat globules from chronically
      infected quarters function as absorbents for the respective isolates. Flotation
      of bacteria with cream indicates an in vivo mechanism enabling bacteria to invade
      the upper parts of milk ducts within the udder.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2929196
TI  - On the suitability of the MTT-assay for the evaluation of mitogenic lymphocyte
      blastogenesis in swine.
AB  - Using swine peripheral blood lymphocytes, we examined the suitability of a
      colorimetric tetrazolium (MTT) reduction test for the evaluation of mitogenic
      lymphoblastogenesis in comparison to radiolabelling methods. In our study, we did
      not find a correlation between the 3H-thymidine- or 14C-thymidine uptake into DNA
      and the mitochondrial MTT cleavage activity, comparable to that formerly
      demonstrated for mouse cytotoxic T cells and for sheep peripheral blood
      lymphocytes. With the MTT assay, mitogen-driven lymphocyte activation was
      scarcely assessable, whereas a clear mitogenic response could be observed using
      radiolabelling methods. The results show that the MTT cleavage activity reflects
      quite a different state of cellular function than the DNA synthesis and that the
      evaluation of this activity is not suited to determining lymphocyte activation in
      swine as a measure of mitogenic response.

PMID- 2929197
TI  - Analysis of some swine influenza H1N1 viruses by oligonucleotide fingerprinting.
AB  - The genome of the swine influenza H1N1 virus Sweden/83 was compared to other H1N1
      viruses by oligonucleotide fingerprinting. This analysis revealed that Sweden/83
      is identical to the Danish strain Sjaelland/82 and is thus to be placed in the
      group of "US viruses". On the other hand, the Danish strain Als/82 was found to
      be different, i.e., related to the Belgium/79 strain which is a representative of
      the "European viruses". The results of the present genomic analysis confirm the
      previous findings of relationships between the above strains.

PMID- 2929198
TI  - Changes in plasma kallikrein and PGF2 alfa concentrations during circulatory
      shock. Studies with superior mesenteric artery occlusion in anesthetized dogs.
AB  - Among the mediators for development of endotoxic shock, plasma kallikrein and
      prostanoids have been suggested to play an important role. The role of kallikrein
      and PGF2 alfa in circulatory shock of intestinal origin was investigated in
      anesthetized dogs by measuring inactive and active kallikreins and PGF2 alpha in
      superior mesenteric vein, right ventricle and aorta during shock induced by
      occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery. After removal of the clamp in dogs
      subjected to occlusion for 1 hour, the mean arterial blood pressure fell rapidly
      within 5 min and gradually increased over the next 60 min, with return to the
      control values. The plasma concentrations of PGF2 alfa in superior mesenteric
      vein, right ventricle and aorta increased three- to fivefold within 5 min of
      reperfusion. Thereafter the PGF2 alfa levels fell, so that at 60 min after
      declamping they did not significantly differ from the control values. No
      significant changes were observed in the levels of inactive and active
      kallikreins. The results suggest that PGF2 alfa released by intestinal tissues
      may contribute to the development of shock caused by intestinal ischemia.

PMID- 2929199
TI  - Angiographic runoff patterns in patients undergoing lower limb revascularization.
AB  - Intraoperative postreconstruction serial angiography was performed in 194
      patients undergoing lower-limb revascularization (206 limbs), in order to analyze
      the atherosclerotic involvement of the lower leg and foot arteries. Occlusion of
      two or three leg vessels was found in 71% of the diabetic patients, and in 52% of
      the non-diabetics. The peroneal artery was less frequently affected than the
      other leg arteries. Severe involvement of the foot arteries was commonly observed
      in patients with only one or no patent leg vessel. The posterior foot arch was
      less commonly affected than the anterior. Complete visualization of the lower leg
      and foot arteries is suggested to be important for adequate evaluation of the
      distal vascular runoff. Pedal runoff may have prognostic significance in
      femoropopliteal as well as femorodistal bypass surgery.

PMID- 2929200
TI  - Gastric banding in the treatment of morbid obesity. Factors influencing immediate
      and long-term results.
AB  - Gastric banding for morbid obesity was performed on 73 patients between April
      1983 and December 1986. Early complications occurred in 16% and late
      complications in 15% of the cases. A second operation was performed on 12
      patients, with removal of the band in 11 (15%). Initial weight loss was rapid. Re
      examination of 67 patients indicated that this initial loss was followed by a
      time-related weight gain. Weight reduction occurred as a fairly constant
      proportion of preoperative weight, irrespective of the degree of obesity. Weight
      loss to body mass index less than or equal to 30 seems to be a realistic
      expectation only for moderately overweight patients, not for the hyperobese.
      Older patients had least weight loss. The data suggest that dietary restrictions
      will still be needed after gastric banding.

PMID- 2929201
TI  - Second follow-up study of mucosal changes in the gastric remnant after resection
      for peptic ulcer disease.
AB  - Second follow-up 36-37, 26-27 and 15-18 years after gastric resection for peptic
      ulcer disease was performed for 72 patients who in the first screening five years
      earlier had severe atrophic gastritis and/or intestinal metaplasia in the gastric
      remnant mucosa. Of the 72 patients 60 were still alive. The death certificates
      revealed no gastric stump carcinomas among the 12 deceased patients. Neither were
      any cases of gastric stump carcinoma found among the 38 endoscopically screened
      patients. Severe atrophic gastritis, which was present in 37 patients in 1982-83,
      had regressed in 14 cases (p less than 0.01) and proceeded in one case. The
      extent of intestinal metaplasia had increased in 11 cases and decreased in five
      cases (p = 0.149, NS). Dysplasia, which was not seen five years ago, was now
      detected in four cases (10.5%). There was an association between dysplasia and
      incomplete intestinal metaplasia in three cases. Although these mucosal changes
      may be premalignant it is not possible to be categorical about the prognosis.
      Thus, endoscopic screening of all patients whose stomach has been resected for
      peptic ulcer disease cannot be recommended. Endoscopy, however, is always
      indicated when gastric symptoms appear in a patient with history of gastric
      resection.

PMID- 2929203
TI  - Histologic features of gastric cancer in relation to patterns of spread.
AB  - The modes for growth and spread of gastric cancer were investigated in a surgical
      series of 115 cases--88 of early disease, and 27 involving the muscular layer. In
      addition, 93 autopsy cases with advanced disease were examined in order to
      analyze metastatic spread. In cancers of differentiated type in the mucosal
      layer, changes in histologic features towards the undifferentiated type were
      observed in the deeper layers, but no histologic transformation was seen in
      cancers of undifferentiated type. At autopsy distant metastases were common in
      cases with primary tumor of differentiated type, whereas peritoneal dissemination
      predominated when the primary lesion was undifferentiated. From the clinical
      standpoint, follow-up and recommendations to the patient should focus mainly on
      risk of peritoneal dissemination when adenocarcinoma of the stomach is of
      undifferentiated type, whereas metastases to distant organs should be taken into
      consideration if the malignancy is histologically differentiated.

PMID- 2929202
TI  - Trial of pectin-enriched muffins in patients with severe dumping syndrome after
      gastric resection. Observations on symptoms and gastric emptying pattern.
AB  - Pectin is known to delay gastric emptying and alleviate dumping symptoms when
      ingested with hyperosmolar, glucose-containing meals. As the treatment of dumping
      syndrome includes frequent, small dry meals, the effect of pectin ingested in
      muffins was tested in five patients with severe, intractable dumping syndrome
      after gastric resection. Ingestion of 99mTc-DTPA-labelled muffins containing 5 g
      pectin did not alleviate dumping symptoms or delay gastric emptying compared with
      muffins without pectin. Pectin does not seem to be beneficial as a supplement in
      the conventional dietary management of post-gastrectomy dumping.

PMID- 2929204
TI  - Late radiation injuries of the small intestine--management and outcome.
AB  - A series of 86 patients with late radiation-induced lesions, mainly stricture, of
      the small bowel is reviewed. The median interval from radiotherapy to
      manifestation of enteropathy was 2 (1/4 to 43) years. Progression of the lesions
      necessitated further treatment in 35 of the 70 patients who survived the initial
      attack. Bowel resection was followed by leakage from 12% of ileo-ileal and ileo
      colic anastomoses. Mortality was 34% from the enteropathy and 8% from coexisting
      damage to the rectum or urinary tract. Factors significantly influencing
      mortality were pre-irradiation laparotomy, emergency surgery, and surgery to deal
      with a segment of irradiated intestine left in situ at initial operation. Age,
      stage of primary malignancy and coexisting rectal or urinary tract lesions did
      not significantly influence the outcome. After a median of 10 years' observation
      the outcome was classified as favourable in only 28% of cases, while 30% had
      slight to moderate symptoms or had died of unrelated causes. When surgery is
      required for radiation-related lesions of the small intestine, the aim should be
      a one-stage definitive procedure, as management of subsequently progressing
      lesions is associated with substantially increased mortality.

PMID- 2929206
TI  - Papillary thyroid cancer with unusually aggressive behaviour. Case report.
AB  - A 22-year-old woman underwent thyroid lobectomy for papillary carcinoma
      (follicular variant). Local recurrences 4 and 7 months later, with vascular
      invasion and extrathyroid spread, required extensive surgery and radiotherapy.
      Ipsilateral lobectomy with near-total or total contralateral lobectomy is
      advocated for treatment of papillary thyroid cancer.

PMID- 2929205
TI  - Volvulus of the colon. A review of 93 cases and current aspects of treatment.
AB  - Ninety-three patients, comprising a consecutive, population-based series, were
      treated for volvulus of the colon between 1970 and 1985. The male:female ratio
      was 3.3:1 among the patients with volvulus of the sigmoid colon and 1:3.7 among
      those with caecal volvulus (p less than 0.001). Of the 60 patients with sigmoid
      volvulus, nine (15%) died. Elective surgery was performed in 13 of these 60
      cases, without postoperative mortality. Previous volvulus attack(s) had occurred
      in 22 of the 60. Of the nine patients who underwent only detorsion at laparotomy,
      four had recurrence. Of the 33 patients with caecal volvulus, 31 underwent
      emergency laparotomy, and in seven of them the outcome was fatal. Of the nine
      patients who survived pexis operations, three had recurrence of volvulus. The
      results indicate that immediate laparotomy can be hazardous in patients with
      colonic volvulus. Semi-emergency resection after tube decompression, when the
      patient is in optimal condition and with preoperatively prepared bowel, is
      probably preferable.

PMID- 2929207
TI  - Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the oesophagus. Case report.
AB  - In an 81-year-old man fibreoptic endoscopy and contrast radiography revealed an
      obstructive malignant tumour of the oesophagus. The patient survived only 2
      months after diagnosis. Light and electron microscopy and immunohistopathologic
      studies confirmed the diagnosis of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma.

PMID- 2929208
TI  - An isolated aneurysm of the internal iliac artery simulating lumbar disc
      herniation. Case report.
AB  - A case is presented of an isolated aneurysm of the internal iliac artery in a
      patient with signs of lumbar disc herniation. Isolated aneurysms of the internal
      iliac artery are rare and they may present with symptoms of compression of
      adjacent structures or hemorrhage.

PMID- 2929209
TI  - Hematemesis due to fistula between aorta and esophagus and later to fistula
      between left common carotid artery and esophagus. Case report.
AB  - A case of massive hematemesis due to an aortoesophageal fistula is presented. The
      diagnosis was made intraoperatively. The patient died 39 days postoperatively of
      an additional, previously unidentified fistula between the left common carotid
      artery and the esophagus. This fistula combination does not seem to have been
      reported previously.

PMID- 2929210
TI  - Villous adenoma of the duodenum. Case report.
AB  - Two rare cases of villous adenoma of the duodenum are described. Obstructive
      jaundice was the presenting clinical feature. Histologically the tumour was
      benign in both cases. Local excision was performed. One year later both patients
      were free from recurrence, but one was treated for gastric adenocarcinoma after 2
      years. The literature is reviewed.

PMID- 2929211
TI  - Rupture of the spleen following endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
      (ERCP). Case report.
AB  - In a 46-year-old woman endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, performed
      to evaluate acute pancreatitis, was followed by splenic rupture, probably due to
      manipulation of the patient on the X-ray table in combination with the endoscopic
      procedure. The excised spleen was histologically normal. Various causes of
      splenic rupture are discussed.

PMID- 2929212
TI  - Ischaemic pancolitis: a serious complication of chemotherapy in a previously
      irradiated patient. Case report.
AB  - A 47-year-old man underwent orchidectomy and radiotherapy for seminoma. Six years
      later he received chemotherapy for oesophageal carcinoma. After the second cycle
      gangrenous pancolitis developed, necessitating total colectomy. The pancolitis
      presumably resulted from the earlier irradiation and current chemotherapy. This
      complication has particularly grave implications in oesophageal malignancy, since
      colon is often used as oesophageal substitute.

PMID- 2929213
TI  - Biological response modifiers in treatment of cancer with special reference to GI
      cancer: present status and future aspects. 1988 Oncology Symposium. Goteborg,
      Sweden, March 13-17.

PMID- 2929214
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies (MAb 17-1A) for the treatment of patients with metastatic
      colorectal carcinomas.

PMID- 2929216
TI  - Silver-binding nucleoli and nucleolar organizer regions in fine needle aspiration
      cytology of the breast.
AB  - Silver staining was used to demonstrate nucleoli and nucleolar organizer regions
      (NORs) in cytopreparations from breast fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsies,
      with the resulting black dots being a combination of silver-binding nucleoli and
      dispersed NORs. Discrete black dots in 200 nuclei were manually counted in 25
      silver-stained biopsies; the cytologic diagnoses were made on routine
      Papanicolaou-stained cytopreparations from the same aspirates. Although malignant
      breast lesions showed higher counts than did benign breast disease, an overlap of
      one malignant and three benign lesions occurred. Therefore, the method cannot be
      recommended for reliably discriminating between malignant and benign routine
      breast specimens obtained by FNA; it may have some value in assessing tumor
      behavior.

PMID- 2929215
TI  - Fine needle aspiration cytology of parotid sarcoidosis.
AB  - Granulomatous lesions of the salivary gland are rare; as such, there have been
      few reports of the cytologic features of granulomatous sialadenitis in general,
      and salivary gland sarcoidosis in particular. A case of systemic sarcoidosis
      involving both parotid glands, diagnosed initially by fine needle aspiration
      (FNA) cytology, is presented. The specific cytologic features included
      histiocytes of both epithelioid and giant multinucleated types, without
      background necrosis. The FNA cytologic differential diagnosis of bilateral
      parotitis is discussed.

PMID- 2929217
TI  - Fine needle aspiration cytology of radiation-induced changes in nonneoplastic
      breast lesions. Possible pitfalls in cytodiagnosis.
AB  - The range of radiation-induced changes in fine needle aspiration (FNA) smears of
      the breast is described. In 41 of more than 800 patients who underwent breast
      conserving treatment, a palpable breast lesion developed, and FNA was performed.
      In six cases, a recurrent carcinoma was present. In the remaining cases, three
      patterns of nonneoplastic lesions could be discerned: epithelial atypia (14
      cases), fat necrosis (10 cases) and poorly cellular smears without epithelial
      atypia or fat necrosis (13 cases). It is important to be familiar with the
      patterns of radiation-induced epithelial atypia, since such atypia may lead to a
      misdiagnosis of recurrent carcinoma. These atypical cells may show impressive
      anisocytosis and anisonucleosis; however, the nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio remains
      normal and an admixture of bipolar cells is present. Cell dissociation and
      necrotic cell debris, as often seen in breast cancer smears, were never
      encountered in FNA smears from radiated nonneoplastic breasts.

PMID- 2929218
TI  - Fine needle aspiration cytology of adenosis tumor of the breast. With
      immunocytochemical and ultrastructural observations.
AB  - The fine needle aspiration (FNA) findings of multinodular sclerosing adenosis
      forming a discrete lesion (so-called "adenosis tumor") of the breast are
      presented. The findings in this case and a review of the literature indicate that
      adenosis tumor is an unusual breast lesion that can clinically and histologically
      be confused with breast carcinoma, especially at the time of frozen section. FNA
      biopsy demonstrated uniform groups of ductal cells, stromal fragments and many
      stripped bipolar nuclei, which led to a correct diagnosis of a benign
      proliferative breast lesion, but not to a specific diagnosis of adenosis tumor.
      Immunoperoxidase staining for muscle actin demonstrated positive staining of many
      bipolar spindle-shaped cells, indicative of myoepithelial cells.
      Immunohistochemical studies on the resected specimen demonstrated actin
      positivity of myoepithelial cells and intact linear staining of type IV collagen
      around the ductules. Ultrastructural examination demonstrated ductal cells with
      surrounding myoepithelial cells resting on a delicate basal lamina, with
      surrounding bundles of collagen in the interstitial space. This appears to be the
      first FNA cytologic description of this unusual breast tumor and the first
      immunohistochemical and ultrastructural characterization of this lesion. FNA
      cytologic examination may more clearly identify the benign nature of the breast
      mass than frozen section.

PMID- 2929219
TI  - Adenoma of the nipple. Cytopathologic features.
AB  - The cytologic appearances of two examples of adenoma of the nipple are described.
      The cellular samples from both lesions contained large numbers of epithelial
      cells, which were present both singly and in numerous clusters. The uniform
      nuclei contained finely distributed chromatin and inconspicuous nucleoli. Some of
      the cells varied in size and shape; a few had hyperchromatic nuclei. Small
      amounts of cellular debris, inflammatory cells and hemosiderophages were also
      present. Adenoma of the nipple can usually be distinguished cytologically from
      other lesions that may involve the nipple, such as Paget's disease,
      adenocarcinoma, fibrocystic disease, mammary duct ectasia, intraductal papilloma
      and chronic subareolar abscess; the cellular features of fibroadenoma, however,
      overlap those of adenoma and may cause diagnostic confusion. The increasing use
      of cellular samples obtained from breast lesions underscores the importance of
      recognizing this uncommon neoplasm and its cytologic manifestations. Adenoma of
      the nipple can be treated successfully by limited resection, and preoperative
      recognition will obviate unnecessary extensive surgery.

PMID- 2929220
TI  - Carcinoid tumor metastatic to breast diagnosed by fine needle aspiration. Case
      report and literature review.
AB  - Fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy was used to study a mass in the left breast
      in a patient with a previous history of an ileal carcinoid tumor and later lymph
      node metastases who presented with bilateral palpable breast masses. The FNA
      specimens showed the lesion to be a carcinoid tumor. The metastatic nature of the
      lesion was proven by positive restaining of FNA smears by both the Sevier-Munger
      technique (demonstrating abundant argyrophilic cytoplasmic granules) and the
      Fontana-Masson method (showing argentaffin cytoplasmic granules). The distinction
      between primary and metastatic carcinoid tumors of the breast is discussed, as is
      their origin and their differentiation from other malignancies of the breast.

PMID- 2929221
TI  - High-grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the breast. Fine needle aspiration
      cytology and clinicopathologic study of a case.
AB  - A primary high-grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the breast was evaluated
      preoperatively by fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology in a 72-year-old woman.
      The smears showed a mixed pattern consisting of clusters of poorly differentiated
      squamous cells, keratinized squamous cells and vacuolated mucin-secreting cells.
      The subsequent mastectomy specimen showed a tumor with the features of a high
      grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Electron microscopy confirmed the diagnosis,
      reflecting the epidermoid and glandular differentiation of the tumor. The course
      was rapidly fatal, and the patient died a few months after presentation. A review
      of the literature indicated that mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the breast is a very
      rare neoplasm; the FNA cytologic features described in this report may constitute
      a basis to preoperatively recognize this tumor.

PMID- 2929222
TI  - Pure squamous carcinoma of the breast. Report of a case diagnosed by aspiration
      cytology.
AB  - A case of pure squamous carcinoma of the breast diagnosed by needle aspiration
      cytology is presented. The three conditions required for that diagnosis were
      fulfilled: (1) an absence of elements other than malignant epidermoid cells, (2)
      the independence of the lesion from adjacent dermal structures, and (3) the
      exclusion of other squamous carcinomas in the patient. Other well-documented
      cases of this entity are reviewed.

PMID- 2929223
TI  - Intraobserver and interobserver variability in the quality assessment of cervical
      smears.
AB  - Intraobserver and interobserver variability in assessing the quality of cervical
      smears, as measured by the presence or absence of endocervical columnar cells and
      squamous metaplastic cells, was evaluated. In total, 180 cervical smears
      representing the most important cytologic diagnoses were anonymously rescreened
      twice by 19 observers with an interval of six months. An absence of endocervical
      columnar cells was proven to correlate with a high percentage of false-negative
      diagnoses. Intraobserver agreement on the presence or absence of endocervical
      columnar cells was 85.7% between the two screenings. A predictive value of 57.7%
      was found for a negative scoring (absence of these cells) while the predictive
      value of a positive scoring (presence of endocervical cells) was 87.3%. Of the
      observer scorings, 83.9% concurred with the final diagnosis; there was no
      significant correlation between that concurrence and the number of years of
      experience in cytopathology of the observer. For squamous and squamous
      metaplastic cells in the cervical smear the predictive value of a negative
      scoring (absence) was only 20.6%. Compared to the final diagnosis, 69.5% of these
      scorings matched. A significant and relatively high correlation with the
      experience of the observer was found for the scoring for the presence of
      metaplastic cells. Even though the predictive values of these quality scorings
      were relatively low a significantly higher risk for false diagnoses was
      established when negative scorings were given. It is therefore advisable to have
      smears with negative scorings for endocervical columnar cells and squamous
      metaplastic cells always rescreened by another observer.

PMID- 2929224
TI  - Immunocytochemical demonstration of Langerhans' cells in smears and pellets of
      exfoliated cells from human exocervices.
AB  - Immunocytochemical staining with OKT6 monoclonal antibody and S-100 protein
      antiserum was used to reveal Langerhans' cells in smears and/or pellets of
      exfoliated cells from uterine cervices (normal and with squamous carcinoma).
      Immunoreactive Langerhans' cells were found exclusively in smears and pellets of
      cervices with squamous carcinoma. Langerhans' cells, which appear as rounded
      cells, showed a peripheral ring of intense fluorescence with OKT6 antibody
      whereas the entire cell stained with S-100 protein antiserum. The presence of
      Langerhans' cells among cells exfoliated from exocervical squamous carcinoma can
      be explained by the increased density of these cells in tissue with neoplastic
      changes.

PMID- 2929225
TI  - Fine needle aspiration cytology of metastatic lymphoepithelioma. A case report.
AB  - A case is presented of lymphoepithelioma (undifferentiated nasopharyngeal
      carcinoma) metastatic to the cervical lymph nodes in a 12-year-old boy for whom
      material was obtained by fine needle aspiration (FNA) for the primary diagnosis
      as well as for ancillary studies. Papanicolaou-stained smears demonstrated the
      characteristic cytopathologic features of Regaud-type lymphoepithelioma; the
      diagnosis was substantiated by immunocytochemical and electron microscopic
      studies. This report discusses the reliability and rapidity of FNA in
      definitively diagnosing undifferentiated metastatic malignancies as well as
      providing superior material for ancillary studies demanded by lesions with
      complicated and difficult differential diagnoses.

PMID- 2929226
TI  - Inflammatory pseudotumor of the liver. Report of the fine needle aspiration
      cytologic findings in a case initially misdiagnosed as malignant.
AB  - The fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytologic features are described in a case of
      inflammatory pseudotumor of the liver (xanthogranuloma), a disease generally
      regarded as of unknown etiology. The initial FNA findings were those of an acute
      exudative process, with atypical biliary duct epithelium and hepatocytes. These
      were interpreted as verifying the radiologic impression of a malignancy.
      Histologic study of subsequently resected nodules revealed the true nature of the
      case. As the lesion evolved, granulomatous inflammation supervened, characterized
      by numerous foamy histiocytes and lesser populations of plasma cells and
      lymphocytes. Numerous gram-positive cocci were readily demonstrated, suggesting
      that the lesion was an unusual tissue response to an intrahepatic bacterial
      infection. The lesion eventually resolved with prolonged antibiotic therapy.

PMID- 2929227
TI  - Fine needle aspiration cytodiagnosis of an unusual parotid mass.

PMID- 2929228
TI  - Microbiologic classification of cervicovaginal flora in Papanicolaou smears.

PMID- 2929229
TI  - Cervicofacial actinomycosis: diagnosis by fine needle aspiration cytology.

PMID- 2929230
TI  - Aseptic knee effusion with Loa loa microfilariae in the articular fluid.

PMID- 2929232
TI  - Identification of Campylobacter-like organisms in gastric brushings.

PMID- 2929231
TI  - Identification of Giardia lamblia in peritoneal fluid of trauma patients.

PMID- 2929233
TI  - Carpet beetle larval hairs in a sputum cytology specimen.

PMID- 2929234
TI  - Assessing adrenocortical activity by determining levels of urinary free cortisol
      and urinary 6 beta-hydroxycortisol.
AB  - A comparative study of urinary free cortisol and urinary 6 beta-hydroxycortisol
      levels as a diagnostic test for hypercortisolemic states was carried out by
      measuring the excretion in 24-h specimens from 289 apparently healthy subjects
      and 10 Cushing patients. The diurnal variations of both variables were examined
      in normal subjects and subjects with altered adrenal activities. Two of the 289
      apparently normal subjects had high values of urinary free cortisol; one had a
      high, the other a normal 6 beta-hydroxycortisol level; they were later diagnosed
      as having Cushing's syndrome and infertility, respectively. Three other subjects
      had high values of the urinary variables, but during 5 years of follow-up did not
      show any clinical evidence of hypercortisolism. The two urinary variables gave no
      false-negative results in the Cushing patients. The diurnal variation revealed
      that levels of 6 beta-hydroxycortisol change in parallel with those of free
      cortisol in normal subjects and in subjects with altered adrenal activities.
      However, the ratio of 6 beta-hydroxycortisol to free cortisol during the diurnal
      variation varied from low values when free cortisol levels were high to high
      values when free cortisol levels were low. In normal subjects, 1 mg of
      dexamethasone taken orally at 23.00 h completely suppressed the levels of both
      variables on the following day. It is concluded that urinary 6 beta
      hydroxycortisol is correlated to urinary free cortisol so that measurement of
      urinary 6 beta-hydroxycortisol levels can be used as a diagnostic test for
      hypercortisolism in a way comparable to the method using urinary free cortisol.

PMID- 2929235
TI  - Serum prolactin in uraemia: correlations between bioactivity and activity in two
      immunoassays.
AB  - The clinical significance of hyperprolactinaemia in uraemic patients is uncertain
      and discrepancies between immunoactivity and biological activity of serum hPRL
      have been reported. We have modified the Nb2 cell bioassay to improve specificity
      for hPRL and used this assay to measure hPRL bioactivity in sera from 26 uraemic
      patients and 40 control subjects. Seventeen patients were receiving regular
      haemodialysis and 9 continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Levels of hPRL
      bioactivity were compared with hPRL immunoactivity measured by RIA (PRL-RIA) and
      by immunoradiometric assay (PRL-IRMA). Serum hPRL levels measured by all three
      assays were significantly elevated in uraemic patients compared with control
      subjects (P less than 0.001). The immunoradiometric method gave significantly
      lower results than RIA in control subjects but not in uraemic patients (P less
      than 0.05). There was no significant difference in mean ratio of hPRL bioactivity
      to PRL-RIA between patients and control subjects (1.18 +/- 0.05 vs 1.11 +/- 0.03,
      mean +/- SEM). The ratio of hPRL bioactivity to PRL-IRMA was slightly decreased
      in uraemic patients compared with controls (P = 0.05). Serum hPRL bioactivity was
      closely correlated with immunoactivity in both immunoassays (r greater than or
      equal to 0.96) in patients and controls. These results confirm that elevated
      serum hPRL levels in uraemic patients represent biologically active hormone which
      may contribute to hypogonadism.

PMID- 2929236
TI  - Effect of hypophysectomy on the growth and development of the sheep adrenal
      gland: a morphometric study.
AB  - We have investigated the effect of gestational age and fetal hypophysectomy on
      the growth and development of the adrenal gland of the fetal sheep. The area of
      the fetal sheep adrenal medulla increased significantly (P less than 0.05) from
      3.21 +/- 0.42 mm2 at 90-107 days to 6.09 +/- 0.26 mm2 at 120-126 days of
      gestation and there was a further significant increase (P less than 0.05) in the
      newborn period to 9.48 +/- 0.85 mm2. The adrenomedullary area of the
      hypophysectomised fetal sheep (7.47 +/- 1.10 mm2) was not significantly different
      from that of the fetal sheep at 140-146 days of gestation or from that of the
      newborn lamb. The ratio of the area of the adrenal occupied by the cells which
      contained adrenaline (adrenaline zone) to the area of the adrenal occupied by the
      cells which contained noradrenaline (noradrenaline zone) was unchanged between 90
      days of gestation and 12 days after birth. After hypophysectomy, the ratio of the
      adrenaline to noradrenaline zone was not significantly different from that in the
      adrenal medulla of the 140-146 days fetal sheep and the 10-12 days newborn lamb.

PMID- 2929237
TI  - Endocrine disturbances in suprasellar germinomas.
AB  - The authors have investigated hypothalamic-pituitary function in 8 patients (aged
      9-27 years) with surgically and histologically proven suprasellar germinomas.
      Diabetes insipidus was found in 7 patients. All the patients had hypogonadism and
      hypocortisolism as judged by dynamic endocrine testing. Hypothyroidism was found
      in 6. Moreover, growth hormone secretion, as assessed by insulin-induced
      hypoglycemia, was defective in all patients. Comparison of results of insulin
      induced hypoglycemia testing and stimulation tests by CRH and GHRH suggested that
      all patients had a primary suprahypophyseal lesion rather than a primary
      pituitary defect. The authors conclude that suprasellar germinomas, although
      uncommon, should be included in the differential diagnosis of juvenile
      suprasellar tumours and in cases suggestive of idiopathic diabetes insipidus,
      even if neuroradiological investigation fails to demonstrate a discrete tumour.

PMID- 2929239
TI  - Central effect of the enkephalin analogue FK-33824 on vasopressin secretion in
      conscious sheep.
AB  - The role of opioids in the regulation of arginine vasopressin release from the
      posterior pituitary is a subject of controversy. In the present study, we
      examined the effects of central administration of met-enkephalin, leu-enkephalin,
      the enkephalin analogue FK-33824, and the opiate antagonist naloxone, and the
      effects of systemic administration of met-enkephalin and FK-33824 on AVP
      secretion in conscious normal sheep. Intracerebroventricular infusion of FK-33824
      significantly increased the plasma concentration of immunoreactive AVP in a dose
      dependent manner, but met-enkephalin, leu-enkephalin and naloxone failed to
      change plasma concentration of AVP. Intravenous infusion of met-enkephalin and FK
      33824 also failed to change plasma concentration of AVP. The opiate antagonist
      naloxone given both centrally and systemically attenuated the increase in plasma
      concentration of AVP induced by FK-33824. We conclude that basal AVP release is
      stimulated by central administration of FK-33824.

PMID- 2929238
TI  - Rat adipose tissue adenosine sensitivity and adenosine content after subcutaneous
      administration of N6-(phenylisopropyl)adenosine.
AB  - Injections of N6-(phenylisopropyl)adenosine, a nonmetabolizable adenosine A1
      receptor agonist, desensitized rat adipocytes to the drug in 20 h. Lipolysis
      stimulated by 2 mumol/l DL-isoproterenol was inhibited markedly less by N6
      (phenylisopropyl)adenosine in adipocytes isolated from treated than control
      animals (P less than 0.01). Glucose uptake was more responsive to N6
      (phenylisopropyl)adenosine in adipocytes from control than treated animals (P
      less than 0.02). Adenosine content was the same in adipose tissue of control and
      treated animals. The number of adenosine binding sites was not significantly
      lower in treated compared with control animals (1580 +/- 279 and 1988 +/- 575
      fmol/mg protein; mean +/- SEM). There was no change in receptor affinity (Kd = 10
      nmol/l in both groups). There was no decrease in the amounts of the inhibitory
      guanine nucleotide binding protein (Gi) alpha subunits as studied by pertussis
      toxin catalyzed ADP-ribosylation. It is concluded that desensitization to N6
      (phenylisopropyl)adenosine can be observed without changes in the adenosine
      receptor status or decrease in the amount of inhibitory guanine nucleotide
      binding protein and that adipose tissue adenosine content is not changed by the
      agonist treatment.

PMID- 2929240
TI  - Influence of diet on the development of antral gastrin-like immunoreactivity in
      the stomach of rats.
AB  - The effects of individual food constituents on antral gastrin-like
      immunoreactivity concentrations were studied in young rats. Rats aged 7 to 20
      days were given only rat breast milk and then weaned by various nutrients
      (regular laboratory chow, protein (ovalbumin)-, fat- or carbohydrate (starch)
      rich food). Rats receiving rat breast milk only until 27 days of age were also
      studied. In rats on regular laboratory chow, antral gastrin-like immunoreactivity
      increased and reached adult levels on day 25. In rats on ovalbumin, fat-rich food
      or starch, it increased on day 23 but dropped thereafter. The increment by
      laboratory chow was higher than that by the individual nutrients. No increase was
      observed during milk feeding alone. Gel filtration of antral gastrin-like
      immunoreactivity from 25-day-old rats on laboratory chow or three essential
      nutrients showed the same results.

PMID- 2929241
TI  - Program of plenary sessions and advance abstracts of short communications. 33.
      Symposium Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Endokrinologie. Karlsruhe, February, 22-25,
      1989.

PMID- 2929242
TI  - A professional opportunity: writing for the AANA Journal.

PMID- 2929243
TI  - Clinical implications of intraoperative continuous mixed venous oxygen saturation
      monitoring.
AB  - Mixed venous oxygen saturation (SvO2) is an indirect indicator of cardiac output.
      Twenty-nine patients undergoing aortic reconstructive surgery were studied to
      determine whether a sustained 5% or greater change in SvO2 (1) is associated with
      a similar change in cardiac output, and (2) results in a change in therapy during
      anesthetic management of the patients. Pulmonary artery cannulation with a
      fiberoptic oximeter catheter was used for continuous monitoring of SvO2 values in
      addition to usual hemodynamic parameters. Hemodynamic measurements and
      therapeutic manipulations were recorded when SvO2 changed by 5% or more for a
      period exceeding 60 seconds. Any sustained change of 5% or more in SvO2 was
      plotted against change in cardiac output. The relationship between 5% or greater
      changes in SvO2 and the initiation of therapeutic interventions was also tested.
      Results showed a highly significant relationship between changes in SvO2 and
      initiation of therapeutic intervention. This data suggests that the likelihood of
      a therapeutic intervention in a patient with a change in SvO2 of 5% or greater is
      highly significant. The relationship between change in SvO2 and cardiac output
      was also significant. This suggests that changes in SvO2 are reflective of
      changes in cardiac output, and thus, the hemodynamic status of the patient.

PMID- 2929245
TI  - Mechanical circulatory support: the intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP)

PMID- 2929244
TI  - Laryngospasm-induced pulmonary edema.
AB  - Laryngospasm is one of the more common forms of airway obstruction encountered by
      an anesthetist. Therapy usually is straightforward, with resolution of the
      obstruction normally occurring within minutes. In some cases, however, the
      patient's vigorous inspiratory efforts may lead to a rapidly deteriorating form
      of pulmonary edema. Two cases are presented that are quite typical of the
      development of this complication. The etiology, recognition and management of
      this form of non-cardiac pulmonary edema is discussed.

PMID- 2929246
TI  - Use of a student support group to reduce student stress in a nurse anesthesia
      program.
AB  - Stress in nurse anesthesia programs may be excessive at times, especially in new
      students. While some degree of stress is necessary to motivate learning,
      excessive or prolonged stress can interfere with the normal learning process,
      thereby prolonging a student's clinical and academic progress. In the extreme,
      excessive stress may even preclude a student's successful completion of the
      educational program. Active faculty intervention through a student support group
      is advocated as a method for controlling stress levels and facilitating student
      learning. The positive effects of such intervention also increase the overall
      productivity of a program and better prepare nurse anesthesia students for their
      future careers.

PMID- 2929248
TI  - High frequency ventilation 20 years of endeavour reviewed: final stress or
      departure to achievement. An international symposium. Munster, FRG, February 29
      30, 1988. Proceedings.

PMID- 2929247
TI  - AANA Journal course: advanced scientific concepts: update for nurse anesthetists-
      anesthesia for patients on anticholinesterase and antiepileptic drugs.
AB  - Patients with neurologic diseases who require surgery may present the anesthetist
      with special challenges related to their pharmacotherapy. It is well established
      that such therapy may alter these patients' otherwise normal response to
      anesthesia. There are many classes of drugs utilized and this AANA Journal course
      addresses the pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and anesthetic implications of
      anticholinesterase and antiepileptic drugs.

PMID- 2929249
TI  - High frequency ventilation 20 years of endeavour reviewed. Why an expert meeting
      now?

PMID- 2929251
TI  - Volume-controlled ventilation with superimposed high frequency ventilation during
      expiration in healthy and surfactant-depleted pig lungs.
AB  - In the healthy and surfactant-depleted lungs of five pigs the influence of
      different forms of high frequency ventilation superimposed on conventional
      mechanical ventilation during the expiratory phase of the ventilatory cycle
      (SHFVE) on gas exchange and cardiocirculatory parameters was investigated.
      Subsequently the effects of end-expiratory flushing (EF), i.e. cleaning the large
      airways and connecting tubes from the ventilator free from end-expiratory CO2,
      with a volume greater than the dead space of the large airways and connecting
      tubes was investigated. SHFVE and EF resulted in a significant improvement in CO2
      elimination in both healthy and surfactant-depleted lungs. Furthermore, in stiff
      lungs, at a certain level of oxygenation and CO2 elimination, SHFVE produced the
      lowest peak and mean airway pressure without any additional depression of
      cardiocirculatory parameters.

PMID- 2929250
TI  - A comparison of ventilation strategies for the use of high-frequency oscillatory
      ventilation in the treatment of hyaline membrane disease.
AB  - To assess the efficacy of high frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) in the
      management of infants with hyaline membrane disease (HMD), we compared two HFOV
      strategies with conventional positive pressure ventilation with positive end
      expiratory pressure (PPV) for 24 h in premature baboons (140 d gestation). Three
      out of 14 PPV, five out of five HFOV-E (begun at birth; 15 Hz; I:E 1:2), and none
      of 10 HFOV-L (begun after 3 h PPV; 10 Hz; I:E 1:2) were killed at 24 h for
      morphologic examination. Physiologic (Paw, Pa/AO2, IO2, B.P., pulse, blood gases)
      data on all animals in each group were assessed at each 3 h interval and over
      time. Intergroup differences in radiographs at 0 and 24 h and in morphology were
      quantitatively assessed by comparison with a panel of standards. All animals had
      radiographic HMD. Initial Paw was set higher with HFOV-E (16.8) than PPV or HFOV
      L (14.1, 14.1). PPV baboons required increasing Paw to maintain constant Pa/AO2.
      Six out of 14 PPV animals developed airleak and three out of three had
      morphologic HMD. In contrast Pa/AO2 was higher in both HFOV groups at lower Paw
      by 24 h. None of 15 HFOV animals developed airleak. HFOV-E lungs had dramatic
      differences in morphology with uniform saccular opening and decreased edema and
      hyaline membranes compared to PPV. HFOV-L had less dramatic effects because of
      lower Paw and delayed application. Early use of HFOV at a high Paw favorably
      alters the course of HMD. Unless closely monitored, this strategy results in lung
      overinflation which may adversely affect venous return and cardiac output.

PMID- 2929252
TI  - High frequency oscillation: paradigm of inhomogeneous alveolar ventilation.

PMID- 2929253
TI  - High frequency ventilation (oscillation) in a neonatal unit.

PMID- 2929254
TI  - Ventilatory strategy in catastrophic lung disease. Inversed ratio ventilation
      (IRV) and combined high frequency ventilation (CHFV).
AB  - In 105 patients with well-defined catastrophic lung disease, in whom conventional
      settings were unable to maintain life-sustaining gas exchange, the ventilatory
      strategy was changed from volume-controlled ventilation with an inspiratory
      expiratory ratio (I:E) of 1:2 and PEEP of 15-20 cm H2O to pressure-controlled
      inverse ratio ventilation with an I:E of 2:1, 3:1 or 4:1 and a set PEEP of 4-8 cm
      H2O. All patients were ventilated on a Servo 900 B or C ventilator, the primary
      goal being to decrease the FIO2 below 0.6 and the peak pressure to below 50 cm
      H2O, while maintaining a PaO2 of 8.00 kPa and a PaCO2 within 10% of the upper
      limit of normal. In 67 patients the intervention was successful and peak pressure
      could be reduced to a median of 44 cm H2O (range 37-50). FIO2 could be reduced to
      a median of 0.50 (range 0.40-0.60). The auto-PEEP effect of IRV increased to a
      median of 12 cm H2O (range 7-22). No consistent pattern of change in cardiac
      output was observed. Sixty patients survived more than 3 weeks and 48 were
      discharged from hospital. The 38 IRV "failures" were changed to pressure
      controlled ventilation with superimposed high frequency ventilation (CHFV). In 30
      cases the FIO2 could be reduced to a median of 0.60 (range 0.50-0.60) and peak
      pressures to a median of 50 cm H2O (range 45-60). In 21 patients the PaCO2
      increased. Auto-PEEP with CHFV had a median value of 15 cm H2O (range 10
      25).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2929255
TI  - Indications for combined high frequency ventilation in clinical use.
AB  - A retrospective study of 20 surgical intensive care unit patients is reported.
      They were ventilated with continuous positive pressure ventilation (CPPV) and
      then switched to combined high frequency ventilation (CHFV). To find why there
      were variable responses to CHFV, the data of 20 patients were retrospectively
      evaluated with respect to respiratory index (RI), compliance (C) and
      extravascular lung water (EVLW). The results suggest that the indication line for
      CHFV was a C value greater than 45 ml/cmH2O and an EVLW value greater than 15
      ml/kg BW.

PMID- 2929256
TI  - Combined high frequency ventilation (CHFV).

PMID- 2929257
TI  - Interpretation of conventional measurement of gas exchange in high frequency
      ventilation (HFV).

PMID- 2929258
TI  - Pulmonary mechanics during high frequency ventilation.

PMID- 2929259
TI  - HFV and pulmonary physiology.
AB  - The major conclusion reached by this writer is that HFV can be considerably
      better than CMV in fluid-filled or collapsed lungs. However, the reason for
      success has nothing to do with unique molecular flow regimes for gas in the
      airways during HFV, but is the natural consequence of HFV permitting lung volume
      stability without as high peak pressures (as in CMV) following a "conventional"
      hyperinflation. If this lesson alone can be absorbed and used by all in the HFV
      field, this meeting will have been a success and the future of HFV will not look
      so dark after all.

PMID- 2929261
TI  - Gas exchange during high frequency ventilation.

PMID- 2929260
TI  - Pulmonary gas exchange in panting dogs: a model for high frequency ventilation.
AB  - Panting in animals can be expected to represent a naturally occurring
      physiological counterpart to today's techniques of mechanical high-frequency
      ventilation. To analyze the mechanisms underlying the gas exchange inefficiency
      during ventilation with high frequencies, steady-state pulmonary gas exchange was
      studied in seven conscious dogs (32 kg mean body weight) during panting elicited
      by mild thermal stress. The animals had a chronic tracheostomy and an
      exteriorized carotid artery loop and were exposed to 27.5 degrees C ambient
      temperature for 2 h (65% relative humidity). Open-circuit techniques were used
      and PO2 and PCO2 from the tracheostomy tube were continuously monitored by mass
      spectrometry using a special sample-hold phase-locked gas sampling technique. PO2
      and PCO2 were determined in arterial blood collected from the carotid artery.
      During the exposure, the following variables of steady-state gas exchange were
      determined (means +/- SD): breathing frequency 313 +/- 19 min-1; tidal volume,
      167 +/- 21 ml; total ventilation, 52 +/- 9 l.min-1; effective alveolar
      ventilation, 5.5 +/- 1.3 l.min-1; partial pressures (torr; a, arterial; E', end
      tidal): PaO2, 106.2 +/- 5.9; PaCO2, 27.2 +/- 3.9; (PE'-Pa)O2, 26.0 +/- 5.3; (Pa
      PE')CO2, 14.9 +/- 2.5. According to the conventional lung model, parallel-dead
      space ventilation (ventilation of unperfused lung regions) would account for
      about 55% of the alveolar ventilation and for 2/3 of the (PE'-Pa)O2 difference.
      However, the lack of an 'alveolar plateau' in the CO2 and O2 expirograms suggests
      that incomplete serial mixing in peripheral airways contributes to the enhanced
      gas exchange inefficiency during panting as reflected in the increased blood/gas
      differences for O2 and CO2.

PMID- 2929262
TI  - Physical characteristics of a jet in the airways.

PMID- 2929264
TI  - Resonance in the mechanical response of the respiratory system to high frequency
      jet ventilation.
AB  - Eight normal domestic pigs (Large White breed) of body weights 17 kg to 62 kg
      were subjected to high frequency jet ventilation (HFJV) at frequencies of 1 to 10
      Hz (60-600 breaths/min). Six animals survived the study. The gain response curves
      and phase shift response curves obtained for these animals indicate that
      respiratory system resonance can be excited at HFJV frequencies. Post-mortem
      examinations of the nonsurvivors' lungs suggested pulmonary barotrauma. These
      findings and their clinical implications are discussed.

PMID- 2929263
TI  - Convective mixing mechanisms in high frequency intermittent jet ventilation.
AB  - A liquid flow visualization technique was used to identify the location of
      neutrally buoyant bead clouds injected into airway models during flows simulating
      high frequency intermittent jet ventilation (HFIJV) in neonatal lungs. The
      motions of these bead clouds show that the convective or bulk mixing that occurs
      during HFIJV is made up of two parts; a turbulent convective exchange with the
      atmosphere caused by the jet in the trachea and a streaming motion along the
      airways driven by an interaction between the jet and the expansion and
      contraction of the airways due to their compliance. These convective streaming
      motions combine with molecular diffusion to produce augmented diffusion which
      transports O2 and CO2 between the trachea and the peripheral alveoli. Optimizing
      HFIJV (as well as other forms of HFV) depends on maximizing these airway
      convective streaming flows which depend on many more lung and fluid mechanical
      parameters than are necessary to describe conventional mechanical ventilation.

PMID- 2929265
TI  - Gas movement during jet ventilation.
AB  - By examining flows in the expiratory limb of a bias flow circuit, it is possible
      to measure tidal, entrained and spilt volumes during jet ventilation. Using this
      method on a canine model, tidal volume fell and minute volume rose when the
      respiratory rate rose from 12 to 200 breaths/min. The changes were compatible
      with a convective model of gas movement. Entrained volume remained a constant
      fraction of tidal volume and spilt volume fell as a fraction of jet volume as
      respiratory rate increased.

PMID- 2929266
TI  - Gas flow distribution and tidal volume during distal high frequency jet
      ventilation in dogs.
AB  - During distal high frequency jet ventilation (HFJV) in anaesthetized healthy dogs
      gas flows were recorded at the proximal end of the open tracheal jet tube.
      Spirometer measurements of minute volumes with and without entrainment were made.
      During the inspiratory or insufflation period, leakage of jet gas (bypass) could
      occur depending on the ventilator setting. From the gas flow recordings and the
      spirometer measurements, jet-, entrainment- and bypass minute volumes were
      determined. From these the effective minute volume, that is the minute volume of
      fresh gas entering the lungs, was calculated, as well as tidal volume. The
      results show that entrainment volumes are relatively small in an open system of
      distal HFJV and that at the same time bypass can (nearly) completely eliminate
      the effect of entrainment on tidal volume.

PMID- 2929267
TI  - Lung surrogates.
AB  - In the development and evaluation of mechanical ventilation on the basis of high
      frequency oscillation, appropriate surrogates of the lung are important, because
      they allow the measurement and control of various parameters which are not
      accessible in animal models. Yet, criteria have to be established according to
      which results obtained with a surrogate may be assessed with a view to
      extrapolation to humans. Theoretical considerations and impedance measurements
      are used for this purpose. It is found that for each given frequency a model can
      be made which exhibits realistic properties. However, no uniformly valid
      surrogate in the entire frequency range of 10-50 Hz is available at present.

PMID- 2929268
TI  - Mobilization of mucus by airway oscillations.
AB  - The effects of high frequency asymmetric airway oscillations on mucus clearance
      were evaluated in excised tracheas of sheep, in an animal model of excessive
      mucus production, and in patients with bronchiectasis. Asymmetric high frequency
      ventilation (15 Hz) with expiratory biased flow profiles (expiratory peak-flow
      greater than inspiratory peak-flow) could move mucus droplets towards the pharynx
      in rigid and flexible tracheas by gas-liquid interaction. In rigid tracheas the
      mucus was transported towards the periphery of the model lung if the oscillations
      were inspiratory biased. In very collapsible tracheas, however, even inspiratory
      biased oscillations moved the mucus cephalad. Parameters influencing direction
      and speed of mucus are airflow profile, peak-flow, airway compliance and lung
      resistance. Gamma-camera studies showed that in anesthetized dogs radiolabeled
      artificial mucus followed the direction of the bias during high frequency
      ventilation. In five human volunteers with bronchiectasis and excessive
      secretions the asymmetric airway oscillations were superimposed during
      spontaneous breathing using a mouthpiece. Airway wall vibrations following the
      pressure swings of the oscillator could be observed. During forced expiration
      inward bulging of the posterior membranes of trachea and bronchi occurred at the
      negative pressure phase of the oscillations. This event was associated with
      increased appearance of sputum in the central airways. We conclude that high
      frequency ventilation with asymmetric flow profiles applied via tube or
      mouthpiece might be an effective future treatment of mucostasis.

PMID- 2929269
TI  - Multimodal evoked potentials in neuro-Behcet: a longitudinal study of two cases.
AB  - Two neuro-Behcet patients have been studied, over a period of several months, by
      means of peroneal and median somatosensory- (SEP), brainstem auditory- (BAEP),
      and visual- (VEP) evoked potentials. In both patients, peroneal SEP showed
      evidence of a pathological reduction in the central conduction velocity without a
      related deep sensation impairment, while VEP changes were consistent with the
      visual disorders. Conversely, BAEP and median SEP findings did not show disease
      related abnormalities. The observed anomalies were detectable irrespective of the
      clinical phase of the disease. Thus, evoked potential assessment is useful in
      providing objective evidence for evaluating and monitoring CNS damage in neuro
      Behcet's syndrome.

PMID- 2929270
TI  - Computed tomography (CT) in late infantile metachromatic leucodystrophy.
AB  - Computed tomographic features of 7 cases of the late infantile form of MLD
      confirmed by sural nerve biopsy are presented. Diffuse symmetrical white matter,
      low attenuation of the cerebral parenchyma was the common feature. Hypodensity of
      the temporal lobes and the cerebellar hemispheres are 2 features which have not
      been reported earlier. Three patients had brainstem atrophy without evidence of
      cerebral atrophy. Awareness of the various CT features of MLD may help in more
      definitive radiological diagnosis of the disease and to differentiate it from
      other dysmyelinating diseases of the central nervous system.

PMID- 2929271
TI  - Symptomatic hemidystonia of delayed onset. Magnetic resonance demonstration of
      pathology in the putamen and the caudate nucleus.
AB  - We present a case of symptomatic hemidystonia of delayed onset. The primary
      disease was a perinatal, presumed cerebrovascular infarction brought about by
      febrile illness with convulsions 12 weeks after partus. After many years without
      neurological symptoms, the hemidystonia started in adolescence, and became
      stationary after 4 years of mild progression. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed
      atrophy of the right striatum including the caudate nucleus and putamen. The
      symptoms responded moderately to treatment with benzhexol.

PMID- 2929272
TI  - Red blood cell fatty acids in multiple sclerosis.
AB  - The fatty acid (FA) composition of each phospholipid constituent of the red blood
      cells (RBC) was analyzed, by thin-layer and gas chromatography techniques, in 61
      multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and 61 normal subjects, in whom the plasma lipid
      FA composition had previously been studied. The MS patients showed a significant
      decrease in the proportions of linoleic and arachidonic acids in most
      phospholipids, with a compensatory increase of saturated FA. Correlations between
      FA percentages in plasma and cell lipids demonstrated abnormalities in the MS
      patients, suggestive of a disturbance in the exchange between these compartments.
      The alterations reported in plasma and RBC in the MS patients are consistent with
      a relative deficiency of essential FA.

PMID- 2929273
TI  - Relationship between primitive reflexes, extra-pyramidal signs, reflective
      apraxia and severity of cognitive impairment in dementia of the Alzheimer type.
AB  - Controversy exists in the literature about the significance of primitive reflexes
      (PR) and extrapyramidal signs (EP) as diffuse cortical dysfunction signs and
      their relationship to age and cognitive impairment. A sample of 91 patients with
      a dementia of the Alzheimer type were examined with a standardized technique to
      assess the relationship between the finding of PR, EP and severity of cognitive
      impairment measured by Mini-Mental Status Examination. The value of a short
      cognitive test, the reflective apraxia (i.e. imitation of meaningless gestures),
      were also assessed. A significantly lower MMS score was correlated with the
      number of present PR and with presence of snout, sucking and grasping reflexes.
      No correlation was found between presence or absence of PR and age, depression,
      or drug therapy. EP score was correlated with the number of present PR and MMS,
      but not with age. Reflective apraxia score was significantly correlated with the
      degree of cognitive impairment and was found with lower cognitive impairment than
      PR.

PMID- 2929274
TI  - Somatosensory evoked potentials in the evaluation of patients with stocking/glove
      paresthesias.
AB  - We studied 10 patients referred for suspicion of peripheral neuropathy. They all
      complained of paresthesias with a stocking distribution. As EMG, motor and
      sensory nerve conduction studies failed to confirm the clinical diagnosis, we
      studied somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) following median and tibial nerve
      stimulation. The SEP findings were compared with controls and 10 spastic
      paraplegias. The evoked potential study revealed prolonged latencies of cortical
      potentials after tibial nerve stimulation in all the patients with paresthesias
      and were considered evidence of myelopathy.

PMID- 2929276
TI  - Environmental bias in the practice of orthopedics.

PMID- 2929275
TI  - The problem of transient global amnesia definition.

PMID- 2929277
TI  - Bone-mass distribution in the femur. A cadaver study on the relations of
      structure and strength.
AB  - We measured the bone density and volume in the femoral head, cervicotrochanteric,
      midshaft, and condylar regions by quantitative computed tomography of the femora
      of 26 elderly cadavers. We also measured the shearing force at fracture of the
      femora in axial bending; 25 fractures occurred vertically in the neck and only
      one in the shaft. The bone mass-related measurements, calculated as the product
      of bone density times volume, increased steadily from the femoral neck down to
      the condyles. The bone densities of males and females did not differ, whereas the
      bone volumes were higher in males. Several correlations were found between the
      ultimate shearing force of the cervical trabecular/cortical bone and cortical and
      cancellous bone densities in different locations of the femur. The ultimate
      shearing force was correlated with the bone mass in all the locations.

PMID- 2929278
TI  - Mineral content and strength of lumbar vertebrae. A cadaver study.
AB  - Fifty-two cadaveric spine-motion segments were tested in compression alone and in
      combined compression-flexion to determine whether the compressive strength of
      lumbar vertebrae varied with the direction of the applied load, that is, whether
      similar relationships existed between the compressive strength and the amount of
      bone mineral depending on the direction of the loading. The bone mineral content
      (BMC) ranged between 1.6 and 5.8 g/cm and the ultimate strength between 810 and
      10,090 N. The BMC of the motion segments was correlated with their strength
      irrespective of degree of flexion during testing (0-15 degrees). For compression
      flexion within physiologic limits, the first part of the motion segment to fail
      was, with few exceptions, the end plate and the adjacent spongy bone.

PMID- 2929279
TI  - Fracture patterns in two types of autosomal-dominant osteopetrosis.
AB  - Thirty-five individuals with autosomal-dominant osteopetrosis were interviewed
      and radiographs were reviewed. Twenty had the radiographic Type I osteopetrosis,
      characterized by diffuse, symmetric osteosclerosis and pronounced sclerosis of
      the skull with a thickened cranial vault. Fifteen had Type II, where the most
      striking findings were diffuse symmetric osteosclerosis, "Rugger Jersey Spine,"
      and endobones (bone within a bone) in the pelvis, while the cranial vault was
      almost unaffected. Of the 12 probands who had had a fracture, 2/20 were Type I
      and 10/15 were Type II. Fracture complications were also more frequent in Type
      II.

PMID- 2929280
TI  - Antibiotic treatment insufficient for established septic arthritis.
      Staphylococcus aureus experiments in rabbits.
AB  - We treated septic arthritis of the knee in 38 rabbits with cloxacillin i.m. once
      and twice daily combined with probenecid for 7 or 21 days, respectively, or with
      only cloxacillin i.m. thrice daily for 7 days. The animals were killed weekly in
      groups up to 5 weeks after inoculation. Aspirated cultures obtained after 4 days
      of treatment were always negative. Histologic specimens revealed progressive
      joint destruction, but at a slower rate after frequent treatment independent of
      the period. We concluded that antibiotic therapy alone could not prevent
      destruction of articular cartilage once bacterial arthritis was established.

PMID- 2929282
TI  - A case of giant-cell tumor of the clavicle.

PMID- 2929281
TI  - Indomethacin and bone remodeling. Effect on cortical bone after osteotomy in
      rabbits.
AB  - Remodeling in cortical bone close to a plated tibial midshaft osteotomy was
      histomorphometrically evaluated in 32 rabbits. The animals were divided into two
      groups, one being treated with indomethacin (10 mg/kg per day) and the other
      receiving placebo. In the placebo-treated group, the remodeling activity was
      higher in the osteotomized leg compared with the intact leg. Two and 6 weeks
      after osteotomy, the number of resorptive and formative foci was reduced in the
      indomethacin-treated group compared with the placebo group. Porosity did not
      differ between the groups after 2 weeks; but after 6 weeks, it was reduced in the
      indomethacin-treated animals. Throughout the study, the bone formation rate did
      not differ between the two groups. This study demonstrates that indomethacin
      inhibits the remodeling of traumatized bone.

PMID- 2929283
TI  - School screening for scoliosis.

PMID- 2929284
TI  - Early loosening of the uncemented total hip.

PMID- 2929285
TI  - Patellar motion analyzed by magnetic resonance imaging.
AB  - We have analyzed the normal patellar motion during the first 30 degrees of knee
      flexion by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Ten males and 10 females without
      knee symptoms were examined. The patellar articulation was imaged both sagittaly
      and axially with the knee flexed 0, 10, 20, and 30 degrees. The axial images were
      produced through the middle of the patellar articular cartilage. When the knee
      was in extension compared to 30 degrees flexion, the sulcus angle was greater,
      the lateral patellofemoral angle was smaller, there was more lateral patellar
      displacement, the patella tilted more laterally, and the congruence angle was
      directed more laterally. Differences between males and females were found.

PMID- 2929286
TI  - Patellectomy for chondromalacia.
AB  - Fifteen patients with 17 patellectomies for chondromalacia were evaluated after
      an average of 5.5 years. The average age was 38 years. No knees were rated as
      excellent, whereas 5 were rated as good, 9 as fair, and 3 as poor. However, 10
      patients, including both bilateral patellectomies, were satisfied with the
      results.

PMID- 2929288
TI  - Patellar angle in Osgood-Schlatter disease.
AB  - A new patellar angle is described in lateral radiographs of the knee joint. One
      line is drawn along the articular surface of the patella and another from the end
      of the inferior articular cartilage to the patellar apex. The angle formed by
      these two lines averaged 33 degrees in 68 knees joints afflicted with Osgood
      Schlatter disease and 47 degrees in 71 age-matched controls and 198 adult
      controls. The small angle in Osgood-Schlatter disease is proposed to be an
      important factor in the pathogenesis of the traction apophysitis.

PMID- 2929287
TI  - Advancement of the tibial tuberosity for patellar pain. A 5-year follow-up.
AB  - During the period 1978-1984, 38 patients aged 23-55 years were treated for
      patellofemoral pain by the Maquet procedure. The mean postoperative observation
      time was 5(3-9) years. Thirty-three of the 38 patients were available for follow
      up including functional and activity scoring, clinical examination, and Cybex II
      dynamometer muscle-strength measurement. Ten patients improved, 17 were
      unchanged, and 6 were worse. Characteristic for the improved group was Grades III
      and IV chondromalacia - mainly involving the lateral facet - whereas the group
      with no improvement or deterioration exhibited a low-grade chondromalacia,
      chiefly affecting the medial patellar facet.

PMID- 2929289
TI  - Arthroscopic resection of meniscal flaps of the knee.
AB  - We describe the results of arthroscopic partial resection of isolated flap tears
      of the menisci in 37 patients who were randomly selected for review from the
      hospital records. The results were compared with those in a control group of 39
      patients that underwent diagnostic arthroscopy during the same period. The follow
      up of the patients after 1 to 2 years was based on a questionnaire. The patients
      with resected flap tears did better than the controls, who usually suffered from
      minor degenerative changes of the knee joint. However, the flap-tear patients
      with otherwise usually normal arthroscopic findings often continued to have
      discomfort and failed to gain a normal Lysholm score.

PMID- 2929290
TI  - Poor results of bovine xenograft for knee cruciate ligament repair.
AB  - In 28 patients the anterior cruciate ligament of the knee was substituted with a
      bovine bioprosthesis (Xenograft). Five patients underwent reoperations due to
      synovitis and graft rupture during the first postoperative year; and 2 patients,
      due to graft rupture after 3 years. After 3 years, 11/21 patients with a
      remaining graft had a rupture. Totally, 18/28 implanted grafts were considered to
      be ruptured. Our results indicate that the Xenograft in its present form should
      not be used.

PMID- 2929291
TI  - Silicone arthroplasty for hallux rigidus. Implant wear and osteolysis.
AB  - Between 1980 and 1985, silicone hemiprostheses were implanted because of hallux
      rigidus in 58 feet of 43 patients who were followed up after an average of 5
      years. The majority were satisfied and had good function without pain. However,
      the toes had shortened because of implant wear, and there was considerable
      associated osteolysis.

PMID- 2929292
TI  - Chronic lateral instability of the ankle. Roentgen stereophotogrammetry of talar
      position.
AB  - Using roentgen stereophotogrammetric analysis (RSA), we investigated the talar
      mobility in 54 ankles during the anterior drawer and adduction tests. Talar tilt
      was increased in ankles with unilateral symptoms of chronic lateral instability.
      No other difference in talar tilt and anterior drawer sign was noted comparing
      ankles with and without symptoms. We conclude that mechanical tests cannot always
      verify the diagnosis "chronic lateral instability of the ankle".

PMID- 2929294
TI  - Operations for impingement of the shoulder. Early results in 52 patients.
AB  - This is a prospective study of 52 consecutive patients with impingement syndrome
      of the shoulder who underwent an anterior acromioplasty according to Neer with
      rotator cuff repair and/or a resection of the lateral end of the clavicle added
      where it was indicated. There was a full-thickness tear in 14 cases. The follow
      up was 11 months. The overall results were excellent-good in 40 patients and fair
      poor in 12 patients. If two out of three of the following criteria were present,
      the patient had an increased risk for a fair or poor result: age greater than 50
      years, sick leave greater than 6 months, or an associated cervical problem.

PMID- 2929293
TI  - Fluorescein angiography for predicting healing of foot ulcers.
AB  - Fluorescein angiography (FA) was performed on 83 patients (68 diabetics) with
      foot ulcer or gangrene. Densitometric measurements were made on the FA images,
      and different FA parameters were defined. These parameters, as well as systolic
      ankle and toe blood pressures, were evaluated for predicting the future course,
      i.e., whether healing would occur or whether major amputation below or above the
      knee had to be performed. The toe slope (i.e., the rate of increase of
      fluorescence on the big toe during the first 10 seconds after its appearance on
      the toe) predicted healing correctly in 0.83 and major amputation in 0.88. The
      ankle and toe pressures had only slightly lower predictive value. The combination
      of ankle pressure and toe slope predicted healing correctly in 0.91 and major
      amputation in 0.88. When ankle pressure cannot be measured, FA is the method of
      choice. Further, FA provides information on regional blood flow unobtainable by
      any other method.

PMID- 2929296
TI  - Closed rereduction of axial compression in Colles' fracture is hardly possible.
AB  - Totally, 146 Colles' fractures that were displaced after the primary reduction
      were treated by closed rereduction and plaster immobilization. A permanently
      acceptable position was achieved in 11 of 27 cases, where dorsal angulation was
      the only malalignment. In fractures with both axial compression and dorsal
      angulation, both displacements improved to a permanently acceptable position in
      only 7 of 105 cases, and only the dorsal angle improved to an acceptable position
      in 26 cases. The axial compression was most difficult to correct. The chances of
      achieving a permanently acceptable position by rereduction are rather small in
      Colles' fracture with axial compression alone or combined with deviation of the
      dorsal angle. High age and the presence of dorsal comminution are further factors
      likely to worsen the prognosis.

PMID- 2929295
TI  - External fixation of Colles' fracture.
AB  - Radiographic and functional results of external fixation of 32 Colles' fractures
      were compared with the results of plaster fixation of 189 Colles' fractures.
      Despite the fact that the fractures treated with the external device were more
      unstable and comminuted, the final results were equal in both groups, and the
      radiographic outcome of external fixation was superior. Pin loosening decreased
      with predrilling rather than self-tapping. We recommend external fixation for
      unstable fractures of the distal forearm.

PMID- 2929297
TI  - Fixation not needed for undisplaced Colles' fracture.
AB  - A series of 68 undisplaced or minimally displaced Colles' fractures was
      randomized into two groups undergoing treatment with either a plaster cast or an
      elastic bandage. Pain, function, grip strength, and range of motion were
      evaluated 1 year later. There was a difference in the functional outcome in favor
      of the patients treated with an elastic bandage, who did not have more fracture
      redislocations than those treated with a plaster cast.

PMID- 2929298
TI  - Brace treatment of Colles' fracture.
AB  - Twenty patients with Colles' fractures were treated with a functional brace that
      allows wrist motion. The result was compared with a similar group of patients
      treated with a plaster cast. Dorsal displacement of the fracture was less and
      wrist function was better in the brace group. Swelling of the hand during the
      early stages was observed in the brace group; and because this may necessitate
      brace adjustment, increased medical supervision is necessary for this period.

PMID- 2929299
TI  - Normal pinch strength.
AB  - The normal pinch strength was determined with the Mannerfelt-Ulrich intrinsic
      meter in 90 men and women aged 21-65 years. The pinch strength decreased with
      increasing age. The ratio dominant/nondominant hand was 1.12, 0.13 (mean, SD) for
      both men and women. The ratio would be useful in evaluating pinch strength under
      pathologic conditions.

PMID- 2929300
TI  - Early loss of fixation of femoral neck fractures. Comparison of three devices in
      244 cases.
AB  - In successive series of displaced subcapital femoral neck fractures in the
      elderly, we operated on 75 cases with three Gouffon screws, 94 with three Mecron
      screws, and 75 with two von Bahr screws. Redisplacement within 3 months occurred
      in 20 Gouffon cases, 11 Mecron cases, and 12 von Bahr cases. Poor reduction
      contributed to the failures in all the groups. Although the reduction results in
      the three groups were similar, the Mecron group had better fixation and better
      social recovery than the Gouffon group. We concluded that, in addition to good
      reduction of the fracture, solid screws also contributed to the stability of the
      bone-implant construct.

PMID- 2929301
TI  - Rehabilitation at home after hip fracture.
AB  - Two series of patients with a hip fracture, sustained at home, were assessed
      regarding utilization of rehabilitation resources before and after adoption of an
      active policy favoring rehabilitation at home. Out of 86 consecutive patients in
      1985 (Series I), 22 were discharged directly to their home versus 44 out of 84 in
      1986 (Series II). Four months after the fracture, 57 and 63 of the surviving
      patients in Series I and II, respectively, were at home. Twenty of the 77
      surviving patients in Series I were permanently institutionalized compared with
      14 of 77 in Series II. We conclude that an active attitude towards home
      rehabilitation after a hip fracture benefits patients and the community alike.

PMID- 2929302
TI  - Nine-year follow-up of the cementless Ring hip.
AB  - Because of the revived interest in cementless hip prostheses, 238 Ring prostheses
      from the period 1968 to 1979 were reviewed; 127 hips with a median follow-up of 9
      years were available for examination. Two thirds of the hips were rather
      painless, and 90 percent of the patients graded their result as excellent or
      good. Six hips had had a deep infection requiring removal of the prostheses in
      two hips, and 37 prostheses were removed because of loosening. By actuarial
      analysis the overall probability of survival and the average annual probability
      of removal were found to be 81 and 1.7 percent, respectively, after 12 years. The
      long-term survival of the Ring prosthesis seems to be comparable to the survival
      of some commonly used cemented prostheses.

PMID- 2929303
TI  - Failure of a bovine xenograft for reconstruction of the anterior cruciate
      ligament.
AB  - Fourteen patients with gross anterior instability had the anterior cruciate
      ligament reconstructed with a bovine xenograft. Major problems with swelling,
      pain, and synovitis were encountered in 13 patients, of whom 3 developed a
      synovial fistula. Histologic evidence for allergic reactions was found in 3
      patients. Revisional surgery had to be performed in 10 patients because of
      substantial problems or rupture of the graft. At 3 years, there was only one
      possibly functioning graft. The 3 nonrevised patients were unstable at clinical
      examination. This type of reconstruction cannot be recommended for clinical use.

PMID- 2929304
TI  - Poor fixation of the Mittelmeier hip prosthesis. A clinical, radiographic, and
      scintimetric evaluation.
AB  - We have evaluated 30 Mittelmeier hips on an average 3.3 years after the
      operation. Seven hips had been revised because of severe pain and mechanical
      loosening and one because of fracture of the threaded ceramic cup. Only five of
      the remaining 22 hips were asymptomatic. There was radiographic migration of the
      acetabular and femoral components in more than one third of the hips and
      increased scintimetric values around the femoral component in all but two hips.
      Unfavorable design of the Mittelmeier prosthesis may be an important etiologic
      factor contributing to poor component fixation and inferior clinical results.

PMID- 2929305
TI  - Lack of correlation between femoral neck anteversion and acetabular orientation.
      Radiography and computed tomography in cadavers and in vivo.
AB  - Radiography and computed tomography measurements were made of femoral neck
      anteversion, femoral head cartilage distribution, and the orientation of the
      acetabulum. The measurements were made in elderly cadaver femurs and in patients.
      They failed to establish any correlation between the femoral neck anteversion and
      the orientation of the articulating surface of the femoral head, nor between the
      femoral neck anteversion and the angles of the acetabulum.

PMID- 2929306
TI  - Hip motion related to age and sex.
AB  - In a selected population 4 years old to adult age, 1,522 hips in 761 healthy
      subjects of both sexes were studied. Arcs of passive motion of the hip were
      measured by the technique recommended by the American Academy of Orthopaedic
      Surgeons. The lower and upper limits of normal range of hip motion in all the
      planes were established for both sexes in the different age groups. We found that
      the amplitude of most hip motions decreased with age. Females had higher ranges
      of total hip motion, total rotation, internal rotation, and abduction compared
      with males.

PMID- 2929307
TI  - Colonization of middle ear pathogens in the nasopharyngeal opening of the
      Eustachian tube during secretory otitis media.
AB  - Colonization of middle ear pathogens (S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae and B.
      catarrhalis) in the nasopharyngeal opening of the Eustachian tube (NO) was
      charted in 94 patients (170 ears) suffering from secretory otitis media (SOM).
      Subsequent determination of microorganisms in the middle ear effusion was
      performed. 76% of the patients had colonization of pathogens in the NO, while
      pathogens colonized the middle ear cavity (MEC) in 30% of the cases. Predominant
      pathogen was S. pneumoniae, followed by B. catarrhalis and H. influenzae. When
      colonizing the MEC, there was a 100% correlation to NO regarding B. catarrhalis,
      81% correlation for S. pneumoniae and 57% for H. influenzae. S. aureus and/or
      coagulase-negative staphylococci were only occasionally found in the NO.
      Accumulation of a sticky glue effusion material in the middle ear cavity may
      serve as a barrier against ascending pathogens from the nasopharynx.

PMID- 2929308
TI  - Recurrent acute otitis media. A prospective study of children during the first
      three years of life.
AB  - To evaluate possible risk factors for developing recurrent acute otitis media
      (rAOM), 113 children were followed prospectively from birth to the age of 3
      years. One of the aims was to determine whether such risk factors could be
      identified before the onset of the recurrences, so that optimal care and
      prophylactic measures could be made available at an early stage in such cases, on
      the basis of continuous follow-up by an ENT specialist. During the follow-up, 13
      children developed rAOM, defined as six or more episodes of acute otitis media
      (AOM) during a 12-month period, 57 children had occasional episodes of AOM, and
      43 children had no AOM at all. Of the children with onset of AOM before 6 months
      of age, 80% developed frequent episodes of AOM. The frequency of other
      respiratory tract infections and of family histories of otitis-proneness was
      higher among rAOM children than among the other children. The development of rAOM
      was unrelated to such factors as sex, familial history of allergy, duration of
      breast-feeding, or domestic environment. Nor could attendance at day-care centres
      be concluded as constituting a risk factor for the development of rAOM. An onset
      of AOM before 6 months of age was highly predictive of subsequent recurrent bouts
      of AOM, which emphasizes the importance of correct diagnosis in infants.

PMID- 2929309
TI  - Histological changes in the nasal mucosa in persons occupationally exposed to
      formaldehyde alone and in combination with wood dust.
AB  - In the nasal mucosa of rodents, both formaldehyde and wood dust have proved to be
      carcinogenic. Wood dust is also a well-known nasal carcinogen in man. The effects
      of long-term exposure of humans to formaldehyde, however, are more obscure. In
      this investigation two groups of workers with well-defined exposure to
      formaldehyde and to formaldehyde and wood dust, respectively, were compared with
      a control group regarding histological changes in nasal specimens from the middle
      turbinate. Significant changes were found in the formaldehyde group but not in
      the group exposed to both formaldehyde and wood dust. No correlation was found
      between histological changes and duration of exposure, doses of exposure or
      smoking habits.

PMID- 2929310
TI  - Histological reaction to polyimide films in the cochlea.
AB  - The biocompatibility of commercially available polyimides was examined in
      relation to the sensory and neural structures of the cochlea. Thin films of four
      different polyimides were prepared as substrates for photolithographically
      produced scala tympani electrode arrays and implanted in 32 cat cochleae.
      Following at least three months implantation time, the animals were sacrificed
      and the cochlea were evaluated histologically for toxicity, differences in the
      severity of ototoxic effects among the four polyimide groups, and relationships
      among the different kinds of histopathology secondary to implantation. Findings
      included the following. Inflammatory reaction to the implants, when present, was
      generally mild and confined to the immediate vicinity of the implant.
      Additionally, ototoxic effects were essentially the same across the four groups.
      Finally, a clear interdependence among the different kinds of cochlear damage
      secondary to implantation was demonstrated.

PMID- 2929311
TI  - CR1-expression and C3b-mediated phagocytosis of granulocytes in purulent
      maxillary secretion and peripheral blood from patients with sinusitis.
AB  - Granulocytes in sinus pus and in peripheral blood in 28 patients with maxillary
      sinus empyema were compared to blood granulocytes obtained from healthy blood
      donors. A flow cytofluorometric assay technique was used to establish the C3b
      mediated phagocytosis and the CR1-receptor expression. The results indicate that
      a subpopulation of viable granulocytes in situ was activated with an increased
      ability to ingest particles. From 11 of 28 patients, an increased CR1-expression
      was also demonstrated in the blood samples, reflecting a priming of the
      circulating granulocytes before extravasation.

PMID- 2929313
TI  - Premalignant lesions of the larynx. A follow-up study.
AB  - The object of this investigation was to evaluate in the long-term the risk of
      malignancy occurring in the larynx of patients with dysplasia in the laryngeal
      epithelium. Over an 8-year period, 1974-82, 170 patients underwent
      microlaryngoscopic examination of the larynx including biopsy, showing
      hyperplasia and/or keratosis with or without dysplasia in the laryngeal
      epithelium. Of these, 147 patients were examined, on an average, 5 years and 4
      months later. All histological specimens were reviewed by the same pathologist.
      Of the patients initially showing mild dysplasia, 7.8% developed aggravation
      while 55.6% of the patients displaying moderate dysplasia had developed severe
      dysplasia or carcinoma. 93.2% were smokers. It is concluded that all patients
      with atypia in the laryngeal epithelium should be observed at regular intervals,
      but special attention should be given to patients showing moderate dysplasia or
      worse.

PMID- 2929312
TI  - The cricothyroid muscle after cricothyroidotomy. A porcine experimental study.
AB  - Cricothyroidotomy in elective use or emergency situations has been discussed by
      several authors during recent years. The main complication reported has been
      subglottic stenosis. We have used this method for several years and among our
      patients there has been no case of stenosis. The major complication in our
      material has been voice dysfunction. Some of the patients had a change in voice
      quality consistent with dysfunction in the cricothyroid muscles (diminished voice
      range and a lowered pitch). The aim of this study was to investigate whether
      cricothyroidotomy and insertion of a tracheostomy tube caused physiological or
      morphological changes in the cricothyroid muscle, by direct injury or secondary
      to a peripheral nerve lesion. In the six animals that were cricothyroidotomized
      during 7-9 days and examined after 9-15 weeks, we found neither changes in the
      EMG nor in the muscle morphology indicating injury to the muscle or its
      peripheral nerve supply.

PMID- 2929314
TI  - Non-organic dysphonia. II. A comparison of subglottal pressures in normal and
      pathological voices.
AB  - In previous investigations, typical phonetogram differences have been revealed
      between healthy and pathological voices: the average maximum and minimum sound
      pressure levels that a patient suffering from non-organic dysphonia can produce
      at different fundamental frequencies deviate significantly from the corresponding
      values for a healthy voice. The subglottal pressure, being the primary tool for
      regulating the sound pressure level of voice, was estimated from the oral
      pressure during the voiceless stop/p/in 10 female and 10 male subjects with
      normal voices and in 10 female and 10 male non-organic dysphonic patients. In
      loud phonation, the female patients had significantly lower values than the
      female healthy subjects, while no corresponding significant difference was seen
      between the male subjects. In soft phonation, the male patients had significantly
      higher values than the normal healthy subjects, while the females showed no
      significant difference.

PMID- 2929315
TI  - Prolonged electrode implantation in experimental studies. Critical evaluation of
      a technique.
AB  - Stainless steel electrodes were chronically implanted through the right facial
      canal of 30 guinea pigs, close to the potential generator (VIII nerve). Compound
      action potential (CAP) thresholds, N1 latencies and input-output curves were
      recorded on day of implantation and 2, 4 and 8-12 weeks later. In the same
      sitting, auditory evoked brain stem response (ABR) thresholds, latencies and
      inter-peak-latencies were measured on both sides as a control. N1 thresholds and
      latencies at low and high intensities were stable. N1 amplitudes, however, showed
      some variation. Rate of infection was low and reimplantation was successful.
      Preserving the facial nerve as a land mark was found advantageous, particularly
      on reimplantation, and did not affect the CAP recording. The technique,
      originally described by Hildesheimer et al., proved to be reproducible. A few
      technical difficulties are pointed out and the implication of some interesting
      findings are discussed.

PMID- 2929316
TI  - Comparative anatomy of melanin pigment in the stria vascularis. Evidence for a
      distinction between melanocytes and intermediate cells in the cat.
AB  - Although Corti in 1851 first described the presence of cochlear pigmentation in
      the stria vascularis (SV) of "very old" cats, modern studies have failed to find
      pigment consistently in the feline stria. While the variable presence of pigment
      in the feline SV would appear to contrast with this structure's uniform
      pigmentation in other mammalian species, variability in both the distribution and
      abundance of inner ear pigment has rarely been studied in any species. In the
      present study, the SV was examined light microscopically in sectioned material or
      whole-mounts from pigmented and albino animals of 5 species, including the cat,
      guinea pig, rabbit, ferret and mouse. In these species, the SV of each pigmented
      animal contained varying amounts of melanin pigment and none was found in the
      albino inner ear. Pigmented guinea pigs contained the most uniformly dense and
      least variable distribution of strial melanin, followed by the rabbit, mouse,
      ferret and cat. Several species also displayed more strial pigment apically and
      less basally. In cats, pigmented cells were principally located adjacent to the
      strial capillaries. Ultrastructural studies of the stria in pigmented cats
      revealed that these perivascular cells frequently contained an abundance of
      pigmented organelles and other structural features which allowed them to be
      distinguished from intermediate cells.

PMID- 2929317
TI  - Surgical trauma to the cochlea results in reversible damage to spiral ganglion
      type I neurons.
AB  - Type I neurons are reversibly damaged when the cochlear bony wall is opened. The
      reversibility is indicated by the absence of neuronal loss, as demonstrated by
      quantification of the spiral ganglion neuronal population. Reversible damages
      included ultrastructural signs of excessive ion and water influx into the type I
      neuron cytoplasm, whose functional implications must be investigated in the
      future.

PMID- 2929318
TI  - Alterations in oxygenation of cochlear endolymph during loud sound exposure.
AB  - The oxygen tension (pO2) of endolymph of the guinea pig cochlea was measured
      during exposure to loud sound (12 kHz or high-pass noise; 110 dB SPL up to 1 h
      duration). A small, but significant, steady decline in mean pO2 was observed
      after both pure tone and high-pass noise exposure. The extent of the change in
      pO2 varied from 0-50% in individual animals, compared with unexposed control
      animals. All exposed animals had an extensive loss of compound action potential
      (CAP) thresholds at frequencies of 8-30 kHz. However, there was no relationship
      between the extent of the change in pO2 of endolymph and CAP threshold loss.

PMID- 2929319
TI  - Healing of experimentally produced round window membrane rupture.
AB  - The healing mechanism of experimentally produced ruptures of the round window was
      histologically studied in guinea pigs. Surgically created rupture of the round
      window resulted in spontaneous closure within 2 weeks. Light microscopical
      examination indicated that the rupture closed with proliferation of connective
      tissue which usually appeared to protrude into the middle ear cavity, each case
      showing a unique shape. In one case, the wound was covered with granulation
      tissue at the site of closure on the middle ear surface. Although the rupture was
      closed by connective tissue, the elastic fibres of the middle layer remained
      disrupted at the early stage of healing.

PMID- 2929320
TI  - Failure of gaze stabilization under high-frequency head oscillation.
AB  - Gaze functions under high-frequency head oscillations with large amplitudes were
      investigated in 12 normal subjects. Oscillation amplitude decreased as the
      frequency increased (31 degrees at 2 Hz to 11 degrees at 5 Hz on average).
      Maximum head velocity and acceleration were 170-200 degrees/s and 2,500-5,000
      degrees/s2, respectively. At frequencies higher than 2 Hz, the mean ratio of eye
      amplitude to head amplitude reached high large values (1.2 at 2 Hz to 1.8 at 5
      Hz, on average), whereas it dropped to extremely low values (0.5-0.6 at 3-5 Hz)
      in the 2 referred patients with bilateral labyrinthine loss. High ratio values,
      different from the previous reports, may result from a failure of compensation
      due to abnormally high-frequency and large head oscillations. The present study
      indicated that the frequency range of VOR influenced by gaze should correspond to
      that of daily-experienced oscillations, and that once head oscillations exceed
      the limit, compensation quickly deteriorates.

PMID- 2929321
TI  - Elevation of inner ear antibody levels following direct antigen challenge of the
      endolymphatic sac.
AB  - The effect of direct antigen challenge of the endolymphatic sac (e.sac) on inner
      ear antibody levels was investigated in guinea pigs. Two weeks following e.sac
      antigen inoculation, perilymph antibody levels to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH)
      were found to be significantly elevated in the challenged ear of those animals
      compared to the unchallenged, opposite ear. Moreover, when the endolymphatic duct
      (e.duct) in a group of animals were obstructed prior to antigen challenge of
      their e.sac then the rise in perilymph antibody was prevented. The local
      accumulation of plasma cells and lymphocytes in the perisaccular space and e.sac
      lumen was seen following these antigen injections. These experiments suggest that
      inner ear antibody emanates from the e.sac and reaches the perilymphatic
      compartment along the route of the e.duct. Furthermore, these findings emphasize
      the central role of the e.sac in inner ear immunity.

PMID- 2929323
TI  - Effect of crossed stapedius reflex on vibration of mallear handle in man.
AB  - The ear drum was made to vibrate using frequency-modulated sound pulses of 40 ms
      duration, and the vibration velocity of the tip of the mallear handle (umbo) was
      measured with laser vibrometry before and during stapedius muscle contractions
      (elicited by sound of 100 dB HL in the contralateral ear). The stapedius reflex
      caused: an attenuation of the mallear vibrations below 1 kHz, a slight
      enhancement of the vibrations between 300 Hz and 1,500 Hz. These effects of the
      stapedius reflex appear to be caused by an increased stiffness in the structures
      affecting the mallear vibrations.

PMID- 2929322
TI  - Development of cochlear-wall implants for electrical stimulation of the auditory
      nerve.
AB  - The aim of these experiments was to investigate the use of titanium implants for
      anchorage of stimulating electrodes or other clinical or experimental devices in
      the bony wall of the cochlea. Twenty-six cylindrical titanium fixtures, 0.6 mm in
      diameter, were inserted into holes drilled in the otic capsule in 8 ears in 5
      nonhuman primates and then examined for stability after periods of 2 months to 2
      years. Following sacrifice, the bone-metal interfaces were examined
      microscopically. Fourteen of the implants were firmly fixed in the bone, 6 were
      loosely fixed and 6 came out. Poor fixation was associated with infection in the
      middle ear. In uninfected ears, 90% of the implants were stable. The implants
      were not osseointegrated in the classic sense, but in stable implants, direct
      bone contact covering 5 to 60% of the titanium oxide surface of the implant shaft
      was observed.

PMID- 2929324
TI  - Tympanic membrane structure during a Staphylococcus aureus-induced middle ear
      infection. A study in the rat middle ear.
AB  - In response to a Staphylococcus aureus-induced middle ear infection the tympanic
      membrane showed infiltration of polymorphonuclear granulocytes, lymphocytes, and
      macrophages and increased areas covered by ciliary and secretory epithelium.
      These reactions, which were comparable to the cellular and mucociliary responses
      seen in the middle ear mucosa during infection, were restricted to the pars
      flaccida and to predominantly the annular and manubrial regions of the pars
      tensa. This showed that the greater part of the tympanic membrane, where the
      lamina propria is composed of collagenous bundles and only very thin layers of
      loose connective tissue, is hardly affected by or barely responds to the
      inflammatory stimulus.

PMID- 2929325
TI  - Vascular corrosion casts of the nasal mucosa. An experimental study in the
      rabbit.
AB  - Ten-rabbits of either sex, weighing between 1.8 and 2.7 kg were used for studies
      on the angioarchitecture of the nasal mucosa of the septum and the anterior
      concha. Via the common carotid artery, Batson's corrosion compound No. 17 was
      introduced into the vascular system of the nose after rinsing with Ringer's
      solution. After digesting the connective tissue between the vessels, vascular
      corrosion casts were obtained. The replica of the endonasal angioarchitecture
      offers a unique opportunity to examine the various vascular layers of the nasal
      mucosa as well as the junction and relationships between different vessels in the
      different levels of the tunica propria. Our results can be regarded as a useful
      extension of earlier investigations in this field.

PMID- 2929326
TI  - Confirmation of encapsulated nerve structures in the human vocal cord.
AB  - The overall morphology of the encapsulated nerve structure in the human vocal
      cord was studied. The nerve consists of a straight portion containing a striated
      muscle fiber and several side branches. The side branches consist of non
      myelinated fibers and dense collagen bundles. Their ultrastructure resembles that
      of the Golgi tendon organ, suggestive of a pressure receptor. Since the side
      branches extend between muscle fibers of the vocal muscle, their purpose may be
      to detect the stiffness of the vocal cord. One end of the intracapsular muscle
      fiber terminates in the capsule and the other, tapered end terminates in dense
      collagen bundles within the capsular space. Contraction of muscle fiber alters
      the stiffness of the intracapsular space and may control the sensory threshold of
      the nerve ending.

PMID- 2929327
TI  - Comparative histochemistry of human and sheep laryngeal muscles.
AB  - Four laryngeal muscles of human male, human female and sheep female cadavers were
      evaluated by histological, histochemical and quantitative techniques. The muscle
      fibre sizes showed significant differences between human male, female and sheep.
      Fibre diameters of male human laryngeal muscles were 2 to 4 microns larger than
      in female human and 11 to 13 microns larger than in sheep muscles. In the group
      of human laryngeal muscles, the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle contained the
      highest percentage (65%) of type I fibres. In sheep, the homologous muscle
      consists only of 45% type I fibres. On the other hand, in sheep the cricothyroid
      muscle showed significantly more type I fibres (58%) than the human counterpart
      (43%). In both species the vocal muscles had a rather low content of type I
      fibres (26 to 37%).

PMID- 2929328
TI  - Treatment of vocal cord granuloma.
AB  - Combined surgical and conservative therapy (voice therapy, treatment of
      infections, allergy, oesophageal reflux, and psychogenic stress) has been used in
      the treatment of non-specific vocal cord granuloma. Such tumors have a great
      tendency to recur. The 41 patients with vocal cord granuloma in our study (4
      women, 37 men, mean age 56 years) were treated at our hospital during 1980-1986.
      Nine patients were healed with conservative treatment, 32 were treated by
      laryngomicrosurgery under general anesthesia and jet-ventilation. The latter
      group was divided into three treatment groups; 8 of these patients were treated
      with cryotherapy, 9 with postoperative steroids (Prednisolone 40 mg/day in
      decreasing doses) and antibiotics, and 15 only with microsurgery. At some phase
      in their treatment 41% of the patients were able to participate in voice therapy.
      The most recurrences were found in the group treated with cryotherapy, 2.7
      rec./pat.; 1.8 rec./pat. were found in the group that underwent surgery, and 1.7
      rec./pat. among the patients treated with steroid-antibiotics. In all three
      groups, some patients experienced recurrences. In the cryotherapy group, however,
      recurrent granulomas were large and required reoperation, while those in patients
      treated with steroid-antibiotics were small and could be cured using conservative
      therapy. If granuloma does not disturb the voice, cause respiratory obstruction
      or demand histopathological diagnosis, surgery is contraindicated. Cryotherapy
      does not help traditional surgery, while steroid-antibiotics administered
      postoperatively seem to help the healing process.

PMID- 2929329
TI  - The healing of cricothyroidostomy in pigs. A morphological study.
AB  - The advantages and disadvantages with cricothyroidotomy have been discussed by
      several authors during the last 12 years. The frequency of complications differs
      considerably probably depending on indications for surgery and methods of follow
      up. In our own human material (253 patients cricothyroidotomized and 79 of 102
      alive after 6 months followed up) there has been no case of laryngeal or tracheal
      stenosis. The aim of this study was to analyse the effect of the inflammatory
      granulation tissue on the surrounding tissues in 8 cricothyroidotomized pigs, and
      to analyse the regeneration of the mucosa and the healing with special regard to
      development of stenosis. Despite pronounced stomal infection and formation of
      granulation tissue we found no case of stenosis, no injuries of the cartilage and
      a complete regeneration of the ciliated epithelium.

PMID- 2929330
TI  - Morphology of tracheal scar after resection with CO2-laser and high-frequency
      cutting loop. A study in normal pigs.
AB  - In 6 pigs a bronchoscopical resection of the tracheal mucosa was performed using
      CO2-laser on one side, and an electric high-frequency cutting loop (ECL) on the
      other. The pigs were sacrificed 3 months later. On macroscopic examination the
      tracheal mucosa appeared almost normal on the laser-resected side, while severe
      deformation was seen after ECL treatment. Microscopically the respiratory
      epithelium had regenerated irrespective of the instrument used. After laser
      resection the subepithelial tissue had a normal width and consisted of collagen
      fibrils with few vessels and sparse fragmented elastic tissue. The cartilage
      showed necrosis and pericellular fibrosis. The scar tissue after ECL was a broad
      cellular and richly vascularized connective tissue. The content of elastic fibres
      was markedly greater than after laser resection. The cartilage showed small
      irregular necroses lined by pyknotic nuclei. In neither case had the gland
      regenerated. Both CO2-laser and ECL caused severe (but not identical) damage to
      the tissue, clearly visible after 3 months. However, the deformation caused by
      ECL was not seen at the laser-resected sites, which makes the laser technique
      seem preferable--where economy permits.

PMID- 2929331
TI  - Interactions between the middle ear and the inner ear. 3rd International Academic
      Otologic Workshop. August 23-25, 1987, Umea, Sweden.

PMID- 2929332
TI  - Effects of round window membrane rupture on cochlear blood flow and inner ear
      pressures.
AB  - Effects of round window membrane rupture on cochlear blood flow and inner ear
      pressures were investigated using non-radioactive microspheres and a servo
      micropipet system in guinea pigs. When perilymphatic pressure was raised through
      a glass capillary tube inserted into the perilymphatic space, both endolymph
      pressure and perilymph pressure rose. When these inner ear pressures were raised
      to relatively high levels, cochlear blood vessels could be compressed and
      endocochlear potential decreased to a negative value due to the interruption of
      cochlear blood flow. However, in the case when the round window membrane was
      ruptured by further increase in perilymph pressure, the inner ear pressures
      decreased and restoration of cochlear blood flow and endocochlear potential was
      observed. When the round window membrane was ruptured with a fine needle under
      ordinary inner ear pressures, cochlear blood flow did not change significantly.

PMID- 2929333
TI  - Role of the round window membrane in middle ear immune responses.

PMID- 2929334
TI  - A rat model for bacterial otitis media.
AB  - Rat middle ear was exposed to challenge with viable pneumococci, type 3 and 6A,
      and the course of changes in the middle ear was observed by otomicroscopy and
      analysis of bacterial samples from blood, nasopharynx and middle ear effusions.
      Microscopical examination of changes in the middle ear mucosa during and after
      the acute infection was also made. Depending on the type and concentration of
      pneumococci, three different results were observed: otitis media with purulent
      effusion, otitis media with serous effusion, or no reaction at all. The mortality
      rate was low and most animals recovered within 10 days without postinfectional
      changes visible by otomicroscopy. The microscopical examination of the middle ear
      mucosa revealed distinct changes. Inoculation of rat middle ear with pneumococci
      causes a self-limiting infection that closely resembles acute otitis media in the
      human. Thus the rat would seem to be a suitable animal model for the study of
      bacterial otitis media.

PMID- 2929335
TI  - The effect of gestation on eustachian tube function in rats.
AB  - Patulous Eustachian tube (tuba aperta) is a distressing condition for the patient
      with such symptoms as autophony and a sensation of fullness in the ear. One-third
      of women with the diagnosis are pregnant or taking oestrogens. To study whether
      opening of the Eustachian tube is facilitated during pregnancy, the tube opening
      function of 14 pregnant rats was compared with that of 14 non-pregnant controls.
      The middle ear air pressure at which the tube opened (the pressure opening level,
      Pol) was lower in pregnant rats than in controls; and the difference between Pol
      and the pressure during open tube (at continued air injection) was less in the
      pregnant rats. In two additional rats it was then demonstrated that instillation
      of a surface tension lowering substance in the middle ear caused similar pressure
      changes as occur during pregnancy. It is concluded that opening of the Eustachian
      tube in rats is facilitated in pregnancy, and it is suggested that this is due to
      a reduction in surface tension of the Eustachian tube secretion.

PMID- 2929336
TI  - Structure of the round window membrane.
AB  - In the present study the literature on the round window membrane (RWM) structure
      was reviewed and the rat used as an animal model to elucidate structural
      alterations of the RWM occurring during serous (SOM) and purulent (POM) otitis
      media. In SOM the RWM was about the same thickness as that of the control,
      whereas in POM it increased about 5-fold. The structural changes in POM were
      mainly confined to the epithelium facing the middle ear cavity. The normal flat
      epithelium was transformed into a pseudostratified epithelium with both ciliated
      and goblet cells. Light microscopy revealed only minor changes in the RWM
      structure during SOM. However, ultrastructurally, the connective tissue layer
      exhibited dense accumulations of collagen and elastic fibres which were not
      observed in either normal or the POM ears. The study showed that different
      inflammatory conditions of the middle ear cause different structural alterations
      of the RWM. To what extent these changes also influence differently the
      permeability of the RWM remains to be elucidated. Obviously ultrastructural
      studies are needed to be able to characterize the structural changes which appear
      in the RWM in a diseased ear.

PMID- 2929337
TI  - Round window membrane permeability. An in vitro model.
AB  - The round window membrane of the mongolian gerbil was dissected out, together
      with its bony niche. The preparation was mounted between two glass chambers
      representing the middle ear cavity and the perilymphatic space respectively.
      Passage through the round window membrane did not occur within 3 h when testing
      high-density lipoprotein with a molecular weight 115-350 kD. Horse-radish
      peroxidase, with a molecular weight of 48 kD, passed the round window membrane at
      a mean rate of 6 micrograms/h when the concentration of the protein was 10 g/l in
      the middle ear chamber. The present in vitro model is considered to be free from
      leakage artifacts between the chambers. Passage rates for different substances
      through the round window membrane can be calculated under controlled conditions
      using this type of in vitro model.

PMID- 2929338
TI  - Sensory hair fusion and glycocalyx changes after gentamicin exposure in the
      guinea pig.
AB  - This study demonstrates the mechanism of sensory hair fusion and its relationship
      to glycocalyx on the inner ear sensory cells of gentamicin-treated guinea pigs,
      using the ruthenium red staining technique. 0.5 ml containing 5 mg gentamicin
      sulfate solution was injected in a single dose into the middle ear. After 7 days,
      various stages of sensory hair degeneration could be observed. The glycocalyx was
      clearly visualized by ruthenium red. The degeneration starts with a decrease in
      or even complete loss of glycocalyx in the sensory hairs, with subsequent local
      adhesion of the plasma membrane in neighbouring hairs. These findings suggest
      that the glycocalyx of the sensory cell may play an important role in separating
      the cilia, yet keeping them in a bundle.

PMID- 2929339
TI  - Middle ear ototoxic treatment for inner ear disease.
AB  - Twenty-nine patients seriously disabled by Meniere's disease due to frequent
      attacks were treated with Gentamicin administered in the middle ear once daily
      until first sign of an inner ear disturbance, usually a spontaneous nystagmus and
      a sensation of unsteadiness. All patients except one were relieved from their
      vertiginous attacks and returned to normal activities. Tinnitus was usually
      diminished or absent, as was the feeling of pressure in the ear. The hearing was
      slightly improved in 5 patients, worse in 9 patients and two treated ears became
      deaf. The indication for an intratympanal treatment with Gentamicin should be a
      disabling form of Meniere's disease not responding to medical treatment. The risk
      for the cochlea increases after 6 days of treatment. The advantage versus
      intracranial surgery is the absence of the surgical risks for complications. The
      mode of action exerted by the ototoxic drug is a destruction of the vestibular
      sensory epithelium and the endolymph producing cells.

PMID- 2929340
TI  - Development of a human milk protein standard.
AB  - Accurate quantitation of the protein content of human milk (HM) is clinically
      important for both determining protein and energy intakes of HM-fed infants.
      Protein can be determined by Kjeldahl analysis or colorimetric assays.
      Colorimetric assays are rapid and convenient, but usually overestimate the
      protein content when compared to Kjeldahl protein (KP). In this study a protein
      standard based on human milk protein (HMPS) was isolated by size exclusion column
      chromatography. Purity and composition of the standard was determined by gel
      electrophoresis, Kjeldahl and amino acid analyses. The protein content of 20
      mature milk samples was determined by the Lowry, BCA and BioRad colorimetric
      assays, using bovine serum albumin, human serum albumin/IgG, and HMPS as
      standards. These results were compared with KP results using Student's t-test.
      All colorimetric assays overestimated milk protein content; however, the Lowry
      assay gave the lowest protein levels, with our protein standard yielding values
      closest to the KP value.

PMID- 2929341
TI  - Neonatal outcome of extremely small low birthweight liveborn infants below 901 g
      in a Swedish population.
AB  - In a regional population of 32,120 liveborn newborn infants 65 (0.2%) had a
      birthweight less than or equal to 900 g (extremely small low birthweight = ESLBW)
      with mean gestational age 26.4 (range 22-31) completed weeks of gestation. The
      total 0-1 year survival rate was 48%. For the 42 infants treated in the Level III
      regional neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) the 0-1 year survival rate was 55%
      versus 34% for 23 infants not transferred to the Level III unit. In the ESLBW
      infants treated in the regional NICU the major complications were respiratory
      disorders requiring artificial ventilation (73%), bronchopulmonary dysplasia
      (26%), intracranial haemorrhages (40%), symptomatic persistent ductus arteriosus
      (36%) and sepsis (14%), persistent retinopathy of prematurity (8%). Duration of
      NICU treatment was 51 days (range 10-95) for survivors. Mode of delivery and rate
      of perinatal complications did not differ between survivors and non-survivors.
      Previous legal abortion occurred in 24%, fertility problems in 29% and 21% of the
      mothers were immigrants. Otherwise no significant abnormalities were found in
      maternal or socioeconomic conditions. Factors deciding neonatal outcome in the
      tiniest babies seem to be a combination of prenatal circumstances and neonatal
      minute fine care procedures.

PMID- 2929342
TI  - Oxygenation, heart rate and temperature in very low birthweight infants during
      skin-to-skin contact with their mothers.
AB  - Fourteen very low birthweight infants were studied positioned either prone
      horizontal or skin-to-skin at 60 degree tilt between the mother's breasts. Heart
      rate, skin temperature and oxygenation by transcutaneous PO2 and pulse oximetry
      were measured. Nine of the infants had normal lungs when studied. These infants
      showed no change in tcPO2 or oxygen saturation but heart rate increased
      significantly by a mean of 6.5 beats per min during skin-to-skin contact. Five
      infants with chronic lung disease, including two on nasal catheter oxygen, showed
      a significant 1.0 kPa rise in tcPO2 during skin-to-skin contact. Back skin
      temperature was well maintained during skin-to-skin contact with the room
      temperature at 26 to 29 degrees C. None of the infants had a significant apnoea
      or bradycardia during the study. Stable very low birthweight infants can enjoy
      such close contact with their mothers and the tilted position may improve
      pulmonary function in some cases.

PMID- 2929343
TI  - The evolution of a simplified method for interpretation of EEG in the preterm
      neonate.
AB  - We describe the evolution of a simplified method for the interpretation of serial
      EEG in preterm neonates which was tested in a first sample and revised and
      improved in a second sample of preterm neonates. There were 185 EEGs in the first
      sample and 206 EEGs in the second sample. The interpretation of the EEGs was
      related to mental, motor and neurological outcome in late infancy. Serial EEG is
      an excellent indicator of brain function in the preterm neonate.

PMID- 2929344
TI  - Prediction of the development of neonatal jaundice by increased umbilical cord
      blood bilirubin.
AB  - Umbilical cord serum bilirubin concentration as a predictor of subsequent
      jaundice was studied in 291 newborns. It was possible to define subgroups of
      infants with significantly higher or lower risks of developing jaundice. If cord
      bilirubin was below 20 mumol/l, 2.9% became jaundiced as opposed to 85% if cord
      bilirubin was above 40 mumol/l. Furthermore, 57% of jaundiced infants with cord
      bilirubin above 40 mumol/l required phototherapy, but only 9% if cord bilirubin
      was 40 mumol/l or lower (p less than 0.003). Knowledge of infants at risk of
      developing jaundice allows simple bilirubin reducing methods to be implemented
      before jaundice is present and could influence a decision regarding early
      discharge from hospital. Since the ability of plasma to bind bilirubin in cord
      blood from jaundiced and non-jaundiced infants showed no significant differences,
      the increased cord bilirubin among infants who later became jaundiced is
      presumably caused by increased fetal bilirubin production or decreased removal of
      bilirubin from the fetal circulation.

PMID- 2929345
TI  - Secular trends of sudden infant death syndrome and other causes of post perinatal
      mortality in Norwegian birth cohorts 1967-1984.
AB  - Lack of positive diagnostic criteria and increasing professional concern,
      probably causing increasing ascertainment, have rendered reported increases in
      SIDS-rates controversial. However, these problems related to cause specific
      mortality do not apply to the total mortality. Due to the exceptional age-at
      death distribution of SIDS cases, the SIDS fraction of all deaths increases
      during the first year of life to reach a maximum, in the present study of 56%,
      from the 105th through the 125th day of life. During these days, the total
      mortality rate in Norway increased from 0.24 per 1,000 in 1971-72 to 0.46 in 1983
      84. Thus, the observed trend, with an increase in the SIDS rate from 1.02 per
      1,000 in 1971-72 to 2.34 in 1983-84, is considered true. Observed in a country
      where perinatal and neonatal mortality have decreased for a long period of time
      and still remain very low in a global perspective, the increasing SIDS rate is a
      matter of great concern.

PMID- 2929346
TI  - Influence of sex and gestational age on cord blood IgE.
AB  - Cord blood IgE (CB-IgE) is widely used as a screening parameter for atopy.
      Therefore it is necessary to define the normal values accurately. In this study
      influence of sex and gestational age on CB-IgE is evaluated. 5,305 cord blood
      samples were analysed. Boys had a higher CB-IgE than girls (p less than 0.001).
      Using a cut-off value for normal of 2.4 micrograms/l, boys had significantly more
      abnormal values than girls (p = 0.0475). Using a lower cut-off value (2.16, 1.92,
      1.68 micrograms/l) the difference became more significant (p = 0.0029, p = 0.0036
      and p = 0.0019 respectively). Gestational age (in the range from 34-42 weeks of
      gestation) had no influence on the absolute CB-IgE concentration nor on the
      number of abnormal values. From this study we may conclude that, when CB-IgE is
      used in prediction and prevention programs for atopic disease, the sex of the
      newborn should be taken into consideration when evaluating the results, in
      particular when the cut-off limit is lowered. No correction needs to be made for
      gestational age if the baby is born after the 34th week of gestation.

PMID- 2929347
TI  - The natural history of IgE sensitisation and atopic disease in early childhood.
AB  - We have prospectively followed 57 children of atopic parents up to 5 years of
      age, documenting clinical atopic disease and allergen skin test reactions. The
      cumulative prevalences of the clinical features of atopic disease over the 5
      years were: atopic dermatitis (58%), wheeze (49%), recurrent wheeze (33%),
      rhinitis (68%) and immediate food reactions (18%). Atopic dermatitis and
      immediate food reactions predominated in infancy (birth to 20 months) while
      wheezing was more prominent in later childhood (20 months to 5 years). Rhinitis
      was common in both infancy and childhood. IgE sensitisation to ingested allergens
      was prominent in early infancy and was usually transient. Inhaled allergen
      sensitisation occurred later in infancy and was generally permanent with wheal
      sizes tending to increase with age. There was a significant association between
      IgE sensitisation to ingested but not inhaled allergens and all atopic
      manifestations in infancy, with the exception of rhinitis. In contrast IgE
      sensitisation to inhaled allergens was associated with rhinitis and wheeze in
      later childhood. We found two clinical groups. One group, with only ingested
      allergen sensitisation had a high incidence of atopic dermatitis but low
      incidence of respiratory symptoms at 5 years of age. The other group, who
      developed evidence of IgE sensitisation to inhaled allergens, had a high
      incidence of rhinitis and wheeze but low incidence of atopic dermatitis at 5
      years of age.

PMID- 2929348
TI  - Allergic diseases in Swedish school children.
AB  - The occurrence of allergic diseases in children was studied on the basis of a
      questionnaire sent to the parents of 20,000 school children, 7, 10 and 14 years
      of age, in 3 parts of Sweden with different climatic conditions. The prevalence
      of asthma was 2.4%, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis 7.4%, eczema 7.8% and total
      allergic diseases 16.9%. The prevalence of all diseases was significantly higher
      in the northern part of the country than in the southern parts. This geographic
      variation was not related to heredity, infant feeding pattern or known exposure
      variables other than the cold and dry climate. Parental history of allergic
      diseases increased the incidence in the offspring 2-9 times, with a pattern of
      symptom specificity and a cumulative effect of double parental history. Breast
      feeding postponed the onset of allergic disease only in children with double
      parental history.

PMID- 2929349
TI  - Effect of an acidified milk on diarrhoea and the carrier state in infants of low
      socio-economic stratum.
AB  - The effect on diarrhoeal disease of an acidified, modified powdered cow's milk
      infant formula (Pelargon) was evaluated in 82 infants (Group I) for six months;
      104 infants who received the same formula but non acidified, served as controls
      (Group II). Nutritional status remained satisfactory in both groups throughout
      the observation period. Some children rejected the taste of the acidified milk.
      The incidence of diarrhoea was lower in Group I (p less than 0.001). The
      proportion of days in which the children suffered from acute diarrhoea, and the
      duration of the episodes were also lower in the children given the acidified milk
      (p less than 0.001). The rate of detection of enteropathogens and the species
      identified were comparable in both groups. Carrier rates for bacterial
      enteropathogens fell over time in Group I while they rose in Group II (p less
      than 0.001). Carrier rates for enteric parasites were comparable to those
      expected in our setting for this age group. These results suggest that acidified
      milk exerts a protective effect against diarrhoeal disease.

PMID- 2929350
TI  - Hyperferritinemia in malignant histiocytosis, virus-associated hemophagocytic
      syndrome and familial erythrophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. A survey of
      pediatric cases.
AB  - Data on 28 patients with malignant histiocytosis (MH), fourteen patients with
      virus-associated hemophagocytic syndrome (VAHS) and two patients with familial
      erythrophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FEL) were collected from 21 hospitals in
      Japan to study the serum ferritin levels and clinical features. At diagnosis, the
      serum ferritin values were a median of 3,000 ng/ml (range, 59-270,000 ng/ml) in
      MH and 10,500 ng/ml (range, 44-68,600 ng/ml) in VAHS/FEL. Clinical signs and
      symptoms were not substantially different between MH and VAHS/FEL. Thus, serum
      ferritin markedly increased in the majority of MH/VAHS/FEL patients and should be
      a useful marker of disease activity in either neoplastic or reactive histiocytic
      proliferative disorders.

PMID- 2929351
TI  - Plasma amino acids in relation to metabolic control in insulin-dependent diabetic
      children.
AB  - The influence of metabolic control (estimated by blood glucose, 3-hydroxybutyrate
      and glycosylated hemoglobin levels) on plasma amino acids was determined in a
      group of 56 insulin-dependent diabetic children. A multiple correlation analysis
      revealed significant positive partial correlations between most amino acids and
      blood glucose. Alanine, methionine, tyrosine, phenylalanine and arginine showed
      negative partial correlations to the 3-hydroxybutyrate level. The results are
      consistent with the postulate that ketone body inhibition of muscle proteolysis
      is one of the factors regulating substrate flows during insulin deficiency.

PMID- 2929352
TI  - Epilepsy and mental retardation following febrile seizures in childhood.
AB  - In an unselected group of children who were seen following an initial febrile
      convulsion, the frequency of subsequent afebrile seizures was 3.5% and of mental
      retardation 1%. The most common afebrile seizure type was generalized major
      (86%). About 3/4 of the children who developed afebrile seizures did so by three
      years and all by five years following the initial febrile seizure. The children
      with afebrile seizures differed from those without afebrile seizures in the
      frequency of neonatal abnormality, family history of mental retardation, focal
      initial febrile convulsions, and delay in psychomotor milestones before the
      initial febrile seizure. Only about 1/3 of the children who developed afebrile
      seizures ever had a recurrent febrile convulsion and none had complex recurrent
      febrile seizures. Half the children with mental retardation had histories of
      delay in psychomotor milestones prior to the initial febrile seizure, and no
      child with mental retardation had any seizure longer than five minutes. The
      administration of daily phenobarbital did not reduce the frequency of epilepsy,
      in spite of a significant reduction in the incidence of recurrent febrile
      seizures. There remains no evidence that the prevention of recurrent febrile
      convulsions significantly decreases the frequency of afebrile seizures or mental
      retardation.

PMID- 2929353
TI  - The effect of the number of fractions of cranial irradiation on growth in
      children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.
AB  - Growth was documented over a period of 7 years in all long-term survivors treated
      for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) with the DAL-70- (n = 15) and BFM-70
      protocol (n = 27). Normal growth was documented in patients of the DAL-70
      protocol during and after therapy. In contrast, in children treated with the BFM
      70-protocol the mean height standard deviation score (SDS) decreased
      significantly from 1.21 SDS prior to therapy to 0.80 SDS at the end of therapy (p
      less than 0.001) and remained unchanged thereafter. Prophylactic cranial
      irradiation was given in total doses of 15 to 30 Gy. Ten children of the DAL-70-
      and 20 children of the BFM-70-protocol received 24 Gy of cranial irradiation. No
      significant change in height-SDS was observed in any patients of the DAL-70- and
      in 8 patients of the BFM-70- group, who received 24 Gy of cranial irradiation in
      16-26 fractions. Adult height in 7 girls and 6 boys was normal and 3.15 cm and
      5.06 cm above target height. In the remaining 12 patients of the BFM-70-protocol
      the total dose of 24 Gy of cranial irradiation was applied in 11-14 fractions.
      Their height-SDS had fallen significantly from 1.24 SDS before to 0.66 SDS (p
      less than 0.001) at the end of therapy. Adult height in 4 girls and 6 boys was
      also normal, but the height increase was comparatively smaller, -2.20 cm below
      target height in the girls and 1.91 cm above in the boys.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2929354
TI  - Vitamin D status of Hong Kong Chinese infants.
AB  - Vitamin D deficiency is a common nutritional problem of weaning infants in many
      parts of the world. Hong Kong infants, who are fed with traditional rice-based
      weaning foods and live in crowded high rise flats, might be expected to suffer
      from this nutritional problem. Yet a study of 150 bottle fed infants revealed
      that the vitamin D intake from fortified milk and cereals was more than half of
      the recommended amount throughout the first 18 months and that the serum 25-OH
      vitamin D concentration of the infants at 18 months was normal. The effect of
      sunlight was also evident.

PMID- 2929355
TI  - Reference values of anthropometric measurements in Dutch children. The
      Oosterwolde Study.
AB  - In the period 1979-1980 the following anthropometric measurements were recorded
      in 2351 healthy Dutch children from 0-17 years of age: height, weight, sitting
      height, arm span, lengths of upper-arm, lower-arm and hand, tibial length, foot
      length, biacromial diameter, biiliacal diameter, and head circumference.
      Corresponding percentile values were constructed on the basis of normality
      assumptions, the mean and standard deviation at age t being determined by a cubic
      spline approximation. The results are compared with other studies and given in
      the form of growth charts.

PMID- 2929356
TI  - Autistic behaviour in Moebius syndrome.
AB  - Seventeen children and young adults with Moebius syndrome were examined with a
      view to finding symptoms of autism. Some 40% of the group showed all or many of
      the symptoms typical of autistic disorder. The high frequency of autistic
      symptoms in Moebius syndrome might be a marked overrepresentation and could be
      suggestive of a common underlying neurobiological deficit at the brainstem level.

PMID- 2929357
TI  - Pulmonary resections in cystic fibrosis.

PMID- 2929358
TI  - Molybdenum. Normal plasma values at delivery in mothers and newborns.

PMID- 2929359
TI  - Effect of maternal anaemia and iron depletion on foetal iron stores, birthweight
      and gestation.

PMID- 2929360
TI  - Function of peripheral blood granulocytes in infants with protracted enteropathy.

PMID- 2929361
TI  - The ceruloplasmin and transferrin system in cerebrospinal fluid of acute leukemia
      patients.

PMID- 2929362
TI  - Non-tropical pyomyositis in children--with report of severe neurological
      complications.
AB  - Pyomyositis appears to occur rarely in temperate climate areas, compared with the
      incidence of the disease in the tropics. Three young adults with pyomyositis have
      previously been described in Israel, two of them were newly arrived Ethiopian
      immigrants. We report three Israeli children with pyomyositis, who presented
      initially with nonspecific abdominal pain; in one child the course was
      complicated by spinal cord compression due to extension of the infected mass into
      the spinal canal. All three patients attained full recovery after antibiotic
      therapy and surgical drainage. Computed tomography was most valuable in
      establishing the diagnosis and defining the extent of the process.

PMID- 2929363
TI  - Unitary activity in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis after homo- and
      contralateral stria terminalis stimulation.
AB  - Acute experiments were performed on anaesthetized rats using standard techniques
      of electrical stimulation and single-unit recording in order to study the
      responses of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) neurons to homo- and
      contralateral stria terminalis (ST) inputs. Satisfactory records were obtained
      from 174 BNST neurons. The majority of these fired spontaneously at variable
      rates, with single random-occurring spikes. The stria terminalis inputs are able
      to influence the discharges of many BNST neurons. Homolaterally the response
      patterns consisted of: (a) an excitatory-inhibitory sequence with variable
      latency in 61% of the cells; (b) a pure inhibitory period in 23% of the cells;
      (c) an inhibitory period followed by excitation in 2%; (d) no changes in 13% of
      the cells. The most frequent response to contralateral ST stimulation was
      excitation followed by inhibition (46%) and pure inhibition (28%). A high
      proportion of the cells (27%) did not show any change. These results correlate
      well with neuro-anatomical studies of ST distribution on the BNST nucleus. Our
      finding of the high proportion of BNST cells affected in their discharge
      frequency by ST stimulation together with the variability of the observed
      responses is an indication of the close amygdala-BNST relationship and also of
      the diverse functions in which both structures are involved.

PMID- 2929364
TI  - Spermidine/spermine-N1-acetyltransferase activity in isoprenaline-stimulated rat
      salivary glands.
AB  - In parotid, sublingual and submaxillary glands stimulated by continuous
      intravenous infusion of isoprenaline at various doses for 3 h, the concentrations
      of the polyamines putrescine, spermidine, spermine and N1-acetylspermidine as
      well as the activities of ornithine decarboxylase and spermidine/spermine-N1
      acetyltransferase were determined. Ornithine decarboxylase is the enzyme that
      catalyses the formation of putrescine from ornithine. The most striking effect
      was observed in parotid glands. Here, the beta-adrenergic agonist increased the
      activity of spermidine/spermine-N1-acetyltransferase markedly, but only slightly
      (if at all) that of ornithine decarboxylase. It also increased the concentrations
      of N1-acetylspermidine and putrescine markedly. The result obtained in this gland
      indicates interconversion of higher polyamines to putrescine.

PMID- 2929365
TI  - Receptors involved in the nervous system regulation of polyamine metabolism in
      rat salivary glands.
AB  - Polyamines are important for protein synthesis and tissue growth. In rat salivary
      glands, the activity of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), the enzyme catalysing the
      formation of putrescine, and the content of putrescine, spermidine, spermine and
      N1-acetylspermidine were assayed after parasympathetic or sympathetic nerve
      stimulation in the presence of various autonomic receptor blockers. Increases in
      ODC activity occurred on activation of non-adrenergic and non-cholinergic
      receptors in response to parasympathetic nerve stimulation and on activation of
      alpha(alpha 1)- as well as of beta(beta 1)-adrenoceptors in response to
      sympathetic nerve stimulation. Moreover, in parotid glands, a beta(beta 1)
      adrenoceptor-mediated inverse pathway for putrescine formation seemed to exist:
      from spermidine via N1-acetylspermidine.

PMID- 2929366
TI  - Carbachol stimulation of inositol phosphate accumulation in rat submandibular
      gland fragments is not modified by VIP.
AB  - Formation of inositol phosphates in response to carbachol, phenylephrine and
      vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) was studied after labelling with [3H]myo
      inositol in rat submandibular gland fragments. Carbachol enhanced the
      accumulation of inositol phosphates in a concentration-dependent manner. This
      effect was independent of calcium in the incubation medium and totally
      antagonized by atropine (IC50 = approx. I nM). Phenylephrine also induced an
      increase in inositol phosphate accumulation, which was totally antagonized by
      prazosin but not by atropine. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, isoproterenol
      and forskolin, compounds known to enhance the levels of cAMP in rat salivary
      gland, or addition of dibutyryl-cAMP (DB-cAMP) failed to alter basal or carbachol
      evoked accumulation of inositol phosphates. It is concluded that the formation of
      inositol phosphates during muscarinic receptor stimulation with carbachol in rat
      submandibular gland fragments is not affected by adrenoceptor occupation or by
      cAMP. In particular, addition of VIP, which coexists with acetylcholine, did not
      alter the muscarinic inositol phosphate response.

PMID- 2929367
TI  - Flow resistance in the feline choledocho-duodenal sphincter as studied by
      constant-pressure and constant-perfusion techniques.
AB  - During interdigestive periods, there is a resistance to flow in the biliary tract
      exerted by the sphincter of Oddi, resulting in a pressure gradient between the
      common bile duct and the duodenum. In this experimental study, this flow
      resistance was studied with both a constant-flow and a constant-perfusion
      technique in fasted, anaesthetized cats. The flow resistance exerted by the
      sphincter is higher when it is perfused by a constant flow compared to when the
      common bile duct pressure is kept constant and the flow varies in response to its
      muscular activity. It was demonstrated with each method that the flow resistance
      in the choledocho-duodenal junction is reduced in response to distension of the
      biliary tree and gallbladder and also by distension of the duodenum.
      Cholecystokinin was shown to reduce the flow resistance in the choledocho
      duodenal junction as estimated with either method.

PMID- 2929368
TI  - Influences of the sympatho-adrenal system on gastric motility and acid secretion
      and on gastroduodenal bicarbonate secretion in the cat.
AB  - Experiments were performed on acutely vagotomized cats during chloralose
      anaesthesia. Gastric H+ and HCO3- secretions were calculated from the pH and PCO2
      in a luminal perfusate. Gastric motility was reflected by changes in hydrostatic
      pressure within the luminal perfusion system ('intragastric pressure'). Duodenal
      HCO3- secretion was monitored by pH titration in situ. Animals with an intact
      sympatho-adrenal system (group 1) were compared with others subjected to
      splanchnicotomy (group 2), adrenal gland ligation (group 3), and splanchnicotomy
      plus adrenal gland ligation (group 4). Basal gastric H+ secretion, as well as
      vagally induced H+ secretory responses, did not differ significantly between
      groups. Basal gastric HCO3- secretion was lower in all groups with a manipulated
      sympatho-adrenal system compared to the intact controls. Vagally induced
      increases in gastric HCO3- secretion were enhanced in the splanchnicotomized
      groups (groups 2 and 4). Basal as well as vagally induced increases in
      intragastric pressure and duodenal HCO3- secretion were enhanced in animals
      subjected to splanchnicotomy, with or without simultaneous adrenal gland ligation
      (groups 2 and 4). Adrenal gland ligation per se had no such effects. The results
      suggest that the adrenal glands exert a stimulatory action on basal gastric HCO3-
      secretion. Basal intragastric pressure and basal duodenal HCO3- secretion are
      inhibited by post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons, not involving the adrenal
      glands. Also, vagal excitatory effects on gastric motility, as well as on gastric
      and duodenal HCO3- secretions, are inhibited by such a direct neural mechanism.

PMID- 2929369
TI  - Extravascular arteriovenous oxygen shunting in the cat stomach.
AB  - Venous appearance of oxygen and red cells labelled with methaemoglobin was
      compared in the gastric vascular bed. At 'resting' gastric blood flow the red
      cells appeared earlier than oxygen after simultaneous close i.a. injection, as
      would be expected from the intravascular laminar flow profile. However, when
      lowering arterial inflow pressure to the stomach by partially occluding the
      coeliac trunk, oxygen often appeared earlier than the red blood cells. When
      arterial pressure was lower than 50 mmHg this was always the case. This
      observation is taken to indicate that during these experimental conditions an
      extravascular shunting of oxygen occurs. It is suggested that this may occur in
      the submucosal vascular network and/or in the mucosa. The functional implications
      of such a mechanism are tentatively discussed.

PMID- 2929370
TI  - Effect of acute intravenous volume loading on haemodynamics and aortic
      baroreceptor activity in dogs.
AB  - This study evaluates the effect of acute intravenous volume loading on
      haemodynamics and aortic baroreceptor activity in order to determine the
      mechanistic factors responsible for divergent heart rate responses to volume
      loading. Eleven beagles were anaesthetized and instrumented for the recording of
      aortic pressure, diameter, flow and aortic baroreceptor activity. Isotonic
      saline, equal to 20% of the estimated blood volume, was infused intravenously
      within 60-90 s. The animals were divided into tachycardiac and bradycardic groups
      according to their heart rate response to volume loading. In the group developing
      the tachycardic response, aortic baroreceptor activity increased. Total
      peripheral resistance was reduced by 31% and variables representing aortic
      stretch, mean aortic pressure, diameter and tension remained unchanged. In
      contrast, in the group developing the bradycardiac response, aortic baroreceptor
      activity increased markedly. Also in this group peripheral resistance decreased,
      but only by 15%, which was significantly less than in the tachycardiac group.
      Factors determining aortic stretch, mean aortic pressure, diameter and tension
      also increased significantly. Earlier studies show that regardless of the
      resulting heart rate response, atrial receptor activity increases during volume
      loading. Thus, we conclude that during cardiac acceleration, marked peripheral
      vasodilation eliminates the stimulation of baroreceptors and therefore the
      tachycardic response caused by atrial receptors develops. In the case of cardiac
      slowing, vasodilation also takes place, but is not sufficient to prevent
      activation of baroreceptors. In consequence, increased baroreceptor activity
      overrides the tachycardic drive coming from the atrial receptors and a typical
      baroreceptor reflex becomes manifested.

PMID- 2929371
TI  - Electrophysiological and mechanical characteristics of isolated hearts from
      spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and normotensive (WKY) rats on very high- and
      low-sodium diets.
AB  - Electrophysiological, mechanical, dimensional and coronary flow characteristics
      were studied on papillary strips and on isolated hearts, from spontaneously
      hypertensive (SHR) and normotensive (WKY) rats respectively, which from 5 to 15
      weeks of age had been on either 'low' (LNa, 0.5 mmol 100 g-1 food), control (CNa,
      5) 'high' (HNa, 50) or 'very high' (vHNa, 120) sodium diets. With respect to
      cardiac electrophysiological characteristics, contractility, and maximal stroke
      volume capacity only minor, if any, differences were observed between the various
      Na diet groups, both in WKY and SHR. This is in accordance with our earlier
      findings concerning vascular smooth muscle, where a largely unchanged sensitivity
      and responsiveness to, for example, noradrenaline was noted. Further, only to the
      extent that the various Na diets had also caused changes in average blood
      pressure levels, adaptations of cardiac and coronary resistance vessel design
      were observed, in general agreement with our earlier findings in other
      preparations and experimental designs. The largely unaffected functional
      characteristics of cardiac as well as vascular effector cells, despite 240-fold
      long-term variations in sodium intake, are in sharp contrast to the marked
      changes that have been shown to affect the adrenergic nerves, as here chronic low
      Na intakes cause reductions of transmitter release/impulse, and vice versa at
      high Na intakes. This latter type of change seems to be by far the most important
      functional deviation affecting cardiovascular control during long-term
      alterations of sodium intake, as it can markedly affect both cardiac and vascular
      influences on haemodynamics, even though the respective effector functions seem
      to be surprisingly little influenced directly.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2929372
TI  - Renal response to low and high phosphate intake in weanling, adolescent and adult
      rats.
AB  - The renal response to low and high phosphate intake was studied in weanling,
      young and adult rats. Weanling rats were started on experimental diets containing
      0.37%, 0.7%, or 1.7% phosphate at 24 days and adult rats at 60 days of age. After
      21 days, clearance studies were done in anaesthetized animals. Urine was
      collected during basal conditions and following a phosphate infusion. Urinary
      excretion of calcium, phosphate and creatinine, and plasma levels of phosphate
      and creatinine were determined. Plasma phosphate was slightly higher in the
      younger rats in all dietary groups but was not influenced by phosphate intake in
      either age group. Urinary phosphate excretion and fractional phosphate excretion
      increased significantly in both age groups with increasing phosphate intake.
      After high phosphate intake, both net and fractional phosphate excretions were
      significantly higher in younger rats (0.97 +/- 0.08 and 0.24 +/- 0.06 mumol min-1
      100 g-1, P less than 0.01, and 47.5 +/- 3.84 and 18.15 +/- 5.59%, P less than
      0.01, respectively). The urinary excretion of calcium related to creatinine was
      higher in younger rats in all dietary groups with the highest value found after
      low phosphate intake. During an acute phosphate infusion, fractional phosphate
      excretion increased significantly in both age groups after normal phosphate
      intake but remained unchanged after low or high phosphate intake. Plasma
      phosphate increased significantly only in younger rats with high phosphate intake
      (2.9 +/- 0.18, 3.88 +/- 0.43, P less than 0.05). It is suggested that
      hypercalciuria reflects early stages of phosphate depletion and that in young
      rats stabilized on a high phosphate intake, phosphate retention may occur during
      an acute phosphate load.

PMID- 2929373
TI  - Effects of reduced oxygen tension on endothelium-dependent relaxation induced by
      acetylcholine differ in rabbit femoral artery and jugular vein.
AB  - In intact rabbit femoral artery rings pre-contracted with phenylephrine,
      acetylcholine (ACh; 10(-9)-10(-6) M) produces endothelium-dependent relaxation,
      abolished after mechanical rubbing to remove the endothelium. The response to ACh
      was absent at low oxygen tension (less than or equal to 4 kPa) or in the presence
      of sodium cyanide (1 mM). Intact rabbit jugular veins relaxed to ACh in lower
      concentration than did the femoral artery, 10(-10)-10(-8) M; at sufficient ACh
      concentration the relaxation was complete. In veins with completely removed
      endothelium no relaxation to ACh occurred, and at concentrations above 3 x 10(-7)
      M the response was a contraction. The relaxation response to ACh of intact veins
      persisted during contraction at lower oxygen tension or in the presence of 1 mM
      sodium cyanide. In rubbed veins, cyanide consistently induced a transient
      contraction, which was absent in intact veins. The study demonstrates pronounced
      endothelium-dependent relaxation to ACh in a venous preparation, with a markedly
      lower sensitivity of the relaxation response to hypoxia than in a muscular artery
      of the same species.

PMID- 2929374
TI  - Effect of high pressure on metabolic response to cold in rats.
AB  - The ability of rats to regulate body temperature in a cool helium-oxygen (heliox)
      atmosphere at high pressure was studied. Thermoregulatory ability in seven awake
      rats was assessed in a pressure chamber at 1.5, 21 and 41 ATA by monitoring body
      temperature and oxygen consumption during a gradual reduction of ambient
      temperature. Body temperature was measured by a radiotelemetry transmitter
      implanted into the intraperitoneal cavity. The thermal conductance of the rats
      increased from 0.37 to 0.75 W kg-1 degrees C-1 as air was substituted by heliox
      and increased further to 1.47 and 1.81 W kg-1 degrees C-1 as the pressure was
      increased to 21 and 41 ATA, respectively. At high pressure the rats were able to
      maintain body temperature until the metabolic rate reached a value of 21.9 +/-
      2.0 W kg-1, which corresponds to peak metabolic rate. This occurred at an ambient
      temperature of approximately 21 degrees C. Below this ambient temperature the
      rats did not manage to maintain body temperature. The results show that the
      thermal effector mechanisms of rats respond adequately to a slowly decreasing
      ambient temperature in hyperbaric heliox environments.

PMID- 2929375
TI  - Autonomic nervous control of cervical secretion in the guinea-pig.
AB  - Neurogenic influence on cervical secretion was studied in experiments performed
      on isolated guinea-pig cervix with intact adjacent nerves. The secretion was
      estimated as carbohydrate efflux. Experiments were undertaken at ovulation time
      when secretion is most prominent. Hypogastric nerve stimulation significantly
      increased carbohydrate release. This response was unaffected by phentolamine but
      inhibited by TTX, scopolamine and hexamethonium, as well as previous destruction
      of paracervical ganglia. Pelvic nerve stimulation did not affect cervical
      secretion. Carbachol as well as VIP induced a secretory response of the same
      extent as did hypogastric nerve stimulation. Scopolamine abolished the VIP
      induced secretion. VIP and carbachol in combination had no additive effect. It is
      concluded that cervical glands of the guinea-pig uterus possess a cholinergic
      secretomotor innervation. The main pathway is the hypogastric nerve and neurons
      have a peripheral relay at paracervical ganglia. A more complex peripheral
      organization cannot be excluded.

PMID- 2929376
TI  - Comparison of tactile discrimination ability of visually deprived and normal
      monkeys.
AB  - The tactile discrimination ability of visually deprived and normal monkeys was
      tested to study whether loss of vision would improve the utilization of the
      tactual sense. Three normally sighted monkeys and three monkeys that had been
      deprived of vision during the first year of their life were trained in two
      tactile discrimination tasks by using a reward system in which the animals
      received a raisin or half a peanut under a correctly chosen wooden block.
      Discrimination was based on the gradual roughness or size of various blocks. When
      the monkeys had learned the tasks to the criterion, discrimination thresholds
      were determined. All monkeys improved their performance in both tasks with time,
      but no statistically significant differences between the performance of the two
      groups of monkeys were obtained. These results suggest that although the
      representation of the tactual sense in the cortical association areas has been
      shown to increase as a result of visual deprivation during the early sensitive
      period of life, increased representation does not improve the tactual
      discrimination ability of simple tactual stimuli.

PMID- 2929377
TI  - Large transcapillary hydraulic conductance in skeletal muscle and skin of man
      revealed by a new technique.

PMID- 2929378
TI  - Pacemaker-like firing of noradrenergic locus coeruleus neurons in vivo induced by
      the excitatory amino acid antagonist kynurenate in the rat.

PMID- 2929380
TI  - Characteristics of patients with major depression in combination with dysthymic
      or cyclothymic disorders. Childhood and precipitating events.
AB  - The relationship between patients with acute major depression and chronic
      affective disorders was investigated in 298 nonpsychotic outpatients. The
      patients were categorized into 4 groups: major depression only, major depression
      with dysthymic or cyclothymic disorders, dysthymic or cyclothymic disorder
      without major depression and one group of other psychiatric disorders. The
      patients were interviewed about childhood losses, relationship to parents and
      siblings and family atmosphere, their personality characteristics as children, as
      well as precipitating events. The reports in the various diagnostic groups were
      compared. Patients in the mixed group reported somewhat more traumatic childhood
      experiences compared with patients in the pure major depression group and pure
      dysthymic-cyclothymic group, and much more traumatic childhood experiences
      compared with patients in the group of other disorders. Precipitating events
      among patients in the acute major depression group consisted of more acute
      external stressors compared with the events of the patients in the group of
      chronic affective disorders. Patients with major depression in combination with
      pure dysthymic-cyclothymic disorder generally remembered their childhood as
      having been more traumatic, with a less satisfying relationship to their parents.

PMID- 2929379
TI  - Minor physical anomalies and recidivistic adult violent criminal behavior.
AB  - Minor physical anomalies (MPA) result from disruptions of gestation, and may be
      used as signs of central nervous system defects in development. Utilizing a
      Danish birth cohort, we tested the hypothesis that MPA predict adolescent and
      adult recidivistic violent criminal behavior. The number of MPA was measured at
      11 to 13 years of age and police records of criminal behavior were ascertained at
      20 to 22 years of age. Recidivistic violent offenders evidenced an elevated level
      of MPA compared with subjects with one violent offense or subjects with no
      violent offenses.

PMID- 2929381
TI  - An educational program on depressive disorders for general practitioners on
      Gotland: background and evaluation.
AB  - General practitioners are the psychiatrists' most important coworkers in the
      treatment of depressive disorders. A high degree of knowledge about this illness
      in this group of doctors is of decisive importance. However, the value of
      postgraduate educational programs for general practitioners has been questioned.
      The Swedish Committee for the Prevention and Treatment of Depression (PTD)
      offered an educational program on symptoms, etiology, diagnosis, prevention and
      treatment of depression to all general practitioners on the Swedish island of
      Gotland. Lectures on suicide, depressive illness in childhood and in old age and
      psychotherapy of depressive states were also given. In several control periods
      data were collected on suicides, referrals to the local psychiatric department,
      emergency admissions, the quantity of sick leave used and the quantity of
      inpatient care due to depression. Even the prescription of psychopharmacological
      drugs on the island was investigated. Overall, the results indicated that general
      practitioners gratefully accepted the educational program and achieved increasing
      competence and stringency in treating and preventing depressive states. The
      program was associated with decreases in the use of psychiatric inpatient care
      and the sick leave frequency of depressed patients. The possibility of preventing
      suicides was positively influenced.

PMID- 2929382
TI  - Lactate infusions in panic disorder patients and normal controls: autonomic
      measures and subjective anxiety.
AB  - The anxiety symptoms, heart rate and blood pressure of 61 patients who panicked
      during lactate infusions were compared with 25 control nonpanickers. There was no
      significant difference in the increase in heart rate and blood pressure over
      baseline between patients and controls. There appeared to be no significant
      correlation between the subjective anxiety ratings and the measures of heart rate
      and blood pressure during lactate-induced panic. The symptoms of shortness of
      breath, feeling frightened or afraid, feeling dizzy and fear of losing control
      were significantly associated with lactate-induced panic. In addition, the
      cognitive symptoms of fear of losing control and fear of going crazy appear to be
      important determinants of lactate-induced panic.

PMID- 2929383
TI  - Nonregressive schizophrenia--a long-term comparative follow-up investigation.
AB  - A 14-17 year follow-up study of a first admission sample of nonregressive
      schizophrenic cases revealed a phenomenological and diagnostic consistency over
      time. Some improved and adapted well in society but a considerable proportion
      developed into chronic schizophrenic syndromes. Schizophrenic deterioration was
      also manifested among those who adhered to a nonregressive course without ever
      revealing frank psychotic decompensation. Treatment consumption and disability
      were high. Prognosis and outcome were, in the main, similar to a parallel series
      of regressive schizophrenic first-admission cases of similar sex and age
      composition. The sex difference noted in the intermediate-term outcome study in
      1973, with a more favourable outcome among the women, was no longer present. The
      findings added further support to the validity of the concept of nonregressive
      schizophrenia and to the hypothesis of a joint nosology with classical
      schizophrenia.

PMID- 2929384
TI  - Disaster severity and emotional disturbance: implications for primary mental
      health care in developing countries.
AB  - Two months following the 1987 earthquakes in Ecuador, 150 patients in the primary
      health care clinics of the area were screened for emotional problems; 40% of them
      were emotionally distressed. Risk factors included not being married, reporting
      poor physical or emotional health, and having ill-defined physical complaints.
      The findings from this research are discussed in relation to a disaster of much
      greater intensity, whose victims were studied by the authors, utilizing the same
      instrument and research design. The comparison between these 2 groups of disaster
      victims revealed that: 1) the prevalence of emotional distress was smaller among
      the Ecuador victims, but the frequency of symptoms among the distressed was
      similar for both groups; 2) the symptom profiles were remarkably similar; and 3)
      the most frequent symptoms and the strongest predictors of emotional distress
      were very similar. These findings support a focused training of health care
      workers on selected emotional problems that are regularly present among victims
      of different disasters.

PMID- 2929385
TI  - Decreased plasma benzylamine oxidase in a subgroup of schizophrenia.
AB  - Plasma benzylamine oxidase (BzAO) activity was analysed in a group of 40
      schizophrenic patients and compared with that of healthy controls. Although
      plasma BzAO was significantly decreased in schizophrenics as a whole, when
      patients were divided into type I (favourable course) and type II (poor course)
      it was found that the reduced BzAO activity was only observed in type I. Several
      clinical features were associated with a low BzAO level. The clinical and
      biological significance of the identification of a biochemical alteration in a
      subgroup of schizophrenic patients is discussed, and we suggest that the
      possibility of BzAO being a marker for prognosis in schizophrenia should be
      further investigated.

PMID- 2929387
TI  - Psychalgic depressive disorder: a descriptive and comparative study.
AB  - In this study 35 consecutive patients diagnosed as having psychalgic depressive
      disorder (PDD) who lacked sadness but presented with chronic pain have been
      described. The patients were mainly female, middle-aged and from an urban
      background. Pain, usually at multiple sites, was reported to be severe by most
      patients. Predominant depressive symptoms were lack of interest in surroundings
      (97%), although this was not directly reported, early morning awakening (91%),
      loss of appetite (100%), and suicidal ideas (66%). None had marked sadness or
      weeping spells. Lack of reactivity of mood was present in only 2 cases. These
      psychalgic depression cases were compared with a group of 30 patients diagnosed
      as having psychogenic pain disorder. PDD cases were significantly more often
      female, married, less educated, and from an urban background. Pain was
      significantly more intense and at multiple sites, as compared with the
      psychogenic pain disorder cases. Clinical outcome was better for PDD cases.

PMID- 2929386
TI  - The GBS scale in multi-infarct dementia and senile dementia of Alzheimer type.
AB  - The GBS profile was assessed for 39 patients with multi-infarct dementia (MID)
      and 34 patients with senile dementia of Alzheimer type (SDAT). The MID patients
      fulfilled the DSM-III criteria for multi-infarct dementia and had a score of 7
      points or more on the Hachinski Ischemic Scale (HIS) and a score of 4 points or
      less on the Gustafson/Nilsson Alzheimer Scale (GNAS). The SDAT patients fulfilled
      DSM-III criteria for primary degenerative dementia and had a score of 5 points or
      more on the GNAS and a score of 6 points or less on the HIS. The total GBS score,
      the GBS subscale and relative subscale scores for intellectual functioning were
      significantly higher in patients with SDAT as compared with patients with MID.
      However, these subscale scores were considerably dispersed and nearly totally
      overlapping between patients with MID and SDAT, which implicates that the
      discriminative value is minimal. The validity between the GBS versus HIS and
      between the GBS versus GNAS was divergent, suggesting that the GBS scale has its
      own unique validity. In conclusion, the study does not support the hypothesis
      that the GBS profile may be of diagnostic value in clinical differentiation
      between multi-infarct dementia (MID) and senile dementia of Alzheimer type
      (SDAT).

PMID- 2929388
TI  - Morbidity and mortality after early aneurysm surgery--a prospective study with
      nimodipine prevention.
AB  - Based on the outcome in 116 consecutive patients who were subjected to early
      aneurysm operation combined with additional nimodipine treatment, and who were
      controlled by transcranial Doppler (TCD) sonography, a morbidity and mortality
      analysis was performed. Of the 84 patients who preoperatively were in Hunt & Hess
      grades III, 79 patients (94%) were considered to show a favourable (good-fair)
      late recovery, while one patient (1%) had a poor outcome, and four patients (5%)
      died. Of the 32 poor condition patients (H & H IV-V), 17 (53%) showed a
      favourable recovery, while seven (22%) had a poor outcome, and eight patients
      (25%) died. Altogether, 20 patients (17%) had an unfavourable (poor-dead)
      outcome. Only two of these patients showed delayed ischaemic deterioration, one
      as a consequence of a secondary occlusion of perforating branches from the
      basilar artery and one with decompensated vasospasm after the evacuation of an
      epidural haematoma and a longlasting severe systemic hypotension; both these
      patients died. In another six of the patients with an unfavourable outcome, this
      was mainly related to a complicated surgery. The unfavourable outcome was related
      to primary brain damage produced by the subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) in ten
      patients and in two patients to internal medical complications. In addition to
      the two patients who died following delayed deterioration, secondary neurological
      dysfunction occurred in 11 patients. In 10 of these patients transient
      neurological dysfunction was attributed to vasospasm or to a combination of
      vasospasm with intraoperative or postoperative complications. One further case of
      delayed deterioration was attributed to secondary occlusion of the internal
      carotid artery after a complicated operation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2929390
TI  - Surgical approach to pineal tumours.
AB  - During a period of 10 years (1977-1986) 40 cases of tumour of the pineal region
      have been treated at the Istituto Neurologico "C. Besta"-of Milan. Out of these
      40 cases, 27 (67.5%) were in the paediatric (10-15 years) or juvenile (15-20
      years) age at the time of operation. Since 1983 a specific diagnostic and
      therapeutic protocol has been adopted and thereafter direct surgical removal of
      the tumour was performed only when the neuroradiological investigations were
      highly suggestive of a benign extrinsic lesion. Sixteen cases in this series
      underwent direct surgical removal; in the remaining 24 cases stereotactic biopsy
      of the tumour was performed in the first instance. On the basis of the
      histological diagnosis obtained by this procedure surgical excision of the tumour
      (9 cases) or radiotherapy (15 cases) was then performed. 25 cases underwent
      surgical removal of the lesion. In all the cases the infratentorial
      supracerebellar approach as introduced by Krause and then modified by Stein was
      adopted. On analysis of the data of this series it was observed that in 25% of
      the cases completely benign resectable tumours were found; in 25% of the cases
      astrocytoma (grade I-II) which could be treated at least by partial removal were
      present; in 30% of the cases radiosensitive lesions were encountered. In the
      remaining 20% of the cases highly malignant tumours were found which should be
      treated only by radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy.

PMID- 2929389
TI  - Intracerebral subependymomas. Clinical and neuropathological analyses with
      special reference to the possible existence of a less benign variant.
AB  - The frequency of asymptomatic subependymomas was 0.4% in 1,000 serial routine
      necropsies and 0.7% in symptomatic subependymomas from 1,000 serial surgical
      specimens of intracranial neoplasms. Among patients with subependymoma (7
      symptomatic and 4 asymptomatic), we found 3 cases of marked nuclear polymorphism
      (NP) in biopsy specimens. The subjective NP was objectively quantified by
      computer-assisted morphometry, by which a significant difference in nuclear size
      between these three cases and other cases (p less than 0.005) was revealed. This
      morphological characteristic correlated with the results of DNA-analysis by flow
      fluorescence cytometry (FFCM): subependymomas with NP demonstrated higher S and
      G2/M phases in a diploid pattern than other benign gliomas of our series. From
      the clinical data including prognosis, however, no remarkable difference was
      found between the NP group and other groups. The possible existence of less
      benign variant should be considered in the diagnosis and treatment of
      subependymoma.

PMID- 2929391
TI  - Callosotomy for the management of intractable non-focal epilepsy: a preliminary
      personal assessment.
AB  - After reviewing the data of the literature, the authors report their personal
      series composed of twelve cases. In evaluating the results of surgical treatment
      only the first ten patients are taken into account. As previously stressed in the
      literature, callosotomy (total in two cases and anterior in the remainder) has
      proved effective in abolishing or significantly reducing atonic seizures. Tonico
      clonic seizures have also benefitted in some cases, while in complex partial and
      partial seizures the effects of callosotomy have been so far unpredictable,
      albeit in some patients all kinds of seizures have been abolished or definitely
      reduced. The most impressive EEG and neuropsychological features after
      callosotomy are briefly summarized. Anterior callosotomy seems to be a relatively
      safe procedure, its results appear to be, on the whole, gratifying even though in
      patients with severe mental retardation and Lennox-Gastaut syndromes remain
      controversial.

PMID- 2929392
TI  - Dissociation between activation of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal antidiuretic
      system and the type of diuresis during acute intracranial hypertension.
      Experimental observation.
AB  - Acute cerebral compression by a supra- and infratentorial balloon produced a
      triphasic pattern of diuresis. The 1st phase was characterized by polyuria
      associated with five fold increase of plasma (p) antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
      concentration, decreased urine osmolality in spite of natriuresis and blood
      pressure elevation. The 2nd phase was characterized by oliguria, a decrease of
      pADH and reduced urine Na+ concentration, whereas urine osmolality transiently
      increased. At this stage there was respiratory arrest and fall of blood pressure.
      The final stage was diabetes insipidus (DI), when EEG activity had disappeared.
      An increase of serum osmolality mainly occurred during the last DI phase. Serum
      Na+ concentration fluctuated slightly during the whole period of diuresis. These
      results present evidence, that the diuresis pattern reflects the hypothalamo
      hypophyseal antidiuretic system (HHAS) reaction to acute intracranial pressure
      (ICP) increase with the vegetative symptoms of cerebral shock.

PMID- 2929393
TI  - Percutaneous insertion of CSF ventriculoatrial shunts--a new technique. Technical
      note.
AB  - In conventional techniques concerning insertion of ventriculoatrial shunt
      systems, the route to the caval system is accomplished by a lateral rightsided
      neck dissection and isolation usually of the facial or the external jugular vein,
      in order to introduce the atrial catheter into the internal jugular vein and
      consequently the superior vena cava. A new approach for catheterization of the
      internal jugular vein is proposed. The technique is a combination of the well
      proven approach for percutaneous catheterization of the vein and a technique used
      in the implantation of permanent pacemaker leads. We find the method suitable for
      cases whenever a VA-shunt is preferred.

PMID- 2929395
TI  - Vaccine biotechnology.

PMID- 2929394
TI  - Surgical treatment of multiple aneurysms. Review of experience with 372 cases.
AB  - We review the surgical results in 372 cases of multiple intracranial aneurysms
      over a 25-year period in which one of us (JS) performed 2,000 direct operations
      for aneurysms. All patients were classified into four groups according to the
      location of the aneurysm: Group 1: multiple aneurysms including anterior
      communicating artery aneurysm (157 cases); Group 2: multiple aneurysms of
      unilateral anterior circulation (72 cases); Group 3: multiple aneurysms of
      bilateral anterior circulation (110 cases); Group 4: multiple aneurysms including
      vertebro-basilar artery aneurysms (33 cases). In multiple aneurysm cases, our
      policy has been to treat all aneurysms, ruptured and unruptured, in a one-stage
      operation whenever possible. About 90% of patients in both Group 1 and 2 were
      treated by one-stage operations, while 60% of patients in Group 3 and 42% of
      patients in Group 4 were operated on in the same manner. Excellent and good
      results in from 73% to 81% of cases were obtained in patients in Group 1, Group 2
      and Group 3. Morbidity was 14-19% and mortality was 6-8%. These results were
      comparable to the results with a single aneurysm of the anterior circulation. On
      the other hand, the surgical results in Group 4 were poor with a mortality of
      27%. Poor results were attributable to the postoperative rebleeding from the
      untreated vertebro-basilar aneurysms, which were thought to be unruptured
      aneurysms preoperatively. Furthermore, it was clarified that the results of early
      one-stage operations (within one week from onset) in patients with multiple
      aneurysms were satisfactory. In this group, there was good recovery in 84% of
      patients, 7% were disabled and 9% died.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2929396
TI  - Improvement in functional recovery of stunned canine myocardium by long-term
      pretreatment with oral propranolol.
AB  - We investigated the effect of long-term oral pretreatment with the beta
      adrenergic antagonist, propranolol (Inderal LA, 160 mg daily for 8 days) on the
      functional recovery of myocardium after 15-minute coronary artery occlusion
      followed by 3 hours of reperfusion in barbital-anesthetized dogs. Propranolol
      pretreated dogs (N = 9) displayed a significantly lower left ventricular peak
      positive rise in ventricular pressure (dP/dt), heart rate, and rate-pressure
      product throughout the experiment compared with the control group (N = 15).
      Subendocardial percent segment shortening as measured by sonomicrometry recovered
      to 65.4 +/- 7.2% of the preocclusion level after pretreatment with propranolol,
      whereas the control group recovered to only 11.1% +/- 10.2% after 3 hours of
      reperfusion. To ascertain the beneficial role of a lower heart rate on the
      recovery of regional contractile function, a third group of dogs (N = 6) was
      pretreated with propranolol, but heart rate was maintained at control levels by
      atrial pacing. The beneficial effects of pretreatment with propranolol were
      abolished in this group. There were no differences between groups in myocardial
      perfusion in the normal region as measured by the radioactive microsphere
      technique. However, in postischemic, reperfused myocardium, there was a
      significantly higher blood flow to subepicardium, mid-myocardium, and
      subendocardium after reperfusion in the propranolol-pretreated, unpaced group.
      Thus long-term oral pretreatment with propranolol enhances the contractile
      recovery of postischemic, reperfused myocardium. This protective effect of beta
      adrenergic blockade is primarily related to the reduction in heart rate and
      enhanced perfusion in the postischemic region.

PMID- 2929398
TI  - Relationship of functional recovery to scar contraction after myocardial
      infarction in the canine left ventricle.
AB  - We have previously reported that regional wall motion abnormalities in a canine
      model of acute myocardial infarction may show substantial improvement in the
      first 6 weeks after infarction. To determine whether the mechanism of this
      improvement in function is the result of scar contraction within the infarct, we
      studied the relationship between changes in regional wall motion defined by cross
      sectional echocardiography and the regional concentration of radioactive
      microspheres injected immediately before coronary occlusion and sampled 6 weeks
      after occlusion. Eight dogs underwent serial echocardiographic and microsphere
      blood flow measurements immediately before and 30 minutes, 48 hours, 1 week, 3
      weeks, and 6 weeks after ligation of the left anterior descending or the left
      circumflex coronary artery. Wall motion and blood flow were measured in the short
      axis section of the left ventricle at the level of the midpapillary muscle in
      each 10-degree radial segment around the circumference of the ventricle. Infarct
      histology was assessed at 6 weeks by means of the same radial coordinate system.
      Control data were collected in a similar manner from four dogs that underwent
      sham operations and had no histologic evidence of infarction. In all of the
      animals with infarcts, but not in the sham animals, the calculated preocclusion
      endocardial and epicardial blood flow values in the histologic infarct zone (252
      +/- 44 and 168 +/- 17 ml/min/100 gm, respectively, mean +/- SEM) were
      significantly higher than those in the normal opposite wall (endocardial: 106 +/-
      3 ml/min/100 gm, p less than 0.01); epicardial: 108 +/- 3 ml/min/100 gm, p less
      than 0.01. The location and circumferential extent of myocardium showing this
      elevation of preocclusion blood flow correlated well (r = 0.93, p less than
      0.001) with the location and circumferential extent of the histologic infarct.
      The amount of wall motion abnormality, measured from the "correlation plot area,"
      decreased significantly from its maximum value of 39 +/- 3 degrees at 48 hours
      after coronary occlusion to 3 +/- 1 degrees (p less than 0.001) at 6 weeks after
      occlusion. The ratio of the preocclusion transmural blood flow in the infarct
      zone to that in the noninfarct zone, a measure of the condensation of the
      microspheres injected before coronary occlusion, and therefore of the degree of
      scar contraction at 6 weeks, correlated well (r = 0.83, p less than 0.01) with
      the recovery of wall motion 6 weeks after infarction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400
      WORDS)

PMID- 2929397
TI  - Protective effect of the specific thromboxane receptor antagonist, BM-13505, in
      reperfusion injury following acute myocardial ischemia in cats.
AB  - The ability of BM-13505, 4-[2-(4-chlorobenzenesulfonylamino) ethyl]-benzene
      acetic acid), a specific thromboxane/endoperoxide receptor antagonist, to protect
      the myocardium against ischemia and reperfusion injury, was assessed in an
      anesthetized cat model. Cats were rendered ischemic by left anterior descending
      (LAD) coronary artery ligation for 1 1/2 hours followed by reperfusion for 4 1/2
      hours. BM-13505 or its vehicle (i.e., Na2CO3) was administered intravenously 30
      minutes before reperfusion at a rate of 1 mg/kg followed by 1 mg/kg/hr. BM-13505
      significantly (p less than 0.001) reduced the area of ischemic tissue as a
      percent of total left ventricular mass and total area at risk, without altering
      basic hemodynamics (i.e., arterial blood pressure, heart rate, or their product)
      and thereby not influencing myocardial oxygen demand. The mechanism of the
      protective effect of the thromboxane receptor antagonist appears to be
      cytoprotective but may involve the prevention of neutrophil-induced cellular
      damage.

PMID- 2929399
TI  - Variceal transformation of the subendocardial microvasculature in regions of
      chronic myocardial ischemia.
AB  - The nature and cause of the striking regional dilatation of the microvasculature
      of the subendocardial myocardium seen in some patients with ischemic heart
      disease are unknown. To examine this question, we reviewed nine patients in whom
      regions of the left ventricular free wall had marked prominence of subendocardial
      vasculature on postmortem arteriography. All hearts had severe diffuse
      atherosclerosis of major epicardial coronary arteries. Histologic findings,
      including serial transmural sections, showed extreme dilatation of arterioles,
      capillaries, and venules of the subendocardial third of the myocardium. In this
      same region myocytes showed atrophy, vacuolization (a marker of chronic
      ischemia), and small foci of necrosis and fibrosis. The generalized small-vessel
      dilatation with adjacent ischemic myocytes makes it improbable that the vascular
      changes are caused by collateral flow. Previous anatomic studies have shown
      artery-vein arrangements in the myocardium providing for countercurrent
      regulation of regional blood flow. This mechanism, which produces vascular
      enlargement on the basis of metabolic need, may explain the regional variceal
      transformation of the subendocardial microvasculature seen with chronic ischemia.

PMID- 2929400
TI  - The effect of thromboxane inhibition on vulnerability to ventricular fibrillation
      in the acute and chronic feline infarction models.
AB  - Inhibition of the enzyme that synthesizes thromboxanes may protect against the
      development of ventricular fibrillation (VF) during acute myocardial ischemia.
      This study was carried out to test this hypothesis with a new thromboxane
      synthetase inhibitor, and to extend the studies to alternative animal models of
      myocardial infarction. In a series of acute experiments, 19 cats were pretreated
      with 10 mg/kg of U-63557A (a dose that produced greater than 75% reduction in
      thromboxane B2 [TxB2] levels) or saline before abrupt left anterior descending
      coronary artery occlusion. Seven of the nine control animals suffered spontaneous
      VF associated with a 77% fall in VF threshold compared with the treated animals,
      of which 2 of 10 had spontaneous VF and in which VF threshold fell by only 45% (p
      less than 0.025). Despite a similar extent of TxB2 inhibition in another set of
      nine animals, U-63557A failed to protect against a fall in VF threshold during
      coronary reperfusion. Finally, chronic changes in VF threshold and inducibility
      of sustained ventricular tachycardia by programmed stimulation were assessed in a
      group of eight animals. The lowering of VF threshold and inducibility of
      ventricular tachycardia seen in the control state were not influenced by
      treatment with U-63557A. Thus protection against infarct-related VF by TxB2
      inhibition is a property shared by more than one pharmacologic agent. Arrhythmias
      generated by reperfusion or induced in a more chronic setting may not be
      thromboxane-dependent. These results have important implications for the planning
      of studies designed to assess the antiarrhythmic potential of drugs that inhibit
      thromboxane synthesis.

PMID- 2929401
TI  - Repolarization interactions between cardiac segments of varying action potential
      duration.
AB  - We studied interactions between action potential duration (APD) disperse zones
      using a double compartment bath in which an APD lengthening solution (Ni++ 2
      mmol/L, in Tyrode's solution) was added to one compartment (which contained a
      portion of the fiber labeled "segment A") followed by addition of an APD
      shortening solution (6 to 10 mmol/K+) to the other compartment ("segment B").
      Standard microelectrode techniques were used in canine Purkinje fibers. With Ni++
      in segment A, there was a dispersion in APD measured at both 50% (APD50) and 95%
      (APD95) of repolarization. After selective addition of K+ to segment B, APD50
      dispersion remained constant while APD95 dispersion increased, which indicated a
      change in the slope of repolarization, a factor with possible arrhythmogenic
      potential. In addition, a characteristic transitional action potential was seen
      adjacent to the partition. This had a timely and normally sloping early
      repolarization followed by a much more gradually sloping shelf. Premature action
      potentials arising during this shelf had diminished upstrokes. Results of these
      experiments may be useful in evaluating APD dispersion in relation to
      arrhythmias.

PMID- 2929402
TI  - ECG left anterior fascicular block reveals diverse patterns on scintigraphic
      phase analysis.
AB  - Left anterior fascicular block (LAFB) remains an uncertain diagnosis by scalar
      ECG, particularly with coexisting inferior infarction. To assess the use of phase
      analysis in LAFB, left ventricular phase and amplitude maps were evaluated in the
      70-degree left anterior oblique projection in eight control patients and 13
      patients with LAFB who met the ECG criteria of Warner et al. The left ventricular
      region was divided into anterior (A) and inferior (I) segments. Contraction
      patterns were assessed by examination of the sequence of phase angles (phi),
      relative contraction time of the anterior versus inferior segments was assessed
      from the difference between segment mean phase angles, delta phi A-I, determined
      from the phase histogram, and duration of contraction was assessed by histogram
      width. Relative stroke volume was assessed on the amplitude image. Eight control
      subjects had normal amplitude, contraction of the anterior before inferior
      segment, narrow histogram width, and a normal ECG. Among the 13 patients with ECG
      LAFB, seven were concordant, with phase analysis demonstrating anterior
      contraction delay. Two of seven patients had narrow histograms and normal
      amplitude, which were compatible with isolated anterior conduction delay, and
      five of seven patients had broad histograms and reduced anterior amplitude,
      compatible with anterior infarction. Phase analysis was discordant with ECG LAFB
      diagnosis in six patients. All showed contraction of anterior segments before
      inferior segments as in normal subjects. Four had broad histograms and reduced
      inferior amplitude, compatible with prior inferior infarction without LAFB, and
      two had normal phase and amplitude maps. Phase patterns appear characteristic of
      LAFB with or without associated infarction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2929403
TI  - Effects of verapamil on left ventricular relaxation and filling dynamics in
      coronary artery disease: a study by pulsed Doppler echocardiography.
AB  - The effect of verapamil on left ventricular diastolic function in coronary artery
      disease was assessed by Doppler echocardiography of transmitral flow velocities
      in 20 patients. At baseline, isovolumic relaxation time was prolonged compared
      with that in 18 age-matched normal subjects (95 +/- 13 msec versus 74 +/- 12
      msec, p less than 0.001), but decreased to 80 +/- 14 msec (p less than 0.001)
      after treatment. The ratio between early and atrial-induced transmitral
      velocities (E/A-ratio) at baseline was lower in patients than in normal subjects
      (1.1 +/- 0.2 versus 1.4 +/- 0.3, p = 0.01), as was the filling fraction of the
      first third of diastole (43% +/- 5% versus 50% +/- 4%, p less than 0.001).
      Verapamil treatment increased the E/A-ratio to 1.3 +/- 0.4 (p less than 0.001)
      and filling fraction to 45% +/- 4% (p = 0.055) because of increased early
      filling. No change in systolic performance or heart rate was observed. Thus,
      coronary artery disease was associated with retarded relaxation and impairment of
      early filling. However, verapamil treatment enhanced relaxation and induced a
      filling shift toward early diastole, which indicated improved diastolic
      performance. The changes probably reflected reduced myocardial ischemia.

PMID- 2929404
TI  - Recently diagnosed idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: incidence of myocarditis
      and efficacy of prednisone therapy.
AB  - Fifty-two patients with recently diagnosed idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy were
      studied to determine the incidence of myocarditis; patients were randomly
      assigned to receive either conventional therapy alone or conventional therapy
      plus prednisone to assess possible therapeutic efficacy with regard to survival.
      Inflammatory criteria were present in 23% of the population studied with 13%
      having overt myocarditis according to the Dallas criteria. The addition of
      prednisone to conventional therapy did not improve survival in a homogeneous
      population with new-onset dilated cardiomyopathy. Furthermore, the diagnosis of
      myocarditis by endomyocardial biopsy did not influence 2-year survival once
      dilated cardiomyopathy had developed. Biopsy-documented myocarditis resolved in
      all patients, according to results of 3-month follow-up endomyocardial biopsies,
      regardless of treatment group. There was a trend for patients with a left
      ventricular ejection fraction less than 20% to show reduced survival at 2 years
      compared to the group with a higher ejection fraction (p = 0.07). Right
      ventricular dysfunction determined at catheterization was present in 20 of 52
      patients and was the most significant predictor of survival. Patients with
      preserved right ventricular function had a 95% 24-month survival rate compared to
      47% for patients with right ventricular diastolic dysfunction (right ventricular
      end-diastolic pressure greater than or equal to 11 mm Hg) (p = 0.005).

PMID- 2929405
TI  - Regional distribution of lung perfusion and ventilation in patients with chronic
      congestive heart failure and its relationship to cardiopulmonary hemodynamics.
AB  - To study the relationship between the distribution of pulmonary blood flow,
      pulmonary ventilation, and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, we studied six
      patients with chronic congestive heart failure (CHF) (New York Heart Association
      classes II and III) at rest and during exercise. We used krypton 81m (81mKr) and
      technetium 99m (99mTc) to assess lung ventilation and perfusion at rest and
      during exercise. Hemodynamic measurements were obtained with a balloon floatation
      thermodilution catheter. At rest, the upper lung zones of patients with CHF
      received significantly higher proportions of the blood flow compared with
      previously published data in normal volunteers. During exercise, however, the
      fractional perfusion to apices did not change, which suggests that apical flow
      redistribution is already maximized at rest. Measured pulmonary capillary wedge
      pressure failed to correlate with the upper zone or the ratio of upper-to-lower
      zone perfusion counts. Our findings suggest that upper zone flow redistribution
      may be associated with high, normal, or low capillary wedge pressure and
      therefore does not correlate with the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure in
      patients with chronic CHF.

PMID- 2929406
TI  - Lipomatous encasement and compression of the heart: antemortem diagnosis by
      cardiac nuclear magnetic resonance imaging and catheterization.

PMID- 2929407
TI  - Echocardiographic appearance of a flail bioprosthetic mitral valve leaflet
      mimicking vegetation.

PMID- 2929408
TI  - Ebstein's anomaly with ventricular tachycardia: evidence for the arrhythmogenic
      role of the atrialized ventricle.

PMID- 2929409
TI  - Left ventricular myxoma simulating aortic stenosis.

PMID- 2929410
TI  - Proarrhythmia related to a kinetic and dynamic interaction of mexiletine and
      theophylline.

PMID- 2929412
TI  - Color flow mapping in the diagnosis of coronary artery fistula in the neonate:
      benefits and limitations.

PMID- 2929411
TI  - Left ventricular thrombus with normal left ventricular wall motion in a patient
      with myelofibrosis.

PMID- 2929413
TI  - Coronary artery-to-pulmonary artery fistula: a potential new mechanism.

PMID- 2929414
TI  - Garlic extract prevents acute platelet thrombus formation in stenosed canine
      coronary arteries.

PMID- 2929415
TI  - Thyrotoxicosis, atrial fibrillation, and embolism, revisited.

PMID- 2929416
TI  - The defibrillation threshold: how many measurements are enough?

PMID- 2929418
TI  - How knowing the facts about the polygraph test alters pharmacy students'
      attitudes.
AB  - This study involved the measurement, by questionnaire, of attitudes and knowledge
      concerning the polygraph procedure. Subjects were pharmacy students who were
      exposed to a 50-minute lecture about the polygraph. After the lecture,
      significantly fewer subjects believed that the procedure should be used to screen
      applicants for employment, for routine periodic honesty checks, or for
      investigative purposes after a theft has occurred. In addition, significantly
      fewer subjects felt that, as practicing pharmacists, the procedure would "protect
      their job" or that it was "a good thing," while more indicated that they would
      "fear for their job." After the lecture, significantly more respondents would
      refuse to take the polygraph test as part of an employment application or routine
      periodic test of honesty. Also, more respondents objected to the procedure on
      grounds of poor validity/reliability, or ethical/legal grounds, and significantly
      more said the procedure should be outlawed. No significant difference was
      detected in the number of respondents who would be angry and resentful, or in the
      number who reported "not caring one way or the other," or in the number who would
      object if they were requested to undergo a polygraph exam as a practicing
      pharmacist. Almost all respondents did care and did object before and after the
      lecture.

PMID- 2929417
TI  - Sexual harassment in the workplace: an overview of legal issues for pharmacists.

PMID- 2929419
TI  - Compliance packaging: a patient education tool.
AB  - As a direct response to the profound negative impact that the high rate of
      noncompliance is having on therapeutic efficacy and total health-care costs, some
      pharmaceutical manufacturers have taken steps to develop compliance packaging for
      some products prescribed for ambulatory patients. The purpose of compliance
      packaging is to serve as a patient-education tool for health professionals and to
      make it easier for patients to remember to take their medications correctly at
      home. The ideal compliance package will be developed according to patient
      education guidelines. Compliance packaging holds promise as a significant patient
      education tool when health professionals combine it with personalized patient
      counseling and well-written medication instructions. Well-controlled cost
      effectiveness studies are needed to determine the impact of compliance packaging
      on reducing total health-care costs.

PMID- 2929421
TI  - Promoting public awareness of signs of heart attack.

PMID- 2929420
TI  - For appearance only.

PMID- 2929422
TI  - MPA opposes out-of-state prescription drug distribution.

PMID- 2929423
TI  - Polygraphs, honesty tests, and drug screening: a threat to the integrity of a
      proud profession.

PMID- 2929424
TI  - Opening and positioning a pharmacy for success, Part 2.

PMID- 2929425
TI  - The effect of autocorrelation on the estimation of workers' daily exposures.
AB  - Daily 8-hr time-weighted average (TWA) measurements may not be independent since
      production rates, maintenance schedules, work practices, and ventilation can
      result in trends where consecutive values are correlated (autocorrelation). A
      sampling program which involves collection of measurements on consecutive days,
      therefore, can result in biased estimates of the mean and variance of the
      exposure distribution if a high degree of autocorrelation exists. Three simulated
      data sets were examined to assess the effects of autocorrelation on the
      estimation of exposure distributions. Results indicated that about 30% of
      estimated mean values from a highly-autocorrelated series were outside the 95%
      confidence interval observed for an uncorrelated series. Three data sets obtained
      from actual workplaces were found to have relatively little autocorrelation. This
      suggests that for workplaces such as those analyzed here, a random sampling
      program may not be necessary, and sequential sampling may produce accurate
      estimates of the parameters of the exposure distribution.

PMID- 2929426
TI  - Investigation of organic aerosols generated during sugar beet slicing.
AB  - A description is given of a hygiene investigation made to determine workers'
      exposure to airborne microorganisms and antigen in the slicing area of a sugar
      beet refinery following complaints by the workers of work-related respiratory
      symptoms. Dust concentrations in the slicing area were not high (up to 3.5
      mg/m3), but there were many airborne microorganisms (200,000 colony forming
      units/m3), mostly gram-positive bacteria. Of 15 workers, 7 had precipitins to a
      sugar beet extract. Of these 7, there were 5 who also had precipitins to an
      extract of dust collected on a 'Staplex' filter. There was a line of identity
      between the beet and dust extracts, indicating the dust contained appreciable
      quantities of beet antigen. As a result of these findings, local exhaust
      ventilation was installed before the next slicing season. Further investigations
      were made near the beginning and end of this second season. The results showed
      lower dust concentrations and markedly fewer numbers of airborne bacteria.
      Although total numbers of bacteria fell, numbers of gram-negative bacteria
      increased and, at the end of the season, comprised 20% of the total bacterial
      numbers. Specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentration in the workers' serums
      fell between the two slicing seasons and then remained constant through the next
      slicing season. This reflected the environmental measurements that showed lower
      dust concentrations after the installation of exhaust ventilation equipment.

PMID- 2929427
TI  - Clinical pulmonary function tests as predictors of work performance during
      respirator wear.
AB  - The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) mandate requiring
      medical information for respirator users provides the physician with little or no
      guidance as to what objective criteria may be valuable in assessing the worker's
      ability to use a respirator safely. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to
      use the results of clinical pulmonary function testing to predict performance
      time on maximal- and endurance-type exercise tests. Respirator mask wear reduced
      clinical pulmonary function measures from 7%-15% from mouthpiece controls. The
      resistances of the mask reduced forced vital capacity by an average of 11.6%
      (0.65 L); forced expiratory volume in 1 sec by 7.3% (0.33 L); and maximum
      voluntary ventilation in 15 sec by 7.4% (12.4 L/min). Stepwise linear regression
      analysis was used to determine the clinical pulmonary function measures that were
      the best predictors of work performance. The MVV.25 with the respirator was
      determined to be the best predictor of maximal exercise performance both with and
      without the respirator. The difference in peak inspired flow with and without the
      respirator was the best predictor of performance time with the respirator during
      the endurance walk to exhaustion. Recommendations are made to the physician for
      procedures for determining a worker's pulmonary capacity and calculating the
      effect of the respirator in reducing that capacity. This information then will
      allow the physician to determine safe levels of ventilation for a particular work
      task.

PMID- 2929428
TI  - Physical performance during combinations of hypercapnic, resistive, and hot air
      breathing.
AB  - Performance time for a 3.2-km (2-mi) run at maximal voluntary speed was
      determined for 12 subjects under seven experimental conditions: resistance
      breathing (R), hypercapnia (C), hot air breathing (H), and combinations R + C, R
      + H, H + C, and R + H + C. The tests were performed on a treadmill at 5% grade.
      Performance time was increased significantly when the subjects were exposed to
      resistance breathing alone (9%) or to any combination condition containing
      resistance (16%-31%). The effect of breathing resistance was not specific to the
      presence or absence of C, H, or their combination. Nevertheless, the
      physiological effects were not additive and could not be predicted by knowing the
      effects of the individual stresses. Performance time also was increased in
      Condition H + C (9%). Pulmonary ventilation was the most affected physiological
      variable, significantly reduced in Conditions R, H, C + R, H + R, and H + C + R.
      In conclusion, a multistress approach should be used when determining
      physiological responses or performance limitations brought about by real or
      simulated industrial respirator-wear conditions.

PMID- 2929429
TI  - Investigation of charcoal cloth as a sorbent for integrated sampling of solvent
      vapors in mixed-expired breath using a new stainless steel sampler.
AB  - A stainless steel device for integrated sampling of solvents present in mixed
      expired breath is described. During sampling, the subject inhales breathing air
      through commercial charcoal inhalation canisters. Exhaled breath is sampled from
      the mainstream using 45-mm wafers of charcoal cloth or from the sidestream on
      other sorbents. The device concentrates trace contaminants present in large
      volumes of breath. The charcoal cloth sorbent was evaluated for sampling and
      analysis of m-xylene and 1,1,1-trichloroethane under simulated physiological
      conditions. These samples were collected from atmospheres of either analyte
      generated at 35 degrees-40 degrees C and 80%-90% relative humidity to simulate an
      exhaled breath sample matrix. Concentrations sampled ranged from 2.2 to 190 mg/m3
      for 1,1,1-trichloroethane and from 0.44 to 35.6 mg/m3 for m-xylene. Volumes
      sampled ranged from 10 to 50 L. The m-xylene samples were collected using a 3
      wafer front and a 2-wafer backup bed of charcoal cloth; 1,1,1-trichloroethane
      samples were collected using a 10-wafer front and a 1-wafer backup bed. All
      samples were desorbed in carbon disulfide and analyzed via gas chromatography
      using a flame ionization detector. The volume of desorption solvent ranged from
      1.7 to 2.5 mL per wafer of cloth. The quantitation limit is estimated to be 2.0
      micrograms/L for 1,1,1-trichloroethane and 0.4 micrograms/L m-xylene for a 50-L
      sample. At least 80% recovery was obtained for m-xylene or 1,1,1-trichloroethane
      samples stored from 1 to 14 days after collection, if the samples were
      refrigerated at 0 degrees C after an initial 7-day storage period at room
      temperature. The recovery of hexane, 1-hexene, ethyl acetate, isopropanol,
      methylene chloride, and methyl isobutyl ketone from the charcoal cloth also has
      been investigated and is reported. With the exception of isopropanol, all
      analytes were recovered quantitatively from the charcoal cloth by desorption with
      carbon disulfide following storage for 1 to 17 days at ambient temperatures.

PMID- 2929430
TI  - Effects of pressure-demand respirator wear on physiological and perceptual
      variables during progressive exercise to maximal levels.
AB  - Current regulations governing the certification of respiratory protective devices
      are based on data published in the early 1950s. The limited data base of this
      early work and documented increases in the average height of the population
      underscore the need for additional information concerning the parameters of
      certification. In the present study, a protocol using an inclined treadmill (0.5%
      grade every 12 sec) was used to test a heterogeneous population (n = 38). Through
      submaximal up to and including maximal exercise levels with and without
      respirator wear, maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) was significantly greater (p less
      than 0.01) with the respirator (44.11 +/- 1.3 mL/kg.min) than without the
      respirator (42.18 +/- 1.4 mL/kg.min) while maximal ventilation volumes (VEmax)
      were not significantly different (with = 118.7 +/- 4 L/min; without 119.6 +/- 5
      L/min). While peak inspired flows (PFI) with the respirator (268 +/- 7 L/min)
      were less than without the respirator (281 +/- 9 L/min), p greater than 0.05, the
      lower peak expired flow (PFE) with the respirator (289 +/- 12 L/min) than without
      the respirator (324 +/- 13 L/min), p less than 0.01, indicated a significant
      blunting effect of the respiratory flows by the expired resistance during
      exercise to maximal levels. Peak inspired pressures (PPi) with and without the
      respirator were not significantly different (p greater than 0.05). The negative
      values obtained within the facepiece of the respirator (-7.65 +/- 0.8 cmH2O),
      however, indicate that the positive pressure within the facepiece was lost, and
      respiratory protection may be compromised. Peak expired pressure with the
      respirator (13.05 +/- 0.7 cmH2O) was significantly greater than without the
      respirator (10.7 +/- 0.5 cmH2O) indicating that, despite a lower PFE, greater
      force was required to overcome the resistances of the respirator on expiration.
      The dyspnea index, an index of physiological effort; suggests that the subjects
      were working at a higher percentage of their respiratory reserve with the
      respirator (p less than 0.05) than without. Perceptually, subjects also felt that
      breathing with the respirator was more difficult (p less than 0.05). The maximum
      heart rate and the ratings of perceived exertion were not significantly different
      between the two tests at maximal exercise levels. Maximum oxygen uptake was
      considered reached when subjects attained a respiratory exchange ratio of at
      least 1.15, when a heart rate response at or greater than age-predicted maximum
      was achieved, when ratings of perceived exertion indicated exhaustion, and/or
      when the measure of VO2 had plateaued during the final minute of
      exercise.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2929431
TI  - A graphical method to determine the uptake of nuclides by workers.
AB  - A method is presented which simplifies the estimation of the uptake, retention,
      and elimination of radioactive or stable nuclides following instantaneous
      ingestion or inhalation. A graph can be presented which shows the time-related
      presence of the element in organs of interest. It is not necessary to go back to
      the original differential equations used in the metabolic models or to resort to
      the publications which present their solutions. A glance at a graph and some
      simple calculations will allow the health professional to make the required
      determinations.

PMID- 2929432
TI  - Reducing workers' dust exposure during bag stacking in enclosed vehicles.
AB  - The Bureau of Mines has evaluated cost effective systems to ventilate enclosed
      vehicles being loaded directly with bagged product material at mineral processing
      plants. This evaluation included both forms of transportation: railcars and
      trailer trucks. The goal of this research was to lower the dust exposure of
      workers stacking bags in these enclosed vehicles; these workers usually have the
      highest dust exposures in the entire processing plant. The problem occurs because
      there is no mechanical ventilation inside these vehicles. As the vehicle is being
      loaded, dust concentrations increase to substantial levels because released dust
      has no means of exiting the vehicle or of being diluted with fresh air. In cases
      where the dust is hazardous, as with silica sand, this may present a serious
      health hazard. This research project was a two-step effort. The first step was a
      qualitative laboratory evaluation performed in a railcar to compare different
      types of ventilation systems (blowing, exhaust, and push-pull systems) using a
      methane (CH4) tracer gas technique. An exhaust system located over the snake
      conveyor was the most effective system at reducing gas levels in and around the
      bag stacker's work area. The second step then involved a field evaluation at a
      silica sand processing plant to determine the system's effectiveness in the
      actual work environment. Three different versions were evaluated in an attempt to
      optimize the exhaust ventilation system's effectiveness. The most effective
      version involved exhausting 54.5 m3/min (2000 ft3/min) through a fiberglass tube
      located 1.1 m past the end of the slinger at a 2.0-m height so as not to
      interfere with the bag stacker's job function.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2929433
TI  - Factors associated with persistent and transient fascicular blocks in anterior
      wall acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - To determine the factors associated with persistent and transient fascicular
      blocks, 144 patients with Q-wave anterior wall acute myocardial infarction (AMI)
      were studied. Thirty-three patients had new onset of fascicular block considered
      to be a consequence of AMI. Multivariate analysis using 16 clinical variables
      revealed that the number of asynergic segments, serum potassium level and
      pericardial rub were significant factors related to the occurrence of fascicular
      block. Among the 33 patients with fascicular block, 18 had persistent (group 1)
      and 15 had transient (group 2) fascicular blocks. When the 2 groups with
      fascicular block were compared, group 1 had significantly more asynergic segments
      than group 2 (4.7 +/- 1.2 vs 3.7 +/- 1.6, respectively), whereas pericardial rubs
      were observed significantly more in group 2 (67%) than in group 1 (28%).
      Therefore, the inflammatory process of AMI was 1 of the mechanisms related to the
      occurrence of a transient fascicular block and a more extensive myocardial
      necrosis was associated with a persistent fascicular block.

PMID- 2929434
TI  - Severity of coronary artery disease among blacks with acute myocardial
      infarction.
AB  - A growing body of evidence suggests that survival after acute myocardial
      infarction (AMI) is considerably worse among blacks than whites. The severity of
      coronary artery disease (CAD), as measured by the number of diseased vessels and
      the degree of left ventricular dysfunction, is the major determinant of survival
      after AMI. To determine whether or not the severity of CAD could explain the poor
      prognosis in a cohort of blacks followed at this institution, cardiac
      catheterization was performed in a consecutive series of 51 patients less than 70
      years of age. All patients were studied within 2 weeks after AMI. The mean age of
      the patients was 56 +/- 8 (mean +/- standard deviation) and 71% were men. A
      greater than or equal to 50 narrowing in 0, 1, 2 or 3 coronary arteries was noted
      in 5, 24, 40 and 31%, respectively. Left main stenosis was present in 3 patients
      (6%) and the mean left ventricular ejection fraction was 55%. In a subgroup of 20
      patients echocardiographic estimates of left ventricular mass/height yielded a
      mean of 196 g/m, and left ventricular hypertrophy on echocardiogram was present
      in 74%. These data indicate that among blacks with AMI in this series CAD was
      only modestly more severe than expected and suggest that other factors most
      likely explain the high mortality in blacks after hospital discharge.

PMID- 2929435
TI  - Prognostic significance of a low peak serum creatine kinase level in acute
      myocardial infarction.
AB  - To assess the prognostic significance of a low peak creatine kinase (CK) level,
      723 consecutive patients admitted with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) within
      16 hours after onset of symptoms were studied. Thrombolytic therapy was not
      attempted during the study. Patients were dichotomized according to their peak CK
      levels, determined from a cluster analysis of peak CK distribution among the
      population of patients who died within 3 years after hospital discharge. The 139
      patients with low peak CK (less than or equal to 650 IU/liter) (group 1) were
      compared to the 584 patients with high peak CK (greater than 650 IU/liter) (group
      2). Patients in group 1 were older and had a higher incidence of previous AMI,
      angina pectoris before AMI and non-Q-wave AMI. Despite a lower incidence of in
      hospital complications and a nonsignificantly lower hospital mortality rate (4 vs
      9%) the group 1 three-year posthospital mortality rate was higher (26 vs 17%; p
      less than 0.02), especially in the subgroup of patients with a Q-wave infarct
      (mortality 31% in group 1 vs 16% in group 2; p less than 0.001). Among the 491
      patients who had a first Q-wave AMI, 55 had a peak CK less than or equal to 650
      IU/liter. Compared to the 436 patients with a higher peak CK, these 55 patients
      had a higher incidence of early postinfarction angina (31 vs 14%; p less than
      0.01), a similar hospital mortality (4 vs 7%) but a higher 3-year posthospital
      mortality (23 vs 12%; p less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2929436
TI  - Effects of nisoldipine on systemic and leg blood flow, oxygen transport and
      metabolism, and hemodynamics during exercise in effort angina pectoris.
AB  - The acute effects of 10 mg of oral nisoldipine on hemodynamics, oxygen transport
      and metabolism, and distribution of cardiac output, at rest and during
      semiupright bicycle exercise, were evaluated in 10 men with effort angina
      receiving long-term beta 1 blockade. Cardiac output and leg blood flow were
      measured using the thermodilution technique. At rest, nisoldipine decreased
      systemic resistance from 18.9 +/- 1.0 to 15.9 +/- 1.2 dynes.s.cm-5.10(2) (p less
      than 0.05) and cardiac output increased from 4.8 +/- 0.2 to 5.3 +/- 0.3
      liters/min (p less than 0.05) without changing leg blood flow. During maximal
      exercise with nisoldipine, systemic resistance was reduced (10.6 +/- 0.9 to 8.6
      +/- 0.5 dynes.s.cm-5.10(2), p less than 0.05) and cardiac output increased 18%
      (10.3 +/- 0.7 to 12.2 +/- 0.6 liters/min, p less than 0.05) when compared with
      control values. Exercise heart rate was higher with nisoldipine (113 +/- 4 vs 106
      +/- 4 beats/min, p less than 0.01), but the mean arterial pressure was not
      significantly changed, giving a higher rate-pressure product. The increase in
      mean pulmonary artery wedge pressure was attenuated (26 +/- 3 vs 30 +/- 3 mm Hg
      during control exercise, p less than 0.05), but ST depression was unaltered.
      Exercise leg flow was reduced by nisoldipine from 4.3 +/- 0.4 to 3.9 +/- 0.3
      liters/min (p = 0.07) and the proportion of cardiac output distributed to the
      legs was reduced from 42 +/- 3 to 33 +/- 3% (p less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2929437
TI  - Localization of coronary artery narrowings by applying R-wave amplitude
      correction to exercise-induced ST depression in angina pectoris and single-vessel
      coronary artery narrowing.
AB  - This study investigated whether coronary artery narrowings can be localized by
      applying R-wave amplitude correction to exercise-induced ST depression in
      multiple unipolar precordial lead electrocardiography using 20 electrodes
      covering the left chest wall. Ten normal subjects and 29 patients with stable
      angina pectoris and single-vessel coronary artery narrowing (greater than or
      equal to 75% luminal diameter stenosis in only 1-vessel) participated. Of the 29
      patients, 5 had left main coronary artery disease (CAD), 14 had left anterior
      descending CAD, 4 had right CAD and 6 had left circumflex CAD. The exercise
      induced ST depression with R-wave amplitude correction was defined as the
      exercise-induced ST depression divided by the R-wave amplitude. The 20 points of
      the lead system were divided into 4 areas: the left main, left anterior
      descending, right and left circumflex coronary arteries. Coronary artery
      narrowing was supposed to be in an artery corresponding to the area where the
      maximal value of the exercise-induced ST depression with and without R-wave
      amplitude correction was situated. By applying R-wave amplitude correction, the
      diagnostic ability of localization of coronary artery narrowings was improved
      significantly from 52% to 86% (p less than 0.005). In particular, localization of
      the left main coronary artery narrowing was correctly diagnosed in 100% (5 of 5)
      of angina pectoris patients with left main CAD.

PMID- 2929438
TI  - Effects of disopyramide on cycle length, effective refractory period and
      excitable gap of atrial flutter, and relation to arrhythmia termination by
      overdrive pacing.
AB  - The administration of class IA antiarrhythmic drugs facilities termination of
      atrial flutter by overdrive pacing. To investigate the electrophysiologic
      determinants of this effect, changes in the cycle length, the effective
      refractory period and the excitable gap of spontaneous type I atrial flutter were
      studied in 11 patients given intravenous disopyramide (3 mg/kg in 1 hour). After
      drug infusion, the cycle length of atrial flutter increased from 238 +/- 26 to
      298 +/- 38 ms (+25%; p less than 0.001) and the effective refractory period
      prolonged from 169 +/- 19 to 192 +/- 25 ms (+14%; p less than 0.01). The
      excitable gap prolonged from 62 +/- 16 to 96 +/- 27 ms (+55%; p less than 0.001).
      Atrial flutter was terminated by overdrive pacing (mean cycle 203) in 10 of 11
      patients; in 1 patient atrial fibrillation resulted after high rate stimulation.
      In the setting of an anatomically defined reentry circuit, as in type I atrial
      flutter, the administration of disopyramide prolongs both cycle length and
      refractory period. The finding of an increased excitable gap suggests that the
      drug exerts its prominent effect by depressing conduction velocity. A wider
      excitable gap allows easier penetration of the stimulus in the reentry circuit
      and accounts for the beneficial effects of type IA antiarrhythmic drugs on the
      termination of atrial flutter by overdrive pacing.

PMID- 2929439
TI  - Signal-averaged electrocardiography in the time and frequency domains.
AB  - The noninvasive signal-averaged electrocardiographic detection of late potentials
      correlates with the spontaneous occurrence of sustained ventricular tachycardia
      (VT). Frequency analysis of the electrocardiographic signal from the terminal QRS
      and ST segment also correlates with sustained VT. This study was designed to
      compare these 2 methods by analysis of signals recorded from the same hardware
      system. Signals were recorded from 234 patients with prior myocardial infarctions
      with a commercially available signal-averaging system. Patients were classified
      into 2 groups: group 1 consisted of 84 patients with VT and group 2 consisted of
      150 patients without VT. In the frequency domain, magnitude and energy area
      ratios and peak ratios of the spectral plot from 20 to 50 Hz over 0 to 20 Hz were
      calculated for a 140-ms interval starting 60 ms after the beginning of the QRS.
      In the time domain, the duration of the filtered QRS was 121 +/- 29 ms for group
      1 and 110 +/- 25 ms for group 2 (p less than 0.002). The duration of the terminal
      QRS less than 40 microV was 45 +/- 21 ms in group 1 and 36 +/- 18 ms in group 2
      (p less than 0.001). The root-mean-square amplitude of the terminal 40 ms of the
      QRS was 25 +/- 24 microV in group 1 and 36 +/- 33 microV in group 2 (p less than
      0.004).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2929440
TI  - Comparison of exercise performance of six rate-adaptive right ventricular cardiac
      pacemakers.
AB  - Single chamber cardiac pacemakers capable of automatically adjusting the rate
      according to body requirements have become an important means of physiologic
      pacing in patients with bradycardias. Such pacemakers are dependent on a
      nonatrial sensor of physiologic needs to optimize the rate response. Fifty rate
      adaptive right ventricular pacemakers were implanted in 46 patients with a mean
      age of 60 +/- 4 years (mean +/- standard error of the mean). There were 2 types
      of activity-sensing pacemakers (Activitrax and Sensolog 702), the QT-sensing
      pacemakers (TX2 and Quintech), 2 types of respiratory-sensing pacemakers (Biorate
      [RDP3 and MB1] and Meta) and a rate-adaptive pacemaker that senses right
      ventricular dP/dt (Deltatrax). The rate responses of a group of 9 volunteers of
      similar age (62 +/- 2 years) were also included for comparison. Improvement in
      exercise duration in the rate-adaptive mode compared to the constant-rate
      ventricular pacing (VVI) mode was achieved during randomized symptom-limited
      treadmill exercise (from 26 to 49%). Compared with the sinus responses, the
      activity-sensing pacemakers responded most appropriately in speed. However, their
      rate responses were not related to workload and had lower correlations with
      estimated oxygen consumption (r = 0.7 and 0.47 for Activitrax and Sensolog,
      respectively). Respiratory-sensing pacemakers responded more appropriately in
      magnitude (r greater than 0.8) although their rate responses were slower. All
      pacemakers studied either showed no response or a reverse-rate response to the
      Valsalva maneuver. It is concluded that the currently available rate-adaptive
      ventricular pacemakers improve exercise performance compared with VVI pacemakers
      in patients with bradycardias.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2929441
TI  - Effect of dobutamine on plasma potassium in congestive heart failure secondary to
      idiopathic or ischemic cardiomyopathy.
AB  - Dobutamine was administered in a dose of 10 +/- 1 micrograms/kg/min to 13
      patients with severe idiopathic or ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. Acute
      hemodynamic improvement was noted in all patients. All patients had a significant
      decrease in plasma potassium (4.6 +/- 0.1 to 4.2 +/- 0.2 mEq/liter, p less than
      0.0001) at peak infusion. The decrease in potassium persisted for at least 45
      minutes after discontinuing the infusion. Three patients had exacerbation of
      baseline ventricular arrhythmias that resolved with infusion discontinuation.
      Changes in plasma norepinephrine could not explain the potassium decrease or
      arrhythmia production, which also significantly decreased in these patients (771
      +/- 123 to 524 +/- 73 pg/ml, p less than 0.01). It is concluded that dobutamine
      causes a significant decrease in plasma potassium and that the decrease persists
      at least 45 minutes after the infusion is discontinued.

PMID- 2929443
TI  - Respiratory influence on right and left ventricular diastolic function in normal
      children.
AB  - Doppler echocardiograms of the tricuspid and mitral valves were recorded with
      electrocardiogram and respirations in 20 normal children aged 1.5 to 11 years.
      Four variables of early diastolic left ventricular (LV) filling decreased with
      inspiration: the peak E velocity (mean decrease 8%, p less than 0.0001), the
      ratio of E/A areas (mean decrease 12%, p less than 0.001), the peak E/A velocity
      ratio (mean decrease 14%, p less than 0.005) and the 1/3 area fraction (mean
      decrease 12%, p less than 0.001). Variables of late active atrial emptying (peak
      A velocity and A/total area ratio) were unchanged with respiration. There was a
      significant increase in the right ventricular (RV) peak E (mean increase 26%, p
      less than 0.0001) and peak A velocities (mean increase 18%, p less than 0.0001)
      and mean heart rate (5% increase) with inspiration. The enhancement of RV filling
      was similar for early and late diastolic filling, since each of the variables
      generated from their ratios were not significantly changed with inspiration.
      Inspiration significantly enhances RV venous return, while the LV response to
      inspiration is a complex interplay among preload, afterload and ventricular
      interdependence. Assessment of pediatric RV and LV diastolic function should
      include standardization for phase of respiration.

PMID- 2929442
TI  - Results of percutaneous mitral commissurotomy in 200 patients.
AB  - To assess the feasibility and efficacy of percutaneous mitral commissurotomy
      (PMC), the procedure was attempted in 200 patients with severe mitral stenosis.
      There were 154 women and 46 men, their mean age was 43 +/- 16 years (range 13 to
      79) and 15 were older than 70 years of age. Forty-four had had previous surgical
      commissurotomy. Forty were in New York Heart Association class II, 152 in class
      III and 8 in class IV. In regard to valvular anatomy, 67 had calcified valves, 58
      had pliable valves and only mild subvalvular disease, and 75 had flexible valves
      but extensive subvalvular disease. Grade 1+ mitral regurgitation was present in
      62 and grade 2+ in 2. In 11 patients the procedure was discontinued because of
      complications in 3 and technical failure in 8. Six of the 8 technical failures
      occurred during the first 15 attempts. Effective PMC was performed in 189
      patients using 1 balloon in 23 and 2 balloons in 166. After PMC, there was a
      significant improvement in mean left atrial pressure (21 +/- 7 to 12 +/- 5 mm Hg,
      p less than 0.0001), mean mitral gradient (16 +/- 6 to 6 +/- 2 mm Hg, p less than
      0.0001), cardiac index (2.6 +/- 0.8 to 3.1 +/- 0.8 liters/min/m2, p less than
      0.001) and valve area assessed by hemodynamics (1.1 +/- 0.3 to 2.2 +/- 0.5 cm2, p
      less than 0.0001) and 2-dimensional echocardiography (1 +/- 0.3 to 1.9 +/- 0.4
      cm2, p less than 0.0001). No patient died. Embolism occurred in 8 (4%), with no
      further sequelae. Sixteen (8%) had atrial septal defect detected by
      oxymetry.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2929444
TI  - Estimation of the ratio of pulmonary to systemic pressures by pulsed-wave Doppler
      echocardiography for assessment of pulmonary arterial pressures.
AB  - This study describes a method for estimation of the ratio of pulmonary to
      systemic pressures by pulsed-wave Doppler echocardiography. Sixty-eight patients
      ages 1 day to 68 years who underwent cardiac catheterization had Doppler studies
      of the right and left ventricular outflows. Preejection period (PEP), ejection
      time (ET) and mean acceleration to peak velocity (ACCm) were measured on each
      waveform. The expression: F = (PEP x ACCm)/ET was calculated for right and left
      ventricular outflows as an index of the effects that the interaction between
      ventricular contraction and afterload has on the shape of the Doppler waveforms
      generated in each outflow. The quotient of (F for the right outflow)/(F for the
      left outflow), or waveform contour ratio, was used to express the degree of
      pressure-dependent variability between each subject's right and left ventricular
      outflow tracings. The waveform contour ratio was strikingly similar to the ratio
      of systolic pulmonary to systemic pressures and also closely correlated to the
      ratio of mean pressures. The product of waveform contour ratio and arm systolic
      pressure gave a consistently accurate estimate of systolic pulmonary pressures.
      It is concluded that the present method can be used successfully for the
      noninvasive assessment of pulmonary arterial pressures.

PMID- 2929445
TI  - When is QT prolongation antiarrhythmic and when is it proarrhythmic?

PMID- 2929446
TI  - Detection of calcific deposits in coronary arteries by ultrafast computed
      tomography and correlation with angiography.

PMID- 2929447
TI  - Effects of long-acting propranolol on A.M. and P.M. peaks in silent myocardial
      ischemia.

PMID- 2929448
TI  - Eccentricities of Activitrax pulse generators.

PMID- 2929449
TI  - Association of the acquired bicuspid aortic valve with rheumatic disease of
      atrioventricular valves.

PMID- 2929451
TI  - Anomalies of the mitral valve and of the left ventricular architecture in
      tricuspid valve atresia.

PMID- 2929450
TI  - Angiographic classification of the isolated, persistently patent ductus
      arteriosus and implications for percutaneous catheter occlusion.

PMID- 2929452
TI  - Ashman phenomenon of the T wave.

PMID- 2929453
TI  - Rupture of the stomach and the esophagus after attempted transcatheter ablation
      of an accessory pathway by direct current shock.

PMID- 2929454
TI  - Defining idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: a courtroom discussion.

PMID- 2929455
TI  - Comparison of transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography in diagnosis of
      left atrial myxoma.

PMID- 2929456
TI  - Resolution of spontaneous contrast with platelet disaggregatory therapy
      (trifluoperazine).

PMID- 2929457
TI  - Treatment of macroreentrant ventricular tachycardia with radiofrequency ablation
      of the right bundle branch.

PMID- 2929458
TI  - Pacemaker twiddler's syndrome.

PMID- 2929459
TI  - Value of magnetic resonance imaging for diagnosis of cervical epidural hematoma
      associated with anticoagulation after cardiac valve replacement.

PMID- 2929460
TI  - Cardiac consequences of massive acetaminophen overdose.

PMID- 2929461
TI  - Asymptomatic aortico-left ventricular tunnel in adulthood.

PMID- 2929462
TI  - Combined dipyridamole-exercise thallium imaging.

PMID- 2929463
TI  - Is ST elevation or T inversion the most benign acute myocardial infarction?

PMID- 2929464
TI  - Frequency of rupture of the left ventricular free wall or ventricular septum
      among necropsy cases of fatal acute myocardial infarction since introduction of
      coronary care units.
AB  - Review of 18 published reports before the widespread use of cardiac care units
      disclosed that the frequency of rupture of the left ventricular free wall or
      ventricular septum among necropsy cases of acute myocardial infarction (AMI)
      ranged from 4 to 24% (mean 8%) (619 of 7,905 cases). The frequency of rupture of
      the left ventricular free wall or ventricular septum among necropsy patients with
      fatal AMI studied in this laboratory since 1968 was analyzed. Of 648 such
      patients, 204 (31%) had rupture of the left ventricular free wall or ventricular
      septum. Rupture occurred in 171 (40%) of 431 patients without healed myocardial
      infarcts (grossly visible left ventricular scars), and in 29 (13%) of 217
      patients with a healed myocardial infarct (p less than 0.01). Thus, the frequency
      of rupture of the left ventricular free wall or ventricular septum during AMI
      appears to have increased substantially since the widespread use of coronary care
      units. Also, the frequency of rupture is nearly 3 times greater in those in whom
      rupture occurred during the first AMI compared to those with a previous infarct
      that healed.

PMID- 2929465
TI  - Breathlessness, angina pectoris and coronary artery disease.
AB  - The relation of breathlessness to angina was examined in 7,735 middle-aged
      British men. Among men who did not report breathlessness, the age-standardized
      prevalence rate of angina was 4%. In men with mild, moderate or severe
      breathlessness, the prevalence rates of angina were 16, 29 and 41%, respectively.
      The association between breathlessness and angina was independent of age or
      cigarette smoking, with similar relations observed in men who had never smoked.
      The prevalence of electrocardiograms revealing ischemia increased with the
      severity of breathlessness, even in men without angina or other evidence of
      coronary artery disease (CAD) at screening. In men with a low forced expiratory
      volume in 1 second, the prevalence of angina was also increased, but the
      association was much weaker than that observed between angina and breathlessness.
      After a 5-year follow-up, 25% of men severely breathless at screening but without
      any initial evidence of CAD had developed angina, 5% had had a heart attack (half
      of these were fatal) and 7% were dead from causes other than CAD. The
      corresponding rates for men not breathless at screening and without evidence of
      CAD were: 4% angina, 2.5% heart attack and 2% dead from causes other than CAD.
      Breathlessness appears to be an early indicator of CAD in the absence of either
      angina or electrocardiographic evidence of ischemia.

PMID- 2929466
TI  - Cardiac arrhythmias and heart rate in hyperthyroidism.
AB  - The arrhythmia profile and heart rate (HR) were analyzed by 24-hour Holter
      monitoring in 37 hyperthyroid patients before (triiodothyronine [T3] hormone
      level = 331 +/- 108 ng/dl), during (T3 level = 202 +/- 98 ng/dl) and after an
      antihyperthyroid therapy of 8 to 89 weeks' duration (T3 level = 149 +/- 41
      ng/dl). The data were compared with those of 50 control subjects free from
      cardiac disease. Only 12 hyperthyroid patients (32%) had complex ventricular
      arrhythmias (Lown grade 3 or 4) as compared with 6 normal subjects (12%, p
      greater than 0.05). Three patients (8%) had repetitive ventricular arrhythmias
      (Lown grade 4A/B) as compared with 4 normal subjects (8%, p greater than 0.05).
      Supraventricular premature complexes occurred more often in hyperthyroid patients
      than in normal subjects before and after therapy (p less than 0.001). The
      prevalence of supraventricular tachycardia decreased from 8 patients to 1 during
      therapy (p less than 0.002). The HR decreased from 95 +/- 13 to 79 +/- 9
      beats/min after therapy, but was still increased as compared with the normal
      subjects (72 +/- 8 beats/min, p less than 0.001). A day/night difference in HR
      greater than 10% was found in 32 patients (86%) and was more pronounced than in
      the normal group (p less than 0.001). Compared with the normal HR profile, the HR
      curve of hyperthyroid patients was shifted to a higher level (about 20
      beats/min). Serum T3 level correlated best with HR at night in hyperthyroid
      patients (r = 0.74, p less than 0.001). Thus, hyperthyroid patients show frequent
      supraventricular arrhythmias that might be reversible during therapy.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2929467
TI  - Evaluation by exercise Doppler echocardiography of maintenance of cardiac output
      during ventricular pacing with or without chronotropic response.
AB  - To examine the effectiveness of activity-initiated rate-responsive pacing, this
      study assessed the increases in stroke volume and cardiac output during
      randomized treadmill exercise in rate-responsive and fixed-rate ventricular (VVI)
      pacing in 10 patients. Stroke volume index and cardiac index were determined by
      suprasternal Doppler measurements. Compared with the findings during VVI pacing,
      the rate-responsive pacing was associated with (1) prolongation of exercise
      duration (8.0 +/- 4.0 vs 7.3 +/- 3.6 minutes, p less than 0.05); (2) greater
      exercise-induced positive chronotropic response (mean maximal heart rate 127 +/-
      12 vs 78 +/- 15 beats/min, p less than 0.001); (3) smaller increase in stroke
      volume index (38 +/- 10 vs 50 +/- 11 ml/m2, p less than 0.001), and (4) greater
      increase in cardiac index (4.7 +/- 1.1 vs 3.9 +/- 1.0 liters/min/m2, p less than
      0.001). A significant correlation was observed between age and percent increase
      in stroke volume index during VVI pacing (p less than 0.05). These findings
      indicate that VVI pacing increased stroke volume more than did rate-responsive
      pacing, especially in younger patients, but the increase in cardiac output was
      less than that seen with rate-responsive pacing due to the absence of
      chronotropic response. Accordingly, an activity-sensing, rate-responsive
      pacemaker can effectively increase the heart rate, significantly augment cardiac
      output and extend the duration of exercise.

PMID- 2929468
TI  - Echocardiographic and histologic evaluation of the right ventricle in ventricular
      tachycardias of left bundle branch block morphology without overt cardiac
      abnormality.
AB  - The right ventricle was investigated by multiple biopsies and detailed
      echocardiographic evaluation, including measurement of cavity dimensions at the
      level of the inflow, body and outflow tract, in 27 patients with right
      ventricular tachycardia who had no clinical evidence of an underlying morphologic
      abnormality. Nine (33%) patients had abnormal biopsy results, with a quantifiable
      increase in interstitial fibrosis. Abnormal echocardiograms, defined as an
      increase in greater than or equal to 2 dimensions of the right ventricular cavity
      or wall motion abnormalities or both, were seen in 9 patients. There was a strong
      association between abnormal myocardial histologies and abnormal right
      ventricular echocardiograms (p less than 0.001). An abnormal echocardiogram was
      94% specific and 80% sensitive for an abnormal biopsy. The findings of
      echocardiography and biopsy were correlated with the electrocardiographic
      features of the tachycardia. Evidence of right ventricular disease was seen in
      all 6 patients with superior frontal plane axis of clinical tachycardia as
      compared with 4 of 21 with inferior axis (p less than 0.001). Thus, 2-dimensional
      echocardiography is a sensitive means of diagnosing right ventricular disease in
      patients with nonischemic tachycardias of left bundle branch block morphology. A
      superior frontal plane axis of ventricular tachycardia in this group strongly
      suggests right ventricular disease, whereas an inferior frontal plane axis is
      frequently not associated with any morphologic or histologic abnormality of the
      right ventricle.

PMID- 2929470
TI  - Diagnostic and prognostic utility of right-sided catheterization and
      endomyocardial biopsy in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.
AB  - To determine the value of cardiac catheterization and endomyocardial biopsy in
      patients with heart failure and dilated cardiomyopathy, the records of 61
      patients (36 men, 25 women, ages 13 to 65 years) with this disorder were
      reviewed. Myocardial lymphocytic infiltration was present in 8 (13%). Three had
      myocyte degeneration and necrosis ("definite" myocarditis), whereas the other 5
      had no degeneration or necrosis ("equivocal" myocarditis). Compared with the 53
      without lymphocytic infiltration, these 8 patients more often had symptoms of a
      preceding viral illness (88 vs 30%, p = 0.002) and had a shorter duration of
      cardiac symptoms (18 +/- 18 vs 109 +/- 132 days [mean +/- standard deviation], p
      less than 0.001). Histologic features of the biopsy did not relate to survival,
      but right- and left-sided intracardiac pressures were higher (p less than 0.05)
      in nonsurvivors. Thus, (1) endomyocardial biopsy is most likely to show
      lymphocytic infiltration in patients with symptoms of a preceding viral illness
      and a short duration of cardiac symptoms, and (2) right- and left-sided
      hemodynamic variables at the time of biopsy may offer insight into prognosis.

PMID- 2929469
TI  - Effect of endurance training on blood pressure at rest, during exercise and
      during 24 hours in sedentary men.
AB  - The effect of 4 months of physical training on resting, exercise and 24-hour
      blood pressure (BP) was studied using a randomized crossover design in 26
      healthy, sedentary men, with an average age of 39 +/- 10 (standard deviation)
      years. Peak oxygen uptake increased by 14% (p less than 0.001) and the physical
      working capacity at a heart rate of 130 beats/min by 25% (p less than 0.001). The
      heart rate was reduced by 7 beats/min at night (p less than 0.01) and by 6
      beats/min during the day (p less than 0.001). Training-induced changes of BP
      varied according to measuring conditions. A decrease in BP at rest while sitting
      in the morning in the laboratory was significant for diastolic (-5 mm Hg, p less
      than 0.01) but not for systolic BP. During exercise, systolic BP was
      significantly lower after training, when measured at the same submaximal
      workloads. However, when workload was expressed as a percentage of peak oxygen
      uptake, systolic BP was not different before and after training. When measured
      during 24 hours, the training-induced change in BP was not significant at night
      either for systolic or diastolic BP. During the day the decrease in diastolic BP
      was significant (-5 mm Hg, p less than 0.001), but the change in systolic BP was
      not.

PMID- 2929471
TI  - Doppler echocardiographic evaluation of tilting-disc prosthetic heart valves in
      children.
AB  - To determine the Doppler characteristics of tilting-disc prosthetic heart valves
      in children, 22 children with mitral prostheses were studied 8 +/- 2 months after
      surgery, and 10 children with aortic prostheses were studied 37 +/- 26 months
      after surgery. All valves were thought to be functioning normally by clinical
      examination. Valve competence was interrogated and peak and mean velocities were
      measured by standard pulsed wave, continuous wave and color Doppler techniques.
      Prosthetic valve area was calculated and compared to the known valve area. Mild
      prosthetic valve regurgitation was present in 8 of 22 mitral and 7 of 10 aortic
      prostheses. For mitral prostheses, peak velocity was 192 +/- 41 cm/s, mean
      velocity was 118 +/- 37 cm/s and mean gradient was 7 +/- 4 mm Hg. For aortic
      prostheses, peak velocity was 287 +/- 88 cm/s, mean velocity was 197 +/- 59 cm/s,
      peak gradient was 36 +/- 21 mm Hg and mean gradient was 19 +/- 11 mm Hg.
      Prosthetic mitral valve area, calculated by the pressure half-time and modified
      Gorlin methods, correlated well with the known valve area (r = 0.89, standard
      error of the estimate = 0.29 and r = 0.95, standard error of the estimate = 0.21,
      respectively). Prosthetic aortic valve area, calculated by the modified Gorlin
      method, correlated well with the known valve area (r = 0.89, standard error of
      the estimate = 0.18). Residual valvular abnormalities are common after prosthetic
      valve insertion in children. Doppler estimates of prosthetic valve area correlate
      well with the known valve area but have a large standard error of the estimate.

PMID- 2929472
TI  - Reliability of blood pressure recordings.

PMID- 2929473
TI  - ST elevation during exercise testing.

PMID- 2929474
TI  - Effects of amiodarone on the kinetics of antipyrine.

PMID- 2929475
TI  - Usefulness of shock wave lithotripsy as pretreatment for balloon valvuloplasty in
      calcified mitral stenosis.

PMID- 2929476
TI  - Effect of aging on peak systolic left ventricular wall stress in normal subjects.

PMID- 2929477
TI  - Cardiac mapping at Duke Medical Center.
AB  - CLINICAL PERSPECTIVE: Ventricular fibrillation is a major, but little understood,
      cause of death. Although defibrillation with electric shock has been in use for
      several decades, and although many advances have been made in the design of
      defibrillators (including the development of implantable devices for high-risk
      patients), this procedure has generally been an empiric one. The mechanisms of
      the procedures are being intensely studied at Duke University and other
      institutions in the hope of developing more energy efficient and clinically
      effective defibrillation equipment.

PMID- 2929478
TI  - Intraoperative echocardiography in congenital heart disease surgery: preliminary
      report on a current study.
AB  - CLINICAL PERSPECTIVE: The first prospective trial in which both echocardiography
      and Doppler color flow imaging (echo-DCFI) are used routinely during surgery for
      congenital heart lesions has been undertaken at Duke Medical Center.
      Precardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) echo-DCFI examinations have revealed previously
      unsuspected cardiac findings in several of the patients. These examinations have
      influenced the surgical course in some way in many of the cases. Post-CPB
      ultrasound evaluation of the quality of the surgical repairs alone has resulted
      in immediate additional corrective surgery in several patients, most of whom then
      left the operating room with an optimum repair.

PMID- 2929479
TI  - Kwashiorkor in North America.
AB  - The controversy regarding the relative importance of protein vs energy deficiency
      in the genesis of kwashiorkor has not been resolved by studies of protein-energy
      malnutrition (PEM) in developing countries. Cases of edematous PEM (n = 29) in
      North America on the other hand provide clear indications that protein deficiency
      is an essential prerequisite for the development of kwashiorkor and marasmic
      kwashiorkor. Energy intakes may vary from low to high and the main source of
      energy may be carbohydrate or fat. These findings are in keeping with
      experimental evidence that a low ratio of protein to energy disrupts the usual
      hypometabolic response to dietary deficiency and leads to hypoalbuminemia and
      consequent edema. Protein supplements should be a part of programs aimed at
      preventing kwashiorkor.

PMID- 2929480
TI  - Total-body electrical conductivity (TOBEC): relationship to estimates of muscle
      mass, fat-free weight, and lean body mass.
AB  - A comparison of methods for estimating body composition (BC) of 12 subjects was
      made by using fat-free weight from total-body electrical conductivity (FFWT),
      muscle mass from 3-methylhistidine excretion (MM3MH) and creatinine excretion
      (MMCRE), fat-free weight from hydrostatic weighing (FFWBD), and lean body mass
      from whole-body potassium counting (LBMK). Data were analyzed for day-to-day
      variability and regression analyses were applied to compare the different methods
      of measuring BC. Mean values (+/- SEM, kg) for the estimates were 53.9 +/- 3.5
      (FFWT), 26.9 +/- 2.9 (MM3MH), 25.3 +/- 2.5 (MMCRE), 53.2 +/- 3.6 (FFWBD), and
      52.8 +/- 3.5 (LBMK). Regression analyses revealed that TOBEC estimates of fat
      free weight had an adjusted r2 (+/- SEE, kg) of 0.95 +/- 2.2, 0.50 +/- 7.9, 0.95
      +/- 1.8, and 0.88 +/- 4.0 for MM3MH, MMCRE, FFWBD, and LBMK, respectively. It was
      concluded that TOBEC is a potentially reliable method for estimating the muscle
      mass within the fat-free compartment, as well as fat-free weight and lean body
      mass.

PMID- 2929481
TI  - Weight and recumbent length from 1 to 12 mo of age: reference data for 1-mo
      increments.
AB  - Serial data from 504 infants were used to develop reference data for 1-mo
      increments in weight and recumbent length by fitting a family of three-parameter
      mathematical functions to the serial data for each individual. The percentiles
      for status and for increments tended to be larger for the boys than for the girls
      except for the lower percentiles of increments for weight after 9-10 mo and for
      recumbent length after 8-9 mo. These data can be used to assess growth in white
      or black infants whether they are breast-fed or formula-fed. These new data will
      allow earlier evaluation of growth velocity than the reference data for 3- and 6
      mo increments that were available previously. This can lead to the earlier
      initiation of diagnostic procedures and treatment. The present data should be
      useful also in research studies.

PMID- 2929483
TI  - Low carnitine intake and altered lipid metabolism in infants.
AB  - We examined the effect of dietary carnitine on variables of lipid metabolism in
      human infants. Normal male full-term infants were fed an isolated soy-protein
      based formula with or without added carnitine from age 6-9 d to age 112 d. Growth
      and food intake were measured throughout the study. At ages 56 and 112 d serum
      concentrations of carnitine, free fatty acids, and triglycerides and urinary
      excretion of carnitine and medium-chain dicarboxylic acids were measured. Serum
      carnitine concentrations were lower in all infants fed unsupplemented formula.
      There was no difference in growth or food intake between the two groups of
      infants. Serum free fatty acid concentrations were significantly higher in the
      infants not receiving dietary carnitine. Moreover, excretion of all three medium
      chain dicarboxylic acids was significantly higher in infants not receiving
      dietary carnitine. We conclude that lack of dietary carnitine affects lipid
      metabolism of infants during the first 4 mo of life.

PMID- 2929482
TI  - Breast-milk composition in women with cystic fibrosis: report of two cases and a
      review of the literature.
AB  - Breast milk was collected from two women with cystic fibrosis (CF) and data from
      the literature was reviewed. The sodium concentration was within normal limits,
      11-24 mmol/L in colostrum and 7-8 mmol/L in mature milk. Normal physiologic
      changes in milk composition after parturition (decreases in Na and increases in
      lactose) and during individual feeding periods (increases in fat and decreases in
      protein) were observed. Concentrations of milk protein, fat, and sugars were
      normal when the pulmonary disease of these patients was mild. During
      exacerbations of pulmonary disease, the concentrations of milk macronutrients
      were reduced. Milk secreted by women with CF appears to be physiologically
      normal, safe for the infant, and breast-feeding by mothers with CF should no
      longer be discouraged. Variations in the macronutrient content of CF milk
      warrants routine monitoring of the mother with CF and the breast-fed infant,
      especially during exacerbations in the pulmonary aspects of this disease.

PMID- 2929484
TI  - Cholesterol absorption: regulation of cholesterol synthesis and elimination and
      within-population variations of serum cholesterol levels.
AB  - Obesity and dietary plant sterols were negatively associated with fractional
      absorption of dietary cholesterol in a random population of 63 middle-aged men.
      Absorbed dietary cholesterol increased linearly with the increase of dietary
      cholesterol intake. The higher the fractional and absolute absorption of dietary
      cholesterol the lower the rates of biliary secretion, fecal elimination, and
      cholesterol synthesis. The findings also revealed that high serum levels of
      total, LDL, and HDL cholesterol were associated with high cholesterol absorption
      and that of HDL cholesterol was associated also with low synthesis and fecal
      elimination of cholesterol. Thus, cholesterol absorption efficiency and absorbed
      dietary cholesterol significantly regulate cholesterol synthesis and elimination
      and are important determinants of within-population variation in the serum levels
      of total, LDL, and HDL cholesterol.

PMID- 2929485
TI  - Protein utilization by young women consuming animal or plant protein diets at
      various levels of vitamin B-6 intake.
AB  - Eight young women consumed a vitamin B-6 depletion diet (egg albumen formula,
      less than 0.05 mg vitamin B-6/d) for 11-28 d. Subjects (n = 4) then consumed
      either animal protein (AP, mainly dairy and poultry products) or plant protein
      (PP, mainly various types of beans) diets with increasing vitamin B-6 intake
      (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mg/d) for periods of 14-21 d. All diets provided 1.55 g
      protein/kg body wt. Apparent protein digestibility of AP (94.6%) was
      significantly higher than that of PP (88.4%) diets (p less than 0.001). Protein
      digestibility was not significantly affected by vitamin B-6 intake. Apparent
      nitrogen balance of subjects consuming AP diets was slightly, though not
      significantly, higher than that of subjects fed PP diets. N balance was not
      influenced by vitamin B-6 intake. Data suggest that short-term low vitamin B-6
      intake does not affect protein utilization in humans as determined by
      digestibility and N balance.

PMID- 2929486
TI  - Effects of missing breakfast on the cognitive functions of school children of
      differing nutritional status.
AB  - We examined the effects of omitting breakfast on the cognitive functions of three
      groups of children: stunted, nonstunted controls, and previously severely
      malnourished. They were admitted to a metabolic ward twice. After an overnight
      fast half the children received breakfast on their first visit and a cup of tea
      the second time. The treatment order was reversed for the other half. When
      breakfast was omitted, both the stunted and previously malnourished groups
      responded similarly. The malnourished groups had lower scores in fluency and
      coding whereas the control group had higher scores in arithmetic. The children
      were divided into wasted and nonwasted groups. Wasted children were adversely
      affected in the digit span backwards tests, and wasted members of the
      malnourished groups were adversely affected in efficiency of problem solving and
      those in the control group in digit span forwards. These results indicate that
      cognitive functions are more vulnerable to missing breakfast in poorly nourished
      children.

PMID- 2929487
TI  - Elevated fasting breath hydrogen and abnormal hydrogen breath tests in children
      with sickle cell disease: a preliminary report.
AB  - Hydrogen breath tests were performed in eight children with sickle cell disease
      (Hgb S-S), four of whom were growth retarded. Average base-line breath H2 values
      after an overnight fast were elevated (22.4 +/- 10.8 ppm; normal = 7.1 +/- 5.0).
      Breath H2 concentrations increased significantly above base line within 30-40 min
      after lactulose ingestion in the four growth-retarded children whereas a
      negligible rise was observed in the four with normal growth indices. Breath H2
      production for each time interval in the first 120 min was greater in all Hgb S-S
      then in normal children (p less than 0.01 for each time interval measured before
      60 min). The results indicate that children with sickle cell disease have
      intestinal abnormalities favoring excess production of H2 in the fasted state
      combined with early elevations in postlactulose breath H2 in those with growth
      retardation. The possible role of disordered gastrointestinal motility and/or
      anomalously distributed intestinal flora in growth retardation of children with
      Hgb S-S requires further investigation.

PMID- 2929488
TI  - Glycemic responses in insulin-dependent diabetic patients: effect of food
      composition.
AB  - This study examined the hypothesis that the glucose component of food and not the
      total carbohydrate is the major determinant of the glycemic response in patients
      with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Patients were given glucose alone,
      fructose alone, glucose + fructose, lactose, and glucose + fat + protein.
      Fructose given alone increased the blood glucose almost as much as a similar
      amount of glucose (78% of the glucose-alone area, p less than 0.05). However, the
      same amount of fructose given with glucose produced no greater glycemic response
      than did glucose alone (108%). Similarly, galactose contributed only slightly to
      the glycemic response when given as lactose (122%, p less than 0.01) whereas
      protein and fat had no additional glycemic effect (101%). To test the above
      hypothesis in natural foods, patients were fed an amount of bread (high glycemic
      index) or apple (low glycemic index) that contained 25 g glucose. Both challenges
      produced glycemic responses very similar to 25 g purified glucose.

PMID- 2929490
TI  - Zinc, calcium, and magnesium metabolism: effects on plasmacytomas in Balb/c mice.
AB  - The effects of different amounts of dietary zinc on the Zn absorption rate and on
      Zn, calcium and magnesium concentrations in tissues of MOPC 104E tumor-bearing
      Balb/c mice were determined. The Zn absorption rate was inversely related to the
      amounts of Zn in their diets and was lower than that of nontumor-bearing control
      mice fed a laboratory mice chow. Zn concentrations of tumor-bearing mice were
      also low compared with control mice but tumor Zn concentrations, regardless of
      the concentrations of Zn in the diets, were higher than those of normal tissues
      of the host other than the pancreas. Ca concentrations in tumor and tissues of
      tumor-bearing mice were higher than in control animals but Mg concentrations in
      tissues of tumor-bearing mice appeared to be similar to those of control mice.
      Results suggest that tumor-bearing mice have a lower intestinal Zn absorption
      capacity and a higher Zn uptake rate causing other tissues to become hypozincemic
      and hypercalcemic.

PMID- 2929489
TI  - Intestinal uptake of retinol: enhancement by bovine milk beta-lactoglobulin.
AB  - The effect of bovine milk beta-lactoglobulin (BLG) on intestinal uptake of
      retinol was examined in suckling rats with the everted sac technique. Uptake of
      0.06 mumol retinol/L bound to BLG (BLG-retinol) was significantly (p less than
      0.01) higher than that of 0.06 mumol free retinol/L both in the jejunum and the
      ileum. The enhancing effect of BLG on retinol uptake was specific because
      equimolar concentrations of bovine serum albumin and lactoferrin had no effect on
      retinol uptake. However, serum retinol-binding protein (RBP), which shares
      structural and conformational similarities with BLG, also enhanced retinol
      uptake. BLG, BLG-retinol, and RBP-retinol all inhibited the uptake of retinol
      from BLG-[3H]retinol in a concentration-dependent manner. Uptake of retinol from
      BLG-retinol was saturable (apparent Km = 5.6 mumol/L, Vmax = 22.7 nmol.g-1.5 min
      1), not affected by metabolic inhibitors, and partially temperature dependent
      (Q10 = 2.77). BLG also significantly (p less than 0.01) enhanced retinol uptake
      in the intestine of adult rats. These results demonstrate that BLG specifically
      enhances intestinal uptake of retinol and suggest the possibility of a receptor
      for BLG-like proteins at the brush border membrane of the enterocyte.

PMID- 2929492
TI  - Bioavailability of vitamin B-6 from plant foods.

PMID- 2929491
TI  - Dietary habits and incidence of noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in a
      population study of women in Gothenburg, Sweden.
AB  - Dietary intake as initially estimated in a cross-sectional study has been related
      to the 12-y incidence of diabetes mellitus in a prospective study of 1462 women.
      In addition, all 50-y-old women (n = 352) were subjected to an intravenous
      glucose tolerance test. Because of the sampling procedure and a high
      participation rate the participants were representative of middle-aged women in
      the general population. No differences of statistical significance were observed
      concerning intake of energy and different nutrients. Neither did the number of
      meals nor the longest time between meals differ between women who developed
      diabetes and those who did not. Women with impaired glucose tolerance who
      developed diabetes did not differ from those who did not develop diabetes,
      concerning dietary intake. Body mass index was significantly higher in women who
      developed diabetes compared with other women. No specific dietary recommendations
      can be based on the results of this study.

PMID- 2929493
TI  - Vitamin E supplementation.

PMID- 2929494
TI  - Dendriform pulmonary ossification. Report of two cases with unique findings.
AB  - Dendriform pulmonary ossification (DPO) is a rare condition characterized by
      branching bony spicules found in association with pulmonary fibrosis. The authors
      report two cases, the first of which occurred in a patient with acute
      myeloblastic leukemia and was associated with the unique finding of leukemic
      involvement of marrow spaces in the metaplastic bone. The second case showed DPO
      in combination with asbestosis, a heretofore unreported association.

PMID- 2929495
TI  - Congenital bronchopulmonary foregut malformations. Intralobar and extralobar
      pulmonary sequestrations communicating with the foregut.
AB  - Two unusual variants of bronchopulmonary foregut malformations are presented. The
      first case was that of a 12-year-old male with a history of pectus excavatum in
      whom severe lobar emphysema developed secondary to an intralobar pulmonary
      sequestration that communicated with the esophagus. This case was unusual in that
      foregut communications and associated congenital anomalies are generally believed
      to be restricted to extralobar pulmonary sequestrations. The second case was that
      of a 27-year-old woman with an extralobar pulmonary sequestration that
      communicated with the esophagus. The sequestration was unusual in that it arose
      in the anterior mediastinum and received the bulk of its blood supply from the
      pulmonary artery. The occurrence of mixed forms of pulmonary sequestrations
      supports the hypothesis that extralobar and intralobar sequestrations and
      sequestrations with foregut communication are related thoracic disorders that are
      best considered bronchopulmonary foregut malformations.

PMID- 2929496
TI  - An in vitro bleeding time test.
AB  - A new conical plastic device and method, the Platelet-Stat test, has been
      developed to measure in vitro bleeding time. Ten milliliters of citrated blood,
      collected by venipuncture, was used. The in vitro bleeding time test was
      validated by several criteria. Eight volunteers tested had a mean bleeding time
      of less than 1 minute. Different anticoagulants were evaluated, and the test
      performed optimally with citrate. Within-run precision had a mean time of 39 +/-
      6.7 seconds with a coefficient of variation of 17%. An aspirin study was done on
      eight volunteers. Preaspirin in vitro bleeding time was less than 1 minute,
      whereas postaspirin times were more than 7 minutes at 18-24 hours. This test is a
      reproducible method of performing the bleeding time with greater precision than
      the in vivo test.

PMID- 2929497
TI  - Lysed platelets shorten the activated coagulation time (ACT) of heparinized
      blood.
AB  - Aliquots of heparinized whole blood were incubated at 37 degrees C with
      preparations of lysed platelets or buffer. In the presence of lysed platelets,
      the ACT decreased to 127 seconds (+/- 41, n = 9) versus 248 seconds (+/- 43, n =
      9) in the controls (P = 0.0002). The shortening of the ACT by lysed platelets
      followed a typical dose-response relationship. Fractionation of lysed platelet
      preparations revealed that the procoagulant membrane fraction, not the cytosol
      fraction containing PF4, was responsible for this effect of lysed platelets on
      the ACT. These findings demonstrate that the ACT can be artifactually low in the
      presence of heparin, indicating a potential problem in the use of the ACT for
      monitoring of heparin neutralization.

PMID- 2929498
TI  - Precision and reliability of paraprotein determinations by high-resolution
      agarose gel electrophoresis.
AB  - Agarose gel electrophoresis has recently replaced cellulose acetate
      electrophoresis as the preferred technique for monitoring paraprotein levels in
      patients with plasma cell dyscrasias. The authors studied the accuracy and
      precision of this method for paraprotein determination. Twenty-seven serum
      samples with paraprotein concentrations ranging from 5 to 73 g/L were aliquotted
      and assayed on 20 separate occasions, and the mean and standard deviation for the
      paraprotein concentration in each serum was established. Linear regression
      analysis showed that the standard deviation of paraprotein concentration (SD)
      increased as a function of paraprotein concentration (PC). For IgG paraproteins,
      the regression equation was SD = 0.041 (PC) + 1.06; R = 0.942; standard error =
      0.32. For non-IgG paraproteins the equation was SD = 0.101 (PC) - 0.04; R =
      0.851; standard error = 0.5. The accuracy of paraprotein determinations by the
      agarose gel electrophoretic technique was assessed by comparison with values
      obtained with the use of a previously validated enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
      (ELISA) method for quantitation of IgG subclasses. Results obtained by the two
      methods were similar and highly correlated: (concentration by electrophoresis) =
      0.921 (concentration by ELISA) + 0.46; R = 0.988; standard error = 0.34. The
      laser densitometric scanning procedure showed a loss of linearity above 60 g/L,
      indicating the need to dilute sera with very high paraprotein concentrations in
      order to obtain accurate results. A table is presented that should help
      pathologists who interpret such scans to determine whether small changes in
      paraprotein measurements occurring over time represent true changes in
      paraprotein concentration or merely reflect the analytic variability inherent in
      the technique.

PMID- 2929500
TI  - Sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility of four measures of laboratory
      turnaround time.
AB  - The authors studied the performance of four measures of laboratory turnaround
      time: the mean, median, 90th percentile, and proportion of tests reported within
      a predetermined cut-off interval (proportion of acceptable tests [PAT]). Measures
      were examined with the use of turnaround time data from 11,070 stat partial
      thromboplastin times, 16,761 urine cultures, and 28,055 stat electrolyte panels
      performed by a single laboratory. For laboratories with long turnaround times,
      the most important quality of a turnaround time measure is high reproducibility,
      so that improvement in reporting speed can be distinguished from random variation
      resulting from sampling. The mean was found to be the most reproducible of the
      four measures, followed by the median. The mean achieved acceptable precision
      with sample sizes of 100-500 tests. For laboratories with normally rapid
      turnaround times, the most important quality of a measure is high sensitivity and
      specificity for detecting whether turnaround time has dropped below standards.
      The PAT was found to be the best measure of turnaround time in this setting but
      required sample sizes of at least 500 tests to achieve acceptable accuracy.
      Laboratory turnaround time may be measured for different reasons. The method of
      measurement should be chosen with an eye toward its intended application.

PMID- 2929499
TI  - Lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence in blood is increased in cancer.
AB  - The production of oxygen-derived cytotoxic metabolites by phagocytic cells is
      probably important in cancer cell killing. This production can be measured by
      chemiluminescence (CL). In the present report the authors have measured luminol
      and lucigenin-enhanced CL in whole blood from 63 untreated patients with cancer.
      In particular, the lucigenin-enhanced CL was increased in patients with cancer (P
      less than 0.001). No relation to origin or spread of the cancer was obvious.
      Monocyte number in peripheral blood was also significantly (P less than 0.01)
      increased as compared with age-matched controls. Further, the lucigenin-enhanced
      CL of purified monocytes, but not that of purified polymorphonuclear leukocyte(s)
      (PMNs), correlated significantly (P = 0.002) with the activity of whole blood.
      The authors conclude therefore that the highly increased lucigenin-enhanced CL
      observed in whole blood of a patient with cancer may reflect the enhanced
      production and activity of circulating monocytes that is a consequence of the
      body's defense reactions toward the developing cancer.

PMID- 2929501
TI  - Gastrointestinal neoplasia in young HIV antibody-positive patients.
AB  - In a period of less than one year, the authors observed three young patients in
      whom primary gastrointestinal carcinomas developed. Two of them had acquired
      immune deficiency syndrome and the other one was human immunodeficiency virus
      (HIV) antibody-positive drug abuser. This report is intended to alert the medical
      profession to gastrointestinal malignancy as a possible complication of HIV
      infection.

PMID- 2929502
TI  - Detection of the gene rearrangement in chronic myelogenous leukemia with
      biotinylated gene probes.
AB  - The breakpoint cluster region gene rearrangement associated with chronic
      myelogenous leukemia is becoming important in the diagnosis and management of the
      disease. At this time, the ability to demonstrate the gene rearrangement is
      limited to a few research laboratories. The problem results partially from
      unfamiliarity of medical laboratory personnel with DNA technology, but more
      because of the restricted use of radiolabeled phosphorus in hospital
      laboratories. With the introduction of biotinylated deoxynucleotides, nucleic
      acid hybridization procedures can now be performed without the use of
      radioisotopically labeled gene probes. This article describes the use of biotin
      labeled gene probes to detect the gene rearrangement of the breakpoint cluster
      region of chromosome 22 in chronic myelogenous leukemia. The techniques are
      reproducible, sensitive, and safe. With the procedures described in this article,
      the assay can become more available to medical laboratories interested in
      offering this diagnostic and decision-making tool.

PMID- 2929503
TI  - A two-institution study of transfusion practice in 78 consecutive adult elective
      open-heart procedures.
AB  - Blood salvage techniques and increasingly conservative physician transfusion
      practice in cardiac surgery have led to reports of homologous blood exposure in
      as few as 10% of patients having elective cardiac revascularization surgery (Ann
      Thorac Surg 1985;40:380). To identify current prevailing transfusion practice
      between centers, the authors prospectively audited 49 and 29 consecutive adult
      elective open-heart surgery cases (78 total) at two centers. Thirty-six of 49
      patients (73%) received 245 homologous blood units (HBs) at institution 1 (m =
      5.0). Fifteen of 29 (52%) received 84 HBs at institution 2 (m = 2.9, P less than
      0.05). Sex, age, duration of surgery, intraoperative blood salvaged, preoperative
      hematocrit (Hct), nadir Hct, and nadir platelet counts, and the surgeon were all
      found to be determinants of transfusion practice at institution 1 but not at the
      other. The data indicate that (1) determinants of homologous blood exposure are
      not consistent between institutions and instead reflect "prevailing practice"
      rather than need; (2) a prospective multi-institution audit of prevailing
      transfusion practice in cardiac revascularization is needed to address this; (3)
      autologous blood pre-deposit is underused in open-heart surgery.

PMID- 2929504
TI  - The clinical significance of pure Bence Jones proteinuria at low concentration.
AB  - The clinical significance of Bence Jones (BJ) proteinuria at low concentration
      (less than 0.2 g/24 hours) was investigated in 33 unselected patients who had no
      intact monoclonal immunoglobulin in their serum. The great majority (79%) of the
      patients were recognized as having malignant lymphoproliferative diseases, such
      as chronic lymphocytic leukemia (46%), hairy cell leukemia (6%), and non
      Hodgkin's lymphoma (27%), whereas only two patients (6%) had multiple myeloma or
      systemic amyloidosis. Five patients (15%) had no evidence of definite malignant
      immunoproliferative disorders at the time of recognition of BJ proteinuria. Three
      of them, who were excreting steadily low amounts of BJ protein in their urine for
      47, 61, and 73 months, respectively, without development of any B-lymphocytic
      malignancy, were classified as having a monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined
      significance. In the remaining two patients, BJ protein disappeared spontaneously
      14 and 18 months, respectively, after its recognition. The study indicates that
      pure BJ proteinuria, even when occurring at low concentration, is most
      consistently associated with malignant proliferations of B-lymphocytic origin.
      However, the possibility should be considered that the clinical spectrum of the
      monoclonal gammopathy of the light chain type also includes benign and transient
      forms.

PMID- 2929505
TI  - Pediatric reference ranges for serum aldolase.
AB  - Most investigators have found that serum aldolase levels normally are higher in
      children than in adults. Although several earlier studies have included
      sufficient subjects to establish statistically reliable reference ranges,
      pediatric reference ranges have not been made available for the now widely used
      assay method of Pinto and associates (Clin Chem 1969;15:349-360.). The authors
      present age-related ranges determined by this method.

PMID- 2929507
TI  - Refractoriness to platelet transfusions.

PMID- 2929506
TI  - Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the central nervous system after treatment of Hodgkin's
      disease.
AB  - A case of a 34-year-old man with stage IIIB nodular sclerosis Hodgkin's disease
      complicated by the development of a central nervous system non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
      is described. The second tumor became symptomatic eight months after the initial
      diagnosis of Hodgkin's disease, but a tissue diagnosis was not made until autopsy
      two months later. The Hodgkin's disease was, at that time, in remission, and the
      autopsy revealed no persistent or recurrent Hodgkin's disease. Despite
      radiotherapy, the brain lymphoma had progressed to involve the spinal
      leptomeninges extensively, but there was no lymphoma outside the central nervous
      system (CNS) at autopsy. The significance of this unique case is discussed in
      light of the known risk for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma as a second malignancy after
      Hodgkin's disease and in view of recent information concerning CNS lymphoma.

PMID- 2929508
TI  - Blood culture bottles improve microbe isolation rate from joint fluids.

PMID- 2929509
TI  - Ulex Europaeus (UEA 1)

PMID- 2929510
TI  - Penicillium marneffei infection: a follow-up.

PMID- 2929511
TI  - Technologic anarchy?

PMID- 2929512
TI  - Nuclear magnetic resonance in the clinical laboratory.
AB  - Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) which now has widespread clinical use as an
      imaging technique, may also have significant application to diagnostic pathology.
      High-field proton NMR spectroscopy can perform rapid multicomponent analysis of
      serum, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, and even intact cells. This technique allows
      unusually detailed studies of certain metabolic derangements and toxic
      ingestions. Phosphorus NMR spectroscopy in vivo can measure ATP and other
      phosphometabolites, intracellular pH, and free Mg2+. It has been applied to
      diagnosing inborn errors of metabolism such as glycogen storage disease,
      monitoring growth and regression of tumors, and assessing tissue viability. The
      basics of NMR spectroscopy are reviewed in this article, along with a survey of
      applications in human pathology.

PMID- 2929514
TI  - Telepathology. Long-distance diagnosis.
AB  - Telepathology is defined as the practice of pathology at a distance, by
      visualizing an image on a video monitor rather than viewing a specimen directly
      through a microscope. Components of a telepathology system include the following:
      (1) a workstation equipped with a high-resolution video camera attached to a
      remote-controlled light microscope; (2) a pathologist workstation incorporating
      controls for manipulating the robotic microscope as well as a high-resolution
      video monitor; and (3) a telecommunications link. Progress has been made in
      designing and constructing telepathology workstations and fully motorized,
      computer-controlled light microscopes suitable for telepathology. In addition,
      components such as video signal digital encoders and decoders that produce
      remarkably stable, high-color fidelity, and high-resolution images have been
      incorporated into the workstations. Resolution requirements for the video
      microscopy component of telepathology have been formally examined in receiver
      operator characteristic (ROC) curve analyses. Test-of-concept demonstrations have
      been completed with the use of geostationary satellites as the broadband
      communication linkages for 750-line resolution video. Potential benefits of
      telepathology include providing a means of conveniently delivering pathology
      services in real-time to remote sites or underserviced areas, time-sharing of
      pathologists' services by multiple institutions, and increasing accessibility to
      specialty pathologists.

PMID- 2929513
TI  - Hypermedia in pathology--the Dartmouth Interactive Medical Record project.
AB  - Hypermedia and hypertext are the focus of intense interest in multiple
      disciplines in medicine, particularly pathology. This communication provides
      explanation of theories and applications that serve as motivation for the
      expansion of use of these technologies. The Dartmouth Interactive Medical Record
      (IMR) project is discussed.

PMID- 2929515
TI  - The diagnostic pattern in histopathology.
AB  - Defining in precise detail the diagnostic clues used by histopathologists to
      arrive at a diagnosis is a difficult process; however, better analytic
      understanding of this process is a prerequisite for the design of diagnostic
      expert systems. Such systems offer the potential for consistency and setting
      standards in the diagnostic evaluation of difficult situations. Diagnostic clues
      as offered by the image represent two-dimensional information. Their description
      is entered into the knowledge base of an aspect system, however, in the form of a
      description, which is one-dimensional. Preserving all of the two-dimensional
      dependence structure in this conversion is a fundamental problem. Use of the
      description to generate simulated imagery tests whether or not the two
      dimensional dependence structure of a given tissue architecture has been
      adequately represented in the analytic description. This analytic description
      would then be entered into the knowledge base of an expert system.

PMID- 2929516
TI  - Program and abstracts. Ambulatory Pediatric Association, twenty-ninth annual
      meeting. May 1-5, 1989, Washington, DC.

PMID- 2929517
TI  - Advances in neonatal care.

PMID- 2929518
TI  - Incomplete immunizations and the computer.

PMID- 2929519
TI  - Does methylprednisolone pulse therapy deteriorate the course of rapidly
      progressive IgA nephropathy?

PMID- 2929520
TI  - Parent-child minimal change nephrotic syndrome.

PMID- 2929521
TI  - Gonococcal conjunctivitis mimicking orbital cellulitis in a young adolescent.

PMID- 2929522
TI  - Polymicrobial bacteremia and child abuse.

PMID- 2929523
TI  - Risks of placing one-way valves in ventilator circuits.

PMID- 2929525
TI  - Connectedness.

PMID- 2929524
TI  - Neonatal intensive care. At what price?

PMID- 2929526
TI  - The effect of weight control on lipid changes in obese children.
AB  - The effects of weight change on serum lipid changes were assessed in a sample of
      56 obese children randomly assigned to family-based behavioral obesity treatment
      vs controls given no treatment. Fasting serum lipid levels, height, weight, and
      fitness were measured at program entry and after 6 months of treatment. Children
      assigned to treatment showed significantly greater relative weight and weight
      changes than children in the control group, and the weight changes were
      significantly related to reductions in fasting serum triglyceride and total serum
      cholesterol levels and increases in high-density lipoprotein serum cholesterol.
      Results after 5 years of follow-up available for a small sample of treated
      children showed that a change in relative weight and fitness from 6 months to 5
      years was also associated with changes in the high-density lipoprotein level.
      These results suggest that weight control in obese preadolescent children may be
      associated with improvement in lipoprotein profiles.

PMID- 2929527
TI  - Efficacy of a nonrestricted fat diet in patients with cystic fibrosis.
AB  - We sought to determine if an increased oral intake with a noninvasive nutrition
      program in patients with cystic fibrosis could influence growth, weight gain, and
      pulmonary function. Thirty-seven patients, aged 2 to 27 years, were instructed to
      consume a nonrestricted fat diet during an intervention period of 4 years. The
      results showed that patients increased the mean energy intake significantly to a
      level of more than 120% of the recommended daily allowance. The enhanced intake
      resulted in significant weight gain. Pulmonary function (forced expiratory flow
      25%-75%) deteriorated during the 2-year preintervention period but stabilized
      during the 4-year intervention period. Both male and female patients were able to
      maintain their established height and weight scores during adolescence. The
      recommendation for a high-energy diet with no restrictions placed on the fat
      intake and the control of the steatorrhea by administration of an optimal enzyme
      dosage is supported by our data. Individualized nutritional counseling should be
      attempted before implementing invasive nutritional intervention programs.

PMID- 2929528
TI  - Adolescent health. Synopsis of a conference.
AB  - Adolescence can be subdivided into three interrelated components: biological,
      psychological, and sociocultural. Although the biological and psychological
      development of adolescents are largely generic processes, the social and cultural
      aspects strongly influence how these two processes are experienced. The plenary
      sessions of the First Annual American Medical Association Congress on Adolescent
      Health focused on the sociocultural factors that are currently influencing the
      adolescent experience. The lack of adult mentors in the job market, at home, and
      at school have left adolescents with minimal opportunities to interact with and
      learn from adults. Firm guidelines for responsible adult behavior have
      diminished, both through the subverting influence of television and the trend
      toward a value-neutral approach in education and preventive programs. Productive
      roles for adolescents have also dwindled; adolescents are primarily regarded as
      consumers. Physicians can help address these sociocultural issues by being a
      receptive and concerned adult to adolescents and to probe beyond simple
      presenting medical complaints to identify underlying development problems.

PMID- 2929530
TI  - Cardiorespiratory patterns during alarms in infants using apnea/bradycardia
      monitors.
AB  - Evaluating the significance of alarms at home in infants monitored for
      apnea/bradycardia depends on subjective parental observations. Retrospective
      analysis of 165 event recordings made during alarms in 90 monitored infants
      indicated that alarms were due to prolonged (greater than 15 s) apnea (6%),
      bradycardia (14%), shallow breathing (19%), mechanical malfunction (55%), or
      other causes (6%). Also, 68 infants had pneumograms. Of the 37 infants with an
      abnormal pneumogram, 14% had an abnormal event recording. Of the 31 infants with
      a normal pneumogram, 16% had an abnormal event recording. All monitors were
      discontinued without complication after a negative event recording. It may be
      concluded that (1) event recordings can document cardiorespiratory patterns
      during alarms, (2) the majority of alarms occurring at home are not significant,
      and (3) pneumograms do not appear to indicate which infants are at risk for a
      future significant alarm.

PMID- 2929529
TI  - Determinants of school performance in children with chronic asthma.
AB  - We have documented performance on standardized academic achievement tests for
      reading and mathematics in 99 children with moderately severe to severe chronic
      asthma. Academic performance and intelligence test scores indicated that,
      overall, the academic capabilities of the children with asthma were average to
      above average. A stepwise regression analysis was used to examine relationships
      between the dependent variables of reading and mathematics and the independent
      variables of socioeconomic status, school attendance, medical factors relating to
      asthma, age, and emotional and behavioral problems of the children. Factors that
      were associated significantly with low performance scores were low socioeconomic
      status, older age, history of continuous oral steroid use (prednisone or methyl
      prednisolone taken at least every other day for the year prior to evaluation),
      and presence of emotional and behavioral problems. School absenteeism, use of
      medical resources, oral steroid dosage, other medications used to treat asthma,
      and pulmonary functions were not associated with academic performance.
      Investigation of poor classroom performance of a child with chronic asthma should
      include investigation of the roles of socioeconomic status, oral steroid therapy,
      and emotional and behavioral problems.

PMID- 2929531
TI  - Use of adrenergic bronchodilators by pediatric allergists and pulmonologists.
AB  - Twenty-one pediatricians specializing in allergy, pulmonology, or both were
      questioned about their use of adrenergic bronchodilators for treating children of
      different ages at home, in the emergency department, and in the hospital. Most
      would use inhaled medications in all settings and for all ages. Few expressed
      strong preference for one drug over another, but only 2 would regularly use
      nebulized isoproterenol hydrochloride or isoetharine hydrochloride. Dosing
      frequency of inhaled medication at home was usually limited to every 4 hours, but
      in the emergency department or hospital, intervals between doses of 20 minutes or
      less were common. If this treatment failed, 9 physicians would use intravenous
      isoproterenol, but 4 strongly opposed its use. These results indicate that
      substantial variation exists in current expert practice, but that inhaled
      albuterol, metaproterenol, or terbutaline sulfate are most often preferred for
      treating asthma, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and bronchiolitis in children of all
      ages, and that doses and dosing intervals are frequently altered to meet patient
      needs.

PMID- 2929533
TI  - Measured energy expenditure in pediatric intensive care patients.
AB  - Few data are available on energy requirements of mechanically ventilated,
      critically ill children. We measured the resting energy expenditure in 18
      mechanically ventilated patients between ages 2 and 18 years, using indirect
      calorimetry. All patients had fractional inspired oxygen concentration less than
      0.6, no spontaneous respirations, hemodynamic stability, and no fever or active
      infection, and were receiving 5% dextrose. All subjects were hypermetabolic,
      since the measured resting energy expenditure divided by the predicted basal
      energy expenditure from the Harris-Benedict equations was 1.48 +/- 0.09 (mean +/-
      SEM). The energy requirements calculated using "injury factors" and "activity
      factors" adapted for adults is 1.62 times basal energy expenditure. The injury
      factor for the pediatric multiple trauma patients should be 1.25 compared with
      1.35 in adults. In these pediatric intensive care patients 33% +/- 8% of the
      energy is derived from carbohydrates, 53% +/- 8% from fat, and 14% +/- 2% from
      protein oxidation. In individual critically ill pediatric patients, energy
      requirements should be estimated by measuring their resting energy expenditure
      whenever possible and adding 5% for their activity. In the absence of the actual
      measurement of resting energy expenditure, the recommended energy requirement is
      1.5 times basal energy expenditure. In this acute phase of injury, the daily
      nitrogen requirement is 250 mg per kilogram of body weight.

PMID- 2929534
TI  - Radiological case of the month. Intrathoracic stomach with volvulus.

PMID- 2929532
TI  - High school athletes and the use of ergogenic aid.
AB  - To determine high school athletes' attitudes toward and use of ergogenic aids, we
      surveyed 295 students presenting for preparticipation examinations. In general,
      young athletes believed that steroids and amphetamines were not efficacious in
      enhancing sports performance and that their use was potentially harmful. Subjects
      reported minimal use of steroids (1%) and amphetamines (2%), and only a minority
      would consider their use. As a group, however, male athletes were more likely to
      believe that steroids were effective (32% vs 13%) and to consider the future use
      of these agents (14% vs 0) compared with female athletes. The majority of high
      school athletes believed that supplemental protein or vitamins could improve
      performance and that their use caused little or no health risk. These data
      suggest that young athletes may require information regarding the limited
      benefits and potential risks associated with the use of ergogenic aids.

PMID- 2929536
TI  - The mirror's use in suicide.
AB  - Eleven suicides in which the victim took his or her life while looking into a
      mirror are presented. The psychoanalytic implications of this extreme form of
      narcissism are discussed. Investigators should have a high index of suspicion of
      suicide in cases where a dead body is positioned in front of or near a mirror.

PMID- 2929535
TI  - Suicide among nonwhites. The Metro Dade County experience, 1982-1986.
AB  - Suicide among nonwhites was studied using the case files of the office of the
      Medical Examiner of Metropolitan Dade County in Miami, Florida. A total of 116
      cases, during the years 1982-1986, were analyzed as to the age, sex, cultural
      background, cause of death, blood alcohol content at autopsy, and reason for the
      suicide of the victim. By analyzing the ethnic/cultural backgrounds of the
      victims, it was noted that the overall rate of suicide among nonwhites in Dade
      County was 5 per 100,000 population per year. However, the rate varies within the
      overall group such that black-Hispanics, American Indians, and Haitians have
      suicide rates of 13.9, 11, and 3.1 per 100,000 population per year, respectively.
      Some of these rates are higher than the U.S. national nonwhite suicide rate of 7
      per 100,000 population. Interestingly, while suicide rates are variable, the
      reasons listed for the suicide and the high frequency of young adult victims are
      similar to those for whites. A discussion ensues concerning this similarity and
      what future work in the field remains to be done.

PMID- 2929538
TI  - The "mini-packer" syndrome. Fatal ingestion of drug containers in Baltimore,
      Maryland.
AB  - We report seven fatalities resulting from the ingestion of illicit drugs packaged
      in condoms, rubber balloons, or plastic bags which were observed in the last 4
      years at the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, State of Maryland. All the
      victims, with the exception of one, were men ranging in age from 19 to 37 years.
      There was no racial predominance. No drug paraphernalia was found at any scene.
      In two cases, seizure-like activity was documented. One victim had recently
      returned from Nigeria; therefore, Lassa fever was initially suspected. Two of the
      victims were "body packer" contrabanders who had just arrived from Africa. They
      used body cavities to hide large amounts of heroin to avoid U.S. Customs. The
      other five cases were "mini-packers," small-time illicit drug dealers who had
      swallowed a single bag of cocaine to avoid police detection. The possible
      mechanism of leaking or rupture of the latex container is discussed.

PMID- 2929537
TI  - Accidental death due to falls at work.
AB  - The phenomenon of accidental death due to falls at work was studied: 15 cases
      that occurred during the years 1983-1987, in which a worker died from a job
      related fall, are presented in some detail. A discussion follows in which risk
      factors for these incidents are presented along with suggestions about how to
      investigate such cases.

PMID- 2929539
TI  - Seafaring bodies.
AB  - Cases involving two bodies that had drifted for at least 500 km on the high seas
      are described.

PMID- 2929540
TI  - Wischnewski revisited. The diagnostic value of gastric mucosal ulcers in
      hypothermic deaths.
AB  - Hypothermia is defined as a subnormal body temperature. In this article,
      hypothermia refers to the loss of core temperature from exposure. When death
      results from hypothermia, a series of gastric mucosal erosions known as
      "Wischnewski ulcers" (1) frequently occur. In examining case material of the
      Onondaga County Medical Examiner's Office, a characteristic pattern of these
      ulcerations was seen that was indicative of severe physiologic stress and/or
      hypothermia. While not pathognomonic of hypothermia, the incidence of the
      erosions in a specific pattern has been closely associated with deaths in which
      hypothermia played a significant role. In hypothermia, the erosions, usually
      shallow and approximately 0.1-0.5 cm in diameter, are set in lines with roughly
      equidistant spacing, thereby forming a pattern of rectangles with the corners
      marked by the ulcerations.

PMID- 2929541
TI  - Stomach contents and the time of death. Reexamination of a persistent question.
AB  - The inspection of the contents of the stomach must be part of every postmortem
      examination because it may provide qualitative information concerning the nature
      of the last meal and the presence of abnormal constituents. Using it as a guide
      to the time of death, however, is theoretically unsound and presents many
      practical difficulties, although it may have limited applicability in some
      exceptional instances. Generally, using stomach contents as a guide to time of
      death involves an unacceptable degree of imprecision and is thus liable to
      mislead the investigator and the court.

PMID- 2929543
TI  - Death due to hydrofluoric acid.
AB  - A case of death caused by an acid attack is presented. The victim, a young woman,
      was attacked by a person who threw acid onto her face. She reached the casualty
      department of a hospital where she died, a few hours later, from acute
      respiratory insufficiency due to the inhalation of acid vapors. The autopsy
      revealed severe chemical burns of her skin and lungs, with intense pulmonary
      hemorrhagic edema caused by the acid and its vapor. The subsequent chemical
      toxicological analysis and the police investigation confirmed that death was due
      to hydrofluoric acid.

PMID- 2929542
TI  - Postmortem metabolic indices of antemortem adrenergic stimulation.
AB  - Tissue lactate concentration has been reported to be a useful postmortem
      indicator of antemortem awareness of mortal danger. The purpose of this study was
      to determine further whether selected tissue metabolites could be used as
      postmortem markers of antemortem adrenergic stress. Sprague-Dawley albino rats
      were anesthetized with pentobarbital and then injected with 2.0 mg kg-1 i.p.
      epinephrine hydrochloride to induce experimentally a severe sympathetic response
      that may be associated with the awareness of mortal danger; 20 min after the
      injection of epinephrine, when the metabolic response was at its peak, the
      animals were killed by exsanguination. Samples of the following tissues were
      removed immediately prior to death (0 h) and 48 h postmortem: soleus, plantaris,
      kidney medulla, kidney cortex, liver, and heart. These samples were analyzed for
      glycogen, lactate, ATP, creatine phosphate, pH, and total protein concentration.
      Significant differences in lactate concentration were observed in all tissues
      except soleus at 0 h in the epinephrine-injected animals. Specific tissues also
      had significant reductions in glycogen, ATP, and creatine phosphate
      concentrations at 0 h. At 48 h postmortem, however, only the liver and soleus
      lactate concentrations were significantly different from the 48-h control
      samples. It is unlikely that these small differences found in some tissues at 48
      h postmortem would be detected in an uncontrolled accident situation. We
      concluded from these findings that these selected tissue metabolites are not
      useful as long-term postmortem indicators of antemortem adrenergically induced
      hypermetabolism.

PMID- 2929544
TI  - Fatal intraoperative hemorrhage during spinal fusion surgery for osteogenesis
      imperfecta.
AB  - Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is an uncommon inherited systemic disorder of the
      connective tissues characterized primarily by varying degrees of bony fragility.
      Consequently, individuals affected by this condition frequently suffer severe
      skeletal injuries from otherwise innocuous traumatic events. This syndrome has
      other associated abnormalities, including hydrocephalus and brain stem
      compression on the basis of cranial developmental defects (platybasia), cardiac
      and vascular problems, respiratory disease from spinal deformities, vascular
      fragility, a bleeding disorder caused by an apparent platelet function
      abnormality, and anesthesia-related hyperpyrexia. A case is presented here of a
      young girl with advanced OI in whom intraoperative death occurred as a
      consequence of inadvertent rib fractures, with subsequent uncontrollable
      hemorrhage. OI may also potentially be mistaken for child abuse by an
      inexperienced examiner.

PMID- 2929545
TI  - "Spontaneous" coronary artery dissection. The challenge of detection, the enigma
      of cause.
AB  - Sudden death secondary to acute dissection of a coronary artery is a rare, but
      increasingly recognized, cause of sudden, unexpected death in apparently healthy
      persons. It has been reported more frequently in women and has been associated
      with sudden death during the puerperium. It has also been reported that these
      involved coronary vessels contain increased numbers of eosinophils and often show
      areas of cystic medial necrosis. In this article, we report a case of sudden
      death in a 47-year-old white woman due to dissection of the distal segment of her
      left anterior descending coronary artery. There was marked involvement of the
      coronary arterial walls with cystic degeneration of the media with accumulation
      of glycosaminoglycans as demonstrated by Alcian blue staining. There was no
      eosinophilic infiltrate within the arterial walls. This case is unusual in that
      this woman's mother and brother both have had aneurysms, which stresses the
      importance of not only searching carefully for these lesions, but also of
      obtaining family history in such cases.

PMID- 2929546
TI  - Dissecting aneurysm of the hepatic artery.
AB  - Aneurysms of the hepatic artery are rare and frequently diagnosed only at
      autopsy. First described by Wilson over 250 years ago, less than 400 cases have
      been reported in the literature (1,2). Dissection of these aneurysms is
      documented even less frequently, with only 11 cases reported in a review by
      Larson et al. (3). A case of sudden death from dissection and rupture of such an
      aneurysm was seen at the Westchester County Medical Examiner's Office, New York.

PMID- 2929547
TI  - Suppurative pericarditis due to Angelchik prosthesis.
AB  - Hiatus hernia is a common condition and while medical treatment is often
      sufficient, in some cases surgery may be necessary. Although there are a number
      of surgical treatments available, none has been totally successful. We report a
      case in which use of the Angelchik prosthesis proved fatal.

PMID- 2929548
TI  - Vaginal "fisting" as a cause of death.
AB  - We describe the death of a young girl that resulted from the insertion of a
      clenched hand and forearm into her vagina during heterosexual activity. (The male
      homosexual practice of rectal fist insertion has been described previously.) We
      believe this death to be the first reported case of a "fisting" death due to
      vaginal fist insertion during heterosexual activity. This death is reported to
      alert forensic pathologists, medicolegal death investigators, and coroners aware
      of the role of aberrant sexual activity and its potential to cause death.

PMID- 2929549
TI  - Drugs and homicide.

PMID- 2929552
TI  - What can be done to control incontinence associated with the irritable bowel
      syndrome?

PMID- 2929551
TI  - Earlobe creases.

PMID- 2929550
TI  - Senile cardiac amyloidosis and lethal arrhythmia.

PMID- 2929553
TI  - Peroral esophageal dilation over a guide wire: fluoroscopy, endoscopy, or "blind"
      passage.

PMID- 2929554
TI  - A marked guide wire facilitates esophageal dilatation.
AB  - Esophageal dilatation by endoscopists is a commonly performed procedure. The
      introduction of tapered polyvinyl dilators by Savary has made the procedure even
      more popular. In the United States, esophageal dilatation with guide wires has
      been traditionally performed with fluoroscopy. By using a marked guide wire and
      by adhering to specific safety guidelines, the passage of the guide wire can be
      precise, even without fluoroscopy, and radiographic definition is not always
      required. This study describes the new guide wire and the technique.

PMID- 2929555
TI  - Is long-term esophageal pH monitoring of clinical value?
AB  - Two hundred eighty-nine patients with various chest symptoms were studied by
      interview for the presence and type of symptoms, and by long-term esophageal pH
      monitoring for acid reflux. One hundred eighty of the patients also had upper
      gastrointestinal endoscopy. There was significant correlation between the results
      of all three methods. pH monitoring was more sensitive (92.9% vs. 81.0%) and
      specific (41.3% vs. 23.9%), and classified more patients correctly (55.6% vs.
      37.2%), than an interview by an experienced gastroenterologist when esophageal
      erosions were regarded as "gold standard" for pathologic reflux. Of all patients,
      31.5% had unclear symptoms and therefore could not be diagnosed by interview
      alone. Forty nine percent of these had pathologic reflux on pH monitoring. Among
      the patients, 72.3% who had symptoms typical of reflux disease also had a
      pathologic result at pH monitoring. It is concluded that most patients with
      unambiguous symptoms of esophageal reflux can correctly be diagnosed by
      interview, but that esophageal pH monitoring has a role in the management of
      patients with less characteristic chest symptoms.

PMID- 2929556
TI  - Clonidine prolongs human small intestine transit time: use of the lactulose
      breath hydrogen test.
AB  - Clonidine, an alpha 2-adrenergic agonist, has been shown to be useful in the
      treatment of some patients with chronic diarrhea. Previous animal and human
      studies have suggested that clonidine alters both small bowel fluid absorption
      and total gut motility. We measured the effect of clonidine 0.3 mg on oro-cecal
      transit time, using the lactulose-breath hydrogen test. Intestinal transit time
      in six normal healthy male volunteers after administration of clonidine was 148
      +/- 20 min, and was 90 +/- 7 min with a placebo (p less than 0.05). The average
      prolongation in transit time was 69.5%. We conclude that clonidine may markedly
      alter human small intestine transit time which explains, at least in part, the
      mechanism for this agent's antidiarrheal effect.

PMID- 2929557
TI  - Intestinal gas production from bacterial fermentation of undigested carbohydrate
      in irritable bowel syndrome.
AB  - The relationship between abdominal pain and bowel gas from bacterial fermentation
      of undigested carbohydrate was investigated in nine patients with irritable bowel
      syndrome (IBS), six lactose malabsorbers, and 11 asymptomatic controls. All
      subjects took breath samples and marked analog scales for abdominal pain,
      bloating, and psychological stress hourly during all waking hours for 7 days.
      Breath samples were analyzed for hydrogen concentration within 3 days, and the
      concentration was corrected for storage time. Symptoms of pain and bloating were
      significantly more common in IBS patients than in lactose malabsorbers or normal
      controls, and pain was significantly correlated with bloating in IBS patients.
      Breath hydrogen concentration was similar in all three groups, and breath
      hydrogen was not correlated with pain ratings in IBS patients. Thus, abdominal
      pain may be related to bloating from gastrointestinal gas, but bacterial
      fermentation cannot be the cause of such gas. The most likely source is swallowed
      air. This study also demonstrates the feasibility of monitoring hydrogen
      production in the bowel in field studies by having subjects collect hourly breath
      samples.

PMID- 2929558
TI  - Evaluation of antibiotic-associated diarrhea with a latex agglutination test and
      cell culture cytotoxicity assay for Clostridium difficile.
AB  - Diagnosis of Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) by its antigen or toxin has
      improved treatment for patients who have antibiotic-associated diarrhea and
      opportunistic colonization of the colon with C. difficile. Unfortunately, results
      from the tissue culture cytotoxicity assay are not available for 48 h. We
      prospectively compared a latex agglutination test with the tissue culture
      cytotoxicity assay in 83 patients (15 with antibiotic-associated diarrhea, 23
      with non-antibiotic-associated diarrhea, and 45 without diarrhea). In the
      antibiotic-associated diarrhea group, 43% of patients with pseudomembranes and
      25% without pseudomembranes tested positive with both tests. In the non
      antibiotic groups 92% with diarrhea and 90% without diarrhea were negative with
      both tests. The number of discordant results illustrates the value of using two
      tests to identify C. difficile, since additional patients can be identified by
      using two tests. We found false positives were rare, and C. difficile toxin or
      antigen could not be detected in more than half the patients with
      pseudomembranes. The latex agglutination test for C. difficile is reliable,
      specific, and faster than the tissue culture cytotoxicity assay. The data suggest
      that other organisms may also be responsible for pseudomembranous colitis, and
      that negative tests do not obviate the need for visual evaluation of colonic
      mucosa in suspected cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhea.

PMID- 2929559
TI  - Carcinoma of the gallbladder and extrahepatic bile duct in autopsy cases of the
      aged, with special reference to its relationship to gallstones.
AB  - To demonstrate correlation between occurrence of carcinoma and that of gallstone
      of the gallbladder and biliary tract, we reviewed the protocols of gallbladder
      and extrahepatic biliary duct carcinoma and cholelithiasis of 4,482 cases (male
      2,237, female 2,245, mean age 77.7 yr) autopsied at the Department of Pathology,
      Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, during the 27 yr from 1960 to 1986.
      Gallbladder carcinoma was found in 94 cases, or 2.1%. The incidence was higher in
      the female than in the male (male 24, female 70, p less than 0.01). Gallstone of
      the gallbladder was found in 957 cases or 21.4%. In the male, incidences of
      gallbladder carcinoma and stone increased with age until the lower half of the
      ninety, whereas in the female, no such tendency was found after the sixties.
      Incidence of gallbladder carcinoma was significantly higher in the cases with
      cholecystolithiasis than in those without stone (p less than 0.01). Furthermore,
      the incidence of gallbladder stones in the cases with relatively early carcinoma
      was significantly higher than that of those without carcinoma (p less than 0.01).
      Cholesterol stones were more common than bilirubinate in the carcinoma patients.
      These results suggest the importance of cholecystolithiasis, especially that of
      the cholesterol stones, as a background factor of gallbladder carcinoma.
      Extrahepatic bile duct carcinomas were present in 33 cases or 0.7% (male 19,
      female 14, no sex preference). The incidence was significantly higher in the
      cases with stones than in those without stones of the extrahepatic bile ducts (p
      less than 0.01). However, the fact that small stones were found in the upstream
      portions of obstruction of biliary tracts and no stone was found at operations in
      the 11 operated cases suggested that stones may be secondary to the cancerous
      growth.

PMID- 2929561
TI  - Splanchnic hemodynamics in idiopathic portal hypertension: comparison with
      chronic persistent hepatitis.
AB  - A comparative study of splanchnic hemodynamics was made in 12 patients with
      idiopathic portal hypertension and in eight patients with chronic persistent
      hepatitis, but without portal hypertension, who served as the control. Venous
      pressures were measured by portal and hepatic vein catheterizations, blood flow
      by the pulsed Doppler flowmeter, and organ volume by computed tomography. Splenic
      artery blood flow was 788 +/- 242 ml/min in idiopathic portal hypertension and
      about four times that in chronic persistent hepatitis (215 +/- 42 ml/min),
      whereas there was no difference in superior mesenteric artery blood flow between
      the former and the latter (408 +/- 142 vs. 389 +/- 32 ml/min). Spleen volume in
      idiopathic portal hypertension was six times that in chronic persistent
      hepatitis, and splenic artery blood flow showed a significant linear correlation
      with spleen volume in idiopathic portal hypertension (r = 0.71, p less than
      0.02). The sum of splenic artery blood flow and superior mesenteric artery blood
      flow in idiopathic portal hypertension was 1195 +/- 294 ml/min, twice that in
      chronic persistent hepatitis (603 +/- 109 ml/min). Portal vascular resistance and
      intrahepatic portal vascular resistance were three times and four times those in
      chronic persistent hepatitis, respectively. These results indicate that both
      increased intrahepatic portal vascular resistance and increased splenic artery
      blood flow may play roles in the development of portal hypertension in idiopathic
      portal hypertension.

PMID- 2929560
TI  - Attitude of hospital personnel toward hepatitis B vaccination.
AB  - During a 1-yr period (November 1985-86), a free-of-charge vaccination program
      against hepatitis B was offered to 809 of the 1200 medical workers in a 650-bed
      general and regional hospital in Israel. Three hundred and eighteen (39.3%)
      accepted the offer and were vaccinated. The higher rates of acceptance were among
      cleaning personnel (96.3%) and student nurses (63.9%). The lower rates of
      acceptance were among physicians (46.5%) and nurses (24.9%). Different types of
      fear, as well as lack of knowledge, were the reasons responsible for 73.3% of all
      refusals. More specific and continuous health educational efforts among high-risk
      groups should be initiated for voluntary vaccination programs in Israel.

PMID- 2929563
TI  - Tuberculosis of the bile duct: a rare cause of biliary stricture.
AB  - The first case of biliary stricture due to tuberculous involvement of bile duct
      is presented. The diagnosis was established by choledochoscopic biopsy through a
      dilated percutaneous transhepatic biliary tract. Surgical bypass was impossible
      in this situation and endoprosthesis successfully relieved the biliary
      obstruction.

PMID- 2929562
TI  - Differences in portal hemodynamics in cirrhosis and idiopathic portal
      hypertension.
AB  - A comparative study of portal hemodynamics was made in 79 cirrhotics (24
      cirrhotics with a large spleen greater than or equal to 500 cm3 in volume, 55
      cirrhotics with a spleen less than 500 cm3 in volume), 22 patients with
      idiopathic portal hypertension, and 63 healthy adults who served as the control
      for portal and splenic venous flows. Portal and splenic venous flows were
      significantly increased in the group order of the cirrhosis without splenomegaly
      group, the cirrhosis with splenomegaly group, and idiopathic portal hypertension
      group. Intrahepatic shunt index was significantly greater in the cirrhosis with
      splenomegaly group than in the cirrhosis without splenomegaly group, and it was
      negligible in the idiopathic portal hypertension group. Portal vein pressure was
      significantly elevated in the cirrhosis with splenomegaly group than in the
      cirrhosis without splenomegaly and idiopathic portal hypertension groups.
      Postsinusoidal resistances were significantly greater in the two groups of
      cirrhosis than in the idiopathic portal hypertension group, whereas presinusoidal
      resistance was significantly greater in the idiopathic portal hypertension group
      than in the two groups with cirrhosis. It is concluded that these differences are
      inconsistent with the view that cirrhosis with splenomegaly comes from idiopathic
      portal hypertension.

PMID- 2929564
TI  - Primary biliary cirrhosis in a patient with multiple sclerosis.
AB  - A 47-yr-old patient with primary biliary cirrhosis and multiple sclerosis is
      reported. Although primary biliary cirrhosis has been associated with numerous
      other autoimmune disorders, it has not, to the authors' knowledge, previously
      been reported in association with multiple sclerosis.

PMID- 2929565
TI  - Nyquil-associated liver injury.
AB  - Acetaminophen, a commonly used medication, is present in many over-the-counter
      remedies. In recent years, its potential to cause severe liver injury has been
      increasingly appreciated. Chronic abusers of alcohol may be particularly
      susceptible to hepatotoxicity from acetaminophen. We report two cases of
      unintentional liver injury associated with ingestion of Nyquil, a liquid cold
      remedy containing acetaminophen and 25% alcohol.

PMID- 2929567
TI  - Liver cell adenoma: diagnosis and treatment of a rare hepatic neoplastic process.
AB  - Liver adenomatosis is a rare entity in which multiple liver cell adenomas (more
      than 10) occur in patients with no prior history of steroid use or glycogen
      storage disease. This report describes a case of liver adenomatosis,
      distinguishes liver adenomatosis from other benign liver lesions, and discusses
      the diagnosis and treatment of this disorder.

PMID- 2929566
TI  - Danazol-induced cholestasis.
AB  - A 39-yr-old female on high-dose Danazol presented with jaundice and pruritus.
      Danazol-induced cholestasis was suspected, and the drug was discontinued. A liver
      biopsy revealed panlobular cholestasis with portal and periportal inflammation.
      The cholestasis resolved completely in 8 wk. This is a rare case of Danazol
      induced cholestasis and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of
      drug-induced liver injury.

PMID- 2929568
TI  - Disseminated Salmonella arizona infection associated with rattlesnake meat
      ingestion.
AB  - Salmonella arizona is an uncommon enteric pathogen. We report a case of a woman
      with systemic lupus erythematosus, receiving prednisone therapy, who developed
      fatal disseminated S. arizona infection after ingesting raw dried rattlesnake
      meat as a form of treatment for her illness. S. arizona was isolated from stool,
      blood, peritoneal fluid, and cerebrospinal fluid. The importance of being aware
      of the Mexican-American folk remedy involving the ingestion of rattlesnake meat
      in the forms of dried snake, snake powder, or snake powder capsules, and the risk
      of acquiring S. arizona enteric infections is discussed.

PMID- 2929570
TI  - Ameboma presenting as acute urinary retention.
AB  - A patient with several weeks of diarrhea developed for the first time severe
      urinary frequency and urgency and was admitted with acute urinary retention.
      Imaging techniques showed a large mass compressing the posterior wall of the
      bladder adjacent to the rectosigmoid colon, leading to a bilateral dilatation of
      the ureters. Cystoscopy and biopsy of the affected part of the bladder showed no
      tumor but a nonspecific acute inflammation. After identification of trophozoites
      of Entamoeba histolytica in the stool and confirmation by colonoscopy, barium
      enema, and serology of acute amebic colitis, the patient was treated with
      metronidazole. Urinary symptoms immediately resolved with a complete
      disappearance of the mass and a later cure of the colitis. This is a first report
      of severe urinary symptomatology dominating the clinical picture in amebic
      colitis, due to compression of the urinary bladder by an ameboma.

PMID- 2929569
TI  - Segmental colitis associated with Aeromonas hydrophila.
AB  - We describe a 40-yr-old woman who presented with abdominal pain and diarrhea, and
      who was found to have segmental colitis involving the cecum and ascending colon.
      Aeromonas hydrophila was isolated from the stool, and her symptoms responded to
      appropriate antibiotic therapy. Follow-up colonoscopy confirmed complete
      endoscopic and histologic resolution of her colitis. This report further supports
      the belief that Aeromonas species are pathogens in healthy humans. This organism
      needs to be considered in the differential diagnosis of diffuse and segmental
      colitis.

PMID- 2929571
TI  - Mean and median of pH values, characterizing average intragastric acidity.

PMID- 2929572
TI  - Hemorrhagic acalculous cholecystitis in systemic lupus erythematosus.

PMID- 2929573
TI  - Acalculous gallbladder in common bile duct lithiasis patients.

PMID- 2929574
TI  - Granulomatous colitis 10 years after presentation with isolated Crohn's
      gastritis.

PMID- 2929575
TI  - Severe giardiasis in a child during cancer therapy.

PMID- 2929576
TI  - Peritonitis following colonoscopy in a cirrhotic with ascites.

PMID- 2929577
TI  - Listeria monocytogenes peritonitis: an additional case.

PMID- 2929578
TI  - Listeria monocytogenes spontaneous peritonitis.

PMID- 2929579
TI  - Detection of hypodiploidy using multi-parameter flow cytometric analysis: a
      prognostic indicator in multiple myeloma.
AB  - We analyzed 49 patients with multiple myeloma (MM) using propidium iodide (PI)
      staining and flow cytometry to assess DNA content of MM cells in bone marrow. In
      12 patients the presence or absence of DNA content aneuploidy could not be
      determined by analysis of single-parameter DNA histograms alone. Using forward
      light scatter measurement, resolution of ploidy was readily obtained in all but
      three cases. Assuming the DNA content of the low light scatter population to be
      diploid, we were able to classify 7 cases as hypodiploid and 39 as hyperdiploid
      or diploid. Hyperdiploid or diploid patients survived a median of 24 months and
      hypodiploid patients only 2.5 months. We conclude that multiparameter analysis of
      DNA content and light scatter provides easier analysis for the presence or
      absence of aneuploidy. Patients with DNA content hypodiploidy have a short
      survival.

PMID- 2929580
TI  - Red cell ferritin and iron overload in heterozygous beta-thalassemia.
AB  - Red cell ferritin was evaluated in 101 individuals with heterozygous beta
      thalassemia to determine its clinical utility as an index for iron deficiency or
      overload in these subjects. The mean red cell ferritin for the total population
      was elevated threefold and showed a significant correlation with transferrin
      saturation, plasma ferritin, and HbA2 levels. Five of six subjects with reduced
      red cell ferritin had associated iron deficiency; a further five had iron
      deficiency and normal red cell ferritin. Normal red cell ferritin occurred in 51
      subjects, and 44 had increased values. In the elevated red cell ferritin group,
      21 individuals had associated normal plasma ferritin, and 23 had increased plasma
      ferritin. Only in the latter group was red cell ferritin significantly correlated
      with transferrin saturation and plasma ferritin. Ten individuals had a red cell
      ferritin greater than or equal to 150 attogram/cell, and liver biopsy performed
      in four showed grades II to IV iron overload. A clinical feature of subjects with
      both increased red cell and plasma ferritin levels was a high incidence of
      inappropriate iron administration. These findings suggest that red cell ferritin,
      particularly when combined with plasma ferritin, is a useful parameter for
      determining potential iron overload in individuals with heterozygous beta
      thalassemia.

PMID- 2929581
TI  - Platelet survival and turnover: important factors in predicting response to
      splenectomy in immune thrombocytopenic purpura.
AB  - Autologous indium-111 platelet sequestration and survival studies were performed
      on 59 immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) patients, 21 of whom underwent
      splenectomy shortly thereafter. Sequestration patterns were primarily splenic in
      46 patients, primarily hepatic in 6 patients, and both splenic and hepatic in 8
      patients. The mean platelet survival ranged from 15 to 211 hr (normal, 180-220
      hr), and mean platelet turnover (a measure of platelet production rate) varied
      from 99 platelets/microliters/hr to 7,585 platelets/microliters/hr (normal 1,200
      1,600 platelets/microliters/hr). Among splenectomy patients, 13 had an excellent
      response, and 8 had a fair or poor response. Neither the pattern of platelet
      sequestration nor the quantity of platelet-associated IgG was useful in
      predicting response to splenectomy. There was, however, a striking correlation
      between platelet studies showing short survival/high turnover and subsequent
      excellent response to splenectomy. Conversely, patients with only moderately
      decreased survival and low turnover had an unpredictable response to splenectomy.
      This investigation demonstrates that ITP patients are a heterogeneous population
      and include a significant subset whose thrombocytopenia results primarily from
      decreased turnover. Platelet kinetic studies appear useful in predicting
      beneficial response to splenectomy.

PMID- 2929582
TI  - 8;21 translocation in myelodysplasia secondary to essential thrombocythemia.
AB  - A case is presented of a 73-year-old woman who received busulphan for essential
      thrombocythemia and subsequently developed a myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS),
      which transformed to acute nonlymphoblastic leukaemia within 1 month. Cytogenetic
      studies showed a 46,XX,t(8;21) (q22;q22) karyotype in all metaphases examined at
      diagnosis. The karyotypic abnormality is previously unreported in secondary
      myelodysplasia and may have specific clinical implications in this setting, such
      as early transformation to acute leukaemia and short survival. This finding
      contrasts with the generally favourable prognosis of the 8;21 translocation in
      patients with de novo acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia. A possible explanation for
      this difference may be the involvement of a committed progenitor in acute
      nonlymphoblastic leukaemia, while in myelodysplasia the more primitive
      multipotent stem cell may be affected.

PMID- 2929583
TI  - Thrombocytopenia associated with auranofin therapy: evidence for a gold-dependent
      immunologic mechanism.
AB  - Thrombocytopenia associated with gold therapy is thought to be due to an immune
      mediated mechanism. Relatively few patients have been studied so far, and precise
      details of the pathophysiology of this disease remain undetermined. We report a
      patient with gold-induced thrombocytopenia resulting from auranofin therapy. The
      patient's plasma contained platelet-reactive antibodies detectable only in the
      presence of gold salts. Antibody binding occurred at gold concentrations ranging
      from 0.01 to 10,000 ng/ml. The binding occurred independently of gold salt used,
      suggesting that substitution of a different gold preparation in this patient
      would result in a similar thrombocytopenia. These data support a drug-dependent
      immune mechanism for platelet destruction.

PMID- 2929585
TI  - Reversal of bone marrow fibrosis and subsequent development of polycythemia in
      patients with myeloproliferative disorders.
AB  - Bone marrow fibrosis is a characteristic finding in agnogenic myeloid metaplasia
      and in the spent phase of polycythemia vera. It is commonly believed that the
      reticulin deposition is irreversible. However, we report four patients who
      demonstrated clinical and laboratory evidence of transition from myelofibrosis to
      polycythemia. The transition was documented by improvement in the hemoglobin
      concentration and by determination of the Cr51 red blood cell mass, accompanied
      by a resolution of the fibrosis on serial bone marrow biopsies. Two of the
      patients had been treated with alkylating agents and splenectomy, one with
      myelosuppressive therapy without splenectomy, and one with splenectomy alone.
      These findings indicate that bone marrow fibrosis in the chronic
      myeloproliferative disorders is not always an irreversible phenomenon.
      Pathogenetic implications will be discussed.

PMID- 2929584
TI  - Hybrid acute leukemia in an HIV-antibody-positive patient.
AB  - Although the great majority of acute leukemias have been designated as being of
      lymphocytic or myelocytic origin, recent reports have described elements of both
      in some patients. We describe here the first case of hybrid acute leukemia in an
      HIV-antibody-positive patient as well as the first hybrid involving B-cell
      (Burkitt) acute lymphocytic leukemia and acute myelomonocytic leukemia proven by
      cytochemical, immunologic, and cytogenetic methods. This case illustrates the
      increasingly complex difficulties in the diagnosis and treatment of AIDS-related
      malignancies.

PMID- 2929587
TI  - Cyclosporin A in the treatment of severe aplastic anemia: description of a case
      complicated by the development of tubercular pericarditis during treatment.
AB  - We report on a 62 year-old woman who developed a severe aplastic anemia requiring
      frequent packed red cell and platelet transfusions. Since conventional
      pharmacological therapy was ineffective, treatment with Cyclosporin A was
      started, resulting in a significant increase of leukocyte, platelet, and red cell
      counts. However, 5 months after the beginning of Cyclosporin A treatment, despite
      a past medical history not significant for clinical tuberculosis, the patient
      developed tubercular pericarditis. This report underlines the need for a careful
      follow-up of Cyclosporin A-treated patients aimed at a prompt diagnosis of
      possible infectious complications.

PMID- 2929586
TI  - Long-term effect of splenectomy on transfusion requirements in thalassemia major.
AB  - Splenectomy reduces transfusion requirements in the first year after surgery in
      patients with thalassemia major and hypersplenism. To determine whether this
      response is maintained, we have studied transfusion requirements in 16 patients
      with thalassemia major for 2-17 years after splenectomy. Transfusion requirements
      remained stable (mean yearly change -0.1%) after the predictable fall in the
      first year after surgery. The mean change between the first postoperative year
      and the most recent year was -7 ml/kg. Transfusion requirements and the magnitude
      of change from year to year were unrelated to the time since splenectomy. These
      studies indicate that the effect of splenectomy on transfusion requirements is
      long-lasting and that large variations in annual transfusion requirements after
      splenectomy should prompt a search for accessory spleens or other causes of red
      cell destruction.

PMID- 2929588
TI  - Vasculitis in hairy cell leukemia: rapid response to interferon alpha.
AB  - A patient with hairy cell leukemia (HCL) and vasculitis was treated only with
      interferon alpha-2b. A good, rapid response was obtained without using
      corticosteroids or immunosuppressors. Interferon may prove to be useful for the
      systemic therapy of patients with vasculitis associated with HCL.

PMID- 2929589
TI  - Reversible agranulocytosis related to azidothymidine therapy.
AB  - Hematopoietic toxicity from Zidovudine (AZT) is fairly common, resulting in a
      requirement for red cell transfusions in up to 25% of patients. Reversible
      agranulocytosis occurred following approximately 1 week of AZT therapy in a man
      with AIDS. He recovered from the episode without incident. There was no evidence
      for underlying bone marrow dysfunction or an adverse drug reaction. Careful
      monitoring of AZT therapy continues to be of great importance.

PMID- 2929590
TI  - Ehrlichiosis: a cause of bone marrow hypoplasia in humans.

PMID- 2929591
TI  - Presidential address: the genetics of human behavior--lessons for two societies.

PMID- 2929592
TI  - Segregation analysis of translocations by the study of human sperm chromosome
      complements.

PMID- 2929593
TI  - Human chromosome 15 confers partial complementation of phenotypes to xeroderma
      pigmentosum group F cells.
AB  - Microcell-mediated transfer of a single human chromosome from repair-proficient
      human cells to genetic complementation group F cells from the hereditary disease
      xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) results in partial complementation of repair-defective
      phenotypes. The complementing chromosome was identified by cytogenetic and
      molecular analysis as human chromosome 15. Transfer of this chromosome to XP-F
      cells restores approximately 20% of the resistance of wild-type cells to killing
      by UV radiation or by the UV-mimetic chemical 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4NQO), as
      well as partial repair synthesis of DNA measured as unscheduled DNA synthesis.
      Additionally, complemented XP-F cells have an enhanced capacity for reactivation
      of the plasmid-borne E. coli cat gene following its inactivation by UV radiation.
      Phenotypic complementation of XP cells by chromosome 15 is specific to genetic
      complementation group F; no effect on the UV sensitivity of XP-A, XP-C, or XP-D
      cells was detected. The observation that phenotypic complementation is partial is
      open to several interpretations and does not allow the definitive conclusion that
      the XP-F locus is carried on chromosome 15.

PMID- 2929594
TI  - Gene deletions in X-linked muscular dystrophy.
AB  - Of the approximately 170 families with X-linked muscular dystrophy of the
      Duchenne (DMD) and Becker (BMD) type in Finland, we have studied 90 unrelated
      patients for intragenic deletions by using the cDNA probes described by Koenig et
      al. Forty-five patients (50%) had molecular deletions of one or several of the 65
      exon-containing HindIII fragments. In six deletion cases junction fragments of
      altered size were seen. Thirty-eight (84%) of the 45 deletions were detected
      using only two (1-2a and 8) of the six cDNA subclones. Using a wheelchair age of
      12 years to distinguish between DMD and BMD, we found that the proportions of
      patients with deletions were similar. Deletions were equally common in familial
      and sporadic disease. BMD was more commonly caused by deletions in the 5' end of
      the gene than was DMD. In at least three instances deletions of similar type
      resulted in diseases of similar severity. Of 14 patients with mental retardation
      seven had deletions; six of these comprised exons contained in probe 8. We
      conclude that cDNA hybridization studies provide a powerful diagnostic tool in
      DMD and BMD and that they promise to produce better insights into molecular
      clinical correlations.

PMID- 2929595
TI  - An Asian-specific 9-bp deletion of mitochondrial DNA is frequently found in
      Polynesians.
AB  - One hundred fifty Polynesians from five different island groups (Samoans, Maoris,
      Niueans, Cook Islanders, and Tongans) were surveyed for the presence of an Asian
      specific length mutation of mitochondrial (mt) DNA by using enzymatic
      amplification with thermostable Taq DNA polymerase. Ninety-three percent of
      Polynesians exhibited this 9-bp deletion, including 100% of Samoans, Maoris, and
      Niueans. The same deletion was also found in 8% of Tolais from New Britain and in
      14% of coastal New Guineans. A deletion frequency of 82% in Fijians confirmed
      their ethnic affinity to Polynesians. In contrast, the deletion was absent in 30
      New Guinea highlanders and 31 Australian aborigines, the only exception being an
      aborigine who also had the Southeast Asian triplicated zeta-globin gene
      rearrangement in his nuclear DNA. These data support the theories claiming that
      an independent group of pre-Polynesian ancestors who colonized into the Pacific
      were ultimately derived from east Asia.

PMID- 2929596
TI  - Genetic homogeneity at the Friedreich ataxia locus on chromosome 9.
AB  - Classical Friedreich ataxia, a progressive, neurodegenerative disorder involving
      both the central and peripheral nervous systems, has been subclassified according
      to the observed clinical heterogeneity. The variations in the age at onset and in
      the spectrum and severity of symptoms have previously been interpreted as
      evidence of genetic heterogeneity. We have studied the linkage between the
      disorder and closely linked DNA markers in families of distinct ethnic origins,
      including the "typical" French-Canadians and the Acadian population of Louisiana.
      The disease in these two populations, both of continental French origin, has a
      very similar initial clinical picture. However, a marked difference in the rate
      of progression of the obligatory symptoms after 10 years of apparent disease is
      observed. A total of 553 individuals from 80 families with 202 affected members
      have been typed with the chromosome 9 marker MCT112, which we have previously
      shown to be closely linked to the disease locus. Evidence for linkage was
      observed in all families with the generation of a combined total lod score of
      25.09 at a recombination fraction of theta = .00, providing strong evidence for
      genetic homogeneity at this locus for the classical form of this disease.

PMID- 2929598
TI  - The detection of linkage and heterogeneity in nuclear families for complex
      disorders: one versus two marker loci.
AB  - Using exact expected likelihoods, we have computed the average number of phase
      unknown nuclear families needed to detect linkage and heterogeneity. We have
      examined the case of both dominant and recessive inheritance with reduced
      penetrance and phenocopies. Most of our calculations have been carried out under
      the assumption that 50% of families are linked to a marker locus. We have varied
      both the number of offspring per family and the sampling scheme. We have also
      investigated the increased power when the disease locus is midway between two
      marker loci 10 cM apart. For recessive inheritance, both linkage and
      heterogeneity can be detected in clinically feasible sample sizes. For dominant
      inheritance, linkage can be detected but heterogeneity cannot be detected unless
      larger sibships (four offspring) are sampled or two linked markers are available.
      As expected, if penetrance is reduced, sampling families with all sibs affected
      is most efficient. Our results provide a basis for estimating the amount of
      resources needed to find genes for complex disorders under conditions of
      heterogeneity.

PMID- 2929597
TI  - Estimating the power of a proposed linkage study for a complex genetic trait.
AB  - Many genetic traits have complex modes of inheritance; they may exhibit
      incomplete or age-dependent penetrance or fail to show any clear Mendelian
      inheritance pattern. As primary linkage maps for the human genome near
      completion, it is becoming increasingly possible to map these traits. Prior to
      undertaking a linkage study, it is important to consider whether the pedigrees
      available for the proposed study are likely to provide sufficient information to
      demonstrate linkage, assuming a linked marker is tested. In the current paper, we
      describe a computer simulation method to estimate the power of a proposed study
      to detect linkage for a complex genetic trait, given a hypothesized genetic model
      for the trait. Our method simulates trait locus genotypes consistent with
      observed trait phenotypes, in such a way that the probability to detect linkage
      can be estimated by sample statistics of the maximum lod score distribution. The
      method uses terms available when calculating the likelihood of the trait
      phenotypes for the pedigree and is applicable to any trait determined by one or a
      few genetic loci; individual-specific environmental effects can also be dealt
      with. Our method provides an objective answer to the question, Will these
      pedigrees provide sufficient information to map this complex genetic trait?

PMID- 2929599
TI  - Factor IXPortland: a nonsense mutation (CGA to TGA) resulting in hemophilia B.
AB  - Male siblings with severe hemophilia b were studied for the molecular defect
      responsible for their disorder. To define the precise DNA alteration, a 362-bp
      fragment in the first part of exon VIII of the factor IX gene was amplified and
      sequenced. A single-base-pair substitution of C----T at the nucleotide sequence
      30875 was found which resulted in a nonsense mutation (TGA) and terminated the
      protein synthesis of factor IX at amino acid residue 252. The single-base change
      occurred as a classic CG dinucleotide alteration to TG (or CA), a common
      mechanism for point mutations in mammals.

PMID- 2929601
TI  - Nontraditional pedagogy for implementing human genetics education.

PMID- 2929600
TI  - A male carrier for Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

PMID- 2929602
TI  - Report of the First Information and Education Committee Human Genetics Teaching
      Forum, held at the 1988 ASHG annual meeting at New Orleans on October 12, 1988.

PMID- 2929603
TI  - Genetics education in the People's Republic of China.
AB  - The National Education Commission of the People's Republic of China directs all
      educational course content from kindergarten to graduate level in all
      disciplines. The study of genetics is thus controlled by the members of the
      commission, so there is little variation of course offerings from one institution
      to another. Formal genetics education begins in lower middle school and is
      expanded somewhat in upper middle school (high school). Middle school marks the
      end of the formal education for most Chinese students, although many graduates
      learn the practical aspects of genetics while working in agricultural plant and
      animal breeding. Students who continue the study of genetics in universities find
      that course work is concentrated and research is encouraged, although facilities
      and supplies are limited. On graduation from a university, most students are sent
      to factories to use their expertise for increasing food production, while a very
      small percentage of students continue on to graduate school and eventual research
      and university teaching. The area of human genetics is handled exclusively in
      medical schools.

PMID- 2929604
TI  - Encephalopathy: an uncommon manifestation of workplace arsenic poisoning?
AB  - This report describes two cases of chronic encephalopathy associated with
      occupational exposure to arsenic fumes from hot pressurized impregnation of wood.
      Both cases displayed symptoms of cognitive impairment with onset 14-18 months
      after start of occupational exposure to arsenic fumes. Laboratory confirmation
      was provided by elevated urine arsenic levels. One patient was hospitalized for
      apparent psychiatric reasons. Neuropsychologic testing of one case showed typical
      and relatively mild impairments of new learning, recent memory, and concentration
      in addition to the psychological symptoms. Symptoms in both cases disappeared
      following cessation of exposure and return of urine arsenic excretion to normal
      levels. In future studies of workers exposed to arsenic, documentation of mild
      impairment of cognitive function should be sought using neurobehavioral test
      batteries.

PMID- 2929605
TI  - Parental occupational lead exposure and lead concentration of newborn cord blood.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of parental occupational
      lead exposure on the lead levels of newborn cord blood in the Taipei area. From
      September 1984 to June 1985, 5,000 pregnant women voluntarily participated in the
      study at the Taipei Municipal Maternal and Child Hospital. Each woman was
      interviewed regarding her and her husband's occupational exposures; 2,948
      successfully delivered healthy newborns, and cord blood samples were obtained
      using Terumo Venoject, and 242 samples were analyzed by graphite furnace atomic
      absorption spectrometry using an Instrumentation Laboratory 251 instrument. Nine
      cord blood samples were from newborns with both parents exposed, 26 samples had
      maternal exposure only, 105 samples had paternal exposure only, and 102 were
      nonexposed. The results showed that the average lead level of cord blood with
      both parents exposed was 8.9 +/- 2.9 micrograms%, maternal exposure 9.0 +/- 3.8
      micrograms%, paternal exposure 8.3 +/- 3.4 micrograms%, and 6.9 +/- 3.2
      micrograms% in the nonexposed group. There were significant differences between
      the nonexposed and the maternal exposure groups, and also between the nonexposed
      and paternal exposure groups. All 26 maternal exposures were from lead soldering
      operations. Multivariate analysis revealed that, after control of father's
      exposure status, newborn cord blood lead level increased 0.27 micrograms% for
      each hour the mother spent on lead soldering during a normal working day, thus
      suggesting that soldering during pregnancy may be hazardous to newborns. Paternal
      contribution to the cord blood lead levels seemed to be through either working at
      home with the pregnant mother also at home or bringing work clothes home for
      laundering.

PMID- 2929606
TI  - Cumulative arsenic exposure and lung cancer in smelter workers: a dose-response
      study.
AB  - The cause-specific mortality was followed through 1981 in a cohort of 3,916 male
      Swedish smelter workers employed for at least 3 months from 1928 through 1967.
      Arsenic levels in the air of all workplaces within the smelter were estimated for
      three different time periods. Using this exposure matrix and detailed information
      of the work history, cumulative arsenic exposure could be computed for each
      worker. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were calculated for several dose
      categories using age-specific mortality rates from the county where the smelter
      was situated. A positive dose-response relationship was found between cumulative
      arsenic exposure and lung cancer mortality with an overall SMR of 372 (304-450,
      95% confidence interval). The lung cancer mortality was related to the estimated
      average intensity of exposure to arsenic but not to the duration. No positive
      dose-response relationship was found between arsenic and ischemic heart disease
      or cerebrovascular disease. There was also no evident dose-response relationship
      between estimated exposure to sulfur dioxide and lung cancer.

PMID- 2929607
TI  - Potroom asthma: New Zealand experience and follow-up.
AB  - Occupational asthma related to work in potlines in an aluminum smelter has been
      diagnosed on clinical criteria in 57 workers. About half were regular tobacco
      smokers but atopy was uncommon. There was a wide range in the time for which each
      had been employed prior to development of symptoms, but the average was about 20
      months. Thirty-four showed nonspecific bronchial hyperreactivity to methacholine.
      At annual reviews over a period of 5 years following transfer to other work at
      the smelter, the majority improved in symptoms in 1-2 years and bronchial
      hyperreactivity returned to normal. However, over the subsequent 3 years,
      deterioration, not limited to tobacco smokers or atopic subjects, has occurred in
      some subjects.

PMID- 2929608
TI  - Deaths and tumors among workers grinding stainless steel.
AB  - This study examined a cohort of 1,164 males who, during the period 1927-1981, had
      been employed for 3 months or more in an industry that produced objects from
      stainless steel. These workers were exposed to the dust of grinding materials,
      grinding agents, and stainless steel. From 1975 to 1980, measurements of the
      total dust in the workroom air have shown levels of about one mg/m3 (consisting
      of chromium at about 0.1 mg/m3 and nickel at about 0.05 mg/m3) during grinding
      and several mg/m3 (chromium at about 0.01 mg/m3 and nickel at about 0.005 mg/m3)
      during polishing. Before 1950, the concentrations were probably considerably
      higher. Compared to a local reference population, a decrease in mortality (63
      observed deaths, standardized mortality (SMR) = 0.79, 95% confidence limits CL =
      0.61, 1.01) took place during the 1951-1983 observation period among 318 subjects
      who had been employed for at least five years, allowing a latency period of at
      least 20 years. Mortality from cancer of the colon/rectum increased (observed
      deaths = 6, SMR = 2.47, CL = 0.97, 5.58). The mortality from nonmalignant
      pulmonary disease did not increase (SMR = 0.29, CL = 0.01, 1.81). During the
      observation period (1958-1983), there was no significant overall excess of tumors
      (observed cases = 33, standardized morbidity [SMR] = 1.09, CL = 0.76, 1.54).
      However, tumor morbidity of the colon/rectum (observed 11, SMR = 2.83, CL = 1.47,
      5.19) significantly increased. There were no cases of respiratory cancer
      (expected 4.7, CL = 0, 0.21). Thus, the results indicate an increased risk of
      intestinal cancer.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2929609
TI  - Improvement in the occupational health program in a Finnish construction company
      by means of systematic workplace investigation of job load and hazard analysis.
AB  - The aim of the present study was to improve an occupational health program by
      means of systematic workplace investigations. The 8-month study was done at three
      building sites of one construction firm. The method for workplace investigations
      was a simple job hazard analysis of chemical hazards, physical hazards, physical
      work load, mental stress, and risk of injury, each factor being rated on a three
      point scale. Information was gathered by observations, interviews, and a worker
      questionnaire. Occupational health and safety personnel and worker
      representatives dealt with problems cooperatively. Together they assessed
      occupational loads and hazards, whereafter the occupational health and safety
      personnel devised an occupational health care program and proposed preventive
      measures. The workplace investigation method proved to function well. It improved
      the occupational health care program, produced an overall analysis of
      occupational hazards, and dramatically increased the number and quality of
      proposed preventive measures. The new method was evaluated to be clearly superior
      to previous practices and was implemented at moderate cost. The study showed that
      attention to issues of environmental and occupational health can effectively
      prevent health impairment even in difficult setting such as construction work.
      More research is needed for effective utilization of information accumulated by
      systematic workplace investigations.

PMID- 2929610
TI  - Chronic respiratory disorders related to farming and exposure to grain dust in a
      rural adult community.
AB  - In a survey of chronic respiratory symptoms and airflow obstruction of a rural
      population aged 20-65 years, the effects of both farming and, in particular, the
      exposure to grain dust on the respiratory health of the people was examined. Of
      the 1,892 subjects (82% of the eligible population) studied, 924 were males and
      968 females, with half living in the town. Three groups were identified: current,
      former, and never farmers. Almost all current farmers were exposed to grain for,
      on average, 2 months a year. There was no difference in atopic status between the
      groups. While there was a strong association between most symptoms and smoking,
      there was no association between symptoms and exposure to grain and farming
      category once age and smoking had been taken into account. Results of this study
      suggest that farmers do not have chronic respiratory symptoms or impairment of
      lung function because of their exposure to grain dust. Lung function of former
      farmers might have been affected by farming, and this may reflect more
      involvement with livestock in the past.

PMID- 2929612
TI  - Prospective study of respiratory effects of formaldehyde among healthy and
      asthmatic medical students.
AB  - We conducted a prospective evaluation of pulmonary function and respiratory
      symptoms among 103 medical students exposed to formaldehyde over a 7-month period
      to determine the incidence of bronchoconstriction and respiratory symptoms in
      response to exposure. Time-weighted average formaldehyde exposures were generally
      less than 1 part per million (ppm) and peak exposures were less than 5 ppm. Acute
      symptoms of eye and upper respiratory irritation were significantly associated
      with exposure. There was no pattern of bronchoconstriction in response to
      exposure after either 2 weeks or 7 months. Twelve subjects had a history of
      asthma; they were no more likely to have symptoms of respiratory irritation or
      changes in pulmonary function than those without such a history. These findings
      are consistent with previous case reports that indicate exposure to formaldehyde
      vapor at levels that are commonly encountered in occupational and residential
      settings do not commonly cause significant bronchoconstriction, even among
      subjects with preexisting asthma.

PMID- 2929611
TI  - Concordance of occupational and environmental exposure information elicited from
      patients with Alzheimer's disease and surrogate respondents.
AB  - Identification of risk factors for Alzheimer's disease through the use of well
      designed case-control studies has been described as a research priority.
      Increasing recognition of the neurotoxic potential of many industrial chemicals
      such as organic solvents raises the question of the occupational and
      environmental contribution to the etiology of this high-priority health problem.
      The intention of this study was to develop and evaluate a methodology that could
      be used in a large scale case-control study of the occupational and environmental
      risk factors for dementia or a population-based surveillance system for
      neurotoxic disorders. The specific objectives of this study were to investigate:
      1) the reliability of exposure-eliciting, interviewer-administered questionnaires
      given to patients with Alzheimer's disease (SDAT); 2) the reliability of exposure
      eliciting interviewer-administered questionnaires given to the family of patients
      with SDAT and the agreement with the responses of the patient or surrogate
      respondents; 3) the reliability and agreement of responses of age- and sex
      matched control patients and their families selected from geriatric care
      institutions and the community, with respect to the same exposure-eliciting and
      interviewer-administered questionnaire; and 4) the reliability of agent-based
      exposure ascertainment by a single, trained rater. The results of the study
      demonstrate that occupational and environmental histories from which exposure
      information can be derived is most reliably elicited from job descriptions of
      cases and control subjects rather than job titles alone or detailed probes for
      potential neurotoxic exposures. This will necessitate the use of standardized
      interviewer-administered instruments to derive this information in case-control
      studies of Alzheimer's disease or population-based surveillance systems for
      occupational and environmental neurotoxicity.

PMID- 2929613
TI  - Incompletely studied hazards of waste incineration.

PMID- 2929614
TI  - Mortality among workers at a municipal waste incinerator.
AB  - Mortality was investigated among 176 male workers employed for at least 1 year
      between 1920 and 1985 at a municipal waste incinerator. Expected numbers of
      deaths from 1951 to 1985 were calculated from national and local death rates,
      standardized for age and calendar year. There was an excess of deaths from lung
      cancer and, after long follow-up, for ischemic heart disease. Analysis of
      duration of exposure supported that the excess of ischemic heart disease was
      caused by occupational factors; the lung cancer cases were too few to permit
      conclusions in this respect. Exposure to combustion products and polycyclic
      aromatic compounds were common, but other occupational exposures may also have
      contributed to the risk excesses. Smoking habits were investigated and did not
      differ from the average for Swedish men in cities and towns. Some work operations
      are very dusty and should be performed only with appropriate protection devices.

PMID- 2929615
TI  - Medical surveillance of hazardous waste workers: ability of laboratory tests to
      discriminate exposure.
AB  - The assessment and cleanup of hazardous waste sites has become a growth industry.
      Unlike traditional factory employment, chemical exposures on wastes sites are
      likely to involve uncharacterized mixtures. Medical surveillance of hazardous
      waste workers has become a major preventive strategy. To evaluate the
      effectiveness of the traditional laboratory tests employed in most surveillance
      programs, we compared test results in two groups of hazardous waste workers (409
      males, 68 females) with responsibilities for the assessment and management of
      waste sites. We stratified employees into a group with a high potential for
      exposure ("exposed") and a group with a low potential for exposure ("unexposed").
      Fifty-five clinical chemistry, hematologic, and urinalysis variables were
      contrasted using an analysis of variance. The only consistently significant
      difference was a low mean corpuscular volume in the "exposed" group. The lack of
      other significant findings suggests that either the true exposure status of
      individuals was not reflected in our classification or that the traditional tests
      were inappropriate or insensitive. We conclude that it is essential to evaluate
      surveillance results carefully and to develop protocols that are appropriate to
      the actual exposures encountered in hazardous waste work.

PMID- 2929616
TI  - Injuries on the fireground: risk factors for traumatic injuries among
      professional fire fighters.
AB  - This case-control study within a metropolitan fire department evaluated the
      effect of self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) and other risk factors on
      three types of injury at the scene of a fire (smoke inhalation, burns, and
      falls). Data on 75 injured fire fighters and 144 controls came from telephone
      interviews and department records. The two sets of uninjured fire-fighter
      controls were matched to cases on incident (n = 72) or on job position and fire
      type and size (n = 72). Smoke inhalation cases were not significantly different
      from controls in SCBA use, cigarette smoking, previous fires in the shift, or
      injury history. Jobs with high risk of burns included nozzle operator, engine
      officer, and forcible-entry person in first-due companies (OR = 20.1). Other risk
      factors for burns were: basement origin of fire (OR = 10.2); prior fire-fighting
      training outside the present department (same fire: OR = 11.2; similar fire: OR =
      3.9); and on-duty injury in the prior 12 months (same fire: OR = 4.3; similar
      fire: OR = 3.5). When other risk factors were considered, consistent SCBA use was
      associated with falls (same fire: OR = 11.8; similar fire: OR = 4.3) but not with
      burns. Risk of falls also was elevated among members of truck companies (OR =
      17.7) and fire fighters without children (same fire: OR = 8.4; similar fire: OR =
      7.4). On-duty injury in the past 12 months was associated with falls when one
      compared cases with similar-fire controls (OR = 5.5), but not with controls
      attending the same fire. Neither age nor experience was related to injury in this
      population.

PMID- 2929617
TI  - Critical review of cancer epidemiology in petroleum industry employees, with a
      quantitative meta-analysis by cancer site.
AB  - A critical review of close to 100 published and unpublished but otherwise
      available epidemiologic reports of petroleum industry employees from the United
      States, United Kingdom, Canada, Europe, Australia, and Japan was conducted.
      Analyses by duration of employment and latency are discussed, and summary
      standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) or meta-SMRs are developed for selected
      cancer sites. Findings indicate that the industry experienced a significantly
      lower cancer mortality than the general population for all cancer sites combined,
      digestive system, stomach, and lung. For the industry as a whole, SMRs similar to
      the general population were observed for skin, brain, pancreatic, prostatic, and
      kidney cancers. However, some data indicate that certain small groups within the
      industry might have elevated prostatic and kidney cancer risk. This review
      supports the conclusion that some refinery employees, particularly those employed
      before the 1940s, may have been at increased risk of leukemia. There is some
      indication that cancer of other lymphatic tissue may also be elevated. Unresolved
      issues affecting these conclusions are discussed, and specific directions for
      future research are offered.

PMID- 2929618
TI  - Respiratory symptoms among Swedish swine producers.
AB  - Two hundred nine male farmers engaged in swine production, born in 1913 or later,
      and alive in 1985 received mailed questionnaires on respiratory symptoms, medical
      history, and exposure to contaminated air in swine confinement buildings. The
      response rate was 76%. The prevalence of three or more symptoms of bronchitis was
      higher than that in welders who had completed the same questionnaire--Mantel
      Haenszel odds ratio 5.26 (1.9-14.8) for smoking subjects. The number of reported
      symptoms was strongly influenced by smoking habits (p less than .01) and by
      exposure (p less than .01), and by a positive interaction between these (p less
      than .01, two-way analysis of covariance). Air in swine confinement buildings is
      contaminated with bacterial endotoxins and organic dust, and it is concluded that
      it may pose a risk for airways diseases such as chronic bronchitis.

PMID- 2929619
TI  - Comparison of smoking-related risk factors among black and white males.
AB  - The lung cancer risk factors of smoking prevalence, amount smoked, and age
      started to smoke were compared for blacks and whites, using the 1970 and 1979/80
      National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) survey data. For both survey years,
      proportionally more blacks were never smokers and fewer were ever smokers
      (although more were current and fewer former smokers). The average adult black
      smoker smoked approximately 65% of the number of cigarettes smoked by the average
      white adult. Blacks started smoking later than whites for almost all occupational
      categories. Thus, it could be argued that whites had higher smoking-associated
      risk factors than did blacks. At the same time, a much greater proportion of
      blacks than whites were in the types of occupation where they would have been
      exposed to occupational hazards. The sharp rise in and the larger incidence of
      lung cancer among blacks compared to whites may not be due to differences in
      black and white smoking, but more likely are a reflection of occupational
      differences.

PMID- 2929620
TI  - Mortality comparisons of chemical workers hired before, during, and after World
      War II (1941-1945).
AB  - Cause-specific mortality was evaluated by period of hire for 37,682 male chemical
      workers in order to test the hypothesis that employees hired during World War II
      (1941-1945) were at increased risk for selected causes of death. One recent study
      of refinery workers reported that those hired during the war years had
      experienced greater mortality from external causes (accidents, homicides, and
      suicides), alcoholism, and cancers of several sites relative to employees hired
      before or after the war. In the present study, employees were divided into three
      period-of-hire subcohorts: prior to 1941, 1941-1945 (World War II), and 1946 and
      after. Comparison of observed mortality among these subcohorts through 1982 was
      made with expected levels based on age- and calendar year-specific U.S. white
      male rats. Neither hourly nor salaried employees hired during the war showed
      evidence of higher mortality from homicide, suicide, alcoholism, or any of the
      selected cancer types suggested from the refinery study. Hourly, but not
      salaried, war years new hires experienced excessive mortality from only those
      accidents involving motor vehicles. Possible reasons for the discrepant findings
      between this and the earlier study of refinery workers are discussed, with
      methodological differences being dismissed.

PMID- 2929621
TI  - Standard setting, science, and politics.

PMID- 2929623
TI  - Isolated systolic hypertension: a long-neglected cause of cardiovascular
      complications.

PMID- 2929622
TI  - The risk of miscarriage and birth defects among women who use visual display
      terminals during pregnancy.

PMID- 2929624
TI  - High-density lipoprotein cholesterol is reduced in patients with sarcoidosis.
AB  - PURPOSE: Sarcoidosis is a disease in which the proliferation of monocyte
      macrophage-derived cells is observed. In other diseases characterized by
      expansion of the monocyte-macrophage system, such as Gaucher's disease and
      myeloid metaplasia, abnormalities of lipoprotein metabolism have been
      demonstrated. To determine whether similar abnormalities in lipoprotein
      cholesterol concentrations could be identified in patients with sarcoidosis, we
      studied total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and high
      density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol as well as triglyceride levels in 52
      patients with biopsy-proven sarcoidosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients had no
      other medical disorders and were not being treated with corticosteroids or
      antimalarial agents. Blood samples were collected by venipuncture after an
      overnight fast. Plasma total cholesterol and triglyceride levels were measured
      using enzymatic techniques. Lipoprotein cholesterol was quantified by lipoprotein
      fractionation. HDL cholesterol was measured as cholesterol remaining in the
      supernatant after precipitation of LDL and very-low-density lipoprotein from
      whole plasma by the heparin-maganese chloride method. Computation was used to
      determine the level of LDL cholesterol. RESULTS: We found significantly reduced
      levels of total cholesterol (183.9 +/- 27.6 versus 194.3 +/- 16.5 mg/dl, mean +/-
      SD, p = 0.021) and HDL cholesterol (41.2 +/- 13.0 versus 51.9 +/- 6.1 mg/dl, p =
      0.0001) in sarcoid patients versus an age-, sex-, and race-matched reference
      group. Differences were not observed in triglyceride or LDL cholesterol levels (p
      greater than 0.05). CONCLUSION: These findings are similar to those observed in
      the myeloproliferative diseases, Gaucher's disease, and rheumatoid arthritis and
      suggest a functional role for monocytes-macrophages in the regulation of serum
      lipoprotein cholesterol levels.

PMID- 2929625
TI  - Bloodstream infections in the elderly.
AB  - PURPOSE: Bacteremia in the elderly is associated with a different clinical course
      and a higher mortality rate when compared with that in younger age groups. In
      order to examine these issues in the aged, we reviewed the clinical course and
      factors involved in the outcome of 100 episodes of bloodstream infections in
      patients over 65 years of age. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The hospital records of all
      patients over 65 years of age at The Mount Sinai Hospital with a positive blood
      culture result during the period October 1984 to October 1986 were reviewed.
      Place of residence before hospital admission, site of acquisition of infection,
      source of bloodstream infection, and microorganism were analyzed. Antimicrobial
      therapy was defined as appropriate if initial therapy included one agent to which
      the isolate was sensitive, or inappropriate if the isolate was resistant. The
      following factors affecting survival were analyzed: age, sex, underlying
      diseases, clinical parameters on admission, white blood cell count, mental
      status, source of infection, microorganism isolated, antibiotic toxicity, and
      appropriate versus inappropriate antibiotic therapy. RESULTS: Most patients were
      female (63 percent), were febrile (90 percent), had an altered mental status (52
      percent), and had a neutrophilic response (61 percent). Eighty-three percent of
      patients were admitted from the community (home), 14 percent were from long-term
      care facilities, and 3 percent were transferred from other hospitals. Fifty
      percent of infections were nosocomial, and 44 percent were community (home and
      nursing home)-acquired. Gram-negative organisms accounted for 60 percent of
      isolates, with Escherichia coli (22 percent) and Klebsiella species (11 percent)
      predominating; 30 percent were gram-positive organisms, with Staphylococcus
      aureus (13 percent) and Streptococcus faecalis (10 percent) the most common. The
      overall survival was 60 percent; the survival rate was 65.8 percent for community
      acquired (home) bacteremia, 75 percent for nursing home-acquired bacteremia, and
      52.8 percent for hospital-acquired bacteremia. Survival for gram-negative
      isolates was 65 percent, versus 51.7 percent for gram-positive isolates. Survival
      was greatest in patients whose source of bacteremia was either the genitourinary
      tract (70 percent) or an intravascular device (78 percent) and poorest in
      patients with lower respiratory tract source (42 percent); all three patients
      with endocarditis died. Increased survival was observed in patients treated with
      appropriate antimicrobial agents regardless of age, source of infection, or
      bloodstream isolates.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2929626
TI  - Long-term follow-up of aggressively treated idiopathic rapidly progressive
      glomerulonephritis.
AB  - PURPOSE: We wanted to examine the long-term effects of aggressively treating
      idiopathic rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN), with a particular focus
      on clinically characterizing the patient population, assessing the short- and
      long-term effects of therapy on renal function, and determining complications of
      the therapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-three consecutive patients with RPGN
      were treated and followed from one to 11 years. On renal biopsy, 13 had immune
      complexes, eight had no immune complexes, and two had antiglomerular basement
      membrane deposits. All had greater than 25 percent crescents and 19 of 23 had
      greater than 50 percent crescents. Every patient responded on a short-term basis
      to either large-dose pulse methylprednisolone or plasma exchange, with reduction
      of the mean plasma creatinine level from 6.5 +/- 2.0 mg/dl to 2.9 +/- 1.0 mg/dl
      (p less than 0.001). Each patient received oral prednisone and all but one
      received cyclophosphamide. RESULTS: Three died of non-renal causes. Fifty percent
      of the remaining 20 patients maintained stable renal function for at least two
      years. Four of nine patients followed-up for longer than two years had a relapse,
      but all responded again to therapy. No characteristic clinical symptoms
      predicting relapse were found, although nearly all had hematuria and proteinuria.
      Complications of therapy were frequent and may have contributed to death in two
      patients. CONCLUSION: Thus, long remissions are seen in most patients with RPGN
      treated aggressively.

PMID- 2929627
TI  - Aortic insufficiency and mitral regurgitation in patients with systemic lupus
      erythematosus and the antiphospholipid syndrome.
AB  - PURPOSE, PATIENTS, AND METHODS: Heart disease has not been well characterized in
      patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and the antiphospholipid
      syndrome. During a prospective study of cerebrovascular disease in autoimmune
      disease and SLE, 11 lupus patients were identified with an antiphospholipid
      syndrome characterized by significant cardiac valvular disease in addition to
      cerebral infarction, deep vein thromboses, and thrombocytopenia. Patients were
      reviewed for criteria for systemic lupus and underwent echocardiographic studies
      and measurements of anticardiolipin antibodies, VDRL, and the lupus
      anticoagulant. RESULTS: Eight of the 11 patients had aortic insufficiency, two of
      whom had associated mitral regurgitation. Three patients had mitral regurgitation
      alone. Microscopic analysis of a surgically excised aortic valve indicated
      typical Libman-Sacks verrucous endocarditis. Infective endocarditis was ruled out
      in all patients. CONCLUSION: This report expands previous descriptions of
      antiphospholipid syndromes by describing a subset of lupus patients with
      significant aortic and mitral valvulitis in addition to circulating
      antiphospholipid antibodies, thrombocytopenia, and recurrent thromboses.

PMID- 2929628
TI  - Normal left ventricular performance documented by Doppler echocardiography in
      patients with long-standing hypocalcemia.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Several reports suggest significantly reduced left ventricular
      performance in subjects with chronic hypocalcemia. We prospectively investigated
      eight patients, aged 13 to 31 years, with long-standing hypocalcemia due to
      idiopathic hypoparathyroidism or pseudohypoparathyroidism by echocardiography.
      PATIENTS AND METHODS: Six subjects had symptomatic hypocalcemia manifested as
      recurrent tetany (four), seizures (four), mental retardation (three), behavior
      disorder (one), and skeletal abnormalities (four); three subjects were untreated
      when studied. None had cardiovascular symptoms. Each patient underwent clinical,
      biochemical, and cardiac studies, including Doppler, two-dimensional, and M-mode
      echocardiography, on the same day. RESULTS: In serum, both total and ionized
      calcium concentrations were reduced and averaged 7.2 mg/dl (range: 5.3 to 8.5
      mg/dl; normal: 9.0 to 10.3 mg/dl) and 3.6 mg/dl (range: 3.0 to 3.9 mg/dl; normal:
      4.5 to 5.3 mg/dl), respectively. Electrocardiograms revealed prolonged QTc
      intervals in six patients. Also noted were prominent U waves (five), T-wave
      abnormalities (four), and right-axis deviation (one). Resting echocardiography,
      however, demonstrated normal left ventricular function in all subjects. All M
      mode measurements were normal. Two-dimensional-derived left ventricular end
      diastolic and end-systolic volumes were 87.1 +/- 20.1 ml and 30.2 +/- 9.7 ml
      (mean +/- SD), respectively. Left ventricular ejection fraction was 65 percent
      (61.2 to 74.7 percent). Doppler-derived cardiac output and cardiac index averaged
      5.1 liters/minute (2.9 to 6.7 liters/minute) and 3.0 liters/minute/m2 (1.7 to 4.3
      liters/minute/m2), respectively. CONCLUSION: Our prospective study of eight
      subjects with functional hypoparathyroidism demonstrated that, despite
      electrocardiographic abnormalities, long-standing hypocalcemia was not associated
      with left ventricular dysfunction.

PMID- 2929630
TI  - The nonvalue of retrospective peer comparison feedback in containing hospital
      antibiotic costs.
AB  - Antibiotics have accounted for an increasing percentage of hospital pharmacy
      charges. Recently, an inexpensive method, automated peer comparison feedback, has
      been developed to influence physician use of resources. The documented success of
      several implementations of this strategy led to a one-year experiment to
      influence hospital antibiotic utilization. Each month, attending physicians in
      the top 50 percentiles for expenditure were notified of their status in relation
      to their peers. Expenditures by feedback and control groups were compared to
      determine whether feedback would result in reduced expenditures by individuals,
      or whether there would be a generalized reduction in expenditure by the entire
      group (Hawthorne effect). Over the year, no significant reduction in expenditure
      was noted. However, some important utilization patterns were identified. Although
      more surgical patients received antibiotics than did nonsurgical patients,
      surgical antibiotic costs were less. Surgical therapy was typically of shorter
      duration and involved the use of less expensive antibiotics. Multiple-antibiotic
      prescribing was less frequent on surgical services. Thirty percent of attending
      physicians were responsible for 80 percent of all antibiotic costs; 60 percent of
      those in this top group were members of the medical cohort. IN CONCLUSION: (1) As
      implemented in the current study, automated peer comparison feedback was not an
      effective method for reducing antibiotic utilization; (2) Differences in
      prescribing patterns between services may dictate the best strategies for
      improving antibiotic utilization; (3) More attention should be directed toward
      the relatively small "reference group" of physicians responsible for most
      hospital antibiotic prescribing.

PMID- 2929629
TI  - Transient hypertension after two phenylpropanolamine diet aids and the effects of
      caffeine: a placebo-controlled follow-up study.
AB  - PURPOSE AND PATIENTS AND METHODS: Reports of severe adverse reactions following
      the ingestion of single (75 mg) or double doses of the sympathomimetic drug
      phenylpropanolamine (PPA), with and without caffeine, prompted us to undertake a
      study of the effects of five drug preparations (75 mg PPA, 150 mg PPA, 75 mg PPA
      plus 400 mg caffeine, 400 mg caffeine, and placebo) in 16 resting, normotensive
      subjects. The study was of a double-blind, randomized, crossover design. Each
      subject consented to take the five drug preparations on different study days,
      which were separated by at least 48 hours. RESULTS: Compared with blood pressure
      (BP) values obtained after placebo ingestion, significant BP increases occurred
      over several hours following 150 mg PPA and after 75 mg PPA plus 400 mg caffeine.
      Significant BP increases after ingestion of 75 mg PPA and after 400 mg caffeine
      were less frequent. The mean peak BP following 150 mg PPA was 173 +/- 9/103 +/- 4
      mm Hg, compared with 148 +/- 4/97 +/- 3 mm Hg after the other three active
      preparations; after placebo, peak BP reached 137 +/- 8/85 +/- 5 mm Hg.
      CONCLUSION: These results indicate that 150 mg PPA (the amount in two diet aids)
      substantially elevates BP. Our findings may explain some of the recent case
      reports of nontraumatic intracranial hemorrhage in young, healthy persons
      ingesting PPA at recommended or minimally greater dosages. We suggest physicians
      inform patients who are likely consumers of PPA (i.e., those with allergies,
      those with eating disorders, overweight persons, women during the postpartum
      period) and patients at risk for stroke (i.e., the elderly and hypertensive
      patients) of the risks of taking more than the recommended amounts of PPA and of
      combining caffeine with PPA.

PMID- 2929631
TI  - Rhabdomyolysis with pneumococcal pneumonia: a report of two cases.

PMID- 2929632
TI  - Azidothymidine-induced hyperpigmentation mimicking primary adrenal insufficiency.

PMID- 2929633
TI  - Pancreatitis and typhoid fever.

PMID- 2929634
TI  - Acute pericarditis due to group C Streptococcus: report of a medically treated
      case.

PMID- 2929636
TI  - Nicotinic acid-associated myopathy: a report of three cases.

PMID- 2929635
TI  - Treatment of cutaneous granulocytic sarcoma in a patient with myelodysplasia.
AB  - In this report, we have presented our experience with a patient with a rare
      cutaneous granulocytic sarcoma. In addition to hematoxylin and eosin,
      myeloperoxidase stain and specific stains for lysozyme and esterase were helpful
      in confirming the histologic diagnosis of granulocytic sarcoma. Despite multiple
      attempts to control this patient's tumor by conservative surgery, radiation
      therapy, and chemotherapy, we eventually had to resort to limb amputation. This
      procedure restored a meaningful quality of life to this patient for one and a
      half years prior to the development of acute leukemia. Treatment with
      corticosteroids at the time of surgery may have prevented a local recurrence of
      granulocytic sarcoma despite positive tissue margins. Our experience underscores
      the importance of directing treatment toward the granulocytic sarcoma whereas the
      myelodysplasia concurrently present may not require therapy for several years.

PMID- 2929637
TI  - Agoraphobia and hyperthyroidism.

PMID- 2929638
TI  - Report of an unusual case of postoperative adrenal hemorrhage in a young woman.

PMID- 2929639
TI  - Occult pulmonary embolism presenting with thrombocytopenia and elevated fibrin
      split products.

PMID- 2929640
TI  - Endocarditis due to Pasteurella multocida with glomerulonephritis.

PMID- 2929641
TI  - Low-dose cytosine arabinoside as remission induction therapy in refractory adult
      acute lymphocytic leukemia.

PMID- 2929643
TI  - Short-term recovery of visual field loss in acromegaly during treatment with a
      long-acting somatostatin analogue.

PMID- 2929642
TI  - Prolonged hypernatremia associated with azotemia and hyponatriuria.

PMID- 2929644
TI  - Systemic lupus erythematosus presenting with portal venous thrombosis.

PMID- 2929645
TI  - Dural metastasis from laryngeal malignant carcinoid.

PMID- 2929647
TI  - Cryptosporidium in the elderly: a cause of life-threatening diarrhea.

PMID- 2929649
TI  - Valvulitis in systemic lupus erythematosus.

PMID- 2929648
TI  - Heme therapy.

PMID- 2929646
TI  - Nail discoloration and human immunodeficiency virus infection.

PMID- 2929650
TI  - Myalgias in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients.

PMID- 2929651
TI  - Bicarbonate in the treatment of severe hyperkalemia.

PMID- 2929652
TI  - Complications of long-acting somatostatin analogue therapy.

PMID- 2929653
TI  - Induction of theophylline toxicity and inhibition of clearance rates by
      ranitidine.

PMID- 2929654
TI  - Orofaciodigital syndrome type IV: report of a patient.
AB  - We describe a further patient with the orofaciodigital syndrome type IV. The
      clinical characteristics include lobulated tongue, pseudo-cleft of lip, pre- and
      postaxial polydactyly of hands and feet, severe talipes equinovarus, mesomelic
      limb shortness associated with tibial hypoplasia, and severe bilateral deafness.
      Five similar cases including the present patient are now on record. Autosomal
      recessive inheritance is likely.

PMID- 2929655
TI  - Mutation rate estimates are not compatible with autosomal dominant inheritance of
      the dysplastic nevus "syndrome".
AB  - Dysplastic nevi represent precursor lesions harboring an increased risk of
      evolving into melanoma. Their association with familial melanoma is usually
      considered a monogenic syndrome with autosomal dominant transmission. To test
      this concept we estimated the mutation rates. When derived directly from the
      sporadic occurrence of the trait, the mutation rate is exceedingly high (0.9%
      2.5%), whereas, as estimated with the aid of Haldane's formula it would be 0.007%
      to 0.02%. Accordingly, newly arising mutation would outnumber eliminated
      mutations by 100:1. Even if only 80% of all old mutations are passed onto the
      next generation, this ratio of 100:1 would rapidly change. After only a few
      generations, 10% of the world population should be affected with the dysplastic
      nevus "syndrome". The apparent lack of a genetic equilibrium between newly
      arising and eliminated mutations is not compatible with autosomal dominant
      inheritance of the dysplastic nevus "syndrome."

PMID- 2929656
TI  - Atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, and coarctation of the aorta in
      sibs: an autosomal recessive disorder?
AB  - We report on two sisters with secundum atrial septal defect, perimembranous
      ventricular septal defect, and coarctation of the aorta. Identical anatomical
      malformations were verified by echocardiography and at operation. No other
      affected relatives were identified. We suggest that this is a specific, possibly
      recessively inherited type of complex cardiac malformation.

PMID- 2929657
TI  - A new syndrome with distinct facial and auricular malformations and dominant
      inheritance.
AB  - We report on a mother and son with high forehead; elongated and flattened face;
      arched, sparse eyebrows; short palpebral fissures; telecanthus; long nose and
      hypoplastic nostrils; long philtrum; microstomia; high, narrow palate; nasal
      speech; chin dimples; and a highly unusual bilateral auricular malformation.
      Intelligence and hearing are normal, and there is no "whistling" face or
      deviation of fingers. Although resembling in some ways the Freeman-Sheldon
      syndrome, this phenotype most likely represents a new malformation syndrome,
      either autosomal dominant or X-linked dominant.

PMID- 2929658
TI  - Congenital pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum, tricuspid
      insufficiency, and patent ductus arteriosus in two sibs.
AB  - Pulmonary atresia comprises only 1% of all congenital heart defects. Counseling
      the parents on recurrence risks is difficult. We present a rare case of pulmonary
      atresia in two sibs, along with a review of the literature.

PMID- 2929659
TI  - Syndrome of imperforate oropharynx with costovertebral and auricular anomalies.
AB  - This is the second report of a syndromic form of imperforate oropharynx
      associated with costovertebral and auricular anomalies.

PMID- 2929660
TI  - Interstitial long-arm deletion of chromosome 7 and ectrodactyly.
AB  - An interstitial deletion of 7q21 was found in a boy with mental retardation,
      microcephaly, convergent strabismus, micrognathia, genital anomalies, and other
      findings, including ectrodactyly.

PMID- 2929661
TI  - Further delineation of a syndrome of cerebellar vermis hypo/aplasia,
      oligophrenia, congenital ataxia, coloboma, and hepatic fibrosis.
AB  - Three children are described from two sibships. They share infantile ataxia with
      hypo/aplastic vermis, hepatic fibrocirrhosis, slender-shaped skeleton, peculiar
      face, and moderate mental retardation. One of them had a kidney biopsy that
      showed mild interstitial fibrosis and amyloid deposit, but had no functional
      impairment. Another suffered moderate proximal tubular acidosis. Two children had
      unilateral or bilateral choroidal coloboma. This pattern of defects is consistent
      with a syndrome previously reported in two other sibships. The acronym COACH
      (Cerebellar vermis hypo/aplasia, Oligophrenia, congenital Ataxia, Coloboma,
      Hepatic fibrocirrhosis) is suggested.

PMID- 2929662
TI  - First International Symposium on the Marfan syndrome. July 8-10, 1988, Baltimore,
      Maryland. Abstracts.

PMID- 2929663
TI  - 3-M syndrome.

PMID- 2929664
TI  - Genital overgrowth in the EMG syndrome.

PMID- 2929665
TI  - No correlation between hyperthermia during pregnancy and Hirschsprung disease in
      the offspring.

PMID- 2929666
TI  - Antley-Bixler syndrome from a prognostic perspective.

PMID- 2929667
TI  - Potential for the prenatal diagnosis of hyperornithinemia, hyperammonemia, and
      homocitrullinuria syndrome.

PMID- 2929669
TI  - Congenital scalp defects with distal limb anomalies (Adams-Oliver syndrome
      McKusick 10030): further suggestion of autosomal recessive inheritance.

PMID- 2929668
TI  - Facial anomalies in congenital cutis laxa with retarded growth and skeletal
      dysplasia.

PMID- 2929670
TI  - Colposcopy and computer graphics: a new method?
AB  - A new method is herein described that uses the most recent computer science
      techniques to obtain digitalized colposcopic images that may be useful not only
      as documents, but also as research tools. Because computer graphics is a recent
      and ever-growing discipline, our method, too, might undergo considerable
      improvements: some possible improvements are hypothesized in the text. The most
      striking features of this method are the excellent quality of images, their easy
      reproducibility, and the reasonable cost.

PMID- 2929671
TI  - Outcome of very-low-birth-weight infants: does antepartum versus neonatal
      referral have a better impact on mortality, morbidity, or long-term outcome?
AB  - To evaluate the effect of aggressive intrapartum and early neonatal resuscitation
      on perinatal mortality, neonatal morbidity, and long-term outcome, we evaluated
      two groups of low-birth-weight infants who received different intrapartum and
      early neonatal care. One group of infants was delivered at a university-based
      regional perinatal center offering both high-risk obstetric and tertiary neonatal
      care. The second population consisted of infants from five community hospitals
      with level I nurseries. These two groups were selected because they differed in
      the ability to provide intrapartum and early neonatal care and because a total
      base population could be evaluated. During the 4-year study period, 174 infants
      with birth weights of 500 to 1499 gm were delivered at the university center and
      297 infants were delivered at the community hospitals. At the university center,
      there was a significant reduction in fetal deaths, a delay in the time of
      neonatal deaths, and a reduction in hyaline membrane disease. Neonatal mortality
      rates at the university center were not reduced, and the incidence of sequelae
      was not affected. These data suggest that for the smallest infant, intrapartum
      and immediate neonatal care at a tertiary center may decrease fetal mortality and
      neonatal morbidity rates. Neonatal mortality and long-term outcome, however, may
      be less affected.

PMID- 2929672
TI  - Outcome of very-low-birth-weight infants: are populations of neonates inherently
      different after antenatal versus neonatal referral?
AB  - Postnatal transfer of high-risk infants to a neonatal intensive care unit has
      been an accepted medical practice for more than two decades. More recently,
      antepartum maternal referral for the smallest infants has been recommended to
      reduce infant mortality, morbidity, and long-term handicaps. The limited data
      available to compare in utero and postnatal transfer suggest that maternal risk
      factors may also influence antenatal referral. We evaluated antepartum maternal
      and postnatal infant referrals from five metropolitan Denver hospitals with level
      I facilities. Mothers who were referred to the tertiary perinatal center before
      delivery were more likely to have one or more high-risk conditions. The presence
      of a maternal risk factor (preeclampsia, antepartum bleeding, prolonged rupture
      of the membranes, or chorioamnionitis) was significantly more common in the
      maternal transfer group (p less than 0.002). Neonatal weight was higher for the
      maternal referrals compared with neonatal referrals. Neonatal survival was
      independently improved by transport of mother or infant, increasing birth weight,
      and higher Apgar scores. We suggest that maternal risk factors were an important
      determinant in the choice of antenatal referral to our perinatal center for both
      the community and regional hospitals during this study period. Studies that
      compare outcome of infants after maternal and infant transfer must control for
      potentially inherent differences between the antenatally and postnatally
      transferred infants.

PMID- 2929673
TI  - Direct demonstration of iron in a term placenta in a case of beta-thalassemia
      major.
AB  - Successful term pregnancy in homozygous beta-thalassemia is rare. A pregnant
      patient with thalassemia usually is found to have chronic anemia concurrent with
      tissue and circulatory iron overload. We have demonstrated and localized iron
      deposits in a term placenta of a patient with homozygous beta-thalassemia with
      the use of routine histochemical staining.

PMID- 2929674
TI  - Mechanism and clinical significance of elevated CA 125 levels in the sera of
      pregnant women.
AB  - To clarify the mechanism of CA 125 elevation in maternal sera, serum levels of CA
      125 and CA 19-9 were measured in 122 apparently healthy pregnant women (fifth to
      fortieth week of gestation) and 50 postpartum women (26 term deliveries and 24
      second-trimester induced abortions). Serum levels of CA 125 showed an initial
      increase by the tenth week and then decreased to less than 35 U/ml, remaining
      below this level until delivery. However, within 1 hour after term delivery or
      second-trimester induced abortion, the CA 125 levels showed a second increase and
      decreased rapidly thereafter. In contrast, serum levels of CA 19-9 did not change
      significantly during these periods. Combined with our previous finding that the
      decidua contains abundant CA 125 but little CA 19-9, these results indicate that
      the elevated CA 125 levels in maternal sera originate from the decidual cells
      affected by chorionic invasion or the placental separation.

PMID- 2929675
TI  - Rupture and dehiscence of cesarean section scar during pregnancy and delivery.
AB  - A prospective study was undertaken to evaluate the risk of uterine rupture or
      dehiscence after cesarean section. During the 10 years of the study, 24,644
      patients were delivered of infants. Of these women, 2036 (8.3%) had previously
      undergone cesarean section. A trial of labor was allowed in 1008 of these
      patients, and 92.2% were delivered vaginally. The incidence of uterine rupture in
      this trial of labor group was 0.6%, compared with 0.4% in the total group.
      Cesarean section scar rupture caused no serious complications in either the
      mothers or the offspring in the trial of labor group. Uterine rupture in this
      group was not associated with use of oxytocin or epidural analgesia. Patients
      with lower-segment scar rupture had no history of puerperal pyrexia. The
      incidence of uterine dehiscence was 4%. In summary, the risk of uterine rupture
      in patients who have previously undergone cesarean section but are allowed a
      trial of labor is low and not associated with serious complications. Vaginal
      delivery is therefore considered the safest route of delivery in these patients.

PMID- 2929676
TI  - Gonococcal chorioamnionitis associated with sepsis: a case report.
AB  - We present a case of gonococcal chorioamnionitis in a patient with intact
      membranes, which has not been previously reported. Evidence suggests that the
      spread of bacteria was transplacental.

PMID- 2929677
TI  - Feasibility of placental biopsy in the second trimester for fetal diagnosis.
AB  - Second-trimester prenatal diagnosis by placental biopsy was possible in 200 of
      220 patients (90.9%) to whom it was offered to expedite cytogenetic analysis.
      Cytogenetic analysis was successful in 190 cases (95%) when the material obtained
      was greater than 2 mg. We found five chromosome abnormalities; 47,XX, +21 (two
      cases); 47,XY, +18 (one case); and 45,XX,t (D;G) (two cases). There was one
      abortion 4 weeks after the placental biopsy (0.4%). If further experience
      confirms the accuracy, safety, and reliability of this method beyond the first
      trimester, it can be offered to mothers to expedite the cytogenetic, biochemical,
      and deoxyribonucleic acid analysis.

PMID- 2929678
TI  - Serum and bile lipid levels in a postmenopausal woman after percutaneous and oral
      natural estrogens.
AB  - 17 beta-Estradiol was administered for 4 weeks percutaneously (5 mg/day) and,
      after a 6-week period to allow the drug to wash out, orally (2 mg/day) to a
      postmenopausal woman in whom a Kerr tube had been placed because of an iatrogenic
      lesion of the common bile duct. After both methods of administration, there was
      an increase in the biliary cholesterol concentration, but after oral
      administration, bile flow also increased and cholesterol crystals appeared in the
      bile. The percutaneous method of estradiol administration in postmenopausal women
      seems to be less dangerous for the biliary tract.

PMID- 2929679
TI  - Purification and characterization of a uterine phospholipase inhibitor that loses
      activity after labor onset in women.
AB  - Gravidin, a protein that inhibits release of arachidonic acid from human decidual
      cells, was purified from amniotic fluid. The protein has a molecular weight of 58
      to 60 kilodaltons, an isoelectric point of 8.4, and physical characteristics that
      are indistinguishable from those of inhibitor II previously described. Activity
      was determined in a dispersed decidual cell system that released arachidonic acid
      in response to either histamine or calcium ionophore and in a cell-free assay of
      phospholipase A2. Protein purified from incubates of chorion obtained after the
      onset of labor was significantly less active than that from chorion obtained
      before the onset of labor.

PMID- 2929680
TI  - Temporal relationships of neuropathologic conditions caused by perinatal
      asphyxia.
AB  - The neuropathologic conditions in 120 perinatal deaths attributed to fetal or
      newborn asphyxia were examined. Central nervous system necrosis was present in 16
      of these deaths. The approximate time of asphyxial insult was established by
      determining the duration of the process, based on the findings of neuronal
      necrosis, macrophage response, or an astrocyte response, in conjunction with
      clinical data. The time of the asphyxial insult for the 16 perinatal deaths was
      as follows: antepartum fetal asphyxia, two cases; antepartum-intrapartum fetal
      asphyxia, five cases; intrapartum fetal asphyxia, four cases; and neonatal
      asphyxia, five cases. These observations indicate that an asphyxial insult may
      occur in the antepartum period, in the prodromal period of preterm labor, in the
      intrapartum period, and in the neonatal period. Five to ten percent of the
      asphyxial insults in each reproductive time period were initially sublethal,
      allowing necrosis of the brain of the fetus or newborn to develop.

PMID- 2929681
TI  - Terbutaline (intravenous bolus) for the treatment of acute intrapartum fetal
      distress.
AB  - beta 2-Sympathomimetics have been used in acute intrapartum fetal distress to
      abolish uterine contractions and thus enable the fetal metabolism to recover
      before delivery. Because some serious complications were reported when a
      terbutaline intravenous bolus (0.25 mg) was used as a tocolytic, we assessed its
      safety and efficacy when used in patients not affected by cardiovascular disease,
      tachycardia greater than 100 beats/min, thyrotoxicosis, fluid overload,
      corticoids, atropine, or severe abruptio placentae. No maternal or fetal
      complications occurred in the 36 patients studied; a well-tolerated tachycardia
      developed in most patients. Fetal heart rate tracings and pH improved in 32
      patients. Thirty-four neonates were delivered in good clinical and metabolic
      condition. We conclude that terbutaline intravenous bolus 0.25 mg is a safe and
      efficacious procedure when the proper indications and contraindications are
      followed.

PMID- 2929682
TI  - Factors affecting fetal loss in induction of ovulation with gonadotropins:
      increased abortion rates related to hormonal profiles in conceptual cycles.
AB  - Thirty-six first-trimester abortions (9.7%), 16 second-trimester abortions
      (4.3%), 11 ectopic pregnancies (2.9%), and 10 stillbirths (2.7%) occurred in 373
      conceptual cycles after gonadotropin induction of ovulation. Fetal wastage was
      higher in spontaneous pregnancies that occurred before therapy (54.3%, p less
      than 0.0001) and lower with subsequent spontaneous pregnancies (10.1%, p less
      than 0.05). Significant risk factors for overall fetal loss during induced
      ovulation were a continuous rise of estrogen excretion until ovulation (p less
      than 0.01) and previous abortion (p less than 0.05). For first-trimester
      abortion, the risk factor was continuous estrogen rise (p less than 0.01); for
      second-trimester abortion, the risk factors were a low luteal pregnanediol-to
      estrogen excretion ratio (p less than 0.002), increased age at conception (p less
      than 0.02), and high baseline estrogen excretion (p less than 0.05). Multiple
      pregnancy was not significant. The continuous rising estrogen pattern may serve
      as a marker of abnormal oocyte maturation. We propose that future studies on
      infertility treatment should report on pregnancy outcome.

PMID- 2929683
TI  - Mitotic activity in uterine leiomyomas during the menstrual cycle.
AB  - To investigate the role of the menstrual cycle in the growth of uterine
      leiomyomas, the mitotic count per 100 high-power fields and the relation of this
      to the patient's age (30 to 54 years) were examined in tissue sections of
      leiomyomas from 181 surgically removed myomatous uteri. The mean mitotic count in
      the secretory phase (12.7 per 100 high-power fields) was significantly higher
      than that of the proliferative phase (3.8 per 100 high-power fields) (p less than
      0.01) or menses (8.3 per 100 high-power fields) (p less than 0.05). We found the
      highest mitotic count (54 per 100 high-power fields) in a leiomyoma at the early
      secretory phase. In the secretory phase, the younger age group exhibited a
      significantly higher mitotic count than the older group. Increased mitotic
      activity in leiomyomas under the hormonal milieu of the secretory phase of the
      menstrual cycle suggests that the growth of these tumors is affected by
      progesterone level. In addition, this study defined the range of mitotic counts
      occurring in the tissue sections of typical leiomyomas during the menstrual
      cycle.

PMID- 2929684
TI  - Causes of the increase in the incidence of ectopic pregnancy. A study on 1017
      patients from 1966 to 1985 in Turku, Finland.
AB  - The relationship between the increased incidence of ectopic pregnancy and the
      known risk factors of this disorder was examined by 5-year age groups and
      equivalent calendar periods to determine the causes of the recent "epidemic" of
      ectopic pregnancy. None of the known risk factors would alone explain the
      observed increase. Consequently, multivariate analysis by log-linear models was
      applied: age, past pelvic operation, previous pelvic inflammatory disease,
      antecedent legal abortion, and current use of an intrauterine contraceptive
      device were responsible for the increase in the occurrence of the disease. The
      strongest association with the observed temporal trend in the increase of ectopic
      pregnancy was found for pelvic operation (including previous ectopic pregnancy),
      pelvic inflammatory disease, and current use of an intrauterine contraceptive
      device. Improved diagnosis and changing demographic patterns also contributed to
      the increase in the annual number of ectopic pregnancies.

PMID- 2929685
TI  - Whole bowel irrigation during pregnancy.
AB  - Whole bowel irrigation is a routine colonoscopic preparatory procedure. It has
      been advocated as a method of cleansing the alimentary canal of poisons after
      acute overdose. Its use during pregnancy has not been described for either
      indication. We report a case of an iron overdose during the third trimester
      treated with whole bowel irrigation without complication.

PMID- 2929686
TI  - Postpartum bacteremia and placental colonization with genital mycoplasmas and
      pregnancy outcome.
AB  - The influence of placental colonization and postpartum bacteremia with genital
      mycoplasmas on the course of delivery and the immediate postpartum period was
      evaluated in 511 women who gave birth to live infants of at least 26 weeks'
      gestation. Genital mycoplasmas were isolated from the placenta in 153 patients
      (29.9%) and from blood in four patients (0.8%). These four isolates were all
      Ureaplasma urealyticum. Patients with genital mycoplasmas isolated from the
      placenta were delivered of infants with birth weights and gestational ages
      similar to those of infants of patients who did not have genital mycoplasmas in
      the placenta (3260 gm and 39.2 weeks versus 3272 gm and 39.3 weeks). No adverse
      effects of maternal postpartum bacteremia with genital mycoplasmas were observed,
      either in the mother or in the baby. We conclude that, whereas genital
      mycoplasmas frequently can be isolated from the placenta, there is no evident
      relationship between the presence of genital mycoplasmas and pregnancy outcome.
      In a few instances U. urealyticum has been isolated from the blood of afebrile
      postpartum women. In these women the presence of this bacteria is probably
      related to the birth process. This bacteremia does not precede an infectious
      complication.

PMID- 2929687
TI  - Clinical usefulness of estimation of serum fructosamine concentration as
      screening test for gestational diabetes.
AB  - Serum fructosamine levels and fructosamine/protein ratios were measured in 100
      pregnant women who underwent glucose tolerance tests because of clinical risk.
      Compared with normal pregnant women, the 13 study participants with gestational
      diabetes had higher fructosamine/protein levels (39 +/- 3.9 mumol/gm versus 37 +/
      3.2 mumol/gm, p less than 0.05), fasting serum glucose levels (107 +/- 13.7
      mg/dl versus 82 +/- 8.6 mg/dl, p less than 0.001), and area under curve of
      glucose tolerance test (36 +/- 5 gm x min x dl-1 versus 22 +/- 3.6 gm x min x dl
      1, p less than 0.001). The serum fructosamine levels were not significantly
      different between the two groups of participants (2.3 +/- 0.26 mmol/L versus 2.2
      +/- 0.17 mmol/L); 10 of the 13 women with diabetes had a fructosamine/protein
      ratio within 2 SD of the mean of the groups of normal pregnant women. Spontaneous
      caloric intakes (r = 0.72, p less than 0.005) and the hospital mean daily
      capillary glucose levels during diabetic diet (r = 0.72, p less than 0.005)
      correlated better with the fructosamine/protein ratio than with fasting serum
      glucose levels (r = 0.58, p less than 0.05) and area under curve (r = 0.57, p
      less than 0.05). Consequently, serum fructosamine and fructosamine/protein ratio
      levels should be considered insensitive as a screening test in pregnant patients
      with clinical risk of gestational diabetes.

PMID- 2929688
TI  - Endocrine maturation and lung function in premature neonates of women with
      diabetes.
AB  - Because respiratory distress syndrome may result, in part, from a hormonal
      deficiency in the developing fetus, we investigated the endocrine millieu of 28
      infants of women with diabetes who were delivered prematurely (34 to 37 weeks of
      gestation). The umbilical serum concentrations of estrone, estradiol, estriol,
      cortisol, and prolactin in infants of women with diabetes who developed
      respiratory distress syndrome (n = 6) were lower than those in infants of women
      with diabetes who had normal lung function. Serum hormone levels in age-matched
      newborns of normal women were higher than those in the infants of women with
      diabetes with respiratory distress syndrome but were not different than those in
      the infants of women with diabetes with normal lung function. Plasma glucose
      levels were highest in women whose neonates developed respiratory distress
      syndrome. An inverse correlation existed between maternal glucose levels and
      lecithin-sphingomyelin ratios in amniotic fluid. Thus diabetes occasionally
      results in significantly delayed maturation of the fetal endocrine milieu. In
      these instances, delayed fetal lung maturation is a frequent occurrence.
      Moreover, both phenomena may be related to the extent of diabetic control during
      pregnancy.

PMID- 2929689
TI  - 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in normal and pathologic pregnancy: relationship to
      neonatal weight.
AB  - 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate levels were assayed in 154 pregnant women in third
      trimester (61 normal, 52 diabetic, 19 with gestational hypertension, 7 with fetal
      macrosomia, and 15 with idiopathic fetal underdevelopment). A correlation was
      found between 2,3-diphosphoglycerate levels and birth weight (absolute and
      relative birth weight or birth weight expressed as percentile), which was
      negative in normal patients evaluated in the last 7 days before delivery (r =
      0.38; p = 0.04) and positive in diabetic patients (evaluated in the third
      trimester and in the last 7 days before delivery) and in patients with
      gestational hypertension (evaluated in the third trimester) (r and p values
      differ according to whether birth weight is expressed as absolute, relative, or a
      percentile). No correlation was found between 2,3-diphosphoglycerate levels and
      birth weight in patients with neonatal underdevelopment or macrosomia of unknown
      origin. On the basis of these results we hypothesize that in some conditions the
      fetus can influence maternal 2,3-diphosphoglycerate levels and hence its own
      oxygen supply and growth in utero.

PMID- 2929690
TI  - Immature (malignant) teratoma of the fallopian tube.
AB  - Primary immature (malignant) teratoma of the fallopian tube is an extremely rare
      occurrence. We report such a case, which appears to be the third reported in the
      literature.

PMID- 2929692
TI  - Changes in peripheral venous tone before the onset of hypertension in women with
      gestational hypertension.
AB  - Forearm venous tone was measured throughout pregnancy in 68 nulliparous women
      thought to be at high risk of the development of gestational hypertension.
      Normotensive pregnancy was associated with a progressive venodilatation.
      Gestational hypertension subsequently developed in 12 women. Before the onset of
      hypertension, these 12 women showed a greater degree of venodilatation, compared
      with women who remained normotensive throughout their pregnancies (p less than
      0.001). As the hypertension became manifest, the women became relatively
      venoconstricted (p less than 0.001). Simple, noninvasive measurements of forearm
      venous tone provide important information about the pathophysiology of
      gestational hypertension and may be useful in the detection of women who are at
      increased risk.

PMID- 2929691
TI  - Early hypothyroidism in patients with menorrhagia.
AB  - The functional status of the thyroid gland was evaluated in 67 apparently
      euthyroid menorrhagic women by a thyrotropin-releasing hormone test. Fifteen of
      67 showed mild primary hypothyroidism characterized by a small but significant
      elevation of basal levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (5.9 +/- 0.76 versus 2.4
      +/- 0.24 mU/L) and lowering of serum thyroxine levels (85 +/- 4.2 versus 105 +/-
      3.0 nmol/L) to levels that were nevertheless within the normal range and
      exaggerated response of serum thyroid-stimulating hormone and thyroxine to
      administration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone. Triiodothyronine levels showed
      no significant change. The terms early and potential hypothyroidism appear to
      better describe the preliminary phases of hypothyroidism than do other terms in
      current use. Menorrhagia disappeared within 3 to 6 months and did not reappear in
      1 to 3 years of follow up in all patients with early hypothyroidism to whom L
      thyroxine was given. This was accompanied by a significant decline in random
      serum thyroid-stimulating hormone levels and rise of thyroxine levels to those
      found in the group with a negative response to the thyrotropin-releasing hormone
      test, with no change in levels of triiodothyronine. Further systematic study of
      thyroid function in menorrhagia is warranted.

PMID- 2929693
TI  - Placental isoferritin: a new serum marker in toxemia of pregnancy.
AB  - The serum concentrations of placental isoferritin and normal ferritin were
      determined in 20 patients with preeclamptic toxemia of pregnancy and were
      compared with the level measured in normal pregnant women at the third trimester
      and in labor at term. The mean serum concentration of placental isoferritin for
      the women with preeclamptic toxemia was found to be low: 7.5 +/- 23 U/ml compared
      with 81.6 +/- 89.3 U/ml in normal pregnancy during the third trimester and 54.8
      +/- 53 U/ml in term delivery. In comparison, there was no significant difference
      in the serum levels of normal ferritin in both pregnant women with toxemia and in
      those without toxemia. These results suggest that placental isoferritin may be a
      useful marker for preeclamptic toxemia of pregnancy.

PMID- 2929694
TI  - The effects of acute alcohol intoxication on biophysical activities: a case
      report.
AB  - A computer-assisted biophysical assessment was performed in a woman with chronic
      alcoholism at 37 weeks' gestation. She was first seen in a state of acute alcohol
      intoxication (322 mg/dl). Although fetal breathing movement incidence was normal
      (30%), fetal tachypnea (67 breaths per minute) and decreased fetal body movements
      (0.11%) were seen. Because these findings differ from those previously reported
      with regard to normal pregnancies exposed to lower levels of alcohol, their
      implications are discussed.

PMID- 2929695
TI  - Nonstress testing with acoustic stimulation and amniotic fluid volume assessment:
      5973 tests without unexpected fetal death.
AB  - In a 36-month period antepartum testing was performed 5973 times in 2628 women
      with singleton high-risk pregnancies. The testing scheme involved a modified
      nonstress test with sound stimulation. Testing was performed twice weekly for
      patients with diabetes (classes B through R), gestational age exceeding 42 weeks,
      and documented intrauterine growth retardation, and weekly for other indications.
      If no spontaneous acceleration was observed within 5 minutes, a single 1- to 2
      second sound stimulus was applied to the lower maternal abdomen with an
      artificial larynx. If necessary, a second sound stimulation was applied within 10
      minutes. In addition all patients received ultrasonographic four-quadrant
      assessment of amniotic fluid volume. The mean testing time was 10 minutes. Only
      2% of tests were nonreactive with sound stimulation. Seventeen percent of
      nonstress tests that were nonreactive with sound stimulation were followed by
      positive results of a contraction stress test or a biophysical profile score less
      than or equal to 4. The overall intervention rate was 3%. All fetuses with a
      single acceleration only eventually met criteria for negative results to a
      contraction stress test or had a biophysical profile score greater than or equal
      to 8. There were no unexpected antepartum fetal deaths. Sound-induced
      accelerations appear to be valid in the prediction of fetal well being, and the
      use of sound stimulation results in a significant shortening of testing time.
      Simultaneous assessment of amniotic fluid volume may reduce the risk of fetal
      death to a negligible level.

PMID- 2929696
TI  - Correcting umbilical artery flow velocity waveforms for fetal heart rate is
      unnecessary.
AB  - We prospectively examined 55 normal pregnant women between 32 and 41 (means = 37)
      weeks' gestation. Five measurements of the umbilical artery peak-systolic/end
      diastolic frequency ratio were obtained from each patient during one examination.
      Comparison of the fetal heart rate and the umbilical artery peak-systolic/end
      diastolic frequency ratios between pregnancies less than 37 and greater than 37
      weeks' gestation revealed no difference. Subsequently a total of 256 measurements
      were analyzed as one group. Plotting the individual peak-systolic/end-diastolic
      frequency ratios against the corresponding fetal heart rates revealed a moderate
      negative linear correlation: y = 4.15-0.012x, r = -0.36 and p less than 0.04.
      When only heart rates between 120 to 160 beats/min were plotted against peak
      systolic/end-diastolic frequency ratios, a weaker correlation was found (r = 
      0.33, p = 0.15). The difference (mean +/- SD) between the obtained and the
      corrected peak-systolic/end-diastolic frequency ratios was 4.4% +/- 3.2%. The
      95th percentile of the obtained peak-systolic/end-diastolic frequency ratio was
      3.35 and the corrected ratio was 3.27. Averaging of the five measurements
      obtained from each patient for all 55 patients decreased the 95th percentile
      value to 3.09 whereas the same procedure for the corrected peak-systolic/end
      diastolic frequency ratios decreased it to 3.07. We conclude that although there
      is a statistically significant negative linear correlation between the fetal
      heart rate and the umbilical artery peak-systolic/end-diastolic frequency ratio,
      this relationship is not clinically significant.

PMID- 2929697
TI  - The ontogeny of growth hormone in the human fetal pituitary.
AB  - To examine the ontogeny of growth hormone synthesis and secretion in human fetus,
      growth hormone messenger ribonucleic acid was measured in 11 pituitaries from
      fetuses of 16 to 27 weeks of gestation by hybridization of cytosol ribonucleic
      acid with complementary deoxyribonucleic acid labeled with phosphate 32.
      Pituitary growth hormone content and serum growth hormone, thyroxine, and
      cortisol concentrations were assessed by radioimmunoassay. Growth hormone
      messenger ribonucleic acid content in the fetal pituitary increased from the
      early midtrimester, reaching a level 15.3 times higher at 27 weeks of gestation
      than the value at 16 weeks. However, growth hormone content in the pituitary
      showed no evident change during 16 to 21 weeks of gestation and started to
      increase after 22 weeks. Serum concentration of growth hormone was variable but
      always greater than 50 ng/ml, and the maximal level was observed at 20 weeks of
      gestation (141 ng/ml). Although serum thyroxine concentration in the fetuses
      showed no correlation with pituitary growth hormone content or serum growth
      hormone concentration, serum concentration of cortisol was correlated positively
      with growth hormone content in the fetal pituitary. These results suggest that
      the maturation of the growth hormone synthesis and secretion system in the fetal
      pituitary occurs after 22 weeks of gestation and that cortisol may play some role
      in the ontogenesis of growth hormone.

PMID- 2929699
TI  - Determination of pentamidine transfer in the in vitro perfused human cotyledon
      with high-performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - Pentamidine is used to treat Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. The incidence of
      this infection in pregnancy has paralleled the increasing incidence of acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome in pregnancy. Using the in vitro bidirectionally
      perfused human placenta, we studied the transfer of pentamidine across the
      placenta. Pentamidine was added to the maternal circulation at therapeutic
      concentrations (2 micrograms/ml). No transfer of pentamidine was detectable with
      a newly devised high-performance liquid chromatography method sensitive to 0.05
      micrograms/ml of pentamidine. Increasing the pentamidine concentration tenfold
      produced a low level of transfer to the fetal circuit. Fetal concentrations were
      far below maternal perfusate concentrations. Placental tissue levels were higher
      than media levels. These data are suggestive of minimal drug transfer to the
      fetus and significant concentration of the drug in placental tissue.

PMID- 2929698
TI  - Effect of food withdrawal on arterial blood glucose and plasma 13,14-dihydro-15
      keto-prostaglandin F2 alpha concentrations and nocturnal myometrial
      electromyographic activity in the pregnant rhesus monkey in the last third of
      gestation: a model for preterm labor?
AB  - Pregnant rhesus monkeys were studied between 109 and 149 days of gestation. Food
      withdrawal for 48 hours (with free access to water) was accompanied by a decrease
      in maternal whole blood glucose concentration and an increased maternal arterial
      plasma 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F2 alpha concentration. On successive
      nights of the 48-hour period of food withdrawal, there was an increase in the
      frequency of myometrial contractions as recorded by uterine electromyogram. In
      the period after food was returned, blood glucose, arterial 13,14-dihydro-15-keto
      prostaglandin F2 alpha concentration, and contraction frequency returned to
      baseline. Because food withdrawal results in the appearance of the nocturnal
      contraction pattern seen at term, we suggest that this experimental paradigm may
      be used as a model for preterm labor.

PMID- 2929700
TI  - Pharmaceutical-supported supplements.

PMID- 2929701
TI  - The management of early labor.

PMID- 2929702
TI  - The epidemiology of Acanthamoeba keratitis in the United States.
AB  - We surveyed members of the Ocular Microbiology and Immunology Group and reviewed
      laboratory requests at the Centers for Disease Control to determine better the
      epidemiology of Acanthamoeba keratitis in the United States. A total of 208 cases
      of Acanthamoeba keratitis were identified. The number of cases increased
      gradually between 1981 and 1984, with a dramatic increase beginning in 1985.
      Males and females were equally affected. Of the 208 patients, 85 (41%) resided in
      California, Texas, Florida, or Pennsylvania. Of 189 patients, 160 (85%) wore
      contact lenses, predominantly daily-wear or extended-wear soft lenses. Of the 138
      patients who wore contact lenses and for whom information was available, 88 (64%)
      used saline prepared by dissolving salt tablets in distilled water. Patients aged
      50 years and older were more likely to have had a history of trauma than younger
      patients, and males were more likely to have a history of trauma than females.

PMID- 2929703
TI  - Long-term results of cryotherapy on malignant epithelial tumors of the
      conjunctiva.
AB  - We studied the results of combined treatment with excision and cryotherapy with
      the nitrous oxide probe in 22 eyes of 20 patients with intraepithelial tumors or
      squamous cell carcinomas of the conjunctiva. Patients were followed up for five
      to 12 years. Only two recurrences (9%) were seen, both of which occurred within
      the first two years. Over the long term, excision combined with cryotherapy
      decreased the recurrence rate of intraepithelial tumors and squamous cell
      carcinomas of the conjunctiva.

PMID- 2929704
TI  - Investigation of an outbreak of Moraxella conjunctivitis at a Navajo boarding
      school.
AB  - In 1986, an outbreak of Moraxella follicular conjunctivitis occurred in girls
      attending a Navajo boarding school in New Mexico. We diagnosed 19 cases of
      culture-proven, and 21 of clinical conjunctivitis based on isolation of Moraxella
      from conjunctival cultures and the occurrence of symptoms significantly
      associated with positive culture. Sharing eye makeup was significantly associated
      with Moraxella-positive conjunctivitis (odds ratio [OR] = 7.2, P = .004) and
      showed a trend toward significance in those with clinical conjunctivitis (OR =
      2.9, P = .09). Eyeliner and eye shadow were implicated (OR = 4.1, P less than
      .05). We cultured samples of 13 students' makeup; one third of the eyeliners were
      positive for Moraxella. Nasal carriage of Moraxella was found in 35 (44%) of the
      79 female boarders and in 20 (21%) of 97 Navajo patients at two nearby clinics.
      In a prospective evaluation of the effect of patient education and rifampin
      therapy on the occurrence of conjunctivitis during an 11-month follow-up period,
      both types of intervention were successful in significantly reducing the rate of
      conjunctivitis when compared with that in a control group.

PMID- 2929705
TI  - Ophthalmic solutions, the ocular surface, and a unique therapeutic artificial
      tear formulation.
AB  - In rabbit studies, we found that extended exposure of the ocular surface to
      existing ophthalmic solutions resulted in gross surface abnormalities and
      decreases in conjunctival goblet cell density. We developed an electrolyte
      solution (solution 15) that preserves normal gross appearance, goblet cell
      density, corneal epithelial glycogen levels, and ocular surface morphologic
      characteristics after extended exposure to the rabbit ocular surface. We created
      an artificial tear formulation by adding a demulcent and a buffering system to
      solution 15 and reducing its osmolarity to 162 mOsm/l. We then compared our
      artificial tear formulation to Hypotears in a double-masked, crossover study
      involving 11 patients with dry-eye disorders. Our artificial tear formulation was
      more effective than Hypotears in decreasing tear film osmolarity and rose bengal
      staining, and was preferred subjectively by an eight-to-one margin.

PMID- 2929706
TI  - The site of operating microscope light-induced injury on the human retina.
AB  - We determined the site of the focal illumination from the Zeiss OPMI-6 operating
      microscope on the retina of the phakic and aphakic human cadaver eye by directly
      observing the illuminating element image on the posterior scleral surface of the
      globe. With the eye straight ahead and the operating microscope level, the focal
      oval area of retinal illumination was located superior to the foveola in both the
      phakic and aphakic eye. Tilting the operating microscope 10 degrees toward the
      surgeon displaced the entire illuminating element image 0.50 mm below the foveola
      in the phakic eye and 0.25 mm below the foveola in the aphakic eye. Rotating the
      eye inferiorly 10 degrees displaced the entire illuminating element image 1.0 mm
      below the foveola in the phakic eye and 1.25 mm below the foveola in the aphakic
      eye. Centering the field of view superiorly (viewing the superior limbus)
      paradoxically displaced the illuminating element image inferiorly, resulting in
      central foveal illumination. Foveal light exposure was avoided in most eye
      positions by tilting the microscope at least 10 degrees toward the surgeon.

PMID- 2929707
TI  - Evaluation of phototoxic retinal damage after argon laser iridotomy.
AB  - We performed several visual function tests in 17 eyes (ten patients) before and
      after argon laser iridotomy in an effort to detect diffuse photochemical damage
      to photoreceptors caused by exposure to the intense, blue-green light that is
      transmitted into the posterior segment as the iridotomy is created and enlarged.
      No change was detected in static threshold sensitivity in the central 30 degrees
      of the field (Octopus perimeter), color sensitivity (Farnsworth-Munsell 100-Hue
      test), or visual acuity. Contrast sensitivity showed a small increase at low
      spatial frequencies and a small decrease at high spatial frequencies. The latter
      change was small and not necessarily laser related, but precautions to limit
      laser exposure of the posterior pole are prudent.

PMID- 2929708
TI  - The effect of pterygia on contrast sensitivity and glare disability.
AB  - To detect subtle changes in visual acuity, we measured spatial contrast
      sensitivity in 12 patients with pterygium (Group 1) and compared their results
      with those from an age- and sex-matched control population (Group 2). Glare
      disability was also measured in each group. Measurements of contrast sensitivity
      were lower in Group 1 at all spatial frequencies than those of Group 2,
      independent of the testing device used. Glare disability was significantly
      increased in Group 1 compared to Group 2. Our studies indicate that contrast
      sensitivity and glare disability testing may provide additional objective methods
      for documenting impaired vision in patients with pterygium when Snellen visual
      acuity is minimally affected.

PMID- 2929709
TI  - An evaluation of the Tono-Pen for the measurement of diurnal intraocular
      pressure.
AB  - We evaluated the Oculab Tono-Pen for potential value in the measurement of
      diurnal intraocular pressure. Repeated recordings every ten minutes on the same
      eyes suggested that the instrument provides reproducible information. However,
      comparisons with Goldmann applanation tonometric measurements, in both single
      determinations and eight-hour diurnal recordings, showed considerable variation.
      Correction factors, using either the mean difference in paired readings from the
      single measurement study or individual differences from the initial set of
      diurnal recordings, did not eliminate this lack of correlation between
      measurements with the two instruments.

PMID- 2929710
TI  - Increase of the short-term fluctuation of the differential light threshold around
      a physiologic scotoma.
AB  - Because determination of the differential light threshold of a visual field is a
      psychophysiologic test, the results can be subject to variation. This scatter
      measured during a single examination is usually called the short-term
      fluctuation. Increases of the short-term fluctuation were thought to occur
      primarily in abnormal visual fields; however, we found an increase of the short
      term fluctuation in normal visual fields when the measurements were made at the
      border of a physiologic scotoma, such as the blind spot. These results suggest
      that an increase of the short-term fluctuation may be mainly related to
      measurements done with any static perimeter at the border of a depression of the
      island of vision.

PMID- 2929711
TI  - The multiple evanescent white-dot syndrome with acute blind spot enlargement.

PMID- 2929712
TI  - Leber's congenital amaurosis with marbelized fundus and juvenile
      nephronophthisis.

PMID- 2929713
TI  - Silicone intraocular lens power vs temperature.

PMID- 2929714
TI  - Syphilitic interstitial keratitis masquerading as staphylococcal marginal
      keratitis.

PMID- 2929715
TI  - Pediatric moisture chambers.

PMID- 2929716
TI  - Topographic analysis and visual acuity after radial keratotomy.

PMID- 2929717
TI  - Congenital idiopathic microcoria.

PMID- 2929718
TI  - Failure of preenucleation radiation to decrease uveal melanoma mortality. The
      Collaborative Ocular melanoma Study Steering Committee.

PMID- 2929719
TI  - Developing information-seeking skills in occupational therapy students.
AB  - This paper discusses the importance of teaching occupational therapy students
      methods for finding information in libraries. It details the efforts at Ohio
      State University to supply this instruction and demonstrates the positive results
      of library user education as seen by the instructors of occupational therapy
      students. This partnership between librarians and classroom instructors can
      easily be adapted to any health sciences education program.

PMID- 2929720
TI  - Rehabilitation of extensor tendon injury of the hand by means of early controlled
      motion.

PMID- 2929722
TI  - Not by age alone: gerontology as a specialty in occupational therapy.

PMID- 2929721
TI  - Grip strengthening with adapted computer switches.
AB  - The computer grippers have been successful in providing an easily operated,
      enjoyable, purposeful activity for end-stage grip strengthening for patients
      preparing to return to heavy industry. Because computer games maintain the
      patient's attention for long periods, this adaptation is excellent for building
      endurance.

PMID- 2929723
TI  - Affective responses to activities: a comparative study.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to document variation in affective responses to
      different types of traditional occupational therapy activities. Each of 45
      subjects (24 psychiatric inpatients and 21 matched control subjects) participated
      in a series of four activities: leather lacing, working with clay, filing, and
      exercycling. Immediately following each activity, each subject completed the
      Affective Self-Report Checklist designed to elicit affective responses. In
      addition, each of the activity sessions was professionally videotaped and later
      rated for affective responses by trained observers. The data analysis revealed no
      significant differences in affective responses to activities between groups.
      However, with the groups combined, significant differences were found in
      affective responses on 6 of the 15 scales of the checklist, with clay and filing
      the pair of activities that differed most. These findings are a necessary first
      step in the collection of baseline data regarding responses to activities.

PMID- 2929724
TI  - Occupational disruption and adaptation: a study of house fire victims.
AB  - House fires are the most common disasters in our society. Disaster theorists
      acknowledge that complex daily living problems impede the recovery of victims.
      However, these problems have not been described in detail. The author conducted a
      qualitative study of the disruption to daily living routines caused by house
      fires and of the adaptation process victims undertook to reestablish effective
      patterns of purposeful activity. The data-gathering methods included observation
      on the scenes of 15 house or tenement fires and in-depth interviews with members
      of 10 families displaced by fires. Disruption was found to occur in the victims'
      use of time and comfort in their personal environment. A data analysis revealed a
      new process of occupational adaptation. The roles of tasks and activities were
      determined to be important in recovery.

PMID- 2929725
TI  - Marital quality, depression, and inconsistent parenting: relationship with
      observed mother-child conflict.
AB  - In a study of 47 intact families with two same-sex children, associations among
      parental depression, marital satisfaction, family conflict, and inconsistent
      child rearing practices were examined, both between parents and within individual
      parents. Results are discussed in terms of gender-related differences in family
      process. The need for further research on father-child interactions is
      highlighted.

PMID- 2929726
TI  - Family therapy for learning disabled children.

PMID- 2929727
TI  - Medication vs behavior management.

PMID- 2929728
TI  - Family support programs: catalysts for change.
AB  - The burgeoning family support movement is described in the historical context of
      the social service and self-help modalities that presaged it and in the context
      of the current social and political conditions in which it has arisen and to
      which it is, in part, a response. Challenges faced by the family resource
      movement, and implications of the movement for professionals and for the present
      human service delivery system, are examined.

PMID- 2929729
TI  - State family support and education programs: lessons from the pioneers.
AB  - More state governments are developing publicly supported preventive programs to
      strengthen families. This article describes the forces driving these initiatives,
      which in turn are redefining ideas about when public involvement with families is
      appropriate. It discusses four state programs and outlines the choices and issues
      policy makers faced in formulating and implementing them.

PMID- 2929730
TI  - Suicidal behavior in "normal" adolescents: risk and protective factors.
AB  - Risk and protective factors were examined in suicidal and nonsuicidal public high
      school students. With life stress and depression as independent risk factors,
      family cohesion was found to offset the effect of stress, and friendships to have
      a more indirect effect. Differential effects of ten sources of stress were
      analyzed from a developmental perspective, and the probability of suicidal
      behavior associated with clusters of factors was estimated for the general
      population.

PMID- 2929732
TI  - The emergence of dental anthropology.

PMID- 2929731
TI  - Neonatal behavior and early temperament: a longitudinal study of the first six
      months of life.
AB  - Two stable clusters of parent-rated temperamental traits, a "drive" and a
      "regulatory" cluster, are identified in the first six months of life. The
      relationship among these clusters and neonatal behavior, measured on the
      Brazelton Neonatal Behavior Assessment Scale, is considered, and the nature of
      the clusters compared to the results of other studies with similar methodology.
      Implications of these results for an interactional theory of early development
      are discussed.

PMID- 2929733
TI  - Morphological and metrical comparison of San and Central Sotho dentitions from
      southern Africa.
AB  - Comparative morphological and metrical study of San and Central Sotho dentitions
      indicates that the teeth of the two samples are significantly different from one
      another. The San dental complex contains traits that add mass to the occlusal
      surface of microdontic dentitions: moderate low-grade UI1 (13.5%) and UI2
      shoveling (24.7%), high Bushman canine (43.1%), fairly low UM2 hypocone reduction
      (23.3%), high UM2 cusp 5 (55.6%), high LM1 cusp 7 (35.2%), LM1 distal trigonid
      crest (7.1%), and LM2 deflecting wrinkle (5.3%), lack of reduction of LM1 and LM2
      cusp number, in the presence of very low UM1 Carabelli's trait (6.7%) and high
      LM2 Y-groove (86.3%). Culturally, males occasionally exhibit filed UI1 and
      females are missing LI1. Conversely, mesodontic Central Sotho dentitions display
      a more simplified morphology, with the exception of moderately high incidence of
      UM1 Carabelli's trait (41.0%) and very high LM1 cusp 7 (71.3%). Discriminant
      analysis of mesiodistal and buccolingual diameters and tooth crown surface area
      data for the left maxillary teeth supports classification of San dentitions as
      microdont and Central Sotho dentitions as mesodont. Additionally, metrical
      analysis indicates that San teeth are more sexually dimorphic than are those of
      Central Sotho.

PMID- 2929734
TI  - Complex segregation analysis of dental morphological variants.
AB  - A set of 20 morphological variants of the dental crowns and four characteristics
      of the jaws are tested for probable mode of inheritance using the complex
      segregation analysis method of Morton et al. (Am. J. Hum. Genet. 23:602-611,
      1971). Models tested include three two-allele single-locus models (dominant,
      codominant, and recessive) and a model employing the polychotomized normal
      distribution of liability (an additive polygenic model), with transmissibility
      estimated via maximum likelihood. Most of the traits studied are observed using
      ordinal scales with several grades, and many are tested using more than one
      dichotomy of their scale. These multiple analyses allow for an examination of
      such factors as trait incidence on the results of the statistical analysis. The
      results of the analysis yield propositions of major genes for 13 of the 24 traits
      examined. Two traits give good evidence of being polygenic in origin. The
      remaining nine characters present methodological problems that do not allow for a
      definite conclusion on their mode of inheritance at this time. The ability to
      test varying levels of transmissibility in the polygenic model allows for an
      estimation of the percentage of trait variance determined by familial factors.
      Estimates of transmissibility for all characters examined range from 0 to 1, with
      a mean of 0.36. These findings may suggest a large environmental role in the
      development of dental crown morphology. However, the possibility exists that
      difficulties in the ability to classify the expression of certain traits
      consistently result in overestimates of the environmental influences on the
      development of those characters.

PMID- 2929735
TI  - Human occlusofacial form commonality: race-related traits, ontogeny,
      paedomorphism, and functional correlates.
AB  - Previous cephalometric studies of occlusofacial angular and metric data show
      small variability within and between population samples of Caucasian children and
      adults. Comparable results were obtained by use of standardized X-ray
      cephalometry and direct craniometric measurements of skulls of mature specimens
      of Alouatta caraya and Cebus capucinus. These data measure facial and
      occlusofacial form and form relationships. Identical measuring techniques are
      applied to compare data derived from headplates of 19 young adult American
      Caucasians and 19 articulated Hindu skulls of mature individuals. The data are
      expanded to include measurements that relate symphyseal form to occlusal and
      nasomaxillary structure. The facial plane and an "internal" facial plane (nasion
      to a point tangential to the superior genial tubercles) straddle the mandibular
      symphysis. The angles they form at nasion and at their intersections with the
      maxillary occlusal plane were derived and statistically analyzed. The occlusal
      plane intersect angles show small absolute variability and are not significantly
      different (P greater than .05) in the two groups. The nasion plane angles are
      significantly different (P less than .025), reflecting sample differences in
      facial height. Linear measurements confirm a considerably larger dentoalveolar
      prognathism in the Hindu group. Data derived from the geometrically averaged
      tracings of Bjork, Broadbent, Sassouni, and Solow provide further evidence of
      occlusofacial form commonality. These shared phyletically conservative traits are
      evidence of highly integrated morphological adaptations for the attainment,
      maintenance, and functioning of the species-wide pattern of precisely fitting
      complementary crowns and crown parts that constitute the dental occlusion.

PMID- 2929736
TI  - Three-dimensional analysis of the maxillary first molar crowns of Canadian Inuit.
AB  - The maxillary first molar crowns of 48 male and 38 female Canadian Inuit
      (Eskimos) were analyzed three-dimensionally by using moire contourography
      methods. Cusp heights were significantly higher in males while the mesial and
      distal marginal ridges were more proximally placed in males. The metacone and the
      oblique ridge appeared to be better developed in the males. Comparison of the
      present results with published results for Dutch and Japanese indicated that the
      Japanese and Inuit had lower cusps that were more widely spaced than the Dutch.
      Correlation coefficients suggest that height measurements were positively
      correlated as were linear measurements. However, there were few significant
      correlations between height and linear determinations, suggesting that the
      development of the "width" of a crown is nearly independent of the development of
      the height of the cusps and crown.

PMID- 2929738
TI  - Evolution of human serial pairbonding.
AB  - Data on divorce taken for all available years between 1947 and 1981 from the
      Demographic Yearbooks of the United Nations on 58 peoples illustrate that divorce
      has a consistent pattern. Divorces exhibit a skewed distribution, characterized
      by the occurrence of the mode early in marriage (with a divorce peak on or around
      the fourth year) and a gradual, long-tailed decline following this peak. Divorce
      risk peaks in age category 25-29 for males and age categories 20-24 and 25-29 for
      females, the height of reproductive and parenting years, and divorce counts peak
      among couples with two or fewer children. These properties of divorce are
      unrelated to divorce rate; they occur in societies with both high and low divorce
      rates. Data on available horticultural and gathering/hunting societies illustrate
      that divorce also peaks among young couples early in marriage. Remarriage by
      divorced and widowed individuals of reproductive age is also common cross
      culturally. It is proposed that the above four-year modal marriage duration among
      couples of reproductive age who divorce reflects a hominid reproductive strategy
      that probably evolved some time after the appearance of Homo in response to
      increased female "reproductive burden" and functioned to ensure the survival of
      the hominid infant through weaning. Serial pairbonding during the female's
      reproductive years had ancestral adaptive advantages, producing the modern cross
      cultural pattern of serial pairbonding.

PMID- 2929737
TI  - Caries prevalences among geochemical regions of Missouri.
AB  - Our objectives were to determine how the prevalences of caries in elementary
      school children vary between geochemically defined regions of the state of
      Missouri and to compare this variation with that found for prehistoric Missouri
      inhabitants (Hildebolt et al.: Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 75:1-14, 1988). Caries
      data on 6,584 school children were used in the study of second and sixth graders
      drinking optimally and suboptimally fluoridated water. Geochemical regions were
      based on maps recently published by the United States Geological Survey.
      Differences in mean caries scores and proportions of children with caries were
      tested by analysis of covariance, analysis of variance, Student t, and chi
      squared tests. We found that caries prevalences do vary between the geochemical
      regions of the state. In the total sample, however, there were no significant
      differences between those children drinking optimally fluoridated water and those
      drinking suboptimally fluoridated water. We conclude that there is variation in
      caries rates among geochemically defined regions of the state and that
      geochemical factors associated with young parent materials may be antagonizing
      the action of fluoride.

PMID- 2929739
TI  - The spread of exclusive mating in a chacma baboon population.
AB  - Mating has progressively tended toward pair bonding in a chacma baboon (Papio
      cynocephalus ursinus) population during eight years of study. Both males and
      females have been mating with a smaller and smaller percentage of the potential
      mates available to them. Troop subdivision during the dry winter in the absence
      of predation was the original cause of mating limitation, but most members of
      winter subtroops only rarely mated with adults who had not belonged to the same
      winter subtroop during the summers as well. Following reintroduction of potential
      predation, both subtroop size and frequency decreased, but mating did not become
      less exclusive.

PMID- 2929740
TI  - Engis: preparation damage, not ancient cutmarks.
AB  - Scratches found on the Engis 2 cranium have been described as perimortem and
      interpreted as intentional scalping marks by Russell and LeMort (Am. J. Phys.
      Anthropol. 69:317-323, 1986). These marks are described and compared to damage on
      other fossil hominids. The Engis marks have been misinterpreted. These marks are
      sandpaper striae formed during restoration of the vault, moulding striae formed
      when mold part lines were incised into the fossil and profiling striae formed
      when craniograms were made with sharp steel instrument tips. None of them have
      anything to do with prehistoric behavior.

PMID- 2929741
TI  - The calcaneus of Australopithecus afarensis and its implications for the
      evolution of bipedality.
AB  - Calcanei from African apes, modern humans, and Australopithecus afarensis are
      compared to investigate the anatomical and mechanical changes that occurred in
      this bone as a result of the transition to terrestrial bipedality. Features
      analyzed include the cross-sectional area and volume of the calcaneal tuber, the
      geometry and orientation of the articular surfaces, and the surface topography of
      the calcaneal corpus. Calcaneal morphology is unequivocal in its partitioning of
      quadrupedal pongids and bipedal hominids.

PMID- 2929742
TI  - Creeping patterns of human adults and infants.
AB  - The patterns of swing and support for the hands-and-feet or hands-and-knees gaits
      (creeping) of human adults and infants are compared based on data from a number
      of studies. Human infants show considerable variability in their creeping gait
      patterns, whereas adult patterns are less variable and fairly consistent after a
      few minutes of practice. Creeping on hands-and-knees appears to dictate a gait
      pattern characteristically different from creeping on hands-and-feet. The highly
      inefficient nature of adult creeping supports the view that our early hominid
      ancestors were poorly adapted to quadrupedal locomotion. Data obtained from high
      speed film analysis of human creeping patterns show that the number of foot
      lengths per stride in creeping is about twice that for normal upright walking at
      the same speed. The support pattern of human creeping is different from that of
      nonhuman primates. These findings are discussed in the context of debate
      concerning the origin of the Laetoli hominid footprints and the knuckle-walking
      hypothesis.

PMID- 2929743
TI  - The anterior buccal mandibular depressions: ontogeny and phylogeny.
AB  - The frequency of an anterior buccal depression in the mandible (ABMD), or a
      mental fossa, is reported on 970 human mandibles of various groups and different
      ages, as well as in 38 mandibles of nonhuman primates. The ontogenetic and
      phylogenetic significance of the results relevant to development of a chin in
      Homo sapiens is discussed. The ABMD is also compared with the occurrence of a
      lingual mandibular depression.

PMID- 2929744
TI  - Postcardiotomy delirium: conclusions after 25 years?
AB  - Although postcardiotomy delirium has been studied widely, there are few data
      about the current prevalence, compared to that reported in the late 1960s. There
      have been few efforts to replicate early observations. The authors review the
      literature using meta-analysis to combine the results of 44 studies. They
      examined the relationships between postcardiotomy delirium and 28 hypothesized
      risk variables. The prevalence of postcardiotomy delirium has remained fairly
      constant over time at 32%. There was no difference in the total prevalence of
      postcardiotomy delirium reported in studies that used interviews versus chart
      reviews. Sex, previous psychiatric illness, intelligence, and time on bypass
      failed to correlate with postcardiotomy delirium, and age correlated with it only
      slightly. Correlation coefficients of more than 0.30 were found only for
      noncongenital heart disease and postoperative EEG abnormality. Preoperative
      psychiatric intervention had the highest correlation with postcardiotomy delirium
      (r = -0.60).

PMID- 2929745
TI  - The diagnostic implications of formal thought disorder in mania and
      schizophrenia: a reassessment.
AB  - The authors compared nine manic patients exhibiting formal thought disorders
      (tangentiality, neologisms, drivelling, private use of words, and paraphasias)
      with 102 manic patients without these thought disorders and with 31 schizophrenic
      patients. Manic patients with formal thought disorders tended to have more
      "schizophrenic" symptoms than did manic patients without formal thought
      disorders, but both groups improved significantly more during the index episode
      than did the schizophrenic patients. Although the prevalence of flight of ideas
      was high in mania, narrowly defined formal thought disorder was rare, suggesting
      that precise definition and description of thought disorders would be helpful in
      distinguishing mania from schizophrenia.

PMID- 2929746
TI  - Temporal lobe pathology in schizophrenia: a quantitative magnetic resonance
      imaging study.
AB  - Although numerous studies have confirmed the presence of larger cerebral
      ventricles in schizophrenia, the locus of tissue loss remains elusive. By
      analyzing magnetic resonance scans with computerized image analysis, the authors
      determined gray and white matter volumes in the temporal lobes and prefrontal
      regions of 17 patients with schizophrenia and 17 age- and sex-matched normal
      subjects. The volume of temporal lobe gray matter was 20% smaller in the patients
      than in the control subjects. The lateral ventricular volume was 67% larger in
      the patients and, when normalized for brain size, correlated inversely with the
      volume of temporal lobe gray matter.

PMID- 2929747
TI  - HPA axis hyperactivity and recovery from functional psychoses.
AB  - Some patients with functional psychoses follow a chronic, deteriorating course
      and others recover; at present clinicians have essentially no established factors
      beyond diagnosis and chronicity to predict which course a psychotic patient might
      follow. Because data on diagnostic specificity suggested that the dexamethasone
      suppression test might provide another, much needed prognostic factor, the
      authors administered these tests to 98 consecutively admitted patients with
      nonmanic psychoses. High postdexamethasone cortisol levels (6 micrograms/dl or
      higher) at baseline predicted recovery from psychosis at 1 year, independent of
      episode chronicity and diagnosis. Diagnosis did not correspond well to test
      results but was itself an important predictor.

PMID- 2929748
TI  - Clinical status and emotional adjustment of children of depressed mothers.
AB  - The authors compared children (ages 7-13 years) of unipolar depressed mothers
      with children of nondepressed psychiatric patients, of nondepressed medical
      patients, and of nondepressed mothers in the community. The children's adjustment
      was rated by clinicians on the Child Adjustment Schedule and by the mothers on
      the Child Behavior Checklist. The highest proportion of clinically significant
      problems was found in the children of the depressed mothers. However, the overlap
      between the problems of these children and those of the children of the
      nondepressed psychiatric patients calls into question the formulation that
      children's adjustment difficulties are specific to parental depression.

PMID- 2929749
TI  - Life events of adolescents in relation to personal and parental substance abuse.
AB  - The author examined the life events reported by 138 adolescents in relation to
      their own and their parents' alcohol and/or drug use. The 62 adolescents who were
      substance abusers reported more negative events involving deviance and emotional
      distress and evaluated the life events they experienced as less desirable than
      did the 76 nonabusing adolescents. Substance-abusing adolescents and the 31
      nonabusing adolescents with substance-abusing parents experienced comparable
      numbers of stressful life experiences; however, the type and qualitative features
      of the events differed. Adolescents with substance abuse in only one family
      generation experienced more emotional distress than those with substance use
      patterns consistent across generations.

PMID- 2929750
TI  - Childhood trauma in borderline personality disorder.
AB  - Subjects with borderline personality disorder (N = 21) or borderline traits (N =
      11) and nonborderline subjects with closely related diagnoses (N = 23) were
      interviewed in depth regarding experiences of major childhood trauma.
      Significantly more borderline subjects (81%) gave histories of such trauma,
      including physical abuse (71%), sexual abuse (68%), and witnessing serious
      domestic violence (62%); abuse histories were less common in those with
      borderline traits and least common in the subjects with no borderline diagnosis.
      These results demonstrate a strong association between a diagnosis of borderline
      personality disorder and a history of abuse in childhood.

PMID- 2929751
TI  - Personality disorder in the families of depressed, schizophrenic, and never-ill
      probands.
AB  - In a blind family study of 176 probands with nonpsychotic major depression,
      psychotic major depression, schizophrenia, or no history of DSM-III disorders,
      only the relatives of depressed probands with mood-incongruent psychotic features
      had a risk for personality disorders higher than that for the relatives of never
      ill probands. The authors did not find a high rate of borderline personality in
      relatives of depressed probands or of schizotypal personality disorder in
      relatives of probands with schizophrenia or any psychosis. However, depressed
      probands with normal dexamethasone test results had a significantly higher
      familial loading for the DSM-III cluster of histrionic, antisocial, borderline,
      and narcissistic personality disorders.

PMID- 2929752
TI  - Ability to form an alliance with the therapist: a possible marker of prognosis
      for patients with antisocial personality disorder.
AB  - Antisocial personality disorder is generally perceived to be refractory to
      treatment, particularly psychotherapy. In this study, the ability of 48 patients
      with this disorder to form a working relationship with a psychotherapist or drug
      counselor was examined in relation to outcome of 24 weeks of treatment evaluated
      at 7-month follow-up. Some antisocial patients were able to form working
      relationships with their therapists, and there was a significant association
      between the ability to form such a relationship and treatment outcome. Measures
      of this ability, such as the Helping Alliance Questionnaire, may help identify
      antisocial patients who can benefit from psychotherapy.

PMID- 2929753
TI  - Infrequent occurrence of EEG abnormalities in panic disorder.
AB  - EEG abnormalities have been frequently reported in patients with panic disorder,
      although controlled studies are lacking. The authors examined the EEGs of 35
      consecutively evaluated, medication-free patients with panic disorder and found
      that only five (14%) had nonspecific abnormal EEGs and none displayed EEG
      evidence supportive of an ictal process. The presence or absence of EEG
      abnormalities was not significantly associated with the presence or absence of
      psychosensory symptoms. Although it is not likely that panic disorder is an
      epileptiform disorder, temporal lobe and limbic structures probably play a major
      role in the pathophysiology of panic.

PMID- 2929754
TI  - Psychosis, aggression, and self-destructive behavior in hospitalized adolescents.
AB  - The authors studied the history of aggressive and self-destructive behaviors in
      psychotic and nonpsychotic hospitalized adolescents (N = 137). A multidimensional
      measure of self- and other-directed aggression was retrospectively applied to
      each patient's social and developmental history. Nonsignificant gender and
      diagnostic differences were obtained on ratings of violence and suicide. Broader
      definitions of internal and external aggression yielded nonsignificant diagnostic
      differences, but gender differences were observed on both internal and external
      aggression measures. Females displayed greater internal aggression, and males
      reported higher external aggression scores. These results, compared to those of
      other investigators, suggest the importance of social and cultural variables in
      understanding adolescent psychosis and aggression.

PMID- 2929755
TI  - High prevalence of visual hallucinations in research subjects with chronic
      schizophrenia.
AB  - The authors examined the prevalence of visual hallucinations in severely ill
      hospitalized research subjects with carefully diagnosed chronic schizophrenia and
      found it to be high. A chart review of 100 discharged subjects revealed
      documentation of visual hallucinations in 32%, and a prospective examination of
      43 additional subjects revealed a history of visual hallucinations in 56% (N =
      24). Also, the fact that in 43% of the patients with visual hallucinations the
      history of visual hallucinations was first documented during the research ward
      work-up suggests that clinicians frequently do not inquire about visual
      hallucinations in patients with chronic schizophrenia.

PMID- 2929757
TI  - A magnetic resonance imaging study of autism: normal fourth ventricle size and
      absence of pathology.
AB  - Magnetic resonance imaging did not diagnose neuropathology in 15 autistic
      patients. Measurements of the midsagittal area and volume of the fourth ventricle
      did not differ between these patients and matched control subjects.

PMID- 2929756
TI  - Benzodiazepine dependence and withdrawal in elderly patients.
AB  - Severity of withdrawal symptoms and clinical outcome were compared in 19 elderly
      and 22 younger benzodiazepine-dependent patients matched for benzodiazepine half
      life, dosage, and duration of treatment. During gradual taper of benzodiazepine
      doses, the elderly patients showed significantly less severe withdrawal symptoms
      on several clinical measures and a comparably favorable outcome. Approximately
      half of each group remained benzodiazepine free for at least 4 weeks. Both groups
      of patients tolerated drug discontinuation without serious consequences such as
      seizures or psychosis. Tapered benzodiazepine withdrawal did not appear to be
      more risky for the elderly group than for the younger patients.

PMID- 2929758
TI  - Seasonal cocaine abuse.
AB  - The authors describe two patients with seasonal affective disorder characterized
      by fluctuations in cocaine craving that paralleled seasonal dysphoria. This
      extends the range of axis I disorders associated with cocaine self
      administration.

PMID- 2929759
TI  - Carbamazepine treatment for benzodiazepine withdrawal.
AB  - Nine patients were given carbamazepine before rapid discontinuation of
      benzodiazepines. Most patients had had long-term benzodiazepine treatment and had
      abused benzodiazepines; five had taken high doses. All patients tolerated rapid
      discontinuation well and none developed significant withdrawal symptoms.

PMID- 2929760
TI  - Behavioral hyporeactivity to physostigmine in detoxified primary alcoholics.
AB  - Changes in anergia/inhibition, mood, and pulse rate induced by intravenous
      physostigmine were significantly less pronounced in 26 patients with primary
      alcoholism than in 36 normal control subjects. These results suggest possible
      abnormalities in central cholinergic functioning in primary alcoholics.

PMID- 2929761
TI  - Clomipramine-induced pseudocyanotic pigmentation.

PMID- 2929762
TI  - Methylphenidate for cyclosporine-associated organic mood disorder.

PMID- 2929763
TI  - Evaluation and treatment of catatonia.

PMID- 2929765
TI  - Testing of persons at low risk for AIDS.

PMID- 2929764
TI  - Treatment of monosymptomatic hypochondriacal psychosis with pimozide in an AIDS
      patient.

PMID- 2929766
TI  - Delusions of having AIDS.

PMID- 2929768
TI  - Cyproheptadine in movement disorders.

PMID- 2929767
TI  - Suicidal tendencies in women with human immunodeficiency virus infection.

PMID- 2929769
TI  - PTSD and suicide attempts by adolescents.

PMID- 2929770
TI  - Carbamazepine in panic disorder.

PMID- 2929772
TI  - Antecedents of "spontaneous" panic attacks.

PMID- 2929771
TI  - Prevalence of agoraphobia without panic in clinical settings.

PMID- 2929773
TI  - Should "depression" be dropped the way "neurosis" was?

PMID- 2929774
TI  - Islamic view of mental disorders.

PMID- 2929775
TI  - Refinement of the diagnosis of schizophreniform disorder.

PMID- 2929776
TI  - Adequate trials of pharmacotherapy.

PMID- 2929778
TI  - Blood-injury phobia.

PMID- 2929777
TI  - Child protection workers' role in erroneous allegations of child abuse.

PMID- 2929779
TI  - Role of clinical skill in maintaining a private practice.

PMID- 2929780
TI  - Criticisms of DSM-III-R.

PMID- 2929781
TI  - Relationship between anxiety and depression.

PMID- 2929782
TI  - State versus trait in mental disorders.

PMID- 2929784
TI  - "Somatization" of psychiatric disorders.

PMID- 2929783
TI  - Plasma dexamethasone levels and disagreement between the DST and other markers of
      HPA axis function.

PMID- 2929785
TI  - Efficacy of psychoanalysis and psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy.

PMID- 2929786
TI  - Citation for position of Alcoholics Anonymous on psychotropic medications.

PMID- 2929788
TI  - Olfactory stimuli as context cues in human memory.
AB  - Olfactory stimuli were used as context cues in a recognition memory paradigm.
      Male college students were exposed to 50 slides of the faces of college females
      while in the presence of a pleasant or an unpleasant odor. During the acquisition
      phase, ratings of physical attractiveness of the slides were collected. After a
      48-hr delay, a recognition test was given using the original 50 slides and 50 new
      slides. The recognition test was conducted with either the original odor or the
      alternative odor present. A no-odor control group did not receive olfactory cues.
      The attractiveness ratings indicated that the odor variations had no effect on
      these social judgments. Analyses of d' scores, hits, and false alarms for the
      recognition performance indicated support for the predicted interaction in which
      presence of the same odor at both sessions led to better overall performance.

PMID- 2929787
TI  - How is a trumpet known? The "basic object level" concept and perception of
      musical instruments.
AB  - What are the object properties that serve as a basis for the musical instrument
      classification system, and how do general and specific experience affect
      knowledge of these properties? In the first study, the multimodal quality of
      properties underlying children's and adults' perception was investigated.
      Subjects listened to solos and identified instruments producing the sounds. Even
      children who did not have experience with all the instruments correctly
      identified the family of instruments they were listening to. The hypothesis of
      the second study, that musical instrument families function as a "basic level" in
      the instrument taxonomy, was confirmed. Variation in the basic level with varying
      expertise was documented in the third study with musicians. In the fourth study,
      children and adults identified the source of sounds from unfamiliar objects,
      Chinese musical instruments. It is suggested that the concept of affordances may
      be relevant for understanding the importance for behavior of different levels of
      abstraction of category systems.

PMID- 2929789
TI  - Opacity versus counterprojection: an analytic intervention explored.
AB  - A peculiarly effective intervention by the author's psychoanalyst is explored and
      discussed in terms of its implicitly expressive properties. It is placed in the
      context of the classical concept of opacity and more flexible Sullivanian ideas,
      as expanded and clarified by Havens.

PMID- 2929790
TI  - Iatrogenic factors in "managed" psychotherapy.
AB  - The clinical implications of the "case-manager" system are explored through a
      detailed case presentation. It is demonstrated that the introduction of a third
      person into the therapeutic relationship compromises the therapeutic alliance and
      the transference. Under such conditions psychotherapy is impossible.

PMID- 2929792
TI  - AIDS and confidentiality: legal concept and its application in psychotherapy.
AB  - Persons with positive HIV appear to have the same right to confidentiality as
      other medical psychiatric patients. The ethical and legal duties of practitioners
      who learn that their HIV positive patients are endangering others is discussed.
      The essential policies of the CDC, AMA, and APA are reviewed along with the
      current legal situation. One conclusion reached is that applying the Tarasoff
      doctrine to warn/protect a third party, if that party may already be infected, is
      useful only when the third party is moral and sensible enough to cease behavior
      that would spread the disease to others.

PMID- 2929791
TI  - Paleodigms and paleodigmatics: a new theoretical construct applicable to
      Munchausen's syndrome by proxy, child-abuse dwarfism, paraphilias, anorexia
      nervosa, and other syndromes.
AB  - A paleodigm is a formulation of ancient folk wisdom that encodes a causal
      explanation in a saying or story that penetrates the idiom of everyday language
      and influences behavior. Although paleodigms are not, per se, causative, they
      have diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic significance in syndromes like
      Munchausen's syndrome by proxy.

PMID- 2929793
TI  - Ethics in the practice of psychotherapy: a survey.
AB  - One hundred and one psychotherapists responded to a survey designed to obtain
      data concerning beliefs about various ethical issues encountered in
      psychotherapy. Opinions about ethical standards in many areas were quite varied
      for the entire sample. Differences also emerged when therapists were compared in
      terms of orientation and years of experience.

PMID- 2929794
TI  - Termination criteria in psychotherapy: a comparison of private and public
      practice.
AB  - Results obtained from a questionnaire regarding termination criteria in
      psychotherapy, revealed significant differences between the public and private
      sector. Additional differences were also found for: length of sessions, frequency
      of sessions, length of treatment, hospitalizations, medication usage, ethnicity,
      diagnosis, degree of perceived improvement, and degree of clinical improvement.

PMID- 2929795
TI  - Reframing to deal with patient resistance: practical application.
AB  - Patient resistance presents many therapeutic challenges. Reframing has proven to
      be a potent method of circumventing such issues. The present article describes
      methods of constructing, cultivating, and delivering reframes. Several examples
      of this intervention strategy are provided.

PMID- 2929796
TI  - Assassination of Indira Gandhi: impact on psychiatric patients.
AB  - The psychological impact of the assassination of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi on
      psychiatric inpatients was studied. A semistructured interview indicated faulty
      perception of, and inappropriate reaction to, the event and its implications in
      the patients, often colored by their background and illness. The Modified Brief
      Psychiatric Rating Scale indicated a significant rise in their psychopathology
      soon after the event.

PMID- 2929797
TI  - "Koro" (genital retraction syndrome): psychotherapeutic interventions.
AB  - "Koro" is a belief or delusion of retraction of the penis into the abdomen.
      Originally thought to be a Chinese and Indonesian culture-bound syndrome, it has
      recently been noted to occur in "Western" patients. Two Western patients with
      this syndrome are described and their psychotherapeutic treatment and outcome
      outlined. A stepwise approach to the treatment of the Koro symptom is suggested.

PMID- 2929798
TI  - The development of female transsexualism.
AB  - Characteristics by which to classify a woman as authentically transsexual are
      offered from earlier investigations and supplemented by findings from recent work
      with this type of patient. Developmental issues are discussed and six
      psychodynamic accompaniments listed. A case demonstrates how to identify the true
      female transsexual and how to understand her psychological processes.

PMID- 2929799
TI  - Assessing quality of care: another step forward.

PMID- 2929800
TI  - Public health and the new national effort.

PMID- 2929801
TI  - Health effects of the war in two rural communities in Nicaragua. Nicaragua Health
      Study Collaborative at Harvard, CIES, and UNAN.
AB  - We report on a pilot study to assess the effects of low intensity war in
      Nicaragua on the health of the civilian population. The study compared data from
      two regions in Nicaragua, one in an area of intense conflict, the other further
      removed from the war's violence. Information was obtained from a questionnaire
      administered to female heads of randomly selected households; structured
      interviews with community leaders and health workers; group discussions with
      community residents; and a review of regional and municipal death records. Height
      and mid-upper arm circumference of children were measured, and immunization
      records reviewed. The war has had a serious negative effect on the lives of the
      civilian population in both the war zone and the non-war zone, with the effects
      most severe in the war zone. In both communities, over half of the respondents
      reported the death of a friend or relative. In the war zone community, over one
      fourth of respondents reported attacks on family members in non-combat situations
      around their homes. Death by firearms was the leading cause of death in persons
      over age 6 in the war zone. Vaccination coverage, nutritional indices, and
      familial disruption were worse in the war zone community. The findings suggest
      that continued funding of the Nicaraguan contra forces by the United States may
      be harming the ostensible beneficiaries of that policy, and that use of such low
      intensity conflict as a foreign policy tool should be questioned.

PMID- 2929802
TI  - Beliefs about AIDS as determinants of preventive practices and of support for
      coercive measures.
AB  - We performed a telephone survey to explore relations between knowledge, beliefs
      (as defined in the Health Belief Model) and reported AIDS-preventive practices in
      a sample of 1,072 persons ages 18-65, living in the Montreal health region. AIDS
      preventive practices were more frequent among the young or single, and among
      those with one of four health beliefs: perceiving oneself as particularly
      susceptible to AIDS, perceiving the disease as particularly severe, perceiving it
      as particularly amenable to prevention, and having a strong general health
      motivation. Support for coercive measures to control the AIDS epidemic was
      widespread but was stronger among the less educated, married people, and those
      with a high level of one of the following beliefs about AIDS: perceived severity,
      susceptibility, curability, or barriers to treatment. AIDS-preventive practices
      and support for coercion under epidemic conditions share their most important
      modifiable determinants: perceived severity of AIDS and perceived susceptibility
      to it. This finding suggests that emphasizing them, as is done so often in public
      educational campaigns about AIDS, may indeed promote preventive practices, but
      may also unwittingly increase support for coercive measures toward people with
      the disease or at high risk of it.

PMID- 2929804
TI  - Outbreaks of hepatitis A among illicit drug users, Oklahoma, 1984-87.
AB  - Transmission of hepatitis A has been described in many settings, although few
      outbreaks have been reported among illicit drug users. We report six unrelated
      outbreaks of hepatitis A among users of marijuana and intravenously administered
      methamphetamine. Although the exact mode of transmission could not be determined,
      practices associated with illicit drug use may have facilitated transmission of
      hepatitis A. These outbreaks and other recent information indicate that illicit
      drug users may be at increased risk of acquiring hepatitis A infection.

PMID- 2929803
TI  - Preventing AIDS and other STDs through condom promotion: a patient education
      intervention.
AB  - We report on two studies that assessed the impact of a soap-opera style videotape
      on inner-city STD (sexually transmitted disease) patients' knowledge about and
      attitudes toward condom use, and willingness to redeem coupons for free condoms.
      Subjects in the first study who viewed the videotape (and participated in a brief
      oral recall session) had higher knowledge scores and more accepting attitudes
      than subjects who did not (knowledge test means of 11.1 versus 7.9, attitude
      index means of 13.0 versus 11.3). The intervention was most effective among those
      who were relatively poorly educated and, to a lesser extent, among those who
      reported less frequent use of condoms and fewer sex partners. In the second
      study, intervention group subjects were more likely than control group subjects
      to redeem coupons. Both groups exhibited a high level of interest in the free
      condoms. We argue that education and accessibility to free condoms can increase
      condom use and that health care providers have a vital role in promoting this
      form of STD prevention.

PMID- 2929805
TI  - New AIDS Prevention Research Center to be established at Columbia University.

PMID- 2929806
TI  - Race and the prevalence of syphilis seroreactivity in the United States
      population: a national sero-epidemiologic study.
AB  - We used the 1978 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey to examine the
      prevalence of positive syphilis serologies in the US population. Analysis of risk
      markers--gender, age, marital status, education, income, and residence--indicates
      that all except gender are associated with syphilis seroreactivity, independent
      of race. Controlling for associated risk markers, the Black-White odds ratio of
      syphilis seroreactivity is 4.7 (95% CI = 2.7, 8.2). Current knowledge of racial
      differences in sexual and health care behavior does not explain the Black-White
      difference in the prevalence of syphilis seroreactivity.

PMID- 2929807
TI  - The role of secondary vaccine failures in measles outbreaks.
AB  - An outbreak of measles in 1985-86 in a community where measles vaccine trials had
      been carried out from 1974-76 allowed the assessment of the role of secondary
      vaccine failures in previously immunized children. A total of 188 children from
      the vaccine trial were followed. Of these, 175 seroconverted initially while 13
      (6 per cent) required re-immunization (primary failure). A total of 13 cases of
      measles, eight of which were laboratory and/or physician-confirmed, were reported
      in this cohort. Of these, nine cases occurred in the 175 subjects who had
      hemagglutination inhibition test (HI) and neutralizing antibody responses
      following the initial immunization. These nine cases represent secondary vaccine
      failures. An additional four cases occurred in the 13 subjects with primary
      vaccine failure. We conclude that secondary vaccine failures occur and that while
      primary failures account for most cases, secondary vaccine failures contribute to
      the occurrence of measles cases in an epidemic. A booster dose of measles vaccine
      may be necessary to reduce susceptibility to a sufficiently low level to allow
      the goal of measles elimination to be achieved.

PMID- 2929808
TI  - Illness associated with child day care: a study of incidence and cost.
AB  - We studied 843 children under 36 months of age enrolled in a prepaid health plan
      from September 1985 through March 1986, to identify characteristics of day care
      which might be risk factors for infection and to describe the resulting economic
      costs. Children cared for in their own home had a mean of 2.03 infections
      diagnosed during the study period. Adjusted rates of excess infection (95 per
      cent CI) for children cared for in other settings were: -.09 (-.73, .54) in
      relatives' homes; .10 (-.51, .71) in day care homes; .79 (.13, 1.45) in day care
      centers; .60 (-.24, 1.46) in mother's day out programs; and .66 (-.01, 1.34) in
      multiple settings. Children in day care centers were 4.5 times more likely to be
      hospitalized than those in other settings (95 per cent CI = 1.55, 13.00),
      primarily due to an increased rate of tympanostomy tube placement (relative risk
      3.79, 95 per cent CI = 1.04, 13.36). The strongest predictor of illness risk was
      the number of other children in the room. The mean monthly cost of medical care
      was $32.94 for children in the highest risk settings compared with $19.78 for
      those in other settings. Illness in a child in our study accounted for 40 per
      cent of parental absenteeism from work; the mean number of days lost per month
      was 0.52 for parents of children in day care centers compared with 0.37 for those
      of children in other forms of full time care outside the home.

PMID- 2929809
TI  - Recurrent outbreaks of giardiasis in a child day care center, Wisconsin.
AB  - In the 19-month period September 1983-March 1985, three outbreaks of giardiasis
      occurred in one large child day care center. Control measures instituted during
      each outbreak included case finding; pharmacologic treatment and follow-up
      testing of stool specimens for cases of giardia infection in day care children
      and staff, and their household contacts; facilitating and stressing personal and
      environmental hygiene, including altering diapering practices and teaching
      appropriate hand washing techniques. In the first, second, and third outbreaks,
      overall attack rates (stool analysis positive for Giardia lamblia) were
      determined for those persons with greater than or equal to 2 stool specimens
      submitted; attack rates in children were 47, 17, and 37 per cent, respectively;
      for tested staff, the rates were 35, 13, and 9 per cent; and for tested household
      contacts were 18, 9, and 5 per cent. Attack rates were highest for ambulatory
      diapered children, children attending the day care center greater than or equal
      to 40 hours per week, and children who were infected with G. lamblia in the most
      recent previous outbreak. Despite extensive efforts to identify cases, a cure
      rate of greater than 90 per cent in treated cases, and improvements in personal
      and environmental hygiene practices, G. lamblia infections recurred in outbreak
      proportions.

PMID- 2929810
TI  - The provision of services to persons with mental retardation and subsequent
      infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
AB  - We present the first reported cases of individuals with mental retardation who
      have subsequently become infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The
      implications of this finding for agencies which provide services to persons with
      mental retardation are described. Where conflicts arise, the authors propose that
      ethical review committees provide consultation to service agencies who must
      ultimately determine how they will provide for the needs of their clients.

PMID- 2929811
TI  - A new epidemiologic and laboratory classification system for paralytic
      poliomyelitis cases.
AB  - An epidemiologic classification of paralytic poliomyelitis cases (ECPPC) has been
      in use in the United States since 1976. In 1985, this classification system was
      reviewed because of recent changes in the epidemiology of paralytic poliomyelitis
      and improved laboratory capability to definitively characterize poliovirus
      strains. An alternative classification system was devised, the epidemiologic and
      laboratory classification of paralytic polio cases (ELCPPC), that incorporated
      virus isolation and strain characterization with epidemiologic information.
      Reported paralytic poliomyelitis cases for 1980-86 were classified by both the
      ECPPC and the ELCPPC classification systems. The new ELCPPC system classified 91
      per cent of the reported cases as vaccine-associated, while the ECPPC system
      classified only 71 per cent of the reported cases as vaccine-associated. The
      proposed classification system provides more specific and useful information
      particularly concerning vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis.

PMID- 2929812
TI  - The relationship between women's attitudes about condoms and their use:
      implications for condom promotion programs.
AB  - A survey of 759 women attending contraceptive care clinics revealed that a
      majority of women endorsed condom use as an important way to reduce the spread of
      AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome); 82 per cent reported past use of
      condoms, but only 14 per cent reported using condoms in addition to another form
      of contraception to prevent infection with sexually transmitted pathogens,
      including HIV (human immunodeficiency virus). Acceptance of condom advertisement,
      perceived male and peer acceptance of condoms, and the effect of condom use on
      the enjoyment of sexual intercourse predicted condom use.

PMID- 2929813
TI  - Sexual behavior changes and HIV antibody in a cohort of New York City gay men.
AB  - A sample of 357 gay/bisexual men, ages 20 to 65, were interviewed in 1985
      regarding their sexual patterns over the course of the AIDS (acquired
      immunodeficiency syndrome) epidemic. Within four months after the interview, men
      were tested for antibody to HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) and 36 per cent
      were found positive. Cessation of receptive anal intercourse was associated with
      HIV negative antibody status, (OR greater than 3.0). Reducing the number of
      sexual partners, becoming monogamous, or eliminating other forms of sexual
      contact were not related to risk of HIV.

PMID- 2929814
TI  - A comparison of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and Kaposi's sarcoma incidence
      rates, Atlanta, 1983-86.
AB  - Recent temporal trends in incidence rates for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
      (AIDS) and Kaposi's sarcoma were compared in metropolitan Atlanta, Georgia. From
      1983 through 1986 the age-adjusted incidence rate of Kaposi's sarcoma among White
      males ages 25-49 increased 11-fold (2.2-24.4/100,000 person years). The annual
      incidence rate of AIDS increased ten-fold (11.3-113.3/100,000). These findings do
      not support earlier reports that the proportion of AIDS patients with Kaposi's
      sarcoma has decreased over time.

PMID- 2929816
TI  - Tuberculosis surveillance in a state prison system.
AB  - After four inmates at two New Mexico prisons converted their tuberculosis skin
      tests, a mass screening program was carried out at all the State's adult
      correctional facilities (2,240 inmates). Previously unknown converters were found
      with a disproportionally high per cent of converters (6.8 per cent and 6.3 per
      cent) and reactors (14.4 per cent and 12.2 per cent) at the first two prisons. No
      index cases were found. State policy has been revised to include two-stage skin
      testing of new inmates, annual testing thereafter, and screening of all new
      correctional staff.

PMID- 2929815
TI  - The Hawaii Chlamydia Network Project: a successful program incorporating close
      intra-agency cooperation.
AB  - The Hawaii State Department of Health's Chlamydia Network Project screened 272
      asymptomatic females for chlamydia; 20 (7.4 per cent) were found to be positive.
      When interviewed, 75 per cent (15/20) of the cases gave information such that
      their sexual partner(s) could be located. Ninety per cent (14/16) of the
      locatable partners were brought to examination within seven days. Keys to success
      were the training of family planning clinic staff in STD (sexually transmitted
      disease) control methods, and close intra-agency cooperation.

PMID- 2929817
TI  - Immunization coverage and social differentiation in urban Senegal.
AB  - We studied sociocultural factors associated with immunization coverage among a
      random sample of 500 mothers in the underprivileged suburbs of Dakar, Senegal.
      Factors associated with immunization of children under age 5 were maternal
      educational level and socioeconomic conditions (especially husband's regular
      salary); maternal age on arrival in town was more influential than total number
      of resident years in town; no effect of ethnicity was evident.

PMID- 2929818
TI  - Prevalence of diabetes in a Navajo Indian community.
AB  - The age- and sex-adjusted prevalence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
      (NIDDM) of 494 (76 per cent) Navajo adults living in a reservation community was
      10.2 per cent, approximately 60 per cent greater than the estimated prevalence
      (6.4 per cent) in the general US population. The screening protocol utilized
      likely underestimates the prevalence of NIDDM in this population. A high
      proportion of Navajo people were overweight when compared to the general US
      population.

PMID- 2929819
TI  - Uncompensated emergency care in hospital markets in Los Angeles County.
AB  - A survey of hospital emergency rooms in Los Angeles County was conducted in March
      1987. Analysis of the distribution of uninsured emergency care patients revealed
      that private hospitals play a significant frontline role in terms of entry into
      the hospital system for patients who are unable to pay--almost one-half of such
      patients were treated in the emergency rooms of private hospitals. Hospitals
      serving markets in which a higher proportion of residents had incomes below the
      poverty level provided a greater share of uncompensated emergency room services.

PMID- 2929821
TI  - Professional midwifery.

PMID- 2929820
TI  - Television viewing and obesity in adult males.
AB  - We estimated the extent to which time spent watching television is associated
      with obesity and super-obesity among 6,138 employed adult males. After adjustment
      for age, smoking status, length of work week, measured physical fitness, and
      reported weekly hours of exercise, people who viewed TV more than three hours/day
      were twice as likely to be obese as those who viewed less than 1 hour/day. Those
      who viewed for 1 to 2 hours daily had a relative risk of 1.60 (1.21, 2.11).
      Physical fitness consistently confounded the associations between TV viewing and
      obesity/super-obesity, but the other control variables did not do so.

PMID- 2929822
TI  - Opportunities for lay midwifery practice.

PMID- 2929823
TI  - Smokeless tobacco: less seen at 1988 World Series.

PMID- 2929824
TI  - Community screening for HIV infection in Finland.

PMID- 2929826
TI  - Extraarticular reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament insufficient
      knee. A long-term analysis of the Ellison procedure.
AB  - This paper reports an analysis for treatment of anterolateral rotatory
      instability by the Ellison procedure, a technique involving rerouting a portion
      of the iliotibial band posterior to the fibular collateral ligament. A detailed
      description of the operative procedure is presented. One hundred four patients
      were evaluated for subjective improvement. The average length of followup was 51
      months (range, 24 to 100 months). Eighty-one patients (80%) had a good or
      excellent result, 15 patients (14%) were rated fair, and 6 patients (6%) were
      rated poor. Sixty-three patients returned for a detailed clinical examination
      (average followup was 53 months; range, 24 to 100 months). An excellent or good
      objective rating was achieved in 49 patients (78%). Ten patients (16%) were rated
      as fair, and four patients (6%) were rated as failures. We recommend the Ellison
      procedure for the recreational athlete as a safe and effective mode of treatment
      for anterolateral rotatory instability.

PMID- 2929825
TI  - Proprioception in the anterior cruciate deficient knee.
AB  - Proprioception was quantified in a group of patients who had documented complete
      ACL tears. Threshold to detection of passive change in position of the knee was
      measured using a well-described test. Eleven patients with arthroscopically
      proven complete ACL tears and findings consistent with moderate to severe
      anterolateral rotatory instability were tested. Testing was done within the 30
      degrees to 40 degrees range of knee flexion. Patients were blindfolded and the
      injured and uninjured knees were tested in random sequence so that the normal
      knee could serve as an internal control. Testing was also done in a blind manner,
      i.e., the examiner did not know which knee had been injured. An age-matched
      control group underwent identical testing. Potentially significant variables such
      as age, time from injury, and degree of rehabilitation as measured by thigh
      circumference and isokinetic testing of the knee were included in a multivariate
      analysis. Control subjects demonstrated virtually identical threshold values
      between their two knees, the mean variation being less than 2%. The test group,
      however, showed a significantly higher mean threshold value for the injured
      versus the noninjured knee (P less than 0.01), the mean variation being over 25%.
      Multivariate analysis demonstrated that changes recorded in the proprioception of
      the injured knee were attributable to the loss of the ACL rather than to other
      variables. Patients who have complete ACL tears and moderate to severe rotatory
      instability may also experience a decline in proprioceptive function of their
      knee.

PMID- 2929827
TI  - A stabilometric technique for evaluation of lower limb instabilities.
AB  - Stabilometry is a technique designed to register postural equilibrium control.
      This investigation used a computerized strain gauge force plate to measure sway
      movements in the frontal plane with the patient standing on one leg. Fifty-five
      young healthy individuals were studied as a reference group and to determine the
      reproducibility of the method. The clinical population consisted of 14 patients
      with unilateral injuries to the lateral ligaments of the ankle. These were
      measured, both with and without an ankle brace. The different parameters used to
      describe the body sway could well discriminate between the injured and the
      uninjured leg. When the brace was used the effect was obvious and none of the
      parameters showed any significant difference compared to the uninjured leg.

PMID- 2929828
TI  - The effect of tourniquet pressure on muscle function.
AB  - The adverse effects of excessive tourniquet pressure on underlying muscle were
      studied using a cat model. A direct effect of the magnitude of tourniquet
      pressure on the degree of muscle disability was observed. The effect of direct
      pressure on the muscle may contribute to the postoperative weakness seen in the
      quadriceps muscle. Our data, in conjunction with the results of other studies
      that correlate certain tourniquet times and pressures with potential adverse
      effects, suggest that the selection of an appropriate tourniquet pressure and
      duration will minimize the development of clinically significant complications.

PMID- 2929829
TI  - Isolated infraspinatus atrophy. A common cause of posterior shoulder pain and
      weakness in throwing athletes?

PMID- 2929830
TI  - Natural history of a type III fracture of the intercondylar eminence of the tibia
      in an adult. A case report.

PMID- 2929831
TI  - A biomechanical analysis of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with
      patellar tendon--a two year followup.

PMID- 2929832
TI  - Tibial collateral ligament bursitis.

PMID- 2929833
TI  - Operative ankle arthroscopy. Long-term followup.
AB  - Ankle arthroscopy has become an accepted procedure for the treatment of various
      intraarticular disorders. More than 100 ankle arthroscopies have been performed
      at our institution since 1983. To better define the role of arthroscopic surgery
      in the treatment of ankle disorders, we evaluated the preoperative examination
      and indications, operative data, and radiographs of those patients with a minimum
      of 1 year of followup. Fifty-eight ankles in 57 patients were identified; their
      average follow-up period was 25 months (range, 12 to 49 months). Preoperative
      diagnoses were synovitis (26), transchondral defects of the talus (17),
      degenerative joint disease (8), and osteophytes or loose bodies (7). Subjective
      results were good or excellent in 64% of cases. The best overall results were
      achieved in patients with synovitis (77%) and transchondral defects of the talus
      (71%). Degenerative joint disease patients did not do well. They had only 12%
      good or excellent results and a 43% rate of subsequent fusion. Complications
      included superficial and deep infections, temporary and permanent paresthesias,
      and hemarthroses; the overall complication rate was 15%. In conclusion, operative
      ankle arthroscopy can be useful in selected patients. It is an effective surgical
      procedure in patients with synovitis and transchondral defects of the talus. The
      benefits and long-term results are less predictable with loose bodies and
      impinging osteophytes; the results are poor with degenerative joint disease.
      There appears to be a significant risk of complication with ankle arthroscopy;
      however, with proper indications, a thorough knowledge of anatomical landmarks,
      and meticulous technique, good results can be obtained.

PMID- 2929834
TI  - Isokinetic muscular performance of the quadriceps in elite ice hockey players.
AB  - On four occasions during a period of 17 months, isokinetic maximum knee extensor
      output (peak torque and contractional work) and input (integrated
      electromyographic activity) during single and repetitive contractions were
      measured in 10 male elite ice hockey players. The tests were performed in the
      middle and at the end of the competitive season, and after two office training
      periods involving different types of training. No significant changes in peak
      torque at single maximum contractions occurred for the whole group of players
      during the investigation. Nor did the slope of decline in contractional work or
      the plateau level of the ratio of contractional work:integrated electromyographic
      activity during repetitive contractions change significantly. The most obvious
      finding was great interindividual differences in muscular performance.
      Intraindividually, changes in both peak torque as well as in slope of decline in
      contractional work and in plateau level of the ratio of contractional
      work:integrated electromyographic activity occurred during the different training
      periods. We conclude that local muscle adaptations, measured by isokinetic
      procedures, occur in the quadriceps as a result of ordinary training and games in
      elite ice hockey players. Because of the great interindividual differences in
      muscular performance and the different responses to similar training, we suggest
      individual programs for leg muscle training in ice hockey players.

PMID- 2929835
TI  - Dynamic EMG analysis of anterior cruciate deficient legs with and without bracing
      during cutting.
AB  - The purpose of this research was to determine if bracing altered muscle firing
      amplitude, duration, or timing, creating improved dynamic stability. We
      hypothesized that a derotational knee brace improved the stability of an ACL
      deficient knee by augmenting limb proprioception, causing hamstring muscles to
      increase in activity and/or to contract earlier during a side-step cut. Ten
      subjects with documented unilateral isolated ACL deficient knees and five normal
      controls participated. A strap dominant brace (Lenox Hill, Lenox Hill Brace,
      Inc., Long Island City, NY) and a shell dominant brace (CTi, Innovation Sports,
      Irvine, CA) were selected for study. Using footswitches and dynamic EMG, we
      tested each subject during performance of a side-step cutting maneuver. Subjects
      completed 15 trials: 5 without bracing, 5 with the strap dominant brace, and 5
      with the shell dominant brace. Normals cut 10 times each on their dominant limb.
      In swing phase, subjects had 38% more and 32% higher lateral hamstring EMG
      activity than normals; in stance phase, subjects had less quadriceps and
      gastrocnemius activity but more medial hamstring activity. When braced during
      stance phase, the ACL deficient legs demonstrated a further reduction of 18% in
      quadriceps total activity and 14% in peak activity compared to the unbraced
      situation. The hamstrings showed a concomitant decrease of 18% in total activity.
      No timing differences were noted between the braced and unbraced conditions
      during swing or stance phase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2929836
TI  - Tibiofemoral joint forces during isokinetic knee extension.
AB  - Using a Cybex II, eight healthy male subjects performed isokinetic knee
      extensions at two different speeds (30 and 180 deg/sec) and two different
      positions of the resistance pad (proximal and distal). A sagittal plane,
      biomechanical model was used for calculating the magnitude of the tibiofemoral
      joint compressive and shear forces. The magnitude of isokinetic knee extending
      moments was found to be significantly lower with the resistance pad placed
      proximally on the leg instead of distally. The tibiofemoral compressive force was
      of the same magnitude as the patellar tendon force, with a maximum of 6300 N or
      close to 9 times body weight (BW). The tibiofemoral shear force changed direction
      from being negative (tibia tends to move posteriorly in relation to femur) to a
      positive magnitude of about 700 N or close to 1 BW, indicating that high forces
      arise in the ACL when the knee is extended more than 60 degrees. The anteriorly
      directed shear force was lowered considerably by locating the resistance pad to a
      proximal position on the leg. This model may be used when it is desirable to
      control stress on the ACL, e.g., in the rehabilitative period after ACL repairs
      or reconstructions.

PMID- 2929837
TI  - Early experience with the GORE-TEX polytetrafluoroethylene anterior cruciate
      ligament prosthesis.
AB  - A prospective study of 41 patients with acute and chronic ACL deficiency
      underwent reconstruction with the GORE-TEX polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) ACL
      prosthesis beginning in November 1983. Thirty-nine patients who were at least 2
      years from their surgical procedure were available for follow-up evaluation,
      which included subjective questionnaire, clinical examination, and instrumented
      ligamentous laxity tests. Eight patients had an acute injury to the ACL and 31
      patients had chronic ACL insufficiency for which reconstruction was performed.
      Thirty-four patients had satisfactory results, allowing full return to activity
      with no appreciable symptomatology. Of the remaining five patients, four had a
      complete rupture of the prosthesis. The average knee arthrometric measurement
      improved from a 5.4 mm left/right difference preoperatively to a 2.0 mm
      left/right difference at 2 year followup. Nine patients had postoperative
      complications of one or more atraumatic episodes of a sterile effusion. Six
      patients had recurrent effusions; in five, arthroscopy revealed partial tears of
      less than one-third of the prosthesis. Three patients who had recurrent effusions
      had PTFE particles in their synovial biopsies. One patient had an immediate
      postoperative infection and to data has had salvage of the prosthesis and
      currently has a stable knee with full return to activities. Based on the early
      results of this study, the GORE-TEX PTFE ACL prosthesis provided a satisfactory
      method of reconstruction for ACL deficient knees. Based on the evaluation used,
      87% of the patients had satisfactory results. Problems associated with use of
      this prosthesis include partial or complete tears of the prosthesis and sterile
      effusions, possibly due to synovial irritation from the PTFE particles.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2929838
TI  - Acute repair of the anterior cruciate ligament with lateral capsular
      augmentation.
AB  - Forty-seven patients had primary repair and extraarticular augmentation with a
      lateral loop of the iliotibial tract for acute rupture of the ACL. (All of these
      patients had anterolateral rotatory instability (ALRI) preoperatively as
      diagnosed by a positive jerk test.) Of these 47 patients, 36 were available for
      follow-up evaluation. Followup ranged from 6 to 68 months (average, 21.6 months).
      Twenty-three of the patients (64%) were rated as excellent or good. Ten of the
      patients (27.8%) were rated as fair, and three patients (8%) were rated as poor.
      Thirty-three of the 36 patients (91%) were objectively free of ALRI as tested by
      the jerk test and had 1+ or less result in a Lachman test, with a firm end point.
      Only one patient felt his knee to be unstable (he had a positive pivot jerk).
      More than 90% of the patients returned to sport, and 72% returned at their
      preinjury level.

PMID- 2929839
TI  - Sliding fibular graft repair for chronic dislocation of the peroneal tendons.
AB  - Chronic recurrent subluxation of the peroneal tendons can be a disabling
      condition in the young athlete. Conservative techniques of management, including
      taping, pads, or special shoes, are usually ineffective. Many authors have
      reported favorable results with surgical reconstruction. These repairs fall into
      four categories: periosteal reattachment, groove deepening, tenoplasty
      procedures, and bone block procedures. We are reporting the results of treatment
      of 12 patients with a sliding fibular graft procedure that has not previously
      been reported in the literature. Results were excellent in 11 of the 12
      procedures. One patient with bilateral repairs reported recurrence of symptoms on
      one side and required reexploration.

PMID- 2929841
TI  - Articular mobility in ballet dancers. A follow-up study after four years.
AB  - A follow-up study of ballet dancers was conducted to determine the influence of 4
      years additional training on articular mobility using Beighton's method. The
      score increased in 25 (45.5%) of the 55 dancers reexamined. Acquired forward
      flexion accounted for this increase in 21 (84%) of the 25 dancers. These 21
      dancers had had significantly less training than had the 30 dancers who could
      forward flex when examined initially (P less than 0.0001), showing that forward
      flexion is acquired through training. There were significantly more hypermobile
      individuals among dancers who had continued dancing than among those who had
      stopped (P less than 0.03). However, only 2 (16.7%) of 12 dancers who had
      progressed in their careers were hypermobile. We conclude that 1) most ballet
      dancers are able to forward flex, 2) forward flexion is usually acquired and
      develops after 4 or more years of training, 3) the mobility score may assist in
      predicting who will continue dancing, but that 4) there is no association between
      hypermobility and dancing excellence.

PMID- 2929840
TI  - Early osteophyte formation after chemically induced articular cartilage injury.
AB  - We examined the early changes that follow injection of sodium iodoacetate (IA)
      into the guinea pig knee joint, using Safranin-O (SO) to stain the proteoglycan
      (PG)-rich matrix and the incorporation of Na35 SO4 to determine which cells have
      maintained, lost, or developed the ability to synthesize significant amounts of
      PGs. Within 24 hours following injection of IA, articular chondrocytes exhibited
      a marked loss in ability to synthesize PGs; this inhibition was complete after 2
      weeks. Focal loss of SO staining of the interterritorial matrix was noted after
      24 hours, progressing to a complete loss of staining after 2 weeks. In sharp
      contrast to the degenerative changes in the habitually loaded articular
      cartilage, cells at the chondrosynovial junction began incorporating Na35 SO4 and
      producing a matrix that stained with SO as early as 72 hours following injection.
      With time, this resulted in the development of prominent osteophytic cartilage
      that involved bone remodeling beneath the overlying cartilaginous cap after 3
      weeks.

PMID- 2929842
TI  - An analysis of fitness and time-motion characteristics of handball.
AB  - This study was conducted to determine some fitness parameters of two elite
      handball players, including the current world champion, and also to determine
      some of the time-motion characteristics of the game of hand-ball. The VO2 max
      values of the two players were found to be similar (53.1 and 55.2 ml/kg/min),
      while the world champion was substantially higher on the anaerobic power test and
      in peak ventilation scores. The results of heart rate monitoring of these players
      indicated that the mean game heart rate was dependent on several external
      factors, such as the skill level of each player, the fitness level of each
      player, the length of the rallies, and the player in control of the rally. The
      mean heart rate for the world champion was 149 beats per minute (bpm) during each
      game, while that for the other skilled player was 163.6 bpm, which represented
      80% and 88% of maximum, respectively. The average length of each rally was 9
      seconds, and the mean pause time (between rallies) was 10 seconds, producing a
      work-to-test ratio of approximately 1:1. The ball was found to be in play for an
      average of 47.3% of the total mean game time of 17 minutes. Each player was found
      to take approximately 350 strokes per match, with the world champion, and
      eventually the winner, taking a greater number of serves. Handball training
      should consist of interval training at an intensity of at least 80% of maximum
      heart rate, with a work-to-rest ratio of 1:1 and an emphasis on 10 second
      intervals.

PMID- 2929844
TI  - Measurement of upper extremity torque production and its relationship to throwing
      speed in the competitive athlete.
AB  - This study was conducted to establish whether or not a correlation exists between
      peak torque production of upper extremity (UE) musculature and throwing speed.
      Eleven professional baseball players were tested for upper extremity peak torque
      production using a Cybex II Isokinetic Dynamometer. Throwing speed was measured
      with a radar gun. Results of statistical analysis performed on the data indicate
      a correlation between shoulder adductors and throwing speed.

PMID- 2929843
TI  - Nonoperative treatment of grade II and III sprains of the lateral ligament
      compartment of the knee.
AB  - The purpose of the study was to learn the long-term results of nonoperatively
      treated sprains of the lateral compartment of the knee joint, generally known to
      be relatively rare injuries. A multidimensional follow-up analysis was performed
      on an average 8 years after the injury in 11 patients with Grade II sprains and
      in 12 patients with Grade III sprains, including four standardized knee scoring
      scales for subjective, objective, functional, and radiographic evaluation, as
      well as isokinetic and isometric strength evaluations. The result in Grade II
      sprains of the lateral ligament compartment (LAT) was generally good, although
      residual lateral laxity was common. In Grade III sprains, the results were much
      worse, with a high frequency of persisting severe or gross lateral laxity,
      insufficiency of the ACL, muscle weakness, and posttraumatic osteoarthritis of
      the injured knee. Grade II sprains of the LAT respond successfully to
      nonoperative treatment; in Grade III sprains, however, such treatment cannot be
      recommended as a method of choice.

PMID- 2929845
TI  - Fat pad adhesion to partially torn anterior cruciate ligament: a cause of knee
      locking.
AB  - Isolated damage to the ACL was found on arthroscopic examination of 51 patients
      who had symptomatic knees. There were 47 male and 4 female patients. The average
      age of the patients was 26.5 years, ranging from 13 to 43 years. Twenty-four of
      the patients had isolated partial tears of the ACL, and 27 had isolated complete
      tears. The purpose of this study was to examine the clinical patterns and
      arthroscopic findings in these two groups. On examination, 12 patients were found
      to have locked knees. An additional six patients gave a history of knee locking.
      All 18 of these patients were clinically suspected of having meniscal damage;
      however, only partial and complete ACL tears were found at arthroscopy. Of these
      18 patients who had locking knees, 15 had a partial tear of the ACL and 3 had a
      complete tear. Locking was involved primarily in the group with partial ACL tears
      (15 of 24); only 3 of the 27 patients who had complete tears described locking.
      Of the 12 patients who had locked knees on examination, all were found to have
      fibrosis and adhesions of the fat pad and the synovium adjacent to the ACL stump.
      All 12 of these patients had a partial tear of the ACL. The fibrosis and
      adhesions were histologically documented in 10 of those 12 patients. The three
      patients who had partial ACL tears and histories of locking were not observed to
      have adhesions of synovium to the fat pad, but did have an entrapped remnant of
      ACL between the tibial plateau and femoral condyle.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2929846
TI  - Idiopathic entero-colic lymphocytic phlebitis. A cause of ischemic intestinal
      necrosis.
AB  - Histological examination of the surgical specimens of three patients presenting
      with intestinal ischemic necrosis disclosed extensive lesions of lymphocytic
      phlebitis associated with thrombosis of different ages. Arterioles and arteries
      were not affected. The lymphocytic infiltrate was composed of a mixture of T- and
      B-lymphocytes. None of the patients showed clinical or laboratory evidence of
      systemic vasculitis. Follow-up ranged between 4 months and 5 years. There has
      been no recurrence necessitating reoperation. The etiology of this
      clinicopathological entity has not been elucidated.

PMID- 2929847
TI  - Paneth cell adenoma of the stomach.
AB  - A case of Paneth cell adenoma of the stomach in a 75-year-old woman is reported.
      At histological examination, a tubular adenoma with low-grade (moderate)
      dysplasia was found. The dysplastic cells had distinct coarse cytoplasmic
      granules that stained red with eosin and PAS but were negative with alcian blue
      pH 2.5. The adenoma may have developed from paneth cells present in areas of
      preexisting intestinal metaplasia.

PMID- 2929848
TI  - An analysis of some factors determining the sporozoite rates, human blood
      indexes, and biting rates of members of the Anopheles punctulatus complex in
      Papua New Guinea.
AB  - The degree to which Anopheles punctulatus complex members feed on humans in
      different Papua New Guinea villages has a significant effect on sporozoite rates.
      Among villages, the human blood index (HBI) of the members of the complex varied
      with the average number of persons sharing a bednet. Although dogs are the
      preferred hosts by the 3 malaria vector species, the number of dogs did not
      significantly affect the HBI. The HBI was dependent upon the human-biting rate,
      implying increased avoidance of anophelines by people relative to other hosts at
      times of greater mosquito numbers. Human-biting rates and HBIs were also
      influenced by the distribution of alternative hosts relative to people.

PMID- 2929849
TI  - In vitro activity of antimalarial compounds on the exoerythrocytic stages of
      Plasmodium cynomolgi and P. knowlesi.
AB  - Primary cultures of Macaca mulatta hepatocytes infected with sporozoites of
      Plasmodium knowlesi, P. cynomolgi (Cambodian strain), and P. cynomolgi
      bastianellii were exposed in vitro to 7 antimalarial compounds. The number of
      exoerythrocytic schizonts present after 4-7 days of culture was used to assess
      the activity. With pyrimethamine, proguanil, cycloguanil, primaquine, and 2 of
      its analogues (WR242511 and WR238605), marked inhibition of schizont formation
      could be achieved at concentrations below those causing a cytotoxic effect on the
      host hepatocytes. Chloroquine had only minimal schizonticidal activity at a
      concentration that produced severe hepatocyte toxicity. This simian in vitro
      system provides a reliable model for screening antimalarial compounds and for
      investigating their effects on the hepatic stage of malaria parasites.

PMID- 2929850
TI  - Deciphering western blots of tapeworm antigens (Taenia solium, Echinococcus
      granulosus, and Taenia crassiceps) reacting with sera from neurocysticercosis and
      hydatid disease patients.
AB  - Complex antigen mixtures displayed in Western blots may be immediately and
      quantitatively categorized with respect to specificity and immunogenicity by
      immunoplotting. This involves plotting the frequency with which each antigen band
      reacts with a set of immune sera against the frequency of the same band when
      reacted with another set of immune sera. Immunoplotting has proven to be a
      powerful method of analyzing Western blots of reactions between vesicular fluids
      from the metacestodes of Taenia solium, E. granulosus, and T. crassiceps, and
      sera from human cases of neurocysticercosis and hydatid disease. Immunoplotting
      readily sorts out those antigens useful for discriminative immunodiagnosis from
      the multitude of bands in the sera of sick and healthy people. It aids in
      assessing the antigenic similarity between the human parasites and the murine
      parasite T. crassiceps, validating the latter as an alternative source of
      antigens for immunodiagnosis of cysticercosis and hydatid disease.

PMID- 2929851
TI  - Zoonotic Onchocerca in a Japanese child.
AB  - A female Onchocerca was found in histopathological sections of a nodule removed
      from the foot of a 2-year-old girl in southern Japan. As in previously reported
      cases in Switzerland, Crimea, Canada, and the USA, evident morphological features
      of the worm resembled those of Onchocerca gutturosa and O. cervicalis, which are
      known to exist in cervical ligaments of cattle and horses, respectively, in Japan
      and elsewhere.

PMID- 2929852
TI  - Epidemiology of human anisakiasis: incidence and sources in France.
AB  - A retrospective study on anisakiasis was carried out in France with 32
      laboratories specializing in parasitology. During January 1985-September 1987, 21
      cases of anisakiasis were diagnosed and confirmed by parasitological
      identification or serology. Various fish species were involved. Although
      anisakiasis is not a major public health problem, there is a need for regulation
      in the fish industry and for consumer information.

PMID- 2929853
TI  - Ivermectin for human strongyloidiasis and other intestinal helminths.
AB  - Since ivermectin, a mixture of 2 closely related macrocyclic lactones, has proven
      highly effective against animal intestinal nematodes, trials were undertaken to
      determine its efficacy against human intestinal nematodes. We tested 110 patients
      with strongyloidiasis and 90 with enterobiasis; many had other intercurrent
      intestinal nematode infections. Stool examinations were done before and after
      patients were given a single dose of oral ivermectin capsules (50, 100, 150, or
      200 micrograms/kg body wt); 55 recipients of 100 or 200 micrograms/kg doses
      received a second identical dose the next day. Kato and saline smears, ethyl
      acetate concentration, modified Baermann's technique, and Harada-Mori cultures
      were repeated; cure was defined as complete absence of eggs and/or larvae from
      stools tested 30 days after dosing. Ivermectin was well tolerated. Overall cure
      rates at all doses 30 days after therapy averaged 88% for strongyloidiasis, 100%
      for ascariasis, 85% for trichuriasis, and 85% for enterobiasis. Ancylostoma
      duodenale and Necator americanus were little affected.

PMID- 2929854
TI  - Primary hepatic actinomycosis: a diagnostic problem.
AB  - A fatal case of hepatic actinomycosis in an immuno-compromised host is described.
      Diagnosis was delayed because of the rarity of this disease and because amoebic
      liver abscess, common in the tropics, has a similar presentation.

PMID- 2929855
TI  - Direct nephrotoxicity of Russell's viper venom demonstrated in the isolated
      perfused rat kidney.
AB  - Envenoming by Russell's Viper (Vipera russelli) is an important cause of acute
      renal failure. The mechanism of renal damage is unresolved. It is difficult to
      obtain evidence of a direct nephrotoxic action because of the coincidental
      disturbance to the systemic circulation. We studied the action of Russell's Viper
      venom on the function of the isolated perfused rat kidney. Direct nephrotoxic
      action was indicated by a dose dependent decrease in inulin clearance and an
      increase in fractional excretion of sodium seen at venom concentrations down to
      50 ng/ml, a concentration likely to be achieved in the human circulation after
      envenoming. The isolated perfused kidney was also used to assess the efficiency
      of antivenom and for a comparison with snake venoms from the Thai cobra (Naja
      kauothia) and the Nigerian Saw-Scaled Viper (Echis ocellatus).

PMID- 2929856
TI  - Human depredation by vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus) following a hog cholera
      campaign.
AB  - Hog cholera control efforts in Belize in 1975 included the slaughter of village
      pigs, a primary food source for the vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus). The bats
      then fed on secondary food sources, including humans. In 1 village, 22% of the
      families interviewed were exposed to attacks: 17 children and 2 adults were bit.
      Human depredation was not continuous as Desmodus located other hosts.

PMID- 2929857
TI  - Lympho-cutaneous Kaposi's sarcoma in an African pediatric AIDS case.
AB  - A case of disseminated Kaposi's sarcoma with lymphoid and mucocutaneous
      involvement in an African infant with acquired immune deficiency syndrome is
      reported. The child died within 2 months after recognition.

PMID- 2929858
TI  - Neoplasms of the anus.

PMID- 2929859
TI  - The value of continuous 72-hour peritoneal lavage for peritonitis.
AB  - Studies were performed in 120 rabbits to determine whether 72-hour peritoneal
      lavage is beneficial or harmful in the treatment of peritonitis. Results showed
      that against a high concentration fecal inoculum (90 percent mortality),
      peritoneal lavage containing gentamicin and clindamycin reduced mortality to 10
      to 20 percent (p less than 0.05). Parenteral antibiotics alone and lavage not
      containing antibiotics did not decrease mortality. By contrast, against a low
      fecal inoculum (30 percent mortality), peritoneal lavage containing gentamicin
      and clindamycin did not alter mortality. However, lavage not containing
      antibiotics increased mortality to 70 to 80 percent (p less than 0.05). These
      data demonstrate that continuous peritoneal lavage may be helpful in the
      treatment of peritonitis provided the lavage solution contains antibiotics and
      may be harmful if it does not contain antibiotics.

PMID- 2929860
TI  - Pitfalls in the management of penetrating chest trauma.
AB  - A prospective study designed specifically to analyze errors in management and
      iatrogenic complications was conducted on 234 consecutive patients with
      penetrating chest trauma. Eleven percent of penetrating pleural injuries were
      incorrectly diagnosed on initial physical and radiologic examination, but this
      led to wrong management decisions in only 4 percent. Decisions regarding
      intercostal tube drainage were particularly inaccurate when emergency intubation
      was required prior to chest radiography. Atypical clinical features of
      penetrating cardiac injuries caused delay in diagnosis and thoracotomy in 3 of 14
      patients. Only two of four mediastinal vascular injuries were recognized on
      initial examination. Transdiaphragmatic injuries were initially missed in 5 of 14
      patients. This resulted in management errors and delay in these patients.
      Awareness of atypical presentations and circumstances in which misjudgments and
      wrong decisions are prone to occur should help to avoid pitfalls and reduce
      mortality from penetrating chest trauma.

PMID- 2929861
TI  - Follow-up on flow cytometric DNA analysis of squamous cell carcinoma of the
      tongue.
AB  - Preliminary data from this institution suggested that flow cytometric DNA
      analysis was an objective prognostic indicator in archival localized squamous
      cell carcinoma of the tongue. Technical improvements were made, including
      analysis of tumor, normal tissue, and a combination of the two; standardized
      cursor placement; mathematic determination of tetraploid populations; and
      development of a statistical analysis. A larger number of patients (60) with this
      disease were reviewed. DNA content was related to disease-free survival, local
      recurrence, regional metastasis, and incidence of second primary tumors. There
      was no significant difference between aneuploid and diploid tumors with respect
      to the variables analyzed. We believe these technical improvements will enhance
      flow cytometric DNA analysis of paraffin-embedded tissues. However, in this
      retrospective review of localized squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue, DNA
      analysis was not a valuable prognostic indicator. Only prospective studies will
      address this issue.

PMID- 2929862
TI  - Treatment of pulmonary manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux in children two
      years of age or less.
AB  - Apnea and worsening bronchopulmonary dysplasia as well as recurrent aspiration
      pneumonia have been found to be consequences of gastroesophageal reflux in
      infants and young children. Antireflux procedures are effective in preventing
      gastroesophageal reflux; however, the effect of this operation on the course of
      these respiratory problems in very young patients is not known. We reviewed the
      results in 51 patients 2 years of age or less who underwent an antireflux
      fundoplication for pulmonary problems attributable to severe gastroesophageal
      reflux unresponsive to medical treatment. Twenty-eight patients had recurrent
      episodes of aspiration pneumonia, 14 had nonimproving or worsening
      bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and 9 had unexplained apneic episodes. Seventy-three
      percent of these patients had coexisting congenital anomalies or acquired
      problems. No operative deaths and no major surgical complications occurred. There
      were eight late deaths occurring between 1 and 25 months postoperatively: three
      were due to associated congenital anomalies or acquired problems, three to
      sepsis, and two to sudden infant death syndrome. Of the 43 surviving children, 91
      percent with preoperative recurrent aspiration pneumonia had no additional
      episodes after Nissen procedure. Eighty-eight percent of the infants with
      unexplained apneic episodes showed marked benefit and 83 percent of those with
      bronchopulmonary dysplasia had clinical improvement. There were no late problems
      attributed to the operation even when it was performed in preterm infants.
      Therefore, we recommend fundoplication for patients 2 years of age or less who
      have a persistent pulmonary problem attributed to gastroesophageal reflux that
      does not respond to medical therapy.

PMID- 2929863
TI  - Lymphocyte function in obstructive jaundice.
AB  - Sepsis is a major factor in the high mortality and morbidity after surgery for
      obstructive jaundice. Several studies have suggested that reticuloendothelial
      function is depressed, but changes in lymphocyte function are poorly understood.
      A model of obstructive jaundice has been produced by chronic common bile duct
      ligation in eight dogs. In vitro lymphocyte studies were performed both at 2 and
      3 weeks duration of jaundice and compared with simultaneous healthy control
      subjects. Icteric animals showed no abnormality of natural killer cell function.
      Relative numbers of T and B lymphocytes and their subsets were unchanged. T
      lymphocyte responses to three mitogens were not significantly reduced in
      jaundiced animals. Serum immunoglobulin levels were unchanged compared to those
      before surgery apart from a significant rise in immunoglobulin A. No evidence of
      circulating immunosuppressive factors was found by mitogen testing on normal
      lymphocytes in the presence of pooled serum from jaundiced animals, normal serum,
      or normal serum with added bilirubin. Our study does not suggest that impairment
      of lymphocyte function contributes significantly to the dangers of sepsis in
      obstructive jaundice.

PMID- 2929865
TI  - Results of vascular surgery in younger versus older patients.
AB  - We reviewed the results of reconstructive surgery at the aortoiliac and
      femoropopliteal levels in two age groups. Although patency rates were similar,
      when failure occurred, the amputation rate in the group under age 50 was almost
      three times that in the group over age 60. Practical application can be made in
      the preoperative preparation of the younger patient presenting with lower limb
      occlusive disease. More research of arteriosclerosis in the young is needed.

PMID- 2929864
TI  - Altered pharmacokinetics of antibiotics during vascular surgery.
AB  - Prophylactic antibiotics significantly decrease the incidence of infection in
      various surgical procedures. Although antibiotics must be administered
      preoperatively to be effective, it is unknown whether therapeutic concentrations
      are necessary throughout the operation to prevent infection. Furthermore, the
      pharmacokinetics of antibiotics during surgical procedures is not well
      understood. Several factors, including blood loss, fluid redistribution, and
      changes in renal blood flow may alter the pharmacokinetic disposition of the
      antibiotic. In a controlled investigation of intraoperative antibiotic
      pharmacokinetics, cefamandole was studied in eight patients undergoing elective
      surgery of the abdominal aorta and peripheral vasculature. Both elimination half
      life (67 +/- 19 minutes versus 93 +/- 23 minutes) and the volume of distribution
      (16.8 +/- 5.3 liters versus 25.2 +/- 11.9 liters) increased when compared with
      the preoperative state. The increased volume may be due, in part, to
      redistribution of fluid. Plasma concentrations of antibiotic were low at the time
      of graft placement in those patients with normal renal function. Additional
      antibiotic dosing may be warranted prior to prosthesis insertion in these
      patients.

PMID- 2929866
TI  - Perforated typhoid enteritis: operative experience with 108 cases.
AB  - A retrospective review of 108 consecutive patients with perforated typhoid
      enteritis managed operatively over a 4-year period at Baptist Medical Centre,
      Ogbomoso, Nigeria is presented. There were 75 males and 33 females with an
      average age of 19.7 years. Presenting symptoms were fever, abdominal pain,
      vomiting, and either diarrhea or constipation. One hundred patients (93 percent)
      underwent debridement of the perforation and two-layer bowel closure.
      Postoperative morbidity included intraabdominal abscess, wound dehiscence, and
      subsequent bowel perforation. Most of the 35 deaths (32 percent mortality) were
      attributed to overwhelming sepsis which progressed despite aggressive operative
      management and antibiotic administration. The key to improved survival in this
      deadly disease lies not in a better operation or improved perioperative care but
      in the prevention of typhoid fever by providing safe drinking water and improved
      sanitation methods for all of the global community.

PMID- 2929867
TI  - Results of urgent appendectomy for right lower quadrant tenderness.
AB  - The outcome was examined for 196 cases of urgent appendectomy in patients with
      abdominal pain and right lower quadrant tenderness and signs of peritoneal
      irritation. Appendicitis was found in 94 percent, and there was a 6 percent
      negative appendectomy rate. There were no complications among the patients with
      normal appendixes. Complications among cases of appendicitis compared favorably
      with other published series.

PMID- 2929868
TI  - Carotid endarterectomy for high plaques.
AB  - Seventeen instances of high plaque (plaque extending up to the level of the
      second cervical vertebra) were encountered out of a total of 454 carotid
      endarterectomies (3.7 percent). With careful dissection and knowledge of anatomy
      superior to hypoglossal nerve, carotid endarterectomy was accomplished without
      resorting to mandibular subluxation or dislocation. There was no operative
      mortality or perioperative strokes. One patient had perioperative myocardial
      infarction and another sustained temporary glossopharyngeal nerve dysfunction.
      High carotid plaques were more common in male patients with bilateral stenoses or
      contralateral internal carotid occlusion and could be suspected by findings of
      preoperative carotid arteriography in some instances. In the majority of cases,
      extension of high plaque in a tongue-shaped manner on the posterior wall of the
      internal carotid artery was an unexpected finding at the time of carotid
      endarterectomy.

PMID- 2929869
TI  - Axillary dissection: use of a mechanical retractor.
AB  - Operative axillary exposure can be conveniently maintained by means of a table
      based retractor which serves to displace the pectoral muscles medially. The
      shoulder is abducted and the arm hung from the horizontal cross bar of the
      device. By means of this method, complete axillary clearance can be accomplished
      with less assistance and improved visibility for the participants.

PMID- 2929870
TI  - The Roux-Y technic and syndrome.

PMID- 2929871
TI  - Correlation of otosclerotic foci and degenerative changes in the organ of Corti
      and spiral ganglion.
AB  - Statistical analyses of histopathologic findings in the cochlea and spiral
      ganglion of 37 temporal bones with otosclerosis, 12 controls of similar age, and
      seven controls with normal hearing were performed. In temporal bones with
      otosclerosis there was significant atrophy of the spiral ligament and stria
      vascularis in regions with endosteal involvement by otosclerosis, compared with
      regions without endosteal involvement (P less than .0001). There was more
      generalized atrophy of the stria vascularis in cochleae with two or more sites of
      endosteal involvement by otosclerosis than in cochleae with only one site of
      endosteal involvement (P less than .02), cochleae in temporal bones with
      otosclerosis but without endosteal involvement (P less than .05), or cochleae of
      controls of similar age (P less than .007). In addition, there was more atrophy
      of the spiral ligament in cochleae with two or more sites of endosteal
      involvement than in cochleae of similar age from the control group (P less than
      .03). In temporal bones with otosclerosis, there was no significant difference in
      counts of outer hair cells and density of spiral ganglion cells between regions
      demonstrating endosteal involvement by otosclerosis and regions without such
      involvement. However, total outer hair cell counts were lower in cochleae with
      two or more sites of endosteal involvement of otosclerosis than in cochleae with
      one site of endosteal involvement (P less than .04), cochleae in temporal bones
      with otosclerosis but without endosteal involvement (P less than .02), or
      cochleae from individuals of similar age but without otosclerosis (P = .05).
      Comparison of the mean bone conduction threshold, as measured in life, in
      temporal bones with otosclerosis compared with the air conduction threshold in
      aged-matched controls, demonstrated that only cochleae with two or more sites of
      endosteal involvement had a mild but statistically significant (P = .05) decrease
      in hearing. There was no evidence to support the concept that otosclerotic foci
      without stapedial fixation frequently cause significant degeneration of the
      cochlea or elevation of bone conduction thresholds.

PMID- 2929872
TI  - Quantitative evaluation of sensorineural structures following stapes surgery.
AB  - Sensorineural hearing loss may occur following stapes surgery. The reason for
      this remains unclear in spite of experimental studies in animals and postmortem
      temporal bone evaluations in humans. In this study, we quantitatively evaluated
      the sensorineural elements of six human temporal bones after stapes surgery.
      Outer hair cell loss in the upper basal turn was present in two cases. This
      lesion has not previously been described in human temporal bones after stapes
      surgery. In temporal bones with preoperative sensorineural hearing loss, evidence
      of presbycusis was also present. The importance of quantification in evaluating
      these structures must be stressed.

PMID- 2929874
TI  - The immunopathology of olfactory nerve injury and hemorrhage in gerbils.
AB  - Patients with head injury may experience olfactory dysfunction. Unfortunately,
      little is known about changes in the olfactory neuroepithelium caused by
      intracranial olfactory nerve injury and hemorrhage. We performed olfactory nerve
      section or bulbectomy in 53 Mongolian gerbils and subjected the olfactory
      neuroepithelium to immunohistochemical analysis. A decrease or disappearance of
      the antiserum to an olfactory marker protein containing olfactory receptor
      neurons was evident in the sectioned group. Degeneration of the olfactory
      neuroepithelium contralateral to olfactory nerve injury was also noted in animals
      with perineural hemorrhage. These findings suggest that olfactory dysfunction may
      occur not only with nerve injury but also secondary to intracranial hemorrhage.

PMID- 2929873
TI  - Real time multivariable laser Doppler analysis of arterial and venous compromise.
AB  - Laser Doppler perfusion monitoring was used to assess microcirculatory blood
      flow, volume, and velocity before and after total arterial or total venous
      occlusion in 18 buttock island flaps. Critical analysis of these three laser
      Doppler perfusion values was found to be useful in differentiating adequately
      perfused skin from inadequately perfused skin, as well as in distinguishing
      arterial from venous compromise. Multivariable laser Doppler analysis
      demonstrated that arterial occlusion produced a more rapid and greater percentage
      decrease in flow and volume values than did venous occlusion. Arterial occlusion
      produced an insignificant percentage change in velocity values, whereas venous
      occlusion produced a substantial percentage decrease in velocity values. The
      substantial intrasubject and intersubject variability in absolute laser Doppler
      perfusion values suggests that normalized or percentage change values are more
      revealing than absolute values, although they require the acquisition of reliable
      baseline data.

PMID- 2929875
TI  - Early reexploration of the parotid wound following parotidectomy.
AB  - Our experience with reexploration of the parotid wound following parotid gland
      surgery is presented. There is scant information in the literature to guide the
      head and neck surgeon in deciding when, and indeed whether, he can safely
      reexplore the parotid wound following parotidectomy for the removal of residual
      disease or for determination of neural integrity. The authors treated six
      patients at Stanford University (Stanford, CA), all of whom underwent
      reexploration of the parotid wound. Four patients were reexplored to remove
      residual disease, and two patients were reexplored to evaluate the integrity of
      the facial nerve after evidence of neural degeneration. Reexploration was
      undertaken from seven to 23 days after the primary surgical procedure. In all
      cases, no difficulty was encountered in identification and repair of the facial
      nerve or removal of residual disease. Five of these patients have fully recovered
      facial nerve function; one is awaiting recovery after a facial nerve grafting
      procedure. We recommend early reexploration of the parotid wound following
      parotidectomy for the removal of residual disease and to assess the integrity of
      the facial nerve in instances of neural degeneration. Reexploration may be easily
      and safely accomplished within 3 weeks of initial surgery without significant
      risk of further neural damage.

PMID- 2929876
TI  - The transformation of laryngeal keratosis into invasive carcinoma.
AB  - Although 93.0% to 97.0% of all laryngeal carcinomas are diagnosed on the first
      biopsy, 3.0% to 6.7% of them occur in patients who have what is initially
      diagnosed as "laryngeal keratosis." To study this phenomenon, we examined data
      from 1,019 patients with laryngeal keratosis seen between 1962 and 1981. Eleven
      patients with keratosis and initially undetected cancer at different laryngeal
      sites were excluded, as were 87 outside referrals for whom no records were
      available beyond the histologic report. The remaining 921 patients were
      classified on the basis of the initial histologic findings into groups comprising
      604 patients with keratosis without atypia (group 1), 204 patients with mild
      atypia (group 2), 23 patients with moderate atypia (group 3), and 90 patients
      with severe atypia (group 4). All 921 were followed for from 5 to 25 years.
      Invasive carcinoma of the larynx developed in 18 patients from group 1 (3.0%), 15
      from group 2 (7.4%), four from group 3 (17.4%), and 25 from group 4 (27.8%).
      Fifty-seven patients (91.9%) developed invasive carcinoma after less than 10
      years but only five (8.1%) did so after 10 years or more.

PMID- 2929877
TI  - Free gastroomental flap for head and neck reconstruction: assessment in an animal
      model.
AB  - This study was performed to evaluate the free gastroomental flap for the
      reconstruction of mucosal and soft tissue defects after ablative surgery for head
      and neck cancer. Its use in a dog model was assessed in terms of the feasability
      of the surgical technique, acid secretion by the gastric mucosa, changes in the
      cell population of the graft, and the possibility that the omentum may augment
      lymphatic drainage after cervical node dissection. Gastroomental flaps were
      harvested, based on the gastroepiploic artery, and transplanted to the neck in
      ten dogs. Neck dissection and creation of a defect in the floor of the mouth were
      followed by microvascular anastamosis of the gastroepiploic vessels to suitable
      recipient vessels in the neck. Following this, the flap was sutured into place,
      reconstructing the defect in the floor of the mouth. The omentum was draped over
      the carotid artery and into the upper mediastinum. Intraoral pH remained stable
      during a 6-month follow-up period and there was no stomatitis noted. Radionuclide
      images suggested that the omental lymphatics contributed to regional lymphatic
      drainage. Histologic examination following sacrifice at 6 months showed atrophy
      of gastric glands but no epithelial metaplasia. We conclude that the free
      gastroomental flap is feasible, provides immediate restoration of soft tissue
      bulk, supplies a mucosal surface that adapts to the oral environment, and may
      augment regional lymphatic drainage.

PMID- 2929878
TI  - The surgical approach to the endolymphatic sac and the cochlear aqueduct in the
      guinea pig.
AB  - The endolymphatic sac and cochlear aqueduct are primary passages of the
      endolymphatic and perilymphatic fluid compartments in the labyrinth. Closure of
      the endolymphatic sac and duct in the guinea pig will result in the development
      of endolymphatic hydrops. Although obstruction of the cochlear aqueduct in this
      species does not seem to result in any dysfunction, this structure may serve in
      the dynamics of inner ear fluid physiology. The anatomy of the guinea pig
      temporal bone is described with special emphasis on the endolymphatic sac and
      cochlear aqueduct. Surgical techniques to gain access to these structures through
      both a middle and posterior cranial fossa approach are described.

PMID- 2929879
TI  - Free tissue transfer in head and neck reconstruction.
AB  - With continuing advances in microsurgery, the importance of free flap transfers
      in reconstruction has increased in every branch of surgery. Several free flaps
      (both simple and compound) will be described. The transfer of a bulk of tissue by
      microvascular tissue transfer is a reliable and proven method of reconstruction.
      The objective for microvascular surgery is to develop techniques of tissue
      transfer that restore function and improve appearance. There is no greater
      challenge than reconstructive surgery of the head and neck.

PMID- 2929880
TI  - Functional architecture of the nasopharyngeal tonsil.
AB  - The exact architecture of the normal nasopharyngeal tonsil remains obscure
      because most histopathologic investigations have been based on surgically removed
      adenoids. We compared enlarged adenoids and normal nasopharyngeal tonsils under
      both light and electron microscopes. The marked features of clinically enlarged
      adenoids were a large extension of the reticular epithelium and increased
      germinal centers. A tendency toward increased stratified squamous epithelium and
      decreased ciliated epithelium was apparent in enlarged adenoids, possibly due to
      inflammatory conditions. One type of nonciliated cell seemed to transport foreign
      material into underlying lymphocytes, as do the M cells of gut-associated
      lymphoid tissue. This type of nonciliated cell was rarely found in the extended
      reticular epithelium of enlarged adenoids. These findings suggest a disturbance
      of the antigen-trapping system and surface protections in adenoidal enlargement.

PMID- 2929881
TI  - Effects of middle ear effusion on neutrophil function.
AB  - The neutrophil chemotactic activity of middle ear effusions (MEE) was measured in
      patients with pediatric chronic, adult chronic, and acute otitis media with
      effusion (OME). Chemotactic activity differed significantly among the three
      groups of otitis media in the following order: adult chronic less than pediatric
      chronic less than acute. Culture-positive effusions had higher chemotactic
      activity than did those that tested culture negative, suggesting that bacterial
      infection is related to neutrophil chemotactic activity. The chemotactic function
      of normal peripheral neutrophils was not enhanced by preincubation with MEE, but
      their bactericidal function was enhanced. In conclusion, bacterial infection in
      the middle ear is one of the major determining factors of neutrophil infiltration
      during OME, and MEE enhances the bactericidal function of neutrophils.

PMID- 2929882
TI  - Specific immune response of the adenoids to a respiratory antigen.
AB  - The specific antibody response of the adenoids to a respiratory antigen was
      investigated, both in vitro and in vivo. The in vitro immunoglobulin (Ig)
      production of adenoidal and tonsillar lymphocytes in the same patient in 18 cases
      was measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Adenoidal lymphocytes
      produced more IgM than IgG or IgA under culture conditions without any mitogens,
      whereas IgG was the major Ig produced by tonsillar lymphocytes. The same results
      were obtained when cultured with pokeweed mitogen. Under culture conditions with
      Dermatophagoides farinae (mite) antigen, adenoidal lymphocytes produced only
      specific IgM class antibody, and at a level significantly greater than tonsillar
      lymphocytes. Through an in vivo study, we established experimental adenoidal
      tissue in the guinea pig by long-term exposure to an ovalbumin aerosol.
      Infiltration of cells producing the specific antibody against an ovalbumin was
      demonstrated in the epipharyngeal mucosa using immunofluorescent staining. Our
      results confirm that the adenoids play a role in specific immune responses to
      respiratory antigens.

PMID- 2929883
TI  - Respiratory disturbance during sleep due to adenoid-tonsillar hypertrophy.
AB  - The pathophysiologic results of respiratory disturbances caused by adenoid
      tonsillar hypertrophy are reported. In each case, we monitored intraesophageal
      pressure to accurately assess respiratory effort, and recorded a sleep diary to
      detect disorganized sleep habits and disturbed sleeping-waking rhythms. We
      noticed that great respiratory effort existed not only during light sleep, but
      was also continuously observed during deep sleep despite the total disappearance
      of obstructive apneas. Furthermore, upper airway obstruction caused by adenoid
      tonsillar hypertrophy and hypoxemia during sleep in the rapid eye movement stage
      were found to be closely related to the sudden infant death syndrome. A sleep
      diary recording sleep habits and regularity of night sleep seems to provide
      reliable indicators for the determination of surgical intervention.

PMID- 2929884
TI  - Chemosensitivity of squamous cell carcinoma grown in implantable chambers.
AB  - This study was motivated by the need to develop new methods to predict tumor
      response to chemotherapeutic agents. Using implantable cell-growth chambers,
      squamous carcinoma cells from head and neck tumors were xenografted into the
      peritoneal cavity of immunocompetent rats. Animals were divided into control and
      treatment groups. The treatment groups received intravenous cisplatin (CDDP) or 5
      fluorouracil (5-FU) v normal saline solution for the control. Animals from each
      group were randomly selected and killed on days 3, 5, and 7 postimplantation. The
      chambers were retrieved, the media aspirated, and cells counted. Exponential
      growth curves were derived for the control and treatment groups. Statistically
      significant growth inhibition was observed for both treatment arms, compared with
      controls. This method of chemosensitivity testing proved to be inexpensive and
      reliable, and demonstrated tumor cell killing by 5-FU and CDDP.

PMID- 2929885
TI  - Plasma-mediated excimer laser ablation of bone: a potential microsurgical tool.
AB  - A pulsed ultraviolet excimer laser was used to ablate bone in vitro at 193, 248,
      308, and 351 nm and in vivo at 193 nm. Ablation was dependent on sufficient
      fluence (energy delivered per unit area per pulse) for plasma formation at the
      target site at all wavelengths. Adjacent tissue damage at various fluences for
      each wavelength was examined using a light microscope. Damage was minimal at 193
      nm (1 to 3 microns) and most extensive at 351 nm (60 to 75 microns). This is in
      sharp contrast to the 1 to 3 mm of adjacent thermal damage produced when carbon
      dioxide lasers are used to ablate bone. Differences in the degree and type of
      damage to adjacent tissues among the wavelengths studied indicated that other
      ablation mechanisms and tissue interactions are involved in addition to simple
      plasma vaporization of bone. Bleeding during and after ablation demonstrated that
      the use of this laser does not cause thermal damage, which would cauterize
      adjacent vessels. Pre- and post-mortem lesions made at identical power and pulse
      settings were of equal depth, indicating that bleeding does not affect the
      ablation rate. The excimer laser has potential as a microsurgical instrument for
      the precise removal of bone with minimal damage to adjacent structures.

PMID- 2929887
TI  - Classification systems for describing nursing practice. Working papers.

PMID- 2929886
TI  - Earn what you're worth: a nurse's guide to better compensation.

PMID- 2929888
TI  - Developments in nursing classification. Nursing diagnosis.

PMID- 2929889
TI  - Classifying human responses in psychiatric-mental health nursing.

PMID- 2929890
TI  - Developments in nursing classification. Interventions.

PMID- 2929891
TI  - Classification of outcome measures in nursing care.

PMID- 2929892
TI  - Historical perspective and ANA policies.

PMID- 2929894
TI  - Major classification systems in health care and their use.
AB  - The systems discussed above are the most commonly used, though a brief check with
      any medical records department will reveal many more available. Any nurse
      attempting to retrieve records for any purpose will have had to give instructions
      translatable into whatever system is in use in the institution. Anyone wishing to
      add to or replace a coding system in use will have to demonstrate both the need
      for and efficacy of the changes.

PMID- 2929893
TI  - Developments in nursing classification. Omaha system.

PMID- 2929896
TI  - An introduction to the science and art of taxonomy.

PMID- 2929895
TI  - The Nursing Minimum Data Set and its relationship to classifications for nursing
      practice.

PMID- 2929897
TI  - The clinical nurse specialist: a catalyst in the nursing diagnosis evolution.

PMID- 2929898
TI  - Challenge to the profession.

PMID- 2929899
TI  - Anaesthetists, lawyers and the public.

PMID- 2929900
TI  - Variables of patient-controlled analgesia. 2. Concurrent infusion.
AB  - The effectiveness of morphine after surgery by patient-controlled analgesia alone
      or with a concurrent infusion was studied. The infusion did not reduce the dose
      of self-administered analgesic and patients treated in this way received twice as
      much drug as those who used patient-controlled analgesia alone. Pain control was
      similar in both groups. The practice of patient-controlled analgesia plus
      infusion requires critical review.

PMID- 2929901
TI  - Intravenous regional anaesthesia of the arm. Effect of the technique of
      exsanguination on the quality of anaesthesia and prilocaine plasma
      concentrations.
AB  - The effects of different techniques of exsanguination of the upper arm during
      intravenous regional anaesthesia on prilocaine plasma concentrations, quality of
      anaesthesia, toxic symptoms after deflation of the tourniquet and injection
      pressure of the anaesthetic were studied in 10 healthy male volunteers. The
      nondominant arm was exsanguinated using either Esmarch's bandage or elevation of
      the arm for 2 minutes plus arterial occlusion by compression of the brachial
      artery. The injection pressure after the prilocaine dose (3 mg/kg) was
      significantly higher in the elevation group (maximally 98 mmHg). There were no
      statistically significant differences in the onset of, or recovery from,
      anaesthesia between the groups. Various mild toxic symptoms were experienced in
      the central nervous system after deflation of the tourniquet. However, there was
      no correlation between the two techniques and the degree of severity of the toxic
      symptoms. The highest single venous plasma concentration (total) of prilocaine
      was 2.3 micrograms/ml measured from the contralateral cubital vein (elevation
      group, 2 minutes). The differences in prilocaine concentrations between the
      groups were not statistically significant.

PMID- 2929902
TI  - The influence of patient characteristics on the requirements for postoperative
      analgesia. A reassessment using patient-controlled analgesia.
AB  - The requirements for analgesia after upper abdominal surgery were evaluated in
      100 patients who received morphine by way of a patient-controlled analgesia
      system. Hourly and cumulative 24-hour requirements were analysed for possible
      correlations with patient characteristics and for the patterns of consumption
      throughout the 24-hour study period. The level of pain relief was assessed by
      linear analogue pain scores at 4-6 hours and 24 hours. Male patients (n = 46)
      required significantly more morphine than female patients (n = 54) to achieve
      similar levels of pain relief (p less than 0.05). There was an inverse
      correlation between age and morphine consumption in both males and females (r = 
      0.684, p less than 0.00005 and r = -0.502, p less than 0.00005 respectively). No
      correlation was found between morphine consumption and patient weight. The
      pattern of hourly morphine consumption appeared to follow a diurnal rhythm, with
      peak times of demand at 0900 and 2000 hours. The variations in requirements for
      analgesia among patients and with time of day should be taken into account when a
      regimen for postoperative analgesia is prescribed.

PMID- 2929903
TI  - Efficacy of lignocaine in the suppression of the intra-ocular pressure response
      to suxamethonium and tracheal intubation.
AB  - The effect of lignocaine pretreatment on the intra-ocular pressure response to
      suxamethonium and tracheal intubation was studied in 80 adult patients, divided
      randomly into four groups of 20 each. These groups received respectively normal
      saline (10 ml), lignocaine 1 mg/kg, 1.5 mg/kg and 2 mg/kg as pretreatment, in a
      double blind manner, one minute before anaesthetic induction with thiopentone and
      suxamethonium 1.5 mg/kg. Lignocaine pretreatment caused a significant decrease in
      intra-ocular pressure. Suxamethonium caused a significant increase, but
      lignocaine pretreatment in doses of 1.5 mg/kg and 2 mg/kg effectively kept the
      postsuxamethonium pressure below control values. Tracheal intubation further
      aggravated the postsuxamethonium increase in intra-ocular pressure. Lignocaine,
      in doses of 1.5 mg/g and 2 mg/kg also effectively kept the postintubation
      pressure values below control levels. Lignocaine, in dose of 1 mg/kg, only
      partially attenuated the postsuxamethonium and postintubation increase in intra
      ocular pressure. In conclusion, lignocaine pretreatment, in a dose of 1.5 mg/kg,
      offers protection against suxamethonium- and tracheal-intubation initiated
      increases in intra-ocular pressure, without causing any significant decrease in
      arterial pressure.

PMID- 2929904
TI  - Acute thyroid crisis on induction of anaesthesia.
AB  - Thyroid crisis on induction of anaesthesia was treated with dantrolene, because
      of a mistaken diagnosis of malignant hyperthermia. There was immediate
      improvement after dantrolene with reduction in muscle rigidity, mental confusion
      and pyrexia. High circulating T4 has an effect on calcium flux across the
      sarcoplasmic reticulum and dantrolene may inhibit this pathological mechanism. We
      suggest the same dosage regimen as is used in the treatment of malignant
      hyperthermia.

PMID- 2929905
TI  - Open-heart surgery in a patient with a high oxygen affinity haemoglobin variant.
AB  - A man in heart failure with a high oxygen affinity haemoglobin variant (Hb
      Rainier) underwent a mitral commissurotomy with the aid of cardiopulmonary
      bypass. Pre-operatively, a total blood exchange transfusion was carried out to
      prevent potential hypoxic and thrombo-embolic complications. No complications
      occurred in the postoperative period.

PMID- 2929906
TI  - Comparison of continuous spinal and continuous epidural anaesthesia for lower
      limb surgery in elderly patients. A retrospective study.
AB  - This retrospective study compared continuous spinal anaesthesia with continuous
      epidural anaesthesia for lower limb orthopaedic surgery in the elderly. The
      anaesthetic records of 457 patients who received continuous spinal anaesthesia
      and 274 who received continuous epidural anaesthesia over a 5-year period were
      analysed. The patients who had continuous spinal anaesthesia were at a higher
      anaesthetic risk (ASA 3-4, 76% as compared with 37%, p less than 0.001), but the
      incidence of failures was significantly lower (1.7%, as compared with 9%, p less
      than 0.001) and fewer patients showed a decrease in mean arterial pressure of
      more than 30% (44%, as compared with 65%, p less than 0.001) and (or) received
      vasopressors (65%, as compared with 77%, p less than 0.01). Our data show
      continuous spinal anaesthesia to be more reliable and to provide better
      cardiovascular stability.

PMID- 2929907
TI  - Anaesthesia and the law. Two cases of oesophageal intubation.

PMID- 2929908
TI  - Low-dose heparin therapy and spinal anaesthesia.

PMID- 2929909
TI  - Induction agent for electroconvulsive therapy.

PMID- 2929910
TI  - Anaesthesia and thalidomide-related abnormalities.

PMID- 2929912
TI  - Teaching laryngoscopy.

PMID- 2929911
TI  - Variables of patient-controlled analgesia. 1. Bolus size.
AB  - The efficacy of a range of demand doses of morphine for patient-controlled
      analgesia was studied. Patients who self-administered the smallest dose (0.5 mg)
      were frequently unable to achieve good pain control; patients who received the
      largest dose (2 mg) had a high incidence of ventilatory depression. A dose of 1
      mg was the best increment under the conditions of this study but the relationship
      between increment and lockout interval requires consideration.

PMID- 2929913
TI  - The use of morphine in the intensive care unit.

PMID- 2929915
TI  - The nasocardiac reflex.

PMID- 2929914
TI  - Bilateral pneumothoraces after removal of a thyroglossal cyst.

PMID- 2929917
TI  - Subarachnoid spread of epidural local anaesthetic following dural puncture.

PMID- 2929916
TI  - Paralytic ileus during ketamine infusion.

PMID- 2929918
TI  - Inadvertent epidural midazolam and fentanyl.

PMID- 2929919
TI  - Multiple anaesthetics for a malignant hyperthermia susceptible patient.

PMID- 2929920
TI  - Perioperative dreaming in children.

PMID- 2929921
TI  - Epidermolysis bullosa and porphyria.

PMID- 2929922
TI  - Anaesthesia for carbon dioxide laser laryngeal surgery in infants.

PMID- 2929923
TI  - Detection of oesophageal intubation: the cola complication.

PMID- 2929924
TI  - Breathing bag refilling.

PMID- 2929925
TI  - Uncomplicated accidental early tourniquet deflation during intravenous regional
      anaesthesia with prilocaine.

PMID- 2929926
TI  - Facemask hazard.

PMID- 2929927
TI  - Occasional paediatric resuscitation: misuse of equipment.

PMID- 2929928
TI  - Postoperative absorption of controlled-release morphine sulphate. A study in
      patients given no parenteral opioids.
AB  - The absorption of morphine sulphate in a controlled-release formulation was
      studied in 12 patients who had undergone unilateral inguinal hernia repair under
      a light general anaesthetic and ilio-inguinal block. Serum morphine
      concentrations were measured serially and gastric emptying was assessed by
      measurement of paracetamol absorption. Three patients had delayed gastric
      emptying and impaired morphine absorption in the immediate postoperative period.
      Four hours later, there was a significant reduction in gastric emptying in eight
      patients who had normal paracetamol and morphine absorption in the immediate
      postoperative period.

PMID- 2929929
TI  - Instability of the tracheal tube in neonates. A postmortem study.
AB  - A postmortem study of the degree of displacement of the tracheal tube was
      performed on 13 neonates of varying birthweights. There was significant movement
      of the tube on flexion and extension of the neck, and on opening the infant's
      mouth. Our findings lend support to certain techniques of tracheal tube
      placement; the ultimate aim is to position it accurately.

PMID- 2929930
TI  - The oculo-emetic reflex. A rationalisation of postophthalmic anaesthesia
      vomiting.
AB  - Data related to the incidence of postoperative vomiting were collected during
      prospective studies on 607 ophthalmic surgical patients of all ages who underwent
      halothane anaesthesia with spontaneous ventilation. Analysis of data in respect
      of age, sex and surgical site variables, and time of onset of vomiting,
      identified a female sex-related vomiting incidence of about 13% and a squint
      related vomiting incidence of about 41%; no relationship between age and vomiting
      was identified. The analyses showed that squint surgery predisposed particularly
      to emesis, and was associated with a high incidence of both early and delayed
      vomiting. It is suggested that the apparent absence of an age-vomiting
      relationship in ocular, and especially squint, surgery, and the high incidence of
      vomiting, particularly the early vomiting associated only with squint surgery,
      provide clinical evidence for the existence of an oculo-emetic reflex. Our
      observations show that intra- and postoperative surgical stimulation of this
      oculo-emetic reflex is reflected in the incidences of vomiting after ocular
      surgery.

PMID- 2929932
TI  - Anaphylaxis due to suxamethonium in a 7-year-old child: a 14-year follow-up with
      allergy testing.
AB  - In 1973 a 7-year-old girl had anaphylactic reactions after two general
      anaesthetics. In-vitro testing with the leucocyte challenge histamine release
      test showed a strong response to suxamethonium, and other tests indirectly
      suggested an allergic mechanism. The conclusion was that this was an allergy to
      suxamethonium. Further blood was sent for testing against a range of
      neuromuscular blockers, but the patient was 'lost' until she re-appeared 14 years
      later as an antenatal patient. In-vitro testing was repeated against
      suxamethonium and all the available neuromuscular blockers after delivery. The
      radio-allergosorbent test for allergen-specific IgE antibodies was performed on
      newly collected serum and that which had been stored for 13-14 years. Skin
      testing was also performed. The results remain positive and suggest a degree of
      allergy to all the neuromuscular blockers with the possible exception of
      vecuronium. The radio-allergosorbent test was negative in the patient's baby.

PMID- 2929931
TI  - A new method of analgesia for relief of circumcision pain.
AB  - A prospective, randomised, double-blind study was designed to determine whether
      topical application of 2% lignocaine is effective in decreasing analgesic drug
      requirements during and after circumcision surgery. General anaesthesia with
      halothane and nitrous oxide 60-70% in oxygen was administered via a facemask and
      a Bain system. Administration of halothane was stopped after removal of the
      foreskin; lignocaine (2%) or placebo was applied topically as drops to the
      surface of the penis to two groups of patients. Halothane was restarted if the
      anaesthesia was ineffective. The intra-operative consumption of halothane was
      significantly less (p less than 0.05) in the treated group as compared with the
      placebo group (0 and 17, SEM 3, % x minute). The treated group required
      significantly less (p less than 0.002) pethidine after operation (5 and 10
      patients), and the pain-free period was significantly longer (p less than 0.01)
      (41, SEM 6 and 6, SEM 2 minutes) as compared with the placebo group.

PMID- 2929933
TI  - Major thoracic surgery during active tetanus.
AB  - This report describes the anaesthetic and intensive care management of a patient
      who had a thoracotomy during active tetanus. The dilemmas which faced the
      clinicians involved with the case are discussed.

PMID- 2929934
TI  - Angiotensin II in the management of excision of phaeochromocytoma.
AB  - The management of a patient with an unusual combination of anaesthetic problems,
      namely phaeochromocytoma and difficult intubation is described. Angiotensin II is
      discussed in the management of hypotension after excision of the tumour.

PMID- 2929935
TI  - Epidural anaesthesia for bilateral inguinal herniorrhaphy in Eisenmenger's
      syndrome.
AB  - The successful management of a patient with Eisenmenger's syndrome undergoing
      bilateral herniorrhaphy is described, and some of the anaesthetic problems
      associated with this condition are considered. The case is reported because
      epidural anaesthesia is performed rarely in these patients. The use of
      subcutaneous heparin, the level of monitoring required, and the value of pulse
      oximetry are also discussed.

PMID- 2929937
TI  - Paediatric anaesthesia in a district general hospital.
AB  - Over 4000 general anaesthetics were administered during 1987 to children under
      the age of 13 years in the Norwich Health District. We have reviewed the 2938
      anaesthetics performed in the Norfolk and Norwich Hospital. Five hundred and
      fifty-eight (19%) were undertaken in children aged less than 3 years; 24 of these
      were neonates. The implications of this workload are discussed, with reference to
      the more appropriate use of consultants with previous paediatric anaesthetic
      training, the training of junior staff and the policy for transfer of patients to
      specialised centres.

PMID- 2929936
TI  - The tumour lysis syndrome. Intensive care aspects of paediatric oncology.
AB  - Tumour lysis syndrome occurs when chemotherapy is started in children who present
      advanced lymphomas and leukaemias. Rapid cell lysis causes life-threatening
      metabolic derangements because of the release of intracellular potassium,
      phosphate and uric acid. An alkaline diuresis is commonly established before the
      start of chemotherapy to minimise uric acid and phosphate deposition within the
      kidney. Two cases are described where intravenous fluid loading resulted in acute
      pulmonary oedema, and the intensive care management of such cases is discussed.
      The improved outcome from increasingly aggressive chemotherapeutic regimens means
      that children with advanced tumours and organ failure may present for supportive
      therapy during the early stages of treatment. Close liaison between paediatric
      oncologists and intensive care staff is essential to establish admission criteria
      for patients at risk of these complications, and to define therapeutic end points
      in the event of multisystem failure.

PMID- 2929938
TI  - Anaesthesia for patients over 90 years of age. Outcomes after regional and
      general anaesthetic techniques for two common surgical procedures.
AB  - Peri-operative morbidity and mortality and long term outcome of patients over 90
      years of age who underwent either total hip arthroplasty or transurethral
      prostate resection were studied retrospectively. The outcomes of patients who
      received regional or general anaesthesia were compared. One hundred and forty-one
      patients underwent total hip arthroplasty and 44 patients underwent transurethral
      prostate resection during the study period (1975-1985). Overall in-hospital
      mortality was 4.9% Mortality at 30 days was 5.3% in patients who underwent hip
      arthroplasty during regional anaesthesia, compared with 6.8% in those who
      received general anaesthesia. Long term survival was similar for these two groups
      and was longer than projected for age and gender-matched general population
      cohorts. The 30-day mortality rate was 3.2% for patients who underwent prostatic
      resection under regional anaesthesia; no deaths occurred in the general
      anaesthesia group. This difference was not statistically significant. Long term
      survival was similar for patients in both groups and was better than predicted.
      Anaesthetic technique did not influence short term morbidity and mortality or
      long term outcome for these procedures.

PMID- 2929939
TI  - Postdural puncture headache. A comparison between 26- and 29-gauge needles in
      young patients.
AB  - The incidence of postdural puncture headache after spinal anaesthesia with two
      types of 26- and 29-gauge needles was investigated in 149 patients less than 30
      years old. Ten patients, (6.7%), six men and four women, developed typical
      symptoms of postdural puncture headache, while six (4.0%) developed headache of
      other origin. There were no headaches in the 29-gauge group. Spinal anaesthesia
      in four patients (8%) was impossible to perform with the 29-gauge needle. By
      using the latter, spinal anaesthesia can be given to young adults with little
      risk of postdural puncture headache.

PMID- 2929941
TI  - Confidential professional reports. A method of assessing the career progress and
      prospects of anaesthetic senior house officers.
AB  - A proforma is described which is used at 6-monthly intervals to assess the
      professional progress of anaesthetic senior house officers. The administration of
      a reporting system as part of the career counselling process is outlined, and its
      potential for determining the future prospects of junior staff is discussed.

PMID- 2929940
TI  - Intra-operative collapse or death related to the use of acrylic cement in hip
      surgery.
AB  - Six intra-operative deaths and two episodes of near-fatal hypotension occurred in
      52 consecutive Hastings procedures (insertion of metal prosthesis grouted in
      acrylic cement) for subcapital fracture of the femoral neck. This high
      complication rate was identified by a system of clinical audit undertaken by
      members of the anaesthetic department.

PMID- 2929942
TI  - Second report from an anaesthetic reactions advisory service.
AB  - The continued work of the advisory service is reported; this now amounts to at
      least 300 enquiries about clinically severe adverse reactions each year.
      Thiopentone is still the most commonly associated intravenous induction agent
      with adverse reactions (76%), particularly when it is used with suxamethonium.
      Local anaesthetics account for between 5 and 10% reports.

PMID- 2929943
TI  - Health Equipment (Dis)Information: HEI 166 evaluation of heat and moisture
      exchangers.

PMID- 2929944
TI  - Plasma bupivacaine concentrations after inadvertent intravenous injection.

PMID- 2929946
TI  - Neonatal responses to tracheal intubation.

PMID- 2929945
TI  - The relevance of volatile substance abuse to anaesthetics.

PMID- 2929947
TI  - Dural punctures.

PMID- 2929948
TI  - Malignant hyperthermia and myotonia congenita (Thomsen's disease)

PMID- 2929949
TI  - Anaesthesia for valvuloplasty.

PMID- 2929950
TI  - Acute inversion of the uterus at caesarean section.

PMID- 2929951
TI  - Edrophonium-hyoscine butylbromide mixture in neonates.

PMID- 2929952
TI  - Anaesthesia in the testicular feminisation syndrome.

PMID- 2929953
TI  - Another tale of the unexpected.

PMID- 2929954
TI  - Consent and the anaesthetist--use of a videofilm.

PMID- 2929955
TI  - Epidural anaesthesia and instrumental delivery.

PMID- 2929956
TI  - Subarachnoid anaesthesia for elective Caesarean section.

PMID- 2929959
TI  - 'Ethics' of difficult tracheal intubation.

PMID- 2929958
TI  - Asynchronous independent lung ventilation.

PMID- 2929957
TI  - Bupivacaine and femoral nerve block.

PMID- 2929960
TI  - Blind nasal intubation and (or) fibreoptic guided intubation?

PMID- 2929961
TI  - 'Cockpit' drill.

PMID- 2929962
TI  - Broken laryngoscope.

PMID- 2929963
TI  - Sick sinus syndrome manifest after spinal anaesthesia.

PMID- 2929964
TI  - Bone cement.

PMID- 2929965
TI  - [Early prognosis in severe cranio-cerebral trauma using the Glasgow Coma Score
      and evoked potentials].
AB  - During 72 h following severe head injury, 103 patients in acute posttraumatic
      coma were assessed by clinical examinations (documented by Glasgow Coma Score)
      and brain stem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP) as well as short-latency
      somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) following median-nerve stimulation. Patient
      outcomes were classified at 6 months or more according to the following
      categories: good recovery, severely disabled or vegetative, and brain dead.
      Patients who had died of systemic complications (pneumonia, septicemia, renal
      failure, etc.) were excluded from the study. The Glasgow Coma Score was reliable
      in forecasting a favorable outcome; all patients with a Score over 9 points had a
      good recovery. The Glasgow Coma Score was not reliable in predicting an
      unfavorable outcome, however; some patients with the lowest possible Glasgow Coma
      Score (3 points) at the early clinical examination survived with good recovery.
      The BAEPs were reliable predictors of an unfavorable outcome; the outcome was
      unfavorable when a missing wave V or more missing waves pointed toward a
      secondary brainstem lesion. Normal BAEPs were not reliable, however, in
      predicting a favorable outcome. SEP data served as a prognostic indicator of
      unfavorable as well as favorable outcomes. In summary, evoked potentials add
      valuable information to the clinical examination in assessing a patient's outcome
      after severe head injury.

PMID- 2929966
TI  - [Intraoperative, direct and continuous measurement of stomach pH following
      pretreatment with ranitidine or sodium citrate].
AB  - We carried out continuous direct pH measurements of gastric fluid in 49 female
      patients pretreated with 300 mg ranitidine by mouth on the evening prior to
      surgery and 150 mg by mouth before the operation. A further 51 women were
      pretreated with 30 ml sodium citrate shortly before admission to the operating
      room. Twenty patients received 30 ml sodium citrate via a separate gastric tube
      after the first pH measurement; 22 were given no premedication. In 95% of cases,
      30 ml sodium citrate was found to increase the pH to over 3.5 within 5 min; a
      failure rate of 5% can therefore be expected. This can be explained mainly by the
      failure of sodium citrate to mix thoroughly with the gastric fluid. Pretreatment
      with ranitidine increased the pH to over 4.0 in every case, and the pH on
      extubation was still over 4.0 even after delayed pH on extubation was still over
      4.0 even after delayed or prolonged operations. We recommend that 30 ml sodium
      citrate be given shortly before the beginning of emergency obstetric operations.
      However, we prefer ranitidine for elective operations in patients at risk for
      aspiration because it increases of the gastric fluid pH to at least 4.0 in every
      case.

PMID- 2929968
TI  - [An increase in intracranial pressure following fentanyl].
AB  - We report an unusual fentanyl-induced reaction in an 8-year-old boy who had to be
      sedated and hyperventilated because of a severe head injury. Following the
      intravenous administration of a bolus of fentanyl, the intracranial pressure rose
      markedly for about 10 min. Simultaneously, the arterial blood pressure fell and
      heart rate increased, critically reducing the cerebral perfusion pressure
      temporarily. This reaction could be due to histamine-induced vasodilation.

PMID- 2929967
TI  - [Application of an infection control protocol at an anesthesiology intensive care
      unit].
AB  - We studied the efficiency and practicability of a new protocol for surveillance
      of nosocomial infection in 99 patients admitted to our intensive care unit (ICU)
      between October 1985 and March 1986. The protocol contained the therapy given
      before admission to the ICU and daily records of: (1) therapy suspected to
      increase the risk of nosocomial infection (ventilatory support, operations,
      hemofiltration, central venous and arterial catheters, Swan-Ganz catheters,
      etc.); (2) parameters possibly associated with bacterial infections (white blood
      cell count, body temperature, platelet count, creatinine clearance, hemodynamic
      values, clinical suspicion of infection, suspected site of infection,
      pathological chest X-ray, etc); and (3) bacteriologic data (results of cultures
      from blood, tracheal aspirate, urine, wound secretions) and antibiotic treatment.
      Sepsis was diagnosed in 28 patients, and 28 had positive blood cultures; these
      two groups were not identical. Twenty-nine patients died, more than half of them
      having a serious nosocomial infection. Factors associated with nosocomial
      infection were: fever greater than 38.5 degrees C, recurrent fever, leucocytosis,
      leucopenia, thrombocytopenia; duration of stay at the ICU; ventilatory support,
      operations, mass transfusions, and therapy with catecholamines. Use of a Swan
      Ganz catheter and hemofiltration were associated with nosocomial infection, but
      they were usually begun after the clinical onset of sepsis. Therapy administered
      before admission to the ICU was not associated with nosocomial infection.
      Bacterial colonization of tracheal aspirate was detected in 2/3 of the ventilated
      patients. The most common bacteria isolated were staphylococci in blood cultures.
      Pseudomonas sp. and Candida albicans in tracheal secretions, and Candida albicans
      in urine cultures.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2929969
TI  - [Postoperative malignant hyperthermia in a 7-day-old infant?].
AB  - A 7-day-old male newborn developed malignant hyperthermia postoperatively
      (uncomplicated surgical reposition of a local skull impression caused by birth
      trauma; general anesthesia with succinylcholine and halothane/N2O). The clinical
      course was typical (body temperature up to 43.7 degrees C) and led to death 30 h
      after anesthesia. It is emphasized that malignant hyperthermia may occur
      unexpectedly in the postoperative period, so that all medical personnel on
      surgical wards, especially in pediatrics, should be able to diagnose this life
      threatening disease as soon as possible and provide adequate therapy with
      dantrolene.

PMID- 2929970
TI  - [Hyperthermic reaction in the perioperative phase in 2 children with acute
      lymphoblastic leukemia of B-cell type].
AB  - Acute lymphatic leukemia (ALL) represents one of the most frequent malignancies
      in childhood. Central venous access ports or partly implanted silicone catheters
      are usually placed for high-dose chemotherapy in these children. We report two
      patients aged 7 and 3 years with acute lymphoblastic beta-cell leukemia (B-ALL),
      a less common subtype of ALL, which presented with hyperthermia (38.4 degrees C
      and 39 degrees C) during anesthesia with isoflurane for implantation of a central
      venous catheter. The hyperthermic reactions were accompanied by an increase in
      expired CO2 and acidosis as well as moderate elevation of heart rate and blood
      pressure. As in both patients the history and preoperative findings did not
      reveal signs of infection or other causes of fever, the observed alterations were
      interpreted as symptoms of malignant hyperthermia triggered either by
      succinylcholine or isoflurane, which were used in both children. In addition, the
      hyperthermia responded to administration of dantrolene sodium according to dose
      recommendations for treatment of malignant hyperthermia. In one of the patients,
      withdrawal of dantrolene during the initial postoperative hours was followed by a
      recurrent increase in body temperature, which once again could be suppressed by
      additional dantrolene infusion. According to the literature, malignant
      hyperthermia has occasionally been described in children with malignancies such
      as leukemia or Burkitt's lymphoma. Our observations indicate that children with B
      ALL may be especially susceptible to malignant hyperthermia. Close monitoring of
      body temperature and expiratory CO2 are therefore indicated in these children,
      and dantrolene therapy should be started immediately in case of increased
      temperature during anesthesia.

PMID- 2929971
TI  - [Monitoring critically ill patients during transport by helicopter using a
      patient with abdomen apertum as an example].
AB  - Noninvasive continuous monitoring systems are newly emerging as an important
      means of monitoring during transports in emergency care, e.g. transportation by
      helicopter. While automatic oscillometric blood pressure monitors have been used
      in the perioperative area for some time, a similar development can be observed in
      the field of emergency care and transportation with the availability of light,
      portable and battery operated systems. For monitoring adequate oxygenation, pulse
      oximeters have recently been brought into discussion for both the perioperative
      period and the transport of critically ill patients. In contrast to well
      established monitoring techniques during helicopter transports (ECG, inspection,
      manually measured blood pressure (BP), pulse oximetry reveals an oxygen
      deficiency due to respiratory and cardiocirculatory problems, enabling precious
      time to be saved. This concept is illustrated during the helicopter transport of
      a critically ill patient with abdomen apertum caused by Clostridium perfringens
      infection. Even with a critical look at the already described mishaps of this
      method--e.g. overestimation of true O2 saturation (sO2) and additional
      overestimation caused by Hb-derivatives--pulse oximetry was found to be superior
      to the established monitoring techniques. Furthermore, oscillometric blood
      pressure detection was very satisfactory during the 30-min helicopter transport.
      Based on our results, we believe pulse oximetry and automatic oscillometric BP
      measurement to be useful for monitoring during transports in helicopters, thus
      improving patient safety.

PMID- 2929972
TI  - [Thermoanalytic studies of bundles of collagen fibers with biomechanical
      methods].
AB  - Thermomechanical experiments were performed on collagenous fibre bundles of
      tendons from cattle and man. Subsequent to extensions of fibre bundles the
      particular amount of length was kept constant (isometric conditions). At the end
      of the relaxation under approximative equilibrium conditions (mechanical steady
      state phase) the temperature was raised proportional to time (with linear
      temperature rate). In the range between 0 and 43 degrees Celsius the isometric
      force decreased in form of an approximately straight line. This line was declined
      at 43 degrees C (thermal depression region). After the thermal shrinkage region
      (62-64 degrees C) the isometric force increased considerably. In this ascending
      part of the isometric thermal mechanogram 2 domains of slope can be observed.
      They are designed as lower and upper thermal transition region. In the ascending
      part of the isometric thermal mechanogram an isothermal relaxation is to be seen
      under constant temperature conditions. The isothermal isorheological line and
      isothermal superelevation are described. The results are discussed in context
      with their meaning for functional anatomy, muscle physiology, supercoolings, and
      burnings.

PMID- 2929973
TI  - [The functional morphology of the maxillomandibular apparatus of the miniature
      swine MINI-LEWE. 9. Metric studies of the skull and mandible].
AB  - Skull and jaw growth are described mathematically as a dynamic process. Graphs of
      the growth process show that basically the rate of growth decreases monotonically
      with increasing age. The maximum rate of growth was recorded at the time of
      eruption of the deciduous dentition during the first 4 months of life. As
      expected, the changes in the measured angles were greatest during the first 3 or
      4 months after birth.

PMID- 2929974
TI  - Structure of the external retina of the oviparous, hermaphroditic fish Rivulus
      marmoratus Poey.
AB  - The external retina of the oviparous, hermaphroditic fish Rivulus marmoratus was
      examined ultrastructurally. The outer nuclear layer is about half as thick as the
      inner nuclear layer, and a single layer of ganglion cells is present. Single and
      double cones are present and these are arranged in a square mosaic. The pigment
      epithelium is not very well developed and extends only to the level of the cone
      ellipsoids in the light-adapted retina. However, the sparse pigment granules do
      migrate in response to light and are capable of isolating cone outer segments.
      Cone synaptic ribbons show extreme changes in length. The pigment epithelium
      contains myeloid bodies, which show variations with the photic state; and
      structures reminescent of phagosomes but without the limiting membrane. The
      structure of the external retina of R. marmoratus is discussed in relation to its
      behaviour and habitat.

PMID- 2929975
TI  - Nimodipine and the "no-reflow phenomenon"--experimental triumph, clinical
      failure?

PMID- 2929976
TI  - Effects of nimodipine on cerebral blood flow and cerebrospinal fluid pressure
      after cardiac arrest: correlation with neurologic outcome.
AB  - Fifty-one patients were included in a blind randomized study to evaluate whether
      the Ca-blocker nimodipine could influence cerebral blood flow (CBF) or
      cerebrospinal fluid pressure (CSFP) during the cerebral hypoperfusion period that
      follows resuscitation from cardiac arrest and to determine whether changes in CBF
      correlate with neurologic outcome. CBF measured 1 to 4 hours after arrest with
      the use of 133Xe intravenous was significantly greater with nimodipine than with
      placebo (27 +/- 3 versus 13 +/- 1 ml.100 g-1.min-1 at 3 hours), but with no
      significant difference at 24 hours. There was no clinical evidence of seriously
      increased CSFP in any patient in either group the first 48 hours. Mean arterial
      pressure was significantly lower (86 +/- 4 versus 101 +/- 4 mm Hg at 3 hours),
      and antiarrhythmic drugs were used significantly less frequently in the
      nimodipine group than in the placebo group. Twelve patients in each group
      eventually regained consciousness. There was no significant difference in
      neurologic status between the two groups at any point, and no positive
      correlation between CBF in the hypoperfusion period and neurologic outcome.

PMID- 2929977
TI  - The response of anesthesia trainees to simulated critical incidents.
AB  - Using a comprehensive anesthesia simulation environment (CASE 1.2) we studied the
      response of anesthesia trainees (10 first-year residents and 9 second-year
      residents) to five simulated critical incidents: 1) endobronchial intubation; 2)
      kinked IV; 3) atrial fibrillation with hypotension; 4) breathing circuit
      disconnection; 5) cardiac arrest. Simulations were videotaped, and the response
      times for detecting and initiating correction of the problems were measured.
      Different problems had significantly different response characteristics.
      Breathing circuit disconnection and cardiac arrest were quickly detected (21 +/-
      17 seconds; 7 +/- 5 seconds), and correction was begun quickly, although major
      errors in managing the cardiac arrest occurred in 58% of cases. Endobronchial
      intubation and atrial fibrillation took longer than the other problems to detect
      (105 +/- 142 seconds; 111 +/- 158 seconds) and to correct (555 +/- 358 seconds;
      365 +/- 121 seconds). Intravenous kink was detected more slowly (238 +/- 269
      seconds) but once discovered was quickly corrected. The response of different
      individuals was highly variable; experience level was a significant factor for
      correction (P = 0.03) but not for detection of problems overall. Because of high
      individual variation, experience was not a significant factor in correcting any
      signal problem. The data suggest that some types of problems are harder to handle
      than others and that individuals vary widely in their problem-handling abilities.
      Experience is a beneficial factor in anesthesia problem solving but not in a
      simple fashion. Vigilant detection of problems is only the first step in a
      complex response pathway that might be strengthened by improved protocols and
      repeated practice.

PMID- 2929978
TI  - Variation in the resting metabolic rate of mechanically ventilated critically ill
      patients.
AB  - There has been increasing interest in the nutritional support of the critically
      ill patient. The day-to-day variation in resting energy expenditure (REE) was
      studied over a 3-5-day period in 17 postoperative mechanically ventilated
      critically ill patients to gain insight as to how often caloric intake should be
      reassessed, whether changes observed over 3-5 days are of sufficient magnitude to
      make frequent adjustments in caloric intake, and what factors are associated with
      large alterations in metabolic rate. REE was measured daily for 3-5 days, and the
      percent variation in REE [(highest REE--lowest daily REE)/(lowest daily REE) x
      100] calculated. The variation ranged from 4 to 56%, and on further analysis two
      distinct groups were identified, one with a mean variation of 12 +/- 4% (SD)
      (range 4-18%) and the other with a mean variation of 46 +/- 8% (range 37-56%).
      The former group was clinically stable, whereas the latter was not. Clinically
      stable patients need less frequent measurements than those who are more ill, but
      when designing a nutritional regimen for them, at least 20-25% should be added to
      the REE, 15% to account for day-to-day variation and 5-10% for activity.

PMID- 2929979
TI  - The effect of sublingual nifedipine on coronary venous graft resistance
      immediately following cardiopulmonary bypass.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of sublingual nifedipine
      administered immediately after discontinuation of cardiopulmonary bypass on
      coronary graft resistance and systemic hemodynamics. Twenty patients were
      prospectively randomized into two groups; one given 10 mg sublingual nifedipine
      after weaning from bypass, the other given a placebo. Coronary graft blood flow
      was measured under blinded conditions and graft resistance calculated from
      measurements obtained with an electromagnetic flow probe applied directly to the
      graft prior to and 15 minutes after drug administration. Serum nifedipine levels
      were determined immediately before and 15, 30, and 60 minutes after sublingual
      administration. All patients receiving nifedipine had therapeutic serum levels.
      Graft resistance in patients given nifedipine decreased a statistically
      significant average of 27% and increased slightly, but not statistically
      significantly so, in patients given sublingual placebos. There were no
      differences between the two groups in cardiac index or pulmonary capillary wedge
      pressures. We conclude that the administration of sublingual nifedipine to
      patients in the immediate postbypass period results in therapeutic serum
      nifedipine levels and decreases coronary graft resistance without affecting
      cardiac performance.

PMID- 2929980
TI  - Hemodynamic effects of dobutamine in patients following mitral valve replacement.
AB  - Mitral valve replacement is frequently complicated by a low cardiac output
      syndrome and elevated pulmonary arterial pressures. In the present study, we used
      dobutamine to increase cardiac index and measured the pulmonary hemodynamic
      effects in 10 patients with increased pulmonary vascular tone following mitral
      valve replacement. Using increasing doses of dobutamine up to 10 micrograms.kg
      1.min-1, we observed a statistically significant increase in mean cardiac index
      (from 2.39 +/- .14 liters.min-1.m-2 to 3.52 +/- .33, P less than 0.01) and mean
      heart rate (from 71.6 +/- 5.2 beats.min-1 to 84.3 +/- 8.1, P less than 0.01).
      This was associated with stable mean systemic arterial pressures and mean
      pulmonary arterial pressures. Both mean systemic and pulmonary vascular
      resistances decreased significantly (from 1210 +/- 99 dynes.sec.cm-5 to 809 +/-
      90 [P less than 0.01], and from 195.9 +/- 30.6 dynes.sec.cm-5 to 129.4 +/- 41.2
      [P less than 0.01] respectively) with dobutamine. Intrapulmonary shunt flow
      increased significantly in the five patients studied. Though increases in heart
      rate and pulmonary shunt flow may limit it use, dobutamine increases cardiac
      output and decreases pulmonary vascular resistance in patients with increased
      pulmonary arterial pressure following mitral valve replacement.

PMID- 2929981
TI  - Pseudocholinesterase activity in human cerebrospinal fluid.
AB  - Pseudocholinesterase (PCHE) activity and dibucaine numbers (DN) in the
      cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma of 10 ASA physical status 1 and 2 patients
      were measured using a kinetic method. CSF had a mean PCHE activity of 0.018 +/-
      0.013 unit/ml with a DN of 59 +/- 4. Whereas, PCHE activity and DN in the plasma
      were 0.960 +/- 0.12 units/ml and 84 +/- 3, respectively. We also measured PCHE
      activity and DN in the CSF and plasma of 4 patients in whom there was a recent
      history of intraventricular bleeding. These patients had a CSF PCHE activity of
      0.340 +/- 0.07 units/ml (DN = 78 +/- 3) and a plasma PCHE activity of 0.950 +/-
      0.10 units/ml (DN = 82 +/- 2). Our data show that there is a low activity of PCHE
      in CSF, 1/20-1/100th that of plasma. Our data also show that PCHE activity
      increased to 1/4 to 1/2 that of plasma in CSF of patients with bleeding into CSF.

PMID- 2929982
TI  - Needle direction affects the sensory level of spinal anesthesia.
AB  - The effect of the direction of the spinal needle on the sensory level of
      anesthesia was investigated. Three ml plain bupivacaine 0.5%, previously
      equilibrated to 37 degrees C, were injected intrathecally in two groups of twenty
      patients, who were kept sitting for three minutes after injection. In patients in
      group 1 a paramedian approach was used with an angle between the spinal needle
      and the patient's back of 50 degrees or less. In patients in group 2 a median or
      paramedian approach was used, the resultant angle between the spinal needle and
      the patient's back being between 70 degrees and 100 degrees. The differences
      between segmental levels of sensory loss between groups 1 and 2 (T 3.4 and T 5.1,
      respectively) and of temperature loss (T 2.6 and T 4.2, respectively) 30 minutes
      after injection of bupivacaine were statistically significant. It is concluded
      that a steep paramedian approach of the subarachnoid space with an angle of less
      than 50 degrees results in a cephalad spread averaging about 1.6 segments greater
      than when the needle is in the perpendicular position.

PMID- 2929983
TI  - Effect on airway resistance of ketamine by aerosol in guinea pigs.
AB  - The effect of aerosolized ketamine hydrochloride was investigated by measuring
      airway resistance with a two-compartment plethysmograph in guinea pigs challenged
      with histamine. In the first phase of the study, treatment with ketamine prior to
      histamine challenge did not protect against elevation of airway resistance. In
      the second phase of the study, ketamine inhalation after histamine challenge did
      not significantly diminish airway resistance. Aerosolized ketamine is not
      recommended for use in human subjects with asthma.

PMID- 2929984
TI  - Isoflurane anesthesia in sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis): minimal anesthetic
      concentration and cardiopulmonary dose-response during spontaneous and controlled
      breathing.
AB  - Information on species differences in responses to inhalation anesthetics has
      been established in a variety of mammalian and non-mammalian species, but
      comparable studies have not been reported in birds. The purpose of this study was
      to determine minimal anesthetic concentration and cardiopulmonary concentration
      response effects of isoflurane in Sandhill cranes. Six cranes were anesthetized
      with isoflurane in oxygen. Gases sampled through a polyethylene tube inserted to
      the distal end of an endotracheal tube were used for measurements of isoflurane
      concentrations using an infrared gas analyzer. Body temperature was maintained at
      40 +/- 0.5 degrees C. The minimal anesthetic concentration for isoflurane was
      determined during spontaneous ventilation, and concentration-response data were
      collected at 1, 1.5, and 2.0 times the minimal anesthetic concentration.
      Concentration-response data were repeated during mechanically controlled
      breathing with PaCO2 maintained between 27 and 35 mm Hg. The minimal anesthetic
      concentration for isoflurane was 1.34 +/- 0.14 vol% (mean +/- SD). Concentration
      dependent respiratory depression during spontaneous breathing was evidenced in
      all cranes by an increase in PaCO2. Isoflurane induced apnea in two of the cranes
      during spontaneous ventilation at 2 times the minimal anesthetic concentration.
      As the concentration of isoflurane was increased, mean arterial blood pressure
      decreased during both spontaneous and controlled ventilation. Mean arterial blood
      pressure was higher during controlled ventilation than during spontaneous
      ventilation. The minimal anesthetic concentration for isoflurane in Sandhill
      cranes is similar to values for isoflurane minimal anesthetic concentration in
      mammals. Isoflurane has dose-dependent effects on cardiopulmonary function
      qualitatively similar to those observed in mammals.

PMID- 2929985
TI  - Oral fiberoptic intubation over a retrograde guidewire.

PMID- 2929986
TI  - Can epidural fentanyl control autonomic hyperreflexia in a quadriplegic
      parturient?

PMID- 2929987
TI  - Minimal effective dose of intrathecal morphine for pain relief following
      transabdominal hysterectomy.

PMID- 2929988
TI  - Effects of metaraminol on the resistance and capacitance vessels in humans.

PMID- 2929989
TI  - Spinal needles.

PMID- 2929990
TI  - Hypoventilation caused by ventilator valve rupture.

PMID- 2929991
TI  - Nail polish and oximetry.

PMID- 2929992
TI  - Practice standards: the Midas touch or the emperor's new clothes?

PMID- 2929993
TI  - Prevention of intraoperative anesthesia accidents and related severe injury
      through safety monitoring.
AB  - Among 1,001,000 ASA Physical Status I and II patients (a subset of the 1,329,000
      anesthetics administered from 1976 through mid-1988 in the nine component
      hospitals of the Harvard Department of Anaesthesia), there were 11 major
      intraoperative accidents solely attributable to anesthesia (five deaths, four
      cases of permanent CNS damage, and two cardiac arrests with eventual recovery)
      among the 70 cases reported to the insurance carrier. Review of these accidents
      revealed that unrecognized hypoventilation was the most common cause (seven
      cases). These seven accidents and one other due to discontinuation of inspired
      oxygen in all likelihood would have been prevented by appropriate response to
      earlier warnings generated by the "safety monitoring" principles mandated by the
      Harvard minimal monitoring standards. Analysis suggests capnography (although not
      mandated) would be the best monitor of ventilation. An important associated issue
      was the apparent inadequacy of supervision of residents and C.R.N.A.s. The eight
      preventable accidents represent 88% of the projected insurance payout. Only one
      accident occurred after the 1985 adoption of the standards (in the month
      following their implementation). From that time through mid-1988, there have been
      319,000 anesthetics without a major preventable intraoperative injury. Although
      not statistically significant, the accident rate in the target population of
      healthy people is reduced more than threefold. This and the case analyses support
      the contention that nearly all the inevitable mishaps (technical or from errors
      in judgement) that occur during anesthesia can be identified through safety
      monitoring early enough to prevent most major patient injuries. This improved
      clinical outcome should lessen the medical-legal and malpractice insurance
      burdens of anesthesiologists.

PMID- 2929994
TI  - Manual evaluation of residual curarization using double burst stimulation: a
      comparison with train-of-four.
AB  - Double burst stimulation (DBS) is a new mode of stimulation developed to reveal
      residual neuromuscular blockade under clinical conditions. The stimulus consists
      of two short bursts of 50 Hz tetanic stimulation, separated by 750 ms, and the
      response to the stimulation is two short muscle contractions. Fade in the
      response results from neuromuscular blockade as with train-of-four stimulation
      (TOF). The authors compared the sensitivity of DBS and TOF in the detection of
      residual neuromuscular blockade during clinical anaesthesia. Fifty-two healthy
      patients undergoing surgery were studied. For both stimulation patterns the
      frequencies of manually detectable fade in the response to stimulation were
      determined and compared at various electromechanically measured TOF ratios. A
      total of 369 fade evaluations for DBS and TOF were performed. Fade frequencies
      were statistically significantly higher with DBS than with TOF, regardless of the
      TOF ratio level. Absence of fade with TOF implied a 48% chance of considerable
      residual relaxation as compared with 9% when fade was absent with DBS. The
      results demonstrate that DBS is more sensitive than TOF in the manual detection
      of residual neuromuscular blockade.

PMID- 2929995
TI  - The patient's position influences the incidence of dysrhythmias during pulmonary
      artery catheterization.
AB  - To determine the influence of a patient's position on the incidence of
      dysrhythmias during pulmonary artery catheterization, 34 adult patients scheduled
      for elective coronary artery bypass graft surgery and pulmonary artery
      catheterization were studied. All introducers were inserted via the right
      internal jugular vein using the Seldinger technique with the patient in the
      Trendelenburg position. For each patient, the pulmonary artery catheter was
      advanced twice: once while the patient was in the Trendelenburg (T) position with
      a 5-10 degrees head-down tilt and another with a 5 degrees head-up and right
      lateral tilt (R) position. In 13 of the 68 pulmonary artery catheter passages, no
      dysrhythmias were noted. In 13 patients, a change in dysrhythmia classification
      was noted between the two positions. In 11 of the 13 patients, the dysrhythmia
      classification changed from malignant in the Trendelenburg position to benign or
      absent in the right lateral tilt position. Although the incidence of dysrhythmias
      was similar in both groups, the Trendelenburg position was associated with a
      significantly higher incidence of malignant dysrhythmias than the right tilt
      position (P less than 0.05). The authors conclude that the head-up and right
      lateral tilt position appears superior to the Trendelenburg position for passage
      of the pulmonary artery catheter in the awake patient scheduled for elective
      coronary bypass surgery.

PMID- 2929996
TI  - Increased intraoperative cardiovascular morbidity in diabetics with autonomic
      neuropathy.
AB  - Thirty-eight consenting subjects scheduled for elective ophthalmologic surgery
      were classified as nondiabetics (n = 21) or diabetics (n = 17) and were tested
      preoperatively for autonomic dysfunction. The autonomic tests consisted of
      respiratory sinus arrhythmia and heart rate responses to the Valsalva maneuver to
      test cardiac vagal function and diastolic blood pressure responses to head-up
      tilt and cold pressor test to assess sympathetic efferent integrity. At a
      separate time, anesthesia was established with fentanyl (2 micrograms/kg), sodium
      thiopental (3-5 mg/kg), and vecuronium (0.1 mg/kg), and maintained with
      isoflurane, oxygen, and nitrous oxide. An anesthesiologist, blinded to the
      autonomic test results, recorded perioperative blood pressure and heart rate. The
      autonomic test results revealed significant autonomic dysfunction among the
      diabetics. Heart rate and blood pressure declined to a greater degree (P less
      than 0.05) during induction of anesthesia in diabetics compared with controls and
      there was less of an increase in these same parameters following tracheal
      intubation in diabetic patients. Thirty-five percent of diabetics required
      intraoperative vasopressors compared with only 5% of control patients (P less
      than 0.05). A major finding was that the diabetics who required intraoperative
      blood pressure support had significantly greater impairment of autonomic test
      results compared with those diabetics who did not need vasopressors. Diabetics
      are at increased risk for cardiovascular lability during anesthesia and
      preoperative screening of diabetics with simple noninvasive autonomic tests may
      be useful in identifying those at high risk for perioperative cardiovascular
      instability.

PMID- 2929997
TI  - Low-dose intramuscular ketamine for anesthesia pre-induction in young children
      undergoing brief outpatient procedures.
AB  - The authors sought to determine whether intramuscular ketamine (2 mg/kg) would
      facilitate inhaled induction of anesthesia in those children who are
      uncooperative. Thirty-five children were anesthetized with halothane and nitrous
      oxide for insertion of tympanotomy tubes. Twenty of those children were deemed by
      the anesthesiologist to be uncooperative and received 2 mg/kg of ketamine im
      prior to induction of anesthesia. The onset time (time from ketamine
      administration until induction of inhaled anesthesia could be started) was 2.7 +/
      0.3 min. The quality of the subsequent acceptance of inhaled induction with
      halothane was excellent in 61% of the patients and adequate in the remaining 39%.
      The recovery and discharge times were compared with those observed in 15 matched
      children who accepted induction of anesthesia via a mask without the use of
      ketamine. Recovery time was not prolonged, but home discharge was delayed by an
      average of 13 min in the ketamine group (P less than 0.04). Low-dose im ketamine
      was found to be an acceptable pre-induction drug in young children who are
      uncooperative for an inhaled induction of anesthesia.

PMID- 2929998
TI  - Femoral nerve blockade in children using bupivacaine.
AB  - The authors evaluated the efficacy and incidence of side effects from blockade of
      the femoral nerve with 0.5% bupivacaine in 14 children with fracture of the
      middle third of the femoral shaft. In nine of these children, a pharmacokinetic
      analysis was also performed. The onset of analgesia occurred in 8.0 +/- 3.5
      minutes after blockade of the femoral nerve. One block failed, resulting in iv
      narcotics being administered to alleviate the pain. In the remaining 13 children,
      pain decreased to nonexistent in 11 of the children and only mild pain with
      movement in the remaining two children. The level of analgesia did not change
      when the children underwent radiographic examination (60 +/- 18 min after the
      femoral nerve block) and application of traction (124 +/- 19 min after femoral
      nerve block). The maximum bupivacaine plasma concentration was 0.89 +/- 0.37
      microgram/ml, obtained 24.4 +/- 12.6 min after the end of the injection. The
      femoral nerve blockade with bupivacaine provides prompt, effective, and prolonged
      analgesia in children suffering from fractures of the femoral shaft, allowing
      transport, radiographic examination, and application of traction in optimal
      conditions. Although the sample size was small, the side effects appeared to be
      rare.

PMID- 2929999
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of intravenous dantrolene in children.
AB  - To determine the pharmacokinetics of iv dantrolene and its metabolites in
      children, ten children 2-7 yr of age scheduled for minor elective surgery, were
      studied. After induction of anesthesia and tracheal intubation, dantrolene (2.4
      mg/kg) was administered iv over 10.2 +/- 0.83 min. Venous blood samples (3 ml)
      were obtained 1, 5, 10, 20, and 30 min and 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 20 h after the
      dantrolene infusion. Whole blood concentrations of dantrolene, 5
      hydroxydantrolene, and nitroreduced acetylated dantrolene were measured by high
      performance liquid chromatography. The whole blood concentration of dantrolene
      decreased rapidly from a mean (+/- SD) of 6.03 +/- 0.93 microgram/ml 1 min after
      the end of the dantrolene infusion to 3.56 +/- 0.49 microgram/ml at 1 h. Between
      1 and 4 h, the concentration of dantrolene either remained constant or increased
      slightly. Thereafter, the concentration of dantrolene decreased slowly with an
      elimination half-life (mean +/- SD) of 10.0 +/- 2.6 h. The mean (+/- SD) time for
      the concentration of dantrolene to decrease to 3.0 micrograms/ml was 6.55 +/-
      2.88 h. The whole blood concentration of 5-hydroxydantrolene reached a maximum of
      0.60 +/- 0.18 microgram/ml approximately 7 h after the dantrolene and decreased
      thereafter with an elimination half-life of 9.0 +/- 2.5 h. The concentration of
      nitroreduced acetylated dantrolene was below the limit for detection at all
      times. All children recovered without complications. Intravenous dantrolene, 2.4
      mg/kg, produces safe and predictable blood concentrations in children similar to
      those reported in adults.

PMID- 2930000
TI  - Alveolar-to-arterial-to-venous anesthetic partial pressure differences in humans.
AB  - To determine the correlation between the partial pressures of anesthetics in
      venous and arterial blood (Pv and Pa), and to assess whether this correlation was
      better than that between the partial pressure of anesthetic in alveolar gas (PA)
      and Pa, isoflurane (n = 4) or halothane (n = 4) was administered to eight
      patients undergoing surgery, and Pv, PA, and Pa were measured. PA correlated with
      Pa better than did Pv (R = 0.960 vs. 0.878), and there was less variability in
      the data. Differences between Pv and Pa increased as the relative blood flow to
      the hand decreased [indicated by an increasing arterial-to-venous (a-v) O2
      content difference]. The difference between PA and Pa was approximately 20% of
      the difference between inspired gas (PI) and Pa. The differences between PA and
      Pa appear to be due primarily to contamination of alveolar gas by physiologic
      dead space gas.

PMID- 2930001
TI  - New discharge criteria decrease recovery room time after subarachnoid block.
AB  - The authors completed a two-phase study to determine criteria that might predict
      hemodynamic stability during recovery from subarachnoid block (SAB). Patients'
      supine and sitting (2 min) blood pressures were determined at 30-min intervals in
      the recovery room (RR). In the first group of 26 patients, retrospective analysis
      revealed that the orthostatic decrease in mean arterial pressure (MAP) never
      exceeded 15% following two successive orthostatic decreases of 10% or less. This
      finding was validated prospectively in a second group of 26 patients. Following
      two successive orthostatic MAP decreases of 10% or less, none of 65 orthostatic
      challenges resulted in an MAP decrease of more than 15%; conversely, in the
      absence of two successive MAP decreases of less than 10%, 5 of 51 orthostatic
      challenges resulted in an MAP decrease of greater than 15% (P less than 0.02).
      Had patients been discharged from the RR based on two successive MAP decreases of
      less than 10%, 35 of 52 patients could have been discharged from the RR 76 +/- 6
      min (mean +/- SE) sooner than they would have under usual empirical discharge
      criteria of supine hemodynamic stability, regression of sensory level to T10, and
      return of toe movement. Following SAB, hemodynamic stability may return before
      sensory and motor function; for many patients, orthostatic testing following SAB
      may safely decrease the amount of time spent in the RR.

PMID- 2930002
TI  - The role of oxidative biotransformation of halothane in the guinea pig model of
      halothane-associated hepatotoxicity.
AB  - The role of the oxidative pathway of halothane biotransformation in mediating the
      hepatotoxicity of halothane in the guinea pig was examined by utilizing the
      deuterated form of halothane (d-halothane), which is resistant to oxidative
      metabolism. Male outbred Hartley guinea pigs were exposed to either 1% v/v
      halothane or d-halothane, FIO2 = 0.21, for 4 h. Significant reductions in both
      oxidative and overall halothane biotransformation were observed with the use of d
      halothane as indicated by decreased plasma levels of trifluoroacetic acid and
      bromide ion, respectively, immediately following exposure. Plasma fluoride ion,
      indicative of the reductive metabolism of halothane, was significantly increased
      with the use of d-halothane. These changes in metabolism were accompanied by a
      reduced hepatotoxic response as indicated by significantly decreased plasma ALT
      levels 24-96 h following exposure and a significantly lesser incidence of
      centrilobular necrosis. Thus, the oxidative biotransformation of halothane is
      implicated as a mechanism of injury in guinea pigs.

PMID- 2930003
TI  - Acetylcholine receptor density and acetylcholinesterase activity in skeletal
      muscle of rats following thermal injury.
AB  - Thermal injury causes systemic changes that result in altered sensitivity to many
      drugs including nondepolarizing muscle relaxants. In an effort to identify the
      mechanism(s) responsible for the resistance to nondepolarizing muscle relaxants,
      the density of acetylcholine receptors (AChR) and the activity of
      acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were determined in rats following a 30% total body
      surface thermal injury at a time when resistance to atracurium is maximum. AChR
      density in gastrocnemius and diaphragm was unchanged by thermal injury.
      Furthermore, the ratio of junctional to extrajunctional AChR in diaphragm was
      unaltered. Total AChE activity was unchanged in thermally injured rats compared
      with that in sham-injured animals. Separation of the molecular forms of AChE by
      sucrose gradient centrifugation also showed no changes in the relative
      proportions of these species. The mechanism of resistance to nondepolarizing
      muscle relaxants does not appear to be explained by changes in AChR number or
      changes in the activity of AChE.

PMID- 2930004
TI  - Effects of halothane on left ventricular relaxation and early diastolic coronary
      blood flow in the dog.
AB  - The effects of graded concentrations of halothane on left ventricular relaxation
      and phasic coronary blood flow (CBF) were studied in six open-chest, anesthetized
      dogs. Global and regional left ventricular function were measured. Besides the
      expected dose-dependent depression of contractility, regional shortening, and
      cardiac output, halothane caused significant increases in the time constant of
      relaxation (Trelax), and decreased and delayed the nadir of peak negative left
      ventricular dP/dt. Dose-dependent reductions of CBF were noted. Percentage CBF
      during isovolumic relaxation was significantly reduced and showed a strong
      inverse correlation with Trelax. Halothane appears to interfere with the
      inactivation process of the heart; this in turn may impede the early rise in CBF
      during isovolumic relaxation.

PMID- 2930006
TI  - Effects of isoflurane on contractile properties of diaphragm.
AB  - Isoflurane has been shown to depress skeletal muscle force in vitro, but data are
      not available regarding the effects of isoflurane on diaphragmatic muscle
      function in vivo. To answer this question, 15 rats anesthetized with
      pentobarbital and mechanically ventilated were studied. They were divided into
      three groups of five animals each, according to the administered concentration of
      isoflurane. Diaphragmatic function was assessed by measuring the
      transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) generated during bilateral supramaximal phrenic
      nerve stimulation at 0.5 Hz, 20 Hz, 50 Hz, and 100 Hz under quasi-isometric
      conditions. After a control measurement (C), isoflurane was administered at a
      constant concentration (0.5, 1, or 1.5 MAC) and Pdi measurements were repeated
      after 30 min of isoflurane exposure (T1) and 30 min after discontinuing
      isoflurane (T2). In the group breathing 1.5 MAC isoflurane, the time constant of
      diaphragmatic relaxation (tau) and integrated electrical activity of the
      diaphragm (Edi) were also assessed. The Pdi amplitude generated by single twitch
      (0.5 Hz) was unchanged at the three isoflurane concentrations. A significant
      increase in Pdi at 20 Hz was observed at T1, which returned to control after 30
      min recovery (T2). No change in Pdi during 50 Hz stimulation was noted during 0.5
      and 1 MAC isoflurane exposure, whereas it was reduced at T1 during 1.5 MAC. For
      100 Hz stimulation, a significant decrease in Pdi was noted for all groups at T1,
      which returned toward control values at T2. Edi was markedly reduced for 50 and
      100 Hz stimulation, but this reduction was also transient, since Edi returned
      toward control values at T2.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2930005
TI  - Primate brain tolerance to temporary focal cerebral ischemia during isoflurane-
      or sodium nitroprusside-induced hypotension.
AB  - Isoflurane has properties that suggest it may provide cerebral protection from
      ischemia. This study compared, in primates, neurologic outcome after a 45-min
      period of temporary focal ischemia during hypotension induced with either
      isoflurane or sodium nitroprusside (SNP). Fourteen macaque monkeys were studied.
      Seven animals received halothane and seven isoflurane anesthesia during surgical
      preparation. After transorbital exposure of the middle cerebral artery (MCA), in
      the halothane group, the inspired halothane was reduced to 0.75% and the mean
      blood pressure (BP) reduced to 50 mmHg by the infusion of SNP. In the isoflurane
      group, the isoflurane was titrated to reduce mean BP to 50 mmHg. Stable
      hypotension was maintained for 90 min, which included a 45-min period of MCA
      occlusion. Monitoring included intraarterial blood pressure, arterial blood
      gases, EEG, somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP), and temperature. After the
      procedure the animals were allowed to awaken and were assessed neurologically
      every 8 h. On the third postoperative day, they were reanesthetized and underwent
      magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and SEP recording. Thereafter, they were killed
      with iv KCl and the brains fixed for neuropathology. All animals survived the
      surgical procedure, but two animals receiving halothane and none receiving
      isoflurane died prematurely (P less than 0.2). The SEP disappeared in all animals
      within 10 min of MCA occlusion and then returned partially or completely. There
      was no difference between groups in neurologic scores, in the size of the lesion
      as assessed by MRI (isoflurane 15.7 +/- 6%, halothane/SNP 10.5 +/- 4%), or in the
      extent or severity of the neuropathologic lesions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2930007
TI  - Diazepam--morphine hypnotic synergism in rats.
AB  - The effect of diazepam-morphine combination on the righting reflex was studied in
      rats. Doses of the drugs given alone and in combination that block righting
      reflex (RR ED50) were determined with a probit procedure. Brain concentrations
      following equieffective doses of the drugs administered separately and in
      combination were determined by radioimmunoassay. Equieffective intravenous doses
      and corresponding brain concentrations for the agents were compared with
      fractional (algebraic) and isobolographic analyses. Interaction between diazepam
      and morphine was found to be synergistic. It is not likely to be pharmacokinetic
      in nature.

PMID- 2930008
TI  - The 27th Rovenstine Lecture: Neuroanesthesia and the achievement of professional
      respect.

PMID- 2930009
TI  - Fatal air embolism following anesthesia for insertion of a peritoneovenous shunt.

PMID- 2930010
TI  - The diagnosis of phrenic nerve block on chest X-ray by a double-exposure
      technique.

PMID- 2930011
TI  - Intraoperative management of penile erection by using terbutaline.

PMID- 2930012
TI  - Air embolism removal from both pulmonary artery and right atrium during sitting
      craniotomy using a new catheter: report of a case.

PMID- 2930013
TI  - Anesthetic considerations for Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome.

PMID- 2930015
TI  - Are insurance premiums related to use of technology?

PMID- 2930014
TI  - Hemodynamic effects of prostaglandin E2.

PMID- 2930016
TI  - The pH adjustment of 2-chloroprocaine hastens the onset of epidural analgesia.

PMID- 2930017
TI  - A complication associated with the use of midazolam.

PMID- 2930018
TI  - Postoperative apnea.

PMID- 2930019
TI  - [Quantitative analysis of apolipoproteins and lipoprotein particles in patients
      with head injuries].
AB  - By head-injured patients, apo A-I and apo A-II concentrations were more decreased
      in HDL3 than in HDL2. Then, the plasmatic concentrations of the main lipoprotein
      particles present in HDL fraction were modified. For example, a significant
      decrease of Lp A-I: A-II particles was observed and this variation was similar to
      that of total apo A-I (r = 0.78). On the other hand, the concentration of Lp A-I
      particles was slightly modified, apo C-III concentration was markedly decreased
      whereas apo E concentration was significantly increased (p less than 0.05); in
      plasma samples obtained 10 days after a severe head injury, apo E reached three
      times the normal value.

PMID- 2930020
TI  - [Identification and determination of sensitivity to antibiotics of 31 clinical
      strains of Acinetobacter other than A. baumannii].
AB  - Precise identification and determination of MICs of clinical isolates of
      Acinetobacter identified to other species than the hospital species A. baumannii
      were carried out. On 260 Acinetobacter strains isolated in an hospital over a 6
      months period, 31 strains (12 p. cent) were identified to species other than A.
      baumannii. Among these 31 strains, A. Iwoffii sensu stricto (16 strains) and A.
      haemolyticus (6 strains) were mostly recovered. Eight glucose oxidizing strains
      were identified to A. haemolyticus (6 strains), Acinetobacter genospecies 3 (2
      strains), and A. Iwoffii sensu stricto (1 strain). Antibiotic susceptibilities of
      these strains were greater than those commonly observed with A. baumannii
      strains.

PMID- 2930021
TI  - Fatal Pasteurella haemolytica pneumonia in bighorn sheep after direct contact
      with clinically normal domestic sheep.
AB  - Six Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep were raised in captivity from birth (n = 5) or
      taken from the wild as a lamb (n = 1). After the bighorn sheep were in captivity
      for over a year, 6 clinically normal domestic sheep were placed on the 2 ha of
      pasture on which the bighorn sheep were kept. Nasal swab specimens were obtained
      from all sheep at the time the domestic sheep were introduced. Pasteurella
      haemolytica was isolated from swab specimens obtained from 4 of 6 domestic sheep,
      but not from specimens obtained from the bighorn sheep. All 6 bighorn sheep died
      of acute hemorrhagic pneumonia after exposure to domestic sheep. Death in the
      bighorn sheep occurred on days 4, 27, 27, 29, 36, or 71 after initial exposure to
      domestic sheep. Pasteurella haemolytica was isolated from respiratory tract
      tissue specimens of all bighorn sheep at the time of death. None of the domestic
      sheep were clinically ill during the study. At the end of the study, 3 of 6
      domestic sheep were euthanatized, and at necropsy, P haemolytica was isolated
      from 2 of them. The most common serotypes in bighorn and domestic sheep were P
      haemolytica T-3 and A-2. Other serotypes isolated included P haemolytica A-1, A
      9, and A-11 in bighorn sheep and A-1 in domestic sheep. On the basis of results
      of this study and of other reports, domestic sheep and bighorn sheep should not
      be managed in proximity to each other because of the potential fatal consequences
      in bighorn sheep.

PMID- 2930022
TI  - Role of IgE in the pathogenesis of bovine respiratory syncytial virus in
      sequential infections in vaccinated and nonvaccinated calves.
AB  - A study was undertaken to evaluate the possible role of IgE in the pathogenesis
      of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) infection. Fifteen calves were
      allotted at random to 3 treatment groups. One group of 6 calves was vaccinated
      with attenuated BRSV vaccine before live-virus challenge exposure, another group
      of 6 was not vaccinated before challenge exposure, and the remaining 3 calves
      served as controls (nonvaccinated, nonchallenge exposed). Calves of the 2
      experimental groups were exposed to 2 live-virus aerosolizations (challenge
      exposure) 35 days apart. Histamine and BRSV-specific IgE (BRSV-IgE)
      concentrations in serum, lung lavage fluid, and nasopharyngeal exudate, as well
      as clinical signs of disease, were evaluated for 14 days after each challenge
      exposure. Vaccination before challenge exposure with live BRSV appeared to have
      little or no effect on the severity of the disease, but did appear to affect
      disease persistence. A correlation (P less than 0.02) existed between signs of
      disease and BRSV-IgE concentration measured in lung lavage fluid, but this was
      only true for vaccinated calves. Although no other correlations were found
      between clinical signs of disease and IgE concentration, analysis of the results
      additionally revealed a strong correlation (P less than 0.002) between disease
      signs and histamine concentration in nasopharyngeal exudate from calves of both
      experimental groups. Thus, indirect evidence implicated IgE in BRSV infection
      pathogenesis.

PMID- 2930023
TI  - Cerebrospinal fluid analysis of rabid and vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein
      recombinant, orally vaccinated raccoons (Procyon lotor).
AB  - Cerebrospinal fluid obtained from clinically normal free-ranging raccoons was
      analyzed and compared with CSF obtained from raccoons vaccinated orally with
      vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein (V-RG) recombinant virus vaccine and subsequently
      challenged peripherally with street rabies virus, and CSF from naive, rabies
      virus challenge-exposed control raccoons. Significant differences were not found
      in CSF of free-ranging or V-RG recombinant virus vaccine recipient raccoons, and
      there was no evidence of CNS invasion by V-RG virus. The CSF of naive, rabies
      challenge-exposed control raccoons contained high numbers of lymphocytes and
      monocytes, compatible with rabies virus encephalitis. Although V-RG orally
      vaccinated challenge-exposed raccoons were protected from lethal rabies virus
      infection, a mild lymphocytic pleocytosis was evident at 90 days after challenge
      exposure.

PMID- 2930024
TI  - Myoelectric activity of the cecum and right ventral colon in female ponies.
AB  - The myoelectric activity of the cecum and right ventral colon (RVC) was studied
      in 4 female ponies. Eight, bipolar Ag-AgCl electrodes were sequentially placed on
      the seromuscular layer of the cecum (6 electrodes) and RVC (2 electrodes), and
      recordings were begun 14 days after surgery. The myoelectric activity for each
      pony was recorded during 12, 60-minute recording sessions done during the
      interdigestive period (3 to 7 hours after the morning feeding). Coordinated
      series of spike bursts were recognized as independent motility patterns in the
      cecum and in the RVC. Local haustra-haustra myoelectric activity involving
      approximately 40 cm of the cecal body (0.45 +/- 0.03 spike bursts/min) were
      detected. A series of spike bursts started at the cecal apex and progressed to,
      but stopped at, the caudal cecal base (0.40 +/- 0.03 spike bursts/min).
      Infrequently, a series of spike bursts started at the apex and progressed to the
      cranial cecal base (0.09 +/- 0.01 spike bursts/min). More commonly, a series of
      spike bursts with a conduction velocity of 3.8 +/- 0.07 cm/s, began in the
      cranial base and progressed orally to the cecal apex (0.46 +/- 0.03 spike
      bursts/min). Spike bursts conducted aborally (propulsion) beginning at the origin
      of the RVC (0.05 +/- 0.007 spike bursts/min) and spike bursts conducted orally
      (retropulsion; 0.15 +/- 0.02 spike bursts/min) were seen independent of cecal
      myoelectric activity. A progressive series of coordinated spike bursts, which
      began at the cecal apex, were conducted through the cecolic orifice and continued
      into the RVC (0.42 +/- 0.02 spike bursts/min), representing the only pattern
      common to the cecum and RVC.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2930025
TI  - Effects of ischemia and dimethyl sulfoxide on equine jejunal vascular resistance,
      oxygen consumption, intraluminal pressure, and potassium loss.
AB  - Physiologic effects of 1 hour of ischemia and 1 hour of reperfusion on equine
      jejunum and protective effects of systemic administration of dimethyl sulfoxide
      (DMSO, 1 g/kg of body weight) were investigated in 18 ponies, using neurally
      intact segments of jejunum perfused at constant flow with heparinized blood.
      Ponies were allotted to 4 groups: group 1, saline solution administered (control,
      n = 3); group 2, DMSO administered (DMSO, n = 3); group 3, ischemia induced and
      saline solution administered (ischemia, n = 6); and group 4, ischemia induced and
      DMSO administered (ischemia-DMSO, n = 6). Intestinal vascular resistance (R, mm
      of Hg/ml/min/100 g), oxygen consumption (VO2, ml/min/100 g), frequency and
      amplitude of rhythmic changes in intraluminal pressure, intestinal compliance (C,
      ml/mm of Hg), and arteriovenous potassium concentration difference (delta AV
      [K+], mEq/L) were determined and compared with stable preischemic values within
      groups. There were no significant changes in any variable in ponies of groups 1
      or 2. In ponies of group 3, significant (P less than or equal to 0.05) changes
      included: an initial increase in R during reperfusion, followed by a decrease to
      values below preischemic values by 15 minutes of reperfusion; decreased VO2
      during the entire reperfusion period; increased amplitude of rhythmic
      contractions during initial reperfusion; decreased frequency of rhythmic
      contractions during ischemia; and increased delta AV [K+] during initial
      reperfusion. Changes in ponies of group 4 were identical to changes in ponies of
      group 3, with the exception that DMSO administration prevented the decrease in R
      during reperfusion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2930026
TI  - Hemolytic anemia and red blood cell metabolic disorder attributable to low
      phosphorus intake in cows.
AB  - Hypophosphatemia was induced in 2 cows by reducing phosphorus content in their
      feed after parturition. Serum inorganic phosphorus (Pi) values decreased to 1
      mg/dl within 10 days after parturition; and RBC adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP)
      and reduced glutathione values decreased to 50 and 70% of baseline values,
      respectively. Methemoglobin concentration was moderately higher than normal.
      These changes preceded the onset of hemolysis, and anemia progressed with
      decreases in PCV, hemoglobin concentration, and RBC counts. Serum Pi resumed its
      normal value when anemia was most severe. This RBC disorder was confirmed to be
      characteristic of hemolytic anemia in cows resulting from hypophosphatemia. The
      RBC glycolytic intermediates, total triose phosphate (combined glyceraldehyde-3
      phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate content) and fructose-1,6-diphosphate,
      greatly increased in vivo and in vitro with decreases in serum or plasma Pi and
      RBC ATP. From our results, we concluded that inadequate Pi in the plasma impairs
      the function and viability of RBC by hindering the production of ATP via
      disturbance of reactions at the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase step.

PMID- 2930027
TI  - Effect of clindamycin on factor-VII activity in healthy cats.
AB  - Four healthy cats were given clindamycin orally in daily doses of 25 or 50 mg/kg
      of body weight for 6 weeks. Significant change in Factor-VII activity was not
      found, compared with pretreatment values. In 2 cats tested, toxin produced by
      Clostridium difficile was not detected in fecal samples obtained before treatment
      and at 6 weeks after treatment, suggesting that intestinal overgrowth by C
      difficile did not develop. Results of the study seemed to indicate that orally
      administered clindamycin does not measurably reduce synthesis of vitamin K
      dependent clotting factors in healthy cats.

PMID- 2930028
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of sulfadiazine/trimethoprim in neonatal male calves: effect of
      age and penetration into cerebrospinal fluid.
AB  - Sulfadiazine (SDZ)/trimethoprim (TMP; 30 mg of SDZ/TMP/kg of body weight) was
      given IV to the same 6 male calves at 1, 7, and 42 days of age and to 2
      additional calves at 7 days of age. Serum concentrations of SDZ and TMP were best
      represented by a 2-compartment open model, but in 42-day-old calves, CSF
      concentrations of both drugs were best represented by a 1-compartment open model
      with first-order input. Between 1 and 42 days of age, the elimination half-life
      (t1/2(beta)) of SDZ decreased from 5.7 to 3.6 hours, and total body clearance
      (CLtot) increased from 1.43 to 1.88 ml/min/kg; the area under the curve (AUC0---
      infinity) decreased from 291.5 to 225.4 mg/L.h. The distribution coefficient
      (Vd(area)/kg of body weight) decreased with age, changing from 0.72 to 0.59 L/kg,
      between 1 and 42 days of age. Therapeutic concentrations of SDZ in serum (greater
      than 2 micrograms/ml) were maintained for 24 hours in 1-day-old calves and for
      about 15 hours in 7- and 42-day-old calves. The elimination rate of TMP increased
      about 9-fold; t1/2(beta) was 8.4, 2.1, and 0.9 hours, respectively, at 1, 7, and
      42 days of age. Other values also reflected an increase in TMP elimination rate
      with age: CLtot increased from 2.8 to 12 to 28.9 ml/min/kg, k13 increased from
      0.336 to 0.654 to 1.664/h and AUC0----infinity decreased from 32.8 to 7.9 to 3.1
      mg/L.h, respectively. Therapeutic concentrations (greater than 0.1 microgram/ml)
      were maintained for 15 hours, 8 hours, and about 6 hours in 1-, 7-, and 42-day
      old calves, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2930029
TI  - Induction of equine postanesthetic myositis after halothane-induced hypotension.
AB  - Wick catheters were used to measure intracompartmental pressures of the extensor
      carpi radialis muscles and long heads of the triceps brachii muscles of 7 horses
      maintained under halothane anesthesia during controlled ventilation. Horses were
      positioned in left lateral recumbency on a water bed for 4 hours. Using a
      crossover design, 6 of the 7 horses were subjected to normotensive and
      hypotensive anesthesia on separate occasions. Hypotension was achieved by
      increasing the inspired halothane concentration. Hematologic and biochemical
      measurements were determined at designated intervals before, during, and for 7
      days after each anesthetic episode. Under hypotensive conditions, 2 horses
      developed severe generalized myositis and were euthanatized. Three of the 5 other
      horses developed swelling of the downside masseter muscle, 4 demonstrated mild
      extensor deficits of the downside forelimb, and 1 had a severe extensor deficit
      of the uppermost hind limb. As a group, the hypotensive horses had markedly
      increased activities of serum enzymes (creatine kinase, aspartate transaminase,
      and blood lactate) and abnormalities in calcium-phosphorus homeostasis. Lameness
      or enzyme alterations were not observed in normotensive horses. Although the
      intracompartmental pressure values were markedly increased in the muscle bellies
      of the compressed limbs of all horses, there was a statistically significant
      difference in intracompartmental pressures between the downside or compressed
      muscle compartments of the extensor carpi radialis of hypotensive and
      normotensive horses. High concentrations of halothane may predispose anesthetized
      horses to postanesthetic myositis, even when protective padding is used.
      Intracompartmental muscle pressure, as measured by the wick catheter, may not be
      a reliable predictor of equine postanesthetic lameness.

PMID- 2930031
TI  - Turbinate perimeter ratio as an indicator of conchal atrophy for diagnosis of
      atrophic rhinitis in pigs.
AB  - Transverse sections of snouts from 171 cross-bred (principally Yorkshire X
      American Landrace) pigs were evaluated for evidence of turbinate atrophy by use
      of conventional (atrophic rhinitis [AR] score) and morphometric methods. Of the
      171 pigs, 35 were clinically normal (AR score, 0), 65 had mild AR (AR score, 1),
      41 had moderate AR (AR score, 2), and 30 had severe AR (AR score, 3). Turbinate
      cross-sectional area (TA) and the ratio of TA to nostril cross-sectional area,
      called turbinate area ratio (TAR), had the lowest correlations (r = 0.24 to 0.55)
      with conventional AR score. Among clinically normal pigs, TA was greater in older
      pigs as expected, but the TAR values also were significantly (P less than 0.0001)
      different between 15-week-old pigs (55 kg) and 22-week-old pigs (100 kg).
      Turbinate perimeter and turbinate perimeter ratio (TPR) were not influenced by
      pig age or source. The TPR values were closely correlated with subjective visual
      AR scores (r = 0.73), with AR scores derived by measuring the space between the
      ventral portion of the scroll and the floor of the nasal cavity (r = 0.72), and
      the actual size of this space in millimeters (r = 0.71). Mean TPR values for pigs
      assigned visual AR scores of 0, 1, 2, or 3 were 1.54, 1.25, 0.97, and 0.73,
      respectively. The 95% confidence intervals around these mean TPR values were
      discreet and did not overlap. Turbinate perimeter ratio, therefore, may be a more
      reliable morphometric measure of atrophic rhinitis and also provides parametric
      data suitable for quantitative analysis.

PMID- 2930030
TI  - Hematologic changes induced by intravenous administration of diacetoxyscirpenol
      in pigs, dogs, and calves.
AB  - Diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) was given IV to pigs (0, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/kg of body
      weight), cattle (0 and 0.5 mg/kg), and dogs (0 and 0.5 mg/kg). Blood was
      collected and hemograms were done at 0.5-hour intervals for 8 hours. The animals
      were euthanatized at 8 hours after treatment, and bone marrow samples were taken
      and examined by light microscopy. Moderate to severe necrosis of bone marrow
      hematopoietic elements was found in animals given DAS. The sequential increase in
      the type and number of abnormal cells in the blood suggested a successive
      destruction of the hematopoietic elements. A marked left shift in the neutrophil
      population was found in animals given DAS. Metarubricytes and large platelets
      were found in the blood of animals given DAS. Lymphocytes were replaced with
      immature cells. Pathologic changes were most severe in the pigs given a dosage of
      1.0 mg of DAS/kg. The order of species sensitivity to DAS was pigs greater than
      dogs much greater than cattle.

PMID- 2930032
TI  - Arterial supply to the spinal cord of dogs and cats.
AB  - The blood supply patterns to the spinal cord were examined and compared in 15
      dogs and 10 cats by use of dissection and radiographic visualization. The lowest
      percentages of radicular contributions and the smallest diameter vessels were
      found in the thoracic part of the spinal cord. The central arteries were fewest
      in number in the thoracic region and unilaterally or bilaterally supplied the
      gray matter. The percentage of bilaterally distributed central arteries increased
      from the cervical to the lumbar regions. The anastomotic plexus on the surface of
      the spinal cord was found to be most dense in the cervical and lumbar regions.

PMID- 2930033
TI  - Efficacy of triclabendazole against experimentally induced Fascioloides magna
      infections in sheep.
AB  - Efficacy of oral administration of 20 mg of triclabendazole/kg of body weight was
      evaluated against 12-week Fascioloides magna infections in 12 sheep, each
      inoculated orally with 250 viable metacercariae. From 6 sheep treated with
      triclabendazole, 1 immature F magna was recovered, whereas 116 F magna with a
      mean length of 19 +/- 6.5 mm were recovered from 6 untreated control sheep.
      Efficacy of triclabendazole was 99.14%. Signs of toxicosis or illness were not
      observed in the sheep.

PMID- 2930034
TI  - Gastric emptying of a radionuclide-labeled test meal after surgical correction of
      gastric dilatation-volvulus in dogs.
AB  - Gastric emptying of a radionuclide-labeled test meal was studied in 10 dogs that
      had been treated surgically for gastric dilatation-volvulus and in 10 clinically
      normal (control) dogs. There were no significant differences between the gastric
      emptying rates and patterns in treated and in control dogs. Thus, there are no
      indications that gastric emptying is delayed in dogs that have recovered from
      gastric dilatation-volvulus, and there is no reason for pyloric surgery in dogs
      with this condition.

PMID- 2930035
TI  - Wanted: nurses and other staff.

PMID- 2930036
TI  - Nurse supply, demand reach all-time high.

PMID- 2930037
TI  - Controversy on RCT dominates teleconference.

PMID- 2930038
TI  - ANA expresses concerns about nursing home regs.

PMID- 2930039
TI  - Close ranks, move ahead, staff nurse urges.

PMID- 2930040
TI  - Nurses, physicians and hospitals are a team.

PMID- 2930041
TI  - Nursing shortage: a new stage of activism.

PMID- 2930042
TI  - RN leaders discuss COAR report and recommendations.

PMID- 2930043
TI  - ANA fights cap on temporary agency fees.

PMID- 2930044
TI  - Nurses need to get politically involved.

PMID- 2930045
TI  - As I see it. COAR: we cannot turn back.

PMID- 2930047
TI  - Financial support needed for strong ANA.

PMID- 2930046
TI  - Commission on Organizational Assessment and renewal: summary of COAR report.

PMID- 2930048
TI  - Well elderly need health and social services.

PMID- 2930049
TI  - Career parallels history of gerontology.

PMID- 2930050
TI  - ANA advocates 24-hour RN staffing.

PMID- 2930051
TI  - Professionalizing the nursing home.

PMID- 2930052
TI  - Emotion in psychotherapy.
AB  - The therapeutic process involves many different types of affective phenomena. No
      single therapeutic perspective has been able to encompass within its own
      theoretical framework all the ways in which emotion plays a role in therapeutic
      change. A comprehensive, constructive theory of emotion helps transcend the
      differences in the therapeutic schools by viewing emotion as a complex synthesis
      of expressive motor, schematic, and conceptual information that provides
      organisms with information about their responses to situations that helps them
      orient adaptively in the environment. In addition to improved theory, increased
      precision in the assessment of affective functioning in therapy, as well as
      greater specification of different emotional change processes and means of
      facilitating these, will allow the role of emotion in change to be studied more
      effectively. A number of different change processes involving emotion are
      discussed, as well as principles of emotionally focused intervention that help
      access emotion and promote emotional restructuring.

PMID- 2930053
TI  - Sex bias and POD.

PMID- 2930054
TI  - Psychology's contribution to relieving the donor organ shortage: barriers from
      within.

PMID- 2930056
TI  - Psychology and self-help groups. Predictions on a partnership.
AB  - Continued growth and increased legitimacy are anticipated for the American self
      help group (SHG) phenomenon. Currently estimated at six and a quarter million
      participants annually, self-help groups will assume a central role in the
      nation's mental health delivery system over the next two decades. The first part
      of this article illuminates the self-help group phenomenon itself. Its scope,
      characteristics, supporting social climate, and associated research issues are
      reviewed. The second part is a futuristic examination of its interface with the
      newly industrializing world of health care. Massive increases in mental health
      services are predicted, especially via the SHG format. Theory development,
      research sophistication, changing SHG formats, a place in public policy, and
      acceptance into graduate curricula are also expected, as are collaborative
      relationships with a variety of professional disciplines. Psychologists are urged
      to enhance the relevance of the profession by taking an early leadership role in
      these developments.

PMID- 2930055
TI  - Women and AIDS-related concerns. Roles for psychologists in helping the worried
      well.
AB  - Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) has important implications for the
      practice of psychology. As the epidemic continues, the role of behavior change
      and psychosocial factors in the spread and transmission of Human Immunodeficiency
      Virus (HIV) infections assumes increasing significance. Psychologists, as
      behavior change experts, have a special and challenging role to play in educating
      the public, particularly women, about AIDS. This article examines AIDS- and HIV
      related concerns in women with a focus on the personal dilemmas for the
      practicing psychologist, problems in health behavior advocacy, and methods and
      pitfalls in modifying sexual behaviors.

PMID- 2930057
TI  - Building bridges. Psychologists and families of the mentally ill.

PMID- 2930059
TI  - Schizophrenia as a brain disease. Implications for psychologists and families.

PMID- 2930058
TI  - The mental health movement in the United States.

PMID- 2930061
TI  - Neutrophil accumulation and structural changes in nonpulmonary organs after acute
      lung injury induced by phorbol myristate acetate.
AB  - Multiple nonpulmonary organ failure contributes significantly to the high
      mortality rate associated with the adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
      However, little is known about specific structural and/or functional alterations
      that occur in nonpulmonary organs in this syndrome. Therefore, the present study
      was designed to test the hypothesis that inflammatory cell infiltration and
      structural changes occur both in the lungs and in nonpulmonary organs in ARDS. To
      test this hypothesis, neutrophil accumulation and structural alterations were
      evaluated in nonpulmonary organs from dogs with acute lung injury produced by
      intravenous phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) (30 micrograms/kg; n = 5). As
      expected, morphologic changes were present in the lungs of the PMA-treated
      animals and included a diffuse neutrophilic pneumonitis with interstitial,
      vascular, and alveolar components. PMA-treated dogs had significant increases in
      neutrophils (expressed as PMN/mm2 tissue section area) compared with those in
      control animals in the following organs: heart, 14 +/- 3 versus 4 +/- 1; brain,
      2.5 +/- 0.3 versus 0.7 +/- 0.3; duodenum, 34 +/- 7 versus 10 +/- 2; liver, 397 +/
      16 versus 103 +/- 12 (p less than 0.025, all comparisons). In addition, severe
      necrosis and inflammation of vessels, sinusoidal thrombosis, and hepatic necrosis
      were noted in the liver. Like the changes noted in the lung, hepatic lesions
      appeared to be vascular in origin and were consistent with lesions produced by
      the intravascular activation of neutrophils. No microscopic lesions were detected
      in the brain, kidney, duodenum, and heart. Taken together, the finding of
      concurrent lung injury, liver injury, and nonpulmonary organ neutrophil
      accumulation suggests the possibility of a common pathway of injury in this model
      of ARDS.

PMID- 2930060
TI  - Progressive lung injury over a one-year period after a single inhalation exposure
      to beryllium sulfate.
AB  - The chronic pulmonary toxicity of beryllium sulfate was examined in rats over a 1
      yr period after a single, 1-h exposure. Male rats, exposed in a nose-only
      inhalation chamber to an aerosol of 4.05 micrograms Be/L, were evaluated for lung
      toxicity by the methods of bronchoalveolar lavage, lung cell kinetics, and
      histopathologic analysis. Bronchoalveolar lavage activities for alkaline
      phosphatase (Alk Pase) and acid phosphatase (Ac Pase) were elevated 3 wk after
      exposure; lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and Alk Pase activities peaked 3 months
      after exposure. Histopathologic analysis revealed progressive focal interstitial
      pneumonitis with a prominent alveolar component of heteromorphic macrophages,
      neutrophils, and debris. No increase was noted in the overall labeling index in
      the alveolar cell population at any of the time points sampled. This study
      demonstrates the effectiveness of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid analysis in
      monitoring lung damage over a prolonged period and shows that the pulmonary
      toxicity of beryllium manifests itself as a progressive lesion from a single 1-h
      inhalation exposure to BeSO4.

PMID- 2930062
TI  - Intravascular macrophages in pulmonary capillaries of humans.
AB  - Pulmonary intravascular macrophages reside in the pulmonary capillaries and
      phagocytize bacteria and particulates. These cells are prominent in several
      animals species, but they have not been described in humans. Samples of lung
      tissue from patients undergoing thoracotomies for excision of noninfectious
      diseases were examined with transmission electron microscopy to determine if
      pulmonary intravascular macrophages are present in humans. The macrophages, with
      cytoplasm closely adjacent to the capillary and with an irregular contour, were
      seen in specimens from all patients. The morphologic features of human pulmonary
      intravascular macrophages resemble the appearance of these cells in animals. The
      potential significance of pulmonary intravascular macrophages is discussed with
      regard to sepsis-induced acute respiratory failure.

PMID- 2930063
TI  - Improvement in alveolar macrophage migration after therapeutic whole lung lavage
      in pulmonary alveolar proteinosis.
AB  - Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a rare disease characterized by the
      accumulation of lipoproteinaceous material in the alveolar space. Alveolar
      macrophages (AM) in this disease have been noted in the past to have abnormally
      decreased function. It is not known whether these abnormalities are reversible
      with treatment of the disease. In this study, the effect of therapeutic whole
      lung lavage (WLL) on AM migration in four patients with PAP was determined.
      Standard segmental bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed 1 day before and 6
      days after WLL. AM recovered by BAL were assayed for migratory response to N
      formyl-methionyl phenylalanine (FMP) and endotoxin-activated human serum (EAHS).
      As expected, migration toward both stimuli was decreased before WLL compared to a
      group of normal controls. After WLL, AM migration toward both stimuli was not
      only greater than before the WLL but also was greater than normal. In one
      patient, serial BAL over a period of 18 months showed a marked decline in AM
      migration coincident with a clinical relapse of the disease. Thus, the defect in
      AM function found in PAP is reversible with WLL but can recur if clinical
      remission is not sustained.

PMID- 2930064
TI  - Correlations among naturally occurring resistances to antituberculosis drugs in
      Mycobacterium avium complex strains.
AB  - In Mycobacterium avium complex strains, which were not exposed previously to any
      antituberculosis drugs, resistances to rifampin, minocycline, and kitasamycin,
      and resistances to streptomycin and kanamycin appeared frequently in the same
      strains. These data indicate that patterns of drug resistance in these organisms
      are not random but occur through linked mechanisms.

PMID- 2930065
TI  - To treat or not to treat, that was the question.

PMID- 2930066
TI  - Smear- and culture-negative pulmonary tuberculosis: four-month short-course
      chemotherapy.
AB  - Patients with positive tuberculin reaction, abnormal chest radiograph, and
      negative bacteriology are often treated empirically for tuberculosis (TB) after
      exclusion of other causes. Therapy generally consists of two bactericidal drugs
      (rifampin [RIF] and isoniazid [INH]) for 9 months or INH for 9 to 12 months. With
      such a small bacillary population, even less therapy might suffice. Thus we began
      in January 1980 to discontinue therapy at 4 months when there was sufficient
      evidence of a paucity of bacilli demonstrated by at least three negative smears
      and cultures for TB at the start of therapy. To date, 452 such patients have been
      so treated. Radiographic abnormalities included pulmonary infiltration of varying
      extent, pleural residuals, and hilar adenopathy. The full course of therapy could
      not be completed in 38 (8.4%) patients due to death, relocation, or drug
      toxicity. Side effects of the drugs occurred in 21 (4.7%) patients, but toxic
      hepatitis occurred in only four (0.9%) patients. Thus, 414 patients completed the
      full 4-month course of therapy. Of these, 126 (30.4%) patients showed
      radiographic and/or clinical response suggesting active infection. The remainder
      showed no such improvement, suggesting either a mistake in diagnosis or dormant
      TB. During follow-up of the 414 patients from 6 to 78 months (median, 44 months),
      five (1.2%) patients relapsed: three among responders and two among
      nonresponders. Thus, among persons suspected of having TB but with negative
      bacteriology, 4 months of chemotherapy with INH and RIF gave results comparable
      to those achieved with 9 months of therapy in smear- and culture-positive cases.

PMID- 2930067
TI  - Nosocomial pneumonia in patients receiving continuous mechanical ventilation.
      Prospective analysis of 52 episodes with use of a protected specimen brush and
      quantitative culture techniques.
AB  - Epidemiologic studies of nosocomial bacterial pneumonia in patients requiring
      mechanical ventilation have been limited because of the poor reliability of
      diagnosis procedures in this setting. To determine prognostic and descriptive
      factors of ventilator-associated (V-A) pneumonia, we prospectively studied 567
      patients who had been receiving mechanical ventilation for more than 3 days in
      our unit. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy using a protected specimen brush (PSB) was
      performed on each patient suspected of having pneumonia because of the presence
      of a new pulmonary infiltrate and purulent tracheal secretions. The diagnosis of
      V-A pneumonia was retained only if PSB specimens yielded greater than 10(3)
      cfu/ml of at least one microorganism, unless this result was established to be a
      false positive result on follow-up. V-A pneumonia developed in 49 patients for a
      total of 52 episodes (9%). The actuarial risk of V-A pneumonia was 6.5% at 10
      days, 19% at 20 days, and 28% at 30 days of ventilation. Patients with pneumonia
      were significantly older (65 versus 57 yr of age, p less than 0.01) and more
      frequently had severe underlying illnesses (24 versus 10%, p less than 0.01) than
      did patients without pneumonia. A total of 84 microorganisms (51 gram-negative
      and 33 gram-positive) were isolated in significant concentrations from PSB
      specimens. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus were involved in 31
      and 33% of these pneumonias, respectively. Forty percent of all specimens yielded
      a polymicrobial flora with more than one potential pathogen.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2930069
TI  - Effect of calcium antagonist gallopamil on antigen-induced early and late
      bronchoconstrictor responses in allergic sheep.
AB  - Calcium channel blockers have been shown to modify acute antigen-induced
      bronchoconstriction in allergic animals and in some human subjects with bronchial
      asthma; however, the effects of calcium antagonists on late-phase bronchial
      responses are not known. In this investigation, we studied the effects of calcium
      antagonist gallopamil on antigen-induced early- and late-phase bronchial
      responses in sheep allergic to Ascaris suum antigen. In 11 unsedated sheep,
      specific lung resistance (SRL) was measured before, immediately after, and
      serially up to 8 h after inhalation challenge with A. suum antigen. On different
      experiment days, at least 3 wk apart, the sheep were pretreated with gallopamil,
      administered either as an aerosol (5 mg, n = 10; 10 mg, n = 9) or as an
      intravenous injection (20 micrograms/kg, n = 10), and the antigen challenge was
      repeated. For the control experiments (n = 11), mean +/- SE SRL increased
      immediately after antigen challenge (early response) to 533 +/- 72% of baseline
      and again 6 to 8 h after challenge (late response) to 304 +/- 31% of baseline (p
      less than 0.05). Neither intravenously administered nor aerosolized gallopamil
      had a significant effect on baseline SRL. Both aerosolized and intravenously
      administered gallopamil blunted the early response and completely blocked the
      late-phase bronchoconstrictor response (p less than 0.05). Mean SRL during early
      phase increased to 208 +/- 39% and 245 +/- 39% of baseline with 5 mg and 10 mg of
      aerosolized gallopamil and to 191 +/- 35% of baseline with intravenously
      administered gallopamil, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2930068
TI  - Preoperative assessment as a predictor of mortality and morbidity after lung
      resection.
AB  - To refine the functional guidelines for operability for lung resection, we
      prospectively studied 55 consecutive patients with suspected lung malignancy
      thought to be surgically resectable. Lung function and exercise capacity were
      measured preoperatively and at 3 and 12 months postoperatively. Preoperative
      pulmonary scintigraphy was used to calculate the contribution to overall function
      by the affected lung or lobe and to predict postoperative lung function.
      Pneumonectomy was performed in 18 patients, lobectomy in 29, and thoracotomy
      without resection in six. No surgery was attempted in two patients who were
      considered functionally inoperable. Cardiopulmonary complications developed in 16
      patients within 30 days of surgery, including three deaths. The predictions of
      postoperative function correlated well with the measured values at 3 months. For
      FEV1, r = 0.51 in pneumonectomy (p less than 0.05) and 0.89 in lobectomy (p less
      than 0.001). Predicted postoperative FEV1 (FEV1-ppo), diffusing capacity (DLCO),
      predicted postoperative DLCO (DLCO-ppo) and exercise-induced arterial O2
      desaturation (delta SaO2) were predictive of postoperative complications
      including death and respiratory failure. In patients who underwent pneumonectomy,
      the best predictor of death was FEV1-ppo. The predictions were enhanced by
      expressing the value as a percentage of the predicted normal value (% pred)
      rather than in absolute units. For the entire surgical group a FEV1-ppo greater
      than or equal to 40% pred was associated with no postoperative mortality (n =
      47), whereas a value less than 40% pred was associated with a 50% mortality (n =
      6), suggesting that resection is feasible when FEV1-ppo is greater than or equal
      to 40% pred.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2930070
TI  - Total respiratory resistance and reactance as a measurement of response to
      bronchial challenge with histamine.
AB  - The potential of the forced oscillation technique to detect the airway response
      on histamine bronchial challenge tests was compared with that of FEV1 and
      plethysmographic SGaw. In 53 subjects with a history of episodic wheezing and a
      normal baseline airway resistance, we carried out bronchial challenges with
      successively doubling concentrations of histamine until FEV1 had dropped by 15%
      or more or a concentration of 16 mg/ml histamine was reached. For the baseline
      values, a mean within-subject coefficient of variation was found of 2.8% for
      FEV1, 7.4% for SGaw, 8.7% for the oscillatory respiratory conductance at 6 Hz
      (1/Rrs6), and 7.7% for the mean oscillatory respiratory conductance (between 2
      and 26 Hz) (1/Rrs). The latter coefficients allow the calculation of the
      following threshold values: PD15FEV1, PD40SGaw, PD47 1/Rrs6, and PD42 1/Rrs. The
      probability of exceeding these levels by chance is virtually zero. Histamine
      challenge caused significant absolute changes in Rrs at 6 Hz (Rrs6), in mean
      level of Rrs and of respiratory reactance (Xrs), in slope of Rrs and Xrs versus
      frequency, and in mean curvature of Rrs-frequency curve. A multivariate analysis
      of the differences between prechallenge and postchallenge values showed that the
      parameters with the best sensitivity to detect the effect of histamine were, in
      decreasing order: the relative change of SGaw, of 1/Rrs6, of 1/Rrs, of FEV1, of
      FVC, and of 1/Vtg, followed by the absolute change of Xrs and of the average
      slope of the Rrs-frequency relationship.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2930071
TI  - Buspirone, an anxiolytic drug that stimulates respiration.
AB  - The recently released drug buspirone is an anxiolytic agent that appears not to
      have the sedating effects of barbiturates and benzodiazepines, both known to have
      respiratory depressant effects. Because of its increasing clinical use, we
      desired to study the effects of buspirone on respiratory control. We therefore
      determined central neural respiratory responses, measured from phrenic nerve
      activity, after intravenous administration in paralyzed, vagotomized, and
      glomectomized cats whose end-tidal PCO2 and body temperature were kept constant.
      The responses were compared to the effects of the sedating tranquilizer diazepam.
      Buspirone had a dose-dependent stimulatory effect on respiratory output primarily
      through an increase of tidal activity but with an increase of frequency in some
      animals. Associated with this was a shift of the apneic threshold to a lower
      level of PCO2 without a change of slope or shape of the CO2 response curve. In
      contrast, diazepam led to a depression of respiration and a shift of the apneic
      threshold to a higher PCO2. The findings indicate that buspirone does not have
      the typical neural respiratory depressant actions of diazepam but instead
      stimulates respiration. Although the findings will need to be shown to apply to
      human beings, they suggest that buspirone may be a useful drug to treat anxiety
      in patients without causing undesirable respiratory depression.

PMID- 2930072
TI  - Characteristics of normal lung sounds after adaptive filtering.
AB  - Lung sounds were recorded from five normal male subjects during tidal breathing.
      Simultaneous electrocardiograms were recorded and used as index signals to
      generate simulated heart sounds for digital subtraction from recorded lung sounds
      to obtain purer lung sounds. Five random breaths from each subject were analyzed.
      Sound signals were band-pass filtered 25 to 1,000 Hz (antialiasing), digitized at
      3,000 Hz, and then subjected to (1) direct fast Fourier transform (FFT) without
      filtering (NF); (2) digital high-pass filtering at 75 Hz and subsequent FFT (75
      HzF); (3) adaptive filtering and subsequent FFT (AF). The FFT algorithms of all
      lung sounds were characterized by mean, median, and mode frequencies. The mean,
      median, and mode of NF were lower than those of 75 HzF (64.98 +/- 4.04 versus
      150.42 +/- 17.49, mean +/- SE, p less than 0.003; 44.57 +/- 2.06 versus
      111.81.5.78, p less than 0.0003; 36.81 +/- 1.77 versus 86.16 +/- 3.13, p less
      than 0.0001) and those of AF (64.98 +/- 4.04 versus 96.87 +/- 11.58, p less than
      0.01; 44.57 +/- 2.06 versus 68.23 +/- 10.44, p less than 0.05; 36.81 +/- 1.78
      versus 52.24 +/- 8.97, p less than 0.06). The mean, median, and mode of AF were
      lower than those of 75 HzF (96.87 +/- 11.58 versus 150.42 +/- 17.49, p less than
      0.02; 68.23 +/- 10.44 versus 111.81 +/- 5.77, p less than 0.007; 52.24 +/- 8.97
      versus 86.16 +/- 3.73, p less than 0.01). The results indicated that by filtering
      out low frequency heart sounds, the frequency spectrum of lung sounds was moved
      upward.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2930073
TI  - Flow-volume curves in snoring patients with and without obstructive sleep apnea.
AB  - To examine the usefulness of flow-volume curves as a screening test for the
      diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), we studied 405 consecutive patients
      referred for evaluation of possible OSA. All patients had full pulmonary function
      studies, which included measurements of maximal inspiratory and expiratory flow
      volume curves, and nocturnal polysomnography, including continuous monitoring of
      snoring sounds. When the results were analyzed, of the 405 patients studied, 207
      had OSA (apnea/hypopnea index [AHI] greater than 10) and 198 did not. Flow-volume
      curves were examined for the presence of upper airway obstruction defined as
      midvital capacity flow ratio (MVCFR = ratio of the maximal expiratory flow at 50%
      of vital capacity to maximal inspiratory flow at 50% of vital capacity) greater
      than 1.0. We found no significant difference in the values of MVCFR between the
      two groups: MVCFR was equal to 0.69 +/- 0.31 for nonapneic snorers, and 0.68 +/-
      0.29 for the apneic snorers. Furthermore, we redefined the apneic and nonapneic
      groups using different cutoff values of AHI: 20, 30, 40, and 50. Independently of
      the AHI cutoff used, we found no significant difference in the MVCFR between the
      two groups. Linear regression analysis for the entire group of 405 patients
      revealed no significant correlation between MVCFR and the AHI or the snoring
      indices. We calculated the sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of
      MVCFR for the diagnosis of OSA. We found that this test had 12% sensitivity, 86%
      specificity, 47% positive predictive value, and 46% negative predictive
      value.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2930074
TI  - Mechanical loads on the ventilatory muscles. A theoretical analysis.
AB  - Two indices of the total mechanical load on the ventilatory muscles, i.e., the
      work per minute (W.min-1) and the inflation pressure time index (PTI), have been
      developed to better assess muscle energy demands and fatigue potential. However,
      the relationship of these two indices to the various individual determinants of
      load and to muscle energy demands and fatigue potential are not well understood.
      To investigate these relationships in a theoretical fashion, we first constructed
      a computer model to quantitate the magnitude and relative effects of changes in
      the ventilation component of load, i.e., alveolar ventilation demands (VA) and
      dead space volume (VD), and changes in the respiratory system impedance component
      of load, i.e., compliance (Crs) and resistance (Raw), on W.min-1 and PTI over a
      wide, clinically relevant, range of ventilatory conditions. From this analysis,
      we demonstrated that: (1) high mechanical loads could be developed over a wide
      range of circumstances (i.e., W.min-1 ranged from 0.29 kg.m.min-1 to 30.55
      kg.m.min-1 and PTI ranged from 1.22 to 28.8 cm H2O as ventilation increased from
      7 to 39 L.min-1 and impedances worsened from normal to a combined restricted and
      obstructed pattern); (2) each load determinant (i.e., VA, VD, Crs, and Raw)
      contributed substantially to these two indices of total mechanical load; (3)
      although impedance changes had comparable effects on W.min-1 and PTI, ventilation
      changes, as would be expected, had a greater effect on W.min-1 than on
      PTI.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2930075
TI  - Limitations of computed tomography in the assessment of emphysema.
AB  - Thirty-eight patients undergoing lobectomy or pneumonectomy for carcinoma had
      preoperative computed tomography (CT) of the chest. Twenty-seven had both 1.5 mm
      and 10 mm collimation scans, and eleven had 10 mm collimation images only. These
      images were analyzed for the extent and severity of emphysema, and the analysis
      compared to the pathologic findings in the corresponding transverse slice of
      lung. The latter was graded by a modification of a panel of standards and by a
      grid system numerically expressing extent and severity. The grid system is
      theoretically superior to the panel of standards because it allows better
      quantitation of early emphysema and, contrary to the set of standards, is
      designed to analyze transverse CT images and corresponding pathologic slices.
      There was good correlation between the CT score and the pathologic score using
      the panel of standards (r = 0.81, p less than 0.001) but a lower correlation with
      the grid system (r = 0.70, p less than 0.001). The correlation improved slightly
      with 1.5 as compared to 10 mm collimation scans. Close comparison between the CT
      and grid scores showed that CT was sensitive in demonstrating early distal acinar
      and irregular emphysema. However, CT consistently underestimated the extent of
      centriacinar and panacinar emphysema because most lesions less than 0.5 cm in
      diameter were missed. We conclude that CT is insensitive in detecting the
      earliest lesions of emphysema.

PMID- 2930076
TI  - Raja pleural biopsy needle. A comparison with the Abrams needle in experimental
      pleural effusion.
AB  - The Raja pleural biopsy needle, 3 mm in external diameter and fitted with a
      titanium alloy biopsy flap, was compared with the Abrams needle in six dogs with
      experimentally induced pleural effusion. One hundred twenty-four pleural biopsies
      were performed using either the Raja needle or the Abrams needle (62 with each
      needle). No complication occurred with either needle. The Raja pleural biopsy
      needle yielded a statistically significant larger pleural tissue specimen with a
      statistically significant lower frequency of crush artifacts. The size of the
      pleura obtained by the Abrams needle averaged 4,401 +/- 559 microns2 (mean +/-
      SE) compared with 8,652 +/- 1,099 microns2 with the Raja needle (p less than
      0.01; Student two-tailed t test). Biopsies by the Abrams needle showed crush
      artifacts in 25.8% of the specimens, whereas 8.06% of biopsies with the Raja
      needle showed crush artifacts (p less than 0.02; Fisher's two-tailed exact test).
      In conclusion, the Raja pleural biopsy needle is safe to use and, despite its
      smaller diameter (3mm versus 4mm external diameter of the Abrams needle), yields
      significantly larger and less frequently distorted pleural specimens.

PMID- 2930077
TI  - Long-term pulmonary sequelae after Legionella pneumophila infection in the
      hamster.
AB  - It has been reported that infections with Legionella pneumophila can lead to
      chronic inflammatory and fibrotic reactions in the human lung. To better
      characterize the nature of the residual abnormalities caused by this bacterium,
      we inoculated Syrian hamsters intratracheally with 10(8) serotype 1 L.
      pneumophila organisms and assessed histologic, functional, and biochemical
      changes at intervals up to 180 days. Acutely, L. pneumophila caused an intense
      alveolar macrophage (AM) and polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) response within
      the lower air spaces, air-filled lungs were noncompliant, and there was an
      associated 25 to 50% increase in the lung content of collagen and elastin after
      10 days. An inflammatory response, consisting principally of AM and centered
      around the terminal bronchioles, was still prominent in some infected lungs after
      90 and 180 days, and the severity of the inflammation was correlated with a
      persistent restrictive defect in the elastic behavior of the lung. However, by
      histologic examination, fibrosis was not prominent, and the more representative
      abnormality was one of mild, diffuse air-space enlargement. Frank emphysematous
      changes were present focally in some lungs. In addition, an irregularly
      distributed lymphocytic infiltrate and goblet cell metaplasia were present in the
      larger bronchi of infected animals. We conclude that a single infection with L.
      pneumophila is capable of causing long-term inflammatory reactions in the lung,
      with morphologic features of both fibrosis and emphysema.

PMID- 2930078
TI  - Experimental hypersensitivity pneumonitis in guinea pigs. Kinetics and dose
      response.
AB  - Experimental hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) can be transferred by cells
      cultured in vitro with antigen, but not by noncultured cells. We determined the
      relationship between antigen concentration, time of culture, and development of
      competence to transfer HP and if separation of lymphoblasts from a noncultured
      cell population would allow transfer. We cultured lymph node cells from
      sensitized Strain II guinea pigs with a soluble extract of Micropolyspora faeni
      (10 micrograms/ml) for 48, 72, and 96 h, and isolated and transferred
      lymphoblasts intravenously to syngeneic recipients. Other animals received
      lymphoblasts from 72-h cultures exposed to 0, 0.1, 1, 10, or 30 micrograms/ml M.
      faeni. We also separated and transferred lymphoblasts from noncultured lymph node
      cell populations. Control animals received equal volumes of media. The animals
      were challenged intratracheally with M. faeni 48 h after the cell transfer, and
      they were killed 4 days after intratracheal challenge. Randomly selected
      microscopic fields of the lung (250/animal) were judged to be normal or abnormal
      without knowledge of treatment. All guinea pigs were maintained in HEPA-filtered
      air. There was a low level of pulmonary response to an intratracheal challenge of
      M. faeni in animals that received media and a substantial increase (p less than
      0.01) in the extent of pulmonary abnormalities in the animals receiving
      lymphoblasts cultured for 72 and 96 but not for 48 h. Recipients of lymphoblasts
      cultured for 72 h with 1, 10, and 30 but not zero and 0.1 micrograms/ml M. faeni
      exhibited increased extent of pulmonary abnormalities.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2930079
TI  - American Lung Association, American Thoracic Society, 1989 annual meeting. May 14
      17, 1989, Cincinnati, Ohio. Abstracts.

PMID- 2930080
TI  - [Audiologic evaluation of children by auditory responses of the brainstem].
AB  - Brainstem auditory evoked responses (BAER) were recorded in 112 children (0-14
      years) submitted to us from a ORL source to evaluate the auditory function. The
      othologic examination and different audiologic tests (pure tone audiometry,
      impedance measurement, stapedial reflex) showed no definite results due to
      several reasons including age, uncooperativeness, low reliability, or
      communication impairment. The following items were evaluated: 1) Wave V
      threshold. 2) Latency-intensity function. 3) Interwave timing, I-V amplitude
      ratio, wave amputation, response to the changing rate of stimulation. Results
      showed the utility of BAER to: 1) Confirm the audiologic impairment: 2) determine
      if the anomalies are uni or bilateral; 3) quantify the intensity of hearing loss,
      and 4) establish a topographic diagnosis of the disease.

PMID- 2930081
TI  - [Behavior of full-term low-birth weight infants based on the Brazelton scale].
AB  - In order to evaluate the specific effects of low birth weight on neonatal
      behaviour, a group of 41 small-for-dates newborns were assessed using the updated
      Brazelton's neonatal behavioral assessment scale. Results were compared to those
      obtained from 41 neonates of full-weight, healthy and of similar characteristics.
      According to these data behavioral profile of the full-term but underweight
      newborn in comparison to full-weight newborn, could be described as follows: less
      reaction to animate and inanimate stimuli: more passivity and indifference to
      social interaction; poor motor general tone and poor consolability.

PMID- 2930082
TI  - [Carbamazepine in paroxysmal choreoathetosis in Sydenham's chorea].
AB  - There are presented three different forms of chorea, in which we have observed an
      spectacular response to the administration of carbamazepine. The two first cases
      are paroxysmal choreoathetosis. Both are free of episodes of choreoathetosis
      under the administration or very low dosis of carbamazepine. However when a
      placebo is been used or in an accidental omit of the drug, the crisis reapears.
      The third case is a Sydenham chorea. It received three months of treatment on a
      20 mg/kg dosis, the symptoms dimished on the first week. After a year he has not
      suffered any relapse.

PMID- 2930083
TI  - [Survey of the demands on pediatric outpatient consultation clinics in Vigo].

PMID- 2930084
TI  - [Fibromuscular dysplasia and Moya-Moya disease].

PMID- 2930085
TI  - [Sea-blue histiocyte syndrome associated with chronic hepatitis B and ocular
      albinism].

PMID- 2930086
TI  - [Anuria caused by obstructive lithiasis].

PMID- 2930087
TI  - [Amyloid tumor of the trachea. Presentation of a pediatric case].

PMID- 2930088
TI  - [Dacryocystitis in early infancy].

PMID- 2930089
TI  - [Pulmonary sequestration. Diagnosis of an aberrant blood vessel by CT imaging and
      bidimensional Doppler echography].

PMID- 2930090
TI  - [Nephropathy caused by ventriculo-atrial derivation (shunt nephritis)].
AB  - We report three patients (one, nine and ten year old) who suffered from secondary
      nephritis caused by an infection of a ventriculo-atrial shunt. In all three cases
      diagnosis was made based on persistent hematuria accompanied by prolonged fever
      of unclear origin and was subsequently confirmed by the presence of
      staphylococcus in the blood. LCR and prosthesis cultures and in the renal biopsy.
      The period of time elapsed between the insertion of the shunt, the beginning of
      the illness and the diagnosis, was variable. In the three cases, the treatment
      consisted of removal of the infected shunt and insertion of a new one in the
      peritoneum together with antibiotic treatment. The outcome was successful in only
      two cases, the third died. The hystological study showed the presence of:
      membranoproliferative, proliferative and intra and extra capillary
      glomerulonephritis with diffuse semilunae in each case. We point out the
      importance of the prosthesis infection by low virulence germs, the continuous
      dissemination of these into the circulatory system and the production and
      depositing of antibodies at the renal level.

PMID- 2930091
TI  - Chronic aortic insufficiency: factors associated with progression to aortic valve
      replacement.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the initial measurement of clinical
      variables in patients with chronic stable aortic insufficiency is helpful in
      identifying patients at risk for earlier progression to aortic valve replacement.
      DESIGN: Prospective analysis of a cohort of patients for a median follow-up time
      of 44 months (range, 8 to 57). SETTING: Referral-based cardiology clinics at two
      university hospitals and their affiliated Veterans Administration medical
      centers. PATIENTS: Cohort of 50 asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic patients
      with chronic aortic insufficiency and left ventricular enlargement. Patients had
      preserved left ventricular ejection fraction at rest and no evidence of coronary
      artery disease or significant noncardiac illness. INTERVENTION: None.
      MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Baseline evaluation included a history and
      physical examination, chest roentgenogram. M-mode echocardiogram, treadmill test,
      and radionuclide angiogram done at rest and during supine bicycle exercise. Ten
      patients progressed to surgery because of the onset of limiting symptoms or
      objective evidence of left ventricular dysfunction, or both; the overall rate was
      4% +/- 3% per year. The Breslow and Mantel-Cox statistics were used to compute
      survival (surgery-free) dichotomized by prognostic variables. The progression to
      surgery was earlier in patients with left ventricular end-diastolic volume
      indices of 150 cc/m2 or more, end-systolic volume indices of 60 cc/m2 or more, a
      left ventricular ejection fraction at maximal exercise of less than 0.50, or an
      end-systolic wall stress of 86 dynes/cm2 or more. CONCLUSIONS: Patients at higher
      and lower risk for early progression to aortic valve replacement can be
      identified through the measurement of left ventricular size and function. This
      information can be used to decide the frequency and intensity of follow-up
      evaluation in these patients.

PMID- 2930092
TI  - The effect of caffeine on exercise tolerance and left ventricular function in
      patients with coronary artery disease.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine whether acute oral caffeine ingestion by patients
      with coronary artery disease results in decreased treadmill exercise performance
      or deterioration of echocardiographic measures of systolic or diastolic left
      ventricular function. DESIGN: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
      SETTING: Referral-based cardiovascular exercise laboratory at an urban teaching
      hospital. PATIENTS: Thirteen volunteers with clinically stable coronary artery
      disease who had exercise tests after a 2-week caffeine-free washout period.
      Patients continued treatment with standard antianginal medications during the
      study period. INTERVENTIONS: Maximal exercise treadmill testing and exercise
      echocardiography were done at baseline, after acute ingestion of a placebo
      beverage (97% caffeine-free coffee), or after drinking an identical beverage
      containing 250 mg of caffeine sodium benzoate. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
      Acute ingestion of caffeine produced a serum level of 4.50 +/- 0.16
      micrograms/mL, but had no effect on resting supine heart rate, blood pressure,
      left ventricular fractional shortening, posterior left ventricular wall thinning
      or peak rates of increase in left ventricular diastolic dimension. Despite a
      small increase in peak systolic blood pressure during exercise (baseline, 153 +/-
      8; placebo, 154 +/- 8; caffeine, 161 +/- 7 mm Hg; P less than 0.05), exercise
      duration, time to onset of angina, and time to 0.1 mV ST depression did not
      differ after ingestion of placebo or caffeine. Rate-pressure product at onset of
      angina and onset of 0.1 mV of ST depression were also unchanged. In response to
      exercise, echocardiographic measures of left ventricular systolic and diastolic
      function were unchanged after caffeine compared with placebo ingestion.
      CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that patients with exercise-induced ischemia who
      are receiving appropriate antianginal therapy tolerate the caffeine-equivalent of
      three cups of coffee without detrimental effect on intensity of ischemia,
      myocardial function, or exercise duration.

PMID- 2930093
TI  - Mild cystic fibrosis in a consanguineous family.
AB  - Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder linked to chromosome
      7q in all families studied. Expression of the disease varies, but the genetic
      basis for clinical heterogeneity is unknown. We describe an extended
      consanguineous family with pulmonary disease and the sweat gland phenotype of
      cystic fibrosis. In the members of this family, clinical expression of the
      disease was mild, as manifested by the absence of severe childhood lung disease
      and increased longevity with better functional status than that expected for age.
      The degree of pancreatic exocrine insufficiency varied (4/10), but the older
      patients had normal pancreatic function. The pedigree suggested the likelihood of
      common ancestry, and eight of the ten affected persons were clearly related. At
      least three of the family members with the mildest clinical disease had
      consanguineous parents and may therefore have been homozygous for a variant
      cystic fibrosis gene. The mild expression of cystic fibrosis in this family
      provides evidence for a form of cystic fibrosis that is intrinsically less
      debilitating than the classic form.

PMID- 2930094
TI  - Training physicians in counseling about smoking cessation. A randomized trial of
      the "Quit for Life" program.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: To test whether physicians who receive a continuing education
      program ("Quit for Life") about how to counsel smokers to quit would counsel
      smokers more effectively and have higher rates of long-term smoking cessation
      among their patients who smoke. DESIGN: Randomized trial with blinded assessment
      of principal outcomes. SETTING: Four health maintenance organization medical
      centers in northern California. SUBJECTS: Eighty-one internists assigned by
      blinded randomization to receive training (40) or serve as controls (41).
      Consecutive samples of smokers visiting each physician (mean, 25.6 patients per
      experimental and 25.2 per control physician). INTERVENTIONS: Internists received
      3 hours of training about how to help smokers quit. Physicians and their office
      staff also were given self-help booklets to distribute free to smokers and were
      urged to use a system of stickers on charts to remind physicians to counsel
      smokers about quitting. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: On the basis of telephone
      interviews with patients after visiting the physician, we determined that
      internists who attended the Quit for Life program discussed smoking with more
      patients who smoked, spent more time counseling them about smoking, helped more
      patients set dates to quit smoking, gave out more self-help booklets, and made
      more follow-up appointments to discuss smoking than did internists in the control
      group. One year later, the rate of biochemically confirmed, long-term (greater
      than or equal to 9 months) abstinence from smoking was 1% higher among all
      patients of trained internists than among patients of controls (95% CI, -0.1% to
      +2.3%), and 2.2% (+0.2% to +4.3%) higher among the patients who most wanted to
      quit smoking. CONCLUSIONS: This continuing education program substantially
      changed the way physicians counseled smokers. As a result, a few more patients
      who wanted to quit smoking achieved long-term abstinence.

PMID- 2930096
TI  - Working conditions and supervision for residents in internal medicine programs:
      recommendations. American College of Physicians.
AB  - Changes intended to improve resident working conditions and supervision must take
      into account the complex realities governing teaching services. The American
      College of Physicians supports the ongoing reexamination of these issues, and
      recommends the following: 1) change be systematic and coordinated, balancing
      patient care and teaching needs; 2) changes in the medical care system itself are
      necessary in this process; 3) efforts be continued to reduce preventable medical
      error on teaching services within the limits of uncertainty intrinsic to medical
      practice; 4) reasonable restriction be placed on total continuous duty hours, but
      residents not disengage themselves prematurely from care of their patients; 5)
      residency training specifically teach techniques for balancing patient service,
      education, and personal life; 6) the issue of resident workload be addressed; and
      7) formal evaluation of supervisory competence, explicit attention to the spirit
      of resident-supervisor relationships, respect for the principle of meaningful
      patient responsibility, and formal resident credentialing all be taken into
      account in improving resident supervision.

PMID- 2930095
TI  - Encouraging primary care physicians to help smokers quit. A randomized,
      controlled trial.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: To increase the effect that primary care physicians have on
      their patients who smoke. DESIGN: Randomized, controlled trial with 112 general
      internists and their patients who smoke. PATIENTS: Sample of 1420 patients from a
      general medicine clinic of a city-county teaching hospital, who smoke at least
      one cigarette a day and were recruited regardless of their interest in quitting
      smoking. INTERVENTIONS: Physicians were randomly assigned to one of four groups:
      participants who received a protocol for smoking management and a lecture on the
      consequences and management of smoking (control); in addition, had nicotine gum
      freely available to patients (gum); had stickers attached to their smokers'
      charts (reminder); or had both gum and reminders (both). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN
      RESULTS: The percentage of patients with a return visit at 6 months who quit
      smoking (alveolar carbon monoxide of less than nine parts per million) was 1.3%
      (control), 7.7% (gum), 7.0% (reminders), and 6.3% (both). At 1 year the
      percentages were 2.7%, 8.8%, 15.0%, and 9.6%, respectively. Subsequent pairwise
      comparisons showed that the three intervention groups were not significantly
      different, but that each was significantly different from the control group (P
      less than 0.05). Physicians in all three intervention groups spent significantly
      more time than did the physicians in the control group counseling their patients
      about smoking. CONCLUSIONS: The availability of nicotine gum or labeling the
      charts of smokers can help primary care physicians increase their success rates
      two- to six-fold in helping patients quit smoking. If all primary care physicians
      used these procedures, they could help an additional 2 million smokers quit.

PMID- 2930097
TI  - Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: recommendations.

PMID- 2930098
TI  - Amyloidosis, diarrhea, and a somatostatin analogue.

PMID- 2930099
TI  - Oral lichen planus and hepatic cirrhosis.

PMID- 2930100
TI  - Tumor necrosis factor and obesity.

PMID- 2930102
TI  - Diagnostic assessment of dementia.

PMID- 2930101
TI  - Thyrotoxicosis, cryofibrinogenemia, Sinutab Maximum Strength, and purple ears.

PMID- 2930103
TI  - Information for the physician.

PMID- 2930104
TI  - Earlier diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and more
      counseling.

PMID- 2930105
TI  - Internal medicine in the National Resident Matching Program 1978-1989.

PMID- 2930106
TI  - A common-source outbreak of fulminant hepatitis B in a hospital.
AB  - A nosocomial outbreak of fulminant hepatitis B infection at a medical center in
      Haifa, Israel, between 7 and 26 June 1986, involved five patients who had been
      hospitalized previously in the medical ward in late April and early May (first
      generation). This outbreak had an unusual clinical course, with fulminant hepatic
      failure associated with acute renal failure from acute glomerulonephritis,
      leading to death within a few days. The onset dates of hepatitis were tightly
      clustered temporally and incubation periods were short. Extensive laboratory and
      epidemiologic evaluation showed that the probable common-source vehicle of
      transmission was a multiple-dose vial of heparin and normal saline flush solution
      that may have been contaminated by blood of a known HBsAg carrier, who was
      positive for anti-HBe, hospitalized at the same time. A sixth patient died in
      August 1986 (second generation), after his initial admission in June that
      coincided with the terminal hospitalizations of three first-generation patients.
      Those patients had marked coagulopathies, and transmission to the sixth patient
      most probably occurred through environmental contamination by patients or through
      cross-contamination between patients through staff. The unusually high mortality
      rate (5 of 6) in this outbreak has not been definitely explained.

PMID- 2930107
TI  - Systemic gas embolism complicating mechanical ventilation in the adult
      respiratory distress syndrome.
AB  - Most forms of barotrauma related to mechanical ventilation are known to occur in
      both adult and pediatric patients. The pressure-driven transfer of gas from the
      alveolar compartment to the systemic circulation, a devastating complication of
      ventilatory support in infants, is not generally recognized as a consequence of
      ventilatory support in adults. Two young adult patients who received ventilatory
      support with high levels of positive pressure for pneumonia and the adult
      respiratory distress syndrome developed massive sub-pleural air cysts,
      interstitial emphysema, and tension pneumothoraces. Despite receiving appropriate
      treatment for these problems, the patients had recurrent episodes of cerebral
      infarction, myocardial injury, and a characteristic pattern of livedo
      reticularis. This distinctive triad of findings, otherwise unexplained and
      occurring in the setting of cystic barotrauma, is highly suggestive of systemic
      gas embolism. Although our patients presented with dramatic clinical features, we
      believe that patients with ventilator-related gas embolism may present more
      commonly with subtler signs, such as puzzling disturbances in heart rhythm or
      mental status, seizure activity, hypotension, localized pain, or other embolic
      manifestations readily ascribed to other causes in critically ill patients.

PMID- 2930108
TI  - Evaluation of a serologic marker, CA19-9, in the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine the utility of the serologic marker CA19-9 in the
      diagnosis of pancreatic cancer in patients suspected of having a pancreatic
      disorder. DESIGN: Blinded study of frozen pedigreed serum samples collected at
      time of diagnostic evaluation with follow-up review at a mean of 8 years.
      SETTING: A general university teaching hospital serving both primary and referral
      patient populations. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Sera collected prospectively
      from 1978 to 1980 from 261 patients undergoing imaging studies of the pancreas
      (ultrasound, computed tomography, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography)
      for a variety of symptoms were assayed for CA19-9 levels, and the results were
      compared with earlier determinations of other potential markers for pancreatic
      cancer. In 54 patients ultimately shown to have pancreatic cancer, the CA19-9
      assay showed a sensitivity of 70% with a median value of 349 u/mL (normal less
      than 70 u/mL) and range, 7.3 to 2,859,964 u/mL, whereas specificity of the marker
      in this population was 87%. The positive predictive value was 59%, and the
      negative predictive value was 92%. Results of CA19-9 testing in the small group
      of patients with definitive staging information showed no difference in
      sensitivity between patients with local/regional disease (n = 6) and those with
      distant metastases (n = 14), 50% compared with 71% (P = 0.613). CONCLUSION: CA19
      9 was found to be a more sensitive and specific marker of pancreatic cancer than
      other serologic markers and should be a useful test in the patient with suspected
      pancreatic disease.

PMID- 2930110
TI  - Physical examination of asymptomatic adults for screening.

PMID- 2930111
TI  - Colonic polyps in asymptomatic patients.

PMID- 2930109
TI  - Predictive validity of certification by the American Board of Internal Medicine.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine the predictive validity of the American Board of
      Internal Medicine (ABIM) certification process. DESIGN: Prospective measurement
      of the knowledge, skills, and attitudes of 185 ABIM-certified and 74 noncertified
      internists by a written examination; evaluation by professional associates; a
      patient questionnaire assessing satisfaction with care, physician's counseling
      role, and preventive care; and review of records of patients with common
      illnesses. SUBJECTS: Practicing internists who completed training or received
      ABIM certification 5 to 10 years previously. SETTING: Office-based practices in
      six western states. RESULTS OF DATA ANALYSIS: Physicians certified by the ABIM
      had significantly higher scores on the written examination than the noncertified
      physicians, and scores on our examination correlated highly with the ABIM
      certification examination (r = 0.73). Ratings of clinical skills by professional
      associates were significantly higher for certified internists and also correlated
      highly with ABIM examination scores (r = 0.53 to 0.59). Regression analysis
      showed that ABIM certification status was the major variable affecting
      performance on these measures of clinical competence. Results from other measures
      did not show many differences between certified and noncertified physicians in
      the care of patients with common illnesses, but modest differences in preventive
      care and a few differences in outcome favored the certified physicians.
      CONCLUSIONS: Comparison of findings from the written examination and the
      professional associate ratings with certification status and original ABIM
      certification examination scores shows predictive validity of ABIM certification.
      Further studies are needed to determine if certification status predicts
      important differences in the care of patients with complex illnesses.

PMID- 2930113
TI  - Lipomas and potassium intake.

PMID- 2930112
TI  - Right-sided staphylococcal endocarditis.

PMID- 2930114
TI  - Thiazide-induced hyponatremia and vasopressin release.

PMID- 2930115
TI  - Norfloxacin and warfarin.

PMID- 2930116
TI  - The once and future physician.

PMID- 2930117
TI  - Retinal cotton-wool-like spots: a marker for AIDS?
AB  - The prognostic value of ocular manifestations and its correlation with immune
      changes in HIV-infected subjects was studied longitudinally with an average
      follow-up of one year (3-22 months). The most common ocular manifestations were
      retinal cotton-wool-like spots, observed in 58.8% of AIDS patients and in 76.9%
      of those with ocular involvement. Two of three ARC cases with cotton-wool-like
      spots developed Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia a few weeks after ophthalmoscopic
      examination. A close correlation between ocular changes and decrease of CD4+
      lymphocytes was observed. In our opinion, these ocular manifestations are as
      useful as opportunistic infections or AIDS-related neoplasias in the natural
      history of HIV infection.

PMID- 2930118
TI  - Laser treatment of toxoplasmosis.
AB  - Medical treatment of toxoplasmosis may not be effective always, or toxicities may
      preclude further use of medications. In this situation, laser photocoagulation
      may be considered. Three cases of toxoplasmosis were treated with krypton/argon
      laser photocoagulation. One case required retreatment. All remained quiescent
      after treatment.

PMID- 2930119
TI  - Intraepikeratophakia: surgical technique and postoperative visual recovery.
AB  - Intraepikeratophakia is a refractive surgical technique useful in the treatment
      of aphakia, myopia, and keratoconus. It is based on the epikeratophakia technique
      developed by Kaufman and Werblin and involves the grafting of corneal epithelium
      onto a donor lenticule. Previous findings noted that grafting of the corneal
      epithelium results in rapid surgical recovery and increased patient comfort. It
      also lowers the likelihood of surgical failure (loss of the donor lenticule). The
      postoperative visual acuity of 42 consecutive patients who underwent either
      intraepikeratophakia or epikeratophakia is described. Patients who underwent
      intraepikeratophakia had a significantly faster rate of visual recovery than
      epikeratophakia patients. Of all patients 88% had a visual acuity of within two
      Snellen lines of best-corrected preoperative visual acuity by six months
      postoperatively. Of these 20 of 23 (87%) intraepikeratophakia patients and 17 of
      19 (89%) epikeratophakia patients obtained this level of visual recovery. Special
      instrumentation and a modification of the surgical technique involving the use of
      tissue culture techniques is presented. Patients undergoing this modification of
      intraepikeratophakia had the fastest visual recovery. Continued improvements in
      the methodology of intraepikeratophakia are expected.

PMID- 2930120
TI  - Leishmania (Viannia) naiffi sp. n., a parasite of the armadillo, Dasypus
      novemcinctus (L.) in Amazonian Brazil.
AB  - A new leishmanial parasite, Leishmania (Viannia) naiffi sp. n., is described from
      the nine-banded armadillo, Dasypus novemcinctus (Edentata: Dasypodidae), from
      Para State, north Brazil. The parasite grows luxuriantly in Diffco blood-agar
      medium (B47), but poorly in the skin of intradermally inoculated hamsters. A
      comparison of isoenzyme profiles by starch gel electrophoresis separates the
      parasite from L. (V) braziliensis and L. (V.) guyanensis by the enzymes ASAT,
      ALAT, PGM, GPI, G6PD, PEP, MPI and GD, and from Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi,
      L. (L.) amazonensis and L. (L.) deanei by ASAT, ALAT, PGM, GPI, MPI, G6PD, MDH,
      PEP and ACON. Finally, L. (V.) naiffi is serologically differentiated from L.
      (V.) braziliensis, L. (V.) guyanensis and L. (V.) panamensis on monoclonal
      antibodies specific for these parasites.

PMID- 2930121
TI  - [Description of Cercopithifilaria verveti n. sp., a subcutaneous filaria of a
      Cercopithecus in Kenya].
AB  - Description of the fifth species of Cercopithifilaria from african primates. The
      four previous species are parasites of baboons (Papio spp.), this one is a
      parasite of the vervet monkey (cercopithecus aethiops). The male has yet to be
      recovered for the new species.

PMID- 2930122
TI  - [Evaluation of coverage under the national plan for measles and rubella
      vaccination based on a sample of schools].
AB  - In order to evaluate the prevalence of immunization against measles and rubella,
      a survey was performed in children attending randomly selected nursery schools
      throughout France. School physicians filled in a questionnaire during the visit
      prior to admission to first grade (5-6 years of age). Parents attend this visit
      and present their child's immunization card. The survey was carried out in 1979.
      Prevalence of immunization among surveyed children was 26% for measles and 2% for
      rubella. These prevalences varied across regions, and according to whether the
      school was located in an urban or rural area. Sixty-nine per cent of parents were
      aware of the existence of the vaccine against measles and 12% declared they did
      not wish their child to receive this vaccine. The main reason for non
      immunization was failure of the family physician to suggest the vaccine.

PMID- 2930123
TI  - [Allergy and desensitization to hymenoptera venom in children].
AB  - Among 15 children who were stung by hymenoptera, 5 underwent semi-rapid
      desensitization using the outpatient Molkhou method. This technique was well
      tolerated; desensitization was stopped when protective IgG levels measured by RIP
      (radioimmunoprecipitation) reached 50% and skin tests and RASTs became negative.
      In a comparable series of adults, however, discontinuation of the desensitization
      was considered only following satisfactory tolerance of an accidental or planned
      sting. In children, semi-rapid desensitization is very effective and has also
      been proposed for allergies to air borne allergens such as mites and pollens when
      increased doses are required to improve protection.

PMID- 2930124
TI  - [Etiology of childhood visual impairment in 1989].
AB  - We studied the etiologies of visual impairment in the 171 children managed at the
      Alfred Peyrelongue Center, Ambares France. This center is open to visually
      impaired children aged 3 to 20 years and free of significant motor or cognitive
      handicaps. Etiologies of visual impairment in the decreasing order of frequency
      were as follows: cataract (31 cases), tapetoretinal degeneration (28 cases),
      optic nerve lesion (22 cases), retinopathy of prematurity (13 cases), coloboma
      malformations (13 cases), severe congenital myopia (12 cases), congenital
      glaucoma (10 cases), congenital nystagmus (8 cases), congenital achromatopsia (6
      cases), retinal abnormalities, and ocular injuries. We discuss these results,
      compare them with those of a similar study carried out in the same center in
      1978, and briefly review the literature.

PMID- 2930125
TI  - [Acute infectious cellulitis. Apropos of 28 cases].
AB  - Acute infectious cellulitis is a common condition in pediatric patients. We
      retrospectively studied 28 cases seen over the last four years. Average age of
      patients was four years. Fever and a decline in general health were often found.
      Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus were the most common organisms
      in our series. Outcome was favorable under early antimicrobial therapy selected
      according to age and clinical features. Before three months of age, cellulitis
      suggests a streptococcus B infection and should be treated by ampicillin or
      parenteral penicillin, combined with an aminoglycoside if called for. Between 4
      months and 2 years of age, Haemophilus influenzae b or a pneumococcus are the
      most likely organisms; Haemophilus cellulitis should be treated by a third
      generation cephalosporin for ten days or longer, followed by ampicillin or
      ampicillin-clavulanic acid per os for ten or 15 days. Beyond 2-3 years of age,
      all organisms may be the cause of cellulitis, but the most likely are
      Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus, treatment consists in
      administration of either a penicillin M or a macrolide, the route being selected
      according to the general condition and site of the cellulitis.

PMID- 2930126
TI  - ["Saber-cut" scleroderma and Parry-Romberg facial hemiatrophy. Nosologic
      problems. Neurologic complications].
AB  - We report two cases of gradual facial hemiatrophy (Parry-Romberg syndrome). The
      first patient, an adolescent girl under treatment for hypothyroidism, presented
      with a very severe form combining advanced facial hemiatrophy, epilepsy with hemi
      generalized seizures and hemiatrophy of the brain. The second patient was a girl
      who presented with localized scleroderma resembling a saber injury, homolateral
      cerebral atrophy and contralateral hemiparesis. Our two cases are evidence in
      support of a close relationship between saber injury-like scleroderma and the
      Parry-Romberg syndrome.

PMID- 2930127
TI  - [Acute myelomonocytic leukemia with eosinophils. Apropos of a case with a
      cytogenetic analysis and nosologic discussion].
AB  - Report of overwhelming leukemia with meningeal involvement in a 13-year-old.
      Cytologic and ultrastructural examinations showed features of myelomonocytic
      leukemia with abnormal eosinophils. The karyotype showed pericentric inversion of
      chromosome 16. Although these findings establish the diagnosis of acute
      myelomonocytic leukemia with abnormal eosinophils (M4Eo), this case ran an
      exceptionally severe course and exhibited some unusual cytologic features.

PMID- 2930128
TI  - [Fatal myocardiopathy due to adriamycin in spite of a reportedly non-dangerous
      cumulative dose].
AB  - We report a case that illustrates the risk of major, irreversible heart failure
      despite theoretically safe cumulative doses of adriamycin. We discuss risk
      factors for cardiotoxicity, predictive methods among which echocardiography is
      the most useful, and preventive measures. Data are still lacking concerning long
      term consequences on cardiac function. Until less cardiotoxic adriamycin
      derivatives become available, modifications in the treatment regimen can be
      proposed, including a tolerance test, lower doses approximating 20 mg per week
      instead of 60 mg every three weeks, and administration by continuous infusion
      through a deep catheter or a pump as cardiotoxicity seems more dependent on drug
      level peaks than on total dose. These measures should reduce the hazards of
      adriamycin, a drug that also has potent antimitotic properties.

PMID- 2930129
TI  - [Treatment using Motilium of gastro-esophageal reflux associated with respiratory
      manifestations in children].
AB  - Eighteen children aged 1 month to 12 years 8 months (mean age, 4.9 years) with pH
      metry proven gastroesophageal reflux (GOR)-associated chronic respiratory
      disorders were treated with Motilium, 2 mg/kg/d in four divided doses, for three
      months. The incidence of each of the respiratory manifestations decreased, and
      their cumulative score improved significantly at the end of the treatment period.
      Patient daily self-assessment scores also fell, but not significantly. Twenty-one
      hour pH recordings showed a significant reduction in the duration of nocturnal
      episodes below 4 (2.8 +/- 0.9% versus 8.2 +/- 2.6%, p less than 0.05). No side
      effects were recorded. Domperidone provides satisfactory control of nocturnal GOR
      and therefore emerges as a valuable agent for the treatment of chronic GOR
      associated respiratory disorders in childhood.

PMID- 2930130
TI  - [Primary ulcero-necrotizing enterocolitis of the newborn. Advancements in
      management. Improvement in prognosis].
AB  - We report our experience acquired over the last seven years with the management
      of necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates. This condition occurs mainly in small
      for-dates, premature, critically ill infants. Diagnosis rests on the combination
      of clinical evidence of intestinal obstruction with non-specific signs of a
      decline in general health and suggestive roentgenographic findings. Mortality has
      fallen from 80% to 24% over the last eight years as a result of advances in the
      medical management of low-birth-weight infants, earlier treatment of bowel
      ischemia suspected on the basis of inconspicuous manifestations, and improvements
      in neonatal intensive care and surgical techniques.

PMID- 2930131
TI  - [Epidemiologic aspects of Campylobacter infection in hospitalized children.
      Evaluation of an national monitoring system].
AB  - Among the data collected by the national system for the surveillance of
      Campylobacter infections, those concerning hospitalized children are described.
      During 1986 and 1987, 508 cases were reported. Among the 466 strains studied, 74%
      were C. jejuni strains. There were only four strains of C. fetus. All the
      isolates except nine were recovered from stools. Diarrhea was the most prominent
      symptom. Patients were more likely to be males and infants. Infections were more
      frequent in late summer.

PMID- 2930132
TI  - Influence of molybdenum and sulfur on copper metabolism in sheep: comparison of
      elemental sulfur and sulfate.
AB  - French forages usually have low levels of molybdenum, and sulfur contents are
      often in excess in ruminant feeds. The minimum level of molybdenum able to
      trigger the copper sulfur molybdenum interference in sheep was measured with
      either elemental sulfur or sulfate (diets enriched to 5.2 g S/kg DM). Four groups
      of 5 lambs weighing 35 kg received elemental sulfur and 4 increasing doses of
      molybdenum in the first experiment. In a second experiment, 6 groups of 5 lambs
      received sulfate (one group was a control group; the second received sulfate
      only) and 4 increasing molybdenum doses. The sulfur-molybdenum-copper
      interference was quantified by the plasma copper fraction insoluble in 5%
      trichloracetic acid (TCA insoluble copper). Whatever the form of sulfur, the
      interference appears with a molybdenum level of over 2.4 mg Mo/kg DM. Sulfate
      interferes less than elemental sulfur with the molybdenum on copper metabolism.

PMID- 2930133
TI  - In vitro acetylcholinesterase secretion by male or female Heligmosomoides
      polygyrus.
AB  - Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) secreted in vitro by adult male and female
      Heligmosomoides polygyrus were assayed over a 4-day period using a micro-method.
      The rate of AChE secretion by 1, 2 or 4 worms was approximately linear, and three
      times higher for male worms than for female worms.

PMID- 2930134
TI  - Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis: biochemical properties, production of toxin
      and virulence of ovine and caprine strains.
AB  - Twenty-two strains of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, the causative agent of
      caseous lymphadenitis, were isolated from typical abscesses in sheep and goats
      from flocks in 6 different regions of France and were characterized. These
      strains were uniform in biochemical characteristics, susceptibility to 8
      antimicrobial agents, and virulence for OF1 mice. All these strains produced an
      exotoxin, identified by inhibition of staphylococcal beta-hemolysin. Moreover,
      this study showed that strain 19R, a streptomycin-resistant mutant used in
      experimental infection in sheep, possessed the same characteristics as the field
      strains of C. pseudotuberculosis, except for its resistance to streptomycin (500
      micrograms/ml).

PMID- 2930135
TI  - [Persistence of serologic and allergic reactions in ewes after vaccination with
      the H.38 or Rev.1 vaccines in a brucellosis (Brucella melitensis) enzootic area].
AB  - In a flock of 2,000 ewes located in an endemic area of Brucella melitensis
      infection, subjected to systematic vaccination of lambs either with killed and
      adjuvanted B. melitensis H.38 vaccine from 1973 to 1978, or with living B.
      melitensis Rev.1 vaccine since 1979, reactions to allergic intrapalpebral test,
      complement fixation test and Rose Bengal plate test were recorded in small groups
      of animals vaccinated four, three, two or one years ago. Four years after H.38
      vaccination, 39 ewes out of 40 (97%) remained positive at least to one of the
      three tests. After vaccination with strain Rev.1, 16% out of 153 ewes vaccinated
      one to four years before were positive. These results were discussed according to
      two aspects: 1) infectious or vaccinal origins of these positive reactions; 2)
      consequences on implement of test and slaughter procedures in a vaccinated flock:
      allergic or complement fixation tests would have led to eliminate 9% out of ewes
      vaccinated with the Rev.1 vaccine, but only 1% with the Rose Bengal plate test.

PMID- 2930136
TI  - [Development and survival of free-living stages of Trichostrongylidae of sheep on
      irrigated pastures in Zaragoza (Spain)].
AB  - Twelve small plots (2 x 2 m) progressively received parasitised faeces on two
      occasions between July 1980 and February 1983. They were sprinkled from March to
      October. Egg and larval populations dynamics in faeces and herbage were followed.
      Teladorsagia and Trichostrongylus could develop all through the year, at lower
      speed and rate during cold months. Haemonchus larvae were observed only from May
      to October. With irrigation, eggs developed into infective larvae in 2-4 weeks,
      peaks of larvae on grass occurred in weeks 4 to 5. The maximum number of L3/100
      eggs was 11.3 for Teladorsagia, 6.99 for Trichostrongylus and 10.65 for
      Haemonchus, after July faeces deposit.

PMID- 2930137
TI  - [Bovine brucellosis caused by Brucella melitensis in France].
AB  - Each Brucella species is known to have a definite host preference. In this
      respect, brucellosis in cattle is primarily due to B. abortus. As part of an
      investigation of the species and biovars responsible for bovine brucellosis in
      France, 312 strains have been examined since 1978 by the methods recommended by
      the Subcommittee on the Taxonomy of the genus Brucella. Of these, 264 (85%) were
      indeed classified as B. abortus members. However the 48 others (15%) had all the
      characteristics that define the species B. melitensis which usually affects small
      ruminants. Of these 48 strains, 43 (90%) came from the southern part of France in
      which B. melitensis infection in sheep and goats is enzootic and where the
      dissemination of this species by sheep flocks moving to mountain pastures most
      often accounted for cattle contamination. Evidence that B. melitensis infection
      in cattle traced to infected small ruminants was also strongly supported by
      biotyping. Of the 48 strains, 45 (94%) indeed were B. melitensis biovar 3 which
      is the most common in infected sheep and goats in France. B. melitensis infected
      cattle, which also constitutes a serious risk for public health, must therefore
      be considered by veterinary authorities because of epizootiologic implications in
      eradication and control programmes of sheep and goat brucellosis.

PMID- 2930138
TI  - [Esophagectomy without thoracotomy using a stripping method: technic, results,
      indications in benign and malignant diseases of the esophagus].
AB  - A technique of esophagectomy without thoracotomy using a stripper with limited
      dissection of the mediastinum has been applied to 48 patients: neoplasia in 41
      (squamous-cell carcinoma of the esophagus: 34, carcinoma of the gastric cardia:
      5, pharyngeal carcinoma: 2) and non-malignant pathology in 7 (2 caustic necroses,
      2 ruptured esophagus, 2 anastomotic leakages after gastro-esophageal resection, 1
      caustic stenosis). There were 3 post-operative deaths. The best indications of
      this procedure are extended tumors of the lower esophagus in poor-risk patients,
      and perhaps superficial carcinomas of the esophagus whatever the site. The
      usefulness of this technique in such situations as perforations and mediastinitis
      is emphasized.

PMID- 2930139
TI  - [Harris and Galante non-cemented total hip prosthesis. 1st results].
AB  - Amongst the various models of total hip prosthesis available on the market, the
      Harris and Galante non-cemented implant constitutes an attractive alternative.
      The authors report their preliminary experience on the basis of a limited series
      (77 hips) and a follow-up of 6 to 30 months. The hemispherical acetabular
      prosthesis, which is very easy to use, induces a local reaction in about 10% of
      cases. The femoral pivot, inserted by means of a very sophisticated apparatus, is
      more frequently responsible for local reactions (4 circumferential rings, 2 of
      which were asymptomatic, and 24 partial rings particularly in Gruen's zone 1).
      Although the preliminary results of this short series appear to be encouraging
      (59 operated patients out of 63 were scored as D5 - D6), a longer follow-up is
      nevertheless essential.

PMID- 2930140
TI  - [Subtotal avulsion of the lower limb after traumatic section in a 2 and a half
      year-old child].
AB  - Reimplantation after subtotal section of the right lower limb under the Scarpa
      triangle was been attempted and was successful. Section and contusion of the
      femoral artery and vein required 2 end-to-end saphenous bypass grafts. The use of
      the lower limb is correct, after to a follow up of 4 years. The risks, inherent
      to all proximal section, with important muscular masses, in a small child, are
      described. Functional prognosis depends on three aspects: bone, vessels, and
      nerves. A tibial pseudarthrosis had to be operated secondarily with significant
      lengthening. A partial stenosis of the graft was demonstrated arteriographically.
      Pes equinus, a result of paralysis, has been fitted with an orthesis. This
      observation is almost an experimental one: what can be the future of a
      reimplanted lower limb in the child.

PMID- 2930141
TI  - [Ileo-anal anastomosis: various types of ileal reservoir].
AB  - The creation of an ileal reservoir ensures an improvement in the functional
      result obtained after ileo-anal anastomosis. As a result of its storage function,
      the reservoir allows a reduction in the number of stools per day. Several types
      of reservoir have been described. The S-shaped reservoir consists of three aniso
      peristaltic limbs and an efferent loop with end-to-end ileo-anal anastomosis. The
      W reservoir is equivalent to a double J reservoir. The side-to-side iso
      peristaltic reservoir consists of two iso-peristaltic limbs and an efferent loop
      with end-to-end ileo-anal anastomosis. After analysing the specific
      characteristics of each type of reservoir, the authors conclude that the
      necessity of a reservoir no longer needs to be demonstrated, but that there is no
      formal argument in favour of one particular model.

PMID- 2930142
TI  - [Usefulness of a colonic reservoir after resection of the rectum].
AB  - Resection of the rectum followed by low colo-rectal anastomosis or colo-anal
      anastomosis may result in functional modifications. A brief retrospective study
      of 210 cases showed that the considerable alterations (urgency, frequent stools)
      are essentially due to very low colo-rectal, supra-anal anastomoses. It would
      therefore be interesting to evaluate the result of colo-anal anastomoses with
      colonic reservoir in this group of patients.

PMID- 2930144
TI  - [Inflammatory and neoplastic esophagotracheal fistula. Intubation or surgery?].
AB  - There are two principal aetiologies for oesophago-tracheal fistulae: cancer of
      the oesophagus opening into the airways and assisted ventilation (tracheotomy or
      nasotracheal intubation). Oesophago-tracheal fistulae are rare. Over a period of
      6 years, the authors have treated 9 neoplastic oesophago-tracheal fistulae in a
      series of 150 cases of oesophageal cancer and 2 inflammatory oesophago-tracheal
      fistulae out of a series of more than 20 stenoses of the same nature. The two
      types of oesophago-tracheal fistulae have the same degree of severity but very
      different significance, treatment and prognosis: neoplastic oesophago-tracheal
      fistulae, an advanced, often terminal form of oesophageal cancer, justify
      palliative treatment to exclude the respiratory tract. Endoscopic intubation of
      the oesophagus is generally appropriate treatment. Exceptionally, a surgical
      bypass of the oesophagus may be proposed. Inflammatory oesophago-tracheal
      fistulae require treatment to restore the continuity of the trachea and
      oesophagus in patients with respiratory autonomy. In agreement with H. Grillo, we
      consider treacheal resection-suture and repair of the oesophageal defect to
      constitute the most satisfactory procedure.

PMID- 2930143
TI  - [Ultrasound-guided puncture. A modern treatment of liver abscess].
AB  - The treatment of liver abscesses has benefitted from progress in imaging,
      particularly ultrasonography which allows simple and reliable aspiration and
      drainage. A series of 32 cases is reported, consisting of 29 pyogenic abscesses
      and 3 amoebic abscesses. Eighty-one per cent of patients were cured by aspiration
      and/or drainage, while 19% of patients had to be operated. The mean hospital stay
      was 11 days. Failures of ultrasound-guided aspiration are essentially due to
      multifocal abscesses caused by multiple organisms.

PMID- 2930145
TI  - [Contribution of x-ray computed tomography in acute pancreatitis].
AB  - Computed tomography in acute pancreatitis provides a radiological definition by
      distinguishing between lesions of the peri-pancreatic space and distant tracks.
      The angioscanner is essential for the definition of glandular lesions and to
      evaluate the existence and extent of the necrosis. The prognostic evaluation
      during the initial phase of the disease is not more reliable with computed
      tomography than with classical clinical ad laboratory signs. However, the
      combination of the two seems to more accurately predict the prognosis. The
      morphological follow-up of the course of the lesions is essential in order to
      recognise the abscess. Computed tomography is the best method for following the
      course of necrotic fluid collections and of identifying secondary infection by
      means of guided aspiration. Surgical evacuations of the abscesses may be
      performed through incisions adapted to their site, as defined by computed
      tomography.

PMID- 2930146
TI  - [Acute severe pancreatitis: limitations of medical treatment].
AB  - The natural course of severe acute pancreatitis can be divided into two
      successive phases. The initial phase is characterized by the systemic
      manifestations resulting from the acute inflammatory response that takes place in
      the pancreas. The second stage reflects the progression of pancreatic necrosis
      towards spontaneous resolution, pseudocyst formation or secondary infection.
      While the treatment of these latter complications mainly consists of surgery
      (drainage of pseudocyst/infected necrosis) prevention and management of the
      initial systemic complications of acute pancreatitis is essentially involves
      medical therapy (empirical treatment, percutaneous peritoneal dialysis and
      thoracic duct drainage). Only the simultaneous and appropriate use of these
      various therapeutic modalities can ensure a substantial reduction in the
      mortality of severe acute pancreatitis. The place of these therapeutic approaches
      is discussed.

PMID- 2930147
TI  - [Hemorrhagic gastroduodenal ulcer: when is it necessary to operate?].
AB  - In the context of severe haemorrhage from peptic ulcers, surgery remains the
      safest method of haemostasis, but at the cost of a relatively high mortality. The
      time of surgery constitutes one of the prognostic factors. It has been
      demonstrated that the mortality increases significantly with the delay in
      operation and recurrent haemorrhages; it is therefore important to operate
      rapidly on patients at risk of recurrence and therefore to determine the clinical
      and endoscopic criteria capable of predicting this recurrence.

PMID- 2930148
TI  - [Excision of colorectal cancers: what can be expected of lymph node excision?].
AB  - We report a series of 413 patients with colo-rectal adenocarcinoma. 328 had a
      curative resection and 277 of them had elective lymphadenectomy; 51 had no
      lymphadenectomy because of either age or poor general status. Operative morbidity
      and mortality were not increased by lymphadenectomy. Survival was related to the
      lymph node involvement: 70.6% 5 year survival in patients without lymph node
      metastases, 49.3% 5 year survival in patients with lymph node metastases (P less
      than 0.001). However lymphadenectomy did not affect the survival rate of the
      patients. We conclude that lymphadenectomy had no deleterious effect. However,
      its real benefit on long term survival must be evaluated in further prospective
      randomised studies.

PMID- 2930149
TI  - [Comparative study of pulsed and continuous Doppler in the quantification of
      aortic insufficiency].
AB  - 31 patients whose mean age was 61 +/- 29 yrs. presenting with aortic
      regurgitation (AR) benefited from cardiac catheterization which was preceded by
      Doppler ultrasound examination in a prospective study to compare the diagnostic
      contributions made by continuous vs pulsed wave techniques respectively in the
      quantitative assessment of AR, with reference to semi-quantitative angiographic
      evaluation. Pulsed Doppler analysis involves mapping of the left ventricle in two
      projections as well as the investigation of blood flow in the aortic isthmus
      using a suprasternal approach. Collection of continuous wave signals from the
      cardiac apex makes it possible to measure circulatory deceleration and the half
      time of decrease in signal velocity and the protodiastolic pressure gradient. Our
      results corroborate the reliability of data obtained using continuous-wave
      Doppler technique in finding significant correlations for each parameter
      respectively: r' = 0.88 (p less than 0.001); r' = -0.81 (p less than 0.001); r' =
      -0.75 (p less than 0.001). Values determined by pulsed wave Doppler mapping of
      the left ventricle appear to be less satisfactory but are significant: r' = 0.68
      (p less than 0.001) while measurement of end-diastolic blood flow recorded in the
      isthmus of the aorta is more highly correlated: r' = 0.84 (p less than 0.01),
      with the main disadvantage being its limited applicability to a small number of
      our patients (48%). We thus concluded that continuous-wave Doppler ultrasound is
      a better technique in the quantitative evaluation of AR, while recalling the
      essential additional value of pulsed-wave Doppler technique to localize the
      leakage and of ultrasound to assess its impact on the left ventricle.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2930150
TI  - [Anti-arrhythmia efficacy of propafenone per os in the prevention of paroxysmal
      supraventricular arrhythmia resistant to class Ia agents].
AB  - The efficacy of orally administered propafenone in the prevention of paroxysmal
      supraventricular dysrhythmias (atrial fibrillation, atrial tachysystole,
      reciprocal tachycardia) resistant to Vaughan-Williams class Ia drugs was
      investigated in 10 patients. Propafenone controlled dysrhythmia very well in 4
      out of the ten patients, and satisfactorily in another one at a dosage ranging
      from 450 to 900 mg/day in 3 or 4 divided doses; this result was documented using
      continuous 24 hr. Holter ECG monitoring. Among the 5 clinical failures, 1 patient
      had atrial fibrillation primarily at night, and another poorly tolerated this
      agent which led to interrupt therapy.

PMID- 2930151
TI  - Too much togetherness can be stifling.

PMID- 2930152
TI  - Nursing 'too feminine' for men?

PMID- 2930153
TI  - Endometriosis etiology questioned.

PMID- 2930155
TI  - Health officials discuss screening for HTLV-I.

PMID- 2930154
TI  - Legal aspects of whistle-blowing.

PMID- 2930156
TI  - The orientation process. Strategies to ensure success.
AB  - The companion article by Erika Britton, RN, offers the learner's view of the
      orientation process. As perioperative nursing becomes more complicated, the
      orientation process should become more sophisticated to address the issues of
      recruitment, retention, and mastery of skills. Traditional teaching methods may
      not always meet the needs of perioperative nurses. As one author stated: If
      nurses really want to see nursing achieve professional status, each of us-
      educators, administrators, and practitioners--must reexamine our interactions
      with novice nurses. We have to stop eating our young. These newly prepared nurses
      are the profession's future. If they are not nurtured as they develop,
      professional extinction beckons. Our young are not only the new graduate nurses
      but any nurse from novice to expert who needs to be oriented. We must recognize
      their needs and plan effectively for their orientation.

PMID- 2930157
TI  - The orientation process. A learner's view.

PMID- 2930158
TI  - Nursing in England. A view from across the Atlantic.

PMID- 2930160
TI  - Enjoying management. The positive benefits of liking the job.
AB  - Enjoying one's work is a state of mind that is integrated in the manager's
      personality. Although some individuals are born with an optimistic perspective on
      life, others have to develop it. A manager can cultivate an appreciation for the
      ordinary and learn to use humor as a communication tool and coping technique.
      Cultivating this orientation cannot be limited to the work setting but must be
      developed in relation to life. Health care agencies are complex and turbulent
      organizations. Whether the nurse manager is climbing the career ladder or just
      trying to be successful on the job, enjoying work can be a key ingredient to
      success. Nurse managers must both manage and lead. An attitude of enjoyment and
      pleasure at work is a trait that allows the manager to extend administration from
      managing to leading.

PMID- 2930159
TI  - Pay for performance. Implementing a financial incentive for excellent work.
AB  - Based upon my own experience with the system, both staff and supervisors believe
      that the advantage of pay for performance outweigh the disadvantages. I
      frequently encountered issues such as how to get a higher rating, what is the
      incentive to identify a difficult objective if one can pick an easier objective
      and still receive a higher rating, and where do individuals fall in the ratings
      compared to peers. In response to achieving a higher rating, the supervisors
      reviewed the rating system and developed objectives that would receive higher
      ratings. The supervisors and administrators put emphasis on improved performance,
      rather than on points. To convince employees to choose more difficult objectives,
      we explained that objectives should reflect the skills and goals of each
      employee. The objective serves as an indicator of how well the employee achieved
      a goal. In dealing with the ranking problem, we told the staff where they ranked
      in relation to others (eg, top, middle, bottom), but emphasized that the
      evaluation is confidential and that the results are not to be shared. In
      conclusion, pay for performance offers a supervisor a detailed objective format
      for reviewing an employee's performance. For the employees, it provides a means
      in which their performance review is based on individual achievement of self
      selected objectives. Employees are measured against their own standards rather
      than being compared with others performing the same job.

PMID- 2930161
TI  - Substandard disinfection deactivates AIDS virus.

PMID- 2930162
TI  - Professional maturity. The stages of developing self-esteem.

PMID- 2930163
TI  - Proposed recommended practices. Monitoring the patient receiving local
      anesthesia. AORN Recommended Practices Subcommittee of the TPCC.

PMID- 2930164
TI  - Proposed recommended practices. Radiological safety in the operating room. AORN
      Recommended Practices Subcommittee of the TPCC.

PMID- 2930165
TI  - All nurses, regardless of education, should unite.

PMID- 2930166
TI  - Operating room practices: myth or science?

PMID- 2930168
TI  - Removal of methanethiol, dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, and hydrogen
      sulfide from contaminated air by Thiobacillus thioparus TK-m.
AB  - Methanethiol, dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, and hydrogen sulfide were
      efficiently removed from contaminated air by Thiobacillus thioparus TK-m and
      oxidized to sulfate stoichiometrically. More than 99.99% of dimethyl sulfide was
      removed when the load was less than 4.0 g of dimethyl sulfide per g (dry cell
      weight) per day.

PMID- 2930167
TI  - The suicide phenomenon in motile aeromonads.
AB  - Certain strains of motile Aeromonas species, including all those of Aeromonas
      caviae examined, were shown to be suicidal. When they were grown in the presence
      of glucose at both 30 and 37 degrees C, there was rapid die-off of the organisms
      after 12 h of incubation, and viable cells generally could not be recovered after
      24 h. It was shown that this phenomenon was due to the production of relatively
      high levels of acetic acid by these strains, even during growth under highly
      aerobic conditions, and to the greater susceptibility of these strains to acetic
      acid-mediated death. Suicide did not occur when the pH was maintained above 6.5
      or in the presence of high concentration of Pi. These observations were
      consistent with our inability to isolate suicidal Aeromonas spp. from acidic
      lakes in New England and with their recovery from alkaline waters in Israel and
      from sewage. Suicidal aeromonads appear to be better adapted than the nonsuicidal
      biotypes to anaerobic growth in low-nutrient environments.

PMID- 2930169
TI  - Effects of zinc, iron, cobalt, and manganese on Fusarium moniliforme NRRL 13616
      growth and fusarin C biosynthesis in submerged cultures.
AB  - The influence of zinc, iron, cobalt, and manganese on submerged cultures of
      Fusarium moniliforme NRRL 13616 was assessed by measuring dry weight
      accumulation, fusarin C biosynthesis, and ammonia assimilation. Shake flask
      cultures were grown in a nitrogen-limited defined medium supplemented with
      various combinations of metal ions according to partial-factorial experimental
      designs. Zinc (26 to 3,200 ppb [26 to 3,200 ng/ml]) inhibited fusarin C
      biosynthesis, increased dry weight accumulation, and increased ammonia
      assimilation. Carbohydrate was found to be the principal component of the
      increased dry weight in zinc-supplemented cultures. Zinc-deficient cultures
      synthesized more lipid and lipidlike compounds, such as fusarin C, than did zinc
      supplemented cultures. Microscopic examination showed that zinc-deficient hyphae
      contained numerous lipid globules which were not present in zinc-supplemented
      cultures. Addition of zinc (3,200 ppb) to 2- and 4-day-old cultures inhibited
      further fusarin C biosynthesis but did not stimulate additional dry weight
      accumulation. Iron (10.0 ppm) and cobalt (9.0 ppm) did not affect fusarin C
      biosynthesis or dry weight accumulation. Manganese (5.1 ppm) did not affect dry
      weight accumulation but did increase fusarin C biosynthesis in the absence of
      zinc. Maximum fusarin C levels, 32.3 micrograms/mg (dry weight), were produced
      when cultures were supplied manganese, whereas minimum fusarin C levels, 0.07
      micrograms/mg (dry weight), were produced when zinc, iron, cobalt, and manganese
      were supplied. These results suggest a multifunctional role for zinc in affecting
      F. moniliforme metabolism.

PMID- 2930170
TI  - Use of a biotinylated DNA probe to detect bacteria transduced by bacteriophage P1
      in soil.
AB  - Presumptive bacteriophage P1 transductants of Escherichia coli, isolated from
      soil inoculated with lysates of transducing phage P1 and E. coli, were confirmed
      to be lysogenic for phage P1 by hybridization with a biotinylated DNA probe
      prepared from the 1.2-kilobase-pair HindIII 3 fragment of bacteriophage P1. No P1
      lysogens of indigenous soil bacteria were detected with the DNA probe. The
      sensitivity and specificity of the DNA probe were assessed with purified and dot
      blot DNA, respectively. In addition, two techniques for the lysis and
      deproteinization of bacteria and bacteriophages on nitrocellulose filters were
      compared. These studies indicated that biotinylated DNA probes may be an
      effective alternative to conventional radiolabeled DNA probes for detecting
      specific gene sequences in bacteria indigenous to or introduced into soil.

PMID- 2930171
TI  - Studies on mixed populations of human intestinal bacteria grown in single-stage
      and multistage continuous culture systems.
AB  - Mixed intestinal bacteria were grown for 336 h in two identical single-stage
      chemostats at low growth rates in a carbohydrate-limited medium. Complex
      bacterial populations were maintained and anaerobes always outnumbered aerobes.
      The predominant organisms belonged to the genera Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium,
      Lactobacillus, Clostridium, Eubacterium, Propionbacterium, Peptococcus, and
      Peptostreptococcus. Bacteroides species predominated in both fermentors,
      particularly B. ovatus and B. thetaiotaomicron. A high degree of reproducibility
      of bacteriological and fermentation product data was obtained in these
      experiments. When gut contents were inoculated into a five-stage continuous
      culture system (retention time of 79 or 38 h) containing soya bran, the medium
      flow rate had little quantitative effect on the formation of acidic fermentation
      products; however, more oxidized fermentation acids were produced at the higher
      retention time. Diverse bacterial populations were maintained in every vessel at
      each flow rate. Bacteroides fragilis group organisms, especially B. ovatus, were
      numerically the most important. The viability of bacteria decreased through the
      system, especially at a retention time of 79 h, when the bacteria were growing
      under severely nutrient-limited conditions.

PMID- 2930172
TI  - Effect of thermal additions on the density and distribution of thermophilic
      amoebae and pathogenic Naegleria fowleri in a newly created cooling lake.
AB  - Pathogenic Naegleria fowleri is the causative agent of fatal human amoebic
      meningoencephalitis. The protozoan is ubiquitous in nature, and its presence is
      enhanced by thermal additions. In this investigation, water and sediments from a
      newly created cooling lake were quantitatively analyzed for the presence of
      thermophilic amoebae, thermophilic Naegleria spp., and the pathogen Naegleria
      fowleri. During periods of thermal additions, the concentrations of thermophilic
      amoebae and thermophilic Naegleria spp. increased as much as 5 orders of
      magnitude, and the concentration of the pathogen N. fowleri increased as much as
      2 orders of magnitude. Concentrations of amoebae returned to prior thermal
      perturbation levels within 30 to 60 days after cessation of thermal additions.
      Increases in the thermophilic amoeba concentrations were noted in Savannah River
      oxbows downriver from the Savannah River plant discharge streams as compared with
      oxbows upriver from the discharges. Concentrations of thermophilic amoebae and
      thermophilic Naegleria spp. correlated significantly with temperature and
      conductivity. Air samples taken proximal to the lake during periods of thermal
      addition showed no evidence of thermophilic Naegleria spp. Isoenzyme patterns of
      the N. fowleri isolated from the cooling lake were identical to patterns of N.
      fowleri isolated from other sites in the United States and Belgium.

PMID- 2930173
TI  - Selective medium for isolation of Xanthomonas maltophilia from soil and
      rhizosphere environments.
AB  - A selective medium (XMSM) was developed for isolation of Xanthomonas maltophilia
      from bulk soil and plant rhizosphere environments. The XMSM basal medium
      contained maltose, tryptone, bromthymol blue, and agar. Antibiotics added to
      select for X. maltophilia were cycloheximide, nystatin, cephalexin, bacitracin,
      penicillin G, novobiocin, neomycin sulfate, and tobramycin. A comparison was made
      between XMSM and 1/10-strength tryptic soy broth agar for recovery of X.
      maltophilia from sterile and nonsterile soil infested with known X. maltophilia
      isolates. A recovery rate of 97% or greater for XMSM was demonstrated. XMSM was
      used to isolate X. maltophilia from a variety of soil and rhizosphere
      environments.

PMID- 2930174
TI  - Isolation and identification of Pseudomonas spp. from Schirmacher Oasis,
      Antarctica.
AB  - Ten cultures of Pseudomonas spp. were established from soil samples collected in
      and around a lake in Antarctica. Based on their morphology, biochemical and
      physiological characteristics, and moles percent G + C of their DNA, they were
      identified as P. fluorescens, P. putida, and P. syringae. This is the first
      report on the identification of Pseudomonas spp. from continental Antarctica.

PMID- 2930175
TI  - The lone researcher.

PMID- 2930177
TI  - Researching research: a method for promoting positive attitudes.
AB  - It is widely agreed that nursing research needs to be more effectively taught and
      that new strategies are needed to involve nurses more intently in the research
      process, both as students and professionals. Two areas that appear to be in
      particular need of attention are the utilization of research findings in nursing
      practice and the development of positive attitudes toward research. This article
      describes a strategy designed to help nursing students over two hurdles--their
      initial unfamiliarity with the process of finding, evaluating, and applying
      research and their inhibitions toward the process--by getting them involved in
      doing research on research and actually presenting and publishing their own
      findings.

PMID- 2930176
TI  - Surgery for morbid obesity: the patients' experiences.
AB  - A survey of 123 adult patients who had undergone surgery for the treatment of
      morbid obesity was conducted to obtain data on patients' perceptions of
      preparation for surgery, care received during hospitalization, postoperative
      physical changes, changes in food tolerance, self-concept before and after
      surgery, work experience before and after surgery, and the relative importance of
      various forms of follow-up care. The study has implications for nursing practice
      in early diagnosis of patient problems, improved anticipatory teaching, and
      better training of health care professionals to assist the morbidly obese
      patient. The tolerable and nontolerable food lists generated from the data
      represent a significant contribution to patient care.

PMID- 2930178
TI  - Hope-inspiring strategies of the critically ill.
AB  - Sixty persons who had been critically ill were studied to determine what
      mechanisms they used to maintain or increase their hope while confronting a life
      threatening event. Patients were interviewed 2 to 4 days after discharge from a
      critical care unit. Responses to the interviews were categorized into nine hope
      inspiring themes. The findings provide direction for developing strategies to
      inspire hope in the critically ill.

PMID- 2930179
TI  - Child abuser stereotypes: consensus among clinicians.
AB  - This article reports the results of an investigation of nurses' stereotypes of
      child abusers. Ninety-four registered nurses completed a questionnaire that
      measured subjects' knowledge of child abuse; professional contact with
      perpetrators and victims of abuse; knowledge of the causes of child abuse; and
      child abuser stereotypes. Results reveal a consensus among the subjects as to the
      stereotypes associated with child abusers. This study supports the notion that
      nurses stereotype individuals on the basis of demographic characteristics. This
      study also raises questions regarding the bias that may result from the use of
      child abuser stereotypes. Clinical decision-making processes could become
      compromised if biased judgements are used in planning nursing care for clients
      diagnosed as child abusers.

PMID- 2930180
TI  - Family caregivers: the experience of Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - This qualitative, interpretive study generated a model to describe the course of
      Alzheimer's disease (AD) as experienced by family caregivers in interaction with
      an afflicted relative. Stages of experiencing AD from a family caregiver's
      perspective were identified. These included Stage 1: noticing; Stage 2:
      discounting and normalizing; Stage 3: suspecting; Stage 4: searching for
      explanations; Stage 5: recasting; Stage 6: taking it on; Stage 7: going through
      it; and Stage 8: turning it over. Since describing typical stages of Alzheimer's
      dementia by focusing on the patient's symptoms has generated controversial
      results, this study shifted the focus to the lived experience of family
      caregivers. It supports prior contentions that patterns and progression in
      patients themselves are variable; however, families can be offered knowledge
      about the disorder's course to ease their fears and their difficulties in
      interpreting interactions with their demented relatives. The study is based on
      "methods for discovering" theory. A purposeful sample of 20 caregivers was
      interviewed for at least 2 hours in their own homes. All caregivers held primary
      responsibility for home care for a demented relative and had consented to
      participate in the study.

PMID- 2930181
TI  - Cigarette craving during the immediate postcessation period.

PMID- 2930182
TI  - Home care support program for frail elderly clients.

PMID- 2930183
TI  - Spouses' experiences during pregnancy and the postpartum.

PMID- 2930184
TI  - The home visit for data collection.

PMID- 2930185
TI  - Hydrogen-1 nuclear magnetic resonance studies of staphylococcal nuclease variant
      H124L: pH dependence of histidines and tyrosines.
AB  - The pH dependence of the 1H NMR spectrum of staphylococcal nuclease H124L was
      investigated as a function of the binding of Ca2+, the ion required for enzymatic
      activity, and deoxythymidine-3',5'-diphosphate (pdTp), a competitive inhibitor.
      The protein studied was the product of a cloned gene expressed in Escherichia
      coli which yields a protein having a sequence identical to that of the nuclease
      isolated from the V8 strain of Staphylococcus aureus. Of the observable ring
      protons of the three histidine residues, only the C delta 1H of His46 shows a
      large chemical shift perturbation on formation of the ternary complex, (nuclease
      H124L).pdTp.Ca2+. The pKa of His46 is lowered by 0.2 pH unit in the binary
      complex. All seven tyrosines titrate with normal pKa values between 9 and 11 in
      the unligated nuclease. In the ternary complex, however, the pKa values of Tyr85
      and Tyr93 increase above pH 11.0. The chemical shift perturbations of the ring
      protons of the Tyr27, Tyr85, Tyr113, and Tyr115 were observed between pH 4 and 6;
      these spectral perturbations are attributed to interactions with carboxylate
      groups. Binding Ca2+ alone acted opposite to the perturbation in Tyr113 and
      Tyr115. Ca2+ binding leads to deshielding the ring protons of Tyr113, but this
      effect is removed in the ternary complex. Binding of pdTp and Ca2+ stabilizes the
      protein against high pH denaturation up to pH 11.5.

PMID- 2930186
TI  - Purification and properties of ornithine carbamoyl transferase from liver of
      Squalus acanthias.
AB  - Citrulline synthesis from ammonia by hepatic mitochondria in elasmobranchs
      involves intermediate formation of glutamine as the result of the presence of
      high levels of glutamine synthetase and a unique glutamine- and N-acetyl
      glutamate-dependent carbamoyl phosphate synthetase, both of which have properties
      unique to the function of glutamine-dependent synthesis of urea, which is
      retained in the tissues of elasmobranchs at high concentrations for the purpose
      of osmoregulation [P.M. Anderson and C.A. Casey (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 456
      462; R.A. Shankar and P.M. Anderson (1985) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 239, 248-259].
      The objective of this study was to determine if ornithine carbamoyl transferase,
      which catalyzes the last step of mitochondrial citrulline synthesis and which has
      not been previously isolated from any species of fish, also has properties
      uniquely related to this function. Ornithine carbamoyl transferase was highly
      purified from isolated liver mitochondria of Squalus acanthias, a representative
      elasmobranch. The purified enzyme is a trimer with a subunit molecular weight of
      38,000 and a native molecular weight of about 114,000. The effect of pH is
      significantly influenced by ornithine concentration; optimal activity is at pH
      7.8 when ornithine is saturating. The apparent Km values for ornithine and
      carbamoyl phosphate at pH 7.8 are 0.71 and 0.05 mM, respectively. Ornithine
      displays considerable substrate inhibition above pH 7.8. The activity is not
      significantly affected by physiological concentrations of the osmolyte urea or
      trimethylamine-N-oxide or by a number of other metabolites. The results of
      kinetic studies are consistent with a steady-state ordered addition of substrates
      (carbamoyl phosphate binding first) and rapid equilibrium random release of
      products. Except for an unusually low specific activity, the properties of the
      purified elasmobranch enzyme are similar to the properties of ornithine carbamoyl
      transferase from mammalian ureotelic and other species and do not appear to be
      unique to its role in glutamine-dependent synthesis of urea for the purpose of
      osmoregulation.

PMID- 2930187
TI  - Characterization of the maturation-associated galactose oxidase-sensitive
      glycoproteins of rat caudal sperm plasma membrane and epididymal fluid.
AB  - This paper explores the relationship between the galactose oxidase-sensitive
      glycoproteins from rat caudal epididymal sperm and fluid and, in addition, their
      relatedness to the 32,000-Da major acidic secretory glycoproteins of caudal
      epididymal fluid. The major acidic secretory glycoproteins were purified by a
      combination of high-resolution anion-exchange (Mono Q) and gel permeation (Bio
      Sil TSK 125) chromatographic steps. Immunoprecipitation studies, peptide mapping,
      and the inability to label the purified glycoprotein by galactose oxidase/sodium
      boro[3H]hydride clearly established that the galactose oxidase-sensitive fluid
      and membrane glycoproteins were not related to these acidic secretory
      glycoproteins. Membrane and fluid tritium-labeled glycoproteins were shown to be
      closely related, but not identical, polypeptides. Sugar analysis indicated that
      both glycoproteins contain N- and O-linked saccharide chains and that the
      galactose oxidase-sensitive residue was present only on O-linked sugars. It was
      also found that efficient labeling of the 32,000-Da fluid glycoprotein was
      possible only if protease inhibitors were omitted from all buffers used in the
      isolation of caudal epididymal fluid and subsequent labeling procedures. This
      suggests that the fluid glycoprotein was acquired by the unintentional
      proteolysis of the membrane glycoprotein. Polyclonal antibodies raised against
      caput sperm plasma membranes immunoprecipitated tritium-labeled glycoproteins
      from both caudal epididymal fluid and sperm membrane, suggesting that a precursor
      form of the caudal galactose oxidase-sensitive glycoprotein may be present on
      caput sperm.

PMID- 2930188
TI  - Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase activity in rat skin.
AB  - We have found an enzyme system that catalyzes the conversion of L-tryptophan to L
      kynurenine, presumably via L-formylkynurenine, in soluble and insoluble fractions
      of rat skin. The enzymatic activity was stimulated by hematin, ascorbate, and
      catalase, but not by methylene blue. Highest activity was located in the skin of
      the dorsal posterior region and lowest activity in the abdominal region. The
      activity in plucked (depilated) skin was only about 25% of that obtained from
      unplucked (depilated) tissue of the same region. D-Tryptophan, 5
      hydroxytryptophan, and tryptamine were not degraded by the skin enzyme and the Km
      for L-tryptophan determined with the crude enzyme was 1 microM. The decycling
      activity of rat skin and liver for L-tryptophan began to be stimulated after
      birth and reached the highest level at 6 weeks. But, 1 week later, most of the
      skin activity suddenly disappeared and the low level continued at least until 12
      weeks. In contrast, the hepatic enzyme did not change so drastically. These
      findings suggest that an enzyme that catalyzes L-tryptophan to L-kynurenine via L
      formylkynurenine is present in rat skin.

PMID- 2930189
TI  - Studies on asparagine-linked protein glycosylation in differentiating skeletal
      muscle cells.
AB  - The embryonic development of skeletal muscle proceeds by the adherence and fusion
      of myoblast cells to form multinucleated myotubes. In the present study, enzymes
      in the dolichol pathway for asparagine-linked glycoprotein synthesis and
      oligosaccharide chain composition were characterized in myoblasts and myotubes
      derived from the C2 (mouse) muscle cell line. The N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase
      responsible for chain initiation and the mannosyl- and glucosyltransferases for
      Dol-P-Man and Dol-P-Glc synthesis were characterized with respect to substrate,
      cation, and detergent dependence. Time course studies in the absence and presence
      of exogenous Dol-P revealed that myoblasts had a two- to threefold higher
      capacity than myotubes for Dol-sugar synthesis. Pulse-chase experiments following
      the elongation of the Dol-oligosaccharide by intact cells showed myoblasts to
      label oligosaccharide intermediates approximately fourfold greater than myotubes;
      myotubes, however, were more efficient than myoblasts for converting the
      intermediates to the glucosylated Dol-tetradecasaccharide. Oligosaccharide chains
      isolated from sarcolemma glycopeptides were analyzed by Con A, WGA, and QAE
      chromatography. There were no differences between myoblast and myotube
      oligosaccharides with respect to the proportion of tri-tetraantennary complex,
      biantennary complex, and high mannose chains. Hybrid chains were not detected.
      The major high mannose chain contained nine mannose residues. Sialyltransferase
      activity was identical. The results suggest that higher levels of Dol-P and
      protein acceptor contribute to the greater degree of protein glycosylation in
      myoblast vs myotube muscle cells.

PMID- 2930190
TI  - Identification of histidyl peptide labeled by 2-(4-bromo-2,3
      dioxobutylthio)adenosine 5'-monophosphate in an ADP regulatory site of glutamate
      dehydrogenase.
AB  - Bovine liver glutamate dehydrogenase reacts covalently with 2-(4-bromo-2,3
      dioxobutylthio)adenosine 5'-monophosphate (2-BDB-TAMP) with incorporation of 1
      mol reagent/mol enzyme subunit and loss of one of the two ADP sites of native
      enzyme [S. P. Batra and R. F. Colman, J. Biol. Chem. 261, 15565-15571 (1986)].
      Incorporation of reagent is prevented specifically by ADP. The modified enzyme
      has now been digested with trypsin. The nucleotidyl peptide has been purified by
      chromatography on phenylboronate-agarose, followed by reverse-phase HPLC. On the
      basis of amino acid composition following acid hydrolysis, and gas-phase
      sequencing, the modified tryptic peptide was established as Ala-Gln-His-Ser-Gln
      His-Arg, corresponding to amino acids 80-86 of the known glutamate dehydrogenase
      primary structure. The evidence presented indicates that the target amino acid
      attacked by 2-BDB-TAMP is histidine-82 and that this residue is located within
      the high-affinity ADP-activating site of glutamate dehydrogenase. In the course
      of this work, it was found that the positions of Gln84 and His85 had been
      reported as reversed in the revised sequence of bovine liver glutamate
      dehydrogenase [J. H. Julliard and E. L. Smith, J. Biol. Chem. 254, 3427-3438
      (1979)]. Three additional corrections are here reported in the amino acid
      sequence of the native enzyme on the basis of gas-phase sequencing of other
      peptides purified by HPLC: Asp168 (not Asn); His221-Gly222 (not Gly-His); and
      Glu355 (not Gln).

PMID- 2930191
TI  - The properties of peptidyl diazoethanes and chloroethanes as protease
      inactivators.
AB  - Earlier work has demonstrated the irreversible inactivation of serine and
      cysteine proteinases by peptides with a C-terminal chloromethyl ketone group.
      With a C-terminal diazomethyl ketone, on the other hand, peptides become reagents
      specific for cysteine proteinases. We have now synthesized and examined the
      properties of reagents with an additional methyl side chain near the reactive
      grouping with the goal of diminishing side reactions in a cellular environment.
      Derivatives of neutral amino acids as well as of lysine and arginine have been
      prepared. The chloroethyl ketones are about 60% less reactive to chemical
      nucleophiles than the chloromethyl ketones. However, the susceptibilities of the
      proteases examined varied remarkably. Cathepsins B and L of the papain family of
      cysteine proteinases were much less susceptible (about 2 orders of magnitude
      less) to both peptidyl diazoethyl and chloroethyl ketones. In marked contrast,
      clostripain, a cysteine proteinase of a separate family was decisively more
      susceptible to chloroethyl ketones. The serine proteinases showed a drop in
      susceptibility to the chloroethyl ketones generally, and this was similar to the
      drop in chemical reactivity in proceeding from the chloromethyl to the
      chloroethyl ketone.

PMID- 2930192
TI  - Structural study of the sugar chains of human platelet thrombospondin.
AB  - The asparagine-linked sugar chains of human platelet thrombospondin were released
      as oligosaccharides by hydrazinolysis. About 12 mol of sugar chains was released
      from one thrombospondin molecule. This was converted to radioactive
      oligosaccharides by sodium borotritide reduction after N-acetylation, and
      separated into one neutral and four acidic fractions by paper electrophoresis.
      More than 90% of the oligosaccharides were recovered in the acidic fraction. The
      acidic oligosaccharides were mostly converted to neutral oligosaccharides by
      sialidase treatment, indicating that they are sialyl derivatives. The neutral and
      sialidase-treated acidic oligosaccharides were further fractionated by Bio-Gel P
      4 column chromatography. Structural study of each oligosaccharide by sequential
      exoglycosidase digestion and methylation analysis revealed that the
      thrombospondin contains mono-, bi-, tri-, and tetraantennary complex-type sugar
      chains in addition to a small amount of high-mannose type. Approximately 70% of
      the complex-type sugar chains was fucosylated at asparagine-linked N
      acetylglucosamine residue and 19% of the biantennary complex-type sugar chains
      was bisected.

PMID- 2930193
TI  - Aspartate aminotransferase from Panicum maximum Jacq. var. trichoglume Eyles, a
      C4 plant: purification, molecular properties, and preparation of antibody.
AB  - Extracts of the leaf tissue of Panicum maximum Jacq. var. trichoglume Eyles (a
      phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase type of C4 plant) were examined and at least
      two isoforms of aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1), with different
      electrophoretic mobilities, were detected. The predominant isoform was purified
      to homogeneity from mesophyll cells. The purification procedure included
      fractionation with ammonium sulfate followed by chromatography on
      diethylaminoethyl-cellulose, Sephacryl S-300, and hydroxyapatite. The purified
      enzyme had specific activities of 182 and 165 mumol/min/mg protein, measured in
      terms of the synthesis of oxaloacetate and aspartate, respectively, at pH 8.0.
      The enzyme, with an apparent molecular size of 100 kDa, appears to be a dimer of
      a single polypeptide with a molecular size of 42 kDa. Mono specific polyclonal
      antibodies were raised against the 42-kDa polypeptide. Only a single stained band
      was detected in extracts of whole leaves by immunoblot analysis with this
      antibody after two-dimensional polyacrylamide electrophoresis. Furthermore, no
      difference in mobility was observed between the enzymes extracted from mesophyll
      and bundle sheath cells on native polyacrylamide gels. These findings are
      discussed in relation to the other isoform in the leaves of this species.

PMID- 2930194
TI  - Kinetic deuterium isotope effects on deamination and N-hydroxylation of
      cyclohexylamine by rabbit liver microsomes.
AB  - Deuterium isotope effects on the kinetic parameters for deamination and N
      hydroxylation of cyclohexylamine (CHA) catalyzed by rabbit liver microsomes with
      NADPH are investigated. Both reactions are inhibited by carbon monoxide and have
      the characteristics of typical cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenase reactions.
      A small and significant deuterium isotope effect operates in the oxidative
      deamination of CHA. The apparent isotope effects, i.e., VH/VD and (V/K)H/(V/K)D
      ratios for deamination, are 1.75 and 1.8-2.3, respectively. On the basis of N
      hydroxylation, the VH/VD and (V/K)H/(V/K)D ratios are 0.8-0.9. The N
      hydroxylation rate of alpha-deuterated CHA (D-CHA) is somewhat higher than that
      of CHA. The increased increment of hydroxylamine formation seems to coincide with
      the decreased amount of deamination. Substitution of deuterium in the alpha
      position of CHA results in metabolic switching of cytochrome P450 from
      deamination to N-hydroxylation with low deuterium isotope effects. The data are
      interpreted in terms of an initial one-electron abstraction from the nitrogen to
      form an aminium cation radical followed by recombination with iron-bound hydroxyl
      radical leading to N-hydroxylamine, or followed by alpha-carbon deprotonation to
      form a neutral carbon radical. The latter can lead to a carbinolamine
      intermediate for deamination by way of imine or recombination with nascent iron
      bound hydroxyl radical. The relative rates of the reactions depend on the alpha
      carbon deprotonation rates of amines.

PMID- 2930195
TI  - Regulation of rat liver microsomal glutathione S-transferase activity by
      thiol/disulfide exchange.
AB  - The regulation of purified glutathione S-transferase from rat liver microsomes
      was studied by examining the effects of various sulfhydryl reagents on enzyme
      activity with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene as the substrate. Diamide (4 mM),
      cystamine (5 mM), and N-ethylmaleimide (1 mM) increased the microsomal
      glutathione S-transferase activity by 3-, 2-, and 10-fold, respectively, in
      absence of glutathione; glutathione disulfide had no effect. In presence of
      glutathione, microsomal glutathione S-transferase activity was increased 10-fold
      by diamide (0.5 mM), but the activation of the transferase by N-ethylmaleimide or
      cystamine was only slightly affected by presence of glutathione. The activation
      of microsomal glutathione S-transferase by diamide or cystamine was reversed by
      the addition of dithiothreitol. Glutathione disulfide increased microsomal
      glutathione S-transferase activity only when membrane-bound enzyme was used.
      These results indicate that microsomal glutathione S-transferase activity may be
      regulated by reversible thiol/disulfide exchange and that mixed disulfide
      formation of the microsomal glutathione S-transferase with glutathione disulfide
      may be catalyzed enzymatically in vivo.

PMID- 2930196
TI  - Purification of prosthetically intact sulfite oxidase from chicken liver using a
      modified procedure.
AB  - A modified procedure was used to purify sulfite oxidase (sulfite:O2
      oxidoreductase; EC 1.8.3.1) from chicken liver in high yield. The modifications
      included dialysis of the enzyme against a buffered solution containing sodium
      molybdate (prior to ion-exchange chromatography), which apparently reconstituted
      any demolybdo enzyme present in the extract, and phenyl-Sepharose column
      chromatography. Analysis showed that the purified enzyme contained Mo and heme in
      a 1.03:1.00 ratio, indicating that the enzyme was prosthetically intact;
      exogenous heme and other colored proteins were absent from the final pool.
      Treatment of the sulfite-reduced enzyme with 50 mM cyanide at pH 8.5 resulted in
      a gradual loss of catalytic activity with a half-life of 19.7 min. Analysis of
      the cyanide-inactivated enzyme gave a Mo:heme ratio of 1.02:1.00, providing the
      first direct evidence that the enzyme does not lose molybdenum when inactivated
      with cyanide. This modified purification procedure provides enzyme in high yield
      which is well-suited for experiments requiring prosthetically intact enzyme and
      which is not contaminated with extraneous heme or with other redox active
      proteins.

PMID- 2930197
TI  - Inositol polyphosphate production and regulation of cytosolic calcium during the
      biphasic activation of adrenal glomerulosa cells by angiotensin II.
AB  - Stimulation of aldosterone production by angiotensin II in the adrenal
      glomerulosa cell is mediated by increased phosphoinositide turnover and elevation
      of intracellular Ca2+ concentration. In cultured bovine glomerulosa cells,
      angiotensin II caused rapid increases in inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (Ins-1,4,5
      P3) levels and cytosolic Ca2+ during the first minute of stimulation, when both
      responses peaked between 5 and 10 s and subsequently declined to above-baseline
      levels. In addition to this temporal correlation, the dose-response relationships
      of the angiotensin-induced peak increases in cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations and
      Ins-1,4,5-P3 levels measured at 10 s were closely similar. However, at later
      times (greater than 1 min) there was a secondary elevation of Ins-1,4,5-P3,
      paralleled by increased formation of inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate that was
      associated with cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations only slightly above the resting
      value. These results are consistent with the primary role of Ins-1,4,5-P3 in
      calcium mobilization during activation of the glomerulosa cell by angiotensin II.
      They also suggest that Ins-1,4,5-P3 participates in the later phase of the target
      cell response, possibly by acting alone or in conjunction with its phosphorylated
      metabolites to promote calcium entry and elevation of cytosolic Ca2+ during the
      sustained phase of aldosterone secretion.

PMID- 2930198
TI  - Biomimetic oxidation of nonphenolic lignin models by Mn(III): new observations on
      the oxidizability of guaiacyl and syringyl substructures.
AB  - Mn(III) is a one-electron oxidant, produced in vivo by the Mn peroxidases of
      white-rot fungi, and thought to be involved in lignin degradation by these
      organisms. However, Mn(III) has not been shown to oxidize the major nonphenolic
      substructures of lignin under mild conditions. We have used Mn(III) acetate as a
      biomimetic model for enzymatically generated Mn(III), and report that low
      concentrations of this oxidant suffice to oxidize nonphenolic lignin models at
      physiological temperatures and pH values. Under these conditions, the monomeric
      lignin model veratryl alcohol was oxidized to veratraldehyde, and the
      diarylpropane model 1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-phenylpropanol was oxidatively
      cleaved to veratraldehyde, 1-phenylethanol, and acetophenone. In an attempt to
      identify other lignin models that might be oxidized by Mn(III) more rapidly, we
      compared the rates at which Mn(III) was reduced by two guaiacyl models, veratryl
      alcohol and 1-(3-methoxy-4-isopropoxyphenyl)ethanol, vs two syringyl models,
      3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl alcohol and 1-(3,5-dimethoxy-4-isopropoxyphenyl)ethanol.
      The results were the opposite of those predicted: the syringyl models were
      oxidized slower than the guaiacyl models by Mn(III). To investigate the basis for
      this unexpected result, we recorded the visible absorption spectra of charge
      transfer complexes prepared between each of the lignin models and an electron
      acceptor, tetracyanoethylene or p-chloranil. The results, in general agreement
      with the kinetic findings, showed that the nonphenolic syringyl lignin models had
      higher ionization potentials than the guaiacyl models.

PMID- 2930199
TI  - Inhibition of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase by pentalenolactone:
      kinetic and mechanistic studies.
AB  - Incubation of rabbit muscle glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) with
      the antibiotic pentalenolactone (1) resulted in time-dependent, irreversible
      inhibition of GAPDH. The kinetics of inactivation were biphasic, exhibiting an
      initial rapid phase and a slower second phase. Pentalenolactone methyl ester (2)
      also irreversibly inactivated GADPH, albeit at a slower rate and with a higher
      KI. The substrate glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G-3-P) afforded protection against
      inactivation by 1, whereas the presence of NAD+ in the incubation mixture
      stimulated the inactivation by increasing the apparent affinity of the enzyme for
      the inhibitor. In steady-state kinetic experiments, 1 acted as a competitive
      inhibitor of GAPDH with respect to G-3-P but exhibited uncompetitive inhibition
      with respect to NAD+. Inactivation of NAD+-free apo-GAPDH by 1 showed simple
      pseudo-first-order kinetics. By titrating the free thiol residues of partially
      inactivated GAPDH, it was found that both pentalenolactone and pentalenolactone
      methyl ester react with all four Cys-SH residues of the tetrameric GAPDH.

PMID- 2930200
TI  - Damage to protein synthesis concurrent with lipid peroxidation in rat liver
      slices: effect of halogenated compounds, peroxides, and vitamin E1.
AB  - Protein synthesis and lipid peroxidation were evaluated in rat liver slices
      incubated in the presence of oxidants and protein synthesis inhibitors. Protein
      synthesis by rat liver slices was evaluated by [3H]leucine incorporation into the
      trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-insoluble material, and lipid peroxidation was
      evaluated by thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) released into the
      incubation medium. Protein synthesis inhibition by bromotrichloromethane (BrCCl3)
      or t-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BOOH) depended on the incubation time and oxidant
      concentration. [3H]Leucine incorporation was decreased to 20 and 47% of control
      values and TBARS were enhanced from the control value of 16.9 to 45.3 and 62.5
      nmol/g of liver by incubation for 1 h with 1 mM BrCCl3 and t-BOOH, respectively.
      Following incubation, both protein synthesis damage and lipid peroxidation were
      decreased in control and oxidant-treated slices prepared from rats injected with
      200 mg of DL-alpha-tocopherol/kg of body wt. Release of lactate dehydrogenase was
      not enhanced by oxidant treatment. Protein synthesis inhibitors reversibly
      decreased [3H]leucine incorporation, but the effect of oxidants on protein
      synthesis was irreversible. Cumene hydroperoxide and methyl ethyl ketone
      peroxide, but not hydrogen peroxide, damaged protein synthesis and induced lipid
      peroxidation. The ability of carbon tetrabromide, benzyl chloride, bromoform,
      bromobenzene, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, dichloromethane, and
      bromochloromethane to inhibit protein synthesis was correlated with their ability
      to induce lipid peroxidation, and with their LD50. The results suggest that
      oxidant-induced lipid peroxidation and protein synthesis damage occurred
      concurrently, and that protein synthesis inhibition may be involved in cell
      injury or death mediated by free radicals.

PMID- 2930201
TI  - [Bestatin treatment of patients with myelodysplastic syndromes].
AB  - Seven patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (M-DS) were treated with 30 mg
      Bestatin daily. Six of the patients (85.7%) responded. Clonogenic bone marrow
      cell culture studies in the patients have demonstrated intrinsic hemopoietic stem
      cell and progenitor cell abnormalities. After Bestatin treatment, these
      abnormalities involved in differentiation and maturation of hematopoietic
      progenitors were markedly improved and resulted in the improvement of
      hematological findings in responders. Addition to the culture system of Bestatin
      at a concentration of 0.01 microgram/ml and 1 microgram/ml enhanced CD4 positive
      T cell colony formation without enhancing CFU-GM and CFU-GEMM. These results
      suggest that the effects on hematopoiesis of Bestatin may be mediated by T cells,
      not by direct action of the drug.

PMID- 2930202
TI  - [Polarographic analysis of tumor tissue oxygen tension after hyperthermia
      combined with misonidazole].
AB  - For the purpose to analyse the influence of a thermosensitizing drug,
      misonidazole (MIS), on tissue oxygen tension (TpO2), TpO2 in human gastric cancer
      tissue (H-23) was measured by a polarographic method. MIS, 500 mg/kg, was given
      i.p. and then the heat treatment was done in a water bath at 43.5 +/- 0.1 degrees
      C for 23 minutes. A second treatment was performed to develop thermotolerance at
      the following intervals: 24 hours, 72 hours, 5 days, and 7 days. Tumor doubling
      time was shortest at 72-hour interval, i.e., the maximal thermotolerance of the
      tumor developed at 72-hour interval, whereas the tumor doubling time in case of
      combined use of MIS was shortest at 24-hour interval. TpO2 in the 72-hour
      interval treatment decreased soon after hyperthermia, and returned to a pre
      heated value 3 hours after, whereas in the other 3 treatments the recovery time
      was 6 to 12 hours. On the other hand, in 24-hour interval of the combined use of
      MIS, the post-thermal value of TpO2 was about a half of the pre-thermal value and
      recovered 24 hours after. In the 5- and 7-day interval treatments, TpO2 declined
      notably and did not return to the pre-thermal value during 24 hours. These data
      suggest that the thermo-sensitizing effects of MIS were brought about by
      prolonged and extreme decrease in TpO2.

PMID- 2930203
TI  - [Effect of sodium thiosulfate on the antitumor effect and nephrotoxicity of CDDP
      in human gastric cancer transplanted in nude mice].
AB  - Sodium thiosulfate (STS) is known to decrease the nephrotoxicity of cisplatin
      (CDDP). CDDP has been recognized effective in some type of gastric cancers, and
      there has been an attempt to examine the optimal dose of STS, which suppresses
      the CDDP-induced nephrotoxicity without interfering its anticancer effect. The
      gastric cancer cell lines (KATO-III and MKN 45) were transplanted into BALB/c
      nu/nu mice. CDDP was injected intraperitoneally once a week 5 times with various
      doses of STS, and the effects of STS on the antitumor effect as well as the
      nephrotoxicity of CDDP were examined. The antitumor effect of CDDP (9 mg/kg) was
      suppressed by 30% with the simultaneous injection of 372 mg/kg (50 fold-molar
      radio of STS to CDDP) and abolished by 1,488 mg/kg (200 fold-molar radio) of STS.
      The elevated serum BUN and the kidney content of platinum following CDDP
      administration were at the normal ranges in the nude mice received these doses of
      STS. Also, the atrophic and regenerative changes of the kidney tubules induced by
      CDDP were scarcely observed in these nude mice. From these results, only 50 fold
      molar radio of STS to CDDP suppresses the nephrotoxicity of CDDP without
      interfering its antitumor effect, and this rather smaller amounts of STS is
      considered to be optimal. Further studies, however, will be needed for clinical
      application.

PMID- 2930204
TI  - [Antitumor effect of a new anthracycline derivative, MX2, against human glioma
      cells].
AB  - A new morpholino anthracycline derivative, MX2, has a potent antitumor activity
      similar to adriamycin. Because of high lipid solubility of MX2 (log P = 2.84, pH
      7.4), the compound can cross the blood-brain barrier easier than adriamycin. In
      this study we tested the anti-tumor activity of MX2 against human glioma in vitro
      and in vivo. MX2 showed a marked cytocidal effect against U105MG, U251MG, U373MG
      and KMG4 cells when more than 30 ng/ml was added in the medium. Although the
      sensitivity against MX2 differed depending on the cell lines, the cytocidal
      effect of MX2 was similar to adriamycin. The colony formation of KMG4 cells was
      markedly inhibited by MX2 dose-dependently. The growth of KMG4 cells inoculated
      subcutaneously into nude mice was inhibited by the intraperitoneal administration
      of MX2 4 or 1.3 mg/kg. These results suggest that MX2 seemed to be useful in the
      treatment of malignant glioma.

PMID- 2930205
TI  - [Changes of protein and RNA content in accumulated G1 cells by delta12-PGJ2].
AB  - Protein and RNA content in accumulated G1 cells was measured with B16 melanoma
      cells by flow cytometer to study the mechanism of antineoplastic action of delta
      12PGJ2. DNA histogram showed that, after a 6 hr exposure to delta 12PGJ2, the
      percentage of tumor cells in G2M phase increased, and G1 accumulation with
      depletion of cell population in S phase was seen after 12-24 hr exposure to 2.0
      micrograms/ml of delta 12 PGJ2. Protein content in accumulated G1 cells increased
      at 6 hr after exposure, and subsequently decreased. However, the protein content
      treated with delta 12PGJ2 was higher than that of the control. A reduction of RNA
      content in G1 cells was seen after delta 12PGJ2 exposure. As the result, it was
      found that delta 12PGJ2 made cell progression ceased in G1 phase of cell cycle,
      and where protein and RNA content was higher than that of control. It is
      suggested that some hyper-metabolite state was caused by delta 12 PGJ2 in
      cultured B16 melanoma cells.

PMID- 2930206
TI  - [Investigation on the adequate administration interval with OK-432, using the
      cytotoxicity test].

PMID- 2930207
TI  - Inhibition of allergic contact dermatitis and ultraviolet radiation-induced
      tissue swelling in the mouse by topical amiloride.
AB  - Amiloride is known to inhibit membrane sodium transport and has been shown in
      vitro to inhibit cell activation and proliferation in several model systems.
      These effects occur at relatively high local concentrations of amiloride. We
      studied the cutaneous response to the topical application of amiloride
      hydrochloride. Our observations demonstrated that topical application of
      amiloride was potent in its ability to inhibit murine tissue swelling and
      inflammation in response to contact sensitizing agents and ultraviolet radiation.
      These observations might suggest a role for amiloride or its analogues as topical
      anti-inflammatory or antiproliferative drugs.

PMID- 2930208
TI  - Cyclosporine in the treatment of psoriatic arthritis.
AB  - The short-term efficacy of cyclosporine in the treatment of six patients with
      moderately severe to severe psoriatic arthritis was evaluated in an open study.
      Patients received oral cyclosporine (6 mg/kg/d) for eight weeks. In all patients,
      significant improvement of psoriasis was noted within two to four weeks. At the
      end of therapy, rheumatologic assessment revealed the following trends in disease
      activity: a decrease in the number of tender joints, joint tenderness index,
      duration of morning stiffness, and an increase in grip strength. There was a
      decrease in the number of swollen joints, joint swelling index, and the time
      taken to walk 50 ft. Overall disease activity significantly improved as assessed
      independently by the patient and physician. For psoriasis and psoriatic
      arthritis, disease activity worsened toward baseline within four weeks of
      discontinuation of therapy. Short-term, low-dose cyclosporine therapy may be
      effective in treating psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis.

PMID- 2930209
TI  - Pseudocyst of the auricle associated with trauma.
AB  - A pseudocyst of the auricle (benign idiopathic cystic chondromalacia) is an
      intracartilaginous cystic swelling of the anterior auricle. The cause is
      uncertain, and most patients deny any history of inflammation or trauma. A
      patient had antecedent trauma and a fracture in the conchal cartilage; a simple
      surgical procedure was used to treat this patient.

PMID- 2930210
TI  - Segmented heterochromia in black scalp hair associated with iron-deficiency
      anemia. Canities segmentata sideropaenica.
AB  - A newly recognized disorder of black scalp hair is characterized by the
      irregularly alternating segmentation of hair into dark and light bands. A 15-year
      old girl had segmented heterochromic scalp hair in association with iron
      deficiency anemia. The clinical and laboratory investigations support the view
      that low serum iron levels play a critical role in reducing eumelanogenesis and
      in the possible failure of melanin transfer. The segmented heterochromic hair
      recovered completely after iron supplementation, which coincided with increased
      eumelanogenesis in the recovered hair. This clinical experience indicated
      participation of iron in the kinetics of melanogenesis within the follicular
      melanocytes.

PMID- 2930211
TI  - Pigmented breast carcinoma. A clinical and histopathologic simulator of malignant
      melanoma.
AB  - A case of infiltrating breast carcinoma presenting as a pigmented lesion of the
      areola and nipple is described. The pigmentation was found to be primarily due to
      interspersed melanocytes and melanophages within the tumor. The histologic
      criteria and the differential immunohistochemical staining characteristics of
      melanoma and breast carcinoma are presented. Also emphasized is the difficulty in
      differentiating pagetoid malignant melanoma and epidermotrophic breast carcinoma.

PMID- 2930212
TI  - A young woman with nodules on her face and trunk. Tertiary (tubercular) syphilis.

PMID- 2930213
TI  - Multisystem crystalline deposits. Primary hyperoxaluria.

PMID- 2930214
TI  - Dysplastic anxiety.

PMID- 2930215
TI  - Is photography necessary in following up patients with dysplastic nevi?

PMID- 2930216
TI  - Total-body photographs of dysplastic nevi: who pays?

PMID- 2930217
TI  - Total body photographs of dysplastic nevi.

PMID- 2930218
TI  - Physician-drug company complex.

PMID- 2930219
TI  - Intractable atopic eczema suggests major affective disorder: poor parenting is
      secondary.

PMID- 2930220
TI  - Topical cyclosporine and contact dermatitis in guinea pig and man.

PMID- 2930221
TI  - Double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial of local cyclosporine in atopic
      dermatitis.

PMID- 2930222
TI  - Allergic contact dermatitis to a nasal cannula.

PMID- 2930223
TI  - Is minoxidil (Rogaine) clinically effective?

PMID- 2930224
TI  - Congenital myotonic dystrophy: respiratory function at birth determines survival.
AB  - The clinical features of 14 neonates with congenital myotonic dystrophy were
      retrospectively reviewed. These babies represent all the new cases of congenital
      myotonic dystrophy seen in this department since 1982. Twelve babies were
      referred because of either difficulties in diagnosis or difficulties in the
      management of their respiratory problems. Of the 14 babies, 13 had birth
      asphyxia, 11 were premature, and four had intrauterine growth retardation. Ten
      babies required artificial ventilation from birth. Abnormalities on chest
      radiography included thin ribs (n =9) and raised right hemidiaphragms (n = 5).
      Recurrent episodes of collapse and consolidation of the lungs secondary to poor
      swallowing occurred in all ventilated babies. All babies ventilated for longer
      than four weeks died of respiratory complications before the age of 15 months.
      One baby was successfully extubated after diaphragmatic plication, but he died a
      few months later. Duration of ventilation was the best guide to prognosis.

PMID- 2930225
TI  - Cardiac rhabdomyomata in tuberous sclerosis: their course and diagnostic value.
AB  - Echocardiography was performed in 60 people with tuberous sclerosis to ascertain
      the prevalence and course of cardiac rhabdomyomata at different ages. Twenty five
      (58%) of 43 children had tumours, but only three (18%) of 17 adults. The tumours
      tended to remain the same size through childhood. Only three infants were
      included but evidence from this and some published case reports suggest that the
      tumours tend to regress in early infancy and again in adolescence. The prevalence
      of tumours in young infants with tuberous sclerosis is likely to be considerably
      above 50%. As other signs of tuberous sclerosis are usually absent at this age
      echocardiography may afford the most useful diagnostic test in early infancy.

PMID- 2930226
TI  - The range of neural tube defects in southern India.
AB  - During a prospective study of 3500 consecutive births from November 1985 to
      January 1987 at three hospitals, 40 babies were found to have neural tube
      defects, an extremely high incidence (11.4/1000 births). The defects comprised
      anencephaly (n = 18), meningomyelocele (n = 11), Arnold-Chiari deformity (n = 3),
      encephalocele (n = 3), iniencephaly (n = 2), and one each of occipital
      meningocele, spina bifida occulta, and anencephaly with rachischisis. There were
      significant differences in incidence between those with consanguineous and
      nonconsanguineous parents and those whose mothers had previously given birth to
      malformed infants or who had had miscarriages, and those who had not.
      Significantly more defects were found among stillborn and low birthweight babies,
      among girls, and among those whose mothers were aged between 20 and 30 years.
      Just over a third (14) were breech presentations, and hydramnios was present in
      16 (40%).

PMID- 2930227
TI  - Prognosis of extrahepatic biliary atresia.
AB  - We carried out a retrospective investigation of the 89 patients with extrahepatic
      biliary atresia born in The Netherlands during a 10 year period. Of these 89
      patients 10 had a diagnostic laparotomy only. Eight patients had an anastomosis
      between the proximal bile duct and the intestine, and the remaining 71 had
      hepatic portoenterostomies. Bile drainage was re-established in 46 (65%). After
      successful hepatic portoenterostomy the development of cholangitis was the most
      important determinant of long term survival; five year survival was 54% in the 19
      patients who had cholangitis and 91% in the 27 who did not. In the whole group of
      71 patients the five year survival was 47%. Seventeen patients were at least 5
      years of age at the time of writing, three of whom had had liver transplantation.
      Three patients have cirrhosis and hyperbilirubinaemia, and the other 11 have
      normal bilirubin concentrations and normal or slightly raised transaminase
      activities. To improve these results early surgical intervention in all children
      with extrahepatic biliary atresia is necessary, as are better methods of
      prophylaxis and treatment of cholangitis.

PMID- 2930228
TI  - Sodium transport in erythrocytes: differences between normal children and
      children with primary and secondary hypertension.
AB  - The following measurements were made in normal children, children with primary
      hypertension, and children with secondary hypertension: erythrocyte intracellular
      sodium concentration, total sodium efflux rate constant, and maximum binding of
      ouabain to erythrocytes reflecting the number of sodium/potassium adenosine
      triphosphatase pump sites. Children with primary hypertension had a significantly
      higher mean erythrocyte intracellular sodium concentration (8.2 compared with 6.6
      and 6.7 mmol/l cells), and significantly lower total sodium efflux rate constant
      (0.5071 compared with 0.6983 and 0.6197) and maximum binding of ouabain to
      erythrocytes (9.1 compared with 11.7 and 11.0 nmol/l cells) than normal children
      and children with secondary hypertension, respectively.

PMID- 2930229
TI  - Behaviour in first year after drug dependent pregnancy.
AB  - Neurobehavioural development of a group of 35 infants of drug dependent mothers
      and of a reference group of 37 infants was compared. Two tailed testing showed
      that at the age of 3 months the infants of drug dependent mothers seemed to be
      more active than the reference group; at 6 months, however, no difference was
      found. On the infant behaviour temperament questionnaire, infants of drug
      dependent mothers tended to have slightly better scores for 'duration of
      orienting' at the age of 9 months; five other dimensions of behaviour did not
      differ between the groups. The Bayley scales of infant development and
      neurological examination according to the method of Touwen did not show any
      significant differences among the groups at the ages of 6 or 12 months. At 12
      months infants of drug dependent mothers had slightly but not significantly worse
      results on electroencephalography. Studied with multidisciplinary measurements,
      the development of infants of drug dependent mothers does not seem to diverge
      particularly from the development of the reference group.

PMID- 2930230
TI  - Standards for the predictive accuracy of short term body height and lower leg
      length measurements on half annual growth rates.
AB  - Determinations of body height and calculations of growth velocity are still the
      major parameters for the assessment of normal and aberrant growth. The present
      study was performed to investigate the minimum time interval between consecutive
      measurements that is necessary for a statement on significant length increment
      both of total body height and lower leg length. We present standards for the
      predictive accuracy of short term measurements for the prediction of the
      conventional half annual growth rate. We also provide centiles of the predictive
      error that occurs when the difference between two consecutive measurements is
      used to determine a half annual growth rate.

PMID- 2930231
TI  - Sleep phase and gastro-oesophageal reflux in infants at possible risk of SIDS.
AB  - The association between gastro-oesophageal reflux and sleep state in 24 infants
      with confirmed or suspected gastro-oesophageal reflux was studied by monitoring
      both the pH in the lower oesophagus and polygraphic tracings made during sleep at
      night. Gastro-oesophageal reflux during the night was confirmed in 20 infants.
      Three hundred and sixteen precipitous drops of more than one unit of pH were
      recorded during the studies, 186 during periods of wakefulness. Of 130 drops in
      pH during sleep, 62 (48%) began during active sleep and 62 during indeterminate
      sleep. Of the latter, 56 (90%) were associated with brief gross body movements.
      Only five of the drops in pH (4%) began during quiet sleep. Gastro-oesophageal
      reflux stopped during active sleep on 56 occasions (43%), in indeterminate sleep
      in 62 (47%), and in quiet sleep in 12 (9%). Episodes of gastro-oesophageal reflux
      starting or ending in quiet sleep were uncommon. The occurrence of gastro
      oesophageal reflux during active sleep may partly explain why reflux during sleep
      is a risk factor for pulmonary disease.

PMID- 2930232
TI  - Early hyperkalaemia in very low birthweight infants in the absence of oliguria.
AB  - We reviewed 1552 admissions to a neonatal intensive care programme; seven, all
      with a birth weight less than 1500 g, developed early onset, non-oliguric
      hyperkalaemia (potassium concentration greater than 7.0 mmol/l). Although their
      perinatal variables were similar to those of a normokalaemic group, hyperkalaemic
      infants had a higher incidence of intraventricular haemorrhage and developed
      increased concentrations of plasma creatinine by 7 days of age.

PMID- 2930233
TI  - Twinning rates and social class in Great Britain.
AB  - We examined like and unlike sex twinning rates in Great Britain by social class
      over the period 1974-85. Although twinning rates are believed to have changed
      over that period, we found no evidence of differential change by social class,
      suggesting that any factors affecting twinning are widespread in the population.

PMID- 2930234
TI  - Resident parents and shorter hospital stay.
AB  - A total of 586 admissions for 12 medical conditions were reviewed. The stay of
      children accompanied by a resident parent was 31% shorter than those whose
      parents were not resident. Resident parents benefit the emotional well being of
      the child and increase hospital efficiency; accommodation for parents should
      therefore be an integral part of a unit admitting children.

PMID- 2930235
TI  - Transient tachypnoea of the newborn and asthma.
AB  - A total of 58 children aged 4-5 years who were diagnosed as having transient
      tachypnoea of the newborn were studied. In contrast with the control group (n =
      58), the infants with transient tachypnoea of the newborn had a significantly
      higher incidence of recurrent (more than two) episodes of wheezy breathlessness,
      symptoms consistent with asthma, and signs consistent with atopy.

PMID- 2930236
TI  - Evaluation of two combined oxygen and carbon dioxide transcutaneous sensors.
AB  - Two combined oxygen and carbon dioxide electrodes were assessed in neonates,
      infants, and children up to 16 years. They were convenient to use and the
      measurement error for PtcCO2 was acceptable. In both models, however, the PtcO2
      electrode had a reduced performance compared with a single electrode.

PMID- 2930237
TI  - Paediatric dialectics in a BPA triennium 1985-1988.

PMID- 2930238
TI  - Reflex anal dilatation associated with severe chronic constipation.

PMID- 2930239
TI  - Reflex anal dilatation and sexual abuse.

PMID- 2930240
TI  - Urinary creatinine excretion in the newborn.

PMID- 2930241
TI  - Rubella immunisation.

PMID- 2930242
TI  - '...officiously to keep alive'.

PMID- 2930243
TI  - Sweat tests and flucloxacillin.

PMID- 2930244
TI  - Rising asthma admissions and self referral.

PMID- 2930245
TI  - Chemical composition of bottled mineral water.
AB  - Thirty-seven brands of domestic and imported mineral waters were analyzed for the
      following: alkalinity, aluminum, barium, beryllium, boron, cadmium, calcium,
      chloride, chromium, cobalt, copper, fluoride, iron, lead, lithium, magnesium,
      manganese, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, nitrate, pH, phosphate, potassium,
      silver, sodium, specific conductance, sulfate, tin, vanadium, and zinc. Of the
      waters examined in this study, 24 had one or more determinands that were not in
      compliance with the drinking water standards in the United States.

PMID- 2930246
TI  - Illness and absenteeism among California highway patrol officers responding to
      hazardous material spills.
AB  - Highway patrol officers are the primary responders to hazardous material spills
      in California, yet little is known regarding the health effects resulting from
      this exposure. A historical cohort study of 993 California highway patrol
      officers who responded to hazardous material spills in 1984 was conducted. The
      records of officers who were exposed to acutely toxic chemicals were followed for
      the subsequent week to determine if they demonstrated more absenteeism or illness
      compared to officers who were not exposed to toxic chemicals. No significant
      differences in the frequency of absenteeism or illness was found between the two
      groups during the week following exposure. No indication was found that exposure
      to hazardous materials during a highway patrol spill response results in
      increased absenteeism.

PMID- 2930247
TI  - Toxic pollutants, science, and corporate influence.

PMID- 2930248
TI  - Cancer mortality in U.S. counties with hazardous waste sites and ground water
      pollution.
AB  - Since the late 1950s, more than 750 million tons of toxic chemical wastes have
      been discarded in an estimated 30,000 to 50,000 hazardous waste sites (HWSs).
      Uncontrolled discarding of chemical wastes creates the potential for risks to
      human health. Utilizing the National Priorities Listing (NPL) of hazardous waste
      sites developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), this
      study identified 593 waste sites in 339 U.S. counties in 49 states with
      analytical evidence of contaminated ground drinking water providing a sole source
      water supply. For each identified county, age-adjusted, site-specific cancer
      mortality rates for 13 major sites for the decade 1970-1979, for white males and
      females, were extracted from U.S. Cancer Mortality and Trends 1950-1979. Also,
      HWS and non-HWS counties that showed excess numbers of deaths were enumerated for
      each cancer selected. Significant associations (p less than .002) between excess
      deaths and all HWS counties were shown for cancers of the lung, bladder,
      esophagus, stomach, large intestine, and rectum for white males; and for cancers
      of the lung, breast, bladder, stomach, large intestine, and rectum for white
      females when compared to all non-HWS counties. There were no consistent
      geographical patterns that suggested a broad distribution of gastrointestinal
      cancers associated with HWSs throughout the United States, although we did
      identify a cluster of excess gastrointestinal cancers in counties within states
      located in EPA Region 3 (Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West
      Virginia).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2930249
TI  - Health status of anthracite surface coal miners.
AB  - In 1984-1985, medical examinations consisting of a chest radiograph, spirometry
      test, and questionnaire on work history, respiratory symptoms, and smoking
      history were administered to 1,061 white males who were employed at 31 coal
      cleaning plants and strip coal mines in the anthracite coal region of
      northeastern Pennsylvania. The prevalence of radiographic evidence of
      International Labour Office (ILO) category 1 or higher small opacities was 4.5%
      in 516 men who had never been employed in a dusty job other than in surface coal
      mining. Among these 516 workers, all 4 cases of ILO radiographic category 2 or 3
      rounded opacities and 1 case of large opacities had been employed as a highwall
      drill operator or helper. The prevalence of category 1 or higher opacities
      increased with tenure as a highwall drill operator or helper (2.7% for 0 y, 6.5%
      for 1-9 yr, 25.0% for 10-19 y, and 55.6% for greater than or equal to 20 y
      drilling). Radiographic evidence of small rounded opacities, dyspnea, and
      decreases in FEV1.0, FVC, and peak flow were significantly related to tenure at
      drilling operations after adjusting for age, height, cigarette smoking status,
      and exposures in dusty jobs other than in surface coal mining. However, tenure in
      coal cleansing plants and other surface coal mine jobs were not related to
      significant health effects. The apparent excess prevalence of radiographic small
      rounded opacities in anthracite surface coal mine drillers suggests that quartz
      exposures have been increased. Average respirable quartz concentrations at
      surface coal mine drilling operations should be evaluated to determine whether
      exposures are within existing standards, and dust exposures should be controlled.

PMID- 2930252
TI  - You don't have to be sick to get better.

PMID- 2930251
TI  - Mortality among forest and soil conservationists.
AB  - The mortality of forest conservationists and soil conservationists in the United
      States Department of Agriculture (USDA) who died during January 1, 1970-December
      31, 1979 (N = 1,411 white males) while actively employed or while receiving a
      pension was evaluated. The proportionate mortality analysis was used to identify
      cancers that might be elevated in this occupational group compared to the total
      U.S. white male population, whereas case-control analyses more rigorously
      evaluated the disease association with occupation. Controls were selected from
      employees at USDA who died of any cause of death other than that cause of death
      represented by the case. In case-control analyses, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL)
      and colon cancer demonstrated a statistically significant linear trend (p less
      than .05) with duration of employment as either a forest or soil conservationist,
      which suggests an occupational etiology for both diseases. Soil conservationists
      who were last employed after 1960 experienced significantly elevated risks for
      NHL (OR = 2.6) and colon cancer (OR = 1.8), whereas those last employed before
      1960 were not at an increased risk. Among forest conservationists, the risk for
      both NHL and colon cancer appeared to be elevated before and after 1960.

PMID- 2930250
TI  - Effects of low-level carbon monoxide exposure on resting and exercise-induced
      ventricular arrhythmias in patients with coronary artery disease and no baseline
      ectopy.
AB  - The effects of acute elevation of carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) concentrations on
      resting and exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmias were evaluated in 10
      patients who had ischemic heart disease and in whom no ectopy during baseline
      monitoring was noted. After an initial training session, patients were exposed to
      air, 100 ppm carbon monoxide (CO), or 200 ppm CO on successive days in a
      randomized, double-blind, cross-over fashion. After exposure to 100 and 200 ppm
      CO, venous COHb levels averaged 4% and 6%, respectively. Symptom-limited supine
      exercise was performed after exposure. Eight of the 10 patients had evidence of
      exercise-induced ischemia--either angina, 1.0 mm ST depression, or abnormal
      ejection fraction response--during 1 or more exposure days. Ambulatory
      electrocardiograms were obtained on each day and analyzed for arrhythmia
      frequency and severity. On air and CO exposure days, each patient had only 0-1
      ventricular premature beat/h in the 2 h prior to exposure, during the exposure
      period, during the subsequent exercise test, and in the 5 h following exercise.
      In conclusion, low-level CO exposure is not arrhythmogenic in patients with
      coronary artery disease and no ventricular ectopy at baseline.

PMID- 2930253
TI  - Closing the gap between grand theory and mental health practice with families.
      Part 1: The framework of systemic organization for nursing of families and family
      members.
AB  - This paper proposes a nursing framework for individuals and families that was
      inductively derived from existing knowledge and the author's personal experience.
      The framework is based on the premise that all things are organized as systems.
      Individuals, family systems, and the environment are interrelated and the
      congruence of patterns and rhythms between systems and subsystems signifies
      health. Nursing involves assisting individuals and families to reduce anxiety by
      weighing against each other the two major dimensions of system control and
      congruence or spirituality with the aim of maintaining a dynamic equilibrium.

PMID- 2930254
TI  - Closing the gap between grand theory and mental health practice with families.
      Part 2: The control-congruence model for mental health nursing of families.
AB  - The control-congruence model is based on the framework of systemic organization
      and presents a mental health nursing approach to families with physical,
      emotional, interpersonal, social, or environmental problems. Special instruments
      are available to assess and evaluate family functioning. The model distinguishes
      itself by encouraging self-diagnosis, strengthening effective family behaviors
      already practiced, and introducing new behaviors in tune with the family's usual
      patterns. The model allows flexibility for nurses to reach families through
      practicing the art of nursing.

PMID- 2930255
TI  - Vietnam: resolving the death of a loved one.
AB  - This article is based on a study to explore the grief experience of individuals
      who suffered the loss of a family member in the Vietnam war. A phenomenologic
      approach was used to understand the grief experience of five family members of
      Vietnam casualties. A convenience sample of five subjects was used. Data for this
      study were obtained through an open-ended interview conducted by the researcher
      in the home of each subject. The method of analysis of the phenomenologic data
      was based on Giorgi's (1975) model. The researcher modified this method to
      identify patterns and themes in the interviews. The grief experiences of the
      family members emerged as prolonged early phases of the grief process. The
      patterns identified were prolonged early phases of denial and anger. The
      significant themes identified were (a) denial and a sense of unreality, (b)
      anger, (c) isolation, (d) sadness, (e) frustration, and (f) ambivalence.
      Qualitative data from a sample of five subjects cannot be generalized to the
      population of all family members of Vietnam casualties, but it is significant and
      genuine for these subjects. The data suggest that the circumstances of the death,
      the lack of concrete evidence, the inadequate support available, and the
      conflicted social environment all contributed to the prolonged early grief phases
      and the struggle experienced by these family members to resolve their loss.

PMID- 2930256
TI  - A descriptive study of seclusion: the unit environment, patient behavior, and
      nursing interventions.
AB  - The purpose of this descriptive study was to identify unit environmental factors
      at the initiation of seclusion, and patient behavior and nursing interventions
      throughout seclusion. The convenience sample of 56 seclusion incidents included
      43 patients. A peak time for seclusion to be initiated was within 24 hours of
      admission. Before seclusion most behaviors were disturbed but nonviolent; during
      seclusion most behaviors were nondisturbed. Variables studied did not indicate
      that units were more disturbed when seclusions were initiated than at other
      times. Seclusion was generally used in conjunction with other interventions.

PMID- 2930257
TI  - Mothers' perceptions of incest: sustained disruption and turmoil.
AB  - Eleven mothers whose daughters had allegedly been sexually abused by the father
      or father figure were interviewed to evaluate their perceptions of the sexual
      abuse. Subjects were obtained from a caseload of a county Department of Family
      and Child Protective Services. Ages ranged from 5 to 17 years and both black and
      white children were represented. Content analysis was used to analyze the data
      and revealed that the mothers in the sample continued to experience turmoil in
      their lives long after disclosure of the abuse occurred. These mothers were
      unable to consistently protect their daughters or reconstruct their family lives
      after the incest was disclosed.

PMID- 2930258
TI  - The Victim Care Service: a program for victims of sexual assault.
AB  - Sexual victimization is a singularly traumatic event. At times, however, the
      implicit danger of the trauma experience itself gets exaggerated. For the victim
      the more lasting damage frequently stems from how he or she was treated by
      friends, family, health care providers, and public authorities following the
      incident. Treating the victimized patient as quickly and sensitively as possible
      is essential to minimizing the potential for further victimization. The Emergency
      Department at Boston City Hospital is frequently the site for the acute
      management of sexual assault victims. The Victim Care Service is designed to
      prevent secondary traumatization of such victims. The five-phase program and the
      fundamental assumptions upon which the phases are based are presented.

PMID- 2930260
TI  - Children of alcoholics. An emerging mental health issue.

PMID- 2930259
TI  - New directions for psychiatric mental health nurses: the chronically mentally ill
      elderly.

PMID- 2930261
TI  - [Imprint cytology in the diagnosis of tumors of the thyroid].
AB  - We have correlated imprint cytology findings in thyroid tumors to the results of
      preoperative fine needle aspiration and operative specimen histology. Specificity
      of imprint cytology proved greater than that of fine needle aspiration cytology
      and topographic correlations were particularly helpful. Imprint cytology can
      improve the intraoperative histologic diagnosis. Because abundant cells are
      available, imprint thyroid cytology is ideal for teaching and training
      cytologists. Imprint cytology provides enough cells to perform special
      techniques, such as quantitative cytology, that are useful for the diagnosis of
      some tumor varieties (e.g. follicular tumors).

PMID- 2930262
TI  - Handedness and deformities, radiographic changes, and function of the hand in
      rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - The correlation of handedness with deformities, radiographic changes, and
      function of the hand was studied in a large group of patients with rheumatoid
      arthritis and a dominant right hand. There was no significant difference in the
      proportion of patients who had swan neck deformity, boutonniere deformity,
      uncorrectable ulnar deviation, and flexor tenosynovitis in the dominant and non
      dominant hands. There were significantly greater radiological changes in the
      dominant hand, however, and the middle and index fingers were most severely
      affected. The severe involvement of these fingers may be related to their greater
      use in daily activities. There was also more severe functional impairment in the
      dominant hand.

PMID- 2930263
TI  - Raised serum IgG and IgA antibodies to mycobacterial antigens in rheumatoid
      arthritis.
AB  - Autoantigens cross reactive with mycobacteria are implicated in the pathogenesis
      of adjuvant arthritis in the rat, and there are reports of changes in the immune
      response to mycobacteria in human rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We have therefore
      examined the IgM, IgG, and IgA antibody levels to crude mycobacterial antigens
      and to two recombinant mycobacterial heat shock/stress proteins (65 kD and 71 kD)
      in sera from patients with RA, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and Crohn's
      disease, and from healthy controls. IgA binding to the crude mycobacterial
      antigens was significantly raised in RA sera, though IgG and IgM binding tended
      to be lower than in controls. Both IgA and IgG binding to the heat shock proteins
      were significantly raised in the RA sera. Smaller significant rises in both
      classes were seen in sera from patients with SLE, and in the IgA class only to
      the 65 kD protein in Crohn's disease. The rises in IgG and IgA antibodies to the
      65 kD protein in RA were significantly higher than in the other diseases,
      however. It is interesting that this protein is the one responsible for adjuvant
      arthritis in the rat.

PMID- 2930264
TI  - Post-yersinial arthritis in Cleveland, England.
AB  - Four cases of post-yersinial reactive arthritis are described. All patients
      presented with an acute lower limb arthropathy with features of an associated
      enthesopathy. Two patients had restriction of axial skeletal movements. Systemic
      features were prominent in three, including weight loss and malaise. Mean age of
      onset was 34 years. Three patients gave a history of antecedent diarrhoea within
      the previous month. Three patients had raised titres to Y enterocolitica type 0:3
      (ranging from 1 in 320 to 1 in 2560) and one had raised titres to Y
      pseudotuberculosis type 2 at 1 in 640. Two of the three patients with Y
      enterocolitica reactive arthritis ran a chronic course with low grade arthropathy
      of lower limbs and back stiffness. One patient developed radiological
      sacroiliitis at two years, and two patients had an increased sacroiliac index,
      though x rays of the sacroiliac joints were normal. The patient with Y
      pseudotuberculosis reactive arthritis had a self limiting disease with
      spontaneous resolution over six months.

PMID- 2930266
TI  - An experimental animal model of Kashin-Beck disease.
AB  - Twelve young macaque monkeys were fed with grain and water from areas actively
      endemic or non-endemic for Kashin-Beck disease. Both dietary grain and water from
      geographical areas endemic for Kashin-Beck disease induced a sequence of
      pathological changes in the growth plates and articular cartilage and biochemical
      changes in the serum and urine of monkeys. These changes are similar to those in
      human Kashin-Beck disease. It is considered that this may be a simple and
      valuable model for the further study of this disease and its management and
      control. The results suggest that the pathogenetic factors of Kashin-Beck disease
      relate both to grain and to water in the diet in endemic areas. The experiment
      also shows that certain serum enzyme concentrations correlate with
      chondronecrosis.

PMID- 2930265
TI  - Specific accumulation of technetium-99m radiolabelled, negative liposomes in the
      inflamed paws of rats with adjuvant induced arthritis: effect of liposome size.
AB  - Technetium-99m labelled, negatively charged liposomes accumulate in the inflamed
      tissue of rats with adjuvant induced arthritis. Up to 10 times more liposome
      accumulation was seen in inflamed paws than in paws of control rats, and this
      represented 5.3% of the injected liposome dose. The accumulation of liposomes in
      inflamed tissue was directly related to the liposome size, the maximal
      accumulation occurring with liposomes less than 100 nm in diameter.

PMID- 2930267
TI  - Transverse myelitis occurring during pregnancy in a patient with systemic lupus
      erythematosus.
AB  - Myelopathy is a well recognised but infrequent neurological manifestation of
      systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The case of a 27 year old woman with SLE of
      seven years' duration who developed a spastic paraparesis during her second
      pregnancy is reported. Magnetic resonance imaging did not show any intrinsic
      abnormality of the spinal cord. Anticardiolipin antibody was weakly positive and
      C4 was low. The patient responded dramatically to steroids.

PMID- 2930268
TI  - Chronic synovitis of the shoulder in familial Mediterranean fever: a disease of
      symptoms not signs.
AB  - Severe shoulder pain in a 41 year old Arab woman persisted for three months
      despite non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug treatment. Isotope bone scanning and
      computed tomography showed inflammation of the glenohumeral joint and a large
      effusion, which needle aspiration had initially failed to reveal. A diagnosis of
      familial Mediterranean fever was made on the basis of a strongly suggestive past
      personal and family history, sterility of the joint effusion, and a good response
      to colchicine.

PMID- 2930269
TI  - Spontaneous atlantoaxial subluxation: an unusual presenting manifestation of
      Reiter's syndrome.
AB  - A male Sikh presented with spontaneous neck pain. Plain cervical radiography
      showed gross atlantoaxial subluxation (AAS). Computed tomography showed soft
      tissue anterior to a subluxed odontoid peg. A diagnosis of atlantoaxial
      tuberculosis was considered. Confirmation of this would have required a trans
      oral anterior cervical biopsy. Despite the paucity of other rheumatic symptoms a
      diagnosis of Reiter's syndrome with spondylitis was made, and the only surgical
      procedure required was posterior fusion of C1 and C2, with resultant spinal
      stability and pain relief. This is the first report of Reiter's syndrome
      presenting with AAS.

PMID- 2930270
TI  - Benign outcome of hypertensive renal crisis in scleroderma.

PMID- 2930271
TI  - Immunisation triggering rheumatoid arthritis?

PMID- 2930272
TI  - Lymphoma chemotherapy as remission inducing treatment in rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 2930273
TI  - Effect of high tibial osteotomy on upper tibial venous drainage: study by
      intraosseous phlebography in primary osteoarthritis of knee joint.
AB  - The effect of high tibial osteotomy on the upper tibial venous pattern in primary
      painful osteoarthritis of the knee joint was studied by preoperative and three to
      six months postoperative intraosseous phlebograms. The normal phlebographic
      pattern was established by phlebograms in five patients with normal knees. The
      preoperative engorgement, tortuosity of the medullary sinusoids, and slow dye
      clearance showed a remarkable conversion to a near normal appearance after the
      operation. Rest pain disappeared in all patients after the osteotomy, suggesting
      that venous congestion is the cause of 'rest pain'.

PMID- 2930274
TI  - Development of a new radiographic scoring system using digital image analysis.
AB  - A scoring system using computerised analysis of digital stored images of knee
      radiographs has been developed. Measurement is based on the assessment of joint
      space size. It is sensitive, rapid, and reproducible. Plain radiographs are
      positioned on an acetate grid; a computer generated grid is superimposed on a
      digital image of the radiograph viewed on a closed circuit television monitor and
      the joint space measured automatically. Area and distance have been assessed;
      area measurements are more reproducible. Application of microcomputer based
      digital image analysis to radiological scoring systems is an important step in
      understanding the nature and progression of arthritis.

PMID- 2930275
TI  - Anti-IgE autoantibodies in systemic sclerosis (scleroderma).
AB  - An enzyme immunoassay was used to determine the prevalence of anti-IgE auto
      antibodies in 66 patients with systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) stratified
      according to extent and duration of disease. Serum IgG anti-IgE antibodies were
      detected in 14 (21%) patients and IgM anti-IgE antibodies in nine (14%) patients.
      The overall prevalence of IgG or IgM isotypes was 21/66, (32%). Anti-IgE
      autoantibodies were not found in six patients with undifferentiated connective
      tissue disease or two patients with eosinophilic fasciitis. Attempts to
      demonstrate histamine release from basophils in vitro by using serum samples
      containing high titre anti-IgE antibody were unsuccessful. By multivariate
      analysis the presence of anti-IgE antibody was not associated with duration of
      systemic sclerosis; extent of scleroderma; specific visceral features, including
      heart, lung, renal, and gastrointestinal involvement; or mortality.

PMID- 2930276
TI  - Calcific shoulder periarthritis (tendinitis) in adult onset diabetes mellitus: a
      controlled study.
AB  - Two groups, one of 824 adult diabetics and one of 320 age and sex matched non
      diabetics, were examined for abnormal glucose metabolism and calcifications on
      anteroposterior shoulder x rays. Two hundred and sixty two (31.8%) of the
      diabetics had shoulder calcification compared with 33 (10.3%) of the control
      group, with a preponderant localisation in the right shoulder. Diabetes of long
      duration treated with insulin for a long time was associated with a larger
      percentage of shoulder calcifications. These data and previous laboratory
      findings suggest a possible pathogenetic correlation between the prevalence of
      calcific shoulder tendinitis and diabetes.

PMID- 2930278
TI  - Peripheral arthritis in the elderly: a hospital study.
AB  - One hundred consecutive patients admitted to an acute geriatric unit were
      examined for evidence of peripheral arthritis with recognised criteria used to
      define osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, pyrophosphate arthropathy, gout, and
      disorders of the shoulder joint. The presence of arthritis and its severity were
      related both to functional independence and to a recognition by the patient that
      joint problems were impairing independence. Seventy six patients had clinical
      peripheral arthritis; 48 had arthritis contributing to loss of function, and 19
      of these did not volunteer evidence of their joint disease. The common occurrence
      of arthritic conditions in the elderly, with consequential disability and
      dependency, suggests that increased medical awareness may be required to prevent
      unnecessary morbidity. Our findings need confirmation in community based studies.

PMID- 2930277
TI  - Presence of glycosaminoglycans in purified AA type amyloid fibrils associated
      with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - Previous studies have strongly suggested an association between
      glycosaminoglycans and tissue deposits of amyloid. The present study was aimed at
      studying this association in purified preparations of hepatic amyloid fibrils
      obtained from human AA type secondary amyloidosis. Glycosaminoglycans were
      isolated by gradient ion exchange chromatography of purified amyloid fibrils
      treated with pronase. Degradation with specific enzymes identified the
      glycosaminoglycans as chondroitin sulphate, dermatan sulphate, and
      heparin/heparan sulphate. The total amount of glycosaminoglycans specifically
      coisolated with the amyloid fibrils was 15 micrograms/mg fibril weight. The
      presence of glycosaminoglycans in amyloid may play a part in the incorporation of
      structurally diverse protein precursors into amyloid fibrils of identical
      ultrastructure.

PMID- 2930279
TI  - An unusual case of systemic lupus erythematosus with isolated hypoglossal nerve
      palsy, fulminant acute pneumonitis, and pulmonary amyloidosis.
AB  - A 53 year old Chinese man with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) had an isolated
      12th nerve palsy and acute pneumonitis. He died of respiratory failure despite
      intensive treatment. A limited necropsy was performed, and amyloid deposits were
      identified in both lung and kidney tissue. This case is highly unusual because
      (a) to our knowledge an isolated hypoglossal nerve palsy associated with active
      SLE has never been reported; (b) only one of nine reported cases of amyloidosis
      in patients with SLE had amyloid deposits in the lung.

PMID- 2930280
TI  - Pachydermoperiostosis (primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy): report of a case
      with evidence of endothelial and connective tissue involvement.
AB  - A case of pachydermoperiostosis characterised by the presence of finger clubbing,
      periostosis, sweating of hands and feet is described. Modifications of
      capillaroscopic pattern and of arteriovenous anastomoses are reported. The
      periungual border and finger tip tissue showed diffuse endothelial hyperplasia,
      hyalinosis, and sclerosis with packing of collagen fibres. Electron microscopy
      showed hypertrophic and activated endothelia (numerous and hypertrophic Golgi
      complexes, several Weibel-Palade bodies, vesicles of micropinocytosis, and
      glycogen particles), the basal membrane thickened and reduplicated, perivasal
      infiltrate in superficial derma, reticulation and segmentary reduplication of
      basal membrane in arteriovenous shunt. In the perineural connective tissue
      numerous Luse bodies (long spacing collagen) were evident. The data indicate that
      in the early phase of pachydermoperiostosis morphological endothelial and
      collagen fibre abnormalities are present, though there is a normal peripheral
      blood flow.

PMID- 2930281
TI  - Acute non-infectious arthritis of the hip in rheumatoid arthritis: synovial
      membrane findings.
AB  - A case of acute hip pain in rheumatoid arthritis is presented, with synovial
      membrane findings. A patient with classical rheumatoid arthritis suffered three
      unusual bouts of sudden, severe but transient hip pain. The hips were clinically
      normal between these episodes. The clinical picture on two of these occasions
      strongly suggested septic arthritis. Although the synovial fluid was highly
      inflammatory, cultures were negative. The synovial membrane showed mild lining
      cell hyperplasia, vascular congestion, and scattered inflammatory cells,
      predominantly lymphocytes. These findings were not compatible with either
      pyogenic infection or longstanding rheumatoid arthritis. The clinical and
      pathological features of acute non-infectious arthritis of the hip appear to
      delineate a distinct syndrome.

PMID- 2930282
TI  - Chronic Q fever with mixed cryoglobulinaemia.
AB  - A 47 year old woman presented with a six month history of vasculitic rash,
      splenomegaly, and cardiac murmurs. Investigations showed the presence of mixed
      cryoglobulinaemia and raised titres to Coxiella burnetii consistent with chronic
      Q fever infection. The patient was treated with tetracycline (1 g four times a
      day).

PMID- 2930283
TI  - Anaemia in rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 2930284
TI  - Absence of an association between ankylosing spondylitis and IgA nephropathy.

PMID- 2930285
TI  - Microgastrinomas of the duodenum. A cause of failed operations for the Zollinger
      Ellison syndrome.
AB  - Gastrinomas are now being detected at an earlier stage than was formerly the
      case. Furthermore, with the ability to control acid secretion, emphasis has been
      placed on identifying gastrinoma patients who are potentially curable by tumor
      resection rather than by palliative gastrectomy. Despites estimates suggesting
      that 20-40% of sporadic gastrinoma patients can be successfully resected for
      cure, as many as 40% of such patients have occult tumors that elude detection. In
      an effort to better localize gastrinomas, we have used percutaneous transhepatic
      venous (THVS) gastrin sampling over the past 10 years. From 1978 to 1988, THVS
      was used in 46 patients in whom there was no other evidence of metastatic
      gastrinoma by conventional studies. Gastrinomas were found at operation in all
      but one patient. The purpose of this report is to emphasize that occult tumors
      are most often found in the duodenal wall, and frequently they may be no greater
      than 2 mm in diameter. Five recent cases illustrate that these small tumors or
      microgastrinomas may be the sole source of hypergastrinemia and can be cured by
      local excision. These recent cases emphasize that microgastrinomas are not
      usually palpable through the duodenal wall. They may be detected only after
      duodenotomy and meticulous evaluation of the mucosa by eversion and direct
      palpation. Duodenotomy and intraluminal exploration should be considered an
      essential component of the operation for patients with extrapancreatic
      gastrinomas.

PMID- 2930286
TI  - Effects of sham feeding and a meal on plasma gastrin and duodenal pH in normal
      and duodenal ulcer patients.
AB  - The roles of plasma gastrin and duodenal acidity in duodenal ulcer disease remain
      unclear. In this pathophysiologic study, plasma gastrin and dual gastro-duodenal
      pH were measured before, during, and after cephalic stimulation (modified sham
      feeding) and the ingestion of a meal in 16 duodenal ulcer (DU) patients and
      twelve healthy subjects. Gastrin levels were significantly higher in DU patients
      both in the fasting state (42.5 ng/l vs. 22.5 ng/l, p less than 0.001) and after
      the meal (130 vs. 60, p less than 0.02). Two separate patient subsets were
      identified: a "hypergastrinemic" (HRG) group exhibiting exaggerated gastrin
      responses and a "Normogastrinemic" (NOG) group comprised of patients with gastrin
      levels similar to those of controls. Only the HRG group exhibited a significant
      gastrin response to sham feeding. Both patient groups exhibited a delayed onset
      of duodenal acidity and delayed peak acid response after feeding indicative of
      delayed gastric emptying of the acid load. The HRG group exhibited a longer
      duodenal acid exposure and a prolonged return to premeal pH levels, suggesting a
      defective switch-off mechanism of acid secretion after duodenal acidification.

PMID- 2930287
TI  - A multifactorial analysis of factors related to lethality after treatment of
      perforated gastroduodenal ulcer. 1935-1985.
AB  - One thousand one hundred and twenty-eight patients treated for perforated
      gastroduodenal ulcer during the years 1935-1985 were studied at the Haukeland
      University Hospital. The majority of patients (97.7%) were treated surgically.
      The data was analyzed by contingency tables and chi square testing, and a
      stepwise logistic regression analysis was performed in order to reveal
      interactions between variables and to elucidate time trends in lethality rates.
      The total postperforation lethality was 7.4%, the postsurgical death rate was
      6.6%, and the death rate among conservatively treated patients was 42.3%.
      Lethality was significantly influenced by year of hospital admission and
      increased markedly with the age of the patients. For all age groups, the
      lethality decreased markedly with time. Treatment delay was associated with a
      moderate but significant increase in lethality. In patients with gastric ulcer
      the lethality was 3.6 times higher than in those with duodenal ulcer. The death
      rate was similar in the duodenal and pyloric ulcer groups. Death rate decreased
      with time in both stomach ulcer, duodenal, and pyloric ulcer patients. There was
      no sex difference and no difference between patients treated with simple suture
      or gastric resection.

PMID- 2930288
TI  - Hepatic resection of metastasis from colorectal carcinoma. Morbidity, mortality,
      and pattern of recurrence.
AB  - To identify the factors that determine the morbidity and mortality of liver
      resection of metastases from colorectal carcinoma and the variables that may
      influence the pattern of recurrence, the survival time and the disease-free rate,
      a univariate and-multivariate statistical analysis (30 variables using Student's
      t-test, Fischer's exact test, and chi square test) was performed. Intraoperative
      blood loss of greater than 3500 ml was found to be a significant risk factor to
      developing postoperative complications (p less than 0.05 by x2). After a mean
      follow-up of 25.8 months, 26 of the 35 patients studied (74%) had recurrent
      disease. In the univariate analysis, the following factors appear to be reliable
      predictors of early recurrence: poor degree of differentiation of the primary
      colorectal tumor, the presence of multiple liver metastases, the male gender, and
      the presence of tumor at the margin of the resected hepatic tissue (p less than
      0.05). However, only the latter two factors appeared also to affect the survival
      time and the disease-free rates at 2 years after hepatic resection of metastases
      (p less than 0.05). In the multivariate analysis (factors tested simultaneously),
      presence of an advanced liver metastatic disease (Stage II or III) consistently
      indicated early recurrence and poor survival (p less than 0.005). The liver was
      the most common site of recurrence as the sole site of recurrence (54%) or in
      combination with other sites (88%)--followed by the lungs (31%) and the site of
      colonic resection (8%). Twenty-nine (83%), 14 (40%), and nine (26%) patients
      survived without recurrent disease at 1, 2, and 3 or more years, respectively,
      after hepatic resection of metastases. In six patients (17%), no significant
      palliation was noted, primarily because of early recurrence (less than 6 months).
      From this data, resection of hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer appears to
      offer a realistic therapeutic option to a selected group of patients, but only if
      the resective procedure can be performed with an operative mortality rate of less
      than 5%.

PMID- 2930289
TI  - Acute cholangitis. Multivariate analysis of risk factors.
AB  - In order to identify risk factors in patients with acute cholangitis, 140
      clinical, biochemical, etiologic, and pathologic variables of 449 attacks of
      acute cholangitis seen in one center over a 20-year period were analyzed. Simple
      regression revealed 24 factors with prognostic significance, but multivariate
      analysis detected only seven factors with independent significance in predicting
      mortality (acute renal failure, cholangitis associated with liver abscesses or
      liver cirrhosis, cholangitis secondary to high malignant biliary strictures or
      after percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography, female gender, and age). When
      the presence of each of these factors is weighted proportional to its coefficient
      of regression, patients with cholangitis could be scored on a scale of 0-27. A
      score of seven was clinically the most useful cut off--388 attacks of cholangitis
      associated with a score of less than 7 had a mortality rate of only 1.8%, whereas
      61 attacks associated with a score greater than or equal to 7 had a mortality
      rate of 49%. The value of this scoring system needs to be confirmed in
      prospective studies, but it may prove useful, for example, in selecting a group
      of high-risk patients for urgent biliary decompression in an attempt to reduce
      the mortality associated with this pathology.

PMID- 2930290
TI  - The influence of injury severity on complication rates after primary closure or
      colostomy for penetrating colon trauma.
AB  - The management of penetrating colon injury has been frequently debated in the
      literature, yet few reports have evaluated primary closure versus diverting
      colostomy in similarly injured patients. Diverting colostomy is the standard of
      care when mucosal penetration is present, but primary closure in civilian
      practice has generally had excellent results, although it has been restricted to
      less severely injured patients. Because the degree of injury may influence choice
      of treatment in modern practice, various indices of injury severity have been
      proposed for assessment of patients with penetrating colon trauma. As yet,
      however, there has been no cross-comparison of repair type versus injury
      severity. A retrospective study 76 patients who sustained penetrating colon
      trauma between January 1, 1979 and December 31, 1985 and who survived for at
      least 24 hours was conducted. Different preferences among attending surgeons and
      a more aggressive approach to the use of primary closure during the years of
      study led to an essentially random use of primary closure and diverting colostomy
      for moderate levels of colon injury, with mandatory colostomy reserved for the
      most serious injuries. Primary closure was performed in 37 patients (three having
      resection and anastomosis), and colostomy was performed in 39 patients. Severity
      of injury was evaluated by the Injury Severity Score (ISS), Penetrating Abdominal
      Trauma Index (PATI), and the Flint Colon Injury Score. Complications and outcome
      were evaluated as a function of severity of injury, and primary closure and
      colostomy were compared. Demographic profiles of the two groups did not differ
      regarding age, sex, mechanism of injury, shock, or delay between injury and
      operation. The mortality rate was 2.6% for each group. Major morbidity, including
      septic complications, occurred in 11% of the patients of the primary closure
      group and in 49% of those of the colostomy group. When PATI was less than 25, the
      Flint score was less than or equal to 2, or when the ISS was less than 25,
      primary closure resulted in fewer complications than did colostomy. Of the injury
      severity indices examined, the PATI most reliably predicted complications and
      specifically identified patients who whose outcome would be good with primary
      repair. These results suggest that the use of primary closure should be expanded
      in civilian penetrating colon trauma and that, even with moderate degrees of
      colon injury, primary closure provides an outcome equivalent to that provided by
      colostomy. In addition, the predictive value of the PATI suggests that it should
      be included along with other injury severity indices in trauma data bases.

PMID- 2930291
TI  - Tracheostomies in burn patients.
AB  - The use of tracheostomies in burned patients with inhalation injuries is now
      reserved for specific indications rather than as prophylactic airway management.
      A 5-year burn center experience with tracheostomies used in this fashion is
      presented. Ninety-nine tracheostomies were performed in 3246 patients who had
      indications of prolonged respiratory failure or acute loss of airway. Although
      colonization of the sputum was universal, neither rates of pulmonary sepsis nor
      mortality were significantly increased in patients who underwent tracheostomies.
      Twenty-eight patients developed late upper airway sequelae, including tracheal
      stenosis (TS), tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF), and tracheoarterial fistula
      (TAF). Duration of intubation correlated only with development of TAF, whereas
      patients in whom TEF developed were significantly older and more likely to have
      evidence of tracheal necrosis at the time of tracheostomy. The pathogenesis of
      upper airway sequelae in these patients as divergent responses to the combined
      insults of inhalation injury, infection, and intubation is considered.

PMID- 2930292
TI  - Central venous catheter vascular erosions. Diagnosis and clinical course.
AB  - Central venous catheter (CVC) vascular erosions are difficult to diagnose, and
      they cause serious complications. From 1985 to 1987, ten patients receiving the
      surgical services at the University of Florida suffered CVC vascular erosions. By
      chest roentgenogram, nine CVC tips were in the superior vena cava (SVC), although
      three catheter tips abutted the lateral wall of the SVC. One catheter tip was in
      the right atrium. All patients had sudden onset of symptoms, the most common of
      which was shortness of breath. Initial diagnosis was respiratory insufficiency in
      five patients, cardiac failure in three patients, pulmonary embolism in one, and
      sepsis in one. Four patients required intensive care. Two patients suffered
      pericardial tamponade, and pleural effusions developed in eight patients. One
      patient died of cardiac arrest. The average time interval from CVC placement to
      onset of symptoms was 60.2 hours, and from the onset of symptoms to the time of
      diagnosis, the interval was 16.7 hours. The mean volume obtained at thoracentesis
      was 1324 ml and at pericardiocentesis was 250 ml.

PMID- 2930293
TI  - Primary blast injury after a bomb explosion in a civilian bus.
AB  - A 6-kg explosive charge detonated under a seat in the center of a crowded city
      bus in Jerusalem, killing three passengers immediately. Of the 55 survivors, all
      of whom were transferred to two major medical centers, 29 were hospitalized.
      Among those admitted, a high rate of primary blast injuries was found, including
      perforated ear drums (76%), blast lung (38%), and abdominal blast injuries (14%).
      Two of the latter patients suffered bowel perforations, which were diagnosed with
      considerable delay. Eight patients (31%) had sustained life-threatening trauma,
      consisting of a combination of primary, secondary, and tertiary blast injuries.
      The overall mortality rate was 10.3%. The large number of primary blast injuries,
      including the unexpected finding of bowel perforations, is explained by the high
      amplitude of the air pressure wave (3.8-5.2 atm) and its relatively long duration
      (2-3 msec) resulting from the detonation of the high-energy explosive charge in
      the small, enclosed space of the bus. Besides the usual wounds sustained by
      victims of an explosion that occurs in a confined space, the possibility of
      primary blast injury to the abdomen and to the lungs should be taken into account
      by the treating surgeon.

PMID- 2930294
TI  - Long-term follow-up of patients with biopsy-proven benign breast disease.

PMID- 2930295
TI  - Role of feces, necrotic tissue, and various blocking agents in the prevention of
      adhesions.

PMID- 2930296
TI  - Reoperation for congenital choledochal cyst.

PMID- 2930297
TI  - Choosing cardiothoracic surgical residents.

PMID- 2930298
TI  - Esophagectomy for achalasia: who, when, and how much?

PMID- 2930299
TI  - Does transfusion modify the outcome of cancer resections?

PMID- 2930300
TI  - Porcine versus pericardial bioprostheses: a comparison of late results in 1,593
      patients.
AB  - From 1976 to 1988, 1,593 patients underwent valve replacement with a porcine (878
      patients) or a pericardial bioprosthesis (715 patients). There were 701 aortic,
      678 mitral, and 214 multiple-valve replacements. Follow-up was obtained for 1,559
      patients (98%). Early mortality was 9% (79 patients) in the porcine valve group
      and 5% (37 patients) among patients with a pericardial valve (p less than 0.01).
      Late survival after replacement with porcine valves was 80% +/- 1% and 62% +/- 3%
      at 5 and 10 years, respectively. With pericardial valves, 5-year survival was 79%
      +/- 2%. Among valve-related complications, rates of freedom from thromboembolism,
      endocarditis, and hemorrhage after 6 years were similar for both valve groups.
      Freedom from reoperation at 6 years was also similar after aortic (96% versus
      91%) or multiple-valve replacement (95% versus 88%). However, for mitral valve
      replacement, freedom from reoperation was significantly better with porcine
      valves than with pericardial valves at 6 years (92% versus 68%; p less than
      0.001). This difference was mainly due to the Ionescu-Shiley valve, which
      accounted for 83% of primary tissue failures among pericardial bioprostheses
      implanted in the mitral position (10/12 patients). After 6 years, freedom from
      primary tissue failure of mitral valves was 92% +/- 2% with porcine and 70% +/-
      11% with pericardial bioprostheses (p less than 0.0001). The degree of clinical
      improvement among survivors was similar with both valve types. Thus, in the
      aortic position, pericardial valves compare with porcine valves up to 6 years,
      whereas in the mitral position, the durability of the former is significantly
      less, mainly because of the suboptimal performance of the Ionescu-Shiley
      pericardial bioprosthesis.

PMID- 2930301
TI  - Esophageal function in patients with reflux-induced strictures and its relevance
      to surgical treatment.
AB  - Esophageal function was evaluated in 53 patients with increasing severity of
      esophageal injury caused by gastroesophageal reflux disease (study 1), and the
      findings were applied to the treatment of 28 patients with reflux-induced
      strictures (study 2). Fifty asymptomatic volunteers served as controls for both
      studies. In study 1 there were 14 patients without reflux complications, 14 with
      esophagitis grade I to III, 13 with esophageal stricture, and 12 with Barrett's
      epithelium (6 of whom had a stricture). The prevalence of a mechanically
      defective sphincter increased with the progression of the esophageal injury; 50%
      in the patients without complications to 84% and 92% in those with stricture or
      Barrett's epithelium, respectively. Similarly, a decrease in amplitude of
      contractions in the distal esophagus was observed in patients with stricture and
      patients with Barrett's epithelium. In study 2, these findings were applied in
      the surgical management of 28 consecutive patients with a reflux-induced
      stricture. Preoperative motility studies were performed after patients were
      dilated to 60F. Control of reflux by a Nissen fundoplication gave excellent (86%)
      to good (14%) results in patients who had relief of dysphagia after dilation or
      adequate motility, or both. Four patients with both persistent dysphagia after
      dilation and inadequate motility underwent resection. Transmural presented are
      helpful in the selection of the optimal surgical procedure for the treatment of
      dilatable reflux-induced strictures.

PMID- 2930303
TI  - Mucoepidermoid lung tumors.
AB  - Mucoepidermoid lung tumors are uncommon, representing 0.2% of all lung tumors and
      1% to 5% of bronchial adenomas. Eighteen patients with mucoepidermoid tumors are
      reported. There were 10 male and 8 female patients with a mean age of 36.8 years
      (range, 9 to 62 years). On the basis of mitotic activity, cellular necrosis, and
      nuclear pleomorphism, we subclassified these tumors as low grade (15 patients) or
      high grade (3 patients). The achievement of complete resection and low-grade
      versus high-grade staging correlated with prognosis. All 12 patients who had a
      low-grade tumor that was completely excised are alive with no evidence of disease
      at a mean follow-up of 4.7 years (range, 1 to 27 years). All high-grade tumors
      proved fatal within 16 months. Two of the 3 high-grade tumors were unresectable
      because of extensive local disease. Patients with low-grade tumors and
      microscopically positive margins require close follow-up and can undergo a
      successful repeat resection. Nine of the 16 resections were sleeve resections,
      high-lighting the importance of conservative lung-sparing procedures in these
      central airway tumors. Both patients with an unresectable high-grade tumor had
      radiation therapy postoperatively and died 11 months later. The role of radiation
      therapy with high-grade tumors or incomplete resection has yet to be determined.

PMID- 2930302
TI  - Effect of sodium nitroprusside on spinal cord perfusion and paraplegia during
      aortic cross-clamping.
AB  - To evaluate the effects of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) on hemodynamics,
      cerebrospinal fluid dynamics, and neurological outcome after 30 minutes of
      thoracic aortic occlusion, we monitored proximal and distal blood pressure,
      cerebrospinal fluid pressure, spinal cord blood flow, and somatosensory evoked
      potentials. In group 1 (n = 6), no attempts were made to control proximal
      hypertension, whereas in group 2 (n = 6), proximal blood pressure was controlled
      with intravenous infusion of SNP. There was no significant difference in proximal
      or distal blood pressure or cerebrospinal fluid pressure between the two groups
      at baseline. During the crossclamp interval, the mean proximal aortic pressure
      rose from 108 +/- 21 to 146 +/- 14 mm Hg (p less than 0.001) in the control
      group, whereas the mean blood pressure in the SNP group was maintained at 99.8 +/
      12 mm Hg (p = not significant compared with baseline blood pressure). Mean
      distal aortic pressure decreased from systemic values to 23 +/- 7 mm Hg in
      control animals and to 11 +/- 5 mm Hg in the SNP group (p less than 0.005). In
      the latter group, cerebrospinal fluid pressure increased significantly from 10.6
      +/- 1.9 to 20.1 +/- 5.5 mm Hg (p less than 0.005). In animals receiving SNP,
      spinal cord blood flow was decreased in the lower spinal cord segments and
      increased in the upper cord segments. When compared with controls, this
      difference did not reach significance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2930304
TI  - Bronchial carcinoids: a review of 60 patients.
AB  - Sixty patients with a bronchial carcinoid underwent surgical treatment.
      Preoperative fiberoptic bronchoscopy revealed a characteristic pink, smooth,
      bleeding tumor in 71.4% of the patients with a typical carcinoid and 16.7% of
      those with an atypical carcinoid (p less than 0.05). Eight pneumonectomies, seven
      bilobectomies, 34 lobectomies, three lobectomies with bronchoplasty, six
      bronchotomies with bronchoplasty, and two segmental resections were performed.
      All patients entered follow-up, and 47 were followed for more than 5 years. Ten
      year survival was 89.6% for patients with a typical carcinoid and 60% for those
      with an atypical carcinoid. Ten-year survival was 88.1% for patients with
      carcinoids without lymph node involvement. All patients with lymph node
      involvement died within 5 years. Overall, 5 of the 8 patients having
      pneumonectomy died of acute cardiorespiratory failure. We conclude that a limited
      surgical resection with or without bronchoplasty and systematic lymphadenectomy
      is the procedure of choice in patients with typical carcinoids. On the other
      hand, atypical carcinoids are comparable to well-differentiated malignancies of
      the lung. Whenever possible, pneumonectomy should be avoided in favor of
      bronchial sleeve resection.

PMID- 2930305
TI  - Internal mammary artery grafts: the shortest route to the coronary arteries.
AB  - Inadequate length can limit the use of the internal mammary artery (IMA) for
      coronary revascularization. By following the shortest route from its origin to
      the recipient coronary artery, IMA use can be maximized. Seven cadavers were
      studied to determine that shortest route for the left and right IMAs. The
      shortest route for the left IMA to the left anterior descending coronary,
      diagonal, and circumflex coronary arteries was through the pericardium (p less
      than or equal to 0.01). For the right IMA, the significantly shortest routes were
      across the anterior heart for the left anterior descending and diagonal arteries,
      through the right pericardium for the right coronary artery or posterior
      descending artery, and through the pericardium and transverse sinus for the
      circumflex artery. Thus, any coronary artery can be reached with an in situ IMA,
      and the route through the pericardium is markedly shorter to ipsilateral coronary
      arteries.

PMID- 2930306
TI  - Incidence of residual defects determining the clinical outcome after correction
      of tetralogy of Fallot: postoperative late follow-up.
AB  - The postoperative results in 150 patients who had repair of tetralogy of Fallot
      (mean follow-up, 10.2 +/- 2.6 years) were defined as good in 71.3%, fair in
      20.7%, and unsatisfactory in 8.0% on the basis of clinical criteria. Ninety-six
      percent of the patients are socially active, 92.0% have a good exercise
      tolerance, and 79.3% participate in sports. Data from 78 postoperative
      hemodynamic studies show mild right ventricular dysfunction in almost all
      patients examined. Peak systolic right ventricular/left ventricular pressure
      ratio decreased in the postoperative period in 65.4% of patients, remained
      unchanged in 3.8%, and increased in 30.8%. Minimal residual anomalies can modify
      the prognosis substantially. Of our patients, 53.3% of those with a shunt (p less
      than 0.05), 37.5% of those with stenosis (not significant), and 53.8% of those
      with pulmonary incompetences (p = not significant) have fair or unsatisfactory
      results. The associated defects are particularly unfavorable. Rhythm and
      conduction disturbances have resulted in fair or unsatisfactory results in 65.1%
      of patients. Such a disturbance occurring soon after bypass must be considered an
      incremental risk factor: 52.9% of patients seen with rhythm and conduction
      disturbances show the same disturbances later (p less than 0.001).

PMID- 2930307
TI  - Pacing lead fracture after a deceleration injury.
AB  - Acute pacemaker malfunction is potentially lethal. A high index of suspicion must
      be maintained in physicians caring for traumatized patients utilizing permanent
      pacing systems. We present a case of transvenous pacemaker lead fracture
      sustained in a vehicular deceleration injury.

PMID- 2930308
TI  - Left subclavian arterioesophageal fistula induced by a foreign body.
AB  - A left subclavian arterioesophageal fistula was diagnosed in a 35-year-old man at
      exploratory thoracotomy for suspected aortoesophageal fistula. After successful
      closure of the arterial fistula the patient developed a mediastinal abscess and
      esophagopleural fistula. The latter was successfully managed by retrosternal
      jejunal esophagoplasty followed by excision of the thoracic esophagus. This
      report documents a case of left subclavian arterioesophageal fistula and
      illustrates the importance of early diagnosis and surgical intervention of
      arterial perforation secondary to a foreign body in the esophagus.

PMID- 2930309
TI  - Familial multiple-organ arterial ectasia with massive hemoptysis.
AB  - Numerous large, thin-walled ectatic arteries up to 1 cm in diameter were
      encountered during operation on a 20-year-old patient. These vessels covered most
      of the right pleural surface. Similar symptomatic ectatic vessels were found
      arising from the left side and intracranially. Eight years later large
      arteriovenous malformations developed from chest wall and scar tissues that
      required ligations to control hemoptysis. This case was unique in that extensive
      multiorgan capillary and arterial systems were involved.

PMID- 2930310
TI  - Use of a new stapling instrument for permanent occlusion of the aorta in the
      surgical procedure for thromboexclusion.
AB  - Permanent aortic occlusion is required in the surgical procedures for the flow
      reversal and thromboexclusion technique and also for the permanent exclusion of
      aneurysms of the thoracic aorta. We have designed a stapling instrument for the
      permanent occlusion of the aorta and have used it in 5 patients with aortic
      dissections and 2 patients with aneurysms of the thoracic aorta. This report
      describes our newly designed surgical stapler for the closure of the aorta with 2
      case reports.

PMID- 2930311
TI  - Angiocatheter coronary artery reperfusion before cardioplegia for evolving
      myocardial infarction.
AB  - A simple reperfusion method using an angiocatheter during total cardiopulmonary
      bypass before aortic cross-clamping is described. This method has been used
      successfully for catastrophic evolving myocardial infarctions.

PMID- 2930312
TI  - Is the shunt patent?
AB  - A novel technique for auscultating an aortopulmonary shunt murmur utilizing the
      principle of conduction of sounds through a closed air system is described.

PMID- 2930313
TI  - Extrinsic obstruction of the Medtronic-Hall disc valve in the mitral position.

PMID- 2930314
TI  - Mobilization technique in total esophagectomy.

PMID- 2930315
TI  - Budd-Chiari syndrome--pathogenesis and operative repair.

PMID- 2930316
TI  - Traumatic rupture of ascending aorta and left main bronchus.

PMID- 2930317
TI  - Treatment of impending sudden cardiac death.

PMID- 2930318
TI  - Complication of aortic dissection.

PMID- 2930319
TI  - Tunneling of defibrillator leads.

PMID- 2930321
TI  - The ontogeny of spontaneous skin potential responses in kittens.
AB  - The evolution of frequency and amplitude of spontaneous skin potential responses
      (SPRs) was studied in kittens from birth to 30 days. Results showed that: i) at
      birth, electrodermal activity is very low, and significantly lower than in
      adults; ii) the evolution of electrodermal activity is rapid, the adult level
      being reached by the end of the third week. Frequency and amplitude evolve at
      approximately the same rate; iii) SPRs recorded on the forepaw were significantly
      more frequent and larger than those for the hindpaw up to 13 days; iv) changes in
      electrodermal activity as a function of sleep and waking showed that sleep is
      characterized by a moderate decrease of SPR amplitude and by a pronounced
      decrease in SPR frequency. The results are discussed in terms of maturation of
      the central nervous system.

PMID- 2930320
TI  - Effects of intraoral mechanoreceptor stimulation on reticular formation neurones,
      in the rabbit.
AB  - The effects of intraoral mechanoreceptor stimulation on the firing rate of single
      neurones of the brain stem reticular formation (RF) were investigated in rabbits.
      30% of RF neurones responded to periodontal mechanoreceptor stimulation; 16% to
      mucosal mechanoreceptor stimulation and 6% to both types of stimuli. Periodontal
      stimulation induced mainly inhibitory effects localized within the mesencephalic
      and rostral pontine RF. Among periodontal afferents incisors were the most widely
      represented. The effects of mucosal mechanoreceptor stimulation were predominant
      in the medullary and pontine RF and they were mainly excitatory. The present
      results support the hypothesis that brain stem RF neurones can be recruited into
      regulating mastication and biting also by stimulation of intraoral
      mechanoreceptors.

PMID- 2930322
TI  - The fine structure of the area postrema of the sheep.
AB  - The ultrastructural features of the area postrema (AP) were investigated in the
      suckling lamb, weaned lamb and adult sheep. No morphological differences were
      observed between lambs and sheep. Unciliated ependymal cells, linked by zonulae
      adherentes-type junctions and gap junctions, cover the AP ventricular surface.
      Clusters of pyriform neurons, glial cells, and axons are present in the
      parenchyma. The blood vessels are surrounded by wide perivascular spaces, which
      present an inner and outer basal lamina. The capillaries are of the fenestrated
      type. Perivascular glial cells rest on the outer basal lamina of the perivascular
      space and form a continuous ensheathment with their cell bodies or with flattened
      interdigitating processes. Along adjacent perivascular glial processes gap
      junctions are present. From our ultrastructural observations it appears that the
      overall cellular morphology of AP of the sheep does not differ substantially from
      that of monogastric mammals.

PMID- 2930323
TI  - [Introduction of a new method of study in legal medicine: high grade direct
      roentgen magnification with a 1 micron roentgen focus tube].
AB  - The 1 mu focal spot x-ray tube, which had been developed for industrial purposes,
      allows for the first time high grade direct radiographic magnification. The first
      results with this new technique in forensic medicine are presented. Due to the
      high proportion of soft radiation, tiny glass fragments which can not be detected
      with conventional radiographic techniques, are visualized in the radiographic
      magnification. Furthermore, these foreign bodies can clearly be differentiated
      from other contrasted structures, like dust particles, subcutaneous fat etc.

PMID- 2930324
TI  - [Pattern of findings in injuries caused by "survival knives"].
AB  - Survival knives are designed as multi-purpose tools. Most models have a broad
      single-edged fixed blade, like a trail-knife or Bowie-knife. The back of the
      blade normally has saw teeth set either in single line or double crossed line.
      This adds a third function, sawing, to the two standard functions of the knife
      (stabbing and cutting). The saw edge leaves characteristic scrape marks on the
      skin; bony structures are grooved or completely severed. A case of homicide is
      taken to demonstrate that the pattern of injuries may indicate the use of a
      survival knife.

PMID- 2930325
TI  - [Experimental studies of the development of linear electric current marks].
AB  - By means of reconstructing electric current pathways electrophysical conditions
      were explored causing electrocution death in the bathtub, according to many
      authors quite often indicated by linear electric lesions. In our experimental
      settings we observed appearance of circumscribed linear marks of pallor similar
      to electric lesions in the region of postmortem lividity of corpses at the same
      level as bathtub water. None of typical histological indicators could be seen in
      skin samples. So no evidence was given for electric burns even under conditions
      of high density and extended duration of current. Similar linear marks and
      equivalent histological results were found when corpses were put into the bathtub
      filled with cold water without any experimental electric contact. CONCLUSIONS:
      Linear marks of pallor may occur at water level even without any electric contact
      to corpse or water neither bathtub. IMPLICATIONS: According to specific
      conditions mentioned above linear so called electric lesions at water level do
      not indicate electric current yet lethal electric damage.

PMID- 2930326
TI  - [Postmortem tissue embolisms. Report of 3 cases].
AB  - In three cases of autopsy (cause of death - intoxication and drowning) we found
      in the lung intraalveolar und intravasal lymphatic tissue and bone-marrow. The
      results cannot be explained with violence during lifetime, but in tow cases as an
      effect of fracture of rips caused by external cardiacmassage, in one case by
      embalming with injection of conservation fluids.

PMID- 2930327
TI  - [Morphologic findings for airway occlusion in strangulation].
AB  - Report of two cases of strangulation by hand. There were large submucous
      bleedings of the larynx (both sides of conus elasticus) of symmetrical
      arrangement, near the vocal processes of the arytenoid cartilages. They are
      believed to be the result of the violent contact of the vocal folds during
      laryngeal compression; perhaps while the arytenoid cartilages were subluxated
      inwards and downwards. Bleedings like this indicate the closure of the airway. In
      one case (50-year old woman) the ossified cricoid was broken; in the other (21
      year old woman) the elastic laryngeal skeleton was intact, but large bleedings of
      the deeper tissues of both vocal folds indicated the vehement compression too.
      The analysis of 110 cases of attack against the neck (strangulation by hand -n =
      30- or ligature -n = 30- alone or together -n = 32-; blunt force: n = 8, other
      types: n = 10) showed in 7 additional cases less typical but similar bleedings,
      especially in strangulation by hand.

PMID- 2930328
TI  - The effects of insurance generosity on the psychological distress and
      psychological well-being of a general population.
AB  - Reductions in the generosity of fee-for-service insurance lower the use of
      general medical and mental health services, but do they lead to lower mental
      health status for the covered population? We addressed this question using data
      from the RAND Corporation Health Insurance Experiment. Families in six sites in
      the United States were randomly assigned to one of 14 insurance plans for three-
      or five-year periods. On average, there were no significant adverse effects of
      cost-sharing plans, relative to a free-care plan, on either psychological well
      being or psychological distress, when the cost-sharing plans included full
      catastrophic coverage. Those with high mental health status but low income at
      baseline had significantly more favorable mental health outcomes on the cost
      sharing plans than on the free-care plan. We cannot definitively comment on the
      effects of insurance generosity for the sick poor. Our findings apply in the
      context of mandated comprehensive mental and general health coverage for a
      general nonelderly, nondisabled household population.

PMID- 2930329
TI  - Outpatient treatment of 'crack' cocaine smoking with flupenthixol decanoate. A
      preliminary report.
AB  - "Crack" cocaine abuse often produces severe cocaine dependence that is refractory
      to available pharmacological and outpatient psychotherapeutic treatments. We
      conducted two preliminary investigations evaluating the efficacy of flupenthixol
      decanoate, a depot xanthene requiring infrequent intramuscular administration, in
      the treatment of cocaine withdrawal. Ten outpatient crack cocaine smokers with
      poor prognoses were administered flupenthixol decanoate in an open-label, open
      ended trial. Flupenthixol decanoate was well tolerated and appeared to decrease
      cocaine craving and use markedly and rapidly, producing a 260% increase in the
      average time retained in treatment among these subjects. These promising but
      preliminary data, combined with the magnitude of problems presented by crack,
      warrant rapid, expanded double-blind assessment of flupenthixol decanoate in
      cocaine-abuse treatment.

PMID- 2930331
TI  - Dysphoric mania. Clinical and biological correlates.
AB  - Patients studied at peak severity of a manic episode showed substantial degrees
      of depression (dysphoria) and anxiety. Compared with nondysphoric manics (n =
      26), the dysphoric manics (n = 22) had a significantly greater number of previous
      hospitalizations, and they displayed less rapid cycling both in the year before
      and during the index hospitalization admission. The severity of manic dysphoria
      tended to correlate with the number of previous hospitalizations, a finding that
      was highly significant in women (n = 27). Medication-free manic patients (n = 22)
      had significant elevations in cerebrospinal fluid norepinephrine concentrations
      compared with depressed and euthymic patients and normal volunteers, and the
      degree of elevation correlated significantly with the degree of manic dysphoria,
      anger, and anxiety rated at the time of the lumbar puncture. Patients with
      dysphoric mania, recognized by Kraepelin to have poor prognoses, have been
      reported to respond poorly to lithium carbonate but may be among those who
      respond to carbamazepine. Clinical, biologic, and pharmacologic response
      characteristics of manic subgroups, particularly those with extreme dysphoric
      components to their illness, appear to be clinically meaningful and deserving of
      further investigation.

PMID- 2930330
TI  - Obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents. Clinical phenomenology
      of 70 consecutive cases.
AB  - We reviewed the phenomenology of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in 70
      consecutive children and adolescents studied prospectively at the National
      Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Md, between 1977 and 1987. There is
      striking similarity between the clinical presentation of OCD in children and in
      adult patients. Washing, grooming, and checking rituals and/or preoccupation with
      disease, danger, and doubt account for the great majority of cases. Twenty-five
      percent of subjects had a first-degree relative with OCD. The fixed content and
      style of symptoms within and across subjects, and the identical presentation
      across a wide age range, suggest an ethological model for OCD.

PMID- 2930332
TI  - Diagnostic criteria for melancholia. The comparative validity of DSM-III and DSM
      III-R.
AB  - The psychometric properties and validity of the DSM-III and DSM-III-R definitions
      of melancholia were examined in 60 depressed inpatients. The prevalence of
      melancholia was significantly higher according to the DSM-III-R criteria, and the
      kappa-coefficient of agreement between the two definitions was .40. For both
      criteria sets, the internal consistencies and item-scale correlations were low.
      Both definitions were associated with overall symptom severity and the
      melancholia symptom subscale; however, only DSM-III melancholics scored higher on
      the nonmelancholia symptom subscale. The DSM-III-R criteria were associated with
      more of the predicted correlates of endogenous subtyping. According to both
      definitions, melancholics were characterized by less stress, greater symptom
      severity, and less frequent nonserious suicide attempts prior to admission. The
      DSM-III-R melancholic subtyping was additionally associated with a family history
      of antisocial personality and substance abuse, presence of a premorbid
      personality disorder, age, and a tendency to blame others for the depression.

PMID- 2930333
TI  - Psychiatric diagnosis in an outpatient population. A comparative study of PSE
      Catego and DSM-III.
AB  - Two diagnostic systems are compared in a psychiatric outpatient population of 175
      patients. The Present State Examination (PSE)-Catego system identified 121
      patients (69%) as "cases," whereas DSM-III identified 152 patients (87%) as
      cases. The two systems converged in 115 patients, yielding a kappa coefficient of
      only .32. Approximately one third of the DSM-III cases that were not detected by
      the PSE-Catego system was due to the restricted coverage of the latter system;
      the remaining two thirds could be attributed to differences in threshold and time
      framing. Compared with DSM-III, the PSE-Catego system showed a strong bias toward
      depression, and the system was extremely insensitive to the detection of social
      phobias and obsessive-compulsive disorders. Only 58% of cases of depression and
      46% of cases of anxiety were diagnosed by both systems. The results are compared
      with other studies, and some consequences are discussed.

PMID- 2930334
TI  - The development of DSM-IV.

PMID- 2930335
TI  - Effects of media violence on children. A review of the literature.
AB  - The effects of media violence on the behavior of children are controversial. We
      examined and reviewed studies addressing this issue and identified many mediating
      variables. A small but genuine association appears to exist between media
      violence and aggression. However, many unanswered questions persist, and no
      interventions are clearly indicated.

PMID- 2930336
TI  - DSM-III and DSM-III-R.

PMID- 2930337
TI  - Ciguatera poisoning presenting as psychiatric disorder.

PMID- 2930338
TI  - Blockade of the postictal prolactin surge by methysergide.

PMID- 2930339
TI  - Status report on interdisciplinary medical rehabilitation.

PMID- 2930340
TI  - Nutritional status during the acute stage of spinal cord injury.
AB  - This study was designed to help clinicians establish objective guidelines for
      meeting the nutritional requirements of spinal cord injury (SCI) patients during
      their initial hospitalizations. The nutritional status of 51 SCI patients treated
      between 1983 and 1986 was assessed at two, four, and eight weeks after injury.
      Nutrient deficiencies such as albumin (100% of patients), carotene (62%),
      transferrin (37%), ascorbate (25%), thiamine (24%), folate (20%), and copper
      (11%) were documented most frequently at two weeks postinjury. There was an
      average of 2.0, 1.6, and 1.2 nutrient abnormalities per patient at two, four, and
      eight weeks postinjury, respectively. Although most depressed nutrient parameters
      improved with time, diet-dependent plasma proteins such as albumin and
      transferrin remained low throughout the entire eight-week period. Mean body
      weight declined 1.3 +/- 3.9 kg during the first two weeks, 2.0 +/- 4.4 kg between
      two and four weeks, and 0.4 +/- 2.0 kg between four and eight weeks after injury.
      Significant findings also included a strong correlation between plasma albumin,
      ascorbate, and carotene levels and maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressure (p
      less than .05). Although nutrient status usually improved with time and was not
      definitely associated with an increased risk of secondary medical complications,
      prudence dictates that these deficiencies should be prevented by appropriate
      intervention.

PMID- 2930341
TI  - Electromyography of the pharyngeal musculature: technical considerations.
AB  - Thirty-one EMG studies of the pharyngeal musculature using three types of
      electrodes were performed. Electrode characteristics are compared according to
      criteria developed specifically for the pharynx; techniques for electrode
      positioning are described in detail; and technical difficulties encountered in
      performing these studies are discussed. Needle electrodes were best for analyzing
      individual potentials. For analyzing the timing of myoelectric activity, we
      preferred the hooked wire electrode (for palatopharyngeus or cricopharyngeus) or
      bipolar suction electrode (for pharyngeal constrictors). Pharyngeal
      electromyography is technically feasible and has a role in studying normal and
      pathologic processes.

PMID- 2930342
TI  - Upper extremity joint movement: comparison of two measurement devices.
AB  - The Ortho Ranger is a new device available for measurement of joint motion. The
      purposes of this study were (1) to determine the clinical reliability of the
      Ortho Ranger compared to the reliability of the standard goniometer and (2) to
      investigate the correlation between the Ortho Ranger and the goniometer for upper
      extremity joint movements in healthy adults. Three measurements with each
      instrument were taken during three different sessions for active shoulder, elbow,
      and wrist movements. The within-session reliability was higher for the
      goniometer. The Pearson correlation coefficients suggest a strong relationship
      between the Ortho Ranger and the goniometer for shoulder internal and external
      rotation, and a poor relationship for elbow movements. The Ortho Ranger does not
      provide remarkable advantages in measurement compared to the goniometer.

PMID- 2930343
TI  - Ankle and wrist weights: their effect on physiologic responses during treadmill
      running.
AB  - This study examined the effects of ankle and wrist weights on acute physiologic
      responses during treadmill running. Eight physically active young men completed
      eight running tests at their predetermined "most comfortable" speeds with zero,
      1.6, 3.2, and 4.8 kg of additional weight equally distributed on the ankles or
      wrists. Energy expenditure and heart rate increased as a linear function of the
      additional weight placed at both anatomic locations. The magnitudes of these
      responses were significantly higher with the weights at the ankles than at the
      wrists, and were independent of the strength and endurance of the pertinent
      muscle groups involved in overcoming the additional weight. Blood lactate
      concentrations tended to increase during the loaded runs. However, the values
      were not significantly different from those observed during control (zero load)
      runs. Perceived exertion increased significantly over the control value when the
      heaviest weights were placed at the ankles and wrists. Since ankle and wrist
      weights increase training intensity and energy expenditure during treadmill
      running, they may result in greater increases in cardiovascular fitness and
      greater weight loss than would be realized by training without their use.

PMID- 2930344
TI  - First year after stroke: tracking cognitive and affective deficits.
AB  - A total of 58 cerebrovascular accident (CVA) rehabilitation inpatients with
      lateralized brain damage were assessed at two time points (T1 = admission to
      rehabilitation facility, about 7 weeks post-CVA, and T2 = 10 months post-CVA) in
      the following domains: hemispatial neglect, reaction time, depression, and affect
      comprehension. Performance was compared with 22 age-matched control subjects.
      Repeated measures ANOVAs were performed with patients subdivided into groups by
      laterality of lesion and visual field status (a strong predictor of psychometric
      performance, particularly in the hemispatial-neglect domain). During this initial
      year after stroke onset, significant improvements were observed in hemispatial
      neglect and affect comprehension in the two right-brain-damaged groups, but not
      the left-brain-damaged group. There was also a trend for improvement in observer
      rating of depression in all three groups. However, there was poor resolution of
      reaction time and self-reported depression in all three groups. These findings
      suggest that these latter domains should be targeted for more aggressive
      therapeutic intervention. An important component of such intervention, in
      addition to direct treatment of deficits, should be education of both patient and
      family as to the nature of deficits, expectations regarding resolution, and
      appropriate attributions of changed behavior after stroke.

PMID- 2930345
TI  - The Functional Assessment Screening Questionnaire: application for evaluating
      pain-related disability.
AB  - The Functional Assessment Screening Questionnaire (FASQ) is a 15-item checklist
      which was developed for primary care populations and may serve as a questionnaire
      method for evaluating disability which is associated with chronic pain. One
      hundred fifty-eight patients completed the FASQ as part of an initial
      multidisciplinary evaluation of chronic pain. Reliability was reaffirmed through
      split-half and alternate-form methods. Responses were examined to explore
      relationships to aspects of disability. Although job functions were not directly
      assessed, the scores of employed vs unemployed respondents differed
      significantly. Findings were related to Minnesota Multiphasic Personality
      Inventory scale scores but appeared to reflect a separate phenomenon. Scale 1
      (Hs) was the most useful scale for predicting level of reported impairment.
      Nonparametric methods showed levels of functioning varying significantly by site
      of pain complaint. Patients with back pain reported the most difficulty; those
      with head pain and genital pain reported the least difficulty. An internal
      structure appropriate to chronic pain populations was discerned, with two general
      factors measuring either physical-motoric or cognitive-social aspects of
      disability. Aside from constraints associated with the use of self-report
      methods, the FASQ may be helpful as part of efforts to portray pain-related
      disability.

PMID- 2930347
TI  - Brain injury: functional outcome in children with tracheostomies and
      gastrostomies.
AB  - Survival, functional outcome, placement, and need for appliances at six and 24
      months after either anoxic metabolic encephalopathies (AME) or traumatic head
      injuries (TI) were determined in 36 children with both tracheostomies and
      gastrostomies who were discharged from acute care hospitals. Five deaths occurred
      in totally dependent children with both tracheostomies and gastrostomies in
      place. Ten of 22 children with TI (48% of survivors) achieved independence in
      three functional areas by two years, whereas none of 14 with AME achieved
      functional independence in any area at two years (p = 0.001). Only one of the 18
      who were dependent in all three areas at six months achieved partial independence
      in any area on reevaluation at two years. Institutionalization at two years was
      strongly predicted by six-month functional status (p less than 0.01). Four of 18
      children dependent at six months returned to home care by two years, whereas all
      16 children who achieved partial independence within six months of insult were
      cared for at home at two years (p less than 0.001), regardless of age or injury
      type. The need for tracheostomy at two years correlated with functional status at
      six months (p less than 0.01). Two-year survival was unexpectedly high for this
      group of children when compared to studies in adults. Functional status at six
      months is a strong predictor of dependency and institutionalization at two years.

PMID- 2930346
TI  - Perceived articulatory adequacy and velopharyngeal function in dysarthric
      speakers.
AB  - Twenty-four dysarthric speakers with etiologies of brain injury or stroke were
      placed into one of two groups based on aerodynamic measures of velopharyngeal
      status. Group I contained 13 individuals who were velopharyngeally incompetent in
      that nasal air flow was always noted during the stop phase of voiceless plosive
      sounds. Group II contained 11 individuals who at times achieved complete
      velopharyngeal closure. Certain measures of perceived articulatory adequacy were
      found to distinguish between the two groups. Specifically, speakers who were
      velopharyngeally incompetent produced an articulatory error pattern characterized
      by better performance for the consonant subcategory nasals-glides than for
      pressure consonants. Speakers who at times were achieving velopharyngeal closure
      did not exhibit a marked difference between these two consonant subcategories.
      Clinical use of measurement of articulatory adequacy as a gross indicator of
      velopharyngeal competence is suggested and limitations are discussed.

PMID- 2930348
TI  - Quantitative assessment of head and shoulder posture.
AB  - Posture of the head, neck, and shoulders has long been recognized as a factor
      contributing to the onset and perpetuation of cervical pain dysfunction
      syndromes. Treatment regimens frequently include exercises and instruction for
      postural correction. Clinical assessment of posture, however, tends to be
      subjective in nature. The purpose of this study was to determine the reliability
      of a new objective technique of posture measurement and to establish normal
      standards for the technique. This study used a computer-assisted slide digitizing
      system called Postural Analysis Digitizing System (PADS) to determine
      characteristic values for head and shoulder girdle posture and characteristic
      range of motion for head protraction-retraction and shoulder protraction
      retraction in a sample of able-bodied young men. PADS is a modification of a two
      dimensional slide digitizing system developed for measuring trunk range of
      motion. Twenty male subjects were photographed in a neutral position, the
      maximally protracted position, and the maximally retracted position of the head
      and scapula. Ten subjects were evaluated once, and ten were evaluated twice. The
      slide photographs were analyzed using a computer-assisted digitizing system. Well
      defined anatomic landmarks were used to determine angular relationships in the
      head, neck, and shoulders. The reliability of the system was tested by
      calculating an intraclass correlation coefficient, student t-test, and the
      percent error for each position. The positions were considered reproducible, and
      reliability of the system was considered adequate for postural analysis. Mean
      values for the positions were 28.48 degrees, 51.97 degrees, and 62.09 degrees for
      head protraction, the neutral position, and head retraction,
      respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2930349
TI  - Common bile duct healing. Do different absorbable sutures affect stricture
      formation and tensile strength?
AB  - Few basic investigations have addressed the problem of common bile duct
      strictures. We systematically investigated the healing canine end-to-end
      choledochal anastomosis and tested the hypothesis that common bile duct
      anastomoses sutured with monofilament polyglyconate absorbable suture would heal
      with less stricture formation and greater tensile strength than those sutured
      with braided polyglactin 910 and chromic catgut sutures. Seventy-six canines,
      randomized to control vs sutured groups, underwent either mobilization (controls)
      or transection of the mid-common bile duct and were allowed to heal 5, 10, 15, or
      50 days postoperatively before sacrifice. The type of absorbable suture used to
      construct a common bile duct anastomosis was found to have no major effect on
      anastomotic strictures nor on anastomotic breaking strength. Polyglyconate suture
      caused significantly less perianastomotic inflammation than did chromic suture,
      with polyglactin 910 sutures evoking an intermediate inflammatory response.
      Surgeons may safely choose sutures for biliary procedures based on the clinical
      circumstances and personal preference.

PMID- 2930350
TI  - Epidural anesthesia in patients undergoing thoracic surgery.
AB  - Epidural anesthesia has been reported to exert beneficial effects in surgical
      procedures. Over the past 3 years at the Veterans Administration Medical Center
      in Washington, DC, thoracic surgical procedures have been done using a combined
      technique of epidural anesthesia with light general anesthesia. A retrospective
      review of this experience from January 1984 to November 1987 was done in 90
      consecutive patients. Postoperative extubation of patients was accomplished
      immediately in 32%, within 1 hour in 34%, within 3 hours in 28%, within 18 hours
      in 4%, and was prolonged in only 1% of patients. Mortality was 2% and morbidity
      was 3%. This analysis indicates that the technique of epidural anesthesia with
      light general anesthesia provided satisfactory anesthesia with low mortality and
      morbidity in a high-risk group of patients undergoing surgery.

PMID- 2930351
TI  - Pelvic fracture hemorrhage. Priorities in management.
AB  - Hemorrhage remains the leading cause of mortality in patients with severe pelvic
      fractures. To evaluate diagnostic and treatment priorities for this problem, we
      retrospectively reviewed 245 consecutive patients admitted to our institution
      with pelvic fractures. Supraumbilical diagnostic peritoneal lavage (DPL) was
      grossly positive in 27 patients, and eight (30%) of these had life-threatening
      intra-abdominal hemorrhage identified at laparotomy. No patient with a positive
      DPL by count alone had life-threatening intra-abdominal hemorrhage. Pelvic
      fracture stabilization with early external pelvic fixation was associated with
      less requirement for blood transfusion (10 +/- 1 U) than with the pneumatic
      antishock garment (17 +/- 3 U). Nine patients with pelvic arterial injuries
      underwent angiographic embolization, and eight patients died (89%). We conclude
      that pelvic angiography should be performed before laparotomy in hemodynamically
      unstable patients with pelvic fracture, unless the DPL is grossly positive.

PMID- 2930352
TI  - Hemodynamic effects on endothelial cell monolayer detachment from vascular
      prostheses.
AB  - The establishment of an early blood-contacting endothelialized surface may
      improve the graft-host relationship. This study evaluated the adherence of indium
      111-radiolabeled endothelial cells that were cultured to confluence on
      fibronectin-treated polyester elastomer (Hytrel) grafts that were perfused for
      two hours on a pulse duplicator apparatus under high- and low-shear conditions.
      Perfusate samples were serially assayed for radioactivity. After perfusion,
      grafts were sectioned into four segments and assayed for retained radioactivity.
      All graft segments were hematoxylin stained and examined under light microscopy
      for evaluation of cell density. Excellent endothelial cell adherence (90%) was
      observed under both hemodynamic conditions at 120 minutes, with most losses
      occurring within the first 15 minutes. No differences were seen between high- and
      low-shear conditions or proximal vs distal graft segments.

PMID- 2930353
TI  - Recombinant human tumor necrosis factor produces hemodynamic changes
      characteristic of sepsis and endotoxemia.
AB  - Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a macrophage-derived peptide mediator released
      during endotoxemia and sepsis. We examined the systemic and visceral hemodynamic
      response to low doses of human recombinant TNF in rats. Each animal received a 30
      minute intravenous infusion of either saline solution (n = 8) or TNF (n = 8) in a
      dose of 0.25 mg/kg or 1.0 mg/kg. Thermodilution cardiac output, blood pressure,
      pulse, vascular resistance, effective hepatic blood flow (galactose clearance),
      and effective renal plasma flow (p-aminohippurate clearance) were determined at
      time = 2 hours. The 0.25-mg/kg dose had no apparent effect on systemic
      hemodynamics. The 1.0-mg/kg dose produced a hyperdynamic systemic circulatory
      response with an elevated cardiac output, tachycardia, and a diminished systemic
      vascular resistance. Effective hepatic blood flow was exquisitely sensitive to
      even the lowest dose of TNF, with a 29% reduction despite the normal cardiac
      output. Renal flow was unaffected by either dose. Tumor necrosis factor-induced
      systemic and visceral hemodynamic changes are remarkably similar to those seen in
      gram-negative sepsis, suggesting that TNF may occupy a proximal position in the
      pathogenesis of overwhelming infection.

PMID- 2930354
TI  - Effective hepatic blood flow during cardiopulmonary bypass.
AB  - Hepatic dysfunction following cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is a relatively
      frequent finding, and jaundice occurring after CPB is associated with an
      increased mortality rate. Post-CPB jaundice may be a consequence of inadequate
      liver perfusion during CPB. To evaluate the potential impact of CPB on effective
      hepatic blood flow, 10 patients undergoing CPB for cardiac procedures were
      studied. Effective hepatic blood flow was measured in each patient during the
      operative procedure but before institution of CPB and during CPB as well.
      Effective hepatic blood flow was measured by the galactose clearance technique.
      Blood lactate and pyruvate levels were also measured before and during CPB.
      During CPB, effective hepatic blood flow was consistently reduced by an average
      of 19%. Although for most patients this reduction seems well tolerated, in a
      minority of patients it may contribute to postoperative hepatic dysfunction.

PMID- 2930355
TI  - Concomitant cholecystectomy for asymptomatic cholelithiasis.
AB  - The outcome of 68 patients with asymptomatic cholelithiasis undergoing laparotomy
      for other conditions was reviewed to determine those most likely to become
      symptomatic postoperatively. Thirty-seven patients (54%) became symptomatic
      postoperatively. Eight patients (22%) required cholecystectomy within 30 days of
      operation or within the same hospitalization. These patients fasted for a longer
      period of time postoperatively (15 +/- 21 vs 4 +/- 3 days) than those undergoing
      later cholecystectomy. Significantly more of these patients required transfusion
      (38% vs 7%), mechanical ventilation (50% vs 11%), and total parenteral nutrition
      (50% vs 18%). Cholelithiasis frequently becomes symptomatic after laparotomy for
      other intra-abdominal conditions. Patients who require mechanical ventilation,
      transfusions, and parenteral nutrition and who are slow to resume enteral
      nutrition are more likely to require early cholecystectomy. Concomitant
      cholecystectomy adds minimal morbidity to other procedures and should be
      undertaken unless specific contraindications exist, particularly in this high
      risk group.

PMID- 2930356
TI  - Reversal of pigment gallstone disease in a canine model.
AB  - Unlike dietary-induced cholesterol gallstones, which may disappear spontaneously
      when the lithogenic diet is withdrawn, little is known about the natural history
      of pigment gallstones. We examined whether pigment gallstone disease, which can
      be uniformly induced in the dog by six weeks of a methionine-deficient diet, can
      be reversed by return to normal diet. As previously reported, all dogs develop
      pigment gallstones as well as significant increases in biliary total calcium,
      free ionized calcium, and cholesterol concentrations after six weeks of a
      lithogenic diet. These changes are accompanied by a significant increase in the
      concentration of unconjugated bile salts in bile. In addition, histologic changes
      in the gallbladder wall occur that are consistent with a moderate degree of
      chronic cholecystitis. This study clearly demonstrates that return to a normal
      diet for six weeks allows bile composition to normalize, gallstones to disappear
      in 50% of dogs, and gallbladder histologic changes to return toward normal. Thus,
      it would appear that pigment gallstone disease in this model may be reversible,
      at least early during its course. Although the relevance of these findings to
      pigment gallstones in humans must be established, the potential for nonoperative
      treatment of pigment gallstones should not be discounted.

PMID- 2930357
TI  - Detection of the cancer-prone colon, using transepithelial impedance analysis.
AB  - Alterations in ionic conductance may represent an early mitogenic signal;
      therefore, impedance analysis was used to examine differences in the electrical
      properties of the distal colon in a cancer-susceptible (CF1) and a cancer
      resistant (DBA) strain of mouse following administration of the carcinogen
      dimethylhydrazine. The electrical conductance of the surface colonic epithelium
      increased in CF1 mice from a mean (+/- SEM) of 41.1 +/- 3.0 milliSiemens.cm-2
      (mS.cm-2) in controls to 52.6 +/- 3.1 mS.cm-2 following dimethylhydrazine
      treatment. The conductance decreased in the cancer-resistant DBA group from 154.6
      +/- 44.1 mS.cm-2 in controls to 35.1 +/- 17.2 mS.cm-2 following dimethylhydrazine
      treatment. This difference in response to the carcinogen may partly explain
      differences in susceptibility noted between these two species. Epithelial
      impedance analysis may be of use in the early detection of the colon at risk for
      subsequent cancer development.

PMID- 2930358
TI  - Limitations to donating adequate autologous blood prior to elective orthopedic
      surgery.
AB  - We reviewed 175 patients who predeposited autologous blood prior to elective
      orthopedic surgery to define potential limitations of procuring adequate
      autologous blood. These potential limitations include physician underordering,
      storage interval, and erythropoietic response. We found that a continuing medical
      education intervention increased the amount of autologous blood requested by
      physicians for storage: from 121 U for 50 patients (mean = 2.4) before CME to 195
      U for 65 patients (mean = 3.0) afterward; eight (16%) of 50 patients had 4 U or
      more requested before CME vs 25 (38%) of 65 patients afterward. Continuing
      medical education had no impact on mean (+/- SD) effective storage interval, 22.6
      +/- 9.0 vs 21.6 +/- 9.4 days. Thirty (17%) of 175 patients were deferred
      (hematocrit less than or equal to 0.34) and were unable to donate units of blood
      requested; of these, 13 (43%) received homologous blood compared with 19 (13%) of
      145 not deferred. We conclude that a significant percentage of patients are
      deferred from autologous donation because of hematocrit limitations and receive
      homologous blood. This problem is not related to physician underordering or
      inappropriate physician transfusion behavior, but rather to the erythropoietic
      response to serial phlebotomy over a limited storage interval. Future studies
      should focus on mechanisms to maximize autologous blood procurement.

PMID- 2930359
TI  - Cardiac contusion. The effect on operative management of the patient with trauma
      injuries.
AB  - Sixty-four patients with cardiac contusion documented by electrocardiographic
      changes and creatine kinase MB fraction assay following blunt chest injury were
      reviewed to assess the impact of cardiac contusion on subsequent management.
      Fifty-eight patients had elevated creatine kinase MB levels; 35 patients had
      electrocardiographic abnormalities, including ST-segment and T-wave changes (25),
      premature ventricular contraction (ten), right bundle-branch block (nine),
      atrioventricular block (three), atrial fibrillation (three), and premature atrial
      contraction (two). Thirty patients underwent general anesthesia. There were only
      four perioperative complications: ventricular ectopy, ventricular fibrillation,
      nodal rhythm, and pulmonary edema. There were no deaths attributable to cardiac
      contusion. In summary, patients with blunt trauma who have sustained a cardiac
      contusion can undergo elective operation with a low incidence of complication. In
      the emergency setting, however, hemodynamic monitoring for early detection of
      arrhythmias is indicated.

PMID- 2930360
TI  - Endorectal ileal pullthrough.

PMID- 2930361
TI  - Hepatic packing in major hepatic trauma.

PMID- 2930362
TI  - Intestinal malrotation and midgut volvulus with intussusception: an unusual
      association.

PMID- 2930363
TI  - Nurses--1: osteoporosis--0.

PMID- 2930364
TI  - Clinical applicability of insert earphones for audiometry.
AB  - Insert transducers for audiometry are available which may offer significant
      advantages over older 'standard' headphones. Clinicians have remained cautious in
      using such devices due to the paucity of experimental data demonstrating their
      comparability with more widely used devices. The purpose of this investigation
      was to compare and contrast pure-tone audiometric thresholds obtained using
      insert earphones with those measured utilizing conventional supra-aural
      transducers in normal and hearing-impaired subjects. A second purpose was to
      examine the differential effects on the hearing threshold level of two coupling
      systems for the insert device. There were no clinically significant differences
      among pure-tone thresholds measured with the three earphone/coupler arrangements
      for subjects with normal and impaired hearing. Advantages and limitations of
      insert earphones are discussed.

PMID- 2930365
TI  - [Development of a French-Quebec lipreading test].
AB  - To date, there has been no validated speech-reading test available for the French
      Canadian population. In the context of rehabilitative services for persons with
      noise-induced hearing loss, it was felt necessary to develop and validate a
      speech-reading screening test. Thirty young adults having normal hearing
      bilaterally and good vision underwent the test. It involved a familiarization
      list and two lists of 25 independent sentences each. The validation concerned
      mainly the internal consistency and the equivalence of the lists. Two lists
      satisfying these criteria are proposed.

PMID- 2930366
TI  - Frequency-specific auditory brainstem responses. Effective masking levels and
      relationship to behavioural thresholds in normal hearing adults.
AB  - Ipsilateral masking levels and normal thresholds for tone pip auditory brainstem
      responses (ABRs) were investigated in normal subjects for the purpose of
      establishing recording parameters and norms for frequency-specific tone pip ABR
      testing. White noise was found to effectively mask ABRs to tone pips at mean
      signal-to-noise ratios of between -1 and -5.5 dB [dB peak-equivalent (pe) SPL/dB
      SPL] depending on the tone pip frequency. ABR thresholds were established for
      tone pips in the presence of ipsilateral masking with high-pass filtered noise
      for 50-Hz tone pips and notched noise for tone pips from 1,000 to 4,000 Hz, at a
      nominal signal-to-noise ratio of -5 dB (i.e. with the noise SPL measured prior to
      filtering). Thresholds occurred between 28.6 and 36.6 dB pe SPL, equivalent to
      4.4-8.8 dB nHL. ABR thresholds for masked and unmasked tone pips did not differ
      significantly.

PMID- 2930367
TI  - Evoked-response forward-masking functions in chinchillas with noise-induced
      permanent hearing loss.
AB  - Evoked-response forward-masking functions were measured by chronic electrodes in
      the inferior colliculus of the chinchilla before and after exposure to an intense
      tone that produced a permanent hearing loss. Before exposure, the forward-masking
      time constants ranged from 50 to 90 ms. After exposure, the forward-masking time
      constants increased significantly in the region of hearing loss, but not in
      regions where hearing was normal. The effect of the hearing loss on the time
      course of forward masking was most pronounced once the hearing loss exceeded 20
      25 dB. These physiological changes in the evoked-response forward-masking
      functions appear to parallel those observed psychophysically in human listeners.

PMID- 2930368
TI  - Teaching research in post-RN courses.

PMID- 2930369
TI  - What is an OHN?

PMID- 2930370
TI  - Nurse and the law.

PMID- 2930371
TI  - Sunscreen agents.

PMID- 2930372
TI  - Funding problems in surgical research.

PMID- 2930373
TI  - Smooth muscle and the surgeon.

PMID- 2930374
TI  - Common duct exploration or endoscopic sphincterotomy for choledocholithiasis?
AB  - The relative indications for operative common duct exploration (CDE) and
      endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) in treating common duct stones are often unclear.
      This prospective study compared CDE and ES in treating choledocholithiasis after
      excluding patients with acute cholecystitis, idiopathic pancreatitis, sphincter
      of Oddi dysfunction and malignant disease. One hundred and two patients had 105
      CDE and a further 50 patients had 57 ES. Of the patients having CDE, 76 also had
      cholecystectomy for gall-bladder (GB) disease while 26 had prior cholecystectomy.
      With ES, in 16 the GB was present and not removed while 34 patients had had prior
      cholecystectomy. Hospitalization was significantly less following ES. There was
      one peri-operative death after CDE and none after ES. There were two late biliary
      related deaths, 3 and 27 months after ES, in patients who developed acute
      cholecystitis. In post-cholecystectomy patients having ES, complications were
      fewer and less severe after ES (15%) than CDE (41%). In patients with an intact
      GB, peri-operative complications occurred in 30% after cholecystectomy and CDE.
      Following ES alone, complications occurred in 33% with the majority of these
      complications arising from the diseased GB. It is concluded that the optimal
      treatment for post-cholecystectomy patients with bile-duct stones is ES. In
      elderly patients with an intact GB, the bile-duct stones can be treated by ES;
      whether subsequent cholecystectomy is necessary should be assessed on the
      likelihood of future GB complications.

PMID- 2930375
TI  - Electrohydraulic lithotripsy for biliary stones.
AB  - Electrohydraulic lithotripsy was applied in 10 patients with biliary stones which
      were difficult to extract with the use of choledochoscopy and basket. The
      difficulties encountered included large impacted stones in the Hartmann's pouch,
      intrahepatic ducts and lower end of common bile-duct, stones situated at the
      orifice of acutely angulated segmental bile-ducts and stones impacted just behind
      strictures. With the use of electrohydraulic lithotripsy all the stones were
      disintegrated and removed. The only complication was transient haemorrhage from
      ductal injury. It is concluded that electrohydraulic lithotripsy is a useful
      adjunct to the choledochoscopic removal of biliary stones.

PMID- 2930376
TI  - Carcinoid tumours in Auckland, New Zealand.
AB  - Carcinoid tumours in Auckland diagnosed during 1976-87 have been reviewed
      retrospectively. Eighty-three patients with carcinoid tumours were seen during
      this time (56 appendiceal, 11 small bowel, two colorectal, 10 pulmonary and four
      other). Three patients had carcinoid syndrome. The most common presentation for
      appendiceal carcinoid was acute appendicitis. The most common presentations for
      pulmonary lesions were incidental findings on chest X-ray, recurrent chest
      infection or haemoptysis, while bowel lesions presented with abdominal pain or
      rectal bleeding. Following resection, 53 of 56 appendiceal patients were alive
      and well (two died from other causes) and 10 of 10 pulmonary carcinoids were
      alive and well. In contrast, both patients with colorectal carcinoid died from
      their disease within 1 year, and, of the patients with small bowel carcinoid, one
      died of the disease and more than half of the remainder are alive with metastatic
      spread and symptoms at the time of study. The most important prognostic variables
      governing outcome were anatomical site of the primary lesion and the state of the
      histological margins following resection.

PMID- 2930377
TI  - Management of supracondylar fractures of the femur with Zickel supracondylar
      nails.
AB  - Twenty-one cases of supracondylar fracture of the femur treated at St Vincent's
      Hospital, Melbourne, during 1983-86, by intramedullary Zickel supracondylar nails
      were reviewed. The causes were high energy trauma in young patients (six), minor
      trauma in elderly patients (13), and metastatic malignant fracture (two). The
      functional results were considered excellent in 10, good in six and poor in five.
      There were two cases of superficial wound infection. All cases united after 3-6
      months. The best functional results were in those patients below 60 years or with
      pathological fractures. It is concluded that internal fixation of supracondylar
      fractures of the femur with Zickel supracondylar nails is a successful technique
      and can be performed by open and closed methods. It is most useful in
      osteoporotic or pathological bone which is unsuitable for bone plating.

PMID- 2930378
TI  - Displacement of subcapital fractures during internal fixation: a real problem?
AB  - The potential for femoral head rotation occurring during insertion of a
      compression hip screw has been investigated. Rotation to up to 30 degrees has
      been demonstrated, and was not visible on an image intensifier. The insertion of
      a guide-wire parallel to a hip screw does not control rotation adequately. Small
      threaded pins do not cause femoral head rotation.

PMID- 2930379
TI  - Bronchogenic cysts: a persistent dilemma.
AB  - Bronchogenic cysts are congenital lesions of the respiratory tract. Although
      usually benign, they have the potential to develop complications and can pose a
      dilemma in diagnosis and treatment. Twenty patients who presented to the
      Cardiothoracic Surgical Unit at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital over a 10 year
      period are reported. Symptoms were common (75%) but serious complications were
      rare (5%). Most cysts were excised completely at thoracotomy with minimal
      morbidity. The correct diagnosis was established pre-operatively in less than
      half of the patients. Therefore excision is recommended to confirm the diagnosis,
      to exclude malignancy and to minimize possible complications.

PMID- 2930381
TI  - Abstracts from the annual meeting of the Surgical Research Society of
      Australasia. Westmead, Sydney, NSW, 15-17 September 1988.

PMID- 2930380
TI  - Trainee surgery in teaching hospitals: is there a cost?
AB  - The morbidity rate for 2858 patients undergoing thyroidectomy over the 10 year
      period January 1977-December 1986 was examined and related to the involvement of
      a surgical trainee in the operative procedure. There was no overall difference in
      specific complication rates related to the surgical procedure, being 13.8% when
      the procedure was undertaken by a consultant, and 13.1% when a surgical trainee
      was involved in the procedure. There was a significant increase (P = 0.0025) in
      operative time increasing from 127 min for the consultant to 146 min when the
      trainee was involved (a 15% increase). There was no significant difference in bed
      stay for any of the groups. Surgical trainees can be safely taught operative
      skills under supervision without risk of increased complications. There is a
      cost, however, to the hospital system in terms of increased demands on time and
      operative facilities.

PMID- 2930382
TI  - Continent urinary diversion in a patient with prune belly syndrome and urethral
      atresia.
AB  - A case of prune belly syndrome which was managed by left ureterostomy and right
      nephrectomy during the neonatal period is reported. The patient also had
      anorectal agenesis with rectovesical fistula, urethral atresia and patent
      urachus. When the patient was 14 years of age, the urinary diversion was
      converted to a continent diversion by an antireflux ureteroneocystostomy of both
      the left and the right ureter together with a right cutaneous ureterostomy. The
      patient manages very well by clean intermittent catheterization of the right
      ureterostomy and is fully continent.

PMID- 2930383
TI  - Cystadenoma of the common bile-duct with malignant transformation.
AB  - A case of cystadenoma of the common bile-duct with areas of carcinoma in situ in
      a 61 year old woman is presented. Pre-operative investigations may confuse this
      rare tumour with the more common choledochal cyst although this case raises the
      possibility that this neoplasm may have arisen within a longstanding choledochal
      cyst. Due to the risk of malignant transformation, complete excision of any
      cystic lesion of the bile-duct is recommended.

PMID- 2930384
TI  - Responsible drug use.

PMID- 2930385
TI  - Success for equine wobbler surgery.

PMID- 2930386
TI  - Characterisation and antimicrobial sensitivity of haemophili isolated from pigs.
AB  - A total of 70 haemophili from Australia pigs was compared with a range of
      reference strains of porcine haemophili. Forty-eight of the isolates were
      identified as Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae biovar 1 and the remaining 22
      isolates as Haemophilus parasuis. Forty one of the A. pleuropneumoniae isolates
      were used in a study to determine to the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC)
      of 12 antimicrobial agents, or combinations of agents. Penicillin, neomycin,
      trimethoprim, trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole and tetracycline all showed low MIC
      values, indicating their potential for the treatment of porcine pleuropneumonia,
      although 2 isolates showed resistance to tetracycline. A wide range of MIC values
      was encountered with the sulphonamides.

PMID- 2930387
TI  - Cerebellar abiotrophy in crossbred cattle.
AB  - Cerebellar abiotrophy affected 9 of 74 calves sired by a Poll Hereford bull over
      2 successive calving seasons. The disease was characterised by episodes of
      recumbency and ataxia, with hypermetria and wide base stance. Clinical signs
      commenced between birth and 8 months of age. Two calves which were affected first
      at 8 months of age recovered clinically 9 months later. Histological lesions were
      found in the cerebellar cortex of 7 calves and consisted of segmental
      degeneration and loss of Purkinje cells, and axonal swellings. The clinical signs
      and pathological findings were consistent with bovine familial convulsions and
      ataxia, which has not been described previously in Australia. The clinical signs
      were not attributable to the lesions observed in the cerebellum and an underlying
      electrophysiological abnormality is proposed. The aetiology of the condition is
      probably genetic and appears to have a multifactorial basis.

PMID- 2930388
TI  - The relationship of scrotal circumference to testicular weight in rams.
AB  - Scrotal circumference (SC), testicular diameter (TD) and testicular weight (TW)
      were measured at necropsy of 148 Merino rams of varying age (yearling: 110, 2- to
      3-year-old: 5, 4-year-old: 28, greater than 7-year-old: 5). These rams, although
      culled from flocks in north western Queensland for poor conformation or advancing
      age, had no clinically palpable or gross necropsy lesions of the genitalia.
      Despite the fact that SC measurement was performed at necropsy on scrota with
      greatly varying wool cover and its diverse content of plant material (burrs and
      grass seeds), the correlation of SC with TW was positive, high and significant (r
      = 0.92, P less than 0.01). This correlation was greater than that between TD and
      TW (r = 0.91, P less than 0.01) even though both were measured after dissection
      of the scrotal contents. The clinically convenient SC measurement deserves wider
      application as an estimate of testicular weight and therefore fertility in rams.

PMID- 2930389
TI  - Prevalence and intensity of non-strongyle intestinal parasites of horses in
      northern Queensland.
AB  - A quantitative post-mortem study of 57 horses from northern Queensland was done
      to determine the prevalence and intensity of non-strongyle intestinal parasites.
      The following species (% prevalence) were found: Draschia megastoma (39%);
      Habronema muscae (43%); Gasterophilus intestinalis (34%), G. nasalis (30%);
      Parascaris equorum (15%); Strongyloides westeri (6%); Probstmayria vivipara (2%);
      Oxyuris equi (26%); Anoplocephala magna (2%); A. perfoliata (32%). Mean parasite
      numbers of individual species ranged from 10 to 1310. Prevalence and intensity
      data were compared to recent studies in Western Australia and in the United
      States of America. Differences between stabled and paddocked horses were noted,
      particularly for botfly larvae and spiruroids. Climatic and seasonal changes in
      prevalence were restricted to H. muscae, G. nasalis and P. equorum with highest
      prevalence in the wet season or in horses from wet coastal areas. Only P. equorum
      showed any age effect being restricted to horses less than 5 years old. Breed and
      sex of horses was not important. The likelihood of changing parasite population
      dynamics with improved anthelmintic regimen is discussed.

PMID- 2930390
TI  - A primary extraskeletal osteogenic sarcoma arising in the spleen of a dog.
AB  - This paper describes a primary extraskeletal osteogenic sarcoma arising in the
      spleen of an 11-year-old, male, cross-bred Terrier. Initial diagnosis was made
      after surgical removal of a splenic mass, at which time the liver and other
      abdominal viscera appeared grossly normal. However, elevations in the activities
      of alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase in blood taken 7 days after
      laparotomy suggested that hepatic metastases were developing. This was confirmed
      when the dog died 3.5 months after surgery, with massive hepatic metastatic
      involvement. There appears to be no previous report of the spleen being the
      primary site of such a neoplasm in the dog.

PMID- 2930391
TI  - Some aspects of stray dog behaviour in an urban fringe area.

PMID- 2930392
TI  - Survey of internal parasites in Western Australian pig herds. 1. Prevalence.
AB  - Between September 1982 and March 1984, 101 Western Australian piggeries with 15
      or more sows were surveyed to determine the prevalence of internal parasites and
      examine the relationship between parasitism and management practices. Faecal
      samples were collected from 20 pigs in 4 age groups in randomly selected
      piggeries, and examined for the presence of eggs of helminth parasites and
      protozoan cysts. Evidence of nematode parasites was found in 79% of piggeries.
      Sows were more commonly affected than other classes of pigs with worm eggs being
      found in 68% of herds. Oesophagostomum spp was the most prevalent worm species,
      being found in pigs from 65% of piggeries and in sows in 60% of herds. Ascaris
      suum was the most common species of worm found in growing pigs. There was no
      evidence of infection with either Metastrongylus spp or Strongyloides spp in any
      of the herds sampled. Oocysts of coccidia were found in pigs from 56% of
      piggeries and Balantidium coli cysts were detected in pigs from 42% of piggeries
      sampled.

PMID- 2930393
TI  - Survey of internal parasites in Western Australian pig herds. 2. Relationship to
      anthelmintic usage and parasite control practices.
AB  - The housing, management and internal parasite control practices used in piggeries
      in Western Australia was surveyed by interviewing the owner/manager of 100
      randomly selected piggeries. At the time of the interview 20 faecal samples were
      collected from pigs and examined for evidence of internal parasites. Most herds
      (80%) in which anthelmintics were used, had evidence of nematode infection. Some
      pig producers were using an anthelmintic that was ineffective against nematode
      species present while some herds had nematodes that should have been controlled
      by the anthelmintic being used. Prevalence of nematode infection was higher in
      pigs run in paddocks than in pigs housed intensively. Washing sows prior to
      farrowing was associated with a lower prevalence of nematode infection. The
      findings suggested that pig producers should ensure that the anthelmintic used is
      effective against the nematodes present in their pigs. It was concluded that
      administering anthelmintics as a single dose in the feed may not be the most
      effective method of deworming pigs.

PMID- 2930394
TI  - Protection against enzootic pneumonia of pigs: intraperitoneal inoculation with
      live LKR strain of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae.
AB  - Pigs obtained from a mycoplasma-free piggery were randomised into 4 groups of 9.
      Groups 1 and 2 were injected by the intraperitoneal route with liquid culture of
      the LKR strain of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Group 1 was injected once and group 2
      twice. Group 3 was made up of pigs inoculated by the intranasal route with the
      virulent Beaufort strain of M. hyopneumoniae; they served as the source of
      infection for the challenge. Group 4 were uninfected, uninjected controls. Six
      weeks after the last injection, groups from 1 to 4 were placed in contact. Seven
      of the pigs in the 1-dose group and 6 in the 2-dose group were free of lesions at
      necropsy 6 weeks after challenge. Of the two pigs with lesions in the 1-dose
      group one had only a small lesion but the other had extensive lesions; it had not
      shown an antibody response after injection of culture. The lesions in the 3 pigs
      in the 2-dose group were all small. All 9 control pigs had lesions which varied
      from medium to large in size. The difference in the incidence of pneumonia
      between the injected and control groups was significant (P less than 0.05) and
      the proportion of severely affected pigs in the vaccinated groups was
      significantly lower (P greater than 0.01). There was no difference between those
      given one dose of vaccine and those receiving 2 doses.

PMID- 2930395
TI  - Pasteurella multocida recovered from live turkeys: prevalence and virulence in
      turkeys.
AB  - Swabs of the oropharynges of 801 live turkeys (621 meat birds and 180 breeders),
      collected from 15 flocks that had experienced an outbreak of fowl cholera and
      from 12 non-outbreak flocks, were screened for the presence of Pasteurella
      multocida. Turkeys from outbreak flocks were sampled within 2 to 9 weeks of the
      outbreak. Forty-nine isolates of P. multocida were recovered from turkeys in 11
      of the outbreak flocks, and none were recovered from turkeys in non-outbreak
      flocks. Isolation rates varied from 0 to 72% of turkeys sampled in a flock.
      Nineteen isolates were tested for virulence by injecting them intravenously into
      turkeys, and 14 were lethal. Results demonstrated that for purposes of disease
      control, meat birds in fowl-cholera-outbreak flocks should be considered carriers
      of potentially virulent P. multocida for the life of the flock.

PMID- 2930397
TI  - Separation of avian heterophils from blood using Ficoll-Hypaque discontinuous
      gradients.
AB  - Rapid separation of avian heterophils from anticoagulated whole blood was
      achieved using Ficoll-Hypaque discontinuous gradients. An average of 14.4% of
      blood heterophils was harvested with a mean purity exceeding 99%. Heterophil
      viability, as determined by trypan blue dye exclusion, averaged 99.8%. The
      integrity of isolated heterophils was evaluated by cytochemical staining and
      ultrastructural examination. Cytochemical staining reactions of heterophils in
      whole blood and of isolated cell suspensions were similar. No ultrastructural
      abnormalities were observed. Using this procedure, viable intact heterophils were
      rapidly isolated from blood with an acceptable cell yield and purity for cell
      function studies.

PMID- 2930396
TI  - Status of the 1805 strain of Mycoplasma iowae (K component of serovar I,J,K,
      N,Q,R) and the SA strain of M. gallopavonis (serovar F).
AB  - Contrary to historical evidence, recent biochemical and serological studies have
      suggested that the 1805 strain of M. iowae (K component of serovar I,J,K,N, Q,R)
      and the SA strain of M. gallopavonis (serovar F) were members of the species M.
      gallinaceum. After examining three seeds of strain 1805 and an original seed of
      the SA strain, we present evidence to indicate that 1805 and SA are indeed valid
      members of the species M. iowae and M. gallopavonis, respectively. However, some
      seeds of strains 1805 and SA may contain M. gallinaceum. In the case of strain
      1805, it is possible that the original seed may have contained M. gallinaceum.

PMID- 2930398
TI  - Whole-cell protein profiles of Haemophilus paragallinarum as detected by
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
AB  - The soluble whole-cell protein profiles of 15 isolates of Haemophilus
      paragallinarum were examined using standardized sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The patterns were reproducible and the
      isolates were similar overall. Despite this similarity, two protein profile types
      were recognized.

PMID- 2930399
TI  - Lung volume of meat-type chickens.
AB  - Lung volume (LV) in meat-type chickens was measured by water displacement and was
      computed as a percentage of body weight (BW). The percentage of LV/BW declined
      from 2.02 +/- 0.190% at day 1 to 1.38 +/- 0.163% at day 144. Pulmonary
      hypertension caused by insufficient lung capillary capacity or oxygen exchange
      area results in right ventricular failure and ascites in meat-type chickens.
      Insufficient LV in very fast-growing broilers may contribute to this problem.
      Selection procedures in meat-type chickens should include a method for estimating
      LV.

PMID- 2930400
TI  - Monensin toxicity in turkey breeder hens.
AB  - High mortality in two flocks of 1900 turkey breeder hens accidentally fed 280 g
      monensin/ton of complete feed is described. Mortality attributed to the poisoning
      was 76% in flock 1 and 18% in flock 2. Clinically, turkeys were found dead,
      exhibited respiratory distress with wings extended laterally, had fine tremors,
      or showed posterior paresis and inability to rise. The most striking finding at
      necropsy was the almost complete absence of gross lesions. Some turkeys had
      severely congested lungs; however, many did not. A few birds had pale streaks
      within the adductor muscles of the legs. Microscopic lesions included myofiber
      degeneration and necrosis of skeletal and myocardial muscle. Serum phosphorus,
      lactate dehydrogenase, and creatine phosphokinase were markedly elevated, whereas
      potassium, chloride, and calcium values were lowered.

PMID- 2930402
TI  - Isolation of Mycobacterium avium from waterfowl with polycystic livers.
AB  - An unusual gross appearance of avian tuberculosis, where fluid-filled thin-walled
      cysts are produced and grossly apparent in preference to granulomas, is
      presented. Histopathology confirmed the granulomatous nature of the lesions and
      the presence of intracellular acid-fast organisms. Mycobacterium avium complex
      was cultured from affected organs. The unusual gross presentation in these cases
      indicates the need to consider tuberculosis in the differential of cystic
      diseases of avian livers.

PMID- 2930401
TI  - Cryptosporidiosis and turkey viral hepatitis in turkeys.
AB  - Cryptosporidiosis and turkey viral hepatitis were diagnosed in 25-day-old turkeys
      with increased mortality, enteritis, and stunting. Necropsy lesions included foul
      smelling, tan-colored, loose feces in the terminal small intestines and ceca. The
      small intestines and ceca were congested. Multiple white to gray foci were
      present in the liver and pancreas. Mortality attributed to these conditions was
      estimated at 4.9%. Microscopic lesions included necrosis with accumulations of
      macrophages in the liver and pancreas. Bile-duct hyperplasia was present in the
      livers. Microscopic intestinal lesions consisted of mild to moderate atrophy of
      the villi of the distal small intestine (ileo-cecal junction) with infiltration
      of the lamina propria by mononuclear cells. Cryptosporidia were identified and
      appeared to be attached to villous epithelial cells of the terminal small
      intestines. Cryptosporidium sp. oocysts were also confirmed by fluorescent
      microscopic examination of feces stained auramine O. Reovirus was isolated on
      chicken embryo liver cells from affected livers.

PMID- 2930403
TI  - Blood concentrations of chlortetracycline in macaws fed medicated pelleted feed.
AB  - A trial was conducted to determine the suitability of using a pelleted diet
      containing chlortetracycline (CTC) for treatment of chlamydiosis in macaws.
      Macaws, normally fed seed and fruit diets in captivity, are notoriously difficult
      to treat with CTC-medicated mash diets. Healthy macaws fed a pelleted diet
      containing 1% or 1.5% CTC for 30 or 45 days maintained adequate food intake and
      mean blood concentrations of 1-2 CTC micrograms/ml blood throughout the treatment
      period. There were no significant differences between blood concentrations
      induced by the different dietary CTC concentrations. Blood concentrations of 1
      microgram/ml are considered therapeutic, so it is likely that 1% CTC-medicated
      pellets will be adequate for treating chlamydiosis in these species.

PMID- 2930404
TI  - Three cases of gastric neoplasia in psittacines.
AB  - Two adenocarcinomas of the proventriculus and an adenocarcinoma of the
      ventriculus are described in psittacines. All birds had evidence of digestive
      tract dysfunction. Hemorrhage into the lumen of the digestive tract from the
      ulcerated surfaces of the tumors was evident in all birds, either clinically or
      at necropsy. Radiographic studies, including contrast films, were useful in two
      cases. Alcian blue and periodic acid-Schiff stains were helpful in determining
      the origin of the tumor in one case.

PMID- 2930405
TI  - Experimental and field sulfaquinoxaline toxicosis in Leghorn chickens.
AB  - Mortality of 47% occurred in a commercial flock of 20-week-old leghorn pullets
      treated with 0.05% sulfaquinoxaline in the feed. The drug was given for 2-3 days,
      removed for 2 days, and fed again for 2-3 days. Gross lesions consisted of
      disseminated hemorrhages, bone marrow pallor, a variety of changes suggesting
      septicemia, and overwhelming bacterial infection. Experimental feeding of
      sulfaquinoxaline at 0.05% in the feed at a schedule of 3 days on, 3 days off, and
      2 days on successfully reproduced the essential features and gross lesions of the
      field toxicosis. Mortalities of 32.5% and 43.5% were observed in sulfaquinoxaline
      treated groups. A high incidence of gangrenous dermatitis occurred in chickens
      with the experimental toxicosis, but it was not observed in the field case.

PMID- 2930406
TI  - Light-microscopic lesions associated with naturally occurring bursal
      cryptosporidiosis in chickens.
AB  - Information concerning histologic significance of naturally occurring bursal
      Cryptosporidium sp. infection in chickens was obtained by retrospective
      examination of histopathology reports and clinical data from histology accessions
      received during 1986. Cryptosporidiosis was diagnosed in 197 bursas. In two
      thirds of the accessions, more than 50% of the examined bursas were infected with
      Cryptosporidium sp. The histologic morphologic lesion diagnosis for
      Cryptosporidium sp.-infected bursas most often was marked diffuse chronic-active
      superficial purulent protozoal bursitis with mucosal epithelial hyperplasia. Our
      study clearly indicates that Cryptosporidium sp. is associated with inflammation
      and disturbed growth in chicken bursas. Additionally, our data indicate that
      Cryptosporidium sp. infection is not dependent on bursal damage attributable to
      other agents, including infectious bursal disease virus.

PMID- 2930407
TI  - Determination of chicken and turkey plasma and serum protein concentrations by
      refractometry and the biuret method.
AB  - Plasma and serum protein concentrations were determined in chickens and turkeys
      by refractometry (with human and veterinary refractometers) and by the biuret
      method. Chicken and turkey serum protein values were significantly lower than
      respective plasma protein values according to both methods. Refractometer
      readings for both plasma and serum correlated closely with the results of the
      biuret test (r2 = 0.72 to 0.97). These findings indicate that plasma and serum
      protein values may be determined accurately in chickens and turkeys with a
      handheld refractometer.

PMID- 2930409
TI  - Quality assurance project.

PMID- 2930408
TI  - Fowl cholera immunity induced by various vaccines in broiler minibreeder chickens
      determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
AB  - Broiler minibreeder hens were vaccinated for protection against fowl cholera at
      12 and 21 weeks of age using several vaccination schemes, which included a live
      Pasteurella multocida (CU strain) vaccine, two commercial polyvalent fowl cholera
      oil-based bacterins, and two experimentally prepared polyvalent oil-based
      bacterins. Some treatment groups received only live or killed vaccines, whereas
      others received a live vaccine at 12 weeks followed by a killed product at 21
      weeks. At 42 weeks of age, all birds that received the live CU vaccine twice or
      once followed by a bacterin survived challenge. Birds that received killed
      vaccines only were significantly less protected but still showed a respectable
      survival rate of 86%. All unvaccinated controls died within 72 hr after
      challenge. At 72 weeks of age, overall protection was lower than that at 42
      weeks, regardless of vaccination treatment. Antibody titers were usually higher
      in birds that received bacterins than in those receiving live vaccines, yet
      overall protection was still greater in those birds that received the live
      cholera vaccine twice.

PMID- 2930410
TI  - Group process and social climate of GROW, a community mental health organisation.
AB  - GROW, a community based mutual-help organisation, aims to provide the means for
      those who have been mentally ill to rehabilitate themselves and grow personally.
      We measured psychiatric symptoms, group processes, social environment and
      perceived social support in a sample of GROW group members. We found that GROW
      does provide the opportunity for and encourages some personal changes and does
      provide social support. We could not draw any conclusions about GROW's efficacy
      as a rehabilitative agent.

PMID- 2930411
TI  - Ganser syndrome in a 10 year old boy--an 8 year follow up.
AB  - A case of pseudodementia in a 10 year old boy was first reported in 1981. When
      reviewed 8 years after initial presentation, his symptoms were largely unchanged.
      The case continues to be complicated by claims for compensation and a successful
      appeal against the initial compensation judgment.

PMID- 2930412
TI  - Reserpine withdrawal psychosis.
AB  - A case of reserpine withdrawal psychosis is reported. This uncommon condition is
      described as a true withdrawal psychosis and may be due to dopamine receptor
      supersensitivity.

PMID- 2930413
TI  - Modifiability of trait anxiety and neuroticism: a meta-analysis of the
      literature.
AB  - It is argued that personality scales of neuroticism and anxiety are tapping the
      same personality trait and that this is a risk factor for neurotic disorders. To
      see whether this trait is modifiable, a meta-analysis was carried out of therapy
      outcome studies which included a measure of trait anxiety or neuroticism as a
      dependent measure. This meta-analysis showed that all psychological therapies are
      to some extent effective. However, rational-emotive and related therapies
      produced particularly large reductions in trait anxiety/neuroticism (around 1.25
      standard deviations). The possibility that rational-emotive education programmes
      could be used to lower trait anxiety/neuroticism as a preventive measure is
      discussed.

PMID- 2930414
TI  - Australian adolescents' perceptions of their parents.
AB  - We examined the characteristics of a self-report measure for assessing
      perceptions of parents, the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), in an adolescent
      community sample (N = 2,147; mean age = 15.4 years). Using factor analysis, three
      PBI dimensions were identified--the original Care factor and two Protection
      factors: perceived social control and personal intrusiveness. Important sex
      differences were found which were not evident in the two factor structure
      recommended by Parker [1,2]. Relative to sons, daughters saw their fathers as
      more personally intrusive and their mothers as less socially controlling and much
      more caring. Overall, adolescents perceived mothers as more caring but more
      personally intrusive than fathers. Adolescents who saw their father as uncaring
      and their mother as controlling tended to have the least positive psychosocial
      profiles.

PMID- 2930415
TI  - The General Health Questionnaire: reliability and validity for Australian youth.
AB  - General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) results are given for a large (N = 1013)
      sample of South Australian young people (average age 19.6 years), to compare the
      usefulness of the 12-, 28-, and 30-item forms of the GHQ. Internal reliabilities
      are generally adequate and the Likert scoring method produces significant
      correlations with psychological measures such as self-esteem. The case-prevalence
      rate using the binary scoring method was comparable with other studies, but
      misclassification rates were unacceptably high when DSM-III Axis I diagnosis was
      used as the criterion for the presence of any psychiatric disorder.

PMID- 2930416
TI  - Depression and attempted suicide: a comparative study.
AB  - The Levine-Pilowsky depression questionnaire was used to compare the qualitative
      and quantitative characteristics of depression in 176 patients admitted to a
      general hospital following a suicide attempt and 65 psychiatric inpatients with a
      diagnosis of major affective disorder. The study showed that despite significant
      age and sex differences there was a striking similarity between the groups on all
      measures of depression. Diagnostic and therapeutic implications of these findings
      are discussed, and further research directions are suggested.

PMID- 2930417
TI  - Re-medicalization and regression in psychiatry.

PMID- 2930418
TI  - The psychiatric nurse in liaison psychiatry.
AB  - The role of nursing staff in a liaison consultative unit is by no means
      established in this country although precedents exist in the United States.
      Nevertheless, there are clear theoretical reasons for including psychiatric
      nurses in the liaison team. This report concerns a model of intervention based on
      one of three models identified in the US studies. The model involves a
      collaborative/consultative relationship between the psychiatric nurse and the
      psychiatrist, therefore maximising opportunities for successful intervention and
      cross-referral. Two clinical vignettes illustrate this. The clinical
      presentations of 200 patients presenting primarily to the nurse specialist are
      compared with 200 presenting to the psychiatric department. The patterns of
      referrals and also the agencies referring differed. The differences in those
      profiles, together with the management implications, are discussed. High stress
      areas of nursing, such as cardiology, neurosurgery and haematology, provided a
      fertile area for referrals to the nurse where referrals to the psychiatrists had
      not been high.

PMID- 2930419
TI  - Time to revamp the college training and examination.

PMID- 2930420
TI  - A tormented mind: clinical and theoretical implications of overwhelming life
      events.
AB  - A case study illustrates the aim of this paper, which is to discuss the clinical
      and theoretical implications of adult patients who have experienced extreme or
      catastrophic stress in their distant past which may not be immediately
      "recognisable". A close relationship between Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and
      Borderline Personality Disorder (as defined in DSM-III-R) is suggested.

PMID- 2930421
TI  - Kinematics of U.S. Army helicopter crashes: 1979-85.
AB  - All records of U.S. Army Class A and B mishaps of four types of helicopters
      occurring from Oct. 1, 1979, through Sept. 30, 1985, were reviewed for terrain
      impact kinematic parameters. During this 6-year period, there were 298 mishaps
      involving 303 aircraft. Approximately 88% of these crashes were considered
      survivable. Mean and 95th percentile vertical velocity changes at the most severe
      terrain impact were similar for all aircraft types except the UH-60, which
      experienced significantly higher impact velocities (p less than 0.001). Overall
      95th percentile vertical and horizontal velocity changes at the most severe
      terrain impact were 11.2 m.s-1 and 25.5 m.s-1, respectively. Both these values
      are substantially different from values cited in current design standards. Roll,
      pitch, and yaw attitudes at impact were similar for all aircraft and agreed with
      the values in current design standards, except that the distribution of roll
      angles was considerably wider. The importance of using current kinematic
      parameters for crashworthiness design standards and crash injury prevention is
      stressed. Recommendations are made to improve crashworthiness design standards.

PMID- 2930422
TI  - Measuring moment-to-moment pilot workload using synchronous presentations of
      secondary tasks in a motion-based trainer.
AB  - A simulation was conducted to determine whether the sensitivity of secondary task
      measures of pilot workload could be improved by synchronizing their presentation
      to the occurrence of specific events or pilot actions. This synchronous method of
      presentation was compared to the more typical asynchronous method, where
      secondary task presentations are independent of pilot's flight-related
      activities. Twelve pilots flew low- and high-difficulty scenarios in a motion
      base trainer with and without concurrent secondary tasks (e.g., choice reaction
      time, time production). The difficulty of each scenario was manipulated by the
      addition of 21 flight-related tasks superimposed on a standard approach and
      landing sequence. Secondary task performance did reflect workload differences
      between scenarios and among flight segments within scenarios, replicating the
      results of an earlier study in which the secondary tasks were presented
      asynchronously. In addition, the choice reaction time secondary task was also
      sensitive to the workload of specific activities within flight segments. Workload
      ratings were virtually identical between this and the earlier study.

PMID- 2930423
TI  - Cognitive demands in automation.
AB  - As the nature of a task changes with increasing automation, so do the cognitive
      demands on the human operator. The present study examines the implications of
      such changes on subjective workload and automation design issues. A variety of
      tasks (continuous flight control, discrete target acquisition, and decision
      making) was used to tax the different cognitive systems. Each task could be
      performed alone or in combination with other tasks. Performance and subjective
      workload ratings, obtained by three workload scales, were examined as a function
      of the level of automation. Results demonstrated the usefulness of the multiple
      resource approach to task analysis. All three workload scales were found to be
      sensitive to the task demands. The Bedford scale was particularly impressive in
      distinguishing the different types of resources in demand. Both the multiple
      resource model's performance predictions and the subjective workload ratings were
      shown to be invaluable for decisions on how and what to automate.

PMID- 2930424
TI  - Flight simulator platform motion and air transport pilot training.
AB  - The influence of flight simulator platform motion on pilot training and
      performance was examined in two studies utilizing a B-727-200 aircraft simulator.
      The simulator, located at Ames Research Center, is certified by the FAA for
      upgrade and transition training in air carrier operations. Subjective ratings and
      objective performance of experienced B-727 pilots did not reveal any reliable
      effects of wide variations in platform motion design. Motion platform variations
      did, however, affect the acquisition of control skill by pilots with no prior
      heavy aircraft flying experience. The effect was limited to pitch attitude
      control inputs during the early phase of landing training. Implications for the
      definition of platform motion requirements in air transport pilot training are
      discussed.

PMID- 2930425
TI  - Multidimensional scaling analysis of simulated air combat maneuvering performance
      data.
AB  - This paper describes the decomposition of air combat maneuvering by means of
      multidimensional scaling (MDS). MDS analyses were applied to performance data
      obtained from expert and novice pilots during simulated air-to-air combat. The
      results of these analyses revealed that the performance of expert pilots is
      characterized by advantageous maneuverability and intelligent energy management.
      It is argued that MDS, unlike simpler metrics, permits the investigator to
      achieve greater insights into the underlying structure associated with
      performance of a complex task.

PMID- 2930426
TI  - Space vehicle approach velocity judgments under simulated visual space
      conditions.
AB  - There were 35 volunteers who responded when they first perceived an increase in
      apparent size of a collimated, two-dimensional perspective image of an Orbiter
      vehicle. The variables of interest included the presence (or absence) of a fixed
      reticle within the field of view (FOV), background starfield velocity, initial
      range to the vehicle and vehicle closure velocity. It was found that: 1)
      increasing vehicle approach velocity yielded a very small (but significant)
      effect of faster detection of vehicle movement, nevertheless, response
      variability was relatively large; 2) including the fixed reticle in the FOV
      produced significantly slower detection of vehicle radial movement, however this
      occurred only at the largest range and the magnitude of the effect was only about
      15% of the one sigma value; and 3) increasing background star velocity during
      this judgment led to slower detection of vehicle movement. While statistically
      significant, this effect was small and occurred primarily at the largest range. A
      possible explanation for the last two findings is that other static and dynamic
      objects within the visual field may compete for available attention which
      otherwise would be available for judging image expansion; thus, the target's
      retinal image has to expand more than otherwise for its movement to be detected.
      This study also showed that the Proximity Operations Research Mockup at NASA/Ames
      can be used effectively to investigate a variety of visual judgment questions
      related to future space operations. These findings are discussed in relation to
      previous research and possible underlying mechanisms.

PMID- 2930427
TI  - The visually guided control of simulated altitude.
AB  - Simulated "flights" over three different ground textures were used to examine
      people's ability to extract optical information useful for active regulation of
      altitude. The textures were regularly spaced lines as follows: 1) orthogonal to
      the direction of flight (latitude texture); 2) parallel to the direction of
      flight (meridian texture); and 3) both parallel and orthogonal (square texture).
      Visual constant velocity forward flight simulations were displayed on a CRT
      screen, and subjects asked to maintain one of three initial altitudes using a
      rate control stick. This task was made difficult by the presence of lateral
      (irrelevant) and vertical (relevant) "wind gusts." The attitude never varied as
      winds, forward speed, and vertical rate control resulted in only translational
      movements. Adjusted root mean square errors (ARMSE) showed altitude regulation
      was more difficult at higher altitudes and when flying over meridian textures.
      Refined analysis of a single subject's data showed that this was due both to
      poorer regulation of the vertical wind disturbance and to a tendency to confuse
      the lateral wind disturbance for a vertical disturbance.

PMID- 2930428
TI  - Assessing applicants to the NASA flight program for their renal stone-forming
      potential.
AB  - Spaceflight could provoke formation of kidney stones, in part by causing
      hypercalciuria and hyperphosphaturia. Applicants for spaceflight who have
      metabolic or environmental derangements to begin with might be particularly
      susceptible to stone formation in space. We, therefore, analyzed 24-h urine
      samples for stone-forming risk factors in 104 male applicants before their
      selection into the astronaut-mission specialist corps. The urinary environment
      was abnormally supersaturated with calcium oxalate in 25.0% of applicants,
      brushite in 36.5%, and monosodium urate in 66.3%, predisposing these applicants
      to crystallization of stone-forming calcium salts. This high level of
      supersaturation was caused by both "metabolic" and environmental disturbances.
      Thus, hypercalciuria was found in 11.5% of applicants, hyperoxaluria in 2.9%,
      hyperuricosuria in 18.3% and hypocitraturia in 5.8%. Environmental derangements
      were generally more prominent, as indicated by low urine volume of less than 2
      L.d-1 in 84.6%, high urinary phosphate in 24.4%, and high urinary sodium in 10.6%
      of applicants. The results suggest that most of the abnormal stone risk factors
      disclosed among applicants for spaceflight programs were environmental in origin.

PMID- 2930429
TI  - High-altitude mountaineering and brain function: neuropsychological testing of
      members of a Mount Everest expedition.
AB  - Concern has been raised regarding the possibility that hypoxic conditions
      encountered during high-altitude mountaineering may have lasting harmful effects
      on the human brain. Members of an expedition to Mount Everest completed a series
      of neuropsychological tests before and after the expedition. Exposure to
      altitudes above 7,200 m was limited to a maximum of four consecutive nights,
      separated by rest periods at lower altitudes. No significant decline in
      performance was observed on any test. The subjects also completed a short series
      of tests at different altitudes during the expedition. No significant
      deterioration was observed at altitudes up to 7,500 m. There do not appear to be
      lasting harmful effects on brain function under these conditions.

PMID- 2930431
TI  - Cognitive performance deficits in a simulated climb of Mount Everest: Operation
      Everest II.
AB  - Cognitive function at simulated altitude was investigated in a repeated-measures,
      within-subject study of performance by seven volunteers in a hypobaric chamber,
      in which atmospheric pressure was systematically lowered over a period of 40 d to
      finally reach a pressure equivalent to 8,845 m, the approximate height of Mount
      Everest. The portable cognitive test battery used, Automated Performance Test
      System (APTS), was specifically designed for field research under adverse
      environmental conditions as evidenced by compact computer design; automated test
      administrations, data storage, and retrieval; psychometric properties of
      stability and reliability; and factorial richness. Significant impairments of
      cognitive function were seen for three of the five tests in the battery; on two
      tests, grammatical reasoning and pattern comparison, every subject showed a
      substantial decrement. The results are discussed in terms of the impact of
      altitude on specific aspects of cognitive function and the importance of having
      sensitive and reliable instruments to monitor such effects.

PMID- 2930430
TI  - The 1988 Louis H. Bauer lecture: the civil space program: theme and variations.

PMID- 2930432
TI  - Monaural and binaural audiogenic seizures in mice.
AB  - The progression of sound-induced seizures was examined in unilaterally or
      bilaterally sensitized SJL/J mice tested either monaurally or binaurally. An
      unexpected right-side advantage for becoming susceptible to audiogenic seizure
      was observed. In addition, two distinct patterns of seizure progression were
      noted, a uniphasic sequence in which a single burst of running preceded the
      convulsion and a biphasic pattern with two such bursts. The biphasic progression
      is viewed to be the result of unilaterally initiated seizures and
      characteristically reached only a clonic level of severity. Uniphasic seizures
      are concluded to be the result of bilaterally initiated seizures and, when they
      occurred after more than 30 s of auditory stimulation, frequently reached a tonic
      level of intensity. The present results support the view that audiogenic seizures
      are characterized by precisely timed, sequential processes dependent upon the
      specific priming and test procedures employed.

PMID- 2930433
TI  - Open-field behavior of spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar-Kyoto normotensive
      rats: effects of reciprocal cross-fostering.
AB  - The influence of the maternal environment on the development of open-field
      behavior in spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rats was investigated using the
      technique of reciprocal cross-fostering. Entire litters of SHR and Wistar-Kyoto
      (WKY) normotensive rats were either reared by their natural mothers, in-fostered
      to dams of the same strain, or cross-fostered to dams of the opposite strain on
      the day after birth. Open-field behavior was assessed in male and female rats
      from the six groups (2 strains x 3 rearing conditions) at 30, 60, 90, and 120
      days of age. Animals were observed in the open-field during a 5-min test period
      and the number of squares entered and hindlimb rears were recorded. At all ages
      tested, SHR rats were more active in the open field, entering more squares and
      rearing more frequently than WKYs. SHR females were more active than age-matched
      SHR males, while no sex differences were apparent in the WKY strain. At each age,
      open-field behavior was similar across WKY rearing groups. SHR control and in
      fostered animals responded similarly in the open field; however, SHR cross
      fostered rats (particularly females) tended to be more active than controls.
      Although cross-fostering has profound effects on cardiovascular development and
      functioning in the SHR, it appears that altering the early maternal environment
      experienced by SHR pups does not grossly affect the development of open-field
      behavior.

PMID- 2930434
TI  - Induction of copulatory behavior in Aplysia: atrial gland factors mimic the
      excitatory effects of freshly deposited egg cordons.
AB  - Egg laying in the marine mollusc Aplysia is induced and coordinated by peptide
      products of the egg-laying hormone (ELH) gene expressed in the neuroendocrine bag
      cells of the central nervous system. At least three structurally related genes,
      belonging to the ELH family but distinct from the ELH gene, are expressed in the
      atrial gland, an exocrine organ of unknown function that secretes into the
      oviduct of Aplysia. The experiments described in this report were designed to
      test the hypothesis that the atrial gland gene products serve a pheromonal
      function for the animal, coordinating reproductive behavior among individuals.
      Our studies showed that there was a significantly shorter latency to copulation
      when an Aplysia was paired with an animal that was actively laying eggs than when
      it was paired with a sexually mature but nonlaying animal. Moreover, the addition
      of extracts or homogenates of the atrial gland to the seawater surrounding two
      nonlaying animals reduced the latency to mating compared to animals exposed only
      to seawater or to homogenates of other regions of the reproductive tract,
      including oviduct. These results suggest that atrial gland products, secreted
      onto the egg cordon as it passes through the oviduct, may play a pheromonal role
      and induce mating behavior between individuals. Experiments are in progress to
      determine whether the active atrial gland factor(s) are products of the ELH
      family genes expressed in the gland.

PMID- 2930436
TI  - Spontaneously hypertensive Wistar-derived male rats are more aggressive than
      those of their normotensive progenitor strain.
AB  - We compared a group of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) to a group of
      Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats on each of the three most commonly studied forms of
      aggressive behavior in rats: muricide, intraspecific aggression, and shock
      induced fighting (SIF). A significantly higher proportion of SHRs were muricidal;
      they also fought more at the lowest shock level. A trend for a higher incidence
      of intraspecific offense behaviors by SHRs was not significant. SHR flinch and
      jump thresholds were lower than the respective WKY thresholds. Although there
      were no significant correlations between shock thresholds and any aspects of SIF,
      the possibility that strain differences in shock sensitivity may contribute to
      differences in SIF cannot be ruled out. Within strains, there were no
      correlations among the different forms of aggression. Several different inherited
      characteristics may be associated with the accentuation of different forms of
      aggression in SHRs.

PMID- 2930435
TI  - REM sleep deprivation increases early morning pineal melatonin in castrated rats.
AB  - Recently nighttime melatonin levels have been shown to be attenuated in
      depressive patients or patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type. On the other
      hand, depression can be transiently relieved by deprivation of rapid eye movement
      sleep. Since exogenous melatonin administration increases rapid eye movement
      sleep and slow wave sleep in the rat, could rapid eye movement sleep deprivation
      then inversely influence endogenous melatonin production? We found indices that
      in castrated Wistar rats 4 days of rapid eye movement sleep deprivation by the
      cuff pedestal method elevates the pineal content of melatonin by a factor of two
      at 1 to 2 h after light onset. Rapid eye movement sleep is thus suggested to
      influence pineal activity. This mechanism might be involved in the human
      depression-alleviating effect of rapid eye movement sleep deprivation.

PMID- 2930437
TI  - Effects of combined muscarinic and nicotinic blockade on choice accuracy in the
      radial-arm maze.
AB  - Acetylcholine (ACh) systems have been found to be crucial for the maintenance of
      accurate cognitive performance. A great variety of studies have shown that the
      muscarinic ACh receptor blocker scopolamine impairs choice accuracy in the radial
      arm maze. Recently, it has been found that the nicotinic ACh receptor blocker
      mecamylamine also impairs radial-arm maze choice accuracy. In the present study,
      we investigated the effects of combined administration of these two ACh blockers.
      Scopolamine (0.15 mg/kg) and mecamylamine (10 mg/kg) each moderately impaired
      choice accuracy. Combined treatment with scopolamine and mecamylamine
      significantly decreased choice accuracy relative to either drug alone. This
      combination treatment lowered choice accuracy to chance levels. These data show
      that nicotinic and muscarinic blockade have at least additive effects in
      producing an anterograde memory deficit. Concurrent blockade of these two
      components of ACh systems may provide a better animal model of cognitive
      impairments due to the loss of cholinergic neurons, such as Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 2930438
TI  - The effects of unilateral destruction of fimbria-fornix and supracallosal
      pathways in the rat.
AB  - Rats with unilateral lesions of either the supracallosal regions (including the
      dorsal cingulate cortex) and the fimbria-fornix either on the same (S) or the
      opposite (O) sides of the brain were studied in a 16-hole open field without
      pharmacologic intervention and, subsequently, after 0.1 and after 1.0 mg/kg
      scopolamine HBr. Their performances were compared with those of unoperated
      control animals subjected to the same testing regime. Certain of their behaviors
      were compared with those of a larger number of animals with bilateral hippocampal
      destruction (and their control groups) from prior studies. Unilateral lesions of
      fimbria-fornix and supracallosal afferents to the hippocampal formation produced
      a decrease in hole poking activity relative to control animals. A further
      decrease in hole-poking behavior, coupled with increased locomotion, was observed
      in rats with fimbria-fornix and cingulate cortex lesions on opposite sides of the
      brain (group O). The smaller dose of scopolamine accentuated these effects.
      Indeed, the behavior of group O after scopolamine treatment was similar to
      animals with large bilateral hippocampal lesions. The large dose of scopolamine
      induced stereotyped rearing or hole poking in the brain-damaged animals but not
      in the control group. These findings suggest that both the fimbria-fornix and the
      supracallosal pathway is necessary for normal hippocampal function and that the
      behavioral deficit is greater when these structures are damaged on the opposite
      sides of the brain.

PMID- 2930439
TI  - Anxious mood and memory.
AB  - Influenced by Bower (Am. Psychol. 36, 129-148, 1981) and Lang (Anxiety and the
      Anxiety Disorders, Erlbaum, Hillsdale, N.J., 1985), we tested three hypotheses
      concerning anxious mood and memory: (1) the mood state dependent hypothesis which
      states that memory retrieval will be greater when mood at encoding and at recall
      are the same than when they are different: (2) the encoding mood congruent
      hypothesis which states that information semantically related to mood at encoding
      is retrieved more readily than information unrelated to mood at encoding; and (3)
      the recall mood congruent hypothesis which states that information semantically
      related to mood at recall is retrieved more readily than information unrelated to
      mood at recall. We induced anxiety in speech anxious students by informing them
      that they would be delivering a speech during the experiment. Mood could be
      either anxious or nonanxious at encoding, recall, both, or neither. Hence, there
      were four groups: Anxiety-Anxiety, Anxiety-Nonanxiety, Nonanxiety-Anxiety, and
      Nonanxiety-Nonanxiety. Subjects were asked to rate the self-descriptiveness of
      anxiety (e.g. NERVOUS) and nonanxiety adjective (e.g. POLITE) during the encoding
      phase, and to recall them later. Anxious mood was measured by self-report scales
      and by heart rate. No support was obtained for any of the three hypotheses.
      However, post-hoc analyses indicated that anxiety words were recalled least often
      in subjects whose heart rate increased from encoding to recall. This suggests
      that attention to threat information may diminish in aroused nonclinical
      subjects.

PMID- 2930440
TI  - Behaviour therapy and obsessional ruminations: can failure be turned into
      success?
AB  - This paper considers the possible reasons for the relative failure of behavioural
      treatment for 'ruminations' (obsessional thoughts without overt compulsive
      behaviour). It is argued that this problem is due to an inadequate
      conceptualisation of the nature of ruminations and that as a result, exposure and
      response prevention have not been applied effectively. Effective treatment of
      ruminations requires systematically applied exposure in conjunction with the
      identification and prevention of covert compulsive behaviours. The practical
      problems of implementing 'covert exposure and response prevention' are considered
      and a form of habituation training is described, which is designed to overcome
      these inadequacies. A series of single case studies using this technique is
      presented.

PMID- 2930441
TI  - Sensory preconditioning and UCS inflation in human 'fear' conditioning.
AB  - This study describes a human electrodermal conditioning experiment involving
      processes of sensory preconditioning and UCS inflation. In stage 1 of the
      experiment Ss received six presentations of a CS+ paired with an innocuous 65 dB
      tone (UCS) and six presentations of an unpaired CS-. In stage 2, Ss in the
      experimental group had the aversiveness of the UCS inflated as the intensity of
      the 65 dB tone was increased to 115 dB. In stage 3, Ss were given test
      presentations of CS+ and CS-. A differential CR to CS+ was found only in stage 3
      of the experiment and only in Ss who had experienced the UCS inflation procedure.
      These results suggest that (i) sensory preconditioning had occurred in stage 1
      despite the failure to observe a differential CR in this stage, and (ii) the
      differential CR observed in stage 3 was mediated by an internal representation of
      the UCS whose aversiveness had been inflated in stage 2. As well as confirming
      that processes of sensory preconditioning and UCS inflation can be observed in
      human as well as animal Ss, these findings have important implications for
      contemporary conditioning models of clinical fears. In particular, they suggest
      that a contemporary conditioning model of acquired fears is not bound by the need
      to discover contiguous stimulus-trauma experiences in the histories of clinical
      phobias since, in humans at least, processes of stimulus association and UCS
      revaluation appear to be relatively independent.

PMID- 2930442
TI  - Factors influencing drinking behavior in alcoholic panickers and non-panickers.
AB  - Male alcoholics who (a) experienced panic attacks prior to abusing alcohol, (b)
      experienced panic attacks subsequent to abusing alcohol, and (c) had not
      experienced panic attacks were compared on three sets of measures: the Panic
      Attack Questionnaire, the Restrained Drinking Scale, and the Inventory of
      Drinking Situations. The results showed that two groups of Ss who experienced
      panic attacks were more likely than non-panickers to use drugs other than
      alcohol, began drinking at an earlier age, had a greater proportion of parents
      with panic and alcohol related problems, had higher drinking restraint scores,
      and drank in more situations. The Ss who experienced panic attacks prior to
      abusing alcohol were more likely than the other groups to drink in situations
      similar to those related to agoraphobic fears. It was postulated that alcoholics
      who experience panic attacks, especially those who experienced panic attacks
      prior to abusing alcohol may be using alcohol to reduce anxiety or fear related
      to panic attacks.

PMID- 2930443
TI  - Research-structured vs clinically flexible versions of social learning-based
      marital therapy.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to compare our structured research-based version of
      marital therapy from a social learning perspective with a clinically flexible
      version of the same treatment where treatment plans were individually-based and
      there was no specific number of treatment sessions. Thirty distressed married
      couples were randomly assigned to one of these two treatments. Assessment of
      outcome was based on global marital satisfaction, spouse reports of functioning
      in specific areas, and direct observational measures of communication. At
      posttest there were no differences in efficacy between structured and flexible
      treatments, although both treatments led to significant improvements. At a 6
      month follow-up couples treated with the structured format were more likely to
      have deteriorated and flexibly treated couples were more likely to have
      maintained their treatment gains.

PMID- 2930444
TI  - Cognitive bias and irrational belief as predictors of avoidance.
AB  - Cognitive bias, i.e. overestimates of subjective probability and cost of
      catastrophic events, and irrational belief were explored as predictors of
      avoidance. Three groups-anxiety disordered clients, a mixed group of clinic
      outpatients, and normals--were administered several self-report inventories.
      Multiple regression analyses were used to investigate a modified version of the
      Agoraphobic Cognitions Questionnaire, the Belief Scale, and the Body Sensations
      Questionnaire as predictors of avoidance, as measured by the Mobility Inventory.
      It was hypothesized that frequency x probability x cost of catastrophic
      cognitions (and the occurrence of the events they represent) would be a better
      predictor of avoidance than frequency alone. It was also hypothesized that
      irrational thinking would be a significant predictor of avoidance. The results
      generally supported the hypotheses, with subjective probability emerging as a
      particularly potent predictor of avoidance. Theoretical and clinical implications
      are discussed.

PMID- 2930445
TI  - Sensations, cognitions and the perception of cues associated with expected and
      unexpected panic attacks.
AB  - Panic attacks may be perceived by patients as either cued or uncued (spontaneous)
      and either expected or unexpected. The purpose of the present study was to
      examine the prevalence and characteristics of these types of panic. Twenty-six
      panic disorder patients with mild avoidance and 18 with moderate or severe
      avoidance were instructed to complete a questionnaire during or immediately
      following each of three consecutive naturally occurring panic attacks they
      experienced. They were asked to rate the extent to which they expected the panic
      attack to occur, whether they felt it was associated with an external panic "cue"
      (e.g. a shopping mall), whether they would expect to panic again in similar
      circumstances, their mood, present level of life stress, and fear and severity of
      their body sensations and disturbing cognitions. Results indicated that from a
      sample of 92 questionnaires, each representing a separate panic, nearly 70% of
      panic attacks were rated as cued-expected and only one panic was rated as uncued
      expected. The other two categories each comprised about 15% of all panic attacks.
      There were few reported differences in body sensations and cognitions reported as
      a function of type of panic and no differences with regard to extent of
      agoraphobic avoidance. Expected panic was associated with a higher expectation of
      future panic in similar circumstances.

PMID- 2930446
TI  - Selective recall of surprising visual scenes. An experimental note on Seligman
      and Yellen's theory of dreams.
AB  - Seligman and Yellen (Behav. Res. Ther. 25, 1-24, 1987) reported that dream
      fragments that are unrelated to the preceding fragments of the same dream are
      recalled as being more vivid and colorful and are remembered in more detail than
      dream fragments that are plot related and that lack an element of surprise. The
      authors take this as support for their hypothesis that while one dreams, two
      distinct types of visualization occur: one consisting of sudden, emotional bursts
      and the other occurring as a product of cognitive integration. An alternative
      explanation of Seligman and Yellen's data is that surprisingness of visual scenes
      is, in itself, sufficient to produce vivid, detailed, and colorful recall. In
      order to test this alternative hypothesis, 239 volunteers evaluated target slides
      that were preceded by either related or unrelated slides. When preceded by
      unrelated slides, the target slide was experienced as more surprising, was
      forgotten less often, and was evaluated as more colorful, more detailed, and more
      vivid. It is concluded that the data given by Seligman and Yellen do not
      constitute unequivocal support for their hypothesis.

PMID- 2930447
TI  - An evaluation of the Takeda UA751 automatic sphygmomanometer.
AB  - The Takeda UA751, a simple automatic blood pressure measuring device, was
      compared with standard osciltatory measurement. There was little or no systematic
      difference in pressure determined by the automatic or manual method and the
      correlation between the two devices for both systolic and distolic pressure was
      satisfactory. This suggests that the Takeda UA751 is an appropriate device for
      patient self monitoring of blood pressure or as a measure of pressure in group
      outcome trials. The results essential replicate an evaluation by Steptoe and
      Molineux (Behav. Res. Ther. 24 223-226, 1986) of an earlier version of the Takeda
      (the Copal UA251) that used a different method for determining blood pressure.

PMID- 2930448
TI  - Safety-signal therapy in agoraphobics: a preliminary test.
AB  - It has been argued that persistent avoidance behaviour is strongly influenced by
      safety signals, and that agoraphobic avoidance behaviour is a clinical example of
      this influence. It was proposed that agoraphobic avoidance can be reduced by the
      judicious use of safety signals, and specifically, by training patients to travel
      towards rather than away from safety. A safety-signal technique in which the
      patient travelled towards the therapist at the most fear-inducing situations was
      compared with conventional therapist-assisted exposure. In the second part of the
      treatment programme, both groups of agoraphobics were given homework assignments.
      The safety-signal technique resulted in slightly better clinical gains than those
      achieved by therapist assisted exposure, but after these relatively brief
      programmes, the improvements in both groups were weak. Global clinical outcome
      was influenced by age, chronicity and long-term benzodiazepine use.

PMID- 2930449
TI  - [Characterization of Campylobacter spp. from wild birds].
AB  - Bacteria of the genus Campylobacter were isolated from 28 Rooks (Corvus
      frugilegus), 1 Red Kite (Milvus milvus), 1 Lapwing (Vanellus vanellus), 1 Coot
      (Fulica atra), 1 Common Moorhen (Gallinula chloropus) and 1 Northern Mallard
      (Anas platyrhynchos). Altogether, C. jejuni biovar 1, was isolated 19x, C. jejuni
      biovar 2 8x and C. coli 5x. Among C. jejuni biovar 1 and 2 there were 5 isolates
      tolerating a content of 1.5% NaCl in the medium. H2S proof of 3 C. jejuni biovar
      2 and 1 C. coli isolates resulted positive or negative dependent on incubation
      time of the used bacterial inoculum. Concerning Rooks the findings indicate that
      nestlings are more often infected with campylobacters than older birds. Only 1
      campylobacter isolate could be recovered from altogether 54 birds of prey
      although 16 Buzzards (Buteo buteo) were investigated as nestlings.

PMID- 2930450
TI  - [The effect of the time of day on the renal excretion of several minerals in
      cattle].
AB  - Urine of 17 cows was totally collected with a permanent bladder catheter for 3-5
      days. The quantities of excreted calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and
      inorganic phosphorus were evaluated. In a second experiment 448 urine samples,
      spontaneously excreted at different times of day, were analysed concerning the
      concentrations of the specified minerals and of creatinine. In order to avoid a
      possible misinterpretation the relations of the concentrations of the minerals
      and of creatinine concentration in each sample were computed. In both experiments
      it is shown that excretion of potassium and magnesium doesn't considerably differ
      at different times of day. Calcium, sodium and inorganic phosphorus, however,
      show maxima of excretion in the middle of each day and minima at midnight.
      Possible reasons for this phenomena and the meaning for use in diagnosis are
      discussed.

PMID- 2930451
TI  - [The prevention of distemper in zoo animals].
AB  - The distemper virus infection of different non-domestic carnivorous zoo animals
      is known since long. All species involved belonged to the suborder Fissipedia. In
      1988 a distemper or morbillivirus-like infection occurred in harbour seals, a
      member of the suborder pinnipedia. For the prophylaxis of distemper in dogs
      attenuated live vaccines are commonly used. In zoo animals, however, these
      vaccines caused distemper several times. In contrast, an inactivated virus
      vaccine proved both its safety and efficacy in more than hundred zoo animals of
      various species.

PMID- 2930452
TI  - [Computer simulation of the stable climate on the PC in veterinary practice].
AB  - The wide distribution of personal computers allows the application of programs
      which enable veterinary surgeons to assist in the management of live stock. A
      simulation model is made for the field of indoor climates of stables which makes
      a full-year calculation of temperature and humidity of the indoor climate and the
      quality of the air in stables. The calculation is based on a steady-state balance
      model of energy (heat and humidity) and matter. Using the example of a pig
      fattening sty, all the necessary system parameters are stated that are needed to
      totally present the model. The results of the simulation are then interpreted.
      Furthermore the assertions and conclusions will be shown which result thereby.

PMID- 2930453
TI  - Characteristics necessary for an interconvertible enzyme cascade to generate a
      highly sensitive response to an effector.
AB  - A monocyclic interconvertible enzyme cascade, in which active and inactive states
      of an enzyme are interconverted by two opposing enzyme-catalysed reactions, does
      not necessarily produce a greater degree of sensitivity to an effector than one
      could expect from direct interaction between effector and target reaction. On the
      contrary, a cascade in which an effector acts on one of the enzymes catalysing
      the interconversion reactions by altering the apparent value of its specificity
      constant will always generate a less sensitive response than direct interaction
      would give. Nonetheless, even if both interconversion reactions obey Michaelis
      Menten kinetics with the ordinary types of inhibition and activation, one can
      easily generate an enormous sensitivity in which a 0.5% change in concentration
      can increase the proportion of target enzyme in the active state from 10% to 90%:
      this corresponds approximately to a Hill coefficient of 800. To maximize the
      sensitivity, the following conditions must be satisfied: (1) both modifier
      enzymes must act under conditions of near saturation; (2) the effector must act
      on both of them in opposite directions; (3) it must alter the apparent values of
      their catalytic constants; (4) the enzyme subject to inhibition by the effector
      must respond at much lower effector concentrations than the enzyme subject to
      activation. As the last of these conditions appears to be counter-intuitive, it
      suggests that feeble activation of modifier enzymes in real systems may have
      passed unnoticed, or been dismissed as physiologically insignificant, although in
      reality crucial to the effective response of the system.

PMID- 2930454
TI  - Chondroitinase ABC digestion of dermatan sulphate. N.m.r. spectroscopic
      characterization of the oligo- and poly-saccharides.
AB  - Dermatan sulphates, in which iduronate was the predominant uronate constituent,
      were partially digested by chondroitinase ABC to produce oligosaccharides of the
      following structure: delta UA-[GalNAc(4SO3)-IdoA]mGalNAc(4SO3) [where m = 0-5,
      delta UA represents beta-D-gluco-4-enepyranosyluronate, IdoA represents alpha-L
      iduronate and GalNAc(4SO3) represents 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-galactose 4-O
      sulphate], which were fractionated by gel-permeation chromatography and examined
      by 100 MHz 13C-n.m.r. and 400/500 MHz 1H-n.m.r. spectroscopy. Experimental
      conditions were established for the removal of non-reducing terminal unsaturated
      uronate residues by treatment with HgCL2, and reducing terminal N
      acetylgalactosamine residues of the oligosaccharides were reduced with alkaline
      borohydride. These modifications were shown by 13C-n.m.r. spectroscopy to have
      proceeded to completion. Assignments of both 13C-n.m.r. and 1H-n.m.r. resonances
      are reported for the GalNAc(4SO3)-IdoA repeat sequence in the oligosaccharides as
      well as for the terminal residues resulting from enzyme digestion and subsequent
      modifications. A full analysis of a trisaccharide derived from dermatan sulphate
      led to the amendment of published 13C-n.m.r. chemical-shift assignments for the
      polymer.

PMID- 2930455
TI  - Ectoenzymes of the kidney microvillar membrane. Affinity purification,
      characterization and localization of the phospholipase C-solubilized form of
      renal dipeptidase.
AB  - Renal dipeptidase (EC 3.4.13.11) was solubilized from pig kidney microvillar
      membranes with bacterial phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C and then
      purified by affinity chromatography on cilastatin-Sepharose. The enzyme was
      apparently homogeneous on SDS/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis with an Mr of
      47,000. Immunohistochemical analysis of the distribution of the dipeptidase
      showed it to be concentrated in the brush-border region of the proximal tubules
      in close association with endopeptidase-24.11) (EC 3.4.24.11). The purified
      dipeptidase was shown to contain 1 mol of inositol/mol and to possess the cross
      reacting determinant characteristic of the glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol membrane
      anchoring domain. The glycoprotein nature of renal dipeptidase was confirmed by
      chemical and enzymic deglycosylation. These results establish renal dipeptidase
      as a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-anchored ectoenzyme of the microvillar
      membrane.

PMID- 2930456
TI  - Purification of a growth factor related to platelet-derived growth factor and a
      type beta transforming growth factor secreted by mouse neuroblastoma cells. A
      general strategy for the purification of basic polypeptide growth factors.
AB  - A general strategy was developed for the purification of basic polypeptide growth
      factors. This method is a combination of gel filtration, weak-cation-exchange
      h.p.l.c. and reverse-phase h.p.l.c., separating the proteins according to size,
      charge and hydrophobicity respectively. All steps are carried out at low pH with
      exclusively volatile acidic buffer solutions. The sterile conditions and easy
      removal of salt by freeze-drying facilitate the detection of the growth factors
      by biological assays. By using this method, homogeneous preparations of two basic
      growth factors were purified in high yield from mouse-neuroblastoma-Neuro-2A-cell
      conditioned medium. It is shown that these purified factors are biochemically and
      immunologically related to platelet-derived growth factor and type beta
      transforming growth factor from human platelets.

PMID- 2930457
TI  - Interaction with a monoclonal antibody alters the expression of co-operativity by
      phenylalanine hydroxylase from rat liver.
AB  - Phenylalanine hydroxylase purified from rat liver shows positive co-operativity
      in response to variations in phenylalanine concentration when assayed with the
      naturally occurring cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin. In addition, preincubation of
      phenylalanine hydroxylase with phenylalanine results in a substantial activation
      of the tetrahydrobiopterin-dependent activity of the enzyme. The monoclonal
      antibody PH-1 binds to phenylalanine hydroxylase only after the enzyme has been
      preincubated with phenylalanine and is therefore assumed to recognize a
      conformational epitope associated with substrate-level activation of the
      hydroxylase. Under these conditions, PH-1 inhibits the activity of phenylalanine
      hydroxylase; however, at maximal binding of PH-1 the enzyme is still 2-3 fold
      activated relative to the native enzyme. The inhibition by PH-1 is non
      competitive with respect to tetrahydropterin cofactor. This suggests that PH-1
      does not bind to an epitope at the active site of the hydroxylase. Upon maximal
      binding of PH-1, the positive co-operativity normally expressed by phenylalanine
      hydroxylase with respect to variations in phenylalanine concentration is
      abolished. The monoclonal antibody may therefore interact with phenylalanine
      hydroxylase at or near the regulatory or activator-binding site for phenylalanine
      on the enzyme molecule.

PMID- 2930458
TI  - Solubilization of stable adenosine A1 receptors from rat brain.
AB  - Despite numerous reports of solubilization of adenosine A1 receptors, little
      progress has been made in isolating or purifying the receptor, owing to the
      extreme lability of the preparations. The present solubilization strategies
      recognized the possible role of endogenous adenosine to produce adenosine
      receptor-N-protein complexes, which are intrinsically unstable, and instead
      attempted to use caffeine to solubilize free adenosine receptors, which might be
      more stable. Endogenous adenosine was removed from membranes by using adenosine
      deaminase along with GTP to accelerate the release of receptor-bound adenosine.
      The receptors were then occupied with caffeine and solubilized with 3-[(3
      cholamidopropyl)-dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulphonate (CHAPS) in the presence of
      glycerol. These soluble preparations exhibited the characteristics of free
      adenosine receptors. They bound the A1-selective antagonist 8-cyclopentyl-1,3
      dipropylxanthine (CPDPX) with high affinity to a single class of binding sites,
      which were insensitive to GTP. The binding activity was extremely stable, with a
      half-life of about 5 days at 4 degrees C; there was little change in either
      receptor number or affinity during 3 days at 4 degrees C. This methodology should
      greatly facilitate the characterization, isolation and purification of the
      adenosine A1 receptor.

PMID- 2930459
TI  - Analysis of kinetic data for irreversible enzyme inhibition.
AB  - Many organophosphorus compounds are irreversible inhibitors of
      acetylcholinesterase. The methods used in the literature to determine the
      inhibition kinetic constants usually involve either manual determination of the
      slope at various points along the inhibition progress curve or fitting
      polynomials to the curve. The present study investigates the use of non-linear
      regression analysis to determine the various parameters. A method is suggested
      that yields accurate values for the inhibition constants under a range of
      circumstances.

PMID- 2930460
TI  - Caprine acrosin. Purification, characterization and proteolysis of the porcine
      zona pellucida.
AB  - Acrosin purified from an acidic extract of ejaculated goat spermatozoa migrated
      as a single 42,000-Mr band in SDS/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. Reduction
      and alkylation of caprine acrosin produced two polypeptides, one of Mr 40,000
      (heavy chain) and the other of Mr 3700 (light chain). The light chain purified by
      reversed-phase h.p.l.c. was a glycosylated octadecapeptide with an amino acid
      sequence similar to that of the N-terminal 18 residues of porcine acrosin light
      chain (78% positional identity). The sequence of the N-terminal 37 amino acids of
      purified caprine acrosin heavy chain is similar to that of porcine acrosin heavy
      chain (70% positional identity through 37 residues). Studies with synthetic
      substrates and synthetic and natural proteinase inhibitors confirmed both the
      specificity of the purified proteinase for Arg-Xaa and Lys-Xaa bonds and a serine
      proteinase mechanism. Purified caprine acrosin hydrolysed the 90 kDa and 65 kDa
      components, but did not hydrolyse the 55 kDa component of the porcine zona
      pellucida. The action of the enzyme on the porcine zona pellucida was
      indistinguishable from that previously reported for porcine acrosin.

PMID- 2930461
TI  - Human intestinal glutathione S-transferases.
AB  - Cytosolic glutathione S-transferases were purified from the epithelial cells of
      human small and large intestine. These preparations were characterized with
      regard to specific activities, subunit and isoenzyme composition. Isoenzyme
      composition and specific activity showed little variation from proximal to distal
      small intestine. Specific activities of hepatic and intestinal enzymes from the
      same patient were comparable. Hepatic enzymes were mainly composed of 25 kDa
      subunits. Transferases from small intestine contained 24 and 25 kDa subunits, in
      variable amounts. Colon enzymes were composed of 24 kDa subunits. In most
      preparations, however, minor amounts of 27 and 27.5 kDa subunits were detectable.
      Separation into isoforms by isoelectric focusing revealed striking differences:
      glutathione S-transferases from liver were mainly basic or neutral, enzymes from
      small intestine were basic, neutral and acidic, whereas large intestine contained
      acidic isoforms only. The intestinal acidic transferase most probably was
      identical with glutathione S-transferase Pi, isolated from human placenta. In the
      hepatic preparation, this isoform was hardly detectable. The specific activity of
      glutathione S-transferase showed a sharp fall from small to large intestine. In
      proximal and distal colon, activity seemed to be about equal. In the ascending
      colon there might be a relationship between specific activity of glutathione S
      transferases and age of the patient, activity decreasing with increasing age.

PMID- 2930462
TI  - Synthesis and processing of cathepsin L, an elastase, by human alveolar
      macrophages.
AB  - Cathepsin L was partially purified from lysates of freshly isolated macrophages
      lavaged from lungs of apparently healthy adults and found to be
      chromatographically and catalytically identical with liver cathepsin L. Western
      blotting analysis showed that lung macrophages contain significant levels of a
      precursor of cathepsin L (43 kDa) in addition to mature enzyme (25 kDa). After
      culturing for a further 24 h, the precursor disappeared and a new band,
      corresponding to 34 kDa, appeared, suggesting that the precursor had been
      processed to an intermediate form of cathepsin L. Biosynthetic labelling of
      macrophages in vitro with [35S]methionine followed by immunoprecipitation with
      the cathepsin L antibody confirmed that the cells synthesize cathepsin L as a 43
      kDa precursor that is then processed to the mature form (25 kDa) via a 34 kDa
      intermediate. The precursor, but not the processed forms, was released into the
      culture medium. During culture in vitro the 34 kDa intermediate accumulated, and
      little enzyme was processed to the 24 kDa form, consistent with the immunoblot
      data. Human lung macrophages contain a 1.5 kb transcript of cathepsin L mRNA,
      whereas none is detectable in human monocytes. These results establish that
      differentiation of human macrophages within the lung is accompanied by synthesis
      and expression of an elastinolytic enzyme, cathepsin L. The altered processing of
      cathepsin L observed during cultivation in vitro suggests caution in the
      assessment of the elastinolytic potential of human macrophages based on assay in
      vitro.

PMID- 2930463
TI  - Purification and N-terminal partial sequence of anti-epilepsy peptide from venom
      of the scorpion Buthus martensii Karsch.
AB  - An anti-epilepsy peptide (AEP) was isolated and purified from venom of the
      scorpion Buthus martensii Karsch. The purification procedure included CM-Sephadex
      C-50 chromatography, gel filtration on Sephadex G-50 and DEAE-Sephadex A-50
      chromatography. Its homogeneity was demonstrated by pH 4.3 polyacrylamide-disc
      gel electrophoresis, focusing electrophoresis and SDS/polyacrylamide-disc-gel
      electrophoresis. The Mr of this peptide, calculated from measurements in SDS/15%
      polyacrylamide-disc-gel and SDS/20%-polyacrylamide-disc-gel electrophoresis, is
      8300. The isoelectric point is 8.52 by pH 8-9.5-range isoelectric focusing. No
      haemorrhagic or toxic activities were found. No toxicity was found even after the
      dose reached 28 mg/kg. The pharmacological tests showed that the AEP had no
      effect on heart rate, blood pressure or electrocardiogram, but strongly inhibited
      epilepsy induced by coriaria lactone and cephaloridine. The fluorescence spectrum
      showed that the peptide has a strong emission peak at 337 nm. Amino acid analysis
      suggested that the AEP is composed of 66 residues from 18 amino acids and has an
      Mr of 8290. The sequence of the first 50 N-terminal residues is as follows: Asp
      Gly-Tyr-Ile-Arg-Gly-Ser-Asp-Asn-Cys-Lys-Val-Ser-Cys-Leu-Leu-Gly-Asn- Glu-Gly -
      Cys-Asn-Lys-Glu-Cys-Arg-Ala-Tyr-Gly-Ala-Ser-Tyr-Gly-Tyr-Cys-Trp-Thr-Val- Lys-Leu 
      Ala-Gln-Asp-Cys-Glu-Gly-Leu-Pro-Asp-Thr-.

PMID- 2930464
TI  - The effects of fasting or hypoxia on rates of protein synthesis in vivo in
      subcellular fractions of rat heart and gastrocnemius muscle.
AB  - We measured rates of protein synthesis in vivo in subcellular fractions (soluble,
      myofibrillar and stromal fractions) of the heart and the gastrocnemius from rats
      after fasting or under hypoxic conditions (i.e. atmospheres containing 5% or 10%
      O2). Such interventions are known to inhibit protein synthesis under some
      circumstances. The recovery of tissue protein after fractionation was 80-100%.
      The proportions of protein present in the soluble and stromal fractions were
      different in the two muscles. The rates of protein synthesis in the myofibrillar
      and stromal fractions were less than those for total mixed tissue protein,
      whereas the rate for soluble protein was greater. Both fasting and moderate
      hypoxia (10% O2 for 24 h) inhibited protein synthesis in the gastrocnemius. In
      this tissue, the synthesis of the myofibrillar fraction was apparently the most
      sensitive to inhibition, and this resulted in some significant increases in the
      soluble-fraction/myofibrillar-fraction protein-synthesis rate ratios. In the
      heart, fasting inhibited protein synthesis, but moderate hypoxia (10% O2 for 24
      h) did not. The rate of protein synthesis in the cardiac myofibrillar fraction
      was again more sensitive to fasting than were the rates in the other fractions,
      but it was not as sensitive as that in the gastrocnemius. Under severely hypoxic
      conditions (5% O2 for 1 or 2 h), protein synthesis was decreased in all fractions
      in both tissues. These results suggest that the rates of protein synthesis in
      these relatively crude subcellular fractions vary.

PMID- 2930466
TI  - Kinetics of p-nitrophenyl pivalate hydrolysis catalysed by cytoplasmic aldehyde
      dehydrogenase.
AB  - The effects of modifiers (NAD+, NADH, propionaldehyde, chloral hydrate,
      diethylstilboestrol and p-nitrobenzaldehyde) on the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl
      (PNP) pivalate (PNP trimethylacetate) catalysed by cytoplasmic aldehyde
      dehydrogenase are reported. In each case a different inhibition pattern is
      obtained to that observed when the substrate is PNP acetate; for example,
      propionaldehyde and chloral hydrate competitively inhibit the hydrolysis of PNP
      acetate, but are mixed inhibitors with PNP pivalate. The kinetic results can be
      rationalized in terms of different rate-determining steps: acylation of the
      enzyme in the case of the pivalate but acyl-enzyme hydrolysis for the acetate.
      This is confirmed by stopped-flow studies, in which a burst of p-nitrophenoxide
      is observed when the substrate is PNP acetate, but not when it is the pivalate.
      PNP pivalate inhibits the dehydrogenase activity of the enzyme competitively with
      the aldehyde substrate; this is most simply explained if the esterase and
      dehydrogenase reactions occur at a common enzymic site.

PMID- 2930465
TI  - Purification and kinetic mechanism of the major glutathione S-transferase from
      bovine brain.
AB  - The major glutathione S-transferase isoenzyme from bovine brain was isolated and
      purified approx. 500-fold. The enzyme has a pI of 7.39 +/- 0.02 and consists of
      two non-identical subunits having apparent Mr values of 22,000 and 24,000. The
      enzyme is uniformly distributed in brain, and kinetic data at pH 6.5 with 1
      chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) as substrate suggest a random rapid-equilibrium
      mechanism. The kinetics of inhibition by product, by GSH analogues and by NADH
      are consistent with the suggested mechanism and require inhibitor binding to
      several different enzyme forms. Long-chain fatty acids are excellent inhibitors
      of the enzyme, and values of 1nKi for hexanoic acid, octanoic acid, decanoic acid
      and lauric acid form a linear series when plotted as a function of alkyl chain
      length. A free-energy change of -1900 J/mol (-455 cal/mol) per CH2 unit is
      calculated for the contribution of hydrophobic binding energy to the inhibition
      constants. The turnover number of the purified enzyme dimer is approx. 3400/min.
      When compared with the second-order rate constant for the reaction between CDNB
      and GSH, the enzyme is providing a rate acceleration of about 1000-fold. The role
      of entropic contributions to this small rate acceleration is discussed.

PMID- 2930467
TI  - The action of cytoplasmic aldehyde dehydrogenase on methyl p-nitrophenyl
      carbonate and p-nitrophenyl dimethylcarbamate.
AB  - Cytoplasmic aldehyde dehydrogenase catalyses the hydrolysis of methyl p
      nitrophenyl (PNP) carbonate at an appreciable rate that is markedly stimualted by
      NAD+ or NADH. The nuleotides accelerate the rate-limiting hydrolysis of the acyl
      enzyme intermediate while slowing the observed burst of p-nitrophenoxide
      production. With PNP dimethylcarbamate the enzyme catalyses the slow release of
      approx. 1 molecule of p-nitrophenoxide per tetrameric enzyme molecule; during the
      reaction the enzyme becomes effectively inactivated, as the rate of hydrolysis of
      the acyl-enzyme is virtually zero. The presence of NAD+, NADH, propionaldehyde,
      chloral hydrate, diethylstilboestrol or disulfiram slows the reaction of enzyme
      with PNP dimethylcarbamate. The reaction appears to be dependent on a group of
      pKa 7.6, possibly a cysteine residue. The effect of PNP dimethylcarbamate on the
      dehydrogenase activity of the enzyme is consistent with there being a single type
      of active site for the enzyme's dehydrogenase and esterase activities. Steric and
      electronic factors that govern reaction of the enzyme with PNP substrates are
      discussed.

PMID- 2930468
TI  - The binding of NADH to cytoplasmic aldehyde dehydrogenase after modification with
      p-nitrophenyl dimethylcarbamate.
AB  - Cytoplasmic aldehyde dehydrogenase may be modified by reaction with p-nitrophenyl
      dimethylcarbamate to give a stable E-X-CO-NMe2 species that is an analogue of the
      usual labile acyl-enzyme involved in the enzyme's reactions. [X is derived from
      an enzymic nucleophilic group.] This species still contains the tightly bound
      NADH that is present in the native enzyme. When further NADH binds to E-X-CO-NMe2
      its fluorescence is enhanced over 4 times more than when it binds to unmodified
      enzyme; this fluorescence is completely unaffected by high propionaldehyde
      concentration and only slightly affected by p-nitrobenzaldehyde. The modified
      species has 1.0 NADH binding site in the absence of Mg2+ and 1.67 sites in its
      presence. The rate of dissociation of E-X-CO-NMe2.NADH is biphasic (k 3.4 and 1.8
      min-1) and is considerably lower than that of E.NADH; the presence of Mg2+ slows
      the process even more (k 0.47 and 0.37 min-1). The implications of these studies
      towards a greater understanding of the nature of aldehyde dehydrogenase-catalysed
      reactions are discussed.

PMID- 2930469
TI  - Incorporation of atmospheric oxygen into the carbonyl functionality of the
      protochlorophyllide isocyclic ring.
AB  - Detached cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. var. Beit Alpha) cotyledons incubated in
      darkness with 5-aminolaevulinic acid and either 16O2 air (control) or 18O2 in N2
      accumulated protochlorophyllide. This was converted into methyl phaeoporphyrin
      alpha 5 and analysed by mass spectrometry. The molecular ion of the methyl
      phaeoporphyrin alpha 5 derived from the 18O2 incubation was 2 mass units greater
      than that of the control, establishing that the oxo oxygen atom of the isocyclic
      ring is derived from atmospheric oxygen.

PMID- 2930471
TI  - Comparison of the flux of carbon to hepatic glycogen deposition and fatty acid
      and cholesterol synthesis on refeeding rats fed ad libitum or meal-fed rats with
      a chow-diet meal.
AB  - Meal-fed rats and rats fed ad libitum had similar rates of hepatic glycogen
      deposition on refeeding with a chow meal. In contrast, the rate of hepatic lipid
      synthesis (cholesterol plus fatty acids) was 6-fold higher on refeeding in the
      meal-fed group compared with the 'ad libitum' group. There were no significant
      differences in the gastrointestinal or hepatic contents of glucose or lactate
      between the two groups. It is suggested that in the meal-fed group exogenous
      glucose may be directly converted into glycogen, whereas the substrate for lipid
      synthesis is a C3 unit.

PMID- 2930470
TI  - Detection of peroxyl and alkoxyl radicals produced by reaction of hydroperoxides
      with rat liver microsomal fractions.
AB  - E.s.r. spin trapping using the spin trap 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO)
      was used to detect peroxyl, alkoxyl and carbon-centred radicals produced by
      reaction of t-butyl hydroperoxide (tBuOOH) with rat liver microsomal fraction.
      The similarity of the hyperfine coupling constants of the peroxyl and alkoxyl
      radical adducts to those obtained previously with isolated enzymes suggests that
      these species are the tBuOO. and tBuO. adducts. The effects of metal-ion
      chelators, heat denaturation, enzyme inhibitors and reducing equivalents
      demonstrate that these species arise from reaction of tBuOOH with a haem enzyme
      such as cytochrome P-450 or cytochrome b5. In the absence of NADPH or NADH the
      previously undetected peroxyl radical adduct is the major species observed. In
      the presence of these reducing equivalents the alkoxyl and carbon-centred radical
      adducts predominate, which is in accord with product studies on similar systems.
      These results demonstrate that both reductive and oxidative decomposition of
      tBuOOH can occur in rat liver microsomal fraction with the reductive pathway
      favoured in the presence of NADH or NADPH.

PMID- 2930472
TI  - Characteristics of butanol metabolism in alcohol dehydrogenase-deficient
      deermice.
AB  - Deermice lacking the low-Km alcohol dehydrogenase eliminated butan-1-ol, a
      substrate for microsomal oxidation but not for catalase, at 117 mumol/min per kg
      body wt. Microsomal fractions and hepatocytes metabolized butan-1-ol also (Vmax.
      = 6.7 nmol/min per nmol of cytochrome P-450, Km = 0.85 mM; Vmax. = 5.3 nmol/min
      per 10(6) cells, Km = 0.71 mM respectively). These results are consistent with
      alcohol oxidation by the microsomal system in these deermice.

PMID- 2930473
TI  - Interferences with assay of creatine kinase activity in vitro.

PMID- 2930474
TI  - Use of inhibitors in studies of the processes of cytosolic enzyme release from
      skeletal muscle.

PMID- 2930475
TI  - Extremely rapid endocytosis mediated by the mannose receptor of sinusoidal
      endothelial rat liver cells.
AB  - Isolated sinusoidal endothelial rat liver cells (EC) in suspension bound and
      internalized ovalbumin, a mannose-terminated glycoprotein, in a saturable manner.
      The binding and uptake were Ca2+-dependent and were effectively inhibited by
      alpha-methyl mannoside and yeast mannan, but not by galactose or
      asialoglycoproteins. This corresponds to the binding specificity described for
      the mannose receptor of macrophages and non-parenchymal liver cells. Binding
      studies indicated a surface pool of 20,000-25,000 mannose receptors per cell,
      with a dissociation constant of 6 x 10(-8) M. Uptake and degradation of ovalbumin
      by isolated EC were inhibited by weak bases and ionophores which inhibit
      acidification of endocytic vesicles and dissociation of receptor-ligand
      complexes. Cycloheximide had no effect on uptake or degradation. Degradation, but
      not uptake, was inhibited by leupeptin. We conclude that ovalbumin dissociates
      from the mannose receptors in the endosomal compartment and the receptors are
      recycled to the cell surface, while the ovalbumin is directed to the lysosomes
      for degradation. A fraction of the internalized ovalbumin was recycled intact to
      the cell surface and escaped degradation (retroendocytosis). The rate of
      internalization of ovalbumin by isolated EC was very fast, with a Ke (endocytotic
      rate constant) of 4.12 min-1, which corresponds to a half-life of 10 s for the
      surface pool of receptor-ligand complexes. To our knowledge, this is the highest
      Ke reported for a receptor-mediated endocytosis system.

PMID- 2930476
TI  - Preparation and characterization of dog pancreas microsomal membranes
      specifically depleted of protein disulphide-isomerase.
AB  - 1. The selective release of protein disulphide-isomerase from dog pancreas and
      rat liver microsomal membranes was studied to throw light on the mechanisms of
      retention of this enzyme within the endoplasmic reticulum, and in order to
      prepare microsomal membranes specifically depleted of the enzyme. 2. Protein
      disulphide-isomerase was quantitatively released from dog pancreas microsomal
      membranes by washing at pH 9 and above, as demonstrated both by enzyme assay and
      by immunoblotting analysis. 3. Integral membrane proteins implicated in the
      process of translocation and segregation of secretory proteins were retained in
      pH 9-washed dog pancreas microsomal membranes. 4. After pH 9 washing, dog
      pancreas microsomal membranes were fully active in the translocation, segregation
      and processing of nascent secretory proteins; these membranes therefore provide a
      useful experimental system for testing the action of protein disulphide-isomerase
      on nascent secretory proteins. 5. Protein disulphide-isomerase was not released
      from rat liver microsomal membranes by pH 9 washing, and was much less readily
      released from these membranes by sonication, washing etc. than from dog pancreas
      microsomal membranes. 6. The mechanism of retention of protein disulphide
      isomerase, and of other resident proteins of the lumen of the endoplasmic
      reticulum, is discussed in the light of these findings.

PMID- 2930478
TI  - Beta-adrenergic induction of a cysteine-proteinase-inhibitor mRNA in rat salivary
      glands.
AB  - Transcripts encoding the cysteine-proteinase inhibitor rat cystatin S are induced
      in submandibular and parotid glands by the beta-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol
      (isoprenaline). High levels of cystatin S mRNA persist in glands of chronically
      treated animals for 6 days after discontinuation of the catecholamine, indicating
      a long half-life of the mRNA. Post-transcriptionally the size of the mRNA
      decreases, owing to a shortening of the poly(A) tail.

PMID- 2930477
TI  - Sequential changes in the expression of mitochondrial protein mRNA during the
      development of brown adipose tissue in bovine and ovine species. Sudden
      occurrence of uncoupling protein mRNA during embryogenesis and its disappearance
      after birth.
AB  - Samples of adipose tissue were obtained from different sites in bovine and ovine
      foetuses and newborns. RNA was isolated and analysed using bovine cDNA and ovine
      genomic probe for uncoupling protein (UCP), cDNA for subunits III and IV of
      cytochrome c oxidase and cDNA for ADP/ATP carrier. UCP mRNA was characterized for
      the first time in foetal bovine and ovine adipose tissue. It appeared later than
      mRNA of cytochrome c oxidase subunit III, and increased dramatically at birth (10
      fold). ADP/ATP carrier mRNA was expressed at a lower level but also increased 10
      fold at birth. It was demonstrated that UCP mRNA reached its highest level at
      birth in all bovine adipose tissues studied, except subcutaneous tissue. It
      disappeared quickly afterwards, being no longer detectable two days after birth.
      Similar variations were observed in newborn lambs. ADP/ATP carrier mRNA showed
      the same pattern of expression as UCP mRNA; although it was still lightly
      expressed two days after birth, it disappeared soon afterwards. Only mRNAs for
      cytochrome c oxidase subunits III and IV remained at the same level during the
      first postnatal week. On the basis of these data and of observations reported in
      the literature a sequence of events for the development of brown adipose cells in
      vivo is proposed. Soon after birth the perirenal adipose tissue of ruminants,
      which still contains mitochondria of typical brown adipose tissue morphology and
      high levels of cytochrome c oxidase mRNA, lacks UCP mRNA. Can it still be
      considered as brown fat? Ruminant species appear to be attractive models to study
      both the differentiation of brown adipose tissue and its possible conversion to
      white fat in large animals.

PMID- 2930480
TI  - [Leu]enkephalin stimulates carbohydrate metabolism in isolated hepatocytes and
      kidney tubule fragments by interaction with angiotensin II receptors.
AB  - The possibility that the effects of [Leu]enkephalin in vitro on hepatic
      carbohydrate metabolism are mediated by interaction with angiotensin II receptors
      has been examined. Preincubation of hepatocytes with either the angiotensin II
      receptor antagonist [Sar1,Ile8]angiotensin II or 10 mM-dithiothreitol abolished
      the ability of both angiotensin II and [Leu]enkephalin to increase phosphorylase
      a in hepatocytes prepared from fed rats. Dithiothreitol had no effect on the
      stimulation of phosphorylase in the presence of glucagon or phenylephrine,
      although it also inhibited the response to vasopressin. [Leu]enkephalin displaced
      specifically bound 125I-labelled angiotensin II from hepatic plasma membranes
      over a concentration range of 10(-7)-10(-5) M. This correlated with the dose
      response required to stimulate phosphorylase activity in intact hepatocytes and
      suggests that the effects of the opioid peptides on carbohydrate metabolism in
      liver are the result of cross-reactivity of the peptides with angiotensin II
      receptors. Addition of 10(-5) M-[Leu]enkephalin to isolated kidney tubule
      fragments stimulated gluconeogenesis from 5 mM-pyruvate, the magnitude of
      stimulation being comparable to that by either angiotensin II or adrenaline. This
      effect of the opioid peptide was also abolished by pretreatment of the tubules
      with [Sar1,Ile8]angiotensin II, suggesting that the ability of [Leu]enkephalin to
      interact with angiotensin II receptors is not restricted to the liver, but may
      occur in other tissues where both receptors occur together.

PMID- 2930479
TI  - Processing of cholesteryl ester from low-density lipoproteins in the rat. Hepatic
      metabolism and biliary secretion after uptake by different hepatic cell types.
AB  - Biliary secretion of the cholesteryl ester moiety of (modified) low-density
      lipoprotein (LDL) was examined under various experimental conditions in the rat.
      Human LDL or acetylated LDL (acetyl-LDL), radiolabelled with [3H]cholesteryl
      oleate, was administered intravenously to unanesthetized rats equipped with
      permanent catheters in the bile duct, duodenum and heart. LDL was cleared
      relatively slowly from plasma, mainly by Kupffer cells. At 3 h after injection,
      only 0.9% of the radioactivity was found in bile; after 12 h this value was 4.5%.
      Uptake of LDL by hepatocytes was stimulated by treatment of the rats with 17
      alpha-ethinyloestradiol (EE; 5 mg/kg for 3 successive days); this resulted in a
      more rapid secretion of radioactivity into bile, 3.9% and 12.4% after 3 h and 12
      h respectively. The extremely rapid uptake of acetyl-LDL via the scavenger
      pathway, mainly by endothelial cells, resulted in the secretion of only 2.1% of
      its 3H label into bile within 3 h, and 9.5% within 12 h. Radioactivity in bile
      was predominantly in the form of bile acids; only a small part was secreted as
      free cholesterol. However, the specific radioactivity of biliary cholesterol was
      higher than that of bile acids in all three experimental conditions. EE-treated
      animals did not form cholic acid from [3H]cholesteryl oleate, which was a major
      product of the cholesteryl oleate from LDL and acetyl-LDL in untreated rats, but
      formed predominantly very polar bile acids, i.e. muricholic acids. It is
      concluded that uptake of human LDL or acetyl-LDL by the liver of untreated rats
      is not efficiently coupled to biliary secretion of cholesterol (bile acids). This
      might be due to the anatomical localization of their principal uptake sites, the
      Kupffer cells and the endothelial cells respectively. Induction of LDL uptake by
      hepatocytes by EE treatment warrants a more efficient disposition of cholesterol
      from the body via bile.

PMID- 2930481
TI  - Effect of the binding of bilirubin to either the first class or the second class
      of binding sites of the human serum albumin molecule on its photochemical
      reaction.
AB  - The kinetics of the photochemical changes of bilirubin were studied at a constant
      concentration of bilirubin bound either to the first class or to the second class
      of binding sites of the human serum albumin molecule. The more the bilirubin
      binds to the first class of binding sites in the human serum albumin molecule,
      the more readily geometric photoequilibrium to give (ZE)-bilirubin takes place.
      The more the bilirubin binds to the second class of binding sites or
      allosterically transformed binding sites induced by added SDS, the more readily
      structural photoisomerization, i.e. the formation of (EZ)-cyclobilirubin, takes
      place. When the serum bilirubin concentration is at low, safe, values bilirubin
      binds exclusively to the first class of binding sites and serves as an
      antioxidant [Onishi, Yamakawa & Ogawa (1971) Perinatology 1, 373-379]; at these
      concentrations human serum albumin protects bilirubin from irreversible
      photodegradation by only allowing readily reversible geometric
      photoisomerization. As the serum bilirubin concentration increases to high, and
      potentially dangerous, values, bilirubin binds to the second class of binding
      sites, and under these conditions human serum albumin seems to promote the
      photocyclization of bilirubin. During irradiation human serum albumin seems to
      act by retaining low, useful, concentrations of bilirubin while facilitating
      irreversible photoisomerization of excess bilirubin.

PMID- 2930482
TI  - Effect of alpha-sarcin and ribosome-inactivating proteins on the interaction of
      elongation factors with ribosomes.
AB  - alpha-Sarcin from Aspergillus giganteus and the ribosome-inactivating proteins
      (RIPs) from higher plants inactivate the 60 S ribosomal subunit. The former is an
      RNAase, whereas RIPs are N-glycosidases. The site of cleavage of RNA and that of
      N-glycosidic depurinization are at one nucleotide distance in 28 S rRNA [Endo &
      Tsurugi (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 8128-8130]. The effect of alpha-sarcin and
      that of RIPs on the interaction of elongation factors with Artemia salina (brine
      shrimp) ribosomes have been investigated. alpha-Sarcin inhibits both the EF1
      (elongation factor 1)-dependent binding of aminoacyl-tRNA and the GTP-dependent
      binding of EF2 (elongation factor 2) to ribosomes, whereas two of the RIPs
      tested, ricin from Ricinus communis (castor bean) and volkensin from Adenia
      volkensii (kilyambiti), inhibit only the latter reaction. EF2 protects ribosomes
      from inactivation by both alpha-sarcin and ricin. The EF1-binding site is
      affected only by alpha-sarcin. The sensitivity of this site to alpha-sarcin is
      increased by pretreatment of ribosomes with ricin. A. salina ribosomes were
      highly resistant to the third RIP tested, namely gelonin from Gelonium
      multiflorum. All four proteins tested have, however, a comparable activity on the
      rabbit reticulocyte-lysate system.

PMID- 2930483
TI  - Characterization of a proteinase inhibitor isolated from the fungal pathogen
      Coccidioides immitis.
AB  - A proteinase inhibitor was isolated from the cytosol and cell wall of the fungal
      respiratory pathogen Coccidioides immitis. The inhibitor was purified to apparent
      homogeneity by acid precipitation, gel filtration and reverse-phase h.p.l.c. It
      has an Mr of about 5000 under reducing conditions, as revealed by
      SDS/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, and is both heat-stable and tolerant to
      low pH. The inhibitor can efficiently block activity of a 36,000-Mr serine
      proteinase previously isolated from the same cell-wall fraction of C. immitis,
      and the two molecules react in a 1:1 stoichiometry. The dissociation constant
      (Ki) of the enzyme-inhibitor complex is 2.3 x 10(-8) M. We suggest that the low
      Mr inhibitor may play a role in regulation of the activity of the cell-wall
      associated 36,000-Mr proteinase during sporulation of C. immitis.

PMID- 2930484
TI  - Cellular location of the cleavage event of the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor
      and fate of its anchoring domain in the rat hepatocyte.
AB  - Transcytosis of polymeric immunoglobulin (pIg) across glandular and mucosal
      epithelia is mediated by a member of the immunoglobulin supergene family, the pIg
      receptor. During transcellular routing, the receptor is cleaved and its
      ectoplasmic domain, known as secretory component (SC), is released into
      secretions bound to pIg. Using receptor-domain-specific antibodies, we have
      combined cell fractionation and immunoblotting of rat liver to examine the
      cellular routing of the receptor, the cellular location of the cleavage event and
      the fate of the anchor domain. Cleavage is a late event in receptor processing.
      It appears to occur at the canalicular plasma membrane, since intact receptor is
      present in this membrane domain and no SC is detected in whole liver homogenate
      or in cell fractions. The membrane anchor remaining after cleavage can be
      recovered in bile, as well as in a low-density fraction obtained after
      equilibrium centrifugation of liver (microsomal fractions) on sucrose density
      gradients. These data suggest that the membrane-anchor domain may be internalized
      as well as secreted together with SC into bile.

PMID- 2930485
TI  - Regulation of polyamine biosynthesis in rat hepatoma (HTC) cells by a bisbenzyl
      polyamine analogue.
AB  - A bisbenzyl polyamine analogue, MDL 27695, rapidly repressed ornithine
      decarboxylase (ODC) and S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase (AdoMet DC)
      activity and depleted polyamines in rat hepatoma (HTC) cells. The suppression of
      ODC and AdoMet DC activity was temporally related to metabolism of MDL 27695 by
      intracellular polyamine oxidase to a free-amine analogue, MDL 26752, which, when
      added directly to HTC cells, suppressed ODC activity and polyamine biosynthesis
      more rapidly and to a greater extent than did the bisbenzyl analogue. The ODC
      suppression caused by MDL 27695 was completely blocked by the addition of a
      polyamine oxidase inhibitor to the HTC-cell cultures along with MDL 27695. These
      data suggested that MDL 27695 acted as a prodrug, with metabolism to an active
      analogue being necessary for ODC repression to occur. MDL 27695 and MDL 26752
      completely abolished division of HTC cells when added to cultures at 1 microM.
      This established them as being among the most potent antiproliferative polyamine
      analogues yet described. MDL 27695 has also been shown to possess significant
      antimalarial effects both in vitro and in vivo, and it is possible that the
      marked suppression of polyamine biosynthesis described herein may contribute to
      its anti-malarial effects as well as its antiproliferative effects in mammalian
      cells.

PMID- 2930486
TI  - The occurrence of disulphide bonds in purified clathrin light chains.
AB  - Three forms of clathrin light chain contain two cysteine residues. These are the
      predominant brain-specific forms of LCa and LCb and the non-brain form of LCb.
      After purification in the absence of thiols they contain intramolecular
      disulphide bonds. The reduced and the oxidized forms show differences in
      electrophoretic mobility, explaining the variable and heterogeneous patterns
      observed on electrophoresis. Accessibility of the thiol groups in the free light
      chains is greater than when they are associated with the heavy chain. In contrast
      the cysteine residues of the clathrin heavy chain are completely inaccessible in
      the absence of denaturants and are not found in disulphide bonds. The antigenic
      properties of the oxidized and the reduced forms of the clathrin light chains are
      similar, as is their capacity to bind to the clathrin heavy chain. After
      isolation in the presence of 10 mM-iodoacetamide, the light-chain cysteine
      residues are fully alkylated. The results are consistent with the reduced form
      being the native state and the light-chain disulphide bonds an artifact of
      isolation.

PMID- 2930487
TI  - Ribosome-inactivating proteins from plant cells in culture.
AB  - 1. Ribosome-inactivating proteins were found in high amounts in one line of cells
      of Phytolacca americana (pokeweed) cultured in vitro and, in less quantity, in
      lines of Saponaria officinalis (soapwort) and of Zea mays (corn) cells. 2. The
      main ribosome-inactivating protein from pokeweed cells was purified to
      homogeneity. It is a protein with Mr 29,000 and basic pI, similar to the
      'pokeweed antiviral protein' (PAP), a ribosome-inactivating protein from pokeweed
      leaves. We propose to call the pokeweed antiviral protein isolated from pokeweed
      cells PAP-C. 3. PAP-C inactivates ribosomes in a less-than-equimolar ratio, thus
      inhibiting protein synthesis by a rabbit reticulocyte lysate with an IC50
      (concentration causing 50% inhibition) of 0.067 nM (2 ng/ml), and modifies rRNA
      in a manner apparently identical to that of ricin and other ribosome-inactivating
      proteins. It inhibits protein synthesis by intact cells with an IC50 of 0.7-3.4
      microM, and is toxic to mice with an LD50 of 0.95 mg/kg.

PMID- 2930488
TI  - The purification of a 50 kDa protein-actin complex from unfertilized sea-urchin
      (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) eggs.
AB  - The 100,000 g supernatant from the unfertilized egg of the sea urchin
      Strongylocentrotus purpuratus has been fractionated on DEAE-cellulose and
      analysed for Ca2+-binding activity by the Chelex-100 competitive Ca2+-binding
      activity assay. The major peak of Ca2+-binding activity was subjected to further
      purification and the Ca2+-binding protein responsible for this Ca2+-binding
      activity peak has been isolated and characterized. Non-denaturing polyacrylamide
      gel electrophoresis (PAGE) followed by 45Ca2+ autoradiography suggested a
      molecular mass of 80 kDa for the Ca2+-binding protein. SDS/PAGE revealed that the
      80 kDa protein consisted of a 1:1 molar complex of proteins of 50 and 42 kDa. The
      42 kDa protein was identified as actin. The complex was not dissociated by
      extensive dialysis against an EGTA-containing buffer. The EGTA-stable complex was
      named '50K-A'.

PMID- 2930489
TI  - The 50 kDa protein-actin complex from unfertilized sea-urchin (Strongylocentrotus
      purpuratus) eggs. Interaction with actin.
AB  - In the preceding paper [Golsteyn & Waisman (1989) Biochem. J. 257, 809-815] an
      EGTA-stable, Ca2+-binding heterodimer comprised of a 50 kDa protein and actin
      called '50K-A' was identified in the unfertilized eggs of the sea urchin
      Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. In the present paper we have documented the
      binding of 50K-A to DNAase I and the effect of 50K-A on the kinetics of actin
      polymerization. When 50K-A was added to pyrene-labelled rabbit skeletal-muscle
      actin and the salt concentration increased, the initial rate of actin
      polymerization was inhibited by a very low molar ratio of 50K-A to actin.
      Furthermore, the steady-state level of G-actin was increased in the presence of
      50K-A, suggesting that 50K-A caps the preferred end of actin polymer, shifting
      the steady-state concentration to that of the non-preferred end. Dilution of F
      actin to below its critical concentration into 50K-A resulted in a much slower
      rate of depolymerization, consistent with capping of the preferred end. In
      contrast with the Ca2+-dependent binding to DNAase, the effect of 50K-A on the
      kinetics of actin assembly and disassembly was Ca2+-independent. These results
      suggest that 50K-A is a novel actin-binding protein with some similarities to the
      severin/fragmin/gelsolin family of F-actin-capping proteins.

PMID- 2930490
TI  - Ca2+-calmodulin binding to caldesmon and the caldesmon-actin-tropomyosin complex.
      Its role in Ca2+ regulation of the activity of synthetic smooth-muscle thin
      filaments.
AB  - We measured the concentration of calmodulin required to reverse inhibition by
      caldesmon of actin-activated myosin MgATPase activity, in a model smooth-muscle
      thin-filament system, reconstituted in vitro from purified vascular smooth-muscle
      actin, tropomyosin and caldesmon. At 37 degrees C in buffer containing 120 mM
      KCl, 4 microM-Ca2+-calmodulin produced a half-maximal reversal of caldesmon
      inhibition, but more than 300 microM-Ca2+-calmodulin was necessary at 25 degrees
      C in buffer containing 60 mM-KCl. The binding affinity (K) of caldesmon for Ca2+
      calmodulin was measured by a fluorescence-polarization method: K = 2.7 x 10(6) M
      1 at 25 degrees C (60 mM-KCl); K = 1.4 x 10(6) M-1 at 37 degrees C in 70 mM-KCl
      containing buffer; K = 0.35 x 10(6) M-1 at 37 degrees C in 120 mM-KCl- containing
      buffer (pH 7.0). At 37 degrees C/120 mM-KCl, but not at 25 degrees C/60 mM-KCl,
      Ca2+-calmodulin bound to caldesmon bound to actin-tropomyosin (K = 2.9 x 10(6) M
      1). Ca2+ regulation in this system does not depend on a simple competition
      between Ca2+-calmodulin and actin for binding to caldesmon. Under conditions (37
      degrees C/120 mM-KCl) where physiologically realistic concentrations of
      calmodulin can Ca2+-regulate synthetic thin filaments, Ca2+-calmodulin reverses
      caldesmon inhibition of actomyosin ATPase by forming a non-inhibited complex of
      Ca2+-calmodulin-caldesmon-(actin-tropomyosin).

PMID- 2930491
TI  - Endocytosis of hyaluronic acid by rat liver endothelial cells. Evidence for
      receptor recycling.
AB  - Hyaluronic acid (HA) is cleared from the blood by liver endothelial cells through
      receptor-mediated endocytosis [Eriksson, Fraser, Laurent, Pertoft & Smedsrod
      (1983) Exp. Cell Res. 144, 223-238]. We have measured the capacity of cultured
      rat liver endothelial cells to endocytose and degrade 125I-HA (Mr approximately
      44,000) at 37 degrees C. Endocytosis was linear for 3 h and then reached a
      plateau. The rate of endocytosis was concentration-dependent and reached a
      maximum of 250 molecules/s per cell. Endocytosis of 125I-HA was inhibited more
      than 92% by a 150-fold excess of non-radiolabelled HA. HA, chondroitin sulphate
      and heparin effectively competed for endocytosis of 125I-HA, whereas glucuronic
      acid, N-acetylglucosamine, DNA, RNA, polygalacturonic acid and dextran did not
      compete. In the absence of cycloheximide, endothelial cells processed 13 times
      more 125I-HA in 6 h than their total (cell-surface and intracellular) specific HA
      binding capacity. This result was not due to degradation and rapid replacement of
      receptors, because, even in the presence of cycloheximide, these cells processed
      6 times more HA than their total receptor content in 6 h. Also, in the presence
      of cycloheximide, no decrease in 125I-HA-binding capacity was seen in cells
      processing or not processing HA for 6 h, indicating that receptors are not
      degraded after the endocytosis of HA. During endocytosis of HA at 37 degrees C,
      at least 65% of the intracellular HA receptors became occupied with HA within 30
      min. This indicates that the intracellular HA receptors (75% of the total)
      function during continuous endocytosis. Hyperosmolarity inhibits endocytosis and
      receptor recycling in the asialoglycoprotein and low-density-lipoprotein receptor
      systems by disrupting the coated-pit pathway [Heuser & Anderson (1987) J. Cell
      Biol. 105, 230a; Oka & Weigel (1988) J. Cell. Biochem. 36, 169-183].
      Hyperosmolarity inhibited 125I-HA endocytosis in liver endothelial cells by more
      than 90%, suggesting use of a coated-pit pathway by this HA receptor. We conclude
      that liver endothelial cell HA receptors are recycled during the continuous
      endocytosis and processing of HA.

PMID- 2930492
TI  - Guanine nucleotides induce tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of the
      respiratory burst in neutrophils.
AB  - Activation of the NADPH oxidase was examined in electrically permeabilized human
      neutrophils exposed to non-hydrolysable guanine nucleotides. Guanosine 5'-[gamma
      thio]triphosphate (GTP[S]) induced a marked increase in the rate of O2
      consumption, which was partially resistant to staurosporine, an inhibitor of
      protein kinase C, under conditions where the response to diacylglycerol was
      virtually abolished. The respiratory burst elicited by GTP[S] was dependent on
      the presence of ATP and Mg2+, suggesting involvement of phosphorylation
      reactions. Accordingly, phosphoprotein formation was greatly stimulated by the
      guanine nucleotide. The polypeptide phosphorylation pattern induced by GTP[S] was
      similar to, but not identical with, that observed with diacylglycerol, indicating
      the activation of kinases other than protein kinase C by the guanine nucleotide.
      The possible involvement of tyrosine kinases was assessed by immunoblotting using
      anti-phosphotyrosine antibodies. Treatment of electroporated cells with GTP[S]
      stimulated the accumulation of tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins. This effect was
      not induced by diacylglycerol, indicating that tyrosine phosphorylation is not
      secondary to stimulation of protein kinase C. The results indicate that, in
      neutrophils, activated G-proteins can stimulate tyrosine kinase and/or inhibit
      tyrosine phosphatase activity. Changes in the amounts of tyrosine-phosphorylated
      proteins may signal activation of the respiratory burst.

PMID- 2930493
TI  - Dendrotoxin acceptor from bovine synaptic plasma membranes. Binding properties,
      purification and subunit composition of a putative constituent of certain voltage
      activated K+ channels.
AB  - Dendrotoxin is a snake polypeptide that blocks selectively and potently certain
      voltage-sensitive, fast-activating K+ channels in the nervous system, where it
      binds with high affinity to membranous acceptors. Herein, the acceptor protein
      for dendrotoxin in bovine synaptic membranes is solubilized in active form and
      its complete purification achieved by affinity chromatography, involving a novel
      elution procedure. This putative K+-channel constituent is shown to be a large
      oligomeric glycoprotein containing two major subunits, with Mr values of 75,000
      and 37,000.

PMID- 2930494
TI  - Differences in phorbol-ester-induced down-regulation of protein kinase C between
      cell lines.
AB  - Down-regulation of protein kinase C induced by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13
      acetate (TPA) was examined in Swiss 3T3, V79, MDBK and C6 cells by Western
      blotting. Variations in the rate of down-regulation caused by treatment with 100
      nM-TPA were observed; TPA treatment for 5 h caused maximal down-regulation in V79
      cells, whereas TPA treatment for 10 h or 30 h was needed for maximal down
      regulation of protein kinase C in MDBK or Swiss 3T3 cells respectively. The
      decrease in amount of immunologically detectable protein kinase C was 30% in MDBK
      cells and 100% in V79 and Swiss 3T3 cells. MDBK and C6 cells could be completely
      depleted of protein kinase C by treatment with 250 nM-TPA. In C6 cells, after
      treatment with 500 nM-TPA, an 80% loss of protein kinase C was seen over 10 h.
      Measurement of the numbers of phorbol-ester-binding sites remaining in each cell
      line when protein kinase C was maximally down-regulated indicated that in MDBK
      and Swiss 3T3 cells loss of phorbol-ester-binding sites paralleled loss of
      protein kinase C, whereas in V79 and C6 cells no such correlation was observed.

PMID- 2930496
TI  - Adipsin mRNA amounts are not decreased in the genetically obese Zucker rat.
AB  - Adipsin gene expression as assessed by mRNA amounts was examined in adipose
      tissue of genetically obese rats at the onset (16 days of age) or at later stages
      (30 and 60 days of age) of obesity. Amounts of mRNA were equivalent in obese and
      lean rats at 16 days of age. In adult rats, we observed a 2-fold decrease in
      adipsin mRNA in the obese rats compared with control lean rats, which was
      abolished by weaning the animals on a high-fat diet. Our data show that, in sharp
      contrast with genetically obese mice, adipsin mRNA is not suppressed in
      genetically obese Zucker rats.

PMID- 2930495
TI  - Pyruvate carboxylation in the rat heart. Role of biotin-dependent enzymes.
AB  - Pyruvate carboxylation in the isolated perfused rat heart was studied under
      steady-state conditions. A biotin deficiency resulting in a 90% decrease in
      myocardial pyruvate carboxylase left the pyruvate carboxylation rate unchanged.
      Pyruvate carboxylation in heart muscle must therefore take place by means of an
      enzyme which does not contain biotin. The kinetic properties and mass-action
      ratio of the NADP-linked malic enzyme in heart muscle can be taken as
      circumstantial evidence in favour of the role of malic enzyme in pyruvate
      carboxylation in myocardium.

PMID- 2930497
TI  - Structure of the human lactate dehydrogenase B gene.
AB  - Human genomic clones containing parts of the lactate dehydrogenase B (LDH-B) gene
      (approx. 25 kb in length) were isolated and characterized. The protein-coding
      sequence of human LDH-B gene is interrupted by six introns at codons nos. 42-43,
      82, 140, 198, 237 and 278-279, and the positions of these introns are homologous
      to those of LDH-A genes from man and mouse. The 5' non-coding region of human LDH
      B gene is interrupted by an intron six nucleotide residues upstream of the ATG
      translation-initiation site, whereas those of human and mouse LDH-A genes are
      interrupted at 24 nucleotide residues 5' to the ATG initiation codon. As is the
      case of LDH-A genes from man and mouse, there is no intron in the 3' non-coding
      region of human LDH-B gene.

PMID- 2930499
TI  - Numbering of atoms in myo-inositol. Recommendations 1988. Nomenclature Committee
      of the International Union of Biochemistry.
AB  - A relaxation of previous recommendations on the numbering of the atoms of myo
      inositol is suggested, so that substituents are not necessarily numbered so that
      the smallest possible locant is used. This allows an alternative designation to
      be used, when authors wish, to bring out structural relationships.

PMID- 2930498
TI  - Feedback regulation of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase synthesis.
AB  - Treatment of Ehrlich ascites-tumour cells with 1-amino-oxy-3-aminopropane (AOAP),
      a potent inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase, resulted in a marked decrease in
      cellular contents of putrescine and spermidine, concomitant with an arrest of
      cell growth. The activity of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (AdoMetDC) was
      greatly increased in cells treated with AOAP. This increase in AdoMetDC activity
      was shown to be, at least partly, caused by enhanced synthesis of the enzyme,
      which most likely was induced by the change in cellular polyamine content.

PMID- 2930500
TI  - Purification of the neutral proteoglycan-degrading metalloproteinase from human
      articular cartilage tissue and its identification as stromelysin matrix
      metalloproteinase-3.
AB  - The 'neutral' proteoglycan-degrading metalloproteinase of human articular
      cartilage was purified 3,500-fold by use of an anti-(matrix metalloproteinase-3)
      immunoglobulin G affinity column. Molecular masses of the latent and multiple
      active forms and specificity of action on casein, transferrin, gelatin and
      fibronectin were identical with those of authentic stromelysin (matrix
      metalloproteinase-3) from cultured human rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts. The
      optimum pH of this proteinase on proteoglycan monomer was pH 5.5, and on Azocoll,
      6.2; digestion of fibronectin and gelatin was more extensive at pH 5.5 than at
      7.5.

PMID- 2930502
TI  - Presence of insulin receptors in cultured glial C6 cells. Regulation by butyrate.
AB  - The presence of insulin receptor and its regulation by butyrate and other short
      chain fatty acids was studied in C6 cells, a rat glioma cell line. Intact C6
      cells bind 125I-insulin in a rapid, reversible and specific manner. Scatchard
      analysis of the binding data gives typical curvilinear plots with apparent
      affinities of approx. 6 nM and 70 nM for the low-affinity (approx. 90% of total)
      and high-affinity (approx. 10% of total) sites respectively. Incubation with
      butyrate results in a time- and dose-dependent decrease of insulin binding to C6
      cells. A maximal effect was found with 2 mM-butyrate that decreased the receptor
      by 40-70% after 48 h. Butyrate decreased numbers of receptors of both classes,
      but did not significantly alter receptor affinity. Other short-chain fatty acids,
      as well as keto acids, had a similar effect, but with a lower potency.
      Cycloheximide caused an accumulation of insulin receptors at the cell surface,
      since insulin binding increased and receptor affinity did not change after
      incubation with the inhibitor. Simultaneous addition of butyrate and
      cycloheximide abolished the loss of receptors produced by the fatty acid. In
      cells preincubated with butyrate, cycloheximide also produced a large increase in
      receptor numbers, showing that in the absence of new receptor synthesis a large
      pool of receptors re-appears at the surface of butyrate-treated cells.

PMID- 2930501
TI  - Quantitative analysis of intermediary metabolism in rat hepatocytes incubated in
      the presence and absence of ethanol with a substrate mixture including
      ketoleucine.
AB  - Hepatocytes isolated from livers of fed rats were incubated with a mixture of
      glucose (10 mM), ribose (1.0 mM), acetate (1.25 mM), alanine (3.5 mM), glutamate
      (2.0 mM), aspartate (2.0 mM), 4-methyl-2-oxovaleric acid (ketoleucine) (3.0 mM),
      and, in paired flasks, 10 mM-ethanol. One substrate was 14C-radiolabelled in any
      given incubation. Incorporation of 14C into glucose, glycogen, CO2, lactate,
      alanine, aspartate, glutamate, acetate, urea, lipid glycerol, fatty acids and the
      1- and 2,3,4-positions of ketone bodies was measured after 20 and 40 min of
      incubation under quasi-steady-state conditions. Data were analysed with the aid
      of a realistic structural metabolic model. In each of the four conditions
      examined, there were approx. 77 label incorporation measurements and several
      measurements of changes in metabolite concentrations. The considerable excess of
      measurements over the 37 independent flux parameters allowed for a stringent test
      of the model. A satisfactory fit to these data was obtained for each condition.
      There were large bidirectional fluxes along the gluconeogenic/glycolytic
      pathways, with net gluconeogenesis. Rates of ureagenesis, oxygen consumption and
      ketogenesis were high under all four conditions studied. Oxygen utilization was
      accurately predicted by three of the four models. There was complete
      equilibration between mitochondrial and cytosolic pools of acetate and of CO2,
      but for several of the metabolic conditions, two incompletely equilibrated pools
      of mitochondrial acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate were required. Ketoleucine was
      utilized at a rate comparable to that reported by others in perfused liver and
      entered the mitochondrial pool of acetyl-CoA directly associated with ketone body
      formation. Ethanol, which was metabolized at rates comparable to those in vivo,
      caused relatively few changes in overall flux patterns. Several effects related
      to the increased NADH/NAD+ ratio were observed. Pyruvate dehydrogenase was
      completely inhibited and the ratio of acetoacetate to 3-hydroxybutyrate was
      decreased; flux through glutamate dehydrogenase, the citric acid cycle, and
      ketoleucine dehydrogenase were, however, only slightly inhibited. Net production
      of ATP occurred in all conditions studied and was increased by ethanol. Futile
      cycling was quantified at the glucose/glucose 6-phosphate, glycogen/glucose 6
      phosphate, fructose 6-phosphate/fructose 1,6-bis-phosphate, and
      phosphoenolpyruvate/pyruvate/oxaloacetate substrate cycles. Cycling at these four
      loci consumed about 22% of cellular ATP production in control hepatocytes and 14%
      in ethanol-treated cells.

PMID- 2930503
TI  - Retrograde intrabiliary injection of amphipathic materials causes phospholipid
      secretion into bile. Taurocholate causes phosphatidylcholine secretion, 3-[(3
      cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-propane-1-sulphonate (CHAPS) causes mixed
      phospholipid secretion.
AB  - The control of biliary phospholipid and cholesterol secretions by bile acid was
      studied by using the technique of retrograde intrabiliary injection. Taurocholate
      (TC), a moderately hydrophobic bile acid, taurodehydrocholate (TDHC), a
      hydrophilic non-micelle-forming bile acid, and 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)
      dimethylammonio]propane-1-sulphonate (CHAPS), a detergent, were individually
      administered by retrograde intrabiliary injection (RII) into the biliary tree,
      and bile acids, phospholipids and cholesterol subsequently appearing in the bile
      were measured. TC (1.3 mumol; 45 microliters) injected retrogradely provoked a
      3.5-fold increase in biliary phospholipid output for 40 min, as compared with the
      saline control. Injection of 2.7 mumol of TC (90 microliters) caused a 7.5-fold
      increase in phospholipid output, which reached a peak at 12 min after RII, and
      phospholipid output continued for 40 min. Cholesterol output was also elicited
      under these conditions, showing both dose-dependency and extended secretion.
      Injection of 1.8 mumol of TDHC caused very little increase in either biliary
      phospholipid or cholesterol. Injection of 0.9 mumol of CHAPS (45 microliters)
      provoked a single substantial peak of phospholipid output in the 3 min bile
      sample. T.l.c. analysis of the phospholipid extracts of the bile collected after
      each compound showed, for TC, a single compound which co-migrated with the
      phosphatidylcholine standard, whereas for CHAPS substantial amounts of other
      phospholipids were present.

PMID- 2930504
TI  - Effect of cis-unsaturated fatty acids on aortic protein kinase C activity.
AB  - Long-chain cis-unsaturated fatty acids could substitute for phosphatidylserine
      and activate bovine aortic protein kinase C in assays with histone as substrate.
      The optimal concentration was 24-40 microM for oleic, linoleic and arachidonic
      acids. With arachidonic acid, the Ka for Ca2+ was 130 microM and kinase activity
      was maximal at 0.5 mM-Ca2+. Diolein only slightly activated the oleic acid
      stimulated enzyme at low physiological Ca2+ concentrations (0.1 and 10 microM).
      Oleic acid also stimulated kinase C activity, determined with a Triton X-100
      mixed-micellar assay. Under these conditions, the fatty acid activation was
      absolutely dependent on the presence of diolein, but a Ca2+ concentration of 0.5
      mM was still required for maximum kinase C activity. The effect of fatty acids on
      protein kinase C activity was also investigated with the platelet protein P47 as
      a substrate, since the properties of kinase C can be influenced by the choice of
      substrate. In contrast with the results with histone, fatty acids did not
      stimulate the phosphorylation of P47 by the aortic protein kinase C. Activation
      of protein kinase C by fatty acids may allow the selective phosphorylation of
      substrates, but the physiological significance of fatty acid activation is
      questionable because of the requirement for high concentrations of Ca2+.

PMID- 2930506
TI  - The structural basis for neutrophil inactivation of C1 inhibitor.
AB  - Limited proteolysis of C1 inhibitor (C1-INH) by neutrophil elastase, Pseudomonas
      elastase and snake venoms resulted in initial cleavage within the molecule's N
      terminus followed by further cleavage within the molecule's C-terminally placed
      reactive centre. N-Terminal proteolysis occurred at peptide bonds 14-15, 36-37
      and 40-41. This had no effect on either the inhibitory activity or the heat
      stability of C1-INH. Proteolysis within the reactive centre occurred at peptide
      bonds 439-440, 440-441, 441-442 and 442-443. Cleavage at any one of these sites
      inactivated C1-INH and conferred enhanced heat-stability upon a previously heat
      labile molecule. Released neutrophil proteinases also cleaved and inactivated C1
      INH, suggesting that they may physiologically regulate C1-INH during inflammatory
      episodes.

PMID- 2930505
TI  - Bombesin and platelet-derived growth factor stimulate formation of inositol
      phosphates and Ca2+ mobilization in Swiss 3T3 cells by different mechanisms.
AB  - Highly purified platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) or recombinant PDGF
      stimulate DNA synthesis in quiescent Swiss 3T3 cells. The dose-response curves
      for the natural and recombinant factors were similar, with half-maximal responses
      at 2-3 ng/ml and maximal responses at approx. 10 ng/ml. Over this dose range,
      both natural and recombinant PDGF stimulated a pronounced accumulation of
      [3H]inositol phosphates in cells labelled for 72 h with [3H]inositol. In
      addition, mitogenic concentrations of PDGF stimulated the release of 45Ca2+ from
      cells prelabelled with the radioisotope. However, in comparison with the response
      to the peptide mitogens bombesin and vasopressin, a pronounced lag was evident in
      both the generation of inositol phosphates and the stimulation of 45Ca2+ efflux
      in response to PDGF. Furthermore, although the bombesin-stimulated efflux of
      45Ca2+ was independent of extracellular Ca2+, the PDGF-stimulated efflux was
      markedly inhibited by chelation of external Ca2+ by using EGTA. Neither the
      stimulation of formation of inositol phosphates nor the stimulation of 45Ca2+
      efflux in response to PDGF were affected by tumour-promoting phorbol esters such
      as 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA). In contrast, TPA inhibited
      phosphoinositide hydrolysis and 45Ca2+ efflux stimulated by either bombesin or
      vasopressin. Furthermore, whereas formation of inositol phosphates in response to
      both vasopressin and bombesin was increased in cells in which protein kinase C
      had been down-modulated by prolonged exposure to phorbol esters, the response to
      PDGF was decreased in these cells. These results suggest that, in Swiss 3T3
      cells, PDGF receptors are coupled to phosphoinositidase activation by a mechanism
      that does not exhibit protein kinase C-mediated negative-feedback control and
      which appears to be fundamentally different from the coupling mechanism utilized
      by the receptors for bombesin and vasopressin.

PMID- 2930507
TI  - Conformational changes in human serum albumin studied by fluorescence and
      absorption spectroscopy. Distance measurements as a function of pH and fatty
      acids.
AB  - pH- and fatty acid-induced conformational changes in human serum albumin were
      investigated by fluorescence-energy transfer, determining the distance between
      Trp-214 and bound bilirubin at 25 degrees C. This distance changes significantly
      with the pH, being 2.52 +/- 0.01 nm at pH 6, 2.31 +/- 0.04 nm at pH 9, 2.13 +/-
      0.07 nm at pH 11.0 and 2.77 nm at pH 11.9. The influence of different fatty acids
      on the distance was also determined. At pH 7.4 medium-chain fatty acids seem to
      increase this distance, whereas long-chain fatty acids, at low concentrations,
      decrease the distance between the two chromophores. The contraction of the
      protein carrying long-chain saturated fatty acids is even more pronounced at pH
      9.

PMID- 2930509
TI  - Purification and molecular properties of malate dehydrogenase from the marine
      diatom Nitzschia alba.
AB  - Malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37) was purified to homogeneity from the marine
      diatom Nitzschia alba. The purification steps consisted of (NH4)2SO4
      precipitation, ion-exchange chromatography, Blue Sepharose affinity
      chromatography and gel filtration. A typical procedure provided 685-fold
      purification with 58% yield. The Mr of the holoenzyme was estimated to be 322,000
      by gel filtration and 316,000 by ultracentrifugation. The enzyme migrated as a
      single polypeptide spot on two-dimensional polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis
      with an Mr of 38,500, suggesting that the holoenzyme consists of eight identical
      subunits. This is the first case where malate dehydrogenase has been shown to be
      a homo-octamer; malate dehydrogenases from other sources are predominantly
      homodimers, with two homotetramers reported so far. The amino acid composition of
      the enzyme was determined and the N-terminal sequence of the subunit polypeptide
      was found to be Arg-Lys-Val-Ala-Val-Met-Gly-Ala-Ala-Gly-Gly-Ile-Gly-Gln-Pro-Leu
      Ser-Leu- Leu-Leu - Lys-Leu-Ser-Pro-Gln-Val-Thr-Glu-Leu-Ser-Lys-Tyr-. For the
      first 21 amino acid residues, near-identical sequences were reported for the
      enzymes isolated from pig heart, Escherichia coli, yeast and watermelon. Other
      physicochemical and catalytic properties, such as sedimentation coefficient,
      partial specific volume, Stokes radius, excitation and emission maxima, Michaelis
      constants, pH optima, pH stability range and activation energy, of this enzyme
      are also presented.

PMID- 2930508
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies to the membrane domain of the human erythrocyte anion
      transport protein. Localization of the C-terminus of the protein to the
      cytoplasmic side of the red cell membrane and distribution of the protein in some
      human tissues.
AB  - (1) We have prepared murine monoclonal antibodies to the membrane domain of the
      human erythrocyte anion transport protein (band 3). (2) All of these antibodies
      react with regions of the protein located at the cytoplasmic surface of the red
      cell. (3) One of the antibodies reacts with an epitope present on a cytoplasmic
      loop of the protein located between the C-terminus and a point 168 amino acids
      from the C-terminus. The other antibodies recognize different epitopes on the C
      terminal tail of the protein and the sequences likely to be involved in these
      epitopes are defined. (4) Our results show that the C-terminus of the red-cell
      anion transport protein is located on the cytoplasmic side of the red-cell
      membrane. (5) None of the antibodies inhibited sulphate exchange transport when
      introduced into resealed red-cell membranes; however, the bivalent form of one of
      the antibodies reduced the inhibitory potency of 4-acetamido-4'
      isothiocyanatostilbene disulphonate on sulphate exchange transport in resealed
      erythrocyte membranes. (6) Immunostaining of human kidney sections with the
      antibodies showed strong staining of the basolateral membrane of some but not all
      of the epithelial cells of distal tubules and the initial connecting segment of
      collecting tubules. With human liver, only the haematopoeitic cells of fetal
      liver reacted with all the antibodies.

PMID- 2930510
TI  - Accumulation of inositol polyphosphate isomers in agonist-stimulated cerebral
      cortex slices. Comparison with metabolic profiles in cell-free preparations.
AB  - 1. Basal and carbachol-stimulated accumulations of isomeric [3H]inositol mono-,
      bis-, tris- and tetrakis-phosphates were examined in rat cerebral-cortex slices
      labelled with myo-[2-3H]inositol. 2. In control samples the major [3H]inositol
      phosphates detected were co-eluted on h.p.l.c. with Ins(1)P, Ins(4)P (inositol 1-
      and 4-monophosphate respectively), Ins(1,4)P2 (inositol 1,4-bisphosphate),
      Ins(1,4,5)P3 (inositol 1,4,5-tris-phosphate) and Ins(1,3,4,5)P4 (inositol 1,3,4,5
      tetrakisphosphate). 3. After stimulation to steady state with carbachol,
      accumulation of each of these products was markedly increased. 4. Agonist
      stimulation, however, also evoked much more dramatic increased accumulations of a
      second [3H]inositol trisphosphate, which was co-eluted on h.p.l.c. with authentic
      Ins(1,3,4)P3 (inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate) and of three further [3H]inositol
      bisphosphates ([3H]InsP2(s]. 5. Examination of the latter by chemical degradation
      by periodate oxidation and/or h.p.l.c. allowed identification of these as
      [3H]Ins(1,3)P2, [3H]Ins(3,4)P2 and [3H]Ins(4,5)P2 (inositol 1,3-, 3,4- and 4,5
      bisphosphates respectively), which respectively accounted for about 22%, 8% and
      3% of total [3H]InsP2 in extracts from stimulated tissue slices. 6. By using a
      h.p.l.c. method which clearly resolves Ins(1,3,4,5)P4 and Ins(1,3,4,6)P4
      (inositol 1,3,4,6-tetrakisphosphate), only the former isomer could be detected in
      extracts from either control or stimulated tissue slices. Similarly, [3H]inositol
      pentakis- and hexakis-phosphates were not detectable either in the presence or
      absence of carbachol under the radiolabelling conditions described. 7. The
      catabolism of [3H]Ins(1,4,5)P3 and [3H]Ins(1,3,4)P3 by cell-free preparations
      from cerebral cortex was also studied. 8. In the presence of Mg2+,
      [3H]Ins(1,4,5)P3 was specifically dephosphorylated via [3H]Ins(1,4)P2 and
      [3H]Ins(4)P to free [3H]inositol, whereas [3H]Ins(1,3,4)P3 was degraded via
      [3H]Ins(3,4)P2 and, to a lesser extent, via [3H]Ins(1,3)P2 to D- and/or L
      [3H]Ins(1)P and [3H]inositol. 9. In the presence of EDTA, hydrolysis of
      [3H]Ins(1,4,5)P3 was greater than or equal to 95% inhibited, whereas
      [3H]Ins(1,3,4)P3 was still degraded, but yielded only a single [3H]InsP2
      identified as [3H]Ins(1,3)P2. 10. The significance of these observations with
      cell-free preparations is discussed in relation to the proportions of the
      separate isomeric [3H]inositol phosphates measured in stimulated tissue slices.

PMID- 2930511
TI  - Immunochemical detection of different isoenzymes of cytochrome P-450 induced in
      chick hepatocyte cultures.
AB  - This study investigated whether the same cytochrome P-450 (P-450) isoenzymes were
      inducible in cultures of chick-embryo hepatocytes as in the liver of chicken
      embryos. We purified two isoenzymes of cytochrome P-450 from the livers of 17-day
      old-chick embryos: one of molecular mass approx. 50 kDa induced in vivo by the
      phenobarbital-like inducer glutethimide, and the second of approx. 57 kDa induced
      by 3-methylcholanthrene. Rabbit antiserum against the 50 kDa protein inhibited
      benzphetamine demethylase activity in hepatic microsomes (microsomal fractions)
      from glutethimide-treated chick embryo. Antiserum to the 57 kDa protein inhibited
      ethoxyresorufin de-ethylase activity in hepatic microsomes from
      methylcholanthrene-treated chick embryo. Cultured chick hepatocytes were treated
      with chemicals known to induce isoenzymes of P-450 in rodent liver. The induced P
      450s were quantified spectrophotometrically and characterized by immunoblotting
      and enzyme assays. From these studies, chemical inducers were classified into
      three groups: (i) chemicals that induced a P-450 isoenzyme of 50 kDa and
      increased benzphetamine demethylase activity: glutethimide, phenobarbital,
      metyrapone, mephenytoin, ethanol, isopentanol, isobutanol, lindane, lysodren;
      (ii) chemicals that induced a P-450 isoenzyme of 57 kDa and increased
      ethoxyresorufin de-ethylase activity: 3-methylcholanthrene and 3,3',4,4'
      tetrachlorobiphenyl; and (iii) the mono-alpha-substituted 2,3',4,4',5
      pentabromobiphenyl, which induced both proteins and both activities. The
      immunochemical data showed that chick-embryo hepatocytes in culture retain the
      inducibility of glutethimide- and methylcholanthrene-induced isoenzymes of P-450
      that are inducible in the liver of the chicken embryo.

PMID- 2930512
TI  - Oxidation of uroporphyrinogen by methylcholanthrene-induced cytochrome P-450.
      Essential role of cytochrome P-450d.
AB  - We have previously shown that uroporphyrinogen is oxidized to uroporphyrin by
      microsomes (microsomal fractions) from 3-methylcholanthrene-pretreated chick
      embryo liver [Sinclair, Lambrecht & Sinclair (1987) Biochem. Biophys. Res.
      Commun. 146, 1324-1329]. We report here that a specific antibody to chick liver
      methylcholanthrene-induced cytochrome P-450 (P-450) inhibited both
      uroporphyrinogen oxidation and ethoxyresorufin O-de-ethylation in chick-embryo
      liver microsomes. 3-Methylcholanthrene-pretreatment of rats and mice markedly
      increased uroporphyrinogen oxidation in hepatic microsomes as well as P-450
      mediated ethoxyresorufin de-ethylation. In rodent microsomes, uroporphyrinogen
      oxidation required the addition of NADPH, whereas chick liver microsomes required
      both NADPH and 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl. Treatment of rats with
      methylcholanthrene, hexachlorobenzene and o-aminoazotoluene increased
      uroporphyrinogen oxidation and P-450d, whereas phenobarbital did not increase
      either. The contribution of hepatic P-450c and P-450d to uroporphyrinogen
      oxidation and ethoxyresorufin O-de-ethylation in methylcholanthrene-induced
      microsomes was assessed by using specific antibodies to P-450c and P-450d.
      Uroporphyrinogen oxidation by methylcholanthrene-induced rat liver microsomes was
      inhibited up to 75% by specific antibodies to P-450d, but not by specific
      antibodies to P-450c. In contrast, ethoxyresorufin de-ethylation was inhibited
      only 20% by anti-P450d but 70% by anti-P450c. Methylcholanthrene-induced kidney
      microsomes which contain P-450c but non P-450d did not oxidize uroporphyrinogen.
      These data indicate that hepatic P-450d catalyses uroporphyrinogen oxidation. We
      suggest that the P-450d-catalysed oxidation of uroporphyrinogen has a role in the
      uroporphyria caused by hexachlorobenzene and other compounds.

PMID- 2930514
TI  - Synthesis of the major oil-body membrane protein in developing rapeseed (Brassica
      napus) embryos. Integration with storage-lipid and storage-protein synthesis and
      implications for the mechanism of oil-body formation.
AB  - The synthesis of the major protein and lipid storage reserves during
      embryogenesis in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L., cv. Mikado) has been examined
      by biochemical, immunological and immunocytochemical techniques. The mature seeds
      contained about 45% (w/w) storage oil and 25% (w/w) protein. There were three
      major seed protein components, i.e. about 40-50% total protein was cruciferin,
      20% was napin and 20% was a 18 kDa hydrophobic polypeptide associated with the
      proteinaceous membrane surrounding the storage oil bodies. Embryogenesis was
      divided into four overlapping stages with regard to the synthesis of these
      storage components: (1) for the first 3 weeks after flowering, little, if any,
      synthesis of storage components was observed; (2) storage-oil synthesis began at
      about week 3, and maximal rates were from weeks 4 to 7; (3) synthesis of the
      soluble storage proteins cruciferin and napin started at week 6 and rates were
      maximal between weeks 8 and 11; (4) the final stage was the synthesis of the 19
      kDa oil-body polypeptide, which started at weeks 8-10 and was at a maximal rate
      between weeks 10 and 12. The synthesis of the 19 kDa oil-body protein therefore
      occurred independently of the synthesis of the soluble seed storage proteins.
      This former synthesis did not occur until shortly before the insertion of the 19
      kDa polypeptide into the oil-body membrane. No evidence was found, either from
      sucrose-density-gradient-centrifugation experiments or from immunogold-labelling
      studies, for its prior accumulation in the endoplasmic reticulum. Conventional
      and immunogold-electron-microscopic studies showed that oil bodies were
      synthesized in the early to middle stages of seed development without a strongly
      electron-dense membrane. Such a membrane was only found at later stages of seed
      development, concomitantly with the synthesis of the 19 kDa protein. It is
      proposed that, in rapeseed embryos, oil bodies are initially formed with no
      proteinaceous membrane. Such a membrane is formed later in development after
      insertion by ribosomes of the hydrophobic 19 kDa polypeptide directly into the
      oil bodies.

PMID- 2930513
TI  - Effect of the reducing environment on the accumulation of elastin and collagen in
      cultured smooth-muscle cells.
AB  - We show here that cultured neonatal-rabbit aortic smooth-muscle cells produce and
      accumulate significant amounts of insoluble elastin. When grown in the presence
      of ascorbic acid, the amount of insoluble elastin in these cultures decreases,
      whereas the accumulation of collagen increases. These changes have been
      attributed to increased hydroxylation of proline in elastin. The function of
      ascorbic acid in proline hydroxylation is thought to be that of a reductive
      cofactor that maintains the proper oxidation state of molecular iron in the
      enzyme complex. This study shows that both ascorbic and isoascorbic acids act
      similarly to modify the accumulation of elastin and collagen in culture. On the
      other hand, cultures grown in the presence of dithiothreitol, a reducing agent
      previously shown to act as a cofactor for prolyl hydroxylase, do not demonstrate
      altered elastin accumulation. These studies are consistent with the suggestion
      that there is a specific role for ascorbic acid in this cellular system that
      cannot be replaced by other reducing cofactors.

PMID- 2930515
TI  - Nutritional regulation of hepatic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Transient
      activation of transcription.
AB  - Hepatic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH; EC 1.1.1.49) is subject to
      nutritional and hormonal regulation. Previous work has shown that increased
      amounts of mRNA encoding G6PDH can account for the increase in enzyme activity.
      The results of this study demonstrate that transcription of the G6PDH gene is
      transiently elevated after ingestion of a high-carbohydrate diet. However, the
      increased rate of transcription cannot totally account for the increased G6PDH
      mRNA. The half-life of the G6PDH mRNA appears to be about 4-5-fold higher during
      ingestion of a high-carbohydrate diet. Thus increased transcription as well as
      mRNA stability are each partially responsible for the nutritional regulation of
      G6PDH mRNA.

PMID- 2930516
TI  - Vanadate inhibits degradation of short-lived, but not of long-lived, proteins in
      L-132 human cells.
AB  - Vanadate, at concentrations higher than 0.04 mM, inhibits the intracellular
      degradation of short-lived proteins in exponentially growing L-132 human cells.
      The inhibition is not due to a decrease in viability or in the ATP contents of
      the cells. Since vanadate decreases proteolysis in cell extracts, the inhibition
      appears to affect the proteinases which degrade these proteins. Under optimal
      nutritional conditions, the degradation of long-lived proteins is accelerated by
      vanadate, thus providing additional evidence that in exponentially growing
      cultured cells degradation of short- and long-lived proteins occurs by different
      processes. Vanadate also efficiently inhibits the lysosomal degradation of
      endocytosed proteins and of long-lived proteins under step-down conditions.
      However, this effect seems to be unrelated to the observed inhibition of
      degradation of short-lived proteins, because chloroquine and leupeptin, which
      inhibit degradation of proteins by lysosomes, do not modify the degradation of
      these proteins. Our results provide for the first time a probe which, owing to
      its opposite effects on the degradation of short- and long-lived proteins, could
      be useful to clarify the mechanisms involved in protein degradation in cultured
      cells.

PMID- 2930517
TI  - The presence and role of hormone-sensitive lipase in heart muscle.
AB  - Hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) catalyses the initial, rate-limiting, reaction in
      adipose-tissue lipolysis. Hormone-stimulated lipolytic activity has also been
      observed in the heart, where endogenous triacylglycerol is the major energy
      store. However, the identity of the intracellular lipase responsible has yet to
      be established. We have partially purified a neutral lipase from bovine heart
      muscle and compared its properties with those of HSL from bovine adipose tissue.
      The heart lipase has the same subunit Mr as HSL, is immunoprecipitated by
      antiserum raised against purified HSL and is phosphorylated by cyclic AMP
      dependent protein kinase, apparently at the same site as HSL (as judged by
      h.p.l.c. of tryptic phosphopeptides). Phosphorylation of the heart lipase was
      found to result in increased enzyme activity, demonstrating the lipase's
      potential to respond to hormonal stimuli. The heart lipase was shown to be
      present in myocytes by its immunoprecipitation from homogenates of rat myocytes
      by anti-HSL antiserum. These findings are consistent with the conclusion that HSL
      is responsible for intracellular lipolysis in heart.

PMID- 2930518
TI  - Human microsomal glutathione S-transferase. Its involvement in the conjugation of
      hexachlorobuta-1,3-diene with glutathione.
AB  - A microsomal glutathione S-transferase (GST) was purified from human liver. This
      enzyme was shown to have characteristics similar to those of the rat microsomal
      GST described by Morgenstern & De Pierre [(1983) Eur. J. Biochem. 134, 591-597].
      The specific activity of human microsomal GST towards 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene
      or cumene hydroperoxide can be stimulated by treating the enzyme with N
      ethylmaleimide. This enhancement of activity is accompanied by increased
      sensitivity to inhibition by haematin and cholic acid. The subunit Mr values of
      the rat and human enzymes are similar (approx. 17,300), and the proteins are
      immunologically related. During purification, both human and rat microsomal GST
      enzymes are the only hepatic proteins obtained from Triton X-100-solubilized
      microsomal fractions that show activity towards the nephrotoxin hexachlorobuta
      1,3-diene. The involvement of microsomal GST in toxification reactions is
      discussed.

PMID- 2930519
TI  - Modulation of phospholipase A2 activity by neutral and anionic glycosphingolipids
      in monolayers.
AB  - The effect of neutral (galactocerebroside and asialo-ganglioside GM1) or anionic
      (sulphatide and gangliosides GM1, GD1a and GT1b) glycosphingolipids on the
      activity of phospholipase A2 from pig pancreas was studied in mixed monolayers of
      dilauroyl phosphatidylcholine with the glycosphingolipids in different molar
      fractions at various constant surface pressures. The activity of the enzyme
      depends on the proportion and type of glycosphingolipid in the interface.
      Sulphatide activates the enzyme at all proportions, whereas galactocerebroside
      shows inhibition or activation depending on its proportion in the film. Asialo
      ganglioside GM1 and gangliosides GM1, GD1a and GT1b can strongly inhibit the
      enzyme at relatively low molar fractions in the film in the following order:
      asialo-ganglioside GM1 less than ganglioside GM1 less than ganglioside GT1b less
      than ganglioside GD1a. The changes of activity are not due to a direct action of
      the lipids on the active centre or interfacial recognition region of the enzyme.

PMID- 2930520
TI  - Macrophage-mediated N-nitrosation of thioproline and proline.
AB  - Thioproline (Thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid) and proline were nitrosated by
      stimulated mouse macrophages in vitro. A macrophage cell line (J774.1, 1.0 x
      10(6)/well, 1 ml) was incubated with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide,
      interferon-gamma and thioproline (5 mM) or proline (5 mM). After 72 hr incubation
      at 37 degrees C, 4 microM N-nitrosothioproline was produced. The amount of N
      nitrosoproline was much lower than that of N-nitrosothioproline. Thioproline and
      proline inhibited the formation of carcinogenic N-nitrosomorpholine. N
      nitrosothioproline and N-nitrosoproline are found as major N-nitroso compounds in
      human urine. Macrophage mediated N-nitrosation may contribute to the formation of
      these N-nitrosamino acids in the human body.

PMID- 2930521
TI  - Caldesmon is present in human and pig erythrocytes.
AB  - Caldesmon, a major actin- and calcium-dependent calmodulin-binding protein, is
      now considered as an essential inhibitory factor of the actomyosin machinery in
      smooth muscle cells as well as in non-muscle cells. Since its structure seems to
      vary with the cell in a same species and because platelet and erythrocyte have a
      common embryonic origin, we have used the affinity purified antibody raised
      against the platelet caldesmon to determine whether this protein is present in
      erythrocyte. Using the immunoblotting technique, we show here that, in whole
      erythrocytes, only a single polypeptide crossreacts with this polyclonal
      antibody. A 71-72 kDa Mr has been calculated from SDS-PAGE. It is therefore
      different from those of the gizzard (Mr 145-150 kDa) or the platelet (Mr 80 kDa)
      proteins. Furthermore, we also give evidence that it is not adducin since this
      newly discovered calcium-dependent calmodulin-binding protein of erythrocyte,
      does not crossreact with the polyclonal affinity purified antibody raised against
      platelet caldesmon.

PMID- 2930522
TI  - N-acetylneuraminic acid and N-glycolylneuraminic acid in glycopeptides of colonic
      tumor and mucosa in rats treated with carrageenan and 1,2-dimethylhydrazine.
AB  - N-linked glycopeptides were prepared from colonic tumor (adenocarcinoma) and
      mucosa in rats treated with carrageenan, an indigestible polysaccharide, and 1,2
      dimethylhydrazine. Sialic acids, N-acetylneuraminic acid and N-glycolylneuraminic
      acid, obtained by acid hydrolysis of the glycopeptides were determined by HPLC.
      The N-acetylneuraminic acid/N-glycolylneuraminic acid ratio in colonic tumor was
      25.2, while each treated mucosa had the values between 0.29 and 0.55. Thus,
      necessity which observes the qualitative change of sialic acid in malignant
      transformation was suggested.

PMID- 2930523
TI  - Streptomyces glucose/xylose isomerase has a single active site for glucose and
      xylose.
AB  - A kinetic method which allows one to evaluate whether an enzyme acting on two
      different substrates has one or two active sites was employed to study the active
      site of glucose isomerase which catalyses the isomerization of both glucose and
      xylose. The experimental data on the rates of hydrolysis of mixtures of various
      concentrations of glucose and xylose by the glucose isomerase from Streptomyces
      coincides well with the theoretical values calculated for the case of a single
      active site.

PMID- 2930524
TI  - The pathways for fluid phase and receptor mediated endocytosis in rat hepatocytes
      are different but thermodynamically equivalent.
AB  - In isolated rat hepatocytes fluid phase endocytosis, determined by the uptake of
      the fluorescent dye lucifer yellow (LY), and receptor mediated endocytosis,
      determined using a ligand for the asialoglycoprotein receptor (asialo
      orosomucoid; ASOR), are different pathways based on their different sensitivities
      to hyperosmolarity induced by sucrose (Oka and Weigel, J. Cell. Biol. 105, 311a,
      1987). LY uptake was unaffected by 0.2 M sucrose at all temperatures tested
      between 12 degrees and 37 degrees C whereas the uptake of 125I-ASOR was
      completely inhibited at any temperature. Since the two probes are taken up by
      different pathways it was possible to determine independently the activation
      energies (Ea) for the fluid phase versus the receptor mediated coated pit
      endocytic process. The Ea was 26.4 +/- 3.5 and 25.8 +/- 1.9 kcal/mole for,
      respectively, receptor mediated and fluid phase endocytosis. These values are not
      significantly different, and we conclude that the fluid phase and receptor
      mediated pathways are thermodynamically equivalent even though they are
      independent.

PMID- 2930525
TI  - Fluorimetric studies of protein kinase C interactions with phospholipids.
AB  - Dansyl-phosphatidylserine (D-PS) was used as a fluorescence probe to study
      interactions between protein kinase C (PKC) with phospholipid vesicles. It was
      found that D-PS fluorescence (520 nm) was enhanced by PKC (excited at 285 nm).
      The fluorescence energy transfer, indicative of a close association of PKC with D
      PS vesicles, was differentially modulated by various phospholipids, depending
      upon their effects on PKC activation state and the manners in which they were
      present. PKC inhibitors (e.g. polymyxin B and ether lipids) potently inhibited
      the PKC-enhanced D-PS fluorescence. It is suggested that certain spatial
      arrangements between PKC and its phospholipid cofactor are essential for the
      enzyme activation and that D-PS would be a useful probe to study fluorimetrically
      such interactions.

PMID- 2930527
TI  - Use of deuterium labelled glucose in evaluating the pathway of hepatic glycogen
      synthesis.
AB  - Deuterium labelled glucose has been used to study the pathway of hepatic glycogen
      synthesis during the fasted-refed transition in rats. Deuterium enrichment of
      liver glycogen was determined using nuclear magnetic resonance as well as mass
      spectroscopy. Sixty minutes after oral administration of deuterated glucose to
      fasted rats, the portal vein blood was fully enriched with deuterated glucose.
      Despite this, less than half of the glucose molecules incorporated into liver
      glycogen contained deuterium. The loss of deuterium label from glucose is
      consistent with hepatic glycogen synthesis by an indirect pathway requiring prior
      metabolism of glucose. The use of deuterium labelled glucose may prove to be a
      useful probe to study hepatic glycogen metabolism. Its use may also find
      application in the study of liver glycogen metabolism in humans by a noninvasive
      means.

PMID- 2930526
TI  - 5,6-Dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole inhibits a HeLa protein kinase
      that phosphorylates an RNA polymerase II-derived peptide.
AB  - A protein kinase that phosphorylates Lys(Tyr-Ser-Pro-Thr-Ser-Pro-Ser)4, a
      synthetic peptide homologous to the evolutionarily-conserved, tandemly-repeated
      heptapeptide sequence at the C-terminus of the large subunit of eukaryotic RNA
      polymerase II, has been detected in HeLa cell extracts and chromatographic
      fractions therefrom. The enzyme, which phosphorylates serine principally, can be
      distinguished from previously described major protein kinases which phosphorylate
      the peptide poorly, if at all. It is inhibited by the nucleoside analog, 5,6
      dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole. Results suggest that human
      placental RNA polymerase II is phosphorylated at the C-terminus of the large
      subunit by the partially-purified protein kinase and that the phosphorylation is
      also sensitive to the nucleoside analog.

PMID- 2930528
TI  - Elevated levels of calcitonin mRNA: a marker for the spontaneous development of
      medullary thyroid carcinoma in rats.
AB  - The aging WAG/Rij rats (a Wistar derived strain) develop spontaneously medullary
      thyroid carcinoma with a high frequency (50%). We have studied calcitonin
      biosynthesis in Wistar and WAG/Rij rats strains in order to determine if early
      changes in this parameter occurred in the WAG/Rij strain. Thyroidal and plasma CT
      levels were measured in three months old WAG/Rij and Wistar rats before and after
      acute calcium challenge. Total RNA was extracted from thyroid glands and specific
      CT messenger RNA levels estimated by dot and Northern blot analysis with a 32P
      labeled probe specific for CT mRNA. The capacity of mRNA to direct synthesis of
      CT precursor was also measured by translation in an in vitro system. Though mean
      basal circulating CT levels were equivalent in both strains, CT release after
      calcium stimulation was much increased in the WAG/Rij rat. CT content of the
      glands and CT mRNA levels were two fold higher in the WAG/Rij strain. Thus, in
      this strain, CT biosynthesis and secretion were increased long before the
      development of a C-cell carcinoma.

PMID- 2930529
TI  - Anti-liver-kidney microsome antibody type 1 recognizes human cytochrome P450 db1.
AB  - Anti-liver-kidney microsome antibody type 1 (LKM1), present in the sera of a
      group of children with autoimmune hepatitis, was recently shown to recognize a 50
      kDa protein identified as rat liver cytochromes P450 db1 and db2. High homology
      between these two members of the rat P450 IID subfamily and human P450 db1
      suggested that anti-LKM1 antibody is directed against this human protein. To test
      this hypothesis, a human liver cDNA expression library in phage lambda GT-11 was
      screened using rat P450 db1 cDNA as a probe. Two human cDNA clones were found to
      be identical to human P450 db1 by restriction mapping. Immunoblot analysis using
      as antigen, the purified fusion protein from one of the human cDNA clones showed
      that only anti-LKM1 with anti-50 kDa reactivity recognized the fusion protein.
      This fusion protein was further used to develop an ELISA test that was shown to
      be specific for sera of children with this disease. These results: 1) identify
      the human liver antigen recognized by anti-LKM1 auto-antibodies as cytochrome
      P450 db1, 2) allow to speculate that mutation on the human P450 db1 gene could
      alter its expression in the hepatocyte and make it auto-antigenic, 3) provide a
      simple and specific diagnostic test for this disease.

PMID- 2930530
TI  - Supramolecular surfactants: amphiphilic polymers designed to disrupt lipid
      membranes.
AB  - Simple polyesters derived from poly(ethylene glycol)s and alpha, omega
      dicarboxylic acids exhibit a broad range of activity in disrupting phospholipid
      membranes. This activity has been analyzed by measuring the release of liposome
      encapsulated 5(6)-carboxy-fluorescein (CF). Comparison with an analogous
      monomeric surfactant, and with Triton X-100, demonstrates that macromolecular
      activity is a sensitive function of the size of the hydrophobic and hydrophilic
      segments within each repeat unit, and that high disrupting power is possible. In
      vitro studies with the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 have revealed that
      those polyesters which exhibit the highest membrane disrupting power also provide
      significant protection for human CD4+ lymphocytes against HIV-1. The potential
      for adjusting and utilizing these "supramolecular surfactants" in medicine is
      briefly discussed.

PMID- 2930531
TI  - Human testicular lactate dehydrogenase-C gene is interrupted by six introns at
      positions homologous to those of LDH-A (muscle) and LDH-B (heart) genes.
AB  - Human genomic clones containing parts of testis-specific lactate dehydrogenase-C
      gene of approximately 40 kilobases in length were isolated and characterized. The
      protein-coding sequence of human LDH-C gene is interrupted by six introns at
      positions homologous to those of mammalian LDH-A (muscle) and LDH-B (heart)
      genes, and exhibits 21%, 24% and 34% nucleotide differences with those of mouse
      LDH-C, human LDH-A and LDH-B genes, respectively.

PMID- 2930532
TI  - Experimental evidence of an alpha helix in Desulfovibrio desulfuricans Norway
      ferredoxin I: a two-dimensional NMR study.
AB  - Desulfovibrio ferredoxins are small proteins involved in biological oxido
      reduction reactions and contain either one or two (4Fe-4S) clusters. The
      conformation of D. desulfuricans Norway ferredoxin I in solution was studied by
      two-dimensional NMR and various conformational parameters (n.O.e. and J-coupling)
      indicate the presence of an alpha-helix involving residues 41 to 50. These data
      confirm an earlier proposal (Fukuyama et al, J. Mol. Biol. 199, 183 (1988] in
      which the space of the missing cluster in monocluster ferredoxins is occupied by
      an alpha-helix. The evolutionary relevance of this result is discussed in view of
      published sequences and structures of related ferredoxins.

PMID- 2930533
TI  - Sequence determination in oligosaccharides by relayed NOE experiments in the
      rotating frame.
AB  - An hybrid experiment, composed of 1H-NMR total correlation spectroscopy (TOCSY)
      and rotating frame nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy (ROESY) steps,
      makes it possible to determine both the partial (disaccharide) sequences, and the
      sequential order, of whole linear and branched oligosaccharide chains.

PMID- 2930534
TI  - Voltage-dependent introduction of a d[alpha]octothymidylate into
      electropermeabilized cells.
AB  - DC-3F cells were submitted to electric square wave pulses in the presence of a
      d[alpha]octothymidylate 32P labelled in the 5' position. Radioactivity was
      incorporated in a voltage-dependent manner and reached a maximum for a field
      intensity of 1300-1400 V.cm-1. Growth curves and parallel cloning efficiency
      experiments indicated that cell viability was not altered by electric pulses,
      alone or in the presence of the oligothymidylate, below a field intensity of 1300
      V.cm-1. Using affinity chromatography we extracted the incorporated
      oligonucleotide and showed that it was not degraded during the
      electropermeabilization experiment time.

PMID- 2930535
TI  - Degradation of trichloroethylene by the ammonia-oxidizing bacterium Nitrosomonas
      europaea.
AB  - Suspensions of Nitrosomonas europaea are shown to cause the complete
      disappearance of 10 microM trichloroethylene at rates of 1 microM mg protein-1.
      The reaction continues at nearly this rate for many hours. Fresh cells catalyze
      the reaction in the absence of added ammonium (presumably utilizing endogenous
      ammonia or stored reductant). In older cells, trichloroethylene degradation
      depends on the addition of ammonia. Acetylene, 2-chloro 6-trichloromethylpyridine
      and alpha alpha'dipyridyl, which inhibit the oxidation of ammonia by cells,
      inhibit the degradation of trichloroethylene. Thus degradation of
      trichloroethylene is dependent on- and possibly catalyzed by the ammonia
      oxidizing enzyme.

PMID- 2930536
TI  - Study of the heteromeric structure of the untransformed glucocorticoid receptor
      using chemical cross-linking and monoclonal antibodies against the 90K heat-shock
      protein.
AB  - The untransformed rat glucocorticoid receptor is assumed to be a hetero
      oligomeric complex, containing a non-steroid binding component, the 90K heat
      shock protein (HSP 90). Direct measurement of its molecular weight by chemical
      cross-linking provides new evidence for a trimeric structure with a Mr of ca.
      270,000. Resorting to an anti HSP 90 probe (AC 88), we show that the native
      dimeric HSP 90 possess two accessible epitopes for this monoclonal antibody,
      while when bound to the steroid-binding subunit, only one epitope remains
      accessible. These data clearly suggest that the untransformed rat glucocorticoid
      receptor is an asymmetrical hetero-oligomeric complex.

PMID- 2930537
TI  - Ontogeny of pineal protein kinase C activity.
AB  - The developmental appearance of protein kinase C (PKC) activity in the rat pineal
      gland was investigated. Enzyme activity could be detected before birth in both
      cytosol and membrane fractions. A small peak in activity was seen between -2 and
      4 days of age, coinciding with a temporary redistribution of activity to the
      membrane fraction (4% increasing to 17%). After 10 days of age both cytosol and
      membrane activity increased progressively to reach adult levels by 30 days.
      Inhibition of daily adrenergic stimulation to the gland by decentralizing or
      removing the superior cervical ganglia or exposing rats to constant light for 14
      days did not reduce PKC activity. These results indicate that PKC activity is
      located in pinealocytes rather than in the presynaptic adrenergic terminals and
      that adrenergic stimulation is not necessary to maintain the high level of PKC
      activity in the pineal.

PMID- 2930538
TI  - Neutralization of cholera toxin by rat IgA secretory antibodies induced by a free
      synthetic peptide.
AB  - Secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) is the major immunoglobulin in the bile of
      several species. They contribute to local immune defences of the gut. The
      protection against cholera toxin (CT) is due to the presence of specific sIgA in
      the bile and in the gut. We have already reported that oral administration of the
      peptide corresponding to the sequence 50-75 of cholera toxin B subunit elicits
      serum antibodies neutralizing CT activity, and that IgA and local protection are
      observed in the intestine of P50-75 orally immunized mice. In this study, we
      demonstrate the potential of this synthetic peptide as immunogen without carrier
      or adjuvant, not only in a strain known to be sensitive to CT, but also in an
      outbred one. Furthermore, this peptide stimulates the mucosal immunity, since we
      show that P50-75 induced-sIgA purified from rats bile and serum, are capable of
      neutralizing CT activity in the in vivo intestinal ligated loop test.

PMID- 2930540
TI  - Alterations in the sialylation and sulfation of secreted mouse thyrotropin in
      primary hypothyroidism.
AB  - We investigated the effect of in vivo hypothyroidism on the sialylation and
      sulfation of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secreted by mouse pituitary
      explants. Oligosaccharides from secreted thyroid-stimulating hormone from
      hypothyroid animals contained greater sialic acid relative to sulfate in both
      alpha and beta subunits. Aging per se had little effect on thyroid-stimulating
      hormone sialylation or sulfation. Variable sialylation and sulfation demonstrates
      a mechanism for charge microheterogeneity of thyroid-stimulating hormone, and the
      increasing sialylation observed with hypothyroidism may functionally mediate the
      prolonged metabolic clearance that has been noted previously.

PMID- 2930539
TI  - A tumor growth inhibitory factor and a tumor growth promoting factor isolated
      from unfertilized ova of shad (Alosa sapidissima).
AB  - In the present study, a cytostatic tumor growth inhibitory peptide and a tumor
      growth promoting peptide with molecular weights of 20,000-30,000 Da have been
      identified in the supernatant fraction of unfertilized ova from Shad. The factors
      can be separated by gel chromatography, thus indicating that the factors are
      individual molecules. Both of the factors are nondialyzable, heat stable, and
      resistant to trypsin digestion and periodate oxidation.

PMID- 2930541
TI  - Lack of effect of pertussis toxin on TNF-alpha-induced formation of reactive
      oxygen intermediates by human neutrophils.
AB  - When human PMN were plated on fetal calf serum-coated polystyrene surfaces,
      addition of TNF-alpha, FMLP or PMA elicited adhesion and H2O2 formation. These
      effects of TNF-alpha and FMLP, but not of PMA, were impaired by removal of
      extracellular Ca2+. In addition, H2O2 formation induced by FMLP but not by TNF
      alpha or PMA was inhibited by prior treatment with pertussis toxin (250-500
      ng/ml). Thus, although the sequelae of TNF-alpha-receptor interaction on human
      PMN remain to be characterized in detail, they do not involve a pertussis toxin
      sensitive GTP-binding protein.

PMID- 2930542
TI  - The integrity of tubulin molecule is not required for the activity of tubulin
      carboxypeptidase.
AB  - Tubulin dimer, alpha-tubulin subunit, and C-terminal peptides obtained from the
      alpha-tubulin subunit were compared in their capabilities to act as substrates of
      tubulin carboxypeptidase. The results obtained indicate that the enzyme does not
      require the beta-tubulin subunit to release tyrosine from alpha-tubulin. The 17
      Kd C-terminal peptide of the alpha-tubulin subunit was obtained and it was
      detyrosinated at the same rate as tubulin dimer. A smaller C-terminal peptide of
      2.8-3.7 Kd showed a lower capability to act as substrate. Similar results were
      obtained with pancreatic carboxypeptidase A. From the analysis of the results we
      consider that an optimal activity of the tubulin carboxypeptidase depends mainly
      on the accessibility of the C-terminal end of alpha-tubulin.

PMID- 2930543
TI  - Spermine antagonizes the binding of adriamycin to the inner membrane of heart
      mitochondria.
AB  - The biologically active polyamine, spermine, has been found to function as a
      cationic antagonist of adriamycin binding to ox heart submitochondrial particles.
      This effect is specifically shown by spermine since other cations tested in the
      same conditions, can antagonize the binding only to a very low extent. Analysis
      of the adriamycin binding data in the presence of spermine indicate that the
      polyamine can greatly reduce the total number of binding sites for the
      anthracycline in submitochondrial particles and it can increase the apparent
      dissociation constant, whilst it leaves unchanged the degree of cooperativity of
      the binding. These results provide evidence on previously unexplored effects of
      spermine, suggesting that this polyamine might be examined as a possible in vivo
      antagonist of the adriamycin binding to mitochondria.

PMID- 2930544
TI  - In vivo 31P NMR spectroscopy of energy rich phosphates in the brain of the
      hyperammonemic rat.
AB  - Hyperammonemia is a major contributing factor to the neurological abnormalities
      observed in hepatic encephalopathy and in congenital defects of ammonia
      detoxication. In rats variable changes in labile energy rich phosphates in the
      brain have been observed in hyperammonemia using biochemical methods. Using 31P
      NMR spectroscopy however no significant changes of the relative concentrations of
      the energy rich phosphates alpha, beta and gamma-ATP, phosphocreatine, inorganic
      phosphate and the pH were found in the fronto parietal cortex of the urease
      treated hyperammonemic rat. Alterations in the metabolites of these compounds do
      not appear to be a major pathomechanism of ammonia toxicity in this brain area.

PMID- 2930545
TI  - Microtubule-associated protein-2 stimulates DNA synthesis catalyzed by the
      nuclear matrix.
AB  - Microtubule-associated protein-2 (MAP-2) isolated from porcine brains stimulated
      DNA synthesis catalyzed by the nuclear matrix isolated from Physarum polycephalum
      in the presence of activated DNA as exogenous templates. The degree of the
      stimulation depended on the amount of the nuclear matrix, but not on that of the
      template. MAP-2 also stimulated DNA polymerase alpha activity solubilized from
      nuclei, but not DNA polymerase beta activity. These results suggest that MAP-2
      stimulates DNA synthesis by interacting with the putative DNA replication
      machinery including DNA polymerase alpha bound to the matrix. Similar stimulation
      occurred in the nuclear matrix isolated from HeLa and rat ascites hepatoma cells,
      which strongly suggests that MAP-2 is involved in the control of DNA replication
      in eukaryotic cells.

PMID- 2930546
TI  - [Ca2+]i independent mitogenesis in cultured human fibroblasts revealed by single
      cell microfluorimetry.
AB  - A transient rise in intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) has been
      implicated in mitogenic induction of cell division. Individual human foreskin
      fibroblasts in confluent cultures examined with the Ca2+ indicator Fura-2 and a
      fluorescence microscope-imaging system had a basal [Ca2+]i which varied markedly
      from cell-to-cell. A transient serum-induced rise in [Ca2+]i was demonstrated the
      magnitude of which was directly correlated with the basal [Ca2+]i level. In
      contrast to serum-induced increase in [Ca2+]i, exposure to an elevated level of
      extracellular Ca2+, which is at least equally mitogenic for fibroblasts, did not
      alter the basal [Ca2+]i of single subconfluent cells or confluent cells. Elevated
      extracellular Ca2+ does not exert its mitogenicity via a transient rise in
      [Ca2+]i.

PMID- 2930547
TI  - Regulation of colony formation of differentiated chondrocytes in soft agar by
      transforming growth factor-beta.
AB  - Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) induces colony formation by chondrocytes in soft
      agar (Y. Kato et al., J. Cell. Physiol., 1987), and the present study revealed
      that transforming growth factor-beta(TGF-beta) does not induce the same effect.
      TGF-beta did, however, increase the efficiency of colony formation by
      chondrocytes 3- to 4-fold in the presence of a maximal dose of FGF. Furthermore,
      TGF-beta decreased the concentrations of FGF needed for the induction of cell
      growth in soft agar by 40- to 100-fold. These results suggest that TGF-beta is
      involved in the control of cartilage growth possibly by increasing the
      responsiveness of chondrocytes to FGF.

PMID- 2930548
TI  - Fatty acid composition of lipids which copurify with band 3.
AB  - In a previous study (L. R. Maneri and P. S. Low (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 16170
      16178) we determined that the anion transport protein, band 3, was significantly
      stabilized by lipids containing saturated and/or long chain fatty acids. To
      determine whether this thermodynamic preference is reflected in the composition
      of lipids tightly associating with the anion transporter in vivo, we have
      analyzed the fatty acid content of phospholipids co-isolating with the purified
      integral domain of band 3. Our data demonstrate that although stearic acid
      comprises only 14% of the bulk lipid fatty acids of the red cell membrane, it
      constitutes -68% of the fatty acids of lipids co-isolating with band 3. Certain
      other long chain fatty acids were also enriched in the adherent lipids. These
      results suggest that the fatty acids which most effectively stabilize band 3 also
      have the highest affinity for the transport protein.

PMID- 2930549
TI  - Potentiation of diacylglycerol-activated protein kinase C by acyl-coenzyme A
      thioesters of hypolipidaemic drugs.
AB  - Acyl-Coenzyme A thioesters of the hypolipidaemic and cancerinogenic peroxisome
      proliferators clofibric acid, nafenopin, ciprofibrate, bezafibrate and tibric
      acid were found to greatly increase the activity of rat brain protein kinase C.
      Maximal activation required the simultaneous presence of Ca+2, phosphatidylserine
      and diolein, thus differentiating their action from that of other tumor promoters
      such as phorbol esters. Under similar conditions the unesterified drugs were
      comparatively ineffective. Similar results were obtained using the rat liver
      enzyme. The data suggest that acylcoenzyme A thioesters of hypolipidaemic drugs,
      may play a role in the induction of liver tumors by these compounds, through the
      potentiation of protein kinase C.

PMID- 2930550
TI  - Singlet oxygen production from the peroxidase catalyzed formation of styrene
      glutathione adducts.
AB  - Recently, Stock et al. (J. Biol. Chem. 261, 15915-15922 [1986]) described a model
      enzyme system composed of horseradish peroxidase, hydrogen peroxide, phenol,
      glutathione and styrene. This system forms glutathione-styrene conjugates.
      Glutathione radicals and carbon-centered radicals are intermediates in this
      process. In the present study, this model enzyme system was also shown to
      generate singlet oxygen, probably via a Russell mechanism. No singlet oxygen was
      generated in the absence of styrene. Thus, contrary to prior suggestions, the
      reaction of glutathione radical with oxygen to produce a thiyl peroxyl radical is
      not a significant source of singlet oxygen.

PMID- 2930551
TI  - The reactions of chloroperoxidase in the presence of xanthine/xanthine oxidase.
AB  - Spectral data are presented which indicate that chloroperoxidase is converted to
      compound II during the reaction with superoxide/hydrogen peroxide generated in
      the xanthine/xanthine oxidase system. Upon completion of compound II formation,
      compound II returns back to the native state of chloroperoxidase without
      formation of detectable intermediates. It is shown that chloroperoxidase acts as
      a superoxide scavenger but less effectively than superoxide dismutase. Addition
      of chloride ion enhances the rate of decay of compound II to native enzyme,
      showing that chloride ion is oxidized to a chlorine atom in the presence of
      compound II.

PMID- 2930552
TI  - Dual effect of activin A on cell growth in Balb/c 3T3 cells.
AB  - Effects of activin A on cell growth were studied in Balb/c 3T3 cells. When
      incubated with serum, activin A inhibited serum-induced increase in DNA synthesis
      in a concentration-dependent manner. Activin A also inhibited serum-induced
      increase in cell number. When added in quiescent cells, activin A did not affect
      competence-inducing activity of PDGF. Activin A by itself had a small competence
      inducing activity. In contrast, when added in competent cells, activin A
      inhibited progression activity of platelet-poor plasma. These results indicate
      that activin A has dual action on cell proliferation in Balb/c 3T3 cells.

PMID- 2930553
TI  - Adverse effects of anti-tumor drug, cisplatin, on rat kidney mitochondria:
      disturbances in glutathione peroxidase activity.
AB  - This study was designed to clarify mechanisms responsible for cisplatin-induced
      nephrotoxicity together with the effect of selenium. Rats were divided into 3
      groups: the cisplatin group; cisplatin (60 mg/kg) was administered
      intraperitoneally once, the cisplatin + Se group; cisplatin (60 mg/kg) once, and
      selenious acid (10 mumol/kg) were administered intraperitoneally once a day for 5
      consecutive days, the control group; untreated. In each group, mitochondrial
      respiratory function, enzymic activities in mitochondrial respiratory chain and
      glutathione peroxidase, and plasma creatinine and BUN contents were measured. In
      the cisplatin group, decreases in mitochondrial respiratory function, enzymic
      activities in the respiratory chain and glutathione peroxidase, and increases in
      plasma creatinine and BUN contents were observed compared with the control group,
      while the cisplatin + Se group lessened these impairments. These results
      suggested that cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity was closely related to
      mitochondrial dysfunction through the impairment of glutathione peroxidase. This
      toxicity might be ascribed to free radical mediated-injury. We propose here that,
      with selenium, higher dose administration of cisplatin to patients might be
      applicable.

PMID- 2930554
TI  - Evidence for the formation of 26-hydroxycholesterol by cytochrome P-450 in pig
      kidney mitochondria.
AB  - Pig kidney mitochondria were found to catalyze the formation of 26
      hydroxycholesterol, an inhibitor of cholesterol biosynthesis. The cholesterol 26
      hydroxylase was purified 600-fold. It was present in a mitochondrial enzyme
      fraction enriched in cytochrome P-450. The cytochrome P-450 fraction required
      NADPH, mitochondrial ferredoxin and ferredoxin reductase for 26-hydroxylase
      activity. The mitochondria and the purified 26-hydroxylase preparation also
      catalyzed 26-hydroxylation of 5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha-triol,
      and intermediate in cholic acid biosynthesis, and of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. The
      role of extra-hepatic formation of 26-hydroxycholesterol is discussed.

PMID- 2930555
TI  - ADP-ribosylatable content of elongation factor-2 changes during cell cycle of
      normal and cancerous human cells.
AB  - The amount of protein elongation factor EF-2 that can be inactivated by
      diphtheria toxin-mediated ADP-ribosylation, a measure of its active content,
      decreases by 45% and 66% in G1-arrested normal human fibroblasts and in HeLa
      cells respectively. On restimulation of cells with fresh serum, the amounts of
      ADP-ribosylatable EF-2 begin to increase within 4 h. Whereas the level of active
      EF-2 returns to normal (exponential phase of growth) in 20 h in the case of
      fibroblasts, only 47% recovery was observed for HeLa cells during this period.
      The apparent long half-lives of EF-2 mRNA and protein indicate possibilities of
      posttranslational ADP-ribosylation and de-ADP-ribosylation as the regulators of
      the amounts of active EF-2 during human cell cycle.

PMID- 2930556
TI  - The formation of glyoxylate from glycine by melanin.
AB  - Natural and synthetic melanins catalyze the conversion of glycine to glyoxylate
      and formic acid in vitro. The conversion depends upon the concentration of
      melanin.

PMID- 2930557
TI  - Amphotericin B-induced changes in renal membrane permeation: a model of
      nephrotoxicity.
AB  - As part of an investigation into the nephrotoxic effects of the polyene
      antibiotic Amphotericin B we have studied its effects on the ion permeability of
      purified renal brush border membrane vesicles. Membrane potentials were measured
      using a potential sensitive carbocyanine dye, and ion permeabilities were
      calculated from the constant field equation. Amphotericin B significantly altered
      the ionic permeability sequence of isolated membranes and caused a selectivity
      for increasing the permeation of anions. Permeability changes induced by 2.0
      micrograms/ml Amphotericin B resulted in an estimated hyperpolarization of the
      membrane from -50 mV to -72 mV. In addition, the kinetic parameters of Na+
      dependent transport of organic metabolites were examined. The maximum change in
      fluorescence was decreased significantly in the presence of Amphotericin B. These
      results suggest that the ionic state of the renal cell membrane is significantly
      altered by the presence of Amphotericin B.

PMID- 2930558
TI  - Prostaglandin D2 stimulates calcification of human osteoblastic cells.
AB  - Studies on prostaglandin (PG) regulation of bone formation and resorption
      metabolism have been complicated by the heterogeneity of the tissue, which
      involves the interaction between and the activities of two bone cell types,
      osteoblasts and osteoclasts. In a simplified assay system using a cultured human
      osteoblastic cell line which has the capacity to form calcified tissue, we
      determined the effects of PGs on calcification. Of the PGs tested, PGD2 has a
      remarkable stimulatory activity on osteoblast calcification, but that the
      effective form is probably a metabolite, delta 12-PGJ2. This calcification
      function is not cAMP-mediated. PGD2 acts directly on osteoblast to cause
      stimulation of calcification.

PMID- 2930559
TI  - Chromophore conformational analysis in phycocyanin and in related chromopeptides
      by surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy.
AB  - Chromopeptides got from phycocyanin by proteolytic digestion do not preserve the
      extended chromophore conformations characteristic to the native protein.
      Chromophore conformations in the chromopeptides showed heterogenity varying
      between completely folded and semi-extended states. Indications were found that
      the silver sol-phycocyanin interaction involves the UV electronic transition of
      the biliprotein which may explain why the visible excited surface enhanced Raman
      spectra were similar not to the visible excited but to the UV-excited resonance
      Raman spectrum of phycocyanin.

PMID- 2930560
TI  - Titration of variant DNA sequences differing by a single point-mutation by
      selective dot-blot hybridization with synthetic oligonucleotides.
AB  - A dot-blot hybridization procedure with synthetic oligonucleotide probes is
      reported, which allows the quantitative titration in genomic DNA of variant forms
      of repeated genes differing by a single nucleotide change. It involves the
      utilization of a pair of 22-base long oligonucleotides matching the two variant
      sequences and the choice of an hybridization temperature very close to the Td of
      the oligonucleotide/DNA duplexes. The selectivity is achieved through a
      competition between the cognate labeled and the non-cognate unlabeled probes in
      the hybridization mixture.

PMID- 2930561
TI  - Tight binding of a copper (II) phthalocyanine (cuprolinic blue) to DNA.
AB  - The binding of a cationic phthalocyanine (Cuprolinic Blue) to calf thymus DNA,
      indicated by the increase in the DNA melting temperature and spectroscopic
      titration (Kaff greater than 10(7)M-1), was characterised by at least two
      distinct DNA-bound ligand forms possibly arising from intercalated and externally
      bound species each with Kaff values in the region 10(7) M-1. Evidence of strong
      intercalation was provided by gel electrophoresis of plasmid DNA in the presence
      of Cuprolinic Blue. The anionic phthalocyanine (copper phthalocyanine 3,4',4",
      4"'-tetrasulfonic acid) does not bind to DNA by spectral criteria, reflecting
      electrostatic contributions to binding.

PMID- 2930562
TI  - Inhibin alpha-subunit monomer is present in bovine follicular fluid.
AB  - The 26 kDa form of the inhibin alpha-subunit monomer was isolated from bovine
      follicular fluid. Both sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
      and immunoblotting analysis revealed that the 26 kDa form of the alpha-subunit
      monomer is composed of 6 kDa and 20 kDa fragments linked together by a disulfide
      bond(s). The NH2-terminal sequence and amino acid analyses of each fragment
      showed that those fragments are derived from residues 18 to 60 and 227 to 360,
      respectively, of the inhibin alpha-subunit precursor (residues 1 to 360) as
      deduced from the cDNA sequence. Thus, it is concluded that removal of the
      putative signal peptide (residues 1 to 17) and the middle portion (residues 61 to
      226) from the alpha-subunit precursor generates the 26 kDa form of the alpha
      subunit. In the in vitro rat pituitary assay, the 26 kDa alpha-subunit exhibited
      neither inhibin-like nor FSH-release stimulating activity.

PMID- 2930563
TI  - A micellar model for investigating the chemical nature of hydrogen transfer in
      NAD(P)H-dependent enzymatic reactions.
AB  - Aqueous micelles of Triton X-100 were shown to catalyse the redox reaction
      between NADH and 2-p-iodophenyl-3-p-nitrophenyl-5-phenyltetrazolium chloride
      (INT) at the neutral pH. The transfer of reducing equivalents between the
      reactants in the micellar system appeared to be direct and quantitative. N-tert
      butylphenyl-alpha-nitrone, a lipophilic free-radical scavenger which can enter
      micelles, and superoxide dismutase did not alter the stoichiometry of the
      reaction. The oxidation product of NADH was found to be 100% enzymatically
      active. The IR spectrum of INT-formazan (i.e., the product of INT reduction)
      showed an absorbance at 3,100-3,700 cm- due to NH-stretching. The presence of NH
      proton, confirmed further by IH-NMR, together with the above observations
      suggests that INT, as part of the over-all redox process, abstracts a C(4)
      hydrogen of the dihydropyridine nucleus of NADH with a simultaneous cleavage at
      N(2-3) position of its 1,2,3,4-tetrazole ring system and that the redox events
      are confined to a microenvironment as in the case of NAD(P)H-dependent enzymatic
      reactions.

PMID- 2930564
TI  - Direct evidence for modulation of porter quaternary structure by transport site
      ligands.
AB  - The transport inhibitor DNDS (4,4'-dinitrostilbene-2,2'-disulfonate) changes the
      bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate (BS3) crosslinking pattern of band 3 protein from
      a mixture of dimer-crosslinkable (DC) and tetramer-crosslinkable (TC) states to
      the TC-state as the exclusive crosslinked product for reactions occurring in
      membranes of intact human erythrocytes. Pretreatment of cells with DNDS followed
      by extensive washing restores the original DC to TC proportionality indicating
      that the two states are reversibly interconvertible. We suggest a model wherein
      band 3 transport site ligands allosterically modulate the global conformation of
      a tetrameric porter between two reversibly interconvertible quaternary
      structures. These transitions in quaternary structure may be important to
      transmembrane signaling of events between the exofacial ligand binding site and
      the sites on the porter extension which bind ankyrin and hemoglobin.

PMID- 2930565
TI  - Parathyroid hormone 1-34, but not 3-34 or 7-34, transiently translocates protein
      kinase C in cultured renal (OK) cells.
AB  - While protein kinase C (PKC) appears to play a role in the action of PTH in renal
      cells, direct evidence of activation by PTH is lacking. Rat PTH (1-34) caused a
      rapid, transient translocation of PKC in opossum kidney (OK) cells from a basal
      value of 0.09 to maximum of 0.24 at 10-15 sec. Both the time course and dose
      response relationship of translocation matched a corresponding increase in
      cytosolic Ca2+. In contrast, PTH activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase
      (PKA), while also rapid, was greater in magnitude (0.10 to 0.50), persistent, and
      occurred at a threshold level of 3 x 10(-10)M PTH, compared to 10(-8)M for PKC.
      Neither bPTH(3-34) nor bPTH(7-34) activated either protein kinase, while both
      antagonized rPTH(1-34)-induced PKC translocation more effectively than PKA
      activation. These differential effects of PTH agonist and antagonists further
      support the suggestion that PTH acts through two signal transduction mechanisms
      in which one or more receptors is linked in distinct ways to adenylate cyclase
      and phospholipase C.

PMID- 2930566
TI  - Cremophor EL, a widely used parenteral vehicle, is a potent inhibitor of protein
      kinase C.
AB  - Cremophor EL, a castor oil derivative, has been considered a non-toxic
      solubilizer for lipophilic drugs and vitamins. Protein kinase C, a
      phospholipid/Ca++-dependent protein kinase, is known to phosphorylate, in
      response to extracellular stimuli, a variety of proteins for cellular functions.
      The present study shows that Cremophor EL selectively inhibits the activity of
      protein kinase C in vitro. The potency of this selective inhibition is greater
      than that of other protein kinase C-specific inhibitor thus far reported.
      Cremophor EL acts primarily on the enzyme activator diacylglycerol (or the
      phorbol ester) and prevents the latter from both interacting with the
      phospholipid and binding to protein kinase C. This is the first report of a
      significant biological activity induced by this widely used substituted castor
      oil solubilizer.

PMID- 2930567
TI  - Multiple receptors for modified low density lipoproteins in mouse peritoneal
      macrophages: different uptake mechanisms for acetylated and oxidized low density
      lipoproteins.
AB  - Receptor-mediated incorporations of two modified low density lipoproteins (LDL),
      acetylated LDL (acetyl-LDL) and oxidized LDL were compared in vitro in mouse
      peritoneal macrophages by cross-competition experiments. Excess amount of
      oxidized LDL inhibits the binding of [125I]acetyl-LDL only partially, and excess
      amount of acetyl-LDL inhibits that of [125I]oxidized LDL also only partially,
      suggesting that the uptake of the two LDL by macrophages is mediated by partially
      overlapped yet different mechanisms. Scatchard analysis of [125I]acetyl-LDL
      binding showed a linear plot and addition of excess amount of oxidized LDL
      partially displaced the binding sites without changing the affinity, suggesting
      that there are two classes of receptors with similar affinity; one is specific
      for acetyl-LDL and the other is common. And the plot of [125I]oxidized LDL
      binding showed a curvilinear plot and excess amount of acetyl-LDL partially
      displaced the binding sites of the low affinity, suggesting that there are two
      classes of binding sites with different affinities and the low affinity one is
      shared with acetyl-LDL. These results indicate that macrophage receptors for
      modified LDL consist of at least three receptors, two of which are specific for
      each LDL and the rest is a common receptor.

PMID- 2930568
TI  - Regulation of new osteoclast formation by a bone cell-derived macromolecular
      factor.
AB  - Medium conditioned by incubation with embryonic chick calvarial bones, which
      contain osteoblasts but not osteoclasts, stimulated new osteoclast formation in
      foetal long bone cultures and in adult bone marrow cultures formation of tartrate
      resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) positive cells was greatly stimulated. We have
      termed the factor responsible for this activity osteoclast growth/inducing factor
      (OGF). OGF was soluble, heat-stable and of size greater than 10kda. OGF activity
      was present also in mouse bone conditioned medium and in extracts of
      demineralized cortical diaphyseal bone of five-week-old chickens. OGF appeared to
      differ from the osteoblast-derived bone-resorbing factors previously observed as
      well as from macrophage colony stimulating factor (CSF-1). It is therefore
      probable that different locally secreted factors independently regulate the
      formation of osteoclasts and their activity.

PMID- 2930569
TI  - DNA polymerase alpha activity is not affected by protein kinases or alkaline
      phosphatase.
AB  - Recent studies with crude or partially purified cell extracts have suggested that
      DNA polymerase alpha activity may be regulated by enzymatic phosphorylation. To
      further investigate these findings, we have examined the effects of protein
      kinases and phosphatases on highly purified DNA polymerase alpha from mouse
      cells. Incubation of DNA polymerase alpha with a variety of protein kinases,
      including protein kinase C, had no effect on polymerase activity. In addition,
      treatment of the polymerase with soluble calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase had
      no effect on DNA polymerase alpha activity, further indicating that
      phosphorylation does not have a direct role in modulating polymerase activity. In
      contrast, incubation of DNA polymerase alpha with calf intestinal alkaline
      phosphatase crosslinked to agarose beads resulted in a time dependent
      disappearance of polymerase activity. This loss of DNA polymerase activity was
      dependent on phosphatase activity, as the alkaline phosphatase inhibitors,
      potassium phosphate or levamisole, prevented the loss of polymerase activity in
      the presence of the beaded phosphatase. The loss of DNA polymerase alpha activity
      following beaded phosphatase treatment was not a general phenomena as the large
      fragment of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I, T4 DNA polymerase or mouse primase
      were not affected by similar treatment. The decreased DNA polymerase activity
      following incubation with phosphatase beads correlated with the binding of the
      DNA polymerase polypeptides, p185 and p68, to the agarose beads and this binding
      could not be reversed by either 150 mM potassium chloride or sodium sulfate. The
      binding of the polymerase to the agarose beads was dependent on the phosphatase
      activity, as the polymerase could be first treated with soluble calf intestinal
      phosphatase and subsequently bound to added Sepharose 4B beads. Surprisingly,
      Sepharose CL4B, a highly desulfated agarose preparation, did not bind the
      phosphatase-treated polymerase suggesting that sulfated polysaccharides are
      required for polymerase binding. The physiological correlate of this binding is
      unknown, but it has been reported that sulfated polysaccharides exist in a
      variety of intracellular compartments. It would be interesting to speculate that
      phosphorylation controls the intracellular compartmentalization of DNA polymerase
      alpha.

PMID- 2930570
TI  - Structure determination of the UDP-disaccharide fragment of cytoplasmic cofactor
      isolated from Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum.
AB  - The methylcoenzyme M methylreductase reaction has an absolute requirement for 7
      mercaptoheptanoylthreonine phosphate or component B, which is the active
      component of the intact molecule previously referred to as cytoplasmic cofactor.
      A hydrolytic fragment of cytoplasmic cofactor has been purified and identified as
      uridine 5'-(O-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-manno-pyranuronosyl acid (1----4)-2
      acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-glucopyranosyl diphosphate) by high resolution NMR and
      fast atom bombardment mass spectro-metry. It is postulated that UDP-disaccharide
      may function to anchor 7-mercaptoheptanoyl threonine phosphate at the active site
      of the methyl-reductase enzyme complex.

PMID- 2930571
TI  - A revised sequence of calf thymus glutaredoxin.
AB  - The previously published structure of the glutaredoxin from calf thymus [Klintrot
      et al., (1984) Eur. J. Biochem. 144, 417-423] was reinvestigated by tandem mass
      spectrometry and found to have an N-terminal Ac-Ala-Gln-Ala-... sequence and an
      additional four amino acids inserted between positions 67 and 68.

PMID- 2930572
TI  - Distance estimation from NOE data in macromolecular systems: a quadratic
      approach.
AB  - A new procedure has been suggested for the estimation of interproton distances
      from Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement (NOE) data in biological macromolecules. A
      critical assessment of the errors and advantages has been made vis a vis the
      commonly used initial rate approximation. Experimental data supporting the
      theoretical ideas have been presented.

PMID- 2930573
TI  - Biological and chemical evidence for the existence of a porcine hypothalamic
      parotid hormone-releasing factor.
AB  - Methodology has been developed to achieve partial purification of a parotid
      hormone-releasing peptide from porcine hypothalamus-thalamus tissue using an in
      vivo parotid hormone stimulation test in pigs and a dentinal fluid transport
      stimulation test in rats. The purification steps include: acetone-water
      extraction of the tissue at pH 5.2, ultrafiltration through Amicon PM10 membrane,
      size exclusion chromatography on Bio-Gel P2, and open-column reversed-phase
      chromatography on Lichroprep RP8. A 100-fold increase in specific activity was
      attained. Intravenous infusion of porcine hypothalamus-thalamus extract
      stimulates a dentinal fluid transport mechanism in teeth of intact anesthetized
      rats, and the release of plasma immunoreactive parotid hormone in conscious
      catheterized pigs. Parotidectomy in both species suppresses the response,
      suggesting that the expression of parotid hormone-releasing activity requires the
      integrity of a putative hypothalamus-parotid gland endocrine axis.

PMID- 2930574
TI  - Apparent "activation" of protein kinases by okadaic acid class tumor promoters.
AB  - A cytosolic fraction of mouse brain gave two peaks of protein kinase activity on
      DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. The first peak of protein kinase
      corresponded to protein kinase C. The second peak contained protein kinases that
      were "activated" dose-dependently by the okadaic acid class tumor promoters,
      okadaic acid and dinophysistoxin-1. This "activation" was not achieved by other
      tumor promoters, such as 12-0-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate, teleocidin,
      aplysiatoxin, or palytoxin. In addition, the second peak contained phosphatases.
      The phosphate liberation from phosphorylated histone type III-S by incubation
      with the second peak was inhibited by okadaic acid or dinophysistoxin-1, dose
      dependently. The resulting apparent "activation" of protein kinases by okadaic
      acid is indicated and would imply a new pathway of tumor promotion on mouse skin.

PMID- 2930575
TI  - Specific alterations in the biological activities of C-20'-modified vinblastine
      congeners.
AB  - Both the anti-tumor and toxic activities of the vinca alkaloid dimers,
      vinblastine (VBL) and vincristine (VCR), may reside at the level of their known
      cellular target, the microtubule system. The contributions made by each of the
      various actions of these alkaloids on this system are unknown. We have used new,
      complete synthetic methodologies to create a series of eight C-20' alkyl
      congeners of VBL and have examined these compounds for their abilities to (1)
      inhibit microtubule assembly, (2) disassemble preformed microtubules, and (3)
      induce spiral aggregate formation, using purified brain microtubule protein. By
      combining turbidimetric and electron microscopic techniques, we discovered that
      each of the various effects of VBL on the microtubule system in vitro was
      amenable to alteration by specific modification at this single molecular site. In
      addition, we report two new aberrations of VBL action--the induction of spirals
      by a concentration of congener below 1 microM and the formation of "opened"
      microtubules polymerized in the presence of congener. The relationship between
      anti-microtubule action in vitro and the cellular activities of growth inhibition
      and mitotic arrest by the congeners was examined in leukemic and colon cancer
      cell lines. In general, we found that both cellular perturbations were correlated
      to the ability of the congeners to inhibit microtubule polymerization rather than
      to the actions of spiral formation or microtubule disassembly. These results are
      a breakthrough in the structure/function relationship of the vinca alkaloid
      dimers and should provide the means to determine the role of specific anti
      microtubule activities to the complex biological actions of these natural product
      drugs.

PMID- 2930576
TI  - Evidence for isoxicam binding to site I as a primary site and to site II as a
      secondary site of human serum albumin.
AB  - Isoxicam binding to HSA was studied using equilibrium dialysis and fluorescence
      methods. It was shown that this drug binds to or near site I (warfarin or
      azapropazone site) and to site II (the diazepam site) as a secondary site,
      although it is generally considered that their respective drug structural
      requirements are often exclusive. The binding parameters were calculated with
      different mathematical models; a site oriented model with or without fixing the
      number of binding sites as integer values and a stoichiometric model. The
      relevant results are in good agreement under the selected experimental
      conditions. The stoichiometric method indicates that no positive cooperativity
      occurred during the binding process but other interactions between the two sites
      cannot be excluded.

PMID- 2930577
TI  - Comparison of microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes in 14 rat inbred strains.
AB  - Drug metabolic capacity in liver microsomes of 14 rat inbred strains was
      investigated. Cytochrome P-450 content as well as the following enzyme activities
      were measured: NADPH cyt. c(P-450) reductase (Red.), aminopyrine N-demethylase
      (APDM), ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase (ECOD), 1-naphthol: UDP
      glucuronosyltransferase (NGT) and hydrolysis of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA;
      measured at pH 5.5 and pH 7.4). All enzymes measured were found to exhibit
      statistically significant inter-strain differences. In males the enzyme
      activities varied over a 7.3-fold (ECOD) to 1.4-fold (cytochrome P-450) range.
      Other inter-strain differences were generally larger than 2-fold: ASA-hydrolysis
      at pH 5.5 and 7.4 (3.9- and 3.3-fold variation, respectively), NGT and Red. (2.1
      fold variation) and APDM (1.8-fold variation). In females similar, but somewhat
      smaller inter-strain differences were observed. Correlations between different
      enzyme activities were generally poor (correlation coefficients r less than 0.7).
      An exception was the correlation between ASA-hydrolysis at pH 5.5 and pH 7.4 (r =
      0.79). We conclude that ASA hydrolysis at pH 5.5 and 7.4 is mediated by the same
      enzyme or by coregulated enzymes and that all other activities are mediated by
      different or differentially regulated enzymes. Based on analysis of variance and
      subsequent inter-strain comparisons, all strains appear to express a unique
      profile of liver microsomal drug metabolism. No two strains are identical with
      respect to all activities measured. We suggest that differences between inbred
      rat strains and particularly the difference in balance between different enzymes
      in various strains can be used advantageously in pharmacological and
      toxicological experiments.

PMID- 2930579
TI  - Role of glutathione and its associated enzymes in multidrug-resistant human
      myeloma cells.
AB  - Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a phenomenon associated with the emergence of
      simultaneous cross-resistance to the cytotoxic action of a wide variety of
      structurally and functionally unrelated antineoplastic agents. The present study
      was undertaken to determine if 8226 human myeloma cells possessing the MDR
      phenotype had an increased ability to resist the intercalating drug doxorubicin
      (DOX) via glutathione-based detoxification systems. Glutathione S-transferase
      (GST) was isolated by affinity chromatography, and the enzyme activity was
      assessed using 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) and glutathione (GSH) as
      substrates. There was no difference in overall GST activity between the sensitive
      and resistant cells. Using a cDNA probe (pGTSS1-2) for the human placental,
      anionic GST isoenzyme, no overexpression of mRNA for this isoenzyme was noted in
      the resistant line. When glutathione peroxidase activity (GSH-px) was assessed
      using either H2O2 or cumene hydroperoxide as substrate, again there was no
      difference in enzyme activity. Non-protein sulfhydryl (NPSH) levels were found to
      be elevated significantly in the resistant 8226/DOX40 subline (19.2 +/- 0.1 nmol
      NPSH/10(6) cells) as compared to the drug-sensitive parental subline 8226/S (11.6
      +/- 1.9 nmol NPSH/10(6) cells) (P less than 0.001). In addition, when the
      8226/DOX40 cells were cultured in medium without doxorubicin, there was a
      consistent decline in NPSH values reaching a steady state identical to that of
      the 8226/S cells. However, the decrease in NPSH level was not accompanied by a
      change in the level of doxorubicin resistance as assessed by colony-forming
      assays. Depletion of glutathione by D,L-buthionine-S,R-sulfoximine had no effect
      on doxorubicin sensitivity in either subline. Thus, it appears that GSH-based
      detoxification systems are not causally involved in maintaining the MDR phenotype
      in 8226 human myeloma cells; rather they appear to comprise an epiphenomenon
      associated with the resistance selection procedure.

PMID- 2930578
TI  - Ability of 1-methyltetrazole-5-thiol with microsomal activation to inhibit
      aldehyde dehydrogenase.
AB  - Antibiotics that contain the 1-methyltetrazole-5-thiol (MTT) leaving group are
      associated with an adverse effect when alcohol is ingested after their
      administration. Therefore, the ability of MTT to inhibit an enzyme in alcohol
      metabolism, aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), was examined. In the absence of
      microsomes, MTT did not inhibit ALDH obtained from either yeast or rat liver. In
      the presence of rat hepatic microsomes, MTT was able to inhibit the enzyme from
      both sources. The characteristics of the inhibition were studied, using the yeast
      enzyme, and found to be dependent upon the length of incubation with the hepatic
      microsomes and upon the concentration of MTT. Inhibition required the presence of
      NADH and was not detected if the microsomes were heat treated. Dilution did not
      reverse the inhibition. Intact antibiotics which contain the MTT moiety did not
      cause an inhibition of yeast ALDH unless the antibiotics were first treated with
      potassium hydroxide and then incubated with microsomes. Inhibition of ALDH
      activity measured in the mitochondrial plus microsomal fractions of rat liver
      also required NADH and was prevented by glutathione and heat treatment of the
      microsomes. These results indicate that microsomal activation of MTT is necessary
      for inhibition of aldehyde dehydrogenase. The behavior of MTT described here may
      explain the adverse effect observed if alcohol is ingested following
      administration of MTT-containing antibiotics.

PMID- 2930580
TI  - Oxidative and mitochondrial toxic effects of cephalosporin antibiotics in the
      kidney. A comparative study of cephaloridine and cephaloglycin.
AB  - Cephaloridine and cephaloglycin are the two most nephrotoxic cephalosporins
      released for human use. Cephaloridine has been shown to produce both oxidative
      and mitochondrial respiratory injury in renal cortex in patterns of dose (or
      concentration) and time that are consistent with pathogenicity. Cephaloglycin
      also produces respiratory toxicity, and recent studies have provided evidence
      that this injury results from an inactivation of mitochondrial anionic substrate
      transporters. The abilities of cephaloglycin to produce oxidative changes and
      cephaloridine to block mitochondrial substrate uptake have not been examined yet.
      We therefore compared these two cephalosporins with one another and with
      cephalexin, which is not nephrotoxic, in the production of the following: (1)
      several components of oxidative stress or damage [depletion of reduced
      glutathione (GSH) and production of oxidized glutathione (GSSG) in renal cortex,
      inhibition of glutathione reductase in vitro, and production of the lipid
      peroxidation products malondialdehyde (MDA) and conjugated dienes (CDs) in renal
      cortex]; and (2) renal cortical mitochondrial toxicity [to both respiration with,
      and the transport of, succinate]. Cephaloridine depleted GSH and elevated GSSG in
      renal cortex, inhibited glutathione reductase, and increased both MDA in whole
      cortex and CDs in cortical microsomes and mitochondria. While cephaloglycin
      depleted GSH at least as much as did cephaloridine, it produced one-fifth as much
      GSSG and had little or no effect on glutathione reductase activity or on cortical
      MDA or microsomal CDs; cephaloglycin caused a transient small increase of
      mitochondrial CDs. Cephalexin produced no oxidative changes except for a slight
      increase of mitochondrial CDs comparable to that produced by cephaloglycin. Both
      cephaloridine and cephaloglycin, but not cephalexin, decreased the unidirectional
      uptake of, and respiration with, succinate in cortical mitochondria. We conclude
      that cephaloridine and cephaloglycin are both toxic to mitochondrial substrate
      uptake and respiration, but differ significantly in their generation of products
      of oxidation.

PMID- 2930581
TI  - Effects of clofibrate and acetylsalicylic acid on hepatic carnitine
      palmitoyltransferase synthesis.
AB  - Clofibrate and acetylsalicylic and have both been reported to increase carnitine
      palmitoyltransferase (CPT) activity when administered to rats. The purpose of the
      present study was to determine the mechanism of the increase in CPT activity.
      Rats (150-200 g) were fed one of the following: chow, chow with 0.5% clofibrate,
      or chow with 1% acetylsalicylic acid for 2 weeks. At the end of this time,
      hepatic CPT activity was increased 4-fold over control in the clofibrate group
      and 3.6-fold over control in the acetylsalicylic acid group. Immunoreactive
      protein increased 4.0- and 3.6-fold, respectively, over control. Transcription
      rates of hepatic nuclei were increased 2.8- and 1.9-fold over control in the
      clofibrate and acetylsalicylic acid groups, and hepatic mRNA levels increased 2.8
      and 2.0-fold respectively. These data indicate that increases in CPT activity
      caused by clofibrate and acetylsalicylic acid administration are due, at least in
      part, to increased CPT protein, resulting from increased transcription rate and
      levels of mRNA specific for CPT.

PMID- 2930582
TI  - Effects of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug mefenamic acid on energy
      metabolism in the perfused rat liver.
AB  - The action of mefenamic acid, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, on energy
      metabolism in the isolated perfused rat liver was investigated. Mefenamic acid in
      the range between 0.1 and 1.0 mM was infused to livers from well-fed rats and
      from 24-hr fasted rats. The former were perfused with substrate-free
      Krebs/Henseleit-bicarbonate buffer, allowing the measurement of glycogenolysis
      and glycolysis from endogenous glycogen. The livers from 24-hr fasted rats, on
      the other hand, were perfused with Krebs/Henseleit-bicarbonate buffer containing
      fructose, thus allowing the measurement of fructolysis and glucose synthesis.
      Oxygen consumption was measured in both cases. When present in the range between
      0.1 and 0.5 mM, mefenamic acid increased glycolysis, oxygen uptake,
      glycogenolysis and fructolysis. Higher concentrations, depending on the perfusion
      conditions, were inhibitory. Glucose production from exogenous fructose, on the
      other hand, was inhibited at low mefenamic acid concentrations. In general terms,
      the effects of mefenamic acid on energy metabolism seemed to be the primary
      consequence of its uncoupling action on the respiratory chain. This conclusion is
      supported mainly by the opposite effects on glucose synthesis (inhibition) and
      oxygen consumption (activation). The intracellular concentration of mefenamic
      acid is much higher than the extracellular one, a phenomenon which may represent
      binding to intracellular membrane or proteins.

PMID- 2930583
TI  - Nimodipine reduces postischemic lactate levels in the isolated perfused rat
      brain.

PMID- 2930584
TI  - Amrinone potentiates catecholamine-induced lipolysis in fat cells.

PMID- 2930585
TI  - Extraction of AZT and dideoxynucleosides by rat prostate but not testis.

PMID- 2930586
TI  - Inducibility of rat liver cytochrome P-450IA1 (P-450c) mRNA during the partial
      inhibition of protein synthesis.

PMID- 2930587
TI  - Intestinal first-pass metabolism of phenacetin in rabbits pretreated orally and
      intraperitoneally with 3,4-benzpyrene.

PMID- 2930588
TI  - 5-Chloro-substituted derivatives of 2', 3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxyuridine, 3'
      fluoro-2',3'-dideoxyuridine and 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxyuridine as anti-HIV agents.

PMID- 2930589
TI  - Activity of N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide copolymers containing daunomycin
      against a rat tumour model.

PMID- 2930590
TI  - Microsomal and cytosolic epoxide hydrolase and glutathione S-transferase
      activities in the gill, liver, and kidney of the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri.
      Baseline levels and optimization of assay conditions.
AB  - Microsomal and cytosolic epoxide hydrolase (mEH and cEH respectively) and
      glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities were measured in the liver, kidney,
      and gills of rainbow trout. Assays were optimized for time, pH, and temperature,
      using trans-stilbene oxide (TSO) and cis-stilbene oxide (CSO) as substrates for
      cEH and mEH, respectively. Optimal pH values for mEH, cEH, and GST were similar
      to mammalian values (i.e. 8.5, 7.5, and 9). Temperature optima differed between
      tissues and cell fractions. Specific activity of cEH-TSO was 3-14 times greater
      than mEH-CSO for all three tissues, and 8-60 times greater on a tissue weight
      basis. Liver and, to a lesser extent, kidney mEH were active against
      benzo[a]pyrene 4,5-oxide, whereas gill mEH was not active against this substrate.
      Liver cytosolic GST was active against CSO and 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB)
      but not TSO, whereas gill and kidney cytosolic GST were active only against CDNB.
      Liver and kidney microsomal GST were active against CDNB, but no activity was
      found in gill microsomes. The results are discussed in relation to possible
      endogenous substrates and uninduced xenobiotic metabolizing capacities of
      different trout tissues.

PMID- 2930591
TI  - Direct inhibition of contractile apparatus by analogues of amiloride in the
      smooth muscle of guinea-pig taenia caecum and chicken gizzard.
AB  - The relaxant effects of amiloride and its analogues, benzamil, 5-(N,N-diethyl)
      amiloride (DEAM) and 5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl)-amiloride (EIAM), were investigated
      using smooth muscle of guinea-pig taenia caeci and chicken gizzard. High K+
      induced contractions of intact taenia and gizzard were inhibited by these
      compounds (1-100 microM) with the order of potency; benzamil greater than or
      equal to EIAM greater than DEAM greater than amiloride. Contractions of
      permealized taenia and gizzard were also inhibited by these compounds at
      concentrations 8-35 times higher than those needed to inhibit the contractions of
      intact tissues. These compounds inhibited 20 K myosin light chain (MLC)
      phosphorylation at the concentrations needed to inhibit the contraction in the
      permealized muscles. Calmodulin (CaM) activity, as monitored by erythrocyte
      membrane (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase and phosphodiesterase activities, was inhibited by
      DEAM and EIAM at similar concentrations as those to inhibit the MLC
      phosphorylation. Benzamil also inhibited CaM activity at concentrations 4-8 times
      higher than those required to inhibit MLC phosphorylation. However, amiloride
      failed to inhibit CaM activity. Among these compounds, amiloride and benzamil
      inhibited Ca2+/CaM-independent MLC phosphorylation due to trypsin-treated MLC
      kinase. Taenia tissue gradually accumulated these compounds and the tissue/medium
      ratio exceeded 3.5-17 after a 3-hr incubation period. These results indicate that
      amiloride and its analogues inhibit smooth muscle contraction mainly by the
      direct inhibition of MLC phosphorylation. The inhibitory effect of amiloride may
      be attributable to the inhibition of MLC kinase, whereas the inhibitory effect of
      DEAM and EIAM may largely be attributable to the inhibition of CaM. Benzamil may
      inhibit contraction by the inhibition of both MLC kinase and CaM. Differences in
      the drug-sensitivity between intact and permealized tissues may be attributable
      to the difference in drug accumulation by the cell.

PMID- 2930592
TI  - The alkylation of DNA in vitro by 2,5-bis(2-hydroxyethylamino)-3,6-diaziridinyl
      1,4-benzoquinone (BZQ)--I.
AB  - Cell toxicity by BZQ could not be explained by free radical formation and thus
      further work has been undertaken to elucidate a possible mechanism of cell
      killing. By using radiolabelled BZQ, in vitro DNA-drug binding has been
      investigated. The effect of salt, buffer and drug concentrations was determined
      in the pH range 4.0 to 8.0. The influence of in situ oxidation and reduction on
      BZQ binding was also studied as a function of pH. In an effort to ascertain any
      base specificity of BZQ binding the homopolymers, Poly[dG]. Poly[dC] and
      Poly[dA]. Poly[dT] were treated with radiolabelled BZQ in the pH range 4.0 to
      8.0. A fluorescence assay was used to demonstrate the possible involvement of DNA
      cross-linking in cellular activity. From this work, it was concluded that BZQ
      functions as a bifunctional alkylating agent by an acid-assisted aziridine ring
      opening mechanism and that other factors including oxidation or reduction are
      much less important.

PMID- 2930593
TI  - Inhibition of the hepatic O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase in vivo by
      pretreatment with antineoplastic agents.
AB  - The mammalian DNA repair enzyme O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (AT) is
      inactivated during the repair process and its activity can only be restored by de
      novo synthesis. We have made use of this property to determine whether and to
      what extent various chemotherapeutic agents alkylate DNA in the O6-position of
      guanine, ie. produce lesions susceptible to AT repair. Adult female Fischer rats
      received a single i.p. injection of a high dose (LD50) of the respective agent
      and, 5 hr later, a chasing dose of N-nitroso-[14C]dimethylamine (0.2 mg/kg; 4 hr
      survival). The amount of 7-[14C]methylguanine formed was approximately 95
      mumol/mol guanine and not significantly altered by pretreatment with any of the
      drugs. The ratio of O6-[14C]methylguanine/7-[14C]methylguanine was 0.019 for
      control animals, indicating that during the observation period of 4 hr, 83% of
      the O6-[14C]methylguanine produced had been removed by the hepatic AT. Little or
      no effect was found in rats that received spirohydantoin mustard,
      hexamethylmelamine, cis-platinum or mitomycin C. A significant increase in the O6
      /7-[14C]methylguanine ratio was found after pretreatment with AZQ (0.026) and
      cyclophosphamide (0.028), agents for which lesions involving the O6-position of
      guanine have not yet been identified. N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-N-nitrosourea and the
      cytostatic haloethylinitrosoureas, 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU), 1
      (2-chloroethyl)-3-(2,6-dioxo-3-piperidyl)-1-nitrosourea (PCNU), and N-chloroethyl
      N-hydroxyethylnitrosourea (HECNU) inhibited the hepatic AT, producing a ratio of
      0.025-0.035. Considerably higher ratios of 0.059 and 0.101 were observed after
      administration of the methylating agents procarbazine and 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1
      triazeno)imidazole-4-carboxamide (DTIC), respectively. Complete saturation of the
      repair system (O6-/7-[14C]methylguanine ratio, 0.11) was only achieved with N
      methyl-N-nitrosourea.

PMID- 2930594
TI  - Mutagenicity of benzyl S-haloalkyl and S-haloalkenyl sulfides in the Ames-test.
AB  - The mutagenicity of benzyl 1,2,3,4,4-pentachlorobutadienyl sulfide (BPBS) and
      benzyl 1,2-dichlorovinyl sulfide (BDVS) was studied in the Ames preincubation
      assay to investigate the hypothesis that the mutagenic effect of the cysteine S
      conjugates S-(pentachlorobutadienyl)-L-cysteine and S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L
      cysteine is associated with their metabolism to unstable thiols. Under conditions
      enabling cytochrome P-450-dependent benzylic hydroxylation of BPBS and BDVS, both
      benzyl sulfides were mutagenic. These results in combination with the lack of
      mutagenicity observed with benzaldehyde and with the tert-butyl analogues, which
      cannot be metabolized to a hemimercaptal, indicate that the formation of unstable
      thiols is responsible for the mutagenic effects of the benzyl sulfides and the
      corresponding cysteine S-conjugates. Benzyl 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl
      sulfide, which also undergoes benzylic hydroxylation, was negative in the Ames
      Test; this is in agreement with the observed lack of mutagenicity of the
      corresponding S-conjugate S-(2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl)-L-cysteine. Also,
      benzyl 2-chloroethyl sulfide, which, along with the corresponding S-conjugate S
      (2-chloroethyl)-L-cysteine, does not require bioactivation, was a potent, direct
      acting mutagen in the Ames-Test.

PMID- 2930595
TI  - Inhibitory effects of nilutamide, a new androgen receptor antagonist, on mouse
      and human liver cytochrome P-450.
AB  - The effects of nilutamide were studied first with human liver microsomes. At
      concentrations expected in the human liver (110 microM), nilutamide inhibited
      hexobarbital hydroxylase, benzphetamine N-demethylase, benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylase
      and 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase activities by 85, 40, 35 and 25%, respectively.
      There was no in vitro inhibition of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity, no in
      vitro loss of CO-binding cytochrome P-450, and no spectral evidence for the in
      vitro formation of a possible cytochrome P-450Fe(II)-nitroso metabolite complex.
      Other studies were performed with mouse liver microsomes. Nilutamide (550 microM)
      did not significantly increase the consumption of NADPH by aerobic microsomes,
      and did not modify the kinetics for the reduction of cytochrome P-450 by NADPH
      cytochrome P-450 reductase in an anaerobic system. Nilutamide (22 microM)
      produced either a type I or a type II binding spectrum. Kinetics for the
      inhibition of hexobarbital hydroxylase were consistent with competitive
      inhibition. A last series of experiments was performed after administration of
      nilutamide in mice. Thirty minutes after administration of doses (15 or 30
      mumol.kg-1 i.p.) similar to those used in humans, the hexobarbital sleeping time
      was increased by 40 and 60%, respectively. There was no evidence, however, for
      the irreversible inactivation of microsomal enzymes since CO-binding cytochrome P
      450 and monooxygenase activities remained unchanged in liver microsomes from mice
      killed 1 or 6 hr after administration of nilutamide (30 mumol.kg-1 i.p.). These
      results show that nilutamide inhibits hepatic cytochrome P-450 activity, and
      suggest that inhibition may actually occur after therapeutic doses of nilutamide
      in humans.

PMID- 2930596
TI  - Effects of 15(S)-15-methyl prostaglandin E2 methyl ester on phospholipid
      metabolism in rat gastric mucosa.
AB  - The effects of 15(S)-15-methyl prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) methyl ester on gastric
      mucosal metabolism of phospholipids in intact rats and rats injured by
      intragastric instillation of acidified taurocholic acid were examined by using
      radioisotope-labeled precursors. The incorporation of palmitic, oleic and
      arachidonic acids into phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)
      was reduced by treatment with 15(S)-15-methyl PGE2 methyl ester in the intact
      rats, but the incorporation of glycerol was unaffected or affected only slightly.
      Instillation of acidified taurocholic acid resulted in decreased incorporation of
      palmitic acid and glycerol into PC and PE, whereas pretreatment with 15(S)-15
      methyl PGE2 methyl ester caused the incorporations of these precursors to be
      maintained after acidified taurocholic acid treatment. These results suggest that
      15(S)-15-methyl PGE2 methyl ester may reduce the incorporation of fatty acids
      into PC and PE by inhibition of the deacylation-reacylation cycle either directly
      or indirectly, whereas acidified taurocholic acid decreases de novo synthesis of
      PC and PE, and probably also the reacylation of fatty acid into phospholipids.
      Pretreatment with 15(S)-15-methyl PGE2 methyl ester protected the PC- and PE
      synthesizing activity against the injury induced by acidified taurocholic acid,
      and this effect may be involved in the prevention of mucosal damage.

PMID- 2930597
TI  - In vivo and in vitro studies of the hepatotoxic effects of 4-chlorophenol in
      mice.
AB  - 4-Chlorophenol (4-CP) was studied for its toxicological effect on liver by using
      both in vivo and in vitro approaches. Male mice were administered 4-CP, 1.5
      mmol/kg body weight, i.p., and were killed at 10, 20, 30 and 50 min after drug
      injection. Either i.p. or oral 4-CP administration significantly lowered total
      liver thiol levels by 20-30% after 30 min and 3 hr respectively. This time
      dependent effect of 4-CP after i.p. treatment was enhanced when mice were
      pretreated with hepatic microsomal enzyme inducers (phenobarbital, 40 mg/kg body
      weight, b.i.d., 7 days; and beta-naphthoflavone, 80 mg/kg body weight once daily,
      4 days). Further, the microsomal cytochrome P-450 inhibitor, SKF 525-A, 75 mg/kg
      body weight injected i.p. to mice 30 min prior to 4-CP administration, blocked
      the reduction of liver thiol content produced by 4-CP. The results suggest that a
      chemically reactive intermediate of 4-CP may be formed in liver which is
      responsible for the observed decrease in liver thiol content. Other
      investigations were done to characterize the in vitro irreversible binding of
      [14C]4-CP. [14C]4-CP was bound irreversibly to mouse liver microsomal proteins in
      a concentration-dependent manner. Binding was NADPH dependent and gave a maximal
      binding of 12.0 nmol/mg protein/20 min and an apparent binding constant of 0.222
      mM. [14C]-Binding of 4-CP was increased by 155 and 127% in liver microsomes of
      phenobarbital- and beta-naphthoflavone. SKF 525-A, and CO:O2 (4:1, v/v)] and
      selected nucleophilic compounds (glutathione, L-cysteine or L-lysine)
      significantly reduced [14C]4-CP binding to mouse liver microsomes. An epoxide
      hydrolase inhibitor, cyclohexene oxide, did not alter the extent of irreversible
      binding, whereas scavengers of superoxide anions or agents that are reported to
      reduce accumulation of active semiquinone and quinone species (L-ascorbic acid,
      superoxide dismutase or epinephrine) decreased the binding of [14C]4-CP to mouse
      liver microsomal proteins by 56, 31 and 92% respectively. The data suggest that
      semiquinone and quinone species of 4-CP may be the chemically reactive
      intermediates leading to the in vivo reduction of liver thiol levels. Since 4-CP
      is a minor contaminant and possible metabolite of clofibrate and chemically
      related hypolipidemic agents, 4-CP and its metabolites may be partly responsible
      for some of the hepatotoxic effects seen after long-term administration of this
      therapeutic class of drugs.

PMID- 2930598
TI  - Acute hydrogen sulfide poisoning. Demonstration of selective uptake of sulfide by
      the brainstem by measurement of brain sulfide levels.
AB  - The possibility of measuring sulfide levels in the central nervous system (CNS)
      opens up many avenues for exploration. In acute hydrogen sulfide (H2S) poisoning,
      death results from loss of central respiratory drive. To date, however,
      measurement of brain sulfide has not been possible. By employing gas dialysis and
      ion chromatography coupled to electrochemical detection, rat brain sulfide levels
      could be measured either following inhalation of H2S or after injection of sodium
      hydrosulfide (median lethal dose, [LD50] = 14.6 +/- 1.00 mg/kg). Accumulation of
      brain sulfide was linearly proportional to the dose over the range 0.50 LD50 to
      3.33 LD50 units, and was strongly correlated with mortality data (R = 0.947).
      Furthermore, analysis of untreated (control) brain showed an endogenous sulfide
      level of 1.57 +/- 0.04 micrograms/g (mean +/- SE; N = 16). Studies on various rat
      brain regions (brainstem, cerebellum, hippocampus, striatum and cortex) showed
      that the endogenous sulfide level of brainstem, 1.23 +/- 0.06 micrograms/g, was
      significantly lower than that of the other brain regions. Net uptake of sulfide
      was greatest in the brainstem (3.02 micrograms/g) compared to the other regions
      as was the selective accumulation of sulfide as calculated from normalized blood
      flow rates. The results of subcellular fractionation demonstrated that sulfide
      was detectable in fractions enriched in myelin, synaptosomes and mitochondria.
      Approximately one-quarter of the endogenous sulfide content of whole rat brain
      was found in the mitochondrial fraction. The sulfide content of these fractions
      increased 2- to 3-fold after 50 mg/kg NaHS, the greatest increases occurring in
      myelin- and mitochondrial-enriched fractions.

PMID- 2930599
TI  - Mutant fibronectin gene in skin fibroblasts of sclerotic lesions from patients
      with progressive systemic sclerosis.
AB  - A mutant fibronectin gene was identified in skin fibroblasts obtained from
      sclerotic lesions of 7 patients with progressive systemic sclerosis. We found 2
      point mutations adjacent to the cell-attachment tetrapeptide DNA sequence in the
      cell-binding domain of the fibronectin gene. This observation suggests that the
      mutant fibronectin is related to an integral component of sclerotic pathogenesis
      through abnormal cellular interactions.

PMID- 2930600
TI  - Class II major histocompatibility complex gene sequences in rheumatoid arthritis.
      The third diversity regions of both DR beta 1 genes in two DR1, DRw10-positive
      individuals specify the same inferred amino acid sequence as the DR beta 1 and DR
      beta 2 genes of a DR4 (Dw14) haplotype.
AB  - The DR1 and DRw10 beta 1 chain genes were isolated from each of 2 individuals
      with rheumatoid arthritis who were heterozygous for these class II major
      histocompatibility complex specificities. The sequences of the DR1 beta 1 chains
      from both patients were identical, differing from previously reported DR beta 1
      chains of individuals without RA by 2 amino acid substitutions, at positions 85
      (Val-Ala) and 86 (Gly-Val), and by a silent mutation at the last nucleotide of
      codon 78 (C-T), resulting in the loss of a Pst I restriction endonuclease site.
      Identical DRw10 beta 1 chain genes were found in both patients. These were shown
      to encode the epitope recognized by monoclonal antibody 109d6. This antibody also
      recognizes an epitope on the DRw53 beta 2 chain of the DR4 haplotype. The third
      diversity regions of the DR1 beta (amino acids 67-74) and the DRw10 beta 1 chains
      (amino acids 67-73) were identical, respectively, with those of the DR4 (Dw14)
      beta 1 and beta 2 chains, raising the possibility that in these patients, the
      third diversity regions of the two DR beta 1 chain genes present in trans are
      conformationally equivalent to the cis-encoded third diversity regions of the DR4
      (Dw14), DR beta 1, and beta 2 chains. The nucleotide sequences of the DQ beta
      complementary DNA clones were identical to that of the DQw1 beta chain, and no DR
      beta 2 complementary DNA clones were identified.

PMID- 2930601
TI  - Expression of the major rheumatoid factor cross-reactive idiotype in juvenile
      rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - The major rheumatoid factor cross-reactive idiotype (RF-CRI), defined by
      prototypic monoclonal IgM rheumatoid factors, is expressed in high frequency by
      pokeweed mitogen-derived plasma cells from patients with rheumatoid arthritis who
      express RF in their sera. Unlike adults with rheumatoid arthritis, most patients
      with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis are seronegative for RF, as detected by
      classic IgG binding assays. We report that approximately 50% of seronegative
      patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis express the RF-CRI in high frequency
      among their pokeweed mitogen-derived plasma cells, and that approximately 33% of
      patients express the RF-CRI in high titer in their sera. The possible mechanisms
      for expression of an idiotypic marker of RF without expression of IgG binding
      activity by classic assays are discussed.

PMID- 2930602
TI  - Is it mandatory to examine synovial fluids promptly after arthrocentesis?
AB  - Fifty synovial fluid (SF) samples from patients with various types of arthritis
      were examined promptly after joint aspiration and after storage at room
      temperature (22 degrees C) or at refrigerator temperature (4 degrees C) for 1
      hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 6 hours, 1 day, and 3 days, then weekly for 3 weeks and
      monthly for 2 months. We found that the leukocyte count (white blood cell [WBC]
      count) decreased within a few hours. In 4 SF samples from patients with mild
      inflammation (initial range 3,150-6,200 WBC/mm3), the WBC count decreased into a
      "noninflammatory" range (less than 2,000/mm3) within 5-6 hours. In 3 of 5 SF
      samples that on the first day were found to be laden with crystals of calcium
      pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD), the crystals were much less abundant and were
      difficult to recognize by the next day. CPPD crystals dissolved completely in all
      SF samples by 3-8 weeks of the study. Monosodium urate crystals remained
      detectable throughout the 8 weeks of study, but they became smaller, less
      birefringent, and less numerous with time. Clumps of apatite-like crystals
      persisted for several months. Most SF samples initially negative for apatite-like
      crystals remained negative over time. New, artifactual crystals, including
      alizarin red S-positive clumps or star-shaped arrays, plate-like structures,
      positively birefringent Maltese crosses, and hematoidin crystals, developed with
      time. Because of these observations, we urge prompt examination of SF specimens
      to avoid the problems of misdiagnosing borderline inflammatory fluids, missing
      CPPD crystals that dissolve with time, or over-interpreting the findings because
      of the new, artifactual crystals.

PMID- 2930603
TI  - Panner's disease.

PMID- 2930604
TI  - Microheterogeneity of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein in the detection of intercurrent
      infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - We evaluated the clinical usefulness of determinations of alpha 1-acid
      glycoprotein (AGP) microheterogeneity in distinguishing patients who have active
      rheumatoid arthritis (RA) from those who have RA and an intercurrent infection.
      AGP microheterogeneity was studied by affinity electrophoresis with concanavalin
      A as the ligand, and the results were expressed as reactivity coefficients (RC).
      Significant differences were found between the mean RC (+/- SD) in healthy
      individuals (1.27 +/- 0.16) and the mean RC in RA patients with intercurrent
      infection (1.74 +/- 0.90), as well as with the mean RC in RA patients with grades
      III and IV disease activity (0.92 +/- 0.18 and 0.81 +/- 0.25, respectively).
      Moreover, an additional microheterogeneous form of AGP, similar to that observed
      in non-RA patients with infections, was noted in RA patients with infections
      (sensitivity 100%, specificity 100%). The results show that an increase in AGP
      reactivity with concanavalin A is a sensitive indicator of intercurrent infection
      in patients with RA.

PMID- 2930605
TI  - Factitious septic arthritis.
AB  - Septic arthritis is an uncommon manifestation of factitious illness. We report 2
      patients who developed septic arthritis of the knee after repeated self
      administered intraarticular injections. Multiple unusual infective agents were
      isolated. These cases illustrate malingering and Munchausen syndrome, 2 examples
      from the spectrum of factitious disease syndromes.

PMID- 2930606
TI  - Large granular lymphocytes and neutropenia in a patient with ankylosing
      spondylitis.

PMID- 2930607
TI  - Alpha-methyldopa-induced systemic vasculitis confused with Wegener's
      granulomatosis.

PMID- 2930608
TI  - The role of cholesterol-lowering agents in drug-induced rhabdomyolysis and
      polymyositis.

PMID- 2930609
TI  - Comment on the article by Downey et al.

PMID- 2930610
TI  - Standard abbreviations for antiphospholipid antibodies.

PMID- 2930613
TI  - Low density lipoprotein interaction with artery derived proteoglycan: the
      influence of LDL particle size and the relationship to atherosclerosis
      susceptibility.
AB  - An in vitro binding system was used to determine whether increases in LDL
      particle size and altered LDL chemical composition accompanying increased plasma
      cholesterol concentrations result in greater association of LDL with artery
      proteoglycan (PG) and whether the binding is related to atherosclerosis. LDL
      isolated from hypercholesterolemic atherosclerosis-susceptible White Carneau and
      resistant Show Racer pigeons was complexed to purified White Carneau pigeon aorta
      derived high molecular weight PG under conditions whereby PG monomers were
      saturated. Using LDL of molecular weight greater than 5.0 x 10(6) daltons from
      both pigeon breeds, an inverse correlation between LDL size and the number of LDL
      particles bound per micrograms PG was demonstrated (r = 0.87, P less than 0.01).
      This relationship was attributed to the increased size of the LDL particle rather
      than any modification in chemical composition known to occur when LDL size
      increases, suggesting the major effect was attributed to steric hindrance. White
      Carneau pigeons with high molecular weight LDL had more severe atherosclerosis
      and the PG-LDL complexes contained excess cholesterol but no relationship was
      seen between atherosclerosis and number of LDL complexed. In animals with LDL
      between 3.6 x 10(6) and 4.8 x 10(6) daltons, considerable variability in PG
      binding was apparent, but this also was not related to LDL chemical composition.
      In this group of pigeons, which were all White Carneau, the positive relationship
      of PG-LDL binding and aorta cholesterol concentration was significant (r = 0.67,
      P less than 0.05). These results suggest that factors other than chemical
      composition (perhaps surface charge or apoprotein conformation changes) influence
      PG-LDL binding and that the assessment of PG-LDL binding is useful in predicting
      atherosclerosis in animals that do not respond to hypercholesterolemia by
      increasing LDL size.

PMID- 2930612
TI  - Spontaneous injuries in the aortic endothelium of the inherited cataract rats and
      their prevention by tocopherol. A study by scanning electron microscopy.
AB  - The aortic endothelium of inherited cataract rats (ICR), which spontaneously
      develop cataracts and neutrophilia, was examined by scanning electron microscopy
      using silver nitrate staining and pressure fixation. In ICR aged 4 weeks, the
      luminal surface of the aorta was similar to that in Wistar rats from which they
      had been derived. However, 8 weeks after birth, endothelial cells were upraised
      and partially detached from an underlying tissue. At 16 weeks, morphological
      changes exhibited by such detaching cells were more evident than at 8 weeks and
      fibrin was seen to be adhering to the surface of these cells; no platelet
      involvement was noted, however. Oral administration of DL-alpha-tocopheryl
      acetate for 2 weeks resulted in a reduction in the extent of endothelial injury
      and the luminal surface of the aorta became similar to that seen in 4- or 8-week
      old animals. We found that the number of age-associated spontaneous injuries
      occurring in the aortic endothelium of ICR could be reduced by tocopherol
      administration.

PMID- 2930611
TI  - Reduction of plasma lipid and homocysteine levels by pyridoxine, folate,
      cobalamin, choline, riboflavin, and troxerutin in atherosclerosis.
AB  - Elevated plasma homocysteine and lipid levels are risk factors for
      atherosclerosis. The plasma levels of homocysteine, determined in acid
      hydrolyzates of plasma, were found to be correlated with total cholesterol (r =
      0.47, P less than 0.001), triglycerides (r = 0.40, P less than 0.01), and body
      mass index (r = 0.42, P less than 0.01) in 52 males, aged 30-60. A group of 12
      male survivors of acute myocardial infarction was given pyridoxine, folate,
      cobalamin, choline, riboflavin, and troxerutin for 21 days. The plasma
      concentrations of homocysteine and alpha-amino adipic acid declined to 68% (P
      less than 0.001) and 57% (P less than 0.001) of the pretreatment values, and the
      cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL apo B declined to 79% (P less than 0.001),
      68% (P less than 0.01), and 63% (P less than 0.001) of the pretreatment values,
      respectively. The results suggest a new strategy for control of the metabolic
      abnormalities in atherosclerosis through the use of naturally occurring, non
      toxic nutrients which minimize homocysteine accumulation.

PMID- 2930614
TI  - Effect of exercise training on plasma cholesterol and cholesterol kinetics in
      adult female rats.
AB  - Adult female rats fed laboratory chow of low cholesterol content were trained by
      swimming for 77 days. Plasma cholesterol concentration decreased 38% compared to
      sedentary controls. Whole body cholesterol metabolism was studied by injection of
      [14C]cholesterol tracer and determination of the plasma cholesterol-specific
      activity during the last 49 days of the experiment. The rate constant for
      elimination of cholesterol from the body was 31% higher in swimming than in
      sedentary animals, and the size of the rapidly-exchanging cholesterol pool was
      28% smaller. These results suggest that enhanced cholesterol excretion or
      catabolism accompanies exercise training in the rat.

PMID- 2930615
TI  - Apolipoprotein A-I inhibits transformation of high density lipoprotein
      subpopulations during incubation of human plasma.
AB  - We have examined the effect of added apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) on the changes
      in high density lipoprotein (HDL) particle size that occur when human plasma is
      incubated in vitro. In the absence of added apoA-I, incubation of plasma at 37
      degrees C resulted in a dramatic increase in HDL particle size. When these
      incubations contained an inhibitor of LCAT, an additional population of smaller
      HDL particles was formed. These changes in particle size were even more
      pronounced when the incubations were supplemented with an artificial triglyceride
      emulsion, Intralipid. All these changes in HDL particle size were markedly
      inhibited when incubations were supplemented with apoA-I. Even when the amount of
      added apoA-I was as little as 4.5% of the endogenous apolipoprotein there was an
      obvious inhibition of the changes in HDL particle size. The presence of added
      apoA-I sufficient to increase the plasma concentration by 18% virtually abolished
      the changes in HDL particle size. This effect did not relate to an inhibition of
      cholesterol esterification, nor did it appear to depend on an incorporation of
      the added apoA-I into the HDL.

PMID- 2930616
TI  - Adhesion of leukocytes to the aortic endothelium of conventional, specific
      pathogen free (SPF) and hypercholesterolemic SPF rats.
AB  - Adhesion of leukocytes to the aortic endothelium was studied in specific pathogen
      free (SPF) and conventional rats and in SPF rats with diet-induced
      hypercholesterolemia. Nonspecific esterase activity with alpha-naphthyl acetate
      as substrate was used to characterize the adhered cells. Phagocytic activity was
      determined by injecting i.v. 0.1-0.4 ml/100 g doses of Monastral blue B (MbB).
      Adhesion in SPF rats was 8 +/- 4 esterase (+) cells/mm2. Adhesion in conventional
      rats was of the same order except in 2 cases with antibodies to Mycoplasma
      pulmonis and Kilham rat virus, where adhesion was 44 and 68 esterase (+)
      cells/mm2, respectively. For all MbB doses studied, phagocytic activity arose in
      a percentage of the adherent cells, ranging from 5 to 85%. Rats fed the
      hyperlipidic diet for 15 days developed severe hypercholesterolemia and adhesion
      was drastically increased to 200-700 esterase (+) cells/mm2. Results indicate
      that: (1) spontaneous pathology in rats may produce an increased adhesion of
      leukocytes to the endothelium, and (2) phagocytic activity is only expressed in a
      fraction of the esterase (+) cells adhered to the endothelium.

PMID- 2930618
TI  - Abstracts of papers. 38th annual scientific session of the American College of
      Cardiology. Anaheim, California, March 19-23, 1989.

PMID- 2930617
TI  - Lipids and endurance physical activity.

PMID- 2930619
TI  - Alcohol and traffic safety: a sensitivity analysis of data from composite
      sources.
AB  - Risk factors associated with single-vehicle driver fatalities are explored in a
      sensitivity analysis of data from composite sources. Information on fatalities
      was taken from the Federal Accident Reporting System data base for 1976-1981.
      Characteristics of the driving population were given by the 1973 National
      Roadside Breath Testing Survey (Wolfe 1974). Using Bayes theorem and logistic
      regression analysis, the effect of changing driver characteristics on the
      probability of a fatality was explored. The method used is proposed for a case
      control study in which the controls may not accurately represent the population
      from which the cases were drawn. Risk factors identified are generally in
      agreement with previous reports.

PMID- 2930620
TI  - Methods for assessing drivers' perception of specific hazards on the road.
AB  - The purpose of this research was to test a number of techniques for assessing
      drivers' perception of hazards. The techniques included three types of interview
      methods, the Q-sort method, and several variants of the repertory grid method.
      The techniques were judged largely on their ability to differentiate between old
      and young drivers, two groups with known differences in accident frequency. None
      of the interview techniques produced useful information regarding drivers'
      perception of hazards, and neither these techniques nor the Q-sort discriminated
      between old and young drivers. All the variants of the repertory grid
      differentiated between old and young drivers, in the sense that old drivers used
      extremes of the rating scale more often than young drivers. This phenomenon was
      most apparent with the fixed repertory grid. Further work on this technique
      revealed further differences between the age groups in terms of the correlational
      structure of the responses, which point to a number of hypotheses about risk
      perception in old and young drivers.

PMID- 2930621
TI  - Catastrophe modeling of the accident process: evaluation of an accident reduction
      program using the occupational hazards survey.
AB  - The report details a catastrophe theory model of the accident process with
      empirical validation. According to the cusp model, two distinct levels of risk
      can be observed for a distribution of group accident rates, one at 0.0
      Occupational Safety and Health Association (OSHA)-reportable accidents per 100
      person-years of exposure and one at 11.5. Changes within or between the two
      levels are determined by two control parameters: environmental hazard (asymmetry)
      and operator load (bifurcation). The sample consisted of 68 work groups from 8
      Milwaukee-Chicago area sheet metal mills and foundries who completed the
      Occupational Hazards Survey (OHS). The OHS contributed six bifurcation variables
      (safety management, life stress, physical stress anxiety, beliefs about accident
      control, and experience) and two asymmetry variables (environmental hazards and
      danger). All organizations received an interpretive report of their survey
      responses with recommendations for accident control, and had held their reports
      for two to nine months at the time the follow-up accident rate data were
      collected. There were two additional bifurcation variables: months holding report
      and group size. Regression analysis determined that the cusp model (R2 = .42) was
      more than twice as accurate as the best log-linear or linear alternative.
      Accidents were successfully controlled by safety managers' attention to
      recommendations produced by the OHS analysis. Catastrophe theory provided some
      novel insights regarding the linkage between predictor variables and actual
      behavior. Research has shown that a substantial percentage of occupational
      accidents are the result of human error. In an effort to explain and predict such
      errors in a systematic manner, an accident process model based on the cusp
      catastrophe is developed and tested. The model offers several unique and useful
      properties: (1) It proposes that changes in accident rates for work groups are
      the result of a nonlinear dynamic process. (2) The distribution of accident rates
      is bimodal, with one model near zero and the other at some higher level. (3)
      Changes in accident rates are predicted from four sources: (i) ambient danger and
      hazard levels, (ii) variables that impact upon human performance capability,
      (iii) initial accident rates, and (iv) the mathematical function that
      interrelates those variables. (4) The mathematical model has inherent properties
      that allow for causal inference. Environmental and human performance factors can
      be operationalized as sets of more specific variables. In this application. The
      Occupational Hazards Survey was used to gather data from mill and foundry workers
      pertaining to hazards and dangers, adequacy of safety management, stress,
      anxiety, and beliefs about accident control.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2930622
TI  - Matching fatal accident reporting system cases with National Center for Health
      Statistics motor vehicle deaths.
AB  - Motor vehicle traffic fatalities in the United States are described by two major
      data sources, the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) and the National Center
      for Health Statistics Multiple Cause of Death data (NCHS). Certain data, such as
      the age and sex of the fatality, are reported by both sources. However, each
      source contains data absent from the other. For example, only the FARS describes
      the precise circumstances of injury, and only the NCHS identifies the anatomic
      injuries listed on the death certificate. Thus, it would be useful to have a
      single file that offers for each case all of the data provided in each of the
      separate files. Creation of such a file is impeded by the fact that neither file
      contains personal identifiers for the cases listed. The present paper describes a
      method of matching cases from the two files based on simultaneous agreement of
      several variables common to both files (age, sex, date of death, role in the
      crash, and state in which the injury occurred). Using this method, 85% of the
      FARS cases can be uniquely matched with a case in the NCHS data.

PMID- 2930623
TI  - Anthropomorphic dummy neck modeling and injury considerations.
AB  - This study investigates the modeling of the Hybrid III dummy head and neck system
      and its response under impulsive loading. Two neck models were proposed, one
      rigid, one flexible; both give satisfactory head kinematics upon comparing to
      minisled test results. The flexible neck model provides a more detailed
      understanding of the Hybrid III neck structure behavior. It indicates that the
      Hybrid III neck has a torque response similar to a human neck but has higher
      shear response. During flexion whiplash, the torque at the occipital condyle
      reverses its direction at about 25 ms after impact. Since concussion may be
      related to the head angular acceleration, which reaches its peak value in the
      first 25 ms, it might be necessary to extend the existing human torque-rotation
      corridor to include the neck response in this region. For flexion whiplash
      impact, simulation results indicated that the neck injury threshold is reached
      before exceeding the head injury threshold as the impact velocity is increased.

PMID- 2930624
TI  - A chimeric antibody with dual Fc regions (bisFabFc) prepared by manipulations at
      the IgG hinge.
AB  - A new chimeric antibody for therapeutic use in human cancer is described. First
      the derivative FabFc was prepared by linking Fab' gamma from monoclonal antibody
      to Fc gamma from human normal IgG1. The bismaleimide linking agent forms a
      thioether bond with an SH group released by reduction of SS bonds in the hinge of
      each constituent. It follows that one of the original two SS bonds in the Fc
      hinge still has both its S atoms free, and this bond is reformed by thiol
      disulphide interchange. The lone free SH in the Fc hinge can now be used to join
      two FabFc molecules through a similar bismaleimide linker to yield bisFabFc. As
      regards antibody activity against target cells, bisFabFc can be univalent,
      bivalent, or bispecific. Its juxtaposed dual Fc regions are designed to promote
      cooperative binding of effectors, and bisFabFc is indeed notably more powerful
      than its parent FabFc molecules in promoting complement lysis and antibody
      dependent cellular cytotoxicity. However it is not possible at present to
      distinguish the separate contributions of Fc architecture, antibody affinity and
      other factors towards this improvement. In the present state of development a
      variety of FabFc against a given neoplasm may be prepared in high yield from
      mouse IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies, and when convenient dimerized to bisFabFc in any
      combination of specificities.

PMID- 2930625
TI  - Pharmacological activities of spirogermanium and other structurally related
      azaspiranes: effects on tumor cell and macrophage functions.
AB  - Spirogermanium is a germanium containing azaspirane which has been shown to have
      activity in experimental models of cancer and immune dysfunction. A series of
      analogs of the parent compound were synthesized and evaluated in a number of in
      vitro and in vivo biological assays to define the structure-activity
      relationships of this class of compounds relative to their potential therapeutic
      activities. In a colony-forming assay using HT-29 human colon carcinoma cells
      various analogs in which carbon replaced germanium (e.g. carbon) retained the
      potent cytotoxic activity in vitro seen with spirogermanium. Increased cytotoxic
      potency within the group of carbon containing analogs was directly related to
      increase in the length of the alkyl group(s) attached to the carbon atom opposite
      the azaspirane ring structure. DNA and protein synthesis by HT-29 cells was
      inhibited by these compounds. However, inhibition occurred only at supralethal
      concentrations or after long exposure times with the drug. None of the
      azaspiranes demonstrated in vivo anti-tumor activity against P388 leukemia or ADJ
      PC6 plasmacytoma. The effect of these compounds on macrophage cell function was
      evaluated in vitro by their ability to modulate superoxide (O2-) production by
      macrophages. Spirogermanium inhibited the production of O2- by activated
      macrophages with an IC50 of 5 microM. Although macrophage viability did not
      appear to be decreased at the respective IC50 concentrations, the rank order
      potency for the analogs in the O2- production assay was directly proportional to
      that measured for their cytotoxic potency in the HT-29 colony formation assay.
      The results demonstrate that, within this class of compounds, (1) potent
      biological activity does not require the presence of germanium in the structure;
      (2) in vitro cytotoxic activity does not appear to be a direct result of the
      inhibition of macromolecular synthesis, and (3) macrophage function can be
      modulated in vitro at non-cytotoxic concentrations. These results are discussed
      in context with the reported anti-tumor activity of spirogermanium and the
      potential anti-arthritic and immunomodulatory activity of this class of
      compounds.

PMID- 2930626
TI  - Quinazoline antifolates inhibiting thymidylate synthase: computer modelling of
      the N10 substituent.
AB  - The synthesis and biological properties of N10-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-5, 8
      dideazafolic acid are described. It was fivefold less active as an inhibitor of
      L1210 thymidylate synthase (TS) than its N10-ethyl congener and sevenfold less
      active as an inhibitor of the growth of L1210 cells in culture. CNDO calculations
      were performed on the following N10 substituents in a model fragment of 5, 8
      dideazafolic acid: propargyl, ethyl, 2-fluoroethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl,
      cyanomethyl and methyl. The resulting values of partial charge on the distal
      terminus of the substituent correlated with the TS inhibition induced by the
      substituent. In particular, the mildly net positive charge on the acetylenic
      hydrogen in the propargyl substituent (+0.064) was not matched by any other in
      the series. N10-propargyl-5, 8-dideazafolic acid continues as the best inhibitor
      in this series.

PMID- 2930627
TI  - Structural and biochemical comparison of the anti-mitotic agents colchicine,
      combretastatin A4 and amphethinile.
AB  - The novel agents amphethinile and combretastatin A4 are shown to be very similar
      to colchicine in their interactions with purified tubulin. All three agents can
      inhibit tubulin assembly at similar treatment levels and have comparable affinity
      constants for tubulin. Amphethinile and combretastatin A4 are capable of
      displacing colchicine but not vinblastine from tubulin. A comparison of the
      structures of these agents shows that whereas colchicine and combretastatin A4
      contain a trimethoxybenzene group (a moiety also found in other colchicine-like
      agents such as podophyllotoxins and steganacin) no obvious similarity is seen for
      amphethinile. The three-dimensional structures of these agents, determined from
      either crystallographic data or by energy minimization procedures, show, however,
      that all three agents consist of two planar, or almost planar, ring systems which
      are tilted with respect to each other. Using computer graphic techniques it can
      be shown that their ring systems are superimposable and that the planar sections
      of each molecule are at an angle of 50-60 degrees to each other. It is proposed
      that the angular bicyclic structure of these agents is one determining factor for
      their efficient binding to tubulin.

PMID- 2930628
TI  - Nucleoside analogues: 7. Effect on colon, breast and lung tumours in mice of 5
      fluorouracil/nitrosourea molecular combinations incorporating alkoxy and oxidized
      sulphur functions.
AB  - This study considers further changes in the carrier moiety of molecular
      combinations of the pyrimidine antimetabolite 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and the
      alkylating group chloroethylnitrosourea (CNU). Detailed chemical syntheses are
      described of compounds incorporating (a) a simpler alkoxy group in the 'sugar'
      fragment, (b) attachment of the 5-FU residue to the C-X-C-C chain on the side of
      the heteroatom X distal from the CNU group, and (c) higher oxidation states of
      the sulphur atom in the prototypical compound B.3839. Anti-tumour activity of
      these analogues against a series of experimental murine colon, lung and mammary
      tumours is described. The pattern of activity reveals that the carrier moiety is
      important but further pharmacokinetics and metabolism studies are required to
      determine structure-activity relationships.

PMID- 2930629
TI  - Movement and novelty of a square wave display affect 2-deoxyglucose uptake in the
      rat visual system.
AB  - The [14C]2-deoxy-glucose (2-DG) autoradiographic technique revealed that movement
      and novelty of a visual display affected rat visual system metabolic activity.
      Hooded rats were monocularly tested in a surround consisting of patterns of black
      and white, horizontal and vertical, square wave gratings of different spatial
      frequencies. For one group this display remained immobile ('stationary' group),
      and for the other group the display intermittently rotated at 1.5 rpm ('moving'
      group). Each of these main groups was subdivided such that half had six sessions
      of prior exposure to the test display ('experienced' group) and half had no prior
      exposure ('novel' group). The movement groups showed relatively greater 2-DG
      uptake than the stationary groups in the superior colliculus and in the caudal
      lateral posterior nucleus, while the novel groups showed greater uptake than the
      experienced groups in visual cortex.

PMID- 2930630
TI  - Olfaction directs skilled forelimb reaching in the rat.
AB  - Rats were trained to reach for food pellets, which varied in size from 20 to 300
      mg, from one of 21 locations on a shelf located just outside a test cage. After a
      barrier was lifted, giving access to a food pellet, latency to contact the food
      was timed, number of reaches to contact the food were counted, the distance of
      each misplaced reach from the food was measured and the success or failure of
      each attempt was noted. Control rats walked along the front of the cage sniffing
      to locate the food. Once they located a food pellet, they inserted their nose
      between the bars of the cage, sniffed the food for one to three respiratory
      cycles, raised their snout slightly, and then inserted a forepaw to grasp the
      food. They seldom required more than three reaches to contact the food and on
      about half of all trials they were successful in grasping the food. They were
      more successful in grasping medium-sized food pellets. Performance was unchanged
      on all measures after vision was occluded with eye patches. Following olfactory
      bulb removal, however, the rats no longer sniffed to locate the food or sniffed
      the food prior to initiating a reach. Rather they systematically moved along the
      length of the cage inserting their snout between the bars at each possible food
      location and without sniffing reached for the food 'as if blind'. Latency, number
      of reaches to contact the food and the distance of misplaced reaches increased
      whereas success rate remained unchanged. Substantial additional impairments were
      not produced when the bulbectomized rats were given visual occlusion. The study
      demonstrates that rats locate food and direct reaching using olfaction. The
      results are discussed in terms of the sensory control of skilled limb use and
      their relevance to the evolution of the sensory guidance of limb use.

PMID- 2930631
TI  - Reduction in anxiety after ejaculation in the rat.
AB  - The anxiety levels, tested in the conditioned defensive burying behaviour
      paradigm, were analyzed after various phases of copulatory behaviour. No
      differences in anxiety were found between the group of animals without sexual
      activity and the group of animals tested after five intromissions of the first
      ejaculatory series. A decrease in anxiety, reflected as a reduction in the
      burying behaviour, was found in the group of animals tested during the first and
      the second postejaculatory intervals or after two intromissions from the second
      series of copulation. The possible involvement of the GABAergic system mediating
      the reduction in anxiety during these phases of copulation is discussed.

PMID- 2930632
TI  - Dissociation of visual and olfactory conditioning in the neostriatum of rats.
AB  - In an experiment designed to demonstrate a double dissociation, the effects of
      bilateral electrolytic lesions of either the posteroventral or the ventrolateral
      regions of the neostriatum on the conditioned emotional response (CER) were
      examined. Posteroventral lesions impaired acquisition of the CER with a visual CS
      but not with an olfactory CS. Sham-operated posteroventral and ventrolateral
      lesioned animals acquired the visual CER normally. Ventrolateral lesions impaired
      acquisition of the CER with the olfactory CS but not with the visual CS. Sham
      operated ventrolateral and posteroventral lesioned animals acquired the olfactory
      CER normally. In a second experiment the effect of post-training unilateral
      intrastriatal microinjections of (+)-amphetamine on acquisition of the visual and
      olfactory CERs was studied. Posteroventral injections improved retention of the
      visual, but not the olfactory CER. Ventrolateral injections improved retention of
      the olfactory, but not the visual CER. Saline and delayed (+)-amphetamine
      injection controls demonstrated that the improvement of retention in each case
      was a retroactive improvement of memory for the recently acquired CERs by (+)
      amphetamine. These findings are consistent with previous reports of post-training
      memory facilitation mediated by dopaminergic function in the neostriatum. The
      results of both experiments are consistent with a regional functional
      heterogeneity hypothesis: the idea that anatomically linked areas of cortex and
      neostriatum process memories involving different stimuli in similar ways and that
      the integrity of these structures and their connections is necessary to establish
      and consolidate associative memory.

PMID- 2930633
TI  - Prefrontal cortex lesions attenuate substantia nigra self-stimulation: a reward
      summation analysis.
AB  - A curve-shift paradigm was used to assess the effects of lesions of the
      prefrontal cortex on self-stimulation from electrode sites in the substantia
      nigra. Combined lesions of the medial and sulcal cortical regions severely
      attenuated substantia nigra self-stimulation. These results are discussed in the
      context of the frontal cortex and the substantia nigra as belonging to a
      reinforcement system that is largely independent of the medial forebrain bundle
      system.

PMID- 2930634
TI  - Aging and sociosexual behavior in the male rat.
AB  - Senescent and young rats have been studied in a copulatory test and sociosexual
      approach test. The copulatory test was applied to investigate age-dependent
      changes in the copulatory capacity in the rat. The sociosexual approach test was
      used to describe motivational aspects of this behavior. Latencies, frequencies
      and durations of copulatory behaviors in the copulatory test and visits to
      various incentive animals in the approach test have been measured. Senescent rats
      had longer latencies and less frequencies of copulatory behaviors. In the
      approach test they showed less visits to the estrous female. Data were also
      subjected to a correlational analysis in order to relate the findings of the two
      tests. It is concluded that aged male rats differ from young ones in organizing
      their behavior in relation to time, are less social and have a less pronounced
      social preference pattern. In addition, the coherence between various elements of
      copulatory behavior was less in the senescent rat than in the young male rat,
      whereas the social approach patterns are more coherent in the aged male.

PMID- 2930635
TI  - Long-term deficits in water maze spatial conditional alternation performance
      following retrohippocampal lesions in rats.
AB  - The effects of large bilateral retrohippocampal lesions on long-term performance
      of conditional spatial alternation, incorporating a strong working memory
      component, were examined using a T-maze task motivated by swim-escape. The
      lesions, which included entorhinal cortex, subiculum, pre- and parasubiculum and
      invaded the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus, completely eliminated the
      previously acquired conditional alternation learning, and performance failed to
      recover with 40 days of testing. These findings support the contention that
      retrohippocampal structures are an important and necessary component of the
      neural circuitry mediating working memory.

PMID- 2930636
TI  - Behavioral responses to novelty and structural variation of the hippocampus in
      mice. I. Quantitative-genetic analysis of behavior in the open-field.
AB  - As a first step towards a multivariate quantitative-genetic analysis of
      covariations between heritable variation in hippocampal structure and mouse
      behavior, a univariate analysis of the genetic architecture of behavioral
      responses to novelty is presented. For several components of exploratory behavior
      considerable amounts of genetic variation were found and an evolutionary history
      of stabilizing selection for intermediate levels of exploration was inferred.
      Comparison of these results with those from a previous study indicated that even
      a relatively small diallel cross, involving 4-5 inbred strains, may provide
      useful genetic information on a specific sample of animals. Larger numbers of
      strains are needed to provide precise estimates of genetic parameters in a
      population.

PMID- 2930637
TI  - Behavioral responses to novelty and structural variation of the hippocampus in
      mice. II. Multivariate genetic analysis.
AB  - On the basis of results from lesion studies in rodents, covariations are expected
      to exist between naturally-occurring heritable variations in hippocampal
      morphology and exploratory behavior elicited by novel surroundings. For this
      reason, we set up a full diallel cross between five inbred mouse strains and
      analyzed the behavioral and the hippocampal anatomical variation in male animals
      from this cross. Employing a bivariate extension of the diallel-cross analysis,
      estimates were obtained for the phenotypical, environmental, and genetical
      correlations between the phenotypes studied. A factor analysis performed on the
      matrix of additive-genetic correlations revealed that variations in the size of
      the intra- and infrapyramidal mossy fiber terminal fields (iip-MF) are negatively
      related to open-field exploration and novelty-induced fear. These results
      indicate that having larger iip-MF projections promotes the collection and
      processing of information about a novel environment, entailing lower levels of
      exploration and fear.

PMID- 2930638
TI  - Differences in open-field behavior and in learning tasks between two rat strains
      differing in their reactivity to stressors.
AB  - The study characterizes differences between inbred Wistar-Kyoto (WKYs) and Brown
      Norway (BNs) rats in open-field behavior, and in discriminative learning and
      acquisition of an avoidance learning task. Hyper-reactivity of WKYs to novelty
      was demonstrated in an open-field test. Discriminative learning and retention
      thereof was slower in WKYs, but as efficient as in BNs. Acquisition of avoidance
      learning was also slower in WKYs, but their maximal avoidance score was much
      higher (approximately 85%) than in BNs. Also, recall of avoidance learning was
      slower for WKYs. We conclude: (1) hyper-reactivity of WKYs to novelty is
      expressed by their exceptional immobility and excess defecation in the open-field
      and is paralleled by their known hyper-reactivity to stressful stimuli, and (2)
      no strain differences exist in the ability to learn a discriminative task, but
      both acquisition and recall of an avoidance task are slower in WKYs. This may
      imply that the degree of reactivity to stressful environmental stimuli may play
      an important role in the acquisition of learning.

PMID- 2930639
TI  - Interaction of visual and non-visual signals in the initiation of smooth pursuit
      eye movements in primates.
AB  - The initiation of smooth pursuit eye movements (PEM) by visual and non-visual
      signals was analysed in humans and monkeys. While PEM latency ranged around 150
      ms when a purely visual target was provided, it often dropped to about 0 ms, or
      even became negative, when target movement was coupled to the subject's arm; this
      suggests that signals about the intention to move the arm can be evaluated for
      PEM control. Eye movements always started in the visually correct direction,
      independent of the sign of coupling between arm and target; from this we conclude
      that intentional signals are not mere triggers, but also convey directional
      information. Short-latency PEM trials were intermixed with those characterized by
      normal latencies, which often resulted in bimodal latency distributions; this
      suggests that visual and intentional signals compete for the control of PEM.

PMID- 2930640
TI  - Rehabilitation nurses can do anything.

PMID- 2930641
TI  - Tibial nerve somatosensory evoked potentials in spinal cord hemisection.
AB  - Somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) have been studied in many disease states
      since they were first described by Dawson in 1947. However, there have been very
      few reports of SEP findings in patients with spinal cord hemisection. On the
      basis of clinical correlation, Giblin first postulated that the activity giving
      rise to the initial cortical components of the SEP travels through the dorsal
      column-lemniscal system. However, the pathway through which these evoked
      potentials are transmitted has recently been questioned. This paper examines the
      results of tibial nerve SEPS performed on four patients with spinal cord
      hemisection (Brown-Sequard syndrome). In all four cases presented, the impairment
      of cortical SEP components was consistently associated with stimulation of the
      leg ipsilateral to the side of cord injury. We conclude that the most likely
      mechanism of transmission is through the ipsilateral dorsal columnlemniscal
      system.

PMID- 2930642
TI  - The use of a tissue expander to enlarge a graft for surgical treatment of a
      pressure ulcer in a quadriplegic. Case report.
AB  - This case reports the use of a tissue expander to facilitate the surgical closure
      of a decubitus ulcer in a spinal cord injured quadriplegic. The patient is a 42
      year-old man with chronic nonhealing of a right ischial pressure ulcer. It had
      required a flap rotation and partial ischiectomy in the remote past that had been
      problem-free for many years. The patient subsequently required the placement of a
      new flap, but insufficient tissue was available to close the wound with the hip
      in 90 degrees of flexion. Closing the wound with the hip in extension merely led
      to breakdown when the hip was put in the 90 degrees of flexion required for the
      sitting position. The problem was solved by using a tissue expander to increase
      the available soft tissue. A tissue expander was inserted and gradually expanded
      over a period of weeks by injecting it with fluid. It was then removed, and the
      expanded tissue that had grown over it allowed closure of the wound without
      tension on the tissues with the hip in flexion. The patient subsequently returned
      to the sitting position and his work as a computer programmer. Tissue expanders
      are commonly used in breast reconstruction, but have found many other uses in
      plastic surgery over the last decade. It is felt that tissue expansion techniques
      should not be the primary surgery treatment of decubitus ulcers, but can be used
      in difficult cases like this one to provide additional tissue.

PMID- 2930643
TI  - Increased skin temperature after vibratory stimulation.
AB  - The skin temperature effect of vibratory stimulation was studied in 28 healthy
      subjects. Vibration (50 Hz or 100 Hz) was applied to the volar surface of the
      left forearm for 15 min. Skin temperature of the bilateral forearms was measured
      before and immediately after cessation of vibration and at 5 and 10 min
      postvibration. Vibration at 100 Hz for 15 min on all 28 subjects was associated
      with a temperature increase of 4.20 +/- 0.79 degrees F that was significantly (P
      less than 0.01) higher than that in the controls (0.38 +/- 0.33 degrees F). Skin
      temperature decreased to previbration levels by 50 min of postvibration. The 11
      subjects who received 50-Hz vibration for 15 min showed a skin temperature
      increase (0.75 +/- 0.23 degrees F) in the vibrated forearm significantly (P less
      than 0.01) higher than that in the control forearm (0.11 +/- 0.17 degrees F). All
      measurements decreased to previbration skin temperatures by 10-min postvibration.
      Vibration at 100 Hz also produced skin erythema in all subjects, whereas 50-Hz
      vibration produced no erythema. The mechanism by which 100-Hz vibration relieves
      pain is largely unclear, but it could be associated with increased skin
      temperature and erythema.

PMID- 2930644
TI  - Serum creatine kinase in the post-polio population.
AB  - Elevated creatine kinase (CK) levels may be noted in neuromuscular patients as a
      result of muscle damage and necrosis. We measured the serum CK levels of 62 post
      polio patients with chronic neurologic disease (Neuro) and 13 post-polio patients
      with no evidence of neurologic compromise (Control). Patient groups were
      comparable for age, gender and years since onset of poliomyelitis. The Neuro
      group had substantially increased CK levels compared with the Control group, 211
      +/- 19.0 IU v 114 +/- 26.2 IU (mean +/- 1 SE; P less than 0.05). Of the Neuro
      group, 40% had abnormally elevated CK values, compared with 8% of the Control
      group. Within the Neuro group, there was a robust correlation between elevated CK
      values and self-reports of strenuous work and level of community ambulation (P
      less than 0.05). These findings support the hypothesis that chronic muscle
      overuse may be a contributing factor to the advanced senescence reported by post
      polio patients with neuromuscular compromise.

PMID- 2930645
TI  - Research in physical medicine and rehabilitation. II. The conceptual review of
      the literature or how to read more articles than you ever want to see in your
      entire life.
AB  - The purpose of the literature review is to place your research question in the
      context of the existing scientific literature. This article will help you to
      develop an overall conceptual framework to allow you to sort through the mass of
      published material in a focused way. The conceptual review differs from the
      individual article review in that it is guided by your understanding of the basic
      issues rather than by your knowledge of research methodology. The goal of this
      paper is to help you develop a conceptual framework starting from your clinical
      knowledge. A specific search strategy is presented to help you determine which
      articles are highly relevant to your topic and to locate all of these published
      within the past 5 years. Articles are classified into three types: those that are
      obviously highly relevant, other less relevant articles and articles that are
      potentially relevant. Guidelines are given on how to start looking, when to stop
      looking, how to organize the articles you find so that you can review them in a
      reasonable amount of time and how to read in depth the most pertinent ones you
      find.

PMID- 2930646
TI  - A test of the response deprivation hypothesis in a multiple-response context.
AB  - Reinforcement contingencies defined by the response deprivation hypothesis were
      evaluated in two multiple-response contexts. In one context a high probability
      response was freely available, and in the other context a low probability
      response was freely available. In the presence of the low probability, freely
      available response, a consistent reinforcement effect was evident for all 3
      moderately mentally retarded participants; however, in the presence of the high
      probability response, the reinforcement effect was attenuated. Results were
      qualitatively consistent with several recent mathematical descriptions of
      behavior emphasizing the importance of the context in which reinforcement
      contingencies are introduced.

PMID- 2930647
TI  - Interactions, trends, and the search for order.

PMID- 2930648
TI  - Response deprivation: the same wine in a new bottle?

PMID- 2930649
TI  - Yes, context matters: behavior analysis is maturing.

PMID- 2930650
TI  - Toward a functional approach to learned performance.

PMID- 2930651
TI  - Response deprivation and the substitutability of responses.

PMID- 2930652
TI  - The ecology of reinforcement.

PMID- 2930653
TI  - Rebuilding burned bridges: analysis returns to applied behavior analysis.

PMID- 2930654
TI  - Effects of a freely available response on the schedule performance of mentally
      retarded persons.
AB  - The effects of a freely available response on the schedule performance of 84
      mentally retarded persons were examined in a laboratory setting. Instrumental
      performance exceeded performance of the free response in contingent schedules;
      the opposite occurred in noncontingent schedules. Also, instrumental performance
      decreased whereas responding on the free response increased across increasing
      probability levels of the freely available response. We concluded that increases
      of instrumental performance in the response deprivation schedules employed were
      due to the contingency and not noncontingent deprivation and that the
      effectiveness of therapeutic reinforcement programs is influenced by the presence
      of alternative responses.

PMID- 2930656
TI  - Acceptability of alternative treatments for persons with mental retardation:
      ratings from institutional and community-based staff.
AB  - The acceptability of four behavior modification procedures to direct-care and
      supervisory staff members of community-based (Experiment 1) and institutional
      (Experiment 2) facilities for persons with mental retardation was evaluated.
      Using the Treatment Evaluation Inventory (Kazdin, 1980a), staff members rated
      differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO), time-out, overcorrection, and
      contingent shock, each applied to a mild and a severe behavior problem. Results
      from both experiments showed that treatments were rated according to their
      restrictiveness; DRO was most acceptable, followed by time-out, overcorrection,
      and shock. There was also a problem by treatment interaction in each experiment.
      No differences were found between the ratings of direct-care and supervisory
      staff members in either study. Results were discussed in relation to previous
      treatment acceptability research.

PMID- 2930655
TI  - Impact of needs and resources on family plans to seek out-of-home placement.
AB  - The decision to maintain a severely mentally retarded child in the home or seek
      out-of-home placement is regarded as one aspect of family adaptation. As such,
      the decision is affected by numerous child-related stressors, preexistent family
      resources, and new sources of support. In the current study, parents with
      severely mentally retarded children still living at home were surveyed with
      regard to these variables and their plans for future child placement. Multiple
      regression analyses revealed that child-related stressors were negatively related
      to parents' plans for keeping the child at home until age 21 and positively
      related to plans for placing the child outside the home before age 21. Families
      with high levels of internal resources were more apt to report plans for keeping
      the child at home indefinitely. Degree of external resource use was related to
      plans to maintain the child at home until age 21, over-and-above both child
      related stressors and family resources. Specific kinds of external resources were
      examined and ranked ordered with regard to their usefulness to parents in
      maintaining their child in the home.

PMID- 2930657
TI  - What mentally retarded and nonretarded children expect of one another.
AB  - Twenty mentally retarded students and nonretarded students matched for
      chronological age (n = 20) or mental age (n = 16) made judgments about children
      described as having or not having learning problems. Results showed that students
      had both positive and negative stereotyped expectations about these children and
      that there were few differences between the expectations of retarded and
      nonretarded students. Students' responses to stereotype questions 11 to 18 months
      later revealed few changes in their stereotypes and no significant differences
      between stability of retarded and nonretarded students' stereotypes. Results
      suggest that understanding social relations between retarded and nonretarded
      children requires consideration of the expectations of both groups.

PMID- 2930658
TI  - Automatic-effortful processing and cognitive inertia in persons with mental
      retardation.
AB  - A modified Stroop Color-Word Interference Test (Stroop, 1935) was used to assess
      automatic-effortful processing in persons with mental retardation and college
      students in three experiments. In Experiment 1, retarded persons experienced
      greater Stroop interference than did college students. This was attributed to a
      failure of control (effortful) processing needed to suppress the automatic
      reading responses of retarded subjects. In Experiments 2 and 3, all subjects
      practiced the Stroop color-naming task over three or four daily sessions. Changes
      in Stroop interference over practice were viewed as reflecting automatization of
      the suppression of the reading response. Both groups automatized the suppression
      response at about the same rate, but the automatized responses had far greater
      and more durable suppression effects for retarded subjects. This persistence of
      automatized responses, which were no longer adaptive, was described as cognitive
      inertia, a phenomenon similar to cognitive rigidity as defined by Kounin (1948).

PMID- 2930659
TI  - Intelligence as a correlate of children's problem solving.
AB  - Previous work on children's problem solving was extended by directly comparing
      the strategies of intellectually gifted, average, and mentally retarded children
      on 2 two-dimensional integration problems--the balance scale and inclined plane.
      Comparisons of the distributions of strategies for each group showed that most
      gifted children integrated dimensional information by addition and many average
      children used lexicographic strategies. Mentally retarded children relied on a
      single dimension of the balance scale, but they were more likely to use
      lexicographic strategies for the inclined plane. Possible explanations for the
      large number of unclassified mentally retarded children were discussed.

PMID- 2930660
TI  - Risk of fractures in an intermediate care facility for persons with mental
      retardation.
AB  - The epidemiology of fractures among 553 residents of an intermediate care
      facility for persons with mental retardation was examined. In a 10-month period,
      61 fractures occurred among 55 residents; application of fracture rates in the
      United States revealed an expected number of 15 fractures among the 553
      residents, p less than .001. Although 52% of fractures involved small bones of
      the hands and feet, elderly residents were more likely to fracture major bones
      and to suffer their fractures from a fall than were younger residents. The
      relationship between potential risk factors and fracture risk were examined and
      implications for preventive and rehabilitative measures discussed.

PMID- 2930661
TI  - Exercise testing soon after myocardial infarction: its relation to course and
      outcome at one year in patients aged less than 55 years.
AB  - A consecutive series of 184 patients aged less than 55 years who had an acute
      myocardial infarction were enrolled in a study to examine outcome at one year.
      One hundred of these patients underwent a maximal exercise test six weeks after
      infarction to evaluate its ability to predict cardiac events. The in-hospital
      mortality for the series was 7.6% (14 deaths) and the one year mortality for the
      170 survivors was 3.8% (seven deaths). During the exercise test 31 patients had
      angina and 21 had ST depression. During the one year follow up period 39 of 100
      patients had angina on exertion, 15 patients underwent coronary artery surgery,
      three patients had a reinfarction, and one patient died. Angina during the
      exercise test but not ST segment depression during the exercise test predicted
      angina on exertion and the need for coronary artery surgery. In the year of
      follow up angina occurred during everyday exertion in 25 (81%) (95% confidence
      interval 62 to 92%) of the 31 patients who developed angina during the exercise
      test and in only 14 (20%) (95% confidence interval 12 to 32%) of 69 patients who
      did not, and coronary artery surgery was performed in 11 (35%) (95% confidence
      interval 19 to 54%) of the 31 patients with angina during the exercise test and
      only four (6%) (95% confidence interval 2 to 15%) of 69 patients without angina.
      The outcome after myocardial infarction in patients aged less than 55 years was
      good and the occurrence of angina, but not ST segment depression, during a
      maximal exercise test six weeks after infarction was an indication for further
      investigation.

PMID- 2930662
TI  - Cardiac and whole body [3H]noradrenaline kinetics in ischaemic heart disease:
      contrast between unstable anginal syndromes and pacing induced ischaemia.
AB  - Radiotracer kinetics were used to evaluate the activity of the sympathetic
      nervous system in 10 patients who had had unstable ischaemic symptoms within the
      previous 12 weeks and 10 with stable angina. Patients with recent unstable angina
      or angina after recent acute myocardial infarction had higher basal cardiac
      noradrenaline spillover than patients with stable angina. This represents a
      selective increase in cardiac sympathetic tone because whole body noradrenaline
      spillover was not significantly increased in the patients with recent unstable
      angina. Atrial pacing in 15 patients caused angina in 13 but did not
      significantly alter cardiac noradrenaline spillover in either patients with
      stable or unstable angina. The flow of plasma in the coronary sinus increased
      during pacing but because cardiac noradrenaline extraction decreased cardiac
      noradrenaline clearance was not significantly altered. Both whole body
      noradrenaline spillover and clearance were modestly increased by pacing, and
      arterial noradrenaline concentration was unchanged. Patients with recent symptoms
      of unstable ischaemia had a sustained and selective increase in cardiac efferent
      sympathetic tone compared with patients with stable angina, and angina induced by
      atrial pacing did not cause important cardiac sympathetic activation.

PMID- 2930663
TI  - Left ventricular filling and early diastolic function at rest and during angina
      in patients with coronary artery disease.
AB  - Left ventricular diastolic function was studied in 11 patients with coronary
      artery disease. Single plane ventriculography (30 degrees right anterior oblique
      projection) was performed at rest and during an episode of angina immediately
      after a period of rapid atrial pacing. Left ventricular pressure was recorded
      simultaneously by a micromanometer tipped catheter. The ventriculograms were
      digitised frame by frame to derive continuous plots of left ventricular shape,
      volume, and rate of change of volume. The time constant (tau) of the fall in left
      ventricular pressure was determined from the exponential portion of pressure
      decay during isovolumic relaxation. Ventricular pressure-volume loops were
      constructed to study the left ventricular diastolic pressure-volume relation. The
      time of minimum left ventricular pressure was used to divide diastole into an
      early phase and a late phase. Angina was associated with an increase in end
      systolic volume and a fall in ejection fraction with no significant change in end
      diastolic volume. Peak left ventricular pressure was unchanged but left
      ventricular minimum and end diastolic pressures were both increased and the
      diastolic pressure-volume relation was moved upwards. The time constant of left
      ventricular pressure fall was prolonged. At rest more than 50% of the stroke
      volume entered the left ventricle during the period of early diastole. This
      proportion was significantly reduced during angina and as a consequence a
      significantly greater proportion of the stroke volume entered the ventricle
      during late diastole. Despite this, and although the left ventricular diastolic
      pressure-volume relation was moved upwards with angina, the mean slope of the
      relation during late diastole--that is, chamber stiffness--was not significantly
      altered. The upward shift of the left ventricular diastolic pressure-volume
      relation seen during angina is thus already apparent in early diastole, and its
      extent does not change during the later phase of diastole, which alone shows the
      property of passive stiffness. A primary increase in the passive stiffness of the
      ventricle cannot therefore be the cause of the upward shift of the diastolic
      pressure-volume relation, and events occurring in early diastole have to be
      looked to for an explanation. The study findings show that left ventricular
      function in early diastole is profoundly disturbed during angina pectoris and it
      is suggested that loss of elastic recoil and dissipation of this restoring force
      by asynchronous onset of relaxation and abnormal changes in shape are important
      factors contributing to this disturbance of function.

PMID- 2930664
TI  - Electrophysiological study of young patients with exercise related paroxysms of
      palpitation: role of atropine and isoprenaline for initiation of supraventricular
      tachycardia.
AB  - Electrophysiological studies were performed in eight patients (four men and four
      women, mean (SD) age 24 (5) years with paroxysmal attacks of palpitation during
      or immediately after exercise. Five patients were competitive athletes at
      college. In two patients spontaneous supraventricular tachycardia during exercise
      was recorded by ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring and in another it was
      induced by treadmill exercise testing. Two had dual atrioventricular nodal
      pathways, three had manifest atrioventricular accessory pathways, and three had
      concealed atrioventricular pathways. Programmed stimulation induced sustained
      supraventricular tachycardia in six patients--in two after intravenous injection
      of atropine sulphate (1 mg) and in four during infusion of isoprenaline (0.01
      microgram/kg/min). In one patient, non-sustained atrioventricular nodal reentrant
      tachycardia was induced during isoprenaline infusion. In the remaining patient,
      who had dual atrioventricular nodal pathways, tachycardia was not inducible. AH
      block prevented maintenance of reentry in five patients. In five patients
      shortening of the effective refractory period of the atrioventricular node with
      atropine (one patient) and isoprenaline (four patients) caused sustained
      supraventricular tachycardia. The present study indicates that treatment with
      atropine and isoprenaline may be an important factor in the initiation of
      supraventricular tachycardia in patients with exercise related paroxysms of
      palpitation.

PMID- 2930665
TI  - Sinus arrhythmia in children with atrial septal defect: an analysis of heart rate
      variability before and after surgical repair.
AB  - The expression of sinus arrhythmia depends on separation of the systemic and
      pulmonary venous return to the heart as well as on normal autonomic control
      mechanisms. Patients with atrial septal defect provide a naturally occurring
      experiment of communication between the two venous systems. In adults with atrial
      septal defect sinus arrhythmia is minimal or absent. But children with atrial
      septal defect retain appreciable sinus arrhythmia, although this is not
      recognised in published reports. To understand why this is so, continuous
      electrocardiograms were recorded before and after operation in 10 children (aged
      4-16 years, mean 6.3) with atrial septal defects and in 10 normal children (aged
      5-7 years, mean 6.1). Mean RR intervals were calculated for periods of one
      minute, and the standard deviation was used as an index of heart rate variability
      (that is sinus arrhythmia). Frequency analysis (spectral analysis) was also
      performed on a continuous beat to beat record of heart rate to describe the
      frequency components that may reflect autonomic activity. The results confirmed
      the presence of considerable sinus arrhythmia in children with unoperated atrial
      septal defect. None the less, the standard deviation of RR intervals in the
      children with unoperated atrial septal defect was significantly less than that
      for the normal children, and variation increased after closure of the defect.
      Power spectral analysis of instantaneous heart rate indicated that the high
      frequency (0.15-0.45 Hz) vagally mediated component of variability was lower for
      patients than for controls which may indicate abnormalities of autonomic control
      of heart rate in these children. The comparative retention of sinus arrhythmia in
      children with atrial septal defect may relate to the small size of the right
      atrium or differences in myocardial compliance compared with adults.

PMID- 2930666
TI  - Cross sectional echocardiography for recognition of ventricular topology in
      atrioventricular septal defect.
AB  - The cross sectional echocardiograms of 150 children with atrioventricular septal
      defects were reviewed to determine the spatial orientation of the ventricles. In
      125 cases with usual atrial arrangement (situs solitus), ventricular topology
      showed the right hand pattern. Of the 25 patients with atrial isomerism, 13 had
      similar right hand topology but 12 (48%) had the left hand pattern. This finding
      was more common in hearts in the right side of the chest (dextrocardia), but
      there was no significant correlation between ventricular topology and number of
      atrioventricular valves or the ventriculoarterial connection. In part because of
      inferences for disposition of the conducting tissue, knowledge of ventricular
      topology is important when operation for atrioventricular septal defects is
      considered. Ventricular topology can be promptly recognised by cross sectional
      echocardiography.

PMID- 2930667
TI  - Cardiac abnormalities in the fragile X syndrome.
AB  - Twenty three patients with fragile X syndrome underwent cardiovascular
      assessment. Echocardiography showed dilatation of the aortic root in 12 (52%) and
      mitral valve prolapse in five (22%), four of whom had an apical mid-systolic
      click on auscultation. Patients with fragile X syndrome have cardiac defects
      similar to those seen in other disorders of connective tissue such as Marfan's
      syndrome and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. These, and other somatic features, suggest
      an underlying connective tissue dysplasia.

PMID- 2930668
TI  - Genetic evidence that mutations in the COL1A1, COL1A2, COL3A1, or COL5A2 collagen
      genes are not responsible for mitral valve prolapse.
AB  - DNA markers were used to assess the segregation of genes encoding the collagen
      types that predominate in the mitral valve (types I, III, and V) in two family
      pedigrees that are phenotypically different but showed dominantly inherited
      mitral valve prolapse. The inheritance of these markers was compared with the
      segregation of the phenotype for mitral valve prolapse in both families. In one
      family it was shown that the COL1A1, COL1A2, COL3A1, and COL5A2 genes segregated
      independently of the phenotype; in the other family the results for COL1A1,
      COL1A2, and COL5A2 were similar but analysis at the COL3A1 locus was not
      possible. These data indicate that in these families mitral valve prolapse does
      not arise from a defect in one of these collagen genes.

PMID- 2930669
TI  - Genetic segregation analysis of familial mitral valve prolapse shows no linkage
      to fibrillar collagen genes.
AB  - Three pedigrees were identified in which mitral valve prolapse seemed to be
      inherited as a mendelian autosomal dominant trait. The segregation of the genes
      encoding the major fibrillar collagens present in valve tissue, collagens I and
      III, was analysed by use of restriction enzyme site variants as genetic markers.
      In one pedigree there was discordance between the segregation of the disease and
      markers for all three collagen genes. In another, there was discordance between
      the disease and markers for both collagen I loci. This is evidence against the
      disease being generally the result of mutations of the genes encoding the major
      fibrillar collagens.

PMID- 2930671
TI  - Preoxygenation.

PMID- 2930670
TI  - Acute myocardial infarction in infancy: unmasking of anomalous origin of the left
      coronary artery from the pulmonary artery by ligation of an arterial duct.
AB  - Myocardial infarction and left ventricular failure developed within hours of
      ligation of a large arterial duct in a four week old infant. Anomalous origin of
      the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery was confirmed by
      echocardiography. Despite emergency translocation of the anomalous coronary
      artery the patient died.

PMID- 2930672
TI  - Effects of halothane on somatosensory evoked potentials recorded in the
      extradural space.
AB  - We studied the effects of supplementing anaesthesia with halothane (up to 1.5%,
      inspired) on the somatosensory evoked potential recorded in the extradural space
      of six patients before corrective surgery for idiopathic adolescent scoliosis. A
      further six patients in whom anaesthesia was supplemented with thiopentone acted
      as a control group. Halothane 1.5% resulted in a significant decrease in overall
      amplitude (P less than 0.05) from the left leg only. Halothane had no significant
      effect on overall amplitude, first peak amplitude, second peak amplitude and
      first peak latency. We conclude that halothane is unlikely to alter the
      interpretation of somatosensory evoked potentials recorded extradurally during
      scoliosis surgery. A possible unilateral effect of halothane on the concave side
      in idiopathic adolescent scoliosis needs further investigation.

PMID- 2930673
TI  - Maternal oxygenation during normal labour.
AB  - Arterial oxyhaemoglobin saturation (SaO2) was monitored continuously during
      normal labour in 33 healthy parturients receiving pethidine and nitrous oxide for
      analgesia. Sixteen (49%) had episodes exceeding 10 s duration when SaO2 was less
      than 90% (mean 83.7%, range 89-60%). Two women had multiple episodes of profound
      hypoxia with SaO2 less than 70%.

PMID- 2930674
TI  - Interaction of ketamine with atracurium.
AB  - The effect of ketamine on the duration of atracurium-induced neuromuscular
      blockade was studied in 40 healthy patients anaesthetized with midazolam,
      fentanyl and nitrous oxide. Twenty received, in addition, i.v. ketamine 2 mg kg-1
      followed by an infusion of 2 mg kg-1 h-1. Atracurium 0.5 mg kg-1 was injected
      i.v. and the time to 25% recovery of the twitch height was measured. It was 8.0
      min longer in the ketamine group (P less than 0.005), with a 95% confidence
      interval of from 2.3 to 11.8 min.

PMID- 2930675
TI  - Natural killer cell activity in a patient undergoing resection of
      phaeochromocytoma.
AB  - This report describes the relationship between plasma catecholamine
      concentrations and natural killer (NK) cell activity in a patient undergoing
      surgical removal of a phaeochromocytoma. The findings confirm the role of
      adrenaline as a potent stimulator/inducer of NK cell cytotoxicity in vivo.

PMID- 2930676
TI  - Anaesthetic management of a patient with facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy.
AB  - We describe the anaesthetic management of a patient with a rare form of muscular
      dystrophy (Facioscapulohumeral or Landouzy-Dejerine type). Anaesthesia and
      controlled ventilation using alfentanil-nitrous oxide and atracurium was
      satisfactory. In this patient, sensitivity to atracurium was found to be similar
      to that of the normal population, but more rapid recovery was observed.

PMID- 2930678
TI  - Bilateral pneumothorax following tracheal intubation.
AB  - An elderly patient undergoing elective cholecystectomy, developed bilateral
      pneumothorax following intubation of the trachea and manual ventilation of the
      lungs. Diagnosis was confirmed by chest x-ray and drainage with wide bore
      cannulae. Drainage of the chest was necessary.

PMID- 2930677
TI  - Complications of spinal anaesthesia following extradural block for caesarean
      section.
AB  - After extradural blockade failed to extend sufficiently for elective Caesarean
      section, spinal anaesthesia was performed using 1.6 ml of hyperbaric 0.5%
      bupivacaine solution in 8% glucose (Marcain Heavy). The patient rapidly developed
      sensory blockade to the level of T2, and became distressed and dyspnoeic. General
      anaesthesia was induced. Despite i.v. ephedrine and fluid loading, severe
      hypotension occurred, which responded subsequently to further doses of ephedrine
      and infusion of colloid. A healthy infant was delivered by Caesarean section.

PMID- 2930679
TI  - The blood lancet in regional anaesthesia.

PMID- 2930680
TI  - Effect of suxamethonium given during recovery from atracurium.

PMID- 2930681
TI  - High intrinsic radiosensitivity of a newly established and characterised human
      embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma cell line.
AB  - A new human rhabdomyosarcoma cell line (HX170c) has been established from a
      paratesticular embryonal tumour in a 5-year-old male. The cells grew as an
      adherent monolayer with a doubling time of 32 h and showed pleomorphic features.
      Intermediate filament analysis revealed the line to be mesenchymal in origin
      (reactivity to vimentin and desmin antibodies). The line was tumorigenic in nude
      mice, possessed elevated levels of creatine phosphokinase (mainly of the MM
      isoenzyme form) and had a near diploid mean chromosome number of 50. In vitro
      cell cloning determinations gave colony forming efficiencies of 0.01% in soft
      agar and 24% in a monolayer anchorage-dependent assay. Radiosensitivity
      determinations using a monolayer clonogenic assay with feeder layer support
      showed the cells to be among the more radiosensitive human tumour cell types
      (surviving fraction at 2 Gy of 0.26) that have been investigated. Furthermore,
      experiments utilising continuous low dose rate radiation at 3.2 cGy min-1, showed
      that, under these experimental conditions, the cells possessed only a very low
      capacity to recover from radiation-induced damage (dose reduction factor at 1%
      cell survival of 1.07 for 150 versus 3.2 cGy min-1). As other human tumour cells
      of an embryonal cell origin (e.g. neuroblastoma and germ cell tumours of the
      testis) have also been shown to be radiosensitive it appears that sensitivity to
      radiation may be a common property of this group of tumours.

PMID- 2930682
TI  - Warfarin inhibits metastasis of Mtln3 rat mammary carcinoma without affecting
      primary tumour growth.
AB  - Coumarin anticoagulants inhibit metastasis in several animal models, but the
      mechanism of this effect is uncertain. In order to determine the role of
      cytotoxic and/or cytostatic actions of coumarins on the tumour cells, we have
      studied the effects of warfarin on tumour cell growth in a model in which tumour
      metastasis is inhibited by this drug. Clonogenic assay, growth curve analysis and
      thymidine labelling index revealed that warfarin had no effects on Mtln3 mammary
      carcinoma cell growth in vitro at concentrations below 1 mM. The growth rate of
      subcutaneously implanted Mtln3 tumour deposits in female F344 rats, assessed by
      weight and by stathmokinetic analysis of the tumour tissue, was identical in
      warfarin-treated and control animals. Spontaneous metastasis from such tumours to
      the lungs was, however, significantly reduced in warfarin-treated animals (median
      0 pulmonary tumours per animal in warfarin treated, eight tumours per animal in
      control animals; P less than 0.05, Mann-Whitney). The mean plasma warfarin
      concentration in warfarin treated rats was 1.63 microM. These results suggest
      that warfarin treatment of the host animal can inhibit tumour metastasis without
      having any direct or indirect effect on the growth rate of the tumour cells.

PMID- 2930683
TI  - The distribution of porphyrins with different tumour localising ability among
      human plasma proteins.
AB  - The distribution among the main fractions of human plasma lipoproteins of a
      number of porphyrins with different tumour localising ability has been determined
      by means of ultracentrifugation. A main trend is that the fraction of the dyes
      that are bound to low density lipoprotein (LDL) increases, and the fraction bound
      to HSA decreases with decreasing polarity of the dyes. An asymmetric charge
      distribution, such as in TPPS2a, favours LDL-binding more than expected on the
      basis of lipophilicity. No correlation between the known tumour localising
      ability of the drugs tested in the present work and their relative affinity for
      LDL was found. One of the best tumour localisers reported in the literature,
      TPPS4, hardly binds to LDL, while Hp and Pp, which are commonly considered
      inefficient tumour localisers, do have a significant affinity for LDL. On the
      other hand, the LDL binding capacity for a drug is suggested to be a good index
      for cellular uptake. Such an index does not necessarily imply that the actual
      uptake occurs by the LDL pathway.

PMID- 2930684
TI  - Relationship between tumour cell morphology, gap junctions and susceptibility to
      cytolysis by tumour necrosis factor.
AB  - Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) is directly cytolytic to certain tumour cell lines
      in vitro, although TNF-resistant variants can be selected from these susceptible
      lines by exposure to TNF. While studying TNF-susceptible L929 cells and their
      resistant variant, L929/R, we noted that within L929 colonies the cells were
      widely spaced whereas they were closely packed in L929/R colonies. L929/R cells
      also adhered more strongly to plastic and differed from L929 in cell shape.
      Similar observations were made with TNF susceptible and resistant variants of two
      other cell lines (RK13 and a plastic adherent U937 subline). The tendency of
      resistant cells to grow closely together suggests the possibility of inter-cell
      communication for the TNF resistant state. However, like L929 and U937, L929/R
      and U937/R did not communicate by gap junctions and we could find no evidence of
      extracellular mediators of TNF resistance. Rather the differences in colonial
      morphology, cell shape and plastic adherence may be secondary to an underlying
      mechanism which defines TNF susceptibility/resistance.

PMID- 2930685
TI  - The inhibition of murine lung metastasis by synthetic polypeptides [poly(arg-gly
      asp) and poly(tyr-ile-gly-ser-arg)] with a core sequence of cell adhesion
      molecules.

PMID- 2930686
TI  - Diploid nature of hepatocellular tumours developing from transplanted
      preneoplastic liver cells.
AB  - Hepatocyte suspensions were transplanted to the livers of syngeneic Wistar Kyoto
      rats by means of intraportal injection. Labelling of the donor cells with 51Cr or
      tritiated thymidine showed that 20% of the cells survived the transplantation
      procedure and were permanently retained by the recipient liver. Hepatocytes
      transplanted from normal livers produced no tumours, whereas donor cells from
      preneoplastic livers of rats treated with the carcinogens diethylnitrosamine and
      2-acetylaminofluorene produced neoplastic nodules and hepatocellular carcinomas
      in the recipients. The number of tumours per host liver was proportional to the
      number of hepatocytes transplanted. Treatment of the host rats with
      phenobarbitone accelerated tumour development, causing liver cancer in the
      majority of the animals within three months. As opposed to the polyploid
      surrounding liver, both phenobarbitone-promoted and unpromoted host tumours
      contained predominantly (70-90%) diploid cells, regardless of the wide range of
      transplant ploidies (10-80% diploid cells) achieved by means of centrifugal
      elutriation. The results indicate that all host tumours arise from diploid donor
      hepatocytes and that the acquisition of a constitutive, predominantly non
      polyploidising growth pattern may be a characteristic property of hepatocellular
      tumours.

PMID- 2930687
TI  - Comparison of the rapid automated MTT-assay with a dye exclusion assay for
      chemosensitivity testing in childhood leukaemia.

PMID- 2930688
TI  - Survival and prognostic factors in differentiated thyroid cancer--a multivariate
      analysis of 1,055 cases.
AB  - Survival (5- and 10-year) and prognostic factors of all differentiated thyroid
      cancer patients (n = 1,055) occurring in Norway in 1970-79 are presented. The
      multivariate analysis (GLIM) revealed that stage and age were the only
      significant prognostic factors. Sex and histological type could not be proved to
      be of major prognostic value. The decline in relative survival with age was
      different in the three stages, appearing as a continuous decrease in stage 3,
      while in stage 1 the decrease was present only in patients older than 75 years.

PMID- 2930689
TI  - Metoclopramide enhances the effect of cisplatin on xenografted squamous cell
      carcinoma of the head and neck.
AB  - The chromatin-bound enzyme adenosine diphosphate ribosyl transferase is activated
      by DNA-damaging agents. Substances that inhibit the enzyme, such as benzamide
      analogues, are known to increase the cytotoxicity of ionising radiation and
      cytotoxic drugs. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether the
      anti-emetic drug metoclopramide, a benzamide derivative (4-amino-N-2
      (diethylaminoethyl)-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamide; MCA), potentiates the effect of
      cisplatin (cis-diammine-dichloroplatinum; CDDP) on squamous cell carcinoma (SCC).
      For that purpose human SCC of the head and neck (i.e. tumour line AB and EH)
      xenografted to nude mice were used. Two administration schedules were tested: (a)
      MCA (2.0 mg kg-1 i.p.) one hour before CDDP (7.5 mg kg-1 i.p.); and (b) MCA (3 x
      2.0 mg kg-1) given concomitant to, 24 and 48 hours after CDDP (7.5 mg kg-1)
      administration. Treatment efficacies were compared using the area under the
      growth curves (AUC), tumour volumes and specific growth delay (SGD). There was no
      mortality and no weight loss of significance in any treatment group. MCA alone
      did not induce any significant reduction in AUC, tumour volume or SGD with either
      treatment schedule. CDDP alone gave a significant reduction of tumour growth in
      tumour line AB but not in tumour line EH. In schedule (a) the addition of MCA did
      not give any additive effect. However, in schedule (b), for both tumour lines,
      MCA enhanced the effect of CDDP by significantly reducing the AUC (AB: P less
      than 0.0001; EH: P less than 0.001) and increasing SGD (AB: P less than 0.012;
      EH: P less than 0.001) when compared to the tumours given CDDP alone. These
      effects were observed at a MCA dose currently being administered to humans.

PMID- 2930690
TI  - Phase II study of lonidamine in metastatic breast cancer.
AB  - Thirty patients with previously treated metastatic breast cancer were entered in
      a phase II study with oral lonidamine. Twenty-eight patients are evaluable for
      toxicity and 25 for response. A partial remission was obtained in four patients
      (16%) and disease stability in 11 (44%): 10 patients progressed (40%). Toxicity
      was acceptable, consisting mainly of myalgias (39% of patients) and asthenia
      (21.4%). No myelotoxicity was observed. The drug is active in previously treated
      metastatic breast cancer and, because of its peculiar pattern of action and
      toxicity, deserves to be evaluated in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapy.

PMID- 2930691
TI  - Breast cancer, prostaglandins and patient survival.
AB  - Prostaglandins may have both undesirable and desirable effects in malignant
      disease. Their possible roles in breast cancer were studied by examining the
      relationships between different variables and the amounts of prostaglandin-like
      material (PG-LM) extracted from 141 breast carcinomas. Univariate analysis
      indicates a direct correlation with patient age and menopausal status, with a
      greater yield from cancers of post- compared with pre-menopausal women. Tumours
      up to 2 cm diameter yielded more PG-LM than those measuring greater than 2-5 cm.
      Although there was also a direct correlation with bone metastasis near to the
      time of surgery, this was because no positive bone scans occurred in patients
      whose tumours yielded little total PG-LM (less than 16 ng PGE2 equivalents per g
      tissue). Since tumour PG-LM did not predict later spread to bone, and yields of
      greater than 16 ng g-1 were similar in the positive and negative bone scan
      groups, tumour PG-LM appears to be unimportant for skeletal metastasis. There was
      no obvious relationship of tumour PG-LM to the grade of malignancy, tumour type,
      amounts of fibrous tissue (and therefore malignant cells), invasion of blood
      vessels and lymphatics or presence of plasma cells. Multivariate analysis
      indicates that disease-free survival is longest with an intermediate production
      of tumour total PG-LM. Of the 82 patients now dead, the cause was attributed to
      metastatic disease in 69 cases. No relationship of PG-LM to the length of
      survival was seen with univariate or multivariate analysis. However, when just
      the post-menopausal patients who died within the first 3 postoperative years were
      analysed, there was a highly significant inverse correlation between the tumour
      total PG-LM and the time to death. The reason(s) for these different findings on
      overall survival compared with just the patients who died are not understood, but
      the results may indicate that one or more other variables must co-exist with a
      high tumour PG-LM to hasten death.

PMID- 2930692
TI  - Prognostic factors in high and intermediate grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
AB  - An analysis of prognostic factors has been performed on 260 patients with high
      and intermediate grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) treated over an 11-year
      period between 1975 and 1986. The overall 5-year survival rate was 50% with a
      median follow-up of 72 months. Over 20 clinical, radiological and laboratory
      parameters have been studied, including variables reported to be important
      indicators of prognosis in previous series, and these variables have been
      subjected to univariate and multivariate analysis. Attainment of complete
      remission (CR) was the most important predictor of overall survival, low serum
      lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), limited stage disease and a high serum albumin were
      also independently associated with prolonged survival in multivariate analysis.
      After removing remission status from the model, Ann Arbor clinical stage became
      the most significant pre-treatment prognostic indicator. Sixty-five per cent of
      patients achieved CR, and a discriminant analysis showed that failure to attain
      CR was associated with advanced stage disease, constitutional symptoms,
      increasing patient age, a low serum albumin and the presence of bulk disease.
      Advanced clinical stage and an elevated serum LDH predicted independently for a
      poor relapse-free survival, and reduced overall survival following CR. There was
      no significant correlation between histological subtype in the Kiel
      classification and prognosis. This study confirms the prognostic significance of
      remission status and Ann Arbor clinical stage, and illustrates additional factors
      including serum levels of albumin and LDH, which serve to enhance the pre
      treatment prognostic evaluation of patients with unfavourable histology NHL.

PMID- 2930693
TI  - Circulating CA 15-3 antigen levels in non-mammary malignancies.
AB  - Abnormal CA 15-3 antigen levels are found in the serum of most patients with
      advanced breast carcinoma. Elevations of this marker are less frequently seen in
      other malignancies. Circulating CA 15-3 levels might be useful in the
      differential diagnosis of the primary site of cancer. We studied the levels of CA
      15-3 in 500 patients with different non-mammary cancers. Elevations of CA 15-3
      (greater than 40 U ml-1) were observed in all types of epithelial malignancies,
      especially in ovarian (46%), respiratory (26%) and liver (30%) carcinomas.
      Abnormal values were observed in some patients with haematological malignancies
      and sarcomas, but not in melanoma or neurological tumours. CA 15-3 antigen levels
      correlated with the extent of non-mammary malignant tumours. Patients with
      locoregional cancer had a significantly smaller proportion of elevations of the
      antigen than those with distant metastases (12% versus 35%, P less than 0.001).
      In particular, elevated CA 15-3 levels were observed in 70% of patients with
      metastatic ovarian cancer. Liver involvement by cancer did not produce more
      elevations of CA 15-3 than metastases to other organs (32% versus 39%).
      Simultaneous determination of circulating CA 15-3 and CA 125 antigens in 58
      patients with cancer of the ovary showed that CA 15-3 is elevated in some cases
      of ovarian carcinoma with non-elevated CA 125, and that CA 15-3 and CA 125 are
      distinct antigens. We conclude that circulating CA 15-3 antigen levels can be
      found elevated in virtually all types of cancer, particularly when distant
      metastases are present. Therefore, CA 15-3 levels should not be used in the
      differential diagnosis of the primary site in patients with metastatic
      malignancies of unknown origin. Evaluation of CA 15-3 levels may enhance the
      sensitivity of CA 125 in monitoring the course of ovarian carcinoma.

PMID- 2930694
TI  - 5-FU therapeutic monitoring with dose adjustment leads to an improved therapeutic
      index in head and neck cancer.
AB  - This 4 year study reports on a pharmacokinetic study for the widely used regimen
      of cis-platin plus continuous 5-day 5-FU as first-line chemotherapy of head and
      neck cancer, and the benefit of such data for real-time therapy management.
      Pharmacokinetic analysis of 177 cycles for 77 patients from a group of 89
      patients (group 1; 228 cycles) revealed that both the time-concentration product
      (AUC) for the entire cycle and the half-cycle AUC (AUC0-3 days) were predictive
      of cycle toxicity. Real-time analysis of individual AUC0-3 days was used to
      decide whether to reduce the dose during the second half of the cycle for a total
      of 249 cycles (81 patients; group 2). The dose in the second half of the course
      was reduced in 40% of the group 2 courses. There was a statistical difference in
      complete response rates between group 1 (31%) and group 2 (47%), (0.02 less than
      P less than 0.05) and a statistically significant reduction was observed in the
      incidence of toxic cycles (greater than grade 2, group 1 = 20% versus group 2 =
      12.4%; 0.02 less than P less than 0.05). Pharmacokinetic follow-up of these
      patients has proved to be an objective means to improve therapeutic index
      significantly.

PMID- 2930695
TI  - The detection of axillary lymph node metastases from breast cancer by
      radiolabelled monoclonal antibodies: a prospective study.
AB  - In a prospective study to assess the accuracy of monoclonal immunoscintigraphy
      for the detection of axillary lymph node metastases in breast cancer, two murine
      monoclonal antibodies that react with human breast cancer (3E1.2 and RCC-1) were
      labelled with 131iodine, and the radiolabelled antibody was injected
      subcutaneously into the interdigital spaces of both hands of 40 patients, 36 of
      whom had breast cancer and the remaining four of whom had fibroadenoma (the
      normal, contralateral axilla was used as a control). Of the patients with breast
      cancer, the findings from the scintigraphy images were correlated with
      histopathology or cytology of the axillary lymph nodes; images were regarded as
      positive and hence indicative of lymph node metastases if the amount of
      background-subtracted radioactive count in axilla on the side of breast cancer
      exceeded the contralateral normal side by a ratio greater than or equal to
      1.5:1.0 as assessed by computer analysis. Using this method, immunoscintigraphy
      had an overall sensitivity of 33% (23% with 131I-3E1.2 and 50% with 131I-RCC-1)
      for the detection of lymph node metastases and a specificity of 63% (67% with
      131I-3E1.2 and 60% with 131I-RCC-1) with problems of non-specific uptake by
      presumably normal lymph nodes. The results of immunoscintigraphy obtained with
      131I-RCC-1 (IgG) were superior to 131I-3E1.2 (IgM) although the accuracy of
      immunoscintigraphy using 131I-RCC-1 (56%) was not much better than preoperative
      clinical assessment (50%). However, there were cases when immunoscintigraphy
      using radiolabelled antibody (IgM or IgG) detected axillary lymph node metastases
      not suspected by clinical examination. Thus it appears that while
      immunoscintigraphy may be a useful adjunct to preoperative clinical assessment
      and is simple and safe, a major improvement in its accuracy is needed before it
      can replace axillary dissection and histological examination in the accurate
      staging of axilla in breast cancer.

PMID- 2930696
TI  - Anticancer efficacy of 2-chloroethylnitrosocarbamoyl derivatives of L-alanine,
      glycine, their di- and tripeptide homologues and the respective amides in
      methylnitrosourea-induced rat mammary carcinoma.

PMID- 2930697
TI  - Enhanced anti-proliferative action of busulphan by quercetin on the human
      leukaemia cell line K562.

PMID- 2930698
TI  - The effect of hypobaric hypoxia on misonidazole binding in normal and tumour
      bearing mice.
AB  - The effect of hypobaric hypoxia on the in vivo binding of misonidazole was
      investigated in normal mice and mice bearing T50/80 or CA NT mammary carcinomas.
      After the intraperitoneal injection of radiolabelled misonidazole, mice were
      randomised to breathe either room air or air at 0.5 atmospheres. The distribution
      of misonidazole in liver, kidney, heart, spleen and tumour tissue, 24 h later,
      was studied by scintillation counting and by autoradiography. Significantly
      higher misonidazole binding occurred in the livers (x2.5), kidneys (x2.4),
      spleens (x2.9) and hearts (x1.8) of hypoxic mice compared to controls. Hypobaric
      hypoxia was associated with a greater than four-fold increase in misonidazole
      binding within T50/80 tumours. However, significantly higher binding was not
      demonstrated within CA NT tumours after exposure of tumour-bearing animals to
      hypoxic conditions. In autoradiographs of hypoxic liver, labelling was intense in
      regions near to hepatic veins but sparse in areas surrounding portal tracts. This
      pattern was striking and consistent. In hypoxic kidney, labelling was most
      intense over tubular cells, less intense over glomeruli and sparse in the renal
      medulla. It is likely that the hepatic and renal cortical distributions of
      misonidazole binding reflect local oxygen gradients.

PMID- 2930699
TI  - Cytotoxin from polymorphonuclear leukocytes and inflammatory ascitic fluids.

PMID- 2930700
TI  - Specific targeting and toxicity of sulphonated aluminium phthalocyanine
      photosensitised liposomes directed to cells by monoclonal antibody in vitro.
AB  - A partially purified fraction of the water soluble photosensitive dye sulphonated
      aluminium phthalocyanine (AlSPc) was encapsulated in liposomes which were then
      linked to a targeting monoclonal antibody 791T/36 using a heterobifunctional
      linking agent. The photocytotoxic effects of the liposomes were determined on two
      cell lines bearing an antigen with which the targeting antibody binds: 791T, an
      osteosarcoma and C170, a colorectal carcinoma; and a control cell line not
      bearing the antigen; DW-BCL, an Epstein-Barr virus immortalised B-cell line.
      Antibody dependent cytotoxicity was observed in 791T and C170 cells and was
      proportional to the number of antigens on the cells, the AlSPc concentration and
      the time of exposure to activating red light. No significant toxicity was seen
      using untargeted liposomes, control cells or free AlSPc fraction under similar
      conditions. Targeted cells and controls kept in the dark also showed no
      significant toxicity. A possible mechanism of action is postulated and simple
      adaptations which demonstrate the versatility of the model are discussed. Some
      suggestions as to the clinical situations to which this system might be applied
      in the form of photodynamic therapy (PDT) are made.

PMID- 2930701
TI  - Reducing the hypoxic fraction of a tumour model by growth in low glucose.
AB  - The question of whether growth under low glucose conditions leads to a reduced
      amount of cell hypoxia was investigated using an in vitro tumour analogue, the
      sandwich system. In this multicellular system, the interplay between diffusion
      and consumption of oxygen and nutrients results in spatial gradients of these
      environmental factors. Gradients in the environment lead to biological
      heterogeneity within the cell population. A necrotic centre, surrounded by a
      viable cell border, subsequently develops. Cells adjacent to the necrotic centre
      in sandwiches are hypoxic and are in an environment somewhat analogous to that of
      cells adjacent to necrotic regions in solid tumours. Using sandwiches of the 9L
      and V79 cell lines, the effects of growth under low glucose conditions on the
      degree of hypoxia in regions adjacent to the necrotic centre were investigated.
      Per-cell binding of 3H-misonidazole, assessed by autoradiography, was used as an
      indicator of oxygen deprivation. It was found that the extent of the hypoxic
      region and the severity of hypoxia were considerably reduced by growing
      sandwiches in a glucose concentration of 0.6 mM rather than 6.5 mM. This
      reduction was found in conjunction with a smaller viable border; it occurred
      despite the fact that the average per-cell oxygen consumption is higher in the
      low glucose sandwiches. The data are qualitatively consistent with a joint oxygen
      glucose deprivation model for cell necrosis.

PMID- 2930702
TI  - Potentiation of methotrexate lymphocytotoxicity in vitro by inhibitors of
      nucleoside transport.
AB  - Modulation of nucleic acid antimetabolite cytotoxicity by preformed purines and
      pyrimidines may not only complicate the interpretation of drug sensitivity tests
      and other in vitro studies but also adversely affect treatment in vivo.
      Previously we reported that in a lymphocyte clonal assay, thymidine and
      hypoxanthine released from dead or damaged cells reduced methotrexate
      cytotoxicity. We now report that the nucleoside transport inhibitor dipyridamole
      (DP), at 1.0 microM, abolished 3H-thymidine uptake into PHA stimulated
      lymphocytes, potentiated methotrexate cytotoxicity and reversed modulation of
      methotrexate cytotoxicity by exogenous thymidine and hypoxanthine. Normal growth
      of lymphocytes at high density was unaffected by 1.0-5.0 microM dipyridamole,
      while growth at low densities was only slightly reduced. Hydroxy
      nitrobenzylthioguanosine (555) was a less potent inhibitor of 3H-thymidine uptake
      and was toxic to normal lymphocytes at concentrations inhibiting 3H-thymidine
      uptake. Nucleoside transport inhibitors isolate the cellular effects of nucleic
      acid antimetabolites, and provide a tool to study mechanisms of antifolate
      cytotoxicity.

PMID- 2930703
TI  - The clonal origin of experimental large bowel tumours.

PMID- 2930704
TI  - Clinical trials in cancer: the role of surrogate patients in defining what
      constitutes an ethically acceptable clinical experiment.
AB  - Doctors who treat lung cancer in Ontario were previously asked how they would
      wish to be managed if they developed non-small cell lung cancer and whether they
      would consent to participate in six clinical trials for which they might be
      eligible. The proportion of these expert surrogate patients who would consent to
      each clinical trial ranged from 11 to 64%. The results of this study were
      transmitted to the same group of doctors who were asked to comment on the ethical
      acceptability of each trial in the light of this information. The majority of
      physicians said that those trials to which less than 50% of expert surrogates
      consented should not have been opened to patients. Sixty-nine per cent of doctors
      thought that new trials should be evaluated in this way. We also present the
      results of a survey of 400 lay people in Ontario who were asked to imagine that
      they had lung cancer and whether they would consent to participate in two of
      these same clinical trials. Fifty per cent of lay people consented to a
      randomised trial of lobectomy versus segmentectomy in early, operable disease
      (LCSC-821) compared to 64% of expert surrogates, and 48% of lay people consented
      to a randomised trial of five different forms of chemotherapy in metastatic
      disease (SWOG-8241) compared to 19% of doctors. It was concluded that the lay
      people were unable to discern differences in the acceptability of clinical trials
      which were clear to experts in the field. Subsequently, respondents were told
      about the decisions which doctors would make in the same circumstances and asked
      if this information would modify their previous decisions. There is no net change
      in the proportion of patients consenting to the surgery trial but the proportion
      of people consenting to the chemotherapy trial decreased by 40%. The majority of
      lay people said that they would wish to have access to this type of information
      before consenting to participate in a clinical trial.

PMID- 2930705
TI  - The size of clinical trials in cancer research--what are the current needs?
      Medical Research Council Cancer Therapy Committee.
AB  - Most randomised clinical trials of cancer treatment include a few hundred
      patients or less. Recent statistical papers advocate that sometimes thousands of
      patients should be entered. In this paper I show that for certain types of cancer
      trials the 'thousands policy' is not required while for others it is desirable
      but not feasible. In the latter case other strategies should be considered, such
      as two-stage phase III studies or parallel studies leading to overviews. There
      is, however, an important subset of trials for which application of the thousands
      policy is both necessary and feasible. The key to progress lies partly in the
      achievement of greater recruitment rates in trails of common cancers and partly
      in greater inter-group collaboration.

PMID- 2930706
TI  - Cell kinetics in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: comparative analysis between
      adults and children.
AB  - Cell kinetics were studied in 124 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
      (ALL) by flow cytometry, comparing cell cycle characteristics between adults (57
      cases) and children (67 cases). S, G2 + M and the low protein content fraction of
      G1 (LPC fraction) were determined and studied in relation to other clinical and
      biological features. No difference was found between adults and children in the
      distribution of these variables. The proliferative rates according to
      organomegaly, leukocytosis, the FAB cytological groups and the immunological
      groups did not present any significant differences between the two groups of
      patients. However, cell cycle did seem to have a very different prognostic value
      for adults and for children. G2 + M was a strong prognostic indicator for
      childhood ALL: duration of CR and survival were significantly longer when G2 + M
      was higher (P less than 0.01). In adults, survival was longer for intermediary
      (between 3.8 and 5.8%) and high (over 7.2%) G2 + M values (P less than 0.01). The
      negative correlation between S and G2 + M observed in adults and the absence of
      correlation in children raise the possibility of differences in duration of the
      different phases for the two groups and perhaps an accumulation of cells in G2 or
      tetraploidy in some cases.

PMID- 2930707
TI  - An association between parameters of liver blood flow and percentage hepatic
      replacement with tumour.
AB  - The extent of hepatic replacement with tumour is a significant prognostic factor
      in patients with liver metastases. Measuring the percentage hepatic replacement
      (PHR) accurately is difficult, but is important for both patient management and
      clinical trial evaluation. This study correlates haemodynamic indices obtained by
      dynamic liver scintigraphy (DLS) with estimates of PHR made from isotope scan,
      ultrasound, CT scan and laparotomy in 45 patients with established colorectal
      liver metastases and 21 controls who also underwent DLS. There was a significant
      reduction in the mesenteric fraction (MF) in the group of patients with
      metastases compared to the controls (P less than 0.001), and also a significant
      trend for progressive reduction in the MF with increasing PHR. A significant rise
      in an index of total hepatic arterial blood flow was also demonstrated with
      increasing PHR. These results are important with current interest in regional
      hepatic arterial therapy, and may prove of clinical value for prediction or
      monitoring of response to therapy.

PMID- 2930708
TI  - Predictors of hormone response for patients with ER-unknown breast tumours.
AB  - Characteristics of cells that are associated with the hormonal dependence of
      tumours are described, and it is shown that clonogenicity and hormone-induced
      proliferative response of breast tumours are as good markers of hormonal
      dependence as is oestrogen receptor. Thus tumours that formed less than 150
      colonies per 500,000 cells seeded and that increased their proliferative activity
      1.8-fold or more in response to hormones were the tumours that were likely to
      respond to endocrine treatments, whereas all other tumours were likely to be
      refractory to endocrine treatments. These two criteria (clonogenicity and
      proliferative response to growth hormones) correctly identified the response to
      subsequent endocrine treatments in 15 out of 17 patients with oestrogen receptor
      unknown tumours. It is proposed that they may constitute a substitute for the
      oestrogen receptor status in patients with non-biopsiable tumours, and an
      additional discriminant where the oestrogen receptor assay is available.

PMID- 2930709
TI  - Determination of oestrogen receptors with monoclonal antibodies in fine needle
      aspirates of breast carcinoma.
AB  - Fifty patients with operable breast carcinoma underwent fine needle aspiration
      for cytological examination. The smears were prepared by means of the
      immunocytochemical method using monoclonal antibodies for the determination of
      the oestrogen receptors (ER). After surgery the contents of the ER were
      determined with the traditional biochemical technique. The results of the
      immunocytochemical method showed 31 positives, two of which disagreed with the
      biochemical results, 15 negatives and four cases which could not be assessed due
      to the absence of adequate numbers of cells. The ICA staining for ER was
      expressed on a semiquantitative basis; there was a significant correlation
      between this and the values expressed by the biochemical technique, with a
      coefficient of 0.83, P less than 0.000006.

PMID- 2930710
TI  - Squamous carcinoma of the oesophagus: histological criteria and their prognostic
      significance.
AB  - One hundred resected cases of squamous cell carcinomas of the oesophagus were
      reviewed and a series of histological criteria related to the survival time. Two
      histological features were important in the assessment of survival. Good
      prognostic factors were a marked lymphocytic response to the tumour and a lack of
      intravenous tumour infiltration. Presence of tumour in the middle third of the
      oesophagus, infiltration through the muscularis propria, severe tumour necrosis,
      glandular or small cell tumour differentiation, lymphatic invasion and lack of
      peritumoural fibrosis were all factors which tended to worsen prognosis. None of
      these factors reached statistical significance. The degree of squamous
      differentiation had no effect on survival.

PMID- 2930711
TI  - Aetiology of oral cancer in patients less than or equal to 30 years of age.

PMID- 2930712
TI  - Prognostic factors in a T3 bladder cancer trial. Co-operative Urological Cancer
      Group.
AB  - Information on primary tumour size, status of the pelvic lymph nodes,
      histological type and macroscopic tumour appearance, as well as age and sex, was
      available at presentation for 394 patients in the Co-operative Urological Cancer
      Group's prospective randomised trial for T3 cancer of the urinary bladder. An
      apparently significant prognostic effect of age and sex was shown to be entirely
      consistent with the effect of natural mortality. Primary tumour size was found to
      be the single most powerful prognostic factor (P = 0.002), followed by nodal
      status (P = 0.02). These factors do not act independently. Multivariate analysis
      showed that 75% of the effect of all the six variables and their first order
      interactions could be explained by a single prognostic grouping based on tumour
      size and nodal status only. Three levels for this grouping are proposed: node
      negative small tumour, node-negative moderate tumour and either node-positive or
      large tumour. The 3-year survival probabilities for the three prognostic groups
      were 85.7% (95% CI 57.2 and 96.4%), 60.3% (48.0 and 71.5%) and 33.3% (23.5 and
      44.8%) respectively.

PMID- 2930713
TI  - Endometrial cancer and patterns of use of oestrogen replacement therapy: a cohort
      study.
AB  - 5,160 non-hysterectomised women aged 44-100 years completed a health survey
      questionnaire as part of a longitudinal study of a southern California retirement
      community begun in June 1981. As of 1 January 1987, 50 incident cancers of the
      endometrium had occurred among these women, who had contributed 23,786 years of
      follow-up. Women who had used oestrogen replacement therapy had a relative risk
      of endometrial cancer of 10 compared to women who had never used oestrogens (P
      less than 0.0001). Risk increased with increasing duration of use (chi 2 test for
      trend = 50.60, P less than 0.0001); women who had used oestrogens for 15 or more
      years had a relative risk of 20 (95% C.I. = 7.2, 54) compared to non-users. While
      current and recent users (i.e. those who had used oestrogen within one year of
      the initial survey) had the greatest risk (RR = 25, 95% C.I. = 9.2, 69), women
      who had last used oestrogens 15 or more years ago still had a significantly
      increased risk (RR = 5.8, 95% C.I. = 2.0, 17). No other variable studied had a
      major effect on risk, except smoking. Women who smoked at the time of menopause
      had a significantly reduced risk of disease (RR = 0.38, P = 0.005), which was
      essentially unchanged after adjustment for oestrogen use.

PMID- 2930714
TI  - Long-term risk of second malignant neoplasm after a cancer in childhood.
AB  - The risk of subsequent second malignant neoplasm was studied in a cohort of 634
      patients, treated for a childhood cancer at the Gustave Roussy Institute between
      1942 and 1969, and in complete remission five years after diagnosis. The most
      frequent types of first primary cancers (FPC) were Wilms' tumours (28% of the
      children), neuroblastomas (16%), lymphomas (12%) and soft tissue sarcomas (11%).
      Median follow-up duration after FPC was 19 years. Thirty-two patients (obs = 32)
      developed a total of 35 second cancers. Bone, thyroid, connective tissues and
      skin were the most frequent types of second cancer, with six patients for each
      type. The average annual incidence of second cancer was 0.36%. The average annual
      incidence for the periods 5-9, 10-14, 15-19, 20-24 and 25+ years after FPC was
      respectively 0.16%, 0.34%, 0.36%, 0.71% and 1.18%. The cumulative incidence of
      second cancer for the periods 5-20, 5-25 and 5-30 years after FPC was,
      respectively, 4.3% (95% CI: 2.8-6.6%), 7.8% (95% CI: 5.1-11.8%) and 13.0% (95%
      CI: 8.2-20.0%). The expected number of cancers in the cohort, computed from
      Danish cancer incidence data, was exp = 2.2. When compared to this expected
      number, the average annual excess incidence of second cancer, defined as obs-exp
      divided by the number of person years of observation, was 0.33%. This rose from
      0.15% for the period 5-9 years after FPC to 1.09% for the period beginning 25
      years after FPC. The standardised incidence ratio of second cancer (i.e. obs/exp)
      was 15 (95% CI: 10-21), and was fairly constant in the period extending from 15
      to 20 years after FPC diagnosis. Obs/exp was equal to 25 for the patients who had
      had chemotherapy and equal to 9 for those who had not. Cyclophosphamide seemed
      less carcinogenic than the other alkylating agents. Obs/exp was similar for the
      patients who had received radiotherapy and for those who had not. The risk of
      cancer increased with age in the reference population and increased faster in the
      cohort, because the standardised incidence ratio is constant over a long period.

PMID- 2930715
TI  - Oral contraceptives and primary liver cancer.

PMID- 2930716
TI  - Arginine vasopressin--a mediator of chemotherapy induced emesis?
AB  - Concentrations of plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP) were studied in patients
      receiving chemotherapy. Of the 18 patients studied, nine experienced nausea and
      vomiting and the remaining nine were nonvomiters who suffered at worst mild
      nausea. Plasma AVP in the non-vomiting group remained within the normal range
      (0.5-1.5 pmol 1(-1] throughout the sampling period. However, patients who vomited
      showed (with one exception) substantial rises in AVP ranging from 4 to 129-fold.
      Plasma AVP concentrations were outside the normal range in vomiters and were
      higher than in non-vomiting patients at 3 h (P less than 0.05) and 5h (P less
      than 0.01) after chemotherapy. One patient was sampled during consecutive
      treatment courses, once as a vomiter and once as a non-vomiter; results
      demonstrated a 16-fold rise in AVP as a vomiter and no rise as a non-vomiter.
      Significant changes in plasma AVP levels were also observed in patients who
      suffered moderate or severe nausea compared to those who had mild or no nausea (P
      less than 0.05). Plasma AVP may prove to be a good objective marker for nausea in
      future anti-emetic trials.

PMID- 2930717
TI  - Phase I study of 21 days continuous infusion with vindesine.

PMID- 2930718
TI  - Geographical variation in mortality from leukaemia and other cancers in England
      and Wales in relation to proximity to nuclear installations, 1969-78.
AB  - The distribution of mortality from 11 causes of death (lymphoid leukaemia, other
      leukaemia, leukaemia of all types, Hodgkin's disease, other lymphomas, all
      lymphomas, multiple myeloma, lung cancer, other malignancies, all malignancies
      and all other causes) has been examined in three age groups throughout England
      and Wales over the period 1969-78. The reorganisation of local authority
      administration in 1974 meant that the smallest areas that could be examined were
      400 county districts or (in some cases) approximate county districts formed by
      aggregating pre-1974 local authority areas. The variation in the numbers of
      deaths observed about the numbers expected was assessed using log-linear models
      to estimate the effect on the relative risk in each district associated with
      social class, rural status, population size, health authority region and
      proximity to one of 15 nuclear installations. Trends in risk with increasing
      proximity to an installation (as judged by the proportion of the population
      resident within 10 miles) were examined after adjustment for the other four
      variables. The results showed that in districts near to an installation there
      were significant excess mortalities in persons under 25 years of age from
      leukaemia (RR = 1.15, P = 0.01) and especially from lymphoid leukaemia (RR 1.21,
      P = 0.01) and from Hodgkin's disease (RR 1.24, P = 0.05) and a significant
      deficiency of mortality from lymphoid leukaemia in persons aged 25-64 years. No
      significant trends were observed with an increasing proportion of the population
      near to the installations and the greatest excess mortality from lymphoid
      leukaemia in young persons was observed in the districts with the intermediate
      proportion of the population (10.0-65.9%) near an installation.

PMID- 2930719
TI  - Primary thrombocythaemia: diagnostic criteria and a simple scoring system for
      positive diagnosis.
AB  - Forty new patients with elevated platelet counts (greater than 600 x 10(9)/l) and
      without palpable splenomegaly were assigned to diagnostic groups defined by
      essentially conventional criteria after 3 months follow up: Proliferative (17),
      reactive (17) or unclassified (six). Mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet
      distribution width (PDW), platelet nucleotide ratio (ATP:ADP), unstimulated BFU-E
      derived colony formation from peripheral blood, spleen scan and clinical
      ischaemia were assessed at the outset, with a view to defining diagnostic
      criteria for distinguishing primary thrombocythaemia from reactive
      thrombocytosis. All except the first variable were significantly associated with
      diagnostic group (P less than 0.05). A simple scoring system was devised:
      enlarged spleen on scan, or presence of BFU-E, each scored 2; elevated PDW
      (greater than 2 SD from mean), elevated ATP:ADP (greater than 4 SD from mean) or
      presence of clinical ischaemia, each scored 1. Score totals greater than or equal
      to 3 predicted primary thrombocythaemia, and totals less than 3 suggested
      reactive thrombocytosis (predictive value 89%). The system correctly predicted
      diagnosis in four out of four (probably six out of six) patients whose diagnosis
      was not apparent initially, and thus whose results were not used in constructing
      the scoring system. Exclusion of BFU-E from the system resulted in only one
      incorrect prediction in this group.

PMID- 2930720
TI  - Duration of first remission as an indicator of long-term survival in chronic
      myelogenous leukaemia.
AB  - Approximately 31 patients with chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML) are documented
      in the literature who survived more than 10 years after diagnosis. We present a
      CML-patient whose survival of 27 years is probably the longest reported so far.
      The analysis of the course of disease in these patients revealed that the
      duration of unmaintained first remission after chemotherapy is of high prognostic
      significance. In 17 of 24 evaluable patients the remission lasted more than 1
      year and in another five at least 6 months (mean 73.8 months, range 0-240
      months). In most patients busulfan was used as initial therapy. There was no
      correlation between the amount of drug given and the duration of remission or
      survival. Other parameters such as sex, age, initial leucocyte counts,
      differential count, haemoglobin, platelet count or spleen size seemed to have no
      prognostic relevance. While approximately 25% of CML patients with typical
      duration of survival exhibit a Ph1 chromosome mosaicism only, this finding was
      present in nearly half of the long-term survivers.

PMID- 2930721
TI  - Spontaneous programmed death (apoptosis) of B-chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells
      following their culture in vitro.
AB  - When B-chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B-CLL) cells derived from peripheral blood
      were cultured in vitro, a substantial proportion of them spontaneously died by
      apoptosis. This type of cell death is morphologically and biochemically distinct
      from necrosis and has previously been found to occur under physiologic and
      certain pathologic conditions where cell deletion appears controlled and
      biologically meaningful. By 30 h of culture, approximately 20% of the
      unfractionated B-CLL cells were affected. There was no significant difference in
      the incidence of apoptosis in T-cell depleted and undepleted cultures or when
      either autologous or normal human serum was used. Furthermore, seeding densities
      of 2 x 10(6) and 5 x 10(5) cells/ml resulted in a similar incidence of apoptosis,
      indicating that cell density was unlikely to be a contributing factor in
      producing the death. The finding that B-CLL cells spontaneously die in vitro has
      at least two important implications. Firstly, previous work relating to some of
      the functions of B-CLL cells and their interactions with T cells may require re
      evaluation. Secondly, an understanding of the mechanisms involved in the
      induction of apoptosis in this disease may have therapeutic consequences.

PMID- 2930723
TI  - Decline of blood haemoglobin in the aged: a longitudinal study of an urban
      Swedish population from age 70 to 81.
AB  - Blood haemoglobin (Hb) and related components were determined in a representative
      sample (n = 973, 449 men and 524 women) of a 70-year-old population,
      reinvestigated at age 75, 79 and 81. At age 81, 145 men and 259 women remained in
      the study. Longitudinal analysis demonstrated a significant decline in Hb
      concentration with advancing age, in the total study groups as well as in
      subsamples remaining after exclusions due to disease. The mean annual decline
      from age 70 to 81 in a subsample without definable disorders was in men 0.063
      g/dl, in women 0.035 g/dl. There was a similar decline among subjects with high,
      intermediate or low Hb concentrations during the study. Only part of the observed
      intraindividual variations could be explained by factors other than age.

PMID- 2930722
TI  - Burkitt cell acute leukaemia (L3 ALL) in adults: a report of 18 cases.
AB  - Between 1981 and 1987, L3 ALL was diagnosed in 18 adult patients, with a median
      age of 26 (range 16-66) and M/F ratio of 3.5. At diagnosis, 11 patients had
      splenomegaly, 11 had enlarged lymph nodes, and 15 patients had central nervous
      system (CNS) disease, of whom 10 had mental neuropathy. Anaemia was found in 13
      patients, thrombocytopenia in 17 and the median white cell count was 25.5 x
      10(9)/I (range 8.6-89). Surface immunoglobulins were found on the blasts of every
      patient. Seventeen patients had a t(8;14) (q24;q32) translocation. One had an
      apparently normal karyotype, but only six mitoses could be examined. During the
      period of the study different treatment protocols, which comprised increasingly
      intensive systemic and CNS chemotherapy, were used. Six patients died less than 3
      weeks after admission, two of them of acute tumour lysis syndrome and two of CNS
      haemorrhage. In two other patients, rapid progression of CNS leukaemia was seen
      in spite of the treatment. Ten patients (56%) achieved complete remission (CR).
      Two were allografted and two were autografted early in CR. Four patients
      relapsed, three of the four relapses involving the CNS. A median actuarial
      disease-free survival was not attained, and a plateau was achieved at 57% after 7
      months, with no later relapse. Median actuarial survival of the 18 patients was
      only 6 months, but a plateau was obtained at 31% after 11 months. Prognosis
      seemed related to the intensity of chemotherapy: recent patients, treated more
      aggressively, achieved CR more often than earlier patients, treated with less
      intensive protocols, although the number of patients was too small to draw any
      firm conclusion. The initial white cell count was also a prognostic factor, as
      none of the patients with more than 30 x 10(9)/I leucocytes achieved CR. Our
      results suggest that the outcome of adult L3 ALL can be improved, as in children,
      by increased intensity of treatment, particularly with regard to CNS leukaemia
      therapy. Early deaths are still frequent, however, but their incidence can
      probably be reduced by better prevention and early management of the acute tumour
      lysis syndrome.

PMID- 2930724
TI  - A new doubly substituted sickling haemoglobin: HbS-Oman.

PMID- 2930725
TI  - Respiratory input in inhalation experiments.
AB  - The definition of the respiratory input in experimental human exposure to
      volatile solvents was examined on theoretical grounds. The respiratory rate of
      input may be defined as the rate of uptake that equals the inhaled minus exhaled
      amount per minute. In the present paper the rate of respiratory input is defined
      as the rate of the functional intake (RFI) which equals the product of the
      inhaled concentration (CI) and a functional alveolar ventilation (Va). The
      functional Va is a virtual alveolar volume per minute which equilibrates
      completely with the mixed venous blood. Human subjects were exposed
      simultaneously to tetrachloroethene (PER, perchloroethylene) and trichloroethene
      (TRI) in order to study the consequences of the application of both definitions.
      It is shown that when using the uptake as the respiratory input some misleading
      conclusions may be drawn on (a) the dependence of the metabolised fraction on the
      duration of exposure, (b) the dependence of the kinetic characteristic on the
      duration and route of administration, and (c) the changes of the rate of
      metabolism during exposure due to physical exercise. The respiratory input
      defined as the rate of functional intake (RFI) rejects these misleading
      conclusions.

PMID- 2930726
TI  - Ultrastructural changes of the peripheral nerve induced by vibration: an
      experimental study.
AB  - To investigate the effects of vibration on the peripheral nerves, rabbits were
      exposed to vibration of 60 cycles/s frequency with 0.35 mm amplitude
      (acceleration: 51 m/s2) for two hours daily. After 150, 250, 450, and 600 hours
      vibration, thin sections of the saphenous and median nerves were examined under
      the electron microscope. Vibration was found to induce the following changes: (1)
      disruption of the myelin sheath and constriction of the axon, (2) accumulation of
      vacuoles in the nodal gap and paranodal region, (3) disorganisation of the
      paranodal end loops and detachment of the paranodal end loops from the axolemma,
      (4) dilatation of the Schmidt-Lanterman incisures (SLI) and increased density of
      SLI, and (5) disappearance of neurotubules and neurofilaments in axons. The
      diameters of myelin sheaths disrupted by vibration varied from 2 to 12 microns.
      The extent of the myelin disruption is proportional to the vibration dose.

PMID- 2930727
TI  - Hair chromium as an index of chromium exposure of tannery workers.
AB  - The use of hair chromium (Cr) concentrations as an index of Cr exposure of
      tannery workers was investigated. As has been shown earlier, Cr from Cr III
      compounds used in the leather tanning industry is absorbed because concentrations
      of Cr in serum and urine of tannery workers are significantly increased compared
      with corresponding concentrations for unexposed controls. Hair samples were
      collected from 71 male tannery workers from four southern Ontario tanneries and
      from 53 male controls not exposed to Cr in the workplace. Subjects were matched
      for age, race, and socioeconomic status. Hair samples were washed, ashed in a low
      temperature asher, and analysed by flameless atomic absorption. The median hair
      Cr concentrations for the tannery workers (551 ng/g) was significantly higher (p
      = 0.0001) than for the controls (123 ng/g). For the tannery workers, hair Cr
      concentrations were positively and significantly correlated with serum Cr (r =
      0.52, p less than 0.01) and with the preshift and postshift urinary Cr/creatinine
      ratios (r = 0.43, p less than 0.01; r = 0.64, p less than 0.01, respectively).
      These data indicate that trivalent Cr absorbed from leather tanning compounds
      results in raised concentrations of Cr in hair and that hair Cr concentrations
      may be used as an index of industrial Cr exposure.

PMID- 2930728
TI  - Lung cancer in the meat industry.
AB  - Routine statistics of occupational mortality and incidence of cancer have
      consistently shown high rates of lung cancer in butchers. Possible explanations
      include infection by carcinogenic papilloma viruses, exposure to polycyclic
      aromatic hydrocarbons and nitrites in the preservation of meat, or a confounding
      effect of tobacco. To explore these possibilities, we have examined the mortality
      of 1610 men employed at three British companies processing pork, beef, lamb,
      bacon, and other meat products. The overall death rate was less than in the
      national population (271 deaths observed, 310 expected) but there was an excess
      of deaths from cancer (87 observed, 80 expected), and in particular from lung
      cancer (42 observed, 32 expected). The risk of lung cancer was concentrated in
      subjects exposed to recently slaughtered meat, especially after an interval of 10
      or more years. These findings increase suspicions of a risk of lung cancer in
      butchers, although further information is needed about smoking habits in the meat
      industry. If there is a hazard infection by a papilloma virus would seem the most
      likely cause.

PMID- 2930729
TI  - Mortality from asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among workers in
      a soft paper mill: a case-referent study.
AB  - In a case-referent study encompassing 33 cases and 228 referents the potential
      risk for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and respiratory cancer
      among workers in a soft paper mill was evaluated. The cases were selected from
      registers of deaths and burials in the parishes around the paper mill.
      Information on exposure was obtained from the personnel register of the mill but
      because of shortage of information the cases could only be classified as
      "exposed" or "non-exposed." At some places in the mill the concentrations of
      paper dust had previously been high, 10-30 mg/m3. Employment at the paper mill
      was found to be associated with an increased risk of bronchial asthma and chronic
      obstructive pulmonary disease (odds ratio = 3.8, p less than 0.05).

PMID- 2930730
TI  - Work in pregnancy and birth weight for gestational age.
AB  - In a recent report on prematurity and work in pregnancy based on the Montreal
      survey noteworthy increases in both preterm births (less than 37 weeks) and
      infants of low birth weight (less than or equal to 2500 g) were found in women in
      certain specific occupations or whose work entailed heavy lifting, shift work,
      long hours, or great fatigue. Because of the large overlap between preterm births
      and low birth weight, the latter was further analysed with allowance for
      gestational age in order better to separate factors retarding fetal growth from
      those shortening gestation. The association of low birth weight with specific
      occupations, long working hours, and fatigue largely disappeared, suggesting that
      the effect of these factors was to shorten gestation. By contrast, the
      association with lifting heavy weights and with shift work persisted, suggesting
      that these factors retarded fetal growth as well as increasing the risk of
      preterm birth.

PMID- 2930731
TI  - Is the short term limit value for sulphur dioxide exposure safe? Effects of
      controlled chamber exposure investigated with bronchoalveolar lavage.
AB  - Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) which has not previously been used in investigating
      the effect of sulphur dioxide (SO2) on the human lung was performed on 12
      subjects before and after controlled chamber exposure with SO2 for 20 minutes.
      BAL fluid 24 hours after exposure with 10 mg SO2/m3 (4 ppm, 10 subjects) showed
      increased alveolar macrophage activity as judged by an increase in lysozyme
      positive macrophages. Twenty four hours after 20 mg/m3 (4 subjects) a further
      increase was seen, which was accompanied by an increase in total numbers of
      macrophages and lymphocytes. Seventy two hours after exposure (4 subjects) cell
      numbers had virtually returned to pre-exposure levels. These previously
      uninvestigated reactions indicate potentially noxious effects of SO2 in the lungs
      at exposure levels that are regarded as relatively safe.

PMID- 2930732
TI  - Steroid hormone sulphation in lead workers.
AB  - The metabolism of steroid hormones has been investigated in 10 workers exposed to
      lead and in 10 non-exposed subjects to determine whether lead interferes with the
      first or second phase reactions of steroid hormone biotransformation, or both. In
      the exposed workers blood lead concentrations (PbB) ranged from 45 to 69
      micrograms/100 ml; in the controls PbB was less than 25 micrograms/100 ml. No
      statistical differences were found for the total amount of the urinary hormone
      metabolites, but a drop of about 50% was observed for the sulphated portion. It
      is suggested that lead interferes with the mechanisms of sulphoconjugation
      through an effect on the cytosol enzymes sulphotransferase and sulphokinase.

PMID- 2930733
TI  - Health hazards of firefighters: acute pulmonary effects after toxic exposures.
AB  - As part of an environmental monitoring and medical surveillance programme to
      evaluate potential health hazards from firefighting, complete baseline medical
      examinations were performed on a cohort of 77 firefighters. During a ten day
      study period, 37 follow up medical examinations were performed after exposure to
      fire to monitor any significant differences in pre-fire and post-fire
      physiological indices, including pulmonary function and blood counts and
      chemistries. For the group as a whole, no significant differences were found. For
      individuals not wearing respiratory protective equipment, however, statistically
      significant post-fire decrements in FEV1 and FVC were noted. These decrements
      were consistent with previously shown levels of exposure to pulmonary toxicants
      in this cohort. These results support the need for more extensive use of
      respiratory protective equipment by firefighters.

PMID- 2930734
TI  - Twinning in human populations and in cattle exposed to air pollution from
      incinerators.

PMID- 2930735
TI  - Reducing late abortions.

PMID- 2930736
TI  - Transmission of human immunodeficiency virus by heterosexual contact with
      reference to antenatal screening.
AB  - Twenty-seven women all of childbearing age, eight of whom were pregnant, were
      identified as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) antibody positive in the
      genitourinary medicine clinics of East Riverside up to March 1987. Of these 27
      women 11 had acquired the virus by heterosexual contact. Between 1 March 1987 and
      29 February 1988, all 1328 women attending the antenatal clinic were offered an
      HIV screening test, 982 accepted and the other 346 declined to be tested. Two of
      the 982 tested women were found to be HIV-1 antibody positive. Two other pregnant
      HIV-1-positive women were identified during this time, one was tested in the
      genitourinary medicine clinic and the other whilst an in-patient for drug
      withdrawal. All except one of the 12 HIV-1-antibody-positive pregnant women were
      in known high-risk groups. In addition up to March 1988, 32 heterosexual men were
      identified as HIV-1 antibody positive and 22 of these were intravenous drug
      abusers. If the present trend continues, more women will become infected, often
      unaware that they are at risk and this may not be detected unless HIV testing is
      offered to all pregnant women and widely accepted. Decisions on local policy
      should be based on the available estimates of prevalence of HIV infection in that
      community.

PMID- 2930738
TI  - Variation in the T/QRS ratio of fetal electrocardiograms recorded during labour
      in normal subjects.
AB  - The T/QRS ratio of the fetal ECG was obtained during labour from 25 women with
      normal pregnancies. The poor signal-to-noise ratio of the unprocessed signals,
      chiefly due to baseline wander, led to a wide variation between individual
      measurements. This problem was overcome by data averaging, the ratio being
      expressed as a mean over 1-min epochs. The average T/QRS ratio of each labour
      record ranged from 4% to 23% with a mean of 10% (for all 25). The average range
      (between 5th and 95th centile) of the 1-min T/QRS ratios was 13% and there were
      no significant changes as labour progressed. The effect of contractions on the
      T/QRS ratio was measured from eight subjects and found to be inconsistent.

PMID- 2930737
TI  - Congenital human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in the Bahamas.
AB  - In the 13-month period between June 1985 and July 1986, 27 children were found to
      be HIV positive in the Princess Margaret Hospital in Nassau. Nineteen of the
      children had clinical AIDS, four were in the prodromal phase and four were
      symptom free. The clinical course of these infants is presented. Of the 18
      mothers 16 were screened and were all seropositive and asymptomatic. They
      remained healthy in spite of subsequent pregnancies in nine of them (56%) during
      a follow-up period of between 13 and 65 months (mean 40 months). Fifteen of the
      18 mothers were Haitian but only three had other risk factors, throwing doubt on
      the value of selective screening in Afro-Caribbean countries.

PMID- 2930739
TI  - Umbilical artery flow velocity waveforms in labour.
AB  - Doppler signals were recorded from the umbilical arteries in 103 women during
      labour. The pulsatility index (PI) did not alter with progress in labour. During
      uterine contractions the PI showed a change only if there was a deceleration in
      the fetal heart rate. Low birthweight (less than 10th centile) and delivery by
      caesarean section for fetal distress were significantly more frequent in patients
      with abnormal PI values (defined as greater than 2 SD above the mean in normal
      labours). Fetal scalp blood pH was measured in 24 patients. The PI was abnormal
      in only one case, but none of the 24 had a pH less than 7.20.

PMID- 2930740
TI  - Maternal weight, weight gain and birthweight at term in the rural Tanzanian
      village of Ilula.
AB  - In an area-based study in a rural Tanzanian village, the relations of maternal
      weight and weight gain during pregnancy to birthweight were analysed for 331 term
      deliveries. The distribution of body-mass index, used as an indicator of maternal
      nutritional status, was similar to the pattern seen in Sweden, although mean
      maternal height (156 cm) was 9 cm below that of Swedish women. Mean initial
      weight measured at week 14 was 53 kg and total pregnancy weight gain was 6 kg.
      Women weighing greater than or equal to 60 kg in early pregnancy gained less
      weight (0.16 kg/week) than those weighing less than 50 kg (0.22 kg/week).
      Birthweight was correlated both with maternal weight in early pregnancy and with
      weight gain during pregnancy, but only 10% of the variation in birthweight was
      explained by these maternal factors. Mean maternal weight 24 h postpartum was
      equal to the weight at 14 weeks of pregnancy, implying, on the average, no net
      weight gain. Women with a positive net weight gain had heavier babies than women
      with a negative net weight gain. Maternal anthropometric characteristics are
      important underlying determinants of intrauterine growth and birthweight, but
      they explain only a minor part of the variation and are of little value for
      screening purposes in individual women.

PMID- 2930741
TI  - Tocolysis during cervical ripening with vaginal PGE2.
AB  - Forty-two primigravidae with unripe cervices (modified Bishop score less than or
      equal to 5) were pretreated with 8 mg of oral salbutamol 30 min before vaginal
      administration of 5 mg of PGE2. The proportion of patients in established labour
      after treatment (19%) was markedly less than results reported previously and
      cervical improvement occurred in 86% of the non-labouring patients. The improved
      outcome of labour associated with the prior administration of PGE2 when the
      cervix is unripe, including reduced induction-to-delivery intervals and higher
      rates of vaginal delivery was maintained. Apart from some minor side-effects,
      there were no adverse effects noted as a direct consequence of the tocolytic;
      blood loss was not increased, although one patient suffered an intrapartum
      abruption. This approach allows a greater control of induced uterine activity and
      timing of delivery which may be of particular importance in women with suspected
      placental insufficiency.

PMID- 2930742
TI  - Vaginal pH in pregnancy in women delivered at and before term.
AB  - A microelectrode was used to measure vaginal pH in a longitudinal study during
      pregnancy in 30 women, 28 of whom were delivered at term. Excluding pH readings
      made in the presence of pathogenic organisms, 120 readings were taken. The mean
      vaginal pH of all subjects was 4.16 (SD 0.41). Analysis of variance showed no
      significant within-subject variation of pH during pregnancy. Two women had
      spontaneous preterm deliveries (less than 37 weeks) and their mean vaginal pH
      during pregnancy was 5.05 and 5.06. Eight women admitted in preterm labour, who
      then gave birth, had a mean pH of 5.43 (SD 0.94) which was significantly higher
      than the mean pH of 10 women in labour at term (4.58, SD 0.59). The relation
      between bacterial growth in vitro and the surrounding pH was also examined.
      Escherichia coli, a potential pathogen, behaved differently from both
      Lactobacillus (a commensal organism) and Candida albicans. The clinical
      observations show a trend towards higher vaginal pH values in association with
      preterm labour.

PMID- 2930743
TI  - Maternal and paternal alcohol consumption and miscarriage.
AB  - To explore the role of parental alcohol consumption in miscarriage we interviewed
      80 women who miscarried about their own and their partners' drinking habits. A
      control group of 81 gestational-age-matched women whose pregnancy ended in the
      delivery of a healthy infant at term were similarly questioned. The use of
      alcohol by women and men was equally frequent in both groups. Before pregnancy,
      the mean alcohol consumption per week had been about 1-2 drinks for the women and
      4-5 drinks for the men. During the presumed day of conception, 13% of the women
      who miscarried and 11% of the women in the control group had drunk on average 3-4
      drinks; the other women had been abstinent at this time. Of the partners, 13% and
      15%, respectively, had taken a mean of 4-5 drinks. In both groups 58% of the
      subjects continued to consume alcohol during pregnancy. The mean consumption was
      about one drink a week by the women who miscarried and half a drink a week in the
      control group. Of women who miscarried, 36 had a blighted ovum and in this
      subgroup alcohol consumption in both women and men was similar to that in the
      other women who miscarried and their partners, suggesting that alcohol is not
      causally related to the development of a blighted ovum. These results suggest
      that moderate maternal or paternal alcohol consumption does not increase the risk
      of miscarriage.

PMID- 2930744
TI  - Atopy in couples with unexplained infertility.
AB  - In an initial exploratory study, proneness to atopy was measured by specific
      allergen history, allergen skin testing and plasma IgE in couples with
      unexplained infertility and in a comparison group of couples who had recently had
      a child. At least one of the assessments was positive in 29 out of 47 infertile
      couples and in 52 out of 103 controls, but only five of the infertile group and
      two of the fertile group had all three assessments positive. Raised IgE levels
      occurred significantly more often in the infertile couples than in the comparison
      group.

PMID- 2930745
TI  - A clinical and urodynamic study comparing the Stamey bladder neck suspension and
      suburethral sling procedures in the treatment of genuine stress incontinence.
AB  - Twenty women with urodynamically proven genuine stress incontinence were randomly
      allocated to treatment by suburethral sling or Stamey endoscopic bladder neck
      suspension. Urodynamic assessment was performed before and 3 months after
      surgery; clinical follow-up is reported up to 2 years. Blood loss was greater,
      and there were significantly more postoperative complications associated with the
      sling procedures. The subjective and objective cure rates at 3 months and 2 years
      were not significantly different between the two procedures. No significant
      changes in the resting urethral pressure profile were evident, although with both
      procedures, cure was associated with an enhancement in pressure transmission
      ratios in the proximal urethra. Detrusor instability occurring for the first time
      after operation was associated with both procedures; the sling, in addition,
      induced a significant degree of outflow obstruction, although this was not
      evident after the Stamey procedure.

PMID- 2930747
TI  - Tuberculous meningitis in pregnancy.
AB  - Four women with tuberculous meningitis in association with pregnancy are
      described to illustrate both the serious nature and varied presentation of this
      condition. Mortality or neurological morbidity may occur more frequently during
      pregnancy, but in general correlate closely with delay in diagnosis and
      initiation of appropriate therapy. Treatment often needs to be started
      empirically, and neurosurgical intervention may prove life saving.

PMID- 2930746
TI  - Genital cancer among wives of men with penile cancer. A study between 1958 and
      1982.
AB  - Previous studies have suggested an association between penile cancer and cervical
      cancer but the results have been difficult to interpret. The current study
      includes 1064 cases of penile cancer reported to the National Swedish Cancer
      Registry between 1958 and 1980. One matched control for each living case was
      chosen randomly from the Swedish Population Registry, and for cases who had died,
      from the National Death Registry. Details about the men, their marriages and each
      wife or wives were obtained from the population registry in the parish in which
      the men lived or had died. The personal identification number and name of each
      wife or wives were matched against the cancer registry. All genital cancers,
      including 15 cervical cancers, were distributed equally among the wives of the
      cases and those of the controls. The expected rate of cancers among the
      population of wives of cases was also calculated and there was no difference
      between the observed and the expected number of women with cancer. The results
      did not show an association between penile cancer in men and cervical cancer in
      their sexual partners.

PMID- 2930748
TI  - Ovarian fibromatosis with minor sex cord elements. Case report.

PMID- 2930749
TI  - Alternative vacuum supplies for ventouse deliveries.

PMID- 2930750
TI  - Tuberculous peritonitis in pregnancy. A follow-up.

PMID- 2930751
TI  - Occult biochemical pregnancy: fact or fiction?

PMID- 2930752
TI  - Retrieval of intrauterine contraceptive devices with missing tails, using
      Lamicel.

PMID- 2930753
TI  - Uteroplacental and umbilical artery blood velocity waveforms in placental
      abruption assessed by Doppler ultrasound.

PMID- 2930754
TI  - Dehydrational crises: a major risk factor in blinding cataract.
AB  - An earlier case control investigation has indicated a strong relationship between
      dehydrational crises and risk of presenile cataract. A second methodologically
      distinct case control study of risk factors in cataract has been carried out in a
      population very different in terms of environmental and sociocultural
      characteristics from the population investigated in the earlier study in Central
      India. The results strongly confirm the findings from the first study and
      indicate that an estimated 38% of blinding cataract may be attributable to
      repeated dehydrational crises resulting from severe life threatening diarrhoeal
      disease and/or heatstroke. The risk of blinding cataract was strongly related to
      level of exposure to dehydrational crises in a consistent and dose dependent
      manner, thus indicating a causal association. The findings are discussed in
      relation to possible sources of bias in the study, confounding in the data, and
      the steps that were taken to minimise their undesirable effects.

PMID- 2930755
TI  - Delayed microhyphaema with intraocular lenses: a retrospective study of eight
      patients.
AB  - Eight patients with delayed microhyphaema were identified from a computer data
      base of 1209 patients who had had cataract extraction with Binkhorst 4-loop
      intraocular lens insertion. Five cases were recurrent. The cases were examined to
      try and identify an underlying cause. No single cause was identified, but trauma,
      hypertension, and oral anticoagulants were found to be associated. Some episodes
      were asymptomatic. The wide variety of surgical technique and style of lens with
      which this complication has been reported implies multiple causative factors. The
      source of the bleeding and its management are discussed.

PMID- 2930756
TI  - Are severe acute retinopathy of prematurity and severe periventricular
      leucomalacia both ischaemic insults?
AB  - Over a period of 20 months six preterm infants have been seen who developed
      severe acute retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and who also had ultrasound
      evidence of extensive cerebral parenchymal changes compatible with severe
      periventricular leucomalacia. Only one of these infants had a birthweight of less
      than 1000 g, and their gestational ages ranged from 27 to 30 weeks. The
      association between these two important complications of preterm birth has led us
      to postulate that an episode of hypoperfusion of the cerebral circulation
      sufficient to result in cerebral ischaemia could also reduce an already
      compromised ocular blood flow and further exacerbate retinal ischaemia, thereby
      increasing the severity of ROP.

PMID- 2930757
TI  - Photoaversion in retinitis pigmentosa.
AB  - Photoaversion, or light-induced interference with visual comfort and performance,
      has been a recognised but poorly documented symptom in retinitis pigmentosa (RP).
      We found that a majority of our RP patients complained of photoaversion even in
      the absence of significant cataract. RP patients had reduced contrast sensitivity
      relative to normal people, but the decrement in their visual performance as a
      result of glare or photostress was only slight. RP patients had raised short-term
      adaptation and increment threshold levels, but their rate of short-term or
      photopic adaptation was normal. Photoaversion in RP may result because a small
      interference with contrast sensitivity or adaptation can place patients in a
      range of functional disability, or it may derive from a combination of minor
      aberrations.

PMID- 2930758
TI  - Epiblepharon with inverted eyelashes in Japanese children. I. Incidence and
      symptoms.
AB  - Epiblepharon commonly occurs in Japanese infants and tends to disappear
      spontaneously with age. We examined 4449 Japanese children aged 3 months to 18
      years for epiblepharon associated with inverted eyelashes touching the cornea.
      The condition was evident in 441 cases. We found that the incidence of
      epiblepharon decreased with age, but about 2% of high school students still had
      the condition. No sexual predilection was found. Lower eyelids were commonly
      involved bilaterally. Most cases of epiblepharon produced no or mild symptoms.

PMID- 2930759
TI  - The pattern electroretinogram in glaucoma: an evaluation by relative amplitude
      from the Bjerrum area.
AB  - A new concept for evaluating the pattern electroretinogram (PERG) in glaucoma and
      its clinical application are described. The PERG was elicited by two different
      stimulus fields, namely, the whole central retinal area with a radius of 18
      degrees and the paracentral ring area between the radius of 10 degrees and 18
      degrees. The amplitude of the PERG for each stimulus field and the ratio of them
      were analysed for 30 patients with glaucoma or ocular hypertension. Among these
      only a small number of eyes were detected as abnormal when we evaluated the
      amplitude itself either with the central stimulus or the paracentral ring
      stimulus, whereas the ratio of the two values was below normal in some cases of
      advanced glaucoma. We conclude that the ratio of the paracentral to central PERG
      is useful for detecting glaucoma.

PMID- 2930761
TI  - 123I metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) scintigraphy of retinoblastoma: preliminary
      experience.
AB  - 123I metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) is a radiopharmaceutical used for imaging
      neural crest tumours. The possibility of using 123I MIBG for imaging
      retinoblastomas has been assessed in this pilot study. Ten patients were studied,
      nine with clinically and histologically proved retinoblastomas and one with
      Coats's disease. 123I MIBG scintigraphy correctly identified the neoplasm in
      eight patients but gave a negative result in two, one of whom had Coats's disease
      and the other a retinoblastoma which proved to be extensively necrotic on
      histological examination. These preliminary results suggest that 123I MIBG
      scintigraphy may have a role in differentiating retinoblastomas from lesions that
      simulate them.

PMID- 2930760
TI  - Twenty cases of sympathetic ophthalmia.
AB  - We reviewed the charts of 20 patients with sympathetic ophthalmia who were seen
      in the uveitis clinic at the Eye and Ear Infirmary within an 11-year period. Of
      these 20 patients 14 maintained 20/50 or better visual acuity in at least one
      eye. We found early enucleation to be associated with a better visual prognosis,
      possibly due to earlier diagnosis and faster, more aggressive therapy rather than
      a reduction in antigenic load. The clinical appearance of Dalen-Fuchs nodules
      appears to indicate a more severe stage of disease. Chlorambucil was useful in
      patients with severe disease. To be effective and to lessen its side effects
      chlorambucil was given in daily dosages that were increased weekly over a short
      period to achieve bone marrow suppression. After a course of chlorambucil therapy
      intraocular inflammation could be controlled with topical steroids alone.

PMID- 2930762
TI  - Naturally occurring antibodies to bovine and human retinal S antigen: a
      comparison between uveitis patients and healthy volunteers.
AB  - The antibody responses to human and bovine retinal S antigen in the sera of
      patients with uveitis from various causes were compared with those of a group of
      healthy volunteers who were fully screened for signs of eye disease. Antiretinal
      antibodies were found with equal frequency and through the same range of titres
      in patients and controls, irrespective of the nature or activity of the uveitis.
      These findings were confirmed by spectrotypic analysis of sera from patients and
      controls where the predominant serum antibody response was polyclonal. In a small
      group of patients with retinal vasculitis there was an additional monoclonal
      response, indicating clonal expansion of a single lymphocyte subset. The
      prevalence of serum antibodies to retinal antigens in the normal population may
      indicate a protective role for 'natural' autoantibodies, as has recently been
      suggested for autoimmune diseases generally.

PMID- 2930763
TI  - Blind and partial sight registration in Avon.
AB  - All blind and partially sighted registration forms for the county of Avon for a
      two-year period were analysed, and the findings are presented. Comparisons with
      the national figure published by Sorsby over 20 years ago show there has been no
      marked change in the rates of blind registration per 100,000 population with the
      exception of those for cataract, which show a large reduction. Diabetic
      registrations have remained similar, but this may represent an encouraging trend
      in view of the significant increase in the size of the diabetic population.
      Glaucoma may show some improvement in the future when time has elapsed for beta
      blockers and trabeculoplasty to be fully assessed. There has been an increase in
      the rate of registration from aging macular degeneration.

PMID- 2930764
TI  - Recent trends in the registration of blindness and partial sight in
      Leicestershire.
AB  - A study is reported of all new registrations for blindness and partial sight in
      the county of Leicestershire, England, for the years 1965, 1975, and 1985. The
      number of new registrations for blindness has risen considerably over this
      period, but the increase is shown to be attributable to changes in the age
      structure of the population and under-registration in 1965. The number of new
      registrations for partial sight has also increased over the study period but by
      significantly more than would be expected, even after changes in the population
      structure are allowed for. The registration rates for Leicestershire when
      analysed by age, sex, and cause are shown to be broadly in line with available
      national figures. Registration rates for macular degeneration and glaucoma are
      increasing in both males and females, and rates for cataract are at a
      significantly higher level for women than for men.

PMID- 2930765
TI  - Turnover of 125I-VLDL and 131I-LDL apolipoprotein B in rabbits fed diets
      containing casein or soy protein.
AB  - Rabbits fed low-fat, cholesterol-free, semi-purified diets containing casein
      developed a marked hypercholesterolemia compared to rabbits fed a similar diet
      containing soy protein (plasma cholesterol 281 +/- 31 vs. 86 +/- 9 mg/dl; P less
      than 0.05). Turnover studies (three per dietary group) were carried out in which
      homologous 125I-labeled VLDL and 131I-labeled LDL were injected simultaneously
      into casein- (n = 8) or soy protein- (n = 9) fed rabbits. ApoB-specific
      activities were determined in VLDL, IDL and LDL isolated from the pooled plasma
      of two or three rabbits per dietary group. The production rate of VLDL apoB (1.20
      +/- 0.3 vs. 1.09 +/- 0.1 mg/h per kg) was similar for the two dietary groups. The
      fractional catabolic rate of VLDL apoB was lower for the casein group (0.15 +/-
      0.03 vs. 0.23 +/- 0.01.h-1; 0.05 less than P less than 0.10). Although the pool
      size of VLDL apoB was higher in the casein group (8 +/- 2 vs. 5 +/- 0.3 mg/kg),
      this value did not reach statistical significance. For LDL apoB, the increased
      pool size in casein-fed rabbits (30 +/- 5 vs. 5 +/- 1 mg/kg; P less than 0.01)
      was associated with a decreased fractional catabolic rate (0.03 +/- 0.005 vs.
      0.08 +/- 0.008.h-1; P less than 0.01) and a 2-fold increase in the production
      rate of LDL apoB (1 +/- 0.3 vs. 0.4 +/- 0.06 mg/kg per h; 0.05 less than P less
      than 0.10) compared to rabbits fed soy protein. Analysis of precursor-product
      relationships between the various lipoprotein fractions showed that casein-fed
      rabbits synthesized a higher proportion of LDL apoB (95% +/- 2 vs. 67% +/- 2; P
      less than 0.001) independent of VLDL catabolism. These results support the
      concept that the hypercholesterolemia in casein-fed rabbits is associated with
      impaired LDL removal consistent with a down-regulation of LDL receptors. These
      changes do not occur when the casein is replaced by soy protein.

PMID- 2930766
TI  - The rabbit as an animal model of hepatic lipase deficiency.
AB  - A natural deficiency of hepatic lipase in rabbits has been exploited to gain
      insights into the physiological role of this enzyme in the metabolism of plasma
      lipoproteins. A comparison of human and rabbit lipoproteins revealed obvious
      species differences in both low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and high-density
      lipoproteins (HDL), with the rabbit lipoproteins being relatively enlarged,
      enriched in triacylglycerol and depleted of cholesteryl ester. To test whether
      these differences related to the low level of hepatic lipase in rabbits, whole
      plasma or the total lipoprotein fraction from rabbits was either kept at 4
      degrees C or incubated at 37 degrees C for 7 h in (i) the absence of lipase, (ii)
      the presence of hepatic lipase and (iii) the presence of lipoprotein lipase.
      Following incubation, the lipoproteins were recovered and subjected to gel
      permeation chromatography to determine the distribution of lipoprotein components
      across the entire lipoprotein spectrum. An aliquot of the lipoproteins was
      subjected also to gradient gel electrophoresis to determine the particle size
      distribution of the LDL and HDL. Both hepatic lipase and lipoprotein lipase
      hydrolysed lipoprotein triacylglycerol and to a much lesser extent, also
      phospholipid. There were, however, obvious differences between the enzymes in
      terms of substrate specificity. In incubations containing hepatic lipase, there
      was a preferential hydrolysis of HDL triacylglycerol and a lesser hydrolysis of
      VLDL triacylglycerol. By contrast, lipoprotein lipase acted primarily on VLDL
      triacylglycerol. When more enzyme was added, both lipases also acted on LDL
      triacylglycerol, but in no experiment did lipoprotein lipase hydrolyse the
      triacylglycerol in HDL. Coincident with the hepatic lipase-induced hydrolysis of
      LDL and HDL triacylglycerol, there were marked reductions in the particle size of
      both lipoprotein fractions, which were now comparable to those of human LDL and
      HDL3, respectively.

PMID- 2930767
TI  - Identification of 3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholest-24-enoic
      acid as an intermediate in the peroxisomal conversion of 3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha
      trihydroxy-5 beta-cholestanoic acid to cholic acid.
AB  - In this study, we have identified a delta 24-unsaturated intermediate involved in
      the conversion of 3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholestanoic acid to
      cholic acid by the peroxisomal fraction of rat liver. An accumulation of this
      intermediate was observed when NAD+ was omitted from the reaction mixture. The
      intermediate was isolated by reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography
      and identified by combined gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The
      peroxisomal fraction was able to catalyze the conversion of the delta 24
      unsaturated intermediate to cholic acid in the presence of CoA, ATP, Mg2+ and
      NAD+. The identification of 3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholest-24
      enoic acid in cholic acid formation supports the proposed reaction mechanism in
      which the side-chain cleavage of C27-steroids is similar to that of peroxisomal
      beta-oxidation of fatty acids. This involves an FAD-dependent oxidase acting on 3
      alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholestanoyl-CoA.

PMID- 2930768
TI  - Solubilization, purification and characterization of lysoplasmalogen
      alkenylhydrolase (lysoplasmalogenase) from rat liver microsomes.
AB  - Alkenylhydrolase (EC 3.3.2.2; EC 3.3.2.5) has been purified 200-fold to a
      specific activity of 8.0 mumol/min per mg from rat liver microsomes with 51% of
      the activity recovered. Purification was accomplished by solubilization of the
      membrane-associated enzyme with octylglucoside and chromatographic resolution on
      sequential DEAE cellulose and hydroxylapatite (HPLC) columns in the presence of
      octylglucoside. The partially purified enzyme, specific for the 2-deacylated
      plasmalogen, lysoplasmalogen (1-alk-1'-enyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine or 
      ethanolamine), had no hydrolytic activity with intact plasmalogens or 1-acyl-sn
      glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine. Kinetic analyses of enzymic activity demonstrated
      apparent Km values of 5.5 and 42 microM for 1-alk-1'-enyl-sn-glycero-3
      phosphocholine and 1-alk-1'-enyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, respectively.
      The Vmax values were 11.7 and 13.6 mumol/min per mg with the choline and
      ethanolamine substrates, respectively. The optimal pH range was between 6.6 and
      7.1 with both substrates; the energy of activation for the purified enzyme was
      15,200 cal. The enzyme required no cofactors and was unaffected by low millimolar
      concentrations of Ca2+, Mg2+, Mn2+ or EDTA. It was inhibited by the sulfhydryl
      reacting reagent, p-chloromercuribenzoate. Mono- or diradylglycerophospholipids
      or sphingomyelin did not affect the enzymic activity at 37 degrees C. Activity of
      the purified enzyme, destroyed by freezing at -20 degrees C, was preserved if
      stored at this temperature in the presence of 300-600 microM
      diradylglycerophosphocholine or 50% glycerol. A continuous spectrophotometric
      assay, adapted in our laboratory for the assay of liver alkenylhydrolase,
      facilitated this purification. This is the first reported purification of
      alkenylhydrolase.

PMID- 2930769
TI  - Free sphingosines in porcine epidermis.
AB  - Sphingosines and phytosphingosines serve as intermediates in the synthesis of
      ceramides and glucosylceramides, which are prominent components of mammalian
      epidermis. In the present study, we have investigated the possibility that free
      sphingoid bases also may be present in epidermal tissue. Samples of pig epidermis
      were trypsinized to separate the stratum corneum from the unkeratinized portion
      of the epidermis. After drying, the lipids were extracted and analyzed by thin
      layer chromatography using ninhydrin to detect free amino groups. Both the
      stratum corneum and the unkeratinized epidermal material contained a ninhydrin
      positive material with the same mobility as the sphingosine standard.
      Quantitation of the chromatograms by photodensitometry indicated that free
      sphingosine bases account for 0.44% by weight of the total stratum corneum lipid
      and 0.09% of the lipid in the viable portion of the epidermis. To further
      identify this material, it was treated with 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, which
      resulted in the production of an intensely yellow N-2,4-dinitrophenyl derivative
      with the same mobility as N-2,4-dinitrophenylsphingosine on thin-layer
      chromatography. Oxidation of the isolated dinitrophenyl derivative with lead
      tetraacetate produced a mixture of aldehydes which were analyzed by gas-liquid
      chromatography. This analysis indicates that the free sphingoid bases from the
      stratum corneum consist of a mixture of mainly 16- through 20-carbon sphingenines
      and sphinganines, the most abundant components being d17:0, d17:1, d18:1 and
      d20:1. The production of these free sphingosine bases may be significant in
      regulating epidermal differentiation.

PMID- 2930770
TI  - The biosynthesis of dehydrodolichyl phosphates by rat liver microsomes.
AB  - Using improved conditions with rat liver microsomes in the presence of 20%
      glycerol and 2% Triton X-100 at pH 8.5 it was shown that dehydrodolichyl
      diphosphate and dehydrodolichyl phosphate were synthesized from isopentenyl
      diphosphate and farnesyl diphosphate. Small amounts of geranylgeranyl diphosphate
      and geranylgeranyl phosphate were also formed. The carbon chain lengths of the
      dehydrodolichyl diphosphate and dehydrodolichyl phosphate were identical (C80
      C85). A kinetic study showed that dehydrodolichyl diphosphate formed from
      farnesyl diphosphate and isopentenyl diphosphate was subsequently hydrolyzed to
      dehydrodolichyl phosphate. As the concentration of isopentenyl diphosphate was
      increased from 1 to 50 microM, the chain-length distribution of dehydrodolichyl
      products shifted from C75-C80 to C80-C85. Addition of MgCl2 into the assay
      mixture decreased product formation, but did not affect the chain-length
      distribution (C80-C85). The shift of the chain-length distribution to the same as
      that observed in naturally occurring dolichol derivatives (C90-C95) was observed
      when Triton X-100 was omitted from the assay mixture, although deletion of the
      detergent decreased the enzyme activity. These results, which provide insight
      into optimal conditions for enzymatic synthesis of the dolichol chain, are
      discussed in the context of the in vivo pathway for dolichol biosynthesis.

PMID- 2930771
TI  - The primary structure of human apolipoprotein A-IV.
AB  - Human apolipoprotein (apo) A-IV was purified from chylous ascites fluid.
      Proteolytic peptides produced by trypsin and Staphylococcus aureus V8 proteinase
      digestions were purified by high-performance liquid chromatography and sequenced.
      Human apoA-IV contains 376 amino acid residues. The peptide-derived sequence
      generally matches two previously reported DNA-derived amino acid sequences except
      for discrepancies in five positions. In order to examine these discrepancies
      further, one complete apoA-IV cDNA clone and another partial clone were
      sequenced. Comparison of all the available information indicates that the peptide
      derived sequence reported here is accurate. Sequencing errors probably account
      for some of the discrepancies between the two primary sequences predicted by
      earlier nucleotide analyses. In certain positions, however, bona fide sequence
      heterogeneity or cloning artifact cannot be excluded.

PMID- 2930772
TI  - Synergistic interaction between vitamin E and the bile pigments bilirubin and
      biliverdin.
AB  - The oxidation of soybean phosphatidylcholine (PC) liposomes initiated with a
      lipid-soluble azo compound within the liposomal membranes has been studied in the
      absence and presence of membrane-bound vitamin E and water-soluble bile pigments.
      In the absence of vitamin E, lipid peroxidation proceeded linearly and without
      delay. Low micromolar amounts of bilirubin ditaurine (BR-DT, a model compound of
      conjugated bilirubin) or biliverdin (BV) inhibited the oxidation of PC
      significantly and in a concentration-dependent way. In contrast, neither taurine,
      ascorbic acid nor reduced glutathione inhibited significantly under these
      conditions. Both bile pigments were consumed during their protective action.
      Vitamin E incorporated into the liposomal membranes suppressed the oxidation
      initially almost completely, thereby producing an induction period. In the
      combined presence of vitamin E and either of the two bile pigments at 10 microM
      each, this induction period was increased by at least 200%. In contrast, when 10
      microM vitamin E was combined with an equimolar concentration of reduced
      glutathione, the induction period increased by only about 30%. BR-DT and BV both
      spared the consumption of vitamin E during the oxidation of PC liposomes. These
      results demonstrate that conjugated bilirubin and BV located in the aqueous phase
      can directly scavenge lipid radicals to some extent. Furthermore, both bile
      pigments can act synergistically with membrane-bound vitamin E to prevent lipid
      peroxidation initiated in the lipid phase, most likely through regeneration of
      the vitamin from its chromanoxyl radical.

PMID- 2930773
TI  - Species pattern of phosphatidic acid, diacylglycerol, CDP-diacylglycerol and
      phosphatidylglycerol synthesized de novo in rat liver mitochondria.
AB  - Rat liver mitochondria were incubated with [3H]glycerol 3-phosphate, ATP, CTP and
      coenzyme A allowing acylatin of glycerophosphate with endogenous fatty acids and
      the further conversion of labelled phosphatidic acid (PA) to diacylglycerol (DG),
      CDP-diacylglycerol (CDP-DG) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG). In these
      glycerolipids, the distribution of label among the individual molecular species
      was found to be similar, with 16:0-18:1, 16:0-18:2 and 18:0-18:2/16:0-16:0 being
      the main species. It was concluded that mitochondrial enzymes involved in the de
      novo synthesis of these glycerolipids exhibited no acyl selectivity for their
      substrates. The pattern of molecular species of mitochondrial PA, DG and CDP-DG
      closely approached that of the same glycerolipids synthesized de novo in isolated
      rat liver microsomes.

PMID- 2930774
TI  - DNA synthesis by the isolated nuclear matrix from synchronized plasmodia of
      Physarum polycephalum.
AB  - Nuclear matrices were isolated from plasmodia of a true slime mold, Physarum
      polycephalum, and the DNA synthetic activity in vitro was examined. These
      matrices isolated in S-phase catalyzed DNA synthesis requiring Mg2+,
      deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphates and ATP, without exogenous templates. The
      activity changed during S-phase with the rate of in vivo DNA replication. Product
      analysis by gel electrophoresis revealed that the matrices produced Okazaki
      fragments. These results suggest that DNA synthesis partially reflects in vivo
      DNA replication. DNA synthesis was sensitive to aphidicolin, heparin and N
      ethylmaleimide, indicating involvement of the alpha-like DNA polymerase of
      Physarum. Exogenous addition of activated DNA stimulated DNA synthesis 4-10-fold
      and suggested that only some of the existing enzymes are involved in endogenous
      DNA synthesis. Matrices isolated in G2-phase were also associated with a similar
      DNA synthetic activity, but they did not produce Okazaki fragments in vitro. It
      is, therefore, concluded that nuclear matrices are associated with alpha-like DNA
      polymerase throughout the cell cycle, and that some of the enzymes participate in
      in vivo DNA replication in S-phase; thus, DNA replication is possibly controlled
      by this process. The relationship between DNA synthetic activities by the
      isolated nuclei and matrices was also discussed.

PMID- 2930775
TI  - Developmentally regulated late mRNAs in the encystment of Physarum polycephalum
      plasmodia.
AB  - Physarum polycephalum plasmodia survive adverse conditions by transforming into
      encysted cells called spherules. In this work we analysed the developmentally
      regulated mRNAs from the late stages of spherulation. A cDNA library was
      constructed and four abundant mRNAs were identified. One of the mRNAs was present
      in trace amounts in early spherules, while the other three were found only in
      late spherules. A cDNA clone for one of the late spherulation specific mRNAs was
      sequenced. It codes for a 332-amino-acid protein that did not show significant
      similarities with any known protein. Since the mRNA for this protein accumulates
      during spherulation, the protein was called spherulin 4. This protein has many
      features of a plasma membrane protein; it contains a signal peptide and a long
      hydrophobic region, which could serve as a transmembrane anchor. Another
      interesting feature is the presence of seven consecutive glycine residues in the
      N-terminal region. This is even more remarkable since the protein is not rich in
      glycine.

PMID- 2930776
TI  - Quantification analysis of 5'-splice signal sequences in mRNA precursors.
      Mutations in rabbit beta-globin gene.
AB  - Concerning the signals which direct excision of introns from mRNA precursors in
      genes of higher eukaryotes, a consensus sequence composed of nine nucleotides,
      CAAG/GTAGAGT, has been proposed for the 5'-splice site, but actual 5'-splice site
      sequences differ from it to a greater or lesser degree. In the present paper, the
      5'-splice site sequence of the rabbit beta-globin gene was analyzed using a
      quantification method (categorical discriminant analysis). In this method, each 9
      nucleotide sequence in the pre-mRNA was characterized by its sample score, which
      shows the extent to which the sequence contains the signal. This approach could
      explain not only the location of the 5'-splice site, but also the experimental
      results of various point mutations in the 5'-splice region, as reported by Aebi
      et al. Our method further predicted the positions of cryptic 5'-splice sites,
      which are activated when the authentic 5'-splice site is abolished.

PMID- 2930777
TI  - Cloning and characterization of a histone gene family in Tilapia fish.
AB  - Genomic organization and expression of a histone gene family in the Tilapia
      (Cichlidae) fish was determined. A genomic library was prepared; four clones
      containing the complete set of core histones were analyzed. These clones differed
      significantly in their restriction maps, although three of them revealed a
      uniform internal gene arrangement of the core histone genes. Differential
      expression between two of the cloned clusters was observed when the hybridization
      pattern of those clusters to various RNA preparations was compared. The copy
      number of histone genes was estimated to be 100 to 110 for haploid Tilapia
      genome.

PMID- 2930778
TI  - An analysis by restriction enzymes of the genomic structure of the 3'
      untranslated region of the human estrogen receptor gene.
AB  - The estrogen receptor gene has a very long 3' untranslated region. As a first
      step towards the analysis of this structural feature for any functional role, we
      have cloned the human genomic estrogen receptor gene. Extensive restriction
      enzyme analysis of this DNA and comparison of the sizes of the DNA fragments
      obtained with those predicted from published cDNA sequences indicate that the 3'
      exon extends for at least 4304 bases from base number 2018 in the cDNA to the end
      of the cDNA. The data also show that the most 3' intron in this gene occurs
      between bases 1902 and 2018 of the cDNA.

PMID- 2930779
TI  - Reconstitution of nucleosomes in vitro with a plasmid carrying the long terminal
      repeat of Moloney murine leukemia virus.
AB  - The potential of nucleosome assembly along the sequence of a plasmid carrying the
      long terminal repeat (LTR) and its flanking region of Moloney murine leukemia
      virus was analyzed by in vitro reconstitution experiments with histones from
      chicken erythrocytes. The results of electrophoretic mobility-shift and
      micrococcal nuclease-digestion assays indicated that the plasmid DNA contained
      four preferred sites for nucleosome formation. However, all of these sites were
      mapped on the vector moiety but not on the LTR moiety. Computer analysis of the
      sequences in the four preferred sites, each spanning about 150 bp, indicated that
      short runs of (dA,dT) containing two kinds of triplets, AAA/TTT and AAT/ATT,
      occurred frequently. Furthermore, many of these triplets tended to occur in the
      same side of the DNA helix, suggesting that DNA curvature was involved in the
      preferred sites for nucleosome assembly. Consistent was the observation that DNA
      fragments carrying these preferred sites showed anomalous electrophoretic
      mobilities at a low temperature.

PMID- 2930780
TI  - Mutational analysis of the bacteriophage alpha 3 origin of complementary DNA
      synthesis: in vivo properties of mutants.
AB  - Bacteriophage alpha 3 origin of complementary strand DNA synthesis contains two
      potential secondary loop structures, I and II, which have been implicated in
      direct recognition sites for host Escherichia coli dnaG protein. To elucidate the
      function of the hairpin loops, we have introduced point mutations within the stem
      of the hairpin II so as to disturb its base-pairings. A mutant, oriAA, which had
      two point mutations in the region, formed minute plaques on E. coli host cells
      and its mean burst size at 37 degrees C was about 50, whereas that of wild-type
      was 250. In addition, the growth of oriAA at 42 degrees C was thermosensitive and
      the burst size was reduced to 5. From the oriAA, a revertant-like phage oriGA
      occurred spontaneously with a high-frequency of about 2.10(-2). It retained one
      point mutation and the plaque size and phage yield were nearly same as those of
      wild-type. These results are discussed with respect to the role of secondary
      structure as well as specific nucleotide sequence in the recognition site for the
      dnaG protein.

PMID- 2930781
TI  - Calcium translocation in liposome systems modeled on the mitochondrial inner
      membrane.
AB  - Ca2+ uptake by liposomes consisting of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and cardiolipin
      (CL) has recently been reported (Smaal, E.B. et al. (1987) Biochim. Biophys. Acta
      897, 191-196). In eukaryotic cells, CL is localized exclusively in the inner
      mitochondrial membrane, where it occurs in the presence of equimolar amounts of
      PC and phosphatidyl-ethanolamine (PE). We have therefore re-examined CL-mediated
      Ca2+ translocation in liposomes of more nearly physiological composition, i.e.,
      PC/PE/CL (2:2:1 and 4:4:1, mol/mol). In addition, the effect on Ca2+ uptake of
      plasmalogens of PE, which may account for up to 50% of mitochondrial PE, was
      determined. Our findings can be summarized as follows. (1) Ca2+ uptake into CL
      containing liposomes was increased dramatically by PE. (2) Ca2+ entry into PC/CL
      liposomes was biphasic; in the presence of PE, uptake was dominated by a slow
      process. (3) Ca2+ uptake by PC/CL liposomes saturated at less than or equal to 2
      mM external Ca2+, whereas uptake into PC/PE/CL liposomes increased with
      increasing Ca2+ concentration up to 10 mM or until Ca2+ release ensued. (4) Ca2+
      translocation by PE-containing liposomes and the slow phase of Ca2+ uptake into
      PC/CL liposomes were similarly and highly dependent on temperature. It can
      therefore be proposed that PE amplifies the slow component of CL-mediated Ca2+
      translocation. This process is characterized by a requirement for high external
      Ca2+ concentrations and a large apparent activation energy. Ca2+ uptake was not
      significantly modified by plasmalogens of PE.

PMID- 2930782
TI  - Inhibition of red cell Ca2+-dependent K+ channels by snake venoms.
AB  - We have investigated the effects of several snake venoms on the Ca2+-dependent K+
      channels of human red cells. A heat-resistant component of the venom of the snake
      Notechis scutatus irreversibly inhibited Ca2+-dependent K+ transport with a Ki
      value of 0.1-0.2 micrograms/ml. Metabolic changes of the cells modified the
      maximal effect of the venom. Binding of the venom required extracellular Ca2+ and
      was quick, but development of full inhibition required additional time. The
      effects of the venoms from Notechis scutatus and Leiurus quinquestriatus were
      additive, suggesting that both venoms act through different mechanisms. Venoms of
      the snakes Vipera russelli russelli and Oxyuranus scutellatus also inhibited Ca2+
      dependent K+ transport with the same characteristics as the Notechis scutatus
      venom.

PMID- 2930784
TI  - The phase diagram of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine/sucrose in the
      dry state. Sucrose substitution for water in lamellar mesophases.
AB  - The phase diagram of the binary system, 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3
      phosphocholine (DPPC)/sucrose, was determined by DSC. In contrast to dry DPPC,
      which exhibits chain melting at 342.5 K, the main feature of the DPPC/sucrose
      system is eutectic melting at 320 K. This was supported earlier by Crowe, J.H.,
      Crowe, L.M. and Chapman, D. (Science 223 (1984) 701-703), who reported a drastic
      decrease in the chain-melting temperature of the dry lipid in the presence of
      some mono- and disaccharides. Electron microscopy suggests that the phase
      structures on either side of the phase transition are of the lamellar type.
      Definite sugar saturation concentrations can be derived from this phase diagram.
      Up to about 17 mol% sucrose, i.e., 1 mol of sucrose per 5 mol of lipid is adopted
      by DPPC in the low-temperature phase Lc. In the high-temperature phase Lm the
      saturation concentration is well above 90 mol% sucrose at 320 K (eutectic point)
      but decreases with increasing temperature. The lower limit of 50 mol% sucrose is
      reached at 455 K. At this temperature, peritectic melting of sucrose occurs.
      Because of some similarities in the phase diagrams of DPPC/sucrose and
      DPPC/water, it is possible to understand the sucrose substitution for water in
      dry lamellar mesophases.

PMID- 2930783
TI  - Bile acid binding proteins in hepatocellular membranes of newborn and adult rats.
      Identification of transport proteins with azidobenzamidotauro[14C]cholate
      ([14C]ABATC).
AB  - Neonatal hepatocytes are less active in uptake of bile acids than are mature
      hepatocytes. This phenomenon has been further investigated by transport studies
      with azidobenzamidotaurocholate (ABATC). Taurocholate, cholate and the
      photolabile ABATC were taken up by liver cells of adult rats by a sodium
      dependent and by an additional sodium-independent mechanism. In the dark, ABATC
      inhibited the uptake of taurocholate and cholate. Taurocholate decreased the
      transport of ABATC in a competitive manner, both in the presence and absence of
      sodium. In neonatal hepatocytes the Vmax for taurocholate and for ABATC was
      similar but was lower than in mature liver cells. In contrast, the Km was similar
      for neonatal and mature hepatocytes. For identification of binding proteins in
      both kinds of cells ABATC was photolysed after preincubation with isolated
      hepatocytes. Under our experimental conditions (single ultraviolet flash) about
      80% of the azido groups was converted to nitrene. The covalently binding nitrene
      derivative inhibited bile salt transport irreversibly. Photolabeling of intact
      hepatocytes or of isolated plasma membranes with ABATC resulted in
      radioindication of membrane proteins with 67, 60, 54, 50 and 43 kDa in mature
      plasma membranes but of proteins with masses of 67, 54, 43 and 37 kDa in neonatal
      basolateral membranes. The 50 kDa protein in largely lacking in membranes of 9
      day-old rats. The process of photolabeling itself was sodium-independent when
      isolated cells were treated with ABATC. In contrast, the degree of labeling of
      intact hepatocytes was markedly reduced in the absence of sodium and chloride.
      100-fold molar excess of taurocholate, benzamidotaurocholate (BATC), phalloidin
      or cyclosomatostatin protected isolated plasma membranes against coupling of
      ABATC. Photolabeling of hepatoma cells known to be deficient in bile salt
      transport did not result in radiomodification of membrane proteins.

PMID- 2930785
TI  - Inhibition of enzymes and oxidative damage of red blood cells induced by t
      butylhydroperoxide-derived radicals.
AB  - The effects of t-butylhydroperoxide (tBHP), its alkoxyl radical (tBuO.) and its
      peroxyl radical (tBuOO.) in model systems and on red blood cells were studied.
      Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase was strongly inhibited by tBHP via a
      direct reaction of the hydroperoxide with an essential sulfhydryl group in the
      enzyme molecule. Several other enzymes were unaffected by tBHP. Alcohol
      dehydrogenase was strongly inhibited by tBuO. but was much less sensitive to
      tBuOO.. Lysozyme, lactate dehydrogenase and trypsin, on the other hand, were very
      sensitive to the peroxyl and not, or much less, to the alkoxyl radical, whereas
      acetylcholinesterase was very sensitive to both radicals. tBuOO. caused covalent
      binding of tryptophan, tyrosine, histidine and methionine to serum albumin. The
      corresponding alkoxyl radical was ineffective in this respect. Conversely, tBuO.
      caused peroxidation of linolenic acid, whereas tBuOO. did not. Incubation of
      human erythrocytes with tBHP caused lipid peroxidation and K+ leakage. Both
      effects were caused by tBHP-derived radicals generated in a reaction of the
      hydroperoxide with hemoglobin. With radical scavengers it was possible to
      dissociate tBHP-induced lipid peroxidation and K+ leakage, demonstrating that
      these two processes are not causally related. Experimental results indicate that
      tBuO. causes lipid peroxidation, whereas tBuOO. is responsible for K+ leakage.

PMID- 2930786
TI  - Stability and fusion of lipid vesicles containing headgroup-modified analogues of
      phosphatidylethanolamine.
AB  - We have used lipid mixing, contents mixing and contents-leakage assays to
      characterize the divalent cation-mediated interactions of vesicles composed of
      various headgroup-modified analogues of phosphatidylethanolamine, PE (N- and C-2
      alkylated derivatives, and analogues with increased separations of the phosphoryl
      and amino groups) together with a low mole percentage of phosphatidylserine (PS).
      Vesicles containing different structural analogues of PE exhibit marked
      differences, both in the threshold divalent cation concentrations that are
      required to initiate vesicle-vesicle interactions and in the rates of contents
      mixing and leakage observed at suprathresholds divalent cation concentrations.
      The efficiencies of divalent cation-promoted contents leakage, and to a slightly
      lesser extent those of contents mixing, for PS/PE (analogue) vesicles show a
      marked inverse correlation with the lamellar-to-hexagonal II transition
      temperature (TH) of the PE (analogue) component. However, the destabilization
      kinetics for such vesicles show no abrupt changes over the temperature range
      around the equilibrium TH value measured for the vesicle lipids. Vesicles
      combining PS with different PE analogues exhibit divalent cation thresholds for
      aggregation that are not correlated with the TH values of the PE (analogue)
      components but appear instead to be correlated with the equilibrium interbilayer
      separations measured in multilamellar dispersions of these species. We have
      identified headgroup-modified analogues of PE that can be used to prepare
      vesicles that fuse more rapidly under a given set of conditions, or that show a
      bette ratio of fusion-to-contents-leakage rates, than do PE-containing vesicles.
      These results may be useful both for understanding better the bases for the high
      fusion-supporting ability of PE and for the preparation of lipid vesicles
      'tailored' for particular practical applications.

PMID- 2930787
TI  - Relationship of hyperthermia-induced hemolysis of human erythrocytes to the
      thermal denaturation of membrane proteins.
AB  - Hemolysis of human erythrocytes as a function of time of exposure to 47.4-54.5
      degrees C was measured and correlated to thermal transitions in the membranes of
      intact erythrocytes as determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).
      Curves of hemoglobin leakage (a measure of hemolysis) as a function of time have
      a shoulder region exhibiting no leakage, indicative of the ability to accumulate
      sublethal damage (i.e., damage not sufficient to cause lysis), followed by a
      region of leakage approximating pseudo-first-order kinetics. Inverse leakage
      rates (Do) of 330-21 min were obtained from 47.4-54.5 degrees C, respectively. A
      relatively high activation energy of 304 +/- 22 kJ/mol was obtained for leakage,
      eliminating the involvement of metabolic processes but implicating a transition
      as the rate-limiting step. Membrane protein involvement was suggested by the very
      low rate (10(-2) of the rate from erythrocytes) and low activation energy (50 +/-
      49 kJ/mol) of hemoglobin leakage from liposomes containing no membrane protein. A
      model was developed that predicts a transition temperature (Tm) for the critical
      target (rate-limiting step) of 60 degrees C when measured at a scan rate of 1
      K/min. DSC scans were obtained from intact erythrocytes and a procedure developed
      to fit and remove the transition for hemoglobin denaturation which dominated the
      scan. Three transitions remained (transitions A, B, and C) with Tm values of
      50.0, 56.8, and 63.8 degrees C, respectively. These correspond to, but occur at
      slightly different temperatures than, the A, B, and C transitions of isolated
      erythrocyte membranes in the same salt solution (Tm = 49.5, 53-58, and 65.5
      degrees C, respectively). In addition, the relative enthalpies of the three
      transitions differ between isolated membranes and erythrocytes, suggestive of
      membrane alterations occurring during isolation. Thus, all analyses were
      conducted on DSC scans of intact erythrocytes. The B transition is very broad and
      probably consists of several transitions. An inflection, which is seen as a
      distinct peak (transition B3) in fourth-derivative curves, occurs at 60.8 degrees
      C and correlates well with the predicted Tm of the critical target. Ethanol
      (2.2%) lowers the Tm of B3 by 4.0-4.5 K, close to the shift of 3.3 K predicted
      from its effect on hemolysis. Glycerol (10%) has very little effect on both
      hemolysis and the Tm of B3, but it stabilizes spectrin (delta Tm = 1.5 K) against
      thermal denaturation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2930788
TI  - Synthesis and characterization of fluorescent Lucifer yellow-lipid conjugates.
AB  - The syntheses of fluorescent lipid probes composed of Lucifer yellow dyes linked
      to either cholesterol or phospholipids are described. The spectral properties of
      these probes are characterized, and the probes are evaluated for use with model
      membranes and with live animal and plant cells. Of the probes synthesized, the
      cholesterol derivative is the easiest to prepare and appears to be the most
      useful because it readily labels the plasma membrane of live cells and maintains
      a high ratio of cell surface-to-cytoplasmic fluorescence.

PMID- 2930789
TI  - Water permeability in the human amnion: pH regulation of the paracellular
      pathway.
AB  - Human amnion was mounted, immediately after delivery, as a diaphragm between two
      lucite chambers and the net transepithelial water movement (Jw) was recorded
      minute by minute. When Jw was plotted against the applied transepithelial
      hydrostatic pressure (fetal side positive), in the absence of any other gradient,
      a linear relationship was observed (Phydr = 0.32 +/- 0.05 cm/s, n = 10). A linear
      relationship was also found when Jw was measured in the presence of an osmotic
      gradient, generated by adding (to the maternal side) different concentrations of
      poly(ethylene glycol) (Mr approximately equal to 3600; reflexion coefficient
      (sigma) = 1; Posm = 0.015 +/- 0.001 cm/s, n = 10). When sucrose, a paracellular
      marker, was used as the osmotic probe, the observed sigma was 0.5. Medium
      acidification in the presence of bicarbonate reduced in the same proportion both
      the hydrostatic and osmotic permeabilities. The effect was fully reversible, but
      was not observed when bicarbonate was replaced by Tris. To test the comparative
      role of transcellular versus paracellular paths, Jw and the [14C]sucrose
      permeability (Psuc) were simultaneously recorded minute by minute, in the
      presence of an osmotic or an hydrostatic gradient. In both cases, the percentage
      reductions in Jw and Psuc induced by medium acidification were similar.
      Quantification of theoretical and observed values for Jw and Psuc strongly
      suggests that effects of pH on both the osmotic and hydrostatic flux reflect a
      modification of the paracellular path.

PMID- 2930790
TI  - Effect of cholesterol on the uptake and intracellular degradation of liposomes by
      liver and spleen; a combined biochemical and gamma-ray perturbed angular
      correlation study.
AB  - We investigated the effect of cholesterol on the uptake and intracellular
      degradation of liposomes by rat liver and spleen macrophages. Multilamellar
      vesicles (MLV) consisting of distearoylphosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylserine
      (molar ratio 9:1) or distearoylphosphatidylcholine/cholesterol/phosphatidylserine
      (molar ratio 4:5:1) were labeled with [3H]cholesteryl hexadecyl ether and/or
      cholesteryl [14C]oleate. After i.v. injection the cholesterol-containing
      liposomes were eliminated less rapidly from the bloodstream and taken up to a
      lesser extent by the liver (macrophages) than the cholesterol-free liposomes.
      Assessment of the 3H/14C ratios in liver and spleen cells revealed that the
      cholesterol-containing liposomes are substantially more resistant towards
      intracellular degradation than the cholesterol-free liposomes. These results
      could be confirmed by measuring the release of 111In from liposomes after uptake
      by liver and spleen by means of gamma-ray perturbed angular correlation
      spectroscopy. Experiments with cultured Kupffer cells in monolayer also revealed
      that incorporation of cholesterol results in a decrease of the uptake and an
      increase of the intracellular stability of cholesteryl [14C]oleate-labeled
      liposomes. Finally, incubation of both types of liposomes with lysosomal
      fractions prepared from rat liver demonstrated a difference in susceptibility to
      lysosomal degradation: the cholesterol-free vesicles were much more sensitive to
      lysosomal esterase than the cholesterol-containing liposomes. These results may
      be relevant to the application of liposomes as a drug carrier system to liver and
      spleen (macrophages).

PMID- 2930791
TI  - Dicarboxylate transport in human placental brush-border membrane vesicles.
AB  - Pathways for transport of dicarboxylic acid metabolites by human placental
      epithelia were investigated using apical membrane vesicles isolated by divalent
      cation precipitation. The presence of Na+/dicarboxylate cotransport was assessed
      directly by [14C]succinate tracer flux measurements and indirectly by
      fluorescence determinations of voltage sensitive dye responses. The imposition of
      an inwardly directed Na+ gradient stimulated vesicle uptake of succinate
      achieving levels approximately 5-fold greater than those observed at equilibrium.
      The increased succinate uptake was specific for Na+ as no stimulation was
      observed in the presence of Li+, K+ or choline+ gradients. In addition to
      concentrative accumulation of succinate, a direct coupling of Na+/succinate
      cotransport was suggested by the absence of a sizeable conductive pathway for
      succinate uptake and decreased succinate uptake levels associated with a more
      rapid decay of an imposed Na+ gradient. Na+ gradient-driven succinate uptake was
      not the result of parallel Na+/H+ and succinate/OH- exchange activities but was
      reduced by the Na+-coupled inhibitor harmaline. The voltage sensitivity of Na+
      gradient-driven succinate uptake suggests Na+/succinate cotransport is
      electrogenic occurring with net transfer of positive charge. Substrate
      specificity studies suggest the tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates as
      candidates for transport by the Na+-coupled pathway. Decreasing pH increased the
      citrate-induced inhibition of succinate uptake suggesting divalent citrate as the
      preferred substrate for transport. Initial rate determinations of succinate
      uptake indicate succinate interacts with a single saturable site (Km 33 microM)
      with a maximal transport rate of 0.5 nmol/mg per min.

PMID- 2930792
TI  - Preparation and polymerization properties of monomeric ADP-actin.
AB  - An improved method for the preparation of Mg-ADP-actin and Ca-ADP-actin which
      minimizes denaturation of the protein has been developed. Using ADP-actin
      prepared by this method, we have measured the polymerization characteristics of
      Mg-ADP-actin and Ca-ADP-actin. In contrast to the significant difference in Mg
      ATP-actin and Ca-ATP-actin polymerization characteristics that we reported
      previously (J. Muscle Res. Cell Motility 7 (1986) 215-224), we show here that
      values for the critical concentration, the relative rate constant of elongation
      (mk+) and the relative rate constant of depolymerization (mk-) for Mg-ADP-actin
      are similar to those for Ca-ADP-actin. The value of mk+ for Mg-ATP-actin is about
      8-fold higher than that for Mg-ADP-actin and the value of mk- for Mg-ADP-actin is
      3-4-fold higher than that for Mg-ATP-actin. These factors may help explain the
      observation that the spontaneous nucleation rates of both types of ADP-actin are
      low in contrast to the rapid nucleation of Mg-ATP-actin.

PMID- 2930793
TI  - Modelling of chemical reactions catalysed by membrane-bound enzymes.
      Determination and significance of the kinetic constants.
AB  - A model of multiphasic systems, based on the assumption of zero-order partition
      of substrates and products into the membranes, is applied to reversible mono
      substrate and bi-substrate reactions catalysed by membrane-bound enzymes. Apart
      from replacement of single-phase kinetic constants by apparent kinetic constants,
      the derived kinetic expressions are formally identical with those for
      corresponding single-phase systems. The model confers to the apparent kinetic
      constants an experimentally verifiable meaning. For full characterization of
      membrane-kinetic systems, experiments at various concentrations of enzyme
      embedding phospholipid are required. Extrapolation to zero phospholipid
      concentration of each Km app then yields the corresponding true kinetic constant
      characteristic of the membrane-bound enzyme and also provides a technique for
      determination of the membrane-partition constants. The procedure implies that the
      phospholipid content should be assayed for full characterization of membrane
      bound enzymes. If, for practical reasons, the assays have to be limited to a
      single enzyme concentration, correction of the apparent kinetic constants is
      still possible provided the phospholipid concentration and the partition
      constants of the reactants are known. The model has permitted prediction of a
      number of previous observations reflecting the multiphasic nature of the systems.
      The assumptions, underlying the model, and their implications are examined as
      well as some commonly used experimental designs for determination of the type of
      enzymic site.

PMID- 2930794
TI  - Purification and properties of mouse stomach aldehyde dehydrogenase. Evidence for
      a role in the oxidation of peroxidic and aromatic aldehydes.
AB  - The major isozyme of aldehyde dehydrogenase in mouse stomach, AHD-4, has been
      purified to homogeneity and characterized with a range of aldehyde substrates at
      pH 7.4. The enzyme was a dimer with a subunit size of 65 kDa. Using V/Km values
      as an indication of substrate efficacy, aromatic aldehydes were the preferred
      substrates. The enzyme used either NAD+ or NADP+ as cofactor, but showed a
      preference for NAD+. AHD-4 showed 'high-Km' properties with respect to
      acetaldehyde, but differed from the 'high-Km' liver mitochondrial enzyme (AHD-1),
      in that it was not a semialdehyde dehydrogenase. The enzyme was significantly
      active towards the peroxidic aldehyde, 4-hydroxynonenal, and may play a role in
      vivo in the detoxification of aromatic aldehydes and the aldehyde products of
      lipid peroxidation.

PMID- 2930795
TI  - Role of a partially purified glutathione S-transferase from rat liver nuclei in
      the inhibition of nuclear lipid peroxidation.
AB  - Glutathione protects isolated rat liver nuclei against lipid peroxidation by
      inducing a lag period prior to the onset of peroxidation. This GSH-dependent
      protection was abolished by exposing isolated nuclei to the glutathione S
      transferase inhibitor S-octylglutathione. In incubations containing 0.2 mM S
      octylglutathione, the GSH-induced lag period was reduced from 30 to 5 min. S
      Octylglutathione (0.2 mM) also completely inhibited nuclear glutathione S
      transferase activity and reduced glutathione peroxidase activity by 85%. About
      70% of the glutathione S-transferase activity associated with isolated nuclei was
      solubilized with 0.3% Triton X-100. This solubilized glutathione S-transferase
      activity was partially purified by utilizing a S-hexylglutathione affinity
      column. The partially purified nuclear glutathione S-transferase exhibited
      glutathione peroxidase activity towards lipid hydroperoxides in solution. The
      data from the present study indicate that a glutathione S-transferase associated
      with the nucleus may contribute to glutathione-dependent protection of isolated
      nuclei against lipid peroxidation. Evidence was obtained which indicates that
      this enzyme is distinct from the microsomal glutathione S-transferase.

PMID- 2930796
TI  - The high molecular weight multicatalytic proteinase, macropain, exists in a
      latent form in human erythrocytes.
AB  - The high molecular weight multicatalytic proteinase, macropain, has been purified
      from human erythrocytes in two forms that differ in caseinolytic activity up to
      100-fold. Each form has a native molecular weight of 600,000 and is composed of a
      number of subunits ranging in molecular weights from 35,000 to 21,000. Although
      the two proteinase forms share a number of electrophoretically indistinguishable
      subunits, there are also subunits unique to the respective forms. The less active
      proteinase represents a latent enzyme because it was fully activated by two
      procedures including dialysis against water and pretreatment with low
      concentrations of sodium dodecyl sulfate. These procedures caused differential
      changes in the caseinolytic and two peptidase activities of the proteinase. An Mr
      35,000 subunit, characteristic of latent macropain, is immunologically related to
      at least one of the other components of active macropain and disappeared after
      proteinase activation by dialysis. Nevertheless, loss of this subunit was not the
      cause of the increased activity. These results suggest that the proteolytic
      activity of cells may be regulated by the activation of the latent form of
      macropain.

PMID- 2930797
TI  - Distribution and solubilization of the molecular forms of acetylcholinesterase in
      rat urinary bladder and sphincter.
AB  - The distribution and solubility of the molecular forms of acetylcholinesterase
      (acetylcholine acetylhydrolase, EC 3.1.1.7) were examined in adult, male rat
      bladder body and sphincter. Four distinct forms of the enzyme solubilized from
      bladder body were separated on sucrose density gradients. Two of the forms (A8
      and A12) corresponded to asymmetric proteins and were solubilized with high ionic
      strength buffer. The other two forms represented globular forms. The smallest
      form (G1) was soluble in low ionic strength buffer without detergent. About 33%
      of the larger globular form (G4) required detergent for solubilization. There
      were only minor differences in the distribution of these forms in juvenile rat
      bladder and adult, female rat bladders. Sphincter tissue lacked one of the
      asymmetric forms but otherwise resembled the bladder bodies. These results
      demonstrate that some smooth muscle organs have significant amounts of
      asymmetric, as well as globular, forms of acetylcholinesterase and suggest that
      additional studies should be performed to characterize the enzyme in this and
      other smooth muscle systems.

PMID- 2930798
TI  - Identification of the rate-limiting step in serine proteinases from the effect of
      temperature on steady-state kinetics.
AB  - The effect of temperature on the steady-state kinetics of porcine pancreatic
      elastase can be used to determine whether acylation or deacylation is the rate
      limiting step in catalysis. If acylation is rate-limiting, kcat and kcat/Km will
      show the same temperature dependence. If deacylation is rate-limiting, kcat will
      show a greater temperature dependence than kcat/Km. The temperature dependence of
      the steady-state kinetic parameters of t-Boc-Ala-Ala-Pro-Ala p-nitroanilide and N
      acetyl-Ala-Ala-alpha-Aza-Ala p-nitrophenyl ester have been determined and are
      consistent with this prediction.

PMID- 2930799
TI  - Idiot's triumph: as told by an idiot.

PMID- 2930800
TI  - Assessing improvements in the dexamethasone suppression test using receiver
      operating characteristics analysis.
AB  - This article demonstrates methods by which receiver operating characteristics
      (ROC) analysis may be used to evaluate and improve the Dexamethasone Suppression
      Test (DST). ROC indices provide a description of nonbinary diagnostic tests that
      is independent of any particular cutoff and that allows investigators to use
      rigorous mathematical methods for selecting cutoffs and assessing overall
      performance. In this study, ROC analyses of previously published data suggest
      that (1) the accuracy of the DST might be improved by using a 0.5-mg oral steroid
      dose; (2) incorporation of dexamethasone serum levels does not improve the
      performance of the DST; and (3) the serum cortisol level used to define "no
      suppression" (or DST "positivity") should be varied to take into account
      diagnostic alternatives, prior probability of affective disorder, and the
      clinical goal for performing the test (e.g., maximizing utility, increasing
      information).

PMID- 2930801
TI  - Frontal cerebral lesions and violent incidents in chronic neuropsychiatric
      patients.
AB  - The contribution of selected neurological, psychiatric, and demographic variables
      to the frequency of violent incidents was studied in an institutional context. A
      multiple regression procedure was used to predict the number of documented
      incidents for each of 45 neuropsychiatric patients. This procedure yielded a 5
      variable equation that accounted for close to a third of the variance. The first
      three variables entered each contributed uniquely to validity. These variables
      were presence of focal frontal cerebral lesions, number of inpatient days, and
      history of seizure disorder. The presence of cerebral damage in general did not
      predict violent incidents. The results are discussed in terms of possible brain
      behavior relationships and the nature of the patient population.

PMID- 2930802
TI  - Sensation seeking and auditory evoked potentials.
AB  - The relationship between auditory evoked potentials (AEP) and the German version
      of Zuckerman's Sensation Seeking Scale was examined. The slope of the
      amplitude/stimulus intensity function (N1/P2 component) and the N1 latency were
      particularly studied, as these variables have been found to be potential
      predictors of the response to lithium prophylaxis. Thirty-three healthy subjects
      participated in two testing series on the first day and in a third run 3 weeks
      later. Binaural clicks at four intensity levels (58, 68, 78, 88 dB HL, ISI 2.1
      sec) were presented in randomized order by headphone. Eighty responses were
      averaged at each intensity level. The pattern of correlation between the German
      version of the Sensation Seeking Scale and a personality inventory (FPI) supports
      the validity of the Sensation Seeking Scale. Only a tendency toward steeper
      slopes of the amplitude/stimulus intensity function (ASF) in high sensation
      seekers was observed in the first run. However, there was a significant
      interaction of sensation seeking and the test run. Only high sensation seekers
      showed an influence of retesting on the slope of the ASF, leading to a decrease
      of the slope in the second, compared with the first run. This might correspond to
      the psychological pattern of sensation seeking, which is characterized by a
      permanent need for new and exciting situations and, at the same time, by a rapid
      loss of interest in these situations. With regard to the N1 latency, a
      significant interaction of sensation seeking and lead was found. Low sensation
      seekers showed longer N1 latencies over the right than over the left hemisphere,
      a finding that accords with some psychophysiological theories on the relation
      between asymmetric hemispherical activation and certain psychological constructs.
      Our results support the view that sensation seeking is a personality feature that
      is closely related to certain physiological variables.

PMID- 2930803
TI  - Hand preference in psychotic twins.
AB  - In an attempt to replicate the influential study of Boklage (1977), hand
      preference for writing was examined in a new series of 30 monozygotic (MZ) and 30
      dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs in whom the proband had suffered a functional
      psychosis. In contrast to the original report, no increased rate of left
      handedness was found in MZ compared to DZ twins, or psychotic compared with
      nonpsychotic twins. In particular, no relationship between within-pair left
      handedness and discordance for psychosis emerged. Possible reasons for the
      disagreement between the two studies are examined.

PMID- 2930804
TI  - Cognitive impairment and cortisol resistance to dexamethasone suppression in
      elderly depression.
AB  - The present study evaluates the relationship between cognitive impairment and the
      Dexamethasone Suppression Test (DST) in elderly persons suffering from
      depression. Twenty-nine subjects meeting DSM-III criteria for major depressive
      disorder (MDD) were assessed using the Global Deterioration Scale (GDS) and the
      DST. Plasma cortisol levels before and after receiving 0.5 mg dexamethasone were
      compared, and correlations were determined between GDS and postdexamethasone
      plasma cortisol levels. The results show that there is a positive correlation
      between the GDS scores and post-DEX cortisol levels (r = 0.57, p less than
      0.005). It is suggested that increased activity of the HPA axis, seen in
      depression, could contribute to the cognitive impairments observed in this
      disorder.

PMID- 2930805
TI  - Sensitivity to N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in fibroblasts from patients
      with schizophrenia.

PMID- 2930806
TI  - Everything is addictive.

PMID- 2930807
TI  - Does platelet serotonin receptor supersensitivity accompany endogenous
      depression?
AB  - In a population of drug-free bipolar and unipolar depressed women, it was found
      that the concentration of serotonin sufficient to induce half-maximal shape
      change velocity in platelets is significantly (p less than 0.001) lower (0.13 +/-
      0.0.04 microM) than that of closely matched controls (0.532 +/- 0.1 microM). This
      platelet concentration becomes higher after 1-3 months of antidepressant
      treatment (0.47 +/- 0.16 microM). Possible mechanisms for this up- or down
      regulation of platelet serotonin receptor responsiveness are discussed.

PMID- 2930808
TI  - Aberrant seasonal variations of platelet serotonin uptake in endogenous
      depression.
AB  - The serotonin uptake in platelets of 120 healthy volunteers and 64 endogenously
      depressed patients was investigated over a 2-year period. In healthy individuals,
      Km exhibited a significant seasonal rhythm during the bright half of the year.
      The seasonal rhythm of Vmax assumes the form of a sine curve, with nadir values
      at the vernal and autumn equinoxes and peak values at the winter and summer
      solstices. Km in patients was higher than in controls in February and October,
      and the seasonal variation of Km differed between patients and controls. The
      monthly mean values of Vmax in patients were, as a rule, lower than corresponding
      values in controls, but significantly so only in December. Patients had higher
      Vmax than controls in October and November, and the seasonal variation of Vmax in
      patients differed from that of controls. The results suggest that Km, a measure
      of the affinity of the serotonin uptake site, may be subject to photoperiodic
      regulation in healthy individuals. The annual variation in uptake site densities,
      as judged by the changes in Vmax, are probably generated by an endogenous
      superior oscillator. The aberrant uptake kinetics found in the endogenously
      depressed patients may reflect seasonal susceptibility to the disorder and/or
      altered serotonergic rhythmicity.

PMID- 2930809
TI  - Differential effects of scopolamine on nocturnal cortisol secretion, sleep
      architecture, and REM latency in normal volunteers: relation to sleep and
      cortisol abnormalities in depression.
AB  - Scopolamine (SCOP) (3.0 mu/kg and 6.0 micrograms/kg) and saline were administered
      intramuscularly at 11:00 PM to eight normal male volunteers in a randomized
      design, and the effects on the sleep electroencephalogram (EEG) and nocturnal
      cortisol secretion (via blood sampling every 15 min) were evaluated. Compared to
      saline, SCOP produced a significant dose-related delay in rapid eye movement
      (REM) latency. In contrast, neither dose of SCOP significantly affected nocturnal
      plasma cortisol concentrations. These results suggest that the central
      cholinergic system that regulates the onset of REM sleep is more sensitive to
      dysregulation than the cholinergic system that controls the degree of nocturnal
      cortisol secretion. If central cholinergic overactivity is responsible for both
      the REM sleep latency and cortisol abnormalities in depressed patients, then our
      findings with SCOP might help explain why the incidences of these abnormalities
      are different.

PMID- 2930810
TI  - Toxic ictal delirium.
AB  - Delirium, also known as acute confusional state, is a common reversible organic
      psychiatric syndrome. This paper focuses on toxic delirium associated with
      prominent paroxysmal electroencephalogram (EEG) dysfunction occurring in
      nonepileptic patients. Our data derive from observations in two conditions, viz.,
      delirium induced by hypnosedative drug withdrawal and confusion activated by
      psychotropic drug overdosage. It is suggested that in these conditions, delirium
      represents a generalized symptomatic nonconvulsive epileptic state following a
      transient transmitter dysfunction. Dramatic relief of both clinical and EEG
      dysfunction by intravenous benzodiazepines is reported in detail. Finally, the
      informative value of the EEG in the differential diagnosis of acute confusional
      states is emphasized.

PMID- 2930811
TI  - Psychopathological alterations in cases of symmetrical basal ganglia sclerosis.
AB  - Psychopathological alterations caused by symmetrical basal ganglia sclerosis of
      different etiologies are described, involving cases with parathyroid
      gland/hormone dysfunction (some of them familial), patients after thyroidectomy,
      and patients with basal ganglia calcification of uncertain etiology. Initial
      symptomatology in a group of 62 patients is reported; chronic symptoms in another
      group of 35 patients were evaluated. Estimates of volume of the basal ganglia
      calcifications were made, in addition to precise topographical localizations by
      CT. In 40% the initial symptoms noted were psychiatric, compared with 50% who
      first presented neurological symptoms. In the group of chronic cases practically
      all showed intellectual impairment. There was a marked preponderance of organic
      affective syndromes (initially 21%, chronic 65%): the affective chronic patients
      can be subdivided into 37% depressive, 20% bipolar, 11% manic cases. We could
      find no direct relationships with regard to etiology, localization, volume or
      symptoms, except that extensive calcifications occur after parathyroid hormone
      deficiencies due to thyroidectomy and lead to more severe mental deterioration.

PMID- 2930812
TI  - Differential reactivity to lactate infusions: the relative role of biological,
      psychological, and conditioning variables.
AB  - Nine patients with panic disorder experienced a lactate-induced panic attack,
      whereas nine controls did not. Higher preinfusion anxiety levels and heart rates
      were associated with panic disorder, and high baseline anxiety ratings were
      associated with atypical, severe lactate-induced panic attacks. Nevertheless, it
      was difficult to reconcile patients' and controls' reactivity to lactate as
      entirely secondary to baseline differences. Subjects differed qualitatively in
      the types of specific symptoms experienced and quantitatively in their anxiety
      and heart rate responses. In most cases, panic began with various central
      perceptual changes; peripheral cardiovascular and autonomic symptoms followed
      later. No patient rated a lactate-induced panic attack as identical to a
      naturally occurring attack. Not only did specific symptoms differ in their
      severity and order of production, but lactate-induced panic lacked the typical
      fears of dying, going crazy, or losing control. The results suggest that though
      environmental effects, expectancy biases, and baseline psychological states play
      salient roles in modifying the experience of a lactate-induced panic attack, they
      do not fully account for lactate sensitivity. The relative role that biological,
      psychological, and conditioning factors play in lactate-induced panic is
      discussed.

PMID- 2930813
TI  - Middle latency evoked potentials in melancholic depression.

PMID- 2930814
TI  - Nocturnal plasma melatonin levels in schizophrenic patients.

PMID- 2930815
TI  - HLA system and panic attacks.

PMID- 2930816
TI  - State-related changes in norepinephrine regulation in anorexia nervosa.

PMID- 2930818
TI  - Regional stress in a noncircular cylinder.
AB  - Several mathematical formulas are presented for estimating regional average
      circumferential stress and shear stress in a thick-wall, noncircular cylinder
      with a plane of symmetry. The formulas require images of exterior and interior
      chamber silhouettes plus surface pressures. The formulas are primarily intended
      for application to the left ventricle in the short axis plane near the base
      (where the meridional radius of curvature is normally much larger than the
      circumferential radius of curvature) and to blood vessels. The formulas predict
      stresses in a variety of chambers to within 3% of finite element values
      determined from a large-scale structural analysis computer program called ANSYS.

PMID- 2930817
TI  - Frequency specificity in intercellular communication. Influence of patterns of
      periodic signaling on target cell responsiveness.
AB  - Cells often communicate by means of periodic signals, as exemplified by a large
      number of hormones and by the aggregation of Dictyostelium discoideum amebas in
      response to periodic pulses of cyclic AMP. Periodic signaling allows bypassing
      the phenomenon of desensitization brought about by constant stimuli. To gain
      further insight into the efficiency of pulsatile signaling, we analyze the effect
      of periodic stimulation on the dynamic behavior of a receptor system capable of
      desensitization toward its ligand. We first show that the receptor system adapts
      to square-wave stimuli, i.e., the response eventually reaches a steady, periodic
      pattern after a transient phase. By analyzing the dependence of the response on
      the characteristics of the square-wave stimulation, we show that there exist a
      waveform and a period of that signal that result in maximum responsiveness of the
      target system. Similar results are obtained when the signal takes the more
      realistic form of a periodically repeated stimulation followed by exponential
      decay of the ligand. The results are discussed with respect to the role of
      pulsatile secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) by the hypothalamus
      and of periodic signaling by cyclic AMP pulses in Dictyostelium. The analysis
      accounts for the existence, in both cases, of an optimal frequency and waveform
      of the periodic stimulus that correspond to maximum target cell responsiveness.

PMID- 2930819
TI  - Synchronization between beating cilia.
AB  - A novel quantitative parameter is proposed to define and measure the degree of
      synchronization between two small ciliary areas. These areas can be close to or
      far from one another. The Pearson correlation factor is used to define the degree
      of synchronization by a single number. This approach is based on a computerized,
      dual photoelectric method which simulataneously measures the scattered light from
      two small areas on the ciliary epithelium or its tissue culture. The measurements
      were performed on tissue culture from frog's palate epithelium. It was found
      that: (a) the degree of synchronization decreases, as a function of distance; (b)
      the correlation is fairly high even at relatively large separations, when
      measured on the same patch; (c) on a given patch the synchronization factor is
      independent of the direction of the metachronal wave; (d) close disconnected
      ciliary cells exhibit fairly high correlation; (e) disconnected randomly choosen
      ciliary cells at relatively large separation distances exhibit relatively low
      correlation, smaller by a factor of 2 than the correlation factor at the same
      distances when measured along the metachronal wave; (f) the average frequencies'
      ratio and the metachronal wavelength can be used as first-order indicators of
      ciliary synchronization; (g) there is a spread of metachronal wavelengths even
      over a single well-organized patch.

PMID- 2930820
TI  - Halorhodopsin and sensory rhodopsin contain a C6-C7 s-trans retinal chromophore.
AB  - Halorhodopsin (HR) and sensory rhodopsin (SR) have been regenerated with retinal
      analogues that are covalently locked in the 6-s-cis or 6-s-trans conformations.
      Both pigments regenerate more completely with the locked 6-s-trans retinal and
      produce analogue pigments with absorption maxima (577 nm for HR and 592 nm for
      SR) nearly identical to those of the native pigments (577 and 587 nm). This
      indicates that HR and SR bind retinal in the 6-s-trans conformation. The opsin
      shift for the locked 6-s-trans analogue in HR is 1,200 cm-1 less than that for
      the native chromophore (5,400 cm-1). The opsin shift for the 6-s-trans analogue
      in SR is 1,100 cm-1 less than that for the native retinal (5,700 cm-1). This
      demonstrates that approximately 20% of the opsin shift in these pigments arises
      from a protein-induced change in the chromophore conformation from twisted 6-s
      cis in solution to planar 6-s-trans in the protein. The reduced opsin shift
      observed for the locked 6-s-cis analogue pigments compared with the locked 6-s
      trans pigments may be due to a positive electrostatic perturbation near C7.

PMID- 2930821
TI  - Internal and external K+ help gate the inward rectifier.
AB  - Recent investigations have demonstrated substantial reductions in internal [K+]
      in cardiac Purkinje fibers during myocardial ischemia (Dresdner, K.P., R.P.
      Kline, and A.L. Wit. 1987, Circ. Res. 60: 122-132). We investigated the possible
      role these changes in internal K+ might play in abnormal electrical activity by
      studying the effects of both internal and external [K+] on the gating of the
      inward rectifier iK1 in isolated Purkinje myocytes with the whole-cell patch
      clamp technique. Increasing external [K+] had similar effects on the inward
      rectifier in the Purkinje myocyte as it does in other preparations: increasing
      peak conductance and shifting the activation curve in parallel with the potassium
      reversal potential. A reduction in pipette [K+] from 145 to 25 mM, however, had
      several dramatic previously unreported effects. It decreased the rate of
      activation of iK1 at a given voltage by several-fold, reversed the voltage
      dependence of recovery from deactivation, so that the deactivation rate decreased
      with depolarization, and caused a positive shift in the midpoint of the
      activation curve of iK1 that was severalfold smaller than the associated shift of
      reversal potential. These changes suggest an important role of internal K+ in
      gating iK1 and may contribute to changes in the electrical properties of the
      myocardium that occur during ischemia.

PMID- 2930822
TI  - The spectrin network as a barrier to lateral diffusion in erythrocytes. A
      percolation analysis.
AB  - The spectrin network on the cytoplasmic surface of an erythrocyte can be modeled
      as a triangular lattice of spectrin tetramers (Tsuji, A., and S. Ohnishi, 1986.
      Biochemistry. 25:6133-6139). The tetramers act as barriers to protein diffusion,
      while dissociated dimer pairs, single dimers, and missing tetramers do not.
      Diffusion in the presence of these barriers is shown to be equivalent to bond
      percolation on the honeycomb lattice. Monte Carlo calculations for this system
      then yield the relative diffusion constant of a mobile integral protein as a
      function of the fraction of spectrin tetramers. At high concentrations of
      spectrin tetramer, long-range diffusion is blocked, but short-range diffusion is
      still possible. Monte Carlo calculations yield the average distance over which
      short-range diffusion can occur, as a function of the fraction of spectrin
      tetramers. Applications to erythrocyte development and hereditary hemolytic
      anemia are discussed.

PMID- 2930823
TI  - Potassium channel of cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum is a multi-ion channel.
AB  - We have characterized mechanisms of ionic permeation in the K channel of canine
      cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR K channel). Ionic selectivity, as measured by
      relative permeabilities, followed Eisenman sequence l, a low field strength
      sequence. Slope conductance measured in symmetrical solutions across the bilayer
      followed Eisenman sequence V. In all cases, the selectivity characteristics of
      the prominent subconductance state (O1) were similar to those of the main-state
      (O2). Further, our studies have revealed that this channel differs in three
      significant ways from the highly characterized SR K channel of skeletal muscle.
      First, the ratio of permeabilities Cs+ to K+ was a complex function of ion
      concentration. Second, the concentration dependence of conductance was not well
      described by the Michaelis-Menten formalism. Instead, we modeled the observed
      relations using a more general approach based on classical rate theory. Third,
      mole fraction experiments (Cs+ with K+) demonstrated a prominent anomalous
      effect. Certain of our Cs+ data required the Eyring rate theory approach for
      adequate interpretation. We adopted a symmetrical energy profile incorporating
      ion-ion interaction and thereby accounted for much of the data. We conclude that
      the canine cardiac SR K channel is significantly different from that of skeletal
      muscle, and it may accommodate more than one ion at a time.

PMID- 2930824
TI  - A lyotrope gradient method for liquid crystal temperature-composition-mesomorph
      diagram construction using time-resolved x-ray diffraction.
AB  - A new method for rapidly constructing isobaric temperature-composition-mesomorph
      (T-C) diagrams is described. The method involves establishing a lyotrope
      concentration gradient in a liquid crystal lengthwise in an x-ray capillary tube.
      At a fixed temperature such a sample corresponds to an isotherm in the
      corresponding isobaric T-C diagram. The concentration gradient is conveniently
      established by bringing the two components into contact in the capillary and
      allowing limited diffusion of one component into the other. Phase boundaries are
      located and phases are identified and structurally characterized continuously
      along the length of the capillary using time-resolved x-ray diffraction.
      Repeating the measurement on the same sample at a series of temperatures in the
      range of interest completes that T-C diagram. The method has been used to
      construct the T-C diagram for detergent/water and lipid/water binary and ternary
      systems in the 20-120 degrees C range. They agree well with and extend the
      results obtained by conventional methods.

PMID- 2930825
TI  - Intracellular pH and cell-to-cell transmission in sheep Purkinje fibers.
AB  - Intracellular pH (pHi) is a significant modifier of cell-to-cell communication in
      some tissues but its role is uncertain in heart tissue. The present studies
      examined the effect of cytosolic protons on electrotonic spread and conduction
      velocity in cardiac Purkinje fibers. Cable analysis provided values for internal
      longitudinal resistance (ri) and pH-selective microelectrodes monitored pHi
      during CO2 and HCO3- alterations. Resting fibers developed changes in ri that
      were proportional to intracellular free proton concentration ([H+]i) during CO2
      changes at constant [HCO3-]. However, the effects on ri were small between pHi
      6.9-7.8 and predicted only a 2.2% increase in ri per 10 nM increase in [H+]i.
      Other findings suggested that titration of cytosolic protons may not directly
      produce the changes in ri: (a) For an equal change in [H+]i, the effects on ri
      were roughly three times greater (6.8% increase per 10 nM rise in [H+]i) if
      bicarbonate was lost during CO2 changes. (b) pH-associated changes in ri were
      preceded by a time delay (1-5 min) producing hysteresis in the [H+]i-ri relation
      during successive perturbations. (c) The same CO2 variations modified the
      direction and magnitude of ri differently during pacing than at rest. The
      cumulative results suggest that the action of protons on ri in the heart may be
      subordinate to another regulator or mediated by another pH-dependent substance or
      reaction.

PMID- 2930826
TI  - Adenosine triphosphate utilization rates and metabolic pool sizes in intact cells
      measured by transfer of 18O from water.
AB  - The hydrolytic rates and metabolic pool sizes of ATP were determined in intact
      cells by monitoring the time courses of 18O incorporation from 18O-water into the
      gamma-phosphoryl of ATP and orthophosphate. To calculate the rate of ATP
      hydrolysis, a kinetic model is used to fit the time course of the 18O labeling.
      The size of the metabolic pool of ATP is calculated from the 18O distribution
      after isotopic equilibrium has been achieved. Metabolic pools have a binomial
      distribution of 18O whereas nonmetabolic pools exhibit negligible 18O labeling.
      The application and limitations of this approach are illustrated with data from
      isolated toad retinas and human platelets. At 22 degrees C, the time constant of
      ATP hydrolysis in the dark-adapted toad retina is about 30 s. Under these
      conditions, over 80% of the retinal ATP is involved in high-energy phosphate
      metabolism. It is calculated that when cGMP metabolic flux in the photoreceptors
      is maximally stimulated by light, it accounts for 10% of the ATP utilization by
      the entire retina. The time constant of ATP hydrolysis in human platelets at 37
      degrees C is approximately 1 s, and 60% of the platelet ATP is involved in energy
      metabolism.

PMID- 2930827
TI  - Slow inactivation and reactivation of the K+ channel in squid axons. A tail
      current analysis.
AB  - Potassium current inactivation and reactivation in squid axons were measured from
      tail current amplitudes after voltage clamp prepulses to the potassium
      equilibrium potential, EK, in seawater containing elevated levels of potassium
      ion concentration, Ko. Little or no inactivation resulted with prepulses lasting
      less than 100 ms. Longer pulses caused the current to inactivate in two phases,
      one between 0.1 and 1 s, and a second phase between 5 and 100 s. Inactivation was
      incomplete. The time constant of the tail current after a prepulse to EK was
      independent of pulse duration (0.1-120 s). Inactivation was independent of Ko (10
      less than or equal to Ko less than or equal to 300 mM), and it was independent of
      membrane potential, V, for -40 less than or equal to V less than or equal to 0
      mV. Reactivation was measured with a three-pulse protocol. The reactivation time
      course was sigmoidal with a delay of approximately 100 ms before significant
      reactivation occurred. These results were described by a model consisting of
      three inactivated states arranged in a linear sequence. The rate constants of the
      model are of the form (A + B exp (CV), or 1/(A + B exp (CV], which are required
      to describe the non-inactivating conductance component.

PMID- 2930828
TI  - Effects of various anions on the Raman spectrum of halorhodopsin.
AB  - Resonance Raman experiments were conducted to probe and understand the effect of
      various anions on halorhodopsin. These included monoatomic anions Cl- and Br-,
      which bind to the so-called halorhodopsin binding sites I and II, and polyatomic
      anions NO3- and ClO4-, which bind to site I only. The two types of ions clearly
      show different effects on the vibrational spectrum of the chromophore. The
      differences are not localized to the Schiff base region of the molecule, but
      extend to the chromophore structure-sensitive fingerprint region as well. We find
      that the protonated Schiff base frequency is at 1,633 cm-1 for Cl- and Br- ions,
      as reported previously for Cl-. However, we find that two Schiff base frequencies
      characterize halorhodopsin upon binding of the polyatomic anions. One frequency
      lies at the same location as that found for the monoatomic anions and the other
      is at 1,645 cm-1. Halorhodopsin with bound NO3- and ClO4- thus may consist of two
      heterogeneous structures in equilibrium. This heterogeneity does not seem to
      correlate with a retinal isomeric heterogeneity, which we can also demonstrate in
      these samples. The results suggest that anions binding to site I do not bind to
      the Schiff base directly, but can influence chromophore and/or protein
      conformational states.

PMID- 2930829
TI  - Analysis of equatorial x-ray diffraction patterns from skeletal muscle.
AB  - Some of the factors that affect the intensities and the phases of the first five
      equatorial x-ray reflections from skeletal muscle are studied by simplified
      models describing axially projected mass distributions in unit cells. Examples of
      mass distributions that produce various phase combinations and intensities are
      presented. Effects due to radial movement of crossbridges and those due to mass
      transfer between the thick filament and the thin filament regions are compared.
      In addition, the study suggests that some features in the reconstructed filament
      structures could be due to the consequences of limited resolution.

PMID- 2930830
TI  - Structures of actomyosin crossbridges in relaxed and rigor muscle fibers.
AB  - It was shown previously that a significant fraction of the myosin crossbridges is
      attached to actin in the skinned rabbit psoas fibers under relaxed conditions at
      low ionic strength and low temperature (Brenner, B., M. Schoenberg, J. M.
      Chalovich, L. E. Greene, and E. Eisenberg. 1982. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA.
      79:7288-7291; Brenner, B., L. C. Lu, and R. J. Podolsky. 1984. Biophys. J. 46:299
      306). In the present work, the structure of the attached crossbridges in the
      relaxed state between ionic strengths of 20 and 100 mM, as compared with that in
      the rigor state, is further examined by equatorial x-ray diffraction. Mass
      distributions projected along the fiber axis are reconstructed based on the first
      five equatorial reflections such that the spatial resolution is 128 A. The
      fraction of crossbridges attached under relaxed conditions are estimated to be in
      the range of 30% (at 100 mM ionic strength) and 60% (at 20 mM). The reconstructed
      density maps suggest that in the relaxed state, upon attachment the part of the
      crossbridge that centers around the thin filament is small, and the attachment
      does not significantly alter the center of mass of the myosin head distribution
      around the thick filament backbone. In contrast, accretion of mass in the rigor
      state occurs in a wider region surrounding the thin filament. In this case, mass
      in the surface region of the thick filament backbone is shifted slightly outward,
      probably by approximately 10 A. A schematic model for interpreting the present
      data is presented.

PMID- 2930831
TI  - Determination of bilayer membrane bending stiffness by tether formation from
      giant, thin-walled vesicles.
AB  - The curvature elastic modulus (bending stiffness) of stearoyloleoyl
      phosphatidylcholine (SOPC) bilayer membrane is determined from membrane tether
      formation experiments. R. E. Waugh and R. M. Hochmuth 1987. Biophys. J. 52:391
      400) have shown that the radius of a bilayer cylinder (tether) is inversely
      related to the force supported along its axis. The coefficient that relates the
      axial force on the tether to the tether radius is the membrane bending stiffness.
      Thus, the bending stiffness can be calculated directly from measurements of the
      tether radius as a function of force. Giant (10-50-microns diam) thin-walled
      vesicles were aspirated into a micropipette and a tether was pulled out of the
      surface by gravitational forces on small glass beads that had adhered to the
      vesicle surface. Because the vesicle keeps constant surface area and volume,
      formation of the tether requires displacement of material from the projection of
      the vesicle in the pipette. Tethers can be made to grow longer or shorter or to
      maintain equilibrium by adjusting the aspiration pressure in the micropipette at
      constant tether force. The ratio of the change in the length of the tether to the
      change in the projection length is proportional to the ratio of the pipette
      radius to the tether radius. Thus, knowing the density and diameter of the glass
      beads and measuring the displacement of the projection as a function of tether
      length, independent determinations of the force on the tether and the tether
      radius were obtained. The bending stiffness for an SOPC bilayer obtained from
      these data is approximately 2.0 x 10(-12) dyn cm, for tether radii in the range
      of 20-100 nm. An equilibrium relationship between pressure and tether force is
      derived which closely matches experimental observation.

PMID- 2930832
TI  - System analysis of Phycomyces light-growth response: madC, madG, and madH
      mutants.
AB  - The light-growth response of Phycomyces has been studied further with the sum-of
      sinusoids method in the framework of the Wiener theory of nonlinear system
      identification. The response was treated as a black box with the logarithm of
      light intensity as the input and elongation rate as the output. The nonlinear
      input-output relation of the light-growth response can be represented
      mathematically by a set of weighting functions called kernels, which appear in
      the Wiener intergral series. The linear (first-order) kernels of wild type, and
      of single and double mutants affected in genes madA to madG were determined
      previously with Gaussian white noise test stimuli, and were used to investigate
      the interactions among the products of these genes (R.C. Poe, P. Pratap, and E.D.
      Lipson. 1986. Biol. Cybern. 55:105.). We have used the more precise sum-of
      sinusoids method to extend the interaction studies, including both the first- and
      second-order kernels. Specifically, we have investigated interactions of the madH
      ("hypertropic") gene product with the madC ("night blind") and madG ("stiff")
      gene products. Experiments were performed on the Phycomyces tracking machine. The
      log-mean intensity of the stimulus was 6 x 10(-2) W m-2 and the wavelength was
      477 nm. The first- and second-order kernels were analyzed in terms of nonlinear
      kinetic models. The madH gene product was found to interact with those of madC
      and madG. This result extends previous findings that themadH gene product is
      associated with the input and the ouput of the sensory transduction complex for
      the lightgrowth response.

PMID- 2930833
TI  - Simulation of concentration polarization in electrokinetic processes by network
      thermodynamic methods.
AB  - Simple techniques of network thermodynamics are used to study the influence of
      concentration polarization on the determination of electrokinetic properties of
      physical and biological membrane systems. A network model of the polarization
      phenomenon resulting from discontinuities in transport numbers between the
      membrane and their adjacent solutions is proposed. The concentration profiles and
      potential drop across the membrane in plugs of monodisperse polystyrene particles
      and in giant algal cells have been simulated using the electrical circuit
      simulation program SPICE.

PMID- 2930834
TI  - Calorimetric studies of the effects of cholesterol on the phase transition of
      C(18):C(10) phosphatidylcholine.
AB  - Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) has been employed to study the effects of
      cholesterol on the phase transition of C(18):C(10) phosphatidylcholine
      (C(18):C(10)PC). C(18):C(10)PC is an asymmetric mixed-chain phosphatidylcholine
      known to form mixed-interdigitated structures below the transition temperature
      and form partially interdigitated lipid bilayers above the transition. Three
      types of samples were used. The treated sample is the lipid dispersion that had
      undergone three freeze-thaw cycles and stored at 4 degrees C for more than 48 h.
      The untreated sample was made by vortexing the dry lipid in 50 mM KCl, without
      the above-mentioned pretreatment. The cold-treated sample was prepared by
      incubating the treated sample at -20 degrees C for 15 d. There is no apparent
      difference in the DSC curves between the treated and cold-treated samples. The
      data derived from the treated samples seem to be more reproducible. The DSC
      curves between the cholesterol/C(18):C(10)PC and cholesterol/symmetric
      diacylphosphatidylcholine mixtures are different in three aspects: overall
      appearance, the cholesterol dependence of delta H, and the effect of cholesterol
      on the maximal transition temperature Tm, the onset temperature To, and the
      completion temperature Tc. for both the treated and untreated samples, the total
      enthalpy change delta H of the phase transition of C(18):C(10)PC decreases with
      increasing cholesterol content, approaching zero at approximately 25 mol%. This
      level is lower than the total enthalpy changes reported previously for the
      cholesterol/symmetric diacylphosphatidylcholine mixtures. Both the heating and
      cooling thermograms show that Tm, To, and Tc decrease with increasing cholesterol
      content. The decreasing rates of these temperatures with cholesterol are in the
      neighborhood of -0.24 degree per mol% of cholesterol. This value is greater than
      those reported previously for cholesterol/symmetric diacylphosphatidylcholine
      mixtures. The phase transition between interdigitated lipid bilayers appears to
      be more sensitive to cholesterol than that between noninterdigitated lipid
      structures. The formation of highly ordered interdigitated lipid bilayers
      requires stringent structural conditions such as specific chain length
      differences and high molecular order. Apparently, in the presence of cholesterol,
      these stringent structural conditions are no longer satisfied. It is likely that
      cholesterol causes a local disordering effect on the gel phase of C(18):C(10)PC
      and that as a consequence the physical state of the gel phase changes
      continuously with the cholesterol content. The implication of the present study
      is that cholesterol may have a function in preventing lipids from forming highly
      ordered interdigitated structures in natural membranes.

PMID- 2930835
TI  - Surface charge density of purple membrane.

PMID- 2930836
TI  - Differences in the expression of alkaline phosphatase mRNA in chronic myelogenous
      leukemia and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
AB  - Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) and the stable phase of chronic
      myelogenous leukemia (CML) are the two hematological conditions known to be
      associated with low levels of leukocyte alkaline phosphatase (LAP) activity in
      peripheral blood polymorphonuclear cells (PMN). LAP mRNA levels were determined
      in PMN from PNH and CML patients by RNA blotting analysis. In CML, LAP mRNA is
      undetectable, suggesting either decreased transcription or rapid degradation of
      the message. Contrarily, in PNH normal or high levels of LAP mRNA are present.
      This latter finding supports the concept of a deficit in the anchorage of the
      protein to the plasma membrane through the glycolipid pathway, even though other
      post-transcriptional mechanisms could be involved.

PMID- 2930837
TI  - Acute promyelocytic leukemia: treatment results during a decade at Memorial
      Hospital.
AB  - Fifty-seven adult patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) were treated
      between 1974 and 1984 with daunorubicin (DNR) or 4-(9
      acridinylamino)methanesulfan-m-anisidide (AMSA) in combination with
      arabinosylcytosine (Ara-C) and 6-thioguanine (TG); they also received
      prophylactic heparin. Forty-one patients (72%) achieved complete remission (CR),
      including 11 of 12 patients who received the AMSA-containing regimen. The
      incidence of early fatal hemorrhage was 14%, lower than that of earlier studies
      or other published reports. Elevated WBC and serum lactate dehydrogenase levels
      at diagnosis were associated with an increased incidence of life-threatening
      hemorrhage and shorter remission duration. Advanced age was an unfavorable
      prognostic factor for male patients. Both DNR and AMSA in combination protocols
      are effective treatments for APL. The incidence of CR is similar to that achieved
      in other types of acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia (ANLL) with the same protocols,
      but the median duration of remission is significantly longer in APL (24 v 9
      months) and the percentage of remissions longer than 60 months is also higher in
      APL (35% v 5%).

PMID- 2930838
TI  - Human vascular endothelial cells express a membrane protein complex
      immunochemically indistinguishable from the platelet VLA-2 (glycoprotein Ia-IIa)
      complex.
AB  - Endothelial cells express surface molecules that are involved in cell-matrix
      interaction, including the vitronectin receptor and the fibronectin receptor,
      both members of a family of cell adhesion receptors (integrins). Here we provide
      evidence that endothelial cells express a membrane molecule, indistinguishable
      from the platelet VLA-2 complex, which is a collagen receptor and a member of the
      integrin family. To identify this endothelial molecule, we have used a monoclonal
      antibody, CLB-10G11, which recognizes the VLA-2 complex from platelets. The
      molecule recognized by CLB-10G11 from endothelial cells was characterized as
      follows. (1) The monoclonal antibody precipitated two proteins from surface
      labeled endothelial cells that corresponded to the platelet VLA-2 subunits
      (glycoprotein Ia and IIa) as judged by one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulphate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and two-dimensional
      nonreduced/reduced SDS-PAGE. (2) Preclearing of endothelial cells with monoclonal
      antibody A-1A5, an antibody that is directed against the common VLA beta subunit,
      removed all the CLB-10G11-binding material. (3) Crossed immunoelectrophoresis
      revealed that CLB-10G11 recognizes a single precipitation arc from either
      platelets or endothelial cells. Analysis of these two cell types in one gel again
      revealed one precipitation arc. The antigen of either cell type, recognized by
      CLB-10G11 could be precipitated by either polyclonal antiplatelet or polyclonal
      antiendothelial cell antiserum. Hence, it appears that endothelial cells express
      at least three different surface molecules (the vitronectin receptor, the
      fibronectin receptor and a collagen receptor), which may play an important role
      in controlling the anchorage of endothelial cells to the extracellular matrix.

PMID- 2930839
TI  - The bcr gene in Philadelphia chromosome positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
AB  - In chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and in a percentage of childhood and adult
      acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) the Philadelphia (Ph') chromosome is present
      in the leukemic cells of patients. This chromosome is the result of a reciprocal
      translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22. In CML the break on chromosome 22
      occurs within the major breakpoint cluster region (Mbcr) of the bcr gene. In this
      study, we report on the examination of DNAs from nine Ph'-chromosome positive ALL
      patients for rearrangements within the bcr gene using Southern blot analysis. Of
      nine patients having a karyotypically identifiable Ph'-chromosome, only five
      exhibited rearrangements of the bcr gene. This could indicate that in ALL,
      chromosome 22 sequences other than the bcr gene are involved in the Ph'
      translocation. Within the group of Ph'-positive ALL patients having a bcr gene
      breakpoint, a correlation appears to exist between the age of the patient and the
      location of the breakpoint within the gene: all or the vast majority of pediatric
      patients analyzed to date do not have a Mbcr breakpoint as found in CML and in
      adult ALL.

PMID- 2930840
TI  - Ph1-positive, bcr-negative acute leukemias: clustering of breakpoints on
      chromosome 22 in the 3' end of the BCR gene first intron.
AB  - About 50% of the Philadelphia-positive acute leukemias undergo molecular
      rearrangements outside the now classical bcr sequence (or M-BCR-1) rearranged in
      chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Most of the breakpoints on chromosome 22 have
      been shown to be clustered in a 10.8-kb region of the first intron of the BCR
      gene (called bcr2 or m-BCR-1). In this report we examined two cases of Ph1 acute
      lymphoblastic leukemia in adult patients that exhibited breakpoints in a 5-kb
      segment of the BCR gene first intron, 16 kb upstream of the previously described
      cluster, suggesting the possibility of a second minor breakpoint cluster. In
      addition, the breakpoints on chromosome 9 were located in a region just 5' of the
      c-abl exon la.

PMID- 2930842
TI  - Megakaryocytopoiesis.

PMID- 2930841
TI  - Antibodies to thrombin in postsurgical patients.

PMID- 2930843
TI  - The relationship between megakaryocyte ploidy and platelet volume.

PMID- 2930844
TI  - Localization of megakaryocytes in the bone marrow.

PMID- 2930845
TI  - Megakaryocytopoietic regulation: the forest and the trees.

PMID- 2930847
TI  - Modulation of megakaryocytopoiesis by erythropoietin via a direct effect of the
      hormone on progenitor cells.

PMID- 2930846
TI  - Erythropoietin and megakaryocytopoiesis.
AB  - To determine if erythropoietin influences megakaryocytopoiesis, the purified
      recombinant human hormone (rEpo) was added to serum-free liquid cultures of
      murine marrow. A dose-related increment in acetylcholinesterase (AchE) production
      was observed. To assess if increments in this relatively megakaryocyte-specific
      enzyme marker were mediated by a direct hormone-megakaryocyte interaction rather
      than via an accessory cell population, rEpo was added to cultures of isolated
      single megakaryocytes. A significant, dose-related increase in cell size was
      noted in the presence of the hormone, accompanied by a high probability of an
      increase in cellular DNA content. The data show that rEpo does directly influence
      some aspects of megakaryocytic maturation, although the physiologic significance
      of this effect remains unknown.

PMID- 2930848
TI  - Signal transduction events in in vitro megakaryocytopoiesis.

PMID- 2930849
TI  - Animal models with inherited hematopoietic abnormalities as tools to study
      thrombopoiesis.

PMID- 2930850
TI  - On the quest for lineage specific markers for the diagnosis of megakaryoblastic
      leukemia.

PMID- 2930851
TI  - Elutriation for isolation of megakaryocytes.
AB  - Successful isolation of guinea pig megakaryocytes in large numbers was first
      achieved with a combination of techniques, taking sequential advantage of the low
      relative densities and large diameters of most megakaryocytes. Several
      laboratories have made minor improvements, but this approach retains the
      disadvantage of losing a significant fraction of the megakaryocyte population,
      the small immature ones. Counterflow centrifugal elutriation has been shown to
      eject cells from a chamber progressively, according to their sizes. Because
      almost all the megakaryocytes are bigger than the other marrow cells, the
      megakaryocytes can be retained while rejecting the contaminants. With this
      technology, yields of 1.4-2.0 x 10(6) megakaryocytes from one guinea pig are
      routine, recoveries have been 93%-94% of the input number of megakaryocytes, and
      final purities now average 72%. A split-specimen comparison with our previous
      method found elutriation to provide much greater yield and recovery with at least
      as great a purification as the density-velocity combination. This new technique
      was easily adapted to isolation of megakaryocytes in single aspirates from normal
      human marrow. Fifty-fold purification with near total recovery and a yield of
      27,000 megakaryocytes per donor allows easy and reliable cytologic studies.
      Elutriation appears to be the current method of choice for isolation of
      megakaryocytes.

PMID- 2930852
TI  - Elutriation for isolation of megakaryocytes.

PMID- 2930853
TI  - Mechanisms of platelet production.

PMID- 2930854
TI  - Incorporation of a circulating protein into alpha granules of megakaryocytes.
AB  - In order to determine whether or not proteins circulating in plasma can be
      incorporated into megakaryocytes and platelets, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was
      injected intravenously into guinea pigs and these cells were examined for uptake
      by cytochemistry and electron microscopy. Enriched samples of megakaryocytes
      enabled ultrastructural analysis of large numbers of these rare bone marrow
      cells. In megakaryocytes, more than 50% of alpha granules contained HRP between
      75 minutes and 7 hours after injection. At 24 hours, 25% of the megakaryocyte
      granules were peroxidase positive; less were so by 48 hours and none at 4 days.
      Thus, the findings demonstrate that a circulating protein can be endocytosed by
      megakaryocytes and rapidly packaged into alpha granules. A precipitous drop in
      circulating platelet numbers was observed 45 minutes after injection. At this
      time, circulating platelets showed the tracer only on the platelet plasma
      membrane, and none in platelet granules. Platelet numbers increased to 35% by 7
      hours and only the platelet granules contained HRP. These platelets secreted the
      HRP stored in granules in response to thrombin. Unfortunately, our present
      studies do not allow us to distinguish between direct endocytosis by the platelet
      and/or shedding of new platelets from recently labeled megakaryocytes. Our
      studies are the first to demonstrate an endocytic pathway by which megakaryocytes
      can incorporate a circulating protein into alpha granules. An important
      physiologic implication of this endocytic pathway is the possible origin of
      certain alpha granule proteins from plasma.

PMID- 2930855
TI  - The relationship of alpha granules to the membrane systems of platelets and
      megakaryocytes.

PMID- 2930856
TI  - Time-related shape control modifications during erythrocyte storage with additive
      solutions.
AB  - To obtain more detailed information on the reversibility of shape alterations in
      blood bank stored erythrocytes, we have studied shape recovery after chemical
      crenation and rheological properties in 8 PAGGS-sorbitol preserved erythrocyte
      concentrates during a five week storage period under blood bank conditions. Our
      results show that red cell capability to regain a normal discoid shape after
      chemical crenation decreases during storage but is not lost over a five week
      period. Moreover there is a significant but weak correlation between red cell ATP
      content and both shape recovery capability and viscosity. Our results confirm
      suspicious that red cell shape perturbations following blood bank storage are
      widely reversible. Two different mechanisms may be involved in reducing shape
      recovery capability during storage, namely an ATP-dependent mechanism and an
      energy-independent one. The energy dependent mechanism may be preserved by the
      previous addition of solutions which maintain higher energy levels during
      storage.

PMID- 2930857
TI  - Increased incidence of hepatitis B markers in children with sickle-cell anemia.
AB  - Screening of 143 children 6 months to 12 years of age with sickle-cell anemia
      showed that 39.2% were HBsAg-positive as compared with 19.3% of the 161 control
      children of the same age group, who had Hb genotype AA (chi 2 = 14.7383; P less
      than 0.001). Fifty percent of the HbSS children under the age of 1 year were
      HBsAg-positive as opposed to 4.3% of the control group (chi 2 = 9.1955; P less
      than 0.001), while 28.6% of patients were HBsAg-positive at the age of 4 years
      compared with only 7.4% of the controls at the same age. The incidence of anti
      HBc in both groups was similar. Markers of HBV infection (HBsAg + anti-HBc) were,
      however, on the whole higher in the patients with sickle-cell anemia [88/118
      (74.6%)] than in the controls [54/88 (61.3%; P less than 0.005)].

PMID- 2930858
TI  - Correlations of electrocardiography and echocardiography in assessment of left
      ventricular wall thickness in hypertensive patients.
AB  - Posterior wall thickness (PW) and interventricular septal thickness (IVS), left
      ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD), left ventricular end-systolic
      diameter (LVESD), ejection fraction (EF) and left ventricular mass (LV mass) were
      determined by the echocardiogram. These were compared with the sum of the S wave
      in lead V1 plus the R wave in lead V6(SV1 + RV6) determined by electrocardiogram
      (ECG) in 21 hypertensive patients. A significant increase in PW (p less than
      0,05), IVS (p less than 0.05) and LV mass (p less than 0.01) was found in all the
      21 patients. PW was highly correlated with SV1 + RV6(r = 0,76; p less than 0.01)
      in 12 patients. LV mass was correlated with LVEDD (r = 0,60; p less than 0.05)
      and LVESD (r = = 0.66; p less than 0.05) in the same patients mentioned before.
      We conclude that LV mass increases early in hypertensive patients and can be
      better assessed by echocardiography than ECG. The PW has a greater influence on
      the SV1 + RV6 sum than the echocardiographically assessed IVS.

PMID- 2930859
TI  - Double island latissimus dorsi muscle-skin flap for through-and-through defects
      of the forefoot.
AB  - A case of osteomyelitis of the forefoot is presented. The defect was unusual in
      that both medial and lateral wounds were larger than the osseous tunnel that
      connected them. A double skin island latissimus dorsi vascularized flap utilizing
      larger skin islands than the diameter of the muscle pedicle perfusing them
      allowed for wound closure. The high density of musculocutaneous perforating
      vessels of this muscle-skin unit permit such a technique to be safe and
      effective.

PMID- 2930860
TI  - Closure of the donor defect for breast reconstruction with rectus abdominis
      myocutaneous flaps.
AB  - The abdominal muscles not only constitute a multidirectional cinch that holds the
      abdominal contents in place, but they also determine the flexion and rotational
      movements of the trunk. The rectus is mainly responsible for flexion and the
      obliques are responsible for rotating the trunk. It is therefore important to
      maintain the tone and direction of pull of the oblique muscles. The key to
      closure of the fascial defect is to replace the same area of anterior rectus
      fascia (tendon of both obliques and transversus muscles) as has been removed with
      the rectus abdominis flap pedicle. This replacement, done with a double Merselene
      mesh, should extend up to the costal margin and should be of the same width as
      the fascia taken with the muscle pedicle. This technique was drawn from
      experience with 186 patients. Of these, 31 were simply approximated, and 43
      percent developed weakness, bulging, or hernias, of which 5 required secondary
      repair. A total of 155 patients were closed with Merselene mesh, and only 4
      percent developed bulging that was later repaired and attributed to technical
      mistakes. There were two cases of infection and three cases of exposed mesh due
      to necrosis (mesh did not need removal). Seromas were common (14 percent), but
      the incidence was reduced to 5 percent after tacking stitches were done from the
      mesh to the subcutaneous fascia.

PMID- 2930861
TI  - Psychological impact of sport on disabled athletes.

PMID- 2930862
TI  - Influence of early beta-endorphin treatment on the behavior and reaction to beta
      endorphin in the adult male rat.
AB  - A study was made of the influence of early exposure to beta-endorphin (beta-END)
      on the adult behavior and response to beta-END in male rats. beta-END was given
      during a neonatal period, at 1-5 days of age (1 microgram/animal/day s.c.).
      Recordings of the development of home-nest-orientation ability, body weights, and
      sex-specific approach behavior showed that the early beta-END treatment did not
      have debilitating or other non-specific effects. The early beta-END treatment did
      cause significant changes in the establishment of the adult pattern of sex
      specific approach behavior. Copulatory behavior was not apparently influenced.
      Intracerebroventricular injection of beta-END (1 microgram) at an adult age
      induced changes in exploratory and copulatory behaviors and in the pattern of sex
      specific approach behavior. The reaction to this treatment with respect to
      components of socio-sexual behavior differed significantly between males treated
      early with beta-END and their corresponding controls. No differences were
      observed in behaviors in the exploratory test situation. It is concluded that
      early beta-END treatment in rats influences components of socio-sexual behavior
      and the response to exogenous beta-END in adulthood.

PMID- 2930863
TI  - Posterior hypothalamic deafferentation abolishes the amnestic effect of
      electroconvulsive shock in rats.
AB  - The amnestic effect of immediate post-training transcorneal electroconvulsive
      shock ECS (15.0 mA, 60 Hz, 2 sec) on step-down inhibitory avoidance learning (0.5
      mA, 60 Hz training footshock) was studied in intact rats and in rats submitted to
      bilateral surgical transection of the dorsal fornix, to anterior or posterior
      hypothalamic deafferentation, and in sham-operated animals. Animals were tested
      for retention 24 hr after training. The amnestic effect of ECS was observed in
      all groups except in the one with the posterior hypothalamic lesion. Fornix
      lesioned animals showed a moderate retention deficit which was considerably
      worsened by the ECS treatment. The results indicate that the amnestic effect of
      ECS requires integrity of posterior hypothalamic pathways. One possibility is
      that the amnestic effect of ECS may be mediated by posterior afferent fibers to
      the hypothalamus acting on hypothalamic opioid systems such as have been
      previously proposed to play a role in ECS-induced amnesia.

PMID- 2930864
TI  - Dexamethasone suppresses beta-endorphin in humans.
AB  - Studies assessing the effect of glucocorticoids on beta-endorphin regulation in
      man have yielded inconsistent results. As measured by a highly specific beta
      endorphin assay procedure, plasma immunoreactive beta-endorphin (irB-EP) in six
      healthy subjects was significantly suppressed, along with cortisol, after a 2 mg
      oral dose of dexamethasone (DEX) (pre-DEX mean +/- S.E.M. in pg/ml = 15.3 +/-
      2.0, post-DEX = 9.1 +/- 0,5 t = 3.46, p less than 0.01) but not after placebo
      (pre-placebo = 17.8 +/- 2.9, post-placebo = 17.2 +/- 1.5, t = 0.27). A less
      specific B-EP assay system, which yielded spurious irB-EP values (102 +/- 2.3
      pg/ml) in plasma stripped of B-EP silicic acid, did not detect this DEX-induced
      change in plasma irB-EP levels (pre-DEX = 119 +/- 9.3, post-DEX = 112 +/- 5.0, t
      = 0.64; pre-placebo = 118 +/- 6.4, post-placebo = 119 +/- 4.3, t = 0.32). The
      methodological artifact encountered in this relatively non-specific assay system
      appears to account for the failure of an earlier study to demonstrate DEX
      suppression of irB-EP in man.

PMID- 2930865
TI  - Lidocaine kindling is accompanied by an increase in apomorphine stereotypy and
      mesolimbic dopamine D2 receptor density.

PMID- 2930866
TI  - Endometriosis detection by US with laparoscopic correlation.
AB  - Endometriosis is a common cause of female infertility. It may affect as many as
      40% of infertile women and may be the sole contributing factor to infertility in
      15%. A study was undertaken to determine the usefulness of the routine pelvic
      ultrasound (US) examination in the detection of endometriosis by correlating
      pelvic US findings with laparoscopic findings in 85 patients who underwent both
      examinations. Forty-eight patients (56.5%) had no laparoscopic evidence of
      endometriosis, and 37 patients (43.6%) had endometriosis. Eight of the patients
      had abnormal sonograms; of these patients, only four had sonographic
      abnormalities that corresponded to laparoscopically identified endometriosis.
      Thus, US was successful in detecting endometriosis in only four (10.8%) of 37
      patients. US is neither sensitive nor specific in diagnosing endometriosis.
      Furthermore, we believe that US does not have a significant role in the diagnosis
      or management of endometriosis in patients in whom a pelvic mass or other obvious
      pelvic abnormality is not suspected.

PMID- 2930867
TI  - Analysis of relaxation in the evaluation of ventricular function of the heart.

PMID- 2930868
TI  - [Inhibitors affecting synthesis and intracellular translocation of glycoproteins
      as probes].

PMID- 2930869
TI  - [99mTc methylene diphosphonate bone scans in primary hyperparathyroidism].

PMID- 2930870
TI  - [Echography in the diagnosis of spontaneous hematoma of the rectus muscle].
AB  - After a brief explanation of the pathogenesis and of the clinical picture of
      spontaneous rectus muscle hematoma, the Authors describe 9 diagnosed cases by
      ultrasonography. The various echographic appearances of this disease are
      described and the importance of ultrasonography for a correct diagnosis and to
      avoid unnecessary laparotomy is emphasized.

PMID- 2930871
TI  - [Lumbar arthrodesis: results after more than 10 years].
AB  - Two hundred and seventy four patients had a lumbar spine fusion between
      1949/1971. Seventy-five of them were available for review more than 10 years
      after the procedure. There were twenty spondylolisthesis, forty-eight
      degenerative discopathies, six cases of Pott's disease and one benign tumour. All
      the patients had been treated conservatively before the surgical procedure for an
      average of 7 years and were still complaining of chronic low back pain. All the
      cases reviewed had fused. The functional results were not related to the surgical
      technique, which varied during this period: eight posterior mid-line grafts,
      seventeen interbody fusions and fifty combined anterior and posterior approaches
      sometimes used because of a primary failure of fusion and no postero-lateral
      fusions. The average follow-up was 13 years with a range from 10 to 26 years. The
      clinical results were satisfactory in 74 p. 100 of the cases. There were thirteen
      failures. Seven of these patients had been operated on before the era of
      systematic preoperative discography and psychological evaluation and the failure
      was primary. Other failures were observed at about the tenth post-operative year.
      The results were better in spondylolisthesis with isthmic lesions, rather than in
      degenerative spondylolisthesis. They were better in pure low back pain than when
      the pain associated with sciatica. They were better when fusion was limited to
      one or two levels. Radiographs ten years after the procedure frequently showed
      evidence of degenerative lesions of the disc above the level of the fusion and,
      at the same time, some slipping of the upper vertebra. Fortunately, there was no
      correlation between the radiological appearances and the clinical results.

PMID- 2930872
TI  - [Coronary artery angioplasty using the Gruntzig technic. Development of the
      methodology and initial results at the Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau].

PMID- 2930873
TI  - [Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Initial experience with the
      steerable technic at the Hospital Bellvitge-Princeps d'Espanya ].

PMID- 2930875
TI  - [Intraluminal coronary angioplasty. A new milestone in the technological progress
      of cardiology].

PMID- 2930874
TI  - [Coronary angioplasty. Initial experience at the Centro Ramony Cajal].

PMID- 2930876
TI  - [Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in the solitary lesion. Results
      and complications].

PMID- 2930877
TI  - [Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in patients with multiple
      coronary involvement. Results and complications].

PMID- 2930878
TI  - [Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Improvement of results with
      experience].

PMID- 2930879
TI  - [The urgency of coronary angioplasty in unstable angina].

PMID- 2930880
TI  - [The risk of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Reflections of a
      cardiac surgeon].

PMID- 2930881
TI  - [Pathological anatomy of coronary dilatation by transluminal angioplasty. Report
      of a case and review of the literature].

PMID- 2930882
TI  - [Evaluation of the exercise test with thallium for the clinical follow-up of
      patients undergoing percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty].

PMID- 2930883
TI  - [The role of the cardiac surgeon in percutaneous transluminal coronary
      angioplasty. Results at the Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau].

PMID- 2930884
TI  - [Epidemiological aspects of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. How
      to set up a prospective study].

PMID- 2930885
TI  - [Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Special report for the Health
      Council of Catalonia. Indications, demand, current state of the technology,
      accreditation, productivity and organizational implications and costs. Working
      Group on the Assessment Commission for Advanced Medical Technology of the General
      Directorate of Health Planning and Organization].

PMID- 2930886
TI  - [Cost of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty in a tertiary hospital in our
      area].

PMID- 2930887
TI  - Utilization of cellobiose and D-glucose by Clostridium thermocellum ATCC-27405.
AB  - Cultures of Clostridium thermocellum ATCC-27405, maintained on cellulose and not
      adapted to grow on glucose utilize cellobiose preferentially over D-glucose, and
      are only able to initiate growth on D-glucose when the cellobiose has been
      exhausted from the growth medium. However, D-glucose is the carbon source
      preferentially utilized when cultures of this microorganism, previously adapted
      for growth on glucose, are transferred to a medium with equivalent concentrations
      of both sugars. One reason for the preferential utilization of glucose over that
      of cellobiose might be the competitive inhibition of cellobiose phosphorylase by
      intracellular glucose accumulation. When in the glucose-adapted cultures the
      pressure to grow on glucose as the sole carbon source is again released, both
      sugars can be simultaneously utilized.

PMID- 2930888
TI  - Infant stimulation of the handicapped child in a hospital setting.

PMID- 2930889
TI  - Circulating endogenous opioids and ventilatory response to CO2 and hypoxia.
AB  - The role of endogenous opioids in the control of breathing is not yet well
      defined. Radioimmunoassays that measure beta-endorphin (BE) and met-enkephalin
      (MET) having recently become available, we decided to evaluate the possible
      relation between the blood levels of these two opioids and different hypercapnic
      and hypoxic ventilatory responses observed in a group of normal subjects.
      Ventilatory response to hypercapnia (n = 9) and to hypoxia (n = 7) were
      determined by classical rebreathing methods. A voluntary isocapnic normoxic
      hyperventilation test was used as a control. Basal levels of BE and MET did not
      correlate with the magnitude of the ventilatory response to either hypercapnia or
      hypoxia. Moreover, BE and MET levels measured repeatedly up to 30 min after each
      test did not change significantly. We conclude that circulating endogenous
      opioids do not play a role in the control of breathing in normal humans. These
      results do not rule out a possible role for these substances as locally released
      mediators.

PMID- 2930890
TI  - [Clinical and genetic aspects of Huntington's disease. Study of 28 patients].

PMID- 2930891
TI  - [Lumbago: psychologic aspects].

PMID- 2930892
TI  - [Prescriptions in pedodontics: guidelines for use by the general practitioner].

PMID- 2930893
TI  - [Relaxation and rehabilitation for the dental spine].

PMID- 2930894
TI  - [Orodental complaints in blind children].

PMID- 2930895
TI  - [Technic: laparoscopy].

PMID- 2930896
TI  - Different inhibition of one and two chain tissue plasminogen activator by a
      placental inhibitor studied with two tripeptide-p-nitroanilide substrates.
AB  - The interaction of tissue plasminogen activator derived from a melanoma cell line
      with a specific plasminogen activator inhibitor from placental tissue, which
      inhibits urokinase and tissue plasminogen activator but not plasmin, was studied.
      Tissue plasminogen activator exists in two forms, a one chain and a two chain
      molecule. It was found that the two enzyme species each form 1:1 complexes with
      the inhibitor and that the two chain enzyme binds the inhibitor very strongly, Ki
      = 3 X 10(-10) mol/l, whereas the one chain enzyme forms a much weaker complex, Ki
      is approximately 10(-7) to 10(-8) mol/l. Substrate hydrolysis is much more
      efficiently catalysed by the two chain plasminogen activator than by the one
      chain activator.

PMID- 2930897
TI  - Effect of combining dentin bonding agents.
AB  - The wall-to-wall polymerization contraction of a light-cured composite was
      measured in cylindrical dentin cavities treated with the bonding agents:
      Scotchbond, Clearfil Bond, Gluma/Scotchbond, Gluma/Silux Enamel Bond or
      Gluma/Clearfil Bond. Marginal gaps were prevented in 29 out of 30 cases when
      Gluma was used in combination with Clearfil Bond. This combination mediates a
      mean bond strength between composite and dentin of 20 MPa.

PMID- 2930898
TI  - Chloracne, "the hallmark of dioxin intoxication".
AB  - Clinical experiences and laboratory studies are described involving a population
      of workers who were exposed in a plant making 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid
      (2,4,5-T), including a trichlorophenol runaway reaction. Workers were followed
      for a period of four years, and 30 years later a mortality analysis was done on
      those exposed to runaway reaction material to determine possible increased risks
      for causes of death. Subsequently, a morbidity study on 436 employees involving
      three cohorts was carried out to determine the long-term health effects
      associated with the production of 2,4,5-T including 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p
      dioxin (TCDD). The mortality and morbidity studies demonstrated that the
      standardized mortality ratio for all causes of death was 69, and for cancer at
      all sites and cardiovascular disease it was 100 and 68, respectively. The most
      significant observations emerging from the morbidity study were that 86% of the
      exposed persons developed chloracne at some time and that 52.7% still had
      chloracne on examination 20 to 30 years after the initial exposure. There
      appeared to be no evidence, on a long-term basis, of increased risks for
      cardiovascular disease, hepatic disease, renal disease, central and peripheral
      nerve problems, reproductive problems, or birth defects among the exposed and
      those who had chloracne among the exposed. Studies on the cell kinetics and
      pathogenesis of chloracne indicate that TCDD induces the modulation of
      undifferentiated sebaceous gland cells to keratinocytes. This action results in a
      disappearance of sebaceous glands and substitution of closed comedones and
      keratin cysts. Production workers have the highest frequency and severity of
      chloracne and systemic effects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2930899
TI  - Atrial natriuretic factor ameliorates chronic metabolic alkalosis by increasing
      glomerular filtration.
AB  - The kidney maintains the elevated plasma concentration of bicarbonate that occurs
      in chronic metabolic alkalosis. A reduction in the glomerular filtration rate
      (GFR) can maintain the filtered bicarbonate load at a normal level so that a
      normal rate of bicarbonate reabsorption suffices to prevent urinary excretion of
      this anion. It is also possible that bicarbonate reabsorption might increase so
      as to maintain the alkalosis if GFR were not reduced. To examine this latter
      possibility, atrial natriuretic factor was used in alkalotic rats to restore a
      more normal GFR and to increase the amount of bicarbonate filtered by the
      glomerulus. Proximal bicarbonate reabsorption remained relatively static. Higher
      than normal amounts of bicarbonate were then delivered out of the proximal
      tubule, bicarbonate appeared in the urine, and the plasma concentration of
      bicarbonate fell. A reduction in GFR is thus necessary for the maintenance of
      chronic metabolic alkalosis. Normalizing GFR induces bicarbonaturia and initiates
      repair of the alkalosis.

PMID- 2930900
TI  - Solitary vertebral body uptake on bone scintigraphy: the "black ivory" vertebrae
      sign.

PMID- 2930901
TI  - Atrioventricular septal defects.

PMID- 2930902
TI  - Patent ductus arteriosus.

PMID- 2930903
TI  - Interventional techniques in congenital heart disease.

PMID- 2930904
TI  - [Round table. Professional nursing foresight and responsibility].

PMID- 2930905
TI  - [Monocyte function in patients with sickle-cell anemia].

PMID- 2930906
TI  - Psychosocial responses to traumatic physical disability.
AB  - Victims of traumatic physical disability experience disruptions of normal
      affective functioning. The sense of body image and body ego are altered in ways
      that are frightening or confusing to the patient. The subjective experience of
      time becomes present-oriented, with time moving slowly. Grief or depression,
      clinically distinct responses, may further debilitate the individual. Anxiety,
      guilt and rage are additional emotional responses. Patients use previously
      existing coping patterns to manage the crisis of sudden disability. It is not the
      nature or the severity of the injury that exclusively influences the
      psychological response, but rather, it is the interaction of the person and the
      total environment that determines behavior.

PMID- 2930907
TI  - Management problems associated with Cornelia de Lange syndrome.

PMID- 2930908
TI  - The surgeon's role in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - Most acute myocardial infarctions are associated with thrombotic occlusion
      superimposed on a significant coronary arterial atherosclerotic plaque.
      Restoration of coronary flow can limit ultimate infarct size if accomplished
      within 4 to 6 hours of the onset of symptoms. Thrombolytic therapy with
      intracoronary and intravenous streptokinase or by tissue-specific plasminogen
      activator is effective as a rapid means of reperfusing infarcting myocardium.
      Percutaneous coronary angioplasty and surgically constructed bypass grafts can
      convert a tenuous source of coronary flow to reliable, unrestricted myocardial
      perfusion. Although acute surgical revascularization can be performed during an
      evolving infarction, the time restraints imposed by ischemic cellular injury
      dictate that bypass grafting serve as an adjunct to thrombolytic therapy as a
      means of preventing rethrombosis and providing global as well as regional
      revascularization. The vast potential benefit for minimizing morbidity and
      mortality resulting from quantitative limitation of acute myocardial necrosis
      mandates scientific evaluation of the new armamentarium directed at medical
      surgical reperfusion.

PMID- 2930909
TI  - The stimulus for vasopressin release during laparoscopy.
AB  - The results of our study have demonstrated raised AVP secretion during
      laparoscopy, which was stimulated by the maximal increase in IAP. We propose that
      this relationship is mediated by way of known hemodynamic pathways occurring
      during laparoscopy involving a reduction in intrathoracic blood volume.

PMID- 2930910
TI  - An extrapleural approach with rib removal for the eleventh rib flank incision.
AB  - The transcostal extrapleural flank approach to the kidney requires an
      understanding of the anatomy of the thoracic and abdominal wall to prevent injury
      to the pleura and subsequent pneumothorax. Isolation of the intercostal
      neurovascular bundle, division of the lumbodorsal fascia inferior to the rib bed,
      and simultaneous dissection of the diaphragmatic insertion along the superior and
      posterior aspect of the twelfth rib toward the lumbocostal arch are necessary
      surgical maneuvers. This should be done prior to the release of the diaphragm,
      exposure of Gerota's fascia and positioning of a flank retractor. Pneumothorax
      usually results from attempts to separate the pleura from the diaphragm,
      dissection within the intercostal space rather than along the diaphragmatic
      insertions, and failure to release fully the diaphragm as far as the lumbocostal
      arch prior to placement of the retractor. Precise appreciation of the pericostal
      anatomy allows the urologic surgeon to remain in the extrapleural space during
      this commonly used flank incision.

PMID- 2930911
TI  - The collective representation of affliction: some reflections on disability and
      disease as social facts.

PMID- 2930912
TI  - [Is coccidiosis in mature cattle an exception?].
AB  - An outbreak of coccidiosis in a group of forty Jersey cattle is reported. This
      group formed part of a population of 200 dairy cattle. Severe infection by
      Dictyocaulus viviparus occurred prior to this outbreak of coccidiosis. The two
      clinical pictures were confined to the group of Jerseys, which animals had been
      imported from Denmark during the previous autumn and winter (1983-1984).

PMID- 2930913
TI  - The effect of dietary restriction and altered sodium intake on the
      cardiopulmonary toxicity of monocrotaline pyrrole.
AB  - Monocrotaline pyrrole (MCTP) is a reactive metabolite of the plant toxin
      monocrotaline (MCT), which produces pulmonary vascular injury and right
      ventricular hypertrophy in rats. In this study, the influence of diet restriction
      on the cardiopulmonary toxicity of MCTP was examined. In rats fed ad libitum,
      MCTP treatment resulted in increased lung weight, in elevated lactate
      dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and protein concentration in cell-free
      bronchopulmonary lavage fluid, and in right ventricular enlargement. Restriction
      of feed intake to 40% of normal attenuated the increases in lung weight and
      lavage protein concentration in MCTP-treated rats and abolished the right
      ventricular enlargement but did not affect the increased lavage LDH activity. In
      a study of the effect of diet restriction on the survival of MCTP-treated rats,
      the percentage of diet-restricted animals surviving was significantly higher than
      that of surviving animals which ate ad libitum through Day 28, but thereafter
      there was no significant difference between the two groups. Alterations in
      dietary sodium intake alone did not affect MCTP-induced toxicity. These results
      indicate that diet restriction partially protects against the cardiopulmonary
      toxicity due to MCTP, and that this protective effect cannot be explained by
      changes in salt intake.

PMID- 2930914
TI  - Mechanism of allyl alcohol toxicity and protective effects of low-molecular
      weight thiols studied with isolated rat hepatocytes.
AB  - Freshly isolated hepatocytes from male rats were incubated with allyl alcohol at
      concentrations up to 2 mM. Allyl alcohol exerted a dose-dependent toxicity on the
      cells which was inversely related to cellular glutathione (GSH) content and
      accordingly influenced by stimulation as well as inhibition of GSH synthesis. The
      toxicity was prevented by inhibitors of alcohol dehydrogenase and augmented by
      the aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor disulfiram, suggesting that the toxic
      metabolite was the reactive aldehyde acrolein. The pattern of hepatocellular
      metabolism of allyl alcohol was monitored by high-pressure liquid chromatography
      (HPLC) analysis. The results suggest that acrolein, which is formed by the
      activity of alcohol dehydrogenase, preferentially reacts with cellular GSH to
      form an aldehyde-GSH adduct which subsequently is metabolized to the
      corresponding acid. In addition, a thiohemiacetal may be produced and
      subsequently degraded. In cells depleted of GSH, acrolein may react with
      essential macromolecules and thereby lead to structural and functional
      derangement and, eventually, irreversible injury.

PMID- 2930915
TI  - Ultrastructural study of mineral fiber uptake by hepatocytes in vitro.
AB  - Cellular interactions of a series of fibrous materials were examined by the use
      of a well established in vitro system. Primary cultures of hepatocytes were
      exposed to natural attapulgite, synthetic xonotlite and natural sepiolite.
      Ultrastructural analyses revealed that hepatocytes can engage in the phagocytosis
      of all 3 types of fibers over an exposure period of 20 h. Attapulgite fibers were
      found in plasma membrane invaginations, and deeper in the cytoplasm, in vesicles
      exhibiting various shapes. Xonotlite was also incorporated in plasma membrane
      invaginations; furthermore, these fibers were present in large vacuoles where
      they were circumscribed by membranes and appeared somewhat isolated from the
      cytoplasm. Sepiolite fibers were also taken up by the cells and could likewise be
      identified in the previously described structures. These observations point to
      the relevance of the hepatocyte model for investigating the effects of fibrous
      materials at the cellular level.

PMID- 2930916
TI  - Which T cells mediate allograft rejection?

PMID- 2930917
TI  - Kinetics of the MLR response following single donor-specific allogeneic blood
      transfusions.
AB  - Prior blood transfusion (BT) confers a significant improvement in transplant
      survival in recipients (1). However, increased survival across major
      histocompatibility barriers generally requires the administration of
      immunosuppressive agents (2-5). The mechanisms by which BT prolongs graft
      survival have not been fully elucidated. Experimental evidence suggests that
      suppressor cells (6,7), soluble suppressor factors (8), and blocking antibodies
      (9) may play a role.

PMID- 2930918
TI  - Phenotype, activation status, and suppressor activity of host lymphocytes during
      acute rejection and after cyclosporine-induced unresponsiveness of rat cardiac
      allografts.
AB  - Serial changes in phenotype, cell cycle, and functional behavior of lymphocyte
      subpopulations occurring both during acute rejection in unmodified hosts and in
      long-surviving heterotopic cardiac allografts in rats treated with cyclosporine
      (CsA) were studied. Using flow cytometry, RNA and DNA content of cells was
      examined during various phases of cell activation. In animals acutely rejecting
      their grafts, numbers of cells infiltrating the grafts and in host spleen in G1
      phase (higher RNA content) increased, starting from day 3, and peaked by 5-6 days
      posttransplantation, and numbers of cells in S/G2/M phase (higher DNA content)
      remained stable. Similar, although slightly delayed changes were noted in CsA
      treated recipients. The ratio of T helper (Th) to T suppressor/cytotoxic (Ts/c)
      phenotype cells infiltrating acutely rejecting grafts by day 3, was 1.6; it
      inverted abruptly to 0.7 by days 5-6, suggesting a preponderance of Ts/c during
      the later stages of allograft rejection. Ratio inversion occurred slightly later
      in host spleen and later in peripheral blood. Similarly, treatment with CsA
      produced a transient depression of Th, with recovery of the Th: Ts/c ratio during
      weeks 3-4 following transplantation. Adoptive transfer studies were then
      performed to investigate the functional significance of the T cell subsets.
      Survival of test grafts was prolonged significantly (ca. 14 days, P less than
      0.001) when cells infiltrating grafts and spleen were transferred during
      inversion of Th:Ts/c; before that period, test graft survival was shortened in a
      second-set manner. These experiments suggest that suppressor cells may be
      responsible for resolution of acute rejection, as well as for host
      unresponsiveness seen after CsA treatment, and they represent an important
      homeostatic host mechanism following immunological stimulation.

PMID- 2930919
TI  - Interleukin-2 production in the neonatal mouse.
AB  - Neonatal mouse spleen and thymus cells fail to produce interleukin-2 (IL-2) in
      vitro. In vitro IL-2 production by spleen cells begins to develop between 20 and
      27 days of age and reaches adult levels at 40 days of age. Thymus cells do not
      develop the ability to produce IL-2 in vitro. Addition of neonatal spleen,
      neonatal thymus, or adult thymus cells to adult spleen cell cultures inhibits IL
      2 production. Treatment of the added cells with mitomycin does not abrogate their
      suppressor activity. Soluble factors, obtained from three-day cell cultures of
      neonatal spleen, neonatal thymus, or adult thymus also suppress IL-2 production
      in adult spleen cell cultures. Addition of interleukin-1 raises IL-2 production
      in adult thymus, neonatal spleen, or neonatal thymus cell cultures slightly, but
      the IL-2 productivity is still considerably lower than that of adult spleen in
      the absence of IL-1. The results indicate that suppressor cells for IL-2
      production are present in neonatal spleen and thymus. The splenic suppressor cell
      activity disappears after birth, but thymic suppressor cell activity is retained
      into adulthood.

PMID- 2930920
TI  - Requirement for help in the generation of alloantigen-specific helper cells.
AB  - Control mechanisms that regulate the induction of T helper cells are a key
      component of conceptual schemes to understand the network of interactions
      controlling the immune response. In this work, using a sequential three-step
      culture system, we demonstrate that the generation of the T helper cells that
      participate in cytotoxic T cell induction is itself dependent on interactions
      with helper cells. The induction of Ly7- pre-Th requires collaboration with a Th
      directed Ly1+7+ helper T cell with radioresistant function and the participation
      of an adherent cell. Th have been generated from thymic responders and from anti
      Ly7-treated splenic responders, both of which are deficient in Th effector
      function. Approximately 10-30-fold more help is generated from splenic as
      compared with thymic pre-Th. Ly7+ Th were required throughout the first 5 days of
      CTL generation. Using a limiting dilution analysis of pre-Th we have shown that
      splenic precursor Th are inducible with IL-2, but that the frequency of clones
      able to deliver antigen-specific help in a CTL response is an order of magnitude
      lower than the frequency of clones induced by antigen and able to secrete IL-2
      reported by others. For reasons described in the discussion, we suggest that Th
      and IL-2 secretors may be at least partially nonoverlapping subsets. The CTL
      directed Th effectors induced by IL-2 were analyzed for specificity; 65% of
      clones were challenge-specific, 29% were crossreactive, and 6% were heteroclitic.
      We conclude that the Th that participate in the induction of pre-Th coexist with,
      and bear markers similar to, the Th that act in the induction of pre-T suppressor
      cells, and of CTL. It seems possible that the control over the class of precursor
      induced by antigen may be a function of the quantity rather than the quality of
      helper effectors.

PMID- 2930922
TI  - Alloreactive T cell responses between HLA-identical siblings. Detection of anti
      minor histocompatibility T cell clones induced in vivo.
AB  - Cytotoxic T cell (CTL) clones were isolated from the peripheral blood of a
      patient 13 days following marrow transplantation from her HLA-identical brother.
      Nineteen of the clones were specifically reactive with host--but not donor-
      cells, but one clone was reactive with donor but not host cells. Family studies
      using the 19 clones showed reactivity patterns consistent with three non-HLA,
      minor histocompatibility antigens (minor-HA). The frequency of reactivity on a
      large panel of unrelated cells indicated a relatively limited degree of
      polymorphism. Each of the clones was restricted in its activity by a class I
      epitope common to HLA-B7, B27, and B40. These data demonstrate that by clonal
      analysis it is possible to identify in vivo antidonor and antihost alloreactive
      CTL clones directed against HLA determinants following marrow transplantation.

PMID- 2930921
TI  - Assessment of immunocompetence by limiting dilution analysis in long-term T cell
      depletion chimeras transplanted across the MHC barrier.
AB  - Chimeras were generated in a system in which donor C57BL/6 bone marrow plus
      spleen cells were T-cell-depleted prior to transplantation into lethally
      irradiated DBA/2 recipients. This protocol permits donor lymphohematopoietic
      engraftment and protects transplanted mice from development of lethal GVHD. The
      frequencies of alloantigen-specific cytotoxic T cells (CTL) and/or CTL precursors
      (CTL-P) in the chimera spleens were determined by limiting dilution analysis.
      This identified a small population of host-reactive CTL-P. The presence of host
      reactive CTL-P in the absence of detectable anti-host immune response raises
      questions concerning the maintenance of the tolerant state in chimeras. Using
      mixtures of chimera and normal C57BL/6 splenocytes we found no evidence by
      limiting-dilution analysis for regulatory cells capable of dampening antihost
      immune reactivity in chimera spleens. We next measured the frequency of third
      party-reactive CTL-P in chimeras. Chimeras displayed low CTL-P frequency by the
      30th day posttransplant, which increased 15-21-fold over a five-month interval.
      Interestingly, both chimeric and irradiated syngeneic reconstituted control mice
      recovered anti-third-party CTL-P at a similar rate, but CTL-P levels never
      reached those measured in normal unirradiated control mice, suggesting that the
      radiation regimen has a long-lasting influence on host immunocompetence. In
      concomitant experiments we measured third-party CTL generation in MLC. Our
      findings suggest that measurement of CTL generation in MLC may be a less
      sensitive assessment of immunocompetence than LDA analysis. Our data also suggest
      that irradiated T-cell-depleted chimeras may suffer prolonged immunologic
      deficiencies based on reduced frequencies of alloreactive CTL-P.

PMID- 2930923
TI  - The possible role of cytotoxic T cells in the mediation of first-set allograft
      rejection.

PMID- 2930924
TI  - Dracunculus medinensis presenting as larva migrans.

PMID- 2930925
TI  - [Isolation and characteristics of a fraction of skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic
      reticulum enriched with terminal cistern vesicles].
AB  - A simple method for rapid isolation of active vesicles of sarcoplasmic reticulum
      is described. It is characterized by sensitivity to caffeine, high content of
      calsequestrin and the presence of 30 kDalton protein. The data obtained suggest
      that this fraction is enriched in vesicles derived from terminal cisterns.

PMID- 2930926
TI  - Doppler ultrasound in orifice flow. In vitro studies of the relationship between
      pressure difference and fluid velocity.
AB  - The validity of an orifice equation (Torricelli's law) which expresses a simple
      relationship between the pressure difference across an orifice and the maximum
      fluid velocity in the orifice was tested in vitro. An aqueous suspension of
      barium sulfate particles with a polymer added to attain variations in viscosity,
      was forced through orifices which ranged in diameter from 0.4 to 4.7 mm. The
      pressure difference across the orifice was determined with a transducer and the
      maximum fluid velocity in the orifice was determined with Doppler ultrasound.
      Tests were performed at Reynolds numbers, fluid viscosities, and pressure
      differences that spanned the following ranges: 400-25,000, 1-5 cP, and 3-100
      mmHg, respectively. At pressure differences larger than 3 mmHg and fluid
      viscosity 3 cP (approximate viscosity of in vivo blood), Torricelli's law was
      demonstrated to be valid for orifice diameters larger than 1.6 mm. The validity
      of the law was found to be relatively insensitive to variations in orifice
      length.

PMID- 2930927
TI  - Whole bladder photodynamic therapy for transitional cell carcinoma of bladder.
AB  - Our preliminary studies indicate that the bulb-tip technique for whole bladder
      photodynamic therapy (PDT) illuminates the entire bladder mucosa and is
      applicable to the management of superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the
      bladder. This treatment modality may be an option to patients who are failures to
      other standard treatments. A randomized clinical study is needed to decide on PDT
      as a primary treatment of choice for transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder.

PMID- 2930928
TI  - [Organization of the work of the otorhinolaryngologist in the polyclinic].

PMID- 2930929
TI  - [Tactics in the surgical treatment of nodular formations in the thyroid gland in
      an endemic goiter region].
AB  - The extrafascial method of operation was used because of high risk of
      malignization of nodular endemic goiters. The extrafascial hemithyroidectomy with
      an isthmus is considered by the authors to be the major and minimum operation
      volume in patients with nodular goiters. The method was used in 76,8% of the
      patients. In patients with thyroid carcinoma the operation of this volume was
      fulfilled in 66,5% of cases.

PMID- 2930930
TI  - [Vestnik Khirurgii I.I. Grekov during the siege of Leningrad].

PMID- 2930931
TI  - [The surgical hospital during the siege of Leningrad].

PMID- 2930932
TI  - [Comparative informative value of the leukogram and the level of circulating
      immune complexes in patients with acute appendicitis].
AB  - Data of the leukocyte reaction and amount of circulating immune complexes (CIC)
      in blood serum of patients with acute appendicitis were studied. The
      determination of CIC is shown to be more informative concerning inflammatory
      changes in the vermiform process. The method of determination of CIC in blood
      serum is simple, not time-taking and may be used in urgent surgery as an
      additional method of diagnosis of acute appendicitis.

PMID- 2930933
TI  - Chronic eosinophilic dermatitis: a manifestation of a multisystemic,
      eosinophilic, epitheliotropic disease in five horses.
AB  - A generalized, chronic, progressive, exfoliative dermatitis in five horses is
      described. Histologically, the lesion is characterized by a superficial and deep
      perivascular dermatitis which is eosinophil-rich with a marked lymphocytic and
      plasmacytic component, accompanied by marked acanthosis and hyperkeratosis. More
      severe cases progress to a lichenoid pattern with the same cellular composition
      with focal eosinophilic spongiosis and eosinophilic subcorneal pustules.
      Clinically, the disease is associated with chronic, severe weight loss and is
      fulminating. The skin lesions are accompanied by lymphoplasmacytic and
      eosinophilic infiltrates and formation of eosinophilic granulomas in other
      epithelial organs, most noticeably the pancreas, in which a chronic, fibrosing
      pancreatitis develops. Other epithelial organs involved to various degrees are
      salivary glands, the gastrointestinal system, including the oral cavity and
      esophagus, biliary epithelium and bronchial epithelium. The etiology of this
      disease is unknown.

PMID- 2930934
TI  - Dispersal of Dictyocaulus viviparus larvae from bovine faeces in Ireland.
AB  - An involvement of Pilobolus species fungus in the dispersal of Dictyocaulus
      viviparus third stage larvae from dung to surrounding herbage under Irish
      conditions was investigated. The presence of Pilobolus kleinii on artificial dung
      pats containing first stage larvae of D viviparus was associated with a 19-fold
      increase (P less than 0.05) in numbers of third stage larvae recovered from the
      surrounding herbage. A subjective examination of natural dung pats showed that
      the presence of Pilobolus species was significantly correlated with hours of
      bright sunshine (r = -0.5, P less than 0.01), total rainfall (r = 0.41, P less
      than 0.05) and the height of herbage surrounding the pats (r = 0.31, P less than
      0.001). A multiple regression analysis showed that meteorological parameters and
      the height of surrounding herbage accounted for 38 per cent of the variation in
      growth of Pilobolus species on dung pats. The incidence of extensive damage to
      natural dung pats within five days of deposition, caused by biotic factors,
      another possible cause of D viviparus third stage larvae dispersal, varied from 0
      to 92 per cent of the pats depending on their degree of dryness.

PMID- 2930935
TI  - Pathogenesis of helminths in equines.
AB  - This review summarizes information on the clinical signs, gross and microscopic
      lesions associated with nematode and cestode infections and discusses the
      development of these conditions in the equine host.

PMID- 2930936
TI  - [Azerbaijan roentgenologists and the Azerbaijan Scientific Research Institute of
      Roentgenoradiology in World War II].

PMID- 2930937
TI  - [Raising the qualifications of x-ray technicians in Leningrad (20 years'
      experience of the work of the faculty of the Public University for Advanced
      Training of X-Ray Technicians)].

PMID- 2930938
TI  - The influence of antibiotics on the immune system. II. Modulation of fish
      leukocyte responses in culture.
AB  - We report the immunomodulating effect of two tetracycline analogues
      (oxytetracycline and doxycycline) on mitogenic and allogeneic stimulation of carp
      (Cyprinus carpio) leukocytes in vitro. Both drugs interfered with 3H-thymidine
      incorporation into the DNA of phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated pronephric
      leukocytes in a dose-dependent manner. Low concentrations of oxytetracycline
      delayed the mitogenic response, but did not reduce it. In addition, several other
      antibiotics were tested for their possible interference with blastogenesis.

PMID- 2930941
TI  - Genetic analysis of subunit assembly of the tail fiber of bacteriophage T3.
AB  - Bacteriophage T3 virions have six tail fibers composed of the product of gene 17
      (gp17). Each tail fiber is a trimer of gp17 polypeptide. To characterize the
      assembly process of the tail fiber, temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of gene 17
      (ts17) were analyzed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by extract
      complementation. Newly synthesized gp17 polypeptide chains matured to SDS
      resistant native trimers with a half time of about 7.5 min at 30 degrees.
      Although all ts17 mutants had similar plating efficiencies at restrictive
      temperature (41.5 degrees or 42 degrees), they showed different phenotypes.
      tsNG75, whose mutation was located in the carboxyl-terminal region of gene 17,
      was defective in trimer assembly at 41.5 degrees. The ts tail fibers formed at 30
      degrees lost the ability to attach to the tail upon treatment at 41.5 degrees.
      There was a change in temperature sensitivity of tsNG75 tail fibers upon
      attachment to the tail, suggesting that the tail fiber may change conformation
      after attachment to the tail. tsNG215 and tsNG169, whose mutation sites were
      located in the amino-terminal region of gene 17, were not defective in the trimer
      assembly and attachment to the tail at the restrictive temperature. tsNG215 tail
      fibers formed at 41.5 degrees appear to be aberrant because they were not active
      in extract complementation and their attachment to fiberless particles resulted
      in production of noninfectious phage. Tail fibers produced by cells infected with
      tsNG169 at the restrictive temperature were active in extract complementation.
      Phage particles were formed in tsNG169-infected cells at the restrictive
      temperature. These particles were infectious at the permissive temperature and
      the mutant was non-infectious only if infection was continued at the restrictive
      temperature. These phenotypic differences exhibited by different gene 17 mutants
      may indicate the regions within the gene 17 polypeptide that play a role(s) in
      the folding and assembly of gp17 and in the biological activity of the mature
      tail fiber.

PMID- 2930939
TI  - Nephrotic syndrome: a platelet hyperaggregability state.
AB  - Nephrotic syndrome characterized by hypoalbuminemia and hyperlipidemia is
      associated with an increased incidence of thromboembolism and increased platelet
      hyperaggregability. Although plasma coagulation proteins are also abnormal,
      changes are too inconsistent to attribute thromboembolic complications to the
      coagulation cascade alone. Antithrombin III (ATIII) has been shown to be
      deficient in nephrotic syndrome. There is, however, an increase in alpha 2
      macroglobulin. It is clear that platelet to platelet interactions require
      exposure of platelet fibrinogen receptors, the binding of fibrinogen to these
      receptors, platelet crossbridging, and subsequent platelet aggregation.
      Fibrinogen is consistently elevated in nephrotic syndrome. Hyperlipidemia and
      hypoalbuminemia in nephrotic syndrome increases the availability of thromboxane
      A2 (TxA2) by increasing the availability of TxA2 precursors and the removal of
      TxA2 inhibitors. Thromboxane A2 is a known inducer of platelet aggregation
      probably through the exposure of platelet fibrinogen receptors. Recently,
      fibronectins a group of adhesive proteins, were implicated in platelet to
      platelet interactions. Since thrombin increases the expression of platelet
      surface fibronectin, fibronectin may be involved in thrombus formation in
      nephrotic syndrome. Thromboembolic formation in nephrotic syndrome is a composite
      mechanism involving the coagulation cascade, platelet-platelet interactions, and
      platelet-surface interactions.

PMID- 2930940
TI  - Weights of the body and cardiac ventricles in pulmonary emphysema.
AB  - We analysed statistically the association of emphysema, determined on inflation
      fixed specimens, with the weights of the body and heart, and of the cardiac
      ventricles, weighed separately, in 170 male and 86 female adult autopsies. The
      cases were grouped according to the cause of death into cardiovascular, cancer
      and other deaths. In men the body weight was inversely proportional to the
      severity of emphysema, but no association existed between the body weight and the
      cause of death. In male cardiovascular deaths the total heart weight, total
      ventricular weight and the weight of the left ventricle with the septum were also
      inversely proportional to the severity of emphysema while this was not true in
      the other deaths. In male cardiovascular deaths a decrease, and in the other
      deaths an increase, of the weight of the free wall of the right ventricle was
      associated with an increasing severity of emphysema. In all male deaths, however,
      the left to right ratio decreased with an increasing severity of emphysema. Thus,
      pulmonary emphysema is associated both with a general atrophy, including the
      myocardium, and a mainly relative right ventricular hypertrophy. An absolute
      right ventricular hypertrophy, however, seems to accompany emphysema only in the
      absence of other major cardiovascular diseases.

PMID- 2930942
TI  - Purification and characterization of gene 17 product of bacteriophage T3.
AB  - Tail fiber proteins of bacteriophage T3 are encoded by gene 17. By using in vitro
      complementation for phage assembly as an assay, the product of gene 17 (gp17) was
      purified to near homogeneity from cells infected with a double mutant of T3
      defective in DNA synthesis and head assembly. The purified gp17 consists of a
      single polypeptide having a molecular weight of 67,000. Electron microscopy of
      the purified gp17 showed a fiber structure similar to the tail fiber in a virion.
      The subunit structure of the purified, native gp17 was analyzed by using a
      crosslinking agent, dimethyl suberimidate. The results indicate that native gp17
      is a trimer of gp17 monomer.

PMID- 2930943
TI  - [Information on the medical support for the main forces of troops in the 1st
      Byelorussian front in the Warsaw-Poznan operation].

PMID- 2930944
TI  - [Sultry weather and oxygen conditions of the atmosphere as exemplified by the
      Maritime zone of Azerbaijan].

PMID- 2930946
TI  - [Content of carcinogenic nitroso compounds in food products].
AB  - The data are provided on the content of carcinogenous N-nitroso compounds in
      foods manufactured in a region with a high gastric carcinoma incidence. It was
      found that foods under analysis have a high content of carcinogenous nitroso
      compounds. The foods were also found to contain N-nitrosopiperidine, a carcinogen
      inducing tumors of the gastrointestinal tract.

PMID- 2930945
TI  - [Aflatoxin contamination of raw foodstuffs, food products and feeds in the Kazakh
      SSR from 1981 through 1983].
AB  - The time-course of changes in the contamination with aflatoxins of food raw
      material, foods and feeds, most widespread in Kazakhstan, was studied. It was
      established that in the republic, there is a high risk of the contamination with
      aflatoxins of food and feed corn, as well as the combined fodder. This is
      evidence of the necessity of exercising a more stringent control and carrying out
      appropriate measures on the part of the sanitary-and-epidemiologie and veterinary
      services.

PMID- 2930947
TI  - [Experience in using rapid methods in the work of the nutritional hygienist].

PMID- 2930948
TI  - Current concepts in endometriosis.
AB  - There are no conclusive data available on the incidence or prevalence of
      endometriosis, yet the notion persists that the frequency of cases has
      dramatically risen in western societies during the past 25 years. Race, familial
      predisposition, reproductive history, socioeconomic status, personality type and
      a historical drop in age at menarche have been posited as risk factors for the
      complex and as-yet-unclear epidemiology of this disorder. The epidemiology of
      endometriosis is constrained by the difficulty of the diagnosis. Several analytic
      concepts from epidemiology, however, could be profitably used to further our
      knowledge of endometriosis. Included are the case-control study, survival and
      life-table analyses and correlations of psychologic traits with susceptibility to
      development of the disease. Though none of these techniques is original or
      without potential for bias, they may be underutilized in solving the conundrum of
      endometriosis.

PMID- 2930950
TI  - Some facets of alternative medicine--today and yesterday.

PMID- 2930951
TI  - [Ciprofloxacin--a new antibacterial drug].

PMID- 2930952
TI  - [Early non-invasive diagnosis of congenital heart defects].
AB  - During a period of 22 months there were 84 cases of congenital cardiac
      malformations diagnosed during the first year of life. This figure corresponds to
      about 80% of all existing cardiac malformations present in the population
      covered. Noninvasive measures including echocardiography were sufficient for
      diagnostic and therapeutic decisions in 75% of the cases. 18% of the
      malformations had to be operated during the first year of life. There were 8
      deaths, 5 of them due to irreparable malformations or underlying conditions.

PMID- 2930953
TI  - [The clinical picture in shunt nephritis].
AB  - Report on three children with hydrocephalus in whom an immune complex nephritis
      ("shunt-nephritis") had occurred in consequence of an infected atrioventricular
      shunt. Besides the clinical course, the histological findings which are of
      particular significance with regard to pathogenesis are discussed as well as the
      serum complement system on the basis of the laboratory data. Removal of the valve
      system led to a complete normalization of the laboratory parameters and to a
      subsidence of the clinical symptoms in all patients. The necessity of a
      perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis in the insertion of an atrioventricular
      shunt is explicitly emphasized. Narrow-interval follow-up investigations should
      enable early detection of cases of shunt nephritis and thus prevent functional
      residues or even fatalities. Knowledge of this immune complex nephritis is also
      very important because it is one of the few forms of nephritis in which a causal
      therapy is available with removal of the infected shunt.

PMID- 2930949
TI  - Low back pain.
AB  - Low back pain is one of the most common and costly afflictions of our Society.
      The majority of adults will have at least one episode of acute low back pain that
      will likely resolve regardless of treatment. Lumbar spine radiographs are
      overused and there is little scientific support for many of the therapeutic
      interventions advocated. Even for those patients with symptomatic herniated disc,
      only a small fraction will ultimately require surgical intervention.

PMID- 2930954
TI  - [Unexpected sudden death from natural causes in sports. A pathologic-anatomic
      analysis and synopsis].

PMID- 2930956
TI  - [Striving for movement-induced adaptation--why?].
AB  - The skeletal muscle is the most massive organ of the body. Its function is in
      close interaction with all organs; its activity serves as essential physiological
      adaptogenic stimulus for the optimization of organ functions. On the basis of an
      insufficient motion-induced adaptation the spreading lack of motion restricts the
      efficacy and the stability of vegetatively regulated functions. Morphological and
      functional adaptive modifications caused by motion may very well be represented
      at the heart in form of a model. These are objectifiable at a functional,
      coronary circulatory and cellular level. It can reasonably be started from the
      fact that an adequate motor activity, which belongs to the biohistorical scheme
      of the human body, is able to further stability of health, functional capacity
      and well-being.

PMID- 2930955
TI  - Chemical characterization of an interleukin-1-inducing substance derived from
      human mixed leukocyte reactions: IL-1-inducing substance is not gamma interferon.
AB  - Lymphocyte products released during the human mixed reaction were studied for
      their ability to stimulate human monocytes to produce endogenous pyrogen and
      lymphocyte activating factor. These two biological activities are considered
      properties of the same molecule, called interleukin-1 (IL-1). In these
      experiments, physical characteristics such as molecular weight, isoelectric
      point, and binding to concanavalin A (Con A) sepharose were studied under
      conditions which excluded bacterial endotoxins. Gel filtration revealed molecular
      weights of approximately 60 and 25 kD with IL-1-inducing activity. Isoelectric
      points ranged from 5.9 to 6.3. The IL-1-inducing properties of mixed leukocyte
      reaction supernates did not bind to Con A sepharose. Recombinant human gamma
      interferon did not induce IL-1 production under various conditions but rather
      augmented IL-1 induced by endotoxin. In contrast, the mixed leukocyte reaction
      results in production of lymphokines which directly stimulate IL-1 production in
      the absence of endotoxins.

PMID- 2930957
TI  - Genetic markers in Liberia: studies of Glo, AcP, EsD, 6-PGD, Ak, Sub PGM and
      alpha 1 at polymorphisms.

PMID- 2930958
TI  - [Dermabrasion--indications, technic, possibilities, complications].

PMID- 2930959
TI  - [Immunopathology of the skin and hemosorption].

PMID- 2930960
TI  - [Occupational toxicoderma caused by naphthalene].

PMID- 2930961
TI  - [Hebra's pityriasis rubra].

PMID- 2930962
TI  - [Method of preparing an allergen from uncured polymers in the allergic diagnosis
      of occupational dermatoses].

PMID- 2930963
TI  - [The kallikrein-kinin system in rosacea patients].

PMID- 2930964
TI  - [Occupational dermatoses in workers engaged in the manufacture of asbestos cement
      products].

PMID- 2930965
TI  - [Dermatologic morbidity and skin function in miners in deep potassium mines].

PMID- 2930966
TI  - [Effectiveness of the combined treatment of true eczema patients with vitamins
      and sulfide baths at a health resort].

PMID- 2930967
TI  - [Effect of detoxifying therapy on the immune complex level and phagocytic system
      of psoriasis patients].

PMID- 2930968
TI  - [Planning of specialized pediatric dental out-patient departments for
      psychophysically affected youth in the Socialist Republic of Slovenia].

PMID- 2930969
TI  - [Postgraduate training in pediatric and preventive dentistry].

PMID- 2930970
TI  - [The Leningrad Pasteur Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology during
      World War II].

PMID- 2930971
TI  - [The visiting topical lecture series--an efficient form of postgraduate training
      of epidemiological health specialists].

PMID- 2930972
TI  - [Effectiveness of the selective revaccination of schoolchildren against measles].
AB  - The revaccination of 70% of schoolchildren, previously immunized with measles
      vaccines of 26 different batches with insufficient immunogenic potency, has led
      to the pronounced and stable increase of immunity in the corresponding groups of
      children and has decreased measles morbidity among them 20 times.

PMID- 2930973
TI  - [Electron-cytochemical characteristics of hyperchromic neurons in schizophrenia].
AB  - During autopsy of brains from 17 schizophrenic patients and 14 mentally normal
      subjects the authors studied metabolic characteristics in hyperchromic neurons,
      using methods of electron cytochemistry. The parameters of plastic and energy
      metabolism investigated included ribonucleoproteins (RNP), Mg-activated ATPase
      and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH). Two types of neurons with a different degree
      of hyperchromia and a decrease in metabolic activity were identified. The type I
      neurons were characterized by a marked decrease in the activity of the studied
      enzymes and the number of RNP particles, type II neurons by almost complete
      absence of enzymic activity and a sharp decrease in RNP particles. The results
      obtained make it possible to consider the hyperchromic neuron as a cell with a
      diminished functional activity.

PMID- 2930974
TI  - [Errors in blood transfusion. Causes and prevention].
AB  - Authors, analyzed the possible sources of errors resulting in the administration
      of incompatible blood and of the specific professional responsibilities connected
      to that error, point out the precautions to minimize it and the therapy which is
      to be followed in the cases of serious haemolytic transfusion reactions.

PMID- 2930975
TI  - [Use of oral bacteria therapy in childhood during acute enteritis and functional
      chronic diarrhea. Clinical experience].
AB  - There are some theoretical reasons to give an oral bacterial therapy when
      intestinal ecosystem changes its composition. The authors would verify the
      clinical effectiveness or oral bacterial therapy during acute and functional
      chronic diarrhea: even if the course of the illness doesn't become shorter, oral
      bacterial therapy moreover may be useful in reducing the risk of having casual
      carries of pathogenic agents and may restore an intestinal ecosystem previously
      modified by antibiotic therapy.

PMID- 2930976
TI  - [Effect of blood levels of carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) on erythrocyte filtration
      time in young smokers].
AB  - The effects of chronic exposure to carbon monoxide on some rheologic parameters
      (erythrocyte filtration time in particular) and on FEV1, and on FEF25-50 were
      studied in young smokers. A positive correlation among number of cigarettes day,
      COHb blood levels and erythrocyte filtration time was found. Packed red cell
      volume, fibrinogen concentration and platelet count were unaffected; no evidence
      of small-airway obstruction was observed. The alteration of erythrocyte
      deformability may be an early sign of hemorheological impairment which can
      progressively worse if high COHb blood levels are chronically maintained, with
      damaging effects on vessel function.

PMID- 2930977
TI  - [Frontal and naso-mental island flaps in partial loss of nasal substance-
      advantages and disadvantages].
AB  - The authors illustrate the frontal and naso-labial island flaps for
      reconstruction of loss of substance of the nose, comparing them with the more
      usual rotation flaps and discussing their advantages and disadvantages. Regarding
      the advantages: the satisfactory aesthetic result immediately after the
      operation, the oncological excision and the complete reconstruction in only one
      surgical step, the valid vascular support with sure vitality of the flap and the
      elegance of the surgical technique. Among the disadvantages: the limited rotation
      arc, the excessive bulk of the frontal flap for the reconstruction of the
      internal canthus, the frequent "trap door" effect, the possible relief in the
      area of the subcutaneous tunnel and the more laborius surgical intervention.

PMID- 2930978
TI  - [Isoflurane: clinical experience in plastic surgery].
AB  - The authors' experience with Isoflurane, a volatile anesthetic agent recently
      introduced in Italy, is reported. A non-selected group of twenty patients, who
      underwent plastic surgery operations, represents the subject of this study. It is
      concluded that the clinical properties of Isoflurance are fully satisfactory with
      respect to the anesthestiological needs of plastic surgery.

PMID- 2930979
TI  - [Epidermoid cysts of the testis: conservative treatment?].
AB  - The epidermoid cyst of the testis is a monolayer teratoma with no malignant
      character, when pure. Therefore, its recognition on the basis of macroscopic and
      freeze histologic grounds should allow a conservative surgical removal, with
      saving of the testis. Out of the more or less 150 reported cases, about 85% have
      been treated by orchiectomy, about 15% by either enucleation or partial
      orchiectomy. In no case except one, a more thorough histologic examination of the
      removed cyst, malignant structures have been observed. In no case, with a follow
      up from a few months to more than 15 years, a recurrence occurred. Two cases are
      presented and discussed, in which a conservative choice was made and clinical
      follow-up carried out.

PMID- 2930980
TI  - [Blood filtration for the prevention of microaggregate damage: various critical
      aspects].
AB  - Recent studies shown that patients receiving more than 20% of their total blood
      volume through 170 mu standard blood filters, may occur in severe organic damage
      such as pulmonary, cerebral, renal embolism due to microaggregates contained in
      stored blood. Microaggregate size varies from 10-200 mu; they are composed of
      platelets, leucocytes, red cells debris and fibrin strands, which take form few
      hours after blood storage begins and whose number progressively increases. In
      this study we analyzed microaggregate composition, factors causing their
      formation, side effects due to massive transfusion and blood filtration
      techniques capable to prevent a direct blood infusion. There is a variety of
      available filters, but screen filters seem to offer more important and practical
      advantages than depth filters do. The use fine pore filters is recommended when
      more than three blood units are to be infused during only one administration.

PMID- 2930981
TI  - [Echographic diagnosis of gestational age and law 194].
AB  - The authors examine the various biometrics parameters evidentiable at the 13th
      week of pregnancy, which is so important age for the limits imposed by the law
      194, that regulates the legal abortion. These findings are studied as for their
      evidentiability and their diagnostic predictivity aiming to single out the most
      reliable. As for the results obtained examining the singular parameters, the
      authors conclude that the goal of the echographist is to search for the fetal CRL
      and BPD: they are characterised of an optimum predictivity and a good
      evidentiability, besides they provide direct data about the embryo dimensions. If
      these measurements are not evidentiable the operator can base his diagnosis on
      the other parameters that do not refer directly to the embryo. At last the
      authors sustain that who carried out the ultrasound examination should not
      "force" the diagnosis trying to establish the gestational age with excessive
      exactness; on the contrary he must limit himself to provide the evidentiable
      biometric values, indicating the minimum and the maximum age that is compatible
      with them. It is up to the physician who performs the termination of pregnancy to
      draw the correlations about the gestational age.

PMID- 2930982
TI  - [Indications for diagnostic and surgical digestive endoscopy in childhood:
      personal clinical experience].
AB  - From January 1983 to December 1984 in the Division of Pediatric Surgery of Parma,
      112 endoscopies of upper gastro-intestinal tract (UGT) were done. Besides the
      authors refer 49 endoscopies of the colon. Endoscopic indications of the UGT
      included evaluation of the esophagus in gastro-esophageal reflux, achalasia, lye
      ingestion, gastro-duodenal ulcer, bleedings of UGT, removal of foreign bodies.
      The indication of the colonoscopy included bleedings and all symptoms of colitis.
      The endoscopic procedures were done under sedation or in general anesthesia.

PMID- 2930983
TI  - [Baseball during the growing years: repercussions on the cardiovascular system
      (echocardiographic evaluation)].
AB  - The influence upon the cardiovascular system of a period (21 months) of physical
      training program for baseball was studied in 40 normal children (aged 8 to 10
      years) in an experimental (20) and control (20) group. The echocardiographic
      changes observed at the end of the period proved to be substantially alike in
      both groups. The physiopathological involvements linked to the baseball training
      in the prepubescent age are discussed.

PMID- 2930984
TI  - [Our experience with the diagnostic and prognostic unreliability of pre- and
      postoperative CEA in human breast cancer].
AB  - The carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels were determined in 42 breast cancer
      patients at I, II, III, IV stages of TNM classification. Plasmatic preoperative
      CEA levels was under 6 ng/ml in the 94% of patients. The postoperative CEA levels
      of six patients who developed metastases during the follow-up was elevated in
      five cases, but the elevation never preceded the clinical and radiological
      diagnosis of metastases.

PMID- 2930985
TI  - [Analysis of a case series of 1,500 suicide attempts in Parma (1971-1983)].
AB  - The authors analyse data from a case series of 1500 attempted suicides, gathered
      by the University of Parma, Institute of Psychiatry. The attempted suicides were
      studied according to sex, age, class, place where the subject was born and where
      the attempt took place, marital status, family background, level of education,
      financial position, occupation, as well as the method of the attempted suicide
      and the mental condition of the patient when under observation. The main points
      to emerge were the similarities between these data and those of the literature,
      as well as the psychological features and social background of these patients.
      Our study also confirms the results of a previous research on 500 attempted
      suicides, here included: the obtained out of the last 1.000 cases confirms those
      out of previous 500.

PMID- 2930986
TI  - Late rupture of knitted Dacron double velour arterial prostheses. Report on four
      cases.
AB  - Late fibre breakage with longitudinal tears occurred in 4 patients of a series of
      some 300 implanted knitted Dacron double velour arterial prostheses. The four
      patients all received their grafts for occlusive aortoiliac disease in the year
      1978, and the rupture was found 4 to 6 years later. Three of the failures
      occurred in axillo-bifemoral bypass grafts, whereas the fourth patient had a
      bifurcated aortic prosthesis. Dilatation was significant in the latter graft
      only. Structural weakness might appear during production, during later handling,
      or possibly as a result of interference from infected material or host factors.
      The cause of graft failures in the present series could not be ascertained.
      Whatever type of knitted Dacron used, a 2-3% incidence of graft deterioration
      might be expected. Therefore regular, life-long follow-up of patients with Dacron
      arterial prostheses seems warranted.

PMID- 2930987
TI  - Cyproterone acetate as initial treatment and maintenance therapy for hirsutism.
AB  - Thirty-four patients with hirsutism were treated for 9 months with 100 mg
      cyproterone acetate (CA) given on days 5-15 of the menstrual cycle together with
      a combination oral contraceptive containing 2 mg CA and 50 micrograms
      ethinyloestradiol (Diane) given on days 5-25 of the cycle. After 9 months
      treatment patients were randomised to a 12 month double-blind cross-over trial
      comparing Diane plus 25 mg CA with Diane plus placebo, to test the efficacy of
      low-dose CA as maintenance therapy. Thirty-one patients (92%) experienced
      moderate or good subjective improvement in hirsutism on high-dose CA, associated
      with a 40% mean overall improvement in objective hirsutism grade and 13% overall
      reduction in hair growth rate measured by a photographic technique. Minor or
      moderate side effects were experienced by 64% of patients and severe side effects
      by 11% at this dosage. There was a mean subjective relapse rate of 33% when
      patients were changed to low dose CA, and relapse rates were not significantly
      different between the two regimens with 28% relapsing on 25 mg CA + Diane and 48%
      on placebo and Diane (P less than 0.05). Despite significant subjective relapse
      with low-dose treatment there was no significant deterioration in objective
      hirsutism grade or hair growth rate determined photographically. Levels of plasma
      testosterone, sex hormone binding globulin, free testosterone (derived) and
      androstenedione fell significantly on high dose CA and this reduction was
      maintained during low dose therapy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2930990
TI  - [Influence of lymphocyte chalone on normal human lymphocytes and malignant
      cells].

PMID- 2930988
TI  - Interactions of an anti-androgen (cyproterone acetate) with the androgen receptor
      system and its biological action in the rat ventral prostate.
AB  - Male Wistar rats were castrated and implantated with testosterone-filled silastic
      depots (in vitro release rate: 60 micrograms/24 h) prior to treatment with 10 mg
      cyproterone acetate (CyAc) on day 1, and 5 mg on days 4, 7, 10 and 13. Animals
      were sacrificed on day 14. Control animals were treated identically, with the
      exception of CyAc administration. Blood was collected and the ventral prostates
      of 6-8 animals were pooled, homogenized and processed into cytosol and purified
      nuclei. Steroid determinations (CyAc, testosterone, 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone
      (DHT), 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha,17 beta-diol (3 alpha-diol)) were performed by
      RIA. Specifically bound DHT (charcoal resistant DHT = CR-DHT) represents DHT
      values (RIA) following treatment of cytosol or nuclear extract with dextran
      coated charcoal. The androgen receptor was determined in cytosol and nuclear
      extract by 'exchange assay' using [3H]methyltrienolone (MT) (18 h, 15 degrees C).
      The main results were: 1) The steroid levels in plasma (testosterone, DHT, 3
      alpha-diol) were in the range of untreated adult animals and not significantly
      influenced by the CyAc treatment. Final CyAc levels were 305 +/- 58 nmol/l (mean
      +/- SD, n = 5).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2930989
TI  - The clinical features and incidence of concurrent intra and extra uterine
      pregnancies.
AB  - Concurrent intra and extrauterine pregnancies have always been thought to be rare
      with a mean annual incidence of 1:30.000. The condition has been reported more
      frequently in the recent literature. If the incidence is increasing it is a
      serious development as the condition is often undiagnosed. The paper describes 5
      patients with the condition presenting between 1976-1981 an incidence of 1:4000
      deliveries. In two of these five patients the intrauterine pregnancy was
      diagnosed first and the ectopic pregnancy was undiagnosed until much later. The
      presence of intrauterine pregnancy often leads us to ignore the possibility of a
      concurrent extrauterine pregnancy. Considering that ectopic pregnancy may still
      cause maternal death, we believe that the condition has to be considered more
      often. Certain features may suggest the diagnosis. 1) Lack of vaginal bleeding or
      uterus larger than 9 week size with a proven ectopic pregnancy. 2) Presence of
      two corpora lutea at laparoscopy. 3) Ultrasound to diagnose an adnexal mass. 4)
      Failure of serum hCG to return to normal after abortion. The text also discusses
      the natural history of the condition and the higher incidence expected in the
      future with the wider use of ovulation inducing agents.

PMID- 2930991
TI  - Detection of human lymphocyte subpopulations by using monoclonal antibodies and
      protein A-coated erythrocytes.
AB  - The results obtained by using the protein A-rosette assay for human peripheral
      blood lymphocytes treated with a series of monoclonal antibodies were very close
      to the estimates obtained by indirect fluorescence. The percentages of T3-, T4-,
      T8- and DR-positive cells (T3 = T lymphocytes, T4 = helper T lymphocytes, T8 =
      suppressor T lymphocytes, DR = B, L and null cells) in normal and pathological
      peripheral blood were found to vary within the limits reported by many other
      authors using different techniques for the identification of cells binding the
      specific monoclonal antibody.

PMID- 2930992
TI  - Intravenous monoclonal antibody (BT 5/9) for the treatment of acute graft-versus
      host disease.

PMID- 2930993
TI  - Transient ischaemia of the proximal femoral epiphysis in the child.
      Interpretation of bone scintimetry for diagnosis in hip pain.
AB  - 99mTc-MDP-scintimetry was performed in 25 consecutive cases of radiographically
      silent transient synovitis of the hip in children. Fourteen cases had normal
      scintimetry; seven cases had an increased uptake in the epiphysis; four cases had
      markedly defective uptake in the epiphysis, indicating interrupted vascular
      supply. At repeat scintimetry 6 weeks later, the uptake was normal or increased
      in three of these four cases; the one case with a persistent defect was the only
      case in this series who later developed radiographic evidence of Legg-Calve
      Perthes' disease. In some cases presenting with clinical symptoms of synovitis of
      the hip, there is a transient, spontaneously recovering ischaemia of the proximal
      femoral epiphysis, not followed by radiographic evidence of necrosis. This should
      be considered in attempts to make a pre-radiographic diagnosis of Legg-Calve
      Perthes' disease by radionuclide methods.

PMID- 2930994
TI  - Synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of pyridyl N-oxidized zimeldine
      metabolites.

PMID- 2930995
TI  - Synthetic inhibitors of alcohol dehydrogenase. Pyrazoles containing polar groups
      directly attached to the pyrazole ring in the 4-position.

PMID- 2930996
TI  - Hormone changes and beta-endorphin in the pathogenesis of hemorrhagic shock.
AB  - Plasma levels of some hormones, implicated in the pathogenesis of hypovolemic
      shock (ACTH, corticosterone, plasma renin activity, aldosterone, prostaglandins,
      vasopressin and beta-endorphin) were examined on rats with hemorrhagic shock. The
      animals were treated with the specific opioid antagonist, naloxone (1 mg/kg body
      weight, i. v.). The results demonstrated that during the first, compensated stage
      of hypovolemic shock, an increase of ACTH, corticosterone, vasopressin, and
      stimulation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system was evident, that is, an
      activation of hormonal mechanisms responsible for blood pressure and blood volume
      restoration occurred. beta-Endorphin and prostaglandin E-release during
      hemorrhagic shock might contribute to the cardiodepressor changes. Naloxone
      treatment prevented the development of shock into a progressive stage by several
      eventual mechanisms: An antagonism of opiate receptors. Stimulation of ACTH
      secretion, followed by an increased secretion of glucocorticoids or a direct
      effect on adrenocortical function. Stimulation of aldosterone secretion by ACTH
      or directly.

PMID- 2930997
TI  - Mechanism of action of beta-endorphin and naloxone in hypophysectomized rats with
      hemorrhagic shock--the role of CNS.
AB  - The studies were performed on hypophysectomized rats with hemorrhagic shock
      treated intracerebroventricularly (i. c. v.) or intravenously (i. v.) by
      naloxone. The purpose of the investigation was to elucidate whether pituitary
      beta-endorphin (beta E) contribute to the hypotension and cardiodepressor changes
      during hypovolemic shock, the role of CNS opioid receptors for these effects, and
      the mechanism of action of naloxone. The results showed: The cardiorespiratory
      and hormonal changes in hypophysectomized rats represent an excellent model for
      the evaluation of the effects of some hormones, blockers or inhibitors, after
      either i. c. v. or i. v. administration. Neither i. c. v. nor i. v.
      administration of naloxone on hypophysectomized rats prevented the
      cardiodepressor changes during hemorrhagic shock. The beneficial effect of
      naloxone in hemorrhagic shock, manifested only on animals with intact pituitary
      glands, suggested that its therapeutic effect is mediated by CNS opioid
      receptors, and pituitary beta E may potentiate the hypotension during hypovolemic
      shock through an action on opiate receptors in the CNS. In hypophysectomized rats
      naloxone did not stimulate aldosterone secretion as it did in non
      hypophysectomized rats with hemorrhagic shock, which indicated that this effect
      is secondary, accomplished by stimulation of the secretion of both ACTH and beta
      E.

PMID- 2930998
TI  - Double-blind comparison between a serotonin and a noradrenaline reuptake blocker
      in the treatment of depressed outpatients. Clinical aspects.
AB  - Seventy-five outpatients with major depressive disorder (RDC) were randomly
      referred to treatment with a dominant serotonin (5-HT) uptake inhibiting drug
      (zimeldine, 100 mg b.i.d.) or a dominant noradrenaline (NA) uptake inhibiting
      drug, (maprotiline, 75 mg b.i.d.). The total antidepressive effect was similar in
      the two groups for up to 4 weeks of treatment. Both drugs gave an effect on the
      depressive syndrome as a whole, with no preference for mood, anxiety, retardation
      or vital symptoms. Good response to the NA drug correlated to few prior episodes
      and few years since first episode, whereas the 5-HT drug had its best effect when
      there were several previous episodes.

PMID- 2930999
TI  - Plasminogen activators, tissue degradation, and cancer.

PMID- 2931000
TI  - A unified theory for the mechanism of the lethal hit by cytotoxic T lymphocytes
      (CTL) and natural killer (NK) cells as defined by antisera capable of blocking
      the lethal hit stage of cytotoxicity.

PMID- 2931001
TI  - Requirement for Lyt-2/3 molecules on allospecific cytolytic T lymphocyte clones
      is dependent upon target cell antigen density.

PMID- 2931002
TI  - The role of the T3 molecular complex on human T lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity.
AB  - The above overview of the experimental data clearly indicates that the T3
      molecular complex is intimately involved in T cell activation. The precise role
      of the T3 complex in the activation process, however, is not clearly understood.
      The surface association of the T3 complex with the antigen receptor, along with
      the ability of antibodies to these molecules to render T cells receptive to IL2,
      reveal a possible mechanism by which specific antigen initiates T cell activation
      and growth. However, it would be difficult to reconcile this specific effect of
      anti-T3 antibodies with their effect on CTL function. Since the T3 complex is not
      a specific marker of any particular effector T cell population, but it is found
      on all T lymphocytes, we favor the hypothesis that the complex is involved in a
      more fundamental step of T cell activation, and we believe that triggering of the
      'lethal hit', expression of IL2 receptors, and secretion of IL2 are mere
      manifestations of this basic process. The natural ligand of the antigen receptor
      is obviously the specific antigen. However, the natural ligand of the T3 complex
      is unknown. Possibly, its natural ligand is the antigen receptor itself after it
      has interacted with antigen. A simple scenario, then of the early events of T
      cell activation would include antigen recognition and binding, followed by an
      interaction between the antigen receptor and the T3 complex which then activates
      or allows expression of specific pathways depending on the particular effector
      population involved. Thus, the inhibition of CTL function by anti-T3 antibodies
      could be explained by interference with the antigen receptor-T3 complex
      interaction following target cell recognition. This interaction may be the event
      that signals the initiation of the 'lethal hit' process.

PMID- 2931003
TI  - p215 and p24: two membrane-associated proteins expressed on cloned cytolytic T
      cells but not on cloned helper T-cells.
AB  - Cloned lines of murine alloreactive cytolytic and helper T cells were derived
      from secondary mixed leukocyte cultures. Cells from three TC lines and four TH
      lines were internally labeled with 35S-methionine and then disrupted by hypotonic
      lysis. Low density (plasma membrane-enriched) and high density (endoplasmic
      reticulum-enriched) membrane fractions were isolated from each cloned cell line
      and analyzed by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions. Two proteins were identified
      which were associated with membrane fractions from each of the TC lines but none
      of the TH lines. One of these, p215, migrated as a broad band with an apparent
      molecular weight of 200-220 kD. The other, p24, migrated as a sharp band or
      closely spaced doublet with an apparent molecular weight of 24 kD.
      Immunoprecipitation studies using monoclonal antibodies to T200, LFA-1, Thy 1,
      and Lyt 2 revealed that p215 was a variant of T200 found on TC lines but not on
      TH lines. Treatment of solubilized membrane proteins from TH lines with anti-T200
      precipitated a 180-195 kD protein band seen on each of the TH lines but none of
      the TC. In contrast, p24 was not precipitated by any of these monoclonal
      antibodies. It appears that p24 represents a previously unidentified protein
      which is unique to TC and thus deserving of further study as to its functional
      significance.

PMID- 2931004
TI  - Destructive interactions between murine macrophages, tumor cells, and antibodies
      of the IgG2a isotype.

PMID- 2931005
TI  - Psychosomatic aspects of movement disorders.

PMID- 2931006
TI  - Behavioural psychotherapy for neurological illness.

PMID- 2931007
TI  - Ageing and lung function.
AB  - Studies of lung function have largely ignored the elderly. This paper reviews
      what is known of the decline in measurements of lung function, and focuses on
      reduced elastic recoil as a key to these changes. Independent anthropometric
      changes which may affect lung function with advancing years are also discussed.

PMID- 2931008
TI  - Urinary incontinence in the disabled elderly male.
AB  - A combined approach between Departments of Urology and Geriatric Medicine to the
      diagnosis and management of urinary incontinence in disabled elderly men with
      neurological lesions where outflow obstruction is thought to be a contributory
      factor is described. After a dual out-patient assessment, patients have a planned
      admission to a geriatric ward where urodynamic studies and cystoscopy are
      performed, followed, where necessary, by appropriate surgery. The results in 75
      patients are presented. Single urodynamic studies alone are effective in
      establishing the diagnosis in only 20% of cases. The largest group needing
      surgical treatment are those with combined cerebrovascular disease and prostatic
      enlargement. The degree of disability, but not age, influences the outcome of
      surgery in such cases. The benefits of collaboration to such patients and to the
      departments are discussed.

PMID- 2931009
TI  - Ultrastructure of the cysts of Sarcocystis tarandivulpes from skeletal muscle of
      reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus).

PMID- 2931011
TI  - Accident and violation rate of handicapped drivers.

PMID- 2931010
TI  - Mechanism of suppression of the depressed lymphocyte response in lung cancer
      patients.
AB  - We studied the function of monocyte-mediated suppression in the proliferative
      responses of depressed T-cells of patients with advanced lung cancer, with both
      local (Stage III) and extrapulmonary metastasis (Stage IV). The mononuclear cells
      of 13 non-treated patients showed a significant drop in proliferation upon
      stimulation with suboptimum, optimum and supraoptimum doses with regards to
      normal controls (p less than 0.001). On treating T-cells with indomethacin,
      lymphoblastic transformation increased in both groups (patients and controls),
      but was significantly greater in the patient group (p less than 0.001). The
      lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exerted an inhibitory effect on the suppressor cells of
      normal individuals, yet failed to do so in the case of patients treated either
      with or without indomethacin. The stimulation of the patients mononuclear cells
      with PWM failed to increase proliferation, and was not affected by either
      indomethacin of LPS. Our conclusions are as follows: Patients with lung cancer
      present a drop in mononuclear cell proliferation when stimulated with PHA; This
      phenomenon may be due to an exacerbation of the immune systems suppressor
      function; One of the suppressor mechanisms is prostaglandin-dependent and
      mediated by monocytes; The B-cells have no relevant functions.

PMID- 2931012
TI  - Life adaptation after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty and coronary
      artery bypass grafting.
AB  - Life adaptation of 32 patients who had undergone percutaneous transluminal
      coronary angioplasty (PTCA) for coronary stenosis was compared with that of 15
      patients who had coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Patients were matched
      for psychosocial, anatomic and cardiac functions. Life adaptation was measured at
      6 and 15 months after PTCA or CABG by the Psychosocial Adjustment to Illness
      Scale (PAIS), a multidimensional instrument that evaluates change in 7 primary
      life domains. The overall PAIS scores for patients who had undergone PTCA were
      significantly better (p less than 0.04) than the scores for those who had
      undergone CABG after 6 months, and this superior functioning continued after 15
      months (p less than 0.05). After 6 months patients who had undergone PTCA
      functioned better at work (p less than 0.005), in sexual performance (p less than
      0.0001) and with their families (p less than 0.002). The improvement in work
      functioning continued at 15 months (p less than 0.04), but the differences in
      sexual and family domains became nonsignificant.

PMID- 2931013
TI  - Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty after previous coronary artery
      bypass surgery.
AB  - To improve symptomatic status and avoid repeat coronary artery bypass graft
      surgery (CABG), 115 lesions were approached for transluminal coronary angioplasty
      (PTCA) in 94 patients (82 men, 12 women) with angina pectoris and prior CABG at a
      mean of 60 months (range 4 to 192) after CABG. Fifteen patients were in Canadian
      Cardiovascular Society functional class I, 32 were in class II, 31 were in class
      III, and 16 were in class IV. Patients were 37 to 76 years old (mean 57). PTCA
      was successful (at least a 40% reduction in stenosis diameter and improvement in
      symptomatic status) in 83 patients (88%) and 103 (90%) lesions. Mean stenosis was
      reduced from 80 +/- 14% to 20 +/- 16% (mean +/- standard deviation) and mean
      pressure gradient from 41 +/- 7 mm Hg to 14 +/- 6 mm Hg. Seven patients had
      lesions that could not be crossed for technical reasons and these patients
      underwent non-emergency CABG. Four patients required emergency CABG after PTCA; 1
      patient subsequently died and 2 survived acute myocardial infarction. One patient
      had a femoral artery laceration, which required surgical repair. At a mean follow
      up of 8 +/- 4 months, 63 patients (76%) with initially successful results were
      free of angina or in improved condition. Of the remaining 20 patients, 18
      consented to repeat coronary angiography. Four patients did not have restenosis.
      Of the 14 patients with documented restenosis, 5 underwent successful repeat
      PTCA, 5 had repeat CABG, and 4 were treated medically. Thus, when coronary
      anatomy is suitable, PTCA is an effective alternative to reoperation in
      symptomatic patients with prior CABG.

PMID- 2931014
TI  - Effect of diltiazem and ibuprofen on right ventricular hypertrophy in an
      experimental model of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension.
AB  - The effectiveness of diltiazem, a slow channel calcium blocker, ibuprofen, a
      nonselective inhibitor of prostanoid synthesis, and the selective inhibition of
      thromboxane A2 with imidazole and UK-38,485 in retarding the development of right
      ventricular (RV) hypertrophy was assessed in a rat model of chronic hypoxic
      pulmonary hypertension. Both ibuprofen and diltiazem significantly reduced RV
      hypertrophy in the chronically hypoxic rat. In contrast, selective inhibition of
      thromboxane A2 was ineffective in reducing RV hypertrophy. The beneficial effect
      of ibuprofen was unrelated to inhibition of thromboxane A2. Furthermore,
      thromboxane A2 did not appear to be involved in the development of RV hypertrophy
      in this experimental model of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension.

PMID- 2931015
TI  - Cardiorespiratory response to exercise in Ebstein's anomaly.
AB  - Fourteen patients with unrepaired Ebstein's anomaly underwent maximal exercise
      testing between October 1982 and April 1984. Compared with control subjects,
      these patients had significantly lower values for total work performed, exercise
      time, maximal oxygen uptake, blood oxygen saturation at rest and during exercise,
      and heart rate and systolic blood pressure during maximal exercise. They had a
      significant increase in heart rate at rest. The ventilatory equivalent for oxygen
      was increased significantly both at rest and during exercise. Thus, patients with
      Ebstein's anomaly have decreased exercise tolerance owing to both cardiac and
      respiratory limitations.

PMID- 2931016
TI  - Results of balloon valvuloplasty in the treatment of congenital valvar pulmonary
      stenosis in children.
AB  - Transluminal balloon valvuloplasty was used in the treatment of congenital valvar
      pulmonary stenosis in 19 children, aged 5 months to 18 years. The right
      ventricular (RV) systolic pressure and RV outflow tract gradient decreased
      significantly immediately after the procedure (95 +/- 29 vs 59 +/- 14 mm Hg, p
      less than 0.01, and 78 +/- 27 vs 38 +/- 13 mm Hg, p less than 0.01). Seven of
      these patients were evaluated at cardiac catheterization 1 year after balloon
      valvuloplasty. No significant change occurred in RV systolic pressure or RV
      outflow tract gradient at follow-up evaluation compared with measurements
      immediately after balloon valvuloplasty (60 +/- 5 mm Hg vs 56 +/- 12 mm Hg and 39
      +/- 5 vs 38 +/- 10 mm Hg). In addition, follow-up evaluation was performed using
      noninvasive methods and included electrocardiography (n = 13), vectorcardiography
      (n = 11) and Doppler echocardiography (n = 11) Doppler echocardiography in 11
      patients 15 +/- 9 months after balloon valvuloplasty showed a continued
      beneficial effect with a mild further decrease in RV outflow tract gradient.
      Thus, balloon valvuloplasty is effective in the relief of pulmonary stenosis.

PMID- 2931017
TI  - Cardiac care for children with Down's syndrome.

PMID- 2931018
TI  - Laparoscopic findings in seven patients with nodular regenerative hyperplasia of
      the liver.
AB  - We describe the laparoscopic findings in seven patients with nodular regenerative
      hyperplasia of the liver. This unusual condition is characterized by nodules of
      hyperplastic hepatocytes diffusely distributed throughout the liver parenchyma,
      without fibrous septa between the nodules. In all patients, the diagnosis was
      made by liver biopsy under laparoscopic control. Laparoscopy revealed the
      presence of portal hypertension, nonnodular undulated liver surface, recognizable
      lobular pattern, and a hepatic consistency softer than normal to palpation. All
      of these findings indicated a diagnosis of nodular regenerative hyperplasia.
      Definitive diagnosis was established from biopsy specimens.

PMID- 2931019
TI  - Cutaneous manifestations of intravenous vasopressin therapy.
AB  - A 79-year-old woman with primary biliary cirrhosis was admitted with esophageal
      variceal hemorrhage. She was initially managed with sclerosing of esophageal
      varices with no relief from the bleeding. Intravenous Vasopressin was started,
      but had to be discontinued because of cutaneous changes. A portocaval shunt was
      performed to control the variceal bleeding. Postoperatively she did poorly from
      sepsis and hepatic encephalopathy and died 46 days after admission to the
      hospital.

PMID- 2931020
TI  - Laser therapy--things to come: multiple spectra and photodynamic therapy.
AB  - The clinical application of endoscopic laser therapy has expanded recently to
      include the resolution of various strictures of the gastrointestinal tract and
      the fracture of gallstones. These uses and the growing utilization of
      photodynamic therapy of tumors in conjunction with hematoporphyrin derivative is
      reviewed. These advances hold enough therapeutic promise to demand careful
      consideration.

PMID- 2931021
TI  - Abnormal immunoregulation in remission Hodgkin disease.
AB  - Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 11 patients with remission Hodgkin
      disease and 20 normal controls were incubated with irradiated allogeneic
      lymphocytes in one-way mixed lymphocyte cultures. Simultaneously, modified assays
      were performed by adding supplemental irradiated PBM, T lymphocytes, or adherent
      cells autologous to the responders. Baseline allogeneic responsiveness of
      patients and controls was not different. However, significant suppression (p less
      than .01) was demonstrated when the cultures were supplemented with patient
      mononuclear cells or adherent cells, an effect not found with similar
      supplemental cells from controls. Conversely, T-cell supplementation of control
      cultures produced more than twofold increases in proliferation but significantly
      less augmentation in the patients' cultures (p less than .01). T-cell subset
      analysis in six patients showed decreased helper: suppressor cell ratios. Hodgkin
      disease patients have adherent suppressor cells, which persist during remission,
      as well as a defect in T-cell helper function.

PMID- 2931022
TI  - Severe hypertension induced by naloxone.
AB  - To evaluate the role of endogenous opioid peptides in regulating the blood
      pressure of hypertensive individuals, we administered the opiate antagonist,
      naloxone. One individual developed a severe hypertensive response, mean arterial
      pressure rising from a baseline of 107 mmHg to 147 mmHg 145 min after naloxone
      injection and infusion. After stopping naloxone, his blood pressure rapidly
      returned to baseline. Re-challenge with naloxone and clonidine resulted in a
      modest reduction of blood pressure in contrast to the profound hypotension
      induced by clonidine alone during a third session. Thus, endogenous opioids
      appear to regulate blood pressure in some hypertensive patients and opiate
      antagonists must be administered with caution to these individuals.

PMID- 2931023
TI  - Sonographic diagnosis of Down syndrome in the second trimester.
AB  - We report a sonographic sign consisting of increased skin or soft tissue
      thickening at the back of the fetal neck during the second trimester, which
      correlates well with the diagnosis of Down syndrome. Eight hundred consecutive
      sonograms were performed in conjunction with genetic amniocentesis where four
      fetuses had trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) by karyotype. Two or 50% had sonographic
      findings consistent with Down syndrome. Recently we described a retrospective
      series where 904 sonograms were performed at the time of amniocentesis and seven
      fetuses had trisomy 21 on cytogenetic analysis. The abnormal sonographic finding
      at the back of the neck was present in three of those seven cases. Combining
      these series, 1704 fetuses were examined and 11 cases of Down syndrome were
      diagnosed cytogenetically. Five of the 11 or 45% had an abnormal sonogram
      suggestive of Down syndrome. Two of these were patients undergoing sonography for
      ascertainment of dates at 16 weeks and submitted to amniocentesis solely on the
      basis of this sonographic finding.

PMID- 2931024
TI  - The effect of serotonergic blockade in postpartum preeclamptic patients.
AB  - Thirty postpartum preeclamptic patients from the University of South Florida
      Obstetrical Service were enrolled in a placebo-controlled, randomized, double
      blind study to test the effectiveness of ketanserin in lowering the blood
      pressure. An intravenous bolus of ketanserin resulted in a significant drop in
      the mean arterial blood pressure. The decrease in the blood pressure could be
      maintained by a continuous infusion of ketanserin. Hypertension returned after
      the medication was discontinued. These observations suggest that ketanserin, a
      selective blocker of type II serotonin receptors, may be effective in acutely
      reducing elevated postpartum blood pressure in preeclamptic patients, and that
      serotonin may play a role in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia, but not be
      important as a mediator in the severity of the disease.

PMID- 2931026
TI  - Reconstructive pelvic operations for in vitro fertilization.
AB  - Lysis of adhesions, bilateral salpingectomy, and ovarian suspension were carried
      out in 54 normal ovulatory patients with long-standing infertility that was
      associated with severe pelvic adhesions after multiple laparotomies for
      reimplantation of the fallopian tubes, salpingostomy, lysis of adhesions, or
      severe endometriosis. Ovulation was induced in 39 patients after laparotomy for
      in vitro fertilization, with the use of human menopausal gonadotropin, pure
      follicle-stimulating hormone, and human chorionic gonadotropin. Oocyte retrieval
      by laparoscopy was accomplished in 37 patients, and embryo transfer was carried
      out in 36. Pregnancy after in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer occurred in
      14 patients. Although severe adhesions recurred in four patients, a significant
      improvement was obtained after the procedure in the others.

PMID- 2931025
TI  - Abdominal sacral colpopexy with Mersilene mesh in the retroperitoneal position in
      the management of posthysterectomy vaginal vault prolapse and enterocele.
AB  - During a 12-year study period from 1972 to 1984, 56 patients underwent abdominal
      sacral colpopexy with retroperitoneal interposition of a suspensory hammock
      between a prolapsed vaginal vault and the anterior surface of the sacrum. They
      were followed from 6 months to 12 1/2 years, and constitute the basis of this
      report. In most patients, a synthetic mesh was the material interposed.
      Hysterectomy had previously been performed on 53 patients, and in two patients
      there was congenital absence of the uterus. Indications for abdominal sacral
      colpopexy, surgical technique, complications, and results of operation are
      discussed. Seven additional patients underwent this operation after termination
      of the defined study period.

PMID- 2931027
TI  - Reliability of gynecologic sonographic diagnosis, 1978-1984.
AB  - The indications for gynecologic ultrasonography, as well as the reliability of
      sonographic diagnoses in gynecologic patients, remain controversial. In an effort
      to evaluate the reliability of the gynecologic sonographic diagnoses rendered at
      this institution, we analyzed 900 patients available for follow-up. The referral
      diagnosis was confirmed in 331 patients (36.8%). In 531 patients (59%),
      sonography established the diagnosis. Thirty-eight (4.2%) of the diagnoses
      rendered did not reveal the actual status of the patient and were deemed to be
      "misleading." Twenty-one of the misleading diagnoses involved the attempted
      diagnosis of pregnancy at less than 5 weeks' menstrual age. Sonography correctly
      identified 353 of 370 patients with normal pelvic anatomy. Specific clinical
      settings in which gynecologic sonography could be beneficial are presented.

PMID- 2931029
TI  - Passive calcium-buffering capacity of a rabbit ventricular homogenate
      preparation.
AB  - This study characterizes the passive Ca2+-binding capacity of a crude homogenate
      fraction prepared from rabbit ventricular tissue. The soluble and particulate
      fractions of the homogenate were separated by centrifugation, and the Ca2+
      binding capacity of each fraction was measured separately with Ca2+-selective
      electrodes and then summed to obtain the Ca2+-binding capacity of the total
      tissue homogenate. Qualitatively, the Ca2+ bound to the homogenate exhibited both
      relatively high- (Km less than 1 microM) and low-affinity (Km greater than 10
      microM) sites over the physiological range of free Ca2+ concentrations. The total
      homogenate bound 72, 128, and 308 mumol Ca2+/kg wet wt tissue at 1, 10, and 50
      microM free Ca2+ concentrations, respectively. The Ca2+ bound to the homogenate
      was mostly La3+ displaceable, which suggests that it represents a largely
      noncompartmentalized, rapidly exchangeable fraction of Ca2+. Myofibrillar ATPase
      activity was examined as a function of free Ca2+ concentration in an ionic medium
      similar to that used in the Ca2+-binding experiments. At free Ca2+ concentrations
      that stimulated myofibrillar ATPase activity half maximally, the measured rise in
      Ca2+ bound to the homogenate above resting values was greater than 100 mumol/kg
      wet wt. These data provide base-line values for the passive Ca2+-buffering
      capacity of the myocardium, although relevance to the physiological setting must
      be interpreted with caution.

PMID- 2931030
TI  - Evidence for protein kinase C as a regulator of intestinal electrolyte transport.
AB  - We examined the possibility that the Ca2+-and phospholipid-dependent protein
      kinase, protein kinase C, may regulate intestinal electrolyte transport. By use
      of two active phorbol esters, known activators of protein kinase C, we studied
      the secretory response in rat small intestine. In the in vivo enteropooling
      assay, 4 beta-phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate given by gavage produced intestinal
      fluid secretion and accumulation comparable with that of known secretagogues. The
      response was dose dependent and only partially blunted at higher doses by
      atropine. Known inactive phorbol esters failed to elicit a secretory response. In
      Ussing chamber preparations, 4 beta-phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate applied on the
      serosal side produced a dose-dependent increase in short-circuit current (Isc).
      This response was totally dependent on the presence of Cl ion, and as seen in
      vivo atropine only partially attenuated the Isc response to high concentrations
      of phorbol ester. Only a minimal increase in Isc was observed when the ester was
      applied to the mucosal side. Protein kinase C was found to phosphorylate the
      microvillus membrane of the enterocyte, and the phosphorylation was stimulated by
      phorbol ester in a concentration-dependent manner. Two membrane proteins of Mr
      51,000 and 46,000 were the primary substrates of the enzyme. These studies
      demonstrate that phorbol esters, specific activators of protein kinase C, elicit
      the secretory response in rat small intestine both in vivo and in vitro and that
      this response is mediated by an increase in Cl ion secretion. Furthermore,
      protein kinase C-mediated phosphorylation of specific microvillus membrane
      proteins suggests that protein kinase C may modify the functional state of the
      microvillus membrane of the enterocyte.

PMID- 2931028
TI  - SIg-E- ("null-cell") non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Multiparametric determination of
      their B- or T-cell lineage.
AB  - The authors performed immunophenotypic, functional, and molecular analysis of the
      neoplastic cells from 20 cases of SIg-, E-("null-cell") non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
      (NHL) in order to determine their lineage, better define this category of NHL,
      and evaluate the lineage specificity of selected phenotypic markers and the
      individual and collective utility of these approaches. They assigned 4 cases to
      the T-cell lineage, and 15 cases to the B-cell lineage, and 1 case remained
      indeterminant on the basis of immunophenotypic analysis. The cells from 2 cases
      assigned to the T-cell lineage expressed unusual phenotypes, but their T-cell
      derivation was confirmed by the demonstration of helper function in vitro. The 15
      cases assigned to the B-cell lineage expressed a variety of B-cell-associated
      antigens, consistent with various stages of B-cell differentiation. Monoclonal
      antibodies OKT3, OKT4, OKT6, and OKT8 exhibited T-cell lineage restriction; and
      monoclonal antibodies OKB2, BL1, and B1 exhibited B-cell lineage restriction. Ia,
      TdT, cALLa, OKT9, and OKT10 exhibited lineage infidelity. Southern blot analysis
      for immunoglobulin heavy chain gene rearrangements confirmed 18 of the 19 lineage
      assignments made by immunophenotypic analysis and suggested that the 1 case of
      indeterminate phenotype was a B-cell neoplasm. One T-cell (OKT3+, T4+) neoplasm
      exhibited rearranged immunoglobulin heavy chain genes. Thus, neither
      immunophenotypic analysis nor the demonstration of rearranged immunoglobulin
      heavy chain genes alone permitted the satisfactory lineage assignment of every
      case of SIg-, E- NHL. However, combined immunophenotypic, functional, and
      genotypic analysis allowed us to assign every SIg-, E-NHL to the B- or T-cell
      lineage and to demonstrate that truly "null-cell" NHLs are probably very
      uncommon.

PMID- 2931031
TI  - Neuropeptide action in nucleus tractus solitarius: angiotensin specificity and
      hypertensive rats.
AB  - We have reported that microinjection of angiotensin II (ANG II) into the nucleus
      tractus solitarius of urethan-anesthetized normotensive rats produces an increase
      in mean arterial pressure (MAP) over the dose range 50-500 pmol. The effect in
      spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) is now reported. Over the range 100-500
      pmol SHR exhibit increases in MAP and heart rate greater than Wistar-Kyoto or
      Sprague-Dawley rats. SHR did not exhibit exaggerated responses to intravenous
      phenylephrine, suggesting a central site of increased responsiveness to ANG II.
      We also found depressor effects in Sprague-Dawley at lower doses (0.1 and 1
      pmol). The decreases in MAP were extremely variable and not dose related. A
      selected dose of additional neuropeptides identified in the NTS was tested.
      Somatostatin, bradykinin, and vasoactive intestinal peptide (0.5 nmol) were
      without cardiovascular effects. Oxytocin and vasopressin, however, produced
      significant increases in MAP. Substance P produced a very small but significant
      increase in heart rate and MAP. Interaction between the vasopressin and ANG II
      pressor effects was studied, and each proved to be independent.

PMID- 2931032
TI  - Atriopeptin stimulation of rectal gland function in Squalus acanthias.
AB  - The rectal gland of the shark plays a significant role in the homeostasis of
      extracellular volume. Regulation of rectal gland function is under hormonal
      control, but the precise identity of the humoral mediator is unknown. Atriopeptin
      stimulates rectal gland chloride secretion in vivo. This stimulation of
      epithelial transport is accompanied by systemic and local hemodynamic effects.
      Atriopeptin also stimulates chloride secretion by the in vitro perfused rectal
      gland, an effect that is not accompanied by hemodynamic changes. Extracts of
      shark heart, but not muscle, brain, kidney, or intestine, contain a heat-stable
      trypsin-sensitive substance capable of in vitro stimulation of rectal gland
      chloride secretion. Electron micrographic analysis reveals multiple
      neurosecretory-like granules in atrial cardiocytes that are only rarely seen in
      ventricular cardiocytes. By using the in vitro perfused gland as a biologic
      assay, serum obtained after extracellular volume expansion reveals the presence
      of a rectal gland stimulatory factor that is not present in serum before
      expansion. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that atriopeptin is
      present in shark cardiocytes and is released during volume expansion. The
      atriopeptin stimulates rectal gland chloride secretion, providing a negative
      feedback mechanism for the regulation of extracellular volume.

PMID- 2931033
TI  - Cellular immunity in human milk.
AB  - The responses of human milk lymphocytes (MIL) to a variety of immunogenic stimuli
      were studied and compared to those of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from the
      milk donors. MIL showed a decreased proliferative response to mitogens and
      allogeneic leukocytes in vitro but displayed the ability to stimulate
      alloreactivity equivalent to PBL. Neither pretreatment with cell-free autologous
      milk nor co-cultured MIL were capable of suppressing the proliferative responses
      of PBL. Moreover, macrophages isolated from milk and pulsed with soluble antigen
      or allogeneic cells effectively induced proliferation by peripheral blood T cells
      whereas the response of milk nonadherent cells to antigen presented by peripheral
      macrophages was very low. MIL respond better to pathogenic enteric E. coli than
      PBL not as well as PBL to Yersinia enterocolitica. Treatment of MIL with
      monoclonal antibodies cytotoxic for T cells abolished their response to bacterial
      antigens. Application of an anti HLA class II antigen monoclonal antibody to
      mixed lymphocyte or lymphocyte-bacteria cultures resulted in substantial
      inhibition of the MIL response similarly to that of PBL. The relevance of these
      data to the immunological needs of the neonate are discussed.

PMID- 2931034
TI  - Effects of extracorporeal circulation on plasma beta-endorphin-like
      immunoreactivity in children.

PMID- 2931035
TI  - Influence of plasma proteins on the onset of hypnotic action of intravenous
      midazolam.
AB  - The action of midazolam is influenced by serum protein binding as seen in the
      relationship between the time of onset of action of a fixed dose of the drug and
      the plasma albumin. Pretreatment with intravenous aspirin produces a decrease in
      the in vitro binding of midazolam. In vivo this is manifest as an increase in the
      rapidity of action of the benzodiazepines. Probenecid pretreatment will also
      cause a decrease in the onset time of midazolam. However, this is not due to
      altered plasma protein binding of the sedative.

PMID- 2931037
TI  - Regional blood flow and cerebral metabolic changes during alcohol withdrawal and
      following midazolam therapy.
AB  - Regional blood flows and cerebral oxygen consumption (CMRO2) were measured
      following alcohol withdrawal in alcohol-dependent rats. In addition, the authors
      tested the ability of midazolam (0.057, 0.575, or 5.75 mg X kg-1) to modify
      alcohol-induced changes. Rats received a 3-week treatment of daily ad libitum
      access to a liquid diet containing 6.54% ethanol or a sham treatment with the
      same caloric intake but with white dextrin substituted for alcohol. Regional
      blood flow was measured 12 h after alcohol withdrawal with radioactive
      microspheres. Nitrous oxide (70% in oxygen) was used as the control anesthetic.
      Rats withdrawn from alcohol treatment had significantly increased heart rate,
      cortical cerebral blood flow (CBF) (39 +/- 8%, mean +/- SE), and CMRO2 (41 +/-
      9%) compared with sham-treated rats (P less than 0.05). Subcortical CBF (49 +/-
      8%), myocardial (52 +/- 18%), and hepatic arterial blood flow (298 +/- 47%) also
      were increased in alcohol-withdrawn rats. Renal blood flow decreased 47 +/- 5%,
      while skeletal muscle and small intestinal blood flow were not significantly
      different between the two groups. Midazolam infusion decreased CBF, CMRO2, and
      hepatic arterial blood flow in alcohol-withdrawn rats to similar levels as sham
      treated rats and increased renal blood flow in both groups. Skeletal muscle and
      intestinal tissues showed no change in blood flow in response to midazolam. The
      authors conclude that midazolam may be effective in lowering blood pressure and
      brain metabolism and reversing regional blood flow changes produced by alcohol
      withdrawal in the rat.

PMID- 2931036
TI  - Haemodynamic changes during induction of anaesthesia with midazolam and diazepam
      (Valium) in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery.
AB  - Midazolam 0.3 mg/kg and diazepam 0.5 mg/kg were used for induction of anaesthesia
      in two groups of 10 patients each undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery.
      Haemodynamic variables were measured during induction of anaesthesia, after
      pancuronium and following tracheal intubation. Haemodynamic indices were derived
      from these measurements using standard formulae. The induction of anaesthesia
      with midazolam produced a slight but significant increase in heart rate. There
      was a significant fall in systemic arterial pressure and pulmonary artery
      pressure following both drugs. Despite the fall in systemic arterial pressure,
      the cardiac index was maintained in patients who received midazolam. The cardio
      stimulatory effect of laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation was not prevented by
      either of the benzodiazepines and morphine in the dosage used. Midazolam is a
      suitable alternative to diazepam as part of an intravenous induction regimen in
      patients with ischaemic heart disease.

PMID- 2931038
TI  - Complex coronary angioplasty: a technique for dilatation of bifurcation stenoses.
AB  - Bifurcation stenoses have been recognized to be at "high risk" for acute closure
      during percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Use of the traditional
      single balloon technique in such situations often results in acute closure or
      worsening of the stenosis in the other branch. A technique utilizing simultaneous
      inflation of two balloons, ("kissing balloon" technique) has been utilized to
      avoid this complication. A double balloon technique has been developed using
      sequential inflations rather than simultaneous inflations to preserve the
      integrity of both branches while avoiding the arterial trauma produced by
      inflating two balloons in a small artery simultaneously. Twelve of 13 bifurcation
      stenoses were successfully treated with this sequential inflation double balloon
      technique. (Primary success rate = 92%).

PMID- 2931039
TI  - Causes of death from asthma in children.
AB  - There were seven deaths from asthma at Children's Hospital National Medical
      Center from 1944 to 1984. There have been none since 1971 despite an increased
      frequency of admissions for the treatment of asthma. Review of records implicated
      undertreatment, infection, and sedation as factors that may have contributed to
      deaths.

PMID- 2931040
TI  - Procaterol metered-dose inhaler in adults with asthma.
AB  - Procaterol hydrochloride is a new sympathomimetic amine which is highly selective
      for beta-2 receptors. The drug has been previously studied in the oral dosage
      form and has been found to be an effective bronchodilator with a prolonged
      duration of action. The present study evaluated the procaterol metered-dose
      inhaler (in comparison to placebo) in 30 adult patients with asthma during a 2
      week treatment period. The drug was shown to be an effective bronchodilator with
      a prolonged duration of action.

PMID- 2931041
TI  - Carbon dioxide embolism during laparoscopy and hysteroscopy.
AB  - Venous carbon dioxide embolism is a rare but potentially lethal complication of
      laparoscopy. The risk is increased when it is associated with hysteroscopy. A
      case is presented of a young women undergoing laparoscopy and hysteroscopy for
      infertility. Cardiovascular collapse and cardiac arrest, associated with a mill
      wheel murmur, occurred during hysteroscopy at the time of a change of position.
      The patient had irreversible brain damage and died a week later. Early diagnosis
      and prevention of this serious complication are discussed.

PMID- 2931042
TI  - Urinary incontinence in the elderly. Bladder-sphincter biofeedback and toileting
      skills training.
AB  - Behavioral treatment of urinary incontinence was given to 39 elderly outpatients;
      19 had stress incontinence, 12 detrusor motor instability, and 8 urge
      incontinence without instability. Biofeedback involving the bladder and sphincter
      was used to teach selective control of sphincter muscles or voluntary inhibition
      of detrusor contractions. Traditional behavioral methods used included habit
      training to gradually increase the voiding interval and relaxation training to
      cope with the urge to void. After an average 3.5 training sessions, patients with
      stress incontinence reduced the frequency of incontinent episodes an average of
      82% (range, 55% to 100%). Patients with detrusor motor instability showed an
      average 85% improvement (range, 39% to 100%), and patients with urge incontinence
      reduced incontinence an average of 94% (range, 83% to 100%). Furthermore, 13 of
      the patients achieved total continence, and 19 had fewer than one accident per
      week after treatment.

PMID- 2931043
TI  - Ulcerative colitis and abnormal helper:suppressor cell ratios in a husband and
      wife.

PMID- 2931044
TI  - Oedipism and Down's syndrome: case report and review of the literature.
AB  - Patients with Down's syndrome usually have mild and pleasant temperaments, rarely
      exhibiting temper tantrums or behavioral problems. Blindness occurs in 5% of
      these patients. When present, it is usually due to keratoconus and cataracts and
      their associated complications. In this paper the authors report a case of self
      induced ocular blindness that apparently resulted from the patient's severe
      mental retardation. To their knowledge, this has not been described in Down's
      syndrome.

PMID- 2931045
TI  - [Mechanisms of aspirin intolerance].
AB  - Aspirin intolerance brings on cutaneous and/or respiratory reactions. The
      mechanisms are to be elucidated precisely, but are not IgE-mediated. 193 patients
      with nasal polyps are studied. With systematic aspirin oral challenge, 27% belong
      to the classical triad: asthma, polyps and aspirin sensitivity. Other drugs or
      chemicals intolerance are associated in 42%: alcohol, metabisulfites, benzoates,
      tartrazine, codeine... A link with the non-allergic eosinophilic rhinitis is
      suggested. A short review of several pathogenic hypothesis is discussed. Among a
      comparative study, the authors showed that the aspirin-intolerant patients'
      platelets have a quite normal arachidonic acid metabolism. The clue is probably
      towards an abnormal instability of cells membranes and excessive receptors
      sensitivity to leukotrienes.

PMID- 2931046
TI  - Open, prospective study of the clinical efficacy of ciprofloxacin.
AB  - One hundred patients with infections mostly outside of the urinary tract were
      studied in a prospective, open manner to ascertain the effectiveness and safety
      of ciprofloxacin in a variety of clinical situations. There were 41 instances of
      bacteremia, including 38 with Salmonella typhi, and 21 respiratory, 17 skin and
      skin structure, 11 bone or joint, 6 gastrointestinal, and 4 urinary tract
      infections. The patients were given 500 mg of ciprofloxacin orally every 12 h for
      2 to 107 days (mean, 15.1 days). Microorganisms isolated disclosed
      susceptibilities comparable to those reported previously, with a MIC for 90% of
      the strains of 0.25 microgram/ml. For Streptococcus pneumoniae the MIC for 90% of
      the strains was 0.03 microgram/ml, and it was higher for Pseudomonas aeruginosa
      (0.5 microgram/ml), although still in the therapeutic range. Levels in blood were
      lower than those reported in other series, and no accumulation of the drug during
      treatment was detected. In 88 instances there was resolution of the infectious
      process, in 7 there was improvement, in 3 there was a failure to respond, and in
      2 the clinical response was indeterminate. Bacteriological eradication was
      documented in 87 infections. Despite extensive clinical and laboratory
      examinations before, during, and after therapy, no major abnormalities related to
      therapy were seen; only one patient required discontinuation of ciprofloxacin due
      to gastrointestinal intolerance. Ciprofloxacin is an effective and safe
      therapeutic alternative in many tissue infections caused by susceptible
      microorganisms.

PMID- 2931048
TI  - Mechanistic investigation on the temperature dependence and inhibition of corn
      root plasma membrane ATPase.
AB  - The kinetics of corn root plasma membrane-catalyzed Mg-ATP hydrolysis may be
      satisfactorily described by a simple Michaelis-Menten scheme. It was found that
      the Km of the process was relatively insensitive to changes in temperature. This
      property allowed us to conveniently estimate the activation energy of the enzyme
      turnover process as approximately 14 kcal mol-1 in the temperature range of 10 to
      45 degrees C. The enzyme activity was inhibited by the presence of
      diethystilbestrol (DES), miconazole, vanadate, and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide
      (DCCD). The inhibition caused by DES and miconazole was strictly uncompetitive
      and inhibition by vanadate was noncompetitive. The inhibition by DCCD showed a
      substrate concentration dependence, i.e., competitive at high and uncompetitive
      at low concentrations of Mg-ATP. The 1/V vs [I] plots suggested that there were
      different but unique binding sites for DES, vanadate, and miconazole. However,
      the modification of the plasma membrane by DCCD exhibited interaction with
      multiple sites. Unlike yeast plasma membrane ATPase, the enzyme of corn root
      cells was not affected by the treatment with N-ethylmaleimide. Although the
      enzyme activity was regulated by ADP, a product of the reaction, the presence of
      inorganic phosphate showed no inhibition to the hydrolysis of Mg-ATP.

PMID- 2931047
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of three oral formulations of ciprofloxacin.
AB  - We compared the absorption of three formulations of ciprofloxacin after oral
      administration in 18 normal adult male volunteers. Each subject received 500 mg
      of ciprofloxacin as two 250-mg tablets, one 500-mg tablet, or a solution in a
      randomized crossover sequence. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by
      model independent methods. Because a solution is considered to be the ideal oral
      dosage form, the results determined for the tablets were compared to those for
      the solution. Mean values for the maximum concentration of drug in serum, the
      time to maximum concentration of drug in serum, and the elimination half-life
      were 3.23 micrograms/ml, 1.00 h, and 5.04 h, respectively, for the solution. The
      mean renal clearance of ciprofloxacin was 372 ml/min and accounted for at least
      50% of the total clearance. We recovered 44.4, 48.6, and 55.8% of the
      administered ciprofloxacin from the urine as unchanged drug within 24 h after
      dosing with the 250-mg tablets, 500-mg tablets, or solution, respectively. The
      500-mg tablets were found to be bioequivalent to the solution with regard to all
      pharmacokinetic parameters. The 250-mg tablet was not bioequivalent to either of
      the other formulations; the relative bioavailability values were 78.7 and 74.1%,
      respectively, for the 500-mg tablet and the solution. The clinical significance
      of this difference in bioavailability is yet to be determined.

PMID- 2931049
TI  - Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-sensitive ATPase in Halobacterium saccharovorum.
AB  - Membranes from Halobacterium saccharovorum contained a cryptic ATPase which
      required Mg2+ or Mn2+ and was activated by Triton X-100. The optimal pH for ATP
      hydrolysis was 9-10. ATP or GTP were hydrolyzed at the same rate while ITP, CTP,
      and UTP were hydrolyzed at about half that rate. The products of ATP hydrolysis
      were ADP and phosphate. The ATPase required high concentrations (3.5 M) of NaCl
      for maximum activity. ADP was a competitive inhibitor of the activity, with an
      apparent Ki of 50 microM. Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD) inhibited ATP
      hydrolysis. The inhibition was marginal at the optimum pH of the enzyme. When the
      ATPase was preincubated with DCCD at varying pH values, but assayed at the
      optimal pH for activity, DCCD inhibition was observed to increase with increasing
      acidity of the preincubation medium. DCCD inhibition was also dependent on time
      of preincubation, and protein and DCCD concentrations. When preincubated at pH
      6.0 for 4 h at a protein:DCCD ratio of 40 (w/w), ATPase activity was inhibited
      90%.

PMID- 2931050
TI  - Vanadyl and vanadate inhibit Ca2+ transport systems of the adipocyte plasma
      membrane and endoplasmic reticulum.
AB  - Vanadate and vanadyl have many insulin-mimetic effects on cellular metabolism and
      also have been shown to alter cellular Ca2+ fluxes. In this report, vanadate and
      vanadyl, like insulin, are shown to inhibit the plasma membrane (Ca2+ + Mg2+)
      ATPase/Ca2+ transport system as well as Ca2+ transport by endoplasmic reticulum
      from rat adipocytes. Ca2+ transport by the endoplasmic reticulum was inhibited
      half-maximally (I50) by vanadate and vanadyl at concentrations of 30 and 33
      microM, respectively. Inhibition of the plasma membrane Ca2+ transport by
      vanadate and vanadyl was less sensitive, with I50 values of 144 and 92 microM,
      respectively. These I50 values for plasma membrane Ca2+ transport were similar
      when measured under conditions of calmodulin-stimulated and non-calmodulin
      stimulated Ca2+ transport. The predominant effect of both ions on the kinetic
      parameters of Ca2+ transport was a substantial decrease in the Vmax by 43-46% for
      both transport systems. An increase in intracellular Ca2+ following the
      inhibition of the (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase/Ca2+ pump in the plasma membrane and
      endoplasmic reticulum by these vanadium ions may result, at least in part, in the
      observed insulin-mimetic alterations in cellular metabolism.

PMID- 2931051
TI  - [Treatment of meningeal carcinomatosis--neocarzinostatin perfusion therapy in the
      CSF pathway].
AB  - The authors presented the results of perfusion chemotherapy in the CSF pathway
      with neocarzinostatin (NCS) for the treatment of meningeal carcinomatosis. In
      three cases of stomach cancer and one case of malignant lymphoma, cranial
      polyneuropathy, progressive hydrocephalus and positive cytology of the CSF were
      found during treatment of malignant tumors. NCS therapy was performed by means of
      perfusion from the spinal subarachnoid space to the ventricle utilizing Ommaya's
      reservoir, or simply by repeated lumbar punctures. In all of four cases the
      number of malignant cells in the CSF was significantly diminished, and temporary
      neurological improvement was observed until the patient's death due to advanced
      primary lesions. These results indicated that in cases of meningeal
      carcinomatosis, NCS perfusion therapy using the CSF pathway was a much more
      favorable method than treatment with other chemotherapeutic agents with less
      noticeable side effects.

PMID- 2931052
TI  - Acne secondary to white petrolatum use.

PMID- 2931053
TI  - Dermatitis produced by applications of monobenzone in patients with active
      vitiligo.
AB  - Six patients with spreading vitiligo treated with applications of monobenzone
      developed a vesicular dermatitis. The eruption was restricted exclusively to the
      pigmented areas of the skin. Patch tests applied to pigmented and depigmented
      skin produced an inflammatory response only within the pigmented areas. The
      explanation for this puzzling phenomenon is not known.

PMID- 2931054
TI  - Total thyroidectomy in irradiated patients. A twenty-year experience in 206
      patients.
AB  - During a period of 20 years (1965-1985), 206 consecutive patients were operated
      on for radiation-associated nodular thyroids. The ages ranged between 8 and 76
      years (mean 38.7). there were 136 women and 70 men. The average duration between
      radiation exposure and operation was 27 years. The operations performed were
      total thyroidectomy (192) or, in patients who had undergone a previous lobectomy
      in another institution, another lobectomy (14). In addition, 25 patients required
      a neck dissection for nodal metastases and 27 underwent simultaneous subtotal
      parathyroidectomy for coexistent hyperparathyroidism. The pathologic findings
      were: 87 (42.2%) carcinoma (73 papillary, 13 follicular, 1 undifferentiated); 92
      (44.7%) follicular adenomas; and 27 (13.1%) thyroiditis. To date, with an average
      follow-up of 6 years (0.5-31 years), only two patients have expired from
      recurrent disease. A third died of unrelated cause. A comparison of the first 100
      patients (12 years) with the last 106 patients (8 years) demonstrated that the
      incidence of carcinoma has dropped from 48 to 37%, the incidence of lymph node
      metastases has decreased from 35 to 26%, and the incidence of bilaterality has
      fallen from 75 to 54%. On the basis of this series, it was concluded that total
      thyroidectomy is still indicated for radiation-associated nodular thyroids.
      However, if the trend of decreasing incidence, bilaterality, and metastatic
      disease persists, this approach may have to be reevaluated in the near future.

PMID- 2931055
TI  - Predicting tumor response in patients with colorectal hepatic metastases.
AB  - Until now, there has been no reliable means of predicting tumor response to
      chemotherapy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Using arterial
      nuclide flow scans as a determinant of tumor response, the degree of tumor
      perfusion was evaluated in a blinded prospective study. Seventy-three patients
      with colorectal hepatic metastases received continuous hepatic arterial (N = 52)
      or systemic intravenous (N = 21) chemotherapy using an implantable pump. All
      patients had pretreatment hepatic arteriography and arterial flow scans using
      99mTc macroaggregated albumin (99mTc-MAA). An arteriogram was characterized as
      positive if it showed tumor hypervascularity; the 99mTc-MAA flow scan was
      considered positive if it showed increased tumor uptake relative to the liver. Of
      47 patients with an evaluable 99mTc-MAA flow scan who were treated with arterial
      infusion, 31 had a positive scan; in this group 16 responded to chemotherapy. The
      99mTc-MAA scan was negative in 16 patients, of whom one responded to chemotherapy
      (p less than 0.006). The 99mTc-MAA scan had the greatest predictive value in
      previously untreated patients (sensitivity = 91%; specificity = 77%). The
      arteriogram was positive in 25 of 46 evaluable patients, but this finding had
      little predictive value for tumor response (sensitivity = 56%; specificity =
      46%). Of 21 patients receiving systemic intravenous infusion, the scan was
      positive in nine patients, of whom seven responded to chemotherapy. The 99mTc-MAA
      scan was negative in 12 patients, of whom one responded to chemotherapy
      (sensitivity = 88%; specificity = 85%). When 99mTc-MAA-positive and -negative
      groups were compared, there were no differences in mean patient age, per cent
      liver involvement, tumor size, or plasma liver function tests. Hepatic tumor
      perfusion as determined by MAA arterial flow scan is a reliable predictor of
      tumor response in patients with metastases from large bowel cancer. The test
      provides a valuable criterion for selecting individuals for treatment of
      metastases from large bowel cancer by infusion chemotherapy.

PMID- 2931056
TI  - Delineation of peripheral and coronary detail by intraoperative angioscopy.
AB  - In this study, the development of intraoperative angioscopy, the value of the
      information obtained, and the problems encountered with the procedure are
      reported. Eight angioscopes, 1.5 to 2.8 mm in diameter, with a line resolution of
      greater than 0.4 mm at 5 mm, were used. One-hundred ten angioscopic
      investigations were performed in 46 patients; 24 at peripheral bypass surgery and
      22 at coronary artery bypass surgery. These included 68 arteries, 28 new
      anastomoses, six old grafts, five laser angioplasties, and three in situ vein
      grafts. The most important finding was that angioscopic data provide information
      not available from probes or angiography. Angioscopic findings were responsible
      for a change in surgical procedures in 12 patients (26%) including three
      anastomotic revisions, three alterations in graft site placement, and two repeat
      thrombectomies. The most significant technical problems were lack of steerability
      and insufficient irrigation, which resulted in poor angiographic images. Further
      technical development is necessary before routine intraoperative angioscopy is
      practical. Nevertheless, if these problems are resolved, angioscopy will provide
      unique, high-resolution information which can directly alter surgical therapy.

PMID- 2931057
TI  - [Immediate coronary angioplasty in the acute phase of myocardial infarction.
      French multicenter study: December 1983].
AB  - Following the introduction of intracoronary thrombolysis in the acute phase of
      myocardial infarction (AMI), transcutaneous coronary angioplasty (TCA) was
      originally conceived as a logical complementary procedure to treat residual
      stenosis and so prevent the frequent post-thrombolysis reocclusion (20-30 p. 100
      of cases). With increasing experience TCA of first intent appeared rational, more
      rapid and effective, ensuring coronary recanalisation (CR), suppression of
      residual stenosis and the prevention of reocclusion in the same procedure with
      with the objective of reducing the number of coronary bypass grafts (CBG) in
      patients with single vessel disease. A French multicentre study of 22 cases was
      organised by 9 centres. The average period between onset of symptoms and
      intervention was 2 hours 10 mins (range 30 mins-5 hours 30 mins). The average
      duration of the procedure was only 30 mins. 16 patients had anterior and 6
      patients inferior AMI. Coronary angiography showed 12 occlusions (54.5 p. 100)
      and 10 sub-occlusions with 6 cases of delayed opacification. All patients had
      successful initial TCA with no major complications. The arterial occlusions
      decreased from 100 p. 100 to 31 p. 100 and the subocclusions from 94 to 12 p.
      100. 2 patients died in the hospital period, one at the 48th hour of
      controlateral AMI and the other one at the 5th day of reocclusion. Three patients
      developed reocclusion at the site of the original TCA. Complete regression of ECG
      changes was observed in 31.8 p. 100 of cases. Complete recovery of normal left
      ventricular function was observed in 8 of the 17 patients who underwent follow-up
      investigations (47 p. 100 of cases).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2931059
TI  - [Tricuspid insufficiency in posterior infarction caused by occlusion of the right
      coronary artery. Anatomical study].
AB  - Thirty-one autopsy cases of patients (20 men, 11 women) who died within 5 days of
      the onset of primary posterior wall myocardial infarction due to occlusion of the
      right coronary artery (RCA) were divided into two groups: Group A (19 cases) with
      associated right ventricular infarction and Group B 812 cases) without right
      ventricular extension of the infarct. The causes of death were practically
      identical in the two groups except for cardiac rupture which was always septal
      and more common in Group A. In Group A, the complete occlusion of the RCA was
      always proximal to (18 cases) or at the site of origin (1 case) of the right
      marginal artery. Twelve cases (63 p. 100) of tricuspid regurgitation were
      detected in Group A but there were no such cases in Group B. Tricuspid
      regurgitation was associated with a significantly poorer short term prognosis. It
      was not related to a greater degree of dilatation of the tricuspid ring but to
      more severe septal and right ventricular infarction causing prolapse of the
      septal and posterior septal leaflets into the right atrium. A second group of
      autopsy cases comprised 40 patients dying in the long term (1 to 14 years later)
      after primary posterior wall infarction. In 15 cases (Group A) the post-mortem
      study showed chronic right ventricular infarction, an extension of a chronic left
      ventricular infarct. These findings were absent in the other 25 cases (Group B).
      The mean survival times (Group A : 6.1 years, Group B : 5.9 years) were
      comparable.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2931058
TI  - [Evaluation of left ventricular mass by M-mode and bidimensional
      echocardiography].
AB  - The aim of this study was to validate an echocardiographic method of evaluating
      LV mass by assessing the reproducibility and comparing the results with those of
      angiography. 20 patients without abnormal regional wall motions or asymmetric
      septal hypertrophy underwent left ventriculography in the RAO plane and three
      successive M mode and 2D echocardiograms. Three 2D echo methods of measuring
      volumes and mass were used: the monoplane ellipsoid model obtained from apical
      views, the biplane ellipsoid model from an apical and a short axis parasternal
      view and the hemi-ellipsoid-cylinder model (HEC). The M mode evaluations showed
      good reproducibility with respect to volume (variation coefficient (VC): inter
      observer 9.8 p. 100 and intra patient 15.6 p. 100). The reproducibility of 2D
      echo measurements was much poorer (intra patient volume: VC = 34 to 45 p. 100;
      mass 29 to 46 p. 100). A close correlation was observed between the results of M
      mode echo and angiography; volume r = 0.85, SD = 60 g. With respect to the 2D
      method, the best results were obtained with the HEC model; volume r = 0.90, SD =
      31 ml; mass r = 0.82, SD = 41 g. We suggest a method combining the M mode and 2D
      techniques, using a HEC model in which the long axis is obtained by 2D
      echocardiography and the short axis and wall thickness by M mode recordings. The
      following correlations with the angiographic method were obtained: volume r =
      0.91, SD = 36 ml; mass r = 0.89, SD = 27 g.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2931060
TI  - [Adult pulmonary valvular stenosis, major stenosing right ventricular hypertrophy
      and tricuspid insufficiency. Apropos of 2 cases].
AB  - 2 cases of severe pulmonary valvular stenosis in two young adults aged 21 and 29
      years respectively are presented. Despite the degree of stenosis (4 mm jet), the
      right ventricular pressures did not exceed systemic pressures because of severe
      tricuspid regurgitation. This dominated the clinical and anatomical findings,
      causing aneurysmal dilatation of the right atrium and displacement of the
      tricuspid valve to the left. The diagnosis of Ebstein's anomaly was raised in one
      case but excluded by echocardiography and angiocardiography. In spite of the
      severity of the symptoms and peripheral clinical signs, surgery of the right
      ventricular outflow tract, tricuspid valvuloplasty and resection of part of the
      right atrium led to a complete and rapid cure, confirmed by catheterisation one
      month after operation.

PMID- 2931061
TI  - Thermography in low back pain and sciatica.
AB  - This investigation proved that thermography is a reliable method of examination.
      When the difference of temperature in the legs reached 1 degree C or more, there
      was a correlation between clinical sciatica and the thermographic registration in
      51 of 52 patients. As regards diagnosing the level, thermography is unreliable
      for distinguishing an L4/L5 syndrome from an S1 syndrome. In this investigation
      it was possible to correlate colder zones and the clinical syndrome in most
      patients. However, there is a large overlap between the dermatomes. When
      following up the results of autotraction no certain conclusions can be drawn, but
      among the patients with sciatica the decrease in temperature was greater in the
      group who clinically recovered.

PMID- 2931062
TI  - Cognitive evoked potentials (P300) in early Huntington's disease.
AB  - The P3 component of both auditory-event- and visual-event-related potentials of
      13 patients with Huntington's disease was studied and compared with the P3
      component of normal patients. The latencies of the patients' P3 components were
      compared with the latency-age regression lines generated by the normal population
      in both modalities. A P3 latency was considered abnormal if it fell above the 2
      SE limit for the latency-age regression line. The incidence of normal or abnormal
      P3 latencies in the two modalities was compared with the results of computed
      tomography, electroencephalography, and neuropsychological testing. Nine patients
      had abnormal P3 latencies and ten patients had abnormal visual P3 latencies, with
      seven having abnormal latencies on both tests and 12 having abnormal latencies on
      one of the two tests. An abnormal P3 latency in one modality did not imply an
      abnormal P3 latency in the other. An abnormality of the P3 latency did not
      correlate with an abnormality in results from computed tomography,
      electroencephalography, or neuropsychological testing.

PMID- 2931063
TI  - Effect of sulindac on the permeability of the blood-retinal barrier in early
      diabetic retinopathy.
AB  - To study the effect of sulindac on the alteration of the blood-retinal barrier,
      24 insulin-dependent diabetic patients with minimal or no retinopathy were
      randomly assigned to receive either oral sulindac (200 mg twice daily) or a
      placebo for a period of six months. All patients underwent fundus photography,
      fluorescein angiography, and vitreous fluorophotometry before treatment and after
      1, 3, and 6 months of treatment. Vitreous fluorophotometry data showed that there
      were fewer alterations of the blood-retinal barrier in the sulindac group
      compared with the placebo group during the six-month study period.

PMID- 2931064
TI  - A comparative study on the NAD glycohydrolase of the maternal and neonatal
      erythrocytes.

PMID- 2931065
TI  - Dental treatment for the elderly.

PMID- 2931066
TI  - Low back pain.

PMID- 2931067
TI  - Mixed lymphocyte reaction suppression by tumour cell lines from naturally
      occurring squamous cell carcinomata.
AB  - Seven epithelial tumour cell lines derived from naturally occurring ovine
      squamous cell carcinomata (OSCC) were examined for their ability to stimulate
      allogeneic lymphocytes in vitro. All cell lines failed to stimulate any
      proliferative response; a failure which was not due to the absence of
      alloantigens on the tumour cells. It was found, however, that the cell lines
      tested caused a marked suppression of a third party mixed lymphocyte reaction.
      This suppression was mediated only by live tumour cells since the addition of
      heat-killed tumour cells had no effect on the response.

PMID- 2931068
TI  - My initiation to the malocclusion, dental distress and TMJ problem.

PMID- 2931069
TI  - Dental kinesiology.

PMID- 2931070
TI  - Uses of applied kinesiology for dentists.

PMID- 2931071
TI  - Coping with stress through progressive relaxation, with comments on behavior
      modification and biofeedback.

PMID- 2931072
TI  - TMJ from an orthodontic perspective using cephalometric laminagraphy.

PMID- 2931073
TI  - Dural fibrillation.

PMID- 2931074
TI  - Good health--your responsibility!

PMID- 2931075
TI  - Peer interventions. Increasing social behaviors in multihandicapped children.

PMID- 2931077
TI  - Mathematical modeling of mitochondrial energy transduction.
AB  - A mathematical model of mitochondrial energy transduction is presented. The model
      contains rate equations for the main steps of oxidative phosphorylation. It was
      used to simulate the relations of respiration and ATP formation to extra- and
      intramitochondrial ATP/ADP ratios under various steady-state conditions.
      Furthermore, the model equations allowed to compute control coefficients, which
      quantify the control exerted by different steps on respiration. The distribution
      of control within mitochondria is demonstrated to depend on the metabolic state
      of mitochondria and also on the properties of extramitochondrial enzymes involved
      in ATP turnover. The simulated steady-state data as well as computed control
      coefficients were found in close agreement with experimental data.

PMID- 2931076
TI  - Isoenzymes of phosphofructokinase in the rat. Demonstration of the three non
      identical subunits by biochemical, immunochemical and kinetic studies.
AB  - In man and the rabbit, 6-phosphofructokinase (PFK, EC 2.7.1.11) exists in
      tetrameric isoenzymic forms composed of muscle (M or A), liver (L or B) and
      platelet or brain (P or C) subunits, which are under separate genetic control. In
      contrast, the genetic control of the rat PFK has not yet been conclusively
      established; it is unclear whether the P-type or C-type subunit exists in this
      species. To resolve this question, we investigated the enzyme from the skeletal
      muscle, liver and brain of rats of Wag/Rij strain. Our studies demonstrate that
      the rat PFK is also under the control of three structural loci and that the
      homotetramers M4, P4 and L4 exhibit unique chromatographic, immunological and
      kinetic-regulatory properties. Skeletal-muscle and brain PFKs consist of isolated
      M4 and P4 homotetramers respectively. Although liver PFK consists predominantly
      of L4 homotetramer, it also contains small amounts of PL3 and P2L2 species. All
      three PFKs exhibit allosteric properties: co-operativity with fructose 6
      phosphate and inhibition by ATP decrease in the order P4 greater than L4 greater
      than M4. P4 and M4 tetramers are the most sensitive to citrate inhibition,
      whereas L4 tetramer is the least sensitive. More importantly, P4 and L4
      isoenzymes are the most sensitive to activation by fructose 2,6-bisphosphate,
      whereas M4 isoenzyme is the least sensitive. These results indicate that the
      brain PFK in this strain of rat is a unique tetramer, P4, which also exhibits
      allosteric kinetics, as do the well-studied M4 and L4 isoenzymes. The reported
      differences in the number and nature of isoenzymes present in the rat brain and
      liver most probably reflect the differences in the strains studied by previous
      investigators. Since the nature of the rat PFK isoenzymes and nomenclatures
      reported by previous investigators have been now reconciled, it is proposed that,
      for the sake of uniformity, only well-established nomenclatures used for the
      rabbit or human PFK isoenzymes be used for the rat isoenzymes.

PMID- 2931078
TI  - Mathematical models of metabolic systems: general principles and control of
      glycolysis and membrane transport in erythrocytes.
AB  - General methods for the mathematical modeling of metabolic systems are discussed.
      Attention is paid to the simulation of steady states as well as time dependent
      behaviour of biochemical reaction networks. Control coefficients are used for the
      quantitative evaluation of the parameter dependence of model variables. The
      methods are applied to the mathematical analysis of the energy metabolism of
      erythrocytes. New results are presented concerning the interaction of glycolysis
      and osmotic behaviour of the red cell (metabolic-osmotic model). A general method
      for the calculation of control coefficients is developed which gives the basis
      also for the interpretation of control coefficients using chains of causal
      actions.

PMID- 2931079
TI  - Protease-activated protein kinase in rat liver plasma membrane.
AB  - Upon limited proteolysis with trypsin, a cAMP and Ca2+-independent protein kinase
      was produced from rat liver plasma membrane. This enzyme showed a multifunctional
      capacity and phosphorylated calf thymus histone and rat liver ribosomal proteins.
      The molecular weight was estimated to be 5.0 X 10(4). When plasma membrane was
      treated with a buffer containing Triton X-100, a proenzyme with a molecular
      weight of 8.4 X 10(4) was extracted. By tryptic digestion, the proenzyme was
      converted to an active protein kinase which was similar to the enzyme obtained by
      the direct digestion of membrane. However, this proenzyme phosphorylated H1
      histone in the presence of Ca2+ and phospholipid without proteolytic digestion.
      These results indicate the existence of a protease-activated protein kinase in
      rat liver plasma membrane and the proenzyme seems to be same as protein kinase C.

PMID- 2931080
TI  - Narcan inhibition of human liver alcohol dehydrogenase.
AB  - Narcan, the pharmaceutical agent for the administration of naloxone, has been
      reported to antagonize ethanol intoxication. In addition to naloxone, Narcan
      contains the antioxidant esters methyl- and propylparaben. Pure naloxone and
      these two esters were examined for their capacity to inhibit ethanol oxidation by
      purified isozymes of human liver alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). Naloxone (400
      micromolar) fails completely to inactivate any of the three ADH isozyme classes.
      In contrast, methyl- and propylparaben, and some related esters, competitively
      inhibit the oxidation of ethanol and reduction of acetaldehyde by all isozymes
      examined. The reported effects of Narcan on ethanol-intoxicated animals or cells
      cannot be attributed to the action of naloxone.

PMID- 2931081
TI  - Superhelical DNA-dependent ATPase from calf thymus.
AB  - Two physically and catalytically distinct DNA-dependent ATPases were isolated
      from a purified preparation of calf thymus poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. A unique
      feature of these two ATPases was the high stimulation by supercoiled DNA. Other
      nucleic acids (including denatured DNA and ribosomal RNA) and certain
      polynucleotides differentially stimulated the two enzymes. We have not detected
      any other DNA-related activity associated with these ATPases.

PMID- 2931082
TI  - Chemical synthesis of a mitochondrial gene designed for expression in the yeast
      nucleus.
AB  - A novel DNA sequence coding for subunit 8 of the mitochondrial ATPase of
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been constructed by chemical synthesis. The
      synthetic gene, termed NAP1, is designed for expression in the yeast nucleus and
      codes for a 48 amino acid polypeptide identical to that encoded by the
      mitochondrial aap1 gene of S. cerevisiae. The codons chosen for the NAP1 sequence
      correspond almost exclusively to those most frequently occurring in highly
      expressed yeast genes. The NAP1 coding region differs in 31 codons from that of
      aap1, and is flanked by sequences carrying restriction enzyme sites useful for
      cloning and for gene expression. A 170 bp double stranded DNA molecule was
      constructed by assembling 12 oligonucleotides (12 to 45 bases in length) in a
      single annealing/ligation mixture. This synthetic gene will provide a route for
      the systematic manipulation, through in vitro mutagenesis, of the structure of a
      protein normally encoded by mitochondrial DNA.

PMID- 2931083
TI  - Ascorbic acid-Fe2+ treatment mimics effect of vitamin E deficiency on
      sarcoplasmic Ca-ATPase of rabbit muscle.
AB  - After 90 min treatment with ascorbic acid and FeSO4 at 4 degrees C, the activity
      of rabbit sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca-ATPase was reduced to 22% and the Arrhenius
      plot of enzyme activity showed an absence of a discontinuity. The presence of
      vitamin E restored enzyme activity (60%) and the discontinuity in the Arrhenius
      plot. Ca-ATPase reconstituted with delipidated protein from ascorbic acid-Fe
      treated preparation and normal lipid exhibited properties similar to the intact
      treated enzyme, whereas that reconstituted with delipidated normal protein and
      lipid from treated preparation exhibited reduced activity but retained the
      Arrhenius discontinuity. These properties are similar to those observed for
      sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca-ATPase from the vitamin E-deficient muscular dystrophic
      rabbit.

PMID- 2931084
TI  - Delipidization of membrane glycoproteins solubilized in acidified
      chloroform/methanol. Preparation of N-retinylidene opsin in a water soluble form
      without-detergent.
AB  - Bovine retina membrane proteins and glycoproteins were insoluble in
      chloroform/methanol (2:1, v/v) unless the membrane suspension was precipitated
      with trichloroacetic acid and the organic solvent mixture added to the
      precipitated membranes. The presence of millimolar amount of trichloroacetic acid
      in the organic solvent led to the total solubilization of membranes. The
      glycoproteins precipitated at the interphase after partition of the acidified
      chloroform/methanol solution with water and were resolubilized from the
      interphase with chloroform/methanol/water (1:1:0.3, by vol). The solubility
      properties of the membrane glycoproteins in the acidified organic solvent
      mixtures allow to remove the bulk of membrane lipids and to recover from the
      chloroform/methanol/water solution the glycoprotein of rod outer segment
      membranes, rhodopsin, as protonated N-retinylidene opsin in a water soluble form.

PMID- 2931085
TI  - Effects of neonatal treatment with 6-aminonicotinamide on basal and isoproterenol
      stimulated ornithine decarboxylase activity in cerebellum of the development rat.
AB  - 6-Aminonicotinamide (6-AN) is a nicotinic acid (vitamin B3) antagonist which,
      when administered to immature animals, has a profound influence on brain
      development. To explore the biochemical mechanisms which underlie these actions,
      we evaluated effects of 6-aminonicotinamide on ornithine decarboxylase, an enzyme
      involved in cellular replication and differentiation. The cerebellum of the
      neonatal rat was chosen for study because it represents a brain region which
      undergoes major maturational events postnatally. When given to neonatal rats, 6
      aminonicotinamide (10 mg/kg, i.p., on days 1, 3, 5 and 7) caused a prompt and
      persistent inhibition of the enzyme well in advance of adverse effects on tissue
      weight or on general growth. In addition, the ability of the cerebellum to
      respond to trophic stimulation by a beta-adrenergic agonist, isoproterenol, was
      attenuated markedly. Assessment of cerebellar morphology indicated an early
      adverse effect of 6-AN on granule' cell division, resulting in eventual
      disruption of the characteristic laminar structure of this brain region. These
      data support the view that reduced ornithine decarboxylase activity and
      impairment of its reactivity to growth stimuli participate in the toxic effects
      of 6-aminonicotinamide on brain development.

PMID- 2931086
TI  - Observer variability in the interpretation of lumbar spine radiographs.

PMID- 2931087
TI  - Intraarticular variation in synovitis. Local macroscopic and microscopic signs of
      inflammatory activity are significantly correlated.
AB  - Multiple biopsy specimens from various parts of the synovial membrane were
      sampled under direct vision during arthroscopic surveying of the inflamed knee
      joints of 12 patients with various arthritides. Considerable variation in the
      macroscopic signs of inflammatory activity was found within the single joint.
      However, there was a highly significant correlation (P less than 0.001) between
      local macroscopic signs of inflammatory activity and microscopic signs (by
      immunohistochemical analysis of the corresponding tissue sample). The profound
      intraarticular variation in inflammatory activity was seen irrespective of
      clinical diagnosis. An immunohistologic pattern comprising foci of T helper
      cells, associated immunoglobulin-bearing cells, and HLA-DR-expressing dendritic
      cells was not specific for rheumatoid arthritis or any other diagnosis, but was
      found in the biopsy samples from sites that macroscopically demonstrated maximal
      inflammatory activity.

PMID- 2931088
TI  - [Viral type particles in the germinal centers during a lymphadenopathic syndrome
      related to AIDS].
AB  - The identification of virus-like particles in the germinal centers of an AIDS
      related lymph node with histological findings of group IA is reported. A 23 year
      old man, intravenous drug user, presents an inversion of T helper/T suppressor
      cell ratio and a peripheral generalized lymphadenopathy, suggesting a diagnosis
      of ARC. Lymph node biopsy shows follicular hyperplasia and features consistent
      with group IA of AIDS-related lymphadenopathy. Immunohistochemical study reveals
      an increase of intrafollicular T8+ lymphocytes. Electronmicroscopic examination
      of follicles demonstrates the presence of particles showing features of viral
      nucleocapsids; these particles are seen between the cytoplasmic processes of
      follicular dendritic cells. Pathologic findings associated with lymphoid
      follicular hyperplasia in AIDS prodromal period are examined. The importance of
      lymph node biopsy with histological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural
      studies, in patients at high risk for AIDS, is demonstrated. The detection of
      type D viral particles suggestive of retrovirus is in accordance with results of
      virologic studies which indicate the involvement of a retrovirus (called LAV or
      HTLV III) in the etiology of the disease.

PMID- 2931089
TI  - Antagonism of the LSD cue by putative serotonin antagonists: relationship to
      inhibition of in vivo [3H]spiroperidol binding.
AB  - In two groups of rats trained to discriminate 0.08 or 0.16 mg/kg of lysergic acid
      diethylamide (LSD) from saline, pirenperone and ketanserin completely blocked the
      stimulus effect of LSD. Pizotifen (BC-105) blocked the LSD cue when the training
      dose was 0.08 mg/kg, but had variable effects in the 0.16 mg/kg of LSD-trained
      group. The antagonism of the 0.08 mg/kg cue occurred at doses of the antagonists
      which blocked [3H]spiroperidol labeled 5-HT2 receptors in the frontal cortex in
      vivo; binding in the striatum was unaffected by the LSD antagonists. However, in
      doses which produce the LSD cue, neither LSD nor the 5-HT agonist, 5-methoxy-N,N
      dimethyltryptamine, which substitutes for LSD, inhibited the binding in either
      the cortex or the striatum. The results are discussed in relation to the possible
      neuropharmacological basis for the LSD cue.

PMID- 2931090
TI  - Isolation and physicochemical and functional properties of a calcium binding
      gluten fraction.
AB  - Each milligram gluten protein isolated from bread contains 0.03-0.06 mumol
      calcium. On theoretical grounds we have concluded that this calcium quantity is
      bound to the free carboxyl groups not participating in peptide bonds of
      dicarbonic aminoacids, especially glutaminic acid, making up a large proportion
      within the aminoacids of gluten. After treatment with EGTA, a well-known calcium
      complex forming compound, two gluten fractions can be distinguished: water
      soluble gluten-ES, and gluten-EP soluble in acetic acid. The aminoacid
      composition of gluten-ES is similar to that of unfractionated gluten. It is rich
      in aminodicarbonic acid (glu), aminodicarbonic acid amide (gln) and proline.
      Further properties of gluten-ES are: immunological similarity to gluten; a
      molecular mass of 36 000 dalton; an absorption maximum at 275.6 nm; a Ca2+
      binding capacity of 0.72 mumol Ca2+/mg protein as measured by atomic absorption
      spectrophotometry and by Ca2+ ion selective electrode; inhibitory effect of a
      small quantity (25-30 micrograms) of the compound on the Ca2+-Mg2+ dependent
      ATPase and Ca2+-uptake of fragmented sarcoplasmatic reticulum. Preliminary
      experiments have demonstrated that gluten-ES has an influence on other calcium
      ion mediated systems like actomyosin superprecipitation. We put forward the
      hypothesis that by its Ca2+-binding capacity, gluten-ES is capable of influencing
      the level of free calcium and may thus play a part in the pathomechanism of
      coeliac disease.

PMID- 2931092
TI  - 'Corticosteroid therapy and the dental patient'.

PMID- 2931091
TI  - Erythrocyte enzyme allotypes in the X-linked recessive disorders, Duchenne
      muscular dystrophy and haemophilia-A hemizygotes and heterozygotes.
AB  - The erythrocyte enzyme-systems acid phosphatase, phosphoglucomutase, glutamate
      pyruvate transaminase, adenosine desaminase, adenylate kinase, glyoxase, glucose
      6-phosphate dehydrogenase and esterase-D-isoenzyme phenotypes were studied for
      their percentile distribution and were compared with their incidence in the
      diseases with X-linked recessive heredity, Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and
      haemophilia-A, in hemizygous male children and heterozygous mothers. Considering
      the frequency distribution of the above mentioned isoenzyme phenotypes of the
      enzyme-systems in DMD, the phenotypes proved to be homogeneous, only the X
      transmitted 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGD) isoenzyme types were found
      to be genetic markers in DMD hemizygotes and heterozygotes. In these genotypes
      the 6-PGD A phenotype showed a decrease while the phenotypes 6-PGD AB and B were
      significantly increased. The adenylate kinase (AK) 2-1 isoenzyme phenotype was
      increased to 25% against the population frequency of 6.34%, while the AK 1-1
      phenotype occurred in 75% against its population frequency of 93.59%, showing a
      significantly decreasing tendency in haemophilia-A hemizygotes and heterozygotes.

PMID- 2931094
TI  - Safe anaesthetic for laparoscopy with spontaneous respiration.

PMID- 2931093
TI  - Balloon valvuloplasty and angioplasty in congenital heart disease.
AB  - Balloon dilatation valvuloplasty was performed in 16 patients with pulmonary
      valve stenosis aged 10 days to 17 years. Gradients were reduced in all but two
      patients and were less than or equal to 20 mm Hg after the procedure in all but
      these two and one other. Unsatisfactory initial results in these three patients
      were attributed to the use of too small a balloon in one patient (gradient
      subsequently abolished at repeat valvuloplasty), to a dysplastic valve in a
      neonate, and to the fact that there had been a previous surgical valvotomy with
      scar tissue formation in one patient. The good result was retained in six of
      seven patients followed up at three to six months. In one the gradient, having
      been reduced from 60 to 18 mm Hg, had risen to 35 mm Hg. Repeat valvuloplasty was
      technically impossible in this patient, but in two others residual gradients of
      24 and 22 mm Hg were reduced to 4 and 8 mm Hg respectively by repeat
      valvuloplasty. Balloon dilatation angioplasty was successful in dilating a severe
      stenosis at the lower limb of an atrial baffle (previous correction of complete
      transposition) and in dilating supravalvar stenosis of the pulmonary artery
      resulting from previous banding and debanding. Thus balloon pulmonary
      valvuloplasty, though still a new technique, appears to be the treatment of
      choice in patients with typical pulmonary stenosis and thin mobile valves.
      Patients with dysplastic valves may be less suitable candidates for the
      procedure. Balloon angioplasty is likely to have other applications, including
      the treatment of postoperative stenotic lesions.

PMID- 2931095
TI  - Effect of interleukin-2 on the inhibition of the human mixed lymphocyte reaction
      (MLR) by azathioprine.
AB  - The effect of interleukin-2 on the response of the human MLR to azathioprine was
      studied. Azathioprine (36 microM) inhibited the MLR by 86% and interleukin-2
      (25%) stimulated the MLR by 99%. Only partial relief (16%) of azathioprine (36
      microM) inhibition was found in the interleukin-2 treated MLR compared with
      azathioprine treatment alone. However, [3H]-thymidine incorporation by
      azathioprine (36 microM) + interleukin-2 treated MLR was 4.3 times greater than
      that exposed to azathioprine alone. As the residual number of immunocompetent
      cells after drug exposure is pathologically more important than the fraction
      suppressed, this result may be of clinical relevance. These results show that the
      major mode of action of azathioprine is not the inhibition of interleukin-2
      production.

PMID- 2931096
TI  - Ex vivo effects of nifedipine, nisoldipine and nitrendipine on filterability of
      red blood cells from healthy volunteers.
AB  - In a balanced, randomised and double-blind trial, the effects of single oral dose
      of nifedipine, nitrendipine and nisoldipine were compared with placebo in eight
      healthy volunteers. Red cell filterability, measured with a gravity driven
      filtration technique, was not significantly altered by any of the three calcium
      antagonists compared with placebo, when RBCs were filtered within 2 h of
      venepuncture. Storage of RBCs for 24 h at 25 degrees C, however, significantly
      reduced RBC filterability compared with 2 h (P less than 0.05), but the reduction
      after nifedipine and nitrendipine was significantly (P less than 0.05) less than
      after placebo. The above results demonstrate an effect of calcium antagonists on
      filterability of stored RBCs.

PMID- 2931097
TI  - DNA repeat length in chromatin from murine bone marrow and L1210 leukaemia cells.
AB  - Previous studies have suggested that 1-(4-amino-2-methylpyrimidine-5-yl)-methyl-3
      (2-chloroethyl) -3-nitrosoureahydrochloride (ACNU) and 1,(2-chloroethyl)-3
      cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) bind specifically to the nucleosomal DNA of
      murine bone marrow and L1210 leukaemia cells whereas the glucose nitrosoureas, 2
      (3-(2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosoureido)-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose, (chlorozotocin, CLZ)
      and 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(-D-glucopyranosyl)-1-nitrosourea (GANU), bind
      preferentially to the linker DNA of bone marrow but not tumour cell chromatin. In
      order to provide an explanation for this differential, the DNA repeat and linker
      lengths in murine bone marrow and L1210 leukaemia cells were measured using
      electrophoresis of micrococcal nuclease-digested DNA. The linker length of bone
      marrow chromatin was approximately 22% longer than that in L1210 leukaemia cells
      from mouse ascites. The linker length of L1210 cells maintained in suspension
      culture was 27% less than in those from ascites fluid. The tissue-specific
      toxicity of sugar nitrosoureas and the differential binding of these drugs to
      chromatin does not appear to correlate quantitatively with differences in DNA
      linker length.

PMID- 2931098
TI  - Lineage specific classification of leukaemia: results of the analysis of sixty
      cases of childhood leukaemia.
AB  - In addition to conventional morphological, histochemical and immunological marker
      studies, cells from 60 children with leukaemia were further analysed using the
      Southern blot hybridization technique to look at differences in the organization
      of immunoglobulin (Ig) genes. Of the 60 patients studied by conventional means,
      47 were diagnosed as acute lymphocytic leukaemia (ALL) and 13 as non-lymphocytic
      leukaemia. Seven patients were initially classified as T ALL and 40 as non-T, non
      B ALL. Further subclassification of the 40 patients with non-T, non-B ALL
      indicated three pre-B ALL and 29 patients diagnosed as common ALL, expressing Ia
      and CALLA antigens. All 29 patients with common ALL demonstrated C mu gene
      rearrangements with or without light chain (kappa and lambda) genes
      rearrangement. Based on the developmental hierarchy of Ig gene rearrangement, it
      was possible to further subclassify the patients with common ALL into different
      stages of B cell development. Eight (of the 40) patients with non-T, non-B ALL
      were identified as CALLA- but further analysis indicated T-lineage origin in two
      patients and three patients were reclassified as acute undifferentiated leukaemia
      (AUL). C mu gene rearrangements were detected in two patients with T ALL, two
      patients with AUL and one patient with acute myelogenous leukaemia (AML). In
      contrast to the patients with common ALL, Ig gene rearrangement observed in these
      non-B-lineage cells was restricted to a single C mu gene while retaining germ
      line configuration of the other allele of the C mu gene and both light chain
      genes.

PMID- 2931099
TI  - The transfer of free fatty acids across the human placenta.
AB  - Thirty-three matched maternal venous and umbilical cord vein and artery plasma
      samples were obtained at elective caesarean section and the concentrations of the
      individual free fatty acids determined. The maternal levels were 1.009 (SEM
      0.043) and the umbilical vein-artery difference was 0.036 (SEM 0.011) mmol/l.
      There was a significant correlation between the mean concentration in maternal
      venous blood and the vein-artery difference for myristic, palmitic, stearic,
      linoleic and docosahexaenoic acids but not for oleic acid. When arachidonic acid
      concentration in the fetus was high, then the vein-artery difference was negative
      (flow to the placenta), when it was low, the difference was positive (flow to the
      fetus). Thus whilst there appears in general to be a flow of fatty acid to the
      fetus dependent on maternal free fatty acid concentrations, the transfer of
      arachidonic acid is largely determined by other factors. The reasons why oleic
      acid does not behave like the other fatty acids is not clear.

PMID- 2931100
TI  - Langerhans' cells and lymphocyte subsets in the female genital tract.
AB  - Cryostat sections of healthy cervical, vaginal and vulval epithelium were
      examined using immunohistological labelling techniques and a panel of monoclonal
      antibodies recognizing Langerhans' cells, T- and B-lymphocytes and HLA-DR
      antigen. The distribution of Langerhans' cells in squamous epithelium of the
      cervix, vagina and vulva showed a marked variation with the highest median values
      in the vulva (18.7 per 100 basal squamous cells) and the lowest in the vagina
      (5.5 per 100 basal squamous cells). There was also a substantial variation in
      number and distribution of lymphocytes of each of these three areas with a
      distinct preponderance in the transformation zone of the cervix. In addition,
      intraepithelial lymphocytes, predominantly of the T-cytotoxic suppressor sub-type
      were present at all sites with the greatest number in the transformation zone. We
      conclude from this study that lymphoid tissue of the cervical transformation zone
      has several unique characteristics which are not observed at other sites in the
      lower genital tract. We suggest that this tissue be designated 'cervical lymphoid
      tissue' and that it forms a part of the 'mucosal associated lymphoid tissue'
      (MALT) as noted at other mucosal sites exposed to the external environment.

PMID- 2931101
TI  - Oro-facial granulomatosis: a possible allergic basis.
AB  - Food or flavouring intolerance has been demonstrated in 14 out of 80 patients
      with oro-facial granulomatosis. Provoking molecules include cinnamaldehyde,
      carvone and piperitone, although a wide range of food or flavourings may be
      implicated. The nature of the reaction is not understood but does not seem to
      involve an IgE mediated response. At present the only reliable way of detecting
      specific provoking factors is by the use of an elimination diet.

PMID- 2931102
TI  - Sarcoidosis of the tongue--a case report.
AB  - A case of sarcoidosis, unusual in that it was confined to the tongue, is reported
      in a 50 year-old female. The condition resolved after 1 year of steroid therapy
      and excision of fibrous tethering bands. Intra-oral sarcoidosis should be
      considered in the differential diagnosis of lingual swelling and induration.

PMID- 2931103
TI  - Pyoderma gangrenosum with involvement of the tongue.

PMID- 2931104
TI  - The submucosal island flap in the closure of oro-antral fistula.
AB  - A submucosal island palatal flap technique was used successfully in seven
      patients for closure of large oro-antral fistulae. The technique provides not
      only an island flap of submucosal connective tissue to close the fistula, but a
      flap of mucosa to cover the raw area of palatal bone. The advantages of the
      technique are that healing is satisfactory without denuded bone, the island flap
      has excellent mobility and does not produce bunching of the mucosa of the hard
      palate and recipient site, and dentures may be fitted early following the
      excellent healing of the wound.

PMID- 2931105
TI  - Palatal fistula due to an electrical burn.

PMID- 2931106
TI  - Subluxation of the atlanto-axial joint.
AB  - A case of post operative atlanto-axial dislocation is presented which was
      diagnosed on CT scan although the clinical signs and symptoms should have
      suggested the diagnosis. It is recommended that all patients who present with
      torticollis in the early post operative period should be considered to have C1-C2
      dislocation and an orthopaedic opinion should be sought.

PMID- 2931107
TI  - Fracture of the cervical spine complicating bilateral fractures of the mandible:
      a case report.
AB  - A case reported of a 21-year-old male who sustained a fracture of the body of the
      second cervical vertebra, a bilateral fracture of the mandible and a deep
      laceration on the left side of his neck. The importance of excluding cervical
      spine fractures in cases of severe trauma to the head and neck is emphasised, and
      the airway management problems are discussed.

PMID- 2931108
TI  - Rhabdomyoma of the floor of the mouth: a new case and review of recently reported
      intra-oral rhabdomyomas.
AB  - Extra-cardiac rhabdomyoma is a rare, benign neoplasm of skeletal muscle origin
      which occurs predominantly in the head and neck region, mainly in the oral
      cavity. This article reports a rhabdomyoma (adult type) in the floor of the mouth
      in a 39 year-old man. The detailed histological features are presented and recent
      cases from the literature are reviewed.

PMID- 2931109
TI  - A case of branchial (lympho-epithelial) cyst, illustrating the value of
      ultrasound in diagnosis of cervical swellings.
AB  - Ultrasound has until recently found little application in oral and maxillofacial
      surgery despite wide use in other specialties. Ultrasound imaging uses the
      reflection of pulses of high frequency sound to display soft tissues and to
      differentiate between tissue types, particularly solid and cystic. A case of
      branchial (lymphoepithelial) cyst is presented to illustrate the use of
      ultrasound, and the aetiology and histogenesis of this controversial lesion is
      discussed. Ultrasound as a safe, painless, non-invasive technique is recommended
      as an additional investigation for neck swellings, particularly in view of the
      high incidence of malignancy claimed to occur in this region.

PMID- 2931110
TI  - Occult multiple myeloma associated with amyloid of the tongue.
AB  - A patient developed painless swellings of the tongue which proved to be due to
      amyloid. An initial search for multiple myeloma was negative; however, three
      months later Bence-Jones proteinuria developed and multiple myeloma was
      diagnosed.

PMID- 2931111
TI  - A new frame for cranio-maxillary fixation.
AB  - This paper describes a modified frame for external fixation of fractured maxillae
      using supra-orbital pins.

PMID- 2931112
TI  - Fourier-transform infrared studies of CaATPase partitioning in phospholipid
      mixtures of 1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine-d62 with 1-palmitoyl-2
      oleoylphosphatidylethanolamine and 1-stearoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine.
AB  - CaATPase from rabbit sarcoplasmic reticulum has been reconstituted into binary
      lipid mixtures of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (POPE)/1,2
      dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine-d62 (DPPC-d62) and 1-stearoyl-2
      oleoylphosphatidylcholine (SOPC)/DPPC-d62. Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR)
      spectroscopy has been used to monitor temperature-induced structural alterations
      in the individual lipid components in the presence and absence of protein. A
      simple two-state model is used to construct a phase diagram that is in good
      agreement with one constructed from differential scanning calorimetry data, for
      the POPE/DPPC-d62 (protein-free) system. Although these two lipids are miscible
      over at least most of the composition range, substantial deviations from ideal
      behavior are observed. An estimate of the nonideality of mixing in both the gel
      and liquid-crystalline phases is obtained from regular solution theory. The phase
      diagram for SOPC/DPPC-d62 shows gel-phase immiscibility. FT-IR studies of ternary
      (POPE/DPPC-d62/CaATPase) complexes indicate that both lipid components are
      disordered by protein at all temperatures studied. In addition, their melting
      events are broadened and shifted to lower temperatures compared with the
      appropriate binary lipid mixture. Semiquantitative estimates for the fraction of
      each lipid melted are obtained from the model. The effect of protein on SOPC/DPPC
      d62 mixtures depends on that total lipid to protein ratio. At low protein levels,
      SOPC is preferentially selected by CaATPase, so that bulk lipid is enriched in
      DPPC-d62. At high levels of protein, both lipid components are selected. The
      applicability of vibrational spectroscopy for determination of the partitioning
      preferences of membrane proteins into regions of particular chemical structure or
      physical order in a complex lipid environment is demonstrated.

PMID- 2931113
TI  - Fatty acids bound to unilamellar lipid vesicles as substrates for microsomal acyl
      CoA ligase.
AB  - Palmitate incorporated into single-layered vesicles of phosphatidylcholine was
      used as a substrate for palmitoyl coenzyme A ligase (palmitoyl-CoA ligase) in
      microsomes from rat liver. This was done in order to avoid the use of detergents
      for dispersal of the water-insoluble palmitate and the possibility of
      precipitating palmitate added to the aqueous assay as a salt suspension. The
      activity of the ligase measured when palmitate was added to assays as a component
      of phospholipid vesicles was 10-40-fold greater vs. activities reported in the
      literature using other methods for adding fatty acids to the assay system.
      Phospholipids, however, had no direct effect on the activity of palmitoyl-CoA
      ligase. The data indicate, therefore, that the activity of this enzyme has been
      underestimated because of the manner in which fatty acid was added to the assay,
      which has a significant effect on the activity of the ligase. It is shown too
      that the rate of spontaneous transfer of palmitate from unilamellar vesicles of
      phosphatidylcholine to microsomes via a hydrated intermediate is far more rapid
      than the inherent catalytic activity of the fatty acyl-CoA ligase. The data also
      suggest that the membrane-associated pool of fatty acid and not fatty acid in the
      aqueous phase of the assay is the pool of substrate interacting with the ligase.

PMID- 2931114
TI  - Transient kinetics of adenosine 5'-triphosphate hydrolysis by covalently cross
      linked actomyosin complex in water and 40% ethylene glycol by the rapid flow
      quench method.
AB  - The initial steps of the ATPase of covalently cross-linked actomyosin subfragment
      1 (acto-SF-1) were studied by the rapid flow quench method, and the results
      obtained were compared with those with reversible (i.e., non-cross-linked) acto
      SF-1 and SF-1 under identical conditions. Cross-linked acto-SF-1 plus [gamma
      32P]ATP reaction mixture milliseconds old was quenched either in a large excess
      of unlabeled ATP (ATP chase) or in acid (Pi burst). The conditions were pH 8 and
      15 degrees C at 5 mM or 0.15 M KCl and with or without 40% ethylene glycol. In
      40% ethylene glycol (5 mM KCl), as with SF-1 and reversible acto-SF-1, the ATP
      chase was used to titrate active sites and to study the kinetics of ATP binding.
      Unlike those with SF-1 or reversible acto-SF-1, saturation kinetics were not
      obtained. The second-order rate constant for ATP binding was 3.1 X 10(6) M-1 s-1
      for cross-linked acto-SF-1, 1.8 X 10(6) M-1 s-1 for reversible acto-SF-1, and 2 X
      10(6) M-1 s-1 for SF-1. In Pi burst experiments, a transient phase could not be
      discerned. Because of a high kcat, cross-linked acto-SF-1 was difficult to study
      in aqueous solution, but at 5 mM KCl, the ATP chase and Pi burst curves were
      similar to those obtained in 40% ethylene glycol. At 0.15 M KCl the ATP chase
      curve was difficult to interpret (small amplitude), and there was a small Pi
      burst.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2931115
TI  - The nature of the Ca2+-pump defect in the red blood cells of patients with cystic
      fibrosis.
AB  - The reduction in (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase activity in the cystic fibrosis red blood
      cells can be attributed to a reduction in the number of active Ca2+ pumps per red
      blood cell and an altered interaction of calcium ions with the pump. Despite
      this, the normal free intracellular [Ca2+] is preserved due to a lower rate of
      passive calcium entry.

PMID- 2931116
TI  - Subcellular origin of the oxalate- or inorganic phosphate-stimulated Ca2+
      transport by smooth muscle microsomes: revisitation of the old problem by a new
      approach using saponin.
AB  - Saponin, a cell-skinning reagent which perforates the cell membrane via its
      specific interaction with plasmalemmal cholesterol, was used to identify the
      subcellular origin of ATP-dependent Ca2+ accumulation in the presence and absence
      of inorganic phosphate and oxalate by microsomal fractions isolated from rat vas
      deferens and dog aorta. The purified plasma membranes from rat gastric fundus
      muscle, which elicit the stimulation of ATP-dependent Ca2+ accumulation by
      inorganic phosphate but not by oxalate, were used as a control reference. Saponin
      at concentrations effective for skinning smooth muscle fibres (10-50
      micrograms/ml) inhibited Ca2+ binding in the absence of ATP to a similar extent
      in all fractions, but the inhibition of ATP-dependent Ca2+ accumulation was more
      pronounced in dog aorta microsomes and rat gastric fundus muscle plasma membranes
      than in rat vas deferens microsomes. The resistance of phosphate- and oxalate
      stimulated ATP-dependent Ca2+ accumulation to inhibition by saponin was much
      greater in rat vas deferens than in dog aorta microsomes. Our results suggest
      that phosphate- and oxalate-stimulated ATP-dependent Ca2+ accumulation also
      occurs in plasma membrane vesicles isolated from smooth muscle and is by no means
      an unique property of endoplasmic reticulum.

PMID- 2931118
TI  - Stimulation of bovine milk galactosyltransferase activity by bovine colostrum N
      acetylglucosaminyltransferase I.
AB  - Purified bovine milk galactosyltransferase was stimulated by purified bovine
      colostrum N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I by more than 10-fold. Only slight
      stimulation of the N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I by galactosyltransferase was
      observed. Heat inactivation destroyed the ability of the N
      acetylglucosaminyltransferase I to stimulate the galactosyltransferase. The
      stimulation of galactosyltransferase was accompanied by a decrease in Km of this
      enzyme from 9.7 to 3.3. mM and an increase in Vmax from 1.87 to 3.71 nmol
      galactose transferred/min per mg galactosyltransferase when GlcNAc was the
      substrate. When the Km for UDPgalactose was determined, it increased from 0.19 to
      0.42 mM in the presence of N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I and the Vmax
      increased from 0.66 to 2.76 nmol galactose transferred/min per mg
      galactosyltransferase. In phosphatidylcholine vesicles, no effect on Km values
      with GlcNAc as substrate was noted, while an increase in the Km of UDPgalactose
      was observed. The Vmax values were generally higher in the lipid vesicles.
      Complex formation between galactosyltransferase and N
      acetylglucosaminyltransferase I was demonstrated both by glycerol density
      gradient centrifugation and Bio-Gel P-100 column chromatography. An approximate
      molecular weight for the complex was obtained on a calibrated Sephadex G-200
      column and found to be about 75 000, consistent with a 1:1 complex. The
      stimulation of galactosyltransferase involved the N-acetyllactosamine synthetase
      activity of this enzyme and not the lactose synthetase activity, since the latter
      activity was only slightly affected. Since N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I is
      not involved in the lactose synthetase reaction, the stimulation is consistent
      with the known biosynthetic role of N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I in the
      biosynthesis of asparagine-linked oligosaccharides.

PMID- 2931117
TI  - Stoichiometric and electrostatic characterization of calcium binding to native
      and lipid-substituted adenosinetriphosphatase of sarcoplasmic reticulum.
AB  - The stoichiometry of calcium binding to specific sites (i.e., those producing
      enzyme activation) was found to be 8-10 nmol/mg protein in native sarcoplasmic
      reticulum vesicles, and 13.9-15.4 nmol/mg of ATPase purified by non-ionic
      detergent solubilization and anion exchange chromatography. Parallel measurements
      of phosphoenzyme yielded levels of 4.0-4.9 and 6.0-7.7 nmol/mg of protein in the
      two preparations, respectively, demonstrating that each 115 kDa ATPase chain
      includes one catalytic site and two calcium binding sites. The apparent
      association constant, K = (6 +/- 2) X 10(5) M-1, and the binding cooperativity,
      nH = 1.9, were unchanged when measurements were carried out with native
      sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles and when the membrane surface charge was altered
      by lipid substitution with phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylserine, at neutral
      pH in the presence of 10 mM MgCl2 and 80 mM KCl. On the other hand, the apparent
      association constant was increased in the absence of Mg2+ or, to a lesser extent,
      in the absence of monovalent cations. It was also observed that the cooperative
      character of the calcium binding isotherms was reduced in low ionic-strength
      media. Analysis of the electrostatic effects indicates that the calcium-binding
      domain is shielded from the membrane phospholipid surface charge by virtue of its
      location within the ATPase protein. The effects of various electrolytes are
      attributed to monovalent-cation binding in the calcium-binding domain. The
      apparent loss of cooperativity of the calcium binding isotherms at low ionic
      strength is attributed to a progressive displacement of the titration curve which
      is minimal at low degrees of saturation and becomes larger at higher degrees of
      saturation. This behavior is described quantitatively by the progressive effect
      of calcium binding on an electrostatic potential generated by localized protein
      charge densities within, or near, the calcium-binding domain.

PMID- 2931119
TI  - Inhibition of phosphoglucomutase by fructose 2,6-bisphosphate.
AB  - Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate inhibits phosphoglucomutase. The inhibition is mixed
      with respect to glucose 1,6-bisphosphate and non-competitive with respect to
      glucose 1-phosphate. In contrast with fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and glycerate 1,3
      bisphosphate, which also possess inhibitory effect, fructose 2,6-bisphosphate
      does not phosphorylate phosphoglucomutase. Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate preparations
      contain contaminants which can explain artefactual results previously reported.

PMID- 2931120
TI  - Effect of calcium on protein composition of human platelet cytoskeletons.
AB  - Triton X-100 residues (cytoskeletons) of human platelets were prepared in the
      presence of various concentrations of free calcium (Ca2+), and the polypeptide
      composition and ATPase activity were examined. Triton residues prepared in the
      presence of Ca2+ concentrations below 2 X 10(-7) M were composed primarily of
      polypeptides with an apparent molecular mass of 43 (actin), 105 (alpha-actinin
      like protein) and 250 (actin-binding protein) kDa and showed low K+-EDTA-ATPase
      activity. When Triton residues were prepared at Ca2+ above 5 X 10(-7) M, a 200
      kDa polypeptide (myosin heavy chain) and K+-EDTA-ATPase activity increased
      markedly, but actin-binding protein and alpha-actinin-like protein decreased.
      When N-(N-(L-3-trans-carboxyoxirane-2-carbonyl)-L-leucyl)agmatine, an inhibitor
      for Ca2+-dependent proteinase, was added to Triton lysis buffer containing high
      Ca2+, polypeptides of 250, 235 and 105 kDa remained associated with the residues.
      Under electron microscopic analysis, the treatment of platelets with Triton X-100
      at low Ca2+ showed a network of microfilaments. When platelets were treated with
      high Ca2+, the microfilaments were disrupted and a few thick filaments and many
      granules appeared. However, when the inhibitor for Ca2+-proteinase was included
      in Triton lysis buffer, the microfilaments remained intact. These results
      suggested that an increase in Ca2+ concentration to more than 5 X 10(-7) M not
      only makes myosin associate with cytoskeletons but also regulates the
      organization of filamentous structures.

PMID- 2931121
TI  - The influence of caldesmon on ATPase activity of the skeletal muscle actomyosin
      and bundling of actin filaments.
AB  - Chicken gizzard caldesmon causes up to 40% inhibition of Mg2+-ATPase activity of
      rabbit skeletal muscle actomyosin. In the presence of chicken gizzard tropomyosin
      this inhibition is significantly increased, reaching a maximum (around 80%) at a
      molar ratio of caldesmon to actin monomer of 1 to 10-13. The inhibition of
      actomyosin ATPase takes place over a wide pH range (from 6.0 to 8.0) but is
      decreased with an increase in KCl and MgCl2 concentrations. Caldesmon, in the
      range of caldesmon/ actin ratios within which it inhibits actomyosin ATPase,
      forms bundles of parallelly aligned actin filaments. Calmodulin in the presence
      of Ca2+ dissociates these bundles and restrains the inhibition of actomyosin
      ATPase, provided that it is used at a high molar excess over caldesmon.

PMID- 2931122
TI  - Mechanism of SOS-induced targeted and untargeted mutagenesis in E. coli.
AB  - This paper retraces the evolution of hypotheses concerning mechanisms of SOS
      induced mutagenesis. Moreover, it reports some recent data which support a new
      model for the mechanism of targeted and untargeted mutagenesis in E. coli. In
      summary, the SOS mutator effect, which is responsible for untargeted mutagenesis
      and perhaps for the misincorporation step in targeted mutagenesis, is believed to
      involve a fidelity function associated with DNA polymerase III and does not
      require the umuC gene product. umuC and umuD gene products are probably required
      specifically for elongation of DNA synthesis past blocking lesions, i.e. to allow
      mutagenic replication of damaged DNA.

PMID- 2931123
TI  - In vitro fertilization of bovine follicular oocytes obtained by laparoscopy.
AB  - Bovine follicular oocytes (n = 454), obtained after laparoscopy, were used to
      study in vitro capacitation, fertilization, and embryo development. Capacitation
      was accomplished by treating bovine spermatozoa with high ionic strength medium.
      Maturation, fertilization, and development studies were carried out in Brackett's
      defined medium or in Ham's F-10. In vitro fertilization rates, ranging from 14%
      to 55%, were found to be influenced by individual variations among males.
      Brackett's defined medium was found to be superior to Ham's F-10 for oocyte
      maturation, fertilization, and growth, these media giving cleavage rates of 60%
      and 32%, respectively. Oocytes with expanded cumuli at the time of recovery
      cleaved at a rate of 43%, which is significantly different from oocytes recovered
      without granulosa cells (22%) or oocytes with compact cumuli and corona cells
      (5%). The in vitro development pattern of the in vitro-fertilized embryos was
      found to be similar to that observed in vivo. Embryos were observed at the 2-cell
      stage 44.5 +/- 6.3 h after in vitro insemination, 4-cell after 59.0 +/- 9.4 h, 8
      cell after 74.8 +/- 12.7 h, and 16-cell after 96.2 +/- 13.9 h (observations at 12
      h intervals). The procedures described here resulted in cleavage rates of up to
      60% using follicular oocytes embedded in expanded cumuli cells and semen samples
      from selected males.

PMID- 2931124
TI  - Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry of bacterial amines.
AB  - Bacterial amines were examined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Under
      electron impact all trifluoroacetamides exhibited peaks at m/z 69 due to [CF3]+.
      Many trifluoroacetamides also showed peaks at m/z 97 corresponding to the
      [COCF3]+ ion fragment. The spectra of n-alkyl and aralkyl trifluoroacetamides
      were consistent with the spectra and their interpretations in the earlier
      literature. Molecular ions were of low abundance for all alkyl
      trifluoroacetamides having alkyl chains longer than two carbon atoms. Chemical
      ionization gave molecular weight information in all cases. Most peaks observed
      were molecular addition products, e.g. [M + H]+ and [M + NH4]+. Application of
      chemical ionization mass spectrometry to analysis of bacterial amines revealed
      the production of beta-phenylethylamine, n-decylamine, 1,4-diaminobutane and 1,5
      diaminopentane by Clostridium histolyticum; whereas both Clostridium bifermentans
      and Clostridium oedematiens produced beta-phenylethylamine. The latter organism
      also produced a peak with a retention time similar to that of an authentic
      amylamine derivative.

PMID- 2931125
TI  - Derivatization of ketosteroids for fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry.
AB  - Girard's reagents were used to derivatize ketosteroids and conjugates for
      analysis by positive ion fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. Spectra contain
      an abundant ion corresponding to the cation (C+) of the newly formed ionic
      derivative (C+A-) and relatively little fragmentation. With derivatization,
      detection of ketosteroids at a concentration of 1 microgram microliter-1 in
      glycerol was straightforward. Such derivatization schemes may prove useful in the
      analysis of ketosteroids in complex biological mixtures.

PMID- 2931126
TI  - Biotransformation of terodiline I. Identification of metabolites in dog urine by
      mass spectrometry.
AB  - Nine metabolites of terodiline (N-tert-butyl-4,4-diphenyl-2-butylamine) have been
      identified in dog urine by various chromatographic techniques and mass
      spectrometry. The main metabolic pathway is aromatic hydroxylation, leading to
      the quantitatively most important metabolite, N-tert-butyl-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4
      phenyl-2-butylamine, and to two dihydroxylated metabolites, one mono substituted
      in both rings (N-tert-butyl-4,4'-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butylamine), and one
      disubstituted in one ring (N-tert-butyl-4-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4-phenyl-2
      butylamine). The latter is further metabolized by methylation, forming N-tert
      butyl-4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-4-phenyl-2-butylamine, the second most
      abundant metabolite. Still another metabolite is formed by hydroxylation in the
      tert-butyl group to N-(2-hydroxymethyl-2-propyl)-4,4-diphenyl-2-butylamine. A
      very minor dihydroxylated metabolite results from oxidation both in an aromatic
      ring and in the tert-butyl group, giving N-(2-hydroxymethyl-2-propyl)-4-(4
      hydroxyphenyl)-4-phenyl-2-butylamine. Oxidation of the carbon adjacent to the
      nitrogen and subsequent deamination gives the two ketones 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4
      phenyl-2-butanone and 4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-4-phenyl-2-butanone.
      Reduction of the carbonyl function in the former yields the corresponding
      alcohol, 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-phenyl-2-butanol. Some unchanged terodiline is
      also present. All metabolites formed by functionalization appear to be
      extensively conjugated, presumably with glucuronic acid.

PMID- 2931127
TI  - Comparison of 252californium plasma desorption and fast atom bombardment mass
      spectrometry for analysis of small peptides.
AB  - The data obtained with 252Cf plasma desorption (PD) and fast atom bombardment
      mass spectrometry of eight tri-, tetra- and pentapeptides were compared. Good
      spectra were obtained with 1-10 nmol of peptide. In both techniques molecular
      weight information was obtained. The PD mass spectra are often dominated by the
      cationized molecular ions in contrast to the fast atom bombardment (FAB) mass
      spectra, where cationization is rarely observed. Amino acid content is reflected
      in the immonium ions equally well in both techniques. The fragmentation patterns
      observed with the two techniques are almost identical. However, practical
      sequencing of peptides based on either FAB or PD mass spectrometry of
      underivatized peptides alone is difficult. This is due to the unpredictable and
      sometimes absent cleavage yield at certain peptide bonds. Another difficulty is
      the many simultaneous fragmentation pathways. However, for many peptides enough
      information is present to allow sequence determination for at least a major part
      of the molecule.

PMID- 2931128
TI  - Determination of pentacaine, trans-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)cyclohexyl-3
      pentyloxycarbanilate hydrochloride, in biological samples by gas
      chromatography/mass spectrometry.
AB  - A quantitative and selective method has been developed for the determination of a
      novel local anaesthetic compound pentacaine, trans-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)cyclohexyl-3
      pentyloxycarbanilate hydrochloride, in biological samples. After ion pair
      extraction from 1 M HCl into 1,2-dichloroethane, pentacaine and a structurally
      related internal standard were derivatized to prevent thermal decomposition in
      the gas chromatograph. An on-column methylation technique with trimethylanilinium
      hydroxide was used. Determination was performed by gas chromatography/mass
      spectrometry (GC/MS) with selected ion monitoring. Interferences by endogenous
      lipophilic constituents were avoided by including an n-hexane wash before the ion
      pair extraction. This wash step did not reduce the drug recoveries. The method
      gave linear results over a concentration range of 5-100 ng ml-1 with a
      coefficient of variation less than 10% at 5 ng pentacaine ml-1. Specimens of
      plasma, whole blood, urine as well as in vitro preparations such as hepatic
      microsomes were successfully analysed.

PMID- 2931129
TI  - Verification of the DNA predicted amino acid sequence of bacteriophage P22 tail
      protein by mass spectrometry.
AB  - Mass spectrometry was used to verify portions of a proposed amino acid sequence
      of the bacteriophage P22 tail protein which had been inferred from the DNA base
      sequence. The exopeptidases dipeptidyl aminopeptidase I and IV and dipeptidyl
      carboxypeptidase were used to hydrolyse intact protein and fragments generated by
      cyanogen bromide treatment of the tail protein. After partial purification by
      high performance liquid chromatography, peptides were identified by gas
      chromatography/mass spectrometry and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. The
      results indicate that the initiation amino acid, N-formylmethionine, has been
      removed from the N-terminal of the protein and that the protein ends at the
      termination codon which is 667 amino acids from the N-terminal residue. Nine
      regions of the protein from 13 to 42 residues in length were verified. All of the
      sequences checked were in the same DNA reading frame and corresponded to the
      proposed sequence.

PMID- 2931130
TI  - Simultaneous determination of 6-oxo-prostaglandin F1 alpha and 2,3-dinor-6-oxo
      prostaglandin F1 alpha in biological fluids by stable isotope dilution and
      negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry.
AB  - A stable isotope dilution assay for the simultaneous determination of two
      metabolites of prostacyclin (1), 6-oxo-prostaglandin F1 alpha (2a) and 2,3-dinor
      6-oxo-prostaglandin F1 alpha (3a), in human seminal fluid and human urine is
      described. A new chemical total synthesis of deuterated internal standard,
      18,18,19,19-(2H4)-2,3-dinor-6-oxo-PGF1 alpha (3b), is presented and enables
      specific and sensitive quantification based on negative ion chemical ionization
      mass spectrometry. 2a and 3a were analysed as their methoxime pentafluorobenzyl
      ester tris(trimethylsilyl) ether derivatives in the selected ion monitoring mode
      registrating the [M-181]- fragments with a detection limit for both prostanoids
      of 10 pg per injection. The two metabolites occur in human seminal fluid in very
      low concentrations (2a: 2.8 ng ml-1; 3a: 1.7 ng ml-1) and cannot contribute
      significantly to the urinary metabolite levels which are in the range of 108-265
      ng/24 h for 3a and 124-574 ng/24 h for 2a.

PMID- 2931131
TI  - Electron impact induced fragmentations of the 1,4-diene analogues of steroid
      hormones and related steroids.
AB  - The electron impact induced fragmentations observed in the mass spectra of eight
      1,4-diene-3-ketopregnane steroids are described. The effect of hydroxyl
      substituents in positions 11 beta, 17 alpha and 21, on the typical fragmentation
      pattern is analysed; in particular the 'long range' effect of the 17 alpha
      hydroxy group on the relative abundance of the ions m/z 121 and 122 is confirmed
      using specific deuterium labelling.

PMID- 2931132
TI  - Identification of felodipine metabolites in rat urine.
AB  - After intragastric administration of 100 mumol kg-1 [14C]felodipine to rats eight
      urinary metabolites were isolated. Batch extraction at pH 2.2 and semipreparative
      reversed-phase liquid chromatography were used for trace enrichment of the
      metabolites. Trimethylsilylation followed by transesterification with
      diazomethane blocked the carboxylic acid and alcohol groups selectively before
      gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) in the electron impact (EI) mode.
      Deuterated derivatives of the metabolites and chemical ionization measurements
      added complementary structural information. All metabolites reported in this
      study were formed from oxidized felodipine by ester hydrolysis. Hydroxylation of
      the pyridine methyl group represented an important metabolic pathway and
      metabolites oxidized to the corresponding carboxylic acids were detected as well.
      Lactone formation from hydroxy acid metabolites in urine as a possible analytical
      artefact is discussed.

PMID- 2931133
TI  - Laser desorption Fourier transform mass spectra of malto-oligosaccharides.
AB  - Laser desorption mass spectra of malto-oligomers, including starch, have been
      obtained using Fourier transform mass spectrometry. Fragmentations of these
      oligomers have been examined after doping with metal salts to obtain cation
      attachment ions. Doping starch with NaCl, KBr and Ag2O results in analogous
      cation-attachment oligosaccharide fragment ions for all three metal ions. A
      distinct and unusual fragmentation pattern is observed for the larger oligomers.

PMID- 2931134
TI  - Determination of infused (13C)progesterone in ovarian arterial blood by selected
      ion monitoring.
AB  - Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS) with selected ion monitoring (SIM)
      is employed to detect and approximate the levels of (13C)progesterone is small
      blood samples obtained at intervals from ipsilateral and contralateral ovarian
      arteries and a peripheral vein before, during and after infusion into the utero
      ovarian vein (five women during hysterectomy). The internal standard was 16 alpha
      methylprogesterone. The method is rapid and allows the time course of the infused
      hormone to be plotted in spite of large and rapidly fluctuating concentrations of
      endogenous progesterone. The results show for the first time the local in vivo
      transfer of a steroid hormone from the uterine vein to the adjacent ovary in
      humans.

PMID- 2931135
TI  - Analysis of (1-13C)leucine and (13C)KIC in plasma by capillary gas
      chromatography/mass spectrometry in protein turnover studies.
AB  - The methods used for the determination of the concentration and isotope
      enrichment of (1-13C)leucine and its metabolite (13C) alpha-ketoisocaproic acid
      (KIC) in plasma for the study of whole-body protein turnover are described.
      Leucine was analysed as its N-heptafluorobutyryl isobutyl ester and KIC as its
      quinoxalinol-TMS derivative, both by chemical ionization selected ion monitoring
      gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The sensitivity of the leucine
      assay was improved 30 times by monitoring the negative ions under the conditions
      described. The coefficient of variation for enrichment and concentration
      measurements were 0.5% and 2%, respectively, with a minimum detectable enrichment
      of 0.1 at% excess for both assays.

PMID- 2931136
TI  - Erythrocyte membrane Ca2+-pumping ATPase of hypertensive humans: reduced
      stimulation by calmodulin.
AB  - The Ca2+-pumping ATPase of erythrocyte plasma membranes of hypertensive humans
      (HTN) show, in the absence of calmodulin, a low Vmax comparable to that of the
      enzyme of the erythrocyte membranes of normotensive humans (NTN). Although the
      addition of calmodulin (1.5 micrograms per ml) increased the maximum activity of
      the calcium pump of membranes of HTN and NTN individuals by at least 2-fold and 4
      fold, respectively, the activator protein partially purified from the
      erythrocytes of HTN individuals enhanced the activity of the enzyme in a fashion
      similar to that of the protein obtained from the haemolysate of NTN individuals.
      A determination of the dependence of the activity of the pump on concentration of
      ATP revealed that the Km (ATP) of the enzyme of membranes of HTN individuals is
      52% higher than that of the enzyme of membranes of NTN individuals, while the
      Vmax (1.75 +/- 0.28 mumol ATP mg protein-1 h-1) of the pump is 46% lower in the
      membranes of HTN humans than that of the enzyme of membranes of normal
      individuals (3.25 +/- 0.42 mumol ATP mg protein-1 h-1). It seems likely from
      these results that elevated erythrocyte Ca2+ concentration associated with
      essential hypertension may be due to a defective interaction between the Ca2+
      pumping ATPase and the calmodulin Ca2+ complex.

PMID- 2931137
TI  - Crystallization of Ca2+ ATPase in sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles by
      phospholipase treatment.
AB  - Ca2+ ATPase molecules in sarcoplasmic reticulum, isolated from rabbit skeletal
      muscle, have been induced to crystallize into two-dimensional arrays by
      incubating the vesicles with phospholipase A2 and dialysing against dilute
      Tris/HCl buffer. These crystals differ in shape and size from those produced by
      treatment of the sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles with Na3VO4. However, the unit
      cell dimensions of both types of crystals are similar. The differences in shape
      and size are presumably due to differences in the mechanisms of crystal formation
      induced by treatment with phospholipase and Na3VO4.

PMID- 2931138
TI  - The effect of syndrome diagnosis on speech remediation.
AB  - On the basis of work reported by colleagues, as well as our own clinical research
      studies of patients with the aforementioned syndromes, there are now some useful
      guidelines for appropriate remediation based on accurate initial diagnosis.
      Still, there is more to be learned about each of these syndromes. Furthermore,
      they represent but a small sample of a very large total. Recent literature has
      described the speech patterns of many more syndromes, as well as the genetic
      aspects of the more common speech and language disorders such as language delay,
      dyslexia, autism, and stuttering [72-78]. The most common recognizable birth
      defect is Down syndrome and there is, fortunately, a large body of information
      detailing the varied language, speech, and hearing aspects [79]. Those of us who
      work with children with Down syndrome have been alerted to the anticipated
      receptive and expressive language delays; the conductive and sometimes mixed
      hearing losses; the hoarse and raucous voices that are probably the result of a
      combination of anatomic, neurologic, and mucosal variations; the interesting
      disfluencies, and the amalgam of developmental and deviant articulatory errors.
      We know that although the tongue protrudes, it is rarely the true macroglossia
      which we would find in Beckwith syndrome, for example, but rather a hypotonic
      posture and a logical adaptation to an airway restricted by enlarged tonsils and
      adenoids and recurrent rhinitis.

PMID- 2931139
TI  - A new rheological method to measure fluidity change of blood during coagulation :
      application to in vitro evaluation of anticoagulability of artificial materials.
AB  - In order to attempt in vitro evaluation of antithrombogenecity for materials of
      artificial blood vessel tube, a new type of rheometer was developed. The
      rheometer originally consists of a cylindrical tube suspended from a torsion wire
      and filled with blood. The tube is excited in torsional oscillation and
      subsequent damped oscillation is observed. The apparatus can sensitively follow
      the change of fluidity during coagulation of blood. The damped oscillation curves
      during coagulation for fibrinogen - thrombin solution and blood put in a
      cylindrical tube made of the artificial material were measured. For fibrinogen -
      thrombin solution with lower fibrinogen and thrombin concentrations, the values
      of logarithmic damping factor (LDF) during coagulation increased and then
      decreased through a maximum. For blood and fibrinogen-thrombin solution with the
      higher concentrations of fibrinogen and thrombin, LDF monotonously decreased with
      the progress of coagulation. With a glass tube, the decrease of LDF for whole
      blood taken without anticoagulant rapidly occurred within about 15 min after
      sampling, while, with expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (EPTFE; Goar tex) and
      polydimethylsiloxane (Silastic) tubes, the decrease of LDF proceeds over 40-60
      min. The present method is probably available for in vitro evaluation of
      anticoagulability or antithrombogenecity of artificial materials.

PMID- 2931140
TI  - [Blood supply to the heart and coronary vasodilation reserves in experimental
      myocardial hypertrophy].
AB  - The effects of pressure overload left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) on heart
      performance and coronary circulation were investigated in dog experiments. The
      data obtained clearly demonstrate that left ventricular systolic and end
      diastolic pressures were increased in LVH dogs. The heart rate and cardiac output
      were unchanged. However, there was a tendency toward lowering in the maximal rate
      of myocardial contractility and relaxation (+dP/dtmax and--dP/dtmax). It has been
      shown that in LVH dogs, the coronary blood flow was higher and coronary artery
      resistance was lower than in control ones. The peak reactive hyperemic flow was
      higher in LVH dogs but the coronary artery resistance calculated at the height of
      reactive hyperemia was similar both in control and LVH dogs, evidence of a
      reduction in the total coronary vasodilator reserves in the latter ones. The
      diastolic pressure-time index-tension time index (DPTI/TTI) ratio in LVH dogs
      decreased so that the value was sufficiently low to predict a reduction in
      endocardial perfusion even in experimental increased coronary perfusion pressure.

PMID- 2931141
TI  - [Nature of the chalone fraction of erythrocyte extracts].
AB  - The chalone fraction of erythrocyte extracts is immunologically identical to
      albumin and not identical to hemoglobin. It differs from albumin and hemoglobin
      in biological properties and electrophoretic mobility. The immune antichalone
      serum permits evaluating erythropoiesis in posttransfusion polycythemia and acute
      blood loss.

PMID- 2931142
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies to the 140,000 mol wt glycoprotein of B lymphocyte
      membranes (CR2 receptor) initiates proliferation of B cells in vitro.
AB  - Several mouse monoclonal IgG antibodies (AB1, AB2, AB3, and AB5) were developed
      that reacted with a 140,000 mol wt glycoprotein on the surface of cultured RAJI B
      lymphoid cells. The antibodies reacted with purified normal human peripheral
      blood B cells and CLL Ig+ B cells and showed specific germinal center and mantle
      zone staining in tissue sections of secondary lymphoid organs. Immunodepletion
      studies using 125I surface-labeled Raji cell membrane antigens demonstrated that
      the antigen identified by AB5 is the same 140,000 mol wt glycoprotein detected by
      anti-B2 that has recently been shown to react with the C3d fragment or CR2
      receptor. (Iida et al: J Exp Med 158:1021, 1983). Addition of the AB series and
      anti-B2 monoclonal antibodies to cultures of purified human peripheral blood B
      cells resulted in the uptake of 3H-thymidine at two to six times background
      control levels provided that irradiated autologous T cells were added to the
      culture. Stimulation was not evoked by other monoclonal antibodies to B cell
      surface molecules (ie, B1, BA-1, BA-2, and HLA-DR). Pepsin-generated F(ab')2
      fragments of anti-CR2 antibodies were essentially as effective as the intact IgG
      molecule in stimulating B cells. Induction of B cell proliferation by antibody
      binding to CR2 suggests that the C3d receptor may have an integral role in
      regulation of humoral immune response.

PMID- 2931143
TI  - Differences in T cell subsets between men and women with idiopathic
      thrombocytopenic purpura.
AB  - Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is an autoimmune disorder, occurring
      predominantly in women. We studied by flow cytofluorimetry the T cell subsets in
      men and women with ITP and compared them with healthy sex-matched volunteers. In
      healthy controls, women were found to have higher proportions of T helper/inducer
      (Th/i) and lower T suppressor/cytotoxic (Ts/c) lymphocytes and consequently
      higher Th/i:Ts/c ratios than men. Accordingly, in clinical surveys, patients and
      controls should be matched for sex for proper comparisons. In patients with ITP
      in its active phase, an imbalance in T cell subsets was found in both sexes. The
      perturbation was more severe in women who had a marked decrease in number and
      proportion of Th/i lymphocytes and an increase in the proportion of Ts/c
      lymphocytes, whereas in men only, the proportion of Th/i lymphocytes was
      decreased. When patients with active disease were compared to those with ITP in
      remission, the decrease in Th/i subsets still persisted in both sexes but the
      Ts/c subset in women had returned to normal proportions. Therefore, the immune
      imbalance in ITP is more marked in women than men; imbalances in both Th/i and
      Ts/c are present in women while Ts/c appears not to be involved in men.

PMID- 2931144
TI  - A longitudinal immunologic evaluation of hemophiliac patients.
AB  - Over an average span of one year, we performed a prospective clinical and
      immunologic evaluation of 30 patients with hemophilia. No patient developed life
      threatening opportunistic infection or malignancy; however, the immunologic
      abnormalities and lymphadenopathy initially present in nine patients
      (lymphadenopathy group) persisted. In addition, five patients, representing 24%
      of the initial group without lymphadenopathy, developed generalized
      lymphadenopathy (converter group). One episode of idiopathic thrombocytopenia
      (ITP) and one episode of staphylococcal sepsis occurred in this "converter"
      group; one episode of ITP also occurred in the lymphadenopathy group. Sixteen
      patients remained asymptomatic. At the time of the follow-up evaluation, those
      differences in mononuclear cell (MNC) percentages and numbers noted initially
      among the three hemophiliac groups were no longer present. Natural killer cell
      function alone or in the presence of biologic response modifiers was not
      different among hemophiliac and control groups. Before developing
      lymphadenopathy, the converter group of patients had significantly better
      lymphocyte mitogenic function than did the other two groups of patients with
      hemophilia. However, lymphocyte mitogenic responses of all groups of patients
      with hemophilia significantly deteriorated over the course of the study. The
      abnormal mitogenic responses noted in these patients was explained in part by
      higher levels of spontaneous suppressor cell activity in mononuclear cell
      preparations from patients with hemophilia. We conclude that long-term
      immunologic studies of this patient population requires both quantitative and
      qualitative evaluations. Our data show that patients with hemophilia have
      progressive dysfunction of cell-mediated immunity.

PMID- 2931145
TI  - Is there an assault syndrome?

PMID- 2931146
TI  - The Mental-Mental Muddle and Work Comp in Oregon. II.
AB  - To summarize, in the state of Oregon at this time, mental illness caused by
      employment is covered by workers' compensation insurance. There have recently
      been some legislative attempts to seriously restrict this and there probably will
      be some more in the future. As the law now stands, the job stress must be the
      major contributing cause as measured against any off the job stress. The on the
      job events producing the stress must exist in reality. A stress emanating
      primarily from a worker's misperception or paranoid thinking does not constitute
      an acceptable causative agent. Obviously it is not always that easy to
      distinguish between on the job causes and off the job causes and objective
      stresses and merely perceived stresses. And what about the individual who has
      faulty perceptions which lead to actions that provoke an objective response? As a
      psychiatrist, I am glad to see more recognition given to mental illness caused by
      the work place. I applaud the Oregon Supreme Court for pointing out that an
      organization has an obligation to somehow deal with stress-producing supervisors.
      I think we have to be on guard against those forces working through the
      legislature which try to minimize or deny the importance of mental illness. At
      the same time, though, we have to try to enlighten rather than confuse. Our
      expertise is in diagnosing and treating, not in constructing legal terminology.
      In my evaluation of the Leary case, I tried to explain to the best of my ability
      just what was going on.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2931147
TI  - Factors influencing grape worker susceptibility to skin rashes.

PMID- 2931149
TI  - Backache.

PMID- 2931148
TI  - Validity of air-helium DVmax measurements in trials of bronchodilators.
AB  - The authors studied the intraindividual variability of DVmax50 He-air in a large
      homogeneous group of 57 young healthy subjects. They found a 95% confidence
      interval for a true change between two repeated measurements of DVmax50 of +/-
      28%. They compared the discriminant power of FEV1, Vmax50 and DVmax50 in 27
      asthmatic young males and 12 normal controls, challenged on different days with
      fenoterol and ipratropium bromide aerosols given in random order under
      standardized conditions. FEV1 was not able to discriminate between the effect of
      the drugs in the normals or asthmatics. Vmax50 increased significantly more after
      fenoterol than after ipratropium in the asthmatics. DVmax50 was sometimes
      increased after fenoterol in the asthmatics but not by ipratropium in this group.
      These results suggest that sympathomimetics are more active on peripheral airways
      than the antimuscarinics.

PMID- 2931150
TI  - Experimental wound healing: increased breaking strength and collagen synthetic
      activity in abdominal fascial wounds healing with secondary closure of the skin.
AB  - Delayed primary closure or secondary closure of skin and subcutaneous fat in
      contaminated laparotomy incisions virtually eliminates the risk of wound abscess
      in clinical practice. Incisional hernias rarely develop in these wounds. This
      experimental study offers a possible explanation. Longitudinal incisions in the
      linea alba of female Wistar rats healed under skin incisions which were either
      sutured ('closed' subgroup) or left to close by secondary intention ('open'
      subgroup). Postoperative breaking strengths and collagen contents (measured as
      hydroxyproline) were studied at intervals of 3-120 days. Measurable strength
      developed by 5 days, at which time 'open' subgroup wounds were found to be weaker
      and to have less collagen. At all other times, however, 'open' subgroup wounds
      were stronger, a property which could be ascribed at earlier, but not at later,
      periods (42 or 120 days), to a higher content and concentration of collagen. At 3
      days the rate of collagen production was significantly (P less than 0.025) lower
      in 'open' than in 'closed' subgroup wounds but the converse was true at 6 and 9
      days (P less than 0.025), thus accounting for the changes in biomechanical
      properties. It is suggested that initially the stimulus for collagen synthesis is
      greater in the 'open' wounds and this leads to the development of a collagenous
      structure which is better adapted to resist tensile forces.

PMID- 2931152
TI  - Somatic component to myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2931151
TI  - Plasma testosterone concentrations in asthmatic men treated with glucocorticoids.

PMID- 2931153
TI  - Clinical trial of common treatments for low back pain in family practice.
AB  - The results of a multicentered randomised clinical trial are reported of bed rest
      and of a physiotherapy and education programme for patients who presented in
      family practice with an acute episode of low back pain. No beneficial effect of
      either treatment was observed on several clinical outcome measures, including
      straight leg raising, lumbar flexion, activities of daily living, and pain. In
      fact the results favoured early mobilisation over bed rest and suggested that the
      physiotherapy and education programme was doing more harm than good. Moreover,
      additional analyses, which focused on clinically interesting patient subgroups,
      discovered no subset of patients who benefited from either of the treatments
      under study. Having failed to identify any clinically important benefits, or
      other explanations for these negative results, we can only conclude that family
      doctors have little reason to prescribe either bed rest or isometric exercises to
      patients who suffer from low back pain.

PMID- 2931154
TI  - Laparoscopic diagnosis of ascites.

PMID- 2931155
TI  - Effect of growth hormone-releasing stimuli in streptozotocin diabetic rats.
AB  - The dynamics of growth hormone (GH) secretion in response to different GH
      secretagogues has been studied in adult freely moving male rats one month after
      induction of diabetes by single i.v. injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg).
      Baseline plasma GH concentrations and pituitary GH content were not different in
      streptozotocin-diabetic (St-D) rats and controls. Clonidine (0.15 mg/kg i.v.), an
      alpha 2-adrenergic agonist, failed to evoke GH release in St-D rats. Substitution
      therapy with insulin (1 IU/100 g b.wt.daily) delivered through subcutaneously
      implanted minipumps, allowed re-institution of a normal GH responsiveness to
      clonidine. At odds with clonidine, FK 33-824 (0.1 mg/kg i.v.), a potent analog of
      the opioid peptide Met-enkephalin, induced a similar rise in plasma GH levels in
      control and St-D rats. Finally, administration of a synthetic replicate of a GH
      releasing hormone of human pancreatic origin, hpGRF-40 (2.5 micrograms/kg i.v.)
      elicited a higher GH response in St-D rats than in controls. These data indicate
      that in St-D rats: (1) an impaired function of noradrenergic pathways controlling
      GH release is present; (2) contrary to previous beliefs, an alpha 2-adrenergic
      mechanism is not involved in the GH-releasing effect of opioid peptides; and (3)
      pituitary GH responsiveness to hpGRF is increased.

PMID- 2931156
TI  - Light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry of beta-endorphin/beta-LPH
      like immunoreactive neurons in the arcuate nucleus and surrounding areas of the
      rat hypothalamus.
AB  - beta-Endorphin/beta-LPH-like immunoreactive neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate
      nucleus and its surrounding areas were visualized by light and electron
      microscopic immunocytochemistry. Immunoreactive processes were found in the
      vicinity of the pia mater, in the lateral part of the external layer of the
      median eminence and near the lateral wall of the third ventricle. Neuronal
      perikarya contained immunoreactive dense granules as well as developed cell
      organellae. They received neuronal inputs from other neurons through axoplasmic
      and axodendritic synapses. Immunoreactive neuronal processes containing dense
      granules and mitochondria were found as preterminal elements on non
      immunoreactive neuronal soma and dendrites. Immunoreactive processes also make
      intimate contact with capillaries in the arcuate nucleus near the median
      eminence.

PMID- 2931157
TI  - Stimulation of spinal serotonergic receptors facilitates seminal emission and
      suppresses penile erectile reflexes.
AB  - Penile erection and ejaculation are produced by spinal reflexes subject to tonic
      control from the brain. This study examines the possible involvement of
      serotonergic transmission in the supraspinal modulation of such reflexes. The
      effects of two drugs which facilitate serotonergic transmission by different
      mechanisms, namely the direct receptor agonist, 5-methoxy-N,N'-dimethyltryptamine
      (5-MeODMT), and the reuptake inhibitor, zimelidine, were compared in intact and
      spinal rats. Results show that serotonergic stimulation in intact rats by either
      drug produces a dose-related increase in the incidence of seminal emission as
      well as a definite decrease of the display of erectile responses. In the spinal
      animals 5-MeODMT treatment reproduced both effects. By contrast, zimelidine,
      which needs functional nerve endings to exert its agonistic action, was
      ineffective in the spinal rats. This is interpreted to exclude a peripheral
      mechanism for the effects of the serotonin agonists on penile reflexes of intact
      animals and makes a strong case for a spinal site of action. We postulate the
      existence of serotonergic receptors located in the lower segments of the spinal
      cord which, when stimulated, trigger seminal emission and suppress erection.

PMID- 2931158
TI  - Changes in hypothalamic dopamine D-2 receptors during sexual maturation in male
      and female rats.
AB  - We have examined variations in hypothalamic dopamine D-2 receptor levels
      occurring during sexual maturation in male and female rats, using a
      [3H]domperidone radioligand binding assay. A major decrease in D-2 receptor
      levels was observed during sexual development, and was accompanied by the
      appearance of a sexual dimorphism in receptor levels, which appeared to be the
      result of neonatal sexual differentiation. These changes may be linked with the
      alterations in hormone levels which occur during sexual maturation.

PMID- 2931159
TI  - [The age risk in Down's syndrome and its prevention].

PMID- 2931160
TI  - The role of endorphins in septicaemic shock: a pilot study in burned patients.
AB  - There is recent evidence that circulating opioid peptides, or 'endorphins', act
      as chemical messengers responsible for the induction of the complex
      cardiovascular changes leading to hypotension in septicaemic shock. The pilot
      study of an investigation of opioid peptides in septicaemia in burned patients is
      presented. Serial measurements of plasma beta-endorphin and metenkephalin were
      performed throughout the recovery of six patients with large burns (20-70 per
      cent BSA). Our preliminary findings concur with previous evidence that opioid
      peptides may play a role in the hypotension of septicaemic shock.

PMID- 2931161
TI  - Medical social work in the burns unit.
AB  - This paper presents the social problem resolving processes in a burns unit
      integrated in the general hospital service in a welfare society. The social work
      opens possibilities of improving both patient relationships and society
      relationships.

PMID- 2931162
TI  - [Aminoglutethimide, an inhibitor of aromatase from chick embryo ovary].
AB  - The gonads from 13-day-old female chick embryos were cultured in vitro on TC
      medium 199, and oestradiol production was measured by radioimmunoassay. In the
      presence of dehydroepiandrosterone as substrate, oestradiol synthesis was
      markedly increased, but when aminoglutethimide was also present, it was greatly
      reduced, depending on the concentration of the drug. This result demonstrates
      inhibition of the aromatizing enzyme system of the chick embryo ovary by
      aminoglutethimide in vitro. However, sex differentiation of the female gonads was
      not modified after in vivo treatment. Since it is not known whether their
      production is completely suppressed in vivo, the hypothesis cannot be dismissed
      that oestrogens play a role in ovarian differentiation.

PMID- 2931164
TI  - Massive haemorrhage during attempted laparoscopy.

PMID- 2931163
TI  - Effects of anaesthesia induction drugs on circulation in denervated intestinal
      loop preparation.
AB  - The effect of anaesthesia induction drugs on the intestinal circulation was
      evaluated in an isolated loop preparation in 28 dogs. Selected intestinal loops
      were perfused with aortic blood by a pump at a constant pressure of 100 mmHg. A
      mixture of 86Rb and 9 microns spheres labeled with 141Ce was injected into the
      arterial cannula supplying the intestinal segment while mesenteric venous blood
      was collected for activity counting. Diazepam in a dose of 3 mg X kg-1 was
      accompanied by a significantly lower clearance (Cl-Rb), and permeability-surface
      area product (PS) than pentobarbitone; there were no differences between diazepam
      and pentobarbitone in total blood flow (BF), vascular resistance (VR) and oxygen
      consumption in the intestinal segments. Circulatory variable observed after
      midazolam, 8 mg X kg-1 and an additional 16 mg X kg-1, did not significantly
      differ from those seen during pentobarbitone. Ketamine in a dose of 8 mg X kg-1
      was accompanied by a significantly lower BF, Cl-Rb, microsphere entrapment (Cl
      Sph), PS, and higher VR and arterio-venous oxygen content difference. Sixteen mg
      X kg-1 of ketamine did not lead to any additional changes in determined variables
      of the intestinal circulation. Alpha-adrenoceptor blockade completely abolished
      vasoconstriction caused by ketamine, suggesting that the long-lasting
      vasoconstricting effect of ketamine on the intestinal circulation is mediated
      through catecholamines.

PMID- 2931165
TI  - Cloning of 11 alpha-tubulin gene sequences from the genome of Chinese hamster
      ovary cells.
AB  - We have analyzed the complex tubulin gene family in clonal lines of Chinese
      hamster ovary cells. There are approximately 16 alpha-tubulin genes and a similar
      multiplicity of beta-tubulin genes. The alpha-tubulin genes are not closely
      linked to each other nor to the beta-tubulin genes. A genomic library has been
      constructed in the vector lambda charon 4A containing insert sizes of 13-20
      kilobases. The library has been screened with both inter- and intra-species alpha
      tubulin probes. Eleven alpha-tubulin clones with different restriction patterns
      have been isolated and characterized. At least seven of these clones contain the
      complete gene coding region. One clone appears to represent the transcribed alpha
      tubulin gene II. The sequence of an intron from this gene is compared with that
      from an equivalent gene in the rat.

PMID- 2931166
TI  - Characterization by nuclear magnetic resonance of the concanavalin A binding
      oligosaccharide on the beta b chain of placental beta-hexosaminidase B: lectin
      binding to the separated polypeptide chains of hexosaminidases A and B.
AB  - The type and distribution of the oligosaccharides on each polypeptide of human
      placental beta-hexosaminidases A (alpha (beta a beta b)) and B (2(beta a beta b))
      were examined. The denatured polypeptides were separated by isoelectric focussing
      in a polyacrylamide slab gel and each gel was then overlaid with 125I-labelled
      lectins. The study indicated that the beta a chain contains negligible
      carbohydrate, the beta b chain contains both the high-mannose and a complex type
      oligosaccharide, and the alpha chain contains predominantly high-mannose or
      hybrid type moieties. Two asparagine-linked high-mannose type oligosaccharides
      present on the beta b polypeptide of beta-hexosaminidase B were isolated by
      concanavalin A chromatography and by reverse-phase high pressure liquid
      chromatography. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance characterization of the
      oligosaccharides revealed an equimolar glycan mixture of the high-mannose type
      structure Man5 and Man6.

PMID- 2931167
TI  - Role of diet fat in subcellular structure and function.
AB  - Current concepts of the biomembrane will be extrapolated to membranes of
      homeotherms to illustrate the influence of the nature of dietary lipid in
      nutritionally complete diets on membrane polar head group content and fatty acid
      composition. Utilizing animal models, the controlling influence of dietary long
      chain fatty acids on major lipid constituents of the mitochondrial membrane in
      cardiac tissue, the plasma membrane of liver, and the synaptosomal membrane in
      brain can be demonstrated. Diet-induced alterations in membrane composition are
      associated with demonstrable changes in the function of specific membrane
      proteins. To illustrate this relationship, the effect of diet on mitochondrial
      ATPase activity and on a hormone receptor-stimulated function in the plasma
      membrane of the liver will be discussed. These observations suggest that the diet
      fat modulates enzyme functions in vivo by changing the surrounding lipid
      environment in the membrane.

PMID- 2931168
TI  - Cardiac myofibrillar creatine kinase is not influenced by hypothyroidism.
AB  - The cardiac myofibrillar component of the phosphorylcreatine shuttle mechanism
      enzymatically couples the functionally significant processes of energy
      utilization (ATPase) with substrate regeneration by creatine kinase (CK). Both
      components have isoenzyme forms that are transcriptionally regulated.
      Propylthiouracil-induced (PTU) hypothyroidism reduced rat cardiac contractile
      protein ATPase activity by shifting isomyosin predominance from the V1 to the V3
      form. However, neither CK specific activity or CK isoenzyme composition was
      altered by PTU treatment. Thus, myofibrillar components of the phosphorylcreatine
      shuttle, ATPase and CK, are not coordinately regulated under hypothyroid
      conditions.

PMID- 2931169
TI  - Release of atrial natriuretic peptide by atrial distension.
AB  - A heterologous radioimmunoassay was used to measure the concentration of
      immunoreactive atrial natriuretic peptide (iANP) in plasma from the femoral
      artery of eight chloralose anaesthetized dogs. Mitral obstruction which increased
      left atrial pressure by 11 cmH2O increased plasma iANP from 97 +/- 10.3 (mean +/-
      SE) to 135 +/- 14.3 pg/mL. Pulmonary vein distension increased heart rate but did
      not increase plasma iANP. Bilateral cervical vagotomy and administration of
      atenolol (2 mg/kg) did not prevent the increase in iANP with mitral obstruction.
      Samples of blood from the coronary sinus had plasma iANP significantly higher
      than simultaneous samples from the femoral artery confirming the cardiac origin
      of the iANP. Release of iANP depends on direct stretch of the atrium rather than
      on a reflex involving left atrial receptors.

PMID- 2931170
TI  - A reversible enteropathy complicating continuous hepatic artery infusion
      chemotherapy with 5-fluoro-2-deoxyuridine.
AB  - This article describes two patients with hepatic metastases from colorectal
      cancer in whom a reversible enteropathy developed during the administration of
      hepatic artery infusion chemotherapy with 5-fluoro-2-deoxyuridine (5-FUdR) via an
      Infusaid Series 400 pump (Infusaid Corp., Sharon, MA). Both patients had severe
      diarrhea and signs that suggested small bowel obstruction. Barium studies
      revealed a distinctive radiologic appearance of severe narrowing of the ileum
      associated with complete loss of normal mucosal patterns. Results of an extensive
      evaluation for an infectious or toxin-related enterocolitis were negative.
      Perfusion studies confirmed the appropriate position of the catheters and
      revealed no extrahepatic perfusion. Systemic shunting of the 5-FUdR through the
      liver or tumor bed is postulated as the primary event, with the small bowel
      manifesting the major toxicity.

PMID- 2931171
TI  - Complications of implantable chemotherapy pump. A case of pump inversion.
AB  - Regional chemotherapy with the use of implantable pumps is becoming more
      frequent. The authors report here a case of the pump inverting in the
      subcutaneous pocket. Speculation on diagnosis, correction, and prevention are
      discussed.

PMID- 2931172
TI  - The generation of interleukin-2-dependent suppressor T-cells from patients with
      systemic metastasis of gastric carcinoma and the phenotypic characterization of
      the cells defined by monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Suppressor cells, which might be activated in patients with gastric carcinoma,
      were successfully enriched by the use of interleukin-2 (IL-2) prepared from human
      tonsils and spleens. That is, peripheral blood lymphocytes cultured for 3 or 4
      weeks with IL-2 strongly inhibited the patient's own lymphocyte-proliferative
      responses to alloantigen or phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Quantitative fluorescence
      measurement for immunologic analysis of phenotypic characterization of the cells
      was made on FACS-IV with monoclonal antibodies anti-Leu-1 anti-Leu-2a, anti-Leu
      3a, anti-Leu-4, anti Leu-5, anti-Leu-7, and anti-HLA-DR and goat anti-human
      immunoglobulin (Ig). Functional suppressor T-cells expanded with IL-2 showed the
      following phenotype: Leu-1+ Leu-2a+, Leu-3a-, Leu-4+, Leu-5+, Leu-7-, HLA-DR+,
      human Ig-. The IL-2-dependent suppressor T-cells could be obtained only when the
      cells were derived from patients with systemic metastasis of gastric carcinoma.
      These findings suggest that generation of IL-2-dependent suppressor T-cells is
      the result of large tumor burdens; this may exert negative cellular control in
      the immune responses, thus inducing the status of the lower cell-mediated
      antitumor immunity, and may promote cancer progression in gastric cancer
      patients.

PMID- 2931173
TI  - The so-called anticalmodulins fluphenazine, calmidazolium, and compound 48/80
      inhibit the Ca2+- transport system of the endoplasmic reticulum.
AB  - We present evidence that a Ca2+- transport system of the endoplasmic reticulum
      with the "mitotic" Ca2+- ATPase as an essential component is another target for
      the anticalmodulin drugs fluphenazine, calmidazolium, and compound 48/80.
      Furthermore we show by affinity chromatography that there is a direct interaction
      between the solubilized Ca2+- ATPase and fluphenazine. Since the Ca2+- uptake
      system as well as the solubilized Ca2+- ATPase are calmodulin- free, the effect
      of fluphenazine, calmidazolium and compound 48/80 may be understood as a result
      of the interaction between these drugs and the Ca2+- ATPase. We propose that
      there are calmodulin- like sequences in the molecule of the Ca2+- ATPase. The
      inhibitory effect of these three drugs can be then explained by their recognition
      of the calmodulin- like structures.

PMID- 2931174
TI  - Solubilization of a high affinity CA-ATPase from dog antrum smooth muscle.
AB  - A Mg-independent high affinity Ca-ATPase has recently been reported to be present
      in the plasma membranes of smooth muscle. This enzyme has now been solubilized
      using deoxycholate. The membrane-bound and the solubilized enzymes resemble each
      other in Km for Ca2+, and inhibition by fluphenazine. The solubilized enzyme is,
      however, more sensitive to inhibition by Mg2+ than the membrane bound enzyme.
      Radiation inactivation analysis shows that whereas the membrane-bound enzyme had
      a target size of 98,000 +/- 4,000 Daltons, the solubilized enzyme was only
      70,000, +/- 7,000 Daltons.

PMID- 2931175
TI  - Live and reactivated motility in the 9+0 flagellum of Anguilla sperm.
AB  - The sperm flagella of the eel, Anguilla anguilla, are capable of vigorous motion
      in spite of having an axoneme with reduced structure that lacks the outer dynein
      arms, radial spokes and spoke heads, the two central tubules and the central
      tubule projections that are all part of the standard "9+2" axoneme. These sperm
      progress forward rapidly as a result of the propagation of helicoidal waves
      distally along the flagellum. Their flagellar beat frequencies are high, 93 Hz at
      21 degrees C, and they roll at a frequency of about 19 Hz. Eel sperm could be
      demembranated with Nonidet P-40 and reactivated with MgATP2- in 0.22 M K acetate
      at pH 8.1. The reactivated motility closely resembles that of the live sperm,
      with a beat frequency of 69 Hz, but the demembranated flagella are unusually
      fragile, and commonly disintegrate by a combination of splitting, coiling, and
      sliding within a few minutes. Little reactivation is obtained if acetate is
      replaced by Cl- in the reactivating medium. The Michaelis constant for beat
      frequency (0.2 mM) is similar to that obtained for several "9+2" flagella. These
      sperm, however, appear to lack the mechanism by which Ca2+ regulates waveform.
      Our results indicate that eel sperm flagella, which at rest are straight, are
      induced to bend helicoidally by ATP, as the result of sliding between tubules
      that is blocked at both the base and tip of the organelle. The flagellar waveform
      consists of a series of planar bends separated by short regions of right-handed
      twist, which give it an overall left-handed helicoidal form.

PMID- 2931176
TI  - Applicability of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty to patients with
      recombinant tissue plasminogen activator mediated thrombolysis.
AB  - To test the utility and safety of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
      (PTCA) after recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), we performed the
      procedure in all suitable candidates with acute myocardial infarction (MI) who
      had successful t-PA mediated coronary thrombolysis. Twenty consecutive patients
      with MI received t-PA after coronary angiographic conformation of total
      occlusion. Successful recanalization with t-PA was achieved in 13 patients,
      leaving a residual obstruction of 84 +/- 6% in the nine patients for whom PTCA
      was attempted at a mean of 21.6 h. Success was achieved in seven patients,
      leading to a residual lesion of 29 +/- 7%. In the two patients for whom PTCA was
      unsuccessful, total reocclusion occurred prior to the attempt despite therapy
      with heparin, aspirin, dipyridamole, and nifedipine. All PTCA procedures were
      uncomplicated. Serial two-dimensional echocardiography at 10 days, compared to
      admission, demonstrated infarct zone wall motion index improvement in the
      patients with successful PTCA (group A, 0.83 +/- 0.36 to 1.46 +/- 0.49) as
      compared to the 13 patients without thrombolysis or successful PTCA (group B,
      0.61 +/- 0.26 to 0.66 +/- 0.39), (P less than 0.05). One patient of group A
      sustained a massive stroke at 2 weeks after hospital discharge. In the remaining
      six patients, follow-up exercise testing and/or coronary arteriography
      demonstrated a negative treadmill test and/or patent infarct vessel,
      respectively. After successful PTCA, no patient had clinical signs of
      reocclusion, reinfarction, postinfarction angina, or congestive heart failure. At
      9.4 +/- 2 months, all six patients are asymptomatic and have returned to work.
      Thus, sequential PTCA after t-PA can be performed safely and successfully in
      patients with MI and this approach may be associated with improved regional
      function and a favorable post-MI course.

PMID- 2931177
TI  - Combined medical and mechanical recanalization in acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - A technique of combined medical and mechanical recanalization was employed in 96
      patients with acute transmural myocardial infarction. The mean time between onset
      of symptoms and admission to hospital was 170 +/- 65 min (X +/- SD). After 10 +/-
      16 min, 250,000 U streptokinase was administered intravenously for 20 min.
      Intracoronary thrombolysis was commenced within 38 +/- 14 min. First coronary
      angiograms demonstrated reperfusion, an open vessel in 25/96 patients (26%). In
      15/71 patients (21%) reperfusion occurred during thrombolysis therapy, before
      mechanical recanalization could be performed. Recanalization was achieved
      mechanically in 37/71 patients (52%) with occluded coronary vessels. In 8/71
      patients (11%) mechanical recanalization failed but the vessel opened during
      thrombolysis. In 12/96 patients (12%), the coronary vessel remained occluded.
      Thus, reperfusion could be achieved in 88% of the patients. Reperfusion rate was
      76% in the first 38 patients and 95% subsequently. After reperfusion, coronary
      thrombi were found in 25/96 patients (26%) but dissolved during thrombolysis in
      16/25 patients (64%). Peripheral coronary embolism was observed in 3/25 patients
      (12%). For the whole group, reocclusion occurred in 8/84 patients (10%). By
      combined medical and mechanical recanalization, the recanalization rate could be
      increased with low reocclusion rate. Trends showed an improvement in regional and
      global left ventricular function in patients with anterior myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2931178
TI  - Percutaneous balloon catheter angioplasty of coarctation of the abdominal aorta:
      report of two cases.
AB  - Two patients with coarctation of the abdominal aorta are reported. They both
      underwent successful transluminal balloon angioplasty. The immediate and short
      term results have been excellent. This method and its role in the treatment of
      coarctation of the abdominal aorta are discussed.

PMID- 2931179
TI  - Cardiac tamponade following percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty: four
      case reports.
AB  - Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) has had complications
      related to dilating catheters and guide wires such as coronary artery dissection,
      spasm, rupture, and perforation. This report describes four patients who
      developed cardiac tamponade following PTCA, presumably from right ventricular
      (RV) perforation. All four received large doses of heparin during PTCA and three
      received antiplatelet therapy. In three cases, cardiac tamponade occurred several
      hours after PTCA. All patients did well following operative intervention and no
      patient required repair of a cardiac perforation. We postulate that impaired
      hemostasis in the presence of an otherwise inconsequential RV perforation causes
      tamponade. Three alternatives to provide standby pacing are proposed.

PMID- 2931180
TI  - Role of macrophages as modulators but not as autonomous accessory cells in
      primary antibody response.
AB  - The role of macrophages (M phi) in the in vitro primary antibody response of
      murine lymphocytes to sheep erythrocytes was investigated. Peritoneal M phi were
      activated to express Ia antigens either in vitro or in vivo. Nonactivated Ia- M
      phi were also examined. We observed that only Ia- M phi but also Ia+ M phi failed
      to trigger the antibody response, in contrast with splenic dendritic cells (DC)
      which served as potent and autonomous accessory cells, but that M phi modulated
      the level of response which was dependent primarily on the DC content of culture.
      The modulation appeared to incline to suppression rather than enhancement, when M
      phi were allowed to remain throughout the culture period for 4 days. A highly
      enhancing capacity of M phi, however, could be revealed by removing M phi 2 days
      after the initiation of culture, indicating that M phi exerted their suppressive
      effect more strongly in the late phase than in the early phase of in vitro
      antibody response. The modulatory activity seemed higher in Ia+ M phi than in Ia-
      M phi.

PMID- 2931181
TI  - Depression of afferent arc of the in vivo cytotoxic T-cell immunity by bacterial
      lipopolysaccharides.
AB  - The afferent arc of the in vivo cytotoxic T-cell immunity assessed by second set
      rejection of ascitic allogeneic tumors was shown to be depressed by bacterial
      lipopolysaccharide (LPS) that was administered simultaneously with or 1 day
      before injection of allogeneic spleen cells as stimulators. Two different LPSs
      from Escherichia coli O55 and Klebsiella O3 displayed similar activities whereas
      dextran sulfate, concanavalin A, or poly A:U was not effective. Stimulator
      activities of allogeneic cells was not directly modified by LPS. Any definite
      suppressor activity on afferent or efferent arc of the T-cell response was not
      demonstrable in mice receiving LPS and allogeneic cells. Further, the LPS effect
      for immune depression was not diminished by whole body X-ray irradiation to the
      recipient at 300 R, which ablated the B-cell reactivity to LPS for polyclonal
      activation, or by treatment of the recipient with carrageenan, a known toxic
      agent to macrophages. It was suggested from these results that LPS suppresses the
      cytotoxic T-cell immunity by modulating responder T cells to be temporarily
      refractory to the allogeneic stimulus rather than by activating suppressor cells
      such as radiation-sensitive lymphocytes and carrageenan-sensitive macrophages.

PMID- 2931182
TI  - Antigen-antibody complexes bound to B-lymphocyte Fc gamma receptors regulate B
      lymphocyte differentiation.
AB  - We studied the effect of soluble antigen-antibody complexes on the responses of
      polyclonally activated murine B lymphocytes. For this, normal B lymphocytes were
      stimulated with rabbit F(ab')2 anti-mu and lymphokines. IgG complexes,
      particularly in antigen excess, inhibited the plaque-forming cell response (55
      70%), while proliferation was unaffected. Maximal inhibition was obtained with
      small amounts (0.2-1.0 microgram/ml) of complexes. Neither antigen or antibody
      alone was inhibitory. Inhibition was mediated via binding of the IgG complexes to
      Fc gamma receptors of B lymphocytes: (1) neither T lymphocytes or adherent
      accessory cells were required; (2) IgM complexes did not inhibit; and (3)
      inhibition was not seen when monoclonal anti-Fc gamma receptor antibodies
      prevented binding of the IgG complexes to these receptors. Kinetic experiments
      showed that B lymphocytes are susceptible to this inhibitory signal for only a
      short time after stimulation. We conclude that IgG complexes bound to the Fc
      gamma receptors of B lymphocytes regulate B-lymphocyte differentiation.

PMID- 2931183
TI  - Different functional subsets of cultured murine T cells express characteristic
      levels of adenosine deaminase activity.
AB  - The level of adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity in mouse T-lymphocyte cultures
      was studied under different growth-supporting conditions and in mixed lymphocyte
      culture-derived long-term T-cell lines and clones. Early after the initiation of
      in vitro culture, the levels of ADA (2000 U/mg) were similar in bulk cultures
      either depleted or not depleted in Lyt-2+ T cells. Enrichment for cytolytic T
      lymphocytes (CTL) obtained by addition of exogenous interleukin 2 (IL-2), was
      accompanied by a net decrease of ADA activity (110 +/- 15 U/mg). All the tested
      CTL-A lines derived from such cultures were also characterized by a low or
      undetectable level of this enzyme (at best 160 +/- 70 U/mg) as previously
      observed. In contrast, "Lyt-2-" T-cell bulk cultures grown, without addition of
      exogenous IL-2, in the presence of gamma-irradiated H-2d stimulators maintained a
      constant level of ADA activity (1770 +/- 340 U/mg) for at least 3 months.
      Functionally distinct types of Lyt-2- T-cell lines were also analyzed: T-cell
      lines competent to activate B lymphocytes to growth and terminal maturation as
      well as others devoid of detectable functions showed a stable ADA level
      comparable to that expressed by the original bulk culture 1685 +/- 620 U/mg). The
      present results demonstrate that, like tumor cell lines, most normal T
      lymphocytes express a high level of ADA activity in culture, which strongly
      suggests that the low level of ADA activity exhibited by CTL is a characteristic
      of this functional subset.

PMID- 2931184
TI  - beta-Carotene reduces sister chromatid exchanges induced by chemical carcinogens
      in mouse mammary cells in organ culture.
AB  - Present studies in the mammary epithelial cell transformation model in organ
      culture showed that presence of beta-carotene during the 24 hr treatment
      (initiation stage) of the glands with the carcinogens, 7,12
      dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA), N-nitrosodiethylamine (DENA) and N
      methylnitrosourea (MNU), caused a highly significant (P less than 0.001-0.01)
      reduction of SCE induced by the same carcinogens. In contrast, 4-hydroxyphenyl
      retinamide (4-HPR) which is known to act at the promotional stage of
      carcinogenesis did not show any significant reduction of SCE. Thus findings
      suggest that beta-carotene can modify the DNA damaging effect of the carcinogens
      and thereby may also prevent the initiation of the carcinogenic process.

PMID- 2931185
TI  - Actions of exogenous heparan sulfate and hyaluronic acid on growth and thymidine
      incorporation of normal and transformed human fibroblasts. A comparison with the
      effects of high cell density and low serum concentration and a warning against
      thymidine incorporation as a measure of DNA synthesis.
AB  - Treatment of normal human (WI-38) cells with exogenous heparan sulfate (HS)
      reduced cell growth and incorporation of radio-isotope-labeled thymidine (TdR)
      into DNA. In spite that growth of their transformants (WI-38 CT-1) was enhanced
      by HS treatment, transformed cells also decreased in TdR incorporation thereby.
      This peculiar observation was explained by a reduction of TdR uptake, leading to
      a decrease in specific radioactivity of newly synthesized DNA. The changes in
      cell growth and TdR incorporation by HS treatment were revealed to be similar to
      the changes with increasing cell density rather than by serum starvation.

PMID- 2931186
TI  - Widespread absence of outer dynein arms in the spermatozoids of lower plants.
AB  - Transverse sections of flagellar axonemes from a variety of lower plant
      spermatozoids were examined by electron microscopy. Motile sperm of four ferns
      (Marsilea, Pteridium, Lygodium and Aneimia), a horsetail (Equisetum) and a
      liverwort (Marchantia) were fixed in the presence of tannic acid to visualise the
      dynein arms. In all cases the inner dynein arms were clearly resolved but the
      outer arms were absent. Absence of outer arms therefore appears to be a common
      feature of the archegoniate plants. The implications of these findings to our
      understanding of the evolution of the land plants and the role of the dynein arms
      in flagellar beating is discussed.

PMID- 2931187
TI  - Association of anti-dynein-1 cross-reactive antigen with the mitotic spindle of
      mammalian cells.
AB  - Two anti-dynein-1 antibodies were affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum
      produced by immunization with dynein-1 from sea urchin sperms. One was prepared
      with dynein-1 as the ligand and the other with the A heavy chains of dynein-1 as
      the ligand. In Western blots of axonemal proteins, the former antibody reacted
      with the A heavy chains of dynein-1 as well as with several other smaller
      polypeptides, whereas the latter bound almost exclusively to the A heavy chains.
      PtK2 cells stained by indirect immunofluorescence with either of these
      antidyneins had identical fluorescence patterns. The interphase cell showed
      rather diffuse and weak fluorescence in its nucleus and perinuclear cytoplasm.
      Its primary cilium and its centrioles also fluoresced. During prophase and
      prometaphase, a more intense fluorescence was present in the asters and
      developing spindle. During metaphase and anaphase the half-spindles fluoresced
      intensely in a fibrous pattern that corresponded to that of the spindle fibers,
      showing less intense fluorescence in the anaphase interzone. In telophase and
      early interphase, the intercellular bridge on each side of the midbody also was
      stained. These results are evidence that dynein-1, specifically the A heavy
      chains and/or a related antigen, is densely packed in the mitotic spindle of PtK2
      cells.

PMID- 2931188
TI  - [Laparoscopic diagnosis of pelvic endometriosis in sterile women].

PMID- 2931189
TI  - [The significance of uroflowmetry in evaluating urination disorders in women].

PMID- 2931190
TI  - Interaction of protein-bound polysaccharide (PS-K) with microtubule proteins. V.
      Influence on tubulin-dependent adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity.

PMID- 2931191
TI  - Specificity of esterases and structure of prodrug esters. II. Hydrolytic
      regeneration behavior of 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (FUdR) from 3',5'-diesters of
      FUdR with rat tissue homogenates and plasma in relation to their antitumor
      activity.

PMID- 2931192
TI  - [Utilization and culture Of Fritillaria thunbergii].

PMID- 2931193
TI  - [Historical textual research on medicinal plants of Dioscoreaceae in Zhejiang
      Province].

PMID- 2931194
TI  - [Identification of adulterants of Bungarus multicinctus].

PMID- 2931195
TI  - [Effect of Chinese materia medica after the processing with wine].

PMID- 2931196
TI  - [Formulation of a wax shell for honey pills: II. Orthogonal experiment of the
      eight factors of the formulation of the wax shell].

PMID- 2931197
TI  - [Improved preparation of hepatitis syrup].

PMID- 2931198
TI  - [Chemical constituents of Equisetaceae: a review].

PMID- 2931199
TI  - [Isolation and identification of chemical constituents from an alcoholic extract
      of Notopterygium incisium].

PMID- 2931200
TI  - [Preliminary study of Cordyceps barnesii--comparison of the chemical constituents
      of Cordyceps barnesii and Cordyceps sinensis].

PMID- 2931201
TI  - [Anti-inflammatory effect of the volatile oil from Curcuma aromatica].

PMID- 2931202
TI  - [Mitotic effect of radix codonopsis pilosulae, radix astragali and semen strychni
      on human lymphocytes].

PMID- 2931203
TI  - [Effect of the compound of Choerospondias axillaris on the tolerance to hypoxia
      and protection from acute myocardial ischemia in animals].

PMID- 2931204
TI  - Preparation of functional group analogs of unsaturated fatty acids and their
      effects on the circadian rhythm of a fatty-acid-deficient mutant of Neurospora
      crassa.
AB  - Functional group analogs of oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids were prepared by
      coverting their double bonds to dibromo, cyclopropyl, epoxy, methoxy, and, in the
      case of oleic acid, hydroxy groups. These compounds were supplemented to the bd
      csp cel strain of the mold Neurospora crassa. The cel mutation confers a partial
      requirement for saturated fatty acids and, also, perturbs the circadian rhythm of
      spore formation. For example, the period of bd csp cel's rhythm is dramatically
      lengthened upon supplementation by natural cis-unsaturated fatty acids. Of the
      analogs tested, only the monoepoxy, monomethoxy, dibromo, and hexabromo stearic
      acids gave significant period lengthening. Other analogs, which should have
      comparable abilities to disrupt lipid bilayer packing, gave no rhythm effect.
      Further, the inactive di- and tri-methoxystearic acid analogs were incorporated
      to a greater extent than the active mono-methoxystearic acid. The results do not,
      therefore, support a direct alteration in membrane "fluidity' as the mode of
      action of the period-lengthening fatty acids.

PMID- 2931205
TI  - Invasive cervical cancer and depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate. WHO Collaborative
      Study of Neoplasia and Steroid Contraceptives.
AB  - Preliminary results of a study of the possible relationship of depot-medroxy
      progesterone acetate (DMPA) to invasive cervical cancer are presented. The
      findings are based on data from three participating centres in Thailand and one
      in Mexico. A relative risk for cervical cancer of 1.2 was observed in women who
      had ever used DMPA; this was not statistically significant. No consistent
      increase in risk with duration of use was observed, although a relative risk of 2
      was found in women who had used DMPA for more than 5 years. This observed
      increase in risk was confined to women who were aged under 46 years or who had
      first been exposed to DMPA before 30 years of age. These findings are based on
      small numbers of subjects, and may not represent a causal relationship.

PMID- 2931206
TI  - Breast cancer and depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate. WHO Collaborative Study of
      Neoplasia and Steroid Contraceptives.
AB  - The preliminary results of a study of the incidence of breast cancer in relation
      to use of depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) are presented. The findings
      are based on data from three participating centres in Thailand, and one each in
      Kenya and Mexico. A relative risk for breast cancer of 0.7 was observed in women
      who had ever used DMPA; this was not statistically significant. Although no
      consistent decrease in risk with duration of use was observed, the lowest
      relative risk (0.5) was observed in women who had used DMPA for three or more
      years. These findings are based on small numbers and must be considered
      preliminary. However, they provide no evidence that DMPA increases the risk of
      breast cancer, and suggest that it may exert a protective effect, particularly in
      long-term users.

PMID- 2931207
TI  - The unchanging epidemiology and toll of measles in Burma.

PMID- 2931208
TI  - By-pass of the major aminofluorene-DNA adduct during in vivo replication of
      single- and double-stranded phi X174 DNA treated with N-hydroxy-2-aminofluorene.
AB  - To examine the effects of aminofluorene-DNA adduct formation on the biological
      activity of DNA, single-stranded (ss) phi X174 DNA and phi X174 replicative form
      (RF) DNA were modified to different extents with 3H-labeled N-hydroxy-2
      aminofluorene and subsequently transfected to Escherichia coli spheroplasts with
      different repair capabilities. When the fraction of active ss phi X174 DNA
      molecules was measured as a function of the mean number of adducts per molecule,
      exponential survival curves were obtained from which it could be deduced that in
      wild-type, uvrA- and recA- cells at least 86%, and in uvrC- cells at least 82% of
      the introduced adducts do not cause inactivation. In the case of RF DNA the
      survival curves are non-exponential, but they nevertheless show that an
      exceptionally high number of adducts per RF molecule must be introduced to
      destroy its biological activity. On average 52 adducts per RF molecule were
      needed to reduce the survival to 37%, irrespective of whether wild-type, uvrA- or
      recA- cells were used. On the other hand, the survival of the uvrC- cells was
      considerably lower, but even in these cells a majority of the adducts is not
      lethal. By h.p.l.c. analysis of the modified DNA after hydrolysis with
      trifluoroacetic acid, 81 and 84% of the adducts in ss- and RF DNA, respectively,
      could be identified as N-(guanin-8-yl)-2-aminofluorene. The results strongly
      indicate that this type of major modification product is very frequently by
      passed during replication of both single- and double-stranded DNA. The results
      together with the data obtained by sucrose gradient analysis both before and
      after an alkali treatment and those obtained by h.p.l.c. analysis suggest that
      inactivation of ssDNA is mainly due to minor modifications such as secondary
      lesions consisting of chain breaks and alkali-labile sites together with
      unidentified interaction products.

PMID- 2931209
TI  - Role of sodium in hypertensive cardiac hypertrophy.
AB  - Cardiac hypertrophy in systemic hypertension may not result simply from increased
      afterload. Previous studies indicate that factors other than blood pressure may
      influence cardiac hypertrophy. We evaluated the effects of dietary sodium
      restriction in two-kidney one-clip renal hypertensive rats. After the renal
      artery had been clipped, the rats received a normal diet until hypertension was
      established; thereafter, a sodium-deficient diet was instituted in one group.
      Clipped rats on a regular diet had significantly higher systolic blood pressures
      than sham-operated controls (205 +/- 9 vs. 129 +/- 1 mm Hg, respectively). Sodium
      restriction did not reverse hypertension (190 +/- 8 mm Hg), but led to a
      significant reduction of relative heart weight compared to rats on the normal
      diet (2.94 +/- 0.24 vs. 3.86 +/- 0.23 mg/g, respectively; P less than 0.01). The
      hypertrophied hearts of animals on the regular diet showed depressed tissue
      catecholamines (significant only for norepinephrine); sodium restriction resulted
      in a restoration to normal levels. Thus, we demonstrated a dissociation of blood
      pressure and cardiac hypertrophy in the two-kidney one-clip model, similar to
      previous findings in other models. Our results support the concept that factors
      other than blood pressure contribute to cardiac hypertrophy. Dietary sodium
      intake appears to be one such factor. In addition, a possible role of the
      sympathetic nervous system is suggested.

PMID- 2931210
TI  - The effects of human atrial 28-amino acid peptide on systemic and renal
      hemodynamics in anesthetized rats.
AB  - The effects of synthetic human atrial 28-amino acid peptide (alpha-human atrial
      polypeptide) on systemic and renal hemodynamics were examined in two separate
      groups of Inactin-anesthetized rats. First, mean arterial pressure, heart rate,
      and cardiac output were measured before and during infusion of the peptide at
      rates of 0.04-0.67 microgram/kg per min. Cardiac output was determined by the dye
      dilution method with a microcuvette inserted into a carotid-femoral arterial
      shunt. After 10 minutes of infusion, mean arterial pressure, cardiac output, and
      total peripheral resistance were reduced in a dose-dependent manner by 21% (P
      less than 0.001), 9% (P less than 0.05), and 11% (P less than 0.05),
      respectively, with 0.67 microgram/kg per min of alpha-human atrial natriuretic
      polypeptide. Despite the marked fall in blood pressure, the heart rate did not
      change. Second, urine volume, urinary sodium excretion, glomerular filtration
      rate ([3H]inulin clearance) and renal blood flow ([14C]p-aminohippuric acid
      sodium clearance and hematocrit) were measured. Increases in urine volume,
      urinary sodium excretion, filtration fraction, and fractional sodium excretion
      and a decrease in renal vascular resistance were dose dependent: +490% (P less
      than 0.01), +1340% (P less than 0.01), +19% (P less than 0.05), +1160% (P less
      than 0.01), and -18% (P less than 0.05), respectively, with 0.67 microgram/kg per
      min of alpha-human atrial natriuretic polypeptide. The glomerular filtration rate
      increased with 0.33 and 0.67 microgram/kg per min of alpha-human atrial
      natriuretic polypeptide (both P less than 0.05), whereas renal blood flow did not
      change.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2931211
TI  - In-hospital morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing elective coronary
      angioplasty.
AB  - We prospectively recorded all in-hospital complications of the first 3500
      consecutive patients to undergo elective coronary angioplasty (PTCA) at Emory
      University Hospitals from July 14, 1980, to August 28, 1984, by three operators.
      PTCA was attempted in a total of 3933 lesions, with a primary success rate of
      91%. Multiple-lesion PTCA was performed in 401 patients, and PTCA of saphenous
      vein grafts was attempted in 172. No complications were recorded in 3116 (89%)
      cases, isolated minor complications occurred in 241 (6.9%), and major
      complications (emergency surgery, myocardial infarction, death) were observed in
      145 (4.1%). Emergency coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) was performed
      in 96 patients (2.7%), with a myocardial infarction rate of 49% (47/96), a Q wave
      infarction rate of 23% (22/96), and an emergency surgery mortality rate of 2%
      (2/96). Hospital discharge occurred within 2 weeks of attempted PTCA in 91%
      (87/96) of patients undergoing emergency CABG. The overall myocardial infarction
      rate was 2.6% (94/3500). There were two nonsurgical deaths, giving a total
      mortality rate of 0.1% (4/3500). Univariate and multivariate analysis of 3099
      patients undergoing single-lesion PTCA identified five preprocedure predictors of
      a major complication: multivessel coronary disease, lesion eccentricity, presence
      of calcium in the lesion, female gender, and lesion length. Unstable angina,
      duration of angina, lesion severity, previous CABG, and vein graft dilatation
      were not associated with an increased incidence of major complications. The
      strongest predictor of a major complication was the procedural appearance of an
      intimal dissection. Intimal dissection was evident in 894/3099 (29%)
      patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2931212
TI  - Uptake of hematoporphyrin derivative by valvular vegetations in experimental
      infective endocarditis.
AB  - Drugs that localize in valvular vegetations may be useful in the diagnosis and
      treatment of infective endocarditis. We therefore tested the hypothesis that
      parenterally injected hematoporphyrin derivative (HPD), which is concentrated in
      tumors and atherosclerotic plaques, localizes in the vegetations of experimental
      infective endocarditis. In 14 rabbits, various bacteria were given intra
      arterially immediately after injury to the aortic valve. In 12 additional
      rabbits, sterile vegetations on the aortic valve were produced by the trauma
      caused by an indwelling catheter that had been in place over a long period. HPD,
      2.5 mg/kg, was injected intravenously 1 to 2 days before the animals were killed
      in six rabbits with sterile vegetations and in seven rabbits with infected
      vegetations. In all rabbits, multiple vegetations on the aortic valve leaflets
      were identified. On exposure to ultraviolet light, strong porphyrin fluorescence
      of all vegetations, whether sterile or infected, was observed only in rabbits
      given HPD. In two rabbits given HPD 10 weeks after catheter implantation across
      the aortic valve, however, only mild fluorescence could be detected in healing
      endocardial vegetations. In frozen sections of HPD-laden lesions, a patchy
      distribution of fluorescence was observed that was similar to the pattern of HPD
      localization in atheromatous plaques. Since vegetations in experimental infective
      endocarditis selectively concentrate HPD, porphyrins could be useful in the
      diagnosis and treatment of infective endocarditis.

PMID- 2931213
TI  - Solid-phase enzyme-receptor assay (SPERA): a competitive-binding assay for
      glycopeptide antibiotics of the vancomycin class.
AB  - A solid-phase enzyme-receptor assay (SPERA) has been developed for glycopeptide
      antibiotics of the vancomycin class such as teicoplanin, vancomycin, ristocetin,
      avoparcin, actaplanin, A-47934, A-41030, and A-35512-B. The assay exploits the
      mechanism of most action of these antibiotics, which is based on their
      interaction with acyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine, a constituent of the walls of most
      growing bacterial cells. The antibiotics and enzyme-labeled teicoplanin compete
      for a synthetic analog of the biological receptor, albumin-epsilon-aminocaproyl-D
      alanyl-D-alanine. The various antibiotics produced different competition curves,
      50% displacement being obtained with antibiotic concentrations ranging from 0.04
      to 4 mg/L, vancomycin and actaplanin being the weakest and strongest competitors,
      respectively. For teicoplanin in human serum the intra-assay CV was 7.2%, the
      interassay CV was 11.2%, and the analytical recovery 94%. Teicoplanin
      concentrations obtained by SPERA (chi) correlated well with those obtained by
      microbiological assay (y): y = 1.03 chi + 0.053 (r = 0.943; n = 60). We conclude
      that SPERA is a powerful tool for identification and quantitative detection of
      glycopeptide antibiotics, even in complex media.

PMID- 2931214
TI  - The analysis of systolic and diastolic time intervals: a more sensitive non
      invasive method in the assessment of left ventricular dysfunction in the patients
      with essential hypertension.
AB  - Time indices and volumetric parameters were investigated in patients with
      essential hypertension subdivided into three groups according to the WHO stage
      classification. The ratio of ejection time (ET) and pre-ejection period (PEP),
      ET/PEP remained within normal range in WHO-I but decreased significantly in WHO
      II and reached extremely low values in WHO-III. ET did not change in WHO-I and
      WHO-II but became significantly reduced in WHO-III. Prolongation of PEP in WHO-II
      and WHO-III increased with progression of hypertensive stage. Isovolumic
      relaxation time (IRT) showed the same pattern as the prolongation of PEP;
      positive correlation between PEP and IRT was observed (r=0.55). On the other
      hand, significant changes of volumetric parameters were only observed in WHO-III.
      These results indicated that the time indices were a more sensitive parameter
      than the volumetric ones in the assessment of left ventricular dysfunction in the
      patients with essential hypertension.

PMID- 2931215
TI  - Enhanced natriuretic and hypotensive responsiveness to alpha-human atrial
      natriuretic polypeptide (alpha-hANP) in SHR.
AB  - Natriuretic and hypotensive effects of synthetic alpha-human atrial natriuretic
      polypeptide (alpha-hANP) were investigated in anesthetized spontaneously
      hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). The renal
      excretory and hypotensive effects of alpha-hANP were strengthened in a dose
      dependent manner in both strains of rat. The natriuretic response to three doses
      of alpha-hANP (0.3, 1.0 and 3.0 micrograms/kg) were significantly greater in SHR
      than in WKY. These results suggest that atrial natriuretic polypeptide may play
      some role in water-electrolyte balance and control of blood pressure in SHR.

PMID- 2931216
TI  - Age of onset in siblings of persons with juvenile Huntington disease.
AB  - The age of onset distribution of Huntington disease (HD) has been defined for
      siblings of patients who exhibit the disease before age 20. The mean age of onset
      for the siblings of juvenile onset cases is 26.8 years, which is significantly
      less than the mean age of onset (39.8) observed in siblings of non-juvenile
      cases. We have shown that the curve for age of onset in the general affected
      population is significantly different from that of the juvenile sibships.
      Furthermore, the significant regression equation suggests that the 'expected age
      of onset' of a sibling can be predicted from a knowledge of the age of onset of
      the juvenile proband. This information can be used to predict a range of age of
      onset for those sibs of juvenile patients who are likely to be asymptomatic
      heterozygotes with DNA polymorphism studies.

PMID- 2931217
TI  - The effects of isotretinoin on the pathology of early acne papules.

PMID- 2931218
TI  - Reticulate pigmented anomaly of the flexures and seborrhoeic warts.

PMID- 2931219
TI  - Lymphocytes from patients with hairy cell leukaemia enable the distinction of two
      separate subpopulations of activated lymphocyte killer cells generated in mixed
      lymphocyte culture.
AB  - Blood from patients with hairy cell leukaemia (HCL) was used to investigate
      subpopulations of the non-specific activated lymphocyte killer (ALK) cells
      generated in mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC). Mononuclear cells from four of five
      patients with HCL had decreased natural killer (NK) cell activity and, of these,
      all showed a decrease in ALK cell activity against K-562 target cells (NK like
      cells), but three had normal levels of ALK cells able to kill melanoma cells. One
      patient who had received splenectomy had normal NK cell activity, and in MLC his
      cells generated normal levels of both subpopulations of ALK cells. The results
      support the hypothesis of separate subsets of ALK cells: NK like cells with NK
      cell precursors and which preferentially lyse the K-562 target cell and a second
      separate population which arises independent of NK cell precursors and which has
      strong cytolytic activity against an NK insensitive melanoma cell line.

PMID- 2931221
TI  - T suppressor cell function and number in children with liver disease.
AB  - Con A stimulated suppressor cell function and the proportion of suppressor T
      cells were reduced in children with untreated chronic active hepatitis (CAH) but
      were normal in corticosteroid treated CAH patients, patients with severe acute
      hepatitis and inactive chronic liver disease. Adults with CAH also have defective
      suppressor function but a normal proportion of T suppressor cells. This
      difference may account for the observation that relapse after treatment
      withdrawal is less frequent in children than in adults.

PMID- 2931220
TI  - Strong prostaglandin associated suppression of the proliferation of human
      maternal lymphocytes by neonatal lymphocytes linked to T versus T cell
      interactions and differential PGE2 sensitivity.
AB  - Lymphocytes from human fetuses and newborns strongly, regularly, and non
      specifically suppress the proliferation of PHA stimulated peripheral blood
      mononuclear leucocytes. The suppression is prostaglandin (PG)-dependent. Our
      present investigation clearly indicates that the suppression is associated with
      neonatal T versus maternal T lymphocyte interactions, independent of monocytes.
      This was borne out from co-cultures of PHA stimulated maternal and male cord T
      cells enriched by nylon wool columns (greater than 90% T3+ cells; residual
      adherent cells ranging between 0 and 0.05%, and sIg+ cells between 0.6 and 3.2%).
      Sex chromosomes served as markers for dividing cord (male) or maternal cells.
      Each of three separate PG synthetase inhibitors introduced into the co-cultures
      indomethacin 28 microM, 5, 8, 11, 14-eicosatetraynoic acid (ETYA) 33 microM, or
      Naprosyn 217 microM--decreased the suppression of the maternal T cells by a
      maximum of 65%, indicating the importance of PG for the suppression. Moreover,
      exogenous PGE2 ranging between 1.4 X 10(-5) and 1.4 X 10(-9) M strongly
      suppressed the proliferation of PHA stimulated maternal T cells (ranging between
      62 and 26%) but left the proliferation of cord T cells virtually unchanged. This
      difference offers one explanation for the strong and invariable suppression of
      adult lymphocytes by fetal/neonatal lymphocytes. The suppression might be of
      importance for prohibiting rejection of the placenta by maternal lymphocytes.

PMID- 2931222
TI  - In vitro studies on the mechanism of increased serum IgM levels in primary
      biliary cirrhosis.
AB  - To evaluate the mechanisms underlying the increase in serum IgM in primary
      biliary cirrhosis (PBC) studies were designed to examine IgM production in vitro
      and to assess the relative contribution of intrinsic B cell activity and
      immunoregulatory T cell balance to IgM synthesis. The number of peripheral blood
      lymphocytes (PBL) producing IgM (spontaneous and pokeweed mitogen (PWM)
      stimulated) at the end of a seven day culture period was similar in PBC patients
      and control subjects while the amount of IgM synthesized (spontaneous and PWM
      stimulated) during this period was significantly greater in the patient group,
      implying that the amount of IgM produced per B cell was increased in PBC. Co
      culture of autologous and allogeneic T and B lymphocytes and irradiation of T
      lymphocytes from patients and normal subjects clearly implicated abnormal
      suppressor T cell function, rather than autonomous B cell hyperactivity, as the
      cause of the increased IgM synthesis. Direct studies of T cell function indicated
      that although concanavalin A (Con A) activated suppressor cells inhibited
      proliferation of IgM producing B cells in the majority of PBC patients, they were
      unable to inhibit IgM synthesis. The demonstration of a disparity between IgM
      synthesis and the proliferation of IgM-producing B cells, together with the
      observation that the abnormality of T cell function is largely confined to the
      control of IgM secretion, is consistent with the presence of at least two
      different suppressor subpopulations regulating IgM production. In PBC the main
      suppressor cell abnormality seems to affect regulation of IgM secretion rather
      than B cell proliferation.

PMID- 2931223
TI  - Effect of in vitro colchicine and oral theophylline on suppressor cell function
      of asthmatic patients.
AB  - Extrinsic asthmatic patients have been reported to have a deficiency of
      concanavalin A (Con A)-induced suppressor cell function. We tested whether in
      vitro colchicine and oral theophylline can correct this immunoregulatory
      abnormality. Asthmatic patients' mononuclear cells were incubated with Con A
      and/or colchicine and then suppression of proliferation was measured by coculture
      of these cells with healthy volunteers' mononuclear cells and
      phytohaemagglutinin. The Con A induced suppressor cell function of 29
      theophylline treated patients (26 +/- 16%, mean +/- s.d.) was significantly (P
      less than 0.002) increased as compared to 21 untreated patients (12 +/- 10%) but
      significantly (P less than 0.01) decreased as compared to 45 healthy volunteers
      (39 +/- 17%). A pharmacological concentration (10(-8) M) of colchicine had no
      significant effect on Con A-induced suppressor cell function of 19 untreated
      patients (from 12 +/- 9% to 9 +/- 22%) but significantly (P less than 0.05)
      increased Con A-induced suppressor cell function of 20 theophylline treated
      patients (from 26 +/- 17% to 36 +/- 19%). Thus asthmatic patients have decreased
      Con A-induced suppressor cell function which is partially corrected by oral
      theophylline and almost completely corrected by oral theophylline plus in vitro
      colchicine. This synergistic effect raises the possibility that oral colchicine
      together with theophylline may be useful in treating patients with extrinsic
      asthma.

PMID- 2931224
TI  - Salivary IgA antibody to glucosyltransferase in man.
AB  - Parotid salivas of 97 young adults were screened for IgA antibody to
      glucosyltransferase (GTF) from laboratory strains of Streptococcus mutans
      (serotypes c and g). Antibody levels to GTF from serotype c positively correlated
      with levels to serotype g GTF among these salivas. GTF's were prepared from S.
      mutans obtained from a subset of individuals in this population. All but one
      saliva showed IgA antibody activity to all of the GTF tested. In addition, the
      relative magnitude of each subject's antibody level was generally the highest to
      the GTF from their own S. mutans. Fractions, enriched for IgA by ammonium
      sulphate precipitation and gel filtration, showed patterns of functional
      inhibition of GTF activity which were consistent with patterns of IgA antibody
      activity in ELISA of unfractionated salivas. These data indicate that detectable
      levels of IgA antibody to S. mutans GTF exist in many young adult salivas, while
      this IgA antibody activity reacts with GTF from different biotypes, subjects
      generally show the highest secretory IgA antibody levels to their own GTF, and
      the relative amount of IgA antibody to GTF and the ability to inhibit GTF
      activity are roughly correlated.

PMID- 2931225
TI  - T gamma lymphocytosis is clinically non-progressive but immunologically
      heterogeneous.
AB  - Immunological studies were performed with the expanded T gamma cells of five
      patients with T gamma lymphocytosis. All patients showed a stable clinical
      picture with persistent T gamma lymphocytosis and neutropenia, with or without
      recurrent infections. The expanded T gamma cells in the blood had the T1-3+4
      8+11+M1- phenotype, with the exception of one patient whose cells lacked the T8
      marker. The expanded T gamma cell population did not proliferate in response to T
      cell mitogens and did not show immunoregulatory activity on pokeweed mitogen
      driven immunoglobulin synthesis. In four of the five patients the T gamma cells
      had killer cell activity against IgG sensitized mouse mastocytoma cells. Taken
      together, these results and the data from the literature, it is concluded that T
      gamma lymphocytosis represents a spectrum of T cell expansions clearly distinct
      from clinically progressive mature T cell neoplasias.

PMID- 2931226
TI  - Specific cytotoxicity of human lymphocyte subpopulations defined by bacterial
      adherence.
AB  - It has been shown that lymphocytes can be subdivided into subpopulations based on
      their binding of bacteria. Monolayers of immobilized and fixed bacteria were used
      here to separate T cells into BA-T1T2, adherent to Escherichia coli-2 (EC-2+) and
      BA-T3T4, non-adherent to this strain of bacteria (Ec-2-) (our denomination). The
      cells were activated in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC) and tested for cytotoxic
      activity. The BA-T1T2 cells developed the same cytotoxic activity as the sham
      separated T cells whereas BA-T3T4 cells did not become cytotoxic. When the T
      cells were separated into BA-T2 cells, adherent to Bacillus globigii (Bg+), and
      BA-T1T3T4, non-adherent, (Bg- cells became cytotoxic. Since BA-T1 cells, which
      represent 10-20% of T cells, are common to the two populations they appear to
      contain all T cells needed to develop the specific cytotoxicity for allogeneic
      cells. When the cells were first activated in MLC for 6 days and then separated
      by adherence to E. coli-2 or B. globigii, all cytotoxic cells were in the non
      adherent fraction. We concluded that the subpopulation of T cells which are Ec
      2+Bg- (less than 20%) contain all the cells required for the development of
      cytoxic cell function and that after activation they become Ec-2-Bg-.

PMID- 2931227
TI  - Numerical and functional alterations in circulatory lymphocytes in cigarette
      smokers.
AB  - Simultaneous numerical and functional studies of circulatory lymphocytes were
      undertaken in healthy non-smoking and cigarette-smoking volunteers. The smokers
      all had light to moderate histories of less than 50 pack years. By contrast with
      non-smokers (n = 32), the smokers (n = 14) had a significant increase in the
      total number of lymphocytes, surface immunoglobulin bearing (sIg+) cells, total T
      cells (T3+) and T helper-inducer cells (T4+), and a trend of increase in T
      suppressor-cytotoxic cells (8+). These changes differ from those in heavy smokers
      who have been reported to show significantly increased T suppressor-cytotoxic but
      significantly decreased T helper-inducer cells. Although the proportions of T
      cell subsets did not differ significantly in the light to moderate smokers
      compared with non-smokers, in vitro T-suppressor function against the Ig
      secreting response of allogeneic B-cells to pokeweed mitogen (PWM) stimulation
      was significantly impaired. The proliferative response of T-cells to
      phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) was, however, similar in both groups. This suggests
      that smoking may exert a selective influence upon a subset of T suppressor cells.
      In cytotoxicity assays, smokers showed a significant decrease in natural killer
      cell (NK) activity but not in antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). It
      appears that these alterations are reversible since a group of ex-smokers (n =
      10) were indistinguishable from our non-smoking group in all studies. The
      implications regarding the link between smoking and increased susceptibility to
      infection and malignancy are discussed; and these findings should be borne in
      mind in basic studies of lymphocytes.

PMID- 2931229
TI  - Ultrasonic blood flow measurements in arteriovenous fistulas: an experimental
      study.
AB  - Femoral arteriovenous fistulas (AVF) were constructed in dogs. Fistulas blood
      flow was measured simultaneously with standard Doppler equipment, with
      electromagnetic flow probes and by direct timed blood collection. A good
      correlation was observed between Doppler and direct timed blood collection (r =
      0.822, p less than 0.001) and also between Doppler and electromagnetic
      determinations (r = 0.747, p less than 0.001). These results lead us to suggest
      that transcutaneous measurement of AVF flow is possible with standard Doppler
      equipment and we recommend this technique for the management of AVF constructed
      in uremic patients.

PMID- 2931230
TI  - Management of patients after thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial
      infarction.
AB  - The coronary artery thrombus that causes acute myocardial infarction can be
      lysed, and reperfusion can be achieved, in the first few hours after infarction.
      However, the infarct vessel will reocclude in 15-30% of patients, and this event
      is frequently associated with pain, reinfarction, arrhythmias, or death. The risk
      of reocclusion is greatest in patients with high-grade residual stenosis after
      thrombolysis. Percutaneous coronary angioplasty may be performed safely after
      thrombolytic therapy. Angioplasty effectively decreases the degree of residual
      stenosis, and may thereby reduce the risk of reocclusion and consequent ischemic
      events. However, a substantial proportion of patients with acute infarction are
      not suitable candidates for angioplasty. Coronary artery bypass surgery has also
      been safely performed within several days after thrombolytic therapy. Further
      studies are needed to determine which patients will benefit most from this
      aggressive approach to acute myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2931228
TI  - The oestrogen antagonists, tamoxifen and FC-1157a, display oestrogen like effects
      on human lymphocyte functions in vitro.
AB  - We studied the in vitro effects of two anti-oestrogens (tamoxifen and FC-1157a)
      on human lymphocyte functions in pokeweed mitogen (PWM) stimulated cultures.
      Addition of 1-100 nmol/l of tamoxifen or FC-1157a to PWM cultures significantly
      increased the number of immunoglobulin secreting cells. This concentration of
      tamoxifen did not affect the proliferative response. Further experiments with
      fractionated lymphocyte subpopulations showed that the anti-oestrogens displayed
      their enhancing effect by inhibiting the suppressive function of T8+ cells. The
      anti-oestrogens had no significant effect on the T-independent activation of B
      cells with Epstein-Barr virus. We conclude that the anti-oestrogens display an
      effect on the functions of human lymphocytes similar to that previously reported
      for oestradiol (Paavonen, Andersson & Adlercreutz, 1981).

PMID- 2931231
TI  - Right ventricular subendocardial infarction in a patient with pulmonary
      hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and normal coronary arteries.
AB  - Right ventricular infarction is usually associated with coronary artery disease
      and concomitant left ventricular infarction. Isolated right ventricular
      subendocardial necrosis was discovered at autopsy in a 52-year-old woman with
      pulmonary hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and normal coronary
      arteries, who died with septicemia 41 days after mitral valve replacement. This
      represents the first well-documented report of isolated right ventricular
      subendocardial infarction associated with normal coronary arteries.

PMID- 2931232
TI  - Antihypertensive and cardiovascular effects of nitrendipine: a controlled study
      vs. placebo.
AB  - The antihypertensive and cardiovascular effects of nitrendipine, a calcium entry
      blocker similar to nifedipine, have been evaluated in a double-blind, placebo
      controlled study in 20 patients with hypertension. At baseline and at the end of
      the 8-week period (nitrendipine, 20 mg once a day, or placebo, 1 tablet once a
      day) the following parameters were measured: systolic and diastolic blood
      pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) at rest by an automatic recorder; BP, HR, and
      cardiac workload (systolic BP X HR) during exercise testing on a bicycle; left
      ventricular mass (LVMe according to the method of Devereux) and cross-sectional
      area (CSA), and main parameters of systolic function (end diastolic volume, end
      systolic volume [ESV], and ejection fraction [EF]) by M mode echocardiography.
      There was a significant decrease in BP at rest (163/108 vs. 144/92 mm Hg; P less
      than 0.001) and during exercise in subjects receiving nitrendipine, while placebo
      did not modify these parameters. LVMe (from 195 to 188 gm; P less than 0.01) and
      CSA (from 20.2 to 19.8 cm2; P less than 0.05) were reduced by nitrendipine, which
      also improved cardiac performance (ESV fell from 44 to 38 ml [P less than 0.001]
      and EF fell from 62% to 66% [P less than 0.01]). No effect was observed in the
      placebo group. Our results indicate that nitrendipine is a powerful
      antihypertensive agent that also improves cardiac performance and slightly but
      significantly reduces left ventricular mass.

PMID- 2931233
TI  - Atriopeptins: volume regulatory hormones.

PMID- 2931234
TI  - Hypersensitivity vasculitis associated with streptokinase.

PMID- 2931235
TI  - Osteoarthritis as a public health problem.

PMID- 2931236
TI  - Influence of ATP and magnesium on phosphofructokinase from sea bass
      (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) liver.
AB  - Glycolytic enzyme phosphofructokinase (PFK) from sea-bass liver shows inhibition
      for ATP4- and MG-ATP2-, and ATP4- is a competitive inhibitor with respect to MG
      ATP2-. Free Mg2+ behaves as a mixed inhibitor on the kinetic with respect to the
      true enzyme substrate Mg-ATP2-, and eliminates the inhibition effect of this
      substrate. The kinetics with respect to Mg-ATP2- at non-inhibiting concentrations
      is not visibly affected by temperature of pH variation. The inhibiting effect of
      Mg-ATP2- is more marked at 22 and 10 degrees C (of three assayed temperatures 22,
      15 and 10 degrees C and at physiological pH 6.8) as opposed to the maximum
      activity pH (8.0).

PMID- 2931237
TI  - Critical evaluation of quadratic logistic discriminant analysis methods: a case
      study.
AB  - Electrocardiographic measurements from two groups, patients with left ventricular
      hypertrophy and clinically normal cases, were analyzed to illustrate the
      performance of the linear logistic discrimination method in the case of very
      unequal covariance matrices. Two quadratic extensions of the linear model were
      critically investigated. The use of graphical methods to check the model has been
      stressed and illustrated.

PMID- 2931238
TI  - Evaluation of the protective value of an antisolvent gel by laser Doppler
      flowmetry and histology.
AB  - In a previous histological study, we observed the protective efficiency of an
      antisolvent gel (Antixol) against the skin irritation induced by epicutaneous
      application of n-hexane for 15 and 30 min. In the present study, we tried to
      evaluate the protective efficiency of the Antixol gel against the cutaneous
      irritation induced by the application of toluene for 10 min. The possible
      application of laser Doppler flowmetry as a new objective method to test skin
      irritation and to evaluate the protective efficiency of barrier creams and gels
      was confirmed by the histological findings.

PMID- 2931239
TI  - Ammonium persulphate sensitivity in hairdressers.
AB  - 12 of 49 professional hairdressers patch tested with ammonium persulphate gave
      positive reactions, in contrast to 1 of 118 patients who were not hairdressers. 7
      out of 10 of these 12 patients have since given up hairdressing. The rate of
      degradation of ammonium persulphate in pet. and in aqueous solution was
      estimated, and found to be 24% in 6 months.

PMID- 2931240
TI  - Contact dermatitis to Butin-2-diol 1,4.

PMID- 2931241
TI  - Allergic contact dermatitis to nitrofurazone.

PMID- 2931242
TI  - Contact allergy to dexpanthenol.

PMID- 2931243
TI  - Contact dermatitis due to Centelase.

PMID- 2931244
TI  - Allergic cheilitis to azulene.

PMID- 2931245
TI  - Patch testing with barrier creams.

PMID- 2931246
TI  - Organic pigment as a cause of plastic glove dermatitis.

PMID- 2931249
TI  - Phosphorylated intermediates of two Ca++-ATPases in membrane preparations from
      lens epithelial cells.
AB  - By incubating preparations enriched in membranes from lens epithelial cells with
      [gamma 32P]-ATP and Ca++ at 0 degrees C for 15 seconds followed by SDS-PAGE
      analysis, it was possible to demonstrate a Ca++-dependent [32P]-phosphate
      incorporation in two polypeptides with Mr 105,000 and 140,000. Treatment of
      phosphorylated preparations with 0.06 N hydroxylamine at pH 5.4 and 25 degrees C
      removed the label from both polypeptides indicating that the phosphate was
      attached to the proteins by an anhydride linkage characteristic of the
      phosphorylated intermediates of the ATPases. Membrane preparations from
      sarcoplasmic reticulum and red blood cell studied under the same conditions
      showed a Ca++-dependent [32P]-phosphate incorporation into polypeptides with Mr
      105,000 and 138,000, respectively, corresponding to the phosphorylated
      intermediates of the Ca++-ATPases present in these preparations. The results
      suggest the presence of two Ca++-ATPases in lens epithelial cells which, in terms
      of Mr, appear to be similar to those present in the sarcoplasmic reticulum and
      the red blood cell plasma membrane, respectively.

PMID- 2931247
TI  - A randomized cross-over comparison of two low-dose oral contraceptives upon
      hormonal and metabolic parameters: I. Effects upon sexual hormone levels.
AB  - The effect of a low-dose triphasic oral contraceptive (OC) containing ethinyl
      estradiol and levonorgestrel (EE/NG) upon serum levels of endogenous sexual
      hormones was compared to that of a preparation containing EE and desogestrel
      (EE/DG). Blood samples were taken on Day 6, 11, 21, and 28 of a control cycle and
      of the third cycle of treatment with either the EE/NG or EE/DG preparation (11
      volunteers each). After a washout period of 3 months, the contraceptives were
      changed in a cross-over fashion. Blood samples were again taken on Day 6, 11, 21,
      and 28 of the third washout cycle and the third treatment cycle. There was no
      significant suppression of serum LH and FSH during treatment with EE/NG and EE/DG
      except on Day 21, while estradiol levels were significantly lowered. Similar to
      the gonadotropin concentrations, the estrogen levels showed great individual
      variations; although they were depressed in the majority of the women, there was
      a considerable stimulation of follicular activity in 36% of the women under EE/NG
      and 18% under EE/DG. Both EE/NG and EE/DG suppressed significantly serum
      progesterone, testosterone, and DHEA-S, while prolactin was unaffected. In three
      cases an escape ovulation seemed to have occurred, but no pregnancy was observed.
      The spottings (8/22 women) and breakthrough bleedings (6/22 women) did not
      correlate with the serum levels of estradiol. The results indicate that the
      suppression of gonadotropin secretion during treatment with low-dose OC is a time
      dependent process which in some women may be at or below the threshold of safe
      ovulation inhibition.

PMID- 2931248
TI  - Stimulation of the primary mixed leukocyte reaction.
AB  - This article will review the evidence that dendritic cells are specialized
      stimulator cells for the mixed leukocyte reaction. The topics to be considered
      are (1) identification of dendritic cells, (2) specialized stimulating capacity
      of dendritic cells in the allogeneic and syngeneic mixed leukocyte reactions, (3)
      stimulator cells for the secondary mixed leukocyte reaction, and (4) evidence for
      a role of dendritic cells during graft rejection in situ.

PMID- 2931250
TI  - Cytogenetics update for pediatricians.

PMID- 2931251
TI  - Differential susceptibility of BALB/c sublines to diabetes induction by multi
      dose streptozotocin treatment.

PMID- 2931252
TI  - Lymphocyte subpopulations of blood and alveolar lavage in blastomycosis.
AB  - Patients with blastomycosis were found to have differing lymphocyte populations
      depending on the extent of disease manifestations and whether or not therapy had
      been started. Patients with recovering pulmonary blastomycosis who had been
      receiving antifungal treatment for at least four weeks had lymphocyte
      subpopulations no different from control donors. Patients with treated
      extrapulmonary blastomycosis had similar T helper (TH) to T suppressor (TS)
      ratios compared to recovering pulmonary patients and control subjects; this ratio
      gives a false impression because extrapulmonary blastomycosis patients had a
      reduced absolute number of lymphocytes with either marker. In bronchoalveolar
      lavage fluid, pulmonary blastomycosis patients who were clinically improved while
      receiving antifungal therapy had fewer TH cells and a greater number of
      lymphocytes with the TS marker than did control subjects. Patients with pulmonary
      blastomycosis prior to therapy had a smaller TH/S ratio than the other groups in
      peripheral blood primarily due to a reduction in the circulating TH fraction in
      both absolute numbers of cells and in the percentage of total T lymphocytes.
      Pulmonary blastomycosis patients re-evaluated after at least four weeks of
      antifungal therapy had TH/S ratios that were similar to normal persons. This
      increase in TH lymphocytes corresponded to clinical improvement and in a temporal
      correlation to that described for the development of specific immunity in this
      illness.

PMID- 2931253
TI  - Giant readthrough transcription units at the histone loci on lampbrush
      chromosomes of the newt Notophthalmus.
AB  - We have studied transcription at the histone loci in oocytes of the newt
      Notophthalmus viridescens, using in situ hybridization of cloned probes to the
      nascent RNA on lampbrush chromosome loops. Clusters of the five histone coding
      sequences are separated by long tracts of a simple sequence DNA, satellite 1. We
      had previously demonstrated coordinate transcription of histone genes and
      satellite 1 sequences. We postulated that satellite sequences were transcribed by
      readthrough from histone gene promoters; that is, transcription initiated at any
      of the five usual promoters, but did not terminate at the 3' end of the gene.
      Instead transcription proceeded through downstream sequences in the histone
      cluster (including spacers and downstream histone genes), and then through the
      satellite 1 region. Our model led to several specific predictions, in particular
      that some internal spacer regions between the genes should be well represented in
      the RNA on loops, that certain sequences should be absent from the loops, and
      that presence or absence of particular sequences should be correlated with
      morphological polarity of the transcription unit. We have hybridized ten strand
      specific probes to the lamp-brush chromosomes and we find that the patterns of
      hybridization agree with the readthrough model of transcription.

PMID- 2931254
TI  - [Effusive-constrictive pericarditis: a radiologic study].

PMID- 2931255
TI  - [Leakage of air in retrograde pneumopyelography (report of 42 cases)].

PMID- 2931256
TI  - [Myelographic study of space-occupying lesions in the spinal canal].

PMID- 2931257
TI  - [Investigation on the estimation of bone mineral content in vivo by radiographic
      methods].

PMID- 2931258
TI  - [Roentgen study of bone changes in hemoglobinopathy].

PMID- 2931259
TI  - [Radiologic approach of spondylolysis (an analysis of 200 cases)].

PMID- 2931260
TI  - [X-ray diagnosis of primary leiomyosarcoma of the bone (report of five cases)].

PMID- 2931261
TI  - [Corticosteroid-induced arthropathy (a report of 5 cases)].

PMID- 2931262
TI  - Detection of distinct subpopulations of Langerhans cells by flow cytometry and
      sorting.
AB  - Flow cytometry was found to be a very appropriate tool for the study of
      Langerhans cells (LC), which represent a minor cell population (2-3%) of human
      epidermis, and allowed us to obtain new phenotypic, functional, and cell cycle
      data on these rare cells. The phenotypic analysis of cell surface antigens
      demonstrates the existence of two subpopulations of LC: the former is HLA-DR+ and
      OKT 6+ (about 90% of total HLA-DR+ cells) and the latter is HLA-DR+ and OKT 6-
      (about 10% of total HLA-DR+ cells). These subpopulations of LC are both able to
      stimulate the proliferation of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) in the presence
      of keratinocytes i.e., in mixed skin lymphocyte reaction (MSLR). Analysis of the
      cell cycle could be performed on OKT 6+ LC. Results show that they can be found
      in the various phases of the cell cycle, suggesting that the large majority of
      Langerhans cells are able to proliferate in situ in normal human epidermis.

PMID- 2931263
TI  - [Population genetics analysis of the human electroencephalogram].

PMID- 2931264
TI  - [Frequent occurrence of dyshidrosis-type eczemas of the hand caused by oil-in
      water emulsion in metalworkers].
AB  - In a metal working enterprise, about 1/3 of the workers who had come into contact
      with a certain cutting solution, fell ill with an eczema of the hand in short
      time, the clinical aspect of which reminded a dyshidrosiform eczema of the hand.
      An epicutaneous test made with the emulsion oil-in-water had a negative result.
      After the cutting solution had been replaced by another product, the hand lesions
      disappeared rapidly. In the literature, we could not find any informations
      concerning dyshidrosiform eczemas of the hand, while manipulating emulsions oil
      in-water. However, a tendency to sudation of the hands is known.

PMID- 2931265
TI  - [Drugs in Poland: a review of literature on the symptoms of side effects].
AB  - The present paper gives a review of the data published in Poland concerning side
      effects of drugs. The most numerous observations concern antibiotics
      (particularly penicillin), sulfonamides, salicylates and antitetanic serum. The
      most frequent complications were: shock, urticaria, erythema multiforme and
      exanthema maculopapulosum.

PMID- 2931266
TI  - [Treatment with topical corticosteroids in severe or resistant dermatoses].
AB  - The efficacy and safety of betamethasone dipropionate glycol cream 0.05% and
      desoximetasone ointment 0.25% were compared in a randomized, double-blind study
      of 80 patients with resistant or severe corticosteroid-responsive dermatoses.
      Medication was applied to affected areas at a dosage of 3.5 grams twice daily for
      14 days. In each treatment group, evaluation of efficacy was based on results in
      35 patients and that of safety in 40 patients. Among betamethasone dipropionate
      glycol cream 0.05%-treated patients, signs and symptoms of dermatologic disease
      either cleared completely or markedly improved in 34/35 (97%). Comparable
      responses were observed in 31/35 (89%) patients treated with desoximetasone
      ointment 0.25%. Local tolerance to both study medications was excellent; no
      adverse reactions occurred. Plasma cortisol reduction occurred in few patients (4
      resp. 3 patients each group), however this effect was only transient and
      reversible.

PMID- 2931267
TI  - [Metal contact eczema, a peculiar case in multiple occupational dermatoses].

PMID- 2931269
TI  - [Increase of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and prolactin during plasmapheresis].

PMID- 2931268
TI  - [The atrial natriuretic factor in severe congestive heart failure. Plasma level,
      hemodynamic, hormonal and renal effects].
AB  - The effects of human alpha atrial natriuretic factor following bolus injection of
      increasing doses and during a continuous 30 minute infusion were investigated in
      7 patients with severe congestive cardiac failure (NYHA III-IV). The natriuretic
      factor was measured in plasma before and after the bolus application or infusion.
      The plasma levels were raised in 6 patients. A significant inverse correlation
      was observed between the basal levels of the atrial factor and cardiac output. In
      addition, there was a dose-dependent fall in preload and afterload as well as in
      the peripheral vascular resistance and there was an improvement in cardiac
      performance. The alpha atrial natriuretic factor inhibited aldosterone and
      cortisol secretion and promoted diuresis and the urinary excretion of sodium and
      potassium. The plasma concentrations of renin, noradrenaline, vasopressin, 6-keto
      prostaglandin F1 alpha, the stable metabolite of prostacyclin, and prostaglandin
      E2 remained unchanged.

PMID- 2931270
TI  - [Pelvic inflammatory disease].

PMID- 2931271
TI  - [Allergy and dentistry from the dermatologist's viewpoint].

PMID- 2931272
TI  - [Characteristics of cells participating in the adoptive transfer of tumor
      associated suppressor activity].
AB  - The application of a complex of methods for fractionation of mouse spleen cells
      with transplanted rhabdomyosarcomas has shown that optimal conditions for
      adoptive intravenous transfer of the tumour-associated suppressor activity are
      created under joint injection of the primed macrophages and lymphoid cells of
      spleen (from animals with the progressively growing tumours) interacting with the
      macrophages to syngenic recipients.

PMID- 2931273
TI  - [Monitoring of therapeutic neuroradiologic examination and therapeutic procedures
      using evoked potentials].
AB  - Interventional neuroradiology makes use of different diagnostic and therapeutic
      catheterization techniques. Treatments performed are local intraarterial
      thrombolytic therapy, embolization and occlusion of brain supplying arteries,
      percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and intraarterial application of drugs.
      These treatments make it most important to check the patients neurological state
      during the procedure. Intraoperative monitoring of evoked potentials offers the
      opportunity to get objective information about changes in certain central nervous
      system functions even in anaesthesized patients. Usually intraoperative
      monitoring is performed to obtain information whether the function of structures
      at risk remains stable or is altered by the operation. This represents a more
      passive, observing way of monitoring. During interventional neuroradiology one is
      enabled to take additionally a more active and experimental way of monitoring by
      using the advantages of special catheter techniques like series of reversible
      balloon occlusion or intraarterial drug application. This leads to a dialogue
      between the radiologist and the neurophysiologist about the safety or the risk of
      the next step during a procedure. There are mainly two types of new information
      that can be achieved by active monitoring: the identification of functional
      territories of single or multiple feeding vessels and new insights into
      hemodynamics and the establishing of new sufficient collaterals. We have used
      intraoperative neuromonitoring in 35 patients during interventional
      neuroradiology. Our findings will be summarized and the usefulness of the
      different monitoring methods will be discussed.

PMID- 2931274
TI  - Steroid hormone levels in serum and skin receptor concentrations in hirsutism.
AB  - In 36 women androgen (AR), estrogen (ER) and progesterone (PgR) receptor were
      determined by dextran coated charcoal assay and subsequent Scatchard plot
      analysis in skin slices obtained from hirsute areas under local anesthesia. The
      biopsies were performed between day 18-21 of the menstrual cycle. Concomitantly
      venous blood was sampled in these and additional 14 patients for radioimmunoassay
      estimation of serum levels of testosterone (T), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate
      (DHEA-S), androstenedione (A), estradiol (E2) and prolactin (PRL). However, it
      should be noted that all receptors and hormones were not examined in all
      patients. The incidence of ER-positive patients was smaller (i.e. 17%) than
      previous findings in acne and normal skin, while 26% of the examined patients
      were AR-positive. This result was similar to findings in acne, whereas the
      receptor levels are three times higher than in acne lesions. This suggests a
      greater androgen sensitivity of hirsute areas compared to acne lesions. Two out
      of 10 examined patients were PgR-positive. T was elevated in 63%, DHEA-S in 50%
      and A in 37% of examined patients. Lack of correlation between hormone serum
      levels and corresponding receptors concentration indicates a direct involvement
      of hormone action at the cellular level. The data combine to suggest that greater
      target organ sensitivity was responsible for hirsutism in those patients with
      normal androgen serum levels, while the absence of receptors in skin samples may
      characterize patients with idiopathic hirsutism.

PMID- 2931275
TI  - In vivo and in vitro effects of angiotensin II on the release of beta-endorphin
      like immunoreactivity.
AB  - The effect of angiotensin II (A II) on the release of beta-endorphin-like
      immunoreactivity (beta-END-LI) in rats was studied in vivo and in vitro.
      Intravenous injection of 1 microgram/100 g body weight of A II resulted in
      significant increase in the plasma beta-END-LI level after 10 and 20 min.
      Intraventricular injection of 1 ng/100 g body weight of A II also resulted in
      significant increase in the plasma beta-END-LI level after 10 min. A II at
      concentrations of 10(-12) M-10(-10) caused dose-dependent stimulation of beta-END
      LI release from dispersed cells of rat anterior pituitary. On gel chromatography,
      the beta-END-LI released by incubation of the cells with 10(-10) M A II separated
      into two components which eluted in the same positions as human beta-lipotropin
      and human beta-endorphin, respectively. The ratio of beta-LPH to beta-END in
      these fractions was 5:1 on a molar basis. A II did not stimulate beta-END-LI
      release in Ca++-free-medium. [Sar1, Ala8]-A II at concentrations of 10(-9) M -
      10(-7) M did not stimulate beta-END-LI release from the cells. Addition of [Sar1,
      Ala8]-A II to the incubation medium inhibited A II-induced beta-END-LI release
      from the cells. These results indicate that A II acts, at least in part, directly
      on anterior pituitary cells to stimulate beta-END-LI release and that calcium ion
      is involved in the mechanism of this effect.

PMID- 2931276
TI  - Simultaneous determination of five androgens in early neonatal urine by selected
      ion monitoring GC-MS using 19-d3 steroids as internal standards.
AB  - Androgen levels in early neonatal urine were measured by GC-MS using
      trideuterated steroids at C-19 as internal standards. The deuterated steroid is
      not only stable in the process of analysis but also behaves chemically the same
      as the corresponding steroid to be measured so that the reliability in the method
      of analysis is satisfactory. The following results were obtained by this method:
      Androsterone levels in early neonatal urines were significantly higher in male
      than in female on the 1st, 3rd and 5th day, though the levels fell significantly
      from the 1st to 3rd day. Testosterone values were also higher in male than in
      female on the 1st, 3rd and 5th day. No sex difference in dehydroepiandrosterone
      or dihydrotestosterone was observed. The sex difference of the androgen levels
      indicated a testicular steroidogenesis in male neonates.

PMID- 2931277
TI  - Spectral and catalytical properties of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca-ATPase
      labeled with N-cyclohexyl-N'-(4-dimethylamino-1-naphthyl)-carbodiimide.
AB  - N-Cyclohexyl-N'-(dimethylamino)-carbodiimide (NCD-4) labels three sites in the
      sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca-ATPase which can be resolved by their spectral
      properties and by their effects on the catalytical activity of the enzyme. One
      site is not protectable by Ca2+ ions or by dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and is not
      essential for catalytical activity. Two Ca2+-protectable sites, whose
      modification leads to a biphasic inhibition of Ca-ATPase activity, have
      fluorescence emission maxima at 407 nm and 425 nm. The Ca-ATPase modified by NCD
      4 hydrolyses ATP but does not translocate Ca2+ nor does it undergo the
      conformational changes associated with Ca2+ binding in the native enzyme. High
      concentrations of Ca2+ induce slow biphasic fluorescence quenching in the Ca
      ATPase labeled selectively at the 407-nm site but the signals are largely
      abolished by modification of the 425-nm site. Both vanadate ions and ATP reverse
      this Ca2+-induced fluorescence quenching. It is proposed that NCD-4 labels the
      two high-affinity Ca2+-binding sites of the Sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca-ATPase and
      that the conformational changes in the modified enzyme may reflect interactions
      between the two sites.

PMID- 2931278
TI  - Metabolism of thymoxamine. III. Structure elucidation of the metabolites and
      interspecies comparison.
AB  - The structures of six metabolites were elucidated using rat urine after
      intragastric administration of 14C-thymoxamine by means of enzyme incubations,
      mass spectrometry and synthesis of metabolites: desacetylthymoxamine, N-demethyl
      desacetylthymoxamine, the corresponding sulfates and glucuronides. The nature of
      the conjugates was confirmed by biosynthesis, i.e., co-administration of
      unlabelled thymoxamine and 35S-sulfate or 14C-glucose. The system high
      performance liquid chromatography-radioactivity detection was used for
      interspecies comparison. All biotransformation pathways are seen in rat and man.
      In dog and cat demethylation is a very minor reaction. Glucuronidation is not
      observed in the cat.

PMID- 2931279
TI  - Preliminary findings on calmodulin-stimulated Ca2+-ATPase of erythrocyte ghosts
      in psychotic patients.
AB  - Kinetic properties of the calmodulin-stimulated erythrocyte ghost Ca2+-ATPase
      seem to be altered in some sub-groups of affective and schizophrenic psychoses.
      The sub-group of affective disorders concerned mostly unipolar manic and bipolar
      psychoses with predominantly manic episodes. In the corresponding cases from
      schizophrenics hyper- and parakinetic basic syndromes were predominantly
      diagnosed. An evaluation of our preliminary results was undertaken in connection
      with our biochemical hypothesis on possible alterations in the regulation of Ca2+
      concentrations and Ca2+-calmodulin-mediated processes under certain psychotic
      conditions.

PMID- 2931280
TI  - Effect of heparin and aspirin on platelet and clotting activation during
      leukapheresis.
AB  - Beta-thromboglobulin (beta TG), serotonin (5HT) and fibrinopeptide A (FPA) were
      assessed in twenty-two normal donors before, during, and at the end of
      leukapheresis. Seven procedures were carried out adding heparin to the circuit,
      and seven adding acetyl salicylic acid (ASA). The remaining eight procedures were
      carried out using only citrate and served as controls. Plasma beta TG increased
      both during and after the apheresis, together with a significant decrease of the
      intra-platelet content. Platelet 5HT did not show significant changes whereas FPA
      increased significantly. Using heparin, we obtained a complete prevention of FPA
      cleavage during the entire procedure, while beta TG increased at the middle of
      the procedure. No significant effects were observed using ASA both on beta TG and
      FPA levels. These features clearly indicate the activation of platelets and the
      thrombin generation in the apheresis circuit. Nevertheless, the activation of the
      clotting system seems to be predominant, as supported by the improved effect of
      heparin on beta TG and FPA amounts.

PMID- 2931281
TI  - Photoaffinity labeling and purification of solubilized D2 dopamine receptors.

PMID- 2931282
TI  - Renal and cardiovascular effects of acute and chronic administration of
      felodipine to SHR.
AB  - Renal function and salt and water turnover were studied in SHR during acute and
      chronic administration of felodipine, which is an efficient antihypertensive
      vasodilating Ca2+ antagonist. In conscious SHR acute administration of felodipine
      in hypotensive doses increased renal sympathetic nerve activity but caused renal
      vasodilation, increases in GFR and a 2-3 fold increase in urinary flow rate and
      sodium excretion. The fraction of filtered sodium excreted (FENa) was
      approximately doubled. The diuretic and natriuretic effects of felodipine are
      therefore suggested to be due to a direct inhibitory action on the renal tubular
      cells, resulting in reduced sodium reabsorption. Nifedipine also induced diuresis
      and natriuresis in this system, while minoxidil reduced water and sodium
      excretion. Throughout 6 months of felodipine treatment, the mean arterial
      pressure (MAP), remained 25-20 per cent reduced. Felodipine in combination with
      metoprolol reduced MAP 25-30 per cent and also caused regression of left
      ventricular hypertrophy, while felodipine alone prevented its further
      progression. Also during chronic administration, felodipine induced diuresis but
      had no effect on plasma volume and on sodium or potassium excretion in SHR. It is
      concluded that in SHR felodipine induces diuresis; on acute treatment this is
      secondary to reduced tubular sodium reabsorption, although during chronic
      treatment the sodium loss is compensated for while the diuresis remains. Thus,
      the cardiovascular and renal effects of Ca2+ antagonists like felodipine differ
      substantially from those of other potent antihypertensive vasodilators e.g.
      minoxidil.

PMID- 2931283
TI  - Behavioural stimulation is induced by separate dopamine D-1 and D-2 receptor
      sites in reserpine-pretreated but not in normal rats.
AB  - The dopamine (DA) D-1 agonist SK&F 38393 as well as the D-2 agonist pergolide and
      the mixed D-1/D-2 agonist apomorphine induced strong hypermotility and oral
      stereotypy in rats pretreated with a daily dose of reserpine for 2 and in
      particular for 4 days (3 and 5 injections, respectively). SK&F 38393 had no
      behavioural stimulant effect in saline-pretreated rats, whereas pergolide and
      apomorphine produced stimulation, although only after higher doses. Agonists at 5
      HT and muscarinic receptors and at alpha 1-adrenoceptors were ineffective in
      reserpine-pretreated rats whereas the alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist, clonidine,
      and the muscarinic antagonist, scopolamine, produced weak locomotor stimulation.
      The hypermotility induced by SK&F 38393 in reserpinized rats was blocked by
      pretreatment with the DA D-1 antagonists, SCH 23390 and SK&F 83566c, whereas the
      DA D-2 antagonists, YM 09151-2, clebopride and spiroperidol were weak or
      ineffective. In contrast pergolide-induced hypermotility was blocked by low doses
      of the D-2 antagonists but was weakly or not influenced by the D-1 antagonists.
      Selectivity ratios between drug potencies in the two models ranged from 65 to
      more than 600. The mixed D-1/D-2 antagonists, cis(Z)-flupentixol and cis(Z)
      clopenthixol, blocked the effect of both SK&F 38393 and pergolide. The alpha 1
      adrenoceptor antagonist, prazosin, and the 5-HT2 receptor antagonist, ketanserin,
      did not modify the effect of SK&F 38393 or pergolide. Stereotyped behaviour
      induced by a high pergolide dose in normal rats was, in contrast to the effect in
      reserpinized rats, blocked by low doses of either SCH 23390 or spiroperidol.
      Finally, the hypermotility induced by apomorphine in reserpinized rats was
      markedly antagonized by both SCH 23390 and spiroperidol. The results suggest a
      close relation between D-1 and D-2 receptor sites in normal rats. After prolonged
      reserpine treatment, the D-1 agonist acquires full DA agonist efficacy.
      Furthermore, behavioural stimulation under these conditions is mediated by two
      separate D-1 and D-2 receptor sites which can be manipulated independently by
      antagonists. The mechanism by which this phenomenon occurs is unknown but the
      adaptational changes show close similarities to those observed after 6-hydroxyDA
      induced denervation.

PMID- 2931284
TI  - Effect of substances influencing brain serotonergic transmission on plasma
      vasopressin levels in the rat.
AB  - Studies were carried out in the rat to investigate whether serotonin (5-HT) is
      involved in the regulation of vasopressin (ADH) release. For this purpose plasma
      ADH levels were measured in rats treated with drugs enhancing 5-HT transmission,
      such as d-fenfluramine and quipazine and with 5-HT depleting drugs, p
      chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) and 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT). Forebrain 5HT,
      noradrenaline (NA) and dopamine (DA) were also measured. d-Fenfluramine and
      quipazine induced dose-related increases in plasma ADH levels in normohydrated
      rats. The effects of quipazine and d-fenfluramine were prevented by PCPA,
      indicating that 5-HT transmission was required for the biologic response. 5,7-DHT
      and PCPA pretreatment decreased forebrain 5-HT content and prevented ADH
      increases involved by water deprivation, suggesting that 5HT is necessary for the
      hormonal response to osmotic stimuli. The results summarized imply that serotonin
      may have a role in the physiological release of ADH from neurohypophysis.

PMID- 2931285
TI  - The effects of ketanserin, methysergide and LY 53857 on sympathetic nerve
      activity.
AB  - Preganglionic sympathetic nerve activity, blood pressure, heart rate and femoral
      arterial conductance were recorded in anaesthetised, paralysed cats. Three 5-HT2
      antagonists, ketanserin, methysergide and LY 53857, were infused separately over
      1 h periods. Ketanserin caused a fall in, methysergide a rise followed by a fall
      and LY 53857 only a rise in preganglionic sympathetic nerve activity. The
      sympathoexcitation caused by both LY 53857 and methysergide was not associated
      with any changes in blood pressure and heart rate. The sympathoinhibition caused
      by ketanserin and methysergide was accompanied by a fall in blood pressure and
      heart rate. Both ketanserin and LY 53857 caused increases in femoral arterial
      conductance, while methysergide caused a transient decrease. These differences
      are explained on the basis that ketanserin possesses alpha 1-adrenoceptor
      antagonist and methysergide 5-HT receptor agonist properties. It is suggested
      that 5-HT2 sympathoinhibitory receptors are involved in central cardiovascular
      control.

PMID- 2931286
TI  - Mechanisms involved in the vasodilator action of 5-hydroxytryptamine in the dog
      femoral arterial circulation in vivo.
AB  - The possibility that the vasodilator effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in vivo
      involves a presynaptic inhibitory effect on sympathetic nerve activity was
      investigated in the femoral arterial circulation of pentobarbitone-anaesthetized
      dogs. The vasodilator effect of intraarterial (i.a.) 5-HT was abolished following
      ganglion blockade with mecamylamine, and remained inhibited after restoration of
      femoral vascular tone with i.a. ornipressin. These procedures had no effect on
      the vasodilator response to i.a. acetylcholine. The vasoconstrictor response to
      i.a. noradrenaline was not inhibited by mecamylamine. These findings suggest that
      a presynaptic inhibition of sympathetic neurotransmission is responsible for 5-HT
      induced vasodilatation in vivo. Pizotifen (0.1-0.4 mg/kg i.v.) inhibited the 5-HT
      dilator response, but the doses required were too high to be commensurate with an
      action at 'D' type 5-HT receptors. Ketanserin (0.1-0.4 mg/kg i.v.) specifically
      inhibited the dilator response to 5-HT; higher doses (1-4 mg/kg i.v.) also
      inhibited noradrenaline-induced vasoconstriction. Ketanserin, at all doses used,
      reduced systemic blood pressure and femoral vascular resistance. The effects of
      the lower doses of ketanserin (0.1-0.4 mg/kg) cannot be due to peripheral alpha
      adrenoceptor antagonism; blockade of the dilator effect of 5-HT may simply be due
      to inhibition of sympathetic nerve activity by ketanserin itself.

PMID- 2931287
TI  - Behavioral effects of morphine and phencyclidine in rats: the influence of
      repeated testing before and after single treatment.
AB  - Morphine-induced antinociception was determined in rats by using the hot plate
      procedure (56 degrees C). Two responses of the animals were analysed, i.e. the
      lick and the jump response. Repeated pre-exposure to the hot plate procedure
      shortly before morphine treatment augmented the efficacy of morphine to induce
      antinociception as measured by the lick response but markedly decreased the
      efficacy of this drug to lengthen the latency of the jump response in the same
      rat. The ED50 for intraperitoneally injected morphine increased from 1.7 (0.7
      3.9) to 9.8 (6.5-14.7) mg/kg when rats were pre-exposed to the hot plate
      procedure and the latency of the jump response was measured. The slope of the
      dose-response curve was steeper after pre-exposure. Intraperitoneal or
      intravenous treatment with morphine markedly increased the latency of the jump
      response up to 3-4 h after injection, but only when rats were exposed twice or
      more to the hot plate procedure in the first hour(s) after injection. The effect
      of morphine was even present 24 h after injection. The maintenance of the
      morphine-induced effect is likely to have depended on opioids, since the effect
      disappeared after naloxone treatment. Phencyclidine induced a dose-related
      increase in locomotor activity (ED50: 0.97 (0.85-1.10) mg/kg) and in circling
      behavior (ED50: 1.02 (0.85-1.17) mg/kg) when the rats were tested 15 min after a
      subcutaneous injection. The effect of phencyclidine lasted longer when the rats
      were tested repeatedly after drug treatment, than when the rats were tested only
      once. This phenomenon was due to a decrease with time of the effects measured in
      the placebo-treated control rats repeatedly exposed to test procedure. The
      results demonstrate that repeated exposure to tests of behavior before and after
      treatment with psychoactive drugs markedly influences the behavioral action of
      these drugs. This has consequences for the determination of the efficacy and the
      time course of action of these drugs, especially when animals are exposed
      repeatedly to the test procedure in the absence or presence of the drug.

PMID- 2931288
TI  - An iodinated ligand identifying the D-1 dopamine receptor.
AB  - Iodination (with 125I) of SKF 83692 (2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-methyl-5-phenyl-1H-3
      benzazepin-7-ol) produces a ligand of high specific activity. In the caudate
      nucleus of rat brain, this ligand binds to a site which discriminates between the
      active and inactive enantiomers of drugs selective for the D-1 receptor but which
      does not recognize drugs selective for the D-2 dopamine receptor or a serotonin
      receptor. Non-specific binding of this ligand is less than 5% of the total
      binding.

PMID- 2931289
TI  - Presynaptic 5-HT autoreceptors on serotonergic cell bodies and/or dendrites but
      not terminals are of the 5-HT1A subtype.

PMID- 2931290
TI  - Morphine increases the activity of midbrain dopamine neurons in vitro.
AB  - Morphine produced a dose-dependent increase in the activity of dopamine
      containing neurons in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area recorded
      from mouse brain slices in vitro. The response was not changed in a low
      calcium/high magnesium incubation medium, indicating that the observed effects
      are the result of the direct action of morphine on dopamine neurons. Furthermore,
      a specific opiate antagonist, naloxone, reversed the excitatory effects of
      morphine in both brain regions, while naloxone alone had no significant effect on
      the activity of dopaminergic neurons. Morphine was more potent on ventral
      tegmental area than substantia nigra dopamine neurons. beta-Endorphin excited
      ventral tegmental area neurons but not substantia nigra cells, while
      [Leu5]enkephalin activated cells in both nuclei. These latter responses were
      blocked by naloxone. These data suggest that midbrain dopamine neurons contain
      receptors for opiates, and that ventral tegmental area neurons are more sensitive
      to the action of opiates than substantia nigra neurons.

PMID- 2931291
TI  - Effect of transition or heavy metals on [3H]haloperidol binding in rat striatal
      membranes in vitro.
AB  - Our previous experiments have shown that several metal cations affect
      dopaminergic uptake and release processes in synaptosomes in vitro. It is thus
      possible that other membrane-related steps of neurotransmission, such as receptor
      binding, are affected as well. We studied the effect of Mn2+, Cu2+, Cd2+, Zn2+,
      Hg2+, Pb2+ and of two organometals, methyl mercury and triethyl lead, on
      [3H]haloperidol binding in the striatal P2 fraction assuming that such a study
      would reveal direct effects of the ions on dopaminergic D2 receptor binding.
      According to non-linear curve fitting and Scatchard analysis, [3H]haloperidol
      bound to two sites in striatal tissue. The Kd of the higher affinity site was
      0.14 +/- 0.05 nM and the Bmax 226.3 +/- 50.3 fmol/mg protein. The respective
      values for the lower affinity site were 2.49 +/- 0.56 nM and 678.3 +/- 111.4
      fmol/mg protein. Among the divalent cations, Hg2+ (IC50 0.7 microM) and Cu2+
      (IC50 2.9 microM) inhibited the high affinity [3H]haloperidol binding most
      potently. The inhibition by Cu2+ was due to a decrease in the binding affinity
      (increase in the Kd) while the number of binding sites remained unchanged. Zn2+
      inhibited the binding by 41.8% and Cd2+ by 38.7% at 10 microM concentration while
      Pb2+ and Mn2+ did not affect binding significantly at this or lower
      concentrations. Methyl mercury (IC50 0.9 microM) and triethyl lead (IC50 2.6
      microM) inhibited binding as well. Both these organometallic cations decreased
      the binding affinity but did not change significantly the number of binding
      sites.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2931293
TI  - Atrial natriuretic factor stimulates testosterone production by mouse
      interstitial cells.

PMID- 2931292
TI  - Solubilization of rat brain serotonin-S2 receptors using CHAPS/salt.
AB  - Serotonin-S2 receptors from rat frontal cortex were solubilized with a mixture of
      6.8 mM CHAPS (3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)-dimethylammonio]-1-propane sulphonate) and
      1.4 M sodium chloride. This new solubilization procedure solubilized about 40% of
      the membrane-bound serotonin-S2 receptors in an active form. The solubilized
      receptors were not sedimented after 1 h of centrifugation at 100 000 X g and they
      passed freely through 0.20 micron filters. The solubilized preparation showed
      high affinity binding of [3H]ketanserin and revealed a typical serotonin-S2
      receptor profile: binding could be displaced by nanomolar concentrations of
      different serotonin antagonists and by micromolar concentrations of serotonin
      agonists. Compounds belonging to other pharmacological classes were poorly, or
      not active. Upon density gradient sedimentation, Svedberg coefficients of
      approximately 5 S were found on sucrose gradients made with H2O or D2O as the
      solvent. This was much lower than the value of 11.5 S previously reported from
      lysophosphatidylcholine-solubilized serotonin-S2 receptors.

PMID- 2931294
TI  - Changes in pituitary-adrenal function under extreme cold in DHA-treated
      persistent estrous rats.
AB  - The plasma corticosterone levels and incorporation of 14C-l-acetate into
      corticosterone and cortisol were measured in dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA)-treated
      persistent estrous rats and control estrous cyclic rats exposed to cold (-5
      degrees C) for 12 hrs. Cold exposure significantly facilitated incorporation of
      14C-l-acetate into corticosterone and cortisol in both DHA-treated and control
      rats. However, the rates of increase of plasma corticosterone level and 14C
      incorporation into corticosterone are 61% and 77% in controls, and 19% and 44% in
      DHA-treated rats, respectively. The activity of stress-induced pituitary-adrenal
      function showed masculine patterns in DHA-treated rats. The diurnal patterns of
      plasma corticosterone in DHA-treated rats are similar in controls. Plasma
      corticosterone levels in DHA-treated rats are evidently greater than those in
      controls. It is suggested that neonatal administration of DHA caused the changes
      not only in pituitary-gonadal system but also in pituitary-adrenal system.

PMID- 2931295
TI  - Influence of neurons on the occurrence of fibre types and myosin light chains in
      cultured presumptive slow and fast myoblasts.
AB  - Myoblasts from 9-day-old quail embryo slow anterior latissimus dorsi (ALD) and
      fast posterior and latissimus dorsi (PLD) muscles were co-cultured with neurons.
      The presence of neurons allowed ALD-derived muscle fibres to express
      characteristic features of a slow muscle (occurrence of alpha' and of beta'
      fibres and predominance of slow myosin light chains). On the contrary, PLD
      derived fibres did not differentiate into normal fast fibres (occurrence of
      alpha'-like fibres and absence of LC3f). These results are compared with the
      differentiation of ALD and PLD myoblasts in aneural condition. It is suggested
      that neurons can modify some phenotypic expression of presumptive slow or fast
      myoblasts.

PMID- 2931296
TI  - Coordinate expression of MnSOD and CuZnSOD in human fibroblasts.
AB  - The amount of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and the activity of copper
      zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) have been studied in five karyotypically
      normal human fibroblast strains, using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and
      polarographic methods. A significant correlation between the two enzyme
      activities, and a linear increase of MnSOD with the increase of CuZnSOD have been
      demonstrated. Both enzymes are present in nuclei, mitochondria, lysosome
      microsome fraction and cytosol. These findings suggest that the two enzymes
      dismutate the O-2 cooperatively and that a common genetic control maintains the
      relative amounts of the two enzymes constant.

PMID- 2931297
TI  - NAD metabolism and mitogen stimulation of human lymphocytes.
AB  - The NAD concentration in eukaryotic cells is an important parameter for many
      aspects of metabolism including differentiation. As reported by other workers,
      the NAD content of resting human peripheral blood lymphocytes was low and
      increased dramatically over a period of 3 days after stimulation with the mitogen
      phytohemagglutinin (PHA). However, simultaneous measurement of the mean cell
      volumes showed that the average NAD concentration in fresh quiescent lymphocytes
      (401 +/- 128 microM) (SD, n = 7) was similar to that observed for other cell
      types. Furthermore, because of the increase in cell volume which occurred on
      mitogen stimulation, the NAD concentration in stimulated lymphocytes was only 2-3
      fold higher than in fresh resting cells. This increase was also observed in
      lymphocytes incubated without mitogen and was apparently due to the level of NAD
      precursors in the culture medium and serum supplement. Hence, the NAD
      concentration in resting and stimulated lymphocytes is comparable to that of
      other eukaryotic cells and the variations in NAD content reported earlier have
      been widely misinterpreted.

PMID- 2931298
TI  - Relapse of host leukemic lymphoblasts following engraftment by an HLA-mismatched
      marrow transplant: mechanisms of escape from the "graft versus leukemia" effect.
AB  - Leukemic relapses and graft versus host disease (GvHD) remain major complications
      following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for leukemia. We present
      clinical and laboratory details for an eight-year-old boy who received a T-cell
      depleted HLA-mismatched marrow transplant as therapy for acute lymphoblastic
      leukemia (ALL) in second remission. Engraftment with donor marrow was prompt and
      without any acute GvHD. Nevertheless, the patient's original ALL recurred and
      proved fatal. The patient remained a chimera with persistent donor lymphocytes
      present at the time of posttransplant relapse and subsequent to treatment with
      unsuccessful reinduction chemotherapy. In vitro immune studies showed that these
      leukemic cells could be recognized and destroyed by the donor's lymphocytes. The
      relapse itself suggests, however, that the donor's lymphocytes did not
      effectively destroy the patient's histoincompatible ALL cells in vivo following
      establishment of the chimeric state. Potential mechanisms are presented to
      account for this presumed "escape" from the postulated "graft versus leukemia"
      effect.

PMID- 2931299
TI  - Effect of activated lymphocytes on the regulation of hematopoiesis: suppression
      of in vitro granulopoiesis and erythropoiesis by OKT8+ Ia- T cells induced by
      concanavalin-A stimulation.
AB  - The effects of activated lymphocytes were studied in the regulation of in vitro
      hematopoiesis. Peripheral blood lymphocytes stimulated by concanavalin A (Con A)
      were cocultured with normal bone marrow cells in the assay system of
      hematopoietic stem cells. Con-A-stimulated lymphocytes and their supernatants
      showed significant suppression of in vitro growth of myeloid and erythroid
      progenitor cells (CFU-C, CFU-E, and BFU-E). Suppressive activity detected in the
      T-cell fraction was completely abolished by treatment with OKT3 or OKT8
      monoclonal antibody and complement and 20 Gy radiation but not OKT4 or OKIa1
      antibody and complement. These observations indicate that peripheral blood
      lymphocytes can be induced by Con-A stimulation to become suppressor T cells for
      myeloid and erythroid progenitor cells that are OKT8 positive, Ia negative, and
      radiosensitive. Together with our previous observation that CFU-C suppressor
      cells induced by alloantigen stimulation are radioresistant and OKT8- and Ia
      positive T cells, it is suggested that in vitro hematopoiesis may be regulated by
      heterogeneous subpopulations of activated T-lymphocytes.

PMID- 2931300
TI  - Blood flow in rat sciatic nerve during hypotension.
AB  - Laser Doppler flowmetry was utilized to examine blood flow in sciatic nerves of
      barbiturate-anesthetized and of unanesthetized decerebrate rats, in response to
      hypotension induced by graded exsanguination or by graded clamping of the
      descending aorta. Continuous laser Doppler flowmetry signals decreased linearly
      with decreasing arterial blood pressure. In anesthetized as well as in
      unanesthetized rats, the signal approached zero at a systemic blood pressure of
      14 mm Hg or less. The results do not demonstrate autoregulation of blood flow in
      the rat sciatic nerve during systemic hypotension.

PMID- 2931301
TI  - A noradrenergic component of quinolinic acid-induced seizures.
AB  - Unilateral application of the convulsant brain metabolite, quinolinic acid, to
      unanesthetized rats resulted in a transient dramatic decrease in norepinephrine
      levels (nadir -70% after 2 h) in both the injected and the contralateral
      hippocampus. Dose-response relationships and the temporal sequence of this effect
      indicated a close functional association between seizure events and the decrease
      in hippocampal norepinephrine content. Massive release of the inhibitory
      transmitter, norepinephrine, may thus constitute the brain's defensive response
      to quinolinic acid-induced seizures.

PMID- 2931302
TI  - Effect of testosterone on the kinetics of the development of suppressor cells in
      adjuvant arthritis.
AB  - The induction of unresponsiveness to mycobacterial adjuvant took a longer time in
      male DA rats than in female rats. A shift in the induction time of
      unresponsiveness in males toward the female type was brought about by castration,
      but could be reverted to the male type by the application of testosterone. The
      transfer study revealed that cells capable of preventing arthritis required a
      longer incubation time for their development in males than in females. This
      suggests that testosterone inhibits the development of suppressor cells in
      adjuvant arthritis.

PMID- 2931303
TI  - Metabolism of glomerular basement membrane in normal, hypophysectomized, and
      growth-hormone-treated diabetic rats.
AB  - The in vivo synthesis of the renal glomerular basement membrane (GBM) collagen
      was studied in normal, hypophysectomized (hypox), diabetic, and growth-hormone
      (GH)-treated diabetic rats, using tritiated proline (L[2,3,3H]proline) as a
      radioisotopic precursor. After the injection of tritiated proline, all groups of
      rats were sacrificed at various time intervals and the specific activities of
      proline and hydroxyproline of GBM were determined, the latter being used as a
      measure of GBM collagen synthesis. A significant decrease in both proline and
      hydroxyproline specific activities were observed in GBM of hypox rats at all
      periods of study. Administration of GH to hypox rats returned the GBM collagen
      synthesis to normal. Diabetic GBM had higher proline and hydroxyproline specific
      activities when compared to normal rats. Treatment of diabetic rats with GH for
      10 days further increased both proline and hydroxyproline specific activities
      when compared either to diabetic or normal rats treated with GH. The activity of
      glucosyltransferase, an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of the disaccharide
      unit of GBM collagen was found to be decreased in glomeruli of hypox rats. In
      contrast, the activity of N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, a glycoprotein-degrading
      enzyme, was found to be significantly increased in hypox rats. GH treatment
      restored both enzyme activities to normal. The results of the present study show
      that GBM collagen synthesis is decreased in hypox rats and increased in diabetic
      rats. GH treatment not only normalized GBM collagen synthesis in hypox rats but
      also caused significant increase in diabetic rats. This suggests that the renal
      GBM metabolism is influenced by GH, and this may be of particular significance in
      view of GH involvement in diabetic microvascular complications.

PMID- 2931304
TI  - [Effect of diazepam and nicotinamide on convulsive activity of various types].
AB  - Acute experiments on mice were made to investigate the anticonvulsant activity of
      diazepam and its combination with nicotinamide in experimental seizures induced
      by corazol, picrotoxin, bicucullin and thiosemicarbazide. It was shown that
      diazepam (0.2-1.6 mg/kg) produced a dose-dependent anticonvulsant effect in all
      models under study. Nicotinamide (250 mg/kg) substantially reduced the animals'
      lethality and seizure manifestations induced by picrotoxin and completely
      protected some of the animals from the bicucullin-induced seizures. Nicotinamide
      (250 mg/kg) potentiated the anticonvulsant effect of diazepam in all the
      experimental seizures under study. Micotinamide had a more pronounced effect in
      respect of the protection of the animals from tonic seizures as compared with
      clonic ones. The data suggest that the mechanisms of the anticonvulsant action of
      nicotinamide are mediated via the GABA-benzodiazepine receptor complex.

PMID- 2931306
TI  - [The tuberculosis prevention work of a health center].

PMID- 2931305
TI  - Quinolinate inhibition of gluconeogenesis is dependent on cytosolic oxalacetate
      concentration. An explanation for the differential inhibition of lactate and
      pyruvate gluconeogenesis.
AB  - In isolated rat hepatocytes, the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK)
      inhibitor, quinolinate decreased gluconeogenesis from lactate more than from
      pyruvate (78 vs 44%). Quinolinate inhibition of PEPCK has been reported to be
      competitive with oxalacetate (OAA), and therefore higher cytosolic OAA
      concentrations could be expected to alleviate quinolinate inhibition of PEPCK and
      hence reduce its effect on gluconeogenesis. With pyruvate as a carbon source, the
      cytosolic concentration of OAA was higher than with lactate (40 vs 9.7 microM).
      The levels of OAA were manipulated metabolically by adding asparagine (which
      provides more cytosolic OAA through the urea cycle) or oleate (which increases
      malate efflux from the mitochondria). In each of the 8 conditions studied,
      quinolinate inhibition of gluconeogenesis was inversely related to the levels of
      OAA in the cytosol. Quinolinate inhibition of asparagine gluconeogenesis was not
      due to a non-specific effect on urea synthesis.

PMID- 2931307
TI  - [Health control over dish-washing machines in public catering establishments].

PMID- 2931308
TI  - The coexistence of the Fusarium mycotoxins nivalenol, deoxynivalenol and
      zearalenone in Korean cereals harvested in 1983.
AB  - A survey for the occurrence of nivalenol (NIV), deoxynivalenol (DON) and
      zearalenone (ZEN) in Korean cereals (totalling 53 samples) harvested in 1983,
      showed that 96%, 72% and 57% of the samples were contaminated with NIV, DON and
      ZEN, respectively. Average concentrations (micrograms/kg) in unpolished barley
      were 546 (NIV), 117 (DON) and 110 (ZEN), and those in polished barley were 130
      (NIV) and 21 (DON). The ZEN levels were below the detection limit (1
      microgram/kg). Malt, wheat and rye were also heavily contaminated with these
      Fusarium mycotoxins. The results of this survey show that Korean cereals
      harvested in 1983 were significantly contaminated with NIV, DON and ZEN, and the
      incidence and levels, where observed, are similar to those reported in Japan.

PMID- 2931309
TI  - [Genetic heterogeneity of psoriasis].

PMID- 2931310
TI  - [Irritant dermatitis in female workers of a cheese-making dairy].

PMID- 2931311
TI  - Differences in the tumoricidal activation of rat and mouse macrophages by
      endotoxins.
AB  - Conventional and specific pathogen-free rat resident peritoneal macrophages were
      lytic to tumor cells in the presence of endotoxins even when not elicited or not
      stimulated in vivo or in vitro. In contrast, conventional mouse resident
      peritoneal macrophages were not cytolytic in the presence of endotoxins. The
      induction by endotoxins of rat macrophage-mediated cytolysis was only obtained
      after the binding of tumor cells by macrophages. Rat resident peritoneal
      macrophages bound faster and stronger to tumor cells than mouse resident
      peritoneal macrophages. These differences in binding could explain the species
      differences in the tumoricidal response to endotoxins.

PMID- 2931312
TI  - A general practice study investigating the effect of Minocin 50 mg b.d. for 12
      weeks in the treatment of acne vulgaris.
AB  - In a multicentre general practice open study, 338 acne sufferers were treated
      with Minocin 50 mg b.d. (254 for 12 weeks). A highly significant improvement
      trend (p less than 0.0001) was found following analysis of visual analogue scales
      measuring (i) severity of acne, (ii) area covered by acne, (iii) number of
      inflamed lesions, (iv) density of acne lesions. Over all, 79% of patients thought
      the therapy to be effective or very effective; 70% of patients continued on the
      same therapy after the study period. Mean first improvement was noted by the
      patients after 4 1/2 weeks of treatment. One hundred and twenty-two patients had
      taken prior oxytetracycline therapy, of these, ninety-four (77%) stopped
      oxytetracycline therapy because of lack of efficacy. After treatment of these
      oxytetracycline failures with Minocin, a highly significant improvement trend (p
      less than 0.0001) of acne was again seen. In this group, 75% of patients thought
      the Minocin therapy to be effective or very effective; 69% continued Minocin
      therapy after the study period. In all, 74% of patients having received prior
      oxytetracycline thought that Minocin therapy was better than their previous
      therapy. Ninety-three patients had received either no previous therapy or topical
      therapy alone. Once again Minocin treatment resulted in a highly significant
      improvement trend (p less than 0.0001) in the severity of acne. Seventy six (82%)
      of these patients thought that Minocin therapy was effective or very effective. A
      total of 73% of patients continued with Minocin therapy following the study
      period. Adverse events were noted in 6% of patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2931313
TI  - Time course of the lymphopenia in BB rats. Relation to the onset of diabetes.
AB  - The spontaneously diabetic BB rat syndrome is associated with a marked
      lymphopenia, which affects all members of litters of diabetes-prone rats, and may
      be a necessary condition for the development of the disease. We assessed
      peripheral blood lymphocyte counts and subsets from birth to 66 days of age with
      a view to assessing the early time course. At birth, total numbers were
      decreased, as were total T-cells (monoclonal antibody W3/13+, with an even
      greater deficit in OX19+ cells), the helper/inducer subset (W3/25+), and the
      suppressor/cytotoxic subset (OX8+), but Ia+ (B, OX6+) cells were not reduced.
      There was a less-than-normal rise in these values with time, and a similar
      pattern was observed at 66 days. Rats followed thereafter to onset of diabetes
      showed no differences at 66 days that were predictive of subsequent diabetes
      development. Another set of rats studied at the same age and again at onset of
      diabetes showed no changes concurrent with diabetes onset. The data are
      consistent with a genetically determined defect in lymphocyte numbers that leads
      to a subnormal rise in circulating cells later in life, and may predispose to
      another unidentified factor responsible for precipitation of the beta cell
      cytotoxicity.

PMID- 2931314
TI  - Diabetes induced by streptozocin results in a decrease in immunoreactive beta
      endorphin levels in the pituitary and hypothalamus of female rats.
AB  - Immunoreactive beta-endorphin (IR-BE) was measured by radioimmunoassay in the
      anterior pituitary (AP), neurointermediate lobe of the pituitary (NIL), and
      hypothalamus of female rats 4 wk after being made diabetic by a single injection
      of streptozocin (STZ). STZ-induced diabetes resulted in a significant reduction
      in the content and concentration of IR-BE in the AP and the content of IR-BE in
      the hypothalamus. Total hypothalamic protein was also significantly diminished.
      IR-BE levels in the NIL were unchanged. Column chromatography indicated that the
      reduction in IR-BE in the AP of the diabetic female rats represented a decrease
      in peptides that co-eluted with beta-endorphin and beta-lipotropin. In the
      hypothalamus, the reduction in IR-BE was represented solely by a decrease in a
      peptide co-eluting with beta-endorphin. Beta-lipotropin was not detectable in the
      hypothalami of control or diabetic female rats. These results suggest that, in
      the rat, diabetes may produce alterations in the mechanism(s) that regulate
      endogenous opiate levels in the pituitary and hypothalamus.

PMID- 2931315
TI  - The influence of T-lymphocyte precursor cells and thymus grafts on the cellular
      immunodeficiencies of the BB rat.
AB  - To determine whether abnormal T-lymphocyte precursor cells or an abnormal thymus
      is responsible for the immunologic deficiencies of spontaneously diabetic BB
      rats, thymus grafts or T-cell-depleted bone marrow cells were exchanged between
      diabetes-prone and non-diabetes-prone animals. Analysis of peripheral lymphocyte
      populations from these recipients with monoclonal antibodies, a fluorescence
      activated cell sorter, and mixed lymphocyte culture tests indicate that an
      abnormal thymus is not responsible for the immunodeficiency of BB rats, but that
      the defect resides within the lymphocyte precursor pool.

PMID- 2931316
TI  - Biochemical specificity of Xenopus notochord.
AB  - The biochemical composition and biosynthetic activity of Xenopus notochord were
      examined and compared with those of chick and mouse notochord. The notochords of
      all three species contain type-II collagen, and the notochords of Xenopus and
      chick synthesize a soluble glycoprotein with a molecular mass of 86 kilodaltons
      (kd). Mouse embryos were not tested for this molecule, because their notochords
      are too small to be dissected out. Most interestingly, Xenopus and chick
      notochords share a keratan-sulphate-containing proteoglycan which appears to be
      absent from mouse notochord. The presence or absence of keratan sulphate in the
      notochords of the different species reflects its presence or absence in
      cartilage. Since one role of the notochord in vivo is to stimulate chondrogenesis
      in the sclerotomes of the somites, this result provides support for the view that
      cells responding to the extracellular matrix produced by one tissue do so by
      increasing their production of the same matrix components.

PMID- 2931317
TI  - [Index of left ventricular hypertrophy in adolescents genetically predisposed to
      the development of arterial hypertension].
AB  - Experimental studies on strains of normotensive rats genetically prone to
      hypertension and investigations on humans with borderline hypertension have shown
      an early involvement of the heart, mainly consisting in a trend to ventricular
      hypertrophy. To assess whether such alterations may preceed or follow the
      elevation of blood pressure, subjects who will develop hypertension, but whose
      blood pressure is currently normal must be studied. For this reason, we studied
      by means of M-mode echocardiography 51 normotensive males aged 14-19 years with
      family history for hypertension (at least one hypertensive parent; SHT). Fifty
      five normotensive subjects with both normotensive parents (SNT), matched for sex
      and age, were the controls. Average values of the following parameters were
      significantly higher in SHT than in SNT subjects: interventricular septum (5.4 +/
      0.8 versus 4.9 +/- 0.9 mm/m2; p less than 0.01) and posterior wall (5.4 +/- 1.1
      versus 5.0 +/- 0.8 mm/m2; p less than 0.05) thickness, left ventricular mass
      (125.0 +/- 29.1 versus 109.2 +/- 25.4 g/m2; p less than 0.005) and cross
      sectional area (10.0 +/- 1.8 versus 8.9 +/- 1.6 cm2/m2; p less than 0.005). No
      significant difference between the two groups was observed in the indexes of left
      ventricular function. The existence of alterations of cardiac morphology in
      normotensive adolescents with genetic risk of hypertension shows that the cardiac
      involvement may preceed the development of high blood pressure.

PMID- 2931318
TI  - Electrocardiograms in hypertensive subjects from a population random sample:
      basic characteristics and correlations with some biological variables.
AB  - During the initial phase of the WHO "Community Control Programme of Hypertension"
      in Italy, 1,190 hypertensives (of both sexes, aged 20-64) were identified through
      the screnning of 5,856 people randomly selected from the whole population of the
      community of Camposampiero (Padova), and had a standard ECG tracing recorded.
      ECGs were all read according to the 2nd version of the Minnesota code (MC), by
      only one coder. First of all, the prevalence of the various items of MC in the
      two sexes was calculated. Absolutely normal ECGs (item 1-0) were found in 41.1%
      of the examined subjects; another 23.3% had only a shift of the transition zone
      to the right or to the left (items 9-4). Among pathological codes, the most
      frequent were those of class 3 relating to left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH)
      (i.e. 3:1 or 3:3) and those of classes 4, 5 and 7 relating to myocardial
      ischaemia (ISC) (i.e. 4:1-3 or 5:1-3 or 7-1). The overall frequencies of LVH and,
      respectively, of ISC (calculated by suitably grouping the above described items)
      were as follows. LVH: 21.3% in males (M), 14.6% in females (F); ISC: 5.7% in M,
      18.1% in F. A significant (p less than 0.005) positive correlation with age was
      found both for LVH and ISC codes in F, only for ISC codes in M. A significant
      negative correlation between LVH codes and body mass index (BMI) was instead
      evident only in males.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2931319
TI  - [Lack of correlation between HLA haplotypes and familial hypertrophic
      cardiomyopathy].
AB  - In order to confirm the recent observations of the particular incidence of some
      HLA antigens in the familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy we have determined the
      HLA-A, B and C antigens in the components of a family with high prevalence of
      hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (10 males and 7 females, age from 10 to 75 years).
      Six patients were affected by the disease. In one case (sudden death) the
      diagnosis was established by necroscopy; in the other living subjects by the
      characteristic echocardiographic features after having ruled out the conditions
      which can result in secondary myocardial hypertrophy. HLA typing showed the A9,
      Bw35, Cw4 aplotype in 4 of the 5 living patients affected by hypertrophic
      cardiomyopathy (2 with obstruction). This aplotype however was not shared by the
      other patient and was found in one healthy member of the family. Two patients
      affected by hypertrophic cardiomyopathy without obstruction did not share any
      aplotype while the 2 subjects with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy had
      the same aplotype of a healthy member of the family. Accordingly the genetic
      study of this family does not allow to establish a steady correlation between
      hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and HLA aplotypes.

PMID- 2931320
TI  - "Where there's a will"--camping for elderly and disabled people.

PMID- 2931321
TI  - [W-mutagenesis in the bisulfite-treated lambda phage].
AB  - Survival of phage lambda cI857 inactivated by bisulfite (pH 5.6, 37 degrees C) is
      higher (the dose modification factor approx. 1.2) and frequency of bisulfite
      induced c-mutations 2-4-fold lower on the lawn of the wild-type strain ung+, as
      compared to ung-1 mutant deficient in uracil-DNA glycosylase. Irradiation of host
      cells by a moderate UV dose inducing SOS repair system enhances the frequency of
      bisulfite-induced c-mutations 2-3-fold in the wild-type (ung+) host, but not in
      the ung-1 mutant. It is suggested that W-mutagenesis in bisulfite-treated lambda
      phage in the ung+ cells is due to SOS repair of apyrimidinic sites which are
      produced during excision of uracil residues, the products of cytosine
      deamination.

PMID- 2931322
TI  - A CII-responsive promoter within the Q gene of bacteriophage lambda.
AB  - A site within the phage lambda Q gene shares homology with the CII-activated
      promoters, pE and pI, and is oriented in the direction opposite to that of Q gene
      transcription. A DNA fragment containing this site can serve as a template for
      CII-activated transcription in vitro. To ask if this presumptive CII control site
      functions as a CII-activated promoter in vivo, a restriction fragment containing
      this promoter has been cloned on a plasmid so that synthesis of beta
      galactosidase will be under its control. When CII protein is supplied in trans
      from a compatible plasmid, this promoter, designated PaQ, is activated to produce
      beta-galactosidase. A promoter positioned within the Q gene which can be
      activated by CII protein to initiate transcription in an anti-sense direction
      should result in an interference with Q gene expression, enhancing CII regulation
      of late functions, and adding to the list of known CII controls on the lysogenic
      response.

PMID- 2931323
TI  - Differential expression of influenza N protein and neuraminidase antigenic
      determinants in Escherichia coli.
AB  - Two influenza gene products of similar size and codon usage have been expressed
      in Escherichia coli under control of the phage lambda pR promoter. The influenza
      N protein (NP) was expressed in its entirety after fusion to a short (12 amino
      acid) segment of the lambda cro gene product and constituted about 1-2% of total
      soluble cell protein after induction. By contrast, constructions using the full
      length neuraminidase (NA) gene failed to give rise to detectable amounts of NA
      antigen after fusion to either the 12 amino acid Cro peptide or after fusion to
      bacterial beta-galactosidase (beta gal). Rather, expression of NA antigenic
      determinants was only achieved after deletion of coding sequences at the 3' end
      of the beta gal-NA fusion construct such that the encoded protein precipitated
      within the cell.

PMID- 2931324
TI  - Dx and Tx of the elderly patient with atherosclerotic coronary heart disease.
AB  - Complications of MI occur in patients of all ages, but are more common in the
      elderly. Prevalent are atrial and ventricular dysrhythmias, papillary muscle
      dysfunction, pericarditis, congestive heart failure, atrioventricular block,
      cardiogenic shock, and myocardial rupture. Improved surgical techniques and
      methods of myocardial protection have reduced the perioperative mortality of
      coronary artery bypass surgery in older persons to an acceptable level.

PMID- 2931325
TI  - [Prevention of hypertension in workers in motor transport enterprises].

PMID- 2931326
TI  - [Natural uranium content of human organs and excreta].

PMID- 2931327
TI  - [Experience in organizing health and hygiene inspection over the performance of
      measures for protecting the atmosphere].

PMID- 2931328
TI  - [Hygienic evaluation of working conditions, nutrition and health status of female
      workers on a dairy farm].

PMID- 2931329
TI  - [Mineral metabolism in phosphorus-production workers receiving recommended and
      actual nutrition].

PMID- 2931330
TI  - [Dynamics of various physiological indicators and the effect of holidays on the
      activity of restorative processes in operators in a petroleum refinery].

PMID- 2931331
TI  - [Physiological and ergonomic evaluation of work of female molders in the plastics
      industry].

PMID- 2931332
TI  - [Effect of professional-occupational factors on the cardiovascular system].

PMID- 2931333
TI  - Hereditary protein S deficiency.
AB  - Protein S is a vitamin K-dependent plasma protein that serves as a cofactor of
      activated protein C(APC) in its inhibitory action on activated factor V and
      factor VIII and in its stimulation of fibrinolytic activity. In plasma, part of
      the protein S is complexed with the C4b-binding protein. Only the free protein S
      has APC cofactor activity. In our laboratory, 30 patients from 8 nonrelated
      families were detected that fulfilled the criteria of an isolated protein S
      deficiency. All patients were heterozygotes for the defect that is inherited as
      an autosomal-dominant disorder. Patients with a protein S deficiency were found
      to be at risk for the development of venous thrombotic disease at a relatively
      young age.

PMID- 2931334
TI  - Effects of low temperatures on larvae of the genus Trichinella.
AB  - We examined the effect of an exposure to -25 degrees C (for 8 days) on the
      histochemistry and the fine structure of 30-day-old Trichinella larvae from
      muscle fibres of the diaphragm. The larvae of T. pseudospiralis and T. nelsoni
      were either destroyed in the muscle fibres, dead, eosinophile, or were not found.
      The structureless mass of a degenerating, changed sarcoplasm was highly AIP
      active, and gave a weak positive reaction for SS-groups of proteins. The wall of
      the deformed capsule around T. nelsoni, and the cuticle of the larva, stained
      diffusely; it did not contain AM. In a few muscle fibres exposed to -25 degrees
      C, histochemical reactions of the capsule surrounding larvae of T. nativa and
      sometimes of larvae of T. spiralis, and reaction of the changed sarcoplasm, were
      similar to those of the controls. A few mobile larvae were isolated by digestion
      only from a diaphragm infected with T. nativa. Deterrent to a prolonged survival
      of larvae were the formation of ice crystals and a denaturation of proteins by
      which the sarcoplasm of the infected muscle fibre was changed gradually into both
      a plasmolytically and karyolytically altered mass. Degenerative changes in the
      fine structure of infected muscle fibres were demonstrated by the presence of
      "spheromembranous bodies" in the sarcoplasm resembling myeline formations
      observed after exposure to poisonous substances, e.g., colchicine.

PMID- 2931335
TI  - Zeranol--a 'nature-identical' oestrogen?
AB  - The use of implants of zeranol (alpha-zearalanol), a widely-used anabolic growth
      promoter, in food animals results in very low residues of this compound in the
      edible tissues. In comparison, residues of myco-oestrogens--specifically the beta
      resorcylic acid lactones (RALs) such as zearalenone and its metabolites--commonly
      found as contaminants of cereals are much greater. Zeranol, the RALs and their
      metabolites are all closely related chemically, sterically and biologically. The
      biological effects of these compounds on reproduction, oestrogenicity,
      teratogenicity, genotoxicity and carcinogenicity are compared. No toxicological
      effects have been reported that cannot be attributed to the oestrogenic character
      of these molecules. In comparison with oestradiol, zeranol and the related myco
      oestrogens are 100-1000 times less active hormonally. It is concluded that a
      likely no-observed-effect level (NOEL) for these compounds will be of the order
      of 0.05-0.1 mg/kg body weight/day. This would result in a safety margin greater
      than 500-fold between the expected dietary exposure to these compounds
      (considered together) and the likely NOEL. On the basis of exposure to zeranol
      alone, this margin of safety would increase to more than 35,000.

PMID- 2931336
TI  - Pathology of 6-aminonicotinamide toxicosis in the rabbit.
AB  - Daily doses of 6-aminonicotinamide (3-5 mg/kg) given by ip injection produced
      ataxia of the hind limbs progressing to an ascending paresis/paralysis, anorexia,
      diarrhoea and death in male and female New Zealand White and Dutch Belted
      rabbits. At autopsy, caecal and gastric distention were seen and the apex of the
      gall bladder had necrotic foci. Light microscopic lesions included atrophy and
      necrosis of the white lobe of Harder's gland and atrophy of seminiferous tubules
      with cellular necrosis, vacuolation and the presence of multinucleated giant
      cells. Cytoplasmic vacuolation was observed in epithelial cells from many
      tissues, usually in the basal portion of the cells. Vacuolation of the epithelium
      of the sacculus rotundus and vermiform appendix was found within the same time
      frame as histiocytic hyperplasia in these organs. Spongiosis and gliosis were
      seen in certain parts of the central nervous system. Ultrastructural alterations
      in the gall bladder epithelium consisted of distention of intercellular space,
      mild distention of perinuclear space and coalescing, intracytoplasmic, membrane
      bound vacuoles, a few of which contained membranous debris. Some alterations of 6
      aminonicotinamide toxicosis were prevented by simultaneous administration of
      nicotinamide with 6-aminonicotinamide.

PMID- 2931337
TI  - Population data on the forensic genetic markers: phosphoglucomutase-1, esterase
      D, erythrocyte acid phosphatase and glyoxylase I.
AB  - Blood specimens from white and black sample populations from Baltimore, Maryland,
      were analyzed for the four most forensically important, polymorphic red cell
      enzyme systems-phosphoglucomutase-1, esterase D, erythrocyte acid phosphatase and
      glyoxalase I. The distributions of the phenotypes for each marker in each racial
      group were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The population data were similar to
      previously reported data for Whites and Blacks from different geographical
      locations within the United States.

PMID- 2931338
TI  - [The future of the retinoids].

PMID- 2931340
TI  - Caring for the sick from a sociological perspective.

PMID- 2931339
TI  - Myocardial imaging by digital subtraction angiography for left ventricular mass
      measurement.
AB  - Digital ECG- and respiration gated background subtraction and image combination
      were used to visualize the myocardial wall in routine left ventricular
      angiocardiography. Muscle mass was computed from manually traced biplane endo-
      and epicardial contours according to the multiple slices algorithm. Experimental
      validation and first clinical applications are reported. In animal experiments
      (13 pigs, 16 to 25 kg) a close correlation to postmortem measurement was found: r
      = 0.894 and SEE = 7.4 g for end-diastole, r = 0.938 and SEE = 6.2 g for end
      systole. The postmortem measurement was always within the 95%-confidence range of
      +/- 10%. In 16 patients (five days to 60 years, 3.2 to 81 kg) assessment of
      myocardial mass by myocardial imaging and conventional angiocardiography was
      compared. Conventional calculation based on manually outlined cavity contour and
      mean thickness of a lateral wall segment in the unprocessed angiogram. At end
      diastole myocardial imaging and the conventional method correlated closely with r
      = 0.986 and SEE = 18.7 g. Conventional mass determination was inaccurate in end
      systole (r = 0.928, SEE = 56.9 g) with values exceeding the diastolic ones by 26%
      +/- 19% (mean, SD), sometimes by up to 100%. Enclosure of the papillary muscle in
      the averaged wall segment probably leads to a mostly overrated mean wall
      thickness. There was no significant difference between diastolic and systolic
      results of myocardial imaging. In further investigations myocardial imaging
      showed good agreement to two-dimensional echocardiographic mass determination
      and, furthermore, has successfully been applied to study contraction pattern and
      to evaluate percentage of non-perfused muscle volume.

PMID- 2931341
TI  - Tuberculosis in Hong Kong.

PMID- 2931342
TI  - Immunisation.

PMID- 2931343
TI  - [Intestinal obstruction--Lodd's syndrome operation and appendectomy].

PMID- 2931344
TI  - [How to recognize sleep deprivation in your ICU patient and what to do about it].

PMID- 2931345
TI  - Single dose ciprofloxacin for treating gonococcal infections in men.
AB  - A single oral dose of ciprofloxacin 500 mg was used to treat five men with
      gonococcal urethritis and five men with gonococcal proctitis, and all were cured.
      In a subsequent study the dose of ciprofloxacin was reduced to 250 mg, and 54 men
      with 57 gonococcal infections (47 urethral, seven rectal, and three pharyngeal)
      were treated; of the isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, four were penicillinase
      producing strains. All the patients were cured of gonococcal infection. Urethral
      specimens from nine of the men with gonococcal urethritis yielded Chlamydia
      trachomatis before treatment. These organisms were isolated again from all these
      patients seven days after treatment, and from a further seven men who had been
      chlamydia negative before treatment. It is concluded that a single oral dose of
      ciprofloxacin is an effective treatment for uncomplicated gonorrhoea, but is
      ineffective against C trachomatis. Of the 54 men given 250 mg ciprofloxacin, six
      (11%) showed minor abnormalities of liver function tests after treatment.

PMID- 2931346
TI  - Treating gonococcal infections resistant to penicillin in Bangkok: comparison of
      cefuroxime and spectinomycin.
AB  - Gonococcal organisms have become resistant to antimicrobials throughout the
      world. Such resistance is common in Thailand, where 40% of gonococci produce
      penicillinase (PPNG strains) and over half the remainder have MICs of penicillin
      greater than or equal to 1 mg/l. To evaluate the effectiveness of cefuroxime
      against such resistant organisms, a controlled clinical trial comparing
      spectinomycin and cefuroxime was conducted at Bangrak Hospital, Bangkok, in 1982
      3. Of 472 patients who were randomly assigned to treatment, 365 (77%) yielded
      positive cultures before treatment and returned for follow up evaluation three to
      13 days after treatment. Of the 365 patients, 359 (98%) were cured, and no
      difference between the two treatment regimens was found either by the sex of the
      patient or by the presence of PPNG strains. The MIC of cefuroxime against all
      organisms was less than or equal to 1 mg/l. In vitro susceptibilities of
      gonococci in Bangkok have not changed appreciably during the past two years.
      Regimens of cefuroxime and spectinomycin are highly effective even for the
      relatively resistant gonococci in Bangkok. The pharmacokinetics, in vitro
      susceptibilities, and effectiveness of cefuroxime encourage evaluation of lower
      doses of the drug.

PMID- 2931347
TI  - Chlamydial pelvic infection in cats: a model for the study of human pelvic
      inflammatory disease.
AB  - The inoculation of feline keratoconjunctivitis agent (Chlamydia psittaci)
      directly into the oviducts of eight cats produced an acute disease that was
      characterised by hyperaemia of the tissue and pronounced polymorphonuclear
      leucocyte infiltration of the epithelium and subepithelial stroma. The lumens of
      the tubes contained exudates of desquamated epithelial cells and
      polymorphonuclear leucocytes. After about 30 days the disease subsided leaving
      chronic inflammation with the tissue infiltrated with both polymorphonuclear and
      mononuclear cells. Fimbrial scarring and formation of adhesions were apparent by
      40 to 50 days after inoculation. Chlamydiae were isolated in McCoy cell cultures
      from most cats, in one for as long as 51 days after inoculation. Inclusions were
      seen in histological sections or smears of cells from the fimbriae of four of the
      eight cats. Six of the eight cats developed antibodies to feline
      keratoconjunctivitis agent, which were detectable as early as 12 days after
      inoculation. To facilitate repeated examinations of the cats' fallopian tubes,
      techniques for laparoscopy in cats and for the collection of specimens while
      under laparoscopic examination were developed. The latter technique has since
      been applied successfully in man.

PMID- 2931348
TI  - Electrophoretic subtyping of phosphoglucomutase locus 1 (PGM1) polymorphism in
      the Italian and Czechoslovakian populations.
AB  - About 3,500 subjects from Italy and Czechoslovakia have been analyzed by acid
      starch gel electrophoresis for the subtyping of PGM1 polymorphism. The Italian
      sample included three different subgroups, from Northern, Central and Southern
      Italy. The allele frequencies found in the three groups do not differ
      significantly from each other; the observed values in the pooled sample are:
      PGM1S1 = 0.594, PGM1F1 = 0.118, PGM2S1 = 0.231, PGM2F1 = 0.057. In the
      Czechoslovakian group, which differs significantly from the Italian population,
      the following allele frequencies were found: PGM1S1 = 0.639, PGM1F1 = 0.118,
      PGM2S1 = 0.180, PGM2F1 = 0.063. The analysis of 217 families did not show any
      exception to Mendelian inheritance of the patterns.

PMID- 2931349
TI  - Antigen non-specific activities in culture supernatant of ovalbumin-specific,
      cloned helper T lymphoma.
AB  - Antigen non-specific activities in culture supernatants from clones of a
      radiation leukemia virus transformed, ovalbumin-specific helper T lymphoma were
      studied. After stimulation with ovalbumin-pulsed macrophages, these clones
      release factor(s) capable of providing carrier-specific help for anti-hapten
      antibody responses. It was found that in addition to IL 2-like activity, one
      clone constitutively released a suppressive factor that could inhibit polyclonal
      growth and differentiation of B cells stimulated with LPS. The factor inhibited
      activation of both syngeneic and allogeneic B cells directly, rather than via
      activation of accessory suppressor T lymphocytes. However, upon dilution of the
      supernatant, B cell growth and differentiation activities were detected. A role
      for a polyclonal B cell suppressor factor in the overall helper activity of the
      clone is proposed.

PMID- 2931350
TI  - Comparison of in vitro binding to enterocyte brush borders of rat IgG subclasses
      and their transmission in vivo in the rat.
AB  - The nature of the Fc receptors for IgG subclasses displayed on the epithelium of
      the small intestine in neonatal rats was examined by comparing results gained
      from 125I-IgG binding studies using isolated enterocyte brush borders, and from
      experiments where in vivo transmission from the gut to the bloodstream was
      quantified for each subclass. These measurements were made in two strains of rat,
      Cob Wistar and CB Hooded Nu/+. Subclasses of IgG were transported from gut to
      blood in different amounts, and the in vitro binding also varied according to
      isotype. Comparison of the results between rat strains and between isotypes
      suggested that at least two IgG Fc receptors are present on the enterocytes of
      the young rat.

PMID- 2931351
TI  - The expression of Fc and complement receptors in young, adult and aged mice.
AB  - Age-dependent changes in the expression of Fc receptors (FcR) for different
      isotypes of immunoglobulins and receptors for C3b, C5b and C3bi fragments of
      complement on the membranes of peritoneal macrophages were studied with mice of
      different ages. An age-related increase in expression of Fc receptors for IgM,
      IgE, IgA, IgG2b and IgG3, and a decrease in the expression of Fc receptors for
      IgG1 was observed. The expression of FcR on macrophages of donors of different
      ages corresponded with Fc-receptor mediated phagocytosis. The highest number of
      C3b-binding macrophages was found in aged mice, in contrast to low numbers of
      C3bi-binding macrophages at this age. The percentage of C5b-binding macrophages
      was lowest in adult animals. We also observed effective inhibition of binding of
      the C3b component of complement by preincubation of macrophages with aggregated
      IgG and vice versa. These observations suggest that fluctuation in expression of
      Fc but not C receptors may be important to the generalized changes that occur in
      macrophage function during development and ageing.

PMID- 2931352
TI  - T-cell control of IgA production. I. Distribution, activation conditions and
      culture of isotype-specific regulatory helper cells.
AB  - The capacity of T cells from different sites to augment IgA production by LPS
      stimulated B cells has been investigated. Peyer's patch T lymphocytes activated
      with Con A induced up to a 20-fold increase in IgA production. The effect was
      isotype-specific, in that no consistent effect on IgG and a diminution of IgM
      synthesis were observed. Less activity was recorded in spleen and mesenteric
      lymph node T cells. Optimal activation of the Thy 1+ Lyt 1+2- helper cells
      required the addition of splenic adherent cells and the elimination of Thy 1+ Lyt
      2+ suppressor cells prior to activation. T lymphocytes maintained regulatory
      activity for several months after expansion in medium supplemented with IL-2 and
      are now being cloned. We conclude that IgA production is under control of T cells
      sited preferentially, but not exclusively, in gut-associated lymphoid tissue, and
      that these T cells can augment IgA production by B lymphocytes from sites with
      low commitment to production of this isotype.

PMID- 2931353
TI  - Lymphocyte function in experimental endemic syphilis of Syrian hamsters.
AB  - We have studied the changes in the lymph nodes, spleen and thymus that occur in
      inbred LSH Syrian hamsters infected with Treponema pallidum Bosnia A, the
      causative agent of endemic syphilis, as well as the B-cell responses of these
      infected animals to helper T-cell independent and dependent antigens. The lymph
      nodes increased significantly in weight up to 6 weeks after infection, and
      contained viable treponemes. No significant changes in the spleen weight were
      observed, and no viable treponemes could be recovered from the spleen. However,
      the size of the thymus decreased steadily during the course of the disease. The
      relative number of Ig+ cells (B cells) increased in the spleen and regional lymph
      nodes, whereas the relative number of T cells decreased during the course of
      infection. In both the spleen and lymph nodes, the relative number of macrophages
      increased initially and decreased thereafter in the form of a bell-shaped curve
      showing a peak at 4-6 weeks of infection. The ability of splenic lymphocytes from
      infected hamsters to mount a primary PFC response to pneumococcal polysaccharide
      type III (SIII), a helper T-cell independent antigen, was elevated throughout the
      course of infection. However, the splenic PFC response to sheep erythrocytes
      (SRBC), a helper T-cell dependent antigen, was increased only during the first 4
      weeks of infection and progressively decreased thereafter. The PFC responses of
      infected lymph node lymphocytes to both SIII and SRBC were increased during the
      first 4 weeks and decreased thereafter. These data suggested that atrophy of the
      thymus seen in syphilitic infection is accompanied by the complex losses of
      subsets of T cells and altered B-cell functions. An early loss of suppressor T
      cells in both the lymph nodes and spleen occurs concomitantly with a loss of T
      helper cells and heterologous (treponema-unrelated) B-cell functions in the lymph
      nodes. Helper T cells are lost from the spleen only in the later stages of
      infection, whereas splenic B-cell functions remain intact throughout the course
      of the disease. These findings were further tested by in vitro methods where
      splenic and lymph node lymphocytes from infected hamsters were examined for their
      ability to respond to Con A in terms of the induction of antigen non-specific
      suppressor T cells. The mixing of Con A stimulated splenic or lymph node
      lymphocytes from infected hamsters was unable to inhibit the primary antibody
      responses of SRBC as compared to the normal control.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400
      WORDS)

PMID- 2931356
TI  - Effect of cyclosporine and aminophylline on streptozotocin-induced diabetes in
      rats.
AB  - Diabetes induced in rats by multiple low doses of streptozotocin is thought to
      mimic type 1 disease in man. We tested the effect of concomitant treatment with
      immunomodulator drugs in this diabetic experimental model. Administration of
      cyclosporine resulted in a rapid appearance of hyperglycemia, perhaps by a
      potentiation of the direct cytotoxic action of streptozotocin on beta cells. By
      contrast, aminophylline administration protected the animals from the
      diabetogenic action of streptozotocin. Concomitant treatment with aminophylline
      and cyclosporine failed to protect the rats from the hyperglycemia induced by
      streptozotocin.

PMID- 2931354
TI  - T-suppressor clones derived from murine AMLR.
AB  - Panels of cloned T-cell lines were derived from the autologous mixed lymphocyte
      reactions of NZB and C58 mice. These clones were all Thy 1+. In addition, various
      clones expressed appropriate Ia, Lyt 1 and/or Lyt 2 antigenic specificities. None
      of these clones produced the lymphokines IL-2, CSF or AMLR-helper factor. The
      clones suppressed fresh syngeneic AMLR and MLR responses when added at low cell
      numbers at the initiation of culture. This suppression was not abrogated by
      treatment with mitomycin c or reversed by the addition of a source of T-cell
      growth factor. The mechanism of suppression was not cytotoxicity, as the clones
      were non-cytotoxic for either syngeneic or allogeneic cells. Many of the clones
      appeared to require the presence of Lyt 2+ cells in the MLR responding population
      to suppress, and therefore can be classified as T-suppressor inducers. Two clones
      did not require the Lyt 2+ subset to suppress the MLR, and are therefore T
      suppressor effectors.

PMID- 2931355
TI  - Effect of neuraminidase treatment on the expression of Fc IgG receptors on
      chicken embryonic bursa and thymus cells.
AB  - Bursa and thymus cells from chicken embryos at different ages were analyzed for
      Fc IgG receptors by EA-rosette technique and by binding of heat aggregated
      chicken IgG (agg IgG) in the indirect immunofluorescence test. Neuraminidase
      treatment resulted in a substantial increase of agg IgG binding cells both in the
      embryonic bursa and thymus. The binding of agg IgG was shown to be specific for
      Fc IgG receptors, since IgM and F(ab')2 fragments were not bound to neuraminidase
      treated embryonic cells. A far lower percentage of EA-rosette-forming cells than
      agg IgG binding cells were found both in untreated and neuraminidase-treated
      bursa and thymus cells. It was concluded that neuraminidase can reveal additional
      Fc IgG receptor sites mainly for agg IgG on embryonic thymus and bursa cells.

PMID- 2931357
TI  - Possible in vivo modulation of Leu 2a expression on suppressor T cells in active
      multiple sclerosis.
AB  - Reduced numbers of suppressor T lymphocytes were identified by monoclonal
      antibodies in the peripheral blood of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) in
      acute relapse. In vitro culture of cells from these patients resulted in a
      significant increase in the number of cells identified with the suppressor T cell
      marker Leu 2a but not OKT 8. The expression of other T cell antigens (Leu 4 and
      Leu 3a) remained unchanged. This change in Leu 2a expression did not occur when
      cells from healthy controls were similarly treated.

PMID- 2931358
TI  - T-cell influence on the B-cell differentiation process induced by Klebsiella.
AB  - Klebsiella pneumoniae K43 cell membrane preparations (Klebs M) have been
      characterized previously as a human polyclonal B cell activator (PBA) that
      stimulates purified B cells to differentiate into immunoglobulin (Ig) secreting
      cells with negligible prior or parallel proliferation and in the absence of T
      cells. The aim of the present study was to define the cellular interactions in
      the regulation of Klebs M induced B-cell differentiation. For this purpose OKT4+
      and OKT8+ cell populations were negatively selected with reasonable purity by
      means of a panning technique or by complement-mediated cytolysis using monoclonal
      OKT4 and OKT8 antibodies. The resulting cell populations were added to purified
      autologous B cells exposed to Klebs M or, as a control, pokeweed mitogen (PWM).
      In the Klebs M system both the OKT4+ and the OKT8+ cell subsets markedly enhanced
      IgM production; however, the helper effect of the OKT4+ cell subset was much more
      intense than that of the OKT8+ subset. In the PWM system only the OKT4+ cells
      provided help for B-cell differentiation. The OKT8+ subset demonstrated
      suppressor activity in the presence of an adequate helper cell (OKT4+ subset)
      function. These results indicate that Klebs M behaves like a "relatively T cell
      independent PBA".

PMID- 2931361
TI  - Effect of indomethacin and benoxaprofen on immune complex interaction with
      cultured glomerular cells.
AB  - Prostaglandins of the E series (PGE) increased immune complex (IC) interaction
      with cultured glomerular cells in a previous study. The present study examines
      the effect of indomethacin (IND) and benoxaprofen (BEN) on interaction of IC with
      cultured cells and their effect on PGE enhanced cell-IC interaction. IC were
      formed with antigen modified to produce a cationic (CAT) charge or left
      unmodified (UM). IND increased cell interaction with IC formed with CAT antigen
      (CAT IC). BEN had no effect on the interaction of IC formed with either antigen.
      The combined use of IND and PGE increased CAT IC interaction to the same degree
      as when each was used alone. BEN prevented the increased CAT IC interaction
      produced by IND or PGE when used in combination. Protamine sulfate prevented the
      enhanced CAT IC interaction produced by IND or PGE while sodium heparin had no
      effect. The results indicate IND and PGE increase cell IC interaction, the
      increase is not additive when they are combined, the effects of both are blocked
      by BEN, and protamine sulfate inhibits the effects of both compounds.

PMID- 2931360
TI  - Benign monoclonal gammopathy: a reassessment of the problem.
AB  - Disease associations of clonally restricted serum immunoglobulin (Ig)
      abnormalities were examined using methods for detecting and characterizing
      homogeneous Ig that are approximately forty times more sensitive than either
      cellulose acetate zone electrophoresis or immunoelectrophoresis. Medical records
      of three hundred five patients with clonally-restricted serum immunoglobulins,
      including 100 monoclonal gammopathies, and 205 immune complex/oligoclonal
      patterns were reviewed to obtain the attending physician's discharge diagnosis.
      Our data confirm lymphoproliferative disorders as the most frequent cause of
      monoclonal gammopathy (63% of our cases). However, in contrast to earlier
      reports, we found little evidence to support an association between monoclonal
      gammopathy and non-reticular malignancy. This does not mean our patients with
      these disorders had normal serum immunoglobulin patterns; rather, their
      qualitative abnormalities were, for the most part, not monoclonal. Instead,
      patients with these diseases had a high incidence of serum immune complexes and
      their antibody excess sequelae, oligoclonal patterns. Oligoclonal responses are
      noteworthy because Ig products of the individual clones do not always achieve
      equivalent serum concentrations, nor are the various clonal products synchronized
      with respect to the time at which they attain peak concentration. This creates a
      number of problems for laboratories attempting to characterize such
      abnormalities; 1) some analytical methods may only be capable of detecting the
      dominant clone of an oligoclonal pattern, and 2) analysis of a single specimen
      may yield erroneous results because the unique waxing and waning kinetic pattern
      of oligoclonal responses may preclude identification of all components at a
      single time point. We conclude that benign "monoclonal" gammopathies and
      circulating immune complex/oligoclonal Ig abnormalities occur in the same
      clinical situations and may be synonymous. The sensitivity of an individual
      laboratory's analytical methods would then determine which name is applied.

PMID- 2931359
TI  - L3T4 but not LFA-1 participates in antigen presentation by Ak-positive L-cell
      transformants.
AB  - We report that mouse L cells expressing Ak class II molecules on their surface
      after DNA-mediated gene transfer are capable of presenting the synthetic
      copolymer (Glu60 Ala30 Tyr10) to Ak-restricted long-term T-cell clones. Antigen
      induced T-cell stimulation could be inhibited by monoclonal antibodies (mAb)
      directed at spatially distinct determinants of the alpha and/or beta subunits of
      the Ak molecule, and by the rat L3T4-specific mAb H129.19. In contrast, several
      rat mAb reactive with the mouse LFA-1 molecule failed to inhibit T-cell
      activation when L cells were used as antigen-presenting cells (APC), although
      these mAb strongly inhibited the same T-cell responses in the presence of
      leukocytic APC. Similarly, the cytolytic activity of the Ak-specific T-cell clone
      A15.1.17 was blocked by L3T4-specific and by LFA-1-specific mAb when tested on Ak
      positive B-cell hybridomas, but only by L3T4-specific mAb and not by LFA-1
      specific mAb when Ak-positive L-cell transformants were used as targets. These
      data support the notion that the LFA-1 molecule is not necessary for T-cell
      activation, and suggest that its functional role as an accessory molecule depends
      on the leukocytic nature of the APC tested.

PMID- 2931362
TI  - Immunosuppression by human seminal plasma.
AB  - Immunosuppressive property of normal human seminal plasma has been demonstrated
      on various in vitro immune parameters such as, blast transformation of
      lymphocytes with Phytohemagglutinin (P), Concanavalin A and Lipopolysaccharide, E
      & EAC rosette formation and mixed lymphocyte culture. The immunosuppression
      appears to be a T-cell mediated phenomenon. Analysis of semen samples obtained
      from 86 donors, comprising azoospermic, oligospermic, normospermic and
      polyspermic individuals, suggests that immunosuppression of the seminal plasma
      has no correlation with either the sperm density or the protein content of
      seminal plasma. The possible implication of the immunosuppressive activity in the
      development of acquired immuno-deficiency syndrome is also discussed.

PMID- 2931364
TI  - Long-term care insurance: the private sector leads the way.

PMID- 2931365
TI  - Doing well versus doing good.

PMID- 2931366
TI  - The effects of ownership and system affiliation on the economic performance of
      hospitals.
AB  - We investigated differences among five types of hospitals, defined by ownership
      (investor-owned or not-for-profit), system affiliation (system-affiliated or
      freestanding), and government sponsorship on 24 measures of economic performance.
      Using multivariate analysis of 1980 Medicare cost report and other data from a
      national sample of 561 hospitals, we found that investor-owned chain hospitals
      charged significantly more, and were more profitable, than all other types of
      hospitals except freestanding for-profits; there were no differences in
      productive efficiency that could be attributed to ownership or affiliation; the
      investor-owned hospitals had higher debt-to-asset ratios, less-capital-intensive
      plants, and greater capital costs as a percentage of operating costs than the not
      for-profits; and there were no consistent case-mix differences among the
      hospitals.

PMID- 2931363
TI  - Endotoxin tolerance diminishes certain antiinflammatory effects of endotoxin.
AB  - Endotoxin (bacterial lipopolysaccharide, LPS) is paradoxically both inflammatory
      and antiinflammatory. A single intravenous injection of 100 micrograms
      Escherichia coli LPS markedly inhibits the inflammatory changes associated with
      cutaneous reversed passive Arthus (RPA) reactions in New Zealand white rabbits.
      Polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes from LPS-treated rabbits exhibit diminished
      responsiveness in vitro to complement (C5) -derived peptides. Repeated injections
      of LPS render animals "tolerant", that is, refractory to the toxic and
      inflammatory effects of LPS. We examined whether tolerance would enhance the
      ability of LPS to inhibit inflammation not attributable to LPS. Surprisingly, as
      compared with rabbits receiving a single dose of LPS, tolerant rabbits
      demonstrated greater inflammatory changes (i.e., PMN exudation, vascular
      permeability) associated with RPA reactions. PMNs from LPS-tolerant rabbits
      responded in vitro to C5-derived peptides significantly more than PMNs from
      rabbits that received a single dose of LPS. We speculate that some
      antiinflammatory effects of LPS require the toxic or inflammatory effects of LPS
      itself. These observations might relate to the limited efficacy of fever therapy
      and the variable effects of gram-negative sepsis on functions of human PMNs.

PMID- 2931367
TI  - Competing for Medi-Cal business: why hospitals did, and did not, get contracts.
AB  - Although we cannot yet judge the broad consequences of Medi-Cal selective
      contracting, we can assess the outcome of the contracting process and the role
      that competition and other factors played in that process. In this study of the
      qualitative and quantitative characteristics of hospitals in Los Angeles County
      that bid for Medi-Cal contracts, we analyzed the factors that were important
      determinants of whether or not hospitals received contracts. We found that
      hospital dependence on Medi-Cal inpatient revenues was most strongly associated
      with winning a contract and the presence of a teaching program next most strongly
      related. We discuss the relative importance of hospital need for a contract and
      the Medi-Cal special negotiator's desire to include certain hospitals in the
      program, and conclude with a discussion of our study's implications for
      competition and regulation methods in Medicaid cost containment strategies.

PMID- 2931368
TI  - Predicting hospital readmissions in the Medicare population.
AB  - Using a nationally random sample of Medicare beneficiaries, we developed a
      multivariate logistic model that identified a series of factors that predict
      readmission to an acute care hospital within 60 days of discharge. Our regression
      results show that 10 variables are statistically significant predictors of
      readmissions, with the patient's disease history and diagnosis among the best
      predictors. Our results can be used by peer review organizations to evaluate the
      quality of care provided by different hospitals as well as by physicians and
      social workers to improve discharge planning.

PMID- 2931369
TI  - The contribution of case-mix severity to the hospital cost-output relation.
AB  - Analyses of the cost-output relation of hospital care often omit diagnostic case
      mix from the analytic model. In this study, we examine the bias that arises from
      the use of either single-dimensional output volume or structural hospital
      capacity, but not case-mix severity, to analyze hospital costs and outputs. We
      found that hospitals with higher admission rates tend to admit less severe case
      mixes, other things equal, which implies that specialized facilities are
      relatively underutilized. Our finding provides a rationale for regionalization
      and sharing of costly specialized services and for reimbursement controls on the
      cost of capital. We conclude that public policy should focus on optimizing the
      mix of treatment services rather than on hospital size per se.

PMID- 2931370
TI  - The restructuring of U.S. health care.
AB  - Despite highly publicized recognition in the 1970s that a health care financing
      crisis existed in the United States, the crisis has gone unabated. In this review
      of the recent health care experience, I discuss the federal and other initiatives
      that were taken in the 1970s to curb health care cost increases and why they
      failed. I then review transformations that are currently altering the health care
      delivery and payment system in this country. I conclude with a discussion of
      three possible scenarios for the U.S. health care system at the end of the
      century. In the absence of a grass-roots acceptance of the limitations of medical
      intervention, it seems likely that total outlays will continue to increase. That
      is, we are probably in for "more of the same."

PMID- 2931371
TI  - The epidemiology of quality.
AB  - The quality of care can be perceived to have an "epidemiology" in that it is
      distributed in each of two populations, one of providers and another of clients.
      In this review of the pertinent literature, I found, overall, that the quality of
      technical care is better when practitioners have better or more training, are
      more specialized, and are more experienced though not too old; when they provide
      ambulatory care by appointment to a not overly large caseload in well-equipped
      premises and possibly in association with colleagues; and when they provide
      hospital care in larger institutions with significant teaching functions. I found
      no consistent correlation between quality and age, sex, rurality, occupation,
      income, and ethnicity of patients, but there were enough intimations of a
      relation between socioeconomic disadvantage and poorer technical care to prompt
      careful study.

PMID- 2931372
TI  - The impact of quality on cost in the provision of long-term care.
AB  - Regulatory and reimbursement policies in the health care industry have generally
      been developed on the assumption that a trade-off exists between quality
      enhancement and cost control. In this study of 494 proprietary, nonprofit, and
      government nursing home facilities in New York State, I examined the relationship
      between quality and costs while controlling for facility characteristics and
      resident characteristics. I found that although the capital-intensive aspects of
      patient care quality make a significant impact on costs, the labor-intensive
      aspects of patient care quality do not. I discuss the policy implications of
      these findings.

PMID- 2931373
TI  - The use of swing beds in rural hospitals.
AB  - The national program under which rural hospitals are currently providing swing
      bed care is the result of a HCFA-sponsored demonstration and evaluation program
      involving more than 100 rural hospitals in four states. We summarize herein the
      larger of two evaluation studies of the program. The experimental hospitals
      averaged approximately two fully occupied swing beds, experienced a 5% increase
      in total occupancy owing to swing-bed care, and may have reduced acute care
      length of stay slightly. A strong negative correlation between acute care
      occupancy and use of swing beds was observed, but no evidence was found to
      support the hypothesis that swing-bed care decreases nursing home occupancy in
      rural communities.

PMID- 2931374
TI  - A computer-aided system for planning acute care bed need in Michigan.
AB  - As part of an effort within Michigan to promote cost containment and equitably
      distribute hospital resources, the Acute Care Bed Need Methodology (ACBNM), a
      model for determining bed need based on normative use rates, was created. We
      describe herein the ACBNM, the associated interactive computer system, and the
      data base requirements, and make suggestions for improving the methodology. We
      also discuss the functions the ACBNM has served in Michigan and the role it could
      serve in future health planning efforts.

PMID- 2931375
TI  - Mapping of a cloned glucosyltransferase gene in Streptococcus mutans.
AB  - A cloned glucosyltransferase (gtfA) fragment, inserted adjacent to an
      erythromycin resistance (Eryr) marker in plasmid pVA891, was used in
      transformation experiments to determine the genetic location of gftA on the
      Streptococcus mutans chromosome. Eryr (gftA) cotransformed with a methionine
      (Met+) marker at a frequency of approximately 23%, whereas cotransfer with a
      number of other markers was not observed. The number of Met+ transformants was
      approximately 50-fold greater than the number of Eryr transformants. Furthermore,
      over 20% of the Eryr transformants were always Met+, whereas less than 1% of the
      Met+ transformants were Eryr, indicating the extreme asymmetrical cotransfer of
      these markers. The results indicate that S. mutans genes can be mapped by this
      procedure.

PMID- 2931376
TI  - Visceral leishmaniasis in congenic mice of susceptible and resistant phenotypes:
      immunosuppression by adherent spleen cells.
AB  - Visceral leishmaniasis is one of several parasitic diseases of humans
      characterized by immune suppression. A murine model of disseminated leishmaniasis
      utilizing inbred strains of specific genetic constitution was used to study the
      mechanisms of immunosuppression elicited during the course of infection.
      Resistant (Lshr) and susceptible (Lshs) strains of mice were challenged with
      amastigotes of Leishmania donovani and evaluated as to immune status at intervals
      between 2 and 40 weeks after challenge. The proliferative responses of splenic
      lymphocytes to T-cell mitogens, a B-cell mitogen, and parasite antigens were
      measured to evaluate the relative immune status of parasitized mice and
      noninfected control mice. Lymphocytes from resistant C3Heb/FeJ (C3H) mice
      responded normally to concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin throughout the course
      of infection. Parasite antigen responses appeared 2 weeks after challenge of C3H
      mice and remained vigorous for periods up to 6 months. In contrast, immune
      suppression during infection was profound in both the curing (C57B1/10) and
      noncuring (B10.D2) phenotypes of Lshs congenic mice. Both Lshs strains developed
      severe infection as evidenced by high parasite burdens in the liver and spleen 4
      to 5 weeks after challenge; splenic lymphocytes taken from these mice between 2
      and 8 weeks became increasingly unresponsive to the T-cell mitogens as well as to
      parasite antigens. The noncuring B10.D2 mice which suffered chronic infection
      continued to be suppressed for as long as 40 weeks. C57B1/10 (curing) mice, in
      contrast, cleared infection between 12 and 16 weeks. After spontaneous recovery
      or elimination of parasites by antimonial drug therapy, the response of spleen
      cells to T-cell mitogens or parasite antigens were restored to normal. The spleen
      cells from the Lshs strains of mice obtained during the height of infection
      suppressed the proliferative responses of spleen cells from their uninfected
      counterparts upon cocultivation in vitro. Removal of adherent cells from the
      suppressive spleen cell populations restored normal mitogen responses. On the
      basis of adherence characteristics, phagocytosis, and morphology, the suppressor
      was identified as a macrophage population which appears to be responsible for a
      nonspecific immunosuppression of Lshs mice with significant parasite burdens of
      L. donovani.

PMID- 2931377
TI  - Visceral leishmaniasis in congenic mice of susceptible and resistant phenotypes:
      T-lymphocyte-mediated immunosuppression.
AB  - This paper continues a comparative study (A. D. Nickol and P. F. Bonventre,
      Infect. Immun. 50:160-168, 1985) describing immune responses exhibited by
      congenic, Lshs mouse strains C57B1/10 (cure) and B10.D2 (noncure) during the
      course of disseminated leishmaniasis. We report that sublethal whole-body
      irradiation of B10.D2 mice before challenge with Leishmania donovani converted
      the noncuring mice to a curing phenotype. Splenic lymphocytes from L. donovani
      infected B10.D2 mice failed to proliferate in response to parasite antigen
      stimulation in vitro. Splenic lymphocytes from irradiated, cured B10.D2 mice
      regained the capacity to respond to the parasite antigen stimulus. Transfer of T
      cells but not B cells from L. donovani-infected B10.D2 mice prevented the
      acquisition of immunity and recovery from infection in X-irradiated mice. In
      addition, a splenic T-cell population from L. donovani-infected B10.D2 mice
      suppressed the proliferation in vitro of parasite antigen-stimulated lymphocytes
      of irradiation-cured B10.D2 mice. Suppressor T cells were not demonstrable in the
      spleens of spontaneously cured C57B1/10 mice. Splenic lymphocytes from infected
      B10.D2 mice were deficient in the production of macrophage-activating factor
      (MAF) upon stimulation by L. donovani antigens in vitro. Deficient MAF production
      was specific for parasite antigen stimulation, because MAF production subsequent
      to concanavalin A stimulation of splenic lymphocytes from infected B10.D2 mice
      was not suppressed. The data suggest that a genetically based immunological
      defect in B10.D2 mice prevents the acquisition of effective cell-mediated
      immunity and subsequent elimination of L. donovani from tissue macrophages. The
      immunological deficit, not apparent in the curing C57B1/10, appears to be caused
      by the development of parasite antigen-specific suppressor T cells during the
      course of the disseminated leishmaniasis.

PMID- 2931378
TI  - Immunosuppression associated with the development of chronic infections with
      Rickettsia tsutsugamushi: adherent suppressor cell activity and macrophage
      activation.
AB  - Measures of general immunocompetency such as lymphocyte responses to mitogens and
      alloantigens and the ability to produce antibody to T-dependent and T-independent
      antigens were evaluated during the development of chronic infections with
      Rickettsia tsutsugamushi resulting from subcutaneous infection of BALB/c mice. It
      was found that a transient immunosuppression was demonstrable regardless of the
      infecting strain of rickettsiae; however, the immunosuppression produced by the
      Karp and Kato strains was more pronounced and longer lived. As a marked
      splenomegaly resulting from inflammatory macrophage influx accompanied this
      immunosuppression, mitogen- and antigen-induced lymphocyte proliferation was also
      evaluated after adherent cell depletion or in the presence of indomethacin, and
      both treatments significantly improved the responses. Isolated splenic
      macrophages were shown to suppress the responses of lymphocytes from naive mice
      as well as to exhibit parameters of activation including tumor cell cytolysis and
      cytostasis and the ability to inhibit the replication of R. tsutsugamushi in
      vitro. These data suggest an association between macrophage activation involved
      in rickettsial clearance and a transient immunosuppression.

PMID- 2931379
TI  - Evaluation of Bordetella bronchiseptica vaccines in specific-pathogen-free
      piglets with bacterial cell surface antigens in enzyme-linked immunosorbent
      assay.
AB  - The progenies of specific-pathogen-free sows which had been immunized with
      Bordetella bronchiseptica vaccines of various origin before parturition were
      challenged intranasally with B. bronchiseptica within 5 days of birth. Sera of
      piglets were taken weekly and investigated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
      against a mixture of B. bronchiseptica cell surface antigens containing curled
      fibers and fimbriae, lipopolysaccharide, and a mixture of proteins mostly derived
      from the outer membrane. The serological response to this antigenic mixture was
      paradoxical; the highest titers were obtained with the least effective vaccines.
      Antibodies which did relate to protection were oriented against the outer
      membrane-derived proteins, one of which, of 68,000 molecular weight, appeared to
      be particularly important for two reasons. First, its concentration within the
      antigenic mixture was dependent upon cultural conditions; of all the proteins
      present in virulent strains, it was the first to disappear upon modulation.
      Second, it was absent from a strain which was unable to induce atrophic rhinitis
      in specific-pathogen-free piglets. Although all vaccines tested had some
      beneficial effect on the various clinical manifestations of the disease, only two
      vaccines were effective (P less than 0.001) in the prevention of nasal
      pathological changes. These two vaccines also stimulated the highest titers
      against the 68,000-molecular-weight protein. A mouse protection test utilizing a
      lethal intraperitoneal challenge failed to monitor the efficacy of vaccines for
      protection against atrophic rhinitis.

PMID- 2931380
TI  - Acquired resistance and expression of a protective humoral immune response in
      guinea pigs infected with Treponema pallidum Nichols.
AB  - Resistance to cutaneous syphilitic reinfection in strain 2 and strain 13 guinea
      pigs developed gradually 3 to 7 months after primary infection and reached
      maximum levels at 6 to 7 months after the induction of primary cutaneous disease.
      Associated with this acquired resistance was the occurrence of Arthus reactions
      and anamnestic-type antibody responses. Passive transfer of immune serum
      containing high-titered treponemal antibody into normal strain 2 guinea pigs
      significantly delayed the appearance and markedly diminished the severity and
      duration of skin lesions that developed after these recipients were challenged
      with treponemes but did not prevent the dissemination of organisms to the
      draining lymph nodes. These findings provide direct evidence that syphilitic
      infection elicits the formation of serum factors that are, at least, partially
      protective against symptomatic disease.

PMID- 2931381
TI  - Ciprofloxacin-induced hematuria.
AB  - We used ciprofloxacin, a quinolone-derivative, to treat a lung infection due to
      Pseudomonas aeruginosa in an adult cystic fibrosis patient. On three different
      occasions the use of ciprofloxacin was associated with the development of an
      asymptomatic hematuria with red blood cell casts. The mechanism responsible for
      this hematuria is presently unknown, but clinicians should be aware of this
      potential adverse effect of ciprofloxacin.

PMID- 2931382
TI  - In vitro activity of the newer quinolones compared with the classic ones and
      tobramycin.
AB  - The halogenated substitution of quinolone derivatives has given rise to a new
      group of substances called newer quinolones, which possess extraordinary
      antibacterial activity in vitro. The aim of our study was to compare the effect
      of the newer quinolones ciprofloxacin (CIP), norfloxacin (NOR) and enoxacin (ENO)
      with that of the classical ones nalidixic acid (NA), oxolinic acid (OX) and
      pipemidic acid (PIP) and with a widely-used aminoglycoside tobramycin (TBR). This
      was tested on 2,263 strains from clinical isolations. Evaluating the effect of
      the least active substances as a unit, we generally found the MIC90s to be of the
      following order: (Formula: see text). The remaining groups among the antibiotics
      studied are ordered identically, the most potent being the newer quinolones in
      the following order: CIP is at least four times superior to NOR, which in turn is
      at least twice as effective as ENO for gram-positive organisms, but only 1.2
      times for gram-negative bacilli.

PMID- 2931383
TI  - Resistance of helper T lymphocytes to cyclophosphamide.
AB  - The effect of cyclophosphamide (Cy) on helper T lymphocytes using an adoptive
      transfer approach in athymic nude mice was investigated. The results indicated
      that Cy, at a dose (100 mg/kg) which virtually abolished anti-sheep erythrocyte
      (SRBC) antibody plaque forming cell (PFC) response of Balb/c mice, did not alter
      significantly the capacity of their splenic T cells to restore the anti-SRBC PFC
      response of nude mice. This resistance of T helper cells was observed in
      unimmunized mice and in mice injected with SRBC two days prior to Cy
      administration. It has been concluded that both resting and antigen stimulated T
      helper cells responsible for reconstituting anti-SRBC response of nude mice are
      resistant to Cy.

PMID- 2931384
TI  - A new immunomodulator, LF 1695--I. In vitro effects on the T lymphocyte lineage
      in man.
AB  - A new immunomodulator, LF 1695, was analyzed in vitro for its capacity to induce
      T cell markers (HTLA and OKT3, 4 and 8 antigens), to enhance the mitogen-induced
      lymphocyte proliferation, and to increase the Con A-induced suppressor activity.
      The inductive activity was compared with that of thymic hormone (thymosin
      fraction V). LF 1695 was capable of significantly augmenting the percentages of
      HTLA+ cells (10-15%) and of OKT 3+,T4+, or T8+ cells (13-28%) in human bone
      marrow prothymocytes. Maximum induction was observed at the concentration of 0.5
      microgram/ml. In addition, LF 1695 significantly augmented the proliferation of
      human peripheral blood lymphocytes stimulated by mitogens (Concanavalin A,
      phytohemagglutinin, pokeweed mitogen and phorbol myristate acetate). LF 1695 also
      increased the Con A-induced suppressor activity of human lymphocytes. These data
      indicate that LF 1695 is active both on T cell precursors and on more mature T
      cells.

PMID- 2931385
TI  - Dose-response effects of 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide on human T and B cell
      function in vitro.
AB  - 4-Hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (4-OOH-CYP) is spontaneously converted in aqueous
      solution to 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide (4-OH-CYP), the major active metabolic of
      cyclophosphamide. We studied the dose related effects of in vitro treatment with
      4-OOH-CYP on human T- and B cell-mediated immune responses. T-cell proliferation
      to mitogens and alloantigens was only partially inhibited even relatively high
      doses of 4-OOH-CYP (greater than 6-12 micrograms/ml). In contrast cytotoxic
      functions of activated T-cells and natural killer (NK) cells were inhibited at
      lower doses (3-6 micrograms/ml). PWM induced in vitro synthesis of IgG by B-cells
      was inhibited at less than 3 micrograms/ml of 4-OOH-CYP. These data indicate that
      4-HOO-CYP has selective, dose-dependent effects on human T and B cells in vitro.

PMID- 2931386
TI  - Characteristics of histamine receptors present on suppressor T cells in "healthy
      individuals".
AB  - Twelve to 30% histamine receptor bearing cells were detectable in the peripheral
      blood mononuclear cells of healthy tuberculin sensitive individuals. The number
      of binding sites per cell ranged from 2.1 X 10(4) to 5.08 X 10(4) (mean 2.5 X
      10(4)) with an affinity ranging from 2.5 X 10(-6) M to 10.9 X 10(-6) M (mean 3.6
      X 10(-6) M). The histamine receptors on these cells were found to be of H2 type
      as indicated by the abrogation of binding of 3H-histamine by cimetidine. It was
      further confirmed that histamine receptor bearing cells in the peripheral blood
      belonged to a T cell subset which formed rosettes with AET treated sheep
      erythrocytes and had receptors for Fc portion of IgG and phenotype markers of T3
      and T8. Deletion of such cells by means of affinity chromatography on histamine
      bound Sepharose columns, led to enhanced antigen induced lymphoproliferation
      indicating the suppressor nature of these T cells.

PMID- 2931387
TI  - Immunomodulation of allergic autocytotoxicity in bronchial asthma by a bacterial
      lysate--Broncho-Vaxom.
AB  - The direct and antibody-dependent allergic autocytotoxicity (ACT) response,
      mediated by food antigens and its immunoregulation with bacterial lysate of the
      eight most common pathogens of the upper respiratory tract--Broncho-Vaxom (BX),
      was investigated in fifteen bronchial asthma patients and eight normal control
      individuals. Under the described experimental conditions, the BX inhibits ACT
      response in vitro. In analyzing the mechanism of this effect, the enhancement of
      T suppressor cells by BX was under consideration.

PMID- 2931388
TI  - Immunosuppressive activity of prednisone and prednisolone and their metabolic
      interconversion in the mixed lymphocyte reaction.
AB  - The immunosuppressive activities of prednisolone, prednisone and cortisol were
      assessed and compared using a modified micro-2-way mixed lymphocyte reaction
      (MLR) assay. As measured by the inhibition of the MLR on day 3, prednisolone was
      2.40 +/- 0.98 times more potent than cortisol: The average EC50S for prednisolone
      and cortisol were 28.25 +/- 7.8 ng/ml and 63.25 +/- 16.88 ng/ml, respectively.
      Prednisone (10 - 1000 ng/ml) had little or no immunosuppressive activity and did
      not affect the inhibition due to prednisolone or cortisol. Although, prednisone
      was inactive in the MLR, it was slowly being converted to prednisolone by 11
      hydroxylation. MLR cultures with starting prednisone concentrations of 100, 200,
      500, 1000 and 2000 ng/ml, contained 28, 34, 46, 50 and 81 ng/ml of prednisolone,
      respectively, on day 3 of the culturing period. The reverse reaction, the
      conversion of prednisolone to prednisone, did not occur. The inactivity of
      prednisone despite a significant conversion to its biologically active 11
      hydroxyl metabolite, prednisolone, suggests the importance of the duration and
      timing of prednisolone's presence to immunosuppressive activity in the MLR
      culture.

PMID- 2931389
TI  - Concept of ergonomic and systematic work design for disabled workers.
AB  - Ergonomic work-place design for disabled persons contains the selection of work
      places appropriate for disabled, work-place design and work instruction and
      training. In order to support industry and administration in their activities of
      designing work-places for disabled workers a taxonomy of technical aids is
      presented taking into account the information most essential for practitioners.
      This classification is in accordance with the postulate of the ISO emphasizing
      the necessity for a classification of aids containing technical work aids as a
      main group. Therefore the classification system proposed should be considered as
      a frame work for a general taxonomy of technical aids at all.

PMID- 2931390
TI  - Early retirement in an international perspective II: The international study.
AB  - Initially this article describes the development of disability pension and early
      retirement in the ages of forty and up till ordinary pensionable ages in nine
      industrialized countries from the year of 1965 to 1980. During the period there
      are rising parts of the populations in these pension forms in the countries. The
      background of this development is, however, somewhat unclear. The following
      explaining factors are amongst others taken up in the article: A growing
      sickness, a rising unemployment and especially among the rather old an increased
      tendency to withdraw from the labor market (for example depending on better
      pension benefits). The two last mentioned factors are, however, more probable
      than the first one because of lower mortality rates in the countries under the
      studied period. Finally the article is concluded with an example of a preparatory
      suggestion to solve the involved problems in the now existing pension schemes by
      knitting the pension payments to more productive ages in the future.

PMID- 2931391
TI  - The sign of Leser-Trelat. A cutaneous marker for internal malignancy.

PMID- 2931392
TI  - Radiation-induced strand breaks in phi X174 replicative form DNA: an improved
      experimental and theoretical approach.
AB  - To determine the yield of radiation-induced single-strand, double-strand and
      potential breaks (breaks which are converted into actual breaks by alkali or heat
      treatment) oxygenated aqueous solutions of phi X174 supercoiled circular double
      stranded (RFI) DNA were irradiated with increasing doses of gamma-irradiation and
      subjected to electrophoresis on agarose gels both before and after heat
      treatment. A complete separation was obtained of RFI, RFII (relaxed circle due to
      one or more single-strand breaks) and RFIII (linear DNA due to one double-strand
      break). A computer-assisted spectrophotometric procedure was developed, which
      enabled us to measure very accurately the amount of DNA present in the three DNA
      fractions. The quantitative changes of each fraction of DNA with dose could be
      fitted to a straightforward statistical model, which described the dose-dependent
      formation of the different types of breaks and from which the D37-values of
      single-strand, potential single-strand and double-strand breaks could be
      calculated to be 0.42 +/- 0.02, 1.40 +/- 0.25 and 57 +/- 36 Gy respectively.
      Potential double-strand breaks were not formed significantly under our
      conditions. In addition the maximum distance between two independently introduced
      single-strand breaks in opposite strands resulting in a double-strand break could
      be determined. The values before and after heat treatment are shown to be 29 +/-
      6 and 102 +/- 13 nucleotides, respectively.

PMID- 2931393
TI  - The effect of acute and chronic femoral artery ligation on the blood flow through
      the gastrocnemius muscle of the rat examined using laser Doppler flowmetry and
      xenon-133 clearance.
AB  - In this investigation the resting gastrocnemius muscle blood flow of the
      anaesthetized rat was evaluated using a recently developed laser Doppler
      flowmeter and the xenon-133 clearance technique. The perfusion of the
      microvasculature of the muscle was measured in normal control rats and in animals
      in which the supplying femoral artery had been acutely (1 h-1 week) or
      chronically (8-12 weeks) ligated. The laser Doppler flowmeter allowed continuous
      measurements of the muscle perfusion. Such measurements revealed a rhythmic
      fluctuation in the perfusion of the gastrocnemius muscle. The xenon-133 clearance
      technique did not allow continuous recording of muscle blood flow and rhythmical
      flow changes could not be observed. Acute ligation of the femoral artery reduced
      the mean muscle perfusion by 41% and 52% when assessed by laser Doppler flowmetry
      and xenon-133 clearance respectively. In comparison to animals without femoral
      artery ligation the hyperaemic response, following release of a tourniquet around
      the thigh or of an abdominal aortic occlusion, was markedly attenuated. Chronic
      ligation of the femoral artery reduced the mean muscle perfusion by 33% and 32%
      when assessed by laser Doppler flowmetry and xenon-133 clearance respectively. In
      these animals the hyperaemia, following tourniquet-induced muscle ischaemia, was
      reduced, compared to normal animals, but was more pronounced than observed in
      acutely ligated animals. In the chronically ligated animals abdominal aortic
      occlusion did not produce sustained muscle ischaemia and consequently no
      hyperaemic response was observed upon release of the aortic occlusion. We
      conclude that, as judged by the comparability of the results obtained using xenon
      133 clearance, the laser Doppler flowmeter is a useful and sensitive new tool for
      the examination of the perfusion of tissue blood flow. The results suggest that
      chronic ligation of the rat femoral artery induces circulatory changes which
      mimic those seen in claudicants.

PMID- 2931394
TI  - Renal gallium accumulation in mice with acute immune complex glomerulonephritis.
AB  - 67Ga uptake and heparan sulfate (HS) content were investigated during the
      recovery of mouse kidney from acute immune complex glomerulonephritis induced by
      daily injections of bovine serum, and the binding of 67Ga to glomerular basement
      membrane (GBM) was studied in vitro. The results were as follows. 67Ga uptake in
      the kidney increased after the start of bovine serum injection, and peaked on the
      20th day. The uronic acid content in 1.2 M NaCl-soluble fraction (which contained
      predominantly HS) and the hydroxyproline content (an index of collagen) were
      increased at the 10th day, reaching a maximum at the 20th day. This pattern of HS
      content was essentially the same as that of 67Ga accumulation in the kidney.
      Urinary protein and gamma-GTP activity peaked at the 5th day, and these patterns
      were different from that of 67Ga uptake. 67Ga binding to GBM was significantly
      inhibited by treatments with HS-degrading enzyme (heparitinase), nitrous acid,
      trypsin or papain. However, the binding to GBM was unaffected by treatment with
      chondroitinase ABC. These results provide further evidence that the 67Ga-binding
      substance in tumor tissues and inflammatory lesions is probably HS.

PMID- 2931395
TI  - Vesicular transport of newly synthesized opsin from the Golgi apparatus toward
      the rod outer segment. Ultrastructural immunocytochemical and autoradiographic
      evidence in Xenopus retinas.
AB  - Each day, rod photoreceptors of the vertebrate retina synthesize rhodopsin and
      insert it into new membranes of the rod outer segment (ROS). The authors
      determined which components of the rod cell transport opsin from the Golgi to the
      ROS by a combined EM autoradiographic and immunocytochemical study using
      radiolabeled amino acid precursors and antiopsin antibodies. Radiolabeled
      proteins in the ellipsoid region of Xenopus laevis retinal rods were localized by
      comparison of the distribution of silver grains with the predicted distribution
      generated by a hypothetical source: grain matrix. Sources of decay were not
      uniformly distributed. Small vesicles compressed between mitochondria and
      clustered beneath the connecting cilium that joins the inner to the outer segment
      contained more than 30% of the radiolabel and had a specific activity 17 times
      higher than the surrounding cytoplasm. Opsin was localized immunocytochemically
      on thin sections of retinas embedded in Lowicryl K4M (Polysciences; Warrington,
      PA) by reaction sequentially with biotinyl-rabbit antifrog opsin, biotinyl-sheep
      antirabbit F(ab')2, and avidin-ferritin. Golgi apparatus, intermitochondrial
      vesicles, and vesicles that clustered beneath the connecting cilium were
      prominently labeled. Subellipsoid smooth endoplasmic reticulum was labeled at
      background levels. These results demonstrate that intracellular vesicular
      membranes transport newly synthesized opsin from the Golgi to the base of the
      connecting cilium of X. laevis retinas. Antibody labeled the outer segment plasma
      membrane at a 10-fold greater density than the contiguous inner segment plasma
      membrane. The polarized distribution of opsin apparently involves not only
      vectorial transport of opsin in the inner segment but also restrictions to the
      randomization of opsin inserted into the inner and outer segment plasma membrane.

PMID- 2931396
TI  - Interventional cardiac catheterization.

PMID- 2931397
TI  - An introduction to the National Legal Center for the Medically Dependent &
      Disabled, Inc.

PMID- 2931398
TI  - The civil rights of handicapped infants: an Oklahoma "experiment".

PMID- 2931399
TI  - Supreme Court asked to review application of Rehabilitation Act to medical
      decisions.

PMID- 2931400
TI  - Effect of clonidine on plasma beta-endorphin, cortisol and growth hormone
      secretion in opiate-addicted subjects.
AB  - The effect of clonidine on plasma beta-endorphin, cortisol and growth hormone was
      studied in nine opiate-addicted subjects and seven control subjects aged 15 to 37
      years. Clonidine, 0.15 mg, was administered orally in the morning, 18 to 24 h
      after the last administration of opioid drugs. Basal morning beta-endorphin
      levels were lower in the addicted than in the control subjects (3.76 +/- 0.8 vs.
      7.42 +/- 1.2 pmol/l). Following the clonidine, there was an increase to normal
      values in the addicted subjects, but in the control subjects there was no change.
      Basal morning levels of cortisol were higher in the addicted subjects than in the
      controls (21.0 +/- 3.6 micrograms/dl vs. 13.0 +/- 1.2 microgram/dl, mean +/- SE).
      In control subjects clonidine induced a decrease of 50% in plasma cortisol,
      whereas in addicted subjects the decrease was not significant. It is hypothesized
      that in addicted subjects there is impaired activity of endogenous opioid
      peptides, leading to alteration in beta-endorphin and cortisol secretion.

PMID- 2931401
TI  - Helper and suppressor T cell subsets in 138 asthmatic children undergoing
      different therapeutic trials.

PMID- 2931402
TI  - The first year of a new young disabled unit.

PMID- 2931403
TI  - How does a day hospital work?

PMID- 2931404
TI  - [Porokeratosis plantaris, palmaris et disseminata].
AB  - A 24-year-old female patient was treated for many years for "verrucae vulgares".
      Signs of porokeratosis were found by microscopy. Her medical history, the
      distribution of the hyperkeratotic-verruciform lesions and the characteristic
      histology features permitted the diagnosis to be made of porokeratosis plantaris,
      palmaris et disseminata.

PMID- 2931405
TI  - [Therapy of rhinophyma].
AB  - Treatment of rhinophyma is successful only with surgical methods. The operative
      techniques described in the literature are discussed critically and decortication
      is the method of choice. When this technique is applied, the hyperplastic nasal
      tissue is removed down to the basal parts of the sebaceous glands. This causes
      spontaneous re-epithelization of the skin surface without scarring. Methods using
      deeper excision and plastic surgical repair of the defect by skin grafting or
      pedicled flaps are cosmetically inferior to the method of decortication. Whatever
      the method, however, histopathological examination of the excised rhinophyma
      tissue is necessary in order to exclude malignant growths, such as basal cell or
      squamous cell carcinomas, which are frequently seen in rhinophyma.

PMID- 2931406
TI  - [Porokeratosis plantaris, palmaris et disseminata].
AB  - A 74-year-old patient has been affected for about 40 years by hardly
      discomforting keratotic lesions of the trunk and extremities, especially on the
      palms and soles. Some of his children and grandchildren have shown similar
      lesions. Histologically the diagnosis of porokeratosis was established by
      demonstration of a cornoid lamella. Clinically it appeared to be the rare form of
      porokeratosis plantaris, palmaris et disseminata, in which mainly the palms and
      soles are affected by hyperkeratotic papules, but nearly the whole body may be
      involved. It is discussed how this genodermatosis can be differentiated from
      other forms of porokeratosis. The family tree of our patient is compatible with
      autosomal dominant inheritance.

PMID- 2931407
TI  - Down's syndrome: decreased oxygen enhancement ratio in lymphocytes' DNA.

PMID- 2931408
TI  - Immuohistochemical demonstration of alpha-atrial natriretic plypeptide-containing
      neurons in the rat brain.
AB  - Using the immunoperoxidase technique in conjunction with specific antisera to
      alpha-atrial natriuretic polypeptide (alpha-ANP), it was shown that
      immunoreactive cell bodies and varicose fibers are widely distributed throughout
      the rat brain. The highest concentrations of alpha-ANP-containing neuronal cell
      bodies and fibers were found in the hypothalamus and septum. This result confirms
      the radioimmunological determination of alpha-ANP immunoreactivity in the rat
      brain.

PMID- 2931409
TI  - Histochemical and cytochemical demonstration of Ca++-ATPase activity in the
      stellate cells of the adenohypophysis of the guinea pig.
AB  - The histo- and cytochemical localization of Ca++-ATPase activity in the
      adenohypophysis of the guinea pig was studied utilizing a newly developed method
      (Ando et al. 1981). An intense reaction was observed in the wall of the blood
      vessels and between non-secretory cells (stellate cells) and endocrine cells of
      the pars distalis. Under the electron microscope the Ca++-ATPase reaction product
      was located extracellularly in relation to the plasmalemma of the stellate cells.
      This reaction was dependent on Ca++ and the substrate, ATP, and reduced by the
      addition of 0,1 mM quercetin to the standard incubation medium. Preheating of the
      sections before incubation completely inhibited the enzyme activity. When Mg++ in
      different concentrations were substituted for Ca++ in the incubation medium the
      reaction was always reduced. Both Ca++ and Mg++ in the incubation medium also
      reduced the reaction. The plasmalemma of the endocrine cells contains no
      demonstrable amount of Ca++-ATPase activity. The function of the Ca++-ATPase
      activity is discussed in relation to the regulation of the extracellular Ca++
      concentration which seems to be important with respect not only to the secretory
      process of the endocrine cells but also to the metabolism of the adenohypophysis.

PMID- 2931410
TI  - Histochemical studies of Ca-ATPase, succinate and NAD+-dependent isocitrate
      dehydrogenases in the shell gland of laying Japanese quails: with special
      reference to calcium-transporting cells.
AB  - In order to elucidate the problem of which cells are involved in calcium
      transport and to estimate the role of mitochondria in calcium transport in the
      avian shell gland, the fine structure and the Ca-ATPase, succinate dehydrogenase
      (SDH) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent isocitrate
      dehydrogenase (NAD+-ICDH) activity of the shell gland of egg-laying Japanese
      quails were examined. The surface epithelial cells, consisting of ciliated cells
      with cilia and microvilli and non-ciliated cells with microvilli, had many large
      and electron-dense granules. The tubular-gland cells occupied the proprial layer
      and lacked secretory granules. When an egg was in the shell gland, the well
      developed mitochondria of tubular-gland cells characteristically tended to
      accumulate in the apical cytoplasm, while they were scattered throughout the
      cytoplasm when an egg was not in the shell gland. Intense Ca-ATPase activity was
      found on the microvilli of tubular-gland cells, and moderate activity was found
      on the lateral-cell surface. In the surface epithelial cells, the basolateral
      cell surface showed moderate enzymatic activity. Both SDH and NAD+-ICDH activity
      were found in tubular-gland cells when an egg was in the shell gland. These
      results strongly suggest that calcium for eggshell calcification is actively
      transported by the tubular-gland (depending on Ca-ATPase activity) and that the
      mitochondria of gland cells may play an important role in this process as an
      energy source.

PMID- 2931411
TI  - Evaluation of SR-2508 induced neurotoxicity and myotoxicity in rats using
      brainstem auditory evoked potentials and the posterior auricular muscle response.
AB  - Brainstem auditory evoked potential (BAEPs) and a middle latency component
      attributed to the posterior auricular muscle response (PAMR) to an intense
      auditory stimulus were used to measure the onset of neurotoxic and myotoxic
      effects in rats after chronic exposure to the radiosensitizer SR-2508. The rats
      received intraperitoneal injections of SR-2508, 500 mg/kg, 5 days/week for 6
      weeks. BAEP and PAMR were measured after 10, 20, and 30 injections and 4 weeks
      after the drug treatment was stopped. A significant neurotoxic effect was
      observed: After 10 injections of SR-2508, latency of the fourth positive (P4)
      component of the BAEP, which is thought to represent activity from the superior
      olivary nuclei, increased from baseline levels, and a further increase was
      measured after 30 injections. Four weeks after drug treatment was stopped, P4
      latency had not returned to baseline levels, indicating permanent injury. PAMR
      latency was also increased after 10 injections of SR-2508, but increased no
      further during the drug treatment period. Four weeks after the last injection,
      PAMR latencies had returned to pretreatment levels, indicating that the myotoxic
      effects of SR-2508 were reversible.

PMID- 2931412
TI  - Influence of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II) on mouse duodenal crypt stem cell
      survival after multifraction X ray treatment.
AB  - The mechanism of interaction of cis-platinum and X rays was investigated in mouse
      duodenal crypts using the microcolony assay. Mice were exposed to 1, 2, 5, 10, or
      15 fractions of X rays, either alone or preceded by a single i.p. injection of
      cis-platinum, 8 mg/kg, one-half hour before the first fraction. In all
      fractionation regimens, cisplatinum caused a shift of the X ray survival curve
      for crypt cells towards lower doses. The vertical distances between the survival
      curves after X rays and those in combination with cis-platinum were about the
      same, giving a mean value of 0.89 +/- 0.12 log10 cells. After cis-platinum
      treatment alone, a crypt cell survival curve was established in the high dose
      range. The estimated cell kill by 8 mg/kg of cis-platinum, obtained by
      extrapolation of this curve, was 1 log10 cell number. These data imply
      independent cell killing mechanisms for cis-platinum and X rays. However, even
      after correction for cell kill by the drug, cis-platinum tended to inhibit
      slightly sublethal damage repair after X rays. This was supported by linear
      quadratic analyses, in which the alpha/beta value after combined treatment was
      found to be slightly higher than after X rays alone (20 +/- 4 Gy versus 13.0 +/-
      1.7 Gy).

PMID- 2931413
TI  - A seven-day synchronization method for ewes using medroxyprogesterone acetate
      (MAP) and prostaglandin F2 alpha.
AB  - Estrous cycles of adult (n = 27), farm-flock, Suffolk ewes and Polypay range ewes
      (n = 224) were controlled with medroxyprogesterone acetate (MAP)-impregnated
      vaginal pessaries inserted (d 0) for 7 d in combination with prostaglandin F2
      alpha (PGF2 alpha) injected on d 6. Descriptive criteria of the effects of this
      treatment regimen on endocrine characteristics of the estrous cycle were
      evaluated in the experiment with farm-flock ewes. The efficacy of this
      synchronization regimen on reproductive performance of range-bred ewes was tested
      in a second trial. Suffolk ewes bred at the second observed estrus after
      treatment to provide comparisons of cycle length between treated and control
      ewes. Polypay ewes were exposed to fertile rams at the controlled estrus. Eighty
      nine percent of Suffolk ewes were in estrus within 3 d after pessary removal. All
      nonsynchronized Suffolk ewes (n = 24) were in estrus over a 21-d period. Estrous
      cycle lengths of treated ewes averaged 16.8 +/- .2 d. Plasma progesterone
      concentrations were similar for treated and control ewes during the luteal phase
      of the estrous cycle. Ninety-one percent of the range-bred, controlled ewes
      lambed. Sixty-two percent of these ewes lambed within 150 d after exposure to
      fertile rams compared with only 17% of nonsynchronized ewes (P less than .05).
      Lambing percentage was similar by 167 d for treated (87%) or control (88%) ewes.
      Lambs per ewe exposed averaged 1.68 and 1.80 for treated and nonsynchronized
      groups, respectively. These data indicate the effectiveness of this 7-d treatment
      method for control of the estrous cycle of ewes during the normal breeding
      season. Results further show that this treatment scheme has practical application
      for range breeding of ewes.

PMID- 2931414
TI  - Uptake of ciprofloxacin by human neutrophils.
AB  - Ciprofloxacin was concentrated within human neutrophils to between four and seven
      times the extracellular concentration. Uptake was rapid and dependent on
      temperature, but not pH. The elution of ciprofloxacin from cells was equally
      rapid when the extracellular concentration was reduced. Intracellular
      ciprofloxacin was biologically active. It produced a significant reduction in
      viable counts of intracellular Staphylococcus, aureus in the presence of
      extracellular concentrations as low as 0.5 mg/l. The prior ingestion of Staph.
      aureus by neutrophils appeared to have no effect on ciprofloxacin uptake.

PMID- 2931415
TI  - The pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in patients with impaired renal function.
AB  - Pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin after single oral administration of 250 mg were
      studied in patients with and without renal failure. Ciprofloxacin concentrations
      were measured by HPLC. The elimination half-life was 8.7 +/- 0.9 h (mean +/-
      S.E.M.) in six renal failure patients not on haemodialysis, as compared to 4.4 +/
      0.2 h in six patients with normal renal function. The urinary recovery of
      unchanged ciprofloxacin was 5.3 +/- 1.7% of dose over 24 h in the renal failure
      patients, as compared to 37.0 +/- 3.7% in the patients with normal renal
      function. In haemodialysis patients, the half-life was 5.8 +/- 0.9 h on an
      interdialysis day, and 3.2 +/- 0.4 h during haemodialysis.

PMID- 2931416
TI  - Management of lower gastrointestinal bleeding.

PMID- 2931417
TI  - The rigid ureteropyeloscope: description and applications.

PMID- 2931418
TI  - Lumbar spinal stenosis.

PMID- 2931419
TI  - Weight losers and gainers on seemingly identical diets.

PMID- 2931420
TI  - Edwin Bentley, M.D.

PMID- 2931422
TI  - Bacteriophages in L form of Staphylococcus aureus.
AB  - Lysogenicity and phage typability of Staphylococcus aureus L-form cells are
      described. Spontaneously produced phages were found in thin sections of S. aureus
      L colonies. The dimensions of the tail and head resemble those of the
      morphological group BIII2 (T. Krzywy, I. Durlakowa, A. Kucharewcz-Krukowska, S.
      Krynski, and S. Slopek, Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Mikrobiol. Hyg. Abt. 1 Orig. Reihe
      A 250:287-295, 1981). Phages 3A and 3C of the international typing set lysed both
      the bacillary and L form of S. aureus.

PMID- 2931421
TI  - Effect of inhaled procaterol hydrochloride in children with bronchial asthma,
      with particular reference to duration of effect.
AB  - This double-blind crossover trial evaluated the prolonged clinical effect of
      procaterol inhaled in a dose of 10 micrograms by nine asthmatic children with
      mild and stable respiratory disturbance. To compare procaterol with the placebo
      administered with a pressurized metered-dose inhaler 48 hr before or after
      procaterol, FVC, FEV1, V50, and V25 were followed up for 10 hr. FVC did not
      indicate a significant difference between the two treatments, while FEV1, V50,
      and V25 showed significantly greater changes after procaterol administration. The
      duration of action of procaterol in terms of FEV1, V50, and V25 was 6, 10, and 4
      hr, respectively.

PMID- 2931423
TI  - Hyperphagia in premenstrual tension syndrome.
AB  - The relationship between premenstrual tension syndrome and dietary intake was
      studied in a population of 20 young adult women. Caloric intake was measured
      during the 10 days preceding and following the menstrual cycle. Those women with
      more severe symptoms recorded a greater increase in caloric intake. Caloric
      intake during the premenstrual period also increased with age. It is hypothesized
      that this caloric intake may be due to increased beta-endorphin levels.

PMID- 2931424
TI  - Two different preparations of subfragment-1 from scallop adductor myosin.
AB  - Chymotryptic digestion of scallop myosin yielded two different preparations of
      subfragment-1, having the following features. The major product from chymotryptic
      digestion of scallop myosin was subfragment-1 (S1) either in Ca-medium or in EDTA
      medium. However, the S1 preparations obtained from the digestion in Ca-medium,
      abbreviated as Ca-S1(CT), had both types of light chain subunits (regulatory
      light chains (R-LC) and essential light chains (SH-LC], and 100 Kdaltons (Kd)
      heavy chain subfragments (HCs), whereas the S1 preparations obtained from the
      digestion in EDTA-medium, ED-S1(CT), had no R-LC, partially fragmented SH-LC (SH
      LC), and 90 Kd HCs. On the other hand, Ca-S1(CT) and ED-S1(CT) were practically
      identical with each other in ATPase activity and in actin-binding ability. The
      two S1 preparations were also identical in that the Mg-ATPase activity of both S1
      and acto-S1 was insensitive to calcium ions. Ca-S1(CT), which contained both R-LC
      and SH-LC in a stoichiometric amount, was further digested with trypsin, which is
      known to cleave rabbit skeletal myosin not only at the head-tail junction but
      also in the head. The tryptic digestion of Ca-S1(CT) appeared, in terms of the
      SDS-gel electrophoretic pattern, to occur at a much faster rate in Ca-medium than
      in EDTA-medium, and with a different digestion profile. It is therefore suggested
      that association of R-LC induces changes in the heavy chain conformation which
      result in an increase in the proteolytic digestibility of heavy chains and in an
      alteration of the site of proteolytic cleavage on heavy chains.

PMID- 2931425
TI  - Heavy meromyosin and subfragment-1 from squid mantle myosin, and Ca-sensitivity
      of their Mg-ATPases.
AB  - Heavy meromyosin (HMM) and subfragment-1 (S1) were obtained from squid mantle
      myosin by tryptic digestion and chymotryptic digestion, respectively. Squid
      HMM(T) and S1(CT) preparations contained stoichiometric amounts of the two types
      of light chain subunit; regulatory light chain, LC-2, and essential light chain,
      LC-1. No difference was detected in the chymotryptic digestibilities of squid
      mantle myosin in Ca-medium and in EDTA-medium. This is in contrast to the
      digestibility of scallop adductor myosin. The Mg-ATPase activity of HMM(T) alone
      and that of acto-HMM(T) were both sensitive to calcium ions. In contrast, the
      activity of S1(CT) alone and that of acto-S1(CT) were both insensitive to calcium
      ions. The affinity of HMM(T) for actin was not affected by calcium ions, but the
      amount of HMM(T) bound to actin was increased by calcium ions from 20% to 60% of
      the total amount of HMM(T). On the other hand, the actin affinity of S1(CT) and
      the amount of S1(CT) bound to actin were both unaffected by calcium ions. The
      role of calcium ions in the regulation of contraction in molluscan muscles is
      discussed.

PMID- 2931426
TI  - N-Iodoacetyl-N'-(5-sulfo-1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine modification of myosin from
      chicken gizzard.
AB  - Previously, we (Suzuki et al. (1978) J. Biochem. 84, 1529) reported that the
      sedimentation constant of chicken gizzard myosin in the presence of ATP was
      approximately 10S in 0.15 M or 0.2 M KCl and approximately 6S in 0.3 M or higher
      concentrations of KCl. The 10S-myosin and 6S-myosin were considerably different
      in conformation from each other. I now report the finding that the transformation
      of 6S-myosin to the 10S conformation results in a drastic change in the
      reactivity of thiol groups of gizzard myosin with N-iodoacetyl-N'-(5-sulfo-1
      naphthyl)ethylenediamine (abbreviated as IAEDANS). The so-called SH1-type thiol
      groups (Sekine et al. (1962) J. Biol. Chem. 237, 2769) were present on 68
      kilodalton fragments (produced by tryptic digestion) of gizzard myosin. The
      reactivity of the thiol groups with IAEDANS was greatly decreased by the 6S to
      10S transformation of gizzard myosin molecules. Two other findings were obtained.
      Blocking the SH1-type thiol groups made the Mg-ATPase activities (in the presence
      of gizzard native tropomyosin) of gizzard myosin and of acto-gizzard myosin
      insensitive to calcium and to phosphorylation of regulatory light chains,
      although calcium-dependent phosphorylation of the IAEDANS-modified myosin could
      still occur. It also made gizzard myosin filaments resistant to the disassembly
      action of ATP.

PMID- 2931427
TI  - The role of calcium and Ca2+-ATPase in maintaining motility in ram spermatozoa.
AB  - Extracellular calcium at millimolar concentrations inhibits collective motility
      of ejaculated ram spermatozoa. In untreated cells, or when motility was made
      dependent upon glycolytic activity, there is very small inhibition, but when
      motility was made dependent upon mitochondrial respiration there is very high
      inhibition in motility by increasing extracellular Ca2+ concentration. Quercetin,
      which inhibits (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase activity in isolated plasma membranes, also
      inhibits motility mainly in cells that have been made dependent upon glycolytic
      activity, but there is also inhibition in untreated cells. When motility was made
      dependent upon mitochondrial activity, there is no inhibition but rather some
      stimulation in motility by quercetin. The inhibitory effect of quercetin is
      enhanced by increasing Ca2+ concentration in the medium. Quercetin also inhibits
      uptake of calcium into the cells, in a mechanism by which a calcium channel is
      involved. This inhibition is high only when the glycolysis is inhibited in the
      cells. The rate of glycolysis is decreased by quercetin or ouabain, but their
      effects on motility are quite different. Based on these data, it appears that the
      plasma membrane (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase or the Ca2+ pump have a functional role in
      the regulation of spermatozoa motility. This motility regulation is functioning
      through mechanisms which include glycolytic activity and maintenance of
      intracellular calcium concentrations.

PMID- 2931428
TI  - Sidedness of K+ activation of calcium transport in the reconstituted sarcoplasmic
      reticulum calcium pump.
AB  - Sidedness of the effect of K+ on Ca transport by the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca
      pump reconstituted into soybean phospholipid vesicles was investigated. The
      reconstituted vesicles which sustained a high rate of Ca transport even in the
      absence of Ca-precipitating anions exhibited low passive permeabilities to 42K+,
      86Rb+, or 45Ca2+. Evidence was presented that K+ activated the Ca pump on the
      external surface of the vesicles and that it was not taken up by the vesicles
      during the pump activity. In the presence of high externally added K+, the
      reconstituted vesicles preloaded with K+ exhibited a significantly higher Ca
      transport activity than the vesicles preloaded with Tris+ but not the ones
      preloaded with Li+. Ca transport by the K+-loaded vesicles was accompanied by a
      small amount of K+ efflux, which corresponded to about 20% of the amount of Ca+
      taken up. Since the intravesicular K+ did not affect the turnover of the ADP
      insensitive component (E2P) of the phosphoenzyme intermediate formed during the
      pump cycle, it was concluded that the intravesicular K+ stimulated the Ca pump
      activity indirectly by compensating the charge imbalance caused by the
      electrogenic Ca2+ movement. These results thus indicate that K+ activates the Ca
      pump only on the cytoplasmic side of the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane, but it
      is not obligately transported across the membrane under conditions where K+ fully
      activates the Ca pump.

PMID- 2931429
TI  - Crystallization of the Ca2+-ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum by calcium and
      lanthanide ions.
AB  - Two-dimensional crystalline arrays of Ca2+-ATPase molecules develop in
      sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles exposed to Ca2+ or lanthanide ions. The Ca2+- or
      lanthanide-induced crystals are presumed to represent the E1 conformation of the
      Ca2+-ATPase, and their crystal form is clearly different from the earlier
      described E2 crystals induced by Na3VO4 in the presence of ethylene glycol
      bis(beta aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (Taylor, K. A., Dux, L.,
      and Martonosi, A. (1984) J. Mol. Biol. 174, 193-204). Analysis of the crystalline
      arrays by negative staining or freeze-fracture electron microscopy reveals
      obliquely oriented rows of particles corresponding to individual Ca2+-ATPase
      molecules. Computer analysis of the negatively stained lanthanide-induced
      crystalline Ca2+-ATPase arrays shows that the molecules are arranged in a P1
      lattice. The pear-shaped profiles of Ca2+-ATPase molecules seen in projection in
      the density maps are similar to those seen in vanadate-induced crystals. The
      space group and unit cell dimensions of the E1 crystals are consistent with Ca2+
      ATPase monomers as structural units, while the vanadate-induced E2 crystals form
      by lateral aggregation of chains of Ca2+-ATPase dimers. The transition between
      the E1 and E2 conformations may involve a shift in the monomer-oligomer
      equilibrium of the Ca2+-ATPase. The formation of E1 crystals by PrCl3 is promoted
      by inside negative membrane potential, presumably through stabilization of the E1
      conformation of the enzyme. Cleavage of the Ca2+-ATPase by trypsin into two major
      fragments (A and B) did not interfere with the Ca2+- or the Pr3+-induced
      crystallization.

PMID- 2931430
TI  - Characterization of a third, cII-dependent, coordinately activated promoter on
      phage lambda involved in lysogenic development.
AB  - Lysogenic development by bacteriophage lambda is known to require the coordinate
      expression of two phage operons. Coordinate control is achieved by a positive
      regulatory mechanism which activates transcription from the promoters of these
      operons, PRE and PI. The positive effector is the phage regulatory protein cII.
      We now identify and characterize a third cII-dependent transcription unit on
      phage lambda, which is positioned in the middle of the Q regulatory gene and has
      an anti-Q orientation. We demonstrate the cII-dependent function of this promoter
      and precisely map its 5' transcription start-site both in vitro and in vivo. Most
      importantly, we show that cII binding and transcription activation at PaQ occur
      at essentially the same cII levels as those required for PRE and PI activation,
      and that all three promoters respond to cII at the same time following phage
      infection. In addition, DNase protection studies demonstrate that cII selectively
      interacts with the same TTGCN6TTGC DNA sequence repeat in the -35 region of PaQ
      which cII interacts with at both PRE and PI. We find that cII also binds other
      TTGCN6TTGC repeat sequences on lambda but binding at these sites does not lead to
      productive transcription. We conclude that PaQ functions in concert with PRE and
      PI to regulate the lysogenic growth response of phage lambda. We presume that the
      PaQ directed anti-sense Q RNA transcript functions to down-regulate the
      expression of the Q gene, which is needed for the expression of all phage late
      genes during lytic growth.

PMID- 2931431
TI  - Purification and characterization of a cation-dependent mannose 6-phosphate
      receptor from murine P388D1 macrophages and bovine liver.
AB  - A new binding protein which recognizes the phosphomannosyl recognition marker of
      lysosomal enzymes has been isolated from P388D1 macrophages which lack the 215
      kDa Man-6-P receptor. This receptor was detergent-solubilized from total
      membranes and purified by chromatography on a lysosomal enzyme affinity column.
      An identical protein was purified from bovine liver using a two-step procedure
      which is based on the difference in ion requirement and ligand specificity of the
      new Man-6-P binding protein and the previously characterized 215-kDa Man-6-P
      receptor. After detergent solubilization of membranes, both receptors were co
      purified on a phosphomannan-Sepharose affinity column run in the presence of
      MnCl2 and then were separated using a Dictyostelium discoideum lysosomal enzyme
      Affi-Gel column which, in the absence of MnCl2, retains only the 215-kDa Man-6-P
      receptor. The new Man-6-P receptor binds efficiently to phosphomannosyl monoester
      containing ligands when MnCl2 is present. This binding is specifically inhibited
      by Man-6-P or by low pH. The cation-dependent Man-6-P receptor has a subunit
      molecular size of 46 kDa and appears to be an oligomer composed of three
      subunits. The receptor contains both high mannose (or hybrid)- and complex-type
      oligosaccharide units on the basis of sensitivity to digestion with endo-beta-N
      acetylglucosaminidase H and endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase F.
      Radioimmunoassays carried out with two different antibodies demonstrate that the
      46-kDa cation-dependent Man-6-P receptor and the 215-kDa cation-independent Man-6
      P receptor not only differ in their properties but are also immunologically
      distinct.

PMID- 2931432
TI  - The role of ATP hydrolysis in the breakdown of proteins and peptides by protease
      La from Escherichia coli.
AB  - The energy requirement for protein breakdown in Escherichia coli appears to be
      due to protease La, the lon gene product, which hydrolyzes proteins and ATP in a
      coupled process. This novel enzyme was investigated with small peptides,
      identified as substrates in the preceding manuscript. Although the degradation of
      proteins to acid-soluble material requires hydrolysis of a nucleoside
      triphosphate, cleavage of small fluorogenic substrates, such as glutaryl-Ala-Ala
      Phe-methoxynaphthylamine, was found to require only binding of nucleotides to the
      enzyme. Nonhydrolyzable analogs of ATP, slowly hydrolyzed nucleotides, and even
      inorganic triphosphate and pyrophosphate stimulate the breakdown of these
      peptides but not of large proteins such as casein or serum albumin. In addition,
      vanadate, an inhibitor of the enzyme's ATPase activity, prevents protein
      degradation, but vanadate does not inhibit and can even stimulate peptide
      hydrolysis. Degradation of natural oligopeptides or of small polypeptides (less
      than 10,000 Da) also does not require hydrolysis of the nucleotide. Furthermore,
      although protein substrates promote ATP cleavage, the fluorogenic peptides
      inhibit this process. Also, no evidence was obtained for phosphorylation of the
      protease or of the substrate during ATP hydrolysis. These findings suggest that
      protein breakdown involves a cyclical series of reactions: 1) ATP binds to the
      protease and activates it allosterically, thus allowing peptide bond cleavage; 2)
      the hydrolysis of ATP must occur subsequently and should prevent further peptide
      bond cleavage until additional nucleoside triphosphates are bound; 3) with
      proteins as substrates, this reaction cycle probably occurs repeatedly until
      small peptides are generated.

PMID- 2931433
TI  - Mutational analysis of primosome assembly sites. Evidence for alternative DNA
      structures.
AB  - Primosome assembly sites are complex DNA structures that share common functions
      (they elicit the DNA-dependent ATPase of replication factor Y from Escherichia
      coli and serve as origins of complementary strand DNA synthesis), but display
      little sequence homology. In order to ascertain a common basis for factor Y-DNA
      recognition, a primosome assembly site and its mutated derivatives have been
      functionally and structurally analyzed. Under conditions in which they lose the
      capacity to function as ATPase effectors these DNA templates have been (i)
      assayed for their ability to bind factor Y, and (ii) probed, with pancreatic
      DNase, for structural alterations. In this ATPase-inactivating environment
      (suboptimal concentrations of MgCl2 and NaCl, and high levels of the E. coli
      single-stranded DNA binding protein), factor Y does not bind to its cognate DNA
      and the DNase cleavage pattern characteristic of this site is perceptibly
      changed: compared to the DNase digest obtained under activating conditions,
      cleavage is notably decreased in the 5' half of the site and enhanced at the 3'
      end. The results of this study strongly indicate that the structure of the
      primosome assembly site under analysis consists of two hairpins which interact
      with each other. When the sites of pancreatic DNase attack are plotted on the
      proposed double hairpin structure, the 5' cleavage sites all map to one duplex
      while the 3' sites map to the other. The observation that, under factor Y ATPase
      activating conditions, the 3' hairpin is largely refractory to the action of
      pancreatic DNase indicates that tertiary interactions between the two duplexes
      render a portion of the DNA structure inaccessible to the nuclease.

PMID- 2931434
TI  - Primary structure of single-chain pro-urokinase.
AB  - Single-chain pro-urokinase is an inactive proenzyme form of human urokinase with
      a single-chain structure and a Mr of 50,000 and converted to the active two-chain
      form by catalytic amounts of plasmin. It was isolated from culture fluid of human
      kidney cells and subjected to chemical (CNBr) and proteolytic (lysyl
      endopeptidase) degradation. The resulting peptides were separated by reverse
      phase high performance liquid chromatography and subjected to automated sequence
      analysis. Amino acid sequence of 85% of the 411 residues recovered in 17 peptides
      were found to be consistent with those of the A chain (157 amino acids) and B
      chain (253 amino acids) of human urokinase reported by Gunzler and co-workers
      (Gunzler, W. A., Steffens, G.J., Otting, F., Kim, S.-M., A., Frankus, E., and
      Flohe, L. (1982) Hoppe-Seyler's Z. Physiol. Chem. 363, 133-141; 1155-1165;
      Steffens, G.J., Gunzler, W.A., Otting, F., Frankus, E., and Flohe, L. (1982)
      Hoppe-Seyler's Z. Physiol. Chem. 363, 1043-1058). It revealed the presence of Lys
      at position 158 in single-chain pro-urokinase through which the two polypeptide
      chains of human urokinase are unified into one molecule. In addition, firm
      evidence was found that upon activation by plasmin single-chain pro-urokinase is
      cleaved at the Lys-Ile bond between residues 158 and 159, resulting in the
      formation of a two-chain urokinase molecule held together by one disulfide
      linkage. These results indicate that the cleavage at the Lys-Ile bond between
      residues 158 and 159 is responsible for conformational change, appearance of
      enzyme activity and reduction of its high affinity for fibrin.

PMID- 2931435
TI  - Labeling of Chlamydomonas 18 S dynein polypeptides by 8-azidoadenosine 5'
      triphosphate, a photoaffinity analog of ATP.
AB  - The 18 S dynein from the outer arm of Chlamydomonas flagella is composed of an
      alpha subunit containing an alpha heavy chain (Mr = approximately 340,000) and an
      Mr = 16,000 light chain, and a beta subunit containing a beta heavy chain (Mr =
      approximately 340,000), two intermediate chains (Mr = 78,000 and 69,000), and
      seven light chains (Mr = 8,000-20,000). Both subunits contain ATPase activity. We
      have used 8-azidoadenosine 5'-triphosphate (8-N3 ATP), a photoaffinity analog of
      ATP, to investigate the ATP-binding sites of intact 18 S dynein. 8-N3ATP is a
      competitive inhibitor of 18 S dynein's ATPase activity and is itself hydrolyzed
      by 18 S dynein; moreover, 18 S dynein's hydrolysis of ATP and 8-N3ATP is
      inhibited by vanadate to the same extent. 8-N3ATP therefore appears to interact
      with at least one of 18 S dynein's ATP hydrolytic sites in the same way as does
      ATP. When [alpha- or gamma-32P]8-N3ATP is incubated with 18 S dynein in the
      presence of UV irradiation, label is incorporated primarily into the alpha, beta,
      and Mr = 78,000 chains; a much smaller amount is incorporated into the Mr =
      69,000 chain. The light chains are not labeled. The incorporation is UV
      dependent, ATP-sensitive, and blocked by preincubation of the enzyme with
      vanadate plus low concentrations of ATP or ADP. These results suggest that the
      alpha heavy chain contains the site of ATP binding and hydrolysis in the alpha
      subunit. In the beta subunit, the beta heavy chain and one or both intermediate
      chains may contain ATP-binding sites.

PMID- 2931436
TI  - Tibio-talar slant in Down syndrome.
AB  - The presence of tibio-talar slant is reported in an adult patient with Down
      syndrome. No previous description of this deformity in connection with Down
      syndrome has been found.

PMID- 2931437
TI  - Organic anions stabilize the reactivated motility of sperm flagella and the
      latency of dynein 1 ATPase activity.
AB  - Substitution of any of a variety of organic anions, including acetate,
      propionate, lactate, gluconate, and succinate, for chloride in the reactivation
      medium improves the motility of demembranated sperm of Tripneustes gratilla. At
      the optimum concentration of 0.20 N, all of these anions improve the duration of
      motility, with lactate and gluconate being the best. The Michaelis constant for
      beat frequency (Kmf) is lower (0.11-0.14 mM at 22 degrees C) in most of the
      organic anions than it is in Cl- (0.20 mM), and the minimum ATP concentration
      required to support oscillatory beating is reduced from 10 microM in chloride to
      2 microM in acetate, which together indicate a greater affinity of the axonemal
      ATPase for MgATP2- in the organic anions media. The maximal beat frequency, fmax,
      is as high as 42 Hz in 0.2 N succinate compared to 31 Hz in Cl-, whereas the mean
      bend angle averages 2.8 rad in acetate compared to 2.4 rad in Cl-; these values
      give a calculated average velocity of tubule sliding of approximately 15 micron/s
      in acetate and succinate, which is approximately 30% greater than the value of 11
      micron/s observed in chloride. The reactivated sperm are sixfold more sensitive
      to vanadate inhibition in 0.2 M acetate than they are in 0.15 M Cl-. The specific
      ATPase activity of soluble dynein 1, which increases more than 15-fold between 0
      and 1.0 N Cl-, undergoes only a twofold activation over the same range of organic
      anion concentration, and, like the reactivated motility, is up to 50-fold more
      sensitive to vanadate. This greater apparent mechanochemical efficiency and the
      increased sensitivity to vanadate inhibition in the organic anions suggest that
      they, unlike chloride, do not promote the spontaneous dissociation of ADP and
      PO4(3-) from the dynein-ADP-PO4 kinetic intermediate in the dynein crossbridge
      cycle. The use of organic anion media may lead to significant improvements in
      reactivation of other motile and transport systems.

PMID- 2931438
TI  - Mechanisms of cytoskeletal regulation: modulation of membrane affinity in avian
      brush border and erythrocyte spectrins.
AB  - The spectrins isolated from chicken erythrocytes and chicken intestinal brush
      border, TW260/240, share a common alpha subunit and a tissue-specific beta
      subunit. The ability of these related proteins to bind human erythrocyte inside
      out vesicles (IOVs) and human erythrocyte ankyrin in vitro have been
      quantitatively compared with human erythrocyte spectrin. Chicken erythrocyte
      spectrin binds human IOVs and human ankyrin with affinities nearly identical to
      that for human erythrocyte spectrin. TW260/240 does not significantly bind to
      either IOVs or ankyrin. These results demonstrate a remarkable tissue
      preservation of ankyrin-binding capacity, even between diverse species, and
      confirm the role of the avian beta-spectrins in modulating this functionality.
      Avian brush border spectrin may represent a unique spectrin which serves
      primarily as a filament cross-linker and which does not interact strongly with
      membrane-associated proteins.

PMID- 2931440
TI  - Binding and phagocytosis of fibronectin-coated beads by BHK cells: receptor
      specificity and dynamics.
AB  - Studies on the receptor specificity and dynamics involved in fibroblast
      phagocytosis of latex beads revealed the following: 1) Ligands other than
      fibronectin such as concanavalin A (ConA) and serum spreading factor, when coated
      on latex beads, were found to promote phagocytosis of the beads. This indicates
      that fibroblast phagocytosis, like spreading, is a ligand-receptor mediated
      phenomenon not specifically requiring fibronectin (pFN); 2) Anti-pFN antibodies
      were found to inhibit the ability of cells to ingest pFN-coated beads that
      previously were bound on the cell surfaces. Consequently, binding of beads to the
      cell surfaces per se is not a sufficient signal to promote ingestion of the
      beads; 3) Finally, divalent cations protected receptor function necessary for
      phagocytosis of pFN-coated beads from proteolysis by trypsin, as previously was
      found for receptors involved in cell attachment and spreading on pFN-coated
      culture dishes. Recovery experiments carried out with cells whose surface
      receptors had been destroyed indicated that there was an internal (or cryptic
      cell surface) pool of receptors that amounted to at least 50% of the receptors
      normally found on the cell surface. After complete destruction of the cell
      surface and cryptic pools of receptors, reappearance of receptors required for
      bead binding and phagocytosis required several hours and did not occur in the
      absence of new protein synthesis.

PMID- 2931439
TI  - The substructure of isolated and in situ outer dynein arms of sea urchin sperm
      flagella.
AB  - Outer-arm dynein from the sperm of the sea urchin S. purpuratus was adsorbed to
      mica flakes and visualized by the quick-freeze, deep-etch technique. Replicas
      reveal particles comprised of two globular heads joined by two irregularly shaped
      stems which make contact along their length. One head is pear-shaped (18.5 X 12.5
      nm) and the other is spherical (14.5-nm diam). The stems are decorated by a
      complex of bead-like subunits. The same two-headed protein is found in the 21S
      dynein-1 fraction of sucrose gradients. The beta-heavy chain/intermediate chain 1
      (beta/IC-1) dynein subfraction, produced by low-salt dialysis and zonal
      centrifugation of the high-salt-extracted dynein-1, contains only single-headed
      molecules with single stems. These heads are predominantly pear-shaped (18.5 X
      12.5 nm). Since 21S dynein-1 contains two heavy chains (alpha and beta), and the
      beta/IC-1 subfraction is comprised of only the beta-heavy chain (Tang et al.,
      1982, J. Biol. Chem. 257: 508-515), we conclude that each head is formed by a
      heavy chain, that the pear-shaped head contains the beta-heavy chain, and that
      the spherical head contains the alpha-heavy chain. The in situ outer dynein arms
      of demembranated sperm were also studied by the quick-freeze, deep-etch method.
      When frozen in reactivation buffer devoid of ATP, each arm consists of a large
      globular head that attaches to the A-microtubule by distally skewed subunits and
      attaches to the B-microtubule by a slender stalk. In ATP, this head shifts its
      orientation such that it can be seen to be constructed from two globular domains.
      We offer possible correlates between the in situ and the in vitro images, and we
      compare the structure of sea-urchin dynein with dynein previously described from
      Chlamydomonas and Tetrahymena.

PMID- 2931441
TI  - Insulin receptor capping and its correlation with calmodulin-dependent myosin
      light chain kinase.
AB  - Both fluorescence microscopy and fluorometric analysis techniques have been used
      to characterize insulin receptor capping in IM-9 human lymphoblastoid cells.
      Morphologically, insulin caps appear similar to lectin or antiimmunoglobulin
      induced caps displaying a preferential accumulation of actin, myosin, and actin
      binding protein directly underneath the cap structure. Using the fluorescent
      calcium indicator quin2 we have detected no change in the calcium activity
      following insulin stimulation. However, in the presence of a number of calmodulin
      inhibitors, such as W-5, W-7, W-12, and trifluoperazine (TFP), insulin capping is
      significantly inhibited, which implies that a calmodulin-regulated process is
      involved. Using double immunofluorescence microscopy, we have found that the
      calmodulin-dependent myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) is concentrated directly
      beneath insulin caps. Upon treatment with trifluoperazine (TFP), the
      redistribution of both MLCK and insulin receptors are inhibited concomitantly.
      Our data indicate that the calmodulin-dependent myosin light chain kinase may be
      directly responsible for the activation of actomyosin-mediated contractility
      during insulin receptor capping.

PMID- 2931442
TI  - Ecto-nucleotide triphosphatase activity of human lymphocytes: studies of normal
      and CLL lymphocytes.
AB  - We have studied the apparent kinetic parameters of the ecto-nucleotide
      triphosphatase from CLL B lymphocytes and compared them to blood and tonsillar B
      and T cells. The Vmax of the ecto-ATPase activity in CLL B lymphocytes, was 65 +/
      10 fmol Pi/cell per 30 min compared to 37 +/- 2.1 in blood B lymphocytes, and
      8.5 +/- 1.7 in blood T lymphocytes. The ATPase of membranes prepared from CLL,
      tonsillar B and T, and blood T lymphocytes had a relationship among the cell
      types similar to that seen in intact cells. However, no difference in the km for
      ATP, .17 mM, or the km for magnesium, .15 mM was found in the ecto-ATPase of CLL
      lymphocytes as compared to blood or tonsillar B cells. The ectoenzyme of CLL
      cells hydrolyzed GTP, ITP, CTP, and UTP as well as ATP. Further, ATP added to an
      enzyme assay containing an alternative nucleotide did not result in increased
      phosphate release. Nucleotide acceptance of blood B and T lymphocytes was very
      similar to that of CLL B cells. ATP inhibited phosphate release when present in
      excess of magnesium in both CLL and blood B lymphocytes. These data indicate that
      there is greater ectonucleotide triphosphatase activity in tonsillar and blood B
      lymphocytes, including CLL, as compared either to blood or tonsillar T
      lymphocytes. However, CLL cells showed no qualitative difference from blood or
      tonsillar B cells in ectonucleotidase activity. Thus, the higher activity in CLL
      cells is "B cell-like" and might reflect, also, their maturation stage or
      monoclonal origin.

PMID- 2931443
TI  - A self-renewing, bipotential erythroid/mast cell progenitor in continuous
      cultures of normal murine bone marrow.
AB  - We have established permanent lines of nonadherent cells from fresh normal mouse
      bone marrow in media containing pokeweed mitogen-stimulated spleen cell
      conditioned medium (PWSCM). These lines continuously produced erythropoietic
      progenitor cells (detected by their ability to form erythroid bursts in semi
      solid medium containing erythropoietin) together with cells having
      characteristics of the mast cell lineage (as demonstrated by metachromatic
      staining with toluidine blue, histamine content and membrane receptors for IgE).
      Sixteen such cell lines have been established in sixteen attempts. Cloning
      experiments were carried out to determine the nature of the progenitor cell(s)
      responsible for the permanence of these cultures. When cells were cultured in
      methylcellulose medium containing PWSCM, colonies were observed which reached
      macroscopic size after 4 weeks of incubation. Replating of individual primary
      colonies resulted in secondary colony formation, indicating the presence of
      progenitor cells with self-renewal potential. Forty-seven primary colonies were
      picked and their cells were suspended in liquid culture medium containing PWSCM.
      Of these, twenty-one could be expanded to establish permanently growing sublines.
      Sixteen of these sublines were found to be composed of both erythroid progenitors
      and mast cells. In five sublines only mast cells could be seen; none of the
      sublines appeared to be purely erythroid. Karyotypic analysis of mast cells and
      of erythroid cells of seven sublines derived from individual colonies which arose
      in cocultures of male and female cells revealed that the mast cells and erythroid
      cells were both of the same sex in each of the seven sublines; this demonstrates
      the single cell origin of each colony and of the two lineages derived from it. We
      conclude that these nonadherent, factor-dependent cell lines are maintained by
      self-renewal and differentiation of bipotential progenitor cells apparently
      restricted to the erythroid and mast cell lineages.

PMID- 2931444
TI  - [Parietal metastasis after fine needle cytopuncture of a duodenal
      adenocarcinoma].

PMID- 2931445
TI  - L-Thyroxine-induced leukopenia in a patient with Hashimoto's disease: involvement
      of suppressor-cytotoxic T cells.
AB  - A study of in vitro reactivity to L-T4, as assessed by peripheral blood
      lymphocyte transformation, was carried out in a patient with Hashimoto's disease
      who developed leukopenia during treatment with L-T4. L-T4 stimulated lymphocyte
      transformation in this patient. The proliferating cells were of T lineage and
      further typing demonstrated that they bore the OKT8 antigen. Cell-mediated immune
      reactions mediated by OKT8+T cells might have caused the leukopenia, although
      other mechanisms involving cytotoxic antibodies or antibody-dependent cell
      mediated cytotoxicity cannot be excluded.

PMID- 2931447
TI  - Alterations of functional subsets of T helper and T suppressor cell populations
      in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and chronic unexplained
      lymphadenopathy.
AB  - We have studied the distribution of Leu8 and Ia on T cells of the helper (T4) and
      suppressor (T8) phenotype in homosexual men with chronic unexplained
      lymphadenopathy, homosexual men with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
      (AIDS), and homosexual and heterosexual controls. Decreased numbers of helper T
      cells in lymphadenopathy patients are due to a decrease in the T4:Leu8+ subset,
      whereas in AIDS patients, both the T4:Leu8+ and the T4:Leu8- subsets were
      decreased.

PMID- 2931446
TI  - Studies on natural, antibody-dependent, and interleukin-2-activated killer-cell
      activity of a patient with mucolipidosis III as a test of the mannose-6-phosphate
      lytic acceptor hypothesis.
AB  - The natural (NK), antibody-dependent (K), and interleukin-2-generated (LAK)
      killer-cell activity of a patient with mucolipidosis III (ML III; an autosomal
      recessive defect in UDP-N-acetylglucosamine: lysosomal enzyme N-acetylglucosamine
      1-phosphotransferase) was studied to determine whether or not the defect in the
      phosphorylation of lysosomal enzyme mannose residues resulted in a failure of
      target-cell lysis, as would be predicted from recent studies showing NK
      inhibition by phosphorylated sugars, especially mannose-6-phosphate. The patient
      was studied in parallel with normal donors known to be at the high and low
      extremes of NK activity. The following results were obtained: NK activity was
      markedly elevated against K562, Molt-4, human fibroblasts, HL-60, and MeWo to
      levels approximately one to two times that of our previous highest donor and five
      times the mean of normal donors previously tested. Interleukin-2-generated killer
      cell activity and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity against antibody
      coated P815 cells were normal and increased, respectively. HNK-1-positive cells
      were normal in frequency (7.3 +/- 1.7%), while lytic conjugates were proportional
      to activity (3.9 +/- 0.6 vs 2.7 +/- 0.4% for the "high" donor), and this was
      attributable to an increased proportion of lytic cells. The addition of fresh
      serum from the ML III patient had no effect on the NK activity of normal donors
      and the effects of preincubation with interferon (enhancement), monensin
      (inhibition), fructose-6-phosphate (inhibition), and mannose-6-phosphate
      (inhibition) were identical to those seen using lymphocytes from normal donors.
      Studies on the NK activity of the parents and two normal female siblings showed
      that the father's NK activity was high, the mother's was low, and both siblings'
      was intermediate but low. The data obtained suggest that the inability of
      lymphocytes to phosphorylate lysosomal enzyme mannose residues had no effect on
      NK-, K-, or LAK-cell function and that the mechanism of target-cell lysis is
      independent of either a mannose-6-phosphate-bearing lytic moiety or a mannose-6
      phosphate-dependent ligand mechanism.

PMID- 2931449
TI  - Decreased autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction in multiple sclerosis.
AB  - The autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction (AMLR) measures the T-cell response to
      antigens on the surface of autologous non-T-cells. Studies have shown a decreased
      ability of T-cells to proliferate during the AMLR in a number of autoimmune and
      viral disorders. The AMLR was studied in 56 patients with multiple sclerosis
      (MS), a presumed autoimmune disease of the central nervous system, and the
      response was correlated with T-cell subsets. The AMLR was decreased in active MS
      patients (3 117 +/- 573 cpm) as compared to inactive patients (5 896 +/- 1 800
      cpm) (P less than 0.05) and normal controls (7 782 +/- 1 725 cpm) (P less than
      0.01). There was no significant difference between inactive patients and normal
      controls (P greater than 0.1). A more pronounced difference was also seen when
      patients with active disease associated with peripheral blood T4/T8 ratios
      greater than 3.0 (1 045 +/- 223 cpm) were compared with normal controls (P less
      than 0.01). In addition, MS patients with T4/T8 ratios of less than 1.0 had an
      increased AMLR (9 256 +/- 1 762 cmp) as compared to patients with either a high
      T4/T8 ratio (P less than 0.001) or normal ratio (P less than 0.05). Thus,
      multiple sclerosis patients with clinically active disease have a decreased AMLR
      which correlates with high T4/T8 ratios in a subgroup of patients.

PMID- 2931448
TI  - Craniofacial and mucopolysaccharide abnormalities in Kniest dysplasia.
AB  - Serial roentgencephalograms of a male patient with Kniest dysplasia were obtained
      between 1 7/12 and 11 3/12 years of age and were analyzed and compared to
      cephalometric normative data. The patient displayed macrocephaly with increased
      size of the neurocranium in all three dimensions. The cranial base angle was
      significantly flattened, partly as a result of anterior displacement of the sella
      turcica. The odontoid process was short and wide. At 11 years of age there was
      bony fusion between the anterior arch of the atlas and the odontoid process as
      well as between the posterior arch of the atlas and the cranial base. The facial
      skeleton, including the nasal bones, infra-orbital rims, maxilla and mandible,
      was retropositioned relative to the anterior cranial base. The mandibular
      retrognathia was pronounced at an early age but improved with growth. At age 11
      years the patient had a straight facial skeletal profile. Examination of the
      patient's 24-hour urinary excretion of keratan sulfate revealed values markedly
      elevated for his age. Three additional patients with Kniest dysplasia
      demonstrated similarly increased excretion of this glycosaminoglycan. The
      diagnosis of Kniest dysplasia can usually be made from roentgenograms of the
      extremities, the spine, and the pelvis. However, the morphologic characteristics
      of the head, as shown by cephalometric analysis, and the increased urinary
      excretion of keratan sulfate add confirmatory evidence useful in differential
      diagnosis.

PMID- 2931450
TI  - Fracture of the lumbar vertebral apophysis.
AB  - Three cases of vertebral apophyseal fracture and displacement presenting with
      back pain are reported. Literature review revealed 11 other such cases, and these
      are compared. Computed tomography scan was found to be an excellent tool to
      confirm this diagnosis.

PMID- 2931451
TI  - Inhibitory effect of a human T cell hybrid factor on both cell growth and mixed
      lymphocyte reactivity. Correlation with class II molecule expression.
AB  - We recently reported the biological activity and some of the biochemical
      characteristics of a factor produced by a human T cell hybrid clone able to block
      hematopoietic progenitor cell proliferation. This 85-kD protein factor, which we
      have termed colony-inhibiting lymphokine (CIL), has growth regulatory activity on
      bone marrow precursors bearing Ia (class II) antigens of either granulocytic
      monocytic (CFU-GM) or erythroid lineage (BFU-E and CFU-E). Experiments aimed to
      investigate the specificity of the inhibitory effect on hematopoietic progenitor
      cell growth suggested that the expression of HLA-DR surface antigens was required
      on the target cells. We describe in this communication how DR+ cell lines ceased
      dividing after a few days of culture in the presence of CIL, whereas DR- cell
      lines were completely unaffected. The increased DR expression on the ML3 cell
      surface, mediated by the activity of the gamma interferon (IFN gamma), increases
      the sensitivity to the growth inhibition factor of the ML3 cell line. To verify
      the hypothesis that the DR antigens might serve as receptors for the factor,
      enabling it also to interfere in the immune response, we tested CIL in a mixed
      lymphocyte reaction (MLR), one of the best known in vitro Ia antigen-dependent T
      cell-mediated immune responses. CIL is able to block major histocompatibility
      complex-allogeneic MLR both in human and mouse systems. The data indicate that
      CIL recognizes a nonpolymorphic structure (presumably on all Ia molecules)
      presented by stimulator cells of either species, and thereby interferes with
      specific interactions between stimulator and responder cells. Blocking of the
      alloantigen stimulation stage is also indicated, since CIL is effective only if
      added to the culture medium during the first 48 h of the MLR. Finally, mouse
      monoclonal anti-DR antibodies are able to sharply reduce CIL activity on
      sensitive DR+ cell lines. CIL may act physiologically as a multifunctional
      mediator in a complex network that links regulation of bone marrow
      differentiation and the generation of immune responses.

PMID- 2931452
TI  - Identification of malignant plasma cell precursors in the bone marrow of multiple
      myeloma.
AB  - Precursors of plasma cells were studied in the bone marrow of 28 patients with
      multiple myeloma, plasma cell leukemia, and benign monoclonal gammopathy. Pre-B
      and B cell populations were analyzed with anti-B monoclonal antibodies
      corresponding to the clusters standardized at the Leucocyte Typing Workshops in
      Paris and Boston (CD9, CD10, CD19-22, CD24). In advanced forms of plasma cell
      malignancies, such as cases of multiple myeloma in stages II and III and of
      plasma cell leukemia, some cells of lymphoid morphology expressed common acute
      lymphoblastic leukemia antigen (CALLA, CD10) and HLA-DR, but contained no
      detectable terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase enzyme. These CALLA+ cells were
      absent in benign monoclonal gammopathies. In multiple myeloma, the CALLA+ cells
      were negative for surface and cytoplasmic immunoglobulins (Ig), and, unlike
      CALLA+, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT+) pre-B cells in the normal
      bone marrow also failed to react with antibodies to B cell-associated antigens
      such as CD9, CD19, CD22, and CD24. The CALLA+, Ig- cells could be regarded as
      preplasmacytic since, after having been separated and stimulated with the phorbol
      ester 12-0-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13 acetate in vitro, they transformed into
      plasma cells and synthesized the same heavy and light chains as myeloma cells.

PMID- 2931454
TI  - Expression of the common acute lymphoblastic leukaemia antigen (CALLA gp100) in
      the brush border of normal jejunum and jejunum of patients with coeliac disease.
AB  - Expression of the gp100 common acute lymphoblastic leukaemia antigen (CALLA) was
      studied in the mucosa of the gut by means of indirect immunofluorescence on
      cryostat tissue sections with a panel of eight monoclonal antibodies to common
      acute lymphoblastic leukaemia antigen (anti-CALLA antibodies) and two antibodies
      to non-CALLA leukaemic antigens. Expression of CALLA was absent from normal
      stomach epithelium, adult and fetal colonic epithelium of normal histology, and
      colonic epithelium from patients with Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis. By
      contrast, all eight anti-CALLA antibodies gave a characteristic reaction in
      normal adult and fetal small bowel mucosa, with specific localisation to the
      entire brush border of jejunal epithelium. Whereas seven of these antibodies
      reacted both with normal jejunal epithelium and with the damaged epithelium of
      patients with coeliac disease, antibody RFAL-2 reacted strongly only with
      histologically normal small bowel but more weakly in patients with coeliac
      disease to a degree related to the amount of histological abnormality. Expression
      of the moeity like CALLA identified with RFAL-2 was strongest in crypt epithelium
      and proportionally diminished along the villi according to the amount of
      histological damage in coeliac disease, being essentially absent in patients with
      "subtotal villous atrophy."

PMID- 2931453
TI  - Acquired Bernard-Soulier syndrome. Evidence for the role of a 210,000-molecular
      weight protein in the interaction of platelets with von Willebrand factor.
AB  - A patient with a lymphoproliferative disorder developed bleeding associated with
      a prolonged bleeding time and a selective defect of platelet aggregation in
      response to ristocetin. The patient's purified IgG was shown to inhibit
      aggregation of washed normal platelets by ristocetin and von Willebrand factor (F
      VIII:vWF). By Western blotting, it was shown that antibody bound specifically to
      an antigen of Mr 210,000 present on normal platelets but missing on platelets
      from patients with congenital Bernard-Soulier syndrome (BSS). Binding was
      effected by the F(ab)2 portion of the IgG, indicating the presence of an
      autoantibody rather than an immune complex. These results suggest that the
      210,000-Mr protein is involved in the interaction of F VIII:vWF with platelets.
      Furthermore, we have demonstrated the apparent absence of an additional protein
      on congenital BSS platelets. Heat-aggregated IgG was also shown to bind to the
      210,000-Mr protein, suggesting that this protein may function as an Fc receptor
      on platelets. The relationship of the 210,000-Mr protein to glycoprotein Ib and
      the precise role of this protein in the interaction of platelets with F VIII:vWF
      need to be characterized.

PMID- 2931455
TI  - Cutaneous drug reactions: pathogenesis and clinical classification.
AB  - Cutaneous drug reactions may be classified with respect to pathogenesis and
      clinical morphology. They may be mediated by immunologic and nonimmunologic
      mechanisms. Immunologic reactions require host immune response and may result
      from IgE-dependent, immune complex-initiated, cytotoxic, or cellular immune
      mechanisms. Nonimmunologic reactions may result from nonimmunologic activation of
      effector pathways, overdosage, cumulative toxicity, side effects, ecologic
      disturbance, interactions between drugs, metabolic alterations, or exacerbation
      of preexisting dermatologic conditions. Certain defined, cutaneous, morphologic
      patterns are frequently associated with cutaneous drug reactions. These include
      urticaria, photosensitivity eruptions, erythema multiforme, disturbance of
      pigmentation, morbilliform reactions, fixed drug reactions, erythema nodosum,
      toxic epidermal necrolysis, lichenoid eruptions, and bullous reactions. In
      addition, certain drugs cause defined cutaneous syndromes. These include iodides
      and bromides, hydantoins, corticosteroids, antimalarial agents, gold, cancer
      chemotherapeutic agents, tetracyclines, thiazides and sulfonamides, nonsteroidal
      anti-inflammatory agents, and coumarin. The criteria for evaluation of possible
      drug reactions are presented and reviewed.

PMID- 2931456
TI  - An outbreak of contact dermatitis in farm workers.
AB  - Fourteen of twenty-six migrant workers developed contact dermatitis at a single
      tomato-strawberry farm in Tennessee. Investigation identified one of eleven
      pesticides used by the farmer, 2,4-dichloro-6-(o-chloroanilino)-s-triazine
      anilazine; Dyrene), as the cause of the dermatitis in six of seven workers who
      were available for patch testing. As a result of this investigation, the label on
      Dyrene has been revised to warn users of possible sensitization.

PMID- 2931457
TI  - Delayed hypersensitivity to scopolamine delivered by a transdermal device.
AB  - Transdermal devices are now marketed for the delivery of systemic medications
      through the skin. This report confirms delayed hypersensitivity to scopolamine,
      the active ingredient in Transderm-Scop. Patch testing with structurally related
      alkaloids suggests the active antigenic site on the scopolamine molecule. The
      mechanism of drug delivery by the transdermal device is discussed, along with the
      features that make this an attractive method of drug administration.
      Dermatologists should be familiar with these devices, since broader future
      applications can be expected.

PMID- 2931458
TI  - Tetracycline-induced fixed drug eruptions: influence of dose and structure of
      tetracyclines.

PMID- 2931459
TI  - Erythroderma secondary to esophageal carcinoma.

PMID- 2931460
TI  - Update on pedodontics in a period of improving dental economics.
AB  - The dental services sector of the economy is a growth industry; however, many
      changes have occurred since the 1979-1980 recession. The population under the age
      of eighteen has continued to decrease, and the number of pedodontists has
      increased. Major changes are occurring in the incidence and prevalence of dental
      diseases.

PMID- 2931461
TI  - Pedodontists' attitudes toward parental presence during children's dental visits.
AB  - The purpose of this survey of Connecticut pedodontists was to determine the
      prevailing attitudes and practices of pedodontists concerning parents presence
      during examination and treatment visits. Response percentage was high, prompt,
      and strikingly bimodal, suggesting both a high degree of interest in, and strong
      views on, the topic as it pertains to patient management.

PMID- 2931462
TI  - The need for general anesthesia for the dental treatment of mentally handicapped
      patients: a follow-up study.
AB  - Over a period of years, it appeared possible to provide routine treatment without
      the use of general anesthesia for nearly all of the patients. The majority
      required treatment under general anesthesia because of their lack of previous
      dental care.

PMID- 2931464
TI  - Complications of dermabrasion resulting from excessively cold skin refrigeration.
AB  - Three patients developed complications following dermabrasion with a new potent
      skin refrigerant mixture. Freezing can usually be performed more rapidly with
      such mixtures, but the risk of complications may be greater.

PMID- 2931463
TI  - Basal cell carcinomas arising in seborrheic keratoses.

PMID- 2931465
TI  - Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS): disease characteristics and oral
      manifestations.
AB  - This article has reviewed the disease process and oral manifestations of AIDS.
      Specifically, dentists should review the medical history and perform an overall
      health assessment for all dental patients before treatment is rendered. Attention
      should be directed to the prodromal signs and symptoms of AIDS. If dental
      treatment of a patient with AIDS is required, strict infection control guidelines
      are mandatory.

PMID- 2931466
TI  - Orthodontic care for medically compromised patients: possibilities and
      limitations.
AB  - Medically compromised children and adults are increasingly likely to seek
      orthodontic care as improved medical management creates more long-term survivors.
      For the majority, treatment of orthodontic problems is feasible, but special
      precautions usually are required. These include medical consultation to establish
      the patient's prognosis, maintaining a current knowledge of drug therapy, and
      modifications in office procedures. Patients with a history of multiple
      transfusions should be presumed to be hepatitis carriers until proved not to be,
      and special precautions to protect office staff members and other patients should
      be taken. Decreased resistance to infection is a common complicating factor in
      medically compromised patients. Dentists must therefore avoid mucosal irritation
      and carefully monitor periodontal health. The practitioner should be alert to
      side effects of drug treatment such as xerostomia and depressed immune response,
      and be aware of the particular features of the underlying disease. Bleeding
      disorders, which can be managed by replacement of missing clotting factors, do
      not contraindicate orthognathic surgery. The major contraindication is poor
      anesthetic risk, which almost always is true for patients having sickle cell
      anemia because of poor blood oxygen saturation. Because orthodontic treatment can
      provide positive benefits, it should not be withheld solely because of the
      presence of a serious medical problem. With appropriate management, successful
      orthodontic treatment can be done for most patients.

PMID- 2931467
TI  - Alzheimer's disease: an emerging affliction of the aging population.
AB  - Alzheimer's disease is one of several brain disorders under the broad category of
      dementia. It is a gradually debilitating illness with no known cure. The first
      symptom is usually a slowly increasing memory loss, beginning between 40 and 65
      years of age. As the disease progresses, the brain begins to deteriorate more
      rapidly, until it literally stops functioning. Of great concern is the projection
      that the number of people who will have Alzheimer's disease will double by the
      year 2030 because of the rising elderly population. Treating this population will
      escalate from the current estimate in excess of $2.5 billion to more than $6
      billion. Speculation toward the increasing costs in money and workforce has led
      to an accelerated program in search of a cure or at least a symptomatic therapy
      for this condition. One of the most promising research leads is the striking
      connection between Alzheimer's disease and Down's syndrome and certain cancers: -
      Virtually 100% of patients with Down's syndrome who survive past age 35 show the
      same mental deterioration and identical brain changes seen in patients with
      Alzheimer's disease, including the presence of plaque and neurofibrillary
      tangles.--The presence of a high percentage of Down's syndrome among relatives of
      patients with Alzheimer's disease. --A high incidence of certain types of
      syndrome and among relatives of people who have Alzheimer's disease, such as
      leukemia, lymphomas, Hodgkin's disease, and immune system disorders. The key to
      the intercorrections between Alzheimer's disease and Down's syndrome seems to be
      a genetic component related to chromosome 21.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2931468
TI  - Left ventricular mass and volume/mass ratio determined by two-dimensional
      echocardiography in normal adults.
AB  - This study prospectively defined the range of left ventricular mass and
      volume/mass ratio determined by two-dimensional echocardiography in 84 normal
      adults. A modified Simpson's rule algorithm was used to calculate ventricular
      volumes from orthogonal two and four chamber apical views. An algorithm based on
      a model of the left ventricle as a truncated ellipsoid was used to calculate
      ventricular mass. Like left ventricular volumes, left ventricular mass values
      were larger in normal men than in women (mean 148 versus 108 g, p less than
      0.001) and remained larger after correction for body surface area. Volume/mass
      ratios, however, were constant at end-diastole (0.80) and end-systole (0.26). The
      influence of age and heart rate on all variables in this normal group was
      minimal, and no correction for these variables was necessary. The definition of
      normal mass, volume and volume/mass ratios by two-dimensional echocardiography
      will facilitate the noninvasive, quantitative diagnosis of left ventricular
      hypertrophy and help clarify the relation between hypertrophy and systolic wall
      stress.

PMID- 2931469
TI  - Laser recanalization of acutely thrombosed coronary arteries in live dogs: early
      results.
AB  - Laser recanalization was attempted in thrombosed coronary arteries of 10 dogs. In
      all dogs a coronary thrombus was obtained by passing a low grade electrical
      current through a guide wire advanced into the artery. Recanalization was then
      attempted using an argon laser with energy levels ranging from 3 to 30 J. In six
      dogs a 140 micron core optical fiber was positioned proximal to the thrombus and
      lasing was done during fiber advancement. The thrombosed artery was recanalized
      in one dog, perforated in four and neither recanalized nor perforated in one. In
      the remaining four dogs a steerable guide wire was advanced across the thrombus
      and a catheter was passed over the guide wire and exchanged for a 200 micron core
      optical fiber. After fiber withdrawal, mechanical recanalization without lasing
      was performed in one of the four dogs. In the remaining three dogs, both the
      fiber and the catheter were again advanced distal to the thrombus and lasing was
      done during withdrawal; this caused coronary perforation in all dogs. Laser
      recanalization of thrombosed coronary arteries in dogs using currently available
      techniques is feasible but results in a very high incidence of perforation.

PMID- 2931470
TI  - Anatomy of the crista supraventricularis: its importance for understanding right
      ventricular function, right ventricular infarction and related conditions.
AB  - During careful studies of the human cardiac conduction system the anatomy of the
      crista supraventricularis is an inescapable concomitant demonstration. For the
      purpose of this report the observations from about 1,000 human hearts were
      combined with special additional studies of 75 human hearts (50 adults, 25
      infants), 30 dogs and 5 chickens. The crista supraventricularis is similar in
      human and canine hearts. Avian hearts differ from mammal hearts in that they
      contain only a muscular right atrioventricular valve which replaces the crista
      supraventricularis. In addition to dividing the inflow and outflow pathways of
      the right ventricle, the crista supraventricularis is crucially located to join
      the interventricular septum and left ventricle to much of the right ventricular
      free wall, thereby playing an important role in emptying the right ventricle and
      closing the tricuspid valve. On the basis of these observations, the function of
      the crista supraventricularis is examined relative to right ventricular systole,
      right ventricular infarction, various electrophysiologic problems, the
      performance of cardiac surgery and new questions in cardiac imaging.

PMID- 2931471
TI  - The disease-free wall in coronary atherosclerosis: its relation to degree of
      obstruction.
AB  - Coronary atherosclerotic lesions are more often located eccentrically (70%) than
      concentrically (30%). In this study, the configuration of eccentric coronary
      artery atherosclerotic lesions was assessed by means of computerized planimetry
      in 100 specimens of eccentric arterial lesions. Special attention was given to
      the relation between the disease-free wall and the severity of obstruction. The
      mean disease-free wall are length measured between 17 and 23% of the total vessel
      circumference in eccentric coronary artery lesions that obstructed 50 to 90% of
      the cross-sectional area. This ratio persisted irrespective of the location of
      the lesion within the vessel and was not significantly different with vessels of
      different sizes. The presence of disease-free arcs of coronary artery wall as
      observed in this pathologic study may relate to three factors in clinical
      coronary artery disease: The published observations of spasm in segments of
      arteries harboring structural obstructive lesions may be explained by the
      frequent presence of uninvolved arcs of coronary artery walls. Multiple views
      during coronary arteriography are necessary to accurately reflect the degree of
      obstruction. The results of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty may be
      influenced by both the disease-free arc and the atheromatous obstruction.

PMID- 2931472
TI  - Coronary luminal shape and the arc of disease-free wall: morphologic observations
      and clinical relevance.

PMID- 2931474
TI  - Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty.

PMID- 2931473
TI  - Immediate and short-term benefit of multilesion coronary angioplasty: influence
      of degree of revascularization.
AB  - The safety and short-term therapeutic benefit of multilesion percutaneous
      transluminal coronary angioplasty was assessed in 135 patients, 66 of whom had a
      minimum of 6 months of follow-up study. Primary success, defined as successful
      dilation of the most critical lesion or all lesions attempted without major in
      hospital complications was obtained in 117 (87%) of the 135 patients. Cardiac
      complications associated with the procedure were uncommon; prolonged angina
      occurred in 5% and myocardial infarction in 3%; emergency coronary bypass surgery
      was performed in 4% of the patients. There were no deaths. Complete
      revascularization was achieved in 46% of the 117 patients with a primary success.
      Of the 66 patients eligible for 6 month follow-up, 80% had an uncomplicated
      course and required no further procedures. Clinical improvement by at least one
      angina functional class was observed in 90% of the patients. Cardiac events such
      as the need for a second revascularization procedure were significantly more
      common in patients who had incomplete versus complete revascularization (35
      versus 9%; p = 0.018). Repeat coronary angiography performed an average of 5
      months after angioplasty revealed restenosis in 18 of 22 symptomatic patients and
      3 of 9 asymptomatic patients. Restenosis occurred at the site of a single
      dilation in 12 patients, at two sites in 8 patients and at three sites in 1
      patient. Thus, multilesion coronary angioplasty is an important therapeutic
      option for selected patients with multivessel disease and can be performed with
      relatively low risk. Improvement in angina status can be expected even in
      patients who have incomplete revascularization.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2931475
TI  - Fiber number and type composition in extensor digitorum longus, soleus, and
      diaphragm muscles with aging in Fisher 344 rats.
AB  - Histochemical (M-ATPase) fiber typing was done on extensor digitorum longus,
      (EDL), soleus (SOL), and diaphragm (DIA) muscles of barrier-reared Fisher 344
      rats obtained at four different ages (3, 9, 28, and 30 months) from the colonies
      of the National Institute of Aging. In the EDL there are no differences in the
      percent of type I fibers among the four age groups. The percent of type IIa and
      IIb fibers also showed no difference between the 3 and 30 month age groups. There
      was no apparent trend for an increase or decrease in the percent of type IIa or
      IIb fibers between the four age groups. In both the SOL and DIA muscles the
      percent of type I fibers was greater in the aged than in the young groups. The
      percent of type IIa fibers was lower in the 30 month group than in the younger
      groups for both muscles. The percent of type IIb (DIA) and IIc (SOL) fibers did
      not change between groups. Total fiber number per cross section of muscle showed
      no change in the EDL over this age range or in the SOL after 9 months of age.
      These findings bring into question published results that imply that decreasing
      fiber number and preferential loss of type II (a and b) fibers are typical aging
      phenomena.

PMID- 2931476
TI  - Class II histocompatibility antigen-mediated immunologic function of normal
      articular chondrocytes.
AB  - Using monoclonal antibodies, we examined the display of rabbit Ia by articular
      chondrocytes. We found that 29 to 46% of chondrocytes displayed Ia antigen
      compared with 46 to 60% of spleen cells. Ia antigen expression was not likely to
      be the result of enzyme treatment. To investigate antigen presenting activity of
      enzyme dissociated normal articular chondrocytes, adult rabbits were immunized in
      the front foot pads with ovalbumin (OVA) in complete Freund's adjuvant. Four to
      six weeks later, draining popliteal lymph node cells (LNC) were obtained.
      Articular chondrocytes were obtained by overnight collagenase, DNase, and
      hyaluronidase digestion of cartilage from both ends of femurs and proximal end of
      tibias. Antigen-presenting cells from spleen were used as positive controls. LNC
      and nylon wool-purified T cells were cultured with OVA pulsed and mitomycin C
      treated chondrocytes or spleen cells, and lymphocyte proliferation was measured
      by 3H-TdR uptake. Both chondrocytes and spleen cells showed antigen presenting
      activity, and stimulation of lymphocyte proliferation was inhibited by murine
      monoclonal anti-rabbit Ia antibody (2C4), whereas control plasmacytoma cell
      supernatants had no effect. When T cells were purified first by Sephadex G-10 and
      later by nylon wool columns, these cells were dependent on antigen-presenting
      cells for immunogen (OVA)-induced lymphocyte proliferation. Again, chondrocytes
      under these strict experimental conditions presented antigen to T cells.
      Chondrocytes also stimulated autologous and allogeneic normal lymphocytes. Thus,
      normal chondrocytes have Ia antigens on their surface and can function as antigen
      presenting cells. These results are significant for the understanding of local
      cellular interaction in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 2931477
TI  - Mechanisms of suppressed cell-mediated immunity and impaired antigen-induced
      interleukin 2 production in granuloma-bearing mice.
AB  - Pulmonary granulomas were induced in BALB/c mice immunized with methylated bovine
      serum albumin in complete Freund's adjuvant by the intratracheal injection of
      plain agarose beads or beads conjugated to specific antigen. Large
      hypersensitivity granulomas developed around antigen-coupled beads in immunized
      animals. Smaller but still prominent granulomatous reactions developed around
      plain beads in immunized mice. In nonimmunized animals, both plain and antigen
      conjugated beads produced very small granulomas. Granuloma formation in
      sensitized animals was associated with suppressed delayed-type hypersensitivity
      reactions induced by the footpad injection of specific and nonspecific antigens.
      Lymph node cells from sensitized granuloma-bearing mice with cutaneous anergy
      showed suppressed specific and nonspecific antigen-induced proliferative
      responses in vitro. These cells also showed suppressed interleukin 2 production
      in response to specific antigen. Although no soluble suppressive factor was
      detected in granuloma extracts, suppressor cells were found in lymph nodes of
      granuloma-bearing mice, which could inhibit antigen-induced production of
      interleukin 2 by lymph node cells from immunized mice. Antigen-specific
      immunoglobulin G antibody production was not suppressed in immunized granuloma
      bearing mice. Previous studies from our laboratory have demonstrated migration
      inhibition factor and interleukin 1 activities in aqueous extracts prepared from
      granuloma-bearing lungs of immunized mice. These results and the findings
      reported here indicate that granuloma formation and the associated anergy
      observed in this system are primarily expressions of cell-mediated immunity;
      selective suppression of in vivo and in vitro expressions of cell-mediated
      immunity in granuloma-bearing mice may be due to impaired antigen-induced
      interleukin 2 production; and such impairment is caused by suppressor cells.

PMID- 2931478
TI  - Human peripheral blood lymphocytes from recently vaccinated individuals produce
      both type-specific and intertypic cross-reacting neutralizing antibody on in
      vitro stimulation with one type of poliovirus.
AB  - An in vitro system of poliovirus-specific antibody production by peripheral blood
      B cells on stimulation by the virus has been developed. Virus-neutralizing
      antibodies in culture supernatant fluids, or virus-specific antibody-secreting
      cells (ASC) were detected by microneutralization assay and ELISA-SPOT test,
      respectively. After booster immunization with polio vaccine, anti-poliovirus
      neutralizing ASC were present in circulation. This response was measurable
      between 5 and 12 days after booster vaccination. At between 12 and 90 days,
      another subset of B cells was found in peripheral blood that only produced
      poliovirus-specific neutralizing antibody after in vitro antigenic stimulation.
      The in vitro virus-induced response required B cells, monocytes, and T4+ (T
      helper) cells, and was shown to result from de novo protein synthesis. The anti
      poliovirus-neutralizing response in vitro could be dissected in a type-specific
      and intertypic cross-reactive response by using various antigen concentrations
      for in vitro stimulation. Evidence was obtained by absorption studies for the
      existence of intertypic cross-reactive neutralization-inducing epitopes.

PMID- 2931479
TI  - Murine leukemic cells inhibit IL 2 production by susceptible syngeneic
      splenocytes.
AB  - BALB/c mice fail to mount significant cell-mediated immunity against the
      syngeneic virally induced leukemia MCDV-12, and die approximately 10 days after
      tumor inoculation. Our studies in vitro demonstrated that BALB/c splenocyte and
      irradiated MCDV-12 cell co-culture led to reduced alloreactivity, including
      depressed interleukin 2 (IL 2) production. Tumor-induced immune suppression was
      genetically restricted, antigen nonspecific, and alleviated in part by exogenous
      IL 2 administration in vitro. Furthermore, mitogen stimulation of IL 2
      production, not requiring self or alloantigen recognition, was unaffected by MCDV
      12 exposure. These results indicate that tumor cells may escape from
      immunosurveillance by reducing IL 2 production in the immediate tumor vicinity,
      and suggest a potential role for major histocompatibility complex antigens in the
      immunosuppression mechanism.

PMID- 2931480
TI  - Regulation of IL 3 expression by glucocorticoids in cloned murine T lymphocytes.
AB  - We have examined the effects of glucocorticoids on the concanavalin A (Con A)
      stimulated production of interleukin 3 (IL 3) by a murine helper T cell clone
      Cl.Ly-1+2-/9. The addition of Con A to Cl.Ly-1+2-/9 cells leads to the rapid
      induction of both IL 3 mRNA and activity. A synthetic glucocorticoid,
      dexamethasone, inhibits the appearance of IL 3 activity in the supernatants of
      Con A-stimulated cells, as well as the accumulation of IL 3 mRNA in the cells. A
      similar effect is observed with other Con A-inducible mRNA, such as the mRNA
      encoding granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), but the
      hormone effects are not general; the constitutive synthesis of Thy-1 mRNA is not
      altered by dexamethasone treatment. Several lines of evidence suggest that
      dexamethasone directly inhibits transcription of the IL 3 gene: the kinetics of
      dexamethasone action on IL 3 mRNA are rapid; the stability of IL 3 mRNA is not
      affected by dexamethasone; hormone treatment does not inhibit either mRNA
      processing or transport from the nucleus. Our findings demonstrate that a set of
      mitogen-inducible genes in helper T cells can be subject to a second level of
      regulation mediated by glucocorticoid hormones.

PMID- 2931481
TI  - Two distinct classes of IgG Fc receptors on a human monocyte line (U937) defined
      by differences in binding of murine IgG subclasses at low ionic strength.
AB  - We have defined two distinct classes of IgG Fc receptors (FcR) on cells of a
      human monocytic line (U937) by analyzing the direct binding of murine IgG
      subclasses in medium of low ionic strength. Four lines of evidence support this
      contention. The binding of aggregated murine IgG2b (AggmIgG2b) to U937 and Daudi
      cells was enhanced at low ionic strength, whereas monomeric murine IgG2a (mIgG2a)
      did not bind to Daudi cells and its high affinity binding to U937 cells was
      unaffected by changes in ionic strength. Double reciprocal inhibition experiments
      with U937 cells indicated that the binding of both ligands was inhibited 30 to
      135 times more efficiently by the homologous ligand than by the heterologous one.
      That is, the binding of 125I-AggmIgG2b was inhibited 50% by 3.5 micrograms/ml of
      AggmIgG2b and 100 micrograms/ml of mIgG2a. Similarly, the binding of 125I-mIgG2a
      was inhibited 50% by 2.5 micrograms/ml of mIgG2a and only 44% by 243
      micrograms/ml of AggmIgG2b. A monoclonal antibody of the IgG2b subclass raised
      against an IgG FcR on K562 cells inhibited binding to U937 cells of AggmIgG2b but
      not of mIgG2a. Trypsinization of U937 cells abrogated by 32% the binding of
      mIgG2a but did not affect the binding of AggmIgG2b. Human IgG inhibited binding
      of both AggmIgG2b and mIgG2a to U937 cells. We propose that the newly recognized
      FcR that binds AggmIgG2b is the human homologue of the murine macrophage IgG2b/1
      FcR (FcRII), and that the previously described 72,000 dalton high-affinity FcR on
      U937 cells that binds mIgG2a is the human equivalent of the murine macrophage
      IgG2a FcR (FcRI).

PMID- 2931482
TI  - Transepithelial transport of maternal antibody: purification of IgG receptor from
      newborn rat intestine.
AB  - In newborn rats, passive immunity is acquired from the mother by selective
      transport across the gut wall of immunoglobulin (IgG) present in colostrum and
      milk. Ultrastructural and physiologic studies of this mechanism have shown that
      the binding and uptake of IgG exhibits saturation kinetics and stereochemical
      specificity consistent with it being a receptor-mediated process. We report here
      the isolation and purification of a protein from membranes of neonatal rat
      enterocytes that binds immunoglobulins. The basis of our purification procedure
      is the extraction of this IgG-binding protein from isolated membranes in the
      absence of detergents and its biospecific elution from an IgG affinity column.
      This purified protein consists of two similar polypeptides of 52,000 and 48,000
      Mr. The interaction of this purified protein with immunoglobulin is isotype
      dependent, with specificity for IgG and its Fc fragment, and pH dependent, with
      optimal binding at the intraluminal pH of 6.0. This intestinal IgG-binding
      protein is found in enterocytes of the proximal intestine during the early
      postnatal period, but is absent after weaning when transport of IgG ceases. Our
      results suggest that this purified intestinal IgG-binding protein functions in
      the transepithelial transport of IgG in rat neonates.

PMID- 2931483
TI  - Activation of the C3b receptor: effect of diacylglycerols and calcium
      mobilization.
AB  - The plasma membrane expression and the phagocytic function of the C3b receptor
      (CR1) on human neutrophils (PMN) are under the control of cellular regulatory
      mechanisms, and phorbol esters are one class of agents that modulate both
      membrane expression and function. Phorbol esters also activate protein kinase C;
      however, the physiologic activation of protein kinase C is thought to be mediated
      by diacylglycerol. Diacylglycerols are generated during phosphatidyl inositol
      turnover, which is associated with a rise in intracellular calcium due to another
      product of polyphosphoinositide metabolism, inositol trisphosphate. We therefore
      studied the effects of synthetic diacylglycerols and calcium mobilization on CR1
      function. In our experiments, treatment of neutrophils with two synthetic
      diacylglycerols, 1-oleoyl-2-acetoyl-sn-3-glycerol (OAG) and sn-1,2
      dioctanoylglycerol, like phorbol esters, induced ligand-independent
      internalization of CR1. In contrast, the addition of exogenous phospholipase C
      had no effect on receptor internalization over the time course studied. OAG
      treatment also enabled neutrophils to specifically phagocytose via CR1. Calcium
      mobilization with the calcium ionophore A23187 (1 microM) had a synergistic
      effect on phorbol ester-induced internalization of CR1, but abrogated the phorbol
      ester enhancement of CR1-dependent phagocytosis. Both trimethoxybenzoate, the
      intracellular calcium antagonist, and chlorpromazine inhibited phorbol ester
      induced internalization of CR1, whereas chelation of extracellular calcium did
      not. We conclude that activation of protein kinase C modulates the expression and
      function of CR1, and that calcium mobilization also influences these processes.
      We speculate that polyphosphoinositide turnover may be involved in the
      physiologic regulation of CR1.

PMID- 2931484
TI  - Induction of suppressor cells from peripheral blood T cells by 15
      hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-HPETE).
AB  - 15-hydroperoxyeicosetetraenoic acid (15-HPETE), a lipoxygenase metabolite of
      arachidonic acid, inhibited polyclonal IgG and IgM production in pokeweed mitogen
      (PWM)-stimulated cultures of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, whereas 15
      hydroxyeicosetetraenoic acid (15-HETE) had little effect in this system. T cells
      preincubated for 18 hr with 15-HPETE caused substantial inhibition of IgG and IgM
      production of fresh, autologous B and T cells stimulated by PWM. The suppressive
      effect of the 15-HPETE-treated cells was lost if the cells were irradiated before
      the PWM culture, but not by treatment with mitomycin C. The suppressive effect
      was also lost if OKT8+ T cells were removed after, but not before, preincubation
      of the T cells with 15-HPETE. OKT8- T cells incubated with 15-HPETE for 18 hr
      showed a large increase in the percentage of cells staining with directly
      fluoresceinated Leu-2, another marker for suppressor cells. Thus, 15-HPETE
      induces functional and phenotypic suppressor cells from resting human peripheral
      blood T cells.

PMID- 2931485
TI  - Rapid purification of the human C3b/C4b receptor (CR1) by monoclonal antibody
      affinity chromatography.
AB  - The human C3b/C4b receptor (CR1) is a polymorphic glycoprotein that is expressed
      on erythrocytes, leukocytes and glomerular podocytes. Further structural analysis
      and molecular genetic studies would be facilitated by the availability of
      relatively larger amounts of purified CR1. Milligram quantities of CR1 were
      purified from erythrocyte membranes 10,000-fold with an average yield of 30-40%
      by a rapid procedure which utilized sequential chromatography on Matrex Red A and
      a monoclonal anti-CR1 antibody affinity column. The purified receptor was
      homogeneous by SDS-PAGE and consisted of the 2 most common alleles of CR1.
      Purified CR1 also retained its function of serving as a cofactor for the cleavage
      of C3b to iC3b, C3dg and C3c. The amino acid composition was typical of that of a
      globular protein and sequence analysis of the N-terminus of the purified CR1
      revealed that it was blocked.

PMID- 2931486
TI  - Specificity of alloactivated human T lymphocyte clones in secondary
      proliferation, cell-mediated lympholysis and interleukin-2 release.
AB  - Alloreactive cytolytic T cell clones were generated from mixed leucocyte
      reactions (MLRs) between unrelated individuals. Two clones exhibited
      proliferative responses specific for class I HLA antigens B21 and B17. They were
      also found to be cytolytic toward cells bearing these HLA-B antigens as measured
      in cell-mediated lympholysis (CML) assays. Four clones exhibited primed
      lymphocyte test (PLT) and CML activity specific for various class II HLA
      antigens, namely DR1, DR5, DQw3 and DRw53. For each of these six clones, the CML
      specificity was identical to the PLT specificity. Both class I and class II
      specific clones released interleukin-2 (IL-2) upon restimulation with irradiated
      cells carrying the relevant HLA specificity. This stimulator-induced IL-2 release
      showed the same specificity pattern as that observed in the PLT assay. Monoclonal
      antibody (mAb) inhibition studies on alloreactive T cell clones showed similar
      inhibition profiles of PLT, CML and IL-2 release assays. These findings suggest
      that cytolytic activity, secondary proliferation and IL-2 release by
      alloactivated T cells may be induced by the same HLA encoded determinant.

PMID- 2931487
TI  - Regulatory function of Thy-1-negative cells: V. A lymphokine of B cell origin
      (BEF) induces in vitro high antibody response in genetically selected low
      responder mice.
AB  - Studies were conducted on two lines of mice genetically selected, respectively,
      for high (AB/H) and low (AB/L) antibody production, in order to identify the
      mechanism by which genes involved in the selection express their functions. It
      was found that B cell-derived enhancing factor (BEF), a lymphokine of B cell
      origin which acts on T cells by preventing the activation of suppressor cells, is
      effective in inducing high responses in low responder mice, whereas it is
      ineffective in modulating antibody production in high responder mice. As a
      result, no difference was found between the responses of AB/H and AB/L mice when
      spleen cells were stimulated in vitro in the presence of BEF. AB/H and AB/L mice
      do not seem to differ in their B cell functions since no difference was found in
      the capacity of B cells of either line to synthesize antibodies in the presence
      of T cell-replacing factor (TRF), or to produce endogenous BEF. These data
      indicate that, at least in vitro, the character of general responsiveness of
      these two mouse lines mainly reflects differential reactivity of T suppressor
      cells. Since the two lines represent, respectively, the maximal and minimal
      responsiveness of an outbred population of animals, it is suggested that the
      individual difference in antibody response is related to individual differences
      of T suppressor cells in responding to the immunogen.

PMID- 2931488
TI  - Fibronectin-mediated keratinocyte migration and initiation of fibronectin
      receptor function in vitro.
AB  - Cell suspensions of human keratinocytes, freshly isolated from skin specimens,
      did not express plasma fibronectin (pFN) receptor function in short-term assays
      for cell attachment and spreading on pFN-coated culture dishes and binding and
      phagocytosis of pFN-coated latex beads. These activities were expressed, however,
      by the cells harvested from primary keratinocyte cultures after 2-4 days of
      culture. Analysis of the cell types arising during primary culture, based on
      staining with antikeratin antibodies and bullous pemphigoid (BP) serum, revealed
      that about 90% of the originally isolated cell population consisted of
      keratinocytes (keratin-positive) and 30% were basal cells (BP antigen-positive).
      After 2 days of culture, 95% of the cells were keratinocytes and 70% were basal
      cells. In vitro initiation of pFN receptor function also was observed in cells
      harvested from epidermal explants. After 9 days in culture, the cells that
      migrated out of the explants also were active in short-term cell adhesion assays,
      while cells remaining in the central region of the explant had much less
      activity. In related studies, the role of pFN in epidermal cell migration was
      analyzed, and it was found that anti-pFN antibodies inhibited migration of
      keratinocytes out of epidermal explants. Addition of preimmune IgG, however, had
      no effect. It appears, therefore, that pFN is important in all aspects of
      keratinocyte adhesion, and the expression of pFN receptor function may be a
      critical activation step necessary for basal cell phagocytosis and migration
      during wound healing.

PMID- 2931489
TI  - Efficacy of ciprofloxacin in experimental arthritis caused by Escherichia coli-
      in vitro-in vivo correlations.
AB  - Ciprofloxacin, a new carboxyquinolone, has potent in vitro bactericidal activity
      against the major aerobic, gram-negative bacillary pathogens that cause human
      pyoarthroses. We investigated the in vivo efficacy of ciprofloxacin in a rabbit
      model of septic arthritis due to Escherichia coli. Animals received either
      ciprofloxacin (80 mg/kg per day) or gentamicin (5 mg/kg per day). Ciprofloxacin
      was rapidly bactericidal in vivo and was significantly more effective in reducing
      the numbers of E. coli in synovial tissue than was gentamicin at days 10 and 17
      of therapy (P less than .0005 and P less than .05, respectively). Similarly,
      ciprofloxacin was significantly more active than was gentamicin in reducing the
      numbers of E. coli in joint fluid on day 10 of therapy (P less than .0005);
      however, by day 17 of therapy, the numbers of E. coli in joint fluid were not
      significantly different in the two therapy groups. Neither regimen was effective
      in preventing the development of postinfectious inflammatory synovitis. There was
      no in vivo development of resistance to either antibiotic during therapy.
      Ciprofloxacin therapy was associated with significantly higher bactericidal
      titers in serum and joint fluid than were observed with gentamicin therapy (P
      less than .0005). Ciprofloxacin warrants further in vivo evaluation in invasive
      E. coli infections.

PMID- 2931490
TI  - Immunoprophylaxis of infection with hepatitis B virus in infants born to
      hepatitis B surface antigen-positive carrier mothers.
AB  - Infants born to carrier mothers positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)
      and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) received 5 micrograms of hepatitis B virus
      (HBV) vaccine on four occasions. Group 1 received vaccine only, group 2 received
      vaccine plus hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) at birth, and group 3 received
      vaccine plus HBIG at birth and at one month. Infants born to HBeAg-positive
      mothers (group 4) received a reduced dose of vaccine (2.5 micrograms) on three
      occasions as well as HBIG at birth. As compared with 78.4% of the control group
      (infants whose parents refused vaccination) who became chronic HBV carriers at
      the age of 14 months, the protective efficacy rate of vaccination was 75.3% in
      group 1,85.5% in group 2,89.7% in group 3, and 87.2% in group 4. HBV vaccine (5
      micrograms) was also given to infants born to HBsAg-positive, HBeAg-negative
      mothers on four on four occasions. The antibody response to HBsAg in vaccine
      recipients was 12% after the first dose, 44% after the second dose, and 75% and
      100% at six months and 1.5 years of age, respectively.

PMID- 2931491
TI  - Respiratory syncytial virus infection of human mononuclear leukocytes in vitro
      and in vivo.
AB  - Recurrent infections with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) have been well
      documented despite serological evidence of prior exposure of the host and the
      absence of clear evidence of antigenic variation of the virus. Therefore, human
      mononuclear leukocytes, as well as purified lymphocytes and monocytes
      macrophages, were exposed to RSV in vitro and examined for expression of viral
      antigens by using indirect immunofluorescence with monoclonal antibodies to RSV.
      RSV infected both human monocytes-macrophages and lymphocytes in vitro. RSV
      infection resulted in both a decrease in the number of T helper phenotype cells
      and an increase in T suppressor phenotype cells. RSV proteins were
      disproportionately expressed by atypical or lymphoblastoid cells, many of which
      were of the T suppressor phenotype. Circulating mononuclear leukocytes obtained
      from symptomatic children infected with RSV frequently expressed viral antigens.
      Viral antigens appeared to be detected more frequently in cells from the younger
      subjects. The findings suggest that initial or early RSV infections in children
      include infection of circulating immunocompetent cells. It remains to be
      determined whether the described RSV-induced alterations in lymphocyte
      subpopulations contribute to recovery from and/or recurrence of RSV infections.

PMID- 2931492
TI  - Abnormality of glycoprotein Ib in two cases of "pseudo"-von Willebrand's disease.
AB  - Two unrelated patients with "pseudo" ("platelet-type")-von Willebrand's disease
      (vWD) are described demonstrating thrombocytopenia with a prolonged bleeding
      time, ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation at low stimulus concentrations,
      decreased levels of ristocetin-cofactor activity (vWF:RCo), slight
      cryoprecipitate-induced platelet aggregation in the absence of ristocetin, and a
      lack of the high molecular weight factor VIII-von Willebrand factor (FVIII/vWF)
      multimers in plasma. Isolated washed patient platelets bound more FVIII/vWF at
      high (1 and 0.75 mg/ml) and low (0.5 and 0.25 mg/ml) ristocetin concentrations
      than control platelets. Fresh or paraformaldehyde-fixed washed platelets from
      these patients also bound more specific monoclonal antibody to glycoprotein Ib
      (25,000 binding sites per cell) than normal platelets (15,000 +/- 3,300 binding
      sites per cell). Results obtained in control patients with thrombocytopenia and
      increased platelet size (May-Hegglin anomaly and vWD type IIB) excluded a
      nonspecific increase of glycoprotein Ib in the platelets of the patients with
      pseudo-vWD. These data indicate that in pseudo-vWD, the primary abnormality lies
      in the platelet and is related to a quantitative and/or qualitative anomaly of
      platelet membrane glycoprotein Ib.

PMID- 2931493
TI  - Dental problems of the sickle cell anemia patient.

PMID- 2931494
TI  - Hydrolysis of deoxycorticosterone-21-yl sulphate and dehydroepiandrosterone
      sulphate by microsomal preparations of human placentae: evidence for a common
      enzyme.
AB  - The human placenta can hydrolyse both dehydroepiandrosterone-3 beta-yl sulphate
      (DHASO4-) and deoxycorticosterone-21-yl sulphate (DOCSO4-). There is some
      uncertainty as to whether the same or different enzymes are responsible for
      hydrolysis of these substrates. As a fresh approach to this problem we have
      compared the quantities of DHASO4- and DOCSO4- hydrolysed by microsomal
      preparations of placentae obtained from 14 normal pregnancies and from 14
      pregnancies complicated by steroid sulphatase deficiency. Under the conditions
      used, and standardizing the results to unit time and quantity of protein, 1380
      8830 fmol DHASO4- were hydrolysed by 14 normal placentae whereas less than 1000
      fmol DHASO4- were hydrolysed by the other 14 placentae, thereby designated as
      steroid sulphatase deficient. Net hydrolysis of DOCSO4- by the preparations of
      normal tissue was 9-52 fmol; hydrolysis of this substrate by steroid sulphatase
      deficient tissues was indistinguishable from that by boiled tissue (less than 29
      fmol). Thus preparations of placentae which hydrolysed DHASO4- also hydrolysed
      DOCSO4-; tissues which did not hydrolyse DHASO4- also failed to hydrolyse DOCSO4
      . The quantities of DHASO4- and DOCSO4- hydrolysed by the 28 individual placentae
      showed a positive correlation (r = 0.91, P less than 0.001). The apparent
      Michaelis constants for hydrolysis of DHASO4- and DOCSO4- were 38 and 274 mumol/l
      respectively. These results are consistent with the proposal that these
      substrates are hydrolysed by a common enzyme.

PMID- 2931495
TI  - Binding of glucocorticoid to the androgen receptor of mouse submandibular glands.
AB  - An increase in esteroprotease activity, a known cytodifferentiating response to
      androgen in the submandibular gland, occurred after cortisol acetate,
      dexamethasone or methyltrienolone (R1881) treatment in castrated genetically
      normal male (X/Y-castrated) mice, but not in normal male (X/Y) and testicular
      feminized male (Tfm/Y) mice. A peak with specific binding for [3H]cortisol
      appeared in sucrose density gradient patterns of extracts from X/Y-castrated mice
      and in almost the same fraction number as that for [3H]R1881 binding. However,
      peaks specific for neither [3H]cortisol nor [3H]R1881 binding were observed in
      Tfm/Y mice. The peak binding [3H]cortisol in extracts from X/Y-castrated mice, as
      well as the one binding [3H]R1881, were inhibited by unlabelled R1881 and
      cyproterone acetate, an antiandrogen; the peak was not, however, affected by
      unlabelled oestradiol-17 beta. The binding capacity of [3H]cortisol determined by
      Scatchard analysis was similar to that of [3H]R1881 (103 and 106 fmol/mg protein
      respectively). The Kd value of [3H]cortisol, however, was about 13.6-fold higher
      than that of R1881. These results suggest that cortisol has the ability to
      promote androgenic cytodifferentiating action in the mouse submandibular gland by
      binding to its androgen receptors, if androgens are absent or deficient.

PMID- 2931496
TI  - Periradicular surgery following bilateral total hip replacement.

PMID- 2931497
TI  - Helper T cells reacting to idiotype on IgG but not IgM.
AB  - Immunization with an IgG1 but not an IgM monoclonal anti-NP (4-hydroxy-3
      nitrophenyl acetyl) antibody induced idiotype-recognizing T helper cells,
      although these two antibodies carry the same variable regions. The T cells appear
      to react to an idiotype on the IgG1 but not the IgM antibody. They selectively
      enhance the expression of that idiotype in the IgG1 fraction of an in vitro anti
      NP response.

PMID- 2931498
TI  - Children's Medical Services: Florida's expanded Crippled Children's Program from
      the 1920s to the 1980s.

PMID- 2931499
TI  - Phosphoglucomutase and esterase D activity in post-coital vaginal swabs.

PMID- 2931500
TI  - Unconventional pathogens causing spongiform encephalopathies absent in blood
      products.
AB  - To determine whether unconventional pathogens causing subacute spongiform
      encephalopathy may be present in blood products, a newly developed hepatitis B
      vaccine and a widely used blood product were injected into mice and rats. As only
      a few aged mice in the test and the control groups showed spongiform
      encephalopathic change of a sparse or mild degree and which differed from that
      seen in rodents infected with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, the presence of
      unconventional pathogens in the tested inocula can be ruled out.

PMID- 2931501
TI  - Activity of spindle afferents from cat anterior thigh muscles. I. Identification
      and patterns during normal locomotion.
AB  - The naturally occurring activity patterns of anterior thigh muscle spindle
      afferents were recorded during unrestrained treadmill locomotion by means of
      floating microelectrodes chronically implanted in the fifth lumbar dorsal root
      ganglion. Conduction velocity of units from primary and secondary endings was
      determined by spike-triggered averaging of the signals from a chronically
      implanted nerve cuff. Activity from knee extensor muscle spindles generally
      occurred during periods of muscle lengthening, but was often greater for small
      stretches when the muscle was active (during stance phase of walking) than for
      larger stretches when the muscle was passive (swing phase), indicating fusimotor
      enhancement of spindle sensitivity in phase with extrafusal muscle recruitment.
      Activity from spindles in biarticular muscles acting across the knee and hip was
      more variable and complex than that seen in the pure knee extensors, and
      frequently included activity during rapid muscle shortening (swing phase)
      indicative of strong static fusimotor input. Changes in speed of gait caused
      changes in the range and velocity of muscle length excursions monitored by
      chronically implanted length gauges, but such changes were accompanied by only
      modest changes in spindle afferent activity, suggesting concurrent and
      compensatory changes in fusimotor influence on spindles. Activity from spindle
      secondary endings was generally lower, more regular, and less velocity dependent
      than that from primary endings, consistent with their lack of input from the
      dynamic fusimotor apparatus. The activity of all spindle afferents studied was
      similarly well modulated during extrafusal activity of the parent muscles,
      regardless of the kinematic conditions of muscle length and velocity during which
      this muscle work occurred. This suggests that the fusimotor apparatus is well
      orchestrated to regulate the static and dynamic sensitivity of primary spindle
      afferents at levels appropriate to the anticipated motion.

PMID- 2931502
TI  - Activity of spindle afferents from cat anterior thigh muscles. II. Effects of
      fusimotor blockade.
AB  - Chronically implanted electrodes and nerve cuff catheters were used to record the
      activity of individual muscle spindle afferents during treadmill walking as low
      doses of lidocaine were infused around the femoral nerve to progressively block
      gamma motoneuron activity. Both primary and secondary endings from both the
      monarticular knee extensors and the biarticular hip/knee muscles of the anterior
      thigh showed large decreases in afferent activity, usually well before changes in
      the electromyographic activity, force output, or length and velocity were seen in
      the parent muscles. This decline in the proprioceptive signal feeding back onto
      the spinal cord, which we presume to have involved most of the spindles supplied
      by the femoral nerve, did not cause noticeable irregularities or instability of
      the walking gait. At the peak of the fusimotor blockade, spindle afferents from
      knee extensor muscles lost about half of their usually brisk activity during the
      near-isometric contraction of the stance phase. Significant decreases in the
      response to passive stretch during the flexion phase also occurred. At the peak
      of the fusimotor blockade, spindle afferents from the biarticular muscles lost
      all of their activity during the rapidly shortening swing phase and about half of
      their activity during the rapidly lengthening stance phase. For both monarticular
      and biarticular muscle spindles, the activity decreases in stance and swing phase
      often occurred at distinctly different stages of the progressive fusimotor
      blockade, indicating several different sources of fusimotor control. From these
      data, we infer that the sensitivity of most spindle afferents is substantially
      influenced by fusimotor activity during phases of both extrafusal activity and
      extrafusal silence. At least some of this influence appears to come from
      fusimotor neurons whose recruitment is independent of the extrafusal recruitment.
      The extent and type of fusimotor effects on spindle afferent sensitivity (dynamic
      or static) appear to be specialized for the mechanical events that tend to occur
      during those phases.

PMID- 2931503
TI  - Activity of spindle afferents from cat anterior thigh muscles. III. Effects of
      external stimuli.
AB  - Chronically implanted electrodes were used to record the activity of identified
      single muscle spindle afferents in awake cats during responses to various types
      of manual and electrical stimulation. During vigorous cyclical responses such as
      shaking and scratching, spindle afferents generally maintained at least some
      activity during both lengthening and shortening of the parent muscle, indicating
      that the programs for these movements include both extra- and intrafusal
      recruitment. During noncyclical responses such as ipsilateral limb withdrawal and
      crossed-extension, spindle activity was modest and poorly correlated with
      extrafusal activity. Weak cutaneous nerve shocks during walking elicited complex
      excitatory and inhibitory phase-dependent reflexes in the various muscles studied
      but caused relatively little change in spindle afferent activity, indicating a
      lack of correlation between alpha and gamma motoneuron activity. A primary and a
      secondary afferent from sartorius muscle were recorded simultaneously during
      walking cycles that were perturbed by electrically induced twitches of the
      antagonist hamstring muscles; both demonstrated highly sensitive, short latency
      responses to the resulting skeletal motion, consistent with their previously
      suggested roles in detecting small brief mechanical perturbations. The degree to
      which fusimotor responses were correlated with extrafusal responses to
      somatosensory perturbations was highly dependent on the specific nature of the
      stimulus and the response. Fusimotor reprogramming of the spindle sensitivity
      appears to be a feature of cyclical movements that are presumably under
      proprioceptive control, whereas brief perturbations within the context of a
      particular motor program may be ignored by the fusimotor system.

PMID- 2931504
TI  - Peripheral myxoma of the right maxilla: a case and review of the Japanese
      literature.

PMID- 2931505
TI  - The predictive value of hepatic artery perfusion scintigraphy.
AB  - A case in which hepatic artery perfusion scintigraphy (HAPS) correctly predicted
      the outcome of chemotherapy in a patient with metastatic liver disease is
      presented. In spite of angiography showing "proper" position of the Infusaid
      catheter, HAPS showed preferential perfusion to the right lobe of the liver.
      Computed tomography pre- and postchemotherapy showed a changing pattern of the
      metastatic foci correlating with the perfusion demonstrated by HAPS.

PMID- 2931506
TI  - Myofibroblast activity of radial scars.
AB  - Radial scars from 38 cases, comprising 12 associated with cancer and 26 with
      benign lesions, have been examined by electron microscopy. One-third of the
      lesions, regarded as being at an early stage of development, showed abundant
      spindle cells, which displayed the ultrastructural characteristics of
      myofibroblasts. These included many profiles of endoplasmic reticulum, prominent
      myofilaments and a close association with collagen and elastic fibres. The
      remaining 'mature' radial scars showed relatively few myofibroblasts, sparsely
      distributed in the stroma. The stromal cells associated with the 'early' lesions
      were seen in close proximity to degenerating parenchymal structures, which
      frequently showed loss of basal lamina. Obliteration of the central parenchymal
      component appeared to be a prominent feature of radial scar formation. The
      ultrastructural appearances are consistent with a progressive development of the
      lesion, associated with sporadic myofibroblast activity.

PMID- 2931507
TI  - Combined salbutamol and ipratropium bromide by inhalation in the treatment of
      severe acute asthma.

PMID- 2931508
TI  - Fibrosarcoma in a girl with celiac disease and IgA deficiency.
AB  - A case of abdominal wall fibrosarcoma in a 17-year-old girl with celiac disease
      and IgA deficiency is described. Celiac disease was putatively diagnosed with
      intestinal biopsy at the age of 15 years when she came for hospital
      investigations because of IgA deficiency and recurrent respiratory infections.
      The tumor occurred at the age of 17 years during the gluten challenge performed
      for final diagnosis of celiac disease. Surgical excision, irradiation, and
      chemotherapy were initially successful. After 7 months, however, the tumor
      recurred. Reoperation and a new course of irradiation therapy coinciding with the
      reinstitution of a gluten-free diet proved to be effective in tumor eradication.
      Nine years after the cessation of cancer treatment she is well and has two
      healthy children.

PMID- 2931509
TI  - Respiratory insufficiency in newborns with abdominal wall defects.
AB  - Respiratory failure in newborns with abdominal wall defects has been attributed
      to increased intra-abdominal pressure and elevation of the diaphragm after
      closure. Despite surgical techniques designed to minimize intra-abdominal
      pressure, we have observed prolonged respiratory insufficiency in several such
      infants. We reviewed the charts of 108 infants from 1975 to 1982 who had
      abdominal wall defects: 53 with gastroschisis, 29 with small omphaloceles, 22
      with liver-containing or giant omphaloceles (GO), and four with cloacal
      exstrophy. Nine infants with GO (41%) had prolonged respiratory insufficiency and
      five died. Infants with GO required longer periods of oxygenation and ventilation
      (P less than .001, ANOVA) than infants with other abdominal wall defects.
      Clinical observation suggested that infants with GO have a small, narrow thorax.
      We obtained detailed measurements from the chest radiographs of infants in all
      groups. After correction for birth weight, babies with GO had smaller chest
      widths (P less than .001) and lung areas (P less than .05) than infants with
      other abdominal wall defects. At autopsy, one newborn with GO was found to have
      severe pulmonary hypoplasia. Prolonged respiratory insufficiency in infants with
      GO may be explained by pulmonary hypoplasia and/or by a narrow chest deformity
      which limits lung expansion.

PMID- 2931510
TI  - The missing link in the pathogenesis of gastroschisis.
AB  - Is gastroschisis embryologically distinct from omphalocele or simply a ruptured
      small omphalocele (hernia of the umbilical cord)? Serial sonographic imaging of a
      fetus with a small omphalocele at 27 weeks gestation has now provided the
      "missing link" in the pathogenesis of gastroschisis by documenting in utero
      rupture resulting in a gastroschisis.

PMID- 2931511
TI  - Ultraviolet light-induced yellowing of dental restorative resins.

PMID- 2931512
TI  - Laparoscopic sterilization in camps and institutional set-up.

PMID- 2931513
TI  - Anorexia nervosa and the adrenal: the effect of weight gain.
AB  - Cortisol (F) and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) were measured following each 5 kg
      gain in weight in a group of 16 patients with anorexia nervosa admitted to
      hospital for refeeding. The mean percentage of standard weight on admission was
      65% and that on discharge was 92%. Basal plasma cortisol fell gradually
      throughout the inpatient period, the correlation coefficient of the regression
      line relating percentage of standard weight to plasma cortisol in all patients
      was -0.559 (p less than 0.001). Adrenal androgen production, however, increased
      with weight gain and the correlation coefficient of the regression line of
      androgen production against percentage of standard weight was +0.303 (p less than
      0.01). The DHA/F ratio increased with weight gain. This suggests that weight gain
      in the patient with anorexia nervosa could be associated with increased activity
      in the adrenal 17,20-lyase enzymes and a decrease in the activity of the 3-beta
      hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. The possibility that these adrenal enzyme changes
      are controlled by pituitary proopiocortin peptides [the putative cortical
      androgen stimulating hormone (CASH)] is discussed as is the relationship between
      normal adrenarche and the weight related changes in adrenal function in anorexia
      nervosa.

PMID- 2931514
TI  - Structural alteration of the membrane of erythrocytes infected with Plasmodium
      falciparum.
AB  - Human erythrocytes infected with five strains of Plasmodium falciparum and Aotus
      erythrocytes infected with three strains of P. falciparum were studied by thin
      section and freeze-fracture electron microscopy. All strains of P. falciparum we
      studied induced electron-dense conical knobs, measuring 30-40 nm in height and 90
      100 nm in diameter on erythrocyte membranes. Freeze-fracture demonstrated that
      the knobs were distributed over the membrane of both human and Aotus
      erythrocytes. A distinct difference was seen between the intramembrane particle
      (IMP) distribution over the knobs of human and Aotus erythrocyte membranes. There
      was no change in IMP distribution in infected human erythrocyte membranes, but
      infected Aotus erythrocytes showed an aggregation of IMP over the P face of the
      knobs with a clear zone at the base. This difference in IMP distribution was
      related only to the host species and not to parasite strains. Biochemical
      analysis demonstrated that a higher proportion of band 3 was bound to the
      cytoskeleton of uninfected Aotus erythrocytes than uninfected human erythrocytes
      after Triton X-100 extraction. This may account for the different effects of P.
      falciparum infection on IMP distribution in the two different cell types.

PMID- 2931515
TI  - The use of polydioxanone suture in midline incisions.

PMID- 2931516
TI  - Plasma concentrations of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, delta 4
      androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone and oestradiol-17 beta in the crab-eating
      monkey (Macaca fascicularis) from birth to adulthood.
AB  - Plasma testosterone, 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), delta 4-androstenedione,
      dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) and oestradiol-17 beta concentrations of crab-eating
      macaques after birth were analysed by RIA. The profiles of plasma testosterone
      and DHT exhibited four phases: (1) a neonatal phase (0 to 3-4 months of age) with
      considerable synthetic testicular activity; (2) a phase of 'infancy' (generally
      up to 29 months of age) during which the values of both androgens were low; (3) a
      prepubertal phase (generally up to 43 months of age) when circulating values
      oscillated with wider individual variations, and (4) a pubertal phase when the
      concentrations increased in parallel and concomittantly with the onset of meiosis
      and the establishment of spermatogenesis. The testosterone values continued to
      increase, reaching adult values at about 5-6 years of age, whereas DHT levels
      tended to stabilize from 4-5 years. Relatively high androstenedione values during
      the neonatal phase decreased progressively until puberty, then increased again
      slowly up to the adult stage when they plateaued at about neonatal levels. The
      DHA levels were high during the first months, decreased at about 1 year, remained
      stable during infancy and prepuberty and then declined again during puberty. At
      about 5 years, the values were 28% of those in neonates. There was no evidence of
      an adrenarche before the first signs of sexual maturity were observed. Oestradiol
      17 beta concentrations were high at birth and until 3 months, then decreased and
      remained steady from 1 year of age until adulthood, except at the onset of
      puberty (27-30 months of age) when high values were again noted. Our results show
      that, during the neonatal period, the testis exhibited considerable secretory
      activity.

PMID- 2931517
TI  - Long-term reversible suppression of oestrus in bitches with nafarelin acetate, a
      potent LHRH agonist.
AB  - Adult cyclic beagle bitches were treated for up to 18 months with nafarelin
      acetate via subcutaneously implanted osmotic pumps, starting during the first
      week of a pro-oestrous vaginal discharge. The imminent ovulation appeared to be
      unaffected by treatment, but doses of 8 or 32 micrograms analogue/day reduced the
      integrated luteal progesterone values. No new oestrus was detected in 3 bitches
      during 18 months of treatment with 32 micrograms/day, which resulted in mean
      plasma levels of 0.4 ng analogue/ml. A return to oestrus was observed in all 3
      bitches between 3 and 18 weeks after cessation of treatment: 2 of the bitches
      mated at those times and produced normal litters. Another 2 bitches were
      similarly treated with 32 micrograms analogue/day; they were mated at the oestrus
      at start of treatment and dosing was continued for about 63 days. One of the
      bitches conceived and produced a normal litter. Nafarelin acetate treatment begun
      during anoestrus resulted in an induced heat 1-2 weeks after the start of
      treatment. The induced heat consisted of pro-oestrous vaginal discharge, oestrous
      vaginal cytology, and ovulation (judged by increased circulating levels of
      progesterone). Three bitches mated at the induced heat and treated for the normal
      duration of gestation did not litter. Nafarelin treatment of 3 bitches before
      puberty did not induce signs of oestrus and prevented the occurrence of oestrus
      through 18 months of treatment. The first oestrus in these bitches occurred 3.5-4
      months after cessation of treatment, but mating at that time did not result in
      pregnancy. These studies have established the feasibility of and dosage
      requirement for the use of the LHRH agonist as a contraceptive in the bitch.

PMID- 2931518
TI  - The Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome revisited. Changing perspectives after half a
      century.
AB  - The Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome is an extrapelvic manifestation of pelvic
      inflammatory disease. Classically it consists of adhesions between the liver
      capsule and the diaphragm or the anterior peritoneal surface. Two recent changes
      have been made in the assessment of this syndrome. One, the syndrome was
      originally thought to be caused solely by Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Recent studies
      using tissue cultures and serum antibody titers have documented a major etiologic
      role for Chlamydia trachomatis as well. Two, the condition has recently been
      reported to exist in men, whereas previously it was believed to be limited to
      sexually active women in their reproductive years.

PMID- 2931519
TI  - Modulation of macrophage-lymphocyte interactions by the antiarthritic gold
      compound, auranofin.
AB  - Auranofin (AF), a new oral gold agent effective for treating rheumatoid arthritis
      (RA) was evaluated for its ability to alter macrophage and lymphocyte functions
      of immune mediated chronic inflammation. AF (2 microM) inhibited antigen
      presentation by splenic macrophages to sensitized (DNFB) lymph node cells in
      vitro and also inhibited production of IL-2 and IL-1 by lymphocytes and
      macrophages, respectively. When AF suppressed Con-A induced mitogenesis in vitro,
      there were no inhibitory effects on Con-A induced suppressor T cell functions. AF
      administered orally to normal mice did not affect antigen presentation. DNFB
      contact sensitivity or Con-A induced mitogenesis. High concentrations of topical
      AF inhibited local immune responses to contact sensitizing agents and enhanced
      the induction of antigen specific suppressor T cells. Optimally, in vitro or in
      vivo AF inhibited macrophage and helper T cell functions with impairing the
      induction of suppressor T cells. After chronic treatment, similar effects could
      contribute to the efficacy of AF in humans with RA.

PMID- 2931520
TI  - Familial alterations of immunoregulation in systemic lupus erythematosus.
AB  - To better define the relationship between suppressor cell function and number and
      disease expression, the immunoregulatory profiles of 12 probands with systemic
      lupus erythematosus (SLE) and 34 of their asymptomatic family members were
      studied, using concanavalin A induced suppressor cells for functional analysis.
      SLE family members as a whole showed no impairment of mean suppressor levels,
      although 7 of 34 had altered suppression of DNA synthesis and 5 of 34 had altered
      suppression of IgG synthesis. Ratios of OKT4/T8 T cell subsets showed no
      difference between the study population, although 3 SLE family members had an
      increased ratio (greater than 2 SD) relative to controls. The 12 family members
      with either altered suppressor cell number or function had higher antibody levels
      to dRNA (Poly A . U) than did those with normal suppressor function and number.
      The results demonstrate that altered suppressor cell number and function occur in
      certain asymptomatic family members of SLE patients and may be weakly associated
      with markers of a preceding RNA viral infection.

PMID- 2931521
TI  - Decrease in the reaction of DNA repair synthesis in response to nicotinamide or 3
      aminobenzamide in ultraviolet irradiated systemic lupus erythematosus
      lymphocytes.
AB  - Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) lymphocytes failed to accelerate ultraviolet
      (UV) induced DNA repair synthesis normally observed following inhibition of
      poly(adenosine diphosphoribose) polymerization. Without inhibitors of
      poly(adenosine diphosphoribose) polymerase such as nicotinamide or 3
      aminobenzamide, DNA repair synthesis following UV irradiation was found to occur
      normally in the cells of patients. These data suggest that DNA repair is
      disturbed under special conditions in the lymphocytes of SLE patients.

PMID- 2931523
TI  - Handicapped people in Hong Kong: the problems of access to dental care.

PMID- 2931522
TI  - The clinical significance of coagulation abnormalities in systemic sclerosis
      (scleroderma).
AB  - A coagulation screen and measurement of circulating factor VIII related antigen
      (VIII-RAg), factor VIII coagulant activity (VIII-C) and beta-thromboglobulin
      (beta TG) levels were carried out in 25 patients with systemic sclerosis and 25
      age and sex matched controls. Both VIII-RAg and beta TG levels were significantly
      higher in the systemic sclerosis patients than controls. Fibrin degradation
      products were increased in 11 (44%) of the patients. There was a significant
      correlation between the VIII RAg/VIII-C ratio and severity of the vascular
      abnormalities noted on nailfold capillary microscopy. Those with VIII-RAg levels
      in excess of 200% of controls (10 of 25) had more severe disease with greater
      mean number of organ systems involved.

PMID- 2931524
TI  - The histamine H2 receptor agonist impromidine: synthesis and structure-activity
      considerations.
AB  - Impromidine (1) is a potent and selective histamine H2 receptor agonist and its
      structure comprises a strongly basic guanidine group containing two different
      imidazole-containing side chains. In this paper we report the synthesis of
      analogues in which both of the side chains and the guanidine group are modified
      and tested as agonists or antagonists at histamine H2 receptors on guinea pig
      atrium. A protonated amidine group linked by a chain of three carbon atoms to a
      tautomeric imidazole ring appears to be an essential feature for agonist activity
      and it is suggested that the second imidazole-containing side chain in
      impromidine mainly contributes toward affinity for histamine H2 receptors.

PMID- 2931525
TI  - A versatile speech output communication aid.
AB  - A portable, battery-powered communication aid with speech output, which can be
      operated by patients with limited finger control, is described. The device is
      sufficiently versatile to try out different methods of selection of words or
      phrases in the search for an acceptable, portable communication aid for the
      speech impaired.

PMID- 2931526
TI  - Lysogenicity of methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus.
AB  - The lysogenic status of 23 strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus
      aureus, isolated at the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, since 1980, was
      studied. Twenty strains, belonging to the four predominant phage types isolated
      in this hospital, carried the same lysogenic phage which we have designated C.
      Three other phages were isolated from five strains belonging to phage type
      84/85/90. The presence of phage C had little effect on the phage-typing pattern
      of the strains. Similarly, lysogenization with the other three phages did not
      result in a significant change in phage-typing patterns. However, when strain
      1489, isolated in 1969, was lysogenized with these three phages, there was a
      change in phage-typing pattern. Lysogenization of this strain with phage 47T
      resulted in a marked loss of sensitivity to both group-I and group-III phages.
      The lysogenic status of these methicillin-resistant strains of S. aureus was
      compared with that of strains isolated between 1967 and 1970. There was no
      evidence that the strains isolated recently were either related to, or derived
      from, the earlier ones.

PMID- 2931527
TI  - Transfer of plasmid-borne aminoglycoside-resistance determinants in
      staphylococci.
AB  - Aminoglycoside-resistance determinants in staphylococci are borne on conjugative
      and non-conjugative plasmids. The conjugative plasmids were found in methicillin
      resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated recently in Darwin and
      Sydney, Australia and in Houston, Texas, USA. These plasmids and the class-2
      conjugative plasmid reported by Archer and Johnston (1983) had similar patterns
      of EcoR1 restriction-endonuclease fragments, encoded resistance to gentamicin,
      kanamycin and neomycin, transferred to a non-lysogenic recipient in conditions
      that promoted close cell-to-cell contact and mobilised a small, non-conjugative
      plasmid. A further plasmid, pWG14, encoding resistance to kanamycin, neomycin,
      streptomycin, erythromycin and lincomycin, also displayed conjugative properties
      but did not mobilise the small, non-conjugative plasmid. The transfer frequency
      of all conjugative plasmids was stimulated by the addition of polyethylene
      glycol, particularly at concentrations above 20%, to mixtures of donor and
      recipient broth cultures. Polyethylene glycol appeared to promote close cell-to
      cell contact between donor and recipient cells. A representative of the most
      common aminoglycoside-resistance plasmids in Australian isolates of methicillin
      resistant S. aureus was non-conjugative and transferred by a bacteriophage
      mediated system to a lysogenic recipient. With the exception of plasmid pWG14,
      the conjugative plasmids were also transferred by a bacteriophage-mediated
      system. Furthermore, cultural conditions that favoured conjugative transfer of
      plasmids inhibited bacteriophage-mediated transfer and vice versa. The efficacy
      of the two transfer systems for analysing the plasmids of gentamicin-resistant,
      methicillin-resistant isolates of S. aureus has been compared.

PMID- 2931528
TI  - Study of the diurnal variation of human lymphocyte subsets.
AB  - The diurnal variation of peripheral white cells and in particular of different
      lymphocyte subsets has been investigated in 11 normal subjects. Monoclonal
      antibodies (Mab) phenotyping total T lymphocytes (UCHT1), cytotoxic/suppressor
      (UCHT4), helper T cells (Leu 3a), B lymphocytes (231) and K/NK cells (H25) have
      been used. In addition to the traditional parametric statistics, the
      chronobiological approach of cosinor was adopted in order to inferentially obtain
      the waveform covering the 24-hr period. Cosinor analysis validated the existence
      of a significant rhythm for leucocytes (p = 0.04, lymphocytes (p = 0.03), and Leu
      3a positive cells (p = 0.04). The best fitting period was equal to 28 hr. No
      circadian rhythm was documented for lymphocyte subsets positive for Mab UCHT4,
      231, H25, by testing the variability with a frequency ranging from 1 cycle every
      12hr to 1 cycle every 28 hr. By the non-inferential analysis of temporal curves,
      a significant peak of Leu 3a positive cells at 20.00 hr (p less than 0.001) was
      observed. The acrophase has been recorded by cosinor analysis at 20.36 hr. We
      conclude that the circadian variability of Leu 3a positive cell profile must be
      taken into account when the helper/suppressor ratio is calculated. The time
      dependence of this lymphocyte subpopulation suggests that when therapy with
      corticosteroids is considered in autoimmunity, it should be planned by keeping
      the peak of Leu 3a positive cells as a marker time.

PMID- 2931529
TI  - Modulation of the immunoreactivity of a T-lymphocyte subpopulation by neutrophil
      released prostaglandin.
AB  - The effect of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) on lymphocyte subpopulations
      and their reactivity was investigated by adding supernatants obtained by
      culturing PMNs with allogeneic or autologous lymphocytes which had been pre
      treated with prostaglandin (PG) synthetase inhibitors. PMNs were obtained from 12
      healthy individuals, 7 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and 6
      patients with bacterial infections. Freshly prepared normal lymphocytes
      pretreated with PG synthetase inhibitors were incubated with the above
      supernatants, and the lymphocyte and T-lymphocyte subpopulations were then
      quantitated, the responses of lymphocytes to mitogens measured and the generation
      of helper and suppressor T-cell activities for PWM-stimulated cultures assessed.
      We also ascertained which T-cell population, i.e. OKT4+ or OKT8+ cells, which had
      been altered by incubation with supernatants, was responsible for the suppressor
      T-cell activity. A reduced per cent of OKT4+ cells; depressed responses to Con A,
      PHA, PWM and allogeneic lymphocytes, impaired helper T-cell activity; and
      increased suppressor T-cell activity were noted after incubation of lymphocytes
      with supernatants. The percentage of T lymphocytes and of OKT8+ cells was,
      however, not affected. Further, enhanced suppressor T-cell activity was obtained
      when supernatant-incubated OKT4+ cells were cultured with OKT8+ cells, regardless
      of whether the latter had previously been exposed to supernatants. Addition of PG
      inhibitors to PMN co-cultures nearly restored the original percentage and
      reactivity of the T-lymphocyte populations, indicating a role for PG released
      from PMNs in the effects observed. The amount of PG demonstrated in co-culture
      supernatants was 30 times more than obtained by sonification of fresh PMNs and 10
      times more than found in the culture medium containing PMNs alone. These results
      suggest that, besides monocytes, other phagocytes, including PMNs, can modulate
      lymphocyte-mediated immune reactivity by the release of PG. Deceased number of
      OKT4+ cells, impaired helper T-cell activity and enhanced suppressor cell
      activity may, at least in part, result from the effect of PG released from PMNs
      as well as monocytes.

PMID- 2931531
TI  - Complement, antigen-antibody complexes and immune complex disease.

PMID- 2931532
TI  - Cell-mediated lympholysis (CML) to allogeneic and trinitrophenyl (TNP)-modified
      cells: re-evaluation of the role of the thymus in CML.
AB  - The role of the thymus in cell-mediated lympholysis (CML) to allogeneic and
      trinitrophenyl (TNP)-modified cells was re-evaluated using adult thymectomized
      (ATx) and neonatal thymectomized (NTx) mice. CML to TNP-modified cells was used
      as the model of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted CML. CML to
      TNP-modified cells, but not to allogeneic cells was reduced at late stages after
      ATx and remained low even in NTx-11 (thymectomy at 11 days of age) mice.
      Interleukin-2 (IL-2) producing activity in such mice was lower than that in the
      normal controls, while allogeneic CML was maintained at the same level as seen in
      the controls. The addition of exogenous IL-2 to in vitro culture led to a
      restoration of the generation of CML to TNP-modified cells, in neonatal
      thymectomized mice. These results suggested that thymus-dependency differs in the
      2 forms of CML and that the CML to TNP-modified cells showed a higher thymus
      dependency than did the allogeneic CML. Moreover, the activity of helper T cells
      may exert a direct influence on CML to TNP-modified cells, as compared to
      allogeneic cells.

PMID- 2931530
TI  - Phenotypic and functional correlations in circulating lymphocytes of prodromal
      homosexuals and patients with AIDS.
AB  - Findings of selected phenotypic and functional parameters demonstrated
      significant aberrations in both prodromal homosexual males and patients with
      AIDS. An impaired blastogenic response to T-cell dependent B-cell mitogen was
      associated with a significant decrease in percentage of helper T cells but
      appeared unrelated to the percentage of suppressor T cells. The functional
      subsets of the latter were further defined by a panel of monoclonal antibodies
      (Leu8, Leu15, and HLA-DR) applying dual color flow cytometric techniques. In both
      homosexuals at risk and in AIDS patients, activated suppressor cells with the
      phenotype Leu2+Leu15+ and Leu2+HLA-DR+ were elevated while the reciprocal
      cytotoxic Ts cells (Leu2+Leu15- and Leu2+HLA-DR-) were depressed. Both subsets of
      suppressor precursor cells and effector cells (Leu2+Leu8+ and Leu2+Leu8-) were
      elevated particularly in high risk homosexual males. These results suggest a
      defective feedback loop that regulate both helper and suppressor T cells as well
      as B-lymphocyte functions and may explain the clinical manifestation of AIDS.

PMID- 2931533
TI  - Pyrimidine dimers are not the principal pre-mutagenic lesions induced in lambda
      phage DNA by ultraviolet light.
AB  - Experiments were performed to examine the role of cyclobutyl pyrimidine dimers in
      the process of mutagenesis by ultraviolet (u.v.) light. Lambda phage DNA was
      irradiated with u.v. and then incubated with an Escherichia coli
      photoreactivating enzyme, which monomerizes cyclobutyl pyrimidine dimers upon
      exposure to visible light. The photoreactivated DNA was packaged into lambda
      phage particles, which were used to infect E. coli uvr- host cells that had been
      induced for SOS functions by ultraviolet irradiation. Photoreactivation removed
      most toxic lesions from irradiated phage, but did not change the frequency of
      induction of mutations to the clear-plaque phenotype. This implies that
      cyclobutyl pyrimidine dimers can be lethal, but usually do not serve as sites of
      mutations in the phage. The DNA sequences of mutants derived from
      photoreactivated DNA showed that almost two-thirds (16/28) were transitions, the
      same fraction found for u.v. mutagenesis without photoreactivation. These results
      show that in this system, the lesion inducing transitions (the major type of u.v.
      induced mutation) is not the cyclobutyl pyrimidine dimer; a strong candidate for
      a mutagenic lesion is the Pyr(6-4)Pyo photoproduct. On the other hand,
      photoreactivation of SOS-induced host cells before infection with u.v.-irradiated
      phage reduced mutagenesis substantially. In this case, photoreversal of
      cyclobutyl dimers serves to reduce expression of the SOS functions that are
      required in the process of targeted u.v. mutagenesis.

PMID- 2931534
TI  - Cardiac morphology in rats with growth hormone-producing tumours.
AB  - Cardiac enlargement and dysfunction are common in patients with acromegaly.
      Whether these changes are a direct consequence of growth hormone excess is
      obscured by the high frequency of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, or
      atherosclerosis in acromegalic patients. In this study, the effects of chronic
      elevations of growth hormone (GH) upon the heart were studied in rats with GH
      producing tumours implanted subcutaneously for 4 weeks. Geometric measurements
      and histology were employed to detect the presence of cardiac changes. Increased
      mass was observed in the tumour-bearing animals. When compared with controls, in
      tumour-bearing rats there were significantly greater (P less than 0.05) right
      (0.17 +/- 0.03 v. 0.13 +/- 0.01 g) and left (0.62 +/- 0.05 v. 0.50 +/- 0.04 g)
      ventricular weights, external cardiac dimensions, and myocardial fibre diameters
      (9.4 +/- 0.6 v. 8.3 +/- 0.4 micron). However, these increases were linearly
      related to increased body mass in the tumour-bearing group so that the ratios of
      ventricular weights to body weight were similar in both groups. Furthermore, no
      pathologic changes such as myocardial fibrosis or asymmetric septal hypertrophy
      were present in the tumour-bearing rats. Thus, under the conditions of this
      study, growth hormone excess induced cardiac growth, which appeared to represent
      a manifestation of generalized body growth rather than a distinct pathologic
      process.

PMID- 2931535
TI  - [The kidney and disseminated intravascular coagulation].

PMID- 2931536
TI  - [Fibrinolysis and disseminated intravascular coagulation].

PMID- 2931537
TI  - [Important measurement of fluorescence intensity in the determination of
      lymphocyte subsets and the detection of large granular lymphocytes (LGL)].

PMID- 2931538
TI  - [Diagnosis of left-ventricular hypertrophy: present-day status and tomorrow's
      prospects].

PMID- 2931539
TI  - [Spasm of the right coronary artery after percutaneous coronary angioplasty,
      occurring beyond the sites of arterial dilatation].

PMID- 2931540
TI  - [Dynamics of epidemiological situation and the results of the program of
      prevention of arterial hypertension at industrial plants].

PMID- 2931541
TI  - [Effectiveness of roentgeno-endovascular dilatation in the treatment of
      renovascular hypertension].
AB  - The techniques and methodology of roentgeno-endovascular dilatation, used as part
      of the treatment for renovascular hypertension in 50 patients with 66 arterial
      stenoses of varying etiology, are described. The factors that may affect the
      efficacy of the procedure are discussed: the duration and etiology of the
      disease, stenosis localization, the number of affected renal arteries, plasma
      renin activity in renal veins, the dilating catheter used, etc. The stenosed
      portion of an artery could not be passed in 4 patients. In 38 (82.6%) of 46
      patients, whose stenosed renal arterial segments were successfully passed and
      roentgeno-endovascular dilatation was attempted, systemic arterial BP eventually
      returned to normal or diminished.

PMID- 2931543
TI  - [Intra-operative vasodilation in reconstructive surgery of combined
      arteriosclerotic lesions of arteries of the pelvis and lower limbs].

PMID- 2931542
TI  - [Newly developed stenocardia: electrocardiographic and angiographic comparisons
      and the possibility of conducting intraluminal dilatation of coronary arteries].
AB  - Fifty coronary patients were examined within the first 3 months after the onset
      of anginal attacks. All patients were subjected to coronaroangiographic
      investigation, bicycle ergometry, and 45 patients, to ECG-monitoring. Resting ECG
      patterns were assessed. One coronary vessel, the anterior interventricular branch
      of the left coronary artery in most (73%) cases, was affected in 66% of the
      patients. The stenoses suitable for intraluminal balloon dilatation were found in
      58% of the patients with one vessel affected. In a considerable proportion (24%)
      of the patients, 2 or 3 arteries were affected. Combined electrocardiographic
      investigation demonstrated lesions of the anterior interventricular branch of the
      left coronary artery. The early results obtained with the intraluminal balloon
      dilatation of coronary arteries (16 attempts in 13 patients) showed good clinical
      effect to accompany anatomically-successful procedures (8 patients).

PMID- 2931544
TI  - [Elephantiasis of the anterior abdominal wall].

PMID- 2931545
TI  - [A vascular bougie].

PMID- 2931546
TI  - [Laparoscopy in the treatment of acute adhesive intestinal obstruction in
      children].

PMID- 2931547
TI  - [Hypoplastic left heart syndrome--clinical and pathologico-anatomic findings].
AB  - In twenty-two cases with hypoplastic left heart syndrome the anamnestic criterias
      and the clinical features were analysed. The pathologic specimens were examined
      in thirteen cases. The relations of the left heart to the right heart were
      measured. The same information is to be measured by two-dimensional
      echocardiography intra vitam. It should be discussed whether it is possible to
      perform an operative procedure in some rare cases of hypoplastic left heart
      syndrome.

PMID- 2931548
TI  - [1st postwar XIII All-Union Congress of Therapists (15-20 June 1947, Leningrad)].

PMID- 2931549
TI  - [Leningrad therapists in World War II 1941-1945].

PMID- 2931550
TI  - [Complications of drug therapy in patients with brucellosis].

PMID- 2931551
TI  - Intestinal transport of vitamins.
AB  - Animals rely on acquiring through their diet, certain micronutrients required to
      support metabolism that we refer to as vitamins. The water-soluble vitamins are
      absorbed in the intestine only slowly by simple diffusion; specific mechanisms of
      transport have evolved that normally insure complete availability of each
      substrate to the organism. Secondary genetic errors that result in the impairment
      of an intestinal transport mechanism may become debilitating.

PMID- 2931552
TI  - Vitamins: an evolutionary perspective.
AB  - Access to vitamins and the genetic endownment to utilize them maintain vitamin
      dependent metabolic homeostasis in heterotrophs. Whereas the extent of adverse
      nutritional experiences has declined in modern human societies, phenocopies of
      deficiency diseases persist; accordingly, they have high heritability. The
      "vitamin-responsive hereditary metabolic diseases" identify DNA that specifies
      conserved apoenzyme domains interacting with coenzyme and the cellular processes
      providing access to coenzymes. Could heterozygosity at those loci also be a
      determinant of disease (or health) under certain circumstances?

PMID- 2931553
TI  - Successful nicotinamide treatment in an autosomal dominant behavioral and
      psychiatric disorder.

PMID- 2931554
TI  - A three-dimensional computational simulation of some sources of measurement
      artifact in microvascular pulsed ultrasound Doppler velocimetry.
AB  - Recent applications of 20 MHz pulsed ultrasound Doppler velocimetry (PUDVM) in
      microsurgical research have necessarily employed piezoelectric crystals whose
      diameter is not negligible compared to the lumen size (1-2 mm) of many vessels of
      interest. A three-dimensional numerical model was developed to explore
      relationships between actual and detected flow field parameters, for (steady)
      Poiseuille flow, when appreciable velocity gradients exist within the PUDVM
      sample volume. Validation studies showed that highly accurate velocity profiles
      could be obtained in the limiting case of a very small sample volume (0.1 mm
      radius), but that for currently employed crystals (approximately equal to 0.5 mm
      radius) there was appreciable underestimation of the centersteam velocity, and
      appreciable overestimation of the flow stream diameter. Errors in perceived
      velocity and flow rate were found to be relatively insensitive to perturbations
      in the sample volume thickness, in the size of the sampling range increment, or
      in the angle of insonation beam divergence. By contrast, these apparent flow
      parameters were found to be very sensitive to perturbations of sample volume
      diameter or of the Doppler angle. Small variations in the degree of partial
      sample volume overlap of the flowstream periphery were shown to be capable of
      causing large fluctuations in apparent flow stream diameter.

PMID- 2931555
TI  - Influence of the first formant on the recognition of voiced stop consonants by
      hearing-impaired listeners.
AB  - In order to examine first formant masking effects in hearing-impaired listeners,
      bay, day, and gay were synthesized with and without a first formant. The signals
      were presented at several levels. Removal of the first formant did not improve
      intelligibility at levels above, at, or below the point of maximum
      intelligibility. These results and others converge to suggest that masking spread
      from the first formant is not a significant factor in the identification of
      voiced stop consonants by listeners with sloping, mild-to-moderate hearing loss.

PMID- 2931556
TI  - A study of [3H]aldosterone binding by nuclear and cytoplasmic receptors of the
      rat kidney with different content of aldosterone in the organism.
AB  - The distribution of specific mineralocorticoid receptors in rat kidney cells was
      found to depend on aldosterone concentration. With increasing aldosterone
      concentrations the number of specific receptors for aldosterone in the cytoplasm
      decreased and their quantity in the nuclei increased. This was evidently due to
      their enhanced transport from the cytoplasm to the nuclei. It was found that
      aldosterone (its complex with the receptor) attached to non-histone proteins of
      chromatin and that the structural integrity of DNA is needed to provide the
      binding of this complex to the cell nuclei. The quantity of aldosterone acceptor
      sites in the kidney cell nuclei remained constant when aldosterone concentrations
      in the organism changed, and, hence, the functional states of the target organ
      changed too.

PMID- 2931557
TI  - B-lymphocyte associated differentiation antigen expression by 'non-B, non-T'
      acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
AB  - We investigated the neoplastic cells obtained from 37 cases of 'non-B, non-T'
      (SIg-E-) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) for their expression of 13 distinct
      monoclonal antibody defined B lymphocyte associated differentiation antigens. We
      correlated the expression of these B cell antigens with terminal deoxynucleotidyl
      transferase (TdT), HLA-DR antigen, common ALL antigen (cALLa), and cytoplasmic mu
      heavy chain (Cu) expression by these neoplastic cells. In this way, we were able
      to describe a hierarchy of B lymphocyte associated differentiation antigens as
      well as the marked phenotypic heterogeneity of 'non-B, non-T' ALL. TdT and HLA-DR
      are expressed throughout the stages of B cell differentiation represented by 'non
      B, non-T' ALL. The earliest B cell antigen appears to be Leu 12 (B4) followed by
      BA-2 and then BL2. OKB2, BL1 and BA-1 are acquired next, followed by B1, BL3,
      cALLa and Cu. BL7 appears just prior to SIg. OKB1, OKB4, OKB7 and BL4 appear at
      or after the time of SIg expression and hence are not expressed by 'non-B, non-T'
      ALL cells. This developmental hierarchy is supported by the results of phorbol
      ester (TPA) induction studies. Thus, cases of 'non-B, non-T' ALL constitute a
      useful model for probing the hierarchal expression of B cell antigens and
      delineating the B cell developmental pathway(s).

PMID- 2931558
TI  - Pulmonary endometriosis.

PMID- 2931559
TI  - Contractile and histochemical characteristics of the rabbit diaphragm in elastase
      induced emphysema.

PMID- 2931561
TI  - Detection of low-grade arterial stenosis using an automatic minimum-flow-velocity
      tracking system (MVTS) as an adjunct to pulsed ultrasonic Doppler vessel imaging.

PMID- 2931560
TI  - Magnesium regulation of the glycolytic pathway and the enzymes involved.
AB  - Past work, including our computer simulation of cardiac energy metabolism,
      indicates that magnesium is an important coherent controller of glycolysis and
      the Krebs cycle. Many of the glycolytic enzymes are sensitive to Mg2+. The most
      important effect is due to MgATP2-being a cofactor for a number of these enzymes
      while other chelation forms are inactive or inhibitory. The means by which Mg2+
      and Mg2+ chelates of adenine nucleotides regulate the most important glycolytic
      enzymes--hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, aldolase, phosphoglycerate kinase, and
      pyruvate kinase--are described in detail. Creatine kinase, which is important in
      energy metabolism and highly sensitive to both metal ions and pH, is also
      discussed. It is necessary to properly control the composition of assay mixtures
      (particularly with regard to metal ions) in order to determine what actually
      regulates the activity of an enzyme.

PMID- 2931562
TI  - [Arnozan-Dubreuilh depilating folliculitis].
AB  - Male patient, aged twenty-six years. Having an eight-and-a-half-year- old
      dermatosis of localized evolution on scalp, under arms, thighs, pubis and legs,
      characterized by inflammatory papules and follicular and extra-adnexial pustules,
      tiny scars and lack of hair in the affected areas. The authors present a
      representative case of "depilating folliculitis" of (Arnozan and Dubreuilh)
      stressing the following: Uncommon frequency in our country but frequent in warmer
      climates where it is observed mainly among peasants and sugar-cane workers. Wide
      depilated areas principally in folds. Seasonal outbreak. Good response to
      treatment. A revision of the theme is made emphasizing the histopathologic
      pathogenesis.

PMID- 2931563
TI  - [Peripheral blood lymphocyte populations in 2 cases of Behcet syndrome].
AB  - The lymphocytes subsets in peripheral blood were studied in two patients with
      Behcet's syndrome. The finding about the decrease of T lymphocytes with the ratio
      elevated and specially the increase of B lymphocytes favors the hypothesis of
      predominance of the antibody formation over the cellular cytotoxicity.

PMID- 2931564
TI  - [Chronic endemic regional hydroarsenicism. The manifestations of arsenic
      poisoning caused by drinking water].
AB  - This report deals with endemic chronic arsenical intoxication (HACRE) observed in
      several provinces in Argentina. Similar reports come from Chili, Mexico, Brasil,
      Bolivia, Peru and Japan. HACRE patients show no systemic, symptoms and specific
      manifestations are palmoplantar keratoderma, multiple cutaneous epitheliomas,
      mainly Bowen-type and respiratory or digestive carcinomas. The authors emphasize
      that these specific manifestations of HACRE are worth knowing for their possible
      social incidence.

PMID- 2931565
TI  - Binding of radioiodinated human beta-endorphin to serum proteins from rats and
      humans, determined by several methods.
AB  - Binding of immunoreactive radioiodinated human beta-endorphin (125I-beta-EP) to
      rat serum was demonstrated by gel filtration of 125I-beta-EP in pooled rat serum
      on Sephadex G-200. Two radioactive peaks associated with proteins eluted from the
      column. The first peak eluted at the void volume containing lipoproteins, alpha 2
      and beta 2-macroglobulins, and the second peak at the fraction of albumin.
      Binding of 125I-beta-EP to albumin was directly proved by gel filtration of 125I
      beta-EP in buffer containing 4% human serum albumin on Sephadex G-200.
      Equilibrium dialysis was not applicable to investigating the interaction of 125I
      beta-EP with serum proteins, because of the intense nonspecific adsorption to the
      semipermeable membrane and the degradation of the peptide during dialysis.
      Therefore, in order to quantitatively evaluate the binding of 125I-beta-EP in
      sera from rats and humans, we utilized four other methods (ultrafiltration,
      charcoal adsorption, polyethylene glycol precipitation and equilibrium gel
      filtration). These methods corresponded well with each other and indicated 35-44%
      binding of 125I-beta-EP in rat serum. Binding of 125I-beta-EP in normal human
      serum was 36%, determined by ultrafiltration. Serum protein binding of 125I-beta
      EP was concentration independent over the concentration range studied (1-1000
      nM).

PMID- 2931566
TI  - Effects of atrial natriuretic factor on human platelet function.
AB  - We examined the hypothesis that atrial natriuretic factor (ANF), a substance with
      known vasorelaxant activities, shares with other vasodilators the property of
      inhibiting platelet function. Aggregation of citrated platelet-rich plasma (PRP)
      from 23 healthy volunteers induced by ADP, adrenaline, arachidonic acid,
      collagen, gamma-thrombin, the endoperoxide analogue U-44069, serotonin, the
      calcium ionophore A-23187 or platelet aggregating factor was measured after
      incubation of PRP with ANF for 3 minutes at concentrations of 4 X 10(-9), 4 X 10(
      8) and 4 X 10(-7) M or vehicle as control. ANF decreased ADP-induced aggregation
      significantly (P less than 0.02), but only at the highest concentration used and
      to a minor extent (control: 73.6 +/- 11.2%; after ANF 4 X 10(-7) M: 60.0 +/-
      17.1%, mean +/- S.D., n = 39) by a selective inhibitory effect on the secondary
      wave; neither aggregation by all other agents tested nor thromboxane B2
      generation induced by ADP and adrenaline was altered by incubation with ANF.
      Although ANF thus has detectable effects on ADP-induced platelet aggregation in
      vitro, these data suggest that ANF is unlikely to be a physiologically
      significant modulator of platelet function.

PMID- 2931567
TI  - Ionophoretic-like action of diflunisal.
AB  - It is shown that diflunisal, a derivative salicylic acid, causes uncoupling of
      oxidative phosphorylation owing to its property of carrying hydrogen ions through
      the inner mitochondrial membrane in such way that a short-circuit of protons is
      promoted. As a consequence of the above, the drug induces a decrease of the
      internal negative membrane potential and therefore the release of
      intramitochondrial calcium. In addition this report presents evidences that
      diflunisal behaves as a ionophore molecule since it induces cation extraction
      into an organic phase.

PMID- 2931568
TI  - Disability and driving in Switzerland.

PMID- 2931569
TI  - Platelet function tests: a critical review of methods.

PMID- 2931570
TI  - [Computational methods for determining the mean tissue doses during x-ray
      procedures].
AB  - The Soviet and Finnish authors presented a short description of two computer
      methods to determine doses in the patients' organs. Based on the general
      principles, such as a semiempirical mathematical description of dose fields and a
      realistic anthropomorphous phantom, these methods differed significantly in the
      algorithms used and ways of solving specific problems. The comparison of these
      methods and calculated dose values with the results of experimental measurements
      on the phantom showed a good convergence of the results. The divergence of
      calculated and experimental data by the values of the mean absorbed doses in the
      organs did not exceed +/- 35%. The advantages and prospects of the use of the
      computer methods for the evaluation of doses received by patients, were
      demonstrated.

PMID- 2931571
TI  - [Economic efficacy of using computer technology for planning radiotherapy].

PMID- 2931572
TI  - [Role of paramedical workers in providing complete dispensary care for the
      population].

PMID- 2931573
TI  - [Organization of medical care for the victims in road traffic accidents].

PMID- 2931574
TI  - Issues in the enumeration of handicapping conditions in the United States.

PMID- 2931575
TI  - Atlanto-axial instability in Down syndrome: a need for awareness.

PMID- 2931576
TI  - Are we stereotyping parents? A postscript to Blacher.

PMID- 2931577
TI  - Implantable infusion pumps: clinical applications.

PMID- 2931578
TI  - Microvascular adjustments during irreversible hemorrhagic shock in rat skeletal
      muscle.
AB  - A study was made of microvessel response to hemorrhagic hypotension and the
      subsequent restoration of blood volume. The experiments were conducted on
      anesthetized rats in which the cremaster muscle was exteriorized for intravital
      microscopy. Variables measured during hypotension (40 mm Hg for 60 min) and after
      blood restoration (120 min observation) included systemic blood pressure, heart
      rate, arteriolar and venular diameter, sensitivity to epinephrine, velocity and
      volumetric flow rate. These findings were correlated with 24-hr survival
      statistics. The response to hemorrhagic hypotension is a reflection of two
      separate adjustments, cardiac output and peripheral vascular behavior. In
      survivors, the microvascular sequelae following blood replacement was one of
      continuous improvement of muscle perfusion, whereas in nonsurvivors the picture
      was one of progressive deterioration. The consistent hallmark of irreversibility,
      arteriolar hyposensitivity, was associated with a continuous falling off in mean
      arterial pressure despite restoration of normal blood volume.

PMID- 2931579
TI  - Exercise-induced myocardial capillary growth in the spontaneously hypertensive
      rat.
AB  - Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were studied to test the hypothesis that
      endurance exercise training can stimulate capillary growth and offset the
      decrement associated with the development of myocardial hypertrophy. The exercise
      group (SHR-T) was trained on a treadmill for 10 weeks at 70-90% maximum VO2 and
      compared to nontrained SHR and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) at 16 weeks of
      age. Thus, the training program coincided with the development of hypertension
      and hypertrophy in SHR. Image analysis was used to study capillaries in one
      micron thick left ventricular tissue samples from perfuse-fixed hearts. Training
      did not affect left ventricular mass or blood pressure, but reversed the
      characteristic decrements in capillary surface area (CSA), volume (CV), and
      numerical density (CD). CSA and CV were most markedly affected by exercise, as
      mean values for these parameters increased by 31 and 40%, respectively, compared
      to SHR. The magnitude of these changes approximated the magnitude of hypertrophy
      as evidenced by left ventricular weight/body weight ratios (42% in SHR and 37% in
      SHR-T). Anatomical intercapillary distance was also normalized by training (means
      +/- SEM): SHR-T, 11.65 +/- 0.31; SHR, 13.97 +/- 0.37; WKY, 11.19 +/- 0.37. These
      data indicate that exercise stimulates capillary growth in the face of developing
      hypertension and its related left ventricular hypertrophy.

PMID- 2931580
TI  - Reverse effect of gram-positive bacteria vs. gram-negative bacteria on adjuvant
      induced arthritis in germfree rats.
AB  - Germfree (GF) F344 rats developed severe adjuvant-induced arthritis with a 100%
      incidence after a single intradermal injection of heat-killed Mycobacterium bovis
      (BCG). Specific pathogene-free (SPF) rats developed less severe arthritis with a
      lower incidence. The rats colonized with Escherichia coli or Bacteroides
      developed mild disease comparable to that in SPF rats. The rats colonized with
      Bifidobacterium, Propionibacterium acnes, Lactobacillus casei, L. fermentum, L.
      murini, and L. acidophilus developed more severe disease than that in GF rats.
      Furthermore, the rats colonized with a mixture of E. coli and the above
      lactobacilli developed very mild disease similar to that in SPF rats. These
      results suggest that gram-negative bacteria, such as E. coli and Bacteroides, may
      suppress the disease, possibly through their lipopolysaccharides, and may be
      responsible for the lower susceptibility of SPF rats; gram-positive bacteria,
      such as Bifidobacterium, P. acnes, and lactobacilli, may enhance the disease,
      possibly through their peptidoglycans; and E. coli may play a dominant role in
      modulating the development of adjuvant-induced arthritis.

PMID- 2931581
TI  - Prenatal cytogenetic diagnosis.

PMID- 2931583
TI  - [A basic study on the anti-tumor activity of peripheral lymphocytes of tumor
      bearing rats by in vitro culture].
AB  - In order to establish passive cancer immunotherapy by in vitro culture of
      lymphocytes, several methods were devised to induce and augment anti-tumor
      activity of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) in the presence of interleukin-2
      (IL-2). In vitro experiment: Weak anti-tumor activity appeared on culture of PBL
      in the presence of IL-2. On addition of MMC treated tumor antigen, the anti-tumor
      activity was augmented. Anti-tumor activity further increased on addition of
      peritoneal exudate macrophages or peripheral whole white blood cells containing
      monocytes to (2) as accessory cells. Effect similar to (3) was obtained in MLTC
      of peripheral whole white blood cells. [II] In Winn neutralization test, the
      strongest tumor-neutralizing activity was seen in the group of cultured
      lymphocytes with antigen and in the group of cultured leukocytes with antigen.
      This result agreed excellently with the results of the in vitro experiments [I].
      [III] In the therapeutic experiment: Significantly better effect was noted in the
      treated group by cultured leukocytes with antigen than in the treated group by
      non-cultured lymphocytes. The treatment with 10(7) lymphocytes produced
      definitely prolonged survival of tumor-bearing rats compared to the treatment of
      10(6) or less number lymphocytes.

PMID- 2931582
TI  - Gene organization and regulation in the qa (quinic acid) gene cluster of
      Neurospora crassa.

PMID- 2931585
TI  - [Congenital adrenogenital syndrome].

PMID- 2931584
TI  - A series of repetitive DNA sequences are associated with human core and H1
      histone genes.
AB  - Repetitive DNA sequences, derived from the human beta-globin gene cluster, were
      mapped within a series of human genomic DNA segments containing core (H2A, H2B,
      H3 and H4) and H1 histone genes. Cloned recombinant lambda CH4A phage with human
      histone gene inserts were analyzed by Southern blot analysis using the following
      32P-labeled (nick translated) repetitive sequences as probes: Alu I, Kpn I and
      LTR-like. A cloned DNA designated RS002-5'C6 containing (i) a (TG)16 simple
      repeat, (ii) an (ATTTT)n repeat and (iii) a 52 base pair alternating purine and
      pyrimidine sequence was also used as a radiolabelled hybridization probe.
      Analysis of 12 recombinant phage, containing 6 arrangements of core histone
      genes, indicated the presence of Alu I, Kpn and RS002-5'C6 repetitive sequences.
      In contrast, analysis of 4 human genomic DNA segments, containing both core and
      H1 histone genes, indicated the presence of only Alu I family sequences. LTR-like
      sequences were not detected in association with any of the core or H1 histone
      genes examined. These results suggest that human histone and beta-globin genes
      share certain aspects of sequence organization in flanking regions despite marked
      differences in their overall structure and pattern of expression.

PMID- 2931586
TI  - [Pathogenesis of insulin-dependent (type I) diabetes mellitus].

PMID- 2931587
TI  - The possible effect of high concentrations of propylene glycol on mitosis in
      human lymphocytes in vitro.
AB  - The effect of three concentrations, 1, 2 and 4 per cent, of propylene glycol has
      been investigated on human lymphocytes in vitro. An increased ratio of anaphase
      cells was observed at 4 per cent propylene glycol in the culture medium, when
      added for the last 24 h in 72 h blood cultures. No change in chromosome number
      has concomitantly been observed. A weak stathmokynetic action was induced by the
      same concentration of propylene glycol if administered for the final two hours of
      cell cultivation. These effects could be due to a delay in the normal sequence of
      the sister chromatid separation during mitosis, induced by the highest drug
      concentration.

PMID- 2931588
TI  - The effect of ethanol upon early development in mice and rats. VIII. Cytogenetic
      analysis of preimplantation stages of alcoholized mice.
AB  - Cytogenetic analysis was performed on preimplantation embryos (morulae and
      blastocysts) from control (untreated) and experimental groups of RAP strain
      female mice. The experimental groups underwent chronic alcoholization, acute
      ethanol intoxication of a combined treatment. The results suggest that the
      treatments applied did not induce, in our experimental conditions, chromosomal
      aberrations.

PMID- 2931589
TI  - Calcium cytochemistry and stereological morphometry of the intercalated ductal
      cells of the pancreas.
AB  - Using K-antimonate procedure, Ca2 binding sites in pancreatic small ductal cells
      were studied. Great precipitates were observed in the lumen of intercalated
      ducts, on luminal, contraluminal and lateral plasmalemma of centroacinar cells
      and in some of their organelles especially in mitochondrial matrix as well as on
      the euchromatin. Fine precipitates were present mainly on the endomembranes of
      perinuclear cisternae, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi vesicles, mitochondria,
      secretory vesicles. Stereological studies showed in electron micrographs great
      differences from one cell type to another for the volume of mitochondria: 8% in
      acinar cell, 4.8% in centroacinar cell, 15.3% in small ductal cell and 4% in
      endocrine cell. The results strongly support the idea that centroacinar and
      intercalated ductal cells constitute the segments of pancreatic excretory cells,
      where the alkalinization of pancreatic juice takes place mainly by the secretion
      of bicarbonate and resorption of chloride ions.

PMID- 2931590
TI  - Sulphonated phthalocyanine induced caudal malformative syndrome in the chick
      embryo.
AB  - Sulphonated phthalocyanine (Pht.) has been tested for its possible noxious effect
      on the developing chick embryo. When injected into the subembryonic cavity of 40
      45 hours incubated chick embryos (mainly 10-20 somite pairs), Pht. induces a
      highly reproducible caudal malformative syndrome (trunk and taillessness, various
      anomalies of the limbs). The main effect is--in about 15% of the malformed
      specimens--associated with unilateral microphthalmy and, less frequently, with
      coelosomy. Microscopically developmental disturbances of the caudal axial organs,
      of the mesonephros and of the limbs are observed. The initial pathological
      changes, at microscopic level, are necrosis and hemorrhages in the caudal axial
      and paraxial area. The allantois is poorly developed or even absent. Skeletal
      changes involve anomalies of the ribs and of the vertebral column and total or
      partial absence of the pelvic girdle bones. The high mortality, mainly during the
      first week, is due--first of all--to the developmental disturbances including the
      poor development or absence of the allantois. Control experiments with CuCl2
      suggest the ethiological role of Cu. Pathogenetic aspects are discussed.

PMID- 2931591
TI  - The aberrant retroesophageal right subclavian artery.
AB  - Two cases with arteria lusoria were found at 278 routine dissections. These
      arteria arise as the last branches of the aortic arch and have a retroesophageal
      position. At the crossing point, the esophagus narrows due to the groove caused
      by the artery. The appearance of this malposition is the consequence of the
      perturbation in the organo-genesis of the right dorsal aorta and fourth branchial
      artery. The aberration can lead to disphagia lusoria.

PMID- 2931592
TI  - Rotavirus infection in gastroenteritis in children.
AB  - The electron microscopic investigation of biological materials (faeces,
      intestinal mucous biopsies) from 19 children and sucklings with clinically
      diagnosed acute gastroenteritis evidenced the presence of some rotavirus-like
      viral particles in 31 percent of cases. The age of hospitalized subjects varied
      between 4 months and three years. There have been identified viral particles in
      the cytoplasm of enterocytes of the intestinal villi and in suspensions of the
      fecal materials.

PMID- 2931593
TI  - A morphological quantitative study of small vessels in diabetic cardiomyopathy.
AB  - In 25 adult diabetic patients, tissue fragments from myocardium were removed at
      necropsy and processed routinely. The morphometrical analysis was made using eye
      piece ocular micrometer on a definite microscopic area. The arteriolar wall
      thickness increased from 5.10 mu +/- 1.71 in control group to 7.37 mu +/- 1.98 in
      the diabetic heart. The arterioles number decreased from 5.82/mm2 +/- 0.54 in the
      nondiabetics to 2.51/mm2 +/- 0.65 in the diabetic heart. The mean arteriolar
      diameter increased from 24.61 mu +/- 7.7 in the control group to 29.45 mu +/-
      8.25 in the diabetic myocardium. The mean capillary diameter increased from 4.09
      mu +/- 0.63 to 5.69 mu +/- 1.34 in diabetics. The capillaries number/mm2
      decreased from 6.98 +/- 1.55 in the nondiabetics to 4.39 +/- 1.54 in diabetic
      patients. All differences, less the mean arteriolar diameter, are statistically
      significant. The following microscopical aspects were found in the small
      intramural coronary arteries: proliferation of endothelial cells with focal
      protuberances leading to partial narrowing of the lumen; increased thickness of
      the arteriolar wall due to fibrosis and accumulation of neutral
      mucopolysaccharides; alterations of elastic fibers. Frequently small areas of
      perivascular fibrosis and isolated foci of myocytolysis were found as well. These
      results suggest that the arteriolar impairment, especially the thickening of the
      arteriolar wall, could play a role in the pathogenesis of diabetic
      cardiomyopathy.

PMID- 2931594
TI  - Tubular carcinoma of the breast.
AB  - Forty-six tubular carcinomas selected from a series of 434 breast cancers,
      operated by radical mastectomy, were classified in four types: pure tubular
      carcinoma--one case, and three mixed types of tubular carcinoma in which the
      tubular structures decrease progressively in favour of a trabecular, poorly
      differentiated component. The tumors size and regional lymphatic dissemination
      increased in parallel with this dynamic change of parenchyma. Tubular carcinoma
      metastasized less frequently and in lower number of axillary lymph nodes as the
      other types of invasive breast tumors.

PMID- 2931595
TI  - Cytophotometric study of DNA content of cells in type III cervical smears.
AB  - Cytophotometric study of suspicious (group III of the Papanicolaou's
      classification) smears shows the heterogeneity of this group, which includes
      cases with diploid--tetraploid DNA modes, cases with a wide distribution of DNA
      values and aneuploid cases. The significance of these findings in relation with
      the biological properties of cells is briefly discussed.

PMID- 2931596
TI  - Sweat gland tumors with stromal haemangiomatous component: an undescribed type of
      skin tumors. Report of four cases.
AB  - An undescribed type of skin tumour, discovered in four cases, is reported. It is
      characterized by sweat-gland tumours (benign or malignant), with a common stromal
      haemangiomatous component which confers to it a peculiar pattern. Histogenetic
      possibilities are discussed. A collision mechanism between a pre-existent
      hamartomatous component (haemangioma) and a recent sweat-gland growth may be
      responsible for the appearance of this type and we think that this picture is
      more frequent but unidentified because, to our knowledge, it was not described up
      to the present paper.

PMID- 2931597
TI  - Penetration and proliferation of BHK and HeLa cells into a three-dimensional
      collagen matrix of bone stroma type. Preliminary results.
AB  - Some preliminary data regarding the test of penetration and proliferation of BHK
      and HeLa cells biocompatibility to a three dimensional stroma saturated with
      phosphorous and calcium salts (a biomaterial replacing bone) are presented. These
      data suggest that the analysed biomaterial might be used in surgical practices of
      prosthesis appliance on interfaces of fractured bone.

PMID- 2931599
TI  - [Application and considerations of intravenous psychosedation for aged dental
      patients with sick sinus syndrome].

PMID- 2931598
TI  - Effect of nonspecific immune stimulation with BCG and polidin on the Ehrlich
      ascites tumor growth.
AB  - Investigations were performed to study: 1) the antitumor effect of BCG
      pretreatment on the development of Ehrlich ascites tumor in mice; 2) the effect
      of BCG administration in relation to the period of time before tumor inoculation
      and the dose levels used, and 3) the antitumor effect of an associated
      pretreatment of BCG and Polidin on the development of Ehrlich ascites tumor. BCG
      administered prior to Ehrlich ascites tumor inoculation have a protective effect
      evidenced by a delay in tumor development, a prolonged survival of the tumor host
      and, in some cases, even inhibition of tumor growth. The effect of BCG was highly
      dependent on 1) the dose and the time of administration of BCG and) 2 the
      combined pretreatment of BCG and Polidin.

PMID- 2931600
TI  - [Effect of lysophospholipid on Ca2-simulated adenosine triphosphatase in
      microsomal fraction of rat submandibular glands].

PMID- 2931601
TI  - Type 2 fiber predominance in muscle cramp and exertional myalgia.
AB  - In patients complaining of muscle cramps and exertional myalgia, we found a
      significant decrease of type 1 muscle fiber proportion in comparison with a
      control group. The possible mechanism of this change is discussed.

PMID- 2931602
TI  - Isotretinoin for acne: the experience broadens.

PMID- 2931603
TI  - Changes in plasma lipids and lipoproteins during isotretinoin therapy for acne.
AB  - Abnormalities in plasma lipids are a recognized side effect of isotretinoin
      therapy for nodulocystic acne. We studied 60 patients during 20 weeks of
      isotretinoin therapy, to measure changes in plasma lipids and lipoproteins, to
      compare plasma lipid responses in men and women, and to determine whether there
      are alterations in levels of lipoprotein lipase or hepatic triglyceride lipase
      that could explain the development of isotretinoin-induced hypertriglyceridemia.
      Mean triglyceride levels rose in men and women, with maximum mean increases of
      46.3 mg per deciliter (P less than 0.0001) and 52.3 mg per deciliter (P less than
      0.002), respectively. The maximum level was reached by 4 weeks of therapy in men
      but not until the 12th week in women. Nine of 53 patients (17 per cent)
      completing 20 weeks of isotretinoin therapy acquired hypertriglyceridemia, with
      values of 200 to 600 mg per deciliter. Both men and women had significant
      increases in mean plasma levels of cholesterol and low-density-lipoprotein
      cholesterol and decreases in mean levels of high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol.
      There were no significant changes in mean levels of lipoprotein lipase or hepatic
      triglyceride lipase. Plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels returned to base line by
      eight weeks after discontinuation of the drug. If sustained over a long period,
      the change in the ratio of low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol to high-density
      lipoprotein cholesterol that we observed, from 2.4 to 3.0 (P less than 0.0001),
      would predict an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.

PMID- 2931604
TI  - The creatine kinase system in normal and diseased human myocardium.
AB  - We measured creatine kinase activity, isozyme composition, and total creatine
      content in biopsy samples of left ventricular myocardium from 34 adults in four
      groups: subjects with normal left ventricles, patients with left ventricular
      hypertrophy due to aortic stenosis, patients with coronary artery disease without
      left ventricular hypertrophy, and patients with coronary artery disease and left
      ventricular hypertrophy due to aortic stenosis. As compared with specimens of
      normal left ventricles, those from all patients with left ventricular hypertrophy
      had lower creatine kinase activity, higher MB creatine kinase isozyme content and
      activity, and lower creatine content. Specimens from the patients without left
      ventricular hypertrophy had normal creatine kinase activity, increased MB
      creatine kinase isozyme content and activity, and decreased total creatine
      content. The normal ventricles showed almost no MB isozyme content or activity.
      These data suggest that changes in the creatine kinase system occur in both
      pressure-overload hypertrophy and coronary artery disease. Patients with
      myocardial infarction who have mild or no preexisting fixed coronary artery
      disease or pressure-overload hypertrophy would not be expected to have elevation
      of serum MB creatine kinase.

PMID- 2931605
TI  - Onychomycosis due to saprophytic fungi. Report of 25 cases.
AB  - Twenty five cases of onychomycosis due to filamentous saprophytic agents were
      diagnosed within the period 1981-1982 in two mycology laboratories in Medellin,
      Colombia. These cases represented 4.5% and 9.5% respectively of the total fungal
      nail lesions (FNL) seen at those institutions. No explanation was found for the
      high frequencies, which sharply contrast with the previous local experience with
      the disease (0.4% of FNL). The responsible agents belonged to the following
      genera in decreasing order of frequency: Fusarium, Aspergillus, Scopulariopsis,
      Penicillium and Lasiodiplodia; two patients were infected with unidentified
      dematiaceous fungi and two more had the association of a saprophyte and a
      dermatophyte. In every case direct KOH preparations revealed septate hyphae,
      associated in 14 patients (56%) with chlamydoconidia. The only predisposing
      factors that were common to all these patients were age above 20 years and the
      use of footwear.

PMID- 2931606
TI  - Presynaptic serotonin receptor-mediated response in mice attenuated by
      antidepressant drugs and electroconvulsive shock.
AB  - Ligand-binding studies have demonstrated two types of serotonin (5-HT) receptor,
      5-HT1 and 5-HT2, in the brains of rodents and there is additional evidence for
      the existence of 5-HT1 subtypes. Recently a new drug, 8-hydroxy-2-(di-N
      propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT), has been identified which shows high
      selectivity for binding to 5-HT1 (possibly 5-HT1A) receptors and which binds to
      presynaptic serotonin autoreceptors in some regions of rat brain. We have shown
      previously, that this compound produces a hypothermic response in mice, probably
      via an agonist action at serotonin presynaptic receptors. Here we show that a
      wide range of antidepressant treatments decrease the hypothermic response to 8-OH
      DPAT over a time course comparable to the onset of therapeutic action.
      Interestingly, repeated electroconvulsive shock (ECS) has the same effect. We
      propose that this change is relevant to the mechanism of action of antidepressant
      drugs.

PMID- 2931608
TI  - [A differentiated policy of vaccination against hepatitis B in an institute for
      the mentally retarded].

PMID- 2931607
TI  - Analysis of the heart rate effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine in the cat; mediation
      of tachycardia by 5-HT1-like receptors.
AB  - The effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) on heart rate in anaesthetized cats
      were analysed both in intact animals and after spinal section plus vagotomy. The
      intact cat responded to 5-HT (3, 10 and 30 micrograms X kg-1, i.v.) with a brief,
      but intense, bradycardia and a longer-lasting hypotension. Administration of MDL
      72222, a selective antagonist of M-type 5-HT receptors, blocked bradycardia
      elicited by 5-HT without affecting that caused by stimulation of the vagus nerve.
      In spinal cats the same doses of 5-HT increased heart rate and blood pressure.
      These effects remained essentially unchanged after bilateral adrenalectomy,
      guanethidine, propranolol and burimamide, suggesting that 5-HT acted directly on
      the myocardium and blood vessels. The tachycardic responses to 5-HT in spinal
      cats were little affected by 0.5 mg X kg-1 doses of MDL 72222 or of the 5-HT2
      receptor antagonists, ketanserin, ritanserin or cyproheptadine. In contrast, the
      non-selective 5-HT receptor antagonist, methysergide, which binds to both 5-HT1
      and 5-HT2 recognition sites in rat brain membranes, potently antagonized the 5-HT
      induced tachycardia in doses of 0.05 to 0.5 mg X kg-1. However pizotifen and
      mianserin, two other 5-HT2 antagonists which show poor affinity for 5-HT1
      recognition sites, were also effective against the tachycardic response to 5-HT
      in doses of 0.5-4.5 mg X kg-1. The pressor responses to 5-HT in the spinal cat
      were markedly inhibited by all six 5-HT2 antagonists at a dose of 0.5 mg X kg
      1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2931609
TI  - [The Burma-Thailand railroad. Why the Burma-Thailand railroad had to be built].

PMID- 2931610
TI  - Renovascular hypertension in a child: percutaneous transluminal renal artery
      angioplasty.

PMID- 2931611
TI  - Defective radioresistant suppressor cell activity in hemodialysis patients.
AB  - The immunologic alterations in patients on hemodialysis are only partially
      understood. We studied the Concanavalin A (Con A) induced suppressor cell
      activity of irradiated and nonirradiated cells in a mixed lymphocyte culture.
      Peripheral blood lymphocytes from 18 normal individuals and 14 patients on
      regular hemodialysis were incubated with two different concentrations of Con A
      (10 micrograms and 40 micrograms of Con A/million cells). Irradiated and
      nonirradiated cells were then tested for their capacity to suppress a standard
      MLC. The proliferative response to phytohemagglutinin, pokeweed mitogen and Con A
      was also determined. Suppressor cell activity of nonirradiated cells in
      hemodialysis patients was similar to that of controls, at both concentrations of
      Con A, while irradiated cells of hemodialysis patients showed a suppressor cell
      activity significantly lower than that of the controls, at a Con A concentration
      of 40 micrograms/10(6) cells (25.78 +/- 18.86% vs. 46.05 +/- 9.79%, p less than
      0.001). The proliferative response of lymphocytes from hemodialysis patients to
      the three mitogens, did not show any difference when compared with normal
      controls. The normal proliferative response of lymphocytes from hemodialysis
      patients to mitogens and the normal suppressor cell activity of nonirradiated
      cells, suggest a normal T cell function. The abnormal suppressor cell activity in
      irradiated cells indicate that the radioresistant population has a functional
      defect. The cell responsible for this suppressor defect probably belongs to the
      monocyte/macrophage population because of its relative radioresistance.

PMID- 2931612
TI  - In vivo and in vitro effects of bradykinin on the release of beta-endorphin-like
      immunoreactivity.
AB  - The effect of bradykinin (BK) on the release of beta-endorphin-like
      immunoreactivity (beta-EpLI) in rats was studied in vivo and in vitro.
      Intraperitoneal injection of BK at 5 micrograms/100 g body weight resulted in
      significant increase in the plasma beta-EpLI level after 15 min. BK at
      concentrations of 10(-12)-10(-7) M also caused dose-dependent stimulation of beta
      EpLI release from dispersed cells of rat anterior pituitary. On gel
      chromatography, the beta-EpLI released by incubation of the cells with 10(-7) M
      BK separated into two components, eluted in the same positions as human beta
      lipotropin and human beta-endorphin, respectively. BK did not stimulate beta-EpLI
      release in Ca++-free medium. Addition of 10(-3) M verapamil or 10(-6) M
      dexamethasone to the incubation medium inhibited BK-induced beta-EpLI release
      from the cells. Quabain (10(-5) M) also stimulated beta-EpLI release, but its
      effect was not additive with that of BK. These results indicate that BK
      stimulates beta-EpLI release and that calcium ion is involved in the mechanism of
      this effect.

PMID- 2931613
TI  - Pharmacological studies on the serotoninergic and nonserotonin-mediated
      stimulation of prolactin and corticosterone secretion by fenfluramine. Effects of
      pretreatment with fluoxetine, indalpine, PCPA, and L-tryptophan.
AB  - Administration of the serotonin-releasing drug fenfluramine to male rats caused a
      dose-dependent increase in both plasma prolactin and corticosterone levels. The
      effect of fenfluramine on prolactin was maximal at 30 min after injection,
      whereas the effect on plasma corticosterone levels reached a maximum 2 h after
      injection. In order to determine if the effect of fenfluramine on both hormones
      was mediated via serotonin release, rats were pretreated with the serotonin
      uptake inhibitors fluoxetine (10 mg/kg i.p.) or indalpine (10 mg/kg i.p.) 30 min
      prior to administration of fenfluramine (5 mg/kg i.p.). Both fluoxetine and
      indalpine inhibited the effect of fenfluramine on plasma prolactin levels, but
      did not modify the effect of fenfluramine on plasma corticosterone levels.
      Pretreatment of rats with the serotonin precursor L-tryptophan (100 mg/kg i.p.)
      potentiated the effect of a submaximal dose of fenfluramine (2 mg/kg i.p.) on
      plasma prolactin levels, but did not affect the corticosterone response.
      Depletion of serotonin stores by pretreatment with the serotonin inhibitor p
      chlorophenylalanine (300 mg/kg i.p.; 72 h) did not significantly prevent the
      effect of fenfluramine on either hormone. There was a 34% inhibition of the
      effect of fenfluramine on plasma prolactin levels, but this effect was not
      statistically significant. The results of the experiments suggest that the effect
      of fenfluramine on prolactin secretion is mediated, at least in part, by a
      serotoninergic mechanism, but the effect on corticosterone secretion is not
      mediated via serotonin release.

PMID- 2931615
TI  - Beta-endorphin suppression of acute morphine abstinence in morphine dependent
      monkeys: effective given intraventricularly but ineffective given intravenously.
AB  - Six female adult Macaca mulatta monkeys were made dependent upon morphine sulfate
      and were implanted with a chronic indwelling needle in the lateral ventricle of
      the brain for sterile intraventricular injections. Both beta-endorphin and
      morphine, in a dose dependent manner given intraventricularly suppressed the
      signs of 14 hour acute morphine abstinence. On a molar basis, beta-endorphin was
      more active than morphine in suppressing the signs of morphine abstinence. When
      given intravenously in much larger doses, beta-endorphin was ineffective in
      contrast to morphine which was effective in suppressing abstinence.

PMID- 2931614
TI  - Effects of intrahypothalamic injection of quinolinic acid on anterior pituitary
      hormone secretion in the unanesthetized rat.
AB  - Bilateral intrahypothalamic injections of the brain metabolite quinolinic acid
      (QUIN) were made in an attempt to examine its effects on the secretion of LH,
      PRL, GH and TSH. Quin, a neuroexcitatory amino acid with close structural
      similarities to glutamate, kainate and N-methylaspartate, was infused into
      unanesthetized male rats, the animals sacrificed 7.5 min later, and serum hormone
      concentrations determined by radioimmunoassay. QUIN caused surges in LH, PRL and
      GH release (316, 607 and 1,134% of control, respectively, at 50 micrograms QUIN)
      without affecting the serum concentrations of TSH. At lower doses, a preferential
      effect of QUIN on PRL release was observed. All QUIN-induced hormonal changes
      were inhibited by concomitant administration of the specific antagonist (-)-2
      amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid, indicating the presence of QUIN-sensitive
      receptors on neurons which are intimately associated with endocrine regulation.
      Moreover, because QUIN-treated animals exhibited behavioral signs of seizure
      activity and neuroendocrine dysfunction has been reported to occur in human
      convulsive disorders, the data are also of interest in view of a possible
      mechanistic link between epileptic phenomena and hormone secretion.

PMID- 2931616
TI  - Long-term haloperidol treatment elevates beta-endorphin levels in the
      intermediate pituitary but not in rat brain.
AB  - Long-term treatment of rats with haloperidol, a dopamine receptor antagonist,
      produced a dose-dependent increase in immunoreactive beta-endorphin (i beta-END)
      concentrations in the neurointermediate lobe of the pituitary (NIL). In contrast,
      chronic haloperidol treatment had no significant effect on i beta-END levels in
      the hypothalamus, the midbrain or in discrete, microdissected brain nuclei even
      when administered at a dose (5 mg/kg) ten-fold higher than that which elevated i
      beta-END levels in the NIL. Chronic treatment with bromocriptine, a dopamine
      receptor agonist, had the opposite effect on the NIL, lowering i beta-END levels
      to approximately one-third of control values, but it did not affect hypothalamic
      i beta-END concentrations. These data are consistent with prior evidence that the
      synthesis of beta-END by IL melanotrophs is reciprocally modulated by
      dopaminergic ligands. The results indicate, however, that beta-END-releasing
      neurons are not similarly regulated.

PMID- 2931618
TI  - [Effect of manganese chloride poisoning during pregnancy and lactation on the
      levels and synthesis of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the rat brain].

PMID- 2931617
TI  - Left carotido-cavernous fistula with right exophthalmos: treatment by detachable
      balloon. Case report and literature review.
AB  - A case of left carotidocavernous fistula with right exophthalmos is reported. It
      is the thirteenth reported case in the literature since 1907. Mechanism of the
      exclusively contralateral exophthalmos is discussed. Temporary venous thrombosis
      of the ipsilateral ophthalmic vein and inferior petrosal sinus is likely.
      Successful treatment by detachable balloon with occlusion of the carotid siphon
      is described.

PMID- 2931619
TI  - [A case of malignant hypercalcemia treated with mitramycin].

PMID- 2931620
TI  - Abdominal wall metastases seven years after resection for carcinoma of the
      appendix.

PMID- 2931621
TI  - Antidipsogenic action of alpha-human atrial natriuretic polypeptide administered
      intracerebroventricularly in rats.
AB  - Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of alpha-human atrial natriuretic
      polypeptide (alpha-hANP) in a dose of 5 micrograms did not change water intake in
      normal rats, while 0.1 micrograms of angiotensin II (AII) and 0.5 micrograms of
      carbachol caused a marked increase in water intake for 30 min after i.c.v.
      injections. The water intake induced by 0.1 micrograms of AII was significantly
      suppressed by the simultaneous administration of 2 and 5 micrograms of alpha
      hANP. However, alpha-hANP did not affect the water intake caused by 0.5
      micrograms of carbachol. In 24-h water-deprived rats, alpha-hANP in doses of 2
      and 5 micrograms pronouncedly inhibited the water intake. alpha-hANP did not
      change the food intake in 24-h fasted rats nor the locomotor activity in normal
      rats. These findings suggest that alpha-hANP in the central nervous system may
      play an important role in controlling drinking behavior, interacting with AII.

PMID- 2931622
TI  - Presence of immunoreactive alpha-melanotropin and beta-endorphin in spinal
      motoneurones of the dystrophic mouse.
AB  - Two derivatives of the stem hormone opiomelanocortin, alpha-melanotropin (alpha
      MSH) and beta-endorphin, were detected immunocytochemically in the cell bodies
      and in the peripheral axon terminals of spinal motoneurones in immature but not
      in adult healthy mice. Immunoreactivity was demonstrated in motoneurones in both
      immature and adult mice with inherited muscular dystrophy. These results provide
      evidence for a motoneurone abnormality in murine dystrophy. The observations are
      discussed in the light of trophic influences over neuromuscular transmission
      which have been attributed to this family of neuropeptides.

PMID- 2931623
TI  - Two types of cat static fusimotor neurones under separate central control?
AB  - The effect on the fusimotor system of an injection of the gamma-aminobutyric acid
      (GABA) antagonist picrotoxin into the reticular part of the substantia nigra
      (SNR) was studied in muscle spindle primary and secondary endings of pretibial
      flexors in cats anaesthetized with ketamine. Changes in fusimotor action after
      drug administration were deduced from changes in bias and sensitivity to
      sinusoidal stretching of the receptor-bearing muscles when compared to the
      deefferented preparation. Intranigral injection of picrotoxin (2 micrograms)
      removed a tonic static fusimotor action from flexor muscle spindle primary
      endings without affecting the secondary endings in the same muscles. It is
      concluded that static gamma motoneurones of cat flexors are of more than one
      functional type, and that the central nervous control of the static fusimotor
      input to cat flexor muscle spindles has selective access to static bag2 fibres
      and nuclear chain fibres.

PMID- 2931624
TI  - [3H]Spiperone binding in the rat striatum during the development of physical
      dependence on phencyclidine and after withdrawal.
AB  - Binding of [3H]spiperone to dopamine D2 receptors was measured in the striatum of
      male rats that were infused with phencyclidine (PCP, 45 mg/kg per day) or vehicle
      (saline) via an intrajugular cannula for 1, 3.5, or 7 days. The 7-day PCP
      infusion, which was shown previously to induce physical dependence, produced a
      significant 30% decrease in receptor density (Bmax). Two days after termination
      of the 7-day PCP infusion, Bmax values were no longer significantly lower than
      those of saline-infused controls. The acute administration of PCP (20 mg/kg,
      i.p.) did not alter receptor density 45 min later.

PMID- 2931625
TI  - Muscarine-binding sites localized to cortical dopamine terminals.
AB  - The effects of lesions to the mesocortical dopaminergic system on D2 dopamine
      receptors and muscarine receptors in the frontal cortex of the rat was examined.
      Four weeks following 6-hydroxydopamine lesioning of the ventral tegmental area,
      there was a 26% increase in the number of [3H]spiroperidol sites, and a 13%
      decrease in the number of [3H]oxotremorine-M sites in the frontal cortex,
      indicating a development of D2 receptor supersensitivity, as a result of
      deafferentation, and a loss of acetylcholine sites, as result of terminal
      degeneration. This demonstrates that in the frontal cortex, as in the striatum
      and nucleus accumbens, the activity of dopaminergic terminals may be partially
      modulated by cholinergic inputs.

PMID- 2931626
TI  - Effects of branched-chain amino acids on beta-endorphin in the pituitary of the
      rat.
AB  - Despite evidence that the branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) influence brain
      metabolism and neurotransmitter synthesis, there is little information on the
      neuroendocrine effects of the BCAAs. We now report that administration of a
      mixture of the BCAAs 3 times daily for 12 days to Sprague-Dawley rats decreased
      the concentration of beta-endorphin immunoreactivity (BEI) in the
      neurointermediate lobe of the pituitary. In BCAA-treated rats, BEI was 21 +/- 4
      compared to control levels of 57 +/- 12 (ng/microgram of protein). The BCAAs had
      no effect on the level of BEI in the adenohypophysis. These findings suggest that
      changes in availability of leucine, isoleucine, and valine mediate specific
      neuroendocrine responses to metabolic perturbations in the rat.

PMID- 2931627
TI  - Regional distribution of [3H]nitrendipine binding in human brain.
AB  - Evidence for the binding of a calcium antagonist, [3H]nitrendipine, to human
      brain membranes was obtained. This binding was saturable, specific and of high
      affinity with a dissociation constant (Kd) of 0.62 nM in the prefrontal cortex
      and 0.82 nM in the caudate. The maximal numbers of binding sites (Bmax) in these
      areas were 57.5 and 32.3 fmol/mg protein, respectively. [3H]Nitrendipine binding
      to membranes from 27 regions in the post-mortem human brains was measured. The
      highest levels of 0.5 nM [3H]nitrendipine binding were seen in the cerebral
      cortex, amygdala and thalamus, and levels in the midbrain, cerebellum and
      pallidum were considerably lower.

PMID- 2931628
TI  - Autoradiographic studies on dopamine D2 receptors in rat pituitary: influence of
      hormonal states.
AB  - The influence of the estrous cycle on the density of dopamine D2 sites in the rat
      pituitary was studied by quantitative autoradiography using [3H]spiperone. While
      no significant changes were found in the neural and intermediate lobes during the
      cycle, a lower number of D2 receptors in the anterior lobe was observed in the
      proestrus when compared to the diestrus. The difference in the density of
      [3H]spiperone binding in the pituitary between male and female rats was also
      analysed. A significantly lower number of receptors in the three lobes of the
      male pituitary, as compared to those of the female, was found. Finally, no
      significant variation in the number of binding sites in the 3 pituitary lobes was
      observed between lactating and separated mothers.

PMID- 2931629
TI  - Dopaminergic agents differentially alter beta-endorphin processing patterns in
      the rat pituitary neurointermediate lobe.
AB  - We have established the content and molecular species of immunoreactive beta
      endorphin (ir-beta-END) and immunoreactive N-acetyl-endorphin (ir-Nac-END) in rat
      neurointermediate lobe by specific radioimmunoassay (RIA) and high-performance
      liquid chromatography after chronic administration of dopamine (DA) agonists and
      antagonists. The DA agonist, bromocriptine, reduces tissue levels of all major
      immunoreactive species, in particular the C-terminally shortened N-acetylated
      forms. The DA antagonist, haloperidol, proportionally increases all
      immunoreactive forms, except Nac-beta-END, thus altering the relative abundance
      of this species. These data indicate that DA is involved in the control of both
      tissue levels and processing of beta-END-like peptides in the rat
      neurointermediate lobe.

PMID- 2931630
TI  - Topography of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase staining
      neurons in rat striatum.
AB  - A new modification of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)
      diaphorase reaction was used to study the distribution of a specific subset of
      neurons in rat striatum. These neurons are known to also contain somatostatin
      like immunoreactivity (SLI). We have previously found a heterogeneous
      distribution of SLI in rat striatum. In the present study, we found NADPH
      diaphorase neurons to be evenly distributed throughout the striatum and nucleus
      accumbens. There was no increase in the number of NADPH-diaphorase neurons in
      ventromedial striatum or nucleus accumbens where concentrations of SLI are
      highest. This suggests that there may be somatostatin afferents to ventromedial
      striatum and nucleus accumbens. In addition, the NADPH-diaphorase reaction was
      stable for up to 24 h in an animal model stimulating human autopsy conditions.

PMID- 2931631
TI  - Change in content, incorporation and lipoxygenation of docosahexaenoic acid in
      retina and retinal pigment epithelium in canine ceroid lipofuscinosis.
AB  - We have examined the metabolism of docosahexaenoic acid (22:6, n-3) in retina and
      retinal pigment epithelium of normal dogs and those affected with canine ceroid
      lipofuscinosis (CCL), a hereditary degenerative neurological disorder. In the CCL
      retina, there was a decrease in 22:6 content in phospholipids, particularly
      phosphatidylethanolamine. This decrease in 22:6 was compensated by an increase in
      arachidonic acid (20:4, n-6). In contrast, CCL retinal pigment epithelium had
      higher levels of 22:6 and lower levels of 20:4 in phosphatidylethanolamine. The
      in vitro incorporation of radiolabeled 22:6 into glycerolipids of CCL retina and
      retinal pigment epithelium was increased as compared to control. The major
      lipoxygenase reaction product of 22:6, (11-hydroxy-4,7,9(trans)13,16,19)-22:6,
      increased 31% in CCL retina, but not in the retinal pigment epithelium. This is
      the first report describing alterations in content, incorporation and
      lipoxygenation of 22:6 in an animal model of a human disease (Batten's disease).

PMID- 2931632
TI  - Chiropractic and acute low back pain.

PMID- 2931633
TI  - So you haven't taken the Heptavax-B vaccine???

PMID- 2931634
TI  - A dental health perspective: the consequences of an aging population.

PMID- 2931635
TI  - Sonographic imaging of intrauterine adhesions.
AB  - Hysterosalpingography and hysteroscopy are the diagnostic modalities most
      commonly used to evaluate and follow intrauterine adhesions (Asherman syndrome).
      Three patients with intrauterine adhesions are presented. These adhesions were
      visualized with sonography and appeared as dense intrauterine lines. These lines
      disappeared after hysteroscopic lysis of the adhesions. The present results
      indicate that sonography may alert the clinician to the presence of intrauterine
      adhesions.

PMID- 2931636
TI  - Simple solution--sometimes.

PMID- 2931637
TI  - [Yersinia enterocolitica and Campylobacter jejuni in their significance for milk
      hygiene].

PMID- 2931638
TI  - [Analgesics consumption and analgesic-induced nephropathies in West Germany].

PMID- 2931639
TI  - [The significance of standardized psychodiagnostic methods for the forensic
      psychiatric expert evaluation of primary intelligence disorders].

PMID- 2931640
TI  - [Hypertension in eastern Sierra Leone].

PMID- 2931641
TI  - [Health-related interests of student teachers--an empirical pilot study in an
      educational college].

PMID- 2931642
TI  - [Infection prevention from a legal viewpoint].

PMID- 2931643
TI  - [Mental patients in homes for the aged--wrong placement, needs and care
      structure].

PMID- 2931644
TI  - [Hepatitis B infection in prostitutes].

PMID- 2931645
TI  - [Occupational political status in the public health service].

PMID- 2931646
TI  - [Violence against children and the public health service].

PMID- 2931647
TI  - [Epileptic attacks in childhood--myopathies in childhood].

PMID- 2931648
TI  - [Quality of environmental air].

PMID- 2931649
TI  - [Air quality of indoor rooms].

PMID- 2931650
TI  - [Collapse therapy and other historical therapeutic methods in tuberculosis].

PMID- 2931652
TI  - [Public health technical monitoring of kindergartens and schools].

PMID- 2931651
TI  - [What do you actually do for your health?].

PMID- 2931653
TI  - [Diseases of the heart and cardiovascular system].

PMID- 2931654
TI  - [Drinking water pollutants--their monitoring and elimination exemplified by lead
      and halogenated hydrocarbons].

PMID- 2931655
TI  - [Reform of Penal Code Paragraph 218 and its consequences from the viewpoint of
      the Department of Public Health].

PMID- 2931656
TI  - [Integrated psychosomatic inpatient rehabilitation].

PMID- 2931657
TI  - Fracture of heterotopic ossification of the abdominal wall. A case report.

PMID- 2931658
TI  - [Reaction of the posterior corneal epithelium to aqueous humor substitutes].

PMID- 2931659
TI  - [Lecturing students on topics in ophthalmology].

PMID- 2931660
TI  - [Successful surgical management of coronary rupture occurring during
      angioplasty].

PMID- 2931661
TI  - [Nasal rhinophyma. Combined surgical treatment and cryotherapy].

PMID- 2931663
TI  - [Wild ungulates as a food source for ixodid ticks in Belorussia].
AB  - The stock rise of elk, roe and boar up to 24.2, 20.8, and 29.3 thousand heads,
      respectively, increased their role as hosts of imaginal developmental stages of
      Ixodes ricinus and Dermacentor pictus. Elk plays an especially important role as
      the host of I. ricinus (the index of ticks abundance--7.31, the index of
      saturation--176.9). The indices of saturation of I. ricinus imagos on roe and
      boar are 96.5 and 73.1, respectively. D. pictus imagos parasitise, in general,
      board (the index of ticks abundance--3.06, the index of saturation--81.7). The
      role of ruminants as hosts of I. ricinus larvae and nimphs is relatively small.
      Larvae and nimphs of D. pictus do not occur on ruminants.

PMID- 2931662
TI  - The assessment of pain and plasma beta-endorphin immunoactivity in burned
      children.
AB  - The need for better analgesia during burn dressing changes (BDCs) in acutely
      burned children led us to assess pain during BDC with a large 0-10 thermometer
      like scale which was well accepted and appeared to reflect the varying degrees of
      pain that patients experienced. Pain scores were obtained at least once each
      minute throughout 33 BDCs in 15 patients of 8-17 years. Plasma levels of beta
      endorphin immunoactivity (iB-EP) were measured at 5 intervals before and after
      BDC; mean values (+/- S.E.M.) ranged from 30.5 +/- 4.63 pg/ml (before BDC and
      analgesic) to 19.2 +/- 3.02 pg/ml (immediately following BDC). The mean pain
      score (MPS) for each BDC was inversely related to the iB-EP levels of that day (P
      less than 0.001 with 4 of the 5 iB-EP determinations). The MPS varied directly
      with the extent of burn injury and inversely with weight; the 2 variables
      together predicted MPS as well as the iB-EP alone (r2 = 43 and 36% respectively).

PMID- 2931665
TI  - [New species of Ostertagia sogdiana sp. n. (Nematoda, Trichostrongylidae) from
      the domestic goat in Uzbekistan].
AB  - In the abomasum of domestic goat of Uzbecistan there were found ostertagiae which
      differ distinctly from earlier described species of the family Trichostrongylidae
      in size and structure of spicules and in the morphology of genital conus. The new
      species Ostertagia sogdiana sp. n. (fam. Trichostrongylidae) is described.

PMID- 2931664
TI  - [Find of coccidians of the genus Isospora (Coccidiida) in the Central Asian
      jackal].
AB  - During the period of 1981-1982 9 central asiatic jackals were caught in the
      Chimkent region and "Kent-Bulak" area on the left bank of the Syr-Darja of the
      Kzyl-Orda region. In two jackals caught in the Kzyl-Orda region one species of
      coccidians of the genus Isospors was found. Oocysts of I. kzilordiniensis are
      oval without micropyle, the membrane is monolayer, smooth, greenish, 1.5 mu
      thick. The size of oocysts is 26.1-31.9 X 17.4-20.3.

PMID- 2931666
TI  - Lack of suppression by concanavalin A-activated neonatal mononuclear cells.
AB  - We studied the mixed leukocyte culture suppression generated by cord and newborn
      mononuclear cells stimulated by concanavalin A (Con A) compared to normal adult
      cells and cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Also we studied
      the effect of supernatants from cord or adult cells stimulated with Con A linked
      to sepharose (Con A sepharose). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 15
      adults, 10 normal newborns, 23 cord blood samples, and 11 patients with systemic
      lupus erythematosus were preincubated with Con A for 48 hr, irradiated, and added
      to a one-way mixed leukocyte culture. Adult Con A-activated cells suppressed the
      mixed leukocyte culture by 30 +/- 6.5%. By contrast cord cells and newborn cells
      had no suppressive activity; these cells resulted in stimulation of 18 +/- 12.1
      and 18 +/- 7%, respectively. This lack of suppression also was present in
      systemic lupus erythematosus cells (11.2 +/- 13.3). The supernatants of both Con
      A sepharose-stimulated cord and adult cells showed significant suppressive
      activity and there was some suppressive activity of sepharose-stimulated cells
      alone. These results suggest that the mixed leukocyte cultures suppressive
      activity observed previously by newborn cells is radiosensitive and dependent on
      ongoing cell division for its expression. It also is independent of prior
      mitogenic stimulation.

PMID- 2931667
TI  - American Academy of Pediatrics. School-aged children with motor disabilities.
      Committee on children with disabilities.

PMID- 2931668
TI  - Infant rash caused by paracetamol in breast milk?

PMID- 2931669
TI  - [Mitral valve prolapse in school children living in the central mountainous
      regions of Kirghizia].

PMID- 2931670
TI  - [Re the lecture by M.P. Matveev, Z.I. Vikharevii, S.V. Levitskii, R.A. Tiurkian:
      "Our views on sepsis"].

PMID- 2931671
TI  - [25th anniversary of the Scientific-Research Institute of Pediatrics of the
      Ministry of Health of the Georgian SSR].

PMID- 2931672
TI  - [Pharmacological prevention of exercise-induced bronchospasm in patients with
      asthma].

PMID- 2931673
TI  - [Effect of Berodual on spirometric indicators in patients with reversible
      bronchial stenosis].

PMID- 2931674
TI  - [Systemic lupus erythematosus (problems of diagnosis and treatment)].

PMID- 2931675
TI  - Causal links between plasma and CSF endorphin levels in stress: vector-ARMA
      analysis.
AB  - To explore causal links between vital sign responses and immunoreactive beta
      endorphin ("i-BE") rises in blood and CSF during ovine endotoxin stress, we
      analyzed concurrent i-BE levels in these two compartments by a "vector-ARMA" (=
      autoregressive moving average) method. This technique--widely used for modeling
      in other applications--has not to our knowledge been employed to study dynamic
      relationships of neuropeptides. Log-transformed i-BE levels were first "filtered"
      by repeated observations ANOVA to confirm significance of rises in both
      compartments. Next, vector-ARMA methodology was applied to derive an optimal
      causal model of vital sign changes and i-BE entry into plasma vs. CSF pools. The
      model indicated that reflux of i-BE from blood into CSF contributed to increases
      in CSF levels of this hormone. This novel application to neuroendocrinology of
      this approach illustrates its utility in evaluating changes in one or more
      neuropeptide levels in multiple compartments to indicate potentially causal
      relationships.

PMID- 2931676
TI  - A possible prenatal evaluation of renal function by amino acid analysis on fetal
      urine.
AB  - Intrauterine treatment of 4 fetuses with urethral obstruction was attempted in
      the third trimester of pregnancy. The fetuses displayed varying sonographic
      findings including pyelectasis, caliectasis, hydroureter, bladder dilatation,
      ascites, hydrops, missing kidneys and oligohydramnios. Ultrasonically guided
      aspiration from the dilated structures was carried out to relieve pressure on the
      kidney parenchyme and to collect fluid samples for diagnostic purposes. Amino
      acid concentrations in the fetal urine showed a pattern similar to plasma in 2
      fetuses, a pattern almost like urine in 1 fetus and an intermediate pattern in
      the 4th fetus. Only the fetus with normal amino acid concentrations in the urine
      survived: the other 3 died in uremia shortly after birth. In 3 cases cells from
      the aspirated urine were cultured and used for chromosome analysis. The cell
      cultures grew fast and karyotyping was possible within 1 week. In 2 fetuses an
      intrauterine catheter was inserted to drain the kidney permanently into the
      amniotic cavity. In the first case the catheter was displaced to the fetal
      abdomen after some days of successful drainage. In the second case the catheter
      tore the placenta, and the child had to be delivered immediately.

PMID- 2931677
TI  - High resolution chromosomes from first trimester trophoblast cultures.
AB  - A simple method for obtaining prometaphase chromosomes from cultured first
      trimester cells involves the addition of BrdU and FdU 11 h before harvest and
      ethidium bromide 1.5 h before harvest. High resolution R-banding is obtained by
      acridine orange staining.

PMID- 2931678
TI  - Prenatal diagnosis of trisomy 21 and X/XX sex chromosome mosaicism.
AB  - Double aneuploidy involving Down syndrome and Turner syndrome is a rare
      chromosomal abnormality presumed to occur with a frequency of about 1 in 2
      million births. Twenty-one cases of this combined anomaly have been reported and
      two infants were born with this anomaly after a mistake in prenatal diagnosis. We
      report the first prenatal diagnosis of Down syndrome combined with Turner
      mosaicism and suggest that this polysyndrome may be more common than previously
      estimated. We, therefore, wish to alert cytogenetic laboratories performing
      prenatal diagnoses of the potential risks of misdiagnosis of this polysyndrome if
      banding is not performed and if a sufficient number of mitotic cells are not
      analysed.

PMID- 2931679
TI  - [Anti-centromere antibody, biological marker of the CREST syndrome as distinct
      from scleroderma].
AB  - Using HEp2 cells to study antinuclear antibodies has resulted in the discovery of
      the anti-centromere antibody which is thought to separate the CREST syndrome from
      progressive systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). This antibody seems to be
      exceptional in healthy subjects and are in patients with connective tissue
      diseases, except for scleroderma. It has also been found in CREST syndrome
      associated with other diseases, such as primary cirrhosis and neoplasias. In our
      study, the sensitivity of the anti-centromere antibody was 89.1% and its
      specificity 92.3% which shows that it is worth looking for.

PMID- 2931680
TI  - [Percutaneous cholecystostomy in so-called post-stress acute cholecystitis].
AB  - During the last 8 years 51 cases of acute post-traumatic or post-operative
      cholecystitis were observed in our intensive care unit. Twelve patients benefited
      from ultrasonically guided percutaneous cholecystostomy under television control.
      Diagnosis was made by ultrasonic examination and was based on the finding of an
      enlarged and tender gallbladder with an abnormally thick wall, sometimes with a
      double wall, and on the presence of sludge. Immediate cholangiography revealed
      spontaneous perforation in 4 patients who were operated upon at once. The other
      patients were treated by percutaneous cholecystostomy only with apparent success.
      The frequency, physiopathology, diagnosis and treatment of acute post-aggressive
      cholecystitis are discussed, with special reference to this new therapeutic
      approach.

PMID- 2931681
TI  - [Aortic valve stenosis. Prenatal diagnosis. A case].
AB  - Closed aortic valvotomy through the left ventricular apex could be performed in a
      3-day old child thanks to an echocardiographic diagnosis in utero, at 32 weeks,
      of aortic stenosis, confirmed immediately after birth. The functional and
      echocardiographic results 5 months after the operation are excellent. This case
      shows that the prenatal diagnosis of cardiac malformation is feasible and
      facilitates an early treatment in the post-natal period.

PMID- 2931682
TI  - [Flat angioma. Therapeutical value of the laser].
AB  - Following a summary of the principles of quantum physics required to understand
      how lasers work, the main lasers used in therapeutics are described, together
      with their characteristics. Only the argon laser is used in the treatment of port
      wine stains. The selection of cases for laser treatment is based on such criteria
      as colour of the lesion, speed of recoloration and patient's age. Local
      complications are sometimes observed. The argon laser undoubtedly constitutes a
      progress in the treatment of port wine stains, a condition where surgery remains
      disappointing.

PMID- 2931683
TI  - [Reimplantation of the subclavian artery into the common carotid artery].
AB  - Since 1973, transposition of the subclavian artery into the common carotid artery
      has been the technique of choice to treat prevertebral occlusive subclavian
      lesions. However, the haemodynamic results in the vertebral artery were far from
      perfect, as shown by immediate post-operative ultrasonic examinations. This has
      been corrected by a technical modification: the subclavian artery is severed
      flush with the vertebral artery lying obliquely downward and medially, which is
      equivalent to reimplanting a "double-barrelled" vessel (the vertebral and
      subclavian arteries) into the common carotid artery.

PMID- 2931684
TI  - [Value of hepatic biopsy in pulmonary and extrapulmonary forms of sarcoidosis in
      children].

PMID- 2931685
TI  - [Cutaneous microabscesses caused by Scedosporium apiospermum].

PMID- 2931686
TI  - [Primary pulmonary lymphoma on a cicatrix].

PMID- 2931687
TI  - [Value of rectal biopsy in parasitology in children].

PMID- 2931688
TI  - [Interpretation of the labial salivary gland biopsy in the elderly].

PMID- 2931689
TI  - [Lyme disease without arthritis: presence of antiBorrelia burgdorferi antibodies
      in meningoradiculitis following chronic erythema migrans].

PMID- 2931690
TI  - [Do intrauterine growth retardation and low ponderal index predict various
      aspects of neonatal morbidity?].

PMID- 2931692
TI  - [Fatal tetanus 6 months after incomplete primary vaccination].

PMID- 2931691
TI  - [Abdominal injuries caused by seat belts].

PMID- 2931693
TI  - [Incidence of veno-occlusive diseases of the liver after bone marrow graft].

PMID- 2931694
TI  - [From localized myositis with eosinophilia to the focal form of Shulman's
      syndrome].

PMID- 2931695
TI  - [Images of medical popularization at the end of the nineteenth century. "La
      medecine illustree" (1887-1889)].

PMID- 2931696
TI  - [Benign mastopathies and breast carcinogenesis: a reappraisal].

PMID- 2931697
TI  - [The CO2 laser: a new instrument for intracranial neurosurgery].
AB  - Since 1983 we have been using an 80 watts CO2 laser unit (Ercelas 80, Robert et
      Carriere Biomedical) routinely in some neurosurgical procedures. Fifty tumours
      (34 intracranial, 4 intraorbital and 12 intraspinal) have been operated upon with
      laser. The CO2 laser appears to be particularly useful to excise solid tumours,
      such as meningiomas and neurinomas. When these lesions are located in the
      posterior fossa or lying deeply near highly functional or vital supratentorial
      structures (e.g. carotid arteries, optic nerves, chiasma), the laser beam should
      be coupled with an operating microscope. Laser being a non-touch technique, the
      tumour can be removed with minimal trauma to healthy tissues. Depending on the
      output power, the laser beam coagulates, cuts or vaporizes the target lesion.

PMID- 2931698
TI  - [Compressive pericardial effusion after heart surgery in the adult. Contribution
      of bidimensional echocardiographic findings].
AB  - In series of 1450 consecutive cardiopulmonary bypasses for cardiac surgery in
      adults, we observed 20 cases of post-operative compressive pericardial effusion.
      The effusion occurred some time after the thoracic drains were removed and had to
      be evacuated. Two-dimensional echocardiography proved essential to the diagnosis
      : it easily detected the lesion even when clinical symptoms were misleading but
      above all, it demonstrated, in our series, that the classical post-operative
      "tamponade" is a specific entity consecutive to posterior, circumscribed, small
      volume effusions which mainly compress the left cardiac cavities.

PMID- 2931699
TI  - [Effects of cholecystectomy on functional signs associated with cholelithiasis].
AB  - Two hundred hospital patients with gallstones who had been cholecystectomized on
      account of typical biliary colics were investigated for migraine, headache,
      malaise, vertigo, flatulence, diarrhoea or constipation 2, 6, 12 and 24 months
      after the operation. The study showed that these symptoms are common in patients
      with biliary lithiasis, particularly women, and that their frequency increases
      with the duration of the disease. The beneficial effects of cholecystectomy are
      uncertain and appear to decrease with time ; only 30% of the patients seemed to
      improve after surgery. It is concluded that these symptoms betray real functional
      disorders, that cholecystectomy is not the appropriate treatment for them and
      that any improvement observed may be credited to the placebo effects of the
      operation.

PMID- 2931700
TI  - [Role of prostaglandins and thromboxanes in cardiovascular physiopathology].
AB  - Prostaglandins and thromboxanes originate from lipid metabolism. Their precise
      role remains obscure despite our better understanding of their potent
      pharmacological properties reflected in their potent biological activities.
      Prostaglandins are most probably involved in various cardiovascular diseases,
      although few satisfactory methods are available to evaluate such a role in vivo.
      The fact that most antithrombotic drugs interfere with the arachidonic acid
      cascade provides a rationale to their mode of action and their use. The
      development of drugs acting more selectively on arachidonic acid metabolism
      should constitute a therapeutic improvement in cardiovascular diseases.

PMID- 2931701
TI  - [Meningitis caused by Campylobacter fetus fetus. A case report].

PMID- 2931702
TI  - [Factor XII deficiency and/or anticoagulant treatment at the site of an
      intracerebral hematoma].

PMID- 2931703
TI  - [Diagnosis of trisomy 21 during the first trimester of pregnancy by a trophoblast
      specimen].

PMID- 2931704
TI  - [Immunodeficiency syndrome, acquired post-transfusionally in a non-hemophiliac].

PMID- 2931705
TI  - [A rare tumor: reparative giant cell granuloma of the mandible].

PMID- 2931706
TI  - [Association of Biermer's anemia with chronic myeloid leukemia. A case report].

PMID- 2931707
TI  - [Abdominal scanography in metastatic adenocarcinomas with unknown primary
      location. Results of a prospective study].

PMID- 2931708
TI  - [Prenatal diagnosis of Fanconi's anemia].

PMID- 2931709
TI  - [Leydig cell tumor. Diagnostic value of testicular echography].

PMID- 2931710
TI  - [Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumopathy with severe anemia and erythema nodosum].

PMID- 2931711
TI  - [Anaphylaxis to chymopapain induced by exertion].

PMID- 2931712
TI  - [Rhabdomyolysis exhibiting few symptoms complicated by acute renal
      insufficiency].

PMID- 2931713
TI  - [Embolism potential of left ventricular post-myocardial infarct thrombosis
      detected by bidimensional echography].

PMID- 2931714
TI  - [Meningitis from Lyme disease, diagnosed in Marseilles].

PMID- 2931715
TI  - [Hypothalamic hamartoma associated with panhypopituitarism].

PMID- 2931716
TI  - [Polyradiculoneuritis after tick bites. Possible role of a new pathogenic agent
      in man: the Avalon virus].

PMID- 2931717
TI  - [Characteristics of the epidemiology of tuberculosis and the organization of
      present-day tuberculosis control].

PMID- 2931718
TI  - [Characteristics of recurrent tuberculosis of the respiratory organs among the
      rural population].

PMID- 2931719
TI  - [Results of mass screening of rural adolescents using the Mantoux test with 2 TU
      of PPD-L].

PMID- 2931720
TI  - Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and insulin increase the concentration of
      fructose 2,6-bisphosphate and stimulate glycolysis in chicken embryo fibroblasts.
AB  - Incubation of chicken embryo fibroblasts with mitogenic concentrations of insulin
      for 24 hr or with the tumor promoter phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate for 6 hr
      stimulated lactate release and 3-O-methylglucose uptake. Insulin also increased
      the Vmax of 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase (ATP:D-fructose-6-phosphate 1
      phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.11). Both agents increased the concentration of
      fructose 2,6-bisphosphate and the activity of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase (EC 2.7.1.
      ), the enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of this stimulator of 6-phosphofructo
      1-kinase. These changes provide an explanation for the stimulation of glycolysis
      by insulin and phorbol esters. In contrast to the situation in rat liver,
      fructose 2,6-bisphosphate concentration did not decrease after cyclic AMP
      treatment. Incubation of cells with phorbol ester analogues or with glycerol
      derivatives that are known to stimulate, or to bind to, protein kinase C did
      increase the concentration of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate, suggesting that the
      stimulation of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate is
      mediated by protein kinase C.

PMID- 2931721
TI  - Effect of DNA polymerase I and DNA helicase II on the turnover rate of UvrABC
      excision nuclease.
AB  - UvrABC excision nuclease (UvrA, UvrB, and UvrC proteins) of Escherichia coli
      removes nucleotide mono- and diadducts from DNA in the form of oligonucleotides
      12 or 13 bases long. We find that the purified enzyme dissociates from DNA very
      slowly, if at all, in the absence of other proteins implicated in excision
      repair. Addition of DNA polymerase I and helicase II (UvrD protein) to the
      reaction mixture stimulates the turnover rate of the excision nuclease to a level
      comparable to that observed in vivo.

PMID- 2931722
TI  - Multiple chemical forms of hepatitis B surface antigen produced in yeast.
AB  - Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) has been extracted from yeast cells that
      produce HBsAg. These cells contain the gene for surface antigen carried on a
      plasmid that replicates in the cells. Analysis of the yeast-derived HBsAg by
      sucrose gradient centrifugation and by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis shows
      that the antigen that is initially released from yeast cells is a high molecular
      weight aggregate of the fundamental Mr 25,000 subunit. Unlike HBsAg derived from
      human plasma, the yeast antigen is held together by noncovalent interactions and
      can be dissociated in 2% NaDodSO4 without the use of reducing agents. During in
      vitro purification of the yeast antigen, some disulfide bonds form spontaneously
      between the antigen subunits, resulting in a particle composed of a mixture of
      monomers and disulfide-bonded dimers. Treatment with 3 M thiocyanate converts the
      20-nm particles into a fully disulfide-bonded form that is not disrupted in
      NaDodSO4 unless a reducing agent is added. This disulfide-bonded particle
      resembles the naturally occurring, plasma-derived surface antigen particle, and
      the in vitro formed particle has been used to prepare a vaccine for humans
      against hepatitis B virus infection.

PMID- 2931724
TI  - Some principles of membrane structure.

PMID- 2931723
TI  - H-2-incompatible bone marrow chimeras produce donor-H-2-restricted Ly-2
      suppressor T-cell factor(s).
AB  - To study adaptive-differentiation phenomena of T lymphocytes, suppressor T-cell
      factors (TsF) produced by Ly-2+ splenic T cells from fully allogeneic mouse bone
      marrow chimeras were analyzed. AKR mice irradiated and reconstituted with B10
      marrow cells (B10----AKR chimeras) produced an Ly-2+ TsF after hyperimmunization
      with sheep erythrocytes. The TsF suppressed primary antibody responses (to sheep
      erythrocytes) generated with spleen cells of mice of H-2b haplotype but not those
      of H-2k haplotype. Thus, this suppressor factor was donor-H-2-restricted. The
      immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region gene (Igh-V)-restricting element was
      not involved in this form of suppression. Similar results were obtained when TsF
      from B6----BALB/c and BALB/c----B6 chimeras were analyzed. The TsF from B10---
      AKR chimeras suppressed responses of B10.A(3R) and B10.A(5R) mice but not those
      of B10.A(4R). This finding showed that identity between the factor-producing
      cells and target spleen cells is required on the left-hand side of the E beta
      locus of the H-2 region and that the putative I-Jb locus is not involved in this
      form of suppression. The present results support the postulate that post-thymic
      differentiation in the presence of continued or repeated stimulation with antigen
      and donor-derived antigen-presenting cells generates donor-H-2-restricted T-cell
      clones that may predominate within the repertoire of the specific antigen being
      presented.

PMID- 2931725
TI  - Membranes and the response to insulin.

PMID- 2931726
TI  - The biochemistry and physiology of the muscle cell.

PMID- 2931727
TI  - Fetal rat islet insulin deficiency following maternal administration of
      streptozotocin.
AB  - Pancreatic islets were isolated from the fetuses of normal rats and rats made
      diabetic by the iv administration of streptozotocin (STZ) on either Day 3 or 5 of
      pregnancy. Of the rats made diabetic on Day 3, one group also received insulin
      injections at the appearance of glucosuria. Maternal blood glucose on Day 20 of
      gestation was significantly different in the diabetic rats (405 +/- 27 mg/dl)
      from the normal (97 +/- 1 mg/dl) and insulin-treated diabetic rats (69 +/- 9
      mg/dl). While fetal weight was significantly decreased in the STZ-treated rats
      (2.64 +/- 0.13 g vs 3.52 +/- 0.05 g for the control group, P less than 0.005),
      fetal glucose was significantly higher in the STZ-treated than in normal pups
      (342 +/- 11 vs 35 +/- 1 mg/dl, P less than 0.005). Both fetal weight and glucose
      were normalized by insulin treatment: 3.16 +/- 0.18 g and 31 +/- 7 mg/dl,
      respectively. Insulin release from fetal islets of diabetic dams was blunted
      after a week in culture both in basal and stimulated conditions. After 2 weeks in
      culture, there was partial recovery in the insulin response to glucose but it did
      not equal to that measured in fetal islets from the normal and insulin-treated
      diabetic rats. These data suggest maternal hyperglycemia severely impairs fetal
      weight and insulin release from fetal rat islets in vitro, and correction of the
      hyperglycemia by insulin treatment not only improves fetal weight and glucose
      concentrations, but it also normalizes insulin release from fetal rat islets in
      vitro.

PMID- 2931728
TI  - Genetic restriction in the suppression of erythropoiesis and the role of Ia-like
      antigens in progenitor differentiation.

PMID- 2931729
TI  - Serotonin and vascular reactivity.
AB  - Serotonin causes contraction of the vascular smooth muscle cells in most blood
      vessels studied in vitro. This contraction is mainly due to activation of S2
      serotonergic receptors. The monoamine can cause relaxation through activation of
      serotonergic receptors, different from the S2-serotonergic receptor and located
      on endothelial cells, or through an inhibitory effect on adrenergic
      neurotransmission. In certain blood vessels, the contractile effects can be
      markedly enhanced by hypoxia or moderate cooling. At low concentrations serotonin
      amplifies the vasoconstrictor responses to other vasoactive substances.
      Ultimately the effect of serotonin on vascular constriction is defined by the
      balance between these different actions. In the intact organism under normal
      conditions serotonin may play a modulatory role but exacerbation of the
      contractile effects because of hypersensitivity of the smooth muscle cells, local
      physical or humoral factors or loss of the relaxatory ability may lead to
      abnormal tissue responses. Thus, serotonin-induced vasoconstrictor responses may
      play a role in the etiology of vasospasm and peripheral vascular diseases, in
      particular at sites of endothelial lesions. Both the vasoconstrictor and the
      platelet aggregating effects of serotonin combined with its accelerated turnover
      may be important in the induction and maintenance of the augmented peripheral
      vascular resistance in arterial hypertension.

PMID- 2931730
TI  - Diclofenac and pirprofen modify pituitary and hypothalamic beta-endorphin
      concentrations.
AB  - We provide evidence that both Diclofenac and Pirprofen, two cyclooxygenase
      inhibitors with a potent analgesic effect both in the experimental animal and in
      man, induce a significant and long lasting decrease in pituitary beta-endorphin
      concentrations, together with an increase of the hypothalamic concentrations of
      the peptide. We suggest that this effect might participate in the potent
      analgesic effect of the two compounds, that exceeds the one expected by drugs of
      this class.

PMID- 2931731
TI  - The chromaffin vesicle: a model secretory organelle.

PMID- 2931732
TI  - Regulation of secretion from adrenal chromaffin cells.

PMID- 2931733
TI  - Influence of thyroxine and propylthiouracil administration on the intake of
      maternal milk in sucklings of the laboratory rat.
AB  - Young laboratory rats received a daily subcutaneous injection of thyroxine (T4)
      and propylthiouracil (PTU) in saline, from birth until the period of spontaneous
      weaning. The rate of growth and the time of eye opening as well as the
      spontaneous weaning was assessed. The intake of maternal milk was followed
      directly, i.e. by the transport of 85Sr in maternal milk from the maternal body
      to the sucklings. In the young treated with T4 the eyes opened earlier than in
      the young treated with PTU. The body mass differed in both groups between the 4th
      and 20th day of life (the T4 pups were heavier). The 85Sr transfer in maternal
      milk was higher in the PTU young from the 22nd day of life. The PTU sucklings
      weaned spontaneously one week later than those receiving T4. A hypothesis has
      been proposed on the primary significance of maturation of oral mechanisms of
      sucking for spontaneous weaning.

PMID- 2931734
TI  - Extracellular K+ and Ca2+ activities measured during the action of negative
      pressure under a suction electrode placed on the surface of frog heart ventricle.
AB  - The application of negative pressure of -40 kPa (-300 mm Hg) for 10 min under a
      suction electrode placed on the surface of the spontaneously beating frog
      ventricle changed the extracellular potassium activity (aoK+) in three phases: a
      phase of rapidly rising aoK+, a slowly decaying phase and a phase of slowly
      rising aoK+. The changes reversed when suction was discontinued during the
      rapidly rising and decaying phase, but were not reversed during the slowly rising
      phase. Calcium extra-cellular activity (aoCa2+) decreased between -5 and -13 kPa,
      but increased during the higher pressures. The results indicated that injury of
      the ventricular tissue caused by a suction electrode elevated aoK+ and altered
      aoCa2+.

PMID- 2931735
TI  - Effect of repeated exercise on postnatal development of the noradrenaline content
      of the albino rat heart, spleen and skeletal muscle.
AB  - The authors studied the effect of repeated elevation of sympathetic activity on
      the postnatal development of the noradrenaline content of tissues of the albino
      rat. Between the ages of 15 and 29 days, young rats were forced to swim in water
      heated to 25 degrees C, 3 X 30 min on weekdays and 1 X 30 min on Saturdays and
      Sundays. At 30, 45 and 65 days, the noradrenaline content of the tissues was
      determined spectrofluorometricaLly by the trihydroxyindole method. The
      noradrenaline content of the heart of trained rats was higher than in the
      controls in all the given age groups and the size of the absolute difference rose
      with advancing age. The noradrenaline content of the spleen developed similarly.
      Repeated exercise did not lead to an increase in the noradrenaline content of
      skeletal muscle. The results show that the repeated elevation of the activity of
      sympathetic adrenergic neurones which occurs in young rats during exercise is a
      long-term factor stimulating the development of sympathetic innervation of the
      heart and spleen. The development of the neurones innervating skeletal muscle was
      not stimulated, probably because the activity of these neurones is not increased
      by stress.

PMID- 2931736
TI  - Choline acetyltransferase activity and distribution in rat hearts after bilateral
      cervical vagotomy.
AB  - The activity of choline acetyltransferase (ChAt; E.C. 2.3.1.6) measured as the
      bromoacetylcholine-sensitive portion of the maximal rate of acetylcholine
      synthesis has been determined in homogenates of nine regions of the heart of
      control rats and rats sacrificed 72-74 h after bilateral cervical vagotomy. When
      related to the content of protein, the activity of ChAT was lowered by 30% in the
      atria and unchanged in the ventricles of vagotomized rats. The highest absolute
      decline caused by vagotomy was observed in the sinoatrial region; it was somewhat
      less in the rest of the right atrium and in the interatrial septum and
      considerably less in the left atrium. It is concluded that preganglionic
      parasympathetic fibres supply mainly the sinoatrial region and the right atrium,
      and that they do not branch to the ventricles. Preganglionic ChAT nts about 30%
      of total ChAT activity in the atria. The sinoatrio-ventricular gradient in the
      distribution of ChAT in the heart is due to uneven distribution of both the pre-
      and postganglionic ChAT pools (i.e., of both the pre- and postganglionic
      cholinergic nerve fibres and nerve cell bodies).

PMID- 2931737
TI  - The acute and the chronic effects of imipramine on the spontaneous motility in
      chick embryos.
AB  - The effect of imipramine on the spontaneous motility and development of chick
      embryos was studied from the 4th to the 19th day of incubation. On acute
      administration (a single dose of 12.5 of 25 mg/kg egg weight), imipramine already
      induced significant depression of spontaneous motility in 11-day embryos--an
      effect which increased significantly after the 15th day of incubation. The
      similar effect of imipramine in spinal embryos testifies to its direct action on
      the spinal cord and draws attention to certain details of the role of supraspinal
      structures of the CNS in the acute effect of imipramine. The chronic
      administration of imipramine showed that it had an almost 100% lethal effect from
      4th to the 7th day of incubation. Between the 8th and the 10th day it caused
      longlasting depression of spontaneous motility. When it was administered between
      the 11th and 16th day of incubation, no significant effect on the development of
      spontaneous motor activity was found in chick embryos.

PMID- 2931738
TI  - Maze-escape learning and memory during rat ontogeny.
AB  - With the method of a simple automatic rectangular maze the development of escape
      reaction was studied in albino rats aged 3 weeks to 3 months as well as memory
      retrieval within 24 h and then after one month. Learning of escape improves
      sharply between the 3rd and 4th postnatal week, and then, with the exception of
      week 8, remains approximately on the same level. Memory retrieval up to 24 h is
      not significantly influenced by age or sex, but is best immediately after
      learning interval of 10 min and the poorest after 24 h, except the age of 5
      weeks, where it is best in 3 and 6 h after learning. One-month retention of maze
      escape improves during development except in animals trained at the age of 6
      weeks in which the level is lower than in all other investigated groups. One
      month memory retrieval in animals taught at the age of 4 weeks is influenced by
      the time of the first retention test with the best values in animals tested for
      the first time after 3 h and poorest in animals tested after 24 h after learning.
      Animals trained at 5 weeks had a marginally better result after the one-month
      retention test in females, perhaps due to the influence of sexual maturation on
      memory traces. This was not observed in the other age groups. Attention is drawn
      to the different development of learning and memory of various types of
      conditioned reactions stemming from the difference in their complexity.

PMID- 2931739
TI  - Chick and quail specific pattern of endplates and fibre-types in the plantaris
      muscle.
AB  - Species-specific endplate distribution and fibre-type pattern were found in the
      plantaris muscle (PL) of the chick and quail. The PL is proposed as a model for
      studies of nerve-muscle interactions in chimeras.

PMID- 2931740
TI  - The adrenocortical function of alloxan-induced diabetic rats.
AB  - The purpose of this study is to investigate the adrenocortical function of
      alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Male rats of Wistar strain, weighing 200-250 gm
      were used. The results indicated that the adrenocortical response to stress and
      exogenous corticotropin (ACTH1-24) is decreased during the early diabetic stages
      (up to 6 days). Evidence from in vivo and in vitro studies shows that the
      depression is caused by the toxicity of alloxan on the adrenal cortex cells and
      not by the sudden rise of blood glucose levels. Streptozotocin (another
      diabetogen) has the same effect as alloxan on adrenal cortex cells.

PMID- 2931742
TI  - Antegrade catheterization of the superficial femoral artery.
AB  - A simple method of selective catheterization of the superficial femoral artery
      (SFA) following antegrade puncture of the common femoral artery is described. The
      method entails using a Cope-type dilator introducer, which directs the guide wire
      from its side hole into the SFA while the tip is secured in the deep femoral
      artery.

PMID- 2931741
TI  - Childhood diagnostic and handicap registers--a way forward.

PMID- 2931743
TI  - Antegrade selective catheterization of the superficial femoral artery using a
      movable-core guide wire.
AB  - A simplified method of selective antegrade catheterization of the superficial
      femoral artery using a movable-core guide wire is described. This technique
      obviates the need for multiple catheter and guide wire manipulations and
      exchanges when preferential passage of the guide wire into the profunda femoral
      artery occurs following antegrade common femoral artery puncture.

PMID- 2931744
TI  - Effect of indomethacin on proteinuria in rats with autologous immune complex
      nephropathy.
AB  - Although non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents have been used to reduce levels
      of urinary protein excretion in patients with the nephrotic syndrome, the general
      usefulness of these drugs in proteinuric states remains unclear. The present
      study was designed to confirm the efficacy and to investigate some of the
      mechanism/s of action of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents in animals with
      proteinuria as the result of a single form experimental renal disease. Autologous
      immune complex nephropathy was produced in groups of Lewis rats by the
      administration of autologous tubular Fx1A antigen. After marked proteinuria
      developed, indomethacin (8 mg/kg/day) was administered orally to one group of
      animals for five days while a control group received only vehicle. The level of
      urinary protein excretion in the indomethacin treated animals was 420 +/- 198
      mg/day compared to a level of 1180 +/- 306 seen in the untreated animals (p less
      than 0.05). When the indomethacin-treated and control animals were compared, the
      reduction in proteinuria could not be found to be associated with a change in the
      glomerular filtration rate, urine electrolyte or osmolar excretion rates,
      electron microscopic appearance of the glomerular basement membrane, or a change
      in the glomerular permeability to neutral dextran. Treatment of animals with
      either sodium salicylate or lower does of indomethacin (both of which resulted
      also in significant falls in urinary prostaglandin E excretion rates) failed to
      reduce the levels of proteinuria. Thus, indomethacin was capable of reducing the
      levels of protein excretion in rats with autologous immune complex nephropathy
      although the mechanism of action of this agent remains unclear.

PMID- 2931745
TI  - [Suppressive activity of lymphocytes and monocytes in patients with syphilis].

PMID- 2931746
TI  - Percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty: follow up studies on renovascular
      hypertension.

PMID- 2931747
TI  - [Evolutive modalities unique to acute pancreatitis: chronic peritoneal and
      pleural effusions; migrating pseudocysts].

PMID- 2931748
TI  - [Pathology of Meckel's diverticulum--clinical, morphological and therapeutic
      aspects].

PMID- 2931749
TI  - [Subphrenic abscesses; anatomico-clinical and therapeutic considerations].

PMID- 2931750
TI  - [Characteristics of cholangitic hepatic abscesses].

PMID- 2931751
TI  - [Primary and recurrent varices of the communicating veins at the level of the
      thigh and perineum].

PMID- 2931752
TI  - [Ozone therapy, a new method of treating chronic obliterating arteriopathies].

PMID- 2931753
TI  - [Esophagoplasty using the transverse colon in children].

PMID- 2931754
TI  - [Scapulectomy; elements of the surgical technic].

PMID- 2931755
TI  - [Amebic abscess of the liver].

PMID- 2931757
TI  - [Primary testicular carcinoid tumor].

PMID- 2931756
TI  - [Lumbar neurofibroma].

PMID- 2931758
TI  - [Neglected sectioning of the patellar tendon repaired with a dacron arterial
      graft].

PMID- 2931759
TI  - [Rare complication of acute appendicitis].

PMID- 2931760
TI  - [Surgical correction by duodenal diversion of postoperative gastric and
      esophageal alkaline reflux].

PMID- 2931761
TI  - [Our experience in treating scapular bone tumors].

PMID- 2931763
TI  - [Procedure for mesosigmoidopexy in treating sigmoid volvulus].

PMID- 2931762
TI  - [Surgical treatment of deformities due to burns of the hands].

PMID- 2931764
TI  - [Determination of atypical pseudocholinesterase].

PMID- 2931765
TI  - [100 years of the use of cocaine in local ophthalmological anesthesia].

PMID- 2931766
TI  - [Cornea--ultrastructure and physiology (I)].

PMID- 2931767
TI  - [Retinal sensitivity required for the optimal functioning of naval transport
      workers].

PMID- 2931768
TI  - [Serology of toxoplasmosis in eye infections].

PMID- 2931769
TI  - [Glaucoma in aphakia--etiopathogenesis, prevention and treatment].

PMID- 2931770
TI  - [Value of dynamic infrared telethermography in diagnosing eye tumors].

PMID- 2931771
TI  - [Treatment of amblyopia in unilateral myopia and accentuated anisomyopia].

PMID- 2931772
TI  - [Episurgery of the artificial crystalline lens implant].

PMID- 2931773
TI  - [Cataract extraction in eyes with subconjunctival antiglaucoma fistulae].

PMID- 2931774
TI  - [Ocular manifestations in progressive facial hemiatrophy (Parry-Romberg
      syndrome)].

PMID- 2931775
TI  - [Postcontusion pigmentary epitheliopathy].

PMID- 2931776
TI  - [Sjogren's syndrome. Etiopathogenetic comments on 3 clinical cases].

PMID- 2931777
TI  - [Dilated cardiomyopathy caused by Chagas' disease].

PMID- 2931778
TI  - [Anterior systolic movement of the mitral valve in the absence of hypertrophic
      myocardiopathy].

PMID- 2931779
TI  - [Prenatal echocardiographic diagnosis of a case of atrioventricular septum
      defect].

PMID- 2931780
TI  - [From the care of cripples to the rehabilitation of the physically handicapped].
AB  - Starting out from describing an orthopaedic institute with an orthopaedic
      rehabilitative approach, established in 1780 by Venel in the Suisse canton of
      Waadt, a historical retrospective is given of the field of rehabilitation of the
      physically disabled, going back for some notable industrial and social medicine
      aspects to Graeco-Roman times. Reference is in particular made to the
      peculiarities of 19th century private, residential care, and the development of
      modern-day facilities for persons with a physical disability is outlined.

PMID- 2931781
TI  - [The beginnings of care for cripples in Lower Franconia and its development into
      the modern rehabilitation of the physically handicapped].
AB  - On the example of Lower Franconia, a predominantly rural region which has
      maintained its boundaries in both world wars, the author describes the historical
      development of services for disabled persons since the beginning of this century.
      Jakob Riedinger may justly be termed the father of cripple care in Lower
      Franconia, having initiated the establishment, in 1910, of the first vocational
      rehabilitation facility for physically disabled people in Wurzburg. Starting out
      from the provision of vocational services, further developments in particular
      after the 2nd world war entailed a growing recognition of the psychosocial
      situation of disabled persons as the basis of rehabilitative action. Several
      facilities have hence been established for providing holistic, early services for
      the physically disabled, where educators, physiotherapists, occupational and
      speech therapists, social workers and psychologists are involved, along with the
      orthopaedic doctor, in the care of physically disabled children and youths.

PMID- 2931782
TI  - [The development of legal premises in the rehabilitation of the physically
      handicapped from Bismarck to today--a brief overview].
AB  - The legal bases for rehabilitation and integration of the physically disabled
      have developed from public welfare provisions, the beginnings of disability care
      having been part of public poor relief schemes. Ensueing developments range from
      cripple care programmes to today's efforts to establish a uniform social code,
      which is expected to benefit the individual disabled person by bringing about a
      marked simplification of the current legal and administrative situation. The
      extension of the scope of rehabilitative efforts, which since Bismarck's time had
      comprised nursing and institutional care in cases of physical and mental ailings
      within the framework of poor relief, had initially occurred outside Prussia by
      including education and vocational training for disabled people (the beginnings
      of "rehabilitation"). A more comprehensive approach to disability care in the
      sense of extended assistance was embodied in the Prussian cripple welfare act of
      1920. The Federal Social Assistance Act of 1962, in the final analysis, had
      developed from this tradition. This 1962 act not only established a duty to
      provide public welfare but also gave those concerned a legal title to this kind
      of assistance.

PMID- 2931783
TI  - [Basic formulation of the tasks of special education in rehabilitating the
      physically handicapped].
AB  - Special educational reflexion is directed at, and analyses, the ever specific
      situation of the child with a physical disability, in order to attain the
      conditions enabling subjective and intersubjective reality to be formed and
      stabilized. 'Dealing with the external world' means complex and differentiated
      perception and internalization, particularly, subjectively relevant and
      meaningful activity: all this describes the individual learning and achievement
      behaviour of the child with a physical disablement. 'Achievement' becomes a
      category of high subjective significance, which requires constant intersubjective
      recognition. Motor behaviour as an objectifyable phenomenon must be distinguished
      from personal motor activity, at however limited a level of constitutional and
      functional motor competency it may occur. Expectation of success, and the
      avoidance of failure, are intrinsic constituents of educational reality in
      dealing with a physically disabled child. As Krappmann puts it, the achievement
      the individual must accomplish as a condition for enabling his participation in
      communication processes to occur, is designated as the category of identity.

PMID- 2931784
TI  - [Basic school problems for the physically handicapped].
AB  - Describing the current status of the "school for the physically disabled" and the
      developmental tendencies observable in this type of school, the author in
      particular contrasts recently evolved practice with the existing legislative and
      administrative orientations. It is found that on account of demographic and socio
      medical developments and pressures, actual practice has gone far beyond the
      administrative framework, entailing a need to catch up in terms of conceptual
      thinking and administrative provision. This need to catch up essentially pertains
      to conceptual integration of the consequences that arise from the inclusion of
      students with increasingly severe disablement, to questions of occupational
      outlook for physically handicapped students with learning disabilities, adequate
      conclusions as regards creating a flexible organizational structure in the
      individual school, as well as the problems involved in statutory provision
      relative to the necessary paramedical services and the linkages between therapy
      and education, also in terms of cooperation between school and public health
      services.

PMID- 2931785
TI  - The mental health needs of individuals with severe physical disability: a
      consumer advocate perspective.

PMID- 2931786
TI  - [Enzyme metabolic and contractile activities of 30 pig muscles. Relation with the
      final ph attained after death].
AB  - This paper presents a study of the metabolic and contractile types of 34 samples
      from 30 muscles in five crossbred Pietrain-Large White pigs 6 to 7 months old.
      The activity of the following enzymes was measured: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
      dehydrogenase (GAPDH), lactate dehydrogenase using high (LDH-h) or low (LDH-b)
      pyruvate concentrations in the reaction medium, citrate synthase (CS), and
      myofibrillar Ca-Mg activated ATPase. Haeminic iron and ultimate pH (pHu) were
      measured on the same samples. The results showed a negative, rather linear
      relationship between GAPDH, LDH and ATPase activities on the one hand and CS and
      haeminic iron on the other. Rather high correlations (r = 0.7 to 0.8) were
      observed between metabolic and contractile criteria and pHu; the red (slow)
      muscles had the highest pHu.

PMID- 2931787
TI  - [Clinical aspects and the socio-occupational rehabilitation of schizophrenics in
      the Romanian capital].

PMID- 2931789
TI  - [Group psychotherapy of schizophrenics].

PMID- 2931788
TI  - [Schizophrenia morbidity in Cluj County].

PMID- 2931790
TI  - [Reflections on the function of the social integration of schizophrenics].

PMID- 2931791
TI  - [Antoine Bayle (1799-1858)].

PMID- 2931792
TI  - [Laparoscopy in acute abdomen].

PMID- 2931793
TI  - [Treatment of osteoarthrosis with mucarthrin].

PMID- 2931795
TI  - ATP-ase activity of mitochondria isolated from needle-biopsy liver samples of
      diabetic subjects.
AB  - ATP-ase activity in mitochondria isolated from liver needle-biopsy samples was
      measured in 5 diabetics, aged 30-63 years and in 4 control subjects of similar
      age. The mitochondrial fraction was isolated by differential centrifugation of
      the homogenate and the ATP-ase activity was determined in the optimal conditions
      previously described for human liver mitochondria. The basal and Mg-stimulated
      ATP-ase activities were higher, while the DNP-stimulated ATP-ase activity was
      lower in diabetics compared to controls. The ratio of DNP-ATP-ase/Mg2+-ATP-ase
      was between 1-2 in diabetics and above 5 in controls. This pattern of ATP-ase
      activity in diabetics is indicative of mitochondrial damage. No quantitative
      changes in the amount of mitochondria isolated from liver (expressed in
      micrograms mitochondrial protein/mg wet tissue) could be noticed in diabetics
      compared to controls. Consequently, the alterations of ATP-ase activity is
      probably reflective of impairments of functional integrity of liver mitochondria
      in diabetics.

PMID- 2931794
TI  - Spontaneous and aggregated IgG induced rheumatoid factor producing cells in
      rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - Seropositive rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients were found to have high numbers
      of spontaneously occurring cells making rheumatoid factor (RF) reactive with
      human IgG as measured by a RF plaque forming cell (RF-PFC) assay. There was a
      significant positive correlation between the number of RF-PFC and both disease
      activity measured by the sedimentation rate and RF titer measured by the RA latex
      test. Aggregated IgG and pokeweed mitogen were equally effective stimulators of
      RF-PFC in cultures of RA peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes. The rheumatoid
      ratio of helper (T4): suppressor (T8) T lymphocytes was also significantly
      increased over the ratio of normal controls, but this ratio did not correlate
      with the number of RF-PFC. Aggregated IgG or immune complexes may be responsible
      for stimulating RA RF-PFC in vivo.

PMID- 2931796
TI  - Alcoholic encephalopathies. Biochemical and neuropathological aspects.

PMID- 2931797
TI  - The immunodeficiency of bone marrow-transplanted patients. The effect of patient
      lymphocytes on the response of donor lymphocytes to mitogens and allogeneic
      cells.
AB  - Lymphocytes from patients after bone marrow transplantation (BMT) are in most
      cases predominantly of the Leu-2+ (cytotoxic/suppressor) phenotypes and are
      almost unresponsive to mitogens. In contrast, normal Leu-3+-depleted, Leu-2+
      enriched lymphocyte suspensions retain approximately 50% of the mitogenic
      response compared with that of unseparated cells. To investigate whether this
      discrepancy was due to active suppression, we selected nine BMT patients from
      whom sufficient numbers of cells were available and whose lymphocyte phenotypes
      were predominantly Leu-2+ after BMT. These post-BMT lymphocytes were tested for
      functional suppressor activities against donor and recipient pre-BMT lymphocytes
      in the lymphocyte transformation test. None of these post-BMT cells suppressed
      the response of donor or pre-BMT cells to phytohaemagglutinin A or concanavalin
      A. In contrast, the response of donor cells in mixed lymphocyte cultures to HLA
      DR-different third-party cells was suppressed by highly X-irradiated post-BMT
      cells by approximately 40%. Addition of T-cell growth factor (= interleukin 2 (IL
      2)) or X-irradiated donor cells to post-BMT lymphocytes partially restored the
      mitogenic response. These findings indicate that the early post-BMT cells lack
      production of IL-2 but are capable of responding to IL-2 and that the almost
      extinct mitogen response of these cells is due to immaturity rather than active
      suppression. The suppression of the allogeneic but not the mitogenic response
      might be explained by differences in the modes of activation; for example, the
      allogeneic response must involve the T-cell receptor, while the mitogenic
      response may not.

PMID- 2931798
TI  - Functional analysis of pokeweed mitogen-dependent cell interactions in murine
      spleen cells. I. Lack of B-cell mitogenicity and low frequency of effector helper
      T cells.
AB  - The nature of lymphocyte responses on addition of pokeweed mitogen (PWM) to
      normal murine spleen cells was studied in low cell density cultures. PWM, over a
      wide range of concentrations, stimulated proliferation in a set of cells roughly
      10-fold smaller than the lymphocyte populations responding to either concanavalin
      A or lipopolysaccharide. PWM also induced a relatively small number of B
      lymphocytes in these cultures to mature to Ig-secreting plaque-forming cells
      (PFC). Proliferative and PFC responses were completely abrogated by T-cell
      removal from normal spleen cell cultures. Moreover, cell mixture and irradiation
      experiments demonstrated that B lymphocytes do not proliferate in response to
      PWM, even in the presence of an excess of normal T cells, suggesting that PFC
      development results from terminal maturation without proliferation. Finally,
      parallel titrations of cloned helper cells, normal splenic T cells or T-cell
      blasts induced by PWM showed that the poor B-lymphocyte responses in normal
      spleen cell cultures is due to the very low frequency of competent helper cells
      in these populations. PWM, however, was competent to activate and expand this set
      of helper lymphocytes in primary cultures.

PMID- 2931799
TI  - T-lymphocyte subsets and HLA-DR-expressing cells in the osteoarthritic
      synovialis.
AB  - Rheumatoid and osteoarthritic synovial membranes biopsied at operations were
      analysed in frozen sections with an immunohistochemical monoclonal antibody
      technique. It is evident from this investigation that immunocompetent
      inflammatory cells such as HLA-DR-expressing non-T cells and T cells in general
      occur even in the osteoarthritic synovial membrane, though to a lesser degree
      than in rheumatoid arthritis. In about half of the osteoarthritic synovial
      membranes these T cells were clustered in follicle-like formations. In both
      diseases, most of the T cells were helper/inducer T cells whereas
      cytotoxic/suppressor T cells occur sparsely and almost exclusively in rheumatoid
      arthritis.

PMID- 2931800
TI  - [Fibrinolysis therapy in massive lung embolism. Experiences in 10 patients 1982
      1984].
AB  - Between October 1982 and July 1984 systemic thrombolysis was carried out in 10
      patients (5 males and 5 females aged 19 to 66 years) with massive pulmonary
      embolism (PE). Mean thrombolytic treatment duration was 77 hours. The main
      fibrinolytic agent used (9 cases) was streptokinase. Sequential treatment with
      streptokinase and urokinase was given to 2 patients and urokinase alone to one. 5
      patients received porcine plasmin additionally, and one patient BRL 26921
      (streptokinase-plasminogen complex) and human plasminogen. Pulmonary arterial
      pressures were recorded serially. Pulmonary angiograms were obtained before,
      occasionally during and after thrombolysis. Pulmonary arterial pressures
      (systolic: p less than 0.01, diastolic: p less than 0.05, mean: p less than 0.01,
      paired t-test, two tailed) and pulmonary angiograms (p less than 0.001, paired t
      test, two tailed) all showed significant improvement. Thrombolytic treatment had
      to be discontinued in two patients due to side effects. Patients with the most
      recent PE showed the best response. Patients with recurrent PE and preexisting
      pulmonary hypertension showed no improvement. In PE without deep vein thrombosis
      (DVT), treatment duration of up to three days seems to be appropriate. In PE with
      concomitant DVT the treatment should be prolonged to achieve complete lysis of
      thrombi.

PMID- 2931801
TI  - Coronary vasoconstrictor effects of atriopeptin II.
AB  - Atrial natriuretic peptides lower arterial pressure, cardiac filling pressure,
      and cardiac output. In isolated, Langendorff-perfused guinea pig hearts,
      atriopeptin II, the 23-amino acid atrial natriuretic peptide, is also a potent
      coronary vasoconstrictor. The median effective dose for atriopeptin II in guinea
      pig hearts is 26 nanomoles, the threshold constrictor dose is 5 nanomoles, and
      flow nearly ceases at a dose of 100 nanomoles in perfused hearts at constant
      pressure. Similar concentrations of atriopeptin II also cause coronary
      vasoconstriction in rat and dog heart preparations. The disulfide bridge is
      necessary for vasoconstrictor activity; reduction of this bridge abolishes the
      activity, as it does the other biological activities of atrial natriuretic
      peptides.

PMID- 2931802
TI  - Selective sparing of a class of striatal neurons in Huntington's disease.
AB  - A distinct subpopulation of striatal aspiny neurons, containing the enzyme
      nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase, is preserved in the
      caudate nucleus in Huntington's disease. Biochemical assays confirmed a
      significant increase in the activity of this enzyme in both the caudate nucleus
      and putamen in postmortem brain tissue from patients with this disease. The
      resistance of these neurons suggests that the gene defect in Huntington's disease
      may be modifiable by the local biochemical environment. This finding may provide
      insight into the nature of the genetically programmed cell death that is a
      characteristic of the disease.

PMID- 2931803
TI  - Platelet membrane proteins.
AB  - Studies on platelet membrane proteins during the past decade have defined a
      series of such components and their roles in key phenomena in hemostasis and
      thrombosis such as platelet adhesion and aggregation. Central among the membrane
      proteins is the glycoprotein group. At this time, several of these proteins have
      been characterized as to apparent molecular weights and subunit composition
      whereas sugar and amino acid composition and sequences await further studies for
      most of them. The absence of specific membrane glycoproteins in congenital
      bleeding diseases has helped to identify their functions as receptors for known
      ligands for binding reactions central to the hemostatic mechanism. Some of the
      membrane proteins may exist more or less loosely attached to each other on the
      surface of intact platelets, and this may be important for their functions.

PMID- 2931804
TI  - Chiropractic and the clinical art.
AB  - Chiropractic is the largest 'unorthodox' health profession in the U.S.A. It is
      licensed in all 50 states and its services are covered by governmental and
      private health insurance. Yet chiropractic remains, in the opinion of medical
      commentators, an unscientific healing cult. Chiropractic holds that much illness
      is caused, directly or indirectly, by derangements in homeostasis that result
      from subtle vertebral malalignments called 'subluxations'. Only a minority of
      'straight' chiropractors continue to provide spinal manipulation as their only
      modality, while the majority 'mixers' have embraced physical therapy, vitamin
      supplements and a wide variety of drugless treatments. Clinical trials suggest
      that spinal manipulation itself has short-term benefit in back pain, but the
      success of chiropractic is not fully explained by that effect. The clinical art,
      though, as manifested in the chiropractor-patient interaction contributes greatly
      to chiropractic healing. This process promotes patient acceptance and validation,
      fulfills expectations, provides explanations and engages the patient's
      commitment. The same process lies at the core of the 'art of medicine'. Seeing
      the clinical art as it functions in chiropractic can help us to understand its
      independent power in medicine.

PMID- 2931805
TI  - Excess of folates in Huntington's chorea: a possible etiologic link.

PMID- 2931806
TI  - [Public health in Azerbaijan during the war years].

PMID- 2931807
TI  - [Public health in Uzbekistan during the war years].

PMID- 2931808
TI  - [Improvement of surgical services in hospitals of the Georgian S.S.R].

PMID- 2931809
TI  - [Merits of medical workers of the Ul'ianovsk region in rendering health services
      to wounded soldiers].

PMID- 2931810
TI  - [Remarkable feats of health professionals in the Volga region].

PMID- 2931811
TI  - [Health professionals--participants in the partisan movement in the Crimea].

PMID- 2931812
TI  - [The Leningrad Pediatric Medical Institute during the war years].

PMID- 2931813
TI  - [Morbidity and work and living conditions of engineer-technologists].

PMID- 2931814
TI  - [Effect of alcoholism on morbidity with temporary loss of work capacity].

PMID- 2931815
TI  - [Efficiency of rehabilitation of patients with chronic nonspecific lung diseases
      by stays at health resorts].

PMID- 2931816
TI  - [Participation of teachers and medical students in perfecting mass defense
      measures].

PMID- 2931817
TI  - [Local Soviets of people's deputies in maternal and child care].

PMID- 2931818
TI  - [Organization of the treatment of wounded and sick soldiers in evacuation
      hospitals in the Chuvash ASSR].

PMID- 2931819
TI  - [Development of public health in the Komi-Perm Autonomous Okrug].

PMID- 2931821
TI  - [Preventive screening programs for rural school children].

PMID- 2931820
TI  - [Comprehensive approach to solving problems of primary prevention].

PMID- 2931822
TI  - [A method of study of the status of medical services for children in preschool
      institutions].

PMID- 2931823
TI  - [Control of the reproductive function of the family and its determining factors].

PMID- 2931824
TI  - [Medical and demographic aspects of illegitimate births].

PMID- 2931825
TI  - [Methods of improving health care of workers at industrial plants].

PMID- 2931826
TI  - [Socio-demographic characteristics of persons migrating to a large industrial
      city].

PMID- 2931827
TI  - [Health care of children and adolescents during the first few years of Soviet
      rule].

PMID- 2931828
TI  - [Medical services to the disabled and participants in World War II in the Russian
      Federation].

PMID- 2931829
TI  - The abdominal mechanism.
AB  - The abdominal mechanism, utilizing intraabdominal pressure, has been described
      and numericized. Simulations show that the lumbodorsal fascia under control of
      the abdominal muscles contributes to reduce the stress at the intervertebral
      joint. The musculature of the lumbar spine is of primary importance in the
      control of the efficiency of the spinal mechanism. The system of loading, which
      results in observable physiologic response, maintains the compressive load at
      virtually 90 degrees at the bisector of the disc for all weights and all angles
      of forward flexion.

PMID- 2931830
TI  - A review of camptocormia and an unusual case in the female.
AB  - Camptocormia is a rare low-back disorder involving an abnormal posture of extreme
      forward flexion. Most reports of camptocormia were of male military recruits
      during World Wars I and II. The differential diagnosis of the postural deformity,
      the psychologic formulation of camptocormia as a conversion disorder, and the
      treatments that have been used are reviewed. An unusual case of camptocormia in a
      female is presented to illustrate one psychologic basis and one form of effective
      treatment of this disorder.

PMID- 2931832
TI  - Paraplegia following chemonucleolysis. A case report and discussion of
      neurotoxicity.
AB  - A case report of inadvertent chymopapain introduction into the lumbar theca is
      reported. It led to an extensive subarachnoid and subdural hemorrhage, producing
      paraplegia. The neurotoxicity of chymopapain in the experimental model is
      reviewed and related to a clinical setting. Clinically speaking, there appears to
      be no tolerance for this discolytic agent either in the peripheral or central
      nervous system. Cerebrospinal fluid barbotage may lessen the neurologic injury by
      removing the enzyme when it finds its way inadvertently into the subarachnoid
      space.

PMID- 2931831
TI  - Baclofen for the treatment of acute low-back syndrome. A double-blind comparison
      with placebo.
AB  - The efficacy and safety of baclofen (30-80 mg daily) for the treatment of acute
      low-back syndrome were evaluated in a 14-day, double-blind, randomized study of
      200 patients (100 baclofen, 100 placebo). Patients with initially severe or
      extremely severe symptoms (as opposed to moderate symptoms) benefitted most from
      treatment with baclofen. The incidence of adverse effects was significantly
      higher in the baclofen group; however, most were mild to moderate and disappeared
      in all but two patients who required a reduction in dosage, without reduced drug
      efficacy. Baclofen was shown to be effective, safe, and well-tolerated for the
      treatment of patients with acute low-back syndrome.

PMID- 2931833
TI  - Low-back pain. Perception and tolerance.
AB  - The relationship between pain modifying factors, pain duration, and the role of
      anxiety in low-back pain experience were studied. Three groups of patients with
      low-back pain were examined using the Tourniquet Pain Test, McGill Pain
      Questionnaire, Rating Scale of Pain Intensity, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and
      Psychological Discomfort Questionnaire. Significant differences in all measured
      features emerged between acute and chronic pain groups. Groups of acute and
      subchronic pain and groups of subchronic and chronic pain differed only in
      several parameters, suggesting an intermittent phase in acute pain transition
      into chronicity. While pain prolonged, pain experience gradually but irregularly
      changed, exaggerating pain perception. The changes concerned mainly emotional
      factors and were related to the chronicity itself. Anxiety also played a
      significant role.

PMID- 2931834
TI  - The relation of spinal x-ray to low-back pain and physical activity among 60-year
      old men and women.
AB  - X-ray findings in the thoracic and lumbar spine from 666 60-year-old men and
      women from a general population were related to anamnestic data and physical
      measurements. Disc degenerations were significantly more common among those with
      low-back pain (LBP) compared with those without. The corresponding calculated
      predictive values stressed the importance of taking precaution in interpreting
      the radiologic findings in the clinical situation. In several instances, there
      were significantly more positive (abnormal) radiologic findings among those with
      the heaviest work. Disc degeneration and scoliosis were particularly frequent in
      this regard. Absolute weight and body mass index was significantly higher in
      persons with spondylosis. The fingertip-floor distance was greater with higher
      frequency of spondylosis and L4 disc degeneration.

PMID- 2931835
TI  - Radiographic measurements of lumbar spinal canal size and their relation to back
      mobility.
AB  - A total of 197 men and women with history of previous back pain were radiographed
      and clinically examined. Measurements related to the shape and size of the spinal
      canal were subsequently made from the lumbar radiographs. Interarticular distance
      and the ratio between interarticular and interpedicular distances were
      significantly less in women with restriction of lumbar extension, sidebending,
      and rotation: not in men. Anteroposterior (AP) foraminal distances and pedicular
      lengths were less in men with restricted extension and sidebending, although not
      in women. Midsagittal diameters were not significantly less in those with
      restricted mobility. The radiographic differences between men and women with
      restricted back mobility arise partly from the sexual differences in
      interarticular and AP foraminal distance, the former being less in women, the
      latter in men. This suggests a different pathogenetic factor in the two sexes.

PMID- 2931836
TI  - [Asymmetrical septal hypertrophy in patients with Friedreich's ataxia].

PMID- 2931837
TI  - [Distribution of histochemical types of muscle fibers in the abductor policis
      brevis muscle and the trapezius muscle].

PMID- 2931838
TI  - [Comparative histologic, enzymohistochemical and morphometric analysis of the
      size of type I and type II fibers in the abductor policis brevis muscle and the
      trapezius muscle].

PMID- 2931839
TI  - Spinal manipulation in acute backache.

PMID- 2931840
TI  - A comparative study of ketanserin and metoprolol in essential hypertension.
AB  - The role of serotonin in the pathogenesis of hypertension is interesting, and its
      investigation is much in vogue at present. This study compared the hypotensive
      effect of ketanserin, a specific 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor antagonist, with
      metoprolol in essential hypertension. On a double-blind basis, one treatment
      group (19 patients on ketanserin) was compared with another (21 patients on
      metoprolol). There was a significant reduction in diastolic blood pressure with
      both ketanserin and metoprolol (P less than 0,001). Side-effects were
      insignificant. One patient on metoprolol and 2 on ketanserin complained of
      dizziness. The dose of ketanserin was 40 mg twice a day and that of metoprolol
      100 mg twice a day. Ketanserin does not appear to cause abnormal haematological
      values or biochemical adverse effects. It can be given to hypertensive patients
      with cardiac failure or bronchial asthma without adverse effects and may improve
      the peripheral vascular status of a hypertensive patient.

PMID- 2931841
TI  - Factors predicting the outcome of regional streptokinase therapy for peripheral
      arterial occlusions.
AB  - Low dosage regional streptokinase therapy has become increasingly popular as an
      alternative to surgical treatment in acute and chronic arterial occlusions.
      Success rates are reported between 70 and 100 per cent. This is surprising,
      considering the paucity of data in the literature regarding the type of lesion
      treated, objective criteria for good results and predictive factors of success.
      In a review of 22 acute and chronic arterial occlusions of the lower extremity
      treated with low dosage regional streptokinase, the outcomes were grouped as
      either favorable or unfavorable. A success rate of 36 per cent was achieved. The
      two outcome groups were compared with regard to pre-existing diseases or risk
      factors, indications for treatment, duration of symptoms or level of occlusion.
      No significant difference was found. With regard to pretreatment runoff, 100 per
      cent of the patients in the favorable outcome group were found to have good
      runoff as opposed to only 21 per cent of the patients in the unfavorable outcome
      group. Of the patients who also had PBD procedures, all of those in the favorable
      group had good runoff, and all in the unfavorable group had poor runoff. In
      nearly achieving statistical significance, a trend was noted establishing embolic
      lesions as more favorable than thrombotic lesions. We conclude that our low
      success rate with low dosage regional streptokinase therapy is due to our strict
      criteria for success and the nonselective nature of the patients we studied. As a
      result of these findings, we do not support the preferred use of low dosage
      regional streptokinase therapy in arterial occlusion. However, in patients who
      represent high surgical risks, a trial of low dosage streptokinase therapy seems
      indicated if favorable predictors of success, such as good pretreatment runoff,
      embolic lesion and mild symptoms, are present.

PMID- 2931842
TI  - The effectiveness of Nissen fundoplication in neurologically impaired children
      with gastroesophageal reflux.
AB  - Fifty-seven of 101 Nissen fundoplications during the 4-year period, July 1979 to
      July 1983, were performed on neurologically impaired children. Mean age at the
      time of surgery was 5.9 years (range 1 month to 22 years). Indications for
      operation included: persistent vomiting, 57 patients (100%); failure to thrive,
      49 patients (86%); repeated episodes of pneumonia, 49 patients (86%);
      esophagitis, 18 patients (32%); hiatal hernia, 14 patients (25%); episodes of
      apnea, 10 patients (18%); and esophageal stricture, six patients (10%). Forty-six
      of the 57 patients had previously failed a standard trial of nonsurgical
      management. Gastroesophageal reflux was documented by barium esophagograms in
      51/56 patients (91%), chalasia scans in 28/32 patients (88%), esophagitis or
      stricture at endoscopy in 21/23 patients (91%), and acid reflux on pH monitoring
      in 13/16 patients (80%). Operative management included gastrostomy in 55 of the
      57 patients and this was permanent in 50. Gastrostomies had previously been
      performed in nine patients but had failed to provide a reliable method of enteral
      feeding because of chronic reflux and aspiration. The surgical complication rate
      was 12%. Intraoperative esophageal perforation occurred in two patients, splenic
      tear in one, hepatic vein laceration in one, and a tight wrap in one. After
      surgery, bowel obstruction from adhesions developed in one patient and a midgut
      volvulus in another. Five of the children have died, none from causes related to
      the surgical procedure. Clinical and radiologic follow-up evaluations of all
      survivors have been done, with a mean follow-up of 3 years. In four patients the
      repair was felt to be inadequate. One patient had an esophageal stricture and
      three had recurring episodes of pneumonia. Three children showed radiologic
      evidence of persistent reflux, but only two were symptomatic. Two patients
      required a second antireflux procedure for reflux and are now free of symptoms.
      Nissen fundoplication appears to be a safe and beneficial procedure in
      neurological impaired children. Long-term follow-up evaluation of these patients
      showed satisfactory growth as well as a significant decrease in pulmonary disease
      associated with aspiration.

PMID- 2931843
TI  - Gastroschisis in 106 consecutive newborn infants.
AB  - Primary tissue closure of gastroschisis remains controversial. Some surgeons
      routinely place a silicone rubber sheet silo over the exposed bowel, planning a
      staged closure. In the past 14 1/2 years, we have cared for 106 newborns with
      gastroschisis, closing the defect primarily in 80%. The success of this technique
      depends on enlarging the abdominal cavity and decreasing the volume of bowel that
      must be replaced in the peritoneal cavity. Thorough preoperative rectal
      irrigation should evacuate all meconium. After undermining the skin around the
      abdominal wall defect for only 1 cm, a midline subcutaneous fasciotomy is created
      from the xiphoid to the pubis. The abdominal wall is then stretched in all
      quadrants beginning at the flanks. The eviscerated small bowel can often be
      returned without enlarging the initial skin defect. The skin is closed with
      subcuticular absorbable sutures reinforced by long skin tapes. The small ventral
      hernia that results is closed at about 1 year of age. Fascia could be closed
      primarily in 28% of these patients, and 17% required a prosthetic pouch. The
      duration of postoperative ileus and length of hospital stay were statistically
      significantly shorter in the infants who underwent primary closure. Even though
      more complicated patients were included in the primary closure group, the
      incidence of mortality and morbidity was not higher than in patients treated with
      silicone rubber pouches. Deaths were inevitable in five infants with gangrenous
      bowel, multiple anomalies, and extreme prematurity. Deaths were related to sepsis
      in three infants and were the result of operative or anesthetic technique in
      four. Only two preoperative factors were prognostic of morbidity and mortality:
      gestational age (but not birth weight) and the presence of intestinal ischemia or
      atresia.

PMID- 2931844
TI  - [Effect of the method of extracorporeal heparin precipitation of plasma proteins
      (selective plasmapheresis) on the level of immune complexes in the blood].
AB  - A study was made of the effect of selective plasmapheresis (SPP) on the
      concentration of circulating immune complexes (CIC). The method is based on
      precipitation at 4 degrees C of plasma fibronectin and associated macromolecular
      complexes by means of heparin. Sterile plasma of the patient is separated from
      the precipitate, frozen and kept at -20 degrees C till the next plasmapheresis
      during which it is returned to the patient instead of the donor's one. All 15
      patients examined were exposed to 6 SPP with an interval made every 2 to 5 days.
      Six patients were diagnosed to have rheumatoid arthritis, 2 systemic lupus
      erythematosus, 3 hemorrhagic microthrombovasculitis, and 4 multiple sclerosis.
      The concentration of CIC was measured by precipitation with 3.5% polyethylene
      glycol before and after SPP, in some cases between sessions. All the patients
      with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus and 2 out of the 3
      patients with hemorrhagic vasculitis showed an elevated content of CIC (greater
      than 0.150 Units OD). The CIC content appeared normal in all the patients with
      multiple sclerosis. After SPP 4 patients manifested a reduction in the CIC
      concentration, whereas in 6 it returned to normal. Such a time course correlated
      with the improvement of other clinical and laboratory findings. It was
      established that after the first session of SPP the CIC content sharply declined
      followed by a gradual increment and exceeded the initial values toward the
      beginning of the second session. After the second SPP the patients manifested the
      same tendencies. The CIC content reached a maximum by the third SPP and then fell
      from session to session.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2931845
TI  - [Clinical effectiveness of the method of extracorporeal heparin precipitation of
      plasma proteins (selective plasmapheresis) in patients with immune complex
      pathology].
AB  - The authors analyse the efficacy of extracorporeal heparin precipitation of
      plasma proteins (selective plasmapheresis) in patients with immune complex
      pathology. The method lies in extracorporeal precipitation at +4 degrees C of
      fibronectin, cryofibrinogen and other macromolecular complexes with the aid of
      heparin, followed by plasma return to the patient. The method was applied to 39
      patients. Hemorrhagic microthrombovasculitis was diagnosed in 7, vasculitis
      paralleled by hepatosplenomegaly of unclear genesis in 1, generalized vasculitis
      with marked systemic manifestations in 1, immune complex vasculitis complicated
      by recurrent polychondritis in 1, chronic active hepatitis associated with immune
      complex vasculitis in 1, rheumatoid arthritis in 8, systemic lupus erythematosus
      in 4, spleen lymphoma and Sjogren's syndrome in 1, idiopathic amyloidosis in 2,
      multiple sclerosis in 10 patients. Altogether 309 sessions of selective
      plasmaphapheresis were carried out. The time course of the clinical and
      laboratory criteria of the disease activity were studied before and after each
      plasmapheresis session. It was ascertained that the method is highly effective in
      the treatment of hemorrhagic vasculitis. It is mostly used if conventional
      therapy with heparin, cryoplasm, and deaggregating agents appears abortive.
      Apparently, it is the only method that may rapidly arrest the abdominal syndrome
      associated with hemorrhagic vasculitis. The possibility and advisability of the
      use of chronic plasmapheresis are discussed. Application of the method to the
      treatment of rheumatoid arthritis permits reducing the dose of steroid hormones,
      thereby not stimulating the disease activity. The method is the therapy of choice
      in different diseases associated with polyvalent allergy. In amyloidosis and
      multiple sclerosis, the method efficacy is questionable.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2931846
TI  - [Comparative analysis of the effectiveness and tolerance of chrysanol and
      myochrysine in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (preliminary report)].
AB  - Fifty patients with a significant rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were treated with
      gold salts for 6 months to 4 years. Patients with highly active conditions
      (stages II-III) and with erosive arthritis (stages IIb-IV) prevailed.
      Extraarticular manifestations were recognized in 76% of the patients. The
      efficacy of chrisanol given in a dose of 1.5 ml of a 5% solution was compared to
      that of myocrisin in a dose of 50 mg, i. e. 25 mg metallic gold once a week. The
      efficacy of the drugs was evaluated from their effects on the disease activity
      (clinical manifestations of the articular syndrome, ESR, morphological signs of
      rheumatoid synovitis) and progression (the rate of the development of erosive
      arthritis in hand and foot joints, the time course of serum RF content, and
      systemic disease manifestations). These characteristics were examined with the
      aid of modern ultrasonic and radionuclide research methods. The evaluations were
      made by the treatment onset and by months 3, 6, 12 and 18 of the treatment.
      Analysis of the data obtained attests to a high clinical efficacy of both the
      drugs exhibiting basic activity which is confirmed by a decrease in the degree of
      the morphological manifestations of synovitis and extraarticular signs of RA,
      particularly of myocarditis. A method for following up outpatients to prevent
      grave complications of chrysotherapy is offered.

PMID- 2931847
TI  - [Value of scintigraphy using T1-201 in evaluating the myocardial condition in
      patients with cardiomyopathy].

PMID- 2931848
TI  - [Increased incidence of bites of the spider kara-kurt].

PMID- 2931849
TI  - [Effect of high mountain altitude on the growth of bone marrow fibroblasts in
      patients with cytolytic syndromes].
AB  - The efficacy of colony-formation of bone marrow fibroblasts was examined in 18
      patients with pancytopenia and partial cytopenia, 5 patients with intravascular
      hemolysis and in 4 patients with iron deficiency anemia before and after staying
      in mountains at an altitude of 3,200 m. It was shown that during staying in
      mountains, the efficacy of colony-formation was 2 to 4 times as increased. A
      difference was noted in the pattern of the growth of fibroblasts in patients with
      intracellular cytolytic syndromes and intravascular hemolysis and iron deficiency
      anemia.

PMID- 2931851
TI  - [Intravascular blood coagulation and immune complex inflammation in patients with
      systemic lupus erythematosus].
AB  - Immune complex inflammation associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is
      attended by activation of the coagulation system up to the development of
      disseminated intravascular blood coagulation (the DIC syndrome). Study of the
      hemocoagulation in 106 patients with SLE revealed the signs of the chronic DIC
      syndrome that manifested itself largely by hypercoagulation, increased thrombin
      formation and proneness to inhibition or activation of fibrinolysis. These
      alterations were more demonstrable in patients with a highly active condition and
      lupus nephritis. The clinical symptoms of the chronic DIC syndrome in the form of
      hemorrhages and thromboses were seen in 27 patients. Correlations were discovered
      between the level of soluble fibrin-monomer complexes and characteristics of
      inflammatory and immunologic activity. Therefore, a close interrelationship has
      been shown between immune complex processes and alterations in the
      hemocoagulation associated with SLE. It has been also demonstrated that the DIC
      syndrome plays a role in the progression of lupus nephritis.

PMID- 2931850
TI  - [Physiological methods of treatment of patients with polycythemia vera].
AB  - Based on an analysis of the data pertaining to changes in the level of
      erythropoietin, chalones and stress hormones in the blood of patients with
      polycythemia vera after bloodletings and cytapheresis it is concluded that
      chalones participate in the development of a remission owing to the inhibition of
      the clone of mutant cells. The role of stress hormones is reduced to the
      potentiation of the effect of chalones, that of erythropoietin to the triggering
      of the proliferation of the cellular clone.

PMID- 2931852
TI  - [Activity of short-lived suppressor lymphocytes in rheumatoid arthritis].
AB  - Activity of short-lived suppressor lymphocytes was studied in 26 patients with
      rheumatoid arthritis. Of these, 14 patients had diverse systemic manifestations:
      rheumatoid nodules, polyneuropathy. Sjogren's syndrome, and Felty's syndrome. It
      was established that attenuation of the suppressor activity in rheumatoid
      arthritis is characteristic of patients with systemic manifestations, who show a
      high level of circulating immune complexes of rheumatoid factors. The most
      informative data were obtained as a result of the use of the suboptimal dose of
      Con A having suppressor activity.

PMID- 2931853
TI  - Reply to comments on two articles dealing with the teratogenicity of cyproterone
      acetate (CA) and medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA)

PMID- 2931854
TI  - Effect of proteolysis on quantitation of plasma fibronectin concentration by two
      immunoassays (electroimmunoassay and immunoturbidimetric technique).
AB  - Quantitation of fibronectin (FN) concentration is strongly influenced by FN
      fragmentation with trypsin, kallikrein and plasmin. Digestion by trypsin and
      kallikrein leads to a progressive decline in FN detectability by the
      immunoturbidimetric technique to zero values but is associated with an increase
      in the height of rockets in the Laurell's electroimmunoassay. Plasmin mediated FN
      fragmentation induces a strong overestimation of the FN content by the
      electroimmunoassay and, at very high enzyme concentrations, provokes an
      underestimation of FN by the immunoturbidimetric technique. The decline in FN
      reactivity in the immunoturbidimetric assay coincides with the disappearance of
      heavy fractions migrating only slightly faster than native FN in SDS-PAGE. The
      increase in the height of rockets in the electroimmunoassay is the highest when
      fractions of intermediate rate of migration prevail in the SDS-PAGE pattern.
      Concomitant use of these two immunoassays can distinguish native FN from its
      degraded form and may possibly provide a partial explanation for discrepancies in
      published studies on the concentration of circulating FN in various pathological
      states.

PMID- 2931855
TI  - Platelet activation in allergic asthma.

PMID- 2931856
TI  - Release of heparan sulfate proteoglycans from cultured aortic endothelial cells
      by thrombin.
AB  - Anticoagulant heparan sulfate proteoglycans have been shown to be released from
      cultured endothelial cells. The effect of thrombin on their release was
      investigated. Thrombin at more than one unit/ml accelerated the release of [35S]
      sulfate-labeled glycosaminoglycans from cultured porcine aortic endothelial
      cells. The effect of thrombin reached a maximum after one hour of incubation, and
      was dependent on the enzyme concentration. 10 unit/ml of thrombin released
      approximately twice as much amount of 35S-glycosaminoglycans as did Hanks'
      balanced salt solution alone. When the active site of thrombin was blocked by
      either diisopropylfluorophosphate or hirudin, the enzyme effect was completely
      abolished. Released glycosaminoglycans were resistant to chondroitin ABC lyase
      digestions, but degraded by either heparitinase or nitrous acid treatments.
      Released 35S-materials were precipitated with trichloroacetic acid and shown to
      be degraded into smaller molecules after alkali treatment on Sepharose CL-6B gel
      filtration chromatography. On the other hand, thrombin treatment of 51Cr-labeled
      cells did not cause the release of radioactivity. These results indicate that
      thrombin potentiates the release of heparan sulfate proteoglycans from cultured
      aortic endothelial cells without causing an appreciable damage to the cells. The
      effect of thrombin is active site-dependent and requires a relatively high enzyme
      concentration.

PMID- 2931857
TI  - Novel plasmin inhibitors released from bovine platelets during aggregation.
AB  - The antifibrinolytic activity was found in the medium of platelet suspension in
      the process of platelet aggregation induced by thrombin, ADP and 5
      hydroxytryptamine. The antifibrinolytic activity was closely associated with
      inhibitors in platelets, which specifically inhibited plasmin activity and not
      inhibited other proteases such as urokinase, thrombin and trypsin. One casein
      unit of plasmin activity was inhibited by the inhibitors released from
      approximately 10(8) platelets during the aggregation with thrombin. By the
      activity staining analysis, it was found that there are two kinds of plasmin
      inhibitors with molecular weights of 25,000 and 17,000. The physiological
      function of these inhibitors was discussed in relation to the formation of
      thrombus.

PMID- 2931859
TI  - [Nodulocystic acne. Treatment with isotretionin (Roaccutan)--quantitative
      measures of skin lipids].

PMID- 2931858
TI  - [Hysteroscopy].

PMID- 2931860
TI  - Insulin or increased concentration of zinc in liver, kidney or muscle does not
      alter the phosphoglucomutase activity in vivo.
AB  - Injection of insulin into mice and rabbit has been reported to convert the latent
      form of phosphoglucomutase (E X Zn) to an active form (E X Mg) without any net
      increase in the protein associated with this enzyme (Hashimoto et al., Biochem.
      Biophys. Res. Commun., 27 (1967) 369 and Peck et al., J. Biol. Chem. 242 (1971)
      1160). Because the injection of Cd in rats causes a 2-fold increase in Zn
      concentration in the liver, it appeared that such treatment in mice would
      increase the concentration of the latent enzyme and thereby enhance the insulin
      induced activation of the enzyme. The results however show that insulin or Cd
      treatment, alone or in combination do not alter the concentrations of the 2 forms
      of enzyme in liver, kidney or muscle of normal or fasted mice. In all instances
      the conversion of the latent enzyme to its activated form required preincubation
      with a chelating agent. Fractionation of the tissue homogenates showed that upon
      Cd injection the concentration of Zn in the fractions of Mr less and 1000
      increased 6-fold in liver and 3-fold in kidney, that in muscle remained
      unchanged.

PMID- 2931861
TI  - Effect of mercurials on lymphocyte functions in vitro.
AB  - The effect of in vitro treatment with mercurials on several functions of mouse
      lymphocytes was studied. When lymphocytes were cultured in the presence of
      mercurials, DNA synthesis induced by mitogen (concanavalin A, phytohemagglutinin
      P, lipopolysaccharide) and polyclonal B cell activation induced by
      lipopolysaccharide were strongly inhibited by methylmercuric chloride at the
      concentration of 10(-6) M, but mercuric chloride inhibited these functions by 50%
      at 10(-5) M. Furthermore, 10(-7) M methylmercuric chloride and 10(-6) M mercuric
      chloride inhibited mixed lymphocyte reaction by 80%. Thus, the inhibitory effect
      of methylmercuric chloride was 10 times stronger than that of mercuric chloride
      when the mercurials were present in the culture throughout the incubation. On the
      other hand, DNA synthesis once induced by mitogens was not significantly affected
      when 10(-6) M methylmercury was added during the last 3 h of the incubation.
      Pretreatment with 10(-6) M methylmercury for 1 h, however, showed 50% inhibition
      of thymidine incorporation into DNA and also reduced the rate of metabolism of
      phosphatidyl inositol by 50%. These results indicate that methylmercury may act
      on mouse lymphocytes at an early stage of transformation induced by the mitogens,
      while inorganic mercury failed to cause the pronounced difference in its potency
      of inhibition on the functions of lymphocytes by the different treatments of the
      cells under the various conditions used.

PMID- 2931862
TI  - [Hospital oral surgical care in a provincial hospital].

PMID- 2931863
TI  - [Assessment of the medical status of dental outpatients using a health chart].

PMID- 2931864
TI  - [Results of using Vitafluor for dental caries prevention in 1st graders in
      Brest].

PMID- 2931865
TI  - [Effect of seasonal biorhythms on dental caries severity in children].

PMID- 2931866
TI  - [The importance of studying the pathogenesis of maxillodental anomalies in the
      practical teaching of orthodontics to dental students].

PMID- 2931867
TI  - [Development and current status of pedodontics in East Germany].

PMID- 2931868
TI  - Lymphoid cell chimerism and transplantation tolerance induced by bursal and
      postbursal cells.
AB  - Transplantation of allogeneic bursal cells into cyclophosphamide-treated,
      immunodeficient chickens is a useful experimental model for analyzing the
      mechanisms of transplantation tolerance, especially because transplanted bursal
      cells do not produce graft-versus-host disease. In this study we have determined
      B-lymphoid chimerism in various lymphoid organs after transplantation of
      allogeneic bursal stem cells or postbursal cells, and used a variety of tests to
      determine presence of immunological tolerance. Transplanted bursal stem cells
      induced a state of stable chimerism that could easily be detected in peripheral
      blood and other lymphoid organs. Chimerism induced by postbursal cells was low in
      peripheral blood, but clearly observable in other lymphoid organs, especially in
      spleen and thymus. Both bursal and postbursal cells induced specific
      unresponsiveness to donor-line alloantigens. Bursal cell recipients accepted
      donor line skin grafts--and their graft-versus-host reactivity, as assayed by
      embryonal splenomegaly, and mixed lymphocyte reactivity against donor line
      alloantigens were significantly decreased. Despite differences in chimerism, a
      strong transplantation tolerance was readily induced with bursal stem cells and
      with postbursal cells.

PMID- 2931869
TI  - Suppression of antigraft immunity by preimmunization. IV. Persistence by long
      lived recirculating suppressor T cells.
AB  - Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) against histocompatibility (H) antigens in
      mice, which normally arises after s.c. immunization, can be prevented by i.v.
      preimmunization with irradiated spleen cells carrying the relevant H antigens. We
      have previously shown that during the first week after i.v. preimmunization the
      nonresponsiveness is due to suppressor T lymphocytes. The induced state of
      nonresponsiveness, however, is long-lasting. In this study we investigated
      whether this long-lasting state of nonresponsiveness of DTH is associated with
      suppressor T lymphocytes or is caused by inactivation of the relevant clones of
      alloreactive T cells. This was done by parabiosis of nonresponsive and naive mice
      and by transfer of thoracic duct lymphocytes from nonresponsive mice, harvested
      at various intervals after the i.v. immunization. At a long interval after the
      i.v. immunization, the state of nonresponsiveness could still be transferred to
      syngeneic naive mice by parabiosis, as well as by transfer of thoracic duct
      lymphocytes. Selective elimination of the T cells from the latter by treatment
      with anti-Thy-1.2 plus complement prevented the transfer of the state of
      nonresponsiveness, indicating that suppressor T cells were involved.

PMID- 2931870
TI  - Improving recognition of onchocerciasis in primary care--1: Nonclassical
      symptoms.

PMID- 2931871
TI  - Christoffel Blindenmission, a Christian service to the blind and handicapped.

PMID- 2931872
TI  - [Swine serum increases hybridoma stability].
AB  - Three hybridoma cell lines producing monoclonal antibodies to lambda phage were
      cultured for 9 months in Dulbecco's modified Eagl's medium supplemented with 10%
      fetal calf serum or with 5% swine serum. Under these conditions all the clones
      had the same proliferation rates and maximum population densities. The
      cultuvation in the medium with swine serum enhanced the stability of hybridomas:
      all clones retained the ability to produce antibodies throughout the experiment;
      one of the clones examined enhanced the activity by 10(3)-10(4) times. When the
      same three clones were cultured in the medium with the fetal calf serum, two of
      them lost their ability to produce antibodies 3-15 weeks after the beginning of
      the experiment.

PMID- 2931873
TI  - Determination of the hemodynamic factors which influence the carotid Doppler
      spectral broadening.
AB  - In the diagnosis of extracranial carotid arterial disease, quantitative
      measurements from the continuous wave (CW) Doppler spectrum have the potential
      for detecting stenoses and occlusions. The measurement of maximum peak Doppler
      frequency at the site of stenosis has been shown to detect severe, but not minor
      or moderate, stenoses. Diagnosis of minor or moderate stenoses may be possible by
      assessing the degree of flow disturbance beyond the stenosis. Such flow
      disturbances cause the Doppler spectrum at peak systole to be broadened, and it
      has been suggested that the measurement of spectral broadening may be of
      diagnostic value. This paper describes the results of an in vitro study aimed at
      determining the hemodynamic factors that influence the severity of the Doppler
      spectral broadening. The spectral broadening index (SBI) at peak systole, defined
      as SBI = 1 - Fmean/Fmax, was used to quantify the instantaneous spectrum. In a
      pulsatile flow in vitro model that produced spectral waveforms virtually
      identical to those recorded in the human carotid, we observed a direct linear
      relationship between SBI and the severity of stenosis, at least for those
      stenoses having greater than 40% cross-sectional area (R = 0.82 to 0.93). The SBI
      was found to be maximum when recorded immediately beyond the stenosis and
      returned to normal 4-5 cm downstream from the stenosis. The SBI was higher for
      nonsymmetrically shaped stenoses than for symmetrical stenoses for lesions
      greater than 60%, but not for stenoses less than 60%. In this model, the SBI
      recorded from both normal or abnormal waveforms was not affected by the flow
      rate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2931874
TI  - Quantitative estimation of spectral broadening for the diagnosis of carotid
      arterial disease: method and in vitro results.
AB  - For the quantitative assessment of carotid arterial disease using continuous wave
      Doppler ultrasound, the choice of an index to describe the degree of spectral
      broadening is important. It is shown that a spectral broadening index (SBI) given
      by 100(1 - fmean/fmax) and evaluated over a 25 msec period around peak systole is
      relatively insensitive to artifacts and has potential for achieving good clinical
      sensitivity. Furthermore, it can be implemented very simply on a microcomputer
      for on-line display. A description of a microcomputer based system, together with
      the results obtained using an in vitro flow model that closely approximates the
      carotid flow velocity waveform, are presented. Results relating the SBI to the
      degree of stenosis, recording site, and angle of insonation, are given. In
      addition, the results obtained with a commercial system that computes SBI based
      on the power spectrum, are presented for comparison.

PMID- 2931875
TI  - In vitro comparison of alternative methods for quantifying the severity of
      Doppler spectral broadening for the diagnosis of carotid arterial occlusive
      disease.
AB  - Quantitative analysis of continuous wave Doppler recordings is of clinical value
      in the noninvasive diagnosis of carotid arterial disease. Peak frequency
      measurements are useful and accurately detect severe stenoses but do not reliably
      diagnose minor or moderate stenoses because the measurement is dependent upon the
      probe to vessel angle, which cannot be measured accurately. Recent investigations
      have focused on efforts to overcome this limitation by quantifying the degree of
      spectral broadening that occurs as the result of flow disturbances downstream
      from a stenosis. In this study, an in vitro model was used to determine the
      optimum method for quantifying the instantaneous Doppler spectrum. The model
      generates blood flow velocity waveforms that are virtually identical to those
      found in the human internal carotid artery. Doppler recordings were made from
      normal tubes and distal to stenoses (39-87% cross-sectional area reduction). The
      spectra were quantified by the following angle-independent measurements: spectral
      broadening index and three standard statistical shape descriptors, namely the
      coefficients of variation, skewedness and kurtosis. Using this model, the results
      demonstrate an excellent relationship between the severity of the stenosis and
      each of spectral broadening index (r = 0.99), coefficient of variation (r =
      0.96), and coefficient of skewedness (r = 0.99). The calculation of each of the
      measurements can be implemented quite easily, and a prospective trial is
      warranted to evaluate their clinical diagnostic accuracy.

PMID- 2931876
TI  - The detection of abnormal neonatal cerebral haemodynamics using principal
      component analysis of the Doppler ultrasound waveform.
AB  - Doppler ultrasound recordings were made from the anterior cerebral arteries of 40
      normal full-term babies and 14 mature babies with intracranial pathology. The
      maximum velocity waveforms were extracted using spectral analysis and further
      analyzed using the Pourcelot resistance index method and the principal component
      method. Principal component analysis was found to be superior to the currently
      widely used resistance index method and may significantly enhance the value of
      Doppler ultrasound for detecting abnormal cerebral haemodynamics in neonates.

PMID- 2931877
TI  - Noninvasive aortic blood flow measurement using an intraesophageal probe.
AB  - The continuous measurement of cardiac output by the thermodilution technique is
      invasive, impractical and unpleasant for the patient. This paper describes the
      measurement of aortic blood flow with a specially designed intraesophageal echo
      Doppler probe. An A-scan unit allows the measurement of the diameter of the
      thoracic aorta and a continuous wave Doppler velocimeter is used for measurement
      of instantaneous blood flow velocity. In vitro experimental results as well as
      clinical studies are presented.

PMID- 2931878
TI  - Method for the measurement of the maximum Doppler frequency.
AB  - This paper describes a method for detection of the maximum Doppler frequency from
      a histogram of Doppler signals (HDS). The performance of the system is described,
      and its behavior in analysis of noise signals that have known lower and upper cut
      off frequencies is discussed. Experimental investigations show that the device
      correctly measures the maximum frequency envelope and can be useful in evaluating
      the maximum flow velocities in the blood circulation system.

PMID- 2931879
TI  - The use of Doppler ultrasonography for the evaluation of cerebral artery flow
      patterns in infants with congenital heart disease.
AB  - With the use of a two-dimensional range-gated pulsed-Doppler ultrasound system,
      Doppler examinations of the aorta and cerebral arteries were performed in 20
      normal newborn infants and in 54 infants with various forms of congenital heart
      disease (i.e. patent ductus arteriosus, coarctation of the aorta, critical aortic
      stenosis, pulmonary atresia, truncus arteriosus). In the cerebral artery Doppler
      recordings of the normal infants, there was antegrade flow throughout systole and
      diastole. In the cerebral artery Doppler recordings of the infants with cardiac
      disease, various abnormal flow signals (i.e. retrograde or absent diastolic flow
      signals, increased systolic and diastolic flow signals, etc.) were found.
      Furthermore, the changes in the cerebral artery Doppler recordings were
      concomitant with changes in the aortic Doppler flow signals and the arterial
      blood pressure. Representative examples of the normal and abnormal Doppler flow
      patterns that were observed in the aorta and cerebral arteries are presented, and
      the mechanisms that could lead to these flow patterns are discussed.

PMID- 2931880
TI  - Noninvasive mapping of lower limb arterial lesions.
AB  - Thirty patients with peripheral arterial disease were evaluated using an
      ultrasonic duplex scanner. A total of 338 arterial segments from the level of the
      iliac to the popliteal artery were studied and compared with the results of
      arteriography read independently by two radiologists who were unaware of the
      results with the scanner. The results demonstrate that this method is not only
      suitable for clinical use but is as good as arteriography in defining both the
      location and extent of the arterial involvement.

PMID- 2931881
TI  - Detection of renal artery stenosis: experimental and clinical analysis of
      velocity waveforms.
AB  - Mass screening of hypertensive patients by a noninvasive method could uncover the
      10% of those cases where renal artery stenosis is the primary etiology. Treatment
      by transluminal angioplasty or surgery could replace a long-term medical regimen.
      To investigate an ultrasonic technique, normal velocity waveforms were obtained
      from the abdominal aorta, celiac artery and renal arteries in seven mongrel dogs
      using a 5 MHz, continuous-wave Doppler detector. Renal artery pressure gradients,
      volume flow rates and velocity recordings were subsequently made during induced
      proximal renal artery stenoses. The ratio of peak renal artery frequency to peak
      aortic frequency was 88% sensitive to stenoses of greater than 20 mm Hg pressure
      gradient, while the renal artery systolic frequency window was 79% sensitive to
      the same obstructions. Ninety-five hypertensive and vascular surgical patients
      were examined using a 3 MHz duplex scanner with 175 of the 190 (92%) renal
      arteries adequately detected (clear signal with high diastolic component).
      Analysis of velocity waveforms based on peak frequency, proximal to distal peak
      frequency changes, evidence of flow disturbances and associated bruit were
      compared to contrast arteriograms in 84 vessels. Of the 76 (90%) arteries
      adequately examined by duplex scanning, 59 of 61 (97%) with 0-59% diameter
      reduction, 10 of 12 (83%) with 60-99% diameter reduction and 1 of 3 (33%)
      occlusions were correctly identified. Velocity waveform analysis can accurately
      detect renal artery stenosis and may prove effective in mass screening of
      hypertensive patients for renovascular disease.

PMID- 2931882
TI  - Spatial and temporal resolution of aortic Doppler blood velocity signals in
      normal human subjects.
AB  - We have used digital, microcomputer-based methods for the numerical analysis of
      pulsed, range-gated, ultrasonic Doppler blood velocity signals recorded with an
      axially aimed transducer from the ascending aorta of normal subjects. We
      investigated the spatial, temporal and amplitude resolution of our methods for
      recording and analysis, comparing aortic signals with test signals from a sine
      wave function generator. The spatial resolution of our system was found to be
      adequate in spite of the use of a relatively large sample volume. The temporal
      resolution was significantly influenced by the rate of change of velocity which
      affected the results of discrete fast Fourier transform analysis. The rate of
      increase in aortic blood velocity at the start of ejection was linear, following
      an initial jump in velocity. The amplitude resolution was affected by
      fluctuations in the amplitude of the Doppler signals. We conclude that our
      methods do not exaggerate the bluntness of the aortic velocity profile or the
      linearity of the increase in blood velocity at the start of left ventricular
      ejection.

PMID- 2931883
TI  - Doppler developments in the last quinquennium.
AB  - The major advances which have taken place during the last five years in the
      development of ultrasonic Doppler devices and methods of Doppler signal analysis
      are reviewed. The following aspects of instrumentation are considered: crossed
      beam Doppler systems, range measuring Doppler systems, duplex systems, flow
      mapping systems, transducers and measurements of system performance. Analytical
      methods are discussed in the following categories: waveform analysis, including
      the extraction of single-value waveforms and their applications to the diagnosis
      of vascular disease; spectral analysis, including the derivation of frequency
      spectra and their application in the study of blood flow; and volume flow
      estimation. It is concluded that it is likely to be in the study of the
      information in Doppler frequency spectra, two-dimensional real-time Doppler
      images and in the measurement of blood flow volume that most progress will be
      made.

PMID- 2931884
TI  - Measurement of blood flow by ultrasound: accuracy and sources of error.
AB  - Doppler ultrasound has now developed to the point where the rate of flow of blood
      in a given vessel can be measured with appropriate instrumentation. The
      theoretical basis of Doppler flow measurement is reviewed in this paper, with
      particular emphasis on the potential and actual sources of error. Three distinct
      approaches are identified, and the strengths and weaknesses of each discussed.
      The separate errors involved in estimating the vessel cross-sectional area, the
      angle of approach, and the Doppler shift are analyzed, together with the question
      of the uniformity of scattering from the blood. In vivo and in vitro tests of the
      accuracy obtained using a number of Doppler flow measuring instruments are then
      reviewed. It is concluded that the Doppler methods are capable of good absolute
      accuracy when suitably designed equipment is used in appropriate situations, with
      systematic errors of 6% of less. There are, however, considerable random errors,
      attributable primarily to errors in measuring the cross-sectional area and the
      angle of approach. Repeating the measurement of flow several times and averaging
      the results can reduce these random errors to an acceptable level.

PMID- 2931886
TI  - Duplex scanning of the thyroid.
AB  - High resolution ultrasound scanners are used to image nodular thyroid glands and
      in the study of thyroid malignancy. There are no specific ultrasonic
      characteristics of malignant lesions to distinguish them from benign conditions.
      Preliminary results using a Duplex ultrasound scanner shows that the detection of
      a high frequency Doppler-shift signal from the superior thyroid artery is
      indicative of an overactive thyroid. In a study of 23 consecutive patients who
      were being investigated for possible hyperthyroidism, 15 were found to have
      normal thyroid function and 8 to be overactive. The normals had a mean systolic
      peak frequency of 1.77 +/- 1.75 kHz, and the hyperthyroid group 4.08 +/- 1.5 kHz.
      This result is highly significant, having a p value less than 0.0002 (Mann
      Whitney U Test). In another 10 patients with solid lesions, one was diagnosed as
      follicular carcinoma. High frequency Doppler shift signals, similar to those
      found in carcinoma of the breast, were detected in the periphery of the lesion
      but were not found in nine cases of adenoma. Duplex scanning may assist in the
      investigation of hyperthyroidism and in the differential diagnosis of benign and
      malignant lesions.

PMID- 2931885
TI  - Duplex Doppler scanning in the pelvis and abdomen.
AB  - New Doppler applications of Doppler ultrasound are becoming apparent in the
      abdomen and pelvis. Interpretation of the Doppler signals may be qualitative,
      semiqualitative or quantitative. Normal time-velocity spectra in major vessels of
      the abdomen and pelvis are described. In the diagnosis in pathology, Doppler can
      be used to document the presence and direction of flow in the portal venous
      system. In can aid in the identification of an abnormal structure. It provides
      much of the perfusion data required before and subsequent to liver
      transplantation. In normotopic renal vessels, it can exclude thrombosis and
      stenoses in many patients. In renal transplants, it is invaluable as a rapid
      means to assess patency, renal artery stenosis and vascular rejection, thereby
      extending the role of conventional imaging. Early studies in the pelvis have
      demonstrated changes in the ovarian signals associated with ovulation. Doppler
      can be used to assess bowel viability, impotence due to vascular insufficiency
      and to exclude testicular torsion. Finally, blood flow in malignant tumors has
      been demonstrated to give rise to Doppler signals with characteristic qualities,
      and this technique awaits thorough investigation in the abdomen.

PMID- 2931887
TI  - Accurate diagnosis of detrusor areflexia using combined uroflowmetry and
      abdominal wall electromyography.
AB  - Twenty-three patients who previously demonstrated no detrusor contraction during
      cystometry were evaluated using a combined uroflowmetry and abdominal wall
      electromyography. Ten patients voided without abdominal straining (normal
      detrusor reflexia), 11 could not void without abdominal straining (detrusor
      areflexia, detrusor weakness, or bladder outlet obstruction), and 2 had equivocal
      findings with the method.

PMID- 2931888
TI  - [Immunological aspects of laryngeal cancer].

PMID- 2931889
TI  - [The surgeons of the Leningrad Medical Institute for Postgraduate Training of
      Physicians in the past 100 years].
AB  - The article presents data concerning the surgeons who worked at the Leningrad
      Medical Institute for Postgraduate Training and achievements of surgical
      departments during 100 years of existence of the institute.

PMID- 2931890
TI  - [Various current problems of organization of emergency abdominal surgery].

PMID- 2931891
TI  - [Role of mobile cycles of advanced training of surgeons in the development of
      specialized surgical services].

PMID- 2931892
TI  - [Current problems and achievements of cardiosurgery at the Leningrad Medical
      Institute for Postgraduate Training of Physicians].
AB  - The authors analyse the experience with the surgical treatment of about 3000
      patients with different forms of cardiac pathology and general lethality in 4,1%
      of cases. Favorable results were obtained following operations in children of the
      first three years of life with the open arterial duct, in 4 to 6-year-old
      children with coarctation of the aorta. The authors show expediency of correction
      of septal defects before severe disturbances of hemodynamics could develop. The
      closed method of correction is indicated in non-complicated forms of mitral
      stenosis. Patients with complicated forms of mitral stenosis, mitral
      insufficiency should be operated upon under conditions of artificial blood
      circulation.

PMID- 2931893
TI  - [Achievements and prospects of the development of surgical stomatology at the
      Leningrad Medical Institute for Postgraduate Training of Physicians].
AB  - The author makes an analysis of the achievements of the Soviet surgical
      stomatology in such main problems as injury of the maxillofacial area,
      inflammatory diseases, developmental defects. The role of scientists of the
      Department of Surgical Stomatology of the Leningrad Medical Institute for
      Postgraduate Training is shown.

PMID- 2931894
TI  - [The role of the Leningrad Medical Institute for Postgraduate Training of
      Physicians in the training of surgical specialists].
AB  - The first in the world Medical Institute for Postgraduate Training was founded in
      1885. For the period of its existence more than 100 thousand surgeons and
      physicians of adjacent specialties could improve their qualification.

PMID- 2931896
TI  - Laparoscopy in small animal medicine.
AB  - Laparoscopy is described as a safe, simple, and relatively non-invasive
      diagnostic technique for the visualization of abdominal organs. The instruments
      required, the procedure of laparoscopy, and indications and contra-indications
      are described. The advantages of laparoscopy above laparotomy are discussed.

PMID- 2931895
TI  - Ultrastructural ocular lesions of 6-aminonicotinamide toxicosis in rabbits.
AB  - 6-Aminonicotinamide, given by intraperitoneal injection to male and female Dutch
      belted rabbits, produced swelling and vacuolation of ciliary and iridal
      epithelium plus vacuolation of the retinal pigment epithelial and outer plexiform
      layers of the retina. By transmission electron microscopy, inner and outer
      ciliary epithelial cells and inner iridal epithelial cells contained numerous
      coalescing, membrane-bound vacuoles of the cytocavitary network. These vacuoles
      were viewed as numerous interconnecting, intracytoplasmic cavities in scanning
      electron micrographs. Swelling of vacuolated epithelial cells and the presence of
      fibrin and proteinaceous fluid in the ciliary stroma resulted in thickening of
      the anterior ciliary processes with the formation of surface alterations
      detectable by scanning electron microscopy. In transmission electron micrographs
      the vacuoles in the retinal pigment epithelium were large, electron-lucent spaces
      and the vacuoles in the outer plexiform layer of the retina appeared to be
      intracytoplasmic spaces in axons of photoreceptor cells. Distention of
      cytocavitary structures has been reported in glial cells of animals given 6
      aminonicotinamide and this change was apparently due to alterations in ion and
      water movement across cellular membranes that resulted in intracellular edema.

PMID- 2931898
TI  - [Medical services in the 50th Army during the capture of Konigsberg].

PMID- 2931897
TI  - [The effect of chronic renal insufficiency and regular dialysis treatment on the
      heart].

PMID- 2931899
TI  - [Organization of the treatment of wounded and sick in evacuation hospitals in the
      Southern Ural region].

PMID- 2931900
TI  - [Isolation and properties of acylplasmin].
AB  - Plasmin, free of an activator, was obtained after activation of the highly
      purified human plasminogen by means of trypsin immobilized on Sepharose 4B and
      after removal of the enzyme from the system. Plasmin was acylated at the active
      centre using p-amidinophenyl ester of p'-anisic acid to produce the fibrinolytic
      agent causing a long-term effect. Inactive acyl plasmin was deacylated with the
      constant rate k3 = 3.10(-4) c-1 (r1/2 = 40 min) at pH 7.4 and 37 degrees.
      Preliminary studies of the anisoyl-plasmin effect on the system of fibrinolysis
      in rats showed that in the absence of fibrin clot the fibrinolytic activity was
      not increased immediately in the euglobulin fraction of blood but after 30 min in
      result of deacylation of the acyl-enzyme administered into circulation.

PMID- 2931901
TI  - [Chemotherapy of prostatic cancer].

PMID- 2931902
TI  - [Experience with the work of centralized cytologic laboratories in the
      Byelorussian S.S.R].
AB  - The experience of amalgamated cytological laboratories in the Byelorussian SSR
      with mass screening for non-tumorous lesions and carcinoma of cervix uteri is
      discussed. The high predictive value of cytological procedures of detection of
      dysplasia and early cervical cancer was demonstrated. It is stressed that cases
      revealing moderate or pronounced dysplasia should undergo an all-round
      examination.

PMID- 2931903
TI  - [Detection of hepatitis B viral markers (HBsAg and anti-HBs) in medical
      personnel].
AB  - The risk of infection with viral hepatitis B (HB) in medical personnel of various
      professions was determined. Differences in the detection of hepatitis B virus
      markers in medical workers of Moscow and the town of Kzyl-Orda were demonstrated.
      The maximum number of persons with anti-HBs were found among laboratory personnel
      (30.8%), physicians (21.5%), hospital attendants (18.8%). The level of detected
      HBV markers correlated with the degree of contacts with blood. The rate of anti
      HBs detection increased with the duration of work in the public health system and
      reached the maximum levels in the group of persons with a work record of 15-19
      years. Comparative evaluation of counter-current immunoelectrophoresis, indirect
      hemagglutination, and ELISA methods for the detection of HBsAg was made.

PMID- 2931904
TI  - [Experiences with stomatologic care of brain damaged educable children].

PMID- 2931905
TI  - [Subjective assessment of personal handicaps of medium grade and severely
      disabled patients].

PMID- 2931906
TI  - [Animal experiment and biopsy studies on the cause, manifestations and diagnostic
      relevance of perifascicular muscle fiber atrophy].
AB  - On the basis of previous (n = 23) and current muscle biopsies (n = 25) as well as
      five animal-experimental investigations, the paper deals with the cause and the
      manifestation of perifascicular muscle-fiber atrophy. A deteriorated trophic
      situation of the subfascial or marginal muscle fibers in patients suffering from
      immunocomplex vasculopathies in connection with a reduced supply of blood to the
      muscles is seen as the cause of the areactive weight loss (atrophy). This is
      accompanied by a considerably reduced capillary supply of blood to the muscle
      fibers. Even in normal conditions, the portion of collateral vessels and
      capillaries is lower in the subfascial region than in the center of the fascicle.
      When the blood supply is disturbed, the marginal fibers are in a trophic
      situation worse than that of the central muscle fibers. They become atrophied. In
      responsive patients, the muscle fibers regenerate and recapillarize during the
      convalescence period. This can be shown histochemically by means of the alkaline
      phosphatase reaction. The extent of perifascicular musclefiber atrophy can be
      fixed in quantitative terms by the method of Baumli and Mumenthaler. Where a
      second biopsy is indicated, results can be obtained regarding the changes in the
      perifascicular atrophy as a consequence of the therapy provided.

PMID- 2931907
TI  - [Thrombolytic treatment of peripheral arterial circulatory disorders with
      streptokinase].
AB  - The purpose of these investigations is to refer to the possibility of the
      reconstructive treatment of arterial obstructions by means of streptokinase. New
      application methods improved the chances of success of fibrinolysis. They run
      about 50%. The local application of smaller doses of streptokinase confines the
      contraindications to a certain extent. Obstruction in the pelvic area which are
      not older than three months and such ones in the femoropopliteal part up to 6
      weeks are to be regarded as indication to the fibrinolysis. In the care of
      patients with arterial obstructive diseases importance should, therefore, be
      attached to the fact that thrombotic shifts should be recognized in time an the
      possibility of a fibrinolytic therapy is tested within the periods mentioned.

PMID- 2931908
TI  - [Prenatal diagnosis: gastroschisis--pediatric surgical considerations and a
      report of 13 cases].
AB  - The gastroschisis is a congenital defect of the abdominal wall without other
      abnormalities and can be diagnosed by ultrasonography before 20 weeks of
      gestation. The management of these cases requires the cooperation of the
      obstetric and pediatric clinician in respect of an elective abortion. As a result
      of the advances in pediatric surgery and neonatal intensive care the treatment of
      the gastroschisis is possible and the prognosis of these children is very good.
      In the years 1978-1983 the primary closure of the abdominal wall defect was
      performed in 13 newborns. Whereas one child died due to intrauterin complications
      (volvolus and intestinal gangren) the 12 remaining patients could be operated
      successfully. We are of opinion that termination of pregnancy is indicated no
      longer in cases of gastroschisis.

PMID- 2931910
TI  - [Use and experiences with collagen in the treatment of folds and scars].
AB  - We report on the use of xenogenous collagen (Zyderm) in treating the aging skin,
      scars and atrophic states. Indications and contraindications as well as the
      technical approach with regard to the different disorders will be discussed.

PMID- 2931909
TI  - [Chemiluminescence measurement in AIDS, lymphadenopathy and hemophilia patients].
AB  - In order to reveal the activity of polymorphonuclear neutrophil leukocytes (PMNL)
      representing the first step of defence against infections, measurements of
      chemiluminescence (CL) were performed in patients suffering from acquired immune
      deficiency syndrome (AIDS), lymphadenopathy, or hemophilia. In comparison with
      healthy controls, AIDS patients revealed significant reduction (about 50 per
      cent) of phagocytic, i.e. CL activity of neutrophils, which had been induced by
      Zymosan. Only part of the patients suffering from lymphadenopathy answered with
      decreased granulocyte activity on the application of Zymosan. If concanavalin A
      was used as stimulant of metabolic activity of PMNL-independently of phagocytosis
      again AIDS and some of the lymphadenopathy patients showed a markedly reduced
      neutrophil response. In conclusion it should be stated that there is some
      evidence for at least two defects of cellular immunity associated with AIDS and
      to some extent, with AIDS-endangered homosexuals suffering from lymphadenopathy:
      first the defect of PMNL to answer to concanavalin A with increased metabolic
      activity, and secondly the defect of PMNL to start phagocytosis induced by
      Zymosan with a subsequent release of oxygen radicals which are measurable as
      chemiluminescence. The appraisal of granulocyte activity by means of measurements
      of chemiluminescence might become an additional criterion for AIDS diagnostics.

PMID- 2931911
TI  - [Improved occlusion tolerance time by continuous coronary perfusion with a
      modified Gruntzig coronary angioplasty catheter].
AB  - We evaluated the modified Gruntzig coronary angioplasty catheter, which allows
      for continuous antegrade coronary perfusion during balloon occlusion without the
      use of an external pump. During in vitro tests the flow rates for effective
      pressure differences between aorta and distal coronary vessel in the range
      between 25 and 100 mm Hg were determined. During in vivo tests in 10 dogs the
      effect of balloon occlusion with continuous perfusion (OM) was compared with
      conventional occlusion without perfusion (OC). The occlusion tolerance time (OTZ)
      as determined by the appearance of unequivocal signs of ischemia in the ECG, was
      486 +/- 77 s for OM versus 256 +/- 82 s for OC with a relative, individual
      increase of 191 +/- 54% (p less than 0.01, data are given +/- SEM). Observed ST
      elevation was less with OM than with OC (0.22 +/- 0.05 versus 0.33 +/- 0.06, p
      less than 0.05). Occlusion related pressure difference between aorta and occluded
      coronary vessel was less with OM than with OC (31 +/- 8 mm Hg versus 40 +/- 10 mm
      Hg, p = 0.05). In selected cases such a prolongation of the intracoronary balloon
      occlusion time may represent a distinct advantage.

PMID- 2931912
TI  - [Frequency spectrum analysis of Doppler ultrasound signals in extracranial
      carotid artery lesions].

PMID- 2931913
TI  - [Current problems in occupational diseases of the skin].

PMID- 2931915
TI  - [Familial genetic research on the clinical picture in periodontal atrophy].

PMID- 2931914
TI  - [Time-dependent flow behavior and fibrinogen content of synovial fluid].
AB  - Normal bovine synovial fluid and synovial effusions in human non-inflammatory
      joint diseases do not show any decrease of viscosity for a long period of time
      during imposed shear loading, as is required for thixotropy. This observation is
      based on two different methods of measurement; the "hysteresis loop" method and
      the recording of the shear stress-time curve. Inflammatory synovial fluids-
      particularly from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and a high concentration of
      fibrinogen--form a visible gel after 6 to 20 hours of rest. Those gels show a
      hysteresis loop typical for thixotropy and a decrease of viscosity with the
      duration of shear loading. Due to the shearing in the rheometer precipitation
      occurs and fibrin clots appear. The appearance of fibrin clots induced by
      mechanical shear loading not known until now, can be discussed with regard to its
      possible participation in the symptom of morning stiffness, in the formation of
      rice bodies and in the destruction of joint cartilage in rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 2931916
TI  - [Therapeutic results in periodontal diseases with a primary immune defect and
      diabetes mellitus].

PMID- 2931917
TI  - [Chemical and electrochemical effects of electrolytic polishing on model cobalt
      chromium cast alloys].

PMID- 2931918
TI  - [Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity with special reference to xenogeneic
      transplantation into nude mice].

PMID- 2931919
TI  - [Epidemiology of facial bone fractures from 1945 to 1980].

PMID- 2931920
TI  - [Effect of the surgical procedure in the closure of unilateral cleft lips on the
      shape and position of the external nose].

PMID- 2931921
TI  - [Treatment of chewing, swallowing and speech defects in handicapped children with
      Castillo-Morales orofacial regulator therapy: advice for pediatricians and
      dentists].

PMID- 2931922
TI  - [Chronic pancreatitis as a predisposing factor in the development of pancreatic
      cancer. Histological and histochemical studies].
AB  - The frequency of hyperplasia, squamous metaplasia and dysplasia were examined in
      glandular tissue from 20 pancreatic specimens resected due to chronic
      inflammation. Hyperplasia of the epithelium of large pancreatic ducts with
      formation of papillomatous outgrowths was present in 6 cases. Epithelial
      hyperplasia of small ducts occurred in 10 cases. Dysplasia and squamous
      metaplasia of the epithelium of ducts, hypertrophy, hyperplasia and dysplasia of
      acinar cells were found in 7 cases. In 10 pancreatic specimens hypertrophy and
      hyperplasia of cells of the islets of Langerhans were noted. Increased
      histochemical reactions to dehydrogenases and proteinic thiol groups were present
      in epithelial cells which demonstrated hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia or
      dysplasia. Diminution of the PAS reaction to neutral glycoproteins and
      intensification of the reaction to acid glycoproteins were also noted in the
      ductal epithelium. The results obtained suggest that chronic inflammation of the
      pancreas should be clinically regarded as predisposing to the development of
      pancreatic cancer.

PMID- 2931923
TI  - [Intra-alveolar stabilizing posts].

PMID- 2931924
TI  - [Bonded bridges: clinical phase. The Duralingual technic].

PMID- 2931925
TI  - [Work-up of dental ceramics using casting technics].

PMID- 2931926
TI  - [Gnotobiotic studies on SPF mice in relation to a study of tumor development in
      the colon after cholecystectomy].
AB  - The relation between cholecystectomy and colon carcinogenesis has not been fully
      elucidated. As bacteria may be involved in the carcinogenic process, we
      investigated the effect of cholecystectomy and dimethylhydrazine (DMH)
      administration to SPF NMRI mice with regard to tumour genesis and bacterial
      colonisation of the intestine. It results from this study that cholecystectomy
      does not influence tumour genesis and that 6-7 months post operationem and DMH
      administration tumours and bacteria originally not found in the animals develop:
      clostridia, eubacteria spec. which cannot be differentiated and E. lentum. Theses
      changes appear in group II of mice (laparotomy and DMH) and group III
      (cholecystectomy and DMH), but not in group I (controls). From the results of
      this study we cannot conclude whether the tumours or the new bacteria appeared
      first. Biochemical investigations of C. innocuum, C. paraputrificum and C.
      tertium indicated that these bacteria metabolised bile acids by a specific
      metabolic step only but not produced carcinogenic substances themselves. If
      bacteria are involved in tumorgenesis, different species may be involved
      producing a carcinogenic environment by metabolic chain reactions. We know of
      such a bacterial collaboration in anaerobic infections.

PMID- 2931928
TI  - [Correlation between the virulence of streptococci for mice and their IgG FcR
      activity in in vivo experiments].
AB  - The immunological analysis of 24 spontaneous Strr, Rifr and Kanr mutants of
      streptococcal strain IP, highly virulent for mice and capable of binding
      polyclonal human IgG (IgG FcR+), was made. The characteristic feature of all
      these mutants was decreased virulence, restored after their passage in vivo. 23
      mutants were capable of binding polyclonal IgG; one Strr mutant had no such
      capacity, but acquired it, together with an increase in virulence, after its
      passage in vivo. When stored in meat-peptone agar without antibiotics, 5 out of
      10 Strr mutants lost their capacity for binding polyclonal human IgG. After
      passage in vivo they regained this property simultaneously with virulence.

PMID- 2931927
TI  - Comparative determination of minimal inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations
      of ciprofloxacin, cefotaxime and HR 810 for gram-negative bacteria either
      sensitive or resistant to ureidopenicillins and/or gentamicin.
AB  - The minimal inhibitory (MIC) and minimal bactericidal (MBC) concentrations of
      ciprofloxacin were compared with those of the cephalosporins HR 810 and
      cefotaxime in 250 strains from 10 species of Gram-negative bacteria with
      sensitivity or resistance to gentamicin and/or piperacillin. Ciprofloxacin had an
      inhibitory activity higher than, or practically equal to the best of the two
      cephalosporins. The MBC of ciprofloxacin was more often less than or equal to
      twice the MIC than with the beta-lactam antibiotics. Parallel resistance was
      found with pipemidic acid as representative of DNA-gyrase inhibitors. No direct
      parallel resistance was observed with resistance to gentamicin, piperacillin or
      cefotaxime.

PMID- 2931929
TI  - [50th anniversary of the Department of Neurosurgery of the Leningrad S. M. Kirov
      Leningrad Institute for Postgraduate Medical Training].

PMID- 2931930
TI  - Pain threshold elevation by electrostimulation of sensitive fibres of middle
      class diameter.

PMID- 2931931
TI  - [Immersion diuresis].

PMID- 2931932
TI  - [Various treatment modalities in pain].

PMID- 2931934
TI  - [The use of T.E.N.S. in pain control].

PMID- 2931933
TI  - [Evaluation of the diagnostic value of muscle testing and of the EMG in the
      lumbosciatic syndrome].

PMID- 2931935
TI  - [Pathology of the talus in sports traumatology: osteochondritis dissecans of the
      astragalus].

PMID- 2931936
TI  - [Baths and their impact on the hypothalamo-hypophyseal axis].

PMID- 2931937
TI  - Endoscopic sclerotherapy v. conservative management of bleeding oesophageal
      varices. A 5-year prospective controlled trial of emergency and long-term
      treatment.
AB  - A comparative trial was made of conservative therapy (balloon tamponade and/or
      vasopression infusion) alone (control group) or with addition of acute and serial
      endoscopic injection sclerotherapy (ST group). The 107 unselected patients,
      mainly with alcoholic cirrhosis, were randomly allocated to these groups, which
      were comparable as regards Child's grading and clinical and laboratory findings.
      For emergency ST a fibreoptic endoscope and Williams sheath were used. In initial
      control of index bleed and hospital mortality the two groups did not differ
      significantly. The median follow-up was 15 and 28 months (minimum 1 year).
      Supplementary ST (mainly out-patient) gave variceal eradication in 34 of 41
      patients, with most failures in persistent alcoholics. A calculated risk factor
      for rebleeds was 3.6 times higher in the controls than in the ST group. Mortality
      rate showed no intergroup difference. The cause of death mainly was variceal
      bleeding in the controls, but not in the ST group. Major complications of
      treatment occurred in c. 15% of all patients.

PMID- 2931938
TI  - Hand eczema and long-term prognosis in atopic dermatitis.
AB  - A follow-up study of 1177 adult patients who had had atopic dermatitis (AD)
      (Groups 1 and 2) or respiratory allergy (Group 3) in childhood is reported.
      Patients who had had AD in childhood had received in-patient (Group 1) or out
      patient treatment (Group 2) for their dermatitis. 183 patients in Group 1 and 162
      in Group 2 were examined clinically. Further, 445 patients who had recently been
      treated for hand eczema at a department for occupational dermatoses were studied
      (Group 5). A group of 199 people who had no personal or family history of atopy
      served as controls (Group 4). The essential findings were as follows: The healing
      rate was lower (38%) in patients with severe (Group 1) than in those with
      moderate (60%) childhood dermatitis (Group 2). Although the healing rate was
      comparatively low in both groups, persistent eczema was in most cases of mild
      degree. The commonest localization of persistent dermatitis was the hands. The AD
      had developed earlier in patients who had had severe childhood dermatitis than in
      those whose childhood AD was moderate. Severe childhood AD was also associated
      with a significantly higher frequency of family history of atopy and associated
      respiratory allergy. The inheritance pattern was specific for the different types
      of atopic disease. A family history of AD was significantly commoner in people
      with AD than in people with respiratory allergy, and, conversely, people with a
      family history of respiratory allergy had developed asthma or allergic rhinitis
      rather than AD. The serum IgE level was raised in 45% and 26% of the clinically
      examined individuals in Groups 1 and 2, respectively. A comparatively large
      proportion of patients with persistent or recurrent dermatitis had normal IgE
      values. There was a strong correlation between the extent of persistent
      dermatitis and serum IgE levels. It is concluded that the serum IgE cannot be
      used to establish the diagnosis of atopic dermatitis. The number of contact
      sensitized people was greater in Group 2 (23%) than in Group 1 (17%). Occurrence
      of contact sensitivity, which was demonstrable in a total of 20% of the patch
      tested individuals from Groups 1 and 2, was not correlated to prevalence of
      healing at the time of examination. Fragrance-mix and balsam of Peru were the
      commonest contact sensitizers. People with a history of AD showed a higher
      incidence of recurrent (greater than 5 episodes per year) cold sores, upper
      respiratory infection, and herpes zoster than non-atopic controls.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2931939
TI  - Valproate: an updated review.
AB  - Valproate in all its aspects is comprehensively surveyed. Previous reviews
      covering various aspects such as mechanism of action, clinical pharmacology,
      clinical efficacy in epilepsy, febrile convulsions and other neurological
      disorders, side effects, teratogenicity and intoxications are discussed and
      updated (161 references).

PMID- 2931940
TI  - Abnormalities of T-lymphocyte subsets in epileptic patients.
AB  - This study concerns the distribution of T-cell subsets as determined by specific
      monoclonal antibodies in 50 individuals with complex partial seizures (31) and
      primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures (19), and in 30 healthy controls. The
      epileptic group had significantly fewer circulating T4 "helper" lymphocytes and
      significantly greater number of T8 "suppressor" lymphocytes than the controls.
      The T4/T8 ratio was consistently significantly lower in the epileptic group.
      There was no relation between lymphocyte subsets or T4/T8 ratio and antiepileptic
      medication. The results suggest a derangement of cell-mediated immunity in
      individuals with epilepsy.

PMID- 2931943
TI  - Immunological profile in children with minimal change nephrotic syndrome.
AB  - Peripheral blood from patients with active stage of minimal change nephrotic
      syndrome (MCNS) was examined for concanavalin A (ConA)-inducible suppressor T
      cell activity, proliferative response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and in the
      autologous (AMLR) and allogeneic (MLR) mixed lymphocyte reaction, proportions of
      T cells with receptors for IgM (Tu) or IgG (T gamma) and the levels of serum
      immunoglobulin M, G and A. Six of 9 patients with MCNS studies showed deficiency
      of ConA-induced suppressor cell activity. In the AMLR, only one of 9 patients
      with MCNS demonstrated depressed proliferative response (p less than 0.05). In
      the allogeneic MLR, T cells from 5 of 9 patients with MCNS demonstrated poor
      proliferative response when stimulated with normal control non-T cells. Five of 9
      patients with MCNS had depressed proliferative response to PHA. The proportion of
      total T cells, Tu cells and T gamma cells in the patient group were comparable to
      healthy control group. Serum IgG was significantly decreased in 7 of 11 patients.
      This study demonstrates multiple immunological abnormalities in patients with
      MCNS that might play a role in its pathogenesis.

PMID- 2931941
TI  - GM2 gangliosidosis in a Japanese spaniel.
AB  - A storage disease in a 2-year-old Japanese Spaniel resembled a GM2 gangliosidosis
      previously identified in a now extinct line of German Shorthaired Pointers.
      Despite a later appearance of signs in the Japanese Spaniel, the distribution,
      staining, and ultrastructure of the stored material were similar in the two
      breeds. Golgi studies of cerebral cortical neurons revealed the formation of
      spiny and aspiny enlargements at the axon hillock region (meganeurites) and the
      growth of secondary neurites from this region. As in the German Shorthaired
      Pointer model, there was massive storage of GM2 ganglioside as well as a
      seemingly paradoxical increase in total beta-hexosaminidase activity measured in
      vitro.

PMID- 2931942
TI  - Immunoreactive SOD-1 in amniotic fluid, amniotic cells and fibroblasts from
      trisomy 21 fetus.
AB  - Copper superoxide dismutase (Cu-SOD or SOD-1) was measured by radioimmunoassay
      (RIA) in amniotic cells and fluid as well as in fetal trisomy 21 fibroblasts. The
      significant increase of the SOD-1 activity observed in amniotic cells and fetal
      trisomy 21 fibroblasts demonstrates the early physiopathogenic expression of the
      supernumerary chromosome 21 in affected patients.

PMID- 2931944
TI  - Impaired in vivo platelet reactivity in infantile autism.

PMID- 2931945
TI  - Release of fibronectin, sulfated glycosaminoglycans and beta-hexosaminidase from
      injured smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts in culture--possible transferable
      effects on new cultures.
AB  - The effect of injury to the bovine arterial smooth muscle cell in vitro was
      studied. Injury was caused by dimethylsulphoxide-soluble particles from cigarette
      smoke. The release of fibronectin was studied with human skin fibroblasts, but
      all other experiments on bovine myocytes. Fibronectin release was increased from
      injured cells, while that of sulfated glycosaminoglycans was decreased. These
      changes in release were evident already during the first hour after injury, while
      the increased release of the lysosomal enzyme beta-hexosaminidase was manifest 1
      24 hours after injury, but not during the first hour. Conditioned medium from
      injured cells was toxic to new cultures. This toxicity could be prevented by
      including the protease inhibitor alpha 1-antitrypsin to the cultures exposed to
      smoke particles. When alpha 1-antitrypsin was added first after the cells had
      been exposed to the smoke particles it was without effect. The free radical
      scavenger vitamin E was without effect. Cell detachment was a good index of cell
      death after exposure to cigarette smoke particles, as judged from the
      simultaneous measurement of DNA content and trypan blue uptake. During the period
      24 hours after the toxic influence of cigarette smoke particles on original
      cultures, or 24 hours after the action of conditioned medium on new cultures, the
      injured cells revealed an augmented DNA synthesis compared to controls. The
      injured cells were, however, less responsive to growth-stimulating activity from
      platelets.

PMID- 2931946
TI  - Structural adaptation of the rat left ventricle in response to changes in
      pressure and volume loads.
AB  - Female Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were
      used to explore the structural changes of cardiac dimensions in connection with a
      sustained hyperkinetic circulation, as induced by pregnancy or thyroxine
      administration. Cardiac design was assessed by recordings of the diastolic left
      ventricular pressure-volume relationships in isolated arrested hearts. Left
      ventricular weight: body weight and end-diastolic volume (EDV) for given end
      diastolic pressures (EDP), were both increased about 50% in control SHR, with a
      marginal reduction of the wall:lumen ratio (w:ri) compared with control WKY.
      During the hyperkinetic circulatory states of pregnancy and hyperthyroidism, EDV
      was in WKY increased about 30% and 50%, respectively, with concomitant w:ri
      reductions. In SHR pregnancy did not significantly alter left ventricular
      dimensions, whereas EDV was increased by about 20% in hyperthyroid SHR. Thus, the
      rat left ventricle can, within 3 weeks, markedly alter not only the wall mass but
      also, and independently, the luminal design in response to different haemodynamic
      interventions. Early established SHR hypertension is characterized mainly by
      eccentric left ventricular hypertrophy, despite the elevated arterial pressure.
      Volume overloads in WKY due to pregnancy or hyperthyroidism can induce marked
      structural widening of the left ventricle. In SHR these structural luminal
      changes were only minor, perhaps because considerable eccentric hypertrophy is
      already present. Such a structural cardiac enlargement may allow delivery of an
      increased stroke volume for a given myocardial fibre shortening.

PMID- 2931947
TI  - Profiles of antidepressant activity with the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating
      Scale.
AB  - The Montgomery and Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) is a 10 item severity
      scale constructed to be sensitive to change with treatment. It was designed to be
      sensitive for individual items and is therefore useful for measuring differential
      profiles of action. The MADRS profiles of activity were examined in a six-week
      double-blind comparative group study of depressed patients treated with mianserin
      or zimeldine. Three of the ten items on the MADRS showed individual significant
      advantages for mianserin, reduced sleep (weeks 1 and 3), concentration
      difficulties (week 1), and reduced appetite (week 3). These findings are in
      agreement with earlier reports of poor sleep and gastrointestinal upset
      associated with the 5-HT uptake inhibitor zimeldine. The selective improvement in
      concentration difficulties and in the other items support the view that mianserin
      is particularly useful in alleviating the anxiety associated with depression. The
      sedative effect of mianserin did not appear to interfere with concentration.
      There were significant improvements in the mianserin-treated group at 1, 2, 3,
      and 4 weeks for the MADRS, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and Clinicians Global
      Impression scale. There was no significant advantage for mianserin at 5 and 6
      weeks. The differential clinical effects were apparent early in the study but any
      selectivity of action appeared to be overwhelmed by the general antidepressant
      effect later in treatment.

PMID- 2931948
TI  - Effect of tricyclic drugs on mitochondrial membrane.
AB  - The effects of tricyclic drugs (clomipramine, imipramine, chlorpromazine and
      promethazine) on isolated liver mitochondria of rats were examined. All the drugs
      tested accelerated state 4 respiration. Their stimulative potency at
      concentrations below 100 microM was in the order of chlorpromazine greater than
      clomipramine greater than imipramine, promethazine. On state 3 respiration, the
      chlorine containing drugs had an inhibitive effect at high concentrations, while
      the other drugs seemed to have a slightly stimulative effect. These drugs
      stimulated latent ATPase activity of mitochondria. Clomipramine and
      chlorpromazine inhibited 2, 4-dinitrophenol-stimulated ATPase activity in a dose
      dependent fashion. Imipramine also inhibited 2, 4-dinitrophenol-stimulated ATPase
      activity at high concentrations. Promethazine, however, had almost no effect. All
      the drugs induced potassium release from mitochondrial vesicles, and their
      potency was in the order of clomipramine greater than chlorpromazine greater than
      imipramine greater than promethazine. These results suggest that clomipramine,
      imipramine, chlorpromazine and promethazine cause impediments in both
      mitochondrial respiration and ion compartmentation, and that the chlorine
      containing drugs are more toxic than others on the functions of the mitochondrial
      membrane.

PMID- 2931949
TI  - [The metabolic aspects of alcoholism].

PMID- 2931950
TI  - Demonstration of circulating immune complexes by the indirect leucocyte
      phagocytosis test in chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Relation to results of a
      standard complement consumption assay.
AB  - Circulating immune complexes were studied in untreated Crohn's disease (CD) and
      ulcerative colitis (UC) by leucocyte phagocytosis. Neutrophils from normal donors
      took up large immunoglobulin-containing inclusions from 14 of 15 CD sera, 3 of 15
      UC sera (p less than 0.002) and from none of 15 reference sera from healthy
      volunteers (p less than 0.002). In contrast, inclusions could not be demonstrated
      on direct microscopic investigation. Our study confirms the presence of
      circulating immune complexes in Crohn's disease. Predominance of IgG-containing
      complexes in this condition is consistent with a mucosal origin. Discrepant
      results obtained by direct examination and by incubation of sera from patients
      with normal test neutrophils suggest a defective immune complex phagocytosis in
      CD. In consistency with this possibility, control experiments revealed a markedly
      decreased complex uptake by neutrophils of CD patients in vitro.

PMID- 2931951
TI  - Human lymphocyte subpopulations in lymphadenopathies in homosexual men.

PMID- 2931952
TI  - Antigen/antibody retention by follicular dendritic cells (FDC).

PMID- 2931953
TI  - Precursors of T-cell mitogen reactive cells and their suppressors in the mouse
      fetal liver.

PMID- 2931954
TI  - Studies on the role of the thymus in the selection and clonal expansion of T-cell
      precursors.

PMID- 2931955
TI  - T-cells and T-cells subsets in rat bronchus associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) in
      situ and in suspension.

PMID- 2931956
TI  - Antibody responses to T-dependent antigens: contributions of dendritic cells and
      helper T lymphocytes.
AB  - Dendritic cells (DC) are important accessory cells for T-dependent antibody
      formation. Other leukocytes -- such as macrophages and B cells -- do not
      independently initiate antibody responses. DC induce the two principal functions
      of helper T cells, i.e., direct activation of small, antigen-specific B cells,
      and release of B cell stimulating factors. These two helper functions can operate
      in tandem during the 1 degree response to hapten-carrier conjugates. Once the
      helper cell is sensitized in concert with DC, it interacts directly with B cells
      apparently in the absence of DC. These functions of helper cells all occur in
      discrete aggregates which contain DC and the appropriate responding lymphocytes.
      The DC/lymphocyte aggregates likely represent the appropriate structural unit for
      the study of cell-cell interactions during antibody responses.

PMID- 2931957
TI  - T-lymphocytes in rat lymphoid follicles are a subset of T helper cells.

PMID- 2931958
TI  - Maternal autoimmune disease influences self-tolerance in offspring.

PMID- 2931959
TI  - The long-lasting state of specific nonresponsiveness induced by intravenous
      immunization with alloantigens is due to the generation of recirculating
      suppressor T cells.
AB  - We investigated whether the long-lasting state of nonresponsiveness that is
      induced by intravenous immunization with alloantigens is mediated by suppressor T
      cells, or is caused by inactivation or deletion of the relevant alloreactive T
      cell clones. The data from parabiosis and thoracic duct drainage experiments
      suggest that the state of nonresponsiveness depends on recirculating non
      proliferating Ts memory cells.

PMID- 2931960
TI  - Graft versus host reaction in the rat: effect of cyclosporin A and
      cyclophosphamide on lymphocyte subsets involved in GvHR.

PMID- 2931961
TI  - Lymphokine production by T lymphocytes isolated from murine small intestinal
      epithelium.

PMID- 2931962
TI  - Therapeutic potential of monoclonal antibodies to the leucocyte common antigen.

PMID- 2931963
TI  - Nodular lymphocyte predominance type of Hodgkin's disease is a B cell lymphoma.

PMID- 2931964
TI  - The effect of ketanserin, a 5-HT2-receptor antagonist, on 5-hydroxytryptamine
      induced irreversible platelet aggregation in patients with cardiovascular
      diseases.
AB  - Platelet aggregation in response to 5-hydroxytryptamine was investigated in 40
      normal subjects, in 45 patients with acute myocardial infarction, and in 65
      patients with peripheral arterial obstructive disease. It was found that of the
      110 patients with cardiovascular disease, 40% had a biphasic irreversible
      platelet aggregation, whereas this phenomenon occurred in only 7.5% of the normal
      population. A double-blind placebo-controlled study further showed that a
      subacute treatment with ketanserin, a selective 5-HT2-receptor antagonist both on
      platelets and on vascular tissue, efficiently abolished the irreversible platelet
      aggregation in patients hyperreactive to 5-hydroxytryptamine. In an additional
      open study, including 10 patients with peripheral arterial obstructive disease, a
      chronic treatment with ketanserin 40 mg t.i.d. for a period of 3 months
      significantly suppressed the primary platelet aggregation to 5-HT at 2 X 10(-5) M
      and at 2 X 10(-6) M and significantly lowered the plasma beta thromboglobulin
      levels. Since 5-HT is a potent mediator of vasospasm, treatment with ketanserin
      might be of therapeutic value in atherosclerotic diseases, where platelet
      activation is thought to be involved.

PMID- 2931965
TI  - Bone scintigraphy and radiography in young athletes with low back pain.
AB  - Radiographs and bone scans of 40 young athletes with low back pain were reviewed
      retrospectively to correlate the imaging findings and assess the value of
      scintigraphy in the diagnosis of these patients. The radiographs were positive
      for spondylolysis with or without spondylolisthesis in 15 (38%), and scintigraphy
      showed focal disease in the posterior vertebral elements in 14 (35%). Five
      patients had positive radiographic studies but normal scans, indicating old
      injuries; four patients had positive scintigrams but normal radiographs,
      suggesting early or active injuries. The authors use radiography as the initial
      examination in the evaluation of patients with low back pain. Scintigraphy is
      most useful in early stages, when radiographs may be normal; and in cases in
      which the age and activity of a radiologic abnormality cannot otherwise be
      accurately determined before therapy.

PMID- 2931966
TI  - Detection of acute synthetic vascular graft infection with 111In-labeled
      leukocyte scanning: an animal study.
AB  - Synthetic vascular graft infection is characterized by late diagnosis due to
      indolent and nonspecific symptoms. Indium-111-labeled leukocyte imaging holds
      promise as a diagnostic tool to identify vascular graft infection, but reported
      data on its accuracy are somewhat sparse and conflicting. In this study, 13
      mongrel dogs received Dacron aortic interposition grafts. Seven grafts were
      contaminated at the time of surgery by topical ATCC Staphylococcus aureus
      concentrated at 10(8) organisms/ml. Six control animals received no graft
      contamination. All infected animals were sacrificed on the second postoperative
      day after 111In leukocyte scanning. The results showed a sensitivity of 71%,
      specificity of 100%, and accuracy of 85% for the 111In leukocyte study in
      detecting early graft infections; false-positive leukocyte scans in the early
      postoperative period were not a problem as has been reported by others. These
      data indicate that leukocyte scanning for graft infection detection is likely to
      be clinically valuable.

PMID- 2931967
TI  - Scanning equalization radiography of the chest: assessment of image quality.
AB  - An evaluation of the image quality of scanning equalization radiography (SER) of
      the chest was conducted with 60 volunteer patients. Posteroanterior chest
      radiographs by SER and conventional methods were compared by six radiologists to
      determine the adequacy and uniformity of the film exposure and the visualization
      of normal anatomic structures. The radiographs by the SER technique were deemed
      to be superior for visualization of most anatomic features. With SER there were
      no film artifacts from the scanning technique and there was only occasional
      blurring of some structures with a 4.7-sec scan time.

PMID- 2931968
TI  - Distal coronary artery perfusion during percutaneous transluminal coronary
      angioplasty.
AB  - Perfusion of the coronary artery distal to an occluding angioplasty balloon was
      performed in 34 patients undergoing coronary angioplasty (PTCA). A randomized
      crossover study was employed using two exogenous substances as perfusates:
      lactated Ringer's solution (LR) and a fluorocarbon emulsion (FL), Fluosol-DA 20%.
      Both substances are electrolyte solutions, but the FL will dissolve more oxygen
      than the LR. During two attempted coronary artery occlusions of 90 seconds each,
      we perfused through the central lumen (guidewire channel) of the PTCA catheter at
      60 ml/min. With FL perfusion the mean time to onset of angina after occlusion was
      delayed (41 +/- 21 vs 33 +/- 16 seconds, mean +/- SD; p less than 0.05), the mean
      duration of angina was shortened (77 +/- 58 vs 92 +/- 70 seconds, p less than
      0.05), and the rise in the ST segment of the ECG was reduced (0.15 +/- 0.24 vs
      0.2 +/- 0.23 mV, p less than 0.001) when compared to LR perfusion. Balloon
      occlusion time was able to be extended with FL perfusion (71 +/- 22 vs 59 +/- 22
      seconds p less than 0.001). These results indicate that perfusion of the distal
      coronary artery is possible during PTCA and can reduce ischemia during a
      prolonged balloon occlusion time.

PMID- 2931969
TI  - Right ventricular coronary flow in arterial hypertension.
AB  - Right ventricular (RV) coronary circulation in systemic hypertension offers an
      opportunity to assess the effects of marked increases in coronary perfusion
      pressure in vivo without appreciable increases in workload or marked hypertrophy
      of the cardiac chamber. This study investigates RV coronary circulation in renal
      hypertensive rats (RHR). Mean arterial pressure rose by 50% to 60% in RHR as
      compared to control groups and RV mass increased by 15% (7.15 vs 6.19 mg/gm body
      weight, p less than 0.01). Coronary blood flow, which was measured by left atrial
      injection of microspheres in conscious rats, was not significantly different
      between study groups both at rest and after maximal coronary vasodilation with
      carbochrome (6 mg/kg). However, minimal RV coronary resistance level per gram
      were significantly elevated (p less than 0.05) in RHR. A second study was
      designed to further dissociate the effects of arterial hypertension from the
      effects of changes in RV mass in RHR. In one group, blood pressure was acutely
      reduced by 1 week of captopril therapy, while RV mass remained high. In the
      second group, captopril was discontinued after 14 weeks of treatment, allowing
      arterial pressure to rise, while RV mass, which had regressed with treatment,
      remained normal. After treatment, RV minimal coronary resistance levels remained
      high in the short-term-treated hypertensive rats, but returned to normal levels
      in the long-term-treated RHR. These results suggest the following possibilities:
      the RV is not immune to the effects of systemic hypertension, coronary structural
      changes are probably the main factor that accounts for the increase in RV
      coronary resistance levels, and coronary alterations are amenable to long-term
      antihypertensive therapy.

PMID- 2931970
TI  - The eight dental specialties: their origin and rise.

PMID- 2931971
TI  - Riley Hospital Dental Clinic: dedicated to the child patient.

PMID- 2931972
TI  - Effects of hematoporphyrin derivative and photodynamic therapy on atherosclerotic
      rabbits.
AB  - This study was performed to demonstrate selective uptake of hematoporphyrin
      derivative (HPD) within actively developing atheroma, to localize the site of
      uptake of HPD within the atheroma, and to determine the potential for
      photodynamic therapy (PDT) of atherosclerosis in the rabbit model. Fifteen
      rabbits were rendered atherosclerotic. Five rabbits received neither HPD nor PDT
      and 2 rabbits received HPD, 10 mg/kg intravenously, without subsequent
      irradiation. Eight other rabbits received 5 to 20 mg of HPD intravenously and
      subsequent intravascular 636-nm laser radiation to either the thoracic aorta or
      the aortic arch. A total of 32 to 288 J of laser energy was delivered through a
      300-mu quartz fiber. All rabbits that received in vivo HPD had red fluorescence
      of their aortas when placed under ultraviolet light. The pattern of fluorescence
      corresponded precisely to the pattern of atheroma. In segments that received PDT,
      light microscopic examination revealed an accumulation of smooth muscle cells at
      the intimal surface. Fluorescence microscopy revealed a diminishing concentration
      gradient of HPD from intimal surface layers towards the media. Assessment of
      treated thoracic aortic segments revealed quantitative and qualitative
      differences compared with control segments. In the arch-treated segments,
      however, no changes were seen. It is concluded that HPD localizes within rabbit
      atheroma, can be detected by fluorescence and is deposited in a diminishing
      concentration gradient from lumen toward media. Irradiation with 636-nm light may
      induce qualitative and quantitative changes in atheroma.

PMID- 2931973
TI  - Lack of effects of copper gluconate supplementation.
AB  - A double-blind study was done giving 10 mg of copper/day as copper gluconate or
      placebo capsules for 12 wk. The seven subjects receiving copper gluconate had no
      change in the level of copper in the serum, urine, or hair. There was also no
      change in the levels of zinc or magnesium. There was also no significant change
      in levels of hematocrit, triglyceride, SGOT, GGT, LDH, cholesterol, or alkaline
      phosphatase. The side effects of nausea, diarrhea, and heartburn were the same in
      the subjects receiving copper gluconate and subjects receiving placebo capsules.

PMID- 2931974
TI  - The relationship of various indices of heart size on chest x-ray to the 10-year
      incidence of hypertension. The Normative Aging Study.
AB  - A total of 598 males (aged 30-74 years) who had baseline (1961-1970) chest
      radiography and baseline blood pressure less than 140/90 mmHg were observed
      prospectively for 10 years. Subjects were participants of the Normative Aging
      Study, a longitudinal study on aging initiated in 1961 at the Veterans
      Administration Outpatient Clinic in Boston, Massachusetts. Blood pressures were
      taken at five- and 10-year follow-up examinations. Multiple logistic regression
      analysis indicated that the long diameter of the heart (on posteroanterior film)
      and the cardiac depth (on lateral film) were statistically significant predictors
      of subsequent hypertension after controlling for baseline body mass index,
      systolic pressure, and diastolic pressure. A similar model considering various
      composite indices of heart size indicated that the heart volume was a
      statistically significant and independent predictor of hypertension. Thus,
      increases in heart size may precede and predict the development of sustained
      hypertension.

PMID- 2931975
TI  - Frequency of hexosaminidase A variant alleles among Ashkenazi Jews and prenatal
      diagnosis of GM2 gangliosidosis.

PMID- 2931976
TI  - Accurate and superaccurate gene mapping.
AB  - Highly accurate gene mapping techniques need to be developed to clone disease
      genes with unknown defective products. The classical pedigree method and methods
      based on cytologically observable chromosome aberrations share definite limits in
      resolution. We quantify the limits in resolution for the pedigree method. We also
      discuss a technique for gene localization that exploits the possible presence of
      minute depletions overlapping the disease locus. One can search for such
      submicroscopic deletions by aiming random probes at them. We show quantitatively
      that relatively few probes may suffice to hit a target deletion. Choosing which
      probes to aim should be guided by pedigree studies and by close examination of
      relevant cytologically observable translocations and deletions.

PMID- 2931977
TI  - Fragile (X) expression induced by FUdR is transient and inversely related to
      levels of thymidylate synthase activity.
AB  - Thymidylate synthase (TS) activity was monitored in fluorodeoxyuridine (FUdR)
      treated lymphoblasts from individuals carrying the fragile (X) [fra(X)]
      chromosome. Fra(X) expression and levels of TS activity were measured over a 72
      hr period at different cell densities. TS activity was 80%-90% inhibited
      immediately after exposure to FUdR and remained suppressed for the first 24 hrs.
      Fra(X) expression was not found until 6-8 hrs after FUdR treatment, and at 24
      hrs, reached a maximum expression of approximately 50%. At 48 and 72 hrs,
      however, increasing levels of TS activity paralleled a dramatic drop in fra(X)
      expression. High fra(X) expression at 48 and 72 hrs could be maintained by
      rechallenging cultures with increasing doses of FUdR. At low cell densities,
      fra(X) expression was maintained at high levels for a much longer period of time.
      In two lymphoblastoid cell lines from obligate carriers, which either expressed
      at very low levels or did not express the fra(X) in routine cultures, TS activity
      was also 90% inhibited but with no corresponding fra(X) expression 12 or 24 hrs
      after FUdR treatment. We conclude that: FUdR inhibits TS activity immediately and
      induces fra(X) expression 6-8 hrs later, FUdR-induced fra(X) expression and TS
      activity are inversely related, the FUdR effect on fra(X) expression and TS
      activity is time and cell-density dependent, and inhibition of TS activity is a
      necessary but not sufficient condition for fra(X) expression.

PMID- 2931978
TI  - Use of nifedipine as monotherapy in the management of hypertension.
AB  - Calcium antagonists are vasodilators and, therefore, they decrease the peripheral
      vascular resistance. Acute vasodilation invokes a reflex increase in sympathetic
      activity that results in positive chronotropic and inotropic effects. These acute
      effects have been demonstrated both in patients with hypertension and subjects
      with normal blood pressure values. A theoretic objection to the use of nifedipine
      as monotherapy in patients with chronic hypertension was that calcium channel
      blockers would invoke a chronic sympathetic response and, in particular, chronic
      tachycardia. In this study, the effects of calcium antagonists on ambulatory
      blood pressure were investigated in patients with essential hypertension who had
      no evidence of target organ damage. Direct arterial blood pressure measurements,
      monitored continuously over 24 hours, showed that nifedipine significantly
      reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressures throughout the day and at night.
      The variability in blood pressure values was not altered by nifedipine therapy,
      nor were there significant changes in heart rate. Estimations of left ventricular
      mass also demonstrated that successful control of blood pressure with nifedipine
      monotherapy resulted in a significant reduction in the left ventricular mass
      similar to that achieved with beta blockers and diuretics. Thus, nifedipine may
      be used effectively as monotherapy in patients with essential hypertension,
      controlling blood pressure throughout the day and at night. Calcium antagonists
      are, therefore, useful drugs in the management of hypertension and, in light of
      the findings reported herein, should be seriously considered as initial therapy.

PMID- 2931980
TI  - Risk of Down syndrome among relatives of Down syndrome individuals.

PMID- 2931979
TI  - Clinicopathological conference: an adolescent girl with severe mental impairment
      and mucopolysacchariduria.

PMID- 2931981
TI  - A de novo translocation, 14q21q, with a microchromosome-14p21p.
AB  - A familial translocation, t(14;21)(14p21p;14q21q), in a mother and her child is
      described. The translocation was ascertained through the birth of a Down syndrome
      baby with the chromosome constitution 47,XX,-14, +der 14, +der
      21,t(14;21)(q11;p12) mat. A 1:3 segregation in the maternal meiosis is suggested
      for the evolution of the unbalanced chromosome state. The main translocated
      chromosome 14q21q mimics the product of a Robertsonian translocation, while the
      14p21p chromosome has the morphology of a satellited microchromosome. The
      cytogenetic nature of this translocation is discussed.

PMID- 2931983
TI  - Recurrence risk in de novo 21q21q translocation Down syndrome.

PMID- 2931982
TI  - Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in a father and daughter.
AB  - Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is described in a father and his daughter. In
      both, identical segments of the left ventricle were involved by the hypertrophic
      process with differing degrees of severity. We suggest that the morphologic
      findings described are due to a single gene with an autosomal dominant mode of
      inheritance.

PMID- 2931984
TI  - Medical needs of severely developmentally disabled persons residing in the
      community.
AB  - Data on the health needs and utilization of medical services were collected on 27
      severely developmentally disabled persons residing in the community in order to
      make recommendations regarding the development of a network of generic services
      to meet those needs. A surprisingly low incidence of acute illness and
      emergencies was found, contradicting previous authors' assertions that such a
      population has excessive medical needs and therefore cannot be served in the
      community. On the contrary, community placement proved to be advantageous to this
      group, as they gained access to specialty medical services that were previously
      unavailable to them as residents of a large public facility.

PMID- 2931985
TI  - Early vocabulary acquisition by children with Down syndrome.
AB  - Early acquisition of object names by 6 children with Down syndrome relative to
      the acquisition pattern of 6 nonretarded children was investigated. Each child
      was followed for 14 to 21 months. At the start of the study the children with
      Down syndrome were 17 to 19 months old. The nonretarded children were 9 months
      old. Results indicated that the children with Down syndrome were at the same
      level of cognitive development as the nonretarded children at the onset of both
      comprehension and production of object names. Soon after language acquisition
      began, however, the language development of the Down syndrome group began to lag
      behind their cognitive development: Level of vocabulary development was lower
      than would have been expected based on level of cognitive development.

PMID- 2931986
TI  - Renal involvement in mixed connective tissue disease. Report of 5 cases.
AB  - 5 cases with the compatible serological criteria of mixed connective tissue
      disease described earlier are presented. In 1 of them with a moderate degree of
      proteinuria, the renal biopsy disclosed membranous nephritis. However, despite
      the absence of overt clinical renal disease in the other 4 cases, biopsies
      disclosed membranous nephritis in 1 and mild mesangial proliferative
      glomerulonephritis in the remaining 3 cases. In the follow-up of these 4 cases, 2
      subsequently developed abnormal urinalysis. Electron microscopic examinations
      demonstrated electron-dense deposits in glomeruli, and 4 of these patients also
      had microtubular structures in the endothelial cytoplasm. Contrarily to the
      original concept, our findings suggest that mixed connective tissue disease also
      induces immune complex disease.

PMID- 2931987
TI  - Hospitalizations among black women using contraceptives.
AB  - We analyzed hospitalizations among 26,507 young black women who attended a large
      metropolitan family planning clinic between 1968 and 1976. Age-adjusted
      hospitalization rates were compared for women using oral contraceptives,
      intrauterine contraceptive devices, and depot medroxyprogesterone acetate.
      Overall, intrauterine contraceptive device and depot medroxyprogesterone acetate
      users were hospitalized at about the same rate, while women using oral
      contraceptives were hospitalized 30% less often. The oral contraceptive users
      were not hospitalized at a higher rate for circulatory disease. Compared to women
      using intrauterine contraceptive devices, users of oral contraceptives and depot
      medroxyprogesterone acetate were less likely to be hospitalized for benign breast
      disease (rate ratios = 0.5 and 0.2, respectively, with 95% confidence limits of
      0.3 to 0.7 and 0.1 to 0.5) and for pelvic inflammatory disease. Women were four
      times as likely to be using depot medroxyprogesterone acetate when they were
      hospitalized with carcinoma in situ of the cervix, but depot medroxyprogesterone
      acetate users with at least 3 years of use were less likely to be hospitalized
      for carcinoma in situ than comparable groups of oral contraceptive and
      intrauterine contraceptive device users.

PMID- 2931988
TI  - A randomized crossover comparison of two low-dose contraceptives: effects on
      serum lipids and lipoproteins.
AB  - The effect of a triphasic combination of ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel
      upon various lipoprotein parameters was compared to that of a preparation that
      contained ethinyl estradiol and desogestrel on days 6, 11, 21, and 28 of a
      control cycle, the third cycle of treatment with either ethinyl
      estradiol/levonorgestrel or ethinyl estradiol/desogestrel (11 volunteers each),
      the third cycle of a 3-month washout period, and the third treatment cycle after
      crossover change of the preparations. Significant increases were found in total
      triglycerides (15% to 20%) and phospholipids (8%) with both preparations, whereas
      total cholesterol and lipoprotein Lp(a) were not altered. High-density
      lipoprotein triglycerides (50% to 60%) and high-density lipoprotein-3 cholesterol
      (10% to 15%) were elevated by both contraceptives, high-density lipoprotein
      cholesterol and alpha-lipoprotein cholesterol only by ethinyl
      estradiol/desogestrel (11%), whereas high-density lipoprotein phospholipids, high
      density lipoprotein-2 phospholipids, high-density lipoprotein-3 phospholipids,
      and high-density lipoprotein-2 cholesterol were not influenced. Both ethinyl
      estradiol/levonorgestrel and ethinyl estradiol/desogestrel increased
      apolipoproteins A (14%), A-I (20% to 30%), and A-II (25% to 35%) significantly.
      Very low-density lipoprotein triglycerides were elevated (30%) only by ethinyl
      estradiol/desogestrel, and low-density lipoprotein phospholipids (20%) by both
      ethinyl estradiol/levonorgestrel and ethinyl estradiol/desogestrel, whereas the
      other parameters, very low-density lipoprotein phospholipids, very low-density
      lipoprotein cholesterol, pre-beta-lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density
      lipoprotein triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, beta-lipoprotein
      cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B, were not significantly changed. Provided that
      the assumption is correct that high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and
      apolipoprotein B and low high-density lipoprotein subfractions and apolipoprotein
      A are associated with an elevated risk of atherosclerosis, the results seem to
      represent beneficial rather than deleterious side effects of the low-dose oral
      contraceptives.

PMID- 2931989
TI  - Adverse ocular reactions possibly associated with isotretinoin.
AB  - A total of 261 adverse ocular reactions occurred in 237 patients who received
      isotretinoin, a commonly used drug in the treatment of severe cystic acne.
      Blepharoconjunctivitis, subjective complaints of dry eyes, blurred vision,
      contact lens intolerance, and photodermatitis are reversible side effects. More
      serious ocular adverse reactions include papilledema, pseudotumor cerebri, and
      white or gray subepithelial corneal opacities; all of these are reversible if the
      drug is discontinued. Reported cases of decreased dark adaptation are under
      investigation. Isotretinoin is contraindicated in pregnancy because of the many
      reported congenital abnormalities after maternal use (including microphthalmos,
      orbital hypertelorism, and optic nerve hypoplasia).

PMID- 2931990
TI  - Time use of mothers with preschool children: a pilot study.
AB  - This pilot study describes and compares the time use for physical child care of
      two groups of mothers--those with physically handicapped preschoolers (N = 16)
      and those with normal preschoolers (N = 21). Each mother completed a
      questionnaire on the time she spent in three categories of physical child care
      activities. These activities included feeding, personal care, and transportation
      for physical care. Investigators collected data on both frequency and duration.
      They reported descriptive data for all categories separately and combined. The
      results of the study show that the mothers of the physically handicapped
      preschoolers spent significantly more time engaged in physical child care
      activities than did the mothers of normal preschoolers. Results also show a high
      correlation between frequency and duration data for physical child care. The
      results strongly suggest that the mothers of physically handicapped preschoolers
      spend significantly more time in physical child care than do the mothers of
      normal preschoolers. They also suggest that frequency data alone could be
      collected in further studies in this area without appreciably reducing the
      accuracy of the results.

PMID- 2931991
TI  - Brief or new: the thigh feeder.

PMID- 2931992
TI  - Tissue reaction to primers used in the "single-step" bonding system.
AB  - A large number of direct-bonding systems have been introduced for use by
      orthodontists. Although these agents are used for direct bonding of brackets to
      enamel, contact with skin, oral mucosa, and gingiva is not uncommon. While these
      products have wide clinical use, their biocompatibility has not been extensively
      investigated. The present study was undertaken to determine the effects of the
      primer component of Mono-Lok and the primer component of Control on gingiva.
      Three adult and one juvenile Macaca mulatta monkeys were used in this
      investigation. In two adults and the one juvenile animal, the primer component of
      Mono-Lok was applied to the right buccal surfaces of teeth; in the remaining
      adult animal, the primer component of Control was applied to the right buccal
      surfaces of teeth. The excess material was extended 5.0 mm onto the gingival
      tissues and for 3 minutes the cheeks and saliva were kept away from the sites to
      be tested. Saline solution was applied to the left buccal segments in all
      animals. Primer and saline solution were applied at 3-day intervals for a period
      of 21 days. The gingival tissues were examined clinically and biopsied for
      histologic evaluation. The gingiva in contact with the primer component of Mono
      Lok exhibited pronounced inflammatory changes and was characterized by redness,
      swelling, and spontaneous bleeding. Histologic observations confirmed these
      findings by showing a marked inflammatory cellular response characterized by
      eosinophils. In contrast to these findings, the gingiva that was in contact with
      the primer component of Control or saline solution exhibited normal gingival
      architecture.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2931994
TI  - Influence of training on skeletal muscle enzymatic adaptations in normal and
      diabetic rats.
AB  - Muscle homogenates representing slow-twitch oxidative, fast-twitch oxidative
      glycolytic, fast-twitch glycolytic, and mixed fiber types were prepared from
      normal, diabetic, and insulin-treated diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced by
      injection of 80 mg . kg-1 of streptozotocin. The activities of citrate synthase,
      succinate dehydrogenase, and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase were employed as
      markers of oxidative potential, whereas phosphorylase, hexokinase, and
      phosphofructokinase activities were used as an indication of glycolytic capacity.
      Diabetes was associated with a general decrement in the activity of oxidative
      marker enzymes for all fiber types except the fast-twitch glycolytic fiber. In
      contrast, the fast-twitch glycolytic fibers demonstrated the greatest decline in
      glycolytic enzymatic activity. Insulin-treated animals, either trained or
      untrained, exhibited enzyme activities similar to their normal counterparts.
      Exercise training of diabetic rats mimicked the effect of insulin treatment and
      caused a near normalization of the activity of the marker enzymes. These findings
      suggest that the enzymatic potential of all skeletal muscle fiber types of
      diabetic rats may be normalized by exercise training even in the absence of
      significant amounts of insulin.

PMID- 2931993
TI  - Laminin inhibits the recognition of tumor target cells by murine natural killer
      (NK) and natural cytotoxic (NC) lymphocytes.
AB  - Tumor cells sensitive to lysis by murine natural killer (NK) or natural cytotoxic
      (NC) cells were shown to bind laminin. They bound 125I-labeled laminin in a time-
      and concentration-dependent manner, and binding of the radioactive laminin was
      inhibited by excess cold laminin. In the presence of laminin, cell-cell
      aggregation occurred. Murine tumor cells not sensitive to NK/NC-mediated killing
      bound much less laminin, and laminin did not induce aggregation of these cells.
      The addition of exogenous laminin to NK or NC cytotoxicity assays reduced target
      lysis in a dose-related manner. Reduction of lysis was due to an inability of
      NK/NC cells to bind to the targets. Target cells pretreated with laminin were
      reduced in their ability to cold-target compete for NK-mediated lysis of
      untreated target cells. These effects were unique to laminin. The control
      proteins (fibronectin and thyroglobulin) had no effect on NK activity. Finally,
      inhibition of cytolytic activity by laminin appeared to be specific for NK/NC
      cells. Laminin had no effect on cytolysis mediated by alloimmune cytotoxic T
      lymphocytes regardless of whether the targets did or did not bind laminin.

PMID- 2931995
TI  - Altered aortic and cremaster muscle prostaglandin synthesis in diabetic rats.
AB  - Alterations in the synthesis and release of prostaglandins have been reported in
      humans and animal models of diabetes mellitus. In the present study synthesis and
      release of prostaglandins by thoracic aorta and cremaster muscle of rats with
      streptozotocin-induced diabetes of 8 wk duration was compared with age-matched
      controls. Prostaglandin synthesis was assessed by the measurement of
      immunoreactive prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and 6-ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha (6-keto
      PGF1 alpha) release and by quantifying metabolism of exogenous [1-14C]arachidonic
      acid by thoracic aortic rings and minced cremaster muscle. The cremaster muscles
      from diabetic rats released significantly greater quantities of PGE2 and 6-keto
      PGF1 alpha and PGE2. In contrast, the aortas from diabetic rats released smaller
      quantities of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha and PGE2 and exhibited reduced 6-[1-14C]keto-PGF1
      alpha. These studies indicate that diminished prostacyclin (PGI2) and/or PGE2
      production is not a general feature of all diabetic vascular tissues, suggesting
      that large and small blood vessels may not be similarly affected by diabetes in
      regard to the metabolism of exogenous arachidonic acid and the synthesis and
      release of prostaglandins. Furthermore, the vascular changes often observed in
      conjunction with diabetes, i.e., alterations in vascular reactivity and
      microangiopathy in small blood vessels and atherosclerosis of large blood vessels
      may be related in some way to the segmental differences observed in prostaglandin
      synthesis.

PMID- 2931996
TI  - Gastric mucosal blood flow measured by laser-Doppler velocimetry.
AB  - To determine the feasibility of measuring gastric mucosal blood flow by laser
      Doppler velocimetry (LDV), we utilized two LDV flowmeters to monitor blood flow
      in mucosa and serosa of chambered canine stomach. In isolated, nonautoregulating
      gastric segments vasodilated with isoproterenol, LDV mucosal and muscularis blood
      flows were both linearly related to total electromagnetic blood flow during step
      increases in perfusion pressure. To assess the depth of the LDV measurement, we
      recorded reactive hyperemia following arterial occlusion. Reactive hyperemia was
      frequently registered in the mucosa but rarely in muscularis. Placing a layer of
      nonperfused mucosa-submucosa between the probe and the perfused mucosa abolished
      the resting LDV mucosal flow signal and attenuated the recording of peak
      hyperemia by 85%. Furthermore, intra-arterial infusions of both adenosine and
      isoproterenol frequently increased LDV mucosal flow and decreased LDV muscularis
      flow, although total flow was consistently increased. These findings indicate
      that our LDV instruments yield linear, superficial measurements of gastric blood
      flow in either mucosa or muscularis. Although calibration in absolute units
      remains to be achieved, our results demonstrate that LDV is a practical means of
      studying the gastric mucosal microcirculation.

PMID- 2931998
TI  - Contraction regulates myosin synthesis and myosin content of cultured heart
      cells.
AB  - Cultured neonatal rat heart cells are a useful model for studying the regulation
      of myocyte growth. The myosin content of heart cells increases between days 1 and
      4 in culture. To determine if contraction per se can regulate myocyte growth,
      myosin content and protein synthesis were compared in spontaneously contracting
      and noncontracting cultured heart cells. Myosin content, assayed as the total
      myosin ATPase activity per culture dish, was significantly increased in
      contracting cells after 3, 4, and 5 days in culture. Protein synthesis was
      measured by incorporation of [14C]lysine into total cell protein and into sodium
      dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis resolved myosin. Contraction
      stimulated both total cell protein content and protein synthesis by day 3 in
      culture. Compared with heart cells arrested with 50 mM KCl, myosin synthesis was
      significantly increased by 96, 112, and 46% at days 2, 3, and 4, respectively.
      Similar results were observed when myosin content and protein synthesis in
      contracting myocytes were compared with cells arrested with either 25 mM KCl or
      10(-5) M verapamil. The present studies suggest that contraction increases the
      myosin content in cultured heart cells and that this increase is mediated via a
      stimulation of myosin synthesis in association with cell growth.

PMID- 2931997
TI  - Effects of synthetic atrial natriuretic factor in the isolated perfused rat
      kidney.
AB  - It is known that atrial extracts (AE) and synthetic atrial natriuretic factor
      (ANF) can increase glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and electrolyte and water
      excretion both in vivo and in vitro. It is not clear, however, if ANF-induced
      increases in filtered load (increased GFR) are required to produce natriuresis
      and diuresis. We perfused isolated rat kidneys with AE or synthetic ANF at
      constant pressure in a single-pass system. Extracts of atrial tissue (1 mg/ml)
      and high concentrations of ANF (31 and 61 ng/ml) significantly increased both GFR
      and electrolyte and water excretion. During continued infusion of ANF, GFR
      stabilized at increased levels, but sodium and water excretion continued to
      increase. After the termination of infusions, GFR and potassium excretion
      returned to control levels, but sodium and water excretion remained significantly
      elevated. Infusion of a low concentration of ANF (3 ng/ml) significantly
      increased sodium and water excretion without changing either GFR or potassium
      excretion. We conclude that increases in GFR are not a prerequisite for
      natriuresis and diuresis in response to ANF, but that increases in GFR can
      potentiate the response. Furthermore, our data suggest that ANF increases
      potassium excretion only if it increases GFR.

PMID- 2931999
TI  - Decreased auxotonic sarcomere shortening in hypertrophied rabbit myocardium.
AB  - Auxotonic sarcomere length change occurs during isometric twitches of isolated
      cardiac muscle preparations. To assess the amount of internal work in
      hypertrophied myocardium, we measured auxotonic sarcomere length change during
      isometric tension development over a range of initial muscle and sarcomere
      lengths. Hypertrophy was produced by banding the pulmonary artery, which resulted
      in an increase in the ratio of right ventricular free wall weight to total
      ventricular weight (normal 0.19 +/- 0.004; hypertrophy 0.35 +/- 0.008; P less
      than 0.001). Right ventricular free wall trabeculae and papillary muscles were
      studied with optical and mechanical instrumentation, including a helium-neon
      laser, to measure sarcomere length and isometric twitch parameters. The resting
      sarcomere length-resting tension relationship was shifted to the left of normal
      in the hypertrophied preparations (P less than 0.001). The relationship of
      sarcomere length at the peak of the twitch with total tension at the same instant
      was shifted downward and to the right of normal in hypertrophy (P less than
      0.01). For the same amount of total tension development there was less than
      normal sarcomere shortening in the hypertrophied preparations (P less than
      0.001). Consequently, there is less than normal work per sarcomere during
      auxotonic sarcomere shortening in hypertrophied heart muscle. Less sarcomere work
      for a particular functional state is important to consider in the assessment of
      the basis of myocardial function in compensated pressure overload hypertrophy.

PMID- 2932000
TI  - Measurement of erythrocyte velocity by use of a periodic differential detector.
AB  - An optical velocimeter employing a linear array of photodiodes has been developed
      and utilized for measuring erythrocyte velocities in the microcirculation. A
      magnified image of a microvessel is projected and aligned on a one-dimensional
      array of photodiodes. Photocurrent from odd-ordered diodes is summed,
      photocurrent from even-ordered diodes is summed, and a signal proportional to the
      difference between these two currents is produced by a differential amplifier.
      The center frequency of the output signal of the differential amplifier is
      proportional to the erythrocyte velocity. After lowpass filtering the output of
      the differential amplifier, a signal proportional to its frequency and therefore
      velocity is produced by a frequency-voltage converter. In vitro calibration with
      a moving dried smear of erythrocytes illustrated a linear relation between the
      output of the frequency-voltage converter and erythrocyte velocity for a wide
      range of velocities and magnifications. The system produces a stable zero output
      at zero velocity and had an estimated frequency response of greater than 40 Hz in
      vivo. Volumetric flow rates computed from velocity and diameter measurements at
      arteriolar bifurcations in the rat cremaster muscle were consistent with mass
      conservation.

PMID- 2932001
TI  - Pathophysiologic characteristics of venous thrombosis.
AB  - Experimental and clinical studies are reviewed briefly to assess the role of the
      vessel wall, stasis, clotting factors and their inhibitors, and the fibrinolytic
      system in the pathogenesis of venous thrombosis.

PMID- 2932002
TI  - Diagnostic methods for deep vein thrombosis: venous Doppler examination,
      phleborheography, iodine-125 fibrinogen uptake, and phlebography.
AB  - Since clinical diagnosis of DVT is often inaccurate, it has become accepted that
      an objective means of diagnosing clot in the deep venous system becomes
      critically important in the management of these patients. Important to
      understanding the diagnostic capabilities of any test are the anatomic and
      physiologic characteristics of the deep venous system. The venous Doppler
      examination monitors the velocity of blood flowing through a particular vein.
      Doppler probes in the 5 to 10 mHz range are routinely used. Respiratory variation
      is a normal finding due to a diminished flow signal during inspiration, followed
      by a progressive increase in flow signal during expiration. Characteristics of
      the spontaneous flow signals are the most important part of interpreting the
      venous Doppler examination. In addition, the response to distal or proximal
      compression (augmentation) adds important information to the interpretation;
      however, the response during any augmentation maneuver depends on the rapidity of
      compression, the force of compression, the quantity of blood in the veins at the
      time of compression, and the distance between the Doppler probe and the
      compression point. The literature reports a wide range of sensitivity and
      specificity for the Doppler examination, but there is uniform agreement and an
      observable trend that physicians with a large experience and a dedicated interest
      will obtain much better results than physicians with less experience and less
      interest. Phleborheography is a six-channel volumetric plethysmographic technique
      that monitors volume changes in the lower extremities associated with respiration
      and foot and calf compression. The volumetric tracings obtained are similar to
      the velocity profiles obtained on the venous Doppler examination. The criteria
      used in interpreting phleborheographic tracings are respiratory waves and
      baseline elevation (major criteria), and prominent arterial pulse waves and foot
      emptying (minor criteria). Previously reported overall sensitivities for
      detecting DVT are 83 to 93 percent, with sensitivities of detecting proximal vein
      thrombosis of 92 to 96 percent. Specificities have been reported to be 87 to 97
      percent. In a prospective analysis of 126 extremities with phleborheography and
      phlebography carried out within the same 24 hour period at Temple University
      Hospital, we found an overall sensitivity of 79 percent (51 of 65 patients);
      however, the sensitivity for proximal vein thrombosis was 91 percent (49 of 54
      patients).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2932003
TI  - [Tissue oxygen tension in fetuses with chronic hypoxia during birth].

PMID- 2932004
TI  - [Rheologic and hemostatic indices of the blood in newborn infants experiencing
      acute hypoxia during birth].

PMID- 2932005
TI  - [Fetal echocardiography in the 2d pregnancy trimester].

PMID- 2932006
TI  - [Effect of late pregnancy toxicosis on the adaptability of the fetus and the
      newborn].

PMID- 2932007
TI  - [Effect of acureflexotherapy on the state of the fetus in late pregnancy
      toxicoses].

PMID- 2932008
TI  - [State of the fetoplacental system in the presence of a post-cesarean section
      uterine cicatrix].

PMID- 2932009
TI  - [Effect of sigetin and glucose injections during pregnancy on the resistance to
      anoxia of premature normal growth and growth retarded fetuses (experimental
      study)].

PMID- 2932010
TI  - [Course of pregnancy and labor and pregnancy outcome for mother and fetus in
      women infected with Mycoplasma hominis].

PMID- 2932011
TI  - [Oxygen regime in healthy newborn infants during adaptation to extrauterine
      life].

PMID- 2932012
TI  - [Age-related dynamics of natural killer activity and basic lymphocyte populations
      in the peripheral blood of healthy women].

PMID- 2932013
TI  - [Laser puncture in the combination therapy of pregnancy nephropathy combined with
      hypertension].

PMID- 2932014
TI  - [Significance of the functional activity of lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of
      pregnancy nephropathy].

PMID- 2932015
TI  - [Proliferative activity of T-lymphocytes in pregnant women with diabetes
      mellitus].

PMID- 2932016
TI  - [Role of chlamydial infections in obstetric pathology].

PMID- 2932017
TI  - [Potentialities of ultrasonic diagnosis in pregnant women with diabetes
      mellitus].

PMID- 2932018
TI  - [The problem of low birth weight infants].

PMID- 2932019
TI  - [Echoscopic data on the effect of methylergometrin on the course of the placental
      and early postpartum stages].

PMID- 2932020
TI  - [Immunochemical study of the urinary proteinogram in pregnancy nephropathy].

PMID- 2932021
TI  - [Use of heparin in the combination therapy of parturients having undergone
      premature detachment of a normally positioned placenta].

PMID- 2932022
TI  - [Effectiveness of reflex stimulation of labor].

PMID- 2932023
TI  - [Formation of pituitary-gonadal relations in girls with accelerated physical
      development].

PMID- 2932024
TI  - [Possibilities of using echography to detect pathological processes in the
      endometrium].

PMID- 2932025
TI  - [Current methods of diagnosing endometrial polyps].

PMID- 2932026
TI  - [Use of the CO2-laser for treating benign cervix diseases].

PMID- 2932027
TI  - [Effectiveness of sinusoidally-modulated currents and currents of supersonic
      frequency in the treatment of patients with chronic recurring salpingo
      oophoritis].

PMID- 2932029
TI  - [Prevention of complications after surgery for uterine cancer].

PMID- 2932028
TI  - [State of the urinary tract in patients with genital endometriosis before and
      after treatment].

PMID- 2932031
TI  - Follicular mucinosis. A reaction pattern in follicular epithelium.
AB  - Follicular mucinosis is a histologic term for a reaction pattern in follicular
      epithelium. Although it is the sine qua non for alopecia mucinosa as a disease
      sui generis, it may occur in a variety of unrelated conditions, which may be
      inflammatory, hamartomatous, hyperplastic, or neoplastic. Follicular mucinosis is
      rare in plaque and nodular lesions of mycosis fungoides, but when it occurs, the
      malignant lymphoma is not related to the condition known as alopecia mucinosa. In
      short, alopecia mucinosa is a wholly benign condition and is not premonitory or
      an early aspect of mycosis fungoides. Follicular mucinosis is not synonymous with
      alopecia mucinosa but is analogous to other histologic reaction patterns of
      cutaneous epithelium such as epidermolytic hyperkeratosis, focal acantholytic
      dyskeratosis, and cornoid lamellation.

PMID- 2932030
TI  - [Current concepts on the significance of genital herpes infections in obstetric
      and gynecologic pathology].

PMID- 2932032
TI  - Effect of theophylline on the proportion and function of T-suppressor cells in
      asthmatic children.
AB  - T-cell subpopulations and their function were studied in asthmatic children with
      or without theophylline therapy. A decreased proportion and function of
      theophylline-sensitive T-suppressor cells was found in fresh peripheral blood of
      asthmatic children. Following peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC)
      incubation in theophylline-free medium, the proportion of theophylline-sensitive
      T-cells in asthmatic children treated with theophylline was elevated to normal
      values. However, their suppressive effect on control lymphocyte proliferation was
      unchanged.

PMID- 2932033
TI  - Sedation and cerebral angiography. The effects of pentazocine and midazolam on
      arterial carbon dioxide tension.
AB  - A study of the effects of sedation on arterial blood gases in patients undergoing
      cerebral angiography was performed. Twenty-one patients received pentazocine (30
      mg) and midazolam (5-22.5 mg) and arterial carbon dioxide and oxygen tensions
      were measured from radial artery samples before and during the procedure. A
      statistically significant rise in arterial carbon dioxide tension was
      demonstrated. It is suggested that this may cause a rise in intracranial pressure
      by increasing cerebral blood flow in a group of patients in whom there is a high
      incidence of raised intracranial pressure. The clinical significance of this
      increase in arterial carbon dioxide tension is discussed.

PMID- 2932034
TI  - Respiratory depression following midazolam.

PMID- 2932035
TI  - [How reliable is a hot-wire anemometer?].
AB  - To examine the advantage of hot-wire anemometer for clinical use, we have checked
      two types of this tools with respect to reliability and validity. It was found
      that electronic suppression of noise caused a distortion of the measurements.
      Furthermore changes of transducers were also responsible for deviations from true
      values. We require of the manufacturer to indicate the threshold of perception
      and the coefficient of variation for repeated measurements with several
      transducers. We recommend a simple rule which permits an estimation of the limits
      of reliable measurements for clinical use depending on the threshold of the
      equipment and on the parameters of ventilation.

PMID- 2932036
TI  - A Kunitz type of proteinase inhibitor isolated from boar seminal vesicle fluid.
AB  - Using immunoaffinity chromatography on a Sepharose 4B column with adsorbed
      antibodies to the basic inhibitor in bovine organs (Kunitz-type), a proteinase
      inhibitor was isolated from boar seminal vesicle fluid. The isolated protein
      inhibited acrosin, trypsin, plasmin and chymotrypsin, but not kallikrein. Its
      molecular weight determined by gel filtration on Sephadex G-50 was 9,500 (+/-
      500) and by SDS electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel 12,000 (+/- 500) daltons.
      The protein was demonstrated by immunoprecipitation only in boar seminal vesicle
      fluid and seminal plasma, and by indirect immunofluorescence on ejaculated
      spermatozoa and in the epithelium of boar seminal vesicles. This inhibitor is the
      first acrosin inhibitor specific for the genital organs, which evidently belongs
      to the group of Kunitz type inhibitors, to be described.

PMID- 2932037
TI  - Inactivation of atracurium in human and rat plasma.
AB  - The contribution of enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis to inactivation of atracurium in
      human and rat plasma was determined in vitro by inhibiting the enzyme
      carboxylesterase with triorthotolyl phosphate. The inhibitor was removed by
      centrifugation and aspiration. Atracurium was then added to both the control and
      the inhibited plasma samples, and all samples were incubated at 37 degrees C for
      45 min. The amount of atracurium present in aliquots of plasma was determined
      using a bioassay technique in anesthetized rats. Inactivation of atracurium
      proceeded rapidly in control rat plasma but was markedly slowed in samples
      treated with the inhibitor of carboxylesterase. In contrast, the inactivation was
      slow in control human plasma, and inhibition of carboxylesterase produced only
      marginal, if any, effects. We conclude that the inactivation of atracurium
      proceeds, in part, by enzyme-catalyzed ester hydrolysis. In species with high
      enzyme activity in plasma, e.g., the rat, enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis is clearly
      evident. In humans, the level of enzyme activity is low and the contribution of
      enzyme-catalyzed inactivation is less manifest. By exclusion, Hofmann elimination
      or other reactions probably represent the major inactivation pathway in humans.

PMID- 2932038
TI  - Intracranial pressure after atracurium in neurosurgical patients.
AB  - In order to investigate the usefulness of atracurium for neurosurgical
      anesthesia, we studied its impact on intracranial pressure (subarachnoid bolt)
      mean arterial pressure (radial artery catheter) and cerebral perfusion pressure
      (mean arterial pressure-intracranial pressure) in 20 patients undergoing elective
      craniotomy for brain tumor excision. General anesthesia was induced with
      thiopental, 4 mg/kg intravenously, and maintained with 70 percent nitrous oxide
      in oxygen. Ventilation was controlled by face mask, with end-tidal CO2 held
      constant. Once intracranial pressure and mean arterial pressure had stabilized,
      the response to atracurium, 0.5 mg/kg intravenously, was continuously recorded
      for 5 min in 10 patients. An additional 10 patients received no atracurium and
      served as matched controls. Thiopental caused reductions in ICP in both groups of
      patients. Comparing the responses of the patients who received atracurium with
      those who did not, we found that atracurium had no significant effect on
      intracranial pressure, mean arterial pressure or cerebral perfusion pressure.
      Based on these data we conclude that atracurium appears to be preferable to the
      other available neuromuscular blocking agents that have been evaluated for
      neurosurgical anesthesia.

PMID- 2932040
TI  - Fine tuning the priming principle.

PMID- 2932039
TI  - Intramuscular midazolam for pediatric preanesthetic sedation: a double-blind
      controlled study with morphine.

PMID- 2932041
TI  - The priming principle and the open eye-full stomach.

PMID- 2932042
TI  - Patients with Huntington's chorea may respond normally to succinylcholine.

PMID- 2932043
TI  - The accuracy of "pull-through" pressure measurements and papaverine testing.
AB  - Intra-arterial pressure measurements have been made in a group of vascular
      patients using two different methods. The pull-through method, without systemic
      pressure monitoring, is compared with a technique employing simultaneous radial
      and femoral arterial puncture. In both techniques, pressures are measured at
      resting flow and during papaverine induced hyperaemia.

PMID- 2932044
TI  - Aseptic knee effusion associated with calcified guinea worms.
AB  - Reported is a case of aseptic knee effusion associated with the presence of a
      calcified guinea worm, Dracunculus medinensis, in close proximity to the joint.
      The patient, a native of Nigeria, presented with chronic right knee pain and
      swelling. He did well with symptomatic treatment including non-steroidal
      antiinflammatory drugs, rest, ice, and elevation of the leg. Dracunculiasis is
      prevalent in parts of Asia and Africa, but has been described only rarely in the
      United States.

PMID- 2932045
TI  - Successful treatment of pulmonary lymphangiomyomatosis with oophorectomy and
      progesterone.
AB  - A 35-yr-old woman, with profound dyspnea at rest and failure to thrive, asked to
      be evaluated at Stanford Medical Center. She requested a second opinion after
      entering death counseling in another institution because of an unrelenting,
      deteriorating course caused by pulmonary lymphangiomyomatosis. Her recurring
      right chylous pleural effusion was drained by chest tube, a LaVeen shunt was
      placed to decompress her severe chylous ascites, an oophorectomy was performed,
      large dose progesterone (medroxyprogesterone acetate) was initiated
      intramuscularly, and during her hospitalization she was fed by total parenteral
      nutrition. She was discharged mildly improved after 2 months. Now, 3 yr later,
      her pulmonary function tests and chest radiographs are improved, and she walks 2
      miles per day and teaches school full time. Extensive hormonal analysis did not
      reveal an endocrinologic abnormality that could explain the pathophysiology of
      her disease. However, the patient had multiple human chorionic gonadotropin
      injections before becoming ill, as have a number of other patients who have
      developed this disease. This report is an example of successful treatment of
      severe pulmonary lymphangiomyomatosis.

PMID- 2932046
TI  - Antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen and screening before hepatitis B
      vaccination.

PMID- 2932047
TI  - Screening of health care workers before hepatitis B vaccination: more questions
      than answers.

PMID- 2932048
TI  - Spectinomycin and cholestatic jaundice.

PMID- 2932049
TI  - Medical and dental coordination in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 2932050
TI  - Abnormalities of the nucleus basalis in Down's syndrome.
AB  - One of the most striking manifestations of Down's syndrome is profound mental
      retardation. Furthermore, after 35 years of age, many patients with Down's
      syndrome develop clinical and pathological features of Alzheimer's disease. Since
      brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease show significant loss of neurons in
      the nucleus basalis of Meynert (nbM), we sought to establish normal standards of
      nbM neurons in persons with Down's syndrome and to determine whether reductions
      in the number of neurons occur with increasing age. The number and size of
      neurons in the nbM were measured in selected sagittal sections from 5 patients
      with Down's syndrome and 5 age-matched controls. The patients (age range, 16 to
      56 years) had 29% fewer nbM neurons than controls, and the oldest patient had the
      lowest cell count of all subjects. The size of nbM neurons did not differ
      significantly between the two groups. Our results show that the nbM contains
      fewer neurons in young persons with Down's syndrome than in normal controls and
      suggest that the number of these nerve cells may be further reduced in older
      persons with Down's syndrome.

PMID- 2932051
TI  - Rehabilitation of older people.

PMID- 2932052
TI  - Measurement in rehabilitation.

PMID- 2932053
TI  - Independent living: an update for the mid-eighties.

PMID- 2932054
TI  - Indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the mycotoxin zearalenone.
AB  - A competitive indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed
      for the detection of zearalenone, an estrogenic mycotoxin. Zearalenone was
      converted to zearalenone-6'-carboxymethyloxime and conjugated to bovine serum
      albumin and poly-L-lysine for use as immunogen and solid-phase marker,
      respectively. Immunization of rabbits with the bovine serum albumin conjugate
      resulted in zearalenone antibody titers of 20,480 in 11 weeks. A competitive
      indirect ELISA was conducted by simultaneously incubating zearalenone with
      zearalenone antiserum over zearalenone-6'-carboxymethyloxime poly-L-lysine solid
      phase and then determining the bound rabbit immunoglobulin with goat anti-rabbit
      peroxidase conjugate. Response range for zearalenone in the resulting competition
      curve was between 1 and 50 ng/ml. Reactivities of this antiserum for alpha
      zearalenol, beta-zearalenol, alpha-zearalanol, and beta-zearalanol were,
      respectively, 50, 12, 6, and 3% of that found for zearalenone. By using the
      competitive indirect ELISA, zearalenone was detectable in methanol-water extracts
      of corn, wheat, and pig feed samples.

PMID- 2932055
TI  - Allergenic extracts regulatory progress in the USA.

PMID- 2932056
TI  - The effect of substrate modification on porcine pancreatic alpha-amylase subsite
      binding: hydrolysis of substrates containing 2-deoxy-D-glucose and 2-amino-2
      deoxy-D-glucose.
AB  - Modified alpha-D-(1----4)-glucans containing a small proportion of 14C-labeled 2
      deoxy-D-glucose or 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose were examined as substrates for
      porcine pancreatic alpha-amylase (PPA). Cyclomaltoheptaose containing single 2
      deoxy-D-glucose residues, synthesized by incubation of 2-deoxyglucosylglycogen
      with cyclomaltodextrin glucanotransferase in the presence of Triton X-100, was
      hydrolyzed by PPA to produce 2-deoxy-D-glucose; two isomers of 2-deoxymaltose,
      and a mixture of modified maltotrioses. These results indicate that 2
      deoxymaltose, and a mixture of modified maltotrioses. These results indicate that
      2-deoxy-D-glucose may be productively bound at all five subsites of the PPA
      active site. Reaction kinetics and the distribution of products formed suggest,
      however, that productive binding of the modified residue does not occur readily
      at the point of catalytic attack (subsite 3) and that the preferred position of
      hydrolysis of modified substrates may be different from that of unmodified
      substrates. Results of PPA hydrolysis of glycogen containing [14C]-2-amino-2
      deoxy-D-glucose showed that a modified trisaccharide and a modified disaccharide
      were the smallest substituted products formed. Analysis of these products
      indicated that they did not contain modified residues at their reducing ends.
      Formation of the observed 2-amino-2-deoxy-maltooligosaccharides is consistent
      with a scheme where productive binding of 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose is allowed at
      subsites 1, 2, 4, and 5, but not at subsite 3, the subsite at which hydrolysis
      occurs.

PMID- 2932057
TI  - [Anticancer treatment with a combination of antimetabolites of polyamine and
      pyrimidine].
AB  - A combined efficacy of the polyamine antimetabolites, alpha
      difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) and methylglyoxal-bis-guanylhydrazone (MGBG) with
      two fluorinated pyrimidines was studied. DFMO, MGBG, 5-FU and 5'-deoxy-5
      fluorouridine (5'-DFUR) were administered intraperitoneally to BALB/c nu/nu mice
      bearing xenotransplanted human gastric cancer for 5 consecutive days. Similar
      antitumor efficacies were observed in 3 groups treated with DFMO plus MGBG, DFMO,
      MGBG plus 5-FU as well as DFMO, MGBG plus 5'-DFUR. The two groups on 5-FU or 5'
      DFUR alone did not differ in antitumor effects from the control, although
      reasonable levels of 5-FU were involved in tumor tissues. Hepatic and splenic 5
      FU levels after 5-FU administration were significantly higher than those after 5'
      DFUR, and marked decrease in mouse body weight was caused by 5-FU alone as well
      as 5-FU plus polyamine antimetabolites for 5 consecutive days. DNA biosynthesis
      and spermine levels in the tumor tissues on day 2 after cessation of the
      treatments dropped in 3 groups with DFMO plus MGBG, DFMO, MGBG plus 5'-DFUR as
      well as DFMO, MGBG plus 5-FU, while on day 6 there was little difference between
      the control and treated groups. These data suggest that combination with 5-FU or
      5'-DFUR does not enhance the antitumor activity of polyamine antimetabolites by
      this experimental regimen.

PMID- 2932058
TI  - [Phase I study of 5'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine (5'-DFUR)].
AB  - A phase I study of a new fluorinated pyrimidine compound, 5'-deoxy-5
      fluorouridine (5'-DFUR), was performed in 37 patients with various malignant
      cancers. Starting dose was 600 mg/m2/day (900 mg/body/day) and escalated up to
      3900 mg/body/day. The dose given was divided into 3 administrations a day for 5
      consecutive days. Subjective symptoms were observed in cases given a dose of over
      2,100 mg/body/day. Gastro-intestinal disturbances such as nausea, vomiting and
      anorexia were the major side effects. In the hematological and urinary
      examinations, no severe abnormal signs were observed. The maximum tolerated dose
      was considered to be 2.100 mg/body/day, and the dose-limiting factor was gastro
      intestinal disturbance. 5-FU levels were determined in the serum and tumor
      tissues. 5'-DFUR was well absorbed. The 5-FU level in tumor tissue was very high
      at 2 to 3 hours post-dose and then rapidly decreased, being 0.05 microgram/g 12
      hours after administration. The optimal dosage for a phase II study was suggested
      to be less than 2,100 mg/body/day.

PMID- 2932059
TI  - [Phase II study of 5'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine (5'-DFUR) in patients with malignant
      cancer--a multi-institutional cooperative study].
AB  - A phase II study of oral 5'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine (5'-DFUR) was conducted on a
      multi-institutional basis. Six hundred and ninety-two cases were entered into
      this study and evaluated by the extramural review committee. In 437 evaluable
      cases the response rate was 16.0%, 13 CR and 57 PR. The response rate of gastric
      cancer was 14.3%, 1 CR and 19 PR out of 140 evaluable cases, that of colorectal
      cancer was 9.2%, 1 CR and 6 PR out of 76 evaluable cases, and that of breast
      cancer was 35.9%, 11 CR and 26 PR out of 103 evaluable cases. The response rate
      was high with a long-lasting efficacy in breast cancer. Although the number of
      cases was small, PR was observed in 3 cases of head & neck, and in 1 case each of
      esophagus, gall-bladder and thyroid cancer. The optimal daily dosage was
      considered to be 800-1,200 mg/body/day. The tumor began to decrease in size
      within 8 weeks of treatment in most of the responded cases. Side effects were
      observed in 44.4% of 513 cases. Diarrhea occurred with the highest rate (26.3%),
      but this was controllable.

PMID- 2932060
TI  - [A comparative study of 5'-DFUR and tegafur in recurrent breast cancer].
AB  - A comparative study was performed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of 5'-DFUR
      and tegafur in recurrent breast cancer. The oral daily dosage of 5'-DFUR was
      1,200 mg and that of tegafur was 800 mg, both drugs being administered every day
      for more than 4 weeks. RESULTS: Cases evaluable for anti-tumor effect were 50
      with 5'-DFUR and 38 with tegafur. The response rate was 28.0% (14/50) with 5'
      DFUR while that with tegafur was 15.8% (6/38). In the cases with no prior
      fluorinated pyrimidine therapy, 5'-DFUR was significantly superior to tegafur in
      the response rate. Effective cases determined within 8 weeks numbered 9 out of 50
      cases with 5'-DFUR, showing a tendency to be more than those of tegafur, 1 out of
      38 cases. This indicates that the appearance of response for 5'-DFUR seems to be
      faster. The duration of PR tended to be longer with 5'-DFUR than with tegafur. As
      for the safety, there was no difference between the two groups except for a high
      incidence of diarrhea in 5'-DFUR. 5'-DFUR tended to be superior to tegafur in its
      usefulness judged from the angles of efficacy and safety. From the above results,
      5'-DFUR can be regarded as having a better efficacy than tegafur for the
      treatment of recurrent breast cancer, with a fast-appearing anti-tumor effect and
      a long durability for continuous treatment.

PMID- 2932061
TI  - Patients with erythema nodosum leprosum lack T-suppressor cells.

PMID- 2932062
TI  - Subcutaneous sclerosis with fasciitis and eosinophilia after phytonadione
      injections.
AB  - We treated a case of subcutaneous sclerosis after phytonadione injections
      (Texier's disease) that was noteworthy for two associated features: sclerosis
      with inflammatory infiltrate in the fascia, and blood eosinophilia. A peculiar
      type of cutaneous sclerosis after phytonadione injections was described in 1972.
      The sclerosis in that case was first confined to the buttocks, progressively
      extended to both thighs, and slowly resolved. In the 38 reported cases, neither
      sclerosis of the fascia nor blood eosinophilia was observed.

PMID- 2932063
TI  - Histiocytosis-X cells express C3b, C3d, and C3bi receptor (CR1, CR2, and CR3)
      antigens.

PMID- 2932064
TI  - Ultrasound study of ovarian and uterine morphology in women with polycystic ovary
      syndrome before, during and after treatment with cyproterone acetate and
      ethinyloestradiol.
AB  - Women with the polycystic ovary syndrome were treated cyclically for two years
      with an oral oestrogen/progestogen combination of 50 mg of cyproterone acetate
      and 0.05 mg of ethinyloestradiol. Ovarian volume, ovarian texture and uterine
      size were monitored by ultrasound before, during and after treatment. Menstrual
      rhythm, ovulation and the degree of hirsutism were also studied clinically. A
      significant decrease in the ovarian volume and in the number of cystic areas was
      observed during treatment. Hirsutism was also markedly improved. Some of these
      beneficial effects persisted after treatment was stopped. The number of subjects
      who had regular, ovulatory cycles increased after stopping treatment. Growth of
      uterine muscle occurred during treatment.

PMID- 2932065
TI  - [The pathology of Chagas disease in man].

PMID- 2932066
TI  - [Echocardiographic findings in Chagas disease].

PMID- 2932067
TI  - [M-mode echocardiography in Chagas disease].

PMID- 2932068
TI  - Coronary artery dissection after PTCA.

PMID- 2932069
TI  - Baffle obstruction after the Mustard operation.

PMID- 2932070
TI  - [The heart in arterial hypertension, factors, overload and ischemia].

PMID- 2932071
TI  - [Effects of acidosis and alkalosis on the sarcoplasmic reticulum of the heart].
AB  - Some functions of dog cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum have been studied in
      acidosis and alkalosis conditions in a range of pH from 6.0 to 7.8.
      Intravesicular water content at pH 6.0 is 4.7 microliter per mg of protein and
      diminished to 4 microliter, (15%) at pH 8.0; this correlates with a drop of 13.5%
      in turbidity. Ca2+-dependent ATPase has an optimal pH of 7.2 and a specific
      activity of 580 nanomoles of ATP hydrolyzed/min/mg protein. The activity of Basal
      ATPase or Mg2+-dependent is insensitive to changes of pH. Maximal calcium uptake
      attains 45.1 +/- 1.4 nanomoles per mg protein between pH 6.0 and 6.6. The
      accumulated calcium diminished progressively when pH was raised. The rate of
      calcium transport in steady state shows an optimal pH of 6.7. The calcium
      transport kinetics constants shows that reticulum has a maximal affinity for
      calcium between pH 6.87 and 7.02. The maximal velocity for transport diminished
      progressively between pH 6.1 to 7.16. During the calcium transport process pH is
      changed from acid to alkaline and the accumulated calcium is release
      proportionally to the pH increment. This effect shows to be reversible. Calcium
      accumulation and ATP hydrolysis are uncoupled at pH values higher than 6.6
      because to the increase in the rate of calcium release. Values of pK and number
      of protons per mg of protein that dissociates from ionizable residues are 6.53
      and 0.68 respectively for calcium dependent ATPase; 7.09 and 0.60 for calcium
      transport and 7.41 and 0.39 for calcium release. We conclude that the rate of
      transport and affinity of cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum for calcium are optimal
      between pH 6.8 and 7.0 that is the reported range of intracellular pH of normal
      cardiac tissue. The data are in close agreement with the fall of contractility in
      acidosis. It is proposed a calcium release pathway sensitive to pH and different
      from that of calcium pump, exclusively for entrance.

PMID- 2932072
TI  - [Prevalence of microscopic coronary atheroma in young adults from Mexico City].
AB  - The prevalence of microscopic atheroma in the proximal left anterior descending
      coronary artery was studied in thirty young males aged 20 to 29 years, living in
      Mexico City, who died in urban accidents. All of them were either unemployed or
      labor workers with a socioeconomical status considered to be representative of
      the majority of young males living in Mexico City. It was found that coronary
      atheroma was present in 11 of them (33%) with variable degrees of luminal
      obstruction. In two of them the luminal obstruction was greater than 75%. The
      prevalence found in this group was significantly different to that found in
      younger and older males who also died in accidents. Since the prevalence of
      coronary atheroma was not related to ventricular hypertrophy, valvular or
      congenital heart disease our findings indicate that in Mexico City as in other
      geographical regions, coronary atherosclerosis is not an unusual finding in males
      in the third decade of life, with a low socioeconomical status.

PMID- 2932073
TI  - [Aortic atresia. Presentation of 7 cases].
AB  - The clinical and anatomic findings of 7 patients with aortic atresia were
      studied. All cases had usual atrial arrangement, atrioventricular and
      ventriculoarterial concordance. All but one had an intact ventricular septum. All
      cases presented a hypoplastic left ventricle, and in one, a mitral atresia was
      found. The clinical diagnosis was made by means of cardiac catheterization and
      angiocardiography. The presence of a patent ductus arteriosus, the size of the
      atrial and ventricular septal defects, the diameter of the ascending aorta,
      pulmonary vascular resistances and right ventricular function are all factors
      that influence the survival in the patients with aortic atresia.

PMID- 2932074
TI  - [Crossed atrioventricular connection with straddling of the right
      atrioventricular valve].
AB  - We describe one patient with crossed atrioventricular connection in situs
      inversus, concordant atrioventricular connection, double outlet right ventricle,
      and straddling of the right atrioventricular valve. Angiographic features are
      analyzed, pointing out the importance of selective angiography in order to define
      the atrioventricular and ventriculoarterial connections. The utility of
      bidimensional echocardiographic study before cardiac catheterization is
      emphasized in order to know the associated malformations.

PMID- 2932075
TI  - [Response of normal children to the treadmill exercise test using the Bruce
      protocol].
AB  - Fifty nine boys and 41 girls underwent exercise stress testing (ETT), utilizing
      the Bruce protocol. Their mean age was 10 years. They were grouped by sex, age
      and body surface area. Blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR) at rest, during
      exercise and after were monitored as well as the duration of the test and the
      energy cost. The HR and-BP had a similar linear relationship in both groups
      during the different stages of the test. The duration of the test expressed in
      minutes was 11.8 +/- 1.2 in boys and 10.7 +/- 1.2 in girls (P = 0.001). The
      oxygen consumption (ML/kg/min) was 45.2 +/- 4.9 and 41.9 +/- 4.5 that is
      equivalent to 12.9 +/- 1.4 and 11.9 +/- 1.2 mets for each group respectively. The
      group of boys of 6 (9.8) and 14 years of age (13.6) (P = 0.002) and in the girls
      in the 7 (9.5) and 10 years age group (11.8) P = 0.05. We conclude that 1) The
      ETT can be done in children safely but was have to take in consideration their
      age, sex, and body surface area in evaluating the results. 2) This study gives a
      reference to evaluate children with an without heart disease.

PMID- 2932076
TI  - [Use of ergometry for evaluating left ventricular function in chronic aortic
      insufficiency].
AB  - Fourteen patients with chronic aortic regurgitation (AR) underwent radionuclide
      angiography at rest and during supine exercise with ergometric controls. Ten
      subjects without evidence of heart disease were taken as controls. The behavior
      of heart rate, ST segment and R wave amplitude were analyzed at peak exercise in
      relationship with ejection fraction (EF) changes. Abnormal EF, (defined by an
      increase less than 10%, no change or decrease respect EF control), was present in
      9 of 14 patients. Five of 14 patients had normal EF response to exercise defined
      by an increase of 10% or more than control value. Sensitivity and specificity of
      heart rate changes at exercise (abnormal: less than 10 beats to MET) to identify
      abnormal EF were 10% and 100%, respectively. The analysis of ST segment
      alterations at peak exercise (abnormal more than 2 mm ST depression) to the same
      objective showed 33% of sensitivity and 80% of specificity. Changes in R wave
      amplitude (abnormal: increase, no change or decrease less than 22% R wave
      amplitude at control) at peak exercise had 100% sensitivity and 80% of
      specificity to identify abnormal EF. Our results suggest that exercise test could
      be useful to analyze the response to left ventricular function during stress in
      patients with AR. Changes in R. wave amplitude at peak exercise appeared the best
      parameter.

PMID- 2932077
TI  - [The complement system. Normal values and congenital deficiencies in the adult
      Mexican population].
AB  - Five hundred mexican mestizos, healthy blood donors were evaluated regarding the
      hemolytic activity of their serum, to assess the function of the complement (C)
      system. One of them was hypocomplementemic and his serum was unable to promote
      hemolysis by either classical or alternative pathway. It had normal protein
      concentrations of C3 and C4, as well as immunoreactive C1, C4, C5, C6, C7 and C8,
      and lytic factor D. Factor B was not recognizable. It is possible that a genetic
      deficiency linked to genes codifying for class III products of the major
      histocompatibility complex is responsible for our findings.

PMID- 2932078
TI  - [Cardiac autonomic neuropathy in the diabetic patient].
AB  - The importance of cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN) derives from its remarkable
      frequency and its clinical impact. The clinical features are postural hypotension
      and resting tachycardia, these abnormalities may be overlooked in a high number
      of patients asymptomatic. Although rarely life threatening, CAN causes
      considerable morbidity, which can be ameliorated by its identification and
      appropriate treatment. Circulatory reflexes were studied in 48 diabetic patients
      and 14 normal control subjects. Twenty-six of the diabetic patients had normal
      response. The remaining 22 had evidence of neuropathy and abnormal cardiac
      response during these tests. Only one patient had postural syncope but he had
      severe orthostatic hypotension. The others remained asymptomatic. All the control
      subjects had normal reflexes. Beat-to-beat variation with deep breathing (sinus
      arrhythmia), carotid body massage and mental stress, were important for the
      detection of CAN (86, 90 and 90% sensitivity respectively). The Valsalva maneuver
      and sinus arrhythmia showed 82 and 92% of specificity for the diagnosis of CAN.
      Our findings suggest that CAN in diabetic patients can be detected by these
      relatively simple test. We propose a rational approach to the diagnosis. Our
      method is applicable as a clinical routine examination for cardiac neuropathy.

PMID- 2932079
TI  - [Phonomechanocardiography in dilated cardiomyopathy].
AB  - Twenty seven patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) were studied by
      phonocardiography and mechanocardiography. The diagnosis was made in each case by
      history, laboratory, echocardiogram, hemodynamic study and coronary
      arteriography. Patients with left complete bundle branch block were excluded. As
      controls we studied 24 subjects with comparable age an sex. The
      phonomecanocardiographic records were performed with a Siemens-Elema machine
      (Mingograph-34) with direct ink recording with electrocardiogram in lead DII,
      phonocardiogram in mitral focus, and carotid pulse or apexcardiogram (ACG)
      simultaneously. The following data were assessed: heart rate (HR)
      electromechanical interval (Q-S2), preejection period of left ventricular
      contraction (PEP), left ventricular ejection time (LVET), relative ejection
      period (REP), ratio PEP/LVET (IW), "a" wave of the ACG ("a" wave), rising period
      of the apex-cardiogram (RPACG), isovolumic relaxation time (IRT), first heart
      sound intensity (S1I), third and fourth heart sound presence (S3 and S4)
      respectively. The average values (mean) and their standard deviation for the
      groups (N) and DCM respectively were: HR (b/m): 67.08 +/- 7.67 and 88.84 +/-
      15.31; Q - S2 (msec.): 554.23 +/- 28.37 and 561.35 +/- 30.99; PEP (msec.): 145.13
      +/- 17.64 and 194.11 +/- 22.09; LVET (msec): 409.38 +/- 27.68 and 375.54 +/-
      28.21; REP (%): 102 +/- 9.27 and 84.78 +/- 8.61; IW: 0.395 +/- 0.078 and 0.72 +/-
      0.11; "a" wave (%): 7.37 +/- 2.15 and 19.47 +/- 6.76; RPACG (sec.): 0.093 +/-
      0.0015 and 0.143 +/- 0.067; IRT (sec.): 0.094 +/- 0.0012 and 0.105 +/-
      0.018.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2932080
TI  - [Cardiovascular manifestations in progressive systemic sclerosis].
AB  - We studied 20 consecutive patients with progressive systemic sclerosis from the
      cardiological point of view through non invasive methods. Sixteen (80%) patients
      had some kind of cardiovascular complications as shown by any of the used
      methods. a) SYMPTOMS: fourteen (70%) referred some type of cardiac symptoms. b)
      PHYSICAL EXAMINATION: eleven (55%) had an abnormal cardiac examination and 10
      (50%) had arterial hypertension. c) Electrocardiogram: sixteen (80%) were
      abnormal. Among them, three cases (15%) had bifascicular block, complication
      considered up till now as rare. d) Cardiac X Ray Series: Fourteen (70%) were
      abnormal mainly due to pulmonary fibrosis (55%). e) Echocardiogram: 45% of them
      showed some kind of abnormality.

PMID- 2932081
TI  - [Alcohol and the cardiovascular system (II). Alcoholic cardiopathy and the
      possible relation of alcohol to atherosclerosis and arterial hypertension].

PMID- 2932082
TI  - [Characterization of coal humic acids for medical use].

PMID- 2932083
TI  - [Effect of humic acids on the resorption of sulfaclomide in laboratory rats].

PMID- 2932084
TI  - Voice recognition device as a computer interface for motor and speech impaired
      people.
AB  - A voice recognition device has been identified as an interface for personal
      computer control by patients presenting with high-level spinal cord injuries and
      mild dysarthria. The device enables a person to bypass the traditional keyboard
      and activate a computer through voice control. The user simply creates templates
      of a spoken vocabulary in computer memory. The computer then matches real-time
      spoken words to stored templates for activation. The system has been clinically
      tested with one 10-year-old boy who has C1-C2 quadriplegia and a 19-year-old man
      who sustained a C6 spinal cord injury and dysarthria secondary to head injury.
      Each patient created a vocabulary for computer storage to run educational
      software packages and games. Accuracy rates for computer speech recognition were
      measured in multiple practice sessions. Intelligibility of single words produced
      by the dysarthric speaker was measured also. Both patients activated computer
      programs through voice control. Recognition rates ranged from 45 to 60% for the
      first patient, and 79 to 96% for the second patient. A mean success rate for
      voice recognition across trials with both patients was approximately 80%. The
      device increased the dysarthric speaker's articulatory precision. Results
      indicate that the system might be appropriate for rehabilitation programs though
      further technologic refinement of the device would increase its effectiveness.

PMID- 2932085
TI  - Cognitive therapy to achieve personal goals: results of telephone group
      counseling with disabled adults.
AB  - Physical disability alters a person's lifestyle and can be detrimental in its
      effects on mood and activity. We describe a counseling program for severely
      disabled persons who participated in cognitive therapy by telephone. Therapy
      involved solving problems related to personal dissatisfaction, loneliness, or
      depression. The treated group reported significantly less loneliness after
      treatment and were observed by their families to demonstrate more social role
      skills than the control group. High goal attainment reported by the treated
      groups was significantly correlated with decreased loneliness, positive changes
      in social role skills, and family expectations. Treating affective problems with
      scheduled telephone contact should be further evaluated because of the observed
      effectiveness and potential for reaching homebound clientele.

PMID- 2932086
TI  - Rehospitalization and spinal cord injury: cross-sectional survey of adults living
      independently.
AB  - A cross-sectional survey of 96 people living independently with spinal cord
      injuries (SCI) in Eastern Massachusetts shows that 57% had been hospitalized at
      least once in the year before the survey. Sample means were 1.0 admissions and
      16.0 days/person/year. Eight percent of the sample (eight persons) accounted for
      22% of admissions and 59% of total hospital days. For those hospitalized, the
      mean was 1.7 admissions and 45.1 days/person/year. Mean length-of-stay was 34.7
      days/admission. Multiple regression analysis shows that three variables appear to
      be independently related to increased numbers of admissions: self-assessment of
      health; place of residence; and age (younger respondents at higher risk). One
      variable is independently associated with total days of hospitalization: leaving
      home at least once daily (as opposed to less frequently) is associated with lower
      risk. There were no statistically significant relationships between either
      numbers of hospitalizations or total days hospitalized and ADL or IADL status,
      education, employment, medical insurance, household composition, gender, age at
      onset of disability, time since onset of disability, substance use (alcohol,
      cannabis, or tobacco), level of SCI lesion, or social supports.

PMID- 2932087
TI  - [75th anniversary of the Department of Histology of the Leningrad Sanitary
      Hygienic Medical Institute].

PMID- 2932088
TI  - [Pathoanatomical service in World War II in blockaded Leningrad].
AB  - Historical materials concerning the work of pathologists in Leningrad under
      blockade are presented. The characterization of diseases and their course under
      conditions of the alimentary dystrophy which affected the Leningrad population is
      given. Problems of blockade hypertension are elucidated. Experience of the
      pathology service organization in civil hospitals during the war is described,
      with special reference to the clinico-anatomical correlations.

PMID- 2932089
TI  - [Tula--city of hospitals (memoirs of a pathoanatomist at a hospital evacuated
      from the front)].
AB  - In spite of all difficulties connected with the war time, the clinico-anatomical
      conferences were carried out in hospitals and the errors of clinical diagnostics
      were analyzed.

PMID- 2932090
TI  - [Primary immunodeficiency state in a child with the pulmonary hypertension
      syndrome].
AB  - A girl aged 2 years and 10 months repeatedly suffered viral (thrice) and
      bacterial (colitis, salmonellosis, pneumonia 6 times) infections. At an age of 2
      years primary pulmonary hypertension was diagnosed. Diagnostic catheterization
      was performed to exclude a congenital heart disease. The death occurred during
      the catheterization. An increase of beta-lymphocytes and plasma cells, a
      reduction of the T-lymphocyte zone were detected in the immunocompetent system
      during postmortem histological examination. The pathology diagnosis: primary
      immunodeficiency with a predominant suppression of cell-mediated immunity;
      hyperplasia of the lymph nodes with their plasmacytization; pneumosclerosis of
      all lobes of both lungs (a syndrome of primary pulmonary hypertension
      clinically); hypertrophy of the muscles of both atria and right ventricle,
      dilation of the heart cavities; acute heart insufficiency.

PMID- 2932091
TI  - Acute effect of plasma exchange on arterial blood pressure and plasma renin
      activity.
AB  - Blood pressure (BP) decreases significantly in patients with immune complex
      nephritis and hypertension in the course of therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE). To
      investigate possible underlying mechanisms of this effect, the variations of
      supine and upright BP and plasma renin activity (PRA) acutely induced by PE
      (performed by isovolumetric replacement of plasma with 4% albumin in saline
      solution) were analyzed in six patients. On the average, both supine and upright
      BP decreased after TPE; however, statistical significance was obtained only for
      upright systolic BP. Supine and upright PRA did not change significantly,
      although a clearly blunted response to posture was observed in three patients.
      The changes of BP induced by TPE were apparently not due to a functional
      depression of the renin-angiotensin system, since the more marked decrements in
      BP were observed in the patients with lower basal PRA.

PMID- 2932092
TI  - Persistent vegetative state. Extension of the syndrome to include chronic
      disorders.
AB  - Twenty-nine institutionalized patients had the vegetative state as a sequela of
      chronic progressive neurologic disorders. During three years, the state was
      persistent; none improved, ten died. Eight similar patients were reviewed
      retrospectively post mortem. Eight patients with severe dementia, while acutely
      ill or sedated, temporarily met the criteria for persistent vegetative state
      (PVS) but improved when the underlying condition was treated. Abnormalities on
      electroencephalography or computed tomographic scan are not specific for the PVS.
      Electroencephalograms were normal in three patients with PVS. The computed
      tomographic scans showed extensive destruction of the brain parenchyma but were
      not different from those of severely demented patients without the PVS. The PVS
      is a feature of the terminal phase of several progressive neurologic disorders.
      Patients should be treated without excessive intervention.

PMID- 2932093
TI  - Characterization of the kinetic and regulatory properties of high-affinity Ca2+
      ATPase activity in acinar preparations of rat submandibular salivary glands.
AB  - High-affinity Ca2+-ATPase activity was characterized in the total particulate
      fraction of acinar preparations from rat submandibular glands. The Ca2+
      concentration (as Ca2+-ATP) at half of maximal activity was 82 +/- 17 nM, the
      Hill coefficient was 2.36 +/- 0.6 and activity reached a steady level at
      approximately 200 pmol Pi min-1 microgram of membrane protein-1 from 1 to 20
      microM Ca2+-ATP. High-affinity Ca2+-ATPase required micromolar concentrations of
      Mg2+ and was inhibited approximately 60 per cent by the phenothiazine derivative,
      fluphenazine, but was unaffected by ouabain, Na+, K+, La3+, ruthenium red,
      oligomycin and added calmodulin. Kinetics of adenosine diphosphate, guanosine
      triphosphate, uridine triphosphate and inosine triphosphate hydrolysis were
      similar to those of Ca2+-ATP but p-nitrophenylphosphate was a poor substrate. In
      the heavy microsomal fraction of whole glands, active Ca2+ uptake (ATP-dependent,
      oxalate-enhanced and abolished by A23187) was measurable in the absence of added
      Mg2+, was inhibited by fluphenazine and was stimulated by submicromolar
      concentrations of Ca2+-ATP. Thus rat submandibular glands contain the enzymic
      basis of active Ca2+ transport and can actively transport Ca2+. Both activities
      are stimulated at Ca2+ concentrations typical of the cytosol, appear to be
      positively cooperative and may be regulated, in part, by calmodulin.

PMID- 2932094
TI  - Definite vs adjuvant radiotherapy. Comparative effects on lymphocyte
      subpopulations in patients with head and neck squamous carcinoma.
AB  - The recent association of alterations in T-lymphocyte subpopulations and impaired
      cellular immunity prompted an investigation of the effects of radiotherapy (RT)
      on serial levels of lymphocyte subsets in 30 patients with head and neck squamous
      carcinoma. Percentage and absolute levels of T3, T4, T6, T8, T10, T11, and Leu 7
      cells were measured before, during, and after RT at monthly intervals for six
      months and compared with levels in 40 normal subjects. Sixteen patients received
      curative and 14 postoperative adjuvant RT. Before treatment, mean subset levels
      were similar among the patient and normal groups except for elevated Leu 7
      (natural killer) cells in patients with stage I and II disease. There were
      profound decreases in absolute levels of each subpopulation during and after RT.
      The percentage of T4 (helper/inducer) cells decreased, whereas that of T8
      (cytotoxic/suppressor) and Leu 7 cells tended to increase. Compared with normal
      values, the mean T4/T8 ratio decreased significantly by six months after RT, when
      absolute levels of the subsets had rebounded to pretreatment levels in the
      definitive RT group but remained profoundly decreased in the adjuvant group. The
      differing recovery patterns suggest that factors other than RT may contribute to
      persistent immunosuppression following RT.

PMID- 2932095
TI  - Microprocessor-controlled speech pattern audiometry. Preliminary results.
AB  - Interactive microprocessor-controlled speech pattern tests making use of high
      quality synthetic speech have been used to assess the development of subjects'
      ability to process speech contrasts of increasing complexity, from prosodic
      contrasts to a 'date-gate' place contrast. These tests have been particularly
      useful in mapping the development or recovery of subjects functioning at the very
      first stages of processing ability. Some results obtained with profoundly hearing
      impaired children and with adults suffering from brain stem disorders are
      reported, and further applications of speech pattern audiometric techniques are
      briefly discussed.

PMID- 2932096
TI  - Breast reconstruction using a rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap: 5 yr follow
      up.
AB  - A 5 yr follow-up of a method of breast reconstruction is presented. It is
      considered the operation has stood the test of time.

PMID- 2932097
TI  - Response of the right ventricle to progressive pressure loading in pigs.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine the speed and duration of progressive
      pressure loading of the right ventricle to systemic pressure levels, which allows
      right ventricular adaptation without myocardial impairment at rest. In 8 pigs
      with an average weight of 22 kg progressive right ventricular pressure loading of
      different speeds and durations was induced with a newly developed constrictor.
      Pressures in the right atrium, right ventricle, and pulmonary artery as well as
      angiocardiographic volume parameters of the right ventricle were determined
      weekly over a period of 4 to 7 weeks. A fast progressive right ventricular
      pressure increase of 3.4 mm Hg/day during 3 weeks was associated with a 20-30%
      reduction of ejection fraction and a 100% increase of the end-systolic volume.
      Increase of end-diastolic pressure was 3 to 5 fold. A slow progressive pressure
      increase of 1.5 to 2.2 mm Hg/day to 100 mm Hg within 4 to 5 weeks was associated
      with an increase of the end-diastolic pressure to a level observed in systemic
      ventricles, while change of ejection fraction and end-systolic volume was
      minimal. The faster the increase of right ventricular pressure the flatter was
      the peak systolic pressure/end-systolic volume relationship. It is concluded that
      in contrast to sudden and fast progressive increase of afterload slow progressive
      increase of afterload to systemic levels does not impair right ventricular
      myocardial function.

PMID- 2932098
TI  - The influence of the genes An1, An2, and An4 on the activity of the enzyme UDP
      glucose:flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase in flowers of Petunia hybrida.
AB  - A relation between gene dosage and UDP-glucose:flavonoid 3-O-glucosyl-transferase
      (UFGT) activity was found in homozygous dominant and recessive parental lines and
      their F1 progeny for both of the genes An1 and An2. In both F2 crosses, progeny
      plants could be classified as belonging to groups showing either a low or a
      medium to high UFGT activity. Test crosses showed that heterozygous and
      homozygous dominant plants were present throughout the medium- to high-active
      group. The dosage relation in F2 plants is most probably confounded by the
      segregation of modifiers. Thermal inactivation experiments indicated that
      structurally different UFGT enzymes are formed in homozygous dominant lines as
      well as in lines homozygous recessive for either An1 or An2. Lines homozygous
      recessive for the gene An4 contain a UFGT with a half-life time at 55 degrees C
      of less than 8 min, whereas UFGTs from lines homozygous dominant for An4 show a
      half-life time of 25 min or above, with one exception. This relation was
      confirmed in the F2 progeny; heterozygotes for An4 showed an intermediate half
      life time. It is concluded that An4 might be the structural gene for the enzyme;
      An1 and An2 are both regulatory genes. UFGT activity in flowerbuds of An4/An4
      plants seems to be lower than in an4/an4 plants. Anthers of flowers of an4/an4
      lines, however, are virtually devoid of UFGT activity.

PMID- 2932099
TI  - Dietary ethanol and lipid synthesis in Drosophila melanogaster.
AB  - When cultured on a defined diet, ethanol was an efficient substrate for lipid
      synthesis in wild-type Drosophila melanogaster larvae. At certain dietary levels
      both ethanol and sucrose could displace the other as a lipid substrate. In wild
      type larvae more than 90% of the flux from ethanol to lipid was metabolized via
      the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) system. The ADH and aldehyde dehydrogenase
      activities of ADH were modulated in tandem by dietary ethanol, suggesting that
      ADH provided substrate for lipogenesis by degrading ethanol to acetaldehyde and
      then to acetic acid. The tissue activity of catalase was suppressed by dietary
      ethanol, implying that catalase was not a major factor in ethanol metabolism in
      larvae. The activities of lipogenic enzymes, sn-glycerol-3-phosphate
      dehydrogenase, fatty acid synthetase (FAS), and ADH, together with the
      triacylglycerol (TG) content of wild-type larvae increased in proportion to the
      dietary ethanol concentration to 4.5% (v/v). Dietary ethanol inhibited FAS and
      repressed the accumulation of TG in ADH-deficient larvae, suggesting that the
      levels of these factors may be subject to a complex feedback control.

PMID- 2932101
TI  - The effect of medroxyprogesterone acetate on the hepatic drug-metabolizing
      enzymes in normal and protein-deficient female rats.
AB  - Effect of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate on the hepatic drug-metabolizing
      enzymes was studied in female protein-deficient and normal pair-fed rats.
      Treatment with this drug did not cause any change in organ weight, microsomal
      protein, and soluble protein yield per gram of tissue in both groups. MPA
      administration resulted in significant increases in the content of cytochrome P
      450 and b5, and activities of benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase, UDP
      glucuronosyltransferase, and NADPH-Cyt c reductase in both pair-fed control and
      protein-deficient rats. However, the content of glutathione and activity of
      glutathione-S-transferase were not affected appreciably. The present study
      suggests that MPA treatment induces drug-metabolizing enzymes in liver to almost
      the same extent in both protein-deficient and normal pair-fed rats.

PMID- 2932100
TI  - Characterization of a macrophage-derived plasminogen-activator inhibitor.
      Similarities with placental urokinase inhibitor.
AB  - Human and mouse macrophages release a fibrinolytic inhibitor after stimulation by
      endotoxin in vitro. The released mouse inhibitor was indistinguishable in size by
      molecular-sieve chromatography from an intracellular form (approx. 50 kDa), and
      both inhibitors blocked urokinase directly as judged by a 125I-plasminogen
      conversion assay. The intracellular inhibitor was found mostly to dissociate from
      125I-urokinase during sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis
      under reduced conditions, but a dodecyl sulphate-stable complex at 65-67 kDa was
      observed. Because of similarities in the reported size, stability and urokinase
      binding properties of a placental urokinase inhibitor, the kinetic properties of
      the two inhibitors were compared. Under the reaction conditions employed (37
      degrees C at pH7.4 in the presence of 0.2% Triton X-100), the association rate
      constants and equilibrium dissociation constants of the two inhibitors were
      indistinguishable, 3 X 10(5) M-1 X s-1 and 4 X 10(-10) M respectively. These data
      show that peritoneal macrophages contain a plasminogen-activator very similar to
      a previously recognized placental inhibitor. Although the inhibitor appears to be
      a trace protein in macrophages, placental macrophages may account for the
      accumulation of the inhibitor in placental tissue.

PMID- 2932102
TI  - Recycling enzymatic assay of NAD--interference by an activator in human
      erythrocytes.

PMID- 2932103
TI  - Two-dimensional 1H NMR studies of rat atrial natriuretic factor(1-23).
AB  - Using a variety of two-dimensional NMR methods, the 1H NMR resonances of rat
      ANF(1-23) in dimethyl sulfoxide-d6 solution have been assigned. Two-dimensional
      phase sensitive correlated spectroscopy was used to identify protons that are
      scalar coupled and were also used to obtain coupling constants (3JNH-alpha CH) in
      complicated regions of the spectra. Relayed coherence transfer experiments proved
      useful in identifying the connectivities between the NH and beta-protons of the
      same amino acid residue. Finally, phase sensitive 2D NOE experiments allowed the
      identification of protons close in space between adjacent residues, thus
      providing the sequential assignments as well as conformational information. These
      preliminary results (chemical shifts, coupling constants, NOEs) were analyzed in
      terms of possible polypeptide secondary structures and were found to be
      consistent with a beta-type structure or an averaging of solution conformations
      (random coil).

PMID- 2932104
TI  - The effect of the lysosomotropic drug chloroquine on the binding of N-acetyl-beta
      D-glucosaminidase to mannose-6-phosphate recognizing receptors of rat liver.
AB  - The binding of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase to rat liver receptors was studied
      in the presence of chloroquine. The association rate constant was not affected in
      the presence of the drug, while the dissociation rate constant and consequently
      the equilibrium dissociation binding constant significatively decreased. This
      results may explain effects of chloroquine on lysosomal enzyme transport found in
      cultured cells by other authors.

PMID- 2932105
TI  - Quantitative analysis of intermediate phosphate-oxygen exchange during hydrolyses
      by ATPases.
AB  - A simple mathematical model is presented that predicts the paradoxical effect of
      substrate concentration on the extent of oxygen exchange into the phosphate
      produced during hydrolyses of nucleotide triphosphates by ATPases in labelled
      water. The same model also predicts the deviations from Michaelis-Menten kinetics
      observed at low salt concentrations.

PMID- 2932106
TI  - Gluco- and mineralocorticoids may regulate the natriuretic effect and the
      synthesis and release of atrial natriuretic factor by the rat atria in vivo.
AB  - Adrenalectomy abolished the acute natriuretic effect of ANF which was partially
      restored to about 50% by combined therapy with gluco- and mineralocorticoids. It
      is suggested that the lack of effect of ANF may be due to a decreased renal
      vascular reactivity to the peptide in adrenalectomized animals. Simultaneous
      administration of Dexamethasone and Deoxycorticosterone acetate to
      adrenalectomized rats produced a marked increase in immunoreactive ANF in atrial
      tissue and plasma. The administration of NaCl to these animals produced a
      relatively lower concentration of atrial ANF and a further increase in plasma
      ANF. Our results suggest that glucocorticoids may regulate synthesis and release
      of ANF by the atria and mineralocorticoids may have a permissive role.
      Furthermore, the presence of steroids is necessary for the NaCl-stimulated ANF
      release.

PMID- 2932107
TI  - Enzyme concentration affects the allosteric behavior of yeast
      phosphofructokinase.
AB  - The influence of enzyme concentration on the kinetic behavior of yeast
      phosphofructokinase has been examined. A marked decrease in the ATP inhibition
      was observed when the enzyme activity was studied in permeabilized cells (in
      situ) as well as when the kinetic study was carried out with the purified yeast
      enzyme at a concentration of 120 micrograms/ml as compared to a 100-fold diluted
      enzyme. A similar result was obtained by adding polyethylene glycol either to a
      cell free extract or to the diluted pure enzyme to increase the local protein
      concentration. However, enzyme concentration had no significant effect on the
      fructose-6-P saturation curve. These results provide evidence that the allosteric
      behavior of yeast phosphofructokinase is affected by enzyme concentration.

PMID- 2932109
TI  - Investigation on the substrate specificity of human plasmin using tripeptidyl-p
      nitroanilide substrates.
AB  - The hydrolysis of 35 tripeptidyl-p-nitroanilides was studied with human plasmin
      and the kinetic parameters were determined. The individual contribution of the
      various side chains to the kinetic parameters was calculated by regression
      analysis. Considering Km, substrates having Z-D-Ile-Phe-Lys as well as H-D-Ile
      Phe-Lys sequences were found to be the best, while Bz-Ile-Leu-Lys and pGlu-Leu
      Lys sequences are the best for kcat. The Km values of substrates protected at N
      terminus are lower, their kcat values are higher than those of the unprotected
      ones with the same sequence.

PMID- 2932108
TI  - Calmodulin inhibitor trifluoperazine selectively enhances cytotoxic effects of
      strong vs weak DNA binding antitumor drugs in doxorubicin-resistant P388 mouse
      leukemia cells.
AB  - Doxorubicin-resistant P388 mouse leukemia cells are cross-resistant to
      anthracycline and non-anthracycline DNA intercalators as well as to natural and
      semisynthetic anthracyclines which bind weakly or not at all to DNA. In the
      presence of a non-lethal concentration of 5 microM trifluoperazine cytotoxic
      effects of the strong DNA binding drugs actinomycin-D, mitoxantrone and m-AMSA
      were enhanced less than 2 fold in doxorubicin-sensitive cells and up to 50 fold
      in doxorubicin-resistant cells. Additionally, trifluoperazine induced a greater
      than 2-fold enhancement in the cytotoxic effects (but not accumulation and
      retention) of the strong DNA binder N,N-dimethyladriamycin-14-valerate only in
      doxorubicin resistant cells. In contrast, cell kill, drug accumulation and
      retention in P388/S and P388/DOX cells treated with the weak DNA binders N-benzyl
      adriamycin-14-valerate and 7(R)-O-methylnogarol, and DNA-nonbinding N,N
      dibenzyldaunorubicin was similar with or without trifluoperazine treatment. The
      study demonstrates that the calmodulin inhibitor trifluoperazine induces a
      specific and marked enhancement in the cytotoxic effects of strong vs weak DNA
      binding antitumor drugs in doxorubicin-resistant cells.

PMID- 2932110
TI  - Identification of a cDNA clone in lambda gt11 for the transacylase component of
      branched chain ketoacid dehydrogenase.
AB  - Two cDNA clones for the transacylase protein of the branched chain ketoacid
      dehydrogenase complex [E.C. 1.2.4.4] have been isolated from a human fetal liver
      cDNA expression library in lambda gt11 using antibody selection. By selective
      antibody elution from nitrocellulose filters containing the fusion proteins, it
      was determined that these inserts represent the transacylase protein. These data
      support the hypothesis that this protein is synthesized in the cytosol on
      transcripts independent of the other proteins of the branched chain ketoacid
      dehydrogenase complex.

PMID- 2932112
TI  - Induction of mutation in vitro in phage phi X174 am3 by N4-aminodeoxycytidine
      triphosphate.
AB  - When phi X174 am3-phage-infected E. coli is treated with N4-aminocytidine,
      reversion of the phage to the wild type is efficiently induced. The mechanism of
      this reversion is considered to consist of metabolic conversion of N4
      aminocytidine into its deoxynucleoside 5'-triphosphate followed by incorporation
      of the nucleotide into the replicating phage DNA, thereby causing AT-to-GC
      transition at the am3 locus. The second half of this mechanism has now been
      experimentally proved, using an in vitro mutagenesis system. Thus, by nick
      translation, N4-aminodeoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate was incorporated into the
      replicative form of phi X174 am3 DNA, and the DNA was used to transfect CA++
      treated E. coli HF4714 (sup+). The reversion frequency of the phage produced was
      up to one-order of magnitude greater than that of the control in which the nick
      translation had been done without the addition of N4-aminodeoxycytidine
      triphosphate. This nucleotide analog may be useful as a reagent for in vitro site
      directed mutagenesis.

PMID- 2932111
TI  - Linear relationship between diphosphorylation of 20 kDa light chain of gizzard
      myosin and the actin-activated myosin ATPase activity.
AB  - The addition of large amounts of myosin light chain kinase to the reconstituted
      gizzard actomyosin shows diphosphorylation of 20 kDa myosin light chain.
      Accompanying diphosphorylation, the actin-activated myosin ATPase activity was
      also enhanced. The extent of diphosphorylation and the myosin ATPase activity
      were clearly demonstrated to be in a linear relationship. From the time course
      experiment, the conversion of monophosphorylated light chain into one which was
      diphosphorylated seemed to be a sequential process. Moreover, analyzing phospho
      amino acid by using a two-dimensional electrophoresis technique revealed that
      monophosphorylated light chain contained phosphoserine and diphosphorylated one
      contained phosphothreonine in addition to phosphoserine.

PMID- 2932113
TI  - Reaction of phenylglyoxal with chicken gizzard myosin.
AB  - Modification of chicken gizzard myosin with phenyl[2-14C]-glyoxal inhibited the
      K+-ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.32) activity as a function of time.
      During the 2.5 and 15 min interval 3.2 mol of the reagent were incorporated per
      4.7 X 10(5) g protein and the K+-ATPase activity was 50% inhibited. Phenylglyoxal
      reacted with arginine residues of gizzard myosin in a mol ratio of two to one,
      phenylglyoxal to arginine as determined spectrophotometrically. The modification
      was limited to the subfragment 1 heavy chain and rod-like regions and none of the
      light chains were lost. The inhibition of the ATPase activity occurred when the
      subfragment 1 region was modified predominantly. The same results were obtained
      when the myosin was phosphorylated and then incubated with phenylglyoxal.
      Substrate MgATP2- or MgADP enhanced the inactivation of gizzard myosin; there was
      an increase in the incorporation of the reagent and a change in the distribution
      into the heavy chains. Approx. 0.5 mol of the nucleotide was bound to 4.7 X 10(5)
      g of phenylglyoxal myosin. Conformational changes, induced by these
      modifications, were responsible for the inhibition of enzymic activity. Arginine
      residues of gizzard myosin are necessary for the maintenance of the ATPase
      activity of this contractile protein.

PMID- 2932114
TI  - Effect of parthenin on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation.
AB  - The sesquiterpene lactone, 'parthenin' the toxic principle of the allergenic weed
      Parthenium hysterophorus, inhibited 'state 3' respiration and stimulated 'state
      4' respiration in rat liver and kidney mitochondria as well as ATPase activity in
      the presence of Mg2+ ions. These properties indicate that the toxic action of
      parthenin may be related to its interference with oxidative phosphorylation.

PMID- 2932115
TI  - Role of alcohol dehydrogenase in the swift increase in alcohol metabolism (SIAM).
      Studies with deer mice deficient in alcohol dehydrogenase.
AB  - Previous studies have shown that rates of ethanol metabolism increase markedly 2
      4 hr after the administration of ethanol in rats and in four inbred strains of
      mice. This phenomenon, called the swift increase in alcohol metabolism (SIAM),
      also exists in humans. To determine whether alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) is
      necessary for the SIAM response, we compared ethanol metabolism in two strains of
      the deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus. One strain lacks alcohol dehydrogenase
      (ADH-negative), whereas the other strain has normal ADH levels (ADH-positive).
      Rates of ethanol elimination were determined after a single intraperitoneal
      injection of ethanol at different doses (0.5 to 3.0 g/kg) and also after both
      strains were exposed to various levels of ethanol vapor for 4 hr. The ADH
      positive strain exhibited up to a 72% increase in the rate of ethanol elimination
      after exposure to ethanol vapor compared to the ethanol-injected controls. In
      contrast, treatment with ethanol vapor did not alter rates of ethanol elimination
      in the ADH-negative strain. These data demonstrate clearly that ADH is required
      for SIAM in the deer mouse. In addition, in both the ADH-positive and the ADH
      negative strain, rates of ethanol elimination increased in both the ethanol
      injected and vapor-treated groups 2- to 3-fold as the dose of ethanol was
      increased from 100 to 500 mg/100 ml. Thus, it is concluded that this
      "concentration effect" of ethanol on rates of ethanol metabolism does not involve
      ADH in the . deer mouse.

PMID- 2932116
TI  - The roles of the hepatocellular redox state and the hepatic acetaldehyde
      concentration in determining the ethanol elimination rate in fasted rats.
AB  - Ethanol administration (2 g/kg i.p.) to fasted male Wistar rats caused, on
      average, a 64% decrease in the cytosolic free NAD+:NADH ratio and a 41% decrease
      in the mitochondrial free NAD+:NADH ratio measured 90 min after ethanol was
      injected. Treatment of animals with either Naloxone (2 mg/kg i.p.) 1 hr after
      ethanol or 3-palmitoyl-(+)-catechin (100 mg/kg p.o. 1 hr before ethanol)
      prevented these ethanol induced redox state changes, without affecting the
      ethanol elimination rate or the hepatic acetaldehyde concentration measured at 90
      min after ethanol administration. The thiol compounds cysteine and malotilate
      (diisopropyl-1,3-dithiol-2-ylidene malonic acid) significantly lowered the
      hepatic acetaldehyde concentrations measured at 0.75, 1.5 and 6.0 hr after
      ethanol, and caused a 29% and 12% increase respectively in the ethanol
      elimination rate, without affecting the ethanol induced alterations in the
      NAD+:NADH ratio. Pretreatment of animals with the aldehyde dehydrogenase
      inhibitor, cyanamide (1 mg/kg or 15 mg/kg p.o. one hour before ethanol), caused
      increases of up to 23-fold in the hepatic acetaldehyde level, without influencing
      the cytosolic NAD+:NADH ratio in ethanol dosed rats, while significantly reducing
      the ethanol elimination rate by up to 44%, compared with controls. These results
      suggest that ethanol oxidation by cytosolic alcohol dehydrogenase may be
      regulated in part by the hepatic acetaldehyde concentration achieved during
      ethanol metabolism rather than NADH reoxidation, either to supply NAD for the
      dehydrogenase, or to reduce inhibition of the enzyme by NADH, being a rate
      limiting factor in ethanol metabolism in fasted rats.

PMID- 2932117
TI  - Properties of a Ca2+ and Mg2+ stimulated ATPase in the rat caudate nucleus.
AB  - Adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity which could be stimulated maximally by
      either Ca2+ or Mg2+ was identified in a synaptosomal fraction from rat brain
      caudate nucleus. The thermodynamic properties of the Ca2+ and Mg2+ stimulated
      enzymes were similar to each other. Oligomycin, sodium azide and dinitrophenol
      had no significant inhibitory effects on stimulation by either cation. In vitro
      incubation of the ATPase with cis- or trans-flupenthixol, chlorpromazine or
      trifluoperazine, but not with haloperidol, significantly inhibited stimulation by
      either cation. The DA receptor agonist 2-amino-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4
      tetrahydronaphthalene (ADTN) inhibited stimulation of the enzyme by either
      cation, while d-amphetamine, SKF 38393, pergolide and LY-171555 had no
      significant effects. Nomifensine at 10(-3) M inhibited the cation stimulation by
      about 33%. In vivo administration of dopamine (DA) receptor antagonists
      (haloperidol, cis- and trans-flupenthixol, spiperone, chlorpromazine and
      trifluoperazine) and the agonist apomorphine neither inhibited nor stimulated
      ATPase activity. It appears from these data that the ATPase activity is not under
      DA receptor modulation. In addition, our tentative conclusion is that one enzyme
      is involved, because both Ca2+ and Mg2+ produced similar maximal stimulations,
      the activities as a function of temperature were similar, the enzyme could not be
      further stimulated with Ca2+ after maximal stimulation by Mg2+ (and vice versa),
      and the behaviour of the ATPase activity to all drugs tested was similar.

PMID- 2932118
TI  - Alcoholic muscle disease.
AB  - Histopathological abnormalities of muscle are common in chronic alcoholics and
      can be classified into the rare acute myopathy, with myonecrosis, and the much
      more common chronic myopathy, with a selective atrophy of type II muscle fibres
      (particularly IIb fibres). The patients may often be asymptomatic and, except for
      florid cases of acute rhabdomyolysis, clinical features do not help to
      distinguish the two. Serum creatine kinase activity is an insensitive guide to
      the presence of the muscle abnormalities. These abnormalities cannot be
      adequately explained by co-existing alcoholic liver disease, malnutrition or
      peripheral neuropathy, and probably represent the result of direct toxicity to
      the muscle fibres. Acute myopathy may occur as a result of damage to cell
      membranes although intracellular phosphate deficiency has also been proposed as a
      crucial factor. Atrophy of type II fibres occurs in other metabolic myopathies
      and its development in chronic alcoholism could represent the result of metabolic
      or endocrinological derangement induced by ethanol. Alternatively, direct
      toxicity to muscle cell pathways of carbohydrate catabolism or fatty acid
      oxidation may occur. Previous suggestions of enhanced muscle breakdown in chronic
      alcoholics is contested by recent work and reduced protein synthesis may be of
      more pathogenic importance. Abstention from alcohol reverses the muscle
      abnormalities.

PMID- 2932119
TI  - Genetic and environmental factors in the individual susceptibility to the
      development of alcoholic liver disease.
AB  - Although there is a dose-response relationship between alcohol consumption and
      liver damage, less than one-third of alcoholics develop alcoholic liver disease
      (ALD). This individual susceptibility to the development of ALD may be explained
      by genetic and environmental factors. Of the genetic factors, female sex is
      clearly a significant risk factor, HLA status is probably important but further
      studies are needed, abnormalities in alcohol metabolism have not been shown to be
      of primary pathogenic importance and the plethora of immunological disturbances
      reported appear to be mere epiphenomena. Of the environmental factors, no
      consistent evidence attests to the significance of hepatitis B viral infection in
      the susceptibility to developing ALD.

PMID- 2932120
TI  - Nutrition and the biochemical pathology of the alcohol-induced liver injury.
AB  - The possible role of nutritional disturbances in the biochemical pathology of the
      alcohol-induced liver injury is briefly discussed. Nutritional factors could
      influence a number of hepatotoxic effects of ethanol and it is therefore
      suggested that, although ethanol itself is capable of causing almost all its
      hepatotoxic effects, the possible contribution of any associated nutritional
      disturbances to liver injury in chronic alcoholism deserves careful
      consideration.

PMID- 2932121
TI  - Effect of Lamaze childbirth preparation on maternal plasma beta-endorphin
      immunoreactivity in active labor.
AB  - Previous studies have documented a reduction in plasma beta-endorphin levels with
      the use of various analgesic techniques in labor, such as segmental epidural
      anesthesia or intrathecal morphine. The Lamaze method of childbirth preparation,
      which has been found to reduce the need for medication during childbirth and to
      decrease the subjective perception of pain during labor and delivery, has not
      been studied in this regard. In this study plasma beta-endorphin immunoreactivity
      levels were measured during the active phase of labor in 26 patients who had
      Lamaze classes and in 28 patients who did not have Lamaze classes. The Lamaze
      group had significantly lower plasma beta-endorphin immunoreactivity (37.2 vs.
      68.5 pg/ml; P less than 0.001) and significantly shorter first stages of labor
      (8.28 hrs. vs. 9.86 hrs; P less than 0.02). It can be theorized that both lower
      beta-endorphin immunoreactivity and shorter labor in patients in the Lamaze group
      were related to the reduction of fear, tension, and the emotional stress of
      labor.

PMID- 2932122
TI  - [New recommendations in the treatment of genital infections caused by Neisseria
      gonorrhoeae in Puerto Rico].

PMID- 2932123
TI  - [Equity and health care in Latin America. Principles and dilemmas].

PMID- 2932125
TI  - [Training of human resources for health administration].

PMID- 2932124
TI  - [Patient referral in a regional health unit in Colombia].

PMID- 2932126
TI  - [Salmonella serotypes identified in Mexico between 1974 and 1981].

PMID- 2932127
TI  - [Medical care and infant mortality in Chile].

PMID- 2932128
TI  - [Bacteriologic and serologic aspects of streptococcal pharyngitis in Mexico
      City].

PMID- 2932129
TI  - [Rapid determination of blood alcohol with the ADH/REA method: method comparison
      and evaluation].

PMID- 2932130
TI  - [Characterization of activated rosette-forming lymphocytes by monoclonal
      antibodies].

PMID- 2932131
TI  - A mouth-controlled appliance for severely physically handicapped patients.

PMID- 2932132
TI  - Effect of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty on arrhythmias
      complicating angina.
AB  - Four patients who had stenosis of a single major coronary artery which was
      treated by percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty are described. Three
      had exercise induced myocardial ischaemia complicated by ventricular tachycardia,
      fibrillation, and sinus bradycardia, respectively. Asystole developed in a fourth
      patient who had spontaneous chest pain. After successful percutaneous
      transluminal coronary angioplasty these arrhythmias did not recur spontaneously
      or on treadmill exercise testing. Percutaneous coronary angioplasty can be
      effective in preventing arrhythmias complicating acute myocardial ischaemia
      secondary to stenosis of a single major coronary artery.

PMID- 2932133
TI  - Percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty for pulmonary valve stenosis in infants and
      children.
AB  - Pulmonary valve stenosis was relieved by balloon dilatation during cardiac
      catheterisation on 27 occasions in 23 infants and children aged 7 days to 12
      years, median 31 months (three aged less than 2 weeks). Pulmonary valve diameter
      was estimated by cross sectional echocardiography to assist in the choice of
      balloon size. Before dilatation the right ventricular systolic pressure ranged
      from 41 to 190 (median 92) mm Hg and was suprasystemic in 10 patients. There were
      significant reductions in the ratio of right ventricular to systemic systolic
      pressure and pulmonary systolic pressure gradients immediately after balloon
      dilatation. Twelve patients underwent recatheterisation (11 at six months and one
      at one week after balloon dilatation), which showed further improvement with
      significant reductions in right ventricular pressure or pulmonary valve gradient
      or both, particularly in the patients with the least satisfactory initial
      results. This improvement was attributed to resolution of the obstruction at
      infundibular level. Repeat pulmonary valve dilatation was successfully performed
      in four patients who had poor results after initial dilatation. Balloon pulmonary
      valvotomy appears to provide good short term and medium term relief of pulmonary
      valve stenosis and may obviate the need for surgery in many cases. An apparently
      poor immediate haemodynamic result does not preclude a good longer term result.

PMID- 2932134
TI  - Asymmetric septal hypertrophy and hypothyroidism in children.
AB  - Any echocardiographic study of two children with hypothyroidism demonstrated the
      presence of asymmetric septal hypertrophy. One child died aged 11 months, and
      pronounced thickening of the interventricular septum was confirmed at necropsy.
      There was also hypertrophy of the left ventricular free wall. Histological
      examination showed only slight muscle fibre disarray, but there was striking
      vacuolation and hypertrophy of muscle fibres. In the second case, a child aged
      five years, the asymmetric septal hypertrophy disappeared after 18 months'
      treatment with L-thyroxine. Furthermore, other indices of myocardial function
      also returned to normal. The mechanism producing asymmetric septal hypertrophy in
      hypothyroidism is unknown. These are the youngest cases in which this association
      has been reported.

PMID- 2932135
TI  - Cardiac hypertrophy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and hyperparathyroidism--an
      association.
AB  - Left ventricular hypertrophy (symmetric, asymmetric, or hypertrophic
      cardiomyopathy) is an almost invariable accompaniment of primary
      hyperparathyroidism. Five of 18 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy had
      raised serum concentrations of parathyroid hormone with normal serum calcium
      concentrations. Left ventricular hypertrophy did not occur in any of the six
      patients with hypercalcaemia alone. These relations suggest that parathyroid
      hormone rather than a rise in the extracellular calcium concentration is
      associated with a spectrum of left ventricular hypertrophy. All patients with
      increased circulating parathyroid hormone concentrations should have
      echocardiographic examination of the left ventricle. Conversely, parathyroid
      hormone concentrations should be measured in all patients with left ventricular
      hypertrophy from an unknown cause, especially those with hypertrophic
      cardiomyopathy.

PMID- 2932136
TI  - Interaction of midazolam with two non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking drugs
      in the rat in vivo sciatic nerve-tibialis anterior muscle preparation.
AB  - Studies of the possible interactions between the water-soluble benzodiazepine,
      midazolam, and two non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking drugs, vecuronium and
      tubocurarine, were performed in the rat in vivo sciatic nerve-tibialis anterior
      muscle preparation. Midazolam 0.5 and 5 mg kg-1 caused 17% and 34% depression of
      the twitch height, respectively, once a steady-state blockade of the twitch
      height had been induced by vecuronium. The potentiation of the tubocurarine
      steady state blockade by midazolam 5 mg kg-1 was quantitatively equal to that of
      vecuronium, but was slower in onset. The buffer solvent of midazolam 5 mg kg-1
      did not change the steady-state blockade of vecuronium. Midazolam 5 mg kg-1
      caused a shift to the left of the cumulative dose-response curves of vecuronium.

PMID- 2932137
TI  - A place for ipratropium bromide in the treatment of severe acute asthma.
AB  - Twenty-four consecutive patients admitted to hospital with severe acute asthma
      were studied. Eleven were given 10 mg salbutamol by nebulizer followed 2 hours
      later by 500 micrograms of nebulized ipratropium bromide. These patients had a
      greater response in PEFR than 13 patients given two doses of 10 mg salbutamol 2
      hours apart.

PMID- 2932138
TI  - A comparison of three high doses of ipratropium bromide in chronic asthma.
AB  - We have performed a double-blind crossover study in nine patients with stable
      chronic asthma, in order to evaluate the effects of three doses of the
      anticholinergic bronchodilator ipratropium bromide (80 micrograms, 200 micrograms
      and 400 micrograms) given by metered dose inhaler. These doses are larger than
      the recommended dose (40 micrograms). All three doses of the drug produced
      significant bronchodilation from 15 minutes to 5 hours. Some small but
      statistically significant differences were found in favour of the 200 micrograms
      and 400 micrograms doses when compared with the 80 micrograms dose and the
      duration of action of the 400 micrograms dose was longer than that of 200
      micrograms dose. The clinical usefulness of these small differences remains to be
      assessed.

PMID- 2932139
TI  - A report of two long-surviving cases of pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis and
      the response to progesterone therapy.
AB  - Two cases of pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis, with survival between 12 and 28
      years are described. Both were treated with medroxyprogesterone acetate with a
      slight initial improvement in both lung function and exercise tolerance, and no
      further deterioration during the period of follow-up of 10-20 months. The results
      are discussed and other reports of hormonal treatment of this rare condition are
      reviewed.

PMID- 2932140
TI  - Training and education approaches for parents of children with special needs.
AB  - This is a review of attempts made to involve and to train parents in the
      endeavour of helping their children with special needs. The reasons for parent
      involvement are discussed, before describing and contrasting the variety of
      theoretical orientations and parenting skills that have been considered in this
      work, and the influences of parent and child characteristics. Detailed
      consideration is given to the methods used in training and their effectiveness.
      Although parent involvement can be said to be of value, more effort is required
      in terms of careful conceptualization and more elaborate multivariate research
      before definite answers may be provided for many of the issues raised.

PMID- 2932141
TI  - Echocardiography in the investigation of anterior abdominal wall defects in the
      fetus.
AB  - Of 20 pregnancies referred for fetal echocardiography with a diagnosis of
      anterior abdominal wall defect, congenital heart disease was present in eight of
      the 17 with exomphalos and in none of the three with gastroschisis. Four of these
      eight affected pregnancies were terminated because trisomy 18 was diagnosed, of
      the remaining four, only one baby survived infancy. We conclude that ultrasound
      investigation of the fetal heart is an important part of the diagnostic
      assessment of anterior abdominal wall defect if an accurate prognosis and
      appropriate obstetric management are to be provided.

PMID- 2932142
TI  - Subphrenic and mediastinal abscess formation: a complication of Ludwig's angina.
AB  - A fatal case of cervical cellulitis is described in which mediastinal and
      subphrenic abscesses formed. Subphrenic abscess formation is a previously
      unrecorded complication of oro-pharyngeal infection. The anatomical pathways
      involved in the spread of infection from the neck to the abdomen and the
      difficulties in obtaining an airway in such a case are discussed.

PMID- 2932143
TI  - Lingual haematoma leading to upper airway obstruction.
AB  - A case is reported in which upper airway obstruction occurred in a patient
      following suturing of his lacerated tongue under local anaesthesia and the
      subsequent development of a large lingual haematoma.

PMID- 2932144
TI  - Human ameloblastomas in vitro: light microscopical and ultrastructural
      observations.
AB  - The light microscopical and ultrastructural morphology in vitro of one case each
      of human plexiform, follicular and acanthomatous ameloblastoma are described.
      Ultrastructural analysis of cultured tumour cells revealed that the main cell
      type growing in vitro displayed morphological features typical of columnar cells
      or preameloblast-like cells of ameloblastomas. Irrespective of histological type
      all cases showed indistinguishable in vitro light microscopical and
      ultrastructural morphology. These findings strongly suggest that the columnar
      cell type accounts for the main proliferative capacity of ameloblastomas in vitro
      and most likely also in vivo.

PMID- 2932145
TI  - Ameloblastomas of the jaws: radiological diagnosis and follow-up.
AB  - Eleven of 57 tumours and cysts (19 per cent) seen at two major centres over a 4
      year period were ameloblastomas, primary in eight and recurrent in three.
      Computed Tomography (CT) was the most sensitive imaging technique for detecting
      ameloblastomas. The radiological features were distinctive maxillary and
      mandibular pathology in primary cases and soft-tissue, maxillary sinus and
      asymmetrical deep tissue involvement in both primary and recurrent
      ameloblastomas. Following surgery and pathological confirmation, serial scans
      were combined with periodic clinical re-evaluation. We identified clinically
      occult recurrences in two cases and confirmed a clinically-suspected recurrence
      in one on the basis of the CT findings. Our protocol appears efficacious and is
      suggested for the necessary long-term follow-up in all pathologically verified
      ameloblastomas.

PMID- 2932146
TI  - Lack of tumour potentiating effect of cryosurgery in hamster cheek pouch after
      short term carcinogen exposure.
AB  - Hamster cheek pouch was treated with the topical carcinogen DMBA for 2, 4 or 6
      weeks. Cryosurgery to part of the treated area did not produce any alteration in
      subsequent tumour development. This contrasted with previous studies where
      cryosurgery following 8 weeks of DMBA application potentiated subsequent tumour
      development.

PMID- 2932147
TI  - Traumatic (eosinophilic) granuloma of oral soft tissues: a report of two cases
      with pseudo-lymphomatous features.
AB  - Two cases originally diagnosed as extra-nodal lymphomas occurring in lingual and
      buccal mucosa which subsequently were reclassified as variants of traumatic
      granuloma are reported. One case may have been associated with Epstein-Barr virus
      infection. Extra-nodal lymphoma in such sites is very uncommon and the
      possibility of traumatic granuloma with a pseudo-lymphomatous appearance must be
      considered when making such a diagnosis.

PMID- 2932148
TI  - A mucoepidermoid tumour of the tongue.
AB  - A case of mucoepidermoid tumour arising in minor salivary glands of the tongue
      and assessed histologically to be of high-grade malignancy is described. The
      diagnostic difficulties involved in distinguishing the neoplasm from a squamous
      cell carcinoma are considered. From published figures it would appear that
      salivary gland neoplasms in the tongue are much more likely to be malignant than
      benign.

PMID- 2932149
TI  - Peripheral squamous odontogenic tumour.
AB  - Squamous odontogenic tumour (SOT) is a rare, benign epithelial tumour of
      odontogenic origin. A recurrent case of SOT with peripheral occurrence is
      described. In 1971, a tumour from the anterior maxillary palatal mucosa of an 11
      year-old female was excised. In 1984, when the patient was 24 years old, a
      recurrent tumour was found in the same area. The histopathological appearance of
      the lesion, which was found to be identical with the primary tumour, was that of
      an SOT. Both the clinical and radiographic features supported the extra-osseous
      involvement of both tumours. The SOT is further evaluated and its origin is
      discussed.

PMID- 2932150
TI  - An unusual epithelial neoplasm of gingiva resembling the keratoacanthoma.
AB  - An unusual, tumour-like mass protruding from labial and palatal gingivae and
      surrounding the unerupted canine in a 12-year-old child is described. Clinically,
      the lesion was felt to be aggressive but histologically, the most likely
      diagnosis was keratoacanthoma, probably of the nodulovegetating type. Following
      excision of the mass, healing has been uneventful. Whether or not the
      histological diagnosis of keratoacanthoma is accepted, rather than an unusual
      odontogenic neoplasm, this case illustrates the existence of an entity comprising
      well-differentiated islands and cysts of squamous epithelium with a rapid growth
      pattern.

PMID- 2932151
TI  - Warty dyskeratoma of the oral mucosa.
AB  - A case of oral warty dyskeratoma is presented and the literature is reviewed in
      brief. While warty dyskeratoma of the oral mucosa is rare, it appears to exhibit
      a variability of clinical appearance and to have a special predilection for
      keratinised mucosae exposed to friction and mechanical stress.

PMID- 2932152
TI  - An unusual presentation of oral syphilis.
AB  - A case of late, non-infectious, gummatous syphilis presenting with intra-oral
      arterial haemorrhage in an 81 year-old lady is described.

PMID- 2932153
TI  - The use of sutures in the mouth.
AB  - The purpose of this communication is to establish a case for a more critical
      review of the indications for the use of sutures in oral surgery. Observations
      are made on the underlying principles of surgery and, where appropriate,
      modifications to suit some standard surgical techniques including apicectomy are
      suggested, which will reduce both the post-operative inconvenience for the
      patient and the indications for suturing. The case is supported by a
      retrospective review of the sutures used in a consecutive series of 149 oral
      surgery patients admitted to hospital for operation under general anaesthesia.

PMID- 2932154
TI  - X-ray analysis of structural changes induced by reduced nicotinamide adenine
      dinucleotide when bound to cysteine-46-carboxymethylated liver alcohol
      dehydrogenase.
AB  - The structure of the complex between Cys-46-carboxymethylated horse liver alcohol
      dehydrogenase (CM-LADH) and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) has
      been determined by X-ray analysis. The complex represents NADH binding to the
      orthorhombic, "open" conformation of the enzyme. Coenzyme binding here induces a
      local structural change in the peptide loop 293-297, but there is no domain
      rotation, as observed for the "closed" conformation of the protein. This local
      movement of a few residues in the loop is sufficient to trap the nicotinamide
      ring of NADH within the active-site area close to a productive binding position.
      The carboxymethyl group on the zinc ligand cysteine-46 is oriented between the
      pyrophosphate bridge of NADH and the guanidinium group of arginine-369 and can
      occupy this position because the coenzyme binding cleft remains open and
      unchanged upon coenzyme binding. The zinc coordination sphere is distorted, and
      the position of the metal atom is shifted 1 A compared to native unliganded LADH.
      The distance between the zinc ion and the sulfur of the alkylated cysteine
      residue is of the order of 3 A. Alkylation experiments were performed at 0.15 and
      10 mM iodoacetate, and peptide maps were examined. Gentle treatment with reagent
      yields an enzyme product which is substituted at only one of the two zinc binding
      sites per subunit of LADH (Cys-46). This enzyme species maintains its structural
      integrity; it binds coenzyme which induces conformational changes resolved into
      two steps. Thus, in addition to the orthorhombic complex, a crystalline NADH
      complex in the closed conformation of CM-LADH was obtained. These crystals showed
      enzymic activity, and single crystals were analyzed with microspectrophotometric
      methods. Formation of the stable crystalline abortive complex between CM-LADH
      NAD+ and 4-trans-(N,N-dimethylamino)cinnamaldehyde (DACA) could be observed upon
      addition of excess aldehyde to the closed complex of CM-LADH-NADH. The CM-LADH
      NAD+-DACA complex is characterized by an intense absorption band with a lambda
      max at 456 nm which corresponds to a shift in the spectrum of free DACA of
      approximately 60 nm. At the higher concentration of iodoacetate, three of the
      cysteine ligands to the second zinc atom (Cys-100, -103, and -111) are alkylated
      in addition to Cys-46. This enzyme product rapidly denatures and cannot be
      crystallized under our conditions. This is an experimental indication that the
      intact noncatalytic zinc binding site contributes to the structural stability of
      the protein.

PMID- 2932156
TI  - Second-derivative infrared spectroscopic studies of the secondary structures of
      bacteriorhodopsin and Ca2+-ATPase.
AB  - The resolution of minor amide components in the infrared spectra of membrane
      proteins has, in the past, been limited by the small differences in frequency
      compared to the large half-widths of the bands that are assigned to different
      secondary conformations. Here, second-derivative calculations are used to resolve
      the relatively weak bands that are associated with the beta-sheet conformation
      and the vibrations of some amino acid side chains in the infrared spectra of
      bacteriorhodopsin and Ca2+-activated adenosine-5'-triphosphatase (Ca2+-ATPase).
      The spectra presented indicate that bacteriorhodopsin in the purple membrane
      contains an appreciable amount of beta structure in addition to the predominant
      alpha II-helical structure. Both sarcoplasmic reticulum and purified Ca2+-ATPase
      in native lipids contain alpha-helical and random coil conformations together
      with a small amount of beta structure. In 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3
      phosphocholine (DMPC) Ca2+-ATPase adopts a secondary conformation similar to that
      in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and this structure is unaffected by the
      phospholipid phase transition. A shift to a predominantly random coil
      conformation is associated with solubilization of both bacteriorhodopsin and Ca2+
      ATPase in 20% Triton X-100. Second-derivative analysis of the carbonyl stretching
      vibrations of DMPC bilayers indicates that below the phase-transition temperature
      (Tm) both bacteriorhodopsin and Ca2+-ATPase perturb the interface region such
      that the sn-2 carbonyls adopt a conformation similar to the sn-1 carbonyls. Above
      Tm, these integral proteins have no effect on the static order of the interface
      region, and the conformational inequivalence of the sn-1 and sn-2 carbonyls is
      similar to that found in a pure lipid bilayer.

PMID- 2932155
TI  - Dissociation of the receptor for immunoglobulin E in mild detergents.
AB  - We previously showed that, in the absence of phospholipids, exposure of the
      tetrameric receptor for immunoglobulin E to mild detergents dissociates the
      intact beta chain and two gamma chains from the alpha chains. Having developed a
      practical method for assaying the dissociation, we have now explored a variety of
      different detergents, detergent concentrations, temperatures, times, salts, pHs,
      and other factors that influence the detergent-induced dissociation. Our findings
      should be useful for optimizing the stability of the receptor and for future
      studies on recombination of the subunits. The data suggest the following: (1) The
      critical perturbant is micellar detergent. (2) Unlike solubilization of
      membranes, where a molar ratio of micellar detergent:lipid of 2 is adequate,
      dissociation of the receptor is incomplete even at molar ratios of micellar
      detergent:receptor of greater than 10(5) and may be limited by a reversible
      component. (3) Detergents that are best for solubilizing membranes are also best
      for dissociating the receptors. (4) The latter observation and other data
      implicate bound lipid as stabilizing the receptor. Our findings may be applicable
      to the study of interactions between membrane proteins in general.

PMID- 2932157
TI  - Factors influencing interaction of phosphorylated and dephosphorylated myosin
      with actin.
AB  - The influence of various factors on the interaction of phosphorylated and
      dephosphorylated myosin with actin was examined. It was found that the difference
      between the values of specific activity of the two myosin forms of actin
      stimulated Mg2+-ATPase is affected by changes in KCl, MgATP and actin
      concentration. The effect of increased pH on the differences in the rate of ATP
      hydrolysis by actomyosin containing phosphorylated myosin as compared with that
      of the dephosphorylated one, observed in the presence of EGTA, is abolished by
      addition of Ca2+. Tropomyosin strongly inhibits the actin-stimulated Mg2+-ATPase
      of phosphorylated myosin (by about 60%). The tropomyosin-troponin complex and
      native tropomyosin lowered the rate of ATP hydrolysis by actomyosin containing
      both phosphorylated and dephosphorylated myosin by about of 60% of the value
      obtained in the absence of those proteins. These results indicate that the change
      of negative charge on the myosin head due to phosphorylation and
      dephosphorylation of myosin light chains modulates the actin-myosin interaction
      at different steps of the ATP hydrolysis cycle. Phosphorylation of myosin seems
      to be a factor decreasing the rate of ATP hydrolysis by actomyosin under
      physiological conditions.

PMID- 2932158
TI  - Circular dichroism studies on synthetic signal peptides.
AB  - Circular dichroism studies on synthetic peptides corresponding to the signal
      sequences of chicken lysozyme and Escherichia coli proteins, lambda-receptor and
      lipoprotein, have been carried out in trifluoroethanol. The peptides, (CH3)3-C-O
      CO-Thr-Leu-Lys-Lys-Leu-Pro-Leu-Ala-Val-Ala-Val-Ala-Ala-Gly- Val-Met-Thr-Ala- Ala
      Met-Ala-OCH3, (CH3)3-C-O-CO-Met-Lys-Ser-Leu-Leu-Ile-Leu-Val-Leu-Cys(benzyl)- Phe
      Leu-Pro- Leu-Ala-Ala-Leu-Gly-OH and (CH3)3-C-O-CO-Leu-Val-Leu-Gly-Ala-Val-Ile-Leu
      Gly- Thr-Thr-Leu-Leu- Ala-Gly-OCH3, corresponding to the signal sequences of
      lambda-receptor, lysozyme and the hydrophobic region of lipoprotein,
      respectively, show two negative bands at approx. 205 and 220 nm, characteristic
      of an alpha-helical conformation. Secondary structural features are discernible
      even in the shorter, 12-residue carboxy-terminal fragments of these signal
      peptides. A comparison of the conformation of the amino-terminal, central and
      carboxy-terminal fragments of lipoprotein signal sequence indicates that the
      central octapeptide fragment is more structurally ordered compared to the amino-
      and carboxy-terminal fragments.

PMID- 2932159
TI  - Carboxymethylated liver alcohol dehydrogenase: pH dependence of hydride transfer
      during ethanol oxidation.
AB  - The rate constant for the hydride transfer step during oxidation of ethanol by
      carboxymethylated alcohol dehydrogenase (alcohol: NAD+ oxidoreductase, EC
      1.1.1.1) is dependent on a group with pKa 7.5. This pKa is higher than that for
      the native enzyme. A mechanism is proposed to account for the ionisation and the
      protein fluorescence change which occur during formation of the carboxymethylated
      enzyme-NAD+-ethanol complex.

PMID- 2932160
TI  - Effects of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate on the activation of yeast
      phosphofructokinase by fructose 2,6-bisphosphate and AMP.
AB  - Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate decreases the activation of yeast 6-phosphofructokinase
      (ATP:fructose 6-phosphate 1-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.11) by fructose 2,6
      bisphosphate, especially at cellular substrate concentrations. AMP activation of
      the enzyme is not influenced by fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. Inorganic phosphate
      increases the activation by fructose 2,6-bisphosphate and augments the
      deactivation of the fructose 2,6-bisphosphate activated enzyme by fructose 1,6
      bisphosphate. Because various states of yeast glucose metabolism differ in the
      levels of the two fructose bisphosphates, the observed interactions might be of
      regulatory significance.

PMID- 2932161
TI  - An investigation of the SH1-SH2 and SH1-ATPase distances in myosin subfragment-1
      by resonance energy transfer using nanosecond fluorimetry.
AB  - The separation between the two reactive thiols SH1 (Cys-704) and SH2 (Cys-694)
      and that between SH1 and the active site of myosin subfragment-1 were further
      investigated by Forster energy transfer techniques. The SH1-SH2 distance was
      determined with the probe 5-[[2-[(iodoacetyl)amino]ethyl] amino]naphthalene-1
      sulfonic acid (AEDANS) attached to SH1 as the energy donor and 5
      (iodoacetamido)fluorescein (IAF) attached to SH2 as energy acceptor. The results
      derived from measurements of donor lifetimes yielded a donor-acceptor separation
      in the range 26-52 A, with the distance R(2/3) based on rapid and isotropic probe
      motions being 40 A. These parameters were not sensitive to added MgADP, in
      agreement with previous results obtained by using the steady-state method. The
      SH1-SH2 distance was also determined with AEDANS attached to SH1 and N-(4
      dimethylamino-3,5-dinitrophenyl)maleimide (DDPM) attached to SH2. The range in R
      for the AEDANS/DDPM pair was 12-36 A, with R(2/3) equal to 27 A. The transfer
      efficiency between these two probes increased by an average of 38% upon addition
      of MgADP. These results are in agreement with those previously reported (Dalbey,
      R.E., Weiel, J. and Yount, R.G. (1983) Biochemistry 22, 4696-4706), but the
      uncertainty in choosing an appropriate value of the orientation factor to
      describe the AEDANS-DDPM separation does not allow a unique interpretation of the
      observed increase in energy transfer because it could reflect either an increase
      in the average orientation factor or a decrease in the donor-acceptor separation.
      Nevertheless, the results are consistent with the notion that nucleotide binding
      induces structural perturbations that can be sensed by SH1 and SH2. The distance
      between SH1 and the ATPase site was determined with AEDANS linked to SH1 and the
      nucleotide analogue 2'(3')-O-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)adenosine 5'-diphosphate (TNP
      ADP) noncovalently bound to the active site as energy acceptor. The bound TNP-ADP
      was highly immobilized, with a depolarization factor approaching unity. The
      separation between AEDANS at SH1 and TNP-ADP at the active site was in the range
      15-44 A. The actual minimal separation between SH1 and the active site is
      probably less than 15 A, which suggests that direct interaction between the two
      sites cannot be ruled out from energy transfer results.

PMID- 2932162
TI  - Influence of the regulatory light chain of fast skeletal muscle myosin on its
      interaction with actin in the presence and absence of ATP.
AB  - The effect of myosin LC2 modifications (phosphorylation or selective proteolytic
      removal of a seven-residue N-terminal peptide) and partial or complete removal of
      the whole LC2 was studied under various conditions. (1) Actin binding in the
      absence of ATP is not influenced by the nature of the myosin species
      (phosphorylated, dephosphorylated or devoid of LC2). (2) A 50% inhibition of
      K+/EDTA-ATPase was obtained with actin concentrations hardly different when
      phosphorylated and dephosphorylated myosins were compared (of the order of 5
      microM), whereas both myosin devoid of LC2 and myosin in which the LC2 N-terminal
      peptide has been removed required significantly higher concentrations of actin
      (13.0 +/- 2 and 12.0 +/- 2.0 microM, respectively). (3) Dissociation of the
      actomyosin complex at high ionic strength with nucleotides is not influenced by
      phosphorylation. (4) Actin activation of Mg2+-ATPase is enhanced when LC2 is
      phosphorylated; no activation enhancement is observed with myosin devoid of LC2.
      (5) Translational diffusion coefficient measurements of myosin in high-ionic
      strength solutions indicate a tendency for LC2-deprived myosin to form
      autoassociation oligomers. It thus appears that a structural modification
      (partial cleavage or removal of LC2) induces important structural changes in
      myosin, pointing to a role for LC2 in the intrinsic conformation of the molecule
      and its interaction potentialities. Effects of LC2 removal at high ionic strength
      are best explained by interactions bearing no relationship to physiological
      functions. A physiologically significant effect of LC2 phosphorylation requires a
      minimum degree of organization (actomyosin complex) to be expressed in which LC2
      could play the role of a return-spring in the cross-bridge mechanism.

PMID- 2932163
TI  - Reduction of 3-keto-5 beta-cholanoic acid to lithocholic and isolithocholic acids
      by human liver cytosol in vitro.
AB  - The formation of lithocholic and isolithocholic acids from 3-keto-5 beta
      cholanoic acid by human liver cytosol was examined in vitro. Liver cytosol was
      incubated at various pH levels with 3-keto-5 beta-cholanoic acid in a phosphate
      buffer containing NADPH or NADH; the products formed were analyzed by gas
      chromatography. Results showed that human liver cytosol reduced 3-keto-5 beta
      cholanoic acid to lithocholic acid at a pH level of 7.0 or above and to
      isolithocholic acid at a pH level of 6.0 or below when NADPH was used as a
      coenzyme, and it was reduced to isolithocholic acid only when NADH was used.
      Furthermore, two peaks for the reducing enzymes could be clearly found by column
      chromatography of Affi-Gel Blue. These results indicate that human liver cytosol
      contains two enzymes acting on reduction of 3-keto-5 beta-cholanoic acid to
      lithocholic and isolithocholic acids, which are dependent on the pH level and the
      use of NADPH or NADH in vitro. Since the 3 beta-dehydrogenation was inhibited by
      the addition of pyrazole, an alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor or ethanol, and the
      major peak of 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase coincided with the peak of
      alcohol dehydrogenase on Affi-Gel Blue chromatography, at least some of the
      cytosolic 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase seemed to be identical to or to
      have characteristics similar to alcohol dehydrogenase.

PMID- 2932164
TI  - Endogenous factors that modulate yeast glucan synthetase in cell-free extracts.
AB  - Yeast 1,3-beta-D-glucan synthetase (EC 2.4.1.34) activity is modulated by
      endogenous factors obtained by the extraction of different subcellular fractions
      with hot water. Cell wall fractions were enriched in activators while supernatant
      fractions also contained appreciable amounts of inhibitors. The action of these
      compounds requires the presence of EDTA. Maximal activation by the stimulatory
      material was reached when assayed in sonicated enzymatic preparations that had
      been obtained by mechanical breakage of cells in water. The activating material
      derived from cell wall fractions contained a mixture of low molecular weight
      compounds. They were found to be different from GTP as deduced from their
      resistance to alkaline phosphatase and different elution profile in gel
      filtration. The supernatant material was also heterogeneous with regard to both
      activators and inhibitors. The combined effect of GTP and activating material
      derived from cell wall fractions was supraadditive. The polymers synthesized in
      the absence and in the presence of the endogenous activator were characterized as
      beta-1,3-glucans on the base of their resistance to periodate and susceptibility
      to beta-glucanases. However, the length of the radioactive chains was greater
      when synthesized in the presence of the activator. This was mediated by an
      increase in the Vmax of the synthetase.

PMID- 2932165
TI  - [Electron microscopy study of the interaction of F-protein (phosphofructokinase)
      with actin-containing filaments].
AB  - By the use of electron microscopy and optical diffraction the interaction of F
      protein (phosphofructokinase) with F-actin and reconstructed thin filaments has
      been revealed. F-protein distributes itself along the filament bundles at regular
      intervals of 36-38 nm.

PMID- 2932166
TI  - Evidence for a 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex activity in mitochondria of
      Neurospora crassa and compared localization with the pyruvate dehydrogenase
      complex.
AB  - A 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex activity is demonstrated in Neurospora
      crassa mitochondria. A submitochondrial fractionation by digitonin treatment
      followed by freeze-thawing enables measurement of a well preserved activity in
      the mitochondrial matrix. In contrast to other reports, the pyruvate
      dehydrogenase activity is also found to be localized in the matrix.

PMID- 2932167
TI  - [Dialdehyde derivatives of purine mononucleotides: substrate properties and
      affinity modification of myosin ATPase].
AB  - It was demonstrated that the dialdehyde derivative of ATP is a good substrate for
      Ca-ATPase of heavy meromyosin (Km = (1.2-1.4) X 10(-4) M; V = VATP). At the same
      time, this compound can induce irreversible inhibition of the enzyme. Since oxo
      ATP is rapidly hydrolyzed by myosin to form oxo-ADP, this inhibition is the
      result of the enzyme interaction with oxo-ADP. It was found that the kinetics of
      heavy meromyosin inhibition by oxo-ADP are typical of affinity modification; in
      this case ATP fully protects heavy meromyosin from the activity loss. Similar
      results on the irreversible inhibition of the ATPase activity under the action of
      oxo-ADP were obtained in the presence of myosin, heavy meromyosin, subfragment I
      and natural actomyosin and in the absence of bivalent cations, thus suggesting
      the modification of the active center of myosin ATPase.

PMID- 2932168
TI  - [Use of the desirability function method for assessing water quality by
      periphyton composition].
AB  - Water quality generalized index according to periphyton community obtained by the
      method of desirability function has been used to estimate the Moscow River
      pollution. To reveal the indicator species by this method one-year observation
      period is required. The indicator species list presented here can be recommended
      for the calculation of generalized index according to the periphyton data for the
      Moscow River.

PMID- 2932169
TI  - Active immunization of gilts against gonadotropin-releasing hormone: effects on
      secretion of gonadotropins, reproductive function, and responses to agonists of
      gonadotropin-releasing hormone.
AB  - Sexually mature gilts were actively immunized against gonadotropin-releasing
      hormone (GnRH) by conjugating GnRH to bovine serum albumin, emulsifying the
      conjugate in Freund's adjuvant, and giving the emulsion as a primary immunization
      at Week 0 and as booster immunizations at Weeks 10 and 14. Antibody titers were
      evident by 2 wk after primary immunization and increased markedly in response to
      booster immunizations. Active immunization against GnRH caused gonadotropins to
      decline to nondetectable levels, gonadal steroids to decline to basal levels, and
      the gilts to become acyclic. Prolactin concentrations in peripheral circulation
      were unaffected by immunization against GnRH. The endocrine status of the
      hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis was examined by giving GnRH and two agonists
      to GnRH and by ovariectomy. An i.v. injection of 100 micrograms GnRH caused
      release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in
      control animals, but not in gilts immunized against GnRH. In contrast,
      administration of 5 micrograms D-(Ala6, des-Gly-NH2(10] ethylamide or 5
      micrograms D-(Ser-t-But6, des-Gly-NH2(10] ethylamide resulted in immediate
      release of LH and FSH in both control and GnRH-immunized gilts. Circulating
      concentrations of LH and FSH increased after ovariectomy in the controls, but
      remained at nondetectable levels in gilts immunized against GnRH. Prolactin
      concentrations did not change in response to ovariectomy. We conclude that cyclic
      gilts can be actively immunized against GnRH and that this causes cessation of
      estrous cycles and inhibits secretion of LH, FSH, and gonadal steroids.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2932172
TI  - Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Mass Spectrometry in Life
      Sciences. Ghent, Belgium, 15-18 May 1984.

PMID- 2932171
TI  - Density and disposition of Ca2+-ATPase in sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane as
      determined by shadowing techniques.
AB  - We have studied the disposition of calcium ATPase in the native sarcoplasmic
      reticulum (SR) membrane of vertebrate muscles by rotary shadowing of freeze-dried
      isolated vesicles and of freeze-fractured in situ membranes. The predominant
      disposition of the ATPase molecules is disorderly, but small oligomers (dimers,
      tetramers, and occasionally larger aggregates) are seen. In vesicles from white
      hind legs of rabbits, the density of ATPase over nonjunctional SR is 31
      34,000/microns2. ATPase density is always quite high, but small protein-free
      lipid patches may be interspersed with it.

PMID- 2932170
TI  - Ordered arrays of Ca2+-ATPase on the cytoplasmic surface of isolated sarcoplasmic
      reticulum.
AB  - Isolated sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) vesicles with polymerized calcium pump
      protein were freeze-dried and rotary shadowed following uranyl acetate
      stabilization. This technique allows direct observation of a single side of the
      vesicle without requiring optical filtering. The heads of individual ATPase
      molecules, projecting above the cytoplasmic surface, are clearly resolved in the
      replicas. Ca ATPase molecules form extensive arrays in vanadate-treated, rabbit
      SR vesicles and in gently isolated, native SR vesicles from scallop. Gentle
      isolation results in limited areas of orderly structure in native SR isolated
      from vertebrate muscles. Special attention is given to the effect of various
      shadow thicknesses on the appearance of the heads. This information is essential
      to the interpretation of images in the accompanying paper (Franzini-Armstrong,
      C., and D.J. Ferguson, 1985, Biophys. J., 48:607-615).

PMID- 2932173
TI  - Laser microprobe mass analysis: a review of applications in the life sciences.
AB  - The characteristics and analytical utility of laser microprobe mass analysis
      (LAMMA) are described and evaluated, and a short history of this recent
      microanalytical technique is presented. A review of the areas of application of
      LAMMA and related laser microprobes is presented with special emphasis on
      applications in the life sciences.

PMID- 2932174
TI  - Selected ion monitoring analysis of pseudoracemic hexobarbital and its major
      metabolites in blood and urine of rats.
AB  - A stereospecific synthesis of N1-(2H3)-labelled R(-)-hexobarbital is described. A
      sensitive and rapid selected ion monitoring assay procedure for pseudoracemic
      hexobarbital, consisting of equal amounts of S(+)-hexobarbital (1a) and (2H3)-R(
      )-hexobarbital (1b) in 100 microliters blood samples of rats was developed. Both
      the parent enantiomers in blood and three major metabolites excreted in urine
      were quantified. An application of the method in rats is described, and the
      results are compared to previously obtained data of separately administered
      enantiomers.

PMID- 2932175
TI  - Trace determination and isotopic analysis of the elements in life sciences by
      mass spectrometry.
AB  - The main ionization methods in a mass spectrometer for isotope ratio
      determinations of the elements are discussed in this review. These methods are
      thermal ionization, spark source, electron impact, inductively coupled plasma and
      field desorption. As concerns thermal ionization, electron impact and field
      desorption, a survey of the possibilities of isotope analyses in the periodic
      table of the elements is given. Besides kinetic studies, trace element
      determination by isotope dilution technique is the main application for isotope
      ratio measurements of the elements. The definitive method, isotope dilution mass
      spectrometry, is discussed as a potential tool for achieving accurate and precise
      trace analyses. Using field desorption mass spectrometry, one example of calcium
      kinetics in man and one example of thallium trace determination in an animal
      tissue are given. Other metal trace analyses with the isotope dilution technique
      are presented for biological and medical samples using positive thermal
      ionization mass spectrometry. Negative thermal ions are formed for the mass
      spectrometric analysis of non-metals and non-metal compounds in food samples,
      e.g. for iodine and nitrate in milk powder. Preliminary results with the isotope
      dilution technique are presented for a new quadrupole thermal ionization mass
      spectrometer which is a low-cost instrument and can be easily handled.

PMID- 2932176
TI  - The metabolism of tromantadine.
AB  - The metabolism of the antiviral drug tromantadine (1-adamantyl-2-(2
      dimethylaminoethoxy)acetamide) was studied after an oral dose of 120 mg
      tromantadine hydrochloride using capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.
      Most of the dose was excreted unchanged with the urine. Six metabolites could be
      identified. The main metabolic products were 1-aminoadamantane (amantadine) and 1
      adamantyl-(2-hydroxy)acetamide. Further metabolic pathways were demethylation of
      the dimethylamino function and oxidative desamination to an unstable aldehyde
      which is oxidized to a carbonic acid or reduced to an alcohol.

PMID- 2932177
TI  - Rapid, sensitive and specific determination of oxytetracycline residues in bovine
      milk and meat by CAD MIKEs analysis at the 1 ppb level.
AB  - A rapid and sensitive method for the selective detection and quantification of
      oxytetracycline residues at the ppb level in crude extracts of bovine milk and
      meat is described. The technique employed is a tandem mass spectrometric method:
      CAD MIKE spectrometry (collisionally activated decomposition mass-analysed ion
      kinetic energy spectrometry). Quantification is performed by single ion
      monitoring of CAD species of oxytetracycline and of its internal standard.

PMID- 2932178
TI  - A revision of the metabolic disposition of amantadine.
AB  - Amantadine is one of the most commonly used drugs for the control of tremor in
      Parkinson's disease. Additionally, it has an antiviral action in the prevention
      of type A influenza. It has been previously reported that amantadine is nearly
      completely eliminated in the urine. No metabolites have been detected.
      Surprisingly, in a case of amantadine overdose, several metabolites could be
      identified by gas chromatography/mas spectrometry. This finding prompted us to re
      investigate the metabolism of amantadine under a therapeutic dosing regimen. The
      bulk of the dose was eliminated unchanged. However, eight metabolites could be
      identified. Besides N-acetylation which is the major metabolic pathway, several
      rather unusual metabolic pathways were observed: N-methylation, formation of
      Schiff bases and N-formiates. No metabolites with a hydroxylated adamantane ring
      system could be detected.

PMID- 2932179
TI  - Evaluation of isotope ratio (IR) mass spectrometry for the study of drug
      metabolism.
AB  - Isotope ratio (IR) mass spectrometry was evaluated for the study of drug
      metabolism and balance using 13C, 15N2-labelled antipyrine (AP) as a test drug.
      Rats were given 40 mg kg-1 (13C,15N2)AP intraperitoneally. Breath, urine, faeces
      and blood were collected. Except for breath, samples were combusted in sealed
      quartz tubes. The resulting CO2 and N2 were analysed for excess 13C and 15N,
      relative to pre-dose samples, by IR mass spectrometry. In addition, blood levels
      of AP and cumulative excretion of urinary AP metabolites were determined by gas
      chromatography/mass spectrometry/selected ion monitoring (GC/MS/SIM) and high
      performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) respectively. Excess 13C and 15N levels
      in blood were comparable with observed levels of AP, and urinary recoveries of
      13C (42%) were in good agreement with those calculated from HPLC data (45%). N
      Demethylation, one of the important pathways of AP metabolism, was most rapidly
      determined by excess 13CO2 excretion in breath (8%). The IR mass spectral
      analysis complemented gas chromatographic/mass spectrum and HPLC analyses, and
      was less complex.

PMID- 2932180
TI  - Keto acids in tissues and biological fluids: O-t-butyldimethylsilyl quinoxalinols
      as derivatives for sensitive gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric
      determination.
AB  - Quinoxalinol t-butyldimethylsilyl ethers were prepared from three branched-chain
      and from two aliphatic unbranched 2-keto acids. The electron impact (EI) mass
      spectra display pronounced [M-57]+ ions. With 39-51% of total ion current
      contained within them, sensitivity is greater than on chemical ionization (CI)
      mass spectrometry of O-trimethylsilyl derivatives. Mass spectra and
      chromatographic behaviour of these novel keto acid derivatives are discussed and
      preliminary quantitative data from rat muscle are given.

PMID- 2932181
TI  - A rapid analytical technique for the determination of energy expenditure by the
      doubly labelled water method.
AB  - The doubly labelled water method involves the administration of water enriched in
      2H and 18O followed by determination of the turnover rates of these isotopes.
      Since 18O is eliminated from the body as both CO2 and water, while 2H leaves only
      as water, the difference between the two turnover rates provides a measure of CO2
      production and hence energy expenditure. Isotopic analysis by conventional stable
      isotope ratio analysis (SIRA) is labour intensive and time consuming, as it
      requires off-line conversion of water samples to gases (H2 and CO2) followed by
      sequential analysis for each of the two isotopes using the mass spectrometer.
      Lack of suitable automated instrumentation with the ability to process large
      numbers of samples has prevented routine application of the method. We describe
      here an automated technique in which body water samples (urine, saliva, breath
      water or milk) are analysed simultaneously for 2H and 18O. The single bench
      system comprises two mass spectrometer analysers, one for measuring 2H from H2
      gas, the other for measuring 18O from the water vapour (masses 18, 20). Both
      analysers share a common heated inlet system into which microlitre quantities of
      the body fluids are injected from an autosampler (102 samples). The water vapour
      flows both directly to one analyser for 18O measurement and into a uranium
      reduction furnace for conversion to H2, prior to 2H measurement by the second
      analyser. Both analysers also share vacuum and electronic components, enabling
      savings in both space and cost. In this paper we present results illustrating
      performance characteristics and procedures for routine application to human
      subjects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2932182
TI  - Combined thin layer chromatography/mass spectrometry: an application of 252Cf
      plasma desorption mass spectrometry for drug monitoring.
AB  - The pharmacokinetic analysis is performed in a three-step procedure: sample
      extraction, sample purification by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and
      quantitative sample detection by time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry. 252Cf
      plasma desorption (PD) mass spectrometry utilizing the fission fragment-induced
      ionization and desorption of non-volatile compounds is suitable as a universal,
      non-destructive detector in TLC. Here TLC and mass spectrometry are operated in
      an off-line combination. As an example some pharmacokinetic data for etoposide
      (VP 16-213) together with calibration data are presented. The new experimental
      method is discussed in terms of sensitivity and detection limit.

PMID- 2932183
TI  - Identification and quantification of metabolite conjugates of activated
      cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide with mesna in urine by ion-pair extraction and
      fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry.
AB  - The high bladder toxicity of the alkylating oxazaphosphorine anticancer drugs,
      cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide is effectively reduced by the concomitant
      administration of mesna (sodium 2-mercaptoethane sulphonate). The formation and
      rapid urinary excretion of conjugates of the activated (4-hydroxylated)
      oxazaphosphorine metabolites with mesna has been suggested as the pharmacological
      basis for the selective detoxification, but separation and identification of such
      metabolites in vivo have been extremely difficult due to their high polarity and
      chemical lability. In this study an ion-pair extraction procedure in combination
      with positive and negative ion fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry has been
      developed which enabled the identification and quantification of the conjugation
      products of activated oxazaphosphorine metabolites with mesna in urine. The
      conjugates extracted as the tetra-n-butylammonium salts are directly identified
      by their characteristic positive molecular ion adducts and fragment ions, and the
      corresponding abundant molecular anions. The pattern of molecular and fragment
      ion formation was established by comparison of the fast atom bombardment mass
      spectra of synthetic cyclophosphamide-mesna conjugates with various organic and
      inorganic counter ions. The ifosfamide-4-(2-thioethylsulphonate) (ifosfamide
      mesna) conjugate was identified as a metabolite in the urine of rats, and in
      patients after administration of the combination, ifosfamide + mesna. By means of
      a two-step extraction and with the use of suitable analogues as internal
      standards, procedures for the quantification of parent oxazaphosphorine and of
      oxazaphosphorine-mesna conjugates by negative ion fast atom bombardment mass
      spectrometry have been developed, and first examples for the determination of
      excretion kinetics are described.

PMID- 2932184
TI  - Measurement of thromboxane B2 in human urine by isotope dilution and negative ion
      chemical ionization mass spectrometry.
AB  - A highly sensitive and specific assay for the quantification of thromboxane B2
      (TXB2)(1) in human urine is described. The method is based on the use of low
      blank (1H less than or equal to 0.2%) tetradeuterated internal standard 2 (18,
      18, 19, 19-2H4-thromboxane B2), whose chemical synthesis is reported. After
      purification and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) samples are
      derivatized to give an open-chain derivative of thromboxane B2, the methoxime
      pentafluorobenzyl ester tris(trimethylsilyl) ether (TXB2-MO-PFB-TMS3), most
      suitable for negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry. In the selected
      ion monitoring mode limits of detection per injection for pure standards and
      biological samples of 10 pg and 30 pg, respectively, are established. Normal
      urinary excretion of 1 in humans is 37-112 ng/24 h (n = 12).

PMID- 2932185
TI  - Measurement of isotope ratios in organic compounds at picomole quantities by
      capillary gas chromatography/quadrupole electron impact mass spectrometry.
AB  - Measurements of isotope ratios in organic compounds at nanomolar concentrations
      in biological fluids require sensitive and selective gas chromatographic/mass
      spectrometric methods. The efficiency of sample preparation procedures must be
      high and gas chromatographic conditions must assure high resolution
      chromatography producing narrow, intense peaks. Mass spectrometric conditions
      must create suitable mass fragments, preferably in the high mass range.
      Detection, controlled by selected ion monitoring (SIM), requires the use of small
      mass intervals and adequate acquisition times. However, the choice of optimal
      conditions is limited by the need to acquire multiple data points for the eluting
      compound. The effects of these variables on the precision of isotope ratio
      measurements have been investigated to develop an optimal method for isotope
      ratio measurements in serum bile acids at low concentrations (0.05-8 micromol l
      1). With a 25 m X 0.32 mm fused silica capillary OV-1701 column and cold on
      column injection, peak widths of 10 s were obtained. Quadrupole mass spectrometry
      in the electron impact ionization mode (70 eV) and selected ion monitoring
      (SIM)(mass interval 1/16 u, acquisition time 100 ms) allowed precise (cv less
      than 1.5%) isotope ratio measurements for chenodeoxycholic, cholic and
      deoxycholic acid in a single run at quantities as low as 5 pmol injected on the
      column. SIM switching during the run permitted isotope ratio measurements (cv
      less than 2.2%) for an additional six bile acids, normally detected in the serum
      of healthy subjects.

PMID- 2932186
TI  - Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry of fatty acids as their anthrylmethyl
      esters.
AB  - The mass spectra of a series of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids have been
      recorded as their anthrylmethyl esters using a liquid chromatographic mass
      spectrometric interface. The spectra show an intense peak for the aromatic
      nucleus, and a molecular ion. The liquid chromatographic/mass spectrometric
      separation was performed on a reverse phase column using a solvent system of
      acetone + acetonitrile. While a complete separation of the fatty acids known to
      occur in man was not achieved, the recognition of all of these acids is possible
      using a scanning mode or by ion monitoring.

PMID- 2932187
TI  - Hydroxyl negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry linked with collisionally
      activated decomposition. A modern analytical tool in inborn errors of metabolism.
AB  - Two kinds of inborn errors of metabolism, dicarboxylic aciduria and
      hyperoxaluria, have been studied by means of hydroxyl negative ion chemical
      ionization [NICI(OH-)], linked with collisionally activated decomposition
      experiments on the [M-H]- species of the pathognomonic organic acids. This method
      has led to non-controversial qualitative determinations of C4-C10 dicarboxylic
      acids and oxalic, glyceric and glyoxylic acids. NICI(OH-) linked with
      collisionally activated decomposition mass analysed ion kinetic energy
      spectrometry (CAD MIKES) is proposed herein for diagnostic purposes, as a valid
      mass spectrometric alternative to standard gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric
      analysis. The procedure is characterized by simplified sample treatment and by
      fast execution.

PMID- 2932188
TI  - [Effect of taurine on Ca, Mg-ATPase activity in human platelets and on their
      aggregation].
AB  - Effect of taurine (25 mM) on calcium metabolism in human platelets was studied.
      Ca, Mg-ATPase activity is significantly increased upon addition of 25 mM of
      taurine to the incubation medium. The activation is absent or reduced in the
      presence of trifluoroperazine and beta-alanine and after preincubation of
      platelets with colchicine and verapamil. The rate of ADP (3.5 X 10(-6) M)-induced
      platelet aggregation is reduced by half upon taurine addition to platelet-rich
      plasma. The possible role of taurine in intracellular calcium translocation and
      the following alteration of platelet activity is suggested.

PMID- 2932189
TI  - [Interaction of smooth muscle plasma membranes with flat lipid membranes].
AB  - The method of implantation of smooth muscle cells from plasma membranes (PM) of
      the rabbit intestine into flat lipid membranes (FLM) is described. The method is
      based on the pretreatment of PM vesicles with asolectin liposomes in the ratio
      that provides the activation of membrane ATPases. Thus modified FLM possesses
      channel conductivity.

PMID- 2932190
TI  - Toxicity of lead to soil respiration: mediation by clay minerals, humic acids,
      and compost.

PMID- 2932191
TI  - Life-events and psychological disturbance in chronic low back pain.
AB  - Stressful life-events have been identified as contributing to psychological
      disturbance in chronic low back pain (CLBP). However, previous research has
      focused on the presence versus absence of generalized distress and failed to
      distinguish between positive and negative events. The present study examined the
      relationship of positive and negative life-events to various aspects of distress
      as measured by the eight clinical scales of the MMPI. Negative life-events were
      found to be associated primarily with depression and social maladjustment, while
      positive events were inversely related to somatic concern.

PMID- 2932192
TI  - Use of a combined groin-tensor fasciae latae flap for reconstruction of a full
      thickness defect of the abdominal wall.
AB  - Two cases are presented in whom full-thickness defects of the abdominal wall were
      repaired by combined groin-tensor fasciae latae flaps nourished only by the
      superficial circumflex iliac artery. The dissection of the flap is simple and it
      will probably cover even the upper parts of the flank.

PMID- 2932193
TI  - Cardioprotection by the calcium antagonist PN 200-110 in the absence and presence
      of cardiodepression.
AB  - The globally-ischaemic Langendorff rabbit heart model has been used to study the
      cardioprotective effects of the dihydropyridine PN 200-110 (PN) at two doses, one
      having no negative inotropic effect and a higher dose causing a 62 +/- 5%
      reduction in contractility. Following 45 min no-flow global ischaemia, recovery
      was monitored for a period of 90 min reperfusion. Hearts were paced at a constant
      rate throughout experiments. Contractile force and coronary flow were recorded
      continuously. Tracer microspheres were injected at regular intervals to assess
      regional flow distributions, drill biopsies were taken to determine tissue high
      energy phosphate content, and enzyme leakage in the coronary effluent measured
      during the first 15 min of reperfusion. Untreated hearts recovered 21 +/- 2% of
      their initial contractile force and flow to all heart regions was reduced. In
      particular, endocardial flow fell to 20% of its pre-ischaemic level, with the
      ratio of flow to the endocardium (endo)/epicardium (epi) decreasing from ca. 1.0
      to 0.4. Hearts treated with 2 X 10(-8)M PN (included in the perfusate from 30 min
      before ischaemia until 30 min after ischaemia) recovered 49 +/- 2% of their
      initial, pretreatment contractile force, and following the ischaemia the endo/epi
      ratio was not significantly changed from the pre-ischaemic value. The lower PN
      dose (3 X 10(-10)M) afforded a lesser degree of protection, contractility
      recovering to 29 +/- 4% of the initial level, with an endo/epi ratio of 0.7 after
      90 min reperfusion. 6 The two PN doses afforded a similar degree ofprotection
      against enzyme leakage which was in both cases significantly less than in
      untreated hearts. 7 Myocardial ATP and creatine phosphate content was markedly
      reduced by the ischaemic episode. Neither PN dose modified this depletion. 8
      These results suggest that whilst cardiodepression may well offer protection
      against ischaemic damage, this is not the sole mechanism wherby PN (and possibly
      other calcium antagonists) can protect the heart. Preservation of blood flow to
      the inner layers of the left ventricular wall is likely to be one of the major
      factors underlying the enhanced recovery shown by PN.

PMID- 2932194
TI  - Atrial natriuretic factor causes specific relaxation of rat renal arcuate
      arteries.
AB  - We have investigated the effect of a synthetic 'atrial natriuretic factor' (ANF)
      on induced tone in rat isolated renal arcuate arteries (lumen diameter ca. 250
      microns), and compared this with the effects of synthetic ANF on resistance
      vessels of similar size taken from the mesenteric, femoral, cerebral and coronary
      vasculature. Synthetic ANF was found to cause relaxation of the renal vessels
      when these were sub-maximally activated with K+, noradrenaline or 5
      hydroxytryptamine, but had no effect on the responses of the other vessels to
      these agonists. Synthetic ANF had a near maximal effect (65% relaxation) at 100
      nM, with an IC50 of 7.9 nM. The relaxant effect of synthetic ANF on the renal
      vessels was fully maintained for at least 15 min. Hydralazine (100 microM) caused
      relaxation of renal vessels (47%) and coronary vessels (42%), but had no effect
      on the other vessel types. By contrast, sodium nitroprusside (1 microM) relaxed
      all vessel types. The relaxant action of synthetic ANF on the renal vessels was
      seen in the presence of ouabain (1 mM), propranolol (1 microM), phentolamine (1
      microM), atropine (1 microM) and felodipine (1 nM). In t renal vessels, synthetic
      ANF had no effect on membrane potential, measured with intracellular electrodes,
      despite the simultaneously measured relaxation. Synthetic ANF had no effect on
      the efflux of 22Na+ in either renal or mesenteric vessels. The results
      demonstrate that synthetic ANF has a specific and prolonged relaxant effect on
      renal small arteries, and are consistent with this effect being mediated through
      specific receptors.

PMID- 2932196
TI  - Excitatory neuronal responses to dopamine in the cerebral cortex: involvement of
      D2 but not D1 dopamine receptors.
AB  - The technique of microelectrophoresis was used to evaluate the relative
      contribution of D1 and D2 dopamine receptors towards the mediation of the
      excitatory response of single neurones to dopamine in the somatosensory cortex of
      the rat. The selective D1 dopamine receptor agonist, SKF 38393, failed to excite
      any of the cells to which it was applied. In contrast, the selective D2 dopamine
      receptor agonist, LY 171555, excited the majority of cells tested. The apparent
      potency of LY 171555 was significantly lower than that of dopamine. When the
      mobilities of SKF 38393 and LY 171555 were assessed by an in vitro method, they
      were found to be at least as great as those of dopamine and phenylephrine,
      suggesting that the lack of effect of SKF 38393 and the lower apparent potency of
      LY 171555 compared to dopamine reflect genuine biological phenomena. The alpha 1
      adrenoceptor antagonist, prazosin, discriminated between excitatory responses to
      the alpha 1-adrenoceptor agonist, phenylephrine, and LY 171555: responses to
      phenylephrine were more susceptible to antagonism than were those to LY 171555.
      The dopamine receptor antagonist, haloperidol, produced the reverse
      discrimination: responses to LY 171555 were more affected than were those to
      phenylephrine. Neither antagonist reduced the response to the control agonist,
      acetylcholine. When applied continuously with low ejecting currents, LY 171555
      antagonized the excitatory response to dopamine while the response to
      phenylephrine was relatively preserved. The response to acetylcholine was
      unaffected. When similarly applied, SKF 38393 had no selective action on the
      response to dopamine. 6 These results suggest that D2 dopamine receptors are
      involved in mediating the excitatory neuronal response to dopamine in the
      cerebral cortex, whereas DI dopamine receptors are unlikely to be involved. LY
      171555 appears to act as a partial agonist at D2 dopamine receptors in this test
      system.

PMID- 2932195
TI  - A study of the histamine H2-receptor mediating relaxation of the parenchymal lung
      strip preparation of the guinea-pig.
AB  - The relaxation produced by several H2-receptor agonists and forskolin was
      investigated on strips of guinea-pig lung parenchyma. Dimparit, 1 microM to 10
      mM, 4-methyl histamine, 0.5 microM to 100 microM and impromidine, 10 nM to 1
      microM, had no effect on the tone of the unstimulated strips of lung parenchyma
      but caused a dose-dependent relaxation of strips that were contracted by 2
      pyridylethylamine (2-PEA), 15 microM. Forskolin, 10 nM to 4 microM, produced a
      dose-dependent relaxation of both the stimulated and unstimulated lung strips.
      The muscarinic antagonist atropine, 1 microM, and the beta 2-adrenoceptor
      antagonist propranolol, 10 microM, had no effect on the dose-response curve for
      dimaprit-induced relaxation of the lung strip. The dose-response curve for
      dimaprit was shifted to the right in a dose-dependent manner by increasing
      concentrations of a variety of H2-antagonists. Schild plots produced a straight
      line for all the H2-antagonists with slopes not significantly different from
      unity. The equilibrium dissociation constants for the H2-antagonists on the lung
      strip preparation were similar to those previously reported for inhibition of the
      chronotropic activity of histamine on guinea-pig right atria and inhibition of
      [3H]-tiotidine binding to homogenates of guinea-pig lung parenchyma.

PMID- 2932197
TI  - CGS 12970: a novel, long acting thromboxane synthetase inhibitor.
AB  - CGS 12970 is a potent selective inhibitor of human platelet thromboxane
      synthetase in vitro (IC50 = 12 nM). It is four orders of magnitude less potent as
      an inhibitor of sheep seminal vesicle cyclooxygenase, bovine aorta prostacyclin
      synthetase and human leucocyte 15-lipoxygenase. The compound inhibited collagen
      induced thromboxane B2 production by human platelets in vitro without an effect
      on the accompanying platelet aggregation induced by collagen, ADP, platelet
      activating factor, thrombin, arachidonic acid or the prostaglandin mimetic, U
      46619. Administration of CGS 12970 to rats inhibited collagen-induced thromboxane
      B2 production but had no effect on platelet aggregation ex vivo. It also had no
      effect on platelet aggregation induced by thrombin or on plasma clotting times. A
      single oral dose of 1 or 3 mg kg-1 to rabbits inhibited thromboxane B2 production
      in clotting blood ex vivo for 12 or 24 h respectively. CGS 12970 inhibited
      thromboxane B2 production in vivo induced by intravenous administration of
      collagen to rats or calcium ionophore to guinea-pigs. In both cases there was a
      concomitant elevation of immunoreactive 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha but no
      effect on the induced thrombocytopenia. As with other thromboxane synthetase
      inhibitors, CGS 12970 prolonged tail bleeding time in the rat. However, CGS 12970
      was not as potent as other thromboxane synthetase inhibitors in this test. In
      addition to these usual effects of thromboxane synthetase inhibitors, CGS 12970
      inhibited the thrombocytopenia induced by the Forssman reaction or ADP
      administration. In these tests the effect of the compound was of short duration.
      8 CGS 12970 had no effect on the thrombocytopenia associated with the Arthus
      reaction which distinguishes it from cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors. It also had no
      effect on thrombus formation on a cotton thread in an arteriovenous shunt in the
      rat.

PMID- 2932198
TI  - Studies on the site and mechanism of the inhibitory action of intracerebral
      histamine on the cold-stimulated thyrotropin secretion in male rats.
AB  - The locus of the inhibitory action of histamine on cold-stimulated TSH secretion
      was studied in male rats. Various histaminergic drugs were given either into the
      median eminence (ME), the third ventricle, the rostral and caudal part of
      anterior hypothalamus (rAH and cAH) or the posterior hypothalamus (PH) of
      conscious rats. When infused into ME, histamine (5 and 10 micrograms/rat)
      decreased and mepyramine (2.5 micrograms) increased the cold-stimulated TSH
      secretion while a larger dose of mepyramine (10 micrograms/rat), impromidine
      (0.05 and 0.1 microgram/rat), 2-pyridylethylamine (2-PEA; 5 and 10
      micrograms/rat) and cimetidine (2.5 and 7.5 micrograms/rat) had no effect. The
      inhibitory action of histamine (5 micrograms/rat) was most marked 30 min after
      the infusion into ME and it remained significant for at least 50 min. Neither
      cimetidine (50 and 100 mg/kg i.p.) nor mepyramine (10 and 20 mg/kg i.p.)
      antagonized the inhibitory action of histamine (5 micrograms/rat) in ME.
      Histamine (10 micrograms/side) inhibited the cold-stimulated TSH secretion
      likewise when infused bilaterally either into rAH, cAH or PH. TSH secretion
      induced by exogenous TRH (100 ng i.p.) was also inhibited by histamine (1
      microgram/rat) given into the third ventricle. In conclusion, histamine seems to
      have an inhibitory action on the cold-stimulated TSH secretion. This action is
      apparently mediated through areas close to the third ventricle. The mechanism of
      this action seems to be fairly non-specific, i.e. it is mediated through neither
      H1- nor H2-receptors.

PMID- 2932200
TI  - Aqueduct stenosis induced by a single injection of antivitamin.
AB  - Hydrocephalus with aqueduct stenosis was a consistent feature in mice which
      received a single intraperitoneal injection of 6-aminonicotinamide (6-AN) on day
      5 postnatal. Chronological investigation revealed that 6-AN-treated mice had
      aqueductal obstruction with edematously swollen ependymal cells and spongy
      changes in the periaqueductal gray matter in the early stage (on days 5 and 7
      postinjection). However, these cytoplasmic edema of the ependymal and glial cells
      totally subsided by day 30 postinjection, leaving an obliterated aqueduct with a
      few remnants of ependymal cells without reactive gliosis. This abnormality of
      aqueductal lesions in the chronic stage was similar to those of human congenital
      hydrocephalus. These findings raise the possibility that some form of human
      congenital hydrocephalus may result from ependymal cell degeneration due to
      exposure to certain noxious substances in the perinatal period.

PMID- 2932199
TI  - Enhanced survival of apparent presynaptic elements on polylysine-coated beads by
      inhibition of non-neuronal cell proliferation.
AB  - Increased survival of presynaptic-like neuronal profiles was found in cell
      cultures of rat cerebellum when the non-neuronal cell numbers were reduced with
      an antimitotic drug. In both treated and untreated cell cultures, neurites grew
      onto the polylysine-coated surface of sepharose beads and formed a swelling. The
      neuronal swelling contained an accumulation of synaptic vesicles and a membrane
      density at the site of contact with the bead and was called an apparent
      presynaptic element. The apparent presynaptic elements in untreated cultures
      increased in number from the time the beads were added to the culture to 7 days
      incubation and then showed a decrease to one half the 7-day value at 14 days
      incubation. A 75% reduction in cell division of non-neuronal cells was seen in
      cultures exposed to a 5 X 10(-6)M cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) for 2 days. Adding
      polylysine-coated beads to cultures treated with Ara-C showed at 14 days
      incubation a 7-fold increase in the number of apparent presynaptic elements as
      compared to untreated cultures. Additional experiments examined the numbers of
      neurites on the beads and found only small differences between treated and
      untreated cultures. A decrease, however, was shown in the number of glial
      fibrillary acidic protein staining astrocytes on the surface of the beads in
      treated cultures. The reduction of astrocytes by Ara-C appeared to enhance the
      survival of apparent presynaptic elements but did not enhance the growth of
      neurites. These results suggest that proliferating non-neuronal cells at a site
      of injury in the central nervous system may inhibit the formation of synaptic
      contacts and the growth of neurites through the site of injury.

PMID- 2932201
TI  - The role of endogenous serotonin in phasic LH release.
AB  - Injection of the serotonin inhibitor, fluoxetine (75 micrograms) into the
      hypothalamus (IC) of ovariectomized (Ovx.) rats treated with 17beta-Estradiol
      (E2) and parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA 150 mg/kg) significantly increased the
      luteinizing hormone (LH) in these rats 24 hours later when PCPA had suppressed
      the LH surge in a parallel group of sham rats. There was a temporal delay in
      these changes of LH (and by implication serotonin metabolism), since there was no
      significant effect on the blocked LH surge within two hours of the injection.
      Since steroids play a major role in gonadotropin secretion and PCPA has been
      shown to depress LH release, it is interesting that E2 increased the rate of H-3
      serotonin (1 X 10(-7) M) uptake in hypothalamic synaptosomes. This suggests a
      mechanism to increase the removal of synaptic serotonin and the low
      concentrations of serotonin used in these experiments suggest that uptake
      occurred in the high affinity serotonin uptake pump and can be influenced by
      ovarian steroids. This is in contrast to the saturation uptake of serotonin which
      was unaffected by steroids.

PMID- 2932202
TI  - Differential alterations in opioid analgesia following neonatal monosodium
      glutamate treatment.
AB  - Neonatal administration of monosodium glutamate (MSG) produces necrosis of
      circumventricular structures, including perikarya in the medial-basal
      hypothalamus that contain beta-endorphin (BEND) and met-enkephalin. Since
      neonatal MSG treatment alters morphine analgesia, the present study examined
      neonatal MSG effects upon opioid analgesia observed following either BEND or d
      ala d-leu enkephalin (DADL). Rats treated with either MSG or vehicle over the
      first ten post-natal days, were surgically prepared with a lateral ventricle
      cannula at 100 days of age. Respective groups received central injections of
      either BEND (0, 0.1, 0.5 or 1.0 microgram) or DADL (0, 4, 20 or 40 micrograms),
      and jump thresholds were assessed 15, 30, 45 and 60 min thereafter. Following
      testing, selected MSG-treated and control animals were prepared for BEND
      immunocytochemistry. While the magnitude, duration and sensitivity of BEND
      analgesia on the jump test failed to differ between groups, MSG-treated rats
      displayed a 10-fold leftward shift in sensitivity and a 200-300% increase in the
      magnitude of DADL analgesia. Immunocytochemical analysis indicated that MSG
      treatment depleted perikarya in the medial-basal hypothalamus, periventricular
      thalamic fibers and periaqueductal gray terminal fields that contained BEND. The
      differential effects of MSG treatment upon opiate and opioid analgesia are
      discussed in terms of possible alterations in opiate receptor subpopulations.

PMID- 2932203
TI  - The handicapped child and child abuse.
AB  - For a group of children with handicaps, growth and development are also affected
      by abuse or neglect. Our understanding of the problems of the abused, handicapped
      child emerges from experience with 37 children with cerebral palsy who have been
      maltreated, coupled with a review of the literature in related areas. We identify
      the following four problems as crucial to the study of abuse and neglect to the
      child with handicaps: (1) abuse that causes handicaps, (2) abuse that occurs to
      the handicapped child, (3) compromises in care that can occur when the
      handicapped child becomes involved with the medical and legal systems, and (4)
      arrangements for foster care or other out-of-home placement for the child with
      handicaps. We conclude that the very systems designed to protect and care for the
      child often fail, leaving the handicapped child without opportunity to reach
      developmental potential. In light of our observations, we recommend that the
      pediatrician not only be aware of the existence of abuse and neglect in the
      population of handicapped children, but also serve in the dual role of
      coordinator of services and advocate for these children.

PMID- 2932204
TI  - [Hemodynamic effects of diazepam, flunitrazepam and midazolam during anesthesia].

PMID- 2932205
TI  - Failure of ketanserin, a serotonin inhibitor, to prevent spontaneous or
      ergonovine-induced attacks of variant angina.
AB  - Six patients hospitalized with active variant angina were treated for 3 days with
      the serotonin antagonist ketanserin after a 3 day control period on no
      medication. The number of variant angina episodes per patient per day was 1.52 +/
      1.42 during the control period and 2.05 +/- 2.30 during ketanserin therapy (p =
      NS). Ergonovine was administered in incremental doses of 0.0125 mg to 0.4 mg in
      the control period, during intravenous ketanserin administration and after 3 days
      of oral treatment. All 6 patients developed ST elevation during all 3 ergonovine
      tests. The ergonovine dose at which ST elevation developed was similar in each of
      the 3 periods. It is concluded that ketanserin is of no value in the treatment of
      variant angina and that both spontaneous and ergonovine-induced coronary spasm in
      man are unlikely to be mediated by a serotonergic mechanism.

PMID- 2932206
TI  - On the metabolism of amygdalin. 1. The LD50 and biochemical changes in rats.
AB  - The mean lethal dose (LD50) of amygdalin in rats was found to be 880 mg/kg body
      weight (BW) by oral administration. However, when 600 mg/kg BW was administered
      orally with beta-glucosidase, all the rats died. Total and Mg ATPase activities
      of the heart decreased with increasing levels of administered amygdalin. When 200
      mg/kg BW amygdalin was administered 2.3 mg (11.7% of the dose) was excreted
      intact over 48 h. Amygdalin, 7.4 mg (18.5% of the dose) was excreted when the
      dose was 400 mg/kg BW, while 7.5 mg (12.4% of the dose) was excreted as intact
      amygdalin when the dosage was increased to 600 mg/kg BW. Thiocyanate excreted
      within the same 48-h period was 7.0, 9.1, and 9.5 mumol representing 18, 11.2,
      and 7.8% of the 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg BW oral dosage, respectively. With 300
      mg/kg BW amygdalin administered intraperitoneally, 4.1 mg amygdalin and 3.9 mumol
      thiocyanate representing 13.7 and 6.5% of the dose, respectively, was excreted.
      Excretion of intact amygdalin and thiocyanate was uniform when the dose was low
      (200 mg), but with higher doses over 70% of the excreted products were detected
      in the urine during the first 24 h.

PMID- 2932207
TI  - Effect of endurance swimming on rat cardiac myofibrillar ATPase with experimental
      diabetes.
AB  - Diabetes is characterized by depressed cardiac functional properties attributed
      to Ca2+-activated ATPase activity. In contrast, endurance swimming enhances the
      cardiac functional properties and Ca2+-activated myofibril ATPase. Thus, the
      purpose of this study was to observe if the changes associated with experimental
      diabetes can be ameliorated with training. Diabetes was induced with a single
      i.v. injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg). Blood and urine glucose
      concentrations were 802 +/- 44 and 6965 +/- 617 mg/dL, respectively. The training
      control and training diabetic animals were made to swim (+/- 2% body weight) 4
      days/week for 8 weeks. Cardiac myofibril, at 10 microM free Ca2+ concentration
      was reduced by 54% in the sedentary diabetics compared with sedentary control
      animals (p less than 0.05). Swim training enhanced the Ca2+-activated myofibril
      ATPase activities for the normal animals. The diabetic animals, which swam for 8
      weeks, had further reduced their Ca2+-activated myofibril ATPase activity when
      compared with sedentary diabetics (p less than 0.05). Similarly, the Mg2+
      stimulated myofibril ATPase activity was depressed by 31% in diabetics following
      endurance swimming. It is concluded that the depressed Ca2+-activated myofibril
      ATPase activity of diabetic hearts is not reversible with endurance swimming.

PMID- 2932208
TI  - Occupational asthma: definition, diagnosis and management.

PMID- 2932209
TI  - Should individuals with anti-HBs as the only marker of infection with hepatitis B
      receive hepatitis B vaccine?

PMID- 2932210
TI  - The prevalence of physical disability in southwestern Ontario.

PMID- 2932211
TI  - Contraception for the older woman--a review.

PMID- 2932212
TI  - Hepatic arterial and systemic chemotherapy for the treatment of primary and
      secondary malignancies of the liver.
AB  - Twenty-two patients with metastatic and primary cancer of the liver were treated
      with 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (5FUDR), Mitomycin C (Mito C), and 1 (-2
      chlorethyl)-4(methyl-cyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea (MeCCNU). 5FUDR 0.3 mg/kg/day was
      administered as a continuous infusion via the hepatic artery. Mito C (10 mg/M2)
      and MeCCNU (50 mg/M2) were given I.V. and orally, respectively, every 8 weeks.
      Remission of the neoplastic lesions within the liver was seen in 10 patients
      (4CR, 6PR). Five patients had stabilization of their lesion neoplasm for at least
      4 months. The response rate in this study was 6/15 (40%) in patients with colon
      cancer metastatic to the liver. Toxicity was mainly hematologic and hepatic.
      Three patients experienced a platelet count below 25,000 and/or white blood count
      below 1000. Fifteen patients had hepatic toxicity showing elevation in SGOT and
      SGPT. The SGOT and SGPT returned to normal when the 5FUDR was discontinued. The
      combination of 5FUDR intraarterially, and Mito C and MeCCNU systemically,
      demonstrated activity in malignancies of the liver. This study proved that
      chemotherapy can be administered systemically and regionally with acceptable
      toxicity.

PMID- 2932213
TI  - A phase III trial of oral high-dose medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) versus
      mepitiostane in advanced postmenopausal breast cancer.
AB  - A randomized controlled trial was performed to compare the therapeutic results of
      oral high-dose medroxyprogesterone acetate (HD-MPA) versus mepitiostane (MS) in
      the treatment of postmenopausal breast cancer. MPA was given at three doses of
      400 mg orally daily to 47 patients and produced objective responses in 19 cases
      (40.4%). An objective response was seen in 14 of the 40 control patients given MS
      at two doses of 10 mg orally daily (35.0%). Among patients with bone metastases,
      6 of 19 (31.6%) for HD-MPA and 2 of 13 (15.4%) for MS showed objective responses.
      The other merits of HD-MPA suggested in the study were improvement in performance
      status, increase in appetite, and myeloprotective effect.

PMID- 2932214
TI  - A unique malignant T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder with neutropenia
      simulating hairy cell leukemia.
AB  - The association of neutropenia with an indolent chronic T-suppressor cell
      lymphoproliferative disorder (LPD) has been well documented. The morphologic
      features and course suggest that this is a benign disorder. The authors studied a
      58-year-old man with a chronic T-cell LPD, splenomegaly, and neutropenia.
      Chromosomal analysis revealed multiple abnormalities which progressively
      increased in number as the marrow lymphocytosis became more prominent.
      Subsequently he developed small bowel infiltration. A splenectomy resulted in
      only brief improvement in the neutropenia. Immunopathologic examination of the
      spleen was consistent with a well-differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma of a mature
      peripheral T-cell type without subset specific markers. Granulocyte-monocyte
      colony (CFU-GM) formation from the patient's marrow was normal and not augmented
      by T-cell depletion. Neither the patient's splenic T-cells nor serum suppressed
      granulopoiesis. In contrast to previous T-LPD with neutropenia whose malignant
      nature has been questioned, the clinical, cytogenetic, and pathologic features
      and course in this case indicate a malignant lymphoid process which was
      effectively treated with chemotherapy. Although the histologic pattern of red
      pulp involvement simulated hairy cell leukemia, that diagnosis was excluded by
      this patient's clinical, morphologic, and cytochemical features.

PMID- 2932215
TI  - Diversity of adhesion to basement membrane components of human pancreatic
      adenocarcinomas.
AB  - Human carcinomas of the pancreas are aggressive tumors which traverse basement
      membrane barriers during invasion and metastasis. In order to examine the
      relationship of pancreatic tumor cells to basement membranes, we analyzed and
      compared the capabilities of four biologically different human pancreatic
      adenocarcinoma lines to adhere to substrate coated with purified basement
      membrane constituents. Each of the four cell lines adhered readily to purified
      laminin in a dose-dependent manner, although differences were noted in the time
      required for optimum attachment. Significant variations in the abilities of the
      cell lines to attach to purified fibronectin were evident both in concentration
      dependence and in the time required for attachment and spreading. Adhesion to
      type IV collagen was negligible for two of the four tumor lines but addition of
      soluble laminin or fibronectin augmented attachment. The other two cell lines
      attached only moderately to type IV collagen and this attachment was not enhanced
      by soluble laminin or fibronectin. When laminin or fibronectin was coated
      directly over type IV collagen, attachment of all four cell lines was comparable
      to that for the glycoproteins alone. Although the tumor lines were all
      established from human neoplasms of similar histological origin and retained the
      ability to adhere to intact basement membranes prepared from human amnion, they
      exhibited various patterns of attachment to laminin, fibronectin, and type IV
      collagen.

PMID- 2932216
TI  - Use of 5-trifluoromethyldeoxycytidine and tetrahydrouridine to circumvent
      catabolism and exploit high levels of cytidine deaminase in tumors to achieve DNA
      and target-directed therapies.
AB  - 5-Trifluoromethyl-2'-deoxycytidine (F3methyl-dCyd), when coadministered with
      tetrahydrouridine (H4Urd), surpasses the efficacy of 5-trifluorothymidine and 5
      trifluoromethyl-2'-deoxycytidine when administered alone as demonstrated with
      adenocarcinoma 755 and Lewis lung carcinoma as solid tumors implanted in C57BL X
      DBA/2 F1 mice. It appears that the reason for the heightened efficacy of F3methyl
      dCyd, when coadministered with low concentrations of H4Urd, is decreased systemic
      deamination and subsequent systemic catabolism by pyrimidine nucleoside
      phosphorylases, which do not act on deoxycytidine and its analogues. Furthermore,
      the elevated levels of cytidine deaminase in these mouse tumors may result in
      selective conversion of F3methyl-dCyd to 5-trifluorothymidine at the tumor site.
      This suggests an approach to the treatment of human tumors possessing elevated
      levels of cytidine deaminase such as certain leukemias, bronchogenic carcinoma of
      the lung, adenocarcinomas of the colon and rectum, astrocytomas, and certain
      tumors which are refractory to chemotherapy with 1-beta-D
      arabinofuranosylcytosine. In contrast to fluorinated pyrimidines in current use,
      F3methyl-dCyd + H4Urd potentially allows an exclusive DNA-, rather than both a
      DNA- and RNA-, directed approach. The major mechanism of the antitumor activity
      of F3methyl-dCyd appears to be via inhibition by 5-trifluorothymidine-5'
      monophosphate of thymidylate synthetase, the target enzyme of fluoropyrimidine
      analogues in current use. However, the established and potential differences in
      the mode of action, anabolism, nature of incorporation into DNA, repair and
      cofactor requirements of F3methyl-dCyd and its anabolites, compared to that of
      the commonly utilized fluorinated pyrimidines, indicate that F3methyl-dCyd +
      H4Urd is a novel combination of agents. In comparative studies with Lewis lung
      carcinoma, F3methyl-dCyd (+ H4Urd) was shown to surpass the efficacies of 5
      fluorouracil and 5-fluorodeoxyuridine and to be essentially equal in efficacy to
      5-fluorodeoxycytidine (+ H4Urd). The optimum established protocol against Lewis
      lung carcinoma is F3methyl-dCyd, 175 mg/kg, + H4Urd, 25 mg/kg, once per day for 7
      days. Studies utilizing high concentrations of H4Urd coadministered with F3methyl
      dCyd indicate that the major pathway of tumor inhibition is via conversion of
      F3methyl-dCyd to 5-trifluorothymidine in view of the fact that tumor inhibition
      diminishes at doses of H4Urd which result in extensive (93%) inhibition of tumor
      cytidine deaminase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2932217
TI  - Metabolism and disposition of menogaril (NSC 269148) in the rabbit.
AB  - We have investigated the metabolism and disposition, in rabbits, of menogaril (7
      OMEN), a new anthracycline antibiotic recently introduced into clinical trials. 7
      OMEN was administered by rapid i.v. injection at a dosage of 2.5 mg/kg. 7-OMEN
      and metabolites were assayed by high performance liquid chromatography. Plasma
      concentrations of 7-OMEN declined in biexponential fashion with a terminal half
      life of 2.7 h. The area under the plasma concentration versus time curve was 1.3
      microM X h. The systemic clearance of 7-OMEN was 57.6 ml/min/kg. No metabolite of
      7-OMEN was detected in plasma. At 8 h after treatment, the cumulative urinary and
      biliary excretions of 7-OMEN equivalents amounted to 1.3 and 3.4% of the total
      administered dose, respectively. 7-OMEN was the predominant fluorescent compound
      in urine, but four metabolites were also seen. In bile, 7-OMEN represented only
      9.6% of the cumulative excretion and six metabolites were observed. Among the
      organs, lungs contained the highest concentrations of parent drug. Substantial
      concentrations of metabolites were observed in the kidneys, liver, duodenum, and
      small intestine. Three of the observed metabolites of 7-OMEN have been
      tentatively identified as N-demethylmenogaril, 7-deoxynogarol, and N-demethyl-7
      deoxynogarol.

PMID- 2932218
TI  - Splenic immune effector and suppressor cells in mice bearing a growing
      plasmacytoma.
AB  - The occurrence of tumor immunity in mice bearing a growing plasmacytoma (PC) was
      studied by local adoptive transfer assay. Spleen cells from mice with a large PC
      but not with a nonpalpable or small PC retarded and often inhibited entirely the
      growth of homologous PC. They occasionally caused late regression of growing
      homologous and heterologous PC. The individual tumor-specific immune effector
      cells were found to be radiosensitive, non-adherent, Thy 1-positive T-cells. They
      were resistant to treatment of mice with high-dose cyclophosphamide (CTX). Their
      generation, however, was abrogated by low-dose CTX and irradiation at the early
      stage of their development. Spleen cells from PC-bearing mice treated with high
      dose CTX were enhanced in their effector activity, suggesting the co-existence of
      CTX-sensitive suppressor cells. The suppressor cells could be demonstrated in
      spleens of mice bearing a heterologous PC and were found also to be
      radiosensitive, non-adherent, Thy 1-positive T-cells. Their generation was
      blocked by treatment of mice with CTX during the early stage of PC development.
      These findings provide evidence for the occurrence of immune effector T-cells in
      mice with a growing PC. This immunity appears to be down-regulated by CTX
      sensitive suppressor cells.

PMID- 2932219
TI  - Pharmacology of 5'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine in patients with resistant ovarian
      cancer.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of the new fluoropyrimidine 5'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine (5'
      dFUrd) was investigated in twelve patients. The kinetics of the main metabolite 5
      fluorouracil (5-FUra) was studied in eight patients and those of 5,6-dihydro-5
      fluorouracil (5-FUraH2) in five patients. The patients participated in a Phase II
      study performed to investigate the response rate of 5'-dFUrd in advanced ovarian
      cancer. The pharmacokinetic data were compared with the clinical effects of the
      drug. The parent drug and 5-FUra were measured in both plasma and urine by high
      performance liquid chromatography. 5-FUraH2 concentrations in plasma were
      determined by capillary gas chromatography using electron capture detection and
      nitrogen-phosphorus specific detection. Several pharmacokinetic parameters such
      as elimination half-life, mean residence time, and steady state volumes of
      distribution are presented for 5'-dFUrd, 5-FUra, and 5-FUraH2. Two patients
      showed a partial response, four had stable disease, and five had progressive
      disease; one patient died due to myelotoxicity. The severity of the side effects
      correlated with the mean residence times of 5'-dFUrd and 5-FUra. Low pretreatment
      serum creatinine clearance (due to renal impairment) correlated with low renal
      excretion of 5'-dFUrd and a long mean residence time of 5'-dFUrd with the sum of
      observed toxicity. However, the extent of degradation of 5-FUra to 5-FUraH2 may
      also be related to the severity of the toxicity of 5'-dFUrd.

PMID- 2932220
TI  - Inhibition of Streptococcus mutans 6715 glucosyltransferases by sucrose analogs
      modified at positions 6 and 6'.
AB  - Sucrose derivatives modified at position 6 (6-deoxysucrose, 6-thiosucrose, 6,6'
      dithiodisucrose, and 6,6'-dideoxy-6,6'-difluorosucrose) were tested as inhibitors
      of the two Streptococcus mutans 6715 glucosyltransferases. 6-Deoxysucrose was the
      best inhibitor studied, competitively inhibiting the soluble-D-glucan forming
      enzyme (GTF-S) and the insoluble-D-glucan forming enzyme (GTF-I) with Ki values
      one order of magnitude lower than the sucrose Km values. 6-Thiosucrose was also a
      competitive inhibitor for both enzymes. 6,6'-Dithiodisucrose and 6,6'-dideoxy
      6,6'-difluorosucrose only inhibited GTF-I; 6,6'-dithiodisucrose gave mixed
      inhibition and 6,6'-dideoxy-6,6'-difluorosucrose gave uncompetitive inhibition. 6
      Thiosucrose was a substrate for both enzymes to produce acceptor products when
      acceptors were present. GTF-I synthesized de novo a water-insoluble, (1----3)-6
      thio-alpha-D-glucan from 6-thiosucrose.

PMID- 2932221
TI  - Radionephrographic follow-up with hypertensive patients after angioplasty of
      renal artery stenosis.
AB  - Radionephrographies were performed in 23 hypertensive patients before and after
      28 transluminal dilatations (PTD) of their stenosed renal arteries. The changing
      clearances for both kidneys (global = Clgl) and for stenosed and contralateral
      kidneys (Clst and Clco) were followed for three groups, dependent on their
      clinical outcome, as well as the parenchymal transit time (re-entry time) for the
      diseased (Rtst) and contralateral kidneys (Rtco): (A) Normalized hypertension:
      for 9 patients the preoperative Clco was never lower than 150 ml/min, but
      increased significantly after PTD. Rtst fell significantly, Rtco remained
      constant. Mean increase in Clgl = 91 ml/min (+25%). (B) Improved hypertension: in
      12 patients Clst and Clco had been lower than with those in group A;
      postoperatively Clst increased, Rtst fell significantly. The Rtco was prolonged
      early after PTD but normalized later. (C) Permanent hypertension: for 7 of these
      patients there were no preoperative criteria for a discrimination against the
      other groups. But in all Rtst did not normalize, and Rtco increased early after
      PTD. Even in later examinations Rtco remained higher than preoperatively. These
      results imply that the success of PTD depends mainly on the behavior of the
      contralateral kidney. The examination 1 day after the PTD gives an optimal
      prognosis concerning the end result.

PMID- 2932222
TI  - Persistent severe acne.

PMID- 2932223
TI  - [Occupational dermatoses in the health services].

PMID- 2932224
TI  - Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particle assembly in vivo: demonstration of a 6S
      RNA-free core precursor and posttranslational modification.
AB  - The in vivo synthesis and assembly of human small nuclear ribonucleoproteins
      (snRNPs) have been studied using pulse/chase analysis. Antibodies derived from
      patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and mixed connective tissue
      disease (MCTD) recognize distinguishable subsets of pulse-labeled snRNP peptides.
      These antibodies were used to immunoprecipitate sucrose gradient fractionated
      pulse-labeled and pulse/chased snRNP proteins. The results indicate that assembly
      of the U RNA-containing snRNPs is a multistep process involving prior assembly of
      an RNA-free 6S core particle. This precursor contains snRNP peptides D, E, F, and
      G, which are common to all the different U RNA-containing particles. Furthermore,
      a posttranslational modification of one of the U1 snRNP-specific peptides has
      been observed, and the kinetics of this process indicates that the modification
      occurs after particle assembly. Functional and structural implications of a
      protein core for snRNP particles are discussed.

PMID- 2932225
TI  - Evidence that a phage T4 DNA packaging enzyme is a processed form of the major
      capsid gene product.
AB  - A phage T4 DNA packaging enzyme appears to arise as a processed form of the major
      T4 capsid structural protein gp23. The enzyme activity and antigen are missing
      from all head gene mutants that block the morphogenetic proteolytic processing
      reactions of the head proteins in vivo. The enzyme antigen can be formed in vitro
      by T4 (gp21) specific processing of gp23 containing extracts. Enzyme antigen is
      found in active processed proheads but not in full heads. The enzyme and the
      major capsid protein show immunological cross-reactivity, produce common peptides
      upon proteolysis, and share an assembly-conformation-dependent ATP binding site.
      The packaging enzyme and the mature capsid protein (gp23*) both appear to arise
      from processing of gp23, the former as a minor product of a specific gp23
      structure in the prohead, acting in DNA packaging as a DNA-dependent ATPase, and
      a headful-dependent terminase.

PMID- 2932226
TI  - [Manufacture of bacterial vaccines at the Institute for Sera and Vaccines--the
      past, present and perspective for the future (on the 60th anniversary of the
      beginnings of immunologic product manufacture in Czechoslovakia)].

PMID- 2932227
TI  - [Molecular biology in the program of the VHJ Institute for Sera and vaccines (on
      the 60th anniversary of the beginnings of immunologic product manufacture in
      Czechoslovakia)].

PMID- 2932229
TI  - [Antibody response in patients vaccincated with anti-rabies vaccine Vnukovo-32
      and HDCV Merieux].

PMID- 2932228
TI  - [Immunologic research as reflected in the work of the Institute for Sera and
      Vaccines (on the 60th anniversary of immunologic product manufacture in
      Czechoslovakia)].

PMID- 2932230
TI  - [A diarrhea epidemic caused by enteroinvasive serotypes of Escherichia coli 028
      a,c (Ca792)].

PMID- 2932231
TI  - [Lipoteichoic acid in beta hemolytic streptococci].

PMID- 2932232
TI  - [Fluorescence tests on cortex Fraxini and its active constituents].

PMID- 2932233
TI  - [A new method for the identification of the Chinese drug wu-ling-zhi and its
      adulterants].

PMID- 2932234
TI  - [Microscopic identification of Monetaria annulus and Haliotis discus Hannai].

PMID- 2932235
TI  - [Components of essential oils from different parts and the charcoal of
      Schizonepeta tenuifolia].

PMID- 2932236
TI  - [Variations in the alkaloid content of Aconitum carmichaeli before and after
      processing].

PMID- 2932237
TI  - [Technology and quality control of honey pills in Chinese traditional drugs].

PMID- 2932238
TI  - [A brief survey of pharmacological studies of Chinese materia medica 1982-1984].

PMID- 2932239
TI  - [On a systematic isolation method for hydrophilic constituents of Chinese
      traditional drugs].

PMID- 2932240
TI  - [Preliminary analysis of fresh bamboo juice].

PMID- 2932241
TI  - [Pharmacological studies on thirteen kinds of injections from Andrographis
      paniculata. I. Antipyretic, anti-inflammatory effects and toxicity].

PMID- 2932242
TI  - [Experimental studies on action of ginseng flower saponins and ginsenoside Re in
      gastric ulcers in rats].

PMID- 2932243
TI  - [Observations on the biological characteristics of Cornus officinalis].

PMID- 2932244
TI  - [A preliminary study on cor pulmonale treated with traditional Chinese medicine
      and western medicine].

PMID- 2932245
TI  - [The effects in chronic cor pulmonale treated with traditional Chinese medicine
      and western medicine].

PMID- 2932247
TI  - [Treatment of the acute stage of cor pulmonale with traditional Chinese medicine
      and western medicine: a 5-year follow-up].

PMID- 2932246
TI  - [Diagnosis and treatment of cor pulmonale with traditional Chinese medicine based
      on blood gas analysis and acid-base equilibrium: analysis of 202 cases].

PMID- 2932248
TI  - [Clinical analysis of 60 cases of ulcerative colitis treated with Chinese
      traditional medicinal herbs].

PMID- 2932249
TI  - [Effects of Rehmannia glutinosa in the treatment of Sheehan's syndrome].

PMID- 2932250
TI  - [A clinical study of the relation between thyroxin and the transformation of yang
      xu symptom-complex in traditional Chinese medicine].

PMID- 2932251
TI  - [Clinical experience in treating acute maxillary-facial inflammation by
      traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine].

PMID- 2932252
TI  - [Prevention and treatment of hemorrhage after tooth extraction by using the dry
      alum powder of Cibotium barometz].

PMID- 2932253
TI  - [Treatment of oral leukoplakia with propolis: report of 45 cases].

PMID- 2932254
TI  - [Effect of radix Codonopsis pilosulae on cytochemical changes in macrophages].

PMID- 2932255
TI  - [Effect of electroacupuncture of the "zusanli" point on the exocrine secretion of
      the pancreas in rats].

PMID- 2932256
TI  - [Experimental observation on the dynamics of common bile ducts obstructed by
      calculi].

PMID- 2932257
TI  - [Current status of the clinical use and experimental study of Salviae
      miltiorrhizae Bge in the treatment of chronic hepatitis].

PMID- 2932258
TI  - [Prevention and treatment of aconite poisoning].

PMID- 2932259
TI  - [Necrotizing enteritis due to hypersensitivity reaction (similar to Arthus
      phenomenon)].
AB  - Necrotizing enteritis is a clinico-pathological entity, marked by segmentary
      necrosis of jejunum and ileum, variously extended, and is a rather rare picture,
      the etiopathogenesis of which is prevailingly supported by troubles in the
      intestinal circulation or by intestinal locations of reactions of
      hypersensitivity (Arthus-similar allergic reaction). The authors start from a
      case they had the opportunity to observe and successfully surgically treated, and
      discuss its etiopathogenetic and therapeutical implications in the light of an up
      to-date reviewing of the literature thereabout.

PMID- 2932260
TI  - Absence of left ventricular hypertrophy in elite college basketball players.
AB  - Left ventricular dimensions of 11 successful male college basketball players
      engaged in pre-season conditioning (mean age, 20.3 years) and 13 tall healthy
      male controls (mean age, 21.6 years) were studied by echocardiography. Left
      ventricular internal dimension (LVIDd, mm), posterior wall thickness (PWT, mm),
      septal thickness (ST, mm), and calculated left ventricular mass (LV mass, g) in
      the athletes were within or only slightly in excess of echocardiographic normal
      limits and mean values were not significantly different from the control group.
      LVIDd (mm/m2 body surface area) was significantly lower in the athletes. However,
      five guard-type players displayed significantly greater mean values for PWT and
      LV mass compared to six taller forwards/centers with linear body builds. It was
      concluded that left ventricular hypertrophy is not a common characteristic of
      college basketball players. It was hypothesized that cardiac dimensions of young
      men may vary independently of gross body size in relation to somatotype or other
      anthropometric variables.

PMID- 2932261
TI  - Dependency and family care of young adults with disabilities.
AB  - This paper presents findings on the independence skills of young adults with
      severe disabilities obtained in a recent survey. Most young people in the sample
      were heavily dependent on others for help with personal care and mobility. Many
      also required a considerable amount of supervision because of severe behaviour
      disturbance. The main burden of daily care was borne by the young adults'
      mothers. Suggestions are made for fostering independence in self-care and wider
      social skills.

PMID- 2932262
TI  - Hemodynamic evaluation of endotoxic shock in anesthetized piglets: antagonism of
      endogenous vasoactive substances.
AB  - In anesthetized piglets the influence of an LD100 of Escherichia coli endotoxin
      (0.5 mg/kg IV, bolus injection) on several hemodynamic parameters and on survival
      time was studied. Endotoxin provoked a pronounced decrease in arterial pressure
      and cardiac output and an increase in portal venous and pulmonary arterial
      pressure and heart rate. Total peripheral and mesenteric vascular resistances
      displayed an initial increase followed by a sustained decrease, whereas pulmonary
      vascular resistance revealed a pronounced biphasic increase. All pigs died within
      210 min following endotoxin administration. Pretreatment with the 5-HT2
      antagonists R 41468 and R 50970 and with the prostanoid-synthesis inhibitor
      flurbiprofen induced a significant attenuation of the increase in pulmonary
      vascular resistance and beneficial effects on survival. Best survival results
      were obtained with prednisolone sodium succinate, although these results can only
      partly be ascribed to beneficial hemodynamic effects. The experiments with the
      opiate antagonists, however, point to detrimental effects.

PMID- 2932263
TI  - Naloxone: ineffective in improving cardiac performance after hypoperfusion in
      swine.
AB  - A study was done to measure beta-endorphin immunoreactivity (beta-EI) in swine
      subjected to cardiopulmonary bypass at normal aortic perfusion pressures and
      during low-flow states such as can occur with shock. Fifteen pigs, divided into
      three groups of five each, were placed on total and right heart bypass and
      perfused as follows: group I, normal blood pressure (80 mmHg); group II, low
      blood pressure (45 mmHg); and group III, low flows (25 ml/kg/hr). beta-endorphin
      immunoreactivity was assayed six times during the procedure. Ventricular
      performance was evaluated by measuring stroke volume (SV) while controlling
      preload, afterload, and heart rate. Determinations of SV were made at the
      beginning of bypass, after a 1-hr pump run, and after administration of naloxone
      (1.1 mg/kg). There were no significant changes in beta-EI in any of the groups
      during the study. The initial SV in group III (23 +/- 6 ml) decreased
      significantly (p less than 0.05) after 1 hr of decreased cardiac perfusion (8.0
      +/- 7 ml) and was not improved by naloxone (5.0 +/- 7 ml). Ventricular
      performance was not improved in any group following naloxone administration. In
      our study, naloxone administered to swine following inadequate myocardial
      perfusion did not effect a significant cardiac hemodynamic response.

PMID- 2932264
TI  - Relationship between myosin isoenzyme composition, hemodynamics, and myocardial
      structure in various forms of human cardiac hypertrophy.
AB  - Hemodynamic and angiographic parameters, muscle fiber diameter, nonmuscle tissue
      content, and myosin light chain isoform composition were determined in the left
      ventricle of nine patients with primary (four with hypertrophic, five with
      dilated cardiomyopathy) and 27 patients with secondary hypertrophy (11 with
      aortic regurgitation, 16 with aortic stenosis), nine patients with coronary heart
      disease, and seven controls. In various forms of hypertrophy, a new atrial-like
      light chain 1 occurred in two-dimensional electrophoresis of total tissue
      homogenates amounting up to 29% of total light chain 1. Total light chain 1
      content remained constant in all groups when related to tropomyosin. The mean
      content of this atrial light chain 1 was highest in dilated cardiomyopathy
      (12.1%), less in cases with pressure (6.4%) and volume overload (2.9%), but as
      low in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (0.3%) as in controls (0.4%). In cases with
      coronary heart disease without prior infarction, it was lower (0.6%) than with
      infarction (1.9%). Its occurrence was not affected by digoxin administration. In
      ventricular myocardium, an atrial-like light chain 2 was never observed. Peptide
      patterns after limited proteolytic digestion of isolated myosin heavy chains from
      cases with pressure overload and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy were identical to
      those from controls. The content of the atrial-like light chain 1 was not
      correlated to either muscle fiber diameter or nonmuscle tissue content, both of
      which were increased in all hypertrophy groups. In individual cases, no firm
      correlation could be established between atrial-like light chain 1 content and
      various parameters of ventricular load and function. However, a significant
      correlation resulted when the mean values of atrial-like light chain 1 content of
      each disease group were related to the respective mean values of peak
      circumferential wall stress (r = 0.96). Thus, the shift of myosin light chain 1
      isoforms in ventricle seems to characterize biochemically the hypertrophy process
      induced by mechanical stress.

PMID- 2932265
TI  - Carbohydrate interconversions and energy production.

PMID- 2932266
TI  - Animal preparations relevant for study with positron-emission tomography or
      nuclear magnetic resonance.

PMID- 2932267
TI  - Magnetization transfer measurements of creatine kinase and ATPase rates in intact
      hearts.

PMID- 2932268
TI  - Determination of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in plasma by a one-step enzyme
      immunoassay with a microtitre plate.
AB  - We have developed a rapid and cost-effective enzyme immunoassay for
      dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) in plasma, performed with samples on a
      microtitre plate within 2.5 h. No extraction or centrifugation steps are
      involved. The 3-hemisuccinate of dehydroepiandrosterone is labeled with
      horseradish peroxidase, then mixed with hydrogen peroxide substrate in the
      presence of the chromogen, tetramethylbenzidine. The detection limit of the assay
      is 12.5 pg of DHEA-S per well. Intra- and interassay CVs at three steroid
      concentrations (12.8, 1.28, and 0.16 mumol/L) ranged from 2.3 to 5.4% and 6.1 to
      8.4%, respectively. Results correlated well (r = 0.95) with those of a
      radioimmunoassay with iodinated DHEA-S. The turnaround time for 41 samples (in
      duplicate) is 2.5 h, which includes 2 h of incubation time. The sensitivity of
      this one-step version and the linearity of its standard curve are equivalent to
      those of a less practicable two-step version. This technique may replace coated
      tube enzyme immunoassays for routine use.

PMID- 2932269
TI  - Diminished interleukin 2 production and receptor generation characterize the
      acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
AB  - The Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a disease found primarily in
      homosexual men, consisting of opportunistic infections and tumors, and is due to
      an acquired T-cell defect. In the present report, we studied various T-cell
      functions which might serve to distinguish homosexuals with a symptom complex
      including lymphadenopathy from those with AIDS. T lymphocytes from the
      lymphadenopathy and AIDS patients had markedly depressed proliferative responses
      in the autologous (auto) and allogeneic (allo) mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR)
      compared to healthy homosexuals or heterosexual controls (P less than 0.001).
      Since proliferation in the MLR depends upon interleukin 2 (IL-2), a T-cell growth
      factor, we studied the production of and response to IL-2 in various groups of
      homosexuals and heterosexual controls. IL-2 production was markedly depressed in
      the lymphadenopathy and AIDS patients, 1.0 and 0.1 U/ml, respectively, compared
      to the healthy homosexual or heterosexual controls, both 5.0 U/ml (P less than
      0.05 and P less than 0.01, respectively). Although the auto MLR of the
      lymphadenopathy patients rose to control values with the addition of exogenous IL
      2, the auto MLR of the AIDS patients did not (P less than 0.01). This lack of
      responsiveness to IL-2 in the AIDS group was due to their inability to generate
      IL-2 receptors as shown by the absence of IL-2 absorption by activated cells and
      the absence of the Tac antigen (IL-2 receptor) on these same cells. The T4+ and
      T8+ T-cell subsets from the AIDS patients each demonstrated depressed IL-2
      production and responsiveness following activation with autologous cells or
      mitogen, as well as the absence of Tac antigen. The diminished T-cell
      proliferation in the auto MLR in the lymphadenopathy group is associated with one
      defect, low IL-2 production, while the depressed proliferation in the AIDS group
      is associated with two defects, low IL-2 production and a lack of IL-2 receptor
      generation. These studies demonstrate that IL-2 receptor generation helps
      distinguish homosexuals with lymphadenopathy from those with AIDS, and that in
      addition to T-cell defects in the OKT4+ T-cell subset there are significant
      abnormalities in the OKT8+ T-cell subset in AIDS patients.

PMID- 2932270
TI  - Functional properties in Sezary cells with an unusual phenotype.
AB  - The immunological and functional characteristics of Sezary cells with an unusual
      phenotype are reported. The clinical, histologic, and hematologic picture was
      typical for Sezary syndrome. Studies with monoclonal antibodies showed that 80%
      Sezary cells had an CD3+, CD4+, CD5+, CD7-, CD8-, Leu-7+, Leu-8-, Leu-11-, OKM1-
      phenotype. By two-color immunofluorescence assay 80% FACS-sorted Leu-7+ cells
      coexpressed CD4 antigen and did not express the myeloid antigen OKM1, CD8, and
      antigens characteristic of immature T cells. The cells had no NK activity but did
      display a high helper activity. Unseparated and FACS-sorted Leu-7+ and Leu-7-
      Sezary cells did not respond to mitogens but were able to grow in the presence of
      exogenous IL-2. FACS sorted Leu-7- cells, cultured for 7 days in the presence of
      20% IL-2, acquired the receptors for Leu-7. IL-2 and IFN-gamma production was
      studied in unseparated Leu-7+ and Leu-7- FACS-sorted Sezary cells. IL-2
      production was lower than in normal cells. The addition of PHA or PHA plus TPA
      led to an increase in IL-2 production. Also IFN-gamma production was marked lower
      than in normal controls but increased after 7-day culture in exogenous IL-2. In
      conclusion in this case the Sezary cells may represent a neoplastic expansion of
      the CD3+, CD4+, CD5+, Leu-7+, Leu-11- subpopulation which is equivalent to the 2
      4% of the Leu-7+ population in normal lymphocytes.

PMID- 2932271
TI  - Increased IgG secretion by unstimulated mononuclear cells in active multiple
      sclerosis and functional assessment of the T8 subset.
AB  - Unseparated mononuclear cells (10(5) cells/well) were cultured both in the
      presence and absence of pokeweed mitogen (PWM), and IgG secretion was measured by
      radioimmunoassay. In unstimulated cultures, levels of IgG secretion were found to
      be higher in a group of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) than in control
      groups of healthy individuals or patients with other neurologic diseases (OND).
      By contrast, PWM-induced IgG secretion was similar in MS patients and in
      controls. In MS patients, levels of IgG secretion greater than 2500 ng/ml in
      unstimulated cultures were present in 29 (58%) of 50 patients with active disease
      and in only 3 (14%) of 21 patients with inactive MS (P less than 0.01; MS active
      vs inactive). Furthermore, levels of IgG secretion in unstimulated cultures were
      higher in patients who had abnormalities of circulating T-cell subsets consisting
      of reduced numbers of suppressor/cytotoxic (T8) cells and elevated
      helper:suppressor (T4:T8) ratios. In additional experiments using isolated
      populations of T-cell subsets, T8 cells from MS patients who had low percentages
      of circulating T8 cells were found to suppress PWM-induced IgG secretion by
      autologous cells to a similar extent as controls, suggesting that in vitro, T8
      cells function normally in these patients. In vitro IgG secretion by unstimulated
      mononuclear cells in MS appears to be a further reflection of abnormal immune
      regulation in this disease.

PMID- 2932272
TI  - Pulmonary sarcoidosis associated with acquired humoral and cellular
      immunodeficiency.
AB  - A previously healthy 27-year-old man with class II pulmonary sarcoidosis
      developed severe humoral immunodeficiency within the course of the disease with
      an IgG of less than 250 mg/ml and undetectable levels of IgA and IgM. Repeated
      skin tests were negative for seven common recall antigens. Cellular blood test
      demonstrated normal numbers of B cells and slight T-cell lymphopenia with a
      normal T-helper/suppressor subset distribution (ratio 1.6). In contrast, parallel
      examination of the bronchial alveolar lavage fluid (BAL) demonstrated highly
      elevated numbers of T cells with a subset ratio of 3.1 and significant numbers of
      activated T cells as revealed by the expression of Ia and Tac antigens.
      Functional in vitro assays showed a greatly decreased mitogenic response of blood
      T cells and diminished production of immunoglobulins. These data indicate that,
      despite a severely depressed systemic humoral and cellular immune system, T-cell
      activation can take place at the inflammatory site, potentially causing the
      lesions characteristic of sarcoidosis.

PMID- 2932274
TI  - Cranio-vertebral pathology in Down syndrome.
AB  - Cranio-vertebral malformations, especially atlanto-axial dislocation, are
      frequently seen in Down patients. However, symptomatic forms in mongolism are
      rare. Pyramidal signs have a signal value. In symptomatic malformations surgical
      treatment should be advised, i.e. posterior fixation after pre-operative
      reduction by traction or transoral odontoidectomy if no reduction is achieved.

PMID- 2932275
TI  - Mechanisms of tissue injury induced by immune complexes formed in the circulation
      or "in situ".

PMID- 2932273
TI  - Effect of inhibitors of glycosylation and carbohydrate processing on invasion of
      malignant mouse MO4 cells in organ culture.
AB  - Inhibitors of glycosylation and carbohydrate processing were used to investigate
      the role of carbohydrates exposed at the cell surface in invasion. Malignant
      mouse MO4 cells were confronted with embryonic chick heart in organ culture, an
      assay shown to be relevant for a number of aspects of invasion in vivo.
      Tunicamycin (1.0 microgram/ml), 2-deoxy-D-glucose (100 mM), beta-OH-norvaline
      (1.0 mM), and Monensin (0.1 microgram/ml) reversibly inhibited the invasion of
      MO4 cells. At these concentrations the drugs also inhibited the growth of MO4
      cells. 1-Deoxynojirimycin (10mM), swainsonine (0.4 microgram/ml), and
      Marcellomycin (0.1 microgram/ml) permitted invasion. Marcellomycin also
      reversibly inhibited the growth of MO4 cells. These results show that drugs known
      to interfere with the glycosylation or processing of carbohydrate chains of
      glycoproteins in different ways have different effects on the invasion of MO4
      cells in vitro.

PMID- 2932277
TI  - Right ventricular hypertrophy and polycythaemia in rats after intermittent
      exposure to hypoxia.
AB  - Six groups of 20 male adult rats were maintained in an environmental chamber,
      each group for a period of 28 days. One group breathed air throughout its
      experimental period, and a second group breathed a normobaric atmosphere of 12%
      oxygen. The other four groups were exposed to this hypoxic atmosphere for only a
      proportion of each 24 h cycle: 2, 4 and 12 h daily, and eight periods of 30 min
      daily. After 28 days, measurement was made, in each rat, of right ventricule (RV)
      weight and of red cell mass (RCM) by using 51Cr-labelled rat erythrocytes. In the
      normoxic control group, RV weight corrected for log body weight in grams was 63.2
      +/- 1 mg/log body wt. and RCM was 2.02 +/- 0.05 ml/100 g body wt. This was
      significantly less than in the group hypoxic for only 2 h each day for 28 days:
      RV weight 66.6 +/- 0.8 mg/log body wt. (P less than 0.05) and RCM 2.27 +/- 0.05
      ml/100 g body wt. (P less than 0.05). Greater increases compared with control
      were observed in all the other hypoxic groups. There was no significant
      difference in the increases in RV weight and RCM produced by daily hypoxia in a 4
      h continuous period and daily hypoxia in eight 30 min periods. The possible role
      of intermittent hypoxia in producing polycythaemia and pulmonary hypertension has
      been the subject of much speculation. Our results show that intermittent hypoxia
      is a potent stimulus to erythropoiesis and to pulmonary hypertension, reflected
      in RV hypertrophy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2932276
TI  - Comparison of the expression of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase and common
      acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen in selected hematologic malignancies.
AB  - Assays were performed on cells from 38 consecutive malignancies for both terminal
      deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) and common acute lymphoblastic leukemia
      antigen (CALLA). TdT and CALLA occurred together only on lymphoblasts from some
      cases of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). In other cases of ALL, chronic
      myelogenous leukemia (CML) in blast crisis, and acute undifferentiated leukemia
      (AUL), TdT was expressed, but CALLA was absent. TdT was present predominantly on
      cells from the lymphoid lineage as proven by special histologic stains, and CALLA
      marked a population with a favorable prognosis. Significant discrepancies in the
      expression of these two markers and the unique properties of each suggest that
      both markers are useful for the full characterization of specific hematologic
      malignancies.

PMID- 2932278
TI  - [Fibrinolytic treatment today].

PMID- 2932279
TI  - Comparison of the membrane-bound (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase in erythrocyte ghosts from
      some mammalian species.
AB  - The properties of the membrane-bound calcium-pumping protein, the (Ca2+ + Mg2+)
      ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) were compared in erythrocyte ghosts
      isolated from five mammalian species--human (Homo sapiens), bovine (Bos taurus),
      porcine (Sus scrofa melitensis), ovine (Ovis aries crassicandus) and caprine
      (Capra hircus syriaca). The specific activity of the enzyme in porcine
      erythrocytes is one order of magnitude higher than in the other species. It was
      also stimulated to various extents by the regulator protein, calmodulin, and by
      phosphatidylinositol in all the species. Analysis of membrane proteins revealed a
      number of differences which seem to suggest that the molecular architecture of
      the red cell membrane influences the activity of the enzyme.

PMID- 2932280
TI  - Phosphomannosyl receptors of lysosomal enzymes in cardiac and skeletal muscles of
      young and old mice.
AB  - The endogenous activity and the binding of high-uptake beta-N
      acetylglucosaminidase were assayed in the membranes of heart and skeletal muscles
      of young (2 months) and old (15 months) NMRI-mice (Mus musculus) to evaluate the
      age-related changes in the phosphomannosyl receptors of lysosomal enzymes in
      muscular membranes. The total activities of beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase were
      significantly higher in cardiac and skeletal muscles of old than young mice. The
      total and the specific (inhibited by mannose-6-phosphate) binding of beta-N
      acetylglucosaminidase to the membranes of cardiac muscle, but not to those of
      skeletal muscle, were higher in old mice than in young ones. The endogenous
      activity of beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase was significantly higher in the
      membranes of skeletal muscles of old mice than in those of young mice. The
      membranes of heart muscles did not show any difference in the endogenous
      activities. The saturation properties of the binding of beta-N
      acetylglucosaminidase to the phosphomannosyl receptors were very similar in the
      membranes of heart and skeletal muscles of both age groups. We conclude that
      during aging the number of phosphomannosyl receptors of lysosomal enzymes
      increases in the membranes of heart muscle while the occupancy of phosphomannosyl
      receptors with endogenous ligands increases in the membranes of skeletal muscle.

PMID- 2932281
TI  - Disability: upstairs and downstairs.

PMID- 2932282
TI  - Clinical patterns of hand eczema in women.
AB  - The hand eczema of 263 women was studied as 4 clinical patterns: palms and
      fingers, dorsa and fingers, fingers only and the entire hands. The palmar pattern
      was the commonest. Sensitisers affected the patterns equally but irritants were
      of less significance in the palmar group than among the rest. Atopics did not
      appear to have a distinctive pattern. Among the occupational group, irritants
      were of much greater importance than allergens.

PMID- 2932283
TI  - Protective effect of gloves--compiled in a data base.
AB  - In order to be able to give up-to-date and relevant information to those who have
      to choose and recommend suitable protective gloves, a data base has been
      developed containing test data on protective effects against chemicals.
      Permeation data, clinical as well as experimental, have been collected and, after
      dermatological assessment, inserted into different files in a microcomputer.

PMID- 2932284
TI  - Lymphocyte subsets and Langerhans cells in allergic and irritant patch test
      reactions: histometric studies.
AB  - This study has attempted to distinguish between allergic and irritant reactions
      to patch tests by semiquantitative histological methods. The extent of
      perivascular chronic inflammatory infiltrate at 72 h in irritant patch test
      reactions to sodium lauryl sulphate was shown to be small and very consistent,
      whereas in allergic reactions to nickel sulphate it was generally larger and more
      variable in size (p less than 0.02). The two major lymphocyte subsets (T4 and T8)
      were randomly intermixed in both types of reaction and formed the major component
      of both the perivascular and diffuse dermal infiltrate, without any evidence of
      selective migration. The T4:T8 ratios were similar in focal and diffuse
      infiltrates. The number of T6 dendritic (putative Langerhans) cells in the
      epidermis (per mm inner epidermal length) was usually greatly reduced in irritant
      reactions (5-16 mm-1, mean 10 mm-1) but remained within normal limits in allergic
      reactions (6-33 mm-1, mean 21 mm-1) (p less than 0.001). Comparable results were
      seen with other irritants (mercuric chloride and benzalkonium chloride) and other
      allergens (neomycin sulphate, ethylene diamine and potassium dichromate). In
      additional experiments, pairs of biopsies were taken from the reaction and from
      adjacent unaffected skin. The T6 cell density in the epidermis did not
      significantly differ between allergic reactions and control skin. By contrast,
      the irritant reactions had fewer T6 cells than the control skin (p less than
      0.001).

PMID- 2932286
TI  - Allergic contact dermatitis from diallylglycol carbonate monomer.

PMID- 2932285
TI  - Elicitation of contact lens allergy to thimerosal by eye cream.

PMID- 2932288
TI  - Unusual reaction to subcutaneous heparin.

PMID- 2932287
TI  - Pemphigoid following chronic cement dermatitis.

PMID- 2932289
TI  - Contact urticaria to strawberry.

PMID- 2932290
TI  - Occupational contact urticaria from penicillin.

PMID- 2932291
TI  - Sensitisation to "sensitive teeth" toothpaste.

PMID- 2932292
TI  - Allergic contact dermatitis to etophenamate.

PMID- 2932293
TI  - Allergic contact dermatitis to minoxidil.

PMID- 2932294
TI  - Occupational dermatitis from glass fiber.

PMID- 2932295
TI  - New data on dermatitis from propolis.

PMID- 2932296
TI  - Labilin--a little-known contact allergen.

PMID- 2932297
TI  - Seborrhoeic dermatitis induced by nicotine of horsetails (Equisetum arvense L.).

PMID- 2932298
TI  - Human sensitization testing with commercial permanent waving lotions containing
      glyceryl monothioglycolate.

PMID- 2932299
TI  - A randomized cross-over comparison of two low-dose oral contraceptives upon
      hormonal and metabolic serum parameters: II. Effects upon thyroid function,
      gastrin, STH, and glucose tolerance.
AB  - The effect of a low-dose triphasic oral contraceptive (OC) containing ethinyl
      estradiol and levonorgestrel (EE/NG) upon thyroid function and some other
      biochemical serum parameters was compared to that of a preparation containing EE
      and desogestrel (EE/DG). Blood samples were taken on Day 6, 11, 21, and 28 of a
      control cycle and of the third cycle of treatment with either the EE/NG or EE/DG
      preparation (11 volunteers each). After a washout period of 3 months, the
      contraceptives were changed in a cross-over fashion. Blood samples were again
      taken on Day 6, 11, 21, and 28 of the third washout cycle and the third treatment
      cycle. There was a significant increase (13%) in basal glucose level during
      treatment with both OC, but no change in glucose tolerance. Both the EE/NG and
      FE/DG preparation elevated serum T4 (40%), FT4 (15-22%), T3 (17-28%), and TBG
      (20%) significant, whereby the effect was more pronounced during the second
      treatment period after washing-out. The effective thyroxine ratio (ETR) was
      slightly (4%) but significantly increased. Contrary to this, the levels of FT3,
      reverse T3 (rT3), TSH, and gastrin were not altered. STH showed great individual
      fluctuations, but was significantly elevated by 50% during treatment with both
      OC. There was no effect of endogenous estradiol upon thyroid or other parameter,
      even though it was raised considerably in some women under OC. Although the
      increase in T4 and T3 is probably due to a rise in estrogen-induced TBG
      production, the data seem to indicate that there is a slight but effective
      stimulation of thyroid function during treatment with low-dose OC.

PMID- 2932300
TI  - Two-dimensional echocardiographic evaluation of right ventricular size and
      contractility in acute respiratory failure.
AB  - Right ventricular size and contractility were evaluated using two-dimensional
      echocardiography during the first days of respiratory support in 23 patients
      requiring mechanical ventilation for acute respiratory failure. Nine patients had
      normal echocardiographic right ventricular function, and nine other patients had
      a slightly enlarged right ventricle with normal systolic function. The remaining
      five patients had a severely enlarged right ventricle with abnormal contractile
      pattern. In these five patients, two-dimensional echocardiography also showed a
      reduction in left ventricular size suggesting detrimental ventricular
      interdependence. All 23 patients had normal left ventricular systolic function by
      two-dimensional echocardiography.

PMID- 2932301
TI  - Naloxone therapy of human septic shock.
AB  - A 0.01 and 0.1-mg/kg dose of iv naloxone was administered to seven patients in
      septic shock, in order to evaluate naloxone's hemodynamic effect and possible
      relation to changes in plasma beta-endorphin and catecholamine levels. Naloxone
      failed to modify cardiac index, blood pressure, heart rate, and systemic vascular
      resistance. Plasma beta-endorphin, norepinephrine, and epinephrine were elevated
      but did not change after naloxone administration. These results suggest that beta
      endorphin release is a consequence but not a cause of shock, and that the
      beneficial hemodynamic effects of naloxone in animal studies could be related to
      species differences or nociceptive stimulations.

PMID- 2932302
TI  - Freeze denaturation of enzymes and its prevention with additives.
AB  - Freeze inactivation of LDH, MDH, ADH, G-6-PDH, and PK and its prevention with
      additives such as sodium glutamate and albumin were studied. LDH, MDH, ADH, G-6
      PDH, and PK, each lost their activity during frozen storage at -20 degrees C. The
      speed of the inactivation differed in each. The stability of the enzymes
      increased with the increase of the enzyme concentration. Sodium glutamate and
      albumin prevented the freeze inactivation. While the activity of the LDH solution
      frozen without additives was almost lost during a day of frozen storage, those
      frozen with either glutamate (0.2 M) or albumin (0.1%) added decreased less
      quickly. The residual activity after 1 day was 50% the initial prefreeze value
      for the former and 10% for the latter, respectively. Combined use of glutamate
      and albumin prevented the inactivation the best and maintained the initial
      activity almost completely over 6 weeks. The enzymes tested lost some part of
      their activity when their solutions were diluted by the media. This inactivation
      was prevented to a significant extent by the addition of sodium glutamate and/or
      albumin to the diluting media.

PMID- 2932303
TI  - The use of aztreonam in the treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhoea.
AB  - A total of 57 men and 26 women with uncomplicated gonorrhoea was treated with 1 g
      aztreonam intramuscularly. The cure rate was 96% and included successful
      treatment of 4 infections due to beta-lactamase producing organisms and 8
      patients with pharyngeal involvement. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of
      aztreonam in vitro were lower than those of penicillin and similar to cefuroxime,
      and side-effects were minimal. It is concluded that aztreonam is effective
      against Neisseria gonorrhoeae in vivo and in vitro.

PMID- 2932304
TI  - Increased hepatic microsomal adenosine triphosphatase activity secondary to intra
      abdominal infection.

PMID- 2932305
TI  - Genetic analysis of Streptococcus mutans virulence.

PMID- 2932306
TI  - Contact dermatitis to clotrimazole.
AB  - A 60-year-old man with allergic contact dermatitis to clotrimazole (Lotrimin) is
      described. Results of patch tests confirmed the reaction to clotrimazole itself
      and not the vehicle. After negative results of patch tests to other imidazoles,
      the patient was treated with econazole without complications. A brief review of
      contact dermatitis to clotrimazole and other imidazoles is included.

PMID- 2932307
TI  - A comparison of Cleocin T 1 percent solution and Cleocin T 1 percent lotion in
      the treatment of acne vulgaris.
AB  - A randomized, investigator-blind study was conducted to compare the efficacy and
      skin tolerance of Cleocin T Topical 1 percent Solution and Cleocin T Topical 1
      percent Lotion. Both treatments reduced acne lesion counts. More than 70 percent
      of the evaluable patients receiving each treatment reported that their acne
      improved by the end of the twelve-week study. Skin dryness was reported
      significantly more often by patients applying the solution than by those applying
      the lotion. This newly developed lotion formulation of topical clindamycin
      phosphate is equal in efficacy to, and appears to be less irritating than,
      Cleocin T Topical Solution.

PMID- 2932308
TI  - Isolation and characterization of two repetitive DNA fragments located near the
      centromere of the mouse X chromosome.
AB  - Two repetitive DNA fragments located on the mouse X chromosome are described. The
      fragments were isolated from a lambda phage library enriched in X-chromosomal
      sequences by flow sorting. Both fragments, which are repeated 20 to 50 times in
      the genome, were mapped to the mouse X chromosome by Southern blot hybridization
      to DNA from hybrid cells retaining the mouse X chromosome, by dosage analysis,
      and by in situ hybridization to mouse chromosomes. In mouse strain C57BL/10BK,
      one fragment appeared to be located only on the X chromosome, while the other
      fragment had homologous sequences on chromosome 11 in addition to the X
      chromosome. The latter fragment showed DNA variants between mouse strains, which
      are potentially useful for mapping. Both fragments cross-hybridized to another
      mouse species: Mus caroli. In this species, each fragment appeared to be located
      on the X chromosome, indicating that some X-chromosome repetitive sequences are
      partially conserved. In addition, one fragment cross-hybridized to human DNA.

PMID- 2932309
TI  - [Animal experiment and clinical application of Bletilla striata as an embolizing
      agent].

PMID- 2932310
TI  - [An experimental study on the mechanism of gastrointestinal double contrast image
      formation and its clinical application].

PMID- 2932311
TI  - [CT diagnosis of intracranial epidermoid cyst].

PMID- 2932312
TI  - [The left ventriculography in endocardial cushion defect].

PMID- 2932313
TI  - [Selective superior mesenteric arteriography in the diagnosis of intestinal
      tumors and intestinal bleeding].

PMID- 2932314
TI  - [Observation of the middle meningeal sinuses in the Chinese].

PMID- 2932315
TI  - [Investigation on the radiological anatomy of the Runstrom II projection of the
      temporal bone].

PMID- 2932316
TI  - [Skeletal changes in congenital dysgenesis of the ovary (a report of 10 cases)].

PMID- 2932317
TI  - [An X-ray follow-up of Kaschin-Beck's disease after leaving endemic areas].

PMID- 2932318
TI  - [Laparoscopy performed with gastroscopy].

PMID- 2932319
TI  - [Concanavalin A-induced suppressor cell activity in patients with leukemia].

PMID- 2932320
TI  - [Studies of the physical measurements and health status of Down's syndrome
      patients].

PMID- 2932321
TI  - Modification of silastic sling repair for rectal procidentia and anal
      incontinence.

PMID- 2932323
TI  - Prostaglandins and chemotherapy-induced ulcers in dogs.
AB  - About 50% of patients receiving intrahepatic infusion of 5-fluorouracil
      deoxyriboside (5-FUDR) for colorectal cancer with hepatic metastasis develop
      significant gastroduodenal lesions. This paper reviews two studies on the effect
      of 16,16 dimethyl prostaglandin E2 (DMPGE2) on 5-fluorouracil-induced mucosal
      lesions in dogs. DMPGE2 at high doses (2 micrograms X kg-1 X h-1), which reduced
      histamine-stimulated gastric acid secretion by 65%, reduced gastric mucosal
      injury. Interestingly, DMPGE2 at much lower doses (0.02 micrograms X kg-1 X h-1),
      which had no effect on histamine-stimulated gastric acid secretion, was also
      effective in lowering gastric mucosal injury. These animal studies, if supported
      by the results of a larger patient study, would provide a rational basis for the
      use of prostaglandins in the prophylaxis and treatment of chemotherapy-induced
      ulcers.

PMID- 2932322
TI  - Influence of ranitidine on hepatic blood flow assessed by organ-reflectance
      spectrophotometer and pulse-Doppler ultrasonic flowmeter.
AB  - The influence of the intravenous injection of ranitidine (50 mg) on hepatic
      hemodynamics was investigated in normal subjects and patients with chronic liver
      disease. Using the organ-reflectance spectrophotometer, the regional hepatic
      blood hemoglobin concentration (delta Er569-650), an indicator of the regional
      hepatic blood flow, and the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin in the regional
      hepatic tissue (So2) were measured in patients with chronic liver disease after
      ranitidine injection under peritoneoscopy. With the pulse-Doppler ultrasonic
      flowmeter, the portal blood flow was measured in patients with chronic liver
      disease and normal subjects. There were no significant changes in the regional
      hepatic blood flow, the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin, and the portal blood
      flow after the intravenous injection of ranitidine. Thus, it is concluded that
      usual dose of ranitidine has no significant influence on the hepatic blood flow
      and that it can be prescribed without reducing the hepatic blood flow.

PMID- 2932324
TI  - Gastroduodenal bicarbonate secretion in mucosal protection. Possible role of
      vasoactive intestinal peptide and opiates.
AB  - HCO3- secretion by surface epithelium in duodenum devoid of Brunner's glands was
      titrated in situ in anesthetized rats. Intravenous injection of small amounts (20
      ng/kg) of the endogenous opioid peptide beta-endorphin significantly increased
      secretion. Naloxone prevented this effect, suggesting that stimulation is
      mediated by mu-opiate receptors. Morphine 50 microgram/kg had a similar
      stimulatory action. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) 0.5-100 microgram/kg dose
      dependently increased secretion and this response was independent of simultaneous
      cholinergic stimulation. The HCO3- secretion maintained pH in the mucus gel
      adherent to the luminal surface at neutrality for long periods of time (greater
      than or equal to 60 min); even when the pH in the terminal bulk solution was as
      low as 2.0. Mucosal HCO3- secretion is thus very probably important in mucosal
      protection and VIP and endogenous opioid peptides may have a role in its control.

PMID- 2932325
TI  - Action of drugs and chemical agents on rat liver regeneration.
AB  - Chemical agents and drugs of widely differing pharmacological activity have been
      administered to partially hepatectomized male rats and the extent of liver
      regeneration ascertained over a period of 10 days. Of the large number
      investigated, the following fed ad lib in diets supplemented in a basal ration at
      the weight percentages indicated, proved to be hepatotrophic: anticonvulsants -
      mephenytoin (0.15), methsuximide (0.15), phensuximide (0.15) and primidone
      (0.10); benzodiazepines - clobazam (0.10), flurazepam hydrochloride (0.12),
      halazepam (0.070), oxazepam (0.030) and temazepam (0.10); anti-inflammatory
      agents - benoxaprofen (0.040), ibuprofen (0.10 and 0.20), naproxen (0.040) and
      sulindac (0.075); sedatives and hypnotics - ethinamate (0.75), glutethimide
      (0.075), methaqualone (0.030 and 0.10) and methprylon (0.30) and the analgesic
      and antipyretic, aminopyrine (0.15); antifungal - griseofulvin (0.50); anti
      androgen - cyproterone acetate (0.020 and 0.050); uricosuric - sulfinpyrazone
      (0.050 and 0.20); skeletal muscle relaxant - chlorzoxazone (0.20);
      hydrocholeretic - florantyrone (0.30); anti-hypertensive - prazosin hydrochloride
      (0.010) and the thyroid inhibitor, methimazole (0.025). The feeding of several of
      the stimulants at the given levels to intact males elicited wet and dry liver
      enlargement. Most of the current test agents as screened in operated rats, had
      little effect on the regeneration and in fact, tended to depress the process when
      higher levels were fed or injected.

PMID- 2932326
TI  - Dermatitis.
AB  - Dermatitis, the inflammatory response of the skin to various factors, may present
      in a variety of forms. Atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, nummular eczema,
      seborrhea, and stasis dermatitis, conditions with which the patient may present
      to the emergency department, either in the acute stage or with exacerbation of a
      chronic condition, are reviewed in this article.

PMID- 2932327
TI  - Drug eruptions in an emergency department setting.
AB  - The author outlines specific methods of evaluating drug reactions in terms of the
      appearance of the reaction and then lists the drugs likely to produce these
      reactions. Proposed mechanisms of these reactions are also discussed.

PMID- 2932328
TI  - Peritoneoscopic placement of a Tenckhoff catheter for chronic peritoneal
      dialysis.
AB  - The use of peritoneoscopic control in the placement of a Tenckhoff catheter for
      chronic peritoneal dialysis permits accurate positioning of the catheter. As a
      result, the risk of malfunction during change of dialysis fluid is considerably
      reduced, and prior abdominal surgery and adhesions no longer automatically
      represent contraindications. A special trocar permits the introduction of the
      catheter to be done more gently, causes less scarring, and does away with the
      lower Dacron cuff. This prevents the kinking of the catheter in the abdominal
      wall, and makes the change of dialysis fluid more convenient. In addition, the
      procedure takes less time to carry out, as does the removal of the catheter on
      termination of dialysis.

PMID- 2932329
TI  - Influence of ethanol on the human serum level of beta-hexosaminidase.
AB  - Serum activities of the lysosomal enzymes beta-hexosaminidase, alpha-fucosidase
      and alpha-mannosidase in teetotalers, healthy persons with 'ordinary' alcohol
      consumption, chronic alcoholics and patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis were
      compared. There was no difference between controls and teetotalers, whereas serum
      from chronic alcoholics and patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis showed a
      significant increase of lysosomal enzymes compared to controls and teetotalers.
      The effect of daily alcohol ingestion on the serum activity of lysosomal enzymes
      was studied in 9 healthy volunteers. A minor but significant increase was found
      for beta-hexosaminidase. It is concluded that the increase of lysosomal enzyme
      activity in serum from alcoholics is due to the liver dysfunction.

PMID- 2932330
TI  - A controlled evaluation of paraspinal EMG biofeedback in the treatment of chronic
      low back pain.
AB  - Sixty-six chronic low back pain sufferers were randomly divided into three
      groups. Following individual assessments consisting of psychological
      questionnaires, pain monitoring, and measurement of paraspinal electromyogram
      (EMG), one group received paraspinal EMG biofeedback and another a placebo
      treatment. The third group received no intervention. Two further assessments were
      carried out on all groups immediately after treatment and at a 3-month follow-up.
      All groups showed significant reduction in pain, anxiety, depression, and
      paraspinal EMG following treatment and at follow-up, but there were no
      differences between groups. A regression analysis failed to identify subjects'
      characteristics that predicted positive outcome in the biofeedback group.
      However, high scores on the Evaluative scale of the McGill Pain Questionnaire and
      high hypnotizability were significant predictors of positive outcome for the
      placebo group. It is concluded that paraspinal EMG biofeedback is not a specific
      treatment for chronic low back pain in a nonhospitalized population.

PMID- 2932331
TI  - Isolation and structural organization of the Neurospora crassa copper
      metallothionein gene.
AB  - The Neurospora crassa copper metallothionein gene was cloned and its complete
      nucleotide sequence is reported. Enriched metallothionein mRNA was used as a
      template for cDNA synthesis, primed by a metallothionein-specific, synthetic
      undecanucleotide. The sequence of the cDNA obtained allowed the synthesis of a
      unique 21-mer which was used to screen a genomic DNA library of N. crassa. In
      agreement with the published amino acid sequence, the gene codes for a
      polypeptide 26 amino acid residues in length. The coding region is interrupted by
      a small intron (94 nucleotides). The gene structure is compared with those of
      mammalian metallothioneins. In both cases, the coding regions are split by
      introns, the intron-exon boundaries, however, are in different positions. The
      neurospora copper metallothionein gene is, to our knowledge, the smallest gene
      interrupted by an intron isolated so far.

PMID- 2932332
TI  - Em polypeptide and its messenger RNA levels are modulated by abscisic acid during
      embryogenesis in wheat.
AB  - The effect of abscisic acid (ABA) on the expression of the 'early-methionine
      labeled' (Em) polypeptide was examined in cultured, immature wheat (Triticum
      aestivum, L.) embryos and in developing embryos in planta. A complementary DNA
      (cDNA) library was constructed from poly(A)-rich RNA from immature embryos
      cultured in the presence of ABA. ABA-enhanced sequences were first identified by
      differential colony-blot hybridization, and then verified using RNA slot-blot
      analysis. Dot-blot hybridization showed that one clone, p1015, was homologous to
      the previously isolated Em cDNA, pWG432. Electrophoretic analysis of the hybrid
      select translation product of p1015 confirmed its identity as an Em sequence.
      Comparison of the p1015 cDNA insert size and the Em message size, from northern
      blot analysis, showed that p1015 contained about 87% of the Em sequence. RNA slot
      blot analysis and protein electrophoresis showed that Em message, but not Em
      protein, accumulated at a low, basal level in immature embryos in the absence of
      ABA. Neither Em message nor Em protein was seen in three-day germinated
      seedlings. Steady-state levels of Em message and protein increased in immature
      embryos in the presence of ABA, both in culture and in planta. Regulation
      appeared to be primarily at the level of transcription or specific message
      stability. Regulation may also involve specific protein stability, since
      synthesis of Em protein continued in immature embryos in the absence of ABA, but
      Em protein did not accumulate in detectable amounts. We conclude that ABA
      specifically modulates Em message and protein levels in immature embryos, but is
      probably not responsible for the embryogenic specificity of Em expression.

PMID- 2932333
TI  - DNA sequence analysis of the oli1 gene reveals amino acid changes in
      mitochondrial ATPase subunit 9 from oligomycin-resistant mutants of Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae.
AB  - The nucleotide sequence of the oli1 gene encoding mitochondrial ATPase subunit 9
      (76 amino acids) has been determined for five oligomycin-resistant mutants of
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Three of the mutations affect amino acids in the
      vicinity of the glutamic acid residue 59 at which dicylohexyl carbodiimide binds.
      Two other mutations lead to substitution of amino acid 23, which would lie very
      close to residue 59 in the folded hairpin conformation that this protein is
      thought to adopt in the inner mitochondrial membrane. The apposition of residues
      23 and those adjacent to residue 59, lying respectively in the two hydrophobic
      membrane-spanning arms of subunit 9, is considered to constitute an oligomycin
      binding domain. By consideration of the amino acid substitutions in those mutants
      cross-resistant to venturicidin, a domain of resistance for venturicidin is
      defined to lie within the oligomycin-binding domain, also centered on residues 23
      and 59. These data also clarify the genetic recombination behaviour of alleles
      previously defined to form part of the oli3 locus (mutants characterized by
      resistance to both oligomycin and venturicidin) together with alleles defined to
      form part of the oli1 locus (mutants not cross-resistant to venturicidin). The
      oli1 and oli3 loci can now be seen to form two overlapping extended groups within
      the oli1 gene, with sequenced oli3 mutations being as far apart as 125
      nucleotides within the subunit 9 coding region of 231 nucleotides.

PMID- 2932334
TI  - Dose dependent pharmacokinetics of midazolam.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of midazolam and 1-hydroxymethylmidazolam were investigated
      following oral administration of 7.5, 15 and 30 mg doses of midazolam in solution
      to 12 healthy subjects. Compared to the 7.5 mg dose, the Cmax and AUC parameters
      of both midazolam and 1-hydroxymethylmidazolam increased proportionally after the
      15 mg dose and more than proportionally after the 30 mg dose. The t1/2 for
      midazolam remained relatively constant between the 7.5 and 15 mg doses whereas it
      increased slightly but significantly after the 30 mg dose. These data indicated
      that the pharmacokinetics of midazolam and 1-hydroxymethylmidazolam were linear
      between the 7.5 and 15 mg oral dose range. However, after the 30 mg dose, the
      systemic availability of midazolam and the AUC for 1-hydroxymethylmidazolam
      appeared to be greater than that anticipated from the lower doses, possibly due
      to saturation of midazolam first-pass metabolism. This is not expected to have
      any clinical significance under the conditions of therapeutic use.

PMID- 2932335
TI  - Ontogenic development of "natural" and induced plaque-forming cell isotypes in
      normal mice.
AB  - The numbers of cells and background plaque-forming cells (PFC) in the spleen of
      C3H/HeJ mice increase exponentially during the first 2 weeks after birth, but
      much slower in bone marrow (BM). IgG1 and IgG2a PFC are the first non-IgM PFC
      detectable, while IgG3 and IgA PFC appear only around weaning. Adult-type PFC
      numbers and isotype pattern are present in spleen and BM at 4 and 15 weeks,
      respectively. Neonatal splenic C3H/Tif B cells produce non-IgM Ig classes in
      vitro in response to polyclonal activation by lipopolysaccharide or by helper T
      cells. These responses are of low magnitude during the first 2 weeks of life, but
      both secreted and membranebound IgG1 and IgG3 isotypes are detectable already a
      few days after birth, in a pattern that is identical to that typical of T cell
      dependent or independent responses of adult cells. These results indicate full
      maturity of B cells in "switch" abilities already from birth, in spite of a
      general deficiency in terminal maturation. In addition, they demonstrate the
      complexity of isotype regulation in "background" antibody production in vivo.

PMID- 2932336
TI  - The ability of Ia and H-2Kk-bearing membranes to replace the antigen-presenting
      cell in an H-2Kk allogeneic cytotoxic T cell response.
AB  - Induction of an allogeneic cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response is dependent, in
      part, on uptake and processing of the class I alloantigen by antigen-presenting
      cells and subsequent Ia-restricted recognition of the alloantigen by helper T
      cells, resulting in lymphokine production. The nature of the antigen-processing
      event has been investigated using reconstituted membranes to replace the antigen
      presenting cells in the generation of a secondary allogeneic CTL response.
      Membranes were isolated from an Iad-positive antigen presenting B cell lymphoma
      (D2N), detergent solubilized and then reconstituted together with affinity
      purified H-2Kk antigen in the presence of protease inhibitors. These
      reconstituted vesicles, containing both syngeneic Ia and alloantigen, were able
      to induce the helper T cell arm of the CTL response in cultures depleted of
      antigen-presenting cells. A variety of control experiments provided strong
      evidence that the helper T cells recognized the H-2Kk, probably in its native
      form, in an Ia-restricted manner on the vesicles, while the pre-CTL can directly
      recognize H-2Kk. Recognition was only effective if both the Ia and alloantigen
      were inserted into the same membrane bilayer. The results strongly suggest that
      the obligatory antigen processing event required for helper T cell recognition of
      alloantigen is simply the insertion of the alloantigen into the same membrane
      bilayer as the syngeneic Ia restricting element.

PMID- 2932337
TI  - Dominant suppressive effect of the silent Eb alpha allele on an in vivo T helper
      cell response under Ed beta Ed alpha region-linked immune response gene control.
AB  - Previous adoptive spleen cell transfer experiments have demonstrated that an
      immune response (Ir) gene linked to the Ed beta Ed alpha region allows BALB/c T
      helper lymphocytes (Th) to respond to an idiotope on the V lambda 2(315) fragment
      of isologous myeloma protein M315. BALB.K (H-2k) and BALB.B (H-2b) do not respond
      to V lambda 2(315). While (H-2d X H-2k)F1 hybrids have been shown to be
      responders, it is now demonstrated that (H-2d X H-2b)F1 hybrids are low
      responders. By crossing BALB/c with various H-2 recombinants on B10 background
      and probing Th responsiveness to V lambda 2(315) in these F1 hybrids, the
      dominant suppressive gene of the H-2b haplotype is mapped to Eb alpha Sb. It is
      argued that the suppressive gene is Eb alpha, which is a silent allele. A likely
      explanation for the suppressive effect of the Eb alpha allele is that reduced
      amounts of Ed beta: Ed alpha restriction elements are present on antigen
      presenting cells of (H-2d X H-2b)F1 hybrids because only one E alpha gene is
      functional in such mice. The present report extends previous in vitro findings
      from other laboratories to the in vivo situation and suggests that silent alleles
      for class II molecule chains may profoundly affect certain immune responses of
      individuals heterozygous for the silent allele.

PMID- 2932338
TI  - Antigen-specific major histocompatibility complex-restricted helper T cell clones
      are sufficient to induce unprimed B cells to switch and to secrete IgG and IgA in
      a primary in vitro polyclonal response.
AB  - To investigate the role of helper T (Th) cells in the regulation of the
      production of the various immunoglobulin (Ig) classes and subclasses, we have
      used poly (Glu60 Ala30Tyr10) (GAT)-specific, major histocompatibility-complex
      restricted Th cell clones to stimulate unprimed B cells. The T cells used in
      these studies were Thy-1+, Lyt-1+, Lyt-2- and lacked Fc receptor for IgM, IgG and
      IgA, and the unprimed splenic B cells were selected by the fluorescence-activated
      cell sorter for their lack of expression of surface (s)IgG and by panning for
      their lack of expression of sIgA. We have taken advantage of the ability of some
      antigen-specific major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted Th cell clones
      to polyclonally activate unprimed B cells in vitro in the presence of high doses
      of antigen. We have shown that under these conditions, an antigen-specific MHC
      restricted Th cell clone is sufficient to induce the switch of sIgG- sIgA-
      unprimed B cells to IgG and IgA, as well as the expansion of these cells and
      their differentiation into IgG and IgA-secreting cells. Isotype-specific Th cells
      thus do not seem to be an absolute requirement for the production of the various
      IgG subclasses and of IgA.

PMID- 2932339
TI  - A subset of OKT4+ peripheral T cells can generate colonies containing mixed
      progeny with OKT4+ helper and OKT8+ suppressor cells.
AB  - The membrane phenotype of human T cell colony progenitors and that of their
      clonal progeny was studied for expression of the T4 and T8 determinants. Using
      clonal culture conditions, the colonies were grown in semi-solid agar medium from
      peripheral blood cells. Clonality was assessed using the glucose-6-phosphate
      dehydrogenase isoenzyme marker. Combination of this marker with the culture of
      sorted cell fractions allowed us to ascribe the colony progenitors to a subset of
      OKT4+ lymphocytes. The progeny consisted of the mixture of single OKT4+, single
      OKT8+ and double OKT4+8+ cells, as determined by double staining. Double staining
      was performed on mass-harvested colony cells and on individual colonies expanded
      in liquid culture with fresh interleukin 2. Expression of the OKT8 positivity on
      colony cells deriving from OKT4+ progenitors required an interaction with
      radioresistant OKT8+ cells that were co-cultured with these progenitors.
      Furthermore, the functional capacities of the cell progeny were assayed on the
      pokeweed mitogen-driven immunoglobulin production by B cells. It was found that
      OKT4+ colony cells were helper whereas OKT8+ colony cells were suppressor cells.
      It is concluded that a subset of OKT4+ peripheral blood T lymphocytes can
      generate colonies containing both helper OKT4+ cells and suppressor OKT8+ cells.

PMID- 2932340
TI  - Modulation of complement receptors of a human monocyte cell line, U-937, during
      incubation with phorbol myristate acetate: expression of an iC3b-specific
      receptor (CR3).
AB  - The human monocyte line, U-937, derived from an individual with histiocytic
      lymphoma was studied for the expression of surface C3 receptors, after
      cultivation in the presence of phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) or T lymphocyte
      conditioned medium. Receptors were detected by using EAC4b, EAC3b, EC3b, EAC3bi
      and EAC3d intermediates. U-937 cells, in exponential growth phase, poorly bound
      the intermediates; after exposure to PMA or T lymphocyte-conditioned medium, U
      937 cells strongly bound both EAC3b and EAC3bi since about 50% of cells rosetted
      with these intermediates. This binding was totally inhibited by EDTA and by Mac-1
      monoclonal antibody, suggesting the presence of only CR3 receptor types on these
      cells. Although U-937 cells formed rosettes with EAC3b, there was no evidence for
      the presence of CR1 receptors since no rosette was observed either with EAC4b or
      with EC3b intermediates (EC3b were prepared by coupling purified C3b to
      erythrocytes with N-succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate. As small amounts
      of factor H were present on EAC3b intermediates, incubation of EAC3b with U-937
      cells induced their transformation into EAC3bi and their binding to CR3.
      Moreover, U-937 cells did not promote the cleavage of C3b in the presence of
      factor I alone, suggesting that these cells did not bear a sufficient amount of
      functionally active CR1. These results demonstrated that U-937 cells
      predominantly expressed CR3. The study of the kinetics of EAC3bi rosette
      formation demonstrated that CR3 expression is closely related to PMA activation.
      We suggest that CR3 activity could result from a phosphorylation of existing
      receptors.

PMID- 2932341
TI  - Functional differences between B cell-depletion techniques in removing memory B
      cells. Relevance to anti-erythrocyte autoantibody-specific suppressor cells.
AB  - The efficiency of a number of B cell-depletion techniques was examined in a
      functional assay. CBA (Iga) mice were primed with rat erythrocytes and their
      spleen cells transferred, before and after B cell depletion, to mice of the
      allotype-congenic strain Igb. The recipients were challenged with rat
      erythrocytes and their anti-erythrocyte autoantibody response was measured
      together with the donor (Iga) and host (Igb) anti-rat erythrocyte antibody
      levels. Transferred unseparated cells suppressed erythrocyte autoantibodies and
      produced high levels of anti-rat erythrocyte antibodies. Transfer of panned,
      rosetted or nylon wool-passaged cells neither altered donor anti-rat erythrocyte
      antibody levels nor abrogated suppression. By contrast, passage of rat
      erythrocyte-primed B cells over Ig-anti-Ig-coated beads resulted in removal of
      donor rat-primed B cell activity and loss of suppressor cells. The B cell
      depletion techniques were effective at removing B cells as judged by the reduced
      number of fluoresceinated anti-Ig-labeled cells among unbound cells although
      analysis on a fluorescein-activated cell sorter revealed that the most effective
      method was depletion on Ig-anti-Ig-coated beads. B cell depletion by panning
      removed the capacity of virgin but not primed cells to make adoptive antibody
      responses after transfer suggesting that the primed cells most efficient in
      adoptive transfer have a lower density of surface Ig than virgin cells. Treatment
      of donors with drugs which abrogated transferrable suppression of erythrocyte
      autoantibodies did not alter donor anti-rat erythrocyte antibody levels in
      recipients. It is considered that rat primed B cells are involved in the
      suppression of erythrocyte autoantibodies by acting as selective antigen
      presenting cells for T suppressor inducer cells, rather than through an anti-rat
      erythrocyte antibody feedback mechanism.

PMID- 2932342
TI  - Specific binding of [3H]d-cis-diltiazem to cardiac sarcolemma and its inhibition
      by calcium.

PMID- 2932343
TI  - Spiperone differentiates multiple 5-hydroxytryptamine responses in rat
      hippocampal slices in vitro.

PMID- 2932344
TI  - Transmembrane calcium movement in 20,25-diazacholesterol myotonia.
AB  - An abnormality in myoplasmic Ca2+ regulation has frequently been proposed in
      20,25-diazacholesterol (20,25-D) myotonia. We report here the results of several
      studies of transmembrane Ca2+ movement in this animal model. (i) Physiologic Ca2+
      release by intact sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) was examined in chemically skinned
      single muscle fibers preloaded in EGTA-buffered Ca2+ solutions (pCa2+7.0 to 6.4).
      Isometric tension development and Ca2+ release thresholds in response to Cl- or
      caffeine showed no differences between control and 20,25-D fibers at any pCa2+.
      (ii) The kinetics of energy-dependent Ca2+ accumulation in purified SR vesicles
      were followed spectrophotometrically using Ca2+-sensitive dyes. The apparent rate
      for ATP-dependent Ca2+ uptake and Ca2+ sequestering capacity were unchanged in SR
      from 20,25-D animals vs. controls. (iii) Surface membrane Ca2+ATPase activity was
      measured in red blood cell ghosts and sarcolemma. Enzyme Vmax was decreased by 25
      to 50% in both membranes in the 20,25-D-treated animals with a compensatory
      increase in the number of Ca2+ATPase molecules. In general, the SR handling of
      Ca2+ appears normal in 20,25-D myotonia, although the activity of Ca2+ATPase in
      membranes with high sterol content may be altered in response to changes in the
      lipid environment in this model.

PMID- 2932345
TI  - Bundling of actin filaments by aorta caldesmon is not related to its regulatory
      function.
AB  - Ca2+-sensitive thin filaments from vascular smooth muscle were disassembled into
      their constituent proteins, actin, tropomyosin and caldesmon. Caldesmon bound to
      both actin and to actin-tropomyosin and inhibited actin-tropomyosin activation of
      skeletal muscle myosin MgATPase. It also promoted the aggregation of actin or
      actin-tropomyosin into parallel aligned bundles. Quantitative electron microscopy
      measurements showed that with 1.1 microM actin-tropomyosin, 1.6 +/- 0.5% (n = 3)
      of the filaments were in bundles. At 0.073 microM, caldesmon inhibited MgATPase
      activity by 50%, whereas bundling was 3.0 +/- 1.3% (n = 4). At 0.37 microM
      caldesmon, MgATPase inhibition was 83% while 28.1 +/- 6.9% (n = 4) of filaments
      were in bundles. Experiments at 4.4 microM in which MgATPase and bundling were
      measured in the same samples gave similar results. Small bundles of 2-3 filaments
      showed the most frequent occurrence at 1.1 microM actin. At 4.4 microM actin the
      most common bundle size was 3-5 filaments, with the occasional occurrence of
      large bundles consisting of up to 120 filaments. The incidence of bundling was
      the same in the presence and absence of tropomyosin. Thus caldesmon can induce
      the formation of actin bundles but this property bears no relationship to its
      inhibition of MgATPase activity.

PMID- 2932346
TI  - Caldesmon-induced inhibition of ATPase activity of actomyosin and contraction of
      skinned fibres of chicken gizzard smooth muscle.
AB  - Caldesmon induces inhibition of MG2+-ATPase activity of actomyosin and relaxation
      of skinned fibers of chicken gizzard smooth muscle without influencing the level
      of myosin light chain-1 phosphorylation. Both these effects are reversed by
      calmodulin at a high molar excess over caldesmon in the presence of Ca2+.

PMID- 2932347
TI  - [Chromosome disease. I. Autosomal syndromes].

PMID- 2932348
TI  - The effects of ovarian adhesive disease upon follicular development in cycles of
      controlled stimulation for in vitro fertilization.
AB  - This study was designed to determine the effect of periovarian adhesive disease
      upon follicular development. Forty-one clomiphene citrate/human menopausal
      gonadotropin/human chorionic gonadotropin-stimulated cycles for in vitro
      fertilization and embryo transfer were studied. Each patient was assessed
      ultrasonographically before laparoscopic oocyte recovery. The number of follicles
      in each ovary greater than 1.2 cm was counted. By laparoscopy it was possible to
      determine the degree of periovarian adhesive disease. Sixteen patients had
      bilateral adhesion-free (AF) ovaries, 12 had bilateral adherent (A) ovaries, and
      13 had one AF and one A ovary. In the 13 patients with one ovary AF and the other
      A, the mean number of follicles +/- 1 standard deviation (SD) was 3.4 +/- 1.4 and
      1.2 +/- 1.1 (P less than 0.001), respectively. A total of 116 follicles was noted
      in 45 AF ovaries (mean +/- 1 SD, 2.6 +/- 1.3) and 59 follicles in 37 A ovaries
      (mean +/- 1 SD, 1.6 +/- 1) (P less than 0.001). From these data it was concluded
      that the presence of periovarian adhesive disease inhibits folliculogenesis by a
      yet undetermined mechanism.

PMID- 2932349
TI  - Treatment of endometriosis with a potent agonist of gonadotropin-releasing
      hormone (nafarelin).
AB  - Administration of superactive agonistic analogs of gonadotropin-releasing hormone
      (GnRH) has been shown to induce a paradoxic and reversible suppression of
      gonadotropins, resulting in suppressed gonadal steroid concentrations. Because
      there currently is no uniformly successful and acceptable medical therapy for
      endometriosis, we examined the effects of 6 months of nasal administration (500
      micrograms every 12 hours) of the agonistic analog of GnRH, nafarelin, on
      clinical signs and symptoms and hormonal profiles in eight women with
      endometriosis. All patients had prompt and near-complete relief from their
      painful symptoms of endometriosis. Laparoscopy or laparotomy, performed both
      before and after treatment in seven of the women, revealed complete resolution of
      active endometriotic lesions in five patients and only a single, small cul-de-sac
      implant in a sixth woman. A large ovarian endometrioma decreased slightly in
      response to treatment in the seventh woman. Serum luteinizing hormone and
      follicle-stimulating hormone concentrations, after a transitory stimulation at
      the onset of treatment, declined and were suppressed (P less than 0.001) during
      the remainder of treatment. Serum estradiol concentrations fell to approximately
      menopausal levels (less than 30 pg/ml) after 1 to 4 weeks. Reversibility of drug
      effect was prompt, with ovulatory menses returning 47 +/- 8 days (+/- standard
      deviation) after treatment. Thus, nasal administration of agonistic analogs of
      GnRH may represent a new treatment modality for endometriosis.

PMID- 2932350
TI  - Ovarian surgery in an infertility patient as an indication for a short-interval
      second-look laparoscopy: a preliminary study.
AB  - The usefulness of a short-interval second-look laparoscopy (SLL) after ovarian
      surgery was examined. In 23 infertile women who had either bilateral wedge
      resection (BWR) of polycystic ovaries, an oophorocystectomy (OC), or resection of
      endometriomata (RE), adhesions were graded before and after surgery and before
      and after laparoscopic lysis for each ovary. At SLL, periovarian adhesions
      involving at least one ovary were observed in all women. Of the 22 women who
      wanted to become pregnant, 3 of 3 with BWR, 1 of 3 with OC, and 6 of 16 with RE
      conceived. In the women with residual adhesive disease in both or the only
      remaining adnexa after SLL, there were no pregnancies; whereas 67% of the women
      with at least one adnexa free of disease became pregnant (P = 0.005). This
      preliminary study indicates that ovarian surgery does result in significant
      adhesion formation and that SLL offers an opportunity to reassess the pelvis, to
      lyse adhesions, and to establish a postoperative prognosis.

PMID- 2932351
TI  - Beta-endorphin and met-enkephalin in peritoneal and ovarian follicular fluids of
      fertile and postmenopausal women.
AB  - Immunoreactive (IR) beta-endorphin (beta-EP) and met-enkephalin (MET-ENK) have
      been found in peritoneal fluid (PF) and ovarian follicular fluid (FF). Gel
      chromatography also revealed the presence of coeluting IR beta-lipotropin and
      gamma-lipotropin. IR beta-EP and IR MET-ENK levels in healthy menstruating women
      were from 10 to 40 times higher than those present in circulating plasma, which
      indicated a possible local production. The highest concentrations of IR beta-EP
      in FF were found in the largest follicles, whereas in the PF they correlated with
      the luteal period of the menstrual cycle and with progesterone concentrations. No
      relevant changes in IR MET-ENK were detected in the FF or in the PF in relation
      to the phase of the menstrual cycle. In postmenopausal women, the concentrations
      of the two IR opioid peptides were undetectable in both fluids.

PMID- 2932352
TI  - Laparoscopy for in vitro fertilization: end of an era.

PMID- 2932353
TI  - [Effect of L-thyroxine on skeletal muscle fibers of the frog].
AB  - L-thyroxin prevents neither the postdenervation decrease of resting MP, nor the
      increase of input resistance, nor the extrajunctional sensitivity to
      acetylcholine, but after the injection the cross-sectional areas of muscle fibers
      decrease more rapidly than after a mere denervation and muscle fibers of new type
      by myosin-ATPase activity do not appear. The same doses of hormone do not affect
      properties of muscle fiber membrane but increase the input resistance of membrane
      and decrease cross-sectional areas of muscle fibers. l-thyroxin seems unable to
      prevent the appearance of the postdenervation changes in skeletal muscle fibers
      in adult frog and does not take part in regulation of its differentiation.

PMID- 2932354
TI  - Properties of ATPase activity in intact vegetative cells and sporulating cells of
      yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - The properties of ATPase activity were examined in the intact cells of yeast. The
      activity was stimulated by Mg2+, Mn2+ and Co2+. The activity was inhibited by
      NaN3 and by high concentrations of NaF, NaVO3 and PCMB. Optimal pH for the
      activity was approximately 8. The maximum value of the activity was obtained in
      the cells at the early stationary phase and it decreased in 3 hr after transfer
      to sporulation medium.

PMID- 2932355
TI  - Effect of phospholipase A2 on Ca2+-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase activity
      in microsomal fraction of rat submandibular gland.
AB  - The effect of phospholipase A2 on the Ca2+-ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) activity in the
      microsomal fraction of rat submandibular gland was kinetically studied in vitro.
      The Ca2+-ATPase activity was significantly increased by the treatment with
      phospholipase A2 in the presence of bovine serum albumin as a scavenger for
      hydrolyzed products. When the microsomal fraction was incubated with
      phospholipase A2 in the absence of bovine serum albumin, the Ca2+-ATPase activity
      was not altered. The Vmax and Km values for both ATP and Ca2+ were increased by
      the phospholipase A2 treatment, respectively. These results indicated that the
      activation of Ca2+-ATPase by the phospholipase A2 treatment is due to the
      increase of Vmax.

PMID- 2932356
TI  - 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate enhances glycolysis in rat thymocytes.
AB  - The potent tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) induced a
      rapid increase in glycolysis in rat thymocytes. The increase in the glycolytic
      flux was also reflected by elevated fructose 1,6-diphosphate levels. TPA
      treatment did not result in an increase of hexokinase, phosphofructokinase or
      pyruvate kinase when measured in cell homogenates. It is suggested that the early
      increase in glycolysis in TPA treated lymphocytes may result from TPA-mediated
      increase in glucose transport.

PMID- 2932357
TI  - Intramuscular piroxicam, a new dosage form, in the treatment of acute
      musculoskeletal disorders.
AB  - Ten investigators in Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Germany and Switzerland
      participated in an open trial of intramuscular piroxicam involving 135 patients
      with selected acute sprains, tendinitis or low back pain. The drug was given in
      the recommended regimen of 40 mg once daily for 2 days and 20 mg once daily
      thereafter. Statistically significant improvement from baseline in pain was
      evident within 1 hour of the initial dose, an effect which was enhanced over a 12
      hour period and which lasted for 24 hours. After 3 days of intramuscular
      injections, pain, tenderness, morning stiffness and back elongation were markedly
      improved. Subsequent treatment with either intramuscular or oral piroxicam
      further improved these symptoms and most patients recovered their normal physical
      activity within a week. The drug was well tolerated; twenty-five patients (18.5%)
      reported side-effects possibly related to piroxicam. Nearly all were mild or
      moderate in severity with only six resulting in disruption of therapy. Most
      adverse reactions involved the upper gastrointestinal tract, but there were no
      reports of gastric bleeding. Except for a few patients with injection site pain,
      the side-effect profile was similar to that established with the oral dosage
      form. Toleration was regarded as excellent or good in about 84% of the patients.
      The results indicate that intramuscular piroxicam can provide rapid and effective
      therapy with good toleration in the treatment of acute musculoskeletal disorders.

PMID- 2932358
TI  - Revisions in isotretinoin labeling.

PMID- 2932359
TI  - Cat scratch disease. Report of a case with hepatic lesions and a brief review of
      the literature.
AB  - An unusual case of cat scratch disease with large hepatic defects is presented.
      We describe a previously healthy 16-yr-old black man presenting with a neck mass,
      hepatosplenomegaly, and systemic symptoms. Pathology of the neck mass revealed a
      lymph node with chronic inflammation and focal necrosis. An abnormal computed
      tomography scan showed large hepatic defects which were confirmed at
      peritoneoscopy; biopsy specimens are described. Routine and special stains for
      bacteria and fungi were all negative. Serologic studies were unremarkable but a
      cat scratch skin test was positive. Follow-up examinations revealed resolution of
      all findings. Cat scratch disease should be considered in the differential
      diagnosis of diseases causing lymphadenopathy, systemic symptoms, and hepatic
      (and splenic) defects.

PMID- 2932360
TI  - [Thrombin-plasmin system as a regulator of the aggregate state of body colloids].

PMID- 2932361
TI  - [Chalone-antichalone system in hematopoietic disorders].

PMID- 2932362
TI  - [Immunological analysis of the content of erythrocyte chalone factors in the
      blood in certain types of pathology].

PMID- 2932363
TI  - Gamma-vinyl GABA.

PMID- 2932364
TI  - Amplification by glycine of the anticonvulsant effect of THPO, a GABA uptake
      inhibitor.
AB  - THPO, a GABA uptake inhibitor, when given in doses of up to 4 mmol/kg (i.p.) to
      mice, had only a marginal protective effect against seizures induced 1 hr later
      by 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA). THPO (4 mmol/kg), when given in combination
      with 10 mmol/kg of glycine, protected 60% of the mice from MPA-induced
      convulsions. The combination of THPO and glycine delayed the onset of metrazol
      induced clonic convulsions and protected 30% of the animals from seizures,
      although neither glycine or THPO alone had a significant anticonvulsant effect
      against metrazol induced seizures. In agreement with earlier findings, the
      results presented in this work seem to indicate that the synergistic
      anticonvulsant effects of glycine and GABAergic agents are independent of their
      mode of action: the effects of GABA agonists (muscimol) GABA-T inhibitors
      (vinylGABA), or an inhibitor of glial GABA uptake (THPO) are similarly amplified
      by glycine.

PMID- 2932365
TI  - Occurrence of beta-endorphin-like immunoreactivity in the brain of the teleost,
      Boops boops.
AB  - By immunocytochemical methods the present study describes beta-endorphin-like
      immunoreactive substance in the brain of Boops boops. Beta-Endorphin-like neurons
      and fibers were detected in both dorsal and ventral components of the preoptic
      nucleus and in the nucleus lateralis tuberis. This localization has been
      discussed in relation to the presence, in the same area, of a well-defined
      neurosecretory system involved in hypophysial regulation. A beta-endorphin-like
      immunoreaction was also detected in the Purkinje cells and in processes within
      the cerebellum molecular layer. Although this last finding remains enigmatic it
      may suggest a neuromodulatory activity for cerebellum beta-endorphin-like
      substance. No immunoreaction was observed when the specific antiserum was
      absorbed with corresponding antigen and with beta-LPH. These tests led to the
      conclusion that the immunostaining reaction might correspond to a beta-endorphin-
      or lipotropin-like reaction. Further, the present results show the phylogenetic
      antiquity of a beta-endorphinergic or lipotropinergic system in the brain, with a
      stable evolutionary history as a hypophysial regulatory factor or neuromodulatory
      agent.

PMID- 2932366
TI  - Genetics of the Lp lipoprotein in Japanese-Americans.
AB  - Segregation analysis of four Lp assays on 557 children in 227 families reveals a
      dominant major gene and a residual heritable component that may reflect one or
      more alleles of weaker effect. Close or moderate linkage to esterase-D (ESD) is
      excluded.

PMID- 2932367
TI  - False-positive reporting of Down syndrome on Ohio and New York birth
      certificates.
AB  - Although correction for underreporting of congenital malformations on birth
      certificates is included in most studies, inaccuracy of reporting has not been
      widely examined. Two separate investigations were conducted on the inaccuracy of
      Down syndrome (DS) reporting on birth certificates; ie, false-positive cases in
      which an individual coded as DS did not in fact have DS. In Ohio, 824 individuals
      were coded as DS on their birth certificate during 1970-1981. Of these, a
      definitive determination as to whether or not they had DS was made on 778 by
      using cytogenetic data, medical records, the state's birth defects registry,
      school records, and by questioning physicians. Fifty-seven false-positives were
      found, indicating a 7.8% level of coding inaccuracy for all races and 6.9% for
      whites only. Nine of these arose from miscodings during data processing; 48 were
      misdiagnosed as DS. This can be contrasted with false-negatives also studied in
      Ohio, where 66.1% of DS cases were not reported on the birth certificate. No
      statistical differences were observed between false-positives and true DS in the
      distribution of sexes, in population size of county of birth, or in year of birth
      (although there was a declining false-positive rate over the 12 year period). The
      percentage of DS false-positives, however, was significantly higher for younger
      maternal ages (greater than or equal to 30 years) than older ones (greater than
      or equal to 30 years) and for nonwhites compared to whites. Further, there was a
      strong negative correlation between the percentage of false-positives and the
      degree of certainty expressed in reporting DS on the birth certificate.

PMID- 2932368
TI  - [Medical genetics study of the population of Kostroma Province. II. The diversity
      of hereditary pathology in 5 districts of the province].
AB  - The diversity of hereditary pathology in 5 regions of Kostroma district was
      studied. 32 nosological forms of autosomal dominant, 30 autosomal recessive and 7
      X-linked recessive disorders were found. The most frequent autosomal dominant
      disorders were: neurofibromatosis, pigmentary degeneration of retina,
      hypochondroplasia, ichtiosis, idiopathic scoliosis. The most frequent among the
      autosomal recessive disorders were: oligophrenia, pigmentary degeneration of
      retina, muscular atrophy of juvenile Kugelberg--Welander type, congenital
      cataract. The most frequent X-linked disorders were: muscular Duchenne type
      dystrophy and hemophilia A. Analysis of mutant gene distribution over the
      territory by the study of birthplaces of probands and their parents was carried
      out.

PMID- 2932369
TI  - Endpoint distribution for deletions into imm lambda region forming p lambda CM
      replicons: phage lambda gene rex affects plasmid establishment.
AB  - For the p lambda CM family of lambda-derived self-encapsidating plasmids, the
      rexB gene product facilitates plasmid establishment following injection into a
      new host cell. Temperature-stable chloramphenicol resistance (CmR at 40 degrees
      C) conferred by low-multiplicity infection with lambda::Tn9 cI857 lysates (Tn9
      sites tested: 22.60 or 24.08 kb, in the b region, or 28.41 kb, in int) is usually
      due to a lambda::Tn9 plasmid (p lambda CM) formed by a deletion penetrating the
      lambda immunity region. These grow either as plasmids in the absence of, or lytic
      phages in the presence of N function supplied by a host such as lambda cI857
      delta H1 lysogen MS1449. The 'groplaque' (plaque-shaped growth spot) assay, which
      selects for CmR growth in an MS1449 lawn at 32 degrees C after an initial
      plaquing period at 37 degrees C, reveals two distinguishable classes of p lambda
      CM isolates. All variants whose deletions extend into or beyond rexB give rise to
      visible CmR growth only after the temperature shift to 32 degrees C, and thus
      produce a hollow-centered 'donut' type of groplaque. In contrast, 16 out of 17
      variants whose deletions fall short of rexB produce 'solid' groplaques which
      appear before the temperature shift. Tests of T4rII phage exclusion show the
      exceptional 17th variant to be Rex-, confirming the identification of rex as the
      lambda component whose loss results in the 'donut' groplaque morphology. More
      specific physiological tests showed that in the absence of Rex the establishment
      of a newly injected p lambda CM plasmid becomes temperature-sensitive (ts), while
      plasmid maintenance remains unaffected. This indicates that the role of Rex in
      plasmid survival is confined to the early stages of transduction, where it might
      either assist plasmid replication or retard host replication, to help the plasmid
      replicon achieve a copy number sufficient for stable transmission.

PMID- 2932370
TI  - Nucleotide sequence of the GDH gene coding for the NADP-specific glutamate
      dehydrogenase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - The isolation of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene for NADP-dependent glutamate
      dehydrogenase (NADP-GDH) by cross hybridization to the Neurospora crassa am gene,
      known to encode for NADP-GDH is described. Two DNA fragments selected from a
      yeast genomic library in phage lambda gt11 were shown by restriction analysis to
      share 2.5 kb of common sequence. A yeast shuttle vector (CV13) carrying either to
      the cloned fragments complements the gdh- strain of S. cerevisiae and directs
      substantial overproduction of NADP-GDH. One of the cloned fragments was
      sequenced, and the deduced amino acid (aa) sequence of the yeast NADP-GDH is 64%
      homologous to N. crassa, 51% to Escherichia coli and 24% to bovine NADP-GDHs.

PMID- 2932372
TI  - [Occupational and medical rehabilitation problems in chronic manganese
      poisoning].

PMID- 2932371
TI  - [Industrial hygiene problems in salt mining (lakes and ponds)].

PMID- 2932373
TI  - [Bacterial contamination of the atmosphere in deep potassium mines].

PMID- 2932374
TI  - [Physiological and hygienic characteristics of the start-up period in modern
      chemical manufacturing].

PMID- 2932375
TI  - Characteristics of male fallow deer muscle at a time of sex-related muscle
      growth.
AB  - Muscle characteristics of male fallow deer undergoing neck muscle enlargement as
      the mating season (rut) approached were studied. Five commercially-raised males
      were slaughtered prerut and five were slaughtered 11 weeks later, just before the
      rut began. During this period, increases in individual muscle weight were not the
      same: two of the three neck muscles studied grew more rapidly than the average,
      whereas the back and two hind leg muscles grew more slowly. The splenius, the
      neck muscle that grew the most apparently in response to a rise in plasma
      testosterone, was studied. Cryosections were cut and stained for myofibrillar
      ATPase so that the muscle fiber classes--slow oxidative (type I), fast oxidative
      glycolytic (type IIA) and fast glycolytic (type IIB)--could be distinguished. The
      IIB class was absent from the splenius and the occurrence of I and IIA fibers did
      not change during the period of splenius growth. However, the splenius of fallow
      deer increased in activity of NADH-tetrazolium oxidoreductase at the fiber
      peripheries as the rut approached. Further, fiber areas increased markedly during
      the period of growth, with type I fibers doubling in area and type IIA nearly
      trebling. Thus, the endocrinal and/or neural changes associated with the rut
      differentially affected these fiber types, and since type IIA fibers outnumbered
      type I by nearly 2 to 1, muscle enlargement is clearly dominated by the former
      class. Fiber areas were normally distributed for both fiber types, prerut and at
      the start of the rut, and coefficients of variation were similar. These results
      suggest that all fibers within a type are equally liable to grow during the
      growth period.

PMID- 2932376
TI  - Aids to bridge the communication barrier.

PMID- 2932377
TI  - [Pulsed Doppler procedure. Noninvasive flow measurements of the fetoplacental
      unit].

PMID- 2932378
TI  - [Hepatitis B--also a partner infection].

PMID- 2932379
TI  - [Effects of electroacupuncture on beta-endorphin contents in rats].
AB  - Effects of electroacupuncture (EA) on pain threshold and beta-endorphin (beta
      End) contents in plasma, pituitary (Pit), hypothalamus (Hyp) and cerebrospinal
      fluid (CSF) were studied in nontreated, dexamethasone (Dex) treated and
      adrenalectomized (Adrex) male SD rats by the use of specific determination of rat
      beta-End (combination of HPLC and RIA). EA increased pain threshold and plasma
      beta-End with no effect on beta-End contents in Pit, Hyp and CSF. Dex did not
      affect control pain threshold, but tended to reduce EA-induced increase in pain
      threshold (EA-analgesia, EAA) and EA-induced increase in plasma beta-End. Adrex
      increased plasma beta-End without change in control pain threshold. Adrex tended
      to reduce EAA, but a tendency of further increase in plasma beta-End was observed
      after addition of EA. Adrex increased Pit beta-End, but no further change in Pit
      beta-End was observed after addition of EA. A positive correlation between plasma
      beta-End and plasma ACTH was observed in nontreated, Dex treated and Adrex rats.
      No correlation between plasma beta-End and potency of EAA was observed in
      nontreated, Dex treated and Adrex rats. The hind-paw pressure test without EA
      increased plasma beta-End to the same degree as that produced by EA, and it
      produced no analgesia. These results suggest that Pit beta-End may not be mainly
      involved in the development of EAA.

PMID- 2932380
TI  - Hepatitis A and B in non-institutionalized mentally retarded patients.
AB  - The high incidence of hepatitis A and B in institutionalized patients with Down's
      syndrome is not fully understood. Under poor hygienic conditions immunological
      alterations might predispose to these infections. To minimize environmental
      influences, 125 patients with Down's syndrome (mean age 11.9 years) living at
      home with their families were studied for the occurrence of serological markers
      of Hepatitis A and B. 106 outpatients with mental retardation of other genesis
      (mean age 12.4 years), and 114 consecutive voluntary blood donors (mean age 18.0
      years) from the same area served as controls. Evidence of previous hepatitis A
      virus infection was found in 5.6% of Down's patients, in 9.4% of other mentally
      retarded patients, and in 16.7% of healthy controls. Evidence of previous or
      ongoing hepatitis B virus infection was a common finding in both groups of mental
      retardation (Down's syndrome 20.0%, other mentally retarded patients 11.3%) in
      sharp contrast to healthy blood donors (0.9%, p less than 0.05). Patients with
      Down's syndrome, however, revealed a much higher incidence of HBs-antigenemia as
      compared with other mentally retarded patients (12.8% vs. 2.8%, p less than
      0.01). All HBs antigen-positive cases had normal transaminase levels and no overt
      clinical signs of liver disease, suggesting an asymptomatic carrier state. These
      data indicate that hepatitis A is not a special risk for mentally retarded
      outpatients, while hepatitis B virus infection is hyperendemic even in not
      institutionalized patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2932381
TI  - A comparison between mean frequency estimators for multigated Doppler systems
      with serial signal processing.

PMID- 2932382
TI  - In vivo modulation of rat complement activities by infusion of anti-H antibodies.
AB  - Regulation of the activity of the alternative pathway of complement occurs by the
      plasma proteins I and H. H is able not only to prevent formation of the
      amplification convertase C3bBb but also to cause the decay-dissociation of Bb
      from C3bBb. The present studies have investigated the role of H in vivo. Affinity
      purified goat (Fab')2-anti H was infused intravenously in rats, and its effect on
      C4, C3 and CH50 activities was assessed. In addition, H, C3, C4 and B were
      quantitated by immunochemical methods. H depletion was dependent on the dose of
      anti-H, and maximal consumption in vivo occurred between 5 and 15 min. A maximum
      of 51% and 77% hemolytic C3-consumption was seen after 15 min with 3.8 and 8.4 mg
      anti-H, respectively. The injection of 6.3 mg affinity-purified goat IgG anti-rat
      H caused 96.8 +/- 0.7% and 85.0 +/- 1.4% consumption of CH50 and C3 hemolytic
      activity, respectively. Using this dose of IgG anti-rat H, it was found that the
      clearance in rats of rat erythrocytes sensitized with 8000 molecules of guinea
      pig IgG2 per E was impaired as compared to the clearance of these intermediates
      in control rats injected with a comparable dose of normal goat IgG. The results
      indicate that H functions as a potent regulator of C in vivo and that infusion of
      anti-H can be used as a method to achieve depletion of circulating complement
      components.

PMID- 2932383
TI  - Effect of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin on the in vitro generation of cytotoxic T
      lymphocytes. II. Role of interleukin-1-like factors and of soluble suppressor
      factors.
AB  - The injection of BCG vaccine in C57BL/6J mice results in the suppression of the
      generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC)
      and of mitogenic reactions to concanavalin A (Con A). Suppression is mediated by
      macrophage-like suppressor cells. Since previous work had indicated that
      suppression involved the inhibition of the production of interleukin-2 (IL-2),
      the effects of BCG on interleukin-1 (IL-1), a monokine required for IL-2
      production, were investigated. It was found that the release of IL-1-like
      activity in spleen cell cultures stimulated with LPS or Con A was increased by
      previous BCG treatment of the cell donors. In MLC, the release of IL-1-like
      activity was also increased by BCG. However, the detection of IL-1-like activity
      in MLC supernatants was prevented by the presence of a suppressor factor. In this
      case, the IL-1-like activity could be separated with gel filtration from the
      suppressor factor which had higher molecular weight. The production of IL-1-like
      activity by CBA/J spleen cells, which are not suppressed by BCG, was not
      significantly different from that of C57BL/6J cells, which are markedly
      suppressed. Moreover, the addition of IL-1 to the BCG-suppressed cultures not
      only did not restore normal reactivity, but actually further suppressed CTL
      formation. It was concluded that BCG-induced suppression cannot be attributed to
      decreased IL-1 activity. The suppressor factor discovered during these
      investigations may have a role in this type of suppression.

PMID- 2932384
TI  - The role of antigen recognition and suppressor cells in mice with oral tolerance
      to ovalbumin.
AB  - The induction of tolerance by feeding proteins may prevent potentially harmful
      delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions to food antigens. Suppressor T
      cells (Ts) are present in mice with tolerance of systemic DTH after feeding
      ovalbumin (OVA) but, as other immunoregulatory mechanisms have also been
      described, the exact role of Ts in maintaining tolerance is not known. In this
      study, we have used the ability of native and denaturated OVA to cross-react at
      the level of helper/effector T cells, but not Ts, to re-examine the role of Ts in
      oral tolerance to OVA. Mice immunized with native OVA (nOVA) or denatured OVA
      (dOVA) in adjuvant had fully cross-reacting DTH to either nOVA or dOVA, but
      intravenous administration of antigen induced Ts which were specific for the
      appropriate form. Mice fed nOVA or dOVA had identical tolerance of systemic DTH
      to both forms of OVA, and feeding nOVA induced splenic Ts which suppressed the
      DTH response to both nOVA and dOVA. Splenic Ts could not be detected in mice fed
      dOVA. The results support the hypothesis that tolerance of systemic DTH in mice
      fed native proteins is due to Ts. Although, for the moment, there is no
      complementary evidence for a role for Ts in oral tolerance to denatured proteins,
      this study is consistent with the idea that Ts are the mechanism which normally
      prevent enteropathy due to DTH against dietary proteins. In addition, our study
      underlines the differences between orally and parenterally induced Ts and
      reinforces the view that fed proteins induce Ts after processing by the gut or
      its lymphoid accessory cells.

PMID- 2932385
TI  - Suppression of induced erythrocyte autoantibodies is dependent on Lyt 1 cells.
AB  - When normal mice are immunized with rat RBC, autoantibodies to mouse red cells
      and antigen-specific suppressor cells are generated. Suppressor cell activity is
      found in T-enriched populations and suppresses only the induction of
      autoantibody, not ongoing or secondary autoantibody responses. Using antibodies
      lytic for either B cells or distinct T-cell subpopulations, we are able to show
      that suppression is dependent on the presence of Lyt 1+ T cells.

PMID- 2932387
TI  - Gamma-ray induced ageing mutants of Neurospora crassa: response to some
      antioxidants and chloramphenicol.

PMID- 2932386
TI  - Glucocorticoids inhibit IgE receptor expression on the human monocyte cell line
      U937.
AB  - Cells of a human monocyte-like cell line (U937) were analysed for IgE Fc
      receptors (Fc epsilon R) before and after glucocorticoid treatment. Specific
      binding of human myeloma IgE (Sha) was measured by 125I-labelled IgE, and by
      fluorescein-labelled IgE monitored by flow cytometry. Treatment of cells with
      dexamethasone or other steroids with glucocorticoid activity caused a significant
      decrease in Fc epsilon R expression. The inhibition was dose dependent, with a
      half-maximal effect at 20 nM dexamethasone, a concentration which is near to the
      dissociation constant of glucocorticoid receptors for dexamethasone. Inhibition
      of Fc epsilon R was significant beginning 8 h following glucocorticoid treatment
      and reached a plateau at 24 hr. The Ka for IgE binding was similar for control
      and dexamethasone-treated cells, while the number of IgE binding sites was
      decreased by 50-60%. Culture supernatants from dexamethasone-treated U937 cells
      which were concentrated 10-fold and depleted of free steroid did not affect Fc
      epsilon R expression. These results demonstrate that glucocorticoids can directly
      decrease the number of Fc epsilon R. This effect could participate in the
      glucocorticoid-induced suppression of IgE-mediated allergic reactions.

PMID- 2932388
TI  - Effect of morphine on acetylcholinesterase & adenosine triphosphatase activities
      in rat tissues.

PMID- 2932390
TI  - Candida albicans and Candida stellatoidea, in contrast to other Candida species,
      bind iC3b and C3d but not C3b.
AB  - It was demonstrated that complement-coated sheep erythrocytes bind to Candida
      albicans cells grown in serum-free RPMI 1640 medium. Testing of purified
      complement components proved that iC3b and C3d were responsible for the reaction,
      whereas C3b and C3b-H reacted only slightly if at all. Binding occurred only to
      C. albicans and C. stellatoidea, not to other species pathogenic to humans. There
      was evidence of a lectinlike nature of the effect.

PMID- 2932391
TI  - Factors affecting cure of visible light activated composites.
AB  - Since visible light activated composites first appeared in 1978 they have become
      internationally popular for the aesthetic restoration of anterior teeth. With an
      ever increasing number of composite formulations and curing lights available and
      as yet no widely recognized standard for measuring depth of cure, it is difficult
      to interpret claims being made by manufacturers. A laboratory technique using
      incremental measurement of surface hardness has been shown to provide a
      convenient means of assessing cure throughout the depth of a composite sample,
      which relates to the clinical situation. Using this method it is possible to
      demonstrate that physical and chemical formulation factors; the nature of the
      light source; and the control exercised by the practitioner, are all important in
      determining the quality of cure achieved and hence likely long term performance
      of the restoration. Light cured composites are now being more widely used in the
      restoration of occlusal cavities in posterior teeth, where the technique offers
      advantages of control, handleability and a lack of porosity unattainable in a
      chemically cured system. In large Class II cavities depths can exceed 7 mm, and
      in an application where performance is critical it is essential that a
      satisfactory level of cure is achieved. To obtain this, even with exposure times
      significantly longer than those currently being recommended, it is advisable to
      employ a layering technique for any cavity greater than 3 or 4 mm in depth.

PMID- 2932389
TI  - The ability of Salmonella typhimurium to produce the siderophore enterobactin is
      not a virulence factor in mouse typhoid.
AB  - One of the nonspecific defense mechanisms of higher animals is their ability to
      limit iron availability to infecting bacteria. Thus it has been argued that all
      pathogenic bacteria must have special mechanisms to obtain iron in the host
      environment. Salmonella typhimurium is known to produce a siderophore,
      enterobactin, with which it can obtain iron from host transferrin. Previous
      studies have indicated that the production of this molecule is necessary for the
      ability of intraperitoneally injected. S. typhimurium cells to cause mouse
      typhoid, a largely intracellular infection. We have reexamined this finding with
      wild-type S. typhimurium and isogenic strains carrying the nonenterobactin
      producing mutation ent-1 or ent-7. Our findings demonstrate that, although
      enterobactin production is necessary for growth in normal mouse serum, it does
      not affect the ability of S. typhimurium to cause mouse typhoid. Based on these
      findings and published results of other investigators on the role of siderophores
      in intracellular pathogens, a more comprehensive investigation of the importance
      of siderophores in intracellular infections may be warranted.

PMID- 2932392
TI  - Lymphocyte subsets in infants: relationships to feeding, atopy, atopic heredity
      and infections.
AB  - Numbers of T and B lymphocytes and T cell subsets were measured longitudinally in
      blood samples of 68 healthy infants from 1 month to 28 months of age. Monoclonal
      antibodies against cell surface antigens (OKT3, OKT4, OKT8, and OKIal) and
      antibodies to immunoglobulin heavy chains (gamma, mu, alpha and delta) were used
      for immunofluorescent staining. The absolute number of T lymphocytes (OKT3) was
      found to be highest at the age of 6-7 months, reflecting the greater numbers of
      both helper (OKT4) and suppressor (OKT8) cells. The percentages of OKT4 and OKT8
      positive cells and hence the ratios of these cells were very stable throughout
      the study period. Relatively, breast-fed infants had more suppressor (OKT8) cells
      than infants on formula, but the difference was not apparent in absolute counts.
      Change to formula feeding caused an increase in B cells. The heredity for atopy
      did not influence the total numbers of T cells or cell numbers in the different
      subgroups. At the age of 4 months an altered helper/suppressor ratio was noted in
      infants who later developed a severe atopy. At the age of 28 months the relative
      number of T cells was lower in atopic than nonatopic infants. The rate of
      respiratory infections did not affect these numbers.

PMID- 2932393
TI  - Lymphocyte transformation induced by autologous cells. XVII. Lower autologous
      mixed lymphocyte reaction in subjects with a history of hayfever.
AB  - The autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction (AMLR) is impaired in patients with a
      number of diseases associated with abnormal immunoregulation. Since allergic
      disorders are also associated with abnormal immunoregulation, we assessed the
      AMLR in individuals with a history of ragweed hayfever. Lymphocytes from allergic
      subjects had a lower AMLR than nonallergic controls by rank order analysis. These
      results support the association of abnormal in vivo immunoregulation with reduced
      AMLR.

PMID- 2932394
TI  - Interventional cardiac catheterization in congenital heart disease.
AB  - Cardiac catheterization has proved its value as a major tool in the diagnosis of
      congenital cardiac defects. The advent of non-invasive imaging of various sorts
      has altered the role of diagnostic catheterization. Within the past two decades
      cardiac catheter instruments to provide therapy have been applied to many
      lesions. Improvements in design and methods will expand the use of therapeutic
      catheterization. It is inevitable that better results will be obtained for those
      defects currently being treated that way, and that the method will be applied to
      other conditions.

PMID- 2932395
TI  - Complex coronary angioplasty: an alternative therapy.

PMID- 2932396
TI  - Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in left main stem coronary
      stenosis: a five-year appraisal.
AB  - Left main stem coronary stenosis is now uniformly treated with coronary artery
      bypass grafting. The advent of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty has
      permitted a non-operative improvement in myocardial blood flow in many cases of
      single- and multi-vessel coronary atherosclerosis. The use of percutaneous
      transluminal coronary angioplasty in left main stem coronary stenosis has been
      sporadic and controversial. Twenty percutaneous transluminal coronary
      angioplasties were attempted in 19 patients as the treatment of choice for left
      main stem coronary stenosis in the past 66 months. The primary success rate was
      95% (19/20 patients). The emergency surgery was performed only once (5%), and no
      death occurred secondary to percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
      itself. In the follow-up (mean 41 months) period, 12 patients (63%) remained in
      satisfactory condition with no further need for surgical intervention. Seven
      patients (37%) ultimately required coronary artery bypass grafting. Although
      coronary artery bypass grafting will remain the fundamental treatment for left
      main stem coronary stenosis, this series delineates those anatomic and clinical
      exceptions wherein percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty may be utilized
      as the primary therapy for left main stem coronary stenosis.

PMID- 2932397
TI  - Atrioventricular septal defect with a well developed primary component of the
      atrial septum ("septum primum").
AB  - A heart is described with an atrioventricular septal defect in which the lower
      part of the atrial septum ("septum primum") was well developed and in which
      superior and inferior bridging leaflets were attached neither to the crest of the
      ventricular septum nor the inferior rim of the atrial septum. Diagnostic pre
      operative angiographic and echocardiographic features and the method of surgical
      correction are outlined.

PMID- 2932398
TI  - A comparison of information obtained by ultrasound examination and cardiac
      catheterisation in paediatric patients with congenital heart disease.
AB  - Fifty-eight paediatric patients were studied by cross-sectional echocardiography
      and pulsed Doppler ultrasound in a blind fashion. The information obtained was
      compared with data collected at cardiac catheterisation. The correct anatomical
      diagnosis was made by ultrasound in almost all cases but in 11 patients the
      diagnosis was incomplete or incorrect. Flow measurements made at the tricuspid
      valve, the pulmonary trunk and the ascending aorta using pulsed Doppler
      ultrasound correlated well with Fick measurements (r greater than 0.9 at all
      three sites). The correlation of pressure gradients by the two methods was 0.94.
      Measurement of the time to peak velocity in the pulmonary trunk provided a method
      for the identification of patients with elevated pulmonary pressure but the
      relationship with measured pressures was not sufficiently strong to provide a
      high degree of reliability.

PMID- 2932400
TI  - Monitoring of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs.
AB  - Until now, little or no attention has been paid to the monitoring of therapy with
      nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The authors discuss reasons for
      that situation. They emphasize that lack of monitoring of unwanted side-effects
      of the widely used NSAIDs is no doubt due to the overuse of these drugs. The
      expedience and a protocol concerning the efficacy and toxicity monitoring of such
      drugs are critically discussed. The authors stress that toxicity monitoring
      should be performed in selected patient groups that to only in those patients at
      risk.

PMID- 2932399
TI  - Injectable gold dermatitis and proteinuria: retreatment with auranofin.
AB  - Seven female patients with classical rheumatoid arthritis (RA), treated
      successfully with injectable gold salts (Fosfocrisolo ICI, 0.10 g/week, with a
      serum gold concentration of 200-400 mcg/dl), experienced severe gold side-effects
      after 3 to 20 months of therapy, requiring their withdrawal from gold despite the
      good results in both clinical and laboratory findings. Four patients showed
      mucocutaneous side-effects (2 dermatitis and 2 stomatitis) and three a moderate
      or severe proteinuria. Renal biopsy was performed in these patients, with a
      histological picture of membranous glomerulonephritis referable to gold therapy.
      Remission inducing drug (R.I.D.) therapy being mandatory in patients with a
      chronic progressive disease, and in view of the previous efficacy of gold salts,
      the patients were put on oral gold, Auranofin being administered 3 mg b.i.d. Both
      the mucocutaneous side-effects and the proteinuria ameliorated within 2 to 6
      months, and the remission of the disease was maintained. The chemical and
      pharmacokinetic differences between the above two gold compounds are discussed.

PMID- 2932402
TI  - Rosacea: a reply to Wilkin's reply.

PMID- 2932401
TI  - Pustular acne.
AB  - Pustules from 92 new cases of pustular acne and gram-negative folliculitis were
      cultured in aerobic medium for superimposed bacterial infection. During the
      treatment of 1,561 new patients with papular acne with tetracycline and topical
      clindamycin and antibacterial soaps, an additional 10 developed pustules. The
      majority showed in vitro resistance to ampicillin. The effective treatment was co
      trimoxazole and topical gentamicin. A new classification of acne with practical
      therapeutic use is needed.

PMID- 2932403
TI  - Exfoliative dermatitis following intravesical therapy with mitomycin C.

PMID- 2932404
TI  - Audiological findings in Down's children.
AB  - The authors have investigated the auditory function in 35 Down's subjects, aged
      between 1 month and 16 years. Clinical examination revealed the occurrence of
      impaired nasal breathing in 18 subjects (51.4%), while otoscopy results were
      bilaterally normal in 12 cases (34.3%). Behavioural pure-tone audiometry yielded
      reliable results in 10 children (28.6%), impedance tests in 28 (80.0%), and
      brainstem audiometry in 29 (82.9%). A clinical and audiological follow-up has
      been performed in 11 cases (31.4%). Pure-tone audiometry, which may be employed
      in all cases only beyond 8 years of age, revealed a conductive hearing loss in 7
      cases (20.0%). Impedance tests, whose usefulness is limited by the high
      occurrence of external ear canal stenosis, showed bilateral type A tympanograms
      only in 8 cases (28.6%). Stapedial reflex data were often missing, even in
      presence of a type A tympanogram, due to the weakness of tubaric muscles and to
      the presence of ossicles abnormalities. ABR has been performed in 29 cases
      (82.9%) and resulted to be as effective as in the normal population. It revealed
      a normal configuration concerning threshold and morphology in 16 cases (55.1%).
      The authors conclude that middle ear pathology in the Down's population is more
      frequent than expected on clinical basis and that objective tests are mandatory
      in order to obtain a reliable evaluation. While impedance tests are very sensible
      in detecting mild middle ear pathologies, but are not effective in threshold
      definition, brainstem audiometry is the choice tool in the uncooperative child,
      even if it cannot allow a differential diagnosis between normality and mild low
      frequency conductive hearing losses.

PMID- 2932405
TI  - Lymphangioma of the larynx as a cause of progressive dyspnea.
AB  - The following is a case report of a lymphangioma of the larynx in a 16-year-old
      girl with Down's Syndrome. The clinical record of the girl, the diagnosis of the
      tumour and its surgical treatment as well as the postoperative course and the
      follow-up results are described.

PMID- 2932406
TI  - The role of platelet-activating factor in experimental immune complex pathology.
AB  - Tissue localization of immune complexes (IC) after infusion of synthetic platelet
      activating factor (PAF) in rabbits was studied. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was
      injected intravenously either before or after the infusion of synthetic PAF,
      later followed by the administration of anti-BSA antibodies over a 30-min period.
      Control rabbits received both BSA and anti-BSA antibodies, followed by lyso-PAF
      or saline-BSA instead of PAF. The infusion of PAF induced structural alterations
      in the heart, lung and kidney which were consistent with an increased vascular
      permeability. Deposits of BSA, IgG, and C3 were found in the heart, lung, and
      kidney of rabbits infused with PAF but not in control rabbits. In the liver of
      PAF-infused rabbits, immune deposits were only infrequently observed, whereas
      they were constantly present in the cardiac valves, thoracic aorta and at the
      bifurcation of the renal artery as they were in the control rabbits. These
      results suggest that PAF favors the localization of IC in the heart, lung and
      kidney vessels but does not influence the formation of immune deposits at the
      sites of turbulence of the blood flow.

PMID- 2932407
TI  - Enzyme cytochemistry.

PMID- 2932408
TI  - Interleukin-2 and aging: decreased interleukin-2 production in healthy older
      people does not correlate with reduced helper cell numbers or antibody response
      to influenza vaccine and is not corrected in vitro by thymosin alpha 1.
AB  - The capacity of lymphocytes obtained from healthy young or old volunteers to
      produce interleukin-2 was measured and the results were compared with other
      measures of immune function. The in vitro effect of thymosin alpha 1 on
      interleukin-2 production was also measured. Interleukin-2 was lower in
      lymphocytes from the elderly, and individuals with low production also had lower
      proliferative responses in vitro to phytohemagglutinin. These individuals did not
      have a reduced helper T-cell number, abnormal ratio of helper to suppressor T
      cells or reduced antibody production in response to vaccine. Thymosin alpha 1 did
      not have a consistent effect on interleukin-2 production.

PMID- 2932409
TI  - Aclacinomycin-A inhibits the development and the expression of suppressor cell
      activity to contact sensitivity.
AB  - Aclacinomycin-A, a cytotoxic antibiotic, is capable of inhibiting the development
      and expression of suppressor cell activity for the contact sensitivity reaction
      to picryl chloride elicited by two intravenous injections of 3.5 mg picryl
      sulfonic acid when given as a single dose of 4 mg/kg 2 or 4 days before the first
      or 1 or 3 days after the second injection of picryl sulfonic acid. This
      inhibition may occur because aclacinomycin-A inhibits the development and
      expression of both suppressor T-cells and their precursors. In addition, it is
      shown that aclacinomycin-A diminishes the capacity of spleen T-cells from picryl
      sulfonic acid-injected mice to inhibit upon adoptive transfer the contact
      sensitivity reaction to picryl chloride of normal and presensitized animals.

PMID- 2932410
TI  - Enhancement of helper and suppressor T cell activities by thymosin alpha 1
      injection in old mice.
AB  - A single injection of immunodeficient old (15-24 month old) BDF1 mice with 1-100
      micrograms of synthetic thymosin alpha 1 (T alpha 1), a 28-amino acid residue
      peptide, shortly before horse erythrocyte (HRBC)-priming, enhances the helper
      activity of their spleen cells. Helper activity of spleen cells from uninjected
      or T alpha 1-injected HRBC-primed old mice was titrated by adding graded numbers
      of these primed cells to cultures containing a constant number of normal spleen
      cells from unprimed young (3-month-old) mice and the conjugate 2,4,6
      trinitrophenyl (TNP)-HRBC. As evaluated from the in vitro anti-TNP antibody
      response, spleen cells exhibit higher helper activity when derived from T alpha 1
      injected, as compared to uninjected, HRBC-primed old mice. No effect is observed
      when T alpha 1 is injected in young mice before HRBC-priming. Old mice were also
      injected with the N14 (N-terminal amino acid residues 1-14) or the C14 (C
      terminal amino acid residues 15-28) synthetic fragments of the T alpha 1
      molecule. Injection of T alpha 1 or the N14 fragment restores the helper activity
      of old mice to levels comparable to that displayed by helper cells from young
      mice. Conversely, injection of the C14 fragment in old mice induces only a
      negligible increase in helper activity of their spleen cells. T cells from HRBC
      primed mice were separated by nylon wool filtration into Th1 (non-adherent) and
      Th2 (adherent) T cells and these cell subpopulations were assayed for helper
      activity. Helper activity of Th1 and Th2 cells is found to be impaired by aging
      when they are tested either separately or upon their recombination.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2932411
TI  - Why Huntington's disease isn't unique.

PMID- 2932412
TI  - Isoenzyme variation in the common shrew (Sorex araneus) in Britain, in relation
      to karyotype.
AB  - Samples of common shrews with an Aberdeen race, Oxford race and Hermitage race
      karyotype and from the Oxford-Hermitage hybrid zone were screened for genotype at
      six polymorphic enzyme loci. The common allele at all loci was the same in all
      samples suggesting that the degree of genic divergence between the karyotypic
      races is not great. However, shrews of the Aberdeen race appear to be somewhat
      distinct. There were differences in allele frequencies, range of alleles and
      heterozygosities at the Mpi-1, Pgm-2 and Pgm-3 loci between the Aberdeen race
      samples and samples of other karyotypic categories. The allele frequency
      variation across the Oxford-Hermitage hybrid zone is not substantially linked
      with karyotype frequency change, but there is notable allele frequency variation
      between close sites of similar habitat, particularly at the Pgm-2 and Pgm-3 loci.
      This suggests that gene flow between close sites may be reduced sufficiently in
      some instances to allow allele frequency change by genetic drift. This may have
      implications for the mode of origin of karyotypic races of common shrew.

PMID- 2932413
TI  - Allergic contact dermatitis from organophosphorus insecticides.

PMID- 2932414
TI  - T suppressor lymphocytes reverse ongoing acute allograft rejection.
AB  - (LEW X BN)F1 cardiac allografts are rejected within 8 days in untreated LEW
      recipients. At the critical time point of 5 days after transplantation, the
      obviously rejecting grafts are enlarged and maximally infiltrated by host cells
      as shown by 111In-labeled lymphocyte tracer studies. However, when such hearts
      were retransplanted back to naive (LEW X BN)F1 secondary hosts, they survive
      indefinitely, showing that even late rejection is reversible in the absence of
      sustained host immunological drive. Attempts were then made to abrogate this
      advanced immune responsiveness using Cyclosporine (CsA). CsA therapy (15
      mg/kg/day for 7 days) starting from day 5 produced indefinite graft survival,
      similar as if initiated at the time of operation. Addition of exogenous IL-2,
      which drives the proliferation of Tc, could not reverse this effect. Serial
      changes in phenotype of lymphocyte subpopulations infiltrating both acutely
      rejecting and indefinitely functioning cardiac allografts in unmodified and CsA
      treated hosts, respectively, were then studied. Ratio of Th:Tc/s cells in acutely
      rejecting grafts was 1.6 by day 3; it inverted abruptly to 0.7 by day 5-6,
      suggesting predominance of Tc/s during the later stages of allograft rejection.
      Similarly, treatment with CsA produced a transient depression of Th, with
      recovery of original Th:Tc/s ratio during the next 2-3 weeks. Adoptive transfer
      experiments were then performed to investigate the functional significance of
      these findings.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2932415
TI  - Adventure, Etc.--a health-promotion program for chronically ill and disabled
      youth.
AB  - Adolescents with a chronic illness or physical disability have a more difficult
      time separating from parents, achieving a sense of mastery, developing social
      skills among peers, and achieving a positive body-image than do able-bodied
      adolescents. To promote attainment of these developmental tasks, Adventure, Etc.
      was created as a wilderness/urban Outward Bound experience for chronically ill,
      physically disabled, and able-bodied teens. Pre- and posttesting and interviewing
      assessed locus of control, self-image, family environment, and family dynamics.
      Over a two-year period, 37 teens completed the program and were tested; 23 were
      chronically ill or disabled. The chronically ill/disabled group showed a
      significant increase in internal locus of control. No change was found in the
      able-bodied group. Both the able-bodied and the disabled/chronically ill groups
      showed a significant improvement in body image. Reported family conflict
      declined, as did family recreational involvement, while individual recreational
      activities among these adolescents increased. Based on these results, new follow
      up activities for the parents and adolescents were initiated to further the gains
      of program participants.

PMID- 2932416
TI  - Bactericidal activity of ciprofloxacin in serum and urine against Escherichia
      coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and
      Streptococcus faecalis.
AB  - Ten volunteers received three doses of 500 mg ciprofloxacin, orally every 12
      hours. After the last dose, mean serum levels were (mg/l +/- SD) 2.4 +/- 0.83 at
      1 h; 0.91 +/- 0.30 at 4 h and 0.18 +/- 0.04 at 12 h. At 1 h the median serum
      bactericidal activity was satisfactory only against the Escherichia coli (1:256)
      and Klebsiella pneumoniae (1:128). In urine collected from 0 to 4 h and 8 to 12 h
      after the last dose, the mean ciprofloxacin level was respectively 482.5 +/-
      324.7 and 80.9 +/- 48.2 mg/l +/- SD. Bactericidal activity in urine was high even
      against the least susceptible species tested: Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
      Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus faecalis. A post antibiotic effect was
      demonstrated in 22 out of the 29 strains tested, ranging mainly from 1 to 3 h.
      Ciprofloxacin 500 mg orally twice a day is a bactericidal regimen against a wide
      range of urinary pathogens but has a limited systemic activity.

PMID- 2932418
TI  - Noninvasive Doppler determination of cardiac output during submaximal and peak
      exercise.
AB  - We compared pulsed Doppler (PD) measurements of stroke volume (SV) and cardiac
      output (CO) as a function of work load with previously reported values that were
      obtained by standard invasive methods. Suprasternal notch measurements of Doppler
      shifted frequency (delta f) were obtained from the ascending aorta and SV
      calculated with the Doppler equation and an independent measurement of aortic
      diameter. Motion artifacts were minimized with the aid of a restraining table
      cycle ergometer. Signal aliasing was accommodated with manual summation of delta
      f waveforms. A total of 207 determinations were made in 10 sitting subjects
      exercising to exhaustion. Linear regression analysis of CO vs. work load was
      significant (P less than 0.001). The correlation coefficient (r = 0.95) and
      standard error of estimate value (1.21 1/min) were similar to values from the
      literature. Absolute values of CO and SV underestimated the literature values
      across all work loads. Technical reproducibility was assessed by comparing with
      paired t tests the differences between 65 duplicate serial measurements of CO and
      SV at rest and exercise. No significant differences (P less than 0.001) were
      found. We concluded that PD-determined SV and CO are reproducible and correlate
      linearly with work load in a manner consistent with reported invasive techniques.
      Thus the PD method appears suitable for use during submaximal and peak exercise.

PMID- 2932417
TI  - Binding of the glycopeptide antibiotic teicoplanin to D-alanyl-D-alanine-agarose:
      the effect of micellar aggregates.
AB  - Teicoplanin, as well as the other antibiotics of the vancomycin group, was shown
      to bind specifically to D-alanyl-D-alanine-agarose (D-Ala-D-Ala-AGA) (A. Corti
      and G. Cassani, Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 11, 101-110 (1985)). This finding is
      extended, showing that the binding is as a function of concentration and physical
      form of the antibiotic in solution, i.e., monomers or micellar aggregates. At
      concentrations below the critical micelle concentration (CMC) teicoplanin binds
      with an affinity and a capacity similar to the other antibiotics of the same
      group such as vancomycin and ristocetin A. At concentrations above the CMC three
      times more teicoplanin is bound to D-Ala-D-Ala-AGA than the other two
      antibiotics. Equilibrium binding experiments carried out at different pHs with
      teicoplanin in the monomeric or micellar form indicate that the excess binding of
      teicoplanin occurs in the presence of micelles. Elaboration of binding data
      according to Scatchard indicates that the maximum binding capacity of the resin
      is increased 3.6 times when teicoplanin is in the micellar form. On the contrary,
      the apparent binding affinity is lower.

PMID- 2932419
TI  - Effect of swimming training on cardiac function and myosin ATPase activity in
      SHR.
AB  - Male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto normotensive rats
      (WKY) were subjected to swimming training 6 times/wk, commencing at 4 wk of age,
      to determine whether this type of endurance exercise might alter contractile
      proteins and cardiac function in young adult SHR. The total duration of exercise
      was 190 h. Myofibrillar adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase) activity was assayed at
      various free [Ca2+] ranging from 10(-7) to 10(-5) M. Ca2+-stimulated ATPase
      activity of actomyosin and purified myosin was determined at various Ca2+
      concentrations both in the low and high ionic strength buffers. Actin-activated
      myosin ATPase activity of purified myosin was assayed at several concentrations
      of actin purified from rabbit skeletal muscle. Under all these conditions the
      contractile protein ATPase activity was comparable between trained and untrained
      WKY and SHR. Analysis of myosin isoenzymes on pyrophosphate gels showed a single
      band corresponding to V1 isoenzyme, and there were no differences between
      swimming-trained and nontrained WKY and SHR. Ventricular performance was assessed
      by measuring cardiac output and stroke volume after rapid intravenous volume
      overloading. Both cardiac index and stroke index were comparable in nontrained
      WKY and SHR but were significantly increased in the trained groups compared with
      their respective nontrained controls. These results suggest that myosin ATPase
      activity and distribution of myosin isoenzymes are not altered in the moderately
      hypertrophied left ventricle whether the hypertrophy is due to genetic
      hypertension (SHR) or to exercise training (trained WKY). Moreover, the data
      indicate that SHR, despite the persistence of a pressure overload, undergo
      similar increases in left ventricular mass and peak cardiac index after training,
      as do normotensive WKY.

PMID- 2932420
TI  - Headache at high altitude is not related to internal carotid arterial blood
      velocity.
AB  - The cause of headache in persons going to high altitude is unknown. Relatively
      severe hypoxemia in susceptible subjects could induce large increases in cerebral
      blood flow that then could initiate the headache. Thus we measured noninvasively,
      by Doppler ultrasound, changes in internal carotid arterial blood velocity
      (velocity) in 12 subjects in Denver (1,600 m) and repeatedly up to 7 h at a
      simulated altitude of 4,800 m (barometric pressure = 430 Torr). Six subjects,
      selected because of prior history of high-altitude headache, developed
      comparatively severe headache at 4,800 m, and four subjects, without such
      history, remained well. Two subjects developed moderate headache. Velocity at
      4,800 m did not correlate with symptom development, arterial O2 saturation, or
      end-tidal PCO2. Also, neither velocity nor blood pressure was consistently
      elevated above the Denver base-line values. During measurements of hypercapnic
      ventilatory response in Denver, velocity increased linearly with end-tidal PCO2,
      confirming that our Doppler method could demonstrate an increase. Also, 30 min of
      isocapnic or poikilocapnic hypoxia caused small increases in velocity (+8 and
      +6%) during the base-line measurement at low altitude. Although even a small
      increase in cerebral perfusion could contribute to headache symptoms at high
      altitude, cerebral blood flow does not appear to play a primary role.

PMID- 2932421
TI  - AHEC and family practice.

PMID- 2932422
TI  - Pneumatic anti-shock garment. Risks and rewards.

PMID- 2932423
TI  - Three-wheelers--unsafe?

PMID- 2932424
TI  - Training for public health professionals: diagnosis and cure.

PMID- 2932425
TI  - Deoxynivalenol in hard red winter wheat: relationship between toxin levels and
      factors that could be used in grading.
AB  - A study was made of deoxynivalenol (DON) incidences and levels in 1982 hard red
      winter (HRW) wheat grown in areas of Nebraska and Kansas known to have scabby
      wheat. Samples of wheat harvested in the areas were collected from elevators and
      analyzed for DON by gas chromatography with an electron capture detector. Of the
      161 samples analyzed, 42% contained less than or equal to 1 ppm; 68% contained
      less than or equal to 2 ppm; 90% contained less than or equal to 4 ppm. There
      were differences in the occurrence of DON in the 5 areas identified in eastern
      Nebraska and Kansas. The mean level of DON decreased from north to south in these
      areas in the following order: 2.81, 2.73, 2.05, 1.52, and 0.83 ppm. An area in
      north central Kansas had a mean level of DON of 0.50 ppm. Correlations were made
      between DON incidences and levels in HRW wheat and factors used in grading wheat.
      The occurrence of DON was highly correlated with percent total kernels damaged by
      mold, percent total defects, and percent total scab damage.

PMID- 2932426
TI  - Liquid chromatographic determination of alpha-zearalenol and zearalenone in corn:
      collaborative study.
AB  - The liquid chromatographic determination of alpha-zearalenol and zearalenone in
      corn was collaboratively studied. Each of 13 collaborators received 7 corn
      samples; 2 were blanks and 5 were spiked to contain 50, 100, and 200 ng alpha
      zearalenol/g and 50, 100, 500, 1000, and 4000 ng zearalenone/g. Four sets
      (including blanks) of blind duplicates were included in the study. Five naturally
      contaminated corn samples (one in duplicate) were also provided. All
      collaborators detected both mycotoxins at 50 ng/g. Average recoveries reported by
      all collaborators ranged from 81.9% at 200 ng/g to 100.3% at 50 ng/g for alpha
      zearalenol and from 77.8% at 1000 ng/g to 123% at 50 ng/g for zearalenone. Three
      collaborators reported false positives for both alpha-zearalenol and zearalenone.
      The within-laboratory CV values based on blind duplicates were 22.6% for alpha
      zearalenol and 31.4% for zearalenone. The CV values based on laboratory-sample
      interaction were 25.6 and 33.8% for alpha-zearalenol and zearalenone,
      respectively. The CV values for naturally contaminated samples (including
      duplicates) were 47.0% for alpha-zearalenol and 37.7% for zearalenone. The method
      has been adopted official first action.

PMID- 2932427
TI  - Ocimum basilicum in acne vulgaris--a controlled comparison with a standard
      regime.

PMID- 2932428
TI  - Peritoneoscopy in undiagnosed ascites.

PMID- 2932429
TI  - Identification of a temperature-sensitive mutation in the htpR (rpoH) gene of
      Escherichia coli K-12.
AB  - A new mutation in the htpR (rpoH) gene of Escherichia coli K-12 was identified.
      The mutation resulted in a temperature-sensitive phenotype in terms of cell
      growth and bacteriophage lambda development. As in the case of the classical htpR
      tsn-165 mutation, synthesis of heat shock polypeptides was not induced in strains
      carrying the mutation described here.

PMID- 2932430
TI  - phs Locus of Escherichia coli, a mutation causing pleiotropic lesions in
      metabolism, is an rpoA allele.
AB  - The phs mutation, which causes a pleiotropic growth defect, has been mapped and
      shown to be an allele of rpoA, the gene for the alpha subunit of RNA polymerase.
      The mutation is shown to cause a transcription defect in the arabinose operon,
      araBAD.

PMID- 2932431
TI  - Structural and related functional changes in sarcoplasmic reticulum induced by
      long-chain fatty acids.
AB  - The effect of palmitic and oleic acids on Ca2+-ATPase activity in coupled
      preparations of sarcoplasmic reticulum isolated from rabbit hind leg muscle have
      been compared with their effects on vesicles uncoupled with Ca2+ ionophore,
      A23187. Palmitate at 2 microM X mg protein-1 has no significant effect on enzyme
      activity and does not uncouple catalytic activity from calcium accumulation
      within the vesicles. Oleic acid at 1 microM X mg protein-1 uncouples the
      vesicles, whereas 2 microM X mg protein-1 completely inhibits Ca2+-ATPase
      activity. Fluorescence anisotropy of diphenylhexatriene is not significantly
      altered by palmitate, but a large transient increase in motion of the probe is
      observed with addition of oleic acid. The effects of oleic acid on enzyme
      activity are not mediated via an effect on the bulk properties of the hydrophobic
      domain of the membrane lipids.

PMID- 2932432
TI  - The polymerase subunit of DNA polymerase III of Escherichia coli. I.
      Amplification of the dnaE gene product and polymerase activity of the alpha
      subunit.
AB  - The Escherichia coli dnaE gene, which encodes the alpha subunit of DNA polymerase
      III (pol III) holoenzyme, has been cloned in a plasmid containing the PL promoter
      of phage lambda and thermally induced to overproduce the alpha subunit. In cells
      carrying this plasmid (pKH167), the alpha subunit was amplified, after heat
      induction, to a level of about 0.2% of the total cellular protein. Polymerase
      activity was assayed in three ways: (i) gap-filling by pol III holoenzyme and
      subassemblies of it, (ii) the extensive replication of a primed, single-stranded
      DNA circle only by pol III holoenzyme, and (iii) complementation of a crude,
      inactive pol III holoenzyme (temperature-sensitive dnaE mutant fraction) in
      replication of a primed, single-stranded DNA circle. Amplification of the alpha
      subunit raised the polymerase level 10-fold in assay (i), indicative of the
      dependence of pol III gap-filling activity on this polypeptide; pol III
      holoenzyme activity remained unaffected (assay (ii)), but the complementation
      activity was raised 5-fold (assay (iii)). Thus, the elevated alpha subunit (free
      or in a subassembly form) can substitute in vitro for a defective alpha subunit
      in pol III holoenzyme, but cannot increase the in vivo level of about eight pol
      III holoenzyme molecules per cell. This low level of pol III holoenzyme is fixed
      in wild type cells (bearing no plasmid) despite the presence of a 5-fold excess
      of the alpha subunit, as inferred from the various assays. These results suggest
      that the low level of pol III holoenzyme is determined by a factor or factors
      other than the level of the alpha subunit.

PMID- 2932433
TI  - The toxicity of acetaminophen and N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine in isolated
      hepatocytes is associated with thiol depletion and increased cytosolic Ca2+.
AB  - The effects of acetaminophen and its major toxic metabolite, N-acetyl-p
      benzoquinone imine (NAPQI), have been investigated in hepatocytes isolated from 3
      methylcholanthrene-pretreated and -untreated rats, respectively. The two
      compounds produced qualitatively similar changes although the quinone imine was
      toxic with shorter incubations periods and at lower doses. Both agents caused an
      elevation of cytosolic Ca2+, assessed by phosphorylase a activity, which was
      accompanied by the concomitant appearance of plasma membrane blebs. A loss of
      mitochondrial Ca2+ was also observed. This disruption of Ca2+ homeostasis always
      preceded cell death. Studies with NAPQI showed that low doses were able to cause
      complete Ca2+ release from isolated liver mitochondria which was accompanied by
      pyridine nucleotide oxidation and preceded membrane damage. NAPQI also produced a
      rapid, dose-dependent depletion of both cytosolic and mitochondrial reduced
      glutathione as well as a loss of protein-bound SH groups. This loss of protein
      thiols may have been responsible for the observed inhibition of the high-affinity
      Ca2+-ATPase activity of the plasma membrane fraction isolated from NAPQI-treated
      cells. In addition, NAPQI inhibited microsomal Ca2+ uptake which would further
      contribute to the elevation in cytosolic Ca2+. Our results suggest that
      acetaminophen and N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine exert their cytotoxic effects via
      a disruption of Ca2+ homeostasis secondary to the depletion of soluble and
      protein-bound thiols. This mechanism may prove to be of general applicability to
      a variety of hepatotoxins.

PMID- 2932434
TI  - Characterization of peptides cleaved by plasmin from the C-terminal
      polymerization domain of human fibrinogen.
AB  - The C-terminal region of the fibrinogen gamma chain is known to participate in
      several functional interactions including fibrin polymerization. This part of the
      molecule is retained on the gamma chain of fragment D (FgD) when fibrinogen is
      digested by plasmin in the presence of calcium to produce the fragment D-fragment
      E (FgD X FgE) complex but is lost if FgD is prepared in the absence of calcium.
      In an attempt to characterize the C-terminal polymerization domain we have used
      three techniques to examine this further degradation of FgD following the
      addition of EDTA and plasmin. Analysis of the digestion by sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed a progressive cleavage of the gamma
      chain to two small remnants. The polymerization-inhibitory activity of the whole
      digest was studied using acid-solubilized fibrin. A progressive loss of
      inhibitory activity was associated with gamma chain shortening, reaching greater
      than a 120-fold reduction at the end of digestion. The cleavage of peptides was
      followed by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography and the release
      of a characteristic peptide triplet was associated with gamma chain cleavage.
      Manual sequencing, amino acid analysis, and fast atom bombardment mass
      spectrometry established the three peptides as gamma 303-356, 357-373, and 374
      405. These peptides have sequences in common with those peptides recently
      reported by other investigators to be potent polymerization inhibitors. However,
      when a mixture of the three peptides was added in a 200-fold molar excess to
      polymerizing fibrin, no inhibitory activity could be demonstrated. It is
      concluded that the C-terminal polymerization domain of fibrinogen may be an
      extended region which includes the sequence gamma 303-405, when this is
      contiguous with the remainder of the gamma chain.

PMID- 2932435
TI  - Effects of Ca2+ on the conformation and enzymatic activity of smooth muscle
      myosin.
AB  - The influence of Ca2+ on the enzymatic and physical properties of smooth muscle
      myosin was studied. The actin-activated ATPase activity of phosphorylated gizzard
      myosin and heavy meromyosin is higher in the presence of Ca2+ than in its
      absence, but this effect is found only at lower MgCl2 concentrations. As the
      MgCl2 concentration is increased, Ca2+ sensitivity is decreased. The
      concentration of Ca2+ necessary to activate ATPase activity is higher than that
      required to saturate calmodulin. The similarity of the pCa dependence of ATPase
      activity and of Ca2+ binding to myosin and the competition by Mg2+ indicate that
      these effects involved the Ca2+-Mg2+ binding sites of gizzard myosin. For the
      actin dependence of ATPase activity of phosphorylated myosin at low
      concentrations of MgCl2, both Vmax and Ka are influenced by Ca2+. The formation
      of small polymers by phosphorylated myosin in the presence of Ca2+ could account
      for the alteration in the affinity for actin. For the actin dependence of
      phosphorylated heavy meromyosin at low MgCl2 concentrations, Ca2+ induces only an
      increase in Vmax. To detect alterations in physical properties, two techniques
      were used: viscosity and limited papain hydrolysis. For dephosphorylated myosin,
      6 S or 10 S, Ca2+-dependent effects are not detected using either technique.
      However, for phosphorylated myosin the decrease in viscosity corresponding to the
      6 S to 10 S transition is shifted to lower KCl concentrations by the presence of
      Ca2+. In addition, a Ca2+ dependence of proteolysis rates is observed with
      phosphorylated myosin but only at low ionic strength, i.e. under conditions where
      myosin assumes the folded conformation.

PMID- 2932436
TI  - The interaction of fibronectin fragments with fibroblastic cells.
AB  - We have examined the interaction of the purified cell-binding domain of
      fibronectin with fibroblastic baby hamster kidney cells. When the cell-binding
      region of fibronectin is part of a large 75,000-dalton fragment, the direct
      binding of the tritium-labeled fragment to cells in suspension can be observed.
      There is a single class of 10(5) sites/cell with an apparent dissociation
      constant of 4 X 10(-7) M. When the cell-binding region is part of a smaller
      11,500-dalton fragment, an interaction with cells can only be observed indirectly
      via inhibition assays. The apparent affinity of this fragment for the cell
      surface fibronectin receptor is low. This 11,500-dalton fragment competitively
      inhibits both the direct binding of soluble [3H]fibronectin to cells in
      suspension and the spreading of cells on fibronectin-coated substrates,
      suggesting that the fragment binds to the same receptor site as intact
      fibronectin. Possible models describing the mechanism of the interaction of
      fibronectin with its receptor are proposed.

PMID- 2932437
TI  - Differential trace labeling of calmodulin: investigation of binding sites and
      conformational states by individual lysine reactivities. Effects of beta
      endorphin, trifluoperazine, and ethylene glycol bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)
      N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid.
AB  - The Ca2+-dependent association of beta-endorphin and trifluoperazine with porcine
      testis calmodulin, as well as the effects of removing Ca2+ by ethylene glycol
      bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) treatment, were
      investigated by the procedure of differential kinetic labeling. This technique
      permitted determination of the relative rates of acylation of each of the epsilon
      amino groups of the seven lysyl residues on calmodulin by [3H]acetic anhydride
      under the different conditions. In all cases, less than 0.52 mol of lysyl
      residue/mol of calmodulin was modified, thus ensuring that the labeling pattern
      reflects the microenvironments of these groups in the native protein. Lysines 75
      and 94 were found to be the most reactive amino groups in Ca2+-saturated
      calmodulin. In the presence of Ca2+ and under conditions where beta-endorphin and
      calmodulin were present at a molar ratio of 2.5:1, the amino groups of lysines 75
      and 148 were significantly reduced in reactivity compared to calmodulin alone. At
      equimolar concentrations of peptide and protein, essentially the same result was
      obtained except that the magnitudes of the perturbation of these two lysines were
      less pronounced. With trifluoperazine, at a molar ratio to calmodulin of 2.5:1,
      significant perturbations of lysines 75 and 148, as well as Lys 77, were also
      found. These results further substantiate previous observations of a commonality
      between phenothiazine and peptide binding sites on calmodulin. Lastly, an
      intriguing difference in Ca2+-mediated reactivities between lysines 75 and 77 of
      calmodulin is demonstrated. In the Ca2+-saturated form of the protein, both
      lysines are part of the long connecting helix between the two homologous halves
      of the protein (Babu, Y. S., Sack, J. S., Greenhough, T. G., Bugg, C. E., Means,
      A. R., and Cook, W. J. (1985) Nature 315, 37-40). Yet, Lys 75 increases in
      reactivity some 25-fold, compared to only a 2-fold change for Lys 77, in going
      from EGTA-treated to Ca2+-saturated calmodulin. Thus, the microenvironment of Lys
      75 is markedly altered upon Ca2+ binding, and this linker region between the two
      globular lobes of the protein appears to be quite important in the interaction of
      calmodulin with inhibitory molecules and perhaps activatable enzymes.

PMID- 2932438
TI  - Extracellular ATP perturbs transmembrane ion fluxes, elevates cytosolic [Ca2+],
      and inhibits phagocytosis in mouse macrophages.
AB  - In addition to its important role in intracellular metabolic pathways, ATP
      appears to function as a neurotransmitter in mammalian neurones. The
      extracellular effects of ATP are not restricted to neurones. We describe the
      effects of ATP on transmembrane fluxes of monovalent and divalent cations and on
      phagocytosis in the J774 mouse macrophage cell line and in mouse macrophages
      elicited by intraperitoneal injection of thioglycollate broth. Of all nucleotides
      tested, only ATP is capable of depolarizing the macrophage plasma membrane
      potential, promoting Na+ influx and K+ efflux, effecting an increase in
      intracellular free Ca2+, and inhibiting phagocytosis. Nonhydrolyzable ATP analogs
      had no effect on membrane permeability or phagocytosis. The effect mediated by
      ATP is not accompanied by an increase in membrane permeability to nucleotides,
      indicating that the action of ATP is restricted to the external surface of
      macrophages.

PMID- 2932439
TI  - Fructose 6-phosphate prevents the proteolyzed derivative of Escherichia coli
      phosphofructokinase from dissociation and inactivation.
AB  - N-terminal sequence analysis shows that the limited proteolysis of Escherichia
      coli phosphofructokinase results in the removal of the 40-50 C-terminal residues
      of each chain. When tetrameric, this proteolyzed derivative is still active
      albeit insensitive to allosteric effectors (Le Bras, G., and Garel, J.-R. (1982)
      Biochemistry 21, 6656-6660). In the absence of fructose 6-phosphate, the
      proteolyzed phosphofructokinase spontaneously loses its activity and dissociates
      into dimeric species. This inactivation/dissociation is slowed down by the
      binding of fructose 6-phosphate to only part of the sites; it is completely
      prevented by the saturation of all four fructose 6-phosphate sites. The other
      substrate ATP does not protect the proteolyzed phosphofructokinase against this
      inactivation/dissociation. This inactivation/dissociation is not due to
      denaturation and can be reversed in some conditions by the addition of fructose 6
      phosphate. The active tetrameric structure of phosphofructokinase is stable when
      either the C-terminal segment is not removed or the fructose 6-phosphate sites
      are occupied.

PMID- 2932440
TI  - Conformational responses of the tryptic cleavage products of the Ca2+-ATPase of
      sarcoplasmic reticulum.
AB  - Trypsin cleaves the Ca2+-ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum into two major
      fragments (A and B), followed by subsequent cleavage into smaller peptides.
      Although the ATP-dependent Ca2+ transport is still observed after cleavage of the
      ATPase into the A and B fragments, the Ca2+ transport energized by acetyl
      phosphate is strongly inhibited. Covalent labeling of the Ca2+-ATPase by
      fluorescein 5'-isothiocyanate inhibited both the ATP and acetyl phosphate
      dependent Ca2+ transport. Vanadate protected the A and B fragments from further
      hydrolysis and preserved the ability of the cleaved Ca2+-ATPase to form crystals
      and to show the characteristic conformational changes in response to Ca2+ and
      EGTA that are observed with the intact enzyme. The protective effect of vanadate
      may be useful for the isolation of the A and B fragments in functional form.

PMID- 2932441
TI  - Reaction mechanism of the membrane-bound ATPase of submitochondrial particles
      from beef heart.
AB  - Submitochondrial particles from beef heart, washed with dilute solutions of KCl
      so as to activate the latent, membrane-bound ATPase, F1, may be used to study
      single site catalysis by the enzyme. [gamma-32P]ATP, incubated with a molar
      excess of catalytic sites, a condition which favors binding of substrate in only
      a single catalytic site on the enzyme, is hydrolyzed via a four-step reaction
      mechanism. The mechanism includes binding in a high affinity catalytic site, Ka =
      10(12)M-1, a hydrolytic step for which the equilibrium constant is near unity,
      and two product release steps in which Pi dissociates from catalytic sites about
      10 times more rapidly than ADP. Catalysis by the membrane-bound ATPase also is
      characterized by a 10(6)-fold acceleration in the rate of net hydrolysis of
      [gamma-32P]ATP, bound in the high affinity catalytic site, that occurs when
      substrate is made available to additional catalytic sites on the enzyme. These
      aspects of the reaction mechanism of the ATPase of submitochondrial particles
      closely parallel the reaction mechanism determined for solubilized, homogeneous
      F1 (Grubmeyer, C., Cross, R. L., and Penefsky, H. S. (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257,
      12092-12100). The finding that removal of the enzyme from the membrane does not
      significantly alter the properties of single site catalysis lends support to
      models of ATP synthesis in oxidative phosphorylation, catalyzed by membrane-bound
      F1, that have been based on the study of the soluble enzyme.

PMID- 2932442
TI  - Energy-dependent dissociation of ATP from high affinity catalytic sites of beef
      heart mitochondrial adenosine triphosphatase.
AB  - Incubation of [gamma-32P]ATP with a molar excess of the membrane-bound form of
      mitochondrial ATPase (F1) results in binding of the bulk of the radioactive
      nucleotide in high affinity catalytic sites (Ka = 10(12) M-1). Subsequent
      initiation of respiration by addition of succinate or NADH is accompanied by a
      profound decrease in the affinity for ATP. About one-third of the bound
      radioactive ATP appears to dissociate, that is, the [gamma-32P]ATP becomes
      accessible to hexokinase. The NADH-stimulated dissociation of [gamma-32P]ATP is
      energy-dependent since the stimulation is inhibited by uncouplers of oxidative
      phosphorylation and is prevented by respiratory chain inhibitors. The rate of the
      energy-dependent dissociation of ATP that occurs in the presence of NADH, ADP,
      and Pi is commensurate with the measured initial rate of ATP synthesis in NADH
      supported oxidative phosphorylation catalyzed by the same submitochondrial
      particles. Thus, the rate of dissociation of ATP from the high affinity catalytic
      site of submitochondrial particles meets the criterion of kinetic competency
      under the conditions of oxidative phosphorylation. These experiments provide
      evidence in support of the argument that energy conserved during the oxidation of
      substrates by the respiratory chain can be utilized to reduce the very tight
      binding of product ATP in high affinity catalytic sites and to promote
      dissociation of the nucleotide.

PMID- 2932443
TI  - Reversible dissociation of dog cardiac myosin regulatory light chain 2 and its
      influence on ATP hydrolysis.
AB  - The regulatory light chains of dog heart myosin were removed by digestion with
      myopathic hamster neutral protease. The heavy chains were also cleaved to an
      extent of 15%, but a homogeneous, rod-free LC2-deficient myosin was obtained by
      ion-exchange chromatography. A similar approach was used to prepare LC2-deficient
      heavy meromyosin. Neither Ca2+- nor K+-EDTA-activated ATPases were affected by
      LC2 removal. The Lineweaver-Burk plots for actin-activated ATPase in 25 mM KCl
      were biphasic giving a Vmax of 1.54 s-1 for control and LC2-recombined myosins
      and 1.08 s-1 for LC2-deficient myosin at low actin concentrations. At high actin
      concentrations, the Vmax for control and recombined myosins was 2.33 s-1 and 1.39
      s-1 for LC2-deficient myosin. Increasing the KCl concentration in the reaction
      mixtures resulted in more linear plots without suppressing the 35-45% decrease in
      Vmax that accompanied LC2 removal. The results from assays with control and LC2
      deficient heavy meromyosin performed in the absence of KCl, paralleled those
      obtained with myosin. The latter was also assayed in the presence of equimolar
      concentrations of C-protein in 50 mM KCl: C-protein induced a significant
      increase in the actin-activated ATPase of both control and LC2-recombined
      myosins, with no effect on LC2-deficient myosin. The Vmax for actin-activation in
      the presence of C-protein was 2.38 s-1, 0.83 s-1, and 1.71 s-1 for control, LC2
      deficient, and recombined myosins, respectively. The enhancement of actin
      activation in both the control and LC2-recombined myosins represents a possible
      role for C-protein in a LC2-mediated potentiation of actomyosin ATPase.

PMID- 2932444
TI  - Carbohydrates of lysosomal enzymes secreted by Tetrahymena pyriformis.
AB  - The carbohydrate structures of acid phosphatase and alpha-glucosidase secreted
      into culture medium by Tetrahymena pyriformis strain W were studied. Their
      asparagine-linked sugar chains were quantitatively liberated as radioactive
      oligosaccharides from their polypeptide moieties by controlled hydrazinolysis
      followed by N-acetylation and NaB3H4 reduction. The approximate amounts of total
      sugar chains liberated from 1 mol each of acid phosphatase and alpha-glucosidase
      were 6 and 4 mol, respectively. Paper electrophoresis revealed that only neutral
      oligosaccharides were obtained from both enzymes. The oligosaccharide fraction
      from acid phosphatase was separated into seven components by Bio-Gel P-4 column
      chromatography while that from alpha-glucosidase was resolved into three
      components. The structures of these oligosaccharides were determined by
      sequential glycosidase digestion in combination with methylation analysis. The
      sugar chains of the two enzymes can be primarily classified as high mannose-type
      oligosaccharides. However, they have the following characteristic features: 1)
      their common core is not the usual Man5 . GlcNAc2 structure, it is Man3 .
      GlcNAc2; 2) some of the sugar chains of acid phosphatase have 1 approximately 3
      glucose residues linked to the nonreducing terminal Man alpha 1----2 residue. The
      structural characteristics of the sugar moieties of the two enzymes indicate that
      they might be produced by the so-called "alternate pathway," in which lipid
      linked Glc3 . Man5 . GlcNAc2 functions as an oligosaccharide donor.

PMID- 2932445
TI  - Carbamoyl-phosphate synthetases from Neurospora crassa. Immunological relatedness
      of the enzymes from Neurospora, bacteria, yeast, and mammals.
AB  - Neurospora crassa contains two carbamoyl-phosphate synthetases: a mitochondrial
      enzyme (CPS-A) which supplies carbamoyl phosphate for arginine biosynthesis, and
      a nuclear enzyme whose product is used for the synthesis of pyrimidines. We have
      prepared antiserum against a highly purified preparation of the large subunit of
      CPS-A and have used the antiserum to demonstrate that the large subunit is, like
      most mitochondrially localized proteins, initially synthesized as a higher
      molecular weight precursor. The CPS-A antiserum cross-reacts with the nuclear
      enzyme, allowing us to identify the product of the complex N. crassa pyr-3
      genetic locus as a protein with a subunit molecular weight of 180,000. Finally,
      we have found that the CPS-A antiserum also cross-reacts with carbamoyl-phosphate
      synthetases from bacteria, yeast, and mammals. The immunological relatedness of
      carbamoyl-phosphate synthetases from such diverse species suggests that the
      protein sequences required for carbamoyl phosphate production have been highly
      conserved during the course of evolution.

PMID- 2932447
TI  - Distances between the functional sites of the (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase of
      sarcoplasmic reticulum.
AB  - Luminescence energy transfer measurements have been used to determine the
      distances between the two high affinity Ca2+ binding-transport sites of the (Ca2+
      + Mg2+)-ATPase of skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum. The lanthanide Tb3+
      situated at one high affinity Ca2+ site was used as the transfer donor, and
      acceptors at the other Ca2+ site were the lanthanides Nd3+, Pr3+, Ho3+, or Er3+.
      Terbium bound to the enzyme was excited directly with a pulsed dye laser.
      Analysis of the changes in the terbium luminescence lifetime due to the presence
      of the acceptor indicates that the distance between the Ca2+ sites is 10.7 A. The
      distance between the Ca2+ sites and the nucleotide-binding catalytic site was
      determined using Tb3+ at the Ca2+ sites and either trinitrophenyl nucleotides
      (TNP-N) or fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate (FITC) in the catalytic site as energy
      acceptors. The R0 values for the Tb-acceptor pairs are approximately 30 and
      approximately 40 A for TNP-N and FITC, respectively. The distance between Tb3+ at
      the Ca2+ sites and TNP-ATP at the nucleotide site is approximately 35 A and that
      between the Ca2+ sites and the FITC labeling site is approximately 47 A.
      Considerations of the molecular dimensions of the ATPase polypeptide indicate
      that while the two Ca2+ sites are close to each other, the Ca2+ sites and the
      nucleotide site are quite remote in the three-dimensional structure of the
      enzyme.

PMID- 2932446
TI  - The heavy chain of macrophage myosin is phosphorylated at the tip of the tail.
AB  - Myosin purified from rabbit alveolar macrophages has been shown previously to be
      phosphorylated on the rod portion of the heavy chain and on the 20-kDa light
      chains (Trotter, J.A. (1982) Biochem Biophys. Res. Commun. 106, 1071-1077).
      Phosphorylation of the 20-kDa light chains by endogenous kinase activity is
      associated with a significant enhancement of the actin-activated MgATPase
      activity (Trotter, J.A., and Adelstein, R.S. (1979) J. Biol. Chem. 254, 8781
      8785), whereas the function of heavy-chain phosphorylation is unknown. The
      isolated heavy chains of myosin purified from freshly harvested cells contain
      between 0.4 and 1.5 mol of PO4/mol of heavy chain, all esterified to serine
      residues. Using myosin phosphorylated by incubating living unstimulated
      macrophages in the presence of 32Pi, two-dimensional thin-layer mapping of
      tryptic peptides derived from heavy chains yields four phosphopeptides, which are
      phosphorylated to different extents. Limited trypsin digestion of similar
      radioactive myosin removes all radioactivity from the heavy chain while reducing
      its apparent molecular mass by less than 10 kDa. It is concluded that the heavy
      chain of macrophage myosin is phosphorylated on as many as four serines within 10
      kDa of the tip of the tail.

PMID- 2932448
TI  - Structure of the heparan sulfate-protein linkage region. Demonstration of the
      sequence galactosyl-galactosyl-xylose-2-phosphate.
AB  - We have treated bovine lung heparan sulfate with alkaline [3H]borohydride to end
      label the chains with [3H]xylitol. After subsequent periodate oxidation-alkaline
      elimination products were separated by gel permeation and ion exchange
      chromatography. The linkage region fragment expected to have 2 galactoses and 1
      [3H]xylitol residue appeared in the tetra-/trisaccharide region after gel
      filtration and was bound to the anion exchange resin. A similar negatively
      charged fragment, expected to have 2 galactoses, 1 xylose and 1 serine, was
      isolated after periodate oxidation-alkaline elimination of unlabeled heparan
      sulfate. The negative charge was due to the presence of alkaline phosphatase
      labile phosphate ester. The molar ratio of galactose:phosphate:xylose was
      2.17:1.19:1.00. The phosphate ester was associated with the xylose/[3H] xylitol
      moiety as indicated by the formation of phosphoxylose/-xylitol by beta
      galactosidase digestion of the phosphorylated trisaccharide. Furthermore, orcinol
      reactivity disappeared after periodate oxidation of the dephosphorylated
      trisaccharide. The phosphate ester must be located to C-2 of xylose/xylitol as
      the 1-3H radioactivity could be released by periodate oxidation when it was
      preceded by alkaline phosphatase treatment. It is estimated that almost every
      chain of heparan sulfate carries 2-phosphoxylose. It would be of interest to know
      if glycosaminoglycan chains that are artificially initiated onto exogeneous beta
      D-xylosides also acquire the 2-phosphoxylose moiety.

PMID- 2932449
TI  - Calcium-insensitive binding of heavy meromyosin to regulated actin at
      physiological ionic strength.
AB  - Several conflicting reports have been made regarding the affinity of myosin heads
      (subfragment 1 and heavy meromyosin (HMM) for regulated actin (actin complexed
      with tropomyosin and troponin) at low ionic strength (mu = 18-50 mM) and whether
      or not this interaction is Ca2+ sensitive (Chalovich, J. M., and Eisenberg, E.
      (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257, 2432-2437; Chalovich, J. M., and Eisenberg, E. (1984)
      Biophys. J. 45, 221a; Wagner, P. D., and Stone, D. B. (1983) Biochemistry 22,
      1334-1342; and Wagner, P. D. (1984) Biochemistry 23, 5950-5956). Since the low
      ionic strengths used in the above studies do not represent the physiological
      ionic strength under which intact muscle exhibits Ca2+-dependent tension
      development, we investigated the possibility of whether a Ca2+-dependent
      regulated actin-HMM interaction could be observed at physiological ionic strength
      (mu = 134 mM, pH 7.4) and in the presence of ATP (at 23-24 degrees C). Direct
      binding of HMM to varied concentrations of regulated actin (87.7-221 microM free
      actin) was measured by sedimentation in an air-driven ultracentrifuge. Under the
      above conditions, we found that the regulated actin activation of HMM-Mg2+-ATPase
      was about 94% inhibited in the absence of Ca2+ although the association constant
      (Ka) is only moderately affected in the presence of Ca2+. These results are
      similar to those obtained by Chalovich and Eisenberg (1982 and 1984) with
      subfragment 1 and HMM, respectively, at low ionic strength and support their
      suggestion that in solution tropomyosin-troponin may not act totally by
      physically blocking the formation of cross-bridges with actin, but instead may
      act to inhibit a kinetic step in the overall ATPase rate. Whether this holds true
      in more intact systems (e.g. myosin, thick filaments) remains to be determined.
      Our results also show a good correlation between levels of ATPase activation and
      HMM binding by unregulated actin and in regulated actin in the presence of Ca2+.

PMID- 2932450
TI  - A conformational transition in gizzard heavy meromyosin involving the head-tail
      junction, resulting in changes in sedimentation coefficient, ATPase activity, and
      orientation of heads.
AB  - Gizzard heavy meromyosin (HMM) sediments in the ultracentrifuge as a single peak,
      whose sedimentation coefficient (S20,w) decreases from 9 to 7.5 S upon increasing
      the NaCl concentration from 0.02 to 0.3 M. This decrease is accompanied by a
      parallel increase in Mg2+-ATPase activity, suggesting that both changes have a
      common molecular basis. Phosphorylation decreases S20,w and increases ATPase
      activity, while ATP increases S20,w. Sedimentation equilibrium studies indicate
      that HMM undergoes no detectable aggregation at 0.02 or 0.4 M NaCl, remaining
      monomeric with a molecular weight of 3.4 X 10(5). In contrast, S20,w of
      subfragment 1 does not change with changes in ionic strength, and its ATPase
      activity does not decrease at low ionic strengths. Electron micrographs of
      samples of HMM prepared at low ionic strength show that up to half of the
      molecules are flexed, i.e. the heads are bent at the neck and project back toward
      the tail, while the remaining molecules have either one or both of the heads
      pointing away from the tail. In samples prepared at high ionic strength only
      about 10% of the molecules are flexed. There is a linear relationship between the
      fraction of flexed molecules and S20,w, with no significant bending or folding of
      the tail and no detectable change in the shape of the heads. This correlation
      suggests that the changes in ATPase activity and S20,w may be a result of the
      reorientation of the heads.

PMID- 2932452
TI  - Cytoskeletal architecture of isolated mitotic spindle with special reference to
      microtubule-associated proteins and cytoplasmic dynein.
AB  - We have studied cytoskeletal architectures of isolated mitotic apparatus from sea
      urchin eggs using quick-freeze, deep-etch electron microscopy. This method
      revealed the existence of an extensive three-dimensional network of straight and
      branching crossbridges between spindle microtubules. The surface of the spindle
      microtubules was almost entirely covered with hexagonally packed, small, round
      button-like structures which were very uniform in shape and size (approximately 8
      nm in diameter), and these microtubule buttons frequently provided bases for
      crossbridges between adjacent microtubules. These structures were removed from
      the surface of microtubules by high salt (0.6 M NaCl) extraction. Microtubule
      associated proteins (MAPs) and microtubules isolated from mitotic spindles which
      were mainly composed of a large amount of 75-kD protein and some high molecular
      mass (250 kD, 245 kD) proteins were polymerized in vitro and examined by quick
      freeze, deep-etch electron microscopy. The surfaces of microtubules were entirely
      covered with the same hexagonally packed round buttons, the arrangement of which
      is intimately related to that of tubulin dimers. Short crossbridges and some
      longer crossbridges were also observed. High salt treatment (0.6 M NaCl)
      extracted both 75-kD protein and high molecular weight proteins and removed
      microtubule buttons and most of crossbridges from the surface of microtubules.
      Considering the relatively high amount of 75-kD protein among MAPs isolated from
      mitotic spindles, it is concluded that these microtubule buttons probably consist
      of 75-kD MAP and that some of the crossbridges in vivo could belong to MAPs.
      Another kind of granule, larger in size (11-26 nm in diameter), was also on
      occasion associated with the surface of microtubules of mitotic spindles. A fine
      sidearm sometimes connected the larger granule to adjacent microtubules.
      Localization of cytoplasmic dynein ATPase in the mitotic spindle was investigated
      by electron microscopic immunocytochemistry with a monoclonal antibody (D57)
      against sea urchin sperm flagellar 21S dynein and colloidal gold-labeled second
      antibody. Immunogold particles were closely associated with spindle microtubules.
      76% of these were within 50 nm and 55% were within 20 nm from the surface of the
      microtubules. These gold particles were sporadically found on both polar and
      kinetochore microtubules of half-spindles at both metaphase and anaphase. They
      localized also on the microtubules between sister chromatids in late anaphase.
      These data indicate that cytoplasmic dynein is attached to the microtubules in
      sea urchin mitotic spindles.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2932451
TI  - Effects of actin filament cross-linking and filament length on actin-myosin
      interaction.
AB  - We have used two actin-binding proteins of the intestinal brush border, TW
      260/240 and villin, to examine the effects of filament cross-linking and filament
      length on myosin-actin interactions. TW 260/240 is a nonerythroid spectrin that
      is a potent cross-linker of actin filaments. In the presence of this cross-linker
      we observed a concentration-dependent enhancement of skeletal muscle actomyosin
      ATPase activity (150-560% of control; maximum enhancement at a 1:70-80 TW
      260/240:actin molar ratio). TW 260/240 did not cause a similar enhancement of
      either acto-heavy meromyosin (HMM) ATPase or acto-myosin subfragment-one (S1)
      ATPase. Villin, a Ca2+-dependent filament capping and severing protein of the
      intestinal microvillus, was used to generate populations of actin filaments of
      various lengths from less than 20 nm to 2.0 microns; (villin:actin ratios of 1:2
      to 1:4,000). The effect of filament length on actomyosin ATPase was biphasic. At
      villin:actin molar ratios of 1:2-25 actin-activated myosin ATPase activity was
      inhibited to 20-80% of control values, with maximum inhibition observed at the
      highest villin:actin ratio. The ATPase activities of acto-HMM and acto-S1 were
      also inhibited at these short filament lengths. At intermediate filament lengths
      generated at villin:actin ratios of 1:40-400 (average lengths 0.26-1.1 micron) an
      enhancement of actomyosin ATPase was observed (130-260% of controls), with a
      maximum enhancement at average filament lengths of 0.5 micron. The levels of
      actomyosin ATPase fell off to control values at low concentrations of villin
      where filament length distributions were almost those of controls. Unlike intact
      myosin, the actin-activated ATPase of neither HMM nor S1 showed an enhancement at
      these intermediate actin filament lengths.

PMID- 2932453
TI  - Effect of serotonin and its antagonist ketanserin on pial vessels.
AB  - The effect of serotonin (5-HT) and its antagonist ketanserin on the cerebral
      circulation was investigated in two series totaling 24 cats using the cranial
      window technique. 5-HT elicited a marked dilatation of small pial arteries,
      whereas large arteries tended to constrict. Intravenous administration of
      ketanserin reversed the constriction of large arteries, causing dilatation, and
      reduced the extent of small arteries' dilatation. In a randomized study, i.v.
      administration of ketanserin in its solvent versus the solvent alone revealed a
      strong dilatatory effect of the solvent on pial arteries (17 +/- 1.8%), which
      partly jeopardized a possible constrictory effect of ketanserin, as ketanserin
      plus solvent induced less dilatation of small pial arteries than the solvent
      alone. The present data support the view that serotonin exerts a dual effect on
      cerebral arteries, namely, dilatation of small and constriction of large vessels.
      The antagonist ketanserin reverses this effect, but the strong dilatatory effect
      of the solvent alone masks the antiserotoninergic effect.

PMID- 2932454
TI  - Early postnatal development of transport functions in the rabbit choroid plexus.
AB  - The development of transport functions in the rabbit choroid plexus was followed
      postnatally up to 2 months after birth. The activity of ouabain-sensitive Na+, K+
      ATPase in newborn rabbit choroid plexus composes about one-fourth (lateral and
      third ventricle) to one-half (fourth ventricle) of the activity in the adult
      animal, and it increases markedly within the first 3 weeks of early life. A
      similar profile of postnatal changes is observed for the capacity to take up and
      accumulate the organic base choline, which is about three to five times higher
      for the adult rabbit than for the newborn animal. This coincides with the
      maturation of the epithelial cells as well as with the development of the
      sympathetic nerve supply in the choroid plexus. The results suggest that energy
      dependent translocation systems influenced by local sympathetic nerves in the
      choroid plexus, at the interface between blood and CSF, have a functional role
      shortly after birth.

PMID- 2932455
TI  - Management of refractory acne.

PMID- 2932456
TI  - The cytoskeletal system of red blood cells.

PMID- 2932457
TI  - Derivatization of secondary amines with 2-naphthalene-sulfonyl chloride for high
      performance liquid chromatographic analysis of spectinomycin.
AB  - A normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method has been
      developed for the assay of spectinomycin hydrochloride and spectinomycin sulfate
      for detection at 254 nm. The method involves pre-column derivatization of
      secondary amines of spectinomycin with 2-naphthalenesulfonyl chloride (NSCl)
      using a catalyst. Lincomycin, 1-methylpyrrole, 2-acetyl-1-methylpyrrole, and 2
      acetyl-pyrrole act as catalysts for sulfonylation of spectinomycin. Without a
      catalyst, the derivatization reaction forms a considerable amount of
      actinospectinoic acid, a degradation compound of spectinomycin, and peak
      area:weight ratio of the derivative is approximately 15% lower than those with
      the catalyst. Following derivatization the sample is extracted and
      chromatographed on a normal-phase silica column with detection at 254 nm. The
      method is applicable for the analysis of both the hydrochloride and sulfate salt
      forms of spectinomycin. All the known degradation compounds of spectinomycin such
      as actinamine, actinospectinoic acid and the biosynthesis intermediates,
      dihydrospectinomycin diastereoisomers, are completely separated with this method.
      Mass spectrometric data confirms that spectinomycin is derivatized with NSCl at
      the secondary amines located at positions 6 and 8 of the ring structure. The
      standard curves for the HPLC assay of spectinomycin hydrochloride and sulfate are
      linear with correlation coefficients of 0.9997 and 0.9999, respectively over the
      range of 0.05 mg/ml to 0.3 mg/ml. The relative standard deviations (R.S.D.) of
      the HPLC assay methods for spectinomycin hydrochloride and sulfate are 0.67% and
      0.86%, respectively. Spectinomycin hydrochloride and sulfate bulk drugs were
      assayed by the HPLC method and compared to gas-liquid chromatography and
      microbiological assay results. The HPLC method was used to assay spectinomycin in
      a veterinary formulation, Linco-Spectin soluble powder. The sensitivity of the
      HPLC assay was determined to be approximately 4 ng sample load on the column,
      which suggests applicability in serum and residue level studies.

PMID- 2932458
TI  - Analysis of 5'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine and 5-fluorouracil in human plasma and urine
      by high-performance liquid chromatography.
AB  - A relatively simple and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC)
      method is described for measuring the two anticancer drugs 5'-deoxy-5
      fluorouridine (5'dFUR) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in human plasma and urine. The
      procedure for plasma includes solvent extraction using ethyl acetate-isopropyl
      alcohol (85:15) followed by silica gel column chromatography to separate these
      compounds from constituents normally occurring in plasma. The analysis by
      reversed-phase HPLC is performed on a phenyl column using an aqueous mobile phase
      with ultraviolet detection (280 nm). The overall recovery from plasma was 61% and
      65% for 5'dFUR and 5-FU, respectively. The sensitivity limit of the assay for
      both compounds was 50 ng/ml of plasma. Analysis of these compounds in urine did
      not require the silica column chromatography isolation step.

PMID- 2932459
TI  - Relationship of uteroplacental blood flow to the placental clearance of maternal
      dehydroepiandrosterone through estradiol formation in the pregnant baboon.
AB  - The theory that maternal intervillous blood flow is a major determinant of the
      rate at which the placenta clears androgenic steroid precursors through estrogen
      formation has never been tested by direct experimentation. We studied the effects
      of graded reductions in maternal distal aortic blood flow (Qda) on the placental
      clearance (PC) of dehydroepiandrosterone (D) through estradiol (E2) formation in
      pregnant baboons near term. A continuous iv infusion of [7-3H]D and [4-14C]E2 was
      administered to four pregnant baboons (Papio anubis) at 155-165 days gestation
      (term, 184 days) for 270 min (t0-t270). Maternal Qda was continuously recorded by
      electromagnetic flow transducer at the aortic bifurcation and altered with an
      aortic snare device. A 50% reduction in Qda was imposed at t60 and released at
      t180. Blood samples were collected at 10-min intervals from t30-t60 (control
      interval), t120-t180 (occlusion interval), and t240-t270 (release interval). All
      four animals were later studied after pregnancy with an identical infusion for 90
      min, with blood samples obtained at 10-min intervals from t30-t90. Equilibrium
      concentrations of [3H]D, [3H]E2, and [14C]E2 in plasma were determined and the
      MCR of D (MCR-D), the transfer constant of conversion of D to E2 (rho DE2), and
      the PC of D through E2 formation (PCDE2) were calculated for each of the three
      levels of Qda corresponding to the control, occlusion, and release intervals in
      pregnant animals and under conditions of existing Qda in the nonpregnant state.
      Control MCR-D during pregnancy (mean +/- SE, 740 +/- 74 liters/day) exceeded MCR
      D after pregnancy (500 +/- 40 liters/day). MCR-D fell significantly during
      occlusion (P less than 0.05). Both rho DE2 and PCDE2 decreased uniformly when Qda
      was reduced by 50% and returned toward the control level with release of the
      aortic constriction. The mean rho DE2 in pregnant animals was 0.068 +/- 0.0073
      (+/- SE), 0.039 +/- 0.0020, and 0.059 +/- 0.0063 during control, occlusion, and
      release intervals, respectively, all exceeding rho DE2 in the nonpregnant state
      (0.013 +/- 0.0004). Control mean PCDE2 was 46.3 +/- 8.24 (+/- SE) ml/min; it
      decreased to 18.9 +/- 2.68 with 50% reduction in Qda and was 35.6 +/- 5.43 when
      Qda was restored to 75% of the control value. PCDE2 was directly proportional to
      Qda (r2 = 0.98; P less than 0.01; n = 12) and remained a constant fraction (0.13
      +/- 0.002) thereof in all four animals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2932460
TI  - Peripheral serotonin2 receptor blockade does not inhibit 5-hydroxytryptophan
      induced aldosterone stimulation.
AB  - To assess the effects of serotonin receptor blockade on 5-hydroxytryptophan
      (5HTP)-induced aldosterone secretion, we studied six normal men using the
      serotonin antagonists ketanserin and methysergide. The subjects were studied on
      three separate occasions, and pretreatment with dexamethasone was given before
      each study. On two occasions, the pretreatment period also included
      administration of a serotonin antagonist, either ketanserin (120 mg/day) or
      methysergide (6 mg/day). On the day of study, the subjects were given a single
      oral 200-mg dose of 5HTP. Plasma levels of aldosterone increased significantly
      after 5HTP treatment compared to basal levels during each stage of the study. No
      significant difference in response in the three studies was found. We conclude
      that peripheral blockade of serotonin2 receptors does not abolish 5HTP-induced
      aldosterone stimulation, and that this stimulation is most likely mediated by
      central pathways.

PMID- 2932462
TI  - [An occupational health survey on beauticians in Japan. (III). Survey of
      lumbago].

PMID- 2932461
TI  - Quantitative and functional analysis of a human lymphocyte subset with the T
      helper (Leu 3/T 4+) phenotype and natural killer (NK)-cell characteristics in
      patients with malignancy.
AB  - Approximately 20% of normal blood lymphocytes expressing the T-helper (Leu 3/T
      4+) surface phenotype display natural killer (NK)-like features such as
      cytoplasmic granules and the ability to bind NK-cell targets. In this study, we
      have assessed the frequency, phenotypic features, and functional capabilities of
      such cells in a variety of lymphoid malignancies or solid tumors. In each patient
      group, the percentage of granular lymphocytes within the Leu 3/T 4+ T-helper
      subset was significantly increased. A large percentage of these cells coexpressed
      the Leu 7 or Leu 15 marker. When Leu 3+ cells from patients with high proportions
      of such NK-like cells (or Leu 3+-Leu 15+ cells from selected patients) were
      isolated with a fluorescence-activated cell sorter, these cells did not
      proliferate in response to allogeneic cells or T-cell mitogens, nor did they
      provide help for B-cell differentiation. They also did not suppress T-cell
      proliferative responses or B-cell differentiation. Freshly prepared Leu 3+
      granular lymphocytes did not display NK-cell cytotoxic functions. However, after
      short-term culture in the presence of phytohemagglutinin (PHA), Leu 3+-Leu 15+
      cells expressed T-cell growth factor (TCGF) receptors, had a detectable
      proliferative response to exogenous TCGF, and acquired the ability to lyse NK
      cell targets. These studies demonstrate that, in a variety of malignancies, the
      lymphocyte subpopulation expressing the T-helper (Leu 3/T 4+) phenotype may be
      comprised largely of cells with NK-like features and functional capabilities
      distinct from those of classical helper T cells.

PMID- 2932463
TI  - [An occupational health survey on beauticians in Japan. (IV). Relationship of
      lumbago to body weight].

PMID- 2932464
TI  - Encapsulation and capsular types in isolates of Staphylococcus aureus from
      different sources and relationship to phage types.
AB  - The relationship of capsular types of Staphylococcus aureus to type of infection,
      carrier state, and phage type was studied in a collection of 477 isolates from
      380 infection sites. Capsular polysaccharides were demonstrated by precipitation
      and agglutination with 11 monospecific antisera. When only one isolate from each
      infection was considered, 63% were of type 8 and 16% were of type 5. Of all the
      isolates tested, over 90% were encapsulated. We did not demonstrate any marked
      difference in the distribution of capsular types between isolates from the blood
      stream or purulent processes and isolates from healthy carriers or food. Most
      isolates from bovine mastitis milk had nontypeable capsules. The capsular type
      seemed stable in culture, and encapsulation had no apparent influence on
      susceptibility to phages. Of 27 phage-propagating strains maintained via culture
      transfer on artificial media over many years, 16 (59%) produced capsules. A
      striking association between certain phage patterns and capsular types was
      demonstrated.

PMID- 2932465
TI  - The mythology of occupational disease consumption.

PMID- 2932466
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies against complement 3 neoantigens for detection of immune
      complexes and complement activation. Relationship between immune complex levels,
      state of C3, and numbers of receptors for C3b.
AB  - C3-bearing immune complexes and C3 activation products were detected by using two
      monoclonal antibodies, one specific for a neoantigenic determinant on C3c and the
      other for C3d. To quantitate immune complexes, the anti-C3c or anti-C3d
      antibodies were fixed to microtiter plates and reacted with test plasma. The
      binding of C3-bearing immune complexes in this plasma was then measured with
      radioisotope- or enzyme-labeled anti-human IgG. To test for C3 breakdown
      products, solid-phase monoclonal antibody to the C3d neoantigen was reacted with
      EDTA-plasma samples, and fixed iC3b or C3d was measured with a polyclonal anti-C3
      antibody. Patients with autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus
      erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and Sjogren's syndrome, and
      paracoccidioidomycosis were found to contain immune complexes bearing C3b/iC3b or
      C3d. In most conditions, there were more C3d-containing immune complexes than
      C3b/iC3b. Although CR1 (C3b receptors) rapidly converted immune complex-bound
      iC3b to C3dg/C3d and lupus patients had reduced CR1, no correlation between the
      state of C3 on circulating immune complexes or levels of immune complexes and CR1
      numbers was seen. However, levels of C3-fixing ICs correlated with levels of C3
      activation products. This assay system with monoclonal antibodies to neoantigens
      expressed on activated, but not native, C3 provides sensitive and specific means
      for detecting and classifying C3-fixing immune complexes and for assessing C3
      activation.

PMID- 2932467
TI  - Allogeneic suppressive effects of pregnancy sera on monocytes of responding cells
      in human mixed lymphocyte reactions.
AB  - The purified human monocytes of a responding donor preincubated with heat
      inactivated serum T1264 or T1295 derived from pregnant women for 30 min at 37
      degrees C expressed allogeneic suppressive effects on the proliferative response
      of the lymphocytes from the same donor in the allogeneic mixed lymphocyte
      reaction (MLR). The pregnancy serum in our experiments was found not to contain
      any antibodies to DR and DQ antigens on monocytes of the responding donor.
      Accordingly, the suppressive effects mediated by monocytes were not based on the
      blocking of DR and DQ antigens on monocytes of the responding donor by DR and DQ
      antibodies in the serum. These highly reproducible allogeneic suppressive effects
      by monocytes of the responding donor were demonstrated in the MLR specific for
      DRw9-positive stimulating cells, whereas no inhibition was seen in the cultures
      with other stimulating cells of different DR phenotypes. Additionally, these
      suppressive effects appeared on the monocytes of a DR2-positive responding donor,
      but not on the monocytes of a DR2-negative responding donor. These suppressive
      effects were abolished when the absorbed pregnancy serum by monocytes of the DR2
      positive responding donor was used. In this suppression phenomenon that we
      discovered, monocytes of the responding donor appear to act as regulatory cells
      on the proliferative response of the allogeneic MLR. This regulatory function of
      monocytes could be expressed through the specific molecules distinct from DR and
      DQ determinants on monocytes in cooperation with antibodies (IgG class) in the
      pregnancy serum.

PMID- 2932468
TI  - Substructure of human von Willebrand factor.
AB  - Using electron microscopy, we have visualized the substructure of human von
      Willebrand factor (vWf) purified by two different approaches. vWf multimers,
      which appear as flexible strands varying in length up to 2 micron, consist of
      dimeric units (protomers) polymerized linearly in an end-to-end fashion through
      disulfide bonds. Examination of small multimers (e.g., one-mers, two-mers, and
      three-mers) suggests that each protomer consists of two large globular end
      domains (22 X 6.5 nm) connected to a small central node (6.4 X 3.4 nm) by two
      flexible rod domains each approximately 34 nm long and approximately 2 nm in
      diameter. The protomer is 120 nm in length when fully extended. These same
      structural features are seen both in vWf molecules that were rapidly purified
      from fresh plasma by a new two-step procedure and in those purified from
      lyophilized intermediate-purity Factor VIII/vWf concentrates. The 240,000-mol wt
      subunit observed by gel electrophoresis upon complete reduction of vWf apparently
      contains both a rod domain and a globular domain and corresponds to one half of
      the protomer. Two subunits are disulfide-linked, probably near their carboxyl
      termini, to form the protomer; disulfide bonds in the amino-terminal globular
      ends link promoters to form vWf multimers. The vWf multimer strands have at least
      two morphologically distinct types of ends, which may result from proteolytic
      cleavage in the globular domains after formation of large linear polymers. In
      addition to releasing fragments that were similar in size and shape to the
      repeating protomeric unit, plasmic degradation of either preparation of vWf
      reduced the size of multimers, but had no detectable effect on the substructure
      of internal protomers.

PMID- 2932469
TI  - Von Willebrand's disease with spontaneous platelet aggregation induced by an
      abnormal plasma von Willebrand factor.
AB  - We have investigated and characterized the abnormalities in four unrelated
      patients with von Willebrand's disease (vWd) who have (a) enhanced ristocetin
      induced platelet aggregation (RIPA) at low ristocetin concentrations, (b) absence
      of the largest plasma von Willebrand factor (vWf) multimers, and (c)
      thrombocytopenia. The platelet-rich plasma of these patients aggregates
      spontaneously without the addition of any agonists. When isolated normal
      platelets are resuspended in patient plasma spontaneous aggregation occurs;
      however, the patients' plasmas did not induce platelet aggregation of normal
      washed formalinized platelets. When the patients' platelets are suspended in
      normal plasma, spontaneous aggregation is not observed. The spontaneous platelet
      aggregation (SPA) is associated with dense granule secretion as measured by ATP
      release and alpha granule release as measured by beta-thromboglobulin and
      platelet factor 4 release. The SPA is totally inhibited by 5 mM EDTA,
      prostaglandin I2, and dibutryl cyclic AMP, while it is only partially inhibited
      by 1 mM EDTA, acetylsalicylic acid, or apyrase. A monoclonal antibody directed
      against glycoprotein Ib (GPIb) and/or a monoclonal antibody against the
      glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (GPIIb/IIIa) complex totally inhibits the SPA. The vWf was
      isolated from the plasma of one of these patients. The purified vWf induced
      platelet aggregation of normal platelets resuspended in either normal or severe
      vWd plasma, but the vWf did not induce platelet aggregation of normal platelets
      resuspended in afibrinognemic plasma. Sialic acid and galactose quantification of
      the patient's vWf revealed approximately a 50% reduction compared with normal
      vWf. These studies indicate that a form of vWd exists, which is characterized by
      SPA that is induced by the abnormal plasma vWf. The SPA is dependent on the
      presence of plasma fibrinogen, and the availability of the GPIb and the
      GPIIb/IIIa complex. In this variant form of vWd the abnormal vWf causes enhanced
      RIPA, SPA, and thrombocytopenia.

PMID- 2932470
TI  - Linkage of a membrane skeleton to integral membrane glycoproteins in human
      platelets. Identification of one of the glycoproteins as glycoprotein Ib.
AB  - Experiments were performed to determine whether platelets contain a membrane
      skeleton. Platelets were labeled by a sodium periodate/sodium [3H]borohydride
      method and lysed with Triton X-100. Much of the filamentous actin could be
      sedimented at low g forces (15,600 g, 4 min), but some of the actin filaments
      required high-speed centrifugation for their sedimentation (100,000 g, 3 h). The
      latter filaments differed from those in the low-speed pellet in that they could
      not be depolymerized by Ca2+ and could not be sedimented at low g forces even
      from Triton X-100 lysates of platelets that had been activated with thrombin.
      Actin-binding protein sedimented with both types of filaments, but 3H-labeled
      membrane glycoproteins were recovered mainly with the high-speed filaments. The
      primary 3H-labeled glycoprotein recovered with this "membrane skeleton" was
      glycoprotein (GP) Ib. Approximately 70% of the platelet GP Ib was present in this
      skeleton. Several other minor glycoproteins, including greater than 50% of the GP
      Ia and small amounts of three unidentified glycoproteins of Mr greater than
      200,000, were also recovered with the membrane skeleton. The Triton X-100
      insolubility of GP Ib, GP Ia, a minor membrane glycoprotein of 250,000 Mr, and
      actin-binding protein resulted from their association with actin filaments as
      they were rendered Triton X-100-soluble when actin filaments were depolymerized
      with deoxyribonuclease I and co-isolated with actin filaments on sucrose
      gradients. When isolated platelet plasma membranes were extracted with Triton X
      100, actin, actin-binding protein, and GP Ib were recovered as the Triton X-100
      residue. These studies show that unstimulated platelets contain a membrane
      skeleton composed of actin filaments and actin-binding protein that is distinct
      from the rest of the cytoskeleton and is attached to GP Ib, GP Ia, and a minor
      glycoprotein of 250,000 Mr on the plasma membrane.

PMID- 2932471
TI  - Plasma levels of immunoreactive atrial natriuretic factor in healthy subjects and
      in patients with edema.
AB  - Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF), a recently sequenced cardiac peptide, has been
      shown to have potent natriuretic, diuretic, and vasodilating effects in several
      species. We have developed a radioimmunoassay to measure the levels of
      immunoreactive ANF in human plasma. Plasma levels of ANF in healthy volunteers on
      a low sodium diet were 9.8 +/- 1.4 pmol/liter and increased to 21.9 +/- 3.0 on a
      high sodium diet. The levels of atrial natriuretic factor correlated directly
      with urinary sodium and inversely with plasma renin activity and plasma
      aldosterone levels. Patients with marked edema due to congestive heart failure
      had plasma levels of atrial natriuretic factor five times higher than normal (P
      less than 0.05), whereas patients with cirrhosis and edema had levels that were
      not different from normal. These results suggest that atrial natriuretic factor
      plays an important role in the adaptation to increased sodium intake.

PMID- 2932472
TI  - Atrial natriuretic factor in human blood.
AB  - To determine whether atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) is a circulating hormone in
      men, a radioimmunoassay suitable for the estimation of ANF in human plasma was
      developed and the nature of plasma ANF was characterized. Plasma ANF was
      extracted before radioimmunoassay by affinity chromatography on a column of ANF
      antibody-coupled agarose. When plasma ANF extract was analyzed by sodium dodecyl
      sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, with the radioimmunoassay of the
      eluted gel slices for ANF, almost all of the ANF activities ran in the 3,000-mol
      wt area, while three peaks of ANF were observed in human atrial tissue extract,
      molecular weights of which corresponded to 14,000, 6,000, and 3,000,
      respectively. Reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography of atrial
      tissue extract resolved multiple forms of ANF. In contrast, one major peak was
      observed in human plasma extract, and its retention time coincided with that of
      synthetic human alpha-atrial natriuretic polypeptide. When 500 ml of 0.9% saline
      was infused into six healthy subjects over 45 min, plasma levels of ANF were
      unequivocally elevated. The mean plasma ANF concentrations rose from the baseline
      (23.0 +/- 2.5 pg/ml, mean +/- SEM, n = 6) to the peak (41.8 +/- 4.9 pg/ml, mean
      +/- SEM) at 75 min postinfusion. No significant change in plasma ANF, on the
      other hand, was found in the control group. These results suggest that ANF is a
      circulating hormone in men and is secreted in response to isotonic volume
      expansion.

PMID- 2932473
TI  - Membrane markers, target cell specificity, and sensitivity to biological response
      modifiers distinguish human natural cytotoxic from human natural killer cells.
AB  - In the present report, we provide evidence for the distinct existence of a human
      natural cytotoxic (HNC) cell. This HNC cell can be identified by the monoclonal
      antibody HNC-1A3 and by the absence of the T10 antigen, other antigenic markers
      being shared, at least in part, with natural killer (NK) cells, T cells, or
      monocytes. In addition, the HNC cell preferentially kills the MA-160 target, the
      herpes simplex virus-1-infected MA-160 cell line, and the two human tumor cell
      lines HEp-2 and HF-2. It has weak lytic activity against the NK-sensitive K562
      cell line or its relatively NK-resistant clone I subline. The cytotoxic activity
      of the HNC cell is not augmented by interferon but is markedly enhanced by
      interleukin 2 and by a measles-virus-induced factor (MVF). Furthermore, it is not
      inhibited by cyclosporin A (CsA), in contrast to NK cell cytotoxicity against the
      K562 target cell line which is augmented by interferon, inhibited by CsA, and not
      affected by MVF. These data suggest that spontaneously cytotoxic cells may belong
      to more than one subset of human lymphocytes, and that HNC cells may be defined
      in man using membrane markers, target cell specificity, and sensitivity to
      biological response modifiers.

PMID- 2932475
TI  - Recombinant DNA studies on stored necropsy brain samples from patients with
      Huntington's chorea.
AB  - An analysis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in deep frozen brain samples taken
      from 100 patients with Huntington's chorea after death showed undegraded DNA in
      44 cases. Of these, 16 were analysed with G8, a recombinant DNA probe, linked to
      the Huntington's chorea locus. In all cases unambiguous Southern blots were
      obtainable. No correlation between the yield of DNA and the principal storage
      factors was observed. The use of stored brain tissue obtained after death from
      patients with Huntington's chorea should be considered when analysis of DNA is
      needed for predictive studies, but DNA should preferably be isolated from the
      tissue before storage as degradation in these samples can occur.

PMID- 2932474
TI  - Immunoglobulin G is a platelet alpha granule-secreted protein.
AB  - It has been known for 27 yr that blood platelets contain IgG, yet its subcellular
      location and significance have never been clearly determined. In these studies,
      the location of IgG within human platelets was investigated by immunocytochemical
      techniques and by the response of platelet IgG to agents that cause platelet
      secretion. Using frozen thin-sections of platelets and an immunogold probe, IgG
      was located within the alpha-granules. Thrombin stimulation caused parallel
      secretion of platelet IgG and two known alpha-granule proteins, platelet factor 4
      and beta-thromboglobulin, beginning at 0.02 U/ml and reaching 100% at 0.5 U/ml.
      Thrombin-induced secretion of all three proteins was inhibited by prostaglandin
      E1 and dibutyryl-cyclic AMP. Calcium ionophore A23187 also caused parallel
      secretion of all three proteins, whereas ADP caused virtually no secretion of any
      of the three. From these data and a review of the literature, we hypothesize that
      plasma IgG is taken up by megakaryocytes and delivered to the alpha-granules,
      where it is stored for later secretion by mature platelets.

PMID- 2932476
TI  - Effects of ketanserin, a 5-HT2-receptor antagonist, on the blood flow response to
      temperature changes in the diabetic foot.
AB  - We studied the effect of ketanserin, a relatively specific antagonist for 5
      hydroxytryptamine2-serotonergic receptors, on the total blood flow to the foot of
      patients with diabetes using a computerized pulse volume plethysmograph and a
      temperature controlled foot chamber. Ketanserin was administered intravenously as
      a bolus of 10 mg over four minutes followed by a constant infusion at the rate of
      5 mg/hr. Saline infusion served as a control in each subject. Sixteen patients
      with type II diabetes and two patients with type I diabetes were studied. Mean
      age was 58.5 +/- 1.6 years and mean duration of diabetes was 10 +/- 2 years.
      Basal blood flow (mean +/- SEM, mL/100 mL/min) at room temperature was 3.77 +/-
      0.99 with saline and 12.07 +/- 1.81 with ketanserin. At 38 to 40 degrees C, the
      values were 4.84 +/- 1.09 and 16.93 +/- 1.83. Reactive hyperemia was measured
      following three minutes of arterial occlusion; at 38 to 40 degrees C the flow
      rate was 20.67 +/- 2.45 with saline and 30.86 +/- 3.02 with ketanserin, while at
      8 to 10 degrees C the corresponding values were 15.63 +/- 2.01 and 27.16 +/-
      2.03. All differences between saline and ketanserin had a P less than .01. Venous
      distensibility (vol% at 50 mm Hg) at 8 to 10 degrees C was 0.55 +/- 0.05 with
      saline and 0.90 +/- 0.15 with ketanserin, P less than .05. Our findings are
      consistent with the hypothesis that serotonin is involved in the limitation of
      blood flow to the foot in diabetes and that ketanserin may play a potential role
      in therapy.

PMID- 2932477
TI  - Trigeminal mesencephalic neurons innervating functionally identified muscle
      spindles and involved in the monosynaptic stretch reflex of the lateral pterygoid
      muscle of the guinea pig.
AB  - Location of the neurons in the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus innervating
      stretch receptors of the lateral pterygoid muscle and the mode of their synaptic
      connection on the lateral pterygoid motoneurons of the guinea pig were studied
      physiologically as well as morphologically, in comparison with the trigeminal
      mesencephalic neurons innervating muscle spindles in the superficial masseter
      muscle, with the following results: stimulation of the caudal half of the
      trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus evoked monosynaptic excitatory postsynaptic
      potentials in the ipsilateral lateral pterygoid motoneurons. Stimulation of the
      lateral pterygoid nerve directly evoked spike potentials in the neurons located
      in the caudal half of the ipsilateral trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus, which
      responded with increased firing to stretch, and with silent period to twitch, of
      the ipsilateral lateral pterygoid muscle. Averaging of intracellular potentials
      of the lateral pterygoid motoneurons with extracellular spike potentials of these
      trigeminal mesencephalic neurons revealed excitatory postsynaptic potentials
      after a monosynaptic latency, but no inhibitory postsynaptic potentials.
      Injection of horseradish peroxidase into the lateral pterygoid muscle labeled 15
      20 cells in the caudal half of the ipsilateral trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus,
      while 174-228 cells retrogradely labeled by horseradish peroxidase were found
      throughout the whole rostrocaudal extent of the ipsilateral trigeminal
      mesencephalic nucleus following injection of horseradish peroxidase into the
      masseter muscle. It was concluded that neurons in the caudal half of the
      trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus send their peripheral processes to stretch
      receptors, presumably muscle spindles, in the ipsilateral lateral pterygoid
      muscle and that their central processes have excitatory synapses on ipsilateral
      lateral pterygoid motoneurons, thus comprising the afferent limb of a
      monosynaptic stretch reflex arc of the lateral pterygoid muscle of the guinea
      pig.

PMID- 2932478
TI  - Bullous lichen planus after intravenous pyelography.

PMID- 2932479
TI  - Oral ibuprofen and minocycline for the treatment of resistant acne vulgaris.

PMID- 2932481
TI  - Psoriasiform and related papulosquamous disorders.

PMID- 2932480
TI  - Cardiac gated MR imaging of cerebrospinal fluid flow.
AB  - This is a preliminary investigation of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) spaces using
      cardiac gated magnetic resonance imaging. A variation of intensity of the signal
      from the cerebral aqueduct is demonstrated during the cardiac cycle. The pattern
      of this variation suggests pulsatile CSF flow. Calculations that have been
      verified by phantom measurements show that CSF flow rates less than 1 mm/s may be
      detectable. Magnetic resonance may therefore offer a new method for the
      demonstration and measurement of CSF flow.

PMID- 2932482
TI  - The dexamethasone suppression test in depressive, non-depressive and
      schizoaffective psychosis.
AB  - The authors examined the 24-h plasma cortisol response to dexamethasone in 19
      patients with co-existing depressive and psychotic features and in 12 non
      depressed patients with only psychotic features. The rate and degree of abnormal
      dexamethasone suppression was greatest in patients who met RDC criteria for
      primary depressive disorder. Patients who met criteria for schizoaffective-
      mainly schizophrenic--depressed and other psychotic disorders did not differ from
      each other in their response to dexamethasone. These data suggest that the DST
      may have utility in the diagnostic evaluation of some patients with depressive
      and psychotic features.

PMID- 2932484
TI  - Dexamethasone suppression test and sleep deprivation in endogenous depression.
AB  - The dexamethasone suppression test (DST) was carried out in 24 endogenously
      depressed and 15 non-endogenously depressed patients before and on the day after
      therapeutic sleep deprivation (SD) for one night. The diagnostic selectivity of
      DST results was not improved by combination with SD. The alteration of DST
      cortisol levels after SD, irrespective of the direction of change (so-called
      cortisol response) was significantly higher in endogenous depressives than in
      neurotic depressives. No unequivocal statement was possible on (a) the predictive
      value of DST data for the SD effect and (b) the relationship between
      neuroendocrine changes and the antidepressive effect of SD.

PMID- 2932483
TI  - Lithium and impairment of renal concentrating ability.
AB  - In 19 patients on lithium maintenance therapy, impairment of renal concentrating
      ability was found to correlate with daily lithium dose. The correlation between
      dose and impaired renal concentrating ability was strongest for patients on
      regular lithium preparations and not significant for patients on a slow release
      preparation. In 2 patients with severe polyuria, renal concentrating ability
      increased markedly with thiazide treatment. No relationship between lithium
      dosing parameters and other side effects was found. These results emphasize the
      importance of dose and type of preparation of lithium in the production of renal
      side effects.

PMID- 2932485
TI  - The treatment of depression in patients with epilepsy. A double-blind trial.
AB  - Forty-two patients with depression and epilepsy were entered into an
      antidepressant trial of amitriptyline, nomifensine and placebo. The dose of the
      active drug was 25 mg tid, which was doubled in non-responders on the active drug
      after 6 weeks. At that point a further 6 week follow-up was carried out. Serum
      antidepressant and anticonvulsant levels were assessed. The results indicated
      that at 6 weeks all patients showed a decline in their depression scores but at
      12 weeks nomifensine was superior to amitriptyline. The possible reasons for this
      and the clinical implications of this are discussed.

PMID- 2932486
TI  - Attempts to attenuate the 'cheese effect'. Combined drug therapy in depressive
      illness.
AB  - Although earlier results, employing intravenous tyramine challenge, had indicated
      that a tricyclic antidepressant plus monoamine oxidase inhibitor drug combination
      might be free from the 'cheese effect', the experiments reported here, involving
      oral tyramine challenge during the combined therapy, showed that relaxation of a
      tyramine-free diet during such a drug regimen might be unsafe. Preliminary
      observations indicated that combined (-)-deprenyl plus nonselective monoamine
      oxidase inhibitor therapy might lead to an unacceptable degree of orthostatic
      hypotension without reduction in tyramine sensitivity.

PMID- 2932487
TI  - Life events in depression. Relationship to subtypes.
AB  - Life events that had occurred in the 6 months before the onset of depression were
      recorded in 40 depressed patients and 41 normal controls. The depressed patients
      had experienced significantly more life events and significantly more undesirable
      life events than the controls. The 20 patients with a DSM-III diagnosed major
      depressive episode (MDE) without melancholia had experienced significantly more
      life events in the 6 months before the onset of depression than the 20 patients
      with a major depressive episode with melancholia. The patients with MDE without
      melancholia, but not the MDE with melancholia patients, had also experienced
      significantly more life events than a group of age- and sex-matched normal
      controls.

PMID- 2932488
TI  - Outcome with desipramine therapy in subtypes of nonpsychotic major depression.
AB  - A consecutive series of 42 outpatients with major depression were classified as
      having endogenous or nonendogenous depression according to RDC, primary or
      secondary depression according to the criteria of Feighner et al. (1972) and
      suppression or nonsuppression according to a dexamethasone suppression test.
      These groups were then compared according to outcome after an initial placebo
      phase and after 6 weeks of treatment with desipramine. Patients with secondary
      depression were somewhat more likely to respond to placebo and were significantly
      less likely to complete the entire course of treatment. The primary/secondary
      distinction but not the endogenous/nonendogenous distinction predicted clinical
      status after desipramine therapy. In accord with earlier reports, nonsuppressors
      faired better than suppressors though this difference did not reach statistical
      significance. Moreover, nonsuppressors tended to have outcomes which were more
      discrete as reflected in a bimodal distribution for final scores, in contrast,
      final scores for suppressors assumed a more unimodal distribution.

PMID- 2932489
TI  - Genetic and environmental factors in major depression.
AB  - A study of 48 individuals with major depression in a sample of 443 adoptees has
      shown that depression is positively but not significantly correlated with a
      biologic background of affective disorder. Both primary and secondary depression
      was positively and significantly correlated with several environmental factors.
      In males, an adoptive home where another individual had an alcohol problem
      increased depression; in females, death of an adoptive parent prior to adoptee
      age 19 and an adoptive family where another individual had a behavior disturbance
      increased depression. Results suggest that the environmental factors occurring
      prior to adoptees age 18 predisposed to depression.

PMID- 2932490
TI  - High fatality rates of late-life depression associated with cardiovascular
      disease.
AB  - Sixty-two elderly depressives were located one year after discharge. Eight
      patients (13%) had died, 2.6 times higher than the expected mortality rate.
      Patients dying were more likely to have had a diagnosis of cardiovascular disease
      (P less than 0.001).

PMID- 2932491
TI  - Depression, cortisol metabolism and lymphocytopenia.
AB  - Depression is often associated with hypercortisolemia. Because high levels of
      cortisol influence the distribution of different types of leukocytes in the blood
      stream, we examined the percentages and absolute numbers of circulating
      neutrophils and lymphocytes in 29 depressed patients who were nonsuppressors on
      the Dexamethasone Suppression Test (DST), 28 depressed patients who were
      suppressors on the DST, and 52 schizophrenic controls. We found no significant
      differences in either RBC or WBC counts in the 3 groups. There were, however,
      significant differences in the percentages of both neutrophils and lymphocytes as
      well as the absolute number of lymphocytes among the groups. These differences
      were mostly due to significantly lower lymphocyte percentages and absolute counts
      in the depression-nonsuppressor group. We also found a significant negative
      association between post-dexamethasone plasma cortisol concentrations and blood
      lymphocyte counts. These data suggest a close interaction between cortisol
      metabolism and lymphocyte regulation in major depression.

PMID- 2932492
TI  - Differentiation of psychotic from nonpsychotic depression by a biological marker.
AB  - In a study of fasting plasma serine levels (PSL) previously shown to be a
      biological marker for psychosis, we found significantly higher (P = 0.0008) PSL
      in 18 psychotic depressives when compared to 22 nonpsychotic depressives.
      Similarly the activity of the enzyme serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT) which
      cleaves serine to glycine, was significantly lower (P less than 0.0001) in
      psychotics than in nonpsychotics. The difference between psychotic and
      nonpsychotic depressives were not attributable to age, sex or drug intake. This
      finding is in support of the hypothesis that these two types of depressions are
      qualitatively distinct from each other.

PMID- 2932493
TI  - The categorical and dimensional models of endogenous depression.
AB  - We calculated a Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) endogenous score for 257
      depressed inpatients based on the number of endogenous criteria present. The
      distribution of RDC endogenous scores was unimodal. There was no association
      between endogenous scores and results of the Dexamethasone Suppression Test, or
      morbid risk for depression in the patients' first-degree relatives. The morbid
      risk for a family history of alcoholism tended to decrease with increasing
      endogenous scores, although a consistent steady decline was not observed. The
      results suggest that the RDC criteria do not fit either the categorical or
      dimensional model of endogenous classification. Potential sources of difficulty
      with the RDC endogenous criteria are discussed.

PMID- 2932494
TI  - Blood levels of vanadium, caesium, and other elements in depressive patients.
AB  - Levels of vanadium and 29 other elements were measured in whole blood of 25
      depressive patients, 13 recovered depressive, and 24 control subjects. Vanadium
      levels were normal in depressive patients, and did not change on recovery.
      Changes of doubtful significance were found in blood levels of copper, strontium
      and chromium on recovery from depressive illness. The depressive patients had
      reduced blood levels of caesium which increased towards normal on recovery. This
      finding is discussed in relation to pertinent neurochemical and behavioural
      effects of caesium.

PMID- 2932495
TI  - Reported weight loss and dexamethasone nonsuppression in depressed patients. A
      negative study.
AB  - In a sample of 96 patients with DSM-III major depressive disorder and in a subset
      of 78 melancholic patients, there was no evidence that dexamethasone
      nonsuppression was more common in patients with reported weight loss.

PMID- 2932496
TI  - Sexuality and the disabled: apathy on the campus.

PMID- 2932497
TI  - Timepieces. Continuum.

PMID- 2932498
TI  - The effect of corticosteroids on monocyte and neutrophil activation in bronchial
      asthma.
AB  - The expression of IgG (Fc) receptor (FcR) and complement receptor (CR) on
      peripheral blood monocytes and neutrophils was determined by the rosette
      technique in patients with asthma receiving different forms of treatment. In 31
      patients taking inhaled therapy (i.e., bronchodilators alone or in combination
      with inhaled corticosteroids), monocyte FcR (48.19 +/- 1.24%, mean +/- SEM) and
      complement (66.54 +/- 1.09%) rosettes were significantly higher (FcR p less than
      0.001, CR p less than 0.001) than in the 17 healthy, normal control subjects (FcR
      37.94 +/- 0.82%, CR 59.7 +/- 0.98%). These increases in the percent rosettes
      between the two groups were observed even when a wide concentration range of IgG
      or complement was used to coat the red cells. No significant differences in
      monocyte receptor expression were observed between those patients being treated
      with bronchodilators alone or patients being treated in combination with inhaled
      corticosteroids. In 19 patients with asthma receiving oral corticosteroids, the
      mean monocyte FcR (38.21 +/- 1.73%) and CR (52.78 +/- 2.09%) were significantly
      reduced when these patients were compared with those patients receiving inhaled
      therapy alone (FcR p less than 0.001, CR p less than 0.001), and there was a
      significant inverse correlation between the percent rosettes and the dose of
      prednisolone. Neutrophil CR (51.32 +/- 1.30%, p less than 0.05) but not FcR
      expression (24.7 +/- 0.80%) was significantly increased when these were compared
      with those of control subjects (FcR 24.7 +/- 0.60%, CR 47.11 +/- 0.86%), and both
      neutrophil FcR and CR expression was significantly reduced (FcR p less than 0.01,
      CR p less than 0.001) in those patients with asthma receiving oral
      corticosteroids. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2932499
TI  - Role of interleukin-2 in the age-related impairment of immune function.

PMID- 2932500
TI  - Craniofacial dysmorphology in syndromes associated with abnormal physical growth.
AB  - Nine syndromes associated with varying patterns of abnormal physical growth were
      selected to study quantitative craniofacial dysmorphology with cephalometric
      analysis. A schematic diagram was developed in which a hexagon measures the
      neurocranium and facial skeletal size and form. This hexagon offers the
      possibility of quantitative dysmorphic roentgencephalometry to study the effects
      of various growth disorders on the craniofacial complex.

PMID- 2932501
TI  - Treatment of liver cirrhosis with microsomal enzyme-inducing compound in the rat.
AB  - The effect of therapy with a microsomal enzyme-inducing drug on the cirrhotic
      liver in male Wistar rats was investigated by morphological and biochemical
      means. The cirrhotic animals were treated with medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA)
      100 mg/kg body wt, i.p. daily for a week. In the cirrhotic rats liver weight was
      enhanced, liver protein content was increased while total liver DNA content
      remained unchanged upon MPA treatment. The hepatic regenerative nodule size
      increased, as determined by morphological means. Hepatic microsomal metabolic
      activity was improved, as seen by increases in NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase
      and aminopyrine N-demethylase activities and cytochrome P-450 content. Since the
      increases in liver protein content and metabolic activity were relatively greater
      in the cirrhotic than intact animals upon MPA treatment, it was suggested that
      the spontaneous regeneration associated with liver cirrhosis may affect the
      induction phenomenon. The results demonstrate that an enzyme inducer may have
      beneficial effects on the cirrhotic liver by elevating metabolic activity and
      parenchymal mass.

PMID- 2932502
TI  - Skin diseases: current concepts, therapy. 4. Fungus infections.

PMID- 2932503
TI  - CPH-86, a highly purified podophyllotoxin, efficiently suppresses in vivo and in
      vitro immune responses.
AB  - Podophyllotoxin, a component of the plant resin Podophyllin, has been used as a
      clinical drug for many years. Recently it has been highly purified under the
      denomination of CPH-86. We here demonstrate that extremely low doses of the
      compound efficiently inhibit antibody responses to SRBC and prolong allogeneic
      skin graft survival in mice. In vitro immune reactions, such as mitogen and
      alloantigen induced proliferation and development of cytotoxic T cells, are also
      suppressed in a dose dependent manner. This effect does not seem to be due to
      direct cellular toxicity or to a shift in the kinetic pattern of the responses.

PMID- 2932504
TI  - Plantar hyperkeratosis: a study of callosities and normal plantar skin.
AB  - Although callosities of the plantar skin are common and often disabling, little
      is known of their pathology or the reasons for their persistence. In this study
      plantar epidermal structure and cell renewal were investigated in patients with
      callosities and normal, age-, sex- and site-matched control subjects. Tritiated
      thymidine autoradiographic labeling indices were increased in the calluses but
      the dansyl chloride fluorescence clearance time was prolonged, reflecting the
      increased thickness of the stratum corneum. The number of corneocytes that could
      be removed from the surface of callosities by a standardized stimulus was
      considerably increased compared to controls but after adhesive tape stripping no
      such increase was observed. The density of corneocytes as measured on Percoll
      gradients was decreased in corneocytes from callus compared to normal plantar
      skin, and their volume was increased. These observations suggest that there are
      differences in epidermal differentiation due to an increased rate of epidermal
      cell production in plantar skin affected by callosity.

PMID- 2932505
TI  - Binding of unglycosylated and glycosylated human recombinant interferon-gamma to
      cellular receptors.
AB  - Recombinant human interferons (IFNs), either unglycosylated produced in E. coli
      (rIFN-gamma) or glycosylated produced in CHO cells (g-rIFN-gamma), were labeled
      with 125I to similar specific activities to study their interaction with cell
      surface receptors. When analyzed by gel electrophoresis, rIFN-gamma run as a
      single polypeptide of Mr 15,000-17,000, whereas g-rIFN-gamma separated into three
      components of Mr 20,000, 22,000, and 43,000, which corresponded to the known size
      of the two monomeric and one dimeric forms of glycosylated natural IFN-gamma. The
      binding of the two species of 125I-IFN-gamma was competed equally by rIFN-gamma
      in competition displacement experiments with Daudi cells, indicating that these
      IFNs bind with similar high affinity to the same receptors. KD values of 1.25 X
      10(-10) and 2.5 X 10(-10) M were determined for g-rIFN-gamma and rIFN-gamma,
      respectively. This relatively small difference in KD does not apparently result
      in a detectable difference in biological activity, as measured by the increase in
      2',5'-oligo(A) synthetase activity in IFN-treated HeLa and A549 cells. These
      results indicate that glycosylation of IFN-gamma does not play a significant role
      in its interaction with cellular receptors and in the induction of a biological
      response.

PMID- 2932506
TI  - [Surgical treatment of subacute infective endocarditis in a patient with polyuric
      renal failure due to immune complex glomerulonephritis: a case report].

PMID- 2932507
TI  - [Studies on the electromyogram of the maternal abdominal surface--the
      significance and the clinical application].
AB  - The study made me recognize the significance of the electromyogram of the
      maternal abdominal surface (MAS-EMG), which is taken in a non-invasive and by a
      non-biding procedure, and also it has been proven that I can get practical and
      objective information from the MAS-EMG during labor in 40 primiparous and 50
      multiparous. That is to say that: I can record the MAS-EMG by using the right
      filters [low cut filter (time constant 0.003s), high cut filter (150 Hz), notch
      filter (50 Hz)] in order to eliminate noise constituents. The MAS-EMG appears
      intermittently in the acceleration phase to the maximum slope phase when uterine
      contraction occurs and keeps the rhythmic MAS-EMG increased dynamically along
      with the progress of delivery. the available frequency zone in the MAS-EMG is
      from 10 Hz to 110 Hz, information which I obtained during delivery. The
      characteristic of the amplitude in the MAS-EMG is that the left side is larger
      than the right side-especially the left m. externus abdominus shows a high
      electrical potential. The following order of MAS-EMG occurred frequently: left m.
      obliquus externus abdominus----left m. obliquus internus abdominus----left m.
      transversus abdominus and right m. obliquus externus. The peak-hold curve of the
      MAS-EMG shows a great difference between normal delivery and abnormal delivery
      patterns. The wave forms for amplitude in the MAS-EMG constitute a practical body
      of information for the evaluation of involuntary and reflective bearing down
      action during delivery.

PMID- 2932509
TI  - [Experimental study of oral administration of streptococcal preparation "OK-432".
      The 6th report: its effect on in vivo anti-tumor immunity of the mice with
      transplanted cecal tumor].

PMID- 2932508
TI  - Steroid concentrations in human cervical tissue in relation to cervical ripening.
AB  - Steroid concentrations in human cervical tissue were measured in order to study
      the mechanism of cervical ripening at term. Thirty-four women at 37 to 41 weeks
      of gestation were selected for the study and divided into two groups. Group A
      consisted of 21 cases with ripened cervix, and Group B consisted of 13 cases with
      non-ripened cervix. The condition of the cervix was judged by the Bishop's Score.
      Free and conjugated estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), and
      dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) concentrations in cervical tissue were measured by
      radioimmunoassay (RIA). Significantly higher concentrations of free E1,
      conjugated E2, E3 and DHA were found in Group A than in Group B. Cervical tissue
      during labor showed a further increase in the concentrations of these steroids.
      Pronounced increases of the steroid concentrations were noted following DHA
      Sulfate (DHA-S) administration. These results suggest an intimate relationship
      between cervical ripening and steroid concentrations in cervical tissue during
      pregnancy.

PMID- 2932510
TI  - Heterotopic pregnancy from in vitro fertilization.
AB  - A case of heterotopic or combined intrauterine and tubal ectopic pregnancy is
      described following in vitro fertilization and the transfer of five four-cell
      embryos. The phenomenon is known to be related to ovarian stimulation by
      gonadotropin therapy, and there is an increased risk with underlying tubal
      disease. This patient had both variables. Techniques applied at the time of
      embryo transfer are also implicated, namely, the use of culture medium with 50%
      maternal serum to convey the embryos to the uterus, the catheterization method,
      and the position of the patient during transfer.

PMID- 2932511
TI  - A program for in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer at the Southern
      California Fertility Institute, Inc.

PMID- 2932512
TI  - [The relation between salivary IgA concentration and dental caries incidence in
      Mongoloid children].

PMID- 2932513
TI  - Serial changes in humoral and cellular immunity induced by prostaglandin E2
      treatment of murine immune complex glomerulonephritis.
AB  - To examine the mechanism by which prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) inhibits the
      development of apoferritin (HAF)-induced immune complex glomerulonephritis
      (ICGN), weekly determinations of glomerular histologic conditions, blood urea
      nitrogen (BUN), total immunoglobulin levels, anti-HAF antibody, peripheral blood
      and splenic T cell subsets, and splenic suppressor cell activity were compared
      between mice receiving HAF and mice additionally treated with PGE2. PGE2 therapy
      prevented the development of glomerular hypercellularity and the increase in BUN
      concentration. Administration of PGE2 reduced anti-HAF IgG levels, but total IgM
      and IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b levels were unchanged. Mice receiving HAF alone
      demonstrated serial reductions in phenotypically identified peripheral blood pan
      T cells and suppressor-cytotoxic T cells. PGE2-treated mice maintained normal
      levels of peripheral blood T cell subsets. Significant reductions in splenic
      total T cells and suppressor-cytotoxic cells occurred in mice receiving HAF as
      compared with normal mice. This reduction was offset by an increase in splenic B
      cells. PGE2 therapy prevented the decrease in splenic T cells at week 1, but not
      at week 4. Nonspecific suppressor cell activity, as measured by the ability of
      spleen cells from experimental mice to suppress a mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR)
      or to suppress MLR-induced polyclonal IgG synthesis, was not different between
      the two groups. We conclude that prevention of HAF-ICGN by PGE2 is associated
      with a reduction in nephritogenic antibody production without an alteration in
      total immunoglobulin synthesis or the generation of nonspecific suppressor T
      cells. Changes in the percent of peripheral blood and splenic T cells and B cells
      may represent an effect of PGE2 on antigen-stimulated B cell proliferation.

PMID- 2932515
TI  - Myoelectric paraspinal response to spinal loads: potential for monitoring low
      back pain.
AB  - LBP evaluation has been hampered by the subjectivity of available clinical
      procedures and the paucity of factual information about spinal dysfunction.
      Objective indices of spinal pathomechanics would assist the clinician to
      prescribe and evaluate appropriate treatment. This project assesses paraspinal
      myoelectric symmetry as a potential objective measure of low back performance. A
      preliminary group (N = 39) of symptomatic subjects was prospectively tested to
      choose parameters for the blinded experiment to follow. The experimental group of
      volunteers (N = 37) were electromyographically monitored while the subjects
      performed selected postural tasks which did not produce pain. Results were
      compared to orthopedic tests and history. Four arbitrary myoelectric
      classifications were defined for subject grouping and comparison: subjects with
      symmetrical paraspinal task performance, occasional (less than 4 tasks)
      asymmetry, low amplitude response for quasi-static loads, and large amplitude
      asymmetry (greater than 4 tasks). Eighty percent of subjects with significant
      asymmetry of muscle action had recent LBP history. Isolated task testing is
      inconclusive as a clinical parameter. However, observation of performance of a
      series of tasks may be useful in clinical diagnosis and monitoring of function in
      low back pain.

PMID- 2932514
TI  - Thromboxane A2 and prostacyclin do not modulate the systemic hemodynamic response
      to cold in humans.
AB  - The immersion of a limb in a mixture of water and ice induces in normal humans an
      initial vasoconstriction mediated mainly by catecholamine release. In some
      studies the cold pressor test was associated with an increase in vasoconstrictor
      thromboxane A2 and in vasodilating prostacyclin. Dazoxiben hydrochloride, a
      thromboxane synthase inhibitor, has been reported to suppress cold-induced
      vasoconstriction. We compared in a double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled
      study the effects of indomethacin (a cyclooxygenase inhibitor), dazoxiben
      hydrochloride, and BM13.177 (a novel thromboxane receptor antagonist) on the
      changes in cutaneous vascular resistance and arterial blood pressure induced by
      cold in 12 healthy volunteers. Cold challenge produced an increase in blood
      pressure and an initial decrease in finger blood flow, reflecting an increase in
      cutaneous vascular resistance. Neither effective suppression of thromboxane A2
      generation or of the effects of thromboxane A2 on platelets by the three active
      treatments nor increase in prostacyclin generation after ingestion of dazoxiben
      hydrochloride modified the hemodynamic response to cold. In conclusion,
      thromboxane A2 and prostacyclin do not play a significant role in the modulation
      of the systemic hemodynamic response to cold. In addition, thromboxane receptor
      antagonism in normal humans does not influence basal blood pressure.

PMID- 2932516
TI  - Sound graphs: a numerical data analysis method for the blind.
AB  - A system for the creation of computer-generated sound patterns of two-dimensional
      line graphs is described. The objectives of the system are to provide the blind
      with a means of understanding line graphs in the holistic manner used by those
      with sight. A continuously varying pitch is used to represent motion in the x
      direction. To test the feasibility of using sound to represent graphs, a
      prototype system was developed and human factors experimenters were performed.
      Fourteen subjects were used to compare the tactile-graph methods normally used by
      the blind to these new sound graphs. It was discovered that mathematical concepts
      such as symmetry, monotonicity, and the slopes of lines could be determined
      quickly using sound. Even better performance may be expected with additional
      training. The flexibility, speed, cost-effectiveness, and greater measure of
      independence provided the blind or sight-impaired using these methods was
      demonstrated.

PMID- 2932517
TI  - Specific suppression of allograft rejection by trinitrophenyl (TNP)-induced
      suppressor cells in recipients treated with TNP-haptenated donor alloantigens.
AB  - Suppressor T cells, activated by injection of trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid in
      DA rats, prevented rejection of LEW kidney allografts in a donor-specific manner
      when adoptively transferred into syngeneic recipients along with trinitrophenyl
      (TNP)-haptenated LEW alloantigen. TNP-haptenated third-party alloantigen was
      ineffective in this system. The donor-specific suppression was dependent, too, on
      the haptenic portion of the chemically modified alloantigen. Hence, fluorescein
      isothiocyanate-donor antigen did not lead to suppression in the presence of TNP
      reactive suppressor cells. There is, however, some crossreaction between DNP- and
      TNP-haptenated alloantigens so that TNP-reactive cells and DNP-donor antigen
      suppressed rejection whereas DNP-reactive cells and TNP-donor antigen did not
      prevent graft rejection. The suppressor cells were sensitive to cyclophosphamide
      and radiation but were resistant to hydrocortisone. They appear to be T cells of
      the OX8 (suppressor/cytotoxic) phenotype since they are positive for the pan T
      cell antigen W3/13, are Ig negative, and do not carry the W3/25 (T helper cell)
      marker. However, these suppressor cells are adherent to nylon wool. They are
      found mainly in the spleen, are detected there within 2 d of TNBS injection, and
      can persist for up to 12 wk. We propose that these cells are first-order T
      suppressor (Ts1) cells that act in the afferent phase of the response to a renal
      allograft.

PMID- 2932518
TI  - Interactions between T helper cells and dendritic cells during the rat mixed
      lymphocyte reaction.
AB  - This paper describes the interactions between dendritic cells (DC) and T helper
      (Th) cells in the rat mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). Th blasts that are
      actively proliferating were generated in a 5 d primary MLR; resting Th memory
      cells were derived from a 10-12 d MLR. The DC were purified from thoracic duct
      lymph derived from rats whose mesenteric lymph nodes had been removed. The
      results show that DC are the major stimulators in the primary MLR and also for
      the restimulation of Th blasts and Th memory cells. Th blasts rapidly formed
      large clusters when cultured with DC but not with Ia+ macrophages or B cells.
      This interaction was not dependent on a major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
      difference between the T blasts and the DC. Con A-activated T and B blasts also
      formed clusters when cultured with DC. Th memory cells formed small clusters with
      DC, but, in a different assay in which clusters are dispersed, we detected an
      antigen-specific interaction between Th memory cells and DC. The monoclonal
      antibodies W3/25 (anti-rat CD4) and MRC OX-6 (anti-MHC class II) blocked
      proliferation in the primary MLR and also inhibited the restimulation of Th
      memory cells. However, the restimulation of Th blasts in a secondary MLR was only
      blocked by MRC OX-6. These results suggest that there are different requirements
      for the restimulation of T blasts than for the activation of primary or memory Th
      cells. W3/25 and MRC OX-6 did not affect the clustering of T blasts with DC but
      they both inhibited the antigen-specific binding of Th memory cells to DC. The
      data suggest that the CD4 (W3/25) antigen is involved in antigen-specific
      interactions between Th cells and DC.

PMID- 2932519
TI  - Specific unresponsiveness in rats with prolonged cardiac allograft survival after
      treatment with cyclosporine. Mediation of specific suppression by T
      helper/inducer cells.
AB  - DA rats grafted with major histocompatibility complex-incompatible PVG heart
      grafts and treated with cyclosporine (CY) for 10 d do not reject their grafts,
      and develop a state of specific unresponsiveness toward PVG allografts. Cells
      from these animals tested in an adoptive transfer assay were incapable of
      restoring PVG graft rejection, and capable of specifically inhibiting the
      capacity of adoptively transferred normal lymph node cells (LNC) to do so. They
      effected third party Wistar/Furth (W/F) graft rejection, however. Adoptive
      transfer assays with purified subpopulations of the lymphocytes that mediated
      this effect showed that W3/25+ T cells of the helper/inducer subclass, when
      injected alone, failed to restore rejection, and were also able, when injected
      with normal LNC or the W/25+ cells separated from them, to prevent these cells
      from effecting rejection. MRC OX8+ T cells of the cytotoxic/suppressor subclass,
      B cells, and serum from rats with long-surviving grafts all failed to inhibit the
      allograft responsiveness of normal LNC, and thus were not identified as mediators
      of the state of specific unresponsiveness. These results show that the specific
      unresponsiveness that develops in rats with long-surviving grafts, and which, in
      part at least, is responsible for prolonged graft survival, is due to an
      alteration in the alloreactivity of the helper/inducer subclass of T cells. These
      cells not only lack the capacity to initiate a rejection response against the
      alloantigens of the graft, but also have the ability to inhibit the capacity of
      normal W3/25+ cells to do so.

PMID- 2932520
TI  - Ideals, central tendency, and frequency of instantiation as determinants of
      graded structure in categories.
AB  - Three possible determinants of graded structure (typicality) were observed in
      common taxonomic categories and goal-derived categories: (1) an exemplar's
      similarity to ideals associated with goals its category serves; (2) an exemplar's
      similarity to the central tendency of its category (family resemblance); and (3)
      an exemplar's frequency of instantiation (people's subjective estimates of how
      often it is encountered as a category member). Experiment 1 found that central
      tendency did not predict graded structure in goal-derived categories, although it
      did predict graded structure in common taxonomic categories. Ideals and frequency
      of instantiation predicted graded structure in both category types to sizeable
      and equal extents. A fourth possible determinant--familiarity--did not predict
      typicality in either common taxonomic or goal-derived categories. Experiment 2
      demonstrated that both central tendency and ideals causally determine graded
      structure, and work showing that frequency causally determines graded structure
      is discussed. Experiment 2 also demonstrated that the determinants of a
      particular category's graded structure can change with context. Whereas ideals
      may determine a category's graded structure in one context, central tendency may
      determine a different graded structure in another. It is proposed that graded
      structures do not reflect invariant structures associated with categories but
      instead reflect people's dynamic ability to construct concepts.

PMID- 2932521
TI  - Discontinuity in cognitive skill.
AB  - Skill at reading geometrically transformed text improves as a function of
      practice across pages. A belief in continuity of learning must suppose a
      proportionate improvement in skill within pages. We tested for continuity of
      learning by comparing performance within pages with performance between pages,
      varying timing of text presentation and quantity of text presented for the
      purpose. Reanalysis of some published data and three new experiments indicated
      that skill is acquired continuously as a function of practice but is expressed
      discontinuously. We conjecture that the expression of skill requires perceptual
      segregation of tasks into task units to which skill is transferred, whereas
      acquisition of competence occurs as a strict function of practice.

PMID- 2932522
TI  - Grammatical priming of inflected nouns by the gender of possessive adjectives.
AB  - Two experiments examined the effect on lexical decision times for inflected Serbo
      Croatian nouns when the nouns were preceded by possessive adjectives (my, your,
      our). For any given pairing the possessive adjective and the noun agreed always
      in number (singular) and case (nominative) but only agreed half of the time in
      gender (masculine or feminine). Lexical decisions were faster when the noun
      targets were of the same gender as their primes. This gender
      congruency/incongruency effect was shown to hold whether the inflections of the
      adjective and noun were the same (as is the case for typical Serbo-Croatian
      nouns) or different (as is the case for atypical Serbo-Croatian nouns). The
      results are discussed in terms of a postlexical influence of grammatical
      processing on the recognition of individual words.

PMID- 2932523
TI  - The role of semantic information in episodic retrieval.
AB  - In two experiments, subjects studied lists of categorized words and then were
      tested for recognition of those words. Response time for a test word was speeded
      whenever the immediately preceding test word was from the same category. This was
      true even for test words (lures) from categories never studied. Thus it is argued
      that semantic information not present at the time of study affected retrieval.
      This finding is discussed with respect to the distinction between episodic and
      semantic memories.

PMID- 2932524
TI  - Hemisphere differences in the mood state-dependent effect for recognition of
      emotional faces.
AB  - Forty subjects viewed 10 pictures of facial expressions of emotion while they
      experienced a happy mood and 10 pictures while they experienced a sad mood.
      Later, while re-experiencing either a happy or sad mood, they were tested for
      recognition of these 20 target pictures intermixed with 20 distractors.
      Recognition of the 10 pictures seen earlier in a disparate mood was impaired
      significantly when they were presented at testing to the right hemisphere, but
      not when presented to the left. The right hemisphere appears to store the
      subject's mood as an integral part of a memory representation for an emotionally
      expressive face. When that face is presented at testing to the right hemisphere,
      recognition depends on whether the subject's test mood matches the mood stored in
      the representation. In contrast, the left hemisphere appears to store the
      subject's mood separately from encoded visual information about a face, and so
      recognition of a face presented at testing to the left hemisphere is unaffected
      by changes in mood.

PMID- 2932525
TI  - Transformations of visual memory induced by implied motions of pattern elements.
AB  - Four experiments measured distortions in short-term visual memory induced by
      displays depicting independent translations of the elements of a pattern. In each
      experiment, observers saw a sequence of 4 dot patterns and were instructed to
      remember the third pattern and to compare it with the fourth. The first three
      patterns depicted translations of the dots in consistent, but separate
      directions. Error rates and reaction times for rejecting the fourth pattern as
      different from the third were substantially higher when the dots in that pattern
      were displaced slightly forward, in the same directions as the implied motions,
      compared with when the dots were displaced in the opposite, backward directions.
      These effects showed little variation across interstimulus intervals ranging from
      250 to 2,000 ms, and did not depend on whether the displays gave rise to visual
      apparent motion. However, they were eliminated when the dots in the fourth
      pattern were displaced by larger amounts in each direction, corresponding to the
      dot positions in the next and previous patterns in the same inducing sequence.
      These findings extend our initial report of the phenomenon of "representational
      momentum" (Freyd & Finke, 1984a), and help to rule out alternatives to the
      proposal that visual memories tend to undergo, at least to some extent, the
      transformations implied by a prior sequence of observed events.

PMID- 2932526
TI  - Judgments of natural and anomalous trajectories in the presence and absence of
      motion.
AB  - Recent studies have shown that many people demonstrate erroneous beliefs about
      motion when asked to predict the trajectories of objects. The present experiments
      examine whether people can select as correct natural trajectories over anomalous
      ones when presented with the actual on-going event (motion condition) or static
      representations of the event (no-motion condition). McCloskey's curved tube
      problem was used as the event. Results indicate that adults benefit from the
      motion information in these stimuli, choosing the correct path more often in the
      motion condition. Men performed better than women in both conditions; this gender
      effect could not be attributed to formal instruction in physics. Only in the no
      motion condition did any men prefer a path which reflected an impetus model of
      motion. Some women chose a curvilinear path in the motion condition, and in the
      no-motion condition the curvilinear path was their most often selected
      alternative. Fifth-grade children demonstrated no effect for gender and their
      path preferences resembled those of adult males. Children's responses failed to
      demonstrate a preference for those curvilinear paths which reflect an impetus
      based approach to the problem. Adults' performance in the no-motion condition was
      not enhanced by instructions to employ mental imagery of the event.

PMID- 2932527
TI  - Strategies of picture rehearsal: a comment on Proctor's (1983) article.

PMID- 2932528
TI  - How flexible is picture rehearsal? Discussion of Watkins' comment.

PMID- 2932529
TI  - A psychophysiological investigation of the continuous flow model of human
      information processing.
AB  - Twelve subjects responded to target letters "H" or "S" by squeezing dynamometers
      with the left or right hand. Targets could be surrounded by compatible (e.g.,
      HHHHH) or incompatible noise (SSHSS) letters. Measures of the P300 component of
      the event-related brain potential and of correct and incorrect electromyographic
      and squeeze activity were used to study stimulus evaluation and response-related
      processes. When incorrect squeeze activity was present, execution of the correct
      response was prolonged, indicating a process of response competition. This
      process occurred more often under incompatible noise conditions, which were also
      associated with a delayed P300. Thus, the noise/compatibility manipulation
      influenced both stimulus evaluation and response competition processes. In
      contrast, a warning tone that preceded array presentation on half the trials,
      increased response speed without influencing evaluation time. The data suggest
      that the latency and accuracy of overt behavioral responses are a function of (a)
      a response activation process controlled by an evaluation process that
      accumulates evidence gradually, (b) a response priming process that is
      independent of stimulus evaluation, and (c) a response competition process.

PMID- 2932530
TI  - Flow structure versus retinal location in the optical control of stance.
AB  - In four experiments I examined the importance of the retinal center and periphery
      in the pickup of optical information for controlling stance as a function of the
      dynamic geometrical structure of the optical flow. All experiments were performed
      in a moving room so that the magnitude of compensatory sway in response to room
      movements could be measured. In Experiments 1 and 2 I found stronger sway
      response to flow having a largely lamellar structure that was presented to the
      retinal periphery than to more radially structured flow in the center. In
      Experiment 3 observers turned their heads to face the right wall of the room,
      placing radial flow in the periphery and lamellar flow in the center of the
      visual field. Radial flow presented to the retinal periphery induced no
      compensatory sway. Lamellar flow in the center of the retina produced some sway.
      Flow structure apparently interacts with the exposed retinal area in controlling
      stance.

PMID- 2932531
TI  - Constructing mental representations of objects from successive views.
AB  - A three-dimensional analogue of Hochberg's (1968) aperture viewing paradigm, the
      orthogonal slices task, examined the effects of complexity on processing objects.
      Ten subjects constructed, transformed, and compared mental representations of
      Shepard-Metzler (1971) figures varying in the number of component parts;
      processing time increased with complexity. A second study showed no effects of
      complexity on processing time when subjects merely judged the equivalence of the
      patterns used in the first study presented in sequence. Rather, constructed
      mental representations appear to preserve some of the spatial character of the
      corresponding objects. This conclusion was strengthened by the results of
      recognition tasks which showed that discrimination of constructed objects from
      appropriate distractors is better after subjects do the first (orthogonal slices)
      task than after they do the second (sequence matching) task.

PMID- 2932532
TI  - Allocation of attention in the visual field.
AB  - This research investigated whether attentional resources can be simultaneously
      allocated to several locations in a visual display, whether the mode of
      processing (serial or parallel) can be switched within a trial, and the nature of
      the costs when attentional resources are concentrated on an invalid location.
      Subjects were required to determine which of two target letters was present in
      eight-letter circular displays. In precue conditions, a primary and a secondary
      target location were designated 150 ms before target onset by an indicator that
      varied in validity. In the control conditions no cue was provided. A second
      experiment verified several assumptions that had been made in interpreting the
      data of Experiment 1. Modifications in Jonides' (1983) two-process model were
      suggested in terms of a zoom lens model of attentional resources. Instead of two
      alternative processing modes, attentional resources are conceived as capable of
      distribution over the visual field, but with low resolving power, or as
      continuously constricting to small portions of the visual field with a
      concomitant increase in processing power.

PMID- 2932533
TI  - Cognitive spatial processing and the regulation of posture.
AB  - Subjects performed the Brooks (1967) spatial and nonspatial memory tasks either
      while sitting or while maintaining a difficult standing balance position. The
      balance task disrupted spatial but not nonspatial memory performance. Balance
      steadiness during spatial and nonspatial memory conditions did not differ. These
      results suggest that cognitive spatial processing may rely on neural mechanisms
      that are also required for the regulation of posture.

PMID- 2932534
TI  - Orienting attention within visual fields: how efficient is interhemispheric
      transfer?
AB  - Five experiments are reported examining the effect of attentional orienting on
      lexical decisions within visual half-fields. In Experiment 1, following baseline
      performance, subjects were instructed to improve performance to the right or left
      of the fixation point. In Experiment 2, trials were run in blocks with all items
      to one side of the fixation point. In Experiment 3, completely valid position
      indicators as to the location of the next item to be shown were presented prior
      to the stimulus item. In Experiment 4, to examine practice effects, no
      instructions or cuing were given to subjects. In Experiment 5, subjects were
      urged to improve performance, but with no instructions as to location. As a
      summary of our results, it can be stated that (a) consistent visual field
      differences in lexical decision performance are present, even when subjects were
      informed, prior to viewing, of the spatial location of the next stimulus item.
      (b) Lexical decision information initially input to one cerebral hemisphere is
      primarily processed in that hemisphere. Interhemispheric transfer of this type of
      language information seems to be done primarily as the end product of a cognitive
      process.

PMID- 2932535
TI  - Location of influenza virus M, NP and NS1 proteins in microinjected cells.
AB  - When microinjected as cloned DNA, the nucleoprotein (NP) of influenza virus
      A/NT/60/68 (H3N2) accumulated in the nuclei of Xenopus laevis oocytes, and
      cultured cells of rodent and primate origin. This accumulation appeared to be
      specific and a property of the NP itself (or conceivably NP in association with
      unknown cellular constituents) since no other influenza virus components were
      present in DNA-injected cells. In the oocyte nucleus, clonally derived NP
      achieved an eightfold concentration over that in the cytoplasm. Such NP was full
      length as judged by its mobility during PAGE and had the native conformation of
      H3N2 virus NP according to its reaction with a panel of monoclonal antibodies. NP
      appeared to be in the soluble fraction of the nucleus as it did not sediment
      under conditions which removed particulate matter from nuclear extracts.
      Microinjection of extracts of chick embryo fibroblast cells infected with
      A/FPV/Rostock/34 (H7N1) showed that exogenous NP had an affinity for the nucleus
      similar to that synthesized intracellularly from cloned NP DNA. This conclusion
      was supported by an experiment in which cloned NP from the oocyte nucleus re
      entered the nucleus after injection into the cytoplasm of fresh oocytes.
      Injection of mRNA, extracted from chick embryo fibroblast cells infected with
      A/FPV/Rostock/34, into oocytes directed the synthesis of the viral proteins M (Mr
      28 000), and NS1 (Mr 27 000) as well as NP (Mr 56 000). While NP from this source
      concentrated in the nucleus as before, M merely associated with the nucleus
      without exceeding the cytoplasmic level. Even more remarkable was NS1; although
      in injected cells this protein is concentrated in nucleoli, in microinjected
      oocytes its nuclear concentration was threefold less than that in the cytoplasm,
      despite the very large number (greater than 1500) of nucleoli present in Xenopus
      oocytes. It seems likely that the karyophilic nature of M and NS1, unlike that of
      NP, is a property not of the proteins themselves, but of a complex which they
      form with some other product of the infected cell. These findings were repeated
      when extracts from infected chick embryo cells containing NP, M and NS1 proteins
      radiolabelled in vivo, were injected into the cytoplasm of oocytes.

PMID- 2932536
TI  - Regulation of anterior pituitary D2 dopamine receptors by magnesium and sodium
      ions.
AB  - At D2 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine (dopamine) receptors in anterior pituitary
      tissue, magnesium ions shifted receptors to agonist high-affinity states, but
      decreased the affinity of the antagonist [3H]spiperone. Conversely, sodium ions
      shifted the receptors to agonist low-affinity states, but increased the affinity
      of [3H]spiperone. Magnesium is proposed to stabilize the hormone-receptor-guanine
      nucleotide regulatory protein complex, whereas sodium appears to destabilize this
      ternary complex. Thus, magnesium and sodium appear to mediate their regulatory
      effects via a common component at the D2 dopamine-receptor ternary complex.

PMID- 2932537
TI  - Plasma catecholamines in Down's syndrome, at rest and during sympathetic
      stimulation.
AB  - Five adult female patients with Down's syndrome were compared with five age
      matched controls in the standing and cold pressor tests. In both tests, there
      were no differences between the two groups in heart rate, systolic and diastolic
      blood pressure or plasma noradrenaline, adrenaline and dopamine concentrations.
      However, plasma adrenaline tended to be higher in the Down's group, both in the
      standing and the cold pressor tests.

PMID- 2932538
TI  - Suppressor T cell changes in active multiple sclerosis: analysis with three
      different monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - This study demonstrates a significant reduction in the number of both total T
      cells and suppressor T cells identified by monoclonal antibodies in multiple
      sclerosis patients in acute relapse but not in those in remission. The reduction
      in the number of suppressor T cells was shown by all three monoclonal antibodies
      used but was most clearly demonstrated using Leu 2a rather than either OKT 8 or
      OKT 5. These findings suggest that the choice of monoclonal antibody used in a
      study of suppressor T cell numbers will influence the results and may help
      explain the lack of agreement in previous studies.

PMID- 2932539
TI  - Neuropathological classification of Huntington's disease.
AB  - In postmortem brain specimens from 163 clinically diagnosed cases of Huntington's
      disease (HD) the striatum exhibited marked variation in the severity of
      neuropathological involvement. A system for grading this severity was established
      by macroscopic and microscopic criteria, resulting in five grades (0-4)
      designated in ascending order of severity. The grade correlates closely with the
      extent of clinical disability as assessed by a rating scale. In five cases of
      clinically diagnosed HD there were no discernible neuropathological abnormalities
      (grade 0), suggesting that the anatomical changes lag behind the development of
      clinical abnormalities. In eight cases, neuropathological changes could only be
      recognized microscopically (grade 1). The earliest changes were seen in the
      medial paraventricular portions of the caudate nucleus (CN), in the tail of the
      CN, and in the dorsal part of the putamen. Counts of neurons in the CN reveal
      that 50% are lost in grade 1 and that 95% are lost in grade 4; astrocytes are
      greatly increased in grades 2-4. These studies indicate that analyses of the CN
      in grade 4 would reflect mainly its astrocytic composition with a component of
      remote neurons projecting to the striatum. Because of the relative preservation
      of the lateral half of the head of the CN in grades 1-2, these regions would
      reflect early cellular and biochemical changes in HD.

PMID- 2932540
TI  - Phosphatase activities in human glioma cells as revealed by light and electron
      microscopy--a preliminary study.
AB  - Alkaline phosphatase (ALPase) and Mg2+-activated ATPase (Mg2+-ATPase) activities
      were demonstrated in human brain tumors by light and electron microscopy. Four
      cases of glioma, i.e., two cases of astrocytoma, grade II, and two cases of
      glioblastoma, were used as materials. At the light microscopic level, Mg2+-ATPase
      activity was observed in the capillary wall and glial cells of both astrocytoma
      and glioblastoma. ALPase activity was restricted to the capillary wall. Its
      activity was stronger in glioblastoma than in astrocytoma. By electron
      microscopy, in astrocytoma, reaction product representing Mg2+-ATPase activity
      was distributed in the plasma membranes of endothelial cells and pericytes.
      Activity was primarily localized at the abluminal surface of endothelial cells
      and the surface of pericytes facing endothelium. The plasma membrane of glial
      cells was also positive. ALPase activity revealed essentially the same
      distribution pattern in blood vessels as above. In glioblastoma, on the other
      hand, activities of both phosphatases were markedly positive on the luminal
      surface of the plasma membrane of endothelial cells. They were much stronger than
      those along the abluminal endothelial surface. Phosphatase activities in brain
      tumor appear to change in localization pattern in association with glioma
      malignancy. This might reflect a functional aspect of changes in blood-brain
      barrier in glioma.

PMID- 2932541
TI  - Intact arch spondylolisthesis. A review of 50 cases and description of surgical
      treatment.
AB  - Over the past 11 years, the authors have treated 50 cases of intact arch
      spondylolisthesis. There were 38 female and 12 male patients, and all but 11 were
      older than 60 years of age. Almost all had severe low-back pain made worse by
      standing or walking. Other common manifestations were unilateral leg pain,
      numbness or weakness of the leg, and evidence of mild cauda equina compression.
      Severe cauda equina compression was rare. Myelography invariably showed an
      extradural dorsal compression. A waist deformity was characteristic in many
      patients, but 12 had a complete block. In 15 patients (30%) the myelographic
      impression was that of a herniated intervertebral disc. Most subluxations were of
      L-4 on L-5. At operation, the facets were found to be thickened, distorted, and
      irregular. All patients were treated with a wide decompression and laminectomy,
      which included a medial facetectomy of the inferior and superior facets. An
      intervertebral disc was removed in 10 patients. Follow-up monitoring of 41
      patients (for an average period of 36 months) showed that 26 (63%) were pain
      free, 11 had less pain, and four were unimproved. Five other patients with short
      follow-up periods (average 5 months) were all improved.

PMID- 2932542
TI  - Effect of hematoporphyrin derivative photoradiation therapy on survival in the
      rat 9L gliosarcoma brain-tumor model.
AB  - Intracerebral tumors were produced in 99 rats by stereotaxic implantation of 9L
      gliosarcoma brain-tumor cells. Hematoporphyrin derivative (HPD), 10 or 20 mg/kg,
      was administered as an intravenous bolus 24 or 48 hours before irradiation of the
      tumor region with light from an argon pumped-dye laser (632 nm). Laser light, at
      a dose of 30, 60, or 200 joules/sq cm, was delivered through a craniectomy 10 or
      13 days after tumor implantation. Survival times were significantly prolonged in
      rats exposed to laser light at a dose of 200 joules/sq cm 24 hours after
      administration of HPD, 20 mg/kg.

PMID- 2932543
TI  - Indium-111 oxine platelet survival in dogs: effect of doxorubicin and Dacron
      grafts.
AB  - The cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin was found to acutely decrease
      platelet survival times in beagle dogs as determined using platelets labeled with
      [111In]oxine. Recovery was rapid, with platelet survival times returning to
      normal within 3 wk of cessation of treatment. Doxorubicin (1.5 mg/kg i.v. every 3
      wk for a total of four doses) also delayed the return of platelet survival times
      to normal when given to beagle dogs following placement of thoracoabdominal
      aortic Dacron grafts. It is not known whether or not this may have clinical
      significance.

PMID- 2932544
TI  - Magnesium deficiency in the rat increases tissue levels of docosahexaenoic acid.
AB  - The effects of magnesium deficiency on tissue levels of total lipids and fatty
      acids were evaluated. Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a magnesium-deficient diet for
      14 wk with controls being pair-fed to the deficient rats. Compared to the
      controls, serum and 24-h urinary magnesium levels were markedly lower in the
      magnesium-deficient rats. Serum cholesterol and total phospholipids were
      significantly higher in the magnesium-deficient rats than in the controls. Edema
      and polycystic degeneration of the kidneys were present in the magnesium
      deficient rats. Kidney total phospholipids and triacylglycerols were
      significantly lower in the magnesium-deficient rats than in the controls. The
      main change in tissue fatty acid composition in magnesium deficiency was the
      higher docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) in serum, liver and aorta than in controls.
      The possible relationship of these findings to human alcoholism is discussed.

PMID- 2932545
TI  - Diagnostic laparoscopy under local anesthesia for evaluation of infertility.
AB  - Diagnostic laparoscopy is routinely performed in outpatient departments. At
      Stanford University's Gyn/Ob Department Clinic, this procedure is performed with
      the client's active cooperation by using local anesthesia. In addition to the
      significant benefit of decreased risk of surgical anesthesia, outpatient surgery
      is more convenient and more economical for the client and the facility. The
      laparoscopic procedure is described in detail. The facilities, nursing
      responsibilities, surgeon's qualifications, and criteria for patient selection
      are included.

PMID- 2932546
TI  - Effects of serotonin receptor agonists and antagonists on schedule-controlled
      behavior of squirrel monkeys.
AB  - The behavioral effects of the serotonin (5-HT) precursor l-5-hydroxytryptophan (l
      5-HTP) and the phenylpiperazine 5-HT agonists 6-chloro-2-(1-piperazinyl)pyrazine
      (MK-212), 1-(m-trifluromethylphenyl) piperazine (TFMPP), 1-(m
      chlorophenyl)piperazine (CPP) and 2-(1-piperazinyl)quinoline (quipazine) were
      compared with those of the putative 5-HT antagonists metergoline, methysergide,
      cyproheptadine, cinanserin and ketanserin under a multiple 5-min fixed-interval
      schedule of food or electric shock presentation in squirrel monkeys.
      Intramuscular administration of l-5-HTP (0.3-17 mg/kg), MK-212 (0.01-1.0 mg/kg),
      TFMPP and CPP (0.03-10 mg/kg) produced dose-related decreases in responding under
      both the food- and shock-presentation schedules. Quipazine differed from the
      other 5-HT agonists in that it increased shock-maintained behavior at doses (0.1
      1.0 mg/kg) that decreased responding maintained by food. The 5-HT antagonists
      produced mixed behavioral effects. Metergoline (0.03-1.0 mg/kg), cyproheptadine
      (0.1-1.0 mg/kg) and cinanserin (1.0-10 mg/kg) produced dose-related increases in
      responding maintained by food, whereas only metergoline and methysergide
      increased behavior maintained by shock presentation. The prototype 5-HT2-receptor
      ligand ketanserin (0.3-10 mg/kg) differed from the other 5-HT antagonists in that
      it decreased behavior maintained by either event. Thus, performances maintained
      by food or shock presentation reveal both qualitative and quantitative
      differences in the behavioral effects of 5-HT receptor agonists and antagonists.

PMID- 2932547
TI  - Discriminative-stimulus effects of midazolam in squirrel monkeys: comparison with
      other drugs and antagonism by Ro 15-1788.
AB  - Squirrel monkeys were trained to respond on one of two levers depending on
      whether midazolam (0.3 mg/kg) or saline had been injected. After i.v. injections
      of midazolam 10 consecutive responses on one lever either produced food or
      terminated a stimulus associated with electric shock, whereas after i.v.
      injections of saline 10 consecutive responses on the other lever either produced
      food or terminated the stimulus. The discriminative-stimulus effects of drugs
      were determined by administering cumulative doses i.v. during timeout periods
      that preceded sequential components of the experimental session. The
      benzodiazepines midazolam, chlordiazepoxide, diazepam and N-desmethyldiazepam,
      the cyclopyrrolone zopiclone and the triazolopyridazine CL 218,872 had
      qualitatively similar stimulus effects regardless of the type of consequence
      (food presentation or stimulus-shock termination) that maintained responding.
      Administration of each of these drugs resulted in greater than 90% of responses
      on the midazolam-associated lever at cumulative doses that did not severely
      suppress the overall rate of responding. The order of potency was: midazolam =
      diazepam greater than or equal to N-desmethyldiazepam greater than or equal to
      zopiclone greater than CL 218,872 greater than or equal to chlordiazepoxide.
      Administration of the 5-hydroxytryptamine antagonists cyproheptadine and
      cinanserin also resulted in greater than 90% of responses on the midazolam
      associated lever in about half the subjects, although these effects were observed
      only with cumulative doses that markedly reduced the overall rate of responding.
      Administration of pentobarbital, barbital, clozapine, muscimol, buspirone,
      diphenhydramine, tripelennamine, caffeine and Ro 15-1788 did not result in
      substantial responding on the midazolam-associated lever at doses up to those
      that reduced or eliminated responding.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2932548
TI  - Responses of muscle receptors in the kitten.
AB  - Responses have been recorded in single functional afferents supplying muscle
      receptors of the soleus muscle in kittens aged between 1 and 23 days. Recordings
      of nerve volleys in whole dorsal or ventral roots in response to muscle nerve
      stimulation showed that conduction velocity for afferent and motor fibres was
      similar and increased from 9 m s-1 in a 2-day-old animal to 33 m s-1 in a 23-day
      old animal. Of a total of 215 single functional axons isolated from 28 animals,
      82 showed responses typical of tendon organs and 103 resembled muscle spindles,
      leaving 30 unidentified units. Both muscle spindles and tendon organs were
      characterized by having an over-all low firing rate compared with responses of
      adult receptors. The most immature receptors also lacked a maintained response to
      the hold phase of a ramp-and-hold stretch. Spindles in animals over the whole
      range of ages, including the youngest animals could be shown to be supplied with
      a fusimotor innervation. On a few occasions it was possible to isolate single
      fusimotor axons to a spindle; such axons were sometimes found to conduct impulses
      at a speed characteristic of non-myelinated fibres. Evidence was obtained for the
      existence of a beta-(skeletofusimotor) innervation of spindles. On four occasions
      it was possible to isolate single functional beta-axons in the ventral root. The
      incidence of beta-innervation appeared to be higher than in the adult.

PMID- 2932549
TI  - 1983 AAGL survey. Professional profile of the membership. AAGL Research and
      Survey Committee.
AB  - The average AAGL physician does general obstetrics and gynecology, with 135
      deliveries, 41 hysterectomies and 38 IUD insertions a year in addition to about
      50 laparoscopies for sterilization and 43 for diagnosis. About 1 in 10 will
      experience a major complication, and 1 in 25 will undergo medicolegal actions,
      although their complication rates as a group are no higher than those of the
      total membership.

PMID- 2932550
TI  - Prognostic value of subacute focal inflammation of the endometrium, with special
      reference to pelvic adhesions as observed on laparoscopic examination. An eight
      year review.
AB  - The significance of the endometrial lesion known as subacute focal inflammation
      (SFI) (or the more descriptive term lymphoid aggregates [LA]) as a factor in
      reproductive failure is controversial. We correlated the pelvic findings of 262
      consecutive laparoscopic procedures performed for infertility with the histologic
      diagnosis from an endometrial biopsy that had been obtained previously as part of
      the infertility evaluations. Pelvic adhesions were observed in 87.3% of women in
      whom the diagnosis of SFI had been made. Pelvic adhesions were observed in only
      10.9% of women whose biopsies did not contain SFI. Of women with SFI on biopsy
      but without pelvic adhesions, 70.6% demonstrated American Fertility Society stage
      I endometriosis at laparoscopy. These findings are statistically significant (P
      less than .0001).

PMID- 2932551
TI  - Uncommon indications for laparoscopy.
AB  - Laparoscopy was used as an ancillary method for infrequently occurring or
      unconventional indications in 140 patients. Diagnostic laparoscopy was done if
      other clinical, laboratory and biophysical methods were inconclusive or not
      conclusive in due time. Under some conditions operative laparoscopy or a combined
      vaginal and laparoscopic approach eliminated the need for laparotomy. No special
      equipment is required for such diagnostic and operative laparoscopy.

PMID- 2932552
TI  - How to prevent complications of open laparoscopy.
AB  - Infraumbilical minilaparotomy as a substitute for needle and trocar puncture
      continues to attract gynecologists for safety reasons. Although the open entry
      technique should eliminate aortic and iliac vessel injuries, other complications
      are occurring. In September 1984 a survey of 18 board-certified gynecologists who
      had performed a total of 10,840 open laparoscopies revealed 18 instances of wound
      infection and 6 cases of bowel laceration. Some features of surgical technique
      can minimize the risks of open laparoscopy.

PMID- 2932553
TI  - Persistent low back pain and leg length disparity.
AB  - Patients with low back pain who were found to have a leg length discrepancy were
      treated with a lift to the shoe on the short side. A small group of such patients
      with longstanding pain had major or total relief over a long period of followup.
      Clinical characteristics of the low back pain symptoms were distinctive. A useful
      method to establish leg length discrepancy clinically is described.

PMID- 2932554
TI  - The 'baby Brown' case and the Dr Arthur verdict.

PMID- 2932555
TI  - Localization of a base-paired interaction between small nuclear RNAs U4 and U6 in
      intact U4/U6 ribonucleoprotein particles by psoralen cross-linking.
AB  - The small nuclear RNAs U4 and U6 display extensive sequence complementarity and
      co-exist in a single ribonucleoprotein particle. We have investigated
      intermolecular base-pairing between both RNAs by psoralen cross-linking, with
      emphasis on the native U4/U6 ribonucleoprotein complex. A mixture of small
      nuclear ribonucleoproteins U1 to U6 from HeLa cells, purified under non
      denaturing conditions by immune affinity chromatography with antibodies specific
      for the trimethylguanosine cap of the small nuclear RNAs was treated with
      aminomethyltrioxsalen. A psoralen cross-linked U4/U6 RNA complex could be
      detected in denaturing polyacrylamide gels. Following digestion of the cross
      linked U4/U6 RNA complex with ribonuclease T1, two-dimensional diagonal
      electrophoresis in denaturing polyacrylamide gels was used to isolate cross
      linked fragments. These fragments were analysed by chemical sequencing methods
      and their positions identified within RNAs U4 and U6. Two overlapping fragments
      of U4 RNA, spanning positions 52 to 65, were cross-linked to one fragment of U6
      RNA (positions 51 to 59). These fragments show complementarity over a contiguous
      stretch of eight nucleotides. From these results, we conclude that in the native
      U4/U6 ribonucleoprotein particle, both RNAs are base-paired via these
      complementary regions. The small nuclear RNAs U4 and U6 became cross-linked in
      the deproteinized U4/U6 RNA complex also, provided that small nuclear
      ribonucleoproteins were phenolized at 0 degree C. When the phenolization was
      performed at 65 degrees C, no cross-linking could be detected upon reincubation
      of the dissociated RNAs at lower temperature. These results indicate that
      proteins are not required to stabilize the mutual interactions between both RNAs,
      once they exist. They further suggest, however, that proteins may well be needed
      for exposing the complementary RNA regions for proper intermolecular base-pairing
      in the course of the assembly of the U4/U6 RNP complex from isolated RNAs. Our
      results are discussed also in terms of the different secondary structures that
      the small nuclear RNAs U4 and U6 may adopt in the U4/U6 ribonucleoprotein
      particle as opposed to the isolated RNAs.

PMID- 2932556
TI  - Copy number of the broad host-range plasmid R1162 is determined by the amounts of
      essential plasmid-encoded proteins.
AB  - DNA of the broad host-range plasmid R1162 contains a 1700 base-pair segment
      essential for plasmid maintenance. This region, RepI, consists of two
      cotranscribed genes encoding polypeptides with molecular weights of 29,000 and
      31,000. Fusion of RepI to the strong tac promoter results in greatly increased
      amounts of at least one of these polypeptides. In trans, this construction has
      two other properties: it can raise the copy number of R1162, and it can protect
      this plasmid from loss due to incompatibility. Both effects require intact RepI
      genes. These properties of the RepI region, along with those of an origin-linked
      region described earlier, are discussed with respect to current models for
      control of plasmid copy number.

PMID- 2932557
TI  - Review of immunology for the periodontist.

PMID- 2932558
TI  - Elastic jump in male urethra during voiding: clinical observations in male
      subjects and experimental studies in dogs.
AB  - A physical phenomenon known as elastic jump occurs downstream of an elastic
      constriction applied to a collapsible tube. This flow anomaly is analogous to the
      hydraulic jump that occurs in surface flows. Some investigators have predicted
      that an elastic jump could occur in the male urethra (during voiding) in the
      cavernous segment between constrictions at the membranous and meatal regions. To
      identify and understand this flow anomaly, and to obtain clinical correlations in
      human male subjects we have attempted several radiological and urodynamic studies
      in normal and abnormal subjects. The studies were retrograde urethrography,
      voiding cystourethrography, static pressure recordings during voiding and
      uroflowmetry. Retrograde urethrography was believed to delineate accurately the
      anatomy of the bulbous urethra. Voiding cystourethrography showed the geometry of
      the functional bulb. Our observations in 43 male subjects suggest that the site
      and degree of elastic jump depend on the severity of bladder neck or prostatic
      obstruction, magnitude of detrusor pressure (energy) during voiding, degree of
      distal constriction and position in which the subject voids. The animal studies
      (23 dogs) confirmed our clinical urodynamic impression.

PMID- 2932560
TI  - Bilateral rectus femoris pedicle flaps for detrusor augmentation in the prune
      belly syndrome.
AB  - A 20-year-old patient with the prune belly syndrome presented with urinary
      retention and renal failure. In preparation for renal transplantation bladder
      rehabilitation, consisting of urethral dilation, reduction cystoplasty and
      detrusor augmentation with paired rectus femoris pedicle flaps, was undertaken.
      This procedure enabled the patient to empty the bladder totally by spontaneous
      voiding. Successful renal transplantation was performed subsequently and he has
      not required intermittent or continuous catheterization. The surgical approach
      and technique are described, and their application to other conditions of
      detrusor hypotonicity is discussed.

PMID- 2932559
TI  - Dichloromethylene-diphosphonate in patients with prostatic carcinoma metastatic
      to the skeleton.
AB  - A total of 17 patients with multiple osteoblastic bone metastases owing to
      prostatic carcinoma was treated with 2-dichloromethylene-diphosphonate, a
      powerful inhibitor of bone resorption. The drug was given intravenously (300 mg.)
      for 2 weeks and then orally (3,200 mg.) or intramuscularly (100 mg.) for 4 to 11
      weeks. A definite improvement in pain, assessed by daily consumption of analgesic
      drugs and by an analogic scale, was observed within 10 days in 16 of the 17
      patients. Four patients confined to bed rest for pain were able to walk after 2
      weeks and reversal of paralysis also was noted in 1 patient. Transient changes in
      serum calcium (decreasing) and alkaline phosphatase (increasing) were observed in
      most patients. In the 3 patients in whom it was performed, repeated bone scanning
      showed a partial regression of pathological areas in 2 and the complete
      disappearance of most pathological areas in 1. Our results suggest that 2
      dichloromethylene-diphosphonate may represent an important supportive treatment
      in patients with bone metastases owing to prostatic carcinoma, providing
      sustained relief of pain and regression of bone destruction without undesirable
      side effects.

PMID- 2932561
TI  - Long-term hemodynamic evaluation of lower extremity percutaneous transluminal
      angioplasty.
AB  - Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) has provided an alternative method of
      treatment for occlusive disease of the lower extremities. However, the long-term
      durability of PTA compared with that of surgical reconstruction has not been
      adequately evaluated. This study was undertaken to assess the long-term
      hemodynamic results of PTA. Thirty-four dilatations performed on 28 patients over
      a 30-month period and followed for 1 to 53 months were reviewed. Twenty-two
      dilatations were done in the iliac arteries, seven in the superficial femoral,
      three in the popliteal, one in the peroneal artery, and one at a bypass graft
      anastomosis. All patients underwent noninvasive measurements of lower extremity
      segmental pressure prior to dilatation and at scheduled follow-up intervals.
      Success was defined as an increase in the Doppler-derived segmental lower
      extremity/brachial index of greater than or equal to 0.15 or normalization of the
      index (greater than or equal to 0.90), measured at the closest level distal to
      the site of dilatation. Sixteen of 22 iliac dilatations (72.7%) were initially
      successful. However, long-term success was maintained in only six (27.6%).
      Cumulative hemodynamic success for the initially successful iliac dilatations was
      28% at 3 years. Seven of 11 (63.6%) dilatations performed on infrainguinal
      arteries were initially successful; however, only two (18.2%) experienced
      continued success. Cumulative hemodynamic success for the initially successful
      infrainguinal dilatations in this group was 35% at 3 years. Although immediate
      patency and improvement in hemodynamic parameters are similar to comparable
      surgical procedures, these results demonstrate that PTA is not as durable as
      conventional surgical procedures.

PMID- 2932562
TI  - Effects of antiplatelet agents in combination with endothelial cell seeding on
      small-diameter Dacron vascular graft performance in the canine carotid artery
      model.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to assess the success of endothelial cell-seeded
      and non-seeded small-diameter vascular grafts in dogs medicated with antiplatelet
      agents. Eighty dogs underwent bilateral carotid artery replacements with 6 cm
      lengths of 4 mm I.D. double-velour Dacron grafts. In each dog one graft was
      seeded with enzymatically derived autologous endothelial cells; the contralateral
      graft was nonseeded. The following anti-platelet medications were administered
      beginning 4 days preoperatively: aspirin (5 grains every day); dipyridamole (50
      mg twice a day); aspirin plus dipyridamole (5 grains each day plus 50 mg twice a
      day); aspirin (1.25 grains every other day); ibuprofen (10 mg/kg/day); U-53,059,
      a cyclooxygenase inhibitor (3 mg/kg/day); and U-63557A, a thromboxane synthase
      inhibitor (10 mg/kg/day). Grafts were harvested 5 weeks postoperatively. Graft
      success was evaluated by patency, thrombus-free surface area, area
      endothelialized, and graft production of prostacyclin. None of the medications
      prevented neoendothelialization of seeded grafts. Mean patencies of endothelial
      cell-seeded grafts from medicated dogs were significantly greater than mean
      patencies of endothelial cell-seeded grafts from nonmedicated dogs. The
      cyclooxygenase inhibitors best maintained patency in nonseeded grafts. Thrombus
      free surface areas of endothelial cell-seeded grafts from medicated dogs were
      significantly greater than from nonseeded control grafts from the medicated dogs.
      All medications impaired prostacyclin synthesis. We conclude that the combination
      of endothelial cell seeding plus antiplatelet medication is most efficacious in
      small-vessel grafting success and that high levels of prostacyclin production by
      vascular grafts are not necessary to maintain patency in dogs medicated with
      antiplatelet agents.

PMID- 2932563
TI  - Minocycline-associated tooth discoloration in young adults.
AB  - After observing a patient with adult-onset tooth discoloration coincident with
      minocycline administration, we retrospectively surveyed a cohort of patients with
      severe cystic acne during therapeutic trials with isotretinoin. Four of 72
      patients who had minocycline therapy during adolescence were found to have
      minocycline-associated tooth discoloration, which occurred in one case after only
      four weeks of treatment. Thus, minocycline must be considered as an uncommon
      cause of tooth staining in adults.

PMID- 2932564
TI  - Complication of a Hickman catheter. Cutaneous erosion of the Dacron cuff.

PMID- 2932565
TI  - [Influence of stellate ganglion block on the immune system].

PMID- 2932566
TI  - Improvement of regional myocardial perfusion following percutaneous transluminal
      coronary angioplasty in patients with coronary artery disease.
AB  - The effect of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) upon regional
      myocardial perfusion (RMP) was studied in 49 patients (Group I) using T1-201
      myocardial scintigraphy (TMS) after exercise. Ten patients with unsuccessful PTCA
      (Group II) were tested for the reproducibility of measurements and for
      comparison. All patients had arteriographically documented coronary artery
      stenosis (greater than or equal to 70%) in at least one major coronary vessel. In
      group I, average coronary stenosis was 84.0 +/- 7.8% (mean +/- SD) before PTCA
      and 38.8 +/- 11.9% after PTCA (p less than 0.001). TMS was performed 3 days
      before and 4 days after PTCA using an arm-assisted step test. Myocardial
      perfusion images were obtained 5-10 min, 1 hour and 3-4 hours following the
      injection of T1-201 in anterior, LAO 45 degrees and LAO 80 degrees views. The T1
      201 myocardial scintigram was interpreted by the authors. Each scintigram
      (anterior, LAO 45 degrees and LAO 80 degrees) was divided into 5 roughly equal
      segments. The perfusion of each segment was graded from 0 (no perfusion) to 3
      (normal perfusion). Thus, for each patient a "total myocardial perfusion index
      (TMPI)" could be calculated, with a score of 45 indicating normal RMP. The total
      number of involved segments (TNIS) was also calculated as a sum of abnormally
      perfused segments. In group II, the reproducibility of both TMPI and TNIS was
      satisfactory (r = 0.97 and r = 0.93, each p less than 0.001). In group I, TMPI
      before PTCA was 37.8 +/- 4.8 at 5-10 min, 39.8 +/- 4.4 at 1 hr and 40.8 +/- 4.2
      at 3-4 hrs. These values increased significantly after PTCA to 41.3 +/- 4.0, 41.9
      +/- 4.1 and 42.0 +/- 4.0, respectively (each p less than 0.001). TNIS also
      decreased significantly following PTCA. Group I patients were further divided
      into 2 groups: patients with and without previous myocardial infarction. Although
      patients with previous myocardial infarction had significantly lower TMPI values
      and greater TNIS values than without previous myocardial infarction, these
      parameters improved significantly after PTCA. Therefore, we conclude that PTCA
      can improve exercise induced regional myocardial ischemia, if luminal diameter is
      dilated by more than 20%. Patients with previous myocardial infarction and
      persisting angina are also considered to be candidates for PTCA.

PMID- 2932567
TI  - [A case of cystadenocarcinoma developing from an ovary autografted to the
      abdominal wall].
AB  - A 73-year-old woman developed an abdominal tumor. We performed tumor resection.
      The tumor, located between the fascia and peritoneum, was removed completely. The
      histological finding was cystadenocarcinoma. Thirty-eight years earlier she had
      undergone total hysterectomy and bilateral oophorectomy because of abnormal
      genital bleeding. At that time, her own ovary had been transplanted to the
      abdominal wall. We diagnosed this tumor as having developed from the autografted
      ovary. The complication of ovarian autografting is cystic degeneration. This
      complication is rare in Japan. Moreover, malignant change is extremely unusual in
      ovarian autografting.

PMID- 2932568
TI  - [Hormone therapy of breast cancer-its role in the treatment of breast cancer].
AB  - Surgical hormone therapy and additive hormone therapy showed a response rate of
      about 30% for recurrent breast cancer, irrespective of kind of procedures or
      drugs. Additive hormone therapy had shorter duration of response than ablative
      surgery, but had still longer duration of response and less side effects than
      chemotherapy. Patients treated with tamoxifen alone as an initial therapy for
      their recurrent lesions had an over all survival time of 26 months in a median
      value, compared with 17 months for those treated with a combination chemotherapy.
      Initial treatment with tamoxifen alone eventually resulted in longer survival. To
      take maximum advantage of hormone therapy, it should be given in the early phase
      of recurrence, since ER status changes from positive to negative in the course of
      disease.

PMID- 2932569
TI  - [PET imaging of dementia].

PMID- 2932570
TI  - [Subcortical dementia].

PMID- 2932571
TI  - [Cardiovascular system transplantation. 7-2. Immunological effects of
      cyclosporine on canine ectopic heart transplantation].

PMID- 2932572
TI  - [Cardiovascular system transplantation. 8. Effect of monoclonal anti-Ia antibody
      on graft survival in rat heart transplantation].

PMID- 2932573
TI  - [Bilirubin conjugation disorder].

PMID- 2932574
TI  - [Neonatal jaundice and enzyme induction therapy].

PMID- 2932575
TI  - [67 cases of erythroderma].

PMID- 2932576
TI  - [Epidermal Langerhans cells of experimentally induced acanthosis].

PMID- 2932577
TI  - [Blood coagulation factor VIII complex in liver diseases].

PMID- 2932578
TI  - [Measurement of canine pancreatic blood flow by Laser-Doppler flowmetry: blood
      flow response to gut hormones (VIP, PHI, GRP)].

PMID- 2932579
TI  - [Cardiac morphology in left ventricular hypertrophy using thallium-201 myocardial
      scintigraphy].

PMID- 2932581
TI  - [Care of children with severe mental and physical disabilities].

PMID- 2932582
TI  - [Problems of handicapped children and administration policies].

PMID- 2932580
TI  - [Patient education related to backache and knee pain given at an orthopedic
      service for outpatients].

PMID- 2932583
TI  - [Interactions with handicapped children].

PMID- 2932584
TI  - Wrapped-knitted Dacron and microporous EPTFE conduits for reconstruction of right
      ventricular outflow tract.
AB  - The use of the extracardiac conduit for the right ventricle to main pulmonary
      artery continuity facilitates repair of a wide variety of complex congenital
      cardiac malformations. Recently, concern has been directed to the appearance of
      proliferating and obstructive internal peels. In the present study on 18 mongrel
      dogs, wrapped-knitted Dacron, expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (EPTFE) and
      wrapped-knitted Dacron/EPTFE conduits were evaluated in the light of internal
      linings. Macroscopically, the wrapped-knitted Dacron conduits were covered with a
      thicker and poorly developed neointima, whereas, EPTFE conduits were internally
      covered with a thin neointima. Microscopically, the neointima on the former was
      not well healed, while that of the latter was well developed and anchored.
      Therefore, the EPTFE conduit seems to be superior to the wrapped-knitted Dacron
      conduit and EPTFE conduit can be used clinically.

PMID- 2932585
TI  - Effects of intraperitoneal administration of OK-432 for patients with advanced
      cancer.
AB  - The effects of intraperitoneal administration of OK-432 on tumor cells in
      ascites, in relation to the infiltration of effector cells and on the immune
      responses of the host, particularly, with regard to immune suppressive
      mechanisms, were investigated in 25 patients with cancerous ascites. The effects
      of OK-432 depended on frequency of the repeated and continuous administrations
      through a tube placed in the peritoneum during laparotomy. Infiltrations of
      neutrophils and lymphocytes were observed in the ascites within a short period
      after the administration and monocyte infiltration followed. Disappearance of
      tumor cells correlated well with the infiltration of these cells. No marked
      changes in the proliferative responses of peripheral blood lymphocytes were noted
      and decreases in serum inhibitory factor levels in sera were observed in patients
      given larger doses of OK-432. A marked reduction in Concanavalin-A-induced
      suppressor cell activities was observed after OK-432 administration. OK-432
      administration probably leads to a disappearance of tumor cells by enhancing
      peritoneal effector cell activities and by inhibiting the induction of suppressor
      cell activities, in a dose dependent manner.

PMID- 2932586
TI  - [A case of respiratory muscle tic].

PMID- 2932587
TI  - Effect of 4-hydroxyphenylretinamide and retinoic acid on proliferation and cell
      cycle of cultured human breast cancer cells.
AB  - The synthetic retinoid 4-hydroxyphenylretinamide (HPR) showed antiproliferative
      effect on cultured human breast cancer cells, which were sensitive to retinoic
      acid (RA) too. Investigation of the cell cycle by flow cytophotometry showed a
      significant increase of cells in the S-phase of the cell cycle after 24 hours of
      RA treatment, whereas HPR did not show this effect. After 4-7 days of retinoid
      treatment, the percentage of resting cells increased. The influence on the cell
      cycle and the antiproliferative effect were more pronounced for RA than for HPR
      treatment in both cell lines investigated (ZR-75.1 and 734 B).

PMID- 2932588
TI  - Effects of dichloromethylene diphosphonate on the osteolytic and osteoplastic
      effects of rat prostate adenocarcinoma cells.
AB  - A model system of prostate adenocarcinoma (PA) in Lobund-Wistar rats is described
      in which the transplanted tumor cells (PA-III) were inoculated sc over the
      calvaria. A local tumor developed that, when attached to the bone, caused erosion
      and fragmentation of the bone, with adjacent osteoplastic changes and metastases
      to the lungs. The attachment of the tumor to the bone was enhanced if the
      periosteum was scratched during the inoculation of tumor cells. The destructive
      effect on bone structure was also induced by in vivo transplanted PA-I and PA-IV
      cells, but not by PA-II cells. In rats that were pretreated with
      dichloromethylene diphosphonate, the local PA-III tumors developed with
      metastases to the lungs, but the calvariae were intact.

PMID- 2932589
TI  - Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty.

PMID- 2932591
TI  - [Roentgen endovascular and endocardial surgery--a new trend in cardioangiology].

PMID- 2932590
TI  - [Prevention of disorders in the contractile function of non-ischemic sections of
      the heart during experimental infarction using beta-endorphin].
AB  - The effect of pretreatment with beta-endorphin on disorders of right-atrial
      myocardial distensibility and contractility in left-ventricular infarction (by
      Selye) was examined in Wistar rats. This peptide, administered intravenously (50
      micrograms/kg) immediately before the simulation of infarction, was shown to
      reduce considerably infarction-induced impairment of distensibility and
      contractility of an isolated right atrium and of its resistance to hypoxia and
      excessive calcium, and also to increase the survival rate. The results of the
      study suggest that the protective effect of beta-endorphin is chiefly due to its
      central action.

PMID- 2932592
TI  - [Characteristics of the surgical procedure in acute cholecystitis in middle-aged
      and elderly patients].

PMID- 2932594
TI  - [Curative decompression of the gallbladder in acute cholecystitis].

PMID- 2932593
TI  - [Therapeutic and diagnostic endoscopy in obstructive jaundice of benign
      etiology].

PMID- 2932596
TI  - [Advisability of using muscles in hernioplasty].

PMID- 2932595
TI  - [Diagnosis and treatment of mechanical jaundice].

PMID- 2932597
TI  - [Removable continuous layered suture of the abdominal wall].

PMID- 2932598
TI  - Prevalence of sleep apnea in healthy industrial workers.
AB  - The present study reports on polysomnographic findings of sleep apnea syndrome in
      a representative sample of otherwise healthy middle-aged blue collar workers (age
      45.7 +/- 8.5) with normal to borderline blood pressure (systolic 135.5 +/- 16.1;
      diastolic: 88.3 +/- 10.2), mild overweight (Broca 114.9 +/- 14.7) and with
      reported nocturnal sleep disturbances. The prevalence of sleep apnea in this
      sample (N = 20 out of a total of 78 workers with reported sleep disturbances) is
      40%. Mean frequency of apnoeic episodes during night was 97.6 +/- 42.7 in the
      apnea-positive group as compared to 27.1 +/- 19.9 in the apnea-negative group (T
      = 5.0; p less than 0.0001), with an apnea index of 13.3 +/- 6.2 as compared to
      3.5 +/- 2.3 (T = 7.2, p less than 0.0001). Left ventricular hypertrophy (mean
      diameter of end diastolic left ventricle: 64.0 +/- 9.5 mm) was found in
      individuals with apnea although manifest hypertension was absent in most
      individuals.

PMID- 2932600
TI  - Atrial natriuretic factor--a new hormone affecting kidney function.
AB  - A family of biologically active peptides (atrial natriuretic factor - ANF) has
      recently been identified in mammalian heart atria. The peptides derive from a
      common 152 amino acid precursor and at least 1% of total messenger RNA activity
      is specific for the factor. When injected intravenously ANF is hypotensive and
      natriuretic. Data indicate that atrial natriuretic factor represents a newly
      discovered hormone involved in the regulation of blood pressure and volume.
      Cellular release of ANF does not require the activation of the adenylate cyclase
      system, but is associated with receptor-mediated activation of the cellular
      polyphosphoinositide mechanism. The natriuretic effect includes increased
      glomerular filtration rate and specific inhibition of normal sodium reabsorption
      from the medullary collecting duct. The mechanism of this transport inhibition is
      not yet known.

PMID- 2932599
TI  - Antibody-induced glomerular injury.

PMID- 2932602
TI  - [Renal handling of alcohol and its tubular effects].
AB  - The renal handling of ethanol comprises glomerular filtration and tubular
      reabsorption. Due to its high permeability alcohol concentration in the tubular
      fluid approaches that of peritubular fluid and under steady state conditions
      alcohol concentration in the final urine is almost the same as in serum water.
      Even in high concentrations alcohol does not significantly interfere with kidney
      cell function. This seems to be due to the fact that renal tissue is almost free
      from alcohol dehydrogenase. Thus, acetaldehyde, the cytotoxic intermediate of
      alcohol metabolism, is not accumulated in effective doses. If applied directly in
      micropuncture experiments alcohol is without distinct effects while acetaldehyde
      inhibits the main parameters of cellular vitality as measured by electrical
      membrane potentials and intracellular ion activities.

PMID- 2932603
TI  - The school nurse's role in assisting children with disabling conditions.

PMID- 2932601
TI  - [Mechanisms of postobstructive polyuria].
AB  - Postobstructive diuresis occurs after relief of bilateral ureteral obstruction
      despite the persistent decrease in renal cortical perfusion and glomerular
      filtration rate (GFR). After an initial transient rise in renal blood flow (RBF)
      during acute ureteral obstruction, tubular damage and progressive
      vasoconstriction with decreased RBF, especially of medullary perfusion, are
      observed with chronic obstruction. These are associated with an activation of the
      renin-angiotensin system and of renal prostaglandin (PG) synthesis with enhanced
      production of the vasoconstrictor thromboxane A2. Azotemia and extracellular
      fluid volume (ECFV) expansion result from impaired renal function. Mechanisms of
      polyuria following relief from bilateral chronic obstruction include enhanced PGE
      mediated medullary blood flow, structural and functional tubular damage with
      decreased sodium reabsorption and (vasopressin-resistant) impaired renal
      concentrating ability, osmotic diuresis, activation of natriuretic factors
      following ECFV-expansion, and sometimes iatrogenic excessive fluid replacement.
      The resulting loss of fluid and electrolytes represents a major hazard in
      patients after surgical correction of congenital or acquired urinary tract
      obstruction.

PMID- 2932604
TI  - Haemodynamics of coronary artery-saphenous vein bypass.
AB  - The velocity distribution of a suspension of red blood cell ghosts in an
      idealized model of the coronary artery-saphenous vein bypass has been
      investigated with the aid of laser Doppler anemometry. Pulsatile flow simulated
      pressure variations in the ascending aorta and ghost cell velocities were
      determined by the Doppler shift of scattered laser light. Using four different
      model bypasses it was demonstrated that turbulent flow at the graft-coronary
      intersection can be delayed by decreasing the discontinuity in diameter between
      the bypass vein and coronary artery, and also by reducing the bypass vein and
      host coronary artery intersection angle.

PMID- 2932605
TI  - [Absence of the antihypertensive effect of chronic treatment with prazosin in the
      spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) and their offspring].
AB  - Seven consanguine monogamous SHR couples (G 1) were treated from their 5th to
      their 39th week of age with prazosin, 100 micrograms/kg/day i.p. Male rats were
      treated without interruption. Treatment was withheld in female rats from delivery
      to weaning. They were compared to seven similar SHR couples who were only daily
      i.p. injected with the same volume of solvent. Second (G 2) generation rats
      (untreated were studied. In G 1 female rats only, prazosin induced a transient
      decrease in systolic blood pressure (SBP), 6 hours after the injection, at 25
      weeks of age. SBP, heart weight/body weight ratio and plasma renin activity
      remained unchanged at 39 weeks of age. Gestational parameters were not changed by
      the treatment, and no parameter was changed in G 2 rats. A previous study in the
      same conditions with another alpha 1-adrenoreceptor blocking agent, nicergoline,
      showed an inhibition of hypertension development in G 1 rats together with a
      preventive effect on untreated G 2 SHR (Moore et al., 1983). Thus prazosin failed
      to produce similar antihypertensive effects both in the treated rats and in their
      offspring and one can therefore conclude that nicergoline's effects were not only
      due to alpha 1-adrenoceptor blockade.

PMID- 2932606
TI  - 50 cases of acne treated by puncturing acupoint dazhui in combination with
      cupping.

PMID- 2932607
TI  - Use of parental advisors in the development of a parental coping scale.

PMID- 2932608
TI  - Proliferative and cytotoxic immune functions in aging mice. III. Exogenous
      interleukin-2 rich supernatant only partially restores alloreactivity in vitro.
AB  - The ability of exogenous interleukin-2 (IL-2) rich supernatant to restore the
      defective T cell mediated immune functions of spleen cells from aged C57BL/6 mice
      was analyzed. Addition of IL-2 rich supernatant to allogeneic mixed lymphocyte
      cultures (MLC) resulted in an increase in the proliferative response of spleen
      cells from both young and old mice. The MLC response of cells from old mice was,
      however, not restored to the level of proliferation seen with splenocytes from
      young animals. In studying the generation of specific T cell suppressor function,
      it was found that IL-2 rich supernatant enhanced this function only for spleen
      cells from those aged animals which demonstrated a defective response in its
      absence. The response of these mice was thereby restored to the normal level. The
      response of cells from young control animals and aged mice with normal suppressor
      activity was not affected by the addition of IL-2 rich supernatant. We conclude
      that decreased IL-2 production constitutes a functionally important aspect, but
      is by no means the only defect in the immune response of aged mice. The results
      also suggest that responsiveness to IL-2 is less affected by age than lymphokine
      production.

PMID- 2932609
TI  - Suppression of murine natural killer cell activity by adherent cells from aging
      mice.
AB  - Natural killer (NK) cell activity declines with age in mice. The purpose of this
      study was to investigate the effect of peritoneal and splenic adherent cells from
      young and old mice on NK activity to determine whether adherent cell suppressor
      function might contribute to this decline. Peritoneal adherent cells from old
      mice suppressed NK activity of young splenic non-adherent indicator cells more
      than peritoneal cells from young mice. Splenic adherent cells from old but not
      from young mice also suppressed this activity. That (1) the suppressive activity
      of the adherent cell populations was not affected by treatment with anti-Thy-1
      plus complement, and that (2) the adherent cell population contained 77-92% cells
      positive for alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase activity, suggests that the active
      adherent suppressor cell may be a macrophage. Therefore, the age-related decline
      in NK activity in mice can be explained, in part, by an increase in adherent cell
      suppressor function.

PMID- 2932610
TI  - Age-related change in activation by Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane on myosin
      ATPase activity of human minor pectoral muscles.
AB  - Age related change of the human minor pectoral muscles was biochemically
      demonstrated. Myosin-ATPase activity was significantly decreased with age, and
      was activated with Tris. The degree of the activation by Tris was observed to be
      lower in old aged patients than in the young. Furthermore, at low concentration
      of CaCl2 (less than 100 microM), myosin-ATPase activity was higher in the young
      age than in the old, while at high concentration of CaCl2 (more than 1 mM) no
      significant difference was observed between young and old age. Decrease with age
      in activation by primary amine such as Tris would play an important role in the
      muscle working capacity in old age.

PMID- 2932611
TI  - The influence of health on school outcomes. A multivariate approach.
AB  - This study investigates the relationship between chronic poor health and school
      outcomes among children. A simultaneous three-stage least squares model is
      estimated in which achievement and attendance are endogenous variables. The
      hypothesis that particular health characteristics are associated with differences
      in individual school outcomes is confirmed. For example, attendance is affected
      most by illnesses likely to interfere with school or peer interactions or
      difficulty doing only strenuous activity. Achievement is lowered by moderate to
      severe psychologic problems. Including attendance as an endogenous variable
      increases its significance. Other socioeconomic and school variables, such as
      mother working, marital status and special schooling, are included in the model.
      Policy implications are suggested.

PMID- 2932613
TI  - [Complications in connection with percutaneous transluminal angioplasty].

PMID- 2932612
TI  - Immunologic effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents.
AB  - The author discusses the evidence that PGE is an immunomodulator and addresses
      the thesis that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, by blocking endogenous PGE
      production, act to partially correct the immunologic aberrations involved in the
      pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 2932614
TI  - [Severe ischemic vascular disease of the legs. PTA as an acceptable complement to
      vascular surgery].

PMID- 2932615
TI  - [Clinical relevance of beta-hexosaminidase activity in the urine].

PMID- 2932616
TI  - [Topical treatment of acne vulgaris with clindamycin].

PMID- 2932617
TI  - Behavioral effects and benzodiazepine antagonist activity of Ro 15-1788
      (flumazepil) in pigeons.
AB  - The selective benzodiazepine receptor antagonist, Ro 15-1788, produced behavioral
      effects in pigeons at doses at least 100 times lower than those previously
      reported to possess intrinsic pharmacological activity in mammals. In contrast to
      its effects in mammalian species, in pigeons, Ro 15-1788 does not exhibit partial
      agonist activity. Key-peck responses of pigeons were studied under a multiple
      fixed-interval 3-min, fixed-interval 3-min schedule in which the first response
      after 3-min produced food in the presence of red or white keylights. In addition,
      every 30th response during the red keylight produced a brief electric shock
      (punishment). Under control conditions, punished responding was suppressed to 30%
      of unpunished response levels. Ro 15-1788 (0.01 mg/kg, i.m.) increased unpunished
      response rates by 33% without affecting rates of punished responding. Doses of
      0.1 to 1.0 mg/kg Ro 15-1788 produced dose-related decreases in both punished and
      unpunished responding. As is characteristic of other benzodiazepines, midazolam
      (0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg, i.m.) markedly increased punished responding but had little
      effect on rates of unpunished responding. Ro 15-1788 antagonized the increases in
      punished responding and also reversed the rate-decreasing effects of higher doses
      of midazolam. However, the effectiveness of Ro 15-1788 as a benzodiazepine
      antagonist was limited by its intrinsic activity: rate-decreasing doses of Ro 15
      1788 were unable to completely reverse behavioral effects of midazolam. Midazolam
      was an effective antagonist of the behavioral effects of Ro 15-1788 (up to 0.1
      mg/kg) but midazolam did not influence the rate-decreasing effects of 1.0 mg/kg
      Ro 15-1788 across a 100-fold dose range. In the pigeon, the behavioral effects of
      relatively low doses of Ro 15-1788 (0.01-0.1 mg/kg) appear to be related to
      benzodiazepine receptor mechanisms, whereas other systems appear to be involved
      in the effects of higher doses.

PMID- 2932619
TI  - Percutaneous measurement of portal blood flow in the piglet by continuous
      thermodilution.
AB  - The continuous thermodilution method was applied to the percutaneous measurement
      of portal blood flow in the piglet by inserting a thermodilution probe into the
      portal vein via the transhepatic transvenous route. The method was compared to
      electromagnetic flowmetry in three piglets; the two methods yielded statistically
      identical results. The coefficient of variation of the continuous thermodilution
      measurements was 4%. The method allows portal blood flow measurements that are
      instantaneous, reliable, reproducible, and repetitive. It was applied to a study
      of rapid flow variations in piglets receiving an infusion of posterior pituitary
      extract.

PMID- 2932620
TI  - Osteoarthritis XI: Lumbar spondylosis.

PMID- 2932621
TI  - [Organization of visiting lecture series for the advanced qualification of the
      head nurses of treatment and prevention institutions].

PMID- 2932618
TI  - Normal excretion of quinolinic acid in Huntington's disease.
AB  - We measured the excretion of the endogenous neurotoxin quinolinic acid in 14
      patients with Huntington's disease and in 11 age matched control subjects.
      Huntingtonian patients excreted less quinolinic acid, than controls. When
      normalised to urea or creatinine output quinolinic acid excretion was normal. We
      conclude that Huntington's disease is not associated with a generalised
      disturbance of quinolinic acid metabolism, however, a local hyperproduction of
      quinolinic acid cannot be excluded from our results.

PMID- 2932622
TI  - [Work of a nurses' council].

PMID- 2932623
TI  - [Control of smoking among medical school students].

PMID- 2932624
TI  - [Role of yeasts of the genus Candida in the transformation of the hydrocarbon
      energy in oil-contaminated gray-brown soil].
AB  - Energy transformation was studied in the processes of hydrocarbon metabolism by
      microorganisms in oil-contaminated grey-brown soil. For such microbial
      populations as Candida species which use hydrocarbon substrates only as an energy
      source but not for growth, the criteria of biomass or incidence are presumed to
      have a relative significance for revealing the comparative functional role of
      these populations in the self-purification of oil-contaminated soils. Therefore,
      it is necessary to simultaneously assay both the incidence and the functional
      activity of microorganisms expressed in terms of respiration intensity. A diagram
      is proposed which shows the role of Candida yeasts in transforming the energy of
      aromatic and paraffin hydrocarbons in oil-contaminated soils.

PMID- 2932625
TI  - Two-component laser Doppler anemometer for measurement of velocity and turbulent
      shear stress near prosthetic heart valves.
AB  - The velocity and turbulent shear stress measured in the immediate vicinity of
      prosthetic heart valves play a vital role in the design and evaluation of these
      devices. In the past hot wire/film and one-component laser Doppler anemometer
      (LDA) systems were used extensively to obtain these measurements. Hot wire/film
      anemometers, however, have some serious disadvantages, including the inability to
      measure the direction of the flow, the disturbance of the flow field caused by
      the probe, and the need for frequent calibration. One-component LDA systems do
      not have these problems, but they cannot measure turbulent shear stresses
      directly. Since these measurements are essential and are not available in the
      open literature, a two-component LDA system for measuring velocity and turbulent
      shear stress fields under pulsatile flow conditions was assembled under an FDA
      contract. The experimental methods used to create an in vitro data base of
      velocity and turbulent shear stress fields in the immediate vicinity of
      prosthetic heart valves of various designs in current clinical use are also
      discussed.

PMID- 2932626
TI  - Treatment of Paget's disease of bone.

PMID- 2932627
TI  - [Economic significance of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Uzbek S.S.R].

PMID- 2932628
TI  - [Effect of malathion on mosquitoes].

PMID- 2932629
TI  - [Isolation of Tahyna virus from mosquitoes collected in Dushanbe].

PMID- 2932630
TI  - [Congenital cardiac abnormalities and trisomy 21. Frequency, type of association
      and hemodynamic aspects].

PMID- 2932631
TI  - Dopamine D2 receptor binding sites for agonists. A tetrahedral model.
AB  - In order to develop a model for the putative binding sites between the D2
      dopamine receptor and many of its agonists, we obtained the dissociation
      constants of many dopaminergic agonists at the high affinity state, D2high, as
      well as at the low affinity state, D2low, of the receptor. [3H]Spiperone was used
      to label the D2 dopamine receptors in porcine anterior pituitary tissue. Agonists
      without any hydroxyl groups, such as 2-aminotetralin, effectively inhibited the
      binding of [3H]spiperone; the addition of a hydroxyl group corresponding to the
      "meta" position in dopamine, however, enhanced the potency (in four series of
      agonists) by an order of magnitude. The R-(-)-enantiomers of the aporphines and
      5,6,-dihydroxy-2-dipropylaminotetralin were more potent than the S-(+)
      enantiomers. Although the 4-methoxy-2-dipropylaminoindans were potent, the R-(-)
      11-methoxyaporphines were not. A tetrahedral model is proposed; this has two
      sites for agonist attachment, the extremities of the sites being separated by 8
      A, and their functional groups directed between 15 degrees and 30 degrees off the
      orthogonal from the receptor surface. Several steric obstacles are required to
      account for the inactivity of several congeners.

PMID- 2932632
TI  - Thymidylate synthase overproduction and gene amplification in fluorodeoxyuridine
      resistant human cells.
AB  - Cytotoxicity to 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (FdUrd) derives from its conversion to 5
      fluorodeoxyuridine-5'-monophosphate, which binds to and inhibits thymidylate
      synthase (TS) in the presence of the cofactor, 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate. We
      have selected FdUrd-resistant variants of the human cell line HEp-2 following
      adaptation to stepwise increases in drug concentration. In the initial selection,
      maximal drug resistance was associated with a 26-fold increase in the cellular
      level of TS. Greater TS overproduction (80-fold) was obtained by selection for
      FdUrd resistance in the presence of 10 microM folinic acid and 100 microM
      deoxyinosine. The latter agents were included to expand the folate pool to ensure
      adequate levels of cofactor during the selection process. Using cDNA plasmid pMTS
      4, which is complementary to mouse TS mRNA, we show that TS overproduction in the
      HEp-2 variants is accompanied by a 100-fold increase in TS mRNA and a 100-fold
      amplification of the TS structural gene. Thus, TS overproduction and gene
      amplification is a mechanism of resistance to FdUrd in human cells.

PMID- 2932633
TI  - [Parental guilt experience in diseases of their children].
AB  - Parents of sick or handicapped children often exhibit strong guilt feelings.
      These can be justified but equally can be irrational, based on magic,
      prescientific thinking. However, quite often they have an emotionally stabilising
      function for the parents. Using clinical examples possible reasons for, and the
      importance of these parental guilt feelings in coping with the disease are
      analysed. Suggestions for dealing with these guilt feelings in a differentiated
      manner are formulated.

PMID- 2932634
TI  - Asbestos-associated disease: can the issues be resolved in the courtroom?

PMID- 2932635
TI  - Frameshift mutagenesis in the repressor gene of bacteriophage lambda: influence
      of a C/G----T/A transition upon the mutability by 9-aminoacridine of an adjacent
      run of 4 G/C base pairs.

PMID- 2932636
TI  - The development of central cores in both fiber types in tenotomized muscle.
AB  - Using the histochemical reaction for myosin adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), a
      study of the rat soleus muscle following tenotomy was undertaken. It was
      demonstrated that both type 2A and 2C fibers undergo degenerative changes
      following tenotomy. All previous studies have stated that only type 1 fibers were
      affected and developed central core lesions and that type 2 fibers were somehow
      protected from the degenerative process. The results of this experiment
      illustrate that central core lesions will develop in all three fiber types (types
      1, 2A, and 2C) of the soleus following tenotomy.

PMID- 2932637
TI  - Parvalbumin in cross-reinnervated and denervated muscles.
AB  - The extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle was cross-reinnervated by the soleus
      (SOL) nerve, leading to the well-known transformation toward a slow muscle. Nine
      weeks after the operation, the quantitative analysis of the Ca2+-binding protein,
      parvalbumin (PV), using high-performance liquid chromatography, showed a
      threefold reduction of PV in the cross-reinnervated EDL muscle. Denervation of
      the EDL muscle, which leads to an increase of the half-relaxation time, resulted
      in a 20% decrease of the PV concentration within 4 days. This significant lower
      PV level was detectable prior to any change of the myofibrillar adenosine
      triphosphatase (ATPase). Normal PV concentrations were reached after 9 weeks
      following self-reinnervation of the EDL muscle. The experiments support the view
      that PV is involved in the relaxation of rat fast skeletal muscles and that its
      expression is dependent on nerve-muscle interaction. Since PV changes preceded
      histochemical changes after denervation, this protein may be a sensitive marker
      for early stages of neuromuscular disturbances.

PMID- 2932638
TI  - Control of myofibrillar ATPase activity and force in myodystrophic muscle.
AB  - Myofibrillar ATPase activity was measured as a function of the free calcium
      concentration in skeletal muscles of control and myodystrophic mice. In addition,
      the force developed in skinned extensor digitorum longus (EDL) fibers of control
      and myodystrophic mice was measured as a function of the free calcium
      concentration, and a histomorphometric study was performed on soleus and EDL
      muscles of control and myodystrophic mice. The results showed that the
      myofibrillar ATPase activity and the force-generating mechanisms of control and
      myodystrophic muscles were controlled to the same relative degree by equivalent
      concentrations of calcium ions. Upon maximal activation of the ATPase activities,
      we measured 18% less activity in myodystrophic muscles than in control muscles.
      Maximal activation of the force-generating capacity in skinned fibers showed
      there was no significant difference in force produced in the control compared to
      myodystrophic fibers. The histomorphometric study revealed no alteration in the
      relative distribution of different fiber types in myodystrophic compared to
      control muscles. However, the histomorphometry did reveal a larger slow (type 1)
      relative cellular area compared to total cross-sectional area in myodystrophic
      muscle than in controls. We propose that the lower ATPase activity but equal
      force-generating capacity of myodystrophic muscles compared to control muscles is
      due to myodystrophic muscles being composed of a greater fraction of myofibrils
      from slow (type 1) fibers than control muscles.

PMID- 2932639
TI  - Rat diaphragm: changes in muscle fiber type frequency with age.
AB  - This study demonstrates age-related changes in fiber type, distribution, and
      diameter that suggest that the diaphragm does not attain a static pattern of
      fiber type in adults. Furthermore, the progressive increase in the FG fiber
      diameters may be of importance in the interpretation of physiologic and
      biochemical parameters measured in the diaphragm muscle of animals of different
      age groups.

PMID- 2932640
TI  - Beta-oxidation enzymes in normal human muscle and in muscle from a patient with
      an unusual form of myopathic carnitine deficiency.
AB  - In a reported patient with myopathic carnitine deficiency, addition of exogenous
      carnitine to muscle homogenates failed to correct palmitate oxidation, and oral
      carnitine was of no clinical benefit. In a muscle biopsy from this patient, we
      found that, in contrast to the marked deficiency of free carnitine (3% of normal)
      short- and medium-chain acylcarnitines were in the normal range and long-chain
      acylcarnitine was increased almost four times. As this result confirmed the
      hypothesis of a muscle defect of mitochondrial oxidation of palmitate, all eight
      enzymes of beta-oxidation were measured spectrophotometrically in the muscle
      extract. None of them was found to be defective. These data suggest that the
      underlying biochemical abnormality in this patient may be a deficiency of the
      carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase system or a defective interaction between
      acyl-CoA dehydrogenase and its flavoprotein coenzyme.

PMID- 2932641
TI  - Effects of long-term physical training and detraining on enzyme histochemical and
      functional skeletal muscle characteristic in man.
AB  - The adaptability of human skeletal muscle to increased (training) and decreased
      (detraining) usage was studied in 11 athletes over a 42-month-long observation
      period. Biopsies were taken from the deltoid and the quadriceps muscle, together
      with measurements of maximum torque output during voluntary knee extensions at
      high relative to slow speeds of movement. A 16% and 14% decrease in the
      proportion of type I fibers was seen in the proximal arm and leg muscles,
      respectively, in the detraining subjects. This conformed with the changes in
      muscle function. On the other hand, in the training subjects, who increased their
      activity level through systematic daily physical training over an almost 4-year
      long period, there were no significant changes seen in fiber type proportions of
      either arm or leg muscles. This was presumably due to the smaller net change in
      physical activity level caused by training as compared to detraining in the
      subjects of this study. Thus, the results show that fiber type proportions in
      intact human skeletal muscle are not exclusively determined by heredity, but may
      also be influenced by environmental factors, such as physical activity level.

PMID- 2932642
TI  - Aldosterone-receptor deficiency in pseudohypoaldosteronism.
AB  - Pseudohypoaldosteronism, a syndrome characterized by salt wasting and failure to
      thrive, usually presents in infancy as high urinary levels of sodium despite
      hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, hyperreninemia, and elevated aldosterone levels. We
      have investigated this syndrome for the possibility of abnormal Type I or
      "mineralocorticoid-like" receptors, which have intrinsic steroid specificity
      indistinguishable from that of renal mineralocorticoid receptors and are found in
      many tissues and cells, including mononuclear leukocytes. We have studied three
      patients with pseudohypoaldosteronism: the 28-year-old index case in Melbourne
      (Patient 1) and two siblings in Munich, eight and two years of age (Patients 2
      and 3); clinically, Patient 3 had a less severe case than his sister. Percoll
      separated control monocytes bound [3H]aldosterone with high affinity (Kd
      approximately 3 nM) and limited capacity (150 to 600 sites per cell). On repeated
      examination, no [3H]aldosterone binding was found in monocytes from Patients 1
      and 2; in Patient 3, the levels were 62 sites per cell, more than 2 S.D. below
      those of the control. Levels in the parents of the Munich patients (first
      cousins) were normal. It appears that pseudohypoaldosteronism is caused by a Type
      I receptor defect, that the defect may be complete or partial, that transmission
      may be autosomal recessive, and that the study of patients with
      pseudohypoaldosteronism may indicate physiologic roles for Type I receptors in
      nonepithelial tissues.

PMID- 2932644
TI  - Transfusion-induced immunologic abnormalities not related to AIDS virus.

PMID- 2932643
TI  - Male pseudohermaphroditism due to multiple defects in steroid-biosynthetic
      microsomal mixed-function oxidases. A new variant of congenital adrenal
      hyperplasia.
AB  - A six-month-old 46,XY infant with a female phenotype and ambiguous genitalia was
      evaluated for male pseudohermaphroditism. The principal findings were (1) low
      basal plasma levels of all measured C19 steroids and their sulfates, which were
      unchanged or only minimally increased after stimulation with human chorionic
      gonadotropin or ACTH, (2) no urinary metabolites of C19 11-deoxy steroids, and
      decreased amounts of C19 11-oxosteroids, (3) normal basal plasma cortisol levels
      and normal urinary excretion of cortisol metabolites, (4) high plasma
      corticosterone and deoxycorticosterone levels and elevated urinary excretion of
      their metabolites, (5) high plasma progesterone and pregnenolone levels and
      increased urinary excretion of pregnanediol and pregnenediol, (6) high plasma 17
      alpha-hydroxyprogesterone and 21-deoxycortisol levels and increased urinary
      excretion of pregnanetriol, 17 alpha-hydroxypregnanolone, and pregnenetriolone,
      (7) high plasma and urinary levels of 5-pregnene-3 beta,20 alpha-diol sulfate,
      (8) low plasma levels of 21-hydroxy-pregnenolone and 5-pregnene-3 beta,17 alpha,
      20 alpha-triol sulfate, (9) high plasma ACTH levels, and (10) suppression of the
      high plasma steroid levels by dexamethasone. The unusual pattern of plasma and
      urinary steroids indicated that this child had multiple abnormalities of steroid
      biosynthetic microsomal mixed-function oxidases--21-hydroxylase, 17 alpha
      hydroxylase, and 17,20 desmolase. The deficit in the activities of the first two
      enzymes resulted in decreased cortisol synthesis with subsequent increased ACTH
      secretion and adrenocortical hyperplasia. The male pseudohermaphroditism resulted
      from deficient testosterone synthesis due to deficiency of 17 alpha-hydroxylase
      and 17,20 desmolase. The mother and two sisters of the affected child had
      evidence of mild 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency.

PMID- 2932645
TI  - Plasma concentration of atrial natriuretic factor in normal pregnancy.

PMID- 2932647
TI  - Snack-induced release of atrial natriuretic factor.

PMID- 2932646
TI  - Atrial natriuretic hormone, the renin-aldosterone axis, and blood pressure
      electrolyte homeostasis.
AB  - The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis exerts major control over sodium and
      potassium balance and arterial blood pressure. These three functions are
      continuously regulated by changes in angiotensin II and aldosterone levels in
      response to wide variations in dietary intake of sodium and potassium. In
      addition, changes in intrarenal physical factors cause changes in the supply of
      distal tubular sodium that, in turn, work to determine sodium and potassium
      excretion and to modulate the release of renal renin. However, certain aspects of
      sodium homeostasis cannot be fully explained either by the activity of the renin
      system or by intrarenal physical factors, and this has led investigators to
      search for other natriuretic hormonal mechanisms. Recently, it has become clear
      that atrial tissue contains a group of peptides, at least one of which is
      probably secreted as a regulatory hormone. In animals, these atrial peptides
      produce immediate, marked natriuresis associated with a rise in glomerular
      filtration rate (but no alteration of total renal flow) and a simultaneous
      decrease in arterial blood pressure. Atrial peptides also inhibit renal renin
      secretion and adrenal cortical secretion of aldosterone, and they oppose the
      vasoconstrictive action of angiotensin II. One of these atrial peptides may
      therefore be the long-sought natriuretic hormone, though in a different form and
      shape than was envisioned. The fact that atrial peptide works to oppose the renin
      system at four points suggests that this new hormone could have a major
      complementary role in long-term regulation of blood pressure and electrolyte
      homeostasis. In this construction the renin system primarily defends sodium
      balance and blood pressure, with the atrial hormone having an increasing counter
      influence in situations involving high blood pressure or sodium surfeit. We can
      soon expect to learn more about this atrial hormone, including which peptide is
      the active circulating hormone, what induces or inhibits its release, and what
      part it plays in cardiovascular diseases.

PMID- 2932648
TI  - Establishment of idiotypic helper T-cell repertoires early in life.
AB  - Immunoglobulin variable-region (V) genes, it is now recognized, do not encode
      specific receptors for T lymphocytes. Classical observations on T-cell expression
      of immunoglobulin idiotypes had remained unexplained until recent experiments
      showed that immunoglobulin idiotypes expressed by T lymphocytes in normal mice
      are absent in cells of the same specificity isolated from donors whose B-cell
      system has been suppressed by administration of anti-mu antibodies from birth.
      This observation provided evidence for the 'learning' of T-cell idiotypes from
      the B-cell/antibody system and, therefore, for the importance of idiotypic
      network interactions in the selection of available lymphocyte repertoires before
      antigenic challenge. Previously described influences of B cells and/or antibodies
      on the T-helper (Th) cell compartment would appear to operate at the level of
      clonal repertoires by complementarities with defined immunoglobulin idiotypes.
      Other authors, however, had previously shown the striking stability of T-cell
      idiotype expression in chimaeric animals reconstituted with T and B cells
      originating from donors showing differential idiotype expression. We have now
      investigated this apparent discrepancy and present here results demonstrating
      that immunoglobulin-dependent selection of T-cell (idiotypic) repertoires only
      operates for the first 3 weeks of life.

PMID- 2932649
TI  - Abolition of specific immune response defect by immunization with dendritic
      cells.
AB  - Murine cytotoxic T (Tc)-cell responses to various antigens are controlled by
      immune response (Ir) genes mapping in the major histocompatibility complex (H-2).
      The genes responsible are those encoding the class I and class II H-2 antigens.
      The H-2 I-Ab mutant mouse strain bm12 differs from its strain of origin, C57BL/6
      (H-2b), only in three amino acids in the I-A beta bm12 class II H-2 molecule. As
      a consequence, female bm12 mice are Tc-cell nonresponders to the male antigen H-Y
      and do not reject H-Y disparate skin grafts. We now report that bm12 mice
      generate strong H-Y-specific Tc cells following priming in vivo and restimulation
      in vitro with male bm12 dendritic cells (DC). Female bm12 mice primed with male
      DC also reject male skin grafts. Furthermore, we demonstrate that only responder
      cell populations containing a mixture of L3T4+ (T-helper (Th) phenotype) and Lyt
      2+ (Tc phenotype) T lymphocytes generate H-Y-specific Tc cells. These data imply
      an essential role for Th cells, activated by DC as antigen-presenting cells
      (APC), in changing H-Y-nonresponder bm12 mice into H-Y responders. Priming and
      restimulation with DC allows the triggering of a T-cell repertoire not
      demonstrable by the usual modes of immunization. This principle might be used to
      overcome other specific immune response defects.

PMID- 2932651
TI  - [Transcranial sonographic monitoring of the blood flow of the middle cerebral
      artery in recanalizing operations of the extracranial internal carotid artery].
AB  - During endarterectomy of the internal carotid artery (ICA) blood flow velocity of
      the ipsilateral medial cerebral artery (MCA) was continuously monitored in twelve
      patients with the help of a new transcranial pulsed Doppler system. Additionally,
      the basal cerebral arteries where examined pre- und postoperatively in order to
      evaluate criteria for selective intraoperative shunting and to document flow
      improvement following ICA reconstruction. All patients had symptoms, either of
      TIA or of minor stroke. Five of them had in addition a contralateral ICA
      occlusion. During intraoperative carotid cross-clamping on the patients with
      unilateral ICA lesions, MCA blood flow dropped to zero in only one of them. In
      the other cases, a 20 to 60% flow reduction occurred indicating cross-filling
      or/and collateral blood supply via the posterior circulation. More severe MCA
      flow reductions were found in patients with contralateral ICA occlusion, with the
      occurrence of a no-flow state in two of them. All patients were operated on with
      an indwelling shunt. Its effect on MCA blood flow varied considerably.
      Apparently, the shunt was necessary in some patients but was superfluous in the
      majority of them. Transcranial Doppler meets the basic criteria of an examination
      technique to be recommended for monitoring. The method is noninvasive. The
      parameter, i.e. MCA flow velocity, can be evaluated on-line. It is representative
      and highly sensitive for cerebral circulatory disturbances and impending ischemia
      in the carotid territory. Transcranial MCA flow monitoring does not affect the
      course of the operation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2932650
TI  - Phencyclidine increases the affinity of dihydropyridine calcium channel
      antagonist binding in rat brain.
AB  - Phencyclidine (PCP) significantly reduces the apparent dissociation constant (KD)
      of the dihydropyridine (DHP) calcium channel antagonist, [3H]nitrendipine, in
      synaptosomal membranes of rat and mouse brain without significantly effecting the
      maximum binding capacity (Bmax). At an optimum concentration of PCP (10 microM)
      the apparent KD of [3H]nitrendipine was reduced from 178 +/- 9 pM to 112 +/- 9 pM
      in rat forebrain, a 58% increase in affinity. The structural derivatives of PCP,
      P-Br-PCP [1-[1-(4-bromo-phenyl-cyclohexyl)piperidine]], m-NH2-PCP [1-[1-(3-anilo)
      cyclohexyl]piperidine], (+/-)-PCMP [1-(1-phenyl)-cyclo-hexyl-3-methylpiperidine]
      also increased the apparent affinity of [3H]nitrendipine in the following order,
      p-Br-PCP much greater than PCMP greater than PCP greater than m-NH2-PCP. Local
      anesthetics either reduced the apparent affinity of [3H]nitrendipine or had no
      effect. Kinetic analysis revealed that PCP both increased the microassociation
      rate constant and decreased the microdissociation rate constant of
      [3H]nitrendipine. The magnitude of this enhanced binding varied with the brain
      region studied; the greatest increase in apparent affinity of [3H]nitrendipine
      was observed in striatum, while no significant increase in affinity was observed
      in brainstem. In some brain areas, PCP was more effective in reducing the KD in
      crude homogenates than in washed tissue. PCP (10 microM) did not alter the KD of
      [3H]nitrendipine to rat cardiac tissue. Both Ca2+ and Mg2+ inhibited the effect
      of PCP, while monovalent ions were ineffective in this regard.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2932652
TI  - Power spectral analysis and cortical coupling of EEG for young and old normal
      adults.
AB  - Power spectral analysis and cortical coupling were computed on eyes closed EEG
      recorded from 80 normal volunteers: 20 females and 20 males aged 25-35 years and
      20 females and 20 males aged 55-70 years. Recordings were from Fz, Cz, C3, Pz and
      Oz areas. The results indicate that with increased age there was a greater
      uniformity of EEG activity across the brain. Magnitude of EEG power was
      significantly less variable across recording sites for the old than for the
      young. In addition, cortical coupling values were reliably higher for the older
      subjects indicating a greater congruity among EEG patterns. The EEG power and
      cortical coupling measures were significantly correlated and thus may indicate an
      underlying mechanism common to both. The results support a theory of decreased
      central inhibitory function in old age and may reflect an age-related breakdown
      of functional autonomy of cortical areas. Gender had no significant effect on
      either EEG power or cortical coupling.

PMID- 2932653
TI  - Effect of ethanol on adenosine triphosphatase and enolase activities in rat brain
      and in cultured nerve cells.
AB  - The effect of alcohol on enzymes involved in energy metabolism of nervous tissue
      were analyzed, in vivo after acute and chronic ethanol administration to rats and
      in vitro by addition of 50 mM and 100 mM ethanol to the medium of cultured nerve
      cells: chick neurons, chick glial cells, a neuronal cell line (MT17) and a glial
      tumoral cell line (C6). The parameters we measured were (Na+, K+), Mg2+ and ecto
      Ca2+, Mg2+ ATPase activities involved in transport phenomena and enolase
      activities (non neuronal NNE and neuron specific enolase NSE) as markers of nerve
      cell maturation. In vivo, after chronic ethanol administration (Na+, K+) ATPase
      activity was increased while Mg2+ dependent activity was not affected. Enolase
      activity was decreased. Acute ethanol administration decreased (Na+, K+) ATPase
      activity, while Mg2+ dependent activity was not affected. In cultured nerve cells
      ethanol effect was dose, time and cell type dependent; alterations of the cell
      membrane by trypsinization of the tissue before seeding modifies the effect of
      ethanol on the enzymes we analyzed. Our results suggest that alcohol effect on
      nerve cells depends mainly on the lipoprotein structure of the cell membranes
      which may have different properties from one cell type to another.

PMID- 2932654
TI  - Dopaminergic modulation of the diethylstilbestrol-induced proliferation of the
      anterior pituitary gland of the Fisher 344 rat.
AB  - Bromocriptine (CB 154), a potent agonist upon the D-2 receptor, blocks the
      proliferation of the mammotrophs and the elevation of serum prolactin
      concentration induced by chronic exposure of male Fisher 344 rats to
      diethylstilbestrol (DES). Fluphenazine, a dopamine receptor antagonist, blocks
      these effects of CB 154. We conclude that a D-2 receptor occurs on the
      proliferating mammotroph of the male Fisher 344 rat and that stimulation of this
      receptor inhibits prolactin release and stops the DES-induced proliferation of
      these cells.

PMID- 2932655
TI  - Lipid storage myopathy in Kearns-Sayre syndrome.
AB  - A 7-year-old girl had external ophthalmoplegia, limb weakness, short stature,
      hearing loss, pigmentary degeneration of the retina, and increased CSF protein
      content. Muscle biopsy revealed vacuolar myopathy with accumulation of lipids.
      Electronmicroscopy showed abnormalities of shape, size, and internal structure of
      muscle mitochondria. Muscle activity of palmitoyl-CoA synthetase was decreased,
      and the content of lipids was increased. Serum and muscle carnitine levels were
      normal, as were muscle carnitine palmitoyltransferase and carnitine
      acetyltransferase.

PMID- 2932656
TI  - Senile dementia of Alzheimer's type (SDAT): reduced T8+-cell-mediated suppressor
      activity.
AB  - We compared patients with senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type (SDAT) and age
      matched controls with respect to T8+-cell-mediated suppressor function using a
      pokeweed mitogen (pwm)-induced IgG secretion assay. The responding B cells were
      allogeneic to the T-regulator cells. T8+-cell-mediated suppression was lower in
      SDAT patients than the controls when we used either 2 X 10(4) or 5 X 10(4) T8+
      cells. Suppressor function was lower in both SDAT and elderly controls than in
      young adults. SDAT patients and controls did not differ with regard to T4+-cell
      mediated helper activity. In SDAT patients, there seems to be an exaggeration of
      the age-related decline in suppressor-cell function. Whether such changes reflect
      accelerated changes of intrinsic lymphocyte properties or aberrant neural
      influences on lymphocytes remains to be resolved.

PMID- 2932657
TI  - Sleep disturbances and severity of Huntington's disease.
AB  - We studied sleep functions in two patients with mild and five with moderately
      severe Huntington's disease. In mild disease there was chorea, but intelligence,
      mental function, and sleep were all normal. In moderately severe disease,
      intelligence and mental function were also affected, and there was a sleep
      disturbance characterized by prolonged sleep-onset latency, increased
      interspersed wakefulness, and reduced sleep efficiency.

PMID- 2932658
TI  - Hemodynamic evaluation of transluminal iliac artery balloon dilatation.
AB  - In order to document the hemodynamic results of transluminal iliac artery balloon
      dilatation, 23 aortoiliac segments were evaluated before and after treatment.
      Hemodynamic parameters were: intra-arterial common femoral pressure measurements,
      indirect ankle pressure measurements and femoral velocity waveform analysis. The
      segments were divided into group (a) aortoiliac segments with an open superficial
      femoral artery (n = 8), and group (b) aortoiliac segments with an occluded
      superficial femoral artery (n = 15). In group (a) all patients were free of
      symptoms and ankle pressure improved significantly six months after dilatation.
      Velocity waveform analysis of the common femoral artery did not correlate with
      this improvement. In group (b) intra-arterial pressure measurements showed
      improvement in 60% (9/15) after six months. Ankle pressure measurements and
      velocity waveform analysis did not correlate with the intra-arterial pressure
      changes. Transluminal iliac artery balloon dilatation of iliac stenosis in
      patients with an open superficial femoral artery can be evaluated by indirect
      ankle pressure measurements. In patients with iliac stenosis in combination with
      occluded superficial femoral arteries intra-arterial pressure measurements are
      needed to demonstrate hemodynamic improvement.

PMID- 2932660
TI  - Rat muscle spindles deficient in elements of the static system.
AB  - Motor nerve supplies to 15 poles of rat lumbrical spindle were reconstructed from
      serial, 1-micron transverse sections of muscle embedded in resin. Neural and
      muscular elements associated with the modulation of static sensitivity of
      afferents were deficient in these spindles relative to cat tenuissimus and rat
      soleus spindles. Rat lumbrical spindles contained fewer static fusimotor axons,
      fewer static chain intrafusal fibers, fewer motor-innervated static bag2 and
      chain fibers and fewer secondary afferents. The sparsity of static elements in
      spindles of the rat lumbrical muscle may correlate with the distal location or
      with the delicate motor tasks performed by the muscle.

PMID- 2932659
TI  - D2 dopamine receptor-mediated inhibition of forskolin-stimulated adenylate
      cyclase activity in rat striatum.
AB  - Forskolin markedly stimulates striatal adenylate cyclase activity in a
      concentration-dependent manner, and at 10(-4) M produces an approximate 40-fold
      increase in enzyme activity above basal levels. Dopamine (in the presence of 100
      nM SCH 23390), bromocryptine and quinpirole (LY 171555) significantly inhibit
      both basal and forskolin-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity. There is a
      significant increase in the absolute but not in the percent inhibition of enzyme
      activity by dopaminergic agonists as a function of forskolin concentration. This
      inhibition is agonist-concentration dependent and antagonized by the D2
      antagonist, spiperone. These results suggest that forskolin may be used as a tool
      for amplifying the abolute D2-receptor-mediated inhibition of adenylate cyclase
      in rat striatal homogenates.

PMID- 2932661
TI  - Evaluation of the 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n
      propylamino)tetralin in different rodent models of epilepsy.
AB  - The effects of the serotonin (i.e. 5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) S1 receptor
      agonist, 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT), and the 5-HT
      precursor L-5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) were compared in different models of
      epilepsy. 5-HTP significantly increased the threshold for electroconvulsions and
      pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures in mice and rats but exerted no anticonvulsant
      effects in epileptic gerbils and amygdaloid-kindled rats. The anticonvulsant
      effect of 5-HTP against electroconvulsions in rats could be attenuated by the S2
      receptor antagonist, ketanserin. 8-OH-DPAT displayed no anticonvulsant effects in
      the seizure models examined but gave rise to proconvulsant effects in mice.
      Differences between 5-HTP and 8-OH-DPAT were also observed in terms of
      behavioural changes in response to both drugs. The data indicate that S2
      receptors may be involved in the anticonvulsant effect of 5-HTP.

PMID- 2932662
TI  - Adrenal function in acute severe asthma.
AB  - Adrenocortical function was assessed by the intravenous short synacthen test in
      22 control subjects and 68 patients admitted to hospital with acute severe
      asthma. The cortisol increment was subnormal in 19 of the 68 asthmatics. This
      included 11 of the 14 patients on continuous oral steroids, seven of the 29
      patients who had had occasional courses of oral steroids, one of the seven on
      inhaled steroids only, and none of the 18 who had had no steroids. Adrenal
      suppression was greatest in those patients taking oral steroids in divided daily
      doses. Nineteen of 43 patients were on or had taken oral steroids in this
      fashion. Of those 19 patients with low cortisol increments only one half had
      received supplementary steroids in the 24 hours preceding admission. Based on the
      synacthen test, serum DHEA-SO4 values were not a good discriminant of
      adrenocortical function. Adrenal insufficiency may be an important cause of death
      in acute severe asthma in New Zealand.

PMID- 2932663
TI  - Low dose hepatitis B vaccination of hospital staff.

PMID- 2932664
TI  - Soft tissue injuries and physiotherapy.

PMID- 2932665
TI  - Management of low back pain.

PMID- 2932666
TI  - Group B streptococcal necrotizing fasciitis arising from an episiotomy.
AB  - A case of extensive necrotizing fasciitis arising from an episiotomy is
      presented. Group B beta-hemolytic streptococcus and Staphylococcus aureus were
      isolated. Prompt recognition and aggressive therapy resulted in a favorable
      outcome despite significant morbidity. Salient clinical features of this rare
      postpartum complication are discussed and previous cases are reviewed. In
      addition to wide surgical resection, therapy included aggressive volume
      resuscitation with Swan-Ganz catheter monitoring, the use of military antishock
      trousers (MAST suit) to control diffuse hemorrhage, and temporary application of
      porcine xenografts.

PMID- 2932667
TI  - The dental management of the drug-dependent patient.

PMID- 2932668
TI  - Committee on Hearing and Equilibrium guidelines for reporting treatment results
      in Meniere's disease.

PMID- 2932670
TI  - Effects of radiation therapy on T-lymphocyte subpopulations in patients with head
      and neck cancer.
AB  - Cellular immunity was assessed in 85 patients with head and neck cancer with
      monoclonal antibodies to lymphocyte surface antigens that identify total T cells,
      helper cells, and suppressor cells. The control group consisted of 22 healthy
      volunteers. Nine patients who had surgical procedures for benign diseases were
      also studied. Compared with the controls, the patients with cancer who received
      radiation therapy had a significant decrease in total lymphocytes, T cells,
      helper cells, suppressor cells, and decreased helper/suppressor cell ratio.
      Significant decreases in lymphocyte subpopulations were not detected in patients
      tested before treatment or in patients treated with surgery alone. The immune
      deficits observed were prolonged in duration, with some present in the patients
      studied up to 11 years after radiation therapy. This long-lasting immune
      depression may have relevance to tumor recurrences and second primaries in
      patients with head and neck cancer treated by radiation therapy and to attempts
      at increasing cure rates with adjuvant agents that improve immune reactivity.

PMID- 2932669
TI  - Components of the alternative pathway of complement in otitis media with
      effusion.
AB  - An evaluation of the alternative pathway of complement was undertaken in patients
      with otitis media with effusion (OME). Middle ear fluid (MEF) and serum specimens
      were obtained from 34 patients at the time of elective myringotomy for OME.
      Bacterial, viral, and mycoplasma cultures were made for all specimens of the
      fluids. Immunochemical determinations by radial immunodiffusion were performed
      for C3, C5, factor B, properdin, factor H, factor I, and albumin. Each patient's
      recent clinical course and past history were reviewed. The results of all viral
      and mycoplasma cultures were negative. Three of 55 bacterial cultures were
      positive for type B Haemophilus influenzae. All components of the alternative
      pathway measured were found to be present in varying amounts in MEF. When the
      levels of the complement components were compared to the clinical factors
      studied, there were no observable differences. These data suggest that components
      of the alternative pathway of complement are present in OME and are not useful in
      predicting the clinical course or outcome of this disorder.

PMID- 2932671
TI  - Unraveling the effects of compensation, litigation, and employment on treatment
      response in chronic pain.
AB  - Although it has often been suggested that chronic pain patients who are receiving
      workmen's compensation or who have litigation pending are less likely to benefit
      from treatment, the results of outcome studies of this question conducted by
      various pain clinics have been inconsistent. We hypothesized that poorer outcome
      in such patients may be related to the fact that they are less likely to be
      working and that the inconsistent results in the literature may therefore be
      explained by variability among studies in the percentages of patients who are
      receiving compensation (or who have litigation pending) who are also working. We
      examined the relationships among compensation, litigation, employment, and short-
      and long-term treatment response in a series of 454 chronic pain patients.
      Compensation benefits and employment status both predicted poorer short-term
      outcome in univariate analyses; however, when employment and compensation were
      jointly used to predict outcome in multiple regression analyses, only employment
      was significant. In additional analyses, only employment significantly predicted
      long-term outcome, whereas compensation and litigation did not. Our results
      suggest that it would be valuable to redirect attention away from the deleterious
      effects of the 'compensation neurosis' and toward the roles of activity and
      employment in the treatment and rehabilitation of chronic pain patients.

PMID- 2932672
TI  - CT of complicated inflammatory bowel disease in children.
AB  - Most children with inflammatory bowel disease do not need a CT scan. However,
      when the course becomes complicated it often is necessary to evaluate what is
      happening outside the bowel lumen. CT is the examination of choice for that
      evaluation. With CT, the presence and extent of an abscess can be diagnosed and
      followed; fistulae can be detected; bowel wall and mesenteric thickening can
      generally be differentiated from an abscess.

PMID- 2932673
TI  - Gruntzig angioplasty dilatation of an esophageal stricture in an infant.

PMID- 2932675
TI  - Pulsed Doppler determinations of cardiac output in neonates: normal standards for
      clinical use.
AB  - Noninvasive monitoring of cardiac output can greatly facilitate the clinical
      assessment and management of neonates with cardiovascular compromise. To assess
      normal values of cardiac output in neonates, mean blood flow velocity was
      measured in the ascending aorta from a suprasternal approach using a range-gated,
      pulsed Doppler velocity meter, and aortic root diameter was determined from an M
      mode echocardiogram. These techniques were combined, and cardiac output was
      evaluated in 59 healthy premature and 62 term newborn infants during the first
      week of life. Birth weights ranged from 780 g to 4,740 g and gestational age from
      27 to 42 weeks. Cardiac output values increased linearly with advancing birth
      weight (r = +.94, P less than 0.001) and gestational age (r = +.95, P less than
      .001). Mean cardiac output values (+/- SD) per kilogram of body weight were 249
      +/- 34 mL/min/kg and decreased with advancing birth weight: less than 1,500 g =
      265 +/- 32 mL/min/kg; 1,500 to 2,500 g = 253 +/- 34 mL/min/kg; and greater than
      2,500 g = 241 +/- 33 mL/min/kg. For clinical use, 325 mL/min/kg and 200 mL/min/kg
      can be used as upper and lower limits of normal, respectively. Doppler cardiac
      output estimates compared favorably with studies using invasive techniques.

PMID- 2932674
TI  - Hyperoxia-induced pulmonary vascular and lung abnormalities in young rats and
      potential for recovery.
AB  - We carried out morphometric studies to assess the effects of increasing durations
      of hyperoxic exposure on the developing rat lung and to evaluate the potential
      for new growth and for regression of structural abnormalities on return to room
      air. From day 10 of life Sprague-Dawley rats were either exposed to hyperoxia
      (0.8FIO2) for 2-8 wk or were removed after 2 wk and allowed to "recover" in room
      air for 2-6 wk. Litter mates maintained in room air served as age matched
      controls. Every 2 wk experimental and control rats from each group were weighed
      and killed. The heart and lungs were removed, the pulmonary artery was injected
      with barium-gelatin, and the lung was fixed in formalin in the inflated state.
      Morphometric assessments were made of right and left ventricular weights, lung
      volume, axial artery lumen diameter, alveolar number and concentration, and
      arterial number, concentration and muscularity. Rats continuously exposed to
      hyperoxia and rats exposed for only 2 wk showed the same degree of impaired
      parenchymal lung growth, as judged by a decrease in the concentration and number
      of alveoli. A significant decrease in arterial concentration, increase in
      muscularization of peripheral arteries, and medial hypertrophy of muscular
      arteries occurred after 2 wk of hyperoxia. Despite an initial trend toward
      regression, these features became progressively severe with continued hyperoxic
      exposure and by 8 wk were associated with a decreased arterial lumen diameter,
      with right ventricular hypertrophy and with failure to thrive.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2932676
TI  - Partial reconstruction of the platelet membrane-cytoskeleton complex.
AB  - The order of attachment of the purified platelet cytoskeletal proteins to the
      isolated platelet membrane has recently been determined and it has been shown
      that only F-actin would interact directly with the membrane. Subsequently alpha
      actinin and only then, ABP, would attach in that sequence. More recently the role
      of the platelet membrane glycoproteins Ib, IIb and IIIa in the binding of the
      cytoskeleton to the membrane has been investigated. The evidence suggests that F
      actin attaches to the membrane via IIb and IIIa and the association of ABP with
      the cytoskeleton appears to be related to both its ability to interact with the F
      actin-alpha-actinin complex as well as the glycoprotein Ib.

PMID- 2932677
TI  - Mechanism of regulation of calcium concentration by platelet membranes.
AB  - Calcium is recognised as an important messenger in the platelet activation. Both
      the external and internal membranes are considered to play an important role in
      the Ca2+ homeostasis of the cell. The aim of this review is to try to understand
      the mechanisms of regulation of the cytoplasmic free Ca2+ concentration by both
      kinds of membranes and mainly by internal membranes.

PMID- 2932678
TI  - Preliminary functional characterization of a 24,000 dalton platelet surface
      protein involved in platelet activation.
AB  - We have recently investigated three monoclonal antibodies, FMC 8, FMC 48 and FMC
      56, directed against a 24,000 dalton (24K) cell surface protein on human
      platelets and pre-B progenitor cells. These monoclonal antibodies (at 0.1-10
      micrograms/ml) were found to be potent inducers of platelet aggregation with
      normal and with aspirin-treated platelets. FMC 8 Fab' and FMC 56 (Fab')2
      fragments blocked aggregation induced by intact antibody. The Fab' and (Fab')2
      fragments, however, were ineffective by themselves (at 100 micrograms/ml) as
      platelet agonists but augmented (at 10-25 micrograms/ml) the aggregation response
      of normal and aspirin-treated platelets to threshold concentrations of ADP. It
      has been suggested that the 24K cell surface protein may be identical to a 24K
      cAMP-dependent phosphoprotein involved in regulating transmembrane calcium flux.
      To examine this, 32P-phosphate-loaded platelets were treated with prostaglandin
      E1 to raise intracellular cAMP levels and then analysed on two-dimensional
      O'Farrell gels. No labelled phosphoprotein corresponded in mobility to the 24K
      cell surface protein. Further, FMC 56 failed to immunoprecipitate a 24K
      phosphoprotein. The combined results suggest that the three monoclonal antibodies
      activate platelets via a prostaglandin-independent and as yet undefined mechanism
      which requires the intact bivalent antibody for full platelet response. Fab'
      fragments (monovalent) and (Fab')2 fragments (altered Fab-Fab configuration) are
      ineffective as platelet agonists but can augment the response of other stimuli.
      Thus, further studies with this system should allow delineation of those
      intracellular events necessary for partial and full platelet responses.

PMID- 2932679
TI  - Sequence of the T4 recombination gene, uvsX, and its comparison with that of the
      recA gene of Escherichia coli.
AB  - We have determined the nucleotide sequence of the uvsX gene of bacteriophage T4
      which is involved in DNA recombination and damage repair, and whose product
      catalyzes in vitro reactions related to recombination process in analogous
      manners to E. coli recA gene product. The coding region consisted of 1170
      nucleotides directing the synthesis of a polypeptide of 390 amino acids in length
      with a calculated molecular weight of 43,760. Amino acid composition, the
      sequence of seven NH2-terminal amino acids and molecular weight of the protein
      deduced from the nucleotide sequence were consistent with the data from the
      analysis of the purified uvsX protein. The nucleotide sequence and the deduced
      amino acid sequence were compared with those of the recA gene. Although a
      significant homology was not found in the nucleotide sequences, the amino acid
      sequences included 23% of identical and 15% of conservatively substituted
      residues.

PMID- 2932680
TI  - Successful percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty of the aortic valve in an infant.
AB  - Percutaneous balloon aortic valvuloplasty was attempted in an eight-month-old
      infant with severe aortic valve stenosis. The procedure resulted in a fall in the
      resting transvalvular systolic pressure gradient from 106 mmHg to 40 mmHg and no
      aortic regurgitation. Clinical and Doppler echocardiography findings suggest
      persistent improved status 3 1/2 months after the procedure.

PMID- 2932681
TI  - Effect of sunlight and its component wavebands on contact hypersensitivity in
      mice and guinea pigs.
AB  - Exposure of mice to UVB (280-320 nm) radiation is known to suppress the
      development of contact hypersensitivity (CHS) to chemicals that are applied
      subsequently to unirradiated skin, and this suppression is associated with the
      generation of suppressor lymphocytes. In this study, the systemic effect of other
      wavebands of nonionizing radiation on the development of CHS has been tested.
      Large doses of visible (greater than 400 nm) radiation produced a small but
      consistent systemic suppression of CHS in mice. In contrast, a large dose of UVA
      (320-400 nm) radiation did not suppress CHS but, rather, enhanced this immune
      response. Exposure of both mice and guinea pigs to sunlight produced systemic
      suppression of CHS. The suppression could be transferred to normal syngeneic
      animals by injection of splenic lymphoid cells obtained from animals that
      exhibited suppression, indicating that suppressor cells are associated with
      sunlight-induced systemic suppression of CHS. The immunomodulatory effect of
      sunlight was partially abrogated by a Mylar filter or prior application of a
      sunscreen containing para-aminobenzoic acid to the exposed skin. Thus,
      wavelengths mainly in the UVB portion of sunlight (295-320 nm) are responsible
      for sunlight-induced suppression of CHS, although wavelengths in the visible
      region may also play a role.

PMID- 2932682
TI  - [Echogenicity of the normal pancreas].

PMID- 2932683
TI  - [Ultrasonic diagnosis of abdominal wall abscesses].

PMID- 2932684
TI  - [A method of percutaneous angioplasty in the treatment of arteriosclerosis].

PMID- 2932685
TI  - Noninvasive Doppler flowmetry for measuring regional blood flow.
AB  - Ultrasonic Doppler flowmetry should assume an increasingly important role in the
      serial evaluation of human cardiovascular physiology. The principal advantages of
      this method are that it (1) is noninvasive, (2) is nontraumatic, (3) provides
      anatomic and physiologic data, and (4) provides dynamic measurements.
      Nevertheless, the equally important limitations of the technique are that it (1)
      is difficult to apply in some subjects (ie, those who are obese or have anatomic
      variations), (2) requires operator skill and a thorough knowledge of human
      anatomy and cardiovascular dynamics, (3) has a finite spatial resolution that may
      compromise the measurement of small (1 mm) vessel diameters, and (4) has a finite
      velocity-measuring capability that will affect measurements of blood velocities
      outside the range of approximately 2 to 200 cm/sec. Full appreciation of the
      capabilities and limitations of noninvasive ultrasonic Doppler flowmetry makes
      possible a better understanding of the dynamic interplay of anatomy, pressure,
      flow, and resistance in the normal and abnormal intact human cardiovascular
      system.

PMID- 2932686
TI  - Acne vulgaris. Treatments and their rationale.

PMID- 2932687
TI  - The effects of treatment on target organ damage in hypertensive disease.

PMID- 2932688
TI  - Drug eruptions.

PMID- 2932689
TI  - [Acute suppurative myositis. 4 cases].
AB  - Four cases of acute pyomyositis are reported. They were diagnosed at an advanced
      stage, and the different complementary examinations were of uneven value. The
      responsible pathogen was Staphylococcus aureus in 3 cases and a strain of
      Streptococcus in 2 cases (one patient had both germs). Cure was obtained in 3
      patients, including one who required amputation; the 4th patient died. In this
      disease only the finding of purulent fluid at surgery or by needle aspiration has
      a diagnostic value. Management consists of antibiotic therapy associated with
      surgical drainage.

PMID- 2932690
TI  - [Value of the transjugular venous approach to the liver in the diagnosis of
      cirrhosis. 333 cases].
AB  - The transjugular technique is very useful for the diagnosis of cirrhosis since it
      makes it possible, in one single exploratory procedure, to perform a needle
      aspiration biopsy (despite coagulation disorders and ascites) and to measure the
      porto-caval pressure gradient. In our series cirrhosis was diagnosed by liver
      biopsy alone in 249 out of 333 patients (77%), and the porto-caval gradient was
      found to be elevated in 313 patients (97%).

PMID- 2932691
TI  - [Fetal death caused by myocarditis and isolated congenital auriculoventricular
      block].
AB  - A 26-year old woman gave birth, at term, to a child with isolated complete heart
      block. A second pregnancy was interrupted by foetal death. Among other
      immunological abnormalities, this young woman had an antibody resembling the anti
      SS-B antibody. At pathological examination the foetus' heart was found to be free
      of malformation but presented with subacute myocarditis associated with
      microcalcifications of the conductive tissue. Such findings suggest that an
      incipient myocarditis may either result in foetal death or lead to fibrosis of
      conduction pathways with isolated complete heart block.

PMID- 2932692
TI  - [Alpha-chain disease].
AB  - The pathological and clinical features of alpha-chain disease, its immunological
      diagnosis, the structural abnormalities of the abnormal immunoglobulin A compared
      with those of proteins of gamma and mu heavy chains diseases, the course of the
      disease and its present treatment, the epidemiological factors involved and their
      influence on pathogenesis and finally, the relationship with the "Mediterranean
      abdominal lymphoma" or IPSID are successively described. The stress has been
      placed on the latest data which refine but no not modify the first description of
      the disease. In the same way as studies on the synthesis and structure of
      proteins in heavy chain diseases will provide new data on the biosynthesis of
      normal immunoglobulins, so the elucidation of sequential events leading from a
      plasmocytic stage reversible by antibiotic therapy alone to a highly malignant
      immunoblastic stage should improve our knowledge of the genesis of human
      lymphomas.

PMID- 2932693
TI  - [Plurifragmentary ruptures of the kidney. Wrapping by absorbable mesh].
AB  - In two patients presenting with rupture of the kidney, the fragments of that
      organ were kept together by wrapping in a resorbable mesh after haemostasis and
      trimming. The post-operative period was uneventful. This method facilitates
      conservative renal surgery, even in cases with severe damage.

PMID- 2932694
TI  - [Rupture of pulmonary hydatid cysts under corticotherapy].

PMID- 2932695
TI  - [Cyproterone acetate is not effective in the prevention of hereditary
      angioneurotic edema].

PMID- 2932696
TI  - [Simultaneous detection of bronchopulmonary cancer and acute myeloid leukemia].

PMID- 2932697
TI  - [Medullary thyroid cancer may take up meta-iodobenzylguanidine].

PMID- 2932698
TI  - [Chronic lymphoid leukemia complicated by rectal cancer and acute myelomonocytic
      leukemia].

PMID- 2932699
TI  - [Efficacy of low-dose cytarabine after failure of conventional chemotherapy].

PMID- 2932700
TI  - [Transitory monoclonal gammopathy and Bence-Jones proteinuria in pneumonia].

PMID- 2932701
TI  - [Carriage of HBs antigen in pregnant women and spread of the virus in their
      family].

PMID- 2932702
TI  - [Polymyositis as a sequela of inactive rheumatoid arthritis].

PMID- 2932703
TI  - [Monitoring of inflammation markers and rationalization of antibiotherapy in
      children].

PMID- 2932704
TI  - [Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: an element in the continuum of hypertrophic
      cardiomyopathies].
AB  - Fourteen cases of apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (i.e. hypertrophy localized
      to the distal half of the left ventricular wall) are reported. There were 12 men
      and 2 women aged from 21 to 84 years. Only one of the patients presented, at
      first consultation, with severe functional symptoms, namely stage IV dyspnoea.
      ECG tracings were always abnormal, but the classical giant T waves were found in
      only 7 patients. In the 9 patients who had cardiac catheterization the left
      ventricular end-diastolic pressure was raised, and angiography showed an "ace of
      spades" diastolic image of the left ventricle with systolic obliteration of its
      tip. The distribution of parietal hypertrophy was best studied by two-dimensional
      echocardiography: the left ventricular apex was affected alone in 7 patients and
      concomitantly with the adjacent segments of the left or right ventricle in the
      other 7 patients. A family study showed that 3 patients had a descendant with
      obstructive cardiomyopathy. At a 4.6 years' follow-up the course of the disease
      was usually favourable. Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is not a particular
      entity but one of different possible forms of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. It
      seems to be benign in most cases.

PMID- 2932705
TI  - [Influence of diazepam premedication on upper digestive fiberscopy. 81 cases].
AB  - Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy is routinely used to follow up patients with
      digestive disease. The influence of premedication with diazepam on the procedure
      and on patients' acceptance of a second endoscopy was evaluated in a double-blind
      trial conducted on 81 patients randomized to 3 types of intravenous
      premedication: placebo (group A, 29 patients), diazepam 5 mg (group B, 27
      patients) and diazepam 10 mg (group C, 25 patients). Endoscopy was performed
      under unfavourable conditions (refusal or agitation) in 12, 4 and 1 patients
      respectively of groups A, B and C (P less than 0.02). Out of 65 patients
      questioned one month later, 1 (group A) sternly refused a second endoscopy, 10
      accepted unreservedly (O in group A, 4 in group B, 6 in group C; P less than 0.05
      between A and C) and 54 accepted reluctantly. To find out whether diazepam was
      beneficial by impairing memory, a memory score on duration of the procedure was
      established; there were no significant differences between the three groups (P
      less than 0.001), but they did not correlate with the patients' acceptance of a
      second endoscopy. It is concluded that premedication with diazepam 10 mg i.v.
      makes upper gastrointestinal endoscopy easier to perform and facilitates
      acceptance of a repeat endoscopy 1 month later. This effect is probably
      independent of the impairment in memory induced by diazepam.

PMID- 2932706
TI  - [Non-traumatic rupture of the Achilles tendon after renal transplantation].
AB  - Two renal transplant recipients who had been grafted for 6 and 17 years
      respectively and whose transplants were perfectly well tolerated presented with
      non traumatic rupture of Achilles tendon. A few days to a few weeks previously,
      they had experienced pain in the Achilles tendons of both legs. No sign of so
      called systemic disease or hyperparathyroidism was present. The suspected
      pathogenic factors were chronic corticosteroid therapy and arteritis of the lower
      limbs. The case of a third renal transplant recipient showed that total rupture
      can be avoided if the tendon is allowed to rest during the phase of premonitory
      pain.

PMID- 2932707
TI  - [Fatal hematemesis due to erosion of a retro-esophageal right subclavian artery
      by an esophagogastric tube].
AB  - A case of fatal haematemesis due to erosion of a retro-oesophageal right
      subclavian artery by a nasogastric tube is reported. In view of this exceptional
      but extremely serious complication, no oesophageal tube should be used in
      patients known to have this abnormal anatomical arrangement. Systematic treatment
      of aberrant subclavian arteries should perhaps be considered when it can be
      performed during thoracic surgery.

PMID- 2932708
TI  - [Melatonin].
AB  - Melatonin is an indolamine synthesized from tryptophan in the pineal gland. It is
      regarded as "the epiphyseal hormone". Its antigonadotropic action has been
      demonstrated in animals, both in vitro and in vivo, together with its inhibitory
      effect on numerous endocrine functions and its anti-convulsive properties.
      Recently developed assay methods have made it possible to obtain clinical data,
      for the moment purely descriptive. Melatonin is present in several body fluids,
      such as urine, blood and cerebrospinal fluid. It is secreted in circadian cycles,
      with low concentrations during the day and high concentrations at night; sex has
      no influence on this pattern, but secretion is highest in the summer and winter
      and lowest in the spring and autumn. The part played by melatonin in the genesis
      of puberty is undetermined. Melatonin secretion appears to be mediated by the
      adrenergic system, since beta-blockers inhibit the nocturnal rise. However,
      contrary to what happens in animals, most beta-adrenergic stimulants do not
      increase melatonin concentrations. Abnormal concentrations or perturbations in
      the melatonin secretion rhythm have been demonstrated in such diseases as breast
      cancer, cirrhosis of the liver, Klinefelter's syndrome, Cushing's syndrome and
      haemochromatosis. Depressive syndromes are often associated with abnormal
      melatonin cycles. It has been suggested that melatonin could be used as a
      biological marker in cancer and psychiatric diseases, but its physiological
      function in man remains obscure.

PMID- 2932709
TI  - [Ultrasonically-guided percutaneous puncture of Wirsung's duct].
AB  - A technique of ultrasonically guided percutaneous puncture of Wirsung's duct for
      pancreatic juice collection and radiological opacification is described. The
      equipment used is a linear array real-time transducer with a groove into which a
      metallic support provided with a guiding needle is attached. Once the depth at
      which the duct lies has been determined, a Chiba's needle is passed through the
      guiding needle and pushed up to the corresponding length. Pure pancreatic juice
      is then withdrawn for lactoferrin assay and a contrast medium is injected for
      pancreatography.

PMID- 2932710
TI  - [Does astasia-abasia of parietal origin exist?].

PMID- 2932711
TI  - [Anginal pain caused by nifedipine: scintigraphic illustration].

PMID- 2932713
TI  - [Digestive absorption of a single loading dose of sodium valproate solution.
      Comparison of oral and rectal routes].

PMID- 2932712
TI  - [Value of mepacrine in the treatment of resistant giardiasis].

PMID- 2932714
TI  - [Massive flumequine poisoning].

PMID- 2932715
TI  - [Complement fractions in cord blood. Value for the neonatal detection of
      hereditary angioneurotic edema].

PMID- 2932716
TI  - [Hypoglycemia in bronchial cancer. A rare paraneoplastic syndrome].

PMID- 2932717
TI  - [Biliary embolism. A rare complication of hepatic artery embolization].

PMID- 2932718
TI  - [Necrosis of the tongue disclosing Horton's disease].

PMID- 2932719
TI  - [Legislation on diabetes (2)].

PMID- 2932720
TI  - [Hypercalcemia in granulomatous diseases: a dysfunction of vitamin D metabolism].

PMID- 2932721
TI  - [Diagnosis of undifferentiated tumors by means of monoclonal antibodies on
      paraffin sections].
AB  - The diagnostic value of 3 monoclonal antibodies applied on to routinely processed
      surgical biopsies was assessed. These antibodies were directed against keratin
      polypeptide (KL1), epithelial membrane antigen (DAKO-EMA) and leucocyte common
      antigen (DAKO-LC). First, using a three-step immunoperoxidase procedure, we
      determined the phenotype of well differentiated carcinomas (21 cases), non
      Hodgkin's malignant lymphomas (44 cases), malignant histiocytoses (3 cases),
      melanomas (5 cases), sarcomas (6 cases) and miscellaneous tumors (16 cases).
      Nineteen out of the 21 carcinomas reacted with KL1 and DAKO-EMA antibodies but
      not with DAKO-LC. Forty out of the 44 non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphomas reacted
      with DAKO-LC. All these tumors were negative with KL1 antibodies but three of
      them, as well as 3 cases of malignant histiocytosis, expressed the epithelial
      membrane antigen. The value of these 3 antibodies was then assessed in the
      differential diagnosis of 30 undifferentiated tumors. A definite diagnosis was
      made in 28 cases: there were 11 undifferentiated carcinomas and 11 large cell
      malignant lymphomas. The phenotype of 6 tumors was highly suggestive of malignant
      histiocytosis, the peculiarity of which is to express both leucocyte common (DAKO
      LC+) and epithelial membrane antigens (DAKO-EMA+). Only two tumors did not react
      with these 3 antibodies. We conclude that it is now possible to determine the
      nature of nearly all undifferentiated tumors on paraffin-embedded biopsy
      specimens.

PMID- 2932722
TI  - [Clinical value of rapid bacteriological results in nosocomial infections.
      Comparison with traditional methods].
AB  - With automated analysers, bacterial identification and susceptibility testing can
      be performed in 4-5 hours instead of 12-18 hours with conventional methods. A
      controlled trial was carried out in the surgical ward of a university hospital to
      evaluate the clinical repercussions of these rapid methods. The automated
      analyser reduced delays in the laboratory by about 25%, and optimizing
      information transfer from laboratory to ward brought the reduction up to 50%. It
      was found that earlier results of susceptibility testing modified prescriptions
      and this may be expected to result in a more rational use of antibiotics.

PMID- 2932723
TI  - [Vaccination of dental surgeons against viral hepatitis B].
AB  - One hundred dental surgeons practising in western France were immunized against
      hepatitis B virus, using the same batch of HEVAC B vaccine from the Pasteur
      Institute. The vaccine was very well tolerated. Seroconversion at 10 m IU/ml was
      94% after 3 injections and 98% after the booster dose. From a kinetic study of
      anti-HBs antibodies we were able to determine different levels of post
      immunization serological response and to classify responders as very good, good
      and fairly good. The effectiveness of the booster dose was manifest after 10
      days. In view of the efficacy and safety of this vaccine, confirmed by other
      studies in sanitary personnel, we do not hesitate to recommend it to dental
      surgeons exposed to the disease.

PMID- 2932724
TI  - [Digital angiography by venous route and surgery of the renal artery ].
AB  - Intravenous digital subtraction angiography was performed in 80 patients operated
      on for renovascular hypertension. Preoperative angiography (33 patients) was used
      for evaluation of the hypertensive state and provided accurate visualization of
      the renal arteries in two-thirds of the cases; confirmatory arteriography was
      necessary in one-third of the patients. Postoperative angiography was performed
      in 67 patients (20 of whom also had preoperative angiography) and provided
      excellent visualization of the reconstructed renal artery in all cases.
      Intravenous digital subtraction angiography is particularly useful in renal
      transplant patients, since stenosis of the renal artery is frequent in
      transplanted kidneys.

PMID- 2932725
TI  - [Surgical management of inguinal hernia. A reliable hernioplasty technic with
      long-term results].
AB  - The technique described and used by the authors for the past 30 years has the
      advantage of a low recurrence rate, as proven by the follow-up of most patients.
      The fascia transversalis is repaired in a way similar to Marcy's technique but in
      addition the hernial sac is ligated and attached at a high level and parts of the
      internal and external oblique muscles are folded behind the spermatic cord. This
      reinforcement of the musculo-tendineous layers makes prosthetic surgery
      unnecessary in the vast majority of cases.

PMID- 2932726
TI  - [Nephritic pseudocolic and anuria, a deceptive sign of rupture of an iliac
      aneurysm. Diagnostic value of echography and computed tomography].

PMID- 2932727
TI  - [Bidimensional echocardiography in the search for the latent origin of cerebral
      embolism].

PMID- 2932728
TI  - [Value of computed tomography in the estimation of the extent of a fungal
      mycetoma].

PMID- 2932729
TI  - [Varicella in the healthy adult].

PMID- 2932730
TI  - [Lipo-adenomatous hyperplasia of the parathyroid glands. An unusual case of
      primary hyperparathyroidism].

PMID- 2932731
TI  - [Malodorous leukorrhea caused by Gardnerella vaginalis vaginitis. Biochemical
      study of vaginal secretions].

PMID- 2932732
TI  - [A case of anaphylactic shock induced by flumequine].

PMID- 2932733
TI  - [Development and practical introduction of measures for improving the
      microbiological examination of tuberculosis patients].

PMID- 2932734
TI  - [Organization of the microbiological examination of tuberculosis patients in the
      RSFSR].

PMID- 2932735
TI  - [Means for increasing the effectiveness of bacteriological research in
      tuberculosis control institutions].

PMID- 2932736
TI  - Molecular cloning and expression of partial cDNAs and deduced amino acid sequence
      of a carboxyl-terminal fragment of human apolipoprotein B-100.
AB  - Apolipoprotein (apo) B-100 cDNAs were identified in a human liver cDNA library
      cloned in the expression vector lambda gt11. The beta-galactosidase-apoB-100
      fusion protein was detected by two independently produced low density lipoprotein
      polyclonal antisera and by three apoB-100 monoclonal antibodies that crossreact
      with apoB-74. It was not recognized by two apoB-100 monoclonal antibodies that
      crossreact with apoB-26. The longest clone, lambda B8, was completely sequenced.
      It contains a 2.8-kilobase DNA fragment containing the codons for the carboxyl
      terminal 836 amino acid residues of apo-B-100, as well as the 3' untranslated
      region of apoB-100 mRNA. We have thus mapped apoB-74 to the carboxyl-terminal
      portion of apoB-100. The deduced amino acid sequence of the cloned DNA matches
      the sequences of 14 apoB-100 peptides determined in our laboratory. Minor
      differences in amino acid sequence were noted in three of the peptides,
      suggesting polymorphism of apoB-100 at the protein and DNA levels. Secondary
      structure predictions reveal an unusual pattern for apolipoproteins, consisting
      of beta-structure (24%), alpha-helical content (33%), and random structure (30%).
      Ten amphipathic helical regions of 10-24 residues were identified. This carboxyl
      terminal fragment of apoB-100 is considerably more hydrophobic than other
      apolipoproteins with known structure. Its lipid binding regions might include
      stretches of highly hydrophobic beta-sheets as well as amphipathic helices. Our
      findings on apoB structure might be important for understanding the role of apoB
      100-containing lipoproteins in atherosclerosis.

PMID- 2932737
TI  - Synthesis of analogs of human platelet membrane glycoprotein IIb-IIIa complex by
      chicken peripheral blood thrombocytes.
AB  - Human platelets and their phylogenetic counterparts, avian thrombocytes, play a
      key role in primary hemostasis. Based upon extensive studies in mammals, platelet
      cohesion resulting in the formation of the "hemostatic plug" is known to be
      mediated by the mammalian platelet glycoprotein IIb-IIIa complex in concert with
      fibrinogen and calcium. The immunological and biochemical technology already
      developed for the analyses of mammalian platelet glycoproteins has never been
      applied to avian thrombocytes. By indirect immunofluorescence, we now show that a
      polyclonal rabbit antibody specific for human glycoproteins IIb plus IIIa and the
      well-characterized murine monoclonal anti-IIb-IIIa complex antibody, AP2, both
      crossreact with IIb and IIIa analogs on intact chicken thrombocytes. By two
      dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, we also demonstrate that chicken
      thrombocytes will incorporate [35S]methionine into several proteins, including
      the glycoprotein IIb and IIIa analogs during short-term (4 hr) incubation in
      vitro. This finding indicates that peripheral blood nucleated thrombocytes of the
      chicken, unlike their mammalian counterparts, retain the capacity to synthesize
      protein. The significance of these findings is 2-fold. First, we provide
      biochemical and immunological evidence that those proteins responsible for
      platelet cohesion in humans are structurally conserved in cells of analogous
      function in chickens despite the fact that these species have diverged from a
      common ancestor more than 200-250 million years ago. Second, we identify chicken
      thrombocytes as a readily available source of messenger RNA encoding numerous
      proteins analogous to those already characterized in human platelets, including
      glycoproteins IIb and IIIa.

PMID- 2932738
TI  - Selective loss of a subset of T helper cells in active multiple sclerosis.
AB  - Patients with active multiple sclerosis (MS) have a selective loss of a subset of
      T helper cells (Th), detectable by two-color fluorescence-activated cell sorter
      analysis of peripheral blood lymphocytes. By using pairs of monoclonal antibodies
      to the T-cell subset markers CD4 (Th) and CD8 [T suppressor/cytotoxic cell (Ts)]
      and the common leukocyte markers Lp220 and Lp95-150, five phenotypically distinct
      T-cell subsets have been identified in peripheral blood: two CD4+ Th cell subsets
      and three CD8+ Ts cell subsets. The frequencies and absolute numbers of these
      five populations were measured in patients with active and inactive MS and were
      compared with those in healthy age-matched controls and in patients with other
      neurologic diseases. A high frequency of patients with active MS (80%) had a
      selective reduction of one Th subset (CD4+ Lp220+) compared with normal controls
      (P less than 0.001) or patients with inactive MS (P less than 0.001). Three
      patients examined sequentially had a further loss of the Lp220+ Th subset as
      disease activity progressed. The proportion of two Ts subsets was also abnormal
      in patients with active MS, but this defect was not restricted to that group.
      Total Th and Ts cell frequencies and Th/Ts ratios were not significantly
      different between patient and normal control groups. Thus, two-color analysis of
      T-cell subsets may be a more sensitive indicator than conventional single-marker
      assays of abnormal immune status in MS patients.

PMID- 2932739
TI  - Use of anti-idiotypic antibodies to identify a receptor for the T-cell I-J
      determinant.
AB  - In order to identify the molecule(s) interacting with the I-J determinant on
      suppressor T cells, we have generated two anti-idiotypic sera: one to monoclonal
      anti-I-Jd antibody and one to monoclonal anti-I-Jk antibody. These antisera
      specifically block suppressor T-cell function in a genetically restricted manner
      and have no effect on helper T-cell activation. Both recognize a marker on
      primary monocytes and B cells but not on T cells. A myeloma cell line bearing
      this marker has been identified. Therefore, these antisera may recognize a
      molecule on cells interacting with suppressor T cells that is involved in
      mediating suppressor T-cell activity. The relationship between the T-cell I-J
      determinant and the molecule identified by the anti-idiotype may be similar to
      the relationship between the receptor on helper T cells and Ia molecules.

PMID- 2932741
TI  - The role and mechanism of action of taurine in mammalian thermoregulation.

PMID- 2932740
TI  - Interaction of purified type IIB von Willebrand factor with the platelet membrane
      glycoprotein Ib induces fibrinogen binding to the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa complex
      and initiates aggregation.
AB  - Von Willebrand factor (vWF) was purified from the plasma of a patient with type
      IIB von Willebrand disease (vWF from such a patient, IIB vWF) who had a normal
      platelet count and showed no evidence of spontaneous platelet aggregation. Large
      multimers of IIB vWF were absent from purified preparations and from plasma.
      Ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation was enhanced by purified IIB vWF. The
      aggregation of washed normal platelets mixed with IIB vWF (0.4 microgram/ml)
      required lower amounts of ristocetin than the aggregation of normal platelets
      mixed with the same concentrations of normal vWF. Moreover, purified IIB vWF
      alone induced aggregation of platelet-rich plasma at concentrations as low as 10
      micrograms of IIB vWF/ml in the absence of any other agonist. Aggregation was
      blocked by a monoclonal antibody against the platelet membrane glycoprotein,
      GPIb, as well as by an anti-GPIIb/IIIa antibody. Washed platelet suspensions were
      promptly aggregated by IIB vWF only when fibrinogen and CaCl2 were added to the
      mixture. Purified IIB vWF induces the binding of fibrinogen to platelets. Such
      binding was blocked by the anti-GPIb monoclonal antibody as well as by the anti
      GPIIb/IIIa monoclonal antibody that inhibited aggregation. A second anti
      GPIIb/IIIa antibody, which has the property of blocking vWF but not fibrinogen
      binding to platelets, blocked neither aggregation nor fibrinogen binding induced
      by IIB vWF. These studies demonstrate that platelet aggregation is triggered by
      the initial interaction of IIB vWF with GPIb which is followed by exposure of
      fibrinogen binding sites on GPIIb/IIIa. Fibrinogen binds to these sites and acts
      as a necessary cofactor for the aggregation response.

PMID- 2932743
TI  - Reduction of nicotine-induced hyperactivity by pCPA.
AB  - Spontaneous locomotion of female Wistar rats was measured in six to ten minute
      sessions in an automated tunnel maze consisting of a central arena and six
      radially symmetrical angled arms. Nicotine (0.2 mg/kg subcutaneous, 20-30 minutes
      pretest) increased total arm visit frequency, but intrasession habituation and
      number of repetitive arm visits in the first six choices were not affected. pCPA
      (300 mg/kg IP three days pretest) reduced arm-visit frequency in nicotine-, but
      not in saline-treated rats; it had no effect on intrasession habituation or
      number of repetitions in either treatment group. 5-HTP (50 mg/kg IP 90 minutes
      pretest) reduced arm entry frequency in saline-, nicotine-, and pCPA-treated
      groups. Possible reasons for this discrepancy are discussed.

PMID- 2932742
TI  - Comparison between the efficacy of a single dose of secnidazole with a 5-day
      course of tetracycline and clioquinol in the treatment of acute intestinal
      amoebiasis.
AB  - A study was carried out in 80 patients with acute intestinal amoebiasis to
      compare the efficacy of treatment with a single oral dose of 2 g secnidazole and
      a 5-day course of 750 mg tetracycline plus 1 g clioquinol per day. Patients were
      allocated at random into one or other treatment group and returned for clinical
      assessment and microscopic examination of stools for the presence of the
      trophozoite or haematophagous form of Entamoeba histolytica on Days 1 to 7, 14,
      21 and 28. The results showed that secnidazole produced significantly faster and
      more effective treatment than tetracycline/clioquinol. At the end of the follow
      up period, 7 of the 40 patients in the tetracycline/clioquinol group were
      classified as 'parasitological' failures but there were none in the secnidazole
      group. Moreover, there were no cases of relapse or persistence of clinical signs
      in the secnidazole-treated patients. Both treatments were well tolerated.

PMID- 2932744
TI  - Ambulation, activity level, and pain. Outcomes of a program for spinal pain.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in ambulation distance,
      activity level, medical care sought, and perceived pain in 49 patients with
      chronic spinal pain who completed an inpatient rehabilitation program. Therapy
      included patient education, reduction in pain medications, increased quotas for
      activity and ambulation, and reinforcement of nonpain behaviors. Change was
      measured by a 12-minute walk, an activity check list, and pain and activity self
      ratings. Tests were administered at admission and discharge and at one, three,
      and six months after discharge. Patients improved significantly in walking
      distance, frequency of both exercises and physical conditioning activities
      performed, and pain self-rating. Medical care sought decreased. Activity self
      rating on a 10-point scale was unchanged. This program had a positive effect on a
      number of factors and warrants consideration for patients with chronic spinal
      pain.

PMID- 2932745
TI  - Relationship of ankle strength and hypermobility to squatting skills of children
      with Down syndrome.
AB  - We used ankle goniometric and force measures to determine the relative
      contribution of hypermobility and strength to heels-down squatting (HDS) in four
      groups: eight children with Down syndrome, eight hypermobile children, six
      retarded children, and seven children with normal development. Analysis of
      variance and across group correlations revealed force as a major but not sole
      contributor to HDS; hypermobility was found not to have significant influence.
      Heels-down squatting may be a compensatory mechanism resulting from
      underdeveloped balance or irregular activation of agonist-antagonist relations
      around the ankle joint.

PMID- 2932746
TI  - Intertester reliability for selected clinical tests of the sacroiliac joint.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to examine the intertester reliability of 13 tests
      for sacroiliac joint (SIJ) dysfunction. Eight therapists examined 17 patients in
      two clinical settings. In each case, two therapists independently examined the
      patients and obtained results on all 13 of the SIJ tests. Patients with
      lumbosacral pain and unilateral lower extremity symptoms of a duration less than
      one year were examined. All the therapists had specialized in orthopedic physical
      therapy and had been trained in SIJ examination. Reliability was poor; 11 of the
      13 tests resulted in less than 70% agreement. The two tests that relied solely on
      subjective patient response and imparted no information on SIJ position or
      mobility were within a range of 70% to 90% agreement. Our findings suggest the
      necessity of reviewing examination methods for the SIJ and improving reliability
      of clinical testing of this joint.

PMID- 2932747
TI  - Studies on the effects of dehydroepiandrosterone and its metabolites on attack by
      castrated mice on lactating intruders.
AB  - Triads of castrated male mice (residents) were injected each day for 2 weeks with
      oil vehicle or 280 nmol of dehydroepiandrosterone (D). They were tested for their
      attack on a lactating female (intruder) introduced in their home-cage 2,24 or 48
      hr after their last injection. D significantly reduced male aggressive behavior
      for at least 24 hr. Other groups of castrated males were injected each day with
      vehicle or 280 nmol of D, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DS) or androstenediol
      (ADIOL). D, but neither DS nor ADIOL, significantly reduced their aggressive
      responses to intruders. Neural levels of D, DS and testosterone (T) were measured
      in intact males injected with vehicle or D. The concentration of D in brain was
      unchanged by castration and was increased about 20 fold in D injected males. The
      concentration of neural T was 10 nmol/g of tissue in intact males, was almost
      undetectable in castrated males, and was slightly increased in D injected males.
      Further work will be needed to identify the steroid molecule(s) responsible for
      this behavioral effect of D.

PMID- 2932748
TI  - Physical activity of different intensities and the development of myocardial
      resistance to injury.
AB  - The conditions under which increased motor activity leads to raised resistance of
      the myocardium to injury were studied. Motor activity was raised by running on a
      treadmill; myocardial resistance was evaluated quantitatively from the extent of
      isoprenaline (ISO)-induced lesions. After 3 weeks of forced running (5 days a
      week), using an adequate daily dose, the cardiotoxic effect of ISO was reduced.
      Adequacy of the daily dose of exercise depended both on the distance run per day
      and on the rate at which the animals ran. If the training regimen was continued
      for further weeks, with the same daily dose of exercise, there was no significant
      increase in protection of the myocardium. In animals aged less than 3 months,
      myocardial resistance changed after higher daily doses of running than those
      needed in older animals. The cardioprotective effect of increased motor activity
      was not conditioned by increase in the weight of the myocardium.

PMID- 2932749
TI  - Ultrastructure of isoproterenol-induced myocardial damage in chick embryos.
AB  - Isoproterenol is known to cause severe myocardial lesions when given in toxic
      doses to adult homoiotherms. Previous studies on chick embryos revealed
      myocardial damage with scattered necroses in the outer layer of ventricular
      myocardium. The present ultrastructural study, performed on embryos 6 to 20 days
      old, has shown various types of cellular lesions; mainly cellular oedema,
      mitochondrial swelling, necroses of isolated cardiac muscle cells, fatty
      degeneration, accumulation of glycogen, and signs of increased proteosynthesis in
      the surviving muscle cells. Morphological features of the lesions differed from
      those which are known to be induced by isoproterenol in adult animals and seemed
      to depend on the stage of embryonic development.

PMID- 2932750
TI  - Circulatory and respiratory responses to muscular exercise in Czech and Norwegian
      children.
AB  - This paper presents a comparison between Czech and Norwegian rural healthy
      children with regard to the functional characteristics of the circulatory and
      respiratory system based upon work physiological variables and measurements of
      some pulmonary volumes. The study included randomised samples of boys and girls
      at the age of 8, 12 and 16 years, 66 Czech boys and 63 girls, 54 Norwegian boys
      and 57 girls. At the age of 8 years the maximal aerobic power was closely similar
      in both countries, but in the older age groups the Norwegian children exhibited
      lower physical fitness. The maximal heart rate was close to 200 min-1 on the
      average without any sex, age or ethnic differences. In agreement with the higher
      maximal aerobic power the 12 and 16 year old Czech children had lower submaximal
      heart rates for the same oxygen uptake than the Norwegian children. The forced
      vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in one second was significantly
      higher on the average in Czech than in Norwegian children but the latter,
      expressed in percent age of the former, averaged 87 to 91% without any sex, age
      or ethnic differences. The maximal ventilation volumes during muscular exercise
      reached higher values in Czech than in Norwegian children of the same age, but
      the mean maximal respiratory rate was close to 60 min-1, being independent of
      age, sex and cultural differences. During heavy exercise only 40 to 50% of the
      vital capacity and 45 to 55% of the forced expiratory volume were taken into
      account and this index of pulmonary function did not differ with sex, age or
      ethnic differences.

PMID- 2932751
TI  - Fractional cholesterol esterification rate and muscle cholesterol of healthy
      young men.
AB  - A group of fourteen healthy young male volunteers was examined to define more
      exactly the relations between lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase activity
      (LCAT), fractional cholesterol esterification rate (FER), total cholesterol (TC)
      and its free and esterified fractions (FC, CE) in skeletal muscles under
      physiological conditions. The mean values (+/- S.D.) of LCAT activity (95.4 +/-
      16.3 mumol .1(-1) per hour), and FER (7.45 +/- 1.54% per hour) corresponded to
      published data on normolipidaemic healthy men of normal body weight. The mean
      value of TC in muscles was 332 +/- 83 micrograms per 100 mg of non-collagen
      protein, of which 14 +/- 7.4 per cent was formed by cholesterol esters. There was
      positive correlation between TC in muscles and age. Significant positive
      correlations between FER and the content of esterified cholesterol in muscles,
      and between FER and the proportion of esterified to total muscle cholesterol were
      found. These results suggest a close interrelation of cholesterol ester
      metabolism in the plasma and in slow pool tissues.

PMID- 2932752
TI  - Spectral analysis of breathing pattern in man.
AB  - The periodic oscillations of breathing pattern parameters were studied in 34
      healthy subjects. In a three minutes' resting spirometric recording we determined
      the duration of inspiration, expiration and tidal volume in successive breaths
      and computed autocorrelation functions and power spectral density. Ten of the
      subjects were re-examined 2 years later. Pulmonary functions were examined in all
      of them. Rhythmic changes lasting several respiratory cycles were found in the
      breathing pattern. Rhythmic changes in the duration of inspiration, expiration
      and tidal volume differed from one another in the same individual. The
      spectrograms of the individual breathing pattern parameters in the same
      individual changed during a 2-year period. Despite individual differences, the
      power spectral density correlations in the same subject and between different
      subjects two years later, and the mean curves for power spectral densities, show
      that in all the subjects the power fell at values of 0 to 0.05 Hz and was then
      maintained at a roughly constant level. Differences in the spectrograms of the
      various parameters in the same subject can hardly be attributed to a feedback
      between peripheral receptors and respiratory centres. Rhythmic changes are
      probably of central origin.

PMID- 2932753
TI  - Electromyographic activity of expiratory muscles in the rat.
AB  - We examined the participation of expiratory muscles on breathing in the rat. The
      experiments were performed on 16 male rats in halothane [1.5%] or urethane [1.3
      g/kg i.p.] anaesthesia. We recorded the electromyographic [EMG] activity of
      intercostal and abdominal muscles with a concentric needle electrode during quiet
      breathing, breathing against increased pressure in the airways and during the
      expiration reflex. In halothane anaesthesia the EMG expiratory phasic activity
      was observed only in internal intercostal muscles in 40% of spots examined during
      quiet breathing and in 58.5% when breathing against increased pressure. The EMG
      activity during the expiratory reflex was difficult to evaluate. In the abdominal
      muscles permanent EMG activity was found in 66% of trials. In urethane
      anaesthesia no phasic expiratory EMG activity was observed in intercostal or
      abdominal muscles. In abdominal muscles in 9% of trials a permanent activity was
      found.

PMID- 2932754
TI  - Influence of the time of intake of a high fat diet on gluconeogenesis.
AB  - Male Wistar rats aged 75 and 150 days were given high fat diet (36.5 weight % and
      30 weight % fat) over a period of 14 days. The growth (PER, NPR) and utilization
      (NPU, LPU) parameters of protein biological value and liver phosphoenolpyruvate
      carboxykinase (PEPCK) activity were determined. In another experiment, the time
      dependence of liver gluconeogenesis enzyme (PEPCK and fructose-1,6-diphosphatase
      /FDP-ase/) and transaminase (alanine and aspartate aminotransferase /ALT, AST/)
      activities during 24 days' administration of the diet were determined. A 14 days'
      high fat intake had a negative effect on protein utilization in the organism of
      75- and 150-day-old animals, which was more pronounced in the younger age group
      (a bigger drop in net protein utilization /NPU/ and greater stimulation of PEPCK
      activity). In 150-day-old animals the negative effect of a high fat intake was
      already manifested on the 6th to 10th day of the diet to the same degree as in
      the younger animals on the 14th day, as seen from the increase in all the enzyme
      activities. The paper presents findings on differences in the degree of the
      negative effect of a high fat intake on protein utilization with reference to
      age.

PMID- 2932755
TI  - Effect of branched chain amino acids on liver regeneration after partial
      hepatectomy.
AB  - The authors investigated the effect of the enrichment of commercial amino acid
      solutions with branched chain amino acids on the development of liver
      regeneration. Partial (65-70%) hepatectomy was performed on male Wistar rats (140
      160 g body weight). Starting with the day of the operation, amino acid solutions
      normally used in clinical practice and the same solutions enriched with branched
      chain amino acids were administered by stomach tube; 24, 48 and 96 h after the
      operation the animals were decapitated. The onset of DNA synthesis was found to
      be more rapid in animals given the enriched solutions. Once regeneration had
      started, the stimulant effect of an increased supply of branched chain amino acid
      on liver regeneration was smaller. Nevertheless, even in the later phase after
      partial hepatectomy branched chain amino acids had a stronger stimulant effect on
      liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy than an energy supply in the form of
      sorbitol.

PMID- 2932756
TI  - Oestradiol and progesterone treatment and precopulatory behaviour in female rats
      ovariectomized at different ages.
AB  - The dependence of patterning of sexual behaviour was ascertained in female rats
      ovariectomized prepubertally as well as postpubertally on the oestradiol and
      progesterone treatment. As the criterion of sexual behaviour both the copulatory
      and precopulatory patterns were used. The hormonal treatment starting from the
      5th day following ovariectomy was repeated at weekly intervals for several weeks.
      The females ovariectomized on the 23rd and 30th day exhibited less complete
      sexual patterns in comparison with the females sprayed on the 70th and the 145th
      day. The majority of the oldest animals exhibited, in fact, a complete sexual
      pattern. Incomplete sexual patterns induced in the females ovariectomized on the
      30th day, but treated from the 75th day onwards suggest that exogenous ovarian
      hormones could not compensate for the effectiveness of endogenous hormones. The
      omission of hormonal treatment resulted in the rapid fall of sexual behaviour in
      females ovariectomized during adulthood. However, in the females ovariectomized
      on the 30th day a gradual decrease of sexual behaviour was found. The findings
      suggest that the development of sexual behavioural repertoire in female rats is
      not terminated at puberty, but that it proceeds together with the increasing
      number of oestrous cycles.

PMID- 2932757
TI  - Phospholipid content in the compact and spongious musculature of the carp heart
      (Cyprinus carpio).
AB  - The phospholipid content of the spongious and compact musculature of the heart of
      the carp (Cyprinus carpio) was compared. The content of phospholipids is higher
      in the spongious musculature, the greatest difference being in the content of
      diphosphatidylglycerol: 2.53 mumol P . g-1 wet weight in the spongious layer and
      1.29 mumol P . g-1 wet weight in the compact one. In both tissues plasmalogens
      represent 20-27% of the tissue content of choline and ethanolamine
      phosphoglycerides.

PMID- 2932758
TI  - [Early stimulation of the handicapped and potentially handicapped children-
      breakthrough of a concept].
AB  - The author describes the importance and value of early stimulation within the
      overall concept of working with handicapped persons. A brief definition and
      scientific arguments are given. Data on the historical development of this
      relatively recent field are given considerable space, as are details on concepts
      and organisation. Problems and weak points of the system are pointed out. From
      the aspect of the fact that the family is the centre of child activities, it is
      important to make it quite clear that early stimulation of rehabilitation must be
      an interdisciplinary, "open" and holistic "assistance" system for parents and
      families as a whole. A point worth considering is whether the system, which had
      so far been restricted mainly to children with handicaps in somatic field, can
      also be extended to cover children whose handicaps are mainly caused by
      psychosocial factors.

PMID- 2932759
TI  - Different pattern of association of beta-endorphin and cortisol responses to
      dextroamphetamine in postmenopausal women and young men.
AB  - A negative correlation between plasma beta-endorphin and cortisol responses to
      0.15 mg/kg dextroamphetamine i.v. was found in a group of seven normal
      postmenopausal women, while the responses of the two hormones were positively
      correlated in nine normal young men. These results suggest that even though the
      adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-cortisol and beta-endorphin are usually
      regulated by the same mechanism (both ACTH and beta-endorphin are derived from
      proopiocortin), there are situations in which these systems can be associated in
      a different pattern. The elucidation of these situations may contribute to the
      understanding of regulatory mechanisms of the two systems.

PMID- 2932760
TI  - Age/grade differences in gifted children's attitudes toward the handicapped.

PMID- 2932761
TI  - Beta-endorphin, cortisol and postoperative delirium: a preliminary report.
AB  - A transient delirium, including hallucinations and disorientation, occurred at
      some time during a 48 to 72 hr postoperative period in patients recovering from
      elective surgery in an intensive care unit. The occurrence of delirium in these
      patients was associated with a significant and unusually prolonged postoperative
      increase in circulating levels of beta-endorphin (B-endorphin) and cortisol, and
      a total disruption of normal plasma circadian rhythms of B-endorphin and
      cortisol. Postoperative mean 24-hr plasma levels of B-endorphin and cortisol were
      not significantly different from preoperative baseline levels in those patients
      who did not exhibit post-surgical delirium. Circadian rhythms of B-endorphin and
      cortisol in the non-delirious patients also remained normal following surgery,
      although peak plasma concentrations were significantly phase-shifted to later in
      the day. A disruption in circadian rhythms of the endogenous opiate/hypothalamic
      pituitary-adrenal axis may represent an important component of post-operative
      psychological changes that are frequently observed in the intensive care unit
      setting.

PMID- 2932762
TI  - Neuroendocrine and psychological variables relating to post-operative psychosis
      after open-heart surgery.
AB  - Post-operative psychosis is a frequent complication after open-heart surgery. To
      investigate relationships between psychopathological outcome and endocrine and
      psychological variables, serum levels of cortisol, beta-endorphin,
      norepinephrine, TSH, and cholesterol were measured in 23 male patients undergoing
      aortic valve replacement from the day before operation (OP) until the seventh day
      after OP. State and trait anxiety, stress appraisal and the use of coping styles
      also were assessed. After OP, eight patients suffered from post-OP psychosis and
      nine from minor psychopathological symptoms. Post-OP psychopathology was
      significantly correlated with pre-OP psychopathological score as well as with
      state anxiety, pre- and post-OP stress, and the use of a self-controlling coping
      style. Serum cortisol, beta-endorphin, norepinephrine, and TSH levels were
      markedly elevated after OP. Cholesterol levels showed a decline. With regard to
      endocrine variables, the eight psychotic patients did not differ from 15 non
      psychotic subjects, but a subgroup of three major depressed patients had
      distinctly elevated levels of cortisol and norepinephrine. For all 23 patients,
      pre-OP cholesterol correlated with pre-OP psychopathology and post-OP depression.
      Furthermore, post-OP depression was significantly correlated with both post-OP
      cortisol and norepinephrine. These results indicate the stressful nature of the
      OP and suggest a multifactorial association of endocrine and psychological
      variables with psychiatric complications after open-heart surgery.

PMID- 2932763
TI  - Naloxone injections into the periaqueductal grey area and arcuate nucleus block
      analgesia in defeated mice.
AB  - In a situation of social conflict, mice that are defeated by an opponent exhibit
      a marked analgesia. Microinjections of naloxone (1 or 10 micrograms) into the
      periaqueductal grey area (PAG) or into the region of the arcuate nucleus prior to
      the defeat prevented the emergence of analgesia. Microinjections of morphine (5
      micrograms) into these sites had previously been shown to produce profound
      analgesia. Mice whose adrenals were removed rapidly developed analgesia when
      attacked by a stimulus animal. Injection of naloxone into PAG also antagonized
      defeat-induced analgesia in adrenalectomized mice. These observations indicate
      that sites and processes in the brain rather than in the periphery are
      responsible for the development of analgesia in mice that are subjected to social
      defeat.

PMID- 2932764
TI  - Thermal sensory decision theory indices and pain threshold in chronic pain
      patients and healthy volunteers.
AB  - Fifty-five low back pain patients and 47 healthy volunteers judged the intensity
      of calibrated thermal stimuli. The method of constant stimuli yielded a pain
      threshold, and sensory decision theory (SDT) methods provided two independent
      indices of perceptual performance: discriminability, P(A), the ability to
      differentiate among various stimulus intensities; and report criterion, B, the
      tendency to use a particular response. Compared to healthy volunteers, chronic
      pain patients were far poorer discriminators [lower P(A)]. In addition, the
      chronic pain patients were more stoical (higher B) and had higher thresholds for
      reporting both very faint pain and pain. The poor discriminability in patients
      could be due to attenuation of afferent neural input. The higher criterion
      suggests that the thermal stimuli were perceived as being innocuous relative to
      their clinical pain. Comparison of SDT indices with the threshold measures
      revealed that the pain threshold was highly correlated to the subject's criterion
      for reporting pain, B, and unrelated to discriminability, P(A).

PMID- 2932765
TI  - Complete denture treatment for a patient with a craniofacial anomaly.

PMID- 2932766
TI  - A comparison of the influence of two bonding agents on the marginal seal of
      composite resin restorations in radicular dentin--an in vitro study.

PMID- 2932767
TI  - [Lymphocyte damage caused by ionizing radiation].

PMID- 2932769
TI  - Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty in the region of the aortic bifurcation.
      The two-balloon technique with results and long-term follow-up study.
AB  - Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of lesions located at the bifurcation of
      vessels, especially the aortic bifurcation, has been considered contraindicated
      because of possible occlusion or embolization of the contralateral vessel. With
      the evolution of angioplasty techniques and the development of new balloon
      catheters, these lesions can now be successfully treated with the kissing balloon
      technique. This technique was used to dilate 61 atherosclerotic vascular lesions
      in 32 patients with vascular insufficiency. The procedure was successful in 58
      atherosclerotic stenoses in 30 patients. Because of the high blood flow and large
      size of these vessels, beneficial clinical results can be anticipated following
      successful dilatation. Follow-up study, extending for as long as 53 months,
      suggests the durability of the procedure and that the kissing balloon technique
      should be considered as a viable alternative to surgery in dilatable lesions of
      the aortic bifurcation.

PMID- 2932768
TI  - [Transluminal coronary angioplasty 1977-1985. Experience with 1000
      interventions].
AB  - Transluminal coronary angioplasty (TCA) was introduced in 1977 for dilatation of
      coronary stenoses. From October 1977 to December 1984 1087 procedures have been
      performed in Frankfurt. The mean success rate was 77% with an increase from 58%
      to 84% since 1977. Recurrences were seen within the first year in 15% of the
      patients, which could be treated successfully in a high percentage with a second
      TCA. Emergency bypass operations were necessary in 5.2%. Four patients (fatality
      rate 0.37%) died as consequence of the intervention. Within few years TCA has
      become an established procedure for myocardial revascularisation, with a high
      success rate. Major progress has been possible in the last few years due to
      technical developments, which are still going on. They may lead to further
      improvement of the results and enlargement of the indication for TCA.

PMID- 2932770
TI  - A comparative evaluation of cimetidine and ranitidine.

PMID- 2932771
TI  - When the "agency's nurse" becomes "hospital's employee". Case in point: Nation v.
      Weiner (701 P. 2d 1222 - AZ).

PMID- 2932772
TI  - The effect of atriopeptin III on membrane potential and intracellular Ca++
      activity in rat glioma cells.

PMID- 2932773
TI  - Interaction between atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) and vasopressin (VP) in toad
      urinary bladder.

PMID- 2932774
TI  - Plasma concentration of atrial natriuretic polypeptide in chronic hemodialysis
      patients.

PMID- 2932775
TI  - Biochemical aspects of a new hormone: rat atrial natriuretic factor (rANF).

PMID- 2932776
TI  - The heart as an endocrine gland.

PMID- 2932777
TI  - Comparative studies of nicotinohydroxamic acid and neomycin on ammonia and urea
      metabolism in rats.
AB  - The effect of oral administrations of nicotinohydroxamic acid (NHA) and neomycin
      (NM) in ammonia and urea metabolism were investigated in the rat. NHA and NM
      lowered the blood ammonia level, and NHA increased urinary excretion of urea and
      depressed urease activity in the stomach and the colon, while NM had a smaller
      effect on urinary excretion of urea but depressed urease activity in the colon.

PMID- 2932778
TI  - Specific receptor binding of atrial natriuretic peptide to rat renal cortex.
AB  - Radiolabeled receptor assay (RRA) of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) was studied
      in rat kidney membranes. Binding of [125I]-ANP to membrane preparations of rat
      whole kidney was saturated and show a high affinity (Kd = 0.51 nM). Furthermore,
      renal cortex membrane had a higher affinity for ANP binding site (Kd = 0.26 nM)
      than renal medulla membrane (Kd greater than 100 nM). This high affinity ANP
      receptor site in renal cortex membrane indicated that ANP controlled the balance
      of water and sodium excretion due to this receptor site in the kidney.

PMID- 2932779
TI  - Studies on rat liver mitochondria in vitamin E-deficiency and during storage at 0
      4 degrees C.
AB  - Isolated rat liver mitochondria, freed from microsomes and lysosomes
      contaminants, were maintained at 0-4 degrees C for several days using an
      appropriate medium and energy source. It was observed that the phospholipase A2
      activity of mitochondria deficient in vitamin E is higher than in normal
      mitochondria, and that the presence of vitamin E in the preservation medium
      diminishes the phospholipase A2 activity in deficient mitochondria. In vitamin E
      deficient mitochondria up to 45% of phospholipids was digested by the endogenous
      phospholipase with little loss in the energy linked function or without
      considerable activation of the latent enzymes monoamine oxidase and ATPase. These
      results are consistent with the occurrence of phospholipids in the mitochondrial
      membrane which would render it more accessible to the action of phospholipase A2.

PMID- 2932781
TI  - Prevention and health promotion in the elderly.
AB  - Based on a review of the literature it can be said that a main obstacle to a
      rational approach to prevention and health promotion in the elderly, seems to be
      on the one side our lack of knowledge of what constitutes effective intervention,
      and on the other a feeling of great urgency--which may easily lead us astray.
      More basic information on factors influencing the individual rate of organ
      decline is needed, and controlled clinical trials of the effectiveness of
      different approaches to intervention are required. In the present state of things
      there is no need for therapeutic nihilism--important conditions causing distress
      and disability in old age are amenable to preventive action.

PMID- 2932780
TI  - Steady-state response of conscious man to small expiratory resistive loads.
AB  - To determine the predominant steady-state ventilatory responses to mild
      expiratory flow-resistive loads, we subjected 14 normal subjects to expiratory
      resistances of 0-10 cm H2O/L/sec (R0-R3). Breathing patterns and abdominal muscle
      activity (EMG) were recorded during quiet breathing, and when ventilation was
      augmented by dead space breathing (7 subjects) or treadmill walking (7 subjects).
      Expiratory loading increased expiratory time (TE), tidal volume and mean
      inspiratory flow rate, while decreasing inspiratory duty cycle and respiratory
      frequency. Minute ventilation (VI) remained constant. These load responses were
      most prominent during quiet breathing, and were attenuated or abolished as VI
      increased. Abdominal EMG was negligible during quiet breathing, increased when VI
      increased, but showed no consistent response to R1-R3. Thus, the principal
      defense against mild expiratory loads is prolongation of expiration, accompanied
      by enhanced inspiratory drive. Abdominal muscle expiratory activity is elicited
      by increasing ventilation, but occurs only sporadically with expiratory loading
      of the magnitude studied.

PMID- 2932782
TI  - Indicators of permanent institutional care.
AB  - This study attempts to search for early indicators of the need for referral to
      permanent institutional care of the chronically ill and disabled already
      receiving home nursing and/or home help. The study population covered 218 home
      nursing patients and home help clients. The follow-up period was 26 months.
      During the follow-up period 26 persons died and 12 were referred to permanent
      institutional care. Four groups of factors were studied in order to search for
      the early indicators: age, sex, health including functional status and housing
      conditions. Referral to permanent institutional care was found to be related to
      old age (75+ years) disorientation to weekday and year, inability to wash oneself
      and diagnosed dementia senilis.

PMID- 2932783
TI  - Problems in intervention and evaluation. A case report of a community-based
      rehabilitation and activation programme for the elderly and disabled.
AB  - A rehabilitation and activation programme for elderly and disabled home nursing
      patients and home help clients was launched in Posio, Finland, in 1979. The
      evaluation of the controlled intervention programme took two years. Only a few
      positive results were obtained. The self-perceived health of the elderly and
      disabled improved, and they used outpatient services other than physiotherapy
      less frequently than did the control group. The difficulties of this evaluative
      study were many, one problem being the low quality of outcome measures. To carry
      out interdisciplinary evaluative studies, the following recommendations are
      proposed, based on the experiences of this study: the staff in charge should have
      previous experience of research; an outside researcher is recommended; the
      connected study should not be overemphasized, in order to avoid extra pressures
      on the workers; the time needed to develop the routines for collecting data and
      writing reports should be estimated in advance and divided between the
      collaborators; information should be collected by many methods; possible
      difficulties should be anticipated; besides a local organizing body, a separate,
      independent and interdisciplinary supervisory team is important; any intervention
      should be based on the interest of several instances.

PMID- 2932784
TI  - [Treatment of osteoarthrosis deformans in disabled World War II veterans].

PMID- 2932785
TI  - [Physical rehabilitation of rheumatic children at a rheumatic heart disease
      sanatorium].

PMID- 2932786
TI  - [Systemic lupus erythematosus and its immunogenetic markers].

PMID- 2932787
TI  - [Effect of A-cells on the activity of nonspecific T-suppressors in rheumatoid
      arthritis patients].

PMID- 2932788
TI  - Experimental study of velocity fields in a human nasal fossa by laser anemometry.
AB  - Velocity fields for various cross sections of a model of a normal human nasal
      fossa were determined by laser anemometry, a dynamic, quantitative and non
      invasive technique. Velocity fields showed, in the laboratory, the very definite
      influence of the irregular architecture of the fossa on the characteristics of
      flow namely the streamlining action of the turbinates, the directional effect of
      the liminal valve and the greater velocity near the floor and the septum. They
      also allow a more precise evaluation of the flow mode than the Reynolds number.
      The aerodynamic effects of certain non-obstructive deformities were discussed.

PMID- 2932789
TI  - [Neurologic diseases, mental retardation and reduction in work capacity].
AB  - The reduction of working ability, because of disease, was considered in 1,053
      subjects. 21 groups of maladies were found; the neurological disease and mental
      retardation (MR) caused various degrees of working inability in 416 subjects,
      i.e. in the 39.51% of the examined population; orthopaedic changes affected the
      15.57% of the patients; psychic disorders determined some inability in 8.93% of
      the persons. The subjects unable to work receive, by Law, an economic help. This
      study was limited to neurological patients and to subjects mentally retarded. The
      working ability was reduced by 5 types of disturbances: neuromotor pathology,
      mental retardation, mental deterioration and dementia, epilepsy, other
      neurological diseases. The neuromotor pathology affected 163 subjects; the types
      of symptomatology: hemiplegia; it was found in 71 patients; 62 times it was the
      result of cerebrovascular disease; in 4 patients it was caused by a hypoxic
      ischaemic pre-perinatal encephalopathy. 43 patients affected by cerebrovascular
      disease lost their personal autonomy, i.e. they could no longer do the activities
      of daily living (ADL); 7 patients lost their working ability; 12 subjects kept
      some ability to work. The hemiplegias which struck after 50 years of age were
      caused by cerebrovascular disease; paraplegia: 28 paraplegic patients have been
      seen; the aetiology was: poliomyelitis in 8 subjects; MS in 5 patients; ALS in 2
      patients; in 13 patients the aetiology was unknown. 6 patients resulted unable to
      work; 8 persons kept some working ability; 14 patients lost the ability to do the
      ADL; tetraplegia, or double/bilateral hemiplegia, was found in 20 patients; the
      aetiology: poliomyelitis in 4 patients; pre-perinatal hypoxic ischaemic
      encephalopathy in 4 patients; 3 patients of MS; lesion of the cervical spinal
      cord because of breech delivery in 2 patients; the aetiology was not known in 7
      persons. The ability to do the ADL was lost in 17 patients; 3 subjects kept some
      working ability. Double or bilateral hemiplegia (Little disease) was the model of
      neuromotor deficit subsequent natal encephalopathy (Infantile Cerebral Palsy,
      PCI); brachial plexus paralysis was only found from obstetrical (i.e. natal)
      origin; poliomyelitis and PKU resulted prevented as of 10 years. Mental
      Retardation (MR) was considered a borderline pathology between neurology and
      psychiatry; it included 162 subjects: in patients with severe MR a pre-perinatal
      hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy was found in 40.4% of the cases; in patients
      affected by moderate or light MR the same encephalopathy was found in the 11.3%
      of the subjects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2932790
TI  - Cavity preparation for restorative resins used with dentin adhesives.
AB  - The marginal adaptation of Silux used with and without previous application of
      different dentin adhesives was analyzed for correlation between maximum marginal
      contraction gap (MG) and different combinations of one or more of the following
      variables: area of cavity walls (A), the total area of cavity bottom and cavity
      walls (B), cavity depth (h), area of cavity surface (S) and cavity volume (V).
      The best fit to linear regression was found with MG = a + b . V/A with the mean
      of the correlation coefficients being 0.907. The statistical analysis showed that
      in order to maintain the V/A ratio at a minimum, root caries lesions should not
      be prepared after excavation if the retention of the restorative resin can be
      ensured with an effective dentin adhesive. The greatest influence on the V/A
      ratio was found to be exerted by the radius of the cavity bottom; variation of
      the radius of the surface of the cavity also influenced the V/A ratio, but to a
      minor degree.

PMID- 2932791
TI  - Follow-up of normal individuals with a positive antiglobulin test.
AB  - Over a period of 20 yr (1962-1982), 67 apparently fit donors at a Regional Blood
      Transfusion Service were found to have an unexplained positive direct
      antiglobulin test (DAT). During 1983, 26 were traced and re-tested. 9 still had a
      positive DAT only 1 of whom had developed autoimmune haemolytic anaemia. 17 had
      become negative though in 7 of these an autoantibody could still be detected by
      an enzyme technique. Unlike patients with established autoimmune disorders, the
      positive DAT individuals were found to have normal T cell subsets though B cells
      were significantly increased.

PMID- 2932792
TI  - Influence of faeces on the activity of antimicrobial agents used for
      decontamination of the alimentary canal.
AB  - The influence of faeces on the activity of 9 antibiotics currently used for
      selective decontamination of the digestive tract was studied. These in vitro
      findings showed that the antimicrobial activity is differently affected by the
      presence and concentration of faeces. Great differences in loss of activity were
      observed on different microorganisms. Decontaminating drugs which were found to
      be minimally inactivated in vitro by the presence of faeces are proven to be
      superior in clinical studies too.

PMID- 2932793
TI  - Uroflowmetry in neurologically normal children with voiding disorders.
AB  - A prospective study was undertaken to delineate the role of spontaneous
      uroflowmetry as screening procedure for functional infravesical obstruction
      (detrusor/sphincter dyssynergia). More than 70% of thirty-nine children referred
      for urinary tract infections and/or enuresis in the absence of neurological
      deficits underwent a complete diagnostic program including intravenous urography,
      voiding cystography and cystoscopy as well as spontaneous uroflowmetry,
      cystometry-emg and pressure-flow-emg study. The incidence of dyssynergia was 22%.
      However, neither the flow curve pattern nor single flow variables were able to
      identify children with dyssynergia. Consequently uroflowmetry seems inefficient
      in the screening for dyssynergia in neurological normal children with voiding
      disorders in the absence of anatomical bladder outlet obstruction.

PMID- 2932794
TI  - Trunk strength, back muscle endurance and low-back trouble.
AB  - The strength and endurance of the trunk muscles was studied in relation to the
      extent of earlier low-back trouble (LBT) in a homogeneous, and occupationally
      active group. Twenty-four female and 53 male postmen with an occupational
      seniority of more than 2 years took part in the investigation. The cumulative
      lifetime prevalence, the one-year and the point prevalence of LBT were 67%, 62%,
      and 4% in females and 55%, 52%, and 0% in males. The rates are higher than in a
      representative Danish population 40 years old. Anthropometrical measurements and
      isometric strength (MVC) in trunk flexors and extensors were recorded. The
      flexibility of the spine, hip and knee joints, the fingertip-floor distance, and
      the restricted extension of the knee were evaluated. The isometric endurance in
      the trunk extensors was measured by two methods: 1) prone with the unsupported
      trunk in a horizontal position and the legs and hips fixated to a couch; and 2)
      standing, at 60% MVC. The participants were divided into three groups according
      to the extent of previous LBT, Group I: LBT to a degree that made work
      impossible, Group II: LBT experienced but not to such a degree that work was
      hindered, and Group III: LBT never experienced. The main findings were that the
      isometric endurance time of the trunk extensors was shorter in group I than in II
      and III, while the trunk muscle strength, anthropometrical measures and joint
      flexibility were independent of the persons' earlier low-back episodes.
      Differences in the distribution of ST and FT muscle fibres are suggested as an
      explanation of the endurance difference.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2932795
TI  - Subjective symptoms among dental technicians exposed to the monomer methyl
      methacrylate.
AB  - Dental technicians, their technical aids, and the students of the State Institute
      for Dental Technicians during a single academic year were surveyed for their use
      of the acrylic ester monomer and subjective symptoms in a questionnaire study.
      The population under study included all the members of the trade union in the
      greater Helsinki area and all specially trained technical aids in Finland.
      Acrylic monomers were handled daily without skin protection by 81% of the 293
      respondents. Current hand dermatitis, or previous local dermatological problems,
      was reported by 17% of the respondents. Frequent contact with the acrylic monomer
      increased the rate of the self-reported dermatitis. The symptoms were
      spontaneously reported to be associated with the monomer by 42% of the
      respondents. Previously experienced allergies seemed to predispose the subjects
      to these irritative reactions. Other finger symptoms, eg, whitening and feelings
      of numbness, coldness, and pain, were reported by 25% of the respondents.
      Students attending the four-year technical school reported an increasing
      frequency of finger symptoms as their studies advanced, and in their senior year
      they reported the same frequency of occurrence as the qualified dental
      technicians.

PMID- 2932796
TI  - [Influence of the "aliasing" effect and the filter on the quantitative
      determination of the mean flow rate and flow volume per unit of time using the
      pulsed Doppler ultrasound method].
AB  - By the pulsed doppler ultra sound the blood flow volume will be measured by a
      discrete time signal. The consequences which are obtained for fourier's
      transformation are deduced and specially the problem "aliasing" for the
      quantitative measurement of the flow volume per time is discussed. The influence
      of the different filters on the quantification of the blood flow volume per time
      can be demonstrated by in-vitro measurements compared with the pulsed doppler
      combination of Kranzbuhler (pulsed Doppler combination 8105, linear 8130) and the
      pulsed Doppler combination of Toshiba (pulsed Doppler combination SAL 50).

PMID- 2932797
TI  - Atrial natriuretic factor: a hormone produced by the heart.
AB  - Systematic studies on the significance of the secretory-like morphological
      characteristic of cardiac atrial muscle cells of mammals led to the finding that
      these cells produce a polypeptide hormone. This hormone, described in 1981 as
      atrial natriuretic factor (ANF), is diuretic (natriuretic), hypotensive, and has
      an inhibitory effect on renin and aldosterone secretion. Thus, ANF probably
      intervenes in the short- and long-term control of water and electrolyte balance
      and of blood pressure. Phylogenetically, ANF appears early, suggesting different
      functions for this peptide in accordance with each species' environment.
      Knowledge of the properties of the hormone should provide insights into the
      pathophysiology of important clinical entities and lead to the development of new
      pharmaceutical products.

PMID- 2932799
TI  - [Development and introduction of the Bed Reserve Subsystem].

PMID- 2932800
TI  - [The Reference Automated Subsystem for a central first aid and emergency medical
      care center].

PMID- 2932798
TI  - Control of directionality in lambda site specific recombination.
AB  - The simple relation between the substrates and products of site-specific
      recombination raises questions about the control of directionality often observed
      in this class of DNA transactions. For bacteriophage lambda, viral integration
      and excision proceed by discrete pathways, and DNA substrates with the intrinsic
      property of recombining in only one direction can be constructed. These pathways
      display an asymmetric reliance on a complex array of protein binding sites, and
      they respond differently to changes in the concentrations of the relevant
      proteins. The Escherichia coli protein integration host factor (IHF)
      differentially affects integrative and excisive recombination, thereby
      influencing directionality. A four- to eightfold increase in intracellular IHF
      coincides with the transition from exponential to stationary phase; this provides
      a mechanism for growth phase-dependent regulation of recombination that makes the
      cellular physiology an intrinsic part of the recombination reaction.

PMID- 2932801
TI  - [Development of public health in Turkmenistan].

PMID- 2932803
TI  - [Participation of Bessarabian physicians in the revolutionary democratic
      movement].

PMID- 2932802
TI  - [Pharmaceutical and medical workers of the Volga River region in the war years].

PMID- 2932804
TI  - [Thermography in the complex examination of patients with pollinosis].

PMID- 2932805
TI  - [Effectiveness of medical and hygienic information services for the population in
      a large city].

PMID- 2932806
TI  - [Blood immunoglobulins in bronchial asthma in different climatic zones].

PMID- 2932807
TI  - [Laparoscopic diagnosis of metastatic tumors of the liver].

PMID- 2932808
TI  - [Emergency treatment services in a large general hospital].

PMID- 2932809
TI  - [Execution of the targeted republican program "Cancer of the Lung"].

PMID- 2932810
TI  - Prosthetic treatment for the patient with uncontrolled grand mal epileptic
      seizures.

PMID- 2932811
TI  - Patterns of use of inpatient pediatric dental consultation services.

PMID- 2932812
TI  - The geropsychiatric patient.

PMID- 2932813
TI  - Omphalocele and gastroschisis.
AB  - This brief article outlines our philosophy and management of omphalocele and
      gastroschisis based on personal experience with more than 200 patients.

PMID- 2932815
TI  - [Diagnosis and therapy of Hodgkin's disease in Freiburg in Breisgau 1964 to 1976.
      1. Report of the complete collective].
AB  - Between May 1964 and December 1976, 370 patients with Hodgkin's disease (CS/PSIn
      = 41 [11.2%], CS/PSIIn = 148 [40.2%], CS/PSIII n = 148 [40.2%], CS/PSIV n = 31
      [8.4%] with different diagnoses were treated by different therapies, 250 out of
      them (67.5%) only by radiotherapy (local, extended, and total lymphoid
      irradiation), 115 (31%) by radiotherapy and chemotherapy, and five patients in
      stage IV (1.5%) only by chemotherapy. The first treatment divides the patients
      into three subgroups with significantly different prognoses: 1. a subgroup with
      complete remission assessed half a year after the end of therapy (n = 206 [58%])
      and a healing rate of 96.2%; 2. a subgroup with partial remission (n = 62
      [17.5%]) and a healing rate of 51.6%; 3. a subgroup without remission (n = 87
      [24.5%]) and a healing rate of 4.2%. In case of recurrence after complete or
      partial remission, another complete and durable remission is achieved by
      subsequent therapy in about 85% of patients with preceding complete remission and
      statistically about 50% of patients with preceding partial remission. The overall
      five-year survival rate is 73.1%; a constant level of 67.3% (statistical healing
      rate) is observed after seven years. The following risk factors for remission
      have been found: the histologic manifestation lymphocytic depletion, parts of
      stage III, especially of type B, stage IV, and an age above 40 years and even
      more above 50 years.

PMID- 2932814
TI  - Effect of bronchodilators on the cough response to inhaled citric acid in normal
      and asthmatic subjects.
AB  - Coughing was induced in seven normal and eight asthmatic subjects by giving
      successive inhalations of citric acid aerosols of progressively higher
      concentration (range 0.5-32%). A baseline cough response was obtained on each of
      four experimental days, and there was no significant difference between days in
      this respect. Then the subjects received by inhalation either a bronchodilator
      (salbutamol 5 mg or ipratropium 1 mg) or placebo, in a paired double blind
      crossover design. A second citric acid run followed and was used for paired drug
      placebo comparisons. In the asthmatic subjects the cough response was diminished
      by both bronchodilators (p less than 0.05), and the cough threshold was
      significantly higher after ipratropium but not salbutamol. In normal subjects no
      significant effects were found. Airways calibre was assessed, by an oscillatory
      technique that measures the resistance of the respiratory system (Siemens
      Siregnost FD 5), in four of the seven normal and all eight asthmatic subjects.
      The mean respiratory resistance was higher in asthmatic than in normal subjects,
      and fell significantly after both bronchodilators. In normal subjects smaller
      decreases in respiratory resistance occurred, significant only with salbutamol.
      The simplest hypothesis which explains the results relates change in cough
      response to altered neuroreceptor sensitivity associated with rapid changes in
      bronchial calibre.

PMID- 2932817
TI  - Books of secrets in medieval and early modern science.

PMID- 2932816
TI  - [Effectiveness of sealing measures on the chewing surface of permanent teeth in
      clinical evaluation. II: Caries reduction].

PMID- 2932818
TI  - [Notes on private libraries of German physicians of the 18th-19th centuries].

PMID- 2932819
TI  - New light on the identity of "Geber".

PMID- 2932820
TI  - The effect of limited courses of cyclosporine on survival and immunocompetence of
      allogeneic bone marrow chimeras.
AB  - Isolator-maintained CBH/Ola (Rtlc) rats were lethally irradiated and
      reconstituted with spleen and bone marrow cells from fully allogeneic WAG or
      Wistar (Rtlu) donors. Hematopoietically reconstituted rats were treated with
      cyclosporine (CsA)4 as prophylaxis for graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) for
      periods ranging from 6 to 26 weeks. Following the termination of CsA treatment
      GVH reactivity developed in all recipients of allogeneic cells regardless of the
      duration of immunosuppression. Approximately a third of the reconstituted rats
      survived the post-CsA period of GVH activity; these rats carried peripheral
      lymphocytes and spleen cells of donor strain origin and were specifically
      unresponsive to donor strain skin grafts. Surviving chimeras remained healthy for
      long periods (up to 18 months) after transplantation, although morbidity
      increased slightly for rats moved to normal animal house conditions. However, all
      chimeras had some degree of lymphopenia and showed diminished immunological
      responses to extraneous antigens and third-party skin grafts. Experiments to
      elucidate the mechanisms by which specific tolerance was maintained in chimeras
      indicated that neither the deletion of host-reactive lymphocytes from the graft
      nor an absence of host bone-marrow-derived "stimulator" cells was responsible. It
      was shown that the potential GVH reactivity of normal donor strain cells was
      specifically suppressed in vivo (in the chimera) and that this suppression could
      be transferred to secondary irradiated recipients by transferring chimeric spleen
      cells. Attempts to demonstrate a role for suppressor cells in the maintenance of
      the chimeric state yielded inconclusive results.

PMID- 2932821
TI  - Assessment of mixed lymphocyte reactivity in human bone marrow cell cultures.
AB  - The use of monoclonal anti-T-cell antibodies has been proposed as a means of
      eliminating T cells from bone marrow inocula, and thereby avoiding graft-versus
      host reactions following transplantation. Since the mixed lymphocyte reaction
      (MLR) provides a measurement of alloreactive mature T cells, we have attempted to
      apply this assay to bone marrow populations before and after treatment with anti
      T-cell antibodies and complement. However, initial studies showed MLR to be very
      difficult to measure using bone marrow as a responder cell population, and a
      systematic analysis of the reasons for this difficulty was therefore carried out.
      The first major problem in performance of standard one-way MLRs using bone marrow
      responder cells was found to be due to the presence of numerous non-T marrow
      cells that maintained high levels of background proliferation. Proliferation of
      these populations was found to be variable during MLR culture, leading to
      aberrant results. This problem was overcome by removing the rapidly proliferating
      population of marrow cells either by density centrifugation or by susceptibility
      to cryopreservation and thawing. A second problem causing variability even after
      removal of these proliferating cells was found to be due to additional non-T
      cells in the marrow that responded to soluble mediators produced by peripheral
      blood lymphocyte stimulator cells during an MLR. Such non-T-cell stimulation was
      not eliminated by removal of bone marrow T cells, obscuring the results of T cell
      depletion of the marrow. This problem was overcome by the use of HLA-defined B
      cell lines as stimulators. A mixture of such lines provided a reliable stimulator
      source that did not produce soluble mediators capable of stimulating additional
      marrow cells. These refinements of MLR conditions permit a reproducible and
      reliable assay of bone marrow MLR, and provide a means for assessment of
      elimination of such alloreactive cells by monoclonal antibodies and complement.

PMID- 2932822
TI  - Separation of the immune response genes for LDH-B and MOPC-173. III. Evidence
      that the failure of B10.BASR1 to respond to LDH-B is due to an antigen-presenting
      cell defect.
AB  - Analysis of the immune response of a panel of intra-I-region recombinant mouse
      strains to LDH-B and MOPC-173 demonstrated that B10.ASR7 (H-2as3) and B10.BASR1
      (H-2as4) failed to mount T-cell-proliferative responses to MOPC-173 and LDH-B,
      respectively. To localize the level of the immune response defect in the
      B10.BASR1 strain, B10.BASR1 macrophages were shown to be incapable of presenting
      LDH-B to immune responder B10.ASR7 T cells. These results were confirmed using
      alloreactivity-depleted and (B10.ASR7 X B10.BASR1)F1 immune T cells. Failure of
      these strains to respond was shown not to be the result of T cell suppression,
      because cyclophosphamide and anti-Lyt-2.2-plus-complement treatments did not
      restore responsiveness. Furthermore, B10.BASR1 macrophages were incapable of
      educating naive responder T cells in vitro to LDH-B--however, naive nonresponder
      B10.BASR1 T cells could be educated by responder macrophages to LDH-B in vitro.
      These results suggest that the failure of B10.BASR1 to respond to LDH-B reflects
      a defect at the macrophage-T cell interaction level, perhaps related to
      expression of unique I-A molecules created by intra-I-region recombinatorial
      events.

PMID- 2932823
TI  - [DNA replication in mammalian cells exposed to the action of physical, chemical
      or biological factors. IV. 5-fluorodeoxyuridine modifies the effect of
      hyperthermia on DNA synthesis and the survival of HeLa cells].
AB  - Preliminary incubation of logarithmically growing HeLa cells with FUdR decreases
      an inhibitory effect of hyperthermia (43 degrees C, 1 hour) on DNA synthesis. The
      hyperthermia alone inhibits DNA synthesis considerably: the label in acid
      precipitable material accounts for 30% of control level. Preliminary incubation
      of the cells with FUdR (10(-6)) for 24 or 6 hours (plus 18 hours in fresh medium)
      decreases the effect: the label yields account for 50 or 90% of the respective
      control levels. A molecular weight of nascent DNA synthetized in the cells after
      hyperthermia or incubation with FUdR is lower than the control one but it
      increases rapidly during postincubation. Nucleoid of cells treated with FUdR has
      a sedimentation velocity which exceeds that of the control cells by more than
      25%. Preliminary incubation with FUdR sensitizes the cells to hyperthermia. The
      effect is not believed to be associated with cells synchronization since the
      treatment of the cells with FUdR for 2 or 6 hours, when FUdR itself does not
      exert its toxic effect, brings about sensibilization of cells to hyperthermia. It
      is suggested that modification of the cell viability and DNA replication are
      related to some changes of chromatine structure induced by FUdR.

PMID- 2932825
TI  - [Lumbar symptoms among semi-skilled construction workers in Copenhagen].

PMID- 2932824
TI  - [Lysine- and arginyl-binding sites of plasminogen domains].
AB  - Hydrolysis of plasminogen permits obtaining its nine fragments. The method of
      differential scanning microcalorimetry reveals seven domains in plasminogen, and
      the affinity chromatography--three lysin- and three arginyl-binding sites. The
      lysin-binding sites of domains (Kringles) K1 and K4 differ in ligand specificity.
      Benzamidine-binding sites of domain K5 and of plasmin light chain are
      simultaneously arginine-binding ones. The third arginyl-binding site differing
      from the benzamidine-binding one is found in fragment K1-3. In the plasminogen
      fibrin interaction only lysin-binding sites of plasminogen take part; in the
      plasminogen fragments-fibrinogen fragments interaction both types of plasminogen
      sites participate. The heavy chain of plasmin interacts with the E-fragment of
      fibrinogen by the lysin-binding sites, and the light chain of plasmin interacts
      with D-fragment of fibrinogen by arginyl-binding sites. Sites complementary to
      arginyl binding sites of plasminogen are located on the DH-fragment and sites of
      interaction with lysin- and arginyl-binding sites--on the DL-fragment. The
      plasmin-fibrin interaction mediated by sites of the first four cringles is not
      associated with changes in the catalytic function of the active centre.
      Interaction of Lys-plasminogen with fibrin accelerates polymerization of the
      latter. The effect of Lys-plasminogen is conditioned by the lysin-binding sites.
      Glu-plasminogen has no effect on the polymerization process.

PMID- 2932826
TI  - [Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty].

PMID- 2932827
TI  - [Children aged 3 to 7 with Down's syndrome and their contact with the social and
      health services in the course of a year].

PMID- 2932828
TI  - Doppler ultrasound waveforms in the fetal umbilical artery: quantitative analysis
      technique.
AB  - Doppler ultrasound waveforms from the fetal umbilical artery were analyzed by a
      new quantitative technique. Normal pregnancy and cases of fetal growth failure
      were considered. Data from the spectrum analyzer were dumped to a microcomputer,
      the velocity waveforms calculated and a representative waveform obtained by
      ensemble averaging. This curve was then fitted by a 4-parameter analytic
      function. We introduce R, the relative flow rate index, which measures the ratio
      of the average flow rate before the systolic peak to the average rate during the
      remainder of the cardiac cycle. In cases of fetal growth failure this ratio was
      significantly greater than in normal pregnancy. Other new quantities defined are
      the normalized systolic decay time index and the constant flow ratio. The AB
      ratio was also calculated. Fetal growth failure has been associated with raised
      placental resistance. We suggest that the fetus can initially compensate for this
      by increasing cardiac contractility. This can be seen by interpreting the R and
      AB values together. Our analysis technique enables the waveform to be efficiently
      described, and provides useful diagnostic information about placental function
      and fetal wellbeing.

PMID- 2932829
TI  - Doppler ultrasonic investigation of Raynaud's phenomenon: effect of temperature
      on blood velocity.
AB  - We have used spectral analysis of signals from a pulsed, range-gated Doppler
      ultrasonic instrument to make quantitative measurements of arterial blood flow
      velocity in the hands of normal subjects and persons with Raynaud's phenomenon.
      We measured the peak velocity during the cardiac cycle and the time integral of
      the velocity signal over the cardiac cycle. This latter parameter gives a
      sensitive indication of the degree of vasoconstriction in response to cold. Our
      preliminary results, based on findings in 13 subjects, suggest that Doppler
      ultrasound can differentiate persons with Raynaud's phenomenon from normal
      subjects.

PMID- 2932831
TI  - On the measurement of the mean velocity of blood flow over the cardiac cycle
      using Doppler ultrasound.
AB  - A number of modern duplex scanners now have facilities for determining volumetric
      blood flow through intact vessels. The methods these machines use to arrive at an
      answer must presuppose a number of conditions which may not be met in practice.
      This paper examines the effect that nonuniform insonation of the target blood
      vessel (using continuous wave or wide-gate pulsed ultrasound) has on the mean
      velocity, as determined using mean, root mean square (RMS) and maximum frequency
      processors. It is shown that for a given beam/vessel geometry the error is
      dependent only on the shape of the mean component of the velocity profile which,
      depending on the arterial site, may be flat, parabolic or intermediate. Mean
      processors may overestimate the mean velocity of established flow by up to 33%,
      but this could be turned to advantage when it is impracticable to insonate a
      vessel uniformly. Maximum frequency processors are of value when either plug-flow
      or fully established flow of low pulsatility is present in the target vessel. In
      the first case the mean flow is the same as the maximum flow, while in the second
      the mean flow is half the time averaged maximum flow, irrespective of the size
      and shape of the ultrasound beam. RMS processors are probably best avoided in
      volumetric flow measurement applications.

PMID- 2932830
TI  - A comparison of digital and analog methods of Doppler spectral analysis for
      quantifying flow.
AB  - Ultrasonic methods can be used for calculating flow when the mean Doppler
      frequency is representative of spatial average velocity. We have examined the
      capabilities of two commercially available methods of Doppler spectral analysis
      for providing measurements of spatial average velocity and flow. In a steady
      state flow model, Doppler audio spectra were recorded using a 5-MHz duplex
      scanner. Fast Fourier transform (FFT) spectral analysis was used to determine
      mean (M), mode (MO), and maximum (MAX) frequencies. An analog method (offset zero
      crossing detector = ZC) was used to determine root mean square (RMS) frequencies.
      The results of comparing Doppler flow estimates (QM, QMO, QMAX and QRMS) with
      direct flow measurements (n = 10; range = 128-1098 ml/min) were (1) QM = 0.67Q +
      23 ml/min (SEE = 36 ml/min); (2) QMO = 0.96Q + 152 ml/min (SEE = 32 ml/min); (3)
      QMAX = 1.19Q + 171 ml/min (SEE = 23 ml/min); and (4) QRMS = 0.93Q + 76ml/min (SEE
      = 92 ml/min). Estimates of flow using M and RMS frequencies were adversely
      affected by experimental conditions likely to result in turbulence. We conclude
      that application of commercially available FFT determined M frequencies could
      result in significant errors in calculations of spatial average velocity and
      flow. Alternatively, FFT determined MO frequencies and ZC determined RMS
      frequencies resulted in accurate estimates of flow in this model. This study
      demonstrates the importance of evaluating the capabilities of commercially
      available methods of Doppler spectral analysis when using ultrasound for
      determining velocity and flow.

PMID- 2932832
TI  - Bibliography of biomedical ultrasound. No. 50.

PMID- 2932834
TI  - Transluminal angioplasty of the renal arteries.
AB  - Transluminal dilatation of renal artery stenosis for hypertension produces
      results similar to those of surgery for renal vascular hypertension while
      avoiding the major morbidity and mortality associated with surgery. In
      combination with intravenous digital subtraction angiography, it allows the work
      up and treatment of this commonly suspected disease with minimal morbidity. It is
      a much less expensive procedure than surgery. The previously advocated, very
      involved and expensive preprocedural work-up is also now unnecessary. In patients
      with suitable lesions and, particularly, in patients who have already experienced
      some renal dysfunction, percutaneous angioplasty is the technique of choice for
      improving both renal function and hypertension in the presence of renal artery
      stenosis.

PMID- 2932833
TI  - Doppler bubble detection and decompression sickness: a prospective clinical
      trial.
AB  - Decompression sickness in human beings exposed to high ambient pressure is
      thought to follow from gas bubble formation and growth in the body during return
      to low pressure. Detection of Doppler-shifted ultrasonic reflections in major
      blood vessels has been promoted as a noninvasive and sensitive indicator of the
      imminence of decompression sickness. We have conducted a double-blind,
      prospective clinical trial of Doppler ultrasonic bubble detection in simulated
      diving using 83 men, of whom 8 were stricken and treated for the clinical
      disease. Diagnosis based only on the Doppler signals had no correlation with
      clinical diagnosis. Bubble scores were only slightly higher in the stricken
      group. The Doppler technique does not appear to be of diagnostic value in the
      absence of other clinical information.

PMID- 2932835
TI  - [Topographic anatomical substantiation of the method of remuscularization of the
      bladder].

PMID- 2932836
TI  - [Renovascular hypertension--diagnosis and therapeutic possibilities].
AB  - The causes of renal vascular hypertension are outlined. These are guided by the
      influence on the renin-angiotensin mechanism. The so-called essential
      hypertension is not infrequently caused by an early nephrosclerosis, which can be
      diagnosed very early through electrone microscopy. Renal artery stenosis, caused
      by fibrodysplasia or arteriosclerosis represents a special case of renal vascular
      hypertension which can be treated effectively by balloon catheter dilatation. The
      results in 240 patients are presented where these therapeutic principles were
      applied.

PMID- 2932837
TI  - Laparoscopic examination of pelvic lymph nodes.
AB  - A new technique for examining pelvic lymph nodes is presented. The procedure has
      been used successfully on dogs. A correlative study is being undertaken to
      evaluate its usefulness in staging genitourinary malignancies.

PMID- 2932838
TI  - [100th anniversary of postgraduate training of eye doctors].

PMID- 2932839
TI  - [Immediate and remote results of decompression of the celiac trunk].
AB  - Results of elimination of the extravasal compression of the celiac trunk in 22
      patients are analyzed. Unsatisfactory results of decompression can be explained
      by secondary alterations of the vessel due to the formation of scars.
      Thoracophrenolumbotomy in the left ninth intercostal space is recommended for
      performing the decompression of the celiac trunk.

PMID- 2932840
TI  - [Diagnosis of injuries of the diaphragm in penetrating wounds of the chest
      (concerning the article by Prof. V.M. Buianov et. al. "Laparoscopy in
      thoracoabdominal penetrating wounds")].

PMID- 2932841
TI  - [Organization of surgical services for the wounded during the siege of
      Leningrad].

PMID- 2932842
TI  - Embryo transfer in sheep under practice conditions.
AB  - Embryo transfer was carried out on nine Texel donor ewes, one of them on two
      occasions, over two breeding seasons (1980 and 1981). The donors were prepared
      for superovulation on the farm by two different regimens and the recipients were
      also synchronised on the farm of origin. Surgery was carried out on donors and
      recipients at a veterinary practice and the techniques of anaesthesia, surgery
      and embryo transfer are described. Superovulation was variable and more than two
      ovulations were seen in only four of the 10 ewes. Forty-one corpora lutea were
      produced by the 10 ewes and 27 embryos were recovered. Twenty-one embryos were
      transferred to recipients and 14 lambs were produced. All the 10 donors except
      one produced lambs themselves. The value, economics and welfare aspects of the
      technique of embryo transfer under practice conditions are discussed and it is
      concluded that the procedure should not be carried out routinely but reserved for
      special circumstances.

PMID- 2932843
TI  - Localization of the E1B proteins of adenovirus 5 in transformed cells, as
      revealed by interaction with monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies, one against the adenovirus type 5 E1B 55-kDa protein and
      one against the E1B 21-kDa protein, have been isolated and shown to recognize the
      same proteins as antitumor sera. Immunofluorescence studies with these monoclonal
      antibodies on transformed cells containing the complete adenovirus early region
      1, showed that the E1B 21-kDa protein is localized in the perinuclear region. The
      E1B 55-kDa protein is localized in a number of different sites: a strong
      fluorescence is observed in a discrete body in the cytoplasm close to the
      nucleus, a moderate fluorescence is found in cell-cell contacts, and a weak
      staining in the cytoplasm. The cellular p53 antigen, which is associated with the
      E1B 55-kDa protein, is also found in the discrete cytoplasmic body, but not, or
      only in small amounts at the cell-cell contacts. However, p53 is not seen in the
      cytoplasm outside the discrete body, but the nucleus is weakly positive. The
      nature of the discrete cytoplasmic body was investigated further by electron
      microscopy and was found to be composed of a cluster of 8-nm filaments. The
      diameter of the filaments is similar to that of cytoskeletal intermediate
      filaments. However, staining with antibodies against the various intermediate
      filament proteins did not show a significant reaction with the cluster, while
      vimentin intermediate filaments could be demonstrated in the cells in a typical
      cytoskeletal pattern. It was also shown that the cluster is not composed of
      incorrectly aggregated tubulin.

PMID- 2932844
TI  - Plating efficiencies of modified lambda bio particles on temperature-sensitive
      hsd mutants of Escherichia coli K12.
AB  - Two mutants of Escherichia coli K12 that are temperature sensitive in cell growth
      and lambda phage production are shown to contain at least two mutations. One of
      the mutations in each of the isolates is in the hsd locus, and modification and
      restriction of lambda exhibits temperature sensitivity. One of the hsd mutations
      causes plaque formation by modified lambda bio particles that do not contain an
      intact ral gene to be temperature dependent.

PMID- 2932845
TI  - Mapping of a site for packaging of bacteriophage Mu DNA.
AB  - Mini-Mu containing variable DNA sequences at the left end, were tested for their
      ability to be packaged by a helper Mu phage. It was shown that a packaging site
      of Mu is situated between nucleotides 35 and 58 of the left end.

PMID- 2932846
TI  - Detection of cellular proteins associated with human adenovirus type 5 early
      region 1A polypeptides.
AB  - Antisera prepared against synthetic peptides corresponding to the amino and
      carboxy termini of human adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) early region 1A (E1A) proteins
      were used to identify polypeptides that are associated with these viral species
      in lytically infected KB cells. Proteins were sought which coprecipitated with
      E1A polypeptides using both sera and which were not recognized in extracts from
      mock-infected cells by either serum. Four such species were identified with
      apparent molecular weights of 68K, 65K, and a doublet at about 105K. A fifth
      species migrating with a molecular weight in excess of 250K was also identified
      consistently with E1A-C1 but not E1A-N1 serum. Addition of an excess of the
      appropriate synthetic peptide to the immunoprecipitation mixtures prevented the
      precipitation of all of these species. Mixing experiments demonstrated that all
      species were cellular proteins expressed in normal uninfected KB cells and in
      addition showed that an association with E1A proteins could take place in vitro.
      Studies carried out with the mutants pm975 and hr1 indicated that while the 105K
      doublet and the greater than 250K species were found with the products of both
      the 1.1- and 0.9-kb E1A mRNAs, 65K and 68K appeared to be primarily associated
      with those of the 1.1-kb mRNA. Finally, the 105K doublet and greater than 250K
      were shown to be phosphoproteins. These data indicated that Ad5 E1A proteins may
      function in a complex with cellular polypeptides which includes species of 105K,
      68K, 65K, and possibly a large protein of greater than 250K.

PMID- 2932847
TI  - [Traditions of Soviet military medicine in the training of students of a military
      medical department].

PMID- 2932849
TI  - [Status of the external respiratory function in patients with bronchial asthma
      during acclimatization at the Kislovodsk health resort].

PMID- 2932848
TI  - [150th anniversary of the district military hospital of the Leningrad Military
      District].

PMID- 2932850
TI  - [Effect of microclimate in karst caves on various hemodynamic indicators in
      patients with neuroses].

PMID- 2932851
TI  - [The actual nutrition of the rural population of the Georgian SSR].
AB  - A study was made of the factual nutrition of the rural population living in 7
      regions of the Georgian SSR with different climatogeographic conditions and
      different working and living routines. The data obtained point to the improvement
      of the nutrition of the population as compared with preceding years. The
      caloricity of the average annual daily diet of the rural population covers energy
      expenditures. However, it is marked by the predominance of carbohydrates. In
      spite of the fact that the quota of proteins in the diet has increased, the
      consumption of animal proteins remains at a low level as is the use of vegetable
      fats. The diet of the population of all the regions under study was discovered to
      contain excess phosphorus and magnesium, but little ascorbic acid. Meanwhile the
      use of thiamine and riboflavin was established to be within normal physiological
      requirements.

PMID- 2932852
TI  - [Vitamin allowance of workers engaged in the manufacture of phosphorus].
AB  - The clinical trials of a new treatment and prophylactic diet at the Chimkent
      phosphorus plant have shown its high efficacy as compared to an old one. This was
      manifested in the improvement of the workers supply with retinol, tocopherol,
      ascorbic and nicotinic acids. The treatment and prophylactic diet produced a more
      efficacious action on the vitamin supply when being a constituent part of the
      corrected daily nutrition that of the factual nutrition.

PMID- 2932853
TI  - [Rational nutrition for the pupils of choreography schools].
AB  - The authors provide data obtained in the course of studying energy expenditures
      in choreographic students of the city of Perm depending on age and sex. Present
      scientifically validated food and energy requirements with regard to which
      approximate daily sets of foods and weekly diets for different age groups with
      regard to sex have been developed. It has been established that these diets tried
      during school year at the Perm choreographic college exert a beneficial effect on
      the students.

PMID- 2932854
TI  - Deficiency of autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction in patients with idiopathic
      autoimmune hemolytic anemia.
AB  - Alterations in the autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction (autologous MLR) have
      been reported in many autoimmune diseases and in diseases with a derangement of T
      regulatory function. We have studied autologous MLR in 10 patients with
      idiopathic autoimmune hemolytic anemia (IAHA). All patients had decreased
      autologous MLR which averaged 4,106 +/- 1,332 cpm (SEM) compared to 12,153 +/-
      4,166 cpm for simultaneously studied controls. A marked decrease in
      phytohemagglutinin response and an imbalance of T-cell subsets were also
      observed. These findings suggest a possible abnormality of T immunoregulatory
      function in IAHA patients.

PMID- 2932855
TI  - [Virological and pathomorphological study of an influenzal infection in children
      1982-1983].
AB  - In the interepidemic period of 1982-1983, acute respiratory viral infections and
      pneumonias in infants in Alma-Ata were in 40.2% of cases etiologically associated
      with influenza infection. In the studied period in Alma-Ata and during an
      epidemic outbreak of influenza in Kzyl-Orda (March, 1983), two influenza A virus
      subtypes, H1N1 and H3N2, were in circulation. In a number of cases these subtypes
      were isolated from the same infants.

PMID- 2932857
TI  - [The state of thrombolytic therapy in acute myocardial infarct].
AB  - Current experience indicates that intravenous and intracoronary thrombolysis may
      prove promising in improving the prognosis of acute myocardial infarction.
      However, because of methodological shortcomings such as insufficient numbers of
      patients and retarded initiation of therapy no such improvement has been
      documented so far. According to findings in patients and corresponding results of
      experimental studies, a significant improvement in myocardial function and
      reduction in mortality can be achieved only when reperfusion occurs within 3
      hours after onset of ischaemia. With later reperfusion the results are uncertain
      and benefit and damage may balance each other. Recanalization of occluded
      coronary arteries is achieved faster and more frequently with intracoronary than
      with intravenous administration of streptokinase but this advantage is often
      offset by the loss of time before intracoronary treatment is started. Methods,
      technique and complications of thrombolytic therapy, as well as further
      management of patients are discussed. Attention is drawn to newer activators of
      plasminogen which are claimed to be more effective despite lesser influence on
      coagulation.

PMID- 2932856
TI  - [Balloon catheter technic and embolization--new therapeutic approaches in
      cerebral and spinal blood vessel malformations].
AB  - Balloon catheter and embolization techniques continue to gain importance in the
      therapy of cerebral and spinal vascular malformations. These methods are applied
      either preoperatively to improve outset conditions for the operation or as an
      independent therapeutic measure to partially or completely bypass the
      malformation. So far the balloon catheter and embolization techniques are applied
      only within a limited field. Nevertheless, this fairly recently developed method
      is already indispensable in the therapeutic repertory. There are as yet no
      generally acknowledged principles with regard to indications for these
      procedures. Therefore, neurologists, neurosurgeons and neuroradiologists have to
      be included in the process of decision making.

PMID- 2932858
TI  - [Percutaneous transluminal recanalization of chronic stenoses and occlusions of
      peripheral arteries].
AB  - It is reported on indications and results of percutaneous transluminal
      angioplasty using the Gruntzig- and Olbert-type balloon catheter technique. It is
      also referred to the expansion of PTA to the treatment of multiple obliterations
      in different layers with vascular surgical procedures. Today the essential
      indications for PTA are iliac stenoses on one or both sides, stenoses of the
      femoral and popliteal artery as well as short occlusions of the superficial
      femoral and popliteal artery of less than 10 cm.

PMID- 2932859
TI  - [Fibrinolytic therapy of peripheral arterial occlusive disease].
AB  - Occluded arterial segments can be recanalized by fibrinolytic drugs. In addition
      to systemic fibrinolysis another method of thrombolytic therapy has been
      established: Local thrombolytic therapy is carried out by infiltration of low
      dose of streptokinase into the thrombotic occlusion. According to the low dose
      streptokinase used and the short duration of therapy local thrombolysis is
      applicable in patients with high risks too. Therefore the range of indications to
      non-surgical recanalisations could be extended. The differential therapy depends
      on location, pathogenesis and clinical stage of the arterial occlusion.

PMID- 2932860
TI  - [Results of the selectol field study in Austria].
AB  - This multicenter study was initiated to assess the efficacy and safety of
      celiprolol in a large number of hypertensive patients. Patients received a once
      daily dose of 200 mg celiprolol for the first 3 weeks. If blood pressure was not
      lowered satisfactorily after this period, the investigator was asked to rise the
      dose to 300 mg celiprolol or to add a diuretic for the next 3 weeks. The study
      included 2694 patients, 2311 of whom were evaluable over a period of 3 weeks,
      2077 over 6 weeks. On admission 10% showed isolated systolic hypertension, 38%
      were in WHO I, 35% in WHO II and 17% in WHO III. Hypertension was known for more
      than 1 year in 57%, for even more than 5 years in 28%. Concomitant diseases were
      diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive airways disease, peripheral arteries
      disease; digitalis comedication in 211 patients. BP was lowered significantly in
      all degrees of severity of hypertension. There was no obvious connection between
      efficacy and age nor with duration of disease. Only 229 patients received 300 mg
      celiprolol during the second period of treatment, 223 patients got additionally a
      diuretic. Heart rate decreased by a mean of 8 bpm and was lowered mostly in
      patients with tachycardia. Patients with a heart rate of 60 bpm or below showed a
      slight increase in heart rate. In no case heart rate fell below 50. Side effects
      were rare and in most cases not serious. Treatment was discontinued due to
      suspected side effects in 58 patients only (2.15%). We conclude, that celiprolol
      is a safe and efficacious drug in the management of hypertension.

PMID- 2932861
TI  - [Treatment of heart failure in hypertension].

PMID- 2932862
TI  - [Course of antibody titer following preventive hepatitis B vaccination and a
      recommendation for renewal following the use of H-B-Vax vaccines].
AB  - 97% of the vaccinees developed anti-HBs independently of the applied vaccine
      (experimental vaccine or H-B-Vax). With the experimental vaccine the mean
      antibody titre was 1095 IMU/ml four weeks after third inoculation. Follow up
      revealed that during a period of 18 month individual antibody titres declined
      continuously to approximately one tenth. Therefore the duration of protection
      depends on the titre of anti-HBs which was measured after the third immunization.
      A control of the antibody titres should be performed after about 3-5 years, when
      the antibody titres are greater than 1000 IMU/ml 4 weeks after vaccination. But a
      control should be made already after about 1 1/2-3 years if the antibody titres
      are 200-1000 IMU/ml. Antibody titres between 100 and 200 IMU/ml should be
      estimated about 6-18 months later and titres between 10 and 100 IMU/ml already
      about 3-6 months later. We recommend an immediate revaccination for persons with
      anti-HBs titres below 10 IMU/ml. Serological findings in hospital staff of the
      University in Hamburg revealed the presence of protective antibodies in 11,6%
      which is due to a previous hepatitis B infection. In this cases vaccination was
      unnecessary.

PMID- 2932863
TI  - [Determination of alkali resistance by skin patch testing].
AB  - 298 patients suffering from eczema were tested for alkali-resistance by means of
      the method according to Burckhardt-Locher (ARBL) as well as patch-testing. If
      ARBL revealed decreased alkali-resistance, there was a high correlation with the
      outcome of the patch-test of alkalis. If ARBL showed normal values, however,
      additional patch-testing detected reduced alkali-resistance in 42.9% of the
      cases. In order to make a well-founded diagnosis of alkali-resistance, we suggest
      to combine both methods and/or to include a control of ARBL after 24 hours as
      proposed by Burckhardt.

PMID- 2932864
TI  - [Treatment of acne vulgaris with clindamycin phosphate in dermatologic practice].
AB  - In an open study, 34 male and 16 female patients suffering from mild up to severe
      acne vulgaris were treated with topical clindamycin-phosphate over a period of 8
      weeks. In the course of treatment, 96% of the patients showed improvement. In 52%
      of the cases, at least 65% of the inflammatory eruptions faded or they
      disappeared altogether; 44% of the cases showed reduction of 30-65% of their
      lesions. Only 4% of the patients did not respond at all to the treatment.
      Separate study on the various degrees of severity of the disease revealed greater
      improvement of severe acne than with mild and moderate forms. On the basis of
      pathophysiology, these cases might be still more successfully treated by means of
      combined therapy with comedolytics.

PMID- 2932866
TI  - [Ca-dependent ATPase of the cell nuclei of the brain. Effects of etimizol].

PMID- 2932865
TI  - [Embolia cutis medicamentosa following intramuscular injection of pyrazolone
      containing preparations].
AB  - Three cases of Embolia cutis medicamentosa (Nicolau-Syndrome, E. c. m.) due to
      intragluteal injection of an antirheumatic containing phenylbutazone are
      reported. The frequency of various drugs causing Embolia cutis medicamentosa in
      recent literature is discussed.

PMID- 2932867
TI  - [Laparostomy in children].
AB  - Laparotomy means leaving the abdomen open after a laparotomy. This enables the
      surgeon to revise the abdominal cavity regularly and to check the efficacy of the
      drainage without repeated damages to the abdominal wall. In adults, this method
      is used in cases of abdominal pathology with necrotic or infectious pathogenesis.
      We describe the method of laparotomy in 3 cases of paediatric surgery. It was
      used in cases of postoperative peritonitis and we think that laparotomy may be
      used in these situations, especially because there are almost no sequelae.

PMID- 2932868
TI  - [No correlation between suppressor cell function and disease activity in natural
      history studies of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus].
AB  - In ten patients with systemic lupus erythematosus lymphocyte suppressor cell
      function was repeatedly monitored over a period of nine months. The method used
      is based on the finding that in vitro addition of ConA to PWM-stimulated
      lymphocytes activates suppressor T cells which in turn inhibit immunoglobulin
      synthesis. Nine of ten SLE patients exhibited significant impairment of IgG
      suppression but no correlation was found between the outcome of the IgG
      suppressor cell assay and disease activity or the treatment protocol applied.

PMID- 2932869
TI  - [Scanning electron microscopic studies of pre- and postnatal enamel of fluoride
      affected teeth].

PMID- 2932870
TI  - [Variation in the sequence of the secondary dentition of the lateral teeth].

PMID- 2932871
TI  - [Dependence of experimental caries in the rat on the sucrose content of the
      cariogenic diet].

PMID- 2932872
TI  - [Development of microflora following one-step and stepwise deep caries therapy].

PMID- 2932873
TI  - [Reconstruction of the alveolar process using molded and compressed spongiosa. A
      clinical and experimental study].

PMID- 2932874
TI  - [The effect of various surface structures and environmental conditions on the
      electrochemical behavior of semi-precious metal and non-precious metal dental
      alloys].

PMID- 2932875
TI  - [Pathogenesis of dental caries and periodontal diseases--the concept of
      progression and stagnation].

PMID- 2932876
TI  - Fc and C3b receptor changes on mouse peritoneal leucocytes following stimulation
      with an extract of Ascaris suum.
AB  - Changes in IgG-Fc and IgM-C3b receptors of mouse peritoneal leucocytes after in
      vivo stimulation with Ascaris suum adult extract were studied. Erythrocyte IgG-Fc
      rosettes were found to initially be decreased with A. suum stimulated
      neutrophils, eosinophils and macrophages in comparison with nonstimulated cells.
      IgG-Fc rosettes then increased with time and remained high for a 60 min exposure
      time. IgM-C3b rosette formation was lower with A. suum stimulated leucocytes
      throughout 60 min of exposure and dropped off dramatically after 30 min.
      Unstimulated leucocytes formed IgM-C3b rosettes sooner and maintained them at
      higher levels for a longer period of time than stimulated cells.

PMID- 2932877
TI  - [Efficacy of a complex program for controlling influenza in a large industrial
      city].
AB  - The epidemiological and economic effectiveness of the realization of the complex
      three-year (1980-1982) program for the control of influenza in Perm is shown. The
      coverage of 46-51% of the city population, including working people, pensioners
      and children, with immunization carried out with the use of live and inactivated
      vaccines made it possible to decrease morbidity rate 2.12 times in comparison
      with the average data for many years. The greatest effect was achieved at large
      industrial enterprises where, simultaneously with vaccination covering 90% of the
      employees, urgent prophylaxis with remantadin and the early treatment of
      influenza patients were carried out. Due to these measures the morbidity rate and
      the number of disability days per 100 employees decreased 3-6 times.

PMID- 2932879
TI  - In vitro test for detecting auto-suppressive T lymphocytes in bone marrow from
      patients with aplastic anemia.

PMID- 2932880
TI  - Suppressive lymphocytes against CFU-C in relation to therapeutic response to
      glucocorticoid in patients with aplastic anemia.

PMID- 2932878
TI  - [Characteristics of immune response regulation in viral hepatitis A and B].
AB  - In 272 patients with virus hepatitis A and B the content of theophylline
      sensitive lymphocytes (T-suppressors) and theophylline-resistant lymphocytes (T
      helpers) in the peripheral blood was determined. Differences in the content of T
      suppressors in cases of acute virus hepatitis A and B with an equal degree of
      severity were revealed: at the peak of hepatitis A infection in the mild form of
      the disease the number of the cells was decreased, while at the peak of hepatitis
      B infection an increase in their number was observed in the mild and moderate
      forms of the disease and a decrease, in the severe form of the disease. In
      chronic persistent hepatitis a decrease in the content of T-suppressors and an
      increase in the content of T-helpers were observed, and in chronic active
      hepatitis (at the period of remission) and increase in the T-helpers occurred.
      Changes in the content of the cells of both types are not characteristic of HBsAg
      carriership.

PMID- 2932881
TI  - Reduction of the slow inward current of isolated rat ventricular cells by
      thiamylal and halothane.
AB  - The barbiturates and halothane exert a negative inotropic effect on the
      myocardium. A reduction in the slow inward current, carried mainly by calcium
      ions, is an important factor for the underlying mechanism because the calcium
      current during the action potential provides the calcium ions for accompanying
      contraction, supplies Ca ions to the sarcoplasmic reticulum for subsequent
      contractions, and induces Ca release from the store site. It has been suggested
      that reduction in the slow inward current caused by anesthetics is indicated by
      depression of the slow action potential of the partially depolarized myocardium.
      In order to assess directly the effect of anesthetics on the slow inward current,
      we carried out voltage clamp experiments with single isolated rat ventricular
      cells obtained by an enzymatic dissociation method. Thiamylal (10(-4) mol . l-1)
      and halothane (1%) decreased the slow inward current to 60 +/- 5% (mean +/- s.d.,
      n = 8) and to 65 +/- 10% (mean +/- s.d., n = 8) of the control value,
      respectively, without changing the configuration of the current-voltage curve.
      The results provide further evidence for anesthetic reduction of the slow inward
      current of the myocardium, and suggest that the negative inotropic effect is at
      least partly due to the reduction in that current.

PMID- 2932882
TI  - Caries experience in disabled pre-school children.
AB  - The parents of 436 disabled pre-school children were interviewed about habits and
      problems relevant to dental health. The children, who represented 10 different
      disabling conditions, were examined and dmft registered. The purpose was to study
      the relationship between different background variables and caries experience.
      The dmft score was analyzed in accordance with several sociocultural, medical,
      and habitual variables, using a multiple classification analysis (MCA). The
      number of daily carbohydrate intakes, duration of use of nursing bottle, family
      income, and diagnosis were the variables with the strongest association with
      dmft. Children with congenital heart disease, asthma, and cystic fibrosis had a
      considerably higher adjusted dmft than the other diagnostic groups. The
      proportion of children with caries experience was higher in the present survey
      than in groups of Norwegian children of corresponding age.

PMID- 2932883
TI  - Intramuscular administration of hydroxyprogesterone caproate in patients with
      endometrial carcinoma. Pharmacokinetics and effects on adrenal function.
AB  - A radio-immunoassay for the determination of the serum concentration of
      hydroxyprogesterone caproate (HPC) was established. After a single intramuscular
      injection of 1000 mg, the mean serum level reached its maximum (44-81 nmol/l)
      after 2-7 days. Patients on long-term adjuvant HPC treatment (consisting of 1000
      mg daily for 5 days followed by 1000 mg every 2 weeks) presented peak hormone
      levels 2 weeks after commencing treatment. After a drop at 5 weeks, the mean
      serum level slowly increased again to 130 nmol/l after 25 weeks of treatment.
      Patients being treated with weekly injections had significantly higher serum
      levels than those treated every 2 weeks. Considerable inter-individual
      differences were observed. The serum concentrations of HPC measured in this study
      compare favorably with those previously found in patients treated with
      medroxyprogesterone acetate. The patients on adjuvant HPC showed no significant
      change in the levels of cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate,
      androstenedione, or estrone during the first 25 weeks of treatment.

PMID- 2932884
TI  - [Immune response to Trypanosoma cruzi. An approach to the pathogenesis of Chagas'
      disease].
AB  - A very large number of people in both Americas are infected with T. cruzi.
      Nevertheless, only a relatively small percentage of them present clinical and
      pathological symptoms ascribable to this infection. The different immune
      reactions in Chagas' disease (American Trypanosomiasis) are reviewed and
      discussed here, both in their protective capacity and in their probable role in
      the pathogenesis of Chagas' disease clinical manifestations. Antibody responses
      are always present in infected subjects, and several types of specific antibodies
      have been demonstrated; their titers are high, more so in the acute phase of the
      disease. Their protective capacity in vivo has been demonstrated by several
      groups. T cell mediated immune responses (CMIR) have also been demonstrated in
      patients and experimental animals, but their presence is inconsistent and their
      level is generally low. Nevertheless, thymus dependent immune reactions are
      important in anti-T. cruzi protection, as shown by experiments in T deficient
      animals and also by some observations in immunodepressed patients. Antibody
      dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and natural killer (NK) cell activity
      directed against T. cruzi have also been proven in vitro, but their role in vivo
      is still unknown. There is no doubt that the immune system is able to recognize
      T. cruzi antigens and to protect the host against massive infection, but the
      immune response is not able to eliminate all the parasites, so that chronic
      infection ensues: this failure in "curing" the infection may be due to the above
      mentioned low level of CMIR and/or to escape mechanisms evolved by the parasite.
      The presence of immune reactions directed against self antigens in Chagas'
      disease patients and in experimental models of chronic Chagas' disease is also
      reviewed. These reactions may be due either to self antigens released by injured
      cells (and would then only be an epiphenomenon), or to cross-reacting antigens
      common to T. cruzi and normal components of the host; in fact, several cross
      reactions have been proven between T. cruzi and laminin, nerve tissue antigens,
      etc. This would point to the possibility that autoimmune reactions play an
      important role in the pathogenesis of Chagas' disease clinical symptoms.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2932886
TI  - The study of mechanical properties of rats lungs by whole body plethysmography.
AB  - A simple technic for studying the pulmonary mechanics of rats by whole body
      plethysmography is presented. The parameters measured were: Tidal Volume (TV);
      Respiratory Frequency (RF); Transpulmonary Basal Pressure (TBP); Dynamic
      Compliance (Cdyn); Functional Residual Capacity (FRC); Transpulmonary
      Pressure/Volume curve (TP/V); Forced Expiratory Volume of 1/4 second (FEV 1/4);
      Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV); Inspiratory Capacity (IC); Inspiratory Reserve
      Volume (IRV); Forced Vital Capacity (FVC); Residual Volume (RV); Forced
      Expiratory Mean Flow between 100-50% (FEMF 100-50), 50-25% (FEMF 50-25) and 25-0%
      (FEMF 25-0) of the FVC, and Total Lung Capacity (TLC). In order to verify the
      accuracy of the technic, common male adult Wistar rats, in which pulmonary
      obstructive disease is normally expected, were first submitted to these
      functional tests and then to pathological examination. According to the intensity
      of the morphological pulmonary lesion, the rats were divided in two groups: with
      and without suppurative pneumopathy. The analysis of the pulmonary function data
      showed significant decrease of the FEV 1/4 and FEMF 50-25 and increase of the FRC
      and RV in the groups with pulmonary suppuration. Thus, a discriminant function
      could be established to characterize the two groups with 100% efficiency. It was
      concluded that these pulmonary function tests are a valuable and reliable tool to
      detect lung diseases in rats.

PMID- 2932885
TI  - Relationship between the rate of detergent-induced hemolysis and blood type.
AB  - The rate of lysis of human erythrocytes induced by the action of 7.0 microM S
      Dodecylthiouronium chloride in 0.15 M NaCl was studied at 37 degrees C and pH =
      7.2. The Rh-negative cells were hemolyzed approximately twice as fast as the Rh
      positive counterparts.

PMID- 2932888
TI  - A bioassay method for studying factors stimulating erythropoiesis using as
      recipient the mouse with a functionally active erythron.
AB  - This novel bioassay method basically differs from the conventional plethoric
      mouse assay in the timing of the onset of induced polycythemia relative to the
      administration of the substances that are being tested. While the latter measures
      the regenerating action of erythropoietin at a time when erythropoiesis is
      virtually absent, the method here described evaluates the stimulatory action(s)
      required to maintain the normality of the process. This fact opens new approaches
      for studying factors involved in the quantitative govern of erythropoiesis in the
      steady state.

PMID- 2932889
TI  - The role of irreversibly sickled cells in reducing the osmotic fragility of red
      cells in sickle cell anemia.
AB  - The measurement of the osmotic fragility of red blood cells of 7 patients with
      sickle cell anemia and 5 controls was carried out for the unfractionated blood
      and for cells of the top and bottom layers after centrifugation. The erythrocytes
      from all patients with sickle cell anemia were more resistant to the osmotic
      lysis than normal erythrocytes, and the resistance of the bottom layer cells was
      greater than that of the top layer cells for all cases of sickle cell anemia. In
      addition, in the cases of sickle cell anemia, the bottom layer contained an
      elevated percentage (5.0% - 23.7%) of irreversible sickled cells, as compared to
      1.3% - 3.6% in the top layer. The decreased osmotic fragility of the erythrocytes
      in sickle cell anemia probably results from the cell damage which accompanies
      repeated sickle-unsickle cycles and which reaches its maximum in the irreversibly
      sickled cells.

PMID- 2932887
TI  - Effects of tityustoxin on the rat isolated tail artery.
AB  - The isolated tail artery when exposed to 0.14-2.80 microM tityustoxin (a purified
      peptide from the venom of the scorpion Tityus serrulatus) underwent a transient
      contraction which was followed by a long lasting period of unresponsiveness to
      further additions of the toxin. Reserpine pretreatment, the addition of
      phentolamine, tetrodotoxin, verapamil or lowering the sodium concentration
      abolished the responses to the toxin. Cocaine potentiated it. Tityustoxin caused
      a slight leftward shift of the dose-response curves to adrenaline and
      norepinephrine and a large potentiation of the frequency-response curves to
      electrical stimulation. The latter effect was greater within the lower range of
      frequencies assayed, which coincide with those of the physiological discharge of
      sympathetic nerves. These data indicate that in the tail artery the tityustoxin
      acts indirectly on the smooth muscle through the release of endogenous
      catecholamines. Most likely, changes of the properties of the sodium channels and
      calcium influx are involved in this effect at the nerve endings. The potentiation
      of the frequency-response curves suggests that the arterial hypertension produced
      by the scorpion sting may result mainly from an abnormally elevated overflow of
      sympathetic transmitters.

PMID- 2932890
TI  - Distribution, number and size of different types of fibres in whole cross
      sections of female m tibialis anterior. An enzyme histochemical study.
AB  - The aim of the study was to determine the distribution, total number and size of
      different types of fibres in whole cross-sections of female m tibialis anterior
      and to compare these data with previous results obtained from male skeletal
      muscles as well as with data on female muscles obtained by biopsy technique. The
      distribution of fibre types varied within the muscle cross-sections, and the
      pattern was slightly different from that earlier described for male muscles
      (Henriksson-Larsen et al. 1983). No difference in mean fibre type occurrence was
      found between the left and right muscles of the females. The type 2 fibres varied
      in size in different muscle regions and were usually largest at the deep surface
      of the muscle. Both the total number and size of the muscle fibres were smaller
      in the female muscles than in the corresponding male muscles (Henriksson-Larsen
      et al. 1985a, b). This resulted in a 30-40% smaller value for the total muscle
      fibre area in the female muscles compared to the male muscles.

PMID- 2932892
TI  - Somatosensory evoked potentials in Huntington's disease.

PMID- 2932891
TI  - Endogenous antagonists of quinolinic acid and kynurenine as links of the
      defensive mechanism in epilepsy.

PMID- 2932893
TI  - [Program of early stimulation: fixing the attention of (mongolian) children with
      Down's syndrome].

PMID- 2932894
TI  - Bioconversion of hemicellulosics.

PMID- 2932895
TI  - [Prevention of gingivitis in physically handicapped school children supervised in
      oral hygiene].

PMID- 2932896
TI  - Cost incentives for peripheral angioplasty.
AB  - Hospital costs and length of stay for 86 patients with peripheral vascular
      disease treated by bypass or percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) were
      assessed. The length of stay averaged 4-4.5 times longer, and the total hospital
      charge was 3-3.7 times greater, for bypass than for PTA. These charges are
      discussed in relation to current diagnosis-related groups (DRGs) and the allowed
      reimbursement from the Federal Prospective Payment System. In appropriately
      selected patients with peripheral vascular disease, PTA should be the treatment
      of choice from both medical and financial points of view.

PMID- 2932897
TI  - Selection of balloon catheter size for percutaneous transluminal angioplasty.

PMID- 2932898
TI  - Relative wall thickness analysis by two-dimensional echocardiography.
AB  - M-mode echocardiographic relative wall thickness (RWT) has been used extensively
      as an index of left ventricular hypertrophy. To determine whether the more
      extensive tomographic sampling and enhanced spatial orientation provided by two
      dimensional echocardiography (2DE) might improve the value of RWT analysis, we
      compared 2DE and M-mode RWT in 69 subjects (19 normals, 13 with aortic stenosis,
      22 with aortic regurgitation, and 15 with congestive cardiomyopathy). M-mode
      results correlated relatively weakly with 2DE RWT (r = 0.62 at end diastole; r =
      0.81 at end systole). End-systolic M-mode values were larger than 2DE results,
      while end-diastolic M-mode values were generally smaller than 2DE results (both p
      less than 0.001). Thus, in congestive cardiomyopathy M-mode RWT was larger than
      2DE end-diastolic results and therefore failed to distinguish between
      cardiomyopathy, aortic regurgitation, and normals. We conclude that M-mode and
      2DE analysis of RWT yield disparate results. Moreover, 2DE may enhance the value
      of RWT in the assessment of left ventricular hypertrophy due to volume overload
      and cardiomyopathy.

PMID- 2932899
TI  - Sequential and reversible multiple vessel coronary occlusion following
      angioplasty.

PMID- 2932900
TI  - Syncope in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. I. Association with atrioventricular
      block.

PMID- 2932901
TI  - Syncope in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. II. Coexistence of atrioventricular block
      and Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.

PMID- 2932902
TI  - Primary angiographic success rates of percutaneous transluminal coronary
      angioplasty.
AB  - Three distinct periods in catheter design have been identified since the advent
      of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) in 1977. In the first
      period PTCA was performed using a double-lumen balloon catheter that had a fixed,
      flexible guidewire at the tip. In the second period, an independent, steerable
      guidewire and the steerable catheter system were used. In the third period, low
      profile catheters were introduced. A total of 2,969 patients who had single
      vessel PTCA of a native coronary artery was separated into groups according to
      the period during which PTCA was performed. Introduction of the steerable
      catheter system was accompanied by improvement in primary success rate in PTCA
      attempts on the right coronary artery (78% vs 88%, p less than 0.005).
      Introduction of the low-profile catheter was accompanied by improved primary
      success in PTCA attempts on the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD)
      (90% vs 94%, p less than 0.005). The percentage of PTCA attempts on the LAD
      decreased over the 3 periods (70% to 60% to 56%), while the percentage of
      attempts on the left circumflex artery increased (7% to 12% to 16%). Before
      steerable and low-profile catheters were used, there were significant differences
      in ability to reach and cross stenoses among the 3 major coronary arteries. These
      differences no longer exist. These results indicate that technical improvements
      and operator experience have made stenoses in all 3 major coronary arteries
      equally accessible to dilatation catheters and that primary success rates and
      reasons for failure in these arteries are now similar.

PMID- 2932903
TI  - Ischemia during angioplasty after streptokinase: a marker of myocardial salvage.
AB  - Although thrombolytic therapy can result in lysis of a coronary artery thrombus,
      salvage of myocardium as measured by enzymatic, electrocardiographic and regional
      wall motion evaluation has not been clearly documented. Many patients after
      successful reperfusion continue to experience recurrent chest pain. The presence
      of recurrent chest pain suggests salvaged myocardium. Controlled reocclusion of
      the infarct vessel with the use of coronary angioplasty may support evidence for
      myocardial salvage. Experience in 50 patients who underwent angioplasty was
      reviewed retrospectively. Sixteen of the 50 patients had electrocardiographic or
      clinical evidence of ischemia at the time of balloon inflation. Prospectively,
      all patients who underwent angioplasty after they had received streptokinase were
      evaluated, and 5 of 5 patients had chest pain and ST-segment elevation during
      balloon inflation. The development of ischemic changes during balloon catheter
      inflation suggests the presence of persistently viable, salvaged myocardium after
      successful thrombolysis.

PMID- 2932904
TI  - Sequential balloon technique in angioplasty of severe coronary arterial
      obstructions.

PMID- 2932905
TI  - Coronary arterial findings after accidental death immediately after successful
      percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty.

PMID- 2932906
TI  - Nonsurgical treatment of the superior vena cava syndrome.

PMID- 2932907
TI  - Balloon dilatation catheter size selection.

PMID- 2932908
TI  - Chemotherapy of large bowel carcinoma--fluorouracil (FU) + hydroxyurea (HU) vs.
      methyl-CCNU, oncovin, fluorouracil, and streptozotocin (MOF-Strep). An Eastern
      Cooperative Oncology Group study.
AB  - In this prospective randomized study of initial chemotherapy for advanced
      measurable metastatic large bowel carcinoma, the response rate was 6/32 (19%) for
      FU + HU and 5/32 (16%) for MOF-Strep; the estimated median survival is 43 weeks
      for both treatments. Patients who received MOF-Strep experienced substantially
      greater vomiting and hematologic toxicity than patients who received FU + HU (p
      less than 0.001).

PMID- 2932909
TI  - Caring and communicating. Observations on 19 Baby Doe patients.
AB  - Under authority of Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, and stimulated
      by the well-publicized birth of a child with Down syndrome and esophageal atresia
      in 1982, the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) has actively
      responded to reports of alleged discriminatory failure to care for handicapped
      infants. Investigators and consultants from the (HHS) Office for Civil Rights
      have visited hospitals and interviewed various persons. Observations made and
      unofficial conclusions drawn by one participant in 19 such investigations relate
      not only to the care provided to these children but also to elements of
      communication with family, hospital staff, and others. Misunderstandings, faulty
      interpretations, and unrealistic expectations have resulted in bitter feelings,
      confusion, and frank hostility. These observations reveal an immediate need for
      reexamination of interpersonal communications in the context of caring for these
      children.

PMID- 2932910
TI  - A subpopulation of suppressor cells in Richter's syndrome with both monocytic and
      T-lymphocytic characteristics.
AB  - We evaluated T-lymphocyte functions in the peripheral blood of a patient with B
      cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia after transformation to large cell lymphoma
      (Richter's syndrome). A subpopulation of E-rosette adherent cells were found with
      T-lymphocytic surface markers (OKT3+/8+/4+), monocytic characteristics (latex
      ingestion, nonspecific esterase staining), and suppressor activity. In contrast
      to the patient's nonadherent T-cells, this subpopulation suppressed PHA
      proliferation of autologous lymphocytes, pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-induced
      proliferation of normal non-T cells, and a mixed lymphocyte reaction. Further
      studies are warranted in patients with Richter's syndrome, in order to determine
      the frequency and significance of our findings.

PMID- 2932912
TI  - Relationship of uteroplacental blood flow to placental clearance of maternal
      plasma C-19 steroids: evaluation of mathematical models.
AB  - The concept that the placental clearance of maternal plasma
      dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate through estradiol formation is a function of
      uteroplacental blood flow in women has been disputed. We obtained data on the
      clearance of maternal plasma dehydroepiandrosterone through placental estradiol
      formation in the baboon and used these data to evaluate some mathematical models
      of placental clearance. Our evaluation shows that the placental clearance of
      dehydroepiandrosterone is proportional to uteroplacental blood flow in the
      baboon.

PMID- 2932911
TI  - Nonoperative salvage of subcutaneous hemodialysis fistulae.
AB  - During a 7-month study period 11 chronic hemodialysis patients presented with
      thrombosis of their arteriovenous grafts or fistulae. They were prospectively
      entered in a protocol to evaluate the efficacy of low-dose streptokinase and
      percutaneous angioplasty for reopening the hemodialysis access. All patients were
      evaluated with a fistulagram and had local, low-dose streptokinase (10,000 U/h)
      infused directly into the fistula, until the thrombus dissolved or for 36 h. If
      repeat fistulagram demonstrated stenoses, percutaneous transluminal angioplasty
      was attempted. 5 patients were successfully treated, and 4 have remained patent
      without complication for a minimum follow-up of 9 months. 4 patients had the
      streptokinase stopped prematurely: 1 died (myocardial infarct), 1 was operated
      upon (perforated diverticulum), and 2 patients had perigraft complications. There
      were no major complications, although minor complications were common.
      Significant systemic effects on the coagulation profile did not occur. The
      regimen of locally infused, low-dose streptokinase and percutaneous transluminal
      angioplasty was found to be a safe and effective alternative for the treatment of
      thrombosed hemodialysis arteriovenous grafts or fistulae. If this regimen is
      unsuccessful, it does not preclude operative revision.

PMID- 2932913
TI  - A sonographic sign for detection of Down's syndrome.

PMID- 2932914
TI  - Tear studies in ocular rosacea.

PMID- 2932915
TI  - Oxygen toxicity and restructuring of pulmonary arteries--a morphometric study.
      The response to 4 weeks' exposure to hyperoxia and return to breathing air.
AB  - This study describes the pulmonary vascular lesions in rat pulmonary arteries and
      altered right ventricular weight after 1) prolonged exposure to hyperoxia (87% O2
      for 4 weeks) at ambient pressure, 2) weaning from hyperoxia to air over 7 days,
      and 3) return to breathing air for 2, 4, or 8 weeks. Hyperoxia for 28 days
      narrows the lumen of intraacinar and preacinar arteries, increasing the percent
      medial thickness (%MT) by reducing the external diameter and thickening medial
      muscle. The ratio of patent intraacinar arteries to alveoli is significantly
      reduced, and pulmonary vascular obstruction and obliteration is evident by
      electron microscopy. A higher proportion of intraacinar and preacinar arteries
      have muscle in their wall than in the normal lung: in alveolar wall and duct
      regions, the proportion of partially muscular and muscular intraacinar arteries
      increases at the expense of nonmuscular ones (for both regions P chi 2 less than
      or equal to 0.001); and in arteries associated with terminal bronchioli and
      bronchioli the proportion of muscular arteries increases at the expense of
      partially muscular ones (for both regions P chi 2 less than or equal to 0.001).
      Both after weaning and after return to breathing air lumen size increases; but,
      even after 8 weeks, the %MT remains significantly increased, and the ratio of
      intraacinar arteries to alveoli is less than normal. After weaning, the
      proportion of muscularized intraacinar and preacinar arteries is similar to that
      after hyperoxia. Two weeks after return to breathing air, the proportion of
      muscularized alveolar wall and duct arteries is greater (for both regions P chi 2
      less than or equal to 0.001). Even 8 weeks after return to breathing air more
      arteries are muscularized than normal (for both alveolar wall and duct regions P
      chi 2 less than or equal to 0.001), and within the alveolar wall still more are
      muscularized than after hyperoxia (P chi 2 less than or equal to 0.001).
      Hyperoxia causes right ventricular hypertrophy, reducing the ratio of the weight
      of the left ventricle and septum to that of the right ventricle (P chi 2 less
      than or equal to 0.001). Weaning further increases the hypertrophy, the ratio
      being further reduced (P chi 2 less than or equal to 0.001, compared with both
      hyperoxia and control values). On return to breathing air the degree of
      hypertrophy is less, but it persists, and even after 8 weeks the ratio is still
      less than normal (P chi 2 less than or equal to 0.01).

PMID- 2932916
TI  - An anthropometric assessment of Huntington's disease patients and families.
AB  - An anthropometric investigation was designed to evaluate patterns of physical
      deterioration in Huntington's disease (HD). In this study a comprehensive set of
      measurements was taken including height, weight, body circumferences, skinfold
      thickness, and craniofacial, linear, and breadth components of the body, on 44
      normal, 26 affected, and 70 at-risk individuals between 14 and 88 years of age.
      The anthropometric data were converted to z-scores using standards to adjust for
      age and sex differences. These scores were then adjusted for inter-family
      variation. There were significant differences among normal and affected
      individuals for all dimensions of body mass, as well as for several craniofacial
      and linear components of the body. Several significant differences were also
      found between normals and particular age cohorts of at-risk persons. HD gene
      carrier status was further assessed by factor analysis of the adjusted scores.

PMID- 2932918
TI  - Effect of glucose or fructose feeding on cholesterol synthesis in diabetic
      animals.
AB  - Previous studies have demonstrated that cholesterol synthesis is increased
      twofold in the small intestines of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. The
      purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of adding glucose or
      fructose to standard rat chow on cholesterol synthesis in control and diabetic
      rats. In control rats a 25% glucose or fructose diet fed for 21 days markedly
      inhibited hepatic cholesterol synthesis in the liver. In contrast, in diabetic
      animals only fructose inhibited hepatic cholesterol synthesis. In both control
      and diabetic animals the addition of these simple sugars to the diet did not
      markedly alter extrahepatic cholesterol synthesis. The enhancement of small
      intestinal cholesterol synthesis observed in diabetic animals was present
      regardless of the dietary manipulations. Further studies demonstrated that the
      addition of smaller concentrations of fructose (10%) to standard rat chow
      decreased hepatic cholesterol synthesis in both control and diabetic rats.
      Similarly the addition of fructose to the diet of control and diabetics for a
      period as short as 2 days was also sufficient to inhibit hepatic cholesterol
      synthesis. In both control and diabetic animals, fructose feeding decreased
      hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase activity but
      did not alter the percentage of HMG-CoA reductase in the active form. Finally,
      the intestinal hypertrophy and stimulation of intestinal cholesterogenesis that
      are characteristic of streptozotocin-induced diabetes occurred when either
      glucose or fructose was the sole caloric source.

PMID- 2932917
TI  - A study of some genetic characteristics of the Fur and Baggara tribes of the
      Sudan.
AB  - The average inbreeding coefficients of the highly consanguineous Fur and Baggara
      tribes of Western Sudan were 0.04167 and 0.04450, respectively. Two hundred
      ninety-eight subjects from the two tribes were tested for polymorphism of
      hemoglobins, seven red cell enzymes, and four serum proteins. The Baggara showed
      a higher gene frequency of HbS and TfD and lower gene frequency of GdA and PC
      compared to the Fur. Both tribes showed a low gene frequency of PGM1 and high
      frequency of G6PD deficiency when compared to other Sudanese tribes. In spite of
      the high degree of inbreeding, no significant deviation from the Hardy-Weinburg
      equilibrium was observed in either tribe. The effects of inbreeding seem to be
      offset by mixing between the two tribes on Gabal Marra Plateau. The flow of the
      sickle gene from the Baggara into the Fur and other Sudanese tribes is discussed.

PMID- 2932919
TI  - Hypertrophy and coronary and collateral vascularity in dogs with severe chronic
      anemia.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine 1) whether a severe hypoxic stimulus
      could produce an increase in coronary and collateral vascularization and 2)
      whether minimal coronary resistance, which increases with hypertension-induced
      hypertrophy, decreases when hypoxia is superimposed on volume load hypertrophy.
      Data were obtained on 11 dogs rendered anemic to a hematocrit of 11 +/- 0.2 vol%
      and maintained at this level for 4 wk. Eighteen dogs with a hematocrit of 42 +/-
      0.02 vol% were used as controls. After chronic anemia the coronary and collateral
      flows were quantitated in a beating, vasodilated, isolated heart preparation
      perfused solely with blood from two normal donor dogs. The following variables
      were significantly increased in anemia-exposed hearts compared with controls:
      coronary flow per gram myocardium for the left anterior descending, the
      circumflex, the right, and the septal arteries; ratio of total coronary flow of
      each vessel to body weight; and the collateral flows to each coronary vessel.
      Both the right and left ventricles were hypertrophied. We conclude that severe
      chronic anemia produces a dissociation between hypertrophy and increased minimal
      coronary resistance. Severe chronic anemia appears to increase vascularization of
      both coronary and collateral circulation probably due to tissue hypoxia. In this
      model coronary collateral vascularity seems to increase in the absence of a
      pressure difference across collaterals.

PMID- 2932920
TI  - Abnormal cardiac biochemistry in spontaneously diabetic Bio-Breeding/Worcester
      rat.
AB  - Diabetes produced by injection of alloxan or streptozotocin results in cardiac
      dysfunction in rats that is associated with lower cardiac contractile protein
      ATPase activity. The purpose of this investigation was to examine cardiac myosin
      biochemistry in the Bio-Breeding Worcester (BB/W) rat, a strain in which diabetes
      occurs spontaneously and closely resembles insulin-dependent diabetes in humans.
      Hearts from diabetic BB/W rats were studied at 1, 4, and 7 mo after the onset of
      diabetes and were compared with age-matched BB/W rats that were bred for
      resistance to diabetes. Calcium-stimulated myosin ATPase activity was
      significantly decreased after 4 and 7 mo of diabetes, and actin-activated myosin
      ATPase was significantly depressed at all time points. Differences between hearts
      from control and diabetic animals increased with the duration of diabetes.
      Closely associated with reductions in myosin ATPase activity in the diabetes was
      a shift in the isomyosin content from the normally predominant V1 to the V3
      isoenzyme. Thus diabetes that results from genetic causes leads to depressed
      myosin enzymatic activity in the rat. Furthermore, since previous studies have
      shown that BB/W diabetic rats do not develop hypothyroidism, the present results
      support the view that altered thyroid function does not mediate the abnormalities
      in cardiac contractile proteins in diabetes.

PMID- 2932921
TI  - Effect of pulmonary and renal circulations on activity of atrial natriuretic
      factor.
AB  - The effect of passage through the pulmonary and renal circulation on the activity
      of extracted and synthetic atrial natriuretic factors was determined by
      monitoring the amount of the vascular relaxing activity surviving passage through
      the organ. When crude atrial extract was infused through isolated perfused lungs
      of the guinea pig, approximately 75% of its activity survived. The activity of a
      23-amino acid synthetic atrial peptide was decreased 21% on passage through these
      lungs, but this loss of activity was not significantly different from the crude
      extract. Analogous experiments in vivo showed that passage through the pulmonary
      circulation of the dog did not alter the activity of either the crude atrial
      extract or of synthetic atrial peptide. In contrast to the lack of effect of the
      pulmonary circulation, approximately 80% of the activity of crude atrial extract
      and synthetic atrial peptide was removed by the isolated perfused kidney of the
      rabbit, and in vivo the dog kidney removed approximately 80% of the activity of
      both these atrial substances. By surviving transit through the pulmonary
      circulation, these materials exhibit a necessary property of a circulating
      hormone stored in the right atrium, and the fact that the renal circulation
      extracts most of these materials is consistent with the kidney being a target
      organ of this putative hormone.

PMID- 2932922
TI  - The concept of subcortical dementia.
AB  - The authors review the concept of subcortical dementia, specifically the dementia
      associated with Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, and progressive
      supranuclear palsy, all subcortical processes that involve deterioration of
      mental abilities. Subcortical dementia affords a unique opportunity to study the
      progressive memory loss associated with dementia because, in contrast to cortical
      dementias such as Alzheimer's disease, this relatively circumscribed syndrome
      does not involve dysfunction of language (aphasia) and perception (agnosia and
      apraxia). Research strategies are proposed to examine the concept of subcortical
      dementia, an entity that remains controversial and not well understood. The
      subcortical dementias may constitute a group of partially treatable forms of
      dementia.

PMID- 2932923
TI  - [Insufficiency of the luteal phase].

PMID- 2932925
TI  - [Chlamydia in inflammatory diseases of the urogenital organs in women].

PMID- 2932924
TI  - [Diagnosis and treatment of genital candidiasis].

PMID- 2932927
TI  - [Use of vibration massage in the complex treatment of acute inflammatory
      processes in the female internal genital organs].

PMID- 2932928
TI  - [Clinico-pathophysiological and therapeutic aspects of exacerbation of chronic
      salpingo-oophoritis].

PMID- 2932926
TI  - [Chlamydia in the etiology of inflammatory diseases of the female genital
      organs].

PMID- 2932929
TI  - [Status of nonspecific and immunological reactivity in patients with exacerbation
      of chronic salpingo-oophoritis].

PMID- 2932930
TI  - [Methodological substantiation of the principles of treatment of chronic
      inflammatory diseases of the uterus and adnexa uteri].

PMID- 2932931
TI  - [Effectiveness of health resort treatment of patients with chronic nonspecific
      salpingo-oophoritis].

PMID- 2932932
TI  - [Status of the breasts after reflexotherapy of chronic recurrent salpingo
      oophoritis].

PMID- 2932933
TI  - [Treatment of endocervicitis and chronic inflammation of the adnexa uteri by
      helium-neon laser irradiation].

PMID- 2932934
TI  - [Incidence and characteristics of the course of chronic nonspecific endometritis
      in infertile women].

PMID- 2932935
TI  - [Value of roentgenological methods in the diagnosis of tuberculosis of the female
      genital organs].

PMID- 2932936
TI  - [Status of immunological and nonspecific reactivity in patients with acute renal
      failure in obstetrical and gynecological pathology].

PMID- 2932937
TI  - [Peroxidation of serum lipids in different phases of normal menstrual cycle].

PMID- 2932939
TI  - [Current principles of regulation of the reproductive function in women].

PMID- 2932938
TI  - [Experience with using a Czechoslovakian electroanalgesic apparatus "Analgonic-1"
      in the treatment of climacteric and post-castration syndromes].

PMID- 2932940
TI  - [Experience in using intrauterine contraceptive devices by women with chronic
      pyelonephritis].

PMID- 2932941
TI  - [Vacuum-aspiration of uterine contents after a missed menstrual period].

PMID- 2932942
TI  - [Personal method of the surgical treatment of uterine and vaginal wall prolapse].

PMID- 2932943
TI  - [A method of examination of organs of the small pelvis during laparoscopy].

PMID- 2932945
TI  - [Subcutaneous provocation tuberculin test used in the tuberculosis department of
      the Amur tuberculosis dispensary].

PMID- 2932944
TI  - [Laparoscopic diagnosis of diseases of the female internal genital organs].

PMID- 2932946
TI  - [Tuberculosis in adenomyosis of the uterine body].

PMID- 2932947
TI  - [Treatment and prevention of colpitis (report 2)].

PMID- 2932948
TI  - [Current theories on the etiology and pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory
      diseases of the female genital organs].

PMID- 2932949
TI  - [Labor induction by electrostimulation of the uterus].

PMID- 2932950
TI  - [Labor induction and stimulation with prostaglandins].

PMID- 2932951
TI  - [Correction of uterine contractile function in uncoordinated labor].

PMID- 2932952
TI  - [Transcutaneous electroneural stimulation in labor analgesia].

PMID- 2932954
TI  - [Characteristics of the clinical picture, hemostatic system and procedures for
      managing pregnancy and labor in premature detachment of a normally situated
      placenta].

PMID- 2932955
TI  - [Anesthesiological support for cesarean section in premature detachment of the
      normally situated placenta].

PMID- 2932953
TI  - [Gas exchange indices of parturients and newborn infants undergoing drug
      analgesia in labor].

PMID- 2932956
TI  - [Management of pregnancy, labor and the puerperium in women with a history of
      eclampsia].

PMID- 2932957
TI  - [Importance of peripheral and local immunity indices in the early diagnosis of
      endometritis following cesarean section].

PMID- 2932958
TI  - [Basis for the use of immunodepressants in treating women suffering from
      miscarriages].

PMID- 2932959
TI  - [Pathogenesis and correction of disorders of the sympathetic-adrenal and immune
      systems in abortion].

PMID- 2932960
TI  - [Conservative procedure in managing premature labor complicated by premature
      fetal membrane rupture].

PMID- 2932961
TI  - [Prevention of complications after a cesarean section by temporary delimitation
      of the abdominal cavity].

PMID- 2932962
TI  - [Diagnostic importance of autonomic tests in the prognosis of labor activity].

PMID- 2932963
TI  - [Uterine electrostimulation as a method of decreasing hemorrhage during cesarean
      section].

PMID- 2932964
TI  - [Anesthesiological support for technically complex cesarean section operations].

PMID- 2932965
TI  - [Serum immunoglobulin concentration and neutrophil phagocytic activity of
      puerperae following cesarean section].

PMID- 2932966
TI  - [Characteristics of local immunity and microbial contamination of the birth canal
      in puerperae after cesarean section].

PMID- 2932967
TI  - [Possibilities of regulating uterine contractile function with adrenergic and
      cholinergic agents in an experiment].

PMID- 2932968
TI  - [Clinical aspects and diagnosis of a miscarriage of herpetic etiology].

PMID- 2932969
TI  - [Characteristics of labor and perinatal pathology in multiple pregnancy].

PMID- 2932971
TI  - [Trophoblastic beta l-glycoprotein in the diagnosis and prognosis of prolonged
      pregnancy].

PMID- 2932970
TI  - [Functional synergism of beta-adrenomimetics and seduxen during action on the
      uterine contractile function in an experiment].

PMID- 2932972
TI  - [Prognostic significance of HLA system antigens in pathological pregnancy].

PMID- 2932973
TI  - [von Willebrand's disease and pregnancy].

PMID- 2932974
TI  - [The blood kallikrein-kinin system in physiological pregnancy and labor].

PMID- 2932975
TI  - [Labor stimulation by intravenous oxytocin].

PMID- 2932976
TI  - Selective removal of heparan sulfate chains from proteoheparan sulfate with a
      commercial preparation of heparitinase.
AB  - Procedures employing the commercial preparation of heparitinase were developed
      for isolating a protein-enriched core molecule from proteoheparan sulfate by
      selective removal of the heparan sulfate chains. Treatment of proteoheparan
      sulfate with the enzyme preparation caused seriously extensive degradation owing
      to the presence of proteolytic activity in the enzyme preparation. This effect
      could be avoided by using a series of protease inhibitors which prevented
      proteolytic degradation with less significant effect on the heparitinase
      activity. Application of the procedures to a purified preparation from the
      Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm tumor yielded a single protein-enriched core fraction with
      a molecular weight of approximately 450,000, as ascertained by sodium dodceyl
      sulfate-gel electrophoresis.

PMID- 2932977
TI  - Spaced serial section analysis of the avian muscle spindle.
AB  - Muscle spindle ultrastructure of the extensor digitorum communis of pigeons was
      studied using spaced serial sections. The intrafusal fibers extended well beyond
      the ensheathing capsule, after which they became disoriented and often fused with
      each other before terminating on the connective tissue of extrafusal fibers.
      Several extracapsular fibers contained macrofibrils which were about 0.1 micron
      in diameter and contained several dozen smaller (10 nm) subunits. Intrafusal
      fibers commonly formed close attachments with one another for short or extended
      (240 micron) lengths. A basal lamina was absent between regions of pairing, and a
      myosatellite cell lay at the border of the coupled region. Several fibers could
      be coupled together in a single cross section; fibers coupled together,
      separated, and either recoupled or became associated with other fibers along the
      length of a spindle. Profiles of sensory terminals and sensory satellite cells
      alternated to form a smooth-contoured surface over most of the fiber cross
      section in the equatorial region. The sensory terminals contained many
      mitochondria, lysosomes, and clear and dense core microvesicles. Both the
      terminals and sensory satellite cells formed desmosomelike junctions with the
      intrafusal fiber. A crescentic collagen sheath covered that portion of the fiber
      cross section containing the sensory terminal-satellite cell complex. Inner
      capsule cells surrounded the entire assembly in the equatorial region. The basal
      lamina thicknesses differed over the naked intrafusal fiber compared to that
      portion covered by the sensory terminal or sensory satellite cell. The thickness
      was more than doubled over the latter regions, indicating that the basal lamina
      over these areas was a product of the fused intrafusal fiber and sensory terminal
      and/or sensory satellite cell basal laminae. These are discussed in terms of
      intrafusal fiber degeneration and regeneration.

PMID- 2932978
TI  - [Congenital fistula of the raphe penis].
AB  - One case of a congenital fistula of the raphe penis with gonorrhoea is reported.
      In this case spectinomycin seemed to fail in therapy, because pus was still
      remaining in the fistula, but not in the urethra. As the antibiotic resistogram
      did not prove our assumption, we tried the double dose and succeeded in killing
      the bacteria.

PMID- 2932980
TI  - Magic bullets, science, and medicine.

PMID- 2932979
TI  - Central serotonin depletion: effect on blood pressure during anesthesia.
AB  - Serotonin (5-HT) in the central nervous system has been implicated in blood
      pressure control in both normotensive and hypertensive states.
      Parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA) depletes 5-HT in the central nervous system.
      Normotensive Wistar rats, Wistar rats made hypertensive by renal artery clipping
      (RHR), and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were depleted of central
      serotonin by the administration of PCPA. Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP),
      heart rate (HR), and plasma norepinephrine (NE) levels were measured in rats both
      before and after they were administered anesthesia with enflurane. Blood pressure
      was further decreased by the administration of saralasin, a competitive inhibitor
      of angiotensin II. Principal results are as follows. Central 5-HT was depleted by
      70% or more with PCPA. In general, brain catecholamines were not altered by this
      treatment. No consistent pattern of change in MAP, HR, or plasma NE was observed
      for Wistar rats, RHR, or SHR during an awake control period in rats treated with
      PCPA compared with rats treated with vehicle. However, during enflurane
      anesthesia or enflurane anesthesia with saralasin, MAP, HR, and plasma NE were
      significantly greater in Wistar rats and RHR treated with PCPA compared to
      similar groups treated with vehicle. This was not observed in SHR: MAP, HR, and
      plasma NE were similar to vehicle-treated SHR. Nonsignificant changes in plasma
      epinephrine, plasma renin activity, or arterial blood gas tensions could not
      explain the differences seen in Wistar rats, RHR, or SHR. Central serotonin plays
      an important role in cardiovascular control during anesthesia with enflurane in
      Wistar rats but does not appear to play a dominant role in SHR.

PMID- 2932982
TI  - The cerebral effects of pancuronium and atracurium in halothane-anesthetized
      dogs.
AB  - Pancuronium decreases the minimal alveolar anesthetic concentration (MAC) of
      halothane in humans, while atracurium has a metabolite, laudanosine, which is a
      known cerebral stimulant. To determine if these muscle relaxants significantly
      alter cerebral function, their effects on cerebral metabolic rate (CMRo2),
      cerebral blood flow (CBF), intracranial pressure (ICP), EEG, and the cerebral
      energy state were studied in halothane-anesthetized dogs. Group A dogs (n = 6)
      were maintained at 0.86% end-expired (1.0 MAC) halothane. Thereafter, a sequence
      of 1) pancuronium 0.1 mg . kg-1; 2) reversal of neuromuscular blockade with
      neostigmine plus glycopyrrolate; and 3) pancuronium 0.2 mg . kg-1 produced no
      changes in CMRo2, CBF, ICP, or EEG. Group B dogs (n = 6) also were maintained at
      0.86% end-expired halothane and received the following in sequence: 1) atracurium
      0.5 mg . kg-1; 2) reversal of neuromuscular blockade with neostigmine plus
      glycopyrrolate; 3) atracurium 1.0 mg . kg-1; and 4) atracurium 2.5 mg . kg-1.
      There were no changes in CMRo2, CBF, or ICP; EEG evidence of cerebral arousal
      occurred in only one dog with the final dose of atracurium. Group C dogs (n = 6)
      received tetracaine spinal anesthesia and the minimal halothane concentration
      (mean +/- SE = 0.69 +/- 0.03% end-expired) that would maintain an "anesthetic"
      EEG pattern. Each Group C dog received the following in sequence: 1) atracurium
      1.0 mg . kg-1, and 2) atracurium 2.5 mg . kg-1. EEG evidence of cerebral arousal
      occurred in all six Group C dogs. Arousal was not accompanied by significant
      increases in CBF, CMRo2, or ICP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2932981
TI  - Laudanosine (a metabolite of atracurium) increases the minimum alveolar
      concentration of halothane in rabbits.
AB  - The authors hypothesized that laudanosine, a metabolite of atracurium and a
      central nervous system stimulant, might increase the minimum alveolar
      concentration (MAC) of halothane. An initial study in five rabbits anesthetized
      with halothane used a two-compartment model to produce estimates of
      pharmacokinetic variables for laudanosine. These estimates were used to determine
      the rates of infusion that would produce steady state plasma concentrations of
      laudanosine of approximately 200, 400, and 800 ng . ml-1. Subsequent infusion of
      laudanosine in eight rabbits produced mean (+/- SD) steady state plasma
      concentrations of laudanosine of 234 +/- 56, 457 +/- 66, and 873 +/- 105 ng . ml
      1. The control value for MAC of halothane was 1.08 +/- 0.28%. At the lowest
      steady state plasma laudanosine concentration, MAC did not significantly differ
      from control (MAC = 1.15 +/- 0.23%, P less than 0.1). However, at 457 and 873 ng
      . ml-1, laudanosine significantly increased the MAC of halothane by 23% and 30%,
      respectively. Infusion with saline in two additional rabbits did not affect MAC.
      Therefore, at the plasma concentrations of laudanosine found in humans after
      administration of atracurium, laudanosine increased the MAC of halothane in
      rabbits.

PMID- 2932983
TI  - Detection of picogram levels of sufentanil by capillary gas chromatography.
AB  - Sufentanil and its two primary metabolites, N-(4-[methoxymethyl]-4-piperidinyl)-N
      phenyl propanamide (MPPP), and N-(4[hydroxymethyl]-1-[2-thienylethyl]-4
      piperidinyl)-N-phenyl propanamide (desmethyl sufentanil), were detected by
      capillary gas chromatography with a nitrogen-phosphorous detector. The detection
      limit for sufentanil and its metabolites is 30-50 pg/ml with minimal interfering
      substances in the chromatograms. This method allowed for the detection of serum
      sufentanil in the terminal elimination phase of sufentanil in a patient receiving
      1.5 micrograms/kg and will allow for studies to determine the pharmacokinetics
      and metabolism of sufentanil in a wide variety of patient groups now receiving
      this agent.

PMID- 2932984
TI  - Postoperative respiratory depression and elevated sufentanil levels in a patient
      with chronic renal failure.

PMID- 2932985
TI  - Acute respiratory arrest and rigidity after anesthesia with sufentanil: a case
      report.

PMID- 2932986
TI  - Problems in interpreting gastric pressure measurements.

PMID- 2932987
TI  - Therapy of atherosclerotic arteriopathy of lower limbs. Aspects and results.
AB  - As far as therapy is concerned, atherosclerotic arteriopathy may be divided into
      acute and chronic forms. In acute embolic forms, therapy should be surgical. Only
      in cases of peripheral embolism or polyembolism, and in rare cases for which
      vascular surgery cannot be adopted, can thrombolysis be carried out with UK. In
      acute thrombotic forms, therapy should be medical, because a thrombus of recent
      formation is rich in fibrin and may be lyzed by UK. Total recanalization takes
      place in 61% of cases treated, partial recanalization in 23%. Subsequently
      perviousness is maintained by adequate antithrombotic therapy. In chronic
      arteriopathy, the thrombus is lacking or almost lacking in fibrin and
      thrombolytic therapy is not indicated. Special therapeutic combinations are used
      containing platelet inhibitors (ticlopidine), antifibrin drugs (subcutaneous
      heparin), minor fibrinolytic agents (mesoglycan) and hemorheological drugs
      (pentoxyphylline). This therapy seems to give good results, as showed by the low
      percentage in amputation calculated on 2,565 patients treated and kept under
      observation for 5 years. Finally let us consider chronic progressive
      arteriopathy. This term indicates a very advanced stage, characterized by a
      gradual irreversible change for the worse leading towards gangrene. As a last
      resort, before amputating, a thrombolytic therapy with UK was tried to see if
      with strong fibrinolysis continued for 3 days amputation might be avoided. In a
      pilot study carried out on 12 patients, the angiographic data showed only partial
      lysis in small arteries or arterial branches. Clinical data showed reduction or
      disappearance of pain at rest in 80% of cases. In 70% of cases gangrene
      disappeared if it was initial and superficial, it was delimited if already in
      progress.

PMID- 2932988
TI  - Economic impact of transluminal angioplasty.
AB  - Using actual bills and follow-up records we attempted to determine the economic
      impact of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. The patients selected included
      forty angioplasties performed early in our experience as well as forty comparable
      patients who had operations in the same period of time. Clinical follow-up was
      obtained over four years. The statistics obtained demonstrate the hospital bills
      for angioplasty were only 24% that of surgical treatment for femoral lesions
      ($1,329.00 versus $6,112.00) and 16% for iliac lesions ($1,353.00 versus
      $7,732.00). Using this patient sample and readily available statistical data, we
      calculated direct national savings for using angioplasty on all patients suitable
      and used a standard value of life analysis to estimate the value of lives saved
      by doing the less dangerous procedure. The sum total savings in the United States
      from using angioplasty in all suitable candidates as opposed to surgery would be
      $180 million per year for femoral lesions and $117 million for iliac lesions.
      This could produce a significant savings in medical costs over the coming years.

PMID- 2932990
TI  - Respiratory muscle activity and thoracoabdominal motion during acute episodes of
      asthma during sleep.
AB  - To understand the mechanisms of respiratory system compensation to internal
      loading during sleep, all-night sleep studies were performed in 10 patients with
      chronic stable asthma. We used noninvasive measurements to identify the onset of
      increased airway resistance in sleep. In each sleep study, we recorded arterial
      oxygen saturation (SaO2) and an array of electromyograms (diaphragm, external
      intercostal and sternomastoid) as well as thoracoabdominal motion. Only 4
      patients developed acute asthma during sleep. A total of 6 such attacks were
      recorded. The attacks were detected by audible wheeze, augmentation of diaphragm,
      external intercostal and sternomastoid activity, associated with distinctive
      changes in thoracoabdominal motion. The duration of these acute asthmatic attacks
      ranged between 20 and 140 min. One attack started in stage I/II non-rapid-eye
      movement (NREM) sleep, 3 in stage III/IV NREM sleep, and 2 in rapid-eye-movement
      (REM) sleep. Acute asthma in NREM sleep resulted in a paradoxical inward
      displacement of the abdomen during early inspiration. Attacks occurring during
      REM sleep resulted in rib cage inward displacement during inspiration. Attacks
      occurring during REM sleep resulted in rib cage inward displacement during
      inspiration. Attacks occurring in both NREM and REM sleep did not result in a
      significant fall in SaO2. We conclude that acute internal respiratory loading
      during sleep can provoke different compensatory mechanisms in order to provide
      adequate ventilation in adult asthmatics.

PMID- 2932991
TI  - A comparison of external velour and double velour Dacron grafts in the canine
      thoracic aorta.
AB  - Six external velour (Bionit C. R. Bard, Inc.; Billerica, MA) and 11 double velour
      (Microvel Meadox Medicals, Inc.; Oakland, NJ) warp-knit Dacron grafts with
      lengths of 6 cm and diameters of 8 mm were implanted in the canine upper
      descending thoracic aorta for 56 days. Differences were observed: four of 11
      double velour grafts developed major perigraft hematomas, while none of the
      external velour grafts exhibited this complication. Healing of the external
      velour grafts was virtually complete (average full wall healing and endothelial
      like cell coverage of 97.0%, SD 5.9%) in contrast to the seven (of 11) double
      velour grafts that were free of perigraft hematoma (average full wall healing and
      endothelial-like cell coverage of 40.9%, SD 20.9%).

PMID- 2932989
TI  - Influence of albuterol, cromolyn sodium and ipratropium bromide on the airway and
      circulating mediator responses to allergen bronchial provocation in asthma.
AB  - The effect of pharmacologic agents on mast cell mediator release was investigated
      in vivo. Eight atopic asthmatic subjects with airways relatively unreactive to
      nonspecific stimuli (geometric mean PC20 methacholine, 4.0 mg/ml) underwent
      single-concentration allergen challenge before (control) or after inhaling
      albuterol 200 micrograms, cromolyn sodium 20 mg, or 0.9% sodium chloride placebo.
      Six of the same subjects also underwent allergen challenge after pretreatment
      with ipratropium bromide, 1 mg. Airway responses to pharmacologic agents and
      bronchial challenge were measured by change in both specific airway conductance
      (SGaw) and FEV1. Mast cell mediator release was monitored by serial change in
      plasma histamine and, in addition, serum neutrophil chemotactic factor (NCF) on
      the placebo, albuterol, and cromolyn sodium challenge days. Control and placebo
      allergen challenges were associated with repeatable mean maximal falls in SGaw
      (48.5 versus 49.6%) and FEV1 (25.7 versus 25.5%). The mean increments in plasma
      histamine were not significantly different on the control (0.17 to 0.44 ng/ml) or
      placebo challenge days (0.18 to 0.64 ng/ml), with maximal levels occurring 5 min
      after challenge. A sustained increase in NCF was identified on the placebo
      challenge day (155.0% above baseline). Pretreatment with albuterol abolished any
      significant bronchoconstriction, with mean maximal falls in SGaw and FEV1 after
      challenge of 7.5 and 1.4%, respectively. These changes in airway caliber were not
      associated with any significant increment in mean plasma histamine (0.17 to 0.22
      ng/ml) or serum NCF (4.1% increase). Cromolyn sodium pretreatment, while
      attenuating the airway response, was still associated with significant falls in
      SGaw (22.7%) and FEV1 (7.3%) and increases in plasma histamine (0.18 to 0.27
      ng/ml).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2932992
TI  - [Evan's syndrome and immunologic pancytopenias].

PMID- 2932993
TI  - [The dysplastic nevus syndrome].

PMID- 2932994
TI  - A new type of balloon catheter for intraoperative angioplasty.

PMID- 2932995
TI  - [Infarction of the right ventricle. Contribution of two-dimensional
      echocardiography].
AB  - This study, based on 39 cases, confirms the value of two-dimensional
      echocardiography in the diagnosis of right ventricular infarction during the
      acute phase. This diagnosis is confirmed by the presence of abnormalities of the
      segmental kinetics always present in the inferior wall and less frequently in the
      anterior wall. The inferior part of the septum is affected in two thirds of
      cases. Right ventricular dilation is frequently observed, but is not constant.
      Two-dimensional echocardiography has a diagnostic sensitivity similar to that of
      isotope ventriculography, but greater than that of haemodynamic investigations.
      Finally, apart from the easy demonstration of complications (tricuspid
      incompetence, septal rupture, intracardiac thrombosis), two dimensional
      echocardiography can be used to evaluate right ventricular function.

PMID- 2932996
TI  - The DNA translocating vertex of dsDNA bacteriophage.

PMID- 2932998
TI  - Breast reconstruction. Use of autogenous tissue.

PMID- 2932997
TI  - In vitro effect of acyclovir and other antiherpetic compounds on the replication
      of channel catfish virus.
AB  - The antiviral effect of acyclovir (ACV; 9-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl)guanine) on the
      replication of channel catfish virus (CCV), a poikilothermic herpesvirus, in
      brown bullhead cells (BB) was studied in vitro. Acyclovir at concentrations of 2
      microM and 10 microM produced a 95 to 99% reduction in plaque numbers,
      respectively. At 10 microM ACV did not affect the growth of uninfected BB cells
      which could even be subcultured for four passages in the presence of the
      inhibitor. To be effective ACV had to be added early in the infectious cycle and
      was progressively less effective when added at later times after infection.
      Similar to homeothermic herpesviruses, the inhibition could be reversed with the
      addition of excess thymidine. The effects of three other antiviral agents,
      adenine-beta-D-arabinofuranoside (ara-A), phosphonoacetic acid (PAA), and
      phosphonoformic acid (PFA) on CCV replication were evaluated either individually
      or in combination with ACV. Although the other agents were found to be less
      effective in inhibiting CCV replication than ACV, none of the agents interacted
      synergistically with ACV. The results indicated that interactions with ACV with
      ara-A, PFA and PAA were primarily additive. Mutants of CCV resistant to ACV were
      obtained and were found to be somewhat more resistant to PFA than was the stock
      CCV.

PMID- 2932999
TI  - Evidence for the involvement of dithiol groups in mitochondrial calcium
      transport: studies with cadmium.
AB  - The effect of cadmium on some functions of mitochondria isolated from kidneys of
      rat was studied. Addition of cadmium chloride to mitochondria induced stimulation
      of both State 4 respiratory rate and ATPase activity, which are prevented by the
      addition of ruthenium red. We also show that cadmium inhibits competitively
      calcium translocation; this inhibitory effect of cadmium is reverted by the
      addition of dithiothreitol. From these results, it is proposed that, similarly to
      Ca2+, cadmium penetrates mitochondria and binds to a membrane dithiol group,
      which is essential for the translocation of the cation.

PMID- 2933000
TI  - [Phase II study of 5'-DFUR in gastrointestinal and breast cancer].
AB  - Clinical effects of daily oral administration of 5'-DFUR were studied in patients
      with advanced or recurrent gastrointestinal cancer and breast cancer. Cases
      included 5 gastric cancer, 18 colorectal cancer, 27 breast cancer and 1 malignant
      melanoma. Out of 38 cases who completed the treatment, CR was observed in 2 and
      PR in 7, the response rate being 23.7%. Out of 23 cases with breast cancer who
      completed the treatment, CR was observed in 2 and PR in 6, the response rate
      being 34.8%. Safety was evaluated in 42 cases and diarrhea was found in 17.1% of
      cases; however, it was easily reduced by decreasing the dosage or discontinuing
      administration of the drug.

PMID- 2933001
TI  - [Phase II study of 5'-DFUR (5'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine) by the Cooperative Study
      Group].
AB  - Phase II study of 5'-DFUR was conducted in 195 patients with malignant tumors by
      the Osaka Chemotherapy Cooperative Study Group. Five CR and 20 PR cases were
      obtained out 133 evaluable cases and the total response rate was 18.8% (15.8% in
      gastric, 38.1% in breast) One PR was observed for each of head & neck and
      esophageal cancer. It was noteworthy that four CR were observed in breast cancer.
      Adverse reaction was observed in 61 out of 151 cases (40.4%), and major side
      effects were digestive symptoms such as diarrhea (22.5%), nausea-vomiting (11.9%)
      and anorexia (10.6%). These results suggest that 5'-DFUR can be useful for the
      treatment of malignant tumors.

PMID- 2933002
TI  - [A case of remission of metastatic gastric cancer lesions in the chest and
      abdominal wall by 5'-DFUR administration].
AB  - 52-year-old female was weakened and bed-ridden by metastasis of gastric cancer to
      the chest and abdominal wall, and peritonitis carcinomatosa 2 years after
      gastrectomy. One week after administration of 5'-DFUR, 1200 mg/d, p.o., a
      clinical effect was seen. In 3 weeks metastatic lesions had diminished in size,
      ascites had decreased and the patient had regained her appetite and put on
      weight. She recovered sufficiently to be able to do some daily work. Pathological
      degeneration and necrosis of cancer cells were observed. Although she died 8
      months after remission, 5'-DFUR was effective in improving her condition and
      prolonging her life.

PMID- 2933003
TI  - Reaction to topical fluorouracil of secondary lymphedema.

PMID- 2933004
TI  - Disabilities in survivors of low birthweight.
AB  - A study of those survivors weighing 2000 g or less at birth born to residents of
      the South East Thames Regional Health Authority in 1970, '71, and '73 was carried
      out by abstracting data from health visitors' and school health records. Some
      postnatal information was available for 78% of the children. Prevalences of
      reported impairments in relation to birthweight were 20% in babies of 1500 g or
      less, 13% in the group weighing 1501 to 1750 g, and 11% for those of 1751 to 2000
      g. Only half the impairments in the first group were likely to be seriously
      disabling, and only a fifth were of obvious prenatal origin. In the heaviest
      group, about 3% were likely to become severely disabled, but in over two fifths
      with impairment, this was likely to be of prenatal origin and therefore more
      difficult to prevent. This factor together with the larger number of survivors of
      birthweight 1751 to 2000 g than of 1500 g or less, indicate that an increase in
      impairments may be seen in the heavier group if their mortality continues to
      fall.

PMID- 2933006
TI  - Obtaining parental consent--opting in or opting out?
AB  - In a population based project aimed at identifying children with specified
      disabilities within a health region, there was, rightly, concern about the
      transfer of data on named children across health district boundaries. Two methods
      of obtaining parental consent for this process were tested. High recruitment
      rates were achieved using an 'opting out' approach.

PMID- 2933005
TI  - Prevalence and disabilities in 4 to 8 year olds with cerebral palsy.
AB  - A register of children born between 1970 and 1979 in the South East Thames
      Regional Health Authority, and diagnosed as having pre-, peri-, and postnatal
      cerebral palsy, was set up between 1978 and 1981. We report the 527 children born
      between 1970 and 1974 for whom ascertainment is virtually complete. The estimated
      prevalence was 2.2 per 1000, with 7.4% multiple births, and 58% boys. Birthweight
      distribution is as expected, with 35% weighing less than 2500 g at birth.
      Parental permission for release of detailed medical information was sought, and
      the clinicians responsible gave us data on the type of cerebral palsy; details of
      impairments, disabilities, and anticipated future prospects; and an opinion on
      the probable timing of the cause. There was a high incidence of orthopaedic
      defects which must represent a considerable use of resources, although the
      prevalence of hearing and vision defects suggested that some of these may be
      undetected.

PMID- 2933007
TI  - [Intolerance to the suspension material in urethrocervicopexy under endoscopic
      control].

PMID- 2933008
TI  - Inhibition of testicular androgen biosynthesis by chronic administration of a
      potent LHRH agonist in adult men.
AB  - The antireproductive properties of LHRH and its agonists have now been clearly
      established. Using various dosing regimens and routes of administration in animal
      experiments and in clinical trials, these peptides invariably produce paradoxical
      inhibitory effects on reproductive function. This ability led to the concept that
      gonadal steroid-dependent (responsive) tumors might also be affected in a manner
      analogous to that produced by gonadectomy or by antiandrogenic or antiestrogenic
      drugs. Numerous data have now appeared in the medical literature on the potential
      efficacy of the LHRH agonists as a tumor therapy. Using different agonists (D
      Ser6, D-Leu6 and D-Trp6-LHRH) and various dosages, the investigators were
      successful in inducing a "medical castration" with androgen levels comparable to
      castrate control subjects. Objective tumor regression and significant clinical
      improvement paralleled the hormonal suppression shown in our studies and by other
      groups. Another interesting potential clinical application of the ability of LHRH
      agonist to inhibit testicular function is its development as a male
      contraceptive. This approach is being tested by a few groups. In order to
      preserve potency, exogenous androgens must be administered with the agonist. Long
      term pituitary suppression in boys with idiopathic precocious puberty has now
      been achieved and premature sexual development suppressed. In man the main
      mechanism responsible for testicular inhibition seems to be the achievement of a
      temporary and reversible state of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Recent data show
      that LHRH agonist alters the ratio of bioactive and immunoreactive LH and suggest
      a direct effect on LH biosynthesis as a mechanism of action of LHRH agonist
      analogs. Other findings support the lack of direct effect of LHRH agonist on
      Leydig cells in humans. In view of the main potential clinical applications--as
      therapy for chronic hormone-dependent disease or as a male contraception--major
      new developments are being undertaken in the way of administration of these
      substances by slow delivery systems.

PMID- 2933009
TI  - A comparison of cardiovascular and smooth muscle effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine
      and 5-carboxamidotryptamine, a selective agonist of 5-HT1 receptors.
AB  - The pharmacological effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) on heart rate, arterial
      blood pressure and urinary bladder pressure in the rat, and on the bronchi and
      ileum of the guinea-pig were compared with those of 5-carboxamidotryptamine (5
      CT), a compound which binds specifically and with high affinity to 5-HT1 binding
      sites in rat brain membranes. 5-HT caused a transient bradycardia and a triphasic
      blood pressure response consisting of an initial short-lasting hypotensive, a
      pressor and, finally, a longer-lasting depressor phase. Analysis with
      mecamylamine, cyproheptadine and ketanserin indicated that the initial
      bradycardia and hypotension, and the pressor and tachycardic responses to 5-HT
      were due to, respectively, the M and 5-HT2 receptors. 5-CT showed no or little
      activity on these receptors, but elicited a marked hypotensive response. The
      prolonged hypotensive effects of both 5-HT and 5-CT were apparently mediated by 5
      HT1 receptors, since they were unaffected by cyproheptadine or ketanserin, but
      were antagonized by high doses (greater than 2.5 mg.kg-1) of methysergide, which
      has an appreciable affinity for 5-HT1 binding sites. On the guinea-pig bronchi
      and the rat urinary bladder, which were contracted by 5-HT via 5-HT2- and, in the
      case of bladder, also via M-type 5-HT receptors; 5-CT was without any effect. The
      guinea-pig isolated ileum was relaxed by low concentration (5 X 10(-6) M),
      probably via 5-HT1 receptors demonstrated in this tissue, and contracted by
      higher concentrations of 5-CT. However, the contractile effect of 5-HT on the
      ileum, exerted via the M- and 5-HT2-type 5-HT receptors, was much more than that
      of 5-CT. Our results demonstrate that 5-CT not only has a binding, but also a
      functional specificity for 5-HT1 receptors. This compound seems to be a useful
      tool for investigating 5-HT1 receptor mediated functional responses.

PMID- 2933010
TI  - Chemical properties of the placental FC gamma receptor.
AB  - The carbohydrate and amino acid compositions of the purified Fc receptor from
      human placental trophoblasts are described. The placental receptor is a
      glycoprotein. The total content of carbohydrates in the receptor is 30% (w/w).
      The major carbohydrate components are galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, fucose, and
      mannose. The placental receptor has a high content of acidic amino acids and a
      relatively low number of aromatic and hydrophobic amino acid residues. The ratio
      of contents of hydrophilic to hydrophobic amino acids is 2:1. The hydrophilic
      nature of the receptor molecules is shown by charge-shift electrophoresis.

PMID- 2933011
TI  - Graft-to--superior mesenteric vein anastomosis for mesocaval shunts.

PMID- 2933012
TI  - [Regulation of human autologous mixed lymphocyte reactions by monoclonal
      antibodies directed at T cell differentiation antigens].

PMID- 2933013
TI  - [The heart and essential hypertension].

PMID- 2933017
TI  - Purification and kinetic properties of phosphofructokinase from dental pulps of
      rat incisors.
AB  - Phosphofructokinase (EC 2.7.1.11) was partially purified 19-fold from dental
      pulps of rat incisors, by ammonium-sulphate fractionation and phenyl-Sepharose
      chromatography with a recovery of about 95 per cent. With a 0.05 M tris-HCl
      buffer, the pH optimum of the enzyme was determined to be 8.4. At this pH,
      substrate inhibition of the enzyme by either fructose-6-phosphate (F6P) or ATP
      was not observed, and the relationship between reaction velocity and each
      substrate concentration was well explained by the Michaelis-Menten equation. The
      Km values were determined to be 5 X 10(-5) and 1.8 X 10(-4) M for ATP and F6P,
      respectively. The enzyme, however, showed different catalytic properties at pH
      7.6, i.e. the kinetic behaviour was sigmoidal with respect to F6P and it was
      inhibited by high concentrations of ATP. The Hill coefficient for F6P was
      determined graphically to be 1.4. At pH 7.6, the enzyme activity was inhibited by
      citrate and phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), neither of which showed any inhibitory
      effect on the enzyme at pH 8.4.

PMID- 2933018
TI  - Hyaluronidase and retinal function.
AB  - Using the incubated isolated rat retina, the effects of hyaluronidase on the
      electroretinogram (ERG) and metabolic activities were investigated. Initial
      experiments established the activity of hyaluronidase needed to liquefy, within
      15 to 30 minutes, the vitreous of postmortem human eyes; this concentration was
      1,000 units/mL. Rat retinas were superfused with a bicarbonate-buffered,
      oxygenated medium to which hyaluronidase was added in activities ranging from 100
      to 5,000 units/mL. These concentrations of hyaluronidase did not significantly
      alter the amplitudes of the a waves and b waves of the ERG in comparison to their
      control amplitudes. Measurements were also made of lactic acid production, oxygen
      consumption, glutathione content, and adenosine triphosphatase activities in
      control and hyaluronidase-exposed retinas. In the presence of hyaluronidase,
      their respective values were similar to the controls for all biochemical factors
      studied. The present experiments demonstrate that addition of hyaluronidase to an
      "ocular irrigating" solution results in normal ERGs and normal retinal metabolic
      activity and suggests the possibility that hyaluronidase may be useful in enzyme
      assisted vitrectomy.

PMID- 2933014
TI  - Cerebral blood flow and cognitive testing correlate in Huntington's disease.
AB  - Brain atrophy estimated by computed tomographic (CT) scanning and mean
      hemispheric and regional gray matter cerebral blood flow (CBF) values were
      measured in patients with mild to moderate Huntington's disease (HD) (N = 16)
      using the xenon Xe 133 inhalation method and in asymptomatic blood relatives at
      risk from HD (N = 6) using both the xenon Xe 133 inhalation and the stable xenon
      CT contrast CBF methods. Results were compared with measurements in two groups of
      age-matched normal volunteers (N = 48 and N = 42, respectively). Significant
      brain atrophy in the vicinity of both caudate nuclei was present in patients with
      HD but not in at-risk individuals. Mean hemispheric xenon Xe 133 CBF values were
      reduced in patients with HD but seemed to be normal in at-risk individuals. In
      HD, reductions in CBF were found in both frontotemporal regions. Correlations
      were found between severity of dementia estimated by reductions of Mini-Mental
      Status Questionnaire scores and reductions of either mean hemispheric or regional
      frontotemporal CBF values in HD. The CT estimates of brain atrophy and three
      dimensional CBF by stable xenon-contrast measurements were normal in asymptomatic
      individuals at risk from HD.

PMID- 2933016
TI  - Salivary-IgA antibody to glucosyltransferase of oral microbial origin in
      children.
AB  - Salivary IgA levels were measured in whole saliva of 143 children, 2-48 months of
      age. The median salivary IgA concentration of children less than 12 months old
      was 30 micrograms/ml. A significant increase in salivary IgA concentration
      occurred in children 12 to 17 months old. More than 50 per cent of the
      population, 36 months of age and older, had Streptococcus mutans (88 per cent
      biotype I) recoverable from their teeth. Salivary IgA antibody levels were
      measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to glucosyltransferase (GTF)
      antigen complexes from oral streptococci. Salivary IgA antibody to GTF from
      Streptococcus sanguis was detected in many children. Over 40 per cent of the 43
      48-month-old group had detectable salivary antibody to Strep. sanguis GTF;
      salivary IgA antibody to Strep. mutans GTF (biotype I) was less frequently
      detected. Most subjects with salivary antibody to Strep. mutans GTF had antibody
      to Strep. sanguis GTF but only 23 per cent with salivary antibody to Strep.
      sanguis GTF had antibody to Strep. mutans GTF. Antibody to Strep. sanguis GTF was
      infrequently associated with the recovery of Strep. mutans from the teeth.

PMID- 2933019
TI  - A practical guide for the prevention of catheter-associated urinary tract
      infections.

PMID- 2933020
TI  - Counseling in urology.

PMID- 2933021
TI  - End-stage renal disease and renal transplantation.

PMID- 2933015
TI  - Hexosaminidase-A deficiency presenting as atypical juvenile-onset spinal muscular
      atrophy.
AB  - Three patients from two families had an unusual phenotypical variant of late
      onset hexosaminidase-A deficiency. The clinical picture was dominated by spinal
      motor neuron involvement mimicking juvenile-onset spinal muscular atrophy.
      Atypical features included prominent muscle cramps, postural and action tremor,
      recurrent psychosis, incoordination, corticospinal and corticobulbar involvement,
      and dysarthria. The presence of these atypical features in patients whose lower
      motor neuron involvement would otherwise be consistent with juvenile-onset spinal
      muscular atrophy should raise the suspicion of the presence of hexosaminidase-A
      deficiency and GM2 gangliosidosis that can be proved by appropriate enzyme
      assays.

PMID- 2933022
TI  - Dental treatment and radiation therapy.

PMID- 2933023
TI  - An inhibitor of plasminogen activator produced by tumour cell fusion hybrids.
AB  - Expression of plasminogen activator (PA) activity may be an important factor in
      the ability of tumour cells to metastasize; however, not all metastatic cells
      produce detectable PA activity. Conditioned culture media from revertant
      metastatic clones of cells derived by fusion of metastatic and non-metastatic rat
      mammary adenocarcinoma cells were found to contain a potent inhibitor of PA. This
      inhibited thrombin, human urokinase (UK) and tumour-derived PA, but not plasmin
      or trypsin. Inhibition was still obtained after polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS-PAGE) of mixtures
      of PA and inhibitor, followed by development of PA activity on fibrin overlays.
      The PA inhibitor eluted from Sephadex G-200 over a broad M.wt. range (35,000
      80,000) and was inactivated by heating to 70 degrees for 30 min. The appearance
      of inhibitory activity in the culture media was time-dependent and could be
      reduced by incubation of cells with cycloheximide. Because of these findings, the
      possible presence of inhibitors should be considered in investigations into the
      role of PA in the metastatic process.

PMID- 2933025
TI  - Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty: experience at Westmead Centre.

PMID- 2933024
TI  - The treatment of hirsutism: experience with cyproterone acetate and
      spironolactone.

PMID- 2933026
TI  - The effects of dehydroepiandrosterone on the rate of development of cancer and
      autoimmune processes in laboratory rodents.

PMID- 2933027
TI  - Hypersensitivity to DNA-damaging agents in abiotrophies: a new explanation for
      degeneration of neurons, photoreceptors, and muscle in Alzheimer, Parkinson and
      Huntington diseases, retinitis pigmentosa, and Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

PMID- 2933028
TI  - Ribitol dehydrogenase of Klebsiella aerogenes. Sequence of the structural gene.
AB  - The ribitol dehydrogenase gene was cloned from wild-type Klebsiella aerogenes and
      also from a transducing phage lambda prbt which expresses the rbt operon
      constitutively. The coding sequence for 249 amino acids is separated from the
      following D-ribulokinase gene by 31 base pairs containing three stop codons, one
      of which overlaps the ribosome binding site for D-ribulokinase. Three residues in
      the amino acid sequence differ from that predicted from the DNA sequence: Asp-212
      for Asn-212 is probably a protein sequencing error, but -Ala-Val- for -Ser-Ser-
      at 146-147 appears to be a 'neutral mutation' that may have arisen during
      prolonged chemostat selection of a strain that superproduces the enzyme from
      which the protein sequence was determined.

PMID- 2933029
TI  - Molecular distinctions between heparan sulphate and heparin. Analysis of
      sulphation patterns indicates that heparan sulphate and heparin are separate
      families of N-sulphated polysaccharides.
AB  - Heparan sulphate and heparin are chemically related alpha beta-linked
      glycosaminoglycans composed of alternating sequences of glucosamine and uronic
      acid. The amino sugars may be N-acetylated or N-sulphated, and the latter
      substituent is unique to these two polysaccharides. Although there is general
      agreement that heparan sulphate is usually less sulphated than heparin,
      reproducible differences in their molecular structure have been difficult to
      identify. We suggest that this is because most of the analytical data have been
      obtained with degraded materials that are not necessarily representative of
      complete polysaccharide chains. In the present study intact heparan sulphates,
      labelled biosynthetically with [3H]glucosamine and Na2(35)SO4, were isolated from
      the surface membranes of several types of cells in culture. The polysaccharide
      structure was analysed by complete HNO2 hydrolysis followed by fractionation of
      the products by gel filtration and high-voltage electrophoresis. Results showed
      that in all heparan sulphates there were approximately equal numbers of N-sulpho
      and N-acetyl substituents, arranged in a similar, predominantly segregated,
      manner along the polysaccharide chain. O-Sulphate groups were in close proximity
      to the N-sulphate groups but, unlike the latter, the number of O-sulphate groups
      could vary considerably in heparan sulphates of different cellular origins
      ranging from 20 to 75 O-sulphate groups per 100 disaccharide units. Inspection of
      the published data on heparin showed that the N-sulphate frequency was very high
      (greater than 80% of the glucosamine residues are N-sulphated) and the
      concentration of O-sulphate groups exceeded that of the N-sulphate groups. We
      conclude from these and other observations that heparan sulphate and heparin are
      separate families of N-sulphated glycosaminoglycans.

PMID- 2933030
TI  - Mechanism of action of rabbit liver phosphoglucomutase.
AB  - Induced-transport tests with comparatively undegraded rabbit liver
      phosphoglucomutase show that the enzyme possesses a phosphoenzyme mechanism and
      that any interconversion of phosphoenzyme forms is very rapid. A relatively
      stable 32P-labelled phosphoenzyme was isolated, which exchanged label rapidly
      with substrates. The phospho group appears to be bonded to a serine residue on
      the enzyme.

PMID- 2933031
TI  - The sequence of two peptides isolated from the Ca2+-transporting ATPase of rabbit
      sarcoplasmic reticulum after cleavage at tryptophan.
AB  - Cleavage of reduced, carboxymethylated, delipidated CA2+-transporting ATPase
      protein from rabbit sarcoplasmic reticulum with dimethyl sulphoxide/HBr yielded
      two long peptides (38 and 73 residues), distinct from the known major sequences
      of the ATPase. The longer peptide contained at least two cysteine residues, which
      were disulphide-linked in the native protein. It was therefore derived from the B
      fragment of the ATPase in which the disulphides had previously been located. It
      probably formed a loop on the luminal side of the membrane, spanning two membrane
      buried tryptophan residues. The N-terminal sequence of this peptide, (Trp)-Phe
      Met-Tyr-Ala, forms the basis for an oligodeoxynucleotide probe, the use of which
      to identify cDNA corresponding to the ATPase is described elsewhere [MacLennan,
      Brandl, Korczak & Green (1985) Nature (London) 316, 696-700].

PMID- 2933032
TI  - Rat atrial natriuretic polypeptide stimulation of adrenal zona glomerulosa cell
      growth.
AB  - Rat atrial natriuretic polypeptide (rANP) was found to stimulate [3H] thymidine
      incorporation into the DNA of bovine adrenal glomerulosa cells in a primary
      culture in a dose-dependent manner. The minimum effective dose was a very low
      concentration (10(-12) M of ANP), suggesting that ANP had a physiological effect.
      These findings are the first indication that ANP possesses growth-stimulating
      activity with regard to adrenal zona glomerulosa cells.

PMID- 2933033
TI  - Cobalt-(cysteinyl)4 tetrahedra in yeast cobalt(II)-thionein.
AB  - The conversion of yeast Cu(I)-thionein into the Co(II) derivative was successful.
      2.6 Co atoms were incorporated per mole of protein yielding a Co : S ratio of 1 :
      3. The electronic absorption of this highly air sensitive Co(II)-thionein is
      virtually identical to those of the Co(II) derivatives of other metallothioneins
      originating from vertebrates and N. crassa. Weaker Cotton extrema are noticed and
      the two doublet splittings of Cu-thionein disappeared. Throughout the molar
      ellipticities of the cobalt protein were markedly lower compared to those of the
      Cu-thionein. Owing to the characteristic charge transfer bands and d-d
      transitions a tetrahedral Co-thiolate coordination was deduced. The best fit
      proposal maintaining the above Co : S ratio of 1 : 3 was a six-membered ring with
      three bridging cysteine sulphurs.

PMID- 2933035
TI  - Sodium ion stimulates the release of atrial natriuretic polypeptides (ANP) from
      rat atria.
AB  - The release of atrial natriuretic polypeptides from spontaneously beating
      isolated rat atria was found to be sensitive to the increase in the concentration
      of sodium ion. The osmotic pressure, when produced by pharmacologically inactive
      choline chloride, also increased the release of ANP but substantially less than
      the sodium ion. Sodium ion and osmotic pressure stimulated the release of ANP in
      the hyperosmotic but not in the hypo-osmotic range. Neither stretch nor several
      neurotransmitters tested had any effects on the rate of ANP secretion.

PMID- 2933034
TI  - Filamin inhibits actomyosin ATPase activity in platelet.
AB  - Filamin, an actin cross-linker protein, has been shown to exist in platelet. The
      role of this protein in the platelet has remained unclear. In this report, we
      show that filamin inhibits the actin-activated Mg2+ -ATPase activity of platelet
      myosin. The activation caused by platelet actin is inhibited by 50% at the molar
      ratio of filamin to actin of 1/50. Platelet tropomyosin, which we showed to
      enhance the ATPase activity, does not abolish the effect of filamin. The results
      support the view that filamin stabilizes the actin network in the resting
      platelet.

PMID- 2933036
TI  - Comparison of synexin isotypes in secretory and non-secretory tissues.
AB  - Three synexin isotypes were identified in bovine liver or adrenal medullary
      tissues by immune blotting of one- or two-dimensional SDS gels and by two
      dimensional tryptic peptide mapping of gel bands or spots. These isotypes were:
      alpha-synexin, mass 47 kDa, pI 6.9; beta-synexin, mass 47 kDa, pI 6.5; and mu
      synexin, mass 51 kDa, pI 6.1. A non-secretory tissue, bovine skeletal muscle, was
      found to contain only mu-synexin. The absence of alpha- and beta-synexins in a
      non-secretory tissue suggests these proteins may perform specific roles in the
      process of exocytosis.

PMID- 2933037
TI  - Stimulation of the Ca2+-dependent polymerization of synexin by cis-unsaturated
      fatty acids.
AB  - The influence of fatty acids on the polymerization of synexin was studied by
      monitoring light scattered from solutions of purified synexin. Cis-unsaturated
      fatty acids such as arachidonate or oleate stimulated synexin polymerization at
      sub-micromolar concentrations, while saturated fatty acids, a trans unsaturated
      fatty acid or a fatty acid methyl ester had little effect. The polymerization of
      synexin occurred at lower concentrations of Ca2+ in the presence of the fatty
      acids than in the absence of fatty acids. Therefore, Ca2+ and free fatty acids
      may act as co-regulators of synexin action in stimulated secretory cells.

PMID- 2933038
TI  - Isolation of calelectrin-like proteins associated with smooth muscle plasma
      membranes.
AB  - Plasma membranes prepared from pig stomach smooth muscle (antral part) were
      extracted with Triton X-100 to isolate insoluble cytoskeletal components.
      Reextraction of the insoluble material in EGTA yielded a protein complex which
      resembled the family of proteins that has been designated as 'mammalian
      calelectrins' [Sudhof, T.C. et al. (1984) Biochemistry 23, 1103-1109]. Plasma
      membranes prepared in the presence and in the absence of 0.6 M KCl differed by
      the amount of these proteins, but in both preparations the EGTA-extractable
      proteins were quantitatively important constituents. Two of these proteins were
      further purified by means of ion exchange chromatography to apparent homogeneity
      as judged from sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis.

PMID- 2933039
TI  - Calcium-independent bacterial activator of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase
      and Ca2+/Mg2+-ATPase.
AB  - Ca2+-independent protein-modulator (BacM) was found in the culture medium of
      Staphylococcus aureus. BacM activated calmodulin-dependent cyclic nucleotide
      phosphodiesterase and Ca2+/Mg2+-ATPase in the same way as calmodulin. BacM was
      shown to be a proteolytic fragment of the exotoxin secreted by the S. aureus
      strain under study. The kinetic analyses of the ATPase activation by BacM and CaM
      were performed. These studies demonstrated that the enzyme molecule contains at
      least two activator-sensitive sites. Experiments on the ATPase activation by Ca2+
      both in the presence and in the absence of BacM and CaM documented that CaM
      ATPase and BacM-ATPase complexes can exist at low concentrations of calcium.
      Analysis of activation curves of ATPase by Ca2+ revealed three Ca2+-binding sites
      in the enzyme-activator complex.

PMID- 2933040
TI  - Increased levels of myosin mRNAs in spontaneously hypertensive rat heart.
AB  - RNAs isolated from normal and spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rat heart tissues
      were examined by direct hybridization assay using cloned DNA probes containing
      chicken cardiac myosin light chain and heavy chain specific cDNA sequences. In 7
      weeks old SHR heart, the level of mRNA hybridizable to these probes is the same
      as in normal rat heart. However, at 18 weeks of age, when hypertrophy in SHR is
      well established as a consequence of age-related increase in blood pressure and
      cardiac mass, there is an increase in SHR mRNA levels consistent with the
      increase in the corresponding proteins. Thus, the increase in mRNAs for major
      myofibrillar proteins and the onset of hypertrophic state in SHR appear to occur
      simultaneously.

PMID- 2933041
TI  - Slow calcium channel blockers and calmodulin. Effect of felodipine, nifedipine,
      prenylamine and bepridil on cardiac sarcolemmal calcium pumping ATPase.
AB  - The effect of four slow Ca2+ channel blockers (felodipine, nifedipine,
      prenylamine and bepridil) that possess the ability to bind to calmodulin (CaM)
      section and to inhibit myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) on CaM-regulated Ca2+
      pumping ATPase of cardiac sarcolemma (SL) and brain cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase
      (PDE) was studied. The ability of these drugs to inhibit Ca2+ pumping ATPase
      correlated with their inhibitory effect on CaM-activated Ca2+-dependent PDE.
      Nifedipine was unable to inhibit markedly both enzymes. Prenylamine also was a
      weak inhibitor, which was unexpected because of its CaM binding potency.
      Felodipine (10-50 microM) and bepridil (50 microM) markedly reduced activities of
      SL Ca2+ pumping ATPase and PDE. Striking differences were, however, demonstrated
      when Ca2+ and CaM concentrations, respectively, were increased. Previously it was
      reported that inhibition of the SL Ca2+ pumping ATPase by the CaM antagonist
      calmidazolium could be overcome by increasing Ca2+ concentrations (J. M. J.
      Lamers and J. T. Stinis, Cell Calcium 4, 281-294, 1983). Felodipine (10-50
      microM) in the present study, appeared to be equipotent with calmidazolium in
      reducing Ca2+ pumping ATPase, but increasing Ca2+ up to 12.2 microM could not
      counteract this effect. Felodipine (2-10 microM) also inhibited brain PDE
      noncompetitively with respect to CaM contrary to the competitive effectors
      calmidazolium and bepridil. On the other hand, bepridil (10-20 microM) decreased
      or increased Ca2+ pumping ATPase activity depending on the Ca2+ concentration
      (0.29 and 12.2 microM, respectively) used. These findings suggest at least two
      types of CaM antagonists, which can be discriminated on basis of their inhibition
      patterns of PDE and heart SL Ca2+ pumping ATPase.

PMID- 2933043
TI  - Effects of 6-aminonicotinamide on cell growth, poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis and
      nucleotide metabolism.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine if the cytotoxic effects of 6
      aminonicotinamide are solely the result of an inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose)
      synthesis. The effects of 6-aminonicotinamide on cell growth, poly(ADP-ribose)
      synthesis and nucleotide concentrations were compared with the effect of 3
      aminobenzamide, a more potent inhibitor of poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis. The growth
      of L1210 cells was not inhibited by 1 mM 3-aminobenzamide and was only slightly
      inhibited by 5 mM 3-aminobenzamide even though poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis, as
      measured by the N-methyl N-nitrosourea induced depletion of NAD+, was inhibited
      substantially. In contrast, 6-aminonicotinamide was found to be a potent
      inhibitor of L1210 and CHO cell growth. A 5 mM concentration of 3-aminobenzamide
      had no effect on purine and pyrimidine ribonucleotide concentrations or on the
      ATP to ADP ratio, but it did cause a slight elevation of NAD+. 6
      Aminonicotinamide at 0.01 mM caused a depletion of purine and pyrimidine
      nucleotides and NAD+ as well as a reduction in the ATP to ADP ratio. 6
      Aminonicotinamide at 1 mM caused a substantial inhibition of purine nucleotide
      synthesis from [14C] glycine but did not stimulate ATP breakdown. We conclude
      that inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis caused little growth inhibition in
      itself and that the effects of 6-amininicotinamide on nucleotide metabolism were
      sufficient to produce an inhibition of both cell growth and DNA repair.

PMID- 2933042
TI  - Modulation of 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine metabolism and cytotoxicity in human bladder
      cancer cells by fluoropyrimidines.
AB  - Iododeoxyuridine (IdUrd) potentiated the lethal but not the growth inhibitory
      properties of fluorouracil (FUra) and fluorodeoxyuridine (FdUrd) in human bladder
      cancer cells (T24). The rate of incorporation of IdUrd into DNA was enhanced by
      both fluoropyrimidines, but to a significantly greater extent by FdUrd. Both
      inhibition of iododeoxyridylate dehalogenation and the depletion of thymidine
      triphosphate pools contributed to the increased incorporation rate. Inhibition of
      dehalogenation accounted for 67% of the observed stimulation in the case of FUra,
      but only 37% of the increase produced by FdUrd. The depletion of dTTP pools, both
      in the presence and absence of IdUrd, was greater after FdUrd than FUra exposure.
      The observed increase in the rate of incorporation of IdUrd appears to account
      for the enhanced toxicity seen with FdUrd, but other factors may be involved in
      the case of FUra. Since FUra and IdUrd appear to be mutually potentiating and do
      not share a dependence on thymidine kinase activity, this drug combination
      warrants further investigation.

PMID- 2933044
TI  - Kinetics of conjugation and oxidation of nitrobenzyl alcohols by rat hepatic
      enzymes.
AB  - Previous work has suggested that quantitative differences in the in vitro and in
      vivo metabolism of mononitrotoluene isomers are a result of differences in the
      hepatic conjugation and oxidation of the first metabolic intermediates, the
      mononitrobenzyl alcohols. We have determined the steady-state kinetic parameters,
      Vmax, Km and V/K, for the metabolism of the nitrobenzyl alcohols by rat hepatic
      alcohol dehydrogenase, glucuronyltransferase, and sulfotransferase. 3-Nitrobenzyl
      alcohol was the best substrate for cytosolic alcohol dehydrogenase (Vmax = 1.48
      nmoles/min/mg protein, V/K = 3.15 X 10(-3) nmoles/min/mg protein/microM, Km = 503
      microM). Vmax and Km values for 4-nitrobenzyl alcohol were similar, but V/K was
      about 60% of that for 3-nitrobenzyl alcohol. 2-Nitrobenzyl alcohol was not
      metabolized by the alcohol dehydrogenase preparation used here, but it was
      metabolized to 2-nitrobenzoic acid by a rat liver mitochondrial preparation. 2
      Nitrobenzyl alcohol was the best substrate for microsomal glucuronyltransferase
      (Vmax = 3.59 nmoles/min/mg protein, V/K = 11.28 X 10(-3) nmoles/min/mg
      protein/microM, Km = 373 microM). The Vmax for 3-nitrobenzyl alcohol was similar,
      but the V/K was about half and the Km was about twice that for 2-nitrobenzyl
      alcohol. The Vmax for 4-nitrobenzyl alcohol was about 40% and the V/K was about
      half that for 2-nitrobenzyl alcohol. The best substrate for cytosolic
      sulfotransferase was 4-nitrobenzyl alcohol (Vmax = 1.69 nmoles/min/mg protein,
      V/K = 37.21 X 10(-3) nmoles/min/mg protein/microM, Km = 48 microM). The Vmax
      values for the other two benzyl alcohols were similar, but the V/K and Km values
      were about 11 and 400%, respectively, of those for 4-nitrobenzyl alcohol. These
      data are in qualitative agreement with results obtained when the nitrobenzyl
      alcohols were incubated with isolated hepatocytes, but they do not allow
      quantitative modeling of the data from hepatocytes.

PMID- 2933045
TI  - Total lymphoid irradiation in patients with refractory rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - Eleven patients with rheumatoid arthritis that had been refractory to
      conventional drug therapy were treated with total lymphoid irradiation (TLI).
      Followup continued for 6 months in 9 patients, 12 months in 6 patients, and 24
      months in 3 patients. At 6 and 12 months post-TLI, a significant improvement in
      clinical disease activity was demonstrated. Side effects noted during TLI
      included fatigue, nausea, diarrhea, and vomiting. One patient died of
      cardiorespiratory arrest, 2 patients died of kidney failure secondary to
      generalized amyloidosis, and 1 patient died of septic shock secondary to a
      multilocular septic arthritis. One patient experienced 2 episodes of septic
      arthritis; 2 patients manifested delayed wound healing. Immunologic assessments
      showed consistent lymphopenia in all patients. T lymphocyte subsets decreased
      after TLI, and showed a transient increase at 6 months post-TLI. The suppressed
      mitogen responsiveness, which was noted 2 months after irradiation, was found to
      increase almost to the pre-TLI levels at 12 months. The observed increase in
      morbidity and mortality after TLI is evidence that discourages the use of this
      therapeutic technique, at least in its present form.

PMID- 2933048
TI  - Interleukin 1: an immunological perspective.

PMID- 2933047
TI  - [Transluminal laser angioplasty: an experimental evaluation of the potentials of
      recanalization using a YAG-neodymium laser].

PMID- 2933046
TI  - Enteral and parenteral nutrition of low birth weight infants.

PMID- 2933049
TI  - Effector and regulatory mechanisms in immunity to schistosomes: a heuristic view.

PMID- 2933050
TI  - A comparison of the endocrine effects of low dose aminoglutethimide with and
      without hydrocortisone in postmenopausal breast cancer patients.
AB  - The endocrine effects of 125 mg (low dose) aminoglutethimide (AG) twice daily
      (b.d.) were compared with those of 125 mg AG + 20 mg hydrocortisone (HC) b.d. in
      23 and 45 postmenopausal patients with advanced breast cancer, respectively. The
      patients in each group were drawn from two separate populations, but the mean age
      and weight of the groups were similar and there were no significant differences
      between the pretreatment serum levels of the hormones investigated. Serum
      oestrone and oestradiol levels were suppressed by both treatments, but there was
      a significantly greater suppression by AG + HC. This greater suppression is
      probably due to the observed increase in serum androstenedione (i.e. precursor)
      levels with AG alone, whilst with AG + HC these levels were found to be reduced.
      In terms of suppression of serum oestrogen levels it is of benefit to combine low
      dose AG with HC.

PMID- 2933052
TI  - Conception during 'Diane' therapy--a successful outcome.

PMID- 2933051
TI  - Changes in subcellular calcium transport in rat hearts during the calcium
      paradox.
AB  - Changes in the transport of calcium in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and
      mitochondria (MT), of the rat heart during calcium paradox were investigated.
      Calcium binding and uptake by SR in the paradox hearts were from about 1.5 to 2
      times greater than in normal hearts, whereas in the MT of the paradox hearts they
      were about half those of normal hearts. There was no difference between paradox
      and normal hearts in calcium stimulated ATPase activity in the SR. The
      ultrastructure of the MT was disrupted in calcium paradox, but the SR was
      essentially the same as in normal hearts. We propose that during calcium paradox,
      the intracellular calcium overload damages both calcium transport and the
      ultrastructure of the MT, but that calcium transport by the SR is accelerated to
      compensate for the calcium overload.

PMID- 2933054
TI  - Treatment of chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis and conventional wisdom?

PMID- 2933053
TI  - Vitamin A in skin and serum--studies of acne vulgaris, atopic dermatitis,
      ichthyosis vulgaris and lichen planus.
AB  - The concentrations of vitamin A and total carotenoids were measured in serum and
      skin of 61 patients with acne vulgaris, atopic dermatitis, ichthyosis vulgaris or
      lichen planus, and compared with those in 37 healthy subjects. The mean serum
      concentrations of retinol and retinol-binding protein were significantly
      decreased in patients with acne (P less than 0.01) and slightly increased in
      those with ichthyosis (P less than 0.05), but were otherwise normal. Serum
      carotenoid levels did not differ between patients and controls. Superficial shave
      biopsies from both involved and uninvolved skin were examined for the presence of
      retinol (vitamin A1), dehydroretinol (vitamin A2) and total carotenoids. The mean
      retinol concentration was increased in lichen planus lesions (P less than 0.05)
      and decreased in both acne skin (involved and uninvolved) and in lesions of
      atopic dermatitis (P less than 0.05). The mean dehydroretinol concentration was
      markedly increased in lesions of atopic dermatitis and lichen planus (P less than
      0.01). No consistent abnormalities were found in skin of patients with ichthyosis
      vulgaris. The mean carotenoid concentration in the patients' skin did not differ
      significantly from that in the controls. The reduced retinol level in the skin of
      acne patients is probably explained by diminished supply of vitamin A from the
      blood. The abnormal ratio of retinol to dehydroretinol in lesions of lichen
      planus and atopic dermatitis is possibly due to changes in cutaneous vitamin A
      metabolism associated with epidermal hyperproliferation and inflammation.

PMID- 2933055
TI  - PUVA therapy prevents sensitization to mechlorethamine in patients with
      psoriasis.
AB  - Two groups of 20 patients with psoriasis were treated with mechlorethamine
      applied topically (group A) or with PUVA combined with mechlorethamine (group B).
      In group B mechlorethamine was started after six PUVA treatments. Results showed
      a significant decrease of the incidence of contact dermatitis in group B (30%)
      compared with group A (75%). Allergic dermatitis, demonstrated by a positive
      patch test to mechlorethamine with an histology of eczema, was observed in 55% of
      patients in group A and 20% in group B. The incidence of irritant dermatitis was
      not significantly different in the two groups. Allergic dermatitis was observed
      later in group B: after an average of 32.2 applications of mechlorethamine
      compared with 25 applications in group A. Possible mechanisms responsible for
      these results are reduction of epidermal Langerhans cells by PUVA therapy and
      induction of antigen-specific suppressor T cells. Patients living far from a
      specialized centre might be treated initially with PUVA therapy then with
      mechlorethamine alone, at home. This schedule may reduce the incidence of contact
      dermatitis to mechlorethamine.

PMID- 2933056
TI  - Degradation of factor VIII coagulant antigen by proteolytic enzymes.
AB  - The factors responsible for the lability of factor VIII coagulant activity
      (VIII:C) and factor VIII coagulant antigen (VIII:CAg) are poorly understood. In
      this study the VIII:C and VIII:CAg are studied after incubation with plasmin,
      trypsin or alpha-chymotrypsin. Both isolated human VIII:CAg and VIII:CAg
      associated with factor VIII-related antigen (VIII R:Ag) are evaluated. The
      antigenic sites of the VIII:CAg are somewhat more stable to the action of these
      enzymes than the functional activity, although both follow a generally parallel
      degradation. A biphasic decay curve is seen in the initial time points. No
      stabilization of the functional or antigenic reactivity is observed in the
      presence of the VIII R:Ag. Lower concentrations of each enzyme cause an initial
      rise in the factor VIII:C in the presence of VIII R:Ag, but not in the isolated
      VIII:CAg. Higher concentrations of alpha-chymotrypsin cause activation of VIII:C
      and a slight decrease in the VIII:CAg values in both preparations. These enzymes
      may play a modulating role in the coagulation cascade through the activation and
      degradation of VIII:C and VIII:CAg.

PMID- 2933057
TI  - Is bladder catheterization really necessary before laparoscopy?
AB  - A randomized prospective controlled trial compared a policy of bladder
      catheterization with no catheterization in patients undergoing laparoscopy. Of
      the 41 patients randomized to receive no catheterization, seven were actually
      catheterized on the judgement of the surgeon, but only one of them had greater
      than 50 ml of urine. Midstream urine obtained 6 days after laparoscopy was
      infected in 9 (21%) of the 42 patients allocated to receive catheterization and
      in only five (12%) of those allocated to the no-catheter group. Four of these
      five were actually not catheterized, giving an infection rate of 12% in the 34
      patients not catheterized. The differences are statistically significant. A
      routine policy of catheterization for patients undergoing laparoscopy is
      questionable. All patients who are catheterized should be investigated for
      urinary tract infections after operation.

PMID- 2933058
TI  - Congenital lip pits and facial clefts.
AB  - Two families with congenital lower lip pits in association with cleft lip and
      palate, and isolated cleft palate are described. The presentation, mode of
      inheritance, aetiology, treatment and genetic significance are reviewed.

PMID- 2933059
TI  - Cleft lip and palate in Nigerian children and adults: a comparative study.
AB  - A survey of cleft lip and palate in 160 Nigerians is presented. In clefts of the
      lip alone, there was no sex predilection whereas cleft lip and palate cases
      showed a slight male preponderance. 119 (74.4%) cases presented below the age of
      12 years and 41 (25.6%) cases were first seen above 12 years of age. Only a few
      cleft lip and palate cases survived to adulthood possibly because of malnutrition
      combined with the lethal effects of associated congenital abnormalities. This
      study confirms the view that late primary repair of clefts is less likely to
      produce impaired growth of the maxilla due to contraction of scar tissue commonly
      seen in early surgery. The importance of early primary repair is emphasised.

PMID- 2933060
TI  - Orthodontic hardware for oral surgeons.
AB  - The advantages and aims of joint management of orthognathic surgery patients are
      described. The uses of orthodontic appliances for inter-maxillary fixation and
      post-surgical stabilisation of the occlusion are illustrated.

PMID- 2933061
TI  - An investigation into post-operative pain after third molar surgery under local
      analgesia.
AB  - The pain experienced after third molar surgery was investigated over a 7 day post
      operative period in 80 patients. The results from the study suggest that post
      operative pain is of short duration and reaches its maximum intensity in the
      early post-operative period. Nearly all patients required an analgesic at some
      time during the 7 days. The sex of the patient and whether there is a previous
      history of pericoronitis are important determinants of post-operative pain.
      However, the magnitude of post-operative pain does not appear to be dependent
      upon the operator or related to the extent of surgical trauma as assessed by
      operating time and radiographic score.

PMID- 2933062
TI  - Dry socket incidence compared after a 12 year interval.
AB  - A survey was conducted over a 3 month period in 1983 to examine the influence of
      clinical factors on the incidence of dry socket (DS) after extractions of
      permanent teeth under local analgesia. The findings were compared with those of a
      similar 3 month survey in the same hospital in 1971. Age, sex and extraction site
      each significantly influenced the incidence of DS. The major difference from the
      1971 survey was an increase in the DS incidence from 3.0% to 4.0% of extractions.
      This occurred mainly following multiple extractions and may indicate that
      patients, particularly in this group, are nowadays less tolerant of any post
      extraction discomfort and hence more readily return for attention. This is
      particularly relevant in the present study since the broad definition of DS used
      in both surveys embraced even the mildest presentations of disturbed socket
      healing.

PMID- 2933063
TI  - Antibiotic treatment of cervicofacial actinomycosis for patients allergic to
      penicillin: a clinical and in vitro study.
AB  - The minimum inhibitory concentrations for erythromycin, clindamycin, lincomycin,
      tetracycline and minocycline have been determined for 92 clinical and three
      culture collection isolates of Actinomyces. From a consideration of MIC values
      and expected serum levels from oral therapy, minocycline was the drug of choice
      for the treatment of actinomycosis in patients allergic to penicillin. The serum
      levels of six patients allergic to penicillin, treated with oral minocycline 1
      g/day were monitored and found to exceed the MIC for the Actinomyces species
      responsible for the condition. In all six Actinomycosis cases resolution was
      achieved in 8-16 weeks of oral minocycline therapy with no recrudescence for 1
      year.

PMID- 2933065
TI  - Primary amyloidosis causing macroglossia and respiratory symptoms.
AB  - Amyloidosis may involve the tongue, causing macroglossia. Such a case is
      described which resulted in airway obstruction. The subsequent management was by
      permanent tracheostomy.

PMID- 2933066
TI  - Primary intra-osseous carcinoma involving the maxilla.
AB  - Primary intra-osseous carcinoma, especially in the maxilla, is a rare sub-type of
      odontogenic carcinoma. The authors describe a recurrent case with maxillary
      involvement. In 1981, an intra-osseous maxillary tumour was excised from a 33
      year-old male. There were two recurrences (in 1983 and 1984). Extra-osseous sites
      for the origin of the tumour were excluded. The histopathological appearance of
      the tumour was that of a primary intra-osseous carcinoma. At the age of 22 years,
      the patient had an osteosarcoma of the radius and at the age of 31 years,
      pulmonary tuberculosis. The differential diagnosis of primary intra-osseous
      carcinoma is discussed.

PMID- 2933068
TI  - Biotin deficiency and susceptibility to fatty liver and kidney syndrome in
      broiler chicks: reduced 6-phosphofructokinase (EC 2.7.1.11) activity but normal
      fructose 2,6-bisphosphate content in birds with hepatomegaly.
AB  - In two separate experiments, using different strains, broiler chicks were reared
      on either a commercial-type chick mash (control) or a fatty liver and kidney
      syndrome (FLKS)-inducing diet. In Expt a, chicks were killed on day 29 and in
      Expt b, on day 32. Body-weights and liver weights were measured, and values from
      those given the control ration used to construct a hepatomegaly index by
      employing a variant of linear discriminant analysis. Application of the index to
      FLKS birds revealed a statistically significant bimodal distribution of liver
      size. The birds with enlarged livers (high index) also possessed metabolic
      abnormalities in that 6-phosphofructokinase (EC 2.7.1.11; PFK-1) activity
      (measured at low substrate concentration) was depressed despite the presence of
      normal, or even slightly elevated fructose 2,6-bisphosphate concentration. This
      indicates the presence of an uncharacterized regulatory mechanism for PFK-1 in
      FLKS-susceptible birds.

PMID- 2933064
TI  - Amyloidosis with oral involvement.
AB  - Amyloidosis is a disease complex in which amyloid fibrils, formed from various
      serum proteins, may be deposited in a local or systemic distribution. When this
      deposition affects vital organs the disease usually is fatal because there is no
      effective treatment. This paper reports a case of amyloidosis with oral
      involvement and discusses recent advances concerning the properties of amyloid
      fibrils and the various pathogenic mechanisms responsible for their formation.

PMID- 2933067
TI  - Cementoblastoma: review of the literature and report of a case in a 7 year-old
      girl.
AB  - Cementoblastoma is a very rare tumour of mesenchymal odontogenic origin. It
      usually affects adolescents and young adults, the youngest patient ever reported
      being 8 years-old. It is treated by enucleation and has an excellent prognosis.
      We review the world literature on the subject and present a case of
      cementoblastoma in a 7 year-old girl.

PMID- 2933069
TI  - 1H NMR studies of lambda cro repressor. 1. Selective optimization of two
      dimensional relayed coherence transfer spectroscopy.
AB  - Two-dimensional relayed coherence transfer NMR spectroscopy (RELAY) has been used
      to corroborate side chain spin system identities in crowded regions of the 1H NMR
      spectrum of the lambda cro repressor protein. The mixing time in the RELAY
      experiments was optimized for specific preselected spin systems by using recently
      developed methods [Bax, A., & Drobny, G. (1985) J. Magn. Reson, 61, 306-320],
      which utilize the transverse relaxation time (T2) of the molecule and relevant J
      couplings for the defined spin system. We demonstrate that a mixing time of 26 ms
      gives rise to strong C alpha H-C gamma H3 RELAY cross peaks for all valine,
      threonine, and isoleucine residues, while RELAY cross peaks for other spin
      systems are weak or are not observed. This allows for rapid and unambiguous
      identification of the side chain resonances for valine, isoleucine, threonine,
      and alanine (by elimination). The use of optimized RELAY for analyzing and
      identifying spin systems in complex spectra is discussed.

PMID- 2933070
TI  - 1H NMR studies of lambda cro repressor. 2. Sequential resonance assignments of
      the 1H NMR spectrum.
AB  - The cro repressor protein from bacteriophage lambda has been studied in solution
      by two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (2D NMR). Following
      the approach of Wuthrich and co-workers [Wuthrich, K., Wider, G., Wagner, G., &
      Braun, W. (1982) J. Mol. Biol. 155, 311-319], individual spin systems were
      identified by J-correlated spectroscopy (COSY) supplemented, where necessary, by
      relayed coherence transfer spectroscopy (RELAY). Nuclear Overhauser effect
      spectroscopy (NOESY) was used to obtain sequence-specific assignments. From the
      two-dimensional spectra, the peptide backbone resonances (NH and C alpha H) for
      65 of the 66 amino acids were assigned, as well as most of the side chain
      resonances. The chemical shifts for the assigned protons are reported at 35
      degrees C in 10 mM potassium phosphate, pH 6.8, and in 10 mM potassium phosphate,
      pH 4.6, 0.2 M KCl, and 0.1 mM EDTA. Small shifts were observed for some
      resonances upon addition of salt, but no major changes in the spectrum were seen,
      indicating that no global structural change occurs between these ionic strengths.
      NOE patterns characteristic of alpha-helices, beta-strands, and turns are seen in
      various regions of the primary sequence. From the location of these regions the
      secondary structure of cro in solution appears to be virtually identical with the
      crystal structure [Anderson, W. F., Ohlendorf, D. H., Takeda, Y., & Matthews, B.
      W. (1981) Nature (London) 290, 754-758]. Missing assignments include the Pro-59
      resonances and the peripheral protons of the eight lysine, the three arginine,
      and three of the five isoleucine residues.

PMID- 2933071
TI  - Interaction of duramycin with artificial and natural membranes.
AB  - Duramycin is a polypeptide antibiotic (molecular weight 2012) obtained from
      culture filtrates of Streptomyces cinnamomeus forma azacoluta. In this work, we
      show that low concentrations of duramycin induced aggregation of lipid vesicles
      containing unsaturated phosphatidylethanolamine and unsaturated monogalactosyl
      diglyceride, and of sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles from rabbit skeletal muscle.
      Furthermore, duramycin inhibited the ATP-dependent Ca2+ uptake in sarcoplasmic
      reticulum vesicles without affecting the hydrolysis of ATP or the permeability of
      Ca2+. Also, duramycin only inhibited the bacteriorhodopsin proton pump
      reconstituted into phospholipid vesicles containing phosphatidylethanolamine. We
      have isolated a duramycin-resistant strain of Bacillus subtilis and have mapped
      the location of duramycin resistance. In this strain, the secretion of protons
      and influx of calcium were resistant to duramycin, and its lipid composition was
      profoundly different from that of the parent strain. No phosphatidylethanolamine
      was detected in the resistant strain. Our findings are consistent with the idea
      that duramycin recognizes a particular membrane conformation determined by the
      presence of phosphatidylethanolamine or monogalactosyl diglyceride.

PMID- 2933072
TI  - The influence of cupric ions on porphyrin-induced photodynamic membrane damage in
      human red blood cells.
AB  - Photooxidation of various susceptible substrates with hematoporphyrin derivative
      (photofrin) as sensitizer was strongly inhibited by simultaneous addition of
      cupric acetate to the reaction mixture. With sulfhydryl-containing compounds,
      however, an increased rate of photooxidation was observed under these
      experimental conditions. Preincubation of photofrin and cupric acetate at
      equimolar concentrations for 24 h at room temperature yielded a stable photofrin
      Cu2+ complex. This complex did not act as photosensitizer with histidine,
      tryptophan, tyrosine, methionine or guanosine as substrates. With dithiothreitol,
      however, the photofrin-Cu2+ complex still acted as a photosensitizer, with an
      efficiency of about 30% as compared to free photofrin. Also in red blood cell
      membranes only sulfhydryl groups were photooxidized with the photofrin-Cu2+
      complex as sensitizer. Illumination of intact erythrocytes in the presence of the
      photofrin-Cu2+ complex resulted in K+ leakage and, ultimately, photohemolysis.
      Pretreatment of the cells with N-ethylmaleimide and 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic
      acid) (DTNB) inhibited this photodynamically induced K+ loss. Considering recent
      studies on the reactivity of distinct membrane SH-groups with various sulfhydryl
      reagents this suggests that a sulfhydryl group, located in the 17 kDa membrane
      bound fragment of band 3, is involved in photodynamic K+ leakage with the
      photofrin-Cu2+ complex as sensitizer.

PMID- 2933073
TI  - Preparation of a highly concentrated, completely monomeric, active sarcoplasmic
      reticulum Ca2+-ATPase.
AB  - Sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles from fast skeletal muscle were partially
      delipidated with sodium cholate at high ionic strength and sedimented in a
      discontinuous sucrose gradient. Phospholipid content was reduced from 0.777
      mumol/mg protein to 0.242 mumol/mg protein. As judged from gel electrophoresis
      and high pressure liquid gel chromatography, accessory proteins were removed
      during centrifugation and the Ca2+-ATPase was obtained in an almost pure form.
      Addition of myristoylglycerophosphocholine (1 mg/mg protein) reactivates ATPase
      and dinitrophenylphosphatase activity to the same degree obtained with native
      vesicles. Using the analytical ultracentrifuge it could be demonstrated that the
      reactivated Ca2+-ATPase was present exclusively in a monomeric state. These
      results were obtained at high and low ionic strength and up to a protein
      concentration of 10 mg/ml. Therefore this preparation should be very useful to
      investigate differences between oligomeric and monomeric Ca2+-ATPase.

PMID- 2933075
TI  - An endogenous inhibitor protein of synaptic plasma membrane (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase.
AB  - An inhibitor protein of synaptic plasma membrane (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase was
      purified to apparent homogeneity from rat cerebrum by a molecular weight cut
      followed by chromatography of cytosol proteins with molecular weights between 10
      000 and 3500 on DEAE-Sephadex at pH 5.2. The inhibitor could be partially
      inactivated by proteinases and dithiothreitol, but was heat-stable. Gel
      filtration gave a molecular weight of about 6000. Like the (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase
      inhibitor protein isolated from erythrocytes, the inhibitor from brain contains a
      characteristic high proportion of glutamic acid (36%) and glycine (37%) residues.
      Synaptic plasma membrane Mg2+-ATPase and microsomal membrane (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase
      did not respond to the inhibitor. Synaptic plasma membrane and erythrocyte
      membrane (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPases, however, were affected. Inhibitory influence on
      synaptic membrane (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase was reversible, since inhibition could be
      relieved upon removal of inhibitor from saturable sites on the membrane. The
      inhibitor is not a calmodulin-binding protein, since the concentration of
      calmodulin for half-maximal activation of the ATPase was unaffected by its
      presence. Mode of inhibition of the (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase by the inhibitor was non
      competitive.

PMID- 2933074
TI  - Reconstitution and photolabeling of the purified (Na+ + Mg2+)-ATPase from the
      plasma membrane of Acholeplasma laidlawii B with phospholipids containing a
      photosensitive fatty acyl group.
AB  - The purified membrane (Na+ + Mg2+)-ATPase of Acholeplasma laidlawii B was
      reconstituted into vesicles composed of phospholipids containing a
      photoactivatable aryl nitrene-generating fatty acyl group. The reconstitution
      with phospholipid resulted in an enhancement of ATPase activity and a reduction
      in the sensitivity of the enzyme to radiation inactivation. The incorporation of
      the enzyme into the lipid vesicles results in a broadening of the gel-to-liquid
      crystalline phase transition of the photolabeled phospholipid and the appearance
      of two partially resolved endotherms in the calorimetric traces. The temperatures
      and the total enthalpy of these overlapping transitions are higher than in the
      absence of incorporated enzyme. After photolysis of the lipid-reconstituted
      ATPase and separation of the polypeptide subunits by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)
      gel electrophoresis, a significant labeling of the alpha-subunit of the enzyme
      was demonstrated. These results indicate that at least the alpha-subunit of this
      ATPase must penetrate into or traverse the phospholipid bilayer.

PMID- 2933076
TI  - The transport of cationic amino acids across the plasma membrane of mammalian
      cells.

PMID- 2933078
TI  - Isolation and partial characterization of keratan sulphate from human brain.
AB  - A sulphated glycoconjugate was isolated from adult human brain from a
      glycosaminoglycan fraction which was not precipitated with 1% cetylpyridinium
      chloride or ethanol below 50% concentration. It appeared heterogeneous on gel
      filtration, exhibiting a molecular weight range from about 7000 to over 10 000.
      Its main covalent structure was shown to contain sulphated, repeating
      disaccharide units of (beta-D-galactose-(1----4)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-(1---
      3)). In addition, it was susceptible to degradation by keratan sulphate endo-beta
      galactosidase and thus was assumed to be keratan sulphate.

PMID- 2933077
TI  - Catalytic properties of human Lys77-plasmin. A comparative steady-state and pre
      steady-state study.
AB  - Values of kinetic parameters for the hydrolysis of esters and p-nitroanilides of
      L-lysine and L-arginine catalyzed by the Lys77 form of human plasmin (EC
      3.4.21.7) have been determined between pH 5.5 and 8 (I = 0.1 M) at 21 +/- 0.5
      degrees C. Over the whole pH range explored, Lys77-plasmin catalysis conforms to
      simple Michaelis-Menten kinetics, and steady-state and pre-steady-state data may
      be consistently fitted to the minimum three-step mechanism: E + S in equilibrium
      (k+1/k-1)E X S----(k+2)E X P + P1----(k+3)E + P2 In spite of the higher
      specificity of lysyl derivatives for Lys77-plasmin rather than the arginyl ones,
      kinetic parameters also depend on the nature of the N-alpha substituent and/or of
      the alcoholic or p-nitroanilidic moiety of the substrate. Among the esters and
      anilides considered, ZLysONp shows the most favourable kinetic parameters and may
      be the substrate of choice of Lys77-plasmin, in that it allows the determination
      of the enzyme concentration as low as 2 X 10(-9) M (about 1 X 10(-3) CU/ml), at
      the optimum pH value (approx. 8). Between pH 5.5 and 8, the pH profiles of kcat
      and kcat/Km for the Lys77-plasmin-catalyzed hydrolysis of ZLysONp and ZArgONp
      reflect the ionization of a single group (probably His-602 involved in the active
      site) with pKa values ranging between 6.4 and 6.6; at variance, values of Km are
      pH-independent.

PMID- 2933079
TI  - Comparison of biosynthesis and subcellular distribution of lysozyme and lysosomal
      enzymes in U937 monocytes.
AB  - Using metabolic labelling and sucrose density fractionation we compared the
      synthesis of lysozyme and lysosomal enzymes in human monocytic U937 cells. In
      pulse-chase experiments in sucrose density gradients, the intracellular
      radioactively labelled lysozyme distributed similarly to cathepsin D and beta
      hexosaminidase. With the aid of immunochemical detection in Western blots, the
      steady-state distribution of lysozyme was found to be slightly different from
      that of beta-hexosaminidase; relatively more lysozyme was present in fractions
      sedimenting between lysosomes and the Golgi apparatus. The observed distribution
      of the lysozyme antigen with a prominent peak in the lysosomal fraction was in
      striking contrast to the broad distribution of the lysozyme activity. The
      difference was explained by a bias in the determination of the activity of
      lysozyme by the 'lysoplate' diffusion assay.

PMID- 2933080
TI  - The presence of lipocortin in human embryonic skin fibroblasts and its regulation
      by anti-inflammatory steroids.
AB  - Human embryonic skin fibroblasts in culture produce pro-inflammatory lipid
      mediators and all types of prostanoids. When these cells were treated with the
      anti-inflammatory steroid, dexamethasone, prostaglandin production was inhibited.
      This phenomenon required glucocorticoid receptor occupancy and mRNA and protein
      synthesis. The inhibitory effect was prevented by treating the cells with a
      monoclonal antibody, BF 26, raised against renocortin, a lipocortin-like protein
      formed in rat kidney medulla interstitial cells in culture. When the proteins
      present in the supernatants and the cell pellets derived from control and
      dexamethasone-treated cells were analyzed for their ability to inhibit
      phospholipase A2, four inhibitory peaks, at 45, 30, 15 kDa and one peak under 12
      kDa, were found in the supernatants of control and dexamethasone-treated cells,
      whereas one single inhibitory peak at 15 kDa was found in the cell pellets. The
      antiphospholipase activity was much greater in dexamethasone-treated cells than
      in control cells. These results suggest that preformed lipocortin exists in human
      cells and that lipocortin is synthesized and released under glucocorticoid
      treatment.

PMID- 2933083
TI  - Peptide studies using a fast atom bombardment high field mass spectrometer and
      data system. 4. Disulfide-containing peptides.
AB  - Ten peptides containing one, two or three disulfides were examined to determine
      their behavior under fast atom bombardment (FAB) mass spectrometric conditions.
      The mass spectra for the disulfide and the reduced disulfide forms of each
      peptide were compared. Several factors were examined that contribute to the fast
      atom bombardment mass spectra of these peptides: components of the FAB matrix
      such as alkali cations, acids, bases and reducing agents, the intrinsic molecular
      properties of the intact peptide, and the effect of reducing conditions on
      sensitivity. The FAB mass spectra of the disulfide-containing peptides examined
      in this study displayed accurate molecular weight information and fragmentation
      which indicated the position of the disulfide in the amino acid sequence.

PMID- 2933082
TI  - [Development of research into the physiology and pathophysiology of the
      fibrinolysis system].
AB  - A modern data review on the importance of fibrinolysis system is given. A
      considerable success has been scored during the study of molecular parameters of
      fibrinolysis system: the plasminogen, plasmin, its inhibitors, plasminogen
      activators and the mechanism of activation system have been characterized. The
      entrance of A, K, C, P and PP vitamins has been established to be necessary for
      the normal functioning of the fibrinolysis system; the dependence of the blood
      fibrinolytic activity upon the initial plasminogen content and concentration of
      its activators in blood has been revealed. The plasminogen activator depletion in
      tissues has been shown to be one of the reasons of some pathological states
      development, especially at cardiovascular diseases. The increase of fibrinolysis
      level by the active fibrinolytic ferment injection in blood has a medical effect
      at thrombosis. The ferment fibrinolysin received in the laboratory is
      successfully used in clinical practice. Some other activators of fibrinolytic
      system: tricholysine and longolytin from the culture of saprophyte fungi,
      plasminogen activator from the pig heart and the cells culture of the calf kidney
      have been received and are being studied.

PMID- 2933081
TI  - [Mechanism of the effect of EGTA on the affinity to calcium of Ca-transporting
      and Ca-binding cell systems].
AB  - The activity of Ca-ATPases of erythrocyte ghosts and sarcoplasmic reticulum and
      the rate of ATP-dependent uptake of 45Ca by erythrocyte membrane inside-out
      oriented vesicles, sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles and mitochondria were
      investigated. It was found that in all cases studied the addition of EGTA to the
      incubation mixture caused an increase in the affinity of Ca-pumps for Ca2+; their
      maximal activity remained thereby unaffected. A similar effect of EGTA was
      observed when the affinity for Ca2+ of calmodulin, troponin C and the fluorescent
      dye quin 2 were determined. It was assumed that the effect of EGTA on the
      affinity for Ca2+ of Ca-transporting and Ca-binding systems of a cell is due to a
      removal of admixtures of bi- and trivalent cations.

PMID- 2933085
TI  - Rapid and efficient sequence determination of a 4 nmol sample of adipokinetic
      hormone I (AKH I) using FAB tandem mass spectrometry.
AB  - Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometery in conjunction with tandem mass
      spectrometry provided the unambiguous sequence determination of the adipokinetic
      hormone I. The amount of sample needed is of the order less than or equal to 4
      nmol, and the complete analysis is performed in less than 4 h.

PMID- 2933084
TI  - Structural investigations on the inner core region of lipopolysaccharides from
      Salmonella minnesota rough mutants.
AB  - The structure of the inner core region (L-glycero-D-mannoheptose/2-keto-3-deoxy-D
      mannooctulosonic acid region) of lipopolysaccharides from Salmonella minnesota
      rough mutants was investigated. Using conventional methods (neutral sugar
      analysis, Smith degradation and methylation analysis) combined with gas
      chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) of higher oligosaccharides (up to
      tetrasaccharide), the linkages of the core sugars of lipopolysaccharides from S.
      minnesota rough mutants, strains R4 (Rd2P-), R7 (Rd1P-) and R5 (RcP-) were
      determined as: (formula see text) with R representing H in R4, L-glycero-D
      mannoheptopyranosyl in R7, and D-glucopyranosyl-(1----3)-L-glycero-D
      mannoheptopyranosyl in R5, respectively. In addition, it is shown that
      heterogeneity within the neutral sugar part of these lipopolysaccharides is low.

PMID- 2933086
TI  - Comments on a 'Proposal for a common nomenclature for sequence ions in mass
      spectra of peptides'.

PMID- 2933087
TI  - Mass spectrometric fragmentation patterns for the syn and anti isomers of PGE2
      and PGD2-methyloxime methyl esters and their analogs.
AB  - A systematic study of the mass spectral fragmentation of the methyl ester
      methyloxime-trimethylsilyl ether derivatives of D and E prostaglandins and
      selected omega-chain analogs is presented. Fragments from the omega-chain analogs
      are shifted the appropriate mass when compared with the parent PGD2 or PGE2. NMR
      data of the methyloxime methyl ester of PGE2 have permitted assignment of the syn
      and anti isomers (relative to the alpha chain) to the fast and slow eluting gas
      chromatographic peaks, respectively.

PMID- 2933088
TI  - Chemical modification of nucleic acids. Methylation of calf thymus DNA
      investigated by mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography.
AB  - Mass spectrometry provides an extremely sensitive method for the identification
      and quantification of modified nucleosides and hence for determining chemical
      modifications of nucleic acids. When mass spectrometry is used in conjunction
      with a new high-performance liquid chromatographic system capable of separating
      15 methylated and naturally occurring nucleosides, this allows the quantification
      of products of in vitro DNA methylation. With synthetic (2H3)methyl-labeled
      methylnucleosides as internal references, the distribution of methylated products
      formed when calf thymus DNA was reacted with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea(MeNU) was
      determined. Five modified products, 1-methyldeoxyadenosine(m1dA), 3
      methyldeoxycytidine(m3dC), 7-methyldeoxyguanosine(m7dG), 3-methylthymidine(m3T)
      and O4-methylthymidine(m4T) were detected and the relative distributions were
      measured. The ability of mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (tandem mass
      spectrometry) to increase specificity and sensitivity in this determination is
      demonstrated and its application to in vivo studies is suggested.

PMID- 2933089
TI  - The mass spectrometric analysis of the urinary metabolites of melatonin and its
      deuterated analogues, confirming their identity as N-acetylserotonin and 6
      hydroxymelatonin.
AB  - In a recent study, we showed that melatonin could be metabolized to N
      acetylserotonin and 6-hydroxymelatonin. To confirm this finding rats were
      administered three different forms of deuterated melatonin intraperitoneally.
      Their urines were analysed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and the
      results showed, in each case, that the appropriate deuterated (or non-deuterated)
      metabolite had been formed. From these data it is clear that N-acetylserotonin is
      a urinary metabolite of melatonin.

PMID- 2933090
TI  - Quantitative analysis of an N-oxide metabolite by fast atom bombardment tandem
      mass spectrometry.
AB  - An assay for the N-oxide metabolite of a benzazepine drug by fast atom
      bombardment ionization with tandem mass spectrometric analysis on a triple
      quadrupole mass spectrometer has been developed and validated for urine and
      plasma samples. This methodology allows analysis of this metabolite directly in
      crude sample extracts, without the need for extensive chromatography or sample
      derivatization. Quantification was accomplished with the use of a stable isotope
      analog of the analyte as an internal standard, using the selected reaction
      monitoring mode of operation.

PMID- 2933091
TI  - Determination of total iron in foods by isotope dilution fast atom bombardment
      mass spectrometry.
AB  - A method employing isotope dilution fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry has
      been developed for the quantitative determination of iron in foods. Samples were
      spiked with an enriched source of 54Fe, digested with concentrated HNO3/H2SO4 and
      the iron extracted from 6 M HCl into diethyl ether. Bracketing procedures gave
      precisions ranging from 1.30-4.49% relative standard deviation (RSD) for isotope
      ratio measurements and 1.26-6.44% RSD for iron measurements.

PMID- 2933092
TI  - The regulatory role of adenosine activated T-lymphocyte subset on the immune
      response in humans. II. Adenosine induced expression of T8 antigen.
AB  - Adenosine sensitive suppressor T cells (ESen) were isolated from healthy donors
      and continuous cultures of these cells were established. It was found that the
      continuous proliferation of ESen cells required IL-2, Adenosine and ConA. The
      reactivity of ESen cells with OKT3, OKT4 and OKT8 monoclonal antibodies was
      studied before and after incubation with adenosine. The majority of freshly
      isolated ESen cells were OKT8+ cells. During culture, the majority of the
      proliferating ESen cells were OKT4; however, following a brief incubation of
      cultured ESen cells with adenosine, an increase in OKT8+ cells and a decrease in
      OKT4+ cells were observed. A fraction of ESen cells exhibited simultaneously
      OKT4+ and OKT8+ antigens similar to thymocytes. Furthermore, adenosine treatment
      of thymocytes resulted in a small increase in OKT8+ and OKT3+ cells and a
      parallel decrease in OKT4+ cells. These results indicate that adenosine may play
      a regulatory role in the differentiation of lymphocytes programmed to carry out a
      specific function.

PMID- 2933093
TI  - Initial filtration rate and initial clogging in the Hemorheometre.
AB  - The role of different factors contributing to red cell filterability in the
      Hemorheometre has been investigated. Although the original method uses a small
      volume of suspension to determine red cell filterability, the present experiments
      showed that the results obtained are still significantly affected by filter
      clogging. Consequently a change in filterability could be due to a change in
      filter clogging possibly by residual leucocytes. An adaptation of filter chamber
      and filling method is described, resulting in a simpler and faster measuring
      procedure. The inaccuracy in measuring low haematocrits contributes significantly
      to experimental errors. Therefore a definition of red cell filterability based on
      the red cell count (instead of haematocrit) of the suspension is suggested.

PMID- 2933094
TI  - [Effect of exogenous activation of kininogenesis on the functional morphology of
      the gastric fundal glands in experimental conditions].
AB  - The experiments on Wistar rats have shown that activation of kinin-forming system
      with intraperitoneal kallikrein injection was accompanied by phase changes of
      enzyme activity responsible for acid, mucus and protein production in fundal
      gland cells of the stomach.

PMID- 2933096
TI  - [Occurrence of atypical histamine H2 receptors in the wall of the frog subclavian
      vein].
AB  - Selective H2-histamine agonist dimaprit was shown to produce relaxation of the
      isolated frog subclavian vein, with it persisting under the effect of selective
      H2-histamine antagonist cimetidine. Possible nonspecific mechanisms of relaxation
      produced by histamine are discussed. The data presented do not exclude that there
      are atypical H2-histamine receptors in subclavian vein of frogs, the activation
      of which initiates the attenuation of the active tension.

PMID- 2933095
TI  - [Effect of diazepam, carbamazepine, sodium valproate and their combinations with
      vitamin preparations on epileptic activity].
AB  - The anticonvulsive action of diazepam, carbamazepine, sodium valproate and their
      combinations with pyridoxal-5-phosphate, nicotinamide, and alpha-tocopherol were
      investigated in acute experiments on mice with corazole-induced seizures.
      Diazepam (0.5 mg/kg), carbamazepine (50 mg/kg) and sodium valproate (200 mg/kg)
      were shown to reduce convulsive intensity and lethality. Vitamins nicotinamide
      (250 mg/kg), pyridoxal-5-phosphate (10 mg/kg) and alpha-tocopherol (100 mg/kg)
      potentiated anticonvulsive action of the above antiepileptic drugs. The results
      of the investigation suggest the efficacy of pathogenetic therapy and give new
      evidence of the advisability of using vitamins in combination with synthetic
      anticonvulsive drugs.

PMID- 2933097
TI  - [Experimental analysis of the immunostimulant properties of vitamin A].
AB  - The experiments on CBA mice and rabbits have shown that vitamin A injection to
      animals at a daily dose of 3000 and 200000 IU, respectively, stimulates the
      production of antibody-forming cells and antibodies upon immunization with sheep
      red blood cells, without affecting the immune response to Vi-antigen. Vitamin A
      blocks the generation of antigen-specific suppressors, having no effect on
      concanavalin A-induced suppressors.

PMID- 2933098
TI  - Identification and quantitation of protein S in human platelets.
AB  - Gel filtered human platelets contaminated with less than 0.02% of plasma protein
      S contained 490 ng of protein S antigen per 3 X 10(8) platelets, equivalent to
      2.5% of protein S in whole blood. Three patients with heterozygous plasma protein
      S deficiency, a congenital disorder associated with venous thrombotic disease,
      had platelet protein S antigen levels that were 40% of the mean platelet level in
      ten normal volunteers. In immunoblotting analysis, platelet protein S was
      indistinguishable from plasma protein S. Thrombin stimulation of platelets caused
      release of 63% of total protein S antigen and this release was abolished when
      platelets were preincubated with metabolic inhibitors. Thrombin effected limited
      proteolysis of platelet protein S and this reaction was inhibited by calcium
      ions. Immunofluorescent staining of platelets using protein S antibodies
      demonstrated that protein S colocalized with fibrinogen, an established alpha
      granule protein. Thus, human platelets contain protein S in alpha granules that
      can be released by thrombin stimulation. The released protein S may bind to
      stimulated platelets and thereby promote and localize the anticoagulant activity
      of activated protein C on the platelet surface.

PMID- 2933099
TI  - Role of endothelium in the control of arterial diameter by blood flow.

PMID- 2933101
TI  - The expression of chick alpha A2-crystallin RNA during lens development and
      transdifferentiation.
AB  - During development of the vertebrate lens, the lens epithelium undergoes a final
      stage of differentiation into lens fibre cells, during which the major lens
      proteins, the crystallins, are synthesised. Lentoids, comprising clusters of lens
      fibre cells can also be produced by transdifferentiation from certain non-lens
      tissues, including neural retina and pigmented retinal epithelium. We have
      isolated an alpha A2-crystallin genomic probe and used it to study the
      transcription and processing of alpha A2-crystallin mRNA both during lens
      development and transdifferentiation. We relate these results to earlier
      measurements in this laboratory of delta-crystallin transcription and alpha- and
      delta-crystallin protein synthesis, to compare the expression of these two sets
      of genes. Tissue specific differences in gene expression were found. delta
      crystallin mRNA is transcribed before alpha A2-crystallin RNA in the lens, but
      after it in transdifferentiating neural retina and pigmented epithelia.

PMID- 2933100
TI  - Fibronectin and phagocytosis.

PMID- 2933102
TI  - Fibrillarin: a new protein of the nucleolus identified by autoimmune sera.
AB  - Autoimmune serum from a patient with scleroderma was shown by indirect
      immunofluorescence to label nucleoli in a variety of cells tested including: rat
      kangaroo PtK2, Xenopus A6, 3T3, HeLa, and human peripheral blood lymphocytes.
      Immunoblot analysis of nucleolar proteins with the scleroderma antibody resulted
      in the labeling of a single protein band of 34 kD molecular weight with a pI of
      8.5. Electron microscopic immunocytochemistry demonstrated that the protein
      recognized by the scleroderma antiserum was localized exclusively in the
      fibrillar region of the nucleolus which included both dense fibrillar and
      fibrillar center regions. Therefore, we have named this protein "fibrillarin".
      Fibrillarin was found on putative chromosomal nucleolar organizer regions (NORs)
      in metaphase and anaphase, and during telophase fibrillarin was found to be an
      early marker for the site of formation of the newly forming nucleolus. Double
      label indirect immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy on normal,
      actinomycin D-segregated, and DRB-treated nucleoli showed that fibrillarin and
      nucleolar protein B23 were predominantly localized to the fibrillar and granular
      regions of the nucleolus, respectively. RNase A and DNase I digestion of cells in
      situ demonstrated that fibrillarin was partially removed by RNase and completely
      removed by DNase. These results suggest that fibrillarin is a widely occurring
      basic nonhistone nucleolar protein whose location and nuclease sensitivity may
      indicate some structural and/or functional role in the rDNA-containing dense
      fibrillar and fibrillar center regions of the nucleolus.

PMID- 2933103
TI  - Rotation of the cell nucleus in living cells: a quantitative analysis.
AB  - Nuclear rotation is observed in a variety of cell types. However, few
      quantitative analyses are reported and the significance of this phenomenon is
      still unclear. To investigate this type of nuclear movement, we performed a
      quantitative analysis in mouse L-929 fibroblasts, a cell line chosen since it
      displays a high nuclear rotational activity. Analyses were performed using time
      lapse microcinematography. The relationship between nuclear rotation and other
      cellular phenomena such as the cell cycle and locomotion were studied. Then, we
      investigated the rotation in a population of sister cells to study whether it is
      genetically determined. Finally, we performed a qualitative analysis of nuclear
      rotation in different cultured cell lines. Results show that nuclear rotations
      preferentially occur during the phases of the cell cycle which surround mitosis.

PMID- 2933104
TI  - Twisted architectures in cell-free assembled collagen gels: study of collagen
      substrates used for cultures.
AB  - Reprecipitated fibrils from collagen solutions assemble into aggregates often
      showing a remarkable twisted structure. We first observed these aggregates in
      collagen gels prepared to facilitate culture of epithelial cells. We verified
      that these structures form in the absence of cells and correspond to a process of
      self-assembly. Studies on reconstructed fibrils of collagen are generally based
      on the examination of thin specimens mounted onto coated grids prepared for
      electron microscopy. We rather applied the classical methods of fixation,
      embedding and ultramicrotomy, which allowed us to analyze the structure of these
      aggregates, several microns in diameter. Our gels were prepared from 2.5 mg/ml
      tropocollagen solutions usually chosen for cell and organ cultures. The time
      required to obtain twisted architectures, in these aggregates, depends on
      temperature and the presence of factors such as fetal calf serum proteins. Twist
      is observed at two different levels of organization. Microfibrils are gathered
      into twisted bundles which condense into cross-striated fibrils. These fibrils
      themselves aggregate and show a mutual twist whose orientation is left-handed as
      is the twist observed within each microfibril bundle. Several models of these
      architectures are presented. Planar twist, cylindrical twist and toroidal twist
      are described and their relation to the structure of certain liquid crystals is
      considered. Examples of orthogonal packing also have been observed. These
      structures obtained in vitro are very close to patterns already described in vivo
      in numerous collagen matrices.

PMID- 2933105
TI  - Ultrastructural changes in the rat thyroid gland during iodine deficiency.
AB  - Thyroid ultrastructure changes were studied during the course of a low iodine
      diet in rats. At day 20, follicles were normal, but a number of them contained
      cells of higher density and with greatly elongated microvilli. Endoplasmic
      reticulum cisternae were frequently dilated. From day 20 until day 80, the most
      characteristic changes in the thyroid cells were the progressive accumulation of
      subapical peroxidase-positive exocytotic vesicles. After 80 days of the low
      iodine treatment, Golgi apparatuses were very active. Cell division could be
      observed. At this stage, exocytotic vesicles were generally very abundant. These
      data suggest that the remarkable accumulation of subapical exocytotic vesicles
      between day 20 and day 120 might represent an adaptation to the moderate and
      gradual increase in TSH stimulation that occurs in the conditions of low iodine
      diet.

PMID- 2933106
TI  - Osmium impregnation of the endoplasmic reticulum correlates with the functional
      status of prostatic secretory cells.
AB  - The ultrastructure of prostatic secretory cells was studied with the osmium
      impregnation technique in order to determine if the ER reactivity, or its
      absence, and its three-dimensional organization correspond to specific functions
      possibly hormono-dependent. Thick sections (0.3 micron) of rat ventral prostate
      were made after a five-day impregnation with osmium tetroxide and examined by
      standard transmission electron microscopy at 80 kV. Studies were performed in
      normal adult rats, between the 3rd and 26th day following castration and in
      castrated rats treated with 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone. In normal rats the
      impregnation technique delineated three secretory cell types (dark, greyish and
      clear), representing various degrees of reactivity in ER cisternae; however,
      despite this quantitative variation, they had similar morphological
      characteristics. In a longitudinal section, the ER network appeared to be made of
      saccules running parallel along the length of the cell and forming whorl-like
      patterns around the nucleus. Comparison of sections taken at various angles
      suggests that the ER network is made of concentric parallel saccules extending
      from the base to the apex of the cell and encircling the nucleus and the Golgi
      apparatus like a large multilayered cylinder. Whereas in dark cells the Golgi
      apparatus contained mostly clear vesicles, it was always heavily impregnated in
      clear cells. Noteworthy, osmium deposits were rarely observed on the nuclear
      envelope of secretory cells but were always present in basal cells. After
      castration, secretory cells became progressively cubic and the most conspicuous
      cytoplasmic change was observed in association with the ER. The Golgi apparatus
      decreased markedly in volume and became heavily stained with metallic
      osmium.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2933107
TI  - Renewal of Leydig cells in the neonatal and adult monkey: a radioautographic
      study.
AB  - The populations of interstitial cells in the testis of three 2-3 month old
      monkeys and of three 5-6 years old adults (Macaca fascicularis) were analyzed:
      percentage, mitotic index and labeling index after 3H-thymidine injection. In the
      young monkey and the adult well differentiated Leydig cells incorporate the
      precursor as fibroblast-like cells. This demonstrates their ability of renewal.

PMID- 2933108
TI  - Three-dimensional analysis of fibrillar centers and associated chromatin in the
      nucleolus of human oocytes in primordial follicles.
AB  - The intranucleolar localization of fibrillar centers and their relationships with
      nucleolus-associated chromatin were determined in stereopairs of human oocyte
      nucleoli obtained by computer reconstruction of serial sections. This study
      showed that there was no numerical relationship between the number of fibrillar
      centers and the number of chromosomal NORs. The three-dimensional reconstruction
      demonstrated that the majority of fibrillar centers was directly connected with
      the nucleolus-associated chromatin.

PMID- 2933109
TI  - Monoaminergic involvement in the pharmacological actions of buspirone.
AB  - Buspirone, MJ-13805 and MJ-13653 did not produce a '5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)
      syndrome' in rats at doses up to 20 mg kg-1. These drugs were very weak 5-HT
      uptake blockers (IC50 much greater than 10 microM) compared to drugs such as
      chlorimipramine. These drugs did not inhibit either monoamine oxidase (MAO)-A or
      MAO-B. The Ki values for these agents as inhibitors of [3H]-5-HT and [3H]
      ketanserin binding to rat frontal cortex or hippocampal membranes were in the
      microM range, well above the brain concentrations achieved after an oral dose of
      25 mg kg-1. Parenterally administered buspirone blocked apomorphine-induced
      stereotypy, inhibited the 5-HT syndrome elicited by 5-methoxy-N,N
      dimethyltryptamine, and delayed the onset of p-chloroamphetamine induced
      behaviours.

PMID- 2933111
TI  - The effect of a calcium antagonist, nitrendipine, on the responses of isolated
      strips of human, chorionic plate artery to prostaglandins E2 and E1.
AB  - Six point concentration-response curves were established for the contractile
      effect of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) on helically-cut strips of human chorionic
      plate arteries. Tissues were then allocated to one of four treatment groups: a
      control group and 3 groups exposed to the calcium channel blocker nitrendipine at
      10(-9), 10(-7) or 10(-5) M. The concentration-response curves were then repeated.
      The addition of nitrendipine was associated with a significant depression of the
      induced contraction. The contractile response to the lower doses of PGE2 was
      replaced by a small relaxation in 63% of the treated tissues. It is suggested
      that in these tissues PGE2 exerts its constrictor effect via the receptor
      operated channels and that nitrendipine is blocking this effect. Similar
      experiments performed with PGE1 showed great variability in the initial response.
      Nitrendipine 10(-5) M failed to exert any detectable effect on this response.
      Pregnancy-induced hypertension is associated with vasoconstriction in both the
      maternal and placental circulations. There also appears to be a relative excess
      of vasoconstrictor eicosanoid production. Nitrendipine may be of use in the
      treatment of this condition.

PMID- 2933110
TI  - A comparison of 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors mediating contraction in rabbit
      aorta and dog saphenous vein: evidence for different receptor types obtained by
      use of selective agonists and antagonists.
AB  - Using recently available selective agonists and antagonists we have examined
      further our postulate (Apperley et al., 1980) that 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)
      mediates contraction of dog saphenous vein via a different 5-HT receptor type
      from that in the rabbit aorta. In the rabbit isolated aorta, ketanserin and
      spiperone were potent, specific, competitively-acting antagonists of the
      contractile effects of 5-HT. In contrast, in the dog isolated saphenous vein
      neither ketanserin nor spiperone caused any rightward displacement of
      concentration-response curves to 5-HT although the maximum response was reduced
      by about 10%. In the rabbit aorta 5-carboxamidotryptamine (5-CONH2-T) was a weak
      agonist whilst the 5-N,N-dimethyl and 5-N-ethyl derivatives were even weaker or
      inactive. The contractile effect of 5-CONH2-T in the rabbit aorta was potently
      and competitively antagonized by ketanserin. In contrast, in the dog saphenous
      vein 5-CONH2-T and its 5-N,N-dimethyl and 5-N-ethyl derivatives were all potent
      agonists. The contractile effect of 5-CONH2-T was not markedly affected by
      ketanserin. The profile of action of ketanserin and spiperone in the rabbit aorta
      is consistent with the view that 5-HT2 receptors mediate contraction in this
      preparation. However, the 5-HT receptor mediating contraction in the dog
      saphenous vein appears to be '5-HT1-like', sharing a number of characteristics
      with the 5-HT1 recognition site identified from [3H]-5-HT ligand binding studies
      in brain tissue.

PMID- 2933112
TI  - Ageing in Down's syndrome.
AB  - In a group of 23 hospital patients aged over 50 with Down's syndrome,
      psychological testing indicated that significant intellectual deterioration,
      which was un-related to chronological age, sex, length of hospitalisation, or
      earlier mental age, had occurred in nine. Clinically, there was no evidence in
      any patient of active physical illness, focal neurological signs, or dementia,
      but significant associations were found between intellectual deterioration and
      decreased visual acuity, hearing loss, and macrocytosis.

PMID- 2933113
TI  - Pica as a feature of autism.

PMID- 2933114
TI  - Is mania incompatible with Downs syndrome.

PMID- 2933115
TI  - Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for renal branch stenosis--a report on a
      six-year-old boy.

PMID- 2933116
TI  - A simple method for limiting angioplasty catheter balloon pressures.
AB  - Percutaneous angioplasty catheter balloons may rupture if over-inflated. Balloon
      inflation pressures are not always measured. We describe a simple and inexpensive
      method for limiting balloon inflation pressures, using no additional equipment.

PMID- 2933117
TI  - Peroxy free radicals, enzymes and radiation damage: sensitisation by oxygen and
      protection by superoxide dismutase and antioxidants.
AB  - In vitro studies have shown that in the presence of the DNA base thymine, the
      enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase can be extensively damaged by exposure to only 1
      gray of cobalt-60 gamma radiation. When irradiated solutions are purged with
      oxygen-free nitrogen or contain the enzyme superoxide dismutase or various
      antioxidants, the extent of inactivation of the dehydrogenase is considerably
      reduced. Peroxy free radicals are considered to be responsible for the
      inactivation and cysteine and methionine residues are considered the most likely
      sites of initial damage. The results presented, with those obtained with ADP and
      urate instead of thymine and with various amino acids and foreign compounds, are
      discussed in the light of previous statements concerning the relevance of enzyme
      damage in radiobiology and the role of oxygen free radicals in tissue injury
      generally.

PMID- 2933118
TI  - An investigation of the radiation dose to staff during cardiac radiological
      studies.
AB  - Measurements of radiation distributions in the vicinity of the couch were
      undertaken for a number of projections commonly employed during cardiac
      radiological studies. Three types of investigations were considered; cardiac
      catheterisations, pacemaker implants and percutaneous transluminal coronary
      angioplasties. The radiation dose to staff involved in these procedures was
      estimated. For each group of staff, the maximum annual workload and the workload
      which would necessitate an individual becoming a classified radiation worker may
      be deduced from an expression given in the text.

PMID- 2933119
TI  - Acne: double blind clinical and laboratory trial of tetracycline, oestrogen
      cyproterone acetate, and combined treatment.
AB  - Since the recent introduction of a drug regimen containing 2 mg of the
      antiandrogen cyproterone acetate and 50 micrograms ethinyl-oestradiol (Diane;
      oestrogen-cyproterone acetate) several uncontrolled reports have extolled the
      benefits of this drug. Double blind studies, however, are lacking. Sixty two
      patients with moderate or moderately severe acne were therefore included in a
      double blind trial of treatment for six months comparing tetracycline alone,
      oestrogen-cyproterone acetate alone, and a combination of these agents. Sebum
      excretion rates and bacterial counts were measured before, during, and after
      treatment, at the same time as a clinical assessment was made. At six months the
      acne (as assessed by overall grade) had improved by 68% in the antibiotic treated
      group and by 74% in the oestrogen-cyproterone treated group. The group given a
      combination of both agents improved by 82%, which was significantly better (p
      less than 0.025) than the improvement in the tetracycline treated patients. No
      significant difference was found between the groups given oestrogen-cyproterone
      alone and the combined treatment. The sebum excretion rate was suppressed by 25%
      in the patients in both groups receiving oestrogen-cyproterone but not in the
      group given antibiotics alone. Oestrogen-cyproterone acetate is as effective as
      antibiotics in treating acne in women, and adding antibiotics offers no advantage
      over using oestrogen-cyproterone on its own, although in this study the
      combination was more effective than tetracycline alone at six months.

PMID- 2933120
TI  - Alpha atrial natriuretic peptide concentrations in plasma of children with
      congenital heart and pulmonary diseases.

PMID- 2933121
TI  - Palmoplantar pustulosis and smoking.

PMID- 2933122
TI  - Importance of early tumour exacerbation in patients treated with long acting
      analogues of gonadotrophin releasing hormone for advanced prostatic cancer.

PMID- 2933123
TI  - Neurotensin in human brain: regional distribution and effects of neurological
      illness.
AB  - The regional distribution of neurotensin-like immunoreactivity was investigated
      in normal human brain and in brains of patients who had died with neurological
      illness. In Huntington's disease, neurotensin was increased in the pallidum,
      whilst in Parkinson's disease no significant changes in neurotensin content were
      observed. Similarly no changes were found in the telencephalic neurotensin
      content in senile dementia of the Alzheimer type. High levels of neurotensin-like
      immunoreactivity were detected in lumbar cerebrospinal fluid from patients and
      the characterization of the immunoreactive material by high-performance liquid
      chromatography showed it to be indistinguishable from synthetic neurotensin.

PMID- 2933124
TI  - Diuresis and reduction of salt appetite by lateral ventricular infusions of
      atriopeptin II.
AB  - Infusions of 60 pmol/h atriopeptin II into the lateral ventricles stimulated
      urine flow in both normally hydrated and sodium depleted conscious rats without
      any increase in the excretion of sodium, potassium or total solutes. The urinary
      sodium concentration and osmolality both declined significantly. In addition to
      the renal effects, cerebroventricular infusions of 60 pmol/h atropeptin II
      reduced salt appetite in rats following depletion of sodium by combined treatment
      with furosemide diuresis and low sodium diet. Neither 60 nor 600 pmol/h doses had
      any effect on urine volume or concentration during intravenous infusions, so the
      effects appear to be mediated by the central nervous system (CNS). Atriopeptins
      may act through the CNS to facilitate reduction of extracellular volume in
      synergy with peripheral natriuresis: by increasing urine flow independently from
      natriuresis; and by restricting further expansion of extracellular volume by
      reducing salt appetite.

PMID- 2933125
TI  - The action of centrally administered arginine vasopressin on blood pressure in
      the conscious rabbit.
AB  - In addition to its peripheral endocrine actions, arginine vasopressin (AVP) has
      been implicated in the central control of blood pressure. Intracerebroventricular
      (i.c.v.) injections (0.01-1.0 nmol) of AVP or arginine vasotocin (AVT), but not
      oxytocin (OXY), into unanesthetized rabbits caused a rapid, dose related rise in
      blood pressure as well as increases in heart rate. The lowest centrally
      administered dose of AVP and AVT (0.01 nmol) had no effect on blood pressure when
      given intravenously. In search of tissue locus for the pressor effect of AVP
      microinjection of AVP and OXY into the posterior hypothalamus and septum of
      conscious rabbits was without effect. However, microinjection (0.01-0.04 nmol) of
      AVP into the nucleus tractus solitarius of anesthetized rabbits caused a rise in
      blood pressure similar to the response seen after i.c.v. injection. Comparable
      volumes of the vehicle into the ventricle or the tissue sites had no effect on
      resting blood pressure. The pressor response after AVP given i.c.v. was
      significantly reduced up to 3 h after administration of the ganglionic blocker,
      chlorisondamine HCl. The central antagonist, d(CH2)5Tyr (Me) vasopressin,
      eliminated the usual increase in blood pressure after administration of AVP in
      half the animals tested. The results indicate that AVP acts centrally to mediate
      cardiovascular responses in unanesthetized as well as anesthetized rabbits.

PMID- 2933126
TI  - Characteristics of feeding induced by the serotonin agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n
      propylamino) tetralin (8-OH-DPAT).
AB  - The effects of the putative serotonin agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)
      tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) on food intake in freely-feeding and food deprived rats were
      examined. In freely-feeding rats, low doses of 8-OH-DPAT (15-60 micrograms/kg)
      significantly increased food intake without affecting drinking, grooming, rearing
      or locomotion. Higher drug doses (125-4000 micrograms/kg) also produced feeding
      and caused locomotor stimulation and serotonin-related stereotyped behaviour
      (i.e., forepaw padding, headweaving, wet dog shakes, flat body posture). When
      feeding and stereotypy were observed concurrently, response competition was
      evident and feeding behaviour was fragmented into numerous short eating bouts. As
      drug-induced stereotypy declined with time, this fragmented pattern of eating was
      succeeded by long bouts of eating which were similar to those observed at doses
      of 15-60 micrograms/kg 8-OH-DPAT. In 24 hr food deprived rats, low doses of 8-OH
      DPAT had no effect on food intake. However, high doses of 8-OH-DPAT (250-4000
      micrograms/kg) decreased feeding in food deprived animals, an effect which was
      probably secondary to the induction of stereotypy. It is proposed that the
      behavioural effects of 8-OH-DPAT may be explained by a dual effect on brain
      serotonergic mechanisms, which is dose dependent. Thus, low doses of the drug may
      preferentially activate inhibitory presynaptic serotonin receptors
      (autoreceptors), decrease serotonin metabolism and thereby increase feeding. In
      contrast, high doses of 8-OH-DPAT appear to stimulate postsynaptic serotonin
      receptors and thus produce stereotypy. Alternatively, it is possible that 8-OH
      DPAT may elicit feeding by postsynaptic serotonin receptor blockade.

PMID- 2933127
TI  - Analysis of dopamine D1 and D2 receptor involvement in d- and l-amphetamine
      induced anorexia in rats.
AB  - The concept of dopamine receptor subtypes and the recent development of selective
      dopamine receptor agonists and antagonists raises the possibility of specific
      subtype involvement in amphetamine-induced anorexia, and, furthermore, provides
      the means to evaluate the possibility. Using a test of palatable food consumption
      by nondeprived male rats, our data confirmed a more potent suppressant effect of
      d-amphetamine on food intake, compared to l-amphetamine (potency ratio 5.32:1).
      The test proved sensitive, with ED50s of 0.28 mg/kg and 1.49 mg/kg for d- and l
      amphetamine, respectively. The modest anorectic effect of 0.3 mg/kg d-amphetamine
      was completely reversed by the selective dopamine D1 receptor antagonist, SCH
      23390, but was not affected by the selective D2 receptor antagonist, sulpiride. A
      matched feeding-suppressant effect of 1.0 mg/kg l-amphetamine was reversed at one
      dose of SCH 23390, but was unaffected by sulpiride. Stronger anorectic effects
      produced by 1.0 mg/kg d-amphetamine and 3.0 mg/kg l-amphetamine were not
      antagonized either by SCH 23390 or sulpiride. The selective D1 receptor agonist,
      SKF 38393, produced a dose-dependent reduction in food consumption, without
      producing behavioural stereotypy. Unlike amphetamine, SKF 38393 is not self
      administered, and therefore may provide an example of a novel pharmacological
      dissociation between anorectic and reinforcing effects of drug treatments
      mediated by dopamine receptors. Our data implicate dopamine D1 receptors in the
      control of feeding responses, and suggest that these receptors may mediate the
      anorectic effect of small-dose amphetamine treatments.

PMID- 2933128
TI  - Atypical indolamine-immunoreactive cell groups in the dorsal myelencephalon of
      the rat.
AB  - The presence of atypical indolamine-immunoreactive (IAI) neurones in the dorsal
      myelencephalon of the rat was demonstrated by means of peroxidase-antiperoxidase
      (PAP) immunocytochemistry. Besides the area postrema, two other regions, viz. the
      solitary complex and the superficial rostral cuneate fascicle, were found to
      contain neuronal perikarya displaying a normally weak staining which was markedly
      enhanced after monoaminoxidase (MAO) inhibition. In contrast to immunoreactive
      cells of the periaqueductal central gray, the dorsal myelencephalic IAI neurons
      were undetectable after serotonin synthesis inhibition with p-chlorophenylalanine
      (PCPA), as were immunoreactive terminal neuropils in most brainstem areas.
      However, sequential treatment with the MAO inhibitor, iproniazid, completely
      reversed the PCPA-induced suppression of perikaryal immunoreactivity and
      partially restored axonal staining. None of the atypical cell groups displayed a
      detectable formaldehyde-induced specific histofluorescence. Since brain levels of
      tryptamine are likely to increase significantly after MAO inhibitor/PCPA
      treatment, and furthermore tryptamine can be assumed to cross-react with
      serotonin, it is suggested that the observed atypical IAI neurons may represent
      either a subpopulation of serotoninergic neurons; previously postulated true
      tryptamine neurons; or non-indolaminergic neurons endowed with a selective uptake
      mechanism for serotonin or tryptamine. These results corroborate the view that
      different types of indolamine neurons exist in the rat brainstem. Moreover, they
      underscore the need for cautious interpretation of serotonin neuron mapping
      studies involving the use of MAO inhibitors.

PMID- 2933129
TI  - Inhibition of spontaneous or angiotensin II-stimulated water intake by atrial
      natriuretic factor.
AB  - A family of peptides, known as atrial natriuretic factors (ANF), have been
      isolated from atrial muscle tissue and reported to have profound effects on water
      and salt metabolism. ANF have also been reported to be present in the brain. The
      primary actions of these peptides lead to a reduction in plasma and extracellular
      fluid volume by eliciting natriuresis and diuresis, and by opposing the action of
      other peptidergic systems such as the vasopressin and angiotensin systems that
      promote water retention and enhance drinking behavior. This study was designed to
      determine if, in addition to its peripheral actions, ANF would also affect water
      ingestion, a mechanism that would be consistent with its general actions as a
      factor regulating extracellular fluid volume. Intraventricular (IVT)
      administration of an ANF, atriopeptin III (APIII), to intact male rats resulted
      in a significant inhibition of water intake in animals which were conditioned to
      drink during a one hour period. The inhibitory effects of APIII were immediate
      and most effective during the first 15 minute period, when maximal drinking
      occurred. Most remarkably, APIII given IVT also inhibited the potent dipsogenic
      action of angiotensin II (AII) on both water and a 2% NaCl solution intake. The
      results strongly suggest that ANF may have a significant role in central
      regulation of fluid intake and that its antidipsogenic effects may be mediated,
      at least in part, by an inhibitory effect on the central action of AII.

PMID- 2933130
TI  - [Determination of the pre-excitation focus in the W-P-W picture using
      electrocardiographic methods].

PMID- 2933131
TI  - [Glycosylation of glycoconjugates in alloplastic arterial prostheses].

PMID- 2933132
TI  - [Formation of Langerhans granules seems linked to membrane ATPase activity of
      epidermal Langerhans cells].
AB  - The epidermis contains a population of dendritic cells, Langerhans cells (LC),
      derived from cells originating from bone marrow, bearing receptors for the Fc
      fragment of IgG and for the C3 fraction of complement and expressing at their
      surface Ia antigens of the major histocompatibility system. These cells with
      multiple immunological functions are capable of presenting antigens to
      immunocompetent cells. The labeling of LC through revelation of their membranous
      ATPase activity constitutes one of the best available techniques for their
      visualization. Moreover, the presence of this ATPase activity appears to be a
      prerequisite for the induction of contact sensitivity, since in the absence of
      such activity, the epicutaneous application of a hapten induces a state of
      immunological tolerance. Applying, at a sensitizing dose, 2,4
      dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) on an untreated guinea-pig skin surface results in a
      momentary drop in the number of ATPase positive LC in the application zone. Using
      an improved technique for ATPase labeling (Hanau et coll. submitted for
      publication, 1985)--which allows one to extend the study from optical to electron
      microscopy--we observed by electron microscopy the formation, within the LC, of
      numerous Langerhans granules, concurrent with the loss of ATPase membranous
      activity. These granules, first described by Birbeck et coll. and specific to LC
      in the epidermis, have a complex structure. On a section, they may display either
      a linear aspect (rod-like)--with sometimes a vesicular portion at one extremity
      (racket-like)--or a circular shape. Whatever their shape, they always show a
      central striation, which gives them a zipper-like appearance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
      AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2933133
TI  - Muscular adaptations to exercise and training.
AB  - This article provides an overview of the characteristics of skeletal muscle, with
      an emphasis on equine skeletal muscle. A discussion of many of the adaptive
      processes that can occur in this tissue in response to altered states of physical
      activity is also included.

PMID- 2933134
TI  - Trypsin digestion of bovine cardiac troponin C in the presence and absence of
      calcium.
AB  - The rate of tryptic digestion of cardiac troponin C (cTNC) has been shown to be
      dependent on Ca2+ as was noted earlier for skeletal TNC (sTNC). Two
      representative peptides have been characterized on the basis of amino acid
      composition and partial amino terminal sequence analysis. Circular dichroism and
      fluorescence studies monitored their response to the presence of Ca2+. Their
      ability to form complexes with the ATPase inhibitory subunit of cardiac troponin
      (cTNI) was determined by urea - polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and
      fluorescence experiments. The ability of these peptides to substitute for whole
      cTNC in restoring the ATPase activity of a partially inhibited synthetic
      actomyosin system was also explored. The N-terminal peptide 1-88 already contains
      a large amount of ordered structure, which indicates that the alpha-helices
      flanking binding site II of cTNC exist independently of Ca2+. Consequently this
      peptide shows limited increase in structure in the presence of Ca2+. It binds to
      cTNI independently of the presence of Ca2+ and could substitute for whole cTNC by
      relaxing the inhibitory effect of cTNI. The C-terminal peptide 103-158 has a low
      amount of secondary structure in the absence of Ca2+ but this increases
      dramatically in the presence of this cation. This peptide could only form a
      stable complex with cTNI in the presence of Ca2+ and was unable to release the
      inhibitory effect of cTNI.

PMID- 2933135
TI  - Substrate binding properties of the human liver hexosaminidase A activator
      protein.
AB  - The human liver hexosaminidase A activator protein has been shown to bind to the
      substrate GM2 ganglioside by cosedimentation in sucrose density gradients. Among
      other proteins tested only serum albumin forms a GM2 ganglioside - protein
      complex. Both activator protein and albumin bind to the monomeric form of GM2
      ganglioside and not to the micellar form of the substrate. The GM2 ganglioside -
      activator protein complex can be recovered in a stable form. Storage at various
      temperatures or incubation with monosaccharides or with detergent does not result
      in dissociation of the complex. GM2 ganglioside in the activator-substrate
      complex is exchangeable with exogenous GM2 ganglioside. Hexosaminidase A,
      prepared from human liver, hydrolyzes GM2 ganglioside in the activator-substrate
      complex as efficiently as GM2 ganglioside supplied exogenously. The activator -
      GM2 ganglioside complex forms at pH 3.0 and exhibits an optimum similar to the pH
      optimum of hexosaminidase A catalyzed hydrolysis of GM2 ganglioside in the
      presence of the activator; however, the ability of the activator to stimulate
      enzymic hydrolysis of substrate is rapidly lost after heating at 75 degrees C,
      whereas its ability to bind substrate is increased. The sphingolipids cerebroside
      sulfate and sphingomyelin show little or no binding to the hexosaminidase A
      activator protein nor do they inhibit activation of hexosaminidase A catalyzed
      hydrolysis of GM2 ganglioside. By contrast GM1 ganglioside inhibits both
      substrate binding and enzyme activation.

PMID- 2933136
TI  - Accutane-induced teratogenesis.

PMID- 2933137
TI  - The dilemma of wrongful birth, wrongful life. Interview by Bill trent.

PMID- 2933138
TI  - Pilot study of intra-arterial floxuridine, mitomycin and doxorubicin in
      combination with degradable starch microspheres to treat primary and metastatic
      tumors of the liver.
AB  - Concurrent administration of degradable starch microspheres and cytostatic agents
      into the hepatic artery results in decreased systemic exposure and increased
      hepatic exposure to drug compared to intra-arterial administration of drug alone.
      Degradable starch microspheres 210 mg/m2 mixed with floxuridine 500 mg/m2,
      doxorubicin 40 gm/m2, and mitomycin 10 mg/m2 were administered through hepatic
      artery catheters to eleven patients with primary or metastatic cancer of the
      liver. Toxicity was acceptable and consisted of severe myelosuppression (5%),
      duodenal/gastric ulceration (9%), mild to moderate nausea and vomiting (17%) and
      alopecia (86%). There were no responses among the eleven patients; 7 of 7
      patients with colo-rectal carcinoma had stable disease while on study. Minimal
      activity was observed in 7 patients with colo-rectal carcinoma. The use of
      degradable starch microspheres offers a new approach to the regional treatment of
      cancer and warrants further study.

PMID- 2933139
TI  - Metabolism and biliary excretion of trimetrexate by the isolated perfused rat
      liver.
AB  - The metabolism and biliary excretion of trimetrexate (TMTX), a lipid soluble
      antifolate, were examined using a recirculating isolated perfused rat liver
      system. Elimination of TMTX into perfusate was biphasic and dose-independent,
      with distribution and elimination half-lives of 2 and 13 min. Two metabolites, M1
      and M2, both known to inhibit dihydrofolate reductase activity, were present in
      perfusate only in small concentrations. However, of the total TMTX dose,
      approximately 50% was excreted in bile as M1, and 20% as M2. Up to 75% of the
      total dose was accounted for as TMTX, M1, or M2 in perfusate and bile.

PMID- 2933140
TI  - Selective toxicity of neocarzinostatin-monoclonal antibody conjugates to the
      antigen-bearing human melanoma cell line in vitro.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies (IgG1) against high molecular weight antigen A-1-43 on
      human melanoma cell line A-375 were successfully linked to the anti-tumour
      protein neocarzinostatin (NCS) using the heterobifunctional reagent N
      succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio)-propionate (SPDP). The conjugate retained both
      the reactivity of the antibody and the toxicity of the drug. The antigen-bearing
      cell line A-375, antigen-lacking cell line MeWo and normal skin fibroblasts were
      exposed to NCS-monoclonal antibody conjugates. As negative control, cells were
      also treated with free NCS and NCS coupled to normal mouse IgG1 antibodies.
      Inhibition of 3H-thymidine uptake after treatment was used to measure the
      biological activity of the cytotoxic drug complex or substance, respectively.
      Comparing the inhibition dose for 50% uptake (ID50) it was found that the
      monoclonal antibody-drug complex is about 100 times more toxic for the antigen
      bearing cell line than free NCS or normal mouse IgG1-NCS. This high toxicity is
      due to a local increase of drug concentration on these cells. With the two cell
      lines lacking the appropriate antigen no significant differences in the ID50
      values were observed. A selectivity factor of 40-50 was obtained by comparing the
      cytotoxic effect of the monoclonal antibody-NCS conjugate upon the antigen
      bearing as opposed to the antigen-lacking cell type. These data demonstrate, that
      the toxicity of NCS can be directed by monoclonal antibodies to human tumour
      cells carrying the corresponding surface antigen.

PMID- 2933142
TI  - Effect of melphalan in vitro on induction of murine suppressor T cells by ConA.
AB  - The effect of treatment with melphalan in vitro on the activity of spleen cells
      from BALB/c mice was investigated. Incubation of spleen cells with 1.5-5
      micrograms melphalan/1 X 10(7) inhibited subsequent mitogenic stimulation by ConA
      or PHA and the allogeneic response of BALB/c spleen cells against C57B1 target
      spleen cells. Incubation of spleen cells with ConA led to induction of suppressor
      T cells which when added to fresh cultures inhibited the allogeneic response.
      Preincubation of spleen cells with melphalan even at low concentrations (0.15-0.5
      micrograms 1 X 10(7) cells) which do not directly affect mitogenic stimulation or
      allogeneic response partially inhibited the generation of suppressor T cells by
      ConA. Treatment with melphalan had no effect on already induced suppressor T
      cells as shown by incubation of spleen cells with melphalan (0.15-5 micrograms/1
      X 10(7) cells) after incubation with ConA. Addition of cells treated with
      melphalan alone (without ConA) to fresh cultures led to an increase in the
      allogeneic response.

PMID- 2933143
TI  - Induction by X-irradiation of adenosine triphosphatase-deficient islands in the
      rat liver and their characterization.
AB  - The potential of X-rays to induce preneoplastic lesions in the rat liver was
      studied in order to clarify the reason why X-rays are ineffective in inducing
      hepatocellular carcinoma in this animal. Male newborn rats at 8 or 22 days of age
      received whole body X-ray irradiation of 100 to 400 rads. After weaning they were
      fed either basal diet or a diet containing 0.05% phenobarbital as a promoter. X
      rays induced numerous adenosine triphosphatase-deficient islands appearing in the
      liver by wk 22 of age. However, they were generally small, gamma-glutamyl
      transpeptidase-negative, and did not clearly respond to the promoting stimulus of
      phenobarbital. No hepatic tumors were observed by 22 mo after radiation, even in
      phenobarbital-treated animals. Thus the X-ray-induced enzyme-altered islands
      differ somewhat qualitatively from those induced by potent hepatic carcinogens
      and their preneoplastic potential if at all present may be very low. Similarities
      between these X-ray-induced lesions and some types of spontaneous enzyme-altered
      islands are pointed out.

PMID- 2933144
TI  - Jejunal blood flow after exposure to light in rats injected with hematoporphyrin
      derivative.
AB  - Experiments were performed to determine the effect of hematoporphyrin derivative
      (HPD) photodynamic therapy on blood flow to normal rat intestine. A segment of
      rat jejunum was exposed to red (greater than 590 nm) light (200 mW/cm2) 24 h
      after the i.v. administration of HPD. Blood flow to the light exposed segment was
      determined using the radioactive microsphere technique while blood flow to an
      adjacent light shielded segment of intestine served as an internal control.
      Animals were divided into six groups of six each: Group I, no HPD, no light;
      Group II, light, no HPD; Group III, HPD (20 micrograms/g body weight), no light;
      and Group IV, HPD (20 micrograms/g body weight), light. Blood flow in these four
      groups was determined 10 min after completion of a 30-min exposure to light. Only
      in Group IV was there a statistically significant decrease (P less than 0.005) in
      blood flow to the segment treated with HPD and light. In Groups V [HPD (20
      micrograms/g body weight), light] and VI [HPD (10 micrograms/g body weight),
      light] blood flows were determined 24 h after exposure to light. In both of these
      groups there was also a significant (P less than 0.05) decrease in blood flow in
      the segment treated with HPD and light. This study demonstrates that normal
      intestinal blood flow can be disrupted by HPD photodynamic therapy.

PMID- 2933141
TI  - The augmentation of tumor-specific immunity using haptenic muramyl dipeptide
      (MDP) derivatives. I. Synthesis of a novel haptenic MDP derivative cross-reactive
      with Bacillus Calmette Guerin and its application to enhanced induction of tumor
      immunity.
AB  - A new haptenic compound, a muramyl dipeptide (MDP) derivative (designated as L4
      MDP-ONB) cross-reactive with Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) was synthesized. The
      cross-reactivity of L4-MDP hapten to BCG was demonstrated from the following
      evidence; (a) lymph node cells from BCG-primed C3H/HeN mice exhibited appreciable
      L4-MDP-specific proliferative responses to the in vitro stimulation of L4-MDP
      modified syngeneic cells (L4-MDP-self); (b) inoculation of L4-MDP-self into
      footpads of BCG-primed C3H/HeN mice elicited ample delayed type-hypersensitivity
      (DTH) responses in vivo as measured by footpad swelling; and (c) BCG-primed mice
      contained L4-MDP-reactive helper T cell activity which functions to augment the
      generation of effector T cell responses to cell surface antigens. This
      crossreactivity between L4-MDP hapten and BCG as measured by the helper T cell
      activity was applied to enhanced induction of tumor-specific immunity. When BCG
      primed C3H/HeN mice were immunized with L4-MDP-modified syngeneic X5563 tumor
      cells, these mice could generate augmented tumor-specific in vivo protective
      (tumor neutralizing) immunity as well as in vitro cytotoxic T cell responses.
      These results indicate the effectiveness of L4-MDP hapten in augmenting tumor
      specific immunity. The present approach is discussed in the context of potential
      advantages of this new hapten for its future application to clinical tumor
      systems.

PMID- 2933145
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of trimetrexate (NSC 352122) in monkeys.
AB  - The pharmacokinetics of trimetrexate was studied in Rhesus monkeys following i.v.
      bolus, continuous i.v. infusion, oral, and subcutaneous administration. Two
      methods were used to measure drug concentration in plasma, cerebrospinal fluid
      (CSF), and urine: the dihydrofolate reductase inhibition assay, and a reverse
      phase high-pressure liquid chromatography assay. The pharmacokinetic behavior of
      trimetrexate was characterized by triexponential plasma disappearance,
      elimination primarily by biotransformation, substantial plasma protein binding,
      poor CSF penetration, and limited oral bioavailability. Methotrexate,
      administered in an equimolar dose for comparison, was cleared more rapidly from
      plasma than was trimetrexate. Trimetrexate concentration remained above 0.1
      microM 3-fold longer. In contrast to methotrexate, which is cleared almost
      exclusively by renal excretion, renal clearance of trimetrexate accounted for
      less than 5% of total clearance. A significant discrepancy was observed in plasma
      and urine trimetrexate concentrations measured by the two assay methods. The
      dihydrofolate reductase inhibition assay gave results approximately 2- to 4-fold
      higher in plasma. Two metabolites of trimetrexate which inhibit dihydrofolate
      reductase were identified in urine (one was also found in plasma) and appear to
      account for the different results obtained by the two assays. These metabolites
      would probably also interfere with the competitive protein binding assay
      currently being used to measure trimetrexate in ongoing phase I trials.

PMID- 2933146
TI  - A new cancer marker: a possible cancer screening method based on the suppression
      of phosphofructokinase by sera from cancer patients.
AB  - Sera from cancer patients specifically suppressed phosphofructokinase (fructose-6
      phosphate kinase [PFK], EC 2.7.1.11), a rate-limiting enzyme in the glycolysis
      pathway. Among 418 cancerous sera, 68.7% evidence suppression; there was no organ
      specificity. Among 42 sera from early gastric cancer patients, 29 (69.0%) were
      positive, as were advanced gastric cancer, 14/19 (73.3%) pancreas cancer, and
      75/101 (74.3%) lung cancer sera. In contrast 6/50 (12.0%) sera from patients with
      gastroduodenal ulcer, 3/23 (13.0%) with myoma uteri, and 0/6 with lung
      tuberculosis were positive. Patients with diabetes mellitus and those receiving
      steroid hormone therapy showed strong positive suppression. Comparative studies
      using other tumor markers (immunosuppressive acid protein, carcinoembryonic
      antigen, alpha-fetoprotein, beta 2-microglobulin, and ferritin) and the same sera
      used from PFK assay showed that the PFK method was two to three times more
      sensitive. Sephadex G-200 column chromatography revealed that the PFK-suppressive
      activity was retained in the postalbumin fraction. The PFK method may represent a
      promising new cancer screening method.

PMID- 2933147
TI  - [Left ventricular thrombosis in a case of daunomycin cardiomyopathy].

PMID- 2933148
TI  - [Current problems in diabetic cardiopathy].

PMID- 2933149
TI  - [Regression of hypertrophy of the left ventricle in hypertensive subjects treated
      with captopril].

PMID- 2933150
TI  - Maltotriitol inhibition of maltose metabolism in Streptococcus mutans via maltose
      transport, amylomaltase and phospho-alpha-glucosidase activities.

PMID- 2933151
TI  - Isolation of newt lung ciliated cell models: characterization of motility and
      coordination thresholds.
AB  - Demembranated ciliated cell models are useful for studying mechanisms responsible
      for the regulation of ciliary coordination and waveform. This paper describes
      procedures for isolating ciliated cells from the newt, Taricha granulosa, by
      trypsin dissociation, their subsequent demembranation by Triton X-100, and their
      reactivation with MgATP to produce highly motile, coordinated, ciliated cell
      models. Reactivation of cell models with a high degree of mechanochemical
      coupling depended on avoiding mechanical damage and maintaining optimal
      conditions during all stages of isolation and reactivation. Highly motile models
      were prepared from cells incubated in trypsin, treated briefly with EDTA,
      separated by gentle agitation, and concentrated by centrifugation at low
      gravitational forces. Optimal demembranation and reactivation conditions were
      similar to those described previously for isolated newt lung axonemes. Under
      these conditions, nearly 100% of the models were reactivated when provided with
      MgATP and 90-95% beat with coordinated waves. The ciliary tufts beat at
      frequencies within the range measured in living cells and their reactivated
      motility was stable for at least 30 min at constant MgATP. These highly coupled
      models were used to show (1) that development of coordination in the ciliary tuft
      occurs at a higher substrate concentration range (10-25 microM) than that
      required to initiate motility per se (2-10 microM; (2) that outer dynein arms may
      not contribute to beat frequency at substrate concentrations below 35 microM; and
      (3) that vanadate has effects both on beat frequency and coordination of the
      tufts.

PMID- 2933152
TI  - Newt lung ciliated cell models: effect of MgATP on beat frequency and waveforms.
AB  - Highly coupled newt lung ciliated cell models were used to study the effects of
      MgATP concentration on ciliary beat frequency and waveform. Models were prepared
      from ciliated lung cells of the newt Taricha granulosa by trypsin dissociation of
      the epithelium, demembranation with Triton X-100, and reactivation with MgATP, as
      described previously [Weaver and Hard, 1985]. Beat frequencies were measured
      stroboscopically. Ciliary waveforms of reactivated models and intact mucociliary
      epithelial sheets were determined by single frame analysis of high-speed movies.
      Waveform parameters calculated included the durations of the effective and
      recovery strokes, the angular swings and angular velocities of the ciliary base
      and tip, the position of the bend along the ciliary shaft during the recovery
      stroke, the velocity of recovery stroke bend propagation, and the ratio of the
      duration of recovery stroke bend propagation to the duration of the recovery
      stroke itself. We found that beat frequency varied biphasically in response to
      MgATP at 21 degrees C, as shown previously for isolated, individual, newt lung
      axonemes. Apparent Fmax (maximum beat frequency) and Km values of 25 Hz and 0.14
      mM, and 35 Hz and 0.47 mM, respectively, were obtained for each linear segment of
      the biphasic double reciprocal plot. Demembranation did not alter either ciliary
      waveform or the pattern of coordination. In this system, metachrony is
      antilaeoplectic and ciliary waveform appears to be regulated independent of beat
      frequency.

PMID- 2933153
TI  - Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of stenotic ductus arteriosus.
AB  - This article describes our in vitro experience of balloon angioplasty of the
      ductus arteriosus (DA) in three post mortem human specimens, as well as an in
      vivo dilatation of a stenotic DA. The in vitro histologic observations revealed
      disruption of the intima and areas of pathologically fragmented and disorganized
      fibers at the media, with integrity of the ductal wall in all three DA. These
      findings led us to attempt percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) of a
      stenotic DA in a 2.3-kg newborn infant with hypoplastic left heart syndrome in a
      very deteriorated clinical condition. A Rashkind septostomy was associated with
      PTA of the stenotic DA. Following this, the gradients across the DA and across
      the atrial septum disappeared and the ductal angiographic diameter increased.
      Although an improved clinical condition was observed during the following hours,
      he died 1 day after. At necropsy, we found integrity of the ductal wall with
      histological changes similar to that observed in vitro. We conclude that PTA of
      stenotic DA could represent an alternative for palliative treatment of DA
      dependent congenital heart disease.

PMID- 2933154
TI  - Assessment of dimensions and image quality of coronary contrast catheters from
      cineangiograms.
AB  - In the quantitative assessment of coronary arterial dimensions from coronary
      cineangiograms, the contrast catheter is usually used as a scaling device,
      requiring the definition of the catheter contours by semi- or fully automated
      contour detection procedures. The image quality of the x-ray radiated catheter is
      dependent on the catheter material, concentration of the contrast agent in the
      catheter, and kilovoltage of the x-ray source. The effects of these variables on
      the image quality and accuracy of the size-measurement of the filmed catheters
      were studied for four different catheter materials: woven dacron (wd),
      polyvinylchloride (pv), polyurethane (pu), and nylon. The following parameters
      were studied: measured size, image contrast, and average brightness gradient
      along the edges of the displayed catheters. The average differences of the
      angiographically measured size with the true size for the wd, pv, pu, and nylon
      catheters were +0.2, -3.2, -3.5, and +9.8%, respectively. The image contrast at
      various fillings of the catheters was roughly identical for the wd, pv, and pu
      catheters, and significantly lower for the nylon catheter. Image gradient was
      highest for the wd catheter, followed by the pv and pu catheters, and lowest for
      the nylon catheter. From these data it may be concluded that the woven dacron
      catheter is most suitable for quantitative coronary angiographic studies. The
      polyvinylchloride and polyurethane catheters perform about equally well but
      slightly less than the woven dacron catheter. The nylon catheter should not be
      used for such quantitative studies.

PMID- 2933155
TI  - Inhibition of receptor-mediated endocytosis immunoglobulin G by enterocytes
      isolated from the neonatal rat jejunum.
AB  - The effect of inhibitors of respiration (NaN3 and DNP), glycolysis (2DG, IAA and
      NaF) and the microtubular-microfilament system (colchicine and cytochalasin B) on
      the uptake of rat immunoglobulin G (IgG) by enterocytes isolated from the
      neonatal rat gut has been assessed. After a 1 hour incubation, NaN3, and DNP had
      significantly reduced IgG uptake by between 32% and 35% of the control, IAA and
      2DG were less effective and NaF, colchicine and cytochalasin B had no effect at
      all. The findings show that IgG is internalised by isolated enterocytes in vitro
      and that this internalisation is under metabolic control, that inhibitors of
      respiration are more effective in blocking uptake than inhibitors of glycolysis.

PMID- 2933156
TI  - Urinary excretion of 3-methyladenine and 1-methylnicotinamide by rats, following
      administration of [methyl-14C]methyl methanesulphonate and comparison with
      administration of [14C]methionine or formate.
AB  - Following i.p. injection of [methyl-14C]methyl methanesulphonate (MMS) into rats
      (100 mg/kg) 3-[14C]methyladenine was identified as a urinary product excreted
      mainly up to 24 h after treatment, the amount over this period being about 0.02
      mumol 3-methyladenine. When [14C]MMS and L-[methyl-3H]methionine were injected
      together no methyl-3H-label was detected in 3-methyladenine, nor was this product
      detected following injection of [methyl-14C]methionine alone or of [14C]formate.
      Isotopically labelled 1-methylnicotinamide (1-meNmd) was detected following all
      the treatments listed, and as previously found by Chu and Lawley, 1-meNmd
      excretion was enhanced by MMS treatment as judged by increased excretion of 1
      [3H]meNmd when [14C]MMS and [3H]methionine were given together. The extent of
      labelling of 1-meNmd was much lower following injection of [14C] formate, than
      that from methionine or MMS. The results showed that 3-methyladenine derived only
      from direct chemical methylation by MMS. They also support the previous
      suggestion that [methyl-14C]meNmd can result from direct methylation, with a
      maximal amount of about 3% of excreted meNmd deriving from this route. The
      possible utility of the methods described for monitoring in vivo alkylation is
      discussed.

PMID- 2933157
TI  - [Determination of magnolod and honokiol in different parts of Magnolia
      officinalis and the effect of processing on their content].

PMID- 2933159
TI  - [Research on the originol plant Stellaria dichotoma var. Lanceolata in the ben
      cao pharmaopeia].

PMID- 2933158
TI  - [Comparison on saikosaponin levels in the root of Bupleurum chinense of various
      sizes].

PMID- 2933160
TI  - [Experimental studies on the treatment of acute toxic hepatitis in rabbits with
      variously processed dan-shen].

PMID- 2933161
TI  - [Scientific research to obtain objective data in the processing of Chinese
      medicinal herbs].

PMID- 2933162
TI  - [Chinese medicinal seeds and fruits used as decoctions].

PMID- 2933163
TI  - [Preparation and development of the capsules of Chinese traditional drugs].

PMID- 2933164
TI  - [Various new chromatographic technics in the separation of constituents of
      Chinese materia medica].

PMID- 2933165
TI  - [Research on the improvement of the preparation of Chinese herbal drugs should be
      intensified].

PMID- 2933166
TI  - [The chemical constituents of Torreyajackii (II)].

PMID- 2933167
TI  - [Comparison on the indirubin content of Isatis indigotica at different harvest
      times].

PMID- 2933168
TI  - [Computer analysis of the cold photometric determination of the body surface in
      rabbits after oral administration of rhubarb].

PMID- 2933169
TI  - [Various pharmacological actions of Angelica extracts].

PMID- 2933170
TI  - [Effect of different extracts of Rheum palmatum on trypsin activity].

PMID- 2933171
TI  - [Experiment on the biological features and cultivation technics of licorice].

PMID- 2933172
TI  - [Osteoneogenesis. Preliminary experimental study of the implantation of
      decalcified bone powder in human surgery].
AB  - The allogenic implantation of demineralized bone powder induces the formation of
      new bone tissue or osteoneogenesis. It is generally admitted that mesenchyme
      cells differentiate into chondroblasts and osteoblasts. In view of the clinical
      application of this principle, a series of experiments was performed on the
      animal. Demineralized bone powder of rat long bones was prepared and implanted in
      trephine defects of the skull or in the musculus rectus abdominis of young rats.
      The histologic results are described and illustrated. Very early the implant is
      invaded by poorly differentiated cells of the mesenchyme type and by blood
      vessels. It is also surrounded by a thin layer of fibroblasts. At day 10 of the
      implantation, the formation of cartilage is observed. This cartilage disappears
      in the following days. At day 20 islets of bone marrow are formed. This tissue is
      surrounded by osteoblasts in their activation phase. At day 30, these osteoblasts
      are in a highly active state and produce osteoid, in which osteocytes are
      enclosed. The osteoid is rapidly calcified. Given the primary localisation of the
      osteoblasts, the bone marrow lays in the center of newly formed ossicles.
      Osteoclasts can also be observed. At day 45, the different bone marrow centers
      tend to fuse laterally and to form larger ossicles. The osteoblasts are in a less
      active or totally inactive form. Many pieces of the implanted demineralized bone
      powder are still observable. Inflammatory reactions upon implantation are not
      observed and the bone tissue formation remains located inside the fibroblast
      layer surrounding the implant.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2933173
TI  - [Optic neuropathies].

PMID- 2933174
TI  - [Glaucoma].

PMID- 2933175
TI  - General anesthesia and surgical stress increase plasma immunoreactive beta
      endorphin-like substances.
AB  - The concentrations of human immunoreactive beta-endorphin-like substances in
      plasma were measured as a means of determining the effects of general anesthesia
      and surgical stress on the endogenous morphine-like substances. Sixty-nine adult
      patients and 44 pediatric patients who had undergone oral surgery in general
      anesthesia were the subjects of this study. In comparison to the control values,
      the results of this study showed an increase of beta-endorphin concentration in
      the plasma during anesthesia and surgery. The increase was particularly
      significant in the patients who had relatively a major surgical stress and in
      those patients showing a weak anesthetic action, while the patients with
      relatively a minor surgical stress or strong anesthetic action showed a small
      increase. From these findings, it seems proper to assume that the secretion of
      beta-endorphin in the plasma is accelerated by general anesthesia and surgical
      stress than to assume that the amount of beta-endorphin in the plasma is
      increased by the administration of anesthetic agents.

PMID- 2933176
TI  - In vitro responsiveness of ovarian epithelial carcinomas to endocrine therapy.
AB  - As previously reported, ovarian epithelial carcinomas may respond to endocrine
      therapy. We examined the direct effect of progesterone,
      medroxyprogesteroneacetate, gestoneron, 17-beta-estradiol, tamoxifen, 4-OH
      tamoxifen, or N-desmethyltamoxifen on the proliferative capacity of ovarian
      carcinoma cells by means of the colony assay described by Hamburger and Salmon.
      The growth rate of 25 tested tumors (ascitic fluid, primary tumor, metastases)
      was 68%. The plating efficiency was 0.078%. Beside the drug testing estrogen and
      progesterone receptor levels were determined. The inhibition of colony survival
      was slightest with 17-beta-estradiol, more pronounced with
      medroxyprogesteroneacetate, gestoneron, N-desmethyltamoxifen, and progesterone,
      and greatest with 4-OH-tamoxifen and tamoxifen. Significant and dose-dependent
      inhibition of greater than 70% was observed with tamoxifen and 4-OH-tamoxifen in
      80% of the tested tumors. There was no significant correlation between the in
      vitro responsiveness and the level of hormonal act not only via an estrogen
      receptor but also via an antiestrogen-binding site.

PMID- 2933177
TI  - Phase II study of 5'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine (doxifluridine) in advanced malignant
      melanoma.
AB  - Forty-two patients with malignant melanoma were treated with doxifluridine, 4000
      mg/m2 daily X 5, repeated every 3 weeks. The daily dose was reduced to 3000 mg/m2
      in patients who had experienced severe myelosuppression with prior chemotherapy.
      A total of 35 patients were evaluable for response, and 25 of these received two
      or more courses. Two responses were observed. Toxicity mainly took the form of
      nausea, vomiting, stomatitis, dizziness, ataxia, and fatigue. Mild leukopenia was
      frequent (43%). Nadir counts less than 1.5 X 10(9)/l leukocytes or 50 X 10(9)/l
      platelets were seen in 7% and 2% of the courses respectively. Doxifluridine has
      no useful activity against malignant melanoma.

PMID- 2933178
TI  - Altered calcium handling in experimental pressure-overload hypertrophy in the
      ferret.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between changes in the
      intracellular handling of free, ionized calcium and the functional alterations
      that occur in cardiac hypertrophy. We developed a model of right ventricular
      pressure-overload hypertrophy in the ferret by critical banding of the pulmonary
      artery; this method produced significant degrees of hypertrophy within 1-3 months
      of surgery. We removed papillary muscles, 1 mm or less in diameter, from ferrets
      with cardiac hypertrophy and their age- and weight-matched controls, and loaded
      them with the bioluminescent calcium indicator, aequorin, in order to record
      intracellular calcium transients. Compared to the controls, the hypertrophied
      muscles demonstrated a prolonged duration of isometric contraction but a marked
      decrease in peak isometric tension development. The increased duration of
      isometric contraction in the hypertrophied muscles correlated with a similar
      prolongation of the calcium transient; we interpret this to mean that the rate of
      sequestration and perhaps release of calcium by intracellular stores is decreased
      in hypertrophy. In contrast, the amplitudes of the calcium transients were
      similar in muscles from both groups of ferrets, indicating that the diminution in
      peak tension developed by the hypertrophied muscles was not due to decreased
      availability of activator calcium. We conclude that the prolonged time course of
      tension development, but not the diminished peak isometric tension response, may
      be related to changes in intracellular calcium handling.

PMID- 2933179
TI  - Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty: a surgeon's view.

PMID- 2933180
TI  - Coronary angioplasty of multiple vessels: short-term outcome and long-term
      results.
AB  - Experience with percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) of multiple
      vessels was reviewed to assess short-term outcome and long-term results. PTCA of
      multiple vessels was performed in 100 of the initial 500 patients (20%) who
      underwent PTCA at the Medical College of Virginia between July 1979 and August
      1984. Eighty-nine percent had class 3 or 4 angina, and 66% had unstable angina.
      Two-thirds had severe stenosis of two vessels or major branches and one-third had
      three-vessel disease. One or more significant lesions were dilated in two vessels
      in 84 patients, in three vessels in 14 patients, and in four vessels in two
      patients. PTCA of 273 lesions (2.7/patient) was attempted (range two to eight per
      patient) with angiographic success in 250 lesions (91.6%). Primary success
      (angiographic and clinical improvement) was achieved in 95 of 100 patients (95%);
      84% had success in multiple vessels, and 79% had success in all attempted
      lesions. Complications occurred in 11 patients (11%); four patients (4%)
      underwent urgent bypass surgery and four additional patients (4%) had myocardial
      infarction. Long-term results were assessed in 44 patients with primary success
      who had follow-up of more than 1 year (mean 26 months) after multiple-vessel
      PTCA. Twenty-eight patients (64%) remain event-free and improved and 48% are
      event-free and asymptomatic. Clinical recurrence developed in 15 patients (34%);
      four had sustained improvement with repeat PTCA, three remain improved with
      medical therapy, and eight (18%) have undergone bypass surgery during follow-up.
      One patient (2.3%) developed late myocardial infarction, and deaths have occurred
      in the follow-up cohort.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2933181
TI  - Systemic and transcardiac platelet activity in acute myocardial infarction in
      man: resistance to prostacyclin.
AB  - There is increasing evidence that platelets play an important role in the
      pathogenesis of acute ischemic heart disease. Therefore an understanding of
      factors that influence platelet performance is important. This study was
      undertaken (1) to characterize during evolving myocardial infarction platelet
      activity in the peripheral circulation and across the ischemic/infarcting
      myocardial compartment, the locus of presumed platelet hyperactivity, and (2) to
      evaluate the effects of prostacyclin (PGI2), a most potent antiplatelet agent and
      vasodilator. A total of 59 patients with evolving myocardial infarction were
      studied. Twenty-two patients were instrumented with arterial and coronary sinus
      catheters and received intravenous infusion of PGI2, 13 +/- 4.5 ng/kg/min (mean
      +/- SD), for 90 min. In 15 patients with anterior myocardial infarction,
      transcardiac platelet function and response to PGI2 were studied. Plasma levels
      of beta-thromboglobulin (beta-TG) and of thromboxane B2 (TxB2), in vivo measures
      of platelet activity, were elevated three- and 10-fold. 6-Keto-prostaglandin F 1
      alpha, the stable end product of PGI2, was less than 10 pg/ml, reflecting a
      leftward shift of the TxB2/PGI2 ratio. Platelets circulating during evolving
      myocardial infarction ("ischemic platelets") were hyperaggregable in response to
      ADP and relatively resistant to PGI2, both in vivo and in vitro. Concentrations
      of platelet cyclic AMP and the cyclic AMP response to PGI2 were diminished. The
      platelet hyperreactivity, expressed by plasma beta-TG, platelet aggregation, and
      PGI2-induced inhibition of aggregation, was most intense early during infarct
      evolution and decreased with time. The increased platelet performance resulted in
      "platelet fatigue," indicated by decreased contents of beta-TG of the ischemic
      platelet and decreased TxA2 production in response to collagen. However, the
      ischemic platelet produced twice normal TxA2 in response to arachidonic acid
      (stimulus and substrate), demonstrating a heightened metabolic capacity. TxA2 was
      produced across the ischemic/infarcting compartment in 10 of 15 patients with
      anterior myocardial infarction. The antiplatelet effect of PGI2 was greatly
      diminished. In summary, the data define an abnormal pattern of platelet behavior
      during evolving myocardial infarction, characterized by a proaggregatory
      environment, heightened platelet reactivity in both the peripheral and coronary
      circulation, and relative resistance to PGI2. The clinical consequences of the
      data are that the patient in the acute phase of myocardial infarction may benefit
      from suppression of platelet function and requires significantly greater doses of
      PGI2 than normal subjects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

PMID- 2933183
TI  - Randomized trials of coronary artery bypass surgery: impact on clinical practice
      at Duke University Medical Center.
AB  - Trends in practice patterns at Duke University Medical Center were assessed in
      patient groups comparable to those enrolled in the three major randomized trials
      of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). In addition, changes in practice
      patterns that appeared unrelated to the randomized trials were examined. Most
      patients with 75% or greater left main stenosis have been treated surgically
      after publication of the Veterans Administration Cooperative Study, but little
      change was noted in the proportion of patients with 50% left main stenosis who
      have been treated surgically. A trend towards selection of surgical therapy for
      patients with three-vessel disease and normal left ventricular function was
      evident before the publication of the European Coronary Surgery Study, although
      one-third of patients in this category continue to be treated nonsurgically after
      publication of the results of the trial. For the past decade, most patients who
      would have been eligible for the Coronary Artery Surgery Study have been treated
      nonsurgically. We have also documented trends in practice patterns that are
      independent of the results of randomized trials. The advent of percutaneous
      transluminal angioplasty has provided another therapeutic alternative that has
      been used increasingly. In addition, growing numbers of patients with advanced
      age, unstable angina, or markedly depressed left ventricular ejection fraction
      are being evaluated with cardiac catheterization despite the lack of supporting
      randomized trials. Randomized trials have placed our understanding of the effects
      of CABG on a sound foundation, but it is evident that clinicians continue to
      consider many other factors when therapeutic decisions are made.

PMID- 2933184
TI  - Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty: role in the treatment of coronary
      artery disease.
AB  - Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) is indicated for many
      patients with symptomatic coronary atherosclerosis. It can be safely used in
      patients with unstable angina pectoris, multivessel coronary disease (in selected
      instances), multiple stenoses in single vessels, stenoses in coronary artery
      bypass grafts, and recent total coronary occlusion. PTCA may be useful in
      reestablishing coronary flow after acute myocardial infarction with coronary
      occlusion and in association with thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial
      infarction. The primary success rate of PTCA in experienced hands should be
      approximately 90%. If restenosis occurs after successful PTCA, a second procedure
      can be used to dilate the segment with restenosis and the success rate is high.
      Acute coronary events are the major complications of PTCA. Less than 5% of
      patients need emergency coronary surgery. Mortality for PTCA is less than 1%.
      Complications of PTCA diminish with increasing operator experience. PTCA is not
      indicated for patients with long-standing complete coronary occlusions, diffuse
      atherosclerotic coronary stenoses without discrete stenotic segments, multiple
      sites of total occlusions, or "skip" areas in vessels served by bridging
      collaterals. Patients with main left coronary stenoses and stenoses involving
      both sides of large-vessel bifurcations are not considered for PTCA in most
      centers. The choice for or against PTCA should be made after careful assessment
      of the risk/benefit ratio of PTCA vs coronary bypass surgery.

PMID- 2933182
TI  - Determination of left ventricular mass in dogs with rapid-acquisition cardiac
      computed tomographic scanning.
AB  - The development of left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with heart disease
      often has far-reaching clinical implications with respect to overall morbidity
      and mortality. Approaches used to assess left ventricular mass include
      electrocardiography, echocardiography, contrast ventriculography, single photon
      emission tomography, and conventional computed tomography. However, all of these
      modalities suffer from some major draw back that precludes widespread application
      to all patients. In this study we assessed the accuracy of determinations of left
      ventricular mass in 22 dogs by rapid-acquisition (50 msec) computed axial
      tomography (RACAT), an ultrafast computed tomographic (CT) instrument.
      Electrocardiographically triggered, end-diastolic, short-axis cardiac scans were
      obtained from apex to base during administration of intravenous iodinated
      contrast. Myocardial edges were determined for each tomographic scan by two
      methods: the regional half-contour method (the CT density half way between that
      of the left ventricular myocardium and adjacent ventricular cavities or lung) and
      "interactive plateau thresholding" of the cardiac borders. Left ventricular mass
      by RACAT was calculated as the sum of the mass of each individual scan from apex
      to base (modified Simpson's rule). Postmortem left ventricular mass ranged from
      58 to 160 g. The correlation between true left ventricular mass and
      tomographically determined mass was excellent (r = .99), with the slope and y
      intercept not statistically different from 1 and 0, respectively. The standard
      error of the estimate was 4.1 g. Interobserver and intraobserver variability for
      determining left ventricular mass demonstrated excellent agreement (r = .99 and r
      = .99, respectively). We conclude that quantitative assessment of left
      ventricular mass can be accurately and reproducibly performed in dogs by rapid
      acquisition CT scanning. It is likely that this technique will be readily
      transferable to the clinical settings and prove to be an important method for
      quantifying left ventricular mass in patients.

PMID- 2933185
TI  - Indications for transluminal coronary angioplasty.
AB  - During the 7 years that have followed the introduction of transluminal coronary
      angioplasty, the indications for this therapeutic, nonoperative procedure have
      changed from very strict angiographic and clinical criteria to much broader ones.
      This evolution has occurred because of the technical capabilities of the
      equipment that is currently available and because of the attractiveness of this
      nonoperative procedure, which is effective in reducing coronary arterial
      obstructions. Although there are current studies that demonstrate the
      effectiveness of the improved techniques for dealing with a larger range of
      angiographic obstruction, few, if any, clinical studies are currently available
      that support the widespread use of this technique in patients with clinical
      syndromes such as new-onset angina, asymptomatic exercise test abnormalities,
      high-grade stenosis after thrombolysis, etc. As the current indications increase,
      clinical studies establishing the efficacy of this therapeutic procedure are
      indicated.

PMID- 2933186
TI  - Usefulness of coronary artery bypass graft surgery or percutaneous transluminal
      angioplasty after thrombolytic therapy.
AB  - Intracoronary streptokinase (STK) was given to 52 patients and 2 million U of
      intravenous urokinase was given to 15 patients with acute myocardial infarction
      less than 3 hr from onset of symptoms. Wall motion in the infarct region improved
      in 20 patients receiving STK alone (-2.5 +/- 1 to 2.1 +/- 1.1 SD/chord) and in 22
      patients receiving STK and undergoing coronary bypass surgery within 24 hr (-2.5
      +/- 1 to -1.5 +/- 1.0 SD/chord). Wall motion was unchanged in 10 patients not
      successfully reperfused with STK (-2.9 +/- 0.7 to -3.1 +/- 0.7 SD/chord).
      Regional wall motion improved at least 1.0 SD/chord in 71% of 14 patients treated
      within 2 hr of onset of symptoms, but in only 29% of 34 treated after 2 hr. Mean
      coronary artery stenosis after thrombolysis was 77 +/- 9%. Rethrombosis was
      associated with a stenotic cross-sectional area of less than 0.4 mm2. Ventricular
      function did not improve, with a residual stenosis of 0.4 mm or less in diameter.
      The Western Washington randomized trial reported a 1 year mortality of 2.5% in 80
      successfully reperfused patients, but a mortality of 23% in 13 in whom
      reperfusion was partial and of 14.6% in 41 in whom reperfusion failed. The
      improved survival with successful reperfusion and improved ventricular
      performance with early and more complete reperfusion has stimulated interest in
      the need for angioplasty and coronary artery bypass grafting after thrombolytic
      therapy.

PMID- 2933187
TI  - Biosynthesized [35S]methionine-labeled pro-opiomelanocortin peptides as novel
      recovery markers in radioimmunoassay of peptide hormones.
AB  - Hormones are extracted from plasma with varying efficiency. Thus, markers or
      internal standards are often needed, to monitor and correct for extraction
      losses. To do so is difficult in the case of peptide hormones because radioactive
      recovery markers either have a low specific activity or, if labeled with iodine,
      may not be fully representative because of alterations in their size and charge.
      More importantly, markers labeled with 125I can interact in, and thus compromise,
      the subsequent radioimmunoassay. AtT-20 mouse pituitary tumor cells, which can be
      stimulated to synthesize and secrete pro-opiomelanocortin peptides, can
      biosynthetically label beta-lipotropin (beta-LPH) with [35S]methionine. The
      labeled peptide, which is co-eluted with unlabeled beta-LPH in "high-performance"
      liquid chromatography, is fully immunoprecipitable and has a specific activity of
      34 Ci/g. We use this labeled peptide to monitor the recovery of beta-LPH in
      silicic acid extraction from plasma. This peptide is an ideal marker of
      analytical recovery because it does not interfere in subsequent
      radioimmunoassays.

PMID- 2933188
TI  - Enzymatic determination of serum ethanol with membrane-bound dehydrogenase.
AB  - In this enzymatic method for detecting ethanol in blood by use of membrane-bound
      microbial alcohol dehydrogenase (no EC no. assigned), the enzyme catalyzes the
      reaction irreversibly and the rate of oxidation can be monitored by
      spectrophotometry of the reduction of the indicator dye. No pyridine nucleotides
      such as NAD+ or NADP+ are used. The calibration curve is linear in the range of
      0.1 to 4.0 g of ethanol per liter. Assays of 45 samples of serum having ethanol
      values ranging from 0.4 to 3.2 g/L by the described technique and a gas
      chromatographic method gave respective means of 1.734 and 1.732 g/L (r = 0.954).

PMID- 2933190
TI  - Resource utilization for the neurologically impaired patient. A compendium of
      available sources.

PMID- 2933189
TI  - Menstrual migraine, old and new.
AB  - The authors reviewed the connection between sexual hormones and migraine crisis.
      Besides other exogenous factors, the fall of estradiol blood levels in the late
      luteal and premenstrual phase seems a causal factor in the origin of menstrual
      related headache crisis. The behaviour of migraine crisis during the various
      events of female reproductive life, support this view. The role of PRL, T, FSH
      and LH was also discussed. On the other hand, menstrual migraine represents a
      model that fits perfectly with a neuroendocrine hypothesis which is based upon a
      faulty chronobiological response of the so-called antinociceptive system.

PMID- 2933191
TI  - Rehabilitation of the communicatively impaired.

PMID- 2933192
TI  - Clinical evaluation of sufentanil/pancuronium versus halothane/pancuronium in
      patients undergoing coronary artery surgery.

PMID- 2933193
TI  - Hemodynamic effects of sufentanil/metocurine versus sufentanil/pancuronium in
      patients undergoing coronary artery surgery.

PMID- 2933194
TI  - Plasma concentrations of sex hormones in postmenopausal women in non-alcoholic
      cirrhosis.
AB  - Sex hormone and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) levels were measured in the
      plasma of postmenopausal women with non-alcoholic liver cirrhosis (n = 24) and
      compared with levels in matched controls (n = 21). Plasma oestradiol was
      elevated: 80 vs 30 pmol/l, P less than 0.005 (median values). Plasma SHBG was
      elevated, 15 vs 10 mg/dl, P less than 0.001. Plasma dehydroepiandrosterone
      sulphate levels were low, 0.35 vs 2.0 mumol/l, P less than 0.0005, as were plasma
      androstenedione levels, 2.5 vs 4.5 nmol/l, P less than 0.05. There was no
      significant difference in plasma testosterone. These data suggest that liver
      disease per se alters sex hormone and sex hormone binding globulin levels in
      postmenopausal women.

PMID- 2933195
TI  - A psychometric study of children at-risk for Huntington disease.
AB  - Huntington disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant disorder of the central nervous
      system with an average age of onset between 35 and 45 years and symptoms
      progressing slowly over the next 10 to 20 years. Research in the past few years
      has focused on the hypothesis that a presymptomatic or prodromal phase for HD is
      detectable at least 10 years prior to chronic symptoms. This study attempts to
      identify possible signs of a prodromal phase for HD in children who are at
      primary (50%) and secondary (25%) risk for HD using a screening battery of
      psychometric tests. The children tested were between the ages of 5 1/2 and 15
      years and the tests used were the WISC-R, the PPVT-R, and the VMI. Results from
      this study indicated performance on the WISC-R Digit Span and to a lesser extent
      Coding subtests might be useful in assessing a possible memory dysfunction in
      children at-risk for HD.

PMID- 2933196
TI  - Vaccination with a purified blood-stage malaria antigen in mice: correlation of
      protection with T cell mediated immunity.
AB  - A purified 230,000 mol wt protein antigen from the lethal mouse malaria parasite
      Plasmodium yoelii YM which had previously been shown to be highly effective as a
      vaccine, was tested for its ability to stimulate specific helper T cells and T
      cells responsible for delayed hypersensitivity. Strong stimulation was found in
      both assays, but larger doses were required for delayed hypersensitivity,
      correlating well with the requirements for protection. It is suggested that T
      stimulation may be a requirement for effective protection by purified antigens in
      malaria.

PMID- 2933197
TI  - Suppression of IgE synthesis in vitro by allogeneic T cells from atopic and non
      atopic subjects.
AB  - The role of T cells in the regulation of IgE synthesis by human PBMC was studied.
      PBMC or separated and recombined populations of T and B cells from both normal
      and atopic donors were cultured for 10 days with and without cycloheximide. IgE
      and IgG synthesis were determined by specific RIA. IgE synthesis was detected in
      0/30 non-atopic, 6/34 mildly atopic and 25/31 severely atopic subjects.
      Autologous T cells from 10/26 atopic donors, whose B cells synthesised IgE,
      significantly suppressed this IgE synthesis. The addition of allogeneic T cells
      from atopic or non-atopic subjects to atopic B cells resulted in greater
      suppression of IgE synthesis than the addition of autologous T cells. These data
      support the notion that atopic subjects have naturally occurring IgE isotype
      specific suppressor T cells as well as suppressor T cells which can be activated
      during incubation with alloantigen.

PMID- 2933198
TI  - Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty--effect of the moveable guide wire
      on the complication rate.
AB  - Beginning with the first percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
      performed at Baystate Medical Center, 152 consecutive procedures were analyzed.
      Sixty were done using USCI-G (nonsteerable) series catheters. In two patients
      both a G and S (steerable) catheter were used. In 90 procedures the S system was
      used exclusively. Among the attempted angioplasties with the G series catheter,
      the percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty was successful in 47 (78%).
      Eight coronary occlusions were induced and all these patients underwent coronary
      bypass surgery. There were no deaths, but three patients (5%) had acute
      myocardial infarctions (MI). The two patients in whom both G and S catheters were
      used had occlusions. One went to surgery and died postoperatively of
      uncontrollable ventricular arrhythmias. The other patient had a myocardial
      infarction and recovered. Of the 90 attempts with the exclusive use of the
      steerable system, 75 were successful (83%). Three coronary occlusions were
      induced in the 90 attempts and two of the patients had coronary artery bypass
      surgery. None of the three sustained a myocardial infarction. In summary, the
      proportion of patients requiring emergency surgery was significantly reduced from
      13.3% (8 of 60) to 2.2% (2 of 90) (p=0.02), the incidence of myocardial
      infarction was reduced from 5 to 0%, and there was a slight increase in the
      siccess rate of the procedure after the introduction of the steerable system. It
      is concluded that the steerable system increases the safety of PTCA.

PMID- 2933199
TI  - Balloon pump support of the failing right heart.
AB  - This report reviews a clinical experience with pulmonary artery counterpulsation
      with a balloon pump in a patient with pulmonary embolization superimposed upon
      severe trivalvular rheumatic heart disease. This patient underwent a pulmonary
      embolectomy and triple-valve replacement requiring a pulmonary artery balloon
      pump for bypass discontinuation and postbypass hemodynamic support. The field of
      right heart counterpulsation is briefly reviewed, and the technical details of
      the implantation and management of the device are elaborated.

PMID- 2933200
TI  - Paradoxical ventricular septal motion with right ventricular dilatation as a
      manifestation of pure pressure overload due to pulmonary veno-occlusive disease.
AB  - Paradoxical interventricular septal motion with right ventricular dilatation has
      been considered the hallmark of right ventricular volume overload. We report a 43
      year-old woman with severe pulmonary hypertension due to pulmonary veno-occlusive
      disease who exhibited these echocardiographic abnormalities. Right ventricular
      volume overload was excluded by physical examination, echocardiography with
      saline contrast study and by cardiac catheterization, angiography, and shunt
      study. These echocardiographic findings are thus not pathognomonic of right
      ventricular volume overload and can be seen with pressure overload as well.

PMID- 2933202
TI  - [Familial juvenile encephalopathy (Binswanger type) with alopecia and lumbago--a
      syndrome].

PMID- 2933201
TI  - Advances in low-back pain.
AB  - At the present time there is an epidemic of low-back pain in most industrialized
      countries. The exact origin of pain is unknown, and probably many structures can
      play a role. The natural history is extremely good. Only 10% suffer disabling
      back pain for more than six weeks; nearly 60% return to work within one week. The
      benefits of motion in the healing process of various connective tissues can be
      applied also for the back pain sufferer; in addition, the nutrition of the
      intervertebral disc is improved by moderate motion. Biomechanical factors with
      epidemiologically proven negative effects for the back pain sufferer have been
      measured and delineated. Thus, guided activation of large muscle groups is a
      benefit for the structures of the back as well as the body's own pain-reducing
      enkephalins. Present knowledge includes a detrimental effect of prolonged
      inactivation, including long-term bed rest and inactivity, which should be
      avoided. Better treatment methods, particularly in the surgical field, will
      evolve from technical advances in the diagnostic field. For the majority of the
      low-back pain patients who do not need surgical treatment, help will come in the
      next decade from a collaborative effort from politicians, industrial leaders and
      engineers, physicians, psychologists, and biomechanicians.

PMID- 2933203
TI  - Accumulation of technetium-99m MDP in distended ureter. A potential error in
      diagnosing osteoblastic bone activity.

PMID- 2933204
TI  - Disturbances of androgen secretion and metabolism in polycystic ovary syndrome.
AB  - No matter how we define PCO, it is a heterogeneous clinical disorder. The common
      denominators of this and other overlapping clinical syndromes are the findings of
      chronic anovulation and androgen excess. Frequently, but not always, these events
      lead to cystic ovarian changes. The hyperandrogenism may be documented by finding
      elevated blood levels of ovarian or adrenal androgens or both in combination. The
      manifestation of this hyperandrogenism, however, is determined by separate
      factors. It is the degree of 5 alpha-reductase activity in tissues that appears
      to govern the manifestation of androgen excess. This increased metabolism may be
      reflected by an in vitro assay of skin 5 alpha-reductase activity or serum levels
      of 3 alpha-diol G. While 30% of patients with PCO may not have hirsutism, their
      serum androgen levels are similar to other hirsute patients. Hirsute and
      nonhirsute patients with PCO may be differentiated by their degree of peripheral
      androgen metabolism, specifically by their serum levels of 3 alpha-diol G.

PMID- 2933205
TI  - Effect of single doses of cimetidine and ranitidine on the steady-state plasma
      levels of midazolam.
AB  - H2-Receptor antagonists may interfere with the pharmacokinetics of concomitantly
      administered drugs. Our study was designed to investigate whether cimetidine or
      ranitidine influence the disposition and sedative effect of midazolam. The effect
      of single oral doses of 800 mg cimetidine, 300 mg ranitidine, or placebo on the
      steady-state concentrations of midazolam was examined in a randomized crossover
      study in eight healthy subjects. A midazolam steady-state concentration was
      achieved by an intravenous bolus (0.05 mg/kg)-infusion (0.025 mg/kg/hr)
      technique. Plasma concentrations of midazolam, cimetidine, and ranitidine and the
      pharmacodynamic response to midazolam (choice reaction time, sedation index) were
      monitored throughout the 10-hour infusion. Cimetidine significantly increased the
      mean (+/- SD) steady-state plasma concentration of midazolam from 56.7 +/- 7.8 to
      71.3 +/- 19.6 ng/ml (P = 0.004). In contrast, the steady-state midazolam
      concentration after ranitidine dosing (61.8 +/- 6.8 ng/ml) did not differ
      significantly from that after placebo. No change in choice reaction time or
      sedation index was detected after cimetidine or ranitidine dosing. Nevertheless,
      in contrast to ranitidine, the recently advocated once-daily dosing of cimetidine
      has a potential for hepatic drug interaction that should be considered before its
      coadministration with drugs that have a narrow therapeutic index.

PMID- 2933206
TI  - Effect of etodolac in patients with moderate renal impairment compared with
      normal subjects.
AB  - Twenty subjects (10 with normal renal function and 10 with moderate renal
      insufficiency) participated in an 8-day study to assess the effects of acute and
      chronic etodolac dosing on renal function. Subjects and patients were
      hospitalized and followed a controlled diet (150 mEq sodium, 60 to 80 mEq
      potassium) during the study. A 3-day drug-free period was followed by 4 days of
      etodolac, 200 mg b.i.d. Sodium balance and body weight remained unchanged in both
      groups. Modest reductions in renal function as measured by clearances of inulin
      and p-aminohippurate occurred acutely only in the patients with renal impairment.
      Chronic therapy resulted in no decrements in daily creatinine clearance. In an
      average effective anti-inflammatory dose, etodolac did not produce a sustained
      effect on renal function in either normal subjects or patients with moderate
      renal insufficiency.

PMID- 2933207
TI  - Deafness and dental health care.

PMID- 2933208
TI  - Precautions to prevent the spread of hepatitis in the dental office.

PMID- 2933209
TI  - DNA repair synthesis in the pancreatic islets of streptozotocin-treated mice.
AB  - We have investigated the ability of the diabetogenic drug streptozotocin (SZ) to
      induce DNA repair synthesis following DNA lesions in the cells of the islets of
      Langerhans of mice. Following intravenous injection of SZ, the pancreatic islets
      were isolated and incubated with tritiated thymidine. The incorporation of the
      isotope into cells performing DNA repair synthesis was analyzed using
      quantitative autoradiography. SZ induced an acute hyperglycemia in the mice
      together with a significant DNA repair synthesis (an increased tritiated
      thymidine incorporation) in the islet cells. In similar experiments performed
      with alloxan, the islet cells degenerated rapidly preventing the detection of DNA
      repair synthesis. The results support the view that SZ acts on the B cell by
      causing DNA damage followed by DNA repair synthesis. However, the rapid islet
      cell degeneration observed following alloxan administration suggests that this B
      cytotoxin has a different primary mechanism of action, from that of SZ.

PMID- 2933210
TI  - Peripheral angioplasty: emphasising the need for complete visualisation in lower
      limb angiography.
AB  - The importance of optimal visualisation by the use of multiple projections in
      lower limb angiography is stressed. This is particularly relevant to the safe and
      effective performance of percutaneous angioplasty; illustrative examples are
      presented.

PMID- 2933212
TI  - New, conservative, and exceptionally effective treatment for low back pain.

PMID- 2933211
TI  - Glomerular sialic acid in Heymann nephritis and diacetylbenzidine induced
      nephropathy in rats.
AB  - Glomerular sialic acid was chemically measured in rats with experimental
      proteinuria induced by N,N'-diacetylbenzidine (DAB) or with autoimmune Heymann
      nephritis. In DAB nephrosis and in Heymann nephritis the relative amount of
      glomerular protein was increased. In DAB nephrosis the quantity of sialic acid
      expressed per amount of protein was decreased, but expressed per amount of DNA,
      which reflects the number of cells, there was no significant change. In Heymann
      nephritis the amount of sialic acid was not significantly altered when expressed
      per amount of protein or per amount of DNA. In individual animals, the amount of
      glomerular sialic acid expressed per amount of protein or per amount of DNA did
      not correlate with the severity of proteinuria. An increase in the total number
      of glomerular cells was found only in Heymann nephritis. The results suggest that
      proteinuria in the reported models is not the result of changes in glomerular
      sialic acid.

PMID- 2933213
TI  - Abdominal wall CT: a pictorial essay.
AB  - Abdominal CT demonstrates clearly the anatomy of the abdominal wall. This
      radiographic technique may provide valuable information when pathology is
      suspected in this region or in the adjacent peritoneum. The muscles, subcutaneous
      tissues and vascular structures of the abdominal wall should be examined
      thoroughly when reading routine abdominal CT films. This paper reviews
      abnormalities identified involving the abdominal wall including hernias, masses,
      vessels, hematomas, abscesses, ascites, neuromuscular diseases and miscellaneous
      entities.

PMID- 2933214
TI  - Enantiospecificity in allergic contact dermatitis. A review and new results in
      Frullania-sensitive patients.
AB  - Allergic contact dermatitis is essentially enantiospecific: sensitization to one
      enantiomer generally does not imply elicitation to the mirror-image allergens.
      Examples from patients allergic to Frullania, and from the literature (usnic
      acids, 4-methoxydalbergiones, gamma-methyl-alpha-methylene-gamma-butyrolactones,
      frullanolides) are discussed.

PMID- 2933215
TI  - Occupational contact dermatitis from nonylphenolpolyglycolether.

PMID- 2933216
TI  - Contact dermatitis to paraquat.

PMID- 2933217
TI  - Pellagroid dermatitis from mancozeb with vitiligo.

PMID- 2933218
TI  - Formulation of a barrier cream against chromate.
AB  - A topical cosmetic cream has been developed for use on patients occupationally
      sensitized to chromate. With the components of this preparation, an in vitro
      study was carried out, which demonstrated the efficiency of each component. An in
      vivo experiment on 25 volunteer patients proved a failure. The formula was
      modified to produce a new cream. The in vitro and in vivo experiences showed
      satisfactory results in 60 volunteer patients, 60% of whom benefitted from using
      it.

PMID- 2933219
TI  - Occupational dermatitis in shrimp peelers.
AB  - A total of 110 female shrimp production workers from 2 factories were invited to
      participate in an investigation of occupational skin problems. A questionnaire
      was filled in by 94 workers and 24 (20.2%) claimed skin problems due to working
      conditions. In 7 (6%), a diagnosis of occupational dermatitis of the hands was
      made. In 2, there were strongly positive reactions to shrimp. 5 had negative
      tests but a positive history of occupational provocation.

PMID- 2933220
TI  - The phototoxic and allergenic potential of EDS liquids.
AB  - Liquid fuels derived by direct coal liquefaction may be similar in boiling range
      and chemical composition to coal tar products. In the past, phototoxicity, an
      occupational skin disorder, has been associated with coal distillation.
      Consequently, the phototoxic properties of 5 materials representing the full
      boiling range of liquids derived from the EDS process were characterized
      utilizing a guinea pig model. Results with low boiling, coal derived liquids
      (less than 200 degrees C) were not different from unirradiated controls; however,
      liquids boiling above 200 degrees C induced phototoxic effects. These results
      suggest that high boiling EDS liquids may possess phototoxic potential.
      Differences in the phototoxic activities of liquids of similar boiling range may
      be related to chemical composition. A study of the allergenic potential of the
      EDS liquids described above was conducted utilizing the guinea pig maximization
      test. None of the test materials produced positive responses, suggesting that EDS
      liquids are low in allergenic potential.

PMID- 2933221
TI  - Occupational dermatitis from soldering flux among workers in the electronics
      industry.
AB  - Although numerous occupational irritants and allergens have been known to cause
      contact dermatitis in the electronics industry, soldering flux is seldom
      mentioned. Soldering flux used in the electronics industry can cause both
      irritant and allergic contact dermatitis. Irritant dermatitis is commoner than
      allergic contact dermatitis. Aminoethylethanolamine, a constituent of some
      fluxes, is a sensitizer. Dermatitis tends to start over the periungual area and
      spread to the finger shafts and sometimes the wrists. The use of cotton gloves by
      workers appeared to aggravate the problem. Prophylactic measures are essential to
      prevent occupational contact dermatitis in workers handling flux in the
      electronics industry.

PMID- 2933222
TI  - Survey of handicapped physicians in practice.

PMID- 2933223
TI  - Self-sterility, MHC polymorphism, and spontaneous abortion.

PMID- 2933225
TI  - Immunoregulatory mechanisms in the uterus and survival of the fetus.

PMID- 2933224
TI  - Immunomodulation of antitumor response by chemotherapy.

PMID- 2933226
TI  - Local and systemic regulation of maternal antifetal cytotoxicity during murine
      pregnancy.

PMID- 2933227
TI  - FcR derived from without the immune system--a potential escape mechanism for
      cells propagating in a hostile immunological environment.

PMID- 2933228
TI  - Nuclear cardiology: current indications and clinical usefulness.

PMID- 2933229
TI  - Leser-Trelat sign associated with Sezary syndrome.
AB  - The Leser-Trelat sign is a rare but well known cutaneous indicator of internal
      malignancy, most commonly adenocarcinoma of the stomach. There have been only a
      few cases associated with lymphoproliferative malignancies. Sezary syndrome is a
      chronic leukemia/lymphoma characterized by generalized erythroderma and
      circulating Sezary cells. We describe a rare case of the Leser-Trelat sign
      associated with the Sezary syndrome. The skin sign was alleviated through
      combination chemotherapy.

PMID- 2933230
TI  - [2 years' clinical follow-up after application of the Concise white sealant
      system].

PMID- 2933231
TI  - Family friends.

PMID- 2933232
TI  - [Back pain in renal osteodystrophy patients in hemodialysis treatment for more
      than 10 years].

PMID- 2933233
TI  - The mucosal blood flow in pelvic pouches in man. A methodologic study of
      fluorescein flowmetry.
AB  - Fluorescein flowmetry implies the measurement of capillary blood flow, expressed
      as an index between the maximum fluorescence after the first circulatory passage
      of sodium fluorescein (NaF) and the rise time, defined as the time interval
      between ten and 90 percent of the maximum fluorescence. A mathematic model based
      on fluorescein flowmetry was deduced to distinguish a mucosal and muscular blood
      flow in an intact (unopened) intestine during surgery in man. The hypothesis was
      that if, at a certain point in time, there is a fixed relationship between the
      seromuscular fluorescence and the mucosal maximum fluorescence, obtained during
      the first circulatory passage of NaF, and if the rise times were equal, then a
      mucosal blood flow could be calculated based on the seromuscular fluorescence.
      The model was tested in intestinal anastomoses on 16 patients. A fixed
      relationship between the numeric value of the mucosal maximum fluorescence and
      the seromuscular fluorescence was found. After five minutes, the ratio was 1:1
      and the correlation coefficient at its highest (0.97). It was also found that the
      rise times were practically identical (r = 0.92). The validity of the model was
      then tested by comparing it with fluorescein flowmetry, and the correlation
      coefficient was 0.85. The model was therefore accepted and named indirect mucosal
      fluorescein flowmetry. Indirect mucosal fluorescein flowmetry was applied to
      measure blood flow in pelvic pouches in 14 patients, and fluorescein flowmetry in
      the ileoanal anastomoses in eight patients. The mucosal blood flow in the
      reservoir, compared with the normal intestine, was reduced to 58 percent if the
      ileocolic artery or distal branches of the mesenteric artery were ligated, and to
      88 percent if the vessels were left intact (P less than 0.05). In the ileoanal
      anastomosis the mucosal blood flow was reduced to 23 percent compared with the
      normal intestine (P less than 0.01). The results suggest that stretching and
      compressing the mesentery might be critical for circulation in the ileoanal
      anastomoses.

PMID- 2933235
TI  - [Crystals of a nonspecific complex of cro-repressor with DNA].

PMID- 2933234
TI  - Immune function in marmosets. Present state of relevant knowledge.

PMID- 2933236
TI  - [Professional hand eczema and atopy. A clinical prospective study on
      correlation].
AB  - 683 patients with hand eczema were examined for history and clinical signs of
      atopy. 242 of these patients suffered from occupational eczema. In more than 50%
      of this latter group we saw at least 3 references to atopy. This rate exactly
      corresponds to one established in 441 patients without industrial eczema but with
      predominantly definite atopic eczema. Thus, atopy exists largely in patients with
      occupational eczema and in fact furthers the incidence of this disease relevant
      in social medicine. Early diagnosis of atopy resulting in efficient vocational
      guidance can diminish the number of cases of industrial eczema.

PMID- 2933237
TI  - Occupational dermatoses in the food industry.
AB  - The occurrence of skin diseases in employees engaged in the food industry has
      been investigated by means of an epidemiological cross-sectional study. Of the
      1052 workers in a large factory in Turku (Finland), 17% reported a current skin
      disease. Occupational eczema was diagnosed in 8,5% of the 541 female employees
      examined in detail. It was twice as common among those handling fish, meat and
      vegetables or making "instant" food as among those making confectionery. Hand
      eczema was present in 15% of the 196 workers handling food, in 8,5% of the 259
      confectioners and in 6% of the 86 office employees. History of atopic dermatitis
      could be revealed in 30% and history of asthma or hay fever without dermatitis in
      15% of the employees with current hand eczema.

PMID- 2933239
TI  - [Differences and change in insurance legal concepts in West Germany].
AB  - In the course of the past two decades the social security system has undergone
      various changes, which escaped the notice of many doctors; some new legal
      developments and the hereby resulting medical evaluations are presented, whose
      emphasis embraces the following main fields: statutory social insurance, social
      claim for compensation, legislation for the seriously disabled, private
      insurance, rehabilitation and assessment of reduced earning capacity.

PMID- 2933238
TI  - [Occupational dermatomycoses of zoophilic origin in Bulgaria].
AB  - The relative proportion of zoophilic dermatomycoses is increased in comparison
      with Tinea capitis et pedum. The most frequent zoophilic species now is not only
      T. mentagrophytes, but T. verrucosum as well. Occupational mycoses caused by T.
      mentagrophytes and T. quinckeanum in vivaria put forward new problems for
      experimental medicine. The author states his arguments in favour of T.
      quinckeanum as a separate, specialized species with reduced morphology, forming
      scutula. T. verrucosum is phylogenetically the most highly differentiated
      monoreceptive zoophilic on cattle. With its physiological, parasitological and
      epidemiological characteristics it is primarily the object of veterinary medicine
      and also of human medicine. The measures for fighting those mycotic infections
      are described in detail. Because of cattle-farm expansion the combat of cattle
      trichophytosis presents in itself a tough problem. The number of the infected is
      thus also increased. Immunisation with the LFT-130 vaccine and therapy with
      griseofulvin products containing medicinal feed, according to Kielstein, is
      recommended.

PMID- 2933240
TI  - [Transfemoral angioplasty in stenosis of the isthmus of aorta].
AB  - A 14-year-old patient with severe aortic coarctation was treated by advancing a
      balloon catheter across the stenosis via the right femoral artery. The 4 cm long
      balloon, transversal diameter 15 mm, was filled with saline containing contrast
      media for 10 seconds. The excess pressure in the balloon was 3.5 at. Subsequently
      the stenosis diameter increased from 3 to 7.3 mm. The systolic pressure gradient
      decreased from 75 to 35 mm Hg. After the operation the foot-pulse was palpable
      for the first time. The highly elevated arterial pressure in the upper
      extremities decreased markedly. Three months after the operation the vessel
      diameter was 10.2 mm and the pressure gradient only 10 mm Hg.

PMID- 2933241
TI  - [Suppressor action of the liver in the graft vs. host reaction].

PMID- 2933242
TI  - [Changes in the phosphorylase activity of the heart in myocardial hypertrophy].

PMID- 2933243
TI  - [Lymphokines and monokines].

PMID- 2933244
TI  - [Effect of cyclophosphane on the suppressor activity of spleen cells in mice with
      transplantable tumors].
AB  - The suppressor activity of the splenic cells in the cyclophosphamide (CP)-treated
      BALB/c mice with transplanted tumours was studied. CP was injected according to
      three different therapeutic effective schedules. The analysis of non-specific and
      antigen-specific tumour-associated suppressor activity in the splenic cell
      adoptive transfer system demonstrated that CP immunomodulating influence depends
      on the injection schedule. Usage of the most therapeutically effective CP
      injection schedule ensured a relative safety of the nonspecific tumour-associated
      suppressor activity and depression of the specific one.

PMID- 2933245
TI  - Antiobesity effects of etiocholanolones in diabetes (db), viable yellow (Avy),
      and normal mice.
AB  - Two metabolites of the adrenal steroid dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), 3 alpha
      hydroxyetiocholanolone and 3 beta-hydroxyetiocholanolone, were found to have
      antiobesity properties with respect to both prevention of the development of
      obesity as well as weight reduction after obesity was established. All of the
      obesity types studied responded to metabolite therapy to a greater or lesser
      extent. The more natural obesity seen in certain strains of mice with aging
      responded most rapidly to the feeding of either metabolite. The effective dosage
      (0.1%) fed in the diet was only one quarter the dosage required for DHEA to
      produce the same effect in preventing diabetes symptoms in C57BL/Ks diabetic (db)
      mutant mice. Unlike DHEA, neither metabolite produced any undesirable estrogenic
      or androgenic side-effects. 3 alpha-hydroxyethiocholanolone and 3 beta
      hydroxyetiocholanolone, formerly considered only as inert end products of steroid
      metabolism, have beneficial actions in mice with various diabetes-obesity
      conditions and may be metabolic effectors in their own right.

PMID- 2933246
TI  - Estrogen decreases rat hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin messenger ribonucleic
      acid levels.
AB  - Ovariectomy and estrogen (E) or E plus progesterone treatment has previously been
      shown to alter both hypothalamic content and portal plasma levels of beta
      endorphin. To determine if these changes were accompanied by changes in beta
      endorphin synthesis, we used a RNA dot blot method to quantify
      proopiomelanocortin (POMC) mRNA levels in the arcuate nucleus-median eminence
      region of rats. Animals were bilaterally ovariectomized, implanted with Silastic
      capsules containing E or oil, and killed 1 or 3 days after implantation. Total
      nucleic acid was isolated from dissections of the arcuate-median eminence by
      proteinase-K/sodium dodecyl sulfate/phenol extraction, and POMC mRNA was
      quantified by dot blot analysis. Although 1 day of E treatment had no effect on
      hypothalamic POMC mRNA levels, 3 days of E treatment caused a significant
      reduction of approximately 40% of POMC mRNA levels relative to oil controls in
      two replicate experiments. These results suggest that the decreases in
      hypothalamic POMC peptide levels after E administration reported previously may
      be due to a decrease in POMC peptide biosynthesis resulting from a decrease in
      hypothalamic POMC mRNA.

PMID- 2933247
TI  - The Reproductive Effects Assessment Group's report on the mutagenicity of 1,3
      butadiene and its reactive metabolites.
AB  - A major data gap for assessing heritable risk from exposure to 1,3-butadiene is
      the lack of mammalian mutagenicity data. The data base on the mutagenic potential
      of 1,3-butadiene is limited to three bacterial studies from the same laboratory.
      Two of these studies were positive only in the presence of liver S9 mix from
      chemically pretreated animals. In vitro data suggest that 1,3-butadiene is
      metabolized to two epoxide intermediates. 3,4-Epoxybutene, one potential reactive
      metabolite of 1,3-butadiene, is a monofunctional alkylating agent and is a direct
      acting mutagen in bacteria. In addition, unpublished data suggest that 3,4-epoxy
      butene induces DNA damage and chromosomal aberrations in mice. Another potential
      reactive metabolite, 1,2:3,4-diepoxybutane, is a bifunctional alkylating agent
      and is mutagenic in a wide variety of organisms (bacteria, fungi, and the germ
      cells of Drosophila). This metabolite also induces DNA damage in mice and in
      cultured hamster cells, is clastogenic in fungi and cultured rat cells, and
      produces chromosome damage/breakage in Drosophila germ cells. These data, when
      combined with evidence that 1,3-butadiene is carcinogenic in rodent gonadal
      tissues and is associated with gonadal atrophy in mice, constitute suggestive
      evidence that 1,3-butadiene may be a human germ cell mutagen. However, because
      the mutagenicity of 1,3-butadiene has been studied only in bacteria, studies in
      mammalian test systems are needed to further characterize the mutagenic potential
      of 1,3-butadiene.

PMID- 2933248
TI  - Are paraplegics handicapped in the execution of a manual task?

PMID- 2933249
TI  - Visualisation by low-angle shadowing of the leucocyte-common antigen. A major
      cell surface glycoprotein of lymphocytes.
AB  - The leucocyte-common antigen (L-CA) from rat thymocytes is a cell surface
      glycoprotein of 180 000 apparent mol. wt. with an 80-kd cytoplasmic domain. This
      paper reports the molecular dimensions of the molecule visualised by electron
      microscopy after low-angle shadowing. The L-CA monomer consists of a globular
      head region of approximately 12 nm diameter and a short tail approximately 18 nm
      long. In deoxycholate both monomers and multimers are seen with aggregation
      occurring at the head groups. When the detergent is removed, larger clusters are
      formed with tails extending from a central aggregate. A 100-kd tryptic fragment
      of L-CA that is known to include the extracellular parts of the molecule also
      exists in monomer and multimer forms and is seen to have a rod-like structure of
      length 28 nm without evidence of the head group. Altogether the data indicate
      that the rod-like structure is found outside the cell and that the extra sequence
      that forms the head is inside. The tryptic fragment is likely to be derived by
      cleavage after the transmembrane sequence.

PMID- 2933250
TI  - Heparan sulphate proteoglycans and their polypeptide chains from BHK cells.
AB  - A simple procedure for partially purifying membrane-associated 35S-labelled
      proteoglycans from BHK cells is described. The labelled molecules are mainly
      heparan sulphate glycoproteins, and their average half-lives are approximately 3
      h in culture. A new method, which depends on the degradation of heparan sulphate
      by nitrous acid at low pH, has been devised to determine the size of the
      polypeptide moiety of this class of molecule. The BHK cell heparan sulphate
      proteoglycans contain three main polypeptides having mol. wts. of approximately
      65, 85 and 120 kd.

PMID- 2933252
TI  - Mitochondrial translation of subunits of the rotenone-sensitive NADH:ubiquinone
      reductase in Neurospora crassa.
AB  - The rotenone sensitive NADH:ubiquinone was isolated from mitochondria of
      Neurospora crassa as a monodisperse preparation with the apparent mol. wt. in
      Triton solution of 0.9 X 10(6). The enzyme is composed of at least 22 subunits
      with apparent mol. wts. in SDS between 70 and 11 kd. Six of the subunits with the
      mol. wts. 70, 48, 37, 25, 22 and 18 kd were radioactively labelled in the enzyme
      isolated from cells which had incorporated [35S]methionine in the presence of
      cycloheximide. These subunits are synthesized in the mitochondria. Eleven
      subunits were radioactively labelled in the enzyme from cells which had
      incorporated [35S]methionine in the presence of chloramphenicol. These subunits
      are synthesized in the cytoplasm. The site of translation of the other subunits
      could not be established by the pulse-labelling technique. The assignment of the
      mitochondrially synthesized subunits to unidentified reading frames on the
      mitochondrial DNA is discussed.

PMID- 2933253
TI  - The effect of ketanserin on post-anaesthetic vasoconstriction and shivering.
AB  - Two homogeneous groups of 20 healthy women submitted to elective gynaecological
      surgery, who presented after anaesthesia with peripheral vasoconstriction and
      shivering, were included in a randomized, double-blind study. The first group
      received 10 mg ketanserin, a new pure antagonist of serotoninergic S2 receptors.
      The second group received 10 ml saline as placebo. Blood pressure, heart rate,
      pulse wave amplitude, and rectal and cutaneous temperatures were measured before
      and 5, 15 and 30 min after treatment. Vasoconstriction, shivering and discomfort
      were classified as intense, moderate or absent at these times. Venous and
      arterial blood gases were determined before and 15 min after treatment. Blood
      pressure and heart rate decreased slightly after ketanserin administration and
      this decrease was statistically significant. Increases in rectal temperature were
      similar in both groups. Peripheral temperature, measured in the big toe,
      significantly decreased in the placebo group but did not change after ketanserin.
      Vasoconstriction, shivering, discomfort and pulse wave amplitude improved
      significantly following ketanserin. We conclude that ketanserin may be effective
      in treating this post-operative complication, the possible mechanism being the
      vasodilatation it causes; a central serotoninergic blockade could also be
      implied.

PMID- 2933251
TI  - Selective translation of heat shock mRNA in Drosophila melanogaster depends on
      sequence information in the leader.
AB  - One of the effects of a temperature increase above 35 degrees C on Drosophila
      melanogaster is a rapid switch in selectivity of the translational apparatus.
      Protein synthesis from normal, but not from heat shock, mRNA is much reduced.
      Efficient translation at high temperature might be a result of the primary
      sequence of heat shock genes. Alternatively a mRNA modification mechanism,
      altered as a consequence of heat shock, might allow for efficient high
      temperature translation of any mRNA synthesized during a heat shock. The gene for
      alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) was fused to the controlling elements of a heat shock
      protein 70 (hsp70) gene. Authentic Adh mRNA, synthesized from this fusion gene at
      elevated temperatures was not translated during heat shock. A second Adh fusion
      gene in which the mRNA synthesized contained the first 95 nucleotides of the
      Hsp70 non-translated leader sequence gave rise, at high temperature, to mRNA
      which was translated during the heat shock. Thus, the signal(s) in the mRNAs
      controlling translation efficiency at heat shock temperatures is encoded within
      the heat shock genes.

PMID- 2933254
TI  - The relationship between muscle myosin ATP-ase activity and isometric endurance
      in untrained male subjects.
AB  - The influence of variations in muscle fibre composition on isometric endurance
      capacity was measured in 23 young healthy untrained male volunteers. After
      determination of the maximum voluntary force of contraction (MVC), subjects
      sustained to fatigue contractions at forces of 80%, 50% and 20% of MVC with a 5
      min rest between each. A needle biopsy was obtained from m. vastus lateralis and
      used for histochemical determination of fibre composition based on myosin ATP-ase
      activity, and fibre are a based on succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity.
      Endurance times were 21 +/- 9 s (mean +/- SD) at 80% of MVC, 56 +/- 17 s at 50%
      of MVC and 203 +/- 89 s at 20% of MVC. A wide range of muscle fibre compositions
      was observed with Type I fibres accounting for 48.0 +/- 10.5% of the total,
      corresponding to 45.0 +/- 11.5% of the total muscle area. Muscle fibre
      composition, whether expressed as the proportions of the different fibre types
      present, or as the fraction of total muscle cross-sectional area occupied by each
      fibre type was not correlated with isometric endurance capacity at any of the
      three forces studied. Endurance time was also unrelated to MVC. In contrast to
      the results of previous studies where trained subjects were used, or where
      different muscle groups were compared, these results suggest that isometric
      endurance is not influenced by muscle fibre composition.

PMID- 2933255
TI  - Laser-Doppler and plethysmographic skin blood flow during exercise and during
      acute heat stress in the sauna.
AB  - Forearm skin blood flow was measured in six male subjects by laser-Doppler
      flowmetry (LDF) and venous occlusion plethysmography (VOP) during constant-load
      (125-200 W) upright bicycle exercise in a warm environment (X + SD, ta 34.6 +/-
      0.2 degrees C) and during a 15 min sauna bath (ta 69.0 +/- 2.8 degrees C). During
      the sauna test the LDF values correlated well with the VOP measurements in the
      initial phase of active cutaneous vasodilation, after which the LDF values almost
      leveled off in spite of a steady increase in VOP measurements. During the
      exercise the mean VOP and LDF values rose in parallel with each other to steady
      state levels. The relationship between the results of the two methods proved to
      be nonlinear. It was concluded that different parameters were measured by VOP and
      LDF. The latter measured mainly the integrated velocity of blood flow in the
      outermost cutaneous tissue, and this velocity seemed to be partly dependent on
      the level of the arterial inflow (VOP), but also on the prevailing pressure-flow
      and pressure-volume relations in the cutaneous vascular bed.

PMID- 2933257
TI  - A study of some immunological variables in twins, discordant for multiple
      sclerosis.
AB  - 11 twin pairs, discordant for multiple sclerosis (MS), were studied: 5 were
      monozygotic, 6 dizygotic. The mixed leukocyte reaction (MLR) with cells from
      unrelated patients with MS, the natural killer cell (NK) activity, OKT 4/OKT 8
      ratio, and monocyte numbers were studied. The impaired MLR seen in some patients
      with MS was even more pronounced in the healthy twin, irrespective of the
      zygosity of the twins. A reduced NK activity and a high OKT 4/OKT 8 ratio is seen
      in the diseased twin compared to the healthy one, more strongly indicated at
      monozygosity. The significance of genetics, early environment, and disease is
      discussed.

PMID- 2933256
TI  - Structure and function of platelet membrane glycoproteins Ib and V. Effects of
      leukocyte elastase and other proteases on platelets response to von Willebrand
      factor and thrombin.
AB  - Treatment of platelets with human leukocyte elastase causes a rapid loss in
      response to von Willebrand factor and a biphasic loss in response to thrombin,
      first rapid then more slowly. The rapid phase corresponds to cleavage of a 45-kDa
      glycopeptide from the extracellular end of membrane glycoprotein GPIb. Longer
      treatment removes 80-kDa and 90-kDa glycopeptides and a glycopeptide
      corresponding to the major part of GPV. The 45-kDa and 90-kDa species could be
      obtained by elastase treatment of glycocalicin, the major proteolytic cleavage
      product of GPIb. Polyclonal rabbit antibodies against the purified 45-kDa
      glycopeptide had the same effect on the action of von Willebrand factor and
      thrombin on platelets as cleavage of GPIb by elastase. These results indicate
      that both the von Willebrand factor and thrombin binding sites on GPIb are
      located in the same region on the outside of the molecule. Thrombin activation of
      platelets involves at least two receptors, one on the 45-kDa glycopeptide, which
      when occupied causes an increase in the speed of response of the platelets to the
      cleavage of the second. GPV, a candidate for the second receptor, is a
      hydrophobic glycoprotein that is cleaved from the platelet membrane by several
      proteases. Proteases that do not activate platelets but degrade the second
      receptor remove larger fragments from GPV than do proteases such as thrombin or
      trypsin which activate platelets.

PMID- 2933258
TI  - Platelet behavior in patients with TIA: responsiveness to small doses of aspirin.
AB  - To study platelet role in cerebrovascular disease, beta-thromboglobulin (beta-TG)
      and platelet factor 4 (PF4) plasma levels, indices of in vivo platelet
      activation, were assayed in a group of patients affected by cerebral ischemic
      attack (transient ischemic attack; TIA). Determinations were carried out within 1
      month from the ischemic event and following short-term (1 month) and long-term (1
      year) daily administration of low doses (50 mg) of aspirin (ASA). After the
      cerebral ischemic event, beta-TG and PF4 plasma levels were elevated. beta-TG and
      PF4 plasma levels did not decrease after 1 month of treatment with ASA and
      significantly increased in all the patients after 1 year. Such a trend can
      perhaps be related to the natural course of the disease and associated with the
      possible occurrence of collagen-induced platelet activation in cerebrovascular
      patients. Data suggest that although platelet activation occurs in TIA-affected
      patients, the high levels of beta-TG and PF4 may not be adequate parameters for
      evaluation of TIA relapses and ASA efficacy.

PMID- 2933259
TI  - T lymphocyte populations in multiple sclerosis.
AB  - In 36 patients representing different clinical stages of multiple sclerosis (MS)
      (9 patients with acute exacerbations; 21 patients in remission; 5 patients with
      chronic progressive MS) determinations of T lymphocyte populations using
      monoclonal antibodies against surface antigens (OKT3 (pan T cells), OKT4 (helper
      T cells), OKT8 (cytotoxic/suppressor T cells] were performed. Compared to the
      control group (40 healthy individuals) a clear elevation of the T4/T8 ratio was
      found in acute exacerbations and to a lesser degree in patients with inactive
      phases of MS. Patients with chronic progressive disease did not show increased
      T4/T8 ratios. Serial determination of lymphocyte populations after corticosteroid
      therapy in 10 selected patients revealed no significant changes which could be
      attributed to this therapeutic modality. Pathogenetic and clinical implications
      of the shifts in surface antigen expression of T lymphocyte populations mirroring
      the clinical course of MS are discussed.

PMID- 2933260
TI  - Serum beta-N-acetyl hexosaminidase (beta-NAH) as a discriminant between malignant
      and benign extrahepatic biliary obstruction: comparison with carcinoembryonic
      antigen (CEA).
AB  - Fifty-one patients (16 with malignant extrahepatic biliary obstruction, ten with
      benign extrahepatic biliary obstruction, eight with alcoholic liver disease, five
      with viral hepatitis and 12 with liver metastases) and 19 adult healthy controls
      were studied with determinations of beta-N-acetyl hexosaminidase (a lysosomal
      enzyme which is cleared from the circulation by the Kupffer cells),
      carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), serum bilirubin, alkaline-phosphatase and
      aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Both CEA and beta-NAH were elevated in each
      disease group. Elevated beta-NAH levels distinguished between benign and
      malignant extrahepatic biliary obstruction better than CEA levels. Beta-NAH
      levels for the malignant and the benign groups were 47.6 +/- 14.7 U/l and 23.0 +/
      4.7 U/l (mean +/- S.D.) respectively. The groups differed significantly (P less
      than 0.001). Plasma CEA levels for both groups were 18.7 +/- 38.9 and 7.2 +/- 3.3
      ng/ml (mean +/- S.D.) respectively. Beta-NAH levels for the 19 normal controls
      were 15.8 +/- 3.5 U/l (mean +/- S.D.). Beta-NAH also was significantly elevated
      in patients with hepatic metastases (36.9 +/- 20.1 U/l). In 25 cancer patients
      with metastases other than in the liver beta-NAH levels (18.3 +/- 5.2) were not
      significantly elevated over the control group. It has potential value as a marker
      for non-CEA-producing liver metastases.

PMID- 2933261
TI  - The effect of a 1-deoxynojirimycin derivative on post-prandial blood glucose and
      insulin levels in healthy black and white volunteers.
AB  - BAY m1099 (a 1-deoxynojirimycin derivative) is a glucose analogue which is an
      alpha-glucosidase inhibitor. Its effects on post-prandial blood glucose and
      insulin levels was compared with a placebo in 12 healthy male volunteers (6
      Blacks and 6 Whites). It produced a similar, significant depression of post
      prandial blood glucose and insulin levels when the groups were assessed
      separately and when the data were pooled. Although blood insulin levels in Whites
      were higher than in Blacks, as previously reported, the difference was not
      statistically significant and did not appear to influence the response to the
      drug. BAY 1099 produced no objective or subjective untoward effects and appears
      to warrant further investigation as an adjuvant to dietary control of diabetes
      mellitus.

PMID- 2933262
TI  - Direct effect of interleukin 2 on the differentiation of human B cells which have
      not been preactivated in vitro.
AB  - Unfractionated as well as small and large human tonsillar B cells were found to
      differentiate in the presence of recombinant interleukin 2 (IL2) without
      requiring an in vitro preactivation signal. These cell suspensions did not
      contain detectable T cells, monocytes or natural killer cells both at the
      initiation and the termination of cultures, and did not respond to the T cell
      dependent polyclonal B cell activator pokeweed mitogen. They contained very few
      Tac antigen-bearing cells (less than 2.5%) at the beginning and at the
      termination of the cultures in the absence of IL2. In the presence of IL2, only a
      minimal increase in the number of Tac antigen-bearing cells was noted. The
      observed differentiation was not due to the effects of contaminating T cells,
      since cultures purposely contaminated with up to 5% of T cells did not contain
      greater amounts of IgM, IgG or IgA than cultures without T cells added back.
      Furthermore, when T cells were present at a ratio of 1 T cell per 9 B cells, the
      production of IgM was decreased. Taken together, these data support the
      hypothesis that (a) B cell differentiation in response to IL2 may occur in the
      absence of in vitro preactivation, and in this case cannot be related to the
      expression of Tac antigen on the B cell surface; (b) it is not due to helper
      effects of very low numbers of T cells which might contaminate the B cell
      suspensions; and (c) it most likely results from a direct effect of IL2 on B
      cells themselves. The data also point out the fact that, in the presence of IL2,
      T cells may trigger inhibitory effects on IL2-induced B cell differentiation
      rather than provide helper signals.

PMID- 2933263
TI  - Trypanosoma cruzi: modulation of parasite-cell interaction by plasma fibronectin.
AB  - Treatment of either rat peritoneal macrophages (RPM), cloned 3T3 fibroblasts
      (3T3FR) or Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigote culture forms with human plasma
      fibronectin (huFN) enhanced their association with the untreated counterpart and
      this related to the concentration of huFN used. When treatment was performed at 4
      degrees C, the enhancing effect of huFN on parasite-cell interaction was greater
      than that observed at 37 degrees C. This observation could be related to the
      indirect immunofluorescence antibody assay showing that a significant increase of
      fibronectin staining was observed on the cell and parasite surfaces upon
      incubation with huFN and that the extent of fibronectin staining was greater at 4
      degrees C. Incubation of huFN-treated or nontreated parasites or cells with anti
      huFN antibodies exerted an inhibitory effect on the parasite-cell association.
      The region of fibronectin that interacts with the trypomastigote surface is
      unknown. Inhibition experiments suggested that the domain of fibronectin which
      interacts with parasite surface receptors would probably be localized close to
      the NH2-terminal region of the molecule. Taken together, these results suggest
      that fibronectin may play a role in the binding of parasites to the vertebrate
      host cell surface.

PMID- 2933264
TI  - Human T cell recognition of cloned HLA class I gene products expressed on DNA
      transfectants of mouse mastocytoma P815.
AB  - Cloned genes for human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I antigens
      were introduced by DNA-mediated gene transfer into a high-efficiency transfection
      recipient (HTR) cell line previously derived from mouse mastocytoma P815. Cell
      surface expression of HLA-A3, AW24 and CW3 gene products on P815 transfectants
      was demonstrated by radioimmune assay and by flow cytometry. The human MHC class
      I gene products were apparently expressed on P815 transfectants in a form
      recognized by human cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL). Human CTL generated in
      unidirectional mixed lymphocyte culture against AW24+ donor lymphocytes clearly
      lysed P815-HLA-AW24+ transfectant target cells, but not untransfected P815(HTR)
      controls. Moreover, P815-HLA transfectants could stimulate in vitro a significant
      alloreactive human CTL response. Lysis of P815-HLA transfectant target cells by
      human CTL was inhibited by a monoclonal antibody directed against human MHC class
      I gene products. These mouse cell transfectants may be useful for the study of
      human T cell responses.

PMID- 2933265
TI  - Search for class II major histocompatibility complex molecular involvement in the
      response of Lyt-2+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte precursors to alloantigen.
AB  - A possible requirement for class II major histocompatibility complex (Ia)
      molecules in the initial activation of cytotoxic T lymphocyte precursors (CTLp)
      for allocytotoxic responses was investigated. To avoid possible interaction with
      other alloreactive cell types, a highly purified population of Lyt-2+ splenocytes
      was used as a source of CTLp. In the light of preliminary results indicating that
      Lyt-2+ CTLp, even in the presence of interleukin 2 (IL2), could best be triggered
      into mature CTL in vitro by cells known to be Ia+, we examined whether an
      interaction of CTLp with Ia antigens (either on syngeneic accessory cells or on
      allogeneic stimulators) played a role in the development of allocytotoxicity.
      Results from experiments done with C57BL/6 Lyt-2+ splenocytes co-cultured with
      P815 stimulator cells and IL 2 showed that the early activation of CTLp was
      independent of Ia+ syngeneic accessory cells: (a) flow microfluorometry analysis
      of the responder population at the beginning or after 1 or 3 days of co-culture
      did not reveal the presence of Ia+ cells; (b) procedures for removal of residual
      Ia+ cells or of dendritic cells from the responder population before co-culture
      did not affect the development of cytotoxicity; (c) co-culture with monoclonal
      antibodies against syngeneic Iab antigens did not inhibit the CTLp activation. By
      comparing an Ia+ P815 tumor line with its Ia- clone as allogeneic stimulator
      cells, it was found that the CTLp activation was also independent of Ia
      alloantigen on the stimulator cells. The response against both the Ia+ and the Ia
      stimulator cell types was not inhibited by monoclonal anti-L3T4 present in the
      co-culture, indicating that these responses were not affected by residual L3T4
      helper cells.

PMID- 2933266
TI  - Biochemical and functional characteristics of the human leukocyte membrane
      antigen family LFA-1, Mo-1 and p150,95.
AB  - The human leukocyte function-associated (LFA-1) antigen, the monocyte
      differentiation antigen Mo-1 which is characterized as the C3bi receptor and the
      glycoprotein p150,95 are characterized biochemically. Immunoprecipitations
      carried out with 6 different monoclonal antibodies (mAb) against LFA-1 indicated
      that four mAb (SPV-L1, SPV-L5, SPV-L7 and SPV-L11) were directed against the
      alpha chain, whereas mAb CLB54 and MHM-23 were found to react with the common
      beta chain of LFA-1, Mo-1 and p150,95. LFA-1 and Mo-1 expressed on KG-1 cells or
      lymphocytes, monocytes and granulocytes from one donor were homogeneous.
      Interestingly the alpha chain of p150,95 showed heterogeneity. The molecular
      weight of the alpha chain expressed on monocytes was consistently higher than
      that of the alpha chain on granulocytes. The beta subunits of LFA-1 and Mo-1 (as
      detected by mAb Bear-1) are not only similar in molecular weight and isoelectric
      focusing patterns, but it is demonstrated here that they are also identically
      glycosylated and have similar protein backbones as judged by tryptic peptide
      mapping. In spite of their structural similarities. LFA-1 and Mo-1 differ
      completely in some of their biological functions. Anti-LFA-1 mAb strongly
      inhibited monocyte-dependent T cell proliferation induced by tetanus toxoid or
      Helix pomatia hemocyanin and pokeweed mitogen-driven specific antibody production
      in vitro, whereas the anti-Mo-1 antibody Bear-1 was ineffective. These results
      suggest that the differences in these biological functions of LFA-1 and Mo-1 may
      be related to their different alpha subunits, which may recognize specific
      counter structures.

PMID- 2933267
TI  - Hemodynamic effects of synthetic atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) in dogs with
      acute left ventricular failure.
AB  - The hemodynamic and renal electrolyte/function effects of a synthetic peptide
      (ANF) corresponding to the sequence of the 26 amino acids contained in atrial
      natriuretic factor (ANF) were assessed in closed-chest dogs in which acute left
      ventricular failure was produced by coronary artery embolization with 50 micron
      plastic microspheres. Coronary embolization produced a sustained reduction in
      cardiac contractility (LV dP/dtmax) and cardiac output which averaged 42 and 44%,
      respectively. Following a 45 min equilibration period after heart failure
      induction, most of the hemodynamic functions stabilized. At this time, ANF
      infused intravenously at 100 pmol/kg per min X 30 min (n = 9) did not lower mean
      arterial pressure although it increased cardiac output (P less than 0.05) by 17%
      at only one time period. With the exception of a fall in coronary resistance and
      an increase in myocardial blood flow, a higher dose of ANF (200 pmol/kg per min)
      did not consistently alter hemodynamic function. Fractional excretion of sodium
      (FE Na%) increased 3.4-fold with ANF at 100 pmol/kg per min and 1.8-fold with the
      200 pmol/kg per min dose. Neither dose of ANF produced significant effects on
      renal blood flow (RBF) or glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Plasma angiotensin II
      which was 91 +/- 20 fmol/ml at baseline increased to 175 +/- 25 fmol/ml (P less
      than 0.05) 45 min after heart failure induction. However, neither dose of ANF
      significantly reduced these high circulating angiotensin II levels. These results
      demonstrate that an infusion of a synthetic ANF stimulated saluresis without
      altering RBF or GFR, and improved cardiac output in dogs with acute left
      ventricular failure.

PMID- 2933268
TI  - Cardiosuppressive effect of alpha-human atrial natriuretic polypeptide (alpha
      hANP) in spontaneously hypertensive rats.
AB  - The hemodynamic effects of alpha-hANP were investigated in anesthetized WKY and
      SHR. Intravenous administration of alpha-hANP (30 ng/min per 100 g bw) caused a
      marked and rapid reduction in mean blood pressure (MBP) and cardiac index (CI)
      without any change in the total peripheral resistance index in both strains of
      rat. The reduction in MBP and CI was significantly greater in SHR than in WKY. It
      is suggested that SHR may have an enhanced cardiovascular response to alpha-hANP,
      but the detailed mechanism of such a response is not known.

PMID- 2933269
TI  - Co-precipitation of intestinal p36 with a 73-K protein and a high molecular
      weight factor.
AB  - p36 is a major substrate of tyrosine kinases that co-localizes with spectrin in
      nonerythroid cells. Recent studies by Gerke & Weber [14] have shown that p36 can
      be isolated from intestine by selective extraction with the Ca2+-chelating agent
      EGTA. We now show that p36 can be re-precipitated by adding free Ca2+ to 1 mM
      with the co-precipitation of a high molecular weight (MW) factor and a
      polypeptide of 73K. The 73K protein was purified to apparent homogeneity, rabbit
      antibodies were raised to it and used in Western blots and immunofluorescence
      microscopy. The 73K protein is found in a wide range of tissues and is
      particularly concentrated in fibroblasts, where its distribution partially
      overlaps that of non-erythroid spectrin.

PMID- 2933270
TI  - Collagen metabolism in the retina of normal and diabetic rats.
AB  - Glucosyltransferase, an enzyme involved in the synthesis of the carbohydrate
      portion of basement membranes and collagens, and collagen content were determined
      in the retina of normal and streptozotocin diabetic rats. No significant
      difference in glucosyltransferase activity was found at 4 weeks of diabetes.
      However, the enzyme activity was significantly increased in diabetic rats 12 and
      48 weeks following the induction of diabetes. Similarly, a significant increase
      in collagen content was observed in diabetic retinas after 12 weeks of diabetes.
      Electron microscopy showed marked thickening of the retinal capillary basement
      membrane in long-term diabetic (48 weeks) rats. The data suggest that enhanced
      collagen synthesis and deposition occurs in the retina of diabetic rats, and with
      duration of diabetes this may result in thickening of the capillary basement
      membrane. These results are compatible with previously reported increases in
      kidney glucosyltransferase, collagen synthesis and thickening of the capillary
      basement membrane in diabetic rats.

PMID- 2933271
TI  - Busulfan-induced suppression of natural killer cell activity.
AB  - The effect of repeated injections of busulfan, an alkylating agent, on immune
      response of CAF1 mice was studied. A single injection of busulfan or acetone
      (vehicle to solubilize busulfan) acutely suppressed mitogenic and allogenic
      responses that normalized at two weeks. Repeated injections of busulfan (four
      injections), on the other hand, showed a transient suppression of the mitogenic
      responses. Natural killer (NK) activity during the first ten days after busulfan
      or acetone injections remained normal. NK activity diminished significantly after
      two injections of busulfan, remained low after four injections, and did not
      recover within four months of rest. Prolonged suppression of NK activity may be
      implicated as playing a role in the emergence of T-cell lymphomas in mice
      injected with busulfan.

PMID- 2933272
TI  - Audiogenic seizures and brain serotonin after L-tryptophan and p
      chlorophenylalanine.
AB  - Despite intense investigation, the role of serotonergic neurons in audiogenic
      seizures in mice remains uncertain. In the work reported here, audiogenic seizure
      susceptibility and brain tryptophan and serotonin concentrations were measured in
      DBA/2J mice after administration of three doses of L-tryptophan or p
      chlorophenylalanine. p-Chlorophenylalanine reduced brain serotonin and
      significantly prolonged the latency to appearance of all seizure phases. L
      tryptophan was largely ineffective in protecting against seizures and in
      elevating brain serotonin content, despite the fact that it caused a marked
      increase in brain tryptophan content. Thus, it appears that DBA/2J mice have an
      impaired ability to synthesize serotonin from tryptophan.

PMID- 2933273
TI  - Induction of a 70,000 dalton protein in hypertrophic rat heart.
AB  - Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis analysis of the product of in vitro
      translation of polyadenylated RNAs extracted from rat heart rendered hypertrophic
      by aortic constriction, shows a new protein species not present in the map of
      control hearts. The same is also obtained when hypertrophy is induced by
      treatment with thyroxine.

PMID- 2933274
TI  - Modification of acyl-plasmin-streptokinase complex with polyethylene glycol.
      Reduction of sensitivity to neutralizing antibody.
AB  - Acyl-plasmin-streptokinase complex has advantages as a 'site' directed
      fibrinolytic agent with the active site protected from the plasma protease
      inhibitors. But, in clinical use, the fibrinolytic potential of this acyl-enzyme
      complex is modified or abolished by the presence of streptokinase antibodies in
      the patients. Therefore, better therapeutic agents are required. In this work,
      chemical modification of the acyl-plasmin-streptokinase complex with polyethylene
      glycol was found to result in marked resistance to neutralization with
      streptokinase antibodies.

PMID- 2933275
TI  - Membrane lectins on human monocytes. Maturation-dependent modulation of 6
      phosphomannose and mannose receptors.
AB  - Freshly isolated human monocytes, which do not contain cell-surface mannose
      specific receptors, bind mannose 6-phosphate and actively endocytose mannose 6
      phosphate-bearing neoglycoproteins (6-P-Man-F-BSA). Three days after isolation,
      human monocytes endocytose very actively 6-P-Man-F-BSA as well as Man-F-BSA, and
      the endocytosed neoglycoproteins are rapidly degraded. These results were
      obtained in quantitative flow cytofluorometry by using a panel of
      fluoresceinylated sugar-substituted serum albumins (neoglycoproteins). Thus, in
      contrast to mannose receptors which appear only after maturation, mannose 6
      phosphate receptors are already present on freshly isolated human monocytes.

PMID- 2933276
TI  - Abdominal wall metastasis following laparoscopy: a case report.
AB  - Laparoscopy is commonly used for diagnosis and follow up of malignant disease.
      Metastatic infiltration of the scar is very rare. We report a case which
      presented as acute inflammation within 8 days of the procedure.

PMID- 2933277
TI  - [Student morbidity in a medical college].

PMID- 2933278
TI  - [The most active health personnel and their role in realizing epidemic control
      measures on the territory of Kazakhstan during World War II].

PMID- 2933279
TI  - A survey of the occurrence of nivalenol, deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in food
      stuffs and health foods in Japan.
AB  - By adopting a rapid and sensitive method for simultaneous detection of nivalenol
      (NIV), deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin, DON) and zearalenone (ZEN), the natural
      occurrence of these mycotoxins in Japan in retail marked cereal flours, popcorn
      and health foods (totalling 76 samples) was surveyed. Significant contamination
      by NIV and DON was observed in commercial wheat and barley flours, and partially
      milled grains which are consumed as rice ingredients. Of particular interest was
      the presence of DON in popcorn imported from the United States, and the high
      level contamination of NIV and ZEN in job's-tears (Hatomugi in Japanese), a
      widely marketed health food.

PMID- 2933280
TI  - [Keratosis palmoplantaris diffusa circumscripta (Unna-Thost)].

PMID- 2933281
TI  - Comparison of (Ca2+-Mg2+)-ATPase and Ca2+-ATPase in rat cardiac sarcolemma.
AB  - The calcium dependency of the Ca2+-pump ATPase of rat cardiac sarcolemma was
      investigated in the presence and absence of EGTA and EDTA in combination with two
      free Mg2+-ion concentrations. The results showed: that Mg2+-ions are not
      essential for the turnover of the Ca2+-pump ATPase; that the Ca2+-affinity is
      regulated by the concentration of the calcium-chelator complex present in the
      medium; that (Ca2+-Mg2+)-ATPase and Ca2+-ATPase are probably expressions of the
      same Ca2+-pump ATPase in the plasma membrane of the cell.

PMID- 2933282
TI  - Phosphatidylserine and calmodulin effects on Ca2+-stimulated ATPase activity of
      dog brain synaptosomal plasma membranes.
AB  - Phosphatidylserine (PtdSer)-liposomes when incubated with synaptosomal plasma
      membranes (SPM) of dog brain, evoked a significant increase (approx 80%) of the
      Ca2+-stimulated ATPase activity with maximal effect achieved at around 0.7 mumol
      PtdSer/mg SPM protein. Higher concentrations of PtdSer led to inhibition of the
      enzyme activity with respect to the maximal percentage of stimulation. Treatment
      of SPM with EGTA, to minimize the presence of bound cytoplasmic activator
      calmodulin, resulted in a mixed mechanism of inhibition of the enzyme activity
      (Vmax was decreased and Km increased) as estimated by Lineweaver-Burk plots.
      Addition of exogenous calmodulin resulted in an increase of Vmax and in a
      restoration of Km to control value. Ca2+-stimulated ATPase activity, in EGTA
      treated SPM, showed the same figure of changes at different concentrations of
      PtdSer-liposomes as those of the control, but the turning point was now located
      at higher PtdSer concentrations. The results suggest that Ca2+-stimulated ATPase
      activity of SPM is modulated by PtdSer and that calmodulin participates in these
      interactions, probably, by regulating the contact between the enzyme and Ca2+
      ions.

PMID- 2933283
TI  - Phosphorylation of ribosomal and ribosome-associated proteins in isoproterenol
      induced cardiac hypertrophy.
AB  - Cardiac hypertrophy in adult rabbits was induced by subcutaneous injection of
      isoproterenol. The rate of [3H]leucine incorporation into acid insoluble material
      was increased and the extent of [32P]phosphate incorporation into several
      ribosomal proteins was altered. Specifically, a ribosomal protein with a
      molecular weight of 32,000 from the 40S ribosomal subunit showed a five-fold
      increase in phosphate incorporation in the hypertrophic heart whereas a protein
      with a molecular weight of 28,000 from the 60S subunit showed a four-fold
      decrease. Phosphorylation of ribosome-associated proteins, which could be removed
      from ribosomes with 0.72 M KCl, was also changed in the hypertrophic hearts. Six
      major phosphoproteins (with molecular weights 62,000, 49,000, 36,000, 30,000,
      20,000 and 12,000) were detected in both the normal and the hypertrophic hearts.
      Phosphorylation of the 62 K and the 49 K protein was increased by two- and three
      fold, respectively, in the hypertrophic hearts, whereas phosphorylation of the 36
      K and the 30 K protein decreased by two-fold. The level of phosphorylation of the
      20 K and the 12 K protein was not significantly changed in hypertrophic hearts.

PMID- 2933284
TI  - Do chronically ill and handicapped children become depressed?

PMID- 2933285
TI  - Motor control in infants with Down syndrome.

PMID- 2933286
TI  - Assessment of the diabetogenic drugs alloxan and streptozotocin as models for the
      study of immune defects in diabetic mice.
AB  - The efficacy of the diabetogenic drugs streptozotocin and alloxan were evaluated
      as models for the study of immune defects associated with diabetes.
      Streptozotocin- or alloxan-treated mice, with a stable hyperglycaemia of 25-33
      mmol/l plasma glucose, were severely impaired in their ability to mount antibody
      forming, mitogenic, or delayed-type hypersensitivity responses in vivo. Treatment
      of alloxan-diabetic mice with insulin in vivo completely reversed all immune
      defects, while insulin treatment of streptozotocin-diabetic mice restored immune
      function to only 70-80% of normal levels. Results obtained by viability
      measurements and in vitro biological assays of lymphoid function, including
      proliferation in response to T- and B-cell mitogens, the production of
      interleukin-2 by T cells, and the production of interleukin-1 by macrophages
      indicated that direct exposure to alloxan for 48 h (at concentrations less than
      or equal to 14 mmol/l) had no adverse effects on lymphoid activity, while
      exposure to streptozotocin was routinely toxic at concentrations greater than or
      equal to 1 mmol/l. Both alloxan and streptozotocin exhibited strong toxicity in
      vitro for isolated pancreatic islet cells. Finally, lymphocytes from
      streptozotocin-diabetic mice, or cells incubated in vitro with streptozotocin,
      contained numerous chromosomal abnormalities indicative of DNA strand breakage.
      Such abnormalities were absent in alloxan-diabetic mice and in cells incubated
      with alloxan in vitro. These results indicate that immune dysfunction associated
      with streptozotocin is attributable to direct and irreversible impairment of
      lymphoid cell function and viability. In contrast, immune dysfunction associated
      with alloxan-diabetes appears to be a consequence of the diabetic state.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2933287
TI  - Protective effect of 3-aminobenzamide, an inhibitor of poly (ADP-ribose)
      synthetase, against streptozotocin-induced diabetes.
AB  - The addition of 3-aminobenzamide (a potent inhibitor of poly(ADP
      ribose)synthetase) into the incubation medium, prevents streptozotocin-induced
      inhibition of glucose-stimulated insulin release from isolated islets [control
      142 +/- 14 microU X islet-1 X h-1; streptozotocin (0.5 mg/ml) 31 +/- 8; 3
      aminobenzamide (1.0 mg/ml) 96 +/- 11; streptozotocin plus 3-aminobenzamide 122 +/
      19]. In vivo, intraperitoneal 3-aminobenzamide 300 mg/kg body weight prevents
      the appearance of overt diabetes in streptozotocin-treated rats. These protective
      effects of 3-aminobenzamide are dose-dependent and are similar to those exerted
      by nicotinamide. Taking into account that poly ADP-ribosylation is involved in
      the repair of damaged DNA, the protection exerted by 3-aminobenzamide against the
      diabetogenic effect of streptozotocin strongly supports the view that this acute
      effect may be a major consequence of the activation of DNA repair mechanisms in
      islet cells.

PMID- 2933288
TI  - Reduced noradrenaline turnover in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
AB  - To clarify whether activity of the sympathetic nervous system is decreased in
      streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, noradrenaline turnover, which is a reliable
      indicator of sympathetic nervous system activity, was measured in the
      interscapular brown adipose tissue, heart and pancreas of streptozotocin diabetic
      rats. Results from studies using inhibition of noradrenaline biosynthesis with
      alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine demonstrated significant reductions (p less than 0.05
      0.001) in sympathetic nervous system activity in the interscapular brown adipose
      tissue, heart and pancreas of streptozotocin (65 mg/kg) diabetic rats, compared
      with measurements in streptozotocin (35 mg/kg) diabetic and saline-control rats.
      The daily injections of neutral protamine Hagedorn insulin to streptozotocin (65
      mg/kg) diabetic rats prevented the decrease of noradrenaline turnover in the
      interscapular brown adipose tissue and heart significantly (p less than 0.02),
      but this was less marked in pancreas, compared with non-treated streptozotocin
      (65 mg/kg) diabetic rats. Furthermore reduced noradrenaline turnover was also
      observed in the control rats which showed comparable changes in body weight to
      the rats injected with streptozotocin (65 mg/kg). These results suggest that
      poorly controlled streptozotocin diabetic rats may have reduced sympathetic
      nervous function, and that insulin therapy might prevent this.

PMID- 2933289
TI  - Increased permeability to polyethylene glycol 4000 in rabbits with experimental
      colitis.
AB  - Little information is available regarding colonic permeability to macromolecules
      in health or disease states. In vivo permeability of rabbit colon to
      [14C]polyethylene glycol 4000 (14C-PEG) was examined in the presence of immune
      complex-mediated experimental colitis and compared with that of partially treated
      (control) and normal rabbits. Permeability was assessed by urinary 14C-PEG
      excretion after intrarectal administration of 0.1 mM solution of 14C-PEG (1
      ml/kg, 7.5 X 10(6) cpm/ml). Experimental colitis greatly increased colonic
      permeability (p less than 0.001 in two-way analysis of variance) compared with
      control and normal groups (2.06% +/- 0.19%, 0.14% +/- 0.04%, and 0.01% +/-
      0.004%, respectively, of rectally administered counts). Gel diffusion
      chromatography showed that absorbed 14C-PEG was excreted into urine unchanged,
      demonstrating its applicability as an inert, nonmetabolizable macromolecular
      probe. Urinary clearance after mesenteric vein administration of 14C-PEG was
      similar in normal animals and animals with colitis, implicating colonic
      absorption as the source of the group differences. Postmortem histology confirmed
      the acute colitis lesions in the experimental group. These findings support the
      hypothesis that nonspecific colonic inflammation is associated with significant
      alterations of mucosal permeability.

PMID- 2933291
TI  - [Analysis of the genetic heterogeneity of homozygous beta+- thalassemia in the
      Azerbaijan SSR].

PMID- 2933292
TI  - [Clinical significance of the heterozygote hemoglobin D carrier state].

PMID- 2933290
TI  - Hepatitis in children with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Histopathologic
      and immunocytologic features.
AB  - Hepatic morphology and immunocytology were evaluated in 4 children with clinical
      and immunologic characteristics of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome or
      acquired immune deficiency syndrome related complex. All 4 children had
      hepatomegaly and increased serum alanine and aspartate aminotransferase activity.
      Both lobular and portal changes were noted. Lymphocytic infiltration, piecemeal
      necrosis, hepatocellular and bile duct damage, sinusoidal cell hyperplasia, and
      endothelialitis were prominent. Vesicular rosettes in sinusoidal lymphocytes and
      tubuloreticular structures in sinusoidal endothelial cells were demonstrated by
      electron microscopy. The lymphocytic infiltrate in both the lobular and portal
      spaces was characterized by a relative increase of cytotoxic/suppressor (T8)
      cells. Hepatitis may be a common feature of pediatric acquired immune deficiency
      syndrome and acquired immune deficiency syndrome-related complex. Although the
      histopathologic changes are consistent with chronic active hepatitis, the
      specific pathogenesis remains to be determined.

PMID- 2933293
TI  - [Occurrence of antigens, genes and haplotypes of A and B loci of the HLA system
      in the population of Azerbaijan].

PMID- 2933294
TI  - [Hemoglobinopathies in Central Asia].

PMID- 2933295
TI  - [Organization and methods of improving services for patients with disorders of
      the blood coagulation system in the Byelorussian S.S.R].

PMID- 2933296
TI  - [Alpha-thalassemia in Azerbaijan].

PMID- 2933297
TI  - Early sex differences in hormonal potentialities of gonads from quail embryos
      with a sex-linked pigmentation marker: an in vitro radioimmunoassay study.
AB  - Quail embryos with a sex-linked eye pigmentation marker allowing sex
      identification at autopsy provided a biological model for radioimmunoassay of sex
      steroids in embryonic quail gonads at a very early stage (51/2 and 61/2 days).
      The purpose was to demonstrate a sex difference in hormonal potentialities of the
      gonads before any morphological indication of sexual differentiation. Evidence of
      early steroidogenesis by undifferentiated gonads could be obtained: estrogen
      synthesis characterized female gonads, while testosterone was produced by the
      gonads of both sexes. The sex hormonal production was concomitant with, or even
      preceded, the apparent beginning of sex differentiation of gonads.

PMID- 2933299
TI  - [Genetic structure of the populations of native inhabitants in the northeastern
      USSR. V. The Chukot Evens].
AB  - The genetic structure of two Chukot Evens subpopulations (314 individuals) for
      electrophoretic protein systems and taste sensitivity to PTC was studied. 17 of
      the 39 loci were polymorphic (43.59%). The following systems were completely
      monomorphic: diaphorase NAD H (Dia); glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD);
      glutamatoxalate transaminase (GOT); carbonic anhydrase (Ca-1); catalase (Ct),
      lactate dehydrogenase (loci LDH-A and LDH-B); leucine aminopeptidase (Lap);
      malate dehydrogenase (MDH); purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP); superoxide
      phosphorylase (PNP); superoxide dismutase (SOD); phosphoglucomutase-2 (PGM2);
      cholinesterase (locus E1); red cell esterase (4 loci); albumin (Alb); hemoglobin
      (Hb A and B); ceruloplasmin (Cp); and blood, gren, using the standard method. The
      following systems were polymorphic: red cell acid phosphatase (AcP);
      phosphoglucomutase-1 (PGM1); 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD);
      glutamatepyruvate transaminase (GPT); glyoxalase-1 (GLO-1); esterase (EsD);
      adenilatkinase (AK); alkaline phosphatase (Pp); cholinesterase (locus E2);
      haptoglobin (Hp); transferrin (Tf); group-specific component (Gc) and ABO, MN,
      Lewis, P blood groups and taste sensitivity to PTC. The following allele
      frequencies for polymorphic loci have been detected: AKI = 0.994; GLO = 1I =
      0.082; GPT1 = 0.653; AcPA = 0.400; AcPB = 0.599; AcPC = 0.001; PGDA = 0.944;
      PGM1(1) = 0.906; EsD1 = 0.897; E2+ = 0.048; HpI = 0.394; GcI = 0,919; Tfc =
      0.987; r(O) = 0.669; p(A) = 0.184; q(B) = 0.146; M = 0.711; Le = 0.411; P1+ =
      0.521; t = 0.295. The genetic structure of Chukot Evens population is
      significantly nearer to that of the other ethnic groups of the North-East, in
      comparison with the genetic structure of Evenks of the Middle Siberia.

PMID- 2933298
TI  - Recessive mutations from natural populations of Neurospora crassa that are
      expressed in the sexual diplophase.
AB  - Wild-collected isolates of Neurospora crassa Shear and Dodge were systematically
      examined for recessive mutations affecting the sexual phase of the life cycle,
      which is essentially diploid. Seventy-four of 99 wild-collected isolates from 26
      populations in the United States, India and Pakistan carried one or more
      recessive mutations that reduced fertility significantly when homozygous;
      mutations affecting spore morphology were also detected. Limited complementation
      tests indicate that most of the 106 recovered mutations are unique.--The
      recessive diplophase (= sexual phase) mutations were uncovered by crossing each
      wild-collected isolate to a marked two-chromosome double-reciprocal translocation
      strain as "balancer." Surviving progeny receive approximately 60% of their genome
      from the wild parent, but receive the mating-type allele from the "balancer"
      parent. These progeny were backcrossed to the wild parent and were also crossed
      with a standard laboratory strain (fl). Reduced fertility in the backcross vs.
      normal fertility in the cross with the laboratory standard signals the presence
      of a recessive mutation in the wild-collected isolate.--Most of the mutants (95
      of 106) fall into two major classes: those producing barren perithecia with no or
      few viable ascospores (51) and those with spore maturation defects (44). Most of
      the recessive barrens result either from an early block in meiosis of ascus
      development (25) or from a late disturbance in postmeiotic ascus behavior (18).-
      These recessive mutations are formally equivalent to recessive lethals in higher
      eukaryotes and may be important in determining the breeding structure of natural
      Neurospora populations.

PMID- 2933300
TI  - Improved in vitro packaging of coliphage lambda DNA: a one-strain system free
      from endogenous phage.
AB  - In previous systems for in vitro packaging of lambda DNA, phages are produced
      from the packaging components as well as from added DNA. We have developed a new
      genetic strategy for in vitro packaging that bypasses this endogenous phage
      problem. Our system employs a single bacterial strain whose lambda prophage codes
      for all of the packaging proteins but is deleted for cos, the packaging origin.
      Crude extracts of the single lysogen: (i) are virtually free from endogenous
      phages, (ii) package added lambda DNA efficiently and (iii) are easy to prepare.
      Using the cos- in vitro packaging system we show that packaging of lambda linear
      monomers is a second-order reaction, but that packaging from concatemers prepared
      by annealing or ligation is first order. We conclude that in our cos- system,
      linear monomers are a poor substrate for in vitro packaging but that packaging
      from concatemers works well.

PMID- 2933301
TI  - High-level synthesis of the phage lambda outer-membrane protein from the cloned
      lom gene.
AB  - A 2.7-kb KpnI-EcoRI fragment carrying the lom gene of bacteriophage lambda has
      been cloned into plasmid pPR42 and recloned into the SmaI site of pUC9. Large
      quantities of Lom were seen in outer-membrane (OM) preparations of strains
      carrying the latter clone and its derivatives. The reading frame of lom was
      identified as ORF206a. The protein was not demonstrably associated either
      covalently or non-covalently with the peptidoglycan layer of the cell envelope.

PMID- 2933302
TI  - [Comprehensive approach in the work of the Minsk epidemiological health service
      in realizing health and hygiene and epidemic control measures].

PMID- 2933303
TI  - [Work experience of the hygiene section of an epidemiological health laboratory
      at the Volkhov Front].

PMID- 2933304
TI  - [Effectiveness of supplementary vitaminization and ultraviolet irradiation of
      female workers in a sewing shop].

PMID- 2933305
TI  - [Effect of animal husbandry complexes on the environment and incidence of
      infectious diseases among the population].

PMID- 2933306
TI  - [Physical work capacity and physical fitness of rural schoolchildren in the
      Moscow district].

PMID- 2933307
TI  - [Health status and biological maturity of children in the Udmurtsk Autonomic
      Republic starting school at age 6].

PMID- 2933309
TI  - [Nifedipine as a long acting nitrite: a non-conventional approach].

PMID- 2933308
TI  - High-dose depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate--effects on the fatty acid
      composition of serum lecithin and cholesterol ester.
AB  - Twenty-one women were treated with high doses of depot-medroxyprogesterone
      acetate (1000 mg/week im) for 6 months as part of the treatment of endometrial
      carcinoma. The relative fatty acid composition of serum lecithin and cholesterol
      ester were analyzed. In previous studies low doses of medroxyprogesterone acetate
      (MPA), in contrast to progestins of the 19-nor-testosterone series, have been
      shown not to affect the fatty acid composition of serum lecithin and cholesterol
      ester. However, the high doses of MPA used in this study increased linoleic acid
      and decreased arachidonic and di-homogammalinolenic acids in serum lecithin. The
      ability of a steroid to induce this shift has been ascribed to its androgenicity.
      MPA is considered to have weak, if any, such properties. The findings of this
      study emphasize the necessity to delineate effects on metabolism of different
      doses and administrative routes of any particular steroid.

PMID- 2933310
TI  - Morphologic observations in coronary arteries, aortocoronary saphenous vein
      bypass grafts and infant aortae following balloon angioplasty procedures.
AB  - Morphologic observations following balloon angioplasty are summarized from adult
      patients undergoing coronary or saphenous vein bypass graft angioplasty and from
      infants undergoing aortic valve stenosis angioplasty. Possible mechanisms of
      dilation injury and complications of angioplasty balloon bursting are reviewed.

PMID- 2933311
TI  - Coronary angioplasty 1985: technical and clinical considerations.
AB  - As the result of progressive improvements in equipment design and operator
      technique, PTCA has become an increasingly common alternative to surgical
      revascularization in the patient with coronary artery disease, achieving
      favorable symptomatic relief with less patient discomfort, disability and
      expense. As the scope of PTCA broadens to include multivessel disease and acute
      ischemic syndromes, however, it is important to continually evaluate it against
      medical therapy and bypass surgery, and thereby define those patient subgroups
      for whom PTCA is the treatment of choice.

PMID- 2933312
TI  - Immediate and long-term results of percutaneous transluminal coronary
      angioplasty. Comparison of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute Registry
      experience with current experience.
AB  - The immediate and long-term results of percutaneous transluminal coronary
      angioplasty (PTCA) in 1939 patients with single-vessel coronary disease (SVD)
      from the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute Registry on PTCA (early
      experience) have been compared to recent results in 1551 patients, also with SVD,
      pooled from three centers in the USA (current experience). The circumflex artery,
      rarely subjected to PTCA in the past, now constitutes 16% of the total. The
      success rate has increased from 65 to 92% and, contrary to previous results, all
      three coronary arteries share at present a similar rate of success. The
      complications rate has been halved from 8.4 to 4.2%. These differences stem from
      the present level of operator expertise and the improved instrumentation. On the
      other hand, the severity of coronary stenosis and its reduction in successfully
      treated patients, as well as the rate of recurrence after successful PTCA in the
      current experience, show no difference from the past. The possible reasons for
      these similarities are only speculative at this time.

PMID- 2933313
TI  - Coronary angioplasty in patients who undergo multiple vessel angioplasties, and
      in patients who have multivessel coronary disease.
AB  - Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) was performed in patients
      who underwent multiple vessel angioplasties (MVA) and in patients with
      multivessel coronary disease (MCD). There were 235 MVA patients who underwent 255
      procedures during which 600 lesions were dilated. Two lesions were dilated in 75%
      of cases, and three lesions in 16% of cases. 93% of the lesions were successfully
      dilated and 91% of the patients were clinically improved. Complications
      encountered included a 1.6% mortality, a 3.5% incidence of transmural infarction,
      and a 2.4% emergency surgery rate. Significant complications occurred in 13
      patients (4.6%). A clinically apparent restenosis occurred in 51 patients (24%)
      with a repeat PTCA performed in 25/26 patients (96%), elective surgery in 14
      patients, and the remainder were treated medically. 82% of patients remain
      clinically improved more than one year after a successful PTCA. There were 331
      MCD patients who underwent 387 procedures during which 662 lesions were dilated.
      One lesion was dilated in 47% of cases, two lesions in 39% of cases, three
      lesions in 9% of cases, and four or more lesions in 5% of cases. 91% of the
      lesions were successfully dilated, and 90% of the patients were clinically
      improved. Complications encountered included a 1.6% mortality, a 3.1% incidence
      of transmural infarction, and a 3.9% emergency surgery rate. Significant
      complications were encountered in 35 patients (9%). A clinically apparent
      restenosis occurred in 46 patients (21%) with a repeat PTCA performed in 29/31
      patients (94%), elective surgery in nine patients, and the remainder were treated
      medically. 86% of patients remain clinically improved more than one year after a
      successful PTCA. PTCA can be performed in carefully selected patients undergoing
      MVA, and in MCD patients with a good success rate, a low complication rate, and a
      satisfactory long term benefit. However, a large clinical trial would be most
      beneficial in establishing PTCA's role in the treatment of extensive coronary
      disease.

PMID- 2933314
TI  - Angioplasty in total coronary arterial occlusion.
AB  - Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) was attempted in 67
      patients with total coronary arterial occlusion but without associated acute
      transmural infarction. No patient received concomitant streptokinase therapy. The
      duration of occlusion was one week or less in 22 patients, one week to one month
      in 24 patients, one to three months in 13 patients, and more than three months in
      eight patients. The occluded vessel was the left anterior descending artery in 38
      (57%), the right coronary artery in 22 (33%), and the circumflex coronary artery
      in seven (10%). A steerable system was used in 29 patients whereas a fixed guide
      wire system was used in 38. Dilation was successful in 44 patients (66%). When a
      steerable system was used, PTCA was successful in 76% of the patients, compared
      with 58% when a nonsteerable system was used. The average size of stenosis after
      dilation was 32%. In the patients with a recent occlusion (one week or less in
      duration), PTCA was successful in 82%, which was significantly better than in
      patients with an older occlusion (greater than 12 weeks), in whom dilation was
      successful in only 25% (p less than 0.01). In patients with an occlusion of one
      to three months, PTCA was successful in 65%. During a mean follow-up of 1.6 years
      in the 44 patients with successful dilation, 37 were asymptomatic without angina,
      although five had required repeat dilation or coronary bypass surgery. In
      selected patients with symptomatic coronary artery disease and recent coronary
      occlusion but without associated myocardial infarction, PTCA alone is an
      effective means of restoring flow. After successful dilation, the majority of
      patients remain asymptomatic.

PMID- 2933315
TI  - Hepatitis B vaccine: low postvaccination immunity in hospital personnel given
      gluteal injections.
AB  - Although other investigators have found excellent response rates to the hepatitis
      B vaccine, we report here an unusually low rate of seroconversion following
      hepatitis B vaccination in a group of apparently healthy medical center
      personnel. Only 67% of these individuals developed adequate postvaccination
      antibodies to HBsAg, in contrast to 85 to 96% in other studies. A significant
      decrease in seroconversion with increasing age was noted with a 54%
      seroconversion rate in vaccines over the age of 40; all of whom had received
      gluteal injections. Employees at another facility had been given deltoid
      injections from the same vaccine lot and had an overall seroconversion rate of
      90%. Subsequently, nonresponders from the first group were revaccinated. Seven of
      the ten individuals tested developed anti-HBs. We believe the relatively low rate
      of seroconversion in individuals above the age of 40 may have been related to
      gluteal injection of the hepatitis B vaccine, and further investigation is
      warranted.

PMID- 2933316
TI  - Hepatotoxicity due to allyl alcohol in deermice depends on alcohol dehydrogenase.
AB  - The role of alcohol dehydrogenase in the hepatic necrosis due to allyl alcohol
      was studied in two strains of the deermouse, Peromyscus maniculatus. Mice of the
      alcohol dehydrogenase-negative (AdhN) strain which lack alcohol dehydrogenase
      activity were resistant to allyl alcohol toxicity. In contrast, dose-dependent
      necrosis of periportal regions of the liver and increases in plasma levels of
      lactate dehydrogenase, sorbitol dehydrogenase and SGOT were observed in plasma
      from alcohol dehydrogenase-positive deermice (AdhF) 24 hr following
      administration of allyl alcohol (21 to 84 mg per kg). Half-maximal damage to
      periportal areas was observed with about 52 mg per kg allyl alcohol. Thus, these
      data demonstrate that metabolism of allyl alcohol to acrolein by alcohol
      dehydrogenase is obligatory for the hepatotoxicity of allyl alcohol.

PMID- 2933317
TI  - Immunotopographic assessment of lymphoid and plasma cell malignancies in the bone
      marrow.
AB  - To determine the utility of tissue section immunochemistry in the evaluation of
      bone marrow involved by lymphoid and plasma cell malignancies, snap-frozen,
      undecalcified bone marrow core and aspirate samples from 23 patients with these
      disorders were studied with a battery of monoclonal antibodies. With techniques
      that preserve architecture, difficult diagnostic cases characterized by core but
      not aspirate involvement, or the reverse, were resolved. By means of an extensive
      battery of monoclonal antibodies applied to serial sections, complex tumor cell
      phenotypes were established in all 23 cases. In addition to the identification of
      straightforward monoclonal surface immunoglobulin expression in small cleaved
      cell lymphomas (four cases), the battery approach added immunologic certainty in
      malignancies with unusual or difficult phenotypes: peripheral T-cell lymphomas
      with idiosyncratic antigen expression, and chronic lymphocytic leukemias and
      small cell lymphomas with faint surface immunoglobulin expression (four cases).
      For the chronic lymphocytic leukemias and the small cell lymphomas, the combined
      IgD+, B2+, B1+, Ia+, Leu-1+ phenotype taken as a whole had greater utility than
      any isolated marker. The acute lymphocytic leukemias and the myelomas studied
      demonstrate the wide range of B-cell antigens that must be detected to account
      for the variety of B-cell neoplasms encountered. Additionally, the previously
      undescribed phenotypic subset of CALLA+ myelomas, which is of prognostic
      relevance, was identified. Marrow frozen section immunotyping is a major asset in
      the evaluation of patients with lymphoma, leukemia, and myeloma when special care
      is accorded to tissue handling and to treatment of endogenous
      peroxidase/pseudoperoxidase and interstitial immunoglobulin.

PMID- 2933318
TI  - Genetic complementation in somatic cell hybrids of four variants of infantile GM2
      gangliosidosis.
AB  - Cell hybridizations between fibroblasts of four variants (B, O, AB, and B1) of
      infantile GM2 gangliosidosis were performed. Cocultivated as well as hybrid cells
      were analyzed for their capability to degrade exogenously added [3H]-GM2.
      Hybridization of variant AB fibroblasts with fibroblasts of variant O, variant B,
      or variant B1 resulted in an enhanced rate of GM2 hydrolysis, showing intergenic
      complementation. Similar restoration of GM2 catabolism was observed after
      hybridization of variant B1 cells with variant O, but not with variant B cells.
      These results indicate that B1 cells carry a mutation in the gene locus for the
      alpha-subunit of beta-hexosaminidase. Studies of the processing of immature
      enzyme in variant B1 cells showed the presence of alpha-precursors and mature
      alpha-chains, but at a lower level as compared to normal cells.

PMID- 2933319
TI  - Down syndrome: increased frequency of maternal meiosis I nondisjunction during
      the transitional stages of the ovulatory seasons.
AB  - In a month-of-birth study of Down syndrome (DS) individuals, we found--in
      agreement with a previous collaborative European study (Jongbloet et al. 1982)--a
      distribution of maternal meiosis I (Mat MI)-DS births, both graphically and
      statistically differing from that of both total births (P less than 0.05) and
      from that of the three other (Mat MII + Pat MI + Pat MII)-DS subcategories (P
      less than 0.001). In four subgroups, namely the DS individuals born in the years
      1960-1979 and 1980-1983 and those from mothers less than or equal to 30 years,
      and greater than or equal to 31 years, analogous results were found. In addition,
      the Mat MI-DS individuals were shown to have been conceived more frequently
      during the "strong" change rate periods. i.e. the transitional stages of
      ovulatory breakthrough and breakdown, and less during the "weak" change rate
      periods, i.e. the periods of a rather stable ovulatory rate (P less than 0.05).
      The same results were found in two subgroups of individuals born 1960-1970 (P
      less than 0.055) and from mothers greater than or equal to 31 years (P less than
      0.02). This interdependence estimated by linear regression in the total group (rs
      = 0.503; P less than 0.055) and in the subgroup greater than or equal to 31 years
      (rs = 0.556; P less than 0.05), supports the hypothesis that Mat MI
      nondisjunctions occur more frequently during the transitional stages of the
      ovulatory seasons, i.e. they are caused by seasonal pre-ovulatory overripeness
      ovopathy (SPOO).

PMID- 2933320
TI  - Equipped for the job.

PMID- 2933321
TI  - Non-coronary balloon angioplasty.

PMID- 2933323
TI  - Percutaneous transluminal balloon angioplasty of congenital coarctation of aorta.

PMID- 2933322
TI  - Mitral balloon valvotomy: a new therapeutic modality for the non-surgical
      management of mitral stenosis.

PMID- 2933324
TI  - Pulmonary balloon valvuloplasty for the non-surgical management of valvular
      pulmonary stenosis.

PMID- 2933325
TI  - Changing pulsed Doppler echocardiographic flow pattern in mitral stenosis
      following transvenous balloon mitral commissurotomy--a case report.

PMID- 2933326
TI  - Cooperativity in inhibition of coupled and uncoupled respiration in rat liver and
      brain mitochondria by imipramine.

PMID- 2933327
TI  - Monitoring chloromethyl methyl ether in air.

PMID- 2933328
TI  - [Conservative care of the handicapped in the dental service of the L. Pasteur
      Hospital, Colmar regional hospital center].

PMID- 2933329
TI  - [Current status of hepatitis B prevention].
AB  - There is no causal therapy for hepatitis-B. The most essential therapeutic
      measure taken for this illness is still prophylaxis, since hepatitis-B can be
      accompanied by very serious complications (e.g. chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis,
      primary carcinoma of the liver).

PMID- 2933330
TI  - Selective contracting in California: early effects and policy implications.
AB  - California is the first state to enable its Medicaid program and private
      insurance firms to negotiate with providers for prices to be paid for health
      services. Initial findings from a two-year study sponsored by the National
      Governors' Association indicate few problems with Medicaid contracting. Hospital
      contracts are widely dispersed at prices highly favorable to the state, there has
      been little documented dislocation of patients or physicians into a two-tier
      system, and there is no evidence of reduction in quality of care. State savings
      are estimated at $165 million for the first year of the program. Selective
      contracting in the private sector, by contrast, has moved more slowly than
      anticipated, owing to a number of unforeseen barriers.

PMID- 2933331
TI  - Analysis of length-of-stay differences between investor-owned and voluntary
      hospitals.
AB  - In contrast to assertions that investor-owned (I-O) hospitals are more efficient
      than voluntary hospitals, this study finds no significant difference between I-Os
      and voluntaries where the efficiency measure is length of hospitalization (LOH).
      The data base used is a national probability sample of hospitals and patients.
      The analysis accounts for variation in LOH by controlling for hospital
      characteristics other than ownership, and in particular it utilizes a new case
      mix index to control for the case-mix portion of heretofore suggested
      differences.

PMID- 2933333
TI  - Biased selection in the Federal Employees Health Benefits Program.
AB  - The existence of biased selection in health insurance markets has long been
      assumed by economic theorists as well as seen between classes of health plans. In
      this paper, we use a model of the premium rate that takes into consideration the
      effects of moral hazard to make empirical estimates of the extent of selection in
      the Federal Employees Health Benefits Program. We find that biased selection has
      raised the premium of the Blue Cross Plan high-option coverage by 21% and lowered
      the premium of the low-option coverage by 29%, both relative to premiums that
      would have been charged in the absence of selection.

PMID- 2933332
TI  - A statistical analysis of reasons for East-West differences in hospital use.
AB  - Although it is well known that West Coast residents spend 40% fewer days per year
      in the hospital than do East Coast residents, the reasons for this difference are
      less well understood. In this analysis of data from the 1977 National Health
      Interview Survey and Area Resource File, we attempted to isolate which share of
      the East-West difference is due to population factors and which share is due to
      characteristics of the health care systems. When we compared New York City
      hospital use with Los Angeles, population factors were slightly more important
      than health system characteristics. When we compared other Northeast metropolitan
      areas with Western metropolitan areas, health system factors were more important.
      In the case of the New York-Los Angeles comparison, we were able to isolate the
      following health system characteristics, in order of importance, as especially
      significant: the backlog of patients in acute care hospitals awaiting placement
      in long-term care facilities, the greater number of hospital beds per capita in
      New York City than in Los Angeles, and the larger supply of medical specialists
      and residents in New York City than in Los Angeles.

PMID- 2933334
TI  - Cost containment policies in long-term care.
AB  - The rapidly increasing growth of the elderly population in the United States,
      especially the increasing proportion of the "old old" among the elderly, has
      thrust long-term care--its evolution, organization, and financing--into the
      national limelight. In this report of the effectiveness of various policies to
      contain the costs of long-term care, I focus on the aggregate public costs of
      providing this care. I also discuss the impact of public policy on access to
      needed services by the vulnerable population, the quality of these services, and
      the quality of life of the recipients of long-term care.

PMID- 2933335
TI  - Recent evidence on case-based systems for setting hospital rates.
AB  - Medicare's adoption of the Prospective Payment System (PPS) was the culmination
      of years of research and demonstrations to establish case-based systems for
      setting hospital rates. This paper examines the procedures and findings of the
      early programs in New Jersey and Maryland, as well as the Medicare case-based
      system that was established pursuant to the experience in these two states. This
      is followed by an examination of the recently established Medicaid case-based
      systems in Utah, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan, and Washington and the case-based
      systems established by some Blue Cross and Blue Shield Plans. The strengths and
      weaknesses of these systems are discussed, and suggestions are made for improving
      the evaluations of these systems.

PMID- 2933336
TI  - Admissions monitoring and scheduling to improve work flow in hospitals.
AB  - As part of a five-year effort to evaluate alternative methods of improving nurse
      productivity, this study was undertaken to better understand work flow monitoring
      as a technique for stabilizing staffing patterns and to improve productivity in
      hospitals. Two admissions scheduling and monitoring systems were studied and
      compared with an admissions system without an explicit monitoring function in
      three medical-surgical units of a 641-bed community hospital. The admissions
      system based on monitoring case mix was found to be more effective than the
      system based on monitoring census. Both were significantly more effective than
      the admissions system without an explicit monitoring function.

PMID- 2933337
TI  - Relation between the hemolytic property and iron metabolism in Escherichia coli.
AB  - The hemolytic activity of wild-type strains of Escherichia coli was measured by a
      standardized method in liquid broth. The system also allowed us to investigate
      the influence of various Fe3+ concentrations in the cultures on the amount of
      secreted hemolysin. We found that the hemolysin secretion of all strains was
      clearly reduced after addition of FeCl3. However, the influence of additional
      iron chelators showed remarkable differences. The hemolytic activity of Hly
      plasmid-containing strains isolated in Berne significantly increased. Most of the
      strains with a chromosomal hemolysin determinant showed a similar effect, but to
      a lesser degree. Contrary to this, Hly plasmid-containing strains isolated in
      Essex and some strains with chromosomal hemolysin determinant were either not
      affected or even showed reduced hemolysin secretion after limitation of free iron
      ions in the broth. Our results suggest that hemolysin secretion in E. coli is
      related to the bacterial iron metabolism, and hemolysin secretion is
      differentially regulated among E. coli strains.

PMID- 2933338
TI  - Purification and characterization of a primer-independent glucosyltransferase
      from Streptococcus mutans 6715-13 mutant 27.
AB  - Affinity chromatography on Sephadex G-50 and subsequent ion-exchange
      chromatography on Trisacryl-M-DEAE were used to purify the glucosyltransferase
      (GTF) enzymes produced by mutant 27 of Streptococcus mutans 6715-13. Complete
      separation of three types of GTF, including a primer-independent GTF capable of
      synthesizing a slightly branched, water-soluble glucan (GTF-S), was obtained. The
      characteristics of this primer-independent GTF-S were compared with those of the
      normally occurring primer-dependent GTF-S. The Km for sucrose was easily obtained
      for each enzyme (10(-2) M), but the Km for dextran could only be determined for
      the primer-dependent GTF-S (5 X 10(-7) M for clinical dextran of molecular weight
      60,000 to 90,000). The primer-independent GTF-S did not respond catalytically to
      the presence of either clinical dextran or the highly branched, water-soluble
      glucan produced by primer-dependent GTF-S, although it was capable of binding
      these polysaccharides at a noncatalytic site and of responding to the low
      molecular-weight acceptor 1-O-methyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside. The water-soluble
      glucan product of primer-independent GTF-S was a superior priming glucan for
      primer-dependent GTF enzymes as compared with the glucan product of primer
      dependent GTF-S. The presence of primer-independent GTF-S in reaction mixtures
      stimulated glucan synthesis by primer-dependent GTF-S and by GTF synthesizing
      water-insoluble glucan by at least 10-fold, whereas the presence of similar
      amounts of primer-dependent GTF-S had no effect on synthesis by GTF synthesizing
      water-insoluble glucan. Primer-independent GTF-S appears to be a potent source of
      priming glucan for the primer-dependent GTF enzymes. Its possession of a
      noncatalytic binding site for glucan, the first observed for the GTF of S.
      mutans, suggests that it may also serve as a glucan receptor on the S. mutans
      cell surface.

PMID- 2933339
TI  - Natural emergence of antigen-reactive T cells in lepromatous leprosy patients
      during erythema nodosum leprosum.
AB  - Fifteen lepromatous leprosy (LL) patients undergoing erythema nodosum leprosum
      (ENL) reactions were compared with 13 stable, uncomplicated, anergic individuals
      of the same leprosy background. ENL patients showed significant antigen-induced
      leukocyte migration inhibition (migration index = 0.058 +/- 0.01), paralleling
      the values obtained with a responder tuberculoid leprosy population (migration
      index = 0.04 +/- 0.004). Both phytohemagglutinin-induced general T-cell
      proliferation and, more significantly, antigen-induced lymphoproliferation were
      enhanced during the acute phase of the reaction. Suppressor cell activity,
      monitored by a costimulant assay, showed enhanced antigen-stimulated suppression
      of mitogen responses. Interestingly, the improvement in in vitro T-cell responses
      was not reflected in dermal reactivity, since 48-h delayed-type hypersensitivity
      responses after intradermal injection of soluble Mycobacterium leprae antigens
      continued to be poor. After subsidence of reactional lesions, leukocyte migration
      inhibition, lymphoproliferation, and suppressor cell activity were reduced to the
      unresponsive state seen in stable LL patients. Significantly, perturbations of T
      cell reactivity are detectable in ENL reactions, indicating the natural but
      transient emergence of antigen-induced T cells in LL.

PMID- 2933340
TI  - In vitro activity, pharmacokinetics, clinical safety and therapeutic efficacy of
      enoxacin in the treatment of patients with complicated urinary tract infections.
AB  - Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of enoxacin, nalidixic acid, pipemidic
      acid, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin and pefloxacin against isolates from
      400 urological in-patients with complicated urinary tract infections (UTI) were
      determined by means of an agar dilution technique (10(4) cfu, multipointer). 28
      patients (21 male, seven female) aged 36 to 84 years with complicated UTI due to
      sensitive bacteria were treated orally with 200 mg enoxacin b.i.d. for six to 14
      days. Plasma and urine samples were collected from 19 patients, at intervals
      prior to and following a 400 mg dose of enoxacin, and enoxacin concentrations
      were determined by a high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. The MICs
      of enoxacin against all but one of the gram-negative isolates cultured from 265
      urological patients were between 0.03 and 4 mg/l. The MICs against 134 gram
      positive isolates were between 0.25 and 16 mg/l except for two strains of
      streptococci. At a concentration of 4 mg/l (8 mg/l), 90.3% (98%) of the total
      spectrum of isolates were inhibited by enoxacin. Of the quinolones tested,
      ciprofloxacin appeared to be the most active compound in vitro and cinoxacin the
      least active antimicrobial agent. The in vivo activity of enoxacin was comparable
      to that of norfloxacin, ofloxacin and pefloxacin. Oral administration of 400 mg
      of enoxacin to elderly patients resulted in peak serum concentrations between 0.7
      and 6.3 mg/l (mean 3.6 mg/l) attained between 1.0 and 6.0 h following drug
      ingestion. The mean urinary recovery of parent drug within 24 h was 31.2% of the
      administered dose. 25 of 28 patients treated orally with enoxacin could be
      followed-up for five to 14 days after the end of treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
      250 WORDS)

PMID- 2933341
TI  - Tumour-induced suppression of delayed-type hypersensitivity in the mouse:
      independence of cyclophosphamide-sensitive suppressor cells.
AB  - Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses to sheep red blood cells and
      ovalbumin were markedly reduced in mice receiving viable Landschutz ascites
      tumour cells at the time of immunization. Similar inhibitory effects were
      observed in control immunized animals when cell-free ascitic fluid or tumour
      bearer serum was administered together with antigen at the challenge site. Normal
      mouse serum exhibited much less pronounced inhibitory activity over the range of
      concentrations tested. High-dose cyclophosphamide (Cy) prior to immunization
      enhanced DTH responses to both antigens in normal mice. However, in animals also
      given tumour or soluble tumour-associated material, the immunosuppressive effect
      which had been observed in non-Cy-treated controls was preserved. It is concluded
      that the observed suppression of DTH is not dependent on Cy-sensitive T
      suppressor cells or on the presence of immunosuppressive factors during induction
      of the immune response.

PMID- 2933343
TI  - Halogen exchanges using crown ethers: synthesis and preliminary biodistribution
      of 6-[211At]astatomethyl-19-norcholest-5(10)-en-3 beta-ol.

PMID- 2933342
TI  - Polyclonal B cell activators inhibit contact sensitivity to oxazolone in mice by
      potentiating the production of anti-hapten antibodies that induce T suppressor
      lymphocytes acting through the release of soluble factors.
AB  - Polyclonal B cell activators (PBAs) such as purified protein derivative,
      lipopolysaccharide, Staphylococcus aureus strain Cowan I (StaCwI), and
      Pseudomonas aeruginosa inhibit contact sensitivity to oxazolone in mice when
      given 24 h before sensitization. This suppression, transferable from
      immunodepressed animals to oxazolone-sensitized recipients with immune serum, has
      been shown to be due to the early appearance of anti-hapten antibodies. These
      antibodies elicit T suppressor cells which release soluble factor(s) capable of
      inhibiting the passive transfer of contact sensitivity.

PMID- 2933344
TI  - Chromate sensitivity in Singapore.
AB  - The incidence of chromate sensitivity in a South East Asian country was found to
      be 3.22%, the female:male ratio being 1:5, with the majority of the allergies
      being occupational in origin in men and unexplained in women. Cement was the most
      common cause among the occupational allergies. Housewives and office workers were
      the most common occupations in those with unexplained allergies.

PMID- 2933345
TI  - Anti-androgens in treatment of acne vulgaris.
AB  - Seventy-five women suffering from acne vulgaris classified into three groups
      according to the grade of the disease. Anti-androgenic tablets cyproterone
      acetate (CPA), were given in three cycles. The total number of patients whose
      condition improved was 52% after the first cycle, 55% after the second cycle, and
      81.3% after the third cycle. No serious side effects were encountered. CPA is a
      suitable therapeutic modility for AV in women who use contraceptives.

PMID- 2933346
TI  - Proliferative iododerma. A possible mechanism.

PMID- 2933347
TI  - Naloxone improves sleep apnea in obese humans.
AB  - To test the hypothesis that endogenous opiates play a role in the etiology of the
      sleep apnea syndrome, we administered naloxone, an opiate antagonist, to ten
      obese humans with sleep apnea. On two separate nights we measured the frequency
      and severity of sleep apnea during naloxone infusion vs saline control infusion.
      The number of oxyhemoglobin desaturation episodes was not significantly lowered
      but the average maximal oxyhemoglobin desaturation fell significantly (P less
      than 0.01) with naloxone. The desaturation index (average maximal oxyhemoglobin
      desaturation times desaturations per hour) fell by 21 percent (P less than 0.05)
      on the night of naloxone infusion. Nine of the ten patients had a lower
      desaturation index with naloxone. REM sleep decreased by 80 percent (P less than
      0.05) in the subjects in whom it was measured. We conclude that opiate
      antagonists hold promise in the treatment of sleep apnea and that the endogenous
      opiate system may be involved in the production of sleep apnea.

PMID- 2933348
TI  - Regulation of brown adipose tissue thermogenesis by corticosterone in obese fa/fa
      rats.
AB  - The defective BAT function of obese Zucker rats has been related primarily to a
      loss of diet-induced thermogenesis. The normalisation of BAT function by
      adrenalectomy has been related to the removal of corticosterone. Experiments with
      propranolol-blockade and on tissue norepinephrine turnover suggest that
      corticosterone impairs diet-related sympathetic activity but does not alter BAT
      response to exogenous norepinephrine. The reduction in serum T3 in obese rats is
      related to the loss of sympathetic activity.

PMID- 2933349
TI  - Long-term follow-up of chronic pain patients: a preliminary study.
AB  - Patients who participated in a structured outpatient pain management program were
      followed for twenty-four to forty-three months with a mean of 31.8 months.
      Patients who were evaluated only were compared with patients who terminated
      prematurely or completed treatment. Patients completing treatment reported
      greater ability to handle domestic and occupational tasks, and greater tolerance
      for exercise. There appeared to be no significant effect of treatment on the
      subjective experience of pain, but patients who completed treatment reported
      markedly reduced use of medical resources for diagnosis and treatment of pain.
      Limitations of the present study are discussed.

PMID- 2933350
TI  - Electrolytic reduction of nitroheterocyclic drugs leads to biologically important
      damage in DNA.
AB  - The effect of electrolytic reduction of nitroimidazole drugs on biologically
      active DNA was studied. The results show that reduction of the drugs in the
      presence of DNA affects inactivation for both double-stranded (RF) and single
      stranded phi X174 DNA. However, stable reduction products did not make a
      significant contribution to the lethal damage in DNA. This suggests that probably
      a short-lived intermediate of reduction of nitro-compounds is responsible for
      damage to DNA.

PMID- 2933351
TI  - The place of rehabilitation in geriatric medicine; an overview.
AB  - Rehabilitation plays an important part in geriatric medicine. It is important to
      consider this in the current discussions on rehabilitation and disability
      medicine. The historical development of geriatric medicine and physical medicine
      shows similarities. Geriatric medicine has developed from a stage in which the
      main problem was the application of rehabilitation principles to long-stay wards
      containing large numbers of immobilized elderly patients, to the present, when
      emergency admission policies, age related policies, and joint geriatric and
      general medical firms are common. The attitude to rehabilitation has consequently
      changed from a serial, staged programme, to an holistic approach in parallel.

PMID- 2933352
TI  - Rehabilitation of the elderly patient--ways and means.
AB  - This paper first considers in retrospect the start made upon rehabilitation in
      the 1940s. Some of the basic principles of organizing a district geriatric
      service with potential to rehabilitate its patients are set out. The need for a
      holistic, multidisciplinary approach is emphasized. The time for starting, and
      the first measures to apply, are discussed, together with the personnel required,
      and the necessity for good liaison between all the professions. The paper then
      discusses the right location for a geriatric rehabilitation department, the
      combination of a ward and a day hospital, the type of environment to be aimed at
      within it, and finally the equipment required.

PMID- 2933353
TI  - Geriatric rehabilitation in day hospitals.
AB  - The main objective of geriatric day hospitals, that of physical rehabilitation of
      elderly patients mainly with strokes and arthritis, is matched by their
      facilities and their medical, nursing and therapy staffing. Patients attend by
      ambulance on 1 or 2 days a week for about 3 months for assessment and treatment,
      while continuing to live at home. Day hospitals are a popular and effective
      resource for the rehabilitation of selected patients, though not necessarily
      cheaper than institutional care. Problems remain in the separation of social care
      and psychogeriatric patients and in ambulance transport.

PMID- 2933354
TI  - Rehabilitation in Japan.

PMID- 2933355
TI  - What would occupational therapists do if they had more staff?
AB  - Eighteen per cent of 203 departments responding to a questionnaire felt they had
      sufficient staff, and this group had, on average, significantly more therapists
      than those who felt that they had insufficient staff. Treatment was mainly
      concentrated on individual therapy though, in some units, excessive time was
      spent on administration and travelling. Very little therapy time was spent on
      diversional activities but this was one area, along with treating more patients
      and increasing pre-discharge home visits, which they would like to develop if
      more staff were available. Little additional time would be spent in research,
      teaching or community therapy.

PMID- 2933356
TI  - Skin microvascular autoregulatory responses in type I diabetes: the influence of
      duration and control.
AB  - We have studied skin microvascular autoregulatory responses in healthy control
      subjects (n = 11) and three subgroups of uncomplicated Type 1 diabetics. Group 1
      (n = 10) had a duration of diabetes of less than one year. Group 2 (n = 10) had a
      mean duration of diabetes of 11 years. Group 3 (n = 9), of similar duration to
      group 2, were selected on the basis of having HbAl values persistently below 9%.
      To assess autoregulatory capacity we determined time to peak capillary flow
      velocity (CBV) in single nailfold capillaries following release of 60 s arterial
      occlusion by videophotometric capillaroscopy, and the percentage fall in finger
      skin rest flow measured by laser Doppler flowmetry when 50 mm Hg venous occlusion
      was applied. Time to peak CBV was prolonged in groups 1 and 2 compared to
      controls, (controls 7.7 +/- 1.4 s, mean +/- ISD, group 1 10.7 +/- 2.9 s, p less
      than 0.01; group 2 11.6 +/- 3.0 s, p less than 0.002) but not in group 3 (9.3 +/-
      3.0 s, NS). The percentage fall in resting microcirculatory flow in response to
      venous occlusion was reduced in groups 1 and 2 compared to controls (controls 57
      +/- 16%, group 1 40 +/- 19%, p less than 0.05; group 2 22 +/- 16%, p less than
      0.002). In group 3 the response was significantly different from the control
      value (group 33.7 +/- 20%, controls 57 +/- 16%, p less than 0.05). Thus skin
      microvascular autoregulatory responses are disturbed within the first year of
      diabetic life and after 10 years disease duration the impairment is more
      marked.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2933357
TI  - The clinical significance of alpha 1-antitrypsin-elastase (alpha 1AT-ELP) and
      alpha 2-antiplasmin-plasmin (alpha 2AP-PL) complexes for the differentiation of
      coagulation protein turnover: indications for plasma protein substitution in
      patients with septicaemia.
AB  - In inflammation, particularly in septicaemia, complex coagulation disorders may
      lead to a dangerous haemorrhagic diathesis. The conventional concept for this
      syndrome called DIC implicates the occurrence of active thrombin in the
      circulation, which may be followed by hyperfibrinolysis due to plasmin formation.
      In this study data are presented suggesting an important role for a third
      proteolytic system, granulocytic elastase. The complexes of plasmin and elastase
      with their specific inhibitors, alpha 2-antiplasmin-plasmin (alpha 2AP-PI) and
      alpha 1-antitrypsin-elastase (alpha 1AT-ELP) were determined immunologically. The
      alpha 1AT-ELP appears mainly in gram-negative septicaemia, particularly in
      meningococcal disease. The estimation of alpha 2AP-PI and alpha 1AT-ELP, together
      with a method for the detection of the antithrombin III--thrombin complex which
      remains to be established, is a suitable tool for for the differential diagnosis
      of the consumption of coagulation proteins. The assumption that at least three
      proteolytic systems participate in the development of the haemorrhagic diathesis
      during inflammation leads to the concept of a broad, comprehensive substitution
      therapy with e.g. concentrates of AT III, PPSB, or fresh frozen plasma. The aim
      of this treatment is to replace not only the consumed procoagulatory factors, but
      also the lacking inhibitors in order to control this "abnormal proteolysis
      syndrome".

PMID- 2933358
TI  - [Mechanism of action of cyclosporin A].

PMID- 2933359
TI  - Retinal photoreceptor-pigment epithelium interactions. Friedenwald lecture.

PMID- 2933360
TI  - Synergistic combination of menogarol and melphalan and other two drug
      combinations.
AB  - Menogarol is a new anthracycline undergoing phase I clinical trial. We report
      here the lethality after 2 hr exposure to 2 drug combinations of menogarol and
      several antitumor agents. A new statistical procedure was used to identify
      synergistic combinations. Most of these combinations were additive, except for
      menogarol plus melphalan, which was synergistic. Adriamycin plus melphalan was
      also synergistic. The menogarol-melphalan combination wa studied in detail with
      regard to the effect of dose and drug-schedule, lethality for exponential and
      plateau phase cells and effect on cell cycle progression. Although the
      combination was synergistic for exponential cells it was additive for plateau
      phase cells. The combination exerted a synergistic effect in inhibiting
      progression of cells through the cell cycle. After 2 hr menogarol exposure cells
      were blocked in G2 for about 12 hr following which the block was reversed. This
      reversal was inhibited when menogarol was combined with melphalan. The uptake of
      menogarol or melphalan was not changed in the presence of the other drug.

PMID- 2933361
TI  - AUR memorial Award. Induced alignment of flowing sickle erythrocytes in a
      magnetic field. A preliminary report.
AB  - Deoxygenated sickle erythrocytes in static suspension align perpendicular to a
      magnetic field. To assess the importance of this observation to MRI of sickle
      cell disease, an in vitro flow apparatus was devised and the orientation of
      sickle erythrocytes flowing through a 0.38 T magnetic field was investigated. We
      showed a significant perpendicular alignment of fully deoxygenated sickle
      erythrocytes flowing at 3 to 4 mm/minute (P less than .001). These results
      suggest that deoxygenated erythrocytes in a sickle-cell patient could orient
      perpendicular to a magnetic field, and therefore that MRI of such patients could
      possibly result in worsening of vaso-occlusive complications. Further studies are
      needed to assess the possible hazards of MRI of sickle-cell disease, especially
      at high field strengths.

PMID- 2933362
TI  - Pharmacokinetics and excretion of iohexol after lumbar myelography in man.
AB  - Pharmacokinetics and excretion of iohexol, a new nonionic water-soluble contrast
      medium, were determined after lumbar myelography. Peak plasma concentrations were
      obtained 2 to 6 hours after injection and ranged from 29 to 177 microgram/ml.
      Terminal elimination half-life was 4.0 hours, and over 90% of the dose was
      recovered in the urine within 24 hours. In one patient with a large lumbar cauda
      equina tumor, absorption and excretion were delayed; but eventually 99% was
      recovered indicating a large capacity for reabsorption via the lumbar
      subarachnoid space. One mild headache of 5 minutes' duration was reported in a 73
      year-old woman. No significant changes in vital signs, neurologic examinations,
      or serum chemistries were observed.

PMID- 2933363
TI  - Accelerated thrombolysis. In vitro evaluation of agents and methods of
      administration.
AB  - Three groups of experiments were conducted in vitro to determine the relative
      rates of thrombolysis produced by current clinically-relevant concentrations of
      streptokinase (SK), urokinase (UK), tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA), and
      plasmin; the concentration-response curves for each agent; and the advantages of
      mechanical admixture of fibrinolytic agents over simple soak. For Group 1 and 2
      experiments, thrombolysis was quantitated by weighing freshly prepared clots
      before and after 2-hour fibrinolytic soaks. For experiments in Group 3, radio
      labeled fibrinogen clots were used, and the amount of lysis was determined by
      measuring radioactivity in residual clot and supernatant fluid. Results indicated
      that SK, UK, plasmin, and t-PA in saline all produced roughly equivalent rates of
      lysis at molarity of 10(-6). Concentrations of SK above this level (corresponding
      to above 5000 units/ml) slowed lysis markedly; progressively increasing
      concentrations of UK and t-PA produced faster lysis, with slope of about 17 and
      37%, respectively, per log10 of concentration. The efficacy of fibrinolytic
      agents was significantly enhanced by admixing clot and agent, using intrathrombic
      injections or clot maceration. With clot volumes of 0.5 ml, residual clot was
      frequently only 1/2 to 1/3 as much from macerated clots as from clots that were
      soaked whole. With the further addition of intrathrombic plasminogen, lysis was
      nearly completed after 30 minutes.

PMID- 2933364
TI  - Protection of disabled newborns: are there constitutional limitations?

PMID- 2933365
TI  - Death by design of handicapped newborns: the family's role & response.

PMID- 2933366
TI  - Benign congenital hypotonia with uniform type 1 fibers and aspecific
      ultrastructural changes in the muscle: a case with esophagus involvement.
AB  - We report the case of a child with congenital neuromuscular disease characterized
      by neonatal onset of symptoms, a floppy syndrome with marked weakness of facial
      muscles, palsy of the velum pendulum and hypomotility of the esophagus. EMG was
      inconclusive. Serum enzyme levels were within the normal range. Muscle biopsy
      specimen showed uniform type 1 fibers, smallness of the occasionally observed
      type 2 fibers and slight ultrastructural changes in many fibers. On the basis of
      the clinical and morphological features we have included the present case among
      the group of non-progressive congenital neuromuscular diseases.

PMID- 2933367
TI  - Influence of beta-endorphin on phytohemagglutinin-induced lymphocyte
      proliferation and on the expression of mononuclear cell surface antigens in
      vitro.
AB  - Recent evidence suggests that opiates can modulate the immune responses. In
      particular it has been shown that beta-endorphin and morphine are able to depress
      some T lymphocyte functions in humans. In the present study, experiments were
      designed to evaluate the effect of beta-endorphin phytohemagglutinin-induced
      lymphocyte proliferation and determine the mechanism of this action. The ability
      of naloxone to block the effect of beta-endorphin was also investigated, and the
      influence of beta-endorphin on the expression of mononuclear cell surface
      antigens using the OKT3, OKT4, OKT8, anti-HLA-DR and anti-beta 2-microglobulin
      monoclonal antibodies was evaluated. Phytohemagglutinin-induced lymphocyte
      proliferation was significantly inhibited by beta-endorphin. This effect occurred
      when beta-endorphin was added to cells at the beginning of the culture period (30
      min before, simultaneously or 30 min after phytohemagglutinin), but not when
      added after 48 h of incubation. The preincubation of cells with BEP for 1 h, 4 h
      or 24 h did not affect lymphocyte activation by phytohemagglutinin. A ten-fold
      excess of naloxone, added to cultures 30 min prior to beta-endorphin, did not
      block the inhibitory effect. Incubation with beta-endorphin had different effects
      on each surface antigen tested. The OKT8+ and beta 2-microglobulin+ cells did not
      show significant variations. The OKT4+ cells significantly decreased, after 4 h
      of incubation with beta-endorphin, both in mononuclear cell and in purified T
      lymphocyte cultures and, after 24 h, in mononuclear cell cultures only. The OKT3+
      cells decreased, in mononuclear cell cultures only, after 24 h beta-endorphin
      incubation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2933368
TI  - Keeping Elizabeth Bouvia alive for the public good.
AB  - The case of Elizabeth Bouvia, a handicapped woman who wanted doctors to assist
      her in dying, reveals that autonomy is insufficient as the sole or even the most
      important public policy principle. Where the community is asked to endorse a
      course of action by granting medical and financial assistance, considerations of
      autonomy must give way to the broader notion of the public good, which gives
      primacy to the respect for life.

PMID- 2933369
TI  - [Erythema scarlatiniforme desquamativum recidivans localisatum].
AB  - Two patients are reported who had the clinical picture of localized erythema
      scarlatiniforme desquamativum recidivans. The lesions were thought to be drug
      induced in a 56-year-old female patient. In the other 54-year-old male patient,
      staphylococcal infections may have caused the rash.

PMID- 2933370
TI  - [A case of erythrokeratodermia variabilis].
AB  - A case of erythrokeratodermia variabilis in a 7.5-years-old girl with transient
      achromic lesions and nail changes is described. Histologically peculiar
      eosinophilic formations with nuclear remnants in the stratum corneum were found.
      The mother and the grandfather only had hyperkeratotic lesions on the soles.

PMID- 2933371
TI  - [Systemic retinoid therapy with etretinate in pachyonychia congenita].
AB  - On the basis of two case-reports it is concluded that the aromatic derivative of
      retinoic acid, etretinate, is a promising drug in the treatment of pachyonychia
      congenita.

PMID- 2933372
TI  - [Treatment of seborrheic dermatitis with low-dosage dithranol].
AB  - This report describes the successful treatment of facial seborrheic dermatitis
      with a low-dose dithranol preparation. The results of a pilot study involving 18
      outpatients are presented.

PMID- 2933373
TI  - Myosin-ATPase fibre typing of chemically skinned muscle fibres.
AB  - The efficacy of myosin (M)-ATPase fibre typing to differentiate fibre types in
      chemically (EGTA) skinned muscle fibres was investigated. Cryosections or single
      fibres from isolated bundles of chemically skinned rat extensor digitorum longus
      (EDL) and soleus (SOL) muscles were stained for M-ATPase activity. The results
      indicate that two major fibre types (type I and II, Brooke & Kaiser, 1970) can be
      identified, as well as subgrouping of the type II fibres into types IIa and IIb.
      Thus, chemically skinning muscle fibres appears to have no detrimental effects on
      subsequent M-ATPase fibre typing.

PMID- 2933374
TI  - Ultrastructural cytochemistry of glycoconjugates in basophils from humans and
      animals.
AB  - The distribution of glycoconjugates in the basophil granules of humans, guinea
      pigs, and rabbits was compared. The observation of acid mucopolysaccharides using
      the dialyzed iron method and of sulfated glycoconjugates using the high iron
      diamine method revealed three types of reactions in the basophil granules of all
      three species: granules showing a strong overall reaction, granules showing
      reaction only at their periphery, and granules showing no reaction. With regard
      to the relationship between maturation and the types of basophil granules, it
      appeared that, in general, there were many type-1 granules among immature
      basophils, but that these granules decreased in mature basophils as type-3
      granules increased. The reaction patterns of periodate-reactive neutral
      glycoconjugates, as shown by the periodic acid-thiocarbohydrazide-silver
      proteinate (PA-TCH-SP) method, were different from those of acid
      mucopolysaccharides: the reaction of basophil granules was diffusely positive,
      and localization at the periphery was rarely observed. Therefore, unlike the acid
      mucopolysaccharides, it was difficult to classify the glycoconjugates into three
      types. However, as with acid mucopolysaccharides, there was a tendency for
      periodate-reactive glycoconjugates to decrease as maturation progressed. In terms
      of different species of animals, the reaction of periodate-reactive
      glycoconjugates with PA-TCH-SP was stronger in humans and rabbits than in guinea
      pigs.

PMID- 2933375
TI  - Testicular effects of Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP): histochemical and
      histopathological alterations.

PMID- 2933376
TI  - A modified laparoscopic approach for liver biopsy in dogs.
AB  - A modified laparoscopic technique for liver biopsy in dogs was developed, using
      an otoscope to observe the liver and to guide the biopsy needle. The procedure
      was used to obtain liver biopsy specimens from 7 control dogs and 22 treated dogs
      during studies of the hepatic effects of long-term anticonvulsant drug therapy.
      In addition, biopsy specimens were obtained from 10 clinical patients with
      diffuse liver disease. Diagnostic liver specimens were obtained from all dogs
      with minimal complications. The procedure used basic principles of needle biopsy
      technique under visual control. It enabled the operator to observe the liver,
      select a biopsy site, and obtain diagnostic samples quickly, with considerably
      less expense than by use of fiberoptic laparoscopy. The results of this study
      indicate that the modified laparoscopic approach is a safe, practical method for
      liver biopsy in dogs.

PMID- 2933377
TI  - An electron microscopical study of epiplexus and supraependymal cells in the
      prenatal rat brain following a maternal injection of 6-aminonicotinamide.
AB  - Epiplexus and supraependymal cells in the lateral ventricles of both normal and
      experimental prenatal rats were studied with the scanning and transmission
      electron microscopes. In normal rats, the epiplexus cells, which were
      predominantly spindle shaped, displayed long filopodial processes inserted into
      the palisade of microvilli of the choroid epithelium; their cell bodies appeared
      relatively smooth with occasional blebs. In experimental animals in which the
      mother was given an injection of 6-aminonicotinamide (6-AN), the cell bodies of
      the epiplexus cells became extremely ruffled or blebbed. They were seen to be
      actively involved in the phagocytosis of leaked erythrocytes. The behaviour of
      supraependymal cells was rather similar. When stimulated by a 6-AN injection, the
      cells showed large prominent blebs and they too were engaged in phagocytic
      activity. It was concluded from this study that intraventricular macrophages
      bearing numerous filopodia are the less active cells whereas those bearing
      shorter processes, in particular, blebs or ruffles, represent the active form.

PMID- 2933378
TI  - The nonspecificity of the lead method for the histochemical demonstration of
      adenosine triphosphatases in human skeletal muscle fibres.
AB  - The lead method for the histochemical demonstration of presumptive mitochondrial
      adenosinetriphosphatase was applied to biopsy and autopsy samples of the human
      vastus lateralis muscle. The effect of p-chloromercuribenzoate and of Triton X
      100 was tested microdensitometrically and the activity of 'mitochondrial' ATPase
      was compared to the activity of enzymes of the oxidative metabolism succinic
      dehydrogenase and NAD-tetrazolium reductase. It is concluded that the ATPase
      activity displayed is not mainly mitochondrial. In autopsy material, it seems to
      be predominantly myofibrillar.

PMID- 2933379
TI  - Sex-related reduced weight gains in growing swine fed diets containing
      deoxynivalenol.
AB  - A 5-wk feeding trial was conducted with 30 castrated male and 28 female, 5-wk-old
      crossbred piglets. Three different deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (Z)
      contaminated diets were fed: .7, 3.1 and 5.8 ppm DON and 0, .05, and .1 ppm Z,
      respectively. The animals were fed their respective diets for 4 wk followed by
      the .7:0-ppm diet during wk 5. Feed intake and weight gain varied in a manner
      reciprocal to the levels of DON-Z in the diets during the first 4 wk (P less than
      .05). The castrated males had an overall lower weight gain compared with the
      females receiving the same diet (P less than .05). Gross postmortem changes were
      not different in either sex and tended to be most prominent in the pigs fed the
      lower DON:Z-contaminated diets after the first week, although they were seen in
      pigs fed the higher DON:Z diets after 4 wk of feeding. Lesions included mild to
      moderated reddening of the fundic mucosa of the stomach, reddening of the mucosa
      of the small intestine, and mild to moderate enlargement and edema of the
      mesenteric lymph nodes. Similarly, the severity of histologic changes tended to
      vary inversely with the concentrations of DON:Z in the diets after the first week
      but varied with the concentrations of DON:Z after 4 wk. They consisted of
      vascular congestion with mild to moderate multifocal erosions and degeneration of
      the mucosa in the stomach and small intestine. Mild to moderate lymphoid
      degeneration and depletion were also observed in the Peyer's patches of the
      intestines, bronchial and mesenteric lymph nodes, spleen, tonsil and
      thymus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2933380
TI  - In-vitro evaluation of cefpirome (HR 810), teicoplanin and four other
      antimicrobials against enterococci.
AB  - In-vitro activities of cefpirome (HR 810), a fourth generation cephalosporin, and
      teicoplanin were compared with those of ampicillin, piperacillin, and vancomycin
      against 56 clinical isolates of enterococci. Cefpirome had good activity with the
      MIC90 and MBC90 being 4 and 16 mg/l. Ampicillin and piperacillin had MBC90 of 4
      and 16 mg/l. Teicoplanin was extremely active with the MIC90 being 1.6 mg/l while
      vancomycin had poor cidal activity with the MBC90 being 16 mg/l. A decrease in
      activity of cefpirome was noted when the inoculum size was increased from 10(3)
      to 10(7) organisms per ml. Synergy was demonstrated against most Streptococcus
      faecium isolates with a combination of cefpirome and gentamicin or piperacillin.
      Against Str. faecalis, with a similar combination, synergy was seen in less than
      50% isolates. No antagonism was noted with any of the antibiotic combinations.

PMID- 2933381
TI  - Efficacy and safety of ciprofloxacin (Bay 0 9867) in the treatment of patients
      with complicated urinary tract infections.
AB  - In an open study 28 patients were treated for complicated UTI with ciprofloxacin
      250 mg every 12 h for 10 days. The most frequently isolated species were
      Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. All pathogens were sensitive to
      ciprofloxacin in vitro. Twenty-three of the 28 patients (82%) were free of
      infection 5-9 days after therapy. A persistent infection was noted in two
      patients (7%) and a reinfection in three patients (11%). Four to six weeks after
      the end of therapy, 18 patients (64%) were still totally free of infection.
      Clinical resolution of symptoms and signs occurred in 27 patients (96%). Adverse
      reactions were spontaneously reported by four of the 28 patients (14%) and by 11
      (39%) after detailed inquiry. Most side effects were of gastrointestinal or
      neurological nature. This small open study supports the view, that ciprofloxacin
      may be useful in the treatment of complicated UTI.

PMID- 2933382
TI  - In-vitro activity of ciprofloxacin against clinical isolates of mycobacteria
      resistant to antimycobacterial drugs.
AB  - The activity of ciprofloxacin against 42 clinical isolates of mycobacteria was
      studied in vitro by the 1% standard proportion method on Lowenstein-Jensen
      medium. Ciprofloxacin was found active against all strains of Mycobacterium
      tuberculosis sensitive to streptomycin, isoniazid, ethambutol and rifampicin. The
      MIC of ciprofloxacin was 3.2 mg/l. This concentration of ciprofloxacin was
      sufficient to inhibit almost all strains showing intermediate sensitivity or
      resistance to one or more of the above agents. The same phenomenon was also
      observed with the atypical isolates.

PMID- 2933383
TI  - Effects of training on biochemical and functional properties of rodent neonatal
      heart.
AB  - This study was undertaken to determine biochemical and functional (in vivo)
      adaptations of the rodent neonatal heart in response to a training program of
      endurance running. Ten day-old rats were progressively trained on a treadmill
      (final intensity, 21 m/min, 30% grade, 1 h/day) until 75 days of age. The
      training program induced 14, 57, and 24% increases in relative heart mass,
      skeletal muscle citrate synthase activity, and whole-body maximal O2 uptake,
      respectively (P less than 0.05). Cardiac myosin (ATPase) and Ca2+-regulated
      myofibril ATPase were both reduced by approximately 15% in trained vs. sedentary
      animals (P less than 0.05). In the majority of trained hearts examined, the
      myosin isozyme profile reflected an estimated 14 +/- 3% shift toward the V3 or
      low ATPase isozyme. Left ventricular functional indices during submaximal
      exercise, derived from a fluid-filled indwelling cannula, indicated that the
      trained animals maintained similar left ventricular (LV) systolic pressure, LV +
      the time derivative of pressure, and systemic arterial mean blood pressure
      compared with their sedentary counterparts. These functional parameters were
      maintained even though the trained animals performed with lower submaximal
      exercise heart rate. These findings suggest that maximal exercise capacity can be
      enhanced in neonatal rats even though the biochemical potential for ATP
      degradation in the cardiac contractile system is lowered. We speculate that the
      trend to maintain the myosin isozyme pattern further in the direction of the V3
      isozyme in the trained neonatal rat heart may reflect a means to economize cross
      bridge cycling while maintaining normal levels of ventricle performance at a
      given submaximal work load.

PMID- 2933384
TI  - Effects of hypercapnia on inspiratory and expiratory muscle activity during
      expiration.
AB  - Persistence of inspiratory muscle activity during the early phase of expiratory
      airflow slows the rate of lung deflation, whereas heightened expiratory muscle
      activity produces the opposite effect. To examine the influence of increased
      chemoreceptor drive and the role of vagal afferent activity on these processes,
      the effects of progressive hypercapnia were evaluated in 12 anesthetized
      tracheotomized dogs before and after vagotomy. Postinspiratory activity of
      inspiratory muscles (PIIA) and the activity of expiratory muscles were studied.
      During resting breathing, the duration of PIIA correlated with the duration of
      inspiration but not with expiration. Parasternal intercostal PIIA was directly
      related to that of the diaphragm. Based on their PIIA, dogs could be divided into
      two groups: one with prolonged PIIA (mean 0.57 s) and the other with brief PIIA
      (mean 0.16 s). Hypercapnia caused progressive shortening of the PIIA in the dogs
      with prolonged PIIA during resting breathing. The electrical activity of the
      external oblique and internal intercostal muscles increased gradually during CO2
      rebreathing in all dogs both pre- and postvagotomy. After vagotomy, abdominal
      activity continued to increase with hypercapnia but was less at all levels of
      PCO2. The internal intercostal response to hypercapnia was not affected by
      vagotomy. The combination of shorter PIIA and augmented expiratory activity with
      hypercapnia might, in addition to changes in lung recoil pressure and airway
      resistance, hasten exhalation.

PMID- 2933385
TI  - Evaluation of clinical pharmacokinetic services provided to children and
      adolescents with cystic fibrosis.

PMID- 2933386
TI  - Chlorophyllum molybdites mushroom poisoning: a case report and review of the
      syndrome.

PMID- 2933387
TI  - Strength training by resistive exercises.

PMID- 2933388
TI  - Quality assurance in ambulatory care.

PMID- 2933389
TI  - Esophageal perforation: roentgenographic diagnosis.

PMID- 2933390
TI  - High blood pressure and kidney disease.

PMID- 2933391
TI  - Alcohol dehydrogenases in Acinetobacter sp. strain HO1-N: role in hexadecane and
      hexadecanol metabolism.
AB  - Multiple alcohol dehydrogenases (ADH) were demonstrated in Acinetobacter sp.
      strain HO1-N. ADH-A and ADH-B were distinguished on the basis of electrophoretic
      mobility, pyridine nucleotide cofactor requirement, and substrate specificity.
      ADH-A is a soluble, NAD-linked, inducible ethanol dehydrogenase (EDH) exhibiting
      an apparent Km for ethanol of 512 microM and a Vmax of 138 nmol/min. An ethanol
      negative mutant (Eth1) was isolated which contained 6.5% of wild-type EDH
      activity and was deficient in ADH-A. Eth1 exhibited normal growth on hexadecane
      and hexadecanol. A second ethanol-negative mutant (Eth3) was acetaldehyde
      dehydrogenase (ALDH) deficient, having 12.5% of wild-type ALDH activity. Eth3 had
      threefold-higher EDH activity than the wild-type strain. ALDH is a soluble, NAD
      linked, ethanol-inducible enzyme which exhibited an apparent Km for acetaldehyde
      of 50 microM and a Vmax of 183 nmol/min. Eth3 exhibited normal growth on
      hexadecane, hexadecanol, and fatty aldehyde. ADH-B is a soluble, constitutive,
      NADP-linked ADH which was active with medium-chain-length alcohols. Hexadecanol
      dehydrogenase (HDH), a soluble and membrane-bound, NAD-linked ADH, was induced 5-
      to 11-fold by growth on hexadecane or hexadecanol. HDH exhibited apparent Kms for
      hexadecanol of 1.6 and 2.8 microM in crude extracts derived from hexadecane- and
      hexadecanol-grown cells, respectively. HDH was distinct from ADH-A and ADH-B,
      since HDH and ADH-A were not coinduced; Eth1 had wild-type levels of HDH; and HDH
      requires NAD, while ADH-B requires NADP. NAD- and NADP-independent HDH activity
      was not detected in the soluble or membrane fraction of extracts derived from
      hexadecane- or hexadecanol-grown cells. NAD-linked HDH appears to possess a
      functional role in hexadecane and hexadecanol dissimilation.

PMID- 2933392
TI  - Chromosomal mapping in Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora with the IncP plasmid
      R68::Mu.
AB  - Conjugational gene transfer was established in Erwinia carotovora subsp.
      carotovora SCRI193 by using plasmid R68::Mu c+ to mobilize the chromosome into
      multiply mutant recipients. It was observed that although the plasmid alone
      mobilized markers randomly at a frequency of ca. 10(-5) chromosomal recombinants
      per donor, the presence of a Mu prophage on the chromosome of the donor increased
      the frequency of mobilization of markers adjacent to the prophage by up to 10
      fold. Using this system it was possible to order 17 chromosomal mutations. The
      behavior of Mu in E. carotovora subsp. carotovora was also studied.

PMID- 2933393
TI  - Toxicity and mutagenicity of plumbagin and the induction of a possible new DNA
      repair pathway in Escherichia coli.
AB  - Actively growing Escherichia coli cells exposed to plumbagin, a redox cycling
      quinone that increases the flux of O2- radicals in the cell, were mutagenized or
      killed by this treatment. The toxicity of plumbagin was not found to be mediated
      by membrane damage. Cells pretreated with plumbagin could partially reactivate
      lambda phage damaged by exposure to riboflavin plus light, a treatment that
      produces active oxygen species. The result suggested the induction of a DNA
      repair response. Lambda phage damaged by H2O2 treatment were not reactivated in
      plumbagin-pretreated cells, nor did H2O2-pretreated cells reactivate lambda
      damaged by treatment with riboflavin plus light. Plumbagin treatment did not
      induce lambda phage in a lysogen, nor did it cause an increase in beta
      galactosidase production in a dinD::Mu d(lac Ap) promoter fusion strain. Cells
      pretreated with nonlethal doses of plumbagin showed enhanced survival upon
      exposure to high concentrations of plumbagin, but were unchanged in their
      susceptibility to far-UV irradiation. polA and recA mutants were not
      significantly more sensitive than wild type to killing by plumbagin. However, xth
      1 mutants were partially resistant to plumbagin toxicity. It is proposed that E.
      coli has an inducible DNA repair response specific for the type of oxidative
      damage generated during incubation with plumbagin. Furthermore, this response
      appears to be qualitatively distinct from the SOS response and the repair
      response induced by H2O2.

PMID- 2933394
TI  - (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase activity in plasma membrane of circulating mononuclear
      cells. Lack of a direct effect of vitamin D.
AB  - The in vivo effect of vitamin D on (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase activity was examined in
      a plasma membrane fraction of rat circulating mononuclear cells (MPM). Although
      there was no significant difference in the ATPase activities in red blood cell
      ghosts, (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase activity in MPM was significantly higher (p less
      than 0.05) in long-term vitamin D3-replete rats (100 IU/day for 6 months) than
      that in vitamin D-deplete rats (for 6 months). In rats maintained on vitamin D
      deficient diets for 5-7 weeks, in vivo administration of either vitamin D3, 2,000
      IU orally, 5 days prior to killing or 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, 2.4 nmol,
      intraperitoneally, 24 h prior to killing failed to show any significant effect on
      (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase activity in MPM. (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase activity in MPM from
      rats maintained on vitamin D-deficient diet with high calcium content (1.8%) was
      significantly higher (p less than 0.05) than that from rats maintained on vitamin
      D-deficient diet with low calcium content (0.3%). Moreover, in vitro addition of
      vitamin D3 metabolites did not show any effect on (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase activity
      in MPM. These data suggest that decreased (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase activity in MPM
      from long-term vitamin D-deplete rats resulted from an adaptation to low
      extracellular calcium rather than vitamin D depletion.

PMID- 2933395
TI  - Phosphorylation of ankyrin decreases its affinity for spectrin tetramer.
AB  - The effects of phosphorylation on the interaction between spectrin and ankyrin
      were investigated. Spectrin and ankyrin were phosphorylated using purified human
      erythrocyte membrane and cytosolic (casein kinase A) kinases. These two kinases
      have similar properties as well as activities toward spectrin and ankyrin. Both
      kinases catalyzed the incorporation of about 2 mol of phosphate/mol of spectrin
      and about 7 mol of phosphate/mol of ankyrin. These phosphates were incorporated
      primarily into seryl and threonyl residues of the proteins. The phosphopeptide
      maps of ankyrin phosphorylated by the membrane kinase and casein kinase A were
      identical. Binding studies indicate that ankyrin exhibits different affinities
      for spectrin dimers (KD = 2.5 +/- 0.9 X 10(-6) M) and tetramers (KD = 2.7 +/- 0.8
      X 10(-7) M). These dissociation constants were not appreciably affected by the
      phosphorylation of spectrin. On the other hand, phosphorylation of ankyrin was
      found to significantly reduce its affinity for either phosphorylated or
      unphosphorylated spectrin tetramers (KD = 1.2 +/- 0.1 X 10(-6) M) but not
      spectrin dimers (KD = 2.5 +/- 0.4 X 10(-6) M). The same results were obtained
      using either the membrane kinase or casein kinase A as the phosphorylating
      enzyme. The above observation suggests that ankyrin phosphorylation may provide
      an important mechanism for the regulation of the erythrocyte membrane
      cytoskeletal network.

PMID- 2933396
TI  - Mechanistic investigations of Escherichia coli cytidine-5'-triphosphate
      synthetase. Detection of an intermediate by positional isotope exchange
      experiments.
AB  - CTP synthetase from Escherichia coli catalyzes exchange of 18O from the beta
      gamma-bridge position of [gamma-18O4] ATP into the beta-nonbridge position. This
      positional isotope exchange occurs in the presence of UTP and MgCl2 but in the
      absence of NH3. The enzyme also has an ATPase activity in the presence of UTP
      that occurs under conditions that are identical to those used in the positional
      isotope exchange experiments. These data provide evidence for the stepwise nature
      of the reactions catalyzed by CTP synthetase with the initial step involving
      phosphorylation of UTP by ATP. The relative rate of the isotope exchange reaction
      is approximately 3 times faster than the ATPase reaction, but the isotope
      exchange rate is approximately 3% of the overall rate in the presence of NH3.
      These results are consistent with the ATPase reaction involving attack of water
      on the phosphorylated intermediate (4-phospho-UTP). The positional isotope
      exchange reaction is independent of the UTP concentration above saturating levels
      of UTP demonstrating that the order of addition of substrates is UTP followed by
      ATP and then NH3.

PMID- 2933397
TI  - Effects of low extracellular sodium on cytosolic ionized calcium. Na+-Ca2+
      exchange as a major calcium influx pathway in kidney cells.
AB  - The effects of extracellular Na+ (Na+o) on cytosolic ionized calcium (Ca2+i) and
      on calcium and sodium fluxes were measured in monkey kidney cells (LLC-MK2).
      Ca2+i was measured with aequorin and the ion fluxes with 45Ca and 22Na. Na+-free
      media rapidly increased Ca2+i from 60 to a maximum of about 700 nM in 2-3 min.
      After the peak, Ca2+i declined and reached a plateau of about twice the resting
      Ca2+i. The peak Ca2+i was inversely proportional to Na+o and directly
      proportional to the extracellular calcium concentration (Ca2+o). On the other
      hand, a pH of 6.8 reduced and Ca2+o substitution with Sr2+ completely blocked the
      Ca2+i response to low Na+o. A Na+-free medium stimulated calcium efflux from the
      cells 4-5-fold, a response which was abolished in the absence of extracellular
      Ca2+. Na+-free media also stimulated calcium influx and sodium efflux. The cell
      calcium content, however, was not increased. These results indicate that removal
      of extracellular Na+ increases Ca2+i by stimulating calcium influx and not by
      inhibiting calcium efflux; the increased calcium influx takes place on the Na+
      Ca2+ antiporter operating in the reverse mode in exchange for sodium efflux. The
      increased calcium efflux occurs as a consequence of the rise in Ca2+i and
      presumably takes place on the (Ca2+-Mg2+) ATPase-dependent calcium pump.

PMID- 2933398
TI  - Purification and properties of 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase from rat
      brain cytosol. Inhibition by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and progestins.
AB  - The 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.50) of rat brain cytosol has
      been purified to apparent homogeneity. The purification procedure involves six
      successive steps, includes one affinity chromatography, and yields enzyme which
      displays a 1,550-fold enhancement in specific activity. The homogeneous enzyme
      has a Km of 8.0 microM for 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone, a Vmax of 1.3 mumol of 3
      alpha-androstanediol formed per h/mg of protein, and displays a preference for
      NADPH. It appears to be the major activity responsible for the reduction of 5
      alpha-dihydrotestosterone in this tissue and may play a pivotal role in brain
      androgen metabolism. The homogeneous enzyme has several properties in common with
      the 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase purified from rat liver cytosol
      (Penning, T. M., Mukharji, I., Barrows, S., and Talalay, P. (1984) Biochem. J.
      222, 601-611). It is a monomer with a molecular weight of 31,000, it has a pI of
      5.5, and it is potently inhibited by the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
      (IC50 value for indomethacin = 2.0 microM). The potency of inhibition observed
      for the brain enzyme parallels that observed for cyclooxygenase: indomethacin
      greater than fenamates greater than l-methylpyrrole acetic acids greater than
      arylpropionic acids greater than salicylates greater than acetaminophen.
      Examination of a variety of steroidal contraceptives as modulators of the
      dehydrogenase indicates that ethinylestradiol is a very poor inhibitor (IC50 =
      100 microM), while 6-medroxyprogesterone acetate (Provera) is an extremely potent
      inhibitor (IC50 = 0.2 microM). The possibility exists that brain androgen
      metabolism may be altered by the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and
      synthetic progestins.

PMID- 2933399
TI  - Monoclonal antibodies with specific effects on partial activities of recA protein
      of Escherichia coli.
AB  - recA protein of Escherichia coli promotes a wide variety of DNA reactions in
      vitro. Specific effectors of recA protein should be very useful in elucidating
      the mechanisms of these complex reactions. Six mouse hybridoma clones that
      secreted class G immunoglobulins specific to recA protein were obtained in three
      cell-fusion experiments. Five IgGs were purified by affinity chromatography.
      These monoclonal antibodies were characterized by examining their effects on the
      single-stranded DNA-dependent ATPase activity, negatively superhelical double
      stranded DNA-dependent ATPase activity, and an activity in pairing negatively
      superhelical closed circular double-stranded DNA and homologous single-stranded
      DNA-fragments to form D-loops. These IgGs inhibited all, some, or one of these
      three activities, and from the spectra of their inhibitory effects they were
      classified into four groups. This classification suggests that each of the
      monoclonal antibodies binds to one of at least four antigenic determinants on
      recA protein and specifically inactivates one or more of the active centers on
      the protein. These monoclonal antibodies will be useful in analyzing the complex
      reactions promoted by recA protein.

PMID- 2933400
TI  - Docking of cyclohexanol-derivatives into the active site of liver alcohol
      dehydrogenase. Using computer graphics and energy minimization.
AB  - Model building and energy minimization procedures have been used to determine a
      productive substrate binding mode in liver alcohol dehydrogenase for secondary
      alcohols. These docking results have been compared to some of the extensive
      amounts of kinetic data available for this enzyme. The indirect diamond lattice
      approach first suggested by Prelog (Prelog, V. (1964) Pure Appl. Chem. 9, 119
      130) to describe the active site of an enzyme has been used to build a direct
      diamond lattice from the crystallographic model of the enzyme. This lattice was
      oriented and positioned into the active site using the productive binding mode of
      cyclohexanol derivatives obtained from model building. We then classified the
      positions as allowed, forbidden, or boundary depending on their distances to
      protein atoms. We found very good agreement between the classification of our
      direct diamond lattice points and those of the indirect lattice obtained by
      others from kinetic studies. Finally we have extended the lattice as an aid to
      predict the stereospecificity of the enzyme for molecules which cover other
      regions of the active site.

PMID- 2933401
TI  - Partial purification and reconstitution of renal basolateral Na+-Ca2+ exchanger
      into liposomes.
AB  - The Na+-Ca2+ exchange system in renal tubular basolateral membranes was partially
      purified and incorporated into liposomes. Solubilization of basolateral membranes
      with 1% cholic acid in the presence of 2.5% soybean phospholipids and proteolytic
      treatment with Pronase (20 micrograms/ml) as described (Wakabayashi, S., and
      Goshima, K. (1982) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 693, 125-133) allowed partial
      purification and reconstitution of the Na+-Ca2+ exchange system into liposomes.
      The Na+-dependent Ca2+ uptake in the reconstituted liposomes was 25 times higher
      than the Na+-dependent Ca2+ uptake in the native basolateral membranes. Eadie
      Hofstee analysis of the Na+-dependent Ca2+ uptake revealed a Vmax of 201 pmol of
      Ca2+/mg of protein/45 s and a Km for Ca2+ of 2.7 microM. The stoichiometry (n) of
      the Na+-Ca2+ exchange system was determined from the Na+ gradient which opposes
      constant membrane potential so that no net Ca2+ transport occurs. In the presence
      of constant negative membrane potential, the value for n was 3.09 +/- 0.22, and
      in the presence of constant positive membrane potential, the value for n was 2.89
      +/- 0.2. Thus, the stoichiometry of the renal Na+-Ca2+ exchange system is
      approximately 3Na+:1Ca2+.

PMID- 2933402
TI  - Solvent isotope effects and the pH dependence of laccase activity under steady
      state conditions.
AB  - Solvent isotope effects and the pH dependence of laccase catalysis under steady
      state conditions were examined with a rapid reductant to assess the potential
      roles of protein protic groups and the catalytic mechanism. The pH dependence of
      both reductant-dependent and reductant-independent steps showed bell-shaped
      profiles implicating at least two protic groups in each case. The apparent pKa
      values were: for the reductant-independent step(s), pK alpha 1 = 8.98 +/- 0.02
      and pK alpha 2 = 5.91 +/- 0.03; for the reductant-dependent step(s), pK' alpha 1
      = 7.55 +/- 0.12, pK' alpha 2 = 8.40 +/- 0.23. No solvent isotope effect on
      reductant-dependent steps was detected other than a standard shift effect.
      However, a significant solvent isotope effect on a reductant-independent step(s)
      was observed; kH/kD = 2.12 at the pH optimum of 7.5. The concentration dependence
      of the D2O effect indicated that a single proton was involved. Simulations of the
      p(H,D) data suggested that the solvent isotope effect was associated with the
      protein protic group required in its undissociated form (pK alpha 2). The pH
      effects on reductant-dependent steps are apparently associated with reductant
      dependent steps that occur between O2 binding and water formation in the
      catalytic reaction sequence.

PMID- 2933403
TI  - Mechanism of the phosphorylation-dependent regulation of smooth muscle heavy
      meromyosin.
AB  - Phosphorylation of smooth muscle heavy meromyosin (HMM) has been shown to result
      in about a 25-fold increase in the steady-state Vmax of the actin-activated
      MgATPase activity from 0.07 s-1 for unphosphorylated HMM to 1.9 s-1 for
      phosphorylated HMM. The steady-state MgATPase activity of unphosphorylated HMM in
      the absence of actin is 0.004 s-1. The true extent of regulation might be even
      larger since the actin activation of the MgATPase activity of unphosphorylated
      HMM (from 0.004 to 0.07 s-1 at Vmax) could be arising from a small fraction of
      modified HMM molecules which are no longer regulated and that truly regulated
      unphosphorylated HMM molecules are not activated by actin. To test this idea, a
      "limited turnover" experiment was used to measure the reassociation rate of acto
      unphosphorylated HMM following addition of a 2-4-fold molar excess of ATP. The
      reassociation rate was very slow and was not significantly increased by raising
      the actin concentration from 10 to 75 microM or by addition of trace
      phosphorylated HMM. The rate constant was estimated to be about 0.002 s-1, which
      is in good agreement with the rate of product (both Pi and ADP) release estimated
      from unphosphorylated HMM alone measured by a gel filtration technique. These two
      experiments suggest that the rate of product release from unphosphorylated HMM
      may not be significantly affected by actin and that perhaps the true extent of
      regulation of HMM by phosphorylation is much greater than that determined by
      steady-state methods. It also suggests that phosphorylation may operate by
      increasing the forward rate constant for product release by approximately 1000
      fold.

PMID- 2933404
TI  - Mechanism of smooth muscle myosin phosphorylation.
AB  - In vertebrate smooth muscles, phosphorylation of the regulatory light chain
      appears to be necessary for actin activation of the Mg-ATPase activity and for
      the in vitro assembly of myosin into filaments. From a correlation between the
      degree of phosphorylation and enzymatic activity, it was suggested that both
      myosin heads must be phosphorylated before either head could be activated by
      actin, and that phosphorylation of filamentous myosin occurred in a negatively
      cooperative manner (Persechini, A., and Hartshorne, D. J. (1981) Science 213,
      1383-1385; Ikebe, M., Ogihara, S., and Tonomura, Y. (1982) J. Biochem. (Tokyo)
      91, 1809-1812; Sellers, J. R., Chock, P. B., and Adelstein, R. S. (1983) J. Biol.
      Chem. 258, 14181-14188). Here we have determined the mechanism of phosphorylation
      by separating dephosphorylated and phosphorylated myosin species based on their
      different structural properties in the minifilament buffer system (5 mM citrate,
      22 mM Tris). Fully phosphorylated myosin remained assembled as minifilaments in 1
      mM Mg-ATP, but dephosphorylated myosin dissociated to a mixture of folded
      monomers and dimers. Gel filtration was used to separate these two structures. At
      intermediate levels of phosphorylation, the relative amount of myosin that formed
      minifilament and dimer and the degree of phosphorylation of the separated species
      relative to the initial level of phosphorylation was measured. From these data,
      it was possible to deduce that singly and doubly phosphorylated myosin remained
      assembled in the presence of nucleotide. Myosin molecules with 0, 1, or 2 heads
      phosphorylated could also be separated by nondenaturing gel electrophoresis. The
      amount of myosin which formed each species was quantitated as a function of
      phosphorylation. Results from the combined approaches are consistent with a model
      in which light chain kinase randomly phosphorylates myosin, independent of the
      state of aggregation of the myosin.

PMID- 2933405
TI  - Conformational changes of the Ca2+-ATPase as early events of Ca2+ release from
      sarcoplasmic reticulum.
AB  - Rabbit skeletal sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles were loaded with Ca2+ by ATP
      dependent Ca2+ accumulation in the presence of low [Mg2+] (0.2-0.5 mM), and Ca2+
      release was induced by addition of caffeine or ADP or by means of a Ca2+ jump.
      The levels of the phosphorylated intermediate (EP) and the tryptophan
      fluorescence of the Ca2+-ATPase were monitored during both the Ca2+ accumulation
      and the induced Ca2+ release using fast kinetic techniques. During Ca2+ uptake,
      both the EP level and the tryptophan fluorescence gradually decreased following a
      time course similar to that of the Ca2+ accumulation. Upon inducing Ca2+ release
      by addition of either caffeine or ADP, there was a transient increase of the EP
      level (from 0.3-0.5 to 1-2 nmol/mg protein) preceding the release of Ca2+.
      Similarly, a transient increase of the tryptophan fluorescence prior to Ca2+
      release produced by the application of a Ca2+ jump was also found. These results
      indicate that the Ca2+-ATPase enzyme undergoes a rapid conformational change in
      response to triggering of Ca2+ release.

PMID- 2933406
TI  - Purification of the three nuclear RNA polymerases from Neurospora crassa.
AB  - Nuclear RNA polymerases I, II, and III from Neurospora crassa have been purified
      3,000-, 1,500-, and 10,000-fold, respectively, by a procedure that minimizes
      proteolysis of the 220-kDa subunit of polymerase II. The Neurospora enzymes
      resemble, in polypeptide composition, the corresponding polymerases isolated from
      other eukaryotes. The 220-kDa subunit of Neurospora polymerase II cross-reacts
      with antisera directed against the 220-kDa subunits of type II polymerases from
      Drosophila and wheat germ. However, the proteolyzed 180-kDa derivative of the
      Neurospora 220-kDa subunit fails to cross-react with the heterologous antisera,
      suggesting that the region removed by proteolysis contains or contributes to
      structural features of the enzyme that have been highly conserved during
      evolution. A 700-kDa complex of 12 polypeptides was found associated with
      polymerase II during purification. The complex was eventually separated from the
      enzyme, and its properties suggest that it might be associated with polymerase II
      in the nucleus. We describe two additional examples of polypeptides associated in
      variable amounts with Neurospora polymerase II.

PMID- 2933407
TI  - Structural studies on Neurospora RNA polymerases and associated proteins.
AB  - Extensive structural homology between the three nuclear RNA polymerases of
      Neurospora crassa has been observed by peptide and immunological analyses. Within
      each polymerase, we found structural similarity between subunits in the 65- to 75
      kDa range and one of the two large subunits. We observed also that polymerase II,
      as isolated, is associated with a 700-kDa complex of 12 polypeptides which is
      localized in the nucleus. A 75-kDa subunit of the 700-kDa complex was found to be
      structurally related to the 220-kDa subunit of polymerase II. We suggest, on the
      basis of the in vitro association, the common nuclear localization and the
      structural homology, that the 700-kDa complex and polymerase II may be associated
      in vivo. Evidence is also presented which suggests that polymerase III may
      interact with chromatin via two of its smallest subunits. A simple procedure for
      isolating nuclei from Neurospora is described.

PMID- 2933408
TI  - Wave propagation across a bony discontinuity simulating a healing fracture.
AB  - Stress wave propagation in a long bone with a progressively increasing defect in
      the bony cortex, simulating a healing fracture, was studied by recording the
      outputs of bonded semiconductor strain gages, proximal and distal to the defect.
      Statistically significant relations were found between the relative size of the
      discontinuity and the transmission coefficient, dispersion and transit time
      across the fracture. We also showed that the stress wave in a bone could be
      monitored from the vibration response of a traction pin, placed in a magnetic
      field. The results may be helpful for the development of new methods to measure
      the rate of fracture healing, as well as aiding our understanding of the dynamic
      loading of bone.

PMID- 2933409
TI  - Experimental study of physiological pulsatile flow past valve prostheses in a
      model of human aorta--I. Caged ball valves.
AB  - Pulsatile flow development past a caged ball valve in a model human aorta was
      studied using laser Doppler anemometry. Velocity profiles measured in the
      ascending aorta and in the mid-arch region were strongly influenced by the
      geometry of the valve at the root of the aorta. Velocity profiles distal to the
      valve were asymmetric with jet-like flow in the peripheral region having larger
      velocity magnitudes towards the left lateral wall. In early diastole, a
      streamwise vortex motion was observed throughout the model aorta with fluid
      moving towards the downstream direction along the left lateral wall and reversed
      flow along the right lateral wall. With the caged ball valve at the root of the
      aorta, no reversed flow was observed along the inner wall of curvature in the mid
      arch region.

PMID- 2933410
TI  - Velocity profiles in the wake of two prosthetic heart valves using a new
      cardiovascular simulator.
AB  - In this paper we present a study of the post valvular flow field on a new
      cardiovascular simulator including an elastic model of the aortic arch.
      Transverse and vertical two-dimensional velocity measurements are performed with
      an ultrasonic velocimeter. Two prosthetic heart valves are tested in the aortic
      position. The behaviour of the velocity vectors patterns during one pulsatile
      cycle is one of the most striking features of the flow.

PMID- 2933411
TI  - Detection of arterial stenosis: increased accuracy using biplanar angiography and
      Doppler signal analysis.
AB  - Femoral artery Doppler signals were analysed from 68 patients with lower limb
      ischaemia undergoing biplanar angiography. These studies (pulsatility index, P.I.
      and LaPlace transform damping, LTD) were compared with clinical examination using
      this biplanar angiographic standard. Accuracy of femoral pulse palpation in
      predicting upstream stenosis was 67%. Biplanar angiography unmasked single plane
      stenosis underestimates in 21% of patients. In a subgroup of 39 lower limbs with
      aorto-iliac stenoses between 26 and 85% femoral LTD was the best predictor, being
      84% accurate: whereas PI did not improve upon clinical examination. The need for
      biplanar angiography is underlined and the place of Doppler signal analysis in
      the assessment of arterial stenosis is confirmed.

PMID- 2933412
TI  - Multiple aneurysmal dilatations in a knitted dacron velour graft.
AB  - The formation of multiple aneurysms in the midportion of Dacron grafts has been
      reported only twice in the surgical literature. In the present case, three
      aneurysmal dilatations developed 6 years following an orto-femoral Dacron graft
      implantation. Multiple structural defects in the Dacron prosthesis appear to be
      the most likely cause of the graft failure.

PMID- 2933413
TI  - The cell substrate attachment (CSAT) antigen has properties of a receptor for
      laminin and fibronectin.
AB  - The cell substrate attachment (CSAT) antigen is an integral membrane glycoprotein
      complex that participates in the adhesion of cells to extracellular molecules.
      The CSAT monoclonal antibody, directed against this complex, inhibited adhesion
      of cardiac and tendon fibroblasts and skeletal myoblasts to both laminin and
      fibronectin, thus implicating the CSAT antigen in adhesion to these extracellular
      molecules. Equilibrium gel filtration was used to explore the hypothesis that the
      CSAT antigen functions as a cell surface receptor for both laminin and
      fibronectin. In this technique, designed for rapidly exchanging equilibria, the
      gel filtration column is pre-equilibrated with extracellular ligand to ensure
      receptor occupancy during its journey through the column. Both laminin and
      fibronectin formed complexes with the CSAT antigen. The association with laminin
      was inhibited by the CSAT monoclonal antibody; the associations with both
      fibronectin and laminin were inhibited by synthetic peptides containing the
      fibronectin cell-binding sequence. Estimates of the dissociation constants by
      equilibrium gel filtration agree well with those available from other
      measurements. This suggests that these associations are biologically significant.
      SDS PAGE showed that all three glycoproteins comprising the CSAT antigen were
      present in the antigen-ligand complexes. Gel filtration and velocity
      sedimentation were used to show that the three bands comprise and oligomeric
      complex, which provides an explanation for their functional association. The
      inhibition of adhesion by the CSAT monoclonal antibody and the association of the
      purified antigen with extracellular ligands are interpreted as strongly
      implicating the CSAT antigen as a receptor for both fibronectin and laminin and
      perhaps for other extracellular molecules as well.

PMID- 2933414
TI  - Membrane and cytoskeletal changes associated with IgE-mediated serotonin release
      from rat basophilic leukemia cells.
AB  - Binding of antigen to IgE-receptor complexes on the surface of RBL-2H3 rat
      basophilic leukemia cells is the first event leading to the release of cellular
      serotonin, histamine, and other mediators of allergic, asthmatic, and
      inflammatory responses. We have used dinitrophenol-conjugated bovine serum
      albumin (DNP-BSA) as well as the fluorescent antigen, DNP-B-phycoerythrin, and
      the electron-dense antigen, DNP-BSA-gold, to investigate dynamic membrane and
      cytoskeletal events associated with the release of [3H]serotonin from anti-DNP
      IgE-primed RBL-2H3 cells. These multivalent antigens bind rapidly to cell surface
      IgE-receptor complexes. Their distribution is initially uniform, but within 2 min
      DNP-BSA-gold is found in coated pits and is subsequently internalized. Antigen
      internalization occurs in the presence and absence of extracellular Ca2+. The F
      actin content of the detergent-extracted cell matrices analyzed by SDS PAGE
      decreases during the first 10-30 s of antigen binding and then increases by 1 min
      to almost double the control levels. A rapid and sustained increase is also
      observed when total F-actin is quantified by flow cytometry after binding of
      rhodamine-phalloidin. The antigen-stimulated increase in F-actin coincides with
      (and may cause) the transformation of the cell surface from a finely microvillous
      to a highly folded or plicated topography. Other early membrane responses include
      increased cell spreading and a 2-3-fold increase in the uptake of fluorescein
      dextran by fluid pinocytosis. The surface and F-actin changes show the same
      dependence on DNP-protein concentration as stimulated [3H]serotonin release; and
      both the membrane responses and the release of mediators are terminated by the
      addition of the non-cross-linking monovalent ligand, DNP-lysine. These data
      indicate that the same antigen-stimulated transduction pathway controls both the
      membrane/cytoskeletal and secretory events. However, the membrane and actin
      responses to IgE-receptor cross-linking are independent of extracellular Ca2+ and
      are mimicked by phorbol myristate acetate, whereas ligand-dependent mediator
      release depends on extracellular Ca2+ and is mimicked by the Ca2+ ionophore
      A23187.

PMID- 2933415
TI  - Surface functions during mitosis in rat basophilic leukemia cells.
AB  - At the entry into mitosis, cells abruptly lose membrane activities such as
      phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and capping. The present studies test if mitotic cells
      also resist functional responses to cell surface ligand-receptor interactions.
      The IgE receptors of RBL-2H3 rat basophilic leukemia cells were labeled with anti
      dinitrophenol IgE (anti-DNP-IgE) and then cross-linked with multivalent ligands
      (DNP-bovine serum albumin [BSA]; DNP-B-phycoerythrin; DNP-BSA-gold). IgE-receptor
      cross-linking modulates cell surface organization and function and releases
      serotonin and other mediators of allergic and asthmatic reactions from interphase
      cells (Pfeiffer, J. R., JC. Seagrave, B. H. Davis, G. G. Deanin, and J. M.
      Oliver, 1985, J. Cell Biol., 101:2145-2155). It was found that anti-DNP-IgE
      receptor complexes are preserved on the cell surface throughout mitosis; they
      continue to bind DNP-proteins, and the resulting antigen-IgE-receptor complexes
      can redistribute to coated pits on the cell surface. Furthermore, there is no
      loss of [3H]serotonin through mitosis. Nevertheless, antigen-stimulated [3H]
      serotonin release is strongly impaired in mitotic-enriched as compared with mixed
      interphase or G1-enriched cell populations. In addition, antigen binding
      transforms the surface of interphase cells from a microvillous to a plicated
      topography and stimulates the uptake of fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated
      dextran by fluid pinocytosis. Mitotic cells maintain a microvillous surface
      topography after antigen treatment, and fluid pinocytosis virtually ceases from
      prometaphase to telophase. Phorbol myristate acetate, a tumor promoter that
      activates protein kinase C, restores surface ruffling activity to mitotic cells.
      Thus, the mitosis-specific freezing of membrane and secretory responses is most
      likely due to the failure of transmembrane signaling.

PMID- 2933417
TI  - Characteristics of a BHK cell variant defective in the cell-substratum contact
      process.
AB  - In this paper we document the phenotypic characteristics of a novel BHK cell
      adhesion variant designated FN-2. Unlike parental cells, FN-2 cells did not
      attach to fibronectin (pFN)-coated dishes, even after 4-hr incubations on dishes
      treated with 100 micrograms/ml of pFN. Mixing experiments with the variant and
      parental cells revealed that the parental cells attached normally in the presence
      of a ninefold excess of variant cells and the variant cells failed to attach in
      the presence of a ninefold excess of parental cells. Therefore, the defect in FN
      2 cells could not be explained by secretion of a factor inhibiting attachment or
      lack of secretion of a factor required for attachment. Also, the inability of FN
      2 cells to attach to pFN-coated dishes could not be explained by an absence of
      cell pFN receptors since the variant cells bound normal numbers of small (ca. 0.8
      micron) pFN-coated latex beads, although they phagocytosed the beads poorly
      compared to parental cells. Also, the variant cells were not able to bind large
      (5.7 or 16.8 microns) pFN-coated beads. When tested on dishes coated with ligands
      that, unlike fibronectin, have a high affinity for cell surface receptors, e.g.,
      lectins and anti-BHK antibodies, FN-2 cells were observed to attach at a rate
      similar to that of parental cells but spread much more slowly. The phenotypic
      characteristics of FN-2 cells suggest that they are deficient in what previously
      has been called the "cell contact" process in cell adhesion. It is proposed that
      the cell contact process is the initial formation by an individual cell of a
      sufficient number of cell-substratum bonds to resist the shear forces
      operationally used to define "attachment," and that more cell-substratum bonds
      are necessary for cell attachment to large substrata (dishes or large beads) than
      for attachment to small substrata (small beads). The molecular defect in FN-2
      cells was studied by electroblotting analysis. A high molecular weight (ca. 370
      kd) glycoprotein detected by blotting with anti-BHK antibodies and ConA that was
      present in parental cell membranes was reduced or absent in the variant cells.

PMID- 2933418
TI  - Ankyrin and synapsin: spectrin-binding proteins associated with brain membranes.
AB  - Brain membranes contain an actin-binding protein closely related in structure and
      function to erythrocyte spectrin. The proteins that attach brain spectrin to
      membranes are not established, but, by analogy with the erythrocyte membrane, may
      include ankyrin and protein 4.1. In support of this idea, proteins closely
      related to ankyrin and 4.1 have been purified from brain and have been
      demonstrated to associate with brain spectrin. Brain ankyrin binds with high
      affinity to the spectrin beta subunit at the midregion of spectrin tetramers.
      Brain ankyrin also has binding sites for the cytoplasmic domain of the
      erythrocyte anion channel (band 3), as well as for tubulin. Ankyrins from brain
      and erythrocytes have a similar domain structure with protease-resistant domains
      of Mr = 72,000 that contain spectrin-binding activity, and domains of Mr = 95,000
      (brain ankyrin) or 90,000 (erythrocyte ankyrin) that contain binding sites for
      both tubulin and the anion channel. Brain ankyrin is present at about 100 pmol/mg
      membrane protein, or about twice the number of copies of spectrum beta chains.
      Brain ankyrin thus is present in sufficient amounts to attach spectrin to
      membranes, and it has the potential to attach microtubules to membranes as well
      as to interconnect microtubules with spectrin-associated actin filaments. Another
      spectrin-binding protein has been purified from brain membranes, and this protein
      cross-reacts with erythrocyte 4.1. Brain 4.1 is identical to the membrane protein
      synapsin, which is one of the brain's major substrates for cAMP-dependent and
      Ca/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases with equivalent physical properties,
      immunological cross-reaction, and peptide maps. Synapsin (4.1) is present at
      about 60 pmol/mg membrane protein, and thus is a logical candidate to regulate
      certain protein linkages involving spectrin.

PMID- 2933416
TI  - Possible pathways for lysosomal enzyme delivery.
AB  - Immunogold double-labeling and ultrathin cryosections were used to compare the
      subcellular distribution of albumin, mannose 6-phosphate receptor (MPR),
      galactosyltransferase, and the lysosomal enzymes cathepsin D, beta
      hexosaminidase, and alpha-glucosidase in Hep G2 cells. MPR and lysosomal enzymes
      were found throughout the stack of Golgi cisternae and in a trans-Golgi reticulum
      (TGR) of smooth-surfaced tubules with coated buds and vesicles. The trans-Golgi
      orientation of TGR was ascertained by the co-localization with
      galactosyltransferase. MPR was particularly abundant in TGR and CURL, the
      compartment of uncoupling receptors and ligands. Both TGR and CURL also contained
      lysosomal enzymes, but endogenous albumin was detected in TGR only. The coated
      buds on TGR tubules contained MPR, lysosomal enzymes, as well as albumin. MPR and
      lysosomal enzymes were also found in coated pits of the plasma membrane. CURL
      tubules seemed to give rise to smooth vesicles, often of the multivesicular body
      type. In CURL, the enzymes were found in the lumina of the smooth vesicles while
      MPR prevailed in the tubules. These observations suggest a role of CURL in
      transport of lysosomal enzymes to lysosomes. When the cells were treated with the
      lysosomotropic amine primaquine, binding of anti-MPR to the cells in culture was
      reduced by half. Immunocytochemistry showed that MPR accumulated in TGR,
      especially in coated buds. Since these buds contain endogenous albumin and
      lysosomal enzymes also, these data suggest that coated vesicles originating from
      TGR provide for a secretory route in Hep G2 cells and that this pathway is
      followed by the MPR system as well.

PMID- 2933420
TI  - The effects of mentally handicapped children on families--a conceptual review.
AB  - Recent research which examines the effects of mentally handicapped children upon
      families is reviewed. The studies are grouped into three categories based on the
      underlying conceptions which appear to guide them. The first category examines
      which families are most vulnerable to the presumed stress of a mentally
      handicapped child. The second category emphasises the material and practical
      problems families experience. The third category stresses the competence of
      families and describes the resources used to develop coping strategies. Links are
      drawn between these three categories and to parallel developments in related
      areas, and implications for future research are discussed.

PMID- 2933419
TI  - [Postoperative eventrations. Apropos of 247 surgically treated cases].
AB  - The 247 eventrations operated upon concerned 230 patients (60% women and 40% men)
      mean age 54.5 years. Eventrations were large (collar greater than 10 cm) in 18,
      5% and were in the median line in 81%. Serial laparotomies by the same approach
      had been performed in 21%, the principal causes of eventration being biliary and
      gynecologic surgery. Parietal sepsis developed in 31,5% of cases after operation
      for the original affection. Classical favoring factors found included obesity
      (51%), multiparity (42% of women) and chronic lung disease (14%). Preoperative
      preparation involved the use of Goni Moreno's progressive pneumoperitoneum in
      18,5% of patients. Procedures used were parietal repair by raphe (22%), the same
      but with the addition of a dacron prosthesis (6%) or the large dacron tulle
      prosthesis for wide reinforcement of the visceral sac (67% of cases). Early
      sepsis was a slightly more frequent occurrence after dacron tulle, predisposing
      factors being the prosthesis itself, a previous history of parietal sepsis, swabs
      and the number of Redon tubes. After use of dacron tulle complications were
      mainly also hematoma (3.2%) and skin necrosis (2,6%). Postoperative course in
      general was uncomplicated in 91% of the 247 operations. Follow up of 67% of
      operated patients for a mean of 5 1/2 years showed recurrence in 50% of raphe
      procedures and 18.5% of prosthesis implantations; factors of aseptic recurrence
      (16,5%) were multiparity and chronic lung disease. Delayed sepsis after dacron
      tulle use affected 8% of patients and were related to chronicity of early sepsis,
      nonresorbable sutures and sepsis complicating the primary laparotomy. Doming of
      the parietal wall was noted in 4% of cases repaired by prosthesis.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2933421
TI  - The temperament of Down's syndrome toddlers and their siblings.
AB  - The Toddler Temperament Scale was completed by mothers of 37 Down's syndrome
      children. Questionnaires were also completed for 13 siblings. Comparisons with
      standardization scores on the difficult dimensions suggested that the Down's
      syndrome children were more rhythmic, less intense and of more positive mood than
      children of the same CA. In addition, they were less withdrawn and more adaptable
      than children of similar MA. The siblings were more rhythmic than the
      standardization sample and more persistent than the Down's syndrome children.
      There was no trend for Down's syndrome ratings to be strongly associated with own
      sibling ratings.

PMID- 2933422
TI  - Hyperendorphinemia in obese children and adolescents.
AB  - To study the role of opioid peptides in human obesity, plasma beta-endorphin
      (beta EP), beta-lipotropin (beta LPH), and cortisol resting values, circadian
      rhythms, and responses to hypoglycemia were studied in 6 prepubertal and 6
      pubertal obese adolescents (at least 40% above ideal body weight) and in 10
      normal subjects matched for age, sex, and pubertal development. Baseline plasma
      beta LPH and beta EP concentrations in both obese children and adolescents were
      twice as high as those in normal controls, while cortisol levels were not
      different. Cortisol, beta EP, and beta LPH levels had a clear circadian
      rhythmicity in all subjects, with the exception of obese pubertal boys whose
      plasma beta EP concentrations were constant throughout the day. After insulin
      administration, the fall in blood sugar was similar in all groups. Plasma
      cortisol and beta EP responses were similar in both obese and normal prepubertal
      subjects. In obese pubertal adolescents, beta EP did not increase significantly
      after hypoglycemia, although it did increase in normal weight pubertal subjects.
      In normal prepubertal subjects, the circadian rhythms of beta EP and beta LPH
      secretion and release induced by hypoglycemia suggest the presence of a well
      developed neuroendocrine control of proopiomelanocortin-related peptide
      secretion. In prepubertal obese children, the increased plasma beta EP and beta
      LPH levels with the maintenance of their circadian rhythm and responsivity to
      hypoglycemia suggest overactivity of anterior pituitary secretion. In obese
      adolescents, in spite of the normal rhythm of beta LPH and cortisol, beta EP
      levels did not change throughout the day, thus suggesting beta EP secretion from
      nonpituitary sources in these subjects. The present study indicates a possible
      direct role for hyperendorphinemia in the induction of overeating in obese
      children and adolescents.

PMID- 2933423
TI  - Pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone treatment in idiopathic delayed puberty.
AB  - Idiopathic delayed male puberty is defined as a delay of puberty beyond the age
      of 16, with prepubertal testosterone levels, normal gonadotropin responses to
      GnRH (excluding pituitary failure), and normal androgen responses to a single hCG
      injection (excluding testicular Leydig cell dysfunction), in absence of serious
      disease. Ten boys with this condition were evaluated as to their spontaneous LH,
      FSH, and PRL secretory patterns during a 24-h sampling period (20-min intervals).
      After this all patients were treated with pulsatile infusions of GnRH (25 ng/kg .
      pulse every 90 min for 10 days. Two groups could be distinguished by means of
      their pretreatment LH secretory pattern. Five patients had nighttime pulsatile
      elevation of LH levels, as usually occurs in early puberty. The other five
      patients did not have such a pattern (prepubertal type). The GnRH treatment
      resulted in increased LH and testosterone levels in both groups. All patients
      with pretreatment nighttime pulsatile LH secretion had steady pubertal
      development during the post-GnRH treatment observation period, whereas the other
      patients did not. In conclusion, among a number of tests, including chronic
      pulsatile GnRH treatment for 10 days, only the nocturnal LH secretory pattern
      differentiated delayed puberty from permanent hypothalamic hypogonadism in boys.

PMID- 2933424
TI  - Agar media that indicate acid production from sorbitol by oral microorganisms.
AB  - Two varieties of agar medium (Trypticase [BBL Microbiology Systems]-serum
      sorbitol-bromcresol purple agar [TSSB] and Trypticase-blood-sorbitol-CaCO3 agar
      [TBSCa]) indicating microbial acid production from sorbitol were tested. The
      media were devised for use in studies on the prevalence of sorbitol-fermenting
      human oral microorganisms incubated in an anaerobic or microaerophilic atmosphere
      containing 5 to 6% CO2. TSSB contains bromcresol purple as the pH indicator and
      NaHCO3 as the main buffering salt. TBSCa contains CaCO3 as both the buffering
      salt and the indicator of acid production. The growth yield of pure cultures of
      oral microorganisms on TBSCa was shown to equal that on blood agar incubated
      under similar conditions. TSSB inhibited the growth of several bacteria to
      various extents. The recovery of sorbitol-fermenting microorganisms from oral
      specimens was the greatest when the specimens were assayed with TBSCa. The poorer
      results obtained with TSSB were mainly due to the decoloration of the pH
      indicator in this medium and the presence of greater numbers of sorbitol false
      positive colonies.

PMID- 2933425
TI  - Inhibition of tension development and actomyosin ATPase activity in barnacle
      muscle by the Ca2+-indicator dye antipyrylazo III.
AB  - We have investigated the effects of the Ca2+-indicator dye antipyrylazo III on:
      (1) tension development in myofibrillar preparations from barnacle depressor
      muscle; and (2) actomyosin ATPase activity in myofibrils/native actomyosin
      isolated from barnacle muscle and in actomyosin hybrids prepared from pure
      (unregulated) rabbit F-actin and purified barnacle myosin. In all solutions, pCa
      was either heavily buffered with suitable [CaEGTA]/[EGTA] and/or measured with a
      calcium-electrode so as to offset the appreciable Ca2+-buffering effects of the
      dyes. Antipyrylazo III produced a rapid, reversible and concentration-dependent
      inhibition of: (1) tension development by isolated barnacle myofibrils; (2)
      calcium-regulated ATPase activity in barnacle myofibrils and native actomyosin;
      and (3) calcium-independent actin-activated ATPase activity in hybrid actomyosins
      prepared from purified barnacle myosin and rabbit actin. This latter observation
      indicated that the inhibitory effect of the dye on calcium-regulated tension and
      ATPase in intact myofibrils is due to specific repression of active crossbridge
      formation rather than modification of calcium-regulatory mechanisms. The
      hypothesis that antipyrylazo III specifically represses active crossbridge
      formation was supported by the observation that the dye had no effect on rigor
      tension development. Specific and saturable binding of the dye to these
      myofibrils was characterized by a maximum capacity of 1.3 mumol dye g-1
      myofibrillar protein, consistent with a calculated 1 dye: 1 myosin stoichiometry.
      These various biological effects were observed with both commercially available
      antipyrylazo III and highly purified dye preparations. Preliminary studies using
      myofibrillar preparations from rabbit psoas muscle, guinea-pig portal vein smooth
      muscle, and scallop adductor muscle have indicated that contractile function in
      these muscle types does not appear to be inhibited by antipyrylazo III.

PMID- 2933426
TI  - Avian adductor profundus muscle: characterization of a pure slow tonic region by
      histochemical, monoclonal antibody and peptide mapping studies.
AB  - The fibre type composition of the avian adductor profundus (AP) muscle which is
      composed of a thick white posterior part (Post. AP) and a thin red anterior part
      (Ant. AP) was investigated. Using the histochemical ATPase technique, monoclonal
      antibody analysis of myosin and C-protein isoforms, and electrophoretic and
      peptide mapping analyses of myosin, we have established that the Post. AP is
      composed of essentially pure slow tonic fibres similar to those of the anterior
      latissimus dorsi muscle (ALD). The Ant. AP, on the other hand, is shown to
      contain a mixture of slow and fast fibres, the latter giving immunocytochemical
      reactions atypical of the fast fibres. The larger size of the Post. AP in
      comparison with the ALD muscle should provide significantly more tissue for
      biochemical studies of tonic fibres than was previously available.

PMID- 2933427
TI  - The isoforms of C protein and their distribution in mammalian skeletal muscle.
AB  - A monoclonal antibody that is specific for the slow skeletal muscle isoform of C
      protein of rabbit muscle has been prepared by immunizing mice with a crude
      preparation of human myosin. It reacted with the X protein fraction of rabbit
      skeletal muscle and stained all type I cells in this tissue. It also stained a
      fraction of the type II cells with varying intensities. The type II cells
      staining with antibody to slow C protein also stained with a polyclonal antibody
      prepared against rabbit fast muscle C protein. The type II cells not staining
      with antibody to slow C protein stained strongly with antibody to fast C protein.
      In the human skeletal muscle antibody to slow C protein stained all cells whereas
      antibody to fast C stained only type II cells. It is concluded that the
      distribution of the isoforms of C protein in adult vertebrate skeletal muscle is
      more complex than is the case with proteins such as components of the troponin
      complex.

PMID- 2933428
TI  - Extrapyramidal signs following zimelidine overdose.
AB  - A 35-year-old woman with depression attempted suicide by taking an overdose of
      zimelidine (5 g), which was confirmed by zimelidine and norzimelidine plasma
      levels. Physical examination and repeat EKGs performed 2, 6, 9, and 12 hours
      later showed no alteration in her level of consciousness and only a slight
      increase in QT duration. However, the patient exhibited a distinct extrapyramidal
      syndrome, a finding consistent with animal data suggesting that zimelidine may
      possess some dopamine-receptor blockade properties.

PMID- 2933429
TI  - Dietary related periodontitis and oro-nasal fistulation in rats.
AB  - An outbreak of periodontitis and oro-nasal fistulation in rats in a routine long
      term bioassay is described. There was strong circumstantial and pathological
      evidence that the lesions were caused by long pointed food fibres present in an
      expanded diet which was fed as a powder.

PMID- 2933430
TI  - Palmoplantar hyperkeratosis in mycosis fungoides.
AB  - The association of palmoplantar hyperkeratosis and mycosis fungoides (MF) has
      been described less frequently in the dermatologic literature. We present a
      patient with MF who developed hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles. Histologic
      examination of a specimen from the left palm showed microscopic changes of MF.

PMID- 2933431
TI  - Porokeratosis punctata palmaris et plantaris (punctate porokeratosis). Case
      report and literature review.
AB  - A case of porokeratosis punctata palmaris et plantaris (punctate porokeratosis)
      in a 60-year-old man of Korean ancestry is reported. The patient presented with a
      15-year history of numerous asymptomatic pits measuring 1 to 3 mm in diameter and
      having keratotic plugs irregularly distributed on the plantar aspects of both
      feet and on the palmar aspects of both hands, including the flexor portions of
      the digits. Histologic examination revealed distinct epidermal depressions
      containing cornoid lamellae. Six previous case reports of this unusual dermatosis
      are reviewed and compared to our case.

PMID- 2933432
TI  - A 20,000-dalton casein fragment in human milk.
AB  - A new peptide of 20,000 daltons was found in human milk as a constituent of the
      casein micelle. Enzymic digestion with plasmin or trypsin revealed that the
      peptide was identical with a degradation product of human beta-casein. The amino
      acid composition of the degradation product and the previously reported sequence
      in the N-terminal region of human beta-casein suggested that the peptide was a
      fragment of beta-casein lacking the C-terminal region. The thermal sensitivity of
      this peptide was higher than that of beta-casein, but the peptide lost the
      property of calcium-dependent precipitation, which intact beta-casein possesses.

PMID- 2933433
TI  - Immunosuppressive activity of bovine seminal plasma on bovine lymphocytes in
      vitro.
AB  - Pooled seminal plasma obtained from six bulls was tested for its
      immunosuppressive activities in vitro on blastogenesis of bovine lymphocytes.
      Lymphocyte stimulation assay and mixed lymphocyte reaction were used as test
      procedures. Concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin were utilized in the lymphocyte
      stimulation assays as nonspecific stimuli. Tritiated thymidine uptake by the
      lymphocytes was measured after incubation for 5 d with seminal plasma. Undiluted
      seminal plasma was cytotoxic to lymphocytes up to and at 1/100 dilution but not
      at 1/400. Undiluted seminal plasma was immunosuppressive at a 1/400 dilution.
      Lyophilization of seminal plasma without prior dialysis resulted in loss of
      immunosuppressive activity. After dialysis and lyophilization, the reconstituted
      seminal plasma suppressed thymidine uptake by Concanavalin A and
      phytohemagglutinin-stimulated bovine lymphocytes while being noncytotoxic. This
      paper documents that bovine seminal plasma is immunosuppressive and also
      cytotoxic to the bovine cells that generate an immune response.

PMID- 2933434
TI  - Identification of an immunosuppressive protein in bovine seminal plasma with
      activity against bovine lymphocytes.
AB  - Seminal plasma was determined to have immunosuppressive activities in vitro on
      Concanavalin A-induced blastogenesis of bovine lymphocytes. This
      immunosuppressive activity was isolated and characterized using a pool of seminal
      plasma from five bulls. The immunosuppressive activity was associated with
      seminal plasma proteins of less than 50,000 daltons and also with those of
      approximately 150,000 daltons. The 150,000-dalton proteins were precipitable at
      33% saturation with ammonium sulfate and with an antibody to a Sephadex G-200
      chromatographic fraction of seminal plasma. The immunosuppressive activity of the
      less than 50,000 dalton proteins was lost upon chromatography on Sephadex G-25.
      This suggests that interaction of several components of low molecular weight
      might be necessary for this inhibitory activity to be expressed.

PMID- 2933435
TI  - Papillon-Lefevre syndrome: report of case.

PMID- 2933437
TI  - Dental examination guidelines for children requiring infective endocarditis
      prophylaxis.

PMID- 2933436
TI  - Pulmonary function after transverse or midline incision in patients with
      obstructive pulmonary disease.
AB  - Atelectasis and bronchopneumonia occur frequently in patients undergoing aorto
      iliac reconstructive surgery. Transverse (T) incisions in upper abdominal surgery
      are thought to be followed by fewer pulmonary complications than midline
      incisions (M) but reports remain controversial. We studied the incidence of
      postoperative pulmonary complications and lung dysfunction after T and M
      incisions for aorto-iliac surgery in 13 patients with chronic obstructive
      pulmonary disease (COPD) and 13 control patients with normal lungs (C). For all
      subjects, we evaluated (1) postoperative clinical or radiological pulmonary
      events; (2) preoperatively and on postoperative days 2 (D2), 5 (D5), 9 (D9) and
      12 (D12) - the forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), vital capacity (VC),
      alveolar-arterial oxygen difference (AaPO2), and (3) convenience for the surgeon.
      Operatively, aortic exposure was excellent with both incisions. Bronchopneumonia
      occurred only after M in five patients (1 C, 4 COPD). In contrast with the
      control patients in whom no difference was found between T and M incisions, the
      FEV1 of COPD patients was significantly less impaired with T than with M
      incisions (p less than 0.005 on D2 and p less than 0.05 on D5). VC decreased
      similarly with both incisions on D2 but on D5 the improvement was less with M (p
      less than 0.005). Changes in AaPO2 were more marked on D2 and D5 for the COPD
      patients with M incisions. We conclude that (1) in patients with chronic
      obstructive pulmonary disease, laparotomy with a transverse incision was
      associated with better postoperative lung function and fewer pulmonary
      complications; (2) in patients without pulmonary disease, midline and transverse
      incisions were equivalent.

PMID- 2933438
TI  - Prophylactic antibiotic coverage in patients with total arthroplasty: current
      practice.
AB  - The need for prophylactic antibiotic coverage before dental treatment to prevent
      late prosthetic joint infection has not been established. Most orthopedic
      surgeons who responded to the survey thought that no relationship existed between
      dentally induced transient bacteremias and prosthetic joint infections, but a
      majority of these respondents recommended antibiotic prophylaxis anyway. The
      current literature discloses few late prosthetic joint infections that can be
      attributed to the transient bacteremia expected to occur after dental treatment.
      Most of the respondents who recommended prophylactic antibiotics, preferred a
      cephalosporin. The use of this antibiotic may not be indicated because transient
      bacteremias that occur after dental treatment primarily are streptococcal and are
      of oral origin. The preferred drug for the control of oral organisms remains
      penicillin. Penicillin also remains the antibiotic recommended by the American
      Heart Association as the preferred prophylaxis against infective endocarditis
      secondary to dental treatment. Before any definitive statement concerning the
      prevention of prosthetic joint infections occurring after dentally induced
      transient bacteremias can be made, additional research needs to be conducted to
      determine the extent of the relationship and to determine the antibiotic most
      effective in controlling the specific bacteria involved. Currently, we recommend
      that dental practitioners who provide treatment to patients with arthroplasty
      consult with and follow the recommendations of the patient's orthopedic surgeon
      regarding antibiotic prophylaxis. However, we believe that the orthopedic and
      dental professions need to form a joint committee to examine and evaluate the
      current data. After this evaluation, a joint statement that concerns the
      relationship of and recommendations for the prevention of dentally induced
      bacteremias and joint infections should be issued.

PMID- 2933439
TI  - Dental management of patients with hereditary angioedema: report of case.
AB  - Dental management and treatment of a patient with hereditary angioedema can be
      accomplished safely and satisfactorily in an outpatient setting by a dentist in
      collaboration with a physician. However, as acute attacks can occur as a
      complication of treatment, we recommend that dental treatment be provided in a
      hospital environment with adequate medical emergency resources.

PMID- 2933440
TI  - The continued in vivo evaluation of the wear of restorative resins.
AB  - This study reports on the 3-year results of a method designed to measure the in
      vivo wear rates of resin systems in denture teeth. Adaptic and Profile showed the
      most amounts of wear, followed by Finesse, Miradapt, and Isopast. The least
      amounts of wear were seen with Isosit and Silar. The similarity to the magnitudes
      of wear reported in other studies suggests the appropriateness of using this
      technique.

PMID- 2933441
TI  - Clinical and angiographic assessment 6 months after double vessel percutaneous
      coronary angioplasty.
AB  - Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty is an accepted treatment for
      selected patients with single vessel disease but has not been rigorously
      evaluated in patients with double vessel disease. Among 769 patients undergoing
      transluminal coronary angioplasty between 1980 and 1984, 74 with double vessel
      stenosis of 50% or more underwent double vessel coronary angioplasty. Primary
      success was obtained for both lesions in 63 patients (85%), for one lesion in 11
      patients (15%) and for 137 (93%) of 148 segments overall. Except for myocardial
      infarction in one patient, no serious complication occurred. Before coronary
      angioplasty, 15 patients had unstable angina, 14 had Canadian Cardiovascular
      Society class III and 32 class I to II effort angina and only 2 were
      asymptomatic. Six months after coronary angioplasty, 27 were asymptomatic, 27 had
      class I to II and 5 had class III effort angina and 2 had sustained an episode of
      unstable angina. During the follow-up study, two patients had an infarction and
      one had coronary artery bypass surgery. Coronary arteriography was performed at a
      mean of 5.5 +/- 2.1 months after coronary angioplasty in all but three patients.
      Restenosis was found in 30 (23%) of 132 segments with angiographic control.
      Restenosis was present in one vessel in 17 patients and in both vessels in 4; 40
      patients (66%) had no restenosis. Of the 34 patients with definite or probable
      angina, 50% had restenosis and 19% of patients with restenosis were symptom
      free.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2933442
TI  - The diversity of reaginic immune responses to platinum and palladium metallic
      salts.
AB  - As part of a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health health hazards
      evaluation, workers employed in a precious metal refinery exposed to platinum
      (Pt), palladium (Pd), and other group VIII metallic salts were evaluated for
      direct skin test sensitivity to Pt. Current (107) and former (30) workers who
      quit or were discharged because of Pt-related health problems were prick tested
      with ammonium hexachloroplatinate ([NH4]2 PtCl6). Of the 107 currently exposed
      workers, 15 (14%) exhibited positive skin tests, as indexed by immediate
      reactivity at a dose of 10(-3) gm/ml or less. Eight (27%) of the 30 former
      workers no longer exposed to Pt also demonstrated positive Pt skin tests. Sera
      obtained from the workers were assessed for transferable antibodies to Pt and Pd
      salts by monkey passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. In addition, Pt-specific
      antibodies were evaluated by RAST. Results of these studies suggested that short-
      and long-term passive cutaneous anaphylaxis immune responses occur after exposure
      to both Pt and Pd compounds. Results of RAST analysis for Pt-specific antibodies
      indicated that significantly higher (p less than 0.001) levels were present in
      the sera of skin test-positive workers as compared to control sera from Pt
      exposed, skin test-negative workers or nonexposed control subjects. Evidence was
      also obtained that Pt or Pt-protein adducts present in the sera of exposed
      workers may compete for IgE-binding sites in the RAST assay. The specificity of
      the Pt-specific RAST system was proved by inhibition experiments.

PMID- 2933443
TI  - The adrenergic innervation of pulmonary vasculature in the normal and pulmonary
      hypertensive rat.
AB  - It would appear that susceptibility to chronic proliferative pulmonary
      hypertension in response to chronic alveolar hypoxia is most severe in species in
      which adrenergic innervation of pulmonary arteries is reduced or lacking.
      Intrapulmonary arteries of the rat have been reported to lack adrenergic
      innervation by some workers but not others. Since the rat develops severe
      proliferative pulmonary hypertension in response to prolonged alveolar hypoxia,
      the different divisions of the lung vasculature of Sprague-Dawley rats were
      thoroughly examined to determine the presence or absence of an adrenergic
      innervation. The degree of innervation in normal rats was compared with that of
      rats developing pulmonary hypertension. Both in normal and experimental pulmonary
      hypertensive rats the pulmonary arteries, all their branches and the small
      pulmonary veins with a smooth muscle media were found to be devoid of adrenergic
      innervation. In contrast, the cardiac-like muscle in the media of large pulmonary
      veins, the bronchial arteries and the vasa vasorum of larger vessels were richly
      innervated by adrenergic nerves. Thus the increase in medial smooth muscle which
      occurs in pulmonary arteries during chronic alveolar hypoxia is independent of a
      pre-existing adrenergic innervation or of such an innervation newly derived from
      that of adjacent vessels or structures. This is in contrast to systemic vessels
      where it has been suggested that increased adrenergic activity and density of
      innervation may augment hypertrophy of the media in hypertensive animals.
      Adrenergic nerves are suggested to have a protective action on pulmonary vessels.

PMID- 2933444
TI  - A quantitative method of determining the pneumatic ankle tourniquet setting.
AB  - Pneumatic ankle tourniquets are currently used in podiatry for maintaining
      hemostasis during foot surgery. The literature is limited concerning the safest
      pressure to use with this device. This study was undertaken to develop a simple
      and reliable method of deriving a proper pressure setting that would be safe and
      efficacious. Using a Doppler stethoscope, the minimum effective tourniquet
      pressure was established on 54 limbs from 35 patients undergoing foot surgery at
      our institution. The average pressure needed to obtain a "bloodless field" was
      218.6 +/- 34.6 mm. Hg. However, in the younger, normotensive patients the average
      pressure utilized was 203.9 +/- 22.3 mm. Hg. The lower pressures used were felt
      to be safer and better tolerated by the patients. The authors concluded that the
      minimum effective pressure should be determined for each patient preoperatively
      and the routine use of a maximum safe pressure of 250 mm. Hg should be
      discouraged.

PMID- 2933446
TI  - [Diagnosis of a trisomy 21 in the first pregnancy trimester. Value of trophoblast
      sampling].
AB  - The authors report a diagnosis of trisomy 21 in the 11th week following the last
      menstrual period in a patient of 40 years of age. This was made by chorion villi
      aspiration and direct cytogenetic examination.

PMID- 2933447
TI  - Epidemiological model of acute bacterial and viral diarrhoeal diseases.

PMID- 2933445
TI  - A case of mucinous cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary associated with virilization:
      pre and post-operative steroid plasma levels.
AB  - A premenopausal woman with a mucinous carcinoma of one ovary, and a mucinous
      adenoma of the other, together with secondary virilization, is reported.
      Preoperative levels of androstenedione, testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone
      sulphate were high, suggesting the presence of a virilizing tumor. Preoperative
      plasma estrone (E1), but not estradiol (E2), was elevated along with inversion of
      the E2/E1 ratio, suggesting a peripheral origin of the estrogens. FSH and LH
      plasma concentrations were low. After bilateral ovariectomy, levels of all
      steroids measured significantly decreased and gonadotropins rose to the
      postmenopausal range.

PMID- 2933448
TI  - HLA A1-B8-DR3 and suppressor cell function in first-degree relatives of patients
      with autoimmune chronic active hepatitis.
AB  - The relationship between suppressor T cell function and the inheritance of the
      A1, B8, DR3 haplotype was studied in 17 healthy, first-degree relatives of
      patients with autoimmune chronic active hepatitis. A marked defect in suppressor
      cell function was found significantly more often in A1, B8, DR3-positive
      relatives (5 of 7) compared with those who were A1, B8, DR3-negative (1 of 10; P
      = 0.017). Less marked abnormalities were also found in the A1, B8, DR3-negative
      relatives compared with A1, B8, DR3-negative control subjects. The results
      indicate that the defects in suppressor cell function in patients with untreated
      chronic active hepatitis result from the inheritance of genetic factors linked to
      the major histocompatibility complex and other gene loci and are not secondary to
      hepatic inflammation.

PMID- 2933449
TI  - Sudden death secondary to anomalous origin of the right pulmonary artery from the
      aorta.

PMID- 2933450
TI  - Antibody-complement-mediated cytotoxicity is enhanced by ribosome-inactivating
      proteins.
AB  - The antibody-mediated cytotoxicity of complement can be increased by the ribosome
      inactivating proteins gelonin and PAP-S. Treatment of human lymphoid cells that
      express CALLA with an anti-CALLA monoclonal antibody, J5, and then with rabbit
      complement, leaves about 6% of the cells alive. The same treatment in the
      presence of a sublethal concentration of gelonin or PAP-S leaves only about 0.02
      and 0.3% of the cells alive respectively. This synergistic effect has potential
      implications for the in vitro elimination of malignant cells or of
      immunocompetent cells from bone marrow before its transplantation.

PMID- 2933451
TI  - Modulation of suppressor T cell induction with gamma-interferon.
AB  - The ability of antigen-coupled splenic adherent cells to induce suppressor T
      cells (Ts) is dependent on the presence of I-J determinants on antigen-presenting
      cells. After 4 days of in vitro culture, antigen-coupled adherent cells lose the
      capacity to induce Ts. Supernatants from Con A-stimulated lymphocyte cultures and
      purified interferon-gamma can sustain accessory function for the induction of Ts.
      Furthermore, after in vitro culture of splenic adherent cells, there is an
      apparent correlation between the loss of I-A determinants and the decrease in I-J
      restricted Ts induction. Stimulation of Ia expression with interferon-gamma
      results in a simultaneous increase in the ability to induce Ts. Finally,
      elimination of I-A-bearing splenic adherent cells with antibody + C eliminates I
      J-restricted Ts induction. The combined data imply a co-regulation of I-A and I-J
      on the antigen-presenting cells involved in the induction of both the Ts1 and Ts3
      suppressor T cell subsets.

PMID- 2933452
TI  - Migration of natural suppressor cells from bone marrow to peritoneal cavity by
      live BCG.
AB  - Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses were suppressed in mice inoculated
      with bone marrow cells from mice that had been injected with 10(8) colony-forming
      units (CFU) of live BCG. Upon analysis of this DTH-suppression by the use of a
      macrophage migration inhibition (MI) assay, the in vitro correlate of DTH,
      suppressor macrophages in the peritoneal cavity were found to play an important
      role in DTH suppression. However, neither suppression of DTH nor production of
      suppressor macrophages was observed in mice inoculated with bone marrow cells
      from mice that had been injected with methotrexate (MTX), a folic acid
      antagonist, and 10(8) CFU of live BCG. Moreover, suppressor cells against the MI
      activity of peritoneal exudate cells from BCG cell wall-immunized mice existed in
      bone marrow cells from normal mice, natural suppressor (NS) cells, and they were
      sensitive to MTX. In addition, these NS cells phagocytized carbonyl iron
      particles, were adherent to Sephadex G-10, and had Fc receptors, but they had no
      B or T cell markers, suggesting that these cells belonged to a macrophage
      compartment. From this evidence, we hypothesized that the origin of suppressor
      macrophages in the peritoneal cavity induced by live BCG injection was MTX
      sensitive NS cells in bone marrow, and that these NS cells were stimulated by a
      small dose of live BCG trapped in bone marrow after i.v. injection of a high dose
      of live BCG and migrated from bone marrow to the peritoneal cavity.

PMID- 2933453
TI  - Dietary fat and immune function. II. Effects on immune complex nephritis in (NZB
      x NZW)F1 mice.
AB  - (NZB x NZW)F1 mice initiated on fat restriction at weanling were significantly
      protected from the development of immune complex glomerulonephritis. Whereas the
      mice on high-fat intake demonstrated immune depositions both in capillary walls
      and mesangial areas in a diffuse granular pattern, those on a low-fat diet with
      caloric content similar to the high-fat diets exhibited mesangial confinement of
      the depositions of immunoglobulins, complement, and retroviral gp70. In
      association with these divergent patterns of immune deposition, the mice on high
      fat diets had evidence of extensive diffuse cellular proliferation, wire loop
      lesion, and sclerosis in the glomeruli. In contrast, most of the mice on the low
      fat diet showed only mesangial cell and matrix proliferations. In addition, the
      group of mice fed high saturated fat showed more severe glomerular pathology as
      compared to those fed high unsaturated fat. Paradoxically, levels of circulating
      immune complexes (as measured by the polyethylene glycol precipitation technique)
      in the high saturated fat group were low and did not correlate with the findings
      by light and immunofluorescence microscopy. These findings suggest that dietary
      fat restriction can serve as either a prophylactic or effective therapeutic
      approach to murine lupus nephritis.

PMID- 2933454
TI  - T cell unresponsiveness to the mitogenic activity of OKT3 antibody results from a
      deficiency of monocyte Fc gamma receptors for murine IgG2a and inability to cross
      link the T3-Ti complex.
AB  - We recently identified defective monocyte accessory function as the cause of T
      cell unresponsiveness to the mitogenic activity of OKT3 antibody in cultures of
      peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from five healthy subjects, members of
      one family. We now report that the underlying abnormality in nonresponders is at
      the level of monocyte Fc gamma receptors for murine IgG2a. T cell
      unresponsiveness was not restricted to the signal provided by OKT3 but occurred
      also for two other anti-T3 antibodies of the IgG2a subclass, in contrast to a
      normal proliferative response to IgG1 anti-T3 antibodies in one of the OKT3
      nonresponders. By using cytofluorography, we found that monocytes from responders
      but not from nonresponders bound OKT3-FITC to their membrane. The binding could
      be blocked by mouse IgG2a and by human IgG, but not by mouse IgG1 nor by serum
      albumin. The data suggest that, through specific Fc gamma receptors for murine
      IgG2a, monocytes bind the Fc portion of OKT3 during T cell activation. The
      function of this Fc gamma receptor binding was further studied by culturing PBMC
      from nonresponders on plates coated with affinity-purified goat anti-mouse IgG
      antibodies as a substitute for monocyte Fc gamma receptors. The addition of OKT3
      to nonresponder PBMC, cultured on such plates, resulted in T cell activation, as
      evidenced by thymidine incorporation, IL 2 production, and expression of IL 2
      receptors. Soluble anti-mouse IgG was not able to substitute for monocyte Fc
      gamma receptors. The results demonstrate the existence of polymorphism in
      monocyte Fc gamma receptors for murine IgG2a. They also substantiate that an
      essential helper function of monocytes in T cell activation by anti-T3 is to
      provide a matrix for multimeric binding of the Fc portion of the anti-T3
      antibodies in order to cross-link T3 molecules.

PMID- 2933455
TI  - The effect of bone marrow depletion on prostaglandin E-producing suppressor
      macrophages in mouse spleen.
AB  - The i.p. injection of Corynebacterium parvum (CP) into CBA/J mice effected
      increases in macrophage colony-forming cells (M-CFC) when spleen cells were
      cultured with L cell culture filtrate as a source of colony-stimulating factor.
      Significant increases in phagocytic macrophages (M phi) with Fc receptors for
      IgG2a and IgG2b immune complexes were additionally noted among the spleen cells
      in these mice. These M phi effectively inhibited Con A-induced lymphocyte
      proliferation, probably reflecting a 10-fold increase above normal controls in
      prostaglandin E to 47 ng/3 X 10(6) spleen cells/ml. To determine whether the
      suppressor M phi are immediate derivatives of splenic M-CFC, we tried to induce
      suppressor M phi by the injection of CP into mice depleted of bone marrow M-CFC
      by the earlier administration of the bone-seeking isotope, 89Sr. This procedure
      reduced M-CFC in the bone marrow to less than 1% of normal for more than 30 days.
      Monocytes in the blood fell to 5% of normal by day 10 and were 30% on day 30.
      Levels of resident peritoneal M phi showed relatively little change in this
      period. By contrast, splenic M-CFC increased to 20-fold higher than the "cold"
      88Sr controls. CP-induced suppressor M phi activity, however, was sharply reduced
      in 89Sr marrow-depleted mice on day 10, despite the striking increase in M-CFC.
      There was a threefold increase in the number of phagocytic M phi binding IgG2a
      immune complexes, with no significant increase in IgG2b binding M phi. The
      kinetics of recovery of suppressor M phi activity showed that on days 20, 30, and
      50 after 89Sr injection the activities reached 20%, 30%, and 70% of the "cold"
      control, respectively, and correlated with the recovery of significant levels of
      M-CFC in the bone marrow. Taken together, these observations suggest that splenic
      M-CFC are not an immediate source of PGE-suppressor M phi in vivo. It appears
      more likely that the CP-inducible suppressor M phi, in particular, originate from
      radiosensitive bone marrow cells or require for differentiation a
      microenvironment provided by bone marrow cells. The data also suggest that the
      expression of the Fc gamma 2b receptor and of suppressor activity by CP-induced
      splenic M phi are related phenomena.

PMID- 2933456
TI  - Cytokine production and utilization by the motheaten mouse.
AB  - Splenocytes from the motheaten mouse, after stimulation with alloantigen, lack
      the ability to utilize exogenous interleukin 1 (IL 1) or interleukin 2 (IL 2),
      express receptors for IL 2, or produce (IL 2). However, in contrast to other
      models of autoimmunity and immunodeficiency, after mitogen stimulation, motheaten
      splenocytes produced as much IL 1 or IL 2 as their normal littermates. In
      addition, these splenocytes expressed functional IL 2 receptors in the same
      quantity as normal littermate or wild-type splenocytes. Furthermore, motheaten
      thymocytes and splenocytes, like their normal littermates, respond
      synergistically to IL 1 on co-stimulation with mitogen, suggesting expression of
      an IL 1 receptor. Thus, motheaten mouse splenocytes are unable to utilize an
      antigen-delivered signal and convert it into cytokine production or IL 2 receptor
      expression. If the antigen signal is bypassed with mitogen, cytokine production
      and receptor expression appear normal.

PMID- 2933457
TI  - Regulation of T cell proliferation by cloned interferon-alpha mediated by Leu-11b
      positive cells.
AB  - The autologous T lymphocyte proliferative response (AMLR) induced by a B
      lymphocyte-enriched non-T, nonadherent cell population (NT, NAC) and by a
      macrophage-enriched population were both suppressed by the addition of a cloned
      interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha Con1) directly to the cultures. Preincubation of the
      stimulating NT, NAC with IFN-alpha Con1 resulted in comparable suppression. In
      contrast, preincubation of the macrophages with IFN-alpha Con1 resulted in
      significant augmentation of T cell proliferation. Depletion of Leu-11b-positive
      cells from the NT, NAC exposed to IFN-alpha Con1 restored the autologous T cell
      response. Addition of IFN-alpha Con1 activated Leu-11b-positive cells, isolated
      from the NT, NAC population, was suppressive of the AMLR. Although NK
      cytotoxicity was irradiation sensitive, suppression of the AMLR by IFN-alpha Con1
      activated NT, NAC was resistant, suggesting that different subsets of cells or
      mechanisms by the same cells may have been responsible. These observations may
      offer insights into the potential role of cells with the NK phenotype, Leu-11b,
      and IFN in contributing to immuno-regulatory changes observed in clinical states
      associated with elevated concentrations of IFN.

PMID- 2933458
TI  - Characterization of human IgG Fc receptors.
AB  - A murine monoclonal antibody, KuFc79, has been developed that reacts with human
      IgG Fc receptors on monocytes, B lymphocytes, and granulocytes. The specificity
      of KuFc79 for Fc receptors was demonstrated by the ability of Fab fragments to
      block Fc-mediated phagocytosis by monocytes. This finding was further
      substantiated by the decrease of KuFc79 binding to monocytes and granulocytes (58
      and 70%, respectively) after modulation of surface IgG receptors with aggregated
      IgG. In addition, Fab KuFc79-conjugated Sepharose was used to isolate functional
      IgG Fc-binding molecules from soluble extracts of the human monocyte-like cell
      line U937. By immunoprecipitation, it was further shown that KuFc79
      immunoprecipitated molecules of 42,000 and 70,000 daltons from U937 and a human
      lymphoblastoid cell line, SB. A lower m.w. species of approximately 33,000 was
      also precipitable from granulocytes. Extensive microheterogeneity of these
      molecules was noted by isoelectric focusing, which appears to be due to
      differential sialation.

PMID- 2933459
TI  - Influence of genetically inherited complement deficiencies on humoral immune
      response in guinea pigs.
AB  - To assess the role of complement in the induction of the humoral immune response,
      we studied the antibody response of guinea pigs genetically deficient in the
      second component of the classical complement pathway (C2D-GP) to bacteriophage
      phi X 174--a T cell-dependent antigen--in comparison with normal guinea pigs and
      C4D-GP, for which a disturbance in induction of antibody response has been
      described. We were able to establish a clear dose-response relationship: with low
      doses of antigen (1 X 10(9) PFU/kg), the antibody response of both complement
      deficient strains was grossly impaired as compared with normal guinea pigs. After
      primary immunization, the peak antibody titer was diminished (1 log10) and
      declined rapidly; after secondary immunization, the diminution became even more
      distinct. Both complement-deficient strains had unusual secondary antibody
      responses almost identical to their primary ones, and amplification of antibody
      titer, as well as regular isotype switch from IgM to IgG, was absent. By
      increasing the antigen dose (2 X 10(9) PFU/kg), the antibody responses of the
      complement-deficient guinea pigs tend to normalize, and when high doses of
      antigen (1 X 10(10) PFU/kg) were used, the behavior of the complement-deficient
      animals was nearly indistinguishable from that of normal animals. Partial
      restoration of the immune response was seen when substituting the genetic
      complement deficiency by giving serum as source of the missing complement
      component. The important contribution of the C2 deficiency is given by the now
      compelling evidence that it is not the missing individual component itself, but
      rather the common block in sequential activation of C3 via the classical pathway
      in both complement deficiencies, that is responsible for the impaired humoral
      immune response, especially at low antigen doses. We therefore postulate that an
      intact classical pathway contributes to reaching a normal humoral immune
      response.

PMID- 2933460
TI  - Differences in "host infiltrates" among lymphoma patients treated with anti
      idiotype antibodies: correlation with treatment response.
AB  - To correlate treatment responses with numbers and types of "host cell
      infiltrates," lymphoid tissues from 10 patients with low-grade B cell
      malignancies were stained before, during, and after anti-idiotype therapy with a
      panel of monoclonal antibodies applied to frozen sections. Tissue penetration by
      the anti-idiotype antibodies was confirmed in five patients by these
      immunoperoxidase methods. Large numbers of phenotypic T helper cells were the
      main component of the "host infiltrate" in most patients. Two patients showed a
      complete and a near-complete clinical remission, four others had partial
      responses, and four did not respond to therapy. The two patients that developed
      clinical remission demonstrated the largest number of T cells, T helper cells,
      TAC+ cells, Leu-7+ cells, and in general the smallest number of proliferating
      cells as measured by the Ki-67 antibody. Other major differences in host cells
      were not evident among the patients. These preliminary data suggest that the type
      and amount of "host infiltrate" in low-grade B cell lymphomas may predict which
      patients will respond to anti-idiotype therapy.

PMID- 2933461
TI  - The immunobiology of T cell responses to Mls-locus-disparate stimulator cells.
      III. Helper and cytolytic functions of cloned, Mls-reactive T cell lines.
AB  - Mls-specific T cell clones derived by limiting dilution were tested for cytotoxic
      activity in a lectin-dependent 51Cr-release assay. All the T cell clones tested
      were cytotoxic in such an assay in apparent contrast to previous reports.
      However, only those target cells sensitive to cytolysis by other L3T4a+ cytolytic
      T cells were killed by Mls-specific T cell clones in short term 51Cr-release
      assays, possibly explaining this discrepancy. All the T cell clones tested were
      L3T4a+, Lyt-2- and stimulated B cells from Mlsa,d strains of mice to proliferate
      and secrete immunoglobulin. Furthermore, lysis of innocent bystander targets was
      observed when the T cells were stimulated with Mls-disparate stimulator cells.
      These results are consistent with those obtained with L3T4a+ T cells specific for
      protein antigen:self Ia and that express cytotoxic potential.

PMID- 2933462
TI  - The interferon-gamma receptor in human monocytes is different from the one in
      nonhematopoietic cells.
AB  - The receptor for interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) on peripheral blood monocytes was
      characterized and was compared with that of human WISH cells. 125I-IFN-gamma was
      specifically bound to both cells; however, different binding characteristics were
      obtained. In the case of monocytes, Scatchard analysis gave an upward concave
      dependency curve, indicating either multiple binding sites or a negative
      cooperativity among the binding sites. In contrast, a linear Scatchard plot was
      obtained for the binding in WISH cells. Competition studies gave even more
      striking differences. Acid-treated IFN-gamma (95% inactivated) effectively
      competed with 125I-IFN-gamma for binding to the receptor on WISH cells, but not
      on monocytes. The significance of these differences was evaluated by analyzing
      the various biological activities of IFN-gamma in these two cell types. IFN-gamma
      was found to induce an antiviral state in WISH cells, but not in monocytes. Acid
      treated IFN-gamma was found to be almost as active as IFN-gamma itself in
      inducing HLA-DR in WISH cells, but was almost completely inactive as an HLA-DR
      inducer in monocytes. It is proposed that these variations in biological activity
      stem from the presence of different receptors for IFN-gamma in monocytes and in
      WISH cells. Moreover it is suggested that the immunoregulatory functions of IFN
      gamma in monocytes are related to the presence of a distinct IFN-gamma receptor
      in these cells.

PMID- 2933463
TI  - A mitogenic factor for endothelial cells obtained from mouse secondary mixed
      leukocyte cultures.
AB  - Supernatants from secondary mixed leukocyte cultures (MLC) are capable of
      stimulating both endothelial cell proliferation and endothelial cell
      chemokinesis. The proliferation factor(s) has been subject to further biochemical
      characterization. At least one factor is precipitable by 30% ammonium sulfate, a
      procedure that separates this factor from the chemokinesis-inducing factor(s) and
      most other growth-stimulating lymphokines. The partially purified lymphokine
      preparation can stimulate growth of microvascular endothelial cells, yet fails to
      induce proliferation of large vessel endothelium and a variety of other cell
      types. Addition of indomethacin to the MLC medium leads to an increase in
      endothelial cell mitogenic activity. Chromatography on S-200 Sephacryl suggests a
      m.w. greater than 200,000 when eluted in isotonic saline, whereas the apparent
      m.w. is less than 30,000 when the material is eluted from the same column with
      0.5 M ammonium acetate. The proliferative activity is stable to acid (pH 2) but
      not to heat treatment at 50 degrees C. Although the factor is resistant to
      trypsin digestion, it is sensitive to digestion with pronase, suggesting that it
      is a protein. The potential importance of endothelial cell-specific lymphokines
      in the vascular responses accompanying inflammation and disease-associated
      neovascular reactions is discussed.

PMID- 2933464
TI  - Effect of selective T cell depletion of host and/or donor bone marrow on
      lymphopoietic repopulation, tolerance, and graft-vs-host disease in mixed
      allogeneic chimeras (B10 + B10.D2----B10).
AB  - Reconstitution of lethally irradiated mice with a mixture of T cell-depleted
      syngeneic plus T cell-depleted allogeneic bone marrow (B10 + B10.D2----B10) leads
      to the induction of mixed lymphopoietic chimerism, excellent survivals, specific
      in vivo transplantation tolerance to subsequent donor strain skin grafts, and
      specific in vitro unresponsiveness to allogeneic donor lymphoid elements as
      assessed by mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) proliferative and cell-mediated
      lympholysis (CML) cytotoxicity assays. When B10 recipient mice received mixed
      marrow inocula in which the syngeneic component had not been T cell depleted,
      whether or not the allogeneic donor marrow was treated, they repopulated
      exclusively with host-type cells, promptly rejected donor-type skin allografts,
      and were reactive in vitro to the allogeneic donor by CML and MLR assays. In
      contrast, T cell depletion of the syngeneic component of the mixed marrow inocula
      resulted in specific acceptance of allogeneic donor strain skin grafts, whether
      or not the allogeneic bone marrow was T cell depleted. Such animals were
      specifically unreactive to allogeneic donor lymphoid elements in vitro by CML and
      MLR, but were reactive to third party. When both the syngeneic and allogeneic
      marrow were T cell depleted, variable percentages of host- and donor-type
      lymphoid elements were detected in the mixed reconstituted host. When only the
      syngeneic bone marrow was T cell depleted, animals repopulated exclusively with
      donor-type cells. Although these animals had detectable in vitro anti-host (B10)
      reactivity by CML and MLR and reconstituted as fully allogeneic chimeras, they
      exhibited excellent survival and had no in vivo evidence for graft-vs-host
      disease. In addition, experiments in which untreated donor spleen cells were
      added to the inocula in this last group suggest that the presence of T cell
      depleted syngeneic bone marrow cells diminishes graft-vs-host disease and the
      mortality from it. This system may be helpful as a model for the study of
      alloresistance and for the identification of syngeneic cell phenotypes, which
      when present prevent engraftment of allogeneic marrow.

PMID- 2933465
TI  - In vitro T cell-mediated killing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. III. The role of
      suppressor T cells in nonresponder mice.
AB  - T lymphocytes from immune BALB/c mice can adoptively transfer protection against
      infection with the extracellular Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa
      to nonimmune recipients, and in vitro, immune T cells are able to kill these
      bacteria. Earlier studies indicated that this killing is mediated by a
      bactericidal lymphokine. The current studies demonstrate that T cells from
      immunized CB.20 mice, a strain congenic with BALB/c, fail to kill Pseudomonas
      aeruginosa in vitro. This nonresponsiveness is attributable to the activity of
      suppressor T cells of the Lyt-1-, 2,3+, I-J+ phenotype. CB.20 mice are known to
      differ from BALB/c mice only at a single locus, which includes the Igh-1 allotype
      CH genes. These results suggest a critical role for this locus or closely linked
      genes in the control of T cell killing of this extracellular bacterium.

PMID- 2933466
TI  - Two independent pathways of helper activity provided by a single T cell clone.
AB  - Data presented in this paper demonstrate the existence of two separate pathways
      by which a single T cell clone can induce B cell differentiation. With the use of
      high doses of antigen, a T cell clone can induce a primary antibody response in
      unprimed B cells. With the use of low doses of antigen, the same T cell clone can
      induce an immunoglobulin (Ig)G response in primed B cells. The primary response
      is accompanied by T cell proliferation and lymphokine production (interleukin 2,
      B cell growth factor, B cell differentiation factor for immunoglobulin M, and B
      cell differentiation factor for immunoglobulin G). The secondary response does
      not require proliferation and occurs independently of detectable lymphokine
      production. Variants of the wild type T cell helper clone have been isolated. One
      variant can provide help to unprimed B cells when high doses of antigen are used.
      This variant cannot provide help to primed B cells when low doses of antigen are
      used, nor can it provide help to CBA/N "xid" B cells at any antigen concentration
      tested. Additional variants have been isolated that proliferate on antigen-pulsed
      presenting cells, but fail to secrete detectable lymphokines and do not induce B
      cell differentiation. These results suggest that a single T cell helper clone has
      multiple functional activities that can be independently expressed.

PMID- 2933467
TI  - A microtiter plate assay for detecting IgE-binding molecules and cells bearing Fc
      receptors for IgE.
AB  - A microtiter plate assay is described for detecting cells bearing Fc receptors
      for IgE (Fc epsilon receptors) and for assaying IgE-binding molecules. Cells are
      bound specifically to IgE-coated wells of microtiter plates, and the bound cells
      are enumerated in a quantitative colorimetric assay. IgE-binding molecules and
      monoclonal antibodies are assayed as inhibitors of the IgE-dependent cell
      binding. Major advantages of the plate assay compared to rosetting assays are its
      ability to accommodate many test samples for replicates and titrations and the
      ease with which results are read out. The versatility of the assay is discussed
      with respect to detecting other immunoglobulin Fc receptor-bearing cells.

PMID- 2933468
TI  - Assay and characterization of IgG binding to endodermal cells of the fetal rabbit
      yolk sac membrane.
AB  - The transfer of passive immunity in the rabbit is mediated by the fetal yolk sac
      membrane (YSM) and is initiated by the specific binding of IgG to receptors on
      the microvillar surface of the endoderm from the YSM. This report describes the
      preparation of suspensions of endodermal absorptive cells of the YSM and their
      use in equilibrium binding experiments to characterize the nature of the binding
      reaction. Equilibrium binding is achieved in 4 h at 4 degrees C. The system is
      more rapid than, affords greater reproducibility of binding data than, and
      utilizes only about 1/10 the amount of YSM and ligand as the YSM disc assay
      system (Tsay and Schlamowitz, 1975) used previously. A Scatchard plot of the
      binding data over a wide range of IgG concentration was non-linear implying the
      presence of at least 2 binding elements. Apparent binding constant values for the
      stronger and weaker binding components in this population differed by about 50
      fold. For the weaker binding system, binding decreased when temperature was
      increased indicating that the reaction was not entropy-driven (i.e., dominated by
      hydrophobic 'forces') and that ionic interactions might be a major factor. At low
      ionic strengths the measurement of specific binding was complicated by the
      effects of secondary ionic interactions. At physiological ionic strength the
      binding of IgG was species-specific.

PMID- 2933469
TI  - A new competitive assay for monoclonal antibodies against phi X174 single
      stranded DNA.
AB  - A new method using L-lysine-conjugated Sepharose 4B as a matrix for coupling
      competitors is described for analysis of the specificity of monoclonal antibodies
      against single stranded DNA. In this assay, competitor-coupled Sepharose 4B is
      first incubated with an antibody, and then the competitor is removed (together
      with the antibody that is bound to it) by low-speed centrifugation of the
      reaction mixture. The supernatant containing only unreacted antibody is then
      analysed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The method is simple and does
      not use radioactive materials. Moreover it is not subject to the data fluctuation
      that is caused by the binding of competitors to microplates in a commonly used
      enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay employing high concentrations of competitors.

PMID- 2933470
TI  - The in vitro effect of retinol on human gingival epithelium. II. Modulation of
      Langerhans cell markers and interleukin-1 production.
AB  - The in vitro influence of retinol on the markers of gingival Langerhans cells
      (LC) was investigated using an organ culture system. Retinol at a dose of 5
      micrograms/ml produced an increase in the density of T6-positive cells within the
      epithelium which peaked during the first 24 h of culture. LC HLA-DR and ATPase
      markers were maintained for the same period, while all markers were depressed
      after 72 h. These effects were not seen in explants cultured in conventional or
      alcohol-enriched media, in which all markers were lost in an exponential fashion.
      In addition to modulation of LC markers, retinol treatment also prolonged the
      expression of HLA-DR antigens by gingival keratinocytes. These findings, together
      with the augmented production of interleukin-1-like activity by retinol-treated
      gingival organ cultures suggest that low doses of retinol may alter immune
      reactions within epithelia via stimulation of both keratinocytes and LC.

PMID- 2933471
TI  - Alterations in the immune response of nonresponders to the hepatitis B vaccine.
AB  - The phenotypic characteristics of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) from
      responders and nonresponders to hepatitis B (HB) vaccine and their response to
      pokeweed mitogen (PWM) stimulation in vitro were compared. The nonresponders had
      significantly higher absolute numbers and percentages of T11+, HNK-1+, and T8+
      lymphocytes. Also, after PWM stimulation, PBLs from HB-vaccine nonresponders had
      impaired IgG and IgM production and failed to produce antibodies to HB surface
      antigen in vitro. These findings suggest that healthy individuals who fail to
      produce such antibodies have a higher population of suppressor lymphocytes that
      alters their normal immune response to HB vaccination.

PMID- 2933472
TI  - Abnormal immunologic response to hepatitis B in two brothers--a genetic effect?

PMID- 2933473
TI  - Carriage of oral Candida albicans associated with a high number of circulating
      suppressor T lymphocytes.

PMID- 2933474
TI  - [Cardiovascular hemodynamics in patients with essential hypertension during multi
      stage exercise].
AB  - We investigated cardiovascular hemodynamics in patients with essential
      hypertension at rest and during exercise. Eight patients with borderline
      hypertension (Group B), 18 patients with sustained hypertension, and 10
      normotensive subjects (Group N) were studied. Patients with sustained
      hypertension were categorized in two groups; 10 patients without cardiac
      hypertrophy (Group NH), and eight patients with cardiac hypertrophy (Group HH).
      To assess the cardiovascular hemodynamics, M-mode echocardiograms,
      electrocardiograms and carotid pulses were recorded during multistage exercise
      using a supine bicycle ergometer. Blood pressure was measured simultaneously by
      the cuff method. At rest, isovolumic relaxation times (IRT) in Groups NH and HH
      were significantly prolonged as compared with that of Group N. The IRT of Group
      HH was significantly prolonged as compared with that of Group NH (Group N: 0.06
      +/- 0.01 sec, Group B: 0.07 +/- 0.01 sec, Group NH: 0.08 +/- 0.02 sec, Group HH:
      0.09 +/- 0.01 sec, respectively). Only the atrial filling fraction of Group HH
      was significantly increased over that of Group N (Group N: 25.6 +/- 12.1%, Group
      B; 30.0 +/- 8.1%, Group NH: 27.9 +/- 11.3%, and Group HH: 41.4 +/- 13.1%,
      respectively). The total peripheral vascular resistance (TPR) in Groups NH and HH
      was significantly increased over that of Group N (Group N: 1600 +/- 224
      dyne/sec/cm-5, Group B: 1704 +/- 465 dyne/sec/cm-5, Group NH: 2370 +/- 608
      dyne/sec/cm-5, and Group HH: 3290 +/- 1598 dyne/sec/cm-5, respectively). There
      was no significant difference in the cardiac index, ejection fraction or heart
      rate among all groups at rest and during exercise. However, the difference
      between TPR at rest and TPR at a load of 75 watt (delta TPR) was increased in
      Groups NH and Group HH over Group N (Group N: 558 +/- 166 dyne/sec/cm-5, Group B:
      614 +/- 336 dyne/sec/cm-5, Group NH: 883 +/- 415 dyne/sec/cm-5, and Group HH:
      1306 +/- 774 dyne/sec/cm-5, respectively). From these findings, we concluded that
      there is early diastolic left ventricular dysfunction in Groups NH and HH, and
      that the degree is more distinct in Group HH. It seems that systolic left
      ventricular function of both groups is normal during moderate exercise loads, and
      marked reduction of the TPR in both groups during exercise may be caused by
      marked peripheral vascular dilatation.

PMID- 2933476
TI  - [The functions of salivary neutrophils].

PMID- 2933475
TI  - [Two-dimensional echo-Doppler technic for evaluating dissecting aneurysms using
      the paravertebral approach].
AB  - Cross-sectional echocardiography facilitates recognizing dissecting aortic
      aneurysms, but the diagnosis of abnormalities of the descending aorta in the
      retrocardiac portion is difficult. We prospectively designed to assess the
      usefulness of a new echocardiographic technique in defining the retrocardiac
      descending thoracic aorta in its long and short axes. Two patients with
      dissecting aneurysms involving the retrocardiac descending aorta were studied in
      the 90 degrees right lateral position using a Toshiba SSH-11A or SSH-40A cross
      sectional echocardiographic apparatus. The transducer was positioned in the third
      or fourth intercostal space closely to the left of the thoracic vertebrae, and
      the ultrasonic beam was directed toward the retrocardiac descending aorta from
      the patient's back. The descending thoracic aorta was identified in its long axis
      as a straight tubular structure with parallel walls. The transducer was then
      rotated approximately 90 degrees, to visualize the descending aorta in its short
      axis as a circular structure. This "paravertebral approach" has not previously
      been reported. In both patients, the retrocardiac descending thoracic aorta was
      clearly visualized in its long and short axes, and the oscillating intimal flap
      was visualized within the descending aorta in the paravertebral approach. Pulsed
      Doppler echocardiography (PDE) using the long-axis paravertebral approach
      identified the flow in the false and true lumens of the descending thoracic
      aorta. Flow patterns including the peak flow velocity and the velocity profile
      obviously varied between the true and false lumens. The peak flow velocities in
      the former were extremely high compared to those in the latter. The former
      exhibited laminar profiles, but the latter showed some spectral broadening. By
      the same approach, the entrance tear was explored and the jet flow through the
      tear was detected in Case 1 by PDE, which had high flow velocity with wide
      spectral broadening and aliasing in systole and also had relatively low flow
      velocity with some spectral broadening in diastole. To our knowledge, there has
      been no previous report of detecting flow at the entrance tear by PDE. These
      cross-sectional echocardiographic studies suggest that the paravertebral approach
      may prove helpful in initially evaluating patients with symptoms or signs
      suggestive of acute dissecting aneurysms. However, comprehensive studies are
      necessary to define the sensitivity and specificity of these echocardiographic
      techniques in recognizing all types of dissecting aneurysms.

PMID- 2933477
TI  - [Morphological study of the sacroiliac joint of aged Japanese and macroscopic and
      microscopic observations on its articular surface].
AB  - Little information has so far been obtained in anatomical investigation of the
      sacroiliac joint. The purpose of this study was to investigate the sacroiliac
      joints morphologically and pathologically for the purpose of revealing the cause
      of low back pain. The materials consisted of 24 cadavers with both sides of the
      sacroiliac joint present. Firstly, investigation was performed radiographically
      to determine the shape and slope of the joint at the anatomical position.
      Secondly, measurement of the articular surfaces on photographs was performed to
      show the average of various measurements e.g. area, circumference, length, width
      etc., further more the differences between sacral and iliac articular surfaces
      and that of sex were demonstrated. Next, macroscopic and microscopic
      investigations of the joint cartilage were were performed. In general,
      degenerative changes were seen in all specimens and marked changes were found on
      the middle-anterior part of the joint.

PMID- 2933478
TI  - [Effects of schizophyllan (SPG), an antitumor polysaccharide, on serum proteins-
      in ENNG induced canine gastric cancer].

PMID- 2933479
TI  - Isolation of apolipoprotein(a) from lipoprotein(a).
AB  - An easy method was developed for the rapid and selective isolation of apo(a) from
      human plasma Lp(a). This procedure was applied to a "low density" Lp(a)
      subspecies (usually found in the density interval 1.050 to 1.070 g/ml) from a
      single individual whose apo(a) was of a size smaller than apoB-100. After
      reduction with 0.01 M dithiothreitol, apo(a) was separated from the Lp(a)
      particle by rate zonal centrifugation on a 7.5-30% NaBr density gradient. Two
      completely water-soluble products were recovered: apo(a), which contained less
      than 1% each of phospholipid and cholesterol, remained at the bottom of the
      gradient, and a lipid-rich floating LDL-like particle which contained apoB but
      not apo(a) and which we referred to as Lp(a-). The separation of these two
      components was also achieved by subjecting reduced Lp(a) to electrophoresis on
      2.5-16% polyacrylamide gradient gels. However, dissociation of reduced Lp(a)
      could not be achieved by gel filtration in either low or high salt solutions.
      These observations indicate that apo(a) is associated to Lp(a) by non-covalent
      interactions in addition to its disulfide linkage to apoB. The latter is
      sensitive to chemical reduction whereas the former are broken through the action
      of a gravitational or electrical field.

PMID- 2933480
TI  - Changes in total and free concentrations of steroid hormones in the plasma of
      women throughout pregnancy: effects of medroxyprogesterone acetate in the first
      trimester.
AB  - The total (protein-bound plus free) and free concentrations of progesterone,
      oestradiol-17 beta and cortisol were measured serially throughout pregnancy in
      the plasma of two groups of women whose pregnancies went to term. Group A (n =
      53) experienced an uneventful low-risk pregnancy with a spontaneous abortion rate
      of 8.6%. Women in group B (n = 22) were treated orally with medroxyprogesterone
      acetate (MPA; 80-120 mg daily) until 18 weeks gestation for threatened abortion
      within the first 6 weeks of pregnancy. In both groups of women the proportion of
      each hormone circulating in the free or unbound form remained constant despite
      the overall increases with occurred in total circulating hormone concentrations
      as pregnancy progressed. The steroid hormonal profiles in the first half of
      pregnancy were similar in both groups of women. However, from weeks 20 to 40
      total and free progesterone concentrations were significantly (P less than 0.05
      in each case) higher in group B compared with group A. Conversely, total and free
      oestradiol-17 beta concentrations were lower (P less than 0.005 and P less than
      0.01 respectively) in group B. At this stage it is not known if these differences
      were attributable to the administration of MPA to women in group B or to altered
      placental steroidogenesis as a result of earlier uterine bleeding.

PMID- 2933481
TI  - Physiology of IgD. VI. Transfer of the immunoaugmenting effect of IgD with T
      delta-containing helper cell populations.
AB  - We show that the IgD-induced augmentation of the immune response to
      trinitrophenylated keyhole limpet hemocyanin can be transferred to syngeneic mice
      with spleen cells from IgD-injected donors. The augmenting activity is present in
      the Lyt-1+2-, L3T4+ T cell population and is absent from B cells. The ability of
      transferred T cells to augment the immune response correlates with the presence
      of a high frequency of Lyt-1+2- T cells that form rosettes with IgD-coated sheep
      erythrocytes (T delta cells). Such rosette-forming cells can also be induced by
      incubation of spleen cells from normal donors in IgD-coated petri dishes.
      Injection of normal spleen cells exposed to IgD-coated petri dishes together with
      antigen also augments the immune response of recipients. The existence of a
      regulatory circuit based upon interactions between T delta cells, antigen, B cell
      surface IgD, and serum IgD, is proposed.

PMID- 2933484
TI  - An agarose gel electrophoretic method for typing phosphoglucomutase-1, esterase
      D, or glyoxalase I.
AB  - A conventional agarose gel electrophoretic method was described for typing
      phosphoglucomutase-1, esterase D, or glyoxalase I as single systems. Bloodstain
      extracts were absorbed into 1-mm-thick agarose gels via an application mask. The
      electrode wick distance was 12 cm and electrophoresis was carried out at 400 V at
      6 degrees C. The electrophoretic run times were 30 min for glyoxalase and 1 h for
      esterase D or phosphoglucomutase. This method is reliable and produces highly
      resolved band patterns. Additionally, the shorter separation times as a result of
      the increased voltage gradient permitted typing of more samples in a given time
      period compared with presently used methods. This technique requires little
      technical expertise and can be incorporated into the laboratory at a minimal
      cost.

PMID- 2933482
TI  - Reevaluation of reserpine-induced suppression of contact sensitivity. Evidence
      that reserpine interferes with T lymphocyte function independently of an effect
      on mast cells.
AB  - It has been suggested that reserpine blocks expression of delayed
      hypersensitivity (DH) by depleting tissue mast cells of serotonin (5-HT), thereby
      preventing a T cell-dependent release of mast cell 5-HT necessary to localize and
      to amplify the DH response. However, reserpine blocks expression of DH in mast
      cell-deficient mice. We therefore decided to reevaluate the mechanism by which
      reserpine abrogates expression of cellular immunity, and investigated whether the
      drug might interfere with T cell activity in vitro or in vivo. At concentrations
      as low as 4 microM, reserpine profoundly suppressed baseline or antigen-augmented
      levels of [3H]thymidine incorporation by immune lymph node cells obtained from
      mice sensitized to the contactant oxazolone [I-LNC(Ox)]. This effect was observed
      both with I-LNC derived from normal mice and with I-LNC derived from congenitally
      mast cell-deficient W/Wv mice, cell preparations that lacked detectable mast
      cells, histamine, and 5-HT. Furthermore, treatment of I-LNC with reserpine (20
      microM) for 1 h in vitro virtually abolished the ability of these cells to
      transfer CS to naive mice. This was not a cytolytic effect, as the viability of
      the I-LNC treated with reserpine was not affected, and washing of the reserpine
      treated I-LNC before transfer fully restored their ability to orchestrate a CS
      response. The action of the drug was not mediated by an effect on mast cells,
      since the experiment could be performed using mast cell-deficient W/Wv mice as
      both donors and recipients of I-LNC. In addition, the effect was specific for the
      treated cells: mice that received reserpine-treated I-LNC(Ox) intravenously
      together with untreated I-LNC(DNFB) did not develop CS to Ox but responded
      normally to DNFB; and local intradermal injection of reserpine-treated I-LNC(Ox)
      which failed to transfer reactivity to Ox, did not interfere with the development
      of CS to DNFB at the same site. Finally, cotransfer experiments indicated that
      the effect of reserpine on the transfer of CS was not due to activation of
      suppressor cells. Our findings strongly suggest that whatever effects reserpine
      might have on immunologically nonspecific host cells, the drug's effects on
      sensitized T cells are sufficient to explain its ability to block cell-mediated
      immune responses in vivo.

PMID- 2933483
TI  - Properties of purified T cell subsets. I. In vitro responses to class I vs. class
      II H-2 alloantigens.
AB  - In light of the widely accepted view that Ia-restricted L3T4+ T helper cells play
      a decisive role in controlling the differentiation of Lyt-2+ cells, experiments
      were designed to examine whether Lyt-2+ cells can respond to antigen in the
      absence of L3T4+ cells. The results showed that highly purified Lyt-2+ cells gave
      high primary mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR) to various class I differences,
      including both mutant and allelic differences; responses to class II (Ia)
      differences were generally undetectable with Lyt-2+ cells. The intensity of MLR
      to class I differences was not affected by addition of anti-L3T4 monoclonal
      antibodies (mAb) to the cultures or by removing T cells from the stimulator
      populations. Negative selection experiments showed that Lyt-2+ cells could
      respond to class I differences across Ia barriers. MLR of purified Lyt-2+ cells
      peaked on days 3-4 and then fell sharply; background responses with syngeneic
      stimulators (auto-MLR) were virtually absent. Parallel experiments with purified
      L3T4+ cells showed that this subset responded in MLR only to class II (Ia) and
      not class I differences, reached peak responses only on day 6 rather than days 3
      4, and often gave high auto-MLR. Within the first 3-4 d of culture, MLR were
      generally higher with Lyt-2+ cells than L3T4+ cells. Although no evidence could
      be found that Ia-restricted L3T4+ cells were required for the response of Lyt-2+
      cells, presentation of antigen by Ia+ cells appeared to be essential. Thus,
      responses were ablated by pretreating stimulator cells with anti-Ia mAb plus C'.
      Significantly the failure of Lyt-2+ cells to respond to anti-Ia plus C'-treated
      stimulators could not be restored by adding syngeneic spleen cells; addition of
      IL-2 led to only a minor (15%) restoration of the response. It is suggested that
      Ia+ cells provide an obligatory second signal required by Lyt-2+ cells.

PMID- 2933485
TI  - Molecular cloning of a Bacillus subtilis gene involved in spore outgrowth.
AB  - A lambda Charon 4A derivative carrying the outB gene of Bacillus subtilis has
      been identified by transformation of a B. subtilis mutant temperature-sensitive
      in spore outgrowth. The cloned region is a single EcoRI fragment 14 kb in length.
      In addition to outB, the cloned DNA includes at least part of the amyE and aroI
      loci.

PMID- 2933486
TI  - Methanol dissimilation in Xanthobacter H4-14: activities, induction and
      comparison to Pseudomonas AM1 and Paracoccus denitrificans.
AB  - Methanol dissimilatory enzymes detected in the methanol autotroph Xanthobacter H4
      14 were a typical phenazine methosulphate-linked methanol dehydrogenase, a NAD+
      linked formate dehydrogenase, and a dye-linked formaldehyde dehydrogenase that
      could be assayed only by activity stains of polyacrylamide gels. This same
      methanol dehydrogenase activity was found in ethanol-grown cells and was
      apparently utilized for ethanol oxidation. Formaldehyde dehydrogenase activities
      were investigated in Paracoccus denitrificans, Xanthobacter H4-14, and
      Pseudomonas AM1. P. denitrificans contained a previously reported NAD+-linked,
      GSH-dependent activity, but both Xanthobacter H4-14 and Pseudomonas AM1 contained
      numerous activities detected by activity stains of polyacrylamide gels. Induction
      studies showed that in Xanthobacter H4-14, a 10 kDal polypeptide, probably a
      dehydrogenase-associated cytochrome c, was co-induced with methanol
      dehydrogenase, but the formaldehyde and formate dehydrogenases were not co
      regulated. Analogous induction experiments revealed similar patterns in P.
      denitrificans, but no evidence for co-regulation of dissimilatory activities in
      Pseudomonas AM1.

PMID- 2933487
TI  - The Disability Factor Scale--General: second-order factor structure.
AB  - This study examined the second-order factor structure of Siller's (1969)
      Disability Factor Scale--General. Factor analysis of the seven attitudinal
      factors toward disabled individuals, based on the responses of 200 college
      students, yielded two major second-order factors. These two second-order factors
      of Net Affect and Authoritarian Virtuousness are further discussed in light of
      their intrafactor and interfactor relationships.

PMID- 2933488
TI  - Central 5-HT and the respiratory response to acoustic stimulation in awake rats:
      effects of PCPA, 5-HTP and 8-OH-DPAT.
AB  - It was found that PCPA (4 X 50-100 mg/kg) decreased the respiratory response to
      tone pulses (acoustic reaction), and this effect was antagonized by the
      administration of 5-HTP (25 mg/kg), after inhibition of extracerebral aromatic
      amino acid decarboxylase by means of benserazide (25 mg/kg). A further increase
      in the dose of 5-HTP, 50-100 mg/kg, in animals not treated with PCPA did not
      significantly affect the acoustic reaction. The putative 5-HT agonist 8-OH-DPAT
      produced a decrease in the acoustic reaction (but also at higher doses some
      desynchronization of respiration with tone). The administration of d-amphetamine,
      0.5-2.0 mg/kg, resulted in an increase in the acoustic reaction. Thus, in the
      present experiment, using a simple sensory-motor response, 8-OH-DPAT behaves as a
      5-HT antagonist and the results provide further support for mixed 5-HT receptor
      agonist/antagonist properties of this compound.

PMID- 2933489
TI  - Dopamine D2 receptors in brain and anterior pituitary recognize agonist and
      antagonist actions of (-)-3-PPP.
AB  - (-)-3-PPP, is a unique dopamine analogue, reported to have selective agonist
      actions at dopamine autoreceptors and antagonist actions at postsynaptic
      receptors. The interactions of D2 dopamine receptors with (-)-3-PPP in vitro were
      examined, using [3H]spiperone to label D2 receptors in brain regions containing
      both pre- and postsynaptic D2 receptors (caudate nucleus, corpus striatum) and a
      region containing nonsynaptic D2 receptors (anterior pituitary). In the absence
      of sodium ions, (-)-3-PPP detected D2 receptors in high- and low-affinity states
      in all regions examined, as is typical of dopamine agonists. That these two
      subpopulations of (-)-3-PPP-detected sites were dopaminergic in nature was
      assured by precluding [3H]spiperone binding to serotonergic receptors. In the
      presence of sodium ions, there was a significant increase in the affinity of some
      D2 receptors detected by (-)-3-PPP, and (-)-3-PPP in the presence of sodium was
      unable to discriminate between the two D2 affinity states in pituitary and
      striatum. The addition of guanine nucleotide led to (-)-3-PPP recognition of a
      single D2 binding site; the enhanced affinity of D2 receptors for (-)-3-PPP in
      the presence of sodium was retained in the presence of guanine nucleotide. These
      in vitro characteristics of (-)-3-PPP recognition of dopamine D2 receptor binding
      sites, when compared with dopamine and spiperone are seen to have clear features
      of both typical agonist and antagonist interactions with D2 receptors in both
      brain and pituitary.

PMID- 2933490
TI  - [3H]1-[2-(4-aminophenyl)ethyl]-4-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine: a selective
      radioligand for 5-HT1A receptors in rat brain.
AB  - 1-[2-(4-Aminophenyl)ethyl]-4-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine (PAPP) inhibits
      [3H]5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin) binding to 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B sites in
      rat brain with apparent equilibrium dissociation constants (KD) of 2.9 and 328
      nM, respectively. [3H]PAPP was synthesized, its binding to central serotonin
      receptors was examined, and its potential usefulness as a 5-HT1A receptor
      radioligand was evaluated. With either 10 microM 5-HT or 1 microM 8-hydroxy-2-(di
      n-propylamino)tetralin to define nonspecific binding, [3H]PAPP bound to a single
      class of sites in rat cortical membranes with a KD of 1.6 nM and a maximal
      binding density (Bmax) of 162 fmol/mg of protein. d-Lysergic acid diethylamide
      and 5-HT, two nonselective inhibitors of [3H]5-HT binding, displaced 1 nM
      [3H]PAPP with a potency that matched their affinity for 5-HT1 receptors.
      Spiperone and 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin, two compounds that
      discriminate [3H]5-HT binding to 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B sites, inhibited [3H]PAPP
      binding in accordance with their much higher affinities for the 5-HT1A receptor
      subtype. Furthermore, the ability of N-(m-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine and
      ketanserin to inhibit [3H]PAPP binding reflected their low affinities for the 5
      HT1A receptor. Several nonserotonergic compounds were also found to be relatively
      poor displacers of [3H]PAPP binding. The regional distribution of serotonin
      sensitive [3H]PAPP sites correlated with the densities of 5-HT1A receptors in the
      cortex, hippocampus, corpus striatum, and cerebellum of the rat. These results
      indicate that [3H]PAPP binds selectively and with high affinity to 5-HT1A
      receptor sites in rat brain.

PMID- 2933491
TI  - Lymphocyte subpopulations in ataxia-telangiectasia.
AB  - Peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets were analyzed in nine patients with ataxia
      telangiectasia (AT) and their immediate family members. Absolute lymphocyte
      numbers were slightly low. T-helper/inducer cell, as well as B-cell, percentages
      were comparable to normal in patients with AT. The percentage of T
      suppressor/cytotoxic cells was decreased in five of nine patients. The percentage
      of large granular lymphocytes was elevated in three patients. No generalities
      consistent with a disease hypothesis could be made on the basis of lymphocyte
      subpopulation data.

PMID- 2933494
TI  - Herpetic whitlow: an infectious occupational hazard.
AB  - Herpetic whitlow is a herpes simplex virus infection of the finger. It may be
      caused by either herpes simplex type 1 or 2. It is characterized by pain,
      erythema, and nonpurulent vesicle or bullae formation. It may be due to a primary
      or recurrent infection. It is a common infection in health care professionals who
      have frequent contact with the secretions of patients' mouths and respiratory
      tracts. The diagnosis of herpetic whitlow may be confirmed by Tzanck test, acute
      and convalescent herpes simplex antibody titers, viral culture, and fluorescent
      antibody tests. The infection is self-limited, and surgical intervention
      generally should be avoided. Techniques for prevention and control of the
      infection include appropriate isolation of patients with herpes infections,
      avoidance of patient care by health care personnel with active infections, and
      the use of gloves when handling secretions.

PMID- 2933492
TI  - A controlled evaluation of recent approaches to biochemical modulation or
      enhancement of 5-fluorouracil therapy in colorectal carcinoma.
AB  - Three hundred thirty-five previously untreated patients with advanced colorectal
      carcinoma were randomly assigned to treatment with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) alone, 5
      FU plus N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartic acid (PALA), 5-FU plus high-dose thymidine,
      5-FU plus levamisole, or 5-FU plus methyl CCNU, vincristine, and streptozotocin
      (MOF-Strept). Dosages were designed to produce definite toxicity in the majority
      of patients, although the nature of dose-limiting reactions varied considerably
      among regimens. 5-FU alone and 5-FU plus levamisole produced mucocutaneous
      reactions, diarrhea, and leukopenia; 5-FU plus PALA produced primarily
      mucocutaneous reactions and diarrhea; 5-FU plus thymidine produced leukopenia
      with occasional neurotoxicity and hypotension; and MOF-Strept produced
      substantial nausea and vomiting with both thrombocytopenia and leukopenia.
      Objective response rates among patients with measurable disease varied from 12%
      (5-FU plus PALA) to 34% (MOF-Strept), but none of the regimens were significantly
      superior to 5-FU alone. Both interval to progression and survival were comparable
      among the five regimens with no reasonable chance that any combination regimen
      could produce as much as a 50% improvement when compared with 5-FU alone. Whereas
      we observed definite modulation of 5-FU dose--toxicity relationships,
      particularly with the thymidine and PALA combinations, this did not result in a
      detectable improvement in therapeutic effect. None of the combination regimens,
      administered in the dosages and schedules we used, can be recommended as standard
      therapy of advanced colorectal carcinoma.

PMID- 2933493
TI  - Effect of dietary orotic acid on the levels of liver and blood NAD in rats.
AB  - The effect of dietary orotic acid on the levels of liver and blood NAD in young
      rats was investigated. Weanling rats were fed on a nicotinic acid-free, 20%
      casein diet containing 0% (control diet) or 1% orotic acid (test diet) for 32
      days. Retardation of growth, development of fatty liver and enlargement of liver
      were observed in the test group in comparison with the control group. In the test
      group, the amounts of quinolinic acid, niacin, NAD and N1-methylnicotinamide, and
      the activities of quinolinate phosphoribosyltransferase, nicotinamide
      mononucleotide adenylyltransferase, nicotinamide methyltransferase and NAD
      synthetase expressed in terms of g liver were significantly decreased compared to
      the control group. When these values were expressed in terms of whole liver, a
      significant difference was observed in the content of NAD and the activity of NAD
      synthetase between the control and the test groups. The activity of
      aminocarboxymuconate-semialdehyde decarboxylase expressed in terms of whole liver
      was about 2-fold higher in the test group than in the control group, but was not
      significantly different. The levels of NAD in blood as well as in liver were
      significantly lower in the test group than in the control group. Urinary
      excretions of quinolinic acid, niacin and N1-methylnicotinamide were also reduced
      in the test group. These results are discussed in the light of the reported
      effect of orotic acid in lowering the level of ATP in liver.

PMID- 2933495
TI  - Approach to asbestos worker compensation plan alleged to be flawed.

PMID- 2933496
TI  - Workers' compensation claims for stress-related disorders.

PMID- 2933497
TI  - Obesity, acanthosis nigricans, insulin resistance, and hyperandrogenemia:
      pediatric perspective and natural history.
AB  - We studied the syndrome of acanthosis nigricans, obesity, insulin resistance, and
      hyperandrogenemia in 22 patients. Although isolated case reports in adolescents
      have appeared, this syndrome has not received full recognition as a pediatric
      entity. Our patients (17 girls, five boys) had a mean weight 5.7 SD above the
      mean for age, although mean height was only 0.5 SD above the mean for age. All
      patients had acanthosis nigricans. Their insulin resistance was significantly
      greater than that in a control group with comparable obesity. Fasting insulin
      concentration was 5.25 microU/ml in lean controls, 19.6 microU/ml in obese
      controls, and 49.8 microU/ml in study patients (P less than 0.002). Mean glucose
      disappearance rate during an insulin tolerance test was 6.7%/min in lean
      controls, 5.19%/min in obese controls, and 2.35%/min in study patients (P less
      than 0.02). After menarche, mean plasma testosterone concentration was 106 ng/dl,
      compared with less than 50 ng/dl in all lean and obese control patients. Data
      derived from our series of patients lead us to conclude that (1) this is a
      genetic syndrome, although the exact mode of inheritance is unclear; (2) the
      natural history of the syndrome invariably begins with the onset of obesity,
      followed by acanthosis nigricans that worsens with progressive weight gain; (3)
      acanthosis nigricans is thus a marker for hyperinsulinemia, which occurs before
      hyperandrogenemia; (4) hyperandrogenemia occurs only after menarche.
      Identification of this syndrome should permit monitoring for the development of
      hyperandrogenemia during puberty and determination of other affected family
      members.

PMID- 2933499
TI  - Gingival crevicular fluid antibody to oral microorganisms. II. Distribution and
      specificity of local antibody responses.

PMID- 2933498
TI  - Mechanisms involved in the binding of IgG immune complexes to sections of
      inflamed gingiva.

PMID- 2933500
TI  - Gingival crevicular fluid antibody to oral microorganisms. III. Association of
      gingival homogenate and gingival crevicular fluid antibody levels.

PMID- 2933501
TI  - IgG, IgA and IgM serum antibodies against lipopolysaccharide from Bacteroides
      gingivalis in periodontal health and disease.

PMID- 2933503
TI  - Interaction of phenytoin and inflammation induces gingival overgrowth in rats.

PMID- 2933502
TI  - Microbial changes associated with advancing periodontitis in STR/N mice.

PMID- 2933504
TI  - Characterization of hydrogen sulphide reaction with rat-tail tendon type I
      collagen in vitro.

PMID- 2933505
TI  - Disturbances in bone remodeling during the progress of hamster periodontitis. A
      morphological and quantitative study.

PMID- 2933506
TI  - New attachment formation on citric acid treated roots.

PMID- 2933507
TI  - The susceptibility of experimental glomerulonephritis in six different strains of
      mice.
AB  - An experimental glomerulonephritis was produced in mice by an injection with a
      sub-nephrotoxic dose of nephrotoxic serum after immunization with rabbit IgG. In
      order to examine the susceptibility of disease, we tested the onset of nephritis
      in 6 different strains (ICR,C57BL/6,C3H,DBA/2, nu/nu and DDY) of mice. Strain
      C57BL/6 mice indicated the highest susceptibility to the disease with a high
      degree of reproducibility. The excretion of protein in urine, the elevation of
      serum cholesterol and blood urea nitrogen level and the decrease of serum albumin
      were observed in nephritic mice. Typical histopathological changes in the kidney
      were crescent formation in glomeruli, thickening of glomerular basement membrane
      and cast of urinary tubuli. Cyclophosphamide, at doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg,
      inhibited the development of nephritis in C57BL/6 mice. These results suggest
      that the experimental glomerulonephritis model in C57BL/6 mice is useful for
      immunopharmacological studies of nephritis.

PMID- 2933508
TI  - [Studies for developing hetero-bifunctional reagents and their applications in
      enzyme immunoassay].

PMID- 2933509
TI  - [Effects of staphylococcal phage lysate (SPL) on immunoglobulin production in
      human peripheral lymphocyte cultures].

PMID- 2933510
TI  - Inhalation of nail dust from onychomycotic toenails. Part I. Characterization of
      particles.

PMID- 2933511
TI  - Fifth metatarsal excision with peroneus brevis transfer. A case report.

PMID- 2933512
TI  - [Regeneration and myogenesis of striated muscle].

PMID- 2933513
TI  - Microleakage at the gingival wall with four Class V anterior restorative
      materials.

PMID- 2933514
TI  - Dimensions of experience and symptomatology.
AB  - Six characteristics of life events and difficulties, namely loss (L), threat (T),
      anti-social act (A), hopeless situation (H), uncertain outcome (U) and choice of
      action (C), were used to score life situations experienced by 1060 adults over
      three months. Certain patterns of these, together with the respondents' sex,
      close and more superficial support discriminated significantly between subjects
      who had: depression the predominant symptom, anxiety predominant, tiredness
      predominant, backache predominant, none of these reaching pathological level. A
      hierarchy emerged from depression down through anxiety to tiredness and backache
      such that more severe life situations were associated with symptoms higher up the
      hierarchy. Situations with both choice of action (C) and loss (L) tended to be
      associated with depression. Anxiety related situations were mainly those
      containing threat (T) and at least two other characteristics. Tiredness went with
      situations characterised purely as CUH or CH or UH, and backache with minor
      situations containing only one characteristic. Lack of close confidant was most
      associated with depression; being a woman was associated with tiredness and
      anxiety equally and lack of superficial support with anxiety and depression
      equally. A parallel was drawn with Finlay-Jones and Brown.

PMID- 2933515
TI  - Pain and deception: use of verbal pain measurement as a diagnostic aid in
      differentiating between clinical and simulated low-back pain.
AB  - The pain reports of 553 patients with low back pain and 347 healthy subjects
      faking low back pain were compared to determine if pain language can be employed
      as diagnostic aids in differentiating between clinical groups and groups
      attempting to feign a clinical condition. The best set of discriminating words
      correctly identified 90% of the subjects using 18 to 54 words in pain
      description, and 83% using 4 to 17 words in their pain report. The same pain
      words were used to categorize 366 new pain cases and 202 new fake cases. Cross
      validation shrinkage was 8 and 7% respectively. Effectiveness in discriminating
      between pain and simulation was increased using selective cut-off scores.
      Patients in active treatment for back pain whose choice of pain words resemble
      those of the simulators reported 21% more clinical pain in a follow-up validation
      study suggesting that an accurate representation of malingering may have been
      achieved using a simulation research design.

PMID- 2933516
TI  - Psychological adjustment to and recovery from laparoscopic sterilization and
      infertility investigation.
AB  - One hundred and thirty-one patients undergoing elective laparoscopic surgery for
      sterilization or infertility investigations were examined in a prospective study.
      Firstly, the contributions of the reason for undergoing the operation to the
      patients' psychological adjustment and recovery, is examined. Measures were taken
      of personality, mood, physical symptoms, vital signs and the patients' speed of
      returning to normal activities. The reason for laparoscopy does not appear to
      influence the amount of fear immediately before and after the operation, post
      operative physical symptoms, nor the majority of mood states at follow up. There
      were significant differences between infertility and sterilization patients on
      state anxiety on the morning of surgery, vital signs, post-operative
      intramuscular analgesia, and the speed of returning to normal activities. In
      particular, sterilization patients did not report greater pain but received more
      analgesia, and returned to their normal activities more rapidly than infertility
      patients. Secondary infertility patients showed the slowest rate of return to
      normal activities, and reported more adverse mood states at 1 week follow up. The
      investigation of patients' attitudes to the operation revealed that patients
      undergoing sterilization and infertility investigation are concerned about the
      costs and benefits of the operation which include not only influencing fertility,
      but influencing menstruation and sexual activity. Patients misunderstood
      information about surgery, and the majority of patients welcomed additional
      psychological preparation. Suggestions concerning the management of patients
      undergoing laparoscopy for different fertility reasons are discussed.

PMID- 2933517
TI  - Novel vasopressin analogues that help define a minimum effective antagonist
      pharmacophore.

PMID- 2933519
TI  - Orally absorbable cephalosporin antibiotics. 1. Structure-activity relationships
      of benzothienyl- and naphthylglycine derivatives of 7
      aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic acid.
AB  - A structure-activity relationship study of a number of orally absorbed
      cephalosporins together with their syntheses is described. These new
      cephalosporins are benzothienyl- and naphthylglycine derivatives of 7
      aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic acid. Several different synthetic methods for the
      glycine side chains, their protection, and the final acylations are reported.
      Several of these analogues were more active than cephalexin both in vitro and in
      vivo against commonly encountered Gram-positive bacteria. (R)-7-(3
      Benzothienylglycylamido)-3-methyl-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid (1R) has emerged as
      a potent antibacterial agent and is currently undergoing preclinical evaluation.

PMID- 2933520
TI  - Orally absorbable cephalosporin antibiotics. 3. Preparation of biologically
      active R isomer of 7-(3-benzothienylglycylamido)deacetoxycephalosporanic acid.
AB  - The methyl and isopropyl esters of (RS)-3-benzothienylglycine were resolved with
      (+)- and (-)-tartaric acid in acetonitrile to give the corresponding R and S
      salts. The R-salt 4 was hydrolyzed to (R)-3-benzothienylglycine (5). The amino
      group in 5 was protected with the Boc function and the protected R amino acid 6
      coupled with the p-NB ester of 7-ADCA to give the diprotected cephalosporin 7.
      After removal of the Boc and p-NB groups, the R isomer of 7-(3
      benzothienylglycylamido)deacetoxycephalosporanic acid (1) was obtained. The p-NB
      ester of epimeric cephalosporin 7 was separated by preparative chromatography
      into R and S isomers. After removal of the protective groups, the S epimer was
      isolated. The comparison of antibacterial activity of the R and S epimers and the
      RS mixture of cephalosporin 1 is reported.

PMID- 2933518
TI  - Stereoselectivity of muscarinic receptors in vivo and in vitro for oxotremorine
      analogues. N-[4-(tertiary amino)-2-butynyl]-5-methyl-2-pyrrolidones.
AB  - The enantiomers of three 5-methyl-2-pyrrolidone analogues of the muscarinic agent
      oxotremorine (1) were synthesized. The pyrrolidine derivative (R)-13 was an
      antagonist to carbachol in the guinea pig ileum and also showed central and
      peripheral antimuscarinic activity in vivo. It was more potent and more selective
      than atropine in antagonizing the central effects of 1. The dimethylamino
      analogue (R)-14 and the trimethylammonium salt (R)-15 were potent agonists in the
      guinea pig ileum. (R)-14 showed both central muscarinic (hypothermia) and central
      antimuscarinic activity (antagonism of oxotremorine-induced tremor) in vivo. The
      R enantiomers of 13-15 were considerably more potent than the S enantiomers in
      vivo and in vitro irrespective of whether agonist or antagonist activity was
      measured. From a comparison of the contribution of the methyl group at the chiral
      center to the overall affinities, it is suggested that agonists and antagonists
      in this series bind in an essentially identical manner to the muscarinic
      receptor.

PMID- 2933521
TI  - Unusual properties of Staphylococcus aureus strains of the new epidemic phage
      type 95.
AB  - Three hundred and seventy-one penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains
      of phage type 95 isolated in the years 1977-1983 were investigated. They had
      characteristic resistance patterns to cadmium (Cd), arsenate (As) and mercury
      (Hg). Most were susceptible to all three heavy metals; 25 strains were resistant
      to As only and one to Cd and As. The susceptible strains had a uniform medium
      level of penicillinase production, whereas the As-resistant strains produced
      large amounts of penicillinase. In most of the strains, penicillin resistance was
      located on a very unstable penicillinase plasmid. The combination of rare
      properties found in Danish type-95 strains seems to point to the spread of one or
      two clones. Co-reactions with other phage groups or complexes and results of
      lysogenisation experiments suggest that the Danish type-95 strains are derived
      from strains of the 52, 52A, 80, 81 complex.

PMID- 2933522
TI  - Age changes in the flexibility of Down's syndrome children.
AB  - The association between Down's syndrome (DS) and joint hyperflexibility is well
      documented. However, objective information concerning developmental expectations
      for flexibility in DS children is lacking. This investigation used goniometric
      techniques to examine the changes in flexibility with growth and maturation in 30
      DS children aged 5, 10 and 15 years and compared them with 30 normal controls.
      Flexibility declined consistently with age in the DS children and in the
      controls, and although the DS children were more flexible than their control
      counterparts at each age, the magnitude of change over the whole age range was
      parallel in both groups of children suggesting some similarity in mechanisms
      controlling the maturation of joint tissues. The greatest reduction in
      flexibility occurred in the hip and ankle joints, and in the elbow and knee
      hyperextension. A trend was evident for the largest reduction in measurements to
      occur between 5 and 10 years in the DS children compared with a consistent or
      later reduction in the controls. It is postulated that this may be attributable
      to the improvement in generalized muscular hypotonia expected during this age
      period, or to differences in the rate of maturation of joint structures in the
      early years, caused by the effects of the syndrome on the intrinsic mechanisms
      regulating the growth of joints.

PMID- 2933523
TI  - A double blind study of vitamin B6 in Down's syndrome infants. Part 1--Clinical
      and biochemical results.
AB  - Nineteen patients with Down's syndrome participated in a double blind study of
      the clinical effects of pharmacological doses of vitamin B6 administration,
      starting under 8 weeks of age and continuing until 3 years of age. Ten patients
      received the vitamin and nine the placebo. In Part 1 of this study, no
      statistically significant differences were found between the two groups in mental
      age, height, weight, cranial circumference or tongue protrusion. A study of side
      effects conducted on a larger open population found vitamin B6 to be relatively
      safe when administered over long periods of time with photosensitive blisters as
      the major complication.

PMID- 2933524
TI  - A double blind study of vitamin B6 in Down's syndrome infants. Part 2--Cortical
      auditory evoked potentials.
AB  - Cortical auditory evoked potentials (CAEPs) were recorded at 1 and at 3 years of
      age in 19 children with Down's syndrome participating in a double blind trial of
      vitamin B6 and placebo begun in early infancy and continued for 3 years. CAEPs
      have previously been shown to have abnormally high amplitude in Down's syndrome
      patients. The CAEPs of the patients in the B6-treated and placebo groups were
      compared. Only minor effects were found in the CAEPs recorded at 1 year of age.
      At 3 years of age, however, comparison of the B6-treated group and the placebo
      group revealed significant differences in both amplitudes and latencies of CAEP
      components. Peak to peak amplitudes of prominent components were significantly
      lower in B6-treated patients than in their placebo controls. Amplitude correlated
      in some cases with whole blood serotonin levels. Latencies for several prominent
      evoked peaks were significantly longer in B6-treated patients.

PMID- 2933525
TI  - Abnormally high sweat osmolality in children with Down's syndrome.
AB  - There are few data on sweat analysis in Down's syndrome. We studied 25 children
      with Down's syndrome and obtained sweat samples by pilocarpine iontophoresis.
      Sweat osmolality was elevated in Down's syndrome compared to normal. The results
      of sweat testing must be regarded with caution when cystic fibrosis is suspected
      in children with Down's syndrome.

PMID- 2933526
TI  - Turn-taking and overlap in the speech of young Down's syndrome children.
AB  - This study has examined incidents involving vocal overlap in recordings made in
      the homes of four 3-year-old Down's children. Previous research has suggested a
      higher incidence of vocal clashes and interruptions in the interaction of Down's
      children than in that of non-handicapped children. In our data, the overall
      incidence of overlaps initiated by the child was higher for the two less advanced
      children. However, such overlaps do not necessarily indicate poor turn-taking
      coordination; slight overlaps, and overlaps which occur close to where a speaker
      had reached a potential completion point in their turn, need to be distinguished
      from those which begin in the middle of turn-constructional units. The children's
      behaviour when overlap occurred was also examined. A number of techniques which
      show a child's awareness of the fact that overlap has occurred were identified.
      By using overlap-sensitive techniques, a child is treating overlap as a problem
      to be remedied. While the most advanced child used six such techniques, there was
      not clear evidence of the least advanced child using any of them.

PMID- 2933527
TI  - Regional myocyte size in compensated right ventricular hypertrophy in the ferret.
AB  - The effect of pressure-induced right ventricular hypertrophy on regional myocyte
      size and shape and regional myocardial wet weight was studied by comparing 20
      ferrets which underwent pulmonary artery banding at a weanling age to 19 non
      operated siblings. Using isolated myocyte preparations from six myocardial
      regions in 10 banded and seven non-banded ferrets, a 60% increase in cell volume
      in the right ventricular outflow tract and the right ventricular free wall was
      shown to be due primarily to an increased cross-sectional area of individual
      myocytes. The right side of the interventricular septum exhibited an intermediate
      increase in cell volume, while the left side of the interventricular septum did
      not respond to the pulmonary artery banding procedure. These findings confirm
      that localized hemodynamic changes produce hypertrophy of individual myocytes in
      selected regions of the heart and that a pressure-induced model of hypertrophy
      involves an increased cross-sectional area of myocytes, with minimal change in
      cell length.

PMID- 2933528
TI  - Biochemical characterization of ventricular myosin from spontaneously
      hypertensive turkeys.
AB  - Several stimuli are able to alter the synthesis of cardiac myosin isoenzymes.
      Particularly in the rat a shift toward a low-ATPase isomyosin is generally
      observed during development and in cardiac hypertrophy due to pressure overload.
      On the contrary in spontaneously hypertensive turkeys both ageing and the
      increasing degree of cardiac hypertrophy are accompanied by a different behaviour
      of ventricular myosin. In fact in a previous study we have shown that the Ca2+
      activated ATPase activity of ventricular myosin increases about three folds from
      young normotensive to old hypertensive animals. Accordingly the peptide pattern
      obtained after chymotryptic digestion of myosin showed that some peptides, which
      are not evident or barely discernible in young animals, are present in the adult
      ones. In this study we compare the ventricular myosin from young normotensive and
      adult hypertensive turkeys with atrial myosin. The results obtained suggest that
      in the ventricles of hypertensive turkeys the synthesis of an isomyosin with
      biochemical properties close to those of atrial myosin occurs.

PMID- 2933529
TI  - Characterization of the rat heart 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase isozymes.
AB  - By elution with a discontinuous gradient from QAE-Sephadex, the rat muscle 6
      phosphofructo-1-kinase (PFK) isozyme (M4) and the major rat liver PFK isozyme
      (L4) could be completely separated. Subjecting heart supernatant fluid to this
      treatment indicated that all of the heart PFK activity was found in the first
      wash, where M4 eluted, indicating little, if any, L4 was present. However, about
      50% of the heart PFK activity was immunoprecipitated by L4 anti-IgG demonstrating
      the presence of the L-type subunit. A purification procedure was developed which
      yielded an enzyme preparation of high specific activity and resulted in a
      recovery of 50% to 60% of the original PFK activity. Three proteins were detected
      in this PFK preparation that exhibited apparent mol wt of 87 500, 85 000 and 80
      000. The 85 000 and 80 000 Dalton components corresponded to the subunits of M4
      and L4, respectively. The third protein was thought to be a distinct subunit (C
      type) since it exhibited the highest molecular weight and was present in an
      exhaustively washed immunoprecipitate of purified heart PFK. From seven different
      heart PFK preparations, the relative distributions of the L-, M-, and C-type
      subunits were 0.80 +/- 0.1, 4.5 +/- 0.7, and 0.7 +/- 0.1, respectively. A
      comparison of the kinetic properties of L4, M4, and purified heart PFK isozymes
      clearly demonstrated that all three preparations exhibited different regulatory
      properties. In ventricular and atrial preparations the total PFK activity and the
      relative amounts of each subunit were drastically different suggesting regional
      differences between the distributions of PFK isozymes and consequently in
      regulation of PFK activities and glycolysis.

PMID- 2933530
TI  - Vaccination against hepatitis B in Nigerian children: trials of reduced dose and
      intradermal vaccine.

PMID- 2933531
TI  - Genetic and DNA mapping of the late regulation and lysis genes of Salmonella
      bacteriophage P22 and coliphage lambda.
AB  - Genetic and DNA heteroduplex analyses of lambda imm22 hybrid phages were used to
      compare the Salmonella bacteriophage P22 and coliphage lambda genes which control
      late gene regulation and lysis. Homologous DNA sequences were correlated with P22
      gene 23 and lambda gene Q (late gene regulation) and with P22 gene 13 and lambda
      gene S (lysis control). Nonhomologous DNA sequences were correlated with P22 gene
      19 and lambda gene R (lysozyme and endolysin) and with the region encoding the
      P22 alpha and lambda 6S transcripts.

PMID- 2933532
TI  - Obesity as a predictor of poor antibody response to hepatitis B plasma vaccine.
AB  - Factors associated with lack of antibody response to the hepatitis B virus plasma
      vaccine were retrospectively evaluated by means of a logistic regression in 194
      previously seronegative staff members of a community hospital. All subjects had
      received three doses of vaccine by intramuscular buttock injection using a 1-in,
      23-gauge needle. Overall, only 55.7% of subjects developed detectable antibody to
      hepatitis B surface antigen in serum after immunization. The weight-height index
      served as a surrogate measure of obesity. Predictors of poor immunogenic response
      to hepatitis B vaccine included higher weight-height index, older age, and
      vaccine batch. Sex, race, timing of vaccine doses, and timing of postimmunization
      determination of antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen were not predictors of
      vaccine efficacy.

PMID- 2933533
TI  - Normal immune response to hepatitis B vaccine in patients with Down's syndrome. A
      basis for immunization guidelines.
AB  - Institutionalized patients with Down's syndrome (DS) are uniquely predisposed to
      develop chronic hepatitis B infection following exposure. Therefore vaccination
      is particularly warranted, but there have been concerns that these individuals
      may react suboptimally. We examined the immune responses of 62 institutionalized
      patients with DS to 20 and 40 micrograms of hepatitis B vaccine inactivated
      (Heptavax-B) over one year. The subjects were matched by weight, age, and sex.
      Seroconversion rates and levels of antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen
      (anti-HBs) were comparable to those found in a normal population and were higher
      than those found in immunocompromised patients undergoing hemodialysis. The anti
      HBs levels were consistently higher in the 40-micrograms vaccine group. In
      patients with DS who were over 30 years old, age was a significant factor in
      predicting anti-HBs responses. Conversely, in younger subjects, weight was
      negatively correlated with anti-HBs levels. These data clearly indicate that
      patients with DS respond normally to hepatitis B surface antigen vaccination and
      need not be considered a special group when guidelines for vaccination are
      recommended.

PMID- 2933534
TI  - Hepatitis B vaccine use in chronic hemodialysis centers in the United States.
AB  - The Centers for Disease Control surveyed 1,255 chronic hemodialysis centers in
      the United States in 1983 to assess the use of hepatitis B vaccine as well as the
      risk of acquiring hepatitis B among both patients and staff. The response rate to
      a mailed questionnaire was 90%. Seventy-one percent of the centers reported that
      they gave vaccine, but only an estimated 6% of susceptible patients and 32% of
      susceptible staff received all three doses of vaccine. Centers more likely to
      give vaccine included those that provided dialysis to large patient populations
      and those that provided dialysis for hepatitis B surface antigen-positive
      patients. As a result of vaccine administration, the overall prevalence of
      antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen increased significantly, to 18% for
      patients and 39% for staff. Extensive use of the vaccine in the future, combined
      with infection control practices, could virtually eliminate the risk of acquiring
      hepatitis B virus infection in hemodialysis centers.

PMID- 2933535
TI  - Clinical evaluation of low-dose intradermally administered hepatitis B virus
      vaccine. A cost reduction strategy.
AB  - High cost and limited availability of the current hepatitis B virus vaccine lead
      to underutilization. To address this problem, we performed a vaccine trial
      comparing the currently recommended regimen of 20 micrograms of hepatitis B
      surface antigen (HBsAg) intramuscularly on days 0, 30, and 180, with a more
      economical regimen of 2 micrograms of HBsAg intradermally on days 0, 30, and 180.
      This trial was performed in 50 seronegative health care workers to assess the
      immunogenicity and local reactogenicity of both vaccine regimens. We found no
      significant difference in seroconversion between the intradermal group (96%) and
      the intramuscular group (100%). Mean ratios of test sample value to mean negative
      control value for antibody to HBsAg at 360 days were not significantly different
      (intradermal group, 84 +/- 26; intramuscular group, 120 +/- 22). Reactions in
      both groups were minor. Although the optimal dose of HBsAg was not investigated,
      our data demonstrate that 0.1 mL of inactivated hepatitis B virus vaccine
      (Heptavax-B) intradermally is immunogenic in healthy adults. Vaccination by this
      regimen can broaden hepatitis B virus disease prevention.

PMID- 2933536
TI  - Clinical viral hepatitis B among Minnesota hospital personnel. Results of a ten
      year statewide survey.
AB  - We report a ten-year survey of clinical hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections in
      Minnesota hospital personnel. Between 1974 and 1983, a total of 561 personnel
      cases of viral hepatitis were identified. Four hundred twelve cases were
      diagnosed as type B, with 399 cases (97%) identified as work related. Of the 177
      hospitals in the state, only 42 (24%) reported cases during the ten-year period.
      The highest annual incidence of type B cases was in 1975 (127/100,000 personnel)
      and decreased to the lowest incidence in 1983 (8/100,000 personnel). The
      incidence for personnel at hospitals with long-term hemodialysis decreased from
      418/100,000 personnel in 1975 to 16/100,000 personnel in 1983, while the
      incidence for employees in hospitals without hemodialysis decreased from 16 to
      5/100,000 personnel for the same time. The decrease in the incidence of hepatitis
      B in personnel occurred before the use of HBV vaccine. Our findings indicate that
      HBV seroprevalence studies significantly overestimate the current incidence of
      HBV infections among personnel in most hospital settings.

PMID- 2933537
TI  - Lowered cost potential for hepatitis B vaccine.

PMID- 2933538
TI  - Baboon-to-human cardiac xenotransplantation in a neonate.
AB  - This report details the first case of cardiac xenotransplantation in a neonate.
      The recipient, a victim of hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS), survived 20
      days. Autopsy findings are documented. The cardiac graft showed only traces of
      cell-mediated rejection. Graft failure appears to have resulted from a
      progressive, potentially avoidable humoral response, unmodified by
      immunosuppression. Cardiac allotransplantation and selective baboon-to-human
      xenotransplantation deserve further exploration as investigational therapy for
      neonatal HLHS.

PMID- 2933539
TI  - Fluorouracil-associated dermatitis of the hands and feet.

PMID- 2933540
TI  - Effects of alpha-human atrial natriuretic polypeptide (alpha-hANP) on the main
      regulatory mechanisms for blood pressure and body fluid volume in rats.

PMID- 2933541
TI  - Cardiac content and plasma concentration of atrial natriuretic polypeptide (ANP)
      in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR).
AB  - The cardiac content and plasma concentration of atrial natriuretic polypeptide
      (ANP) in hypertensive rats were measured by using radioimmunoassay for ANP. The
      animals used in this study were young (5-week-old) and adult (12- to 14-week-old)
      spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), stroke-prone SHR (SHR-SP) and normotensive
      control Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). Most immunoreactive ANP in the cardiac extract
      of the hypertensive rats (both SHR and SHR-SP) was found to be predominantly
      gamma-form as well as that of WKY. Cardiac ANP content in adult SHR and SHR-SP
      was significantly lower than in adult WKY (p less than 0.01), although there were
      no differences among three groups in young rats. Similar tendencies were also
      observed for plasma ANP concentration. The level of plasma in adult hypertensive
      rats was significantly lower or tended to be lower than in adult normotensive
      rats. Furthermore, a high negative correlation was present between blood pressure
      and cardiac ANP content (r = 0.748, p less than 0.01) and between blood pressure
      and plasma ANP concentration (r = 0.608, p less than 0.01) in all adult rats but
      there were no such relationships in young rats. The present study suggests that
      atrial natriuretic polypeptide may contribute to the pathogenesis or maintenance
      of high blood pressure in the genetic hypertensive rats.

PMID- 2933542
TI  - [Platelet aggregation and release reaction].

PMID- 2933543
TI  - [Growth and exercise therapy for infants with Down's syndrome].

PMID- 2933544
TI  - [Study of the in vitro effect of MPA on an established cell line from a human
      renal cell carcinoma].

PMID- 2933545
TI  - [Analysis of reactions to urographic contrast media and an evaluation of
      pretesting].

PMID- 2933546
TI  - Comparison of fluorescence and photodynamic activities of whole hematoporphyrin
      derivative and its enriched active components.
AB  - The in vivo biologic activities of the hematoporphyrin derivative (Photofrin) and
      the enriched, so-called "active fraction" (Photofrin II) were determined by
      measuring the necrosis produced in implanted tumors in DBA/2Ha mice exposed to
      various total doses of light (20-100 J/cm2) after ip administration of 10 mg/kg
      standard doses of either Photofrin or Photofrin II. Total relative percentage
      increase in fluorescence in tumor tissue, as compared to fluorescence in control
      tissue, also was measured for both Photofrin and Photofrin II. In response to
      total light doses (630 nm) of 40-100 J/cm2, mice that received Photofrin had
      comparable amounts of tumor necrosis to those mice that received Photofrin II. At
      doses of 40-60 J/cm2, 80% tumor destruction resulted, and at 80-100 J/cm2, tumor
      destruction was 100%. However, at a total light dose of 20 J/cm2, the tumors that
      received Photofrin II exhibited 60-80% tumor necrosis, whereas those animals that
      received Photofrin had only small areas of patchy necrosis associated with signs
      of vascular thrombosis and hemorrhage into the surrounding perivascular stroma. A
      25.2% total increase in maximal tissue fluorescence over that in controls was
      observed for animals that received Photofrin II, as compared to 13.9% for those
      animals that received Photofrin. It is concluded that the greater demonstrable
      efficacy of treatment with Photofrin II, as compared to treatment with Photofrin,
      is due to enrichment of those nonpolar hydrophobic components of the
      hematoporphyrin derivative mixture that are thought to be primarily responsible
      for the in vivo biologic activities.

PMID- 2933547
TI  - [Chronic back pain/cot death].

PMID- 2933548
TI  - [Aortocoronary shunt in a patient with unstable angina pectoris and subclavian
      artery stenosis, corrected by roentgen endovascular dilatation].

PMID- 2933549
TI  - Mechanisms of glomerular injury in immune-complex disease.

PMID- 2933550
TI  - [Therapeutic laparoscopy in emergency pediatric surgery].

PMID- 2933551
TI  - [Use of a double-lobed skin-fat flap of the abdominal wall in postburn
      deformities of the perineum].

PMID- 2933552
TI  - [Doppler ultrasonography of orbital vessels in circulatory disorders of the eye].
AB  - During the past 5 years 412 patients (189 male, 223 female) presenting with
      vascular disorders were examined with Doppler ultrasonography (DUSG) of the
      orbital vessels. DUSG was used as a screening method for detecting additional
      lesions of the carotid system. The 412 patients were divided into 5 groups
      according to their clinical symptoms: Group I: amaurosis fugax; group II:
      occlusions of the central retinal artery; group III: venous circulatory disorders
      of the retina; group IV: AION and optic disk vasculitis; group V: symptoms of
      chronic ocular ischemia. DUSG disclosed a high percentage of additional carotid
      lesions in groups I and II. In retinal venous disorders, in idiopathic non
      arteritic AION and in optic disk vasculitis DUSG findings usually were negative.
      In contrast to this, DUSG furnished valuable diagnostic information in arteritic
      AION, where nearly 50% of DUSG findings were positive. Carotid angiography, echo
      flow examination of the carotid system and temporal biopsy were used as reference
      methods.

PMID- 2933553
TI  - [Ulrich oculo-oscillodynamography: initial results in carotid stenoses].
AB  - Oculo-oscillodynamography (OODG) after Ulrich was performed in 11 patients
      suffering from a monolateral, hemodynamically relevant carotid stenosis
      identified by Doppler sonography. All of the pressure parameters which can be
      measured by OODG--systolic retinal, systolic ciliary, and diastolic ocular
      perfusion pressure--were low on the side concerned. In contrast to the already
      established methods of measuring ocular perfusion--ophthalmodynamometry and
      ophthalmodynamography after Hager--the advantages of OODG are that it not only
      enables the systolic retinal pressure to be differentiated from the systolic
      ciliary or diastolic ocular perfusion pressure, but also permits the results of
      the investigation to be illustrated graphically, so that objective evaluation is
      possible.

PMID- 2933554
TI  - [Ophthalmodynamography and Doppler ultrasonography of orbital vessels in temporal
      arteritis].
AB  - Twenty-three patients presenting with clinical and angiological signs of temporal
      arteritis were examined by ODG and DUSG. While the results of ODG were positive
      in all 23 patients, DUSG failed to furnish diagnostic evidence of temporal
      arteritis. Findings with DUSG were positive in only 9 out of 23 patients. DUSG is
      less suitable than ODG as a means of diagnosing temporal arteritis.

PMID- 2933555
TI  - Measurement of skin blood flow in patients with diabetes mellitus by periflux
      laser Doppler flowmeter.

PMID- 2933556
TI  - [Sanatorium treatment of duodenal ulcer patients over 50].

PMID- 2933557
TI  - [Changes in the physico-chemical properties of contractile and regulatory
      proteins in muscles of different types during overload and readaptation].
AB  - After 15-day exposure to +5 Gx the rate of superprecipitation, Mg2+-ATPase
      activity and actomyosin ATPase of slow muscles (m. soleus and medial head of m.
      triceps brachii) of white rats increased greatly. In actomyosin of fast muscles
      (m. brachialis and m. extensor digitorum longus) the exposure induced weaker and
      opposite changes in the superprecipitation rate and Mg2+-ATPase activity. The
      changes in actomyosin of the fast muscles were associated with shifts only in
      regulatory components while those of the slow muscles were produced by shifts in
      contractile proteins as well. This provided for a better recovery of the initial
      value of the superprecipitation rate and Mg2+-ATPase activity of actomyosin of
      the fast muscles a month after the exposure.

PMID- 2933558
TI  - [SAHB (Swiss Study Group for Resources for Handicapped) consultation. A sought
      after service for the physically disabled].

PMID- 2933559
TI  - Cortisol, cortisone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels in umbilical cord
      and maternal plasma between 21 and 30 weeks of pregnancy.
AB  - Cortisol (F), Cortisone (E) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHAS) were
      determined in maternal peripheral plasma and umbilical cord plasma between 21 and
      30 weeks of amenorrhea. In fetal plasma, DHAS levels were the highest and those
      of F the lowest. E always exceeded F. The pattern of all these steroids was
      characterized by a plateau throughout the period considered. In maternal plasma,
      F levels were more elevated than those of E but lower than DHAS concentrations.
      All the steroids plateaued as in the fetus. The study of the correlation between
      the steroids in either the same milieu or in maternal and umbilical cord plasma
      demonstrated that fetal E was correlated with maternal F and with fetal F while
      fetal DHAS was inversely correlated with maternal E.

PMID- 2933560
TI  - Modulation of action of kainic acid on the behavior of rats by p
      chlorophenylalanine and by gaba-mimetic drugs. Biochemical correlation between
      behavior and treatments.
AB  - Systemic injection of kainic acid (KA, 11 mg/kg i.p.) to male albino Sprague
      Dawley rats produced a sequence of behavioral events: stereotypies, convulsions,
      aphagia and aggressiveness in the form of sparring at artificial night fall, as
      well as a decline in brain-Gaba and brain-dopamine (DA)-levels followed by an
      increase in DA-levels on days 6 and 10 after treatment. No notable variations in
      serotonin (5-HT) was observed. Pretreatments of rats with GABA-mimetic drugs
      (gamma-vinyl GABA, 900 mg/kg i.p.; THIP, 1 microgram/1 microliter/rat, i.c.v.)
      prevented the occurrence of convulsion, aphagia and aggressiveness. Systemic
      injection of p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) (300 mg/kg i.p.) induced aggressiveness
      in the form of sparring at night fall. Treatment with PCPA followed by injection
      of KA shifted mild aggressive behavior to a violent one in the form of biting and
      killing familiar rats. The findings suggest that KA-neurotoxicity is due in part
      to its effects on GABA- and DA-neurotransmissions. It is shown also that
      convulsions are induced by a decline in GABA-level while sparring is provoked by
      an enhancement in DA-level. Violent aggressiveness is induced by the additive
      disruptive effects on GABA- and 5-HT-neurotransmissions in PCPA + KA treated
      animals.

PMID- 2933561
TI  - A model of lambda DNA arrangement in the viral particle.
AB  - The icosahedral shape of the lambda head suggests a 12-subunit structure of the
      collapsed DNA inside. The internal space of an icosahedron can optimally be
      filled by 12 geometrical figures each of which is a combination of a cone and
      more than half of a sphere. Such a pear-like geometrical figure is, in fact,
      formed spontaneously by DNA collapsed under certain conditions in vitro (Eickbush
      & Moudrianakis, 1978). It is proposed that a pear-like structure formed by about
      4000 bp is the fundamental structural subunit of packaged lambda DNA. A possible
      arrangement of the 12 subunits inside the phage head relative to the tail is
      discussed. We hypothesize that lambda DNA is packaged into proheads in its
      condensed form. A driving force promoting the DNA translocation could be an ATP
      dependent activity of a DNA topoisomerase (gpA/gpNu1), which would induce further
      reduction in the linking number of the already strongly negatively supercoiled
      DNA by rotation of one DNA strand around the other. The additional strain
      accumulated at the end of DNA molecule bound by the topoisomerase beyond a
      critical value would lead to regional collapse of the viral genome into a pear
      like structure.

PMID- 2933562
TI  - Externally stented polytetrafluoroethylene valved conduits for right heart
      reconstruction. An experimental comparison with Dacron valved conduits.
AB  - Valve-containing conduits have made possible the repair of many congenital
      anomalies that involve right ventricular-pulmonary arterial discontinuity. The
      distressing problem of neointimal peel formation with eventual conduit
      obstruction in patients with Dacron valved conduits has led to the need for
      premature replacement in many patients. Externally stented polytetrafluorethylene
      has demonstrated superior patency in the venous system experimentally and
      clinically and was believed to have potential advantages over Dacron for conduit
      construction. This study compares the transconduit resistance and the thickness
      of the neointimal peel in right ventricular-pulmonary arterial conduits
      constructed of externally stented polytetrafluoroethylene with those of woven
      Dacron. The 19 mm externally stented polytetrafluoroethylene conduits (Impra,
      Inc.) containing a Hancock porcine valve (Extracorporeal Inc.) were implanted in
      six adult mongrel dogs followed by proximal occlusion of the pulmonary artery. In
      six additional animals, a Dacron valved conduit of similar size and length was
      inserted. Cardiac output, transconduit gradient, and resistance were measured at
      operation and at 3 months. All conduits were subsequently explanted, opened
      longitudinally, and the thickness of the neointimal peel (excluding suture lines)
      measured. No hemodynamic differences were noted during the 3 month follow-up.
      However, the thickness of the neointimal peel was fourfold greater in Dacron
      conduits (609 +/- 144 mu) than in the conduits constructed of externally stented
      polytetrafluoroethylene (156 +/- 50 mu) (p less than 0.01). The thick peel in
      Dacron conduits extended into the outflow portion of the porcine valve cusps and
      prevented their full excision. The neointima in externally stented
      polytetrafluoroethylene conduits was thin and uniform and did not extend onto the
      leaflets or limit their mobility. This study demonstrated that the early
      hemodynamic performance of externally stented polytetrafluoroethylene conduits
      was comparable to that of Dacron conduits; Dacron conduits were subject to an
      accelerated rate of peel formation that affected leaflet mobility and may be a
      factor in early valve degeneration; a thin neointima formed in externally stented
      polytetrafluoroethylene conduits and valve leaflet motion was preserved. This
      study showed that externally stented polytetrafluoroethylene conduits offer
      advantages over Dacron valved conduits and warrant clinical application.

PMID- 2933563
TI  - A comparative study of immunological and cytochemical profiles between adult and
      childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemias (ALLs): heterogeneity in adult common
      ALL.
AB  - To investigate the biological differences between adult and childhood acute
      lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), leukemic blasts from 33 patients with ALL (22
      adults and 11 children) and from 11 patients in the lymphoid crisis of chronic
      myeloid leukemia (CML) were studied using cytochemical and immunological markers
      and also by the outcome of their treatment. The cytochemical studies showed that
      blasts from seven of the adult ALL patients were dense-granular-positive (DG
      positive) for beta-glucuronidase, whereas the blasts from the children were
      negative except for one (with T-ALL). In the adults with common ALL (cALL),
      survival of patients DG-positive for this enzyme were significantly shorter than
      that of eight patients with a scattered granular pattern (p less than 0.05). The
      mean ratio between the percentage of blasts positive for cALL antigen (cALLA) to
      that of blasts positive for terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) in the
      adult group with cALL (0.6 +/- 0.3) was significantly lower (p less than 0.01)
      than in the group of children with cALL (1.1 +/- 0.2) or in the lymphoid-crisis
      group (1.5 +/- 1.0). These findings indicate that adult cALL consists of two
      distinct subpopulations, one with less differentiated phenotype (cALL-/TdT+) and
      the other with more (cALL+/TdT+). In contrast, the blast cells in childhood cALL
      and some patients in lymphoid crisis had a relatively homogeneous population with
      the latter phenotypes. The results suggest that the clonotypic cells in adult
      ALL, particularly in cALL, appear to be more immature than those in childhood
      ALL. The beta-glucuronidase patterns indicate a further heterogeneity in adult
      ALL.

PMID- 2933564
TI  - Bone marrow macrophages and megakaryocytes express common acute lymphoblastic
      leukaemia antigen.
AB  - Common acute lymphoblastic leukaemia antigen (CALLA) was demonstrated on a
      proportion of bone marrow macrophages and megakaryocytes. CALLA was detected by
      two monoclonal antibodies (J5 & BA3) in a three-layer immunoalkaline phosphatase
      system applied to routine air-dried bone marrow smears. The J5 staining was
      confirmed by an indirect immunofluorescent method and the CALLA was shown to be
      at the surface of the macrophages and megakaryocytes by an indirect immunogold
      technique. The findings are discussed in relation to the known tissue
      distribution of CALLA and to the clinical use of anti-CALLA antibodies for bone
      marrow purging.

PMID- 2933565
TI  - Bronchodilator drugs and their combinations antagonize the dose-related
      leukotriene D4-induced airway obstruction in guinea pigs.
AB  - The effects of theophylline (THEO), terbutaline (TER), and ipratropium bromide
      (IPRA), given i.v. alone or in combination, were studied on leukotriene D4 (LTD4)
      induced airway obstruction in anaesthetized guinea pigs. LTD4 (0.1-1.6
      microgram/kg i.v.) obstructed small airways more than large ones as assessed in
      terms of relative changes of lung resistance (RL) and dynamic lung compliance
      (CDyn). A slight tachyphylaxis to LTD4 was observed after repeated
      administration, especially in the responses of large bronchi. The airway effects
      of LTD4 were almost totally abolished by prior administration of indomethacin (5
      mg/kg i.v.) suggesting a central role of secondarily released cyclo-oxygenase
      products in this model. THEO (1 to 20 mg/kg) and TER (10 to 400 micrograms/kg)
      antagonized dose-dependently the LTD4 (0.4 microgram/kg i.v.) induced rise in RL
      and decrease in CDyn, whereas IPRA (10 to 400 micrograms/kg) failed to show
      comparably activity. THEO 5 and 20 mg/kg proved highly efficient also on the dose
      related airway challenge by LTD4 (0.6 and 1.5 microgram/kg i.v.). Combined
      treatment with THEO 5 mg/kg + Ter 80 micrograms/kg resulted in an additive effect
      on RL and CDyn. The combination to THEO 20 mg/kg + TER 80 micrograms/kg was about
      as effective as THEO 20 mg/kg alone suggesting a nearly maximal effect by the
      latter treatment. It is concluded that THEO is considerably more efficient on the
      LTD4-induced airway obstruction than previously observed on the cholinergic model
      in guinea pigs. Combined treatment with THEO and beta 2-adrenoceptor agonist may
      antagonize in an additive manner the LTD4 effects on large and small airways.

PMID- 2933566
TI  - [Evaluation of cyproterone acetate in the treatment of hirsutism].

PMID- 2933567
TI  - The effects of histamine and some related compounds on conditioned avoidance
      response in rats.
AB  - When histamine (Hi) and other agonists were applied intraventricularly, Hi caused
      a dose-dependent inhibition of the avoidance response in rats; its ED50 was 3.60
      micrograms. 1-methylHi, 1-methylimidazole acetic acid and imidazole acetic acid
      which are major metabolites of Hi produced no inhibitory effect even at 50
      micrograms. H1-agonists (2-methylHi and 2-thiazolylethylamine) also depressed the
      avoidance response; their dose-response lines run parallel to that of Hi. The
      depressant effects of H2-agonists (4-methylHi and dimaprit) were relatively weak;
      their dose-response lines were not parallel to that of Hi. When antagonists were
      pretreated intravenously, Hi action was clearly antagonized by diphehydramine and
      pyrilamine, but not by cimetidine or ranitidine. Intraventricular injection of Hi
      mixed with cimetidine or ranitidine did not change the effect induced by Hi
      alone. The avoidance response was not affected by noradrenaline, dopamine or 5
      hydroxytryptamine. Although acetylcholine (ACh) suppressed the avoidance response
      dose-dependently, its effect was much weaker than that of Hi. Pretreatment with
      cholinergic blocking drugs (atropine and scopolamine) antagonized ACh action but
      not Hi action. From these results, it is assumed that the inhibitory effect of Hi
      on the avoidance response is preferentially linked to the H1-receptor. After
      intraventricular application of 3H-Hi, the highest radioactivity was determined
      in the hypothalamus.

PMID- 2933568
TI  - Calcium channel antagonist binding and pharmacology in rat uterine smooth muscle.
AB  - The calcium channel antagonists altered Ca-dependence of high K+-contractions of
      the estrogen dominant rat myometrium with the following pA2 values: PN-200-110,
      10.63; nitrendipine, 9.56; nifedipine, 9.41; D-600, 9.05; and diltiazem, 7.57.
      Specific binding of 3H-nitrendipine occurred to the isolated plasma membrane
      vesicles with Kd of 0.1 to 0.3 nM and was inhibited by PN-200-110, nitrendipine,
      nifedipine and D-600, and slightly activated by diltiazem. The binding studies
      and the contractility studies were in excellent agreement for the three
      dihydropyridines, but not for D-600 and diltiazem.

PMID- 2933569
TI  - Simultaneous recording of dorsal raphe unit activity and serotonin release in the
      striatum using voltammetry in awake, behaving cats.
AB  - Simultaneous recordings of unit activity in the dorsal raphe nucleus (RD) and
      serotonin (5HT) release in the striatum were made in the cat. Unit recordings
      were made using Formvar-coated 32 microns diameter nichrome wires. 5HT release
      was measured using linear sweep voltammetry with semi-differentiation using
      electrodes prepared from Teflon-coated 32-gauge stainless steel wire filled with
      carbon paste and Ag/AgCl electrodes and 27-gauge stainless steel needles as
      reference and auxiliary electrodes, respectively. The working electrodes were
      scanned at a rate of 10 mV/s over the range of -0.1 to +0.5 V every 5 minutes
      using a BAS CV37 voltammograph. During REM sleep RD unit activity was decreased
      94% from quiet waking (QW) baseline, while the voltammetric response was
      decreased by only 57%. Chloral hydrate anesthesia decreased RD unit activity by
      18% from QW while the voltammetric response was decreased by 39%. LSD decreased
      RD unit activity by 50% from QW, but the voltammetric response was decreased by
      88%. P-chlorophenylalanine produced no significant change in RD unit activity but
      decreased the voltammetric response by 82%. These data suggest that RD unit
      activity and 5HT release often differed dramatically.

PMID- 2933570
TI  - Workers' Compensation embraces psychiatry.

PMID- 2933572
TI  - Immune complex assays and their limitations.

PMID- 2933571
TI  - The role of iron in infection.

PMID- 2933573
TI  - [State of the neural elements of rabbit hair after irradiation and treatment with
      coamid].

PMID- 2933574
TI  - Effects of strenuous exercise on myocardial blood flow.
AB  - Myocardial blood flow is the major determinant of oxygen delivery to the
      myocardium, since oxygen extraction by the myocardium is near maximum in the
      resting state. Regulation of flow during exercise depends on local metabolic
      factors and, to a small extent, on autonomic tone. Maximum flow of 5-6 times
      resting has been measured in reactive hyperemia experiments. In strenuous
      exercise, myocardial oxygen delivery appears to be adequate and flow reserve
      seems capable of handling the increased oxygen demand. No evidence of myocardial
      failure in normal hearts due to excess exercise has been presented. However,
      pulmonary hemorrhages found in horses after strenuous racing may be due to
      inadequate cardiac performance at maximal capacity. In humans, severe limitations
      to myocardial blood flow are imposed by coronary artery disease and by cardiac
      hypertrophy. In both cases regional myocardial ischemia may occur during the
      increased oxygen demands imposed by strenuous exercise. Individuals with coronary
      disease or cardiac hypertrophy are at risk for myocardial ischemia during
      exercise. Detection of myocardial blood flow abnormalities and ischemia during
      exercise has become an important goal in cardiac diagnosis. Prevention of serious
      or lethal consequence of strenuous exercise depends on a better understanding of
      the factors that regulate myocardial blood flow during ischemia.

PMID- 2933576
TI  - The guilt factor.

PMID- 2933575
TI  - Effects of chronic exercise on biochemical and functional properties of the
      heart.
AB  - This paper summarizes the effects of physical conditioning on the intrinsic
      biochemical and functional properties of the heart. The majority of studies
      reported to date have focused on the rat as an exercise model. Two general
      methods of training have been utilized: endurance running and swimming. Results
      collectively suggest that swimming enhances both intrinsic biochemical and
      functional properties of the rodent contractile system. The mechanism for
      inducing these adaptations remains unknown, but it could be due to the hypoxic
      environment of swimming. In contrast, endurance running programs involving
      rodents (as well as other species) suggest relatively little change in the
      biochemical and functional properties of the contractile system. Initial findings
      indicate that adaptation in calcium availability to the contractile system may be
      occurring to enhance cardiac performance in response to training. However, this
      adaptation, along with the possibility of contractile protein phosphorylation,
      needs to be examined in greater detail before definitive conclusions on cardiac
      adaptation can be reached.

PMID- 2933577
TI  - Spinal manipulation.

PMID- 2933578
TI  - [Pentachlorophenol: current knowledge].

PMID- 2933580
TI  - The relationship of functional impairment & self-concept in the elderly with
      chronic illness.

PMID- 2933579
TI  - [Occupational allergic dermatitis: 5-year experience].

PMID- 2933581
TI  - Coronary angioplasty for the treatment of acute myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2933582
TI  - Coordinate synthesis and degradation of the alpha-, beta- and gamma-subunits of
      the receptor for immunoglobulin E.
AB  - The surface receptor for immunoglobulin E (IgE) on rat basophilic leukemia cells
      and their normal counterparts has been postulated to consist of four polypeptide
      chains: a 45-kDa alpha-chain which binds IgE, a 33-kDa beta-component and two
      disulfide-linked, 9-10-kDa gamma-polypeptides. The instability of this complex in
      mild detergents makes it possible that, in vivo also, the structure may not be
      stable and that there is an independent assembly or exchange of the chains. We
      studied this question using surface-labeling and biosynthetic labeling techniques
      and found that the chains turn over coordinately and do not independently
      exchange. The results provide further support for the proposal that the alpha
      beta gamma 2 complex is the unit receptor for IgE.

PMID- 2933584
TI  - Adrenergic response to cardiopulmonary bypass.

PMID- 2933583
TI  - [Effect of long-term high-dose progesterone (Depo-Provera) therapy on endometrial
      carcinoma].

PMID- 2933586
TI  - Nail biopsies in onychomycosis.

PMID- 2933585
TI  - A new ultraviolet-light sensitive mutant of Neurospora crassa with unusual
      photoreactivation property.
AB  - A mutant, uvs-(SA3B), which shows high sensitivity to UV light segregated among
      the progeny in a back-cross of a presumptive MMS-sensitive mutant to a wild-type
      strain. At 37% survival, this mutant was approximately 5 times more sensitive to
      UV and also 6 times more sensitive to 4-NQO than the wild type. But it was only
      slightly sensitive to gamma-ray, MMS, MNNG, MTC and histidine. It showed an
      unusual photoreactivation response. Its time course of photorecovery was similar
      to the photoreactivation-defective strain upr-1 of Neurospora crassa. Mutation
      induction by UV at the ad-3 loci in this mutant strain was lower than that at the
      same loci in the wild-type strain. The uvs-(SA3B) mutant maps between met-1 and
      col-4 in linkage group IV, and it was not allelic with the mutagen-sensitive
      mutant mus-8 which is located in this area. We have concluded, therefore, that
      uvs-(SA3B) has resulted from mutation in a new DNA-repair gene. This new mutant
      was barren in homozygous crosses.

PMID- 2933587
TI  - Plasma atrial natriuretic factor in patients with cirrhosis.

PMID- 2933588
TI  - A late-differentiation antigen associated with the helper inducer function of
      human T cells.
AB  - T lymphocytes possessing helper function produce soluble factors that greatly
      augment B-cell proliferation and differentiation into antibody-secreting cells.
      In humans the subset of T lymphocytes bearing the T4 surface antigen comprises
      most of the cells that display helper activity and recognize class II antigens of
      the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), while the subset bearing the T8
      antigen comprises T cells recognizing class I MHC antigens and exhibiting
      cytotoxic or suppressor function. Monoclonal antibodies to T4 or T8 greatly
      inhibit the cognitive and effector function of cells with the corresponding
      phenotype. This function/phenotype correlation is not absolute, however, for
      there are many examples of T8-positive clones that recognize MHC class II
      antigens and have helper activity, as well as of T4-positive clones with
      suppressor or cytotoxic function. Recently a family of cell-surface neoantigens,
      which might be relevant to T-cell function and which are present on activated but
      not on resting T lymphocytes, has been identified in mouse and humans using
      monoclonal antibodies. Some of these antibodies block the cytolytic activity of
      alloreactive T-cell clones, suggesting the possible involvement of such molecules
      in the activation of cytotoxic T-cell clones or in the lytic process itself. We
      now describe a similar late-differentiation antigen (LDA1) that is expressed by
      human T lymphocytes only following activation and is recognized by a monoclonal
      antibody that inhibits the antibody-inducing helper function of T lymphocytes.

PMID- 2933589
TI  - Human blood platelets showing no response to collagen fail to express surface
      glycoprotein Ia.
AB  - The interaction of blood platelets with collagen is generally considered to be of
      primary importance in the arrest of bleeding and to have a role in the
      pathogenesis of thrombosis and atherosclerosis. Following damage to the vascular
      endothelium, circulating platelets come into contact with exposed collagen
      fibrils in the subendothelium and spread along it; this is followed by the
      secretion of several biologically active substances and by aggregation of
      platelets. The glycoproteins of the platelet plasma membrane have an important
      role in the mechanisms underlying these processes. So far, two specific defects
      of platelet function in patients with a bleeding disorder are known to be
      associated with a glycoprotein defect and the study of these patients has
      contributed significantly to present concepts of platelet function. The
      glycoprotein (GP) IIB-III complex, absent or deleted in the aggregation-defective
      Glanzmann's thrombasthenia, has been identified as the platelet fibrinogen
      receptor. GPIb, which is absent in the adhesion-defective Bernard-Soulier
      syndrome, has been identified as the von Willebrand factor receptor on platelets.
      We now report a defect of the platelet plasma membrane glycoprotein composition
      in a patient whose platelets are totally unresponsive to collagen.

PMID- 2933590
TI  - Identification of kinesin in sea urchin eggs, and evidence for its localization
      in the mitotic spindle.
AB  - To understand the molecular basis of microtubule-associated motility during
      mitosis, the mechanochemical factors that generate the relevant motile force must
      be identified. Myosin, the ATPase that interacts with actin to produce the force
      for muscle contraction and other forms of cell motility, is believed to be
      involved in cytokinesis but not in mitosis. Dynein, the mechanochemical enzyme
      that drives microtubule sliding in eukaryotic cilia and flagella, has been
      identified in the cytoplasm of sea urchin eggs, but the evidence that it is
      involved in cytoplasmic microtubule-based motility (rather than serving as a
      precursor for embryonic cilia) is equivocal. Microtubule-associated ATPases have
      been prepared from other tissues, but their role in cytoplasmic motility is also
      unknown. Recent work on axoplasmic transport, however, has led to the
      identification of a novel mechanochemical protein called kinesin, which is
      thought to generate the force for moving vesicles along axonal microtubules.
      These results suggest that kinesin may also be a mechanochemical factor for non
      axoplasmic forms of microtubule-based motility, such as mitosis. We describe here
      the identification and isolation of a kinesin-like protein from the cytoplasm of
      sea urchin eggs. We present evidence that this protein is localized in the
      mitotic spindle, and propose that it may be a mechanochemical factor for some
      form of motility associated with the mitotic spindle.

PMID- 2933592
TI  - [Sensitization due to chloramphenicol].

PMID- 2933591
TI  - Biochemical and behavioral changes in rats after prolonged treatment with
      desipramine: interaction with p-chlorophenylalanine.
AB  - The decrease in the Bmax value of 3H-dihydroalprenolol (3H-DHA) binding to
      cortical membranes of rat brain induced by long-term administration of
      desipramine (DMI) was prevented by concomitant treatment with
      parachlorophenylalanine (pCPA). Acute administration of DMI significantly
      decreased locomotor activity in saline- and (pCPA)-pretreated rats. DMI-induced
      inhibition of locomotor activity was abolished in (pCPA)-pretreated rats
      chronically treated with DMI. Conversely, in pCPA-pretreated animals, acute DMI
      could still significantly decrease the locomotion of chronically DMI-treated
      rats. The data presented indicate that an intact serotoninergic system is
      required to enable antidepressant drugs to induce biochemical and behavioral
      changes following their chronic administration.

PMID- 2933593
TI  - Hepatitis B vaccine for the family physician.

PMID- 2933594
TI  - [Value of palpation and auscultation in stenoses and occlusions of the carotid
      arteries].

PMID- 2933595
TI  - Cerebral metabolism in hyper- and hypocarbia: 31P and 1H nuclear magnetic
      resonance studies.
AB  - Paralyzed rabbits ventilated with an oxygen, nitrous oxide, and carbon dioxide
      mixture were subjected to hyper- and hypocarbic stress. An Oxford Instrument TMR
      32-200 spectrometer was used to record phosphorus-31 and nonwater proton nuclear
      magnetic resonance spectra of the in vivo brain. These spectra provide
      measurements of cerebral pHi, phosphocreatine, orthophosphate, ATP, and lactate.
      The brain exhibited twice as much acute pH-regulating ability as the arterial
      blood. During hypercarbia, orthophosphate rose while phosphocreatine declined in
      a reciprocal manner, and ATP remained constant. During hypocarbia, lactate rose
      gradually over a period of 1 hour, while orthophosphate, phosphocreatine, and ATP
      remained constant and calculated values of adenosine mono- and diphosphate rose.

PMID- 2933596
TI  - [Spinal nociceptive reflex response. Changes in the RaIII nociceptive reflex
      response and in lumbo-sciatic pain induced by transcutaneous electric nerve
      stimulation and vibrations].

PMID- 2933597
TI  - [Nitrendipine, a new calcium antagonist, in the therapy of arterial
      hypertension].
AB  - Bay e 5009 (nitrendipine) is a new calcium-antagonist that acts mainly on blood
      vessel smooth muscles. The effects of this drug on hypertensive patients of both
      sexes was investigated. Nine patients were treated for 42 days at a fixed dosage
      of 1 tablet/day. A highly significant fall in arterial pressure was obtained (p
      less than 0.001). Seven patients took 20 mg/day of nitrendipine for 14 days and a
      significant reduction in A.P. was obtained (p less than 0.001): for the next four
      weeks, the dosage was increased to 20 mg twice a day when a further decrease in
      systolic and diastolic A.P. was obtained without the occurrence of side effects.
      A further five patients were treated for 14 day (20 mg/day). These showed a fall
      in blood pressure levels (p less than 0.001) but suffered from slight oedema
      which made it necessary to suspend the treatment. An increase in heart rate was
      noted in all patients (p less than 0.001). This was due to reflex adrenergic
      activation. Nitrendipine therefore proved effective as an antihypertensive drug
      even at a daily dose of only 20 mg.

PMID- 2933598
TI  - [Skin pathology caused by drugs].
AB  - 175 patients suffering from acute drug-induced skin pathologies were examined
      with particular reference to age of onset, clinical type and causative agent. The
      most common pathology was urticaria, followed by eczematous and exanthematic
      eruptions. The drugs most frequently responsible for such reactions were the
      analgesic-antipyretic-anti-inflammatory group, topical products and antibiotics.
      These data are discussed in detail.

PMID- 2933599
TI  - [Hematoma of the rectus abdominis muscle as cause of diagnostic error in
      obstetrics].

PMID- 2933600
TI  - Adolescence and physical handicap.

PMID- 2933602
TI  - Identification of chorion villi in abortion specimens.
AB  - The incidence of ectopic pregnancy is rising. All patients with a diagnosis of
      spontaneous abortion should be observed until they have been proved not to have
      an ectopic pregnancy. To help in identifying patients with an ectopic pregnancy,
      sensitive human chorionic gonadotropin tests, ultrasound, and laparoscopy have
      been used, yet there has been a tendency to forget the simple method of looking
      for chorion villi. In material specimens of 272 patients with the initial
      diagnosis of spontaneous abortion, the gynecologist could identify villi in 50%
      and the pathologist could identify another 30%. Thus, only 20% had to be observed
      by other methods and one-third proved to have an ectopic pregnancy.

PMID- 2933601
TI  - Acne fulminans with severe myalgia precipitated by isotretinoin therapy.

PMID- 2933604
TI  - Audiometers should be tested daily as part of industry hearing program.

PMID- 2933603
TI  - Poor building designs hinder safe emergency escape by handicapped.

PMID- 2933605
TI  - Manufacture and clinical application of XZY-1 model computer assisted ECG
      automatic diagnosis system.

PMID- 2933606
TI  - [Hygiene in public health clinics].

PMID- 2933607
TI  - [Obesity and atherosclerosis as specific toxic alcohol sequelae].

PMID- 2933608
TI  - [Blood pressure measurements in mass screening and epidemiologic studies--does
      use of random zero instruments bring advantages?].

PMID- 2933609
TI  - [Subjective health in an urban population].

PMID- 2933610
TI  - [Examination of kindergarten and school children by the public health department
      (development and content of a questionnaire)].

PMID- 2933611
TI  - [Psychosocial services of the city of Herne 1980-1984].

PMID- 2933612
TI  - [Performance and cost transparency in legal health insurance--a model trial in
      the Heilbronn district].

PMID- 2933613
TI  - [Dental care of German deep-sea fishermen].

PMID- 2933614
TI  - [Current status and future of cooperation between physicians and social insurance
      and their partners from the hospital and general practice. Daily practice:
      problems and their solution].

PMID- 2933615
TI  - [Sense or nonsense of inpatient "cures" in liver disease patients--2].

PMID- 2933616
TI  - [Activity of biological oxidation enzymes in the blood of children at different
      stages of development and with different dynamics of myopia].

PMID- 2933617
TI  - Hormonal treatment of disseminated male breast cancer.
AB  - 14 males with disseminated cancer of breast received a total of 35 endocrine
      trials, mainly in the form of hormonal supplementation. Overall, a 43% response
      rate was observed. In particular, remissions occurred in 7 of 11 instances with
      cyproterone acetate, in 3 of 7 with tamoxifen, in 2 of 5 with estrogens, in 2 of
      5 with aminoglutethimide, in none of 3 with high-dose medroxyprogesterone
      acetate, in none of 1 with androgens, and in 1 of 3 with castration. The response
      to additive hormonal therapy was 44%. Median overall response duration was 10
      months, 11 months following additive hormonal therapy. Median survival from start
      of therapy was longer in responding than in nonresponding patients (23.5 vs. 11
      months). A disease-free interval did not appear to influence hormonal response.
      Patients responding to one form of hormonal treatment had a greater likelihood of
      responding to subsequent hormonal manipulations. Additive hormonal therapy may
      provide effective palliation in males with advanced breast cancer, and should be
      considered as a valid alternative to orchiectomy.

PMID- 2933619
TI  - Antioxidant modulation of phacoanaphylactic endophthalmitis.
AB  - Catalase treatment reduces the expected inflammation in experimental
      phacoanaphylactic endophthalmitis. Catalase is a scavenger of hydrogen peroxide
      and presumably protects against the cytolytic effects of reactive oxygen
      metabolites. Recent work indicates that oxygen-derived free radicals may play a
      critical role in the early tissue damage in immune complex disease.

PMID- 2933618
TI  - Alloantigen-activated lysis of syngenic tumor augmented by allogenic lymphocytes
      as cold targets.
AB  - In the past, most work in tumor immunology involved attempts to demonstrate tumor
      specific transplantation antigens; however, recent in vitro work has shown that
      it is not necessary to sensitize to a specific tumor antigen to achieve lysis of
      syngenic tumor cells. Responder spleen cells from B6AF1 mice (H-2a,b) were
      sensitized in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC) to alloantigens on spleen cells
      from B10.D2 (H-2d) mice. In cell-mediated lympholysis (CML) assays the relevant
      allogenic P815 (H-2d) tumor targets and B10.D2 lymphoblast targets were lysed. In
      addition, the semisyngenic tumor target EL-4 (H-2b) was lysed but RDM-4 (H-2k)
      was not. B10.BR (H-2k), C57BL/6 (H-2b) and B6AF1 lymphoblasts were not lysed. If
      lymphocytes were added as cold targets to the CML assay, B10.D2 lymphocytes
      completely absorbed lytic activity when B10.D2 lymphoblasts were the target. If
      B10.D2 lymphocytes were added when P815 was the target, lysis was reduced but
      could not be abolished. When B10.D2 lymphocytes were added with EL-4 as a target,
      lysis doubled. These experiments show that the neoplastic determinant on tumor
      cells recognized by alloantigen-activated lymphocytes does not cross-react with
      stimulator cell alloantigen and is not an alien histocompatibility antigen. These
      observations should be considered when in vivo attempts are made to control tumor
      with in vitro activated lymphocytes; transfer of not only in vitro activated
      cells but also allogenic stimulator cells to the tumor site may be necessary for
      maximal tumor destruction.

PMID- 2933620
TI  - [Data for predicting road-transport injuries].

PMID- 2933621
TI  - [Systemic basis of organization of the process of rehabilitation of
      traumatological-orthopedic patients].

PMID- 2933622
TI  - [Current results of hemostasis research (protein C, protein S) and their effect
      on oral anticoagulant therapy in clinical practice].

PMID- 2933623
TI  - The role of compensation in chronic pain: analysis using a new method of scoring
      the McGill Pain Questionnaire.
AB  - Patients who receive worker's compensation or are awaiting litigation after an
      accident have long been regarded as neurotics or malingerers who are exaggerating
      their pain for financial gain. However, there is a growing body of evidence that
      patients who receive worker's compensation are no different from patients who do
      not. In particular, a recent study found no differences between compensation and
      non-compensation patients based on pain scores obtained with the McGill Pain
      Questionnaire (MPQ). Since the MPQ is usually scored by using rank values rather
      than more complex scale values, the negative finding might be attributable to the
      loss of information by using rank values. Consequently, a simple technique was
      developed to convert rank values to weighted-rank values which are equivalent to
      scale values. A study of 145 patients suffering low-back and musculoskeletal pain
      revealed that compensation and non-compensation patients had virtually identical
      pain scores and pain descriptor patterns. They were also similar on the MMPI pain
      triad (depression, hysteria, hypochondriasis) and on several other personal that
      were examined. The only differences were significantly lower affective or
      evaluative MPQ scores and fewer visits to health professionals by compensation
      patients compared to non-compensation patients. These results suggest that the
      financial security provided by compensation decreases anxiety, which is reflected
      in the lower affective or evaluative ratings but not the sensory or total MPQ
      scores. Compensation patients, contrary to traditional opinion, appear not to
      differ from people who do not receive compensation. Accidents which produce
      injury and pain should be considered as potentially psychologically traumatic as
      well as conducive to the development of subtle physiological changes such as
      trigger points. Patients on compensation or awaiting litigation deserve the same
      concern and compassion as all other patients who suffer chronic pain.

PMID- 2933624
TI  - Comprehensive assessment of chronic low back pain patients and controls: physical
      abilities, level of activity, psychological adjustment and pain perception.
AB  - A comprehensive functional evaluation designed for patients with chronic low back
      pain (CLBP) is described. The evaluation includes measures from 4 domains of the
      CLBP syndrome; physical abilities, level of activity, psychological adjustment
      and pain perception. New measures for standardized assessment of physical
      abilities and employment of body mechanics are introduced. Evaluation data from
      68 CLBP subjects and 35 age-matched, pain-free, controls is presented. Results
      indicate important deficits in physical abilities and psychological adjustment
      for the CLBP group compared to the controls. Factor analysis of the evaluation
      measures yielded a general conditioning factor and a general psychological
      adjustment factor but complicated factor structures for report of pain and time
      in activities. Further analysis demonstrated a strong relationship between
      objective disability and psychological and psychosocial adjustment but little
      relationship between level of pain and other disability measures.

PMID- 2933625
TI  - Prolactin and cortisol responses to the experience of low back pain.
AB  - Demographic, clinical and psychological characteristics of 92 patients with low
      back pain were correlated with prolactin and cortisol levels in cerebrospinal
      fluid (CSF). Somatization and depression scores correlated statistically
      significantly with the CSF serum ratio of prolactin both in men and in the total
      group. An increased CSF/serum ratio of cortisol was slightly associated with
      somatization scores in the total group. Multiple stepwise regression,
      furthermore, revealed that somatization, anxiety and one of the pain indices
      contributed to the variance in the CSF prolactin level, which was mostly
      dependent on the respective serum level. Sex and electromyographic findings (EMG)
      accounted for 12 and 7%, respectively, of the variance in the afternoon cortisol
      levels. Women reported more somatization and depression feelings than did men.
      Most of the data support our earlier assumption that male and female pain
      patients have different coping mechanisms. In spite of the common underlying
      endocrine responses to distress in men and women, gender differences in
      psychological response appear to modify endocrine responses to the experience of
      low back pain.

PMID- 2933626
TI  - A comparison between the MMPI and the 'Mensana Clinic Back Pain Test' for
      validating the complaint of chronic back pain in women.
AB  - Reports on the efficacy of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
      for selecting patients with valid complaints of pain, have been equivocal. The
      Mensana Clinic Screening Test for Chronic Back Pain Patients (MPT) was able to
      predict, with some degree of success, patients who had definite organic
      pathology. However, ther MMPI measures personality traits, while the MPT measures
      the impact of pain on a patient's life. In order to determine which of the two
      tests would be a better predictor of actual physical abnormalities, and hence
      valid pain complaints, a comparison was undertaken between the two tests. The
      charts of 53 female admissions to the Neurosurgery Service of Johns Hopkins
      Hospital, with the complaint of back pain, were assessed. MMPI test results, as
      well as test results for the MPT, were compared to the presence or absence of
      pathology on electromyography, nerve conduction velocity studies, thermography,
      myelogram, CT scan, or X-ray. The MPT had a correlation factor of -0.5384, that
      was significant at the 0.00002 level. Of the 30 patients scoring 17 points or
      less on the MPT, 77% had objective physical abnormalities, considered moderate or
      severe by blind review. Of the 23 patients scoring 18 points or greater on the
      MPT, only 18% had objective physical findings that were considered moderate or
      severe. Only the depression scale (scale no. 2) of the MMPI correlated with
      objective physical abnormalities (R = -0.30). However, only 58% of the patients
      with T scores on scale no. 2 of less than 70 had objective findings, while 56% of
      patients with T scores greater than 70 had objective physical findings.(ABSTRACT
      TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2933627
TI  - Contrast medium cause the apparent increase in beta-endorphin levels in human CSF
      following brain stimulation.

PMID- 2933628
TI  - The (non)sense of the present-day classification system of sports for the
      disabled, regarding paralysed and amputee athletes.
AB  - In order to guarantee fair competition amongst athletes, suffering from spinal
      paralysis with different neurological levels, a classification-system on a
      medical basis was introduced at the beginning of the annual Stoke Mandeville
      Paraplegic Games in the 1950s. The system was set up in such a way, that athletes
      with comparable degrees of disability were put together in the same class, in
      principle not depending on the actual sporting events. Subsequently a similar
      system was introduced for amputee athletes, and this system is still being used.
      In view of the large number of competitors, the Olympic Games for the Disabled in
      1980 in the Netherlands were the basis for a statistical research analysis on the
      acquired data, studying the results of competition in connection with the medical
      classification data. The following types of sports were looked at: athletics,
      swimming, archery and weight-lifting. The objective was, to justify the
      (theoretical) medical classification-system by means of (practical) actual
      figures (results of competition). As a basic method the 'zero-hypothesis' has
      been used. Specifically the 'Student's t distribution' has been used in view of
      the small samples. The interim conclusion is, that the present-day classification
      system is good with regards to those with poliomyelitis, and to tetraplegic and
      paraplegic sports people both with complete or incomplete lesions competing
      together, but the number of classes requires to be diminished in several sports
      events. The same research analysis of the results of the Olympic Games for the
      Disabled of 1984 will be made in order to compare the two studies and to make
      final conclusions.

PMID- 2933629
TI  - Giardia muris-induced depression of the primary immune response in spleen and
      mesenteric lymph node cell cultures to sheep red blood cells.
AB  - Primary in vitro plaque-forming cell (PFC) responses to sheep red blood cells
      (SRBC) were examined for spleen and mesenteric lymph node (MLN) cell populations
      from susceptible (A/J) and resistant (B10.A) mice during the infection with
      Giardia muris. Spleen and MLN cells isolated from mice during the acute phase of
      the infection were less responsive to SRBC in vitro than those from uninfected
      mice. Depressed anti-SRBC PFC response was detected earlier and was more
      pronounced in MLN cell cultures when compared to the response of spleen cell
      cultures. Spleen and MLN cells from donors infected with G. muris for 15 days had
      the capacity of depressing PFC response to SRBC of cells isolated from uninfected
      mice. This suppressor activity was localized in the plastic-adherent fraction of
      spleen cell populations isolated from A/J and B10.A mice. Since G. muris is a
      gastro-intestinal infection of mice, lower capacity of the MLN cells to respond
      to an antigenic stimulation in vitro may explain, in part, the proliferation of
      the trophozoites during the acute phase of the infection.

PMID- 2933630
TI  - Platelet mediated killing of larvae from different filarial species in the
      presence of Dipetalonema viteae stimulated IgE antibodies.
AB  - The platelets from normal rats interact with microfilariae of Dipetalonema viteae
      in vitro in the presence of antibodies leading to the killing of the parasite.
      The antibody involved in this reaction is identified as IgE because the
      absorption of immune rat serum on anti-rat IgE column or the pretreatment of
      platelets with anti-Fc epsilon receptor resulted in a significant reduction in
      the percentage of killing of microfilariae. This antibody, which mediates
      platelet activity towards microfilariae, appears early in the secondary infection
      and persists for a short period of time. This short-lasting IgE antibody is not
      apparently present in the form of large complexes since the supernatant but not
      the pellet after ultracentrifugation was able to mediate killing of microfilariae
      by platelets. IgE-dependent platelet-mediated parasite killing is neither stage-
      nor species-specific because the microfilariae (LI) of Brugia malayi or of Loa
      loa and infective larvae (L3) of D. viteae or of B. malayi were killed when they
      were incubated with the serum obtained from rats at day 8 after secondary
      infection with adult D. viteae worms. The results of the present study suggest
      that platelets can actively participate in the immunological killing of filarial
      larvae.

PMID- 2933631
TI  - Therapeutic catheter procedures in pediatrics.
AB  - There is a large spectrum of interventional catheter procedures being performed
      presently in children. The procedures that offer a greater advantage than
      surgical techniques and that will continue to be established procedures include
      percutaneous angioplasty of the pulmonary valve, peripheral pulmonary artery and
      caval stenosis, embolizations of pulmonary collaterals and pulmonary
      arteriovenous malformations, angioplasty of vascular access shunt, embolization
      of bronchial arteries for hemoptysis, and percutaneous nephrostomy and abscess
      drainage procedures. Others that have been successful but not yet routinely
      established in children include thrombolysis, renal artery angioplasty,
      embolization of peripheral arteriovenous malformations, dilatation of the urinary
      and gastrointestinal tract stenosis, and percutaneous biopsy.

PMID- 2933632
TI  - Prenatal diagnosis of GM2 gangliosidosis with high residual hexosaminidase A
      activity (variant B1; pseudo AB variant).
AB  - A case of infantile GM2 gangliosidosis with high residual beta-hexosaminidase A
      activity toward the synthetic substrate 4-methylumbelliferyl-2-acetamido-2-deoxy
      beta-D-glucopyranoside was diagnosed prenatally. Extracts from cultured amniotic
      fluid cells of the fetus had a hexosaminidase A activity of 27% of total
      hexosaminidase but were almost completely unable to degrade [3H]ganglioside GM2
      (less than 0.5% of control values) when assayed in the presence of the natural
      activator protein. These results were confirmed by analyses of fetal muscle
      fibroblasts, liver, and brain. All tissues examined showed a profound deficiency
      of ganglioside GM2 galactosaminidase despite hexosaminidase A levels in the
      heterozygote range. In brain tissue, ganglioside GM2 content was elevated more
      than 4-fold. Hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl glucosaminide-6-sulfate, a substrate
      specific for hexosaminidases A and S, by tissue extracts was also markedly
      reduced but the residual activities found (5% in liver, 12% in fibroblasts, and
      16% in brain) were much higher than those with the physiological lipid substrate,
      ganglioside GM2.

PMID- 2933633
TI  - Synthesis and radioreceptor binding activity of N-0437, a new, extremely potent
      and selective D2 dopamine receptor agonist.
AB  - The synthesis of a new, potent and selective D2 dopamine receptor agonist, N
      0437, of the 2-aminotetralin group is described. The results of a radioreceptor
      binding assay using a homogenate of porcine anterior pituitary as a tissue source
      for D2 dopamine receptors and 3H-spiperone as radioligand demonstrate that this
      compound is one of the most potent compounds so far evaluated in this test
      system.

PMID- 2933635
TI  - Detection of sub-picogram quantities of specific DNA sequences on blot
      hybridization with biotinylated probes.
AB  - A sensitive method for detecting biotinylated DNA probes on dot and Southern
      blots is described which is based on the principle outlined by Leary et al (1).
      This system has two main components: detection of biotinylated DNA by a two-step
      procedure with streptavidin and poly(alkaline phosphatase); and blocking
      background with Tween 20. 32fg and 80fg of lambda phage DNA was detected on dot
      and Southern blot hybridizations respectively. 150fg of beta-globin was detected
      on Southern blots of genomic DNA. This method is fast, reproducible and can
      detect single copy genes in 0.25 micrograms genomic DNA on Southern blots.

PMID- 2933634
TI  - A primer vector system that allows temperature dependent gene amplification and
      expression in mammalian cells: regulation of the influenza virus NS1 gene
      expression.
AB  - Influenza virus RNA segment 8 has been cloned into primer-vector pSLts1. This
      vector was designed to replicate in simian cells in a temperature dependent
      fashion by use of the SV40 tsA209 T-antigen gene. The oriented synthesis of cDNA
      on dT-tailed pSLts1 was performed on in vitro synthesized mRNA, and the second
      DNA strand was primed with an influenza-specific terminal oligodeoxynucleotide.
      Recombinant pSLVa232 contained the RNA segment 8 sequence directly fused to the
      SV40 late promoter contained in pSLts1, and followed by the SV40 polyadenylation
      signal. Expression of NS1 gene in transfected COS cells took place at a level
      comparable to that found in infected cells. When VERO cell cultures were
      transfected with recombinant pSLVa232, expression of the NS1 gene was temperature
      dependent. Close to one hundred fold increase in the amplification and expression
      of the cloned gene was observed after shift down of the transfected cells to
      permissive temperature. Vector pSLts1 and the cloning strategy described may be
      useful for the specific cloning and regulated expression of mRNAs of known 5'
      terminal sequence.

PMID- 2933636
TI  - An RFLP associated with the human catalase gene.

PMID- 2933637
TI  - RA can alter the distribution of ATPase-positive Langerhans cells in the hamster
      cheek pouch in association with DMBA application.
AB  - Thirty-six young adult male and female Syrian hamsters were divided into four
      groups. Group 1 (N = 6) was treated with mineral oil, Group 2 (N = 12) was
      treated with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA), Group 3 (N = 12) was treated
      with DMBA and 13-cis-retinoic acid (RA), and Group 4 (N = 6) was treated with RA
      only. The hamsters were treated three times a week for six weeks. When the DMBA
      treated animals were also treated with RA, tumor formation was inhibited. In the
      DMBA-treated animals that did not have RA, there was a significant reduction in
      the number of Langerhans cells (LCs) located interfocally and in foci compared
      with controls (p less than or equal to 0.001). The systemic administration of 10
      mg of RA significantly increased the number of ATPase-positive LCs in the focal
      aggregates (p less than or equal to 0.001). Interfocally, the number of ATPase
      positive LCs was statistically elevated in pouches from RA- and DMBA-treated
      animals (Group 2 vs. Group 3, p less than or equal to 0.01). Following the
      administration of RA (Group 4), there was a statistically significant increase of
      LCs interfocally compared with Groups 2 or 3 (p less than or equal to 0.001). RA
      administered alone resulted in a small increase in foci compared with Group 3 but
      in a significant decrease compared with the control group (p less than or equal
      to 0.001). Systemic RA appears to not only affect the number of ATPase-positive
      LCs but also to alter the distribution of these cells in DMBA-treated
      pouches.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2933638
TI  - Medical/dental management of a patient with congenital Factor XIII.

PMID- 2933639
TI  - Experimental dissociation of food intake and plasma beta-endorphin following 2
      deoxy-D-glucose in rats.
AB  - The present studies were undertaken to further assess the role of plasma beta
      endorphin (beta-EP) in the hyperphagia induced by the glucose antimetabolite, 2
      deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG). Plasma concentrations of immunoreactive beta-EP (ir-beta
      EP) were measured at the end of the first hour of feeding in all animals treated
      with 400 mg/kg 2-DG. Previous studies had shown a consistent, positive
      association between 2-DG hyperphagia and plasma ir-beta-EP concentrations, but
      the present data revealed dissociations between hyperphagia and plasma ir-beta
      EP. Dexamethasone administration blocked the 2-DG-induced rise in plasma ir-beta
      EP, but had no effect on the 2-DG hyperphagia measured at 1 hour. Forced drinking
      of a 2% NaCl solution decreased 2-DG hyperphagia, but not the 2-DG induced rise
      in plasma ir-beta-EP. Thus, elevations in plasma ir-beta-EP are not necessary for
      the full expression of 2-DG-induced hyperphagia in dexamethasone-treated rats.
      Furthermore, decreased feeding responses to 2-DG could coexist with increased
      levels of plasma ir-beta-EP in NaCl-treated normal rats. Elevations in plasma ir
      beta-EP do not appear to be the critical opiate link in 2-DG induced hyperphagia.

PMID- 2933640
TI  - Relaxant activity of atriopeptins in isolated guinea pig airway and vascular
      smooth muscle.
AB  - Atriopeptins are circulating peptide hormones which are secreted by atrial tissue
      and act at the kidney. Because the atriopeptins survive passage through the
      pulmonary circulation, they also may be involved in the modulation of airway or
      pulmonary vascular smooth muscle tone. Using in vitro organ bath techniques,
      atriopeptins were found to induce potent concentration-dependent relaxation of
      isolated guinea pig trachea, and pulmonary artery with a rank order of potency:
      atriopeptin III greater than atriopeptin II greater than atriopeptin I.
      Atriopeptin-induced smooth muscle relaxation was observed to be a direct response
      since it was not mediated by activation of relaxant VIP receptors, beta
      adrenergic receptors, or H2 receptors nor affected by cyclooxygenase inhibition
      or denuding of the vasculature or trachea of endothelial and epithelial cells.
      The time course of atriopeptin II-induced relaxation of the pulmonary artery was
      transient in contrast to the prolonged relaxations on the trachea. The transient
      relaxant responses of atriopeptin II on pulmonary artery were not due to
      metabolism of atriopeptin II to atriopeptin I by angiotensin-converting enzyme
      since pretreatment with captopril did not augment the response. These results
      seem to indicate that distinct atriopeptin receptors may exist in airway and
      pulmonary arterial smooth muscle and that activation of these relaxant receptors
      may play an important role in the regulation of pulmonary vascular and
      bronchomotor tone.

PMID- 2933641
TI  - [Diagnostico-therapeutic algorithm in the lumbosacral pain syndrome].

PMID- 2933642
TI  - Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty: morphological findings in 3
      patients.
AB  - Little morphologic information is available on the status of the major epicardial
      coronary arteries in patients dying after percutaneous transluminal coronary
      angioplasty. We studied hearts from 3 men (aged 60, 45 and 47 years) dying 3
      days, 1 month and 7 months after balloon--dilatation of obstructed coronary
      artery segments. Twice the left anterior, once the left main coronary artery have
      been desobliterated. In one patient the procedure has not been successful and a
      venous bypass graft had to be implanted. Histologically the site of dilatation is
      clearly recognisable after 7 months. The characteristic findings are intimal
      tears in the segment opposite to the obstructing plaque. The intimal gaps are
      filled after 7 months by a neointima. In the dilated left main coronary we find 1
      month after angioplasty an extensive proliferation of smooth muscle cells
      resulting in restenosis. Two patients died suddenly after an interval without
      angina. In the third patient--ome hours after bypass grafting--spasm of the non
      involved right coronary artery occurred resulting in inferior infarction; this
      patient died 3 days after dilatation.

PMID- 2933643
TI  - Stiff skin syndrome.
AB  - Stiff skin syndrome was first documented by Esterly and McKusick. We saw a
      patient with this disease, as well as another who had a similar condition but a
      somewhat different histology. These two patients shared heritable stiff skin,
      restricted joint mobility, and absent mucopolysacchariduria. In stiff skin
      syndrome, which may have two variants, skin biopsy demonstrates large cells
      stained metachromatically by toluidine blue. These cells are shaped like dermal
      melanocytes or rounded cells and their presence may be directly related to the
      deposition of mucopolysaccharide in the dermis. In some cases they may invade the
      deeper tissues. Two cases of stiff skin syndrome that were in the Japanese
      literature are also discussed.

PMID- 2933644
TI  - Pelvic inflammatory disease.

PMID- 2933645
TI  - Prenatal diagnosis for Tay-Sachs disease using chorionic villus sampling.
AB  - Prenatal diagnosis for Tay-Sachs disease was performed on 25 patients using
      chorionic villus sampling (CVS). Nineteen were diagnosed as normal, and six were
      affected. Normal villus extracts had both hexosaminidase (hex) A and B activity,
      as determined by Cellogel and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, while extracts
      from affected fetuses had only hex B activity. Compared to cultured amniotic
      fluid cells or fibroblasts, villi contained less hex A. Hex A levels in fresh
      villi and cultured trophoblasts were roughly comparable.

PMID- 2933646
TI  - [Current concepts of autoimmune polyendocrinopathies].

PMID- 2933647
TI  - [Obstructive anuria with non-dilated cavities].
AB  - Four patients with no evidence of acute functional or organic renal failure
      suddenly developed anuria. Repeated ultrasonographic exploration failed to show
      any dilatation of the urinary tract. After 4, 5, 7 and 34 days of anuria
      respectively, an obstacle was detected, located and identified by ultrasonically
      guided antegrade pyelography, which led to immediate urine derivation by
      percutaneous nephrostomy. Three of these patients were cured by percutaneous
      techniques alone. These 4 cases represent a small but not negligible part of a
      series of 74 patients with obstructive anuria, 70 of whom had dilated renal
      cavities. They throw doubt not on the reliability of ultrasonography, but on the
      idea that all obstacles are associated with dilatation upstream. They also
      confirm that opacification of the urinary tract is the only way of making sure
      that an obstacle is present. Antegrade pyelography gives excellent contrast
      images and can be used as first stage of a percutaneous nephrostomy. The other
      diagnostic methods are fraught with a high proportion of inadequacy or failure.

PMID- 2933648
TI  - [Malignant lymphoma of the testis].
AB  - The incidence of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the testis is in the order of 1.8% in
      adults. Ten cases of lymphomas histologically proven after orchidectomy are
      reported: 5 were diffuse large cell, 4 immunoblastic and 1 diffuse small cell
      lymphomas. Mean age was 56 years. Five patients had stage IE or IIE and 5 stage
      IV disease after staging. Seven patients had received chemotherapy followed by
      subdiaphragmatic irradiation and 2 with localized lymphoma were treated by
      radiotherapy alone after orchidectomy. Four patients in remission relapsed after
      6 to 24 months. Central nervous system involvement during the course of the
      disease was observed in 5 cases. Five patients are still alive in remission after
      an 18 to 80 months follow-up.

PMID- 2933649
TI  - [Tumoral hypophosphoremic osteomalacia].
AB  - Various tumoral diseases may induce hypophosphataemic osteomalacia. This is the
      case, in particular, with mesenchymal tumours and sclerosing metastases of
      prostatic cancer; much less common causes are diffuse connective tissue
      dysplasias and non-prostatic epitheliomas. Depending on whether osteomalacia
      results from a mesenchymal tumour or from osteitis of prostatic origin, the
      practical problems encountered are quite different. In the first case, the
      important point is not to miss a mesenchymal tumour when confronted with an
      acquired and apparently idiopathic hypophosphataemia; repeated examinations at
      regular intervals are sometimes necessary to detect the tumour which is usually
      benign; osteomalacia can then be cured by its removal. In the second case, the
      difficulty is to detect an osteomalacia which may be masked by bone metastases
      and to recognize its tubular origin in order to prescribe the appropriate
      treatment. Little is known about the pathogenesis of tumoral hypophosphataemic
      osteomalacia. The renal diabetes and low 1,25 (OH)2 D plasma levels frequently
      associated with the disease reflect a complex enzymatic disorder thought to be
      caused by a humoral mediator secreted by the tumour. Studies carried out in this
      field have already shown that 1,25 (OH)2 D is therapeutically useful when the
      tumour cannot be excised.

PMID- 2933650
TI  - [Suture of a carotid arteriotomy over a dilator].
AB  - Using a conical dilator as support during closure of arteriotomy improves the
      caliber of the vessel and makes its wall much more regular. This improvement has
      been confirmed by routine per-operative arteriography.

PMID- 2933651
TI  - [Desensitization of allergic diseases: new allergens, increased vigilance].

PMID- 2933652
TI  - [Increase in hepatic arterial pressure during hepatic intra-arterial
      chemotherapy].

PMID- 2933653
TI  - [Myelolipoma of the adrenal gland. Preoperative diagnosis is now possible].

PMID- 2933655
TI  - [Retraction of the branches of Greenfield's intracaval filter. An indirect sign
      of thrombosis of the inferior vena cava].

PMID- 2933654
TI  - [Idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis associated with Riedel's thyroiditis].

PMID- 2933656
TI  - [Methemoglobinemia and acute toxic hemolytic anemia caused by gingival lotion
      with a benzocaine and resorcinol base].

PMID- 2933657
TI  - [Reappraisal of the water test in adrenocortical exploration].
AB  - The water-loading test (Robinson's test) has been used since 1941 to evaluate the
      adrenocortical function. Due to this technique, impaired water excretion has
      become a classical feature of adrenal deficiency. The purpose of this study was
      to assess the reliability of this test when compared with modern procedures for
      adrenal exploration. Water excretion was decreased in 23 cortisol-deficient
      patients but also in 16 out of 58 subjects (27%) with normal adrenal biological
      tests. We consider that this simple test, although old-fashioned, remains useful
      since normal diuresis after 2 hours is sufficient to rule out a cortisol
      deficiency.

PMID- 2933658
TI  - [Lymphocytic interstitial pneumopathy and primary pulmonary lymphoma.
      Differential diagnosis].
AB  - Two cases of lymphoid interstitial pneumonia, diagnosed according to Liebow's
      criteria, are reported. In both cases an extra-thoracic lymphoma developed 3 and
      6 years respectively after the interstitial pneumonia was diagnosed.
      Simultaneously, the radiological images of the lungs became more pronounced. Only
      a few similar cases have been published. This raises the question of whether
      lymphoid interstitial pneumonia and lymphomas are distinct entities, especially
      since the histological and immunopathological discriminating criteria seem to be
      discussed.

PMID- 2933660
TI  - [An original technic for closure of a postinfarction interventricular
      communication].
AB  - An original technique has been successfully used to treat a case of major
      interventricular communication consecutive to a recent, wide antero-septo-apical
      infarction. This technique derives directly from Guilmet's reconstructive
      aneurysmoplasty used for chronic fibrous aneurysms of the left ventricle. The
      distended anterior aspect of the left ventricle was resected, the left border of
      the ventriculotomy was lowered and attached to the healthy part of the septum and
      the right border was brought over and sutured to the lateral aspect of the
      ventricle. The interventricular communication was therefore closed and excluded
      from the left ventricular cavity, thus theoretically reducing the risk of
      residual shunt. The post-operative period was uneventful.

PMID- 2933659
TI  - [Hepatic metastases. Medicosurgical treatment or priority to surgery?].
AB  - Not all patients with liver metastases should be referred to the surgeon.
      Selection is necessary, based on the patient's general and hepatic condition, on
      the nature of the primary cancer and on the intra-hepatic spread of the
      metastases. At the moment, less than 1% of patients with metastatic liver are
      operated upon. In the absence of clinical or biochemical evidence of hepatic
      dysfunction, surgical specialists may consider operating patients under 75 with
      synchronous or metachronous metastases from colorectal cancer or endocrine
      tumours. If clinical and laboratory evaluation is favourable, the decision to
      operate and the type of partial hepatic resection selected depend on pre
      operative investigations which are, successively: ultrasonography, computerized
      tomography, radioisotope scanning and possibly arteriography for endocrine
      tumours (not all these examinations are necessarily required). Other possible
      referrals are patients with liver metastases from non-colorectal or non-endocrine
      primary tumours of low evolutive potential, as evaluated by changes in levels of
      biological markers and by monthly morphological studies of metastatic tissue over
      3 to 6 months. The major limiting factor in these patients is previous heavy
      chemotherapy which makes this type of surgery extremely hazardous. Recently
      published data justify primary surgical reduction of the tumour followed by
      systemic or regional chemotherapy at the end of the liver tissue regeneration
      period. In marker-dependent subjects the susceptibility to chemotherapy of the
      remaining malignant tissue can be evaluated by changes in marker levels if these
      were still above normal values after partial hepatectomy.

PMID- 2933661
TI  - [Intermittent claudication of the buttock. Value of digital angiography].

PMID- 2933662
TI  - [Granulomatous interstitial nephropathy and renal failure in sarcoidosis].

PMID- 2933663
TI  - [Serum markers of hepatitis B among hospital personnel before vaccination].

PMID- 2933664
TI  - [A reader's question or language problem: to benefit from an algorithm].

PMID- 2933665
TI  - [Trisomy 21 and pericentric inversion of chromosome 9 in the parental karyotype].

PMID- 2933666
TI  - [Colonoscopy detection of polyps in patients operated on for colorectal cancer.
      Prospective study].
AB  - Subjects operated upon for colorectal carcinoma seem to constitute a population
      at high risk of a second colorectal malignancy and/or colonic adenoma (polyp).
      Ninety-four such patients were examined by colonoscopy. Their distribution by age
      and sex and the location of cancers in the colon were comparable to those
      reported in the literature. Colonoscopy was performed 12 +/- 6 months after
      surgery in 52 patients and was complete in 90% of them. Twenty-seven patients
      (52%) were found to have one or several polyps distributed throughout the colonic
      frame and varying in size from 2 to 75 mm (75% were less than 10 mm long). The
      larger the polyp, the more severe the dysplasia. Three malignant polyps were
      discovered; they were more than 10 mm in diameter. The colonoscopic examination
      was repeated annually over more than 3 years in 30 patients: at first repeat
      examination 54% had polyps which were still present in more than 30% at
      subsequent examinations. It is concluded that patients operated upon for
      colorectal carcinoma are at high risk of polyps and/or a second colorectal
      carcinoma and must therefore be followed-up by repeated colonoscopy.

PMID- 2933667
TI  - [Prostatic osteocondensing metastases and osteomalacia. Value of
      histomorphometric study. Preliminary results].
AB  - A clinical, biochemical and histomorphometric study of non-decalcified bone with
      measurement of calcification rate was carried out in 10 patients with sclerotic
      bone metastases from prostatic carcinoma. The patients were under oestrogen
      therapy, and a change of treatment was being considered. The histomorphometric
      study showed that 3 patients had osteomalacia. These patients differed from the
      others in that the pain they experienced in bones was stronger, more diffuse and
      more often permanent. All three had fracture of the femoral neck. They had
      hypocalcaemia, hypophosphataemia, hypocalciuria and increased serum alkaline
      phosphatase, but only phosphataemia was significantly lower than in non
      osteomalacia patients. Osteomalacia was cured by vitamin D and calcium in one
      patient. Osteomalacia can only be reliably diagnosed in these patients by
      histomorphometry. This examination may be proposed to patients with sclerotic
      bone metastasis of prostatic origin, under hormonal therapy, presenting with
      diffuse skeletal pain or bone fragility without osteolysis, and with
      hypocalcaemia or hypophosphataemia.

PMID- 2933668
TI  - [Dyspnea with hypoxemia in a case of cirrhosis with portal hypertension].
AB  - Following insertion of a Leveen's valve after surgical portocaval anastomosis, a
      male patient with alcoholic cirrhosis developed dyspnoea with hypoxaemia. An
      interstitial syndrome was present in the lower lobes. Other findings were:
      polycythaemia (Hb 20 g/100 ml), subnormal spirometric values, decrease in CO
      transfer capacity, normal pulmonary compliance, absence of intracardiac shunt and
      pulmonary arterial hypertension and absence of bronchial or alveolar lesions on a
      surgical lung biopsy. Blood gas measurements and radioisotope explorations led to
      the conclusion that the patient had an anatomical shunt predominant in the lower
      parts of the lungs, associated with a shunt effect and a transfer disorder. The
      anatomical shunt was due to pulmonary arteriovenous microfistulae, some of which
      were visualized by superselective angiography. Catheterization of the portocaval
      anastomosis eliminated any shunt between the portal system and the pulmonary
      veins.

PMID- 2933669
TI  - [Present and future value of monoclonal antibodies in nephrology].
AB  - Many monoclonal antibodies directed against human T-lymphocytes have been
      produced in mice. Some of these, such as OKT 3, recognize all T-cells which can
      thus be counted in the blood; they have been used for the prevention of renal
      transplant rejection. Despite unexpected problems, such as antigenic modulation
      and anti-mouse sensitization, the first results obtained are promising. Other
      antibodies produced are directed against T-lymphocyte subsets, notably T-helpers
      (OKT4+) and T-suppressors or cytotoxic T-cells (OKT8+). Studies of the
      OKT4+/OKT8+ ratio have shown an imbalance in T-cell subsets in 2 types of
      glomerulonephritis: Berger's disease and membranous glomerulonephritis; they have
      also contributed to a better understanding of renal allograft rejection, where
      this ratio is often elevated.

PMID- 2933670
TI  - [Reversible pyloroduodenal exclusion. Method of temporary protection of the
      duodenal circuit].
AB  - Reversible duodenal exclusion is a technique used to protect difficult duodenal
      sutures without the problems of permanent exclusion. It is effective throughout
      the healing period, then disappears when the suture material used for occlusion
      of the pylorus has been digested by the gastric fluid. Three cases are reported
      which confirm the usefulness of this technique.

PMID- 2933671
TI  - [Contribution of noninvasive technics of measuring cardiac output to the
      programming of pacemakers].

PMID- 2933672
TI  - [Malignant melanoma after treatment with ultraviolet A rays and psoralen].

PMID- 2933673
TI  - [Spontaneous peritonitis in systemic lupus erythematosus].

PMID- 2933674
TI  - [Esophageal pH measurement: safeguard in surgery for gastroesophageal reflux
      without esophagitis].

PMID- 2933675
TI  - [Inguinal lymph node plasmacytoma. Primary tumor or metastasis?].

PMID- 2933676
TI  - [A new concept in the immunologic diagnosis of rubella].

PMID- 2933677
TI  - [Superficial cervicocerebral angiomas. Should complementary tests be required?].
AB  - A computer-assisted study of 772 patients with haemangiomas and vascular
      malformations was conducted during a 2-year period with special attention to
      complications and associated anomalies, such as laryngeal, meningeal or cerebral
      vascular malformations. We report here the data obtained from 397 of these
      patients totalling 401 superficial haemangiomas and vascular malformations of the
      head and neck. We classified the lesions into immature angiomas, growing and
      subsiding during childhood, and mature vascular malformations with a life-long
      development, themselves divided into arteriovenous, capillary and venous
      malformations. We found that each group had its own specific complications.
      Severe complications, notably vascular brain lesions, were eventually observed in
      patients with superficial arteriovenous malformations of the head. Extensive
      complementary investigations, including CT scans and arteriography, are therefore
      not justified in every case. Guidelines are offered to evaluate the risk
      according to the clinical diagnosis.

PMID- 2933678
TI  - [Lactic acidosis treated with thiamine. 3 cases].
AB  - Of 3 alcoholic patients with severe lactic acidosis, one had shoshin beriberi;
      the second--a beer drinker--presented with convulsions associated with
      hyponatraemia and complicated by rhabdomyolysis and was not thiamine-deficient;
      the third patient had convulsions associated with Korsakoff's syndrome and was
      thiamine-deficient. In all three patients treatment with thiamine administered
      alone corrected the lactic acidosis within less than 4 hours. In patient 1, this
      result was obtained after symptomatic treatment of shock and lactic acidosis had
      failed and more than 24 hours before the haemodynamic disorders were corrected.
      In patient 2, who had no haemodynamic nor haematosis disorders, the lactic
      acidosis was corrected within 2 hours, i.e. more than 24 hours before
      neurological improvement developed. In patient 3, the lactic acidosis was also
      corrected within 2 hours. These results suggest that thiamine should figure among
      the treatments of lactic acidosis in alcoholic patients. Since thiamine alone is
      capable of correcting severe lactic acidosis, at least in some of these patients,
      it deserves to be tried in other types of lactic acidosis.

PMID- 2933679
TI  - [Chronic calcifying pancreatitis, pancreatic calculi. New data].
AB  - There are two different forms of chronic pancreatitis: one is obstructive
      pancreatitis which results from a pre-existing obstacle (usually a tumour or a
      scar) and the other, much more frequent, is chronic calcifying pancreatitis which
      seems to begin with the formation of precipitates in acini and ducts, later
      transformed into stones and calcifications made up of calcium carbonate, and
      therefore is a pancreatic lithiasis. Since the pancreatic juice is supersaturated
      in calcium carbonate, the presence of an inhibitor of crystallization must be
      postulated. This has now been identified as a 13500 daltons molecular weight
      protein: the pancreatic stone protein secreted by the acinar cells. This protein
      is decreased in chronic calcifying pancreatitis irrespective of its origin
      (alcoholic, hereditary, hypercalcaemic, tropical, idiopathic), although its
      reduction is unrelated to any of these aetiological factors. Chronic alcohol
      consumption may encourage calcium stone formation possibly by disturbing the
      cholinergic regulation of pancreatic secretion, with decrease in citrate
      secretion (citrate is a chelator of calcium) and increase in enzyme secretion.
      The diagnostic and therapeutic implications of these findings are already
      obvious.

PMID- 2933680
TI  - [The so-called anterior tibio-peroneal trunk. Its influence on the mode of
      revascularization by femoropopliteal bypass].
AB  - Femoro-popliteal bypass is difficult to perform when the posterior tibial artery
      originates at a high level in the lower limb. The problems arising from this
      anatomical variation, in which the tibio-peroneal trunk is, at least classically,
      anterior to the popliteal muscle, can be overcome by the technique described.

PMID- 2933681
TI  - [Esophageal exclusion by stapling].

PMID- 2933682
TI  - [Possible responsibility of carboxyls in allergy and drug-induced hepatitis].

PMID- 2933683
TI  - [Assay of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c in children. Determination of reference
      values].

PMID- 2933684
TI  - [Sonography in the diagnosis and surveillance of acute rhabdomyolysis].

PMID- 2933685
TI  - [Phenotype and functions of chronic lymphocyte proliferation associated with
      neutropenia in a female patient with rheumatoid arthritis].

PMID- 2933686
TI  - [Isolated secretion of testosterone by adrenal cortex adenoma].

PMID- 2933687
TI  - [2 unrecognized symptomatologic elements in impotence of venous origin].

PMID- 2933688
TI  - [Bone marrow necrosis disclosing multiple myeloma of bone].

PMID- 2933689
TI  - [Esophageal stenosis caused by neoplastic mediastinitis. Late complication of
      cancer of the breast].

PMID- 2933690
TI  - [Digoxin assay in neonatology].

PMID- 2933691
TI  - [Surgery aimed at a cure of pulmonary metastases].

PMID- 2933692
TI  - [Autograft of bone marrow treated by immunotoxin T 101 for the treatment of T
      cell leukemia and lymphoma. Initial clinical cases].
AB  - In order to consolidate a complete or partial remission, 4 patients with T-cell
      malignancy received cyclophosphamide 120 mg/kg plus total body irradiation,
      followed by reinfusion of cryopreserved autologous bone marrow purged in vitro by
      the immunotoxin T 101 (SR 41322) composed of the murine monoclonal T 101 antibody
      coupled with the A chain of ricin. The immunotoxin was applied in doses of 10(-9)
      and 10(-8) M for periods of 4 and 20 hours at 37 degrees C. The recovery of CFUc
      and BFUe progenitors was total following incubation with IT 101, but reduced
      after cryopreservation (1-15 to 80% for CFUc,-33 to 47% for BFUe), haematopoietic
      recovery occurred within normal delays, demonstrating that autologous bone marrow
      pretreated with the immunotoxin can be successfully transplanted. However, the
      slow increase in lymphocytes and the occurrence of lethal infection in 2 cases
      indicate that an in-depth study of immunological reconstitution after in vitro
      treatment of bone marrow with ITT 101 is necessary.

PMID- 2933693
TI  - [Peroperative monitoring of early auditory evoked potentials].
AB  - Brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP) were monitored during 37
      neurosurgical operations (acoustic neurinomas with preoperative useful hearing,
      microvascular decompression of cranial nerves for hemispasm or trigeminal
      neuralgia, cerebellopontine angle tumors other than acoustic neurinomas,
      brainstem tumors and posterior circulation surgery). Intraoperative BAEPs were
      unchanged in 13 patients. Transient BAEP alterations (delay of I-V interval,
      transient obliteration of BAEP for as long as 8 minutes and 20 minutes) were seen
      in 13 other patients; irreversible BAEP alterations (loss of evoked response in 6
      patients, delay of I-V interval) were seen in 11 patients. BAEP stability or
      alterations have been correlated with the ongoing surgical maneuver, the
      neurological outcome and the postoperative auditory function. BAEPs were found to
      be good predictors of post-operative auditory function but poorer predictors of
      neurological outcome. Some alterations are strictly associated with surgical
      retraction or with eighth nerve manipulation either immediately after the
      surgical maneuver or several minutes later. No detectable cause of BAEP changes
      was found in a few cases. The value of this monitoring is discussed. It may also
      help elucidate the mechanisms of hearing loss in acoustic neurinoma surgery.

PMID- 2933694
TI  - [Assisted respiration by stimulation of the diaphragmatic muscle. A case].
AB  - Direct electrical stimulation of the diagram has resulted in physiological
      functioning in a quadriplegic patient. Mechanical ventilation could be partly
      withdrawn with 13-hour periods of "respiration". During the 2-month stay in
      hospital, 90 hours of respiration were obtained by stimulation. The patient died
      8 weeks after the operation.

PMID- 2933695
TI  - [Allogenic interactions in immunopathology].
AB  - Allogeneic interactions associated with experimental graft-versus-host reaction
      are sometimes responsible for the development of autoantibodies, immune complex
      lesions and malignant lymphocytic proliferation. Hypergammaglobulinaemia reflects
      the activation of B cells, and T cell-associated responses are deeply depressed.
      Some of these abnormalities are also found in chimera mice following injection of
      semi-allogeneic cells. The place of allogeneic interactions in human pathology
      has not yet been determined, but they might intervene in the pathogenesis of some
      autoimmune and lymphoproliferative diseases and in the acquired immune deficiency
      syndrome.

PMID- 2933696
TI  - [Aortic valve replacement in children by autograft of the pulmonary arterial
      wall].
AB  - Since March 1984 we have been using a new biological valve for aortic valve
      replacement in children. The valve substitute is an autologous segment of
      cylinder taken from the pulmonary arterial trunk, leaving untouched the
      bifurcation and the pulmonary valve. The pulmonary artery wall segment is sutured
      without stand to the brim of the aortic annulus and upward beyond the aortic
      commissures to achieve adequate support from the aortic wall. The pulmonary
      artery itself is reconstructed by direct suture. This procedure has been
      successfully used in 3 patients aged 7, 10 and 13 years presenting with severe
      aortic regurgitation due to rheumatic heart disease.

PMID- 2933697
TI  - [Acute localized pneumopathies. Should macrolides always be prescribed
      initially?].

PMID- 2933698
TI  - [Iodine poisoning caused by amiodarone].

PMID- 2933699
TI  - [Failure of sodium nitroprusside prevention of arterial spasm during angiography
      by hyperselective catheterization in neuroradiology].

PMID- 2933700
TI  - [Excretion of fats in urine after lithotripsy].

PMID- 2933702
TI  - [Plasma fibronectin in acute leukemia].

PMID- 2933701
TI  - [Doses of biogenetic human insulin for the treatment of diabetics with anti
      insulin antibodies].

PMID- 2933703
TI  - [Performance of 8 methods for evaluating the free fraction of thyroxine in
      chronic renal insufficiency].

PMID- 2933704
TI  - [Role of crossed allergy between a pneumallergen and an alimentary allergen in
      the recurrence of lipoid nephrosis].

PMID- 2933705
TI  - [The apparent novelty of intra-arterial chemotherapy in the treatment of hepatic
      metastases].

PMID- 2933706
TI  - [Panic attacks in adolescents].
AB  - Anxiety has been the object of many therapeutic attempts, often in the absence of
      well-founded indications and often yielding inconclusive results. We obtained
      good results in two adolescents for whom we used a new classification system
      based upon the differential action of psychotropic drugs on anxiety. More
      specifically, this approach singled out the panic disorder by demonstrating that
      patients with this disorder react specifically to antidepressant drugs. More
      extensive studies are clearly needed to confirm that these results, well
      established for adult patients, also apply to an adolescent population.

PMID- 2933707
TI  - [Blood glucose and insulin secretion after meals rich in simple and complex
      carbohydrates, in non-insulin-dependent diabetics].
AB  - In 10 well controlled non insulin-dependent diabetics, 25 g of complex sugars
      were replaced by the same amount of simple sugars in each of two isocaloric meals
      identical in their lipid, protein and carbohydrate contents. This had no
      detrimental effect on postprandial glycaemic and insulin responses. There were no
      statistically significant changes in areas under the curve and kinetics of
      glycaemic, insulin and peptide C responses after ingestion of limited amounts of
      simple sugars. It appears from these results that well controlled, non insulin
      dependent diabetic patients without marked postprandial fluctuations in glycaemia
      (as confirmed by self-performed capillary blood tests) can be authorized to take
      25 to 40 g of simple sugars (preferably fructose) during meals.

PMID- 2933708
TI  - [Hurst-type acute leukoencephalitis with complete recovery in a child].
AB  - A case of acute haemorrhagic leukoencephalitis in an 11-year old girl
      demonstrates the usefulness of computerized tomography which shows large,
      asymmetric hypodense areas in the white matter and diffuse oedema. The causative
      role of a Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection is suggested by positive serology and
      by a high level of cold anti-l agglutinins. Treatment with corticosteroids in
      massive doses combined with a tetracycline resulted in complete cure without
      sequelae.

PMID- 2933709
TI  - [Cardiovascular manifestations of sickle-cell anemia in children].
AB  - Cardiovascular disorders are very frequent in children with homozygous sickle
      cell anaemia. They are due partly to the effects of chronic anaemia on the heart
      and vessels and partly to other factors, such as vaso-occlusive phenomena and
      desaturation of arterial oxygen, which alter the cardiac function. Because of
      reduced oxygen tension in arterial blood, the increase in resting cardiac output
      is more pronounced in sickle cell anaemia than in anaemias of other origins.
      Beside this "anaemic heart", myocardiopathies ascribed to multiple occlusions of
      small coronary vessels are well documented by pathological findings and by
      echocardiographic signs of left ventricular dysfunction. More rarely than adult
      children may develop chronic cor pulmonale due to large scale obstruction of the
      pulmonary vascular bed.

PMID- 2933710
TI  - [Gracilis muscle flaps for covering losses of perineal substance in cancer
      surgery].
AB  - Myocutaneous or purely muscular flaps were used in 14 patients after extended
      surgical excision in the perineal region. When taking out the flap, its one
      pedicle and relatively weak blood supply must be taken into account. With this
      precaution, this technics can always be used for perineal resurfacing,
      particularly after total vulvectomy. In pelvic exenteration and amputation for
      anorectal cancer, it enables surgeons to fill the muscular gap, which seems to
      improve the post-operative course. It can also be used for vaginal, penile or
      sphincteric reconstruction.

PMID- 2933711
TI  - [Pharmacokinetics of mezlocillin in the pleural fluid].

PMID- 2933712
TI  - [Mortality and morbidity of suicide attempted by firearms].

PMID- 2933713
TI  - [Juvenile aponeurotic fibroma (Keasbey's tumor) may have an unfavorable course].

PMID- 2933714
TI  - [Progressive idiopathic pleuropulmonary fibrosis].

PMID- 2933715
TI  - [Association of Klinefelter's syndrome and cancer of the thyroid].

PMID- 2933716
TI  - [Bilateral rupture of the Achilles tendon in Cushing's syndrome].

PMID- 2933717
TI  - [Forecasting chemosensitivity of recurrent spinocellular cancer of the head and
      neck by xenograft beneath the renal capsule of syngeneic mice].

PMID- 2933718
TI  - [Lyme disease: 2 new cases confirmed serologically].

PMID- 2933719
TI  - [Colored indicators of hematuria].

PMID- 2933720
TI  - [Primary pseudo-ovarian peritoneal carcinosis in an ovariectomized patient].

PMID- 2933721
TI  - [Can pre-eclampsia be prevented?].

PMID- 2933722
TI  - [Minimal etiological evaluation of Raynaud's phenomenon. 102 cases].
AB  - The efficacy of a minimal aetiological investigation program was tested in a
      population with Raynaud's phenomenon. The program had been devised to fulfill the
      following criteria: non invasive, simple and relatively cheap methods capable of
      detecting systemic scleroderma at an early stage. These methods turned out to be
      physical examination, screening for antinuclear antibodies, capillaroscopy and
      radiography of the hands and chest. After investigations which, in addition to
      the minimal program, included exploration of the digestive and respiratory
      tracts, heart, kidneys, articulations and eyes, 102 consecutive cases of
      Raynaud's phenomenon were studied and divided into 3 groups: idiopathic (n = 15);
      secondary (n = 50, including 36 cases of collagen disease, 29 of which were
      systemic scleroderma), and suspected idiopathic or pre-collagen disease (37 cases
      of undetermined origin but not considered idiopathic in view of clinical and/or
      paraclinical abnormalities). In non idiopathic Raynaud's phenomenon, physical
      examination, capillaroscopy and screening for antinuclear antibodies gave
      abnormal results in 96.5% of the cases. This figure was raised to 98.8% when
      radiography of the hands and chest was added to these 3 examinations, but the
      difference was not significant. Since 96.5% of non idiopathic Raynaud's phenomena
      could be diagnosed by physical examination, capillaroscopy and screening for
      antinuclear antibodies, it is suggested that all patients presenting with the
      phenomenon should be subjected to these three simple examinations; negative
      results then dispense from supplementary investigations.

PMID- 2933723
TI  - [Treatment of acute colectasia not due to cryptogenic colitis. 4 cases].
AB  - Four patients with acute colonic pseudo-obstruction were treated by colonoscopic
      aspiration. This treatment proved sufficient in 1 case due to Salmonella colitis
      and 1 case of parkinsonian dysautonomia. It has made it possible to diagnose a
      pyocholecyst masked by the colonic dilatation it had provoked, and facilitated
      its surgical treatment. A transient result was obtained in a case of otherwise
      asymptomatic choleperitoneum. Colonoscopy was relatively easy, perfectly well
      tolerated and always useful. It is therefore recommended for the treatment of
      acute colonic pseudo-obstruction except in cryptogenic colitis where its
      effectiveness and safety have not been demonstrated.

PMID- 2933724
TI  - [Role of chemotherapy in the treatment of gastric adenocarcinoma].
AB  - In spite of the progress achieved in endoscopic detection and surgical
      techniques, the prognosis of gastric adenocarcinomas remains poor. To improve the
      results obtained, one of the most important lines of research is chemotherapy,
      but its place in the management of these tumours is still controverted. Apart
      from 5-fluorouracil, other active drugs recently developed (e.g. adriamycin,
      mitomycin, nitroso-ureas and cis-platinum) have been entered into new protocols
      and tested. The results at present available in patients with metastases are 40
      to 50% complete or partial objective responses lasting for 4 to 16 months. They
      justify the use of these drugs, provided the patients' comfort is improved after
      the first two cycles. The place of adjuvant chemotherapy after complete surgical
      resection of gastric adenocarcinomas is still debated. Only 3 out of 13
      randomized trials have demonstrated a longer survival in the treated group.
      Further controlled trials are required, using the most effective protocols, to
      determine their advantages and to find out which subgroups of patients are likely
      to benefit from chemotherapy.

PMID- 2933725
TI  - [The vascularized cross-leg flap].
AB  - A better knowledge of the leg skin blood supply has recently revived interest in
      the cross-leg technique for skin grafts. It is now possible to delineate on each
      leg two flaps that contain arteries and veins. The internal saphenous flap, taken
      on the internal aspect of the leg is fed by the cutaneous branch of the greater
      anastomotic artery, satellite of the internal saphenous nerve, while the external
      saphenous flap, located on the postero-external aspect of the leg, is fed by 2
      cutaneous branches of the popliteal artery or gemellar arteries. The length to
      width ratio of these flaps varies from 3 to 4, which is both safe and reliable
      and provides for supple handling of the pedicles and increased patient's comfort.

PMID- 2933726
TI  - [Biological proof of hyperandrogenism in hirsute women. Value of the assay of
      plasma delta 4-androstenedione].

PMID- 2933727
TI  - [Cancers of the pancreas. A plea for excision].

PMID- 2933728
TI  - [Duodenal diaphragm].

PMID- 2933729
TI  - [The use of vancomycin in pregnant women].

PMID- 2933730
TI  - [Passage of pefloxacine into the synovial fluid].

PMID- 2933731
TI  - [Acute auriculo-ventricular block associated with Lyme disease. A case confirmed
      by serology].

PMID- 2933732
TI  - [Pathogenesis of diabetic angiopathies].
AB  - The paper is concerned with original data on decoding the involvement of
      disorders of the lipoprotein metabolism and circulating immune complexes in the
      mechanism of damage to the vascular wall in diabetes mellitus patients. In
      addition to raised LDL and VLDL levels, activation of lipid peroxidation in
      erythrocyte membranes as well as change of the spectrum of fatty acids were
      revealed. Two types of immune complexes were formed in diabetes mellitus
      patients: insulin--antiinsulin antibodies and insulin--VLDL. Under certain
      conditions each of these complexes can produce a vasodamaging effect. In the
      author's opinion, the existence of such complexes determines the specific nature
      of microangiopathies in diabetes mellitus patients.

PMID- 2933734
TI  - [Status and prospects of the problem of endemic goiter].
AB  - The paper is concerned with the clinical problems of endemic goiter control. The
      stabilization of prevalence of thyroid hyperplasia has been shown as a result of
      underestimation of other than iodine deficiency giterogenic factors. Functional
      essence of the disease, a tendency to hypothyrosis, have been unraveled.
      Organizational problems and prospects of research in this area are considered.

PMID- 2933733
TI  - [Results of transplantation of pancreatic islet cell cultures to patients with
      diabetes mellitus].
AB  - Altogether 110 intramuscular pancreatic islet cell (PIC) culture transplantations
      were performed in diabetes mellitus patients from April 1981 to May 1984 at the
      Research Institute of Transplantology and Artificial Organs, USSR Ministry of
      Health: 65 allotransplantations of human fetal PIC and 45 xenotransplantations fo
      swine fetal PIC. Immunosuppressive therapy was not employed. The paper is
      concerned with an analysis of a therapeutic effect of the IC cell cull culture
      transplantation on 30 patients who were followed-up for not less than 1 year
      after operation. A pronounced and long-term antidiabetic effect was observed in
      wost of the recepients subjected to the intramuscular human fetal PIC culture
      transplantation: demand in exogenous insulin decreased, a durable stabilization
      of a course of disease in patients with labile diabetes mellitus was observed,
      and in patients with such diabetic complications as polyneuropathy, retinopathy
      and glomerulosclerosis certain regress of these complications was observed. As to
      the results of the intramuscular swine fetal PIC culture xenotransplantation the
      authors note that xenogenic transplantation as compared with IC culture
      allotransplantation possesses a less noticeable offect on diabetes mellitus
      complications.

PMID- 2933735
TI  - [Dynamics of the detectability of tuberculosis and nonspecific lung diseases
      during mass fluorographic examinations of the rural population].

PMID- 2933736
TI  - [Tuberculosis in Leningrad during World War II and the blockade].

PMID- 2933737
TI  - [Organization of centralized dispensary examination of patients with
      extrapulmonary tuberculosis and their treatment in the RSFSR].

PMID- 2933738
TI  - [Field examination of the population for the detection of tuberculosis and
      nonspecific diseases of the eyes].

PMID- 2933739
TI  - [Characteristics of World War II invalids registered in tuberculosis
      dispensaries].

PMID- 2933740
TI  - [Changes in cohorts of patients with tuberculosis in the Kazakh S.S.R].

PMID- 2933741
TI  - [Anniversary of the V.I. Lenin Pediatric Tuberculosis Sanatorium].

PMID- 2933742
TI  - Application of molecular biology to mental illness. Analysis of genomic DNA and
      brain mRNA.
AB  - Techniques in molecular biology and genetics have made it possible to
      systematically study gene effects in human disease. The number of gene clusters
      specifically encoding human brain structure and function is probably about 1,600
      or half of all clusters. Evolutionary effects such as linkage disequilibrium and
      conservation of exons (DNA encoding structural proteins) as well as the fact that
      there are a tractable number of gene clusters involved, tend to make it quite
      likely that DNA pathology or DNA variation (polymorphism) predisposing to mental
      illness can be detected. Genes involved in mental illness can be detected either
      by studying DNA obtained from blood samples (genomic DNA) directly or by the
      analysis of mRNA and proteins from suitable cell or tissue preparations. The
      study of gene expression in the human brain is still in its infancy, nevertheless
      there are some hints that non-poly-adenylated mRNAs may be important in brain
      development and certain transcribed sequences may have a specific role in gene
      expression of the brain. The advantage of studying genomic DNA by the use of
      linkage and association analysis in multiply affected families is that it will,
      in the end, almost certainly yield a positive result for a disease with a
      substantial genetic input. Analysis of gene products from tissues such as brain
      could in theory detect specific disease genes but the approach will also identify
      genes secondarily affected by the disease process. Differentiation of genes that
      are primarily causing mental illness from those that are secondarily affected can
      be carried out by using such candidate genes as linkage markers in multiply
      affected families.

PMID- 2933743
TI  - Properties of memory T lymphocytes isolated from the mixed leukocyte reaction.
AB  - During the primary mixed leukocyte reaction, T lymphocytes of the lyt-2- helper
      subclass proliferate in response to transplantation antigens on allogeneic
      dendritic cells. We have isolated populations of antigen-specific proliferating
      lymphoblasts and recultured them in fresh medium. Within 2 days, the blasts
      become smaller in size, lose responsiveness to T-cell growth factor or
      interleukin 2, but retain vigorous reactivity to the original alloantigen. Two
      new biologic properties of these "memory" lymphocytes have been noted. First,
      they primarily respond to alloantigen on dendritic cells, whereas freshly
      sensitized lymphoblasts react to allogeneic dendritic cells, macrophages, and B
      lymphocytes. Second, the memory lymphocytes quickly aggregate with dendritic
      cells that are either syngeneic or allogeneic, but not with B cells. The
      aggregates that form with syngeneic dendritic cells disassemble within hours and
      do not release interleukin 2 or proliferate. The aggregates that form with
      allogeneic dendritic cells remain intact, release large amounts of interleukin 2
      on the first day of culture, and synthesize DNA on the second day. Therefore,
      dendritic cells actively cluster memory lymphocytes by an antigen-independent
      mechanism, and this may underlie the heightened functional activity of each cell
      type.

PMID- 2933744
TI  - Natural effector T lymphocytes in normal mice.
AB  - The "natural" T-cell activity in normal unimmunized mice was studied. By double
      parameter fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis, it was found that 5-10% of
      all splenic Lyt-2+ and L3T4+ lymphocytes are large, of which more than half are
      in mitotic cycle. In contrast with small resting cells of the same phenotype,
      activated (large) T cells isolated from normal mice are functional effector
      cells: L3T4+ large cells induce normal B lymphocytes into proliferation and
      antibody secretion, while large Lyt-2+ cells efficiently suppress B-lymphocyte
      responses. No effector cell cytolytic activity could be detected among naturally
      activated T cells. The significance of these findings for the internal activity
      in the normal immune system is discussed.

PMID- 2933746
TI  - Human beta-hexosaminidase alpha chain: coding sequence and homology with the beta
      chain.
AB  - We have isolated a cDNA clone, p beta H alpha-5, from an adult human liver
      library that contains the entire coding sequence of the alpha chain of beta
      hexosaminidase. The cDNA insert of p beta H alpha-5 is 1944 base pairs long and
      contains a 168-base-pair 5' untranslated region, a 186-base-pair 3' untranslated
      region, and an open reading frame of 1587 base pairs corresponding to 529 amino
      acids (Mr, 60,697). The first 17-22 amino acids satisfy the requirements of a
      signal sequence. A striking sequence homology with a published partial amino acid
      sequence for the beta chain [O'Dowd, B. F., Quan, F., Willard, H. F., Lamhonwah,
      A. M., Korneluk, R. G., Lowden, J. A., Gravel, R. A. & Mahuran, D. J. (1985)
      Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82, 1184-1188] suggests that both chains may have
      evolved from a common ancestor. A shorter alpha-chain cDNA was found to hybridize
      to the long arm of chromosome 15, the known location for the alpha-chain gene. In
      addition, we isolated another alpha-chain cDNA clone, p beta H alpha-4, from a
      simian virus 40-transformed human fibroblast library that contained an extra 453
      base-pair piece at its 3' end. A probe consisting of this additional sequence
      hybridized exclusively to a single mRNA species (2.6 kilobases) in mRNA
      preparations from cultured human fibroblasts. In contrast, p beta H alpha-5
      hybridized to both a 2.1-kilobase major and a 2.6-kilobase minor mRNA species in
      these same mRNA preparations, indicating the presence of two distinct alpha-chain
      mRNA species differing at the 3' end. Fibroblasts from an Ashkenazi Jewish
      patient with classic Tay-Sachs disease were deficient in both species of mRNA,
      confirming their genetic relationship.

PMID- 2933745
TI  - Identification of a partial cDNA clone for the human receptor for complement
      fragments C3b/C4b.
AB  - Redundant oligonucleotides were synthesized based on amino acid sequences of
      tryptic peptides from the purified receptor for human complement fragments
      C3b/C4b (CR1). These probes were used to screen a size-selected human tonsilar
      cDNA library. A single positive clone was identified that hybridized to three
      oligonucleotide probes. The cDNA insert was 1.5 kilobases in length and contained
      sequences homologous to those of the oligonucleotide probes as well as nucleotide
      sequences corresponding to another independent CR1 tryptic peptide. Blot
      hybridization analysis using fragments of the cDNA insert as probes revealed two
      distinct species of the CR1 message of 9 and 11 kilobases in human tonsil mRNA.
      The two EcoRI fragments of the CR1 cDNA insert hybridized to each other,
      suggesting the presence of homologous sequences. When used as probes in Southern
      blot analysis of human DNA, each fragment identified similar but not identical
      patterns of multiple restriction fragments, indicating either a series of
      homologous domains in a single CR1 gene or the presence of multiple CR1 genes.
      Furthermore, an additional BamHI fragment was found to segregate with the
      expression of the S allotype of the CR1 protein in a family. Thus, the molecular
      weight difference in the polymorphic variants of the CR1 protein is based on
      differences in nucleotide sequences.

PMID- 2933747
TI  - Milrinone and thyroid hormone stimulate myocardial membrane Ca2+-ATPase activity
      and share structural homologies.
AB  - We have recently shown that thyroid hormone in physiological concentrations
      stimulates sarcolemma-enriched rabbit-myocardial-membrane Ca2+-ATPase in vitro.
      In this study, milrinone [2-methyl-5-cyano-(3,4'-bipyridin)-6(1H)-one], a cardiac
      inotropic agent, was thyromimetic in the same system. At clinically achievable
      concentrations (50-500 nM), milrinone significantly stimulated membrane Ca2+
      ATPase in vitro. This action was antagonized by W-7 [N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1
      naphthalenesulfonamide], an agent that also blocks thyroid hormone action on the
      Ca2+-ATPase, at concentrations as low as 5 microM. Progressive additions of
      milrinone to membranes incubated with a fixed concentration of thyroxine (0.10
      nM) or triiodothyronine resulted in a progressive obliteration of the thyroid
      hormone effect on Ca2+-ATPase. Amrinone [5-amino-(3,4'-bipyridin)-6(1H)-one], the
      parent bipyridine of milrinone, had no effect on myocardial Ca2+-ATPase activity.
      X-ray crystallographic analysis of milrinone and amrinone revealed structural
      homologies between the phenolic ring of thyroxine and the substituted ring of
      milrinone, whereas amrinone did not share these homologies. The mechanism(s) of
      the inotropic actions of thyroxine and of milrinone is not clearly understood,
      but these observations implicate Ca2+-ATPase, a calcium pump-associated enzyme,
      as one mediator of the effects on the heart of these two compounds.

PMID- 2933748
TI  - Characterization of the enzymatic lesion in inherited phosphofructokinase
      deficiency in the dog: an animal analogue of human glycogen storage disease type
      VII.
AB  - Mammalian phosphofructokinase (PFK; ATP:D-fructose-6-phosphate 1
      phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.11) exists in multimolecular forms, which result
      from random tetramerization of three distinct subunits, M (muscle-type), L (liver
      type), and P (platelet-type), each under a separate genetic control. Human muscle
      and liver contain homotetramers M4 and L4, respectively, whereas erythrocytes
      contain a mixture of M4, M3L, M2L2, ML3, and L4 isozymes. Homozygous deficiency
      of the M subunit in man results in glycogen storage disease (GSD) type VII, which
      is characterized by exertional muscle weakness and compensated hemolysis; the
      residual erythrocyte PFK consists of isolated L4 isozyme. Recently, PFK
      deficiency associated with isolated hemolytic anemia has been identified among
      English springer spaniel dogs. We investigated the genetic control of the dog PFK
      system and the nature of the enzymatic defect in two PFK-deficient animals, using
      chromatographic and immunological techniques. Our studies indicate the existence
      of a trilocus isozyme system for the dog, as is the case with other mammals.
      Muscle PFK consists of M4 isozyme, whereas the predominant species of liver and
      platelet consists, respectively, of the L4 and P4 isozyme; erythrocyte PFK
      consists of a three- or four-membered set composed of M and P subunits. PFK
      deficiency in the dogs was found to result from a total and universal lack of the
      M subunit, as is the case in man. However, the probands consistently exhibited L4
      isozyme in their muscle; P4, L4, and hybrids thereof in their erythrocytes; and
      an increase in the L-containing isozymes in their platelets, indicating a
      generalized anomalous presence of the L subunit. The apparent absence of muscle
      disease in these animals is most likely accounted for by both the well-known high
      oxidative potential of the canine muscle in general and the presence of liver PFK
      in the M-deficient muscle in particular. In contrast, presence of hemolysis
      despite residual P4 and hybrids of P and L in the erythrocytes may be inferred to
      result in severe glycolytic handicap under existing intraerythrocytic conditions.

PMID- 2933749
TI  - Class II major histocompatibility complex molecules regulate the development of
      the T4+T8- inducer phenotype of cultured human thymocytes.
AB  - We demonstrate that a variety of Ia+ cells has the ability to promote the
      development of human T4+T8- thymocytes in vitro. Prolonged thymocyte culture in
      the absence of Ia+ accessory cells results in a predominantly T8+T4- cell
      population. The generation of T4+ cells in the presence of irradiated Ia+ cells
      could be suppressed up to 70% by a monoclonal antibody directed against a
      nonpolymorphic epitope on HLA-DR. Using two-color fluorescence sorting
      techniques, we were able to identify the activated T4+T8+ thymocyte as the cell
      that interacts with Ia and gives rise to the T4+T8- cell subset. These results
      directly and specifically implicate class II major histocompatibility complex
      molecules in the differentiative pathway of the human thymocyte.

PMID- 2933750
TI  - The role of endogenous opioid peptides in the effects of constant illumination on
      reproductive function in the rat.
AB  - The present experiments assessed the involvement of endogenous opioids in the
      inhibition of FSH and LH release, ovulation and continuous sexual receptivity
      following exposure to constant illumination. In the first experiment, exposure to
      constant illumination resulted in persistent vaginal oestrus in all rats. The
      injection of naloxone resulted in marked elevations in serum FSH and LH, induced
      ovulation and increased the frequency of lordosis behaviour. It was concluded
      that endogenous opioid(s) participate in these effects. In Experiment 2, levels
      of beta-endorphin were found to be elevated in anterior pituitary and
      neurointermediate lobe tissue extracts from rats exposed to constant
      illumination, compared to levels in pro-oestrus rats. Naloxone injection into
      those rats exposed to constant illumination significantly increased hypothalamic
      levels of beta-endorphin compared to saline injected controls. This suggests that
      the blockade of opiate receptors increases beta-endorphin production, uptake
      and/or decreases its release from the hypothalamus. These results, and the known
      inhibitory action of beta-endorphin on LH release suggest that it may be this
      opioid, perhaps in conjunction with pineal products, which is responsible for the
      observed anti-reproductive effects of constant illumination.

PMID- 2933751
TI  - Evidence of norepinephrine-mediated suppression of para-chlorophenylalanine
      induced muricidal behavior.
AB  - Rats were made aggressive (muricide behavior) by p-chlorophenylalanine (p-CPA)
      treatment. The aggressive behavior was inhibited by the electrical stimulation of
      the locus coeruleus (LC) or by the administration of yohimbine (20 mg/kg i.p.).
      Both types of inhibition were blocked by the administration of low doses of
      clonidine (0.15 mg/kg i.p.). These results suggest the involvement of the
      adrenergic system in modulating muricidal behavior induced by p-CPA.

PMID- 2933752
TI  - Preference for high carbohydrate over various high fat diets by diabetic rats.
AB  - Streptozotocin-diabetic male rats were hyperphagic relative to nondiabetic
      controls when offered only high carbohydrate (CHO) laboratory chow. Diabetics and
      controls ate about the same amount of high fat diets made from 67% w/w chow and
      33% either coconut oil (saturated) or safflower oil (unsaturated). However, when
      offered a simultaneous choice of high fat diets and chow, nondiabetics and low
      dose (35 mg/kg) streptozotocin-diabetics showed a preference for the high fat
      diet: in contrast the high dose (65 mg/kg) streptozotocin diabetics developed a
      preference for chow. When pairs of isocaloric synthetic diets were offered,
      diabetics again preferred low fat/high CHO to high fat/low CHO diets, but the
      actual intake of fat was not constant across different diet pairs. Nondiabetics
      also selected away from the high fat diets in these synthetic diet pairs, even
      when saccharin was added to the high fat diet in an attempt to equate its
      sweetness with that of the paired low fat-high CHO diet. Plasma ketone levels of
      diabetics during obligatory high fat diet consumption were negatively correlated
      with their subsequent preference for the fat diet over simultaneously-offered
      chow. These data show that strong dietary preferences do not develop for fat in
      diabetics and suggest that high fat diets do not have net beneficial
      postingestional effects in these rats.

PMID- 2933753
TI  - Autoimmunization against beta-endorphin increases food intakes and body weights
      of obese rats.
AB  - Opioid peptides in the brain are postulated to mediate the hunger component of
      the control of food intake and regulation of body weight and concentrations are
      increased in the pituitaries of genetically obese rodents. However, systemic
      increases in opioids have been associated with satiety. Thus a chronic decrease
      in systemic concentrations of the opioid beta-endorphin induced by
      autoimmunization was predicted to increase food intake and body weight. Zucker
      obese (n = 20, 568 +/- 13 g) and lean (n = 20, 299 +/- 16 g) rats were
      autoimmunized against bovine serum albumin (BSA) or BSA conjugated to beta
      endorphin (BSA-BE). Eight weeks after immunization serum from BSA-BE rats bound
      at least 7 times the circulating concentration of beta-endorphin. Food intakes
      were greater in BSA-BE obese (31.7 vs. 30.4 g/day, p less than 0.001) and lean
      rats (21.4 vs. 21.0 g/day, p less than 0.007) during weeks 5-8 and only obese
      rats, weeks 9-12 (31.8 vs. 30.3 g/day, p less than 0.009). Body weight gains were
      greater for BSA-BE than BSA obese rats during weeks 1-4 (1.34 vs. 0.92 g/day, p
      less than 0.05) and 9-12 (0.95 vs. 0.43 g/day, p less than 0.01). At 8 weeks the
      plasma concentrations of "free" beta-endorphin were decreased 78% (34 vs. 154
      pmol/l, p less than 0.001) and "total" ("free" plus antibody-bound) beta
      endorphin were increased (427 vs. 101 pmol/l, p less than 0.001). These results
      suggest that systemic concentrations of beta-endorphin may play an important role
      in the control of food intake and regulation of energy balance.

PMID- 2933754
TI  - Thyroxine-induced cardiomegaly in rats of different age.
AB  - In the present study the effect of thyroxine treatment on the development of
      cardiomegaly was compared in young (10-day-old) and adult (12-week-old) rats. L
      thyroxine was administered subcutaneously in a dose of 1 mg per kg b.w. for 5
      days. In young thyroxine-treated rats the heart weight increased by 79% in
      comparison with the control rats. The number of blood capillaries and muscle
      fibres per mm2 remained unchanged. The concentration of hydroxyproline was even
      lower than in control animals. The number of 3H-thymidine-labelled muscle cell
      nuclei was significantly higher both in the left and right ventricles of
      thyroxine treated rats. The density of capillaries and muscle fibres was
      significantly lower in adult rats than in the group of young animals. In adult
      thyroxine-treated animals the heart weight was higher by 36%, the number of
      capillaries and muscle fibres as well as the concentration of hydroxyproline was
      unchanged. Thyroxine induced significant increase in the number of DNA
      synthesizing nuclei of muscle cells in the left ventricle while the change in the
      right ventricular myocardium was not statistically significant. The present data
      indicate that a hyperplastic response of cardiac muscle cells to thyroxine occurs
      in both ventricles of young rats and also in the left ventricle of adult animals.

PMID- 2933756
TI  - Proceedings of the Czechoslovak Physiological Society. February 6-8, 1985.
      Abstracts.

PMID- 2933755
TI  - Effect of glucose, fructose, sorbitol and amino acid solutions employed in
      clinical medicine on the development of liver regeneration after partial
      hepatectomy.
AB  - The authors studied the effect of glucose (G), fructose (F), sorbitol (So), 4%
      Nutramin S Spofa (NuS) and Nutramin C Spofa (NuC) on development of liver
      regeneration. NuS is used clinically to improve a negative nitrogen balance,
      while the amino acid composition of NuC has a beneficial effect on the ornithine
      cycle and thus helps to normalize the NH3 level in patients with liver failure.
      Glucose seems to be the best substance for an optimal onset of liver
      regeneration. Its onset in rats given NuC was slower than in animals given NuS,
      but 48 h after partial hepatectomy there was no difference between NuC and NuS as
      regards the total DNA content and 96 h after the operation there was no
      difference as regards either the number of mitoses or the number of liver cells.
      In addition to reducing the plasma ammonia level, therefore, NuC also has a
      favourable effect on the development on liver regeneration.

PMID- 2933757
TI  - Double-pedicle transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap for unilateral
      breast and chest-wall reconstruction.
AB  - Fifteen patients underwent unilateral breast and chest-wall reconstruction by a
      double-pedicle transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap technique. Criteria
      for using both pedicles include (1) exceptionally large soft-tissue requirements,
      (2) prior abdominal operations compromising the vasculature to portions of the
      anterior abdominal wall, and (3) certain higher-risk patients with suspected
      microvascular pathology. Double pedicles allowed the transfer of the skin island
      as one unit or as two independent hemiellipses of tissue. Follow-up time ranges
      from 4 to 17 months. Complications included partial tissue loss in two patients,
      one abdominal flap seroma, and one patient with a hernia.

PMID- 2933758
TI  - Neuroendocrine and psychopathological measures in anorexia nervosa: resemblances
      to primary affective disorders.
AB  - Clinical and biochemical data suggest a link between anorexia nervosa (AN) and
      primary affective disorders (PAD). In 14 female patients, aged 15-40 years, with
      7-month to 11-year histories of AN, we studied circadian cortisol periodicity,
      response to the dexamethasone suppression test (DST), and plasma levels of beta
      endorphin and beta-lipotropin before and after desimipramine therapy. Possible
      correlations were sought among neuroendocrine impairments, weight loss, and
      depressive symptomatology. Impaired circadian cortisol periodicity, blunted DST
      response, and increased beta-endorphin plasma levels, observed in a subgroup of
      patients, could not be related to weight loss, either before or after therapy.
      Instead, a trend toward a relationship between neuroendocrine impairments and
      depressive symptoms was observed before and after treatment.

PMID- 2933759
TI  - Perturbed angular correlation spectroscopy and its application to metal sites in
      proteins: possibilities and limitations.

PMID- 2933760
TI  - [5-fluorodeoxyuridine induces radioresistant synthesis of DNA and sensitizes HeLa
      cells to gamma radiation].
AB  - It was shown that preincubation of HeLa cells with 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (10(-6)
      M) induced DNA synthesis resistant to gamma-radiation (6 Gy). At the same time,
      the death rate of exposed cells increased and nucleoid relaxation decreased. The
      role of DNA synthesis inhibitors in the reproductive death of exposed cells is
      discussed.

PMID- 2933761
TI  - [Mutagenic effect of the cytostatic drug thaliblastine on rat bone marrow cells
      when administered alone and in combination with radiation].
AB  - The cytogenetic analysis was performed in the bone marrow cells of Wistar rats
      treated with a therapeutic dose of thaliblastine (250 mg/kg) and exposed to gamma
      rays (2 Gy). Thaliblastine alone induced chromosome aberrations and polyploid
      cells. The latter were the result of the stathmokinetic effect of the drug. In
      contrast to gamma-radiation of 2 Gy thaliblastine elicited a minor mutagenic
      effect. The cytogenetic effect of the combined treatment is greater than the sum
      of the two agents delivered separately, the maximum effect of radiation and
      thaliblastine being exhibited on the 8th and the 12th hour, respectively. The
      difference between the sum of aberrations after separate treatments and the yield
      of aberrations after the combined treatment is due to chromatid fragments.

PMID- 2933762
TI  - Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty.
AB  - Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) has revolutionized the
      treatment of patients with coronary disease. As many as 25 per cent of those
      requiring myocardial revascularization can now undergo PTCA instead of bypass
      surgery. This article reviews PTCA techniques, clinical results, case selection,
      complications, recent advances in equipment design, restenosis rate, use in acute
      myocardial infarction, and PTCA of coronary bypass grafts.

PMID- 2933764
TI  - Interaction of ethanol with drugs and vitamin therapy.

PMID- 2933763
TI  - Balloon embolectomy catheter used percutaneously.
AB  - Percutaneous arterial embolectomy was performed following percutaneous
      transluminal angioplasty in three patients using Fogarty balloon embolectomy
      catheters. This technique is effective for the treatment of arterial embolism
      resulting from angioplasty in selected situations.

PMID- 2933765
TI  - Legal case briefs for nurses. NC: is suicide attempt compensable? DC: patient
      raped: lack of nursing supervision.

PMID- 2933767
TI  - [The prevention of local and general causes of dento-maxillary anomalies in early
      childhood].

PMID- 2933766
TI  - [Relation between causative factors and the location of mandibular fractures].

PMID- 2933768
TI  - [The collage method in orthodontic resolution of dental impactions].

PMID- 2933769
TI  - [Conditional situations in the surgical-orthodontic treatment of various dental
      impactions].

PMID- 2933770
TI  - [Pit and fissure sealing--between wishful thinking and reality].

PMID- 2933772
TI  - [Clinical results of collagen treatment in cases of accidental exposure of the
      pulp chamber].

PMID- 2933771
TI  - [Generalized allergic dermatitis following xyline anesthesia].

PMID- 2933774
TI  - [The double acid etched bridge].

PMID- 2933773
TI  - [Aspects in the use of radiologic examination in prosthetic therapy (II-a): The
      correctness of clinical preparations in cases of the use of micro-prostheses with
      intra-radicular bonding].

PMID- 2933775
TI  - [Epidemiological studies on the incidence of HBs antigen carriers and of
      hepatitis with positive HBs antigens in a dental health unit].

PMID- 2933776
TI  - [Radiological changes in the diabetic periodontal disease].

PMID- 2933777
TI  - [Determination of protease activity in the contents of periodontal pockets in
      chronic marginal periodontitis].

PMID- 2933779
TI  - [Bruxism, para-function and self-destruction of the dento-maxillary apparatus, a
      distinct clinical entity. I].

PMID- 2933778
TI  - [Protease activity and anti-protease activity in the saliva in chronic marginal
      periodontitis].

PMID- 2933780
TI  - [Cytologic aspects of the oral mucosa in patients wearing Romacryl removable
      dentures].

PMID- 2933782
TI  - [Kinetic sialography, a radio-cinematographic method for studying the salivary
      glands].

PMID- 2933781
TI  - [Restoration of the loss of the upper 1st premolar in relation to the demands of
      periodontal prevention].

PMID- 2933783
TI  - [Prevention of dental caries in pre-school children].

PMID- 2933784
TI  - [Tooth extraction in the treatment of dento-maxillary anomalies].

PMID- 2933785
TI  - [Trans-dental implantation to preserve an abutment tooth for removable dentures].

PMID- 2933786
TI  - [Jessner's lymphocytic infiltration. Characterization of the cellular lineage
      with monoclonal antibodies].

PMID- 2933787
TI  - Changes of plasma beta-endorphin like immunoreactivity induced by aging.

PMID- 2933788
TI  - Changing attitudes of disabled females through assertiveness training.

PMID- 2933790
TI  - Cognitive and behavioral dysfunction in multiply disabled children: an
      introduction.

PMID- 2933791
TI  - [Respiratory muscle fatigue].

PMID- 2933789
TI  - Normalization: a concept of analysis.

PMID- 2933792
TI  - [Psychological characteristics of patients with chronic backache].

PMID- 2933793
TI  - [Acute renal insufficiency and accelerated arterial hypertension of renovascular
      origin: treatment by endoluminal angioplasty. Apropos of 2 cases].
AB  - In 2 patients with malignant hypertension and acute renal failure due to renal
      artery stenosis in a solitary functioning kidney, percutaneous transluminal
      angioplasty was used to dilate the stenotic renal artery. In both cases,
      hypertension resolved and renal function significantly improved. Follow-up
      angiographies revealed the continued patency of the dilated vascular segments.

PMID- 2933794
TI  - [Explicit behavior in a dental clinic of autistic children and a proposal for
      screening tests for cooperation during dental treatment].

PMID- 2933795
TI  - [Toothbrushing in physically handicapped children (I)].

PMID- 2933796
TI  - [An odontological study of Down's syndrome. 1: Eruption and crown dimension of
      the mesio-distal diameter of the deciduous teeth].

PMID- 2933797
TI  - Clinical evaluation of a newly introduced noninvasive cardiac flow detector
      (CardioFlo).
AB  - Clinical evaluation on a newly-introduced cardiac flow detector (CardioFlo) was
      made on 6 patients. The correlation between the values obtained from the Swan
      Ganz catheter (thermodilution) and the present method was studied. A good
      correlation (r = 0.94) was demonstrated, which indicates clinical validity of
      this new method, especially when time is extremely limited as in emergency cases.

PMID- 2933798
TI  - [The nurse in Delta House 7 or the extent of the notion of nursing care].

PMID- 2933799
TI  - [Nursing care during the dilatation of pulmonary valve stenosis].

PMID- 2933801
TI  - [Myocardial hypertrophy and coronary circulation in aortic valvulopathies].

PMID- 2933800
TI  - Atrioventricular conduction time in rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - The atrioventricular conduction time (P-R interval) was determined in 189 women
      and 90 men with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Only three women and one man were
      found to have pathological prolongation of the P-R interval. However, a
      significant prolongation of the P-R interval, within normal range, was seen in
      women with RA compared with healthy controls. Apart from the relation to
      radiographically enlarged heart, prolonged P-R interval showed no association
      with other signs of RA and had no prognostic implications in the follow-up period
      (mean 5.4 years). Current chloroquine therapy delayed the atrioventricular
      conduction while corticosteroids accelerated it.

PMID- 2933802
TI  - Interaction between complement component C4b-binding protein and the vitamin K
      dependent protein S. A link between blood coagulation and the complement system.

PMID- 2933803
TI  - Natural killer cell activity of human fetal liver cells after allogeneic
      stimulation.
AB  - Cells isolated from the liver of human fetuses were confronted with mitomycin C
      treated adult allogeneic cells. After this mixed leukocyte culture (MLC)-type
      reaction, the cytotoxic activity of fetal cells was tested against K562 cell line
      in a 4-h 51Cr release assay. Three of the seven fetuses tested (8 to 11 weeks of
      gestational age) expressed marginal cytotoxic activity before cultivation. Cells
      from one 8-week-old and one 9-week-old fetus were slightly more cytotoxic when
      cultured in the presence of allogeneic cells than when cultured in the medium
      only. Production of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) was not detected in these
      cultures. Cells of one 18-week-old fetus expressed strong cytotoxic activity
      against K562 cells after MLC. Thymocytes from the same fetus were not cytotoxic,
      either before or after MLC against K562 cells. The results indicate that the
      'prethymic' human liver contains cytotoxic cells able to spontaneously kill
      natural killer (NK)-sensitive target cells. Generation of strong NK-like
      cytotoxicity from noncytotoxic precursor cells was observed only after the thymus
      becomes lymphoid, suggesting that thymus-processed cells may regulate the
      generation of NK-like cytotoxic activity. The results suggest a different
      ontogeny of spontaneous and MLC-induced NK-like cells in the human fetus.

PMID- 2933804
TI  - Percutaneous transluminal renal artery dilatation for fibromuscular dysplasia
      with special reference to the acute effects on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
      system and blood pressure.
AB  - Twelve hypertensive patients (mean age 46.6 years, range 37-55 years) with
      fibromuscular dysplasia of the renal artery were treated with percutaneous
      transluminal renal angioplasty (PTRA) and the effects on the renin-angiotensin
      aldosterone system and blood pressure were studied in the acute phase. The
      technical result of PTRA measured by angiography and reduction of PRA and
      aldosterone excretion was satisfactory in 11 patients. In spite of this only
      three patients were cured of their hypertension and two patients were improved at
      six months follow-up. During PTRA an immediate rise in plasma renin activity was
      noted in patients without beta-receptor blockade but not in patients treated with
      beta-receptor blocking agents suggesting a beta-receptor mediated release. This
      peak in renin release was not accompanied by any rise in systemic blood pressure.
      The blood pressure response in the acute phase did not show any regular pattern.
      We conclude that PTRA can serve as a model for studying effects of 'clamping' and
      'declamping' of the renal artery in man.

PMID- 2933805
TI  - [Immune defect following thymoma. Case description and review].
AB  - The clinical and immunologic findings in a 57-year-old woman with
      hypogammaglobulinemia are described. The immunodeficiency occurred 11 years after
      surgical removal of an invasive lymphocytic thymoma. The typical findings of
      hypogammaglobulinemia as a thymoma-associated clinical syndrome are absence of
      peripheral blood B-lymphocytes and deficiency of plasma cells in bone marrow.
      However, in our patient peripheral blood B-lymphocytes and plasma cells in bone
      marrow were within normal limits, while the total number of peripheral blood
      mononuclear cells was subnormal. This subnormality was found to be a diminution
      of peripheral blood T-helper cells. Our patient was anergic to a battery of skin
      test antigens and her lymphocytes showed a decreased in vitro response to mitogen
      stimulation. In particular, the response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was low, but
      could be improved by the addition of interleukin-2 to the culture medium.
      Cocultures between patient B-cells and normal T-cells revealed normal function of
      patient B-cells. However, cocultures between patient T-cells and normal B-cells
      showed a significant depression of mitogen-induced immunoglobulin synthesis.
      These results are suggestive of T-helper cell dysfunction. Consequently, in our
      case the hypogammaglobulinemia was assumed to be secondary to deficient T-helper
      cell function.

PMID- 2933806
TI  - [Elimination of immune complexes: role of complement].
AB  - For many years it has been considered that complement does not modify the immune
      elimination of antigen-antibody complexes. However, recent studies suggest that
      complement contributes to the normal processing of immune complexes: (1)
      complement activation modifies the structure of the immune complex lattice and
      produces soluble complexes, (2) erythrocytes bind complement reacted complexes
      and deliver them to the fixed macrophage system. The clinical association between
      inherited complement deficiency and immune complex mediated diseases also
      suggests a role for complement in the physiological elimination of complexes.

PMID- 2933807
TI  - Down syndrome--Alzheimer's linked.

PMID- 2933808
TI  - Biosynthesis and secretion of proatrial natriuretic factor by cultured rat
      cardiocytes.
AB  - Rat atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) is translated as a 152-amino acid precursor
      preproANF. PreproANF is converted to the 126-amino acid proANF, the storage form
      of ANF in the atria. ANF isolated from the blood is approximately 25 amino acids
      long. It is demonstrated here that rat cardiocytes in culture store and secrete
      proANF. Incubation of proANF with serum produced a smaller ANF peptide. PreproANF
      seems to be processed to proANF in the atria, and proANF appears to be released
      into the blood, where it is converted by a protease to a smaller peptide.

PMID- 2933809
TI  - Colocalization of band 3 with ankyrin and spectrin at the basal membrane of
      intercalated cells in the rat kidney.
AB  - An immunoreactive form of the anion channel protein of erythrocytes, band 3, has
      been identified in the rat kidney. It is found in the intercalated cells of the
      distal tubule and collecting ducts. Immunostaining specific for band 3 is
      confined to the basolateral plasma membrane of these cells, where this protein
      probably mediates the transport of bicarbonate across the tubular wall. Double
      immunolabeling studies demonstrate that band 3 is colocalized with immunoreactive
      forms of ankyrin and spectrin along the basolateral plasma membrane. The
      polarized distribution of band 3 may be the result of the association of its
      cytoplasmic domain with ankyrin, which in turn links band 3 to spectrin and the
      cytoskeleton. These observations help to explain how the collecting ducts of the
      kidney can direct the transport of bicarbonate ions, thus maintaining the acid
      base balance.

PMID- 2933811
TI  - The immunopathology of ankylosing spondylitis--a review.

PMID- 2933810
TI  - The 3' splice site of pre-messenger RNA is recognized by a small nuclear
      ribonucleoprotein.
AB  - A component present in splicing extracts selectively binds the 3' splice site of
      a precursor messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) transcript of a human beta-globin gene.
      Since this component can be immunoprecipitated by either autoantibodies of the Sm
      class or antibodies specifically directed against trimethylguanosine, it is a
      small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP). Its interaction with the 3' splice site
      occurs rapidly even at 0 degrees C, does not require adenosine triphosphate, and
      is altered by certain mutations in the 3' splice site region. Binding is
      surprisingly insensitive to treatment of the extract with micrococcal nuclease.
      The U5 particle is the only abundant Sm snRNP with a capped 5' end that is
      equally resistant to micrococcal nuclease. This suggests that, in addition to the
      U1 and U2 snRNP's, U5 snRNP's participate in pre-mRNA splicing.

PMID- 2933812
TI  - Radiological and scintigraphic findings in patients with a clinical history of
      chronic inflammatory back pain.
AB  - The prevalence of radiological abnormalities of the sacroiliac joints, the
      manubriosternal joint, and the lumbar spine were assessed, and quantitative
      sacroiliac scintigraphy was performed in 151 patients with a history of chronic
      inflammatory back pain and in 31 controls with non-inflammatory back pain.
      Sacroiliitis was found in 124 patients (82%), manubriosternal lesions in 84
      patients (56%), and lesions of the lumbar spine in 58 patients (38%). In 19
      patients (13%), manubriosternal lesions provided the sole radiological
      abnormality and in five patients (3%) no radiological abnormality could be
      demonstrated at any of these sites. Quantitative sacroiliac scintigraphy showed
      increased values in 69 of 137 patients examined (50%), but also in 10 out of 12
      control patients with disc degeneration (83%) and is, therefore, nonspecific for
      inflammatory lesions. Radiological examination of the manubriosternal joint is
      recommended in patients with inflammatory back pain without radiographic evidence
      of sacroiliitis.

PMID- 2933813
TI  - Coping with a handicapped child: differences between mothers and fathers.
AB  - This paper considers coping styles of mothers and fathers of handicapped
      children. Cautioning against stereotyping, the authors find that mothers and
      fathers differ in how they appraise and cope with the stress of rearing a
      developmentally disabled child. The need for systematic investigation of gender
      related coping styles in families with handicapped children is discussed.

PMID- 2933814
TI  - Chronic low back pain: results of treatment at the Pain Therapy Center.
AB  - We evaluated the outcome of 100 consecutive patients with chronic benign low back
      pain admitted for comprehensive interdisciplinary rehabilitation at the Pain
      Therapy Center. The average patient had been disabled for nearly two years and
      had had two unsuccessful operations for pain relief. Seventy-two percent of the
      patients treated had open claims against their workmen's compensation carriers.
      Significant improvements were demonstrated in physical strength, stamina,
      endurance and overall level of physical activity, drug reduction, subjective pain
      intensity, and return to employment.

PMID- 2933815
TI  - Laparoscopic salpingectomy for ectopic pregnancy.
AB  - In selective cases operative laparoscopic salpingectomy is an alternative to
      laparotomy in the surgical treatment of ectopic pregnancy. The obvious advantages
      of this procedure are decreased morbidity and surgical pain, lower cost, shorter
      hospitalization and convalescence, and less disability, as well as a cosmetic
      surgical scar. Because the procedure is so cost-effective, and since the tools
      are familiar to most gynecologists, we hope it will gain wider utilization.
      Laparoscopic salpingectomy is not a difficult procedure when the basic principles
      of surgery are followed. Depending on the fertility desires of the patient and
      the condition of the opposite tube, this procedure may be preferable to
      laparotomy. If a complication such as bleeding does occur and fails to respond to
      cauterization, laparotomy can be done as usual for an ectopic pregnancy.

PMID- 2933816
TI  - Effect of high tension and relaxing incisions on wound healing in rats.
AB  - We developed four experimental models of rats and created abdominal wall wounds
      with various amounts of tension. We made the wounds under normal and high
      tension, both with and without relaxing incisions, and measured the bursting
      strengths and the rate of vascularization of the wounds. The results indicate
      that high closing tension impairs both of these parameters of wound healing and
      that relaxing incisions help in returning healing in high tension wounds toward
      normal.

PMID- 2933819
TI  - [Effectiveness of using thermographic examination of the upper respiratory
      tract].

PMID- 2933817
TI  - [Prevention of childhood trauma].

PMID- 2933818
TI  - [Socio-hygienic characteristics of pregnant women and parturients in a large
      industrial city and characteristics of the pathology of pregnancy and labor].

PMID- 2933820
TI  - [Experience conducting a working model on the subject of the "dispensarization of
      the population in a district polyclinic"].

PMID- 2933821
TI  - [Deontological aspects of the professional practice of students].

PMID- 2933822
TI  - [Activities of the S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy in Samarkand during World
      War II].

PMID- 2933823
TI  - [Social assistance and patronage of evacuation hospitals of the Chuvash ASSR
      during the war].

PMID- 2933824
TI  - [Morphological and clinico-laboratory parallels in podagra-associated
      nephropathy].

PMID- 2933825
TI  - [Infectious antigenemia and circulating immune complexes in chronic brucellosis].

PMID- 2933826
TI  - [Possibilities of the method of diagrams of logical structures in the management
      of training in a medical institute].

PMID- 2933827
TI  - The radiographic evaluation of the symptomatic postoperative lumbar spine
      patient.
AB  - The diagnostic evaluation of patients with previous lumbar surgery presents a
      problem clinically and radiographically. The authors evaluated radiographically
      75 patients with previous lumbar surgery who had persistent lumbar
      symptomatology. From their series, they found that a combination of two
      modalities (1) plain radiographs of the lumbar spine and (2) CT with intrathecal
      metrizamide and/or intravenous contrast provided the most complete and useful
      diagnostic information. The findings are presented with an emphasis on the
      pathologic changes demonstrated on the CT scans of the lumbar spine of which the
      most persistent findings were granulation tissue at the surgical site,
      lumbosacral spondylosis, recurrent or residual herniated disc, and arachnoiditis.

PMID- 2933828
TI  - Degenerative spondylolisthesis. Its surgical management.
AB  - Little attention has been given to the amount of further slip and the success
      rate after decompression for degenerative spondylolisthesis. In this
      retrospective study, the answers to the following were sought: (1) Did
      decompression relieve symptoms; (2) Which decompressive technique was best; (3)
      Did further slip occur; (4) Did further slip make patients worse? Seventeen
      patients were available for an average 20-month follow-up. Six patients had a
      decompression laminectomy with facetectomies, and 11 had a decompression
      laminectomy with foraminotomies. None was fused. Patients rated their results as
      better or worse at follow-up. Nine were better, eight were worse. Five of six who
      had laminectomies with facetectomies were better. Only four of 11 who had
      laminectomies with foraminotomies were better. The average further slip was 3 mm.
      Further slip did not correlate with type of decompression, symptoms, and
      patients' subjective results. We recommended that a decompression laminectomy for
      degenerative spondylolisthesis include a facetectomy. Further study is necessary
      to evaluate the efficacy of a fusion in controlling chronic back pain in the
      postdecompressed patient with degenerative spondylolisthesis.

PMID- 2933829
TI  - [Decreased C3b receptors of erythrocytes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis-
      with special reference to the vasculitis syndrome].

PMID- 2933830
TI  - [Bone marrow necrosis. Apropos of 2 cases].

PMID- 2933831
TI  - Treatment of colorectal hepatic metastases.
AB  - Hepatic metastases of colorectal carcinoma are present at diagnosis in 20 per
      cent of patients and occur within two years in 80 per cent of those which will
      recur in the liver. Surgical resection of all hepatic disease can confer survival
      on 20 per cent of resectable patients, but there is no other curative therapy. No
      systemic drug treatment has been shown superior to 5-FU alone, and the benefit of
      hepatic artery chemotherapy with FUdR (in contrast with systemic treatment)
      remains unproved. External beam radiation therapy with 3,000 rads offers
      effective palliation with low morbidity. The combination of chemotherapy with
      radiation treatment or hyperthermia may prove beneficial, but such protocols
      represent research rather than established treatment.

PMID- 2933832
TI  - Use of the Hickman catheter for jejunal feedings in children.
AB  - A simple, safe method for creating a long term jejunal feeding route using the
      standard Hickman catheter is described herein. The positive results in pediatric
      patients suggest that this method would be suitable in selected adult instances.

PMID- 2933835
TI  - [Amyloidosis in pulmonary tuberculosis and chronic nonspecific lung diseases in
      Leningrad hospitals for adults (autopsy data)].

PMID- 2933833
TI  - Operative management of the kinked carotid artery.
AB  - In instances in which coexistent significant carotid artery disease and internal
      carotid redundancy coexist, we have found that use of the resected autogenous
      internal carotid artery to be a convenient and satisfactory way of patching the
      frequently small distal internal carotid artery following resection of the
      redundant portion. There has been no morbidity associated with additional suture
      lines, and in follow-up care extending through 24 months, there have been no
      recurrent symptoms.

PMID- 2933834
TI  - A detailed program review of in vitro fertilization with a discussion and
      comparison of alternative approaches.

PMID- 2933836
TI  - [Effect of hemosorption on the dynamics of immunopathologic changes in the skin
      of patients with diseases accompanying the immune complex syndrome].
AB  - In the majority of diseases with the immune complexes (IC) syndrome, elimination
      of IC from the body is markedly disturbed. The authors carried out a study with
      the aid of the direct immunofluorsecence technique. The use of hemosorption in
      the treatment of patients with grave patterns of systemic lupus erythematosus,
      rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, systemic vasculitis and similar illnesses in
      conjunction with conventional therapy (corticosteroids, cytostatics) leads to
      sequestration of the depositions of immune complexes from the skin. As early as
      after the first hemosorption one can observe the displacement of IC from the
      derma to the epidermis, advance of IC towards the stratum corneum. After the
      third session in hemosorption IC granules appear on the body surface, in the form
      of warty formulations which are removed afterwards together with skin scales. It
      is assumed that hemosorption recovers the secretory function of the skin, aimed
      at IC elimination.

PMID- 2933837
TI  - [Clinico-immunological and biochemical indicators in the evaluation of
      pathological process in patients with rheumatoid arthritis].

PMID- 2933838
TI  - [Prevalence and various social aspects of osteoarthrosis deformans].

PMID- 2933839
TI  - [Quantitative and functional characteristics of T-suppressors in patients with
      rheumatoid arthritis].

PMID- 2933840
TI  - [Changes in the functional activity of neutrophils during hemosorption therapy of
      patients with systemic rheumatic and other diseases with immunologic disorders].
AB  - Fourteen patients on hemosorption therapy were studied for variations in
      functional activity of neutrophils isolated from peripheral blood. These
      variations were evaluated from neutrophil chemiluminescence during adhesion
      reflecting the generation of active forms of oxygen. A correlation was
      established between the positive effect of therapy and neutrophil activation
      which was most demonstrable by day 7 after the treatment.

PMID- 2933842
TI  - Isotretinoin (Accutane) treatment of acne.

PMID- 2933841
TI  - [Combined use of impact doses of 6-methylprednisolone and cyclophosphamide in
      patients with systemic lupus erythematosus].
AB  - The priming doses of 6-methylprednisolone (6-MP) and cyclophosphamide (pulse
      therapy) were used for the treatment of 23 patients with SLE associated with
      primary involvement of the kidneys and pronounced immunologic disorders. The
      effect of combined therapy was evaluated on the extrarenal manifestations of SLE,
      proteinuria, hematuria, glomerular filtration, creatinine, antibodies to native
      DNA (anti-nDNA), complement, cryoprecipitins, antinuclear factor, and circulating
      immune complexes (CIC). The treatment efficacy was evaluated on day 4 since the
      beginning of the treatment and on the patients' discharge from hospital. The data
      obtained point to a significant increase of glomerular filtration and complement
      level, a reduction in CIC and anti-nDNA and cryoprecipitins within the first day
      after discontinuation of the treatment. The diminution of proteinuria and
      improvement of the urinary sediment were seen in over 50% of the patients.
      Variation of the laboratory findings correlated well with the improvement of the
      disease clinical picture. The combination of the priming doses of 6-MP and
      cyclophosphamide holds promise in the treatment of patients with associated SLE
      and grave renal involvement, marked immunologic disorders and generalized
      autoimmune vasculitis.

PMID- 2933843
TI  - [Physician and social insurance].

PMID- 2933844
TI  - [The prevention of occupational eczema].

PMID- 2933845
TI  - Effects of tranexamic acid on the conversion of Glu-plasminogen I and II to its
      Lys-forms.
AB  - Glu-plasminogen (Glu-plg) was incubated with plasmin. It took more than 2 hr
      incubation for the conversion of Glu-plg to a modified form (Lys-plg) to take
      place. Especially the conversion of Glu-plg II to Lys-plg II by plasmin took
      place very slowly. On the other hand, the conversion of Glu-plg I to Lys-plg I
      took place faster than that of Glu-plg II. In the presence of 1 mM tranexamic
      acid, the conversion of both Glu-plg I and II to their Lys-forms by plasmin was
      accelerated and completed in 30 min incubation. Fifty percent increase in the
      rate of the conversion of Glu-plg I to Lys-plg I was observed in the presence of
      0.18 mM tranexamic acid. For the conversion of Glu-plg II to Lys-plg II, larger
      concentration of tranexamic acid was needed. Another observation was that
      tranexamic acid protected the degradation of plasminogen by plasmin, indicating
      the involvement of the lysine binding sites (LBS) of plasmin in the proteolytic
      attack against plg.

PMID- 2933846
TI  - Inhibition of platelet function by ticlopidine in arteriosclerosis obliterans of
      the lower limbs.

PMID- 2933847
TI  - [Reoperations of recurrent ischias].

PMID- 2933848
TI  - [Occupational eczema. Diagnosis and treatment].

PMID- 2933849
TI  - [P-pills for women with acne/hirsutism].

PMID- 2933850
TI  - A human helper-dependent influenza virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte clone
      restricted by HLA-DR2.
AB  - A human influenza A virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) clone is
      described that is restricted by a class II HLA-antigen. Of a large panel of B
      lymphoblastoid cell lines (B-LCL) as target cells the clone lysed only infected
      cells sharing HLA-DR2 with the donor of the clone. In cold target inhibition
      studies only infected cells bearing HLA-DR2 could inhibit cytotoxicity. Infected
      PHA-blasts that express less DR-antigen than B-LCL cells were lysed to a much
      lesser extent though they could be infected equally well. Trypan blue staining
      and postlabelling of the target cells showed that the clone indeed killed the
      target cells. The clone did not proliferate in response to infected irradiated
      autologous LCL cells and had the OKT3+4+8-DR+ phenotype. The possible
      significance of class II restricted CTL is discussed.

PMID- 2933851
TI  - [Day care in the Joseph House].

PMID- 2933852
TI  - Abolition by nicorandil of spontaneous action potentials of the small atrio
      ventricular node preparation of the dog.
AB  - Effects of carbachol and nicorandil on spontaneous action potentials were
      examined in the small atrio-ventricular (A-V) node preparation of the dog.
      Carbachol (3 X 10(-6) M) definitely hyperpolarized the membrane potential and
      abolished the spontaneous activity. Nicorandil (3 X 10(-4) M) also abolished the
      spontaneous activity but the membrane potential became quiescent at -65 mV, which
      was less negative than the maximum diastolic potential. From these results it
      appears that nicorandil may increase the potassium conductances but not
      hyperpolarize the membrane potential because the background potassium conductance
      is little developed in the nodal cells.

PMID- 2933854
TI  - Ultraviolet irradiation of platelet concentrate abrogates lymphocyte activation
      without affecting platelet function in vitro.
AB  - We studied the effect of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on platelet concentrates.
      Samples irradiated at 310 mm for 30 minutes at a dose of 1782 J per m2 showed no
      loss of platelet function in vitro as determined by adenosine diphosphate,
      collagen, or ristocetin-induced aggregation. Lymphocytes isolated from irradiated
      units were unable to act as responders or stimulators in a mixed-lymphocyte
      reaction. These data suggest that UV radiation of platelet concentrates may
      result in a cell suspension that is unable to evoke an immunological response.

PMID- 2933853
TI  - [Pedagogic, scientific and social activities of Prof. K. I. Tatiev].

PMID- 2933856
TI  - Suppressor cell activity of cells infiltrating rat renal allografts prolonged by
      perioperative administration of extracted histocompatibility antigen and
      cyclosporine.
AB  - Suppressor T cells were identified in situ within renal allografts of hosts
      rendered unresponsive by perioperative administration of donor histocompatibility
      antigen, which was extracted from donor spleen cells with 3M KCl, combined with
      cyclosporine (Ag-CsA). Infiltrating cells harvested from Buffalo (BUF, RT1b)
      renal allografts ten days after transplantation into Wistar-Furth (WFu, RT1u)
      rats treated with a single i.v. injection of 5 mg 3M KCl-extracted donor antigen
      (Ag) combined with a three day course of CsA inhibited the mixed lymphocyte
      culture (MLC) reaction between normal responder WFu and irradiated BUF cells
      (79.3% suppression, P less than 0.001), but not third-party Brown-Norway (BN,
      RT1n) stimulator cells (-5.4% suppression, NS). The suppressor effect was not due
      to cytolysis: the infiltrating cells did not lyse 51Cr-labeled concanavalin A
      (Con-A) blastoid BUF cells, as did the infiltrating cells from
      nonimmunosuppressed recipient allografts undergoing rejection responses toward
      BUF (49% specific cytolysis, E/T = 25), but not third-party BN, target cells five
      days after transplantation. The suppressor cells were nonadherent to plastic
      dishes and sensitive to monoclonal antibodies (Mab) W3/13 HLK (pan-T cells: %
      suppressor -17.9) or cytotoxic/suppressor cells with Mab OX-8 (-5.0%
      suppression), but not W3/25 (helper; 48.6% suppression, P less than 0.025).
      Moreover, adoptive transfer of 10(6) infiltrating cells from Ag-CsA-treated
      recipient allografts into virgin WFu hosts prolonged primary BUF graft survival
      from 7.2 to 14.0 days (P less than 0.05), but not third-party BN grafts (treated
      MST = 11.9 +/- 3.9 days versus untreated MST = 11.0 +/- 2.9 days, NS). On the
      other hand, infiltrating cells from CsA-only-treated recipient allografts could
      not transfer this effect (MST = 7.7 +/- 0.5 days, P less than 0.01). Finally,
      retransplantation of the BUF allograft from the Ag-CsA treated rat to a
      syngeneic, virgin WFu host ten days after primary transplantation yielded
      prolonged survival with MST 11.4 +/- 2.3 versus control primary graft survival in
      untreated animals of 7.2 +/- 0.6 days (P less than 0.001). BUF allografts from
      treated WFu hosts retransplanted into third-party BN rats did not display
      prolonged graft survival (MST = 9.2 +/- 1.1 days) compared with primary BUF
      grafts in untreated BN recipients (MST = 9.2 +/- 2.0 days, NS). The presence of
      suppressor T cells both in the spleen and in situ in renal allografts following
      Ag-CsA treatment suggests that local mechanisms may augment systemic elements to
      control the generation of alloimmunity.

PMID- 2933855
TI  - Dietary nucleotides, a requirement for helper/inducer T lymphocytes.
AB  - Previous investigations have revealed that dietary nucleotide restriction delays
      the onset of primary murine cardiac allograft rejection and acute graft-versus
      host disease followed H-2-incompatible bone marrow transplantation, suppresses
      sensitization to intradermally injected antigens and suppresses in vivo and in
      vitro lymphocyte proliferation to alloantigen or lectin stimulation. To determine
      the mechanisms responsible for these phenomena, BALB/c mice were placed on chow
      (F), nucleotide free (NF) diet, or NF diet supplemented with 0.25% RNA (NFR),
      with 0.6% adenine (NFA), or with 0.06% uracil (NFU). Following four weeks of
      dietary equilibrium, splenic lymphocytes harvested from naive or immunostimulated
      mice in the various dietary groups were stained with monoclonal antibodies
      directed Lyt 1, Lyt 2, 3, or surface mouse immunoglobulin (IgG) surface markers.
      While naive animals demonstrated no differences in lymphocyte subpopulations
      between groups, following complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) stimulation, splenic
      lymphocytes for NF mice demonstrated 27.3 +/- 1.7% Lyt 1+ cells compared with F
      (32.6 +/- .04%) and NFR mice (33.2 +/- 1.2%) (P less than 0.02). Restriction of
      dietary nucleotides affected not only phenotypes of T lymphocytes, but also T
      cell function. Following conconavalin A stimulation of irradiated splenic
      lymphocytes, IL-2 production was decreased in NF mice compared with the F control
      group (P less than 0.01). The RNA-repleted diet maintained normal IL-2
      production, while addition of adenine or uracil alone did not. Finally, NF diets
      adversely affected host resistance to the opportunistic pathogen Candida
      albicans. Following inoculation with 0.25 X 10(6) organisms NF or NFA-fed hosts
      succumbed more rapidly than F, NFR, or NFU fed hosts (P less than 0.001). These
      data suggest that helper/inducer T lymphocytes require exogenous nucleotides to
      respond normally following immune stimulation. Uracil may be the critical
      substrate, based upon the studies of Candida resistance. By understanding the
      metabolic basis of NFD-induced immunosuppression, the role of dietary nucleotides
      in combatting infection and alloantigen rejection can be more clearly defined.

PMID- 2933858
TI  - [Hirsutism treated with cyproterone acetate and ethinyl estradiol. Evaluation of
      the clinical effect].

PMID- 2933859
TI  - [Roaccutan (isotretinoin) in the oral treatment of acne and rosacea].

PMID- 2933860
TI  - [Multihandicapped children and adolescents in a residential institution before
      and after decentralization].

PMID- 2933857
TI  - [Hirsutism treated with cyproterone acetate and ethinyl estradiol. Influence on
      androgens in the serum and urine and on urinary cortisol].

PMID- 2933861
TI  - [Laparoscopy in chronic pelvic pain. A retrospective study of 151 laparoscopies].

PMID- 2933862
TI  - [The risks and benefits of laparoscopic sterilization].

PMID- 2933863
TI  - [Laparoscopy in chronic pelvic pain].

PMID- 2933864
TI  - [Laparoscopic pancreatoscopy].

PMID- 2933865
TI  - [Echocardiographic study of regression in the enlarged heart muscle during
      effective and long-term antihypertensive treatment].

PMID- 2933866
TI  - [Work of military physicians of the 31st Army in the White Russian Operation].

PMID- 2933867
TI  - [In the battle for the health of servicemen].

PMID- 2933868
TI  - [The nurses' council of a military hospital].

PMID- 2933869
TI  - [With a feeling of high responsibility (Vladlen Mikhailovich Mashoshin)].

PMID- 2933870
TI  - [Changes in the concentration of cortisol, aldosterone and insulin in the blood
      of children with bronchial asthma during health resort treatment in a low
      altitude locale].

PMID- 2933871
TI  - [High-altitude speleotherapy of children with bronchial asthma].

PMID- 2933872
TI  - [Natural air ionization in high altitude locales and subterranean caverns of
      Kirghizia].

PMID- 2933873
TI  - [Treatment of patients with myopathies at a climato-bath-therapy health resort].

PMID- 2933874
TI  - [Organization of oncological services in the non-black earth region of the
      RSFSR].

PMID- 2933875
TI  - [The role of organization measures in the early detection of lung cancer during
      mass screening].
AB  - The experience gained in fluorographic mass screenings for early detection of
      lung cancer in Rostov Region showed their effectiveness to depend on differential
      selection of population study groups on the basis of examination periods
      determined according to the data of local registries, formation of high risk
      groups on the basis of the suggested criteria, and further research in the rhythm
      of fluorographic screenings in different population groups. Practical aspects of
      mass screenings deserve more attention. The percentage of lung malignancies
      detected in the course of mass screenings increased as a result of taking certain
      effective organizational measures, thus making the case for further research into
      the problem.

PMID- 2933877
TI  - [Catamnesis of patients with a history of acute myocardial infarct].

PMID- 2933876
TI  - [Simultaneous development of 2 post-radiation sarcomas of the abdominal wall].

PMID- 2933878
TI  - [Clinical-dispensary finding of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis].
AB  - Ten patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) were clinically followed under
      the conditions of follow-up care. The diagnosis of the patients was made vie
      biochemical immunologic, histological and instrumental investigations. The
      average term for follow up was 4 years and 5 months. All patients were actively
      checked up by summoning every 6 months. The average incidence of hospitalization
      at the clinic was 1 year and 5 months. Pruritus preceded all other symptoms--1
      year and 11 months on the average. Jaundice was established 1 year and 7 months
      after the manifestation of pruritus and the dirty greyish pigmentation of the
      skin--1 year and 11 months after pruritus. Hepatomegaly was established 1 year
      and 7 months after pruritus. Increased alkaline phosphatase, blood bilirubin and
      cholesterol were observed in all patients and increase of IgM in 80 per cent, and
      antimitochondrial antibodies--in 70 per cent. Xanthelasma and xanthoma were found
      only in patients with high levels of cholesterol and total fats. The treatment
      with dihydrocortison induced stomach complaints (erosive gastritis), intersifying
      bone chanes in 20 per cent of the patients. X-ray and instrumental methods have a
      relative value in making the diagnosis of PBC. It could be concluded from the
      complex treatment that corticosteroids give complications and the treatment with
      cholestiramine--to attenuation of pruritus. The average survival after making the
      diagnosis is 6 years.

PMID- 2933879
TI  - [Bioenergy metabolism in larvae of Trichinella spiralis spiralis and Trichinella
      spiralis pseudospiralis].

PMID- 2933880
TI  - [Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty in the region of the renal artery-
      indications, technic and results].
AB  - The paper reports the results obtained by percutaneous transluminal angioplasty
      (PTA) in the treatment of renal artery stenosis in 25 patients with secondary
      hypertension and discusses indications and the technique used. The follow-up
      period ranged from 0.5 to 12 months. All interventions were performed with the
      Olbert catheter system. Following PTA a significant decrease in systolic,
      diastolic and mean arterial pressure was observed in nearly all patients. The
      response of the plasma renin activity (PRA) to orthostatic stimulation and
      pharmacological stimulation by furosemide was determined in a subset of 15
      patients before and after PTA. A significant decrease in both basal and
      stimulated PRA values was observed subsequent to PTA. The decrease in PRA values
      after successful PTA did not, however, correlate with the extent of the blood
      pressure changes.

PMID- 2933881
TI  - [Results of emergency aortocoronary bypass surgery in patients with acute
      myocardial ischemia after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty].
AB  - From April 1980 to June 1985 7.3% (15) of 205 PTCA-treated patients required
      emergency operations. The spectrum of PTCA-induced ischemia included anginal pain
      alone (2/1, 13%) or transmural infarction (13/15, 87%) with hypotension (8/15),
      cardiac arrest (4/15), and severe cardiogenic shock (3/15, 20%). 14 patients
      underwent saphenous-vein-bypass-graft operation (ACBG) with a mean of 1.7 grafts
      performed per patient. The average time from onset of symptoms to completed
      revascularisation was 166.5 (110 to 290) minutes. Inspite of the use of IABP one
      hospital death (6.6%) occurred prior to the institution of ECC in a patient with
      previous ACBG surgery. No late death was observed during a mean follow up of 11.1
      (1 to 33) months with 13/14 patients free of anginal symptoms. Retrospective
      assessment of postoperative serum enzyme levels of CPK and CK-MB showed evidence
      of myocardial infarctions in 7/14 (50%) patient. The incidence on ECG of Q-wave
      infarctions was 35,7% (5/14). With the exception of one patient, IABP was not
      used pre- or postoperatively. In patients with acute myocardial ischemia
      following PTCA-attempts immediate restoration of myocardial blood flow can
      stabilize left ventricular function and reduce the incidence and size of
      myocardial infarctions. The availability of emergency ACBG-surgery and facilities
      remain an important prerequisite of PTCA-programs due to the unpredictable
      natural course of PTCA-induced myocardial ischemia.

PMID- 2933883
TI  - Can a 1,2-oxygen shift of a nicotinamide N-oxide derivative occur in vivo?
AB  - Using the N-oxide derivative of niaprazine, a nicotinamide-based drug, as
      substrate, the possibility of a 1,2-oxygen shift from N to adjacent C occurring
      in vivo has been investigated. By comparison of the percentage of the 6-pyridone
      derivative formed after administration of 14C-niaprazine to rats with that
      obtained after giving 14C-niaprazine N-oxide, it has been shown that a 1,2-oxygen
      shift might contribute to the formation of 6-pyridone derivatives as metabolites
      of nicotinamide-related drugs in vivo.

PMID- 2933882
TI  - [Surgical treatment of the isolated form of interrupted aortic arch].
AB  - We report on a 14-years old boy with isolated interruption of the aortic arch
      (type B). By the use of extracorporal circulation complete relief could be
      achieved by interposing a large Dacron tube. Follow up restudy demonstrated a
      normotensive patient without residual gradient of the systemic blood pressure.

PMID- 2933884
TI  - On the maximal chronological age of man.
AB  - With the aim of clarifying the question on the maximal life span of man 144 the
      long-lived persons of the Azerbeijan SSR aged 90 and over were studied. To
      determine chronological age different research method, documents confirming age
      (passports, registers in village Soviets, etc.) were used, wedding dated, date of
      birth of their children were studied, memories on remembering historic events,
      ect., were checked. As a result of the complex determination of age, it was
      established that in 24.3% of the cases the age of the long-lived persons had been
      exaggerated. The maximal chronological age of man has been established as being
      121 years. This age has been reached in the Azerbaijan SSR by men and women
      alike.

PMID- 2933885
TI  - [Dose and time relations of the effects of various asthma sprays in diagnostic
      use--a contribution to practicality of the bronchospasmolysis test].

PMID- 2933886
TI  - [Modification of selected parameters in the laboratory rat by the effect of
      pesticides and humic acid].

PMID- 2933887
TI  - [Syndrome of the absent umbilical cord in ultrasound].
AB  - A case is presented of complete aplasia of the umbilical cord with concomitant
      severe anomalies of the fetus at 19 week's gestation. The sonographic findings
      are demonstrated and the pathogenesis of this rare malformation is discussed.

PMID- 2933888
TI  - [Coronary perfusion in acute vascular occlusion within the scope of transluminal
      coronary angioplasty].
AB  - The procedure of coronary perfusion during transluminal coronary angioplasty
      (TCA) is described. By using guide wires of a length of 300 cm it is possible to
      exchange a balloon catheter for a perfusion catheter in acute vascular occlusion.
      Arterial blood is withdrawn and correspondingly supplied distal to the occlusion
      to meet the myocardial need for sufficiently oxygenated blood. Ischemia resolves,
      resulting in the normalization of left ventricular function and resolution of
      subjective complaints. This procedure can maintain myocardial oxygen supply until
      emergency coronary bypass graft surgery or repeat angioplasty. It might help to
      reduce mortality secondary to transluminal coronary angioplasty.

PMID- 2933889
TI  - [Measures for age adequate adjustment of work conditions].
AB  - Within the framework of a research project on behalf of the organization
      "Humanisierung des Arbeitslebens" (Humanization of Working Life) we investigated
      under which conditions (economic, technical, organizational, and social) the
      places of work of both older workers with a changed performance level and
      handicapped workers can be modified in such a way that these employees can remain
      at their jobs. The goal was to find a method of employment which was geared both
      to performance abilities and to productivity. We also investigated the problem of
      how to arrange transfer jobs which fulfill the demand for qualified and
      productive employment, when it is no longer possible for the employees to remain
      in the job they have held up to then - for example, when the manufacturing
      process does not allow the modification of a single work place. The goal of
      gearing work places to the needs of older employees often fails in reality for
      various reasons. Especially worth mentioning are: lack of comprehensibility with
      regard to technical-ergonomic work aids - although there is a wide range of these
      available; general strategy of the firms to dismiss older workers and workers
      with a changed performance level; qualification deficiencies of older workers;
      and technical problems: i.e. in shift-working firms, when the modified job is
      taken over in the 2nd or 3rd shift by a worker with no health limitations. In
      spite of all assertions to the contrary, it has become clear that jobs for the
      handicapped and workers with a changed performance level can be conceived, so to
      speak, "in stock" as early as in the planning stage.

PMID- 2933890
TI  - [Rational preoperative diagnosis of cerebrovascular insufficiency--Doppler
      sonography, transvenous DSA, arteriography and arterial DSA].

PMID- 2933891
TI  - [Gold-induced dermatitis (contact dermatitis and toxiderma)].

PMID- 2933893
TI  - [History of the control of infectious skin diseases and syphilis in Turkmenistan
      (1867-1916)].

PMID- 2933894
TI  - [Experience in the treatment of acne with the retinoid-roacutan].

PMID- 2933892
TI  - [Cercarial dermatitis (schistosomiasis)].

PMID- 2933895
TI  - New ways in counselling on prenatally diagnosed congenital malformations. An
      experimental information project using Bildschirmtext/Videotex.
AB  - A bibliometric analysis of source items recently published in German-language
      gynaecology journals and one German-language journal covering a broader field of
      medicine yielded but one publication linked with prenatally diagnosed congenital
      malformations and their surgical treatment. Thus, journals usually assessed by
      the gynaecologist are in this respect at present not a useful source of
      information for the practitioner outside specialised centres. In order to explore
      the usefulness of Bildschirmtext (BTX, Videotex), a new electronic medium, as an
      alternative in counselling for congenital malformations and similar rare medical
      problems, an experimental database was constructed. Pages giving data on
      diagnostic pathways, incidence, prognosis, specialised treatment centres and
      suggested further reading on abdominal wall defects were compiled and are stored
      in a central computer of the German Federal Postal Services. Data are accessible
      via the regular telephone network and a specially equipped TV set. The method,
      although still experimental, is considered useful for offering medical
      intelligence to the medical professional outside specialised centres.

PMID- 2933896
TI  - [Experimental animal studies of the subchronic toxicity of sintered bio
      vitroceramic materials in rat subcutaneous tissue].

PMID- 2933897
TI  - [Histocompatibility of Ag-Sn-Cu-Sb amalgam and Ag-Sn-Cu amalgam in the
      subcutaneous implantation test].

PMID- 2933898
TI  - [Method for determining the pathogenic properties of oral microorganisms and
      their toxins for resistant cells].

PMID- 2933901
TI  - [Results of surgical treatment only of oral cavity carcinomas in the past 10
      years].

PMID- 2933900
TI  - [Long-term experience with the bridging of mandibular defects using free
      autologous bone grafts].

PMID- 2933899
TI  - [Materials science studies of crown and bridge materials. 1. The possibilities of
      improving wear resistance].

PMID- 2933902
TI  - [Ectopic pregnancy in uterus bicornis with rudimentary accessory horn on the side
      of the rudiment].
AB  - Report on a patient with ectopic pregnancy at the side of a rudimentary horn of a
      uterus bicornis. The difficulty of a preoperative diagnose of the malformation
      and the possibility of a normal development of a pregnancy in the presence of
      uterine malformations are discussed, the external migration of spermatozoa and
      the combination with a renal aplasia, too.

PMID- 2933903
TI  - Epizootiological studies on porcine atrophic rhinitis. VII. Study of the
      aetiology and the local immune response.

PMID- 2933904
TI  - [Salmonella infections in children's playgrounds in Leningrad].

PMID- 2933905
TI  - [Allomonas--a new group of microorganisms of the Vibrionaceae family. Allomonas
      enterica in seawater and various hydrobiotas].
AB  - Bacteriological investigations made in the Black Sea, the Sea of Azov and the Sea
      of Japan have revealed that Allomonas enterica are widely spread in sea water and
      hydrobionts. The prevalence of these microorganisms in biotopes with unfavorable
      sanitary characteristics and their high correlation with the main indicator
      microorganisms suggest their importance as indicators, and a high percentage of
      seafood contaminated with Allomonas necessitates their study as possible
      causative agents of toxinfections.

PMID- 2933907
TI  - [Use of files for forms no. 063y in planning preventive immunization].
AB  - The use of color-coded files, form No. 063y (prophylatic immunization records),
      with special cards, having a double row of perforations at the top, and with
      colored riders for the indication of months in planning and coverage with
      immunization considerably facilitates work in planning prophylactic immunization.
      The files can be rather easily analyzed for the coverage of the population groups
      with immunization without reading each card. As the plan of immunization for the
      current year is realized, the riders are used for planning the immunizations for
      the following years. Thus, at the end of the current year the plan for the next
      year, indicating the monthly schedule, and the kinds of immunization, is ready.

PMID- 2933906
TI  - [Formation of drug resistance in Vibrio cholerae of non-O1 group inhabitating
      surface-water reservoirs].
AB  - In the study of 255 V. cholerae strains unrelated to vibrio O group I (NAG
      vibrios), which were isolated from water bodies in the region of the Volga delta
      in 1977-1982, antibioticograms of 17 types were obtained and R factor was
      detected in 37.7% of the strains under study. The pronounced heterogeneity of NAG
      vibrio populations, evaluated in minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values
      with respect to different antibiotics, is specifically manifested by the presence
      of various dominating subpopulations of these microorganisms, depending on their
      sensitivity to some chemical drugs. Various representatives of the genus Vibrio
      were used as a model for demonstrating the ability of the microbial population to
      enhance its variability as regards MIC values with a seasonal rise in the number
      of microorganisms.

PMID- 2933908
TI  - [Demyelinating encephalomyelitis in child native to Uzbekistan].
AB  - Demyelinizing encephalomyelitis is described in a 7-year-old Uzbek girl. The
      clinical picture and a wave-like course of the disease were similar to the
      corresponding findings observed in children with multiple sclerosis who live in
      the European part of the USSR although both the patient and her parents are
      indigenous inhabitants of Uzbekistan and have never travelled beyond the borders
      of the republic.

PMID- 2933909
TI  - [Effect of treatment with psychotropic preparations on suppressor T-lymphocytes
      in juvenile continuously-progressing schizophrenia].
AB  - The paper deals with the effect of psychotropic drugs on blood levels of
      suppressive T-lymphocytes in patients with continuously progressive
      schizophrenia. The patients were examined three times: the first sample of blood
      was taken after a long psychotropic therapy, the second 3 weeks after the
      discontinuation of the therapy and the third one 3 weeks after the resumption of
      treatment. The lowest levels of suppressory T-lymphocytes (averaging 16.3%) were
      observed during the first examination. Following the discontinuation of therapy
      the content of T-suppresspors increased to 21.3% (P less than 0.001) failing,
      however, to reach the mean level characteristic of normal donors (25.7%). The
      amount of suppressory T-lymphocytes decreased again after treatment resumption.
      It is concluded that one of the factors contributing to changes in the
      immunological status in patients with juvenile continuously progressive
      schizophrenia may be a long-term use of psychotropic drugs.

PMID- 2933910
TI  - [Cardiac and hemodynamic disorders in the pathogenesis of the initial
      manifestations of cerebrovascular pathology].
AB  - Initial manifestations of cerebrovascular pathology (CVP) in the presence of
      arterial hypertension (n-26) and atherosclerosis (n-428) were combined with
      various cardiovascular disorders ranging from cardialgia to coronary heart
      disease in 67.4% of the patients. Cardial disturbances were expressed as an
      atypical pain syndrome in 47% and as angina of effort and postinfarction
      cardiosclerosis in 23.2% of the patients. Electrocardiographic changes were
      elicited in 52.6-62% of the patients. Bicycle ergometry revealed a decrease in
      all parameters of tolerance to physical exercise. Disorders of the general and
      cerebral hemodynamics were more pronounced in atherosclerotic patients; at the
      first stages of cerebral pathology they predominantly presented the normokinetic
      type of the hemodynamics (40.6%) while its more marked forms were associated with
      the hypokinetic type of the circulation (52). The early diagnosis of cardial and
      hemodynamic disorders is necessary for the presention of acute disturbances of
      the cerebral circulation.

PMID- 2933912
TI  - Autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction in Graves' disease: relationship to clinical
      status.
AB  - The autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction (AMLR), i.e. the ability of T
      lymphocytes to proliferate when cultured with autologous non-T cell fractions, is
      an 'in vitro' phenomenon showing immunological memory and specificity, probably
      related to the cooperation ability of immunocompetent cells. We have evaluated
      AMLR in 27 patients with Graves' disease of varying clinical status (untreated
      and treated with antithyroid drugs, surgery or 131I). The results obtained show:
      Impaired AMLR in untreated patients (as in other autoimmune diseases).
      Significantly higher AMLR in cured patients, and that AMLR in cured patients
      varies with the treatment (higher after surgery or radioiodine than after medical
      treatment). These results are consistent with the hypothesis of a functional
      defect of T cells in Graves' disease, which improves when clinical remission is
      achieved.

PMID- 2933911
TI  - T-lymphocyte subpopulations in type I diabetes mellitus. A longitudinal study.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies were used to characterize peripheral T-lymphocyte
      subpopulations in 23 patients with type I diabetes mellitus. Initial measurements
      were made at diagnosis and in 10 of the patients further studies were carried out
      at 1, 3 and 6 months. T-cell subsets were also measured in 16 patients with type
      II diabetes, in 16 patients with various autoimmune diseases and in 17 healthy
      control subjects. At diagnosis, the type I diabetic patients showed a significant
      decrease in the percentage of cytotoxic/suppressor cells. Both total T-cells and
      helper/inducer cells were normal. However, when the helper/inducer population was
      analyzed in the context of islet cell antibodies (ICAs), it was found that those
      patients possessing ICAs had significantly higher proportions of helper/inducer
      cells than those lacking them. A significant inverse correlation was seen between
      the proportions of total T-cells and NK/K cells. At 1 month, the proportions of
      cytotoxic/suppressor cells returned to normal, whilst the helper/inducer cells
      showed a transient depression. By 6 months, the only change seen was a
      significant increase in the percentage total t-cells. No relationship was found
      between T-cell subset perturbation and metabolic control, as assessed by
      measurement of hemoglobin A1 (HbA1). The type II diabetic patients showed a
      significant increase in the percentage of total T cells. The autoimmune patients
      also showed a significant increase in the proportions of total T-cells; this
      appeared to reflect an increase in the helper/inducer subset. In the autoimmune
      patients these findings occurred in conjunction with significant decreases in the
      absolute numbers of each T-cell subset. It is surmised that, in some cases of
      type I diabetes, alterations in immune homeostasis may permit autoimmune
      processes, which lead to cell damage at the onset of diabetes.

PMID- 2933913
TI  - Follicular rupture changes the endocrine profile of peritoneal fluid.
AB  - We determined the concentration of progesterone (P) and 17 beta-estradiol (E2) in
      peritoneal fluid 32 hours after endogenous luteinizing hormone surge (LH) or 34
      hours after injection of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in 4 groups of
      patients: group A: 5 natural cycles, unruptured follicles, mean concentrations of
      P (1.48 micrograms/l) and E2 (169 ng/l); group B: 28 stimulated cycles,
      unruptured follicles after an endogenous LH surge, mean concentrations of P (5.33
      micrograms/l) and E2 (1 344 ng/l); group C: 13 stimulated cycles, ruptured
      follicles after endogenous LH surge, mean concentrations of P (446 micrograms/l)
      and E2 (59 500 ng/l); group D: 8 stimulated cycles, unruptured follicles after
      injection of hCG, mean concentrations of P (8.21 micrograms/l) and E2 (551 ng/l).
      The variations of the hormonal concentrations in peritoneal fluid are discussed.

PMID- 2933914
TI  - Prevalence of sexual dysfunctions in non-insulin dependent (type II) diabetic
      males.
AB  - Since previous papers about the frequency of sexual dysfunctions (SD) in diabetic
      males did not consider the genetical and clinical heterogeneity of diabetes
      mellitus, we studied the prevalence and the pathogenesis of SD in 77 non insulin
      dependent diabetics (NIDD). The diagnostic procedures consisted of physical and
      psychological examinations, compilation of a questionnaire, evaluation of
      autonomic and peripheral nervous systems, measurement of penile arterious flow,
      dosage of hormonal and metabolic parameters. SD were present in 52% of patients:
      24% of them had organic impotence, 28% psychological sexual impairment. Age,
      duration of diabetes and metabolic control were superimposable in the patients
      with and without SD. Most patients with organic impotence had an alteration of
      parasympathetic nervous system; less frequently a reduced penile arterious flow
      was observed. The relief of such a high prevalence of SD in NIDD males suggests
      that future studies should consider the various groups of diabetics separately.

PMID- 2933915
TI  - Success of in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer in relation to the causes
      of infertility.
AB  - In 1984 163 patients were treated in our in vitro fertilization program,
      including 4 patients accepting embryos from the oocyte and embryo donation
      program. Twenty pregnancies were achieved with an average chance per transfer of
      16,6%. The final success of IVF strongly depends on the cause of infertility. The
      best results were obtained for patients with tubal infertility, with a pregnancy
      rate of 15% per laparoscopy and 19% per transfer. There is a significant decrease
      in oocyte cleavage rate from tubal (61%) to male infertility (13%). Once the
      barrier of embryo formation is taken, there is no marked difference in the mean
      number of embryos transferred on the pregnancy rate after transfer, among the
      different patient groups. In patients with tubal infertility the pregnancy rate
      per cycle remains constant, resulting in a cumulative pregnancy rate of 40% after
      3 cycles.

PMID- 2933916
TI  - [Metabolism of progesterone in fetal membranes. The effect of sex steroids and
      gonadotropin-releasing hormone on progesterone metabolism in fetal membranes].

PMID- 2933917
TI  - The effects of dichloromethylene biphosphonate on osteoporotic femora of adult
      castrate male rats.
AB  - In a previous study we reported that castration of adult male rats resulted in
      femoral osteoporosis 4 months later. The present study tested the effects of
      dichloromethylene biphosphonate (Cl2MBP, formerly Cl2MDP), a bone resorption
      inhibitor, on the development of osteoporosis in femora of adult castrated male
      rats. One-year-old male Holtzman rats were assigned to three groups: sham
      operated controls; castrated-no treatment; castrated + Cl2MBP injections 3
      times/week. The animals were sacrificed 4 months later. Femora from untreated
      castrated rats were osteoporotic, confirming our earlier study. Femora from
      Cl2MBP-treated castrates did not differ from those of controls and were
      significantly denser and more robust than those of untreated castrated rats. The
      results indicated that Cl2MBP treatment started immediately after castration
      prevented the development of femoral osteoporosis in adult castrated male rats.

PMID- 2933918
TI  - Further regression of seminal vesicles of castrated guinea pig by administration
      of cyproterone acetate.
AB  - It has been established that a low level of secretory activity persisted in
      seminal vesicles of guinea pigs long after castration and that this may be due to
      a higher extratesticular androgen level in this animal. A RIA study revealed that
      the normal serum testosterone concentration of the guinea pigs was comparable to
      that of the rats, but the basal serum testosterone level after castration was ten
      times higher than rats under a similar condition. It was also shown that
      cyproterone acetate did not significantly lower the basal serum testosterone
      concentration in the castrated guinea pigs. The higher basal serum testosterone
      level is believed to be responsible for the slow and incomplete regression of
      this gland in the guinea pigs. There was a significant reduction in wet weight of
      the seminal vesicles after the treatment of castrated guinea pigs with
      cyproterone acetate. Ultrastructural study showed that there were both
      qualitative and quantitative changes in the cytoplasmic organelles. The Golgi
      apparatus further reduced in size and in the number of associated vesicles and
      vacuoles. There was a marked decrease in the number and size of secretory
      granules and lysosomes and an increase in the degree of undulation of the
      basement membrane. Accumulation of lipid droplets and glycogen was commonly
      observed. All these morphological evidences showed that further regression of the
      castrated guinea pig seminal vesicles can be achieved by cyproterone acetate
      treatment.

PMID- 2933919
TI  - [Visceral manifestations of leprosy].

PMID- 2933921
TI  - Fusion for low back pain and sciatica.

PMID- 2933920
TI  - Peripheral nerve axonal dwindling with concomitant myelin sheath hypertrophy in
      experimentally induced diabetes.
AB  - Axons of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) are reduced in caliber in response
      to the experimental diabetic state. The cause of this reduced axonal size is
      disputed. Various theories include (a) axonal dwindling, (b) inhibition of
      growth, and (c) shrinkage due to serum hyperosmolarity. This study was designed
      to directly address these conflicting theories and to provide additional
      information on the character of the peripheral neuropathy resulting from an
      experimentally induced diabetic state. Four weeks, 6 and 12 months after
      establishing a streptozotocin-induced diabetic condition in rats, a morphometric
      evaluation of randomly selected cross sections of myelinated nerve fibers in the
      common peroneal nerve was performed on diabetic and age and weight-matched
      control animals. A reduction in the cross-sectional area of axons with a
      concomitant increase in the width of myelin sheaths was detected following 6
      months of exposure to the diabetic state. Axons in rats diabetic for 12 months
      showed smaller cross-sectional areas than those seen in rats diabetic for only 6
      months; hence, a dwindling in axonal caliber had occurred during this period.
      These findings indicate the presence of an axonopathy, associated with a myelin
      sheath alteration in the common peroneal nerve of the chronically diabetic rat.

PMID- 2933922
TI  - Intercorporal lumbar spondylodesis. 312 patients followed for 2-20 years.
AB  - Intercorporal spondylodesis was performed for low back pain in 120 patients with
      spondylolisthesis and 192 patients with disc degeneration; the latter group had
      all had previous surgery. The operations were carried out with retroperitoneal
      access, in most cases using iliac grafts, and additional posterior screw fixation
      in a number of patients substantially shortened the postoperative immobilization
      time. Complications were one death from pulmonary embolism, one case of possible
      genital disturbance, four inconsequent infections and three vessel injuries. In
      each group less than 10% had an additional operation for early signs of non
      fusion. In cases without concomitant spinal problems, the overall fusion rate was
      95-98 per cent. Clinically, the spondylolisthesis group was superior with 75 per
      cent without low back pain and 95 per cent without radicular pain postoperatively
      versus 55 per cent and 77 per cent for the disc degeneration group.

PMID- 2933923
TI  - Vasomotor changes in human skin elicited by high frequency low amplitude
      vibration.

PMID- 2933925
TI  - Renal transplant artery stenosis and percutaneous transluminal angioplasty.
AB  - Ten patients with renal transplant artery stenosis were treated with percutaneous
      transluminal angioplasty (PTA). All patients suffered from hypertension
      refractory to drug treatment. PTA was successful in five patients. Blood pressure
      improved significantly and the antihypertensive medication could be reduced or
      withdrawn. Acute angulation at the anastomosis prevented successful PTA in four
      patients. One inaccessible stenosis was corrected surgically. No significant
      complications arose. If a renal transplant artery stenosis is haemodynamically
      significant, PTA should be considered the method of first choice for correction.

PMID- 2933924
TI  - The current status of percutaneous coronary angioplasty.
AB  - The present status of percutaneous coronary angioplasty is presented, with a
      brief outline of current technique, the technical and clinical indications for
      the method, and the results being obtained. Coronary angioplasty is only
      applicable in a minority of patients currently undergoing coronary angiography
      for ischaemic heart disease, but even with its present technical limitations, the
      results being obtained and its obvious advantages in selected cases have assured
      its status as a significant advance in the treatment of coronary disease.

PMID- 2933926
TI  - Nephrotoxicity of ionic and non-ionic contrast media in aorto-femoral
      angiography.
AB  - Nineteen patients examined with aorto-femoral angiography were randomized into
      two contrast medium groups (meglumine metrizoate and iohexol). Urine activity of
      beta-hexosaminidase, a specific renal enzyme, was determined before and on three
      occasions after angiography. No change of beta-hexosaminidase activity was found
      after angiography with iohexol, while there was a significant increase after
      examination with meglumine metrizoate. This indicates that meglumine metrizoate
      even following injection into the abdominal aorta damages renal cells which could
      not be shown with iohexol as contrast medium. We therefore recommend that at
      least patients with impaired renal function should be examined with the non-ionic
      contrast medium iohexol to minimize the danger of further damage to the kidneys
      and a possible renal failure.

PMID- 2933927
TI  - Reticuloendothelial cell function in autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA): studies
      on the mechanism of peripheral monocyte activation.
AB  - We examined the activity of peripheral blood monocytes in patients with
      autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) using an in vitro assay of monocyte-macrophage
      interaction with erythrocytes and an antibody-dependent cell-mediated
      cytotoxicity (ADCC) assay. The monocytes of AIHA patients in the hemolyzing
      period phagocytized autologous sensitized red cells and anti-D coated red cells
      more avidly than normal control monocytes. There was no significant relationship
      between phagocytic activity and ADCC activity. The activated monocytes
      phagocytized autologous sensitized red cells, but had no ADCC activity in a short
      time 51Cr release assay. Phagocytic activity of the patients' monocytes against
      autologous erythrocytes rapidly decreased after treatment with prednisolone even
      though the red cell sensitization with antibody remained almost the same as
      during the hemolyzing period. We postulated that the activation of monocytes in
      AIHA was due to the "arming" effect of anti-erythrocyte antibody, but we think
      that other mechanisms may also be involved in the activation of monocytes.

PMID- 2933928
TI  - Intracoronary streptokinase in acute myocardial infarction. A review.
AB  - The attempt to salvage myocardium threatened by ischemia during temporary or
      permanent occlusion of one or more of the nutrient arteries, is based on the
      observation that the major determinant of survival is the extent to which
      myocardium has been lost through infarction. Modern clinical cardiology has
      therefore looked at various approaches which might limit unnecessary loss of
      potentially viable myocardium. These are attempts to reduce the oxygen
      consumption through pharmacological means, attempts at restoring the blood supply
      and oxygen delivery at an early stage by manipulations on the coronary arteries
      and interventions aimed at "protecting" cardiac cells threatened by ischemia or
      reperfusion. Endpoints considered to be proof of improved left ventricular
      function will be wall motion and ejection fraction measurements as well as
      reduction in death rate and other serious cardiovascular complications. Although
      final proof from prospective randomized studies, one of which is carried out at
      this institution with intracoronary streptokinase in over 300 patients, will not
      be available at the time of this presentation, arguments will be provided which
      indicate that restoration of blood supply at an early stage, preferably supported
      by pharmacological therapy with beta-blockade and calcium antagonists, is to be
      preferred inasmuch as current data indicate improved function, and in certain
      subsets, improved life expectancy.

PMID- 2933929
TI  - Transluminal coronary angioplasty--state of the art 1984.
AB  - Since its introduction in 1977 by Gruntzig, percutaneous transluminal coronary
      angioplasty (PTCA) has been increasingly applied to the treatment of coronary
      artery disease manifested by symptomatic ischemia. Initially only recommended for
      proximal short stenoses of one major coronary artery, the indication for PTCA has
      gradually been enlarged. Today even distally situated coronary stenoses in more
      than one vessel can be dilated successfully by using a steerable system. In
      experienced hands, an immediate improvement can be achieved in about 90% of the
      patients. In the realm of cost and morbidity PTCA offers obvious advantages over
      bypass surgery. However, indications for PTCA are more restricted than those for
      bypass surgery, specially in multi-vessel disease where the application of PTCA
      is still controversial. Moreover, long-term results are less favourable after
      PTCA since 25-30% of the patients show a recurrence within 6 to 12 months.
      Although PTCA will not replace coronary bypass surgery, it is already established
      as an alternative and complementary method for coronary revascularization.

PMID- 2933931
TI  - [Periodontal disease in children].

PMID- 2933930
TI  - Prevention of cerebral vasospasm with OKY-046 an imidazole derivative and a
      thromboxane synthetase inhibitor. A preliminary co-operative clinical study.
AB  - The prevention of cerebral vasospasm with OKY-046, an imidazole derivative and a
      thromboxane synthetase inhibitor, was studied co-operatively at ten neurosurgical
      services. Intravenous administrations of 2, 5 or 10 mu/kg/minute of OKY-046 were
      given continuously from the earliest possible day to the 14th SAH-day to 82
      patients with ruptured cerebral aneurysm. Sixty-eight patients (83%) showed
      moderate to high high-density (SAH) in their initial CTs. Angiographic vasospasms
      were seen in 58 patients, representing 71% of all cases or 81% of the 72 cases
      for which angiograms were available: the vasospasms of 45 patients (55 or 63%)
      were moderate to severe. Symptomatic vasospasm occurred, however, only in 27
      patients (33%): in 18 of those cases, moreover, the symptoms were mild or
      transient. The conditions of the patients at one month after the SAH were
      classified into 9 grades from 0 (normal) to 8 (deceased). Fifty-two patients
      (63%) were classified as 0 or 1, and 64 (78%) as better than 3 (possible daily
      life unaided). The administration of OKY-046 was proven to decrease TXB2 in the
      blood. This paper emphasizes the effectiveness of the drug for symptomatic
      vasospasm, and supports our previous contention that cerebral microthrombosis may
      play an important role in the pathogenesis of cerebral vasospasm.

PMID- 2933932
TI  - Lipoplasty of the torso in patients over fifty.
AB  - This article describes the author's experience in performing lipoplasty in
      patients over 50 years of age. Historically, emphasis was placed on selection of
      patients for this procedure who were under age 40 years. However, the author's
      experience with 20 patients over 50 indicates extremely high patient
      satisfaction. Subsequent skin excision was required in only 10% of the patients.
      The author concludes that many patients over 50 have good skin elasticity and
      represent satisfactory candidates for lipoplasty. Age alone should not exclude
      these patients.

PMID- 2933933
TI  - Method for determining arterial entry site for catheter.

PMID- 2933934
TI  - Radiologic manifestations of small-bowel toxicity due to floxuridine therapy.
AB  - Floxuridine (5-FUDR) is an antipyrimidine used in the treatment of metastatic
      colorectal carcinoma. Bowel toxicity, manifested predominantly by diarrhea and
      abdominal pain, is one of the main complications of 5-FUDR therapy. Six patients
      who had received 5-FUDR infusion either by hepatic arterial or systemic
      intravenous routes subsequently developed severe diarrhea and were evaluated by
      small-bowel series. Radiographic changes were largely confined to the ileum. In
      four of six patients, the entire ileum or its more distal part was markedly
      narrowed. In the other two patients, changes consisted of thickening or
      effacement of the mucosal folds in the distal ileum. The symptoms of all six
      patients resolved after discontinuation of 5-FUDR therapy. This was accompanied
      by improvement in the radiographic appearance of the ileum in three patients who
      underwent a subsequent small-bowel series. The finding of reversible ileal
      changes, particularly extensive or segmental narrowing, seems to be a
      characteristic radiographic feature of bowel toxicity due to infusional 5-FUDR
      delivered by either the intraarterial or the systemic route.

PMID- 2933935
TI  - [Immunoglobulin D--new insights into its structure and function].
AB  - The IgD is unique with regard to its structure, differences between species,
      genetic organization and behaviour in the immune response. With the successful
      analysis of the structure a new picture of the function has been emerged. The
      function of the membrane-bound IgD as a trigger receptor of B cells is
      qualitatively different from the mIgM. The secreted form could act as an
      intercellular messenger in the network regulation of the immune response. The
      mechanisms of the induction and maintenance of the immunological memory and
      tolerance remain unclear.

PMID- 2933936
TI  - [Radioimmunological determination of neopterin in blood donors].
AB  - In 518 sera from blood donors below 30 years of age Neopterin was determined by
      radioimmunoassay. 21 of these patients (= 4.05%) showed elevated serum levels for
      Neopterin. By clinical investigation of these cases viral infections of the upper
      airways were found. Furthermore after elimination of elevated values significant
      differences in normal Neopterin serum levels could be demonstrated for female and
      male blood donors (p less than 0.01). Because elevated Neopterin serum levels
      indicate immune responses to several antigens, determination of Neopterin from
      serum may be useful for detection of infectious blood samples.

PMID- 2933937
TI  - Local immunodeficiency of the intestinal mucosa--a contribution to
      etiopathogenesis of recurrent urticaria and diarrhoea.
AB  - The case of a 10 month-old girl with a history of recurrent urticaria and
      diarrhoea is presented. Immunological study was carried out and secretory
      component in sputum, duodenal juice and stool was not found, while IgA was
      detected. Peroral biopsy of intestinum was also carried out and histology
      revealed partial villous atrophy. Immunofluorescent staining showed only a few
      IgA and IgG producing cells scattered within the villous stroma, while the IgM
      producing cells were increased in number. Serum concentration of IgA, IgM and
      particularly IgG was increased. Both parents had measurable IgA in the serum,
      however, the secretory component was not detectable neither in mother nor in
      father. The deficiency of secretory component and deficiency of IgA producing
      cells in the jejunal villous stroma led to local immunodeficiency of the
      intestinal mucosa and that caused recurrent urticaria and diarrhoea in the girl
      presented.

PMID- 2933938
TI  - [Isolation of monocytes by adherence to gelatin-layered surfaces].
AB  - The method for purification of monocytes using adherence to gelatin coated glass
      surfaces described by Chien et al. was optimized by drastic shortening the
      incubation time and modifying the culture media. After one adherence step we
      obtained monocytes with a purity of 73-78% and a recovery of 53%. Thiol-protein
      disulfide-oxidoreductase (TPO), a new enzyme marker of monocytes, was found to be
      also valid for monocytes obtained by adherence methods. Comparing the number of
      TPO-containing monocytes with other markers (alpha-naphthylacetate esterase,
      peroxidase, phagocytosis of latex particles, acridine orange fluorescence,
      antigens detected by the monoclonal BL-M/G antibody) almost identical values were
      found.

PMID- 2933939
TI  - Lectin-induced thermostable SE-rosette (TSER) formation by human peripheral blood
      lymphocytes.
AB  - Lectin-activated human peripheral blood lymphocytes were able to form
      thermostable rosettes with sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Capability to form
      thermostable rosettes (TSER) after lectin treatment was comparable in time
      kinetics and dose dependence to cell size distribution changes. Enhancement of
      TSER formation by human lymphocytes exposed to PHA and Con A, however, occurred
      before 3H-Thymidine incorporation could been registered. Lectin treatment of
      lymphocytes from 20 healthy donors for 48 hrs induced 49 +/- 4% (PHA), 33 +/- 5%
      (Con A), and 20 +/- 2% (PWM) thermostable rosette forming cells, whereas in
      unstimulated cultures were found 4 +/- 1%. Furthermore, thermostable rosette
      forming cells were enriched by gradient centrifugation and characterized as
      activated lymphocytes of T-origin by SE rosetting and binding studies with
      various monoclonal antibodies. It was shown that preparation of TSER forming
      cells after lectin activation makes it possible to enrich the fraction of lectin
      stimulated T lymphocytes.

PMID- 2933940
TI  - Age interference of lymphokine production by lung derived lymphocytes.
AB  - Young adult and aged guinea pigs, 1 and 3 years old respectively, were sensitized
      intranasally with Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG). Lung lavage cells were
      harvested at 2, 3, 6 and 7 weeks following sensitization and tested for migration
      inhibitory factor (MIF) production in Mackaness chambers with purified protein
      derivative (PPD). Oil induced normal pig macrophages were used as indicator
      cells. Aged guinea pigs, compared to young adult guinea pigs, showed significant
      delay and reduced levels of MIF production at 2 to 3 weeks. Delayed
      hypersensitivity skin reaction (DHS) to PPD was also less pronounced at 6 weeks.
      Senescent immune lung cells were inhibitory to migration of indicator cells in
      absence of PPD.

PMID- 2933941
TI  - Reduced atrial natriuretic factor after ligation of the left coronary artery in
      rats.
AB  - The diuretic-natriuretic responses of eight assay rats to extracts of atrial
      tissue obtained 3 months after left coronary ligation were less than the
      responses to extracts of tissue from sham-operated controls. The mean difference
      in diuresis (sham-operated response minus ligated response) was 370 (range 22 to
      656) microliter/20 minutes (p less than 0.01) and in natriuresis 56 (range -92 to
      222) microEq/20 minutes (p = 0.19). The differences in diuretic responses to
      these extracts was directly related to the severity of elevation of left
      ventricular end-diastolic pressure in these rats (r = -0.82, p = 0.01). These
      results in a model with varying degrees of left ventricular dysfunction suggest
      that myocardial damage is associated with a chronic decrease in atrial
      natriuretic factor. Reduced circulating atrial natriuretic factor therefore could
      contribute to the previously observed impaired ability of coronary ligated rats
      to excrete a saline load and to the sodium retention observed in clinical heart
      failure. Conclusive evidence will depend on the development of techniques to
      measure plasma levels of this hormone.

PMID- 2933942
TI  - Increased injury of hypertrophied myocardium with ischemic arrest: preservation
      with hypothermia and cardioplegia.
AB  - Many patients undergoing cardiac surgery have some degree of myocardial
      hypertrophy. To assess the response of hypertrophied myocardium to simulated
      cardiac surgery, left ventricular hypertrophy was induced in rats by aortic
      banding, and ventricular function was measured by means of the isolated,
      isovolumic heart perfusion technique. The hypertrophied hearts had a greater
      susceptibility to ischemic injury than nonhypertrophied control hearts, as
      manifested by a greater degree of diastolic contracture during the recovery
      period after 30 minutes of ischemic arrest at 37 degrees C. Hypothermia without
      cardioplegia during a 2-hour arrest did not completely preserve diastolic
      function in the hypertrophied hearts, but cardioplegia combined with hypothermia
      completely protected the hypertrophied hearts against 2 hours of ischemia. The
      results suggest a need for both hypothermic and cardioplegic preservation
      techniques in patients with myocardial hypertrophy who have cardiac surgical
      procedures requiring a significant period of myocardial ischemia.

PMID- 2933943
TI  - Applicability of laser to assist coronary balloon angioplasty.
AB  - Severe atherosclerotic obstructed coronary artery disease (CAD) may preclude
      passage of a balloon catheter for transluminal coronary angioplasty (TCA). Since
      lasers have been shown to effectively vaporize CAD plaque, the initial
      application of laser to effect a lumen large enough to accommodate the
      angioplasty catheter for further dilatation was explored. Eleven postmortem human
      CAD segments which did not permit passage of a 1.33 mm shaft diameter angioplasty
      catheter were studied. Argon laser radiation (14 to 90 J) transmitted via 400
      micron core diameter quartz fiber onto the stenotic channel of 0.58 mm created a
      vaporized lumen of 1.77 mm (mean increase of 1.31 +/- 0.25 mm, p less than
      0.001). The laser procedure allowed the balloon angioplasty catheter to be pushed
      into the stenosis. TCA was then performed (7 atm, 45 seconds) and expanded the
      channel to 2.12 mm (additional mean increase of 0.38 +/- 0.07 mm, p less than
      0.001). In terms of percent luminal narrowing, laser radiation reduced
      obstruction from 80% to 45% (mean difference of -38.7 +/- 4.6%, p less than
      0.001), and TCA caused a further decrease to 37% (mean difference of -9.3 +/-
      1.9%, p less than 0.001). Thus, in tight atherosclerotic lesions, the laser may
      be useful in creating an initial opening enabling the placement of the balloon
      angioplasty catheter which, in turn, can further dilate the lased stenotic
      coronary lumen.

PMID- 2933944
TI  - Renal failure due to cholesterol emboli following PTCA.

PMID- 2933945
TI  - Sudden death and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

PMID- 2933946
TI  - Coronary angioplasty in myocardial infarction.

PMID- 2933947
TI  - Coronary artery occlusion seven weeks after angioplasty successfully managed with
      repeat emergency angioplasty.

PMID- 2933948
TI  - Doppler evaluation of left ventricular diastolic filling in children with
      systemic hypertension.
AB  - To assess left ventricular (LV) diastolic function in children with systemic
      hypertension, 11 patients with hypertension (mean blood pressure 99 mm Hg) and 7
      normal patients (mean blood pressure 78 mm Hg) underwent M-mode echocardiography
      and pulsed Doppler examination of the LV inflow. From a digitized trace of the LV
      endocardium and a simultaneous phonocardiogram, echocardiographic diastolic time
      intervals, peak rate of increase in LV dimension (dD/dt), and dD/dt normalized
      for LV end-diastolic dimension (dD/dt/D) were measured. Doppler diastolic time
      intervals, peak velocities at rapid filling (E velocity) and atrial contraction
      (A velocity), and the ratio of E and A velocities were measured. The following
      areas under the Doppler curve and their percent of the total area were
      determined: first 33% of diastole (0.33 area), first 50% of diastole, triangle
      under the A velocity (A area), and the triangle under the E velocity (E area).
      The A velocity (patients with hypertension = 0.68 +/- 0.11 m/s, normal subjects =
      0.49 +/- 0.08 m/s), the 0.33 area/total area (patients with hypertension = 0.49
      +/- 0.09, normal subjects = 0.58 +/- 0.08), the A area (patients with
      hypertension = 0.17 +/- 0.05, normal subjects = 0.12 +/- 0.03), and the A
      area/total area (patients with hypertension = 0.30 +/- 0.11, normal subjects =
      0.20 +/- 0.07) were significantly different between groups (p less than 0.05). M
      mode and Doppler time intervals, (dD/dt)/D, E velocity, and the remaining Doppler
      areas were not significantly different between groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2933949
TI  - Hemodynamic effects of calcium entry-blocking agents in normal and hypertensive
      rats and man.
AB  - To be considered ideal for the treatment of hypertension, a class of drugs should
      produce a maintained reduction of arterial pressure primarily through a fall in
      total peripheral resistance that is at least uniformly distributed through the
      organ circulations of the target organs of hypertensive vascular disease. Such
      drugs should be useful as monotherapeutic agents, should not expand the
      extracellular fluid compartment, should not reflexively stimulate the heart and
      vessels, should reverse the structural changes in the target organs without
      compromising function and, of course, should be relatively free of adverse
      effects. As a heterogeneous class of agents, the calcium entry-blocking drugs
      fulfill most of these criteria, although preliminary studies suggest that their
      effects on organ vascular resistances and on structural cardiovascular changes
      are highly variable. Thus, further vigorous investigation of these new agents is
      highly recommended.

PMID- 2933950
TI  - Effects of calcium entry blockers on renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, renal
      function and hemodynamics, salt and water excretion and body fluid composition.
AB  - The renal effects of the calcium entry-blocking drugs diltiazem, nifedipine,
      verapamil and nitrendipine are reviewed. Although nifedipine stimulates plasma
      renin activity on a short-term basis, none of the calcium entry blockers produces
      a clinically significant sustained effect on any of the components of the renin
      angiotensin-aldosterone system. Although all of the calcium entry blockers
      effectively lower blood pressure, none adversely affects renal function;
      glomerular filtration rate and effective renal plasma flow are maintained.
      Diltiazem may increase glomerular filtration rate via attenuation of the
      intrarenal effects of angiotensin II or norepinephrine. Although diltiazem and
      nifedipine increase salt and water excretion on a short-term basis, none of the
      calcium entry blockers produces a clinically significant sustained effect on salt
      and water excretion; serum electrolytes, urinary sodium and potassium excretion,
      body fluid composition and body weight are unchanged. Thus, calcium entry
      blockers can be expected to assume a prominent role in the treatment of
      hypertension because of their ability to lower blood pressure while preserving
      renal perfusion and function.

PMID- 2933951
TI  - Age, race, blood pressure and renin: predictors for antihypertensive treatment
      with calcium antagonists.
AB  - Age, race, pretreatment blood pressure and plasma renin activity have been
      related to the antihypertensive response to calcium antagonists in studies that
      included 215 patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension. Adverse
      effects necessitated withdrawal from therapy in about 10% of the patients. All
      calcium antagonists lowered blood pressure significantly and comparably without
      weight gain or reflex tachycardia. In a multiple linear regression analysis of
      138 white patients, age, pretreatment blood pressure and renin activity were of
      independent and significant predictive value for the antihypertensive response.
      Stratification of patients into 3 age groups disclosed a greater effect in
      patients older than 60 years compared with those between 40 and 60 years and
      those below 40 years, respectively (p less than 0.01). In 16 middle-aged black
      patients, antihypertensive therapy with a calcium antagonist proved highly
      efficacious. Monotherapy with a calcium antagonist may become a first-line
      treatment for essential hypertension, particularly in older patients who have low
      renin activity and possibly in black patients as well.

PMID- 2933952
TI  - T-cell lymphoma mimicking granulocytic sarcoma.
AB  - A case of diffuse large cell lymphoma is described in which eosinophils and
      eosinophilic myelocytes were admixed with the neoplastic lymphoid cells. Because
      of the eosinophilic myelocytes, a diagnosis of granulocytic sarcoma was initially
      considered. No abnormalities of peripheral blood or bone marrow were found.
      Immunohistochemical studies of lymph node tissue demonstrated membrane antigens
      consistent with a lymphoma of helper T-cells. Small lymphoid cells with markedly
      irregular nuclei were present but rather inconspicuous among the larger lymphoid
      cells. Although a clinical remission was attained, the patient had a relapse with
      central nervous system involvement.

PMID- 2933953
TI  - Psoas abscess complicating Crohn's disease.
AB  - Psoas abscess classically was described as secondary to tubercular spondylitis
      but now more frequently is a complication of an intraabdominal process such as
      Crohn's disease. Less well recognized is that the fever, flexion contracture of
      the hip, and weight loss characterizing psoas abscess may be the first
      indications of Crohn's disease; in fact, gastrointestinal symptoms may be
      completely absent. Psoas abscess was the first sign of Crohn's disease in 11 of
      46 reported patients. We present three additional patients; two were asymptomatic
      before psoas abscess formation. Only seven of 26 patients whose sole surgical
      procedure was drainage had subsequent resolution of the abscess. When drainage
      was combined with bowel resection, 14 of 18 patients (77.8%) were cured by the
      initial procedure. Thromboembolic complications occurred in four patients (8.3%).
      Effective therapy when psoas abscess complicates Crohn's disease, includes
      appropriate antibiotics, drainage, resection of fistulous intestine, and
      antithrombotic prophylaxis.

PMID- 2933954
TI  - Dermatitis from repeated trauma to the skin.
AB  - A moderate degree of friction is unavoidable in everyday contact between man's
      skin and his environment. However, excessive friction and other forms of
      microtrauma can cause various dermatoses as well as lesions of hair and nails.
      This paper illustrates that microtraumata significantly influence many skin
      disorders, including those of occupational origin.

PMID- 2933956
TI  - Down syndrome owing to simple trisomy 21 in three first cousins.

PMID- 2933957
TI  - Surveillance of twin pregnancy with umbilical arterial velocimetry.
AB  - A continuous-wave Doppler system and a spectrum analyzer provide the tools for
      the measurement of systolic-diastolic velocity wave ratios in the umbilical
      arteries. In twins, each umbilical cord can be studied without imaging the
      fetuses. Results were tabulated by taking the average difference in the ratios
      between each fetus and plotting these values against the neonatal weight
      differences. In 43 twin pregnancies, the data revealed that ratio differences
      between fetuses that averaged 0.4 or more was predictive of a weight difference
      of greater than 349 gm. The sensitivity was 73% and specificity 82%. Two cases of
      twin transfusion syndrome were recognized by the simultaneous presence of high-
      and low-resistance values.

PMID- 2933955
TI  - Long-term experience in percutaneous transluminal dilatation of renal artery
      stenosis.
AB  - Percutaneous transluminal dilatation was attempted in 65 patients with
      renovascular hypertension. In five cases (8 percent), percutaneous transluminal
      dilatation could not be performed for technical reasons. In the remaining 60
      patients (35 with atherosclerotic stenosis and 25 with fibromuscular dysplasia),
      both mean systolic and diastolic pressure fell immediately after percutaneous
      transluminal dilatation and remained significantly lower for a period of up to
      five years. Cure rates after a mean control period of 21.6 months were higher in
      patients with fibromuscular dysplasia (50 percent) than in those with
      atherosclerotic stenosis (29 percent). Improvement of blood pressure was observed
      in 32 percent of patients with fibromuscular dysplasia and in 48 percent of
      patients with atherosclerotic stenosis. Follow-up angiography in 33 cases showed
      occlusion of the dilated artery in two patients and recurrence of slight renal
      artery stenosis in nine patients. Successful redilatation could be performed in
      five of these cases. Furthermore, renal vein renin determinations were only of
      limited diagnostic or prognostic value. These results document the good long-term
      effect of percutaneous transluminal dilatation in patients with renal artery
      stenosis. Percutaneous transluminal dilatation should, therefore, be the favored
      procedure in patients with renovascular hypertension.

PMID- 2933958
TI  - Prenatal ultrasonic diagnosis of cloacal exstrophy.
AB  - Cloacal exstrophy is a rare malformation, but most of its prominent structural
      features can be observed by detailed ultrasonography. Reported is a case in which
      the anomaly was diagnosed on prenatal scanning.

PMID- 2933959
TI  - Systemic sclerosis and pregnancy complicated by obstructive uropathy.
AB  - A patient with progressive systemic sclerosis whose twin pregnancy was
      complicated by obstructive uropathy due, in part, to a noncompliant abdominal
      wall is reported. The effects of progressive systemic sclerosis on pregnancy and
      those of pregnancy on progressive systemic sclerosis are reviewed and discussed.

PMID- 2933961
TI  - A parental perspective on stress and coping.

PMID- 2933960
TI  - Monoclonal antibody phenotyping of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. The
      Southeastern Cancer Study Group experience.
AB  - This report describes the experience of the Southeastern Cancer Study Group
      (SECSG) with the frozen-section immunoperoxidase phenotyping of 162 cases of B
      lineage non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. The authors used a panel of 13 different markers
      with varying degrees of specificity for B lymphocytes and B-cell neoplasms. All
      lymphomas were classified according to the International Working Formulation.
      Several antibodies, including anti-immunoglobulin, B1, Leu 12, and Leu 14 were B
      cell-specific markers that were generally pan-reactive. Several other monoclonal
      antibodies, however, were selectively reactive with subpopulations of B-cell
      lymphomas. Three "selective-B" antigens (BA1, p24, CALLA) were found on about
      half of the B-cell lymphomas tested, while another three (HB31, transferrin
      receptor, C3d receptor) were found on about two-thirds of the lymphomas tested.
      Leu 1 reacted with 18% of the B-cell lymphomas, particularly the small
      lymphocytic lymphomas. When the reactivity of the monoclonal antibodies was
      compared with the histologic classification, two important points became
      apparent. First, with the large panel of antibodies, there was tremendous
      phenotypic diversity even among histologically similar tumors. Second, however,
      not all possible combinations of antibody phenotypes were encountered. That is,
      clusters of antigenic phenotypes were seen, and these phenotypes correlated to
      some degree with the histologic diagnosis of the tumor. Small lymphocytic and
      follicular lymphomas tended to be phenotypically distinct, although there was
      some overlap. Intermediate- and high-grade lymphomas were phenotypically more
      diverse. The more common phenotypes of lymphomas encountered could not be
      reconciled with any simple linear scheme of neoplastic B-cell differentiation.

PMID- 2933962
TI  - Transport of N1-methylnicotinamide across brush border membrane vesicles from
      rabbit kidney.
AB  - A preparation of isolated brush border membranes from the rabbit renal cortex was
      used to examine the characteristics of N1-methylnicotinamide (NMN) transport in
      the kidney. Transport was independent of the presence of Na+ under Na+
      equilibrium conditions. However, outwardly directed Na+ gradients stimulated NMN
      uptake, whereas inwardly directed Na+ gradients inhibited NMN uptake. Transport
      appeared to involve two parallel processes: one saturable with a Jmax of 5 nmol X
      mg protein-1 X min-1 and an apparent Kt of 0.6 mM, and a second that behaved like
      passive diffusion. Countertransport of NMN was observed when vesicles were
      preloaded with either NMN or another organic cation, tetraethylammonium (TEA).
      TEA and several structural analogues, as well as a wide variety of other organic
      cations and bases, were effective inhibitors of NMN uptake, though nicotinamide
      and p-aminohippuric acid did not interact with the uptake process. Outwardly
      directed proton gradients (pH 6.0 in, 7.6 out) stimulated transport, suggesting
      that NMN uptake may involve a countertransport of H+. The electrical potential
      difference across the vesicle membrane was manipulated using gradients of the
      permeant organic ion thiocyanate (SCN-); an outwardly directed gradient of SCN-
      (i.e., a depolarizing condition) stimulated uptake and produced a transient
      accumulation of NMN above that noted at equilibrium, whereas an inwardly directed
      SCN- gradient inhibited uptake of NMN. The data can be explained by postulating
      the presence of an electrogenic NMN+-H+ antiporter in the rabbit luminal membrane
      that could play a role in organic cation secretion.

PMID- 2933963
TI  - Atriopeptin II lowers cardiac output in conscious sheep.
AB  - Atrial natriuretic peptides cause natriuresis, kaliuresis, diuresis, and
      hypotension. They relax vascular smooth muscle in vitro, and they dilate renal
      vessels in vivo. Hence, we tested the hypothesis that they produce hypotension by
      lowering total peripheral resistance. The studies were performed in conscious
      chronically instrumented sheep standing quietly in their cages. Atriopeptin II
      (AP II) was infused into the right atrium for 30 min at 0.1 nmol X kg-1 X min-1.
      Atriopeptin II lowers arterial pressure (9%, P less than 0.05) by lowering
      cardiac output (18%, P less than 0.05), stroke volume (28%, P less than 0.05),
      and right atrial pressure (2.3 mmHg, P less than 0.05). Heart rate and total
      peripheral resistance increase (16 and 13%, respectively, P less than 0.05).
      Partial ganglionic blockade with trimethaphan camsylate during AP II infusion
      prevents the increases in heart rate and total peripheral resistance. The changes
      in right atrial pressure, stroke volume, and cardiac output persist, and arterial
      pressure falls further (27%, P less than 0.05). These hemodynamic data are
      consistent with direct AP II-induced relaxation of venous smooth muscle with
      reduction of venous return, right atrial pressure, stroke volume, cardiac output,
      and arterial pressure, followed by reflex activation of the sympathetic nervous
      system to increase heart rate and total peripheral resistance. Because partial
      ganglionic blockade alone and AP II alone cause similar reductions in right
      atrial pressure (2.1 and 2.3 mmHg, respectively) but AP II causes a greater fall
      in stroke volume (28 vs. 13%), it is possible that AP II also causes coronary
      vasoconstriction.

PMID- 2933964
TI  - Mechanism of action of vasoconstrictor responses to atriopeptin II in conscious
      SHR.
AB  - Previous studies have demonstrated that infusion of synthetic atriopeptin II (AP
      II) lowered arterial pressure, reduced regional blood flow, and increased total
      peripheral and regional vascular resistances in conscious spontaneously
      hypertensive rats (SHR). This study was designed to examine the mechanism(s)
      involved in regional vasoconstrictor responses to AP II. In these experiments,
      hemodynamic actions of AP II were examined in control, 6-hydroxydopamine-treated
      (chemically sympathectomized), and renal-denervated groups of instrumented
      conscious SHR. Infusion of AP II (1 microgram X kg-1 X min-1) caused similar
      reductions in mean arterial pressure in control (-22 +/- 2 mmHg), chemically
      sympathectomized (-23 +/- 2 mmHg), and renal-denervated (-23 +/- 3 mmHg) SHR. In
      control SHR, AP II infusion reduced renal (-20 +/- 3%), mesenteric (-26 +/- 2%),
      and hindquarters (-18 +/- 10%) blood flow and increased regional vascular
      resistance in all three beds. Chemical sympathectomy prevented the fall in renal
      blood flow (RBF) and significantly abolished the regional vasoconstrictor
      responses to AP II infusion. In unilateral renal-denervated groups of SHR, AP II
      reduced renal vascular resistance (RVR) -11 +/- 3% but failed to alter RBF (-3 +/
      1%) in denervated kidneys. In contrast, RVR increased (20 +/- 7%) and RBF was
      significantly reduced (-29 +/- 3%) in contralateral-innervated kidneys. This
      study demonstrated that chemical or surgical destruction of renal sympathetic
      nerves abolished AP II-induced increases in RVR. These data further indicate that
      in conscious SHR the regional vasoconstrictor responses to AP II infusion appear
      to be mediated by increases in sympathetic tone rather than through direct
      vascular actions of AP II.

PMID- 2933965
TI  - Compensation for occupational disease with multiple causes: the case of coal
      miners' respiratory diseases.
AB  - Many diseases associated with occupational exposures are clinically
      indistinguishable from diseases with non-occupational causes. Given this, how are
      fair decisions made about eligibility for compensation? This problem is discussed
      in relation to the federal black lung program. Conflicting definitions of terms-
      coal workers' pneumoconiosis as defined by the medical profession, pneumoconiosis
      as defined by the United States Congress, and the popular term, black lung--are
      important considerations in this discussion. Each is embedded in different
      logical interpretations of the causes of occupational disease and of disability.
      Alternative views are presented and critically discussed.

PMID- 2933966
TI  - Human cord blood suppressor T lymphocytes: I. Phenotype and target of the inducer
      of suppressor cell factor.
AB  - The present study examines the characteristics of the cord suppressor T cells and
      their targets. When an inducer of suppressor T cell factor (TisF) from culture
      supernatant of alloantigen-activated cord lymphocytes was used as a source of
      suppression, adult lymphocyte response to soluble antigen candidin, alloantigens,
      and pokeweed mitogen were all suppressed. These results suggest that TisF acts
      primarily on T cells in an antigen-nonspecific fashion. Furthermore, preculture T
      cell irradiation, but not T8+ cell depletion, of adult lymphocytes abrogated the
      suppressive effect of TisF on the PWM-stimulated IgG production, suggesting that
      the target of TisF belongs to the radiosensitive T8-(T4+) T cell subset. When
      different cord T cell subsets were tested for suppressor activity, only
      radiosensitive T4+ cells were capable of suppressing IgG production by adult
      lymphocytes. Neither preculture T8+ cell depletion nor irradiation of adult T
      cells affected the suppression. Taken together, these results suggest that the
      suppressor activity of cord T cells originated from an inducer of suppressor
      cells that activates radiosensitive T4+ suppressor effector cells through TisF.
      In turn, these effector cells act on either radioresistant T4+ helper T cells or
      B cells or both.

PMID- 2933967
TI  - Mantle-zone lymphoma. A pattern produced by lymphomas of more than one cell type.
AB  - We analyzed the distribution and immunologic phenotype of the neoplastic cells in
      eight cases of mantle-zone lymphoma. Although in all the cases the follicle
      centers appeared reactive on routine histologic examination, polyclonal staining
      for immunoglobulin was found in the follicle centers in only five of the eight
      cases; in the other three cases the follicle centers were monoclonal. In three
      cases, the immunologic phenotype was that of centrocytic (diffuse small cleaved
      cell) lymphoma: IgM+IgD+B1+B2+Ia+Tl+. In one case the phenotype was that of a
      follicular (centroblastic/centrocytic) lymphoma: IgG+B1+B2+Ia+CALLA+. In the
      other four cases, the phenotype was IgM+B1+B2+ or B2-Ia+; this phenotype can be
      seen in diverse B cell lymphomas. The phenotype of normal mantle-zone cells
      (IgM+IgD+B1+B2+Ia+) was not reproduced by any of the lymphomas. A mantle-zone
      pattern may be produced by either follicular or diffuse lymphomas of
      predominantly small cleaved cell type, and does not indicate an origin from the
      cells of the normal mantle zone.

PMID- 2933968
TI  - Acute cholecystitis associated with hepatic arterial infusion of floxuridine.
AB  - In a 1 year period, 13 patients underwent pump implantation for liver metastasis
      from a primary colorectal tumor. The gallbladders were not removed at the time of
      pump implantation in the initial six patients. In these patients, chemotherapy
      consisted of floxuridine given every 2 weeks followed by a 2 week rest period and
      cisplatin over 1 hour by way of the side portal on day 8 of the cycle. The
      treatment was repeated every 28 days. All patients whose gallbladders were not
      removed at the time of pump implantation required reoperation for acute or
      chronic acalculous cholecystitis from 1 to 9 months (mean 5.4 months) after pump
      implantation. At operation, all patients were found to have various degrees of
      inflammation and fibrosis. In one patient, significant sclerosing cholangitis was
      documented that involved the entire intrahepatic ductal system and hepatic duct
      bifurcation. Cholecystectomy and operative cholangiography are recommended in all
      patients who undergo pump implantation for metastatic disease to the liver.

PMID- 2933969
TI  - Eversion endarterectomy of the superficial femoral artery and end-to-side
      anastomosis to the deep femoral artery. An alternative to extended
      profundoplasty.
AB  - The success of aortofemoral reconstruction in patients with superficial femoral
      artery occlusion depends on the restoration of a satisfactory pulsatile flow to
      the deep femoral artery. In 18 patients with multilevel disease, widespread
      involvement of the deep femoral artery, and poor distal outflow, we performed an
      eversion endarterectomy of the proximal segment of the superficial femoral artery
      and constructed an end-to-side anastomosis between this segment and the distal
      deep femoral artery. In 10 patients, the reconstruction was performed after
      thrombectomy of the occluded aortofemoral graft, and in 8 the two reconstructions
      were simultaneous. The actuarial patency rate was 93.5 percent at 1 year and 75.2
      percent at 5 years. Four late femorodistal bypasses were performed that gave an
      actuarial limb salvage rate of 68.8 percent at 1 year and 61.6 percent at 5
      years. In selected cases, this technique is a valid alternative to an extended
      profundoplasty or to a femorodistal bypass.

PMID- 2933970
TI  - [Changes in bone structure of the skull and sella turcica in women in the
      climacteric period].

PMID- 2933971
TI  - [Clinical aspects, diagnosis and treatment of endometrial polyps in the post
      menopausal period].

PMID- 2933972
TI  - [Internal uterine endometriosis and characteristics of the climacteric in women].

PMID- 2933973
TI  - [Effectiveness of treatment of patients with pre-menopausal dysfunctional uterine
      hemorrhages with norcolut].

PMID- 2933974
TI  - [Prognosis of the development of primary infertility in relation to
      characteristics of the period of sexual maturation].

PMID- 2933975
TI  - [Clinical and hormonal characteristics of patients with postpartum obesity].

PMID- 2933977
TI  - [Anatomical and functional state of the ovaries in the climacteric period].

PMID- 2933976
TI  - [Basal levels and diurnal rhythm of plasma concentrations of sex steroids and
      cortisol in women with Itsenko-Cushing syndrome at various stages of treatment].

PMID- 2933978
TI  - [A method of complex examination of women with tubal infertility].

PMID- 2933979
TI  - [Contractile activity the of fallopian tubes in infertile women after tubal
      pregnancy].

PMID- 2933981
TI  - [Microsurgery in the treatment of patients with tubal infertility].

PMID- 2933980
TI  - [Microsurgical reconstructive operations in tubo-peritoneal infertility].

PMID- 2933982
TI  - [Artificial insemination with donor sperm in infertile marriages].

PMID- 2933984
TI  - [Intrauterine contraceptive device as a risk factor of genital inflammatory
      process].

PMID- 2933983
TI  - [Lipid metabolism in hormonal contraception].

PMID- 2933986
TI  - [A method of monitoring ovulation and the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle].

PMID- 2933987
TI  - [Current characteristics of the climacteric in women].

PMID- 2933985
TI  - [Histochemical study of glycogen in the endometrium of women using intrauterine
      contraceptive devices].

PMID- 2933988
TI  - [State of the hypothalamo-hypophyseo-ovarian function in patients with
      hyperandrogenemia during treatment with spironolactone].

PMID- 2933989
TI  - [Improving the diagnosis of pathological processes in the endometrium].

PMID- 2933990
TI  - [Pathogenesis of uremic hypogonadism and its treatment with parlodel].

PMID- 2933991
TI  - [Roentgenologic diagnosis of endometriosis of the fallopian tubes in
      infertility].

PMID- 2933992
TI  - [The causes of infertile marriages].

PMID- 2933994
TI  - [Indications and individual contraindications for sanatorium-health resort
      treatment of gynecologic diseases].

PMID- 2933993
TI  - [Diagnostic significance of various endocrine shifts in missed abortion].

PMID- 2933995
TI  - [Current clinical characteristics and the principles of treatment of tuberculosis
      of female genital organs].

PMID- 2933996
TI  - [Atypical form of the climacteric syndrome (climacteric myocardial dystrophy)].

PMID- 2933997
TI  - Spurious blood cell counts and red cell indices from the Ortho ELT-8, associated
      with a cold-reactive antibody.

PMID- 2933998
TI  - Procaterol and terbutaline in bronchial asthma. A double-blind, placebo
      controlled, cross-over study.
AB  - Procaterol, a new beta-2 adrenoceptor stimulant, was studied in a double-blind,
      placebo-controlled, cross-over trial in patients with bronchial asthma. Oral
      procaterol 50 micrograms b.d., procaterol 100 micrograms b.d., and terbutaline 5
      mg t.i.d., were compared when given randomly in 1-week treatment periods. The
      best clinical effect was found with terbutaline. Both anti-asthmatic and
      tremorgenic effects of procaterol were dose-related. Procaterol appeared
      effective in the doses tested, and a twice daily regimen would appear to be
      suitable with this drug.

PMID- 2933999
TI  - [Hemodynamic effects of an etomidate-flunitrazepam or midazolam- fentanyl
      combination for induction of anesthesia in patients with heart valve diseases].
AB  - A comparison of the haemodynamic effects of 3 anaesthetic techniques, the
      combinations etomidate + fentanyl (I), flunitrazepam + fentanyl (II) or midazolam
      + fentanyl (III), respectively was carried out in 45 patients undergoing various
      types of cardiac valve replacement surgery. Haemodynamics were assessed by
      continuously measuring the heart rate as well as the blood pressure in the
      systemic and pulmonary circulations whereas the cardiac output was measured
      intermittently. In the first 30 minutes after induction of anaesthesia, a mean
      arterial blood pressure drop of 10% (I), 20% (II) or 15% (III) respectively, was
      observed; at the same time, the rate did not change significantly. Cardiac index,
      however, fell significantly in all 3 groups by 33% (I) 30% (II) or 28% (III),
      respectively. Pulmonary pressure, wedge pressure and systemic vascular resistance
      rose only in groups I and III and decreased in group II (flunitrazepam +
      fentanyl). On the other hand, pulmonary vascular resistance as well as left
      ventricular work index were significantly decreased in all 3 groups. We conclude
      that all 3 anaesthetic techniques investigated here may be effectively applied
      for safe induction of anaesthesia in patients with valvular lesions of the heart.
      On account of the effect of the combination flunitrazepam + fentanyl on
      decreasing pulmonary artery pressure and wedge pressure, this technique seems to
      be preferable in patients with pulmonary hypertension.

PMID- 2934000
TI  - Spinal anaesthesia for outpatient surgery.
AB  - In a prospective study of 51 young male outpatients given spinal anaesthesia
      through a 25-gauge needle, we found a 37.2% incidence of postdural puncture
      headache. In addition, 54.9% complained of backache after surgery. Occurrence of
      headache significantly prolonged the sick-leave from work. General anaesthesia
      would be preferred by 31.4% of patients for a similar procedure in the future.
      These patients had a higher incidence of postoperative backache and pain during
      lumbar puncture. It is concluded that spinal anaesthesia is not a satisfactory
      technique for outpatient procedures in young men.

PMID- 2934001
TI  - Diazepam mixed micelle--comparison with diazepam in propylene glycol and
      midazolam.
AB  - A mixed micelle formulation of diazepam was compared with midazolam and diazepam
      in propylene glycol for evidence of venous intolerance following IV injection.
      The overall incidence of venous morbidity was 17% for diazepam mixed micelle, 26%
      for midazolam and 90% for diazepam in propylene glycol. Diazepam mixed micelle is
      suggested as a preferable alternative to the standard formulation.

PMID- 2934002
TI  - Platelet function in platelet concentrates and in whole blood.
AB  - Platelet function was studied in CPD whole blood stored at 4 degrees C for one
      and three days and in platelet concentrates stored at room temperature for the
      same periods of time. Comparisons were made of platelet shape, nucleotide
      content, beta-thromboglobulin (beta TG) liberated during storage, and platelet
      aggregation in response to ADP, collagen, sodium arachidonate and ristocetin. It
      was found that in whole blood the shape of the platelets was less discoid than in
      platelet concentrates. However, platelet aggregation in response to ADP,
      collagen, and sodium arachidonate was preserved better in whole blood than in
      platelet concentrates. Platelet nucleotides were the same in whole blood as in
      platelet concentrates, but the plasma levels of beta TG were less in whole blood.
      The results show that as judged by aggregation, beta TG release and nucleotide
      content, platelets from whole blood were at least as functional as those from
      platelet concentrates. However, platelets from whole blood had lost their discoid
      shape, which suggests that they would have a short survival in the circulation.

PMID- 2934003
TI  - Purification of synexin by pH step elution from chromatofocusing media in the
      absence of ampholytes.
AB  - Synexin can be purified to virtual homogeneity by a modification of the
      conventional chromatofocusing technique. Ampholytes are omitted from the
      procedure altogether and the protein is eluted by a specific pH step chosen on
      the basis of the pI of the protein. This modification of the conventional method
      eliminates the separation of ampholytes from the purified protein, an
      insurmountable problem in our case, and reduces the cost of purification
      profoundly.

PMID- 2934004
TI  - Localization of Mg++-dependent adenosine triphosphatase and alkaline phosphatase
      activities in the postimplantation mouse embryos in day 5 and 6.
AB  - Mg++-dependent adenosine triphosphatase (Mg-ATPase) and alkaline phosphatase
      (ALPase) activities were histo- and cytochemically investigated in
      postimplantation mouse embryos from day 5 to day 6. In day 5 postimplantation
      embryos, Mg-ATPase activity was detected in the embryonic ectoderm and weakly in
      the visceral endoderm. Weak ALPase activity was found in the embryonic ectoderm
      and visceral endoderm. Parietal endoderm, both in day 5 and in day 6 embryos, had
      very weak or no Mg-ATPase and ALPase activities. Mg-ATPase activity in day 6
      embryos was found with the same localization as that in day 5 embryos. No ALPase
      activity was observed in their embryonic ectoderm. Extraembryonic ectodermal cell
      mass had the strongest Mg-ATPase activity in these stage embryos. These results
      suggest that the localization of both enzyme activities in postimplantation mouse
      embryos is closely related to the morphogenesis. As regards the proamniotic
      cavity formation, the fact that Mg-ATPase activity was still observed in the
      embryonic ectoderm in these stages suggests the involvement of active transport
      system on the production of nascent proamniotic cavity fluid.

PMID- 2934005
TI  - A three-dimensional reconstruction of high endothelial venules in the mouse lymph
      node: an enzyme-histochemical study.
AB  - A three-dimensional reconstruction of high endothelial venules (HE-venules) of an
      entire mouse lymph node is presented. The reconstruction has been made by means
      of the histochemical technique for alpha-naphthylacetate esterase. The course of
      the HE-venules is shown in coherence with lymphocytic aggregates (follicles and
      unit), which were concomitantly reconstructed. Carbonic anhydrase, glutamate-,
      and alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase were found in the high endothelia, while
      calcium-stimulated NA+, K+ ATP-ase and the acetylcholinesterase were localized to
      the endothelia and/or to the perivascular sheath of the HE-venules and
      submarginal capillaries.

PMID- 2934006
TI  - Midazolam as an intravenous induction agent in the elderly: a clinical and
      pharmacokinetic study.
AB  - Midazolam, the first benzodiazepine derivative with water-soluble salts, was
      studied as an induction agent in general anesthesia for the elderly. In group 1
      (n = 14), 5 or 10 mg oral diazepam was used as premedication, but in group 2 (n =
      9), both oral (10 mg dixyrazin as a night-time sedative) and intramuscular (0.01
      mg/kg atropine + 1 mg/kg meperidine) premedicants were used. Serum concentrations
      of benzodiazepines were determined using both gas-liquid chromatographic
      (unchanged midazolam) and radioreceptor assays (binding equivalents of
      benzodiazepines plus their active metabolites). In general, midazolam, 0.15
      mg/kg, intravenously resulted in smooth induction of anesthesia, although the
      time required for induction was rather long and a sudden but transient decrease
      in blood pressure was found in a significant number of patients. The course of
      anesthesia was otherwise satisfactory. A marked amnesic effect was observed,
      especially when diazepam was used as premedication. The pharmacokinetic
      parameters based on gas-liquid chromatographic measurements were quite comparable
      with those in young, healthy persons published earlier. In both groups, the
      binding equivalents measured with radioreceptor assay (reflecting total
      benzodiazepine activity) were higher than the levels of unchanged midazolam
      determined with gas-liquid chromatography. The relatively low dose of 0.15 mg/kg
      of midazolam needed for anesthetic induction in the elderly indicates not
      pharmacokinetic, but pharmacodynamic, alterations in older patients. We conclude
      that midazolam is a new intravenous induction agent for use in the elderly, but
      careful titration of the dosage according to the response of the patient is
      required. Diazepam premedication prior to midazolam causes a marked anterograde
      amnesic effect.

PMID- 2934007
TI  - General anesthesia and fragile X syndrome: report of a case.
AB  - A case report of an 11-year-old Caucasian boy with the fragile X syndrome is
      presented. The fragile X syndrome is a form of X-linked mental retardation with a
      connective tissue component that involves mitral valve prolapse. Antibiotic
      prophylaxis, electrocardiographic abnormalities, and special anesthetic
      management considerations are elements of treating patients with fragile X
      syndrome. The patient received morphine sulfate and scopolamine as a preoperative
      premedication. Ketamine was also administered intramuscularly prior to induction
      to gaseous anesthetic. Pancuronium was used to facilitate nasotracheal
      intubation. A wandering atrial pacemaker and progressive hypocapnia, both of
      which were managed without complication, were the only problems encountered in
      the anesthetic procedure.

PMID- 2934008
TI  - Relief of dental surgery pain: a controlled 12-hour comparison of etodolac,
      aspirin, and placebo.
AB  - Single doses of the study drugs were evaluated for 12 hours by 201 out-patients
      reporting moderate or severe pain following oral surgery. The results of this
      double-blind study indicated that 50, 100, and 200 mg of etodolac as well as 650
      mg of aspirin were significantly more effective than placebo. A dose-response
      relationship was found for the three doses of etodolac, which was significant for
      summed pain relief scores for up to 8 hours. In terms of total analgesic effect,
      etodolac 200 mg was significantly superior to placebo for 8 hours, while aspirin
      and the two lower doses of etodolac were similarly effective in the range of 3-6
      hours postdrug. All doses showed a favorable onset of analgesia (1/2-1 hour).
      Etodolac 200 mg resulted in a duration of action which was approximately twice as
      long as aspirin's and also produced a peak pain relief which was significantly
      greater than the lower doses of etodolac and aspirin. All study medications were
      well tolerated with no reports of significant adverse side effects. No dose
      related effects were observed with etodolac

PMID- 2934010
TI  - [Aortic flow measurement by transesophageal Doppler effect].
AB  - Continuous measurement of cardiac output by thermodilution is invasive,
      impractical and unpleasant for the patient. We propose to measure descending
      aortic blood flow with a specially designed intra-oesophageal Doppler echo probe.
      The apparatus is composed of two main parts. First an A scan system makes
      possible the measurement of the diameter of the vessel, second a continuous wave
      velocimeter is used to measure the spatial mean velocity of the blood. An output
      calculator determines the descending aortic blood flow. The oesophageal catheter
      contains three ultrasonic transducers at its tip mounted on an epoxy resin
      bracket produced by moulding. They are connected to a flexible hose placed inside
      a flexible polyvinyl sheath whose outer diameter is 6.8 mm and length is 50 cm. A
      cylindrical latex balloon is mounted on this sheath which is water inflated to
      minimum pressure, ensuring a good ultrasonic coupling between the transducers and
      the oesophageal wall. Connection between the probe and the apparatus is made by
      three coaxial cables. Three isolator-transformers are built into the connector
      cable to ensure a safe electrical circuit. After having bled the probe of any
      air, the balloon is deflated. The probe is gently introduced into the oesophagus
      by nasal or oral route until the transducers are situated between the 5th and 6th
      vertebra. The balloon is then inflated to minimum pressure with 10 ml of
      distilled water contained in a syringe. To find the aorta, the velocimeter is
      first used like a Doppler stethoscope. The probe is rotated into a position
      corresponding to the maximum level of Doppler signal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250
      WORDS)

PMID- 2934009
TI  - Effect of ipratropium bromide on repeated methacholine challenges.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to trace the protective effect of ipratropium
      bromide (IB) during methacholine inhalation challenge (MIC) at the first and
      fourth hour after its administration. IB-inhaler contains 0.02 mg IB in each puff
      and it was used in the usual dosage of two puffs (0.04 mg). In 20 asthmatic
      patients, the dose of methacholine caused a drop in FEV1 of 20% (PD20-FEV1). It
      was concluded that IB protected patients significantly one hour after its
      administration and showed a significant bronchodilating effect in comparison to
      placebo. IB protected 19 of the 20 patients one hour after administration during
      MIC while placebo protected none. IB protected 13 of the 20 patients, after the
      second PD20-FEV1 with methacholine, four hours after its administration.

PMID- 2934012
TI  - Effects of swallowing on the pattern of continuous respiration in human adults.
AB  - Swallowing must interact with respiration so that a swallow causes minimal or no
      disturbance of continual respiration. In order to study the coordinate control of
      swallowing and respiration, we investigated the effects of spontaneous and water
      induced swallows on the pattern of ongoing respiration in 8 adult human subjects.
      Swallows were identified by submental electromyograms and visual observation of
      the characteristic laryngeal movements. Both spontaneous and water-induced
      swallows occurred during all phases of the respiratory cycle, but approximately
      80% of swallows occurred during the expiratory phase. No essential difference
      between spontaneous and water-induced swallows in the effects of the swallowing
      on respiration was observed. A swallow coinciding with the expiratory phase
      prolonged the duration of the same expiration that had been interrupted, whereas
      a swallow coinciding with the inspiratory phase interrupted the inspiration
      immediately and was followed by a short expiratory duration. There was a positive
      correlation between the time from the onset of the expiration to the onset of the
      swallowing and the duration of the expiration interrupted by the swallowing,
      indicating that the later the onset of the swallowing takes place, the more is
      the expiration prolonged. The duration of respiratory cycle in the breaths
      immediately following the swallow was not affected by the swallow, but there was
      a considerable increase in the tidal volume of the postswallowing breaths. These
      results suggest that the changes in respiratory pattern induced by the act of
      swallowing may depend on some mechanism that regulates the coordination of
      respiration and swallowing.

PMID- 2934011
TI  - Airways reversibility after prednisolone therapy in chronic asthma is associated
      with alterations in leukocyte function.
AB  - In 6 patients with chronic asthma, we studied the effects of orally administered
      prednisolone on monocyte and neutrophil membrane receptor expression for IgG (Fc)
      and complement, neutrophil locomotion, and calcium ionophore-induced leukotriene
      C4 production by granulocytes. Prior to treatment, monocyte IgG (Fc) and
      complement receptor expression, but not neutrophil IgG (Fc) or complement
      receptor expression, were increased when patients were compared with nonasthmatic
      control subjects (p less than 0.01 and p less than 0.01, respectively). After a 7
      day course of orally administered prednisolone (30 mg/day daily), the increases
      in peak expiratory flow rate were accompanied by significant decreases from
      baseline in the percent of monocyte IgG (Fc) (Day 3, p less than 0.001; Day 7, p
      less than 0.001), monocyte complement (Day 3, p less than 0.001; Day 7, p less
      than 0.001), and neutrophil complement rosettes (Day 3, p less than 0.02; Day 7,
      p less than 0.02), but not neutrophil IgG (Fc) rosettes. Neutrophil locomotion in
      vitro, in response to casein, from the asthmatics was enhanced when compared with
      cells from control subjects, and was significantly depressed following
      prednisolone. Each of the 6 subjects had a peripheral blood eosinopenia in
      response to prednisolone that corresponded to a decrease in the amount of
      immunoreactive LTC4 generated from granulocyte suspensions challenged with the
      calcium ionophore A23187. These findings suggest that prednisolone suppresses
      monocyte and neutrophil activation in chronic asthma and that this is accompanied
      by an improvement in lung function.

PMID- 2934013
TI  - Relationship of increased lung serotonin levels to endotoxin-induced pulmonary
      hypertension in sheep. Effect of a serotonin antagonist.
AB  - A persistent pulmonary artery hypertension, increased airways resistance,
      increased vascular permeability to protein, and hypoxia are characteristic of
      sepsis-induced ARDS in humans and are present in the late phase injury response
      seen in sheep after endotoxin. Our purpose was to determine the role of
      serotonin, 5-HT, in the steady-state pulmonary hypertension and decreased
      arterial oxygen tension seen beginning approximately 3 h after Escherichia coli
      endotoxin injury (2 micrograms/kg) in the adult sheep. Plasma 5-HT levels
      remained constant, whereas lung lymph values increased from a baseline of 60 +/-
      40 to 180 +/- 70 and 270 +/- 90 ng/ml at 1-h and at 3- to 5-h periods,
      respectively, after endotoxin. Platelet count decreased significantly only at the
      3-h time period. Ketanserin, a 5-HT antagonist, was infused (0.15 mg/kg/h) in 7
      sheep during endotoxin injury. The degree of early pulmonary hypertension and
      hypoxia was not affected by ketanserin. Mean values for pulmonary artery pressure
      and arterial oxygen tension were 40 +/- 8 mmHg and 70 +/- 8 torr for endotoxin
      alone and 38 +/- 7 mmHg and 72 +/- 7 torr for the ketanserin group. Steady-state,
      protein-rich pulmonary perfusion was also not altered, being increased 3-fold in
      both groups. Pulmonary hypertension and hypoxia were significantly attenuated,
      however, at the 3- to 5-h period with ketanserin, compared with endotoxin alone,
      the pulmonary artery pressure decreasing from 29 +/- 5 to 22 +/- 4 mmHg and the
      PaO2 increasing from 75 +/- 4 to 83 +/- 5 torr.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

PMID- 2934014
TI  - Respiratory muscle dysfunction after herpes zoster.
AB  - We report an unusual neurologic complication of herpes zoster. After thoracic
      herpes zoster, our patient complained of severe shortness of breath as a result
      of myoclonus of the abdominal muscles as documented by electromyography. The
      myoclonus resulted in repetitive interruption of expiratory air flow, resulting
      in shortness of breath and a staccato speech. This case demonstrates the need to
      evaluate the function of all the respiratory muscles in a patient complaining of
      dyspnea.

PMID- 2934015
TI  - Polyarthritis and neutropenia.

PMID- 2934016
TI  - Annual reproductive rhythms in mammals: mechanisms of light synchronization.
AB  - Animals restrict the time of birth of offspring to the most advantageous time of
      year, usually spring or summer. This is achieved by controlling the preceding
      period of fertility and, in some cases, by delaying implantation of the zygote.
      Seasonal changes in daylength, the principal, though not the only cue, regulate
      pulsatile release of hypothalamic releasing factors that in turn activates the
      pituitary-gonadal axis. The role of the neuroendocrine system is therefore to
      translate the photoperiodic stimulus into an endocrine signal (Figure 12). The
      measurement of day length is a function of the circadian system, environmental
      light being sampled on a 24-hour basis. Experimental manipulations of the
      photoperiodic response have revealed the existence of a rhythm of sensitivity to
      the presence of light that is entrained by the prevailing photoperiod. Light
      falling within the period of maximal sensitivity results in an LD type response.
      It is important to note that although different species measure day length in a
      similar manner, the gonadal response to a given photoperiod will vary between
      species depending upon the nature of their seasonal reproductive strategy. Photic
      information is conveyed from the retina to the pineal gland by way of the
      suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus and the cervical sympathetic trunk.
      The central connections between these structures are poorly understood. The
      pineal is an essential mediator of the photoperiodic response. The effects of
      pinealectomy vary between species, but in all cases the responses to changes in
      day length are blocked. The gland is neither anti- nor progonadotrophic; it
      merely provides a signal. This signal is probably the nocturnal release of
      melatonin. Studies on in vivo melatonin production and the responses of
      photoperiodic species to timed administration of exogenous melatonin have
      suggested that the duration of nocturnal melatonin production by the pineal is
      read by the CNS as an indicator of the length of darkness. This model for PTM
      provides a physiological basis to the observed rhythm of sensitivity to light.
      This period of sensitivity is probably a parallel to the nocturnal rhythm of
      melatonin production. Light falling in this phase blocks melatonin production,
      truncates the pineal signal, and hence produces an LD response by the CNS. The
      site of the signal detector is not known, although the anterior hypothalamus may
      be involved. How the pineal signal triggers changes in the hypothalamic LHRH
      pulse generator is not known. The endogenous opioids, however, especially beta
      END may have a major role in exercising photoperiodic control over pituitary
      action.

PMID- 2934017
TI  - New methods for applying synthetic pyrethroids when planting conifer seedlings:
      symptoms and exposure relationships.

PMID- 2934018
TI  - Continuous subcutaneous pethidine for routine postoperative analgesia.
AB  - We consider that the present state of postoperative analgesia is unsatisfactory
      because drugs are given intermittently and usually only at the patients' request
      and with nurses' acquiescence. A procedure for routine continuous pethidine
      infusion, suitable for administration and control by the nursing staff is
      described. The results of a trial on patients after major surgery are summarised.
      We believe the procedure to be more efficient and effective than those presently
      in use.

PMID- 2934019
TI  - Cellular immunity in acne vulgaris during transfer factor treatment.
AB  - The effect of treatment with human dialyzable transfer factor was investigated on
      acne vulgaris patients in a double-blind study. About 1/3 of the patients
      improved clinically during the study period but there was no correlation between
      clinical improvement and transfer factor treatment. Prior to treatment parameters
      of cell-mediated immunity were significantly altered in the patients. These
      alterations normalized during the study in all patients irrespective of transfer
      factor treatment, possibly due to the immunostimulatory effect of repeated skin
      testing. The present results support previous findings that acne patients have
      slightly altered cell-mediated immunity, but the results further suggest that
      abnormalities are not significant in the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris.

PMID- 2934020
TI  - Absence of significant autosomal lesions in Huntington's disease.
AB  - Peripheral blood from six patients with Huntington's disease (HD) and six
      controls were cultured in three types of media known to produce fragile sites. A
      total of 3000 metaphases per group were scrutinized in a blind coded study. No
      significantly specific 'hot-spot' was found capable of differentiating between HD
      patients and controls.

PMID- 2934021
TI  - Comparison of ciprofloxacin with azlocillin plus tobramycin in the therapy of
      experimental Pseudomonas aeruginosa endocarditis.
AB  - The efficacy of ciprofloxacin (Bay o 9867), a promising new quinolone, was
      compared with the efficacy of azlocillin plus tobramycin in rabbits with
      experimentally induced Pseudomonas aeruginosa endocarditis. The MBCs of
      ciprofloxacin, azlocillin, and tobramycin against the test strain were 0.5, 8,
      and 4 micrograms/ml respectively. Ciprofloxacin at a concentration of 50 mg/kg or
      azlocillin at a concentration of 200 mg/kg in combination with tobramycin at a
      concentration of 5 mg/kg was administered intramuscularly at 8-h intervals for 4
      days. Both regimens produced median peak serum bactericidal titers of 1:8. The
      concentrations of ciprofloxacin, azlocillin, and tobramycin in serum, 1.8 +/-
      0.7, 154 +/- 48, and 9.1 +/- 2.4 micrograms/ml (mean +/- standard deviation),
      respectively, closely approximated concentrations found in humans after accepted
      dosages. At the end of treatment, the titers of P. aeruginosa were 3.0 +/- 1.6
      log10 CFU/g of vegetation (mean +/- standard deviation) for recipients of
      ciprofloxacin and 3.2 +/- 1.3 log10 CFU/g of vegetation for recipients of
      azlocillin plus tobramycin. These values compared with control titers of 7.3 +/-
      1.6 CFU/g. These data indicate that at the doses used, ciprofloxacin was as
      effective as azlocillin plus tobramycin in the treatment of P. aeruginosa
      endocarditis in rabbits. Since the latter drug combination has proven efficacy,
      ciprofloxacin deserves further evaluation in the therapy of systemic infections
      in animal models and in humans.

PMID- 2934023
TI  - [Intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy with anticancer agents for advanced breast
      cancer--effect and toxicity of mitomycin C and adriamycin].
AB  - In 23 cases of primary advanced breast cancer, intra-arterial infusion
      chemotherapy of Adriamycin (ADR) and Mitomycin C (MMC), which were injected
      jointly or individually, was performed and its effects and side effects were
      studied. As for the clinical effects, the response rate (CR + PR) was 73.9%
      (17/23 cases) and the histological response rate (greater than grade IIb) was
      82.6% (19/23 cases). ADR alone (100-150 mg) and MMC (28 mg) + ADR (42 mg)
      combined regimens were especially superior in both their clinical and
      histological effects. In metastatic lymph nodes, the histological response rate
      was 78.9% (15/19 cases). As for the side effects, in the cases treated with MMC,
      bone marrow suppression such as leukocytopenia and thrombocytopenia was
      remarkable and took a long time to recover. The above results suggested that the
      most effective regimen for primary advanced breast cancer using intra-arterial
      infusion chemotherapy is ADR alone, in single doses of 50 mg up to a total dose
      of 150-200 mg. Histological examination of the effective cases revealed that the
      central region of the tumor was more markedly recrotic than the periphery. It was
      suggested that the grade of the effects on tumor tissues is related to the
      mechanism of anticancer agents.

PMID- 2934022
TI  - Evaluation of the in vitro bactericidal action of ciprofloxacin on cells of
      Escherichia coli in the logarithmic and stationary phases of growth.
AB  - Cells of Escherichia coli Neumann and E. coli KL16 were suspended in phosphate
      buffered saline pH 7.4 and allowed to reach stationary growth conditions.
      Ciprofloxacin was added at different concentrations, and time-kill curves were
      constructed. It could be demonstrated that the number of viable cells was reduced
      quickly by several logs for E. coli Neumann, whereas a weak and slow killing
      effect was observed with E. coli KL16. When ciprofloxacin or norfloxacin was
      added to logarithmically growing cultures of E. coli Neumann or E. coli KL16, no
      principal differences in the killing rate for the two strains could be observed.
      Ciprofloxacin, however, was more bactericidal than norfloxacin. It was also
      demonstrated that the bactericidal action of ciprofloxacin on cells in the
      stationary growth phase was better at pH 7.4 than at pH 8.6. This dependence is
      different from that observed in MIC studies, in which the MIC were lower at pH
      8.0 than at pH 7.2. It was also found that the bactericidal action of
      ciprofloxacin or norfloxacin on cells of E. coli Neumann in the stationary phase
      of growth could not be reduced by the addition of chloramphenicol, whereas under
      conditions of logarithmic growth the rapid killing effect of ciprofloxacin was
      reduced in the presence of chloramphenicol.

PMID- 2934024
TI  - [An immunological study on the effect of simultaneous intrahepatic injection of
      an immunomodulator (OK-432) and adriamycin--an experiment in rats].
AB  - An immunological study of the effect of a simultaneous intrahepatic injection of
      adriamycin (ADM) and OK-432 (PIC) in seven-week-old S.D. rats was carried out.
      Three experimental groups included an ADM-PIC-0.5 group which was administered
      0.5 mg/kg ADM and 0.5 KE/kg PIC, an ADM-PIC-1.0 group which was administered 1.0
      mg/kg ADM and 1.0 KE/kg PIC and an ADM-PIC-2.0 group which was administered 2.0
      mg/kg ADM and 2.0 KE/kg PIC. A control group was injected with normal saline. The
      numbers of T-cells, B-cells, helper T-cells and suppressor T-cells were counted
      before, 1 day after and 5 days after intrahepatic injection. The suppressor T
      cell count decreased (p less than 0.05) in the ADM-PIC-0.5 group and the T-cell
      count (p less than 0.05), B-cell count (p less than 0.05), helper T-cell count (p
      less than 0.01), suppressor T-cell (p less than 0.05) and the ratio of suppressor
      T-cells among lymphocytes were decreased in the ADM-PIC-1.0 group. Decreases in
      the T-cell count (p less than 0.01), B-cell count (p less than 0.05), helper T
      cell count (p less than 0.01), suppressor T-cell (p less than 0.01) and the ratio
      of suppressor T-cells among lymphocytes (p less than 0.01) were recognized in the
      ADM-PIC-2.0 group one day after injection. Five days after injection, the ratio
      of suppressor T-cells among lymphocytes (p less than 0.01) was decreased in the
      ADM-PIC-0.5 group, and suppressor T-cells (p less than 0.05) and the ratio of
      suppressor T-cells among lymphocytes were decreased in the ADM-PIC-1.0 group. In
      the ADM-PIC-2.0 group, suppressor T-cell count (p less than 0.01) and the ratio
      of suppressor T-cells among lymphocytes were decreased. The result suggested that
      a simultaneous intrahepatic injection with PIC could improve the
      immunosuppression produced by an intrahepatic injection of ADM.

PMID- 2934025
TI  - [Clinical trial of 5'-DFUR against various malignant tumors].
AB  - 5'-DFUR was administered orally to 18 patients with various malignant tumors at a
      daily dose of 800-1200 mg to evaluate its clinical efficacy and side effects. Out
      of 17 evaluable cases, PR was observed in one larynx cancer case and three breast
      cancer cases, with an efficacy rate of 23.5%. Side effects was observed in only
      one case. These were digestive symptoms which were alleviated by reduction of the
      dosage. No other severe side effect was observed. These results suggest that 5'
      DFUR has potential as a useful oral anticancer agent.

PMID- 2934026
TI  - [Clinical trial of 5'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine (5'-DFUR) in advanced cancer
      patients].
AB  - 5'-DFUR was administered orally to advanced or recurrent cancer patients at a
      daily dosage of 600-1200 mg divided into 3 or 4 times a day. Out of 13 evaluable
      cases 2PR, 2MR, 4NC and 5PD were observed, response rate was 15.4%. PR were
      obtained in one gastric cancer case and one breast cancer case. Side effects were
      observed in 6 cases out of 14 cases (42.9%) and major adverse reaction was gastro
      intestinal toxicities such as anorexia, nausea-vomiting and diarrhea. Two
      leukocytopenia and one erythrocytopenia were observed. This study indicated that
      5'-DFUR would be useful as a new anticancer agent.

PMID- 2934027
TI  - Treatment for renovascular hypertension.

PMID- 2934029
TI  - [Silent myocardial ischemia].

PMID- 2934028
TI  - [Current status of gynecologic hormone therapy. Hyperandrogen disorders].

PMID- 2934030
TI  - [Superior axial deviation in the young adult. An electro-vectorcardiographic
      study].
AB  - We analyzed the VCGs of 100 young subjects without apparent cardiac disease
      showing an ECG superior Axis Deviation, i.e. AQRS greater than - 30 degrees, and
      a rS aspect in V1. Our findings demonstrated that, in these subjects, the
      superior axis deviation is due to a distal right bundle branch block with
      posterior displacement of the terminal forces in 78% of the cases. The other
      cases being left anterior hemiblocks, either isolated (12%) or associated with a
      block of the anterior subdivision of the right bundle branch (10%). The
      differential diagnosis, easy on VCG, is sometimes very difficult on ECG. The most
      reliable ECG criteria to discriminate this kind of right bundle branch block from
      left anterior hemiblock are: intrinsic deflection in a VL-V6 greater than or
      equal to 0.015" (sensitivity 100%; specificity 57%), RV6/Ra VL ratio greater than
      1 (sensibility 100%; specificity 50%) and the presence of a notched R wave in L2,
      L3 and a VF (sensitivity 90%; specificity 100%).

PMID- 2934031
TI  - [Pseudonormalization of repolarization during physical exercise and the
      hemodynamic findings].
AB  - The meaning of normalization of abnormal T waves during exercise is still
      unclear, twenty patients with this electrocardiographic pattern during treadmill
      stress test were studied with coronary arteriography. They were classified in two
      groups: Group I: In which 3 patients had isolated "pseudonormalization" of the T
      wave, and Group II with "pseudonormalization" of the T wave plus a positive
      stress test or an old myocardial infarction. Results allowed us to conclude that
      this phenomenon per se is not a diagnostic clue of coronary injury; however when
      we observe it associated with a positive stress test or an old myocardial
      infarction it may be indicative of severe and multiple coronary vessel injury.

PMID- 2934033
TI  - [Procoagulant activity associated with mononuclear cells in active rheumatic
      fever].
AB  - Acute rheumatic fever (ARF) is associated with disseminated inflammation and
      tissue lesions with heavy fibrin deposition, specially in heart valves and
      myocardium. The immune pathogenesis of ARF has been suspected, but not
      satisfactorily proven. An active cellular immune reaction generates cell
      activators (lymphokines) from T cells, which are able to induce a procoagulant
      activity (PCA) in mononuclear cells. We studied PCA in peripheral blood
      mononuclear cells isolated form ARF patients as well as normal controls. The PCA
      from ARF was 1.5 to 15 times higher than the PCA from controls. This activity was
      associated with the presence of C-reactive protein and other acute phase markers.
      The PCA from mononuclear cells in ARF may be one of the mechanisms responsible
      for fibrin deposition.

PMID- 2934032
TI  - [Comparison of the postmortem anatomical study and bidimensional echocardiography
      in myocardial infarction].
AB  - We studied 10 patients between the ages of 30 and 69 years, all of whom had
      suffered myocardial infarction (MI) at least 6 months before they died. Two
      dimensional echocardiography (2-D E) and catheterism were done no more than 15
      days before death. The location and extension of MI were compared to the
      segmentary mobility (SM), end diastolic wall thickness (EDWT) and percentage of
      systolic wall thickening (PSWT) determined by 2-D E, in the 15 segments of the
      left ventricular wall. We also compared 2-D E and coronariographic findings.
      There was a good correlation between the location (P less than 0.01) and
      extension (P less than 0.05) of the necrotic area dyssynergy, specially when the
      MI was transmural. The postmortem measurement of the wall thickness in each one
      of the segments had also good correlation with the EDWT as measured with 2-D E (r
      = 0.926). The EDWT was less in the necrotic segments (8.8 +/- 1.8 mm) than in non
      affected segments (14.1 +/- 1.9 mm) and this difference was significant (P less
      than 0.05). The wall was thinnest in segment affected by transmural necrosis. The
      PSWT was significantly less (P less than 0.01) in necrotic segments (12.1 +/- 3%)
      than in segments without necrosis (24.1 +/- 4.3%). The alteration of SM
      correlated with coronary obstructions greater than 75%, specially when it was
      associated with necrosis. The EDWT was less in necrotic segments with important
      coronary artery obstruction than in those without necrosis even though vascular
      narrowing was marked (P less than 0.01). The PSWT was also less in the areas with
      necrosis when coronary obstruction was severe as well as moderate (11.3 +/- 2.3%)
      than in segments with coronary obstruction but without necrosis (22.3 +/- 4.2%)
      and even less than that obtained in cases with neither coronary artery
      obstruction nor necrotic area (30.1 +/- 2.2%) and the difference is statistically
      significant (P less than 0.01). The segmentary measurement by 2-D E of the EDWT
      and the PSWT are useful for recognizing areas with necrosis and differentiating
      it from ischemic areas of left ventricle in coronary artery disease.

PMID- 2934034
TI  - [Incidence of innocuous thoracic murmurs in a sample of 12,009 students].
AB  - We have studied a total of 12,009 school children (age range 6 to 14 years) in
      order to determine the incidence of thoracic innocent murmurs. 6,816 were male
      and 5,193 female. A initial clinical evaluation was carried out in the school and
      the second examination was performed in our hospital. Global incidence of
      innocent murmurs was 9.57% with a female/male ratio of 1.73. We divided the
      innocent murmurs according with Fishleder's method: mesocardial systolic murmur
      (62%), pulmonary systolic murmur (26%), protosystolic apical murmur (7%),
      "whooping" murmur (5%). Afterwards, children with murmurs were divided in two
      groups of age and anthropometric characteristics observing a significative
      increment in the incidence of mesocardial systolic murmur in children which
      ranged ages from 6 to 10 years (74%) and of the pulmonary systolic murmur in the
      group of 10 to 14 years (40%).

PMID- 2934035
TI  - [Use of blood oxygen partial pressure in the right atrium in the calculation of
      intrapulmonary shunt].
AB  - In order to assess the usefulness of blood samples taken from the right atrium
      (RA) in the calculation of intrapulmonary shunt (Qs/Qt), we correlated the values
      of Qs/Qt obtained through RA sampling with those obtained form a simultaneous
      sample of blood from the pulmonary artery (PA). The study was done in six mongrel
      dogs (15 to 23 Kg) who were anesthetized and artificially ventilated. The Qs/Qt
      measurements were repeated at different levels of cardiac output (CO). Changes in
      CO were elicited by both mechanical (A-V fistula) and pharmacological
      (Hydralazine) means. Besides the Qs/Qt correlation we also correlated the oxygen
      hemoglobin saturation (Sat %) and oxygen tension (PvO2) values between the two
      sites of mixed venous sampling. The correlations of the different parameters
      between RA and PA samples we obtained were as follows: Qs/Qt r = 0.93 (p less
      than 0.001); Sat % r = 0.87 (p less than 0.001); and for PvO2 r = 0.91 (p less
      than 0.001). The significant correlations of these parameters were maintained
      independent of the CO level. We conclude that in our model a sample of blood
      obtained from the RA is useful for the calculation of Qs/Qt.

PMID- 2934036
TI  - [Diagnosis using bidimensional echocardiography in a free thrombus of the left
      atrium].
AB  - Left atrial thrombosis in patients with rheumatic mitral valve disease is
      frequent. It is important to establish an early diagnosis particularly in those
      patients who had previous thromboembolic episodes. We describe the case of a
      sixty-year-old woman with pure mitral stenosis and free left atrial thrombus. We
      emphasize the sensitivity and specificity of bidimensional echocardiography in
      such conditions.

PMID- 2934037
TI  - [Helicoidal ventricular tachycardia caused by amitriptyline. Presentation of a
      case].
AB  - We present a case of a psychiatric patient treated with Amitriptyline who
      developed Stokes-Adams attacks with EKG manifestations of prolonged Q-T and
      "torsade de pointes".

PMID- 2934038
TI  - Use of clinical findings in the diagnosis of urinary tract infection in women.
AB  - To develop a decision rule for predicting urinary culture results in patients
      suspected of having urinary tract infection, we used discriminant analysis to
      identify the optimum combination of clinical findings. Thirty variables
      identified in a pilot study were recorded from 248 patients in a second study.
      Five findings were independent predictors of positive urinary culture: history of
      urinary tract infection, back pain, microscopic pyuria, hematuria, and
      bacteriuria. An additive decision rule that assigned one point for each of the
      five variables was tested in a third group of 258 patients. These scores
      stratified patients into subsets with increasing likelihood of positive culture.
      Higher scores identified patients who can confidently be treated without
      documentation of bacteriuria. If the rule applies successfully to other
      populations, cost savings could result from identification of patients who do not
      require quantitative urinary culture to demonstrate significant bacteriuria.

PMID- 2934039
TI  - Lepromatous leprosy: study of some subpopulations of lymphocytes and their
      functional analysis.

PMID- 2934040
TI  - User-friendly communication board for nonverbal, severely physically disabled
      individuals.
AB  - The inability to communicate personal needs, feelings, and ideas is a frustrating
      barrier for nonverbal patients with severe physical disabilities. It hampers the
      physician-patient relationship and medical services. This problem has been
      diminished with the use of a new communication board for patients with brain stem
      involvement. The communication board display is comprised of 36 squares in a 6 X
      6 matrix. The alphabet is arranged in this matrix according to the normal
      sequence, and each row begins with a vowel. Selection of a desired alphabet
      letter is done by naming the vowels vertically until the appropriate row is
      reached, then the individual consonants horizontally until the proper one is
      indicated by the patient. With this new arrangement, the patient, attendant, or
      staff can memorize and functionally use the new communication board in a few
      minutes.

PMID- 2934041
TI  - Teratogenesis and reproductive safety evaluation of the retinoid etretin (Ro 10
      1670).
AB  - Reproduction and teratology studies were performed with etretin, the free acid
      analog of the retinoid etretinate. The lowest teratogenic dose of etretin in
      mice, rats and rabbits was 3, 15 and 0.6 mg/kg, respectively. In all three
      species, the lowest dose which was embryolethal, fetolethal or reduced the
      survivability of the pups during lactation was 2-3 times higher than the above
      doses. In rats, the lowest effective dose of etretin was 3 mg/kg in both the
      study for fertility and general reproductive performance and the peri- and
      postnatal study. The main adverse effect in these two experiments was a reduced
      survival of the F1-generation.

PMID- 2934042
TI  - [75th anniversary of the Leningrad Society of Pathologic Anatomists].

PMID- 2934043
TI  - Aerodynamic characteristics of Blom-Singer low-pressure voice prostheses.
AB  - In vitro airflow resistance calculations were completed for 20 low-pressure voice
      prostheses (Blom-Singer). Total device resistances ranged from 63.51 to 105.91 cm
      H2O per liter per second (LPS), with an overall average resistance of 82.04 cm
      H2O/LPS. Resistance characteristics were compared with those of other
      commercially available devices.

PMID- 2934044
TI  - Dacron mesh tray and cancellous bone in reconstruction of mandibular defects.
AB  - We used a Dacron-urethane mesh tray filled with cancellous bone for mandibular
      reconstruction in 17 patients. Five patients with traumatic defects and two with
      benign tumors developed solid, functional mandibles. Among ten patients with
      squamous cell carcinoma, eight had successful reconstruction; one required a
      second procedure. Mandibles of two of three patients with osteoradionecrosis were
      successfully reconstructed, but only one of three primary reconstructions was
      initially successful. The Dacron-urethane mesh tray has the advantage of being
      stiff but malleable. It easily fits the defect, is radiolucent, and may be used
      either before or after radiotherapy. We recommend delayed reconstruction,
      adequate soft-tissue coverage, good immobilization of the mandible, no intraoral
      contamination, especially with osteoradionecrosis, and hyperbaric oxygen in
      patients who have been irradiated or have osteoradionecrosis.

PMID- 2934045
TI  - Platelet interactions with Dacron vascular grafts. A model of acute thrombosis in
      baboons.
AB  - We have developed a model of acute Dacron graft thrombosis in baboons in order to
      assess platelet alterations secondary to arterial thrombus formation. In this
      model, thrombus formation was initiated by Dacron vascular grafts inserted as
      extension segments into chronic arteriovenous Silastic shunts. Following platelet
      labeling with 111In-oxine, platelet deposition was measured for 1 hour following
      blood contact under arterial flow conditions using a scintillation camera. Graft
      platelet activity rapidly increased 40- to 50-fold, plateauing by 1 hour. All
      grafts produced equivalent reductions in circulating platelet count and blood
      111In-platelet radioactivity, demonstrating that the labeled cells were
      functionally equivalent to the total platelet population. After graft placement,
      the remaining platelets survived normally. Acute platelet deposition was
      equivalent on grafts placed 1, 24, 48, and 72 hours following injection of the
      labeled cells, indicating that a variable delay between platelet labeling and
      graft imaging was without detectable consequence. Platelet destruction by the
      graft produced a tenfold increase in plasma levels of platelet factor 4 (PF4) and
      beta-thromboglobulin (beta TG) but did not modify either the alpha-granule (PF4,
      beta TG) or dense granule (ADP, ATP) contents of circulating platelets.

PMID- 2934046
TI  - Combined discography and metrizamide myelography in evaluation of confusing low
      back pain.

PMID- 2934047
TI  - Reduction of stress in the chewing mechanism.

PMID- 2934048
TI  - Efficiency in occlusal function.

PMID- 2934049
TI  - Our changing health.

PMID- 2934050
TI  - The importance of correct jaw relations in cervico-oro-facial orthopedia.

PMID- 2934051
TI  - Combined dental and E.N.T. approach to T.M.J. dysfunction.

PMID- 2934052
TI  - Optimum dental prevention with vitamin E.

PMID- 2934053
TI  - Preventing the gagging reflex.

PMID- 2934054
TI  - The effects of chronic ethanol treatment on oligomycin sensitive ATPase activity
      in the guinea pig heart.
AB  - In an effort to determine the effect of chronic ethanol ingestion on myocardial
      oligomycin sensitive ATPase, guinea pigs were fed 15% ethanol instead of drinking
      water for 34 weeks. Mg2+-ATPase activity of isolated mitochondria was determined
      in control and alcohol fed guinea pigs at 16, 20, 24 and 34 weeks. To prove a
      possible higher fragility of the mitochondria from alcohol fed animals, the
      ATPase activity was also determined in the supernatant after the isolation of
      mitochondria "100 000 g fraction". Mg2+-ATPase activity of the isolated
      mitochondria was time dependent reduced to 56% of the value obtained in the
      control animals. In the "100 000 g fraction" the ATPase activity, however,
      started to increase after 8 weeks and after 34 weeks it was about twice as high
      than in the control group. The findings of this study document a decrease in
      oligomycin sensitive ATPase activity and an increase in mitochondrial fragility
      after chronic ethanol ingestion. It supports in the thesis that chronic alcohol
      intake affects the activity of the intrinsic membrane enzymes by structural
      derangements of mitochondrial membrane. The changes may play a role in the
      development of alcoholic cardiomyopathy.

PMID- 2934055
TI  - Caldesmon is a Ca2+-regulatory component of native smooth-muscle thin filaments.
AB  - Thin-filament preparations from four smooth muscle types (gizzard, stomach,
      trachea, aorta) all activate myosin MgATPase activity, are regulated by Ca2+, and
      contain actin, tropomyosin and a 120000-140000-Mr protein in the molar
      proportions 1:1/7:1/26. The 120000-140000-Mr protein from all sources is a potent
      inhibitor of actomyosin ATPase activity. Peptide-mapping and immunological
      evidence is presented showing that it is identical with caldesmon. Quantitative
      immunological data suggest that caldesmon is a component of all the thin
      filaments and that the thin-filament-bound caldesmon accounts for all the
      caldesmon in intact tissue. The myosin light-chain kinase content of thin
      filament preparations was found to be negligible. We propose that caldesmon-based
      thin-filament Ca2+ regulation is a physiological mechanism in all smooth muscles.

PMID- 2934056
TI  - Effects of the calcium-channel agonist CGP 28392 on insulin secretion from
      isolated rat islets of Langerhans.
AB  - The rate of insulin secretion from isolated rat islets of Langerhans was affected
      by a number of dihydropyridine derivatives known to interact with voltage
      sensitive Ca2+ channels in excitable cells. The channel antagonists nifedipine
      and nitrendipine were potent inhibitors of glucose-induced insulin secretion in
      response to both 8 mM- and 20 mM-glucose, although they did not lower the basal
      secretion rate observed in the presence of 4 mM-glucose. The Ca2+-channel
      agonist, CGP 28392, also failed to alter the basal rate of insulin secretion. In
      the presence of 8 mM-glucose, however, 1 microM-CGP 28392 enhanced the insulin
      secretion rate to a value approximately double that with 8 mM-glucose alone. This
      effect was dose-dependent, with half the maximal response elicited by 0.1 microM
      CGP 28392, and full enhancement at 10 microM. The response was rapid in onset,
      with an increase in insulin secretion evident within 2 min of CGP 28392 infusion
      in perifused islets. Stimulation of insulin secretion by CGP 28392 was correlated
      with a rapid enhancement of glucose-stimulated 45Ca2+ uptake into islets cells,
      and with a transiently increased rate of 45Ca2+ efflux from pre-loaded islets.
      Stimulation of insulin secretion by CGP 28392 was abolished in the presence of
      noradrenaline, although under these conditions the rapid stimulation of 45Ca2+
      influx induced by CGP 28392 was only partially inhibited. In contrast with these
      results, when islets were incubated in the presence of 20 mM-glucose, CGP 28392
      caused a dose-dependent inhibition of insulin secretion. Half-maximal inhibition
      required approx. 0.2 microM-CGP 28392, with maximal effects observed at 10
      microM. Under these conditions, however, the extent of insulin secretion was
      still only decreased by about 50%, to a value which was similar to that seen in
      the presence of 8 mM-glucose and CGP 28392. These results suggest that
      dihydropyridine derivatives can alter the activity of voltage-dependent Ca2+
      channels in islet cells, and are consistent with the possibility that gating of
      these channels plays an important role in regulating the rate of insulin
      secretion after glucose stimulation.

PMID- 2934058
TI  - The effect of multivalent ions on the inactivation of bacteriophage phi X174 by
      lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli C.
AB  - The inactivation of bacteriophage phi X174 by lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia
      coli C is promoted by multivalent metal ions and by polyamines. The effect of the
      two types of cation is similar, and the concentration causing 50% inactivation
      varies inversely with the charge on the cation, although quadrivalent amines are
      less active than expected. The increase in activity as the charge rises suggests
      that electrostatic binding is overwhelmingly important.

PMID- 2934057
TI  - Inhibitory antibodies to plasmalemmal Ca2+-transporting ATPases. Their use in
      subcellular localization of (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-dependent ATPase activity in smooth
      muscle.
AB  - Antibodies directed against the purified calmodulin-binding (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase
      [(Ca2+ + Mg2+)-dependent ATPase] from pig erythrocytes and from smooth muscle of
      pig stomach (antral part) were raised in rabbits. Both the IgGs against the
      erythrocyte (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase and against the smooth-muscle (Ca2+ + Mg2+)
      ATPase inhibited the activity of the purified calmodulin-binding (Ca2+ + Mg2+)
      ATPase from smooth muscle. Up to 85% of the total (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase activity
      in a preparation of KCl-extracted smooth-muscle membranes was inhibited by these
      antibodies. The (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase activity and the Ca2+ uptake in a plasma
      membrane-enriched fraction from this smooth muscle were inhibited to the same
      extent, whereas in an endoplasmic-reticulum-enriched membrane fraction the (Ca2+
      + Mg2+)-ATPase activity was inhibited by only 25% and no effect was observed on
      the oxalate-stimulated Ca2+ uptake. This supports the hypothesis that, in pig
      stomach smooth muscle, two separate types of Ca2+-transport ATPase exist: a
      calmodulin-binding ATPase located in the plasma membrane and a calmodulin
      independent one present in the endoplasmic reticulum. The antibodies did not
      affect the stimulation of the (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase activity by calmodulin.

PMID- 2934059
TI  - Molecular forms of immunoactive atrial natriuretic peptide released from cultured
      rat atrial myocytes.
AB  - Primary cultures of atrial myocytes were prepared from newborn rats and
      maintained for 8 days in complete serum-free medium. The culture content of
      immunoactive atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) increased from 10 to 25 ng/culture
      during this time. The cells released immunoactive ANP at a rate of 2 to 3% of
      culture content per hour in a linear fashion for at least 6 hours. When analyzed
      by gel filtration the major immunoactive material released by and contained
      within the cells displayed a molecular weight of approximately 15,000 daltons.
      The medium and cellular ANP-related peptides were further shown to be
      indistinguishable by reversed-phase HPLC. When the 15,000 dalton material was
      incubated with rat serum it was converted to ANP-related material possessing a
      molecular weight of approximately 3,000 daltons. These results suggest that under
      basal conditions, atrial myocytes release a large molecular weight form of ANP
      that is converted in the circulation to a low molecular weight form of ANP, which
      has been previously identified in plasma.

PMID- 2934060
TI  - Atrial natriuretic factor inhibits vasopressin secretion from rat posterior
      pituitary.
AB  - The effects of synthetic atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) were studied in
      superfused rat posterior pituitary gland. ANF (10(-6)M, 10(-10)M) significantly
      inhibited basal as well as KC1 (50 mM) or angiotensin II-stimulated
      immunoreactive arginine vasopressin secretion. The magnitude of inhibition was
      greater at 10(-6)M than at 10(-10)M. ANF also decreased cAMP secretion and
      increased cGMP secretion from the posterior pituitary. These results suggest that
      ANF directly acts on the posterior pituitary to inhibit arginine vasopressin
      secretion and that this effect is, at least, partly mediated by the changes in
      cyclic nucleotide production.

PMID- 2934061
TI  - Effect of temperature on siderophore production by Candida albicans.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of elevated temperature on
      growth and siderophore production by Candida albicans. The results showed that an
      increase in incubation temperature from 37 degrees C to 41 degrees C produced a
      marked decrease in both the rate and quantity of siderophore production. Elevated
      temperature was unable to suppress growth of C. albicans in either a control
      culture medium or a deferrated culture medium. A significant suppression of
      growth compared to the controls was observed in the deferrated media at both 37
      degrees C and 41 degrees C. However with time, the growth of cells in the
      deferrated media showed partial recovery which was followed by an increase in
      siderophore production. Thus, elevation of temperature to suppress growth and
      siderophore production by C. albicans appears to be an ineffective host defense
      mechanism.

PMID- 2934062
TI  - Structure of dog and rabbit precursors of atrial natriuretic polypeptides deduced
      from nucleotide sequence of cloned cDNA.
AB  - The structure of precursors of dog and rabbit atrial natriuretic polypeptides was
      determined by nucleotide sequence analysis of cloned cDNA of mRNA encoding the
      peptides. The dog and rabbit precursors are 149 and 153 residues long having 23-
      and 25-residue putative signal peptides at their N-termini respectively. The 28
      residue peptide with identical sequence to that of human, which has potent
      natriuretic activity, is located at the C-terminus of the dog precursor. The 28
      residue peptide of identical sequence to that of mouse/rat is located at C
      terminus of rabbit precursor followed by additional Arg-Arg sequence which is
      also found in rat/mouse precursors and is apparently removed during processing.

PMID- 2934063
TI  - Antisera to atrial natriuretic factor reduces urinary sodium excretion and
      increases plasma renin activity in rats.
AB  - Although the presence of atrial natriuretic factor in the blood has been
      demonstrated by radioimmunoassay, its biological activity and physiological
      significance has not been elucidated. Using specific antiserum against atrial
      natriuretic factor, we investigated the effect of passive immunization in rats. A
      significant reduction of urine output and urinary sodium excretion lasted for
      about 30 min after intravenous administration of antiserum. The effects were more
      pronounced in rats pretreated with deoxycorticosterone acetate and saline. Plasma
      renin activity was increased after the administration of antiserum. No
      significant effects on the urinary sodium excretion was observed following
      injection of normal rabbit serum. The results of this study provide evidence
      indicating that endogenous atrial natriuretic factor plays an important role in
      the regulation of urinary water and sodium excretion and plasma renin activity.

PMID- 2934064
TI  - Dependence of the fluorescence of fluorescein labelled (Ca2+, Mg2+)-ATPase upon
      the lipid to protein ratio in sarcoplasmic reticulum reconstituted systems.
AB  - Reconstituted sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) vesicles have been prepared mixing
      fluorescein labelled SR, excess endogenous lipids and deoxycholate by a rapid
      dilution protocol and several freeze-thaw treatments. We have found that both the
      steady-state level and the polarization of fluorescein fluorescence of these
      reconstituted systems monotonically increase as a function of the lipid to
      protein ratio between 80 and 2000 (on a mole per mole basis). The magnitude of
      this increase is about 15%. Detergents, such as Triton X-100 and deoxycholate,
      when added to SR labelled vesicles below their critical micelle concentrations
      also induce similar changes in fluorescein fluorescence. We suggest that lipid
      dilution of protein in these reconstituted systems induce a decrease of the level
      of self-quenching by promoting dissociation of (Ca2+, Mg2+)-ATPase.

PMID- 2934066
TI  - Effects of phenothiazine drugs on the active Ca2+ transport by sarcoplasmic
      reticulum.
AB  - The effect of phenothiazines (trifluoperazine and chlorpromazine) on the activity
      of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ pump was investigated. These drugs have a
      biphasic action on the ATPase activity. They inhibit the enzyme at high
      concentrations, but below 150 microM, they promote a significant stimulation of
      the ATP hydrolysis, which is accompanied by a slight increase of the Ca2+
      transport. Leaking of the membrane occurs only at drug concentrations above 150
      microM. The phenothiazine stimulatory effect was not found in the isolated enzyme
      whose activity was inhibited at all concentrations studied. These results
      indicate that low concentrations of phenothiazines uncouple the sarcoplasmic
      reticulum Ca2+ pump without disrupting the membrane and that the drug stimulatory
      effect on the ATPase is not due to a direct interaction with the enzyme. It is
      suggested that a coupling factor or a specific microenvironment surrounding the
      enzyme regulates the association between the Ca2+ transport and the ATP
      hydrolysis by sarcoplasmic reticulum of the skeletal muscle cell.

PMID- 2934065
TI  - Fatty acid-dependent ethanol metabolism.
AB  - Rates of ethanol oxidation by perfused livers from fasted female rats were
      decreased from 82 +/- 8 to 11 +/- 7 mumol/g/hr by 4-methylpyrazole, an inhibitor
      of alcohol dehydrogenase. The subsequent addition of fatty acids of various chain
      lengths in the presence of 4-methylpyrazole increased rates of ethanol uptake
      markedly. Palmitate (1 mM) increased rates of ethanol oxidation to 95 +/- 8
      mumol/g/hr, while octanoate and oleate increased rates to 58 +/- 11 and 68 +/- 15
      mumol/g/hr, respectively. Hexanoate, a short-chain fatty acid oxidized
      predominantly in the mitochondria, had no effect. Addition of oleate also
      increased the steady-state level of catalase-H2O2. Pretreatment of rats for 1.5
      hours with 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (1.0 g/kg), an inhibitor of catalase, prevented
      the ethanol-dependent decrease in the steady-state level of catalase-H2O2
      completely. Under these conditions, aminotriazole decreased rates of ethanol
      oxidation by about 50% and blocked the stimulation of ethanol oxidation by fatty
      acids. Oleate decreased rates of aniline hydroxylation by about 50%, indicating
      that cytochrome P450 is not involved in the stimulation of ethanol uptake by
      fatty acids. Furthermore, oleate stimulated ethanol uptake in livers from ADH
      negative deermice indicating that fatty acids do not simply displace 4
      methylpyrazole from alcohol dehydrogenase. It is concluded that the stimulation
      of ethanol oxidation by fatty acids is due to increased H2O2 supplied by the
      peroxisomal beta-oxidation of fatty acids for the catalase-H2O2 peroxidation
      pathway.

PMID- 2934067
TI  - Hypoxia-mediated nitro-heterocyclic drugs in the radio- and chemotherapy of
      cancer. An overview.

PMID- 2934068
TI  - Biochemistry of reduction of nitro heterocycles.
AB  - Misonidazole is a metabolically active drug. Its addition to cells causes an
      immediate alteration in cellular electron transfer pathways. Under aerobic
      conditions the metabolic alterations can result in futile cycling with electron
      transfer to oxygen and production of peroxide. Thiol levels are extremely
      important in protecting the cell against the peroxide formation and potentially
      hazardous conditions for hydroxyl radical production. Nevertheless such electron
      shunting out of cellular metabolism will result in alterations in pentose cycle,
      glycolysis and cellular capacity to reduce metabolites to essential intermediates
      needed in DNA metabolism (i.e. deoxyribonucleotides). Glutathione must be
      depleted to very low levels before toxic effects of misonidazole and other nitro
      compounds are manifested in cell death via peroxidative damage. Under hypoxic
      conditions misonidazole also diverts the pentose cycle via its own reduction;
      however, unlike the aerobic conditions, there are a number of reductive
      intermediates produced that react with non-protein thiols such as GSH as well as
      protein thiols. The reaction with protein thiols results in the inhibition of
      glycolysis and other as yet undetermined enzyme systems. The consequences of the
      hypoxic pretreatment of cells with nitro compounds are increased vulnerability to
      radiation and chemotherapeutic drugs such as L-PAM, cis-platinum and bleomycin.
      The role that altered enzyme activity has in the cellular response to
      misonidazole and chemotherapeutic agents remains to be determined. It is also
      clear that the GSH depleted state not only makes cells more vulnerable to
      oxidative stress but also to hypoxic intermediates produced by the reduction of
      misonidazole beyond the one electron stage. The relevancy of the present work to
      the proposed use of thiol depletion in vivo to enhance the radiation or
      chemotherapeutic response of tumor tissue lies with the following considerations.
      Apparently, spontaneous peroxidative damage to normal tissue such as liver can
      occur with GSH depletion to 10-20% of control and with other normal tissue when
      GSH reaches 50% of control. This situation can obviously become more critical if
      peroxide producing drugs are administered. The only advantage to such combined
      drug treatments would lie in the possibility that tumors vary in their catalase
      and peroxidase activity and consequently may be more vulnerable to oxidative
      stress (cf. review by Meister. Our tumor model, the A549 human lung carcinoma
      cell in vitro, appears to be an exception because it has catalase, peroxidase and
      a high content of GSH.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)